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Cornell  University 
Library 


The  original  of  this  book  is  in 
the  Cornell  University  Library. 

There  are  no  known  copyright  restrictions  in 
the  United  States  on  the  use  of  the  text. 


http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924091890669 


3   1924  091    890  669 


THE 


CENTURY  DICTIONARY 


AND 


CYCLOPEDIA 


A  WORK  OF  UNIVERSAL  REFERENCE 
IN  ALL  DEPARTMENTS  OF  KNOWLEDGE 
WITH  A  NEW  ATLAS  OF  THE  WORLD 


IN  TEN  VOLUMES 
VOLUME  IX 


PUBLISHED  BY 

^Ift  Ccnturg  Co. 


•V  T  T-'^  1  r     \//-\  r\  1 7" 


Copyright,  1889, 1890,  1891,  1894,  1895,  1896,  1897,  1898,  1899,  1900,  1901,  1902,  1903,  1904, 

By  The  Century  Co. 


All  Rights  Besemed. 


PUBLISHERS'   NOTE   ON   THE   COMPLETED   WORK 

With  the  publication  of  the  Atlas  which  is  incorporated  in  the  present  edition  The  Century  Diction- 
ary and  Cyclopedia  was  brought  to  completion.  As  the  Cyclopedia  of  Names  grew  out  of  the  Dictionary 
and  supplemented  it  on  its  encyclopedic  side,  so  the  Atlas  grew  out  of  the  Cyclopedia,  and  serves  as  an 
extension  of  its  geographical  material.  Each  of  these  works  deals  with  a  different  part  of  the  great  field 
of  words, —  common  words  and  names, — while  the  three,  in  their  unity,  constitute  a  work  of  reference 
which  practically  covers  the  whole  of  that  field.  The  total  number  of  words  and  names  defined  or  other- 
wise described  in  the  completed  work  is  about  450,000. 

The  special  features  of  each  of  these  several  parts  of  the  book  are  described  in  the  Prefaces  which  will 
be  found  in  the  first,  ninth,  and  tenth  volumes.  It  need  only  be  said  that  the  definitions  of  the  common 
words  of  the  language  are  for  the  most  part  stated  encyclopedically,  with  a  vast  amount  of  technical, 
historical,  and  practical  information  in  addition  to  an  unrivaled  wealth  of  purely  philological  material; 
that  the  same  encyclopedic  method  is  applied  to  proper  names  —  names  of  persons,  places,  characters  in 
fiction,  books  — in  short,  of  everything  to  which  a  name  is  given;  and  that  in  the  Atlas  geographical 
names,  and  much  besides,  are  exhibited  with  a  completeness  and  serviceableness  seldom  equaled.  Of 
The,  Century  Dictionary  and  Cyclopedia  as  a  whole,  therefore,  it  may  be  said  that  it  is  in  its  own  field 
the  most  complete  presentation  of  human  knowledge  —  scientific,  historical,  and  practical  —  that  exists. 

Moreover,  the  method  of  distributing  this  encyclopedic  material  under  a  large  number  of  headings, 
which  has  been  followed  throughout,  makes  each  item  of  this  great  store  of  information  far  more  acces- 
sible than  in  works  in  which  a  different  system  is  adopted. 

The  first  edition  of  The  Century  Dictionary  was  completed  in  1891,  that  of  The  Century  Cyclopedia  of 
Names  in  1894,  and  that  of  the  Atlas  in  1897.  During  the  years  that  have  elapsed  since  those  dates  each 
of  these  works  has  been  subjected  to  repeated  careful  revisions,  in  order  to  include  the  latest  information, 
and  the  results  of  this  scrutiny  are  comprised  in  this  edition. 


THE  CENTURY 
CYCLOPEDIA  OF  NAMES 


A  PRONOUNCING  AND  ETYMOLOGICAL  DICTIONARY 
OF  NAMES  IN  GEOGRAPHY,  BIOGRAPHY 
MYTHOLOGY,  HISTORY,  ETHNOLOGY,  ART 
ARCHAEOLOGY,  FICTION,  ETC.,  ETC.,  ETC. 


EDITED   BY 

BENJAMIN  E.  SMITH,  A.M.,  L.  H.  D. 

MANAGING  EDITOR  OF  THE  CENTURY  DICTIONARY 
ASSISTED   BY   A   NUMBER  OF   EMINENT  SPECIALISTS 


PUBLISHED  BY 

CJe  Century  €o. 

NEW  YORK 


&.'}9erhO 


Copyright,  1889,  1890,  1891,  1895,  1896,  1897,  1899,  1900,  1901,  1902,  1903,  1904,  by  The  Century  Co. 

All  Rights  Reserved. 


The  DeVinne  Press. 


PREFACE. 


HIS  Cyclopedia  of  Names  is  an  ontgrowth  of  The  Centwry  Dictionary.  It  was  part  of  the 
plan  of  that  work  to  include  in  its  final  volume  a  somewhat  fuller  appendix  of  names 
of  persons  and  places  than  had  before  been  given  in  general  dictionaries ;  but  as  the  size 
of  the  book. increased,  it  became  9bvious  that  this  could  not  be  done  in  the  available  space, 
and  it  was  decided  to  place  the  appendix  in  a  separate  volume.  The  result,  with  many- 
modifications  of  the  original  scheme,  is  the  present  work.  It  is  entirely  independent  in  subject  and  use, 
yet  serves  as  a  supplement  to  the  dictionary  by  extending  the  name-list  into  regions  which  the  dictionary 
could  not  occupy,  and  by  enlarging  its  encyclopedic  field.  In  character  it  is  primarily  a  dictionary  of 
proper  names,  giving  their  orthography  and  pronunciation  and  such  explanation  of  them  as  is  necessary 
for  their  identification;  and,  secondarily,  a  condensed  encyclopedia  in  its  somewhat  fuller  treatment  of 
several  thousands  of  the  more  important  articles. 

The  range  of  names  to  be  included  was  practically  unrestricted,  since  the  object  sought  was  not  the 
presentation  of  any  special  class,  as  in  a  gazetteer  or  biographical  dictionary,  but  a  general  account  of  all  the 
names  excluded,  by  their  nature,  from  the  larger  work,  so  far  as  this  was  possible  within  j;he  prescribed  lim- 
its.    The  entries  thus  comprise  not  only  names  in  biography  and  geography,  but  also  names  of  races  and 
tribes,  mythological  and  legendary  persons  and  places,  characters  and  objects  in  fiction,  stars  and  constella- 
tions, notable  buildings  and  archseological  monuments,  works  of  art,  institutions  (academies,  universities, 
societies,  legislative  bodies,  orders,  clubs,  etc.),  historical  events  (wars,  battles,  treaties,  conventions,  etc.), 
sects,  parties,  noted  streets  and  squares,  books,  plays,  operas,  and  even  celebrated  gems,  vessels  (war-ships, 
yachts,  etc.),  and  horses.     Pseudonyms,  also,  which  have  literary  importance  are  included.     The  only  condi- 
tion of  insertion  has  been  that  the  name  should  be  one  about  which  information  would  be  likely  to  be  sought. 
All  these  various  groups  could  not,  of  course,  be  presented  with  equal  fuUness.     The  space  given  to 
persons  and  places  is  relatively  much  greater  than  that  devoted  to  any  other  class,  and  the  others  follow  in 
what  appeared  to  be  the  order  of  their  usefulness  to  the  general  reader,  whose  needs  have  everywhere  been 
considered  in  the  selection  of  the  names  to  be  defined.    Thus,  both  ancient  geography  and  modern  are  repre- 
sented, and  the  information  given  in  the  brief  space  allowed  to  the  separate  articles  is  historical  rather  than 
statistical.     The  list  of  geographical  names,  also,  includes,  besides  towns  which  are  notable  from  their  size, 
smaller  places  and  localities  which  are  important  historically,  or  as  visited  by  tourists,  or  for  other  reasons ; 
the  various  physical  and  political  divisions  of  the  earth ;  rivers,  lakes,  seas,  etc. ;  natural  curiosities ;  and 
various  imaginary  places  of  legend  and  fiction.    The  list  of  personal  names,  for  the  same  reason,  is  selected 
from  all  times,  and  not  only  from  actual  biography,  but  also  from  mythology,  legend,  and  fiction  (the  last 
chiefly  English).    In  the  matter  of  dates  the  usual  difi&culties,  due  to  different  styles  of  reckoning  and  to 
the  actual  diffQrences  (which  are  very  numerous)  among  the  best  authorities,  have  been  met  and,  it  is  hoped, 
to  a  considerable  degree  overcome.     In  English  biography  the  dates  given  in  the  "Dictionary  of  National 
Biography "  have,  as  a  rule,  been  adopted  so  far  as  its  volumes  were  available  (A  to  N) ;  and  full  acknow- 
ledgment is  "here  given  of  the  aid  received  in  this  and  in  other  ways  from  that  great  work.     In  the  brief 
bibliographies,  with  few  exceptions,  only  the  most  important  works  are  given,  and  these  often,  for  economy 
of  space,  with  abbreviated  titles. 


VI  PEEFACE, 

The  orthography  has,  in  general,  been  determined  by  the  established  usage  in  the  language  from  which 
the  name  is  taken.  The  correct  and,  as  a  rule,  the  only  current  spelling  of  a  place-name  is  the  local  one, 
and,  within  certain  limits,  of  a  personal  name  that  which  its  bearer  gives  it.  There  are,  however,  large 
groups  to  which  these  considerations  do  not  apply.  English  usage,  in  many  cases  of  foreign  names  which 
were  introduced  before  the  present  period  of  greater  exactness,  has  established  forms  which  differ  more  or 
less  from  the  present  or  original  native  form.  Familiar  instances  of  this,  in  place-names,  are  Munich  for  the 
German  Miinchen,  Flushing  for  the  Dutch  Vlissingen,  Hanover  for  the  Grerman  Hannover,  and  in  personal  names 
Horace,  Livy,  Pliny,  Augustine,  for  the  Latin  Horatius,  Livius,  Plinius,  Augustinus,  and  the  commonly  accepted 
Latinized  forms  of  Grreek  names,  as  Hercules  for  Heracles,  Plato  for  Platon,  etc.  In  these  cases  the  desire 
has  been  to  return  to  the  native  form  when  its  difference  from  the  Anglicized  spelling  is  comparatively  slight 
(as  in  Hannover) ;  but  in  other  cases  the  conventional  English  spelling  has,  as  a  rule,  been  accepted.  In  the 
case  of  Greek  names,  in  particular,  both  geographical  and  personal,  it  has  seemed  best  to  retain  the^  famil- 
iar forms  which  have  come  to  us  through  the  Latin,  and  to  transliterate  other  Greek  names,  not  recorded 
in  classical  Latin,  according  to  the  same  system.  No  transliteration  of  the  Greek  can  be  acceptable  which 
is  not  complete  and  consistent :  such  consistency,  however,  would  produce  many  forms  which  are  not  only 
without  support  in  English  usage,  but  are  also  open  to  the  charge  of  pedantry.  There  are  also  many  names 
in  regard  to  which  usage  differs  (there  being  in  fact,  as  a  rule,  no  proper  local  usage),  or  where  accepted  use 
may  properly  be  corrected  in  accordance  with  a  general  rule :  as,  for  example,  Hudson  Bay  for  Hudson's 
Bay.  Here  choice  has  been  made  of  the  simpler  or  the  corrected  spelling.  Lastly,  there  is  the  large  group 
of  names  taken  from  languages  which  do  not  employ  the  Eoman  alphabet,  or  are  without  any,  and  whose 
sounds  have  to  be  represented  by  some  method  of  transliteration.  Here  established  and  familiar  translit- 
erations have,  as  a  rule,  been  adopted ;  and  in  other  eases  the  simplest  available  forms,  according  to  the 
system,  for  the  languages  concerned,  used  in  I%e  Century  Dictionary.  So  far  as  was  possible  the  use  of 
"accented"  letters  in  transliteration  has  been  avoided,  the  employment  of  such  marks,  in  the  absence  of 
a  generally  accepted  scientific  system,  appearing  to  be  distinctly  undesirable,  especially  from  a  practical 
point  of  view. 

In  the  pronunciation  the  system  of  notation  employed  by  Professor  Whitney  in  The  Centwry  Dictionary 
has,  with  slight  modifications,  been  adopted.  The  marking  of  the  sounds  of  foreign  names  might  in  some 
cases  have  been  simplified  by  the  use  of  a  notation  based  upon  a  different  principle ;  but,  since  this  work 
was  designed  to  be  a  companion  to  the  dictionary,  it  was  desirable  to  avoid,  especially  in  this  particular,  dif- 
ference of  method.  Moreover,  the  "English"  notation  is  that  to  which  most  are  accustomed,  and  which  best 
enables  the  English  consulter  of  a  dictionary  to  reproduce  with  a  fair  degree  of  accuracy  the  sounds  indi- 
cated. In  any  case,  only  by  the  ear  can  one  know  the  exact  sounds  of  a  foreign  speech,  and  only  the  trained 
tongue  can  utter  them  with  precision.  This  is  particularly  true  of  personal  and  place  names,  which  often 
have  a  special  character  that  can  not  exactly  be  inferred  from  the  general  rules  or  usages  of  the  languages 
•concerned.  The  values  of  the  signs  used  are  given  in  the  key:  it  is  necessary  only  to  remark  that  the  natural 
tendency  of  an  English-speaker  to  shorten  or  slar  the  long  vowels  of  many  foreign  names  has  led  to  the  use 
of  the  long-vowel  signs,  to  insure  the  right  vowel  quality,  even  in  cases  where  the  actual  sound  is  shorter 
than  that  indicated  by  the  notation. 

No  attempt  has  been  made  systematically  to  etymologize  all  the  names  in  the  list :  but  etymological 
notes  have  been  inserted  under  many  of  the  historical  names  of  prime  interest,  especially  those  of  ancient 
English  origin,  and  in  many  other  cases  where  they  seemed  to  be  useful.  These  have  been  contributed  by 
Dr.  Charles  P.  G.  Scott,  with  additions  by  some .  of  the  other  specialists  in  their  several  departments  — 
Sanskrit,  Semitic,  American  Indian,  etc.  Dr.  Scott  has  also  aided  in  the  work  on  the  pronunciation,  and  has 
criticized  the  proofs. 

The  geographical  articles  have  been  prepared  by  Professor  Edmund  K.  Alden,  whose  work  has  been 
supplemented  in  Mexican  and  Central  and  South  American  geography  by  Mr.  Herbert  H.  Smith,  in  African 
geography  by  Mr.  Heli  Chatelain,  and  in  ancient  Oriental  geography  by  Dr.  Cyrus  Adler.  Professor  W.  R. 
Martin  has  contributed  the  articles  on  Indian  and  Persian  biography,  mythology,  and  literature ;  Colonel 
Garrick  Mallery,  those  on  North  American  Indian  tribes ;  Professor  Charles  A.  Young,  those  on  the  stars  • 


PREFACE. 


vu 


Professor  William  H.  Carpenter,  those  on  Teutonic  mythology,  ethnology,  and  legend ;  and  Miss  Katharine 
B.  Wood,  those  on  English  literature  and  characters  in  fiction.  Professor  Carpenter  has  also  written  bio- 
graphical articles  on  the  best-known  names  in  Grerman  and  Scandinavian  literature.  The  accounts  of  works 
of  art,  noted  buildings  (generally  under  place-names),  and  the  articles  on  classical  archaeology  were  written 
by  the  late  Mr.  Thomas  W.  Ludlow.  Biographical  notices  of  the  more  important  French  writers  have  been 
contributed  by  Dr.  B.  D.  Woodward.  Dr.  Adler  has  also  written  numerous  articles  on  Semitic  history  and 
antiquities ;  Mr.  H.  H.  Smith  has  had  charge  of  the  Mexican  and  South  American  biography  and  ethnology; 
and  Mr.  Ohatelain  has  written  on  African  ethnology,  and  has  read  the  proofs  especially  for  the  correction 
of  the  pronunciation.  Many  valuable  notes  on  the  ethnology  and  geography  of  the  southwestern  States 
and  northern  Mexico  were  received  from  Mr.  Adolph  Bandelier.  General  assistance  in  the  biographical 
and  historical  work  has  been  given  by  Dr.  M.  A.  Mikkelsen,  and  valuable  aid  in  the  criticism  of  manuscript 
and  proofs  by  Rev.  Q-eorge  M'Arthur.  Whatever  degree  of  typographical  accuracy  and  consistency  has 
been  attained  is  largely  due  to  the  proof-readers  of  The  De  Vinne  Press. 


BENJAMIN  E.  SMITH. 


September  1st,  1894. 


Advantage  was  taken  of  the  opportunity  offered  in  the  second  (1895)  edition  of  the  Cyclopedia  of 
Names  to  revise  with  care  all  its  more  important  details,  including  pronunciation,  dates,  historical  and 
geographical  statements,  etc.,  and  to  bring  its  statistical  material  down  to  date.  Assistance  in  this  labor 
was  received  from  most  of  the  contributors  mentioned  in  the  preface  to  the  first  edition,  and  from 
Mr.  Louis  Heilprin,  Professor  Angelo  Heilprin  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  at  Philadelphia,  Dr. 
Samuel  A.  Binion,  Mr.  F.  W.  Hodge  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  and  many  others.  In  its 
plan  and  the  selection  of  its  material  this  edition  was  practically  identical  with  the  first,  no  good  reason 
having  been  found  for  modifying  either  in  any  essential  particular:  room  was,  however,  made  for  the 
addition  of  a  number  of  contemporary  names,  the  peculiar  utility  of  this  part  of  the  work  having  been 
amply  demonstrated.    This  second  edition  has  been  followed  by  many  others,  each  of  which  has  embodied 

the  results  of  repeated  careful  revision. 

BENJAMIN  E.   SMITH. 


KEY  TO  PRONUNCIATION. 


as  in  fat,  man,  pang. 

as  in  fate,  mane,  dale. 

as  in  far,  father,  guard. 

as  in  tall,  talk. 

as  in  afik,  fast,  ant. 

as  in  fare. 

as  in  met,  pen,  bless. 

as  in  mete,  meet. 

as  in  her,  fern. 

as  in  pin,  it. 

as  in  pine,  fight,  file. 

as  in  not,  on,  frog. 

as  in  note,  poke,  floor. 

as  in  move,  spoon. 

as  in  nor,  song,  ofl. 

as  in  tub. 

as  in  mute,  acute. 

as  in  pull. 


ii    Qerman  ii,  French  u. 
oi  as  in  oil,  joint,  boy. 
ou  as  in  pound,  proud. 

A  single  dot  under  a  vowel  in  an  un- 
accented syllable  indicates  its  abbre- 
viation and  lightening,  without  abso- 
lute loss  of  its  distinctive  quality. 
Thus: 

^    as  in  prelate,  courage, 
f    as  in  ablegate,  episcopal. 
9    as  in  abrogate,  eulogy,  democrat, 
ij    as  in  singular,  education. 

A  double  dot  under  a  vowel  in  an 
unaccented  syllable  indicates  that, 
even  in  the  mouths  of  the  best  speak- 
ers, its  sound  is  variable  to,  and  in  or- 
dinary utterance  actually   becomes. 


the  short  «-sound  (of  but,  pun,  etc.). 

Thus: 

A    as  in  errant,  republican. 

g    as  in  prudent,  difference. 

i    as  in  charity,  density. 

o    as  in  valor,  actor,  idiot. 

^    as  in  Persia,  peninsula. 

g    as  in  t?ie  book. 

g    as  in  nature,  feature. 

A  mark  M  under  the  consonants 
t,  d,  »,  z  indicates  that  they  In  like 
manner  are  variable  to  cA,  .?',  sA,  zh. 
Thus: 

%     as  in  nature,  adventure. 
4    as  in  arduous,  education. 
g     as  in  pressure, 
z     as  in  seizure. 


y    as  in  yet. 

B    Spanish  b  (medial). 

th  as  in  German  ach,  Scotch  loch. 

O  afl  in  German  Abensberg,  Ham- 
burg. 

H  Spanish  g  before  e  and  i ;  Spanish 
j;  etc.  (a  guttural  h). 

fi    French  nasalizing  n,  as  in  ton,  en, 

S    final  B  in  Portuguese  (soft). 

th  as  in  thin. 

TH  as  in  then. 

D  =  TH. 

'  denotes  a  primary,  "  a  secondary 
accent.  (A  secondary  accent  is  not 
marked  if  at  its  regular  interval  of 
two  syllables  from  the  primary,  or 
from  another  secondary.) 


CENTURY 

ICYCLOPEDIA  OF 


NAMES 


[Lit.  '(the)  water,' 


'the  river 'j  one  of 


a  (9,). 
i.  e. 

the   forms,  siirviving  in 
river-names,   of   a   com- 
mon  Teut.  word,   Goth. 
ahwa,  OHG.  aha,  AS.  ed, 
etc.,  =  L.  aqua,  water: 
see  agua  and  ewe^,  C.  D.] 
A     river     in     northern 
France  which  flows  into 
the  North  Sea  between  Calais  and  Dunkirk. 
Aa.    A  river  in  the  province  of  North  Brabant, 
Netherlands,  which  unites  with  the  Dommel 
near  Herzogenbusch. 
Aa.    A  river  in  the   province  of  Grroningen, 

Netherlands,  which  flows  into  the  DoUart. 
Aa.    A  river  in  the  cantons  of  Lucerne  and 
Aargau,  Switzerland,  a  tributary  of  the  Aare. 
Aa.    A  river  in  the  canton  of  Unterwalden, 
Switzerland,  which  forms  the  outlet  of  Lake 
Sarnen  into  the  Lake  of  Lucerne. 
Aa.    A  river  in  the  canton  of  Unterwalden, 
Switzerland,  which  flows  into  the  Lake  of  Lu- 
cerne near  Buochs. 
Aa.    A  river  in  Courland,  emptying  by  one 
mouth  into  the  Grulf  of  Kiga,  and  by  another 
into  the  Diina. 
Aa.    A  river  in  Livonia,  about  175  miles  long, 

which  flows  into  the  Grulf  of  Biga. 

Aa  (a),  Peter  van  der.    A  Dutch  publisher 

and  engraver  who,  with  his  brothers,  formed  a 

publishing-house  at  Leyden  about  1682.    They 

edited  several  collections  of  travels  in  Dutch  and  French. 

Aach  (aoh).    A  small  town  in  Baden,  about  20 

miles  northwest  of  Constance,  the  scene  of  an 

engagement  between  the  French  and  the  Aus- 

trians,  March  25,  1799. 

Aachen  (a'ohen).     The  German  name  of  Aix- 

la-Chapelle. 
Aageson  (a'ge-son),  or  Aagesen  (-sen),  Svend. 
A  Scandinavian  writer  of  the  12th  century. 
His  "Compendiosa  historia  regum  Danise,"  from  King 
Skjold  to  Knud  VI.,  is  the  first  connected  history  of  Den- 
mark.   Little  is  known  of  his  life. 

Aah-hotep  (a-ho'tep).  [Egypt.,  'delight  of 
the  moon'  (Brugsch).]  An  Egyptian  queen, 
wife  of  Karnes,  last  king  of  the  17th  dynasty, 
and  mother  of  Aahmes,  first  king  of  the  18th 
dynasty.  Her  coffin  was  found  at  Thebes  in  1860,  in 
the  ancient  necropolis  of  No,  and  was  placed  in  the  Bulak 
Museum  (now  at  &izeh). 

Aahmes  (a'mes)  I.,  L.  Amasis  (a-ma'sis). 
[Egypt.,  'child  of  the  moon'  (Binigsch).]  An 
Egyptian  king,  the  founder  of  the  18th  dynasty 
and  the  conqueror  of  the  Hyksos.  He  lived  about 
1700  B.  0.  An  inscription  on  two  rook- tablets  at  Ttoah 
and  Massaarah,  commemorating  the  22d  year  of  his  reign, 
has  been  deciphered. 

Aahmes  II.,  L.  Amasis.  An  Egyptian  king 
(572-528  B.  c.  [Brugsch],  570-526  [Sayce]),  the 
fifth  of  the  26th  dynasty.  He  maintained  friendly 
relations  with  the  Greek  states,  sending  gifts  (548  B.  0.) 
lor  the  rebuilding  of  the  burnt  temple  at  Delphi,  and  es- 
tablishing at  Naacratis  Greek  commerce  and  settlement. 

Mr.  Petrie's  excavations  show  them  [Greeks]  to  have 
l>een  in  possession  of  the  city  [Naucratis]  from  a  much 
earlier  period— earlier,  perhaps,  than  the  dynasty  to 
■which  Amasis  belonged.  What  Amasis  actually  did  for 
the  Greeks  of  Naucratis  must,  therefore,  have  been  to  oon- 
flrm  them  in  their  occupation  of  that  site,  and  to  grant 
them  an  exclusive  charter  whereby  they  should  be  en- 
titled to  hold  it  in  perpetuity. 

A.  B.  Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  180. 

Aahmes,  An  Egyptian  captain  who  fought 
against  the  Hyksos  about  1700  b.  c.  An  impor- 
ta,nt  inscription  in  his  tomb  at  El-Kab,  near 
ancient  Thebes,  has  been  deciphered. 


Aahmes -Nefertari.    See  Nefertari. 

Aalborg  (S,l'b6rG).  A  seaport  in  the  amt  of 
Aalborg,  Denmark,  situated  on  the  Lijmfjord 
about  lat.  57°  3'  N.,  long.  9°  55'  E.  It  has  an 
important  foreign  commerce  and  fisheries. 
Population  (1890),  19,503. 

Aalborg.  A  stlf t  and  amt  of  Jutland,  Denmark. 

Aalen  (a'len).  A  town  in  the  Jagst  circle, 
Wtirtemberg,  situated  on  the  Kocher  about 
42  miles  east  of  Stuttgart :  an  ancient  free  im- 
perial city.     Population  (1890),  7,155. 

Aalesund  (ft'le-sbnd).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Romsdal,  Norway,  on  islands  of  the 
western  coast,  about  lat.  62°  28'  N.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  8,383. 

Aali.    See  AM. 

Aalst.    See  Alost. 

Aalten  (al'ten).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Gelderland,  Netherlands,  about  30  miles 
east  of  Amhem. 

Aar.    See  Aare. 

Aarau  (ar'ou).  The  capital  of  the  canton  of 
Aargau,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Aare  24 
miles  southeast  of  Basel  It  has  manufactures 
of  silk,  cotton,  instruments,  etc.  Population 
(1888),  6,809. 

Aarburg  (ar'bSro).  A  small  manufacturing 
town  in  the  canton  of  Aargau,  Switzerland, 
situated  on  the  Aare  about  22  miles  southeast 
of  Basel. 

Aare  (a're),  or  Aar  (ar).  A  river  in.  Switzer- 
land, rising  in  the  Bernese  Oberland  near  the 
Grimsel  Pass,  it  traverses  the  Hasli  Thai  and  forms 
the  Handeck  Fall,  traverses  the  lakes  of  Brienz  and  Thun, 
flows  through  Bern,  Solothurn,  and  Aargau,  and  joins  the 
Hhine  opposite  Waldshut.  Upon  it  are  Bern,  Solothurn, 
Aarau,  and  Brugg.  Its  length  is  about  170  miles,  and  it 
is  navigable  from  TTnterseen  for  small  craft. 

Aared  (a'red).  A  group  of  mountains  in  Nejd, 
central  Arabia.    Also  Ared,  Arid,  Aroudh. 

Aarestrup  (&' re -strop),  Oarl  Ludwig  Emil. 
Born  at  Copenhagen,  Dec.  4,  1800 ;  died  1856. 
A  Danish  lyric  poet,  author  of  "Digte"  (1838) 
and  "Efterladte  Digte"  (1863). 

Aargau  (ar'gou),  F.  Argovie  (ar-go-ve').  A 
canton  of  Switzerland,  capital  Aarau,  bounded 
by  Baden  on  the  north  (separated  by  the  Ehine), 
Ziirioh  and  Zug  on  the  east.  Lucerne  on  the 
south,  and  Basel,  Solothurn,  and  Bern  on  the 
west.  The  language  Is  German,  and  about  half  the 
population  is  Roman  Catholic.  It  is  one  of  the  most  fer- 
tile of  the  cantons,  has  an  important  trade  and  large 
manufactures,  especially  of  cotton,  and  sends  ten  mem- 
bers to  the  National  Council.  Its  area  is  542  square  miles, 
and  Its  population  (1888)  193,680.  In  the  13th  century  it 
came  under  the  influence  of  the  Hapsburgs,  was  annexed 
in  part  by  the  Swiss  confederates  in  1415,  became  a  canton 
in  1798,  and  assumed  its  present  form  in  1803. 

Aarhus,  or  Aarhuus  (ar'hSs).  The  capital  of 
the  amt  of  Aarhus,  Jutland,  Denmark,  on  the 
Cattegat.  it  is  the  largest  town  in  Jutland,  and  has 
important  commerce,  manufactures,  and  a  cathedral. 
The  bishopric  was  founded  by  Otto  I.  in  the  10th  century. 
Population  (1890),  33,306. 

Aarhus.    An  amt  and  stitt  in  Jutland,  Den- 

Aaro  (&r'e).  A  small  island  of  Schleswig, 
Prussia,  in  the  Little  Belt. 

Aaron  (ar'on  or  ar'on).  [Gr.  'Aap6v,  Heb. 
'Aharon.']  The  first  high  priest  of  the  Israel- 
ites, eldest  son  of  Amram  and  Jochebed,  of  the 
tribe  of  Levi,  and  brother  of  Moses  and  Mir- 
iam. He  died  on  Mount  Hor  at  the  age  of  123 
years. 

Aaron,  Saint.  A  British  martyr  who  was  put 
to  death  at  Newport,  Wales,  in  the  reign  of 
Diocletian. 


Aaron.  A  character  in  Shakspere's  (f)  "  Titus 
Andronious,"  a  Moor  of  unnatural  wickedness. 
Aaron's  confessions  of  his  villanies  (in  "  Titus  Androni- 
ous," v.  1)  will  recall  to  every  reader  the  conversation  be- 
tween Barabas  and  Ithamore  in  the  third  scene  of  the 
second  act  of  the  "Jew  of  Malta"  [of  Marlowe].  The 
character  of  Aaron  was  either  drawn  by  Marlowe  or  in 
close  imitation  of  him ;  and  it  seems  to  me  more  reasona- 
ble to  suppose  that  "  Titus  Andronicus  "  is  in  the  main  a 
crude  early  work  of  Marlowe's  than  that  any  imitator 
could  have  written  with  such  marked  power. 

BvMen,  Introd.  to  Marlowe's  Works,  p.  Ixxvii. 

Aaron  ben  Asher  (ar'on  ben  ash'fer).  Lived 
at  Tiberias  in  the  first  quarter  of  the  10th  cen- 
tury. A  Jewish  scholar,  probably  belonging 
to  the  Karaite  sect.  He  completed  the  Massorah,  i.  e. 
the  vowels  and  accents  which  make  up  the  traditional 
text  of  the  Hebrew  Bible.  His  contemporary  and  oppo- 
nent was  a  certain  Ben  Naftali.  When  these  authorities 
differ,  both  readings  are  given  in  the  rabbinical  Bibles. 

Aarssens  (ar'sens),  Frans  van.  Bom  1572 : 
died  1641.  A  Dutch  diplomatist,  one  of  the 
foremost  politicians  of  his  age,  guilty  of  pro- 
moting the  condemnation  of  Bameveldt  in 
1619.    His  memoirs  are  important. 

Aasen  (^'sen),  Ivar  Andreas.  Bom  at  Orsten, 
in  Norway,  Aug.  5, 1813 :  died  Sept.  23, 1896.  A 
Norwegian  philologist,  botanist,  and  poet:  au- 
thor of  "  Det  norske  Polkesprogs  Grammatik  " 
(1848),  "Ordbog  over  det  norske  Folkesprog  " 
(1850),  later  enlarged  andissued  under  the  title 
"  Norsk  Ordbog"  (1873),  and  other  works. 

Aasvaer  (S,s'var).  A  group  of  small  islands  on 
the  coast  of  Norway,  nearly  on  the  arctic  cir- 
cle, the  seat  of  important  herring-fisheries. 

Ab  (ab).  The  fifth  month  of  the  Hebrew  eccle- 
siastical and  the  eleventh  of  the  civil  year ;  July- 
August.  It  was  a  Babylonian  name,  adopted  by  the 
Jews  with  the  names  of  the  rest  of  the  months  after  the 
Babylonian  exile.    Its  etymology  is  uncertain. 

Ababdeh,  or  Ababde  _(a-bab'de).  An  African 
tribe,  of  Hamitic  (Beja)  race,  living  in  Upper 
Egypt  and  northern  Nubia,  east  of  the  Nile, 
about  lat.  20°-22°  N.  Their  number  is  estimated 
to  be  about  100,000. 

Ababde  (a-bab'de).  A  village  in  Egypt,  on  the 
Nile,  about  lat.  27°  50'  N.  It  is  near  the  site 
of  the  Eoman  city  Antinoe. 

Abaco  (a'ba-ko).  Great,  or  Lncaya  (lo-ka'ya). 
One  of  the  principal  islands  of  the  Bahama 
group,  West  Indies,  east  of  Great  Bahama. 
It  is  about  80  miles  long  and  20  wide. 

Abaco,  Little.  An  island  of  the  Bahamas, 
northwest  of  Great  Abaco. 

Abaddon  (a-bad'on).  [Heb.,  'destruction'; 
synonym  of  Sheol'  in  the  Old  Testament  (Job 
xxvi.  6  and  xxviii.  22,  Ps.  Ixxxviii.  12).]  1.  The 
destroyer  or  angel  of  the  bottomless  pit ;  Apol- 
lyon. Eev.  ix.  11. —  2.  The  place  of  destruction; 
the  depth  of  hell.  Talmud;  Milton,  P.  K.,  iv. 
624. 

Abadites.    See  AVbadides. 

Abad  y  Queypeo  (a'baTH  e  ka-pa'6),  Man'uel. 
Bom  in  the  Asturias  about  1770 :  died  in  1824. 
A  Spanish  ecclesiastic.  Most  of  his  life  was  spent 
in  Mexico,  and  in  1809  be  was  made  bishop  of  Micboacan. 
Driven  out  soon  after  by  the  revolutionists,  he  returned 
in  1813.  In  1820  he  was  deposed  and  sent  a  prisoner  to 
Spain  for  opposition  to  the  Inquisition.  Released  soon 
after,  he  became  a  member  of  the  government  junta  and 
bishop  of  Tortosa.  In  1823  he  was  again  imprisoned  by 
the  Inquisition,  and  died  in  confinement. 

Abse  (a'be),  or  Abai  (a'bi).  [Gr.  'a/3a(.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a  city  of  Phocis,  Greece, 
noted  for  its  temple  and  oracle  of  Apollo. 

Abafi  (o'bo-fe),  or  Apafi,  Michael.  Bom 
Sept.  25,  1632:  died  April  15,  1690.  A  prince 
of  Transylvania,  under  the  protection  of  the 


Abaffy 

Porte  until  1686  when  he  made  a  treaty  with 

the  emperor.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  son 
Michael  (born  Aug.  14,  1682 :  died  Feb.  11, 
1713). 

Abailard.    See  Abelard. 

Abakansk  (ab-a-kansk').  A  small  town  in 
the  government  of  Yeniseisk,  Siberia,  near 
the  Yenisei,  north  of  Minusinsk,  noted  for  the 
tumuli  and  hieroglyphic  statues  in  its  neigh- 
borhood. 

Abaliget  (ob'o-le-get).  A  village  near  Fiinf- 
kirohen,  county  of  Baranya,  Hungary,  noted 
for  its  large  stalactite  cave  (about  3,000  feet  in 
length). 

Abalus  (ab'a-lus).  An  island  abounding  with 
amber,  said'(b5rPytheas)  to  be  in  the  Northern 
Ocean,  and  variously  identified :  probably  a 
part  of  the  Prussian  Baltic  coast.  , 

Abamonti  (a-ba-mon'te),  or  Albamonte  (al- 
ba-mon'te),  Giuseppe.  Born  about  1759 :  died 
Aug.  8,  1818.  A  Neapolitan  statesman,  sec- 
retary-general under  the  Cisalpine  Republic, 
1798,  and  member  of  the  executive  committee 
at  Naples.  On  the  restoration  of  the  monarchy  in 
1799  he  was  arrested  and  condemned  to  be  hung,  but 
was  amnestied  and  returned  to  Milan,  where  he  again 
acted  as  secretary-general  until  1805  wlien  he  returned  to 
Naples, 

Abana  (ab'a-na).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
small  river,  the  modem  Barada,  which  flows 
through  the  plain  and  city  of  Damascus  and  is 
lost  in  the  desert.    Also  Amana. 

Abancay  (a-san-M').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Apiirimac,  Peru,  about  110  miles  south- 
west of  Cuzco,  noted  for  its  sugar-refineries. 
Population,  3,000. 

Abancay  Biver.  A  small  river  of  Peru,  an 
affluent  of  the  Apurimac,  west  of  Cuzco,  and 
crossed  by  the  road  to  Lima,  it  was  a  military 
point  of  great  importance  in  the  civil  wars  of  the  16th 
century.  Here  Alonso  de  Alvarado  was  defeated  by  the 
elder  Almagro,  and  with  his  whole  army  captured,  July 
12,  1537.  Near  the  same  place  Giron  defeated  Alonso  de 
Alvarado,  May  21,  1654. 

Abano  (a'ba-no).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Padua,  Italy,  about  6  miles  southwest  of  Padua, 
noted  for  its  hot  springs  (the  ancient  Aqase 
Patavinse  or  Aponus  (Aponi)  fons).  It  is  the  re- 
puted birthplace  of  the  historian  Livy.  Popu- 
lation, about  3,000. 

Abano,  Pietro  d'  (Petrus  Aponus  or  de  Apo- 
no).  Born  at  Abano,  Italy,  1250  (1246  ?) :  died 
at  Padua,  1316  (1820?).  An  Italian  physician 
and  philosopher,  denounced  by  the  Inquisition 
as  a  magician.  He  wrote  "  Conciliator  diflerentiarum 
quae  inter  philosophos  et  medicos  versantur"  (printed 
1472),  *'  De  venenis  eorumque  remediis  "  (printed  1472),  etc. 

Abarbanel.    See  Abrabanel. 

Abarim  (ab'a-rim).  A  mountainous  region  or 
lofty  table-land  in  Palestine,  east  of  the  Dead 
Sea,  containing  Pisgah  and  Nebo. 

AbariS  (ab'a-ris).  [Gr.  "Apapic.'i  A  mythical 
Greek  sage,  surnamed  "  The  Hyperborean,"  as- 
signed to  the  6th  or  7th  century  B.  c. 

[Abaris]  was  said  to  have  received  from  Apollo,  whose 
priest  he  had  been  in  his  own  country,  a  magic  arrow, 
upon  which  he  could  cross  streams,  lakes,  swamps,  and 
mountains.  This  arrow  he  gave  to  Pythagoras,  who  in 
return  taught  him  his  philosophy.  Oracles  and  charms 
under  his  name  appear  to  have  passed  current  among  the 
Greeks.  According  to  Pindar  he  came  into  Greece  in  the 
reign  of  CJrcesuB.  Eusebius  places  him  a  little  earlier. 
Probably  he  was,  like  Anacharsis,  a  Scythian  who  wished 
to  make  himself  acquainted  with  Greek  customs.  [It  has 
been  conjectured  that  the  arrow  of  Abaris  is  a  mythical 
tradition  of  the  magnet,  but  it  is  hardly  possible  that  if 
the  polarity  of  the  needle  had  been  known  it  should  not 
have  been  more  distinctly  noticed. — H.  C.  K.] 

Sawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  29,  note. 

Abasalo  (a-ba-sa'lo),  Mariano.  Born  in  Do- 
lores, Mexico,  1783 :  died  at  Cadiz,  Spain,  1819. 
A  soldier  in  the  Spanish  army  who  joined  the 
revolutionary  movement  of  Hidalgo  in  1810, 
and  was  named  lieutenant-general  of  the  in- 
surgents. He  was  captured  and  sent  a  pris- 
oner to  Spain,  where  he  died  in  confinement. 

Abascal  y  Sousa  (a-Bas-kar  e  so'sa),  Jos6 
Fernando.  Born  in  Oviedo,  Asturias,  June 
3, 1743 :  died  in  Madrid,  June  30, 1821.  A  Span- 
ish general  and  statesman,  viceroy  of  Peru 
1806-16.  He  was  created  Marquis  de  la  Concordia 
Espanola  del  Peru  (decree  of  May  20, 1812),  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  Spain  was  made  captain-general. 

Abasgi  (a-bas'ji),  or  Abasci  (a-bas'i),  or 
Abasges  (a-bas'jez).  [Gr.  'A^axryol,  'A^aaKol.'] 
A  Scythian  people  anciently  inhabiting  a  small 
region  in  the  Caucasus,-  on  the  shore  of  the 
Black  Sea,  north  of  Colchis. 

Abasgia  (a-bas'ji-a).  The  region  occupied  by 
the  Abasgi ;  the  modern  Abkhasia. 

Abassides.    See  Abbassides. 

Abate.    See  Abbate. 


Abauzit  (a-bo-ze'),  Firmin.  Born  at  TJzhs, 
Gard,  France,  Nov.  11,  1679 :  died  at  Geneva, 
March  20,  1767.  A  French  philosopher  and 
mathematician,  a  friend  of  Newton,  Eousseau, 
and  Voltaire.  His  name  was  used  as  a  pseudo- 
nym by  Voltaire. 

Abayi  (a-ba-ye').  [Heb., 'my  father.']  Bom 
about  280  A.  D.:  died  338.  A  distinguished 
Hebrew  scholar,  surnamed ' '  Naehmani."  He  was 
director  of  a  celebrated  Jewish  academy  at  Pumbeditha 
in  Babylonia,  333-338,  and  was  held  in  high  esteem  for 
Mb  learning  and  upright  character. 
Abb  (ab).  A  town  80  miles  east  of  Mocha. 
Abbadides(ab'a-didz),orAbadites(ab'a-dits). 
A  Moorish  dynasty  of  Seville.  It  was  founded 
in  1023  by  Abul-Kasim,  cadi  of  Seville,  and 
lasted  till  the  capture  of  the  city  by  the  Almo- 
ravides  in  1091. 

Abbadie  (a-ba-de'),  Antoine  Thomson  d*. 
Born  at  Dublin,  Ireland,  Jan.  3, 1810 :  died  at 
Paris,  March  20,  1897.  A  French  traveler  (in 
company  with  his  brother)  in  Abyssinia  and 
the  GaUa  country  (1837-48).  He  published  "G^o- 
d^sie  d'une  partie  de  la  Haute-ilthiopie  "  (1860-73),  "  Dio- 
tionnaire  de  la  laugue  amarinna  "  (1881),  etc. 

Abbadie,  Arnaud  Michel  d".  Bom  at  Dub- 
lin, July  24, 1815 :  died  1893.  A  French  traveler 
in  Abyssinia  and  the  Galla  country,  brother  and 
companion  of  A.  T .  Abbadie ;  author  of  "  Douze 
ans  dans  la  Haute-fithiopie"  (1868),  etc. 

Abbadie,  James  (Jacques).  Bom  at  Nay, 
Basses-Pyr6n6es,  probably  in  1654  (1657  and 
1658  are  also  given) :  died  at  London,  Sept.  25, 
1727.  A  noted  French  Protestant  theologian. 
He  went  to  Berlin  about  1680  as  minister  of  the  French 
church  there,  and  thence  to  England  and  Ireland ;  was 
for  a  time  minister  of  the  French  church  in  the  Savoy ; 
and  settled  in  Ireland  as  dean  of  KiUaloe  in  1699.  His 
chief  work  Is  the  "Traits  de  la  v^rit^  de  la  religion 
chrrtienne  "  (1684),  with  its  continuation, ' '  Traits  de  la  di- 
vinity de  notre  Seigneur  J6sus-Christ "  (1689). 

Abba  Jared  (ab'ba  ya'red).  A  mountain  in 
northern  Abyssinia,  northeast  of  Gondar,  14,714 
feet  in  height. 

Abbas  (ab'bas).  Bora  about  566:  died  652. 
Abul  Fadl  al  Hasimi,  uncle  of  Mohammed, 
and  founder  of  the  famUy  of  the  Abbassides. 

Abbas  I.,  "The.  Great."  Born  1557:  died  at 
Kaswin,  Persia,  Jan.  27, 1628.  A  famous  shah 
of  Persia,  who  reigned  1586-1628.  He  defeated 
the  Turks  at  Basra  in  1606,  conquered  Khorasan,  Kan- 
dahar, etc.,  and  consolidated  the  Persian  monarchy. 

Abbas  II.  Hilmi.  Born  July  14,  1874. .  Khe- 
dive of  Egypt,  eldest  son  of  Tewfik  Pasha.  He 
succeeded  his  father  Jan.  7,  1892. 

Abbas  Pasha.  Born  at  Jiddah,  Arabia,  1813: 
died  July  13,  1854.  A  grandson  of  Mehemet 
Ali,  viceroy  of  Egypt  1848-54. 

Abbas  Mirza  (ab'bas  mer'za).  Bom  about 
1783:  died  at  Mashhad,  Persia,  Dec,  1833. 
A  prince  of  Persia,  younger  son  of  the  shah 
Feth-Ali  (Fath-'Ali),  noted  as  a  commander 
in  the  wars  against  Russia,  1811-13  and  1826-28. 
By  the  first  war  Persia  lost  its  remaining  possessions 
in  the  Caucasus,  and  was  compelled  to  acknowledge  the 
flag  of  Eussia  on  the  Caspian,  and  by  the  second  it  lost 
Armenia.  The  succession  of  Abbas  to  the  throne  was 
guaranteed  in  the  treaty  of  1828. 

Abbassides  (a-bas'idz  or  ab'a-sidz).  The  califs 
of  Bagdad,  750-1258.  They  claimed  descent  from 
Abbas,  the  uncle  of  Mohammed,  and  succeeded  the  Om- 
miad  califs  of  Damascus  upon  the  defeat  of  the  calif  Mar- 
wan  by  Abul  Abbas  near  the  Zab  in  750.  Almansur  suc- 
ceeded Abul  Abbas  and  made  Bagdad  the  capital  of  the 
calif  ate.  The  most  famous  calif  of  this  family  was  Harun- 
al-Bashid,  786-809.  Prom  1268  to  1517  the  Abbassides 
were  nominal  califs  of  Egypt.  The  last  Abbasside,  Muta- 
wakkal  III.,  died  in  Cairo  in  1638.    Also  Abbaseids. 

Abbate,  or  Abate  (a-ba'te),  Niccolo  dell'. 

Born  at  Modena,  Italy,  1512:  died  in  Prance, 
1571.  An  Italian  painter.  He  assisted  in  dec- 
orating the  palace  at  Pontainebleau.  His  best 
works  are  at  Modena  and  Bologna. 

AbbatUCCi  (a-ba-tii'se  ;  It.  a-ba-to'che), 
Oharles.  Bom  1771:  killed  in  battle,  Dec.  2, 
1796.  A  French  general,  son  of  J.  P.  Abbatueci, 
distinguished  in  the  campaigns  of  the  Army  of 
the  Rhine_,  1794^96. 

Abbatucci,  Jacques  Pierre.  Bom  1726:  died 
1812.  A  Corsican  partizan  commander,  an  an- 
tagonist of  Paoli  and  later  a  division  general 
in  the  French  service  in  Italy. 

Abbatucci,  Jacques  Pierre  Charles.  Bom 
1791:  died  1857.  A  French  jurist  and  politi- 
cian, grandson  of  J.  P.  Abbatucci,  and  minis- 
ter of  justice  under  Napoleon  III. 

Abbaye  (a-ba'),  1'.  A  French  military  prison 
at  St.-Germain-des-Pr6s,  Paris,  built  in  1522 
and  destroyed  in  1854.  it  was  the  scene  of  the  mur- 
der of  164  prisoners  by  the  revolutionists  under  Maillard 
in  September,  1792.    See  September  moKaere. 

Abbe  (ab'i),  Cleveland.  Born  at  New  York, 
Dec.  3,  1838.    An  American  astronomer  and 


Abbot,  Robert 

meteorologist,  appointed  director  of  the  Cincin- 
nati Observatory  in  1868,  and  meteorologist  of 
the  Weather  Bureau  in  1871. 

Abbeokuta.    See  Abeokuta. 

Abberville  (ab'6r-vil).  Lord.  The  principal 
character  in  Cumberland's  play  "The  Fash 
ionable  Lover." 

Abbeville  (ab-vel')-  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Somme,  France,  situated  on  the 
Somme  25  miles  northwest  of  Amiens:  the 
ancient  capital  of  Ponthieu,  and  a  place  of 

fathering  in  the  first  and  second  Crusades,  it 
as  important  manufactures  of  cloth,  etc.,  and  a  consid- 
erable trade.  Its  most  interesting  building  is  the  church 
of  St.  Wulfrara,  begun  in  1488,  one  of  the  richest  existing 
examples  of  the  flamboyant  stjrle.  The  gravels  of  Abbe, 
ville  have  yielded  fossil  remains  of  the  mammoth  and 
rhinoceros  associated  with  implements  of  prehistoric  man 
dating  from  a  time  when  the  Somme  flowed  300  feet  above 
its  present  level.    Population  (1891),  19,851. 

Abbeville,  Claude  d'.    See  Claude  d'Abbeville. 

Abbeville,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  concluded 
in  1259  by  which  Henry  IH.  of  England  re- 
nounced his  claims  to  Anjou,  Poitou,  Nor- 
mandy, Touraine,  and  Maine,  in  favor  of 
Louis  IX.  of  France,  and  held  Guienne  as  a 
fief  of  France. 

Abbey  (ab'i),  Edwin  Austin.  Bom  at  Phila- 
delphia, April  1,  1852.  An  American  painter 
and  illustrator.  He  executed  a  series  of  mural  paint- 
ings (the  Holy  Grail)  for  the  Boston  Public  Library. 

Abbiategrasso  (ab-be-a-te-gras's6).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Milan,  15  miles  southwest 
of  Milan.     Population  (1881),  5,258. 

Abbitibbe  (ab-i-tib'e).  Lake.  A  lake  in  Can- 
ada, south  of  James  Bay,  about  lat.  49°  N. 
Also  Abbitibbi. 

Abbitibbe  River.  The  outlet  of  Lake  Abbi- 
tibbe, flowing  into  James  Bay,  in  Hudson  Bay. 

Abbon  (a-b6n'),  L-  Abbo  (ab'o),  surnamed 
Oernuus  ('The  Crooked').  Died  923.  A  monk 
of  St.-Germain-des-Pr6s,  author  of  a  Latin 
poem  upon  the  siege  of  Paris  by  the  Normans. 

Abbon  of  Fleury,  L.  Abbo  Floriacensis. 
Bom  near  Orleans,  France,  945 :  died  Nov.  13, 
1004.  A  French  theologian  and  diplomatist, 
author  of  an  "Epitome  de  vitis  Romanorum 
Pontificum,  desinens  in  Gregorio  I."  (printed 
1602),  and  other  works. 

Abbot  (ab'ot),  Charles.  Bom  at  Abingdon, 
Berkshire,  Oct.  14,  1757 :  died  May  7,  1829.  An 
English  politician,  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons  1802-16,  created  Baron  Colchester 
in  1816.  He  was  chief  secretarjr  and  privy  seal 
for  Ireland  in  the  Addington  ministry  (1801). 

Abbot,  Ezra.  Born  at  Jackson,  Maine,  April 
28,  1819:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  March  21, 
1884.  An  American  biblical  scholar.  He  was 
professor  of  New  Testament  criticism  and  interpretation 
at  Harvard  University,  1872-84,  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
American  edition  of  Smith's  "Bible  Dictionary,"  and  a 
member  of  the  American  committee  for  New  Testament 
revision.  He  published  "  Literature  of  the  Doctrine  of  a 
Future  Life"  (1864),  "The  Authorship  of  the  Fourth 
Gospel "  (1880),  and  other  works. 

Abbot,  Francis  EUingwood.  Bom  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  1836.  An  American  philosophical  writer, 
editor  of  "The  Index"  (a  journal  of  free 
thought)  1870-80,  and  author  of  "Scientific 
Theism"  (1886),  "  The  "Way  out  of  Agnosti- 
cism" (1890),  etc. 

Abbot,  George.  Bom  at  Guildford,  Surrey, 
Oct.  29,  1562:  died  at  Croydon,  Aug.  4,  1633. 
An  English  prelate,  appointed  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  in  Feb.,  1611.  He  was  graduated  at 
Oxford  (Balliol  College),  where  he  was  tutor  until  1598, 
and  became  master  of  University  College  in  1597,  dean  of 
Winchester  in  1600,  vice-chancellor  of  Oxford  University 
in  1600  (and  again  in  1603  and  1605),  bishop  of  Coventry 
and  Lichfleld  in  May,  1609,  and  bishop  of  London  in  Feb., 
1610.  He  was  a  firm  Protestant,  and  was  influential  in 
state  affairs  during  the  reign  of  James  I.  He  was  one  of 
the  translators  of  the  New  Testament  in  tlie  King  James 
version. 

Abbot,  George.  Born  at  Easington,  York- 
shire, England,  1604-  died  Feb.  2,  1648.  An 
English  religious  writer  and  member  of  the 
Long  Parliament,  surnamed  "The  Puritan": 
author  of  the  "Whole  Book  of  Job  Para- 
phrased" (1640),  and  "  Vindiciro  Sabbathi" 
(1641). 

Abbot,  Sir  Maurice  or  Morris.  Bom  at 
Guildford,  Surrey,  1565:  died  at  London,  Jan. 
10,  1642.  A  merchant  and  lord  mayor  of  Lon- 
don, knighted  on  the  accession  of  Charles  I., 
1625.  He  was  one  of  the  original  directors  of  the  East 
India  Company  and  its  governor  (1624),  rendering  It  most 
important  services.  He  was  elected  to  Parliament  in  1621, 
and  in  1624  became  a  member  of  the  council  for  establish- 
ing the  colony  of  Virginia. 

Abbot,  Robert.  Bom  at  Guildford,  Surrey, 
about  1560:  died  March  2,  1618.  An  Eng- 
lish prelate,  bishop  of  Salisbury  (1615)^  elder 


Abbot,  Bobert 

brother  of  George  Abbot,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury: author  of  "Mirror  of  Popish  Subtle- 
ties" (1594),  and  other  -works. 

Abbot,  Robert.  Bom  about  1588 :  died  about 
1660.  An  English  Puritan  divine,  author  of 
"  Triall  of  our  Chureh-Porsakers  "  (1639),  and 
other  works. 

Abbot,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Andover,  Mass., 
Feb.  25,  1732:  died  April  12,  1812.  A  Boston 
merchant  and  philanthropist ;  one  of  the  foun- 
ders of  the  Andover  Theological  Seminary. 

Abbot,  The.  A  novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
published  in  1820,  founded  upon  incidents  in 
the  history  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  from  her 
imprisonment  in  Loohleven  to  her  flight  into 
England  after  the  battle  of  Langside :  sequel 
to  "  The  Monastery." 

Abbotsford  (ab'ots-ford).  The  residence  of 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  on  the  Tweed  about  3  miles 
above  Melrose.  The  place  was  acquired  by  him  in 
1811,  and  he  removed  there  in  1812.  It  was  originally  a 
farm  in  front  of  which  was  a  pond  from  which  the  place 
had  received  the  name  of  Clarty  ('filthy')  Hole.  Scott 
renamed  it  from  the  adjoining  ford.  The  land  had  be- 
longed to  the  Abbey  of  Melrose.  Upon  it  Scott  built  a 
small  villa,  to  which  in  1817  he  began  to  add,  producing 
in  the  end  a  large  castellated  and  gabled  mansion  of 
which  the  interior  is  finished  in  late  medieval  style. 

Abbott  (ab'ot),  Austin.  Bom  at  Boston,  Deo. 
18,  1881:  died  April  19,  1896.  An  American 
lawyer  and  legal  writer,  son  of  Jacob  Abbott. 
He  was  appointed  dean  of  the  faculty  of  law  of  the  tTni- 
versity  of  Uie  City  of  New  Yorlf  in  1891,  and  Is  the  author 
of  "New  Cases,  Kainly  New  York  Decisions  "  (1877-86), 
"Legal  Semembrancer"  (1887),  a  series  of  digests  of  New 
York  statutes  and  reports  of  United  States  courts,  etc. 

Abbott,  Benjamin  Vaughan.  Bom  at  Bos- 
ton, June  4,  1830 :  died  in  Brooklyn,  Feb.  17, 
1890.  An  American  lawyer  and  legal  writer, 
eldest  son  of  Jacob  Abbott.  He  was  the  author  of 
a  digest  of  New  York  statutes  and  reports  (1863),  a  digest 
of  United  States  court  reports  and  acts  of  Congress  (1867- 
1875),  "A  Treatise  on  the  Courts  of  the  United  States  and 
their  Practice  "  (1877),  "  A  Dictionary  of  Terms  in  Amer- 
ican and  English  Jurisprudence  "  (1879),  etc. 

Abbott,  Charles.  Bom  at  Canterbury,  Eng- 
land, Oct.  7, 1762:  died  Nov.  4,  1832.  A  noted 
English  jurist,  the  son  of  a  Canterbury  barber, 
appointed  chief  justice  Nov.  4, 1818,  and  created 
Baron  Tenterden  of  Heudon,  April,  1827.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  treatise  on  the  *'  Law  Relative  to 
Merchant  Ships  and  Seamen  "  (1802),  still  an  authority  on 
mercantile  law. 

Abbott,  Edwin  Abbott.  Born  at  London, 
1838.  An  English  clergyman  and  educator,  a 
graduate  and  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, appointed  head-master  of  the  (5ity  of 
London  School  in  1865.  Heistheauthorof"  A  Shake- 
spearean Grammar"  (1869),  "Francis  Bacon"  (1885),  and 
various  educational  and  religious  works. 

Abbott,  Emma.  Bom  at  Chicago  about  1850 : 
died  at  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  Jan.  5,  1891.  An 
American  soprano,  successful  both  in  Europe 
and  America  as  an  operatic  singer.  She  mar- 
ried Eugene  Wetherell. 

Abbott,  Evelyn.  Bom  1843 :  died  1901.  Am 
English  scholar,  a  graduate  and  fellow  of  Bal- 
liol  College,  Oxford,  and  classical  tutor  and 
librarian,  the  author  of  various  works  on  clas- 
sical philology  and  of  a  history  of  (Jreece. 

Abbott,  Jacob.  Born  at  HaUowell,  Maine, 
Nov.  14, 1803:  died  at  Parmington,  Maine,  Oct. 
31, 1879.  An  American  Congregational  clergy- 
man, and  a  voluminous  writer  of  juvenile 
works.  He  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  College  in  1820, 
studied  at  Andover  Theological  Seminary,  and  was  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  and  natural  philosophy  at  Amherst 
College  1825-29.  His  best-known  works  are  "  The  KoUo 
Books,"  "Young  Christian"  series,  "Lucy  Books,"  "Sci- 
ence for  the  Young,"  etc. 

Abbott,  John  Stevens  Oabot.  Born  at  Bruns- 
wick, Maine,  Sept.  18, 1805 :  died  at  Fair  Haven, 
Conn.,  June  17,  1877.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional clergyman  (pastor  successively  at  Wor- 
cester, Eoxbury,  and  Nantucket,  Mass.)  and 
historical  writer,  brother  of  Jacob  Abbott.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  "History  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,"  a 
"History  of  the  Civil  War  in  America,"  a  "History  of 
Frederick  the  Second,"  "  The  Mother  at  Home,"  "  The 
Child  at  Home,"  etc. 

Abbott,  Josiah  Gardner.  Bom  at  Chelmsford, 
Mass.,  Nov.  1,  1815 :  died  at  WeUesley  Hills, 
Mass.,  June  2,  1891.  A  jurist  and  politician. 
He  was  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Massachusetts  for 
Suffolk  County  1865-69,  Democratic  member  of  Congress 
from  that  State  1876-77,  and  member  of  the  Electoral  Com- 
mission in  1877.  He  was  twice  (1876, 1877)  the  unsuccess- 
ful Democratic  candidate  for  U.  S.  senator,  and  once  (1878) 
for  governor. 

Abbott,  Lyman.  Born  at  Eoxbury,  Mass.,  Dec. 
18, 1835.  A  Congregational  clergyman,  author, 
and  journalist,  a  son  of  Jacob  Abbott.  He  has 
been  the  editor-in-chief  of  the  "  Christian  Union  "  (changed 
to  "The  Outlook"  in  1893)  since  1881,  and  was  pastor  of 
Plymouth  Church,  Brooklyn,  from  1888  to  1899.    He  ori- 


ginally studied  law,  but  abandoned  that  profession  for 
the  ministry  in  1860. 

A.  B.  C,  An.  A  poem  by  Chaucer,  a  prayer 
to  the  Virgin  Mary,  it  is  a  loose  translation  from  a 
work  of  Guillaume  de  Deguileville,  a  Cistercian  monk  who 
died  about  1860.  Each  stanza  begins  with  a  different  let- 
ter of  the  alphabet,  arranged  in  order  from  A  to  Z. 

Abda  (ab'da),  or  Abdas  (ab-das').  Said  by 
Theophanes  (Chronogr.  sub  an.  405)  to  have 
been  bishop  of  Susa,  and  called  by  Socrates 
bishop  of  Persia.  He  is  said  to  have  aided  Maruthas 
in  driving  a  demon  out  of  Yezdigerd,  king  of  Persia. 
Theodoret  relates  that  his  zeal  led  him  to  destroy  a  flre- 
temple,  which  roused  a  persecution  against  the  Chris- 
tians to  which  he  fell  a  victim. 

Abdalla  (ab-dal'a).  The  Mufti,  a  character  in 
Dryden's  tragedy  "Don  Sebastian." 

Abaallah  (abd-al'ah),  or  Abdullah  (ab-d61' 
lah).  [.Ar., 'servant  of  (jrod.']  Born  at  Mecca 
about  545 :  died  at  Medina,  570.  The  father  of 
Mohammed. 

Abdallah  ben  (or  ibn)  Yasim  (ab-dal'ah  ben 
(or'b'n)ya-sem').  Died  1058.  Aleamed  Ara- 
bian Mussulman,  appointed  by  a  sheik  ot  Lam- 
touna  to  instruct  a  tribe  of  Berbers  in  the  Atlas 
mountains  in  the  faith  of  Islam.  His  enthusiasm 
gave  rise  to  the  sect  of  Al-Morabethun  ("  dedicated  to  the 
service  of  God")  or  Almoravides,  which  under  his  leader- 
ship conquered  the  country  lying  between  the  Sahara 
and  the  ancient  Gsetulia  for  the  new  religion.  He  died  in 
battle ;  but  his  conquests  were  continued  in  Africa  by  his 
successors,  and  in  1086  Yussuf  ibn  Tashfyn  extended  his 
victories  to  Spain. 

Abdallatif  (abd-al-la-tef')i  or  Abd-ul-Lateef 

(abd-ol-la-tef ').  Born  at  Bagdad,  1162 :  died 
at  Bagdad,  Nov.  8, 1231.  An  Arabian  physician, 
philosopher,  and  traveler.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
historical  work  on  Egypt  published  in  Latin  by  Professor 
Joseph  White  of  Oxford  as  "  Abdallatiphi  historicC  jEgypti 
compendium, "in  1800.  A  manuscript  of  it,  brought  from 
the  East  by  f  ococke,  is  in  the  Bodleian  Library. 

Abdalmalek,  or  Abd-el-Malek,  or  -Malik 
(abd-al-  (or  -el-)  ma'lek,  -Uk).  The  fifth  calif 
of  the  Ommiads,  685-705. 

Abdalmalek.  Bom  at  Basra  about  740.  A 
Mohammedan  doctor,  instructor  of  Harun-al- 
Rashid,  noted  for  his  extraordinary  memory. 
He  is  the  reputed  author  of  the  romance  of 
Antar. 

Abdalmalek.  Born  at  Cordova,  801:  died  853. 
A  Mohammedan  historian  and  theologian. 

Abd-al-Bahman,  or  Abdalrahman.  See  Abd^ 
er-Bahmcm. 

Abdara.    See  Aldera. 

Abdelazar  (ab-del-a'zar).  A  tragedy  made  by 
Mrs.  Aphra  Behn  from  the  play  "  Lust's  Do- 
minion," acted  in  1676  and  published  the  next 
year.  It  contains  the  song  "  Love  in  fantastic 
triumph  sat." 

Abd-el-Kader,  or-Kadir  (abd-el-ka'der).  Bom 
near  Mascara,  Algeria,  1807:  died  at  Damas- 
cus, May  26,  1883.  A  celebrated  Arab  chief, 
the  heroic  leader  of  the  Arabs  in  the  wars  in 
Algiers  against  the  French  1832-47,  and  pris- 
oner of  the  French  1847-52.  He  lived  in  later 
years  principally  at  Damascus  as  a  pensioner 
of  the  French  government. 

Abd-el-Malek,  or  -Malik.    See  Abdalmalek. 

Abd-el-Mottalib.    See  Abdul-Muttalib. 

Abdemon  (ab'df-mon).    See  the  extract. 

The  "wisdom  "  of  Solomon  is  said  to  have  provoked  the 
Tyrians  to  match  their  wits  against  his.  Solomon  had 
sent  Hiram  certain  riddles  to  test  his  sagacity,  and  had 
asked  for  a  return  in  kind,  wagering  a  good  round  sum 
upon  the  result.  The  contest  terminated  in  Solomon's 
favour,  and  Hiram  had  to  make  a  heavy  payment  in  con- 
sequence. Hereupon,  a  Tyrian  named  Abdemon  (Abdes- 
mun?)  came  to  the  rescue,  and  vindicated  the  honour  of 
his  country  by  correctly  solving  all  King  Solomon's  rid- 
dles, and  proposing  to  him  others,  of  which  the  Israelitish 
monarch,  with  all  his  intelligence,  was  quite  unable  to 
discover  the  solution.  He  was  thus  compelled  to  refund 
all  the  money  that  Hiram  had  paid  him,  and  to  forfeit  a 
considerable  amount  in  addition. 

Rawli-nson,  Phoenicia,  p.  103. 

Abdera  (ab-de'ra) .  [Gr.  to,  'ixpdijpa,  or  "A^dripov.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  a  maritime  city  of  Thrace, 
founded  by  the  Teians,  belonging  to  the  Athe- 
nian Confederation.  Its  inhabitants  were  no- 
torious among  the  Greeks  for  dullness.  The 
exact  ancient  site  has  not  been  identified. 

Abdera  (ab-de'ra).  [Gr.  to  'ikpSr/pa,  Avdj/pa, 
"A^Sapa,  "A^dtipov.]  In  ancient  geography,  a 
town,  the  modem  Adra  (or  Almeria  ?),  on  the 
southem  coast  of  Spain,  about  45  miles  south- 
east of  Granada.    Also  Abdara. 

Abd-er-Rahman  (abd-er-rah'man)  I.  [Ar., 
'  servant  of  the  merciful  one,'  i.  e.  God.]  Born  at 
Damascus,  731 :  died  788.  The  founder  (756)  of 
the  independent  Ommiad  power  in  Spain,  with 
Cordova  as  capital.  He  survived  the  massacre  of  the 
Ommiads  by  the  Abbassides,  took  refuge  in  Mauretania, 
and  was  invited  by  a  party  of  the  Arabs  in  Spain  to  come 
to  them  as  their  sovereign.  He  quickly  established  his 
power,  overcame  his  chief  antagonist  in  battle  (755),  sup- 


A  Eecket,  Gilbert  Abbott 

pressed  formidable  rebellions  (768-763),  and  repelled  the 
invasion  of  Charlemagne  (778).  The  famous  mosque  at  Cor- 
dova was  constructed  by  him.  Also  Abdal-Rahman,  Ab- 
durrahman, Abdarrahman. 

Abd-er-Kahman  III.  Bom  891:  died  961. 
Calif  of  Cordova  from  912  to  961.  During  his 
reign  the  Saracen  power  in  Spain  rose  to  its 
greatest  height. 

Abd-er-Rahman.  Died  732.  A  Saracen  chief- 
tain, governor  of  Narbonne.  He  invaded 
France  with  a  large  army,  and  was  defeated 
by  Charles  Martel,  and  slain,  near  Tours  in  732. 

Abd-er-Rahman.  Born  Nov.  28,  1778:  died 
Aug.,  1859.  Sultan  of  Fez  and  Morocco  1823- 
1859.  The  piratical  habits  of  his  subjects  involved  him 
in  several  confiicts  with  European  powers,  and  in  1844  he 
supported  Abd-el-Eader  against  France. 

Abdiel  (ab'di-el).  [Heb.,  'servant  of  God.'] 
A  seraph  in  Milton's  "  Paradise  Lost"  (v.  896), 
the  only  seraph  who  remained  loyal  when 
Satan  stirred  up  the  angels  to  revolt.  He  is 
mentioned  by  the  Jewish  cabalists. 

Abdi-Milkut  (ab'de-mil-kof).  A  king  of 
Sidon,  a  contemporary  of  Esarhaddon,  king  of 
Assyria  (680-668  B.  C).  He  made  an  aUiance  with 
King  Sanduarri,  and  revolted  from  his  allegiance  to  As- 
syria; was  attacked,  and,  after  a  prolonged  resistance,.fled, 
probably  to  Cyprus ;  and  was  caught  and  decapitated  in  676. 

Abdol-Motalleb.    See  Abdul-Muttalib. 

Abdool-.    See  Abdul-. 

Abdul-Aziz  (ab'dol-a-zez').  Born  Feb.  9, 1830: 
assassinated  (?)  June  4, 1876.  Sultan  of  Turkey 
1861-76,  second  son  of  Mahmud  H.  and  brother 
of  Abdul-Medjid  whom  he  succeeded.  Aided  by 
his  grand  vizirs,  Ali  Pasha  and  Fuad  Pasha,  he  attempted 
to  introduce  Western  civilization  into  Turkey.  In  1867  he 
visited  the  Paris  Exhibition,  and  journeyed  through  Eng- 
land, Austria,  and  Germany,  Dissatisfaction  with  his  re- 
form policy  and  the  depletion  of  his  treasury  brought  about 
his  deposition.  May  30, 1876. 

Abdul-Hamid  (ab'dol-ha-med')  I.  Bora  May 
30,  1725 :  died  April  7,  1789.  Sultan  of  Turkey 
from  Jan.  21, 1774,  till  April  7, 1789.  He  inherited 
a  disastrous  war  with  Uussia,  which  was  ended  in  July, 
1774,  by  the  treaty  of  Kainardji,  and  which  resulted  in  the 
loss  of  Crimea  and  adjacent  regions.  He  was  also  engaged 
in  war  with  Kussia  and  Austria  from  1787. 

Abdul-Hamid  II.  Bom  Sept.  22, 1842.  Sultan 
of  Turkey  since  Aug.  31,  1876,  second  son  of 
Abdul-Medjid  and  brother  of  the  insane  Murad 
V.  whom  he  succeeded.  He  carried  on  a  war  with 
Russia  from  April  24, 1877,  to  1878.  By  the  treaty  of  San 
Stefano,  which  followed  (March  3,  1878),  modified  by  the 
Berlin  Treaty  of  July  13,  1878,  Turkey  lost  large  posses- 
sions in  Europe  and  Asia.  See  San  Stifo/no,  Treaty  of,  and 
B&rlin,  Congress  of. 

Abdul-Kerim  (ab'dol-ke-rem')  Pasha.  Bom 
1811:  died  1885.  A  Turkish  general,  distin- 
guished by  his  services  in  the  Crimean  war, 
and  against  the  Servians  in  1876,  but  banished 
for  failure  in  the  Russian  war  of  1877. 

Abdul-Latif.    See  Abdallatif. 

Abdul-Medjid,  or  Mejid  (ab'dSl-me-jed'). 
Bom  April  23,  1823 :  died  June  25,  1861.  The 
eldest  son  of  Mahmud  II.  whom  he  succeeded, 
July  1,  1839.  He  was  conquered  by  Mehemet  Ali,  the 
rebellious  viceroy  of  Egypt,  at  Nisib,  June  24, 1839,  but 
was  protected  by  the  intervention  of  the  Great  Powers  in 
1840.  November  3, 1839,  he  promulgated  the  Hatti-sherif 
of  Giilhan^  (the  imperial  palace  where  it  was  first  pro- 
claimed), an  organic  statute  for  the  government  of  the 
empire,  guaranteeing  the  security  of  life  and  property  to 
subjects  and  introducing  fiscal  and  military  j-eforms.  He 
was  engaged  in  the  Crimean  war  from  1853  to  1856.  In 
1856  was  promulgated  the  Hatti-y-humayun,  which  pro- 
fessed to  secure  the  rights  of  the  Hatti-sherif  of  Giilhan^ 
to  all  classes,  without  distinction  of  rank  or  religion. 

Abdul-Mumen  (ab'dol-mo'men).  Bom  in 
northwestem  Africa,  1101:  died  1163.  The 
founder  of  the  dynasty  of  the  Almohades, 
calif  from  1130  till  1163. 

Abdul-Muttalib  (ab'dol-met-ta'lib).  Died  578. 
The  grandfather  of  Mohammed  and  his  guar- 
dian for  two  years. 

Abdurrahman.    See  Abd-er-Bahman. 

Abdurrahman  Khan  (ab-dor-rah'man  khan). 
Bom  about  1830 :  died  Oct.  3, 1901.  The  ameer 
of  Afghanistan,  proclaimed  such  in  1880. 

Abecedarians  (a''''be-se-da'ri-anz).  A  German 
Anabaptist  sect  of  the  16th"  century,  led  by 
Nicholas  Stork,  a  weaver  of  Zwickau,  which 
rejected  all  learning  (even  the  learning  of 
"A-B-(3")  as  a  hindrance  to  religion,  professed 
a  special  inspiration  superseding  the  Bible,  and 
predicted  (and  was  disposed  to  promote)  the 
overthrow  of  existing  governments. 

A  Becket  (a-bek'et),  Gilbert  Arthur.  Born 
at  London,"  1837 :  died  at  London,  Oct.  15, 
1891.  An  English  journalist,  dramatist,  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  son  of  G.A.  A  Becket. 

A  Becket,  Gilbert  Abbott.  Bom  at  London, 
Jan.  9,  1811:  died  at  Boulogne,  France,  Aug. 
30,  1856.  An  English  lawyer,  journalist,  and 
writer,  noted  chiefly  for  his  contributions  to 


A  Becket,  Gilbert  Abbott 

"Punch"':  author  of  the  "Comic  History  of 
England,"  the  "Comic  History  of  Eome,"  the 
"Comic  Blackstone,"  etc. 

A  Becket,  Thomas.    See  Thomas  of  London. 

Abed-nego  (a-bed'ne-go).  [Probably  an  error 
in  the  text  for  Abed  Nebo,  servant  of  the  god 
Nebo.]  One  of  the  three  Hebrews  cast  by 
Nebuchadnezzar  into  the  fiery  furnace.  His 
Hebrew  name  was  Azariah,  Abed-nego  being  substituted 
lor  it  by  the  prince  of  the  eunuchs  of  the  king  of  Baby- 
Ion.    Dan.  1.  7. 

Abegg  (a'beg),  Julius  Friedrich  Heinrich. 
Born  at  Erlangen,  Bavaria,  March  27,  1796: 
died  at  Breslau,  Prussia,  May  29, 1868.  A  Ger- 
man jurist, author  of ' '  Versuch  einer  Gresehi chte 
der  preussischen  CivUprozessgesetzeebung " 
(1848),  etc. 

Abel  (a'bel).  [Heb.  Mebel,  formerly  derived 
from  Heb.  Jieiel,  transitoriness;  more  prob- 
ably to  be  connected  -with  Assyro-Babylonian 
ablu,  son.]  The  second  son  of  Adam,  slain 
by  his  brother  Cain,  according  to  the  account 
in  Genesis. 

Abel  (a'bel),  Carl.  Bom  at  Berlin,  Nov.  25, 
1837.  A  German  comparative  philologist,  au- 
thor of  "Linguistic  Essays"  (1880),  etc.  He 
has  acted  as  Ilchester  lecturer  on  comparative  lexicog- 
raphy at  Oxford,  and  as  Berlin  correspondent  of  the 
"Times"  and  "Standard." 

Abel  (a'bel),  Sir  Frederick  Augustus.  Born  at 
London,  July  17, 1827 :  died  there,  Sept.  6, 1902. 
An  English  chemist,  president  of  the  Institute 
of  Chemistry  and  other  learned  societies,  and 
author  of  "Guncotton,"  "Modem  History  of 
Gunpowder,"  "OnExplosive  Agents," etc.,  and 
with  Bloxam  of  a  "Handbook  of  Chemistry." 

Abel  (a'bel),  Heinrich  Friedrich  Otto.  Bom 
at  Eeiehenbach,  Wurtemberg,  Jan.  22,  1824: 
died  at  Leonberg,  Wiirtemberg,  Oct.  28,  1854. 
A  German  historian,collaborator  on  the  "  Monu- 
menta  Germanise  historica,"  and  author  of 
"  Konig  Philipp  der  Hohenstaufe"  (1852),  etc. 

Abel  (a'bel),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Aschach,  in 
Austria,  1768:  died  at  Vienna,  Oct.  4,  1818.  An 
Austrian  historical  and  portrait  painter. 

Abel  (a'bel),  Karl  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Kothen, 
Germany,  1725 :  died  at  London,  June  20, 1787. 
A  German  composer,  and  noted  performer  on 
the  viol  da  gamba. 

Abel  (a'bel),  Niels  Henrik.  Bom  at  Pindoe, 
Norway,  August  5,  1802:  died  near  Arendal, 
Norway,  April  6,  1829.  A  distinguished  Nor- 
wegian mathematician,  noted  especially  for 
his  researches  on  elliptic  functions.  His  com- 
plete works  were  published  in  1839. 

Abelard  (ab'e-lard),  Peter,  P.  Ab§lard 
(a-ba-lar'),  ML.  Abelardus  (ab-e-lar'dus). 
Born  at  Pallet  (Palais),  near  Nantes,  France, 
in  1079 :  died  April  21, 1142.  A  Prench  scholar, 
one  of  the  most  notable  of  the  founders  of 
scholastic  theology,  a  pupil  of  Roseellin  of 
CompiSgne  and  of  William  of  Champeaux. 
He  taught  with  great  success  at  Melun,  at  Corbeil,  and  at 
Paris.  In  1121  he  was  cited  before  the  Synod  of  Soissons, 
on  the  charge  of  disseminating  Sabellianism,  and  was 
compelled  to  burn  his  "Introductio  ad  Theologiam."  He 
soon  after  retired  to  a  solitary  place  near  Nogent-sur- 
Seine,  but  was  sought  out  by  students,  who  built  for  him 
the  Oratory  of  the  Paraclete,  i^om  1125  till  about  1134 
he  was  abbot  of  St  Gildas  in  Bretagne.  In  1140,  at  the 
Council  of  Sens,  he  was  accused  of  heresy  by  Bernard  of 
Claiiraux  and  was  condemned  by  the  council  and  the 
Pope,  but  was  afterward  reconciled  to  Bernard.  He  repre- 
sented the  spirit  of  free  inquiry  in  theology,  and  contrib- 
uted largely  to  fix  the  scholastic  manner  of  philosophizing. 
Tor  his  relation  to  mioise,  see  Hiloise. 

Abel  de  Pujol  (a-bel'  de  pii-zhol' ),  Alexandre 
Denis  Bom  at  Valenciennes,  Praiice,  Jan. 
30, 1785:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  28, 1861.  APrench 
historical  painter. 

Abelin  (a'be-len),Johann  Philipp :  pseudonym 
Johann  Ludwig  Gottfried  (Gotnofredus). 
Died  about  1635.  A  German  historian,  founder 
of  the  "Theatmm  Europseum,"  a  serial  work 
on  contemporaneous  history,  carried  forward 
by  Schieder,  Oraus,  and  others  into  the  18th  cen- 
tury, and  author  of  a  history  of  the  West  Indies, 
"Historia  Antipodum,"  and  other  works, 


sibus")  as  coining  to  an  end  in  his  day,  which 
observed  the  custom  of  marrying  without  pro- 
creating, in  order  not  to  perpetuate  inherited 
sin  and  in  imitation  of  the  traditional  example 
of  Abel,  the  son  of  Adam.  They  adopted  the 
children  of  others.  . 

Abell  (a'bel),  Thomas.  Executed  at  Smith- 
field,  London,  July  30, 1540.  A  Eoman  Catho- 
lic clergyman,  rector  of  Bradwell  in  Essex,  and 
ohaplam  to  Queen  Catherine,  wife  of  Henry 


Vni.  of  England,  unjustly  condemned  on  the 

charge  of  concealing  the  treasonable  practices 

of  Elizabeth  Barton,  the  "Nun  of  Kent."   He 

was  an  active  supporter  of  the  queen  in  her  endeavor  to 

prevent  tile  divorce  sought  by  Henry. 

Abencerrages  (a-ben'se-raj-ez ;  Sp.  pron.  a-Ben- 

/  tha-ra'Hes) .    A  Moorish  family  in  Granada,  f  a- 

'  mous  in  Spanish  romance.    Then-  struggle  with  the 

family  of  the  Zegris  and  tragical  destruction  in  the  Al- 

hambra  by  King  Abu  Hassan,  near  the  end  of  the  Moorish 

dominion  in  Granada,  are  told  in  Perez  de  Hita's  (unhis- 

torical) "  Historia  de  las  guerras  civiles  de  Granada  "  (1695), 

the  groundworlc  of  a  romance  by  Chateaubriand  (1826), 

and  of  an  opera  by  Cherubini  (1813). 

Abenezra  (a-ben-ez'ra),  or  Ibn  Ezra  ('b'n-ez'- 
ra).    See  Abraham  ben  Meir  ibn  Mzra. 

Abensberg  (a'bens-bera).  A  small  town  in 
Lower  Bavaria,  on  the  Abens  18  miles  south- 
west of  Batisbon,  the  scene  of  a  victory  by  Na- 
poleon over  the  Austrian  army  of  Archduke 
Charles,  April  20,  1809.  The  attaolt  was  on  the 
center  of  the  Austrian  line,  which  was  cut  In  halves :  the 
left  was  driven  across  the  Isar  at  Landshut,  which  was 
captured,  and  the  right  was  overcome  at  Ecltmiihl  on 
April  22.  In  this  series  of  operations  the  Austrians  lost 
60,000  men. 

Abeokuta  (ab-e-o-ko'ta).  The  principal  town  of 
Yoruba  or  Yariba,  a  British  protectorate  in 
western  Africa.  It  was  founded  in  1830  by  fugitive 
slaves,  who  were  subsequently  joined  by  numerous  free- 
men, mostly  of  the  Egba  tribe.  Excepting  a  few  native 
Christian  churches,  the  mass  of  the  people  is  still  heathen. 
Population  (esthnated),  150,000.    Also  Abbeokuta. 

Aber  (ab'fer).  [Gael,  abar  =  W.  aber,  a  con- 
fluence of  waters,  the  mouth  of  a  river.  Cf. 
Gael,  inbhir,  with  same  senses,  =  W.  ynfer,  in- 
flux, =  So.  inver-.^  An  element  appearing  in 
many  place-names  in  Great  Britain,  and  sig- 
nifying 'a  confluence  of  waters,'  either  of 
two  rivers  or  of  a  river  with  the  sea:  as,  Aber- 
deen, Aberdour,  Abergavenny,  Aberystwith. 

Aberavon  (ab-6r-a'von).  A  seaport  in  Glamor- 
ganshire, South  Wales,  situated  on  Bristol 
Channel  7  miles  east  of  Swansea.  It  has  large 
manufacturing  worlds,  and  there  are  mines  of  coal  and 
iron  in  its  vicinity.    Population  (1891),  6,281. 

Aberbrothock.     See  Arbroath. 

Aberconway.    See  Conway. 

Abercorn  (ab'6r-k6m).  A  hamlet  in  Linlith- 
gowshire, Scotland,  about  10  miles  west  of 
Edinburgh.  It  was  the  seat  of  a  bishopric  from 
681  to  685. 

Abercrombie  (ab'fer-krum-bi),  James.  Bom  at 
Glasshaugh,  in  Scotland,  1706:  died  at  Stirling, 
Scotland,  April  28,  1781.  A  British  general, 
commander  of  an  expedition  against  Canada 
in  1758.  He  was  defeated  by  Montcalm  at 
Tieonderoga,  July  8,  1758. 

Abercrombie,  John.  Born  at  Aberdeen,  Scot- 
land, Oct.  10,  1780:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Nov. 
14,  1844.  A  Scottish  physician  and  philo- 
sophical writer.  He  wrote  "Pathological  and  Prac- 
tical Kesearches  on  Diseases  of  the  Brain  and  Spinal 
Cord  "  (1828),  "  Pathological  and  Practical  Kesearches  on 
Diseases  of  the  Stomach,  the  Intestinal  Canal,  etc."  (1828), 
"  Enquiries  Concerning  the  Intellectual  Powers  and  the 
Investigation  of  Truth  "  (1830), ' '  Philosophy  of  the  Moral 
Feelings  "  (1833),  etc. 

Abercrombie,  John  Joseph.  Bom  in  Tennes- 
see in  1802:  died  at  Eoslyn,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  3, 
1877.  An  American  soldier.  He  was  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1822,  and  served  in  the  Florida  war  (bre- 
vetted  major),  in  the  Mexican  war  (brevetted  lieutenant- 
colonel),  and  in  the  Union  army  in  the  Civil  War  (brevetted 
brigadier-general). 

Abercromby  (ab'6r-krum-bi),  David,  Died 
about  1702.  A  Scottish  physician  and  philo- 
sophi  cal  writer.  His  chief  work  is  entitled  "A  Discourse 
of  Wit" (London,  1686).  "It  antedates  the  (so-called) 
'  Scottish  School  of  Philosophy '  a  century  nearly :  for  in 
it  Dr.  Thomas  Reid's  philosophy  of  common  sense  .  .  . 
is  distinctly  taught."    A.  B.  Grosart,  in  Diet.  Nat,  Biog, 

Abercromby,  James.  Bom  Nov.  7, 1776 :  died 
at  Colinton  House,  Midlothian,  April  17,  1858. 
An  English  politician,  third  son  of  Sir  Ealph 
Abercromby,  created  Baron  Dunfermline  in 
1839.  He  became  a  member  of  Parliament  in  1807, 
judge-advocate-general  in  1827,  chief  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer of  Scotland  in  1830,  master  of  the  mint  in  1834, 
and  speaker  in  1836. 

Abercromby,  Sir  John.  Bom  1772:  died  at 
Marseilles,  Feb.  14,  1817.  An  English  soldier, 
second  son  of  Sir  Ealph  Abercromby.  He 
served  in  Flanders  1793-94,  was  arrested  by  Napoleon  and 
imprisoned  at  Verdun  in  1803,  was  exchanged  in  1808, 
and  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  at  Bombay  in 
1809.    He  captured  Mauritius  in  1810. 

Abercromby,  Patrick.  Bom  at  Forfar,  Scot- 
land, 1656:  died  1716  (various  dates  are  as- 
signed). A  Scottish  physician,  antiquary,  and 
historian,  author  of  "  Martial  Achievements  of 
the  Soots  Nation"  (1711-16). 

Abercromby,  Sir  Balph.  Bom  at  Menstry, 
Clackmannan,  Scotland,  Oct.,  1734:  died  near 
Alexandria,  Egypt,  March  28,  1801.    A  distin- 


Abersychan 

guished  British  general,  commander-in-chief  in 
the  West  Indies  1795-97  ([where  he  took  Grena- 
da, Demerara,  and  Trinidad,  and  relieved  St. 
Vincent),  in  Ireland  in  1798,  and  in  the  Nether- 
lands in  1799.  He  was  mortally  wounded  near  Alex- 
andria, Egypt,  March  21, 1801.  He  "  shares  with  Sir  .lohii 
Moore  the  credit  of  renewing  the  ancient  discipline  and 
military  reputation  of  the  British  soldier"  (H.  M.  Ste- 
phem,  in  Diet  Nat  Biog.). 

Abercromby,  Sir  Bobert.  Bom  at  Tullibody, 
Clackmannan,  Scotland,  1740:  died  at  Air- 
threy,  near  Stirling,  Scotland,  Nov.,  1827.  A 
British  general,  younger  brother  of  Sir  Ealph 
Abercromby.  He  served  in  the  French  and  Indian  and 
Eevolutionary  wars  (at  the  battles  of  Brooklyn,  Brandy- 
wine,  and  Germautown,  and  at  Charleston  and  Yorktown), 
and  later  commanded  in  India. 

Aberdare  (ab-6r-dar').  A  mining  and  manufac- 
turing town  in  Glamorganshire,  South  Wales, 
about  5  miles  southwest  of  Merthyr-Tydvil. 
There  are  coal-  and  iron-mines  in  its  vicinity. 
Population  (1891),  38,513. 

Aberdare,  Baron.    See  Bruce  Pryce,    Henry 


Aberdeen  (ab-6r-den'),  or  New  Aberdeen.  A 

seaport,  capital  of  the  county  of  Aberdeen, 
Scotland,  on  the  North  Sea  between  the  mouths 
of  the  Don  and  Dee,  in  lat.  57°  8'  33*  N. ,  long.  2° 
4'  6"  W.  (lighthouse),  it  Is  the  principal  city  of 
northern  Scotland,  and  has  an  important  foreign  and 
coasting  commerce  and  a  variety  of  manufactures.  It 
received  a  charter  from  William  the  Lion  in  1178.  Popu- 
lation (1901),  143,722. 

Aberdeen,  Old.  A  town  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Don,  one  mile  north  of  Aberdeen,  Scotland. 
It  contains  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Machar,  and  King's  Col- 
lege in  the  University  of  Aberdeen.  The  old  cathedral  is 
now  a  parish  church,  consisting  of  the  spacious  nave  only 
of  the  original  building.  It  was  begun  in  1366.  There 
are  two  castle-like  towers  at  the  west  end,  surmounted  by 
heavy  pyramidal  spires,  and  a  fine  projecting  porch  on  the 
south  side.  The  material  is  granite  throughout  Popu- 
lation (1891),  1,951. 

Aberdeen.  A  city  in  Brown  County,  South 
Dakota,  about  120  miles  northeast  of  Pierre :  a 
railroad  and  trading  center.  Population  (1900), 
4,087. 

Aberdeen.  A  city,  capital  of  Monroe  County, 
Mississippi,  on  the  Tombigbee,  in  lat.  33°  51' 
N.,  long.  88°  35'  W.     Population  (1900),  3,434. 

Aberdeen,  Earl  of.    See  Gordon. 

Aberdeen,  University  of.  An  institution  of 
learning  at  Aberdeen,  incorporated  1860,  by 
the  union  of  King's  College  and  university 
(founded  by  Bishop  Elphinstone,  1494)  at  Old 
Aberdeen  and  the  Marisehal  College  and  uni- 
versity (founded  by  the  Earl  Marisehal,  1593) 
at  New  Aberdeen,  it  has  about  70  teachers  and 
800  students.  It  sends  with  Glasgow  University  one 
member  to  Pailiament. 

Aberdeenshire  (ab-6r-den'shir).  A  county  of 
Scotland,  capital  Aberdeen,  bounded  by  the 
North  Sea  on  the  north  and  east,  by  Kincar- 
dine, Forfar,  and  Perth  on  the  south,  and  by 
Inverness  and  Banff  on  the  west.  Its  ancient  di- 
visions were  Mar,  Formartin,  Buchan,  Garioch,  and  Strath- 
bogie.  Its  leading  industries  are  agriculture,  stock-rais- 
ing, granite-cutting,  and  fishing.  Area,  1,956  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  281,332. 

Aberdour  (ab-6r-dor').  A  small  place  in  Fife- 
shire,  Scotland,  on  the  Firth  of  Forth  about  8 
miles  north  of  Edinburgh,  resorted  to  for  sea- 
bathing. 

Aberfoyle  (ab-6r-foil').  A  small  village  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  near  Loch  Katrine.  It 
figures  in  Scott's  novel  "  Bob  Boy." 
Abergavenny  (ab-fer-ga'ni  or  ab^Sr-ga-ven'i). 
A  town  in  Monmouthshire,  England,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Gavenny  and  Usk,  built  on 
the  site  of  the  Eoman  Gobannio.  There  are 
coal-mines  and  iron-works  in  its  vicinity.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  7,640. 

Abemethy  (ab'6r-ne-thi).  A  small  town  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  about  7  miles  southeast 
of  Perth.  It  was  anciently  a  seat  of  Culdee 
worship  and  a  Pictish  royal  residence. 
Abemethy,  John.  Bom  at  Coleraine,  Ireland, 
Oct.  19, 1680 :  died  Dec,  1740.  A  clergyman  of 
the  Irish  Presbyterian  Church,  appointed  by  the 
synod  to  the  church  in  Dublin,  1717.  His  re- 
fusal to  obey  caused  a  schism  in  the  Irish 
Church. 

Abemethy,  John.  Bom  at  London  April  3, 
1764 :  died  at  Enfield,  near  London,  April  28, 
1831.  An  English  surgeon,  lecturer  on  anat- 
omy and  physiology  in  the  College  of  Surgeons 
1814-17,  and  surgeon  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hos- 
pital 1815-27.  His  medical  works  were  collected  in 
five  volumes  in  1880.  He  possessed  great  Influence  in  his 
profession,  due  less  to  his  learning  than  to  his  powerful, 
attractive,  and  somewhat  eccentric  personal!^. 
Abersychan  (ab-fer-suk'an).  A  mining  town 
in  Monmouthshire,  England,  about  16  miles 


Abersychan 

southwest  of  Monmouth.    Population  (1891), 

15,6«7D. 

Abert  (a'bfert),  John  James.  Bom  at  Shep- 
herdstown,  Va.,  Sept.  17,  1788:  died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  Jan.  27,  1863.  An  American 
mflitaijy  (topographical)  engineer,  brevetted 
major  in  1814,  and  made  colonel  of  engineers  in 
1838.  He  was  given  the  charge  of  the  topo- 
graphical bureau  in  1829. 

Abert  (a'bert),  Johann  Joseph.  Bom  Sept. 
21, 1832,  at  Kochowitz  in  Bohemia.  A  German 
musician,  author  of  the  operas  "Anna  von 
Landskron"  (1859),  "Konig  Enzio"  (1862), 
"Astorga"  (1866),  "Ekkehard"  (1878),  etc. 

Aberyst\ritb.  (ab-6r-ist'with).  A  seaport  and 
watering-place  in  Cardiganshire,  Wales,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Ystwith  and  Rheidol,  in  lat.  52° 
25'  N.,  long.  4°  5'  W.  it  contains  the  University  Col- 
lege of  Wales,  which  was  opened  in  1872.  Population 
(1891),  6,696. 

Abeshr  (a-besh'r).  The  capital  of  Wadai,  in 
Sudan,  about  lat.  14°  5'  N.,  long.  21°  5'  E. 

Abessa  (a-bes'a).  A  female  character  in  Spen- 
ser's "  Faerie  Queene,"  representing  the  cor- 
ruption of  the  abbeys  and  convents. 

Abgar  (ab'gar),  L.  Abgarus  (ab'ga-ms).    An 
appellation  of  the  kings  of  Edessa,  used  as 
was  'Csasar'  among  the  Romans,  'Pharaoh' 
and  'Ptolemy' in  Egypt,  and  'Antiochus'  in  Abihu  (a-bi'fiu). 
Syria.     The  dynasty  lasted  from  99  B.  0.  to  217  A.  D.     of  Him'  (Grod).i 
According  to  Eusebius,  Abgar  XV.  (Ucomo,  ' the  blaclc,'      •  -     >—■■  -''J 

18  to  50)  wrote  to  Christ  asking  him  to  take  up  his  abode 
with  him  and  relieve  him  ol  an  incurable  disease.  Clirist 
promised  to  send  him  one  ot  bis  disciples  after  his  ascen- 
sion, and  accordingly  Thomas  sent  Tliaddeus.  In  Cedre- 
nus  is  the  following  story.  Ananias,  who  carried  Abgar's 
letter  to  Christ,  was  also  a  painter  and  tried  to  take  his 
portrait,  but  was  dazzled  by  the  splendor  of  his  counte- 
nance. Washing  his  face,  Christ  dried  it  on  a  linen  cloth, 
on  which  his  features  were  miraculously  impressed.  This 
cloth  was  taken  to  Edessa  by  Ananias. 

Abhidhanachint amani  (a - bhi -dha'ns,-chin- 
ta'ma-ni).  [Skt.,  '  the  jewel  that  five's  every 
word  wished.']  A  synonymic  lexicon  in  Sanskrit 
by  Hemachandra  who  lived  in  the  12th  century. 

Abhidhanaratnamala  (a-bhi-dha'na-rat-na- 
ma'la).  [Skt.,  'the  pearl  necklace  of  words.'] 
A  Sanskrit  vocabulary  by  Halayudha,  belong- 
ing to  about  the  end  of  the  11th  century. 

Abhidharmapitaka  (a-bhi-dhar'ma-pit'a-ka). 
[Skt.,  'basket  of  metaphysics.']  That  sec- 
tion of  the  Buddhist  scriptures  which  treats  of 
Abhidharma  or  the  supreme  truth,  philosophy 
or  metaphysics.  It  includes  the  Dhammasangani,  on 
conditions  of  life  in  diSerent  worlds ;  the  Vibhanga,  eigh- 
teen treatises  of  various  contents ;  the  Kathavatthu,  on 

'  one  thousand  controverted  points ;  the  Puggalapannatti, 
explanations  of  common  personal  qualities ;  the  Dhatu- 


5 


that  dynasty  which  would  have  realised  its  unity.  These 
Abiezrites  were  very  fine  men,  heroes,  like  unto  the  sons 
of  a  king. 

Rman,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel  (trans.),  I.  260. 

3.  One  of  David's  chief  warriors,  an  inhabitant 
of  Anathoth,  in  the  tribe  of  Benjamin. 
Abigail  (ab'i-gal).  [Heb.,  'father  (source)  of 
joy,'  or  'my  father  is  joy.']  1.  The  mother 
of  Amasa  and  sister  of  David. —  2.  The  wife  of 
Nabal  and,  after  his  death,  of  David.  By  has- 
tening to  meet  David  with  a  supply  of  provisions  when 
he  was  marching  to  take  vengeance  upon  Nabal  she  suc- 
ceeded in  arresting  his  anger. 

3.  A  character  in  Marlowe's  tragedy  "The 
Jew  of  Malta,"  the  daughter  of  Barabas  the 
Jew.  The  passages  between  her  and  herfather  strongly 
resemble  those  between  Shylock  and  Jessica  in  the  "  Mer- 
chant of  Venice." 

4.  A  lady's-maid  or  waiting  gentlewoman  in 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  "Scornful  Lady," 
and  in  other  plays :  presumably  from  Abigail 
who  called  herself  the  handmaid  of  David  in 
1  Sam.  XXV.  3.  The  name  is  now  a  popular 
synonym  for  a  lady's-maid. 

Abigor  (ab'i-g6r).  In  medieval  demonology, 
a  demon  of  high  degree,  grand  duke  in  the 
infernal  realms.  He  has  sixty  legions  at  his  com- 
mand, and  is  an  authority  on  all  subjects  pertaining  to 
war.  He  is  represented  as  a  knight  carrying  a  lance, 
standard,  or  scepter. 

' ""       [Heb.,  'father  (worshiper) 

The  second  of  the  sons  of 
Aaron  by  Elisheba.  For  neglecting  to  burn  incense 
with  fire  taken  from  the  great  altar  and  using  strange  or 
common  fire,  he  was  slain  with  his  elder  brother  Kadab 
by  fire  from  heaven. 

Abijah  (a-bi'ja).  [Heb.,  'father  (worshiper) 
of  Jehovah,'  or  'my  father  is  Jehovah.']  1. 
The  name  of  various  persons  mentioned  in  the 
Old  Testament:  a  son  of  Becher,  one  of  the 
sons  of  Benjamin  (1  Chron.  vii.  8) ;  the  wife  of 
Hezron  and  mother  of  Ashur  (1  Chron.  ii.  24) ; 
the  second  son  of  Samuel,  one  of  the  judges 
whose  injustice  led  to  the  establishment  of  the 
kingdom  (1  Sam.  viii.  2,  1  Chron.  vi.  28);  a 
priest,  a  descendant  of  Bleazar,  the  chief  of 
the  eighth  of  the  twenty-four  courses  into 
which  the  priesthood  was  divided  by  David  (1 
CJhron.  xxiv.  10) ;  a  son  of  Jeroboam  the  son  of 
Nebat  (lEa.  xiv.  1);  the  mother  of  Hezekiah 
(2  Chron.  xxix.  1) ;  a  priest  mentioned  in  Ne- 
hemiah  (x.  7). — 2.  The  second  king  of  Judah, 
son  of  Rehoboam  and  grandson  of  Solomon. 
He  reigned  932-929  B.  C.  (Duncker).  A  victory  over  .Tero- 
boam  in  which  400,000  men  are  said  to  have  fought  for 
Abijah  and  800,000  for  Jeroboam,  leaving  600,000  dead 
(obviously  erroneous  numbers),  was  the  notable  event  of 
his  reign.    Also  Abijanij  AJnah,  Abia. 

katha,  on  the  elements ;  the  Yamaka,~on  pairs!  or  apparent  Ablka.     See  Creek. 
contradictions  or  contrasts;  and  the  Patfhana,  or  "Book  of  Abila  (ab'i-la).     In  ancient  geography,  a  city 
Origins,"  on  the  causes  of  existence.  ■,      of  Syria,  capital  of  the  tetrarohy  of  Abilene, 

Abhimanyu  (a-bhi-man'yu).   In  Hmdu  legend,    northwest  of  Damascus. 

m'ryoTan°a.^^Sese^U%'S)fhe^|?e'S^^^^ 


Mahabharata,  but  on  the  thirteenth  himself  fell  fighting 
heroically. 

Abhiramamani  (a-bhi-ra'mS-man'i).  [Skt., 
'the  jewel  (book  or  drama)  relating  to  Rama.'] 
A  Sanskrit  drama  of  which  the  hero  is  Rama, 
written  by  Sundara  Mishra  in  1599  A.  d. 

Abhiras  (ab-he'raz).  A  people  inhabiting  the 
coast  east  of  the'mouth  of  the  Indus  (Lassen), 


Born  at  Copenhagen,  Denmark,  Sept.  4, 1744 
died  at  Frederieksdal,  June  4,  1809.   A  Danish 
painter    of   Norwegian   parentage,  professor 
(1786)  at  the  academy  of  Copenhagen,  and  later 
its  director. 

Abilene  (ab-i-le'ne).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
district  and  tetrarchy  of  Syria,  lying  east  of 
AntUibanus. 


Abomey 

County,  Massachusetts,  about  20  miles  south 
of  Boston.    Population  (1900),  4,489. 

Abington,  Mrs.  (Frances  or  Fanny  Barton). 
Bom  at  London,  1737 :  died  at  London,  March 
4,  1815.  An  English  actress,  daughter  of  a 
private  soldier  in  the  King's  Guards.  From  the 
position  of  a  flower-girl,  known  by  the  name  of  "  Mosegay 
Fan,"  in  St.  James's  Park,  and  street-singer,  she  rose  to 
eminence  on  the  stage,  and  enjoyed  a  successful  career 
of  forty-three  years.  "  She  was  the  original  representa- 
tive of  thirty  characters,  among  which  we  find,— Lady 
Bab,  in  'High  Life  Below  Stairs;'  Betty,  in  the  'Clan- 
destine Marriage;'  Charlotte,  in  the  'Hypocrite;'  Char- 
lotte Kusport,  in  the  'West  Indian;'  Roxalana,  in  the 
'Sultan;'  Miss  Hoyden,  in  the  'Trip  to  Scarborough;' 
and  her  crowning  triumph.  Lady  Teazle."  (Doran,  Annals 
ot  the  Eng.  Stage,  II.  211.)  She  married  her  music-mas- 
ter, one  of  the  royal  trumpeters,  from  whom  she  soon 
separated. 

Abipones  (ab-i-po'nez).  A  tribe  of  Indians  who 
in  the  16th  century  occupied  both  sides  of  the 
river  Paraguay  about  600  miles  above  the 
Parand.  Later  they  removed  to  the  Chaco  region,  and 
were  destroyed  by  wars  with  other  tribes  about  1800. 
They  were  savage  and  intractable,  wandering  in  their 
habits,  and  lived  by  hunting  and  fishing.  After  the  in- 
troduction of  horses  by  the  Spaniards,  this  tribe  acquired 
large  numbers  of  them  by  theft  or  by  taming  those  which 
had  run  wild,  and  became  skilful  equestrians. 

Abisbal,  Count.    See  O'Donnell,  Henry. 

Abishag  (a-bish'ag).  [Heb.,  '  father  (author) 
of  error.']  A  Shunammite  woman  taken  by 
David  to  comfort  him  in  his  old  age.   1  Ki.  i.  1-4. 

Abkhasia  (ab-kha'si-a).  A  region,  not  an  ad- 
ministrative division,  on  the  southern  slope  of 
the  Caucasus,  having  an  area  of  about  3,000 
square  mUes.  It  was  permanently  subjugated 
by  Russia  in  1864.    Population,  about  80,000. 

Abnaki  (ab-nak'e).  ['The  whitening  sky  at 
daybreak,'  i.  e.  eastern  people.]  A  confed- 
eracy of  North  American  Indians,  formerly  oc- 
cupying all  Maine  and  the  valley  of  the  St. 
John's  River,  and  ranging  northwest  to  the  St. 
Lawrence.  They  were  called  Tarrateens  by  the  New 
England  tribes  and  colonial  writers.  The  component 
tribes  were  the  Penobscot,  the  Fassamaquoddy,  and  the 
Amalicite — all  allies  of  the  French.  After  the  fall  of  the 
French  in  North  America,  many  of  the  Abnaki  withdrew 
to  Canada.  They  number  now  about  1,600.  Also  Ahen. 
aJci. '  See  Algonquian. 

Abner  (ab'nSr).  [Heb.,  'father  of  light.']  The 
uncle  of  Saul,  and  the  commander-in-chief  of 
his  army.  After  Saul's  death  he  maintained  the  in- 
terests of  the  royal  house,  supporting>IshboBheth  against 
David.  In  his  flight,  after  the  defeat  at  Gibeon,  he  slew 
Joab's  brother,  Asahel,  who  was  pursuing  him.  Later, 
when  he  was  about  to  effect  a  compromise  with  David 
prejudicial  to  Joab's  interest,  Joab  treacherously  slew  him. 

Abney  (ab'ni).  Sir  Thomas.  Bom  at  Willes- 
ley,  Derbyshire,  Jan.,  1640 :  died  at  Theobalds, 
Hertfordshire,  Feb.  6, 1722.  A  London  merchant 
(originally  a  fishmonger),  sherifE  of  London  and 
Middlesex  1693-94,  one  of  the  original  directors 
of  the  Bank  of  England,  and  Lord  Mayor  of 
London,  1700-01.  He  was  a  friend  and  patron  of  Dr. 
Watts,  who  for  the  last  36  years  of  his  life  made  his  home 
with  the  Abneys. 

Abnoba  (ab'no-ba).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
mountainous  region  in  Germany,  containing 
the  sources  of  the  Danube :  the  modem  Black 
Forest.  .Also  called  Silva  Marciana  and  Montes 
Bauraci. 


lb( 


the  region  identified  by  Lassen  and  Ritter  with  Abilene  (ab'i-len).    The  capital  of  Dickinson 


the  Ophir  (6phlr)  of  the  Old  Testament, 

Abhorson  (ab-h6r'sgn).  An  executioner  in 
Shakspere's  "Measure for  Measure." 

Abia  (a-bi'S).    See  Abijah. 

Abiadta'be-ad).  The  White  Nile.  See  Bahr- 
el-Abiad. 

Abiah  (a-bi'a).    See  AUjah. 

Abiathar  (a^'bi'a-thar).  [Heb.,  'father  of  ex- 
cellence' oif  'al6'imdance'  (Gesenius),  or  'my 
father  excels'  (Olshausen).]  A.high  priest  of 
Israel  in  the  11th  century  b.  c,  a  partizan  and 
companion  of  David  during  his  exile,  appointed 
for  his  services  high  pnest  conjointly  with 
Zadok,  the  appointee  of  Saul. 

Abich  (a'bieh),  Wilhelm  Hermann.  Born  at 
BerUn,  Dec.  11,  1806:  died  at  Gratz,  July  1, 
1886.    A  German  mineralogist  and  geologist. 


County,  Kansas,  situated  on  Smoky  Hill  River 
about  83  miles  west  of  Topeka.  Population 
(1900),  3,507. 

Abilene.  The  capital  of  Taylor  County,  Texas, 
about  200  miles  northwest  of  Austin.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  3,411. 

Abimelech  (a-bim'e-lek).  [Heb.;  Assyrian 
AU-milhi,  father  of  counsel.]  1.  A  name 
used  in  the  Old  Testament  apparently  as  a 
general  title  (Uke  the  Egyptian  'Pharaoh')  of 
the  Philistine  kings.  Specifically— (a)  A  king  of 
Gerar  in  the  time  of  Abraham  (Gen.  xx.).  Supposing  Sarah 
to  be  Abraham's  sister,  as  Abraham  asserted,  he  took  her 
Into  his  harem,  but  dismissed  her  when  he  found  she 
was  Abraham's  wife.  (6)  A  second  king  of  Gerar,  in  the 
time  of  Isaac  (Gen.  xxvi.),  with  whom  Isaac  found  refuge 
during  a  famine,  and  to  whom  he  made  the  same  statement 
about  £ebekah  that  Abraham  had  made  about  Sarah. 


and  traveler  in  Russia  and  eliewhere,  appointed    3    A  son  of  Gideonby  a  concubine,  a  native 

professor  of  mineralogy  in  Dorpat  ii  1842.  of  Shechem,  made  king  of  Israel  by  the  She- 

Abidharma.    See  Abhidharmapitaka.  ehemites  (Judges  ix.).    His  reign,  which  lasted 

Abiezer  (a-bi-e'z6r).    [Heb.,  'father  of  help.']  th^ee  years,  is  assigned  by  Duncker  to  the  sec- 

1    Agrindson  of  Manasseh  and  nephew'^of  °^?  ^^^^  "^^Jf.  ^^t^  century  BC 
Gileadf  founder  of   an  important  family  to  Abmgdon  (aVmg-don).    A  towyn  Berkslnre 

J^^^o,joa^'^^^elj,tul.^e..s.,,nea.  f,"/S If ^ tL^ll^e^ fo^u^^^^^^^^^ 


6,557. 

A  family  of  Manasseh,  consequently  of  Joseph,  that  of  Abingdon,  Earl  of.     See  Bertie,  Willc 

Abiezar,  which  resided  at  Ophr^  to  the  west  of  Sichen^  ^|,j^|gr,  Baron.     See  SearUtt,  James. 

near  the  lower  slopes  of  Ephraim,  assumed  in  this  san  Vt:.    Si  '     /  x,/-       i      ^       a  4-^Z,^  ;«  i: 

ffi  StflaJfa  great  impoiSance,  knd  nearly  gave  Israel  Abmgton  (ab'mg-ton).     A  town  in  I 


Willmighby. 
times. 
A  town  in  Plymouth 


bo  (a'bo;  Sw.  ft'bo).  A  seaport,  capital  of 
Abo-Bjomeborg,  Finland,  in  lat.  60°  26'  57''  N., 
long.  22°  17'  3"  E. :  the  capital  of  Finland  be- 
fore 1819.  Itwas  founded  by  Eric  the  Saint  in  the  12th 
century,  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop,  and  was  the  seat  of 
a  university  which  was  removed  to  Helsingfors  in  1827. 
Population  (1890),  31,671. 

Abo,  Peace  (Treaty)  of.  A  treaty  between 
Russia  and  Sweden,  signed  Aug.  18,  1743,  by 
which  Russia  acquired  the  southern  part  of 
Finland  as  far  as  the  river  Kymeh  and  secured 
the  election  of  an  ally  as  Prince  Royal  of 
Sweden. 

Aboab  (a-bo'ab),  Isaac.  A  Hebrew  scholar  who 
flourished  at  Toledo  about  1300.  He  was  the  author 
of  "  Shulchan  hapanim  "  (table  of  showbread),  which  is 
lost,  and  of  "  Menorath'  hamaor  "  (the  light),  a  collection 
of  legends  made  from  an  ethical  and  religious  point  of 
view,  composed  in  seven  parts  to  correspond  with  the 
seven  branches  of  the  temple  candlestick  (menorah). 
Hiis  work  became  very  popular  among  the  Jews  every- 
where, and  was  translated  into  Spanish  and  German. 

Aboan  (a-bo'an).  A  slave  in  Southern's  play 
"Orouooko":  a  fine  though  secondary  char- 
acter. 

Abo-Bjorneborg  (i'bo-byer'ne-bdrg).  A  gov- 
ernment of  Finland,  Russia,  bordering  on  the 
Gulf  of  Bothnia.  Capital,  Abo.  Area,  9,335 
square  miles.    Population  (1890),  395,474. 

Abomey  (ab-6'mi;  native  a-bo-ma').  The 
former  capital  of  Dahomey,  in  lat.  7°  5'  N., 
long.  2°  4'  E.  Itwas  captured  by  the  French  in 
November,  1892.     Population,  about  20,000. 


Abominations 

Abominations,  Tariff  of.    See  Tariff. 

Abongo.    See  Obongo. 

Abony  (ob'ouy).  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Pest,  Hungary,  50  miles  southeast  of  Budapest. 
Population  (1890),  12,012.    Also  Nagy-Abony. 

Aboo.    See  Abu. 

Aboo-Bekr.    See  Abu-Behr. 

Abookeer.    See  Abukir. 

Abou.    See  Abu. 

Abou-Bekr.    See  AbvrBekr. 

Abou  ben  Adhem  (a'bo  hen  a'dem).  The  title 
of  a  short  poem  by  Leigh  Hunt. 

Abou-Hassan.    See  Abit-Sassan. 

Abou-Klea.    See  Abv^Klea. 

About  (a-bo'),  Bdmond  Frangois  Valentin. 
Born  at  Dieuze,  France,  Feb.  14,  1828:  died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  17,  1885.  A  French  novelist, 
journalist,  and  dramatist.  He  studied  arohseology 
at  the  French  school  in  Athens,  and  after  returning  to 
France  in  1853  wrote  for  the  "Moniteur,"  "Soir,"  etc. 
Napoleon  III.  made  use  of  his  pen  in  political  work  for 
many  years.  In  1872  he  was  arrested  by  the  Germans  for 
shooting  a  German  sentry,  hut  was  released.  With  Sarcey 
he  founded  the  "  XlXmo  Sifecle."  In  1884  he  was  elected 
an  academician.  Among  his  worlss  are  "La  Grfece  con- 
temporaine,  a  satire  on  the  manners  and  morals  of  the 
Greel^s  (1856),  "La  question  romaine,"an  attack  on  the 
papacy  (I860),  "Alsace "  (1872),  "Les  manages  de  Paris" 
(1856),  "Le  roi  des  montagnes"n.866), "  Germaine  "(1857), 
"  Trente  et  guarante  "  (1868), ' '  LTiomme  k  I'oreille  cass^e  " 
("The  Man  with  the  broken  Ear"  :  1861),  "Le  nez  d'nn 
notaire"  ("The  Nose  of  a  Notary":  1862),  "Le  cas  de  M. 
GuSrin  "  (1863),  "Madelon  "  (1863),  "  Le  roman  d'un  braTe 
homme  "  (1880),  etc. 

Abra  (ab'ra).  1.  A  character  in  the  romance 
of  "  Amadi's  of  Greece,"  the  sister  of  Zario,  the 
sultan  of  Babylon,  she  succeeds  to  the  throne  of 
Babylon,  after  her  brother  has  been  killed  by  Lisuarte 
whom  she  loves  and  finally  marries. 
2.  The  favorite  concubine  of  Solomon,  a  char- 
acter (of  remarkable  doeiUty)  in  Prior's  poem 
"Solomon  on  the  Vanity  of  the  World." 

Abra  was  ready  ere  I  called  her  name ; 
And,  though  I  called  another,  Abra  came. 

ii.  364. 

Abrabanel  (a-bra-ba-uel'),  Isaac,  Bom  at 
Lisbon,  1437:  died  at  Venice,  1508.  A  Jewish 
scholar  and  statesman.  His  family  claimed  descent 
from  the  royal  house  of  David.  He  was  treasurer  of  Al- 
fonso v.,  king  of  Portugal.  On  the  death  of  this  king  he 
was  deprived  of  his  fortune,  and  being  obliged  to  quit 
Portugal  (1481),  went  to  Madrid,  where  he  remained  eight 
years  in  the  service  of  Queen  Isabella.  Forced  to  quit 
Spain  after  the  expulsion  of  the  Jews  (1492),  he  proceeded 
to  Naples  and  entered  the  service  of  King  Ferdinand,  and 
thence  to  Sicily  and  Corfu.  He  was  a  writer  of  distinction 
in  the  fields  of  philosophy  and  biblical  exegesis.  Also 
Abarhanel,  Abravenel,  Bcmtanella. 

Abradatas  (ab-ra-da'tas).  A  Mng  of  Susa, 
first  an  enemy,  then  an  ally,  of  the  Persians 
under  Cyrus.  In  the  "  Cyropsedia  "  of  Xenophon  is 
told  as  an  episode  (our  earliest  sentimental  romance)  the 
story  of  the  loves  of  Abradatas  and  his  wife  Pantheia, 
which  ends  with  the  death  of  Abradatas  in  battle  and  the 
suicide  of  Pantheia  and  her  eunuclis. 

Abraham  (a'bra-ham).  [Biblical  etymology 
'father  of  multitudes'  (Gen.  xvii.  5):  also  called 
Abram,  exalted  father;  possibly  ab4-r<!lm,  my 
father  is  the  Exalted  One.  According  to  some 
Abraham  is  an  ancient  Aramaic  dialectic  form 
for  Abram.'\  Flourished  2000  b.  c.  The  first 
of  the  patriarchs  and  the  founder  of  the  Hebrew 
race.  Many  critical  scholars  do  not  consider  Abraham 
a  historical  figure.  The  narrative  in  the  14th  chapter  of 
Genesis  is  especially  considered  historical. and  ancient. 
The  date  of  the  events  there  narrated  is  fixed  by  Hommel 
at  2160  B.  0.;  according  to  the  usual  chronology,  1918  B.  c. 
Abraham  is  equally  revered  by  Jews,  Christians,  and  Mo- 
hammedans. He  was  buried  in  the  cave  of  Machpelah 
(the  double  cave)  at  Hebron,  now  said  to  be  inclosed  by 
the  Great  Mosque  (Haram)  of  that  place. 

Alm^amu  or  Abram,  Abraham's  original  name,  occurs 
on  early  Babylonian  contract-tablets. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  63. 

Abraham,  Plains  of,  or  Heights  of.  An  ele- 
vated plain  just  beyond  Quebec  to  the  south- 
west, along  the  river,  the  scene  of  the  battle 
of  (Quebec.    See  under  Quebec. 

Abraham  a  Sancta-Olara  (a'bra-ham  a  sank'- 
ta  kla'ra).  Bom  at  Krahenheimstetten,  near 
Messkiroh,  Baden,  July  2, 1644:  died  at  Vienna, 
Dec.  1, 1709.  Hans  Ulrioh  Megerle  (or  Meger- 
lin),  an  Augustiuian  monk,  court  preacher  at 
Vienna  and  satirical  writer.  He  wrote  "Judas  the 
Arch-rascal"  ("Judas  der  Erzsohelm"),  a  aatirico-reli- 
gious  romance  (1686);  "Gack,  Gack,  Gack  a  Ga  of  a  mar- 
vellous hen  in  the  duchy  of  Bavaria,  or  a  detailed  account 
of  the  famous  pilgrimage  of  Maria  Stern  in  Taxa"  (1687), 
etc.    His  collected  works  fill  21  volumes. 

Abraham  ben  Meir  ibn  Ezra  (a'bra-ham 
ben  ma-er'  "b'n  ez'ra).  Bom  at  Toledo,  1092: 
died  1167.  A  celebrated  scholar  of  the  Jewish- 
Arabic  period  in  Spain,  a  philologist,  poet, 
mathematician,  astronomer,  and  Bible  com- 
mentator. He  had  a  good  knowledge  of  Hebrew  and 
Arabic  grammar,  and  wrote  a  treatise  on  Hebrew  gram- 
raar,  "Sef er  moznaim  "  (book  of  weights) ;  also  160  poems, 


which  are  largely  used  in  the  Jewish  liturgy.  He  com- 
mented on  the  entire  Bible  except  the  earlier  prophets  ; 
drew  the  distinction  between  faith  and  reason,  tradition 
and  criticism  ;  was  the  first  biblical  critic  ;  wrote  a  work 
on  Jewish  philosophy  and  a  metrical  treatise  on  the  game 
of  chess ;  and  traveled  extensively  in  France,  Italy,  Spain, 
Greece,  Africa,  and  England.  He  was  known  to  medieval 
scholars  as  Avmare,  said  to  be  a  corruption  of  Abraham 

JudSRUS. 

Abraham  Cupid.    See  Adam  Cupid. 

Abrahamites  (a'bra-ham-its).  1.  A  branch 
of  the  Paulioians,  named  from  Abraham  (Ibra- 
him) of  Antioch,  its  founder. —  2.  A  small 
sect  of  Bohemian  deists  living  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Pardubitz.  They  rejected  nearly  all  the 
doctrines  of  the  church,  and  professed  to  adopt  the  reli- 
gion of  Abraliam  before  his  circumcision. 

Abraham-man  (a 'bra-ham-man).  Originally, 
a  mendicant  lunatic  from  Bethlehem  Hospital, 
London.  The  wards  in  the  ancient  Bedlam  (Bethlehem) 
bore  distinctive  names,  as  of  some  saint  or  patriarch. 
Tliat  named  after  Abraham  was  devoted  to  a  class  of 
lunatics  who  on  certain  days  were  permitted  to  go  out 
begging.  They  bore  a  badge,  and  were  known  as  Abra- 
hawr-men.  Many,  however,  assumed  the  badge  with- 
out right,  and  begged,  feigning  lunacy.  Hence  the  more 
common  meaning  came  to  be  an  impostor  who  wandered 
about  the  country  seeking  alms,  under  pretense  of  lunacy. 
From  this  came  the  phrase  to  sjumi  Abraha/mt  to  feign 
sickness. 

Abraham  Newland.    See  Newland. 

Abraham's  Oak.  Aii  ancient  oak  or  terebinth 
which  long  stood  on  the  plain  of  Mamre,  near 
Hebron  in  Syria,  and  was  believed  to  be  that 
under  which  the  patriarch  pitched  his  tent. 
Wheeler,  Familiar  Allusions. 

Abraham  the  Jew  and  the  Merchant  Theo- 
dore. A  medieval  story,  invented  in  support 
of  the  worship  of  images.  "Theodore,  mined  by  a 
shipwreck  and  repulsed  by  his  friends,  borrows  money 
from  Abraham,  invoking,  as  his  only  security,  the  great 
Christ  set  up  by  Constantino  in  the  copper-market  before 
the  palace  at  Byzantium.  Again  Theodore  loses  all,  and 
again  the  Jew  trusts  him.  Theodore  sails  westward,  and 
this  time  prospers.  Wishing  to  repay  Abraham,  but  find- 
ing no  messenger,  he  puts  the  money  in  a  box,  and  com- 
mits It,  in  the  name  of  Christ,  to  the  waves.  It  is  washed 
to  the  feet  of  the  Jew  on  the  shore  of  the  Sea  of  Marmora. 
But,  when  Theodore  returns,  Abraham,  to  try  him,  feigns 
that  he  has  not  received  it.  Theodore  requires  him  to 
make  oath  before  the  Clu-ist  And  as  Theodore,  standing 
before  the  image,  passionately  prays,  the  heart  of  his 
benefactor  is  turned  to  faith  in  the  surety  of  the  friend- 
less."   Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  156. 

Abrahen  (ab'ra-hen).  A  character  in  Chap- 
man's tragedy"  " Eevenge  for  Honour":  the 
second  son  of  the  calif. 

Abram  (a'bram).  1.  See  Abraham. — 2.  In 
Shakspere's  ''iBomeo  and  Juliet,"  a  servant  to 
Montague. 

Abrantes  (a-bran'tes).  A  town  in  the  district 
of  Santarem,  province  of  Estremadura,  Portu- 
gal, situated  on  the  Tagus  at  the  head  of  navi- 
gation, about  75  miles  northeast  of  Lisbon.  It 
was  the  starting-point  of  Junot  in  his  march  on 
Lisbon.    Population,  about  6,000. 

Abrantes  (a-bron-tas'),  Due  d'.  See  Junot, 
Andoche. 

Abrantes,  Duchesse  d'.    See  Junot,  Madame. 

Abrantes,  Viscount  and  Marquis  of.  See 
Caiman  du  Pin  e  Almeida,  Miguel. 

Abravanel.    See  Abrabanel. 

Abreu  (a-bra'6),  Joao  Capistrano  de.  Bom  in 
Ceard,  Brazil,  1852.  A  Brazilian  historian.  For 
many  years  he  has  resided  at  Bio  de  Janeiro,  where  he  has 
been  assistant  in  the  National  Library,  and  professor  in 
the  Pedro  Segundo  College,  and  has  been  connected  with 
various  journals. 

Abreu,  Jos6  de.  Born  at  Porto  Novo,  Eio 
Grande  do  Sul,  about  1775 :  killed  at  the  battle 
of  Ituzaing6,  Feb.  20, 1827.  A  Brazilian  general. 
He  was  of  obscure  parentage  and  enlisted  as  a  common 
soldier,  but  rapidly  rose  in  rank  and  was  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  Brazilian  leaders  in  the  campaigns  against 
Artigas,  1816  to  1820.  In  the  latter  year  he  became  field- 
marsh^,  and  in  1826  was  created  Baron  of  Serro  Largo, 
taking  part  in  the  Uruguayan  campaign  under  the  Mar- 
quis of  Barbacena. 

Abrocomas,   or  Habrocomas.  and  Anthia 

(a-  (or  ha-)  brok'o-mas  and  an  thi-a).  An  old 
Greek  romance  by  Xenophon  of  iSphesus.  it 
recounts  the  adventures  of  the  two  lovers  so  named  before 
and  subsequent  to  their  marriage. 

Abrolhos  (a-brol'yos).  A  group  of  islets  off 
the  coastof  "West  Australia,  about  lat.  28°-29°  S. 

Abrolhos  Rocks.  A  group  of  islets  and  reefs  off 
the  coast  of  Brazil,  about  lat.  18°  S. 

Abrudb&nya  (ob'rud-ban"yo).  A  town  in 
the  county  of  Unterweissenburg,  Transylva- 
nia, Austria-Hungary,  about  28  miles  north- 
west of  Karlsburg:  the  chief  point  ia  the 
Transylvanian  gold  region.  Population,  about 
4,000. 

Abrutum.    Abricium  in  Moepia.    See  Deems. 

Abruzzi  and  Molise  (a-br8t'se  and  mo-le'ze). 
A  compartimento  in  the  modem  kingdom  of 
Italy,  containing  the  provinces  Chieti,  Teramo, 


Abt 

Aquila,  and  Campobasso.    Area,  6,380  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  1,365,171. 

Abruzzo  (a-br6t's6).  A  former  division  of  Italy, 
comprising  the  provinces  of  Chieti,  Teramo, 
and  Aqnila :  a  part  of  the  former  kingdom  of 
Naples.  "Within  it  are  the  highest  and  wildest 
portions  of  the  Apennines. 

Abruzzo  Oiteriore  (a-brot's6  che-ta-ri-6're). 
The  old  name  of  the  province  of  Chieti,  Italy. 

Abruzzo  Ulteriore  (a-brot'so  ol-ta-ri-o're)  I. 
An  old  name  of  the  province  of  Teramo,  Italy. 

Abruzzo  Ulteriore  II.  An  old  name  of  the 
province  of  Aquila,  Italy. 

Absalom  (ab'sa-lom).  [Heb^i  'father  of 
peace.']  1.  The  tH'ird  son  of  David,  king  of 
Israel.  He  rebelled  against  his  father,  and  was  defeated 
and  slain  in  the  forest  of  Ephraim. 
2.  A  character  in  Dryden's  satire  "Absalom 
and  Achitophel" :  an  undutiful  son,  intended 
to  represent  the  Duke  of  Monmouth. 

Absalom,  Tomb  of.  A  tomb  so  named,  in  Je- 
rusalem. It  consists  of  a  rock-cut  basement  19  feet 
square  and  20  high,  surmounted  by  a  Fhenician  concave 
cornice  of  Egyptian  type,  above  which  is  an  attic  of  ma- 
sonry supporting  a  cylinder  capped  by  a  tall  concave  cone. 
At  the  corners  of  the  basement  are  cut  pilasters  with  Ionic 
columns  as  antse,  and  there  are  two  Ionic  semi-columns  on 
every  face.  Above  the  architrave  is  a  Doric  ttiglypb- 
f  rieze  of  late  type. 

Absalom  and  Achitophel  (ab'sa-lgm  and  a- 
kit'o-fel).  A  poetical  satire  by  John  Drydeii 
(published  1681),  directed  against  the  political 
faction  led  by  the  Earl  of  Shaftesbury.  The  sec- 
ond part  was  written  by  Tate  and  revised  by  Dryden,  and 
was  intended  to  show  up  the  minor  characters  of  the  con- 
tending factions.  The  success  of  this  attack  upon  Shaftes- 
bury was  unprecedented,  and  the  satire  has  been  said  to 
be  "the  first  in  the  language  for  masculine  insight  and  for 
vigour  of  expression." 

Absalon  (ab'sa-lon).  Bom  1128 :  died  at  So- 
roe,  Zealand,  Denmark,  1201.  A  Danish  prelate, 
statesman,  and  warrior,  archbishop  of  Lund 
and  primate.     Also  Axel. 

Absaroka  (ab-sa'ro-ka).  [Named  from  a  spe- 
cies of  hawk,  but  commonly  styled  'the  Oow.'] 
A  tribe  of  the  Hidatsa  division  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  They  number  2,287,  and  are  on  the 
Crow  reservation  in  Montana.     See  Hidatsa. 

Abschatz  (ap'shats),  Hans  Assmann.  Baron 
von.  Born  at  Wiirbitz,  Silesia,  Feb.  4,  1646 : 
died  April  22,  1699.  A  German  poet,  transla- 
tor of  "Pastor  Fido"  from  the  Italian  of  Gua- 
rini,  and  author  of  sacred  hymns  still  in  use  in 
Protestant  churches.  A  selection  of  his  poems  was 
given  by  W.  Miiller  in  "Bibliothekdeutscher  Dichter  des 
17.  Jahrh."  (1824). 

Absecon  (ab-se'kon).  The  name  of  a  bay  and 
an  inlet  on  the  coast  of  New  Jersey,  northeast 
of  Atlantic  City.    Also  written  Absecum. 

Absentee  (ab-sen-te'),  The.  One  of  the  tales 
in  the  series  "Tales  from  Fashionable  Life," 
by  Miss  Edgeworth,  published  in  1812. 

Absolon  (ab'so-lon).  In  Chaucer's  "Miller's 
Tale,"  an  amorous  parish  clerk  who  comes  to 
grief  in  his  wooing  of  the  carpenter's  "wife. 

Absolon,  John.  Bom  at  London,  May  6,  1815: 
died  there,  June  26, 1895.  An  English  painter, 
best  known  from  his  water-colors. 

Absolute  (ab'so-lut),  Sir  Anthony.  A  famous 
character  in  Sheridan's  comedy  "The  Rivals," 
an  obstinate,  passionate,  self-willed,  but  gen- 
erous old  man.  The  following  passage  exhibits  his 
temper:  "SirArdh.  So  you  will  fly  out!  Can'tyoubecool 
like  me?  What  the  devil  good  can  jjossiom  do  !  Pomonis 
of  no  service,  you  impudent,  insolent,  over-bearing  repro- 
bate !  There  you  sneer  again  1  don't  provoke  me  I  But  yon 
rely  upon  the  mildness  of  my  temper — you  do,  you  dog! 
you  play  upon  the  meekness  of  my  disposition !  Yet  take 
care,  the  patience  of  a  saint  may  be  overcome  at  last !  but 
mark !  I  give  you  six  hours  and  a  half  to  consider  of  this ; 
It  you  then  agree,  without  any  condition,  to  do  everything 
on  eai'th  that  I  choose,  why,  confound  you!  1  may  in  time 
forgive  you."    Sheridan,  Hivals,  IL  I. 

Absolute,  Captain.  In  Sheridan's  "Kivals," 
the  son  of  Sir  Anthony,  a  spirited  soldier  and 
persistent  lover  who  appears  as  the  impecimi- 
ous  Ensign  Beverley  (and  is  thus  his  own  rival) 
to  win  the  affections  of  the  romantic  Lydia 
Languish  who  scorns  a  match  with  one  so  suit- 
able as  the  son  of  Sir  Anthony  Absolute. 

Absyrtus  (ab-s6r'tus).  [Gr. 'ii.'(fn)pT0f .]  In  Greek 
legend,  the  brother  of  Medea,  who  out  him  in 
pieces  and  threw  the  fragments  one  by  one  into 
the  sea  to  delay  her  father  (who  stopped  to  pick 
them  up)  in  his  pursuit  of  her  and  Jason.  Ac- 
cording to  another  legend  he  was  slain  by 
Jason.    See  Jason. 

Abt  (apt),  Franz.  Bom  at  EUenbuTg,  Prussian 
Saxony,  Dec.  22, 1819 :  died  at  "Wiesbaden,  March 
31, 1885.  A  German  composer,  noted  chiefly  for 
his  popular  songs  (""When  the  Swallowts  home- 
ward fly,"  etc.). 


Abu 

Abu  (a'bB).  A  moimtaia,  5,600  feet  high,  in 
Eajputana,  India,  about  lat.  24°  45'  N.,  long. 
72°  40'  E.,  the  chief  seat  of  the  Jain  worship. 
Its  slopes  are  covered  with  temples  and  tombs. 
Also  Aboo. 

Abu-Arish  (a'bS-a'rish  or  -a'resh).  A  town  in 
southwestern  Arabia,  24  miles  from  the  Red 
Sea,  about  lat.  16°  55'  N.,  long.  42°  40'  E.  Popu- 
lation, about  8,000. 

Abu-Bekr  (a'bS-bek'r).  [Ar. ;  said  to  mean 
'father  of  the  virgin,'  i.  e.  Ayesha,  Moham- 
med's wife.]  Bom  at  Mecca,  573 :  died  at  Me- 
dina, Arabia,  Aug.  22  (?),  634.  The  father-in- 
law  and  one  of  the  first  followers  and  chief 
supporters  of  Mohammed,  and  the  first  calif  or 
successor  of  the  prophet  (632-634) .  His  original 
name  was  Aid-eUKaaba.  Also  Aboo-Bekr,  Abou- 
Bekr,  Abii-Bakr. 

Abu-Habba  (a'bij-hab'a).  An  Arab  village 
about  16  miles  southeast  of  Bagdad.  Excavations 
were  made  there  in  1881,  and  the  site  of  an  ancient  Baby- 
lonian city  discovered,  probably  Sippar,  the  biblical  Se- 
pharvaim  (which  see). 

Abudah  (a-bo'da).  A  character  in  the  Eev. 
James  Ridley's  ''  Tales  of  the  Genii" :  a  rich 
merchant  who  in  seeking,  in  a  dream,  the  talis- 
man of  Oromanes,  which  insures  perfect  hap- 
piness, fiaids  it  in  love  of  God  and  submission 
to  his  will. 

Abu-Hanifah  (a'bS-ha-ne'fa).  Bom  at  Al- 
Kufah,  700 :  died  at  Bagdad,  770.  A  noted  Mo- 
hammedan imam  and  jurisconsult,  the  founder 
of  the  Hanifl  sect. 

Abu-Hassan  (a'bS-has'an).  In  the  story  of 
"The  Sleeper  Awakened"  in  "The  Arabian 
Nights'  Entertainments,"  a  citizen  of  Bagdad 
who  while  entertaining  the  disguised  calif  ex- 
presses a  wish  to  "be  calif  for  one  day."  The 
wish  is  granted  in  such  a  way  that  Abu-Hassan  is  entirely 
deceived,  to  the  great  amusement  of  the  oalit,  who  in  the 
end  makes  him  his  companion  and  favorite,  Shakspere 
has  adopted  this  idea,  from  an  older  play,  in  the  decep- 
tion practised  on  Sly  the  tinker,  in  the  induction  to  the 
"  laming  of  the  Shrew." 

Abukir  (a-bd-ker').  A  small  village  in  north- 
ern Egypt,  on  the  bay  of  Abukir  13  miles  north- 
east of  Alexandria.  It  is  near  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Canopus,  probably  a  little  to  the  west.  Here,  July  25, 
1799,  Napoleon  with  5,000  French  defeated  15,000  Turks. 
March  8, 1801,  the  English  under  Sir  Ralph  Abercromby 
captured  the  town  from  the  French.  Also  Abookeer, 
AbouMr. 

Abukir,  Bajr  of.    A  bay  north  of  Egypt,  be- 
tween Abukir  and  the  Rosetta  mouUi  of  the 
Nile,  the  scene  of  the  battle  of  the  Nile,  Aug. 
1  and  2,  1798,  in  which  Nelson  defeated  the 
French  fleet  under  Brueys,  who  lost  13  out  of 
17  vessels  and  9,000  men. 
Abu-Klea  (a'bo-kla'a).    Wells  in  the  Nubian 
desert  in  the  bend  of  "the  Nile  on  the  route  be- 
tween Korti  and  Shendy,  where,  Jan.  17,  1885, 
the  Mahdists  attacked  the  British  under  Stew- 
art, and  were  repulsed  with  severe  loss  on  both 
sides.    Also  Abov^Klea. 
Abul  Casim.    See  Abul  Kasim. 
Abulfaraj    (a'bei-fa-raj'),   or  Abiilfaragius 
(ab'ul-fa-ra' ji-ns),  sumamed  Bar-Hebrseus 
('Son  of  the  Hebrew').    Bom  at  Malatia  (Ma- 
latiya),  Armenia,  1226 :  died  at  Maragha,  Persia, 
1286.  Gregory  Abulfaraj  ibn  al  Harun,  a  Syriac 
and  Arabic  author,  the  son  of  a  baptized  Jew. 
At  twenty  he  was  made  bishop  of  Gula  and  afterward  of 
Aleppo,  and  became  maphrian,  the  dignity  among  the 
Jacobite  Christians  next  to  that  of  patriarch.  Of  his  many 
Syriac  and  Arabic  writings  the  best-known  are  an  auto- 
biography and  a  chronicle  in  Syriac,  a  universal  history 
from  Adam  down  to  his  own  time. 
Abulfazl  (a'bSl-fa'zl).     Assassinated  1602. 
Vizir  and  historiographer  of  the  Mogul  em- 
peror Akbar,  author  of  the  "Akbar  Nameh," 
or  "Book  of  Akbar,"  comprising  a  history  of 
Akbar's  reign,  and  an  account  of  the  religious 
and  political  constitution  and  the  administra- 
tion of  the  empire. 
Abulfeda  (a-bol-fa'da  or  a-bol'fa-da),  Ismael 
ben-Ali  Emad-eddin,    Born  at  Damascus, 
1273 :  died  in  Syria,  Oct.  26, 1881.    A  noted  Ara- 
bian geographer  and  historian,  prince  of  Hamah 
in  Syria :  author  of  a  geography  and  an '  'Abridg- 
ment of  the  History  of  the  Human  Race." 
Abulghazi  Bahadur  (a-bol-gha'ze  ba-ha-dor'). 
Born  1605:  died  about  1665.  A  khan  of  Khiva, 
author  (after  his  abdication)  of  a  history  of  the 
Mongols  and  Tatars,  translated  into  various 
European  languages. 

Abul-Hassan  Ali  ebn  Bekar  (a'bSl-has'an 
a'le  eb'n  be'kar).  A  character  in  "  The  Ara- 
bian Nights'  Entertainments,"  the  lover  of  the 
calif's  favorite,  Sohemselnihar.  Fleeing  from 
Bagdad  for  fear  of  the  calif's  anger,  he  dies  at  the  same 
hour  as  Schemselnihar. 


Abul  Kasim Mansur(a'bolka-sem'man-s8r'). 
Born  at  Shadab,  near  Tus,  in  Khorasan,  about 
940:  died  1020  at  Tus.  The  great  epic  poet 
of  Persia,  called  Pirdusi  (more  correctly  Mr- 
cZaMsJ  the  Paradisiac,  from  Firdaus,  Paradise). 
He  was  the  author  of  the  "Shahnamah,"  an  epic  of  about 
60,000  distichs,  that  sings  the  deeds  of  Iranian  and  Per- 
sian sovereigns  and  heroes  from  the  oldest  time  to  the 
fall  of  the  Sas8anidse(641  A.  D.),  and  contains  many  of  the 
ancient  epic  traditions  of  the  Iranians,  He  lived  long 
at  the  couit  of  Mahmud  of  OhaznL 

Abu-Nuvas  (a'bo-no'vas).  Died  815.  An 
Arabic  lyric  poet  who  lived  at  the  court  of  the 
califs  of  Bagdad.  His  songs  of  love  and  wine  are 
among  the  most  notable  in  Arabian  poetry. 

Aburi  (a-bo're).  A  town  15  miles  back  of  Akrd, 
West  Africa.  Owing  to  its  altitude,  it  is  used  as  a 
sanatorium  by  British  ofiicials  and  residents,  as  also  by 
the  Basel  Mission,  which  has  there  an  excellent  industrial 
school.    Population,  6,000. 

Abu  Shahrein.  See  Uridu. 
Abuskehr.  See  Bushire. 
Abu-Simbel  (a'bo-sim'bel),  or  Ipsambul  (ip- 
sam'bol).  The  ancient  Abuncis  or  Abooeis, 
a  place  in  Upper  Egypt  situated  on  the  Nile 
about  lat.  22°  25'  N.,  famous  for  its  two  rock- 
temples,  one  large  and  the  other  smaller,  buUt  in 
the  steep  face  of  a  cliff  by  Rameses  II.  For  the 
great  temple  the  rock  has  been  cut  away  to  form  a  smooth 
facade  about  100  feet  wide  and  high,  with  a  cornice  of 
seated  cynocephali.  Before  the  facade  are  four  enthroned 
colossi  of  Kameses,  about  66  feet  high,  and  comparatively 
perfect  except  for  the  splitting  away  of  the  head  and  arms 
of  one.  Over  the  central  portal,  in  a  rectangular  niche, 
is  a  figure  of  Ita  the  sun-god.  The  first  chamber  of  the 
interior  is  a  large  hall  with  8  Osirlde  piers,  and  mural 
sculptures  portraying  the  military  deeds  of  Rameses. 
Beyond  is  a  smaller  pillared  hall,  then  a  vestibule  before 
the  sanctuary,  which  contains  seated  figures  of  Amen, 
Ptah,  Horus,  and  Rameses  himself.  From  the  outer  hall 
8  lateral  chambers,  irregularly  placed,  are  reached.  The 
total  depth  in  the  rock  of  this  temple  is  over  200  feet. 
The  facade  of  the  smaller  temple  displays  six  rectangular 
niches  containing  colossal  figures  in  high  relief.  Between 
the  two  central  niches  is  the  portal,  which  leads  to  a  hall 
supported  by  6  square  piers  with  Hathor  capitals.  From 
the  hall  extends  a  corridor  with  two  small  chambers  and 
a  sanctuary.  The  whole  interior  is  sculptured.  On  the 
left  leg  of  the  injured  colossus  of  the  great  temple  is  a 
Greek  inscription,  one  of  the  most  ancient  specimens  of 
Greek  writing,  recording  that  when  Psammetichus  came 
to  Elephantine,  the  writers,  whose  names  are  given,  came 
to  the  spot  by  way  of  Kerkis,  It  dates  from  592  B,  0, 
Abusir  (a-bo-ser').  A  small  town  in  the  Delta 
of  Egypt,  south-southwest  of  Cairo,  the  ancient 
Busiris,  containing  pyramids  erected  by  kings 
of  the  5th  dynasty. 
Abu-Teman  (a'bo-te-man').  Bom  in  Syria 
about  807:  died  about  845,  An  Arabian  court 
poet  at  Bagdad,  and  collector  of  Oriental  poetry. 
Abydos  (a-bi'dos).  [Gr.  ii  "A.^vSoq.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  town  in  Upper  Egypt  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Nile,  near  the  modern  Ar§.bat-el- 
MadfAneh,  about  lat.  26°  13'  N.,  long.  31° 
52'  E.,  famous  for  a  temple  of  Osiris  built  by 
Setil.,  andalsofor  atemple  built  by  Rameses  n. 
The  former  is  described  by  Stabo  as  the  "Memnonion," 
The  plan  is  a  square  facing  the  northeast,  with  a  large 
rectangular  projection  from  the  back  of  the  southeast 
side.  From  the  outer  court  is  entered  the  long  first  hall, 
with  two  ranges  of  columns,  and  from  it  the  second  hall, 
with  three  ranges.  Both  these  great  halls  are  ornamented 
with  reliefs.  From  the  second  hall  there  is  access  to  an 
extensive  series  of  chambers,  corridors,  and  smaller  halls, 
all  decorated  with  colored  reliefs.  In  one  of  the  corridors 
is  the  chronologically  important  Tablet  of  Abydos.  (See 
below,)  A  number  of  the  chambers  are  covered  with  false 
vaults,  cut  to  shape  from  flat  lintels.  The  temple  of 
Rameses  is  also  dedicated  to  Osiris.  It  was  a  reci^ngle, 
preceded  by  a  great  inclosed  court  surrounded  by  Osirlde 
figures,  lirom  the  court  two  spacious  central  hypostyle 
halls  are  entered  in  succession,  and  from  these  open  a 
number  of  chambers.  The  gateways  were  of  red  and 
black  granite,  and  one  chamber  was  wholly  lined  with 
alabaster.  This  temple,  which  was  considerably  smaller 
than  that  of  Seti,  is  in  a  very  ruinous  state.  See  AbydoSj 
TcMet  of. 
Abydos,  or  Abydus.  In  ancient  geography,  a 
town  in  Mysia,  Asia  Minor,  on  the  Hellespont 
about  lat.  40°  11'  N.,  long.  26°  25'  E.,  noted 
in  the  legend  of  Hero  and  Leander,  and  as  the 
location  of  the  Bridge  of  Xerxes. 
Abydos,  Bride  of.  A  poem  by  Lord  Byron, 
published  in  1818. 

Abydos,  Tablet  of.  An  inscription  ipi  a  corri- 
dor of  the  temple  of  Seti  I,  at  Abydos,  giving 
a  succession  of  65  kings  beginning  with  Menes, 
covering  a  period  of  about  2,200  years.  A  simi- 
lar tablet  containing  18  names,  found  in  the  temple  of 
Rameses  in  1818,  was  removed  by  the  French  consul-gen- 
eral, sent  to  Paris,  and  finally  purchased  for  the  British 
Museum. 
Abyla  (ab'i-la).  [Gr.  'A/JU^  or  'A.pilv.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  promontory  in  Africa,  the 
modem  Jebel  Musa  or  Apes'  Hill,  opposite 
Calpe  (Gibraltar):  the  two  constitute  the  fa- 
mous "Pillars  of  Hercules."  Also  Abyla  Mons 
('mountain')  and  Abyla  Colvmna  ('pillar'). 
Abyssinia  (ab-i-sin'i-a).     [Arabic  Habash, 


Academy  of  France  at  Rome        « 

'mixed':  referring  to  the  character  of  the  popu- 
lation.] A  country  of  Africa,  part  of  the  an- 
cient Ethiopia,  bounded  by  Nubia  and  Sudan 
on  the  west  and  north,  by  the  Italian  posses- 
sions, DanaMl  country,  and  Adal  on  the  east, 
and  by  the  Galla  country  on  the  south :  area 
(estimated),  462,000  square  miles ;  population 
(estimated),  5,000,000.  its  inhabitants  are  Ethio- 
pians, Falasha  (the  Abyssinian  Jews),  Gallas,  etc. ;  the  pre- 
vailing language  is  Amharic ;  the  prevailing  religion  that 
of  the  Ethiopian  (Coptic)  Church  (founded  in  the  4th  cen- 
tury by  Frumentms,  bishop  of  Axum) ;  and  the  govern- 
ment a  feudal  monarchy  under  a  Negus  or  emperor  (N  egus 
Negust,  'king  of  kings ').  The  present  (1902)  sovereign  is 
Menelek  II.,  who  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  1889.  The 
surface  of  the  country  consists  mainly  of  table-lands  with 
mountain-ranges  reaching  an  elevation  of  about  16,000 
feet.  The  climate  is  temperate  and  salubrious.  The  prin- 
cipal exports  (through  Massowah)  are  skins,  ivory,  butter, 
§ums,  and  mules.  The  empire  is  divided  into  the  king- 
oms  of  Tigr6  in  the  north,  Amhara,  Gojam  in  the  west 
and  center,  and  Shoa  in  the  south;  and  there  are  many 
outlying  territories  and  dependencies.  The  chief  cities  are 
Ankober,  Gondar,  and  Adowa.  Abyssinia  was  visited  by 
the  Portuguese  in  the  16th  and  16th  centuries  in  the 
search  for  the  kingdom  of  Prester  John.  It  was  broken 
up  into  small  monarchies  down  to  the  time  of  the  adven- 
turer Theodore  who  consolidated  the  kingdom,  but  was 
overthrown  by  the  British  expedition  under  Napier  in  1868, 
Difficulties  with  Italy  in  1887  and  1888  were  followed  by  a 
treaty  of  "mutual  protection"  in  1889,  This  protectorate 
was  abrogated  by  Menelek  in  1893.  Among  the  explorers 
of  Abyssinia  are  Bruce,  Gobat,  Beke,  Parians,  Stern,  and 
Markham. 

Acacians  (a-ka'shianz).  A  branch  of  the 
Arians,  nanied  f roni' Aoacius,  sumamed  "Mo- 
nophthalmus" ('the  one-eyed'),  bishop  of  Ceb- 
sarea  (died  363),  which  occupied  a  position 
between  that  of  the  Semi-Arians  and  the  ex- 
treme Arians  (Auomoeans). 

Academic  Legion.  An  armed  corps  of  stud  ents, 
especially  in  the  revolutionary  troubles  of  1848 ; 
specifically,  an  insurrectionary  corps  of  the 
kind  which  was  conspicuous  at  Vienna  in  1848. 

Academy  (a-kad'e-mi).  The.  [Gr.  'AmSiiiieia.^ 
A  public  pleasure-ground  on  the  Cephissus, 
about  one  mile  northwest  of  ancient  Athens,  on 
land  said  to  have  belonged,  in  the  time  of  the 
Trojan  war,  to  the  hero  Aoademus.  it  was  sur- 
rounded with  a  wall  by  Hipparchus  and  further  adorned 
by  Cimon,  the  son  of  Miltiades,  who  bequeathed  it  to  the 
citizens  of  Athens.  It  was  the  resort  of  Plato,  who  taught 
in  its  groves  for  nearly  fifty  years,  till  his  death  in  348  B,  0. 

Academy,  The.  The  Platonic  school  of  philos- 
ophy down  to  the  time  of  Cicero :  so  called  from 
the  pleasure-^ound  above  described.  It  is  com- 
monly divided  mto  the  Old,  the  Middle,  and  the  New 
Academy.  The  chief  representatives  of  the  first  were 
Speusippus,  Xenocrates  of  Ghalcedon,  Polemo,  Crates, 
and  Crantor.  The  Middle  Academy  was  founded  by  Ar- 
cesilaus  about  244  B,  0,,  and  the  New  Academy  by  Car- 
neades  about  160  E,  0,  Sometimes  the  academies  of  Philo 
and  Antiochus  are  spoken  of  as  the  fourth  Academy  and 
the  fifth  Academy,  respectively. 

Academy,  French,  [P.  Acadimie  fran^aAse.'] 
An  association  originating  about  1629  m  the 
informal  weekly  meetings  of  a  few  (8)  men  of 
letters  in  Paris,  and  formally  established  Jan. 
2,  1635,  by  Cardinal  Richelieu,  for  the  purpose 
of  controlling  the  French  language  and  regu^ 
lating  literary  taste.  It  consisted  of  forty  mem- 
hers,  the  "forty  immortals,"  the  officers  being  a  director 
and  a  chancellor,  both  chosen  by  lot,  and  a  permanent 
secretary,  chosen  by  votes.  Among  the  objects  provided 
for  in  the  constitution  was  the  preparation  of  a  diction- 
ary, a  grammar,  a  treatise  on  rhetoric  and  one  on  poetry. 
In  1694  the  first  edition  of  the  celebrated  "Dictionnaire 
del'Acad^mie"  appeared,  while  the  seventh  appeared  in 
1878,  The  Academy  was  suppressed  by  the  Convention 
in  1793,  but  was  reconstructed  in  1796,  under  the  name 
of  the  "Class  of  French  Language  and  Literature,"  as 
part  of  the  National  Institute.  Its  original  organization 
was  restored  by  Xouis  XVIII.  in  1816, 

Academy,  Royal  Spanish.  [Sp.  Beal  Aea- 
demia  Espafiola.']  An  academy  founded  at 
Madrid  in  1713  by  the  Duke  of  Esealona,  and 
established  by  royal  confirmation  in  1714.  Its 
object  is  to  cultivate  and  improve  the  national 
language. 

Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  American. 
A  society  for  the  encouragement  of  art  and 
science,  founded  in  Boston  in  1780.  It  has  pub- 
lished "Memoirs"  from  1785,  and  "Proceed- 
ings" from  1846, 

Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  The.  [P,  l'Acad6mie 
des  heavx  arts.']  An  institution  originating  in 
a  private  association  of  painters  in  the  14th  cen- 
tury, recognized  byroyalanthorityin  1648  under 
the  name  of  Academy  of  Painting  and  Sculpture, 
and  definitively  constructed  in  1655  by  Cardinal 
Mazarin.  At  the  creation  of  the  National  Institute  in 
1795  it  was  united  with  the  Academy  of  Architecture, 
founded  by  Colbert  in  1671,  to  form  the  fourth  class  of  the 
institute ;  and  since  1819  this  class  has  borne  the  name  of 
Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  It  consists  of  41  members,  10  hon- 
orary academicians,  10  foreign  associates,  and  40  correspon- 
dents. It  publishes  its  memoirs  and  transactions  as  well 
as  the  "Dictionnaire  g^n^ral  des  beaux  arts," 

Academy  of  France  at  Rome.    [P.  Academe 


Academy  of  France  at  Borne 

de  France  d.  Rome.']  A  school  of  fine  arts 
founded  at  Rome  by  Louis  XIV.,  where  those 
artists  are  sent,  at  the  public  expense,  who  ob- 
tain the  great  annual  prizes  of  the  Academy 
of  Fine  Aits  at  Paris.  See  Villa  Medici. 
Academy  of  Inscriptions  and  Belles-Lettres. 
[F.  I'Academie  des  inscriptions  et  helles- 
Zettres.]  An  association  composed  originally  of 
four  members,  chosen  by  Colbert  from  among 
the  members  of  the  French  Academy  to  draw 
Tip  inscriptions  for  the  monuments  erected  by 
Louis  XIV.  and  the  medals  struck  in  his  honor. 
It  received  a  separate  organization  in  1701,  which  was  con- 
firmed by  the  letters  patent  of  Louis  XIV.  in  1712,  and  was 
suppressed  by  the  Convention  in  1793 ;  but  at  the  creation 
ot  the  National  Institute  in  1795  its  members  were  incorpo. 
rated  in  that  body.  In  1816  the  title  was  restored  by  Louis 
XVIII.  for  the  second  class  of  the  Institute.  The  pres- 
ent Academy  of  Inscriptions  and  Belles-Lettres  consists  of 
40  members,  10  honorary  academicians,  and  8  foreign  as- 
sociates, with  50  corresponding  members  at  liome  and 
abroad. 

Academy  of  Medicine.  [F.  I'AcadSmie  de 
medeoine.'\  A  French  academy  founded  in  1820 
to  preserve  vaccine  matter  and  act  as  a  bureau 
of  information  to  the  government  on  sanitation 
and  the  public  health,  it  is  divided  into  tlu-ee  sec- 
tions: medicine,  surgery,  and  pharmacy.  It  publishes 
memoir^  and  carries  on  an  extensive  correspondence. 

Academy  of  Moral  and  Political  Science, 
The.  [F.  VAcadimie  des  sciences  morales  etpo- 
Utiques.'}  The  fourth  class  of  the  French  Na- 
tional Institute,  founded  in  1795,  suppressed  by 
Napoleon  in  1803,  and  reestablished  by  Louis 
Philippe  in  1832.  It  has  40  members,  6  hon- 
orary academicians,  6  foreign  associates,  and 
48  corresponding  members. 

Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadel- 
pllia,  Tne.  A  scientific  institution  organized 
m  1812,  and  incorporated  in  1817,  possessing 
a  valuable  library  relating  chiefly  to  natural 
history,  and  an  extensive  collection  of  speci- 
mens in  natural  history.  Its  publications  consist 
ol  a  series  of  "Journals"  from  1817  to  date,  and  of  "Pro- 
ceedings" from  1841,  besides  which  it  also  published"  The 
American  Journal  of  Gonchology." 

Academy  of  Sciences,  The.  [F.  I'AcadSmie 
des  sdences."]  An  institution  founded  at  Paris 
in  1666  by  Colbert,  approved  by  Louis  XIV.  in 
1699,  suppressed  by  the  Convention  in  1793,  and 
reconstituted  in  1795  as  a  class  of  the  National 
Institute.  It  numbers  68  members,  10  honor- 
ary academicians,  8  foreign  associates,  and  100 
corresponding  members. 

Academy  of  Sciences  at  Berlin,  The  Royal. 
[G.  J)ie  konigliche  Akademie  der  Wissensehaf- 
ten.'i  An  institution  founded  in  1700  by  Fred- 
eric I.  after  plans  submitted  by  Leibnitz,  and 
opened  in  1711.  its  present  constitution  dates  from 
1812.  It  is  divided  into  four  sections :  physical,  mathe- 
matical, philosophical,  and  historical.  The  regular  mem- 
bers are  paid,  and  hold  general  meetings  every  Thursday 
and  sectional  meetings  every  Monday.  Besides,  there  are 
foreign  members,  not  to  exceed  24,  and  honorary  members 
and  correspondents.  It  publishes  "  Abhandlungen  "  (till 
1803  "M^moires"  and  "ifouveaux  Mtooires")  and  "Mo- 
natsberichte." 

Academy  of  Sciences  at  Copenhagen,  The 
Boyal.  [Dan.  Det  hongelige  danske  Videnska- 
hernes  Selskab/]  An  academy  established  as  a 
private  society  in  1742,  and  received  under  the 
royal  protection  in  1743.  since  1742  it  has  published 
a  series  of  transactions  under  the  name  of  "Skrifter," 
and  since  1823  each  of  its  two  classes  has  also  published 
independent  memoirs  under  the  name  of  "Afhandlinger." 

Academy  of  Sciences  at  St.  Petersburg,  The 
Imperial.  An  academy  projected  by  Peter 
the  Great  with  the  assistance  of  Wolf  and  Leib- 
nitz, and  established  by  Catherine  I.,  Dec.  21, 
1725.  It  is  composed  of  15  professors,  a  president,  and 
a  director,  with  four  adjuncts,  who  attend  the  meetings 
of  the  society,  and  succeed  to  vacancies.  It  has  published 
"  Commentarii  Academise  Scientiarum  Imperialis  Petro- 
politanse"  (14  volumes  from  1728  to  1747);  "Novi  Com- 
mentarii Aoademiae,"  etc.  (20  volumes  down  to  17V7); 
"Acta  Academioj,"  etc.,  of  which  two  volumes  appear  an- 
nually. 

Academy  of  Sciences  at  Stockholm,  The,  or 
The  Royal  Swedish  Academy.  A  society, 
originally  private,  founded  June  2,  1739,  and 
incorporated  March  31, 1741,  as  the  Royal  Swe- 
dish Academy.  Its  quarterly  publications  are 
issued  in  annual  volumes,  of  which  the  first  40 
(to  1779)  form  a  series  known  as  the  "Old 

^FSiIlSSiCtjioilS- 

Academy,  or  Society,  of  Arcadians.  A  society 
founded  m  1690  in  Italy  by  Giovan  Mario  Cres- 
cimbeni  and  Gian  Vincenzo  Gravina.  Its  chief 
aim  was  to  establish  in  literature  the  simf>licity  of  the 
shepherds  of  the  fabled  golden  age  of  Arcadia. 

Acadia  (a-ka'di-a),  Acadie  (a-ka-de')-  [Ori- 
ginally Larcadia:  Acadie  is  said  to  have 
been  first  used  in  1603.]  A  former  French 
colony  in  America,  bounded  by  the  Atlantic, 


8 

the  Gulf  and  Eiver  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  west- 
ward by  a  line  running  north  from  tjie  mouth 
of  the  Penobscot,  it  was  colonized  by  France  in 
1604,  on  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  ceded  to  Great  Britain  by 
the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  1713  (except  Cape  Breton).  The 
French  settlers  in  Nova  Scotia  were  deported  by  the  Brit- 
ish in  1756. 

Acadian  Mountains  (a-ka'di-an  moun|tanz). 
An  occasional  name  of  the  elevated  region  in- 
cluded between  the  Hudson,  the  lower  St.  Law- 
rence, and  the  Atlantic,  and  comprising  the 
mountains  of  Canada,  Maine,  and  the  White  and 
Green  Mountains. 

Acajutla  (a-ka-Hot'la).  A  small  seaport  in 
Salvador,  Central  America,  about  40  miles  west 
of  San  Salvador. 

Acampichtli,  or  Acampixtli  (a-kam-pesh'tle). 
[Aztec,  'handful  of  reeds.']  A  chief,  or  so- 
called  king,  of  the  Aztecs  of  Mexico,  who,  ac- 
cording to  the  most  probable  chronology,  was 
elected  in  1375  and  died  in  1403.  He  led  the  In- 
dians of  Tenochtitlan  in  their  wars  with  Tecpan,  and  Ca- 
lais and  stone  houses  were  first  made  in  his  time.  His 
power  was  very  limited. 

Acapulco  (a-ka-pol'ko).  A  seaport  in  Guer- 
rero, Mexico,  on  the  Pacific  in  lat.  16°  51'  N., 
long.  99°  56'  W.  It  has  one  of  the  best  harbors  in  the 
country,  and  had  a  large  commerce  during  the  17th  and 
18th  centuries.    Population,  6,000. 

Acarnania;  or  Akarnania  (ak-ar-na'ni-a). 
[Gr.  'Mapvavia.l  In  ancient  geography,  a  divi- 
sion of  Greece,  bounded  by  the  Ambracian  Gulf 
on  the  north,  by  Amphilochia  on  the  northeast, 
by  .^tolia  on  the  east  (partly  separated  by  the 
Achelous),  and  by  the  Ionian  sea  on  the  west. 
Its  ancient  inhabitants  were  the  Leleges  and  Curetes. 
They  were  rude  mountaineers,  but  were  regarded  as 
Greeks,  and  as  such  were  allowed  to  participate  in  the 
Pan-Hellenic  games. 

AcarnaniaandiiEtolia  (e-to'li-a).  Anomarchy 
of  modern  Greece,  havinganareaof  2,036  square 
miles.  Its  capital  is  Missolonghi.  Population 
(1896),  126,898. 

Acaste  (a-kasf).  A  character  in  MoliSre's 
play  "Le  Misanthrope,"  a  gay  and  brilUant 
marquis,  a  lover  of  C61im6ne. 

Acasto  (a-kas'to).  A  character  in  Otway's  play 
"  The  Orphan,"  a  nobleman,  the  father  of  Poly- 
dore  and  Castalio,  retired  from  the  court  and 
living  on  his  estates. 

AcastUS  (a-kas'tus),  or  Akastos  (-tos).  [Gr. 
"AnaaTog.']  In  Greek  legend,  a  son  of  King 
Pelias  or  loloos,  an  Argonaut,  and  one  of  the 
hunters  of  the  Calydonian  boar.  He  was  the 
father  of  Laodameia. 

Acawais.    See  Accawais. 

Acaxees  (a-kaks'ez).  A  native  tribe  (now  ex- 
tinct as  such)  in  the  state  of  Durango  in  north- 
em  Mexico.  Traces  of  their  language  may  yet  be 
detected.  They  were  described,  in  the  last  years  of  the 
16th  oentuiy  and  in  the  17th,  when  first  met  with,  as  rather 
peaceably  inclined,  of  sedentary  habits,  and  as  sorely 
pressed  by  their  ferocious  neighbors  the  Tepehuanes. 

Acca.    See  Acre. 

Acoad.    See  Akkad. 

Accademia  della  Cmsca  (ak-ka-da'me-3.deria 
krSs'ka).  [It.,  'academy  of  the  bran,'"a  fanci- 
ful name  alluding  to  its  professed  object  of  sift- 
ing or  purifying  the  Italian  language.]  An 
academy  founded  at  Florence  in  1582  by  the 
poet  Grazzini,  with  the  object  of  purifying  the 
Italian  language  and  literature.  It  published  in 
1612  the  first  edition  of  the  "Vocabolario  degli  Accade- 
mici  della  Crusca,"  long  the  standard  dictionai?  of  the 
Italian  language. 

Accadians.    See  under  Akkad. 

Acca  Larentia  (ak'a  la-ren'shi-a).  A  mythical 
female  personage  in  the  early  history  of  Rome, 
sometimes  represented  as  a  public  woman  who 
bequeathed  her  wealth  to  the  citizens  of  Rome, 
sometimes  as  the  wife  of  Paustulus  and  the  nurse 
of  Romulus  and  Remus.  She  seems  to  be  of  Etruscan 
origin  and  connected  with  the  worship  of  the  Lares.  Also, 
improperly,  Acca  Laurentia. 

Accawais  (a-ka-wa-ez').  An  Indian  tribe  of 
British  Guiana,  the  small  remnants  of  which  in- 
habit the  river-banks  near  the  coast.  They  are 
allied  in  language  to  the  Garibs,  but  are  more  savage  and 
wandering  in  their  habits,  and  are  very  treacherous.  They 
often  attack  villages  of  the  more  civilized  Indians.  Also 
written  Accaways,  Accowaioa,  Akavais, 

Accho  (ak'o).    An  old  name  of  Acre. 

Acciajuoli  (a-oha-y6-6'le),  or  Acciajoli  (S-eha- 
yo'le),  Nerio,  A  member  of  the  Florentine 
family  of  that  name,  created  Duke  of  Athens 
in  1394.  The  title  was  retained  by  his  successors  till 
1466,  when  the  Turks  put  an  end  to  the  domination  of 
the  Latins  in  Attica. 

Acciajuoli,  or  Acciajoli,  Niccolo.  Died  1365.  A 
wealthy  Florentine  banker  and  statesman.  He 
served  for  many  years  as  the  chief  adviser  of  Joanna, 
Queen  of  Naples,  and  was  invested  in  1368  with  the  barony 
and  hereditary  governorship  of  the  fortress  of  Corinth. 


Accorso,  Francesco 

Acciajuoli,  or  Acciajoli,  Donato.  Bom  at  Flor- 
ence, 1428:  died  at  Milan,  Aug.  28,  1478.  An' 
Italian  scholar  and  statesman,  gonfalonier  of 
Florence  in  1473.  He  was  the  author  of  lives  of  Han- 
nibal, Scipio,  and  Charlemagne,  of  a  translation  of  some 
of  Plutarch's  "Lives,"  and  of  commentaries  on  Aristotle's. 
"Ethics"  and  "Politics." 

Accioli  de  Oerqueira  e  Silva  (ak-se-6'le  da  ser- 
ka'ra  e  sel'va),  Ignacio.  Bom  in  Coimbra, 
Portugal,  in  1808:  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Aug. 
1,  1865.  A  Brazilian  geographer,  when  very- 
young  he  emigrated  with  his  father  to  BraziL  In  1833  he 
began  the  publication  of  a  series  of  geographical  works- 
on  the  empire,  of  which  he  was  made  oflcial  chronicler. 

Accius  (ak'shi-us),  Lucius.  Bom  about  170' 
B.  c. :  died  at  an  advanced  age.  A  Roman 
tragic  poet  and  prose  writer,  especially  notable 
for  his  imitations  from  the  Greek,  though  he 
dealt  also  with  Roman  subjects.  Fragments  of 
his  tragedies  have  been  preserved.  AlsoAttius.  ["The 
forms  Accius  and  Attius  probably  differ  dialectically.  In 
the  MSS.  that  with  cc  greatly  preponderates ;  on  the  other 
band,  in  inscriptions  the  spelling  of  this  name  with  U  is. 
far  the  more  frequent."  Teuffel  and  Schwdbe,  Hist,  of 
Hom.  Lit.  (trans.),  I.  191.] 

Acco.    See  Acre. 

Accolon  (ak'6-lon).  A  character  in  the  "  Morte 
d' Arthur,"  a  knight  of  Gaul,  celebrated  for  his. 
combat  with  King  Arthur,  in  which  the  latter 
sought  to  regain  his  enchanted  sword  and  scab- 
bard of  which  Accolon  had  gained  possession 
through  the  aid  of  Morgan  le  Fay. 

Accolti  (ak-kol'te),  Benedetto.  Bom  at  Arez- 
zo,  Italy,  1415:  died  at  Florence,  1466.  An 
Italian  jurist  and  writer,  chancellor  of  the  re- 
public of  Florence  145&-66.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  history  of  the  first  crusade,  "De  Belle  a  Christlanis. 
contra  Barbaros,"  etc.  (1632),  which  served  as  the  foun- 
dation of  Tasso's  "Gerusalemme  liberata." 

Accolti,  Benedetto.  Bom  at  Florence,  1497: 
died  1549.  An  Italian  cardinal  (and  legate  in. 
Ravenna)  and  poet,  author  of  Latin  poems  col- 
lected in  "Carmina  illustrium  Poetarum  Ital- 
Oram." 

Accolti,  Bernardo.  Bom  about  1465:  died 
about  1535.  An  Italian  poet,  son  of  Benedetto 
Accolti  the  elder.    See  the  extract. 

The  same  age  gave  the  name  of  Unico  to  Bernardo  Ac- 
colti, of  Arezzo,  bom  before  1466,  and  who  died  after  the- 
year  1534.  Whenever  this  celebrated  poet  announced  his. 
intention  of  reciting  his  verses,  the  shops  were  shut  up, 
and  the  people  fiocked  in  crowds  to  hear  him.  He  was. 
surrounded  by  prelates  of  the  first  eminence ;  a  body  of 
Swiss  troops  accompanied  him ;  and  the  court  was  lighted 
by  torches.  But,  as  Mr.  P,oscoe  has  j  ustly  remarked,  there 
wanted  one  circumstance  to  crown  his  glory — that  his 
works  had  perished  with  himself.  Their  style  is  hard  and 
poor ;  his  images  are  forced,  and  his  taste  is  perverted  by 
affectation.  He  has  left  us  a  comedy.  La  Virginia ;  some 
octaves  and  terza  rima;  some  lyric  poetry;  and  some- 
strambotti,  or  epigrams. 

Sitmondi,  Lit.  of  the  South  ot  Europe,  I.  428. 

Accolti,  Francesco,  Bom  at  Arezzo,  1418  r 
died  at  Siena,  1483.  An  Italian  jurist,  profes- 
sor of  law  at  Bologna  and  Ferrara,  and  secretary 
to  the  Duke  of  Milan :  brother  of  Benedetto 
Accolti  the  elder.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
notable  jurists  of  his  age. 

Accolti,  Pietro.  Bom  at  Florence,  1455 :  died 
at  Florence,  1532  (1549  ?) .  An  Italian  cardinal 
and  legate  in  Ancona  (commonly  called  "  Car- 
dinal of  Ancona"),  brother  of  Bernardo  Ac- 
colti. He  is  said  to  have  had  an  important 
part  in  drawing  up  the  bull  against  Luther, 
1520.  ^         .  ' 

Accomplished  Fools,  The.  See  The  Tender 
Husband. 

Accoramboni  (ak-ko-ram-bo'ne),  Virginia 
or  Vittoria.  Died  at  Padua,  Dee.  22,  1585. 
The  Duchess  of  Bracciano,  an  Italian  lady  of 

freat  beauty  and  wit.  Her  first  husband,  Francesco 
eretti,  whom  she  married  In  1573,  was  murdered  in  1681 
at  the  instigation,  it  was  said,  of  Paolo  Giordano  Orsini, 
Duke  of  Bracciano,  whom  she  married.  On  his  death,  Nov. 
13, 1685,  she  became  involved  in  litigation  with  Lodovio 
Orsini  concerning  the  inheritance,  and  was  murdered  by 
him.  These  events  were  altered  and  adapted  by  Webster 
in  his  tragedy  "  The  White  Devil,  or  Vittoria  Corombona" 
(1612).  Her  history  has  been  written  by  Gnoll  (18/10),  and 
she  was  made  the  subject  of  a  novel  by  L.  Tieck,  "Vit- 
toria Accoramboni"  (1840). 

Accorso  (ak-k6r's6),  Latinized  Accursius. 
(a-k6r'§i-us),  Buono.  Bom  at  Pisa  about  the 
middle  of  the  15th  century.  A  classical  scholar 
and  rhetorician,  commentator  on  Caesar  and 
other  Latin  authors.    Also  Buonaccorso. 

Accorso,  Latinized  Accursius,  Francesco. 
Bom  at  Florence  about  1180:  died  about  1260. 
An  Italian  jurist,  for  a  time  teacher  of  law  at 
Bologna.  His  most  celebrated  work  was  a  body  of  ex- 
planatory glosses  on  the  Soman  law,  called  "  The  Great 
Gloss." 

Accorso,  Latinized  Accursius,  Francesco, 
Bom  at  Bologjna,  1225 :  died  at  Bologna,  1293. 
An  Italian  jurist,  son  of  the  preceding,  profea* 


Accorso,  Francesco 


9 


citizens  of  all  the  towns.  The  principal  officers  were: 
two  strategi  (after  265  B.  o.  only  one),  who,  in  conjunction 
with  the  hipparchus  or  commander  of  the  cavalry,  and  an 
under-strategus,  commanded  the  federal  army,  and  were 
intrusted  with  the  conduct  of  war;  a  state  secretaiy 


sor  of  law  at  Bologna.    He  entered  the  service 
of  Edward  I.  of  England  and  lectured  on  law  at 
Oxford  about  1275. 
Accorso,  Latinized  Accursius,  Mariangelo.    ...».»=.=-  ".-u  >,^=  ^>.uv,ui;.,  wi  „«i,  «.  »i,ai,e  aecreiaiy 

Lived  in  the  first  half  of  the  16th  century.     An     ^d  an  apparently  permanent  council  of  ten  demiurgi, 

Italian  literary  critic,  author  of  "Diatribse  in     who  appear  to  have  presided  at  the  great  assemblies. 

Ausonium,  Jul.  Solin  Polyhistora,  et  in Ovidii  •^?*f*^^  ^^.%}1:     [Gr..!i;taM(.]     The  Acheeans, 

Metamorphoses"  (1524),  etc. 
Accra,  or  Acra  (ak-ra').    See  Akra,  the  better 

spelling  of  the  name. 
Accrlngton  (ak'ring-ton).    A  town  in  Lanea- 

shireTEngland,  about  34  miles  northeast  of  a!!i!!Ii„„„„„    /„  i, /=  „=_%       rn      «        i. 

Live^oolT  Its  industries  include  calico-print-  ^^f^^^^hJ^'}Tlv:^^h^y^%2rf^-^' 

ing,  dyeing,  iron-founding,  coal-mining,  etc.    OPers.  Sa»ama«,  the  friendly  (Sayce),]   The 

Population  (1891),  38,603. 
Accum  (a'kom),  Friedrich  Christian.    Bom 


one  of  the  four  principal  races  of  the  Greeks. 
Their  chief  places  of  abode  were  southern  Thessaly  and 
eastern  Peloponnesus.  The  name  is  sometimes  extended 
poetically  to  all  the  Greeks.  In  Homeric  times  they  had 
a  certain  preponderance  of  influence  over  the  other  Hel- 
lenes. 


eponymous  founder   of  the   ancient  Persian 

royal  family  of  the  AcheemenidsB :  the  name  was 
«™m  ,^\^°™^/,  *■"«'»"<=?  "°"?\1^°-^  ^?™  later  used  as  a  family  name,  as  by  one  of  the 
at  Buokeburg,  Germany,  1769 :  died  at  Berlin,     gons  of  Darius  Hystaspis._    See  Ahssmenia^. 

[  '  ~         •■  --■       ^jj   ancient 

royal  family  of  Persia,  founded  about  600  b.  c. 

The  following  are  the  names  of  its  leading  members; 


June  28, 183g'.    A  German  chemist,  long  resi-  Achaemenidje    (ak-e-men'i-de). 


dent  in  London,  known  chiefly  by  his  "Prac- 
tical Treatise  on  Gas-light"  (1815),  and  his 
efforts  to  promote  the  use  of  gas  for  purposes 
of  illumination. 

Accursius.    See  Accorso. 

Aceldama  (a-sel'da-mai).     [Aramaic,  'field  of 


Achsemenes, '  Cyrus  the  Great,  Cambyses  (Gomates,  the 
Magian  usurper),  Darius  Hystaspis,  Xerxes  I.,  Artaxerxes 
I.,  Xerxes  IL,  Sogdianos,  Darius  Ochus,  Artaxerxes  Mne- 
mon,  Ochus,  Arses,  Darius  Codomannus.  Also  Achxme7i- 
ides,  Aehemenides,  Achemenidg. 


blood.']    A  field  said  to  have  been  situated  Achseus  (a-ke'us),  or  Achaios  (a-ki'os).     [Gr, 
southof  Jerusalem,  the  potter's  field,  purchased    "       '"     '"      '         ..-,..._. 
with  the  bribe  which  Judas  took  for  betraying 
his  Master  (whence  the  name).    It  was  appro- 
priated to  the  interment  of  strangers. 
Acephali  (a-sef 'a-li).     [Gr.  aid<paXoi,  without   Achala  ra-ka'vH)   'rGr  'Ava1a^  "l     In  ancifint 
!!;.^_f.^i:J    4  name  dven  to  various  parties  of  ^^}^'l±^yi^\^^^^ 


''A.xai-og.']  A  Greek  poet  of  Eretria  in  Buboea, 
who  flourished  from  about  484  b.  c.  to  448. 
He  was  the  author  of  forty-four  dramas,  only  fragments 
of  which  remain.  The  titles  of  seventeen  are  known. 
He  contended  with  Sophocles  and  Euripides. 


geography:  (a)  A  small  region  in  southern 
Thessaly,'  containing  Phthia,  hence  called 
Aohaia  Phthiotis.  it  was  probably  the  original  home 
of  the  Achaean  race,  and  it  retained  its  name  as  late  as 
the  time  of  Herodotus.  See  the  extract. 
Achsea  Phthiotis  was  the  tract  about  Mount  Othrys.    Its 


Christians,  in  the  5th  and  6th  centuries,  who 
rebelled  against  their  bishops  or  other  heads  of 
the  church.  The  most  notable  among  them  were  cer- 
tain Honophysites  who  rejected  (on  doctrinal  grounds) 
the  authority  of  Peter  Mongus,  bishop  of  Alexandria(482). 

ACerpaS  (a-ser  bas),  or  AterbaS  (a-k6r'bas),     sea-board  reached  from  the  middle  of  the  Pagassean  gulf 

ni.  Smlio'nV.oci /i>i  %s«''k„<.\       rc!»:/i  +«  1 — to  the  mouth  o(  the  Sperohclus.    Inland  it  once  extended 

beyond  Pharsalus,  called  anciently  Phthia  (Leake,  iv.  pp. 
484,  485) ;  but  at  this  time  its  northern  boundary  seems  to 
have  been  the  line  of  hills  stretching  from  Lake  Xyn- 
ias  (TavMi)  across  to  the  gulf  of  PagasEe,  and  terminating 
In  the  promontory  of  Pyrrha  (Cape  Ariglastri),  Westward 
it  was  bounded  by  the  Dolopians  and  Enianians. 

Rawlinstm,  Herod,,  IV.  108,  note. 

(&■)  A  mountainous  district  in  the  Peloponne- 
sus, bordering  on  the  Corinthian  Gulf,  north  of 
Elis  and  Arcadia :  originally  named  .ffigialus  or 
.ffigialeia,  that  is,  "The  Coast."  (c)  The  states 
forming  the  restored  Aohtean  League,  about 
280-146  B.C.  See  ^c7i»a»,  2.  (d)  A  Roman  prov- 
ince, of  uncertain  limits,  but  nearly  correspond- 
ing to  modern  Greece,  formed  probably  in  the 
1st  century  B.  C.  Its  northern  boundary  was  proba- 
bly drawn  south  of  Thessaly  and  Epirus.  The  province 
was  abolished  by  Nero,  but  was  reestablished  by  Vespasian. 
2.  A  medieval  Prankish  principality  in  Greece, 
corresponding  generally  to  the  Peloponnesus. 
Achaia,  A  nomarchy  of  modern  Greece. 
Area,  1,252  square  miles.  Population  (1896), 
144,826. 


or  Sichafbas  (si-kar'bas).     [Said  to  be  a  cor- 
ruption of  Siehar-Baal.']    In  classical  legend, 

the  uncle  and  husband  of  Elissa,  a  wealthy 

and  powerful  Tyrian  noble,  high  priest  of  the 

Tyrian  god  Melkarth:  the  "Sichaaus"  of  Ver- 
gil.   See  EUssa. 
Acerbi  (a-cher'be),  Giuseppe.    Born  at  Castel- 

GofEredo,  near  Mantua,   Italy,  May  3,  1773: 

died  Aug.  26,  1846.    An  Italian  traveler  and 

naturalist,  author  of  "  Travels  through  Sweden, 

Finland,  and  Lapland"  (1802). 
Acemus,  Sebastian.    See  Kkmowioz. 
Acerra  (a-cher'ra).   A  town  in  the  province  of 

Caserta,  Italy,  the  Roman  Acerrse  (Gr.  'Axep/nu), 

lOmiles  northeast  of  Naples.  Population,  14,000. 
Acestes  (a-ses'tez).     [Gr.  'A/cea-nig.']     In  Greek 

legend,  a  son  of  the  Sicilian  river-god  Crimisus 

and  Egesta  (Segesta),  a  Trojan  woman.    He 

figured  in  the  Trojan  war,  and  was  introduced 

by  Vergil  in  the  "Mneid." 
Ach  (aoh).    See  Aa. 
Acll&  (a-cha'),  Job6  Maria.    Bom  about  1805: 

diedat  Cochabamba,  1868.    A  Bolivian  revolu-  Achalm  (aeh'alm).     A  summit  of  the  Rauhe 

tionist.    He  served  under  Santa  Cruz,  1829-39,  and  under    Alb,  near  ReutUngen,   in  Wiirtemberg,   2,300 

Balllvian  in  the  war  against  Peru^  1841.    In  1858  he  was     f  get  high 

made  by  President  Linares  minister  of  war,  but  revolted,   a„i,„„„j.i.  /„v/„  „„iT,\      rrT.„ ™„  ^„ i,„ 

and  in  May,  1861,  was  proclaimed  president  of  Bolivia.  Achamotll  (ak  a-moth).     The  name  given  by 

He  held  his  post  during  a  period  of  great  disorder  until    the  Gnostic  V  alentme  to  a  lower  or  imperfect 


1865,  when  he  wa£  deposed  by  another  revolution. 

Achsea.    See  Aehaia. 

Achaean  League  (a-ke'an  leg).    1.  A  religious 
confederation  in  Achaia,  consisting  at  the  time 


Wisdom,  the  weakest  seon,  the  form  under 
which  spirit  surrenders  itself  completely  to 
matter  and  becomes  the  foundation  of  the  real 
world. 


of  Herodotus  of  twelve  cities :  Pellene,  JEgeira,  Achan  (a'kan).    An  Israelite  of  the  tribe  of 

SlgsB,  Bura,  Helike,  .^gion,  Rhypes,  Patree,  Judah,  stoned  to  death,  with  his  family,  for 

Phaiw,  Olenos,  Dyme,  and  Tritaaa.    Later  Ehypes  plundering  during  the  sack  of  Jericho.    Josh, 

and^aofellintodeoay.andtheirplacesintheconfederacy  vii.     Also  called  .4cAar.     1  Chron.  ii.  7. 

were  taken  by  Leontion  and  Keryneia.    In  373  B.  0.  the  Arharii  (Soh'SvtA    Prati^  TTarl       PinTn  nt.  ■Rbt. 

number  of  cities  was  reduced  to  ten  by  the  destruction  of  ACHara  (acn  ari;,  X  ranZ  ^ari.     iiom  at  iSer- 

Helike  and  Bura  by  an  earthquake.    A  common  sacrifice  l™,  April  .iS,  l/5d :  died  at  Cunem,  bilesia,  April 

to  Poseidon  was  held  at  Helike  until  that  town  was  de-  20,  1821.    A  German  chemist,  the  founder  of 

stroyed,  when  .aigion  became  the  center  of  the  confedera-  the  beet-root  sugar  manufacture. 

l'^u"slSi^i"o3dV.^ftSn^h^L^tc'h^STv^^!A^^^^ 

ties  of  ^gion.    The  confederacy  was  dissolved  by  the  Born  at  Marseilles,  April  23, 1814:  died  at  Pans, 

policy  of  Philip  of  Macedon  and  Alexander.  March  25, 1875.     A  French  novelist  and  dram- 

2.  A  political  confederation  of  Achsean  and  atist,  author  of  "La  Belle  Rose"  (1847),  "La 

other  Greek  cities  extending  over  the  period  Chasse  Royale  "  (1849-50),  etc. 

from  281  B.  0.  to  146  b.  C.    After  the  death  of  Ly-  Acharius  (a-ka'ri-os),  Erik.     Bom  at  Gefle, 

simaohus  in  280  B.  o. ,  the  Achaean  cities  I^me,  Patr»,  Tri-  Sweden,  Oct.  10,  1757 :  died  at  Wadstena,  Swe- 

teea,  and  Pharse  formed  a  confederation  to  resist  the  den,  Aug.  14,  1819.     A  Swedish  physician  and 

Z'^S^Kct^^^ei^i^t^^^ZViZ^  t  botanistja  pupil  of  Linn^us:  authorof  "Lich- 

251 B.  0.  the  confederation  acquired  new  strength  by  the  enogra;phia  umversalis,"  etc. 

accession  of  Sikyon,  under  the  leadership  of  Aratus.    In  AchamianS  (a-kar'ni-anz),  The.     [Gr.  'Axi^pvai, 

245  B.  c.  Aratus  waa_  elected  strategus  of  the  league,  Acharnfe,  the  principal  deme  of  Attica,  60  sta- 


which  under  his  guidance  rapidly  rose  to  national  im- 
portance. In  a  short  time  it  embraced  Athens,  ^gina, 
Salamis,  and  the  whole  of  Peloponnesus,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  iSparta,  Tegea,  Orchomenos,  Mantineia,  and  Elis. 
It  was  destroyed  by  the  Romans  in  146  B.  0.,  and  with  it 
fell  the  last  stronghold  of  freedom  in  Greece.  The  Achcsan 
League  is  remarkable  as  the  most  perfect  type  of  fed- 
eral government  which  has  been  handed  down  from  an- 
tiquity. The  confederation  was  inseparable,  every  city 
having  equal  rights  with  the  others  ;  in  foreign  affairs  the  4  tiit'ota  " 
feder^  government  was  supreme.  Common  affairs  were  iiCflasta.  > 
regolatol  at  general  meetings  held  twice  a  year  by  the  Acnastlian 


dia  north  of  Athens,  near  the  foot  of  Mount 
Fames.]  A  comedy  of  Aristophanes,  brought 
out,  under  the  name  of  Callistratus,  at  the  Le- 
nsea,  or  country  Dionysia,  425  B.  C.  it  was  an 
attempt  to  support  the  aristocratic  peace  party  against 
the  intrigues  and  intimidations  of  the  democratic  war  party 
represented  by  the  chorus  of  Acbarnians.  In  form  it  is  an 
extravagant  farce  rather  than  a  comedy. 


See  Eumsen. 


Achillini 

Achates  (a-ka'tez).  The  faithful  companion, 
"  fidus  Achates,"  of  .^neas. 

Acheen.    See  AcMn. 

Achelous  (ak-e-16'us),  or  AcheloSs  (-os).  [Gr. 
Ji;t:E/luof.]  In"  ancient  geography,  a  river  in 
Greece  (the  modern  Aspropotamo),  which  rises 
in  Epirus,  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between 
ancient  .^tolia  and  Acamania,  and  flows  into 
the  Ionian  sea.    Its  length  is  about  130  miles. 

Achenbach  (adh'en-bach),  Andreas.  Bom  at 
Cassel,  Germany,  Sept.  29, 1815.  A  noted  Ger- 
man landscape  and  marine  painter. 

Achenbach,  Oswald.  Bom  at  Diisseldorf, 
Pmssia,  Feb.  2,  1827.  A  German  landscape- 
painter,  brother  of  Andreas.  The  subjects  of 
his  works  are  chiefly  Italian. 

Achenwall  (aoh'en-val),  Gottfried.  Bom  at 
Elbing,  Pmssia,  Oct.  20,  1719:  died  at  Gottin- 
gen.  May  1, 1772.  A  German  scholar,  professor 
of  philosophy  (1748)  and  of  law  (1761)  at  the 
University  of  GBttingen.  He  is  regarded  as 
the  founder  of  the  science  of  statistics. 

Achern  (adh'ern).  A  town  in  Baden,  situated 
on  the  Acher  about  31  miles  southwest  of 
Carlsruhe.    Population,  3,000. 

Achernar  (a-ker'nar).  [Ar.  Akher-nahr,  the 
latter  part.]  The  first-magnitude  star  a  Eri- 
dani,  situated  in  the  southern  hemisphere  at 
the  southern  extremity  of  the  constellation, 
about  32J  degrees  from  the  south  pole. 

Acheron  (ak'e-ron).  [Gr.  'Ax^pi^'  probably 
derived  from  Heb.  ah'rdn,  the  west,  i.  e. 
the  direction  of  the  setting  sun,  darkness ; 
hence  its  connection  with  Hades.]  1.  In  an- 
cient geography,  the  name  of  several  small 
rivers,  of  which  the  chief,  the  modem  Gurla, 
was  in  Thesprotia  in  Epirus.  it  flowed  through 
the  lake  Acherusia,  received  the  waters  of  the  Cocytus 
(the  modem  Vuvos),  and  emptied  into  the  Ionian  sea. 
2.  In  classical  mythology,  a  river  in. Hades, 
and  later  the  Lower  World  in  general. 

Acherusia  Palus  (ak-e-ro'gi-a  pa'lus).  [L., 
'  Acherusian  bog,'  Gr.  'Axepovata  TJ^vij.l  In  an- 
cient geography,  the  name  of  several  small  lakes 
supposed  to  be  connected  with  the  lower 
W.orld.  The  most  important  were  the  lake  through 
which  the  Acheron  flowed,  and  one  11  miles  west  of  Na- 
ples, the  modern  Lago  del  Fusaro.  Like  Acheron,  the  name 
was  transferred  to  the  lower  world. 

Achill,  or  Achil  (ak'il),  or  Eagle  Island.  An 

island  in  the  county  of  Mayo,  IrelancL  off  the 
western  coast  in  lat.  54°  N.,  long.  10°  W.  Area, 
80  square  miles. 

Achilleis  (ak-i-le'is),  or  Achilleid  (ak-i-le'id). 
1.  An  unfinished  epic  poem  by  P.  Papinius 
Statius. —  2.  A  part  of  the  Iliad,  comprising 
Books  I,  VHI,  XI-XXTT,  regarded  by  some  crit- 
ics as  constituting  a  poem  of  which  the  theme 
is  the  "wrath  of  Achilles,"  and  which  is  dis- 
tinct from,  and  older  than,  the  rest  of  the  Iliad. 
See  Iliad.  The  name  "Achilleis"  was  first  ap- 
plied to  these  books  by  Grote. — 3.  A  poem  by 
Goethe. 
Achilles  (a-kil'ez).  [Gr.  a.;i;''^XEtif.]  A  Greek 
legendary  warrior,  son  of  Pelens  and  Thetis 
and  grandson  of  .^acus,  and  chief  of  the  Myr- 
midons, a  Thessalian  tribe.  He  is  the  central  hero 
of  the  Iliad,  which  is  largely  occupied  with  his  quarrel 
with  Agamemnon,  leader  of  the  Greek  host,  and  his 
martial  exploits.  He  was  the  slayer  of  Hector,  and  was 
himself  slain  by  Paris. 

In  Achilles,  Homer  summed  up  and  fixed  forever  the 
ideal  of  the  Greek  character.  He  presented  an  imperish- 
able picture  of  their  national  youthtulness,  and  of  their 
ardent  genius,  to  the  Greeks.  The  "  beautiful  human  hero- 
ism "of  Achilles,  his  strong  personality,  hisflerce  passions 
controlled  and  tempered  by  divine  wisdom,  his  intense 
friendship  and  love  that  passed  the  love  of  women,  above 
all,  the  splendor  of  his  youthful  life  in  death  made  per- 
fect, hovered  like  a  dream  above  the  imagination  of  the 
Greeks,  and  insensibly  determined  their  subsequent  de- 
velopment. At  a  later  age,  this  ideal  was  destined  to  be 
realized  in  Alexander. 

Symonds,,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  L  20. 

Achilles.  An  opera  by  Gay  produced  at  Covent 
Garden  in  1733.  Colmau  the  elder  brought  out 
"Achilles  in  Petticoats,"  altered  from  Gay,  in 
the  same  year. 

Achilles  of  Germany.  A  surname  of  Albert, 
Elector  of  Brandenburg. 

Achilles  Tatius  (a-kil'ez  ta'sM-us).  Lived 
probably  about  500  A.  D.  An  Alexandrine  rhet- 
orician, author  of  a  Greek  romance,  "Leucippe 
and  Cleitophon." 

Acllilleuni(ak-i-Ie'um).  Aplace  on  the  {promon- 
tory of  Sigeum,  in  the  Troad,  containing,  ac- 
cording to  tradition,  the  tomb  of  Achilles. 

Achillini  (a-kil-le'ne),  Alessandro.  Born  at 
Bologna,  Italy,  Oct.  29, 1463 :  died  Aug.  2;  1512. 
An  Italian  physician  and  philosopher,  sumamed 
"the  second  Aristotle." 


AcMn 


10 


Achin,  or  Acheen,  or  Atcheen  (a-ehen'),  or  Ackermann,  Rudolph.    Born  at  Sohneeberg, 


Atjen.  A  former  Malay  sultanate,  no  w  a  Dutch, 
dependency,  in  northern  Sumatra,  a  war  with 
the  Dutch,  which  began  in  1873,  resulted  in  the  virtual 
subjugation  of  the  country.  Population,  about  290,000  (?). 
Achin.  The  capital  of  Achin,  on  the  river  Achin 
about  lat.  5°  40'  N.,  long.  95°  20'  E 


Saxony,  April  20, 17G4 :  died  March  30, 1834.  A 
German  art-publisher  and  bookseller  in  Lon- 
don, son  of  a  coach-builder  and  harness-ma- 
ker, whose  trade  he,  for  a  time,  followed.  The 
establishment  of  lithography  as  a  fine  art  in 
England  is  credited  to  him. 


^^;,Si^«2^==^^&  Ac^in  island  (ak'lin  i'l^d^_^AU.g  island  i^-S^CoSurS^e  2  o»c^ 


Acre 

aoter  in  the  tale  of  Aoontius  and  Cydippe,  told 
bv  Aristsenetus  and  by  Ovid.  "Aoontius  gathered 
an  orange  in  the  garden  of  Venus,  and  having  written  on 
the  rind  the  words,  '  By  Artemis,  I  will  marry  Acontius 
threw  it  in  Cydippe's  way.  She  took  it  in  her  hand  read 
out  the  inscription,  and  threw  it  from  her.  But  Artenus 
heard  the  vow,  and  brought  about  the  marriage.  Wil- 
liam Morris  has  taken  the  legend  for  the  subject  ot  one 
of  his  poems  in  "The  Earthly  Paradise. ' 


in  the  group  of  the  southern  Bahamas. 

A  town  on  the  Caribbean  side 


by  old  Spanish-American  historians  to  Eichard 
Hawkins.  .    .     (a'kla) 

AcMsh  (a'kish).     1.  A  Philistine  king  of  Gath    „f  ^j^^  Isthmus"of  Panama,  probably  near  the 
with  whom  David  sought  refuge  when  fleeing    -  .  -.       _.  ' -^  ... 

from  Saul.     1  Sam.  xxi.  10-15 ;  xxix 


-2.  An 
other  king  of  Gath  who  reigned  in  the  time  of 
Solomon.     1  Ki.  ii.  39-40. 

Achitophel.    See  Ahithophel. 

Achmed.    See  Achmet. 

Achmet  (Seh'met)  I.,  or  Ahmed  (aii'med). 
Born  1589:  died  Nov.  22,  1617.  A  sultan  of 
Turkey,  son  of  Mohammed  III.  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  1603.  He  concluded,  Nov.  11,  1606,  the 
peace  of  Sitvatorok  with  Austria,  when  for  the  first  time 
the  Turks  observed  the  principles  of  an  international  law 
in  their  diplomatic  relations  with  Christian  nations.  In 
1612  he  concluded  an  unsuccessful  war  with  Persia. 

Achmet  II.,  or  Ahmed.  Bom  1642:  died  Feb. 
6,  1695.  A  sultan  of  'Turkey,  brother  of  Soly- 
man  II.  whom  he  succeeded  July  13,  1691.  His 
forces  were  expelled  from  Hungary  by  the  battle  of  Salan- 
keman,  Aug.  19, 1691,  in  which  the  grand  vizir  Kiuprili 
the  Virtuous  was  defeated  and  slain  by  the  Austrians 
under  Louis  of  Baden. 

Achmet  III.,  or  Ahmed.  Bom  1673:  assassi- 
nated 1736.  A  sultan  of  Turkey  1703-30,  brother 
of  Mustapha  II.  whom  he  succeeded.  He  was  in- 
volved by  Charles  XII.  (who,  after  the  battle  of  Pultowa 
in  1709,  took  refuge  first  in  Otchakofli,  then  in  Bender)  in  a 
war  with  Hussia,  which  was  ended  by  the  Peace  of  the 
Pruth,  1711  (see  Pruth) ;  took  Morea  and  the  Ionian  Islands 
from  Venice,  1715 ;  was  defeated  at  Peterwardein  in  1716 


bay  of  San  Bias.  It  was  founded  by  Pedrarias  m 
1615,  and  was  the  place  where  Balboa  built  his  ships  to  be 
transported  across  the  isthmus  in  1517,  and  where  he  was 
executed.  The  settlement,  for  a  time  important,  was 
abandoned  before  1680.  _        .    ,  ^ 

Acland  (ak'land).  Lady  Christian  Henrietta 
Caroline  (commonly  known  as  Lady  Har- 
riet).   Born  Jan.  3, 1750 :  died  at  Tetton,  near 

Taunton,  England,  July  21,  1815.    A  daughter    

of  the  first  earl  of  Ilehester,  and  wife  of  Major  A?ores.    Same  as  Azores 

John  Dvke  Acland  whom  she  accompanied  Acosta  (a-kos'ta),  ChnstoySoae, 

through  Burgoyne's  campaign  in  1777.    Her  ad-    A  Portuguese  traveler  and  naturalist,  author 

ventures  formed  a  noteworthy  incident  of  the    of  "  Tratado  de  las  (^ogas  y  medecmas  de  las 

Revolutionary  War.  .         „     ^^^i^^  o'^i,™**!®,   y^^^rr  •  i\  j»     -d 

Acland,  Sir  Henry  Wentworth.  Bom  Aug.  23,  Acosta,  Gabriel  (later  Uriel)  de.    Born  at 
1815:  died  Oct.  16,  1900.    An  English  physi-    Oporto,  Portugal,  about  1591:  committed  sm-^ 


Acordad  (a-kdr-TnaTH').  A  court  established 
at  Quer6taro,New  Spain  (Mexico), for  the  sum- 
mary trial  of  brigands  and  other  criminals. 
It  originated  in  an  old  Spanish  institution,  the  Santa 
Hermandad,  which  was  originally  a  kind  of  vigilance 
committee,  was  subsequently  converted  into  a  regular 
police  force  and  tribunal,  and  after  1631  had  courts  in 
Spanish  America.  In  1719  the  Quer^taro  court,  or  acor- 
dad was  given  independent  powers,  and  it  was  ordered 
that  there  should  be  no  appeal  from  it;  its  officers  had 
lurisdiction  throughout  New  Spain.  The  court  was  sup- 
pressed in  1813,  but  its  methods  are  still  m  vogue  in 
Mexico. 


Died  1580. 


cian,  regius  professor  of  medicine  in  Oxford 
1857-94.    He  accompanied  the  Prince  of  Wales 
to  America  in  1860. 
Acland,  John  Dyke.    Died  at  Piston  Park, 


eiSe,  1647  (1640  ?).  A  Portuguese  philosopher 
and  Jevrish  proselyte  from  Catholicism.  He  was 
excommunicated  by  the  synagogue  at  Amsterdam  on  ac- 
count of  rationalism.  His  autobiography  was  published 
under  the  title  "Exemplar  vitJe  humana) "  (1687). 


near  Dulverton,  England,  Oct.  31,  1778.    An  ^pogtg,  Joaq.uin.    Born  in  Guaduas,  Colombia, 


English  soldier  and  politician.  As  member  of  Par- 
liament he  was  a  vigorous  opponent  of  the  demands  of 
the  American  colonies,  and,  as  major  of  the  20th  Foot, 
joined  Burgoyne's  expedition  during  the  Revolutionary 
War.  He  was  wounded  in  the  second  battle  of  Saratoga 
and  taken  prisoner.  During  the  campaign  he  was  accom- 
panied by  his  wife.    See  jdcZaJMZ,  Lady. 


andat'Beigradin  1717  by  the  Austrians  under  Prince  AcUa-huasi  (ak-lya-wa'se).  In  the  Inea  em 
Eugene ;  and  signed  the  treaty  of  Passarowitz  in  1718  (see  pijg  gf  Peru,  a  general  name  given  to  any  con 
Passarowitz).    He  was  compeUed  by  the  janizaries  to  re-  ,     .  vironTis  dedicated  to  the  sun :  in  narticu 


ventof  virgins  dedicated  to  the  sun:  in  particu-      j-->' 

lar,  the  great  convent  at  Cuzoo  where  virgins  Acosta,  JOSede. 
of  royal  lineage  were  kept  in  rigid  seclusion.  " 

Its  site  is  now  covered  by  the  Roman  Catholic  convent  of 
Santa  Catalina,  but  remains  of  the  old  wall  are  discernible. 
[L.;  Gr.  aKoijiijTai,  '  the 
sleepless  ones '  or  watchers.]  A  monastic  or- 
der founded  by  Alexander,  a  Syrian  monk, 
about  430.  The  day  was  divided  into  three  parts  during 
each  of  which  one  third  of  the  monks  carried  on  their  devo- 
tions so  that  the  worship  in  the  monastery  was  unceasing. 
Acolastus  (ak-0-las'tus).  A  Latin  comedy  com- 
posed by  Gulieimus  Fullonius  (Willem  de  Voi- 
der), a  schoolmaster  of  The  Hague,  and  trans- 
lated into  English  prose  and  published  in  1540 
by  John  Palsgrave  with  the  Latin  version :  first 

acted  in  1529.  It  was  designed  for  use  in  schools,  and  Acqua  (a'kwa),  Cesare  dell".  Bom  at  Pirano, 
there  were  forty  different  issues  of  it  during  the  lifetime  Istria,  July  22,  1821.  A  painter  of  portraits 
of  the  author.  ,      .    ,     i.t       ^'^^  historical  subjects. 

1567:    died    at  Acolhnas  (a-ko-lo'az).    A  branch  of  the  Na-  j^gq^apendente  (a'kwa-pen-den'te).    A  small 
A  German  phi-    huatl  tribe  of  central  Mexico,  reported  by  tra-    town  in  the  province  of  Rome,  Italy,  67  miles 
dition  to  have  preceded  the  Aztecas  in  the  oc-    northwest  of  Rome. 

eupation  of  the  valley  of  Mexico,  and  to  have  Acquaviva  (a-kwa-ve'va).  A  town  intheprov- 
been  the  founders  of  the  Indian  settlement  at  juce  of  Bari,  Italy,  18  miles  south  by  west  of 
Tezoueo.    Mso  Acolhuans.  ~     ■      ~       -■         -         


sign,  and  died  of  poison  in  prison. 
Achmet,  or  Ahmed,  Bey.    Died  July  16,  1822. 
A  Turkish  commander  in  the  Greek  war  of  in- 
dependence.    He  was  repulsed  by  the  Greeks,  May  27, 
1821,  in  an  attack  on  the  fortified  post  at  Valtetzi.  .  -j.      /       -      -/4.-\ 

Achmet,  or  Ahmed,  Kiuprili.  Bom  1635:  died  ■^ff^^itfi^f/''^  ^t^ 

1676.    Grand  vizir  of  the  Ottoman  empire  from    °  """  °°°  '^'"°°    "'^  "'" 

1661  to  1676.     He  added  Candia,  Neuhausel  in 

Hungary,   and  Kamieniec  in  Poland  to  the 

empire. 
Achmetha.    See  Ecbatana. 
Achomawi  (a-ch6-mS,'vn).    An  almost  extinct 

tribe  of  North  American  Indians.     See  Pa- 

laihnihan. 
Achray  (ak'ra),  Loch.    A  lake  about  2  miles 

long,  in  western  Perthshire,  Scotland,  17  mUes 

northwest  of  Stirling. 
Acidalius  (at-si-da'li-os),  Valens.    Bom  at 

Wittstock,   Prussia,  May  25, 

Neisse,  Prussia,  May  25,  1595. 

lologist  and  man  of  letters,  author  of  commen- 
taries on  Latin  classics. 
Acilia  gens  (a-sil'i-a  jenz).     In  ancient  Rome, 

a  clan  or  house  whose  family  names  were  Avi- 


about  '1795:  "died  at  Bogota,  1852.  A  Colom- 
bian soldier  and  historian.  He  entered  Bolivar's 
army  in  1819,  and  before  his  death  had  attained  the  rank 
of  general.  He  was  also  a  member  of  congi-ess  and  held 
important  diplomatic  posts.  Besides  traveling  and  con- 
ducting extensive  investigations  in  Colombia,  he  visited 
Spain  in  184B  to  search  the  archives  there,  and  spent 
several  years  in  Paris  where  he  published  his  "  Compendio 
historico  del  descubrimiento  y  colonizaoion  de  la  Nueva 
Granada  "  (1848). 

'  ■  Bom  at  Medina  del  Campo, 
Old  Castile,  1540 :  died  at  Salamanca,  Feb.  15, 
1600.  A  Spanish  Jesuit  historian  and  arohsBolo- 
gist.  He  went  to  Peru  in  1671,  was  historiographer  of 
the  council  of  bishops  at  Lima  1582-88,  in  1586  resided 
for  some  time  in  Mexico,  returned  to  Spain  in  1587,  vis- 
ited Rome  in  1590,  was  subsequently  at  the  head  of  the 
Jesuits'  College  at  Valladolid,  was  visitor  in  Aragon  and 
Andalusia,  and  finally  had  charge  of  the  College  at  Sala- 
manca. The  first^wo  books  of  his  "Natural  and  Moral 
History  of  the  Indies,"  in  Latin,  appeared  at  Salamanca 
in  1588  and  1589 ;  the  entire  work  in  Spanish  at  Seville  in 
1690.  There  are  many  editions  in  Spanish,  Latin,  Italian, 
French,  Dutch,  German,  and  English.  He  also  published 
the  "Concilium  Limense  "  (Rome,  1589),  "De  pronmlga. 
tione  evangelii  apud  barbaros  "  (1689),  and  various  theo- 
logical treatises  in  Latin. 


ola,  Balbus,  and  Glabrio.    Members  of  the  last  Acoma  (a'ko-ma).    [Properly  Ako,  but,  with 


two  families  were  frequently  tribunes  of  the 

plebs. 
Aclre^lle,  or  Aci  Reale  (a'che-re-a'le).  A  city 

in  the  province  of  Catania,  Sicily,  situated  on 

the  eastern  coast  9  miles  north-northeast  of 

Catania.    Near  it  are  the  grotto  of  Galatea,  the  cave  of 

Polyphemus,  and  the  Rocks  of  the  Cyclops.    Population, 

about  22,000. 
Acis(a'sis).  [Gr. 'a./«f.]  In  classical  mythology, 

a  beautiful  Sicilian,  son  of  Faunus  and  Symae- 

this,  beloved  by  Galatea,  and  slain  by  Polyphe- 
mus the  Cyclops,  his  unsuccessful  rival.    He  was 

crushed  under  a  rock,  and  his  blood  as  it  flowed  forth  was 

changed  into  the  river  Acis. 
Acis  and  Galatea.    A  pastoral  opera  by  Han-  _^comat(a-k6-ma').  InRacine'stragedy  "Baja- 

del  composed  m  1720  or  1^21.    The  words  are  by  ^^5?'J^*^^„^^^.^.;„„j.„.,;^  S     1  J 


the  affix  -ma,  indicative  of  tribe  or  people,  cor- 
rupted into  Aeoma  or  Alcoma.']  An  Indian  vil- 
lage of  western  New  Mexico,  situated  about 
14  miles  south  of  the  station  of  Cubero  on  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  Railroad  in  Valencia  Coun- 
ty. Acoma  was  first  visited  by  the  Spaniards  under  Coro- 
nado  in  Sept.,  1540,  and  appears  in  the  chronicles  of  that 
time  as  Acuco  (a  corruption  of  Ha-Icu-kia). 
Acoma.  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians, 
about  550  in  number,  inhabiting  the  pueblo  of 


Bari.    Population,  about  8,000. 

Acqui  (a'kwe).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Ales- 
sandria, Italy,  the  ancient  AquEe  Statiellse,  sit- 
uated on  the  Bormida  29  miles  northwest  of 
Genoa,  noted  for  hot  sulphur  baths.  It  has  a 
cathedral  and  silkworm  industry.  Population, 
about  10,000. 

Acrse  (a'kre).  [Gr.  "AKpai."]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  of  Sicily,  a  colony  of  Syracuse, 
on  the  site  of  the  modem  Palazzolo  Acreide 
(which  see). 


5ay,"vritt"idditioTs  from  Pope,  Hughes,  and  Dryden:     zet,"  an  ambitious  vizir. 

"aoI   Galatea  e  Polifemo"  is  another  work  by  Handel  AcOncagUa   (a-kon-ka'gwa).     A   province   in 

composed  in  Italy  in  1708-09.    Grove.  _  ^        central  ChUe,  bounded  by  Coquimbo  on  the 


the  same  name  in  Western  New  Me:rico.    This  Acragas,  or  Akragas  (ak'ra-gas).     [Gr.  'AKpi- 

yag.]  The  Greek  name  of  Agngentum. 
Acrasia  (a-kra'zi-a).  [Gr.  aKpaala,  intemper- 
ance, immoderateness.]  In  Spenser's  "Faerie 
Queene,"  a  beautiful  woman,tne  personification 
of  intemperance  in  all  things,  living  in  the 
"Bower  of  Bliss,"  in  which  is  everything  to  de- 
light the  senses.    She  was  suggested  by  Circe 


and  Isleta  are  the  only  pueblos  occupying  the  same  site 
since  the  Spanish  invasion  in  the  16th  century.  It  in- 
cludes the  summer  villages  ot  Acomita  and  Pueblito.  See 
Keresan. 


AcTs'etGalatle(a-sez'aga-la-ta').Anoperaby    north,  and  by  Santiago  and  Valparaiso  on  the  K^:I^Tit^s^^}'^<  by  the  Alcina  of  Ariosto. 
T^iif/^^X,  °;.  ^<.T,,™»^:rnT,^  nrn^iced  in  1686.    =,,„+>,'   n=™/ai  s,^  VMr.^    A™^  K  nit\  =n„o™  Acratcs  (ak-ra  tez).  [Gr.  a/cpaT^f,  intemperate.] 


LuUi  (words  by  Campistron)  produced  in  1686.     south'.   Capital,  San  Felipe.  Area,  5,840  square 
Ackermann  (ak'er-man),  Johann  Christian    miles.     Population  (1891),  153,049. 
Gottlieb.    Bom  Feb.  17, 1756 :  died  at  Altorf ,  Aconcagua,  Mount.  One  of  the  highestpeaks  of 


Bavaria,  March  9,  1801.  A  German  medical 
writer,  author  of  "Institutiones  historire  medi- 
cinse"  (1792),  and  lives  of  Hippocrates,  Theo- 
phrastus,  Diosoorides,  Aretseus,  Rufus  Ephe- 
sius,  and  Galen. 

Ackermann.  Konrad  Ernst.  Bom  m  Schwe- 
rin,  Germany,  Feb.  1, 1712 :  died  at  Hamburg, 
Nov.  13,  1771.  A  noted  German  actor.  He  ap- 
peared on  the  stage  first  in  Liineburg  (Jan.,  1740),  trav- 
eled with  various  companies  for  several  years,  and  erected 
and  conducted  a  theater  in  Hamburg  (1764-67)..  He  is  re- 
garded as  the  founder  of  the  German  school  of  actmg. 


the  Andes,  situated  in  the  provinces  of  San  Juan 
and  Mendoza,  Argentina,  about  lat.  32°  31'  S., 
long. 69° 50'  W.  Height, 22,860feet(Gussfeldt). 

Aconcio  (a-kon'cho),  Giacomo.  Bom  at 
Trent,  Tyrol,  about  1500:  died  at  London,  about 
1566.  An  Italian  theologian  and  engineer,  a 
refugee  in  England  in  the  time  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, to  whom  he  dedicated  his  "  Stratagemata 
SatanEe "  (1565).  Also  Aconzio,  Concio,  and 
Latinized  Acontitis  (Jacobus). 

Acontius  (a-kon'shi-us).    The  principal  char- 


A  male  character  in  the  "Faerie  Queene,"  by 
Spenser,  personifying  the  intemperate  love  of 
pleasure. 

Acre  (a'k^r  or  a'kfer),  or  Saint-Jean  d'Acre. 
A  seaport  in  Palestine,  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the 
bay  of  Acre  about  lat.  32°  56'  N.,  long.  35°  4' 
E. :  the  ancient  Acca,  Acoo  ('iim/,  'l/i.KX(o),  the 
scriptural  Aecho,  and  the  later  Ptolemais.  it  is 
one  of  the  chief  ports  for  the  Paleetine  coast  It  was  in 
the  territory  assigned  to  the  tribe  of  Asher  (Judges  i.  31), 
but  was  never  conquered  by  the  Israelites.  Its  kings 
were  reckoned  next  to  those  of  Tyre  and  Sidon.  It  was  . 
conquered  by  the  Assyrian  king  Sennacherib  and  captured 
and  ruined  by  his  grandson  Assurbanipal.  It  was  captured 
by  the  Arabs  in  638,  by  the  Crusaders  in  1104,  by  Saladin 


Acre 

in  1187,  and  by  the  Crusaders  in  1191 ;  and  was  held  by 
the  Knights  ot  St.  John  until  1291,  being  the  last  strong- 
hold in  Palestine  to  hold  out  for  the  Christians.  Sir 
Sidney  Smith  defended  it  successfully  against  Napoleon 
in  1799.  In  1832  it  was  taken  by  Ibrahim  Fasha,  and  in 
1840  by  the  Anglo- Austrian-Turkish  forces.  It  was  named 
SaM-Jean  d'Aere  by  the  Knights  of  St.  John.  Population, 
8,000. 

As  PtolemaJLB,  Akko  played  a  most  important  part  in  the 
Orseco-Roman  age;  as  Acre,  it  has  been  famous  in  his- 
tory from  the  period  of  the  Crusades  to  times  within  our 
own  memory.  It  occupied  the  north-western  extremity 
of  the  great  bay  which  indents  the  Syrian  coast  north  of 
Carmel,  a  bay  eight  miles  across  and  about  four  miles 
deep.  Its  own  haven  was  small  and  exposed ;  but  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  bay,  under  Carmel,  was  the  sheltered 
roadstead  of  Haifa;  and  either  at  Akko  or  at  Haifa  vessels 
could  ride  securely  in  almost  all  sorts  of  weather.  The 
great  importance  of  Akko  was  that  it  commanded  the  en- 
trance to  the  broad  plain  of  Esdraelon,  conducting  to  the 
rich  valley  of  the  Jordan,  and  so  was,  in  a  certain  sense, 
as  it  was  often  called,  "the  key  of  Palestine."  Its  kings 
were  reckoned  next  in  rank  to  those  of  Tyre  and  Sidon 
during  the  Ass^an  period ;  and  we  find  them  taking  part 
in  the  wars  which  were  carried  on  by  Shalmaneser  IV. 
and  Sennacherib.  Sawlinson,  Phoenicia,  p.  53. 

Acre,  Bay  of.  An  indentation  on  the  western 
coast  of  Palestine,  north  of  Mount  Carmel. 

Acrelius  (a-kra'li-Ss),  Israel.  Bom  at  Oster- 
aker,  Sweden,  Dec.  25,  1714 :  died  at  FeUings- 
bro,  Sweden,  April  25, 1800.  A  Swedish  clergy- 
man, author  of  a  history  of  the  Swedish  colonies 
iu  America  (1759,  Eng.  trans.  1874). 

Acres  (a'kerz),  Bob.  A  character  in  Sheridan's 
comedy  "  The  Rivals,"  an  awkward  and  simple 
country  gentleman  changed  into  a  boasting 
coward  by  the  sudden  excitement  of  the  gaie- 
ties of  Bath  society.  His  brag  and  his  ludicrous  van- 
ity and  assurance  are  combined  with  a  comic  trepidation 
and  an  uneasy  gaiety.  The  part  has  been  modified  by  the 
actors. 

Acri  (a'kre).  A  small  town  in  the  province  of 
Cosenza,  southern  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mu- 
cone  about  13  miles  north-northeast  of  Co- 
senza. 

AcrisiUS  (a-kris'i-us).  [G:r.'AKptmoc.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  king  of  Argos,  father  of  Danae. 

Acroceraunia  (ak"ro-se-ra'ni-a),  or  Akroke- 
r aunia  (ak-ro-ke-r&'ni-a) .  [Gr.  ra  aKpa  xepaiivia, 
the  thunder-smitten  peaks.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  promontory  which  projects  from  the 
northwestern  part  of  Epirus  into  the  Ionian 
sea,  about  lat.  40°  27'  N.,  long.  19°  20'  E. :  the 
modern  Greek  Glossa  and  Italian  Lingnetta. 
The  name  is  sometimes  incorrectly  extended  to  the  whole 
range  of  Ceraunlan  Mountains  (which  see). 

Acro-Corinthns  (ak*ro-ko-rin'thus).  A  height 
(over  1,800  feet)  covered  with  ruins,  under  the 
northern  slope  of  which  lies  the  city  of  Corinth, 
Greece :  celebrated  for  its  extensive  view.  The 
medieval  fortifications  form  a  triple  line,  1^  miles  in  cir- 
cuit, below  the  summit.  Of  the  ancient  fortifications, 
the  celebrated  temple  of  Aphrodite,  and  other  religious 
foundations,  the  remains  are  very  scanty.  The  most  inter- 
esting relic  of  antiquity  is  the  vaulted  subterranean  well- 
house  of  the  famed  fountain  Pirene.  The  view  from  the 
summit  is  of  remarkable  grandeur,  and  embraces  many 
of  the  storied  sites  and  mountains  of  Greece. 

Acropolis  (a-krop'o-Us).  [Gr.  aKp&Kokig,  the  up- 
per city,  from  atcpo^,  highest,  upper,  and  ird/ljf, 
city.]  A  general  name  for  the  citadel  of  an 
ancient  Greek  city,  but  especially  approjjriated 
to  that  of  Athens,  famous  for  the  placing  on 
its  summit  in  the  5th  century  B.  o.  of  the  high- 
est achievements  of  Greek  art,  the  Parthe- 
non and  the  Erechthenm,  with  the  sculptures 
which  adorned  them  without  and  within,  and 
the  Propylssa,  or  monumental  gate,  inside  of 
the  walls  at  the  west  end.  The  Acropolis  is  a  ijre- 
cipitous  rook  which  rises  about  260  feet  above  the  city, 
and  extends  1,000  feet  from  east  to  west,  and  400  in  its 
greatest  width.  It  was  the  site  of  the  earliest  Athens 
known  to  history,  was  strongly  fortified,  and  contained 
the  pida«e  of  the  king  until  the  expulsion  of  the  Pisistra- 
tids.  From  this  time  it  ceased  to  be  inhabited,  and  was 
reserved  as  sacred  ground  and  as  a  last  refuge  in  time  of 
danger.  It  was  taken  and  sacked  by  the  Persians  in  480 
B.  0. ;  shortly  afterward  its  fortifications  were  strength- 
ened and  completed  and  its  area  increased  by  retaining- 
walls  and  filling,  especially  by  Cimon,  who  had  much  to 
do  with  devising  the  plans  for  monumental  embellish- 
ment which  were  carried  out  under  Pericles.  The  ancient 
entrance  to  the  Acropolis  was  on  the  southwest,  by  a 
narrow,  winding  path  commanded  by  the  battlements 
above.  Among  the  other  monuments  of  the  Acropolis 
are  the  pre-Persian  temple  of  Athena,  correctly  identified 
and  studied  by  Dorpf  eld  in  1885,  the  colossal  bronze  statue 
by  Phidias  of  Athena  Promachos,  and  the  temple  of 
Wingless  Victory.  The  slopes  of  the  Acropolis  were  occu- 
pied by  important  foundations,  particularly  on  the  south, 
where  lie  the  Odeum  of  Herodes,  the  sanctuary  of  .«!scu- 
lapius,  and  the  Dionysiac  theater.  Under  the  medieval 
Franks  and  Turks  the  Acropolis  was  the  citadel  and  abode 
of  the  dukes  and  pashas.  The  Parthenon  was  in  turn 
cathedral  and  mosque ;  the  Propylsea  became  the  palace 
and  government  offices;  and  the  Erechthenm,  after  being 
a  church,  was  fitted  as  the  pasha's  harem.  These  great 
monuments  remained  comparatively  unharmed  until  a 
late  date  in  the  Turkish  domination.  The  Propylsea  were 
shattered  by  an  explosion  of   gunpowder  induced  by 


11 

lightning,  the  Erechthenm  was  destroyed  by  the  over- 
weighting of  the  A)ofs  in  the  effort  to  make  them  bomb- 
proof, and  the  Parthenon  was  cut  in  two  in  1687,  during 
the  Venetian  siege  of  Athens  under  Kbnigsmark,  by  a 
bomb  purposely  shot  into  the  powder  stored  in  it. 

Acropolita  (ak"r6-p6-li'ta),  George.  Bom  at 
Constantinople  in  1220 :  died  Dec. ,  1282.  A  By- 
zantine historian  and  diplomat,  employed  by 
the  emperor  Michael  Palreologus  in  the  nego- 
tiations with  Popes  Clement  IV.,  Gregory  X., 
John  XXI.,  Nicholas  III.,  and  Martin  IV.,  to  re- 
unite the  Greek  and  Latin  churches.  He  wrote 
a  history  of  the  Byzantine  empire  from  1204 
to  1261. 

Acs  (ach).  A  village  in  the  county  of  Eomorn, 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Danube  west  of 
Komorn :  the  scene  of  several  contests  between 
the  Austrians  and  Hungarians  in  1849. 

Acta  Apostolorum  (ak'ta  a-pos-to-lo'rum). 
See  Acts  of  the  Apostles. 

Acta  Diurna (ak'ta di-6r'na).  [L.,'eventsof the 
day.']  AEoman  "  of&cial  daily  chronicle,  which, 
in  addition  to  official  reports  of  events  inthe 
imperial  family,  and  state  and  city  afEairs,  con- 
tained regulations  by  the  magistrates,  transac- 
tions and  decrees  of  the  senate,  accidents,  and 
family  news  communicated  to  the  editors.  The 
Acta  were  publicly  exhibited  on  a  whitened  board  (oZfrttm), 
which  any  one  might  read  and  copy ;  and  there  were  men 
who  made  a  business  of  multiplying  and  transmitting 
such  news  to  the  provinces.  Alter  a  time  the  originals 
were  placed  among  the  state  archives  for  the  benefit  of 
those  who  wished  to  consult  them"  {Seyffert,  Diet,  of 
Class.  Antiq.  Ed.  by  Nettleship  and  Sandys),  The  publi- 
cation of  such  news  was  made  ofiicial  by  Caesar :  it  ceased, 
apparently,  on  the  transfer  of  the  capital  to  Constanti- 
nople. The  eleven  fragments  of  "Acta  (diuma)  populi" 
first  published  in  1615  (called  "fragmenta  Dodwelliana," 
from  Dodwell  the  chief  defender  of  their  genuineness) 
are  now  regarded  as  spurious. 

Actseon  (ak-te'on).  [Gr.  Ji/craiuv.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  hunter,  son  of  Aristaaus  and  Au- 
tonoe,  daughter  of  (Iladmus,  who,  having  seen 
Artemis  (Diana)  bathing^  was  changed  by  her 
into  a  stag  and  torn  in  pieces  by  his  own  dogs. 
Other  accounts  of  his  death  are  given. 

Acta  Eruditorum  (ak'ta  e-rS-di-to'rum).  [L., 
'acts  of  the  learned':  with  reference  to  the 
Eoman  'acta,'  or  official  records.  See  Acta 
Diuma.}  The  first  German  literary  periodical, 
founded  by  Otto  Menoke  at  Leipsie,  1682,  and 
discontinued  1782.  After  his  death  his  son  J.  B. 
Mencke  became  editor.  In  1732  the  title  was  changed  to 
' ' Nova  Acta  Eruditorum " — anew  series  edited  by  another 
son,  F.  0.  Mencke. 

Acta  Martyrum  (ak'ta  mar'ti-rum).  See  Acta 
Sanctorum. 

Acta  Pilati  (ak'ta  pi-la'ti).  A  spurious  report 
said  to  have  been  sent  by  Pilate  to  Tiberius  on 
the  trial  and  death  of  Christ. 

Acta  Sanctorum  (ak'ta  sangk-to'rum).  [L., 
'the  deeds  of  the  saints':  with  reference  to 
the  Eoman '  acta,'  or  official  records.]  A  name 
applied  generally  to  all  collections  of  accounts 
of  saints  and  martyrs,  both  of  the  Boman  and 
Greek  churches;  specifically,  the  name  of  a 
work  begun  by  the  Bollandists,  a  society  of 
Jesuits,  in  1643.  It  now  consists  of  over  sixty 
folio  volumes,  including  an  index  published  in 
1875. 

Actium  (ak'shi-um).  [Gr.  'ii/cnow.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  promontory  on  the  northwestern 
coast  of  Acamania,  Greece,  about  lat.  38°  56' 
N.,  long.  20°  46'  E.  The  ancient  peribolos  or  sacred 
inclosure,  rectangular  in  plan  and  built  in  opus  reticula- 
tum,  the  seat  of  the  famous  Actian  games  of  Augustus, 
still  remains.  Recent  excavations  have  laid  bare  extensive 
ruins  of  several  successive  temples,  the  latest  of  which  is 
that  dedicated  by  Augustus  after  the  victory  of  B.  0.  31. 
A  famous  naval  battle  was  fought  near  Actium  between 
Ootavius  and  Mark  Antony  and  Cleopatra  Sept.  2,  31  B.  0. 
It  was  decided  by  the  flight  of  Cleopatra.  Antony's  land 
forces  surrendered  to  Octavius.  The  victory  secured  for 
the  latter  supreme  rule  over  the  Itoman  dominion. 

Actius  Syiiceriis.  The  academical  name  of 
Sanazzaro. 

Acton  (ak'ton).  A  suburb  of  London  in  the 
county  of  Middlesex,  Similes  west  of  St.  Paul's. 
Population  (1891),  24,207. 

Acton,  Charles  Januarius  Edward.  Bom  at 
Naples,  March  6, 1803 :  died  there,  June  23, 1847. 
The  second  son  of  Sir  John  Francis  Edward 
Acton.  He  entered  the  service  of  the  Pope,  was  made 
cardinal  in  1842,  and  played  an  important  part  in  papal 
politics,  especially  in  matters  relating  to  England. 

Acton,  Eliza.  Bom  at  Battle,  England,  April 
17,  1799:  died  at  Hampstead,  Feb.  13,  1859. 
AJn  English  poet  and  prose  writer,  best  known 
as  the  author  of  "Modem  Cookery"  (1845). 

Acton,  Sir  John  Francis  Edward.  Bom  at 
Besan^on,  France,  1736:  died  at  Palermo,  Aug. 
12,  1811.  An  officer  in  the  naval  service  of 
France  and  afterward  (1799)  of  Tuscany,  gen- 
eralissimo and  prime  minister  at  Naples  during 


Adalbert 

the  French  revolutionary  epoch,  in  December, 
1798,  after  the  successes  of  the  French  in  northern  Italy, 
Acton  fled  (with  the  king  and  queen)  to  Palermo,  but 
was  soon  restored  to  Naples  where  he  established  a  reign 
of  terror,  committing  to  prison  and  executing  many  citi- 
zens on  the  authority  of  the  Junta.  In  1804  he  waa  re- 
moved on  the  demand  of  France. 

Acton,  Thomas  0.  Bom  1823:  died  May  1, 
1898.  An  American  banker  and  public  official, 
president  of  the  board  of  New  York  police 
during  the  draft  riots  in  1863. 

Actors'  Vindication,  The.  See  Apology  for 
Actors. 

Acts  of  the  Apostles.  A  book  of  the  New 
Testament,  a  continuation  of  the  third  gospel 
(Luke),  and,  according  to  a  uniform  tradition, 
by  the  same  author.  It  is  a  history  of  the  early 
progress  of  Christianity  after  (and  including)  the  ascen- 
sion of  Christ. 

Acuco.    See  Acoma. 

Acufia  (a-kon'ya),  Cristoval  de.  Bom  at  Bur- 
gos, Spain,  1597:  died  at  Lima,  Peru,  probably 
before  1655.  A  Jesuit  missionary  and  author. 
He  was  rector  of  the  College  of  Cuenca,  near  Quito.  In 
1639  he  accompanied  Pedro  Teixeira  on  his  voyage  down 
the  Amazon,  and  in  1641  published  at  Madrid  his  "  Nuevo 
descubrimiento  del  gran  no  de  las  Amazonas,"  which  is  the 
first  clear  account  of  that  river.  The  original  edition  of 
this  work  is  very  rare,  but  there  are  later  ones  in  various 
languages.  It  appears  that  Acufia  visited  Home  as  procu- 
rator of  his  province  before  returning  to  Peru. 

Acuna  y  Bejarano  (a-kon'ya  e  ba-Ha-ra'no), 
Juan  de,  Marquis  of  Casa  Puerto.  Bom  at 
Lima,  Peru,  1657:  died  at  Mexico,  1734.  A 
Spanish-American  soldier  and  administrator. 
He  was  governor  of  Messina,  viceroy  of  Aragon  and  Mal- 
lorca,  member  of  the  supreme  council  of  war,  and  vice- 
roy  of  New  Spain  from  1722  until  his  death. 

Acuna,  Hernando  de.  Died  1580.  A  Spanish 
poet  and  soldier.  He  served  in  the  expedition  of 
Charles  V.  against  Tunis.  At  the  request  of  the  emperor 
he  translated  Olivier  de  la  Marche's  "Le  chevalier  iill- 
b^r6."  His  poems  were  published  after  his  death,  under 
the  title  "Varias  Poeslas"  (1591). 

Acusilaus  (a-ku-si-la'us).  [Gr.  'AKOvaiTiaog.']  An 
ancient  Greek  commentator  on,  or  prose  para- 
phrast  of,  the  Theogony  of  Hesiod.  He  was  born 
at  Argos  probably  about  the  middle  of  the  eth  century 
B.  0.,  and  waa  by  some  regarded  as  one  of  the  seven  wise 
men. 

Ada  (a'da).  [The  Greek  form  of  the  Hebrew 
name.]    See  Adah. 

Adad.    See  Sadad. 

Adafudia,  or  Adafoodia(a-da-f6'di-a).  Atown 
in  the  western  part  of  Sudan,  Africa,  in  lat. 
13°  6'  N.,  long.  1°  8'  E.  Population,  about 
25,000  (?). 

Adah  (a'da).  [Heb.,  'ornament,'  'beauty'; 
Gr.  'A6d,  Ada.]  1.  In  the  Old  Testament  :'(o) 
The  first  of  the  two  wives  of  Lamech.  Gen.  iv. 
19-23.  (6)  One  of  the  wives  of  Esau  and  the 
mother  of  EUphaz.  Gen.  xxxvi. —  2.  The  wife 
of  Cain,  a  character  in  "Cain,"  by  Lord  Byron. 

Adair  (a-dar'),  James.  An  English  trader  resi- 
dent among  the  North  American  (Chickasaw 
and  Cherokee)  Indians  from  1735  to  1775.  He 
wrote  a ' '  History  of  the  American  Indians  "  (1776X  in  which 
he  maintains  that  the  Indians  are  descendants  of  the  Jews. 

Adair,  John.  Bom  in  Chester  County,  S.  C, 
1759:  died  in  Harrodsburg,  Ky.,  May  19,  1840. 
An  American  politician  and  soldier.  He  served 
in  the  Kevolutionary  War,  was  an  officer  in  the  Kentucky 
State  militia  (ultimately  brigadier-general),  served  in  the 
Indian  wars,  and  commanded  the  Kentucl^  troops  at  the 
battle  of  New  Orleans.  He  was  United  States  senator 
from  Kentucky  1806-06,  governor  of  Kentucky  1820-24, 
and  member  of  Congress  1831-33. 

Adair,  Sir  Robert.  Bom  at  London,  May  24, 
1763 :  died  there,  Oct.  3, 1855.  An  English  dip- 
lomat and  writer  of  historical  memoirs.  He  was 
sent  on  diplomatic  missions  to  Vienna  1806-07,  to  Constan- 
tinople 1808-09,  where  he  concluded  the  treaty  of  the  Dar- 
danelles, and  to  the  Low  Countries  1831-35.  He  published 
"Historical  Memoirs  of  a  Mission  to  the  Court  of  Vienna 
in  1808"  (1844),  and  "The  Negotiations  for  the  Peace  of 
the  Dardanelles  in  1808-1809  "  (1846). 

Adair,  Robin.    See  BoMn  Adair. 

Adaize.    See  Hadai. 

Adal  (a-dal'),  or  Adel  (a-dal').  A  region  in 
eastern  Africa,  bounded  by  Danakil  Land  on 
the  north,  the  Gulf  of  Aden  on  the  east,  Somali 
Land  on  the  south,  and  Abyssinia  on  the  west. 
Its  inhabitants  are  Mohammedan  nomads.  There  are 
British  and  French  possessions  on  the  coast.    Also  Adaiel, 


Adalberon  (a-dal'be-ron),  or  Adalbero  (a-dal'- 
be-ro).  Died  988.  BishopofEheims  and  chan- 
cellor of  France  under  Lothaire  and  Louis  V. 
In  963  he  was  made  archbishop,  and  in  987  he  officiated 
at  the  coronation  of  Hugh  Capet,  by  whom  he  was  elevated 
to  the  position  of  lord  high  chancellor. 

Adalbert  (ad'al-bert).  Saint.  Flourished  about 
700.  An  early  English  saint,  perhaps  a  grand- 
son of  Oswald,  king  of  Deira.  He  devoted  him- 
self to  missionary  work  among  the  Friesians,  and  is  said  to 
have  been  the  first  archdeacon  of  Utrecht 


Adalbert 

Adalbert,  Saint  (originally  CzechVojtech  (voi'- 
tedh).  Born  near  fiague,  Bohemia,  about  955: 
martyred  in  West  Prussia,  April  23,  997.  A 
Bohemian  prelate,  bishop  of  Prague,  called  the 
"  Apostle  of  the  Prussians."  in  988  he  abandoned 
his  diocese  and  retired  to  the  monastery  of  Sant'  Alessio 
In  Rome,  but  was  constrained  in  993  to  return.  He  then 
devoted  himself  to  missionary  work  among  the  Prussians. 

Adalbert.  Died  981.  A  German  missionary, 
archbishop  of  Magdeburg,  called  the  "Apostle 
of  the  Slavs."       ^  ^>  *" 

Adalbert.  Died  at  Goslar,  Prussia,  March  16, 
1072.  A  German  prelate,  archbishop  of  Bre- 
men and  Hamburg.  He  attempted  the  forma- 
tion of  a  northern  patriarchate. 

Adalbert  (a'dal-bert),  Heinrich  Wilhelm. 
Born  at  Berlin,  Oct.  29, 1811:  died  at  Karlsbad, 
June  6,  1873.  A  prince  of  Prussia,  son  of 
Prince  Wilhelm,  the  youngest  brother  of  King 
Frederick  William  HI.  He  entered  the  army  as  an 
artillery  officer  In  1832.  In  1842  he  visited  southern  Brazil 
and  the  Amazon  and  Xingti.  A  description  of  this  voyage 
was  published  for  private  circulation,  and  republished  in 
English  (2  vols.,  London,  1849).  After  the  revolution  of 
1848  he  was  employed  in  the  organization  of  the  German 
marine. 

Adalia  (a-da'le-a),  or  Antaliyell  (an-ta'le-ye), 
or  Satali  (sa-ta'le),  orSataliah  (sa-ta'le-a).  A 
town  in  the  vilayet  of  Konieh,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Adalia  about  lat.  36° 
52'  N.,  long.  30°  45'  E.,  built  by  Attains  II.  of 
Pergamum,  and  a  leading  city  of  ancient  Pam- 
phyUa :  the  ancient  Attaleia.  Population  (es- 
timated), 13,000. 

Adalia,  Gulf  of,  or  Pamphylian  Gulf.  An 
arm  of  the  Mediterranean  on  the  southern  coast 
of  Asia  Minor:  the  ancient  Pamphylious  Sinus. 

Adam  (ad'am).  [Heb.  'Adhdm.]  1.  The  first 
man ;  the  father  of  the  human  race,  according 
to  the  account  of  the  creation  in  Genesis. 

like  cherub,  Adam  also  was  a  Babylonian  word.  It  has 
the  general  sense  of  "man,"  and  Is  used  in  this  sense  both 
in  Hebrew  and  in  Assyrian.  But  as  in  Hebrew  it  has  come 
to  be  the  proper  name  of  the  first  man,  so,  too,  in  the  old 
Babylonian  legends,  the  "Adamites "  were  "the  white 
race  "  of  Semitic  descent,  who  stood  in  marlced  contrast 
to  "the  blacls  heads  "  or  Accadians  of  primitive  Babylonia. 
Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  31. 

2.  A  character  in  Shakspere's  "As  you  Like 
it,"  an  old  and  faithful  servant  of  Oliver,  but 
following  the  fortunes  of  Orlando.  There  is  a 
tradition  that  Shakspere  himself  acted  this 
part. 

Adam,  Master  or  Mattre.    See  Billaut,  Adam. 

Adam.  A  city  of  Palestine  mentioned  in  the 
3d  chapter  of  Joshua. 

Adam  of  Bremen.  Died  at  Bremen  about 
1076.  A  German  ecclesiastical  historian,  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  the  diocese  of  Hamburg 
and  Bremen  for  the  period  788-1072  (Copen- 
hagen, 1579) :  the  chief  authority  for  Scandi- 
navian church  history  during  this  period. 

Adam  of  Murimuth.  Bom  about  1286 :  died 
1370.  An  English  chronicler,  ambassador  to 
Bome  1823,  canon  of  Hereford,  and  vice-gen- 
eral to  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  1325. 
"His  clux)nicle  extends  as  an  original  record  over  the 
forty  years  from  1306  to  1346.  The  continuation  extends 
to  the  year  1380."    Morley,  Eng.  Writers,  IV.  251. 

Adam  of  Orlton.  Bom  at  Hereford,  England: 
died  at  Farnham,  England,  July  18, 1345.  An 
English  prelate,  made  bishop  of  Hereford  in 
1317,  of  Worcester  in  1327,  and  of  Winchester  in 
1333.  He  took  the  part  of  the  barons  against  Edward 
IL,was  tried  by  Parliament  for  treason  as  an  adherent  of 
Mortimer  (the  first  English  bishop,  it  is  said,  ever  tried 
before  a  lay  court),  and  was  inlluential  in  political  affairs 
during  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 

Adam  (a-don'),  Adolphe  Charles.  Bom  at 
Paris,  July  24, 1803 :  died  at  Paris,  May  3, 1856. 
A  French  composer  of  comic  opera.  His  best- 
known  work  is  "Le  Postilion  de  Longjumeau" 
(1836). 

Adam  (a'dam),  Albrecht.  Bom  at  Nordlingen, 
April  16,  1786 :  died  at  Munich,  Aug.  28,  1862. 
A  German  painter  noted  especially  for  his  bat- 
tle-pieces and  paintings  of  horses. 

Adam  (ad'am),  Alexander.  Born  near  Forres, 
Scotland,  June  24,  1741 :  died  at  Edinburgh, 
Dec.  18,  1809.  A  Scottish  educator,  rector  of 
the  High  School  of  Edinburgh  3768-1809.  He 
published  "Koman  Antiquities"  (1791),  and 
other  works. 

Adam  (a-doii'),  Mme.  Edmond.  Bom  at  Ver- 
berie,  Oise,  Oct.  4,  1836.  A  French  journalist, 
founder  (in  1879)  and  editor  of  the  "  Nouvelle 
Eevue,"  and  miscellaneous  writer.  Among  her 
works  are  "Garibaldi"  (1859),  "E^cits  d'une  paysanne" 
(1862),  "Voyage  autourd'un  grand  pin"  (1863),  "Dansles 
Alpes"  (1867),  "Laide"  (1878),  "La  Patrie  Hongroise: 
Souvenks  personnels,"  etc.  She  has  been  twice  married, 
first  to  M.  la  Messine.    M.  Adam,  prefect  of  police  in 


12 

the  Franco-German  war,  and  later  life  senator,  died  in 
1877.  She  has  written  under  the  names  of  J.  La  Messine, 
Juliette  Lamber,  and  Comte  Paul  Vasili. 

Adam  (a'dam),  Franz.  Bom  May  4, 1815 :  died 
Sept.  30,  1886.  A  German  painter,  chiefly  of 
military  scenes,  son  of  Albrecht  Adam. 

Adam  (a-don'),  Louis.  Bom  at  Miettershelz, 
Alsace,  1758:  died  at  Paris,  1848.  A  noted 
French  pianist,  father  of  Adolphe  Charles 
Adam. 

Adam  (a'dam),  MelcMor.  Bom  at  Grottkau, 
Silesia,  1551 :  died  1622.  A  German  Protestant 
divine  and  biographer,  author  of  "Vitse  Ger- 

'  manorum  Philosophorum,"  etc. 

Adam  (a-don'),  Qulrin  Francois  Lucien. 
Bom  at  Nancy,  May  31, 1833.  A  French  magis- 
trate and  philologist,  noted  for  researches  on 
American  and  other  languages. 

Adam  (ad'am),  Bobert.  Bom  at  Kirkcaldy, 
Scotland,  lt28:  died  at  London,  March  3, 1792. 
A  noted  Scottish  architect  and  landscape-pain- 
ter.   See  Adelphi. 

Adam,  William.  Bom  at  Maryburgh,  Kinross, 
Scotland,  Aug.  2, 1751 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Feb. 
17, 1839.  A  British  lawyer  and  politician,  one 
of  the  managers  of  the  impeachment  of  Warren 
Hastings,  1788,  and  chancellor  of  the  Duchy  of 
Comwall,  1806. 

Adam,  William  Patrick.  Bom  Sept.  14, 1823 : 
died  at  Ootacamimd,  India,  May  24:,  1881.  A 
British  politician,  whip  of  the  Liberal  party 
from  1874  to  1880,  and  governor  of  Madras  from 
1880  till  his  death. 

Adam  Bede  (ad'am  bed).  A  novel  by  George 
EUot  (Mary  Ann  Evans)  published  in  1859. 
See  Bede,  Adam. 

Adam  Bell,  Clym  of  the  Cloughe,  and  Wyl- 
lyam  of  Cloudeslee.  An  old  ballad  printed  by 
William  Copland  about  1550,  and  in  the  collec- 
tions of  Percy  and  Bitson.  Child  repeats  it  from 
mtson  with  some  variations  from  an  edition  older  than 
Copland's  recovered  by  Payne  Collier.    See  Bell,  Adam. 

Adam  Cupid.  A  nickname  of  Cupid  in  Shak- 
spere's "Komeo  and  Juliet"  (ii.  1).  Some  com- 
mentators contend  that  the  name  should  be  "  Abram  "  (the 
quartos  (2-5)  and  folios  have  "Abraham"),  a  corruption 
of  "auburn,  as  Cupid  is  frequently  represented  with  au- 
burn or  yellowish  hair.  Others  agree  with  Upton  in  the 
following  extract. 

Shakespere  wrote  "Young  Adam  Cupid,"  &c.  The 
printer  or  transcriber  gave  us  this  "Abram,"  mistaking 
the  d  for  br,  and  thus  made  a  passage  direct  nonsense 
which  was  understood  in  Sh.'s  time  by  all  his  audience ; 
for  this  Adam  was  a  most  notable  archer,  named  Adam 
Bell,  who  tor  his  skill  became  a  proverb.  In  Much  Ado, 
I,  i:  "And  he  that  hits  me,  let  him  be  clapped  on  the 
shoulder,  and  called  Adam." 

Upton,  quoted  in  Furness,  Var. 

Adam  de  la  Halle.    See  La  Salle. 

Adam  Eadmon  (ad'am  kad'mon).  [Heb., '  the 
first  man.']  In  eatalistio  doctrine,  the  first 
man,  emanating  from  the  infinite  and  repre- 
senting the  ten  Sephiroth  (which  see). 

Adamastor  (ad-am-as'tor).  The  phantom  of 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  the  "Lusiad":  a 
terrible  spirit  described  by  Camoens  as  appear- 
ing to  Vaseo  da  Gama  and  prophesying  the  mis- 
fortunes which  should  fall  upon  other  expedi- 
tions to  India. 

Adamawa  (a-da-ma'wa).  A  region  in  Sudan, 
Africa,  intersected  by  lat  8°  N.,  long.  13°  E., 
having  an  area  of  about  70,000  square  miles : 
the  ancient  kingdom  of  Fumbina.  The  ruling 
class  isFulah ;  but  the  population  consists  of  several  negro 
tribes  with  Bantu  admixtures.  Such  are  the  Batta,  Dama, 
Mbana,  Mbuma,  Kotofo,  Zani,  and  Fall.  To  denote  the  re- 
spective tribal  dialects,  the  suffix  nchi  is  appended,  e.  g., 
Batta-nchi,  Daraa-nchi,  Mbana-nchi.  All  these  dialects 
seem  to  form  one  linguistic  cluster.  Islam  is  the  domi- 
nant religion ;  the  masses  are  pagan.  There  is  no  Chris- 
tian mission. 

Adamello  Alps  (a-da-mel'6  alps).  A  group  of 
the  Alps  on  the  border  between  Italy  and  Tyrol, 
south  of  the  Ortler  group.  The  highest  point 
is  about  11,500  feet. 

Adamites  (ad'am-its).  A  sect  which  originated 
in  the  north  oi  Africa  in  the  2d  century,  and 
pretended  to  have  attained  to  the  primitive  in- 
nocence of  Adam,  rejecting  mamage  and  (in 
their  assemblies  or  "paradises")  clothing.  This 
heresy  reappeared  in  the  14th  century,  in  Savoy,  and  again 
in  the  15th  century  among  the  Brethren  and  Sisters  of 
the  Free  Spirit,  in  Germany,  Bohemia,  and  Moravia.  It 
was  suppressed  in  1421  on  account  of  the  crimes  and  im- 
moralities of  its  votaries.  When  toleration  was  proclaimed 
by  Joseph  II.,  in  1781,  the  sect  revived,  but  was  promptly 
proscribed.  Its  latest  appearance  was  during  the  insur- 
rection of  1848-49. 

Adamnan  (ad'am-nan),  or  Adomnan,  Saint. 
Bom  in  Ulster,  Ireland,  about  625:  died  at 
lona,  Scotland,  704.  A  Cleltic  ecclesiastic,  ab- 
bot of  lona;  author  of  "  Vita  Columbse "  and 
"De  Locis  Sanctis,"  an  account  of  Palestine 
and  other  countries. 


Adams,  Henry 

Adampi  (a-dam'pe).    See.<4fcrrf. 

Adams  (ad'amz).  A  town  in  Berkshire  County, 
Massachusetts,  47  miles  northwest  of  Sprmg- 
field.    Population  (1900),  11,134. 

Adams.  A  town  in  Jefferson  County,  New 
York,  40  miles  northeast  of  Oswego.  Popula- 
tion (1900)j  town,  3,081. 

Adams,  Abraham  ("Parson").    In  Fielding's 

•  novel  "Joseph  Andrews,"  a  poor  curate  whose 
adventures  (chiefly  ludicrous)  in  the  company 
of  Joseph  Andrews  and  his  betrothed,  Fanny, 
constitute  .a  large  part  of  the  book.  He  is  a  por- 
trait of  Fielding's  friend  Young.  His  characteristics  are 
given  in  the  following  passage. 

Mr.  Abraham  Adams  was  an  excellent  scholar.  He  was 
a  perfect  master  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages :  to 
which  he  added  a  great  share  of  knowledge  in  the  Oriental 
tongues  and  could  read  and  translate  French,  Italian,  and 
Spanish.  He  had  applied  many  years  to  the  most  severe 
study,  and  had  treasured  up  a  fund  of  learning  rarely  to 
be  met  with  in  a  university :  he  was,  besides,  a  man  of 
good  sense,  good  parts,  and  good  nature ;  but  was,  at  the 
same  time,  as  entirely  ignorant  of  the  ways  of  this  world 
as  an  infant  Just  entered  into  it  could  possibly  be.  As  he 
had  never  any  intention  to  deceive,  so  he  never  suspected 
such  a  design  in  others.  He  was  generous,  friendly,  and 
brave,  to  an  excess ;  but  simplicity  was  his  characteristic : 
he  did,  no  more  than  Mr.  CoUey  Cibber,  apprehend  any 
such  passions  as  malice  and  envy  to  exist  in  mankind ; 
which  was  indeed  less  remarkable  in  a  country  parson,  than 
in  a  gentleman  who  has  passed  his  life  behind  the  scenes ; — 
a  place  which  has  been  seldom  thought  the  school  of  in- 
nocence ;  and  where  a  very  little  observation  would  have 
convinced  the  great  apologist  that  those  passions  have  a 
real  existence  in  the  human  mind. 

Fwlding,  Joseph  Andrew^  p.  4. 

Adams,  Charles  Baker.  Bom  at  Dorchester, 
Mass.,  Jan.  11, 1814:  died  at  St.  Thomas,  West 
Indies,  Jan.  19,  1853.  An  American  naturalist 
and  geologist.  He  became  professor  of  chemistry  and 
natural  history  at  Middlebury  College,  Vermont,  in  1888: 
was  State  geologist  of  Vermont  from  1846  to  1848;  and 
became  professor  of  astronomy  and  zoology  in  Amherst 
College,  1847.  He  was  associated  with  Professor  Edward 
Hitchcock  in  a  geological  survey  of  New  York.  Between 
1844  and  1851  he  made  scientific  journeys  to  Panama  and 
the  West  Indies. 

Adams,  Charles  FoUen.  Bom  at  Dorchester, 
Mass.,  April  21,  1842.  An  American  writer  of 
German  dialect  poems,  etc.  He  served  in  the  13th 
Massachusetts  regiment  of  infantry  in  the  Civil  War,  and 
was  wounded  and  taken  prisoner  at  Gettysburg.  In  1877 
he  published  "  Leedle  Yawcoob  Strauss  and  other  Poems." 

Adams,  Charles  Francis.  Born  at  Boston, 
Aug.  18,  1807:  died  at  Boston,  Nov.  21,  1886. 
An  American  statesman  and  diplomatist,  son 
of  J.  Q.  Adams.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in 
1825,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1828,  became  a  Whig 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  legislature  in  1831,  and  was 
made  candidate  of  the  Free-soil  party  for  Vice-President 
in  1848.  He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts 
1859-61,  United  States  minister  to  England  1861-68,  and 
United  States  arbitrator  at  the  Geneva  tribunal  1871-7i 
He  published  "Life  and  Works  of  John  Adams  "  (10  vols., 
1850-66),  and  edited  "Diary  of  John  Quincy  Adams"  (12 
vols.,  1874-77). 

Adams,  Charles  Francis.  Bom  at  Boston, 
May  2'7,  1835.  An  American  lawyer  and  poli- 
tician, second  son  of  C.  F.  Adams  (1807-86).  He 
served  in  the  Union  army  throughout  the  Civil  War  (mus- 
tered out  as  brevet  brigadier-general  of  volunteers),  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  board  of  Massachusetts  rail- 
road commissioners  in  1869,  and  was  president  ol  the 
Union  Pacific  Kailroad  from  1884  to  1890. 

Adams,  Charles  Kendall.  Bom  at  Derby,  Vt., 
Jan.  24, 1835:  died  July  26,  1902.  An  Ameri- 
can educator  and  historical  writer.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  history  at  the  University  of  Michigan  1863-85, 
president  of  Cornell  University  1885-92,  and  president  of 
the  University  of  Wisconsin  1892-1901.  He  was  the  author 
of  "Democracy  and  Monarchy  in  I"rance"  (1874),  "Man- 
ual of  Historical  Literature  "  (1882),  etc. 

Adams,  Clement.  Born  at  Buckington,  War- 
wickshire, about  1519:  died  Jan.  9,  1587.  An 
English  teacher  and  author,  schoolmaster  to 
the  royal  "henchmen"  (pages)  at  Greenwich. 
He  wrote  down  Chancellor's  oral  narrative  of  his  journey 
to  Moscow  in  1653,  the  first  written  account  of  the  earliest 
English  intercourse  with  Russia  (published  by  Haklnyt 
in  his  "  Collections  "  of  1689). 

Adams,  Edwin.  Bom  at  Medford,  Mass.,  Feb. 
3, 1834:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Oct.  25, 1877. 
An  American  actor,  particularly  successful  in 
the  romantic  drama,  though  much  admired  in 
pure  comedy  and  tragedy.  He  made  his  d6but 
in  1853  at  Boston. 

Adams,  Hannah.  Bom  at  Medfield,  Mass., 
1755:  died  at  Brookline,  Mass.,  Nov.  15,  1832. 
An  American  writer,  author  of  "  View  of  Re- 
ligious Opinions"  (1784:  later  entitled  "Dic- 
tionary of  Religions"),  a  "History  of  New  Eng- 
land" (1799),  a  "History  of  the  Jews"  (1812), 
etc. 

Adams,  Henry.  Bom  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Feb. 
16,  1838.  An  American  historian,  third  son  of 
C.  F.  Adams  (1807-86);  author  of  "Essays  in 
Anglo-Saxon  Law"  (1876),  a  life  of  Gallatin 
(1879),  a  life  of  John  Randolph  (1882),  etc. 


Adams,  Henry 

HIb  chief  Tork  is  a  "History  of  tlie  United  States  "  under 
the  administrations  of  Jefferson  and  M.adifion  (9  vols.). 

Adams,  John.  Born  at  Braiutree  (in  present 
Quinoy),  Mass.,  Oct.  30,  1735:  died  at  Quinoy, 
Mass.,  July  4,  1826.  The  second  President  of 
the  United  States,  1797-1801.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1765,  studied  law,  took  a  leading  part  in 
opposing  the  Stamp  Act,  was  counsel  for  the  soldiers 
charged  with  murder  in  connection  with  the  "Boston 
massacre"  of  1770,  and  became  a  leader  of  the  patriot 
party.  In  1774  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary congress  of  Massachusetts.  He  was  a  delegate 
to  the  first  and  second  Continental  Congresses,  proposed 
Washington  as  commander-in-chief,  signed  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  was  appointed  commissioner  to 
Trance  in  1777  (arriving  at  Paris  in  1778),  negotiated  a 
treaty  with  the  Netherlands  in  1782,  was  one  of  the  nego- 
tiators of  the  treaties  with  Great  Britain,  1782-83,  nego- 
tiated a  treaty  with  Prussia,  was  appointed  minister  to 
London  iu  1785,  and  was  recalled  in  1788.  He  was  Fed- 
eral Vice-President  1789-97,  and  was  elected  as  Federal 
candidate  for  President  in  1796.  In  1800  he  was  the  un- 
successful Federal  candidate  for  President,  and  retired  to 
Quincy  in  1 801.  "  Life  and  Works, "  edited  by  0.  F.  Adams 
(10  vols.,  1850-66);  life  by  J.  Q.  and  C.  F.  Adams  (1871),  by 
J.  T.  Morse  (1885). 

Adams,  John.  Bom  in  England  about  1760  (?) : 
died  at  Pitoaim  Island,  1829.  A  leading  mu- 
tineer of  the  Bounty  (under  the  name  of  Alex- 
ander Smith)  and  governor  of  Pitoaim  Island. 
See  Bounty. 

Adams,  John.  Bom  in  Tennessee  in  1825: 
died  Nov.  30,  1864.  A  Confederate  general  in 
the  Civil  War.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1846, 
brevetted  first  lieutenant  for  gallantry  at  Santa  Cruz  de 
Sosales,  and  promoted  captain  of  dragoons  Nov.  30, 18S6 : 
he  resigned  May  31, 1861,  to  become  a  Confederate  major- 
general.    He  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Franklin,  lenn. 

Adams,  John  Couch.  Born  at  Lidcot,  Corn- 
wall, England,  June  5, 1819 :  died  at  Cambridge, 
England,  Jan.  21,  1892.  An  English  astrono- 
mer, professor  of  astronomy  at  Cambridge  and 
director  of  the  observatory.  He  shares  with 
Leverrier  the  honor  of  the  discovery  of  the 
planet  Neptune  (1846).    See  Neptune. 

Adams,  John  Quincy.  Bom  at  Braintree, 
Mass.,  July  11, 1767 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
Feb.  23, 1848.  The  sixth  President  of  the  United 
States,  1825-29,  son  of  President  John  Adams. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1787.  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1791.  He  was  United  States  minister  to  the 
Netherlands  1794-1797,  and  to  Prussia  1797-1801 ;  United 
States  senator  from  Massachusetts  1803-08 ;  professor  of 
rhetoric  and  belles-lettres  at  Harvard  1806-09;  United 
States  minister  to  Russia  1809-14 ;  one  of  the  negotiators 
of  the  treaty  of  Ghent,  1814 ;  United  States  minister  to 
England  1815-17 ;  secretary  of  state  1817-25 ;  candidate 
for  President,  1824,  and,  there  being  no  choice  by  electors, 
chosen  by  the  House  of  Representatives.  In  1828  Jackson 
defeated  him  for  the  Presidency.  He  was  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Massachusetts  (Anti-Masonic  and  Whig)  1831- 
1848,  and  unsuccessful  candidate  for  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts 1834.  His  diary  was  edited  by  C.  F.  Adams  (1874-77). 

Adams,  John  Quincy.  Bom  Sept.  22, 1833 :  died 
Aug.  14, 1894.  An  American  politician,  eldest 
son  of  C.  P<  Adams  (1807-86).  He  was  the  un- 
successful Democratic  candidate  for  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts in  1867  and  1871. 

Adams,  Mount.  1.  The  second  highest  (5,819 
feet)  summit  of  the  White  Mountains,  near 
Mount  Washington.— 2.  A  peak  of  the  Cas- 
cade Mountains,  9,570  feet  high. 

Adams,  Nehemiah.  Bom  at  Salem,  Mass., 
Feb.  19,  1806:  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  6, 
1878.  An  American  Congregational  clergy- 
man, pastor  in  Boston,  and  author  of  devotional 
and  other  works. 

Adams,  Parson.    See  Adams,  Abraham. 

Adams,  Point.  The  northwestemmost  head- 
land of  Oregon,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia 
river. 

Adams,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Sept. 
27,  1722:  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  2,  1803.  An 
American  patriot  and  statesman,  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  Kevolution.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
first  Continental  Congress,  an  influential  member  of  the 
second  Continental  Congress,  asigner  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  ratifying 
convention  1788,  lieutenant-governor  of  Massachusetts 
1789-94,  and  governor  of  Massachusetts  1794-97. 

Adams,  Mrs.  Sarah  Flower.  Bom  at  Great 
.  Harlow,  Essex,  Feb.  22,  1805:  died  Aug.,  1848. 
Ail  English  poet,  wife  of  William  Bridges  Ad- 
ams, inventor  and  pamphleteer,  and  the  daugh- 
ter of  Benjamin  Flower,  she  was  the  author  of 
*'  Vivia  Perpetua"  (1841),  a  dramatic  poem,  and  of  other 
poems  and  hymns,  of  which  the  best-known  is  "Nearer, 
my  God,  to  Thee." 

Adams,  Thomas,  Flourished  in  the  first  half 
of  the  17th  century.  An  English  Puritan  divine 
and  writer,  one  of  the  greatest  of  English 
preachers.  He  was  preacher  at  Willington  in  Bedford- 
shire, 1612 ;  vicar  of  Wingrave,  Bucks,  1614-36 ;  preacher 
of  St.  Gregory's  under  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  1618-23 ;  and 
chaplain  to  Sir  Henry  Montague,  lord  chief  justice  of 
England. '  He  published  "  The  Happiness  of  the  Church  " 
(1618 :  a  collection  of  sermons),  a  collection  of  occasional 
sermons  (1629),  and  a  commentary  on  the  second  epistle 
of  St.  Peter  (1638). 


13 

Adams,  William.  Bom  at  GHllingham,  near 
Chatham,  England:  died  in  Japan,  1620.  An 
English  navigator.  He  joined,  as  pilot  major,  in  1698, 
a  Dutch  fleet  of  five  ships  fitted  out  by  Rotterdam  mer- 
chants for  the  India  trade,  and  after  an  unfortunate  voy- 
age, in  which  all  the  ships  except  the  Charity,  in  which 
he  sailed,  returned  to  Holland  or  were  lost,  he  arrived  at 
the  island  of  Kiushiu,  Japan,  April  19, 1600.  There  he 
remained,  under  compulsion,  rose  into  favor  at  court,  and 
received  from  the  shogun  lySyasu  a  considerable  estate 
at  H4mi  near  Yokosuka.  In  1613  he  obtained  for  the 
English  the  privilege  of  establishing  a  trading-station  at 
Firando,  and  was  employed  in  the  service  of  the  factory 
at  Firando  from  Nov.  24, 1613,  to  Dec.  24, 1616. 

Adams,  William.  Bom  at  Colchester,  Conn., 
Jan.  25, 1807:  died  at  Orange  Mountain,  N.  J., 
Aug.  31,  1880.  An  American  Presbyterian 
clergyman,  pastor  in  New  York  city,  and  presi- 
dent of  Union  Theological  Seminary,  New 
York,  1873-80. 

Adams,  William.  Born  1814:  died  1848.  An 
English  clergyman  and  writer,  vicar  of  St. 
Peter's,  Oxford  (1840) :  author  of  "  The  Shadow 
of  the  Cross"  (1842),  "Distant  Hills"  (1844), 
and  other  sacred  allegories. 

Adams,  William  Taylor:  pseudonym  "Oliver 
Optic.  Bom  at  Medway,  Mass.,  July  30, 
1822 :  died  at  Boston,  March  27, 1897.  An  Amer- 
ican teacher  (in  the  public  schools  of  Boston) 
and  writer  of  fiction,  chiefly  juvenile,  including 
the  series  entitled  the  "Boat  Club,"  "Young 
America  Abroad,"  "Starry  Flag,"  "Eiverdale 
Series,"  "Onward  and  Upward,"  etc.  He  also 
founded  and  edited  "  OlivBr  Optic's  Magazine." 

Adam^s  Bridge,  or  Bama's  Bridge.  A  dan- 
gerous shoal,  about  30  miles  long,  northwest  of 
Ceylon,  about  lat.  9°  15'  N.,  long., 79°  30'  E. 

Adams  Island.  A  name  of  Eoa-Poua,  one  of 
the  Marquesas  Islands. 

Adam's  Peak.  A  conical  mountain,  7,379  feet 
high,  in  Ceylon,  about  lat.  6°  50'  N.,  long.  80° 
30'  E.,  the  seat  of  Singhalese  worship.  There 
is  a  Buddhist  temple  on  the  summit. 

Adam's  Bun.  A  township  in  Colleton  County, 
South  Carolina,  about  25  miles  west-southwest 
of  Charleston.    Population  (1900),  4,966. 

Adamson,  John.  Born  at  Gateshead,  England, 
Sept.  13,  1787:  died  at  Newcastle,  Sept.  27, 
1855.  An  English  archffiologist  and  Portu- 
guese scholar. 

Adamson  (ad 'am- son),  Patrick  (originally 
Conston,  Constant,  Consteane,  or  Constan- 
tine).  Bom  at  Perth,  Scotland,  March  15, 15.37 : 
died  at  St.  Andrew's,  Scotland,  Feb.  19,  1592. 
A  Scottish  prelate,  made  archbishop  of  St. 
Andrew's,  1576,  and  excommunicated  on  vari- 
ous charges  in  1588. 

Adamson,  Bobert.  Bom  1852 :  died  1902.  A 
Scottish  philosophical  writer,  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  Owens  College,  Manchester,  and  of 
logic  and  rhetoric  at  Glasgow  University  1895- 
1902.  He  was  the  author  of  "Roger  Bacon;  the  Philosophy 
of  Science  in  the  Middle  Ages  "  (1876), "  On  the  Philosophy 
of  Kant "  (1879).  "  Fichte  "  (1881),  etc. 

Adamsthal  (a'dams-tai).  A  village  9  miles 
north  of  Briinn,  Moravia.  There  are  noted 
caves  in  the  vicinity. 

Adana  (a-da'na).  A  vilayet  in  Asia-  Minor, 
Turkey,  corresponding  nearly  to  the  ancient 
Cilicia  Campestris.  it  was  ceded  by  the  sultan  to 
Ibrahim  Pasha  in  1833  (Peace  of  Kutaya,  MTay  of  that  year). 
Population  (1886),  402,489. 

Adana.  The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Adana, 
situated  on  the  Sihun  about  lat.  37°  1'  N.,  long. 
35°  18'  E.  It  was  colonized  by  Pompey  with  pirates 
about  63  B.  C,  and  was  refounded  in  the  time  of  Harun- 
alRasbid.  It  formed  the  northwestern  outpost  of  Ibra- 
him Pasha.    Population  (estimated),  45,000. 

Adangbe  (a-dang'be).  A  town  of  German  To- 
go-land, western  Afnca.  it  has  about  7,000  inhabi- 
tants, whose  ancestors  were  driven  from  Elmina  by  the 
Ashanti,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  last  century. 

Adans  le  Boi.    See  Adenet. 

Adanson  (a-don-s6n').  Michel.  Bom  at  Aix, 
Prance,  April  7,  1727:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  3, 
1806.  A  French  naturalist  and  traveler  in  Sene- 
gambia:  author  of  "Histoire  naturelle  du  S6- 
n^gal"  (1757),  "Families  des  plantes"  (1763), 
etc. 

Adar  (a'dar).  [Assyro-Babylonian  addaru,'tlaB 
dark.']  The  name  of  the  12th  month  (Febru- 
ary-March) of  the  Babylonian  calendar  from 
which  it  was  adopted  by  the  Jews,  along  with 
the  rest  of  the  names  of  the  months,  after  the 

Exile.  The  intercalated  month  necessary  in  a  lunar 
calendar  was  added  both  by  the  Babylonians  and  Jews 

after  Adar,  and  was  called  by  the  latter  the  second  Adar. 

In  the  Jewish  calendar  It  occurs  7  times  in  a  cycle  of  19 

years. 

Adar  (a'dar).    The  probable  reading  of  the 

name  of  an  Assyrian  deity,  the  warrior  god, 


Adela 

usually  called  the  warrior  of  Bel.  His  consort 
was  Gula.    See  Adrammeleeh. 

Adara  (a-da'ra).  [At.,. 'the  virgins,' a  name 
for  four  stars,  of  which  Adara  is  the  brightest, 
in  the  southern  part  of  Canis  Major.]  The  bright 
second-magnitude  star  c  Canis  Majoris,  in  the 
animal's  thigh. 

Adbeel  (ad'be-el).  The  name  of  the  third  son 
of  Ishmael.  Gen.  xxv.  13,  1  Chron.  i.  29.  An 
Arabian  tribe,  Idiba'  U,  is  mentioned  in  the  cuneiform  in- 
scriptions. It  was  probably  located  on  the  Egyptian  bor- 
der. The  name  has  also  been  found  in  a  Minsean  in- 
scription. 

Adda  (a'da).  A  river  in  Italy,  the  ancient 
Addua.  It  rises  in  the  Alps  west  of  the  Ortler  Spitze, 
traverses  the  Valtelline  and  the  Lake  of  Como,  and  joins 
the  Po  8  miles  west  of  Cremona.  Its  length  is  about  160 
miles,  and  it  is  navigable  about  76  miles. 

Addington  (ad'ing-ton),  Henry.    Bom  at 

Reading,  England,  May  30, 1757 :  died  Feb.  15, 
1844.  An  English  politician,  created  first  Vis- 
count Sidmouth  in  1805.  He  entered  Parliament  in 
1783 ;  became  speaker  1789-1801,  and  premier  and  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer  1801-04 ;  negotiated  the  treaty  of 
Amiens  in  1802 ;  and  was  president  of  the  council  1805,  lord 
privy  seal  1806,  and  again  president  of  the  council  1806-07 
and  1812.  As  home  secretary,  1812-22,  he  was  noted  for 
his  repressive  measures.    He  left  the  cabinet  in  1824. 

Addiscombe  (ad'is-kum).  A  place  about  10 
miles  south  of  London,  formerly  the  seat  of  a 
college  for  the  cadets  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany. 

Addison  (ad'i-son).  A  town  and  village  in 
Steuben  County,'  New  York,  on  the  Canisteo 
river  22  miles  west  of  Elmira.  Population 
(1890),  town,  2,908:  village,  2,166. 

Addison,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Milston,  Wilts,  May 
1,  1672 :  died  at  Holland  House,  London,  June 
17, 1719.  A  famous  English  essayist,  poet,  and 
statesman,  son  of  Lancelot  Addison.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Charterhouse  and  at  Queen's  College,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  took  his  M.  A.  degree  in  1693,  and  in  1698 
obtained  a  fellowship  which  he  held  until  1711.  A  Latin 
poem  which  he  published  in  1697  on  the  '*Peace  of  Rys- 
wick"  brought  him  a  pension  of  £300,  and  he  proceeded  to 
qualify  himself  for  the  diplomatic  service  of  the  govern- 
ment by  travel  and  study  on  the  Continent  1699-1703,  visit- 
ing France,  Italy,  Austria,  Germany,  and  Holland.  He  was 
Under-Secretary  of  state  1706-08;  secretary  to  the  lord 
lieutenant  of  Ireland  (Wharton)  1709-10  ;  secretary  to  the 
lords  justices  on  the  death  of  Queen  Anne  in  1714 ;  secre- 
tary for  Ireland  under  the  Earl  of  Sunderland  in  1716 ;  a 
commissioner  for  trade  and  the  colonies  1716 ;  and  secre- 
tary of  state,  April,  1717,  to  March,  1718.  On  Aug.  3, 1716, 
he  married  the  Countess  of  Warwick.  His  principal  works 
are  his  "Letter  from  Italy,"  a  poem  written  as  he  was  cross- 
ing the  Alps  in  1701,  printed  in  1703 ;  "  The  Campaign,"  a 
poem  published  in  1704  ;  "  Remarks  on  Several  Parts  of 
Italy, "  published  in  1705 ;  "  Fair  Rosamond,"  an  opera,  pub- 
lished anonymously  in  1707  ;  "  Cato,"  a  tragedy,  produced 
at  Drury  Lane  April  14, 1713 ;  "The  Drummer,"  a  play,  pub- 
lished anonymously  in  1716  (acted  in  1716) ;  contributions 
to  the  "Whig  Examiner"  in  1710  (five  papers) ;  contribu- 
tions to  the  "  Tatler  "  from  1709  till  1711  (41  papers  were  by 
Addison  alone,  34  by  Addison  and  Steele  together) ;  and  274 
'  Spectators  "  1711-12 :  these  last  were  all  signed  by  one 
of  the  letters  of  the  word  C.  L.  I.  0.  (Clio).  His  most  fa- 
mous character  is  that  of  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley,  originally 
sketched  by  Steele.  He  contributed  to  the  "Guardian 
51  papers  in  1713,  and  also  others  to  a  new  "Spectator  "  in 
1714.  From  Dec,  1716,  to  June,  1716,  he  contributed  66  pa- 
pers to  "The  Freeholder."  The  principal  editions  of  his 
works  are  Tickelfs  edition  (1721),  the  Baskerville  (1761), 
an  edition  by  Bishop  Hurd  (1811),  and  one  by  Q.  W. 
Greene,  New  York  (1866). 

Addison,  Lancelot.  Bom  in  the  parish  of 
Crosby  Ravens  worth,  Westmoreland,  1632 :  died 
at  Lichfield,  April  20, 1703.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  writer,  father  of  Joseph  Addison.  Ho 
was  educated  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  where  he  was 
graduated  (A.  B.)  in  1656.  He  was  a  zealous  royalist  and 
Episcopalian,  and  at  the  Restoration  was  appointed  Eng- 
lish chaplain  at  Dunkirk.  On  the  sale  of  Dunkirk  to  the 
French  in  1662  he  was  transferred  to  Tangier.  About 
1670  he  became  a  royal  chaplain,  in  1683  dean  of  Lichfield, 
and  in  1684  archdeacon  of  Coventry.  His  principal  works 
are  "West  Barbary,  or  a  Short  Narrative  of  the  Revolu- 
tions of  the  Kingdoms  of  Fez  and  Morocco"  (1671),  and 
"The Present  State  of  the  Jews  (moreparticularlyrelating 
to  those  of  Barbary),"  1676. 

Addison  of  the  North.  An  epithet  applied  to 
Henry  Mackenzie. 

Addison's  Walk.  A  walk  in  the  grounds  of 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  said  to  have  been  a 
favorite  promenade  of  the  essayist,  who  in  1689 
held  a  demyship  in  that  college. 

Addled  Parliament.  A  nickname  of  the  sec- 
ond Parliament  of  James  I.  (April-^June,  1614), 
which  was  dissolved  without  having  passed 
any  acts,  on  its  refusal  to  grant  supplies  until 
the  king's  imposition  of  customs  and  the  res- 
toration of  the  nonconforming  clergy  ejected 
in  1604  had  been  considered. 

Addua  (ad'u-a).  The  ancient  name  of  the  Adda.- 

Adel.    See  Adal. 

Adela  (ad'e-la).  Bom  about  1062  (?) :  died  1137. 
The  fourth'  daughter  of  William  the  Conqueror, 
wife  of  Stephen,  earl  of  Blois  and  Chartres, 
and  mother  of  Stephen,  king  of  England. 


Adelaar 

Adelaar  (a'de-lar)  (Cort  Sivertsen).  Bom  at 
Brevig,  Norway,  Deo.  16, 1622 :  died  at  Copen- 

,  hagen,  Nov.  5,  1675.  A  naval  commander,  in 
the  service  of  the  Netherlands  (1637),  ofVenice 


14  Admetus 

flows  past  Bovigo  into  the  Adriatic  north  of 

the  Po. 
ben  stii '■  "Mith-   AJigj,e  fii-de'ghe).     A  collective  name  for 
German  language  -ft-^if^X  )■;„„„„  °o„ti, 


kritisches   Worterbuoh   der  hochdeutschen  Mundart 
(1774-86),  "  Umstandliclies  Lehrgebaude  der  deutschen 
Sprache"  (1781-82),  "tjber  den  deutschen  Stil,"  "Mith- 
ridates,"  and  other  works,  especially  on  " 
and  literature. 


(1642),  and  of  Denmark  (1663).    He  defeated  Aden  (a'den  or  a'den).    A  seaport  in  Arabia, 


the  Turks  at  the  Dardanelles,  May  13,  1654. 
Adelaide  (ad'e-lad).  The  capital  of  South 
Australia,  founded  in  1836  on  the  Torrens  7 
miles  southeast  of  Port  Adelaide.  The  UniTersity 
of  Adelaide  was  founded  in  1872.  Population  (1891),  in- 
cluding suburbs,  133,262. 

Adelaide  (Amelia  Adelaide  Louise  Theresa 
Caroline).  Bom  Aug.  13,  1792:  died  Dec.  2, 
1849.  A  princess  of  Saxe-Coburg-Meiningen, 
and  queen  of  England,  wife  of  the  Duke  of  Clar- 


the  ancient  Adana,  Attause,  or  Arabia  FeUx, 
on  the  Gulf  of  Aden,  lat.  12°  47'  N.,  long.  44° 
59'  E.,  situated  on  a  rocky  peninsula  connected 
with  the  mainland  by  a  narrow  isthmus.  It  is 
an  Important  coaling-station,  and  a  port  of  call  of  the 
Peninsular  and  Oriental  steamships.  It  was  captured 
by  the  British  in  1839  and  annexed.  Aden  and  the  settle- 
ments adjoining,  with  the  island  of  Perim,  in  all  80  square 
miles,  are  administered  by  a  political  resident,  subject  to 
the  Bombay  government.  Population  (1891),  41,910.  See 
Arabia. 


ence  (later  "William  IV.),  whom  she  married  Aden,  Gulf  of.    An  ai-m  of  the  Arabian  sea, 


July  18,  1818. 
Adelaide  (a-da-la-ed'),  Eugene  Louisa.  Bom 
at  Paris,  Aug.  25,  1777:  died  Dec.  31, 1847.    A 


princess  of  Orleans,  sister  of  Louis  Philippe,  Aden^s.    See_.4tie»e<. 


lying  between  Arabia  on  the  north  and  the 
Somali  Land  on  the  south,  and  connected  with 
the  Red  Sea  by  the  Strait  of  Bab-el-Mandeb. 


ting  of  the  French.  Returning  in  1792  from  a  jour- 
ney to  England,  she  found  herself  inscribed  among  the 
^migr^s,  but  succeeded  in  making  her  escape,  and  re- 
mained in  exile  till  1814.  She  is  said  to  have  persuaded 
her  brother  to  accept  the  crown  in  1830. 

Adelaide  (ad'e-lad),  or  Adelheid,  Saint.  Born 
about  931:  died  at  Selz  in  Alsace,  Dec.  16,  999. 
A  daughter  of  Rudolf  n.  of  Burgundy,  and  wife 
of  Lothar  of  Italy  and  afterward  of  Otho  I. 
She  founded  a  Benedictine  cloister  in  Selz, 
Alsace. 

Adelaide,  Port.    See  Port  Adelaide. 

Adelard  (ad'e-lard),  or  .ffithelhard  (ath'el- 
hard),  of  Bath.  AnEngUsh  philosophical  writer 
who  flourished  in  the  early  part  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury. He  studied  at  Tours  and  Laon,  also  teaching  at 
the  latter  place,  and  traveled  in  Greece,  Asia  Minor,  and 
Arabia,  returning  to  England  in  the  reign  of  Henry  I.  He 
wrote  *'  De  eodem  et  diverso  "  (before  1116),  an  allegory,  in 
which  philosophy  and  love  of  worldly  enjoyment  (Philo- 
cosmia)  are  represented  as  contending  for  his  affections ; 
"PerdifficilesQufiestionesNaturales"  (printed  toward  the 


Adenet  (ad-na').  A  French  trouvfere  of  the 
13th  century,  surnamed  "leEoi."  Also  Adenez, 
Adends,  Adans.    See  the  extract. 

Adenfes  or  Adans  le  Roi  derived  his  imposing  surname 
from  the  function  of  king  of  the  minstrels,  which  he  per- 
formed at  the  court  of  Henry  III.,  duke  of  Brabant.  He 
must  have  been  bom  about  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  and  the  last  probable  allusion  to  him  which  we 
have  occurs  in  the  year  1297.  The  events  of  his  life  are  only 
known  from  his  own  poems,  and  consist  chiefly  of  travels 
in  company  with  different  princesses  and  princes  of  Flan- 
ders and  Brabant.    His  literary  work  is  however  of  great 


various  disconnected  and  hostile  tribes  in  the 
Caucasus.  Some  are  Christian  and  some  Mo- 
hammedan. 

Adi-Granth  (a'de-granth).  ['  The  fundamental 
book.']  The  Bilile  of  the  Sikhs,  compiled  by 
the  fifth  successor  of  Nanak,  Gum  Arjun  (1584- 
1606).  He  collected  in  it  the  poetical  pieces  of  the 
founder  and  the  three  following  gurus,  and  added  his  own 
compositions  as  well  as  sentences  and  fragments  by  Ea- 
mananda,  Kabir,  Namdev,  and  others.  Additions  were 
made  by  Govind  (1675-1708),  the  tenth  and  last  guru,  who 
composed,  besides  a  second  Granth,  "The  Granth  of  the 
Tenth  Reign."  These  books  are  written  in  an  antiquated 
Paujabi,  called  Gurmukhi,  'that  which  comes  from  the 
mouth  of  the  guru."  These,  with  biographies  of  the  gu- 
rus  and  the  saints,  and  a  number  of  directions  as  to  ritual 
and  discipline,  make  up  the  sacred  literature  of  the  sect. 

Adin  (I'din).  [Heb.,  'delicate.']  The  head 
of  a  Hebrew  family  which  returned  from 
Babylon  with  Zerubbabel.  Ezra  ii.  15,  Neh. 
vii.  20. 

Adirondack  Mountains  (ad-i-ron'dak  moun'- 
tanz).  A  range  of  mountains  in  northeastern 
IJew  York,  the  highest  in  the  State.  The  main 
group  is  in  Hamilton,  Essex,  Franklin,  and  Clinton 
counties,  but  the  name  is  extended  to  the  whole  north- 
eastern region  of  New  York.  The  highest  peak  is  Mount 
Marcy  (5,344  feet).  Other  prominent  summits  are  Mount 
Dix,  Mount  Molntyre,  Mount  Seward,  Mount  'Whiteface, 
Haystack,  etc. 


importance.    It  consists  partly  of  refashionings  of  three  Adirondack  Park.     A  park  established  by  act 

'  ~    ■       "        ~  of  the  New  York  legislature  in  1892  withia  the 

counties  of  Hamilton,  Essex,  Franklin,  War- 
ren, St.  Lawrence,  and  Herkimer,  for  the  use 
of  the  public.     Further  provision  for  the  park 
..      ,,-,.„  ,,      ^     -     i    was  made  by  act  of  1893. 

ci^oZdlTSoem  extSfne  to  20  (£ne?ses,^Jnd  "t  !es    Adites  (ad'its).  Early  Arabian  (Cushite)rulers. 
neomades,  a  poem  extendmg  to  20,000  verses,  and  not  less  ^^.^.  (^^/j.y^^      j-gj^t.^  appar.  from  a-priv.  and 


Chansons  deGestes,  "LesenfancesOgier,"  "Berteaus  grans 
PiS8,"and  "BuevesdeOommarohis."  In  these  three  poems 
Aden^  works  up  the  old  epics  into  the  form  fashionable 
in  his  time,  ancl  as  we  possess  the  older  versions  of  the 
first  and  last,  the  comparison  of  the  two  forms  affords  a 
'  literary  study  of  the  highest  interest.    His  last,  longest. 


poem 
valuable  for  its  intrinsic  merit  than  as  a  type  of  its  class. 
Saintsburyj  Fr.  Lit.,  p.  " 
Adenez.    See  Adenet. 


end  of  the  IBth  century) ;  a  translation  of  Euclid  (printed  AderbaijaU.     See  Ageriaijan. 

1482)  which  long  remained  a  text-book ;  etc.  Adorer  ( a-de-rar' ) ,  or  Aderar  (-rar' ) ,  or  Adr ar 

Adelheid  (a'del-hid).  1.  See  Adelaide,  Saint.—  (a-drar').  A moimtainous  region  in  the  Sahara, 
2.  A  character  in  Goethe's  "Goetz  von  Ber-  within  the  Spanish  protectorate  and  new 
liohingen  "  (which  see).  French  "  sphere  of  influence,"  about  lat.  20°  N. 

Adeliza  (ad-e-li'za),  Queen.    Died  March  23,     The  chief  place  in  it  is  "Wadan. 
1151  (?).     The  second  queen  of  Henry  I.  of  Adern6  (a-dar-u6').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
England,  daughter^  of  Godfrey  (Barbatus)  of    Catania,  Sicily,  the  ancient  Hadranum,  about 


Louvain,  duke  of  Brabant  or  Lower  Lotharin- 
gia,  and  a  descendant  in  the  male  line  from 
Charlemagne.  She  was  married  to  Henry  I.,  Jan.  24, 
1120-21,  and  after  his  death  married  William  de  Albini. 
Adelnau  (a'del-nou).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Posen,  Prussia,  about  44  miles 
northeast  of  Breslau :  the  scene  of  a  battle  be- 


17  miles  northwest  of  Catania.  It  contains 
Sikelian  antiquities  and  a  Norman  castle. 
Population,  19,000. 
Adersbach  (a'derz-baoh).  A  village  in  east- 
ern Bohemia,  near  the  Eiesengebirge  and  the 
Silesian  frontier,  about  12  mUes  northwest  of 
Braunau. 


tween  the  Prussians  and  Polish  insurgents,  Adersbach  Eocks.    A  labyrinth  of  fantastic    IS "Vi^a 
AprU  22,  1848.  -         ,.,.,,  •'  .     eral,  Uaksha, 

Aaelon  (ad-l6h'),  Nicolas  Philibert.    Born 

at  Dijon,  Aug.  20, 1782 :  died  July  19, 1862.    A 

French  medical  writer. 
Adelphi,  See  Adelvhce. 
Adelphi  (a-del'fi),  The.    A  region  of  London 

comprising  several  streets  on  the  south  side  of 

the  Strand  and  the  Adelphi  Terrace,  facing  the 


rocks,  about  5  miles  long,  near  the  village  of 
Adersbach. 
Adherbal  (ad-h6r'bal).  Died  112  B.  c.  A  son 
of  Mioipsa  and  king  of  Numidia,  in  conjunction 
with  his  brothers  Hiempsal  and  Jugurtha,  in 
118  B.  C.  Hiempsal  was  slain  by  Jugurtha  and  Adher- 
bal fled  to  the  protection  of  the  Romans  who  restored  him 


diti,  bond  (•/  da,  bind)^  TJsed  in  theVedas 
as  an  adjective  to  mean  'unbound,'  'free,'  'lim- 
itless,' 'infinite,'  '  exhaustless,'  and,  as  a  noun, 
to  mean  '  freedom,'  '  security,'  and  then  '  infin- 
ity,' in  particular  that  of  the  heaven  in  contrast 
with  the  finitude  of  the  earth  and  its  spaces. 
The  last  conception  personified  is  the  goddess  Aditi,  the 
mother  of  the  Adityas.  In  the  post-Vedic  literature 
Aditi  is  the  mother  of  the  gods,  daughter  of  Daksha  and 
wife  of  Easyapa,  mother  of  the  thirty-three  gods,  mother 
of  the  Tushitas  or  of  the  twelve  Adityas  and  the  sun,  and 
sister  of  Agastya.  In  Aditi  the  contused  and  imposing 
notion  of  a  substratum  of  all  existence  seems  to  have 
found  one  of  its  earliest  expressions. 
Adityas  (a'dit-yaz).  ['  Sons  of  Aditi.']  In  the 
Vedio  literature,'  seven  gods  of  the  heavenly 
light,  at  whose  head  stands  Varuna,  who  is  the 
Aditya  par  excellence.  They  are  Varuna,  Mitra, '  the 
friend,'  Aryaman,  'the  bosom  friend,"  Bhaga,  'the  lib- 
eral," Daksha,  'the  capable,"  Ansa,  '  the  apportioner,"  and 
an  uncertain  seventh.  Mitra  and  the  rest  are  only  a  split- 
ting up  and  reflection  of  Varuna,  the  god  of  the  vast 
luminous  heavens,  viewed  as  embracing  all  things  and  as 
the  primary  source  of  all  life  and  every  blessing.  In  the 
Brahmanas  and  later  the  Adityas  are  twelve  in  number, 
with  manifest  reference  to  the  number  of  the  months. 
The  term  Aditya  is  also  used  from  the  earliest  times  as  a 
designation  for  the  sun.    See  Amesha  SpenJtas. 


river.     The  name  was  given  from  the  Greek  iitk^ai  mm  in  uria.               .-,-,        rn      ,.  joi-i      a 

(•brothers  ■)  from  the  fact  that  the  terrace  was  built  about  Adiabene  (ad"i-a-be  ne).      [Gr.  'Adia/J^v^.]     A 

1768  by  four  brothers  named  Adam,  whose  names  were  small  Assyrian  district  on  the  Tigris  not  far 

given  to  the  streets  John  street,  Robert  street,  James  from  Nisibis.    It  was  a  vassal  of  Parthia,  and  suc- 

street,  and  William  street.    nuskensaBvshmmy.  cumbed  to  Rome  under  Trajan.    Its  queen,  Helen,  and 

Adelphi  Theater.     A  theater  on  the  strand,  her  sons  Izates  and  Monabaz,  embraced  Judaism  about 

London,  first  built  in  1806,  and  rebuilt  and  en-  the  year  18  a.  d. 

larged  in  1858.     "The  old  Adelphi  was  the  home  of  Adi-Buddha  (a'de-bud'ha).   [Skt.,  'the  primor- 

melodrama  and  screaming  farce,  and  these  traditions  are  dial  Buddha.']     A  creation  of  Buddhism  as- 


in  117.    He  was  again  ousted  by  Jugurtha  and  slain  by  Adler  (ad'ler),  Nathan  MarCUS.    Born  at  Han- 
himmCirta.  ^^^^^  Germany,  1803:  died  at  Brighton,  Eng- 


to  a  degree  kept  up  in  the  plays  at  the  modem  house. 
IHckey^s  Dictionary. 

Adelphians  (a-del'fi-anz).  A  branch  of  the 
Euchites,  named  from  a  certain  Adelphius,  a 
Galatian.    See  Euchites. 

Adelphoe  (a-del'fe),   or  Adelphi   (a-del'fi). 
[Gr.  aieTu^oi,  brothers.]     A  comedy  by  Ter- 
ence, adapted  from  Menander's  Greek  'ASehpoi, 
with  the  addition  of  a  scene  from  a  play  of    ^ee  i./,j,am-^««« 
Diphilos.    It  suggested  Moli6re's''Ecole  des  Adicia  (a-dis'i 


oribed  to  the  10th  century  A.  D.    He  is  represented 
as  a  being  infinite,  self-existent,  and   omniscient,  who  Adlerbeth 
evolved  out  of  himself  by  the  exercise  of  the  five  medita-     ■Rotti  M<S'\ 
tions  the  five  Dhyanibuddhas,  while  each  of  these  evolved     '^"'■^  J.  <  ui 
out  of  himself  by  wisdom  and  contemplation  the  corre- 
sponding Bodhisattvas,  and  each  of  them  again  evolved  out 
of  his  immaterial  essence  a  material  world.    These  ema- 
nations bear  a  resemblance  to  the  Eons  or  Emanations  of 
the  Gnostics.  It  is  hence  believed  possible  that  they  owe 
their  existence  to  the  influence  of  Persian  Christianity. 
See  Dhyani-Buddha,  Bodhiaattva. 
i-a).  [Gr.  arfj/cfo,  wrong,  injustice.] 


land,  Jan.  21, 1890.  Chief  rabbi  of  the  tJnited 
Congregations  of  Jews  of  the  British  Empire, 
and  au&or  of  various  theological  works. 

Adlerberg  (ad'ler-bero).  Count  Vladimir 
(Woldemar).  Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  Nov. 
10, 1790 :  died  there,  March  20, 1884.  A  Russian 
general  and  minister  in  the  service  of  Nicholas 
and  Alexander  U. 

(ad'ler -bet),  Gudmund  Goran. 
died  1818.    A  Swedish  poet,  dram- 
atist, translator  (of  old  Norse  poetry,  VergU, 
Horace,  Ovid,  etc.),  and  historical  writer. 

AdlercreutZ  (ad'ler-kroits),  Count  Karl  Jo- 
han.  Born  near  BorgS,  Finland,  April  27, 1757 


In  Spenser's  "S'aerie  Queene,"  the  wife  of  the 


Maris"  and  Baron's  "L'fioole  des  P&res. 
Adelsberg  (a'dels-berG).    A  town  in  Carniola, 
Austria-Hungary,  about  22  mUes  east-north-    ^^^^^  ^  raging  tiger. 

east  of  Trieste.    TheAdelsberg  grotto,  over  five  mUes  Adige  (a'de-je),  G.  Etsch  (ech).     A  river  of 

Tyrol  and  northern  Italy,  the  Roman  Athesis. 


died  Aug.  21, 1815.  A  Swedishgeneral,  defeated 
in  Finland  by  the  Russians  in  1808.  He  took  part 
in  deposing  Gustavus  IV.  in  March,  1809,  and  served  in 
Germany  in  1813,  and  in  Norway  in  1814. 


long,  is  one  of  the  most  noted  stalactite  caverns  in  the 
world.    Population  (1890),  3,597. 

Adelung  (a'de-long),  Friedrich  von.    Bom  at 

Stettin,  Prassia,  Feb.  25, 1768 :  died  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, Jan.  30,  1843.  A  German  philologist, 
nephew  of  J.  0.  Adelung.  He  wrote  "  Rapport  entre 
la  langue  sanscrite  et  la  langne  russe ""  (1811),  "Versuche 
einer  Literatur  der  Sanskritsprache"  (1830),  "Ubersicht 
der  Reisenden  in  Russland  bis  1700,"  etc. 

Adelung,  Johann  Christoph.  Born  at  Spante- 
kow,  Pmssia,  Aug.  8,  1732:  died  at  Dresden, 


soldan,  an  unrighteous  woman,  transformed  ■A-dlersparre  (ad '  16rs  -  pa '  re),  Count  Georg, 
•      ■  •  Bom  m  Jemtland,  Sweden,  March  28, 1760 :  died 

in  Wermland,  Swedten,  Sept  23, 1835.  A  Swe- 
dish author,  editor,  statesman,  and  general. 
He  contributed  to  the  overthrow  of  Gustavus 
IV.  in  1809.  Later  he  was  appointed  major- 
general  and  was  ennobled. 


It  rises  in  the  Col  de  Resca  in  western  Tyrol  near  the  f  ron. 
tier  of  Orisons,  traverses,  the  Vintschgau,  flows  south 
through  Tyrol  into  Italy,  sends  arms  to  the  Po,  and  flows 
into  the  Adriatic  north  of  the  mouths  of  the  latter.    Its 


length  is  about  220  miles,  and  it  is  navigable  for  about  AQlerSParre,  Karl  AugUSt.  Born  June  7, 1810: 

180  miles.    On  it  are  Trent  and  Verona.    It  has  formed  died  May  5,  1862.     A  Swedish  poet  and  histo- 

an  important  strategic  line  in  the  Italian  campaigns,  rian,  SOU  of  Count  Georg  Adlersnarre. 

Near  the  Adige  and  Lago  di  Garda  victories  were  gained  A.lm'i'h  raA>mS\      r>r,Q  ^*  +!,«  «;««„  A^^t-^^aA 

by  the  Austrians  oveTthe  French  under  Schtor  in  the  ^°^^S^  r         "/"          •       o  ^^  *'^*^®®  destroyed 

spring  of  1799.   The  most  notable  battle  was  that  of  Ma-  ^"th  bodom.    Gen.  xiv.  2. 

gnano,  AprU5.  Admetus(ad-me'tus),  or  Admetos  (-tos).   [Gr. 


Sept.  10, 1806.   A  German  phUologist,  librarian  Adigetto  (a-de-jet'to).    A  canal  or  arm  of  the    "Ad/iirrog.'i  '  In  Greek'  mythology, 
at  Dresden  (1787-1806).    He  wrote  "  Grammatisch-    Adige,  which  separates  from  it  near  Badia,  and    king,  son  of  Pheres,  king  of  Ph( 


a  Thessalian 
erte,  delivered 


Admetus 

from  death  by  the  voluntary  sacrifice  of  his 
wife  Aloestis.  See  Alcestis.  He  took  part  in  the 
expedition  of  tlie  Argonauts  and  in  the  chase  of  the  Caly- 
donian  boar. 

Admirable  Crichton.    See  Crichton. 
Admirable  Doctor,  L.  Doctor  Mirabilis.    A 

surname  given  to  Roger  Bacon. 

Admiralty  Inlet  (ad'mi-ral-ti  in'let).  An  arm 
of  the  sea,  on  the  western  coast  of  the  State 
of  Washington,  connecting  Puget  Sound  with 
the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca. 

Admiralty  Island.  An  island  west  of  Alaska, 
belonging  to  the  United  States,  lat.  57°  30'  N., 
long.  134°  30'  W. 

Admiralty  Islands.  An  archipelago  in  the 
Pacific,  northeast  of  Papua,  about  lat.  2°  S., 
long.  147°  E.,  discovered  by  the  Dutch  in  1616, 
and  annexed  by  Germany  in  1885. 

Admiralty  Sound,  An  arm  of  the  Strait  of 
Magellan,  on  the  western  coast  of  King 
Charles's  South  Land,  Tierra  del  Fuego. 

Admonitionists  (ad-mo-nish'on-ists).  A  name 
given  to  the  followers  of  Thomas  Cartwright, 
two  of  whom  in  1572  published  "  An  Admoni- 
tion to  Parliament,"  followed  by  a  second  one 
by  himself,  strongly  advocating  church  govern- 
ment by  presbyters  as  opposed  to  bishops,  and 
the  supremacy  of  the  church  over  the  state. 

Admont  (ad'mont).  A  small  town  in  Styria, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Enns  about 
50  miles  south  of  Linz :  noted  for  its  scenery 
and  Benedictine  abbey. 

Ado  (a'do),  Saint.  Born  about  800 :  died  875. 
An  archbishop  of  Vienne  (appointed  860),  noted 
for  his  zeal  in  reforming  the  morals  of  the  peo- 
ple and  in  enforcing  church  discipline.  His 
memory  is  celebrated  by  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  on  Deo.  16. 

Adod.    See  Sadad. 

Adolph.    See  Atawulf. 

Adolphe  (a-dolf ' ) .  A  romance  ( '  'Adolphe :  anec- 
dote trouv6e  dans  les  papiers  d'un  inoonnu")  by 
Benjamin  Constant  (first  published  1816),  which 
ranks  as  a  masterpiece  of  French  literature. 

Adolphus  (a-dol'fus),  William  Augustus,  G. 
Wilnelm  August  Karl  Friedricb  Adolf. 
Born  at  Weilburg,  July  24, 1817.  The  last  duke 
of  Nassau.  He  succeeded  to  the  duchy  in  1839.  In 
1866  he  sided  with  Austria,  and  Nassau  was  annexed  to 
Prussia  in  the  same  year.  He  became  grand  dulce  of 
Luxemburg  in  Nov.,  1890. 

Adolphus,  John.  Bom  at  London,  Aug.  7, 
1768 :  died  at  London,  July  16, 1845.  An  Eng- 
lish barrister  and  historian,  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  England  from  the  Accession  of  George 
HI.  to  the  Conclusion  of  Peace  in  1783"  (1802), 
etc. 

Adolphus,  John  Leyoester,  Bom  May  11, 
1795 :  died  Dec.  24, 1862.  An  English  barrister 
and  man  of  letters,  a  son  of  John  Adolphus : 
author  of  "Letters  to  Richard  Heber,  Esq.,"  on 
the  authorship  of  the  Waverley  novels  (1821). 

Adolphus,  Frederick,  G.  Friedrich  Adolf. 
Born  May  14,  1710:  died  Feb.  12,  1771.  Duke 
of  Holstein-Eutin,  chosen  as  orown-foUower  of 
Sweden  1743.    He  reigned  1751-71. 

Adolphus  of  Nassau.  Bom  about  1252 :  killed 
at  GoUheim,  Rhine  Palatinate,  Jiily  2,  1298.  A 
king  of  Germany,  elected  1292  and  deposed 
1298.  He  was  defeated  by  his  successor  Al- 
bert I.  at  GoUheim,  1298. 

Adonai  (ad-o-na'i  or  a-do-m').  [Heb.  Udonai, 
plural  of  'aclon,  lord.]  The  name  used  by  the 
Hebrews  in  place  of  the  ineffable  name  Yah- 
veh  (Jehovah)  wherever  it  occurs  in  the  Scrip- 
tures.    See  the  extract. 

It  is  in  accordance  with  this  Masoretic  mode  of  pronun- 
ciation that  Hebrew  is  now  taught.  But  there  was  one 
word  wliich  the  Masoretes  of  Tiberias  either  could  not  or 
would  not  pronounce.  This  was  the  national  name  of  the 
God  of  Israel.  Though  used  so  freely  in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, it  had  come  to  be  regai'ded  with  superstitious  rev- 
erence before  the  time  when  the  Greek  translation  of  the 
Septuagint  was  made,  and  in  this  translation,  accordingly, 
the  word  Kyrios,  "Lord,"  is  substituted  for  it  wherever  it 
occurs.  The  New  Testament  writers  naturally  followed 
the  custom  of  the  Septuagint  and  of  their  age,  and  so  also 
did  the  Masoretea  of  Tiberias.  Wherever  the  holy  name 
was  met  with,  they  read  in  place  of  it  Addnai,  "Lord," 
and  hence,  when  supplying  vowel-symbols  to  the  text  of 
the  Old  Testament,  they  wrote  the  vowels  of  Addnai  under 
the  four  consonants,  Y  H  V  H,  which  composed  it.  This 
simply  meant  that  AddTiai  was  to  be  read  wherever  the 
sacred  name  was  found.  In  ignorance  of  this  fact,  how- 
ever, the  scholars  who  first  revived  the  study  of  Hebrew 
in  modem  Europe  imagined  that  the  vowels  of  Addnai  (i 
or  6,  0,  and  &)  were  intended  to  be  read  along  with  the 
consonants  below  which  they  stood.  The  result  was  the 
hybrid  monster  Y6hovah  [Jehovah].  In  passing  into  Eng- 
land the  word  became  even  more  deformed.  In  German 
the  sound  of  y  is  denoted  by  thesymbol  j,  and  the  German 
symbol,  but  with  the  utterly  different  English  pronunciar 


15 

tion  attached  to  It,  found  its  way  into  the  English  trans- 
lations of  the  Old  Testament  Scriptures. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  74. 

Adonais  (ad-o-na'is).  An  elegiac  poem  by 
Shelley,  commemorating  the  death  of  Keats, 
published  in  1821. 

Adonbec.    See  Saladin. 

Adonijah  (ad-o-ni'ja).   [Heb.,  'my  Lord  is  Je- 
hovah'; Gr.  'Aioiviag.']     1,  The  fourth  son  of 
David,  He  plotted  to  obtain  the  throne  in  place  of  Solo- 
mon near  the  close  of  David's  reign. 
3.  A  Levite  mentioned  in  2  Chron.  xvii.  8. 

Adonis  (a-do'nis).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
small  river  in  Syria,  the  modern  Nahr-Ibrahim, 
rising  in  the  Lebanon,  and  flowing  into  the 
Mediterranean  about  13  miles  north  of  Beirut. 

Adonis  (a-do'nis).  [Gr.  "Adavig ;  Heb.  and  Phen. 
'adon,  lord.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a  youth,  a 
model  of  beauty,  beloved  of  Aphrodite.  He  died 
from  the  wound  of  a  boar's  tuak,  received  while  hunting. 
Acceding  to  the  entreaties  of  Aphrodite,  Zeus  decreed  that 
he  should  pass  half  the  year  in  the  upper  and  half  in  the 
lower  world.  Adonis  is  an  oriental  deity  of  nature,  typi- 
fying the  withering  of  nature  in  winter,  and  its  resuscita^ 
tion  in  summer.  By  way  of  Asia  Minor  his  cult  came  to 
Greece,  then  under  the  Ptolemies  to  Egypt,  and,  at  the 
time  of  the  Empire,  to  Home.  The  yearly  festival  of 
Adonis  in  the  spring  was  a  special  favorite  with  women. 
In  the  Old  Testament  reference  is  made  to  the  weeping  of 
the  women  over  Tammuz,  the  Babylonian  equivalent  of 
Adonis  (Ezek.  viii.  14).  In  the  Babylonian  Nimrod  epic 
he  is  mentioned  as  the  beloved  of  Ishtar  (Astarte,  the  Se- 
mitic goddess,  corresponding  to  Aphrodite),  being  repre- 
sented there  as  slain  by  the  goddess  herself.  See  Tammuz. 

Adony  (od'ony).  A  small  town  in  the  county 
of  Stnhlweissenbtirg,  Hungary,  on  the  Danube 
about  28  miles  south  of  Budapest. 

Adoptive  Emperors,  The.  The  Roman  em- 
perors Nerva,  Trajan,  Hadrian,  Antoninus 
Pius,  and  Marcus  Aurelius :  so  called  because 
after  -Nerva,  who  was  elected  by  the  senate  on 
the  death  of  Domitian,  each  was  the  adopted 
son  of  his  predecessor.  They  constitute  the  greatest 
and  noblest  group  of  Boman  emperors,  and  the  period  of 

•  tlieir  reigns  is  the  happiest  in  K.oman  history — according 
to  Gibbon  the  happiest  in  the  history  of  the  world. 

Adoration  of  the  Lamb.  A  painting  by  Jan 
and  Hubert  van  Eyck,  in  the  cathedral  of 
Ghent,  Belgium.  It  is  the  capital  work  of  the 
Flemish  school. 

Adoration  of  the  Magi.  Of  the  paintings  with 
this  subject  the  following  are  among  the  most 
notable  :  (l)  An  altarpiece  (1528)  by  Sodoma  (Bazzi),  in 
San  Agostino  at  Siena,  Italy.  It  is  the  painter's  master- 
piece, admirable  in  drawing  and  color.  ^2)  A  painting  in 
tempera  by  Sandro  Botticelli,  in  the  Uffizi,  Florence.  The 
three  kings  are  portraits  of  Gosimo,  Giuliano,  and  Gio- 
vanni del  Medici.  The  Virgin  occupies  a  hut  among  rocks 
and  old  ruins.  (3)  A  painting  by  Tintoret,  in  the  Scuola 
di  San  Eocco  at  Venice.  The  entire  scene  is  lighted  by 
the  radiance  emanating  from  the  body  of  the  Child.  (4) 
A  noted  painting  by  Rembrandt,  in  Buckingham  Palace, 
London.  The  Virgin  and  Child  are  seated  at  the  right ; 
before  them  kneel  the  Magi.  Behind  are  kings  and  old 
men,  and  in  the  distance  a  caravan  of  camels.  (5)  A  pic- 
ture by  Albert  Diirer,  in  the  Uffizi,  Florence.  There  is  a 
very  delicate  landscape  background.  (6)  A  painting  by 
Bubens,  in  the  Mus^e  de  Peinture  at  Brussels,  Belgium. 
The  Virgin  stands  in  the  middle  holding  the  Child  erect, 
with  St.  Joseph  behind  her  ;  before  them  the  kings  stand 
and  kneel,  while  their  guards  and  attendants  observe  the 
scene  from  a  staircase  behind.  (!)  A  painting  by  Kubens 
(1624),  in  the  Museum  at  Antwerp,  Belgium.  The  Virgin 
appears  at  the  left,  holding  the  Child  on  a  jpillow ;  behind 
her  stands  St.  Joseph,  and  in  front  the  kings  and  their 
train.  The  figures  are  over  life-size.  (8)  A  splendid 
painting  by  Paolo  Veronese,  a  companion  piece  to  the 
Marriage  at  Cana,  in  the  Museum  at  Dresden.    The  Vir- 

'  gin  is  seated,  with  the  Child  on  her  knee ;  the  kings,  at- 
tended by  a  numerous  train  with  camels  and  horses,  offer 
their  gifts.  (9)  The  noted  "Dombild"  of  the  Cathedral 
of  Cologne,  a  large  triptych  by  Meister  Stephan  (died 
1461),  considered  the  finest  work  of  the  early  German 
school  intermediate  between  purely  medieval  and  Renais- 
sance painting.  The  side  panels  bear  St.  Gereon  and  St. 
Ursula,  and  on  the  outside  is  painted  an  Annunciation. 

Adorf  (a'dorf).  A  small  town  in  the  district 
of  Zwickau,  Saxony,  on  the  Elster  about  30 
miles  southwest  of  Zwickau. 

Adour (ad-6r').  AriverinsouthwestemFrance, 
the  ancient  Aturus,  which  rises  in  the  Pyrenees 
and  flows  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay  about  5  miles 
west  of  Bayonne.  Its  length  is  about  180  miles, 
and  it  is  navigable  for  about  70  miles. 

Adowa  (a'do-wS),  or  Adua  (a'do-a).  The  capi- 
tal of  Tigr^,  Abyssinia,  about  lat.  14°  8'  N., 
long.  38°  54'  E.   'Population,  3,000. 

Ad  rirum  (adpi'rum).  [L., '  at  the  pear-tree.'] 
An  ancient  Roman  station  in  the  Birnbaumer 
Wald  (northeast  of  Trieste),  on  the  road  across 
the  Alps  into  Italy,  celebrated  in  connection 
with  Theodosius's  victory  of  the  Frigidus,  394. 

Adra  (a'dra).  A  seaport,  the  ancient  Abdera, 
in  the  province  of  Almeria,  Spain,  on  the  Medi- 
terranean about  50  miles  southeast  of  Granada. 
There  are  numerous  lead-mines  in  its  vicinity. 
Population  (1887),  9,029. 

Adrain  (ad'ran),  Robert.    Bom  at  Carriekfer- 


Adrian  VI. 

gus,  Ireland,  Sept.  30, 1775 :  died  at  New  Bruns- 
wick, New  Jersey,  Aug.  10,  1843.  An  Irish- 
American  mathematician,  a  participant  in  the 
Irish  rebellion  of  1798.  He  escaped  to  America, 
taught  school  in  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  and  was 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Rutgers  College  from  1810  to 
1813,  at  Columbia  College  from  1813  to  1826,  and  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  from  1827  to  1834.  He  edited 
Hutton's  "Mathematics,"  and  was  editor  of  the  "Mathe- 
matical Diary  "  from  1825  to  1829. 

Adrammelech,  or  Adramelech  (a-diam'e-lek). 
[Babylonian  Adar-malik,  Adar  is  councilor 
(ruler,  prince).]  1.  An  idol  worshiped,  with 
the  sacrifice  of  children,  by  the  inhabitants 
of  Sepharvaim  with  whom  Sargon,  king  of  As- 
syria, colonized  Samaria.  (2  Ki.  xvii.  31.)  See 
Adar. — 2,  A  son  of  Sennacherib,  king  of  As- 
syria. With  the  help  of  his  brother  Sharezer  he  slew 
his  father  in  the  so-called  temple  of  Nisroch,  on  his  return 
from  his  expedition  against  Hezeiuah.  (2  Ki.  xix.  37,  Isa. 
xxxvii.  38.)  This  event  is  mentioned  in  the  Babylonian 
chronicle  (cuneiform). 
3.  In  angelology,  one  of  the  fallen  angels. 

Adramyttium  (ad-ra-mit'i-um).  [Gr.  'ASpa/iirf- 
TEiQv,  'A.Spa/ArTiov.'i  "In  ancient  geography,  a 
town  in  Mysia,  Asia  Minor,  on  the  Gulf  of  Adra- 
myttium about  lat.  39°  35'  N.,  long.  26°  55'  E. 
The  modern  town  Adramyti  or  Edremid  Ues 
about  3  miles  inland  (poptdation,  8,000). 

Adramyttium,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  .^gean 
Sea,  on  the  western  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  north 
of  MytUene. 

Adrar.    See  Aderer. 

Adraste  (a-drasf).  The  principal  character  of 
Molifere's  play  "Le  Sicilien,"  a  yoxmg  French 
gentleman  who  succeeds  in  carrying  on  Isidore, 
the  beautiful  Greek  slave  of  Don  P6dre,  by 
disguising  himself  as  a  portrait-painter :  hence 
the  second  title  of  the  play,  "L' Amour  peintre." 

Adrasteia  (ad-ras-ti'a),  [Gr.  'ASpdareta.']  1. 
A  name  of  Nemesis  and  of  Ehea-Cybele. — 2. 
A  Cretan  nymph,  daughter  of  Melisseus,  to 
whom  Rhea  intrusted  the  infant  Zeus  to  be 
reared  in  the  Dictsean  grotto.  Smith,  Diet.  Gr. 
and  Rom.  Biog. 

AdrastUS  (a-dras'tus),  or  AdrastOS  (a-dras'- 
tos).  [Gr.  "AdpaoTOf.']  In  Greek  legend,  a  king 
of  Argos,  leader  in  the  expedition  of  the 
"Seven  againgt  Thebes."  He  was  worshiped 
as  ahero  in  several  places,  among  themMegara. 

Adria  (a'dri-a).  In  ancient  geography  (about 
the  1st  century  A.  D.),  that  part  of  the  Medi- 
terranean which  lies  between  Crete  and  Sicily. 

Adria  (in  ancient  Picenum).    See  Atri. 

Adria  (a'dre-a),  or  Adria  Veneta  (a'dre-a  va- 
na'ta).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Rovigo, 
Italy,  ■  the  ancient  Adria,  Atria,  Hadria,  or 
Hatria,  situated  near  the  sea  about  16  miles 
southwest  of  Venice.  It  has  a  cathedral  and  many 
antiquities,  and  has  been  successively  an  Etruscan,  a 
Greek,  and  a  Roman  town.    Population,  7,000. 

Adrian  (a'dri-an),  or  Hadrian  (ha'dri-an),  I, 

Pope  from  772  to  795.  He  summoned  Charles  the 
Great  to  resist  the  encroachments  of  the  Lombard  king 
Desiderius,  who  had  occupied  Pentapolis  and  was  threat- 
ening Rome ;  and  Charles,  after  the  destruction  of  the 
Lombard  kingdom,  granted  anew  to  him  the  territories 
originally  bestowed  by  Pepifl,  with  the  addition  of  Ancona 
and  Benevento.  Adrian  adopted  the  view  of  the  Eastern 
Church  with  regard  to  the  veneration  of  images,  anathe- 
matizing all  who  refused  to  venerate  the  images  of  Christ, 
the  Virgin,  or  the  saints.  He  was  the  son  of  a  Roman 
noble. 

Adrian,  or  Hadrian,  II.   Pope  from  867  to  872. 

He  passed  a  sentence  of  deposition  on  Photius,  patriarch 
of  Constantinople,  which  was  confirmed  at  a  council  of 
the  Eastern  Church  in  869-870. 

Adrian,  or  Hadrian,  III.  Pope  from  884  to  885. 

Adrian,  or  Hadrian,  IV.  (Nicholas  Break- 
spear).  Born  before  1100  at  Langley,  near  St. 
Albans,  in  Hertfordshire :  died  at  Anagni,  Italy, 
1159.  Pope  from  Dec.  4, 1154,  to  Sept.  1, 1159: 
the  only  Englishman  who  has  occupied  the 
papal  chair.  He  was  successively  a  clerk  and  abbot  of 
the  monastery  of  St.  Rufus,  in  Provence,  and  in  1146  was 
created  cardinal-bishop  of  Albano  by  Pope  Eugenius  III. 
Two  years  later  he  was  sent  as  legate  to  Denmark  and 
Norway.  As  Pope  he  bestowed  the  sovereignty  of  Ireland 
on  Henry  II.  of  England.  He  quelled  the  democratic 
rising  of  the  Roman  people  under  Arnold  of  Brescia,  and 
procured  the  execution  of  the  latter  in  1165.  He  com- 
pelled William,  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  to  acknowledge 
the  feudal  suzerainty  of  the  Pope.  With  Adrian  IV.  be- 
gan the  great  conflict  between  the  papal  power  and  the 
house  of  Hohenstaufen.  He  died  while  preparing  to 
place  himself  at  the  head  of  the  forces  of  the  Italian 
party  against  the  emperor  Frederick  I. 

Adrian,  or  Hadrian,  V.  (Ottoboni  Fiesco). 

Pope  in  1276.  He  lived  only  five  weeks  after 
his  accession  to  the  chair. 
Adrian,  or  Hadrian,  VI.  Born  at  Utrecht  in 
1459:  died  Sept.  14,  1523.  Pope  from  1522  to 
1 523.  He  studied  at  the  University  of  Louvain,  of  which 
he  became  vice-chancellor,  and  was  chosen  by  the  em- 
peror Maximilian  to  be  the  tutor  of  his  grandson,  Arch- 


Adrian  VI. 

duke  Charley  the  later  emperor  Charles  V.  In  1616  he 
became  bishop  of  Tortosa  and  grand  inquisitor  of  Aragon ; 
in  1617  he  was  created  a  cardinal  by  Leo  X.;  and  after 
the  death  of  Ferdinand  he  acted  for  a  time  as  regent  of 
Spain.  On  his  accession  to  the  papal  chair  Jan.  9, 1622, 
he  corrected  various  external  abuses  in  the  church,  but 
failed  in  his  efforts  to  checlc  the  Kef ormation. 

Adrian.    A  lord  in  Shakspere's  "Tempest." 

Adrian  de  Castello,  or  de  Corneto.  Bom  at 
Cometo,  Tuscany,  Italy,  1460  (?) :  died  1521  (t). 
An  Italian  eoelesiastic  and  scholar,  nuncio  of 
Innocent  VIU.  in  Scotland  in  1488,  agent  at 
Eome  of  Henry  VII.  of  England,  collector  of 
Peter's  pence  in  England,  and  papal  prothon- 
otary.  He  obtained  in  1492  the  prebend  of  Ealdland  in 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  and  the  rectory  of  St.  Dunstan-in-the- 
East,  but  returned  to  Borne  on  the  death  of  Innocent 
VIII.  He  was  made  bishop  of  Hereford  in  1602,  bishop 
of  Bath  and  Wells  in  1504,  and  cardinal  in  1B03.  In  1617 
he  was  implicated  in  the  conspiracy  of  Cardinals  Petrucci, 
De  Sauli,  and  Eiario  to  poison  Leo  X.,  and  was  deprived  of 
his  cardinalate  (1518)  and  of  his  dignities  in  England.  He 
was  probably  assassinated.  He  wrote  "  Venatio,"  a  poem 
(1605),  "De  Vera Philosophia" (1607),  "DeSermone Latino 
et  modo  Latine  Loquenm"  (1513),  etc. 

Adrian  (a'dri-an).  The  capital  of  Lenawee 
County,  Michigan,  a  manufacturing  city  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Eaisin  about  55  miles  south- 
west of  Detroit :  sometimes  called  the  "  Maple 
City."    Population  (1900),  9,654. 

Adfiana  (a-dri-a'na).  A  character  in  Shak- 
spere's "Comedy  of  Errors":  the  wife  of  Au- 
tipholus  of  Ephesus. 

Adriana,  Villa.    See  Sadrian's  Villa. 

Adrianople  (ad'ri-an-o'pl).  [Turk.  Edimeh,  or 
JBdreneft.]  The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Adri- 
anople, on  the  Maritza  in  lat.  41°  41'  N., 
long.  26°  35'  E.,  a  place  of  great  strategic  and 
commercial  importance,  founded  by  the  em- 
peror Hadrian  about  125  a.  d.,  on  the  site  of 
the  ancient  Uscudama :  the  residence  of  the 
sultans  1361-1453.  It  was  besieged  by  the  Avars  in 
586,  stormed  by  the  Bulgarians  in  922,  entered  by  the 
Crusaders  in  1189,  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1361,  taken  by  the 
Russians  under  Inebitsch  in  1829,  and  occupied  by  the  Kus- 
sians  Jan.,  1878.  The  emperor  Baldwin  I.  was  taken  pris- 
oner in  Adrianople  by  the  Bulgars  in  1205.  Its  most 
notable  building  is  the  mosque  of  Sultan  Selim  II.,  a  very 
impressive  building  of  the  16th  century.  It  Is  preceded 
by  a  fine  portico  of  monolithic  columns,  and  ilanked  by 
four  slender  fluted  minarets  about  200  feet  high.  The 
span  of  the  dome  (106  feet)  is  greater  than  that  of  Santa 
Sophia :  It  rests  on  four  colossal  porphyry  columns. 

Adrianople.  A  vilayet  in  European  Turkey. 
Population,  836,044. 

Adrianople,  Battle  of.  1.  A  victory  of  the 
Goths  over  the  emperor  Valens,  378  A.  D. — 2. 
A  victory  of  the  Slays  over  the  Byzantines, 
551. 

Adrianople,  Peace  or  Treaty  of.  A  treaty 
between  Russia  and  Turkey,  signed  at  Adrian- 
ople, Sept.  14,  1829.  Turkey  ceded  to  Russia  im- 
portant f  ortresseB  and  districts  on  the  northeastern  coast 
of  the  Black  Sea ;  granted  to  Bussian  subjects  freedom  of 
trade  in  Turkey,  and  freedom  of  navigation  in  the  Black 
Sea,  Danube,  and  Dardanelles ;  confirmed'  and  extended 
the  protectorate  exercised  by  the  czar  over  the  Danubian 
principalities ;  gave  Russia  control  of  a  part  of  the  left 
bank  of  the  lower  Danube,  and  of  the  Sulina  mouth  of 
that  river ;  and  recognized  the  independence  of  Greece. 

Adriani  (a-dre-a'ne),  Giovaimi  Battista. 
Born  at  Florence  1513  -^ied  1579.  A  Florentine 
statesman  and  historian,  author  of  a  history  of 
his  time,  for  the  period  1536-74. 

Adrianus,  Publius  .^lius.    SeeMadrian. 

Adriatic Sea(a-dri-at'ik,  or  ad-ri-at'ik,se).  [Gt. 
6  'Adpiag,  L.  Mare  Adriaticum,  or  Mare  Superiim, 
It.  Mare Adriatico,  F.MerAdriaUque,Gr.Adria- 
tisches  Meer.l  That  part  of  the  Mediterranean 
which  lies  between  Italy  on  the  west  and  north- 
west, and  Austria,  Montenegro,  and  Albania  on 
the  east,  and  is  connected  with  the  Ionian  Sea 
by  the  Strait  of  Otranto.  its  chief  arms  are  the  Gulfs 
of  Manf  redonia,  Venice,  Trieste,  and  Quamero,  and  its  lar- 
gest tributaries  are  the  Po  and  Adige.  Its  length  is  about 
460  miles,  and  its  average  width  about  100  miles. 

Adrienne  Lecouvreur  (a-dri-en'  le-ka-vrer'). 
A  prose  drama  in  5  acts,  by  Scribe  and  Le- 
gouv6,  first  presented  April  14, 1849.  See  Le- 
couvreur, Adrienne. 

Aduatici  (ad-H-afi-si),  or  Adnatuci  (ad-u- 
at'ii-si).  A  German  tribe  of  Belgio  Gaul,  de- 
scendants of  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones,  living 
west  of  the  Meuse,  dispersed  by  Csesar  57  b.  c. 

Adnla  (a^do'la),  or  Khein-waldgebirge  (rin- 
vald-ge-ber'ge).  A  group  of  the  Alps  in  the 
western  part  of  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzer- 
land, the  source  of  the  Hinter-Ehein.  The 
highest  point  is  the  Ehelnwaldhom,  11, 150  feet. 

Adule,  AdnUs.    See  Zulla. 

Adulis  Bay.    See  Annesley  Bay. 

Adullam  (a-dul'am).  [Heb.,  possibly '  retreat' ; 
Arabic  aMla,  turn  aside.]  A  city  and  cave  in 
the  territory  of  Judah  in  the  low  country :  origi- 
nally a  Canaanite  city.    The  cave  was  used  by  David 


16 

as  a  hiding-place.  It  has  been  Identified  with  the  modem 
Aid-elm^  10  miles  northeast  of  Bebron  ;  falsely  identi- 
fied by  tradition  with  Khareitfln  near  Bethlehem. 

Adullam,  Cave  of.  The  cave  to  which  David 
withdrew  from  Gath.  1  Sam.  xxii.  it  was  capable 
of  affording  shelter  to  four  hundred  men.    See  above. 

AduUamiteS.  In  English  history jthe  group 
of  Liberals  who  seceded  from  the  Whig  party 
and  voted  with  the  Conservatives  when  Earl 
Eussell  and  Mr.  Gladstone  introduced  a  measure 
for  the  extension  of  the  elective  franchise  in 
1866.  They  received  the  name  of  Adullamites  from  theto 
being  likened  by  Mr.  Bright  to  the  discontented  persons 
who  took  refuge  with  David  in  the  Cave  of  Adullam. 
The  party  was  also  known  collectively  as  "The  Cave" 
and  "  The  Cave  of  Adullam." 

Advance  (ad-vans' ),  The.  The  vessel  in  which 
Elisha  Kane  explored  the  arctic  regions  in 
search  of  Sir  John  Franklin.    See  Kane. 

Adventure  (ad-ven'pr),  The.     1.  The  ship  of 

'the  pirate  Captain  Kidd. — 2.  The  ship  in  which 
Captain  King(assooiatedwithFitzroy)  explored 
the  coasts  of  South  America,  1826-30. 

Adventures  of  Five  Hours,  The.  A  play  by 
Sir  Samuel  Tuke,  an  adaptation  of  Calderon's 
"Los  Empenos  de  Seis  Horas,"  made  by  the 
advice  of  Charles  II.,  and  printed  in  1662. 

Adventures  of  an  Atom,  The.  A  political 
satire  by  Smollett,  published  in  1769. 

Adversity  Hume.  A  nickname  of  Joseph 
Hume  (1777-1855),  given  to  him  about  1825  on 
account  of  his  predictions  of  national  disaster. 
See  Prosperity  Bdbinson. 

Adventures  of  Philip.  A  novel  by  Thackeray, 
published  in  1862. 

Adye  (a'di),  Sir  John  Miller.  Born  Nov.  1, 
1819:  died  Aug.  26,  1900.  An  English  general 
and  military  writer:  author  of  "Defence  of 
Cawnpore,"  etc. 

.^acides  (e-as'i-dez).  A  descendant  of  .Sacus, 
especially  Achilles. 

.Sacus  (e'a-kus).  [Gr.  AJoKOf.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  son  of  Zeus  and  .SJ^na,  re- 
nowned for  hia  justice,  and  made  a  judge  in 
the  lower  world.  He  was  the  grandfather  of 
Achilles. 

.Sdhan.     See  Aidan. 

Aedon  (a-e'don).  [Gr.  'Arii&D,']  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a  daughter  of  Pandareus  of  Ephesus. 
According  to  Homer  she  was  the  wife  of  Zethus,  king  of 
Thebes,  and  the  mother  of  Itylus.  Inspired  by  envy 
of  JS'iobe,  the  wife  of  her  brother  Amphion,  who  had  six 
sons  and  six  daughters,  she  formed  the  design  of  killing 
Niobe's  eldest  son,  but  by  mistake  destroyed  her  own  son 
Itylus.  To  relieve  her  grief  she  was  changed  by  Zeus 
into  a  nightingale. 

Sidw.  (ed'u-i).  A  Celtic  people -living  in  cen- 
tral Gaul,' west  of  the  Sequani  between  the 
Sa6ne  and  the  Loire.  Their  capital  was  Bibracte 
(Augustodurium,  Autun).  They  were  allies  of  the  Romans, 
butjoined  in  the  revolt  of  62  B.  c.    Also  Hedui. 

The  iEdui,  friends  and  brothers,  aa  they  delighted  to  be 
called,  of  the  Roman  people,  held  the  highest  place  among 
the  nations  of  central  Gaul.  Their  friendship  and  brotlier- 
hood  was  acknowledged  by  the  Romans  themselves.  It 
was  a  special  badge  of  distinction.  Rome  had  many  al- 
lies :  the  .^dui  were  her  only  brothers.  The  brothers  of 
Rome  were  naturally  the  first  among  the  nations ^of  Gaul 
to  find  thefa;  way  into  the  Roman  Senate. 

Freeman^  Hist.  Essays,  4th  ser.,  p.  98. 

.Sgadian  Islands  (e-ga'di-an  I'landz).    See 


JEgXOn  (e-je'on).    [Gr.  Myaiav.J    See  Briareiis. 

jEgaleoS  (e-ga'le-os).  [Gr.  Aiyo/Uuf.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  mountain-range  in  Attica 
separating  the  Athenian  and  Eleusinian  plains. 
It  ended  in  a  promontory  (Amphiale)  opposite  Salamis. 
From  it  Xerxes  witnessed  the  battle  of  Salamis, 

.fflgates  (e-ga'tez).  [L.]  In  ancient  geography, 
a  group  of  small  islands  west  of  Sicily:  the 
modern  .^gadian  Islands.  They  comprise  Eavi- 
gnana,  Maritime,  Levanzo,  and  Formica,  and  lielong  to  the 
province  of  Trapani,  Sicily.  Near  them  was  gained  the 
Roman  naval  victory  over  the  Carthaginians,  241  B.  0. 

.^gean  Sea  (e-je'an  se).  [L.  Mare  JEgsBum, 
Gr.  6  Alyato;  irdvroc,  or  to  Alyalov  wilayog,  so  called, 
according  to  Strabo,  from  Alyal,  -Slgee,  a  town 
in  Euboea;  aooording  to  others  (erroneously) 
from  Aiyeig,  jEgeus.]  That  part  of  the  Medi- 
terranean which  lies  between  Greece  on  the 
west,  European  Turkey  on  the  north,  and 
Asia  Minor  on  the  east,  and  communicates 
with  the  Sea  of  Marmora  and  thence  with  the 
Black  Sea  by  the  Strait  of  Dardanelles,  it  con- 
tains many  islands,  as  Euboea,  theCyclades,  the  Sporades, 
Samos,  Chios,  Mytilene,  Samothrace,  Thasos,  etc.  Its 
chief  arms  are  the  Gulf  of  Nauplia,  the  Saronic  Gulf,  the 
Channels  of  Egripo  and  Talanta,  and  the  Gulfs  of  Lamia, 
Volo,  Saloniki,  Cassandra,  Monte  Santo,  Contessa,  Saros, 
Adramyti,  Smyrna,  Scala  Nova,  Mendelia,  and  Kos.  Its 
chief  tributaries  are  the  Salembria,  Vardar,  Struma,  Ma- 
ritza, Sarabat,  and  Mend  ere.  Its  length  is  about  400  miles, 
and  its  greatest  width  over  200  miles.    See  ^geui, 

.^geon  (e-je'on).  A  character  in  Shakspere's 
"  Comedy  of  Errors":  a  merchant  of  Syracuse. 


.Sglamour 

jEgeus  (e'jfls).  [Gr.Aiyrff.]  In  Greek  legend, 
the  father  of  Theseus,  and  king  of  Athens. 
He  threw  himself  into  the  ^ean  Sea  (whence,  according 
to  tradition,  the  name)  through  grief  at  the  supposed 
loss  of  his  son.  _      ,     ^  .  _,., 

.SIgidi  (a-ge'de),  Ludvng  Karl.  Bom  at  Tilsit, 
April  10,  1825  :  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  19,  1901. 
A  German  jurist,  publicist,  and  politician,  pro- 
fessor of  jurisprudence  in  the  University  of 
Bonn  (1868),  and  professor  of  jurisprudence  in 
the  University  of  BerUn  ri877). 

JEgidius  (e-jid'i-us).  1.  A  Eoman  commander 
in  Gaul  under  Majorianus  (457-461).  After  the 
death  of  the  emperor  he  maintained  an  independent  sov- 
ereignty, possibly  with  the  title  of  king,  at  Soissons.  He 
was  voluntarily  chosen  king  of  the  Franks  during  the 
temporary  exile  of  the  unpopular  Childeric. 
2.  See  Giles,  Saint. 

.ffigidius  a  Colunmis  (e-jid'i-us  a  ko-lum'nis). 
Bom  at  Eome  about  1247:  died  1316.  A  scho- 
lastic philosopher,  general  of  the  Augustine 
order,  sumamed  "Doctor  Pundatissimus." 

jEgina  (e-ji'na),  or  Aiglna  (i'gi-na).  [Gr. 
Alyiva.']  In  Greek  mythology,  the  daughter  of 
Asopus,  the  river-god,  beloved  by  Zeus,  and 
carried  by  him  to  the  island  of  .ffigina  (whence, 
according  to  tradition,  its  name). 

.^gina,  or  Aigina.  An  island  of  Greece,  in  the 
Saronic  Gulf  of  the  ^gean,  lat.  37°  45'  N.,  long. 
23°  26'  E.  It  was  colonized  by  Dorians,  and  was  an  im- 
portant commercial  state  and  center  of  art  In  the  6th  and 
6th  centuries  B.  0.  In  456  B.  0.  it  was  subjugated  byAthens, 
and  now  belongs  to  the  nomarchy  of  Attica  and  Bceotia. 
Its  length  is  9  miles.    Population,  about  6,000. 

J£gina,  or  Aigina,  The  capital  of  the  island  of 
JEgina,  situated  on  the  western  coast:  popula- 
tion, about  3,000.  The  temple  of  Athena  at  Mgbm  was 
a  monument  famous  for  both  architecture  and  sculpture. 
It  was  a  Doric  peripteros  of  6  by  12  columns,  the  cells 
having  pronaos  and  opisthodomos  with  2  columns  in  antis. 
Twenty-two  columns,  with  their  entablature,  are  standing. 
Each  pediment  was  filled  with  a  group  of  sculpture  rep- 
resenting a  combat  between  Greeks  and  Trojans  under 
the  presidency  of  Athena,  who  is  the  central  figure.  The 
major  part  of  these  sculptures  has  been  recovered,  and 
Is  included  in  the  collection  of  the  jSginetan  Marbles 
(which  see)  at  Munich.  Though  appearing  older,  the 
temple  is  ascribed  to  the  early  part  of  the  5th  century  B.  0. 
Of  the  temple  of  Aphrodite  but  one  of  the  great  Doric 
columns,  very  similar  to  those  of  the  temple  of  Athena, 
but  larger,  is  standing,  but  the  plan  has  been  in  part  re- 
covered.   The  temple  was  hexastyle. 

.ffigina,  Gulf  of.    See  Saronic  Gulf. 

.Sgineta,  Paulus.    See  Paulus  Mginsta. 

.^ginetan  Marbles  (ej-i-ne'tan  mar'blz).  An 
important  collection  of  sculpture  from  the  tem- 
ple of  Athena  in  .3!gina,  now  in  the  Glyptothek 
at  Munich.  These  sculptures  were  discovered  In  1811, 
and  consist  for  the  most  part  of  the  remains  of  the  series  of 
statues  from  both  pediments  of  the  temple.  Five  figures 
survive  from  the  eastern  pediment^  and  10  from  the  west- 
ern, which  is  probably  complete.  Both  groups  represent 
the  exploits  of  Greek  heroes  lu  the  Trojan  war,  with 
Athena  as  the  central  figure.  They  belong  to  an  artistic 
period  immediately  before  the  time  of  full  mastery,  an! 
thus,  while  in  many  particulars  admirable^  preserve  Bome 
archaic  features,  as  the  rigid  smile  on  the  expressionless 
faces,  and  the  stiffness  of  attitude  of  some  of  the  figures. 
The  date  generally  accepted  is  about  475  B.  a;  but  this 
is  not  definitely  established.  These  sculptures  were  re- 
stored by  Thorwaldsen. 

-Sgipan  (e'ji-pan).  [Gr.  AlyfTrav,  the  goat  Pan.] 
In  Greek  mythology,  the  goat  Pan,  in  some 
forms  of  the  myth  identical  with  Pan,  and  in 
others  different  from  him.  He  is  called  the 
sou  of  Zeus  and  .33ga,  Pan's  wife,  and  also  the 
father  of  Pan. 

wSgir  (a'jir).  [ON.  segir,  AS.  edgor,  the  sea.] 
In  Old  Norse  mythology,  the  god  of  the  ocean. 
He  was  the  principal  water-demon  and  by  race  a  giant, 
but  personifies  the  more  propitious  characteristics  of  the 
sea.  He  is  also  called  Bier  (ON.  BUr)  and  Qymir.  His 
wife  is  Ran. 

.Sgis  (e'jis).  [L.  SBgis,  <  Gr.  alyi^,  the  segis,  also 
a  rushing  storm,  hurricane.]  In  Greek  mjrthol- 
ogy,  originally  the  storm-cloud  enveloping  the 
thunderbolt,  the  especial  weapon  of  Zeus,  it 
afterward  came  to  be  regarded  as :  (a)  The  skin  of  the 
goat  Amalthea,  the  foster-mother  of  Zeus,  which  the  latter 
took  for  defensive  armor  in  his  war  with  the  Titans.  •  (6) 
A  terrible  weapon  wrought  by  Hephtestus  after  the  faBh- 
lon  of  a  thunder-cloud  fringed  with  lightning,  intrusted 
to  Zeus  to  Apollo  and  to  Athena,  and  a  characteristic  at- 
tnbute  of  the  latter.  In  art  the  ^gia  is  represented  as 
a  sort  of  mantle  fringed  with  serpents,  generally  worn 
over  the  breast,  but  sometimes  held  extended  over  the 
left  arm,  or  thrown  over  the  arm  to  serve  as  a  shield.  The 
.S^gis  of  Athena,  except  In  the  most  primitive  representa- 
tions, bears  in  the  midst  the  head  of  the  Gorgon  Medusa, 
and  is  usually  covered  with  scales  like  those  of  a  serpent. 

iEgisthus(e-jis'thus).  [Gr. Atyicfcc.]  InGreek 
legend,  a  son  of  Thyestes  and  cousin  of  Aga- 
memnon: he  seduced  Clytemnestra,  and  pro- 
cured the  murder  of  Agamemnon,  in  the  "Aga- 
memnon "  of  .Sschylus  Clytemnestra,  incited  to  the  act 
by  .(Egisthus,  commits  the  murder. 

.^glamour  (e'gla-mSr).  The  Sad  Shepherd  in 
Jonson's  play  of  that  name.  He  grieves  at  the 
reported  drowning  of  the  shepherdess  Earine. 


■£gle 

^gle  (eg'le).  [Gr.  AiyA,.]  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy: (a)  A  naiad,  mother  of  the  Graces.  (J) 
One  of  the  Hesperides. 

jEgOSpotami  (e-gos-pot'a-mi).  [Gr.  Aiydf  tto- 
Ta/wi,  '  goat's  rivers.']    Li'  ancient  geography,  a 

small  river  and  a  town  of  the  Thracian  Cher- 

sonesus,  about  lat.  40°  20'  N.,  long.  26°  33' E.,  ^Eneas  "(e-ne'as)! 


noted  as  the  place  of  a  naval  victory  of  the 
Spartans  under  Lysauder  over  the  Athenians, 
405  B.  0.,  which  led  to  the  close  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesian  war. 

-ffigyPtUS  (e-jip'tus).  [Gr.  Myvm-gg.']  In  Greek 
mythologVj  a  son  of  Belus  and  twin  brother  of 
Danaus.  He  reoeivedfromBelus the  sovereignty 
of  Arabia  and  conquered  Egypt.    See  Egypt. 

.Slfheah  (alf 'hean),  or  Saint  Alphege  (al'fej). 
Born  954 :  died  April  19, 1012.  An  Anglo-Saxon 
prelate,  made  bishop  of  Winchester  in  984  and 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1006.  He  was  captured 
by  the  Danes  in  1011,  and  held  for  ransom.  This  he  at 
first  agreed  to  jpay,  bat  afterward  refused,  and  in  conse- 
quence was  slam. 

JElfred.    See  Alfred. 

.£lfric  (alf  rik).  Born  about  955:  died  about 
1020  A.  D.  An  English  (Anglo-Saxon)  abbot, 
surnamed  "Grammaticus,"  author  of  homilies 
(edited  by  Thorpe  1844-46),  a  Latin  grammar 
and  glossary,  a  treatise  on  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments,  "  Heptateuchus,"  etc.  There  has 
been  much  discussion  with  regard  to  his  identity,  and  it 
is  still  in  dispute. 

.  jElfthryth  (alf'thrith),  L.  Elfrida  (el-fri'da). 
Bom  about  945:  died  about  1000.  An  Anglo- 
Saxon  queen,  daughter  of  Ordgar,  ealdorman  of 
Devon,  wife  first  of  ^thelwald,  ealdorman  of 
the  East  Anglians,  and,  after  his  death,  of  King 
Eadgar  by  whom  she  was  the  mother  of  .^thel- 
red  II.  She  is  said  to  have  caused  the  murder  of  her 
stepson  Eadward  at  Corf  e,  in  order  to  secure  the  election 
of^thelred. 

iElia  Capitolina  (e'li-a  kap"i-t9-ll'na).   In  an 


17 

.ffimilius,  Paulus  (Paolo  Emilio).    Bom  at 

Verona,  Italy :  died  at  Paris,  May  5, 1529.     An 
ItaUan  historian,  summoned  to  France  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  VIII.  to  write  a  French  history, 
"De  rebus  gestis  Prancorum." 
JEmilius  Paulus.    See  Paulus. 

_.  .  [Gr.  Mvelag.']  In  classical 
legend,  a  Trojan  prince,  son  of  Anchises,  king 
otDardanus,  and  Aphrodite.  The  traditions  about 
him  vary.  According  to  Homer,  being  robbed  of  his  oat- 
Ue  by  Achilles,  he  took  sides,  with  his  Dardanians,  against 
the  Greeks,  played  an  important  part  in  the  war,  and  after 
the  sack  of  Troy,  and  the  extinction  of  the  house  of  Priam, 
reigned  (as  did  also  his  descendants)  in  the  Troad.  In 
post-Homeric  traditions  he  is  sometimes  represented  as 
absent  from  the  sack  of  Troy,  sometimes  as  seeking  refuge, 
on  the  admonition  of  Aphrodite,  in  Mount  Ida,  and  carry- 
ing his  father  thither  on  his  shoulders  (with  other  varia- 
tions), and  as  settling  in  the  peninsula  of  Pallene,  or  in 
the  Arcadian  Orchomenps.  Most  of  the  traditions,  how- 
ever, represent  him  as  liinding  in  Italy,  and  becoming  the 
ancestral  hero  of  the  Komans.    See  Jkneid. 

.Sneas  Sylvius.    See  Fius  II. 

2Bneid  (e-ne'id),  oriEneis (-is).  An epicpoem, 
in  twelve  books,  by  Vergil,  recounting  the  ad- 
ventures of  .^neas  after  the  fall  of  Troy,  founded 
on  the  Roman  tradition  that  JEneas  settled  in 
Latium  and  became  the  ancestral  hero  of  the 
Roman  people.  The  hero,  driven  by  a  storm  on  the 
coast  of  Africa,  is  hospitably  received  by  Dido,  queen  of 
Carthage,  to  whom  he  relates  the  fall  of  Troy  and  his  wan- 
derings. An  attachment  between  them  is  broken  by  the 
departure  of  ^neas,  in  obedience  to  the  will  of  the  gods, 
and  the  suicide  of  Dido  follows.  After  a  visit  to  Sicily, 
iBneas  lands  at  Cumse  in  Italy.  In  a  descent  to  the  in- 
fernal regions  he  sees  bis  father,  Anchises,  and  has  a  pro- 
phetic vision  of  the  glorious  destiny  of  his  race  as  weU  as 
of  the  future  heroes  of  Home.  He  marries  Lavinia,  daugh- 
ter of  Latinus,  king  of  the  Latini,  and  a  contest  with  Tur- 
nus,  king  of  the  Kutuli,  the  rejected  suitor,  follows,  in 
which  Tumus  is  slain.  The  poem  is  a  glorification  of  Bome 
and  of  the  emperor  Augustas,  who,  as  a  member  of  the 
Julian  gens,  traced  his  descent  from  Julus  (sometimes 
identified  with  Ascanius),  the  grandson  of  .Slneas.  Tlie 
poem  was  completed,  but  not  finally  corrected,  at  the  death 
of  the  author  in  19  B.  0. 


eieut  geography,  a  Roman  colony  established    m  tne  author  m         _    .  ,.,        .      ,..,      ,,      ,. 
T.,7  TTaSriaT,  lai  A   T,    n„ +!,<.  =l+.n  nf  .To^iioalorr,    .ffinesidemus  (en-o-si-de'mus).     i&T.  AcvrimSv- 


iU0f.]  A  celebrated  Greek  skeptical  philoso- 
pher of  Cnossus  (or  JEgse)  in  Crete,  a  younger 
contemporary  of  Cicero, 


by  Hadrian,  134  a.  d.,  on  the  site  of  Jerusalem. 
iBlia  was  the  family  name  of  Hadrian:  a  temple  was 
dedicated  to  Jupiter  Capitolinus  in  the  place  (hence  the 
name).  ___^ 

.Slia  gens  (e'li-a  jenz).  In  ancient  Rome,  a  ^olia  (e-5'li-a).  See  Molis. 
plebeian  clan  or  house  whose  family  names  and  JEolian  Islands  (e-o'li-an  i'landz).  The  an- 
surnames  were  Bala,  Catus,  Gallus,  Gracilis,  cient  name  of  the  Lipari'lslan'ds. 
Lamia,  Ligur,  P»tus,  Sejanus,  Staienus,  Stilo,  jEolians  (e-6'li-anz).  The  ^oles  or  ^olii,  one 
and  Tubero.  To  this  gens  belonged  the  em-  „£  the  four  ^eat  divisions  of  the  Greek  race, 
peror  Hadrian  and  the  Antonmes,  whom  he  They  occupied  from  an  early  period  a  large  part  of  north- 
adopted,  em  Greece  and  the  western  part  of  Peloponnesus,  and 

JEUan  (e'li-an).     See  Mlianus,  Claudius.  »l8o  migrated  to  Asia  Minor,  settling  in  the  region  named 

V,,.  ,_",._,        \     r*.t       J.  AT-.  for  them  .^k)hs,  and  in  Lesbos. 

.ffilianus  (e-h-a'nus),  Claudius.  A  Roman  zpnUo  (s's  lii)  or  ;Pn1ia  (e  o'li  HI 
rhetorician  of  the  2d  century  a.  d.,  said  to  have  -^P^  (f  ^^^^^l^^^^^^-J-^^^J^:^. 
been  born  at  Prseneste,  Italy.    His  extant  works 


are  noiKiAij'Io-Topta,  commonly  called  "  Varia  Historia, 
"a  collection  of  *ana'  containing  anecdotes  of  every 
kind,  historical,  biographical,  antiquarian,  put  together 
without  any  method  or  connection,  and,  perhaps,  not  in- 
tended for  publication"  {E.  0.  Miiiler);  and  IXepl  Ziiuiv 
IStdngTo;'  (De  Animalium  Natura),  "On  the  Peculiarities  of 
Animals, '  a  work  similar  in  f  oim  to  the  preceding. 

iEliauus  Tactions  (e-li-a'nus  tak'ti-kus). 


[Gr.  Aio/li'f, 
Alo/li'a.]  'In  ancient  geography','  originally  the 
western  coast  of  Asia  Minor  between  the  river 
Hermus  and  Lectum.  Later  it  extended  along 
Troas. 
.ffiolus  (e'o-lus).  [Gr.  AJoJoOf.]  1.  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  god  of  the  winds,  which  he  con- 
fined in  a  cavern. —  2.  The  son  of  Hellen,  and 
the  eponymic  founder  of  the  .^olian  race 


Lived  about  100  a.  d.    A  writer,  probably  a  .ffipinus(a-pe'nos)  (Franz  Maria  UlricliTlieo- 

Greek  residing  at  Rome,  author  of  a  work  in    dor  Hocll)>    [G.  Hoch,  high ;  Gr.  alnv(,  high, 

Greek  on  the  military  tactics  of  the  Greeks  and 

the  constitution  of  a  Roman  army. 
.Slla  (al'a),  or  Ella  (el'a).    Died  588.    King 

of  the  De'irans  from  559  t'6  588,  the  son  of  Iffa, 

ealdorman  of  the  Deirans.    He  cast  off  the  sa- 

premaey  of  the  Bernicians  at  the  death  of  Ida. 
Aello  (a-el'6).   £Gr.  a^Au.]    In  Greek  mythol- 


steep,  whence  ^pinus.'}  Bom  at  Rostock,  Ger- 
many, 1724:  died  at  Dorpat,  1802.  A  German- 
Russian  physicist,  authof  of  "  Tentamen  theo- 
rise eleotricitatis  et  magnetismi"  (1759),  etc. 
.Spinus,  Johann  (originally  Hocn).  Bom  at 
Ziesar,  Prussia,  1499 :  died  at  Hamburg,  May 
13,  1553.  A  German  Protestant  theologian,  an 
opponent  of  Melanchthon,  and  author  of  a  work 
"De  Purgatorio." 
.Squi  (e'kwi).  In  ancient  geography,  a  tribe 
living  in  Latium,  east  of  Rome  and  north  of  the 
Hemici,  often  allied  with  the  Volscians  and  at 
war  with  the  Romans.  They  were  finally  sub- 
the  fourth  book  of  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene,"  dued  about  300  b.  c. 
a  lovely  lady  "rapt  by  greedie  lust"  into  the  Aerians  (a-e'n-anz).  A  reforming,  Anan,  sect 
power  of  a  cannftal  giant  who  held  Amoret  of  the  4th  century:  so  called  from  their  leader 
also  captive.  ShewassavedbyBelphoebe.— 2.  Aerius.  They  maintained  that  a  presbyter  or  elder  does 
In  Shafe«mPTp'<!  "  Comedv  of  ETTors  "  the  wife  ""*  ^'^^'^  '™™  *  bishop  in  authority,  repudiated  prayers 
in  &naj£spere  s  uomeay  oi  JirrorSj^  me  wue  j^^  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^  rejected  church  fasts.  This  sect  was 
of  .iligeon,  acting  as  tne  abbess  ot  Jipnesus.  the  forerunner  of  modern  Presbyterianism. 

Emilia  gens  (e-mil'i-a  jenz )^  One  of  the  most  Aerius  (a-e'ri-us).    A  presbyter  of  Sebastia, 


ogy,  one  of  the  Harpies, 

Aelst.    See  Alost. 

Aelst  (alst),  Willem  van.  Bom  at  Delft,  Neth- 
erlands, 1620:  died  at  Amsterdam,  1679.  A 
Dutch  painter  of  flowers  and  fruit. 

.ffimilia  (e-mil'i-a).    [Fem.  oi  JEmilius.']    1.  In 


ancient  patrician  houses  at  Rome,  probably  of 
Sabine  origin,  which  regarded  as  its  ancestor 
Mamerous,  called  /^milius  on  account  of  his 
persuasive  language,  who  was  variously  repre- 
sented as  the  son  of  Pythagoras,  or  of  Numa, 
or  as  the  descendant  of  Ascanius.  The  first 
member  of  the  gens  who  obtained  the  consulship  was  L. 
Anilius  Mamercus  (in  484  B.  c).  Its  family  names  are 
Barbala,  Buca,  Iicpidus,  Mamercus  or  Mamercinus,  Papas, 
Paulus,  B.egilluB,  and  Scauros. 

^milius  (e-mil'i-us^.  [A  Roman  name  said  to 
be  from  Gr.  aifd>?uoc,  flattering.  See  Mmilia 
gens.']  In  Shakspere's  (?)  "  Titus  Andronicus," 
a  noble  Roman. 


in  Pontus,  Asia  Minor,  who  lived  in  the  middle 
of  the  4th  century  a.  d.,  and  was  the  founder 
of  the  Aerians. 

JEro  (a're),  or  Arroe  (ar'rfi-e).  An  island  of 
Denmark,  in  the  Little  Belt,  south  of  Fii- 
nen..  Length,  15  miles.  Area,  33  square  miles. 
Population,  about  11,000.  Its  chief  town  is 
iEroeskjobing. 

Aerschot,  or  ArscllOt  (ar'skot).  Atown  in  the 
province  of  Brabant,  Belgium,  on  the  Demer 
about  23  mUes  northeast  of  Brussels.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  6,234. 

Aertszen  (art'sen),  Pieter.     Born  at  Amster- 


.£stii 

dam  about  1520 :  died  1573.  A  Dutch  histori- 
cal painter.  Among  his  works  is  a  Crucifixion, 
in  Antwerp. 

.ffiscanes  (es'ka-nez).  A  character  in  Shak- 
spere's "  Pericles" :  a  lord  of  Tyre. 

.ffischines  (es'ki-nez).  [Gv.  Amxlvrn.']  An  Athe- 
nian philosopher,  a  contemporary  and  disciple 
of  Socrates.  The  three  extant  dialogues  as- 
cribed to  him  are  spurious. 

.ffischines.  Bom  389  B.  c. :  died  in  Samos  314 
B.  C.  A  famous  Athenian  orator,  the  political 
antagonist  of  Demosthenes,  son  of  Atrometus 
(Tromes),  of  the  dome  of  the  Cothocidre,  and 
Glaucothea.  He  served  in  the  campaigns  at  Nemea  in 
368,  at  Mantineia  in  362,  and  at  Tamynse  in  349 ;  was  a 
tragic  actor  and  a  clerk  to  the  assembly  before  he  ap- 
peared about  348  as  a  public  speaker;  was  twice  an  envoy 
to  Philip  of  Macedon,  346 ;  was  twice  accused  (once  (343) 
by  Demosthenes)  of  having  accepted  bribes  from  the  king, 
but  saved  himself ;  and  was  defeated  (330)  in  a  trial  which 
he  brought  against  Ctesiphon  for  having  proposed  that 
Demosthenes  should  be  rewarded  for  his  public  services 
with  a  golden  crown,  and,  as  a  consequence,  went  into 
exile.  He  finally  settled  in  Khodes,  where  he  is  said  to 
have  established  a  school  of  eloquence.  His  extant  ora- 
tions are  "  Against  Timarchns  "  (345),  "  On  the  Embassy  " 
(343),  and  "  Against  Ctesiphon  "  (330). 

.ffischines  the  Orator.  A  Greek  statue  from 
Hereulaneum,  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples, 
of  high  rank  among  works  of  its  class.  The  orator 
stands  quietly,  his  arm  wrapped  in  his  mantle ;  the  ex- 
pression is  preoccupied,  but  full  of  dignity. 

.^schylus  (es'ki-lus).  [Gr.  At(T;t;{iAoc.]  Born 
at  Eleusis,  Attica,  in  525  b.  c.  :  died  at  Gela, 
Sicily,  in  456  B.  c.  The  greatest  of  the  Greek 
tragic  poets.  He  was  the  son  of  a  certain  Euphorion, 
and  fought  in  the  great  battles  of  the  Persian  war,  being 
wounded,  it  is  said,  at  Marathon  in  490  B.  0.  In  485  B.  0. 
he  gained  his  first  tragic  victory :  in  all  he  gained  tliirteen. 
In  468  he  was  defeated  by  Sophocles.  In  the  same  year 
he  quitted  Athens,  according  to  Plutarch,  in  mortification 
at  his  defeat,  and  went  to  the  court  of  Hiero  at  Syracuse, 
at  whose  invitation  he  had  already  once  before  visited 
Sicily  and  written  a  local  piece  called  the  "^tnseans." 
^schylus  was  the  father  of  the  Greek  tragic  drama.  Of 
his  plays  there  remain  72  titles,  over  60  of  which  seem 
genuine,  but  only  7  are  extant:  the  "Supplices,"  the 
"Persse,"  the  "Seven  against  Thebes,"  the  "Prometheus 
VinctUB,"  and  the  Orestean  trilogy,  consisting  of  the 
"Agamemnon,"  "Choephori,"and  "Eumenides." 

.Ssculapius  (es-ku-la'pi-us),  or  Asklepios  (as- 
kle'pi-os).  [Gr.'A(T«vl,)?m(ic.]  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  god  of  medicine,  son  of  Apollo  and  Coronis. 
He  was  killed  with  a  thunderbolt  by  Zeus,  because  Pluto 
complained  that  Hades  was  being  depopulated.  At  the 
request  of  Apollo,  he  was,  after  death,  placed  among  the 
stars.  He  is  commonly  represented  as  an  old  man  with 
a  beard,  his  usual  attribute  being  a  staff  with  a  serpent 
coiled  around  it.  The  common  offering  to  him  was  a 
cock. 

Aeshma  Daeva  (a-esh'ma  da-a'va).  The  de- 
mon of  anger  in  Avestan  mythology,  identified 
with  the  Asmodeus  of  the  Book  of  Tobit. 

.Ssir  (a'sir).  The  collective  name  for  the  gods 
of  Scandinavian  mythology.  There  were  12 
gods  and  26  goddesses,  dwellers  in  Asgard. 

.£son  (e'son).  [Gr.  Klauv.']  In  Greek  legend, 
the  father  of  Jason,  and  stepbrother  of  Pelias, 
who  excluded  him  from  his  share  of  the  king- 
dom of  Thessaly.  -when  Pelias,  on  the  reported  re- 
turn of  the  Argonauts,  attempted  to  kill  him,  he  com- 
mitted suicide.*  According  to  Ovid,  he  was  rejuvenated 
by  Medea  after  the  return  of  the  Argonauts. 

.Ssop,  or  Esop  (e'sop).  [Gr. A((T(a7rof,L..i®sop«s.] 

1.  According  to  tradition,  a  Greek  fabulist  of 
the  6th  century  b.  c,  represented  as  a  dwarf 
and  originally  a  slave.  Samoa  and  other  places 
claimed  the  honor  of  being  his  birthplace.  After  obtaining 
his  freedom  he  visited  Lydia  and  Greece.  Of  the  so-called 
fables  of  ^sop  there  have  been  several  editions ;  but  they 
are  all  spurious.  Indeed,  he  is  probably  not  a  historical  per- 
sonage. "  Some  of  the  fables  attributed  to  him  are  drawn 
from  Egyptian  sources  older  by  eight  hundred  years  than 
the  famous  dwarf  who  is  supposed  to  have  invented 
them.  The  fable  of  'The  Lion  and  the  Mouse'  was  dis- 
covered by  Dr.  Brugsch  In  an  Egyptian  papyrus  a  few 
years  ago.  '  The  Dispute  of  the  Stomach  and  the  Mem- 
bers* has  yet  more  recently  been  identified  by  Pro- 
fessor Maspero  with  an  ancient  Egyptian  original." 
(Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  223.)  He  was  repre- 
sented in  later  art  as  deformed,  "perhaps  to  indicate 
his  nearer  approach  to  the  lower  animals  and  his  pecu- 
liar sympathy  for  their  habits.  Such  is  the  conception 
of  the  famous  statue  now  in  the  Villa  Albanl  at  Rome." 

2.  A  Greek  historian  of  the  7th  or  8th  century 
A.  D.,  author  of  a  life  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

.£sop,  Clodius.  A  Roman  tragic  actor,  a  con- 
temporary and  intimate  friend  of  Cicero,  re- 
garded by  Horace  and  others  as  the  equal  of 
the  great  actor  Roscius. 

.^stii  (es'ti-i).    See  the  extrp.ct. 

North  ot  the  Slavs,  and  intimately  connected  with  them, 
the  Prusso-Lettish  branch  of  languages  was  situated; 
these  tribes  are  first  mentioned  as  the  .^stii  of  Taci- 
tus (c.  45)  on  the  amber  coast,  then  as  the  Galindse  and 
Sudini  of  Ptolemy,  the  neighbours  of  the  Venedee.  Mul- 
lenhoS  makes  it  probable  that  "the  stock  collectively 
spread  from  the  south  or  south-east,  so  that  the  swampy 


^stii 

dlBtrlct  of  the  Fripet  was  once  its  natural  boundary  to 
the  south,  and  the  original  basis  of  its  diffusion." 

Schroder,  A^an  Peoples  (tr.  by  Jeyons),  p.  428. 

^tlielbald(ath'el-baid),  orEthelbald  (eth'el- 
bald).  Died  757.  King  of  the  Mercians  from 
716  (718  ?)  to  757,  son  of  Alweo,  grandnephew  of 
Penda,  and  successor  of  Ceolred.  He  was  acknow- 
ledged overlord  of  the  English  as  far  as  the  Humber,  731 ; 
took  the  West-Saxon  town  of  Somerton,  733 ;  ravaged 
Northumbria,  740 ;  was  defeated  by  his  West-Saxon  under- 
king,  Cuthred,  at  the  battle  of  Burf  ord,  754  ;  and  was  killed 
by  his  ealdormen,  757. 

iEthelbald,  or  Ethelbald.    King  of  the  West 

Saxons  858-860,  son  of  .^thelwulf .  He  married 
his  father's  widow,  Judith  of  France,  who  on  his  death  re- 
turned to  France  and  married  Baldwin,  afterward  count 
of  Flanders.  From  this  last  union  was  descended  Matilda, 
wife  of  William  the  Conqueror. 

/Gthelberht  (ath'el-bernt),  orEtbelbert  (eth'- 
el-b6rt),  Saint.  Born  552  (?):  died  Feb.  24, 
616.  King  of  Kent  from  560  to  616,  son  of 
Bormenric,  and  great-grandson  of  Hengist.  He 
was  defeated  by  the  West  Saxons  under  Ceawlin  and  Cu- 
tha  at  the  battle  of  Wimbledon,  568  ;  married  Bertha  or 
Bercia,  a  Christian  princess,  daughter  of  Charibert,  king 
of  the  Franks;  gradually  established  his  overlordship 
over  the  English  south  of  the  Humber  after  the  death  of 
Ceawlin,  593 ;  received  St.  Augustine  at  the  Isle  of  Thanet, 
597 ;  and  was  converted  and  vigorously  supported  Augus- 
tine.   He  issued  the  first  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  codes,  600. 

.Sthelberht,  or  Ethelbert.  King  of  the  West 
Saxons  860-866,  son  of  .ffithelwulf . 

jEthelburh  (ath' el-born),  L.  Etbelburga  (eth- 
el-b6r'ga),  Saint.  Bied676(?).  Abbess  of  Bark- 
ing, Essex.    She  is  commemorated  on  Oct.  11. 

.Sthelflsed  (ath'el-flad),  or  Ethelfleda  (eth'el- 
fle-da).  Died  in  918  (?).  The  eldest  daughter 
of  King  Alfred.  She  married  Ethelred,  ealdorman  of 
the  Mercians.  During  his  life  they  had  equal  rule,  and 
after  his  death,  in  9U  or  912,  she  was  sole  ruler.  She  is 
known  as  "  the  Lady  of  the  Mercians." 

.Sthelfrith  (ath'el-frith),  or  Ethelfrid  (eth'- 
el-frid),  or  .ffldilfrid.  Died  617.  King  of  the 
Northumbrians  from  593  to  617,  son  of  ^thel- 
rie,  whom  he  succeeded.  He  defeated  Aidan  (iEd- 
han)  at  the  battle  of  Dsegsastan  (probably  Dawstone),  603 ; 
defeated  the  Welsh  at  the  battle  of  Chester,  613,  massa- 
cring about  twelve  hundred  of  the  two  thousand  monks 
from  Bangor  Yscoed,  who  were  praying  for  the  success  of 
the  Welsh ;  and  was  defeated  and  killed  by  Esedwald  at 
the  battle  of  the  Idle,  617. 

iEttaelred  (ath'el-rad),  or  Ethelrtd  (eth'el- 
red),  or  Ethered  (eth'e-red),  I,  King  of  the 
West  Saxons  from  866  to  871,  son  of  ^thel- 
•vmlf. 

.Stbelred,  or  Ethelred,  II.  Bom  968:  died  at 
Iioudon,  April  23,  1016.  King  of  England,  sur- 
named  "  The  Unready "  ('lackingcounsel'),  son 
of  Edgar  and  Elfrida.  He  succeeded  to  the  throne 
979,  instituted  the  payment  gS  "  danegeld  "  991,  ordered 
a  general  massacre  of  the  Danes  1002,  was  deposed  1013, 
and  was  restored  1014. 

JEthelstan,     See  Athelstan. 

.ffithel-wulf  (ath'el-wulf),  or  Etbelwulf  (eth'- 
el-wtdf),  or  Athulf.  Died  Jan.  13  (June  13?), 
858.  An  Anglo-Saxon  king,  son  of  Bcgberlit 
(king  of  Wessex,  ruler  of  Sussex,  Kent,  and 
Essex,  and  overlord  of  Mercia,  East  Auglia, 
Northumbria,  Wales,  and  Stratholyde),  whom 
he  succeeded  in  839.  In  842  he  was  defeated  by  the 
Danes  at  Charmouth,  but  in  851  repulsed  them  with  great 
slaughter  at  Ocldey  in  Surrey.  In  856  he  married  a  sec- 
ond wife,  Judith,  the  daughter  of  Charles  the  Bald.  The 
West  Saxons  revolted  under  his  son  iE^thelbald  to  whom 
he  surrendered  the  government  of  Wessex,  retaining  only 
his  overlordship. 

.ZBther  (e'ther).  [G-r.  AWr/p.']  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, the  sou  of  Chaos  and  Darkness,  and  the 
brother  of  Night,  Day,  and  Erebus ;  or,  accord- 
ing to  Hesiod,  the  son  of  Erebus  and  Night, 
and  the  brother  of  Day.  By  Day  he  was  the  father 
of  Land,  Heaven,  and  Sea;  by  Earth,  of  the  Giants  and 
Titans  and  the  vices  which  destroy  the  human  race.  Ac- 
cording to  the  Orphic  hymns,  he  is  the  soul  of  the 
world  from  which  all  life  springs.  In  later  times  he  was 
regarded  as  the  broad  expanse  of  heaven,  the  abode  of 
the  gods. 

.StMopia.    See  Ethiopia. 

.Sthiopica.    See  Theagenes  and  Chariclea. 

iEthiopis  (e-thi'o-pis),  or  Lay  of  .Ethiopia.  A 
Greek  epic  poem' of  the  Trojan  cycle,  by  Aretinus 
of  Miletus,  the  oldest  certainly  known  epic  poet 
(about  776  B.  0. ):  so  named  from  one  of  its  heroes, 
Memnon  the  .Ethiopian.  It  was  a  continuation  of 
the  Iliad,  reaching  "from  the  death  of  Hector  to  that  of 
Achilles,  and  telling  of  the  arrival  of  the  Amazons  and 
the  jitliiopians  to  aid  Troy." 

Aetians.    See  Ae'tius  and  Anomceans. 

Aetion  (a-e'shi-on).  \0:t. 'AeriiM.']  A  noted 
Greek  painter,  probably  a  contemporary  of 
Apelles.  His  picture  of  the  "Marriage  of 
Alexander  and  Roxana"  was  famous  in  an- 
tiquity. 

Aetius(a-e'shi-us),or  Aetios(-os).  [Gr.  !imof.] 
Bom  at  Antioch,  in  Coele-Syria :  died  at  Con- 
stantinople, 367  A.  D.  A  Syrian  theologian,  sur- 


18 


AfMca 


named  "  The  Atheist,"  the  founder  of  a  sect  of  natives  of  Afghanistan,  and  called  by  them 
extreme  Ai-ians,  called  Aetians  from  him,  Euno-   Pushtu  or  Pukhtu. 

^j^^l*''''^  Ms  disciple  Eunomius,  and  Ano- ^^^flngg^  (af'ing-er),  Bemhard.    Bom  at  Nn- 
moeans.     The  Aetians  "were  the  first  to  carry  out  the    rfimhfirir  Rnvarin    Mnv  fi  18T1-  Hied  at  TifirliTi 
doctrines  of  Arius  to  their  legitimate  issue,  and  in  oppo-    ??       o?^'i  oif7     f '  ^f  7,") -'■°-^^  •  <"eQ  at  iserlin, 
sition  both  to  Homoousianp  and  Homoiousians  maintained   -Deo.  25,  1882.    A  noted  German  sculptor. 

ttfname  AjJoZansf*''  "''°''°'°''  ^''^  ^»*''« "  (*"«°'=«  Aflum-Karallissar  (a-fe-6m'ka-ra'his-sar'),  or 
Aetius.  Born  at  Durostoms  (Silistria)  about  Karahissar.  [Tm-k  'black  castle  of  opium.'] 
396:  killed  at  Rome,  454.  A  Roman  general,  ^,.*°^^  f  *^®J^^/f*i°o^o°o'J°w^^*^^^Q''Ao'^o7' 
commander-in-chief  under  Valentinian  III.  atic  Turkey,  about  lat.  38°  38' N.,  long.  SO"  28' 
He  gained  many  victories  over  the  West  Goths,  Franks,  ^-  '•  *? ^  native  City  of  Othman,  founder  of  the 
Burgundians,  and  other  northern  invaders,  and  is  famous  Turkish  empire.  Near  it  is  the  site  of  the  an- 
for  his  victory  over  Attila,  near  ChSlons-sur-Marne,  451.  cient  Synnada.  Population,  20,000  (?). 
He  was  put  to  death  by  the  emperor.  ,,        .         ,      .,.._.  .     -, 

Aetius.  Born  at  Amida,  Mesopotamia:  flour- ■'"'^^ill^S  (^-^^>.-As)'  Lticius.  A  Roman 
ished  about  500  A.  D.  A  Greek  writer,  author  ''°™'2  PJ}?*'  ^^  mitator  of  Menander,  livmg 
of  a  medical  work  in  sixteen  books  (Latin    about  100  B.  o.    Fragments  of  his  works  are 

translation  1542).    Though  essentiaUy  a eompilation,  .*?               , 

it  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  books  of  antiquity  on  AfraniUS  NepOS,   LuClUS,     A  Roman  general, 

^edicine.  an  adherent  of  Pompey.      He  was  consul  60  b.  c, 

JtiZaa,  (et  na) .     A  Ijatin  didactic  poem  errone-  was  opposed  to  Csssar  in  Spain  49  b.  c,  and  died  in  Africa 

ously  attributed  to  Vergil.    It  combats  the  **  b.  o. 

popular  mythical  theory  of  the  causes  of  vol-  Afrasiab   (a-fra-si-ab').    In  the  Shahnamah, 

canic  action.  son  of  the  Turaman  king  Pesheng  and  a  de- 

.£tna.  Mount.    See  Etna.  scendant  of  Tur,  the  son  of  Feridun.    The  obliga- 

.ffitolia  (e-to'li-a),  or  Aitolia  (i-to'li-a).     TGr.  tion  to  blood-revenge  for  the  death  of  Eraj,  who  had  been 

AlToMa.l     In  aicient  geography,  a  district  of  killed  by  Tur  and  his  brother  Salm,  was  the  ground  of  the 

n     ^       T,        J   J  T,    -ci    •      °      J  mi-      "^"i"^*^"  "^  long  struggle  between  Iran  and  Turan.    A  great  part  oi 

trreece,  bounded  by  lipirus  and  Thessaly  on  the  the  Shahnamah  is  taken  up  with  the  account  of  the  wars 

north,  Doris  on  the  northeast,  Locris  on  the  waged  by  Afrasiab  with  Iranian  sovereigns  until  he  at  last 

east   ajid  southeast,   the   Corinthian  GuU  on  escapes  from  Hom,  who  had  bound  him,  into  the  lake  of 

the  south,  and  Acarnania  on  the  west.    It  now  Ur'"°H'>-    As  Afrasiab  is  induced  to  raise  his  head  above 

J.  ',     »   "^o"^"""'"  ""  ^uc  nroou.     iu  iiuyv  jjjg  ^afgrs,  he  IS  caught  with  a  lasso  by  Hom,  who  gives 

lorms  part  of  the  nomarcny  ot  Aearnama  and  him  over  to  Kaikhosrav,  who  beheads  him.    Afrasiab  is 

.^tolia.  the  Franrasyan  of  the  Avesta. 

.ffltolian  League  (e-to'li-an  leg).    A  oonfeder-  Africa  (af'ri-ka).     [P.  Afrigue,  G.  Afnka,  Sp. 

acy  of  Greek  tribes  whose  constitution  was  It.  Pg.  Africa, '  L.  Africa  (whence  Gr.  'A^piic^, 

copiedfromthat  of  the  Achsean  League,  it  waged  the  prop.  Gr.  term  being  Aiflii/,  Libya),  prop.  adj. 

war  against  Macedon  323  B._o.,  against  the  Gauls  279,  and  (go.  terra),  from  Afer  (pi.  Afri),  an  inhabitant 


against  the  Achaean  League  220,  and  was  allied  with  Some 
211-192.    It  was  dissolved  in  167  B.  c. 

Afanasieff  (a-fa-na'si-ef),  Aleksandr.  Bom 
1826:  died  1871.  A  Russian  archseologist, 
author  of  "Russian  Popular  Stories,"  "Poeti- 
cal Views  of  the  Old  Slavonians  about  Na- 
ture," etc. 

Afar  and  Afar  country.  See  DanaMl  and 
Danalcil  country.  ' 

Afer  (a'f  6r),  Domitius.  Bom  at  Nimes,  Prance : 
died  60  a.  d.  A  Roman  orator,  a  teacher  of 
Quintilian.  In  A.  D.  26  he  conducted  the  accusation 
for  the  government  against  Claudia  Pulchra,  the  cousin 
of  Agrippina,  and  in  A.  D.  27  appeared  against  Varus 
Quintilius,  her  son. 

Affenthal  (af 'fen-tal).  A  village  near  Baden, 
in  Baden,  noted  for  its  red  wine. 

Afire  (af'r),  Denis  Auguste.  Bom  at  St. 
Rome,  Tarn,  France,  Sept.  27,  1793:  died  at 
Paris,  June  27,  1848.  A  French  ecclesiastic, 
appointed  archbishop  of  Paris  in  1840.  He  was 
mortally  wounded  in  the  insurrection  of  1848,  at  the  barri- 
cades, June  25,  while  attempting  to  admonish  the  in- 
surgents. 

Afghanistan  (af-gan-is-tan').  A  country  of 
Asia,  bounded  by  Asiatic  Russia  and  Bokhara 
north,  India  and  Kafiristan  east,  Baluchistan 
south,  and  Persia  west,  and  extending  from 
about  lat.  29°  to  37°  30'  N.,  and  long.  61°  to 
72°  E.  The  limits  of  the  ameer's  rule  are  ill  defined. 
The  chief  divisions  are  Kabul,  Herat,  Kandahar,  Afghan 
Turkestan,  and  Jelalabad.  The  Ameer  of  Kabul  is  its 
absolute  sovereign.  The  -prevailing  religion  is  Moham- 
medanism. Afghanistan  became  independent  of  Persia 
under  the  Durani  dynasty  in  1747.  Under  its  ruler,  Dost 
Mohammed,  war  broke  out  with  the  British  in  1838. 
The  latter  captured  Kandahar,  Ghazni,  and  Kabul  (1839), 
establishing  a  new  ameer ;  but  in  1841  the  British  agent 
was  massacred,  and  the  British  army  was  annihilated 
in  1842  in  retreating  in  the  Kurd-Kabul  Pass.  Gen- 
eral Pollock  ended  the  war  in  1842.  In  1878,  under  the 
ameer  Shere  All,  war  again  broke  out  with  the  British, 
who  captured  Jelalabad  and  Kandahar.  Shere  All  fled, 
and  Yakub  Khan  was  proclaimed  in  1879.  A  massacre  of 
the  British  resident  at  Kabul  was  followed  by  an  invasion 
under  General  Roberts,  and  Yakub  Khan  abdicated.  The 
latter's  brother  Ayub  Khan  in  1880  defeated  the  British 
forces,  but  under  General  Roberts  they  relieved  Kandahar 
in  1880,  defeated  Ayub  Khan,  and  recognized  Abdurrah- 
man Khan  as  ameer.  Various  disputes  arose  regarding 
the  boundai7  between  Afghanistan  and  the  Russian  pos- 
sessions. The  Russians  seized  Penjdeh  in  1885,  and  war 
was  narrowly  averted.  An  Anglo-Russian  commission 
arranged  the  delimitation  of  the  northern  frontier  in 
1886-87.  Recent  occurrences  have  been  revolts  of  the 
Ghilzais  and  other  tribes.  Area  (estimated),  216,400  square 
miles.  Population  (estimated),  4,000,000,  including  the 
Afghans  proper,  Pathans,  Hindkis,  Hazaras,  Kataghans, 
etc. 

Afghan  Turkestan.  A  region  between  the 
Oxus  and  the  Hindu-Kush  Mountains,  subject 
to  the  Ameer  of  Kabul :  a  vague  term. 

Afghan  wars.  British  wars  with  Afghanistan 
in  1838-42  and  1878-80.     See  Afghanistan. 

Afghan  (af'gan).  1.  One  of  an  Iranian  race 
forming  a  large  part  (about  3,000,000)  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Afghanistan.  The  native  name 
is  Pusht&nah  (pi.). — 2.  One  of  the  languages 
of  the  Aryan  family,  spoken  by  the  Afghans  or 


of  Africa,  orig.  with  reference  to  the  country 
of  the  Carthaginians,  from  whom  the  term  was 
received.]  1.  A  continent  of  the  eastern 
hemisphere,  next  to  Asia  the  largest  grand 
division  of  the  world,  bounded  by  the  Medi- 
terranean on  the  north  (which  separates  it 
from  Europe),  the  Isthmus  of  Suez  (which  con- 
nects it  with  Asia),  the  Red  Sea  (which  sepa- 
rates it  from  Asia),  and  the  Indian  Ocean  on 
the  east,  the  Southern  Ocean  on  the  south,  and 
the  Atlantic  on  the  west.  It  extends  from  lat.  37° 
20'  N.  to  lat.  34°  60'  S.,  and  from  long.  17°  81'  W.  to  long. 
61°  22'  E.  Its  principal  political  divisions  are  Morocco, 
Algeria,  Tunis,  Tripoli,  Barca,  Fezzan,  Egypt,  the  Mahdi's 
dominions  (in  the  eastern  Sudan),  Abyssinia,  the  Italian 
possessions,  British  East  Africa,  German  East  Africa,  Brit- 
ish protectorates  in  the  interior,  the  Portuguese  posses- 
sions on  the  east  and  west  coasts,  British  South  Africa 
(Cape  Colony,  Katal,  the  Orange  River  Colony,  the  Trans- 
vaal Colony,  etc.),  the  German  possessions  in  west  Africa 
(Kamerun,  Togo-land,  Damaral^nd,  etc.),  the  Kongo  Fi-ee 
State,  the  Fi'ench  Kongo,  the  British  possessions  in 
west  Africa  (Sierra  Leone,  Gold  Coast,  etc.),  the  French 
sphere  of  influence  in  western  Africa  (including  the  west- 
ern Sahara),  Senegal,  Liberia,  the  Spanish  coast,  and 
various  native  states  in  the  Sudan  (Bambarra,  Gando, 
Sokoto,  Bornu,  Adamawa,  Wadai,  etc.).  The  more  dis- 
tinctive physiographic  features  of  the  continent  are  to  be 
found  in  the  Atlas  Mountains,  the  Sahara,  the  great  equa- 
torial forests,  the  lake  region  (Albert  Nyanza,  Victoria 
Nyanza,  Tanganyika,  etc.),  and  in  the  south-central  pla- 
teau. Principal  rivers :  Nile,  Kongo,  Niger,  and  Zambesi 
(with  the  Victoria  Falls,  the  "African  Niaaara").  Africa 
has  few  high  mountains ;  the  highest  are  the  glacier-cov- 
ered Kilimanjaro  (19,780)  in  German  East  Africa  and  Ke- 
nia  (18,620)  in  British  East  Africa.  Its  inhabitants  axe 
chiefly  of  the  negro  race,  with  Kafirs,  Hottentots,  Copts, 
Arabs,  Moors,  Berbers,  and  some  Europeans.  The  prevail- 
ing religions  are  Mohammedanism,  various  forms  of  pa- 
ganism, the  Coptic  Church,  and  the  Abyssinian  Church. 
The  name  "Dark  Continent "  has  been  given  to  it  as  the 
least-known  of  the  earth's  grand  divisions.  Its  northern 
portions  were  early  seats  of  civilization,  and  part  of  the  Ro- 
man Empire ;  but  much  of  its  interior  is  still  unexplored. 
It  was  circumnavigated  by  the  Phenicians  as  early  as  the 
7th  century  B.C.  Coast-line  exploration  was  undertaken  by 
the  Portuguese  in  the  middle  of  the  16th  century,  and  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  was  doubled  by  Da  Gama(1497).  Explo- 
rations (interior)  have  been  made  since  the  last  part  of  the 
18th  century  by  Bruce,  Muugo  Park,  Homemann,  Burck- 
liardt,  Deuham,  Clapperton,  Lander,  Oudney,  Rebmann, 
Barth,  Richardson,  Overweg,  Vogel,  Livingstone,  Burton, 
Speke,  Grant,  Baker,  Stanley,  Schweinfurth,Mauch,Nach- 
tigal,  De  Brazza,  Holub,  Wissmann,  Sei-pa  Pinto,  Cameron, 
Rolilfs,  Lenz,  Du  Chaillu,  Emin  Pasha,  and  others.  Recent 
events  are  the  founding  of  the  Kongo  Free  State,  and  the 
partitioning  among  various  powers  (Great  Britain,  France, 
Germany,  Portugal,  Italy,  Spain,  etc.)of  immense  districts 
especiallyin  the  interior  and  along  the  eastern  and  western 
coasts :  this  so-called  "  scramble  for  Africa  "  began  about 
1884.  (^e  Spheres  of  Injluenoe.)  The  length  of  Africa  is 
4,970  miles,  its  breadth  about  4,700  miles,  its  area  (esti- 
mated, Petermann),  11,608,793  square  miles,  and  its  popu- 
lation (1897),  about  170,000,000. 

[African  names,  in  most  purely  African  languages 
the  najQes  of  tribes,  languages,  and  countries,  as  first 
heard  and  written  by  travelers,  colonists,  authors,  and 
cartographers,  appear  not  in  their  naked  form,  but  adorned 
with  prefixes  or  sufiixes,  which  distinguish  the  name  of 
one  member  of  the  tribe  from  iflany,  the  tribe  from  the 
language,  and  the  country  from  both  tribe  and  language. 
Strictly  speaking,  the  only  correct  way  would  be  to  use 
the  prefixes  and  suffixes  as  the  natives  do.  This,  however, 
is  impassible,  because  the  languages  are  not  yet  suffi- 


Africa 

dently  known,  and  because  a  speclaliBt  alone  could  mas- 
ter the  great  variety  of  prefixes  and  suflQxes.  Therefore 
Dr.  Lepsius  and  Dr.  K,  N.  Cust,  and  many  after  them, 
prefer  to  use  the  stem  of  the  word,  as  it  may  be  ascer- 
tained, and  add  to  it,  respectively, "  man,"  "men,"  "tribe," 
"language,"  "country."  Thus,  Ganda  man  (instead  of 
M-gatula),  Oanda  tribe  or  pmie  (instead  of  Ba-ganda), 
Qanda  language  (instead  of  jM-ganda\  and  GaTida-land 
(instead  of  Bu-ganda).  Uganda,  as  generally  written,  is 
the  Soahill  form  of  Bu^anda.  In  this  dictionary  the 
tribe  and  the  dialect  will  generally  be  found  under  one 
name,  the  word-stem.  In  the  case  of  suffixes,  which  are 
used  in  a  few  Nigrltic  and  in  the  Hottentot  and  Hamitic 
languages,  there  is  no  difficulty :  for  the  initial  syllables 
are  not  affected,  and  can  be  readily  found  in  the  diction- 
ary. Thus  in  Mandi-ngo,  of  the  Nigritic  branch,  the  stem 
is  Mandi  or  MaTide,  and  -vgo  is  a  sutBlx.  In  the  Hottentot 
name  Nama-qua,  the  suffix  -qua  signifies  people  or  tribe ; 
and  it  is  better  to  say  Nama  tribe  or  people.  The  great- 
est difficulty  is  met  with  in  the  Bantu  languages,  where 
every  noun  has  a  prefix  for  the  singular  and  another  for 
the  plural.  The  following  rules  will  be  found  useful :  In 
a  general  way,  and  in  cases  of  doubt,  the  prefix  Mw-  may 
be  considered  to  signify  'person '  (man,  woman,  or  child), 
Ba-  or  Wa-  to  signify  people,  U-  to  signify  country,  and 
Ki-  to  signify  language.  Thus,  llw-gogo,  a  Oogo  man ; 
Vagogo,  Gogo  people ;  U-gogo,  Oogo-land ;  Ki-goga,  Gogo 
language.  Generdly  speaking,  too,  the  plural  prefix 
Ama-  (for  tribe)  is  used  among  the  Kafirs  in  South  Africa, 
Ova-  in  West  Africa,  between  Benguella  and  Walflsch  Bay, 
A-  or  Alma-  from  Loanda  to  the  Lunda  country,  Eihi- 
{Exi-\  BasM-,  and  Bena-  from  the  Kongo  district  of  An- 
gola due  east  to  Nyangwe,  Ba-  in  the  Kongo  basin  and 
central  Africa  generally,  Wa-  in  Eas^  Africa.  The  pre- 
fixes of  most  frequent  occurrence,  in  proper  names,  are : 
Man  :  3f«-,  Urn-,  Mo-,  M- ;  seldom  Ki-,  Tshi-,  Ea-,  Mushi-, 
Mvikua-.  People :  Ba-,  Wa-,  Ova-,  A-,  Ma-,  Ama- ;  seldom 
/-,  Tvr,  Eehi-  or  Bashi-,  Akua-,  Language:  Ki-,  Tshi-, 
Shi-,  SI-,  Se- ;  seldom  U-,  Lu-,  Di-.  Land :  Bu-,  U- ;  sel- 
dom Le-. 


19 


Agassiz,  J.  L.  R. 


North  Alrica-the  only  Africa  known  to  the  ancients-  AfadeS  (a'ga-dez).     The  capital  of  the  sultan- 
had  seen  many  rulers  come  and  go  since  the  Arabs  under  t^rv;*  A»>,?„  I A"-\   ■     a£:         T.     ii  i  Tii, 

Okba  first  overran  its  plains  an!  valleys,  ^^ty  had     ^*^  °*  ^^^o'^J?'J^k  ™  f!""*'  ^^°"*  ^^-  ^^ 
succeeded  dynasty;  the  Arab  governors  under  the  Kha-     ^-i  J^o^lg-  '    45'  i.     Population,  about  7,000. 

lifs  of  Damascus  and  Baghdad  had  made  room  for  the  Agag  (a'gag).     [Heb. :  of  uncertain  meanine.1 
?.°!?°^!  i'Li?!!!.*.^ .?;  J-^*..!?."!  A^V*?  ,„<!??> :  *¥=^  '"     1 .  An  Amalekite  king,  spared  by  Saul,  contrary 


Examples : 

'     Man. 


Ganda ;  M-ganda, 

Lnba:  Mu-luba, 

Gogo :  Mu-gogo, 

Owamba:  Mo-gwamba, 

"  ^-  Maputo, 


People. 

Ba-ganda, 

a-luba, 


Language. 

Ln-ganda, 

Ki-Giba, 

Ki;gogo, 


Mbangala:   Ei-mbi 
Mbunda: 
Lauge : 
roia 


Ra-Iuba, 

Wa-gogo,  „-„  . 

Margwamba,  Sbi-gwamba. 

Ba-Buto,  8e-Buto, 

.. I-mbangala,  U-mbangala. 

O-tahi-mbundu,   Ovi-mbundu,  TJ-mbuudu. 

MuBhi-langc,        Basbi-lange,  Elsbi-lange. 

Mukua-ngola,      Akua-ngoTa.  Dl-ngola. 


Land. 
Bu-ganda. 
U-luba. 
U-gogo. 

Le-Buto. 


turn  had  given  way  to  the  Fatimi  Khalifs  (909) ;  and  when 
these  schismatics  removed  their  seat  of  power  from  their 
newly  founded  capital  of  Mahdiya  to  their  final  metropo- 
lis of  Cairo  (968),  their  western  empire  speedily  split  up 
into  the  several  princedoms  of  the  Zeyris  of  Tunis,  the 
Beni  Hammad  of  Tilimsan,  and  other  minor  governments. 
At  the  close  of  the  eleventh  century,  the  Murabits  or  Al- 
moravides,  a  Berber  dynasty,  imposed  their  authority  over 
the  'greater  part  of  North  Africa  and  Spain,  but  gave  place 
in  the  middle  of  the  twelfth  to  the  Muwahhids  or  Almo- 
hades,  whose  rule  extended  from  the  Atlantic  to  Tunis, 
and  endured  for  over  a  hundred  years.  On  the  ruins  of 
their  vast  empire  three  separate  and  long-lived  dynasties 
sprang  up  :  the  Beni-Hafs  in  Tunis  (1228-1634),  the  Beni 
Ziyan  in  Central  Maghrib  (1236-1400),  and  the  Beni  Merin 
in  Morocco  (1200-1660).  To  complete  the  chronology  it 
may  be  added  that  these  were  succeeded  in  the  sixteenth 
century  by  the  Corsair  Pashas  (afterwards  Deys)  of  Algiers, 
the  Turkish  Pashas  or  Beys  of  Tunis,  and  the  Sherifs  or 
Emperors  of  Morocco.  The  last  still  continue  to  reign  ; 
but  the  Deys  of  Algiers  have  given  place  to  the  French, 
and  the  Bey  of  Tunis  is  under  French  tutelage. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Barbary  Corsairs,  p.  21. 

3.  A  diocese  of  the  later  Roman  prefecture  of 
Italy.  It  comprised  the  Roman  provinces  of  Africa,  Nu- 
midia,  and  a  part  of  Mauritania,  and  corresponded  to 
modern  Algeria,  Tunis,  and  Tripoli. 

4.  See  the  extract. 
Africa  meant  to  the  Arabs  the  province  of  Carthage 

or  Tunis  and  its  capital,  which  was  not  at  first  Tunis  but 
successively  Kayrawan  and  Mahdiya.  Throughout  the 
later  middle  ages  the  name  Africa  is  applied  by  Chris- 
tian writers  to  the  latter  city.  Here  it  was  that  in  1390 
a  "grand  and  noble  enterprise  "  came  to  an  untimely  end. 
''The  Genoese,"  says  Froissart,  "bore  great  enmity  to  this 


Ngoia 

AfWoan  languages.   Our  knowledge  of  African  Ian-     April  28?  1865,  after  his  death, 
guages  is  not  yet  sufficient  to  warrant  a  final,  or  even    a«£i„-_     Tn+jtona+lnnol      A <,<■»»{ >>4.</»i 
a  generaUy  acceptable,  claesifloation.    SpeciaUsts  contra-  iUncail     inwrnaxionai     ASSOCiaWOIl. 
diet  each  other  as  soon  as  they  begin  to  classify.    The     Jxpfigo  Jfree  otate, 
English-speaking  public  still  holds  to  the  temporary  clas- 
sification of  Dr.  R.  N.  Cust  in  his  "  Modem  Languages  ol 
Africa, "  which  is  simply  that  of  Fr.  Muller  in  his  "  Grund- 
risB  der  Sprachwissenschaft."    German  Africanists  show, 
of  late,  a  preference  for  that  of  Dr.  Lepsius  in  the  intro- 
duction to  his  "Grammar  of  Nuba."    Somewhat  modi- 
fled,  this  will  probably  be  that  of  the  future.    Our  classi- 
fication tries  to  combine  the  nomenclature  of  Dr.  Cust, 
generally  followed  in  English  books,  with  the  facts,  which 
give  more  support  to  the  system  of  Lepsius.    The  main 
question  is  about  the  relation  of  Bantu  and  Negro. 


to  his  vow,  and  slain  by  order  of  Samuel.  1 
Sam.  XV. —  2.  A  character  in  Dryden's  "Absa- 
lom and  Achitophel,"  a  satire  of  Sir  Edmund 
Berry  Godfrey,  a  magistrate  who  received  the 
declaration  of  Titus  Gates.  He  was  afterward 
found  in  a  ditch  dead  and  mutilated,  hence  the 
allusion  (see  def.  1). 
Agamemnon  (ag-a-mem'non).  [Gr.  'A-ya/ic/ivom.'] 

1.  In  Greek  legendary  history,  the  son  of 
Atreus,  king  of  Myeense,  and  the  most  power- 
ful ruler  in  Greece.  He  led  the  Greek  expedition 
against  Troy,  and  on  his  return  was  slain,  according  to 
Homer,  by  ^gisthus,  according  to  iEschylus,  by  his  wife 
Clytemnestra,  who  was  incited  to  the  deed  partly  by 
jealousy  of  Cassandra,  and  partly  through  fear  on  account 
of  her  adultery  with  .Xgisthus. 

2.  The  greatest  of  the  tragedies  of  .aischyluB. 
The  scene  is  laid  in'  Argos,  in  the  palace  of  Agamemnon, 
at  the  time  of  the  king's  return  from  the  capture  of  Troy ; 
the  catastrophe  is  the  murder  (behind  the  scenes) 'of 
Agamemnon  and  Cassandra  (whom  he  has  brought  captive 
with  him)  by  the  queen  Clytemnestra  urged  on  by  her 
paramour  .^Egisthus.  Tragedies  with  this  subject  have 
been  written  also  by  Seneca,  Alfieri,  and  Lemercier. 

Agamenticus  (ag-a-men'ti-kus),  Mount.  A 
hill,  673  feet  high,"in  York  County,  near  the 
southwestern  extremity  of  the  State  of  Maine. 
The  locality  was  the  site  of  one  of  the  earliest  English 
colonies  in  Maine,  led  by  Gorges  and  others,  in  1631. 

Agana  (a-ga'nya).  The  principal  place  in  the 
Ladrones,  Pacific  Ocean,  situated  on  the  island 
of  Guahan. 

town;  for  its  Corsairs  frequently  watched  them  at  sea,  and  A  ffanillDefaff-a-nin'e)  TGr  'AvawOTim  1  In  nn 
whenstrongestfell  on  and  plundered  theu- ships,  carding  „flt+  %?„^„lw  ?  fl'  +  •  ^'"^'^J^-J  /£.^° 
their  spoUs  to  this  town  of  Africa."  "i™*  geography,  a  fountain  near  Mount  Heh- 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Baxbary  Corsairs,  p.  13L     con,  in  BoBotia,  Greece,  sacred  to  the  Muses. 
...      .        ,..-.,-, ST.       »  -unT  It  was  believed  to  inspire  those  who  drank  of  it,  and  it 

Africaine  (af-n-kan  ),  L  .     An  opera  by  Mey-     gave  the  name  "Aganippldes"  to  the  Muses.  See  Helicon. 
erbeer,  produced  at  the  Academic  in  Paris,  Agape  (ag'a-pe).     [Gr.  dyain/,  love.]    In  Spen- 
ser's "Faerie  Queene,"  a  fay,  the  mother  of 
three  knights  born  at  a  birth,  for  whom  she 


obtained  the  gift  that  if  one  were  killed  his 
strength  should  pass  into  the  remaining  bro- 
thers or  brother. 


I.  Purely  African  languages. 

(1)  Negro  languages : 
(a)  Bantu  languages  (pure). 
0>)  Nigritic  or  Sudan-negro  languages  (mixed), 
(c)  Nuba-Fulah  or  Pul  languages  (mixed). 

(2)  Hottentot,  Bushmen,  or  Batua  languages : 

'^  iSr^n'SS  1  ■"  «-*  ^*'- 
(c)  Pygmy  languages,  in  central  Africa. 

(3)  Hamitic  languages : 
(a)  Egyptian. 

ib)  Libyan  or  Berber  languages. 
(c)  Ethiopian  or  Enshitic  languages. 
n.  Extra-African  languages. 

(1)  Semitic  languages : 
(a)  Pure  Arabic  (Egyptian,  Maghreb,  Sudani,  and  Mus- 
cat dialects). 

(ft)  Mixed  (Amharic,  Tigr^,  etc.). 

(2)  Malay  languages  (Madagascar). 

(3)  Aryan  languages, 
(a)  English,  in  South  Africa  and  Liberia.  ?  p^ 

French,  in  Algeria.  i 

(&)  Creole  aialecte. 

Mediterranean  Lingua  Franca. 

English  Creole  (in  West  Africa,  Kru-English). 

Portuguese  Creole  (Cape  Verde  Islands ;  S.  Thom£ 
and  Principe  Islands). 

Dutch  Creole  (Boers  and  Hottentots). 
In  the  English,  Portuguese,  and  Dutch  Creoles,  the  word-  AfzeliUS,  Arvid  AugUSt.     Born  May  6,  1785: 
store  is  Europea,n;  much  of  the  phonology,  morphology,     died  at  Enkoping,  Sept.  25,  1871.     A  Swedish 
and  syntax  ,s  African..   Forjhe  Semitic  and  Malay  Ian-    ^^j^^^   ^^^   scholar,  noted  as   a   collector  of 


See 

African  War,  The.    The  war  between  Julius 
CsBsar  and  the  followers  of  Pompey,  who  had 

collected  in  the  province  of  Africa  after  the  Agapetus  (ag-a-pe'tus)  I.     [Gr.  'Ayav^dg,  be- 

defeat  of  Pharsalia  48  b.  c,  and  were  over-  loved.]    Pope  from  June,  535,  to  April,  536, 

thrown  at  Thapsus  46  b.  c.  son  of  Gordianus,  a  Roman  priest.    He  went  to 

Africans,    The.      A  pastoral  hy  Colman   the  Constantinople  in  636,  and  there  deposed  Anthlmus  the 

younger,  produced  in  1808.  5"'?°?'''''!JP*'P'^,''!' .'''..*'™?.'*"."??Pl^-     ^^e  Roman 

Africanus  (af-ri-ka'nus),  Sextus  Juliiis. 

Christian  historian  of  the  first  half  of  the  3d  ' 


,      Church  celebrates  his  festival  Sept.  20. 

A  Agapetus  II.    Pope  from  946  to  955,  a  Roman 
by  birth. 

Igapida  (a-ga-pe'THa),  Fray  Antonio.  The 
fictitious  writer  to  whom  Washington  Irving 
originally  attributed  the  authorship  of  the 
"Conquest  of  Granada." 
Agard,  or  Agarde  (a-gard'),  Arthur,  Bom 
at  Foston,  Derbyshire,  1540:  died  at  London, 
Aug.  22, 1615.  .An  English  antiquary,  clerk  in 
the  Exchequer,  and  (1603)  deputy  chamberlain. 
He  prepared  catalogues  of  state  papers,  compiled  a  list  of 
all  the  leagues,  treaties  of  peace,  "  intercourses,"  and  mar- 
riages arranged  between  England  and  other  countries 
down  to  the  end  of  the  16th  century,  and  wrote  a  Latin 
treatise  on  the  Doomsday  Book.  He  bequeathed  his  nu- 
merous MSS.  partly  to  the  Exchequer  and  partly  to  his 
friend  Robert  Cotton.     Most  of  them  are  now  in  the 


century  A.  D.,  author  of  a  treatise  on  chro-  Agapida  (a-ga-pe'raa),  Fray  Antonio 

nology,  fragments  of  which  are  extant  (chiefly    fictitious  writer  to  whom  WasMn^ton 

in  Eusebius). 
Afridis  (a-fre'diz).    A  warlike  tribe  of  Afghans 

dwelling  south  of  Peshawar. 
Afrikander  (af-re-kan'der).    The  Dutch  word 

for  "African  ":  a  name  given  to  whites  bom  in 

South  Africa,  particularly  to  those  of  Dutch 

descent.  ' 

Afrikander  Bund  (af-re-kan'der  bont),   or 

Bond  (bond).     A  South  African  association 

founded  in  1879  (and  under  the  present  name 

in  1880),  which  aims  not  only  at  the  furtherance 

of  Afrikanderinfluence,but  atthe ultimate  com-    ^  ... ,  „ 

plete  independence  of  South  Africa  in  the  form  /"™5^^?^5"?';,s  -v„v. /I.     „    -d         t-r      ;, 
of  a  United  States  of  South  Africa.  -^^'^^  ^%  li ,  ^^'/^^?5  ^°^t.  ^T  o*  ^"f  1' 

Sweden,  1813 :  died  there  1901.     A  Swedish 


Afzelius  (af-ze'li-us ;  Sw.  pron.  af-tsa'li-os), 
Adam.  Bom  at  Larf,  Sweden,  Oct.  7,  1750 : 
died  Jan.  30,1837.  A  Swedish  naturalist,  demon- 
strator of  hotany  at  Upsala  (1785),  scientific 
explorer  in  Sierra  Leone  (1792),  secretary  of 


naturalist,  son  of  K.  A.  Agardh,  professor  of 
botany  at  Lund :  author  of  "  Species,  Genera, 
et  Ordines  Algarum,"  "  Theoria  Systematis 
Naturalis  Plantarum"  (1858),  etc. 


legation  in  Loudon  (1796),   and  professor  of  Agardh,  Karl  Adolf.  Born  at  Bastad,  Sweden, 
materia  medica  at  Upsala  (1812) 


For  the  Semitic  and  Malay  lan- 
guage's, see  Arabic,  Malay-Polynesian.  For  the  purely 
African  languages,  see  Bantit,  Hfigriiic,  Hamitic,  Nuba- 
Pvlah,  Hottentot— AtnoaaetYni.OBra.vihy.  Owing  to  the 


Swedish  folk-songs. 
_    .   .  ping  after  1821. 

scantiness  of  ethnographic  data,  the  linguistic  division  of  A  ffanu«!  (aff'a-bus) 
Africa  is  also  generally  applied  to  the  ethnographic  classi-       °j         A.  °     c  t.-u 
fication.   It  should,  however,  be  remembered  that  the  two     """^  ry,ovt,7,.  «i-  *ho 
do  not  cover  each  other  exactly  either  within  a  family  or 
group,  or  from  class  to  class.   Thus  the  Hottentots  of  Cape 
Colony  have  lost  their  original  dialect,  and  adopted  Dutch. 
The  Ba-Rotse,  on  the  Zambesi,  have  lost  their  language 
and  adopted  the  Se-chuana  dialect  of  the  Ma^Kololo.  The 
Nuba  of  Egypt,  while  retaining  many  characteristics  of 
their  language,  have  lost  nearly  all  their  racial  traits, 

while,  on  the  contrary,  the  Hausa  have  given  up  almost  a„,*j«  /  '  A"\ 
every  trace  of  their  first  mother-tongue,  but  are  still,  ra-  ~b»^^  (^S  9""3.) 
cially,  pure  negroes.    As  a  rule,  the  names  of  African  ~       "     ~^' 

tribes  and  languages  or  dialects,  if  stripped  of  prefixes 
and  sufiixes,  coincide,  and  will  be  found  under  one  title 
in  this  dictionary.  See  Bantu,  Nigritic,  Hottentot,  Hamitic, 
Nuba-FiUah  ;  also  African  names  and  African  languages.] 
2.  lu  ancient  geography,  a  part  of  northern  .Af- 
rica which  corresponded  nearly  to  the  modern 
Tunis.   It  comprised  the  immediate  dominions 


He  was  pastor  at  Enko- 
[Gr.  "AyappQ.']    A  prophet 


Jan.  23,  1785:  died  at  Carlstad,  Sweden,  Jan. 
28,  1859.  A  noted  Swedish  naturalist  and 
political  economist,  professor  of  botany  and 
economics  at  the  University  of  Lund  1812,  and 
bishop  of  Carlstad  1834.  His  most  important 
scientific  works  are  "Systema  Algarum  "(1824),  "Icones 
Algarum  Europsearum "  (1828-36),  "LSrobok  i  Botanik" 
(1830-32). 


of  Carthage.    Later  it  was  a  Roman  province.  Agade  (a-ga'de).    See  Akkad. 


and  martyr  of  the  early  Christian  church,  sup-  Agasias  (a-gas'i-as).  [Gr.  ^iyatr/of.]  Aseulptor 
posed  to  have  been  one  of  the  seventy  disciples  of  Bphesus.  According  to  the  inscription  on  the  statue 
of  Christ.  In  43  A.  D.,  while  Paul  and  Barnabas  were  he  was  the  sculptor  of  the  so-caUed  Borghese  Gladiator 
in  Antioch,  he  came  from  Judea  to  Antioch,  where  he  (jWch  jee)  m  the  Louvre.  This  inscription  is  in  late 
predicted  the  approach  of  a  famine.  (Acts  xi.  27, 28.)  He  Greek  characters  which  place  the  work  at  about  the  last 
is  said  to  have  suffered  martyrdom  at  Antioch,  and  is  century  of  the  Roman  repubhc.  ..  _ 
commemorated  as  a  saint  in  the  Byzantme  Church  on  AgaSSlZ(ag'a-si;F.pron.a-ga-se  ),  Alexander. 
March  8.  Born  at  Neuohatel,  Switzerland,  Deo.  17,  1835. 

[Aramean  form  of  Hebrew  An  American  zoologist  and  geologist,  son  of 
hagada,  narrative.]  The  name  given  to  one  J.  L.  R.  Agassiz,  director  and  curator  of  the 
of  the  two  great  divisions  of  post-biblical  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  of  Harvard 
Hebrew  literature,  it  denotes  that  portion  of  the  University,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  1874-98. 
Talraudio  literature  not  devoted  to  religious  law:  thus  AgaSSlZ,  Jean Louls Kodolphe.  Born  at  Mc- 
the  exegetlcal  and  homUettcal  portions  fables,  proverbs  ^ j  canton  of  Fribourg,  Switzerland,  May  28, 
the  ethics,  as  well  as  everythmg  relatmg  to  natural    Tani.A-ACo-h'A         M  n         1A 

science  and  history,  are  included  under  the  term  ji^oda,    -loU/  :     died   at    OamDriuge,    iViass.,    l-'eo.    14, 
which  is  opposed  to  Halacha,  the  legal  portions.  1873.  A  celebrated  Swiss- American  naturalist, 

especially  noted  as  a  geologist  (researches  on 


Agassiz,  J.  L.  B.  20  Agnes 

glaciers)  and  ichthyologist.    He  was  made  pro-    mythology:  1.  A  son  of  Heracles,  and  ances-    the  third  son  of  the  Turanian  king  Pesheng.  He 

fessor  of  natural  history  at  NeucMtel  in  1832;  studied     tor  of  Croesus 2    A  servant  of  Priam  who     fruitlessly  tried  to  dissuade  Pesheng  from  attacking  Iran, 

the  Aav  glacier  1840-41;  came  to  the  United  States  in  n-s-nnaflrl  PdtHo  «r.  Mmi^t  T/io  •»  TV,o  >,r.'o-c-o=t  and  Afrasiab  from  executing  Naudar.  He  freed  Naudar's 
1846;  became  professor  of  zoology  and  geology  at  Cam-  "JpoH^ii  f'aris  onMOunt  laa.— d.  ine  Dravesi  captiye  nobles,  who  had  been  spared  on  his  entreaty  and 
bridge  in  1848;  traveled  in  the  United  States,  in  Brazil  Or  tne  suitors  01  Penelope.  He  was  one  of  the  were  imprisoned  at  Sari.  For  this  he  was  killed  by 
(1865-86),  and  around  Capo  Horn  (1871-72),  and  became  .  last  to  be  slain  by  Ulysses.  Afrasiab. 

curator  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  at  Cam-  Agen  (a-zhon').  The  capital  of  the  department  Aghrim,  or  Auglirim  (4g'rim).  A  village  in 
Sn's'LTsilfs'^  (i1M'-?Natur^"ms'toi;^m^^^  °f  Lot-et-Gar^nne,  France,  the  ancient  Agin-    Co"ty'Galway,^Irelaiid,  Ibout  31  miles  east  of 

water  Fishes  of   Europe"  (1839-40),  "Etudes    sur   les     num,  on  the  Garonne  about  lat.  44°  13'  N.,     Galway.    Here,  July  12, 1691,  the  English  under  Ginkel 
glaciers  "  (1840),  '  Systeme  glaciaire  "  (1847),  "  Contribu-     long.  0°  39'  E.     It  has  a  cathedral.    It  was  the  capi-     defeated  the  Irish  and  French  under  Saint-Euth. 
tions  to  the  Natural  History  of  the  United  States"  (1857),     tal  of  the  Mitiobriges,  and  later  of  the  Ag^nois,  and  was   Aeias  (a'ii-as).    [Gr.  54yi(Zf.]    An  ancient  Greek 
etc.  ,,      ^        .      the  scene  of  executions  in  the  Albigensiau  and  Huguenot     ir„,,„i,-„»  T^nof    nf    Trmyfin   ^ahont  740    B    c1 

Agasti  (a-gas'ti),  or  Agastya  (a-gast'ya).     A     wars.    It  is  also  notable  as  the  birthplace  of  Scaliger  and         ''P""  *?S  ^°■Sr,^:/,^»  ?,. '^T?^^ow«,.H  Vnv 
Rishi,  reputed  author  of  a  number  ofVedie     l^^pMe.    Population  (1891),  23,234''  '  ^^t^"""  °^  *^\  V      *  I'      L  f^T+Z  «f«I  J^? 

hymns.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the  son  of  both  Mitra  Agcndicum  (a-jen'di-kum).  The  ancient  name  ages"  of  the  Achaean  .heroes  from  the  siege  of 
and  Varuna  by  Urvasi,  to  have  been  born  in  a  water-jar,     01  bens,  J! ranee.  iroy.  .1..  j   z-i  i      j        •      n. 

to  have  been  of  short  stature,  to  have  swaUowed  the  Ag6noiS  (a-zha-nwa'),  or  Ag^Iiais  (a-zha-na').  AglD  (a'gib).  1.  The  third  Calendar  m  tne 
ocean  and  compelled  the  Vindhya  mountains  to  prostrate  A  former  district  of  France  comprised  in  the  story  of  "The  Three  Calendars"  in  the  "Ara- 
^Sro\\?e"cc!j/g"uir"e5'SS^  S°/d'  l^^J^T^    modern  department  of  Lot-et-Garo^nne  ^f^^^^W  Entertainments  ''-2^1^^^^^^^ 

to  have  been  made  regent  ol  the  star  Canopus.  He  is  most  Agenor(a-3e'n6r).     [Grr. 'Aj^vup.^    l.InGreek    of  Noureddin  All  and  Bedredden  Hassan  in 
prominent  in  the  Ramayana,  where  he  dwells  in  a  her-     legend:  (a)  A  king  of  PhcBnicia,  son  of  Posei-     "The  Arabian  Nights,"  a  son  ot   Beoreaden 
mitage  on  Mount  Kunjara  and  is  chief  of  the  hermits  of    don  and  Libya,  and  father  of  Cadmus  and  Eu-    Hassan  and  the  Queen  of  Beauty. 
J^rh°e"i'5sc?enc'eZ^llSreJ:,^^L^;?fSSlv'e^^^^^^^^        yopa.     (6)  A%on  of  Phegeus,  king  of  Psophis  Agilolfinger  (a-gi-lol'fing-er).     The  family  of 
tribes.  ■  m  Arcadia,  one  of  the  slayers  of  Alcm£eon,slain,    the  earhest  dukes  of  Bavaria.    The  line  began 

Agatharchides  (ag-a-thar'ki-dez).  [Gr.  ayaeap-    in  turn,  by  Alemseon's  son.    (c)  A  brave  Trojan    about  590  (530  ?)  and  ended  in  788. 
xi^K-l    BornatCnidos,  Asia  Minor:  flourished    -warrior,  son  of  Antenor,  who  appears  in  the  II-  Agilulf  (a'gi-lulf).    Died  616.    AdukeofTurm 
during  the  latter  half  of  the  2d  century  B.  c.     iad  as  a  leader  in  the  attack  on  the  fortifications    and  king  of  Lombardy.  t,..  m 

A  Greek  grammarian,  author  of  several  geo-  of  the  Greeks.  He  fought  with  and  wounded  Achilles,  Agincourt  (aj'in-kort;  F.  pron.  azh-an-kor  ). 
graphical  works.  Of  a  part  of  one,  "  On  the  ^^d  Apollo  assumed  his  form  in  order  to  lead  Achilles  A  village  in  the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais, 
Erythrfean  Sea,'"  an  extract  is  given  by  Pho-    ^^^"'^^^^  ?"™"  of  the  retreating  ftojans.  Prance,  about  29  miles  southeast  of  Boulogne, 

tius.     A\so  Agdtharcus.  2.  The  Greek  name  for  Baal-Samen.  noted  for  the  victory  gained  there  Oct.  25, 1415, 

Agatharchus  (ag-a-thar'kus).  [Gr.  'Aydeapxog.]  ^\°^  Innocence.    A  noted  pamtmg  by  Bir    fcy  the  English  (about  15,000)  under  Heniy  V. 
S^Aaatlmrchides  Joshua  Reynolds,  m  the  National  Gallery,  Lon-    over  the  French  (50,000-60,000)  under  the  Con- 

Agatharchus.  An' Athenian  painter  of  the  5th    ^o°-    It  represents  a  little  girl  seated  on  the    stable  d'Albret.    The  loss  of  the  English  was 
cInturyB.  c,  said  byVitruvius  to  have  painted  A^oW5V^.^''^=«tn/^  A'T»t.t„.f.  M^^Hlo     ^^°"*  l'^""'  *^^*  °"^®  ^^^"""^  °^^^  ^°'"''°- 
a  sceni  for  a  tragedy  of  ^schylus,  and  thus  4^5 l^'/^'^^.W*^^;,^.  4  ^tv  nfo^f »  t  Agincourt.    See  Seroux  d'Agincourt. 
to  have  been  the  inventor  of  scene-painting.       *°?..t^^f^oKi!?I  «SflLwf-.ft!™^?n^lCL   Agincourt,  Ballad  of.    A  poem  by  Drayton 

Agatha  (ag'a-tha).  Saint.     A  Sicilian  vir|in    soldier  of  delicate  andnoble  nature  who  makes,    ^Mch  appeared  in  "Poems  Lyrick  and  Pasto- 
martyr(bo?n  at  Palermo)  put  to  death  by  Quin-    m  his  consideration  of  a  point  of  family  honor     ^al"  about  1605.    (Not  to  be  confused  with  "The 
tianus,  the  governor  of  Sicily,  Feb.  5,  251,  be-    ^  ^®  distinction  between  moral  and  physical    Battle  of  Agincourt,"  also  by  Drayton,  which  he  pub- 
cause  she  reiectedhisillicitadvances.  TheHoman   •^^!!^^f^^„„,i^    „„  Ti „/>-,•   cs'™<™n       4   o^on     ''™®'^ "'J_*^-' 
and  Anglican  churches  celebrate  her  festival  on  that  day.  Agen  (a  ger-1),   or  Egen  (a  ger-1).     A  small  Aginnum.     See  Jg'era. 

She  is  said  to  have  been  scourged,  burnt  with  hot  irons,  valley  m  the  eastern  part  of  the  canton  ot  Agira  (a-]e'ra),  or  San  FlUppo  d  ArgirO.  A 
torn  with  hooks,  and  then  placed  on  a  bed  of  live  coals   .Zug,  Switzerland.  town,  the   ancient   Agyrium,  in  the  province 

andglass.  ,.     a.     -i    -d        Agori,  or  Egeri,  Lake  of.    A  lake,  about  3 J^    of  Catania,  Sicily,  about  31  miles  northwest  of 

Agathias  (a-ga  thi-as).     [Gr.  'ATaSiaf.]     Born    ^^igg  jo^g^  j^  ^i^g  canton  of  Zug,  Switzerland.    Catania.    Population,  about  13,000. 
atMyrma,  Asia  Minor,  about  536:  died  about    its  outlet  is  by  the  Lorze  into  the  Lake  of  Zug.  Agis  (a'iis)  I.     [Gr.  'aytf.]    King  of  Sparta 
582.     A  Byzantine  poet  and  historian,  author  Agesander    (aj-e-san'der),    or    Agesandros  Hout  1032  (?)  B.  c. 

of  a  history  of  the  period  5o2-558  (ed.  by  Nie-  (.flios).  [Gr.  'AyfiaavSpoQ.}  A  Greek  sculptor,  Agis  II.  TT^rig  of  Sparta  from  about  426  to  399 
buhr,  1828).  „  .  j.  j  mr.  a  native  of  Rhodes.    With  Athenodorus  and    b.  c.    He  was  victorious  at  Mantineia  418. 

Agatho  (ag  a-tho),  Saint,  surnamed  Thauma-    Polydorus  of  Rhodes  he  carved  the  Laocoon  Agis  III.    King  of  Sparta  338-330  b.  c.    He  was 
turgus.    Pope  from  June  27,  678,  to  Jan.  10,     (^^ich  see).  allied  with  Persia  against  Macedon,  and  was 

682:  a  native  of  Palermo,  Sicily.    He  brought  ^gegilail  of  ColcllOS.    The  principal  character    defeated  and  killed  in  330. 
t^''^t\^^irS^.^^lt.^'.'^''^^7:i.    in  the  romance  of  that  name  in  the  eleventh  Agis  IV.    KedB.  c.240.    King  of  Sparta  from 

Awa+iinoloo   Cfl  ffath'o  klp/l     or  Affathoklfis      and  twelfth  books  of  "Amadis  of  Gaul."  B.c.244:sonof  EudamidasH.of  theEurypontid 

rlrSyX^c  1  Born  at  ThM^^  Sreilv  361  (?)  Agesilas  (a-zha-se-las').  A  tragedy  by  Cor-  line.  He  proposed  to  recruit  the  ranks  of  the  Spartans 
[trr.  •AyoWoKAw.J  ±sorn  at  inermBS,  oieuy,  ^oi  ( v     neille,  produced  in  1666.  from  among  the  Perioeci,  and  advocated  a  redistnbution 

B.  0. :  died  289  B.  C.  A  bieilian  despot,  tyrant  a  „.,-i'  ^,.f„j„  ^ija'usMI  or  Aeesilaos  f-os).  of  the  landed  property.  In  these  measures  of  reform  he 
of  Syracuse  317-289  b.  c.  He  invaded  Africa  ■^S.t^M^^-.^ni  i  Dipfl  ir,  F^W  f^  the  vrinter  ^»«  °^^^^  "y  ^^  colleague,  Leonidas  II.,  of  the  Agid 
j„  qfo  [(^V. 'AyrjatAOOi.i     JJied  inJLgypt  mtne  winter    une,  and  was,  after  sometransient  successes,  captured  and 

At,„+v,~  /„„'„  +i,™i    rn-r  'Av,5A«j1  Tlni^  nhniit'    <>*  361-360  B.  C.     King  of  Sparta  from  399  to     sentenced  to  death  by  the  ephors.    Alfleri  produced  a 

Agathon(aga-thon).[Gr.Ay6tf«^.]  Born  about  ^  Arehidamus  H.  of  the  Eu-    remarkable  tragedy  on  this  subject. 

flr^;,  ^n   thr"lvmno^um"  of  P^o    the  rypontid'line,  by  his  second  wife  Eupolia,  and  Aglabites (ag'la-blts), or  Aghlabites, or  Agla- 

figures    in    the      Symposium     ot  i-lato,  tne  j^-'gjf.^j.other  of  Agis  H.  whom  he  succeeded,    bldes  (ag'la-bidz).     AnTrab  dynasty  wEich 

scene  of  which  is  laid  m  his  house.  i„  ggg  he  came  to  the  Felief  of  the  Asiatic  Greeks  against     reigned  in  northern  Africa  (capital  at  Kairwan) 

Agathon.     A  philosophical  romance  by  Wie-  Persia,  and  in  the  following  year  defeated  the  satraps     from  the  beriniiinffrf  the^h  eenturTto  909 

land,  published  in  1766 :  so  named  from  its  chief  Tissaphernes  and  Pharnabazus.    In  394,  as  he  was  prepar-  ■   »om  tne  Deginnmg  ot  tne  trtn  century  to  yua. 

X™?tPr  in  wMch  the  autt^      depicted  himself  mg  t^  enter  the  heart  of  the  empire,  he  was  calleS  home     It  was  succeeded  by  the  Patimites. 

character  m  which  tne  autuoraepicteammseu.  ^Aj^^  ^^g^g  ^  take  part  in  the  Corinthian  war,  stirred  Aglaia  (ag-la'ya).     [_GT.>A.y%aia.^     1.  In  Greek 

Agathon..  Aa  unknown  author  referred  to  by  ^        Pj  g^^j   ^y  Persian  gold.    In  394  he  defeated  "Mythology,  one  of  the  three  Graces.-2.  An 

Chaucer  m   the   prologue  to  the  "Legend  ot  the  troops  of  the  allies  at  the  battle  of  Coronea  in  Bceotia.     5,s4.p-„4flYNo   471  discovPTpfl  hv  Luther  at  Bilk 

Good  Women."  In  393  he  ravaged  Argolis,  in  392  the  Corinthian  territoiy,     asteroid  (J^o.  4/;  OiSCOVereO  Dy  I^Utner  at  UUK, 

AiroTToCi.  ctS'vpI     rfir  'Aw»^  1  In  fJreeklpffend  and  in  391  reduced  the  Acarnanians.    In  369  he  mam-     Sept.  10,  100/ .  ,,„.,, 

Agave  (a-ga  ve;.  [^v.  Ayavtj.i  in  irreeK  legena,  unwalled  Sparta  a«ainst  the  attacks  of  four  Aglaura  (ag-U'ra).      A  tragedy  by  Sir  John, 

^e  daughter  of  Cadmus,  wife  of  the  Spartan  ^j,.     He  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Mantineia  in    buckling,  atted  in  1637-38  and  printedin  1646. 

Echion,andmotherofPentheus,kingofTh6bes,  362,  and  in  361  he  crossed  with  a  Laoedsemoman  army  of  "      s)  J:- 

whom  she  destroved  in  a  frenzv.  mercenaries  into  Egypt.  Aglaura  enjoys  the  eccentric  possession  ot  two  fifth 

Agawam  (ag'a^wom).     A  town  in  Hampden  Agger  of  ServiUS  TulliuS,     [L.aff^er  mound      act^,  -  that  it  can  be  made  a  tragedy  or  a  tr^^l^medy 

CJounty,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Con-  rampart.]    An  especially  important  stretch  ot        f^  ,      ,.,      .         •  ,  ,„x 

necticut  nearly  opposite  Springfield.    Popula-  the  Servian  Wall  of  Rome,  extending  from  the  Aglauros  (ag-ia  ros),  or  Agraulos  (ag-ra  los), 

tion  (1900),  2,536.  Colline  Gate,  on  the  site  of  the  present  Ministry    or  Agraule  (-le).    [Gr.  "A.y/'M.vpoi,  ''AypavT^Q,  'Ay- 

Agawam.    See  Pennacook.  of  Finance,  across  the  low  ground  to  the  Es-    pavyi'^.'\    In  Greek  mythology,  the  wife  of  Ce- 

Agbatana     Same  as  Ecbatana.  quiline  Gate,  adjoining  the  existing  Arch  of    crops:  also,  the  daughter  of  Ceerops,  noted  in 

Aede  (agd).    A  town  in  the   department   of  Gallienus,  at  the  foot  of  the  Esquiline.     In  the    legends  of  Attica. 

H6rault  France,  the  ancient  Agatha,  on  the  middle  of  the  Agger  there  wm  a  third  gate,  the  Porta  Aglemut  (ag  le-mot).     [Singular  Aglemu.l    A 

H^raultneartheMediterranean,29milessouth-    S??^'^froStVXV?htf^*as°i  ^ditfh^1o-?^5le1    ^elLtof  Biyan'dfht^rthtSorfo^^^^^^^ 
west  of  Montpelher.     it  was  a  colony  of  Massilia.     and  100  wide.    The  mound  had  a  very  massive  retaining-    Bristol  Bay  ana  tlie  nortnem  snore  01  tne  Alas- 
A  council  was  called  here  by  Alaric  IL  in  606,  and  it  has     ^gji  jnfront,  rising  SO  feet  above  the  topof  the  ditch,  and     kan  peninsula.     Also  Aglemuit,  Aglegmut. 
often  been  sacked  in  the  religious  wars.    Itwasheldfor     a  lighter  wall  at  the  back.    An  impressive  length  of  the  AgnadoUo  (a-nya-del'16).  A  village  in  the  pro  V- 
some  years  by  the  Huguenots.    Population  (1891^  7,389.       front  wall  is  standing,  close  to  the  railway-station.  j^gg  ^f  Cremona,  northern   Italy,  near  Lodi. 

Aged  P.     See  Wemmick.  AggersllUS(ag'gers-hos),orAKersnUS(a  kers-    Here,  May  14,  1509,  the  French,  under  Louis  XII.,  de- 

Ageladas  (a-jel'a-das).  [Ga.'AyeJMag.']  Flour-  hos).  An  amt  or  province  of  southeastern  feated  the  Venetians.  Forthebattleof  1705,  see  Cossojio. 
ished  520-460  B.  c.  A  Greek  sculptor,  a  native  Norway.  Area,  2,055  square  miles.  Population  Agnano,  Lago  d' (la'go  d' a-nya'no).  Formerly 
of  Argos,  kiiown  chiefly  as  the  instructor  of    (1891),  99,111.  a  small  lake,  now  an  open  crater,  5  miles  west 

the  three  great  sculptors  of  the  5th  century  B.C.,  Aggtelek.    See  Agtelek.  of  Naples,  noted  for  the  Grotta  del  Cane  (which 

Myron,  Phidias,  and  Polycleitus.  He  probably  Aghasura  (a-gha's6-ra).  ['The  Asura  or  de-  see).  It  was  drained  in  1870. 
represented  more  especially  the  severe  formulae  of  the  ^gn  Agha.']  In  Hindu  mythology,  an  asura  Agnes  (ag'nes  or  ag'nez).  Saint.  [Formerly 
Doric,Peloponnesian,orArgiveschoolwhiohdevoteditself  j^  .  general  of  Kansa,  king  of  Mathura,  Annes,  Annis,  Annice,  etc.,  F.  Agnis,  L.  Agnes; 
\°'^^^iTfrl^^^?°^^r,?L^y:^r^^v^l^i  and  seconi  cousin  of  Krishna.  Heigokthefo™  from  Gr  aj^ocla^b.]  A  Eoman  virgin  and 
loniTschoolalreadyfar  advanced  in  Asia  Minor  and  north-  of  ahuge8erpent,and  KrishnascompanionsthecOTrherds  martyr,  12  or  13  years  of  age,  beheaded  during 
em  Greece.  Nothing  now  remains  which  can  be  traced  entered  into  its  mouth, mistaking  it  for  a  cavern,  Krishna  ^he  reign  of  Diocletian.  She  is  said  to  have  been 
to  his  hand.    An  inscription  with  his  name  has  been  dis-     rescuing  them.  a   i  T,-t  '1*'"  ^'er  having  been  exposed  to  the  vilest  outrage 

covered  at  Olympia.  AgUabldeS.     tiee  AglaMteS.  in  a  brothel.    Her  festival  is  celebrated  on  Jan.  21  by  the 

Agelaus  (aj-e-la'us).     [Gr.  ayiAaof .]     In  Greek  Aghrerath  (agh're-rSth).     In  the  Shahnamah,     Greek,  Eoman,  and  Anglican  churches. 


Agnes 

Agnes.  1.  A  character  in  Moli^re's  "I/floole 
des  Fenunes,"  an  ingenue,  she  contrives  to  make 
extremely  snggestiTe  auuBione  while  speaking  with  the 
atmost  simplicity  of  mind.  Wycherley  took  his  "Coun- 
try Wife "  from  this  character.  The  name  has  become 
proverbial  for  a  person  of  tliis  land. 
2.  In  "ratal  Curiosity,"  a  tragedy  by  George 
Lillo,  the  wife  of  Wilmot  and  mother  of  Young 
■WUmot.   She  kills  her  son. —  3.  See  Wickfield. 

Agnes's  Eve,  Saint,  Celebrated  on  the  night 
of  Jan.  20.  it  was  especially  a  holiday  for  women. 
It  was  supposed  possible  by  various  forms  of  divination  for 
a  girl  on  this  night  to  see  the  form  of  her  future  husband. 

A^es'  Eve,  Saint.  A  poem  by  Tennyson,  pub- 
lished in  1842. 

Agnes,  Tlie  Eve  of  Saint.  Apoem.byEeats, 
written  in  1818. 

Agnes  Grey.  A  novel  by  Anne  BrontS,  pub- 
lished under  the  signature  of  "  Aeton  Bell"  in 
1847. 

Agnes  of  Austria.  Bom  1281:  died  1364. 
Daughter  of  the  German  king  Albert  I.,  and 
wife  of  Andrew  III.  of  Hungary,  notorious  for 
her  vengeance  on  all  connected  with  the  mur- 
derers of  her  father. 

Agnes  of  Meran.  A  German  countess  of  Orla- 
miinde,  said  to  have  lived  about  1300  and  to 
have  put  to  death  her  two  children.  Afterward 
as  the  "White  Lady"  she  was  popularly  supposed  to 
haunt  the  castles  of  the  Hohenzollerns.    See  White  Lady. 

Agnes  of  Poitou.  Died  Dec.  14, 1077.  Second 
consort  of  the  emperor  Henry  III.,  and 
daughter  of  William  v.,  duke  of  Aquitaine. 
At  the  death  of  Henry  IH.,  Oct.  5,  1056,  she 
became  guardian  of  her  son,  Henry  rV.  A  con- 
spiracy of  the  nobility  deprived  her  of  the  regency  in 
May.  1062,  when  the  young  king  was  abducted  from 
Kaiserswerth  to  Cologne  by  Anno,  archbishop  of  Cologne. 

Agnes  Sorel.    See  Sorel,  Agnes. 

Agnesl  (a-nya'ze),  Maria  Gaetana.  Bom  at 
Milan,  May  16,  1718:  died  at  Milan,  Aug.  4, 
1799.  An  Italian  lady,  appointed  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Bologna  in  1750,  noted  for  her 
acquirements  in  languages  and  science:  author 
of  "Instituzioni  Analitiohe"  (1745),  etc. 

Agnesl,  Maria  Theresa.  Bom  at  Milan,  1724 : 
died  about  1780.  An  Italian  composer  and 
pianist,  sister  of  M.  G.  Agnesi :  author  of  the 
operas  "Sofonisbe,"  "Giro  in  Armenia,"  "Ni- 
tocri,"  and  "Insubria  Consolato." 

Agnethlen  (ag'net-len).  A  town  in  Transyl- 
vania, about  25  miles  northeast  of  Hermann- 
stadt.    Population,  about  3,000. 

Agnew  (ag'nu),  Cornelius  Kea,  Bom  at  New 
York,  Aug.  8,  1830:  died  there,  April  18,  1888. 
A  noted  American  physician  and  surgeon, 
clinical  professor  of  diseases  of  the  ear  and  eye 
in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York  city  (1869). 

Agnew,  David  Hayes.  Born  in  Lancaster 
County,  Pennsylvania,  Nov.  24,  1818:  died  at 
Philadelphia,  March  22, 1892.  An  eminent  Am- 
erican surgeon,  appointed  in  1870  professor  of 
operative  surgery,  and  in  1871  of  the  principles 
and  practice  of  surgery,  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania. 

Agnew,  Patrick.  Born  1822 :  died  at  Multdn, 
India,  April  21, 1848.  An  English  Indian  civil 
servant,  murdered  with  his  companion,  Lieu- 
tenant W.  A.  Anderson,  by  the  retainers  of 
MulrAj,  dewan  or  governor  of  Mult&n.  This 
incident  led  to  the  second  Sikh  war. 

Agni(ag'ni).  [Skt.,=L.  i^»s,  fire.]  In  Hindu 
mythology,  the  god  of  fire,  in  the  Veda  he  is  the 
conveyer  of  the  sacrifice,  messenger  and  priest  of  men, 
their  protector  against  the  horrors  of  the  darkness,  the 
defender  of  the  home.  As  one  of  the  chief  divinities  of 
the  Yedas  great  numbers  of  hymns  are  addressed  to  him, 
more  than  to  any  other  god.  He  is  one  of  the  three  great 
deities  Agni,  Vayu  (or  Indra),  and  Surya,  who  preside  re- 
spectively over  earth,  air,  and  sky. 

Agni  Purana  (ag'ni  p6-ra'na).  APurana  (so 
named  as  supposed  to  have  been  communicated 
by  Agni  to  Vasishtha)  devoted  to  the  glorifica- 
tion of  Siva,  but  of  very  various  contents,  ritual, 
cosmical,  ethical^  military,  legal,  medical,  rhe- 
torical, grammatical,  taken  largely  from  earlier 
works.  It  is  quite  modem,  and  has  no  legiti- 
mate claim  to  be  regarded  as  a  Parana. 

Agni6.    See  Mohawh. 

Agniehronnon.    See  Mohawk. 

AgnoStse  (ag-no-e'te).  [Gr.  'AyvarjTai,  the  igno- 
rant ones.]  1.  A  Christian  sect  of  the  4th  cen- 
tury, which  denied  the  omniscience  of  the  Su- 
preme Being,  maintaining  that  God  knows  the 
past  only  by  memory,  and  the  future  only  by 
inference  from  the  present. — 2.  A  sect  of  the 
6th  century,  followers  of  Themistius,  deacon 
of  Alexandria,  who,  on  the  authority  of  Mark 
xiii.  32  ("But  of  that  day  and  that  hour  know- 
eth  no  man,  .  .  .  neither  the  Son,  but  the 


21 

Father"),  held  that  Christ,  as  man,  was  igno- 
rant of  many  things,  and  specifically  of  the 
time  of  the  day  of  judgment.  Also  Agnoitoe, 
Agnmtes. 

Agnolo  (a'nyo-lo),  Baccio  d'.  Bom  at  Florence 
about  1461 :  died  1543.    A  Florentine  architect. 

Aj;obard  (F.  pron.  ag-6-bar').  Born  779 :  died 
June  6, 840.  A  Prankish  theologian,  archbishop 
of  Lyons  816. 

Agora  (ag'o-ra),  The.  [Gr.  ayopa,  assembly, 
market-place.]  Alarge  irregular  areain Athens, 
entered  beneath  the  northeast  angle  of  the  Colo- 

•  nus  Agoreeus  hUl,  on  which  stands  the  so-called 
Thesenm,  by  the  broad  portico-borderedDromos 
street  runmng  to  the  Dipylon  Gate,  thence  pass- 
ing along  the  base  of  the  "  Theseum"  hill,  and 
extendiag  one  branch  north  of  the  Areopagus, 
and  another  around  the  western  end  of  the  Areo-; 
pagus,  and  between  the  Pnyx  and  the  Acropolis. 
This  last  portion  was  especially  the  political  agora,  while 
the  portion  north  of  the  Areopagus  was  more  particularly 
the  original  commercial  agora  or  market-place,  embra- 
cing as  well  a  number  of  religious  foundations,  the  famous 
porticos,  the  Basileios,  Eleutherios,  and  Poikile,  and  the 
Bouleuterion  or  senate-house.  The  position  of  the  new 
agora  or  oil-market  is  fixed  by  its  existing  Gate  of  Athena 
Archegetis :  much  of  its  inclosure  also  remains,  south  of 
the  Stoa  of  Hadrian,  and  further  east  than  the  old  agora. 
The  great  Stoa  of  Attains  II.  undoubtedly  faced  on  part 
of  the  commercial  agora,  and  the  so-called  Stoa  of  the 
giants  is  within  the  area  of  the  agora. 

Agoracritus  (ag-o-fak'ri-tus),  or  Agorakritos 
(-tos).  [Gr.  'Ayopa.KpLTo^.']  A  Greek  sculptor, 
a  native  of  Paros,  the  favorite  pupil  of  Phi- 
dias and  the  rival  of  Alcamenes.  His  most 
famous  statue  was  a  Nemesis,  probably  repre- 
sented by  a  little  statue  in  the  Lateran. 

Agordo  (a-gdr'do).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Belluno,  northern  Italy,  situated  on 
the  Cordevole  14  miles  northwest  of  Belluno. 
There  are  important  mines  of  copper  and  other 
minerals  in  the  vicinity. 

Agosta  (a-gos'ta),  L.  Augusta  (a-gus'ta).  A 
seaport  in  the  province  of  Syracuse,  Sicily, 
about  13  miles  north  of  Syracuse,  it  was  over- 
thrown by  an  earthquake  in  1693.  Ifear  here,  April  22, 
1676,  the  French  fleet  defeated  the  Spanish  and  Dutch. 
Population,  about  12,000. 

Agostini  (a-gos-te'ne),  Leonardo.  Born  at 
Siena,  Italy:  lived  in  the  17th  century.  An 
Italian  antiquary,  appointed  inspector  of  an- 
tiquities by  Pope  Alexander  VII. :  editor  of 
a  new  edition  of  Paruta's  "  Sicilian  Medals," 
etc. 

Agostini,  Paolo.  Bom  at  Vallerano,  Campagna 
Romana,  Italy,  1593:  died  at  Kome,  1629.  A 
noted  Italian  composer,  chiefly  of  sacred  music, 
maestro  at  the  Vatican  Chapel  (1629). 

AgOStino  de  Duccio  (a-gos-te'nS  de  do'chio). 
Born  at  Florence,  1418:  died  at  Perugia,  1498. 
An  Italian  sculptor,  noted  for  his  reliefs  in 
glazed  terra-cotta.  in  1442  he  made  the  reliefs  on 
the  facade  of  the  Duomo  at  Modena,  Il'om  1446  to  1464 
he  lived  in  Simini.  From  Eimini  he  went  to  Perugia, 
where  his  beautiful  fa;ade  of  the  church  of  San  Bernar- 
dino, with  its  terra-cottas  and  party-colored  marbles,  forms 
one  of  the  most  charming  examples  of  polychromatic 
architecture  in  Italy. 

Agoult  (a-go'),  Comtessed'  (Marie  Catherine 
Sophie  de  Flavigny):  pseudonym  Daniel 
Stern.  Bom  at  Prankfort-on-the-Main,  Dec. 
81, 1805 :  died  at  Paris,  March  5, 1876.  A  French 
writer.  Her  works  include  "Esquisses  morales  et  poli- 
tiques  "  (1849),  "  Histoire  de  la  revolution  de  1848  "  (1851), 
"  N^lida, "  etc.  She  lived  for  a  time  with  Liszt,  and  of  her 
three  d  aughters  by  him  one  married  Von  Biilow  and  after- 
ward Wagner. 

AgOW(a-§ou').  Abranch  of  theEthiopian  family 
constituting  a  large  part  of  the  population  of 
Abyssinia.  They  inhabit  parts  of  Amhara  and 
Tigr6. 

Agra  (a'gra).  l.  A  division  of  the  Northwest- 
em  R:ovinces  of  British  India.  Area,  10,151 
square  miles.  Population  (1881),  4,834,064.-2. 
A  district  of  the  division  of  Agra,  intersected 
by  lat.  27°  N.,  long.  78°  E.  Area,  1,846  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  1,003,796.-8.  The 
capital  of  the  division  and  district  of  Agra, 
situated  on  the  Jumna  about  lat.  27°  10'  N., 
long.  78°  E.  It  is  a  military  and  commercial  center, 
and  exports  raw  silk,  sugar,  and  indigo.  It  was  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Mogul  empire  during  the  last  part  of  the  16th 
and  the  first  part  of  the  17th  century,  and  was  captured 
by  the  British  in  1803.  The  English  in  Agra  were  besieged 
in  the  fort  by  the  mutineers,  Aug.-Oct.,  1867.  Popu- 
lation, including  cantonment  (1891),  168,662.  Among  the 
noted  buildings  of  Agra  are :  (1)  The  palace  of  Akbar, 
massively  built  of  red  sandstone,  richly  sculptured,  and 
exhibiting  in  its  lintel-construction  the  marks  of  Hindu 
influence  on  the  Indian-Saracenic  style.  (2)  Adjoining 
lies  the  palace  of  Shah  Jehan,  half  a  century  later  in  date, 
and  forming  a  strong  contrast  In  its  white  marble  archi- 
tecture, its  denteUated  arcades,  and  its  inlaid  work  of 
arabesques  and  flowers  in  colored  stone.  (3)  The  Pearl 
Mosque,  another  notable  foundation  of  Shah  Jehan.    The 


Agricola,  Johann  Friedrich 

entbc  size,  including  the  cloistered  court,  is  only  187  by 
234  feet,  but  the  buUding  is  a  gem  of  Mogul  artistic  de- 
sign and  execution.  (4)  The  tomb  of  Itimad  ud-Daulah, 
built  under  Jehangir,  in  the  early  17th  century.  By  its 
inlaid  work  in  stone,  possibly  of  Italian  derivation,  it 
marks  an  epoch  in  the  Indian-Saracenic  style.  The  ex- 
terior forms  a  single  story  with  octagonal  towers  at  the 
angles,  and  is  surmounted  by  a  square  central  pavilion 
with  three  arcades  to  a  side,  widely  projecting  bracketed 
cornice,  and  a  domical  roof.  All  the  openings  of  the 
monument  except  the  central  portal  are  closed  bymarble 
slabs  pierced  in  geometrical  patterns  of  marvelous  deli- 
cacy.   (6)  The  Taj-Mahal  (which  see). 

Agrae  (a'gre).  [Gr.  ai  'Aypal.)  A  suburb  of  an- 
cient Athens  extending  eastward  from  opposite 
the  temple  of  Olympian  Zeus  over  the  hills  on 
the  south  bank  of  the  Dissus.  In  it  lies  the 
Panathenaic  Stadium. 

Agram  (a'gram),  Slav.  Zdgrib  (zag'rSb).  1, 
A  county  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Croa- 
tia and  Slavonia.  Population,  483,259. —  2.  A 
royal  free  city,  capital  of  the  crownland  of 
Croatia  and  Slavonia,  Austria-Hungary,  situ- 
ated near  the  Save  about  lat.  45°  49'  N.,  long. 
15°  58'  E.  It  has  a  trade  in  wine  and  grain,  and  some 
manufactures,  and  is  the  seat  of  a  Homan  Catholic  arch- 
bishopric and  cathedral,  and  of  a  university.  The  latter 
was  opened  in  1874,  and  has  about  70  instructors  and  600 
students.  It  was  devastated  by  earthquakes  in  1880-81. 
Population  (1890),  37,529. 

Agramant  (a'gra-mant).  In  Boiardo's  "Or- 
lando Innamorato"  and  Ariosto's  "Orlando 
Furioso,"  the  young  king  of  Africa. 

Agramonte  y  Loinaz  (a^gra-mon'te  e  l6-e- 
naz'),  IgnaciO.  Bom  at  Puerto  Principe,  1841 : 
killed  at  the  encounter  of  Jimaguayli,  Jidy  1, 
1873.  A  Cuban  revolutionist,  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  revolts  of  1867  and  1868,  commissioned 
major-general  by  Cespedes.  He  commanded  the 
insurgents  in  Camaguey,  and  subsequently  their  entire 
force. 

Agraulos.    See  Aglawos. 

Agravaine  (ag'ra-van),  Sir.  In  the  romances 
of  chivalry,  a  knight  of  the  Bound  Table,  sur- 
named  L'Orgueilleux  ('  The  Proud'). 

Agraviados  (a-gra-ve-a'9PH6s).  [Sp.,  'the  dis- 
contented.'] In  Spanish  history,  the  adherents 
of  the  Hapsburgs  in  Spain  in  the  18th  century, 
who  opposed  recognition  of  the  Bourbons ;  also, 
the  partizans  of  an  unsuccessful  absolutist  out- 
break in  1826-28. 

Agreda  (a-gra'THa).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Soria,  Spain,  about  60  miles  northwest 
of  Saragossa. 

Agreda,  Maria  de.  Bom  at  Agreda,  Spain, 
1602 :  died  at  Agreda,  May  24, 1665.  A  Spanish 
mystic,  abbess  of  the  convent  of  the  Immacu- 
late Conception  at  Agreda.  she  wrote  a  life  of  the 
Virgin  Mary,  the  contents  of  which  she  asserted  had 
been  revealed  to  her.  It  was  charaeterized  by  Bossuet 
as  indecent,  and  was  censured  by  the  Sorbonne. 

Agreeable  Surprise,  The.  AfareebyO'Keefe, 
produced  in  1781.  It  contains  some  peculiarly 
felicitous  blunders  in  situation  and  character. 

A-Green.    See  George-a-Green. 

Agrib  (a'greb),  or  Jebel  Ghareb  (jeb'el  gha'- 
reb).  A  moimtain  in  middle  Egypt,  lat.  28° 
12'  N.,  long.  32°  42'  E.,  about  5,300  feet  high. 
Also  Agreeb,  Agarrib,  Jebel  Khareeb,  etc. 

Agricane  (a-gre-ka'ne).  In  Boiardo's  "Orlando 
Innamorato,"  a  king  of  Tatary  who  is  in  com- 
mand of  an  enormous  army,  but  is  killed  by 
Orlando  in  single  combat. 

Agricola  (a-grik'o-la),  Christoph  Ludwig. 
Bom  at  Ratisbon,  IsTov.  5, 1667 :  died  there,  1719. 
A  German  landscape-  and  portrait-painter. 

Agricola,  Cnseus  Julius.  Bom  at  Pomm  Julii 
(Fr6jus),  Jxme  13,  A.  d.  37 :  died  at  Rome,  Aug. 
23,  A.  D.  93.  A  Roman  soldier  and  statesman,  son 
of  the  senator  Julius  GrsBcinas,  and  the  father- 
in-law  of  Tacitus.  He  served  flrst  under  Suetonius 
Paulinus  in  Britain  ;  in  63  was  appointed  quaestor  in  Asia 
under  the  proconsul  Salvius  Titianus ;  in  70  was  raised  by 
Vespasian  to  the  command  of  the  20th  legion  in  Britain ; 
and  from  74  to  76  was  governor  of  the  province  of  Aqui- 
tania.  On  his  recall  he  was  elected  consul  and  assigned 
the  province  of  Southern  Britain.  In  seven  campaigns 
from  78  to  84  he  pacified  the  rest  of  Britain  as  far  as  the 
northern  boundary  of  Perth  and  Argyll.  He  was  recalled 
to  Home  in  84. 

Agricola  (originally  Bauer),  Georg.  Bom  at 
Glauohau,  Saxony,March  24, 1490 :  died  at  Chem- 
nitz, Saxony,  Nov.  21,  1555.  A  German  min- 
eralogist, author  of  a  treatise  on  metallurgy, 
"De  re  metaUica"  (1530),  etc. 

Agricola  (originally  Sneider),  Johann.  Bom 
at  Eisleben,  Germany,  April  20,  1492:  died  at 
Berlin,  Sept.  22,  1566.  A  German  Protestant 
theologian  and  reformer,  preacher  in  Eisleben, 
professor  in  Wittenberg,  and  later  court  preach- 
er in  Berlin.  He  was  a  leader  of  the  Antinomians.  He 
published  various  theological  works,  and  a  collection  of 
German  proverbs  (1529-48). 

Agricola,  Johann  Friedrich.    Bom  at  Dobit- 


Agricola,  Johann  Friedrich 

sohen,  Saxe-Altenburg,  Jan.  4,  1720 :  died  at 
Berlin,  Nov.  12, 1774.  A  German  organist  and 
composer,  director  of  the  Eoyal  Chapel  at  Ber- 
lin 1759-74. 

Agricola  (originally  Sohr  or  Sore),  Martin. 
Born  at  Sorau,  Brandenburg,  about  1486: 
died  at  Magdeburg,  June  10,  1556.  A  German 
musician  and  writer  on  musiCj  musical  director 
at  Magdeburg,  notable  for  his  attempt  to  im- 
prove musical  notation :  author  of  "Ein  Kurtz 
deutsche  Musica"  (1528),  "Musica  instrumen- 
talis  deudsch  "  (1529),  eto. 

Agricola,  Bodolplius  (Boelof  Huysmann). 
Born  at  Laflo,  near  Groningen,  in  1443 :  died 
at  Heidelberg  in  1485.  A  Dutch  scholar, 
painter,  and  musician,  lecturer  on  Greek  and 
Roman  literature  at  Worms  and  Heidelberg 
after  1482,  He  was  an  influential  promoter  of  classi' 
cal  studiea  His  principal  work  is  a  treatise  "  De  Inven- 
tione  Dialectica." 

Agri  Decumates.    See  Decumates  Agri. 

Agrigentum  (ag-ri-jen'tum).  The  ancient 
name  of  Girgenti :  the  Greek  Atragas  ('Aupdyag). 
It  was  founded  by  colonists  from  Gela  about  582  B.  c.  In 
the  middle  of  the  6th  century  B.  o.  it  was  ruled  by  the  tyrant 
Phalaris:  afterward  its  government  was  in  turn  oligarchic 
and  republican.  It  was  most  flourishing  in  the  6th  cen- 
tury B.  c,  when  it  was  a  great  commercial  center,  with 
nearly  1,000,000  (?)  inhabitants.  In  406  B.  0.  it  was  plun- 
dered by  Carthage,  and  was  rebuilt  and  received  a  Syra- 
cusan  colony.  In  the  Funic  wars  it  sided  with  Carthage, 
and  was  eventually  annexed  by  Rome,  and  became  of  little 
importance.    For  its  later  history  and  ruins,  see  GirgerUt 

Agrippa  (a-grip'a), Cornelius  Heinrich  (called 
Agrippa  of  Kettesheim).  Bom  at  Cologne, 
Prussia,  Sept.  14,  1486:  died  at  Grenoble, 
France,  Feb.  18, 1535.  A  German  philosopher 
and  student  of  alchemy  and  magic,  author  of 
"De  incertitudine  et  vanitate  seientiarum" 
(1527),  "De  occulta  philosophia"  (1510),  etc. 

Agrippa  I.,  Herod,  Bom  about  11  b.  o.  :  died 
at  (Sesarea,  Palestine,  44  a.  D.  A  grandson 
of  Herod  the  Great,  appointed  king  over,  the 
tetrarchies  of  northeastern  Palestine,  37  a.  d., 
and  in  41  A.  D.  over  Judea  also.  He  persecuted 
the  Christians,  44  A.  D.  (Acts  xii.),  and  is  said  to  have 
died  ib  a  horrible  manner.    Acts  xii.  23. 

Agrippa. II.,  Herod.  Bom  about  27  a.  d. : 
died  at  Bome,  91-93.  Son  of  Herod  Agrippa  I. , 
made  prince  of  Chalois  48  a.  d.,  and  king  over 
northern  Palestine  in  52.  He  sided  with  the  Romans 
in  the  conquest  of  Jerusalem.  It  was  before  him  that 
Paul  was  brought. 

Agrippa,  Marcus  Vipsanius.  Bom  at  Rome, 
63  B.  0. :  died  iu  Campania,  12  B.  c.  A  Eoman 
commander,  of  obscure  origin,  the  leading 
statesman  of  the  reign  of  Augustus.  He  served 
under  Octavius  in  the  Perusinian  war,  and  in  Gaul  and 
Germany;  defeated SextusPompey at MytoandNaulochus 
88  B.  0. ;  was  consul  37,  and  fedile  33  ;  served  at  Actium 
31 ;  dedicated  the  Pantheon  27 ;  was  governor  of  Syria  17 ; 
and  was  tribune  with  Augustus  18-13  B.  c.  He  was  the 
father  of  Vipsania,  first  wife  of  Tiberius  and  mother  ol 
Drusus.  His  third  wife  was  Julia,  the  daughter  of  Au- 
gustus and  Widow  of  Maroellus. 

Agrippa,  Menenius.  A  character  in  Shak- 
spere^  "  Coriolanus." 

Agrippa  Postumus.  Born  12  b.  C.  :  died  14 
A.  D.  A  posthumous  son  of  Marcus  Vipsanius 
Agrippa  by  Julia,  the  daughter  of  Augustus, 
adopted  by  Augustus  in  4  b  .  c. ,  and  murdered  in 
prison  on  the  accession  of  Tiberius,  probably  by 
the  order  of  Li  via. 

Agrippina  (ag-ri-pi'na).  Bom  about  13  B.  c. : 
died  at  Pandataria,  near  Naples,  33  a.  d.  The 
yoimgest  daughter  of  Marcus  Vipsanius  Agrippa 
and  Julia,  the  daughter  of  Augustus :  wife  of 
Germanicus  and  mother  of  Caligula,  she  in- 
curred the  hatred  of  Tiberius  and  Sejanus,  and  by  them 
was  banished  to  Pandataria,  where  she  died  of  voluntary 
starvation.    She  was  a  woman  of  lofty  character. 

Agrippina,  Julia.  Bom  at  Op^idum  Ubiomm 
(named  for  her  Colonia  Agrippina,  the  modem 
Cologne),  about  15  a.  d.  :  put  to  death  at  the 
Lucrine  Lake,  near  Baise,  60  or  59.  A  daughter 
of  Germanicus  and  Agrippina,  and  wife  of 
Domitius  Ahenobarbus  by  whom  she  was 
mother  of  Nero.  Later  she  married  CrispusPassienus, 
and,  49  A.  D.,  Claudius  whom  she  poisoned  64  A.  D.  She 
was  a  woman  of  scandalous  life  and  unbounded  ambition 
and  had  great  influence  in  the  early  part  of  Nero's  reign  : 
but  she  was  murdered  by  his  order.  There  is  a  fine  sit- 
ting portrait-statue  of  her  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples. 

Agtelek  (og'te-lek).  A  village  in  the  county 
of  Gomor,  Hungary,  noted  for  its  cavern  (or 
Baradla),  which  is,  after  the  Adelsberg,  the 
largest  stalactite  grotto  in  Europe. 

AgU  (a-g5'),  or  Aku  (a-ko').  An  old  Chaldean 
name  of  the  moon-god;  in  later  Babylonian  and 
Assyrian,  Sin  (which  see). 

Agua  (a'gwa),  or  Volcan  de  Agua.  [Sp., '  vol- 
cano of  water.']  A  conical  mountain  25  miles 
southwest  of  Guatemala,  12,197  feethigh.    It 


22 

discharges  water,  and  destroyed  old  Guatemala 
by  floods,  Sept.  8,  1541. 

Aguadilla  (a-gwa-THel'ya).  A  seaport  at  the 
northwestern  extremity  of  Porto  Rico.  Popu- 
lation (1899),  6,425. 

Aguado  (a--gwa'5Ho),  Juan  de.  A  Spaniard  who 
accompanied  Columbus  on  his  second  voyage 
to  America  (1493),  returned  to  Spain  next  year 
and  was  made  royal  commissioner  to  investi- 
gate the  affairs  of  Hispaniola.  He  arrived  there 
in  Oct.,  1496,  and  returned  to  Spain  1496.  Nothing  is 
known  of  his  previous  or  subsequent  history. 

Agua  Fria  (a'gwa  fre'a)  Creek.  A  tributary 
of  the  Gila  River  in  Arizona. 

Aguas  Calientes  (a'gwas  ka-le-en'tes).  [Sp., 
'hot  springs.']  A  state  of  Mexico,  bounded  by 
Zacatecas  on  the  west,  north,  and  east,  and  by 
Jalisco  on  the  south.  Area,  2,895  square  miles. 
Population  (1895),  103,645. 

Aguas  Calientes.  The  capital  of  the  state  of 
the  same  name,  about  lat.  21°  55'  N.,  long. 
101°  50'  W.  There  are  hot  springs  in  the  vicinity 
(whence  the  name).    Population  (1896),  31,619. 

Agiie-Cheek  (a'gu-chek).  Sir  Andrew.  A 
character  in  Shakspere's  comedy  "Twelfth 
Night,"  a  timid,  silly  but  amusing  eoimtry 
squire. 

Agliero  (a-gS-a'ro),  Crist6bal.  Bom  in  San 
Luis  de  la  Paz,  Michoacan,  1600 :  date  of  death 
not  recorded.  A  Mexican  Dominican  mission- 
ary, who  spent  the  greater  part  of  his  life  labor- 
ing among  the  Zapoteean  Indians.  He  left 
several  works  on  their  language. 

Agiiero,  Joaiiuin  de.  Bom  at  Puerto  Principe, 
Nov.  15,  1816:  died  there,  Aug.  12,  1851.  A 
Cuban  revolutionist.  He  was  a  planter  of  moderate 
fortune  and  exalted  ideas.  In  1843  he  freed  his  slaves  and 
took  measures  to  have  them  educated.  Later  he  endea- 
vored to  bring  white  immigrants  to  Cuba.  After  engaging 
in  the  insurrection  of  1861,  he  was  captured  and  shot. 

Agiiero,  Jos6  Biva.    See  Biva  Amiero,  JosS. 

Aguesseau  (a-ge-s6'),  Henri  Francois  d', 
or  Daguesseau.  Bom  at  Limoges,  France, 
Nov.  27,  1668:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  9,  1751.  A 
French  jurist,  chancellor  of  France  1717-22  and 
1737-50.  His  complete  works  were  published 
1759-89. 

Aguilar  (a-ge-iar'),  Grace.  Bom  at  London, 
June,  1816:  died  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
Sept.  16,1847.  An  English  novelist  and  writer 
on  Jewish  history.  She  was  the  daughter  of 
Jewish  parents. 

Aguilar,  Manuel.  Bom  in  Costa  Rica  about 
1800 :  died  at  Guatemala,  Jvme  6, 1846.  A  Cen- 
tral American  statesman.  He  occupied  various 
public  posts  in  Costa  Kica,  represented  that  state  in  the 
Assembly  of  1828,  and  was  elected  president  April  7, 1837. 
He  was  deposed  by  Carrillo,  May,  1838. 

Aguilar  de  la  Frontera  (a-ge-lar'  da  la  fron- 
ta'ra).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Cordova, 
Spain,  26  miles  southeast  of  Cordova.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  12,451. 

Aguilas  (a-ge'las),  or  San  Juan  de  las  Agui- 
las  (san  Hwan  da  las  a-ge'las).  A  seaport  in 
the  provtnee  of  Murcia,  Spain,  48  miles  south- 
west of  Murcia.  It  exports  lead,  esparto-grass, 
and  soda.    Population  (1887),  10,042. 

Aguilera  (a-ge-la'ra),  Francisco  Xavier.  Bom 
at  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra  about  1775 :  died  at 
Valle  Grande,  Nov.  23,  1828.  A  royalist  guer- 
rilla chief  of  Charcas  (Bolivia),  notorious  for 
his  cruelty.     He  received  a  commission  as  brigadier- 

general.  and  for  a  time  was  military  commandant  of  Santa 
ruz.  In  1828,  with  a  small  force  he  captured  a  Spanish 
post,  and  proclaimed  Ferdinand  VII.  as  king.  He  was 
soon  captured  and  shot. 
Aguinaldo  (a-ge-nal'do),  Emilio,  Bom  about 
1868.  A  Filipino  leader  of  mixed  European 
and  native  descent.  He  took  a  leading  part  in  the 
rebellion  against  Spain  1896-98.  In  January  of  the  latter 
year  he  left  the  Philippines,  agreeing  not  to  return.  After 
the  battle  of  Manila,  May  1,  1898,  he  returned  with  the 
consent  of  the  American  authorities  and  establislied  a 
native  government,  of  which  he  became  the  head,  and 
collected  an  army.  On  Feb.  4, 1899,  he  began  hostilities 
against  the  American  forces  occupying  Manila.  He  was 
captured  in  March,  1901. 

Aguirre  (a-ger'ra),  Josef  Saenz  de.  Born  at 
Logrofio,  Spain,  March  24, 1630 :  died  at  Rome, 
Aug.  19,  1699.  A  Spanish  cardinal  and  theo- 
logian, author  of  "Defensio  cathedrss  S.  Pe- 
tri," etc.  (1682),  "Collectio  maxima  Concilio- 
rum"  (1693),  "Theologia  S.  Anselmi,"  etc._ 

Aguirre,  Lope  de.  Bom  at  Oflate,  Astmias, 
about  1508:  shot  Oct.  27, 1561.  A  Spanish  ad- 
venturer who  early  in  life  drifted  to  America, 
and  for  twenty  years  led  such  a  scandalous  life 
in  Peru  that  he  was  known  as  "Aguirre  the 
madman."  He  was  engaged  in  several  rebellions,  was 
outlawed,  and  joined  the  expedition  of  Pedro  de  Ursua  in 
search  of  El  Dorado  and  the  kingdoin  of  the  Omaguas  on 
the  upper  Amazon  (1669).    Ursua  and  his  lieutenant  Var- 


Ahava 

gas  were  murdered  by  Aguirre  and  others  at  MacUpBTo, 
near  the  present  site  of  Xabatlnga  on  the  upper  Amazoiv 
Jan.  1, 1B61,  and  Fernando  de  Guzman  (whom  Aguirre 
afterward  murdered)  was  made  general  with  Aguirre  as 
hlB  lieutenant.  From  this  time  the  expedition  became  a 
piratical  cruise  so  wild  that  it  bordered  on  insanity.  The 
band  declared  themselves  rebels,  or  maraiSones,  and  pro- 
ceeded down  the  Amazon,  plundering  Indian  Tillages, 
fighting  with  one  another,  ana  committing  every  horrible 
crime,  reaching  the  island  of  Margarita  July  20,  1561. 

'  There  Aguirre  murdered  the  governor  and  others,  robbed 
the  royal  treasury,  and  then  made  a  descent  on  the  main- 
land of  Venezuela.  He  was  captured  at  Barquisimeto, 
and  shot  by  his  own  marafiones. 

AgUlias  (a-g6'lyas).  Cape,  The  southern- 
most point  of  Africa,  in  lat.  34°  50'  S.,  long.  20° 
1'  E.,  100  miles  southeast  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope. 

AgUStin  (a-gos-ten')  I,  The  title  of  Iturbide, 
emperor  of  Mexico.    See  Iturbide. 

Agustina  (a-gos-te'na).  Died  at  Cueta,  Spain, 
June,  1857.  The  "Maid  of  Saragossa,"  noted 
for  her  bravery  in  the  defense  of  that  city, 
1808-09. 

Agyia  (a-ji'ya).  A  town  in  Thessaly,  Greece, 
at  the  foot  of  Moim.t  Ossa.  Population  (1889), 
2,050. 

Ahab  (a'hab).  [Heb.  Achdb  (Gr.  "kxad?),  fa- 
ther's brother.]  King  of  Israel,  according  to 
the  traditional  reckoning,  918-896  b.  c,  but 
according  to  some  scholars  876-854  b.  c.  :  the 
son  and  successor  of  Omri.  He  married  Jezebel, 
daughter  of  Ethbaal,  king  of  Tyre,  and  permitted  the  wor- 
ship of  Baal  and  Astarte  in  Samaria,  iuongside  of  that  of 
Yahveh.  By  this,  as  well  as  by  his  luxury  and  wicked- 
ness in  the  matter  of  Naboth's  vineyard,  he  provoked 
the  anger  of  the  propheta,  more  especially  of  Elijah.  He 
engaged  in  a  war  with  Benhadad  of  Damascus,  whom  he 
defeated  in  his  second  campaign,  but  whose  life  he  spared. 
No  reason  for  this  is  given  in  the  Old  Testament,  and  the 
act  was  denounced  by  the  prophets.  The  reason  of  this 
act  is  found  in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  where  we  find 
that  Shalmanezer  II.  In  854  B.  0.  fought  with  the  kings  of 
Damascus,  Haroath,  and  with  Ahaiiu  Sirla'a  who  is 
identified  by  most  scholars  with  iUiab  of  Israel.  The 
presence  of  the  common  enemy  Assyria  no  doubt  induced 
Ahab  to  make  peace  with  Benhadad  of  Damascus.  After 
the  disappearance  of  danger  from  Assyria  he  made  an 
alliance  with  Jehosaphat,  king  of  Judab,  and  carried  on 
another  campaign  against  Damascus,  but  was  kiUed  in  a 
battle  at  Ramoth  Gilead.  The  Old  Testament  contains 
considerable  information  concerning  this  period,  which 
is  supplemented  by  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  and  the 
Moabite  stone.  Ahab  continued  Samaria  as  the  capital  of 
Israel,  but  dwelt  in  Jezreel,  which  he  greatly  beautified. 

Ahaggar  (a -hag 'gar).  A  large  plateau  and 
mountainous  region  in  Sahara,  intersected  by 
lat.  23°-24°  N.,  long.  5°-6°  E.  The  chief  place 
in  it  is  Ideles. 

Ahala  (a-ha'la),  Cneius  Serrilius  Structus, 
A  Roman  patrician,  master  of  the  horse  439 
B.  c.  (according  to  the  common  chronology), 
and  slayer  of  the  popular  leader  Spurius  Mselins. 

Alialya  (a-hal'ya).  In  Hindu  legend,  the  wife 
of  the  Rishi  Gautama,  and  very  beautiful:  ac- 
cording to  the  Ramayana  the  first  woman 
made  by  Brahma  and  given  by  him  to  Gautama. 
She  was  seduced  by  Indra.  Gautama  expelled  Ahalya 
from  his  hermitage  and  deprived  her  of  her  preeminent 
beauty  or,  as  others  state,  made  her  invisible.  Riuna  re- 
stored her  to  her  natural  state  and  reconciled  her  to  her 
husband.  Kumaiila  Bhatta  explains  this  seduction  as  In- 
dra's  (the  sun's)  carrying  away  the  shade  of  night. 

Ahanta  (a-han'ta).  A  district  on  the  Gold 
Coast  of  Africa,  about  long.  2°-3°  W. 

Ahantchuyuk  (a-hant'cho-y8k).  A  division 
of  the  Kalapooian  stock  of  North  American  In- 
dians, formerly  on  and  about  Pudding  River, 
Oregon.  The  name  was  applied  to  them  by  the  Cala- 
pooya.  See  Kalapooian.  Also  called  Fremh  Prairie  In- 
dianSt  and  Pudding  River  Indians. 

Ahasuerus  (a-haz-H-e'rus).  [Heb.  Ahashve- 
rdsh,  Pers.  KJischjdrsJia  ('mighty'  and  'eye'f),] 
Xerxes,  who  ruled  486-465  b.  c,  mentioned  in 
Ezra  iv.  6  and  throughout  the  book  of  Esther. 
The  Ahasuerus  of  the  book  of  Daniel  (ix.  l),who  is  called 
the  father  of  Darius  the  Mede,  cannot  have  been  Xerxes; 
he  has  been  variously  identified  with  Astyages  and  Cy- 
axeres.    See  Xencee. 

Ahasuerus.  1.  A  name  given  to  the  legendary 
"Wandering  Jew"  (which  see). —  2.  A  prose 
drama  by  Edgar  Quinet,  published  in  1833, 
founded  on  the  legend  of  the  Wandering  Jew. 

Aliaus  (a'hous),  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  about  28  miles  north- 
west of  Miinster. 

Ahausen  (a'hou-zen),  or  Anhausen  (ou'hou- 
zen).  A  village  in  Bavaria,  12  miles  northeast 
of  Ndrdlingen.  Here  the  Protestant  Union  was 
formed  under  the  lead  of  the  elector  Frederick 
IV.  of  the  Palatinate  in  1608. 

Ahausaht  (a'hou-sat),  or  Ahovrsaht,  A  tribe 
of  North  American  Indians,  on  Clayoquaht 
Sound,  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia, 
numbering  296  (1884).    See  AM. 

Ahava  (a'ha-va).  The  name  of  a  place  and 
river  or  canal  in  Babylon  at  which  the  Jews 


Ahava  23  Aidln 

who  formed  the  second  expedition  which  re-  fessorof  orientallanguages,andlibrarian(1861-  Ahuizotl,  or  Ahultzotl  (a-ho'i-tsotl).  The 
turned  to  Jerusalem  with  Ezra  assembled.  Its  1865)  at  the  University  of  Greifswald.  He  has  chief  or  king  of  Tenochtitlan  (Mexico)  from 
exact  location  is  unknown.     Ezra  viii.  15.  published  "Uber  Poesie  nnd  Poetik  der  Araber"  (1866),     1486  until  his  death  in  1502.    He  made  war  on  the 

AhaZ  (a'haz).       [Heb.,  'possessor.']      King  of    /l'^™^"'  various  Arabic  works,  etc.  Zapotecas,  subdued  rebels  in  TIacopan,  and  saoriflced  an 

.Tn<1ah.  a.p.anTfiij\ir  t.n  snTno  TS-ii-TIS  ti  n     onnni-rl-  Jftjimea.  _  Bee  ACnmet.  Immense  number  of  cantives  to  celebrate  hia  comnletion 


Judah,  accordingto  some 735-715  B.C.,  accord- ■?^«?-.°r,f'"^|^.^..^„  .^       ,        ,      .  ..  -  ^ 

ing  to  others  734-728  or  742-727  B.C.    The  last  date  Anmeaapaa  (a-med-a-ba,d  ),  or  Ahmadabad    S?.*''?,^?'?.*,'.^'*^? '?,°'I?^.-    H.e_al80  built  an  aqueduct 


immense  number  of  captives  to  celebrate  liia  completion 

_ of  the  great  Aztec  temple.    He  also  built  an  aqueduct 

8temrmo8rOTobable?°HVw^~k'coXipora?y'^rthl     (S^inad-a-bad'").    A  distriot'in  Bombay,  Britiih    S°"iS^P,"i"'PT*°?^^l?)'°°''ff  ™"°' *"'lt^«<?Ject 
prophet  Isaia^,    On  his^^cls^on  TthTKl  which     India,  intersected  by  lat.  23»  N.,  long.  72°  E.     lTai°£^Lrd"h^',S"5"X"T7" '' '^'"'™"^  "^ 


_    _                                                   __  _  India,  intersected  by  lat.  23°  N.,  long.  72°  E.  Se Ta^Tcceeded  brMoX^ma n 

took  place  in  his  youth,  Kerin,  king  of  Syria,  and  Pekah,  Its  area  is  3,949  square  miles.     Population  Ai^adrca-o^ma'THa^^^ 

kingof  Israel,  iormed  a  conspiracy  against  him.  Contrary     /■iqqi\    001710  ^     """"  .naiumaud,  i,a  u  ma  Tua;,  iillKe  01  (JrearO  Wl- 

to  the  advice  ol  Isaiah  he  sought  the  assistance  of  the  .V       'J   C^  'j      mi.            -^  1     /.  x,.      j-  .  •  ^     .  ^°^'  *tarqu68  de  las  Amarillas).     Born  at  San 

Assyrian  king,  to  whom  he  paid  homage  and  tribute.  AHmeaaDaa.     Ihe  capital  of  the   district  of  Sebastian,  1788:  died  at  Madrid  May  17  1842 

This  latter  fact  is  mentioned  both  in  the  Bible  and  the  Ahmedabad,  situated  on  the  Sabarmati  in  lat.  A  Spanish  nolitieian  and  ffpnprnl   pTiipf  of  tha 

cuneiform  inscriptions.  In  the  latter  he  is  caUed7at4»(Bt,  23°  N     lonff    72°  32'  E    formerly  one  of  the  iTATii^ol  c,+off /^^^ +i,„  a,,„„;„X    ™L   '-   Ti:              i 

which  would  inSicate  that  his  name  is  shortened  froS  wflV  „  °fl°;ll  l^lnrtarTt  ^itfpi  nf  T^fl?n      t!  ?^^^^^^  ^       °^  *•    ■  °P*'"f'l  '^"^y  ^  ^^^  ^a'  O* 

Joahaz.   His  tribute  to  Assyria  had  the  desired  result,  laJ^gest  and  most  important  Cities  ot  India.    It  independence,  mmister  of  war  for  a  short  time 

Tiglath  Pileser  attacking  Rezin  and  Pekah.    This  policy  !l^J|?'"'?'*  ^L  ?,?,„£  iS,.«h  If  %  ^  1820,  member  of   the  »egeney  during  the 

culminated  in  the  entire  destruction  of  the  kingdom  of  ''{f'"'?!?!^  .IheJummaMusjid  of  Ahmedabad,  built  by  njinorii?sr  of  Isabella  and  a<raln  ministfiT  .&  war 

Israel.    Ahaz  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Hezekiahf  ^™?.^  Shah  in  the  early  15th  century,  is  one  of  the  most  J"™""'^  M  isaoeiia,  ana  again  minister  ot  war 

A*       •T./-V        -/••■,        rTT  T.      i        i   ■      J  ^  beautiful  of  mosques.  The  gross  dimensions  are  382  by  258  in  lodO. 

Anaziail  (a-ha-zi   a).      [Heb.,   'sustained  by     feet,  three  sides  of  the  court  being  surrounded  by  a  colon- Ajhumada  V  ViUalon  (a-6-ma'THa  e  vel-ya- 

yanven.']     bon  of  Ahab   and  king  of  Israel     naded  gallery,  and  the  sanctuary,  95  feet  deep,  occupying  \on'\  Aimstin  Hp  MarniiiSs  <1b  loa  Amninllna 

853-851  B.  C.  (896-894?)  one  end.    The  sanctuary  contains  260  columns,  which  S„ J' f?:°l:r  i^n^^J,.  ^'^.'1^?^ 

A-ha!7i-aTi      Snr,  nf  TpWarr.  ,-n^  ArtoHol,    or,/l  Support  three  rows  each  bf  five  domes,  the  centri  one  ot  ?o™  ^\°^  l^OO:  died  m  Mexico  City,  Feb.  6, 

Anazian.     oon  of  Jehoram  and  Athaliah,  and  ^^^  is  the  largest  and  highest,  and  is  flanked  by  two  1760.     A  Spanish  general  and  administrator. 

King  or  Juaau  044-04i>  B.  C.  (000-oo4T).  which  are  higherthan  the  other  twelve.    Thefronttoward  He  distinguished  himself  in  the  Italian  and  Peninsular 

AjlGnODarbUS   (a-he-no-bar'bus).     A  plebeian  the  court  is  formed  by  a  fine  screen,  with  three  noble  wars,  and  from  Nov.  10, 1756,  was  viceroy  of  Mexico. 

family  of  Rome,  gens'  Domitia,  to  which  the  pointed  arches,  flanked  on  each  side  by  a  lower  arcade.  Ahura  Mazda  (a-ho'ra  maz'da).     ['  The  Wise 

emperor  Nero  belonged.  Ahr^fAT^Zi^^^A^^'^^A^^^J^lV^^^^^A         '  Lord':    the    modem  Persian   Orraa^d.]     The 

Ahijah   (a-hi'ia),  or  Ahiah  (a-hi'a).     [Heb.,  Ahinednaga,r,  or  Ahmedn^gur  (a-med-nug  -  q^^^  g  i^jt  in  the  dual  system  of  Zoroaster. 

Mother  of  YaiVeh.']     In  Old  Testament  hisl  Ti"  ,1'^-i?*"''*  "^ Bombay,  British  India,  about  Angra Mfinyu,  -the  Spiritual BnLy •  (Persian  AhrinmnX 

torv  thfi  Tinrnp  nf  sBTroTnl  noranna  nf  wlimv,  +>.<.  '*'••  ^''    ^-  ^'^°  <=^l"d  Druj,  'deceit,'  is  in  eternal  conflict  with  him. 

^^ll  ^^to^l^    Ot  several  persons,  ot  "sviiom  the  Ahmednagar.  or  Ahmednuggnr.    The  capital  Both  have  existed  from  the  beginning  of  the  world.  Ahura 

most  notable  was  a  son  of  Ahitub  and  high  ^  the  district  of  AWd^alnrabont  lat    1Q°  "^^^^  «'"'■  however,  ultimately  triumph  and  the  good 

priest  in  the  reign  of  Saul  (1  Sam.  xiv.  3,  18) :  g,  -Jr    ,       "r?^o  JorS     *     ^  ^          •    ^^^\^^^  kmgdom,  vohukhshathra,  be  establishecf. 

probably  the  sEme  as  Ahimelech,  who  was  ^N.,  long.  74°  43' E.,  formerly  an  important  Ahwaste  (a-was'te).     A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 

£igh  priest  at  Nob,  and  was  killed  by  Saul  for  Sif7er°USof  taisl-s.  '^"uTSTli^, ^l^esr '="  ^filo^^^r^^itf^t^  tfr^^,  °"  ^^"^  ^'^"- 
assisting  David.  » v»..j /••  _  j    ••  /\      a  i  iu      i  4.      ciseo  bay,  Galitornia.    See  Costanoan. 

AMmaal  (a-him'a-az).     [Heb.,  'brother  of  '^S??!']?,!^;  f^iSf  ^p„f;i°«L%n  (fnn         Ahwaz  (ah-waz').    A  village  in  the  province  of 
anger.']     1.  The  father  of  Ahiniam,  wife  of  ^i^^Jt  ^^I^jJ^^f'    ^oP^ilation,  30,000.  Khuzistan,  Persia,  situated  on  the  ifarun  about 

Saul.  lSam.xiv.50.— 2.  Ahighpriest,theson  -^S?®,!-  ^  To^o^^  -P,.,^,  T!«.„  «t  if^io  lat.  31°  12' N.,  long.  48°  45' E.,  an  ancient  resi- 
and  successor  of  Zadok.  He  distinguished  himseU  -^aneire  Pmfsta  De/l5^  1796 -Xd  at  Np^^^^^  ?®'"'®  of  the  Persian  kings,  and  a  flourishing 
by  his  services  to  King  David  during  the  revolt  of  Ab-  ^apeile,  ITussia,  l)ec.  15, 17bb .  died  at  N  euss,  town  under  the  Arabs  in  the  early  middle  ages, 
salom.    2Sam.xv.xviii.  Prussia,  Aug  21, 1865.    A  German  teacher  (at  ^i  (a'i).     [Heb.,  'ruin.']    In  biblical  geoSra- 

AMmelech  (a-him'e-lek).     [Heb.,  'brother  of    Aix-la-Chapelle  and  later  (1843-63)  at  Neuss)    pty,  a  city  of  the  Canaanites,  in  the  tirritory 
the  king.'   Compare  Assyrian  ^/w-miifci,  'bro-    and  grammarian,  noted  for  his  methods  of    of  Benjamin,  about  10  miles  north  of  Jerusalem, 
ther  of  counsel.']     1 .  Priest  of  Nob,  father  of    teaching  the  modern  languages.    He  published    conquered  by  Joshua. 
Abiathar,  the  friend  of  David     He  gave  to  David,     G™°DSh"'andTtlSL  ^Si^s*  '''"'"'^  ^"°°'''  W(i'as).  "^The  Greek  name  of  Ajax. 
S''^oZt£S?hTtal^^4a*^r'=^???hTil^^^^^^^^  Ahnen(a'nen),.Die.     [G.,' the  ancestors.']    A  ^t^'feUur^'^l'^iifTef  2? T7?t^di?dS 

a.  Son  of  Abiathar,  a  priest  in  David's  time:    f "««.  °*  historical  romances  by  Gustav  Frey-    ^„^^f  ^^^"ff  fgOT     Ivfe^a^'oom^'napr  th« 

fleTX'^^ir°'  ^'''-    '''''''  ^''"^  lllh.^r'T^llT^Zo'^TiX^^^l  f'Jrna^fhSo-rio\teX^o,'=rrZ^i^al 

ewfc/s,  X  v^ui.  ivui.  io.               TTT  -u    11,    XI.         J,  Nest  der  Zaunkonige,"   "Die  Bruder  voni   deutschen  conservatory  (Odeon)  m  Venice,  and  kapell- 

Anitnopnel  (a-hitH  o-fel).     lUeb.    brother  of  Hau3e,""Markus  Konig,"  "Die  Geschwister,"and  "Aus  meister  (1826)  to  the  king  of  Bavaria.    His 

folly,'  that  IS, 'fooli^.']    1.  A  Hebrew  poll-  einerkleinen  stadt"           .,,„,,          „   . ,  works  compose  masses,  re|uiems,  etc.,  and  an 

tioiau,  counselor  of  King  David  and,  later,  of  Ainield  (an'felt),  Arvid  Wolfgang  Nathan-  opera  "  Eodrigo  e  Ximene  " 

Absalom  in  his  revolt  against  his  father.    He  ael.  Bom  Aug.  16, 1845 :  died  Feb.  17, 1890.  A  Aicard  (a-kar^  Jean      Bom  at  Toulon  Feb 

was  famous  for  hia  political  wisdom,  and  his  defection  Swedish  iournaUst,  author  of  a  "History  of  4    IS4S        A    Frpriph    nnpf-    anrl    Tirnao  t^itp/ 

V^A^.^^rl^'^^^'^Zr^e^tr^^^'XTS,    ^Ll'^l^'roLt'tl"''^"  ^'''^''^'^^^  im'ongMs  wkfar'l  '^L^  .Wrcroyre's" 

his  home,  set  hia  affairs  in  order,  and  hanged  himself.     Other  encyclopedic  works.    ^      ^„  ,      ,  _  (1867),   "Les  rebellions  etles  apaisements" 

Thought  to  be  the  grandfather  of  Bathsheba.  AnoUDamaa  (a-nol-1-oa  ma).     [Heb., 'tent  of  (1871),   "  Po6mes  de  Provence "   (1874)     "La 

2.  A  character  in  Dryden's  poem  "Absalom    ^^  ^^S^  place.']      1.    One   of  the  wives  of  chanson  de  I'enf ant"  (1876),  "Miette  etNor6" 

and  Achitophel,"  intended  to  represent  the    Esau;  also,  the  name  of  anEdomite  tribe.— 2.  (I88O),  "Emilio,"  a  prose  drama  (1884),  "Le 

Earl  of  Shaftesbury  who  was  called  by  this    A  character  m  Byron's  "Heaven  and  Earth,"  p^re  Lebonnard,"  a  drama  in  verse  (1889), 

name  by  his  contemporaries:   a  treacherous    the  proud,  ambitious  granddaughter  of  Cam.  etc. 

friend  and  adviser.    Also  Achitophel.  Ahome  (a-ho'ma).  An  Indian  tribe  of  the  Piman  Aichach  (ioh'ach).    A  small  town  in  Upper 

Ahlden  (al'den).    A  small  town  27  miles  north    ^1°'^^  1?  °/'i.^l°.t"  ,™®>'  have  been  almost  complete^  Bavaria,  on  the  Paar  about  13  miles  northeast 

of  Hanover.    Princess  Sophia  Dorothea,  wife   ?i^^;^°i"£i  "'"'ol  j'  Z53j.°/      ' ''''''*''°''^^         •  of  Augsburg.    A  French  victory  was  gained 

of  George  I.  of  England,  was  kept  here  as  Ah?7a>T  A  riverlrtre  Rhine  Province  Pms  here  over  the  Austrians,  1805. 

prisoner.  1694^1726.  ^^  [^}\  ^  ™TiJo  Ll„  Z^^t  ^^^J^Z'-r^^I  -AJida  (a-e'da).    An  opera  by  Verdi,  first  given 

Alefelc^  (a'le-felt),   Frau  von  (Charlotte    at^?„^zwfL^XnT^^^^^^^^  at  Cairo,  Eg^t,Dec^27,  1871. 
Sophie  Luise  Wilhelmine  von  Seebach):    r  ^^i^^,^  (^^°J«  ^  Died  606.    A  king 

pseudonym  Elisa  Selbig.    Bom  at  Stedten,  Ahrtrxs   r^rens^^^lh       Born  at  Knie  °^  Scottish  Dalriada,  son  of  Gabran,  a  former 

near  Erfurt,  Germany,  Dee.  6,  1781:  died  at  "Xdt    near  S^lzktterSuska    18™8-  died  at  '^"^  °*  Dalriada,  and  successor,  according  to 

Teplitz,  Bohemia,  July  27,  1849.    A  German    I^Oi+w   A,,t  9  ibtI     A  r^^^^  the  law  of  tanistry,  to  his  relative  Conall.   He 

writer  of  sentimental  novels.  Salzgitter,  Aug.  2,  1874.   A  German  pMosoph-  ^^  downed  by  St.  Columba  in  the  island  ot  lona  in  674. 

Al,lI^llJ+ Ta']^  f^lfrPr,„„i-oaa  T-liVo  noin-.li-'.     '^al  writor   and  jurist,  professor   at  Brussels  in  576,  at  the  council  at  Drumceat,  he  declared  the  inde- 

AnieieittT,  Ca  le-ieic;,  ^ountess  iuza  l^aVlOia     1834.50    at  Gratz  1850-59,  and  at  Leipsic  1859.  pendence  of  his  kingdom,  which  had  been  formed  in  the 

Margaretna  von.     Born  m  liangeland.  Den-     g^  ^^^^  "Cours  de  psychologic  "  (1837-38),  "Cours  de  6th  oentury  by  emigrants  from  Irish  Dalriada,  and  which 

mark,  Nov.  17,  1790:  died  at  Berlin,  March  20,      droit  naturel"  (1838),    "Die  Rechtsphllosophie"  (1861),  had  hitherto  been  treated  as  an  Irish  dependency.    In603 

1855.  A  German  woman,  wife  of  Maior  von  Llit-     "Die  organischeStaatslehre"  (i860),  "Naturrecht"(1870-  he  led  a  force  of  Britons  and  Scots  against  ^thelfrith, 

zow(1810),fromwhomshewasseparated(1824),     isn),  "JuristischeEncyklopadie"  (1866-57),  ete.  king  of  Bernicia.  but  was  defeated.  i,.,  .  ,,.  ,  „^ 

living  then,  for  a  time,  with  the  author  liumer-  Ahrens.  Helnrich  Ludolph.    Born  at  Helm-  Aldan,  Saint.    Died  Aug.  31, 651.    First  bishop 

™„„        oL  i  J  y   u        .  •  .■      "   """'"'^        ,    ,^    4        f,  -lonq.  flipj  atTTanovfir  Sent  94  of  Lmdisfarne,  and  founder  of  the  Northum- 

mann.     she  was  noted  for  her  patriotism  (she  acoom-     steal,  June  o,  j.ou»  .  aiea  at  jaan over,  oepi.  .a*,  ,,  ■„„rii,„.„„v     '„  .,    .,  ,      .„..     _ 

panied  her  husband  to  the  field  and  caredfor  the  wounded,     1881.  A  German  philologist,  noted  as  a  student  P"an  *-MTOb.    He  was  sent  by  the  monks  of  Hu  or  lona, 

IRIS  ^i^<ln/^  hprlnvpof  1itj>riitiirB  «* +1 ri_„„i,  j'^i^^t™  m  answcr  to  the  request  of  King  Oswald,  to  Convert  his 

1813-U)  and  her  lo^e  of  htorature.  of  the  Greek  dialects.  heathen  subjects.    On  the  defeat  of  Oswald  by  Penda642. 

Ahlheide  (al  hi-de).     A  sterile  plain  in  the  Ahnman  (a'n-man).     See  Angra  Mamyu.  Aldan  joined  Oswiu,  king  of  the  Deirans. 

central  part  of  Jutland,  Denmark.  Ahrweiler  (ar'vi-ler).    A  small  town  in  the  Aide  (a-e-da'),   Hamilton.    Bom  in  Paris, 

AhlQLUist  (al'kvist),  August  Engelbert,  Bom    Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ahr  France,  in  1829.    A  novelist  and  poet,  son  of 

at  Kuopio,  Finland,  Aug.  7, 1826 :  died  Nov.  20,     20  miles  south  by  east  of  Cologne.    Its  chief  an  Armenian  and  an  English  lady,  educated  at 

1889.  A  Finnish  philologist,  poet,  and  traveler    industry  is  the  making  of  wine.  the  University  of  Bonn,  and  for  a  time  an  oflfi- 

in  Russia  and  Siberia,  appointed  in  1862  pro-  Aht  (at).    A  division  of  the  Wakashan  stock  of  oer  in  the  British  army.    Among  his  works  are"Elea- 

fessor  of  the  Finnish  language  and  literature  at    North  American  Indians,  comprising  22  tribes,  nore  and  other  Poems "  (1856), "  Rita :  an  Autobiography '■ 

Helsingfors^^       ^^'  dwelling  chiefly  on  the  west  coast  of  Vancpu-  <i^l^^^X^'fi^l^X£^:  ^i^^^'^t^:^ 

Ahlwardt(al'vart),  Christian  Wllhelm.  Bom  ver  Island,  British  Columbia,  one  tribe  being  Music  "(1882),  "Passages  in  the  Life  of  a  Lady"  (1887),  etc. 
at  Greifswald,  Prussia,  Nov.  23,  1760:  died  near  Cape  Flattery,  Washington.  The  principal  Aidenn  (a'den).  [Ar.  Adn,  Eden.]  Para- 
there,  April  12,  1830.  A  German  philologist,  toihes  of  this  division  are  Nitiuaht  Tlaaaaht  or  Makah,  ^gg.  ^^  "Anglicized"  form  of  the  Arabic  for 
rectoi  successively  of  several  public  schools,  ^.'^"i^'atd^BSS^ahf '  TLTnu^b'^^teu^^S^e  r^"^  Edm,  used,  fo?  the  rime's  sake,  by  Edgar  Allan 
and  later  professor  of  ancient  literature  at  the    kashan.  Poe  in  "The  Raven." 

University  of  Greifswald.  His  work  was  chiefly  Ahtena  (a'te-na),  or  Atna  (at'na).    A  tribe  of  Aidin  (i-den').    A  city  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  situ- 

upon  the  Greek  poets  (edited  Pindar,  1820).         the  northern  division  of  the  Athapascan  stock  ated  near  the  Mendere,  about  55  miles  south- 

Ahlwardt,  Theodor  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Greifs-    of  North  American  Indians,  sometimes  called  east  of  Smyrna,  near  the  ruins  of  ancient 

wald,  Prussia,  July  4,  1828.    A  German  orien-    Copper  Indians,  from  their  habitat  on  the  Atna  Tralles.    It  has  trade  in  figs,  cotton,  ete.   Popu- 

talist,  son  of  Christian  Wilhelm  Ahlwardt,  pro-    or  Copper  River,  Alaska.    See  Athapascan.  lation,  about  35,000. 


Aienai 

Aienai  (i-a-ni'),  or  loni  (I-o-ni').  A  tribe  of 
the  Caddo  Confederacy  of  North  American  In- 
dians.   See  Caddo. 

Aigai  (i'gi).  [Gr.  Aiyat'.]  A  town  in  ^olia, 
Asia  Minor,  the  modern  Nimrud-Kalessi.  On 
its  site  are  the  ruins  of  various  ancient  struc- 
tures. 

Aigina.    See  ^gina. 

Aigle  (a'gl),  G.  Aelen  (a'len).  A  small  town 
in  the  canton  of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  on  the 
Grande  Eau,  near  the  Rh6ne,  about  22  miles 
southeast  of  Lausanne. 

Aigle.  A  town  in  the  department  of  Orne. 
See  Laigle. 

Aignadel.    See  A^adello. 

Aignan.    See  Saint-Aignan. 

Aiguebelle  (ag-bel').  A  small  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Savoy,  Prance,  about  17  miles  east 
of  Chamb6ry.  Here,  in  1742,  the  French  and 
Spaniards  defeated  the  Sardinians. 

Aiguebelle,  Paul  Alexandre  Neveue  d'. 
Bom  Jan.  7, 1831:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  21, 1875. 
A  French  naval  of&oer,  in  the  Chinese  service 
during  the  Taiping  rebellion,  1862-64. 

Aigueperse  (ag-pers').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Puy-de-D6me,  France,  19  miles  north- 
east of  Clermont-Ferrand.    Population  (1891), 

2;341. 

Aigues-Mortes,  or  Aiguesmortes  (ag-m6rt'). 
A  town  in  the  department  of  Gard,  France, 
near  the  Mediterranean,  22  miles  southwest  of 
Nlmes,  founded  by  St.  Louis  1246.  From  here 
lie  embarked  on  tbe  Crusades,  1248  and  1270.  It  has 
salt-works  and  fisheries.  Its  fortifications  (constructed 
by  Philip  III.  1270-85)  are  from  an  archseological  point  of 
view  among  the  most  remarkable  in  jPrance.  Population 
(1891),  3,981. 

Aiguille  d'Argentifere  (a-giiey'  dar-zhon'te- 
ar').  [F.  aiguUle,  needle:  in  this  special  use, 
'needle-like  peak.']  An  Alpine  peak,  12,832 
feet  high,  northeast  of  Mont  Blanc. 

Aiguille  de  la  Grande-SasBi^re  (a-gtiey'  d6  IS 
grond'sas-se-ar').  One  of  the  chief  peaks  of 
the  Tarentaise  Alps,  France,  on  the  Italian 
border.     Height,  12,325  feet. 

Aiguille  du  Midi  (a-guey' du  me-de').  1.  An 
Alpine  peak,  12,605  feet  high,  northeast  of 
Mont  Blanc. — 2.  A  peak  in  the  Alps  of  Oisans, 
Is6re,  France,  about  11,025  feet  high. 

Aiguille  Verte  (a-giley' vert).  An  Alpine  peak, 
13,540  feet  high,  northeast  of  Mont  Blanc. 

Aiguillou  (a-giie-y6n').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lot-et-Garonne,  France,  on  the  Lot 
near  its  junction  with  the  Garonne,  16  miles 
northwest  of  Agen.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 3,119. 

Aiguillon,  Due  d'  (Armand  Vignerot  Du- 
plessis  Eichelieu).  Bom  1720:  died  1782. 
A  French  politician,  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
under  Louis  XV.  1771-74. 

Aiguillon,  Due  d'  (Armand  de  Vignerot  Du- 
plessis  Bichelieu).  Born  1750:  died  at  Ham- 
burg, May  4,  1800.  A  son  of  the  preceding, 
noted  during  the  early  days  of  the  Prenen 
Revolution  for  his  republican  tendencies.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  to  renounce  the  privileges  of  his 
rank.  In  1792,  however,  he  fell  under  suspicion  and  es- 
caped to  England. 

Aigun  (i'gon).  A  town  in  Manchuria,  Chinese 
Empire,  on  the  Amur  about  lat.  50°  5'  N., 
long.  127°  28'  E.  It  is  a  naval  station.  Pop- 
ulation, about  15,000. 

Aiken  (a'ken).  The  capital  of  Aiken  County, 
South  Carolina,  about  lat.  33°  34'  N.,  long.  81° 
40'  W.,  noted  as  a  winter  health-resort.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  3,414. 

Aiken,  William.  Bom  at  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  1806:  died  at  Plat  Eock,  North  Caro- 
lina, Sept.  7,  1887.  An  American  politician, 
member  of  the  South  Carolina  legislature 
1838-43,  governor  1844,  and  representative  in 
Congress  1851-57.  He  opposed  nullification  and  se- 
cession.  In  1866  he  was  reelected  to  Congress,  but  was 
not  admitted  to  a  seat. 

Aikin  (a'kin),  Arthur.  Born  at  Warrington, 
Lancashire,  England,  May  19,  1773:  died  at 
London,  April  15, 1854.  An  English  chemist 
and  mineralogist,  son  of  John  Aikin.  He  pub- 
lished a  "Dictionary  of  Chemistry  and  Mineralogy" 
(1807-14),  a  "  Manual  of  Mineralogy  "  (1814),  etc. 

Aikin,  John.  Born  at  Kib worth,  England,  Jan. 
15,  1747 :  died  at  Stoke  Newington,  England, 
Dec.  7, 1822.  An  English  physician.  Hewasthe 
author  of  a  translation  of  the ' '  Germania  "  and  "  Agricola  " 
of  Tacitus,  "Biographical  Memoirs  of  Medicine  in  Great 
Britain,"  "Biographical  Dictionary"  (1799-1816),  "Even- 
ings at  Home  "  (1792-95,  written  in  conjunotion  with  his 
sister  Mrs.  Barbauld),  etc. 

Aikin,  Lucy.  Born  at  Warrington,  Lancashire, 
England,  Nov.  6,  1781:   died  af  Hampstead, 


24 

England,  Jan.  29,  1864.  An  English  writer, 
daughter  of  John  Aikin.  she  wrote  "lorimer,  a 
Tale^'  (1814),  "  Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  Queen  Elizabeth  " 
(1818),  "Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  James  I."  (1822),  "Me. 
m  oirs  of  the  Court  ol  Charles  I. "  (1883),  "  Life  of  Addison  " 
(1843),  etc. 

Aikman  (ak'man),  William.  Born  at  Caemey, 
Forfarshire,  Oct.  24,  1682:  died  at  London, 
June  7,  1731.    A  Scottish  portrait-painter. 

Aillon,  Lucas  Vasquez  de.    See  Ayllon. 

Ailly  (i-e'),  or  Ailli,  Pierre  d'.  Bom  1350: 
died  at  Avignon,  France,  1420  (?).  A  French 
cardinal  and  theologian,  sumamed  the  "Ham- 
mer of  Heretics"  and  the  "Eagle  of  the  Doe- 
tors." 

Ailxed  of  Bievaulx,    See  Ethelred. 

Ailsa  Craig  (al'sa  krag).  A  rocky  island  of 
Ayrshire,  Seotlanoi,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Firth 
of  Clyde.  It  is  conical  in  shape,  and  rises  to  a 
height  of  1,139  feet. 

Aimard  (a-mar'),  Gustavo.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Sept.  13,  1818:  died  there,  June  20,  1883.  A 
French  novelist  and  traveler  in  the  United 
States,  Mexico,  Spain,  Turkey,  and  the  Cauca- 
sus: author  of  "Les  Trappeurs  de  1' Arkansas" 
(1858)  and  numerous  other  works  in  the  style  of 
Cooper.    He  died  insane. 

Aimon.     See  Aymon. 

Aimon,  Jacques.    A  pseudonym  of  Voltaire. 

Aimores  (i-mo-res'),  or  Aymor6s,  or  Aimures. 
An  Indian  tribe  of  eastern  Brazil,  now  known 
as  Botooudos. 

Aimores,  Serra  dos.    See  Serra  dos  Avmor4s. 

Aimwell  (am'wel).  1.  In  Parquhar's  comedy 
"The  Beaux'  Stratagem," a  young  gentleman 
of  a  romantic  temperament,  who  has  dissipated 
his  fortune  and  who,  with  his  cooler-headed 
friend  Archer  disguised  as  his  servant,  person- 
ates a  rich  lord,  with  a  view  to  retrieving  their 
losses  by  a  rich  marriage  for  either  or  both, 
making  a  journey  from  one  town  to  another, 
and  taking  turns  in  being  master  and  man — a 
stratagem  which  is  successful. —  2.  In  Shirley's 
play  "The  Witty  Fair  One,"  a  gentleman,  the 
lover  of  Violetta. 

Ain  (an).  A  river  of  eastern  Prance,  about  100 
miles  long,  which  joins  the  Rh6ne  17  miles  east 
of  Lyons.    It  is  narrow  in  its  lower  course. 

Ain.  A  department  of  France,  bounded  by 
Sa6ne-et-Loire  and  Jura  on  the  north,  Haute- 
Savoie  and  Savoie  (from  both  of  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  Rh6ne),  with  Switzerland,  on 
the  east,  Isfere  (separated  by  the  Ehfine)  on  the 
south,  and  Rh6ne  and  8a'6ne-et-Loire  (from 
both  of  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Sa6ne)  on 
the  west.  It  is  mountainous  (Jura)  in  the  east  and  a 
table-land  in  the  west,  and  is  rich  in  iron,  asphalt,  and 
building  and  lithographic  stones.  Its  capital  is  Bourg, 
its  area  2,239  square  miles,  and  its  population  (1891) 
356,907.  It  was  formed  from  the  ancient  Bresse,  Bugey, 
Dombes,  Valromey,  and  the  "Pays  de  Gex." 

Ainad  (i-nad').  A  trading  town  in  Hadramaut, 
Arabia,  about  lat.  16°  N.,  long.  48°  E. 

Ain  Hersha  (in  her'sha).  A  village  in  Syria. 
It  contains  a  Roman  temple  in  antis,  practically  complete 
except  the  root.  The  cella  is  surrounded  on  the  interior 
by  a  cornice,  and  ha£  four  engaged  Ionic  columns  at  the 
west  end.  The  exterior  west  wall  bears  in  relief  a  female 
bust  with  small  horns,  and  the  door  is  richly  sculptured. 
The  plan  measures  26  by  39  feet. 

Ainmiller  (in'mil-er),  Max  Emanuel.    Bom 

at  Munich,  Feb.  14, 1807:  died  at  Munich,  Dec. 
8,  1870.  A  German  painter  of  architectural 
subjects  and  on  glass. 

Ainos  (i'noz),  or  Aino  (i'no),  or  Ainu  (i'no). 
A  small  tribe  (about  50,000  in  number)  of  non- 
Japanese  (perhaps  Mongolian)  race  and  lan- 
guage, representing  the  primitive  population  of 
Japan,  living  in  Yesso^  parts  of  Saghalin,  the 
Kuriles,  and  on  the  adjacent  coast.  The  type  is 
somewhat  European  as  compared  with  other  Asiatics. 
The  abundance  of  hair  on  the  head  and  body  is  especially 
notable,  and  gave  the  Ainos  the  early  name  of  "hairy 
Kuriles." 

Ainslie  (anz'li).  Hew.  Bom  in  the  parish  of 
Dailly,  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  April  5, 1792:  died 
at  Louisville,  Ky.,  March  11, 1878.  A  Scottish- 
American  poet,  author  of  a  "Pilgrimage  to  the 
Land  of  Bums"  (1820),  etc.  He  emigrated  to 
America  in  1822,  and  resided  for  a  short  time  in  Robert 
Owen's  community  at  New  Harmony,  Indiana.  The  rest 
of  hia  life  was  devoted  to  the  business  of  brewing. 

Ainsworth  (ans'werth),  Henry.  Bom  at  Pleas- 
ington,  Lancashire,  England,  1571:  died  at 
Amsterdam  about  1622.  An  English  separa- 
tist clergyman,  controversialist,  and  rabbinical 
scholar.  He  was  driven  from  England  by  the  persecu- 
tion of  the  Brownists  (Independents),  with  whom  he  was 
connected,  became  porter  to  a  bookseller  in  Amsterdam 
about  1693,  teacher  of  Francis  Johnson's  church  there, 
1596;  and  1610-22  pastor  of  a  new  congregation. 

Ainsworth,  Robert.    Born  at  Woodyale,  near 


Aisne 

Manchester,  England,  Sept.,  1660:  died  at  Lon- 
don, April  4,  1743.  An  English  teacher  and 
lexicographer,  author  of  a  Latin-English  dic- 
tionary (1736). 

Ainsworth,  William  Francis.  Born  at  Exe- 
ter, England,  Nov.  9,  1807:  died  at  Hammer- 
smith, London,  Nov.  27, 1896.  An  English  geol- 
ogist and  traveler.  He  has  published  "Eesearohe* 
m  Assyria,  Babylonia,  etc."  (1838X  "Travels  and  Re- 
searches in  Asia  Minor,  Mesopotamia,  etc."  (1842),  "Trav- 
els in  the  Track  of  the  10,000  Greeks ''  (1844),  "  A  Personal 
Narrative  of  the  Euphrates  Expedition"  (1888),  etc. 

Ainsworth,  WilUam  Harrison.  Born  at  Man- 
chester, England,  Feb.  4, 1805:  died  atReigate, 
England,  Jan.  3,  1?.82.  An  English  novelist. 
His  works  include  "  Rookwood  "  (1834), ' '  Crichton  "  (IS.^?), 
"Jack  Sheppard"(1839),  "Tower  of  London"  (1840),  "The 
Flitch  of  Bacon,  or  the  Custom  of  Dunmow  "  (1864), "  Tower 
Hill"  (18?1),  "Beau  Nash"  (1880),  etc. 

Aintalj  (in-tab').  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Aleppo,  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the  Sajur  about 
lat.  37°  4'  N.,  long.  37°  25'  E.  it  has  some  trade 
and  manufactures,  and  is  a  missionary  center.  Popula- 
tion (estimated),  20,000. 

Air  (a-er'),  or  Asben  (as-ben').  A  mountain- 
ous oasis  in  the  Sahara,  Africa,  lat.  16°-20°  N., 
long.  6°-10°  B.,  having  an  area  of  about  20,000' 
square  miles,  and  a  population  estimated  at 
60,000.  Its  capital  is  Agades,  and  chief  town, 
TinteUust.    Also  AUr. 

Airavata  (i-ra'va-ta).  In  Hindu  mythology, 
the  prototype  of  the  elephant,  produced  at  the 
churning  of  the  ocean:  the  world-elephant  of 
the  East,  and  Indra's  beast  of  burden. 

Airay  (ar'a),  Henry.  Bom  at  Kentmere, 
Westmoreland,  about  1560:  died  Oct.  6,  1616. 
An  English  Puritan  divine,  vice-chancellor  of 
Oxford,  1606,  and  author  of  a  "Commentary  oa 
Philippians"(1618). 

Aircastle  (ar'kas'l).  A  character  in  Foote's 
comedy  ' '  The  Cozeners,"  played  in  an  amus- 
ingly prolix  and  digressive  manner  by  Foote- 
himself,  burlesquing  Gahagan,  a  highly  edu- 
cated young  Irish  gentleman  who  was  hung  in 
1749  for  "filing  or  diminishing  the  current  coin 
of  the  realm." 

Aird  (ard),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Bowden,  Rox- 
burghshire, Scotland,  Aug.  28,  1802:  died  at 
Dumfries,  April  25, 1876.  A  Scottish  poet  and 
journalist.  He  was  editor  of  the  "  Edinburgh  Weekly 
Journal"  (1833),  and  the  "Dumfriesshire  and  Galloway 
Herald"  (1835-63),  and  author  of  "The  Old  Bachelor  in 
the  Scottish  Village"  (1846),  "Poetical  Works"  (1848), etc. 

Airdrie  (ar'dre).  A  town  in  Lanarkshire,  Scot- 
land, 10  miles  east  of  Glasgow.  Population  of 
parliamentary  burgh  (1891),  15,133. 

Aire  (ar).  A  river  in  Yorkshire,  England, 
which  joins  the  Ouse  18  miles  southeast  of 
York.  Its  length  is  about  75  miles,  and  it  is 
navigable  from  Leeds. 

Aire.  A  small  river  in  eastern  France,  which 
joins  the  Aisne  in  the  department  of  Ardennes. 

Aire-SUr-l'Adour  (ar'siir'la-dor').  A  town 
in  the  department  of  Landes,  Prance,  on  the 
Adour  about  lat.  43°  14'  N.,  long.  0°  14'  W, 
It  is  an  old  town,  the  seat  of  a  bishopric. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  4,551. 

Aire-sur-la-Lys  (ar'silr'la-les').  A  fortified 
town  in  the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais, 
France,  situated  on  the  Lys  30  miles  southeast 
of  Calais.    Population  (1891),  commune,  8,409. 

Airlie  Castle  (ar'li  kas'l).  A  residence  of  the 
Earl  of  Airlie,  near  Meigle,  Scotland,  it  was 
plundered  and  destroyed  by  the  eighth  Earl  of  Argyle 
1689-40  as  a  result  of  Airlie's  attachment  to  the  cause  of 
Charles  I.  This  raid  forms  the  subject  of  the  old  ballad 
of  "The  Bonnie  House  of  Airlie."  Allan  Cunningham 
has  transferred  it  to  the  18th  century, 

Airola  (i-ro'la).  Asmall  town  in  the  province  of 
Benevento,  Italy,  23  miles  northeast  of  Naples. 

Airolo  (i-ro'16),  G.  Eriels  (er'i-elz).  A  small 
town  in  the  canton  of  Tieino,  Switzerland,  at 
the  southern  entrance  of  the  St.  Gotthard  rail- 
way tunnel,  on  the  Tieino  about  38  miles  south- 
east of  Lucerne. 

Airy  (ar'i),  Sir  George.  The  successful  lover 
of  Miranda  in  Mrs.  Centlivre's  comedy  "  The 
Busybody." 

Airy,  Sir  George  Biddell.  Bom  at  Alnwick, 
Northumberland,  July  27, 1801:  died  at  Green- 
wich, Jan.  2, 1892.  A  noted  English  astronomer. 
He  was  appointed  Lucasian  professor  at  Cambridge  in 
1826,  Plumian  professor  and  director  of  the  Cambridge- 
Observatory  in  1828,  director  of  the  Greenwich  Observa- 
tory and  astronomer  royal  in  1836,  and  president  of  the 
Royal  Society  1871-73.  He  resigned  his  position  as  astron- 
omer royal  in  1881. 

Aisne  (an).  A  department  of  France,  capital 
Laon,  bounded  by  Nord  and  Belgium  on  the 
north,  by  Ardennes  and  Marne  on  the  east,  by 
Seine-et-Mame  on  the  south,  and  by  Oise  ana 


Aisne 

Somme  on  the  west :  formed  fromparts  of  an- 
cient Koardy,  Brie,  and  lle-de-Franee.  Its 
area  is  2,839  square  miles,  and  its  population 
(1891),  545,493. 

Aisne.  A  river  in  northern  France,  about  150 
miles  long  and  navigable  for  75  miles,  it  rises  in 
the  department  of  Meuae,  flows  through  the  departments 
of  Mame,  Ardennes,  Aisne,  and  Oise,  and  joins  the  Oise 
near  Compi^gne.  On  it  are  Bethel  and  Soissons.  Its 
chief  affluents  are  the  Aire  and  Yesle,  and  it  communicates 
by  canals  with  the  Meuse  and  Marne. 

AIss6  (a-e-sa'),  MUe.  Bom  1694:  died  at  Paris, 
1733.  A  daughter  of  a  Circassian  chief,  carried 
off  when  a  child  by  Turkish  rovers  and  sold  at 
Constantinople  to  the  French  ambassador,  M. 
de  Ferriol,  who  took  her  to  Paris  and  educated 
her.  She  gained  celebrity  at  court  for  her  beauty  and 
accomplishments.  Her  letters  to  her  lover  Chevalier 
d'Aydie  have  been  published. 

Aistulf  (is'tulf ),  or  Astolf  (as'tolf).  King  of 
the  Lombards,  749-756.  His  conquest  of  the 
exarchate  of  Ravenna  (752)  was  wrested  from 
him  by  Pepin  the  Short  in  755. 

Aitareya  (i-ta-ra'ya).  [Skt.,  'descendant  of 
Itara.']  To  him  a'  Brahmana,  an  Aranyaka, 
and  an  TJpanishad,  which  bear  his  name, 
were  supposed  to  have  been  revealed. 

Aitken  (at'ken),  Robert.  Bom  at  Crailing, 
near  Jedburgh,  Jan.  22,  1800:  died  suddenly 
in  the  railway-station  at  Paddington,  July  11, 
1873.  A  clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England 
(from  which  he  temporarily  withdrew  1824- 
1840),  leader  of  the  Aitkenites. 

Altkenites(at'ken-its).  Apartyinthe  Church 
of  England,  led  by  Robert  Aitken,  a  Wesleyan 
minister  who  became  a  High-churchman  (vicar 
of  Pendeen  1849-73).  Its  object  was  to  in- 
graft certain  Methodist  practices  and  views 
upon  the  Anglican  Church. 

Ajtolia.    See  Mtolia. 

Alton  (a'ton),  William.  Bom  near  Hamilton, 
Scotland,  1731:  diedatKew,  near  London,  Feb. 
2, 1793.  A  Scottish  botanist  and  gardener,  ap- 
pointed director  of  the  Royal  Botanical  Garden 
at  Kew  1759.  He  published  "Hortus  Kewen- 
sis"  (1789). 

Aitutaki  (i-t5-ta'ke),or  Altutake  (i-to-ta'ke). 
One  of  the  chief  islands  of  the  group  called 
"  Cook's  Islands,"  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Aivalik  (i'va-lek),  or  Aivali  (i'va-le).  A 
seaport  in  the  vilayet  of  Khodovendikyar,  Asi- 
atic Turkey,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Adramyt- 
tium  66  miles  northwest  of  Smyrna. 

Aivazovski  (i-va-zof'ske),  Gabriel.  Bom  at 
Peodosia,  Crimea,  Russia,  May  22,  1812.  An 
Armenian  historian. 

Aivazovski,  Ivan.  Born  at  Peodosia  in  the 
Crimea,  July  7,  1817:  died  there,  May  2,  1900. 
An  Armenian  painter,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
professor  in  the  Imperial  Academy  of  the  Pine 
Arts  at  St.  Petersburg. 

Aix  (a).  A  small  island  off  the  western  coast 
of  Prance,  11  miles  south  of  La  Rochelle,  the 
scene  of  several  encounters  between  the  French 
and  British. 

Aix  (as).  [L.  Aguie  Sexties,  Springs  of  Sextius 
(C.  Sextius  Calvinus,  a  Roman  proconsul,  its 
founder).]  A  city  in  the  department  of  Bou- 
ches-du-Rh6ne,  Prance,  about  lat.  43°  33'  N., 
long.  5°  25'  E.  it  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishopric, 
and  has  a  cathedral,  a  museum,  an  academy,  and  baths.  It 
was  colonized  by  the  proconsul  C.  Sextius  Calvinus  123 
B.  0.,  and  became  renowned  for  its  baths.  In  its  vicinity 
Marins  defeated  the  Teutones  and  their  allies  with  great 
slaughter  102  B.  c.  It  became  the  capital  of  Provence, 
and  a  famous  literary  center,  and  was  the  temporary  resi- 
dence of  the  emperor  Charles  V.  in  1538.  Prior  to  the 
Kevolution  it  had  one  of  the  chief  provincial  parliaments. 
It  has  an  extensive  trade  in  olive-oil  and  fruits,  and  manu- 
factures of  silks,  etc.  Aix  contains  a  cathedral,  of  very 
early  foundation,  with  Romanesque  nave  and  later  aisles 
and  choir.  The  curious  porch  has  antique  columns,  and 
cedar-wood  doors  of  1504,  very  delicately  sculptured.  A 
baptistery  of  the  6th  century  opens  on  the  south  aisle :  it 
has  eight  Boman  columns.    Population  (1891),  22,924. 

Air,  or  Aix-les-Bains  (as-la-ban').  A  town 
in  the  department  of  Savoie,  Prance,  the  an- 
cient AquK  GratiansB  or  AqusB  AUobrogum, 
situated  near  Lake  Bourget,  8  miles  north  of 
Chamb^ry,  renowned  since  Roman  times  for 
its  hot  sulphur  springs.  It  has  an  arch  of 
Campanus.  Population  (1891),  commune,  6,296. 

Aix-la-Ohapelle  (aks-la-sha-pel'),  G.  Aacnen 
(a'chen).  [Named  from  its  mineral  springs 
(L.  aquas),  known  from  the  time  of  Charle- 
magne, and  the  chapel  (P.  chapelle)  of  the 
palace.]  A  city  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  about  lat.  50°  46'  N.,  long.  6°  5'  E., 
an  important  commercial  and  railway  center. 
It  has  large  manufactures  of  cloth,  needles,  cigars,  ma- 
chinery, etc.,  and  a  noted  cathedral,  a  Kathhaus,  famous 
hot  sulphur  springs,  and  a  museum  (the  Suermondt). 


25 

It  was  founded  by  the  Eomans  as  a  watering-place,  was 
a  favorite  residence  and  the  northern  capital  of  Charles 
the  Great  (who  died  here),  and  became  a  free  imperial 
city.  From  Louis  the  Pious  to  Ferdinand  I.  it  was  the 
crowning-place  of  the  German  emperors  (hence  called 
the  "seat  of  royalty,"  etc.),  and  it  was  also  the  seat 
of  numerous  diets  and  councils.  It  was  captured  by 
the  French  in  the  revolutionary  period,  and  was  granted 
to  Prussia  in  1815.  The  Cathedral  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  con- 
sists of  the  famous  polygonal  monument  founded  by 
Charlemagne  in  796,  and  a  beautiful  Pointed  choir  of  the 
14th  century.  Charlemagne's  structure  was  inspired  by 
San  Yitale  at  Kavenna  and  similar  Italian  buildings.  It 
is  16-sided,  about  105  feet  in  exterior  diameter,  with 
a  dome  104  feet  high<and  48  in  diameter  over  the  central 
portion.  The  eight  gables  around  the  dome  are  13th- 
century  additions.  The  dome  is  supported  by  eight  mas- 
sive piers,  and  the  surrounding  ambulatory  is  two-storied. 
The  marble  throne  of  Charlemagne,  in  which  his  body 
sat  for  over  350  years,  is  now  in  the  upper  gallery.  The 
mosaic  on  gold  ground  in  the  dome  is  modern.  The  choir 
is  of  light  and  elegant  proportions ;  it  is  ornamented  with 
medieval  statues  of  Charlemagne,  the  Virgin,  and  the 
apostles,  and  with  good  modern  glass.  The  chapels  are 
interesting,  and  there  is  a  line  late-Pointed  cloister.  The 
bronze  doors  of  the  west  portal,  which  opens  between  two 
low  cylindrical  towers,  date  from  804.  The  Rathhaus,  or 
town  hall,  is  a  structure  of  the  14th  century,  interesting 
as  incorporating  what  remains  of  the  palace  of  Charle- 
magne, including  the  lower  part  of  the  west  tower.  The 
Eaisersaal,  a  great  vaulted  hall  extending  the  entire 
length  of  the  upper  story,  contains  eight  historical  fres- 
cos designed  by  Bethel,  which  rank  among  the  finest 
examples  of  their  class.  The  council-chamber  is  adorned 
.with  imperial  portraits.  Population  (1900),  commune, 
135,286. 

Aix-la-Chapelle.  A  governmental  district  of 
the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia.  Population  (1890), 
564,577. 

Aix-la-Chapelle,  Confess  of.  A  congress  of 
the  sovereigns  of  Russia,  Austria,  and  Prussia, 
assisted  by  the  ministers  Castlereagh  and  Wel- 
lington from  Great  Britain,  Richelieu  from 
France,  Metternich  from  Austria,  Nesselrode 
and  Kapodistrias  from  Russia,  and  Harden- 
berg  and  Bemstorff  from  Prussia.  The  conven- 
tion signed  Oct.  9, 1818,  provided  for  the  immediate  with- 
drawal of  the  army  of  occupation  from  France.  The  con- 
gress expressed  the  reactionary  purposes  of  the  Holy 
Alliance,  and  received  France  into  the  European  concert. 

Aix-la-Chapelle,  Peace  of.  1.  A  treaty  (May 
2, 1668),  between  the  Triple  AUianee  (England, 
the  Netherlands,  and  Sweden)  on  one  side,  and" 
France  on  the  other,  acceded  to  by  Spain,  by 
which  Prance  returned  Franche-Comt6  to  Spain 
and  received  twelve  fortified  towns  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  Spanish  Netherlands,  among  them 
Lille,  Tournay,  and  Oudenarde. — 2.  A  treaty 
(Oct. ,  1748)  which  ended  the  war  of  the  Austrian 
succession.  The  basis  of  peace  was  the  mutual  restitu- 
tion of  conquests,  except  in  the  case  of  Austria,  which 
ceded  Parma,  Piacenza,  and  Guastalla  to  the  Spanish  in- 
fant Don  Philip  and  confirmed  Prussia  in  the  possession  of 
Silesia.  The  pragmatic  sanction  was  confirmed  in  Austria. 

Aizani.    See  Azani. 

Aja  (aj'a).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  prince  of 
the  solar  race,  the  son  of  Raghu  or  of  Dilipa, 
son  of  Raghu. 

Ajaccio  (a-ya'cho).  A  seaport,  the  capital  of 
the  department  of  Corsica,  France,  situated  on 
the  western  coast  of  Corsica  on  the  Gulf  of 
Ajaccio,  lat.  41°  55'  N.,  long.  8°  44'  E.,  cele- 
brated as  the  birthplace  of  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte. It  has  a  considerable  trade,  and  a  ca- 
thedral.    Population  (1891),  commune,  20,197. 

Ajalon  (aj'a-lon),  or  Aijalon  (aj'a-lon).  In 
biblical  geography,  a  town  of  Palestine,  the 
modern  Y41o,  14  miles  northwest  of  Jerusalem. 

Ajan  (a'jan),  or  Ajam  (a'jam).  A  district  in 
Somali  Land,  eastern  Africa,  on  the  coast  south 
of  Cape  Guardafui. 

Ajatasatru  (a-ja-ta-sat'r5).  A  king  of  Kasi 
(Benares),  mentioned  in  the  Upanishads,  who 
was  very  learned  and,  though  a  Kshatriya, 
taught  the  Brahman  Gargyabalaki. 

Ajax  (a'jaks).  [Gr.  Aiaf.]  In  Greek  legend: 
(o)  The  son  of  Telamon  and  half-brother  of 
Teucer,  and  one  of  the  leading  Greek  heroes  in 
the  Trojan  war,  famous  for  his  size  and  physi- 
cal strength  and  beauty.  According  to  Homer  he 
was,  next  to  Achilles,  the  bravest  of  the  Grecian  host. 
He  several  times  engaged  in  single  combat  with  Hector 
and  gained  the  advantage  over  him,  and  was  always  a  ter- 
ror to  the  Trojans.  There  are  various  accounts  of  his  ex- 
ploits after  the  war  and  of  his  death.  According  to  the 
common  poetical  tradition,  he  died  by  his  own  hand. 
The  decision  of  Agamemnon  (on  the  advice  of  Athena)  to 
award  the  arms  of  Achilles  to  Odysseus  drove  Ajax  mad, 
and  in  his  insanity  he  furiously  attacked  and  slew  the 
sheep  of  the  Greeks,  imagining  them  to  be  his  enemies. 
Shame  for  this  conduct  drove  him  to  suicide.  According 
to  other  accounts  he  was  murdered.  From  his  blood  was 
said  to  have  sprung  up  a  purple  flower  bearing  on  its 
leaves  the  letters  ai,  the  first  letters  of  his  name  and  also 
an  exclamation  of  woe.  His  story  was  dramatized  by 
Sophocles.  (6)  A  Locrian  legendary  Mng,  son 
of  Oileus,  and  one  of  the  heroes  in  the  Trojan 
war:  often  called  the  Lesser  Ajax. 

Ajax,  Sir.    See  the  extract. 


Akbar 

Sir  Ajax  seems  to  have  been  a  title  imposed  on  Sir  John 
Harrington,  for  a  very  meritorious  attempt  to  introduce 
cleanliness  into  our  dwellings.  ...  In  1596,  he  pub- 
lished, under  the  name  of  Mlsacmos,  a  little  treatise 
called,  "A  new  discourse  of  a  stale  subject,  or  the  Meta- 
morphosis of  Ajax,"  of  which  the  object  was  to  point  out 
the  propriety  of  adopting  something  like  the  water-closets 
of  the  present  day.  As  the  nature  of  his  subject  led  him 
to  lay  open  the  interior  of  our  palaces  and  great  houses, 
oSence  was  taken  at  his  freedom  :  he  lost,  at  least  for  a 
time,  the  favour  of  Elizabeth  (his  godmother),  and  was 
banished  from  court.  His  gains,  from  his  well-timed  la- 
bours, were  apparently  confined  to  the  honour  of  contrib- 
uting to  the  merriment  of  the  wits,  Shakspeare,  Jonson, 
Nabbes,  and  many  others,  who  took  advantage  of  his  own 
pun  (a-jakes),  and  dubbed  him  a  knight  of  the  stool ;. 
under  which  title  he  frequently  appears  in  their  pages. 
Gifford,  Note  to  Jonson's  "The  Silent  Woman,"  I.  447. 

Ajigarta  (a-je-gar'ta).  The  poor  Brahman 
Bishi  who  sold  his  son  Sunahsepa  to  Rohita 
to  be  a  substitute  for  Rohita,  Eling  Harischan- 
dra  having  vowed  that  if  he  obtained  a  son 
he  would  sacrifice  him  to  Varuila,  and  Rohita 
having  been  the  son  given. 

Ajmir,  or  Ajmere  (aj-mer').  A  province  in 
Rajputana,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat. 
26°  20'  N.,  and  long.  74°  30'  E.  it  is  under  the 
supervision  of  the  governor-general  of  India,  and  was 
ceded  to  the  British  in  1818.  Area,  2,711  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  542,368.    Also  Ajmeer. 

Ajmir,  or  Ajmere.  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Ajmir,  about  lat.  26°  29'  N.,  long.  74°  40'  E. 
The  Mosque  of  Ajmir  was  founded  in  the  early  13th  century, 
and  is  one  of  the  first  established  in  India.  It  occupies  the 
spacious  square  court  of  a  Jain  temple,  whose  old  colon- 
nades of  graceful  and  well-carved  columns  remain  in  place 
around  the  walls  and  support  a  series  of  low  domes.  The 
great  beauty  of  the  monument  lies  in  the  screen  of  seven 
keel-shaped  Mohammedan  arches  carried  across  the  west 
side  of  the  court  in  front  of  the  colonnade.  This  screeQ 
is  covered  with  bands  of  Cuflc  and  Togra  inscriptions  sepa- 
rated by  diaper- work,  admirable  in  decorative  motive,  and 
cut  with  great  delicacy.    Population  (1891),  68,843.    Also 


Ajodhya  (a-j6dh'ya).  A  suburb  of  Faizabad, 
Oudh,  British  India,  on  the  site  of  an  impor- 
tant ancient  city. 

Ajunta  (a-jun'ta),  or  Adjunta.  A  small  place 
in  the  Nizam's  dominions,  India,  about  55  miles 
northeast  of  Aurangabad,  celebrated  for  its 
cave-temples.  The  Buddhist  vihara,  or  monastery,  is 
known  as  Cave  No.  16.  It  is  rock-cut,  in  plan  a  rectan- 
gular hall  about  65  feet  square,  with  a  hexastyle  por- 
tico preceding  the  portal.  At  the  back  is  a  rectangu- 
lar pillared  shrine,  in  which  is  an  enthroned  figure  of 
Buddha.  The  sides  are  bordered  by  16  small  cells  for  the 
recluses.  The  hall  has  an  interior  peristyle  of  20  fine  col- 
umns, with  cubical  corbeled  capitals.  The  columns  and 
fiat  ceiling  are  carved  with  rich  arabesques,  and  the  walls 
are  covered  with  interesting  paintings  of  Buddhist  scenes. 
The  monument  dates  from  the  5th  century  A.  D.,  and  is 
typical  of  a  large  class  of  similar  viharas.  Sometimes,  as 
in  the  Great  Vihara  at  Bagh,  a  shala  or  school,  in  form  a 
pillared  hall  separate  from  the  main  foundation,  is  at- 
tached to  the  vihara. 

Akabah  (a-ka-ba').  A  haven  in  Arabia  Petrsea, 
at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Akabah,  about  lat. 
29°  33'  N.,  long.  35°  24'  E.  Near  it  were  the 
ancient  Elath  (iElana)  and  Ezion  Geber. 

Akabah,  Gulf  of.  The  northeastern  arm  of 
the  Bed  Sea,  the  ancient  Sinus  .^lanites,  about 
100  miles  long. 

Akakia  (a-ka-ke-a')  (Martin  Sans-Malice). 
[Ahakia  (aKaKia)  is  a  Greek  translation  of  the 
French  name  sans-malice.']  Bom  at  Ch3,lons-sur- 
Marne :  died  1551.  A  French  physician,  lec- 
turer at  the  College  de  France,  founded  by 
Francis  I.  He  published  several  medical  works. 

Akakia,  Le  docteur.  A  pseudonym  of  Vol- 
taire, borrowed  from  the  preceding,  it  was  used 
by  Voltaire  in  his  "  Diatribe  du  Docteur  Akakia,"  a  lam- 
poon on  Maupertuis,  published  about  1752.  A  supple- 
ment appeared  later.  The  book  was  burned  by  the  pub- 
lic executioner  on  the  Place  Gendarmes,  Dec.  24,  1762, 
but  a  copy  was  saved  by  Voltaire,  who  republished  it. 

Akansa.    See  Kwapa. 

Akarnania.    See  Acarnania. 

Akassa  (a-kas'sa).  The  seaport  of  the  Niger, 
West  Africa.    See  Idzo. 

Akbar,  or  Akber  (ak'ber;  Hindu  pron.  uk'- 
b6r),  or  Akhbar,  originally  Jel-al-eddin  Mo- 
hammed (je-lal'ed-den'  mo-ham'ed).  [Ar., 
'  very  great.']  Bom  at  Amarkote,  Sind,  India, 
Oct.  14, 1542:  died  at  Agra,  India,  Oct.  13, 1605. 
A  great  Mogul  emperor  in  India,  1556-1605. 
He  was  born  during  the  exile  of  his  father  Humayun. 
After  twelve  years  Humayun  recovered  the  throne  of 
Delhi,  but  died  within  a  year,  when  in  1666  Akbar  succeed  ed 
him,  ruling  at  first  under  the  regency  of  Bairam  Khan. 
In  his  eighteenth  year  he  threw  oil  this  yoke.  By  war 
and  policy  he  consolidated  his  power  over  the  greater 
part  of  India.  He  put  an  end  to  the  confiict  between 
Afghan  and  Mogul,  and  sought  to  reconcile  Hindu  and 
Moliammedan.  Heinterested  himself  in  various  religions, 
Brahmanism,  Buddhism,  Mazdaism,  and  Christianity,  and 
even  sought  to  establish  a  religion  of  his  own.  He 
sought  to  better  his  subjects  by  measures  of  tolera- 
tion and  improved  social  laws.  He  permitted  the  use 
of  wine,  but  punished  intoxication ;  tried  to  stop  widow- 
burning  ;  permitted  the  marriage  of  Hindu  widows ;  for- 
bade the  marriage  of  boys  before  sixteen  and  of  girlp 


Akbar 

before  fourteen ;  to  gratify  his  Hindu  subjects  prohibited 
the  slaughter  of  cows;  had  his  lands  accurately  surveyed 
and  statistics  taken ;  constructed  roads ;  established  a  uni- 
form system  of  weights  and  measures  ;  and  introduced  a 
vigorous  poMce.  He  was  sometimes  harsh  and  cruel,  and 
is  charged  with  poisoning  his  enemies.  The  rebellion  of 
his  son  Selim,  later  known  as  Jahangir,  was  a  Mohamme- 
dan uprising  against  Akbar's  apostasy.  The  rebellion  was 
suppressed,  and  Akbar  returned  to  the  faith.  He  was 
probably  poisoned  at  the  instigation  of  Jahangir. 

Akbar,  Tomb  of.    See  Secundra. 

Ake  (a'ke).  1.  See  Acre.'— 2.  One  of  the  princi- 
pal mined  cities  of  Yucatan,  situated  about  30 
miles  east  of  Merida,  noted  for  its  pyramid. 

Akeman  Street  (ak'mau  stret).  [So  called  from 
AS.  Acemannes  hurh,  sick  man's  town,  a  name 
of  Bath:  AS.  xce,  ece,  ake  (now  spelled  ache), 
pain.]  An  ancient  Roman  road  in  England 
connecting  Bath,  through  Speen  and  Walling- 
f  ord,  with  London. 

Aken,  or  Acken  (a'ken).  A  town  in  Prussian 
Saxony,  on  the  Elbe  25  miles  southeast  of 
Magdeburg.    Population  (1890),  6,109. 

Akenside  (a'ken-sld),  Mark.  Born  at  New- 
eastle-on-Tyne"  Nov.  9,  1721:  died  at  London, 
June  23, 1770.  An  English  poet  and  physician, 
author  of ' '  Pleasures  of  the  Imagination"  (1744) . 
He  was  the  son  of  a  butcher.  He  studied  theology  and 
then  medicine  at  Edinburgh;  went  to  London  in  1743 
a,nd  to  Leyden  in  1744,  where  he  completed  his  medical 
studies ;  and  returned  to  England  in  1744,  beginning  the 
practice  of  his  profession  in  Northampton,  and  removing 
in  1746  to  London.  In  1761  he  became  physician  to  the 
queen.  The  best  edition  of  his  poetical  works  (with  a 
biography)  is  that  published  by  Dyce  in  1834. 

Akerbas.    See  Acerbas. 

Akerblad  (a'ker-biad),  Joban  David.  Bom 
in  Sweden,  1760 :  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  8,  1819. 
A  Swedish  Orientalist  and  diplomatist,  author 
of  works  on  oriental  inscriptions. 

Akennan  (a'ker-man),  or  Akyerman,  or  Ak- 
kerman.  A  seaport  in  the  government  of  Bes- 
sarabia, Russia,  situated  on  the  estuary  of  the 
Dniester  about  lat.  46°  15'  N.,  long.  30°  15'  E. 
It  is  probably  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Milesian  colony 
Tyras,  and  was  occupied  by  the  Venetians  and  Genoese  in 
the  later  middle  ages.    Population,  43,943. 

Akerman,  Convention  of.  A  treaty  concluded 
between  Russia  and  Turkey,  Oct.  6,  1826,  by 
which  Russia  secured  the  navigation  of  the 
Black  Sea,  and  various  agreements  were  en- 
tered into  concerning  Moldavia,  Wallachia,  and 
Servia.  The  non-fulfilment  of  the  treaty  by 
Turkey  led  to  the  war  of  1828-29. 

Akerman  (ak'6r-man),  Amos  Tappan.  Bom  in 
New  Hampshire,  l8'23 :  died  at  Cartersville,  Ga. , 
Deo.  21, 1880.  An  American  lawyer,  a  graduate 
of  Dartmouth  College,  1842.  He  settled  in  Elberton, 
Georgia,  1850,  followed  his  adopted  State  in  secession, 
1861,  became  a  Republican  andreconstructionist  after  the 
war,  and  was  attorney-general  under  Grant,  1870-72. 

Akerman,  Jobn  Yonge.  Bom  at  London, 
June  12,  1806:  died  at  Abingdon,  England, 
Nov.  18, 1873.   An  English  numismatist. 

Akers  (a'kerz),  Benjamin  Paul.  Bom  at  Sao- 
carappa,  Maine,  July  10,  1825:  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, May  21, 1861.  An  American  sculptor. 
Among  his  best  works  are  "Una  and  the  Lion,  "St. 
Elizabeth  of  Hungary,"  "The  Dead  Pearl-Diver,"eto.  See 
AUen,  Elizabeth  Chase. 

Akersbem,  Miss  Sopbronia.  See  Lammle, 
Mrs.  Alfred. 

Akersbus.    See  Aggershus. 

Akhal  Tekke  (a'khai  tek'ke).  An  oasis  in 
central  Asia,  north  of  Persia,  inhabited  \>Y 
Turkomans,  annexed  by  Russia  in  1881.  It 
is  traversed  by  the  Transeaspian  railway. 

Aklialzikb(a-khal-zekh' ) .  Atown  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Tiflia,  Caucasus,  Russia,  about  lat.  41° 
40'  N.,  long.  43°  1'  E.  It  is  the  ancient  capital  of  Turk- 
ish Georgia,  and  was  captured  by  the  Russians  under  Pas- 
kevitch,  Aug.  27, 1828.  A  Turkish  attack  upon  it  was  re- 
pulsed in  March,  1829,  and  near  it  a  Russian  victory  was 
gained  Nov.  26, 1853.    Population  (1891),  16,116. 

Akbissar  (a-khis-sar' ) .  A  to  wn  in  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, the  ancient  Thyatira,  about  58  miles  north- 
east of  Smyrna.  Population  (estimated),10,000. 

AkMssar  (in  Albania).    See  Kroia. 

Akhlat  (akh-laf).  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Erzrum,  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  Lake  Van  about 
lat.  38°  45'  N.,  long.  42°  13'  E.  Near  it  are  the 
ruins  of  the  ancient  Khelat. 

Akbmim  (akh-mem'),  or  Ekhmim  (ekh-mem'). 
A  town  in  Egypt,  the  ancient  Khemmis  orPan- 
opolis,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Nile  between 
Assiut  and  Thebes,  it  was  the  seat  of  the  cult  of 
Ammon  Khem,  and  its  ancient  necropolis  was  discovered 
by  Maspero  in  1884.    Population  (1897),  27,963. 

Akbtuba  (akh't5-ba).  An  arm  of  the  Volga, 
which  branches  from  the  main  stream  near 
Tsaritsyu,  and  flows  parallel  with  it  to  the 
Caspian  Sea. 

Akbtyrka  (akh-ter'ka).  A  town  m  the  gov- 
ernment of  KharkofE,  Russia,  about  lat.  50°  18' 


26 

N.,  long.  34°  59'  E.  It  has  a  cathedral.  Popu- 
lation, 25,870. 

Akib,  Le  rabbin.  A  pseudonym  used  by  Vol- 
taire in  1761. 

Akiba  (a-ke'ba)  ben  Joseph  ('Akiba  son  of 
Joseph'),  or  simply  Babbi  Akiba.  Executed 
132  (?)  A.  D.  The  most  distinguished  Jewish 
personage  in  the  2d  century.  There  are  many 
legends  about  him.  He  introduced  a  new  method  of  in- 
terpreting the  oral  law  (Halacha)  and  reduced  it  to  a 
system  (Mishna).  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  rebellion 
which  broke  out  against  Hadrian  under  the  leadership  of 
Bar-Cochba  (132  A.  D.)  and  suffered  death  by  torture  for 
his  share  in  this  unsuccessful  uprising. 

Akita  Ken  (a-ke'ta  ken).  A  ken  in  the  north- 
western part  of  the  main  island  (Hondo)  of 
Japan.  Its  chief  town  is  Akita.  The  population 
of  the  town  is  about  30,000. 

Akka  (ak'ka).  A  tribe  of  pygmies  discovered 
by  Miani  and  Schweinfurth  in  central  Africa, 
between  the  Nepoko  and  Aruwimi  rivers.  Their 
average  height  is  1. 33  meters,  complexion  light  brown,  hair 
scanty  and  woolly,  head  large,  nose  flat>  arms  long,  legs 
short,  and  hands  well  formed,  but  not  the  feet.  They  are 
expert  hunters,  live  in  temporary  grass  huts  of  beehive 
shape,  and  keep  no  domestic  animals,  save  chickens.  Also 
called  Tikke-Tikke,  or,  in  Bantu  speech,  TTam&itti. 

It  seems  possible,  therefore,  that  at  an  epoch  when  the 
Sahara  was  still  a  fertile  land,  and  the  Delta  of  Egypt  an 
arm  of  the  sea,  a  race  of  men  allied  to  the  Bushmen 
ranged  along  the  southern  slopes  of  the  Atlas  mountains, 
and  extended  from  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic  on  the  one 
side  to  the  banks  of  the  Nile  on  the  other.  Of  this  race 
the  brachycephalic  Akkas  and  other  dwarf  tribes  of  Cen- 
tral Africa  would  be  surviving  relics.  They  were  driven 
from  their  primitive  haunts  by  the  negro  invasion,  and 
finally  forced  into  the  extreme  south  of  the  continent  by 
the  pressure  of  the  B&n-tu  or  Kaffir  tribes. 

Sayce,  Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  148. 

Akkad,  or  Accad  (ak'kad  or  ak'ad).  One  of 
the  foxir  cities  of  Nimrod's  empire  ((Jen.  x.  10) 
in  Shinar  or  Babylonia:  in  the  cuneiform  in- 
scriptions it  is  usually  the  name  of  a  region. 
The  kings  of  Babylonia  and  those  of  Assyria  who  conquered 
Babylonia  call  themselves  "king  of  Sumer  and  Akkad," 
whence  it  is  usually  assumed  that  Sumer  denominated 
southern  Babylonia  and  Akkad  northern  Babylonia.  The 
boundaries  of  this  district  are  not  certain,  but  it  seems 
to  have  lain  between  the  Tigris  and  the  Elamitic  and  Me- 
dian mountains,  its  northern  limit  being  the  upper  Zab. 
The  name  of  a  city,  Agada,  was  discovered  in  an  inscrip- 
tion of  Nebuchadnezzar,  which  is  held  by  some  to  be 
identical  with  the  city  of  Akkad.  Agade  was  the  resi- 
dence of  the  earliest-known  Babylonian  king,  Sargon  I. 
(about  3800  B.  c).  Cyrus  mentions  this  city  as  still  exist- 
ing in  his  time.  Eriedrich  Delitzsch  considers  it  part  of 
the  city  of  Sepharvaim ;  other  scholars,  however,  doubt 
the  identification.  Akkadian  is  the  name  given  to  the 
people  and  dialect  of  Akkad.  The  people  were  supposed 
to  be  a  non-Semitic  tribe  and  their  language  agglutina^ 
tive ;  the  literature  in  this  dialect  consisted  chiefly  of 
magical  incantations.  This  theory  has  been  strongly  de- 
fended by  Oppert  and  Haupt.  Joseph  Hal^vy  and  others 
hold  that  this  non-Semitic  people  and  language  never  ex- 
isted and  that  the  writing  is  simply  a  cryptography  or 
secret  writing  invented  by  the  priests  to  lend  a  greater 
mystery  to  their  sacred  writings.  The  most  recent  theory 
is  that  the  so-called  Akkadian  dialect  is  simply  an  older 
form  of  Sumerlan  and  should  be  called  Old  Sumerian. 
(See  Swrneria.)  Akkadist  is  the  name  given  to  a  person 
who  believes  in  the  real  existence  of  the  Akkadian  dialect 
and  people  :  the  opponents  of  this  school  are  called  anti- 
Akkadists. 

Akko.    See  Acre. 

Akmolinsk,  or  AkmoUinsk  (ak-mo-linsk' ) .  A 
Russian  province  in  the  government  of  the 
Steppes,  Russian  central  Asia,  organized  in 
1868.  It  is  level  in  the  north,  hilly  in  the  center,  and  a 
desert  steppe  in  the  south.  Area,  229,609  square  miles. 
Population  (1897),  683,721. 

Akmolinsk.  The  capital  of  the  government 
of  Akmolinsk,  situated  on  the  Ishim  about  lat. 
51°  30'  N.,  long.  71°  30'  E.  Tt  is  a  caravan  cen- 
ter.    Population  (1889),  5,447. 

Akoklak.    See  Kitunahan. 

Akola  (a-ko'la).  A  district  in  West  Berar, 
Hyderabad  Assigned  Districts,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  21°  N.,  long.  77°  B.  Area, 
2,660  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  574,782. 

Akola.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Akola, 
British  India,  about  lat.  20°  40'  N.,  long.  77°  E. 
Population  (1891),  21,470. 

Akpotto  (ak-pot'to).    See  Igtira. 

Akra  (ak-ra' ),  formerly  Accra.  A  Nigritic  tribe 
of  the  Gold  Coast,West  Africa,  subject  to  Eng- 
land. It  occupies  the  triangular  area  between  the  sea^ 
coast,  the  Volta  River,  and  the  Ashantl  Mountains.  The 
Akra  language  has  monosyllabic  roots  and  makes  a  great 
use  of  musical  tones.  Ga  (Gah)  and  Adampi  are  its  two 
principal  dialects. 

Akra,  formerly  Accra.  A  town  on  the  Gold 
Coast,  West  Africa,  about  80  miles  west  of  the 
Volta  river.  It  had,  in  1890,  20,000  inhabitants,  a  few 
only  being  white.  It  Ijecame  English  in  1850,  and  is  the 
largest  town  of  the  Gold  Coast.  Since  1876  the  governor 
has  resided  in  the  neighboring  Christiansborg. 

Akrabbim  (a-krab'im).  [Heb.,  'scorpions.'] 
In  biblical  geography,  a  group  of  hills  south  of 
the  Dead  Sea,  variously  identified. 


Alabama,  The 

Akragas.  See  Agrigentum. 
Akron  (ak'ron).  The  capital  of  SummitCounty, 
Ohio,  36  miles  south  of  Cleveland,  it  has  consid- 
erable manufactures  of  flour,  woolen  goods,  matches,  agri- 
cultural implements,  etc,  Population  (1900),  42,728. 
Akrura  (a-kro'ra).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a 
Yadava  and  uncle  of  Krishna,  chiefly  noted  as 
the  liolder  of  the  Syamantaka  gem.  See  Sya- 
mantaka. 

Aksakoff  (ak-sSj'kof),  or  Aksakov  (ak-sa'kof), 
Constantine.  Born  at  Moscow,  April  10, 1817 : 
died  in  the  island  of  Zante,  Greece,  Dec,  1860. 
A  Russian  poet  and  prose-writer,  son  of  Sergei 
Aksakofl. 

Aksakoff,  or  Aksakov,  Ivan.  Bom  Oct.  8, 
1823:  died  Feb.  8, 1886.  A  Russian  Panslavist, 
son  of  Sergei  Aksakoff. 

Aksakoflf,  or  Aksakov,  Sergei.  Bom  at  Ufa, 
Russia,  Oct.  1,  1791 :  died  at  Moscow,  May  12, 
1859.  A  Russian  writer,  author  of  "Family 
Chronicles"  (1856),  etc. 

Akserai  (ak-se-n').  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Konieh,  Asiatic  Turkey :  the  ancient  Archelais. 
Population  (estimated),  10,000. 

Aksha  (ak'sha).  In  Hindu  mythology,  the 
eldest  son  of  Ravana,  slain  by  Hanuman. 

Akshebr  (ak'shenr).  A  small  town  in  the  vila- 
yet of  Konieh,  Asiatic  Turkey,  about  lat.  88° 
22'  N.,  long.  31°  17'  E.,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Thymbrium  or,  more  probably;  of  Philomelion, 
the  scene  of  the  victory  of  Frederick  Barba- 
rossa  over  the  Seljuks,  May  18, 1190.  Bajazet 
I.  died  here  1403.    Also  Ak-Sheher. 

Aksu  (ak-s6'),  or  Ak-sai  (ak-si').  A  northern 
tributary  of  the  Tarim  in  eastern  Turkestan, 
about  300  miles  long.  It  rises  in  the  Tian-Shan. 

Aksu  (ak-s8').  A  city  in  eastern  Turkestan, 
about  lat.  41°  7'  N.,  long.  80°  30'  E.,  important 
as  a  commercial  center  and  strategical  point. 
It  has  manufactures  of  cotton  goods.  Popula- 
tion (estimated),  40,000. 

Akupara  (ak-ij-pa'ra).  In  Hindu  mythology, 
the  tortoise  which  upholds  the  world. 

Akurakura  (a-k(5-ra'ko-ra).  A  small  African 
tribe,  settled  on  the  bend  of  Cross  River,  West 
Africa,  in  the  region  -wthere  the  Bantu  and  Ni- 
gritic languages  meet  and  blend. 

Akureyri  (a-kS-ra'ri).  A  small  seaport  on  the 
northern  coast  of  Iceland,  the  second  largest 
place  on  the  island. 

Akwapim  (ak-wa-pem').    See  Ashanti. 

Akyab  (ak-yab').  A  district  in  the  division  of 
Arakan,  British  Burma,  intersected  by  lat.  21° 
N.  and  long.  93°  B.  Area,  5,535  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  416,305. 

Akyab.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  district  of 
Akyab,  and  chief  port  of  the  Arakan  division 
of  British  Burma,  lat.  (old  temple)  20°  8'  53"  N., 
long.  92°  52'  40"  E.    Population  (1891),  37,938. 

Ala  (a'la).  A  town  in  Tyrol,  Austria-Hun- 
gary, on  the  Adige  23  miles  southwest  of 
.Trent.     Population  (1890),  3,161. 

Ala.    See  Igara. 

Alabama  (al-a-ba'ma).  [Ind.,  'here  we  rest,' 
or  'place  of  rest'(?5.]  A  river  in  the  State 
of  Alabama,  which  is  formed  by  the  Coosa  and 
Tallapoosa,  above  Montgomery,  and  unites 
with  the  Tombigbee  to  form  the  Mobile,  about 
32  miles  north  of  Mobile.  Its  chief  tributary  is  the 
Cahawba.  Its  total  length  is  312  miles,  and  it  is  navigable 
to  Montgomery. 

Alabama.  One  of  the  Southern  States  of  the 
United  States,  capital  Montgomery,  bounded 
by  Tennessee  on  the  north,  Georgia  (partly 
separated  by  the  Chattahoochee)  and  Florida 
(separated  by  the  Perdido)  on  the  east,  Florida 
and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  south,  and  Missis- 
sippi on  the  west,  and  extending  from  lat.  30° 
13'  to  lat.  35°  N.,  and  from  long.  84°  53'  to  long. 
88°  35'  W. :  one  of  the  Gulf  States,  it  is  moun- 
tainous  in  the  north,  hilly  and  rolling  in  the  center,  and 
low  in  the  south;  and  Is  traversed  by  the  Tennessee 
river  in  the  north,  and  by  the  Alabama  and  Tombigbee 
systems  from  north  to  south.  It  is  rich  in  coal  and  iron 
in  the  mountainous  region,  and  was  the  fourth  State  in  the 
production  of  pig-iron  in  1900.  It  has  67  counties,  9 
representatives  in  Congress,  and  11  electoral  votes.  It 
was  settled  by  the  Ereiich  in  1702.  The  territory  north 
of  lat.  31"  N.  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain  in  1763,  and  to 
the  United  States  in  1783 ;  and  the  remaining  territory 
was  ceded  by  Spain  to  the  United  States  in  1819.  It  was 
admitted  to  the  Union  in  1819,  seceded  Jan.  11, 1861,  and 
was  readmitted  July,  1868.  Area,  62,260  square  miles. 
Population  (1900),  1,828,607. 

Alabama,  The.  A  wooden  steam-sloop  of  1,040 
tons  built  for  the  Confederate  States  at  Birken- 
head, England.  Her  commander  was  Captain  Semmes 
of  the  Confederate  navy.  (See  Semmea.)  Her  crew  and 
equipments  were  English.  She  cruised  1862-64,  destroy- 
ing American  shipping,  and  was  sunk  by  the  Kearsarge, 
off  Cherbourg,  June  19, 1864. 


Alabama  claims 

Alabama  claims.  Claims  for  damages  pre- 
ferred by  the  United  States  against  Great 
Britain  for  losses  caused  during  the  Civil  War 
by  the  depredations  on  American  commerce  of 
vessels — the  chief  of  which  was  the  Ala- 
bama— fitted  out  or  supplied  in  British  ports 
under  the  direction  of  the  Confederate  gov- 
ernment. The  adjustment  of  these  clauns  was  provided 
for  by  the  treaty  of  Washington,  concluded  May  8, 1871, 
which  referred  them  to  a  tribunal  of  arbitration  to  he 
composed  of  five  members,  named  respectively  by  the 
governments  of  the  United  States,  Great  Britain,  Italy, 
Switzerland,  and  Brazil.  The  tribunal  assembled  in  Ge- 
neva, Switzerland,  Dec.  15, 1871,  and  was  composed  of  the 
following  arbitrators :  Count  Federigo  Sclopis,  of  Italy ; 
Baron  Itajuba,  of  Brazil ;  Jacques  Staempfli,  of  Switzer- 
land ;  Charles  Francis  Adams,  of  the  United  States ;  and 
Lord  Chief  Justice  Sir  Alexander  Cockbum,  of  Great 
Britain.  The  agent  for  Great  Britain  was  Lord  Tenter- 
den,  the  counsel  Sir  Boundell  Palmer ;  the  agent  for  the 
United  States,  J.  C.  Bancroft  Davis,  the  counsel  William 
M.  Bvarts,  Caleb  Cushiiig,  and  Morrison  K.  Waite.  Count 
Sclopis  was  elected  president,  and  Alexandre  Favrot,  of 
Switzerland,  secretary.  After  having  received  the  cases 
of  the  contending  parties,  the  tribunal  adjourned  till 
June  15, 1872.  The  United  States  claimed,  in  addition  to 
direct  damages,  consequential  or  indirect  damages ;  while 
Great  Britain  contended  against  any  liability  whatever, 
and  especially  against  any  liability  for  indirect  damages. 
Sept.  14, 1872,  the  decision  of  the  tribunal  was  announced, 
a  gross  sum  of  $15,500,000  in  gold  being  awarded  the 
United  States  in  satisfaction  for  all  claims.  The  Geneva 
tribunal  is  of  importance  in  the  history  of  international 
law  on  account  of  the  rules  relating  to  neutrals  which  it 
adopted  to  guide  its  action. 

Alabama  Claims  Commission.  A  commission 
of  representatives  of  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  States,  for  the  settlement  of  the  Ala- 
bama claims.  Its  members  were  Earl  de  Grey  and 
Kipon,  Sir  Stafford  Northcote,  Sir  Edward  Thornton, 
Sir  John  Maodonald,  and  Professor  Montague  Bernard,  for 
Great  Britain ;  and  Hamilton  Fish,  Kobert  C.  Schenck, 
Samuel  Nelson,  Ebenezer  R.  Hoar,  and  George  H.  Wil- 
liams, for  the  United  States.  They  concluded  the  treaty 
of  Washington,  May  8, 1871.  See  treaty  qf  Waehington,  and 
Alaiama  claims  (above). 

Alabanda  (al-a-ban'da).  An  ancient  city  of 
Caria,  Asia  Minor,  on  "the  site  of  the  modem 
Hissar. 

Alabaster  (al'a-bas-t6r),  William.  Born  at 
Hadleigh,  Suffolk,  England,  1567:  died  in  April, 
1840.  An  English  poet  and  divine,  a  gradu- 
ate and  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
author  of  a  Latin  tragedy,  "Eoxana"  (acted 
at  Cambridge  University  about  1592,  printed 
1632),  and  of  various  learned  works.  He.began 
an  epic  poem,  in  Latin,  in  praise  of  Elizabeth,  the  first 
book  of  which  remains  in  manuscript  in  the  library  of 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge.  In  1696  he  went  to  Cadiz 
as  chaplain  to  the  Earl  of  Essex. 

Alacoque  (a-la-kok'),  Marguerite  Marie.  Bom 

at  Lauthecour,  Sa&ne-et-Loire,  France,  July 
22, 1647:  died  at  Paray-le-Monial,  France,  Oct. 
17,  1690.  A  French  nim,  fouiider  of  the  wor- 
ship of  the  Sacred  Heart  of  Jesus. 

Alacranes  (a-la-kra'nes).  A  group  of  coral 
islets  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  lat.  22°  30'  N., 
long.  89°  40' W. 

Ala-Dagh  (a'la-daG').  A  range  of  the  Taurus 
in  the  southeastern  part  of  Asia  Minor,  north 
of  Adana,  a  continuation  of  the  Bulgar-Dagh. 

Ala-Dagh,  or  Allah  Dagh.  A  mountain-range 
in  the  northern  part  of  Asia  Minor,  intersected 
by  long.  32°  E. 

Ala-Dagh.  A  mountain-range  in  Turkish  Ar- 
menia, north  of  Lake  Van,  about  11,000  feet 
high,  the  source  of  the  eastern  Euphrates. 

Aladdin  (a-lad'in).  In  the  story  of  "  Aladdin 
or  the  Wonderful  Lamp,"  in  the  "Arabian 
Nights'  Entertainments,"  the  son  of  a  poor  wid- 
ow in  China,  who  becomes  possessed  of  a  ma^c 
lamp  and  ring  which  command  the  services 
of  two  terrific  linns.  Learning  the  magic  power  of 
the  lamp,  by  accidentally  rubbing  it,  Aladdin  becomes 
rich  and  marries  the  Princess  of  Cathay  tlu-ough  the 
agency  of  the  "slave  of  the  lamp  "  who  also  builds  in  a 
night  a  palace  for  her  reception.  One  window  of  this 
p^ace  was  left  unfinished,  and  no  one  could  complete  it 
to  match  the  others.  Alaldin  therefore  directs  the  jinns 
to  finish  it,  which  is  done  m  the  twinkling  of  an  eye  (hence 
the  phrase  "to  finish  Aladdin's  window";  that  is,  to  at- 
tempt to  finish  something  begun  by  a  greater  man).  After 
many  years  the  original  owner  of  the  lamp,  a  magician, 
in  order  to  recover  it,  goes  through  the  ciiy  offering  new 
lamps  for  old.  The  wife  of  Aladdin,  tempted  by  this 
idea,  exchanges  the  old  rusty  magic  lamp  for  a  brand-new 
useless  one  (hence  the  phrase  "  to  exchange  old  lamps  for 
new  "),  and  the  magician  transports  both  palace  and  prin- 
cess to  Africa,  but  the  ring  helps  Aladdin  to  find  them.  He 
kills  the  magician,  and,  possessing  himself  of  the  lamp, 
transports  the  palace  to  Cathay,  and  at  the  sultan's  death 
succeeds  to  the  throne. 

Aladfar  (al-ad-far').  [Ar.]  A  name,  not  much 
used,  for  the  star  j?  Lyrse. 

Aladja-Dagh  (a-ia'ja-dao').  A  mountain  near 
Ears,  Eussian  Armenia,  the  scene  of  a  vic- 
tory of  the  Eussians  under  Grand  Duke  Michael 
over  the  Turks  under  Mukhtar  Pasha,  Oct.  IS- 
IS, 1877. 


27 

Ala-ed-Din  (a-la'ed-den'),  or  Ala-eddin,  or 
Aladdin.  An  Ottoman  statesman,  son  of 
Othman  the  founder  of  the  Ottoman  empire. 
On  the  death  of  Othman,  Orchan,  Ala-ed-Din's  elder 
brother,  offered  to  share  the  empire  with  him,  but  he 
would  accept  only  the  revenues  from  a  single  village  and 
the  post  of  vizir.  He  organized  the  corps  of  janizaries, 
at  the  head  of  which  he  gained  a  victory  over  the  em- 
peror Andronicus  in  1330,  and  took  Nicsea,  the  chief  de- 
fense of  the  Greek  empire  in  Asia. 

Alaghez  (S-ia-gez').  An  extinct  volcano  30 
miles  northwest  of  Erivan,  Transcaucasia, 
Russia,  13,436  feet  high.    Also  AU-Ghez. 

Alagdas  (a-la-go'as).  A  state  of  eastern 
Brazil,  capital  Macei6,  bounded  by  Pernam- 
buco  on  the  north  and  northwest,  the  Atlantic 
on  the  southeast,  and  Sergipe  on  the  southwest. 
Its  chief  products  are  cotton,  sugar,  and  to- 
bacco. Area,  22,583  square  miles.  Population 
(1890),  648,009. 

Alagoas.  A  tovm  in  the  state  of  Alag6as, 
situated  near  the  coast  in  lat.  9°  45'  S.,  long. 
35°  50'  W. :  formerly  the  capital  of  the  province. 
Population,  about  15,000. 

Alai,  or  Alay,  Mountains.    See  Trans-Alai. 

Alain  de  LiUe  (a-lan'  de  lei);  Latinized  Ala- 
nus  ab  Insulis  (a-la'nus  ab  m'su-lis).  Born 
1114:  died  at  Citeaux,  France,  1203  (?).  A 
monk  and  celebrated  scholar,  sumamed  "Doc- 
tor Universalis,"  author  of  an  encyclopedic 
poem,  treating  of  morals,  the  sciences,  and  the 
arts,  entitled  "Anticlaudianus"  (published  in 
1536),  etc. 

Alais  (a-la').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Gard,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Garden  25  miles 
northwest  of  Nlmes.  It  has  a  fort  built  by  Louis 
XIV.  to  intimidate  the  Huguenots.  Population  (1891), 
24,366. 

Alais,  Peace  of.  A  peace  (1629)  which  termi- 
nated the  last  of  the  religious  wars  in  France, 
in  which  (1628)  La  RocheUe,  the  stronghold  of 
the  Huguenots,  was  taken  by  Eiehelieu,  and 
the  Huguenots  were  compelled  to  disband  as  a 
political  party. 

Alajuela  (a-la-Hwa'la).  A  town  of  Costa  Eioa, 
about  lat.  9°  55'  N.,  long.  84°  20'  W.  Popula- 
tion (estimated,  1893),  12,000. 

Alaka  (a'la-ka).  In  Hindu  mythology,  the 
capital  of  Kuvera  and  the  abode  of  the  gan- 
dharvas  on  Mount  Meru. 

Ala-kill  (a-la-kol').  A  lake  in  Asiatic  Russia, 
about  lat.  46°  N.,  near  the  Chinese  frontier, 
without  outlet. 

Alaman  (a-la-man'),  Lllcas.  Bom  at  Guana- 
juato, Oct.  18,  1792:  died  in  Mexico,  June  2, 
1853.  A  Mexican  historian  and  statesman. 
Ho  traveled  extensively  in  Eurojpe,  1814-22,  and  was  dep- 
uty in  the  Spanish  Cortes  for  his  native  province.  He- 
turning  to  Mexico,  he  held  various  important  offices,  being 
secretary  of  the  interior  for  the  provisional  government 
1823-25,  foreign  minister  under  Bustaraente,  and  again 
under  Santa  Anna  until  his  death.  Many  Important  public 
works  are  due  to  him,  including  the  Mexican  museum. 
He  is  best  known  for  his  "  Historia  de  M^jico  "  and  "  Dis- 
ertaciones  sobre  la  historia  de  la  Eepdblica  Mejicana," 
works  published  during  the  ten  years  before  his  death. 

Alamanni  (al-a-man'i),  less  correctly  Ale- 
manui  (al-e-nian'i).  ['All  men,'  that  is, 
'  men  of  all  nations.']  A  German  race  of  Sue- 
vie  origin,  which  occupied  the  region  from  the 
Main  to  the  Danube  in  the  first  part  of  the  3d 
century  A.  D.  Their  territory  extended  later  across 
the  Rhine,  including  Alsace  and  part  of  eastern  Switzer- 
land. They  were  defeated  by  Clovis  496.  (See  SwaUa.) 
'The  Alaraannic  is  the  German  dialect  in  old  Alamannic 
territory  in  the  region  of  the  upper  Rhine,  approximately 
coincident  with  modem  Alsace,  the  southern  half  of 
Baden  and  of  Wiirtemberg,  Swabiaj  and  Switzerland. 
With  Bavarian  it  forms  the  group  specifically  called  High 
German.  It  is  the  typical  form  of  Old  High  German, 
which  exists  in  literature  from  the  8th  to  the  end  of  the 
11th  century. 

Alamanni  (a-la-man'ne),  or  Alemanni  (a-le- 
man'ne),  Luigi.  Born  at  Florence,  1495:  died 
at  Amboise,  France,  1556.  An  Italian  poet,  au- 
thor of  eclogues,  hymns,  satires,  elegies,  a  di- 
dactic poem  "La  Coltivazione "  (1546),  an  epic 
poem  "Girone  il  cortese"  (1548),  etc.  He  con- 
spired against  Glulio  de'  Medici  and  escaped  to  Venice : 
thence  he  went  to  Genoa,  and  in  1623  to  the  court  of 
Francis  I.  where,  after  returning  to  Florence  for  a  short 
time  (1527-30),  he  spent  most  o£  his  after  life.  Through 
Wyatt,  who  imitated  him,  he  exerted  considerable  in- 
fluence upon  English  poetry. 

Alamannia  (al-a-man'i-S,),  or  Alemannia 
(al-e-mari'i-a).  "A  division  of  ancient  Ger- 
many, whiefi  first  appears  about  the  end  of  the 
3d  century,  it  lay  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Ger- 
many and  adjoining  parts  of  Switzerland  and  Tyrol,  the 
region  settled  largely  by  the  Alamanni  (ancestors  of  the 
Swabians,  German  Swiss,  etc.).  For  the  duchy  of  Ala- 
mannia, see  SwaMa. 

Alamannic  (al-a-man'ik),  or  Alemannic  (al-f- 
man'ik),  Federation.    A  federation  of  several 


Al  Araf 

German  tribes,  ohiefiy  Suevi  {Alamawni  =  all 
men,  i.  e.j  men  of  all  nations),  which  appeared 
on  the  Mam  the  3d  century  after  Christ.  Caracalla 
engaged  in  war  with  them  in  214.  Under  Aurelian  they 
invaded  the  empire,  hut  were  defeated  in  three  battles  In 
271.  In  366  and  367  they  were  defeated  by  Julian ;  in  368 
by  Jovinus ;  and  in  496  they  were  completely  subjugated 
by  Clovis. 

Alamans.    See  Alamanni. 

Alambagh  (a-lam'bao),  or  Alumbagh  (a-lum'- 
bae).  A  fortification  near  Lucknow,  India. 
It  was  held  by  Outram  against  the  Sepoys  from 
Nov.,  1857,  until  March,  1858. 

Alameda  (a-ia-ma'da).  [Sp.,  'a  grove  or  row 
of  poplar-trees.'  The  name  is  now  applied  very 
generally  in  Spanish  America  to  any  large 
pleasure-ground  or  park.]  A  town  in  Spain,  I 
about  50  miles  northwest  of  Malaga.  Popu- 
lation, about  4,500. 

Alameda.  A  city  in  Alameda  County,  Califor- 
nia, situated  on  San  Francisco  bay  9  miles 
east  of  San  Francisco.  Population  (1900), 
16,464. 

Alameda.  Up  to  1681,  a  pueblo  of  the  Tigua 
Indians,  9  miles  north  of  Albuquerque  on  the 
Rio  Grande  in  central  New  Mexico.  In  1681 
the  Indian  pueblo  was  burnt  by  Governor  Oter- 
min  on  his  expedition  into  New  Mexico. 

Alamillo  (a-la-mel'yo).  [Sp.]  A  small  settle- 
ment on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  F6 
Railroad,  in  New  Mexico,  south  of  Albuquer- 
que and  on  the  Rio  Grande.  Up  to  1680  it  was  the 
site  of  a  considerable  village  of  the  Piros  Indians.  The 
ruins  of  the  village  are  still  visible. 

Alaminos  (a-la-me'nos),  Anton  or  Antonio. 

A  Spanish  navigator  whose  name  is  associated 
with  many  early  expeditions  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  It  appears  that  he  was  with  Columbus  in 
1499  and  1602,  and  he  was  chief  pilot  of  the  successive  ex- 
peditions  of  Cordova,  Grijalva,  and  Cortes  to  Mexico,  1617 
to  1620.    He  discovered  the  Bahama  channel  in  1520. 

Alamo  (a'la-mo).  A  mission  building,  founded 
in  1744  at  San  Antonio,  Texas.  UntU  1793  it  was 
used  as  a  parish  church,  and  subsequently  as  a  fort,  being 
surrounded  with  strong  walls.  In  Feb.,  1836,  it  was  oc- 
cupied by  Colonel  W.  B.  Travis  with  about  160  men  in  re- 
volt against  the  government  of  Mexico.  After  withstand- 
ing a  terrible  siege,  it  was  taken  by  assault  on  March  6,  and 
the  garrison  (including  David  Crockett  and  Colonel  Bowie) 
killed.    One  man  had  previously  made  his  escape. 

Alamos  (a'la-mos),  Los.  A  town  in  the  state 
•of  Sonora,  Mexico,  about  lat.  27°  25'  N.,  long. 
109°  W.    Population  (1894),  5,808. 

Alamos  de  Barrientos  (a'la-mos  de  bar-re-en'- 
tos),  Balthazar.  Bom  at  Medina  del  Campo, 
Spain,  1550:  died  about  1635.  A  Spanish  phi- 
lologist. 

Alan,  William.    See  Allen. 

Aland  Islands  (&'land  i'landz).  An  archi- 
pelago at  the  entrance  of  tli'e  Gulf  of  Bothnia, 
inthe  government  of  Abo-Bjorneborg,  Finland, 
conquered  by  Russi^i  from  Sweden  in  1809. 
The  chief  island  is  Aland  (population,  9,000). 
It  was  occupied  by  tie  Allies  in  1854. 

Alani  (a-la'ni).  A  people  of  Scythian  origin, 
dwelling  originally  in  the  Caucasus.  With  the 
Huns  they  defeated  the  East  Goths  about  375  A.  D.,  and 
they  invaded  Gaul  with  the  Suevi  and  Vandals  in  406, -and 
Spain  in  409.  They  were  defeated  by  the  West  Goths  about 
418,  and  disappeared  as  a  nation  in  the  6th  century. 

The  Alani  are  a  puzzling  race,  our  accounts  of  whom 
are  somewhat  contradictory,  but  who  may  perhaps  be 
most  safely  set  down  as  a  non- Aryan,  or,  at  any  rate,  a 
non-Teutonic  people,  who  had  been  largely  brought  under 
Gothic  influences.  But  early  in  the  flf th  oentuiy  they 
possessed  a  dominion  in  central  Spain  which  stretched 
from  sea  to  sea.  Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  89. 

Alans,    See  Alani. 

Alantika  (a-lan'ti-ka).  A  mountain-range  of 
Adamawa,  central  Africa,  from  7,000  to  9,000 
feet  high. 

Alanus  ab  Insulis.    See  Alain  de  lAlle. 

Alaotra  (a-la-6'tra),  Lake.  The  largest  lake  of 
Madagascar,  north  of  Tamatave,  30  miles  long 
and  5  wide. 

Alapalli,  or  AUapalli  (a-la-pal'le),  or  AUeppi 
(a-lep'i).  A  seaport  in  Travancore,  India,  in 
lat.  9°  80'  N.,  long.  76°  20'  E. 

Alapayevsk  (a-la-pa-yevsk').  A  town  in  the 
government  of  Perm,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Neiva  about  70  miles  northeast  of  Tekaterin- 
burg.  It  has  large  iron-foundries.  Population, 
8,384. 

Al  Araf  (al  a'raf).  [Ar.,  from  'arafa  (?),  to  dis- 
tinguish.] In  Mohammedan  theology,  a  par- 
tition between  heaven  and  hell  (described  in 
the  Koran,  Surah  vii.  44)  on  which  are  those 
who  have  not  yet  entered  into  heaven  but 
desire  to  do  so.  It  is  regarded  by  some  as  a  limbo  for 
the  patriarchs  and  prophets,  or  other  holy  persons,  and 
by  others  as  a  place  of  abode  for  those  whose  good  and 
evil  works  are  about  equally  balanced.  Bvghes,  Diet,  of 
Islam. 


Alarbus 

Alarbus  (a-lar'bus).  In  Shakspere's  (!)  "Titus 
Andronicus,"  a  son  of  Tamora,  queen  of  the 
Goths. 

Alarcon  (a-lar-kon').  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Cuenca,  Spain,  situated  on  a  rock 
in  the  Jiiear,  43  mUes  south  of  Cuenca.  it  was 
an  important  medieval  fortress,  and  was  the  scene  of  a 
Moorish  victory  over  the  Castilians  in  1195. 

Alarcon  (a-lar'kon).  In  Tasso's  "Jerusalem 
Delivered,"  the  King  of  Barca  who  fought 
against  the  Crusaders  with  the  Egyptians. 

Alarcon  (a-lar-kdn'),  Hernando  de.  Lived 
about  1540.  A  Spanish  navigator,  sent  by  the 
viceroy  of  New  Spain  to  support  by  sea  the 
expedition  of  Francisco  Vasquez  de  Coronado 
to  the  mythical  Seven  Cities  in  the  interior  of 
Mexico.  He  set  sail  May  9, 1540,  and  by  penetrating  the 
Gulf  of  California  proved  that  California  was  not  an  island. 
He  made  two  attempts  to  ascend  the  Colorado  in  boats, 
and  planted  a  cross  at  the  higliest  point  he  reached,  bury- 
ing a  writing  at  its  foot,  which  was  subsequently  found 
by  Melchor  Diaz.  His  report  of  this  expedition  is  printed 
in  Hakluyt's  "Voyages." 

Alarcon,  Pedro  Antonio  de.  Born  at  Guadix, 
Spain,  March  10,  1833:  died  at  Madrid,  July 
20,  1891.  A  Spanish  poet,  novelist,  journalist, 
and  politician.  He  accompanied  the  Spanish  army  to 
Morocco  as  a  newspaper  correspondent  in  1859,  and  in 
1864  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Cortes  from  Cadiz.  In 
1868  he  fought  on  the  side  of  the  revolutionists  in  the 
battle  of  Alcolea.  He  published  "  Diarlo  de  un  testigo  de  la 
gnerra  de  Africa  "  (1859),  "  Poeslas  serias  y  hnmoristicas  " 
(1870),  "El  sombrero  de  tres  picos"  (1874),  "El  Hijo 
Prbdigo"  (ISSQ.  etc 

Alarcon  7  Mendoza  (a-lar-kon'  e  man-dd'tha), 
Juan  Ruiz  de.  Bom  in  Tasco,  Mexico,  about 
1588 :  died  in  Cordova,  Spain,  Aug.  4, 1639.  A 
Spanish  dramatic  poet.  He  was  graduated  doctor  of 
laws  in  Mexico  in  1606.  Afterward  he  went  to  Spain,  had 
a  subordinate  position  under  the  Council  of  the  Indies, 
and  began  to  publisli  his  comedies  in  1628.  They  are  re- 
garded by  some  judges  as  the  finest  in  the  Spanish  lan- 
guage. Perhaps  the  best- known  is  "La  Yerdad  sospe- 
chosa,"  which  was  imitated  byCorneillein  ''LeMenteur." 

Alarcos.     See  Alarcon. 

Alardo  (a-lar'do).  The  younger  brother  of 
Bradamant  in  Ariosto's  "Orlando  Purioso." 

Alaric  (al'a-rik).  [Goth.  *Alareiks,  from  al, 
all,  and  reilcs,  ruler.  Cf .  Genseric,  Theodoric, 
etc.]  Born  on  the  island  of  Peuce,  in  the 
Danube,  376  (?)  a.  d.  :  died  at  Cosentia,  Italy, 
410.  A  celebrated  king  of  the  West  Goths, 
395(?)-410,  a  member  of  the  princely  family 
of  Baltha.  He  served  under  Theodosius  as  commander 
of  the  Gothic  auxiliaries  in  the  war  against  Eugenius 
and  Arbogastes  in  394 ;  left  the  Roman  service  on  the 
death  of  Theodosius,  being  elected  king  of  the  West 
Goths  about  the  same  time ;  invaded  Greece  in  396,  and 
was  compelled  by  Stilicho  to  retire  to  Epirus  in  397 ; 
was  appointed  prefect  of  eastern  Hlyricum  by  Arcadius ; 
invaded  Italy  in  400,  and  fought  a  drawn  battle  at  Pol- 
lentia  in  402  or  403  with  Stilicho,  who  allowed  him  to 
escape  to  Hlyricum ;  waa  made  prefect  of  western  Hlyri- 
cum by  Honorius ;  invaded  It^y  a  second  time  in  408 ; 
and  after  twice  besieging  Home  captured  and  sacked  it 
Aug.  24,  410.  He  died  while  preparing  to  invade  Sicily 
and  Africa,  and  was  buried,  with  a  vast  treasui'e,  in  the 
bed  of  the  river  Buaento. 

Alaric  II.  DiednearPoitiers,  France,  507  a.  d. 
A  king  of  the  West  Goths,  484-507,  defeated 
and  slain  by  Clovis.  He  ordered  the  compilation  of 
the  code  "Breviarum  Alaricianum"  or  "Corpus  Theodo- 
Bii "  (so  named  from  the  six  books  of  the  Theodosian  code 
which  it  contains). 

Alaric  Cottin.    See  CotUn. 

Alarodians  (al-a-ro'di-anz).     See  the  extract. 

In  Tubal  and  Meshech  we  must  see  representatives  of 
the  so-called  Alarodian  race,  to  which  the  modem  Geor- 
gians belong.  This  race  was  once  in  exclusive  possession 
of  the  highlands  of  Armenia,  and  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions found  there  were  the  work  of  Alarodian  princes  who 
established  a  kingdom  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Van.  About 
B.  c.  600  Aryans  from  Phrygia  entered  Armenia,  overthrew 
the  old  monarchy,  and  imposed  their  rule  upon  the  in- 
digenous population.  The  bulk  of  the  Armenians,  how- 
ever, still  belong  to  the  older  race,  though  the  language 
they  have  adopted  was  that  of  their  invaders.  The  Ala- 
rodian is  a  family  of  inflectional  languages,  of  which  the 
Georgian  in  theCaucasus  is  the  chief  living  representative. 
Sayce,  Kaoes  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  50. 

Alarum  for  London,  or  The  Siege  of  Ant- 
werp. An  anonymous  play  acted  about  1599 
(published  in  1600),  attributed  to  Lodge. 

AlascanS  (a-las'kanz).  A  name  given  to  the 
foreign  Protestants  in  London  during  the  reign 
of  Edward  VI.,  from  the  superintendent  of  the 
foreign  (German,  French,  etc.)  churches  in 
London,  John  Laski,  a  Polish  refugee  and  fol- 
lower of  Zwingli.    See  Laski. 

Alasco  (a-las'ko).  An  old  astrologer  in  Scott's 
novel  "Eenilworth,"  secretly  in  the  employ  of 
Eichard  Vamey.  Also  called  Dr.  Demetrius 
Doboobie. 

Alasco,  John.    See  Laslci. 

Alashenr  (a-la-shenr').  A  town  in  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, the  Philadelphia  of  Scripture,  situated  on 
the  slope  of  Tmolus  about  80  miles  east  of 


28 

Smyrna,  on  the  railway  from  Smyrna,  it  has 
considerable  trade,  and  is  the  seat  of  a  Greek  archbishopric. 
Population  (estimated),  8,000. 

Alaska  (arlas'ka),  formerly  Russian  America. 

A  territory  of  tlte  United  States,  capital  Sitka, 
bounded  by  the  Arctic  Ocean  on  the  north, 
British  America  on  the  east,  the  Pacific  Ocean 
on  the  south,  and  the  Pacific  and  Arctic  oceans, 
Bering  Strait,  and  Bering  Sea  on  the  west,  it 
Inchides  many  islands.  The  highest  point  is  Mount  St. 
Elias,  which  lies  near  the  boundary.  Chief  river,  the  Yu- 
kon, It  has  valuabl  e  fisheries,  fm -trade,  and  extensive  for- 
ests, ~and  is  supposed  to  have  large  mineral  deposits.  By 
act  of  Congress,  1884,  it  constitutes  a  civil  and  judicial  dis- 
trict, with  a  governor,  clerl^  judge,  attorney,  and  marshal. 
It  was  discovered  by  the  Russians  in  1741,  and  was  settled 
by  them  in  1801.  It  was  purchased  by  the  United  States 
from  Eussia  for  $7,200,000,  by  treaty  of  March  SO,  1867,  rat- 
ified by  the  United  States  Senate  June  20, 1867.  Area, 
590,884  square  miles.    Population  (19001,  63,692. 

Alaska  Peninsula.  A  peninsula  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Alaska,  extending  into  the  Pacific,  and 
partly  inclosing  Bering  Sea,  traversed  by  a  vol- 
canic range. 

Alaska  Strait.  A  sea  passage'  between  the 
mainland  of  Alaska  and  Eodiak  Island. 

Alasnam  (a-las'nam).  In  the  "Arabian 
Nights'  Entertainments,"  a  man  who  became 
possessed  of  eight  magnificent  golden  statues, 
and  on  searching  for  the  ninth,  which  was  more 
singular  and  precious  still,  discovered  it  in  the 
person  of  a  beautiful  woman,  whom  he  married. 

Alassio  (a-las'se-6).  A  small  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Genoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf 
of  Genoa  about  48  miles  southwest  of  Genoa. 
It  is  a  bathing-place  and  winter  health-resort. 

Alastor  (a-las'tor).  1.  In  Greek  mythology, 
a  surname  of  Zeiis  as  the  avenger:  also  applied 
to  any  avenging  deity  or  demon. — 3.  In  medi- 
eval demonology,  a  spirit  of  evil,  the  executor 
of  the  sentences  of  the  king  of  hell. — 3.  A 
poem  by  Shelley,  published  in  1816,  named 
from  its  chief  character,  "Alastor  or  the  Spirit 
of  Solitude." 

The  poet's  self-centred  seclusion  was  avenged  by  the 
Furies  of  an  irresistible  passion  pursuing  him  to  speedy 
ruin.  Prtiface  to  the  Poem,  Dec.  14, 1816. 

Alatau  (a-la-tou'),  or  Sungarian  (sung-gar'- 
i-an)  Alatau.  A  mountain-range  in  Semi- 
ry  etohensk,  Asiatic  Russia,  on  the  boundary  be- 
tween that  government  and  the  Chinese  prov- 
ince of  Hi,  about  lat.  44°  46'  N.  It  reaches 
a  height  of  about  13,000  feet. 

Alatau,  or  Kusnetzky  (koz-net'ske)  Alatau. 
A  range  of  mountains  in  the  governments  of 
Tomsk  and  Yeniseisk,  Siberia,  extending  about 
northeast  and  southwest. 

Alatau,  or  Trans-Ili  (tranz-e'le)  Alatau.  A 
mountain  system  in  Semiryetehensk,  Asiatic 
Russia,  south  of  the  river  Ili.  It  reaches  a 
height  of  over  15,000  feet. 

Alatheus  (a-la'thf-us),  or  Odotheus  (o-do'thf- 
iis).  Died  386  A.D.  An  Ostrogothic  general. 
On  the  death  of  Vithimir,  376,  he  became  with  Saphrax 
the  guardian  of  Vithericus,  king  of  the  Greuthungi,  the 
chief  tribe  of  the  Ostrogoths.  Alatheus  and  Saphrax 
fought  under  the  Visigoth  Fridigern  at  the  battle  of 
Adrianople  in  378. 

Alatri  (a-la'tre).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Rome,  Italy,  about  45  miles  east  by  south  of 
Rome :  the  ancient  Alatrium.  There  is  an  ancient 
temple  beyond  the  Porta  San  Pietro,  prostyle,  with  two 
Tuscan  columns  before  the  antae,  in  plan  26  by  47  feet.  At 
some  time  subsequent  to  its  construction,  aposticum  was 
added,  of  similar  disposition  to  the  pronaos.  Population, 
about  5,000. 

Alatyr  (a-la-ter').  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Simbirsk,  Russia,  on  the  Sura  about  lat.  54° 
53'  N.,  long.  46°  30'  E.  Population,  10,092. 
Also  Alateer. 

Alava  (a'la-va).  One  of  the  Basque  provinces 
in  Spain,  capital  Vitoria,  bounded  by  Biscay 
and  Guipiizcoa  on  the  north,  Navarre  on  the 
east,  Logrofio  on  the  south,  and  Burgos  on  the 
west.  Area,  1,205  square  miles.  Population 
(1887),  92,893. 

Alava,  Miguel  Bicardo  de.  Bom  at  Vitoria, 
Spain,  1771:  died  at  Barfeges,  France,  1843.  A 
Spanish  politician  and  general.  He  fought  under 
Wellington  in  the  Peninsular  campaign,  at  the  close  of 
which  he  had  obtained  the  rank  of  brigadier -general ;  was 
president  of  the  Cortes  May,  1822 ;  fought  in  the  same  year 
under  Ballasteros  and  Murillo  in  support  of  the  Cortes 
against  the  rebels ;  went  into  exile  1823,  on  the  restoration 
of  Ferdinand  by  French  intervention ;  espoused  the  cause 
of  Maria  Christina  against  Don  Carlos  on  the  death  of  Ferdi- 
nand ;  was  ambassador  to  London  1834,  and  to  Paris  1835 ; 

^d  retired  to  France  after  the  insurrection  of  La  Granja. 

Alava  y  Navarete  (a'la-va  e  na-va-ra'ta),  Ig- 
nacio  Maria  de.  Bom  at  Vitoria,  Spain,  about 
1750 :  died  at  Chiclana,  near  Cadiz,  May  26, 1817. 
A  Spanish  admiral  and  explorer.  He  is  best  known 
for  his  voyage  of  circumnavigation  of  the  globe,  com- 
menced in  1794,  in  which  he  e^ored  the  coasts  of  South 


Albanian 

America  and  the  East  Indies,  and  added  largely  to  geo> 
graphical  knowledge.  He  commanded  a  squadron  at  Tra. 
falgar,  and  in  1816  was  made  grand  admiral  and  chief  of 
marine.  .         .      m 

Alazan  (a-la'zan).  A  nver  m  Transcaucasia, 
about  150  miles  long,  a  northern  tributary  of 
the  Knr. 

Alb,  or  Alp.    See  Swdbian  Jura. 

Alba  (al'ba).  Ancient  Scotland  north  of  the 
Forth  and'<31yde. 

Alba  (al'ba).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Cuneo, 
Italy,  on  the  Tanaro  about  31  miles  southeast 
of  Turin :  the  ancient  Alba  Pompeja.  It  has  a 
cathedral.    Population,  about  9,000. 

Alba,  Duke  of.    See^Zw. 

Alba  de  Liste,  Count  of.  See  Hermquez  de 
Guzman,  Luis. 

Albacete  (al-ba-tha'ta).  A  province  in  the  tit- 
ular kingdom  of  Murcia,  Spain,  bounded  by 
Cuenca  on  the  north,  Valencia  and  Alicante  on 
the  east,  Murcia  and  Granada  on  the  south, 
and  Jaen  and  Ciudad  Real  on  the  west.  It  is 
mountainous  in  the  west,  and  elsewhere  a  table-land. 
Area,  5,972  square  miles.    Population  (1887^  229,492. 

Albacete.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Al- 
bacete, about  lat.  38°  58'  N.,  long.  1°  55'  W. 
It  manufactures  and  exports  cutlery.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  20,794. 

Alba  de  Tormes  (al'ba  da  tor'mas).  A  small 
town  in  the  province  of  Salamanca,  Spain,  sit- 
uated on  the  Tormes  17  miles  south  of  Sala- 
manca. Here,  1809,  the  French  defeated  the 
Spaniards. 

Alba  Longa  (al'ba  long'ga).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  town  in  tatium,  Italy,  15  miles  south- 
east of  Rome,  the  ancient  center  of  the  Latin 
League,  its  foundation  is  traditionally  ascribed  to 
Ascanius  and  its  destruction  to  Tullus  HostHias. 

Alban  (al'ban,  or  41'ban)  Saint.  Protomartyr 
of  Britain,  303.  He  is  said  to  have  been  a  native  of 
Vemlamium  where  he  was  put  to  death  with  the  sword. 
The  famous  monastery  of  St.  Alban  was  founded  in  his 
honor  by  King  Offa  about  795.  His  festival  is  celebrated 
in  the  Koman  Church  June  22,  and  in  the  Anghcan  Church 
on  June  17. 

Alban  Lake.    See  Albano. 

Alban  Mountains  (al'ban  moun'tanz),  It. 
Monti  Laziali.  A  mountain  group  southeast 
of  Rome,  near  Albano.  Its  highest  point  is 
Monte  Cavo. 

Albanenses  (al-ba-nen'sez).  A  small  medieval 
sect,  named  from'  the  city  of  Alba  in  Piedmont, 
which  professed  Maniehsean  doctrines.  They 
were  closely  allied  to  the  Albigenses. 

Albani  (ai-ba'ne),  or  Albano  (-no),  Francesco. 
Bom  at  Bologna,  Italy,  March  17,  1578 :  died 
there,  Oct.  4,  1660.    A  noted  Italian  painter. 

Albani  (al-ba'ne),  Mme.  (Marie  Louise  Ce- 
cilia Emma  Lajeunesse).  Bom  at  Chambly, 
near  Montreal,  1850.  A  distinguished  soprano 
singer,  of  French-Canadian  parentage.  Her  fam- 
ily removed  to  Albany,  New  York  (from  which  she  took 
her  assumed  name),  in  1864.  She  studied  in  Paris  nnder 
Duprez,  and  in  Milan  under  Lamperti,  and  made  her  A6- 
but  as  an  opera-singer  in  Messina  in  1870.  She  married 
Ernest  Gye  in  1878. 

Albani,  Villa.  A  palace  in  the  northern  part 
of  Rome,  celebrated  for  its  art  collections. 

Albania  (al-ba'ni-a).  [Gr.  'A7i.l3avUi.^  In  an- 
cient geogra,phy,  a  country  of  Asia,  lying  west 
of  the  Caspian,  north  of  Armenia,  and  east  of 
Iberia,  and  corresponding  nearly  to  the  modem 
Baku  and  southern  Daghestan  in  Russia.  It  was 
part  of  the  Assyrian  empire,  and  the  theater  of  some  of 
the  wars  of  Sargon  and  Sennacherib. 

Albania.  [NL.  Albania,  Alb.  Shkyperi,  Turk. 
Arnautlik,  F.  Albanie,  G.  Albanien."]  A  region  in 
the  western  part  of  European  Turkey,  bounded 
by  Montenegro  and  Novi-Bazar  on  the  north, 
Macedonia  (with  a  vague  frontier)  and  Thessaly 
on  the  east,  Greece  and  the  Gulf  of  Arta  on  the 
south,  and  the  Ionian  Sea,  the  Strait  of  Otranto, 
and  the  Adriatic  on  the  west,  corresponding  in 
general  to  the  vUayets  Skutari,  Janina,  and 
part  of  Monastir,  and  largely  to  the  ancient 
Illyria  and  Epirus.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Turks  in 
the  fli'st  part  of  the  16th  century,  revolted  under  Scan- 
derbeg  1443-67,  and  was  subdued  by  the  Turks  in  1478. 
Several  rebellions  against  the  Turks  occurred  about  the 
beginning  of  the  19th  century.  Albania  resisted  the 
treaty  of  Berlin  (1878)  and  the  cession  of  territory  to 
Montenegro  in  1880.  Population  (estimated),  J,500,000  (?),• 
2,000,000  (7),  principally  Amauts. 

Albania,  or  Albany.  An  ancient  name  of  the 
Scottish  Highlands,  fancifully  derived  from  the 
mythical  Albanaet,  son  of  Brute. 

Albanian  (al-ba'ni-an).  The  language  of  the 
Albanians.  It  is  now  commonly  regarded  as  a  member 
of  the  Aryan  family.  It  e^cjsts  only  in  modern  dialecte^ 
but  is  supposed  to  be  the  descendant  of  the  ancient  Illy- 
rian  of  which  no  records  are  extant.  Also  called  SHpetar, 
from  the  native  name  of  the  people  (SMypetdr,  'high- 
landers'). 


Albanian  Gates 

Albanian  Gates.  The  defile  of  Deibeiid  be- 
tween the  Caucasus  and  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Albano  (al-ba'no).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Eome,  Italy,  situated  on  the  slope  of  the  Alban 
Mountains,  14  miles  southeast  of  Eome,  on  the 
site  of  Pompey's  Villa:  the  Eoman  Albanum. 
It  passed  to  the  Papal  States  in  1697.  It  contains  the  ruins 
of  a  pretorian  camp  built  by  Domitian,  a  large  fortified 
inclosure,  quadrilateral  in  plan.  The  walls  are  built  of 
huge  but  rather  thin  blocks  of  stone.  One  of  the  gates 
remains.     Population,  about  6,000. 

Albano,  Lake  of,  or  Lago  di  Castello,  or  Al- 
ban Lake.  A  small  lake  near  Albano,  Italy, 
noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery,  occupying 
the  crater  of  an  extinct  volcano. 

Albano,  Mount.    See  Monte  Cavo. 

Albany  (fil'ba-ni).    Same  as  Breadalbane. 

Albany.  The  capital  of  the  State  of  New  York 
and  of  Albany  County,  situated  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Hudson  in  lat.  42°  39'  50"  N.,  long. 
73°  44'  56"  W.  (Dudley  Observatory),  near  the 
head  of  navigation,  it  is  an  important  commercial 
city,  the  terminus  of  lines  of  steamers  to  New  York  and 
other  river-ports,  and  of  the  Erie  and  Champlain  canals, 
and  a  center  of  extensive  systems  of  railroads.  Besides 
the  State  Capitol,  it  contains  the  law  and  medical  depart- 
ments and  the  (Dudley)  Observatory  of  Union  University. 
It  was  settled  by  the  Dutch  in  1614,  fortified  (Fort  Orange) 
in  1624,  obtained  a  city  charter  in  1686,  was  the  seat  of  a 
convention  (under  the  lead  of  Franklin)  to  form  a  colonial 
union  in  1754,  and  became  the  permanent  capital  of  the 
State  in  1797.    Population  (1900),  94,151. 

Albany.  The  capital  of  Dougherty  County, 
Georgia,  situated  on  Flint  Eiver,  at  the  head 
of  navigation,  90  miles  southwest  of  Macon. 
Population  (1900),  4,606. 

Albany.  The  capital  of  Linn  County,  Oregon, 
situated  on  the  Willamette  63  miles  southwest 
of  Portland.     Population  (1900),  3,149. 

Albany.  A  small  seaport  in  western  Austraflia, 
situated  on  King  George  Sound  about  lat.  35° 
8.  It  is  a  station  of  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental 
Steamship  Company. 

Albany,  Countess  of  (Louise  Marie  Earo- 
line  von  Stolberg-Gedern).  Born  1753  -.  died 
at  Florence,  Jan.  29, 1824.  A  German  princess, 
daughter  of  Gustavus  Adolphus,  prince  of  Stol- 
berg-Gedern, and  wife  (married  March  28, 1772) 
of  the  "Young  Pretender"  (Duke  of  .Albany), 
and  later  the  mistress  of  Alfieri. 

Albany,  Duke  of.  See  Leopold  George  Dun- 
can Albert. 

Albany,  Duke  of.  A  character  in  Shakspere's 
"King  Lear,"  the  husband  of  Goneril,  Lear's 
eldest  daughter. 

Albany  Regency.  A  name  given  to  a  clique 
of  New  York  politicians  who  controlled  the 
machinery  of  the  Democratic  party  in  the  State 
of  New  York  from  about  1820  to  about  1854. 
Among  its  members  were  Van  Buren,  Marey, 
Wright,  and  Dix. 

Albany  River.  A  river  in  Canada,  about  500 
miles  in  length,  flowing  into  James  Bay. 

Albasin  (al'ba-sen>,  or  Yaksa  (yak'sa).  A 
former  fortified  town  in  the  Amur  Territory, 
Siberia,  on  the  northern  bend  of  the  Amur :  a 
center  of  Eussian  colonization  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury. 

Albategnius  (al-ba-teg'ni-us),  Mohammed 
ben  Jabir.  Bom  in  Mesopotamia  about  850: 
died  929.  A  noted  Arabian  astronomer.  He 
discovered  the  motion  of  the  sun,  and  introduced  into 
mathematical  calculation  the  use  of  the  sine,  in  place  of 
the  entire  chord  of  the  arc  which  had  previously  been  em- 
ployed. Among  his  works  are  commentaries  on  Ptolemy's 
"Almagest,"  a  treatise  on  astronomy  and  geography,  etc. 
One  of  his  astronomical  works  was  translated  into  Latin, 
under  the  title  "  De  Scientia  Stellarum  "  (Nuremberg,  15S7). 

Albay  (al-bi').  A  town  of  Luzon,  one  of  the 
Philippine  Islands.    Population  (1887),  11,986. 

Albe  (al'be).  The  ancient  Alba  Pucentia,  now 
a  small  village  near  Avezzano,  in  central  Italy. 
It  contains  an  ancient  amphitheater  of  the  usual  Eoman 
elliptical  plan,  114  by  305  feet,  estimated  to  have  seated 
20,000  people.    The  arena  measures  68  by  159  feet. 

Al-Beladori(al-bel"a-d6'ri),Abul  Hassan  Ah- 
med. Died  at  Bagdad  about  895.  An  Arabian 
historian,  author  of  a  history  of  the  conquest 
of  Syria,  the  island  of  Cyprus,  Mesopotamia, 
Armenia,  Egypt,  Africa,  Spain,  Nubia,  and  the 
islands  of  the  Mediterranean  by  the  Arabs. 
He  describes  the  condition  of  the  conquered 
countries  and  various  towns  founded  by  the 
Moslem  s,  among  them  Bagdad.  MsoAlbeladory. 

Albemarle  (al-be-marl').    See  Aumale. 

Albemarle.    See  Albeviarle  Island, 

Albemarle,  Duke  of.    See  MonTc. 

Albemarle,  Earl  of.    See  Keppel. 

Albemarle  Club.  A  London  club,  established 
in  1874,  composed  of  ladies  and  gentlemen. 
Headquarters,  13  Albemarle  street.  Member- 
ship, 750. 


29 

Albemarle  Island.  The  largest  of  the  Gala- 
pagos Islands,  in  the  Pacific.  Area,  1,650  square 
miles. 

Albemarle  Point.  The  early  name  of  Charles- 
ton, South  Carolina. 

Albemarle  Sound.  A  shallow  body  of  water, 
about  55  miles  long,  in  the  northeastern  part 
of  North  Carolina,  separated  from  the  Atlantic 
by  san d  beaches,  and  communicating  with  Pam- 
lico Sound  on  the  south  through  Croatan  and 
Koanoke  Sounds,  it  receives  the  Roanoke  Paver,  and 
is  connected  with  Chesape£^e  Bay  by  the  Chesapeake 
and  Albemarle  Canal  and  the  Dismal  Swamp  Canal. 

Albemarle,  The.  A  Confederate  iron-clad  ram, 
built  on  the  Eoauoke  Eiver  about  30  miles 
below  Weldon,  North  Carolina,  during  1863. 
She  did  much  damage  to  Union  steamers  during  the 
spring  of  1864,  but  was  destroyed  by  Lieutenant  W.  B. 
Cushing  during  the  night  of  Oct.  27  of  that  year.  He 
attacked  her  in  a  small  launch  carrying  a  torpedo.  For- 
cing his  way  within  the  chain  of  logs  which  formed  part 
of  her  defense,  he  exploded  the  torpedo  under  the  ram's 
overhang.  She  was  afterward  raised,  towed  to  Norfolk, 
and  in  1867  stripped  and  sold. 

Albendorf  (al'ben-ddrf).  A  village  and  fre- 
quented place  of  ^Igrimage  (to  the  sanctuary 
of  the  New  Jerusalem),  in  the  province  of 
Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the  Glatzer  Neisse,  north- 
west of  Glatz. 

Albenga  (al-beng'ga).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Genoa,  Italy,  the  Eoman  Albingaunum, 
situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa  44  miles  south- 
west of  Genoa,  it  contains  a  cathedral,  an  early 
Pointed  church  with  sculpture  of  E,unic~  type  about  the 
doorways.  The  baptistery  is  octangular,  of  the  10th  cen- 
tury, with  Corinthian  columns,  some  early  mosaics,  and 
a  curious  tomb.  The  bridge  over  the  Centa,  the  Ponte 
Lungo,  between  the  railway-station  and  the  town,  is  Ro- 
man, All  the  piers  of  its  ten  arches,  and  much  of  the  upper 
work,  are  antique.  There  are  also  medieval  waUs.  The 
town  contains  a  gymnasium  and  an  episcopal  seminary, 

Alb^res  (al-bar').  The  eastern  ramification  of 
the  Pyrenees,  between  Spain  and  the  depart- 
ment of  Pyr6ndes-0rientales,  Prance. 

Alberic  (al'ber-ik)  I.  Slain  by  the  Eomans 
about  925  at  Orta,  Italy.  A  Lombard  noble- 
man, patrician  (also  called  senator,  consul, 
and  prince)  of  the  Eomans  and  duke  of  Spoleto, 
expelled  from  Eome  by  Pope  John  X.  He 
married  Marozia,  daughter  of  Theodora. 

Alberic  II,  Died  954.  A  patrician  and  senator 
of  the  Eomans,  son  of  Alberic  I.  and  Marozia. 

Alberoni  (al-ba-ro'ne),  Giulio.  Bom  near 
Piacenza,  Italy,  May  31,  1664:  died  June  16, 
1752.  A  statesman  and  cardinal,  resident  of 
the  Duke  of  Parma  at  the  Spanish  court,  nego- 
tiator of  the  marriage  of  Philip  V.  and  Eliza- 
beth Farnese,  and  prime  minister  of  Spain, 
1714  (or  1715)  to  1719.  His  foreign  policy  led 
to  the  Quadruple  Alliance  and  a  war  disastrous 
to  Spain. 

Albers  (al'berz),  Johann  Friedrich  Hermann. 
Born  at  Dorsten,  Westphalia,  Nov.  14,  1805: 
died  at  Bonn,  May  12,  1867.  A  German  physi- 
cian and  professor  at  Bonn,  author  of  "Atlas 
der  pathologischen  Anatomic"  (1832-62),  etc. 

Albert  (al'bert),  G.  Albrecht  (al'brecht),  sur- 
named  "The  Bear,"  from  his  heraldic  emblem. 
Bom  at  Ballenstadt,  Germany,  about  1100 
(1106  ?) :  died  at  Ballenstadt,  Nov.  18, 1170.  Mar- 
grave of  Brandenburg,  son  of  Otto  the  Eich, 
count  of  Ballenstadt.  He  received  a  grant  of  Lusatia 
1125  (retaining  it,  however,  but  a  few  years),  and  of  the 
Nordmark  1134 ;  obtained  the  duchy  of  Saxony  1138,  which 
he  soon  lost ;  attacked  the  Wends  1136-37  and  later,  and 
conquered  a  large  part  of  their  territory ;  and  assumed  the 
title  of  margrave  of  Brandenburg  1150. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht,  sumamed  "  The  Proud." 
Born  1158 :  died  June  25,  1195.  Margrave  of 
Meissen  from  1190  to  1195.  in  attempting  to  oi)press 
his  younger  brother  Dietrich,  who  had  inherited  Weissen- 
fels,  he  incurred  the  enmity  of  the  emperor  Henry  VI,, 
and  died  by  poison,  administered,  it  is  said,  by  an  agent 
of  the  emperor. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht,  sumamed  "The  Tall." 
Born  1236:  died  Aug.  15,  1279.  Duke  of  Brans- 
wick-Liineburg,  son  of  the  first  duke.  Otto  the 
Child.  He  was  captured  by  the  sons  of  the  margraveHenry, 
Oct.  27, 1263,  in  the  war  of  the  Thuringian  succession,  and 
was  released  in  1264,  on  the  payment  of  8,000  marks  in 
silver  and  the  cession  of  the  Guelph  cities  and  castles  on 
the  Werra. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht,  sumamed  "The  Bad," 
Died  1314.  Landgrave  of  Thuringia  after  1265, 
and  margrave  of  Meissen  from  1288  to  1293.  By 
his  second  wife,  Cnnegonde  of  Eisenberg,  he  was  per- 
suaded to  exclude  his  sons  by  liis  first  marriage  from  the 
succession  in  Thuringia  in  favor  of  Apitz,  his  son  by  Cune- 
gonde.  A  war  followed,  in  which  he  was  taken  captive  by 
his  son  Frederick,  and  forced  to  sign  a  disadvantageous 
treaty  at  Rochlitz,  Jan,  1, 1289, 

Albert  I.,  G.  Albrecht.  Bom  about  1250: 
slain  by  a  conspiracy  at  Windisch  on  the  Eeuss, 
Switzerland,  May  1,  1308.    The  eldest  son  of 


Albert 

Eudolf  I.  of  Hapsburg,  duke  of  Austria  1282, 
and  German  king  1298-1308.  He  overthrew  and 
killed  his  rival,  Adolf  of  Nassau,  at  the  battle  of  GoU- 
heim,  July  2, 1298. 

Albert  II.,  G,  Albrecht.  Boin  1298:  died  1358. 
Duke  of  Austria  and  son  of  Albert  I,  of  Ger- 
many, He  ruled  the  Austrian  lands  in  common  with 
his  brother  Otto  from  1330,  and  after  1339  alone. 

Albert  III.,  G,  Albrecht.  Died  1395.  Son  of 
Albert  II,  of  Austria.  He  ruled  alone  as  duke 
of  Austria  from  1379. 

Albert  I.,  G.  Albrecht.  Bom  about  1317: 
died  Feb.  18,  1379.  The  founder  of  the  reign- 
ing house  of  Mecklenburg,  created  duke  of 
Mecklenburg  by  the  emperor  Charles  IV.  in 
1348.  He  came  into  possession  ot  the  duchy  of  Schwe- 
rin  in  13S8  by  the  extinction  of  the  ducal  house,  and  se- 
cured the  election  of  his  second  son  Albert,  by  his  first 
wife  Euphemia  of  Sweden,  as  king  of  Sweden  in  1363. 

Albert  II.,  G.  Albrecht.  Died  1412.  Son 
of  Albert  I,  of  Mecklenburg,  elected  king  of 
Sweden  in  1363.  He  was  defeated  by  Queen  Margaret 
ot  Denmark  and  Norway  (widow  of  Haakon)  at  the  battle 
of  Falkoping,  Sept,  21,  1389,  and  taken  prisoner.  In  1396 
he  was  released  and  renounced  the  throne  ot  Sweden, 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht,  sumamed  Achilles,  and 
also  Ulysses,  from  his  valor  and  sagacity.  Bom 
at  Tangermiinde,  Prussia,  Nov.  9,  1414 :  died  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Main,  March  11,  1486.  An 
elector  of  Brandenburg,  third  son  of  Frederick 
I.  on  whose  death  (1440)  he  succeeded  to  the 
principality  of  Ansbach.  He  inherited  the  princi- 
pality of  Baireuth  in  1464  from  his  brother  John,  and  re- 
ceived the  electorate  of  Brandenburg  in  1470  from  his  bro- 
ther Frederick  II.,  whose  hearing  had  been  destroyed  by 
the  discharge  ot  a  cannon.  He  carried  on  successful  ware 
with  Mecklenburg  and  Pomerania,  and  resisted  the  at- 
tempt of  the  Teutonic  Knights  to  repossess  themselves  of 
Neumark.  He  was  the  author  ot  the  "Dispositio  Achil- 
lea," a  family  ordinance  providing  for  the  separation  of 
Brandenburg  and  Ansbach-Baireuth,  and  establisliing 
primogeniture  in  each,  according  to  Hallam  the  first  in- 
stance of  the  legal  establishment  ot  the  custom  of  primo- 
geniture. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht.  Bom  at  Ansbach,  May 
16,  1490 :  died  March  20,  1568.  Margrave  of 
Brandenburg-Ansbaoh,  last  grand  master  of 
the  Teutonic  Knights,  and  first  duke  of  Prussiar: 
younger  son  of  Frederick  of  Ansbach,  who  was 
the  second  son  of  Albert  Achilles,  elector  of 
Brandenburg.  He  was  elected  grand  master  Feb.  13, 
1511;  made  his  entry  into  Kttnigsberg  Nov,  22,  1512; 
carried  on  war  with  his  suzerain,  the  king  of  Poland,  1519- 
1525,  in  at  utile  attempt  to  reg£iin  the  independence  of  Prus- 
sia, the  Ordensland  of  the  Teutonic  Knights  ;  secured  by 
the  treatypt  Cracow,  April  8, 1825,  the  conversion  of  Prussia 
into  a  secular  duchy,  hereditary  in  his  family ;  and  for- 
mally introduced  the  Reformation  July  6, 1526,  He  was 
aided  in  his  political  and  ecclesiastical  reforms  by  the  ad- 
vice of  Luther, '  He  was  the  founder  of  the  University  of 
Konigsberg  (1644),  the  third  Protestant  university, 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht,  sumamed  "The  Bold," 
Bom  July  17,  1443:  died  at  Emden,  Prussia, 
Sept.  12,  1500.  Duke  of  Saxony,  younger  son 
of  Frederick  the  Gentle,  and.  founder  of  the 
Albertine  Saxon  line.  In  the  division  of  the 
Saxon  dominions  in  1485  he  received  Meissen. 

Albert  IV.,  G.  Albrecht,  sumamed  "The 
Wise."  Born  Dee.  15, 1447:  died  March  18, 1508. 
Duke  of  Bavaria,  third  son  of  Albert  in.  After 
the  death  of  his  oldest  brother  John  he  became  (1465)  co- 
regent  with  the  second  brother  Sigismund,  and  later  (1467) 
sole  ruler. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht.  Bom  June  28, 1490 :  died 
at  Aschaffenburg,  Sept.  24, 1545.  The  youngest 
son  of  the  elector  Johannes  Cicero  of  Bran- 
denburg, archbishop  of  Magdeburg  1513,  arch- 
bishop and  elector  of  Mainz  1514,  and  cardinal 
1518.  To  him  was  intrusted  the  sale  ot  indulgences  in 
one  district  ot  Germany,  and  Tetzel  acted  as  his  commis- 
sioner.   See  Tetiel,  Luther. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht,  sumamed  Alcibiades. 

Bom  at  Ansbach,  March  28, 1522:  died  at  Pforz- 
heim, Jan,  8,  1577.  A  margrave  of  Branden- 
burg, partizan  and  later  opponent  of  the  em- 
peror Charles  V.  He  was  defeated  by  Mairrice 
of  Saxony  at  Sieversha,usen,  in  Luneburg,  July 
9  1553 

Albert,'  G.  Albrecht  or  Albert.  Born  Nov.  13, 
1559 :  died  July,  1621.  An  archduke  of  Austria, 
sixth  son  of  the  emperor  Maximilian  II.  He 
was  educated  for  the  church,  and  became  a  cardinal  1577, 
and  archbishop  of  Toledo  1584.  From  1584  to  1596  he 
was  viceroy  of  Portugal,  and  was  appointed  governor  of  the 
Spanish  Netherlands  in  1596.  In  1600  he  was  defeated  by 
Maurice  of  Nassau  at  Nieupoort,  and  concluded  an  ar- 
mistice ot  12  years  with  the  Netherlands  in  1609. 

Albert,  Count  of  Geierstein.  A  character  in 
Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  "Anne  of  Geierstein,"a 
restless  intriguer  and  head  of  the  Vehmgericht. 
Pursued  by  Charles  of  Burgundy,  he  takes  refuge  in  a 
monastery  and  is  known  as  the  "Black  Priest  ot  St, 
Paul's."  By  order  of  the  Vehmgericht  he  kills  Charles 
of  Burgundy  in  battle. 

Albert.  In  Goethe's  "Sorrows  of  Werther,"  a 
yoimg  farmer   who    marries    Charlotte,  with 


Albert 

whom  Werther  is  in  love.   He  represents  Kest- 

ner,  one  of  Goethe's  friends.    See  Werther. 

Albert  (al-bar')  (original  name,  Alexandre 
Martin).  Bom  April  27,  1815:  died  May,  1895. 
A  French  mechanic,  noted  as  a  revolutionist 
and  follower  of  Louis  Blanc.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  provisional  government  Feb.,  1848,  and  of  the  Con- 
stituent Assembly  (convened  May  4) ;  was  sentenced  to 
deportation  for  complicity  in  the  riot  of  May  15, 1848 ; 
and  recovered  his  liberty  by  the  amnesty  of  1859.  In  1870 
he  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  defense  of  Paris. 

Albert  (al'bert).  In  Sheridan  Knowles's  play 
"  The  Blind  Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green,"  the  real 
Lord  Wilfrid,  appearing  as  the  Blind  Beggar. 

Albert  (al-har'),  formerly  Ancre  (ankr).  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Somme,  France,  on 
the  Anore  28  miles  northeast  of  Amiens.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  6,169. 

Albert  (al'b6rt),  G.  Albrecht  (al'brecht), 
Frie(McIi  Heinrich.  Bom  Oct.  4, 1809:  died 
Oct.  14, 1872.  Prince  of  Prussia,  fourth  son  of 
Frederick  "William  IH.  He  commanded  in  the  fourth 
cavalry  division  in  the  Franco- Prussian  war,  and  partici- 
pated in  the  battles  of  Sedan,  Artenay,  and  Orleans. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht,  Friedrich  Rudolf.  Bom 
at  Vienna,  Aug.  3, 1817 :  diedat  Arco,  Tyrol,  Feb. 
18,  1895.  Archduke  of  Austria,  eldest  son  of 
Archduke  Charles,  noted  as  a  soldier  and  mili- 
tary writer.  He  served  in  Italy  1848-49,  and  as  com- 
mander of  the  army  of  the  sonth  gained  the  victory  of  Cus- 
tozza  June  24,  1866.  (See  Cusiozza.)  The  same  year  lie 
was  made  commander-in-chief  of  the  Austrian  army. 

Albert  Francis  Augustus  Charles  Emman- 
uel. Born  at  the  Rosenau,  near  Coburg,  Ger- 
many, Aug.  26,  1819:  died  at  Windsor  Castle, 
England,  Deo.  14, 1861.  Prince  Consort  of  Eng- 
land, second  son  of  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg- 
Gotha.  He  married  Queen  Victoria  Feb.  10,  1840,  and 
was  made  prince  consort  June  25,  1857. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht,  Kasimir.  Bom  at  Mor- 
itzburg,  near  Dresden,  July  11,  1738:  died  at 
Vienna,  Feb.  11, 1822.  Duke  of  Saxe-Tesohen, 
an  Austrian  general,  son  of  Augustus  ITT.  of 
Poland.     He  was  defeated  by  Dumouriez  1792. 

Albert,  G.  Albrecht,  Friedrich  August. 
Bom  at  Dresden,  April  23,  1828:  died  at  tbe 
Castle  of  Sibyllenort,  Silesia,  June  19,  1902. 
King  of  Saxony,  son  of  King  John  of  Saxony, 
whom  he  succeeded  Oct.  29, 1873.  As  crown  prince 
he  commanded  in  the  Franco-German  war  an  army  corps, 
and  later  the  Army  of  the  Meuse. 

Albert  Edward  (al'bfert  ed'ward).  Bom  at 
London,  Nov.  9, 1841.  Prince  of  Wales,  eldest 
son  of  Queen  Victoria.  He  married  Princess  Alex- 
andra of  Denmaric  March  10, 1863.  In  1860  he  made  a  tour 
of  the  United  States  and  Canada,  in  1862  of  Egypt  and 
Palestine,  and  in  1875-76  of  British  India.  He  ascended 
the  throne  as  Edward  VII.  Jan.  22, 1901. 

Albert  Victor  Christian  Edward.  Bom  Jan. 
8, 1864 :  died  Jan.  14, 1892.  Eldest  son  of  Albert 
Edward,  prince  of  Wales. 

Albert  the  Great.    See  Albertus  Magnus. 

Albert  Savarus  (al-bar'  sa-va-riis').  A  tale 
by  Balzac,  published  1844,  one  of  the  "  Scenes 
from  Private  Life."  Savarus  is  said  to  be  a 
portrait  of  the  author.  The  book  contains  many 
details  of  his  life  and  work. 

Albert  (al'bert),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Munich, 
March  5, 1825:  died  there.  May  5, 1886.  A  Ger- 
man photographer,  inventor  of  the  Albertype. 

Albert  (al-bar'),  Paul.  Born  at  Thionville, 
Deo.  14, 1827:  died  at  Paris,  June  21,  1880.  A 
French  literary  historian,  professor  at  Poitiers, 
and  later  (1878)  at  the  College  de  France :  au- 
thor of  "La  litt6rature  franQaise"  (1872-75), 
"Histoire  de  la  litt^rature  romaine"  (1871), 
eto. 

Albert  Edward  Nyanza  (nyan'za).  A  lake  in 
central  Africa,  south  of  Lake  Albert  Nyanza, 
and  connected  with  the  latter  by  the  SemKki, 
discovered  by  Stanley  in  1877  and  revisited 
by  him  1888-89.  Its  native  name  is  Muta 
Nzige. 

Albert  Chapel.    See  Windsor. 

Albert  Embankment.  See  Thames  Embank- 
ments. 

Albert  Hall.  A  covered  amphitheater  in  Lon- 
don, finished  in  1871.  its  axes  are  270  and  240  feet, 
those  of  the  arena  100  and  70,  and  it  can  seat  8,000  persons. 
The  exterior  is  of  brick,  with  ornament  of  colored  tiles 
and  terra-cotta  including  a  fdeze  representing  the  various 
peoples  of  the  earth. 

Albert  Lea  (al'bert  le).  The  capital  of  Free- 
bom  County,  Minnesota,  92  miles  south  of  St. 
Paul.    Population  (1900),  4,500. 

Albert  Memorial.  A  monument,  in  London, 
erected  to  the  memory  of  the  Prince  Consort, 
Albert  of  Saxe-Gotha,  on  the  south  side  of 
Kensington  Gardens,  built  from  the  designs  of 
Sir  Gilbert  Scott,  it  consists  of  a  colossal  bronze 
statue  of  the  prince,  seated,  beneath  an  ornate  spired 
canopy  in  the  Pointed  style,  which  rises  to  a  height  of  175 


30 

feet.  Statue  and  canopy  rest  on  a  basement  bearing  re- 
liefs of  artists  of  all  countries  and  times.  At  the  angles 
four  pedestals  project  with  groups  of  statuary  represent- 
ing Agriculture,  Commerce,  Engineering,  and  Manufac- 
ture. Steps  descend  on  all  sides  in  pyramidal  form,  and 
at  the  lower  angles  are  placed  sculptiu'es  personifying  the 
four  chief  regions  of  the  earfli  —  Europe,  America,  Asia, 
and  Africa. 

Albert  Nyanza  (al'bSrt  nyan'za).  A  lake  in 
central  AJErica,  intersected  by  Isit.  2°  N.,  long. 
31°  E.,  one  of  the  main  sources  of  the  Nile,  dis- 
covered by  Sir  Samuel  Baker,  March  14,  1864. 
Its  length  is  97  miles,  and  its  area  about  2,000 
square  miles. 

Alberta  (al-ber'ta).  A  provisionall  district 
formed  in  1882  in"  the  Northwest  Territories, 
Canada,  bounded  by  Athabasca  on  the  north, 
Saskatchewan  and  Assiniboia  on  the  east,  the 
United  States  on  the  south,  and  British  Co- 
lumbia on  the  west,  it  sends  one  representative  to 
the  Dominion  Parliament.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Cana- 
dian Pacific  Bailroad.  Chief  town,  Calgary.  Area,  about 
100,000  square  miles.    Population  (1901),  65,876. 

Alberti  (ai-bar'te),  Leone  Battista.  Bom  at 
Florence,  Feb.  18,  1404:  died  at  Rome,  1472. 
A  noted  Italian  poet,  musician,  painter,  sculp- 
tor, and  architect,  author  of  "De  re  .Sldifi- 
oatoria  "  (1485),  eto. 

Albertine  Line  (al'ber-tin  lin).  The  younger 
and  royal  branch  of  the  Saxon  house  which  de- 
scended from  Albert  (G.  Albrecht),  duke  of 
Saxony  (1443-1500) .  He  ruled  jointly  with  his  bro- 
ther Ernst  (see  Ernestine)  from  1464  to  1485,  when  they 
came  into  possession  of  Thuringia  by  inheritance,  and 
agreed  upon  a  division,  Albrecht  taking  an  eastern  and 
a  western  portion,  with  the  Ernestine  lands  intervening 
between  them. 

Albertinelli(al-bar-ti-nel'le),  Mariotto.  Born 
at  Florence,  Oct.  13,  1474:  died  at  Florence, 
Nov.  5,  1515.  A  Florentine  painter,  an  asso- 
ciate and  imitator  of  Fra  Bartolommeo. 

Albertrandy (al-ber-tran'di),  John  (Jan)  Bap- 
tist. Born  at  Warsaw,  Deo.  7,  1731:  died  at 
Warsaw,  Aug.  10,  1808.  A  Polish  Jesuit  and 
historian,  of  Italian  parentage,  librarian  to 
Bishop  Zaluski  in  Warsaw,  and  later  to  Stanis- 
laus Augustus,  and  a  notable  collector  of  manu- 
scripts relating  to  Polish  history.  He  was 
appointed  by  Stanislaus  bishop  of  Zenopolis. 

Albertus  Magnus  (al-ber'tus  mag'nus).  [L., 
'  Albert  the  Great.' ]  Born  atLauingen,Swabia, 
1193  (according  to  some  authorities  1205) :  died 
at  Cologne,  Nov.  15, 1280.  A  famous  scholastic 
philosopher  and  member  of  the  Dominican 
order.  He  studied  in  Padua  and  Bologna,  taught  philoso- 
phy and  theology  at  Cologne  (1229),  taught  at  Paris  (1245), 
and  finally  returned  to  Cologne.  He  was  made  bisliop  of 
Eatisbon  in  1260,  but  soon  resigned  and  retired  to  a  con- 
vent where  he  died.  Among  his  numerous  pupils  was 
Thomas  Aquinas.  He  was  famous  for  his  extensive  learn- 
ing which  gained  for  him  his  surnames  "The  Great"  and 
"Doctor  Universalis,"  and  was  even  reputed  to  be  a  magi- 
cian ;  but  his  modern  critics  differ  greatly  in  their  esti- 
mates of  his  attainments  and  ability.  "  He  was  the  first 
scholastic  who  reproduced  the  philosophy  of  Aristotle 
systematically,  with  thoroughgoing  consideration  of  the 
Arabian  commentators,  and  transformed  it  in  accordance 
with  the  dogmas  of  the  church  " — to  the  practical  exclu- 
sion of  Platonic  influences.  His  works  fill  twenty-one 
volumes,  and  relate  chiefly  to  physical  science :  they  in- 
clude a  sort  of  encyclopedia  of  the  learning  of  his  times. 

Albertville  (ai-bar-vel').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Savoie,  France,  near  the  Arly, 
23  miles  northeast  of  Chamb6ry.  Population 
(1891),  5,854. 

Albi,  or  Alby  (al-be').  The  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Tarn,  Prance,  situated  on  the 
Tarn:  the  ancient  Albiga.  It  has  a  cathedral  (of 
St.  Cecilia)  and  an  archiepiscopal  palace,  and  is  the  seat 
of  a  bishopric.  It  was  a  stronghold  of  the  Albigenses,  to 
whom  it  gave  their  name.  The  cathedral  is  a  unique 
monument,  massively  built  of  brick,  with  the  base  of  its 
walls  sloped  outward,  the  openings  all  high  above  the 
ground,  and  otherwise  fitted  to  serve  not  only  as  a  church 
but  as  a  citadel.  It  is  chiefly  of  the  14th  century.  It  has 
a  massive  and  lofty  western  tower,  and  a  beautiful  florid 
triple  porch  on  the  south  side,  lavishly  carved  in  stone. 
The  interior,  without  aisles  or  l^ansepts,  is  262  feet  long, 
62  wide,  and  98  high,  surrounded  between  the  buttresses 
by  2  tiers  of  chapels.  The  celebrated  15th-centui7  rood- 
loft  and  choir-screen  are  rich  with  delicate  tracery  and 
excellent  figure  and  foliage  sculpture.  The  roof  and  walls 
are  covered  with  Italian  frescos  dating  from  about  1505. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  20,903. 

Albigenses  (al-bi-jen'sez).  A  collective  name 
for  the  members  of  several  anti-sacerdotal  sects 
in  the  south  of  France  in  the  12th  and  13th 
centuries :  so  called  from  Albi,  in  Languedoc, 
where  they  were  dominant.  They  revolted  from 
the  Church  of  Home,  were  charged  with  Manichsean  errors, 
and  were  so  vigorously  persecuted  that,  as  sects,  they  had 
in  great  part  disappeared  by  the  end  of  the  13th  century. 
A  crusade  against  them  was  preached  by  Pope  Innocent 
III.  in  1208,  and  was  led  by  Arnold  of  Citeaux  and  Simon 
de  Montfort.  The  war  of  extermination,  which  lasted  for 
several  years,  was  one  of  the  bloodiest  in  history.  Their 
doctrines  are  known  chiefly  from  the  writings  of  their 
orthodox  enemies.  Also  called  Cathari,  and  by  many 
other  names. 


Albitte,  Antoine  Louis 

Albigeois  (ai-be-zhwa').  A  former  district  of 
Languedoc,  France,  comprised  in  the  modem 
department  of  Tarn. 

Albin,  or  Albyn  (al'bin).  Another  form  of 
Albion. 

Albina  (al-bi'na).  A  former  city  in  Multno- 
mah County,  Oregon,  on  the  Willamette,  now 
a  part  of  Portland. 

Albingians  (al-bin'ji-anz).  [Properly  North 
Albingians ;  LL.  NordalUngi  (cf .  L.  AUm,  the 
Elbe),  G.  Nordalbingisch.']  A  Saxon  tribe  liv- 
ing north  of  the  Elbe  (whence  the  name)  in 
the  present  Holstein.  They  were  first  made  known 
to  Europe  by  the  campaigns  of  Charlemagne  in  the  8th 
century.  Their  language  was  the  Low  German  dialect  of 
Holstein.  With  the  other  closely  related  dialects,  West- 
phalian.  Middle  Saxon,  and  East  Saxon,  it  forms  the  group 
specifically  called  Saxon. 

Albini  (al-be'ne),  Franz  Joseph,  Baron  von. 
Bom  at  St.  Gear,  May  14,  1748:  died  at  Die- 
burg,  Jan.  8, 1816.  A  German  statesman,  head 
of  the  government  of  the  electorate  of  Mainz 
during  the  French  revolutionary  period. 

Albinovanus  Pedo.    See  Pedo. 

AlbinUS  (al-bi'nus;  G.  pron.  al-be 'nos),  or 
Weiss  (vis),  Bernhard  Siegfried.  Born  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Oder,  Feb.  24,  1697:  died  at 
Leyden,  Sept.  9,  1770.  A  German  anatomist, 
professor  of  medicine  and  anatomy  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Leyden :  author  of  "  Tabulse  Sceleti 
et  Musculorum  Corporis  Humani"  (1747),  eto. 

Albinus  (al-bi'nus),Clodius  (Decimus  Clodius 
Ceionius  Septimius  A. ) .  Died  after  the  battle 
of  Lyons,  197  A.  d.  A  Eoman  commander,  pro- 
claimed emperor  by  the  armies  in  Gaul  and  Brit- 
ain in  193  A.  D.,  and  probably  recognized  as 
Caesar  by  Severus  in  194 :  said  to  have  been  called 
"Albinus"  from  the  fairness  of  his  body.  He 
was  defeated  by  Severus  in  197. 

Albinus,  Spurius  Postumius.  Roman  consul 
334  and  321  B.  c,  and  commander  at  the  defeat 
of  the  Caudine  Forks. 

Albion  (al'bi-on),  or  Alebion  (a-le'bi-on).  [Gr. 
'AXpiuv  or  'A/^piav.']  In  classical  mythology,  a 
son  of  Poseidon  and  brother  of  Dercynus  or 
Bei^ion.  He  and  his  brother  lost  their  lives  in  an  attack 
on  Heracles  as  the  latter  passed  through  their  country 
(Liguria)  with  the  oxen  of  Geryon. 

Albion  (al'bi-on).  [L.  Albion,  Gr.  'AlfHuni, 
'ATicmiuv,  from  Old  Celtic  *  Albion,  Ir.  Alba,  Alpa, 
Elbu  (gen.  Alban,  dat.  aoc.  Albain),  W.  AWan 
(see  Albin),  lit.  'white  land,'  with  reference 
to  the  chalk  oUffs  of  the  southern  coast.  Cf. 
Alps."]  The  ancient  name  of  Britain :  restricted 
in  later  poetic  use  to  England.    Alban  and  Albin 

'  were  ancient  names  for  the  Highlands  of  Scotland. 

Albion.  The  capital  of  Orleans  Comity,  New 
York,  43  miles  northeast  of  Buffalo.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  viUage,  4,477. 

Albion.  A  city  in  Calhoun  County,  southern 
Michigan,  38  miles  south-southwest  of  Lansing. 
Pojpulatiou  (1900),  4,519. 

Albion  and  Albanius  (al-ba'ni-us).  An  op- 
eratic entertainment  by  Dryden,  produced  in 
1685,  allegorieally  representing  the  chief  events 
of  King  Charles  H.'s  reign.  Albion  was  Charles 
himself  and  Albanius  was  James,  duke  of  York. 
It  was  not  printed  till  1691. 

Albion's  England.  A  rimed  chronicle  of  Eng- 
lish history,  by  William  Warner,  published  in 
1586.  It  was  seized  as  contraband  by  the  order  of  the 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  for  no  reason  that  is  now  as- 
signable. 

Albion  Knight.  A  comedy  morality  published 
in  1565.  It  turns  on  the  want  of  concord  be- 
tween the  lords  temporal  and  the  lords  spiritual. 

Albireo  (al-bir'e-6).  [Origin  doubtful,  but  con- 
jectured to  be  a  corruption  of  ab  ireo  in  the 
Latin  version  of  the  "Almagest."]  The  usual 
name  for  the  yellow  third-magnitude  star  ^ 
Cygni,  in  the  beak  of  the  swan.  It  is  coarsely 
double  with  a  fine  contrast  of  color  between 
the  two  components. 

Albis  (al'bis).     The  Latin  name  of  the  Elbe. 

Albis  (al'bes).  A  low  mountain-range  in  the 
canton  of  Ziirich,  Switzerland,  west. of  Lake 
Ziirich.    Its  best-known  summit  is  the  tjtliberg. 

Albistan  (al-bi-stan'),  orElbistan  (el-bi-stan'). 
A  town  in  the  vilayet  of  Aleppo,  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, on  the  Jihun  40  miles  northeast  of  Marash. 
The  sultan  Bibars  defeated  here  the  Turks 
and  Mongols  in  1277.     Population,  8,000  (?). 

Albitte  (al-bef),  Antoine  Louis.  Died  1812. 
A  French  radical  revolutionist,  member  of 
the  Legislative  Assembly,  1791.  He  was  con- 
demned to  death  for  participation  in  the  revolt  of  May  20, 
1796,  against  the  Convention,  but  succeeded  in  avoiding 
capture.  Under  the  Directory  he  was  appointed  mayor  of 
Dieppe,  after  the  18th  Brumaire  was  engaged  in  military 
affairs,  and  finally  perished  in  the  retreat  from  Moscow. 


Albizzi 


31 


Albizzi  (al-bet'se).    A  noted  Italian  family,  Albret,  Jeanne  d'.  Bom  at  Pau,  France,  Jan. 


originally  of  Arezzo^  which  played  a  conspie^ 
uous  part  in  Florentine  affairs  during  the  14th 
and  i5th  centuries.     They  belonged  to  the 
democratlo  Guelph  party. 
Albizzi,   Bartolommeo,   L.    Bartholomaeus 


7,  1528 :  died  at  Paris,  June  9,  1572.  A  queen 
of  Navarre,  daughter  of  Henry,  king  of  Na- 
varre, and  Margaret  of  Valois,  wife  of  Antony 
of  Bourbon,  and  mother  of  Henry  IV.  of  France, 
noted  as  a  supporter  of  the  Huguenots. 


AlbiciusPisanusCof  Pisa').    BomatEivano  Albright  (ai'brit),  Jacob.    Bom  near  Potts- 


in  Tuscany:  died  at  Pisa,  Dec.  10,  1401.  A 
noted  Franciscan  monk  and  religious  writer :  au- 
thor of  "  Liber  conf  ormitatum  sancti  Francisci 
cum  Christo  "  (first  ed.  folio,  Venice,  undated). 

Albo,  Joseph  (ill'bo).  Bom  at  Soria  in  Spain: 
died  there,  1444.  A  Jewish  physician,  theolo- 
gian, and  philosopher.  He  wrote  a  work  entitled 
' '  Ikkarim  "  ("  tandaments  ")  which  comprlBes  a  complete 
system  of  the  Jewish  religion. 

Alboinjal'boin).  Died  at  Verona  in  573.   King 


town,  Pa.,  Hay  1, 1759 :  died  1808.  An  Ameri- 
can Methodist  clergyman,  founder  of  the  de- 
nomination named  the  "Evangelical  Associa- 
tion." 

Albrizzi  (al-bret'se),  Isabella  Teotochi,  Coun- 
tess d'.  Bom  in  Corfu,  1763:  died  at  Venice, 
Sept.  27,  1836.  A  Venetian  patroness  of  liter- 
ature and  art,  called  by  Byron  "the  Madame 
de  Stael  of  Venice":  author  of  "Descrizione 
delle  opere  di  Canova"  (1809-25),  etc, 


of  the  Lombards  from  about  553  (560?)  to  573,  Albucasis(al-bii-ka'sis),orAbul-Casim(a-b61- 


son  of  Alduin,  whom  he  succeeded.  He  destroyed 
the  kingdom  of  the  Qepldee  (566),  and  married  Rosa- 
munda,  daughter  of  the  slain  king  Cunimuud.  In  668  he 
conquered  Italy  as  far  south  as  the  Tiber,  and  established 
the  kingdom  of  the  Lombards  with  Pavla  as  its  capital. 
He  was  murdered  at  the  instigation  of  Kosamunda,  whom, 
at  a  carousal,  he  had  ordered  to  drink  from  her  father's 
skull.    She  is  said  to  have  employed  for  this  purpose  a 


ka-sem'), or  Abul-KasimelZahrSiWi.  Bomat 
ZahrU  alTasrif,  near  Cordova,  Spain:  died  at 
Cordova  about  1106.  An  Arabian  physician, 
author  of  "Al-Tasrif,"  a  famous  r6sum6  of 
Arabian  medical  science.  According  to  some  he 
lived  a  century  earlier.  His  work  was  partially  translated 
into  Latin  and  twice  into  Hebrew. 


common  soldier (Helmichis-Alboin's  shield-bearer) whom    Aii,m«>.n    /K^  uk  !:',,k\       a   — jii-    „   •      ii, 

-■--  '■--'  -"  -  >  i    •        '  .  ^^^  to  whom  Albuera  (al-bo-a  ra).    A^viUage  m  the  prov- 


she  first  allowed  to  become  her  paramour, 
she  then  offered  the  choice  of  perishing  through  the  jeal- 
ousy of  Alboin  or  of  becoming  his  murderer.    This  story 
Is  probably  unhistoricaL 


inoe  of  Badajoz,  Spain,  12  miles  southeast  of 
Badajoz.  Here,  May  16,  1811,  the  Anglo-Spanish-Portu- 
guese army  (30,000)  under  Beresford  defeated  the  French 

-<20,000)  under  Soult.    The  losses  were  nearly  even. 

Albufeira  (al-bo-fa'e-ra).  A  small  fishing  port 
in  the  province  of  Algarve,  Portugal,  21  miles 
west  of  Faro, 


Albona  (al-bo'na).  A  town  in  Istria,  Austria- 
Hungary,  42  miles  southeast  of  Trieste.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  commune,  10,379. 

Alboni  (al-bo'ne).  Marietta.  Bom  at  Cesena, 
Italy,  March  10,  1823 :  died  at  Paris,  June  Albufera  de  Valencia  (al-bo-fa'ra  da  va-lan'- 
23,  1894.  A  celebrated  contralto  singer,  she  the-a).  A  lagoon,  about  10  miles  long,  7  miles 
studied  under  Madame  Bertoletti  and  later  under  Eos-  south  of  Valencia,  in  Spain.  Its  revenues  belonged 
slni  (Grove),  and  made  her  dftut  at  the  Communal  Thea-  to  Godoy,  later  to  Suchet  (Duke  of  Albufera),  and  after 
ter  in  Bologna  with  great  success,  appearing  immediately     him  to  the  Duke  of  Wellington. 

afterwMdatLaScalainMilan.    ShesanginalltheCon-  Albula  (al'bo-la).      A  pass   in  the   canton  of 
tmental  and  Encrlish  cities  and  m  America  until  1867.     prisons,  Switzerland,  afiout  25  miles  southeast 


tinental  and  English  cities  and  in  America  until  1867, 
when  her  husband.  Count  Fepoli,  a  Bolognese,  died.  In 
1872  she  reappeared  in  "II  Matrimonio  Segreto "  at  the 
Italiens.  In  1877  she  married  again  an  office^  of  the  (}arde 
S^publicaine,  M.  Zieger. 

Al  Borak  (al  bo'rak),  [Ar.,  'lightning.']  A 
legendary  animal,  white  in  color,  in  size  be- 
tween a  mule  and  an  ass,  with  two  wings,  and 
of  great  swiftness,  on  which  Mohammed  is  said 
to  have  made  a  nocturnal  journey  to  the  seventh 
heaven,  conducted  by  the  angel  Gabriel. 

Albornoz  (al-bor'noth),  Gil  Alvarez  Carillo 
de.  Bom  at  Cuenoa,  Spain,  about  1300 :  died 
at  Viterbo,  Italy,  Aug.  24,  1367.  A  Spanish 
prelate  (archbishop  of  Toledo)  and  soldier,  a 
supporter  of  the  papal  authority  in  Italy. 

Albovine  (al'bo-vin).  King  of  the  Lombards. 
A  tragedy  by  Davenant,  printed  in  1629.  The 
scene  and  the  names  of  characters  are  the  same 
as  in  his  later  poem  "  Gondibert." 

Albracca  (al-brak'ka).    InBoiardo's  "Orlando 


of  Coire,  connecting  the  valleys  of  the  Albula 
and  Hinter-Rhein  with  that  of  the  Inn.  Its 
height  is  7,595  feet. 

Albumazar  (al-bo-ma'zar).  Bom  at  Balkh, 
Turkestan,  805  (?):  died  at  Wasid,  central 
Asia,  885.  A  celebrated  Arabian  astronomer, 
author  of  numerous  works,  including  an  intro- 
duction to  astronomy,  a  "  Book  of  Conjunction," 
and  a  treatise  on  astrology.  Latin  translations  of 
the  first  two  appeared  at  Augsburg  in  1489,  and  again 
at  Venice,  the  former  in  1506  and  the  latter  in  1615.  The 
work  on  astrology  was  printed  at  Venice  under  the  title 
"Mores  Astrologise"  (date  unknown),  and  reprinted  at 
Augsburg  in  1588.  His  name  is  given  to  the  leading 
character,  a  knavish  astrologer,  in  a  university  play  (in 
English),  named  for  him,  by  John  Tomkis  (or  Tomkins), 
acted  by  the  gentlemen  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  be- 
fore King  James  I.:in  1614.  It  is  founded  on  "  L'Astrologo  " 
of  Gian  Battista  del  Porta,  1606.  Dryden  revived  it  in 
1748.  In  1734  a  comedy  called  "The  Astrologer"  (pro- 
duced in  1744)  was  founded  on  it  by  £alph, 


Innamorato,"  a  castle' of  Cathay  in  which  An-  AlbU9iueraue  (al-bo-kar'ke)     A  town  in  the 
gelioa  was  besieged  by  Agricane.  province  of  Badajoz,  Spam  24  miles  north  of 

Albrecht     See  Albert  Badajoz.    Population  (1897),  about  10,000. 

Albrecht"(al'bre6ht)."  Lived  about  1270.  A  Albuctueraue.  The  capital  of  Bernalillo 
German  poet,  author  of  the  later  "Titurel,"  a  County,  New  Mexico,  situated  on  the  Eio 
continuation  of  the  "  Titurel"  of  "Wolfram  von  prande  58  miles  southwest  of  Santa  F6 :  an 
Esohenbach:  generally,  but  probably  wrongly,    important  railroad  center.    It  consists  oi  two  set- 

„j   Aii,_„„ti  „„„  a  'i,o»*™i,„™™  tlements,  the  old  town  and  the  new  town.    The  latter 

named  Albrecht  von  Scharfenberg.  y,^  founded  in  ISSI.    The  old  town  dates  from  the  17th 

Albrecht.  Wllhelm  Eduard.    Bom  at  Elbmg,      century.    Population  (1900),  new  city,  6,238. 
Prussia,March  4,1800:  died  at  Leipsic,  May  22,  Albuquerque,   Affonso   de,   surnamed    "The 


1876.  A  German  jurist,  one  of  the  seven  Got- 
tingen  professors  removed  on  account  of  liber- 
alism in  1837. 

Albrechtsberger  (al-breehts-ber'ger),  Johann 
Georg.  Bom  at  Kloster-Neuburg,  near  Vien- 
na, Feb.  3, 1736 :  died  at  Vienna,  March  7, 1809. 
An  Austrian  musician,  distinguished  especially 
as  a  contrapuntist :  author  of  "Griindliche  An- 
weisung  zur  Komposition"  (1790),  etc. 

Albrechtsburg  (al'brechts-borQ).  An  extensive 
castle  at  Meissen,  Saxony,  founded  in  1471  by 
the  princes  Emst  and  Albert,  it  is  a  picturesque 
pile,  dominated  1^  towers  and  lofty  roofs,  and  by  the  open- 
work spire  of  its  Johannisk^pelle.    The  large  banqueting- 


Great"  anS  "The  Portuguese  Mars."  Born  at 
Alhandra,  near  Lisbon,  1452  (1453  ?) :  died  at 
sea  near  Goa,  India,  Dec.  16,  1515.  A  cele- 
brated Portuguese  navigator  and  conqueror, 
the  founder  of  the  Portuguese  empire  in  the 
East.  Appointed  viceroy  of  India,  he  landed  on  the 
coast  of  Malabar  in  1503,  conquered  Goa  and  afterward 
the  whole  of  Malabar,  Ceylon,  the  Sunda  Islands,  the 
peninsula  of  Malacca,  and  the  island  of  Ormuz.  King 
Emmanuel  appointed  a  personal  enemy  of  Albuquerque 
to  supersede  him.  On  his  return,  he  died  at  sea.  He 
was  an  extraordinary  man,  and  made  the  Portuguese  name 
profoundly  respected  in  the  East. 

Albuquerque,  Duarte  Coelho  de.    See  Coelho 
de  Atbuguerque,  Duarte. 


™^Ll'=*°Tl,»?«°fi™^,,TS'.SitntZ';,»?n„"^«^L°^^^^^      Albuquerque,  Francisco  Fernandez  de  la 

princes.  There  is  much  excellent  vaulting.   SincelS63the     n««Jr«    rlt.i-^  „4i      o„«  c ™.j««  .7.,  ?«  /-t„,«..« 

whole  has  been  restored  and  decorated  with  historical    Cueva,  Duke  of.     See  Fernandez:  dela  Cueva. 
frescos,    i'or  150  years  from  1710  the  famous  royal  porce-  AlbuquerqUC,    FraUClSCO    FemaudeZ    de    la 
lain  manufactory  was  conducted  here.  Cueva  Henriquez,  Duke  of.   See  Fernandez  de 

Albreda  (a.l-bra'da).  A  seaport  in  Senegambia,     la  Cueva  Henriquez. 

situated  on  the  Gambia  Eiver  20  miles  above  Albuquerque,  Jeronymo  de.  Born  about  1514: 
Bathurst.    Poptdation,  7,000  (?).  died  at  Olinda,  near  Pernambuco,  about  Feb. 

Albret  (al-bra'),  House  of.    A  Gascon  family    25, 1594.  A  Portuguese  soldier,  leader  in  various 

wars  against  the  Indians  in  Brazil,  whither  he 
went  in  1535.    in  1648  he  was  captured  by  the  Cahetes 
tribe,  but  gained  their  good  will  and  married  the  daughter 
of  a  chfef. 
d' Albret  (died  1466),  cardinal  bishop  of  Cahors';  Jean  AlbuqUCrqUO  MarauhaO,  JeronvmO  de.  Bom 

w»h''rt'4»Ji-n»''^r^fv'5i,''fi^.^fr,J^P  H?i?hrp?'^^i¥.^  at  Pernambuco,  1548:  died  at  Maranhao,  Feb. 

with  Catherine  of  Foix  in  1484 ;  Jeanne  u  Albret  (see  be-  -,-,   tn-,n       A-n-i.  u*  ^  t 

low);  and  C^sar-Ph^bus  d'Albret,  marshal  of  Trance  and  H;  1^1?,.     A  Brazilian  soldier,  son  of  Jeronymo 

the  last  descendant  of  the  house  in  the  male  line.  de  Albuquerque  and  an  Indian  mother.    He  con- 


whioh  arose  in  the  11th  century,  and  derived 
its  name  from  the  Ch&teau  d' Albret.  its  best- 
known  members  are  Oiarles  d'Albret,  count  of  Dreux, 
who  was  killed  in  the  battle  of  Agincourt  in  1415 ;  Louis 


Alcantara 

quered  Rio  Grande  do  Norte  from  the  Indians  1698-90  and 
Ceari  in  1613.  In  Nov.,  1615,  he  took  Maranhao  from  the 
iFrench,  and  was  made  captain-general  of  that  colony. 

Albuquerque,  Mathias  di.  Said  to  have  been 
bom  in  Brazil :  died  at  Lisbon,  June  9,  1647. 
A  Portuguese  general,  governor  of  Pernambuco 
in  1624,  and,  after  the  Dutch  had  taken  Bahia 
(May,  1624),  acting  governor-general  of  north- 
em  Brazil.  He  recovered  Bahia  in  1625.  After  vis- 
iting Madrid  he  returned  to  Pernambuco,  in  Oct.,  1629,  as 
governor,  and  in  Feb.,  1630,  abandoned  Olinda  and  Recife 
(Pernambuco)  to  the  Dutch.  In  Dec,  1635,  he  was  ordered 
back  to  Madrid,  whence  he  was  sent  to  Portugal  in  dis- 
grace. In  1640  Portugal  thi-ew  ofl'  the  Spanish  yoke,  and 
Albuquerque  took  a  principal  part  in  the  war  which  fol- 
lowed. His  decisive  victory  of  Montijo  or  Campo  Mayor 
(May,  1644)  won  for  him  the  titles  of  Count  of  Allegrete 
and  grandee  of  Portugal. 

Albuquerque,  Pedro  d'.  Bom  at  Pernambuco 
about  1575:  died  at  Pard,  Feb.  6,  1644.  A  son 
of  Jeronymo  de  Albuquerque  Maranhao,  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Maranhao  and  Pard,  in  16^. 

Albuquerque  Coelho,  Jorge  d'.  See  Coelho, 
Jorge  d? Albuquerque. 

Alby.    See  Albi. 

Alb3m.    See  Albion. 

Alcacer-do-Sal  (al-ka'ser-dg-sal').  A  trading 
town  in  the  province  of  Estremadura,  Portugal, 
situated  on  the  Sado  50  miles  southeast  of  Lis- 
bon :  the  Eoman  Salaeia.  It  has  been  the  scene 
of  various  battles,  particularly  between  Moors  and  Chris- 
tians.   Population,  about  2,000. 

Alcaeus  (al-se'us).  [Gr. 'A/lmiof.]  1.  A  famous 
poet  of  Mytilene  in  Lesbos  (about  611-580 
B.  0.),  by  some  regarded  as  the  first  in  rank  of 
the  lyric  poets  of  Greece.  He  supported  the  nobles 
in  their  struggles  with  the  tyrants  of  his  native  town, 
was  banished,  and  led  an  eventful  and  wandering  ilife. 
He  was  "the  perfect  picture  of  an  unprincipled,  violent, 
lawless  Greek  aristocrat,  who  sacrificed  all  and  everything 
to  the  demands  of  pleasure  and  power"  (Mahafy).  Frag- 
ments of  his  works  remain. 

2.  In  Greek  legend,  a  son  of  Perseus  and  An- 
dromeda.   He  was  an  ancestor  of  Hercules. 

Alcaforado  (al-ka-fo-ra'do),  Francisco,  A 
Portuguese  navigator  who  took  part  in  the  ex- 
pedition (of  which  he  wrote  an  account)  of  Joao 
Gonzales  Zarco  to  the  island  of  Madeira  in  1420. 

Alcald,  de  Chisbert  (al-ka-la'  da  ches-bart'). 
\_Alcald:  At.  'castle.']  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Castellon,  Spain,  situated  near  the  Mediter- 
ranean 65  miles  northeast  of  Valencia.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  5,751. 

Alcali  de  Guadaira  (al-ka-la'  da  gwa-THi'rft). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Seville,  Spain,  situ- 
ated near  the  Guadaira  7  miles  east  of  Seville. 
It  contains  a  Moorish  castle,  an  unusually  fine  example, 
older  than  1246,  when  the  town  was  taken  by  the  Clu*is- 
tians.    Population  (1887),  9,05.5. 

AlcalSi  de  Henares  (al-ka-la'  da  a-na'ras).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Madrid,  Spain,  near 
the  site  of  the  Eoman  Complutum,  situated  on 
the  Henares  17  miles  east  by  north  of  Madrid: 
the  birthplace  of  Cervantes,  it  was  formerly  famous 
for  its  university,  founded  by  Cardinal  Ximenes,  which 
was  removed  to  Madrid  in  1836.    Population  (1887),  13,543. 

Alcaic  de  los  Gazules  (al-ka-la'  da  los  ga-tho'- 
las).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Cadiz,  Spain, 
30  miles  east  of  Cadiz.  Population  (1887),  9,802. 

AlcalS.  la  Beal  (al-ka-la' la  ra-al').  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Jaen,  Spain,  27  miles  north- 
west of  Granada.    Population  (1887),  15,802. 

Alcald  y  Herrera,  Alonso  de.  A  Portuguese 
writer  of  Spanish  origin,  who  published  in  1641 
five  Spanish  tales  in  each  of  which  one  of  the 
five  vowels  is  omitted.    JXcknor. 

Alcamenes,  or  Alkamenes  (al-kam'e-nez). 
[Gr.  'Aluaij.tvrjQ.']  Bom  at  Lemnos,  of  Attic  de- 
scent, or  at  Athens :  flourished  alDout  448-404 
B.C.  A  Greek  sculptor,  according  to  Pausanias 
the  most  skilful  pupil  of  Phidias.  The  same  au- 
thor ascribes  to  him  the  centaur  conflict  on  the  western 
pediment  of  the  temple  of  Zeus  recently  recovered  at 
Olympia.  This  must  have  been  a  very  early  work  of  the 
master.  His  recorded  works  were  statues  of  gods  and 
heroes  mainly.  His  Aphrodite  "of  the  gardens"  was  one 
of  the  great  statues  of  antiquity.  His  statue  of  ivory  and 
gold  of  JSsculapius  may  be  represented  in  the  beautiful 
head  in  the  British  Museum,  found  at  Melos. 

Alcamo  (al'ka-mo).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Trapani,  Sicily,  24  miles  west-southwest  of  Pa- 
lermo. Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
Segesta.    Population,  about  37,000. 

Alcandre  (al-kon'dr).  A  character  in  Made- 
moiselle de  Seud^ry's  romance  "C161ie":  a 
flattering  portrait  of  Louis  XIV.,  then  only 
about  eighteen  years  of  age. 

Aleaniz  (al-kan-yeth').  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Teruel,  Spain,  on  the  Guadalope  64  miles 
southeast  of  Saragossa.  Populationi(1887),  7,781. 

Alcantara  (al-kan'ta-ra).  A  western  quarter, 
formerly  a  suburb,  of  Lisbon,  noted  for  the 
victory  gained  there  in  1580  by  the  Duke  of 
Alva  over  the  Portuguese. 


Alciintara 

Alcantara.  [Ar.,  '  the  bridge.']  A  small  town 
in  the  province  of  Csiceres,  Spain,  the  ancient 
Norba  Csesarea,  situated  on  the  Tagus  31  miles 
northwest  of  Caoeres.  The  famous  bridge  of  Trajan, 
over  the  Tagus,  built  In  105  A.  D.,  exists  to-day  practically 
as  the  Bomans  left  it.  It  is  built  without  cement,  and  is 
■one  of  the  most  imposing  of  masonry  bridges.  It  is  about 
670  feet  long,  and  210  feet  high  from  the  river-bed,  with 
six  arches.  The  two  central  arches  each  have  a  span  of 
110  feet.  A  plain  triumphal  arch  rises  over  the  middle 
pier.  Another  notable  structure  is  the  monastery  of  the 
Knights  of  Alcantara,  begun  in  1506,  and  now  in  ruins. 
The  florid  Pointed  church  is  divided  by  slender  piers  into 
lofty,  gracefully  vaulted  aisles.  The  cloisters  are  flue,  and 
the  buildings,  both  for  residence  and  for  defense,  of  great 
extent  and  massiveness.    Population,  about  4,000. 

Alcantara.  A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Ma- 
raniao,  Brazil,  in  lat.  2°  25'  S.,  long.  44°  25'  W. 

Alcantara,  Francisco  Martin.  Born  in  the 
province  of  Bstremadura,  probably  about  1480: 
killed  at  Lima,  Peru,  June  26,  1541.  A  Span- 
ish soldier,  half-brother  of  Francisco  Pizarro  on 
the  mother's  side.  He  left  Spain  with  Pizarro  in  1629, 
and  was  with  him  daring  part  of  the  conquest  of  Peru. 
He  received  a  large  inheritance  which  was  unjustly  taken 
from  the  younger  Almagro.  Alcantara  was  killed  with 
Pizarro. 

Alcantara,  Doctor  of.  An  operetta  by  Julius 
Eichberg  produced  in  Boston  in  1862,  "the 
most  successful  work  of  any  pretensions  with 
an  exclusively  American  reputation"  {Grove). 

Alcantara,  KaiightS  of.  A  religious  and  mili- 
tary order  in  Spain,  created  about  1156  by  the 
brothers  Don  Suarez  and  Don  Gomez  de  Bar- 
rientos  to  combat  the  Moors.  In  1177  it  was  con- 
firmed by  Pope  Alexander  III.  as  a  religious  order  of 
knighthood  under  Benedictine  rule.  It  took  its  name 
irom  the  fortified  town  of  Alcantara,  with  whose  defense 
it  was  intrusted  about  1213,  having  hitherto  been  known 
as  the  order  of  the  Knights  of  San  Julian  del  Pereyro.  In 
1494-95  the  grand  mastership  was  vested  in  the  crown, 
:and  in  1540  the  knights  received  permission  to  marry.  In 
1835  the  order  ceased  to  exist  as  a  spiritual  body,  though 
it  still  remains  in  Its  civil  capacity. 

Alcantara,  Pedro  de.  See  Pedro  I.  and  II.  of 
Brazil. 

Alcatraz  (al-ka-traz').  A  small  island  north 
of  San  Francisco,  the  seat  of  a  military  prison. 

Alcaildete  (al-kou-THa'ta).  A  townin  the  prov- 
ince of  Jaen,  Spain,  situated  on  a  tributary  of 
the  Guadalquivir  23  miles  southwest  of  Jaen. 
Population  (1887),  9,188. 

Alcdzar  (ai-ka'thar).     [Ar.  al  qaer,  the  castle.] 

1 .  The  palace  of  the  Moorish  kings  and  later 
of  Spanish  royalty  at  Seville.  A  large  part  is  of 
the  original  Alhambresque  architecture,  and  extremely 
1>eautiful,  though  restored  and  too  highly  colored.  Other 
portions  have  been  added  by  successive  Spanish  sover- 
■eigns,  from  Pedro  the  Cruel.  The  gardens  were  laid  out 
hy  the  emperor  Charles  V. 

2.  A  palace  in  Segovia,  Spain,  originally  Moor- 
ish, occupied  by  the  sovereigns  of  CastUe  from 
the  14th  century.  It  was  a  large  and  strong  medieval 
castle,  with  picturesque  towers  and  turrets,  and  con- 
tained rooms  of  much  historical  interest.  It  was  burned 
in  1862,  and  has  been  restored. 

Alcizar,  Battle  of.    See  Battle  of  Alcazar. 

Alcazar  de  San  Juan  (al-ka'thar  da  san  hwan). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Ciudad  Real,  Spain, 
a  railway  and  manufacturing  center.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  9,557. 

Alcazar-Quivir.    See  Kassr-el^KeMr. 

Alcazava  Sotomayor,  Simao  de.  Bom  about 
1490 :  died  on  the  east  coast  of  Patagonia  early 
in  1536.  A  Portuguese  explorer,  from  1522  in 
the  service  of  Spain  as  a  naval  officer,  in  1534 
lie  fitted  out,  at  his  own  expense,  two  vessels  and  240  men, 
with  the  object  of  reaching  Peru  by  the  Straits  of  Magel- 
lan. Leaving  SanLucar  Sept.  21,  he  touched  attheAbrol- 
hos  Islands,  Brazil,  and  arrived  at  the  Straits  in  Jan.,  1535 ; 
attempting  to  pass,  he  was  driven  back  by  a  storm,  and 
wintered  at  Puerto  de  los  Lobos  (probably  St.  Joseph's  or 
St.  Matthew's  Bay).  Thence  he  led  a  land  expedition 
which  crossed  the  country  to  the  Andes  and  was  the  first 
to  explore  the  Patagonian  plateau.  Alcazava  himself  was 
obliged  by  sickness  to  return  to  the  ship,  where  he  was 
shortly  after  murdered  in  a  mutiny.  Also  Alcazaba,  AU 
cazooa,  Alcafoba. 

Alcedo(al-tha'SH6),  Antonio  de.  Bom  at  Quito, 
1735:  date  of  death  not  recorded.  A  Spanish 
brigadier-general  (1792)  and  geographer,  son  of 
Don  Dionisio  de  Aleedo  y  Herrera,  best  known 
for  his  "Diccionario  geogrd,fico-hist6rico  de 
las  Indias  occidentales  6  America"  (Madrid, 
1786-89,  5  vols.).  There  is  an  English  translation  by 
Thomson,  London,  1812-15.  He  served  during  part  of  his 
life  in  America. 

Alcedo  y  Herrera  (al-tha'»H6  e  er-ra'ra),  Dio- 
nisio de.  Bom  at  Madrid,  1690:  died  there, 
1777.  A  Spanish  administrator.  From  1706  to 
1752  he  was  almost  constantly  in  Spanish  America  in  va- 
rious civil  capacities.  As  president  and  captain-general 
of  Quito  (1728-37)  he  received  the  French  commission 
sent  to  measure  an  arc  of  the  meridian.  From  1743  to 
1749  he  was  captain-general  of  Tierra  Firme  and  president 
of  Panama.  Hepublished  some  works  of  considerable  im- 
portance on  the  geography  and  history  of  South  America. 

Alceste.    See  Alcestis, 


32 

Alceste  (al-sesf).  The  principal  character  in 
Molifere's  comedy  "The  Misanthrope":  a  dis- 
agreeable but  upright  man  who  scorns  the 
civilities  of  life  and  the  shams  of  society. 
Wycherley  has  taken  him  as  the  model  of  his 
rude  and  brutal  Manly  in  "  The  Plain  Dealer." 

Alceste,  A  pseudonym  of  several  modern 
French  writers,  among  them  Alfred  Assolant, 
Hippolyte  de  Castille,  Louis  Belmontet,  and 
Edouard  Laboulaye. 

Alceste.  A  tragic  opera  by  Gluck,  first  pre- 
sented at  Vienna,  Dec.  16,  1767. 

Alcester  (S^l'stSr).  A  town  in  Warwickshire, 
England,  19  miles  south  of  Birmingham :  the 
site  of  an  ancient  Eoman  encampment.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  4,963. 

Alcester,  Baron,    See  Seymow,  Sir  Frederick. 

Alcestis  (al-ses'tis),  or  Alceste  (al-ses'te). 
[Gr.  "AAKnariQ,  or  'AlKkarri.']  In  Greek  legend, 
the  daughter  of  Pelias  and  wife  of  Admetus, 
king  of  Pherss  in  Thessaly.  when  her  husband  was 
stricken  with  a  mortal  sickness  she  sacrificed  her  life  for 
him,  in  accordance  with  the  promise  of  Apollo  that  by 
this  means  he  should  be  saved.  According  to  one  form 
of  the  legend  she  was  allowed  to  return  to  the  upper  world 
by  Persephone  :  according  to  another  she  was  rescued  by 
Hercules.    She  is  the  subject  of  a  play  by  Euripides. 

The  Alcestis  is  a  curious  and  almost  unique  example  of 
a  great  novelty  attempted  by  Euripides  —  a  novelty  which 
Shakspeare  has  sanctioned  by  his  genius— I  mean  the 
mixture  of  comic  and  vulgar  elements  with  real  tragic 
pathos,  by  way  of  contrast.  The  play  is  not  strictly  a 
tragedy,  but  a  melodrama,  with  a  happy  conclusion,  and 
was  noted  as  such  by  the  old  critics,  who  called  the  play 
rather  comic,  that  is  to  say,  like  the  new  comedies  in  this 
respect.  The  intention  of  the  poet  seems  to  have  been  to 
calm  the  minds  of  the  audience  agitated  by  great  sorrows, 
and  to  tone  them  by  an  afterpiece  of  a  higher  and  more 
refined  character  than  the  satyric  dramas,  which  were 
coarse  and  generally  obscene. 

";/,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  325. 


Alchemb  (al-kemb').  [Ar.]  A  rarely  used 
name  for  the  second-magnitude  star  a  Persei, 
usually  called  Mirfak,  and  sometimes  Algenib. 

Alchemist,  The.  A  comedy  by  Ben  Jonson 
acted  by  the  King's  Servants  in  1610 :  a  satire 
on  the  reigning  folly  of  the  time,  the  search 
for  the  philosopher's  stone.  It  observes  strictly 
the  unities  of  time  and  place,  and,  in  point  of  intellec- 
tual power,  is  regarded  as  the  first  of  Jonson's  plays. 
"The  Empiric,"  a  droll,  was  founded  on  it  in  1676,  and 
"The  Tobacconist,"  a  farce,  in  1771.  It  was  entered  in 
the  Stationers'  Kegister  in  1610,  but  was  not  published 
till  1612. 

Alchfrith  (alch'frith),  or  Alchfrid  (-frid). 
A  son  of  Oswiu,  king  of  the  Northumbrians, 
and  Eanflsed,  daughter  of  Eadwine.  He  was  cre- 
ated under-king  of  the  Deirans  by  his  father;  married 
Cyneburh,  daughter  of  Penda,  king  of  the  Mercians  ;  and 
joined  his  father  in  the  defeat  of  Penda,  666,  near  the 
river  Winwsed.  He  made  unsuccessful  war  against  his  fa- 
ther, and  probably  fied  to  Mercia. 

Alchiba,  or  Alkhiba  (al-ke-ba').  [Ar.,  'the 
tent,'  a  name  given  by  some  of  the  Arabians 
to  the  constellation  Corvus.]  The  seldom 
used  name  of  the  fourth-magnitude  star  a 
Corvi,  which,  however,  is  not  the  brightest  in 
the  constellation. 

Alchymist  (al-che-mesf),  Der.  An  opera  by 
Spohr,  composed  about  the  end  of  1829,  and 
first  performed  at  Cassel  July  28,  1830.  The 
libretto  by  Pfeiffer  is  based  on  a  story  by 
Washington  Irving. 

Alcibiades  (al-si-bi'a-dez).  [Gr.  'AXiapL&8rjQ.'] 
Born  at  Athens,  about  450  B.  c. :  killed  at  Me- 
lissa, Phrygia,  404  B.  0.  A  celebrated  Athenian 
poUtieian  and  general,  the  son  of  Cleinias  and 
Deinomache,  and  a  pupil  and  friend  of  Socrates. 
After  his  father's  death  at  the  battle  of  Coronea  he  was 
brought  up  in  the  house  of  Pericles,  who  was  his  kinsman. 
He  became  leader  of  the  radical  party  about  421 ;  com- 
manded the  Athenian.  League  420-418;  was  appointed  a 
commander  of  the  expedition  against  Sicily  iu  416 ;  and 
was  accused  of  profanation  in  Athens,  and  fled  to  Sparta, 
in  the  same  year,  becoming  an  open  enemy  of  Athens. 
In  412,  having  become  an  object  of  suspicion  at  Sparta  (his 
death  had  been  resolved  upon),  he  went  over  to  the  Per- 
sians. He  was  soon  recalled  by  the  Athenian  army,  and  com- 
manded the  Athenians  in  the  victory  over  the  Pelopon- 
nesians  and  Persians  at  Cyzicus  410,  and  in  other  success- 
ful battles.  His  failure  at  Andros  and  the  defeat  of  his 
general  at  Notion  in  407  caused  him  to  be  deposed  from 
his  command.  After  the  battle  of  .^gospotami  he  sought 
refuge  with  Phamabazus  in  Phrygia  where  he  was  treaoh- 
erously  put  to  death.  He  was  celebrated  for  his  great 
beauty  and  talents,  and  also  for  his  self-will  and  unbri- 
dled insolence  and  capriciousness. 

Alcibiades.  A  tragedy  by  Thomas  Otway  pro- 
duced in  1675. 

Alcibiades.  A  pseudonym  used  by  Alfred 
Tennyson  in  "Pim.eh." 

Alcida:  Greene's  Metamorphoses.  A  pam- 
phlet by  Robert  Greene,  licensed  in  1588,  prob- 
ably published  in  1589.  It  consists  of  stories 
exposing  the  evils  of  women'spride  and  vanity. 

Alcidamas  (al-sid'a-mas).    [G-r.  'A'kui&iiag.']    A 


Alcock 

Greek  rhetorician,  a  native  of  Elaaa  in  Asia 
Minor.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Gorgias,  and  between  432 
and  411  B.  c.  resided  at  Athens  where  he  gave  instruc- 
tion in  eloquence,  being  the  last  of  the  purely  sophistical 
school  of  rhetoricians.  Two  extant  declamations  are 
ascribed  to  him. 

Alcide  (al-sed'),  Baron  de  M  .  .  .  A  pseudo- 
nym used  1833-35  and  in  1864  by  Alfred  de 
Musset. 

Alcides  (al'si-dez) .  A  patronymic  of  Heracles, 
who  was  a  descendant  of  AIcsbus. 

Alcina  (al-ehe'na).  A  fairy,  the  embodiment 
of  carnal  delights,  in  Boiardo's  "Oriando  In- 
namorato"  and  Ariosto's  "Orlando  Furioso": 
the  sister  of  Logistilla  (reason)  and  Morgana 
(lasci  viousness  ) .  When  tired  of  her  lovers  she  changed 
them  into  trees,  beasts,  etc.,  and  was  finally,  by  means  of 
a  magic  ring,  displayed  in  her  real  senility  and  ugliness. 
Compare  Acrasiaj  Armida,  and  Circe. 

Alcinous  (al-sin'6-us).  [Gr.  a^/ct'voof.]  In 
Greek  legend,  a  king  of  the  Phceacians,  in  the 
island  of  Scheria,  mentioned  in  the  Odyssey. 
A  considerable  part  of  the  poem  (Books  VI.-XIII.)  is  de- 
voted to  the  events  of  Odysseus's  stay  in  his  dominions. 

Alciphron  (al'si-fron).  [Gr.  SiA/u'^pwv.]  Lived 
probably  in  the  last  part  of  the  2d  century  a.  d. 
A  Greek  epistolographer  whose  identity  is  un- 
certain, Alciphron  being,  perhaps,  an  assumed 
name.  The  letters  attributed  to  him  "are  about  100  in 
number,  and  are  divided  into  three  books.  They  repre- 
sent classes  of  the  older  Greek  community,  and  are  val- 
uable from  the  glimpses  which  they  give  of  social  life, 
the  materMs  being  mostly  derived  from  the  remains  of 
the  middle  and  new  comedy.  The  most  lively  are  those 
supposed  to  be  written  by  celebrated  hetcerse,  especially 
those  from  Glvcera  to  Menander.  The  style  is  a  careful 
imitation  of  the  best  Attic"  (K.  0.  Mutter,  Hist,  of  the 
Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.).    {Donaldson.) 

Alciphron.  A  character  in  Thomas  Moore's 
romance  "The  Epicurean,"  published  in  1827. 
Moore  also  wrote  a  poem  with  this  title,  pub- 
lished in  1839. 

Alciphron,  or  the  Minute  Philosopher.  A 
philosophical  dialogue  by  Bishop  Berkeley, 
written  to  expose  the  weakness  of  infidelity. 
It  was  composed  while  Berkeley  was  at  New- 
port, R.  I.,  and  was  published  in  1732. 

Alcira  (al-the'ra).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Valencia,  Spain,  on  an  island  of  the  Juoar  20 
miles  south  of  Valencia.  Population  (1887), 
18,448. 

Alcmaeon  (alk-me'on).  [Gr.  'ATiKjiaiav.^  In 
Greek  legend,  the  son  of  Amphiaraus  and 
Eriphyle  and  the  leader  of  the  Bpigoni  in  the 
expedition  against  Thebes.  In  accordance  with  the 
command  of  his  father,  given  when  he  joined  the  first 
expedition  against  Thebes,  and  the  advice  of  the  oracle, 
he  slew  his  mother,  and  was  driven  mad  and  pursued  by 
the  Furies  in  consequence.  Having,  under  false  pretenses, 
obtained  from  Phegeus  the  Arcadian  the  necklace  and 
robe  of  Harmonia  (see  Harmonia)  for  his  wife  Callirrhoe, 
he  was  waylaid  and  slain  by  Phegeus's  order. 

Alcmeeon.  A  Greek  natural  philosopher,  bom 
at  Crotona,  Italy,  in  the  6th  century  B.  c,  es- 
pecially noted  for  his  discoveries  in  anatomy. 

Alcmseonidse  (alk-me-on'i-de).  A  noble  family 
of  Athens,  a  branch  of  the  family  of  the  Neleidse 
which  came  from  Pylos  in  Messenia  to  Athens 
about  1100  B.  0.  Among  the  more  notable  members 
of  the  family  are  Alcmseon,  an  Athenian  general  in  the 
Cirrhsean  war ;  Megacles,  a  son  of  Alcmaeon,  and  a  rival 
of  Pisistratus ;  Clistheues,  the  legislator,  son  of  Megacles; 
Pericles,  the  celebrated  Athenian  statesman,  great-grand- 
son of  Megacles ;  and  the  scarcely  less  famous  Alcibiades, 
cousin  of  Pericles.  The  family  was  banished  for  sacri- 
lege about  696  B.  0.,  on  account  of  the  action  of  the  Alc- 
mieonid  archon  Megacles  who  612  B.  c.  put  to  death  the 
participants  in  the  insurrection  of  Cylon  while  they  clung 
for  protection  to  the  altars.  They  returned  through  an 
alliance  with  Lycurgus,  carried  on  with  varying  fortunes 
a  struggle  with  Pisistratus  and  the  Fisistratidse,  and  were 
finally  restored  in  610  B.  0. 

Alcman,  or  Alkman  (alk'man),  or  Alcmseon. 
[Gr.  'A?Mudv,  or  'A^k/mIuv.']  The  greatest  lyric 
poet  of  Sparta.  He  flourished  about  the  middle  of  the 
7th  century  B.  c,  and  was  probably  brought  to  Greece  as 
a  slave,  in  youth,  from  Sardis.  "His  six  books  contained 
all  kinds  of  melos,  hymns,  pseans,  prosodia,  parthenifL  and 
erotic  songs.  His  metres  are  easy  and  various,  and  not 
like  the  complicated  systems  of  later  lyrists.  On  the 
other  hand,  his  proverbial  wjsdom,  and  the  form  of  his 
personal  allusions,  sometimes  remind  one  of  Pindar.  But 
the  general  character  of  the  poet  is  that  of  an  easy, 
simple,  pleasure-loving  man.  He  boasts  to  have  imitated 
the  song  of  birds  (fr.  17, 67)— in  other  words,  to  have  been 
a  self-taught  and  original  poet."  iMahafy,  Hist  Greek 
Lit.,  1. 170.)    Fragments  of  his  writings  are  extant. 

Alcmene  (alk-me'ne),  or  Alkmene.  [Gr.  ^aIk- 
/i^vr/.']  In  Greek  mythology,  the  wife  of  Am- 
phitryon and  mother,  by  Zeus,  of  Heracles. 

Alcobaga  (al-ko-ba'sa).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Estremadura,  Portugal,  50  miles 
north  of  Lisbon,  it  contains  a  Cistercian  monastery, 
founded  in  1148,  and  believed  to  have  been  the  largest  of 
the  order.    The  buildings  now  serve  as  barracks. 

Alcock,  or  Alcocke  (ai'kok),  John.  Bom  at 
Beverley,  Yorkshire,  England,  1430:  died  at 
Wisbeach,  England,  Oct.  1,  1500.    An  English 


Alcock 


33 


prelate  and  scholar,  successively  bishop  of  Ko-  Aldabra  Island  (al-da'bra).  A  small  island 
Chester,  Worcester,  and  Ely,  and  founder  of  intheIndianOoean,belongingtoGreatBritain, 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  1496.  in  lat.  9°  23'  S.,  long.  46°  15'  E. 

Alcofribas  Kasier  (al-ko-fre-ba'na-sya').  An  Aldan  (al-dan').  A  river  in  the  government  of 
anagranunatic  pseudonym  of  Francois  Kabelais,  Yakutsk,  Siberia,  which  rises  near  the  Yablo- 
once  or  twice  abortened  to  the  first  word  only,    noi  Mountains,  and  joins  the  Lena  about  lat. 

Alcolea  (al-ko-la'a).  A  locality  in  the  province  63°  N.,  long.  130°  E.  Its  length  is  about  1,300 
of  Cordova,  Spain,  on  the  Guadalquivir  8  miles    miles. 

northeast  of  Cordova,  where,  Sept.  28, 1868,  the  Aldan  Mountains.  A  spur  of  the  Stanovoi 
Spanish  revolutionists,  under  Serrano,  defeated    Mountains,  in  eastern  Siberia,  near  the  river 


the  royalists.  The  battle  resulted  in  the  over- 
throw of  Queen  Isabella. 

Alcor  (al'k&r).  [At.,  but  uncertain;  said  to  sig- 
nify '  the  rider.']  A  small  fifth-magnitude  star 
very  near  to  Mizar  (f  Ursse  Majoris).  It  is  easily 
seeii  with  the  naked  eye  if  the  eye  is  normal,  but  not 
otherwise :  hence  sometimes  used  as  a  test  of  vision.  It 
is  called  Aliore  in  the  Latin  version  of  the  "  Almagest." 

Alcoran.     See  Koran. 

Alcorn  (al'kdm),  James  Lusk,  Born  Nov.  4, 
1816:  died  Dec.  20,  1894.    An  American  poli- 


Aldan, 

Aldana  (al-da'n9,),  Lorenzo  de.  Bom  in  Es- 
tremadura  about  1500:  died  at  Arequipa,  Peru, 
probably  in  1556.  A  Spanish  soldier  who  served 
with  Alvarado  in  Guatemala  and  Peru,  and  in 
1536  went  with  Juan  de  Rada  to  reinforce  Al- 
magro  in  Chile,  in  1664  he  was  with  Alonzo  de  Alva- 
rado in  the  campaign  against  Giron,  and  shared  in  the 
defeat  at  the  Abancay  (May  21, 1664).  Authorities  are  not 
in  accord  as  to  the  date  of  his  death,  Calancha  placing  it 
in  1671. 


tician,  founder  of  tie  levee  system  of  the  State  Aldborough  (&ld'bur"6,  locally  a'bro).  A  small 
of  Mississippi,  Eepublican  governor  of  Missis-  town  in  Yorkshire,  England,  the  ancient  Isu- 
sippi  1870-71, United  States  senator  1871-77,  and  rium,  16  miles  northwest  of  York,  noted  for  its 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  governor  in  1873.  Roman  antiquities  (the  pavements,  founda- 
Alcott  (41'kqt),  Amos  Bronson.  Bom  at  Wol-  tions,  etc.,  of  the  ancient  city), 
oott.  Conn.,  Jjov.  29, 1799 :  died  at  Boston,  March  Aldborongh,  or  Aldeburgh.  A  watering-place 
4,1888.  AjiAmericanphilosophical  writer  and  in  Suffolk,  England,  21  miles  northeast  of 
educator,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  school  of  Ipswich.  Population  (1891),  7,467. 
transcendentalists  in  New  England.  Hewassonof  Aldea  Gallega  do  Ribatejo  (al-da'a  gal-la'ga 
.Toseph  Chatfleld  Alcox,  a  small  farmer  and  mechanic,  and  do  re-ba-ta'zho).  A  town  in  the  district  of 
Anna  Bronson :  the  famUy  name  was  originally  spelled  Lisbon,  Portugal,  near  the  Tagus  8  miles  east 
Alcocke,     His  youth  was  spent  m  peddlmg  books  and       -.  -r  j„-u'  ® 

other  wares,  interrupted  by  school-teaching,  chiefly  in  Vir-     oi  uisoon.  ,     ,  ,  ,  , 

ginia  and  North  and  South  Carolina.    He  returned  to  New  AldObaran  (al-de-ba-ran'  or  al-deb  a-ran), 


[Ar.  al-dabardn,  the  follower  or  the  hindmost, 
because  in  rising  it  follows  the  Pleiades.] 
The  standard  first-magnitude  red  star  a  Tauri. 
It  is  in  the  eye  of  the  animal,  and  is  the  most  conspicuous 
member  of  the  group  known  as  the  Hyades.  Also  often 
called  Palilicium  (which  see). 


England  in  1823,  and  soon  after  opened  an  infant-school 
in  Boston  where  he  later  (1834-37)  conducted  a  well-known 
school  in  which  the  instruction  was  based  upon  the  prin- 
ciples of  self-analysis  and  self-education,  the  efforts  of  the 
teacher  being  directed  to  the  development  of  the  indi- 
viduality of  the  pupil.  He  retired  to  Concord  1840,  where 
he  was  intimately  associated  with  Emerson,  Hawthorne, 
Thoreau,  and  Channing,  and  became  dean  of  the  Concord  AldegOndO.     See  Sainte-Aldeaonde, 

i^^SSs^'cSS^-to^lfe  'i?i)fai^"fJ?4or"Ta^??iS  Aldegrever  (al'de-^a-fer)  or  Aldegraf  (al'de- 
(1868)7  "Concord  Days  ■'(1872X  "Table-Talk"  (1877),  "Son-  gjaf ),  Heinridl.  Born  at  Paderbom,  Prussia, 
nets  and  Canzonets"  (1882).  1502 :  died  at  Soest,  Prussia,  1562.    A  German 

Alcott,  Louisa  May.    Born  at  Germantown,    engraver  and  painter. 

Pa.,Nov.  29, 1832:  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  March  Alden  (3,1 'den),  James.  Bom  at  Portland, 
6,  1888.     An  American  author,  daughter  of  A.    Maine,  Marcli  31, 1810:  died  at  San  Francisco, 


B.  Alcott.  She  was  a  teacher  in  early  life  and  an  army 
nurse  in  the  Civil  War,  Among  her  works  ai-e  "Little 
Women"  (1868),  "Old-Fashioned  Girl"  (1869),  "Little 
Men"  (1871),  "Aunt  Jo's  Scrap-Bag"  (1872-82),  "Hose  in 
Bloom,"  etc. 
Alcoy  (al-koi').  A  city  in  the  province  of  Ali- 
cante, Spain,  lat.  38°  42'  N.,  long.  0°  27'  W. 


Cal.,  Feb.  6,  1877.  An  American  naval  officer, 
appointed  captain  Jan.  2, 1863,  commodore  July 
25, 1866,  and  rear-admiral  June  19, 1871,  and  re- 
tired March  31, 1872.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  war, 
and  commanded  the  Kichmond  in  the  New  Orleans  cam- 
paign of  1862,  and  the  Brooklyn  in  Mobile  Bay,  1864, 
and  in  the  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher. 


an  important   manufacturing   center  (paper,  ^j^        j  j^        Bom  in  England,  1599:  died  at 
etc.).     It  was.  the  aceneofabloody  insurrection  of  the    Duxbiry,  Mass.,  Sept.,  1686.     nio  .<=  fho  "Pn_ 


Internationale  in  July,  1873.    Population  (1887),  30,373. 

Alcudia  (al-ko'sne-a).  A  seaport  on  the  north- 
ern coast  of  Majorca,  Balearic  Islands,  for- 
merly the  chief  fortress  of  the  island.  Popula- 
tion, about  2,000. 

Alcudia,  Duke  of.    See  Godoy,  Manuel  de. 

Alcuin  (al'kwin),  AS.  Ealhwine  (ealch'wi-ne). 
Born  at  York,  England,  735:  died  at  Tours, 
May  19,  804.    An  English  prelate  and  scholar. 


One  of  the  "  Pil- 
grim Fathers,"  a  cooper  of  Southampton,  who 
was  engaged  in  repairing  the  Mayflower  and 
became  one  of  the  party  which  sailed  in  her. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  to  step  on  Plymouth  Bock, 
though  this  honor  is  also  assigned  to  Mary  Chilton.  He 
settled  at  Duxbury  and  in  1621  married  Priscilla  Mullens. 
The  incidents  of  their  courtship  form  the  theme  of  Long- 
fellow's "Courtship  of  Miles  Standish."  He  was  a  magis- 
trate in  the  colony  for  more  than  50  years,  and  outlived 
all  the  other  signers  of  the  Mayflower  compact. 


abbot  of  Tours:  also  known  as  .ilbinus,Flaccus,    .u.      t v     -d  //^  ■       -vr  ir'   t       < 

and  Albinus  Flaccus.    He  was  educat^  at  York,  A14§°.  J«>?epll-„  Born  at  Cairo,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  4, 
and  settled  on  the  Continent  in  782,  on  the  invitation 


and  under  the  protection  of  Charlemagne.  He  was  mas- 
ter of  the  school  of  the  palace  and  served  as  general  su- 
perintendent of  Charlemagne's  schemes  of  ecclesiastical 
and  educational  reform.  At  the  council  of  Frankfort  in 
794  he  led  the  opposition  to  adoptionism,  which  the  coun- 
cil condemned ;  and  at  the  synod  of  Aachen  (Aix-la- 
Cbapelle)  in  799  he  persuaded  Felix,  the  leader  of  the 
adopUonists,  to  recant  (his  second  recantation).    Alcuin 


1807:  died  at  New  York,  Aug.  30,  1885.  An 
American  educator.  He  was  professor  of  Latin  (later 
of  rhetoric  and  political  economy)  in  Williams  College 
1835-53,  professor  of  mental  and  moral  philosophy  at  La- 
fayette College  1863-67,  president  of  Jefferson  College, 
Cannonsburg,  Pennsylvania,  1867-62,  and  principal  of  the 
Albany,  New  York,  Normal  School  1867-72.  He  was  also 
for  a  time  editor  of  "The  New  York  Observer,"  and  was  a 
proliflo  writer,  chiefly  of  juvenile  literature. 


jTote  on  a  great  variety  of  subjects,  including  theology.  Aldeuhoven  (al'den-ho-fen).      A  town  in  the 


history,  grammar,  rhetoric,  orthography,  dialectics,  etc. 
About  802  he  revised  the  Vulgate.  He  was  also  a  poet. 
Alcyone  (al-si'o-ne).  [Gr.  'A?mv6v7i.']  1.  In 
classical  mythology:  (a)  The  daughter  of  .^olus 
and  wife  of  Cejrx.  After  the  loss  of  her  husband 
she  cast  herself  into  the  sea  and  was  changed 


Ehine  Province,  Prussia,  12  miles  northeast  of 
Aix-la-Chapelle.  Here,  March  1, 1793,  the  Austrians 
under  the  Prince  of  Cobutg  and  Archduke  Charles  de- 
feated the  French,  and  Oct.  2, 1794,  the  French  (about 
85,000)  under  Jourdan  defeated  the  Austrians  (about  70,000) 
under  Clairfay t.   Population,  about  2,000. 


into  a  kingfisher.    (6)  A  Pleiad,  daughter  of  Alderamin  (al-der-am'in).     [Ar.  al-dord'  lya- 
Atlas  and  Pleione. — 2.    A  greenish  star  of    min,  the  right  arm.]    The  usual  name  of  the 
magnitude  3.0,  the  brightest  of  the  Pleiades.        2}^-magnitude  star  a  Cephei. 
Alcyonius  (al-si-6'ni-us),  or  Alcionius,  Pe-  Alderney  (41'd6r-ni),  F.  Aurigny  (o-ren-ye'). 
trus.    Born  at  Venice,  1487:  died  at  Rome,     One  of  the  Channel  Islands,  the  ancient  Au- 


1527.  An  Italian  scholar,  corrector  of  the  press 
of  Aldus  Manutius,  and  professor  of  Greek  at 
Florence:  author  of  "Mediois  legatus,  sive  de 
Exilio"  (1522),  etc. 
Aldabella  (al-da-bel'la).  .1.  The  wife  of  Or- 
lando in  Ariosto's  poems,  the  sister  of  Oliviero 
and  Brandimarte  and  dauerhter  of  Monodantes 


rinia  or  Riduna,  situated  northeast  of  Guern- 
sey, and  7  miles  west  of  Cape  La  Hague,  in  lat. 
49°  43'  N.,  long.  2°  12'  W.  (Braye  Harbor) : 
length,  3i^  nules ;  area,  4  square  miles :  noted 
for  its  breed  of  cattle,  it  contains  the  town  of  St. 
Anne.  The  government  is  vested  in  a  judge,  6  jurats,  and 
12  representatives.    Population  (1891),  1,843. 


intheoldFrenchandSpanish'poemBcalledJilrfa  Alderney,  Race  of,  F.  Ras  d'Aurigny.  A 
and  Auda. — 2.  A  character  in  Milman's  play  ohaimel  between  Alderney  and  the  French 
"Fazio" :  a  handsome  shameless  woman  who  coast,  dangerous  from  its  currents, 
beguiles  Fazio  when  he  becomes  rich,  and  after  Aldersgate  (&l'ders-gat).  A  gate  in  old  Lon- 
his  execution  is  condemned  to  imprisonment  in  don  wall  which  stood  in  the  reentering  angle 
a  nunnery  for  life  through  the  interposition  of  of  the  old  city  between  Newgate  and  Cripple- 
Bianca,  the  wife  of  Fazio.  gate  and  at  the  junction  of  Aldersgate  street 


Aldred 

and  St.  Martin's  lane.  It  is  called  Ealdred's 
gate  (Ealdredesgate)  in  the  (Latin)  laws  of 
Ethelred. 

Aidershot  (al'd^r-shot).  A  town  on  the  border 
of  Surrey  and  Hampshire,  England,  34  miles 
southwest  of  London,  noted  for  its  military 
camp  (established  1855).  Population  (1891), 
25  595 

Aldfrith  (ald'frith),  Ealdfrith  (eald'frith),  or 
Eahfrith  (eah'frith).  Died  705.  King  of  the 
Northumbrians,  an  illegitimate  son  of  Oswiu, 
and  brother  of  Ecgfrith,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  685. 

Aldgate  (aid'gat).  [Oiigmallj  Alegate :  mean- 
ing probably  '  a  gate  open  to  all,'  or  'free  gate.'] 
The  eastern  gate  of  old  London  wall,  situated 
near  the  junction  of  Leadenhall  street.  Hounds- 
ditch,  Whitehall,  and  the  Minories.  It  must  have 
been  one  of  the  7  double  gates  mentioned  by  Fitz  Stephens 
(who  died  1191),  not  one  of  the  Eoman  gates.  The  great 
road  to  Essex  by  which  provisions  were  brought  to  the 
Roman  city  crossed  the  Lea  at  Old-ford  and  entered  the 
city  with  the  Eormine  (Ermine)  street,  not  at  Aldgate  but 
at  Bishopsgate.  Aldgate  may  have  been  opened  in  the 
reign  of  King  Eadgar,  or  that  of  Edward  the  Confessor, 
but  probably  dates  from  the  flrst  years  of  Henry  I.,  at 
which  time  Bow  Bridge  across  the  Lea  at  Stratford  is 
supposed  to  have  been  built  by  his  queen  Matilda. 

AJdkelm  (ald'helm).  Saint.  Born  640  (?) :  died 
at  Doulting,  near  Wells,  England,  May,  709. 
An  English  scholar  and  prelate,  made  bishop  of 
Sherborne  in  705.  His  best-known  works  are  "De 
laude  virginitatis,"  in  prose,  and  a  poem  "De  laudibua 
virginum." 

Aldiborontephqscophornio  (al"di-bo-ron"te- 
fos'^ko-fdr'ni-o).  A  character  in  Henry 
Carey's  burlesque  "  Chrononhotonthologos."  It 
was  given  as  a  nickname  to  James  Ballantyne  the  printer, 
on  account  of  the  solemn  pomposity  of  his  manner,  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott.    See  Jftigduin/unnidos. 

Aldiger  (al'di-ger).  In  Ariosto's  "Orlando 
Furioso,"  a  Christian  knight  and  the  brother 
of  the  enchanter  Malagigi. 

Aldine  (al'din)  Press.  The  press  established  at 
Venice  by  Aldus  Manutius.    See  Manutius. 

Aldingar  (al'ding-gar).  Sir.  A  ballad  concern- 
ing a  false  steward  who  sought  to  take  away 
the  honor  of  his  queen.  In  the  ballad  with  this  title 
from  the  Percy  MS.  the  queen's  name  is  Elinore,  the  wife 
of  Henry  II.,  but  the  story  occurs  repeatedly  in  connec- 
tion with  historical  personages  of  nearly  all  the  European 
nations. 

Our  conclusion  would  therefore  be,  with  Grundtvig, 
that  the  ballads  of  Sir  Aldingar,  Kavengaard,  and  Mem- 
ering,  and  the  rest,  are  of  common  derivation  with  the 
legends  of  St.  Cunigund,  Gundeberg,  &c. ,  and  that  all  these 
are  offshoots  of  a  story  which,  "beginning  far  back  in  the 
infancy  of  the  Gothic  race  and  their  poetry,  is  continually 
turning  up,  now  here  and  now  there,  without  having  a 
proper  home  in  any  definite  time  or  assignable  place." 

Child,  Eng.  and  Scottish  Ballads,  III.  241. 

Aldingar.  The  prior  of  St.  Cuthbert's  Abbey 
in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  poem  "Harold  the 
Dauntless." 

Aldini  (al-de'ne).  Count  Antonio.  Bom  at 
Bologna,  Italy,  1756 :  died  at  Pavia,  Italy,  Oct. 
5, 1826.  An  Italian  statesman,  minister  of  the 
Italian  republic  and  kingdom  under  the  Na- 
poleonic regime. 

Aldini,  Giovanni.  Bom  at  Bologna,  Italy, 
April  10, 1762:  died  at  Milan,  Jan.  17, 1834.  An 
Italian  physicist,  professor  of  physics  at  Bo- 
logna, brother  of  Antonio  Aldini  and  nephew 
of  Galvani. 

Aldo  Manuzio.    See  Manutius. 

Aldo  (al'do),  Father.  'In  Dryden's  play  "Lim- 
berham,  or  the  Kind  Keeper,"  an  abandoned 
but  kind-hearted  old  debauchee. 

Aldobrandini  (al-do-bran-de'ne).  A  celebrated 
Florentine  family,  originally  from  the  village  of 
Lasciano,  near  Pistoja,  established  in  Florence 
since  the  12th  century.  Among  its  more  important 
members  are  Giovanni  A.  (1525 :  died  at  Kome,  1673),  an 
Italian  cardinal,  sonof  Silvestro  A.;  Giovanni  Francesco  A. 
(1646-1601),  a  papal  general,nephew  of  Pope  Clement  VIII. ; 
Pietro  A.  (1571-1621),  an  Italian  cardinal,  grandson  of  Sil- 
vestro A. ;  Silvestro  A.  (born  at  Florence,  Nov.  23, 1499 :  died 
at  Rome,  Jan.  6,  1558),  an  Italian  jurist;  and  Tommaso 
A.  (15407-72),  an  Italian  man  of  letters,  son  of  Silvestro 
A.,  author  of  a  Latin  translation  of  Diogenes  Laertius. 

Aldobrandini,  Ippolito.  See  Clement  Vlll., 
Pope. 

Aldred  (al'dred),  or  Ealdred  (e-al'dred),  or  Ai- 
red (al'red).  Died  at  York,  England,  Sept. 
11, 1069.  An  English  ecclesiastic,  made  bishop 
of  Worcester  in  1044  and  archbishop  of  York 
in  1060.  About  1050  be  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  Rome 
by  Edward  the  Confessor,  and  in  1064  to  the  court  of  the 
emperor  Henry  III.  to  negotiate  for  the  return  of 
jidward  the  ^theling  from  Hungary.  He  was  the  first 
English  bishop  to  make  the  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem  (1058). 
According  to  one  account  (Florence  of  Worcester)  he 
crowned  Harold  in  1066,  but  the  ceremony  was  probably 
performed  by  Stigand,  He  submitted  to  William  I.,  whom 
he  crowned  1066  and  over  whom  he  is  said  to  have  exer- 
cised considerable  influence. 


Aldrich,  Henry 

Aldrich  (ftl'drieh  or  ai'drij),  Henry.  Bom  at 
Westminster,  England,  1647:  died  at  Oxford, 
England,  Dee.  14,  1710.  An  English  divine, 
writer,  musioian,  and  architect,  dean  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  from  1689:  author  of  a  logical 
compendivim  (1691)  which  long  remained  a  pop- 
ular text-took  (ed.  by  Mansel). 

Aldrich,  Nelson  Wilmarth.  Bom  at  Poster, 
R.I.jNov.  6,1841.  An Americanpolitician,mem- 
ber  of  Congress  fromEhode  Island  1879-81,  and 
Republican  senator  from  Ehode  Island  1881-. 

Aldrich,  Thomas  Bailey.  Bom  at  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H.,  Nov.  11,  1836.  An  American 
poet,  novelist,  and  jouriialist,  editor  of  "Every 
Saturday"  (Boston,  1870-74),  and  of  the  "At- 
lantic Monthly  "  1881-90.  Hisworka  include  "Bells" 
(18S51,  "Ballad  of  Babie  Bell"  (18S6),  "Pampinea,  and 
other  Poems"  (1861),  "Poems"  (1863,  1865),  "Cloth  of 
Gold,  and  other  Poems  "  (1874),  "Flower  and  Thorn  "  (1876X 
"Story  of  a  Bad  Boy"  (1870),  "Marjorie  Daw,  and  other 
People"  (1873),  "Prudence  Palfrey"  (1874),  "Flower  and 
Thorn:  Later  Poems  "  (18Y6),  "The  Queen  of  Sheba"  (1877), 
"ftivermouth  Romance"  (1877),  "The  Stillwater  Tragedy" 
(1880),  "From  Ponkapog  to  Pesth"  (1883),  "Mercedes,  and 
Later  Lyrics"  (1883),  "Wyndham  Towers"  (1889),  "The 
Sisters'  Tragedy,  and  other  Poems  "  (1891). 

Aldridge  (al'drij),  Ira.  Said  to  have  been  bom 
at  Bellair,  near  Baltimore,  about  1810 :  died  at 
Lodz,  Poland,  Aug.  7, 1866.  A  negro  tragedian, 
sumamed  the  "African  Roseius,"  in  early  life 
valet  of  Edmund  Kean.  Among  his  chief  parts 
was  Othello. 

Aldringer  (alt'ring-er),  or  Aldringen  (alf- 
ring-en),  or  Altringer  (alt'rin^-er),  Count 
Jonann.  Bom  at  Thionville  (Diedenhofen), 
Lorraine,  Dee.  10,  1588:  killed  at  Landshut, 
Bavaria,  July,  1634.  An  Imperialist  general  in 
the  Thirty  Tears'  War.  He  succeeded  Tilly  as  com- 
mander of  the  army  of  the  Leaftue  in  1632,  and  distin- 
guished himself  under  Wallenstein  at  Nuremberg. 

Aldrovaud  (al'dro-vand).  Father.  A  Domini- 
can, the  warlike  chaplain  of  Lady  Eveline  Be- 
renger  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  "  The  Be- 
trothed." 

Aldrovandi  (al-dro-van'de),  L.  Aldrovandus 
(al-dro-van'dus),  Ulisse.  Born  at  Bologna, 
Italy,  'Sept.  11, 1522 :  died  at  Bologna,  May  10, 
1605.  Acelebratedltaliannaturalist,  appointed 
professor  of  natural  history  at  Bologna  in  1560. 
At  his  instance  the  senate  of  Bologna  established  in  1568 
a  botanical  garden,  of  which  he  was  appointed  director. 
He  also  served  as  inspector  of  drugs,  in  which  capacity  he 
published  " Antidotarii  Bononiensis  Epitome  "  (1574).  His 
chief  work  is  a  "Natural  History"  in  13  volumes,  espe- 
cially notable  on  account  of  the  profusion  and  excellence 
of  its  illustrations.  The  last  7  volumes  were  published 
after  his  death. 

Aldstone  (ald'stun),  or  Aldstone  Moor,  or 
Alston  Moor.  A  town  in  Cumberland,  Eng- 
land, 20  miles  southeast  of  Carlisle.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  3,884.     ■ 

Aldus  Manutius.    See  Manutius. 

Aleandro  (al-a-an'dro),  Girolamo,  L.  Alean- 
der,  Hieronymus.  Bom  at  Motta,  near  Ven- 
ice, Feb.  13,  1480 :  died  at  Eome,  Jan.  31, 1542. 
An  Italian  ecclesiastic  (cardinal)  and  scholar, 
author  of  a  "Lexicon  grseco-latinum"  (1512), 
etc.  He  was  several  times  papal  legate  or  nuncio  to 
Germany,  and  was  an  ardent  opponent  of  the  Reforma- 
tion. •  _ 

Aleardi  (a-la-ar'de),  Aleardo  (originally  G-ae- 
tano).  Born  at  Verona,  Italy,  Nov.  4,  1812: 
died  there,  July  17,  1878.  An  Italian  poet  and 
patriot,  an  active  partizan  of  the  insurrection 
in  Venetia  1848-49,  imprisoned  by  the  Austri- 
ans  in  1852  and  1859.  Best  edition  of  Ms 
poems,  Florence,  1862  (5th  ed.  1878). 

Alecsandri  (al-ek-san'dre),  or  Alexandri, 
Basil,  or  Vassili.  Born  in  Moldavia,  July, 
1821:  died  at  Mircesti,  Moldavia,  Sept.  4, 1890. 
A  Eumanian  poet,  politician,  and  journalist, 
active  in  politics  after  1848,  and  for  a  short 
time  (1859)  foreign  minister:  author  of  lyric 
and  dramatic  poems  in  Eumanian,  and  of 
translations  of  Rumanian  songs  into  French. 

Alecto  (a-lek'to).  [Gr.  ^A^KTa,  she  who  rests 
not.]  In  Greek  mythology,  one  of  the  three 
Erinyes.    See  Erinyes. 

Aleksin,  or  Alexin  (a-lek'sen).  A  town  in 
the  government  of  Tula,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Oka  85  miles  south  by  west  of  Moscow. 
Population,  5,713. 

Aleman  (a-la-man'),  Mateo.  Bom  near  Se- 
ville in  the  middle  of  the  16th  century:  died  in 
Mexico  about  1610  (?).  A  Spanish  novelist,  for 
many  years  controller  of  the  finances  to  Philip 
II. :  author  of  the  famous  "La  vida  y  heehos 
del  piearo  Guzman  de  Alfarache"  (1599),  etc. 
See  Guzman  de  Alfarache. 

Alemanni,  Alemannic.  See  Alamawni,  Ala- 
mannic. 


34 

Alemanni,  Lxiigi,    See  'Alamanni,  l/aigi, 

Alemannia,    See  Alamannia. 

Alembert  (a-lon-bar'),  JeanBaptiste  le  Bond 
d'.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  16, 1717 :  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  29,  1783.  A  noted  French  mathematician, 
philosopher,  and  author.  He  was  an  editor  of  the 
"EncyclopSdie,"  forwhichhe  wrote  the  introduction,  the 
mathematical  articles,  and  part  of  the  biographies.  In 
1772  he  became  perpetual  secretary  of  the  French  Acad- 
emy, and  in  that  capacity  was  the  spokesman  of  the  parti 
dee  philomphes  of  which  Voltaire  was  the  head.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are  "Trait6  de  dynamique"  (1748),  "Traltd 
de  I'^quilibre  et  du  mouvement  des  fluides"  (1744),  "Ee- 
cherches  sur  la  precession  des  Equinoxes  et  sur  la  nuta- 
tion de  I'axe  de  la  terre  "  (1749),"  Reoherches  sur  dift^rents 
points  importants  du  systime  du  monde"  (1754),  "Me- 
langes de  philoeophie  et  de  litt^rature,"  "Elements  de 
philosophic,"  "Opuscules  math^matiques"  (1761-80),  etc. 

Alemquer,  or  Alenquer  (a-lan-kar').  A  small 
town  m  the  province  of  Estremadura,  Portugal, 
29  miles  northeast  of  Lisbon. 

AlemcLuer,  or  Alenq.uer.  A  town  in  Brazil,  on 
the  Amazon  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Tapaj6s. 
Population,  3,000. 

Alemtejo  (a-lan-ta'zho).  A  province  of  Portu- 
gal, bounded  by  Beira  on  the  north,  by  Spain 
on  the  east,  byAlgarve  on  the  south,  and  by 
Estremadura  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  west.  It 
compi-ises  3  districts,  Evora,  Portalegre,  and  Beja.  Area, 
9,431  square  miles.    Population  (18^,  393,054. 

Alencar  (a-lan-kar'),  Jos^  Martiniano  de. 

Bom  in  Ceard,  May  1, 1829 :  died  at  Rio  de  Ja- 
neiro, Dec.  12,  1877.  A  Brazilian  jurist  and 
novelist,  best  known  from  his  stories  of  Indian 
and  colonial  life,  among  which  are  "O  Guar- 
any,"  "Iracema,"  and  "O  Sertanejo." 

AlenQOn  (a-lon-s6n').  A  former  countship  and 
duchy  of  France,  whose  counts  and  dukes  were 
prominent  in  the  14th,  15th,  and  16th  centuries. 
The  duchy  was  an  appanage  of  the  house  of  Va- 
lois.     See  below. 

Alengon.  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Orne,  France,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Briante  and  Sarthe  in  lat.  48°  25'  N.,  long.  0° 
5'  E,  It  has  an  importanttrade  and  manufactures  of  lace 
(the  celebrated  "point  d'Alencon"),  linen,  and  woolen 
goods.  The  town  was  often  taken  and  retaken  in  the  Eng- 
lish and  League  wars.  Captured  by  the  Germans  Jan.  16, 
1871.    Population  (1891),  18,319. 

Alengon,  Due  d'  (Charles  de  Valois).  Died 
1346.  A  brother  of  Philip  VI.  of  France,  killed 
in  the  battle  of  Cr6cy. 

AleuQon,  Due  d'  (Charles  IV.).  Bom  1489: 
died  April  11,  1525.  A  prince  of  the  blood  and 
constable  of  France,  husband  of  Margaret  of 
Valois,  sister  of  Francis  I.  His  cowardice  caused 
the  loss  of  the  battle  of  Favia  xn  1625  and  the  capture  of 
Francis  I. 

Alencon,  Due  d'  (Jean  II.).  Died  1476.  He  sup- 
ported the  Dauphin  against  his  father  Charles  VIL,  and 
was  condemned  to  death  in  1456,  the  sentence  being,  how- 
ever, commuted  to  life  imprisonment,  followed  by  a  par- 
don. 

Alenio  (a-la'ne-6),  Giulio.  Bom  at  Brescia, 
Italy,  about  1582:  died  1649.  An  Italian  Jes- 
uit, a  missionary  in  China. 

Aleppo  (a-lep'6).  [Ar.  Haleli  or  Halei-es-Shdh- 
6a.  J  Tli'e  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Aleppo,  sit- 
uated on  the  Nahr-el-Haleb  in  lat.  36°  11'  32"  N., 
long.  37°  9'E.:  the  ancient  Beroea.  It  has  an  ex- 
tensive commerce,  and  manufactures  of  silk,  etc.  In 
688  It  was  conquered  by  the  Saracens ;  was  the  seat  of  a 
Seljuk  sultanate  11th  and  12th  centuries ;  was  captured  by 
the  Crusaders  under  Baldwin  in  1170 ;  was  plundered  by 
the  Mongols  and  by  Timur ;  was  conquered  and  annexed 
by  the  Turks  in  1517  ;  suffered  severely  from  plagues,  and 
in  1170  and  1822  from  earthquakes ;  and  was  the  scene 
of  an  outbrea1(  against  the  Christians  in  1850.  Popular 
tion  (estimated),  120,000. 

Aleppo.  A  vilayet  in  Asiatic  Turkey.  Popu- 
lation, 994,604. 

Aleppy.    See  Al(walU. 

Aler  (a'ler),  Paul.  Bom  at  Saint-Guy  in  Lux- 
emburg, Nov.  9, 1656:  died  at  Dilren,  Germany, 
May  2,  1727.  A  German  Jesuit,  author  of  the 
school  treatise  "  Gradus  ad  Parnassum"  (1702), 
etc. 

Aleshki  (a-lesh'ke).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Taurida,  Russia,  near  the  Dnieper, 
opposite  Kherson.    Population,  9,925. 

Alesia  (a-le'shi-a).  [Grr.  'A/ieata.']  In  ancient 
geography,  the  capital  of  the  Mandubii  in  cen- 
tral Gaul,  usually  identified  with  Alise,  famous 
for  its  defense  by  Vercingetorix  (of  whom  Na- 
poleon III.  erected  a  colossal  statue  here)  and 
capture  by  Julius  Cresar  52  b.  c.    See  Alise. 

Alesius  (a-le'shi-us)  (properly  Aless),  Alex- 
ander. Bom  at  Edinburgh,  April  23,  1500: 
died  at  Leipsio,  March  17,  1565.  A  Scottish 
Lutheran  controversialist  and  exegete,  early 
made  a  canon  of  St.  Andrew's  where  he  was 
educated.  He  was  imprisoned  several  times  as  a  result 
of  his  reforming  tendencies,  and  finally  escaped  to  Ger- 
many in  1532,  where  he  became  the  friend  of  Luther  and 


Alexander 

Melanchtbon  and  declared  his  adherence  to  the  Augs- 
burg Confession.  In  August,  1535,  he  returned  to  England, 
and  was  intimately  associated  with  Cranmer  and  other 
English  reformers.  He  returned  to  Germany  in  1540,  was 
appointed  in  the  same  year  professor  of  theology  at  Frank- 
forton-the-Oder,  and  played  an  important  part  in  the 
German  Reformation.    Also  Alesse. 

Alessandri  (a-les-san'dre),  Alessandro.  Born 
at  Naples,  about  1461 :  died  1523.  An  Italian 
jurist  and  antiquarian,  author  of  "Dies  geni- 
ales"  (1522),  etc. 

Alessandri,  Basil.    See  Alecsandri. 

Alessandria  (al-es-san'dre-a).  [Named  for 
Pope  Alexander  III.]  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Alessandria,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Bormida  with  the  Tanaro,  lat.  44°  55'  N., 
long.  8°  38'  E.  it  is  an  important  railway  center  and 
a  strong  fortress,  and  has  flourishing  trade  and  manufac- 
tures of  woolen  goods,  linen,  silk,  etc.  The  town  was  built  by 
the  Lombard  League  against  Frederick  Barbarossa  in  1168 ; 
was  conquered  by  Sforza  in  1522 ;  was  unsuccessfully  be- 
sieged by  the  French  in  1657 ;  was  taken  by  the  Imperial- 
ists in  1707  ;  was  ceded  to  Savoy  in  1713  ;  was  the  capital 
of  the  French  department  of  Marengo  in  the  revolutionary 
period ;  was  taken  by  Suvarofl  in  1799 ;  was  occupied  by  the 
Austrians  in  1821 ;  became  a  Piedmontese  military  center 
1848-49;  and  was  occupied  by  the  Austrians  in  1849. 
Population,  30,000 ;  commune  (1891),  75,000. 

Alessandria.  A  province  in  Piedmont,  Italy. 
Area,  1,950  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
estimated,  775,729. 

Alessandria.  A  small  town  in  the  province  of 
Girgenti,  Sicily,  20  miles  northwest  of  Gir- 
genti. 

Alessandria,  Armistice  of.  An  armistice 
agreed  upon  between  Napoleon  and  the  Aus- 
trian general  Melas,  June  16,  1800,  after  the 
battle  of  Marengo.  The  Austrians  retired  behind 
the  Kincio,  abandoning  to  the  French  every  fortress  in 
northern  Italy  west  of  that  river.  "  It  was  an  armistice 
more  fatal  [to  the  Austrians]  than  an  unconditional  sur- 
render."   Fyffe,  Hist,  of  Mod.  Europe. 

Alessi  (a-les'se),  Galeazzo.  Born  at  Peragia, 
Italy,  1500(1512?):  died  1572.  An  Italian  archi- 
tect, builder  of  the  church  of  Sta.  Maria  di 
Carignano  (in  Genoa),  and  of  palaces  and 
churches  in  Genoa,  Milan,  etc. 

Alessio  (a-les'se-o).  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Skutari,  European  Turkey,  situated  on  the  Drin 
20  miles  southeast  of  Skutari :  the  ancient  Lis- 
sus,  founded  by  Dionysius.  Scanderbeg  died 
here.    Population,  about  3,000. 

Alet  (a-la').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Aude,  France,  on  the  Aude  15  miles  southwest 
of  Carcassonne.  It  contains  a  ruined  cathe- 
dral. 

Aletsch  (a'lech)  Glacier.  The  largest  glacier 
in  Switzerland,  13  miles  in  length,  situated  in 
the  canton  of  Valais,  north  of  Brieg  and  south 
of  the  Jungfrau. 

Aletschhorn  (a'lech-h6rn).  A  peak  of  the  Ber- 
nese Alps,  13,773  feet  high,  near  the  Aletsch 
Glacier. 

Aleut  (al'e-ot).    See  TJnungun. 

Aleutian  Islands  (al-e-o'shi-an  I'landz),  or 
Catharine  Archipelago  (kaiili'a-rin  ar-M- 
pel'a-go).  A  chain  of  about  150  islands  belong- 
ing iprincipally  to  Alaska.  It  extends  westward 
from  the  peninsula  of  Alaska,  and  separates  Bering  Sea 
from  the  Paciilc  Ocean.  The  islands  were  discovered  by 
the  Russians  in  the  middle  of  the  18th  century.  Popu- 
lation (Aleuts),  about  2,000. 

Alexander  (al-eg-zan'der).  [Gr.  'A.U^av6poQ.'\ 
See  Paris. 

Alexander  III.,  sumamed ' '  The  Great."  Bom 
at  Pella,  Macedonia,  in  the  summer  or  autumn 
of  356  B.  c. :  died  at  Babylon,  May  or  June,  323 
B.  0.  A  famous  king  of  Macedon  and  con- 
queror, son  of  Philip  and  a  pupil  of  Aristotle. 
He  fought  at  the  battle  of  Chteronea  in  338 ;  succeeded 
to  the  throne  in  336 ;  subjugated  Thrace  and  lUyiia  in  SS6 ; 
and  conquered  and  destroyed  Tliebes  and  subdued  oppo- 
sition in  Greece  in  335.  In  334  he  started  on  his  eastern 
expedition ;  gained  the  victory  of  Granicus  in  334  and  of 
Issus  in  338  ;  captured  Tyre  and  Gaza,  occupied  Egypt, 
and  founded  Alexandria  in  832 ;  overtlurew  the  Persian 
Empire  at  Arbela  in  S31 ;  conquered  the  eastern  provinces 
of  Persia  330-327 ;  and  invaded  India  in  326.  He  returned 
from  India  to  Persia  325-324.  He  became  a  hero  of 
various  cycles  of  romance,  especially  in  the  middle  ages. 
See  Alexander,  Romance  of. 

Alexander.  A  Greek,  or  native  of  Lyncestis 
in  Macedonia  (whence  his  surname  "Lynces- 
tes"),  implicated  with  his  brothers  in  the  mur- 
der of  Philip,  336  B.  C.  Because  he  was  the  first  to 
do  homage  to  Alexander  the  Great,  the  latter  pardoned 
him  and  raised  him  to  a  high  position  in  the  army,  but 
afterward  put  him  to  death  for  a  treasonable  correspon- 
dence with  Darius. 

Alexander.  A  celebrated  commentatoronAris- 
totle  of  the  end  of  the  2d  and  beginning  of  the 
3d  century  a.  d.,  a  native  of  Aphrodisias  in 
Caria,  whence  his  surname  "  Aphrodisiensis." 
He  was  also  called  "the  Exegete."  More  than  half  of 
his  numerous  works  are  extant.  The  most  notable  is  a 
treatise  on  Aristotle's  views  concerning  fate  and  freewill 


Alexander 

Alexander,  sumamed  Balas  (the  Semitic 
ba'al  perhaps  signifies  'lord').  Killed  in 
Arabia,  146  b.  o.  A  person  of  low  origin  who 
usimied  the  Syrian  throne  in  150  b.  c.  He  was 
overthrown  in  battle  by  Ptolemy  Philometor  and  was 
murdered  by  an  Arabian  emir  with  whom  he  had  taken 
retuge. 


Alexander  I.    Died  326  b.  c.    Kmg  of  Epirus,  Alexander  VIII.  (Pietro  Ottoboni),    Bom  at 

son  of  Neoptolemus  and  brother  of  Olympias,    Venice,  1610 :  died  Feb.,  1691.    Pope  from  1689 
the  mother  of  Alexander  the  Great.    His  youth    ■■"--"- 
was  spent  at  the  court  of  Philip  of  Macedonia,  who  made 
him  king  of  Epirus.  On  her  repudiation  by  Philip,  Olym- 
pias sought  refuge  with  Alexander,  and  it  was  at  his 
marriage  with  Philip's  daughter  Cleopatra  iu  336  B.  0. 


that  pJuip  was  assassinated  by  Pausanias.    ^^J^^  Alexander  OfHaleS.     Born  at  Hales,  Glouces- 


Alexander,  Romance  of 

Alexander  Bey.  See  Scanderbeg. 
Alexander,  .^chibald.  Bom  in  Virginia, 
April  17,  1772:  died  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  Oct. 
22,  1851.  An  American  Presbyterian  divine, 
president  of  Hampden  Sydney  College  (Va.> 
1796-1806,  and  professor  at  Princeton  Theolog- 
ical Seminary  1812-51.  He  wrote  "Eyidences  of 
Christianity"  (1823),  "Treatise  on  the  Canon  of  the  01* 
and  New  Testament"  (1826),  "Outlines  of  Moral  Science" 

till  1691.    He  condemned  the  doctrine  of  "philosophi-     (1852),  etc.       _      .       „ 

cal  sin, "  as  taught  by  the  Jesuit  Bongot  of  Dijon ;  assisted  Alexander,  Sarton  Stone.    Bom  in  Kentucky, 

Venice  agamat  the  Turks;  and  enriched  the  Vatican  li-     ■•"■'"■j^-j-'^'^-'^  •  "-      — 

brary  by  the  purchase  of  Queen  Christina's  collection  of 

books  and  manuscripts, 


35 

ena,  Feb.  13,  1599 :  died  May  22,  1667.  Pope 
from  April  7,  1655,  to  May  22,  1667.  He  was  a 
patron  of  learning  and  art,  and  a  poet.  He  promulgated 
a  bull  against  the  Jansenists,  and,  in  1662,  in  a  conflict 
with  Louis  XIV.,  was  deprlTCd  of  Avignon.  During  his 
pontificate  occurred  the  conversion  to  the  Catholic  faith 
of  Christina,  queen  of  Sweden,  after  her  abdication  (1664) 
of  the  Swedish  crown. 


Alexander  crossed  over  into  lisily  to  aid  the 
against  the  Lncanians  and  Bruttii.  He  was  treacherously 
killed  by  some  Lucanian  exiles  at  the  battle  of  Pandosia. 
Alexander  II.  King  of  Epirus,  son  of  Pyrrhus 
and  Lanassa,  the  daughter  of  Agathoeles,  ty- 
rant of  Syracuse.  He  succeeded  his  father  in  272 
B.  c.  He  was  dispossessed  of  Epirus  and  Macedonia  by 
Demetrius,  whose  father,  Antigonus  Gonatas,  he  had  de- 
prived of  Macedonia :  but  Epirus  was  recovered  by  the 
aid  chiefly  of  the  Acarnanians. 

Alexander,  sumamed  Jannaeus  (Heb.  Tannai, 
an  abbreviation  of  Jonathan).  Bom  128  or  129 
B.  0. :  died  78  b.  c.  King  of  the  Jews  from  104 
till  78  b.  c,  a  younger  son  of  John  Hyrcanus. 

Alexander,  sumamed  "The  Paphlagonian." 
An  impostor,  a  native  of  Abonoteichos  (lonop- 
olis  in  Cappadooia),  who  flourished  about  the 
beginning  of  the  2d  century.  He  posed  as  an 
oracle  and  wonder-worker,  and  attained  great  influence. 
His  tricks  were  exposed  by  Lucian. 

Alexander,  Saint.  Died  at  Alexandria,  April 
17,  326.  The  patriarch  of  Alexandria  from  312. 
He  condemned  the  heresy  of  Arius  in  his  dispute  with 
Alexander  Baucalis,  and  attended  the  Council  of  Nicsea 
in  325  with  his  deacon  St.  Athanasius. 

Alexander.  A  Greek  medical  writer  born  at 
Tralles  in  Lydia,  in  the  6th  century. 

Alexander  I,  Bishop  of  Rome,  successor  of 
Evaristus.  Eusebius  in  his  liistory  gives  as  the  date  of 
his  accession  the  year  109  A.  D. ;  in  his  chronicle,  the  year 
111  A.  D.   In  both  works  he  is  assigned  a  reign  of  ten  years. 

Alexander  II.  (Anselmo  Baggio.ML.  Ansel- 
mus  Badajus).  Born  at  Milan :  died  April  20, 
1073.  Pope  from  1061  to  1073,  successor  of  Mch- 


tershire,  England :  died  1245.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish theologian  and  philosopher,  sumamed 
"Doctor  Irrefragabilis."  He  lectured  at  Paris  and 
was  a  member  of  the  order  of  Franciscans.  His  chief  work 
is  "SummaTheologise"  (printed  1476). 

Alexander  has  acquired  a  place  in  the  roll  of  mediseval 
writers  mainly  by  the  accidents  of  his  historic  position. 
He  was  among  the  first  to  approach  the  labour  of  ex- 
pounding the  Christian  system  with  the  knowledge  not 
only  of  the  whole  Aristotelian  corpus,  but  also  of  the  Arab 
commentators.  He  thus  initiated  the  long  and  thorny  de- 
bates which  grew  out  of  the  attempt  to  amalgamate  the 
Christian  faith  with  a  radically  divergent  metaphysical 
view.  Leslie  Stephen,  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Alexander  I.  Bom  1078  (?) :  died  at  Stirling, 
Scotland,  April  27, 1124.  A  king  of  Scotland,  the 
fourth  son  of  Malcolm  Canmore  and  Margaret, 
sister  of  Eadgar  the  .^theling,,and  brother  of 
Edgar  whom  he  succeeded  in  1107.  He  mar- 
ried Sibylla,  a  natural  daughter  of  Henry  I.  of 
England. 

Alexander  II.  Bom  at  Haddington,  Scotland, 
Aug.  24,  1198:  died  in  Kerrera,  Scotland,  July 
8,  1249.  A  king  of  Scotland,  son  of  William 
the  Lion  whom  he  succeeded  in  1214:  sur- 
named  "The  Peaceful."  He  joined  the  Eng- 
lish barons  sigainst  John. 

Alexander  III.  Bom  at  Eoxburgh,  Scotland, 
Sept.  4,  1241:  died  near  Kinghom,  Fife,  Scot- 
land, March  16, 1285.  A  king  of  Scotland,  son  of 
Alexander  11.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1249.  His 
army  defeated  the  Norwegians  in  1263, 
aided  Henry  HI.  of  England  in  1264, 


olas  U.     He  strove  to  enforce  the  celibacy  of  the  clergy  Alexander  I.     Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  Dec.  23, 


and  the  extravagant  pretensions  of  the  papacy.  His  elec- 
tion did  not  receive  the  imperial  sanction,  and  an  antipope, 
Honorius  II.  (Cadolaus,  bishop  of  Parma),  was  chosen  by 
a  council  at  Basel,  but  was  later  deposed  by  a  council 
held  at  Mantua.  Alexander  was  succeeded  by  Hilde- 
brand  under  the  name  of  Gregory  VII. 

Alexander  III.  (Rolando  Kanuci  of  the  house 
of  Bandlnelli).  Born  at  Siena,  Italy:  died 
Aug.  30,  1181.  Pope  from  1159  to  1181.  He 
carried  out  successfully  me  policy  of  Hildebrand  in  oppo- 
sition to  Frederick  Barbarossa  and  Henry  II.  of  England. 
'J'hree  antipopes,  Victor  IV.,  Pascal  III.,  and  Calixtus. 
III.,  elected  in  1159,  1164,  and  1168,  respectively,  were 
confirmed  by  the  emperor  and  disputed  the  authority  of 
Alexander,  who  was  compelled  to  seek  refuge  in  France 
from  1162  to  1165.  The  contest  between  the  pope  and  the 
emperor  ended  in  the  decisive  defeat  of  the  latter  at  the 
battle  of  Legnano,  May  29, 1176.  In  1177  a  reconciliation 
took  place  at  Venice,  and  in  1178  the  antipope  Calixtus 


1777 :  died  at  Taganrog,  Russia,  Dec!  1,  18251 
Emperor  of  Russia,  son  of  Paul  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  1801.  He  encouraged  education  and  science, 
and  the  introduction  of  Western  civilization  ;  carried  out 
many  reforms,  including  the  abolition  of  serfdom  in  the 
Baltic  provinces ;  and  promoted  trade  and  manufactures. 
In  1805  he  joined  the  coalition  against  Napoleon ;  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Austerlitz ;  joined  Prussia  against 
Napoleon  in  1806;  signed  the  Peace  of  Tilsit  in  1807;  and 


1819:  died  at  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  Dec.  IB,. 
1878.  An  American  military  engineer  and  offi- 
cer in  the  Civil  War,  brevetted  colonel  and. 
brigadier-general  March  13, 1865. 
Alexander,  Edmund  B.  Bom  at  Haymarket- 
Va.,  Oct.  6,  1802:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
Jan.  3,  1888.  An  American  officer.  He  served 
in  the  Mexican  war,  commanded  the  Utah  expedition 
1867-68,  and  was  brevetted  brigadier-general  Oct.  18, 1865. 

Alexander,  Sir  James  Ed'nrard.  Born  in 
Scotland,  1803:  died  April  2,  1885.  A  British 
soldier  (general)  and  explorer,  author  of 
"Travels  through  Russia  and  the  Crimea"' 
(1830),  "Expedition  of  Discovery  into  the  In- 
terior of  Africa"  (1838),  etc.  He  served  in  India 
and  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  in  the  Burmese,  Kafir, 
Crimean,  and  other  wars.  In  1836-37  he  conducted  an  ex- 
ploring expedition  into  central  Africa. 

Alexander,  James  Waddel.  Born  in  Louisa 
County,  Va.,  March  13, 1804:  died  at  Red  Sweet 
Springs,  Va.,  July  31,  1859.  An  American 
Presbyterian  clergyman,  son  of  Archibald  Alex- 
ander. He  was  professor  of  rhetoric  and  belles-lettres 
at  Princeton  College  1833-44,  and  of  ecclesiastical  history 
and  church  government  in  Princeton  Theological  Semi- 
nary 1844-61,  and  pastor  of  the  Fifth  Avenue  Presbyte- 
rian Church,  New  York,  1851-59. 

Alexander,  John.  A  pseudonym  of  Jeremy 
Taylor,  used  in  1642. 

Alexander  John  (Alexander  John  Cuza  or 
Cusa).  Bom  at  Hush,  Moldavia,  March  20, 
1820:  died  at  Heidelberg,  Baden,  May  15, 1873- 
Prince  of  Moldavia  and  Wallachia  1859,  and  of 
^^^  Rumania  1861 :  dethroned  1866. 
^d  Alexander,  John  W.  Bom  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,. 
Oct.  7,  1856.  An  American  portrait-painter. 
He  studied  at  Munich,  at  Paris,  and  in  Italy,  and 
is  soci^taire  of  the  Beaux  Arts  at  Paris. 

Alexander,  Joseph  Addison.  Bom  at  Phila- 
delphia, April  24,  1809:  died  at  Princeton, 
N.  J.,  Jan.  28,  1860.  An  American  biblical 
scholar,  son  of  Archibald  Alexander,  and  pro- 
fessor in  Princeton  Theological  Seminary.  He 
wrote  commentaries  on  Isaiah  (1846-47),  on  the  Psalms- 
(1860),  and  on  several  books  of  the  New  Testament. 


jNapojeonm  ibob;  signeatnereaceotTilsitm  1807;  and   AloTa-ndor    (a    lak    oar,',^or■^    1  ■nA-ari.T  fian-^^ 
conquered  Finland  in  1808.    A  successful  war  was  waged  ■^®?^"?®^  J*  '.,^'  ^^\  "■^^'>  JjUdWlg  GCOrg 


with  Turkey  1806-12.  In  1812  Napoleon  invaded  Russia 
(see  Napoleon).  Alexander  was  a  leader  in  the  coalition 
against  France  1813-14  ;was  present  at  the  battles  of  Dres- 
den and  Leipsic  in  1813 ;  entered  Paris  in  1814 ;  took  part 
in  the  Congress  of  Vienna;  became  king  of  Poland  in  1816; 
again  entered  Paris  in  1815 ;  formed  the  Holy  Alliance  in 
1815,  and  took  part  in  the  conferences  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  in 
1818,  Troppau  in  1820,  Laibach  in  1821,  and  Verona  in  1822. 
He  married  a  princess  of  Baden. 


III.  abdicated.    The  contest  with  Henry  II.  of  England  Alexander  II.    Born  April  29,  1818:  died  at  St. 


ended  in  the  humiliation  of  the  king  and  the  canonization 
of  Thomas  k  Beckett  who  represented  the  papal  claims  of 
supremacy. 

Alexander  IV.  (Count  Binaldo  di  Segni). 

Died  at  Viterbo,  Italy,  May  25,  1261.  Pope 
from  1254  to  1261.  He  attempted  to  unite  the  Greek 
and  Latin  churches,  established  the  Inquisition  in  France 
in  1265,  and  encouraged  the  orders  of  mendicant  friars. 
The  last  years  of  his  pontificate  were  spent  at  Viterbo, 
whither  he  had  been  driven  by  the  factional  struggles  in 
Rome. 

Alexander  V.  (Pietro  Philarghi).  Bom  at 
Candia:  died  at  Bologna,  May  3,  1410, 
from  June  26,  1409,  to  May  3,  1410. 
elected  by  the  Council  of  Pisa,  after  the  deposition  of 
Benedict  XIII.  and  Gregory  XII.,  with  the  understanding 
that  he  should  reform  the  abuses  of  the  church.  He  was, 
according  to  the  general  belief,  poisoned  by  Balthasar 
Cossa,  his  successor  under  the  name  of  John  XXIII. 

Alexander  VI.  (Kodrigo  Borgia).    Bom  at 

Xativa  in  Valencia,  Jan.  1, 1431 :  died  Aug.  18, 
1503.  Pope  from  Aug.  11, 1492,  to  Aug.  18, 1503. 
He  was  made  cardinal  and  vice-chancellor  in  1456  by  his 
uncle  Calixtus  III. ,  whom  he  also  succeeded  as  archbishop 
of  Valencia.  His  election  to  the  pontificate  is  ascribed  to 
bribery.  His  efforts  were  directed  toward  the  aggran- 
dizement ol  the  temporal  power  of  the  papacy  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  feudal  vassals  of  the  church,  and  toward  the 
foundation  for  his  family  of  a  great  hereditary  dominion 
in  Italy.  In  the  furtherance  of  these  plans  two  of  his  five 
Illegitimate  children  by  Eosa  Vanozza  (Csesar  and  Lucretia 
Borgia)  played  important  parts.  May  4, 1493,  Alexander 
issued  his  bull  dividing  the  New  World  between  Spain  and 
Portugal.  In  1494  he  unsuccessfully  opposed  the  entrance 
of  Charles  VIII.  into  Naples,  but  in  1496  he  joined  the 
league  between  the  emperor,  Milan,  Venice,  and  Spain, 
which  drove  Charles  from  Italy.  May  23, 1498,  the  exe- 
cutinn  of  Savonarola  took  place  by  his  order,  and  in  1601 
he  instituted  the  censorship  of  books.  He  was  poisoned, 
it  is  said,  by  a  cup  of  wine  intended  for  Cardinal  Corneto. 
Alexander  VII.  (Fabio  Chigi).    Bom  at  Si- 


Petersburg,  March  13,  1881.  Emperor  of  Rus- 
sia, son  of  Nicholas  I.  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1855.  He  concluded  the  treaty  of  Paris  1866 ;  proclaimed 
the  emancipation  of  the  serfs  1861 ;  reorganized  the  army 
and  the  departments  of  administration  and  justice;  and 


Friedrich  Emil.  Born  July  15, 1823  :  died  Dec. 
15,  1888.  Prince  of  Hesse,  younger  son  of  the! 
grand  duke  Ludwig  II.  of  Hesse-Darmstadt.. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  the  Russian  military  service,, 
and  later  in  the  Austrian,  commanding  a  South-German 
contingent  against  Prussia  in  1866. 

Alexander  (al-eg-zan'dfer).  Sir  William.  Bom 
1567  (?) :  died  at  London,  Sept.  12,  1640.  A 
Scottish  poet  and  statesman,  created  earl  of 
Stirling  iu  1633.  Author  of  "Monarchicke  Tragedies  " 
(1603-07);  "Parsenesis  to  the  Prince"  (1604);  "Doomes- 
day,  etc."  (first  part  1614),  etc.  He  received  Sept.  21, 1621, 
the  grant  of  New  Scotland  (i.  e..  Nova  Scotia  and  New 
Brunswick),'  which  he  transferred  to  De  la  Tour  in  1630. 
In  1626  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  state  for  Scotland.. 


developed  commerce  and  manufactures.    He  suppressed    . .,  ,         ..if.-..  ^  ^         a    xt         ^t     t 

the  Polish  insurrection  1863-64,  and  carried  on  war  with  Alexander,   William.      Born    at   JNew    york. 


Turkey  1877-78.  During  the  latter  part  of  his  reign  he 
was closeljr  allied  with  Germanyand  Austria.  Theattacks 
of  the  NihUists  led  him  to  enter  upon  a  reactionary  pol- 
icy in  1879,  and  he  was  finally  assassinated  by  them.  He 
married  a  princess  of  Hesse. 
Pope  Alexander  III.  Born  March  10,  1845:  died  at 
He  was  Livadia,  Crimea,  Nov.  1, 1894.  Emperor  of  Rus- 
sia, son  of  Alexander  II.  whom  he  succeeded 
March  13, 1881,  He  continued  the  reactionary  policy 
of  his  father's  reign.    A  meeting  of  the  emperors  of  Rus- 


1726:  died  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  15, 1783.  An 
American  major-general  in  the  Revolutionary- 
War,  known  as  Lord  Stirling,  though  his  olaimi 
to  the  Stirling  title  and  estate  was  pronounced 
invalid  by  the  lords'  committee  on  privileges^ 
in  March,  1762.  He  entered  the  service  as  colonel  of  a 
militia  regiment  in  1776,  commanded  a  brigade  at  the 
battle  of  Long  Island  in  1776,  where  he  was  taken  pris- 
oner, and  also  served  at  Trenton,  Brandywine,  German- 
town,  and  Monmouth. 


i^:^,lZTZiZil^^!-r^li^SSlt^ZL^^i^t  Alexander,  William  Lindsay..  Born  at  Edin- 


the  time,  but  since  the  formation  of  the  Triple  Alliance 
(which  see)  in  1883,  Russia  has  become  a  virtual  ally  of 
France.  Alexander  opposed  Prince  Alexander  of  Bulgaria 
at  the  time  of  his  overthrow  in  1886,  and  refused  to  rec- 
ognize his  successor  Prince  Ferdinand.  (For  the  chief 
events  in  his  reign,  see  Ruisia.)  He  married  Princess 
Dagmar  of  Denmark  in  1866. 
Alexander  I.  Bom  April  5,  1857 :  died  Nov. 
17,  1893.  Titular  prince  of  Battenberg,  the 
second  son  of  Prince  Alexander  of  Hesse.  He 
served  in  the  Hessian  army,  and  in  the  Russo-Turkish 
war  of  1877-78  in  the  Russian  army.  He  was  elected  prince 
of  Bulgaria  April  29, 1879 ;  suspended  constitutional  gov- 
ernment there  1881-83 ;  became  by  the  revolution  at  Philip- 
popolis,  Sept.,  1886,  prince  of  Eastern  Rumelia  also ;  com- 
manded in  the  repulse  of  the  Servian  invasion,  Nov.,  1885, 
at  the  battles  of  Slivnitza,  Dragoman  Pass,  Tsaribrod,  and 
Pirot ;  became  governor-general  of  Eastern  Rumelia  April, 
1886;  and  was  overthrown  by  a  conspiracy  at  Sofia  Aug. 
21, 1886,  and  abducted  to  Reni  on  the  Danube.  He  was 
restored  at  the  end  of  August  by  a  counter-revolution,  but 
abdicated  in  the  beginning  of  Sept.,  1886. 


burgh,  Aug.  24,  1808:  died  atPinkiebum,  near 
Edinburgh,  Dec.  21,  1884.  A  Scottish  Congre- 
gational clergyman  and  religious  writer,  a 
member  of  the  Old  Testament  revision  com- 
mittee in  1870. 

Alexander,  Mrs.    See  Sector,  Annie. 

Alexander,  Campaspe,  and  Diogenes.  A 
comedy  by  John  Lyly,  printed  in  1584,  and  re- 
printed as  "Campaspe"  in  that  year  and  in 
1591.    It  is  usually  known  by  the  latter  title. 

Alexander,  Romance  of.  One  of  the  most  fa- 
mous romances  of  the  middle  ages.  Callisthenes, 
a  companion  of  Alexander,  wrote  an  account  of  the  Asi- 
atic expedition  of  Alexander,  but  it  is  lost.  His  name^ 
however,  is  attached  to  a  fabulous  account  which  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  written  in  Alexandria  in  the  early 
part  of  the  3d  century.  There  are  three  Latin  translations 
of  this  pseudo-Callisthenes  :  one  by  Julius  Valerius,  be- 
fore 340;  the  "Itinerarium  Alexandri";  and  the  "His- 
toria  de  preliis,"  by  Archpresbyter  Leo;  and  on  thesa 


Alexander,  Bomance  of 

the  later  ones  are  based.  It  was  translated  into  Syriac 
and  Armenian  in  the  6th  century.  The  Persians  and 
Arabs  made  use  of  the  myth,  and  in  the  Uth  century 
Simeon  Seth,  iseeper  of  the  imperial  wardrobe  at  the  By- 
zantine courts  translated  it  back  from  the  Persian  into 
the  Greek. 

[This]  was  translated  into  Latin,  and  from  Latin  even  into 
Hebrew,  by  one  who  wrote  under  the  adopted  name  of 
Jos.  Gorionides,  had  very  wide  popularity,  and  became 
the  groundwork  of  many  French  and  English  poems.  Ger- 
ald de  Barri  mentions  the  Latin  version  which  professed 
to  be  by  an  Jisopus  or  a  Julius  Valerius,  and  had  a  flcti. 
tious  dedication  to  Constantino  the  Great.  In  the  year 
1200  Gaultier  de  Chatillon  turned  it  into  an  Alexaudreis, 
which  was  one  of  the  best  Latin  poems  of  the  Middle 
Ages ;  and,  again,  in  1236  Aretinus  Qualichinus  turned  it 
into  Latin  elegiac  verse.  ...  A  score  of  French  poets 
worked  upon  the  subject,  and  by  translation  and  expan- 
sion produced  that  romance  of  Alexander  of  which  the 
great  French  exemplar  was  composed  in  or  near  the  year 
1184  by  the  trouvfere  Lambert  ]i  Cort,  or  le  Court,  of  Cha- 
teaudun,  and  Alexandre  de  Paris,  named  usually  from 
Paris  where  he  dwelt,  and  sometimes  from  Bernay  where 
he  was  born.  There  are  only  fragments  of  the  earliest 
French  poem  upon  this  subject,  written  in  the  eleventh 
century  in  octosyllabic  verse  by  Alberic  [Aubry]  of  Besan- 
(jon.  The  larger  and  later  romance  or  Chanson  d'Alixandre 
is  of  22,606  lines  in  nine  books,  and  the  twelve-syllabled 
lines  are  of  the  sort  now  called,  as  is  generally  supposed 
from  their  use  in  this  poem.  Alexandrines.  .  .  .  There  is 
a  German  Alexandreis,  written  in  six  books,  by  Kudolph 
of  Hohenems,  a  Suabian,  between  the  years  1220  and  1254. 
TJlricli  von  Eschenhach  translated  the  Alexandreis  of  Gaul- 
tier de  Chatillon.  The  Alexander  romance  was  adopted  in 
Spain,  Ita^,  and  even  in  Scandinavia.  An  admirable  free 
translation  into  English  metre  was  made  in  the  thirteenth 
century  by  an  unknown  author,  who  has  been  called 
Adam  Davie,  .  .  .  But  few  mistakes  can  be  more  obvious, 
Marley,  English  Writers,  IIL  286, 

[Lamprecht,  a  priest,  translated  the  French  of  Aubry,  or 
Alberic,  of  Besan^on,  into  Gei-man,  and  called  it  the  Alex- 
anderlied,  in  the  12th  century  (about  1130).  The  Alexan- 
dreis of  the  Austrian  Siegfried  was  written  about  1350.  lu 
the  16th  century  he  again  appeared  as  the  hero  of  prose 
romances  in  Germany.  Alexander  myths  are  to  be  found 
in  many  other  of  the  old  French  poems,  and  he  becomes  a 
knightly  conqueror  surrounded  by  twelve  paladins.  The 
poems  do  not  properly  form  a  cycle,  as  they  are  quite  in- 
dependent of  one  another.] 
Alexander  Column.  A  columm  erected  at  St. 
Petersburg  in  1832  in  honor  of  Alexander  I. 
The  polished  shaft  of  red  granite,  84  feet  high  and  14  in 
diameter,  is  remarkable  as  the  greatest  modern  monolith. 
It  supports  a  Eoman-Doric  capital  of  bronze,  on  which  is 
a  die  bearing  a  figure  of  an  angel  with  the  cross.  The 
pedestal  is  adorned  with  reliefs  in  bronze.  The  total 
height  is  154|  feet. 

Alexander  Cornelius  (k6r-ne'lius).  A  Greek 
writer  of  the  1st  century  B.  c,  a  native  either 
of  Ephesus  or  of  Cotiseum  in  Lesser  Phrygia : 
surnamed  "  PolyHstor"from  his  great  learning. 
During  the  war  of  Sulla  in  Greece  he  was  made  prisoner 
and  sold  as  a  slave  to  Cornelius  Lentulus,  who  brought 
liim  to  Bome  to  become  pedagogue  of  his  children.  He 
received  the  Roman  franchise  and  his  gentile  name  either 
from  Cornelius  Lentulus  or  from  L.  Cornelius  Sulla.  He 
died  at  Laurentum  In  a  fire  which  destroyed  his  house. 
He  wrote  a  geographico-historical  account  in  42  books  of 
nearly  all  the  countries  of  the  ancient  world,  and  many 
other  works,  of  which  only  the  titles  and  fragments  have 
been  preserved. 

Alexander  Jagellon  (ja-gel'lon).  Bom  in 
1461 :  died  in  1506,  King  of  Poland  and  grand 
duke  of  Lithuania,  second  son  of  Casimir  IV, 
of  Poland,  He  succeeded  to  the  grand  duchy  at  the 
death  of  his  father  in  1492,  and  was  elected  king  of  Poland 
at  the  death  of  his  brotlier  John  Albert  in  1501,  He  mar- 
ried Helena,  daughter  of  Ivan  III.  of  Eussia,  but  was  al- 
most incessantly  at  war  with  his  father-in-law.  In  his 
reign  the  laws  of  Poland  were  codified  by  John  Laski. 

Alexander  Karageorgevitch  (ka-ra-ga-or'ge- 
vich),  [Karageorgemtch,  son  of  Black  George. 
See  Czemy.']  Born  at  Topola,  Servla,  Oct.  11, 
1806:  died  at  Temesvar,  Hungary,  May  2, 
1885.  A  son  of  Czerny  George,  elected  prince 
of  Servia  in  1842  and  deposed  in  1858.  He  was 
succeeded  by  Prince  Milosch  Obrenovitch,  who  was  in 
turn  succeeded  by  his  son  Michael  in  1860.  Alexander 
made  repeated  attempts  to  regain  the  throne,  and  was 
accused  of  complicity  in  the  murder  of  Prince  Michael  in 
1868  and  imprisoned,  but  was  soon  pardoned. 

Alexander  Nevski  (nef'ski),  Saint,  Bom  at 
Vladimir,  Eussia,  1219:  died  Nov,  14, 1263,  A 
Kussian  national  hero  and  patron  of  St.  Peters- 
burg, prince  of  Novgorod  and  grand  duke  of 
Vladimir.  He  defeated  the  Swedes  in  1240  on  the  Izhora, 
a  southern  affluent  of  the  Neva  (whence  his  surname 
Nevski),  and  the  Livonian  Enights  on  the  ice  of  Lake 
Peipus,  1242,  He  is  commemorated  in  the  Kussian  Church 
Nov.  23. 

Alexander  Nevski,  Cloister  or  Monastery 

of.  A  famous  foundation  of  Peter  the  Great 
at  St.  Petersburg.  The  large  church,  though  by  a 
Russian  architect,  is  ba&ilican  in  plan,  with  transepts  and 
an  Italian  dome  at  the  crossing.  The  exterior  is  sober 
in  design  and  ornament ;  the  interior  is  of  lavish  richness 
in  maniles,  jewels,  and  paibtings.  The  shrine  of  the 
saint,  in  massive  silver,  is  15  feet  high  without  the  angel- 
supported  canopy. 

Alexander  of  the  North.  An  epithet  of  Charles 
Xn.  of  Sweden. 

Alexander  Severus  (se-ve'ms),  Marcus  Aure- 
lius.  Bom  at  Area  Cfesarea  in  Phoenicia  about 
205  A.  D. :  died  in  235  A.  d.    Eoman  emperor 


36 

from  222  to  235,  son  of  Gessius  Marcianus  and 
Julia  MamsBa,  and  a  cousin  of  Elagabalus  by 
whom  he  was  adopted  in  221.  He  was  killed  by 
his  mutinous  soldiers  in  a  campaign  against  the  Germans 
on  the  Ehine.    See  Mamsea. 

Alexander  the  Corrector.    A  pseudonym  of 
Alexander  Cruden. 
Alexander  and  the  Family  of  Darius.    An 

important  painting  by  Paolo  Veronese,  in  the 
National  Gallery,  London. 

Alexander's  Feast.  An  ode  by  Dryden  writ- 
ten in  1697,  in  honor  of  St.  Cecilia's  day. 

Alexanderbad  (ai-ek-san'der-bad),  or  Alex- 
andersbad  (al-ek-san'ders-bad).  A  watering- 
place  in  Upper  Franconia,  Bavaria,  in  the 
Fichtelgebirge  21  miles  northeast  of  Baireuth. 

Alexander  Archipelago.  A  group  of  islands 
on  the  coast  of  Alaska  which  includes  Sitka 
and  Prince  of  Wales  islands. 

Alexander  I.  Land,  A  region  in  the  South 
Polar  lands,  about  lat.  70°  S.,  long.  75°  W. 

Alexandra  (al-eg-zan'dra).  Died  in  69  B.  c. 
(^ueen  of  Judea  from  78"b.  c.  to  69  B.  c,  con- 
sort of  Alexander  Janneeus  whom  she  suc- 
ceeded. 

Alexandra  (Caroline  Marie  Charlotte  Louise 
Julie),  Bom  at  Copenhagen,  Dec.  1,  1844. 
Daughter  of  Christian  IX.  of  Denmark  and 
wife  of  Edward  VII.,  king  of  England,  whom 
she  married  March  10,  1863. 

Alexandra.  The  queen  of  the  Amazons  in 
Ariosto's  "Orlando  Furioso." 

Alexandra.  The  54th  asteroid,  discovered  by 
Goldschmidt  at  Paris,  Sept.  10,  1858. 

Alexandra  Land.  A.  vast  region  of  Australia 
under  the  administration  of  Sonth  Australia, 
regarded  as  the  same  as  the  Northern  Territory, 
or  as  that  part  of  it  which  is  included  between 
lat.  16°-26°  S.  and  long.  129°-138°  E. 

Alexandre  (al-ek-son'dr),  Aaron.  Bom  at 
Hohenfeld,  Bavaria,  about  1766:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Nov.  16,  1850.  A  German  chess-player, 
author  of  "Eneyclop^die  des  tehees"  (1837). 

Alexandre  le  Grand  (al-ek-son'dr  le  gron). 
A  tragedy  by  Kacine,  produced  in  1665.  it  was 
the  cause  of  a  serious  quarrel  between  Moli6reand  Racine, 
who  both  loved  the  same  woman,  an  actress  who  played 
the  part  of  Axiane. 

Alexandretta  (al-eg-zan-dret'a),  Turk.  Skan- 
derun,  or  Iskanderun  (from  Arab.  Ishan- 
der,  Alexander  (the  Great)).  A  seaport  in 
the  vilayet  of  Adana,  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the 
Gulf  of  Iskandemn  in  lat.  36°  35'  N.,  long. 
36°  10'  E.,  founded  by  Alexander  the  Great  in 
333  B.  C. 

Alexandria  (al-eg-zan'drl-a),  Arab.  Iskan- 
deriyeh.  A  famous  seaport  of  Egypt,  founded 
by  Alexander  the  Great  in  332  b.  O.  (whence  its 
name).  It  is  situated  at  the  northwestern  extremity  of 
the  Delta  on  the  strip  of  land  which  lies  between  the 
Mediterranean  and  Lake  Mareotis.  The  modern  city  oc- 
cupies what  was  anciently  the  island  of  Pharos,  together 
with  the  isthmus  now  connecting  it  with  the  mainland 
where  the  ancient  city  stood.  Alexandria  was  the  capital 
of  Egypt  during  the  Ptolemaic  period,  and  became  an  im- 
portant seat  of  Greek  culture  and  learning.  In  30  B.  c. 
it  was  annexed  by  Rome.  It  ranked  as  the  second  city  of 
the  Roman  Empire,  and  continued  to  be  the  chief  com- 
mercial city  under  the  Byzantine  empire.  It  was  an 
important  center  of  Christianity,  and  the  seat  of  a  patri- 
archate. In  641  it  was  taken  by  the  Saracens  under  Amru, 
and  was  entered  by  the  Frencli  in  1798,  who  were  defeated 
near  here  by  the  British  inlSOl.  (See  .4  tmkir.)  The  pres- 
ent city  was  largely  rebuilt  under  Mehemet  All.  It  was 
bombarded  by  a  British  fleet  of  eight  ironclads  under  Sir 
Frederick  Seymour,  July  11, 1882,  and  defended  by  the  in- 
surgents, and  was  taken  by  the  British  July  12.  Popu- 
lation (1897),  319,766. 

After  the  time  of  Alexander,  Grecian  literature  flour- 
ished nowhere  so  conspicuously  as  at  Alexandria  in 
Egypt,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Ptolemies.  Here  all  the 
sects  of  philosophy  had  established  themselves ;  numer- 
ous schools  were  opened ;  and,  for  the  advancement  of 
learning,  a  library  was  collected,  which  was  supposed,  at 
one  time,  to  have  contained  700,000  volumes,  in  all  lan- 
guages. Connected  with  the  library  there  were  extensive 
offices,  in  which  the  business  of  transcribing  books  was 
carried  on  very  largely,  and  with  every  possible  advan- 
tage which  royal  munificence  on  the  one  hand,  and 
learned  assiduity  on  the  other,  could  insure.  Nor  did 
the  literary  fame  of  Alexandria  decline  under  the  Roman 
emperors.  Domitian,  as  Suetonius  reports,  sent  scribes 
to  Alexandria  to  copy  books  for  the  restoration  of  those 
libraries  that  had  been  destroyed  by  fire.  And  it  seems 
to  have  been  for  some  centuries  afterwards  a  common 
practice  for  those  who  wished  to  form  a  library,  to  main- 
tain copyists  at  Alexandria.  The  conquest  of  Egypt  by 
the  Saracens,  A.  D.  640,  who  burned  the  Alexandrian 
Library,  banished  learning  for  a  time  from  that,  as  from 
other  countries,  which  they  occupied. 

Taylor,  Hist.  Anc.  Books,  p.  69. 
[This  library  (according  to  many  writers  who  discredit 
its  sacking  by  the  Arabs)  was  entirely  destroyed  under 
Theophilus,  A.  D.  391.]' 

Alexandria.  A  small  town  on  the  coast  of 
Asia  Minor,  near  the  island  of  Tenedos.  it  con- 
tains important  ruins  of  Roman  thermse.    The  structure 


Alexis 

measured  270  by  404  feet  in  plan,  and  had  on  three  sides 
long  halls,  with  columns,  inside  of  which  were  smaller  sub- 
divisions. The  walls  of  the  interior  were  incrusted  with 
ornamental  marbles,  and  the  vaults  ornamented  with 
glass  mosaics.  It  is  believed  to  date  from  the  reign  of 
Hadrian. 

Alexandria.  A  town  in  southern  Rumania, 
50  miles  southwest  of  Bukharest.  Population 
(1889-90),  12,308. 

Alexandria.  A  small  manufacturing  town  in 
Dumbartonshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the 
Leven  15  miles  northwest  of  Glasgow. 

Alexandria.  The  capital  of  Eapides  parish, 
Louisiana,  situated  on  Red  River  100  miles 
northwest  of  Baton  Rouge.  A  Federal  squadron  in 
Banks's  expedition  passed  the  rapids  here,  May,  1864,  by 
means  of  a  dam  built  by  Lieutenant-Colonel  Bailey.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  6,648. 

Alexandria.  A  town  in  Jefferson  County, 
New  York,  situated  on  the  St.  Lawrence  32 
miles  southwest  of  Ogdensburgh.  Population 
(1900),  3,894. 

Alexandria.  The  capital  of  Douglas  County, 
Minnesota,  125  miles  northwest  of  St.  Paul. 
Population  (1900),  2,681. 

Alexandria.  A  city,  port  of  entry,  and  the 
capital  of  Alexajidria  County,  Virginia,  situated 
on  the  Potomac  7  miles  south  of  Washington. 
It  was  entered  by  Federal  troops  May  24, 1861.  Population 
(1900),  14,528. 

Alexandrian  Codex,  L.  Codex  Alexandrinus. 

An  important  manuscript  of  the  Scriptures 
now  in  the  British  Museum,  sent  to  Charles  I. 
of  England  by  the  Patriarch  of  Constantinople. 
It  is  written  in  Greek  uncials  on  parchment,  and  con- 
tains the  Septuagint  version  of  the  Old  Testament  com- 
plete, except  parts  of  the  Psalms,  and  almost  all  the  New 
Testament.    It  is  assigned  to  the  5th  century. 

Alexandrian  Saga.  See  Alexander,  Momance  of. 

Alexandrina  (al  -  eg  -  zan  -  dri'na),  Lake.  See 
Victoria,  Lake. 

Alexandrine  War.  A  war  (48-47  B.  c.)  be. 
tween  Julius  Csesar  and  the  guardians  of  Ptol- 
emy (elder  brother  of  Cleopatra),  in  Egypt. 
It  resulted  in  favor  of  Ceesar,  who  placed  Cleopatra"  and 
her  younger  brother  (the  elder  having  died)  on  the  Egyp- 
tian  throne. 

Alexandroff.     See  Alexandrov. 

Alexandropol  (al-ek-san-dro'pol),  or  Alexan- 
drapol  (al-ek-san-dra'pol),  formerly  Gumri. 
A  town  in  the  government  of  Brivan,  Trans- 
caucasia, Eussia,  situated  on  the  Arpa  35  miles 
northeast  of  Kars.  It  is  an  important  military  post 
Here,  1853,  the  Russians  defeated  the  Turks.  Pepulation 
(1891),  24,230. 

Alexandrov,  or  Alexandroff  (a-lek-san'drof). 
A  town  in  the  government  of  Vladimir,  Eussia, 
60  miles  northeast  of  Moscow.  Population, 
5,692. 

AlexandrOTSk  (al-ek-san'drofsk).  A  town  in 
the  government  of  YekaterinoslafE,  Eussia,  sit- 
uated near  the  Dnieperin  lat.  47°  47'  N,,  long. 
35°  20'  B,     Population,  15,079. 

Alexandrovsky  (al-ek-san-drof'ske)  Moun- 
tains. A  mountain-range  running  east  and 
west  in  the  governments  of  Semiryetchensk 
and  Syr-Daria,  Asiatic  Eussia.  Its  greatest 
height  is  about  12,000  to  13,000  feet. 

Alexas  (a-lek'sas).  A  minor  character  in 
Shakspere's  "Antony  and  Cleopatra,"  an  at- 
tendant of  Cleopatra. 

Alexei.    See  Alexis. 

Alexiad  (a-lek'si-ad).  The.  See  the  extract. 
By  the  command  of  the  Empress  Irene,  Nicephorus 
Byrennius,  who  had  married  her  daughter  the  celebrated 
Anna  Comnena,  undertook  a  history  of  the  house  of 
Comneni,  which  has  come  down  to  us  with  the  title 
"Materials  of  History."  Anna  herself  continued  her 
husband's  work  when  she  retired  after  his  death  to  the 
leisure  of  a  convent.  The  imperial  authoress  entitled  her 
book  "The  Alexiad."  As  its  epic  name  denotes,  it  is 
mainly  a  prolix  biography  of  her  father  Alexis  I.  It  is  in 
fifteen  books,  and  includes  the  period  from  1069  to  1118. 
The  work  is  interesting  in  itself  to  the  student  of  history, 
but  it  is  most  generally  known  as  having  supplied  Sir 
Walter  Scott  with  the  subject  and  some  of  the  materials 
for  the  last  and  feeblest  of  his  romances. 

K.  0.  MiiUer,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  399. 

[(Dtmaldton.) 

Alexin.    See  Alehsin. 

Alexinatz  (a-lek'si-nats).  A  town  in  Servia, 
situated  near  the  Morava  in  lat.  43°  31'  N., 
long.  21°  41'  E.,  the  scene  of  several  contests 
between  the  Turks  and  Servians  in  1876. 
Population  (1890),  5,762. 

Alexios.    See  Alexius. 

Alexis (a-lek' sis).  [Gr. 'aXefjf.]  BornatThurii, 
Magna  Greecia,  Italy,  about  390b.  c.  :  died  about 
288  B.  c.  A  Greek  dramatist,  a  master  of  the 
"middle  comedy."  He  was  a  prolific  writer,  the 
author  of  245  plays.  Fragments  of  these,  amounting  to 
1,000  hues,  are  extant.  He  was  brought  as  a  youth  to 
Athens,  and  was  a  citizen  of  that  city. 

Alexis,  or  Alexei.  Bom  in  1629:  died  in  1676, 
Czar  of  Eussia,  son  of  Michael  F6odoroviteh, 


Alexis 

the  founder  of  the  house  of  Romanoff,  whom  he 
succeeded  in  1645.  He  waged  a  war  with  Poland  from 
1654  to  1667,  acquiring  poBsesBion  of  Smolensk  and  eastern 
Ukraine.  In  a  war  with  Sweden  from  1666  to  1658  he  con- 
quered a  part  of  Livonia  and  Ingermanland,  but  was  forced 
by  domestic  troubles  to  relinquish  this  territory  at  the 
treaty  of  Cardis,  June  21, 1661.  He  extended  his  conquests 
to  eastern  Siberia,  codified  the  laws  of  the  various  prov- 
inces of  Russia,  and,  by  beginnins  to  introduce  European 
civilization,  prepared  the  way  for  his  son  Peter  the  Great. 

Alexis,  or  Alexei.  Born  at  Moscow,  Feb.  18, 
1690 :  died  in  prison  at  St.  Petersburg,  July  7, 
1718.  The  eldest  son  of  Peter  the  Grreat  and 
father  of  Peter  II.  He  was  condemned  for 
high  treason  and  imprisoned. 

Alexis.  An  amorous  shepherd  in  Fletcher's 
pastoral  "The  Faithful  Shepherdess." 

Alexis  I.-V.    See  Alexins. 

Alexisbad  (a-lek'ses-bad).  A  health-resort  in 
the  Harz,  Anhalt,  Germany,  18  miles  south  of 
Halberstadt,  noted  for  mineral  spring. 

Alexins  (a-lek'si-us).  Saint.  A  saint  (probably 
mythical)  said  to  have  been  bom  at  Rome  about 
350  A.  D.  According  to  the  legend,  he  fled  from  his  brid  e, 
a  lady  of  high  rank,  on  the  wedding  evening  to  the  porch 
of  the  Church  of  Our  Lady  of  Edessa,  where  he  lived  in 
chastity  for  seventeen  years.  He  afterward  returned  to 
Rome  and  lived  unrecognized  in  his  father's  house.  He  is 
commemorated  in  the  Eoman  Church  on  July  17,  and  in 
the  Greek  on  March  17. 

Alexius,  Saint.  A  Roman  saint  of  the  5th  century, 
said  to  have  been  a  senator.  He  was  the  founder 
of  the  Alexians  or  Cellites. 

Alexius  I.  Comnenus  (kom-ne'nus),  Gr.  Alex- 
ios  Komnenos.  Bom  at  Constantinople  in 
1048:  died  in  1118.  Byzantine  emperor  from 
1081  to  1118,  nephew  of  Isaac  Comnenus.  He 
supplanted,  by  the  aid  of  the  soldiery,  the  emperor  Ni- 
cephorus,  who  retired  to  a  monastery,  and  defended  the 
empire  against  the  Petchenegs,  the  Turks,  and  the  Nor- 
mans. In  his  reign  occurred  the  first  Crusade.  His  life  has 
been  written  by  his  daughter  Anna  Comnena.  See  Alexiad. 

Alexius  II.  Comnenus,  Gr.  Alexios  Kom- 
nenos. Bom  in  1168  (?) :  died  in  1183.  By- 
zantine emperor  from  1180  to  1183,  son  of 
Manuel  whom  he  succeeded.  He  was  deposed 
and  strangled  by  Andronicus. 

Alexius  III.  Angelus  (an'je-lus),  Gr.  Alexios 
Angelos.  Died  in  1210.  Byzantine  emperor 
from  1195  to  1203.  He  usurped  the  throne  of  his 
brother  Isaac  II.,  but  was  deposed  by  an  army  of  Crusaders 
who  besieged  Constantinople  and  reinstated  Isaac  II.  with 
his  son  Alexius  IV.  as  colleague.  Alexius  III.  died  in  exile. 

Alexius  IV.  Angelus,  Gr.  Alexios  Angelos. 
Died  in  1204.  Byzantine  emperor  in  1203  and 
1204,  son  of  Isaac  II.  Angelus.  He  was  put  to 
death  after  a  reign  of  six  months  by  Alexius  V. 

Alexius  V.,orAlexios,surnamed  Dukas  Murt- 
zuphlos.  Died  in  1204.  A  Byzantine  emperor. 
He  usurped  the  throne  of  Alexius  IV.  in  1204,  but  was 
driven  from  Constantinople  by  the  Crusaders  who  had  re- 
solved on  the  partition  of  the  empire.  He  was  arrested 
in  Morea,  tried  for  the  murder  of  AlexiusIV.,  and  executed. 

Alexius  I.  Comnenus,  Gr.  Alexios  Komnenos. 
Died  in  1222.  Emperor  of  Trebizond  from  1204 
to  1222,  grandson  of  the  Byzantine  emperor 
Andronicus  I.  At  the  capture  of  Constantinople  by 
the  Crusaders  in  1204  he  made  himself  master  of  Trebizond, 
which  he  raised  from  the  position  of  a  province  of  the 
l^zantine  empii'e  to  that  of  an  independent  empire. 

Alexius  II.  Comnenus,  Gr.  Alexios  Kom- 
nenos, Died  in  1380.  Emperor  of  Trebizond 
from  1297  to  1330,  son  of  Joaimes  II.  whom  he 
succeeded. 

Alexius  III.  Comnenus,  Gr.  Alexios  Kom- 
nenos. Died  in  1390.  Emperor  of  Trebizond 
from  1349  to  1390,  son  of  Basilius  by  Irene  of 
Trebizond. 

Alexius  IV.  Comnenus,  Gr.  Alexios  Kom- 
nenos. Died  in  1446.  Emperor  of  Trebizond 
from  1417  to  1446,  son  of  Manuel  IH.  and  Eu- 
docia  of  Georgia. 

Aleyn,  or  Alain.  [MB. :  the  mod.  Allen.']  See 
the  extract. 

The  good-livers  go  to  service  and  are  fed  by  the  Holy 
Graal.  The  sinners,  on  the  contrary,  not  being  thus  fed, 
beg  Josephes,  Joseph's  son,  to  pray  for  them ;  and  he  or- 
ders Bron's  twelfth  son,  Aleyn  or  Alain  le  Gros,  to  take 
the  net  from  the  Graal  table,  and  fish  with  it.  He  catches 
one  flsh,  which  the  sinners  say  will  not  suffice.  But  Aleyn 
having  prayed  satisfies  them  all  with  it,  and  is  thence- 
forward called  the  Eich  Fisher.  Joseph  dies  and  his 
body  is  buried  at  "  Glay,"  while  his  son  transmits  the 
Graal  to  Aleyn.  By  Aleyn's  instrumentality  theleperking 
Galafres,  of  the  land  of  Foreygne,  is  converted  and  chris- 
tened Alphasan.  He  is  healed  by  looking  upon  the  Graal, 
and  builds  Castle  Corbenic,  which  is  to  be  the  repository 
and  shrine  of  the  Holy  Cup,  as  Vespasian  was  healed  by 
looking  on  the  Veronica. 

Outdop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  1. 167. 

Aleyn.  One  of  the  Cambridge  students  or  clerks 
of  Cantebregge  in  Chaucer's  "Reeve's  Tale." 

Alfadir  (al-fa'dir).  Peel.  AlfadUr,  All-father.] 
In  Old  Norse  mythology,  one  of  the  many 
appellations  of  Odin  as  the  supreme  god  of  all 
mankind. 


37 

Alfana  (al-fa'nS).  The  horse  of  Gradasso  in 
"Orlando  Furioso." 

Al-Farabi  (al-fa-ra'bi),  Abu  Nasr  Mohammed 
ibn  Tarkhan.  Born  at  Farab,  Turkestan, 
about  870 :  died  at  Damascus  about  950.  An 
Arabian  philosopher  of  the  school  of  Bagdad, 
famous  for  his  great  learning.  He  wrote  an  encyclo- 
pedia of  the  sciences  and  numerous  treatises  on  the  worlcs 
of  Plato  and  Aristotle. 

Alfarache,  Guzman  de.  See  Guzman, 
Alfaro  (al-fa'ro).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Logrono,  Spain,  situated  near  the  Ebro  60 
miles  northwest  of  Saragossa.  Population 
(1887),  5,938. 
Alfaro,  Francisco  de.  Bom  at  Seville  about 
1565 :  died  at  Madrid  about  1650.  A  Spanish 
lawyer.  He  was  successively  fiscal  of  the  Audience  of 
Panama  (1594),  member  of  the  Audience  of  Lima  {about 
1601),  president  of  the  Audience  of  Charcas  (1632),  and 
member  of  the  Council  of  the  Indies  for  some  years  before 
his  death.  The  viceroy  Montesclaros  commissioned  him  to 
inquire  into  the  condition  of  the  Indians  of  Peru,  and  the  re- 
sult was  a  set  of  laws  called  the  Ordinances  of  Alfaro,  pro- 
mulgated in  1612  and  intended  to  prevent  Indian  slavery. 

Alfasi  (al-fa'si),  Isaac  ben  Jacob.  [Ar.  Al- 
fasi,  Fez.]  Born  in  Kala  Hamad,  near  Fez, 
1013:  died  at  Tucena,  1103.  A  celebrated 
Jewish  scholar  and  authority  on  the  Talmud. 
He  composed  a  sort  of  abbreviated  Talmud  which  was 
much  used  by  the  Spanish  Jews  in  place  of  the  Talmud 
itself.    Also  called,  after  the  initials  of  his  name,  Rif. 

Alfeld  (al'felt).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Hanover,  Prussia,  situated'  on  the  Leine  28 
miles  south  of  Hanover. 

Alfeta  (al'fe-ta).  The  name  given  in  the  "Al- 
magest "  and  Alphonsine  tables  to  the  second- 
magnitude  star  a  CoronsB  Borealis.  The  star  is 
more  generally  known  asAVphecca  or  Gemma. 

Alflieim(alf'  Mm).  [(m.Alfheimr:  ai/r, elf , and 
fceimr, world.]  In01dNorsemythology,theabode 
of  the  light  Elves.  It  was  conceived  to  be  near  the 
sacred  well  of  the  Norns,  at  the  foot  of  the  ash  Yggdrasil. 

Alfieri  (al-fe-a're),  Cesare,  Marctuis  di  Sos- 
tegno.  Bom  at  Turin,  Aug.  13,  1796:  died 
at  Florence,  April  17,  1869.  A  Piedmontese 
statesman  and  political  reformer,  for  a  short 
time  premier  in  1848. 

Alfieri,  Count  Vittorio.  Bom,  of  noble  pa- 
rents, at  Asti  in  Piedmont,  Jan.  17,  1749:  died 
at  Florence,  Oct.  8, 1803.  A  celebrated  Italian 
dramatist.  At  nine  years  of  agehewasplacedin  the  Acad- 
emy at  Turin,  at  thirteen  began  the  study  of  civil  and  ca- 
nonical law,  which  he  soon  abandoned,  and  at  fourteen 
came  into  possession  of  large  wealth.  From  1767  to  1773  he 
roamed  adventurously  over  Europe,  returning  to  Turin  in 
the  latter  year.  In  1775  his  play  • '  Cleopatra  "was  success- 
fully produced.  He  then  went  to  Tuscany  to  complete 
"Philip  II."  and  "Polynices,"  two  tragedies  originally 
written  in  French  prose,  which  he  now  versified.  While 
in  Florence  he  formed  a  connection  with  the  Countess  of 
Albany,  which  endured  for  twenty  years.  He  resided  for 
a  time  in  Home,  leaving  it  in  1783  for  a  period  of  travel : 
on  his  return  he  joined  the  countess  in  Alsace,  living  with 
her  there  and  in  Paris,  where  he  went  in  1787  to  oversee  a 
complete  edition  of  his  works.  In  1792,  at  the  outbreak 
of  the  Revolution,  they  returned  to  Florence  where  he 
passed  the  last  eleven  years  of  his  life.  He  left  21  tragedies 
and  6  comedies,  besides  5  odes  on  American  Independence, 
various  sonnets,  and  a  number  of  prose  works,  among 
which  are  a  "Panegyric  on  Trajan,"  "Essays  on  Litera- 
ture and  Government,"  and  a  "Defense  of  Louis  XVI.," 
which  includes  a  satirical  account  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion. His  tragedies  are  "  Philip  II."  "Polynices,"  "An- 
tigone "(the  sequel  of  "Polynices"),  "Virginia,"  "Aga- 
memnon," "Orestes,"  "The  Conspiracy  of  the  Pazzi," 
"Don  Garcia,"  "Rosamunda,"  "Mary  Stuart,"  "Timo- 
leon,"  "Octavia,"  "Merope,"  *'Saul,"  "Agis,"  "Sopho- 
nisba,"  "  Myrrha,"  two  tragedies  on  the  elder  and  younger 
Brutus,  and  two  on  the  subject  of  Alcestes.  "Abel," 
which  he  called  a  "tramelogedia,"  is  a  sort  of  mixture  of 
lyric  and  tragic  poetry.  He  wrote  six  comedies  which  he 
attempted  to  make  a  vehicle  for  his  political  sentiments. 
They  are  satirical,  not  dramatic.  Theyare  "One,"  "Few," 
"Too  Many,"  "'The  Antidote,"  "La  Finestrina,"  and 
"The  Divorce."  They  were  never  played.  He  also  wrote 
an  autobiography.  He  was  a  strict  observer  of  dramatic 
unities,  and  left  out  all  secondary  characters.  His  bold, 
vigorous,  lofty,  and  almost  naked  style  founded  a  new 
school  in  Italian  drama.  His  works  were  first  collected 
and  published  after  his  death  by  the  Countess  of  Albany. 
The  edition  is  in  36  volumes,  published  at  Pisa  1805-15. 
Thirteen  volumes  contain  his  posthumous  works. 

Alfinger  (al'fing-er),  Ambrosio  de.  Died  1532. 
A  German  soldier,  appointed  in  1528  agent  of 
the  mercantile  house  of  the  Welsers  (of  Augs- 
burg), which  held  Venezuela  as  a  hereditary 
flef  on  condition  of  completing  the  conj^uest  of 
the  country  for  Castile  and  colonizing  it.  After 
ravaging  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Maracaybo,  he  marched 
into  the  highlands  of  New  Granada,  and  had  nearly 
reached  the  rich  country  of  the  Chibchas  when  he  died 
from  a  wound  by  an  Indian  arrow.  His  inroads  were 
marked  by  horrible  cruelties. 

Alfold  (ol'feld).  [Hung.,  'lowland:']  The 
great  central  plain  of  Hungary. 

Alfonso  (al-fon's6)  I.,  or  Alphonso,  or  Alonzo 
(a-lon'z6).  Bom  693:  died  at  (Jangas,  757. 
King  of  Asturias  739-757,  sumamed"  The  Cath- 
olic "  on  account  of  his  zeal  in  erecting  and  en- 


Alfonso  Xnil. 

dowing  monasteries  and  churches.  He  was  a  son 
of  Pedro,  duke  of  Biscay,  a  descendant  of  the  Visigothic 
kings,  and  son-in-law  of  Pelayo,  king  of  Asturias,  whose 
son  Favila  he  succeeded.  He  is  said  to  have  wrested 
Leon,  Gfllicia,  and  Castile  from  the  Moors. 

Alfonso  II.,  or  Alphonso.  Died  in  Oviedo,  842. 
King  of  Asturias  791-842,  sumamed  "The 
Chaste."  He  defeated  Mohammed,  the  Moorish 
governor  of  Merida,  in  830. 

Alfonso  III.,  or  Alphonso.  Bom  848:  died 
912.  King  of  Asturias  and  Leon  866-910,  sur- 
named  "The  Great,"  eldest  son  of  Ordono  I. 
His  reign  was  filled  with  internal  struggles  and  external 
conflicts,  especially  with  the  Moors,  over  whom  he  was 
almost  uniformly  victorious.  His  successes  extended 
his  dominions  from  the  Duero  to  the  Guadiana.  In  910 
he  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son  Garcia  on  account  of  civil 
wars  raised  by  his  sons. 

Alfonso  IV.,  or  Alphonso.  Died  933  (?).  King 
of  Leon  924-927  (?),  sumamed  "  The  Monk," 
eldest  son  of  Ordono  II.  He  abdicated,  on  the  death 
of  his  wife,  in  favor  of  his  brother  Ramiro,  and  retired  to 
a  cloister,  was  taken  prisoner  at  Leon  in  an  attempt  to 
regain  the  throne,  was  blinded,  and  was  confined  till  his 
death  in  the  monastery  of  St.  Julian. 

Alfonso  v.,  or  Alphonso.  Born  994:  died  1027 
King  of  Leon  and  Castile  999-1027,  son  of 
Bermudo  II.  whom  he  succeeded.  He  recaptured 
Leon,  which  had  been  lost  during  his  minority,  and  was 
killed  at  the  siege  of  Viseo. 

Alfonso  VI.,  or  Alphonso.  Bom  1030:  died 
1109.  King  of  Leon  and,  as  Alfonso  I.,  of  Cas- 
tile, sumamed  "The  VaUant,"  son  of  Ferdi- 
nand the  Great  whom  he  succeeded  in  Leon  in 
1065.  He  succeeded  his  brother  Sancho  in  Castile  in 
1072.  From  1068  until  1072,  when  Sancho  died,  the 
brothers  were  at  war,  and  in  1071  Alfonso  was  defeated 
and  taken  prisoner  at  Valpellage  (Golpeliera).  In  1085  he 
captured  Toledo  from  the  Moors  and  was  himself  de- 
feated near  Zalaca  by  Yussuf  ibn  Tashfyn  in  1086.  His 
reign  witnessed  the  exploits  of  the  Cid. 

Alfonso  VII.,  King  of  Leon  and  Castile.  See 
Alfonso  I.  (of  Aragon). 

Alfonso  VIII.,  or  Alphonso  (Alfonso  Bay- 
mond).  Bom  1106:  died  at  Tremada,  Aug., 
1157.  King  of  Leon  and,  as  Alfonso  II.  (or 
III.),  king  of  Castile,  1126-57,  son  of  Urraca, 
daughter  of  Alfonso  VI.  (and  wife  of  Alfonso 
VII.),  and  Raymond  of  Burgundy,  her  first 
husband.  He  extended  the  frontiers  of  Castile  from 
the  Tagus  to  the  Sierra  Morena Mountains,  and  proclaimed 
himself  emperor  of  Spain  in  1136. 

Alfonso  IX.,  or  Alphonso.  King  of  Leon 
1188-1230,  son  of  Ferdinand  II.  He  gained  a  brU- 
liant  victory  over  Mohammed  ibn  Hud  at  Merida  1230. 
He  was  married  first  to  Theresa,  daughter  of  Sancho  I. 
of  Portugal,  and  later  to  Berengaria,  daughter  of  the  king 
of  Castile:  both  marriages  were  dissolved  by  the  Pope 
as  being  within  the  degree  of  affinity  prescribed  by  the 
canon  law. 

Alfonso  IX.,  or  Alphonso  (also  reckoned  as 
VIII.  and  as  III.).  Born  1155:  died  1214. 
King  of  Castile  1158-1214,  sumamed  "The 
Noble"  or  "The  Good,"  son  of  Sancho  HL 
He  was  defeated  by  the  Moors  at  Alarcos  in  1195,  and  in 
alliance  with  Aragon  and  Navarre  defeated  the  Moors  at 
Las  Navas  de  Tolosa  in  1212. 

Alfonso  X,,  or  Alphonso.  Bom  1221:  died  at 
Seville,  April  4,  1284.  A  celebrated  king  of 
Leon  and  Castile,  1252-82,  sumamed  "The 
Wise  "  and  "  The  Astronomer,"  son  of  Ferdi- 
nand IH.  He  laid  claim  to  the  duchy  of  Swabia,  and 
twice  unsuccessfully  attempted  to  secure  the  imperial 
crown :  the  first  time  he  was  defeated  by  Richard  of 
Cornwall,  and  the  second  by  Rudolf  of  Hapsburg.  From 
1261  to  1266  he  waged  war  with  the  Moors  with  varying 
fortune.  He  was  dethroned  by  his  son  Sancho  in  1282. 
Alfonso  is  celebrated  as  the  author  of  the  code  "  La£&iete 
Partidaa,"  the  basis  of  Spanish  jurisprudence,  and  for 
the  Alphonsine  tables,  a  set  of  astronomical  observations 
compiled  at  his  command. 

[Alfonso]  first  made  the  Caatilian  a  national  language  by 
causing  the  Bible  to  be  translated  into  it,  and  by  requir- 
ing it  to  be  used  in  all  legal  proceedings ;  and  he  first,  by 
his  great  Code  and  other  works,  gave  specimens  of  prose 
composition  which  left  a  free  and  disencumbered  course 
for  all  that  has  been  done  since,—  a  service,  perhaps, 
greater  than  it  has  been  permitted  any  other  Spaniard  to 
render  the  prose  literature  of  his  country. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  41. 

Alfonso  XI.,  or  Alphonso.  Died  March  26, 
1350.  King  of  Leon  and  Castile  1312-50,  sur- 
named  "The  Avenger"  from  his  severity  in 
repressing  internal  disorder:  son  of  Ferdinand 
IV.  He  defeated  the  Moors  of  Morocco  and  Granada  at 
Rio  Salado,  Oct.  29, 1340. 

Alfonso  XII.,  or  Alphonso.  Born  at  Madrid, 
Nov.  28,  1857:  died  at  El  Pardo,  near  Madrid,  , 
Nov.  25,  1885.  The  son  of  Isabella  II.,  pro- 
claimed king  of  Spain  Dec,  1874.  He  landed  in 
Spain  Jan.,  1876,  and  suppressed  the  Carlist  rebellion  in 
1876.  In  1883  he  visited  Germany,  and  was  insulted  by 
a  mob  in  Paris  on  his  return. 

Alfonso  XIII.,  or  Alphonso.  Bom  at  Madrid, 
May  17,  1886.  The  son  of  -Alfonso  XII.,  pro- 
claimed king  under  the  regency  of  his  mother 
(Maria  Christina  of  Austria)  on  the  day  of  his 
birth.     The  regency  ended  May  17,  1902. 


Alfonso  I. 

Alfonso  I.,  King  of  Naples.  See  Alfonso  T. 
of  Aragon. 

Alfonso II., 01- Alphonso.  Bom  1448:  diedNov. 
19, 1495.  King  of  Naples  1494-95,  eldest  son  of 
JPerdinand  I.  and  Isabella.  He  defeated  the  Flor- 
entines at  Poggio  1479,  and  the  Turks  at  Otranto  1481. 
Having  rendered  himself  obnoxious  to  his  subjects,  he 
abdicated  (Jan.  23, 1495)  in  favor  of  his  son  Ferdinand  II., 
when  Charles  VIIl.  of  France  threatened  his  capital. 

Alfonso  I.,  or  Affonso  (af-f  on'so),  or  Alphonso. 
Born  about  1110:  died  Dec.  6,  1185.  The  first 
king  of  Portugal,  son  of  Henry  of  Burgundy, 
■count  of  Portugal,  and  Teresa  of  Castile.  On 
his  father's  death  in  1112  he  became,  under  his  mother's 
"tutelaQ;e,  count  of  Portugal,  and  was  declared  sole  ruler 
in  1128.  In  that  year  he  made  successful  war  upon  hia 
another,  who  refused  to  yield  up  the  government,  and 
■upon  her  ally,  Alfonso  VIII.,  from  whom  he  wrested 
the  independence  of  Portugal.  He  was  proclaimed  king 
by  his  soldiers,  probably  after  the  victory  over  the  Moors 
at  Ourique,  July  26, 1139 ;  took  Santarem  from  the  Moors 
in  1146  ;  captured  tisbon  in  1147 ;  and  was  taken  captive 
near  Badajoz  in  1167  by  the  Leonese  and  made  to  pay  a 
heavy  ransom  (the  surrender  of  all  his  conquests  in  Galicia). 

Alfonso  II.,  or  Affonso,  or  Alphonso.    Bom 

April  23,  1185 :  died  March  25,  1223.  King  of 
Portugal  1211-23,  sumamed  "The  Fat."  He 
defeated  the  Moors  at  Alcacer  do  Sal  in  1217. 

Alfonso  III.,  or  Affonso,  or  Alphonso.  Bom 
May  5,  1210 :  died  Feb.  16,  1279.  King  of  Por- 
tugal 1248-79.  During  his  reign  Algarve  was 
incorporated  in  Portugal. 

Alfonso  IV.,  or  Affonso,  or  Alphonso.  Bom  at 
Coimbra,  Feb.  8, 1290:  died  ]!ilay28, 1357.  King 
of  Portugal  1325-57,  sumamed  "The  Brave" 
and  "  The  Fierce."  He  consented  to  the  murder  of 
Ines  de  Castro,  secretly  married  to  his  son  Pedro,  who, 
in  consequence,  headed  a  revolt  against  his  father.  See 
Castro^  Ines  de. 

Alfonso  v.,  or  Affonso,  or  Alphonso.  Born 
1432:  died  at  Cintra,  Aug.  28,  1481.  King  of 
Portugal  1438-81,  sumamed  "The  African" 
from  his  conquests  in  Africa:  sou  of  King 
Duarte  (Edward).  He  defeated  the  Moors  in 
Africa  in  1458  and  1471,  and  was  defeated  at 
Tore  in  1476  by  Ferdinand  the  Catholic. 

Alfonso  VI.,  or  Affonso,  or  Alphonso.  Bom 
1643 :  died  Sept.  12,  1683.  King  of  Portugal, 
second  son  of  John  IV.  He  succeeded  to  the 
throne  in  1656  and  was  deposed  in  1667. 

Alfonso  I.,  or  Alphonso.  King  of  Aragon  and 
Navarre  1104-34,  and,  as  Alfonso  VII.,  king  of 
Leon  and  Castile.  He  married  Urraca,  daughter  and 
lieiress  of  Alfonso  VI.  of  Leon  and  Castile,  in  1109.  In 
1118  he  conquered  Saragossa  from  the  Moors. 

Alfonso  II.,  or  Alphonso.  Bom  1152:  died 
1196.  King  of  Aragon  1163-96,  son  of  Eay- 
mondo  V.,  count  of  Barcelona,  and  Petronilla, 
■daughter  of  Ramiro  II.  of  Aragon :  especially 
noted  as  a  patron  of  Proven§al  poetry. 

Alfonso  III.,  or  Alphonso.  Bom  1265:  died 
June  18,  1291.  King  of  Aragon  1285^91,  sur- 
named  "  The  Magnificent,"  son  of  Pedro  III. 
He  granted  in  1287  the  "Privilege  of  Union  "  by  which  his 
subjects  were  permitted  to  bear  arms  and  the  right  was 
given  of  citing  the  king  himself  before  the  Cortes. 

Alfonso  IV.,  or  Alphonso.  Bom  1299:  died 
1336.  King  of  Aragon  1327-36,  surnamed  "  The 
<Jood."  His  entire  reign  was  occupied  by  a  war  with 
the  Genoese  about  the  possession  of  Corsica  and  Sardinia. 

Alfonso  v.,  or  Alphonso.  Born  1385:  died  at 
Naples,  June  27, 1458.  King  of  Aragon  and,  as 
Alfonso  I.,  Mug  of  Sicily  and  Sardinia  and  of 
Naples :  sumamed  ' '  The  Magnanimous."  Hewas 
the  son  of  Ferdinand  the  Just,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1416 
as  king  of  Aragon  and  of  Sicily  and  Sardinia.  In  1420  he 
"was  adopted  as  heir  and  prospective  successor  by  Joanna 
I.  of  Naples,  but  was  disinherited  in  1423  in  favor  of  Louis 
of  Anjou.  He  captured  Naples  in  1442,  seven  years  after 
the  death  of  Joanna,  and  enforced  his  claim  to  the  succes- 
sion. He  was  a  patron  of  learning  and  a  model  of  chivalric 
virtues. 

Alfonso  I.,  or  Alphonso,  of  Este.  Bom  1476 : 
died  Oct.  81,  1534.  Duke  of  Ferrara  1505-34. 
He  commanded  the  papal  troops  in  the  war  of 
the  League  of  Cambrai  in  1509,  and  fought 
against  Pope  Julius  II.  at  Eavenna  in  1512. 
He  married  Lueretia  Borgia  in  1501. 

Alfonso,  Count  of  Poitou.  Died  1271.  Brother 
of  Louis  IX.  of  France,  and  ruler  of  Poitou  and 
Toulouse. 

Alfonso  de  Cartagena.  See  Alphonsiis  a  Sancta 
Maria. 

Alford  (M'ford),  Henry.  Born  at  London,  Oct. 
10,  1810 :  died  at  Canterbury,  England,  Jan.  12, 
1871.  An  English  divine,  biblical  scholar,  poet, 
and  general  writer,  a  graduate  and  fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  dean  of  Can- 
terbury 1857-71.  He  was  the  author  of  a  noted  edition 
■of  the  Greek  Testament  (1849-61),  "New  Testament  for 
English  Readers"  (1867),  "Poems,''  "The  Queen's  English" 
(18:J6),  etc. 

Alford  (originally  Griflaths),  Michael.  Born 
at  London,  1587:  died  at  St.  Omer,  Aug.  11, 


38 

1652.  An  English  Jesuit,  author  of  various 
works  on  eeolesiastioal  history. 

Alfortvllle  (al-f6rt-vel').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine,  France,  on  the  Mame  south- 
east of  Paris,  the  seat  of  a  national  veterinary 
school  established  1766. 

Alfred (al'fred), or .ffllfred(alf 'rM),  surnamed 
"The  Great."  Born  at  Wantage,  Berkshire, 
849 :  died  Oct.  28, 901.  King  of  the  West  Saxons 
871-901,  fifth  and  youngest  son  of  ^thelwulf, 
king  of  the  West  Saxons,  and  his  wife  Osburh 
(daughter  of  Oslao  his  cup-bearer),  and  brother 
of  .ffithelred  whom  he  succeeded.  He  fought 
against  the  Danes  in  the  defensive  campaign  of  871,  serv- 
ing under  his  brother  ^thelred  at  Ashdown,  Basing,  and 
Merton,  and  commanded  as  king  at  Wilton.  In  878  he  re- 
ceded before  the  Danes  to  Athelney,  but  later  obtained  a 
decisive  victory  over  them  p.t  Ethandun.  By  the  treaty  of 
Wedmore,  which  followed,  Guthrum  consented  to  receive 
baptism  and  to  retire  north  of  Watling  Street  Alfred  forti- 
fied London  in  886,  and  carried  on  a  defensive  war  with  the 
Danes  894-897,  which  ended  in  the  withdrawal  of  the  in- 
vaders, and  in  which,  by  the  aid  of  ships  of  improved 
model,  the  English  for  the  first  time  gained  a  decided 
naval  advantage  over  the  vikings.  His  success  against 
the  Danes  was  due  largely  to  his  reform  of  the  national 
fyrd  or  militia,  by  which  half  the  force  of  each  shire 
was  always  ready  for  military  service.  His  adminis- 
tration was  also  marked  by  judicial  and  educational  re- 
forms. He  compiled  a  code  of  laws,  rebuilt  the  schools 
and  monasteries,  and  invited  scholars  to  his  court.  He 
was  himself  a  man  of  learning,  and  translated  into 
Ssixon  the  "Ecclesiastical  History  "  of  the  Venerable  Bede, 
the  "Epitome  of  Universal  History  "of  Paulus  Orosius, 
and  the  "  Consolations  of  Philosophy "  by  Eoethiua,  and 
corrected  a  translation  of  the  "  Dialogues"  of  Gregory  the 
Great.  The  popular  accounts  of  his  life  abound  in  legends 
which  are  devoid  of  histoncal  foundation. 

It  is  not  surprising  that  the  great  services  of  Alfred 
to  his  people  in  peace  and  in  war  should  have  led  poster- 
ity to  ascribe  every  institution,  of  which  the  beginning 
was  obscure  [such  as  the  law  of  frank-pledge,  the  distri- 
bution of  hundreds  and  tythings,  and  trial  by  jury],  to  his 
contrivance,  till  his  fame  has  become  almost  as  fabulous 
in  legislation  as  that  of  Arthur  in  arms.  Hallam, 

Alfred  the  Great.  A  historical  play  by  J. 
Sheridan  Knowles,  produced  in  1831. 

Alfred,  or  Alredus  (al-re'dus),  or  Aluredus 
(al-o-re'dus),  of  Beverley.  Lived  about  1143. 
An  English  chronicler,  author  of  ' '  Annales  sive 
Historia  de  gestis  regum  Britanniss  libris  ix.  ad 
annum  1129,"  a  work  occupied  chiefly  with  the 
fabulous  history  of  the  country. 

Alfred,  Prince  (Duke  of  Edinburgh).  Bom 
Aug.  6,  1844  :  died  July  30,  1900.  The  second 
son  of  Queen  Victoria :  duke  of  Saxe-Coburg 
and  (xotha  (1893).  He  was  elected  king  of 
Greece  in  1862,  but  declined  the  offer. 

Alfred  Club.  A  club  instituted  in  1808  in  Al- 
bemarle street,  London. 

Alfreton  (al'fer-ton).  A  town  in  Derbyshire, 
England,  13  miles'northeast  of  Derby.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  15,355. 

Alfric.     See  ^Ifric. 

Alfures  (al-fo'res),  or  Alfuros  (al-fB'ros),  or 
Alfura  (al-f6'ra).  A  descriptive  name,  signi- 
fying '  wild,'  '  uncivilized,'  given  to  certain 
native  tribes  of  the  north  of  Celebes,  the  Mo- 
luccas, Mindanao,  and  adjacent  islands.  They 
are  generally  classed  with  the  Malays.  Also 
JSaraforas. 

Algardi  (al-gar'de),  Alessandro.  Born  at  Bo- 
logna, Italy,  1602  (1598  ?) :  died  at  Kome,  June 
10,  1654.  A  noted  Italian  sculptor.  His  chief 
works  are  the  monument  of  Leo  XI.  and  a  mai^ble  relief 
of  Leo  I.  and  Attila,  both  in  St  Peter's,  Home. 

Algarotti  (al-ga-rot'te),  Count  Francesco. 
Bom  at  Venice,  Dec.  11,  1712 :  died  at  Pisa, 
Italy,  May  23,  1764.  A  noted  Italian  littera- 
teur and  art  connoisseur. 

Algarve  (al-gar'va).  The  southernmost  prov- 
ince of  Portugal,  bounded  by  Alemtejo  on  the 
north,  by  Spain  (from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  Guadiana)  on  the  east,  and  by  the  Atlantic 
on  the  south  and  west.  It  forms  the  district  Faro, 
with  the  town  of  Faro  as  capitaL  It  was  partly  conquered 
from  the  Moors  by  Sancho  I.,  and  was  united  with  Portu- 
gal as  a  kingdom  by  Alfonso  III.  about  1250.  Area,  1,878 
square  miles.    Population  (1890),  228,661. 

AlgSu,  or  AUgaU  (al'gou).  A  popular  name 
for  the  southwestern  part  of  Bavaria  with  the 
neighboring  portions  of  Wurtemberg  andTyrol; 
in  an  extended  sense,  the  region  between  the 
Danube  on  the  north,  the  Lech  on  the  east, 
the  Inn  on  the  south,  and  the  111  and  Lake 
Constance  on  the  west. 

Algauer  Alps.  A  mountain  group  in  Algau 
(northern  T^ol  and  southwestern  Bavaria). 
Its  highest  point  is  the  Parseyer  Spitz,  which 
is  about  9,960  feet  high .  Among  other  points  is 
the  Griinten. 

Al-Gazali  (ai-ga-za'le),  or  Algazel  (ai-ga'zel), 
Abu  Hamid  Mohammed.  Bom  at  Tus,  Per- 
sia, 1058  (1059?) :  died  1111.    An  Arabian  phi- 


Alglers 

losopher  and  theologian,  for  a  time  professor 
of  theology  and  director  of  the  school  at  Bag- 
dad .  He  wrote  "  The  Destruction  of  the  Philosophers  " 
and  other  works  in  defense  of  Moslem  orthodoxy  against 
the  followers  of  Aristotle  and  other  Greek  philosophers. 

Algebar  (al'je-bar).  [Said  to  be  from  Ar.  al,  the, 
and  Jabbdr  (Syr.  gdboro),  giant.]  1.  An  Arabic 
and  poetical  name  of  the  constellation  Orion. — 
2.  (Jocasionally  used  to  designate  Eigel  (/? 
Orionls),  the  brightest  star  in  the  constellation. 

Algeciras,  or  Algeziras  (al-na-the'ras). 
[Ar.  al-jazira,  the  island  or  peninsula.]  A 
seaport  in  the  province  of  Cadiz,  Spain,  6  miles 
west  of  Gibraltar:  the  ancient  Portus  Albus. 
It  has  a  considerable  coasting-trade.  It  was  the  landing- 
place  of  the  Arabs  under  Tarik  in  711 ;  was  retaken  from 
the  Moors  by  Alfonso  XI.  of  Castile  in  1844  (?) ;  and  was 
the  scene  of  engagements,  July,  1801,  between  the  British 
and  Franco-Spanish  fleets.  It  contains  a  notable  aqueduct 
built  by  the  Moors.  The  arches  are  pointed,  elegant  in 
profile,  and  of  considerable  height  and  span.  The  highest 
piers,  in  the  middle,  have  on  each  side  curious  ogival 
flying  buttresses.    Population  (1887),  12,381. 

Algeiba,  or  Algieba  (al-je'ba).  [Ar.,  said  to 
represent  aljeb-bali,  the  forehead ;  but  if  so  a 
misnomer,  as  it  is  in  the  shoulder  of  the  con- 
stellation.] The  second-magnitude  double  star 
y  Leonis.  By  IJlugh  Beigh  the  name  Algeiba 
was  applied  to  three  stars,  v,  7,  and  f  Leonis. 

Algenib  (al'je-nib).  [Ar.  al-jdnib  al-faraa,  the 
flank  of  the  horse.]  The  third-magnitude 
star  y  Pegasi,  at  the  extremity  of  the  wing. 
The  same  name  is  also  often  given  to  a  Persei, 
better  known  as  Mirfak.    See  also  Alehemb. 

Algenubi  (al-je-no'bi).  [Ar.  ra's  al-'asad  'al- 
janiibbi,  the  head  of  the  Hon,  the  southern :  op- 
posed to  al-'samdli,  the  northern.]  A  name 
used,  though  rather  rarely,  for  the  third-mag- 
nitude star  e  Leonis. 

Alger (al'jer),Eussell  Alexander.  BominLa- 
fayettetownship,MedinaCo.,Ohio,Peb.  27,1836. 
An  American  politician  and  general.  He  served 
in  the  Union  army  during  the  Civil  War  and  was  brevetted 
major-general  of  volunteers  in  June,  1865 ;  was  governor 
of  Michigan  1885-87 ;  was  a  candidate  for  the  presidential 
nomination  at  the  Republican  National  Convention  of 
1888 ;  was  commander-m-chief  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  1889-90 ;  and  secretary  of  war  1897-Aug.,  1899. 

Alger,  William  Bounseville.  Bom  at  Free- 
town, Mass.,  Dec.  30,  1822.  A  Unitarian  clergy- 
man and  author.  Among  his  works  are  "Introduction 
to  the  Poetry  of  the  Orient,"  "Metrical  Specimens  of 
the  Thought,  Sentiment  and  Fancy  of  the  East"  (1856X 
"Friendships  of  Women  "  (1867),  etc. 

Algeria  (al-je'ri-a).  [Ar.  dl-jaztra,  the  island 
or  peninsula;  F'.  Alg&rie,  G.  Algerien.l  A 
country  in  northern  Africa,  the  ancient  Nu- 
midia  and  eastern  Mauritania,  organized  as 
a  colonial  possession  of  France  in  1834  (con- 
quest begun  in  1830).  It  is  bounded  by  the  Mediter- 
ranean on  the  north,  by  Tunis  on  the  east,  by  Sahara  on 
the  south,  and  by  Morocco  on  the  west,  and  is  traversed 
by  the  Atlas  range.  It  comprises  three  distinct  regions : 
the  Tell,  or  mountainous  and  cultivated  region,  in  the 
north ;'  the  steppe  region,  with  various  shotts,  or  brackish 
lakes,  in  the  center ;  and  the  Sahara,  which  extends  in- 
deflnitely  southward.  The  leading  industry  is  agriculture, 
but  the  country  also  contains  considerable  mineral  wealth 
(especially  iron  and  copper),  and  exports  wheat,  barley, 
oats,  wine,  olive-oil,  esparto  grass,  wool,  fruits,  and  live 
stock.  It  is  divided  into  three  departments :  Algiers,  Oran, 
and  Constantine,  each  with  a  civil  territory  and  a  mili- 
tary territory.  The  capital  is  Algiers.  The  government  is 
vested  in  a  governor-general  appointed  from  France,  in  the 
French  Corps  L^gislatif,  and  in  a  Superior  Council.  Each 
province  sends  1  senator  and  2  deputies  to  the  French  As- 
sembly. The  prevailing_  religion  is  Mohammedanism,  and 
the  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Berbers,  Arabs,  Europeans 
(largely  French  and  Spaniards),  Jews,  Moors,  and  de- 
scendants of  Turks.  The  country  was  annexed  by  Rome 
in  large  part  in  tie  Ist  century  B.  o. ;  was  conquered  by 
the  Vandals  in  the  5th  century,  and  by  the  Saracens 
in  the  7th ;  passed  into  the  possession  of  the  Turks  in 
1B19 ;  and  was  a  piratical  power  from  the  16th  to  the  19th 
century,  becoming  independent  of  Turkey  in  1710.  The 
ofBce  of  dey  was  established  in  1600.  Defeated  by  the 
United  States  in  1815.  Conquest  by  France,  begun  in  1830 
with  the  taking  of  Algiers,  was  continued  by  the  taking  of 
Constantine  in  1837,  the  subdual  of  the  Kabyles,  and  the 
capture  of  Abd-el-Kader  in  1847.  Various  insurrections 
occurred  in  later  years.  Area  (excluding  the  Algerian 
Sahara),  184,474  square  miles.  Population  (1896), 4,4^421. 
See  Corsairs. 

Algesiras.    See  Algeciras. 

Alghero  (al-ga'ro),  or  Algheri  (-re).  A  sea- 
port in  the  province  of  Sassari,  Sardinia,  in  lat. 
40°  34'  N.,  long.  8°  19'  E.  It  has  a  cathedral. 
Population,  about  9,000. 

Algiers  (al-jerz').  [F.  Alger,  Sp.  Pg.  Argel,  It. 
Algieri,  G.  Algier.  See  Algeria.']  A  seaport,  the 
capital  of  Algeria,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Algiers 
in  lat.  36°  47'  N.,  long.  3°  3'  E.,  founded  by  the 
Arabs  about  935.  it  consists  of  a  lower  or  European 
and  an  upper  or  Moorish  quarter,  and  contains  the  Easbab, 
or  ancient  fortress  of  the  deys,  situated  about  SCO  feet 
above  the  sea,  numerous  mosques,  a  Catholic  cathedral, 
and  several  Protestant  churches.  The  harbor  is  spacions, 
safe,  and  weU  fortified.  Algiers  is  a  favorite  winter 
health-resort    It  was  imsaccessfuUy  attacked  by  Charles 


Algiers 


v.  In  1541 ;  bombarded  by  the  British  in  1816 ;  and  occu- 
pied by  the  French  in  1830.  Population  (18S1),  82,585. 
See  Corsttire. 

'Algiers'  is  In  Arabic  'Al-Gezair'("the  islands"),  said 
to  be  so  called  from  that  in  its  bay ;  or,  more  probably, 
*A1-Gezair'  is  a  grammarian's  explanation  of  the  name 
'Tzeyr'  or  'Tzier,'  by  which  the  Algerians  commonly 
called  their  city,  and  which  is,  I  suspect,  a  corruption  of 
the  [name  of  the]  Roman  city  Csssarea  (Augusta),  which 
occupied  almost  the  same  site.  It  should  be  remarked 
that  the  Algerians  pronounce  the  gim  hard:  not  'Al- 
Jezair."  Europeans  spelt  the  name  in  all  sorts  of  ways: 
Arger,  Argel,  Argeir,  Algel,  &c.,  down  to  the  French  Alger 
«nd  our  Algiers. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Barbary  Corsairs,  p.  13. 

Algiers.  The  middle  province  or  department 
of  Algeria.    Population  (1891),  1,468,127. 

Algiers,  A  manufacturing  suburb  of  New  Or- 
leans, situated  on  the  Mississippi  opposite  New 
Orleans. 

Algoa  Bay  (al-go'a  ba).  A  bay  on  the  southern 
coast  of  Cape  Colony,  Africa. 

Algol  (al'gol).  [At.  al-gliAl,  the  ghoul  or  de- 
mon.] The  remarkable  second-magnitude  va- 
riable star  ji  Persei,  in  the  head  of  Medusa, 
who  is  the  monster  referred  to  in  the  name. 

Algonquiau (al-gou'ld-an).  \^Algonqu{in) and 
-Jan.]  A  linguistic  stoct  of  North  American 
Indians,  which  formerly  oocu;pied  an  area  larger 
than  that  of  any  other  stock  in  North  America, 
reaching  from  Labrador  to  the  Rocky  Mountains 
and  from  Churchill  Eiver  of  Hudson  Bay  at  least 
as  far  south  as  Pamlico  Soundin  North  Carolina. 
There  were  breaks  in  the  continuity  of  its  territory  in  and 
near  the  State  of  New  York  where  an  area  was  occupied 
by  Iroquoian  tribes,  and  one  in  Newfoundland  where  the 
Beothukan  family  dwelt.  An  advance  to  the  south  be- 
yond the  contiguous  tribal  territories  was  made  by  the 
Shawano  or  Shawnee  tribe  which  had  early  separated 
from  the  main  body.  The  Cheyenne  and  Arapaho,  two 
■allied  tribes  of  this  stock,  also  separated  from  their  kin- 
dred on  the  north  and  forced  their  way  west  through 
bostile  tribes  across  the  Missouri  River  to  the  Black  Hills 
country  of  South  Dakota,  and  more  recently  into  Wyoming 
and  Colorado,  thus  forming  the  advance  of  the  Algonquian 
stock  in  that  direction,  leaving  t^e  Siouan  tribes  in  their 
rear  and  confronting  those  of  the  Shoshonean  stock.  In 
the  immense  area  occupied  by  this  stock  the  number  of 
tribes  which  sometimes  have  been  called  villages,  and 
sometimes  were  composed  of  several  neighboring  villages, 
was  veryiai'ge.  Hundreds  of  names  of  these  subordinate 
divisions  with  their  situations  are  known,  and  also  several 
oonfederacies  which  are  more  frequently  mentioned  by  a 

^collective  name  than  by  the  names  of  the  tribes  compos- 

'ing  them.  Among  these  confederacies  are  the  Abnaki, 
Illinois,  Pennacook,  Powhatan,  and  Siksika.  The  Cheyenne 
and  Arapaho  and  the  Sac  and  Fox,  though  essentially 
confederacies,  are  not  designated  as  such  under  a  special 
litle.  Excluding  the  five  confederacies  just  mentioned, 
■the  principal  tribes  are  Algonquin,  Arapaho,  Cheyenne, 
Conoy,  Cree,  Delaware,  Fox,  Kickapoo,  Mahican,  Masaa- 
«huset,  Menominee,  Miami,  Micmac,  Misisaga,  Mohegan, 
Mont^nais,  Montauk,  Munsee,  Nanticoke,  Narraganset, 
Nauset,  Niprauc,  Ojibwa,  Ottawa,  Pamlico,  Pequot,  Pian- 
Itishaw,  Pottawotomi,  Sac,  Shawano,  Wampanoag,  and 
Wappinger.  The  Algonquian  stock  numbers  now  about 
■95,600,  of  whom  about  60,000  are  in  Canada  and  the  rest 
in  the  United  States.  As  its  tribes  were  met  by  the  first 
Eiench,  English,  and  Dutch  immigrants  and  for  genera- 
tions were  closely  connected  with  the  colonial  and  revo- 
lutionary history  of  North  America,  the  literature  relating 
to  them  Mis  many  volumes.  Brief  allusions  to  prominent 
historic  events  appear  under  some  of  the  tribal  names. 

Algonctuin,  or  Algonkin  (al-gon'kin).  [A 
French  contraction  of  Algomeguin,  a  word  of 
the  Algonkin  language  signifying  'those  on 
the  other  side  of  the  river,'  i.  e.  the  St.  Law- 
rence Eiver.]  A  collective  term  for  a  group  of 
tribes  of  North  American  Indians  of  the  valleys 
of  the  Ottawa  Eiver  and  of  the  northern  tribu- 
taries of  the  St.  Lawrence,  to  near  Quebec. 
They  were  early  allies  of  the  French  in  fighting  the  Iro- 
quois by  whom  many  were  driven  west  where  they  became 
known  as  Ottawa.  Some  returned  to  Three  Rivers,  Que- 
bec. There  are  about  4,700  in  the  provinces  of  Quebec 
and  Ontario. 

Algorab  (al-go-rab'),  or  Algores  (al'go-res). 
[Ar.  al-glturdb,  the  raven.]  The  third-magni- 
tude star  S  Corvi.  See  Alchiba.  in  this  constel- 
lation the  lettering  of  the  stars  does  not  at  all  correspond 
to  their  present  brightness. 

Algrind  (al'grind).  An  anagram  of  Grindal,  in 
Spenser's  "Shepherd's  Calendar." 

-Al-Hakim  ibn  Otta  (al-ha'kem  ib'n  ot'ta). 
Died  about  780.  An  impostor  who  appeared 
as  a  prophet  in  Mero,  the  capital  of  Khorasan, 
in  774,  surnamed  Al-Mokenna  (Mocanna,  or 
Mukanna),  "  The  Veiled  One."  He  destroyed 
himself  about  780  to  avoid  capture  by  an  army  which  had 
■been  sent  against  him  by  the  calif  Mahdl.  He  has  been 
made  the  subject  of  a  poem  by  Moore,  "Mokanna,  or  the 
Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorassan." 

Al-Hakim  (al-ha'kem)  II.  Bom  about  the  be- 
ginning of  the  10th  century :  died  Sept.  30,  976. 
Calif  of  Cordova  961-976,  famous  as  a  patron 
of  literature  and  learning.  He  collected  a  large 
library  (said  to  have  contained  600,000  volumes),  which 
formed  the  nucleus  of  the  celebrated  academy  of  Cordova, 
and  founded  colleges,  mosques,  and  hospitals. 

Alhama  de  los  Banos  (a-la'ma  da  16s  ban'yos). 
A  town  and  watering-place,   containing  hot 


39 

sulphur  springs,  in  the  province  of  Granada, 
Spain,  26  miles  southwest  of  Granada.  It  was 
taken  from  the  Moors  in  1482.  Population 
(1887),  7,899. 

.Alhania  de  Murcia  (a-la'ma  da  m6r'the-a).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Murcia,  Spain,  17  miles 
southwest  of  Murcia,  noted  for  its  sulphur 
springs.     Population  (1887),  7,203. 

Albamarides  (a-la-mar'idz).  The  last  Moor- 
ish dynasty  in  Spain.  It  ruled  in  Granada 
from  the  middle  of  the  13th  century  until  1492. 

Alhambra  (al-ham'bra).  [Ar.  al-hamra'u,  red.] 
A  great  citadel  and  palace  founded  in  the  13th 
century  above  the  city  of  Granada,  Spain,  by 
the  Moorish  kings.  The  hill  inclosed  by  this  once 
formidable  fortress  is  2,600  feet  long  and  700  wide ;  the 
high  and  thick  walls  are  strengthened  by  great  square 
towers,  and  there  is  a  strong  inner  citadel.  The  palace,  a 
large  part  of  which  was  destroyed  by  Charles  V.  to  make 
room  for  a  Renaissance  structure,  is  the  finest  example 
of  Moorish  art,  and  gives  its  name  to  the  Alhambraic 
style.  It  consists  of  galleries  and  rather  small  rooms  sur- 
rounding arcaded  courts  beautiful  with  fountains,  flowers, 
and  subtropical  vegetation.  The  key-note  of  the  style  is 
the  delicacy  and  elaboration  of  detail  of  its  interior  dec- 
oration, which  is  formed  especially  of  endlessly  varied 
arabesque  patterns  and  Moslem  inscriptions  impressed 
on  plaster  or  executed  in  wood,  and  delicately  yet  bril- 
liantly colored.  All  is  on  a  rather  small  scale ;  but  the 
little  marble  columns  are  very  finely  cut,  the  coupled 
Ajimez  windows  are  lovely  in  proportions  and  ornament, 
and  the  research  of  artistic  efEects  of  perspective  is  note- 
worthy, 

Alhazen  (al-ha'zen).  Born  at  Bassora:  died 
at  Cairo,  1038.  An  Arabian  mathematician, 
author  of  commentaries  on  the  ".Almagest"  of 
Ptolemy,  a  treatise  "On  Twilight,"  a  "Thesau- 
rus Opticse,"  etc. 

Alhena  (al-hen'a).  [Ar.  al-hen'ah,  a  ring  or 
circlet.]  The  third-magnitude  star  7  Gemi- 
norum,  in  the  foot  or  ankle  of  Pollux.  It  is 
sometimes  called  Almeisam. 

All  (a'le).  Born  at  Mecca  about  600:  killed  at 
Kuf  a,  661.  A  cousin  german  and  adopted  son  of 
Mohammed,  and  the  fourth  calif,  656-661 :  sur- 
named "The  Lion  of  God."  He  was  the  son  of  Abu 
Talib,  uncle  of  Mohammed,  and  he  married  Fatima,  daugh- 
ter of  the  Prophet.  He  was  defeated  by  Moavya,  the 
founder  of  the  Ommiad  dynasty,  and  assassinated.  His 
sons  Hassan  and  Hussein,  who  tried  to  regain  the  cal- 
ifate,  were  killed  in  669  and  680  respectively.  Their  fol- 
lowers brought  about  the  great  schism  which  divides  the 
Moslem  world  into  two  sects,  the  Sunnites  and  the 
Shiites.  The  latter,  which  include  Persians  and  most  of 
the  Mohammedans  of  India,  regard  All  as  the  first  right- 
ful calif,  and  venerate  his  sons  as  martyrs.  He  wrote 
lyric  poems  ("Diwan  "),  and  a  collection  of  proverbs  is  at- 
tributed to  him. 

Ali.  Brother  of  the  prince  in  the  story  of 
"Prince  Ahmed  and  the  Fairy  Pari-Banou," 
in  "The  Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments." 
He  marries  the  Princess  Nourounnihar. 

Ali  Bey.  Born  in  Abkhasia  about  1728 :  died 
1773.  A  Mameluke  bey,  ruler  of  Egypt,  who 
declared  himself  independent  of  the  Porte  in 
1768.  He  made  many  conquests  in  Arabia,  Syria,  etc., 
and  was  taken  prisoner  in  battle  in  1773. 

Ali  Bey.    See  Badia  y  Leblich. 

Ali  Pasha.  Bom  at  Tepeleni,  Albania,  1741: 
beheaded  at  Janina,  Feb.  5,  1822.  An  Alba- 
nian who  became  pasha  of  Janina  in  1788.  He 
subdued  the  Suliotes  in  1803  and  was  made  governor  of 
Rumelia.  He  intrigued  with  France,  Russia,  and  Great 
Britain  against  Turkey,  and  was  compelled  by  the  Turks 
to  surrender  at  Janina,  and  assassinated. 

Ali  Pasha.  Born  at  Constantinople,  1815:  died 
Sept.  6, 1871.  A  Turkish  statesman  and  diplo- 
matist, several  times  grand  vizir  since  1855. 
He  was  especially  distinguished  as  the  promoter  of  vari- 
ous reforms  in  the  Turkish  government. 

Aliaska.    See  Alaska. 

.Aliata.    See  Comanche. 

Ali  Baba  (a'le  ba'ba).  A  character  in  "  The 
■Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments,"  in  the  story 
"Ali  Baba  and  the  Forty  Thieves":  a  pooc 
wood-cutter  who,  concealed  in  a  tree,  sees  a 
band  of  robbers  enter  a  secret  cavern,  and 
overhears  the  magic  words  "open  sesame" 
which  open  its  door.  After  their  departure  he  repeats 
the  spell  and  the  door  opens,  disclosing  a  room  fuU  of 
treasures  with  which  he  loads  his  asses  and  returns  home. 
His  brother  Cassim,  who  discovers  his  secret,  enters  the 
cave  alone,  forgets  the  word  "  sesame,"  and  is  found  and 
out  in  pieces  by  the  robbers.  The  thieves,  discovering 
that  Ali  Baba  knows  their  secret,  resolve  to  kill  him,  but 
are  outwitted  by  Morgiana,  a  slave. 

Ali  Baba.  An  opera  by  Cherubini,  founded  on 
his  "Koukourgi,"  produced  at  Paris  1833. 

Alibamali,  or  Alibami,  or  Alibamo.  See 
AKbamu. 

Alibamu  (a-le-ba'mo).  [In  the  form  Alabama, 
as  the  name  of  one  of  the  United  States,  com- 
monly but  incorrectly  translated  'here  we  rest': 
the  name  is  first  mentioned  as  that  of  a  chief 
met  by  De  Soto.]    A  tribe  of  the  Creek  Con- 


Alinda 

f  ederaoy  of  North  American  Indians.  The  Frencli 
came  int»  conflict  with  them  in  1702.  There  is  now  an 
■Alibamu  town  on  Deep  Creek,  Indian  Territory,  and  some 
of  the  tribe  live  near  .Alexandria,  Louisiana ;  over  100  are 
hi  Polk  County,  Texas.  (See  Creek  and  Muskkogean.) 
Also  Alibamo,  Alibamah,  Alibami, 

Alibaud  (a-le-bo'),  Louis.  Bom  at  Nimes 
France,  May  2,  1810:  guUlotined  at  Paris,  July 
11,  1836.  A  Frenchman  who  attempted  to  as- 
sassinate Louis  Philippe,  June  25, 1836. 

Alibert  (a-le-bar'),  Jean  Louis,  Baron.  Born 
at  Villefranehe,  Aveyron,  France,  May  12, 
1766:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  6,  1887.  A  French 
medical  writer,  author  of  "  'Traits  eomplet  des 
maladies  de  la  peau"  (1806-27),  etc. 

Alibunar  Marsh.  A  large  morass  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Alibunar  in  Croatia. 

Alicante  (a-le-kan'ta) .  A  province  in  the  titu- 
lar kingdom  of  Valencia,  Spain,  bounded  by 
Valencia  on  the  north,  the  Mediterranean  on 
the  east,  Murcia  on  the  south,  and  Albacete 
and  Murcia  Qn  the  west.  Area,  2,098  square 
miles.    Population  (1887),  432,355. 

Alicante.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  the 
province  of  Alicante,  situated  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean in  lat.  38°  21'  N.,  long.  0°  29'  W. :  the 
ancient  Lucentum.  it  is  one  of  the  best  harbors  in 
the  Mediterranean,  and  has  an  important  export  trade 
in  wine  and  other  products  of  eastern  Spain.  It  was  re- 
covered from  the  Moors  by  Ferdinand  III.  of  Castile, 
ceded  to  .Aragon  in  1304,  besieged  and  taken  by  the  French 
1709,  besieged  by  the  French  1812,  and  bombarded  by  the 
insurgents  of  Cartagena  1873.    Population  (1887),  39,638. 

Alicata.    See  Licata. 

Alice  (al'is).  1.  The  wife  of  Bath  in  Chaucer's 
tale  of  that  name.  Her  "  gossib,"  to  whom  she 
alludes,  has  the  same  name. — 3.  A  lady  in  at- 
tendance on  the  Princess  Katharine,  daughter 
of  the  King  of  France,  in  Shakspere's  "Henry 
V." — 3.  The  principal  female  character  in 
"Arden  of  Feversham." — 4.  A  little  girl 
through  whose  dream  pass  the  scenes  of  "  Alice's 
Adventures  in  Wonderland  "  and  "  Through  the 
Looking-glass, "  two  popular  stories  for  children 
by  Lewis  Carroll  (Charles  Dodgson). 

Alice,  or  The  Mysteries.  A  novel  by  Bulwer, 
published  in  1838:  Si  sequel  to  "Ernest  Mal- 
travers." 

Alicia  (a-lish'ia).  1.  One  of  the  principal 
female  characters  in  Eowe's  tragedy  "Jane 
Shore,"  a  woman  of  strong  passions  who  by  her 
jealousy  ruins  her  former  friend  Jane  Shore. — 

2.  The  name  given  by  Lillo  in  his  "Arden  of 
Feversham"  to  the  Alice  of  the  earlier  version. 

Alicudi  (a-le-ko'de),  or  Alicuri  (a-le-ko're). 
The  westernmost  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  north  of 
Sicily,  in  lat.  38'=  35'  N.,  long.  14°  15'  E.  It  is 
4  miles  long. 

■Alides  (al'idz).  The  descendants  of  .Ali  the 
fourth  calif. 

Aliena  (a-li-e'na).  The  name  assumed  by  Celi a 
in  Shakspere's  " As  you  Like  it"  when  she 
followed  Eosalind  disguised  as  a  shepherdess. 
See  Alinda. 

Alifanfaron  (a-le-fan'fa-ron).  The  emperor 
of  the  Island  of  Trapoban,  mentioned  by  Don 
Quixote.  When  he  sees  two  flocks  of  sheep  coming 
toward  him  he  says  :  "  Know,  friend  Sancho,  that  yonder 
army  before  us  is  commanded  by  the  Emperor  ■Alifanfaron, 
sovereign  of  the  Island  of  Trapoban,  and  the  other  .  .  . 
by  .  .'  .  Pentapolin."    See  Pemtapolin. 

Aligarh  (a-li-gar').  A  district  in  the  Meerut 
division,  Northwestern  Provinces,  British  In- 
dia, intersected  by  lat.  28°  N.,  long.  78°  E. 
Area,  1,952  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
1,043,172. 

Aligarh,  Fort.  A  f  ortin  the  district  of  Aligarh, 
defended  by  the  Mahrattas  and  stormed  by  the 
British  under  Lake  1803. 

Alighieri.    See  Dante. 

Alijos  (a-le'Hos).  A  group  of  small  islands  in 
the  Pacific,  west  of  Lower  California. 

Alikhanoff  (a-le-cha'nof),  originally  Ali 
Khan  (a'le  chan).  Born  in  the  Caucasus, 
1846.  A  Eiissian  officer,  governor  of  the  Merv 
oasis,  noted  for  his  share  in  gaining  Merv  for 
the  Eussians  in  1884. 

Alima  (a-le'ma).  A  right  afluent  of  the 
Kongo  Eiver,  having  its  head  waters  near  those 
of  the  Ogowe,  in  French  Kongo.  It  was  dis- 
covered by  Brazza  in  1878,  and  is  navigable  as 
far  as  Leketi. 

Alinda  (a-lin'da).  1.  A  character  in  Lodge's 
romance  "Eosalynde,"  the  story  transformed 
by  Shakspere  into  ' '  As  you  Like  it."  Alinda  is 
the  Celia  of  Shakspere's  play.— 2.  The  daugh- 
ter  of  Alphonso  in  Fletcher's   "Pilgrim."  — 

3.  The  name  assumed  by  young  Archas  when 
disguised  as  a  woman,  in  Fletcher's  "Loyal 
Subject." 


Alioth 

Alioth  (al'i-oth).  [Ar.,  but  of  disputed  deriva- 
tion.] The  name  in  the  Alphonsine  tahles, 
and  still  in  ordinary  use,  of  the  bright  seeond- 


40 


Allen,  Carl  Ferdinand 


Britain  restored  to  the  French  8,000  French  and  Dutch  AUectUS  (a-lek'tus).     The  prime  minister  ol 


prisoners,  and  handed  over  in  perfect  repair  all  the  mili- 
tary "works  which  our  own  soldiers  had  erected  at  the 
Holder.  Pyge,  Hist.  Mod.  Europe,  I.  196. 


magnitude  star  e  Ursaa  Majoris.    The  name  is  also  Alkmaar.  Heinrik  VOn.    Lived  in  the  second 
sometimes  (rarely)  given  to  a  Serpentis,  and  even  to  9  Ser-  Xlf^f  flik  "/""JT*-,"-."       A  German  translator 


pentis. 

Aliris.    See  Feramorz. 

Aliscans  (a-les-kon').  [Also  Alesehans;  fromL. 
Elysii  Campi,  Elysian  Fields,  referring  to  an 
ancient  cemetery  near  Aries.]  A  chanson  of 
the  12th  century,  dealing  with  the  contest  be- 
tween William  of  Orange,  the  great  Christian 
hero  of  the  south  of  France,  and  the  Saracens. 
It  lorms,  according  to  custom,  the  center  ol  a  whole  group 
of  chansons  dealing  with  the  earlier  and  later  adventures 
of  the  hero,  his  ancestors  and  descendants.  Such  are 
"Le  couronneraent  Loys,"  *'La  prise  d'Orange,"  "I,e 
charroi  de  Nimes,"  "Le  moniage  Guillaume."    The  series 


Carausius,  "emperor"  of  Britain,  and  his  mur- 
derer (293  A.  D.).  AUeotus  usurped  the  throne  of 
Carausius  and  retained  it  for  three  years,  but  was  de- 
feated and  slain  by  the  Romans  under  a  lieutenant  of  Con- 
stantius  near  London. 


half  of  the  15th  century.    ^^  ^^^^v.^  ^^^^^ ^^ ■,,-,,.  i.s      rn     itm.-x 

of  the  poem  "Reineke  de  Vos,"  published  in  A116e  Blanche  (al-la    blonsh).  ^  [*•>    Wli™ 
Low  German  at  Bremen  1498.  Walk.']   An  Alpine  valley  south  of  MontBlanc. 

A116e  Verte  (al-la'  vert).     [F.,  'Green  Walk.'] 
,  A  double  avenue  of  limes  beginning  at  the 
western  end  of  the  Boulevard  d'Anvers  in  Brus- 
sels and  extending  along  the  bank  of  the  Wille- 
broeck  Canal.    It  was  formerly  a  fashionable 


Alkoran.     See  Eoran. 

Alkoremmi  (al-ko-rem'me).     The  palace  of 
Vathek,  in  the  story  of  that  name  by  Beckf  ord. 

He  [Vathek]  surpassed  in  magnificence  all  his  prede- 
cessors. The  palace  of  Alkoremmi,  which  his  father  Mo- 
tassem  had  erected  on  the  hill  of  Pied  Horses,  and  which     promenade. 

commanded  the  whole  city  of  Samarah,  was  in  his  idea  Alleghany  (al'e-ga-ni)  Mountains, 
far  too  scanty  :  he  added,  therefore,  five  wings,  or  rather  ■"■^■'"b         •»  ,  >       •  °  , ,    ' .         ,     ,  . 
other  palaces,  which  he  destined  for  the  particular  grati- 
fication of  each  of  his  senses.        Beclford,  Vathek,  p.  20. 


formed  by  these  and  others  is  among  the  most  interesting  Alia  (al'la),  or  Ella  (el'la).     The  king  in  "  The 


of  these  groups.    Sairttsburyf  Fr.  Lit.,  p.  19. 

Alise  (a-lez' ).  A  small  town  in  the  department 
of  C6te-d'0r,  France,  30  miles  northwest  of 
Dijon.     It  is  usually  identified  with  Alesia. 

Aliso  (al'i-so) .    A  fortress  near  the  river  Lippe, 


Man  of  Law's  Tale,"  one  of  Chaucer's  "  Canter- 
bury Tales."  He  marries  the  unjustly  accused 
Constance. 

Allah  (al'a).    [Ar.  'alldh,  for  'al-'ildh,  the  God.] 
God. 


^    .      .  „       .  -^  name 

given  sometimes  to  the  Appalachian  Mountains 
(see  Appalachian),  and  sometimes  to  that  part 
of  this  system  which  lies  west  and  south  of  the 
Hudson;  but  usually  applied,  in  a  restricted 
sense,  to  the  chain  which  in  Pennsylvania  lies 
east  of  the  Laurel  Hill  range.  This  chain  crosses 
the  western  extremity  of  Maryland,  traverses  West  Vir. 
gihia,  and  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Virginia 
and  West  Virginia.    Aim  the  AUeghaniee. 


built  by  the  Romans  under  Drusus,  11  b.  c.,  as  Allahabad  (al-a-ha-bad ')•    [Hind.,  '  city  of  Alleghany  Eiver.    See  Allegheny, 


a  military  center  against  the  German  tribes : 
variously  identified  with  Elsen  (near  Pader- 
born),  localities  near  Hamm,  Dortmund,  etc. 

Alison,  Alisoun.     Old  forms  of  Alice. 

Alison  (al'i-sgn),  Archibald.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, Nov.  13,  1757:  died  at  Colinton,  near 
Edinburgh,  May  17,  1839.  A  Scottish  clergy- 
man, author  of  "Essays,"  of  which  the  most 
noted  is  that  on  "The  Nature  and  Principles 
of  Taste  "  (1790). 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald.  Bom  at  Kenley,  Shrop- 


Masjid  (mosque),  and  the  serai  of  Khosru.    Allahabad 

was  taken  by  the  British  in  1765  and  by  them  granted  to 

„  ^^  ^  „  tbe  Emperor  of  Delhi  and  later  to  the  Nawah  of  Oudh ;  it 

Shire,  b^a  29,;'l792T  died"ai' Giasgow,-' May^  23      So'mlt  (iKvsil'e!"  ''"'•    ^''^"'''"°"' '""'"'"" 


God.']  The  capital  of  the  Northwestern  Prov-  Allegheny  (al'e-gen-i),  or  AUeghenST  City. 
inoes  of  British  India  and  of  the  district  and  A  city  in  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  situ- 
division  of  Allahabad,  situated  at  the  junction  atedon  the  Allegheny  River  opposite  Pittsburg, 
of  the  Jumna  with  the  Ganges,  in  lat.  25°  26'  It  is  an  important  railroad  center,  has  extensive  manu- 
N.,  long.  81°  52'  B.  It  is  the  emporium  for  central  factures,  anS  is.the  seat  of  a  K-esWerian  an^^^^^  theo- 
HiAdustan,  a  celebrated  place  of  Hinau  pilgrimage,  the  logical  seminaries.  Population  (1900K  129,896^^ 
seat  of  an  annual  fair,  and  an  important  raUway  center.  Allegheny,  or  Alleghany,  KlVOr.  ine  omer 
Among  the  chief  buildings  are  the  citadel  built  by  Akbar  head  stream  of  the  Ohio  River.  It  rises  in  Potter 
and  one  of  the  chief  British  strongholds  in  India,  the  Juma     County,  Pennsylvania,  flows  through  Cattaraugus  Countj^ 


1867.  A  British  lawyer  and  historian,  son  of  Allahabad.  A  district  of  the  Allahabad  divi- 
Archibald  Alison  (1757-1839);  He  settled  near  gion,  intersected  by  lat.  25°  N.,  long.  82°  E. 
Glasgow  as  sheriff  of  Lanarkshire  in  1836,  and  was  made  ;  '  o  B=i9sniini.QmilPK  Pnn  nRQ1^  1  fi/tS  7^7 
a  baFonet  in  1842.  His  principal  works  are  a  "History  of  ,^s?''  \°^;f  square  miles,  rop.  (i»yi),  i,D4»,  /d  /. 
Europe"  (10  vols.  1833-42),  "Criminal  Law  of  Scotland,"  Allahabad.  A  division  of  the  Northwestern 
a  lif e  of  Castlereagh,  etc.  Provinces,  British  India.    Area,  13,746  square 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  miles.  Population  (1881),  5,754,855. 
Jan.  21,  1826.  A  British  general,  son  of  Sir  Allain-Targe(a-lau'tar-zha'),FranQoisHenri 
Archibald  Alison  (1792-1867).  He  served  in  the  Kene.  Born  at  Angers,  May  7,  1832:  died  at 
Crimea  at  the  siege  ol  Sebastoppl,  in  India  during  the  ti^  Chateau  de  Targ^  (Maine-et-Loire),  July  16, 
mutiny,  on  the  Gold  Coast  in. the  Ashanti  expedition  ,Qf,„  ,  w.b„„i,  nrtvopatp  nolitician  and  ionr- 
1873-74,  and  in  the  military  expedition  to  Egypt  in  1882.  ^'^V- '.  JT  T®'^?'^  5.?^°  ,  S"  P""]'!''™!  f  "^  i°f'^ 
He  is  the  author  of  the  treatise  "On  Army  Organization"     nalist,  a  fnend  of  Gambetta  and  mmister  under 

him  1881-82.     He  was  also  minister  of  the  in- 

.  . ,  .  terior  in  the  Brisson  ministry  1885. 

western  Chihuahua,  where,  in  1881,  in  a  bloody  Allamahd  (a-la-mon'),  Jean  Nicolas  S6bas- 


AliSOS  (a-le's6s),  Los.    A  dry  torrent  in  north- 


encounter  between  the  Mexican  forces  com- 
manded by  Colonel  Garcia,  and  the  Apaches 
led  by  Geronimo,  the  latter  were  defeated. 
Alithea  (al-i-the'a).  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Wyoherley's  comedy  "The 
Country  Wife,"  a  woman  of  the  world,  bril 


tien.  Bom  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  1713: 
died  at  Leyden,  March  2, 1787.  A  Swiss  scholar, 
professor  of  philosophy  (1749)  and  later  of 
natural  history  in  the  University  of  Leyden. 
He  was  the  first  to  explain  the  phenomena  of 
the  Leyden  jar. 


liant  and  cooli    She  also  appears  in  Garrick's  Allan  (al'an),  David.  Bom  at  Alloa,  Scotland, 
Country  Girl."  _.-_-•«...,.,,■.,,.■.        ,     .        ,.  -.r,^^ 


New  York,  reenters  Pennsylvania,  flows  southwest,  and 
unites  with  the  Monongahela  at  Pittsburg  to  form  the 
Ohio.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  French  Creek,  the  Clarion, 
and  the  Conemaugh.  Its  length  is  about  360  miles,  and  it 
is  navigable  about  200  miles. 

Allegheny  College.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing at  Meadville,  Pennsylvania,  incorporated 
in  1817.  It  is  under  the  control  of  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church. 

AUegri,  Antonio.    See  Correggio. 

AUegri  (al-la'gre),  Grregorio.  Bom  at  Rome 
about  1580:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  18,  1652.  An 
Italian  composer. 

His  name  is  most  commonly  associated  with  a  "  Mise- 
rere "  for  nine  voices  in  two  choirs,  which  is,  or  was  till 
lately,  sung  annually  in  the  Pontifical  Chapel  during  the 
Holy  Week,  and  is  held  to  be  one  of  the  most  beautiful, 
compositions  which  have  ever  been  dedicated  to  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Eoman  Church.  There  was  a  time  when  it 
was  so  much  treasured  that  to  copy  it  was  a  crime  visited 
with  excommunication.  Not  that  its  possession  was  even  ' 
thus  confined  to  the  Sistine  Chapel.  Dr.  Burney  got  a 
copy  of  it.  Mozart  took  down  the  notes  while  the  choir 
were  singing  it,  and  Choron,  the  Frenchman,  managed  to 
insert  it  in  his  "Collection  "  of  pieces  used  in  Rome  dur- 
ing the  Holy  Week.  Leopold  I.,  a  great  lover  of  music, 
sent  his  ambassador  to  the  Pope  with  a  formal  request  for 
a  copy  of  it,  which  was  granted  to  him. 

Grovef  Diet,  of  Music. 


Aliwal  (al-e-wal').    A  village  in  the  Panjab, 


Feb.  13,  i744:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Aug.  6, 1796.  AUeguash  (al'e-gwosh),  or  AUegash.     A  river 
A  Scottish  historical  and  portrait  painter.  in  northern  Maine,  a  branch  of  the  St.  John. 


British  India,  near  the  Sutlej,  in  lat.  30°  55'  Allan,  Sir  Hugh.    Bom  at  Saltcoats,  Ayrshire,  AUeine,  Edward. 
N.,  long.  75°  30'  E.     Here,  Jan.  28,  1846,  the     Scotland,  Sept.  29,  1810:  died  at  Edinburgh,  AUeine    (al'en),  . 


Dec.  9,  1882."  A  Scottish  merchant,  identified 
with  Canadian  mercantile  interests,  and  foun- 
der of  the  Allan  Line  of  steamships  in  1856. 


Joseph.    Born    at  Devizes, 


England,  1634:  died  Nov.  17,  1668.  An  Eng- 
lish Puritan  clergyman,  ejected  under  the  Uni- 
formity Act  of  1662 :  author  of  "An  Alarm  to 


British  under  Smith  defeated  the  Sikhs 
Aljubarrota  (al-zho-ba-ro'ta).     A  small  place 

in  Portugal,  about  63  miles  north  of  Lisbon.     ^ 

Here,  Aug.  14, 1385,  John  I.  of  Castile  was  defeated  by  Allan  Sir  William.     Bom  at  Edinburgh,  1782 :     the  Unconverted  "  (1672),  etc. 

John  I.  of  Portugal     The  battle  establUhed  the  inde-     ^^^^  ^^         pg^_  23,  1850.     A  Scottish  painter,  AUeine,  Richard.     Bom  at  Diteheat,  Somer 
MSi^^TlJ^-aHdcUal-landtal^a'sk,    bestknowAfromhispicturesof  RussianUfeand    -    —    -"  •   —  -""    -    --      - 

the  governor  of  the  moumers :  by  the  Arabians    Scottish  history.    He  was  elected  president  of 

the  four  stars  which  form  the  bowl  of  the    the  Royal  Scottish  Academy  m  1888. 

"  diaper"  were  called  ' '  the  bier."]    The  bright  AUancie  (a-lau-sa  ),  Le  Seigneur  d  .    A  pseu- 

second-magnitude  star  n  Ursffi  Majoris,  at  the    doiiym  of  Alam  Chartier.  . 

extremityofthebear'stail,  or  "dipper-handle."  AUapaha  (a-lap  a-ha).     -A  river  m  southern 

-   ■  •'  i      .     ^^  GeorgiaandnorthernFlorida,  a  tributary  of  the 

Suwannee. 

AUardice  (al'ar-dis),  Robert  Barclay.  Bom 
1779 :  died  1854.  A  British  officer  and  pedes- 
trian, known  as  "Captain  Barclay." 


It  is  more  usually  called  Benetnasch. 

Alkalurops  (al-ka-lti'rops).  [Ar.  al-Tcalurops,  a 
transliteration  of  the  Gr.  KaTiavpof,  a  herds- 
man's staff.]  A  seldom  used  name  of  the 
fourth-magnitude  star  /x  Bootis,  situated  in  the 
staff  which  Bootes  carries  in  his  right  hand.  It 
is  a  chrome  star. 

Alkes(al'kes).  [Ar.  (i?-Ms,  the  cup.]  The  4J|- 
magnitude  star  a  Crateris. 

AUsSiaar  (alk-mar').  A  town  in  the  province 
of  North  Holland,  Netherlands,  situated  on  the 
North  Holland  Canal  18  miles  north  of  -Am- 
sterdam: noted  as  a  cheese-market.  It  was  un- 
successfully besieged  by  the  Spaniards  in  1673,  and  was 
the  scene  of  several  indecisive  actions  between  the  French 
under  Brune  and  the  Anglo-Kussian  army  under  the  Duke 
of  York  in  the  autumn  of  1799.    Population  (1889),  15,803. 

Alkmaar,  Convention  of.  A  convention  con- 
eluded  at  Alkmaar,  Oct.,  1799,  by  which  the 
Anglo-Russian  army  under  the  Duke  of  York 
evacuated  the  Netherlands, 


set,  England,  1611:  died  Dee.  22,  1681.  .An 
English  Puritan  clergyman,  ejected  under  the 
Uniformity  Act  of  1662:  author  of  "Vindieise 
Pietatis"  (1663),  etc. 

AUeine,  William.  Bom  at  Diteheat,  Somerset- 
shire, in  1614 :  died  at  Yeovil,  Somersetshire, 
Oct.,  1677.  An  English  Puritan  clergyman, 
brother  of  Richard  AUeine.  He  was  ejected  under 
the  Act  of  Uniformity  of  1662 ;  author  of  two  books  on 
the  millennium,  etc. 

AUemaine  (al-man').  An  obsolete  name  of 
Germany. 


iri,s'^^itftoot';;rssivetui'^^T^^^^^^^ 


per- 
His 


mile  in  each 

formed  at  Newmarket  from  1  June  to  12  July,  1809. 
average  time  of  walking  the  mile  varied  from  14  m.  54  sec. 
in  the  first  week  to  21  min.  4  sec.  in  the  last,  and  his 
weight  was  reduced  from  13  st.  4  lb.  to  11  stone. 

Diet.  Nat.  Biog, 


Theodore.     Bom  at  Port  Louis,  Mauritius, 
1762 :  died  at  Toulon,  March  2, 1826.    A  French 
naval  commander. 
Allen(al'en)._  Atownshipin  Michigan, 60  miles 


-,  ,  .     s  ,T        »-ii       •^     T-.  i    south westoi Lansing.  Population  (1900),  1,328, 

AUatius  (a-la'smus)  (Leo  Allacci)^_  Born^at  ^jjen  Arabella.    t°  r<v,o1.iQcT>inVar,c,'=<^-Pi«t. 


Scio,  Greece,  1586 :  died  Jan.  19,  1669.  A  Ro- 
man Catholic  writer,  author  of  "De  Eeelesise 
occidentalis  atque  orientalis  perpetua  consen- 
sione,  etc."  (1648),  etc. 
AUatoona  (al-a-to'na).  A  place  in  northern 
Georgia,  about  35  miles  northwest  of  Atlanta. 
Here,  Oct.  6, 1864,  the  Federals  under  Corse  defeated  the 
Confederates  under  French.    Loss  of  the  .-Federals,  706 ; 


of  the  Confederates,  1,142, 
The  result  of  a  series  of  mischances,  everyone  of  which  AUe  (al'le).  A  river  about  130  miles  long,  in 
would  have  been  foreseen  by  an  average  midshipman  m  the  province  of  Bast  Prussia,  which  joins  the 
Nelson's  fleet,  or  an  average  sergeant  in  Massena's  arm^     Pregel  at  Wehlau. 

was  that  York  had  to  purchase  a  retreat  for  the  allied    Aii-'l.er  (al-bar'),  Henri  d'.     A  pseudonym  of 
forces  at  a  price  equivalent  to  an  unconditional  surrender    -^i^"?^!;  j  °-f„^^'  -^^^^  psBuuuuyui 

He  was  aUowed  to  re-embark  on  consideration  that  Great    Menri  ae  Liapommeraye. 


In  Charles  Dickens's  "  Pick- 
wick Papers,"  a  young  lady,  afterward  Mrs. 
Nathaniel  Winkle. 

Allen,  Barbara.    See  Barbara  Allen's  Cruelly. 

Allen,  Benjamin.  In  Charles  Dickens's  "  Pick- 
wick Papers,"  "a  coarse,  stout,  thick-set" 
young  surgeon,  "with  black  hair  out  rather 
short  and  a  white  face  out  rather  long." 

Allen,  Bog  of.  A  group  of  peat  morasses,  372 
square  miles  in  extent,  in  Kildare  and  Queen's 
counties,  Ireland. 

Allen,  Carl  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Copenhagen, 
April  23,  1811:  died  at  Copenhagen,  Dec.  27,. 
1871.    A  Danish  historian,   author  of  hand- 


Allen,  Carl  Ferdinand 

books  of  Danish  history,  of  a  "  History  of  the 
Three  Northern  Kingdoms  "  (1864-72),  etc. 

Allen,  Charles  Grant  Blairfindie ;  pseudo- 
nyms Cecil  Power,  J.  Arbuthnot  Wilson. 
Born  at  Kingston,  Canada,  Feb.  24, 1848  :  died 
at  Haslemere,  Surrey,  Oct.  25,  1899.  A  British 
naturalist  and  novelist. 

Allen,  Elisha  Hunt.  Born  at  New  Salem, 
Mass.,  Jan.  28, 1804 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
Jan.  1,  1883.  A  politician  and  diplomatist.  He 
was  a  Whig  member  of  Congress  from  Maine  1841-43,  and 
for  many  years  Hawaiian  chief  justice  and  minister  to 
the  United  States. 

Allen,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Chase):  pseudonym 
Florence  Percy.  Born  at  Strong,  Maine,  Oct. 
9, 1832.  An  American  poet  and  general  writer. 
She  is  also  linown  as  Mrs.  Akers  Allen  (from  Paul  Akers, 
the  sculptor,  her  first  husband). 

Allen,  Ethan.  Bom  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  Jan. 
10,  1737:  died  at  Burlington,  Vt.,  Feb.  13, 
1789.  A  noted  American  Eevolutioijary  com- 
mander, colonel  of  the  "  Green  Mountain  Boys." 
He  captured  Fort  Ticonderoga  from  the  British  May  10, 
1775 ;  was  a  prisoner  1775-78 ;  and  was  later  commander 
of  Vermont  militia.  He  wrote  "  Reason  the  only  Oracle 
of  Man"  (1784). 

Allen,  Harrison.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
April  17,  1841 :  died  there,  Nov.  14,  1897.  An 
American  anatomist  and  naturalist.  He  was 
assistant  surgeon  in  the  United  States  army  1862-65,  and 
professor  (of  comparative  anatomy  and  later  of  physiology) 
in  the  'University  of  Pennsylvania  from  1865. 

Allen,  Henry.  Bom  at  Northampton,  N,  H., 
Feb.  2,  1748:  died  at  Newport,  E.  I.,  June  14, 
1784.  The  founder  of  a  short-lived  religious  sect 
in  Nova  Scotiaj  named  from  him  "AUenites." 
His  peculiar  doctrine  related  chiefly  to  the  fall,  and  to  the 
creation  of  the  material  world,  which  he  regarded  as  a 
consequence  of  the  fall. 

Allen,  Ira.  Born  at  Cornwall,  Conn.,  April  21, 
1751:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Jan.  7,  1814. 
An  American  Revolutionary  soldier  and  poli- 
tician, brother  of  Ethan  Allen.  He  took  part  in 
the  battle  of  Bennington  in  1777,  was  a  member  of  the 
Vermont  legislature  1776-77,  secretary  of  state,  trea- 
surer, and  surveyor-general ;  and  was  sent  as  a  delegate  to 
the  convention  which  ratified  the  Federal  Constitution  in 
1792.  Having  been  appointed  major-general,  he  went  in 
1795  to  Europe  to  purchase  arms.  On  the  return  voyage 
he  was  captured  by  the  English,  and  brought  to  England 
on  a  charge  of  supplying  the  Irish  rebels  with  arms,  and 
was  acquitted  only  after  a  suit  of  eight  years  in  the  Couit 
of  Admiralty.  He  wrote  *'  The  Natural  and  Political  His- 
tory of  Vermont"'  (1798),  etc. 

Allen,  Joel  Asaph.  Born  at  Springfield,  Mass., 
July  19,  1838.  An  American  naturalist,  noted 
as  a  mammalogist.  He  was  appointed  assistant  in 
ornithology  at  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zodlogy  at 
Cambridge  in  1870,  and  curator  of  the  department  of 
Mammalia  and  birds  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  New  York,  in  1885.  He  accompanied  Agassiz  in 
his  expedition  to  Brazil  in  1865. 

Allen,  John.  Born  at  Colinton,  near  Edin- 
burgh, Feb.  3, 1771 :  died  at  Dulwich,  England, 
April  10,  1843.  A  British  political  and  histori- 
cal writer,  secretary  to  Lord  Holland :  author 
of  "  Growth  of  the  Eoyal  Prerogative  in  Eng- 
land" (1830),  etc. 

Allen,  Philip.  Born  at  Providence,  E.  I.,  Sept. 
1,  1785 :  died  at  Providence,  Dec.  16, 1865.  An 
American  politician.  Democratic  governor  of 
Ehode  Island  1851-53,  and  United  States  sena- 
tor 1853-59. 

Allen,  Ralph.    Bom  1694 :  died  at  Bath,  Eng- 

•  land,  June  29, 1764.  An  English  philanthropist, 
known  chiefly  as  the  friend  of  Fielding,  Pope, 
and  Pitt.  He  was  of  obscure  birth,  but  acquired  a  for- 
tune by  devising  (1720)  a  system  of  cross-posts  for  Eng- 
land and  Wales,  and  made  a  liberal  use  of  his  wealth. 
He  was  the  original  of  AUworthy  in  Fielding's  "Tom 
Jones,"  and  is  well  known  from  Pope's  lines  in  the  "Epi- 
logue to  the  Satires  of  Horace": 

"Let  humble  Allen  with  an  awkward  shame 
Do  good  by  stealth,  and  blush  to  find  it  fame." 

Allen,  Bobert.  Born  in  Ohio  about  1815 :  died 
at  Geneva,  Switzerland,  Aug.  6,  1886.  An 
American  soldier.  He  was  a  graduate  of  the  United 
States  Militai'y  Academy  (1836),  and  was  brevetted  major 
April  18, 1847,  for  gallant  conduct  in  the  battle  of  Cerro 
Gordo,  and  major-general  March  13, 1866.  He  became  assis- 
tant quartermaster-general  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  July 
28,  1866,  and  retired  March  21, 1878. 

Allen,  Samuel.  Bom  in  England,  about  1636: 
died  at  Newcastle,  N.  H.,  May  5,  1705.  An 
English  merchant,  proprietor  and  governor  in 
New  Hampshire. 

Allen,  Thomas.  Born  at  Uttoxeter,  Stafford- 
shire, England,  Dec.  21,  1542 :  died  at  Oxford, 
England,  Sept.  30,  1632.  An  English  mathe- 
matician and  antiquary,  of  great  eminence  in 
his  day.  He  is  best  known  from  Ms  collection  of  MSS. 
of  astronomy,  astrology,  etc.,  copies  of  some  of  which  are 
preserved. 

Allen,  or  Alan,  William.  Bom  at  Eossall, 
Lancashire,  England,  1532:  died  atEome,  Oct. 
16.  1594.    An  English  cardinal  and  controver- 


41 

sialist,  a  graduate  of  Oxford,  appointed  prin- 
cipal of  St.  Mary's  Hall  in  1556.  He  fled  to  Lou- 
vain  in  1561,  and  founded  the  Catholic  seminary  at  Douay, 
Sept,  29,  1568.  In  l!i87  he  was  created  cardinal  by  .Sixtus 
v.,  and  commissioned  to  reorganize  ecclesiastical  affairs 
in  England  after  the  kingdom  should  have  been  conquered 
by  Philip  II.  He  was  implicated  in  various  conspiracies 
against  Elizabeth,  and  became  the  leader  of  the  Spanish 
party  among  Enghsh  Catholics. 

Allen,  William.  Born  at  Pittsfield,  Mass., 
Jan.  2, 1784:  died  at  Northampton,  Mass.,  July 
16, 1868.  An  American  Congregational  clergy- 
man and  author,  president  of  Bowdoin  College 
1820-39. 

Allen,  William.  Bora  at  Edeuton,  N.  C,  1806 : 
died  July  11,  1879.  A  lawyer  and  politician. 
Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Ohio 
1833-35,  United  States  senator  1837-49,  gover- 
nor of  Ohio  1874-76.  He  was  the  leading  ex- 
pounder of  the  "Ohio  Idea"  (which  see). 

Allen,  William  Francis.  Born  at  Northbor- 
ough,  Mass.,  Sept.  5, 1830 :  died  Dec,  1889.  An 
American  classical  scholar.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Harvard  (1851),  and  was  appointed  professor  of  Latin  in 
the  University  of  Wisconsin  in  1867.  He  was  the  author  of 
a  series  of  Latin  text-books,  etc, 

Allen,  William  Henry.  Bom  at  Providence, 
E.  I.,  Oct.  21, 1784 :  died  at  Plymouth,  England, 
Aug.  15,  1813.  An  American  naval  comman- 
der. He  served  with  distinction  in  the  war  of  1812,  and 
was  mortally  wounded  while  in  command  of  the  Argus, 

Allen,  William  Henry.  Born  at  Manchester, 
Maine,  March  27,  1808:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Aug.  29, 1882.  An  American  educator.  He  was  a 
graduate  of  Bowdoin  College  (1833),  professor  of  natural 
philosophy  and  afterward  of  philosophy  and  English  lit- 
erature at  Dickinson  College,  president  of  the  Pennsylva- 
nia College  at  Gettysburg  1865-66,  and  president  of  Girard 
College  1860-82  and  1867-82. 

AUen-a-Dale  (al'en-a-dal').  In  the  Eobin 
Hood  ballads,  a  brave,"gaily  dressed,  and  musi- 
cal youth  whom  Eobin  Hood  assisted  to  elope 
with  his  bride  who  was  to  be  married  against 
her  will  to  an  old  knight.  He  is  usually  introduced 
as  "chaunting  a  round-de-lay": 

The  youngster  was  cloathed  in  scarlet  red. 

In  scarlet  fine  and  gay ; 
And  he  did  frisk  it  over  the  plain 
And  chanted  a  round-de-lay. 

Child's  Eng.  and  Scotch  Ballads,  V.  278. 
[He  appears  as  Robin  Hood's  minstrel  in  Scott's  "  Ivan- 
hoe."] 

AUenburg  (al'len-borG).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  East  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Alle 
30  miles  southeast  of  Konigsberg. 

Allendale  (al'en-dal).  A  town  in  Northum- 
berland, England,  27  miles  west  of  Newcastle. 

Allendale.  A  township  and  town  in  Barnwell 
County,  South  Carolina,  67  miles  southwest  ot 
Columbia.    Population  (1900),  town,  1,030. 

Allende  (al-yan'da),  Ignacio.  Bom  in  San 
Miguel  el  Grande  (since  named  San  Miguel  de 
Allende,  in  his  honor),  Jan.  27,  1779:  exe- 
cuted in  Chihuahua,  June  26,  1811.  A  Mexi- 
can patriot,  son  of  a  Spaniard,  Narciso  Allende, 
and  a  captain  in  the  Spanish  army.  With  his 
regiment  he  declared  for  Mexican  independence  Sept., 
1810,  and  joined  the  insurrection  of  Hidalgo.  He  was 
betrayed  into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards  May  21, 1811, 
and  shot, 

Allende.  A  hamlet  and  hacienda  in  southern 
Chihuahua,  formerly  called  San  Bartolom6,  and 
the  first  Spanish  establishment  in  Chihuahua 
(1570). 

Allende,  or  Allende  San  Miguel.  See  San 
Miguel  de  Allende. 

AUendorf  (al'len-dorf).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Werra  17  miles  east  of  Cassel. 

AUenstein  (al'len-stin),  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  East  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Alle  63 
miles  south  of  Konigsberg.  Near  here,  Feb.,  1807, 
the  French  under  Soult  defeated  the  Russians  and  Prus- 
sians.   Population  (1890),  18,822. 

AUentOWn  (al'en-toun).  A  borough  in  Mon- 
mouth County,  New  Jersey,  11  miles  southeast 
of  Trenton.     Population  (1900),  695. 

AUentcwn.  A  city,  the  capital  of  Lehigh 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Lehigh 
50  miles  northwest  of  Philadelphia,  It  has  ex- 
tensive iron  manufactures  and  a  large  trade  in  coal  and 
iron,  and  is  the  seat  of  AUentown  Female  College  and 
Muhlenberg  College.    Population  (1900),  35,416, 

AUer  (al'ler).  A  Tiver  in  northern  Germany 
which  joins  the  Weser  18  miles  southeast  of 
Bremen,  Its  length  is  about  100  miles  and  it  is 
navigable  from  Celle, 

AUerheiligen  (al-ler-hi'li-gen).  [G.,  'All 
Saints.']  A  ruined  Premonstrant  abbey  in  the 
Black  Forest,  Baden,  near  Oberkireh. 

AUerheim  (al'ler-hlm)  on  the  Ries,  or  AUers- 
heim  (al'lers-him).  Avillage  6  miles  south- 
east of  NordUngen,  Bavaria.    Here,  Aug,  3, 1646, 


All  is  True 

the  French  under  Cond6  defeated  the  Imperialists  under 
Mercy  (who  fell).  It  is  sometimes  called  the  second  battle 
of  Nordlingen. 

AUerton  (al'er-ton),  Isaac.  Born  about  1583: 
died  at  New  Haven,  (jonn,,  1659.  One  of  the 
"Pilgrim  Fathers,"  a  colonist  at  Plymouth, 
Massachusetts,  1620,  and  agent  of  the  Plymouth 
Colony  in  Europe, 

AUestree  (ais'tre),  or  Allestry,  Richard. 
Bom  at  Uppington,  Shropshire,  England,  March, 
1619  (1621?):  died  at  London,  Jan.  28,  1681, 
An  English  royalist  divine  and  scholar.  He 
was  appointed  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the  king  and  regius 
professor  of  divinity  at  Oxford  in  1663,  and  provost  of 
Eton  College  in  1665,  Author  of  "Privileges  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford,"  etc.  (1647),  and  of  several  collections 
of  sermons. 

AUevard  (al-var').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Is^re,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Breda  23 
miles  northeast  of  Grenoble.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  2,850. 

Alley,  The.    See  Change  Alley. 

Alleyne  (al'en),  Ed'ward.  Born  in  the  parish 
of  St.  Botolph,  London,  Sept.  1,  1566:  died 
Nov.  25,  1626,  A  celebrated  actor,  and  the 
founder  of  Dulwioh  College  (incorporated  1619). 
He  served  with  the  Earl  ot  Worcester's  players,  the  Earl 
of  Nottingham's,  or  the  Lord  Admiral's,  company,  and 
Lord  Strange's  players,  and  also  engaged  in  various  enter- 
prises with  Philip  Henslowe,  Heisfrequentlymentioned 
with  praise  by  contemporary  writers.  His  name  first 
appears  as  an  actor  in  a  list  of  the  Earl  of  Worcester's 
players  in  1586,  and  he  was  said  by  Nash  in  "  Pierce  Peni- 
lesse"  in  1592  to  be  one  of  the  four  greatest  English 
actors.  His  last  known  appearance  was  in  1603-04  when 
he  delivered  a  reception  address  to  James  I.  He  is  said 
to  have  excelled  in  tragedy.  He  built,  with  Henslowe, 
the  "  Fortune  "  Theater  in  1600,  in  which  he  played  at  the- 
head  of  the  Lord  Admiral's  company.  He  began  to  build 
Dulwich  College  in  1613,  and  personally  managed  its 
affairs  after  its  completion. 

All  Fools,  or  All  Fools  but  the  Fool.    A 

tragi-comedy  by  Chapman,  printed  in  1605,  it 
was  first  called  "The  World  on  Wheels"  and  registered 
in  1599,    It  is  considered  the  best  of  his  comedies. 

All  for  Love,  or  The  World  Well  Lost.    A 

tragedy  by  Dryden  produced  in  1678,  it  is  based 
on  Shakspere's  "  Antony  and  Cleopatra,"  In  this  play  he 
abandoned  rime, 
Allia  (al'i-a),  or  Alia  (a'li-a).  In  ancient 
geography,  a  small  river  in  Latium,  Italy,  the 
modem  Aga,  which  joins  the  Tiber  about  10 
miles  north  of  Eome,  On  its  banks  in  390  (388  ?  387  ?) 
B,  c,  the  Gauls  under  Brenuus  defeated  the  Romans.  The 
battle  was  followed  by  the  capture  and  sack  of  Rome. 

Alliance,  The.    See  Farmers'  Alliance. 

Alliance  (a-li'ans).  A  city  in  Stark  County, 
Ohio,  situated  on  the  Mahoning  Eiver48  miles 
southeast  of  (Cleveland.  Population  (1900), 
8,974, 

Allibone  (al'i-bon),  Samuel  Austin.  Bom  at 
Philadelphia,  April  17,  1816 :  died  at  Lucerne, 
Switzerland,  Sept,  2, 1889,  An  American  bibli- 
ographer, at  one  time  librarian  of  the  Lenox 
Library  in  New  York  city.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
"  Dictionary  of  English  Literature  and  British  and  Ameri- 
can Authors"  (3  Vols,  1864-71;  Supplement,  by  Dr,  John 
Foster  Kirk,  2  vols,  1891),  and  of  various  other  works,  in- 
cluding "Poetical  Quotations"  and  "Prose  Quotations," 

AUier  (al-ya'),  A  department  of  France,  capi- 
tal Moulins,  bounded  by  Cher  on  the  north- 
west, NiSvre  on  the  north,  Sa6ne-et-Loire  on 
the  east,  Loire  on  the  southeast,  Puy-de-D6me 
on  the  south,  and  Creuse  on  the  west.  It  was 
formed  chiefly  from  part  of  the  ancient  Bourbonnais. 
Area,  2,822  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  424,382, 

AUier.  A  river  in  central  France,  the  ancient 
Elaver,  which  rises  in  the  mountains  of  Loz6re, 
flows  north,  and  joins  the  Loire  5  miles  west 
of  Nevers,  Its  length  is  about  220  miles,  and 
it  is  navigable  from  Fontanes. 

Alligator  Swamp  (al'i-ga-tor  swomp).  A  large 
swamp  in  North  Carolina,  between  Pamlico 
and  Albemarle  Sounds. 

AUingham  (al'ing-ham),  William.  Born  at 
Ballyshannon,  Ireland,  1828:  died  1889.  An 
Irish  poet.  He  published  "Poems"  (1850),  "Day  and 
Night ''^(1854),  "Lawrence  Bloomfleld  in  Ireland "  (1864), 
etc. 

Allison  (al'i-son),  William  B.  Born  at  Perry, 
Wayne  County,  Ohio,  March  21,  1829,  An 
American  politician.  He  was  Republican  member 
of  Congress  from  Iowa  1863-71,  United  States  senator 
1873-,  and  candidate  for  the  Republican  nomination  for 
President  in  1888, 

All  is  True.  A  play,  probably  by  Shakspere, 
an  earlier  form  of  "Henry  VIIL,"  which  is 
chiefly  by  Fletcher  and  Massinger,  Shakspere's 
share  in  the  latter  not  being  large.  It  isfounded 
on  Holinshed's  "Chronicle "and  Fox's  " Martyrs."  Wot. 
ton  describes  it  as  "  the  play  of  Henry  VIII.,"  but  Lorkin 
says  "it  was  a  new  play  called  All  is  True,  representing 
some  principal  pieces  of  Henry  VIII."  Portions  of  it  are 
now  embedded  in  "Henry  VIII.,"  as  we  have  it.  The 
Globe  Theater  caught  fire  during  its  performance,  March 
29, 1613,  and  the  manuscript  perished. 


Alliz 

Allix  (a.-leks'),  Jacques  Alexandre  Fran- 
?ois.  Born  Sept.  21,  1776:  died  Jan.  26,  1836. 
A  French  general  and  military  writer.  He  served 
as  a  colonel  at  Marengo  in  1800,  and  later  in  the  service  of 
Jerome  Bonaparte,  king  of  Westphalia ;  was  exiled  from 
France  July  24,  1815,  and  recalled  in  1819.  Author  of 
"  SystSme  d'artillerie  de  campagne  "  (1827). 

Allix,  Pierre.  Born  at  Alen^on,  France,  1641 : 
died  at  London,  Marcli  3, 1717.  A  Freneh  Prot- 
estant divine  and  controversialist,  an  exile  in 
London  after  1685. 

Allman  (ai'man),  George  James.  Bom  at 
Cork,  1812:  died  Nov.  24,  1898.  A  British 
zoologist,  regius  professor  of  natural  history 
and  regius  keeper  of  the  Natural  History  Mu- 
seum in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  1855-70. 

Alloa  (al'6-a).  A  seaport  in  Clackmannanshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Firth  of  Forth  6  miles 
east  of  Stirling.    Population  (1891),  10,711. 

Allobroges  (a-lob'ro-jez).  In  ancient  history, 
a  Celtic  people  of  southeastern  Gaul,  dwelling 
between  the  Rh6ne  and  the  Is&re,  northward 
to  Lake  Geneva.  They  occupied  also  a  tract  on  the 
western  bank  of  the  Rh6ne.  The  chief  town  of  the  tribe 
was  Vienne.    They  were  subjected  to  Rome  121  B.  0. 

The  Allobroges  were  Celts,  though  their  name  means 
'those  of  another  march  or  district':  they  were  so  called 
doubtless  by  some  of  their  Celtic  neighbours,  but  the 
name  which  they  gave  themselves  is  unknown. 

Rhys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  6. 

AUon  (al'on),  Henry.  Bom  at  Welton,  York- 
shire, England,  Oct.  13,  1818 :  died  at  London, 
April  16,  1892.  An  English  Congregational 
clergyman  and  author,  editor  after  1865  of  the 
"British  Quarterly  Be  view." 

Allouez  (a-lo-a'),  Claude  Jean.  Bom  in 
France,  1620 :  died  in  Indiana,  1690.  A  French 
Jesuit  in  America.  He  explored  the  regions  of  Lake 
Superior  and  parts  of  the  Mississippi  valley,  established  a 
mission  at  Chemorniegon  on  Lake  Superior  in  1665,  and 
rebuilt  Marquette's  abandoned  mission  at  Kaskaskia,  Il- 
linois, in  1676. 

AUoway  Kirk  (al'6-wa  k6rk).  Aruined  church 
in  the  parish  of  Ayr,  Scotland,  near  the  Boon, 
renderedfamousbyBums  in  "  Tam  o'  Shanter." 

All  Saints'  Bay.  A  harbor  on  the  coast  of 
the  state  of  Bahia,  Brazil,  in  lat.  13°  S.,  long. 
38°  30'  "W. 

Allsop  (&l'sop)j  Thomas.  Born  near  Wirks- 
worth,  Derbyshire,  April  10,  1795 :  died  at  Ex- 
mouth  in  1880.  An  English  stock-broker  and 
author.  He  was  the  intimate  friend  of  Coldridge,  and  was 
known  as  his  "favorite  disciple."  He  shared  the  theories 
and  was  also  the  friend  of  such  men  as  Cobbett,  Mazzini,  etc. 

All  Souls  College.  A  college  of  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, founded  in  1437,  by  Archbishop  Chi- 
chele,  to  provide  masses  for  the  souls  of  the  de- 
parted, especially  those  killed  in  the  Hundred 
Years'  War.  The  first  quadrangle,  with  its  fine  gate, 
remains  as  when  first  built ;  the  chapel  possesses  beautiful 
fan -tracery  and  reredos.  The  second  quadrangle,  with  its 
two  towers,  was  built  1720.  The  statutes  of  the  college 
were  formally  issued  April  2,  1443. 

Allstedt  (al'stet).  A  town  in  Saxe-Weimar, 
Germany,  situated  on  the  Rhone  32  miles  north 
of  Weimar,  it  is,  with  its  territory,  an  enclave  sur- 
rounded by  Prussia,  and  is  situated  in  the  Goldene  Aue, 
Population,  about  3,000. 

AUston  (Wstpn),  Washington.  Bom  at  Wac- 
camaw,  S.  C,  Nov.  5, 1779 :  died  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  July  9, 1843.  An  American  painter.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  (1800),  studied  at  the 
Royal  Academy  and  at  Rome,  and  returned  to  the  United 
States  in  1809.  His  work  covers  a  wide  range,  including 
portraits,  genre,  landscapes,  marines,  historical  paintings, 
etc. 

All's  Well  that  ends  Well.  A  comedy  by 
Shakspere,  played  in  1601.  Portions  of  this  play 
were  written  not  later  than  1593,  but  the  play  as  we  have 
it  was  written  after  1600,  probably  just  before  its  produc- 
tion. It  was  first  printed  In  the  folio  of  1623.  The  plot 
is  from  ''Giletta  of  Narbonne'*  in  Painter's  "Palace  of 
Pleasure,"  who  took  it  in  1566  from  the  Decameron  of 
Boccaccio.  The  story  is  followed  closely,  but  the  coun- 
tess, the  clown,  Lafeu,  and  ParoUes  are  Shakspere's  own. 

All-the-Talents  Administration.  A  name 
given  ironically  to  the  English  ministry  of 
1806-07.  Among  the  leading  members  were  (Jrenville 
(premier).  Fox  (foreign  secretary),  Erskine,  and  Lords 
Fitzwilliam,  Sidmouth,  and  Ellenborough. 

Allwit  (8,1'wit).  A  character  in  Middleton's 
"Chaste  Maid  in  Cheapside,"  contented  to  be 
made  a  fool  of. 

Allworth  (al'wferth),  Lady.  A  rich  widow  in 
Massinger's  play  "A  New  Way  to  pay  Old 
Debts." 

Allworth,  Tom.  In  Massinger's  play  "A  New 
Way  to  pay  Old  Debts,"  a  young  gentleman, 
page  to  Lord  Lovell. 

Allworthy  (alVfer'THi),  Thomas.  In  Field- 
ing's novel  "Tom  Jones,"  a  squire  of  large 
fortune,  the  foster-father  of  the  foundling  Tom 
Jon  es.  He  is  depicted  as  a  man  of  the  most  upright  and 
attractive  character— a  sharp  contrast  to  Squire  Western. 
He  is  a  portrait  of  Fielding's  friend  Ralph  Allen. 


pr 

Al] 


42 

Allyn  (al'in),  Ellen.  A  pseudonym  of  Chris- 
tina Georgina  Rossetti. 

Alma  (al'ma).  In  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene," 
the  Queen  of  Body  Castle:  the  soul  dwelling  in 
the  body  (the  House  of  Temperance). 

Alma.  A  pseudonym  used  by  Miss  C.M.Yonge 
in  some  of  her  novels. 

Alma,  or  the  Progress  of  the  Mind.  A  poem 
by  Prior. 

Alma  (al'ma).  A  river  in  the  Crimea,  Russia, 
which  flows  into  the  Black  Sea  about  20  miles 
north  of  Sebastopol.  Near  its  mouth,  Sept.  20, 1864, 
the  Allies  (about  27,000  British  under  Lord  Raglan,  about 
22,000  French  under  St.  Arnaud,  and  6,000-7,000  Turks) 
defeated  the  Russians  (35,000-45,000)  under  Menshikofl. 
The  loss  of  the  Allies  was  about  3,400 ;  that  of  the  Rus- 
sians about  6,000. 

Almaach,  or  Almak  (al'mak).  [Ar.,  probably 
'  the  boot.']  The  fine  second-magnitude  triple 
star  y  AndromedsB,  in  the  foot  of  the  constel- 
lation. 

Almack's  (Wmaks).  1.  A  gaming-club  estab- 
lished by  William  Almack  in  Pall  Mall,  London, 
before  1763,  afterward  the  Whig  club  known 
as  "Brook's."  "Among  the  twenty-seven  original 
members  of  Almack's  Club  were  the  Duke  of  Portland  and 
Charles  James  Fox,  and  it  was  subsequently  joined  by 
Gibbon,  William  Pitt,  and  very  many  noblemen."  5.  L. 
Lee,  in  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

2.  Famous  assembly-rooms  built  by  Almack  in 
1764,  and  opened  Feb.  20,  1765,  in  King  street, 
St.  James.  "At  the  beginning  of  this  century  admis- 
sion to  Almack's  was  described  as  *the  seventh  heaven 
of  the  fashionable  world,'  and  its  high  reputation  did  not 
decline  before  1840."  (5.  t.  iee,mDict.  NatBiog.)  These 
rooms  are  commonly  called  "  Willis's,"  after  the  next 
proprietor. 

Ima  Dagh.    See  Amanus. 

Alma  Island  (al'ma  i'land).  An  island  in  the 
Saguenay  River,  Canada,  at  the  outlet  of  Lake 
St.  John. 

Almada  (al-ma'da).  A  port  in  the  province  of 
Estremadura,  Portugal,  on  the  Tagus  opposite 
Lisbon. 

Almaden  (al-ma-THen'),  or  Almaden  de 
Azogue  (al-ma-THen'  da  a-tho'ga).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Ciudad  Real,  Spain,  in  lat. 
38°  44'  N.,  long.  4°  52'  W. :  the  ancient  Sisa- 
pon.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  quicksilver-mines,  wMch 
were  worked  by  the  Romans  and  Moors  and  are  now 
crown  property.    Population  (1887),  8,166. 

Almagest  (al'ma-jest),  The.  See  the  extract. 
The  best  known  of  the  works  of  Ptolemy  is  his  "  Great 
Construction  of  Astronomy  "  (^eydAij  (nivTof  ts  t^s  ao-Tpovo- 
ti-ioM)  in  thirteen  books.  To  distinguish  this  from  the  work 
on  astrology  in  four  books  only,  or  the  "four-book  con- 
struction" (T€Tpa^t^Ao9  o-ui/Tali-s),  the  lengthened  trea- 
tise on  spherical  astronomy  was  called  t\  jmeyiffTij  avvjo^i^ 
("the  greatest  construction")  or  simply  the  jneyiVTi?, 
from  which  the  Arabs,  by  prefixing  their  article,  framed 
the  title  Tdtrir  al  Magisthi,  under  which  the  book  was 
published  in  A.  D.  827,  and  from  this  is  derived  the  name 
Almagest  by  which  Ptolemy's  great  work  is  familiarly 
known.  .  .  .  The  first  book  lays  down  the  mathematics 
principles  of  his  system.  .  .  .  The  second  book  deals  with 
the  problems  connected  with  the  determination  of  the 
obliquity  of  the  sphere.  In  the  third  book  he  fixes  the 
length  of  the  year  at  365^  days  and  explains  his  cele- 
brated theory  of  excentrics  and  epicycles.  The  fourth 
book  treats  of  the  moon,  criticising  the  results  obtained 
by  Hipparchus.  In  \hs  fifth  he  describes  the  astrolabe  of 
Hipparchus  with  which  that  astronomer  discovered  the 
moon's  second  inequality,  called  by  BuUialdus  the  &iiec- 
tion.  The  fiir£A  book  treats  of  eclipses.  The  sewentA  treats 
of  the  stars,  with  reference  to  their  movement  from  west 
to  east,  which  Hipparchus  had  established ;  but  by  redu- 
cing this  motion  from  48"  to  36"  in  a  yfiar  Ptolemy  increases 
the  error  of  his  predecessor.  In  the  eighth  book  he  gives, 
with  slight  variations,  the  celebrated  catalogue  of  the  stars 
drawn  up,  as  we  have  seen,  by  Hipparchus,  and  introduces 
also  a  description  of  the  Milky  Way.  The  ninth  book  treats 
of  the  planets  in  general ;  the  tenth  of  Venus ;  the  eleventh 
of  Jupiter  and  Saturn.  In  the  twelfth  he  gives  us  the  pro- 
gressions and  retrogradations  of  the  planets,  and  in  the 
thirteenth  he  discusses  their  movements  in  hititude,  and 
the  inclinations  of  their  orbits. 

K.  0.  MVMer,  Hist,  of  the  Lit  of  Ahc.  Greece,  III.  264. 

[{D(maXdson.) 

Almagro  (al-ma'gro).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Ciudad  Real,  Spain,  14  miles  southeast 
of  Ciudad  Real,  it  has  noted  lace  manufactures  and 
is  the  center  of  a  district  producing  the  wine  of  Valde- 
peiSas.    Population  (1887),  8,712. 

Almagro,  Diego  de.  Born  probably  at  Aldea 
del  Rey,  about  1475,  but  according  to  some  ac- 
counts a  foundling  in  Almagro,  1464 :  executed 
July  10  (12?),  1538.  A  Spanish  soldier,  one  of  the 
conquerors  of  Peru.  He  went  to  Panama  with  Pedrarias 
in  1514,  and  in  1525  joined  Pizarro  and  Luque  in  an  enter- 
prise for  conquest  toward  the  south.  He  was  in  Panama 
whenPizarro  discovered  the  cc^st  of  Peru  in  1528;  but  when, 
after  his  return  from  Spain,  Pizarro  sailed  for  Peru  (Jan., 
1631),  Almagro  followed,  late  in  the  same  year,  with  three 
vessels  and  150  men,  and  joined  him  at  Cajamarca  about 
the  middle  of  February,  1633,  after  the  death  of  Atahual- 
pa.  Here  a  violent  quarrel  (the  second)  between  them 
took  place;  but  a  reconciliation  was  effected  and  Almagro 
took  an  active  part  in  the  march  on  Cuzco.  In  1535  he 
was  sent  to  conquer  Chile,  of  which  he  was  made  governor. 
He  went  as  far  south  as  Coqnimbo,  but  finding  nothing  of 
the  coveted  riches,  turned  back,  laid  claim  to  Cuzco  as 


Almeida 

the  territoi7  assigned  to  him,  and  seized  the  city  by  s'nv 
prise  (AprU  8,  1537),  capturing  Hernando  and  Gonzalo 
Pizarro.  He  was  attacked  by  Alonzo  Alvarado,  who  was 
captured  with  his  whole  army  July  12, 1537.  Almagro  was 
finally  defeated  by  Hernando  Pizarro  at  Las  .Salinas,  near 
Cuzco,  April  26,  1538,  and  he  was  soon  after  captured, 
tried,  and  beheaded. 

Almagro, Diego  de,  sumamed  "The  Youth " or 
"Lad."  Born  at  Panama,  1520:  executed  at 
Cuzco  about  Sept.  25, 1542.  Son  of  Diego  de 
Almagro  and  of  an  Indian  mother.  He  accom- 
panied his  father  to  Chile  (1535-36)  and  after  his  death 
lived  in  poverty  at  Lima.  The  conspirators  who  killed 
Francisco  Pizarro  (June  26,  1541)  had  met  at  his  house, 
but  it  does  not  appear  that  he  was  actively  engaged  with 
them.  They,  however,  proclaimed  him  governor  of  Peru, 
and  part  of  the  country  submitted  to  him  ;  hut  the  royal- 
ists under  Yaca  de  Castro  defeated  him  at  Chupas,  Sept. 
16, 1642.  He  was  arrested  next  day  and  soon  after  be- 
headed. 

Almahide  (al-ma-ed').  A  romance  by  Made- 
leine de  Scud^ry,  foimded  on  the  dissensions 
of  the  Zegris  and  Abencerrages. 

Almahyde  (al'ma-hid).  The  Queen  of  Granada 
in  Dryden's  "Alinanzor  and  Almahyde,  or  The 
Conquest  of  Granada."  The  name  was  taken  from 
Madeleine  de  Scud^ry's  novel  "Almahide." 

Almain  (al-man').  [Early  mod.  E.  also  Al- 
mayn,  Almaigne,  etc.,  OF.  Aleman,  F.  Allemand, 
German,  L.  Alamanni,  Alemanni:  see  Alaman- 
».]     An  old  name  for  Germany. 

Almali.    See  Elmalu. 

Al-Mamun  (al-ma-men').  Bom  786 :  died  833. 
The  seventh  Abbasside  calif  of  Bagdad,  813-833, 
a  younger  son  of  Harun-al-Rashid :  "the  father 
of  letters  and  the  Augustus  of  Bagdad"  (Sis- 
mondi).    Also  Al-Mamoun,  Al-Mamon,  Mamun. 

Almansa  (ai-mam'sa),  or  Almanza  (al-man'- 
tha).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Albacete, 
Spain,  59  miles  southwest  of  Valencia.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  9,686. 

Almansa,  or  Almanza,  Battle  of.  A  victory 
gained  by  the  French  and  Spanish  under  the 
Duke  of  Berwick  over  the  allied  British,  Dutch, 
and  Portuguese  under  Galway,  April  25, 1707. 
It  established  Philip  V.  on  the  Spanish  throne. 

Al-Mansur  (al-man-sor'),  or  Almansor  (al- 
man'sor)  (Abu  Jaflfar  Abdallah).  [-Ar.  4i- 
-MoMswr,  the  Victorious.]  Born  about  712 :  died 
near  Mecca,  Oct.  18,  775.  The  second  Abbasside 
calif,  successor  of  his  brother  Abul-Abbas  Al- 
Saffah  in  754.  His  reign  was  marked  by  numerous 
revolts  which  were  suppressed  with  great  cruelty.  He 
transferred  the  seat  of  government  to  Bagdad,  which  he 
built  with  great  splendor.  He  was  a  patron  of  learning, 
and  under  his  inspiration  many  Greek  and  Latin  works, 
including  Plato,  Herodotus,  Homer,  and  Xenophon,  were 
translated  into  Arabic  aud  other  Oriental  tongues. 

Almansur,  or  Almansor.  Bom  near  Alge- 
ciras,  Andalusia,  939:  died  1002.  The  regent 
of  Cordova  under  the  sultan  Hisham  II.  He 
reconquered  from  the  Christians  the  territory  south  of 
the  Douro  and  Ebro,  extended  his  sway  over  a  consider- 
able portion  of  western  Africa,  and  restored  the  waning 
power  of  the  califate  of  Cordova.  He  is  said  to  have 
starved  himself  to  death,  broken-hearted  over  the,  defeat, 
after  fifty  actions,  of  Calatanazar  by  the  kings  of  Leon  and 
Navarre  and  the  Count  of  Castile. 

Almanzor  (al-man'zor).  The  calif  of  Arabia 
in  Chapman's  "Revenge  for  Honor." 

Almanzor  and  Almahyde,  or  The  Conquest 
of  Granada  by  the  Spaniards.  A  heroic  tra- 
gedy in  two  parts,  by  Dryden,  produced  in  1670. 
It  was  partly  taken  from  Mademoiselle  de  Scud^ry's  "Al- 
mahide." It  is  usually  known  as  "The  Conquest  of  Gra^ 
nada. "  The  character  of  Almanzor,  a  knight  errant  of  ex- 
travagant egotism,  is  caricatured  as  Drawcansir  in  "  The 
Rehearsal." 

Almaraz  (al-mS-rath').  A  smalltown  in  west- 
em  Spain,  on  the  Tagus  40  miles  northeast  of 
Caceres.  The  bridge  over  the  Tagus  was  built  in  1552. 
It  is  580  feet  long  and  25  feet  wide,  and  rises  134  feet 
above  the.water.  It  has  only  two  arches,  and  resembles 
the  great  Roman  works. 

Almaric.    See  Amalric  of  Bkie. 

Alma-Tadema  (al'mS-ta'de-mS,),  Sir  Lau- 
rence. Born  at  Dronryp,  FriesTand,  Nether- 
lands, Jan.  8, 1836.  A  Friesian  painter  in  Eng- 
land, noted  especiallyfor  his  representations  of 
Egyptian,  Greek,  and  Roman  life.  Knighted  in 
1899.  He  settled  in  London  in  1870audwas  naturalized 
1873.  Among  his  works  are  "The  Vintage,"  "Catullus," 
"The  Siesta,"  "Entrance  to  a  Roman  Theatre,"  "Tarqul- 
nius  Superbus,"  "Phidias,"  "An  Audience  at  Agrippas." 

Almaviva  (al-ma-ve'va).  Count,  A  brilliant 
and  too  attractive  nobleman  in  Beaumarchais's 
comedy  "  Le  Barbier  de  Seville."  He  is  the  lover 
of  Rosine,  and  succeeds,  with  the  aid  of  Figaro  the  barber, 
his  former  valet,  in  rescuing  her  from  old  Bartholo  and 
marrying  her  himself.  He  appears  in  the  "  Mariage  de 
Figaro,"  already'tired  of  Rosine  his  wife,  and  in  "LaMi  re 
Coupable  "  as  an  old  and  faded  beau.  He  also  appears  in 
the  operas  hy  Paisiello  and  Rossini  founded  on  "  Le  Bar- 
bier." 

Al-Megnum.    See  Bahalul. 

Almeida  (al-ma'e-da).  A  town  in  the  province 


Almeida 

«f  Beira,  Portugal,  in  lat.  40°  46'  N.,  long.  6° 
50'  W.  It  was  captured  by  the  French  in  1810, 
and  retaken  by  Wellington  in  1811. 
Almeida,  Francisco  d'.  Bom  at  Lisbon  about 
the  middle  of  the  15th  century:  killed  at  Sal- 
danha  Bay,  South  Africa,  March  1,  1510.  A 
Portuguese  commander,  first  viceroy  of  Portu- 

guese  India  1505-09.  He  conquered  Kilwa, 
annanore.  Cochin,  Kalikut,  Malacca,  etc.,  and 
defeated  the  Egyptian  fleet  in  1509. 

Almeida,  Nicorao  Tolentino.  Born  at  Lisbon, 
1745:  died  at  Lisbon,  1811.  A  Portuguese 
poet  and  satirist.  He  published  a  collection 
of  poems  in  1802. 

Almeida-Garrett  (al-ma'da-gar-ref  or  -gar'- 
ret),  Joao  Baptista  d'.  Bom  at  Oporto,  Por- 
tugal, Feb.  4,  1799 :  died  at  Lisbon,  Dee.  10, 
1854.  A  Portuguese  poet,  dramatist,  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  the  author  of  the  poetical  works  "  Ca- 
mSes  "  (1826),  "  Dona  Branca  "  (1826),  "Adozinda"  (1828), 
"Eomanceiro" (1851-53),  and  of  "Auto  de  Gil-Vicente'' 
(1838),  and  other  dramas. 

Almeisam  (al-me-i-sam').  [Ar.  al  meisdn,  the 
proud  marcher.]  A  seldom  used  name  for 
7  Geminorum.     See  Alhena. 

Almelo 


simultaneously  at  the  animal,  slew  each  other.  In  Hades, 
as  a  further  punishment,  they  were  tied  to  a  pillar  with 
serpents,  and  perpetually  tormented  by  the  screeching  of 
an  owl. 


*3  Alpheratz 

Jan.  6,  1711.  A  Dutch  naval  officer,  made 
commander  of  the  fleet  on  the  death  of  De 
Buyter  in  1676.    He  accompanied  William  of  Orange     „„  „„, 

to  England  tn  1688 ;  commanded  the  Dutch  fleet  at  La    AlV.™V.^o    .^..  A 1  ..«.,„ -D'l t>        1/7,1     j-   j 

Hogue  in  1692  ;  and  commanded,  with  Sir  George  Kooke    4iS?*P'^^.°'^  A^^^^^  ^  hOUra.  Born  1711 :  died 
ttie  allies  at  the  destruction  of  the  Spanish  fleet  in  the     1 '  O".       J^  he   lounder   of  the   last   dynasty  of 

Burma  (named  from  him).   He  reigned  1754-60. 

Alonzo  (a-lon'zo).   1.  The  King  of  Naples  in 

Shakspere's  "  Tempest."    He  appears  as  Duke  of 


Spanish  fleet  in  the 
Bay  of  Vigo  1702. 

Almonte  (al-mon'ta),  Juan  Nepomuceno. 

Bom  in  Guerrero,  1812:  died  at  Mexico,  1869. 

A  Mexican  general,  of  mixed  Indian  blood, 

said  to  have  been  an  illegitimate  son  of  the 

revolutionist  Morelos.    He  served  under  Santa  Anna 

in  Texas,  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle 'of  San 

Jacinto.    After  his  release  he  became  secretary  of  state, 

and  in  1841  was  appointed  minister  to  Washington.    He 

entered  a  formal  protest  (1846)  against  the  annexation  of 

Texas,  and  demanded  his  passport.    In  1846  he  was  a  can-    •  ,  cr       T^ 

didate  for  the  presidency,  and  claimed  to  have  been  elected;  AlOnZO.     bee  JJOrax. 

he  afterward  contributed  to  the  elevation  of  Paredes,  and  AlonZO  Of  Aguilar. 


Savoy  and  Usurper  of  the  Kingdom  of  Mantua  in  the  ver- 
sion of  Dryden  and  Davenant. 

2.  In  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  "Custom  of  the 
Country,"  a  young  Portuguese  gentleman,  the 
enemy  of  Duarte.— 3.  In  Sheridan's  transla- 
tion of  Kotzebue's  "Pizarro,"  the  commander 
of  the  army  of  Ataliba,  king  of  Quito. 


..       ...       .  ,    ^,  .,^  ^^   w=.-i o A  brave  Spanish  knight 

was  his  mmiater  oi  war.    In  the  war  with  the  United     who  lost  his  lifp  in  tnTiTur  +n  nloTtt  TTJnn.  'CoWi; 
States  he  fought  at  Buenavista,  Cerro  Gordo,  and  Churu-     r°°q7°  L'^il.  ®  ^t?^'?^.*??     ,^  ^  ^^  ^^'^'^- 
busco.    Under  Santa  Anna  Almonte  was  a  second  time     ?^°i"^„T       "^  °^  ™^  heights  of   Granada,  lu 
made  minister  to  Washington,  a  position  which  he  re-     1501.     Ihere  are  several  Spanish  ballads  on  the 
tained  until  1860.    Later  he  was  minister  to  France,  ac-     subject. 

oompanied  the  French  expedition  to  Mexico  in  1862,  and  A  lon^n  thp  lira  vp  and  t.Tio  Pair  Imnaima  A 
was  a  member  of  the  regency  appointed  after  the  city  of  "Toiro  i^i:  ?,  S-  i  „  t  ■  %r  ^ir  imogene.  A 
Mexico  was  taken.   Maximilian  made  him  grand  marshal,     oaiiaa  by     Monk"  Lewis  (M.  G.  Lewis). 

Alopeus  (a-16'pe-us),  Maximilian.    Bom  at 
Viborg,  Finland,  Jan.  21,  1748:  died  at  Frank- 


He  was  the  author  of  an  excellent  treatise  on  the  geog- 
raphy of  Mexico. 


fort-on-the-Main,  May  16,  1822.  A  Russian 
diplomatist,  accredited  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary to  the  court  of  Prussia  in  1790  by  Cathe- 
rine n. 


nf  n^JfJlf  ^  J"  1     i"^^""  w®.  P'"?;?^?^®  Almora  (al-mo'ra).    A  district  in  Kumaun  di- 
of  Overyssel,  Netherlands.    Population  (1889),    vision.  Northwestern  Provinces,  British  India, 

/,'r?*- ,„,     -    ..,  ...       ,         „  ^        .    ,,       intersected  by  lat.  29°  35'  N.,  long.  79°  40'  E. 

Almenara  (kl-ma-na  ra).     A  small  town  in  the  Almora.     The  capital  of  Almora  district  and 
^r7i™?l       Lenda,  Spain,  15  miles  northeast    Kumftun  division,  British  India,  in  lat.  29°  35'  Alora  (a-16'ra).    A  town  in  the  province  of 
^L  irarSkm^fv^'  tfl^l'  l^^"'  *^%^l^^/  fr    N-'  l°''g-  79°  42'  E.  Malaga,  Spain  situated  on  the  Guadalhorce  9 

ger  btarhemberg  and  Stanhope  defeated  the  Almoravides  (al-mo'ra-vidz).  A  Mohammedan    miles  northwest  of  Malaga.   Population  (1887), 
jiiC"!?""  ,..,      -    -,..<        .  ^  .  dynasty  in  northwestern  Africa  and  Spain,     10,543. 

Almeria  (al-ma-re  a).     A  mountainous  proy-    founded  by  Abdallah  ben  Yasim  (died  ft58).  Aloros  (a-lo'ros). 
inoe  m  Andalusia,  bpam,  bounded  by  Murcia     His  successor  founded  Morocco  in  1062.    The  Almoravides    '  ' 

under  Yussuf  defeated  Alfonso  VI.  of  Castile  at  Zalaca  in 
1086  and  the  dynasty  was  established  in  Spain.  It  was 
overthrown  by  the  Almohades  1146-47. 


on  the  northeast,  the  Mediterranean  on  the 
southeast,  east,  and  south,  and  Granada  on  the 
west  and  northwest.  It  contains  important 
lead-mines.  Area,  3,302  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  339,383. 
Almeria.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  the 
province  of  Almeria,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of 
Almeria  in  lat.  36°  50'  N.,  long.  2°  32'  W. :  the 
Roman  Portus  Magnus.  It  exports  lead,  esparto, 
etc.,  has  a  cathedral,  and  is  well  fortified.  It  was  an  im- 
portant emporium  under  the  Moors.  Population  (1887), 
36,200. 

Almeria  (al-me'ri-a).  In  Congreve's  play  "The 
Mourning  Bride,"  tte  (supposed)  widowed  bride 
of  Alphonso,  prince  of  Valentia. 
utters  the  familiar  words : 


"  Music  hath  charms  to  soothe  a  savage  breast, 
To  soften  rocks,  or  bend  a  knotted  oak." 

Congreve,  Mourning  Bride,  i.  1  (ed.  1710). 

Almod6var,  or  Almoddvar  del  Campo  (al- 
mo-do'var  del  kam'po).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Ciudad  Real,  Spain,  21  miles  southwest  of 
Ciudad  Real.  Population  (1887),  12,008. 
Almoddvar  (ai-mo-do'var),  Count  of  (Ilde- 
fonso  Diaz  de  Bibera).  Bom  at  Granada, 
1777:  died  at  Valencia,  1846.  A  Spanish  states- 
man. He  was  imprisoned  and  exiled  in  the  reign  of 
Ferdinand  VII.,  was  afterward  minister  of  war  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Cortes,  and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
1842-43. 

Almod6var  del  Rio  (al-mo-do'var  del  re'6).  A 
small  town  in  the  province  of  Cordova,  Spain, 
situated  on  the  Guadalquivir  13  miles  south- 
west of  Cordova.  _ 

Almogia  (al-mo-ne'a).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Malaga,  Spain,  12  miles  northwest  of  Malaga. 
Population  (1887),  8,346. 

Almohades  (al'mo-hadz).  A  Mohammedan 
dynasty  in  northern  Africa  and  Spain,  which 
superseded  the  Almoravides  about  the  middle 
of  the  12th  century:  so  called  from  the  sect 
of  the  Almoahedun  (worshipers  of  one  god), 
founded  by  Mohammed  ibn  Abdallah.  The  family 
established  itself  in  the  provinces  of  Fez,  Morocco,  Tlem- 
cen.  Gran,  and  Tunis,  and  extended  its  conquests  to  Anda- 
lusia, Valencia,  and  a  part  of  Aragon  and  Portugal.  It 
sustained  a  decisive  repulse  at  Las  IS^avas  de  Tolosa,  July 
16, 1212,  at  the  hands  of  Alfonso  of  Castile,  aided  by  the 
kings  of  Aragon  and  Navarre,  and  became  extinct  in 
Spain  in  1257  and  in  Africa  in  1269. 

Almon  (al'mon),  John.  Bom  at  Liverpool,  Dec. 
17,  1737:  died  at  Boxmoor,  Dec.  12,  1805.  An 
English  publisher  and  political  pamphleteer, 
a  friend  of  John  Wilkes. 

Almouacid  (al-mo-na-theSH').  A  small  town 
situated  on  the  Guazelate  13  miles  southeast 
of  Toledo,  Spain.  Here,  Aug.  11,  1809,  the 
French  under  Sebastiani  defeated  the  Spanish 
under  Venegas. 

Almondbury  (a'mond-ber'''i,  locally  am'bri).  A 
town  in  the  West  fi'iding  of  Yorkshire,  England, 
on  the  Calder,  adjoining  Huddersfield.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  5,117.  _ 

AJmonde  (al-mon'da),  Fhilippus  van.  Bom 
at  Briel,  Netherlands,  1646 :  died  near  Leyden, 


A  new  Berber  revolution  had  talcen  place  in  Korth 
Africa,  and  a  sect  of  fanatics,  called  the  marabouts  or 
saints  (Almoravides,  as  the  Spaniards  named  them),  had 
conquered  the  whole  country  from  Algiers  to  Senegal. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  178. 

AlmcLVlst  (alm'kvist),  Karl  Jonas  Ludwig. 
Born  at  Stockholm,  Nov.  28,  1793:  died  at 
Bremen,  Sept.  26,  1866.  A  Swedish  novelist 
and  general  writer.  He  was  the  author  of  "TBmro- 
sens  Bok"  ("Book  of  the  Thorn-Kose "),  "Gabriele  Mi- 
manso,"  "Amalie  Hillner,"  "Araminta  May,"  "Kolum- 
bine,"  "  Marjam,"  etc. 
It  is  she  who  AlmuSecar  (al-mon-ya-kar').  A  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Granada,  Spain,  38  miles  east  of 
Malaga.    Population  (1887),  8,842. 

Almy  (al'mi),  John  J.  Born  April  25,  1815 : 
died  May  16, 1895.  An  American  naval  officer. 
He  was  appointed  commodore  Dec.  21, 1869,  and  rear-ad- 
miral Aug.  24, 1873,  retired  April  24, 1877.  He  had  charge 
successively  of  the  Union  gunboats  South  Carolina,  Con- 
necticut, and  Juniata  during  tlie  Civil  War. 

Alnaschar  (al-nash'ar  or -nas'kar).  The  "Bar- 
ber's Fifth  Brother  "'in  "The  Arabian  Nights' 
Entertainments."  He  invests  his  inheritance  in  glass- 
ware. While  awaiting  customers  he  fancies  himself  already 
a  millionaire,  and  an  incautious  movement  upsets  his 
basket,  breaking  its  contents  and  destroying  all  his  pros- 
pects (hence  the  phrase  "visions  of  Alnasohar,"i.  e. ,  count- 
ing one's  chickens  before  they  are  hatched ;  day-dreams). 

Alnilam  (al-ni-lam').  [Ar.  al-nizdm,  the  string 
of  pearls.]  The  bright  second-magnitude  star 
£  Orionis,  in  the  middle  of  the  giant's  belt, 


The  first  of  the  ten  mythical 
kings  who  reigned  over  Babylonia  before  the 
deluge. 
Alost  (a'lost),  or  Aelst,  or  Aalst  (alst).  A  city 
in  the  province  of  East  Flanders,  Belgium, 
situated  on  the  Dender  16  miles  northwest  of 
Brussels,  it  has  a  trade  in  grain  and  hops,  and  manu- 
factures lace,  cotton,  etc.  It  was  taken  by  Turerme  1667. 
Population  (1890),  25,644. 

Aloysius  (al-6-is'i-us).  Saint  (Louis  Gonzaga). 
Died  1591.'  He  is  commemorated  in  the  Roman 
Church  June  21. 

Alp  (alp)  The  principal  character  in  Byron's 
poem  "The  Siege  of  (Jorinth," a  renegade  shot 
in  the  siege. 

Alp.  The  local  name  of  the  elevated  and  little 
inhabited  meadow  and  pasture  tracts  of  Swit- 
zerland and  Tyrol.    Also  Aim. 

Alp,  or  Alb,  Bauhe.  See  Rauhe  Alp  and  Swa- 
Man  Jura. 

Alp  Arslan  (alp  ars-lan').  Bom  1029:  died 
1072.  A  surname  of  Mohammed  ben  Daud, 
sultan  of  the  Seljuk  Turks,  who  reigned  in  Kho- 
rasan  from  1059  to  1072.  He  succeeded  his  uncle 
Toghrul  Beg  as  chief  ruler  of  the  empire  in  1063,  subdued 
Georgia  and  Armenia  about  1064,  and  conquered  Aleppo 
and  defeated  and  took  prisoner  the  Byzantine  emperor 
Komanus  Diogenes  near  the  Araxes  in  1071,  a  victory  which 
led  to  the  establishment  of  the  Seljuk  empire  of  Eflm. 

Alpena  (al-pe'na).  The  capital  of  Alpena 
County,  Michigan,  situated  on  Thunder  Bay, 
Lake  Huron,  in  lat.  45°  4'  N.,  long.  83°  26'  W. 
It  is  a  center  of  the  lumber  trade.  Population 
(1900),  11,802. 

Alpes,  Basses. 


Alnitak(al-ni-tak').     [Ar.  a?-»j*dfc  the  girdle.]  Sipes,' Hautes.    See  Hautes-Alpes. 
The  fine  tnple  seeond-ma^itude  star  f  Ononis,  Alpes-Maritimes  (alp  mar-e-tem').    A  depart. 

ment  oi  i  ranee,  capital  Nice,  bounded  by  Italy 


at  the  southeastern  end  of  the  belt, 
Alnwick  (an'ik).  The  capital  of  Northum- 
berland, England,  situated  on  the  Alne  in  lat. 
55°  25'  N.,  long.  1°  43'  W.  Here,  1174,  the 
English  under  Glanville  defeated  the  Scots. 
Population  (1891),  6,746. 
A.  L.  0.  E.  A  pseudonym  (standing  for  'A 
Lady  of  England')  of  Charlotte  Maria  Tucker. 
Alogians  (a-16'ji-anz),  or  Alogi  (al'o-ji).  A 
heretical  sect  wliich  existed  in  Asia  Minor 
toward  the  end  of  the  2d  century  A.  D.  Lit- 
tle is  known  of  them.  They  were  called  Alogi  by  Bpiphar 
nius  because  they  rejected  the  doctrine  of  the  Logos  and 
the  Gospel  of  John  (which  they  ascribed  to  the  Gnostic 
CerinthuB).    They  also  rejected  the  Apocalypse. 

Aloidae  (a-16-i'de),  or  Aloiadae  (a-l6-i'a-de), 
or  Aloadse  (a-lo'a-de).  [Gr.  'AhjsWat,  'ATia'id- 
Sac,  'ATM&dm,  sons  oi  Aloeus.  ]  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, two  ^ants,  Otus  and  Ephialtes,  sons  of 
Poseidon  by  Iphimedea,  wife  of  Aloeus.  Each 
of  the  brothers  measured  9  cubits  in  breadth  and  27  in 
height  at  the  age  of  nine  years,  when,  according  to  the  Odys- 
sey, they  threatened  the  Olympian  gods  with  war,  and  at- 
tempted to  pile  Mount  Osaa  on  Olympus  and  Pelion  on  Ossa, 
but  were  destroyed  by  the  arrows  of  Apollo.  According 
to  Homer  they  kept  Ares  imprisoned  for  thirteen  months, 
until  he  was  secretly  liberated  by  Hermes.  By  some  writers 
tliey  are  represented  as  having  survived  the  attempt  on 
Olympus,  and  as  having  fallen  victims  to  their  presump- 
tion in  suing  Ephialtes  for  the  hand  of  Hera,  and  Otus 
for  that  of  Artemis.  In  the  island  of  Naxos,  Artemis,  in 
the  form  of  a  stag,  ran  between  the  brothers,  wlio,  aiming 


on  the  north  and  east,  by  the  Mediterranean  on 
the  south,  and  by  Var  and  Basses-Alpes  on  the 
west :  noted  for  its  mild  climate  and  the  health- 
resorts  on  its  coast.  It  was  formed  from  the  terri- 
tory of  Nice  (ceded  by  Italy  in  1860)  and  from  part  of  Var. 
Area,  1,482  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  258,571. 

Alph  (alf).  A  sacred  underground  river  in 
Xanadu,  iu  Coleridge's  poem  "Kubla  Khan." 

Alphard.  (al-fard').  [Ai.  al-fard,  the  solitary, 
because  there  is  no  other  conspicuous  star  very 
near  it.]  The  second-magnitude  star  a  Hydrse, 
or  Cor  Hydrse. 

Alphecca  (al-fek'ka),  or  Alphacca  (al-fak'ka). 
[Ar.  alfehkdh,  the  (broken)  cup  or  platter  oi  a 
dervish :  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  constel- 
lation.] A  usual  name  of  the  second-magnitude 
star  a  Coronse  Borealis,  more  commonly  known 
as  Gemma,  but  also  as  Alf  eta. 

Alphege,  Saint.    See  Mlfkeah. 

Alphen  ,(arfen),  Hieronymus  van.  Born  at 
Gouda,  Netherlands,  Aug.  8,  1746 :  died  at  The 
Hague,  April  2,  1803.  A  Dutch  poet  and  jurist. 

Alpheratz  (al-fe-rats').  [Ar.  Surrat-al-fards, 
the  navel  of  the  horse :  the  star  having  been 
reckoned  as  belonging  to  Pegasus.]  The  usual 
name  of  the  second-magnitude  star  a  Andro- 
medae,  in  the  head  of  the  constellation.  It  is  also 
often  called  Sirrah. 


Alpheus 

Alpheus  (al-fe'us),  Alpheius  (al-fi'iis).  [Qi. 
'AMieiSg.']  In  Greek  mythology,  a  river-god, 
son  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys.  He  is  represented  as 
originally  a  hunter  who  fell  in  love  with  the  nymph  Are- 
thusa.  She  fled  Irom  him  and  transformed  herself  into  a 
well,  and  upon  this  he  became  the  river  Alpheus.  The 
details  of  the  myth  vary. 

Alpheus.  The  principal  river  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesus, Greece,  the  modern  Eufia,  Ruphia,  or 
Eouphiaj  emptying  into  the  Ionian  Sea.  it  flows 


44 


Altamura 


extends  from  the  Brenner  Pass  eastward  to 


Bians   under  Herwarth  von   Bittenfeld,  June  29,  1864. 

the  Semmering  Pass.  Oftentimes  made  to  include  iQ'Jf  Z^mV,""'  XA^^iX  prov 
all  the  Alps  lying  east  of  a  Une  connecting  Lake  Constance  AlSieltt  (als  lelt;.  A  small  TOwn  m  meprov- 
with  Lago  Maggiore.    See  Alps.  mee  of  Upper  Hesse,  grand  duchy  ot  Messe, 

Alps,  Western.    A  division  of  the  Alps  which    situated  on  the  Schwalm  41  miles  southwest 
is  separated  from  the  Apennines  by  the  Pass    of  Cassel. 

of  Giovi  (north  of  Genoa)  and  extends  to  the  Alshain  (al-shan').    A  seldom  used  name  for 
Pass  of  Great  St.  Bernard,    oftentimes  made  to  in-    the  fourth-magnitude  star  (3  Aquilffi._ 
elude  all  the  Alps  lying  west  of  a  line  connecting  Lake  Alshemall   (al-she-ma'li).      [Ar.   al-semdli,  the 
Constance  with  Lago  Maggiore.    See  Al^s.  ,      northern.     See  AlgenuU.'i     The  fourth -magni- 


in  part  Of  Its  course  underground,  and  was  tor  this  reason  Aipiyarras  (al-po-Har  rasj,  or  AlpUXaraS.    A     ^^^g  g^gj.  n  Ijeonis,  in  the  head  of  the  animal 


fabled  to  flow  under  the  sea  to  Sicily.  Olympia  was  on 
its  banks.  Its  northern  and  southern  head  streams,  both 
known  as  Ruphia  (the  northern  also  as  Ladon),  unite  on 
the  borders  of  the  nomarchies  of  Messenia,  Arcadia, 
Achaia,  and  Elis. 

Alptairk  (al-ferk').  [Ar.  Tcawdldb-al-firq,  stars 
of  the  flock.]  The  third-magnitude  double  star 
B  Cephei. 

Alphonso.    Bee_Alfonso. 


mountainous  region  in  the  provinces  of  Grana-   a  jgj     gge  Alsea. 
da  and  Almeria,  Spain,    it  contains  many  romantic    ai  C!i'va+  (a^  si-riit'^ 
valleys.    After  the  fall  of  the  Moorish  kingdom  of  Granada  ""i  ??J-??„  VT^^vlwlfl  'l 


[Ar.,  'the  road  or  way'; 


in  1492  it  was  the  refuge  of  the  Moriscos  in  Spain. 
Al  Bakim  (al  ra-kem')-  A  fabulous  dog  that 
accompanied  and  guarded  the  Seven  Sleepers. 
The  name  occurs  in  the  Koran  (in  reference  to  the  Sleepers) 
and  has  been  variously  interpreted  as  a  brass  plate,  a  stone 
table,  the  name  of  the  dog,  and  the  name  of  the  valley  in 


AipEoisUS    a    Saicta    Maria    (al-fon's6s   a     wUch  the  sleepers' cave  was  situated 
sangk'ta  ma-re'a),  or  Alfonso  de  Cartagena  A}'^?dus,  orAluredus, .  See  Alfred  of  Beverler,. 


(al-fon'so  da  kar-ta-Ha'na).  Bom  at  Carta 
gena,  Spain,  1396:  died  July  12,  1456.  A 
Spanish  prelate  and  historian.     He  succeeded 


mer  government  of  eastern  France.  It  formed 
after  the  Revolution  the  departments  of  Haut-Khin  and  Bas- 
Khin,  and  is  now  part  (see  Alsace-Lorraine)  of  the  German 
Empire,  comprising  the  districts  (Bezirke)  of  Upper  Alsace 
and  Lower  Alsace.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Khine  Palatinate 
len  (from  which  it  is  separated  by  the 
Uhine)  on  the  'east,  by  Switzerland  on  the  south,  and  by 
France  and  German  Lorraine  on  the  west.  The  \!osges  are 
on  its  western  frontier.    Its  soil  is  fertile,  and  it  has  impor- 


his  father,  Paulus,  as  bishop  of  Burgos;  was  deputed  in  Alsace  (al-aas'),  L-  Alsatia,  G.  ElsaSS.    Afor- 

1431by  John  XL  of  Castile  to  attend  the  Council  ot  Basel;     ^  -'' * -ci-— «-      -^  . 

and  succeeded  in  reconciling  Albert  V.  of  Austria  with 
Ladislaus,  king  of  Poland.  His  principal  work  is  a  history 
of  Spain  from  the  earliest  times  down  to  1496  (printed 
1646). 

Alphonsus  of  Lincoln  (al-fon'sus  ovling'kon). 

A  story  resembling  that  of  Hugh  of  Lincoln  and 

Chaucer's  "  Tale  of  the  Prioress,"  purporting  to 

be  composed  in  1459,  reprinted  by  the  Chaucer 

Society  in  1875.    It  is  attributed  by  Hain  and 

others  to  Alphonsus  a  ^ina. 
Alphonsus(al-fon'sus),  Emperor  of  Germany. 

A  tragedy  attributed  to  Chapman,  printed  in 

1654,  after  his  death.    It  was  played  at  Black- 
friars  in  1636,  and  was  then  a  revival. 
Alphonsus,  King  of  Arragon,  The  Comical 

History  of.    A  play  by  Robert  Greene,  written 


probably  borrowed  in  Arabic  from  Latin  strata 
«fo.]  The  bridge  over  which  all  must  pass  who 
enter  the  Mohammedan  paradise,  it  is  of  incon- 
ceivable narrowness,  finer  than  the  edge  of  a  razor ;  hence 
those  burdened  by  sins  are  sure  to  fall  oft  and  are  dashed 
into  hell,  which  it  crosses.  The  same  idea  appears  in 
Zoroastrianism  and  among  the  Jews. 

Alsleben  (als'lSrben).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Saale  30  miles  south  of  Magdeburg. 

Alsop  (ai'sop),  Kichard.  Bom  at  Middletown, 
Conn.,  Jan.'  23,  1761:  died  at  Flatbush,  L.  I., 
Aug.  20,  1815.  An  American  author,  one  of 
the  "Hartford  Wits"  and  chief  writer  on  the 
' '  Echo."  He  published ' '  Monody  on  the  Death 
of  Washington,"  and  other  poems, 
on  the  north,  by  Baden  (from  which  It  is  separated  by  the  AlSOp,  Vmcent.  _  Uied  May  «,  I  /Ud.     An  Jing- 


Alright    Island  (41-rit'  i'land).     One   of  the 
Magdalen  Islands,  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 
Alroy.    See  Wondrous  Tale  of  Ahoy. 


Ballersbach,  near  Herborn,  Prussia,  1588 :  died 
at  Weissenburg,  Transylvania,  Nov.  8, 1638.  A 
(Jerman  Protestant  theologian  and  voluminous 
writer,  professor  of  philosophy  (1615)  and  (1619) 
of  theology  at  Herborn. 


lish  nonconformist  divine  and  controversialist. 
He  wrote  "Antisozzo  "  (1676),  "Mischief  of  Impositions  " 
(1680),  "Melius  Inquirendum  "  (1679),  etc. 
tant  iron- and  coal-mines,  and  considerable  manufactures.    Ai_i.»j   /al'Htfit)    .TnliaiiTi   Hplnriph      Bom  at 
Its  chief  city  is  Strasburg.  German  is  the  language  ot.the  AlStedJal^Stetj^^JOUann^llMn^^^^^^        J30m  ai 
largest  numberof  the  inhabitants.  Itwasapartot  ancient 
Gaul  and  afterward  of  the  Frankish  kingdom.    In  the  9th 
and  10th  centuries  it  was  a  part  of  Lotharingia,  and  later  of 
the  duchy  of  Swabia,  and  gradually  came  to  be  divided  be- 
tween imperial  cities,  bishops,  and  other  spiritual  rulers, 

etc.    Part  ot  it  was  conquered  by  France  in  the  Thirty      -     „„ 

Years' War,  and  ceded  to  her  inl648.  Strasburg  was  seized  Alster  (al'ster).  A  small  tributary  of  the  Mbe 
by  Louis  XIV.  in  1681,  and  the  remainder  of  Alsace  was  ^iiidi  traverses  Hamburg,  forming  two  basins, 
rraltresStoftreVranco'Grrma^nil'"''""''"^'"     one   (the   larger)  .outside   the   town   (Aussen 

Alster),  andonewithm  it  (Bmnen  Alster).  The 
latter  is  surrounded  with  fine  buildings  and  is 
a  favorite  pleasure-resort. 
Alston,  or  Alston  Moor.  See  Aldstone. 
Alstroemer  (al'stre-mer),  Jonas.  Bom  at 
AlingssBS,  West  Gothland,  Sweden,  Jan.  7, 
1685  :  died  June  2, 1761.  A  Swedish  merchant, 
distinguished  as  a  promoter  of  industrial  re- 

__    _     __  established  in  London  in    Area,  1,370  square  miles.    Population  (1890),    Z?!™  ^^  ^'^^'^f'^' 

1857  for  those  who  are  interested  in  the  subject    471,609.  Alhi,™,f  /ki  +a 'mnl 

of  mountains,  as  explorers,  or  artists,  or  for  Alsace-Lorraine  (al-zas'lor-rau'),  Gr-  Elsass-    ._„  ?™".1„  „?;j™  i^, 
scientific  purposes.  Lothringen.    An  imperial  territory  (Eeiehs- 

Alpini  (al-pe'ne),  L.  AlpinUS,  Prospero.   Bom    land)  of  the  German  Empire,  capital  Strasburg, 
at  Marostiea,  Venetia,  Nov.  23,  1553:  died  at    bounded  by  Luxemburg,  Prussia,  and  the  Ehine 

' Palatinate  on  the  north,  by  Baden  (from  which 

it  is  separated  by  the  Ehine)  on  the  east,  by 
Switzerland  and  Prance  on  the  south,  and  by 
France  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Vosges ; 
soil  generally  fertile,  producing  grain,  wine,  tobacco,  etc., 
and  it  has  important  iron-  and  coal-mines,  and  large  manu- 
factures of  iron,  cotton,  etc.  It  is  divided  into  3  districts. 
Upper  Alsace,  Lower  Alsace,  and  Lorraine.  Its  govern- 
ment is  vested  in  the  imperial  government  and  in  a  pro- 
vincial committee  of  68  members.    It  sends  16  deputies 


as  early  as  1592,  and  printed  in  1599.    It  was  /^TTi-m  Aj-4-i 

called  "comical"  only  because  its  end  is  not  Alsace,  Lower,  _G.  Unter-Elsass.    A  district 
tragical.  '  of  Alsaoe-Lorraine,_occupying  the  northern 

Alpiew  (al'pii).  In  Mrs.  Centlivre's  comedy 
"  The  Basset-Table,"  Lady  Reveller's  waiting- 
woman,  a  pert,  adroit  soubrette.  The  name  is 
taken  from  alpieu,  a  term  in  the  game  of  basset  imply- 
ing the  continuance  ot  the  bet  on  a  card  that  has  already 
won. 


Alpine  Club.    A  club  established  in  London  in 


portion  of  Alsace.  The  chief  city  is  Strasburg. 
Area,  1,866  square  miles.  Population  (1890), 
621,505. 

Alsace,  Upper,  G.  Ober-Elsass.  A  district  of 
Alsace-Lorraine,  occupying  the  southern  por- 
tion of  Alsace.    Its  chief  town  is  Miilhausen. 


Padua,  Italy,  Feb.  6,  1617.  An  Italian  bota- 
nist and  physician,  author  of  works  on  the 
natural  history  of  Egypt,  etc. 

Alpnach  (alp'nach),  or  Alpnacht  (alp'naoht). 
A  commime  in  the  canton  of  Unterwalden, 
Switzerland,  8  miles  southwest  of  Lucerne. 

Alpnach,  Lake.  The  southwestern  arm  of  the 
Lake  of  Lucerne. 

Alps  (alps).  [F.  Alpes,  It.  Alpi,  G.  Alpen,  etc., 
L.  Alpes,  Gr.  "A^iTreis,  "AXirua,  '&^j3eM,  a  Celtic 
name,  'the  white  (mountains).'  Cf.  AXbion.'\ 
The  most  extensive  mountain  system  in  Eu- 
rope, comprising  apart  of  southeastern  France, 
most  of  Switzerland,  a  part  of  northern  Italy,  /f ?"atia 
a  part  of  southern  Germany,  and  the  western  ■«■*»'>'"«*' 
part  of  Austria-Hungary.  ' 
vided  into  the  Maritime,  Oottian, 
tian,  Norio,  Carnic,  Venetian,  and  Julian 
division  is  into  the  Western,  Central,  and  Eastern  Alps. 
The  Western  Alps  include  the  Ligurian  Alps,  Maritime 
Alps  Cottian  Alps,  Graian  Alps,  Montagues  des  Maures  and 
Esterel  Mountains,  Mountains  of  Provence  (or  of  Vaucluse, 
Ventoux  group),  Alps  of  Dauphin^,  Limestone  Alps  of 
Savoy,  and  the  Mountains  of  Chablais  and  Faucigny.  The 
Central  Alps  include  the  Pennine  Alps,  Lepontine  Alps, 
RhiBtian  Alps,  (Jtzthaler  Alps,  Bernese  Alps,  Fribourg 
Alps,  Emmenthal  Alps,  Urner  and  Bngelberg  Alps,  Todi 
range,  Schwyzer  Alps,  St.  Gall  and  AppenzeU  Alps,  Vo- 
rarlberg  and  AUgau  Alps,  North  Tyrolese  and  Bavarian 
Alps  Luganer  Alps,  Bergamasker  Alps,  Ortler  Alps,  Hons- 
bere'  Alps,  Adamello  Mountains,  and  Tridentine  Alps. 
The  Eastern  Alps  include  the  Zillerthal  Alps,  Hohe  Tau- 
ern  Niedere  Tauern,  Carinthian  and  Styrian  Alps,  Styrian 
Nieder  Alps,  KitzbiUiler  Alps,  Salzburg  Alps,  Upper  Aus- 
trian Alps,  North  Styrian  Alps,  Lower  Austrian  Alps, 
Lessinian  Alps,  Cadoric  Alps  (Dolomite  Alps),  Venetian 
Alps  Carnic  Alps,  Karawanken,  Bacher,  and  Santhaler 
Alps,  and  Julian  Alps.  There  are  also  various  outliers  ot 
the  system  in  Hungary  and  Croatia,  etc.  (Bakony  Forest, 
Mountains  of  Cilli,  etc.).  The  length  ot  the  range  from 
the  Pass  of  Giovi  (north  of  Genoa)  to  Semmering  Pass  is 
over  600  miles ;  and  its  width  is  from  90  to  180  miles.    Its 


A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  which  formerly  lived  on  San  Fran- 
cisco bay,  California.     See  Costanoan. 

Altai  (al-tl').  A  mountain  system  which  lies 
partly  in  the  government  of  Tomsk,  Siberia, 
and  is  continued  eastward  into  Mongolia.  The 
highest  elevation,  the  Bjelucha  (White  Moun-. 
tain),  is  about  11,000  feet.  The  main  range  is 
also  known  as  the  Ektag  Altai. 

Altaic  (al-ta'ik).  A  term  applied  to  various 
' '  Turanian  "  or  unclassified  languages  in  north- 
ern Asia :  usually  in  the  compound  Ural-Altaic. 
See  Turanian. 


ot  the  population)  is  Roman  Catholic.  The  prevailing  Ian. 
guage  is  German,  except  in  Lorraine,  where  French  is 
chiefly  spoken.  It  was  ceded  by  France  to  Germany  in 
1871,  as  a  result  of  the  Franco-German  war.  Area,  6,603 
square  miles.  Population  (1896),  1,640,986. 
The  Latin  name  of  Alsace, 

name 


to  the  Reichstag.    The  prevailing  religion  (78  per  cent.  ^Jtal    Mining   District.      A  territory   in   the 
..ii,  n-n^s.-.Tj     „„r.„n,„i,„    Ti,»T>™™,i,„<i,i!,„.    gQ^jj^gpjj part  of  the  government  of  Tomsk,  Si- 

beria, noted  for  mineral  wealth.     Its  capital  is 
Barnaul. 

Altair  (al-tar'),  or  Atair  (a-tar').    [Ar.  aUiasr 
.—  ----     ,,,...,.„  ,  ,  aZ-ta«?-,  the  flying  eagle.]    The  standard  first- 

'•"trw  J  ancientirdr  •Alsatia  (al-sa'shia).    Formerly  a  cant  name    magnitude  star  a  AquilK. 

,,  GrkrPennte  Rht    (Alsace  being  a  debataMe  ^ound  or  scene  of  ^Itamaha  (ai"ta-ma-ha').     A  river  in  (Jeorgia 

fulian  Alps.  The  modern    frequent  contests)  for  Whitetnars,  a  aistnct  m    .^jjigi^  jg  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Oconee 

Londonbetween  the  Thamesand  Fleet  street,    and  Ocmulgee,  and  flows  into  the  Atlantic  55 

and  adjoining  the  Temple,  which  possessed  cer-    ^^^^^  southwest  of  Savannah.     Its  length  is 

tain  privileges  of  sanctuary  denved  from  the     ^^^^^  ^gp  ^^^^_ 

convent  of  the  Carmelites,  or  White  Fnars,  Altamirano(al-ta-me-ra'n6),Ignacio Manuel, 
founded  there  m  1241.     The  locality  became  the    g^^.^  j^  Guerrero  about  1835:  died  Feb.  14, 


resort  of  libertines  and  rascals  of  every  description,  whose 
abuses  and  outrages,  and  especially  the  riot  in  the  reign 
ot  Charles  II.,  led  in  1697  to  the  abolition  of  the  privilege 
and  the  dispersion  of  the  Alsatians.  The  term  AUsatia  has 
in  recent  times  been  applied  offensively  to  the  English 
stock-exchange,  because  ot.the  supposed  questionable 
character  of  some  of  its  proceedings. .  The  name  first  oc- 
curs in  Shad  well's  plays  "  The  Woman  Captain  "  (1680)  and 
"The  Squire  of  Alsatia  "  (1688).    See  WMtefriars. 

Alsatia,  The  Sciuire  of.    See  Squire. 

Alsea  (al-se')-  [From  Alsi,  their  name  for 
themselves.]  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, which  formerly  occupied  20  villages  on 
both  sides  of  Alsea  River,  Oregon,  and  is  now 
on  the  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.  One  of  these 
villages  was  Yahats.     See  Yakonan. 


highest" peak"i's"Mont'  Blanc;  li.lSl  feet  (on  the  borders  Alscn  (al'sen),  Dan.  AlS.     An  island  20  miles 
of  France  and  Italy;  highest  in  Switzerland  the  Monte    j  j^  ^he  Little  Belt,  lat.  55°  N.,  long.  9° 

..» ^.    ....A   jto    r..jor'3ttt^   Tipiffht   flnmit    7.700  feet.       Its      _-,vi      ...  .         .       n    _  . • _i.  CH_1.1 i„ 


Kosa);   and  its  average  height  about  7,700  feet, 
largest  glacier  is  the  lletsch,  about  13  miles  long.    See, 
further,  the  special  articles  Pennine,  Maritime,  Lepontine 

Alps,  Eastern.    A  division  of  the  Alps  which 


50' E.,  belonging  to  the  province  of  Schleswig- 


1893.  A  Mexican  poet,  orator,  and  journalist, 
of  pure  Indian  blood,  said  to  have  been  a  de- 
scendant of  the  Aztec  monarchs.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Constituent  Congress  ot  1861,  and  Joined  the 
army  during  the  French  invasion,  attaining  the  rank  ot 
colonel.  He  published  "Clemencia,"  "Julia,"  etc.  He 
died  ih  Italy. 

Altamont  (al'ta-mont).  1.  In  Eowe's  play 
"The  Fair  Penitent,"  the  much-wronged  but 
forgiving  husband  of  Calista  (the  Fair  Peni- 
tent). He  kills  "that  haughty  gallant,  gay 
Lothario  "who  has  wronged  him. — 2.  In  Thack- 
eray's novel  "Pendennis,"  the  name  assumed 
by  the  returned  convict  Ajnory.  He  is  the  first 
husband  of  Lady  Clavering  and  father  of  the 
emotional  Blanche  Amory. 
Altamont,  Frederick.    See  Bunce,  John. 


Holstein,  Prussia,  its  chief  town  isSrad^erbuTgy^e  Altamura'(al-ta-mo'ra).  A  city  in  the  p^^^^^^ 
inhabitant^  are  chiefly  Danish.  It  was  a  strategic  point  mce  of  Ban,  Italy,  28  miles  southwest  of  Ban. 
for  the  Danes  in  1848-49,  and  was  conquered  by  the  Prus-     It  contains  a  cathedral,  founded  by  the  emperor  Freaer- 


Altamnra  '  45  Alva 

vaulting  in  the  aisles.    The  west  front  is  Romanesque  in  .°f.  ^""^^^^  .?;'^r  °*.     ,/,   ^^  ^t°J^>-       „  Natui'geseliiohte  des  Pf erdes "  (1810),  "  Ver- 

charaoter,  with  a  great  rose  and  imposing  lion-porch  and  AltenzellC  (al-ten-tsel'le).  A  former  Cistercian     gleichende  Osteologie  "  (1821-31). 

much  sculpture,  espeolally  scenes  from  the  life  of  Christ.     monasterynearNosseii,  in  Saxony,  secularized  Alton  (al'ton).     A  town  in  Hampshire,  Eng- 

Altar  (al-tarM,  or  Altar  de  OoUanes  (al-tar'    in  1544.  land,  25  miles  north  by  east  of  Portsmouth. 

da  kol-ya'nes),  or  Capac-Urcu  (ka'pak  or'ko).  Alteratl  (It.  pron.  al-te-ra'te),  The.    A  private    Population  (1891),  4,671. 

A  volcano  in  the  eastern  range  of  the  Andes    musical  academy,  founded  in  1568  at  Florence  Alton.    A  city  in  Madison  County,  Illinois,  situ- 

of  Ecuador,  east  of  Eiobamba,  17,730  feet  high    by  seven  Florentine  noblemen,    it  devoted  it-    ated  on  the  Mississippi  21  miles  north  of  St 

(Reiss  and  Stiibel).  self  to  the  cultivation  of  the  musical  dram^  and  under  Louis.    It  has  Important  manufactures  and  trade  andfa 

Altar,  The.     See  Ara.  Ba»S"°^'  °^^'^  "^^  produced.     See  the  seat  of  Shurtlefl  College.    PopuSn  (19^) "u^ZlO 

Altaroche(al-ta-rosh'),  Marie  Michel.    Bom  ^Iterf  (al-terf).    [Ar.]    The  seldom  used  name  ■^M^^-,1E}°'^^K  f  seaport  in  the  province 

^t}^^T%'  P'^y-'ie-Ddme,   Prance,  April  18,     of  the  fourth-magnitude  star  A  Leonis,  in  the    °f Jf ^fTIf"?!?  ^?r^7''''S-' ^' v '''^'^  "^  *¥ 

1811 :  died  at  Vaux,  May  14,  1884.    A  French    mouth  of  the  animal  ^^?^^  ^^^  °*  ^^'^  ^^^®  ^^1°^  Hamburg  and  ad- 

joumalist,  poet,  and  dramatist:   early  editor  Alter  Pritz  fal'ter  frits)      FG    'Old  Fritz  M   A  JO\°i?g ,".  "i  lat.  53°  33' N.,  long.  9°  57' E. 

of  "ChnrivniH  "  Alier  X  r«z  ^^  bei  iiilh;.      m.,   yiu  rruz.  j    a     it  is  the  largest  city  in  the  province,  and  has  extensive 

A14.„^S.  ;--i/^--    4.     f       ^      ro        <i.-i,*  nickname  of  Frederick  the  Great.  foreign  and  domestic  trade  and  important  mamSactures 

AltaS  Torres  (al'tas  tor'res).    [Sp.,  'high  tow-  Alth£ea(al-the'a),orAlthea.    [Gr.  a;Wm'<2.]    In     It  was  formerly  the  seat  of  an  observatory  which  was  re- 

ers.  ]     See  Madngal.  Greek  legend,  a  daughter  of  Thestius,  wife  of  °.'P^?'l  to  Kiel  in  1874.    it  received  the  privileges  of  a 

Alt-Breisach.    See  JBreisack.  (Eneus,kingofCalydon,andmotherofTydeus,  fatfonntmi^m'^m  "'"'*'"' '"^  ®'^^'*'' "^^-    ^°P°- 

Altdorf  (Switzerland).    See  Altorf.  Meleager,  and  Deianeira.  AhZ  Tn%a 'r^'t..  l.t^    a.,-i  ..  i,    * 

Altdorf(alt'dorf),orAltorf(al'torf).    Asmall  Althea.     The  name  under  which  RichardLove-     a  «fnvvhvr>,i£=tSr,lV.'  ^^k?'^!.^^'^  ^^tS' 

town  in  Middle  Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated    lace  poetically  addressed  a  woman,  supposed  A'*°^^^L?tS'„1f^      Fitt^^^^^'^^f  ?'^^^  ^^?^- 

on  the  Schwarzach  13  miles  southeast  of  Nu-  to  be  Lucy  Sacheverell,  who  was  also  celebrated    Pp°°?v1vn?;V«  o^"tLT^r,.«lw=.fc^  -1^°"^  ^i 

remberg.    It  was  the  seat  of  a  university  from  1623  to    under  the  name  of  Lucasta.  fv,  "^t^l  „^  tk     A^f  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  at 

1S09,  which  was  united  in  the  latter  year  with  that  of  Althpn  (F  uron  al  ton'^   TpTiati  or  Tmti     Rorn  Ykt  ^ff^^?^  ^^^  Alleghany  Mountains,  in  lat. 

Erlangen.  in  pt^i^^dLd  in  FrancI  17^^    A  P^^^^^  ^°     ^^    ^-  ^°"S-   78°  25'  W.,   noted  for  the 

iUtdorfer  (alt'dor-fer),orAltorfer(al'tor-fer),  IL  sJnof  ago^ernoTof '^  Persian^ro^iee;  ^rl'ttn^nfoorTpt^"''  ""*'  railway-cars. 

Albrecht.    Born    at  Altdorf    Bavaria,  1488:     who  introduced  the  cultivation  of  madder  into  F^Tf^'^^^T^'iV*A  ^  rn.,^  ^.      r^^. 

died  at  Ratisbon,  Bavaria,  1538.    A  German  prance     He  was  sold  as  a  slave  at  Smyrna,  but  made  ■^*0"  (al'torf ),  or  Altdorf  (alt'dorf).     The 

painter  and  engraver.     His  chief  work,  "  The     his  escape  to  France,  bringing  with  him  some  seeds  of  capital  of  the  canton  of  TJri,  Switzerland,  situ- 

Battle  of  Arbela,"  is  at  Munich.  madder,  the  exportation  of  which  was  forbidden  under  ated  near  the  Reuss  and  near  the  southeastern 

Altea  (al-ta'a).     A  seaport  in  the  province  of  J',™^'.'^  °'  death.  extremity  of  the  Lake  of  Lucerne,  on  the  St. 

Alicante,  Spain,  25  miles  northeast  of  Alicante.  -^I  l  ''^^  »         Thing.  Gotthard  route,  20  miles  southeast  of  Lucerne. 

Population  (1887),  5  790  Althorp,  Viscount.     See  Spencer,  third  Earl.  it  is  celebrated  in  the  legends  of  William  Tell,  to  whom  a 

Altemira  (al-te-mi'ra).      A  tragedy  by  Lord  Altilia  (al-te'li-a)      A  smiall  place  in  central  statue  wag^CTected  here  in  1861.    Population  (1888),  2,561. 

Orrery,  produced  in  1702,  after  his  death.  S^ly  a''°'i*  20  miles  north  of  iBenevento.    The  /^^^AfiS,!;^^^  c„     >,,^     . 

■"  ^  ,  »    o        o     CO,!,   .  Eoman  walls  Of  the  ancient  town  (the  Samnite  Sffipinum),  AltOrr  (in  Bavaria).     See  Altdorf . 

It  is  a  roar  of  passion,  love  (or  what  passed  for  it),  jeal-     about  two  miles  from  the  modern  site,  remain  practically  Altorfcr.     See  Altdorfer. 
ouay,  despair,  and  murder.    In  the  concluding  scene  the     perfect.    The  plan  is  a  square  with  rounded  angles  and  a    A  Itfit.t.ltic  (alt-pt'tiTiP''^    nr   Alton  nttiiKr  CHI' 
slaughter  is  terrific.    It  all  takes  place  in  presence  of  an     gate  strengthened  by  massive  square  towers  in  the  middle     +:„  5?;5°  „\       r=,!!,^fi '+^Lr=^   t?     ^^  ^  • 
unobtrusive  individual,  who  carries  the  doctrine  of  non-     of  each  side,  oriented  toward  the  cardinal  points.    The     Mn-ei  ting;.     A  small  town  in  Upper  Havana, 
intervention  to  its  extreme  limit.    When  the  persons  of     masonry  is  reticulated,  except  that  of  the  gate-arches.   An     Bavaria,  on  the  Morn  51   miles  northeast  of 
the  drama  have  made  an  end  of  one  another,  the  quietly     inscription  ascribes  the  construction  to  Nero.  Munich.    It  is  a  famous  pilgrim  resort  on  account  of  a 

Sfl'ffi  /*°  f"'"'*^^'?*"™?"^'*"'*.,'^!.™'*'''?®™?^'??'  Altin  (al-tin'),  or  Teletskoi  (ta-let-skoi').     A     miraculous  image  of  the  Vu-gin,  which  it  is  said,  was 
that  there  was  so  much  virtue,  love  and  honor  in  it  all      ,   ,       4g  miles  lonff  and  abmit  20  broad   in  wpst      brought  from  tlS  East  in  the  7th  centurj^. 
that  he  could  not  find  it  m  his  heart  to  interfere  though     ^'"'^i..,   ™"ss  long  ana  aoout  ju  oroaa,  m  west-    .       *  ..  '  ;• 

his  own  son  was  one  of  the  victims.  em  Siberia,  m  lat.  51°  30'  N.,  long.  87°  30'  E.,  Altranstadt  (alt  ran-stat).     A  village  of  Prus- 

Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  1. 133.     which  empties  into  a  tributary  of  the  Obi.  sian  Saxony  9  miles  southeast  of  Merseburg, 

Alten(al'ten),  Count  Karl  August  von.  Bom  Alting  (al'ting),  Johann  Heinrich.  Born  at  where  a  treaty  was  concluded  1706,  between 
at  Burgwedel,  near  Hanoverf  Oct.  20,  1764:  Emden,  Prussia,  Feb.  17,  1583:  died  at  Gron-  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  and  Augustus  H.  of 
died  at  Bozen,  Tyrol,  April  20, 1840.  A  Hano-  ingen,  Aug.  25,  1644.  A  German  Protestant  Saxony,  by  which  the  latter  lost  Poland.  A 
yerian  general,  .romma^nder  of  the  "German    theologian  professor  of  dogmatics  ^'Zl^'^n^'iT^iX^^o^'To^^Tr^^^^^^'-^l 

Legion  "m  British  service.  He  served  in  the Penin-  oerg  (loia;,  ana  later  (i0.i/;  or  tneology  at  ugious  toleration  was  secured  to  the  Protestants  in 
sular  and  Waterloo  campaigns,  and  was  Hanoverian  min-     Gromngen.     He  opposed  the  Remonstrants  in     Silesia. 

Ister  of  war  and  foreign  affairs.  the  synod  of  Dordrecht.  Altrincham,  or  Altringham  (al'tring-am).   A 

Alten  Fiord  (al'ten  fyord).  A  fiord  on  the  Alting,  Jakob.  Born  at  Heidelberg,  Sept.  27,  town  in  Cheshire,  England,  8  miles  southwest 
northern  coast  of  Norway,  in  lat.  70°  N.  1618:  died  at  Groningen,  Aug.  20, 1676.    A  son    of  Manchester.    Population  (1891),  12,424. 

Altena  (al'te-na).    A  town  in  the  province  of    of  J.  H.  Alting,  professor  of  Oriental  languages  Altringer.    See  Aldringer. 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Lenne    (1643)  and  of  theology  (1667)  at  Groningen.  Altstadten  (alt'stad-ten),  or  Altstetten  (alf- 
40  miles  northeast  of  Cologne.    It  is  noted  for    His  works  on  Hebrew  are  notable.  stet-ten).    A  town  in  the  canton  of  St.  Gall, 

iron  and  steel  manufactures,  and  for  its  castle.  Altis  (al'tis).  [Gr.  'A/lTif.]  The  sacred  pre-  Switzerland,  in  lat.  47°  23'  N.,  long.  9°  32'  E. 
Population  (1890),  10,488.  cinct  and  nucleus  of  the  ancient  Olympia,  in    It  has  cotton  manufactures.  Population  (1888), 

Altenahr  (al'ten-ar).    A  village  in  the  Rhine    Greece.  8,430. 

Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ahr  30  miles  Altisidora  (al'tis-i-do'ra).  A  character  in  the  Altstrelitz  (alt'stra-lits).  The  former  capi- 
south  of  Cologne.  Near  it  is  the  ruined  castle  "Curious  Impertinent,"  an  episode  in  "Don  tal  of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  situated  south  of 
of  Altenahr  or  Are,  destroyed  early  in  the  18th    Quixote  " :  an  attendant  of  the  duchess.     She    Neustrelitz. 

century.  torments  Don  Quixote  by  pretending  to  be  in  Altvater  Mountains  (alt'fa-ter  moun'tanz), 

Altenberg  (al'ten-bera).    A  town  in  the  king-    love  with  him.  or  Moravian  Snow  Mountains.    A  group  of 

dom  of  Saxony,  situated  in  the  Erzgebirge  21  Altkirch  (alt'kerch).    A  small  town  in  Upper    mountains  in  the  Sudetic  system,  situated  in 

miles  south  of  Dresden :  noted  for  its  tin-mines.    Alsace,  Alsace-Lorraine,  situated  on  the  111  18    northern  Moravia  on  the  frontier  of  Austrian 

Altenburg  (duchy).     See  Saxe-Altenburg.  miles  northwest  of  Basel:  capital  of  the  Sund-    Silesia.    The  highest  point.  Gross  Altvater,  is 

Altenburg  (al'ten-bora).     The  capital  (since    gau.  about  4,850  feet  high. 

1826)  of  Saxe-Altenburg,  Germany,  near  the  Altmark  (alt'mark).    The  nucleus  of  Brandon-  Altwasser  (alt'vas-ser).    A  town  in  the  prov- 

Pleisse  25  miles  south  of  Leipsic.    it  contains  a    burg  and  the  Prussian  monarchy :  known  first    ince  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the  Polsnitz  41 

c&tle- (founded  in  the  11th  century),  famous  from  the     as  the  Nordmark,  now  in  the  province  of  Sax-    miles  southwest  of  Breslau.    It  has  mines  of  brown 

"RobbeiT  of  the  Princess"  in  1455.    Ancient  Saxon  resi-     ony,  Prussia.    See  Nordmark  and  Brandenburg,     coal,  and  was  formerly  a  watering-place.     Population 

dencep^ulation  (1890)  31,439  Altmcycr  (alt'mi-er),  Jean  JaCQUes.    Born  at   iW9'"»-,  ..,.     ,      „        , ,  ^       .v.      ■       i 

^tendorf  (al'ten-dorf).    A  town  near  Essen,     Luxemburg,  Jan.  24,  1804:  died  at  Bmssels,  "H    ,  ?  il^""^*^' •  ^^''-  f"^'"!'  ^^^  '™^^'i^ 

Rhine  Province,  Pmssia.    Population  (1890),     gept.  15,  1877.    A  Beigian  historian.   Among  hi     of  aPaci<J™,  the  virgins,  f^our  stars  near  each 

IJ'^l^-    ^       „  ^,       .      .„         .      ^,.  worksarCHistoiredes  relations  commerciales  etpoli-     other  in  Cams  Major.]     The  third-magmtude 

Altenesch  (alten-esh).     A  village  m  Olden-    tiques  des  PaysBas,"  etc.,  "jBSsum6  de  I'histoire  mo-     star  ri  Cams  Majoris. 

burg,  Germany,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ochtum  derne''(1842),  and  various  works  on  Dutch  and  Belgian  his-  Alula  (al'li-la)  Borealis  and  AustraliS.  [L., 
9  miles  northwest  of  Bremen.  Here  m  1234  the  J^^' ^.iti  /..«./  ..i>  »  •  ■  -o  •  iu  'northern'  and  'southern  wing.']  The  two 
Stedinger  were  nearly  exterminated  by  the  Altmuhl  (ait  mul).  A  river  m  Bavaria,  the  fourth-magnitude  stars  v  and  f  Ursse  Majoris, 
Crusadlrs.  ancient  Alcimona  or  Alcmona,  which  joins  the    which  mark  the  southern  hind  foot  of  the  beast 

Altenessen    (al-ten-es  'sen).      A    coal-mining    l^^nuDe  at  Jlellieim  14  miles  southwest  ot  Ka-     xi,  which  is  a  fine  binary  star  with  a  period  of  only  61 
i^rmm    noof   Fecon     Tfliino    PrmHnoo     Priiaaia       tisbon.    It  crosses  the  Franconian  Jura.    Its  length  is     years,  is  also  known  as  S  .^crfa. 
p7^i„^-„     naom 'l9  9Q?     iTOVince,   ±Tussia.     about  126  miles,  and  it  is  connected  with  the  Main  system  Alumbagh.     See  Alambagh. 
Population  (1890),  12,295.  by  the  Ludwigs-Canal  at  Dietfurt.  Aluredus      See  Alfred  of  Beverley 

iUtenkmjhen  (al-ten-ker'chen).  A  small  town  Alto-Douro  (al'to-do'ro)..  A  region  in  the  Aluta  (a-io'ta),  or  Alt  (alt),  or  Olt  (olt).  A 
m  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  southern  part  of  Traz-os-Montes  and  the  north-  rfver  which  rises  in  eastern  Transylvania,  flows 
Wied  34  miles  southeast  of  Cologne.  em  part  of  Beira,  Portugal,  near  the  Douro,     south  and  west,  and  breaks  through  the  Car- 

Altenkirchen,     An  ancient  countship  in  the    noted  for  its  (port)  wine.  pathians  at  the  Rotherthurm  Pasi,  and  then 

neighborhood  of  Altenkirchen.  Altofronto,  Giovanni.    See  Male/vole.  flows  south  through  Wallachia,  and  joins  the 

Alten-Otting.    See  Altotting.  Alton  (Sl'ton),  Johann  Samuel  Eduard  d'.    Danube  opposite  Nicopolis.    Its  chief  tributary 

Altenstein  (al'ten-stin),  Karl  (Baron  von  Bom  at  St.  Goar,  Pmssia,  July  17, 1803 :  died  is  the  Oltetz.  Length,  about  300  miles.  Also 
Stein  znm  Altenstein).  BomatAnspaoh,  Ba-    at  Halle,  July  25,  1854.    A  German  anatomist,    Aloota. 

varia,  Oct.  7, 1770:  died  at  Berlin,  May  14, 1840.  son  of  J.  W.  E.  d' Alton,  author  of  "Handbueh  Alva(al'va;  Sp.al'va),orAlba(al'ba),Dukeof 
A  Prussian  statesman,  minister  of  finance  1808-  der  menschlichen  Anatomic  "  (1848-50),  etc.  (Fernando  Alvarez  de  Toledo).  teornl508: 
1810,  and  minister  of  public  worship  1817-38.  Alton  (al'ton),  Johann  Wilhelm  Eduard  d'.  died  at  Thomar,  Portugal,  Jan.  12, 1582.  A  fa- 
Altenstein.  A  summer  castle  of  the  dukes  of  Bom  at  Aquileia,  Austria-Hungary,  Aug.  11,  mous  Spanish  general.  He  fought  in  the  various 
Saxe-Meiningen,  in  the  Thuringjan  forest  10    1772:  died  at  Bonn,  Prussia,  May  11,  1840.    A    campaignsof  the  emperor  Charles  v.  and  ot  Philip  IL;de- 


Alva 

cided  the  victory  of  MlQilbergj  1647 ;  was  commander 
against  Metz  in  1552  and  later  in  Italy ;  was  sent  aa  gov- 
ernor to  the  Netherlands  in  1567,  and  there  became  noto- 
rious for  his  cruelty,  established  the  "Council  of  Blood" 
(which  see);  put  to  death  Egmont,  Hoorn,  and  many 
others ;  and  was  generidly  successful  against  William  of 
Orange  down  to  1572.  He  returned  to  Spain  in  1673  and 
conquered  Portugal  in  1580. 

Alva  de  Liste,  or  Alva  de  Aliste,  Count  of. 

Same  as  Alba  de  Liste.    See  Senriques  de  Guz- 
man, Imis. 
Alvarado  (al-va-ra'THo),  Alonso  de.    Bom  at 
Burgos  about  1490 :  died.in  Peru,  1556.  A  Sp^n 


46 

died  Aug.  21,  1867.     A  Mexican  general.    He  .   ,„.„ 

joined  the  revolt  of  MoreloB  in  Nov.,  1810,  and  was  prom-    .","  _  J?„„  f'   ,;  „+/s„x 

inent  in  the  civil  wars  and  in  the  war  with  the  United  AlyaiTieS  (a-ii-ai  ez; 


Amadis  of  Gaul 

omberis  "  (1791).    His  writings  were  collected  ta  ten  vol- 
[Gr.  'Ah)dTT7K.2    A  king 


States.  In  Feb.,  1864,  he  began  the  revolt  at  Acapulco 
which  spread  until  Santa  Anna  fled  from  the  country  in 
Aug.,  1866.  Alvarez  was  made  acting  president  at  Cuer- 
navaca,  Oct.  4, 1855 ;  but  unable  to  reconcile  the  conflict- 
ing cabals,  he  transferred  the  ofiice  to  Comonfort,  Dec.  8, 
1865,  and  returned  to  his  home  at  Acapulco.  He  aided 
Juarez  against  the  French,  and  was  commander  of  the 
6th  army  division  when  he  died. 
Alvarez,  Don.  In  Dryden's  tragedy  "Don  Se- 
bastian," a  former  counselor  to  Don  Sebastian, 
at  the  period  of  the  play  a  slave. 


ifrveTfu^^Lto^uest'o?  '^^L'^ft  S  AlvaryVva'ri)  (Achenbach). Max.,  Atenor 

life  nothing  is  known.    In  1534  he  went  to  Peru  w  ith  Pedro 


de  Alvarado  (who  was  not  related  to  him),  remained  with 
Pizarro,  and  was  sent  to  conquer  Ohachapoyas,  a  region 
on  the  upper  Maranon.    Called  back  by  the  revolt  of  Inca 


singer,  son  of  the  painter  Andreas  Aehenbach, 
born  at  Diisseldorf  in  1858 :  died  1898.  He  first 
appeared  in  Weimar,  removing  to  New  York  in  1884.  After 
several  successful  seasons.he  returned  to  Hamburgin  1889. 


Manco,  he  was  detached  with  400  men  to  relieve  Cuzoo.  Alvear    (al-ve-ar'),   CarlOS   Maria.     Born  in 


Almagro,  meanwhile,  had  seized  that  city,  and  Alvarado's 
refusal  to  acknowledge  him  led  to  a  battle  at  the  river 
Abancay,  .Tuly  12, 1637,  where  Alvarado  was  defeated  and 
captured  with  his  whole  force.  He  escaped  from  Cuzco 
at  the  end  of  the  year,  joined  Pizarro,  and  commanded  his 
cavalry  at  the  battle  of  Las  Salinas,  April  26, 1638,  captur- 
ing Almagro  next  day.  He  then  returned  to  Chachapoyas 
and  carried  his  conquests  eastward  to  the  Huallaga.  He 
Joined  Vaca  de  Castro  in  1641,  took  part  in  the  campaign 
against  the  younger  Almagro,  and  was  at  the  battle  of 
Ctaupas,  Sept.  16, 1642.  Soon  after  he  went  to  Spain,  re- 
ceived tlie  title  of  marshal,  and  returned  with  Uasca  in 
1646.  He  was  a  judge  in  the  military  court  which  con- 
demned Gonzalo  Pizarro  and  Carbajad  to  death.    Gasca 


Buenos  Ayres  about  1785 :  died  in  Montevideo 

about  1850.    He  received  a  military  education  Alypius  (a-lip'i-us) 


of  Lydia  who  reigned  about  617-560  B.  o.,  the 
father  of  Croesus.  He  made  various  conquests  in  Asia 
Minor,  and  carried  on  war  against  Cyaxares  of  Media.  Hi» 
tomb  north  of  Sardis,  near  Lake  Gygsea,  was  one  of  the 
most  notable  monuments  of  antiquity. 

If  the  measurements  of  Herodotus  are  accurate,  and 
modem  travellers  appear  to  think  that  they  do  not  greatly 
overstep  the  truth,  the  tomb  of  Alyattes  cannot  have  fallen 
far  shor^  of  the  grandest  of  the  Egyptian  monuments.  Ita 
deficiency  as  respects  size  must  have  been  m  height,  for 
the  ai-ea  of  the  base,  which  alone  our  author's  statements 
determine,  is  above  one-third  greater  than  that  of  the 
Pyramid  of  Cheops.  As,  however,  the  construction  was- 
of  earth  and  not  of  stone,  a  barrow  and  not  a  pyramid,  it 
would  undoubtedly  have  required  a  less  amount  of  servile 
labour  than  the  great  works  of  Egypt,  and  would  indicate 
a  less  degraded  condition  of  the  people  who  raised  it  than 
that  of  the  Egyptians  in  the  tune  of  the  pyramid-builders. 
Rawlinson,  Herod.,  I.  363. 


in  Spain,  and  in  1812  became  a  member  of  the 
constitutional  assembly  of  the  Platine  states. 
He  joined  the  party  of  Posadas ;  was  sent  to  command  the 
besieging  army  at  Montevideo,  which  capitulated  in  June, 
1814;  was  worsted  in  a  struggle  with  Artigas,  and  in  Jan., 
1815,  succeeded  Posadas  as  supreme  director,  butwas  soon 
deposed  by  a  mutiny  of  the  troops.  He  commanded  the 
Argentine  forces  against  the  Brazilians  in  Uruguay,  1826, 
and  won  the  indecisive  victory  of  ItuzaingA,  Feb.  20, 1827. 
He  was  minister  to  the  United  States  in  1823.  During  the 
dictatorship  of  Hosas  he  was  banished. 


The  (unidentified)  author 


made  him  governor  of  Cuzco,  and  in  1563  he  was  sent  to  Alvensleben  (al'vens-la-ben),  Albrecht,  Count 

von.  Born  at  Halberstadt,  Prussian  Saxony, 
March  23, 1794 :  died  at  BerUn,  May  2, 1858.  A 
Prussian  politician  and  diplomatist.    As  min- 


goveru  Charcas,  where  he  put  down  a  rebellion.  On  the 
rebellion  of  Giron,  Alvarado  marched  against  him  with 
1,000  men  (Nov.,  1563),  but  was  defeated  at  Chuquingua, 
near  the  river  Abancay,  May  21, 1554.  It  is  said  that  the 
murtilication  of  this  defeat  caused  his  death, 

Alvarado,  Diego  de.    Died  in  Spain,  1540.    A 


of  a  Greek  treatise  on  the  elements  of  music. 
"  The  work  consists  wholly,  with  the  exception  of  a  short 
introduction,  of  lists  of  the  symbols  used  (both  for  voice- 
and  instrument)  to  denote  all  the  sounds  in  the  forty-flve 
scales  produced  by  taking  each  of  the  fifteen  modes  in  the 
three  genera  (diatonic,  chromatic,  enharmonic)."  Smithy 
Diet.  Gr.  and  Rom.  Biog.  .  , 

Alz  (alts).  A  tributary  of  the  Inn,  m  Upper 
Bavaria,  the  outlet  of  the  Chiemsee. 

Alzei,  or  Alzey  (alt'si).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Rhine  Hesse,  Hesse,  situated  on  the 
Selz  19  miles  southwest  of  Mainz.  It  is  an  old 
Roman  town,  and  is  noted  in  the  Nibelungen  cycle.  It 
was  sacked  by  Spinola  in  1620,  and  by  the  French  1688-89. 
Population  (1890),  6,801. 


Zollverein  (which  see). 


Spanish  soldier,   either  brother  or  uncle  of  Alvensleben,  Gustav  VOn.    Born  in  Eiohen 
Pedro  de  Alvarado,  who  went  with  him  to  Peru    -     -  -  -.,        .        ~  ...._.    

in  1534. 

Alvarado,  Pedro  de.  Bom  in  Badajoz,  1485: 
died  at  Guadalajara,  Mexico,  June  4,  1541.  A 
Spanish  cavalier,  famous  as  a  companion  of 
Coyt^s  in  the  conquest  of  Mexico.  He  went  to 
the  West  Indies  in  1,510,  and  in  1611  joined  the  expedition 


barleben,  Prussian  Saxony,  Sept.  30,  1803 
died  at  Gemrode  in  the  Harz,  June  30,  1881.' 
A  Prussian  general  of  inf antiy,  chief  of  staff 
in  the  military  department  of  the  Rhine  prov- 
inces and  "Westphalia.  He  served  in  the  staff  1866, 
and  commanded  an  army  corps  1870-71,  distinguishing 
himself  at  Sedan  and  elsewhere. 


of  Velasquez  to  Cuba,  where  he  received  a  grant  of  land.  Alvensloben,  GustaV  Hermann  VOn.      Bom 


In  1518  he  commanded  a  vessel  in  the. expedition  of  Gri- 
jalva  to  Yucatan,  and  in  the  following  year  followed 
Cortes  in  the  Mexican  conquest.  He  was  Ipresent  at  the 
seizure  of  Montezuma,  and  when  Cortes  went  to  meet 
Narvaez,  Alvarado  was  left  in  command  of  the  force  at 
Mexico.  During  Cort^s's  absence  the  Mexicans  rose  and 
besieged  the  Spaniards.    In  the  disastrous  nocturnal  re- 


ucBiCfiCU  Lilts  nyautaLua,      xu   1.11c  uioctai/iuuD  iiui;luiiiiii  ic-  f^  j.         A-       —     •.        T»  1.  TT"    T. 

treat  (the  noche  triste,  July  1, 1620),  Alvarado  commanded  Alvensleben,  KonStantin  VOn.    Born  at  Ji^ioh- 


the  rear-guard  and  escaped  with  difiiculty,  saving  his  life, 
according  to  the  tradition,  by  leaping  a  great  gap  in  the 
causeway,  at  a  spot  still  called  "Alvarado's  Leap."  In 
the  subsequent  operations  and  the  siege  of  Mexico  he  took 
a  prominent  part.  In  Dec,  1523,  he  was  sent  with  420 
Spaniards  and  a  large  force  of  Indians  to  conquer  Guate- 
mala ;  after  a  desperate  battle  with  the  Quiche  Indians 
near  Quezaltenango,  he  marched  to  Utitlan,  burned  that 
town  after  conquering  the  inhabitants  (April,  1524),  de- 


ister  of  finance,  1836-42,  he  developed  the  ^jgjj-do  (alt-ser'do).  In  "Orlando  Purioso," 
-y.n        :„  /_i,;.i,  „.^  ^^^  ^^^  ^^  Trcmizcu,  defeated  by  Orlando. 

Alzire  (al-zer').  A  tragedy  by  Voltaire,  pro- 
duced Jan.  27, 1736,  in  which  he  contrasted  the 
virtues  of  the  noble  natural  man  and  those  of 
Christianized  and  civilized  man.  The  heroine, 
Alzire,  is  a  noble  Pem-vian  captive. 

Alzog  (alt'soG),  Johannes.  Bom  at  Ohlau,, 
Silesia,  June  29, 1808:  died  at  Freiburg,  Baden, 
Feb.  28,  1878.  A  German  Roman  Catholie 
church  historian,  professor  at  Posen,  Hildes- 
heim,  and  Freiburg.  He  was  the  author  of  "Lehr- 
buch  der  Universalkirchengeschichte"  (1840,  "Manual  of 
General  Church  History  "),  "Grundriss  derPatrologie,"  etc. 

Alzubra  (al'za-bra).  [Ar.  ]  The  rarely  used 
name  of  a  little  star  of  the  fifth  magnitude,  72. 
Leonis,  in  the  animal's  hind  quarters. 


at  Rathenow,  Brandenburg,  Jan.  17,  1827.  A 
Prussian  lieutenant-general.  He  participated  in 
the  wars  against  Denmark  and  Austria,  and  commanded 
an  Uhlan  regimentin  the  Franco- Prussian  war,  distinguish- 
ing himself  in  the  battles  of  Colombey-Nouilly,  Vionville, 
and  Gravelotte, 


enbarleben,  Prussian  Saxony,  Aug.  26,  1809:  Amadah  (a-ma' 


A  place  in  Nubia  on  the- 


ah  (a- 

died  at  Berlin,  March  27,  1892.     A  I'rassian    bend  of  the  Nile  near  Derr,  noted  for  the  tern- 

general,  brother  of  Gustav  von  Alvensleben,    pie  of  Thothmes  III. 

commander  of  the  3d  army  corps  in  the  war  of  ./tmadeo    (a -ma-da '6),   Giovanni  Antonio. 


1870-71,  at  Vionville,  Mars-la-Tour,  Gravelotte, 
the  investment  of  Metz,  on  the  Loire,  and 
elsewhere, 


feated  another  army  near  Lake  Atitlan,  and  founded  the  Alves   EranCO    (al'veS   brang   ko),    Manoel 


old  city  of  Guatemala,  July  26,  1624.  He  returned  to 
Spain  to  meet  charges  of  defrauding  the  royal  treasury 
and  was  acquitted,  and  returned  to  Guatemala  in  1630 
as  governor,  with  a  large  number  of  colonists.  In  1S34 
he  headed  an  expedition  of  400  men  against  Quito,  claim- 
ing that  that  region  was  not  included  in  the  grant  made 
to  Pizarro,  and  was  thus  open  to  conquest.  Landing 
on  the  coasts  he  led  his  men  over  the  mountains  in  a 
terrible  march,  during  which  large  numbers  perished. 
Near  Riobamba  he  met  the  forces  of  Almagro  and  ijenal- 
cazar,  and  was  induced  to  retire,  receiving,  it  is  said,  a 
large  sum  of  gold  from  Pizarro:  most  of  his  men  re- 
mained. Returning  to  Guatemala,  he  took  part  in  the 
conquest  of  Honduras,  which  was  added  to  his  govern- 
ment. In  1540  he  went  to  Mexico,  was  engaged  in  sub- 
duing a  revolt  in  Jalisco,  and  died  there  from  wounds  re- 
ceived by  a  fall  with  his  horse. 

Alvarenga  (al-va-reng'ga),  Manuel  Ignacio 
da  Silva.  Bom  in  Sao  Joao,  d'el  Rei,  Minas 
Geraes,  1758:  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Nov.  1, 
1812.  A  Brazilian  jpoet.  His  songs  and  odes 
are  among  the  finest  in  the  Portuguese  language. 

Alvarenga  Peixoto,  Ignacio  Jos6  de.  Born 
in  Rio  de  Janeiro  about  the  end  of  1748 :  died 
in  Angola  early  in  1793.    A  Brazilian  poet  and 


Born  at  Bahia,  June  7, 1797 :  died  at  Nietheroy, 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  July  13, 1855.  A  Brazilian  law- 
yer and  statesman.  He  entered  political  life  as  dep- 
uty in  1830,  and  soon  became  a  leader  of  the  liberal  party. 
He  was  chosen  senator  in  1887,  was  five  times  minister 
(1835, 1837, 1840,  1844,  and  1846),  and  was  premier  May, 
1847,  to  Jan.,  1849.  In  Dec,  1854,  he  was  created  Visconde 
de  Caravellas. 

Alvinczy  (&l'vin-tse),  or  Alvinzi,  Joseph, 
Baron  von  Barberek.  Born  at  Alvincz,  Tran- 
sylvania, Feb.  1,  1735:  died  at  Budapest,  Nov. 
25, 1810.  An  Austrian  field-marshal.  He  served 
in  the  Seven  Years'  War,  attaining  the  rank  of  colonel ; 
unsuccessfully  attempted  to  storm  Belgrad  in  1789;  dis 


Born  near  Pavia  about  1447 :  died  Aug.  27, 1522.. 
The  most  remarkable  of  the  Lombard  sculptors. 
He  was  associated  early  with  the  Mantegazze  in  the  works, 
of  the  faf ade  of  the  Certosa.  With  his  brother  Protasius. 
he  also  made  the  tomb  of  San  Lanfranco  in  the  church  of 
that  saint  near  Pavia.  He  made  the  monument  to  Medea 
Colleone  (or  Coleoni)  at  Basella  near  Bergamo,  and  the 
chapel  and  tomb  of  Colleone  himself  at  Bergamo,  1509. 
In  1490  he  was  appointed  chief  architect  of  the  Certosa  at 
Pavia,  and  made  a  new  design  for  the  fa<;ade  which  was- 
subsequently  carried  out  by  his  successors.  He  constructed 
the  cupola  of  the  cathedral  at  Milan,  and  two  important 
monuments  of  the  chapel  of  the  Borromei  at  Isola  Bella. 

Amadeus  (am-a-de'us),  It.  Amadeo  (a-ma-- 
da'6).  Bom  May  30, 1845 :  died  at  Turin,  Jan. 
18,  1890.  Duke  of  Aosta,  the  second  son  of" 
Victor  Emmanuel  II.,  elected  king  of  Spain 
Nov.,  1870.  He  entered  Madrid  Jan,  2,  1871,. 
and  abdicated  Feb.  11,  1873. 


tinguished  himself  at  Neerwinden  in  1793;  was  defeated  at    A  mart  Ail  s  V      Rnrn  nt  Rmiro-pt    Snvnv    1249 
T}„S.i.„i,„„t„„  i7Qi!-,.nmTnand<.jinn  tboiinnepTihine^be-  ■":?*?''!:?¥?   *r     J5orn  atrsourgei,  oavoy,  i.i*» 


Hondachooten  1793 ;  commanded  on  the  upper  Rhine 
came  commander  in  Italy  in  1796 ;  and  was  defeated  by 
Bonaparte  at  Arcole  1796,  and  at  Rivoli  1797. 

Alvord  (ai'vord),  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Rutland, 
Vt., Aug.  18,1813:  diedOct.16,1884.  AnAmer- 
ican  general  and  military  -writer.  He  served  in 
the  Mexican  war,  attaining  the  rank  of  brevet  major  (Aug. 
16, 1847),  and  in  the  Civil  War.  He  became  brevet  briga- 
dier-general April  9,  1865,  and  brigadier-general  and  pay- 
master-general Aug.  4, 1876. 


revolutionist.  For  takmg  part  in  the  revolutionary  ^j-^aid  (al-wid').  [■'^r-  «2  'awdid,  the  sucking 
?Sr^eScf  rcS^rteTt^Te-p^^t^irM'^.''^'    ?tTet'.fo'ciS?ed  bvSie^Arabsrf  tZloZ- 

^T^TT^^:r l^^d°Lfr'lt^ff  S°c^l^?5°/    mS^destr&'oniM^^^^^^^^ 
ra'ya^DlOgO.    Died  ^'.ear  B^a  Oct  5,  1557.         g  Rastahan  on  some  star-maps. 

A  Portuguese  (generally  known  ^^y  Juslndian  »  (ai'war),  orUlwar  (ul'war).  A  state  of 
name  Caramurd)  who  m  1510  was  «hjPWTecked  ^iwar  (a^  w  ^  j^teTsected by  lat.  27° 30'  N., 
on  the  coast  of  Brazil  near  Bahia.   He  succeeded        jv  >  '  ti.  ^_  n-nAe,v  British  control 

in  saining  the  friendship  of  the  Tupinamhd  Indians,  and  long.  76°  30  J!i.  It  is  unaeramisn  control, 
subsequently  brought  about  friendly  relations  between  Area,  3,051  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
them  and  the  first  Portuguese  colonists.  767,786. 

Alvarez    (al'va-res),    Francisco.     Bom  at  Alwar.    The  capital  of  the  state  of  Alwar,  in 
Coimbra,  Portugal:  died  after  1540.  .A  Portu-    lat.  27°  34'  N.,  long.  76°  35'  E.     Population 


guese  traveler  in  Abyssinia,  author  of  "Verda- 
deira  Informaeam  do  Presto  Joao  das  Indias' 
(1540,  "  True  Information  about  Prester  John 
of  the  Indies").  „ 

Alvarez  (al'va-reth),  Juan.  BomatConcepcion 
de  Atoyac  (now  Ciudad  Alvarez),  Jan.  27, 1780 : 


died  1323.    A  count  of  Savoy,  surnamed  "  The 
Great,"  who  reigned  from  1285  to   1323,  and 
was  the  ancestor  of  the  house  of  Savoy  (later- 
Italian  djmasty).  He  increased  the  possessions 
of  Savoy  by  marriage  and  conquest,  and  was 
made  prince  of  the  empire  1313. 
Amadeus  VI.    Born  1334 ;  died  1383.   A  count, 
of  Savoy,  surnamed  "  The  Green  Count,"  a 
grandson  of  Amadeus  V.    He  reigned  1343-83, 
and  acquired  various  territories  in  Piedmont 
and  elsewhere. 
Amadeus  VII.    A  count  of  Savoy,  surnamed 
"The  Red,"  a  son  of  Amadeus  VI.  He  reigned 
1383-91,  and  acquired  Nice. 
Amadeus  VIII.    Bom  at  Chambfiry,  Savoy, 
Sept.  4,  1383 :  died  at  Geneva,  Jan.  7,  1451.  A 
count  (later  duke)  of  Savoy,  son  of  Amadeus 
Vn.    He  succeeded  as  count  in  1391,  was  created  duke- 
in  1416,  and  abdicated  in  1434.    He  was  elected  pope  in 
1439,  and  reigned  as  Felix  V.  1440-49. 
Amadeus,  Lake.    A  salt  lake,  about  150  miles 
long,  on  the  boundary  of  South  Australia  and 
western  Australia,  about  lat.  24°  8. 
Mayl,  1797.    An  Austnan"poet7see"retary"of  Amadis  of  Gaul  (am'a-dis  ovgai).    Thelegen- 
the  imperial  court  theater  (1794).    He  published    dary  hero  of  a  famous  medieval  romance  of  ehiv- 
"Gedicme"(l780.1784),  "DoolinvonMainz"(1787),  "Bli-     airy,  the  center  of  a  Cycle  of  romances:  *'■'" 


(1891),  52,398. 
Alxinger  (aik'sing-er),  Johann  Baptist  von. 

Bom  at  Vienna,  Jan.  24,  1755:  died  at  Vienna, 


the-^ 


AmadisofGaul  47  Amathus 

°^S®*.S*JJj®  heroes  of  chivalry.  He  Is  represented  fitana.'}    The  oldest  existing  code  of  maritime    Fletcher's  "  Spanish  Curate,"  the  wife  of  Bar- 

Sfn«?VrtaSsiTf  Brtttanv    Sr^^f^L^S"^.'^^^  1»'^'  <'o^V^^^  ^bout  the  time  of  the  first  Cru-    tolns,  "as  ounWig  as  she  's  sweet." 

Wrt^,?rhlsmo°L":S>l£^-Beffn:oraXf^^^^^^^^  sade  by  tte  anthorities  of  Amalfi,  which  then  Amarante  (a-ma-?an'ta).      A  small  town  in 

by  a  Scottish  knight ;  was  educated  at  the  court  of  the  possessed  considerable  commerce  andmaritime    northern  Portugal,  north  of  Oporto, 

king  ot  Scotland  ;  and  fell  in  love  with  Oriana,  daughter  power.  Amaranth  fam'a-ranthl    T.ailv      A   oiiarantar 

rest  ol  his  life  performed  there  and  elsewhere  a  number     o^ittel,  Germany,  Oct.  24,  1739 :  died  at  Wei-  Amarapura  (am'a-ra-p6'ra).    A  decayed  town 

of  wonderful  exploits.  mar,  April  10, 1807.     Duchess  of  Saxe-Weimar-    of  Burma,  on  the  Irawadi  6  miles  northeast 

It  is  to  Herberay  that  the  famous  romance  of  Amadis  Eisenach,  wife  of  Duke  Ernest,  and  mother  of     of  Ava.    It  contains  the  fonner  royal  palace     It  was 

of  Gaul  owes  most  of  its  fame.    According  to  the  most  Duke  Karl  August,    she  was  regent  1769-75.  and  is     ''"'I*  '»  1^83,  and  was  for  many  years  capital  of  Burma 

probable  story,  the  Amadis  was  ongmally  translated  by  celebrated  as  a  patroness  of  literature  and  art  psnpciaUv   AmarnoiTi'haCoTy.'o  ^o  =i«'v,"\  mv         ii.        jixi. 

the  Spaniard  Montalvo  from  a  lost  Portuguese  original  o'f  as  the  friend  of  Wi^iCd'Herder?aSd  G^elhe  '  ''P*"'^'      AS,™Vn^?r^-  ^f'^f  "^^  ha).  The  authorof  the 

the  fourteenth  century.    There  is  absolutely  no  trace  of  a  A  malie  f  a-ma'le-e1    or  Ama  lia   Marip  TrioA       fT^r  v         ? ?"  J^'^  "^^'^  "^  uncertain,  but  it  is  believed 

French  original,  the  existence  of  which  has  been  assumed  „rjti      S^T   r.       oi    t  ST?   3  •   "iat       on  ^l^?'    .'"'  ^®'"""  ■'°'  *°  ^^  ^^^^^  'J^an  the  nth  century  A.  D. 

by  French  critics.    In  form  the  Amadis  is  a  long  prose  eriKe.    iJorn  Dee.  ^l,  1818 :  died  May  20,  1875.  Amaravati  (a-ma-ra'va-te).  In  Hindu  mvthol- 

roman  d'aventures,  distinguished  only  from  its  French  Princess    of    Oldenburg,  eldest  daughter    of    ogy,  the  cauital  of  Indra's  heaven  in  tho  vicin- 

companions  and  predecessors  by  a  somewhat  higher  strain  Grand  Duke  Augustus,  and  wife  Of  Oth6,  Kinff    itv  of  Mem  '       "  °  "^"^ 

of  romantic  sentiment,  and  by  a  greater  abundance  of  nf  ftmnpa  Cmamoil  ■N^/^Tr   99   lasB's  aIl.  V-       ..        - ,    ..^    -w^. 

giants,  dwarfs,  witches,  and  other  condiments,  which,  .°*  ^?.^^<=?..(™?™®a,^oj- 2?,  1836).  Amargoza  (a-mar-go'zii)  Kiver.     A  small 

even  in  its  most  luxuriant  day,  the  simpler  and  more  aoa-  Auiaue   (a-ma  le-e),    JYlarie   FrieaeriKe  AU-     river  in  eastern  California,  which  flows  into 

demic  French  taste  had  known  how  to  do  without.    It  guste.   Duchess  ID.  Saxony:  pseudonym  Ama-    Death  Vallev 

?ht,''l^3riXvol'^mitrrk^X^.ST54''o?^H''e'J:     too^'^fae^rn^'dfamnVL^'Ltr   nl^K^        ^''o^^^H^'  ¥^^^^:   ^°^  '''  ^^1^™°' 
beray  undertook  t6  give  a  French  version  of  it.    lie,  in     i°'"-      A  trerman  dramatist.  Sister  of  King    May  9,  1810:  died  there,  Sept.  20,  1870.    An 
his  turn,  had  continuators,  but  none  who  equalled  his     ^o^n   ot    baxony:    author  of   "Der   Oheim,''     Italian   publicist.     He  was  appointed  professor  of 
popularity  or  power.  .  .  .  The  book  became  immensely     "Die  Fiirstenbraut,"  "  Vetter  Heinrich,"  etc.     criminal  law  in  the  University  of  Palermo  in  1841.    Author 

f^^J^l^^tJi  'V*'?  S."' '  w^  '^®  "™i^  reading  book  for  AmalingS  (am'a-lingz).    A  royal  Gothic  family     »'  "Critica  di  una  scienza  deUe  legislazioni  comparate  " 
foreign  students  of  French  for  a  considerable  period,  and     „„^/i  t„  t.^X.  „,"i„j  .^'    j.v,„  rcX*i,     j.-n  4.1,     j-    ''     (1857). 

it  was  highly  thought  of  by  the  best  critics  (sSch  as  Pas-     ^aid  to  have  ruled  over  the  Goths  till  the  divi-    iraa,k    Michele       Bom  at  Palermo    Tnlv  7 
quier)  of  its  own  and  the  next  generation.    It  had  more-     Sion  of  the  nation  into  Ostrogoths  and  Visi-     isnc.  ,5:i^"+^A°- ^„„  ?^,^L  1^^^^  *VJ'?.  ^' 

over  a  great  influence  on  what  came  alter  it.    To  no  single     goths,  when  they  ruled  over  the  Ostroeoths  till     t-? '  ■        ^  f  ^°^^^'^^'  ''T^  }^°'  l****"-  ^'^  Italian 
book  can  be  so  clearly  traced  the  heroic  romances  of  the     the  extinction  of  the  malfi  line  in  Thporlmnp  the     Jlistonan,  statesman,andOrientalist,memberof 
early  seventeenth  century.       SairMury.  Fr.  Lit.,  p.  236.     Great  526      Also  IZ?  J-heodoric  the     ^he  Italian  senate.    His  chief  works  are  "  La  guerra 

Amadis    of   Greece.     A   continuation  of  the     """'''' ''^°-     -i^^so  ^mais.  del  VesproSiciliano"  (1841),  "StoriadeiMusulmannidl 

seventh  book  of  "'AmnrtiE  nf  ftonl  »  tV,mif»li  if        ""^  kings  [of  the  Goths]  were  chosen  by  the  voice  ol     Sicilia    (1863-73). 

is  the  ninth   not  the^iVMh  book  of  theTfrts      "l"- \'''*?"f'*  P,'.°Pl'  from  certain  great  fa^milies,  two  of  AmariUas  (a-ma-rel'yas).     See  Ahumada. 
IS  me  nintn,  not  tne  eighth  Book  ot  the  series,     which,  the  Amalings  and  the  Balthings,  are  known  to  us   Amarinna  (a-mii-TiTi'Tia'l      See  Arnhnrix 
ItwasinSpanish  andsaidtobebyFelicianodeSUva.  It     byname.    The  Amalings  were  said  to  be  descended  from    A^o^S?^^  >a  ^s  ^^?  na;.     Hee  ^Wftonc. 
relates  the  exploits  of  the  son  of  Lisuarte  of  Greece  who     a  hero  [the  fourth  in  descent  from  Gaut,  the  eponymous  Amai-bin  (a-mar  sm).      ['  bm  (1.  e.  the  moon- 
was  the  son  of  Esplandian,  the  son  of  Amadis  (of  Gaul).        ancestor  ol  the  Goths]  whose  deeds  had  earned  for  him     god)   sees.']     A  Babylonian  king  of  the  old- 
[Mr.  Southey]  has  mentioned  that  in  Amadis  of  Greece     fhetitleolAm^a,  "the  mighty";  the  name  of  the  Balth-     Babylonian  period,  residing  in   iJr.     His  name 
may  be  found  the  original  of  the  Zelmane  of  Sidney's     ]?SV/ ,?^"''^%.F°^  '",?  ^^"^  ^°°''  5?  """■  English  word     is  found  on  several  archaic  cuneiform  inscriptions  which, 
"  Arcadia,"  the  Florizel  ol  Shakespeare's  "  Winter's  Tale,"     „  l"^"-  ..;  ■  •  J-heAm^ings  became  the  royal  line  ot  the     however,  do  not  give  much  mformation  concerning  his 
and  Masque  ol  Cupid  in  the  "Faery  Queene."  Ostrogoths,  while  the  Visigoths  chose  their  kings  from  the     person  or  reign. 

i)u«J<,j7,  Hist,  ol  Prose  Fiction,  I.  378.     Balth'ngs.  Bratttej/,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  13.  ^ma,ru,  Tupac.     See  Tupac  Amaru. 

Amadis  de  Gr^ce.    An  opera  by  Lamotte,  pro-  Amalric  of  B6ne  (a-mal-rSk'ov  ban),  or  Amau-  Amarnshataka  (a-ma-rS-sha'ta-ka).   An  erotic 

ducedinl704.  ry  of  Ohartres  (a-mo-re'ov  shart'r).    Born  at    poem  in  Sanskrit,  mystically  interpreted,  in 

Amadu,  Sultan.    See  Bambara.  ?™S'  ^®^^  Chartres,  France :  died  about  1206.     a  hundred  stanzas,  written  by  a  king  named 

Amager  (a'ma-ger),  or  Amak  (a'mak).     An    ■*■  ^  renoh  theologian  and  mystical  philosopher,    Amaru,  but  by  some  attributed  to  the  phlloso- 

island  of  Denmark,  in  the  sound,  opposite  Co-    recused  by  the  ecclesiastical  authorities  of  pan-    pher  Sankara,  who  assumed  the  dead  form  of 

penhagen.  Area,  29  square  miles.   Population    *heism_.  _  See  Amalricians.  that  king  in  order  to  converse  with  his  widow. 

(1890),  19,700.  Amalricians  (am-al-nsh'ianz).    The  followers  Amar  yBorbon  (a-mar'  e  bor-bon'),  Antonio. 

Amaimon  (a-mi'mon),  or  Amaymon  (a-mi'-    °l  Amalnc  (Amaury)  of  BSne  (in  the  diocese    A  Spanish  general  who,  from  1803  to  1810,  was 

mon),  orAmoymon(a-moi'mon).  In  medieval    of  Chartres),  a  pantheist  who  was  condemned    viceroy  of  New  Granada.    He  was  unprisoned  at 

demonology  one  of  the  four  kines  of  hell  of     "^  '''^^  University  of  Paris  (in  which  he  was  a    Bogota,  July  20,  isio,  and  in  August  was  sent  out  of  the 

whiohhe  governed  the  eastern  portion.    A^mo-    Pi'o/essor  of  logic  and  exegesis),  by  the  Pope,     country  by  the  revolutionary  junta. 

deus  is  his  lieutenant  and  first  prince  ofhisrealm.   Shak-     and  by  a  synod  of  Pans.    Ten  of  them  were  Amaryllis,  AmanlllS  (am-a-ril  is).    [L.  Ama- 

spere  alludes  to  him  in  the  "Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,"    burned  as  heretics.  ryllis,  Gr.  'A/^apvlXi^.^     1.   A  shepherdess  or 

li.  2,  and  "1  Hen.  iv.,"  ii.  4.  Amals.    See  Amalings.  country  maiden  in  the  "Idyls",  of  Theocritus 

Amalarius(am-a-la'ri-us).  Died 837.  Adeacon  Amalthsea  (am-al-the'a),  or  Amalthea.     [Gr.    and  "Eclogues"  of  Vergil.— 2.  In  Spenser's 

and  priest  in  Metz,  who  became  abbot  of  Horn-    'ApidWem.]    In  Greek  mjrthology,  the  nurse  of    "Colin  Clout's  Come  Home  Again,"  a  personage 

bach,  and  was  head  of  the  church  at  Lyons    Zeus,  probably  a  goat.    In  Eoman  legend,  the    described  with  adulation,  intended  for  Alice 

during  the  deposition  of  Agobard,  833-837.    His    Sibyl  who  sold  to  Tarquin  the  Sibylline  books.    Spenser,  Countess  of  Derby,  with  whose  family 

work  "De  ecclesiasticisofflciis- describes  the  order  of  Amambara  (a-mam-ba'ra).     A  tributary  of  the     Spenser  claimed  an  alliance.   It  was  for  her  that 

service  observed  in  the  Roman  Church  m  the  9th  century.     Niger,  south  of  the  Binu^'  ^  Milton  wrote  his  "Arcades."-3.  In  Fletcher's 

Amalasontha  (am"a-la-son  tha),  or  Amala-  Amana  (a-ma'na),  orAbana  (ab'a-nS).  [Heb.,    pastoral  "The  Faithful  Shepherdess,"  a  shep- 

suentha,  or  Amalasimtha,  or  Amalaswin-     'faithful,  steady.']    A  river  which  rises  in  the    herdess  who  is  in  love  with  Perigot,  and  uses. 

tha.    Born  498:  killed  535  (534?).    Daughter  of    Anti-Lebanon  and  flows  through  Damascus  (2    foul  means  to  part  him  from  Amoret.— 4.  In 

Theodorio,  ^ng  of  the  East  Goths,  and  regent    xi.  y.  12) ;  the  modern  Nahr  Barada.   The  name    Buckingham's  ' '  Rehearsal,"  a  female  Character 

of  the  East-Gothio  kingdom  526-535  (534  ?).  jg  also  applied  to  the  district  of  the  Anti-Leb-    intended  to  cast  ridicule  on  Dryden.    The  part 

Ajnalecite  (a-mal   e-sit).    A  tnbe  of  North    anon  (Cant.  iv.  81).  was  taken  by  Ann  Eeeve,  whose  intrigue  with 

American  Indians,  chiefly  of  New  Brunswick.  _Ajnanda    (a-man'da).      In   Gibber's   comedy    Dryden  was  noticed  in  the  play. 

iiee  Abnaki.  "Love's  Last  Shift,"  and  in  its  continuation  Amasa  (am' a-sa).     [Heb.,   'burden.']    A  som 

Amalek  (am  a-lek).    A  graiidson  of  Esau  and    ^j  Vanbrugh  "The  Relapse,"  a  virtuous  and    of  Abigail,  sister  of  David,  and  Jether,  an  Ish- 

prinoe  ot  an  Aiab  tribe ;  also,  the  people  de-    charming  woman,   deserted  by  Loveless,   to    maelite.    He  joined  Absalom  in  his  rebellion,  and  was 

scended  trom  him.    in  biblical  history  the  Amalekites     whom  she  was  married  verv  vounff  but  wliose     ™^"*^  commander  of  his  forces.    After  his  defeat  he  was 

are  represented  as  a  nomadic  tribe.    In  the  time  ol  Abra-     Inve  alio  rotra^no  J  J        St  "°°     pardoned  by  David  and  offered  the  command  ol  the  army 

ham  they  are  mentioned  as  inhabiting  the  district  south-    .  j   ,      °.      ..    ,,- ,...        .   .  .      ,  in  place  ol  Joab.    Later  J oab  treacherously  slew  him. 

west  of  the  Dead  Sea  (Gen.  xiv.  7) ;  in  the  Mosaic  period  AmanClOla  (a-man  do-la).  A  town  m  the  prov-  Amasia  (a-ma'se-a)  A  citv  in  the  vilavet  of 
they  are  spread  out  over  the  entire  desert  of  et-Tih  as  far  ince  of  Ascoli,  Italy,  45  miles  south  of  Ancona.  Sivas  Asiatic  Turkev  in  la t  40°  40'  N  Iohp- 
as  the  Egyptian  boundary  and  the  Sinaitic  peninsula  (Ex.  Amants  maffnifloiips  fa-mon'  man  ve  fek'l  ?ko  Kn'"^  ii^  ^L-^  t  ,  ..^  ,  /'  ^* 
xvii.  8-ie;  Num.  xiii.  30);  later  they  extended  then'  TTf^  a  "IfsnillCtues  (a-mon  man-ye-te^  ),  35°  50' E.,  on  the  Yeshil-Irmak:  the  later  resi- 
settlements  into  the  territory  of  the  tribe  ol  Ephraim  -"CS.  A  sort  Ot  dramatic  potpourri  by  Molifire,  dence  of  the  kings  of  Pontus,  and  the  birthplace 
(Judges  xii.  16).    They  attacked  the  Israelites  when  wan-     written  at  the  order  of  the  king  in  1670.  of  Strabo      Population   about  30  000 

were"doStoelttf^nXn^Bf™U^^^  Amanus  (a-ma'nus).    [Gr.  V«wif.]    In  ancient  Amasis,  Amosis.     SeeAahmes.   '      ' 

r7!?9)^°°S™^^defeSfdXtZfdynStt'nihU^^^^^^  geography,  a  mountain  group,  the  modern  Alma  Amat  (imaf),  Felix.    Born  at  Sabadell,  near- 

(1  Sam.  XXX.),  and  the  last  of  them  were  kiUed  by  600  Dagh,  a  branch  ot  Mount  laurus,  on  the  borders  Barcelona,  Spain,  Aug.  10,  1750:  died  near  Sa- 
Simeonites  on  the  mountain  of  Seir  (1  Chron.  iv.  43).  of  Cihcia  and  Syria.  leut,   Sept.  28,  1824.    A  Spanish  ecclesiastic- 

Amalekites  (am'a-lek-its).    See  Amalek.  Amanvillers  (a-mon-ve-yar').  A -yillage  north-    and  writer,  archbishop  of  Palmyra  to  i7a>-fe'6M« 

Amalfi  (a-mal'fe).  A  seaport  in  the  province  west  of  Metz  of  which  the  name  is  sometimes  infidelium.  He  became  confessor  to  Charles  IV.  in  isoe, 
of  Salerno,  Italy,  on  the  Gulf  of  Salerno  22  given  to  what  is  commonly  called  the  battle  of  and  is  the  author  of  an  ecclesiastical  history,  "Tratado. 
miles  southeast  of  Naples,     it  has  manufactures  of     Gravelotte.  de  la  Iglesia  de  JesuCristo-' (179^1803). 

paper,  macaroni,  etc.,  and  contains  a  cathedral  (see  be-  Amapala  (a-ma'pa-la).  A  seaport  on  the  Amat,  Manuel  de.  Bom  in  Catalonia  about, 
low)  and  a  Capuchin  monastery  (now  a  hotel).  It  was  island  of  Tigre  in  the  Gulf  of  Fonseca  on  the  1705:  died  at  Barcelona  about  1780.  A  Spanish 
lrfl°i,^^l'r%TSn*°coSSn'"u^re?ec°t?v1^^^^^^  P^oifi?  «oast  of  Honduras.  It  exports  Central  iXf  ,A"fiaiSl"t*dfeen?nUrwVi^^^^^^ 
and  became  an  important  commercial  center  in  the  middle     American  products.  eenei-al  oTchHe  17655l'  aSd  vicefo-?oTpem  1761  76     In 

ages.    It  contained  the  oldest  MS..0I  the  Pandects  (which  Amarakantaka    (am'^-a-ra-kan'ta-ka).       [Skt.,     f^"  he  oaSied  out  the  d«cr™fo7the  e^^^^  the 

8ee),andwasthebirthplaceofGioja,mventorolthecoin-     '  peak  of  the  immortals.']  A  place  of  pilgrimage    Jesuits. 

Ksar^aclnifstyief  S  m'lsX 'f'^^erSe  tol'^nd  }^  ^^"^^^  ^^  *^^  table-land  east  of  theVindhyas.  Amateur  Casual,  The,  or  Amateur  Lambeth. 
light  courses,  essentiaUy  of  the  early  13th  century.  There  Amarakosha  (am'''a-ra-ko'sha).  [Skt.,  'the  Casual.  The  pseudonym  of  James  Green- 
is  a  three-aisled  vestibule  of  two  bays;  the  nave  has  immortal  vocabulary,  or  the  vocabulary  of  wood,  an  English  reporter  on  the  "Pall  Mall 
mosaics,  antique  columns,  and  a  richly  carved  and  gilded  Amara.']  A  celebrated  vocabulary  of  the  olas-  Gazette,"  who,  under  this  name,  recounted  his 
broLedoo^fof  The  ihtefpSrtlS!' which  be^^^^^^  sical  Sanskrit,  ascribed  to  Amarasinha.  adventures  in  the  casual  ward  in  a  London 

relief s,  were  cast  at  Constantinople  in  1066.    Population,  Amarant  (am'a-rant).     A  giant  killed  in  the    workhouse. 

about  6,000.  Holy  Land  by  &uy  of  Warwick.  Amathus  (am'a-thus).     [Gr.  "A/m6oc.1    In  an- 

Amalfitan  Code  or  Tables.   [}Sli.tahula Amal-  Axa&ia,nta,  (am-a-ran'ta).    In  Beaumont  and    cient  geography,  a  city  of  Phenician  origin  on. 


Amathus 

the  southern  coast  of  Cyprus,  near  the  site  of 
the  modern  Limasol.  It  contained  a  sanctuary 
of  Aphrodite. 

Amati  (a-ma'te).  A  celehrated  Italian  family 
of  violin-makers  which  flourished  at  Cremona 
in  the  16th  and  17th  centuries,  its  most  noted 
members  were  Andrea,  his  sons  Antonio  and  Geronimo, 
and  Nioolo,  son  of  Geronimo. 

Amatltlan  (a-ma-te-tlan').  A  town  in  Guate- 
mala, Central  America,  south  of  Guatemala. 
Population  (1889),  7,500. 

Amatitlan  Lake.  A  lake,  9  miles  long,  in 
southern  Guatemala,  near  Amatitlan. 

Amatongaland.    See  Tongaland. 

Amatus  Lusitanus  (a-ma'tus  M-si-ta'nus). 
Born  1511 :  died  1568.  A  Portuguese  physician, 
of  Hebrew  descent.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the 
second  author  to  describe  the  valves  in  the  veins.  He 
wrote  an  account  of  seven  hundred  remarkable  cases  in 
medicine  and  surgery  (1651-66). 

Amaury  of  Chartres.    See  Amalric  ofBhie. 

Amaury  (a-mS,'ri  or  a-mo-re')  I.,  or  Amalric 
(am-al'rik).  Bom  1135:  died  1173.  King  of 
Jerusalem  (Count  of  Joppa),  a  younger  son 
of  Baldwin  U.,  and  the  successor  of  his  brother 
Baldwin  III.,  1162.  He  invaded  Egypt  in  1168,  march- 
ing as  far  as  Cairo,  but  was  driven  out  by  Saladin,  by  whom 
he  was  put  upon  the  defensive  in  1170. 

Amaury  II.,  or  Amalric  (of  Lusignan).  Died 
1205.  King  of  Cyprus  1194,  and  titular  king  of 
Jerusalem  1198  (through  his  marriage  with  Isa- 
bella, widow  of  Henry,  count  of  Champagne). 
He  was  unable  to  maintain  himself  against  the  Moslems, 
and  died  at  Ftolemais. 

Amaury,  Giles.  The  grand  master  of  the 
Templars  in  Scott's  tale  ' '  The  Talisman."  He 
conspired  against  King  Bichard  and  was  killed 
by  Saladin. 

Amaxiki,  Amaxichi.    See  Levkas. 

Amaziall(am-a-zi'a).  [Heb.]  Thesonof  Joash, 
king  of  Judah"797-792  B.  c.  (840?  811?  B.  c). 

Amazirghs  (a'ma-zergz).  The  Berbers  of 
northern  Morocco. 

Amazon  (am'a-zon).  [Pg.  Rio  Amuzonas,  Sp. 
Bio  de  las  Aniazonas,  P.  Fleuve  des  Amazones, 
G.  Amazonenstrom ;  formerly  Orellana;  in  its 
upper  course  Maraflon  or  Tunguragua,  in  its 
middle  course  SolimSes.']  The  principal  river 
of  South  America,  and  the  largest  in  the  world. 
It  has  two  chief  head  streams.  One  is  the  Maraflon 
(Tunguragua)  which  rises  in  Peru  about  lat.  10°  30'  S. ; 
the  other  is  the  Ucayale  (which  has  for  its  southern- 
most head  stream  the  Apurimac).  The  Ucayale  rises  in 
Peru  about  lat.  15°  S.  The  Maraiion  (Amazon)  flows 
northwest  between  ranges  of  the  Andes,  turns  east  near 
lat.  5°  S.,  enters  Brazil  about  long.  70°  W.,  and  after  dis- 
charging water  through  several  narrow  channels  into  the 
Lower  Tocantins  or  Pari  River,  thus  cutting  off  the  island 
of  Marajd,  flows  into  the  Atlantic  near  the  equator.  It  is 
connected  on  the  north  with  the  Orinoco  by  the  Cassi- 
quiare  and  Negro.  The  basin  of  the  Amazon  comprises 
about  2,500,000  square  miles.  Its  leading  tributaries  are, 
on  the  north,  the  Napo,  19a,  Japur^,  and  Negro ;  on  the 
south  the  Huallaga,  Javary,  Jutahy,  Jurud,  Puriis,  Ma- 
deira, Tapajbs,  and  Xingii.  Its  length,  to  the  source  of 
the  Apurimac,  is  probably  about  3,300  mil*^,  though  often 
given  as  4,000.  It  is  navigable  about  2,300,  for  steamships 
about  2,200  miles.  The  width  of  the  main  mouth  is  50 
miles;  and  at  the  Peruvian  frontier  the  river  is  1  mile 
wide.  The  mouth  was  discovered  by  Pinzon  in  1500,  and 
OreUana  descended  it  in  1541.  Steamers  first  plied  on  it 
in  186.8.  In  1867  it  was  made  a  free  highway  to  all  na- 
tions. 

Ajuazonas  (a-ma-z6'nas).  The  largest  state  of 
Bi-azil,  capital  Manaos,  occupying  the  north- 
western part  of  the  country  and  bordering  on  Ve- 
nezuela, Colombia,  Ecuador,  Peru,  and  Bolivia. 
It  is  largely  occupied  by  forests.  Area(claimed), 
753,439squaremUes.  PopiUation(1890),207,610. 

Amazonas.  A  department  of  northern  Peru, 
west  of  Loreto.  Area,  14,129  square  miles. 
Population,  about  34,000. 

Amazonas.  A  territory  in  southern  Venezuela, 
bordering  on  Brazil.  Area  (claimed,  including 
avast  area  of  disputed  territory),  90,928  square 
miles.  Population,  with  Alto  Orinoco  (1891), 
45,197  (a  mere  estimate,  as  there  are  hardly  any 
civilized  inhabitants). 

Amazonia  (am-a-z6'ni-a).  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  valley  of  the  Amazon. 

Amazons  (am'a-zonz).  [L.  Amazon,  Gr.  'Afia- 
i^urv,  a  foreign  name  of  unknown  meaning;  ac- 
cording to  (Sreek  writers,  from  d-  priv.,  without, 
and|Uaf<if,  abreast:  apopular etymology,  accom- 
panied by,  and  doubtless  originating,  the  state- 
ment that  the  right  breast  was  removed  in  order 
that  it  might  not  interfere  with  the  use  of  the 
bow  and  javelin.]  1 .  In  Greek  legend,  a  race  of 
women  supposed  to  have  dwelt  on  the  coast  of 
the  Black  Sea  and  in  the  Caucasus  Mountains. 
The  Amazons  and  their  contests  were  a  favorite  theme  in 
Grecian  art  and  story.  They  were  represented  as  forming 
a  state  from  which  men  were  excluded,  as  devoting  them- 
selves to  war  and  hunting,  and  as  being  often  in  conflict 
with  the  Greeks  in  the  heroic  age. 


48 

But  it  is  in  the  famous  legend  of  the  Amazons  that  we 
must  look  for  the  chief  evidence  preserved  to  us  by  classi- 
cal antiquity  of  the  influence  exercised  by  the  Hittites  in 
Asia  Minor.  The  Amazons  were  imagined  to  be  a  nation 
of  female  warriors,  whose  primitive  home  lay  in  Kappa- 
dokia,  on  the  banks  of  the  Thermodon,  not  far  from  the 
ruins  of  Eoghaz  Keui.  From  hence  they  had  issued  forth 
to  conquer  the  people  of  Asia  Minor  and  to  found  an  em- 
pire which  reached  to  the  iBgean  Sea.  The  building  of 
many  of  the  most  famous  cities  on  the  .^gean  coast 
was  ascribed  to  them,— Myrina  and  Kyme,  Smyrna  and 
Ephesos,  where  the  worship  of  the  great  Asiatic  goddess 
was  carried  on  with  barbaric  ceremonies  into  the  later  age 
of  civilised  Greece.  Now  these  Amazons  are  nothing 
more  than  the  priestesses  of  the  Asiatic  goddess,  whose 
cult  spread  from  Carchemish  along  with  the  advance  of 
the  Hittite  armies.  She  was  served  by  a  multitude  of 
armed  priestesses  and  eunuch  priests ;  under  her  name 
of  Ma,  for  instance,  no  less  than  six  thousand  of  them 
waited  on  her  at  Komana  in  Kappadokia.  Certain  cities, 
in  fact,  like  Komana  and  Ephesos,  were  dedicated  to  her 
service,  and  a  large  part  of  the  population  accordingly 
became  the  armed  ministers  of  the  mighty  goddess.  Gen- 
erally these  were  women,  as  at  Ephesos  in  early  days, 
where  they  obeyed  a  high-priestess,  who  called  herself 
the  queen-bee.  When  Ephesos  passed  into  Greek  hands, 
the  goddess  worshipped  there  was  identified  with  the 
Greek  Artemis,  and  a  high-priest  took  the  place  of  the 
high-priestess.  Sayce,  Hittites,  p.  78. 

2.  A  fabled  tribe  of  female  warriors  said  to 
have  existed  in  South  America.  The  report  origi- 
nated in  an  Indian  myth  which  was  found  from  the  West 
Indies  to  Paraguay,  and  still  exists  among  the  Caribs  and 
others :  it  is  interesting  from  its  relation  to  the  Old  World 
myth. 

Amazons,  The.  An  earlier  English  form  of  the 
Portuguese  name  of  the  Amazon  River,  still  in 
occasional  use. 

Amazons,  Battle  of.    See  Battle  of  Amazons. 

Ambala  (am-ba'la),  or  Umballa  (um-bal'a). 
A  division  of  the  Panjab,  British  India.  Area, 
4,014  square  miles.  Population  (1881),  1,729,- 
043. 

Ambala.  A  district  in  the  division  of  Ambala, 
intersected  by  lat.  30°  30'  N.,  long.  77°  E. 
Area,  2,754  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
1,033,427.     ■ 

Ambala.  The  capital  of  the  division  and  dis- 
trict of  Ambala,  situated  in  lat.  30°  24'  N., 
long.  76°  49'  E.,  an  important  station  on  the 
Sind,  Panjab,  and  Delhi  Railway.  Population, 
including  cantonment  (1891),  79,294. 

Ambalema  (am-ba-la'ma).  A  town  in  the 
state  of  Tolima,  Colombia,  situated  on  the 
Magdalena  55  miles  west  of  Bogota.  It  is 
the  center  of  an  extensive  tobacco  district. 
Population  (1886),  est.,  9,731. 

Ambassadors,  The.  A  painting  by  Holbein 
the  younger,  in  the  National  Gallery,  London. 
It  is  believed  to  represent  Dinteville,  French  ambassador 
at  St.  James's  in  1633,  and  Nicolas  Bourbon,  a  poet.  It 
was  formerly  thought  to  portray  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  with 
Leland, 

Ambassi,  or  Ambasse.    See  S^  Salvador. 

Ambato  (am-ba'to).  A  tovm  of  Ecuador,  65 
miles  south  of  Quito.  Population  (1889),  about 
14,000. 

Ambelakia  (am-be-la'ke-a).  A  small  town  in 
the  vale  of  Tempo,  Thessaly,  18  miles  north- 
east of  Larissa. 

Amber  (am'ber).  A  decayed  town  near  Jey- 
pore,  India,  the  former  capital  of  the  state  of 
Jeypore. 

Amberg  (am'bere).  A  town  in  the  Upper  Pa- 
latinate, Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Vils  32  miles 
northwest  of  Ratisbon:  the  former  capital  of 
the  Upper  Palatinate.  It  has  manufactures  of  kon, 
arms,  beer,  etc.  A  victory  was  gained  here  by  the  Aus- 
trians  under  the  archduke  Charles  over  the  French  under 
Jourdan,  Aug.  24, 1796.    Population  (1890),  18,983. 

Amber  Islands,  or  Electrides  (e-lek'tri-dez). 
[Gr.  al  'H^KTpi'dcf .]  A  name  given  by  the  Greeks 
in  later  times  to  the  islands  in  the  North  Sea 
off  Denmark,  Germany,  and  Holland.  Elton, 
Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  41. 

Ajnber  Witch,  The.  An  opera  by  W.  V.  Wal- 
lace, words  by  Chorley,  first  produced  in  Lon- 
don Feb.  28, 1861.  It  was  founded  on  a  popular  Ger- 
man romance  of  the  same  name  by  Meinhold,  published 
in  1843. 

Ambert  (on-bar').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Puy-de-D6me,  France,  situated  near  the 
Dore  37  miles  southeast  of  Clermont-Ferrand. 
It  has  manufactures  of  cheese  and  paper. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  7,907. 

Ambioriz  (am-bi'o-riks).  A  chief  of  the  Bbu- 
rones  in  Gaul,  famous  in  the  campaigns  against 
the  Romans  54-53  B.  c. 

Ambitious  Statesman,  The,  or  The  Loyal 
Fa'VOrite.  A  tragedy  by  Crowne,  acted  in  1679. 

Ambitious  Stepmother,  The.  A  tragedy  by 
Nicholas  Rowe,  printed  in  1700. 

Ambleside  (am'bl-sJd).  A  town  in  the  Lake 
District,  Westmoreland,  England,  1  mile  north 
of  Lake  Windermere,  noted  for  its  picturesque 


Ambrones 

scenery.  Near  it  are  Rydal  Mount,  Fox  How,  Qrasmere, 
etc.  It  contains  Koman  antiquities.  Population  (1891), 
2,360. 

Ambleteuse  (on-bl-t6z').  A  decayed  seaport 
in  the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  France, 
7  miles  north  of  Boulogne. 

Amboella  (am-bwa'la).  A  Bantu  people  living 
in  the  interior  of  Af nca,  near  the  head  streams 
of  the  Zambesi,  about  lat.  15°  S.,  long.  19°  E. 

Amboim  (am-bwing').     See  Mbuiyi. 

Ambois  (on-bwa'),  Bussy  d'.  The  principal 
character  in  Chapman's  play  of  that  name :  a 
self-confident  and  arrogant  adventurer,  with 
some  real  loftiness  of  character. 

Ambois,  Clermont  d'.  The  brother  of  Bussy 
d' Ambois,  a  scholar  and  philosopher.  He  is  the 
central  flgnre  in  Chapman's  play  "The  Kevenge  of  Bussy 
d'Ambois."  He  commits  suicide  aftor  the  death  of  his 
patron  Guise. 

Amboise  (on-bwaz').  A  town  In  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on 
the  Loire  14  miles  east  of  Tours,  it  is  famous 
for  its  castle,  a  favorite  residence  of  the  Valois  kings,  oc- 
cupying a  high  rock- platform  from  which  rise  its  3  cylin- 
drical, cone-roofed  towers.  Two  towers  built  at  the  base 
of  the  rock,  42  feet  in  diameter  and  over  100  feet  high,  con- 
tain spiral  passagesby  which  horses  and  vehicles  can  mount 
to  the  platform  above.  In  the  gardens  is  the  Chapel  of  St. 
Hubert,  one  of  the  richest  existing  examples  of  the  florid 
Pointed.  Here  Leonardo  da  Vinci  is  buried.  It  was  the 
scene  of  the  Conspiracy  of  Amboise  in  1560.  Later  it  be- 
came a  political  prison.  Abd-el-Kader  was  confined  in  it 
1847-62.  It  is  now  the  property,  of  the  Comte  de  Paris. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  4,480. 

Amboise,  Conspiracy  of.  An  unsuccessful 
conspiracy  of  Huguenots  under  La  Renaudie 
to  seize  the  king  (Francis  II.),  iirst  at  Blois 
and  afterward  at  Amboise  in  1560,  and  remove 
him  from  the  influence  of  the  Guises.  Cond6 
was  the  real  chief  of  the  conspirators. 

Amboise,  Edict  of.  An  edict  of  pacification 
between  the  French  Catholics  and  Huguenots, 
authorizing  (1563)  the  Reformed  worship  in  the 
houses  of  the  nobility,  throughout  all  the  do- 
mains of  the  justiciary  nobles,  and  in  one  city 
of  each  bailiwick.  It  ended  the  first  war  be- 
tween the  two  parties. 

Amboise,  Georges  d'.  Bom  at  Chaumont-sur- 
Iloire,  France,  1460:  died  at  Lyons,  1510.  A 
French  statesman  and  cardinal,  minister  of 
Louis  Xn.  1498,  and  director  of  his  foreign 
policy. 

Amboise,  League  of.  See  Amboise,  Conspir- 
acy of. 

Amboyna  (am-boi'na).  [Malay  ^jm6m».]  One 
of  the  chief  islands  of  the  Moluccas,  situated  in 
lat.  3°  41'  S.,  long.  128°  10'  E.,  consisting  of 
two  parts  connected  by  a  narrow  isthmus.  Its 
chief  product  is  cloves.  It  was  settled  by  the  Portuguese 
in  the  16th  century,  and  was  taken  by  the  Dutch,  to  whom 
it  now  belongs,  in  1606.  Length,  32  miles.  Area,  264  square 
miles.    Population,  31,610. 

Amboyna.  A  residency  of  the  Dutch  East  In- 
dies, comprising  Amboyna,  Ceram,  Banda  Isl- 
ands, Timor-Laut,  etc. 

Amboyna.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  island 
and  residency  of  Amboyna.  Population,  about 
9,000. 

Amboyna^  or  The  Cruelties  of  the  Dutch  to 
the  English  Merchants.  A  tragedy  by  Dryden, 
produced  in  1673.  Part  of  the  plot  was  taken  from 
one  of  the  Italian  novels  of  Cinthio,  the  10th  of  the  fifth 
decade,  and  part  has  reference  to  occurrences  of  the  time. 

Ambracia  (am-bra'shi-a).  [(Jr.  'A/ippaiUa,  ear- 
lier 'A/itrpaida.}  The  ancient  name  of  Arta 
(which  see). 

Ambracian  Gulf  (am-bra'shi-an  gulf).  See 
Arta,  Gulf  of. 

Ambree  (am'bre),  Mary.  A  woman  who  is 
said  to  have  fought  at  the  siege  of  Ghent  in 
1584  to  revenge  her  lover's  death.  She  is  fre- 
quently mentioned  in  old  ballads,  and  is  the  subject  of 
one  preserved  by  Percy.  Ben  Jonson  refers  to  her  in  the 
"  Epicoene"  and  "Tale  of  a  Tub  "  and  in  "The  Fortunate 
Isles,"  where  he  quotes  the  words  of  this  ballad.  Fletcher 
also  mentions  her  in  "The  Scornful  Lady."  Theballadhi 
Percy's  "Reliques"  is  often  quoted  by  the  writers  of  Jon- 
son's  time,  and,  like  him,  they  frequently  gave  the  name 
of  Mary  Ambree  to  any  remarkable  virago  who  adopted 
man's  attire. 

Ambriz  (am-brez').  A  coast  town  of  Portu- 
guese Angola,  West  Africa,  and  capital  of  the 
*'concelho"  (county)  of  the  same  name,  its 
chief  export  is  coffee,  which  is  brought  down  from  the 
Mutemu  and  Encoge  mountains.  It  was  occupied  by  the 
Portuguese  in  1866.  Population,  about  2,600,  of  mixed 
African  origin,  mostly  from  Loanda. 

Ambrones  (am-bro'nez).  [L.  Ambrones  (Livy), 
Gr.  "Afi^poyve^  (Strabo).]  A  German  tribe  men- 
tioned by  Livy  and  Strabo  in  connection  with 
the  Teutones,  whose  near  neighbors  they  seem 
to  have  been  on  the  North  Sea,  and  with  whom 
they  were  allied  in  the  <3imbrian  wars.  They 
suffered  a  crushing  defeat  by  Marins  at  Aquse  SextiBB,  102 
B.  0.    There  is  no  certain  record  of  their  subsequent  f  atet 


AmbroB 

Ambros  (am'brds),  August  Wilhelm.  Bom 
at  Mauth,  Bohemia,  Nov.  17,  1816:  died  at 
Vienna,  June  28, 1876.  An  Austrian  composer 
and  writer  on  music.  His  chief  literary  work 
is  a  "Gesehichte  der  Musik"  (1862-78),  a  very- 
high  authority  in  its  department. 

Ambrose  (am'broz)^  L.  Ambrosius  (am-bro'zi- 
ns),  of  Alexandria.  Died  about  250.  A  Bo- 
man  nobleman,  a  friend  of  Origen. 

Ambrose,  L.  Ambrosius,  Saint.  Bom  at 
Treves,  Gaul,  probably  340:  died  at  Milan, 
April,  397.  One  of  the  fathers  of  the  Latin 
Church.  He  was  educated  at  Eome,  appointed  consular 
prefect  In  Upper  Italy  about  869,  and  elected  (while  a  ci- 
vilian and  unbaptized)  bishop  of  Milan  in  371.  He  was 
the  champion  of  the  Catholics  against  the  Arians  and 
pagans.  For  his  cruelty  in  the  massacre  of  Thessalonica 
the  emperor  Theodosius  was  excommunicated  by  Am- 
brose and  forced  to  do  penance.  Among  his  works  are 
*'De  ofliciis  ministrorum,"  "Hexaemeron,"  hymns,  etc. 
He  is  the  reputed  author  of  the  Ambrosian  ritual. 

He  was  elected,  while  still  an  unbaptized  catechumen 
and  governor  of  the  province,  to  the  post  of  Bishop  of 
Milan,  baving  entered  the  church  with  his  troops  to  quell 
the  fury  of  the  partisans  of  the  two  rival  candidates. 
While  he  soothed  the  people  with  his  wise  words,  a  little 
child,  so  the  story  runs,  suddenly  called  out  "  Ambrose  is 
Bishop  " ;  the  words  were  caught  up  and  carried  round  the 
church  by  the  rapturous  acclamation  of  the  whole  multi- 
tude. Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  187. 

Ambrose,  Isaac.  Bom  at  Ormskirk,  Lanca- 
shire, England,  1604:  died  1664.  An  English 
nonconformist  divine  and  devotional  writer, 
author  of  "Lookingunto  Jesus"  (1658). 

Ambrose  and  tbe£mperor  Tbeodosius.  A 
painting  by  Bubens,  in  the  Imperial  Gallery  at 
Vienna.  The  archbishop,  in  full  canonicals,  stands  with 
his  attendants  before  the  door  of  the  cathedral,  and  for- 
bids the  emperor  to  enter. 

Ambrose's  Tavern.  An  old  tavern  in  Edin- 
burgh, now  destroyed,  the  scene  of  Wilson's 
"Nootes  AmbroslansB." 

Its  location  was  the  site  of  the  new  Register  House,  In 
the  rear  of  the  old  ^Register  House ;  and  it  is  approached 
from  West  Register  Street  by  the  narrow  alley  running 
now  between  the  new  Re^ster  House  and  the  new  Caf6 
Boyal.    Button,  Literary  Landmarks  of  Edinburgh,  p.  55. 

Ambrosian    Library  (am-bro'zlan  li'bra-ri). 

[Named  for  St.  Ambrose.]     A  library  at  Mi- 

,  Ian,  founded  by  Cardinal  Borromeo  in  1609. 

It  contains  164,000  printed  volumes  and  8,100 

MSS. 

Ambrosiaster  (am-br6'zi-as-t6r),  or  Pseudo- 
Ambrosius  (su"'d6-am-br6'zius).  ['The  spu- 
rious Ambrosius.']  The  name  usually  given  to 
the  unknown  author  of  "  Commentaria  in  Xin. 
Epistolas  B.  Pauli,"  which  has  found  its  way 
into  the  Benedictine  edition  of  the  works  of 
Ambrose.  The  author  is  sometimes  identified 
with  the  Boman  deacon  Hilary. 

Ambrosio,  or  the  Monk.  A  romance  by  Mat- 
thew Gregory  Lewis,  published  in  1795.  A  sec- 
ond edition  was  issued  in  which  many  objectionable  pas- 
sages were  omitted.  He  gained  the  sobriquet  of  "  The 
Monk  "  and  "  Monk  Lewis  "  from  this  book. 

Ambrosius.    See  Ambrose. 

Ambrosius  (am-bro'gius),  or  Ambrose,Pather. 
The  last  abbot  of  St.  Mary's,  Edward  Glen- 
dinning,  in  Scott's  novel  "  The  Abbot." 

Ambrosius  AureUanus  (am-bro'zius  a-re- 
li-a'nua),  Welsh  Emrys.  Lived  about  440. 
A  leader  of  the  Eomans  and  Bomanized  Brit- 
ons, said  to  have  been  a  descendant  of  Con- 
stantino, elected  emperor  in  Britain,  Gaul, 
and  Spain  under  Honorius.  He  drove  back  the 
Saxon  invaders  and  confined  Henglst  for  some  years  to 
the  Isle  of  Thanet 

Ambundu  (am-bSn'do).    See  Kimbundu. 

Ameland  (a'me-lant).  An  island  in  the  North 
Sea,  north  of  the  province  of  Friesland,  Neth- 
erlands, to  which  it  belongs.    Length,  13  miles. 

Amelia  (a-ma'le-a).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Perugia,  Italy,  45  miles  north  of  Bome :  the 
ancient  Ameria.    It  has  a  cathedral. 

Amelia  (a-me'lia).  Born  Aug.  7,  1783:  died 
Nov.  2, 1810.  An  English  princess,  the  fifteenth 
and  youngest  child  of  Geo^e  III. 

Amelia.  The  heroine  of  Fielding's  novel  of 
that  name  (published  1751),  a  virtuous  and  de- 
voted wife,  said  to  be  the  portrait  of  Fielding's 
own  wife,  she  is  represented  as  having  suffered  an  in- 
Jury  to  her  nose  (like  Mrs.  Fielding),  which  impaired  her 
popularity  among  Fielding's  readers.  Thackeray  consid- 
ered her  "  the  most  charming  character  in  English  fiction. " 

Amelia.    See  Sedley,  Amelia. 

Amelia  Island  (a-me'lia  i'land).  A  small 
island  off  the  northeastern' coast  of  Florida. 

Am61ie-les-Bains  (a-ma-le 'la-ban').  [For- 
merly Arles-les-Bains:  the  name  was  changed  in 
1840  in  honorof  the  wife  of  Louis  Philippe.]  A 
health-resort  in  the  department  of  I^r^n^es- 
Orientales,  France,  20  miles  southwest  of  Per- 
pignan.    It  has  sulphur  springs. 


49 

Amelot  de  la  Houssaye  (am-ia  d6  la,  s-sa'), 
Abraham  Nicolas.  Bom  at  Orleans,  France, 
Feb.,  1634:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  8,  1706.  A 
French  publicist,  author  of  "Histoire  du  gou- 
vemement  de  Venise"  (1676),  etc. 

Amelotte  (am-lof),  Denis.  Bom  at  Saintes, 
France,  March  15,  1606:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  7, 
1678.  A  French  theologian,  author  of  a  trans- 
lation of  the  New  Testament  (1666-68). 

Amen.    See  Amun. 

Amends  for  Ladies.  A  play  by  Nathaniel 
Field,  published  in  1618. 

Amenemhat  (a-men-em'ha.t)  I.,  Se-hotep-ab- 

Ra.  An  Egyptian  king,  the  founder  of  the  12th 
dyn  asty,  who  reignedabout  2466b.  c.(Brugsch). 
He  was  a  successfuf  ruler  and  general,  and  founded  the 
temple  of  Amun  in  Thebes.  There  is  considerable  docu- 
mentary evidence  concerning  his  reign.  Also  Anwnemha. 

Amenemhat  II.,  Nub-kau-Ba.  An  Egyptian 
king,  the  third  of  the  12th  dynasty,  who  reigned 
about  2400  B.C.,  and  of  whom  little  is  known. 
Also  Amenemha. 


Ames 

North  America  and  South  America,  it  was  visited 
by  the  Northmen  about  JOOO  (7)  and  was  discovered  by 
Columbus  in  1492.  The  mainland  was  probably  reached 
by  Cabot  in  U97.  (See  Columbm,  Caiot.)  The  name  .4m«-- 
ica  was  proposed  by  Waldseemiiller  (a  teacher  of  geog- 
raphy in  the  college  of  Saint-Di6  among  the  Vosges)  in  a 
treatise  called  "Cosmographia, "  published  in  1507.  Length 
about  10,500  miles ;  greatest  breadth,  over  3,000  miles 
Area  (estimated),  about  15,700,000  square  miles.  Ponula- 
tion  (estimated  1891),  121,713,000. 

America.  A  wooden  keel  schooner-yacht  de- 
signed and  built  by  George  Steers  of  New  York, 
for  Commodore  J.  C.  Stevens  of  the  New  York 
Yacht  Club,  in  1851.  Her  original  dimensions  were : 
length  over  all,  100  feet  6  inches ;  length  on  water-line, 
90  feet  i  inches ;  beam,  22  feet  6  inches ;  draught,  11  feet 
6  inches.  In  1851,  at  the  time  of  the  World's  Fair  in 
London,  Commodore  Stevens,  having  crossed  the  Atlantic 
in  the  America,  entered  her  in  the  race  of  Aug.  22  open 
to  yachts  of  all  nations  for  a  £106  cup.  The  course  was 
around  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  the  America  beat  the  whole 
fleet  of  18  yachts  by  about  7  miles.  Aug.  28  she  sailed  a 
race  with  the  English  schooner  Titania  over  a  40-mile 
course,  beating  her  out  of  sight.  The  cup  (£106)  which 
she  won  in  1861  was  given  (1857)  tathe  New  York  Yacht 
Club  and  made  a  prize  open  to  challenge  by  yachts  of 
all  nations.    There  have  been  (1902)  eleven  unsuccessful 


Amenemhat  III.,  Maa-en-Ea.    An  Egyptian  

king,  the  sixth  of  the  12th  dynasty,  who  reigned     attempts  to  recover  It. 

about  2300  B.  c.  (Brugsch).    He  constructed  Lake  America,  British.    See  British  America. 

Moeris  and  the  Labyrinth.    (See  Moeria,  LalyrintA.)    In-  America,  Central.     See  Central  America. 

scriptions  of  his  time  have  been  found  on  the  rocks  in  America,  North.     See  North  America. 

the  peninsula  of  Sinai.    There  is  also  a  mark  (with  an  in-   America   !Rn<!Sia.n      An  old  namfi  fnr  AluaVo 

scription)  on  the  rocks  of  Semneh  showing  the  height  of   A^lS^o '  «ir,;S,       a„ri.^  7i.   ?        ■      -^^^'^^• 

the  inundation  of  the  Nile  in  the  14th  yeir  of  his  reign.  America,  South.     See  South  America. 

(See  Nile.)   Also  Amemmha.  America,  Spanish.     See  Spanish  America. 

Amenemhat  IV.,  Maat-kheru-Ba.  AnEgyp-  American  Colonization  Society,  The.  A  so- 
tiau  king,  the  seventh  of  the  12th  dynasty,  eiety  organized  at  Washington,  JDistriot  of  Co- 
who  reigned  about  2266  B.  c.  (Brugsch).  Also  lumbia,  Jan.  1, 1817,  for  the  purpose  of  coloniz- 
Amenemha.  ing  free  American  negroes,   it  purchased  in  i82i  a 

Amenhotep  (a-men-ho'tep)  I.,  or  AmenonhiS  *?»<=*  "'lan*  near  CapeMesurado,  Africa,  where  it  founded 
(am-e-uo'fis),  Ser-ka-Ra.  Ai  Egyptian  fing  j^wle  ^47^'"^""'  "^^'"^  "^"^^  *°  independent  re- 
*v^  l^?2?«  °^  ^^l  18th  dynasty,  who  reigneJ  ^erican  Cousin,  Our.  A  drama  by  Tom 
about  1666  B.  c.  (Bnzgsch).  He  was  successful  Taylor,  produced  in  1858.  in  this  playE.  A.  Sothem 
m  campaigns  in  Jithiopia  (Kush)  and  Libya,  made  a  name  by  his  clever  development  of  the  originally 
Also  Amenhe^.  small  part  of  Lord  Dundreaiy. 

Amenhotep  II.,  or  Amenophis,  Aa-kheperu-  American  Party,  or  Know-nothing  Party. 

Ra.    An  Egyptian  king,  the  seventh  of  the    ^  United  States  polities,  a  party  which  advo- 
18th  dynasty,  who  reigned  about  1566  B.  c.    cated^he  control  of  the  govemment  by  native 
(Brugsch).    He  made  a  successful  campaign  in  Asia, 
which  is  commemorated  in  an  inscription  in  a  temple  at 
Amadah  in  Nubia.  There  are  also  inscriptions  bearing  his 
name  in  the  temple  of  Amun  at  Eamak.    Also  AmemJtetp. 

Amenhotep  III.,  or  Amenophis,  Maat-neb 


citizens.  As  it  was  at  the  outset  a  secret  fraternity  and 
its  members  refused  to  give  information  concerning  it, 
they  received  the  name  of  "Know-nothings."  In  1855  it 
discarded  its  secret  machinery.  The  party  nominated 
Fillmore  for  President  in  1856,  and  was  poweriul  for  sev- 
Ti  "a^^t:, L.        i~^i If' '."t; ,.~7i~      eralyears.    (^^z  waAev  Antimasonic  Party.) 

^-    t.I^^\.^%  l^n.^nn°l'^r  AmericanPhilosophicalSociety.  Ascientific 

society  founded  at  Philadelphia  by  Franklin  m 


18th  dynasty,  who  reigned  about  1500  b 
(Brugsch).    He  was  a  successful  warrior  and  a  great 
builder.    The  two  colossal  statues  of  Memnon  near  Thebes 
are  portrait-statues  of  him.    See  Memrum. 

Amenophis  III.  was  as  great  in  peace  as  in  war.  In 
his  reign  Egypt  lost  none  of  her  military  x)restige,  and 
from  some  large  scarabsei  —  one  of  which  is  in  the  Gizeh 
Palace  — we  learn  that  under  his  rule  Egypt  stretched 
from  Mesopotamia  to  the  country  of  Karo  in  Abyssinia. 
At  the  same  time  that  he  consolidated  the  empire  left  him 
byprecedingmonarchSjAmenophis  raised  along  the  banks 
of  the  Nile  monuments  which  for  their  grandeur  and  the 


periection  of  their  workmanship  are  unsurpassed.    The 

temple  at  Gebel-Barkal,  in  the  S&dan,  was  erected  by  this    ... 

king ;  so  also  was  that  at  Soleb,  near  the  third  cataract —  AmerlgO  VespUCCl. 

and  souvenirs  of  him  may  be  found  at  Asstlan,  Elephan-    A  Tna'refnn-p+    fA  '  me-ra   -FnlH■^ 

«„i  fioh«i.siuii»h  iri.ir/h  Tflr»>,  H,os»™„»„;„afiir.™_  Amersioort  ( a  mers-iort;, 


tin^,  Gebel-Silsileh,  El-Kab,  TOrah,  the  Serapeum  at  Mem- 
phis, and  SerbAt-el-Hadim.  He  added  considerably  to 
£arnak,  and  built  that  portion  of  the  temple  at  Luxor 
that  bears  his  name.  He  also  erected  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Nile— opposite  to  Luxor — a  sacred  edifice  which  once 
must  have  been  one  of  the  most  important  in  Egypt.    Be- 


1744,  reorganized  in  1768,  and  united  with  the 
Jesuits  or  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Useful 
Knowledge  in  1769,  the  date  of  its  definite  es- 
tablishment. Franklin  was  its  first  president. 
American  Volunteers,  The  (ofBcial  title,  The 
Volunteers  of  America).  A  religious  organ- 
ization founded  in  March,  1896,  by  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Ballington  Booth,  who  separated  from  the  Sal- 
vation Army.  It  was  designed  to  be  essentially 
American  in  constitution  and  method. 

ucd. 

£  town  in  the 


province  of  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  on  the  Eem 
26  miles  southeast  of  Amsterdam,  it  was  an  im- 
portant seat  of  the  Jansenists,  and  has  a  noted  Church 
of  St.  Mary.  It  has  fiourishing  manufactures  and  trade. 
Population  (1889),  commune,  16,449. 


stroyed  completely  by  causes  unknown  to  us,  all  that  is  AmeS  (amz),   Adolbcrt.     Born    at   Bockland, 
«„_  „    ^  ..  ...  i.!....^  ,  ..ii.j  i,_i>,.    Uaine,  Oct.  31, 1835.     Aii  American  general  in 

the  Civil  War.  He  was  graduated  from  West  Point  in 
1861,  and  took  part  In  the  battles  of  Bull  Run,  Oaines's 
Mill,  Malvern  Hill,  Fredericksburg,  Chancellorsville,  An- 
tietam,  Gettysburg,  and  others.  He  was  brevetted  major- 
general  of  volunteers  March  13,  1865,  and  major-general 
of  the  regular  army  1866,  and  promoted  to  the  full  rank  of 
lieutenant-colonel  July  28, 1866.  He  was  provisional  gov- 
ernor of  Mississippi  1868-70,  Republican  United  States  sen- 
ator from  that  State  1870-74,  and  its  governor  1874^76.  Hu 
was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  1898. 

Ames,  Fisher.  Bom  at  Dedham,  Mass.,  April 
9, 1758 :  died  at  Dedham,  July  4, 1808.  A  noted 
American  orator,  statesman,  and  political 
wnter.  He  was  graduated  from  Harvard  College  in 
1774,  began  the  practice  of  law  at  Dedham  in  1781,  was 
a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  ratifying  committee  in 
1788,  and  was  a  Federal  member  of  Congress  from  Massa- 
chusetts 1789-97.  He  declined  the  presidency  of  Harvard 
College  in  1804.  He  wrote  the  "Laoooon"and  other  essays 
to  rouse  the  opposition  against  France. 

Ames,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Yarmouth,  England, 
Jan.  23,  1689:  died  at  London,  Oct.  7,  1759. 
An  English  antiquary  and  bibliographer,  pub- 
lisher of  "Typographical  Antiquities"  (1749, 
ed.  by  Herbert  1785-90).  This  work  is  the 
"  foundation  of  English  bibliography." 


now  left  of  it  are  the  two  enormous  colossi  —  called  by  the 

Arabs  S&namat — which  originally  stood  at  the  entrance. 

Mariette,  Outlines,  p.  39. 

Amenhotep  IV.,  or  Amenophis,  Khu-n-Aten 

('splendor  of  the  sun's  disk').  An  Egyptian 
king,  the  tenth  of  the  18th  dynasty,  who  reigned 
about  1466  B.  C.  (Brugsch).  He  was  an  innovator 
in  religion,  substituting  the  new  worship  of  Aten  (the 
sun's  disk)  for  that  of  Amun  and  the  other  Egyptian 
deities.  He  also  moved  the  capital  from  Thebes  to  a  place 
in  middle  Egypt,  the  modern  Tel-el- Amarna. 

Ameni  (a-ma'ne),  or  Amenemhat.  An  Egyp- 
tian official  under  Usertesen  I.  An  inscription 
recording  the  events  of  his  lite  has  been  found  in  a  rock- 
tomb  at  Beni-Hassan.  It  contains  a  reference  to  a  famine 
which  has,  by  some,  been  supposed  to  be  that  which  oc- 
curred during  Joseph's  sojonm  in  Egypt. 

Amenities  of  Literature.    A  work  by  Isaac 

D'Israeli,  completed  in  1841. 
Amenophis.    See  Amenhot^. 
Amentnes.    See  Amenti. 
Amenti  (a-men'te).    In  Egyptian  mythology, 

the  under  world ;  the  world  of  the  dead. 
Ameria  (a-me'ri-3,).     The  ancient  name  of 

Amelia  in  Italy. 
America    (a-mer'i-ka).     [It.  Sp.  Pg.  Amer- 


ica, F.  AmArique,  Gr"  Ameriica;  from  NL.  Ames,  Joseph.  Bom  1816:  died  1872.  An Amer- 
America  (1507),  after  Americ/us  Vesputius  (It.  ican  painter,  chiefly  noted  for  his  portraits. 
Amerigo  Vestpucd),  an  Italian  explorer.  See  Ames,  Mrs.  (Mary  Clemmer,  later  Mrs.  Hud- 
Vespucci.2  The  western  continent  or  grand  son).  .  Bom  at  Utiea,  N.  1.,  1839:  died  at 
division  of  the  world,  including  North  Amer-  Washington,  D.  C,  Aug.  18,  1884.  An  Ameri- 
ica, South  .America,  and  adjacent  islands.    See    can  writer,  and  the  Washington  correspondent 


Ames 

of  the  New  York  "Independent."  She  pub- 
lished novels,  poems,  sketches,  etc. 
Ames,  Oakes.  Born  at  Easton,  Mass.,  Jan.  10, 
1804 :  died  May  8,  1873.  An  American  manu- 
facturer, capitalist,  and  politician.  He  was  inter- 
ested in  tlie  building  of  the  Union  Pacific  Kaili-oad,  was 
Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1863- 
1873,  and  was  censured  by  the  House  for  his  connection 
with  the  Credit  Mobilier  (which  see). 

Ames  (Latinized  Ameslus),  William.  Bom 
at  Ipswich,  England,  1576:  died  at  Eotterdam, 
Nov.,  1633.  All  English  Puritan  theologian 
and  casuist  residing  in  the  Netherlands.  He 
wrote  "  Medulla  Theologise,"  "De  Couseientia" 
(1632),  "Coronis,"  etc. 

Amesbury  (amz'ber"i).  A  town  in  Essex 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Merri- 
mack 34  miles  north  of  Boston.  It  was  the 
residence  of  Whittier.  Population  (1900),  9,473. 

Amesha  Spentas,  mod.  Pers.  Amshaspands. 
[Pers.,  'Immortal  Holy  Ones.']  The  seven  su- 
preme spirits  of  A'^^estan  theology.  At  their  head, 
as  their  creator,  stands  Ahuramazda.  The  others  are 
moral  or  physical  abstractions.  They  are  Vohu  Manah, 
'good  mind,' Asha  Vahishta,  'best  righteousness,'  Khsha- 
thra  Vairya,  'the  wished-for  kingdom,"  Spenta  Armaiti, 
'holy  haimony,'  Eauryatat,  'wholeness,  saving  health,' 
Ameretat,  'Immortality.'  In  the  later  religion  they  be- 
came guardian  geniuses  respectively  of  the  flocks,  fire, 
metals,  the  earth,  waters,  and  trees.  They  are  related  to 
Ahuramazda  as  are  the  Adityas  in  Vedic  theology  to 
Varuna.    See  Adityas. 

Amestris  (a-mes'tris).     See  the  extract. 

Amestris,  the  daughter  of  Otanes  according  to  Herodo- 
tus, of  Onophas  according  to  Ctesias,  was  the  favourite 
wife  of  Xerxes,  and  bore  him  at  least  Ave  children.  Her 
crimes  and  cruelties  are  related  by  Ctesias  at  some  length, 
and  are  glanced  at  by  Herodotus.  She  may  be  the  Vashti 
of  Esther,  whose  disgrace  was  perhaps  only  temporary. 
She  lived  to  a  great  age,  dying,  as  it  would  seem,  only  a 
little  before  her  son  Artaxerxes. 

Bawlinson,  Herod.,  I'V^  258. 

Ameto  (a-ma'to).  A  prose  idyl  of  Boccaccio, 
with  poetical  interludes.  Seven  nymphs  over  whom 
Ameto,  a  young  hunter,  presides  recount  the  story  of  their 
loves,  and  each  story  concludes  with  eclogues,  which  were 
the  first  in  the  Italian  language. 

Amga  (am'ga).  A  river  of  eastern  Siberia, 
about  500  miles  in  length,  which  joins  the  Al- 
dan in  about  lat.  63°  N.,  long.  134°  E. 

Amhara  (am-ha'ra).  The  central  province 
of  Abyssinia,  including  Dembea,  Begemeder, 
Lasta,  Medja,  Gojam.     The  capital  is  Gondar. 

Amharic  (am-har'ik),  or  Amarinna  (a-ma- 
rin'a).  The  language  of  the  Abyssinian  prov- 
ince Amhara,  and  of  Shoa:  since  the  14th 
century  the  court  and  official  language  of  Abys- 
sinia. As  long  as  the  ancient  Oeez  flourished,  Amharic 
was  only  a  provincial  dialect  of  southern  Abyssinia. 
Within  the  last  three  centuries  it  has  been  sometimes 
used  in  writing,  with  adapted  Ethiopian  characters.  It 
is  a  Semitic  language  with  an  intermixture  of  African 
words, 

Amherst  (am'6rst).  A  district  in  Tenasserim 
division,  British  Burma,  intersected  by  lat.  16° 
N.,  long.  98°  E.  Area,  15,203  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  417,312. 

Amherst.  A  seaport  in  the  Amherst  district, 
founded  by  the  British  in  1826.  It  has  been 
superseded  in  importance  by  Maulmain. 

Amherst,  A  town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, 20  miles  north  of  Springfield,  the  seat 
of  Amherst  College  and  of  the  Massachusetts 
Agricultural  College.    Population(1900),  5,028. 

Amherst,  Jeffrey  (Baron  Amherst).  Bom  at 
Riverhead,  England,  Jan.  29,  1717:  died  at 
Montreal,  in  Kent,  Aug.  4,  1797.  An  English 
field-marshal.  As  major-general  he  served  in  the 
attack  on  Louisburg  in  July,  1758,  at  Ticonderoga  in 
July,  1769,  and  at  Montreal  in  Sept.,  1760.  He  was  ap- 
pointed governor-general  of  British  North  America  in 
1761,  governor  of  Virginia  in  1763,  governor  of  Guernsey 
in  1770,  and  lieutenant-general  and  acting  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  army  in  1772  (commander-in-chief  in  1793). 
He  was  created  Baron  Amherst  in  1776  (recreated  in  1787), 
general  in  1778,  and  field-marshal  in  1796. 

Amherst,  William  Pitt  (Earl  Amherst).  Bom 
Jan.,  1773:  died  1857.  An  English  statesman 
and  diplomatist,  nephew  of  Jeffrey  Amherst. 
He  was  ambassador  to  China  1816-17,  governor-general 
of  India  1823-28,  and  carried  on  the  first  Burmese  war 
1824-26. 

Amherst  College.  An  institution  of  learning 
situated  at  Amherst,  Massachusetts.  It  was 
opened  in  1821  and  incorporated  in  1826,  and  is  controlled 
chiefiy  by  Congregationalists.    It  has  about  400  students. 

Amherstburg  (am'erst-b6rg).  A  town  in  Es- 
sex County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Detroit  River  into  Lake  Erie, 
20  miles  south  of  Detroit.  Population  (1901), 
2,222. 

Amhurst  (am'erst),  Nicholas.  Bom  at  Mar- 
den,  in  Kent,  Oct.  16,  1697 :  died  at  Twicken- 
ham, April  12,  1742.  An  English  poet  and 
pamphleteer,  editor  of  the  political  journal 


50 

"  The  Craftsman."  He  was  expelled  from  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford,  for  irregular  conduct,  or  according  to  his 
own  account  for  the  liberality  of  his  opinions,  and  re- 
venged himself  by  satirizing  the  university  in  "Terrse 
Illius,"  a  prose  work,  and  "  Oculus  Britannise,"  a  poem. 

Amias  (am'i-as),  or  Amyas,  In  Book  IV  of 
Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene,"  the  captive  lover 
of  jEmiUa,  a  squire  of  low  degree. 

Amici  (a-me'ehe),  Giovanni  Battista.  Bom 
at  Modeua,  Italy,  March  25,  1784  (1786  ?) :  died 
at  Florence,  April  10, 1863.  An  Italian  optician 
and  astronomer.  He  produced  a  dioptric  or 
achromatic  microscope  which  bears  his  name. 

Amicis,  De.    See  De  Amieis. 

Amida  (a-mi'da).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
Roman  city  on  the  site  of  the  modem  Diarbekr. 

Amidas  (am'i-das)  and  Bracidas  (bras'i-das). 
Twin  brothers  whom  Artegal  reconciles  in  the 
fifth  book  of  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene." 

Amidas,  Philip.  Bom  at  Hull,  England,  1550 : 
died  about  1618.  An  English  navigator.  He 
explored,  with  Barlow,  the  North  Carolina  coast 
in  1584.     See  Barlow. 

Amie  (a'mi).  In  Ben  Jonson's  "  Sad  Shep- 
herd," a  gentle  shepherdess  in  whose  mouth 
are  put  the  words : 

I  grant  the  linnet,  lark,  and  bullfinch  sing. 
But  best  the  dear  good  angel  of  the  Spring, 
The  nightingale.  ii.  2. 

Amiel  (a'mi-el).  In  Dryden's  "Absalom  and 
Achitophel,"  a  character  intended  for  Edward 
Seymour,  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
who  was  an  adherent  of  the  Prince  of  Orange 
and  the  head  of  the  house  of  Seymour. 

Amiel  (a-me-el'),  Henri  Frederic.  Born  at 
Geneva,  1821:  died  1881.  A  Swiss  scholar  and 
•  poet,  appointed  professor  of  esthetics  and  of 
French  literature  at  the  Academy  of  Geneva  in 
1849,  and  of  moral  philosophy  in  1853.  Parts 
of  his  "  Journal  intime  "  were  published  after  his 
death  (2  vols.  1882-84).  He  studied  at  Berlin 
1844^48. 

Amiens  (a-me-ah').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Somme,  Prance,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Selle  with  the  Somme  in  lat.  49° 
55'  N.,  long.  2°  18'  E.:  the  ancient  Samarobri- 
va.  It  was  the  capital  of  ancient  Picardie  and  is  now 
one  of  the  leading  manufacturing  and  commercial  cen- 
ters of  France.  The  cathedral  of  Amiens,  begun  in  1220, 
is  in  purity  and  majesty  of  design  perhaps  the  finest  ex- 
isting medieval  structure.  It  is  469  feet  long,  213  across 
the  transepts,  and  about  150  in  height  of  nave- vaulting. 
The  incomparable  faijade  has  3  huge  porches  covered 
with  the  richest  sculpture,  2  galleries,  the  lower  arcaded, 
the  upper  filled  with  statues  of  kings,  and  a  great  rose 
and  gable  between  two  low  square  towers.  The  transepts 
have  superb  roses  40  feet  in  diameter  above  traceried  ar- 
cades filled  with  colored  glass.  The  great  portal  of  the 
south  transept  is  famous  for  its  sculpture.  The  interior 
is  simple  and  most  impressive.  The  110  late-Pointed 
choir-stalls  are  probably  unexcelled,  and  the  radiating 
'  apsidal  chapels  are  of  exceptional  beauty.  The  slender 
wooden  central  spire  is  361  feet  high.  Population  (1901), 
90,038. 

Amiens,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained  Nov.  27, 
1870,  by  the  Germans  under  Manteuffel  over 
the  French.  It  was  followed  by  the  taking  of 
Amiens  Nov.  28,  and  the  surrender  of  its  cita- 
del Nov.  30. 

Amiens,  Council  at.     See  Amiens,  Mise  of. 

Amiens,  Mise  of.  The  award  pronounced  Jan. 
23,  1264,  by  Louis  IX.  of  Prance,  to  whom  the 
question  as  to  the  obligation  of  Henry  in.  to 
observe  the  Provisions  of  Oxford  had  been  re- 
ferred at  the  Council  of  Amiens,  Dec.  16, 1263. 

By  this  award  the  King  of  France  entirely  annulled  the 
Provisions  of  Oxford,  and  all  engagements  which  had 
been  made  respecting  them.  Not  content  with  doing  this 
in  general  terms,  he  forbade  the  making  of  new  statutes, 
as  proposed  and  carried  out  in  the  Provisions  of  West- 
minster, ordered  the  restoration  of  the  royal  castles  to  the 
king,  restored  to  him  the  power  of  nominating  the  officers 
of  state  and  the  sheriffs,  the  nomination  of  whom  had 
been  withdrawn  from  him  by  the  Provisions  of  Oxford ; 
he  annulled  the  order  that  natives  of  England  alone  should 
govern  the  realm  of  England,  and  added  that  the  king 
should  have  full  and  free  power  in  this  kingdom  as  he 
had  had  in  time  past.  All  this  was  in  the  king's  favor.  The 
arbitrator,  however,  added  that  all  charters  issued  before 
the  time  of  the  Provisions  should  hold  good,  and  that  all 
parties  should  condone  enmities  and  injuries  arising  from 
the  late  troubles.  Stubbs,  Early  Plantagenets,  p.  202. 

Amiens,  Treaty  of.  A  peace  concluded  at 
Amiens,  March  27, 1802,  between  Great  Britain 
on  one  side,  and  France,  Spain,  and  the  Ba- 
tavian  Republic  on  the  other.  England  restored 
all  conquests  except  Ceylon  and  Trinidad,  the  Ionian  Be- 
public  was  acknowledged,  the  French  were  to  abandon 
Rome  and  Naples,  and  Malta  was  to  be  restored  to  the 
Enights  of  St.  John. 

Amiens  (a'mi-enz).  In  Shakspere's  "As  you 
Like  it,"  a  gentleman  in  attendance  on  the 
duke. 

Atniti  (a-men').  The  eldest  son  of  Harun-al- 
Eashidin  "The  Three  Ladies  of  Bagdad"  in 


Amman,  Jost 

"The  Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments."  He 
marries  Amine. 

Amina  (a-me'na).  The  principal  character  in 
Bellini's  opera  "La  Sonnambula." 

Aminadab  (a-min'a-dab).  A  name  often  used 
by  the  older  dramatists  to  designate  a  Quaker. 

Aminadab  Sleek.    See  Sleek,  Aminadab. 

Amine  (a-men').  1.  In  the  story  of  "  Sidi  Nou- 
man"  in  "The  Arabian  Nights'  Entertain- 
ments," the  wife  of  Sidi  Nouman.  Her  habit  of 
eating  only  a  few  grains  of  rice,  at  table,  arouses  his  sus- 
picions, and  he  discovers  her  feasting  at  night  with  a 
ghoul. 

2.  In  the  story  of  "  The  Three  Ladies  of  Bag- 
dad" in  "The  Arabian  Nights'  Entertain- 
ments," Zobeide's  sister.  Without  knowing 
his  rank,  she  marries  Amin,  eldest  son  of  Ha- 
run-al-Rashid. 

Aminta  (a-min'ta).  A  pastoral  drama  by  Tasso, 
produced  in  1573. 

But  au  epoch  in  the  history  of  the  pastoral  drama  is 
marked  by  the  Aminta  of  Torquato  Tasso,  acted  at  Jer. 
rara  in  1573.  This  celebrated  poem  is  simple  in  plot ;  but 
its  design  is  allegorical,  and  the  Arcadia  presented  is  a 
refiexion  of  the  Ferrara  court,  the  poet  himself  appearing 
as  one  of  the  shepherds  (Tirsi).  Ward. 

Aminte  (a-manf).  1.  See  Cathos.—  2.  The 
neighbor  of  Sganarelle  in  Moli^re's  "L' Amour 
M6decin." 

Amintor  (a-min'tor).  One  of  the  principal 
male  characters  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's 
play  ' '  The  Maid's  Tragedy. "  His  weakness  and  ir- 
resolution in  love  are  explained,  but  not  compensated  for, 
by  his  fantastic  loyalty  to  his  king. 

Amiot,  or  Amyot  (a-me-6'),  Joseph,  Bom  at 
Toulon,  Prance,  1718:  died  at  Peking,  1794.  A 
French  Jesuit  missionary  (in  China)  and  Ori- 
entalist. He  wrote  "M^moires  concemant  I'histoire, 
les  sciences,  et  les  arts  des  Chinois"  (1776-91),  "Diction- 
naire  tatar-mantchou-fran?ais  "  (1789),  etc. 

Amirante  Islands  (am 'i- rant  i'landz).  A 
group  of  small  islands  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  be- 
longing to  the-  British,  situated  southwest  of 
the  Seychelles  about  lat.  5°-7°  S. 

Amirkot,  Amerkote  (am-er-kof).  A  town  in 
Sind,  British  India,  94  miles  east  of  Haidarabad. 

Amis  et  Amiles  (a-mes'  at  a-me'les).  A  chan- 
son de  geste,  in  3,500  lines,  dating  probably  from 
the  12th  century.  Its  theme  is  the  adventures  of  two 
noble  friends  Amis  and  Amiles.  They  escape  the  treachery 
of  the  felon  knight  Hardr^ ;  the  niece  of  Charles,  Lubiae^ 
is  bestowed  on  Amis,  and  his  daughter,  Bellicent,  falls  in 
love  with  Amiles;  the  latter  is  accused  of  treason  by 
Hardr^_,  and  is  saved  by  Amis  who  fights  in  his  stead  and 
slays  his  accuser ;  and  Amiles  and  Bellicent  are  married. 
Amis,  having  forsworn  himself  in  aiding  Amiles,  is  pun- 
ished by  an  attack  of  leprosy,  of  which  he  is  cured  by  the 
blood  of  the  children  of  Ainiles  who  are  slain  by  their 
father  for  this  purpose :  the  children,  however,  are  mirac- 
ulously restored  to  life.  Also  known  as  Arnys  aitd  Amy' 
loun. 

Amis  et  Amiles  is  the  earliest  vernacular  form  of  a  story 
which  attained  extraordinary  popularity  in  the  middle 
ages,  being  found  in  every  language  and  in  most  literary 
forms,  prose  and  verse,  narrative  and  dramatic.  This  pop- 
ularity may  partly  be  assigned  to  the  religious  and  mar- 
vellous elements  which  it  contains,  bat  is  due  also  to  the 
intrinsic  merits  of  the  story.  The  chanson  ...  is  writ- 
ten, like  Roland,  in  decasyllabic  verse,  but,  unlike  Roland, 
has  a  shorter  line  of  six  syllables  and  not  assonanced  at 
the  end  of  each  stanza.  Saintsbury,  Fr.  Lit.,  p.  16. 

Amis  (a'mis)  the  Parson.  A  comic  poem  in 
Middle  High  German,  composed  by  an  Austrian 
(Der  Strieker),  probably  about  1230. 

Amistad  (a-mes-ta^H')  Case.  The  case  of  the 
United  States  against  the  Spanish  vessel  Ami- 
stad. This  vessel,  while  coming  from  Africa  in  1839 
with  a  cargo  of  kidnapped  negroes,  was  seized  by  the  ne- 
groes near  Cuba  and  taken  to  the  coast  of  Connecticut, 
and  there  captured  by  a  United  States  vessel.  On  a  libel 
for  salvage  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  held  on  ap- 
peal that  the  negroes  were  free  and  not  pirates. 

Amisus  (a-mi'sus).  The  ancient  name  of  Sam- 
sun. 

Amlet  (am'let),  Dick  or  Richard,  In  Yan- 
brugh's  comedy  "  The  Confederacy,"  a  game- 
ster, the  son  of  a  garrulous  old  woman  who 
combines  the  trade  of  selling  paint,  powder, 
and  toilet  luxuries  to  ladies  with  a  less  re- 
spectable one.  He  attempts  with  her  assistance  to 
pass  himself  off  as  a  fine  gentleman,  but  only  produces  the- 
impression  of  a  footman  raised  from  the  ranks. 

Amlet,  Amleth,    Same  as  Hamlet. 

Amlet,  Mrs.    See  Amlet,  Dick. 

Amlwch  (am'lSk).  A  seaport  in  Anglesey, 
Wales,  56  miles  west  of  Liverpool,  noted  for 
its  (Parys)  copper-mines.  Population  (1891), 
5,567. 

Amman  (am'man),  Jost.  Bom  at  Ziirich, 
Switzerland,  about  1539:  died  at  Nuremberg, 
March,  1591.  A  Swiss  wood-engraver  and. 
painter.  He  came  to  Nuremberg  in  1560,  where  he  prob- 
ably worked  until  his  death.  He  is  chiefiy  known  for  his  en- 
gravings, especially  his  wood-engravings,  and  left  no  les& 
than  550  prints,  of  which  the  most  noted  are  a  set  of  US 
wood-prints  of  arts  and  trades,  printed  at  Frankfort  in  1686- 


Amman,  Johaim  Konrad 

Amman,  Johann  Eonrad.  Bom  at  Sehaff- 
hausen,  Switzerland,  1669:  died  at  Warmond, 
near  Leyden,  about  1725.    A  Swiss  physician 


51 

in  New  Hampshire,  about  100  mUes  long,  which 
rises  near  Mount  Washington  and  joins  the 
Connecticut  7  miles  north  of  Haverhill. 


and  writer  on  instruction  for  deaf-mutes.    His  Amol  (a-mol'),  or  Amul  (a-mol').    A  city  in 
„i.i„*   ™„j,„    —   «a„_j..-   , „    .,<,„„^     the  province  of  Mazanderan,  Persia,  situated 

on  the  Heraz  in  lat.  36°  20'  N.,  long.  52°  23' 

E.    It  was  very  important  in  the  middle  ages. 

Population,  10,000. 
Amometus  (am-o-me'tus).    A  Greek  writer  of 

uncertain  date,  author  of  a  poetical  descrip- 

tioTl    of  a,  nn.tiftTi  nf  "  Atta^artri"  fl-wfilli-no-  "ha- 


chief  works  are  "Surdus  loquens"  (1672), 
"Dissertatio  de  loquela"  (1700),-etc. 

Amman,  or  Ammann,  Paul.  Bom  at  Breslau, 
Prussia,  Aug.  30,  1634:  died  Feb.  4,  1691.  A 
German  physician  and  botanist.  He  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  botany  at  Leipsic  in  J674,  and  of 
pliysiology  In  1682,  and  was  the  author  of  "Praxis  Vul- 
nerum  lethalium  "  (1690), ' '  Character  naturalis  Plantarum  " 
(1676),  etc. 

Amman  (am-man').    A  ruined  town  northeast 


of  the  Dead  Sea,  the  ancient  Babboth  Ammon  Amon  (a'mon).  In  Old  Testament  history:  (a) 
or  Philadelphia.  It  contains  a  Roman  theater  about  -^  governor  of  Samaria  in  the  time  of  Ahab 
360  feet  in  diameter,  in  part  excavated  from  a  hillside. 

Ammanati  (am-ma-na'te),  Bartolommeo. 
Born  at  Settignano,  near  Florence,  June  18, 
1511:  died  at  Settignano,  April  22,  1592.    An 
Italian  architect  and  sculptor.    His  most  noted  Amon.    See  Amun. 
work  is  the  "Ponte  deUa  Trinity  "  at  Florence.  Amon,  or  Aimon,  or  Haymon, 


See  ^^mo»! 

Amoneburg  (a-m'en'e-bore).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Ohm  7  miles  east  of  Marburg.  It  was 
formerly  a  strong  fortress. 

Amontons  (a-m6n-t6n'),  Guillaume.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Aug.  31,  1668 :  died  Oct.  11,  1705.  A 
French  physicist.  He  was  the  inventor  of  a  system 
of  telegraphy  by  means  of  signals  from  one  station  to  an- 
other through  a  series. 

See  Amu-Daria. 
See  Amw. 

signed  from  the-army  in  1837,  becarae_captein"'.orToiun.  AmoraTm7a-m6'r^-§m)?lA^amV^po^e''/s.'] 

The  rabbis  who  commented  upon  the  Mishna, 
and  thus  evolved  the  Gemara,  which  with  the 
Mishna  constitutes  the  Talmud.  The  period  of 
the  Amoraim  begins  after  the  death  of  the  patriarch  rabbi 
Judah  I.  and  extends  to  the  close  of  the  Talmud,  i.  e., 
about  200-600  A.  D. 

1.  In  Spenser's  "  Faerie 


Amphiaraus 

an  instant,  but  subsided  and  gave  place  to  the  next  sham 
emotion.  Thackeray,  Pendennis,  II.  xxxv. 

Amory,  Thomas.  Bom  1691  (?) :  died  Nov.  25, 
1788.  An  English  writer,  author  of  "Memoirs 
containing  the  Lives  of  several  Ladies  of  Great 
Britain,  etc."  (1755),  "Life  of  John  Buncle, 
Esq."  (1756-66),  etc.  He  has  been  eaUed  the 
"English  Rabelais." 

"John  Buncle  "  is  virtually  a  continuation  of  the  me- 
mou's.  The  book  is  a  literary  curiosity,  containing  an  ex- 
traordinary medley  of  religious  and  sentimental  rhapso- 
dies, descriptions  of  scenery,  and  occasional  fragments  of 
apparently  genuine  autobiography.  "  The  soul  of  Rabe- 
lais," says  HazUtt  [who  never  gets  names  right],  "  passed 
into  John  (Thomas)  Amory." 

Leelie  Stephen,  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 
(Amos  vii.).  (6)  The  son  of  Manasseh  and  king  Amos  (a'mos).  [Heb.]  1.  AHebrew  prophet,  a 
r.f  .T„/i<.>,  RAQ_R4n  t,  r,       Tio^„=  „=„„=„i„„4.„.q     ooutemporary  of  Isalah  and  Hosca,  and  a uativo 

of  Tekoah,  near  Bethlehem. —  2.  One  of  the 
books  of  the  Old  Testament,  the  third  of  the 
minor  prophets. 


yond  the  Himalayan  range,  resembling  the 
ancient  account  of  the  Hyperboreans. 


of  Judah  642-640  B.  c.  He  was  assassinated 
through  a  court  conspiracy,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  son  Josiah, 


Ammen  (am'en),  Daniel.  Bom  May  15, 1820: 
died  July  11, 1898.  An  American  admiral.  He  en- 
tered the  navy  as  midshipman  July  7, 1836,  was  made  exec- 
utive officer  of  the  North  Atlantic  blockading  squadron  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  and  commanded  the  Seneca 
in  the  attack  on  Port  Royal  Nov.  7, 1861,  and  the  Patapsco 
in  that  on  Fort  McAllister  March  3, 1863.  He  was  pro- 
moted captain  July  26, 1866,  and  was  retu?ed  with  the  rank 
of  rear-admiral  June  4,  1878.  He  wrote  "The  Atlantic 
Coast "  ("  The  Navy  in  the  Civil  War  "  series,  1883). 

Ammen,  Jacob.    Bom  Feb.  7, 1808:  died  Feb.  Amoo 
6,  1894.    An  American  general  in  the  Civil  Amnnr 
War.    He  was  gradua,ted  from  West  Point  in  1831,  re-  Amor  (a'mor) 


teers  April  18, 1861,  took  part  in  the  West  Virginia  cam- 
paign under  McClellan,  was  promoted  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers  July  16, 1862,  and  was  in  command  of  the  dis- 
trict of  East  Tennessee  April  10, 1864,- Jan.  14,  1866,  when 
he  resigned. 

Ammer  (am'mer),  or  Amper  (iim'per).  A  river 
in  Upper  Bavaria,  which  rises  in  the  Alps, 
traverses  the  Ammersee,  and  joins  the  Isar  30  Amoret  (am'o-ret) 


It  receives  the 
Length,  about 


miles  northeast  of  Munich 
outlet  of  the  Starnbergersee 
125  miles. 

Ammergau.    See  Ober-Ammergau. 

Ammeriand  (am'mer-land).  A  small  district  in 
the  western  part  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Olden- 
burg, Germany. 

Ammersee  (am'er-za).  A  lake  in  Upper  Ba- 
varia, 10  miles  long,  traversed  by  the  Ammer. 
It  lies  west  of  the  Starnbergersee. 

Ammianus  (am-i-a'nus' 
Antiooh,  Syria,  about  330 
A  Greek  historian,  author  of  a  history 
(in  Latin),  covering  the  period  96  a.  D.-378. 
The  part  for  96-352  is  lost.  He  wrote  probably 
between  380-390. 

Ammon.    See  Amun. 

Ammon  (am'on).  The  eponymio  ancestor  of 
a  people,  the  children  of  Ammon,  or  Ammon- 
ites, frequently  mentioned  in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment: according  to  the  account  in  Genesis, 
the  son  of  Lot  by  his  younger  daughter  was 
Ben- Ami  (Gen.  xix.  38). 

Ammon,  or  Amon,  or  Amun,  Saint.  Bom 
about  285,  in  lower  Egypt:  died  348.  The 
founder  of  the  settlement  of  hermits  in  Nitria. 
See  Nitria. 

Ammon  (am'mon),  Christoph  Friedrich  von. 
Born  at  Bayreuth,  Bavaria,  Jan.  16, 1766 :  died 
at  Dresden,  May  21,  1850.  A  German  Protes- 
tant preacher  and  rationalistic  theologian.  He 
was  appointed  professor  (1789)  at  Erlangen,  later  (1794) 
at  GSttingen,  and  again  (1804)  at  Erlangen. 

Ammon,  Friedrich  August  von.  Born  at 
GSttingen,  Sept.  10,  1799:  died  May  18,  1861. 
A  German  ophthalmologist,  son  of  C.  P.  von 
Ammon.  He  became  professor  in  the  surgical  and  medi- 
cal academy  at  Dresden  in  1829,  and  royal  privy  medical 
counselor  in  1844. 

Ammonias  (a-mo'ni-as).  [Gr.  'Afi/^aviac.'\ 
architect  who,  according  to  an  epigram 
the  Anthology,  restore^  the  Pharos  of  Alex- 
andria in  the  time  of  the  emperor  Anastasius, 
about  the  end  of  the  5th  century  a.  d.  He  is 
also  credited  with  the  construction  of  an  aque- 
duct. 

Ammonius  (a-mo'ni-us).  Bom  about  170  A.  d.  : 
died  after  243.  An  Alexandrian  philosopher, 
the  founder  of  the  Neoplatonic  school,  sur- 
named  "  Saccas  "  or  "  Saccophorus  "  ( '  the  sack- 
bearer'),  from  his  occupation,  in  early  life,  as  a 
porter.  Plotinus,  longinus,  and  Origen  were  his  pupils. 
According  to  Porphyry  he  was  born  a  Christian,  but  this 
is  denied  by  Eusebius  and  Jerome, 

Ammonius,  An  Alexandrian  philosopher,  of 
the  second  half  of  the  5th  century  a.  d.,  a  com- 
mentator on  Aristotle. 

Ammonoosuc  (am-o-uo'suk).  Lower,    a  river 


Queene,"  the  twin  sister  of  Belphoebe,  the  im 

?oI?X^*'r  °i!^^  f  ^,?^  ^"".^  ?^™  °^  *^™^^^  Amo^°ea£(Im-oslkeg').     See  Pennaeook. 


The  humble  condition  of  a  shepherd  following  his  flock 
on  the  bare  mountains  of  Tekoa  has  tempted  many  com- 
mentators, from  Jerome  downwards,  to  think  of  Amos  as 
an  unlettered  clown,  and  to  trace  his  "rusticity "in  the 
language  of  Us  book.  To  the  unprejudiced  judgment, 
however,  the  prophecy  of  Amos  appears  one  of  the  best 
examples  of  pure  Hebrew  style.  The  language,  the  im- 
ages, the  grouping  are  alike  admirable ;  and  the  simplicity 
of  the  diction,  obscured  only  in  one  or  two  passages  by 
the  fault  of  transcribers  (iv.  3 ;  ix.  1),  is  a  token,  not  of 
rusticity,  but  of  perfect  mastery  over  a  language  whicli, 
though  unfit  for  the  expression  of  abstract  ideas,  is  unsur- 
passed as  a  vehicle  for  impassioned  speech. 

W.  S.  Smith,  Prophets  of  Israel,  p.  125. 

Amos,  Sheldon.  Bom  about  1835:  died  near 
Alexandria;  Egypt,  Jan.  2,  1886.  An  English 
jurist  and  publicist.  He  was  professor  of  jurispru- 
dence at  University  College,  London,  1867-79,  and  author 
of  "  Capital  Punishment  in  England  "  (1864),  "  Codifica- 
tion in  England  and  the  State  of  New  York  "  (1867),  "Dif- 
ference of  Sex  as  a  Topic  of  Jurisdiction  and  Legislation  " 
(1870),  "  Policy  of  the  Contagions  Diseases  Acts  Tested  " 
(1870),  "  A  Systematic  View  of  the  Science  of  Jurispru- 
dence "  (1872),  etc 

Amosis.    See  Aahmes. 


beauty.  Brought  up  by  Venus  In  the  Courts  of  Love, 
she  becomes  the  wife  of  Sir  Scudamore,  but  is  not  in- 
sensible to  the  passion  of  Corflambo  (sensual  love).  (See 
Busirane.)    Also  AmareUa. 

2.  In  Fletcher's  "Faithful  Shepherdess,"  a 
shepherdess  in  love  with  and  loved  by  Perigot, 
and  enduring  many  trials  with  sweetness  and 
constancy. 


Amour  Medecin  (a-mor'  mad-san'),  L'.  A 
comedy  by  Molifere,  produced  in  1665  at  Ver- 
sailles. In  this  play  he  ridicules  pedantry  and  charla- 
tanism in  the  medical  profession,  against  which  he  had 
a  spite. 

Amoy  (a-moi').  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Puhkien,  China,  situated  on  the  island  of  Amoy 
opposite  Formosa,  in  lat.  24°  27'  N.,  long.  118° 
4'  E,  Itisafreehaven,  and  has  one  of  the  best  harbors  in 
the  country.  It  exports  tea,  sugar,  opium,  etc.  It  was 
captured  by  the  British  in  1841,  and  became  open  to  Brit- 
ish commerce  in  1842.    Population  (1888),  96,000. 


An  isl- 

one  of 

the  Cyclades,  16  miles  southeast  of  Naxos.    It 

is  moxmtainous  and  fruitful.  Population,  about  Amoymon.    See  Amaimon. 
2,000.  Amper.    See  Ammer. 

Amorites  (am'o-rits).     [Probably  from  Heb.  Ampere  (on-par'),   Andr6  Marie. 


amir,  mountain-top,  the  mountaineers  (Num. 
xiii.  29).  ]  A  name  used  in  the  Old  Testament  in 
general  for  the  Canaanltes  as  well  as  for  a  sub- 
division of  the  Canaanites.  Biblical  critics  assert 
that  in  the  set  of  documents  known  as  J  (Jabvist)  all  the 
pre-Israelitish  inhabitants  of  Palestine  are  called  Canaan- 
ites, while  in  the  documents  known  as  B  (Elohist)  (by 
others  R=:Redactor)  they  are  called  Amorites.  This  gen- 
eral use  of  the  term  Amorite  finds  further  confirmation  in 
the  recently  suggested  reading  of  a  geographical  term  in 
the  cuneiform  inscriptions,  mat  Am/urH,  country  of  the 
Amorites, which  denominates  in  the  inscriptions  Fhcenicia 
and  Syria  in  genera],  particularly  Palestine :  it  was  previ- 
ously read  mat  Aharri.  Even  in  the  restricted  sense  it  is 
obvious  that  they  were  one  of  the  chief  races  of  Canaan. 
As  early  as  the  13th  century  B.  c.  they  seem  to  have  been 
antagonists  of  the  Hittites.  They  appear  on  the  Egyptian 
monuments  as  Amaru;  they  lived  east  of  the  Jordan 
where  Sihon  and  Og,  their  kings,  were  defeated  by  Moses. 

The  land  thus  conquered  became  the  property  of  the  tribes    ,  i    ,       , 

ofReuben,  Gad,  and  half  of  Manasseh.   Those  west  of  the  Ampersand    (am'per-sand) 
Jordan  were  conquered  by  Joshua,  and  their  territory  was 
given  to  the  tribe  of  Judah. 

Amorous  Bigot,  The.    A  comedy  by  T.  Shad- 
well,  produced  in  1690. 
A„  Amorous  Complaint  Made  at  Windsor,  An. 
^    A  poem  attributed  to  Chaucer. 

Amorous  La  Foole,  Sir,    See  La  Foole. 

Amorous  Prince,  The.  A  play  by  Mrs.  Aphra 
Behn,  adapted  from  Davenport's  "  City  Night- 
Cap,"  produced  and  printed  in  1671. 

Amorphus  (a-m6r'fus).  In  Ben  Jonson's  com- 
edy 'MCJynthia's  Revels,"  a  traveler  and  affected 
talker.  He  is  a  liar  and  braggart,  and  an  arbi- 
trator of  quarrels,  but  no  filter. 

Amory  (a'mo-ri),  Blanche.    In  Thackeray's 


Bom  at 


Lyons,  Jan.  22,  1775:  died  at  Marseilles,  June 
10,  1836.  A  French  physicist  and  mathemati- 
cian, famous  for  his  investigations  in  electro- 
dynamics. He  was  professor  at  the  Polytechnic  School 
in  Paris  and  later  in  the  College  de  France,  and  a  member 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences.  His  chief  works  are ' '  Recueil 
d'observations  ^lectro-dynamiques  "  (1822),  and  "ThSorie 
des  ph^nom^nes  61ectro-dynamiques. 

Ampere,  Jean  Jacotues  Antoine.    Bom  at 

Lyons,  Aug.  12,  1800:  died  at  Pan,  France, 
March  27,  1864.  A  French  literary  historian, 
son  of  A.  M.  Ampere,  professor  in  the  Collige 
de  France,  and  a  member  of  the  French  Acad- 
emy. He  was  the  author  of  "Histoire  litt^raire  de  la 
France  avant  le  12"e  si^cle  "  (1839-40),  "  Histoire  romaine 
k  Rome  "  (1866-64),  "  Histoire  de  la  formation  de  la  langue 
frauQaise,"  "L'empire  remain  kRome,"  " La Grfece, Rome, 
et  Dante." 

A  peak  of  the 
Adirondaeks  situated  south  of  the  Saranac 
Lakes.    It  is  3,430  feet  in  height. 

Ampezzaner  (am-pet-sa'ner)  Alps,  A  group 
of  the  Dolomite  iUps  on  the  borders  of  south- 
em  Tyrol  and  Italy. 

Ampezzo  (am-pet's6).  The  upper  valley  of  the 
Boita,  situated  in  Tyrol  and  the  Italian  border 
26  miles  southeast  of  Brixen.  Its  chief  town  is 
Cortina  di  Ampezzo  (or  Ampezzo  di  Calore). 
Population  (commune),  about  3,000. 

Ampezzo.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Udine, 
Italy,  32  miles  northwest  of  Udine.  Population, 
about  2,000. 

Ampfing  (amp'fing).  A  village  in  Upper  Ba- 
5  miles  west  of  Miihldorf. 


vv.  ^y  ^^„  .„i„„„„v,.    ^^   -..- — . — J  „    varia,  .j  i^iioo  „cou  uj. 
novel  "Pendennis,"  a  worldly,  frivolous,  and  Ampfing,   Battle  of.     1.  See  Muhldorf.—Z. 
selfish  girl,  whose  real  name  is  Betsy,    she  en:    A  victory  gained  by  the  Austrians  under  Arch- 
courages  any  man,  even  the  French  cook,  and,  while  posing    duke  John  over  the  French,  Dee   1,  1800 
as  a  tender,  delicate  flower,  makes  every  one  about  her  as    AYmmTifolno  Co™  «'n  i,,n\      n?«««,  I,   n,.    „„■.«„ 
uncomfortable  as  possible.  Ami^hialUS  (am-fi  a-lus).     [From  a  Gr.  name 

„     „.  ,  ,     ™      .  ,    ,      ,      2i«*iffiAof.]     In  Sidney's  "Arcadia,"  the  vabant 

For  this  young  lady  [Blanche  Amory]  was  not  able  to     „„a  virtuous  son  of  t.hn  wickpfl  fifiPTonHn    aTid 
carry  out  any  emotion  to  the  fuU ;  but  had  a  sham  enthu-     ana  virtuous  son  or  xne  WiCJiea  l^eoropea,  ana 
siasm,  a  sham  hatred,  a  sham  love,  a  sham  taste,  a  sham     ^ne  lover  or  His  cousin  Philoclea. 
grief,  each  of  which  flared  and  shone  very  vehemently  for  AmpMaraUS  (am^fi-a-ra'us).      [Gr.  'Afi^ldpaoc.^ 


Amphiaraus 

In  Greek  mythology,  a  seer  and  hero  of  Argos, 
who  took  part  in  the  Argonautie  expedition, 
the  hunt  of  the  Calydonian  boar,  and  the  ex- 
pedition of  the  Seven  against  Thebes. 
Amphiareion  (am"fi-a-ri'on).  A  sanctuary 
and  oracle  of  Amphiaraus,  near  Oropus,  in 
Boeotia,  Greece.  Amphiaraus  was  one  of  the  Seven 
who  marched  against  Thebes,  and  was  here  swallowed  up 
by  the  earth  at  the  will  of  Zeus,  to  save  him  in  his  flight. 
The  sanctuary  occupies  a  narrow  area  on  the  bank  of  a 
torrent;  it  includes  a  temple  and  altar,  a  large  portico,  a 
long  range  of  bases  for  votive  statues,  and  a  theater  whose 
plan  and  stage-structure  are  interesting.  All  the  existing 
ruins  are  of  Hellenistic  date.  The  oracle  enjoyed  great 
renown,  and  the  deified  seer  had  a  high  reputation  for 
healing  sickness.  Excavations  have  been  made  here  since 
1884  by  the  Archseological  Society  of  Athens. 

Amphictyony  (am-fik'ti-ou-i),  or  Amphicty- 
onic  League  (am-fik-ti-oii'ik  leg).  [Prom  Gr. 
d/iijuKTvovec,  dwellers  around,  neighbors.]  In 
Greek  history,  a  league  of  peoples  inhabiting 
neighboring  territories  or  drawn  together  by 
community  of  origin  or  interests,  for  mutual 
protection  and  the  guardianship  in  common  of  a 
central  sanctuary  and  its  rites.  There  were  several 
such  confederations,  but  the  name  is  specially  appropri- 
ated to  the  most  famous  of  them,  that  of  Delphi.  This 
was  composed  of  twelve  tribes,  and  its  deputies  met  twice 
each  year,  alternately  at  Delphi  and  at  Thermopylse.  Its 
origin  dates  back  to  the  beginnings  of  Grecian  history, 
and  it  survived  the  independence  of  Greece.  It  exercised' 
paramount  authority  over  the  famous  oracular  sanctuary 
of  the  Pythian  Apollo  and  over  the  surrounding  region, 
and  conducted  the  Pythian  games;  and  it  constituted, 
though  in  an  imperfect  way,  a  national  congress  of  the 
many  comparatively  small  and  often  opposed  states  into 
which  Greece  was  divided. 

AmpMlochuS  (am-fil'o-kus).  [Gr.  >A/^i?ioxoSi'i 
In  Greek  legend,  a  seef,  son  of  Amphiaraus 
and  brother  of  AJcmsBOu:  one  of  the  Epigoni. 

AmpMon  (am-H'on).  [Gr.  'A/J^iuv.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  skilful  musician,  son  of  Zeus  and 
Antiope,  twin  brother  of  Zethus,  and  husband 
of  Niobe.  The  brothers  slew  Dirce,  who  had  ill-treated 
their  mother,  by  causing  her  to  be  dragged  to  death  by 
a  bull.  They  took  possession  of  Thebes,  and  when  the 
walls  were  building,  the  stones  moved  of  their  own  accord 
to  their  places  under  the  influence  of  Amphion's  lyre. 

AmpUpolis  (am-fip'o-Us).  [Gr.  'Aft<l>iiroXtg.']  In 
ancient  geography,  a  city  ia  Macedonia,  on 
the  Strymon,  3  miles  from  the  .^gean,  in  lat. 
40°  48'  N.4  long.  23°  51'  E.  Originally  a  Thracian 
town,  it  was  colonized  by  Athens  about  436  B.  c,  and  was 
captured  by  Sparta  in  424  B.  c.  Near  it  the  Spartans 
under  Brasldas  defeated  the  Athenians  under  Cleon  422 
B.  0.  It  later  became  a  Macedonian  and  then  a  Roman 
possession. 

AmpMssa  (am-fis'a).  [Gt.  "A/Kjiiaaa.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  town  of  the  Ozolian  Lo- 
crians,  Greece,  10  miles  northwest  of  Delphi. 

Ainphitrite(am-fi-tri'te).  IGi. 'A/KpiTplTj/.']  l.In 
Greek  mythology,  the  goddess  of  the  sea,  daugh- 
ter of  Nereus  and  Doris,  and  wife  of  Poseidon. 
—  2.  An  asteroid  (No.  29)  discovered  by  Marth, 
at  London,  March  1,  1854. 

A^pMtruo.    See  Amphitryon. 

Amphitryon  (am-fit'ri-on),  or  Amphitruo  (am- 
fit'ru-o).  [Gr.  'A/i(t>tTpvuv.^  In  Greek  legend,  a 
son  of  AlcsBus,  Ising  of  Troezen,  and  husband 

■  of  Alcmene.  To  secure  Alcmene  (who  would  not  wed 
him  until  the  death  of  her  brothers,  who  were  slain  by 
the  Taphians,  was  avenged)  he  undertook,  for  his  uncle 
Creon,  to  catch  the  Taumessian  fox,  which  by  a  decree  of 
fate  could  not  be  captured,  by  the  help  of  an  Athenian 
dog  which  fate  had  decreed  should  catch  every  animal 
it  might  pursue.  Fate  extricated  itself  from  its  perplex- 
ity by  turning  both  animals  into  stone.  He  attacked  the 
Taphians,  but  could  not  overcome  them  so  long  as  the 
chief  Pterelaus,  who  was  rendered  immortal  by  one  golden 
hair^  lived.  Comffitho,  daughter  of  Pterelaus,  _cut  off  this 
hair  for  love  of  Amphitryon,  and  he  perished.  The  appli- 
cation of  the  name  Amphitryon  to  a  host  is  from  that 
part  of  the  stoiy  where  Jupiter  assumes  the  former's  shape 
in  order  to  visit  Alcmene.  He  gives  a  feast  and  is  inter- 
rupted by  the  real  Amphitryon.  This  gives  rise  (in  Mo- 
liere's  comedy)  to  a  dispute  which  is  settled  by  the  phrase 
"Le  veritable  Amphitryon  est  1' Amphitryon  oil  Ton  dine" 
(he  who  gives  the  feast  is  the  host). 

Amphitryon,  or  Amphitruo.  1.  A  play  of 
Plautus  "  with  a  mythological  (comic-marvel- 
ous) plot,  treated  with  complete  mastery  over 
the  language  and  with  sparkling  humor.  Its 
original  and  the  time  of  its  composition  are 
unknown"  {Teujfel  and  Schwabe). 

It  is  more  of  a  burlesque  than  a  comedy,  and  is  full  of 
humour.  It  is  founded  on  the  well-worn  fable  of  Jupiter 
and  Alcmena,  and  has  been  imitated  by  Molifere  and  Dry- 
den.  Its  source  is  uncertain  ;  but  it  is  probably  from 
Archippas,  a  writer  of  the  old  comedy  (416  B.  o.).  Its 
form  suggests  rather  a  development  of  the  Satyric  drama. 
Cruttwell,  Hist,  of  Soman  Lit.,  p.  44. 

3.  A  comedy  by  Molifere,  produced  in  1668:  a 
version  of  Plautus's  play. — 3.  An  opera  by 
Sedaine,  produced  in  1781. — 4.  A  comedy  by 
Andrieux,  produced  in  1782. 
Amphitryon,  or  The  Two  Socias.  A  comedy 
by  Dryden,  performed  in  1690 :  an  altered  ver- 
sion of  Moliere's  play. 


52 

Amplepuis  (oh-ple-pwe').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Rhone,  France,  29  miles  northwest 
of  Lyons.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton  and 
muslin.    Population  (1891),  commune,  7,113. 

Ampsivarii  (amp-si-va'ri-i),  or  Amsivarii. 
[L.  Ampsivarii  (Tacitus);  cf.  L.  Amisia,  the 
Ems.]  A  German  tribe  described  by  Tacitus 
as  originally  neighbors,  in  the  region  of  the 
Ems,  of  the  Chauci  who  had  driven  them  out. 
In  the  year  68  A.  D.  they  appeared  on  the  Ehine  whence 
they  were  dislodged  by  the  Eonians,  and  were  thought  to 
have  been  annihilated.  They  reappeared,  however,  in  the 
4th  century  in  incursions  into  Koman  territory.  They  were 
ultimately  merged  in  the  Pranks. 

Ampthill  (ampt'hil).  A  small  town  in  Bed- 
fordshire, England,  40  miles  northwest  of  Lon- 
don. 

Ampthill,  Baron.    See  Russell,  Odo  William. 

Ampudia  (am-po'de-a),  Pedro  de.  A  Mexican 
general,  in  command  of  the  Mexican  army  on 
the  Eio  Grande  at  the  beginning  of  the  Mexi- 
can war,  1846.  As  commander  at  Monterey  he 
surrendered  to  General  Taylor  Sept.  24,  1846. 

Ampurdan  (am-p6r-dan').  A  valley-plain  in 
the  province  of  Gerona,  Spain,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Figueras. 

Amraoti  (am-ra-6'te),  or  Amrawati  (am-ra- 
wa'te).  A  district  in  East  Berar,  Haidarabad 
Assigned  Districts,  India,  intersected  by  lat. 
21°  N.,  long.  78°  E.  Area,  2,759  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  655,645. 

Amraoti.  A  town  in  Amraoti  district,  lat.  20° 
56'  N., long.  77° 44' E.  Population  (1891),  33,655. 

Amraphel  (am'ra-fel).  A  king  of  Shinar 
(southern  Babylonia)  who,  allied  with  Chedor- 
laomer,  king  of  Elam,  and  two  other  kings, 
marched,  in  the  time  of  Abraham,  against  the 
five  kings  of  the  Vale  of  Siddim  (Gen.  xiv.). 
He  is  identified  by  some  with  Hammurabi  who  reigned 
about  2200  B.  0.,  by  others  with  his  father  Sin-muballit 
whose  name  is  sometimes  read  Amarpal :  all  this  is,  how- 
ever, very  uncertain. 

Amri  (am'ri).  In  the  second  part  of  Dryden 
and  Tait's  "Absalom  and  Aehitophel,"  a  char- 
acter intended  to  represent  Heneage  Finch. 

Amrit  (am'ret)  A  ruined  town  on  the  coast  of 
Phoenicia,  30  miles  north  of  Tripolis:  the  an- 
cient Marathus.  It  contains  important  antiquities. 
The  Burdj  el-Bezz3,k  is  an  ancient  Phenician  tomb  built 
of  huge  blocks  of  stone.  It  is  square,  with  a  plain  mas- 
sive cornice,  and  terminated  in  a  pyramid,  now  ruined. 
The  original  height  was  62  feet.  It  contains  two  chambers, 
one  over  the  other,  with  niches  for  corpses.  Another 
tomb  at  Amrit  is  one  of  the  most  elaborate  of  surviving 
Phenician  works.  The  base  is  square  and  on  it  rest  three 
superposed  circular  drums,  each  smaller  than  that  below. 
The  top  drum  terminates  in  domical  form,  and  the  two 
upper  drums  have  a  cornice  of  combined  dentils  and 
serrations.  A  molding  of  concave  curve  connects  the 
lowest  and  middle  drums.  On  the  corners  of  the  base 
stand  four  rude  lions,  issuing  from  the  lowest  drum.  The 
height  is  about  32  feet.  The  so-called  "monolithic" 
house  is  a  structure  with  walls  for  the  most  part  hewn 
from  the  solid  rock.  It  is  isolated  by  the  cutting  away  of 
the  rock  behind.  The  chief  front  is  about  97  feet  long 
and  20  high.  The  interior  shows  holes  for  wooden  ceiling- 
beams.  The  Kaabed  is  an  old  Phenician  temple  consist- 
ing of  a  small  cella,  open  on  one  side  to  exhibit  the  sacred 
image,  and  raised  on  a  square  base  or  die.  The  roof  is  a 
great  slab  hewn  to  the  form  of  a  flat  arch  on  the  under 
side,  the  whole  forming  a  miniature  and  simplified  Egyp- 
tian temple.  The  total  height  is  23  feet.  The  cella  was 
originally  surrounded  by  a  colonnaded  court  There  are 
also  ruins  of  a  stadium  with  ten  tiers  of  seats,  on  one 
side  all  rock-hewn,  on  the  other  partly  built  up  of  ma- 
sonry. It  now  measures  99  by  411  feet,  but  has  probably 
lost  some  of  its  length. 

Amrita  (am-re'ta).  [Sometimes  ^mreeto;  Skt. 
amrita,  prop,  adj.,  immortal,  =  Gr.  a/ipporoc, 
whence  ult.  E.  amirosia.'i  In  Hindu  my- 
thology, a  god  (masc.) ;  the  water  of  life  (neu- 
ter) ;  ambrosia,  in  the  latter  sense  the  term  is  vari- 
ously applied  in  the  Vedas,  but  especially  to  the  soma 
juice.  In  later  legend  it  was  the  water  of  life  produced 
at  the  churning  of  the  ocean  by  the  gods  and  demons. 
The  Ramayana,  the  Mahabharata,  and  the  Puranas  give 
the  story  with  variations.  The  gods,  worsted  by  the  de- 
mons, repaired  to  Vishnu,  asking  new  strength  and  im- 
mortality. He  bade  them  churn  the  ocean  for  the  Amrita 
and  other  lost  treasures.  Collecting  all  plants  and  herbs, 
they  cast  them  into  the  sea  of  milk,  which  they  churned, 
using  Mount  Mandara  as  a  chuming-stick  and  the  serpent 
Vasuki  as  a  rope,  while  Vishnu  himself  was  the  pivot. 
From  the  sea  came  the  sacred  cow,  Surabhi,  Varuni,  god- 
dess of  wine,  Parijata,  the  tree  of  paradise,  the  Apsarases, 
the  moon,  poison,  Sri,  the  goddess  of  beauty,  and  Dhan- 
vantara,  physician  of  the  gods. 

Amritsar(am-rit'sar),orUmritsir(um-rit's6r). 
A  division'in  the  Panjab,  British  India.  Area, 
5,354  square  miles.  Population  (1881),  2,729,109. 

Amritsar.  A  district  in  the  division  of  Amrit- 
sar,  intersected  by  lat.  31°  30'  N.,  long.  75°  E. 
Area,  1,601  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
992,697. 

Amritsar,  orUmritsir  (um-rit's6r).  The  cajji- 
tal  of  the  Amritsar  di^rict  and  division,  in 
lat.  31°  40'  N.,  long.  74°  45'  E.:  one  of  the 
most  important  commercial  and  manufacturing 


Amun 

cities  in  northern  India.  It  is  the  religious  center 
of  the  Sikhs,  and  contains  a  Sikh  temple  attended  by  600 
to  600  priests.  Population,  including  cantonment  (1891), 
136,766. 

Amru  ben-el-Ass  (am'ro  ben-el-Ss'),  or  Amer. 
Died  about  663  a.  d.  An  Arab  general  and 
statesman.  He  conquered  Syria  during  the  reign  of 
the  calif  Abn-Bekr,  and  Egypt  639-641,  in  that  of  Omar. 
By  his  statesmanlike  reorganization  of  the  conquered 
provinces,  and  by  the  excellence  of  his  administration,  he 
did  much  to  reconcile  the  inhabitants  to  Islam.  The 
story  that,  at  the  taking  of  Alexandria,  he  gave  the 
order  to  destroy  the  celebrated  AlcxanfU-ine  library,  is 
probably  unhistorical. 

Amru-el-Kais  (am'rS-el-lds').  Lived  at  the 
beginning  of  the  7th  century.  An  Arabian  poet, 
hostile  to  Mohammed.  His  "MoaIlak3,t"  was 
translated  by  Sir  W.  Jones,  1782. 

Amrum  (am'rom),  or  Amrom  (am'rom).  One 
of  the  North  Friesian  Islands  in  the  North  Sea, 
west  of  Schleswig.    Its  length  is  6  miles. 

Amsancti,  or  Ampsancti,  Vallis  (am-sank'te 
varies).  A  valley  in  the  province  of  Avellino, 
Italy,  near  Frigento,  in  lat.  41°  N.,  long.  15°  7' 
E.,  noted  for  its  sulphurous  lake  and  cave. 

Amsdorf  (ams'dorf ),  Nikolaus  von.  Born  at 
Torgau,  Germany,  Dec.  3,  1483:  died  May  14, 
1565.  A  German  Protestant  reformer.  He  was 
the  intimate  friend  of  Luther,  whom  he  accompanied  to 
Leipsic  in  1619  and  to  Worms  in  1621,  and  whom  he  aided 
in  the  translation  of  the  Bible.  He  was  instrumental  in 
introducing  the  Reformation  into  Magdeburg  in  1624,  into 
Goslar  in  1628,  and  elsewhere ;  was  consecrated  bishop  of 
Naumburg  by  Luther  in  1542,  but  was  driven  from  his  see 
In  1546  in  the  Smalkaldic  war,  and  was  a  prominent  op- 
ponent of  Melanchthon  in  the  adiaphoristic  controversy. 

Amsler  (ams'ler),  Samuel.  Bom  at  Schinz- 
naeh,  Aargau,  Switzerland,  Dec.  17,  1791 :  died 
at  Munich,  May  18, 1849.  A  German  engraver. 
Among  his  noted  works  are  the  "Triumphal  March  of 
Alexander  the  Great "  (after  Thorwaldsen),  the  "  Triumph 
of  Religion  in  the  Arts  "  (after  Overbeck),  etc. 

Amsteg,  or  Amstag  (am'stag).  A  village  in  the 
canton  of  Uri,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  St. 
Gotthard  route  27  miles  southeast  of  Lucerne. 

Amstel  (am'stel).  A  small  river  in  the  Neth- 
erlands, which  flows  through  Amsterdam  and 
empties  into  the  Y. 

Amstelland  (am'stel-lant).  Formerly,  the 
name  given  to  the  region  which  lies  near  the 
Amstel. 

Amsterdam  (am'stfer-dam).  [Orig.  Amstelle- 
damme,  dam  of  the  Amstel.]  A  city  in  the 
province  of  North  Holland,  Netherlands,  built 
on  marshy  ground  (traversed  by  canals  con- 
nected by  numerous  bridges)  at  the  junction 
of  the  Amstel  and  Y,  in  lat.  52°  22'  N.,  long. 
4°  5'  E. :  the  chief  commercial  city  and  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Netherlands,  and  one  of  the  leading 
seaports  of  Europe.  It  has  communication  by  the 
Korth  Sea  Canal  and  North  Holland  Canal  with  the  North 
Sea,  It  is  a  market  for  colonial  products,  including  sugar, 
coffee,  spices,  rice,  tobacco,  etc.,  has  ship-building  indus- 
tries and  important  manufactures  of  sugar,  sails,  tobacco, 
beer,  etc.,  and  is  especially  famous  for  diamond-cutting 
and  -polishing.  It  was  founded  at  the  beginning  of  the 
13th  century,  became  of  great  importance  on  the  decline 
of  Antwerp  about  1586-95,  and  was  the  first  commercial 
city  of  Europe  in  the  17th  century.  It  was  entered  by  the 
French  in  1795,  and  belonged  to  the  French  Empire  1810-18. 
It  contains  various  important  Ljuildings,  museums,  etc. 
Population  (1900),  620,602. 

Amsterdam.  AcityinMontgomeryCounty,New 
York,  situated  on  the  Mohawk  30  miles  north- 
west of  Albany.  It  has  important  manufac- 
tures of  knit  goods.    Population  (1900),  20,929. 

Amsterdam.  A  small  uninhabited  island  in  the 
Indian  Ocean,  in  lat.  37°  51'  S.,  long.  77°  32'  E. 

Amsterdam,  New.  An  old  name  for  New  York 
(city). 

Amstetten  (Sm'stet-ten).  A  small  town  in 
Lower  Austria,  situated  on  the  Ips  28  miles 
east  by  south  of  Linz. 

Amucu  (a-mo-kO'),  Lake.  A  small  lake  in 
British  Guiana,  about  lat.  3°  40'  N.,  connected 
with  the  Essequibo  and,  through  the  Branco, 
with  the  Amazon.  According  to  Schomburgk  this 
was  the  so-called  Lake  Farima  connected  with  the  myth 
of  El  Dorado. 

Amu  Daria  (a-mo'  dar'ya),  Ar.  Jihun  (je'hon), 
or  Gihon.  The  principal  river  of  Central  Asia: 
the  ancient  Oxus.  It  rises  as  the  Ak-Su  in  the  east- 
ern Pamir  near  the  frontier  of  eastern  Turkestan ;  flows 
generally  west  to  near  long.  66°  E.  separating  in  psit  of 
its  course  Bokhara  from  Afghanistan ;  flows  then  north- 
west, and  empties  by  a  delta  into  the  southern  part  of 
the  Sea  of  AraL  It  is  generally  thought  to  have  emptied 
into  the  Caspian  Sea  in  ancient  and  even  in  medieval 
times.  Among  its  tributaries  are,  among  those  on  the 
right,  the  Wakash  (or  Surghab)  and  Kaflmagan ;  and  on 
the  left,  the  Pandja,  Koksha,  and  Kunduz,  St  Tchardjui 
it  is  crossed  by  the  Transcaspian  Railway.  Its  length  is 
about  1,400  miles,  and  it  is  navigable  by  vessels  about  300 
miles. 

Amun  (a'mon).  [Egjyt., '  the  hidden  or  veiled 
one.']  An  Egyptian  deity.  He  is  variously  repre- 
sented as  a  ram  with  large  curving  horns,  as  a  being 


Amun 


53 


with  a  ram's  head  and  a  huxhan  body,  and  as  a  man  en-     chief ;  and  was  restored  by  the  Thessalians,  with  whom 

tluoned  or  standing  erect.    In  art  his  figure  is  colored     he  had  taken  refuge, 

blue.    On  his  head  he  wears  the  royal  symbol  and  two  Amvntas  III.     Died  336  B.  C.    King  of  Mace- 

'oaf.hArO     anil    in    rtna  llonH    tio    nniminci    n    anart-^am   It  n  A    in  t  *'m  nnn       n^n  1  nit  ^      ^  . 

doma  360-359,  grandson  of  the  preceding.    He 


long  feathers,  and  in  one  band  he  carries  a  scepter  and  in 
the  other  the  sign  of  life.  His  chief  temple  and  oracle 
were  on  an  oasis  in  the  Libyan  desert  near  Memphis.  Also 
Amen,  Ammon,  Amon,  and  Eammon.    See  the  extract. 

But  after  the  rise  of  the  Theban  dynasty  the  supreme 
form  under  which  Ka  was  worshipped  was  Amun,  *'the 


was  an  infant  at  the  death  of  his  father  360  B.  c,  and  was 
excluded  359  B.  0.  from  the  throne  by  the  regent,  his 
uncle  Philip,  at  whose  court  he  waa  brought  up,  and  whose 
daughter  he  married.    He  was  executed  by  Alexander  the 

^^ ^     Great  for  a  conspiracy  against  the  king's  life. 

hidden  one."    In  course  of  time  he'absorbed  into  himself  Amyntas,  Of  The  Impossible  Dowry.    A  pas- 
almost  all  the  other  deities  of  Egypt,  more  especially  Ea     toral   drama   of  the  Italian  type  by  Thomas 
and  Khnum.    He  reigns  over  this  earth,  as  his  represen-     ■p„„j„i„i,    ««-+ T,»,'«fo,i  i«  iKaa      t+ v,„„  „„ 
tatives,  the  Pharaoh*  over  Egypt,  and  inspires  mankind     Randolph,  first  prmted  in  1638      It  has  no  eon- 
with  the  sense  of  right.    He  is  called  Khem  as  the  self-     nection  m  plot  With  lasso's  "  Aminta." 
begetting  deity,  "the  living  Osiris"  as  the  animating  prin-  Amyntor,   Gerhard   VOn,       A  pseudonym    of 
ciple  of  the  universe.    On  his  head  he  wears  a  lofty  crown    Dagobert  von  Gerhardt,  a  German  novelist, 
of  feathers,  sometimes  replaced  by  the  crowns  ot  Upper    a,_„„4.  /«„==/ >     t»  «_..«»       t!„,.„   „*  Ti/r«i 
andLower  Egypt  or  the  rSm's  head  of  Khnum,  and  Jiut  Amyot  (a-me-o  ),  JacqueS.      Born  atjlelun, 


Egyptc _ 

and  Khunsu  form  with  him  the  trinity  of  Thebes. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  63. 

Amundtegui  (a-mo-na'ta-gwe),  Miguel  Luis. 
Born  Jan.  11, 1828 :  died  Jan.  22, 1888.  AChilean 
historian,  associated,  in  the  production  of  most 
of  his  works,  with  his  brother,  Gregorio  Victor 
Amun^tegui.    Amongtheseare  "Memoria  sobre  la  re- 


Prance,  Oct.  30, 1513:  died  at  Auxerre,  France, 
Feb.  6,  1593.  A  French  writer.  He  was  tutor  to 
Charles  IX.  and  Henri  of  Anjou,  grand  almoner,  bishop 
of  Auxerre,  and  commander  in  the  Order  of  the  Holy 
Ghost.  He  is  known  chiefly  by  his  translations  of  "The- 
agenes  and  Ghariclea "  (1547),  of  the  works  of  Diodorus 
Siculus  (1554),  of  "Dapnnis  and  Chloe"and  Plutarch's 
"Lives"  (1569),  and  of  Plutarch's  "  Morals"  (1572). 

oonquistaefpanola"(186b),  "Compendiodelahistoriapo-  4iny°*' ^°?.?P'^'     See  ^mioi. 

litica  y  eclesiistioa  de  ChUe"  (1866),  " Descubrimiento  y  Amyraut  (a-me-ro'),  or  Amyrault  (L.  Amy- 


conquista  de  Chile"  (1862),  "Los  precursores  de  la  inde- 
jpendencia  de  Cliile  "  (1872-73). 
Amur,  or  Amoor  (a-mor').  A  river  in  Siberia 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Shilka  and  Argun, 
about  lat.  53°  N.,  long.  121°  E.  it  flows  generally 
southeast,  then  northeast,  and  then  east,  and  it  enters  the 
Gulf  of  Saghalin. 


raldus),  Moise.  Bom  Sept.,  1596:  died  1664, 
A  French  Protestant  theologian,  professor  at 
Saumur  1633-64.  He  was  charged  with  Arminianism, 
and  although  he  was  acquitted  at  the  synods  of  Alengon 
(1637)  and  Charenton  (1644),  the  "Formula  Consensus 

Helvetica  "  (1657)  was  directed  chiefly  against  him. 

In  part  of  ite  course  it  forms  the  An  or  On.     See  MeUopolis. 

Gr.  ava- 


ble  for  about  2,400  miles. 

Amur.  A  province  in  eastern  Siberia,  situated 
north  of  the  river  Amur,  ceded  by  China  to 
Eussia  in  1858.  Its  capital  is  Khabarovka. 
Area.  172,848  square  miles.  Population  (1897), 
112,396. 

Amurath  (a-mo-raf)  I.,  or  Murad.  Born 
1319:  killed  June  15, 1389.  Sultan  of  Turkey 
1359-89,  son  of  Orkhan.  He  completed  the  organi- 
zation of  the  janizaries,  begun  by  his  father,  and  was  the 
first  of  the  Ottoman  sultans  who  made  conquests  in  Eu- 
rope. In  1361  he  occupied  Adrianople,  which  he  made 
the  capital  of  his  European  dominions,  took  Sofia  in 
1382,  and  defeated  the  princes  of  Servia  and  Bosnia  in  the 


Christians  who 
invalid,  and 
require  adults  who  have  received  it  to  be  bap- 
tized on  joining  their  communion.  The  name  is 
best  known  historically  as  applied  to  the  followers  of 
Thomas  Munzer,  a  leader  of  the  peasants'  war  in  Germany, 
who  was  killed  in  battle  in  1525,  and  to  those  of  John 
Matthias  and  John  Bockold,  or  John  of  Leyden,  who  com- 
mitted great  excesses  while  attempting  to  establish  a  so- 
cialistic kingdom  of  New  Zion  or  Mount  Zion  at  Munster 
in  Westphalia,  and  were  defeated  in  1636,  their  leaders 
being  killed  and  hung  up  in  iron  cages,  which  are  still 
preserved  in  that  city.  The  name  has  also  been  applied 
to  bodies  of  very  different  character  in  other  respects, 
probably  always  in  an  opprobrious  sense,  since  believers 
in  the  sole  validity  of  adult  baptism  refuse  to  regard  it  as 
rebaptism  in  the  case  of  persons  who  had  received  the 
rite  in  infancy.  It  is  now  most  frequently  used  of  the 
Mennonites.    See  Mennonites, 


battle  of  Kosovo  1389.    He  was  killed  after  the  engage- 
ment by  a  wounded  Servian  who,  it  is  said,  started  from   V'ti'^il'l'll^'/K  ^'x' t^k"-1k"\     a  «;...„.,■„  c!-i,„-!n ™i,)„i, 
among  the  dead,  and  plunged  a  dagger  into  his  breast  as  he  Anaba,ra  (a-na-ba-ra  ).  A  rivenn  Siberia  which 
surveyed  the  field  of  battle.  flows  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  west  of  the  Lena. 

Amurath  II.,  or  Murad.  Born  about  1403:  Anabasis  (a-nab'a-sis).  [Gr.  dv(i|3amf,  a  going 
died  1451.  Sultan  of  Turkey  1421-51,  son  of  up,  an  expedition  mland.]  A  celebrated  account 
Mohammed  I.    He  unsuccessfully  besieged  Constan-    by  Xenophon,  in  seven  books,  of  the  campaign 


tinople  in  1423,  carried  on  war  against  the  Hungarians 
under  Hunyady  and  the  Albanians  under  Scanderbeg,  de- 
feated the  Hungarians  at  Varna  in  1444  and  Koasova  in 
1448,  and  subdued  the  Morea  in  1446. 

Amurath  III.,  or  Murad.  Born  1546:  died 
1595.  Sultan  of  Turkey  1574-95,  son  of  Selim 
H.  He  continued  the  war  against  Austria  with  varying 
success,  and  took  Luristan.  Georgia,  Shirvan,  Tabriz,  and 
part  of  Azerbaijan  from  Persia  in  1590. 

Amurath  Iv.,  or  Murad.  Bom  about  I6il: 
died  1640.  Sultan  of  Turkey  1623-40.  He  cap- 
tured Bagdad  from  the  Persians  in  1638. 

Amurath  V.,  or  Murad.  Born  1840.  Sultan 
of  Turkey  May  to  Aug.,  1876,  nephew  of  Ab- 
dnl-Aziz.    He  was  dethroned  Aug.  31,  1876. 

Amussat  (a-mu-sa'),  Jean  Zul6ma.  Born  at 
St.  Maixent,  Deux-S&vres,  France,  Nov.  21, 
1796:  died  May  14,  1856.  A  French  surgeon 
and  surgical  writer,  author  of  "Torsion  des 
artferes"  (1829),  etc.  He  invented  a  probe 
used  in  lithotrity. 

Amyas  Leigh,  Sir.     See  Leigh. 

Amyclse  (a-mi'kle).  [Gr.  'A/im^c.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  town  in  Laconia,  Greece,  3  miles 
souQi  of  Sparta,  the  legendary  seat  of  Tynda- 
rens.  It  long  retained  its  Acbeean  population.  Accord- 
ing to  a  tradition  the  inhabitants  of  Amyclte  had  been  so 
often  alarmed  by  false  reports  of  the  hostile  approach 
of  the  Spartans  that  all  mention  of  the  subject  was  for- 
bidden :  hence  when  they  did  come  no  one  dared  to  an- 
nounce the  fact,  and  the  town  was  captured.  "Amyolsean 
silence  "  thus  passed  into  a  proverb. 

Amymone  (am-i-mo'ne).  [Gr.  'Anv/i6ir)i.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a  daughter  of  Danaus. 

Amynta  (a-min'ta).  A  character  in  D'Urf^'s 
romance  "Astrea." 

Am3nitas  (a-min'tas)  I.  [Gr.  'A/ivvrag.']  Died 
about  498  b.  c.    King  of  Macedonia,  son  of  Al 


cetas,  and  fifth  in  descent  from  Perdiccas,  the 

founder  of  the  dynasty.  He  presented  earth  and  Anacaona  (a-na-ka'6-na) 
water  in  submission  to  Megabazus,  whom  Darius  on  the  meaning '  golden  flower. '  ] 
return  from  his  Scythian  expedition,  had  left  at  the  head       '   '  "        -      -  . 

of  80,000  men  in  Europe. 

Amyntas  II.  King  of  Macedonia  394r-370  B.C., 
nephew  of  Perdiccas  H.  He  succeeded  his  father 
in  tipper  Macedonia ;  obtained  the  crown  of  Macedonia 
proper  in  394  by  the  murder  of  Pausanias,  son  of  the 
usurper  Aeropus ;  was  driven  from  Macedonia  by  Argfeus, 
the  eon  of  Pausanias,  supported  by  Bardylis,  an  Illyrian 


of  Cyrus  the  Younger  against  Artaxerxes  II. 
of  Persia,  and  the  retreat  of  the  10,000  Greeks, 
401-399  B.  c,  after  the  death  of  Cyrus  at  Cuuaxa. 
See  Gyrus. 

The  title  means  "a  march  up  (from  the  coast)"  into  the 
interior,  tod  properly  applies  only  to  the  first  part,  as  far 
as  the  battle  at  Cunaxa.  .  .  .  Cyrus  was  kUIed  (Sept.,  401). 
The  remaining  and  larger  part  of  the  work  ought  rather 
to  be  called  catabasis,  the  march  down  to  the  sea.  Soon 
after  the  death  of  Cyrus,  the  Persian  satrap  Tisaphernes 
treacherously  seized  five  of  the  Greek  generals.  The 
Greeks  were  now  in  terrible  danger.  That  night  Xeno- 
phon— who  had  not  hitherto  been  either  an  officer  or  a 
private  soldier,  but  simply  an  "unattached  "  volunteer, 
.  .  .  awoke  the  surviving  leaders,  and  in  a  midnight  coun- 
cil of  war  gave  them  heart,  by  his  plain  earnest  eloquence, 
to  take  measures  for  the  common  safety.  Next  day, 
formed  in  a  hollow  square  with  the  baggage  in  the  center, 
they  began  the  retreat.  Moving  along  the  Tigris,  past 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Nineveh  and  the  modern  Mossul, 
they  came  into  the  country  of  the  Carduchi,  or  Kurds,  who, 
like  modem  Kurds,  rolled  down  stones  on  them  from  the 
top  of  their  mountain-passes ;  then  through  Armenia  and 
Georgia.  At  last  one  day— inthefifth  month— Feb.,  400 
B.  0. — Xenophon,  who  was  with  the  rear  guard,  heard  a 
great  shouting  among  the  men  who  had  reached  the  top 
of  a  hill  in  front.  He  thought  they  saw  an  enemy.  He 
mounted  his  horse,  and  gaUoped  forward  with  some  cav- 
alry. As  they  came  nearer,  they  could  make  out  the 
shout:  ltwas"rA«sea.'  thesea!"  There,  far  off,  was  the 
silver  gleam  of  the  Euxine.  After  the  long,  intense  strain 
of  toil  and  danger,  the  men  burst  into  tears :  like  true 
Greek  children  of  the  sea  they  knew  now  that  they  were 
in  sight  of  home.  Two  days'  march  brought  them  to  the 
coast  at  Trapezus,  a  Greek  city,  the  modem  Trebizond ; 
there  they  sacrificed  to  the  gods,  especially  to  Zeus  the  Pre- 
server and  Heracles  the  Guide.      Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  110. 

Anabasis  of  Alexander  the  Great.  An  im- 
portant historical  work  by  Arrian,  in  seven 
books,  all  of  which,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
pages,  has  survived.  It  begins  with  the  acces- 
sion of  Alexander,  and  describes  his  campaigns 
and  victories 

[A  Haitian  name 
Ajj  Indian  princess, 
sister  ol  Behechio  and  wife  of  Caonabo,  ca- 
ciques of  Haiti  when  it  was  discovered  by  Co- 
lumbus (1492).  After  the  capture  and  death  of  Caonabo 
she  counseled  submission  to  the  Spaniards,  and  herself 
received  Bartholomew  Columbus  with  great  hospitality 
She  succeeded  her  brother  Behechio  as  ruler  of 


his  tribe,  and  friendly  relations  with  the  whites  continued 
until  1503 :  in  that  year  she  entertained  Ovando  and  his 


Anakim 

forces,  but  in  the  midst  of  a  festival  in  their  honor  they 
attacked  her  village,  massacred  a  great  number  of  Indians, 
and  carried  her  to  Santo  Domingo,  where  she  was  hanged, 

Anacapri  (a-na-ka'pre).  1.  The  western  part 
of  the  island  of  Capri,  Italy. —  2.  A  small  town 
on  the  island  of  Capri. 

Anacharsis  (an-a-kar'sis).  [Gr.  'Avdxapatc.']  A 
Scythian  prince,'  brother  of  Saulius,  king  of 
Thrace,  a  contemporary  of  Solon.  He  visited 
Athens  where  he  obtained  a  great  reputation  for  wisdom. 
On  returning  to  Thrace  he  was  slain  by  his  brother.  By 
some  he  was  reckoned  among  the  seven  sages. 

Anacharsis  Clootz.    See  Cloots:. 

Anacletus  (an-a-kle'tus),or  Oletus  (?),  I.,  Saint. 
Died  91  (?)  a.  d.  Bishop  of  Rome,  said  by 
some  to  have  been  elected  83  a.  d. 

Anacletus  II.  Antipope  in  opposition  to  In- 
nocent II.,  1130-38. 

Anaconda  (an-a-kon'da).  A  city,  the  capital 
of  Deerlodge  County,  Montana.  Population 
(1900),  9,453.  ^ 

.Anacreon  (a-nak're-on).  [Gr.  'AvaKpiav.'i  Born 
in  Teos  about  563  b.  c:  died  about  478  b.  c.  A 
famous  Greek  lyric  poet  who  sang  chiefly  the 
praises  of  love  and  wine.  He  was  driven  with  his 
townspeople,  by  Harpagus,  from  Teos  to  Abdera ;  thence 
he  went  to  the  court  of  Polycrates  in  Samos,  and  later  to 
Athens.  "  He  was  the  courtier  and  laureate  of  tyrants. 
He  won  his  first  fame  with  Polycrates,  at  whose  death 
Hipparchus  fetched  him  to  Athens  in  a  trireme  of  fifty 
oars.  Between  Bacchus  and  Venus  he  spent  his  days  in 
palaces ;  and  died  at  the  ripe  age  of  eighty-five  at  Teos, 
choked,  it  is  reported,  by  a  grape-stone  —  a  hoary-headed 
rou6."  Symonds,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  I.  318. 

The  great  body  of  his  fragments,  and  the  numerous  cop- 
ies of  his  poems,  speak  of  love  as  an  engi'ossing  amuse- 
ment, of  feasting  as  spoilt  by  earnest  conversation,  nay 
evenof  old  age  with  a  sort  of  jovial  regret.  .  .  .  Hispoetry 
is  no  longer  the  outburst  of  pent-up  passion,  but  the  ex- 
ercise of  a  graceful  talent,  the  ornament  of  a  luxurious 
leisure.         Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  197. 

-Anacreon.  An  opera  in  two  acts  by  Cheru- 
bini,  words  by  Mendouze,  produced  in  Paris 
Oct.  4,  1803. 

Anacreon  of  the  Guillotine.  A  nickname  of 
Bar^re  de  Vieuzac. 

Anacreon  Moore.  A  nickname  of  Thomas 
Moore. 

Anacreon  of  Persia.  A  surname  given  to  Hafiz. 

Anadarco,  Anadarko.    See  Nadaaku. 

Anadoli.    See  Anatolia. 

-Anadyomene  (an"a-di-om'e-ne).  [Gr.  'AvaSvo- 
jikvq,  rising  (from  the  sea).]  A  surname  of 
Aphrodite,  in  allusion  to  her  origin  from  the  sea. 

Anadyr,  or  Anadir  (an-a-der').  A  river  in 
eastern  Siberia,  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of 
Anadyr  about  lat.  65°  N.  Its  length  is  about 
•450  miles. 

Anadyr,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  Bering  Sea,  east 
of  Siberia. 

-Aaagni  (a-nan'ye).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Rome,  Italy,  36  miles  southeast  of  Kome:  the 
ancient  Anagnia,  capital  of  the  Hemici.  it 
has  a  cathedral  and  lias  often  been  the  residence  of  the 
popes.    Population,  about  8,000. 

Anahuac  (a-na'wak).  [Nahuatl,  signifying 
'within  the  water.']  A  name  originally  used  to 
designate  the  low  water-bordered  coastal  lands 
(tierras  calientes)  of  Mexico,  and  now  gener- 
ally applied  to  the  greater  part  of  the  central 
table-land,  or  to  that  portion  of  it,  in  the  region 
of  the  City  of  Mexico,  which  holds  the  valley 
lakes  (Texeoco,  Chalco,  etc.),  and  extends  east- 
ward to  the  mountain  wall  of  Popocatepetl  and 
Ixtaceihuatl.  Anahuac  has  been  stated  to  be  the  name 
for  the  supposed  Indian  "empire "  of  the  Mexicans  at  the 
time  of  the  Spanish  conquest.  This  is,  however,  an  error, 
as  there  was  no  empire,  but  only  a  confederacy  of  warlike 
tribes.  The  name  has,  therefore,  no  political,  hardly  even 
a  definite  geographical,  significance. 

Anaides  (a-na'dez).  [Gr.  a.vai6fiQ,  shameless.] 
In  Ben  Jonson's  "(Cynthia's  Revels,"  a  fashion- 
able ruffler  and  impudent  ruffian.  Thomas  Dekker 
imagined  that  in  this  character  he  was  caricatured.  Others, 
however,  think  Marston  was  intended. 

Anaitis  (a-ni'tis),  Anait  (a-nif).  A  Syrian 
goddess  whose  worship  was  introduced  into 
Greek  mythology.  She  was  variously  identified  with 
Artemis,  Aphrodite,  Cybele,  etc.  In  Egyptian  mythology 
she  appeared  under  the  name  Anta,  Antha. 

-AJaak  (a'nak).  [Heb.,  'long-necked,'  i.  e. 
'giant.']  In  the  Old  Testament,  the  progenitor 
of  a  tribe  or  race  of  giants,  the  Anakim  (which 
see),  or  a  collective  name  for  this  tribe  itself. 

Anakim  (an'a-kim).  In  the  Old  Testament, 
the  sons  of  Anak,  a  race  of  giants  dwelling  in 
southern  Palestine. 

People  saw  survivors  of  the  ancient  indigenous  popula- 
tions, anterior  to  the  Canaanites  (Emim,  Zomzommin, 
Anakim),  in  individuals  of  lofty  stature  whom  they  be- 
lieved were  to  be  found  in  certain  particular  places.  But 
popular  imagination  revels  in  giants ;  it  willingly  creates 
them.  These  Anakim  were  surrounded  by  legends ;  they 
sometimes  called  them  refaim  (the  dead,  the  giants,  the 
phantoms,  the  heroes) ;  a  plain  to  the  southwest  of  Jeru- 


Anakim 

salem  bore  their  name,  and  they  were  confounded  with 
the  Titanic  races  buried  under  the  sea. 

Bettan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel  (trans.),  L  ML 

Anam.    See  Annam. 

Anambas  Islands  (a-nam'bas  i'landz).  A 
group  of  small  islands  east  of  the  Malay  Penin- 
sula and  west  of  Borneo. 

Anammelecll  ( a-uam'e-lek).  [Babylonian  Anu- 
vialik,  Anu  the  counselor.]  A  divinity  of  the 
Babylonian  Sepharvites,  whose  worship  they 
continued  to  practise  in  Samaria  (2  Ki.  xvii.  31). 
Anu  was  the  god  of  heaven,  and  stood  at  the  head  of  the 
Babylonian  pantheon. 

Anandagiri  ( a-nan-da-ge 're ) .  A  f olio wer  of  San- 
kara.  He  lived  about  the  loth  century  and  wrote  a 
SankaravijayaC  triumph  of  Sanlfara'),  in  which  are  related 
at  length  the  polemics  of  the  master  against  forty-eight 
different  sects.  It  is  an  apocryphal  romance  of  no  historic 
worth. 

Anandalahari  (a-nan-da-la'ha-re).  [Skt., 'the 
wave  of  joy.']  A  poem  ascribed  to  Sankara.  It 
is  a  hymn  of  praise  to  Parvati,  wife  of  Siva,  mia- 
gled  with  mystical  doctrine. 

Ananias  (au-a-ni'as).  [Gr.  'Avaviag,  Heb.  Hana- 
nidh.']  A  Jewish'  Christian  of  Jerusalem  who 
with  his  wife  Sapphira  was  struck  dead  for  fraud 
and  lying.    Acts  v. 

Ananias.  A  Jewish  Christian  of  Damascus,  a 
friend  of  Paul. 

Ananias.  A  Jewish  high  priest  48-59  A.  D., 
before  whom  St.  Paul  was  tried. 

Ananias.  In  Ben  Jonson's  comedy  "  The  Al- 
chemist," a  hypocritical  puritan  deacon  of 
Amsterdam. 

Ananieff  (a-nan'yef).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Kherson,  Russia,  in  lat.  47°  47'  N., 
long.  29°  57'  E.    Population,  13,312. 

Ananus  (an'a-nus).  High  priest  of  the  Jews, 
the  son  of  Seth.  He  was  appointed  by  Cyrenius  and 
removed  by  Valerian,  and  is  apparently  the  Annas  men- 
tioned in  the  gospels. 

Ananus,  High  priest  of  the  Jews,  son  of  the 
preceding.  He  held  office  for  three  months  in  62 
A.  D. ,  and  was  removed  by  King  Agrippa  at  the  demand  of 
the  Pharisees  because  of  his  attempt  to  revive  Sadducee- 
ism,  and  was  put  to  death  67  A.  n.  by  the' Zealots. 

Anapa  (a-na'pa).  A  seaport  and  naval  station 
in  the  Black  bea  district,  Caucasus,  Russia,  on 
the  Black  Sea  in  lat.  44°  55'  N.,  long.  37°  20' 
E.     Population  (1889),  10,614. 

Anaphi  (a-na'fe).  An  island  of  the  Cyclades, 
Greece,  lat.  36°  21'  N.,  long.  25°  48'  E.,  east 
of  Santorin :  the  ancient  Anaphe.  Length,  7 
miles. 

Anaciuito  (a-na-ke'to).  A  plain  about  a  mile 
from  Quito,  Ecuador,  where  the  army  of  Gon- 
zalo  Pizarro  defeated  that  of  the  viceroy  Vas- 
co  Nunez  Vela  aided  by  Benaleazar,  Jan.  18, 
1546.  Vela  was  killed,  and  Benaleazar  severely 
wounded. 

Anargha  BaghaTa  (a-nar'gha  ra'gha-va).  A 
drama  of  the  13th  or  14th  century  by  Murari 
Misra,  of  which  Raghava  or  Rama  is  the  hero. 

Anarkali  (an-ar'ka-li).  An  important  suburb 
of  Lahore,  British  India. 

Anasco  (an-yas'ko),  Pedro  de.  Bom  at  Lima, 
1550:  died  at  Tucuman,  April  12, 1605.  A  Pe- 
ruvian Jesuit.  He  left  several  works  on  the 
language  of  the  Indians  among  whom  he  had 
labored. 

Anasitch  (a-na-sieh').  A  tribe  of  the  Kusan 
stock  of  North  American  Indians.  It  formerly 
had  a  village  on  the  south  side  of  Coos  Bay,  Oregon.  The 
survivors  are  on  the  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.  See 
Eusan. 

Anastasia  (an-as-ta'shi-a).  Saint.  1.  A  Chris- 
tian martyr  slain  during  the  reign  of  Nero  (54- 
68  A.  D.).  Sheissaidtohavebeenapupilof  St.  Peter  and 
St.  Paul.  Her  martyrdom  is  commemorated  on  April  15. 
2.  A  Christian  martyr  who  perished  in  the 
persecution  by  Diocletian  303  (f)  A.  D.  The  date 
of  her  commemoration  in  the  Latin  Church  is 
Dee.  25,  in  the  Greek  Dec.  22.-3.  Died  597. 
A  Greek  saint  who  lived  in  Alexandria  disguised 
as  a  monk  for  28  years. 

Anastasian  Law.  A  law  of  the  emperor  Anas- 
tasius  I.  (506),  directed  against  usurers. 

Anastasius  (an-as-ta'shi-us)  I,,  Saint.  [Gr. 
'AvaaT&aiog.']  Bishop  of  Rome  398-402.  He  con- 
demned the  writings  of  Origen,  and  excommunicated  Ru- 
flnus,  the  antagonist  of  Jerome  and  advocate  of  Origen, 
although  he  is  said  to  have  acknowledged  that  he  did  not 
understand  the  controversy. 

Anastasius  II.  Pope  496-498.  He  endeavored  to 
put  an  end  to  the  schism  between  the  sees  of  Constanti- 
nople and  Rome  arising  from  the  dispute  concerning 
precedence,  and  wrote  a  letter  of  congratulation  to  Clovis, 
king  of  the  ITranks,  on  his  conversion  to  Christianity. 

Anastasius  III.    Pope  911-913. 

Anastasius  IV.  (Conrad).  Pope  1153-54.  His 


54 

administration  was  disturbed  by  the  movements 
of  Arnold  of  Brescia  and  his  followers. 
Anastasius  I.,  sumamed  Dicorus.  Bom  at 
Dyrrachium  about  430:  died  518.  Byzantine 
emperor  491-518.  He  was  raised  to  the  throne  by  an  in- 
trigue with  the  empress  Ariadne  whom  he  married  after 
the  death  of  the  emperor  Zeno,  her  husband,  without 
male  issue.  As  a  Eutychian  he  opposed  the  orthodox 
who  rose  in  arms  under  Vitalianus  but  were  bought  off  by 
the  faithless  promise  of  a  general  council. 

Anastasius  II.  (Artemius).  Byzantine  em- 
peror 713-716.  He  was  deposed  by  the  fleet  which  he 
had  sent  to  the  coast  of  Syria  to  destroy  the  naval  stores 
of  the  Arabs,  but  which  was  repulsed,  mutinied  under  its 
commander  John,  and  proclaimed  Theodosius  III.  em- 
peror. He  was  put  to  death  in  721  (719  7)  by  leo  in.  for 
conspiring  against  the  throne. 

Anastasius.  Died  753.  Patriarch  of  Constan- 
tinople 703(728  ?)-753.  He  was  elected  by  the  in- 
fluence of  the  emperor  Leo  Isaurus,  and  favored  the 
Iconoclasts,  for  which  he  was  excommunicated  by  Pope 
Gregory  III. 

Anastasius,  surnamed  Bibliothecarius  ('The 
Librarian').  Died  886.  Librarian  of  the  Vati- 
can and  abbot  of  Sta.  Maria  Trans-Tiberim  at 
Rome.  He  was  sent  to  Constantinople  to  arrange  a 
m.-trriage  between  the  daughter  of  Louis  II.  and  a  son  of 
Basil  of  Macedonia  in  869,  and  while  there  assisted  the 
papal  ambassador  in  attendance  at  the  eighth  ecumenical 
council  by  his  knowledge  of  Greek.  His  fame  rests  upon 
his  numerous  translations  from  the  Greek  and  his  sup- 
posed connection  with  the  "Liber  Pontiflcalis"  (which  see). 

Anastasius  Griin.    See  Auersperg. 

Anasuya  (a-na-s6'ya).  [Skt.,  'charity.']  In 
Hindu  mythology  and  drama :  (a)  The  wife  of  the 
Rishi  Atri,  very  pious  and  austere,  and  pos- 
sessed of  miraculous  powers.  When  Sita  visited 
Atri  and  herself  at  their  hermitage  in  the  forest  south  of 
Chitrakuta,  she  gave  Sita  an  ointment  with  which  to  keep 
herself  beautifulforever.  (6)  A  friend  of  Shakuntala. 

Anathoth  (an'a-thoth).  In  biblical  geography, 
a  city  of  Benjainiii  in  Palestine,  the  birthplace 
of  Jeremiah.  The  traditional  site  is  Kenyet  el-'Enat, 
about  10  miles  northwest  of  Jerusalem  ;  but  the  true  site 
is  probably  'Anata,  about  3  miles  northeast  of  that  city. 

Anatolia  (an-a-to'li-a).  [Turk.  AnadoU,  NGr. 
'AvaToX?/,  eastern  land.]  A  large  region  of  Asi- 
atic Turkey,  nearly  identical  with  Asia  Minor. 
There  was  a  theme  (province)  of  Anatolia  in  the  Byzan- 
tine empire  situated  in  the  interior  of  Asia  Minor. 

Anatomy  of  Abuses,  The.  A  work  by  Philip- 
Stubbes,  published  in  1583  in  two  parts.  It  is 
a  curious  account  of  the  social  customs  of  the 
time. 

Anatomy  of  Melancholy,  The.  A  famous 
work  by  Robert  Burton  (1577-1640),  published 
in  1621,  under  the  pseudonym  "Demooritus 
Junior,"  and  frequently  republished  and 
abridged.  The  sixth  edition  is  the  last  which  contains 
changes  by  the  author:  it  was  published  shortly  after  his 
death  from  an  annotated  copy.  The  work  is  the  result 
of  many  years  of  humorous  study  of  men  and  of  books, 
and  abounds  in  quotations  from  authors  of  all  ages  and 
countries.  It  is  divided  into  three  parts  which  treat  (1) 
of  the  causes  and  symptoms  of  melancholy,  (2)  of  its  cure, 
and  (3)  of  erotic  and  religious  melancholy. 

Its  literary  history  is  rather  curious.  Eight  editions  of 
it  appeared  in  half  a  century  from  the  date  of  the  first, 
and  then,  with  other  books  of  its  time,  it  dropped  out  of 
notice  except  by  the  learned.  Early  in  the  present  cen- 
tury it  was  revived  and  reprinted  with  certain  modern- 
isations, and  four  or  five  editions  succeeded  each  oilier 
at  no  long  interval.  The  copies  thus  circulated  seem  to 
have  satisfied  the  demand  for  many  years,  and  have  been 
followed  without  alteration  in  a  finely-printed  issue  of  re- 
cent date.      Saintshury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  429. 

AnazagOras  (an-aks-ag'o-ras).  [Gr.  'Ava^ay6- 
paf.]  Bom  at  (JLazomense,"  Ionia,  about  500 
B.  c. :  died  at  Lampsacus,  Mysia,  about  428 
B.C.  A  Greek  philosopher,  for  a  long  time  resi- 
dent in  Athens  where  he  became  the  friend  and 
teacher  of  Pericles,  Thucydides,  and  Euripides, 
and  whence  he  was  banished  on  a  charge  of 
impiety.  He  is  reckoned  as  a  disciple  of  Anaximander 
and  is  famous  as  the  flrstof  the  old  Greek  natural  philoso- 
phers to  introduce  intelligence  or  reason  (i/oOs)  as  a  met- 
aphysical principle  in  the  explanation  of  the  world.  He 
regarded  it  not  as  creative  but  as  regulative,  as  that  which 
brought  order  out  of  the  original  chaos.  Fragments  of 
his  writings  have  been  preserved. 

Anaxarchus  (an-aks-ar'kus).  [Gr.  'Ava^apxog.J 
A  Greek  philosopher  of  Abdera,  a  disciple  of 
Demoeritus,  who  flourished  about  350  B.  c.  He 
attended  Alexander  in  his  Asiatic  campaigns,  and  is  said 
to  have  consoled  the  king  after  the  murder  of  Cleitus  by 
maintaining  that  a  king  can  do  no  wrong. 

Anaxarete  (an-aks-ar'e-te).  [Gr.  'Ava^aperr/.'] 
In  Greek  legend,  a  maiden  of  Cyprus  whose 
lover  Iphis  in  despair  hung  himself  at  her  door. 
For  her  indifference  Venus  changed  her  into  a  stone 
statue.    The  story  is  also  told  with  changed  names. 

Anaxilaus  (an-aks-i-la'us).  [Gr.  'Ava^lXaog.'] 
A  Pythagorean  philosopher  and  physician  of 
the  1st  century  b.  c,  banished  as  a  magician 
from  Italy  by  Augustus  28  b.  c. 

Anaxilaus,  or  Anaxilas  (an-aks'i-las).  Died 
476  B.  c.    Tyrant  of  Rhegium  about  494  b.  c. 


Ancillon,  David 

Anaximander  (an-aks-i-man'd6r).  [Gr.  'Ava^U 
fiavdpog.']  Bom  at  Miletus  about  611  b.  c: 
died  about  547  B.C.  A  Greek  physical  philoso- 
pher (the  second  of  the  loman  school)  and 
mathematician,  a  friend  and  pupU  of  Thales. 
He  taught  that  the  principle  (ipx^,  a  word  which  he  first 
used  in  this  sense)  of  things  is  a  substance  of  indetermi- 
nate quality  and  limitless  quantity  (oireipov),  "  immortal 
and  imperishable,"  out  of  which  all  things  aiise  and  to 
which  tul  return.  This  substance,  according  to  some  ac- 
counts, he  regarded  as  having  a  nature  intermediate  be- 
tween that  of  water  and  air.  He  was  probably  the  author 
of  the  first  philosophical  treatise  in  Greek  prose. 

Anaximenes  (an-aks-im'e-nez).  [Gr.  'Ava^t/ii- 
v»?f.]  Born  at  Miletus :  lived  in  the  6th  centmy 
B.  c.  A  Greek  philosopher,  the  third  of  the 
Ionian  school,  a  contemporary  and  friend  of 
Thales  and  Anaximander,  and  usually  reckoned 
as  a  disciple  of  the  latter.  He  regarded  air  as 
the  principle  (apx^)  of  things. 

Anaximenes.  Bom  at  Lampsacus :  lived  in  the 
4th  century  B.  c.  A  Greek  rhetorician,  histo- 
rian, and  companion  of  Alexander  the  Great: 
the  probable  author  of  an  extant  treatise  on 
rhetoric  {'Fip-optK^irpog  'AM$av6pov),  the  only  ex- 
isting work  on  the  subject  prior  to  Aristotle. 

Anaya  (a-na'ya),  Pedro  Maria.  Bom  at  Hui- 
ehai)an,  1795 :  died  at  Mexico,  March  21, 1854.  A 
Mexican  general.  He  joined  the  Spanish  army  as  a 
cadet  in  1811,  foUowed  the  defection  of  Iturbide  in  1821,  and 
was  a  captain  under  Filisola  in  Nicaragua,  1823.  In  183S  he 
became  brigadier-general.  Adhering  to  the  federalist  party, 
he  was  forced  to  leave  the  country.  He  invaded  Tabasco  in 
Nov.,  1840,  with  federalist  forces  from  Texas  and  Yucatan, 
but  was  defeated  at  Cometaji,  May  15, 1841,  and  fled  to 
Yucatan.  Under Herrera(lS45)hewa3ministerof war.  He 
adhered  to  Santa  Anna,  and  while  the  latter  was  resisting 
the  advance  of  Scott,  was  acting  president  April  2  to  May 
20, 1847.  He  commanded  the  Mexican  force  of  800  men 
which  defended  the  convent  of  Churubusco,  and  only  sur- 
rendered after  his  ammunition  was  exhausted  (Aug.  20, 
1847).  In  1852  he  was  secretary  of  war  under  Arista,  served 
three  days  in  the  administration  of  Ceballos,  and  on  Santa 
Anna's  restoration  (1853)  was  made  postmaster-general,  a 
position  which  he  held  until  his  death. 

Ancachs  (an-kaehs').  A  maritime  department 
of  Peru,  north  of  Lima,  corresponding  to  the 
colonial  intendencia  of  Huaylas. 

Ancaeus  (an-se'us).  [Gr.  'AyKoioc']  In  Greek 
classical  legend:  (a)  A  son  of  Poseidon.  He  was 
told  by  a  seer  that  he  would  not  live  to  enjoy  the  wine 
from  a  vineyard  which  he  had  planted.  He,  however, 
lived  to  have  wine  of  his  own  growth  and,  in  scorn  of  the 
prophet,  raised  a  cup  of  it  to  his  mouth.  The  seer  re- 
plied, "There  is  many  a  slip  between  the  cup  and  the  lip," 
and  at  the  same  instant  a  tumult  arose  over  a  wild  boar 
in  the  vineyard.  AncEeus  put  down  the  cup,  and  was 
killed  in  an  attempt  to  destroy  the  animaL  (&)  _A.  son 
of  the  Arcadian  Lyeurgus,  and  one  of  the  Argo- 
nauts.   He  was  killed  in  the  Calydonian  hunt. 

Ancelot  (ons-l6'),  JacoLues  Arsene  Frangois 
Folycarpe.  Bom  at  Havre,  Prance,  Feb.  9, 
1794:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  7,  1854.  A  French 
dramatist,  elected  a  member  of  the  Academy 
in  1841.  He  was  the  author  of  "Louis  IX."  (1819)i  "Le 
mau;e  dtt  palais  "  (1823),  "  Fiesque  "  (1824),  "  Olga  "  (1828), 
"Elizabeth  d'Angleterre "  (1829),  "Marie  de  Brabant" 
(1825),  "Epltres  familiferes,"  etc. 

Ancelot,  Mme.  (Marguerite  Louise  Virginie 
Chardon).  Bom  at  Dijon,  France,  March  15, 
1792 :  died  at  Paris,  March  21, 1875.  A  French 
dramatist  and  novelist,  wife  of  J.  A.  Ancelot. 
Her  "Theatre  complet"  (1848)  contains  twenty  plays,  of 
which  ."Marie  ou  trois  6poques"  is  her  chief  work. 
Among  her  novels  the  most  popular  were  "  Ren^e  de  Var- 
ville"  (1863)  and  "La  ni^ce  du  banquier"  (1853). 

Ancsnis  (ou-se-ne').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loire-Inf6rieure,  France,  situated  on 
the  Loire  17  miles  northeast  of  Nantes.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  5,141. 

Anchieta  (an-shya'ta),  or  Anchietta,  3os6  de. 
Born  in  Teneriffe,  Canary  Islands,  1533:  died 
atBeritigbd,  Espirito  Santo,  June  9, 1597.  A  Jes- 
uit missionary,  called  the  "Apostle  of  Brazil." 
He  became  a  Jesuit  in  1551,  and  in  1568  was  sent  as  a  mis- 
sionary to  Brazil,  where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life 
in  arduous  labors  and  travels,  often  among  savage  tribes 
of  Indians.  From  1678  to  1585  he  was  provincial  of  his 
order  in  Brazil.  Anchieta  wrote  an  Indian  grammar,  and 
various  letters  on  Brazil  which  have  been  published  in 
modem  times. 

Anchises(an-ki'sez).  IGT.'Ayxianc']  In  Greek 
legend,  a  prince  of  the  royal  house  of  Troy,  son 
of  Capys  and  father  (by  Aphrodite)  of  JEneas. 

Ancienne-Oomddie,  Eue  de  1'.  See  Mw  de 
VAncienne-Comidie. 

Ancient  Mariner,  The.  A  poem  by  Coleridge, 
published  in  the  "Lyrical  Ballads"  in  1798  as 
his  principal  contribution  to  the  book,  Words- 
worth writing  most  of  the  other  poems. 

Ancillon  (ou-sel-y6n'),  Charles.  Bom  at 
Metz,  July  28,  1659:  died  at  Berlin,  July  5, 
1715.  A  French  historian  and  litterateur,  a 
Protestant  refugee  in  Berlin :  son  of  David  An- 
cillon. 

Ancillon,  David.  Bom  at  Metz,  March  17, 1617: 


Ancillon,  David 

died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  3,  1692.  A  French  Prot- 
estant divine,  a  refugee  in  Germany  after  the 
revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes. 

Ancillon,  Jean  Pierre  FrddSric.  Bom  at 
Berlin,  April  30,  1767:  died  April  19,  1837.  A 
Prussian  statesman  and  historian,  a  descen- 
dant of  Charles  AneUlon,  minister  of  foreign 
affairs  1832. 

Anckarstrom  (ang'kar-strfem),  Johan  Jakob. 
Bom  May  11, 1762 :  executed  at  Stockholm,  April 
27, 1792.  A  Swede  who  assassinated  Gustavus 
m., March  16,1792.  He  was  first  a  court  page,  and  then 
a  soldier,  leaving  the  army  in  1783  with  the  rank  of  captain. 
In  1790  he  was  arrested  and  imprisoned  for  seditious 
speech,  but  was  finally  set  free.  He  moved  to  Stockholm 
in  that  year,  and  formed  a  conspiracy  for  the  murder  of 
the  king,  which  was  effected  two  years  later.  See  Gus- 
tavus. 

AnckarswS,rd  (ang'kar-svard),  Karl  Hen- 
rik.  Count.  Bom  at  Swealjorg,  April  22, 1782 : 
died  at  Stockholm,  Jan.  25,  1865.  A  Swedish 
soldier  and  statesman.  He  joined  the  revolutionary 
party  in  1809,  but,  being  opposed  to  the  policy  of  Bema- 
dotte,  was  retired  from  the  army  (1813),  in  which  he  held 
the  post  of  colonel.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Kiksdag 
1817,  where  as  leader  of  the  opposition  he  distinguished 
himself  by  the  bitterness  of  his  attacks  on  the  government. 

Anclam.    See  AnMam. 

Ancona  (an-ko'na).  A  province  Ji  the  oom- 
partimento  of  the  Marches,  eastern  Italy.  Area, 
762  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  272,417. 

Ancona.  [L.  Ancona,  Gr.  'AyK&v,  from  ayK^v,  a 
hend,  angle :  in  allusion  to  its  situation  in  a  bend 
of  the  coast.]  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  province 
of  Ancona,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adriatic  Sea  in 
lat.  43°  37'  N.,  long.  18°  31'  E.  it  is  the  chief  sea- 
port between  Venice  and  Brindisi,  a  railway  center,  a  na- 
val station,  and  the  terminus  or  port  of  call  of  several 
steamship  lines,  and  exports  grain,  hemp,  lamb-  and  goat- 
skins, silk,  etc.  It  contains  a  cathedr^  and  Eoman  an- 
tiquities (mole  and  arch  of  Trajan).  It  was  colonized  by 
Syracusans  about  390  B.  c,  became  a  Roman  naval  station, 
was  destroyed  by  the  Gothe  and  restored  by  Narses,  and 
was  again  destroyed  by  the  Saracens.  In  the  middle  ages 
it  was  a  republic.  It  was  annexed  to  the  Papal  States  in 
1632 ;  taken  from  the  French  by  the  Allies  in  1799 ;  taken  by 
the  French  in  1805,  but  restored  to  the  Papal  States  on  the 
fall  of  I^apoleon;  held  by  the  French  1832-38,  and  taken  by 
the  Austrians  from  the  revolutionists  in  1849.  The  Pap^ 
array  under  Lamoricifere  surrendered  at  Ancona  to  the 
Sardinians  in  1860.  The  cathedral  is  of  the  10th  century  ex- 
cept the  facade,  which  is  of  the  13th,  and  has  a  magnificent 
Pointed  recessed  doorway  covered  by  a  porch  whose  col- 
umns rest  on  couched  lions.  The  interior  has  10  -columns 
from  the  ancient  temple  of  Venus,  and  several  fine  tombs. 
The  ancient  dome  at  the  crossing  is  dodecagonal.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  estimated,  commune,  SS,000. 

Ancona.  A  medieval  march  (mark)  of  Italy, 
extending  from  Tronto  on  the  Adriatic  northr 
west  to  San  Marino,  and  west  to  the  Apennines. 
It  was  afterward  part  of  the  Papal  States,  and 
passed  with  them  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy. 

Ancre  (on'kr]),  Marqiuis  d',  Baron  de  Lus- 
signy  (Concino  Concini).  Assassinated  at 
Paris,  April  14, 1617.  A  Florentine  adventurer, 
marshal  and  chief  minister  of  France  at  the 
beginning  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XIII. 

Ancren  Biwle  (angk'ren  rol ;  MB.  pron.  angk'- 
renrii'le).  The  "  Kule  of  Anchoresses,"  a  work 
on  the  rules  and  duties  of  monastic  Ufe.  it  was 
written,  first  in  English  and  afterward  in  Latin,  for  a  soci- 
ety of  anchoresses  (three  in  number)  at  Tarente,  or  Tar- 
rant-Kaines(Kaineston  or  Kingston),  near  Crayford  Bridge 
in  Dorsetshire ;  and  is  ascribed  to  Simon  of  Ghent  (died 
1315),  bishop  of  Salisbury  in  1297.  Five  manuscripts  are 
extant.  It  was  edited  for  the  Camden  Society  by  the  Rev. 
James  Morton  in  1853. 

Ancrum  Moor  (an'kmm  mor),  Battle  of.  A 
victory  gained  1544,  about  5  miles  northwest 
of  Jedburgh,  Scotland,  by  the  Scots  under  the 
Earl  of  Angus  and  Scott  of  Bucoleugh  over  the 
English  under  Evers. 

Ancud  (an-koTH'),  or  San  Carlos  (san  kar'los). 
A  seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of  Chilol, 
Chile,  situated  on  the  island  of  Chilo^  in  lat. 
41°  52'  S.,  long.  73°  49'  W.  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
bishopric.    Population  (1885),  3,665. 

Ancus  Marcius  (ang'kus  mar'shius).  The 
fourth  king  of  Rome  (640-616  b.  c),  a  grand- 
son of  Numa  and  the  reputed  founder  of  Ostia, 
fortifier  of  the  Janiculum,  and  builder  of  a 
bridge  over  the  Tiber. 

Ancy-le-Franc  (on-se'le-fron') .  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Yonne,  France,  29  miles  east  of 
Auxerre.    It  has  a  noted  ch&teau. 

Ancyra  (an-si'ra).  [Gr.  "AyKvpa,  associated  by 
legend  with  aynvpa,  anchor.]  An  ancient  town 
of  (Jalatia  (originally  of  Phrygia)  in  Asia  Minor, 
founded,  aocordingto  the  legends,  by  Midas,  son 
of  Gordius :  the  modern  Angora,  or  Bngaren,  or 
Engiiri.  it  became  the  chief  town  of  the  Tectosages,  a 
Gallic  tribe  which  settled  in  Galatia  about  277  B.  C,  and 
passed  into  the  possession  of  Rome  26  B.  0.,  when  it  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Sebaste  Tectosagum.  It  had  an  im- 
portant trade.  (See  Angora.)  The  temple  of  Augustus 
in  Ancyra  contained  a  famous  inscription  in  Latin  and 


55 

Greek  (Monumentum,  or  Marmor,  Ancyranum :  discovered 
in  1554),  a  transcript  of  the  record  of  his  deeds  which  Au- 

gustus  ordered  in  his  will  to  be  cut  on  bronze  tablets  for 
is  mausoleum.  An  ecclesiastical  council  was  held  here 
about  314,  which  passed  twenty-five  canons  relating  chiefly 
to  the  treatment  of  those  who  had  betrayed  their  faith  or 
delivered  up  the  sacred  books  during  the  Diocletian  per- 
secution. 

Ancyrean  (an-si-re'an)  inscription.    See  An- 
cyra. 
Andagoya  (an-da-go'ya),  Pascual  de.  Bom  in 

the  province  of  Alava  about  1495:  died  at 
Manta.  Peru,  June  18, 1548.  A  Spanish  soldier. 
He  went  with  Pedrarias  to  Darien  (1614),  and  was  engaged 
in  many  explorations.  In  1522  he  was  appointed  inspec- 
tor-general of  the  Indians,  and  about  the  same  time  made 
an  expedition  southward  into  a  province  called  Birii,  be- 
tween the  river  Atrato  and  the  Pacific.  Here  he  had  the 
first  tidings  of  the  Inca  empire.  In  1540  he  went  as  gov- 
ernor to  a  province  called  New  Castile,  on  the  Pacific  side 
of  New  Grenada,  but  became  involved  in  a  boundary  quar- 
rel with  Sebastian  de  Benalcazar,  was  imprisoned,  and  lost 
his  government.  Andagoya  wrote  an  account  of  his  trav- 
els, which  is  one  of  the  most  important  historical  authori- 
ties for  that  period. 

Andalucia,  Nueva,    See  Nueva  Anddluda. 

Andalusia  (an-da-lo'zi-a),  Sp.  Andalucia  (an- 
da-16-the'a).  [The  name  is  derived  from  that 
of  the  Vandals  (=  Yamdalusia).']  A  captaincy- 
general  in  southern  Spain,  comprising  the 
modem  provinces  Almeria,  Jaen,  Granada, 
Cordova,  Malaga,  Seville,  Cadiz,  and  Huelva. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  other  mountain- 
ranges,  and  belongs  in  large  part  to  the  basin  of  the  Gua- 
dalquivir. From  the  fertUity  of  its  soil  it  has  been  called 
the  "garden"  and  "granary"  of  Spain;  it  is  also  rich  in 
minerals.  It  was  a  part  of  the  Roman  Bsetica,  was  over- 
run by  the  Vandals  in  the  5th  century,  and  became  the  nu- 
cleus of  the  Moorish  power  and  their  last  stronghold 
against  the  Christians. 

Andaman  Islands  (an'da-man  i'landz),  or  An- 
damans  (an'da-manz)."  A' group  of  islands 
belonging  to  Great  Britain,  and  a  penal  colony 
since  1858,  situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
Bay  of  Bengal  in  lat.  10°  80'-14°  N.,  long.  93° 
E.  It  comprises  the  Great  Andaman  group  and  the  Lit- 
tle Andaman  group.  The  chief  islands  are  North,  Middle, 
and  South  Andaman,  and  Rutland.  The  natives  number 
3,000  to  5,000.  Area,  1,760  square  miles.  Population  (1881), 
of  convicts,  11,738. 

Andaste.    See  Conestoga. 

Andechs  (an'deks).  A  village  ifi.  Upper  Ba- 
varia, situated  on  the  Ammersee  southwest  of 
Munich,  noted  for  its  castle,  later  a  monastery 
and  place  of  pilgrimage. 

Andeer  (an'dar).  A  village  near  the  southern 
end  of  the  Via  Mala,  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzer- 
land. 

Andelys  (on-dle'),  Les.  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eure,  France,  situated  on  the 
Seine  19  miles  southeast  of  Eouen,  consisting 
of  Grand-Andelys  and  Petit-Andelys.  It  has 
manufactures  of  cloth,  etc.,  and  contains  the  Chd,teau 
Gaillard  (which  see),  built  by  Richard  the  Lion-Hearted. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  6,040. 

Andenne  (on-den').  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  province  of  Namur,  Belgium,  situated  on 
the  Meuse  10  miles  east  of  Namur.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  7,075. 

Anderab  (an-der-ab'),  or  Inderab  (in-der-ab'). 
A  town  in  Afghan  Turkestan,  situated  on  the 
river  Anderab  on  the  northern  slope  of  the 
Hindu-Kusb,  85  miles  northeast  of  Kabul. 
Population,  about  6,000. 

Anderida  (an-der'i-da).  A Eoman  encampment 
in  England,  generally  identified  with  Pevensey. 
In  491  it  was  destroyed  by  the  South  Saxons. 

Andermatt  (an'der-mat),  or  Ursern  (or'sem). 
[It.  Orsera.l  A  village  in  the  canton  of  Uri, 
Switzerland,  32  miles  southeast  of  Lucerne, 
situated  near  the  junction  of  the  St.  Gotthard 
route  with  the  Furka  Pass  route  (by  the  Ur- 
sem.valley)  and  the  Oberalp  route.  It  is  an  im- 
portant tourist  center.    Population,  about  700. 

Andernach  (an'der-nach).  A  town  in  the 
Rhine  ProvincCj  Prussia,  situated  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Rhine  12  miles  northwest  of  Co- 
blentz :  the  Roman  Antunnacum,  or  Antoni- 
acum.  It  has  a  trade  in  millstones  and  tufa.  Charles 
the  Bald  was  defeated  here  in  876  by  the  son  of  Louis  the 
German,  and  here  Otto  I.  defeated  the  dukes  of  Franconia 
and  Lorraine  in  939.  It  passed  to  the  archbishopric  of  Co- 
logne, and  became  an  important  commercial  city.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  5,290. 

Andersen  (an'der-sen),  Hans  Christian.  Bom 

at  Odense,  Denmark,  April  2, 1805 :  died  at  Co- 
penhagen, Aug.  4, 1875.  A  Danish  novelist  and 
poet,  best  known  as  a  writer  of  fairy  tales  and 
of  travels.  He  went  to  Copenhagen  a  poor  boy,  was  first 
an  actor,  and  then  by  the  generosity  of  friends  was  enabled 
to  attend  the  university.  The  same  year  (1828)  appeared 
his  first  important  work,  "  Fodreise  fra  Holmens  Kanal  til 
Ostpynten  af  Amager  "  ("  Foot  Tour  from  the  Holm  Canal  to 
the  Eastern  Point  of  Amager  ").  In  1829  appeared  a  collec- 
tion of  poems,  and  the  same  year  his  first  dramatic  work, 
"Kjaerlighed  paa  Nikolai  Taarn"("Love  on  the  Nikolai 
Tower"),  a  vaudeville,  was  performed.    The  novels  "Im- 


Andersonville 

provisatoren  "  ("The  Improvisator")  and  "Kun  en  SpiUe- 
mand"  ("^-^i"  -  Ti^jjji — "\  *_n j     ▼_  ,«„-  — 

the  first  c 

ledbogi  _ ^^^ 

has  principally  established  his  fame  abroad.  His  auto^ 
biography,  "MitLivs  Eventyr,"  appeared  after  his  death. 
His  collected  works,  "SamledeSkrifter,"  were  published 
1854-76. 

Anderson  (an'der-son).  The  capital  of  Madi- 
son County,  Indiana,  situated  on  the  West 
Pork  of  White  River  34  miles  northeast  of  In- 
dianapohs.     Population  (1900),  l:u,i(8. 

Anderson.  The  capital  of  Anderson  County, 
SouthCarolina,  97  miles  northwest  of  Columbia 
Population  (1900),  5,498. 

Anderson,  Sir  Edmund.    Bom  at  Plixborough 
or  Broughton,  Lincolnshire,  1530:   died  Aug. 
1,  1605.    An  English  jurist,  lord  chief  justice ' 
of  the  Common  Pleas  1582-1605.      He  was  a 
bitter  opponent  of  the  Puritans. 

Anderson,  James.  Bom  at  Hermiston,  near 
Edinburgh,  1739:  died  Oct.  15,  1808.  A  Scot- 
tish economist  and  agricultural  writer.  "He  is 
specially  noticeable  as  having  published  in  1777  a  pam- 
phlet called  'An  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  of  the  Corn 
Laws,  with  a  view  to  the  Corn  Bill  proposed  for  Scotland,' 
which  contains  a  complete  statement  of  the  theory  of 
rent  generally  called  after  Ricardo."  Leslie  Stephen,  in 
Diet,  of  Nat.  Biog. 

Anderson,  John.  Bom  at  Roseneath,  Dum- 
bartonshire, Scotland,  1726:  died  Jan.  13, 1796. 
A  Scottish  physicist.  He  was  professor  (1766)  of 
Oriental  languages  and  later  (1760)  of  natural  philosophy 
at  Glasgow,  and  the  founder  of  Anderson's  University  at 
Glasgow  (now  comprising  also  a  medical  school). 

Anderson,  John.  Bom  Oct.  4,  1833:  died  Aug. 
16,1900.  A  Scottish  zoologist.  He  was  appointed 
superintendent  of  the  Indian  Museum  at  Calcutta  in  1865, 
and  scientific  oflicer  on  expeditions  to  western  China  in 
1868  and  1874.  In  1881  he  was  sent  by  the  trustees  of  tlie 
Indian  Museum  to  investigate  the  marine  zoology  of  the 
Mergui  Archipelago,  and  retired  from  the  service  of  the 
Indian  government  in  1887.  His  writings  consist  chiefly 
of  scientific  papers  and  reports  to  the  government. 

Anderson,  Joseph.  Bom  near  Philadelphia, 
Nov.  5, 1757 :  died  at  Washington,  April  17, 1837. 
An  American  lawyer,  politician,  and  ofS.cer  in 
the  Revolutionary  War.  He  was  United  States  sena- 
tor from  Tennessee  1797-1815,  and  first  comptroller  of  the 
treasury  1815-36. 

Anderson,  Martin  Brewer.  Born  at  Bmns- 
wick,  Maine,  Feb.  12, 1815 :  died  at  Lake  Helen, 
Fla.,  Feb.  26,  1890.  An  American  educator,  a 
graduate  of  Waterville  College,  and  president 
of  the  University  of  Rochester  1853-88. 

Anderson,  Mary  wAntoinette  (Mrs.  Navarro). 
Bom  at  Sacramento,  Cal.,  July  28,  1859.  An 
American  actress.  She  made  her  first  appearance  on 
the  American  stage  as  Juliet,  at  Louisville,  Kentucky, 
Nov.  25,  1875,  and  played  with  success  in  Great  Britain 
and  America  until  the  early  part  of  1889,  when  she  retired 
from  the  stage. 

Anderson,  Kasmus  Bjorn.  Bom  at  Albion, 
Wis.,  Jan.  12,  1846.  A  Scandinavian  scholar, 
professor  of  Scandinavian  languages  in  the 
University  of  Wisconsin,  and  (1885-89)  United 
States  minister  to  Denmark.  He  has  written 
"America  not  Discovered  by  Columbus," 
"  Norse  Mythology,"  etc. 

Anderson,  Kichard.  Henry.  Bom  in  South  Car- 
olina, Oct.  7, 1821:  died  at  Beaufort,  S.  C,  June 
26,  1879.  An  American  general  in  the  Con- 
federate service.  He  was  graduated  from  West  Point 
in  1842,  took  part  in  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz  and  the  capture 
of  the  city  of  Mexico,  was  promoted  captain  in  1855,  re- 
signed in  1861  to  accept  a  brigadier's  commission  in  the 
Confederate  service,  and  was  promoted  lieutenant-gen- 
eral in  1864.  He  took  part  in  the  batttes  of  Antietam, 
Gettysburg,  Spottsylvania,  etc. 

Anderson,  BiObert.  Born  at  Carnwath,  in  Lan- 
arkshire, July  7,  1750:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Feb. 
20,  1830.  A  Scottish  critic,  editor  of  "A  Com- 
plete Edition  of  the  Poets  of  Great  Britain " 
(14  vols.  1792-1807). 

Anderson,  Robert.  Bom  near  Louisville,  Ky., 
June  14,  1805:  died  at  Nice,  Oct.  27,  1871. 
An  American  general  famous  for  his  defense  of 
Fort  Sumter.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1826 ; 
served  in  the  Black  Hawk,  Seminole,  and  Mexican  wars ; 
was  appointed  major  in  1867;  became  commander  of  the 
troops  in  Charleston  Harbor  in  Nov.,  1860 ;  removed  his 
force  from  Fort  Moultrie  to  Fort  Sumter,  Dec.  26 ;  was  in- 
vested there  by  the  Confederates  who  bombarded  the  fort 
April  12-13, 1861 ;  and  evacuated  the  fort  April  14.  He 
was  appointed  brigadier-general  in  1861,  and  retired  in  1863 
with  the  rank  of  brevet  major-general.  He  translated 
works  on  artillery  from  the  French. 

Anderson,  Kufus.  Bom  at  North  Yarmouth, 
Maine,  Aug.  17,  1796:  died  at  Boston,  May  30, 
1880.  An  American  Congregational  clergyman, 
secretary  of  the  American  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners for  Foreign  Missions  1832-66,  and  the 
author  of  several  works  on  missions. 

Andersonville  (an'der-son-vil).  A  village  in 
Sumter  County,  Georgia,  62  miles  southwest  of 
Macon.    During  the  Civil  War  it  contained  a  Confederate 


Andersonville 

military  prison,  opened  in  1864.  It  was  under  the  super- 
Intendency  of  Wirz,  who  was  tried  by  a  United  States  com- 
mission in  1865,  and  executed  for  cruel^  and  mismanage- 
ment.   Over  12,000  prisoners  died  (1864-65)  in  the  prison. 

Anderssen  (aa'ders-sen),  Adolf.  Born  at 
Breslau,  July  6,  1818 :  died  at  Breslau,  March 
13,  1879.    A  noted  German  chess-player. 

Andersson  (an'ders-son),  Karl  Johan.  Bom 
in  Wermland,  Sweden,  1827:  died  in  the  Ova- 
kuambi  region,  southern  Africa,  July  5, 1867.  A 
Swedish  explorer  in  South  Africa.  He  accompa- 
nied P.  Galton  in  1850  from  Walfisch  Bay  through  Damara- 
land  to  Ovambo-land.  In  1853  and  1854  he  continued 
alone  and  reached  Lake  Ngami.  On  his  return  to  Europe 
he  published  "  Lake  Ngami,  or  Four  Years'  Wanderings 
in  Southwest  Africa"  (1855).  In  1856  he  worked  in  the 
Swakop  mines  as  inspector ;  then  went  on  a  new  explora- 
tion as  far  as  the  Okavango  River  in  1859.  This  is  described 
in  his  "  Okavango  River  "  (1861).  For  some  time  he  settled 
in  Otyimbingue  as  an  ivory-trader.  In  1866  he  undertook 
his  last  journey  to  the  Kunene  River,  but  was  obliged  by 
sickness  to  retrace  his  steps. 

Andersson,  Lars.    See  Andrea,  Laurentius. 

Andersson,  Nils  Johan.  Bom  in  Sm§;land, 
Feb.  20,  1821:  died  at  Stockholm,  March  27, 
1880.  A  Swedish  botanist,  author  of  works  on 
the  botany  of  Scandinavia  and  Lapland. 

Andes  (an'dez),  Sp.  Los  Andes,  orcJordilleras 
de  los  Andes  (kor-del-ya'ras  da  16s  an'das). 
[Sp.,  'the  chains  of  the  Andes' :  said  to  be  so 
named  from  Peruv.a»(i,  copper.]  The  principal 
mountain  system  of  South  America.  It  extends 
from  Cape  Horn  to  the  vicinity  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama, 
and  comprises  the  Patagonian  Andes,  the  Chilean  Andes 
(which  lie  partly  in  the  Argentine  Republic),  the  Bolivian 
and  Peruvian  Andes  (each  with  two  ranges  nearly  parallel), 
the  Ecuadorian  Andes,  and  the  Colombian  Andes  (with 
three  main  ranges)  branching  eastward  into  the  Vene- 
zuelan Andes.  The  range  rises  abruptly  from  the  Pacific 
coast  and  contains  many  celebrated  volcanoes.  Among 
the  chief  summits  are  Aconcagua,  Sorata,  Illimani,  Chim- 
borazo,  Cotopaxi,  Antisana,  Tolima,  etc.  (see  these  names). 
Its  length  is  about  4,500  miles,  its  average  width  about 
100  miles,  and  its  average  height  about  12,500  feet.  On 
its  eastern  slope  rise  the  head  waters  of  the  Amazon.  It 
is  rich  in  gold,  silver,  and  other  metals. 

Andes.  In  ancient  geography,  a  village  near 
Mantua,  Italy,  famous  as  the  birthplace  of 
Vergil. 

Andesians  (an-de'zi-anz),  or  Antesians  (an- 
te'zi-anz).  A  general  name  for  a  number  of  na- 
tive tribes  in  the  Andes  region.  Its  significance 
is  geographical  rather  than  ethnographical. 

Ajldhaka  (an'dha-ka).  In  Hindu  mythology, 
a  demon,  son  of  Kasyapa  and  Diti,  having  a 
thousand  arms  and  heads,  two  thousand  eyes 
and  -feet,  and  called  Andhaka  because  he 
walked  like  a  blind  man,  though  he  saw  well. 
Siva  slew  him  when  he  tried  to  carry  off  the 
tree  of  paradise  from  heaven. 

Andijan  (an-di-jan').  A  town  in  Ferghana, 
Russian  Central  Asia,  situated  near  the  Syr- 
Daria  75  miles  northeast  of  Khokand.  Popu- 
lation, about  30,000. 

Andknui  (and-ko'e),  or  Andkho  (and-ko'). 
A  town  in  Afghan  Turkestan,  90  miles  north- 
west of  Balkh,  the  seat  of  a  small  khanate  de- 
pendent on  Afghanistan.  Population  (esti- 
mated), 15,000. 

Andlaw-Birseck  (ant'iav-bers'ek),  Franz 
Xaver  von.  Bom  at  Freiburg,  Baden,  Oct. 
6,  1799:  died  Sept.  4,  1876.  A  German  diplo- 
matist. He  was  tlie  author  of  "ErinnerungsbUtter  aus 
den  Papieren  eines  Diplomaten"  (1857),  "Mein  Tagebuch 
1811-61  "(1862),  etc. 

Ando  (an'd6).  The  northemmostof  the  Lofoten 
Islands,  35  miles  long,  northwest  of  Norway. 

Andocides  (an-dos'i-dez).  [Gr.  'AvSoKiSr;;.'] 
Born  at  Athens,  467  (?)  b.  c.  :  died  about  391 
B.  C.  An  Athenian  politician  and  orator.  See 
the  extract. 

Andocides  .  .  .  was  banished  from  Athens  in  415,  on 
suspicion  of  having  been  concerned  in  a  wholesale  sacri- 
lege,—  the  mutilation,  in  one  night,  of  the  images  of  the 
god  Hermes,  which  stood  before  the  doors  of  houses  and 
public  buildings.  He  made  unsuccessful  application  for 
a  pardon,  first  in  411  B.  c,  during  the  reign  of  the  Four 
Hundred,  then,  after  their  fall,  in  410,  when  he  addressed 
the  Assembly  in  the  extant  speech  On  his  Return.  From 
410  to  403  he  lived  a  roving  merchant's  life  in  Sicily,  Italy, 
Greece,  Ionia,  and  Cyprus.  In  402  the  general  amnesty 
allowed  him  to  return  to  Athens.  But  in  399  the  old 
charges  against  him  were  revived.  He  defended  himself 
in  his  extant  speech  On  the  Mysteries  (so  called,  because 
it  deals  partly  with  a  charge  that  he  had  violated  the 
Mysteries  of  Eleusis)  and  was  acquitted.  During  the 
Corinthian  war  he  was  one  of  an  embassy  sent  to  treat  for 
peace  at  Sparta,  and  on  his  return  made  his  extant  speech 
On  the  Peace  with  Lacedserrum  (390  E.  c),  sensibly  advis- 
ing Athens  to  accept  the  terms  offered  by  Sparta.  The 
speecli  Against  AlcibiacUs  which  bears  his  name  is  spu- 
rious. Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  117. 

Andorra  (an-dor'ra),  F.  Andorre  (on-dor')- 
A  state  in  the  Pyrenees  surrounded  by  the  de- 
partment of  Ariege  (France)  and  the  province 
of  L^rida  (Spain),  it  is  a  semi-independent  republic 
under  the  suzerainty  of  France  and  the  Bishop  of  Urgel  in 
Spain,  governed  by  a  council  of  24  members  and  a  syndic. 


56 

The  language  is  Catalan;  the  religion  Roman  Catholic. 
Area,  176  square  miles.    Population  (estimated),  6,000. 

Andover  (an'dp-ver).  A  town  in  Hampshire, 
England,  13  miles  northwest  of  Winchester. 
Population  (1891),  5,852. 

Andover.  A  town  in  Essex  County,  Massachu- 
setts, 22  miles  northwest  of  Boston,  the  seat  of 
Andover  Theological  Seminary  (a  Congrega- 
tional seminary  founded  in  1807),  Phillips  Acad- 
emy, and  the  Abbot  Female  Academy.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  6,813. 

Andrada(an-dra'da),  Antonio  de.  Bom  about 
1580:  died  at  Goai' March  19,  1634.  A  Portu- 
guese missionary  in  the  East  Indies  and  Tibet, 
author  of  "Novo  descobrimento  do  Grao  Ca- 
tayo,  on  dos  Eeynos  de  Tibet"  (1626). 

Andrada^Diogo  Payva  de.  Bom  1528:  died 
1575.  ATPortuguese  theologian,  sent  as  a  dele- 
gate by  Dom  Sebastian  to  the  Council  of  Trent. 
He  wrote  "  Orthodoxarum  Qutestionum  libri  X,  etc.,  con- 
tra Kemnitii  petulantem  audaciam  "  (1564),  etc. 

Andrada,  Gomes  Freire  de.  Born  in  Portu- 
gal, 1684 :  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Jan.  1, 1763. 
A  Portuguese  administrator.  From  1733  until  his 
death  he  was  governor  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  then  compris- 
ing most  of  southern  Brazil,  and  the  period  of  his  admin- 
istration was  the  most  prosperous  in  tlie  colonial  history  of 
that  country.    In  1758  lie  was  made  count  of  Bobadella. 

Andrada  e  Silva  (an-dra'da  e  sel'va),  Jos6 
Bonifacio  de  (generally  known  as  Jos6  Boni- 
facio). Bom  in  Santos,  Sao  Paulo,  June  13, 1765 : 
died  near  Rio,  April  6, 1838.  A  Brazilian  states- 
man and  a  noted  mineralogist.  He  took  a  leading 
part  in  the  revolutionary  movement  in  Brazil,  and  on 
Jan.  16, 1822,  was  made  minister  of  the  interior  and  of  for- 
eign affairs.  It  was  by  his  advice  that  Pedro  I.  decided  to 
throw  oil  allegiance  to  Portugal.  He  was  exiled  to  Europe 
Nov.  12, 1823,  and  returned  in  1829. 

Andrada  Machado  e  Silva,  Antonio  Carlos 
Bibeiro  de.  Bom  in  Santos,  Nov.  1, 1773 :  died 
in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Dec.  5,  1845.  A  Brazilian 
statesman,  brother  of  Jos6  Bonifacio  de  An- 
drada e  Silva.  He  was  involved  in  the  rebellion  of  1817 
at  Pernambuco,  and  was  imprisoned  until  1821.  In  the 
-Brazilian  constituent  assembly  of  1823  he  led  the  radicals, 
and  in  Nov.,  1823,  was  banished  (with  his  two  brothers) 
to  France.  He  returned  in  1828,  was  elected  deputy  1835 
and  during  succeeding  years,  and  was  one  of  the  liberal 
leaders.  He  *a3  one  of  the  first  ministers  of  Pedro  II., 
and  in  1845  entered  the  senate.  He  was  a  brilliant  orator, 
and  has  been  called  "the  Mirabeau  of  Brazil." 

Andrade  Neves  (an-dra'da  na'ves),  Jos§  Joa- 
auim  de.  Bom  at  Rio  Pardo,  Rio  Grande  do 
Sul,  Jan.  22, 1807 :  died  at  Asuncion,  Paraguay, 
Jan.  6, 1869.  A  Brazilian  general,  distinguished 
in  the  war  in  Bio  Grande  do  Sul  (1835-45),  and 
especially  as  a  cavalry  commander  in  the  Para- 
guayan war  (1867-69).  In  Oct.,  1867,  he  was 
created  baron  of  Triumpho. 

Andrissv  (on'dra-she),  Qyula  (Julius),  Count. 
Bom  at  Zemplin,  Hungary,  March  8, 1823 :  died 
at  Volosca,  Istria,  Feb.  18, 1890.  A  noted  Hun- 
garian statesman.    He  entered  the  Hungarian  diet  in 

1847,  was  appointed  governor  of  the  county  of  Zemplin  in 

1848,  took  part  in  the  Hungarian  insurrection  of  1848^9,  re- 
mained in  exile  till  1857,  reentered  the  Hungarian  diet  in 
1861,  was  premier  of  the  Hungarian  ministry  1867-71,  and 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  of  Austria-Hungary  1871-79, 
framed  the  Andrissy  Note  to  the  Porte  in  1876,  was  a  lead- 
ing member  of  the  Congress  of  Berlin  in  1878,  and  nego- 

.tiated  with  Bismarck  the  German- Austrian  alliance  in  1879. 
Andrd,ssy  Note,  The.  A  declaration  relating 
to  the  disturbed  state  of  Bosnia  and  Herze- 
govina, drawn  up  by  the  governments  of 
Austria,  Russia,  and  Germany  with  the  ap- 
proval of  England  and  France,  and  presented 
to  the  Porte,  Jan.  31,  1876.  it  demanded  the  es- 
tablishment of  religious  liberty,  the  abolition  of  the  farm- 
ing of  taxes,  the  application  of  the  revenue  derived  from 
direct  taxation  in  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  to  tlie  needs  of 
these  provinces,  the  institution  of  a  commission  composed 
equally  of  Christians  and  Mohammedans  to  control  the 
execution  of  these  reforms,  and  the  improvement  of  the 
agrarian  population  by  the  sale  of  waste  lands  belonging 
to  the  state. 

Andr6  (F.pron.  on-dra'),  or  Andreas,  Bernard, 

of  Toulouse.  A  French  poet  and  historian, 
poet  laureate  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.  of 
England  (the  first  laureate  appointed  by  an 
English  king),  tutor  of  Arthur,  prince  of  Wales, 
and  royal  historiographer.  He  was  blind,  but  in 
spite  of  this  misfortune  attained  a  high  degree  of  scholar- 
ship.   He  wrote  a  life  of  Henry  VII. 

Anar€,  Johann.  Bom  at  Offenbach,  Hesse, 
March  28, 1741 :  died  June  18, 1799.  A  German 
composer,  musical  director,  and  publisher,  au- 
thor of  operas,  instrumental  pieces,  etc.        . 

Andre,  Jobann  Anton.  Bom  at  Offenbach, 
Hesse,  Oct.  6, 1775 :  died  April  8, 1842.  A  noted 
German  composer,  musical  director,  and  pub- 
lisher, son  of  Johann  Andr6. 

Andre  (an'dra  or  an'dri),  John.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, 1751:  executed  at  Tappan,  N.  T.,  Oct.  2, 
1780.  A  British  officer  (adjutant-general  with 
rank  of  major)  in  the  Revolutionary  War.    He 


Andr^ossi 

made  the  arrangements  near  Stony  Point,  as  the  represen- 
tative of  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  with  Benedict  Arnold  for  the 
surrender  of  West  Point  (Sept.  21, 1780),  but  was  arrested 
on  his  return  at  Tarrytown,  Sept.  23,  and  condemned  aa 
a  spy. 

Andr6  (on-dra').  A  novel  by  George  Sand,  pub- 
lished in  1834,  named  from  its  chief  character. 

Andrea  (an-dra'ya),  Francisco  Jos6  Soares 
de.  Born  at  Lisbon,  Jan.  29,  1781 :  died  at  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  Oct.  2, 1858.  A  Portuguese-Brazilian 
general,  a  supporter  of  Brazilian  independence. 
He  went  to  Brazil  in  1808 ;  was  adjutant-general  in  the  Cis- 
platine  campaign  of  1827;  commandant  of  Pari  1831 ;  pres- 
ident and  commandant  of  Pari  1836 ;  and  president  of 
Santa  Catharina  1839,  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  1841,  of  Minas 
Geraes  1843,  of  Bahia  1845,  and  again  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul 
1848.  He  attained  the  rank  of  marshal  in  the  army,  and 
was  created  baron  of  Ca^apava. 

Andrea,  Grirolamo.  Born  at  Naples,  April  12, 
1812 :  died  at  Rome,  May  14, 1868.  An  Italian 
cardin  al  and  diplomatist.  His  liberalism  in  religion 
and  politics  (especially  his  leaning  toward  Italian  unity) 
led  to  his  suspension  (1866)  from  his  dignities  by  the  papal 
Curia ;  but  he  was  reinstated  after  a  humble  submission  in 
1867. 

Andrea  Doria.    See  Doria. 

Andrea  Fisano.    See  Pisano. 

Andrea  del  Sarto.    See  Sarto. 

Andrea  (an'dra),  Jakob.  Born  at  Wai- 
blingen,  Wtirtemberg,  March  25,  1528:  died 
at  Tiibingen,  Jan.  7,  1590.  One  of  the  chief 
Protestant  theologians  of  the  16th  century,  ap- 
pointed professor  of  theology  and  chancellor 
of  the  University  of  Tiibingen  in  1562.  He  was 
the  principal  author  of  the  "Formula  Concordise,"  and 
wrote  over  one  hundred  and  fifty  works,  chiefly  polemical 

Andrea,  Johann  Valentin.  Bom  at  Herren- 
berg,  Wtirtemberg,  Aug.  17, 1586 :  died  at  Stutt- 

■  gart,  June  24,  1654.  A  German  Protestant 
theologian  and  satirical  writer,  grandson  of 
Jakob  Andrea.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Menippus," 
a  satire  (1648),  and  works  on  the  so-called  Rosicrucians. 

Andrea,  Laurentius,  or  Andersson,  Lars. 
Born  1480:  died  1552.  A  Swedish  reformer, 
chancellor  of  Gustavus  Vasa.  Together  with 
Olaus  Petri  he  translated  the  Bible  into  Swedish  (1626), 
and  was  the  principal  agent  in  introducing  the  Lutheran 
Reformation  at  the  diet  of  "Wester&s,  1527.  In  1540  he  was 
charged  witli  having  failed  to  disclose  a  conspiracy  against 
the  king,  and  was  sentenced  to  death,  but  bought  a  pardon. 

Andreanov  Islands  (an-dra-a'nov  i'landz).  A 
group  of  the  Aleutian  Archipelago. 

.^dreasberg  (an-dra'as-bero),  or  Sankt  An- 
dreasberg.  A  town  and  summer  resort  in  the 
province  of  Hanover,  Prussia,  in  the  Harz  28 
miles  northeast  of  Gottingen.  It  has  important 
silver-mines. 

Andred's  weald  (an'dredz  weld),  or  Andred's 
wold  (an'dredz  wold),  modernized  forms  of 
AS.  Andredes  weald  (an'dra-des  weald).  A 
forest  in  England  which  formerly  extended 
through  a  large  part  of  Kent,  Surrey,  Sussex, 
and  Hampshire,  and  is  now  represented  by  the 
Weald.    See  the  extract. 

The  Andred's-Wold  comprised  the  Wealds  of  Kent,  Sur- 
rey, and  Sussex,  taking  in  at  least  a  fourth  part  of  Kent, 
"the  Seven  Hundreds  of  the  Weald,"  and  all  the  interior 
of  Sussex  as  far  as  the  edge  of  the  South  Downs,  and  a 
belt  of  about  twelve  miles  in  breadth  between  the  hills 
and  the  sea.  Lambarde  describes  the  Weald  of  Kent  as 
being  "stuffed  with  heardes  of  deere  and  droves  of 
hogges,"  and  adds  that  "it  is  manifest,  by  the  Saxon 
Chronicles  and  others,  that  beginning  at  Winchelsea  it 
reached  at  length  an  hundred  and  twenty  miles  towards 
the  west,  and  stretched  thirty  miles  in  braidth  towards 
the  north."         Ellon,  Origins  of  Bng.  Hist,  p.  104,  note. 

Andree  (an'dra),  Karl  Theodor.     Bom  at 

Bmnswiok,  Oct.  20,  1808 :  died  at  Wildungen, 
Aug.  10,  1875.  A  German  geographer  and 
journalist.  Hewrote"Nord-America"(1850-51),  "Bue- 
nos Ayres  und  die  Argentinische  Republik"'  (1866), 
"Geographische  Wanderungen"(lS69),  "Geographie  des 
Welthandels"  (1867-72),  etc. 

Andree,  Bicnard.  Bom  at  Brunswick,  Ger- 
many, Feb.  26,  1835.  A  German  geographer 
and  ethnographer,  son  of  Karl  Theodor  Andree 
(1808-75).  His  writings  embrace  a  wide  range 
of  subpeots. 

Andremi  (an-dra-e'ne),  Francesco.  Lived 
about  1616.  An  Italian  comedian  and  author, 
the  leader  of  a  troupe  of  actors  which  for  some 
years  enjoyed  considerable  reputation  in  Italy 
and  France.  He  wrote  "Le  Bravure  del  Capi- 
tano  Spavento"  (1607),  etc.  ' 

Andreini,  Giovanni  Battista.  Bom  at  Flor- 
ence, 1578:  died  at  Paris  about  1650.  An 
Italian  comedian  and  pof  t,  son  of  Francesco 
Andreini.  He  was  the  author  of  "L'Adamo,"  a  sacred 
drama,  from  which  Milton  was  said  to  have  borrowed 
several  scenes  in  his  "  Paradise  Lost." 

Andreini,  Isabella.  Bom  at  Padua,  1562:  died 
at  Lyons,  1604.  An  Italian  actress  and  writer, 
wife  of  Francesco  Andreini:  author  of  "Mir- 
tilla,"  a  pastoral  fable  (1588). 

AndrSossi,  or  Andrdossy  (on-dra-o-se').  An* 


Aiidr6ossi 

toine  FranQois,  Comte  d'.  Bom  at  Castel- 
naudary,  France,  March  6,  1761:  died  at  Mon- 
tauban,  Sept.  10, 1828.  A  French  general  and 
diplomatist,  author  of  Tarious  nulitary  and 
scientific  works.  He  served  in  the  wara  of  the  Eev- 
olutton  and  under  Bonaparte,  took  part  in  the  event  of 
the  18th  Brumaire,  and  was  ambassador  in  London,  Vi- 
enna, and  Constantinople. 

Andres  (Sn-dres'),  Juan.  Bom  at  Planes, 
Spain,  Feb.  15,  1740:  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  17, 
1817.  A  Spanish  Jesuit  and  scholar.  He  wrote 
"Deir  Origine,  dei  Frogressi  e  dello  state  attuale  d'ogni 
letteratura"  (1782-99,  "  On  the  Origin,  Progress,  and  Pres- 
ent Condition  of  all  Literature"),  etc. 

Andrew  (an'dro).  Saint.  [Formerly  also  Av^ 
draw,  Andro;  ME.  Andrew,  OF.  Andreu,  F. 
Andrieu,  Andri,  LL.  Andreas,  Gr.  'A.vdpiag,  lit. 
'manly,'  from  iivfip  (avSp-),  a  man.]  Lived 
in  the  first  half  of  the  1st  century  A.  d.  One 
of  the  twelve  disciples  of  Jesus,  a  brother  of 
Simon  Peter  and  an  apostle  to  the  Gentiles. 
Be  is  honored  by  the  Scotch  as  their  patron  saint,  and  by 
the  Kussians  as  the  founder  of  their  church.  He  suffered 
martyrdom  by  crucifixion.  His  symbol  is  the  so-called 
St.  Andrew's  cross  (X).  He  is  commemorated  in  the  Ko- 
man,  Greek,  and  Anglican  churches  oh  Kov.  30. 

Andrew  I.  King  of  Hungary  1046-60.  He  car- 
ried on  wars  with  the  Germans  1046-62,  and  with  his 
brother  B^la.    In  the  latter  war  he  was  killed. 

Andrew  II.  King  of  Hungary  1205-35  (1236  ?). 
He  took  part  in  the  fifth  Crusade  in  1217,  and  "gave 
his  people  a  constitution  which  organized  a  state  of 
anarchy  by  decreeing  in  his  Golden  Bull  (1222)  that  if 
the  king  should  violate  the  privileges  of  the  nobility  they 
should  be  permitted  to  resist  him  by  force,  and  such  re- 
sistance should  not  be  treated  as  rebellion"  (Duruy, 
Middle  Ages,  p.  491). 

Andrew  III.  King  of  Hungary  1290-1301, 
grandson  of  Andrew  II.,  and  the  last  of  the 
Arpdd  dynasty.  On  the  murder  of  Ladislaus  IIL  (IV.), 
the  Pope  claimed  Hungary  as  a  flef  of  the  church,  and 
invested  Charles  Martel,  son  of  the  King  of  Naples,  with 
it,  who  was,  however,  defeated  by  Andrew  at  Agram,  1291. 

Andrew,  James  Osgood.  Bom  in  Wilkes 
County,  Ga.,  May  3,  1794:  died  at  Mobile,  Ala., 
March  1,  1871.  Aii  American  bishop  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  The  fact  thathe  was 
a  slave-owner  led  to  a  dispute  in  the  church  which  re- 
sulted in  the  formation  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  South,  1846. 

Andrew,  John  Albion.  Bom  at  Windham, 
Maine,  May  31, 1818:  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  30, 
1867.  An  American  statesman,  Eepublican  gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts  1861-66,  and  one  of  the 
most  active  of  the  "  war  governors."  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Bowdoin  College  in  1837,  practised  law  in  Boston, 
was  a  prominent  antislavery  advocate,  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  legislature,  and  was  ap- 
pointed delegate  to  the  Kepublican  National  Convention 
in  1860. 

Andrew  of  Crete  (Andreas  Cretensis).  Bom 
at  Damascus,  660 :  died  732.  An  archbishop  of 
Crete,  and  a  writer  of  religious  poetry.  He  took 
part  In  the  Monothelite  synod  of  712,  but  afterward  re- 
turned to  orthodoxy.  He  is  regarded  as  the  inventor  of  the 
musical  canon. 

Andrew  of  Wyntoun.  Born  about  the  middle 
of  the  14th  century:  date  of  death  unknown. 
A  Scottish  chronicler,  canon  regular  of  the  pri- 
ory of  St.  Andrew's  and  prior  of  St.  Serf's  (1395). 
His  "  Oryginale  Cronykil  of  Scotland,"  in  rimed  eight-syl- 
labled verse,  was  finished  between  1420  and  1424.  See 
Origiruil  Chronicle  of  Scotland. 

Andrewes  (an'drSz),  Lancelot.  Born  at  Bark- 
ing, England,  1555 :  died  at  London,  Sept.  25, 
1626.  An  English  prelate  and  author,  dean  of 
Westminster,  bishop  of  Chichester,  Ely,  and 
Winchester,  and  one  of  the  translators  of  the 
Bible  (1607-11).  He  wrote  "Tortura  Torti" 
(1609),  manuals  of  devotion,  etc. 

Andrews  (an'droz).  Edward  Gayer.  Bom  at 
New  Hartford,  N,  Y.,  Aug.  7, 1825.  An  Ameri- 
can bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 
He  was  graduated  from  Wesleyan  University,  Middletown, 
Connecticut,  in  1847,  entered  the  Methodist  ministry  in 
1848,  and  was  elected  bishop  in  1872. 

Andrews,  Ethan  Allen,  Bom  at  New  Britain, 
Conn.,  April  7, 1787 :  diedat  New  Britain,  March 
24, 1858.  An  American  educator,  editor  of  Latin 
text-books  and  of  a  "Latin-English  Lexicon" 
(1850). 

Andrews,  James  Pettit.  Bom  near  Newbury, 
Berkshire,  England,  about  1737 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, Aug.  6,  1797.  An  English  antiquary  and 
historian.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, etc."  (1794-95),  "Henry's  History  of  Brit- 
ain, Continued"  (1796),  etc. 

Andrews,  Joseph.  Born  at  Hingham,  Mass., 
Aug.  lY,  1806:  died  at  Hingham,  May  9,  1873. 
An  American  engraver. 

Andrews,  Joseph.    See  Joseph  Andrews. 

Andrews,  Lancelot.    See  Andrewes. 

Andrews,  Stephen  Pearl.  Bom  at  Temple- 
ton,  Mass.,  March  22,  1812:  died  at  New  York, 


57 


Anelida  and  Arcite 


May  21,   1885.     An  American  miscellaneous  Andronicus,  Livius.  Bom  at  Tarentum  about 

writer,  author  of  works  on  language,  law,  pho-    "" '  -     -  - 

nography,  and  philosophy. 
Andria  (an'dre-a).    A  city  in  the  province  of 

Bari,  Italy,  in  lat.  41°  13'  N.,  long.  16°  18'  E.  It 

was  a  residence  of  the  emperor  Frederick  H. 

Population,  about  36,000. 
Andria  (an'dri-a).    A  comedy  by  Terence  (166 

B.  c),  an  adaptation  of  a  play  of  the  same 

name  by  Menander. 
Andrieux  (oiL-dre-6'),  Francois  Guillaiune 

Jean  Stanislas.    Bom  at  Strasburg,  May  6, 

1759:  died  at  Paris,  May  9,  1833.     A  noted  Andronicus,  Titus.    See  Titus  Andronicus. 

French  dramatist.   He  was  the  author  of  "Les^tour-  AndroniCUS,  surnamed  CsTTrhesteS  (from  his 

dis"  (1787), ''Molifereaveo  aes  amis"  (1804),  "La  oom4-     birthplace).      A   Greek    astronomer,   born   at 

dienne    (1816 ," Brutus    (1830),  etc.  Cyrrhus,  Syria,  in  the  1st  century  B.    C,  the 

Andnscus  (an-dns'kus).    Apretended  son  of    builder  of  the  "  Tower  of  the  Winds"  (which 

Perseus,  king  of  Macedon,  and  a  claimant  to    ggg)  at  Athens. 

the  throne,  defeated  and  sent  captive  to  Rome  Andronicus  of  Rhodes.  A  peripatetic  philoso- 

148  B.  o.  , ,  .  , ,     ,      ...      ,  .    j^,     ,  ^  pher  and  commentator  on  Aristotle,  who  flour- 

Androclus  (an  dro-klus).    Lived  m  the  1st  cen-    ighed  during  the  1st  century  B.  c.   He  was  head 

turyA.  D.   A  Roman  slave  noted  for  his  friend-     of  the  peripatetic  school  at  Rome  about  58  B.  C. 

ship  with  a  hon.     According  to  the  story,  Androolus  AndrOS  (an'dros).     [Gv.  "Av6poc.']     The  north- 

emmost  island  of  the  Cyelades,  Greece,  situ- 


led  about  204.  An  early  Roman 
dramatic  poet  (Greek  by  birth)  and  actor,  the 
first  writer  who  "clothed  Greek  poetry  in  a 
Latin  dress."  He  was  brought  as  a  prisoner  of  war  to 
Rome  272  B.  0.,  and  sold  as  a  slave  to  M.  Livius  Salinator. 
He  was  manumitted  and  earned  his  living  as  a  teacher  of 
Latin  and  Greek.  For  his  pupils'  use  he  translated  the 
Odyssey  into  Latin  Saturnian  verse.  His  plays,  also,  were 
translated  from  the  Greek. 
Andronicus,  Marcus.  In  Shakspere's  "  Titus 
Andronicus,"  the  brother  of  Titus  and  tribune 
of  the  people. 


was  condemned  to  be  slain  by  wUd  beasts,  but  the  lion 
which  was  let  out  against  him  refused  to  touch  him,  and 
it  was  found  that  the  animal  was  one  which  the  slave, 
while  escaping  from  his  master  in  Africa,  had  found  suf- 
fering from  a  thorn  in  his  foot,  and  cured. 

Andromache  (an-drom'a-ke).    [Gi.'Avdpofidxi.'] 
In  Greek  legend,  the  wife  of  Hector  and,  after 


ated  in  the  .^gean  Sea  6  miles  southeast  of 
Euboea,  anciently  a  possession  successively  of 
Athens,  Macedon,  Pergamus,  and  Rome,  its 
length  is  25  miles,  and  its  greatest  width  10  miles,  and 
its  surface  is  mountainous.  Its  chief  product  is  silk. 
Population,  about  22,000. 


Ms  death,  of  Neoptolemus,  son  of  Achilles,  and   a  °^„„    •  a  „„„ii  „ j.  „„   ■^.„^    jjii,    -i     ;> 

later  of  Helenus,  brother  of  Hector,    she  wLs  the  "^fe^  ATftl  '  „?„^' 3*^^  °*  *^^  '"^'^"'^ 
daughter  of  Eetion,  king  of  Thebse  in  Cilicia,  who,  with  his    ."'^  Anaros,  on  us  eastern  coast, 
seven  sons,  was  slain  by  Achilles  when  he  captured  Thebte.  AnOrOS.     A  group  of  islands  m  the  Bahamas, 
Andromache.    A  play  of  Euripides.    Seethe    namedfromthechief  island  of  the  group,  about 
extract.  lat.  24°  45' N.,  long.  78°  W. 

The  Andromache  ...  is  one  of  the  worst  constructed,  AndrOS  (an'dros).  Sir  Edmund.     Bom  at  Lon- 
and  least -interesting,  plays  of  Euripides.    The  date  is  un-     don,  Dec.  o^  1637:   died  at  London,  Feb.   27, 


certain,  as  it  was  not  brought  out  at  Athens,  perhaps  not 
till  after  the  poet's  death,  and  is  only  to  be  fixed  doubt- 
f  uUy  b^  the  bitter  aUusions  to  Sparta,  with  which  it  teems. 
It  has  indeed  quite  the  air  of  a  political  pamphlet  under 
the  guise  of  a  tragedy.  It  must,  therefore,  have  been 
composed  during  the  Peloponnesian  war,  possibly  about 
419  B.  C.         Mahajfy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  337. 

Andromachus  (an-drom'a-kus).  [Gr.  'Avdpd- 
/iaxoc.'\  A  physician  of  the  emperor  Nero  (called 
"the  elder,"  to  distinguish  him  from  his  son), 
the  first  to  bear  the  title  of  "Archiater,"  or 
chief  physician.  He  was  the  inventor  of  a  celebrated 
medicine  and  antidote  (called  from  him  "  theriaca  Andro- 
machi "). 

AndromaoLUe  (on-dro-mak').  1.  A  tragedy  by 
Racine,  produced  in  1667. —  2.  An  opera  by 
Gr^try,  produced  at  Paris  1780. 


1714.  An  English  colonial  governor  of  New 
York  1674-81,  and  of  New  England  (including 
New  York)  1686-89.  When  the  charters  of  the  colo- 
nies were  revoked  he  was  conspicuous  in  an  attempt  to 
seize  the  charter  of  Connecticut  (1687),  which  probably 
succeeded.  (See  Charter  Oak.)  He  offended  the  colonists 
of  New  England  by  his  tyranny  and  was  seized  April  18, 
16S9,  in  Boston  and  sent  to  England  for  trial ;  but  the  col- 
onists* complaints  were  dismissed.  He  was  governor  of 
Virginia  (where  he  founded  William  and  Mary  College) 
1692-98,  and  governor  of  the  island  of  Jersey  1704-06. 
Androscoggin  (an-dros-kog'in) .  A  river  whose 
head  streams  rise  in  northern  New  Hampshire 
and  northern  Maine,  and  which  drains  Lake 
Umbagog  and  the  Rangeley  Lakes,  and  joins 
the  Kennebec  5  miles  north  of  Bath.  Its  total 
length  is  about  175  miles. 


Andromeda  (an-drom'e-da).     [Gr.  'AvSpofieS^."]  Androtion  (an-dro'ti-on).    [Gr.  'Avdporluv.']   An 


In  Greek  legend,  the  daughter  of  Cepheus  and 
Cassiopeia,    she  was  exposed  to  a  sea-monster,  was 
rescued  by  Perseus,  and  was  changed,  after  her  death,  to  a 
constellation. 
Another  myth,  seemingly  so  diverse — the  story  of  the 


Athenian  orator,  a  contemporary  of  Demosthe- 
nes and  a  pupil  of  Isoerates.  All  of  his  work  has 
perished  with  the  exception  of  a  fragment  preserved  by 
Aristotle.  He  was  attacked  by  Demosthenes  in  one  of  his 
early  orations. 


slaying  of  the  dragon  by  Perseus  and  the  rescue  of  An-  Andrugio  (an-dro'j6).     In  Marston's  "Antonio 

dromeda— was  localised  by  the  Greeks  on  the  Phcenician  ^nd  MeUida,"  the  noble  but  turbulent  Duke  of 

coast.    It  proves  to  be  a  lunar  eclipse  myth,  ultimately  «.„_..      HfiiittprsthfifflTnmi<!STiPfichhp(HTiTiiTio' 

Babylonian,  a  Greek  translation  of  the  Phoenician  version  Y.^?             mzeis  tne lamous  speecn  Deginnmg, 

of  the  combat  of  Bel  Merodach  with  the  dragon  Tiamat,  VYhj',  man,  1  never  was  a  prmce  till  now." 

and  the  rescue  of  the  moon  goddess  Istar  from  the  black  AndrUSSOff  (an'dros-sof ),  or  AndrusSOVO.     A 

dragon  who  threatened  to  devour  her         .^^^^  ,„,  village  in  the  government  of  Smolensk,  Russia, 

.         ,         ,^         ^"^'Z'  ^T'  noted  for  the  treaty  of  Andrussoff  in  1667  be- 

Andromeda.     A  northern   constellation  sur-  ^^^g^  Russia  and  Poland,  by  which  the  latter 

rounded  by  Pegasus,  Cassiopeia,  Perseus,  Pis-  ^^^^^  g-iefiE,  Smolensk,  and  eastern  Ukraine, 

ces,  Anes,  etc.,  supposed  to  represent  the  figure  _A.nduiar  (an-do-Har').    Atown  intheprovince 

„f ,  w.^v^ar,  .>,»,r,»H    TV,. „n„=fpn=+,n^  „n„f.=,r,=  j^     ^  ^  situatcd  ou  the  Guadalquivii 44 


of  a  woman  chained.  The  constellation  contains 

three  stars  of  the  second  magnitude,  of  which 

the  brightest  is  Alpheratz. 
Androm^de  (oh-dro-mad').    A  play  by  Cor- 

neille,  first  acted  in  1650. 
Andronica  (an-dro-ne'ka).    One  of  the  hand- 


miles  northeast  of  Cordova.  It  was  the  scene  of  an 
engagement  between  the  French  and  Spanish,  July  18-20, 
1808.  The  Convention  of  Bailen  was  signed  here  in  1808, 
and  here  in  1823,  by  decree,  the  French  assumed  superi; 
ority  over  the  Spanish  authorities.  Near  it  was  the  Celti- 
herian  lUiturgis  (?).    Population  (1887),  16,214. 


maids  of  Logistilla  (Reason)  in  Ariosto's  "Or-  a_j_„_{ /a^i^'^s  ^a^       ^n^A  ■Knr-Jai     Tt,  ni/i 
ic^A^i^,,^J^»    sWp  ™r,,.o=oT,t.»  fnW^^Hii^e  AndvaH  (and  va-re).      [Old  Norse.]     In  t)ld 


lando  Furioso."  She  represents  fortitude. 
Andronicus  (an-dro-ni'kus)  I.  Comnenus. 
[MGr.  'Avdpdvmog  Ko/lv7p/6c.'\  Born  about  1110: 
died  at  Constantinople,  Sept.  12, 1185.  Byzan- 
tine emperor  1183-85,  grandson  of  Alexius  I. 
Comnenus.    Having  contrived  to  get  himself  appointed 


Norse  mythology,  a  dwarf  who  lived  in  the 
water  in  the  form  of  a  pike.  He  was  caught  by 
Loki  and  forced  to  give  up  his  treasure,  ultimately  called 
from  its  possessors  the  Nibelung  Hoard.  On  the  last 
ring,  the  Andvaranaut,  later  the  Bing  of  the  Nibelungs, 
he  laid  the  curse  of  destruction  to  all  who  should  own  it. 


v.'UuixieiiLis.    navmg coninvea tt> get iiimBcii  appoiui/cu     .  _  ../j-\       mi, t.x. -.„x  ^f 

regent  during  the  minority  of  Alexius  II.,  he  put  the  Anegada  (a-ne-ga'da).     The  northernmost  of 


prince  and  his  mother,  the  empress  Maria,  to  death,  and 
ascended  the  throne;  but  his  cruelty  and  debauchery 
brought  about  a  popular  insurrection  under  Isaac  Angelus, 
who  put  him  to  death  after  subjecting  him  to  every  spe- 
cies of  indignity  and  torture. 

Andronicus  II.  Palseologus.  Bom  about  1259 : 
died  1332.  Byzantine  emperor  1282-1328  (?), 
son  of  Michael  Palseologus.    Dviring  his  reign  the 


the  virgin  Islands,  British  West  Indies,  in  lat. 
18°  45'  N.,  long.  64°  20'  W.  Its  length  is  10 
miles. 

Anel  (a-nel'),  Dominique.  Born  1679:  died 
about  1730.  A  French  surgeon.  He  introduced 
improvements  in  the  operations  for  aneurism 
and  fistula  lacrymalis. 


empire  was  ravaged  (1306-08)  by  the  revolt  of  the  Cata-  Anelida  and  Ar cite  (a-nel'i-da  and  Sr' sit).   An 


Ian  Grand  Company,  a  body  of  Spanish  mercenaries  em- 
ployed against  the  Ottoman  Turks,  and  (1321-28)  by  a  civil 
war  with  his  grandson  Andronicus  III.,  by  whom  he  was 
dethroned  and  compelled  to  retire  to  a  cloister. 

Andronicus  III.  Palaeologus.  Bom  about 
1296 :  died  June  15, 1341.  Byzantine  emperor 
1328-41,  grandson  of  Andronicus  II.  whose 
throne  he  usurped.  He  carried  on  war  with  the  Otto- 
man Turks,  who  (1326-38)  detached  nearly  the  whole  of 
Asia  Minor  from  the  empire. 


unfinished  poem  by  Chaucer,  it  was  among  those 
printed  by  Caxton,  and  is  mentioned  in  both  Lydgate's 
and  Thynne's  lists  of  Chaucer's  works,  in  the  latter  as  "Of 
Queen  Anelida  and  False  Arcite."  There  are  passages  in  it 
from  Boccaccio's  "  Teseide,"  and  the  "  Thebaid  "  of  Statins 
was  also  drawn  upon.  Chaucer  tells  us  that  he  took  it 
from  the  Latin,  and  says  at  the  close  of  the  prologue : 

"First  follow  I  Stace  and  after  him  Corinne." 
To  Corinne  or  Corineus,  whoever  he  or  she  was,  he  owed 
the  inspiration  of  this  poem.     Miss  Barrett  (Mrs.  Brown- 


Anellda  and  Arcite 

tag)  modernized  the  poem  about  the  middle  of  the  19th 
century.  Anelida  was  the  Queen  ot  Armenia.  In  the 
poem  is  included  "The  Complaint  of  Fair  Anelida  upon 
False  Arcite,"  occasioned  by  the  fact  that  the  Theban 
knight  (who  la  not  the  true  Arcite  of  the  "Knight's  Tale  ") 
deserted  her  for  another.  The  poem  breaks  otf  at  the 
end  of  her  complaint. 

Anerio  (a-na're-6),  Felice.  Bom  at  Rome 
about  1560:  died  about  1630.  An  Italian  com- 
poser of  sacred  music  who  succeeded  Pales- 
trina,  on  the  latter's  death,  as  composer  for  the 
papal  chapel. 

Anerio,  Giovanni  Francesco.  Born  at  Rome 
about  1567 :  died  after  1613.  An  Italian  com- 
poser, brother  of  Felice  Anerio,  maestro  at 
the  Lateran  1600-13.  He  wrote  sacred  music 
chiefly. 

Anethan  (an-ton'),  Julius  (Jules)  Joseph, 
Baron  d'.  Born  at  Brussels,  April  24,  1803: 
died  there,  Oct.  8,  1888.  A  Belgian  Conserva- 
tive politician,  premier  1870-71. 

Anettou,  Pic  d .    See  NMJiou. 

Aneurin  (an'i-rin).  Flourished  about  600 
A.  D.  (?).  A  Welsh  bard,  son  of  a  chief  of  the 
Otadini  or  Gododin  (a  sea-coast  tribe  dwelling 
south  of  the  Firth  of  Forth),  and  author  of  the 
epic  "Gododin"  (which see),  the  chief  source 
of  the  very  scanty  information  about  him.  He 
has  been  thought  to  be  identical  with  Gildas  the  histo- 
rian, or  to  be  the  son  of  Gildas  (who  was  sometimes  called 
Euryn  y  Coed  Auf). 

Aneurin's  great  epic  itself  is  wanting  in  all  precision  of 
detail.  It  is  the  history  of  a  long  war  of  races,  compressed 
under  the  similitude  of  a  battle  into  a  few  days  of  ruin, 
like  the  last  fight  in  the  Voluspa. 

Elton,  Origins  of  £ng.  Hist.,  p.  346. 

Anfossi  (an-f  os'se),  Pasquale.  Born  at  Naples, 
1736 :  died  at  Rome,  1797  (1795  ?%  An  Italian 
operatic  composer,  author  of  "  L'Incognita  per- 
seguitata"  (1773),  etc. 

Angami-Naga  (an-ga'me-na'ga).  A  savage 
and  warlike  tribe  in  northern  Assam. 

Angara  (an-ga-ra')-  (Upper  Angara  and 
Upper  Tungusta.^  The  chief  tributary  of  the 
Yenisei,  in  southern  Siberia.  It  rises  northeast  of 
Lake  Baikal,  traverses  Lake  Baikal,  flows  northwest  and 
west,  and  joins  the  Yenisei  above  Yeniseisk.  Its  length 
is  about  1,300  miles.  It  is  navigable  throughout  almost 
its  entire  course. 

Angel  (an'jel),  Benjamin  Franklin.  Born  at 
Burlington,  Otsego  County,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  28, 1815 : 
died  at  Geneseo,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  11, 1894.  Alawyer 
and  diplomatist,  commissioner  to  China  (1855) 
under  President  Pierce,  and  minister  to  Sweden 
and  Norway  under  President  Buchanan. 
Angelica  (an-jel'i-kS,).  1.  In  Boiardo's  "Or- 
lando Innamorato""and  Ariosto's  "Orlando 
Furioso,"  a  beautiful  but  coquettish  and  faith- 
less princess,  daughter  of  Galaphron,  king  of 
Cathay.  His  imrequited  love  for  her  was  the 
cause  of  Orlando's  madness. — 3.  The  principal 
female  character  in  Congreve's  play  "Love 
for  Love,"  a  witty  and  piquant  woman,  and  the 
author's  favorite  character. — 3.  A  character 
in  Farquhar's  comedy  "The  Constant  Couple," 
and  also  in  its  sequel,  "Sir  Harry  Wildair." 
Angelic  Brothers.  A  community  of  Dutch 
Pietists,  in  the  16th  century,  who  believed  that 
they  had  attained  that  state  of  angelic  purity 
in  which,  there  is  '  ■  neither  marrying  nor  giving 
in  marriage  " :  founded  by  George  Gichtel. 
Angelic  Doctor,  ML.  Doctor  Angelicus.  A 
surname  of  Thomas  Aquinas. 
Angelico  (an-jel'e-ko),  Tra.  See  Mesole. 
Angelina  (an-je-li'na).  1.  In  Dryden's  tragi- 
comedy "  The  Rival  Ladies,"  a  sister  of  Don 
Rhodorigo,  in  love  with  Gonsalvo.  She  dis- 
guises herself  as  a  man  and  goes  by  the  name 
of  Amideo. — 2.  The  heroine  of  Goldsmith's  bal- 
lad "  Edwiu  and  Angelina,"  sometimes  called 
"  The  Hermit,"  in  "  The  Vicar  of  Wakefield." 
Angelina.  A  pseudonym  of  Harriet  Martineau. 
Ang^lique  (on-zha-lek').  1.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal characters  in  Moli^re's  "  Le  Malade  Ima- 
ginaire."  she  is  the  daughter  of  Argan,  the  imaginary 
invalid,  who  wishes  to  marry  her  to  the  son  of  his  physi- 
cian, M.  Diafoirus,  but  is  finally  induced  to  give  her  to 
CKante,  the  man  she  loves. 

2.  The  wife  of  George  Dandin,  in  Molifere's 
comedy  of  that  name.  See  George  Dandin. 
Angell  (an'jel),  James  Burrill.  Bom  at  Scitu- 
ate,  R.  I.,  Jan  7, 1829.  An  American  educator. 
He  was  a  graduate  of  Brown  University  and  was  "professor 
of  modern  languages  there  1853-60,  editor  of  the  Providence 
'■  Journal "  1860-66,  president  of  the  University  of  Ver- 
mont 1S66-71,  and  president  of  the  University  of  Michigan 
after  1871.  He  was  United  States  minister  to  China  1880- 
1881,  and  commissioner  in' negotiating  treaties  with  that 
country ;  and  was  minister  to  Turkey  1897-98. 
Angell,  Joseph  Kinnicut.  Bom  at  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.  April  30,  1794:  died  at  Boston, 
May  1,  1857.    An  American  legal  writer.    He 


58 

was  a  graduate  of  Brown  University  *[81S,  editor  of  the 
"Law  Intelligencer  and  Eeview"  1829-31,  and  reporter 
of  the  Bhode  Island  Supreme  Court;  author  of  "Treatise 
of  the  Right  of  Property  in  Tide  Waters"  (1826),  "In- 
quiry Eelative  to  an  Incorporeal  Hereditament "  (1827), 
"A  Practical  Summary  of  the  Law  of  Assignment"  (1836), 
"On  Adverse  Enjoyment" (1837X  "Treatise  on  the  Com- 
mon Law  in  Belation  to  Water  Courses"  (1840),  "Treatise 
on  the  Limitations  of  Actions  at  Law  and  Suits  in  Equjty 
and  Admiralty"  (2d  ed.  1846),  and  with  Samuel  Ames 
of  "Treatise  on  Corporations"  (3d  ed.  1846). 
Angeln  (ang'eln).  A  small  district  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Sohleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  lying  be- 


Anglo-Saxon 

characterized  particularly  by  the  vaulting,  which  rises  bo 
much  in  every  bay  as  to  approach  a  domical  form.  There 
is  a  fine  early  sculptured  west  portal ;  ^e  nave  is  64  feet 
wide  and  80  feet  high;  and  there  are  long  transepts, 
but  no  aisles.  It  contains  splendid  13th-century  glass, 
a  beautiful  wall-arcade  beneath  the  windows,  and  very 
extensive  and  notable  14th-century  tapestiles  bequeathed 
by  King  Ben6.  The  castle,  completed  by  St.  Louis,  is  a 
huge  trapezoid  about  half  a  mile  in  circuit  with  seven- 
teen massive  cylindrical  towers  bossing  its  walls.  Within 
the  inclosure  remain  portions  of  the  Renaissance  palace 
of  the  counts  of  Anjou  as  well  as  the  dungeons  and  many 
other  interesting  memorials  of  the  medieval  fortress. 
Population  (19011, 


Ween  the  Flensburg  Fiord  on  the  north,  the  Angerstein  (ang'er-stin),  John  Julins.     Born 

Baltic  on  the  east,  and  the  Schlei  on  the  south.        "-    -      ^  -  =>      "  ,.   ,     .   —     .. 

It  is  noted  for  its  fertility,  and  is  supposed  to 
have  been  the  original  home  of  the  .Ajigles. 

Angelo,  Michel.    See  Michelangelo. 

Angelo  (an'je-16).     1.    In  Shakspere's  "Mea- 
sure for  Measure,"  the  duke's  deputy 


at  St.  Petersburg,  1735 :  died  at  Blackheath, 
Jan.  22,  1823.  An  English  merchant,  philan- 
thropist, and  art  amateur.  The  greater  part  of  his 
very  valuable  collection  of  pictures  was  acquired  by  the 
British  government  in  1824,  at  an  expense  of  £60,000. 

Angerville,  Bichard.    See  Bury,  Mchard  de. 
The  actor  is  here  required  to  represent  a  man  who  is  AngOVin  Line  Or  Dynasty.     The  early  Plan- 
too  little  for  the  great,  bold,  and  dangerous  projects  of  an     tagenet  kings  of  England,  from  Henry  H.  to 
ambitious  selfishness ;  too  noble  for  the  weak  errors  of  a     t«i.«  .  „„  „„ii„.j  *«„™ +!,«!«  n™™!«  ,•-,.   a-Xa^,, 
vain  self-love,  who  wavers  negatively  between  the  two,     ^0™=  SO  calledfrora  their  ongm  in  Anjou. 
who  aspires  after  honour,  who  would  be  a  master  in  his  AnghiCra  (an-ge-a'ra),  PietrO  Martire  d',  or 
political  vocation,  a  saint  in  his  moral  life,  but  who,  in     Petg];  Martyr.     See  Marttir   Peter. 

Angilbert  (ang'gil-bert),  Saint.     Bom  about 
740  A.  D.:  died  Feb.  18,  814.    A  FranMsh  poet. 


the  hour  of  temptation,  is  found  as  false  and  tyrannical 
in  the  one  as  he  is  hypocritical  and  base  in  the  other. 
Genaiww,  Shakespeare  Commentaries  (tr.  by  F.  E.  Bunnett, 

[ed.  1880),  p.  600. 


2.  In  Shakspere's  "  Comedy  of  Errors,"  a  gold- 
smith. 
Angelo.    A  prose  drama  by  Victor  Hugo,  first 


historian, and  diplomatist,  a  councilor  of  Charles 
the  Great,  and  abbot  of  Centula,  or  Saint-Ri- 
quier  in Pieardie  (794).  He  was  surnamed  "the 
Homer  of  his  age." 


represented  at  the  Th6S,tre  Franjais,  Paris,  Angiras  (an'gi-ras).  In  Vedic  mythology,  the 
April  28, 1835.  The  scene  is  laid  in  Padua  in  the  mid-  alleged  ancestor  of  the  Angirases,  represented 
die  of  the  16th  century.  It  was  translated  into  English  as  the  author  of  the  ninth  Mandala  of  Rigveda, 
by  Q._  H.  .Davidson,_ana  produced  in  London  as  "  Angelo     of  ^  law-book,  and  of  an  astronomical  manual. 

The    remodeled  Angirases,  The.    [Deriv,  uncertain.]    In  Hindu 


and.  the  Actress  of  Padua. 

Angelo,  Sant',  Castle  of. 


mausoleum  of  Hadrian  in  Rome,  it  is  a  huge 
circular  tower  about  230  feet  in  diameter  on  a  basement 
about  300  feet  square,  with  medieval  chambers  and  case- 
ments excavated  in  its  solid  concrete,  and  three  Kenais- 
sance  stories  added  on  its  summit  to  serve  the  purposes 
of  a  citadel.  Originally  the  mausoleum  possessed  a  super- 
structure surrounded  with  columns  and  statues,  and 
crowned  with  a  cone  of  masonry.  It  is  connected  with 
the  Vatican  quarter  by  the  Pont  Sant"  Angelo,  built  by 
Hadrian  in  136,  which  originally  had  seven  arches ;  two 
are  now  built  up.  Also  Hadrian's  Wole. 
Angelus  Silesius  (an'je-lus  si-le'shi-us)  (JO' 


mythology,  a  class  of  beings  standing  between 
gods  and  men.  They  are  called  the  sons  of  heaven, 
sons  of  the  gods.  They  appear  in  company  with  the  gods, 
with  the  Asvuis,  Yama,  the  gods  of  the  sun  and  the  light. 
Agni  is  called  the  first  and  highest  Angiras.  At  the  same 
time  the  Angirases  are  called  the  fathers  of  men,  and 
many  families  trace  their  descent  from  them.  The  hymns 
of  the  Atharvaveda  are  called  Angirasas,  and  the  Angi- 
rases were  especially  charged  with  the  pi*otection  of  sac- 
rifices perfoi-med  in  accordance  with  the  Atharvaveda. 


Angkor  (ang-kor').  A  ruined  city  near  the  fron- 

T.o'^v....n  c..i..^Ai»«\  '    T>'„        i  r>      1       T>'   ^"•"      tiers  of  Cambodia  and  Siam,  near  Lake  Bienho. 
nannes  Schemer).    Bom  at  Breslau,  Pmssia,   a.-™.!.,..,*..'™  v-s„i.4.     rm,  •        4.    /-. 

1624:  diedatBreslau,  July9,1677.    A  German  4°Slantes  knight.    The  name  given  to  Or- 
philosophieal  poet,  author  of  "  Cherubiniseher    1?"4°'  ^°I^  »*  Anglante,  m  Anosto's     Orlando 


Wandersmann"  (1657),  etc. 


Furioso." 


[In  mod.  use  only  as  a  his- 


Angelus,  The.    A  celebrated  painting  by  J.  F.  4"^^®?  i^''^'^^"'^^  -  7  n     •  -    ,     .     ,- 

■.«■/?,  i  ,,'o^.^,     _  ^  B.    J    ■    •    toneal  term;  L.  Anglus,  usually  in  pi.  Angli 

(first  in  Tacitus),  repr.  the  OTeut.  form  found 
in  AS.  Angle,  Ongle,  Mngle,  reg.  Engle,  pi.  (in 
comp.  Angel-,  Ongel-),  the  people  of  Angel, 
Angol,  Angul,  Ongul  (=  Icel.  Ongull),  a  district 
of  what  is  now  Schleswig-Holstein,  said  to  be 
so  named  from  angel,  angul,  ongul,  a  hook,  in 
ref.  to  its  shape.]  A  Teutonic  tribe  which, 
in  the  earliest  period  of  its  recorded  history 
dwelt  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  district 
now  called  Angeln,  in  Schleswig-Holstein,  and 
which  in  the  5th  century  and  later,  accom- 
panied by  kindred  tribes,  the  Saxons.  Jutes, 


MiUet  (1859).  The  time  is  evening;  two  peasants,  a 
man  and  a  woman,  at  the  sound  of  the  Angelus  bell  from 
a  distant  church,  stop  their  work  and  stand  in  the  field 
praying  with  bowed  heads.  In  1889  it  was  bought  at 
auction  by  the  American  Art  Association  for  680,650 
francs,  which  included  tax,  auctioneer's  fees,  etc.  It  was 
sold  in  1890  to  the  agents  of  M.  Chauchard  for  $150,000. 
He  has  signified  his  intention  of  presenting  it  to  the 
Lcuvre  at  his  death. 

Angely  (onzh-le'),  Louis.  Bom  at  Berlin  about 
1780  (1788?):  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  16,  1835.  A 
German  actor  and  dramatist.  His  works, 
mainly  adaptations  of  French  plays,  have  been 
collected  in  four  volumes  (Berlin,  1842). 


Angerapp  (S,n'ge-rap).  A  head  streani  of  the  and  Friesians,  crossed  over  to  Britain,  and  col- 
Pregel,  m  Bast  Prussia,  which  drains  the  onized  the  greater  part  of  it.  The  Angles  were  the 
Mauersee.  most  numerous  of  these  settlers,  and  founded  the  tliree 

Angerburg  (ang'er-borG).  A  small  town  in  the  Si°ft'l,'ilA**Lf°8''''{  Mercia,  and  Northumbria. 
province  Sf\East  Prussii,  situated  on  the  An.  fn™A'Sg?o!^ax*Jk^l^L^3;'?randTthfASZ'.^"''"'^ 
gerapp  60  miles  sou±heast  of  Konigsberg.  Anglesey  (ang'gl-se),  or  Anglesea  (ang'gl-se). 

Angermanelf  (slng'er-man-elf).  A  river  in  [AS.  Angles  efl', 'Angle's  island.']  An  island 
Sweden  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  and  county  of  North  Wales,  which  lies  north- 
near  Hemosand.  It  drains  several  lakes  and  forms  ''rest  of  the  mainland  from  which  it  is  separated 
many  waterfalls.  Its  length  is  over  200  miles,  and  it  is  by  Menai  Strait.  Its  surface  is  generally  flat  It  was 
jiavigable  in  its  lower  course.  an  ancient  seat  of  the  Druids,  was  conquered  by  the 

Angermanland  (ang'er-man-land).  A  district  ?°^f'T  """l^Q  S"5'o,'>i>  Paullnus  in  61  A.  B.,  and  by 
in  northern  Swpden  Ttiainlv  incliidfld  in  the  ^F.^.v^'^  It-  ^H"^  '^*®''  ""^oame  a  Welsh  stronghold, 
m  norinem  oweaen,  mamiy  mciuaea  m  tne  Its  length  is  22  miles,  and  its  area  302  square  mUes.  Pon- 
modem  Hemosand  Ian.  '  ulation  (1891),  60,079.    See  Jfona. 

Angermann  (^ng'er-man).     See  Angermanelf.    Anglesea,  Earl  of.     See  Annesley. 

Angermiinde  (ang-er-miin'de).    Atownin  the  Anglesey,  Marquis  of.    See  Paget. 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  42  miles  Angleterre  (on-gle-tar').    The  French  name  of 
northeast  of  Berlin,  on  the  Mundesee.  England. 

Angerona  (an-je-ro'na),  or  Angeronia  (-ni-a).  An^ia  (ang'gli-a).     A  Latin  name  of  England ; 
In  Roman  mythology,  a  goddess  whose  attri-    specifically,  that  part  of  England  which  was 
butes  and  powers  are  not  definitely  known,    settled  by  the  Angles.    See  Mast  Analia 
She  was,  perhaps,  the  goddess  who  releases  from   (or    a_„i:__  /„„„/„ij       \       a  !•  •■ 

causes)  anguish  and  secret  grief.  Her  statue  stood  in  -^SUan  ^ang  gli-an).  A  name  sometimes  used 
the  temple  of  Volnpia  (sensual  pleasure),  and  she  was  rep-  tor  the  old  EngLsh  (Engliso)  or  Anglo-Saxon 
resented  with  her  finger  upon  her  bound  and  sealed  lips.      of  Anglia,  the  district  of  Britain  first  occupied 

Angers  (on-zha')..  The  capital  of  the  depart-    by  the  Angles. 

ment  of  Maine-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on  Anglo-Latin  (ang-glo-lat'in).  Middle  or  medi- 
the  Maine  5  miles  from  the  Loire,  in  lat.  47°    eval  Latin  as  written  in  England  in  the  middle 

28' N.,  long.  0°  33' W.:  the  Roman  Juliomagus  -  ..       -        . 

or  Andecavia  (Andegavia  or  Andegavum),  a 
town  of  the  Andecavi  or  Andes,  a  Gallic  tribe. 
It  has  an  extensive  trade  and  varied  manufactures.  It 
was  formerly  the  capital  of  Anjou,  and  the  seat  of  a  uni- 
versity and  a  military  college.  It  suffered  severely  in  the  a__i_  a.—  Y  i-  i  <  •.  ,-r  -.it  . 
Huguenot  and  Vendean  wars.  The  cathedral  of  Angers  AnglO-baXOn  (ang-glo-sak  son).  [<  ML.  An^ 
is  an  interesting  monument  of  the  Angevin  Pointed  style,     glo-Saxones,  more  correctly  written  Anglosox- 


the  ordinary  language  of  the  church  and 
the  courts  until  the  modem  period,  liris  char- 
acterized by  the  liberal  inclusion  and  free  Latin- 
izing of  technical  and  vernacular  English  and 
Norman  or  Anglo-French  terms. 


Anglo-Saxon 

ones,  pi.,  also  AngU  Saxones  or  Angli  et  Saxones, 
rarely  Saxones  AngU.  The  term  frequently  oc- 
ciu-8  m  the  charters  of  Alfred  and  his  successors 
(chiefly  m  the  gen.  pi.  with  rex)  as  the  general 
name  of  their  people,  all  the  Teutonic  tribes  in 
England ;  but  it  is  sometimes  confined  to  the 
people  south  of  the  Humber.  The  same  term 
is  used  by  foreign  chroniclers  and  writers  in 
Latin  from  the  8th  to  the  12th  century,  with 


59 

goamois  and  frequently  an  appanage  of  the  royal  houae 
During  the  Huguenot  wars  it  was  several  times  sacked' 
The  cathedral  of  Angouiame  is  a  highly  interesting  struc- 
ture built  in  U20,  with  wide  nave  and  transepts  domicaUy 
vaulted,  and  no  aisles.  The  crossing  is  surmounted  by  a 
beautiful  ovoid  dome  on  an  octagonal  drum.  The  west 
front  has  several  tiers  of  arcades  between  low,  conioally 
capped  towers,  and  bears  much  Uomanesque  flgure-sculp- 
ture  of  great  interest.  The  line  belfry,  over  the  north 
transept,  rises  in  six  arcaded  tiers,  and  resembles  an  Italian 
campanile.    Population  (1891),  36,690. 


the  Angle  or  'English'  Saxons.  The  name  is 
sometimes  restricted  to  the  Saxons  who  dwelt  chiefly 
in  the  southern  districts  (Weasex,  Essex,  Sussex,  Middle- 
sex—names which  contain  the  form  of  Saxon— a,ni 
Kent)  of  the  country  which  came  to  be  known,  from  a 
kindred  tribe,  as  the  land  of  the  Angles,  Engla  land, 
now  England,  but  usually  extended  to  the  whole  people 
or  nation  formed  by  the  aggregation  of  the  Angles,  Sax- 
ons, and  other  early  Teutonic  settlers  in  Britain,  or  the 
whole  people  of  England  before  the  Conquest.  (J)  pl_ 
The  English  race ;  all  persons  in  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  in  the  United  States,  and  in  their 
dependencies,  who  belong,  actually  or  nomi- 
nally, nearly  or  remotely,  to  the  Teutonic  stock 
of  England;  in  the  widest  use,  all  English- 
speaking  or  English-appearing  people.— 2. 
The  language  of  the  Anglo-Saxons;  Saxon; 
the  earliest  form  of  the  English  language,  con- 
stituting, with  Old  Saxon,  Old  Priesie,  and 
other  dialects,  the  Old  Low  German  group, 
belonging  to  the  so-called  West  Germanic  di- 
vision of  the  Teutonic  speech. 

Angol(an-gol').  The  capital  of  Malleco,  Chile, 
in  lat.  37°  45'  N.,  long.  73°  W.  It  was  the  capi- 
tal of  the  former  territory  of  Angol.  Population 
(1885),  6,331. 

Angola  (an-go'la).  [Pg.  Angola,  repr.  the  na- 
tive name  Ngola.^  1.  The  Ngola  tribe. —  2. 
The  native  Angola  nation,  of  which  the  Ngola 
tribe  was  the  principal. —  3.  The  old  Portu- 
guese colony  of  Angola,  founded  in  the  boun- 


Anjou 

Anhwei  (an-hwa'e),  or  Ngan-hui  (n'gan- 
hwe').  A  province  of  China,  bounded  by 
Kiang-su  on  the  northeast,  by  Kiang-su  and 
Che-kiang  on  the  east,  by  Kiang-si  on  the  south, 
by  Hu-peh  and  Ho-nau  on  the  west,  and  by 
Eo-nan  on  the  northwest,  its  capital  is  Nganking. 
It  contains  part  of  the  green-tea  district.  Area.  48,461 
square  miles.    Population,  20,696,288. 

Ani.     See  Anni. 

Aniagmut  (a'ne-ag-mot),  or  Kaviagmut  (ka'- 

ve-ag-mot).     [Sing.  Aniagmu,  or  Kaviagmu.'] 

A  tribe  of  Eskimo  which  occupies  a  part  of  the 

,  ^„,^o    Alaskan  Peninsula  and  Kadiak  Island. 

Due  d'AngoulSme  in  1619.  He  was  imprisoned  in  the  Anian  (a-ni-an').   An  early  name  of  Bering  Sea 

BastiUe,1606-16,forhlsintrigueswiththeMarquisedeVer-     and  Strait. 

lZ\nrh?ri!™„'l!ftr'^^'*'''fo''"°''^'^i'"/',l."'*  Anicet-Bourgeois  (a-ne-sa'  bor-zhwa'),  Au- 
Ivry,  and  he  directed  the  sieges  of  Soissons  and  La  Eo-  eustp  Born  at  Paris  Tlan  9!%  IsnfiV  .qL^„* 
chelle.    He  is  the  reputed  author  of  " M^moires  "  (1662).      ^^''°i     ^°™  °J,  ^^J-  ■^'ec-  ^0,  1»06 :  died  at 

Angouleme,  Due  d'  (Louis  Antoine  de  Bour-     t'  ''T'  -,?'       " ,  ^ ^'"^nch  dramatist,  author 
bon).    Bom  at  Versailles,  Aug.  6,  1775:  died    of  jaudeviUes,  melodramas,  etc. 
at  Goritz,  June  3,  1844.     The  elclest  son  of  Anicetus  (an-i-se'tus).    Lived  about  60  a.  d. 

Charles  X.  of  France  (Comte  d'Artois)  and   Atlllf^^''-^''^^^7T?^^^'^Z-    ...a  ... 
Maria  Theresa  of  Savoy,  princess  of  Sardinia.  Anicgtus.    Bishop  of  Eonie  about  154^166  a.  d. 
He  opposed  Napoleon  in  the  south  of  France  on  his  return  •n-nicnes,  or  AnicnC  (a-nesh').     Amanufaetur- 


the  general  meaning.]     1.  (o)  Literally,  one  of  Angoul§me,  Due   d'   (Charles   de  Valois) 
+.b«   AnorlB  n.  'w„„KcT,>  Q„. —     _.  .     Born  April  28,  1573:  died  Sept.  24,  1650     A 

French  politician  and  general,  an  illegitimate 
son  of  Charles  IX.  and  Marie  Touehet,  made 


from  Elba,  was  a  commander  in  the  French  invasion  of 
Spain  in  1823,  and  was  exiled  in  1830. 

Angoul§nie,  Duchesse  d*  (Marie  Therfese 
Onarlotte).  Bom  at  Versailles,  Dec.  19, 1778 : 
died  Oct.  19,  1851.  Daughter  of  Louis  XVI. 
and  wife  of  the  Due  d'iijigouMme,  an  active 
adherent  of  the  ultra-royalists. 

Angoumois  (on-go-mwa').  A  former  division 
of  western  Prance,  which,  with  Saintonge, 
formed  a  government  previous  to  the  Revo- 
lution. (Compare  Saintonge.)  It  corresponds 
nearly  to  the  department  of  (5harente 


ing  and  mining  town  in  the  department  of  Nord, 
Prance,  14  miles  west  of  Valenciennes.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  6,765. 

Aniello,  Tonmiaso.    See  Masamiello. 

Animuecia  (a-ne-mo'cha),  Giovanni.  Bom  at 
Florence  about  1490  (?) :  died  1571.  An  Ital- 
ian composer  of  sacred  music.  "Hb  composed 
the  famous  'Laudi,'  which  were  sung  at  the  Oratorio  of 
S.  Filippo  after  the  conclusion  of  the  regular  office,  and 
out  of  the  dramatic  tone  and  tendency  of  which  the  '  Ora- 
torio '  is  said  to  have  been  developed.  Hence  h  e  has  been 
called  the  'Father  of  the  Oratorio.'"  Grove,  Diet,  of 
Music. 


Azores,  situated  on  the  southern  coast  of  Ter 
ceira,  in  lat.  38°  38'  N.,  long.  27°  13'  W.  It  is 
the  seat  of  a  bishopric.  It  was  surnamed  "  do  heroismo  " 
for  its  patriotic  opposition  to  the  pretender  Dom  Miguel, 

aaries  of  the"  ancienfuative  kingdom  of  Angola,     1830-32.    Population,  about  ii,ooo. 

and  called  "Reino  e  Conquistas  de  Angola."—  A?Sra  Mainyu  (an'gra  min'yo).    See  Ahura 

Mazda. 
Angra  Pequena  (ang'gra  pa-ka'na) 


Angra   (ang'gra).    A  seaport,  capital  of  the  Anio  (a'ne-6),  or  Aniene  (a-ne-a'ne),  or  Teve 
tlio  ami+Viai.Ti  »«oo+  nf  rr„,     rono  (ta-va-ro'ue).     [li.  Anio  {Anien-)  ovAnien, 


I  Conquistas  de  Angol; 
4.  The  modern  Portuguese  province  of  An- 
gola, comprising  the  old  kingdoms  of  Kongo, 
Angola,  and  BengueUa,  the  new  district  of 
Mossamedes,  and  the  latest  accessions  between 
the  Kuangu  and  Kassai  rivers.  This  province 
extends  along  the  west  coast  of  Africa  from  6°  to  17° 
south  latitude,  and  inland  as  far  as  the  Kuangu,  Kassai, 
and  Zambesi  rivers.  Its  area  is  about  490,000  square  miles; 
its  population  from  three  to  five  millions.  The  adminis- 
tration is  in  the  hands  of  a  governor-general,  residing  at 
Loanda,  with  district  governors  of  Kongo,  BengueUa,  and 
Mossamedes.    Every  district  is  subdivided  into  "  concel- 


-      -    „       .  ,       [Pg-, 

'Little  Bay.']  A  region  in  the  protectorate  of 
German  southwestern  Africa,  extending  from 
Orange  River  northward  to  the  Portuguese  An- 
gola north  of  Cape  Frio  (but  excluding  Walfisch 
Bay).  It  was  acquired  by  the  German  Ltideritz  in  1883, 
and  passed  under  German  protection  in  1884. 
Angra  Feciuena.  A  harbor  on  the  coast  of  the 
protectorate  of  Angra  Pequena,  in  lat.  26°  28' 
S.,  long.  14°  55'  E. 


Gr.  'Aviuv  or  'Av%.]  A  river  in  central  ItalyJ 
the  ancientAnio,  which  joins  the  Tiber  3  miles 
north  of  Rome,  it  forms  a  waterfall  330  feet  high 
near  Tivoli,  and  its  valley  is  noted  for  its  beauty  and  an- 
tiquities. 

Aniruddha  (an-i-rod'dha).  [Skt.,  'uncon- 
trolled.'] In  Hindu  mythology,  a  son  of  Pra- 
dyumna  and  grandson  of  Krishna.  Usha,  a  Daitya 
princess,  daughter  of  Bana,  falling  in  love  with  him,  had 
him  brought  by  magic  to  her  apartments  at  Sonitapura, 
Bana  sent  guards  to  seize  them,  but  Aniruddha  slew  them 
with  an  iron  club.  Bana  then  secured  him  by  magic. 
Krishna,  Balarama,  and  Fradyumna  went  to  rescue  him 
and  fought  a  great  battle,  in  which  Bana  was  aided  by 
Siva  and  Skanda,  the  god  of  war.  Bana  was  defeated, 
but,  spared  at  the  intercession  of  Siva  and  Aniruddha,  was 
taken  home  to  Dyaraka  with  Usha  as  his  wife. 


hos  "(counties)  under  military"  chef  ea";  and  the  concel-  Augri  (an'gre).      A  town  in  the  province  of  Anjala.      In   Swedish   history,  an   unsuccess- 


Salerno,  Italy,  19  miles  southeast  of  Naples. 
Population,  about  10,000. 


if'iinXrifA^rpoti^  ^a?eo?'ii'wi;t4^^if^d''¥^eir  i  ^°,T  ^^^&^ti^^'^7i^^^'°^o^Si^:S^^^^ 

--"-'-'-- ""-    ^^-■°'??^"'''^'*'~'^°-""-^"\'Toted^ 


1814:  died  June  21,  1874. 
physicist.  He  was  appomted  in  1858  professor  of  phys- 
ics at  Upsal  (where  he  had  been  connected  with  the  astro- 
nomical observatory  from  1843).  Author  of  "Kecherches 
sur  le  spectre  solaire"  (1868),  etc. 


hos  are  subdivided  into  divisions  under  commandants,  who 

are  either  natives  or  white  traders.    Angola  ia  ruled  by 

the  same  laws  as  Portugal,  and  the  natives  have  exactly 

the  same  legal  standing  and  rig*  '  '         '  

Portuguese.    Angola  is  the  only 

sion  which  has  a  large  white  population  (about  6,000)  and 

in  which  agriculture  is  flourishing  on  a  large  scale.    See 

Kvmbundu,  UmMtndu,  Ngola,  Kongo, 
Angolalla  (an-go-lal'la).      One   of  the  chief 

towns  in  Shoa,  Abyssinia,  about  lat.  9°  38'  N. 
Angora  (an-go'ra).    A  vilayet  in  Asia  Minor, 

Turkey.    Population  (1887),  797,362. 
Angora,  Turk.  Enguri.     [Gr.  "Aympa:  see  An- 

cyra.l     The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Angora, 

situated  on  a  head  stream  of  the  Sakaria,  about 

lat.  39° 50'  N.,  long.  32°  50'  E.:  the  ancient  An- 

oyra  (which  see),    it  was  an  ancient  Galatian  town, 

the  capital  of  the  Roman  province  of  Galatia,  and  an  im- 
portant emporium  on  the  route  between  Byzantium  and 

Syria,  and  it  is  still  one  of  the  chief  commercial  places 

In  Asia  Minor.    The  district  is  especially  celebrated  for   AjiffUS  (anff'eus)* 

its  breed  of  goats.    A  battle  was  fought  at  Angora,  June  '^_^o    ^      °  °     '' 

16, 1402,  between Bajazet  with 400,000 ©Turks,  and  Timur     =niie. 

(Tamerlane)  with  800,000  (?)  Mongols,  in  which  Bajazet  AngUS,  Xiari  01. 

was  defeated.    As  a  result  Asia  Minor  fell  into  the  hands  AngUS.      In  Shakspere's   "Macbeth,"  a  thane 
..,.L,        ■......„„„„„  of  Scotland. 


ful  league  of  noblemen  against  Gustavus  III., 
1788. 


Anjengo  (an-jeng'go),  or  Anjutenga  (an-jo- 
teng'ga).  A  seaport  in  Travancore,  India, 
situated  on  the  western  coast  in  lat.  8°  40'  N., 
long.  76°  45'  E. 


Italy,  about  1530:  died  at  Genoa  1626  (?).    An 
Italian  portrait-painter. 

The  ancient  name  of  Forfar- 


of  Timur.    Population,  about  36,000. 

Bayezid  himself,  with  one  of  his  sons,  was  taken  pris- 
oner, and  the  unfortunate  Sultan  became  a  part  of  his  vic- 
tor's pageant,  and  was  condemned  in  fetters  to  follow  his 
captor  about  in  his  pomps  and  campaigns.  The  fact  that 
he  was  carried  in  a  barred  litter  gave  rise  to  the  well- 
known  legend  that  he  was  kept  in  an  iron  cage. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey. 

Angornu  (an-gor'no),  or  Augorno  (an-gor' 
no),  or  Ngoruu  (n'gor'no).  A  town  in  Bomu, 
Sudan,  situated  near  Lake  Chad,  about  lat.  12° 
45'  N.,  long.  13°  E.,  an  important  trading  cen- 
ter.   Popiflation  (estimated),  50,000, 


Angostura  (an-gOS-to'ra),  or  Oiudad  Bolivar     square  mlles.    Population  (1900),  S16,085._ 

(se-d-dad'  bo-le'var).    A  town  in  Venezuela,  Anhalt-Bernburg,  Christian,  Prince  of. 
situated  on  the  Orinoco  in  lat.  8°  10'  N.,  long.     Christian. 

63°  50'  W.,  near  the  narrow  pass  of  the  river  Anhalt-Dessau,  Leopold,  Prince  of.   See  Leo- 
at  the  head  of  ocean  navigation.    It  is  an  im-    pold.  . 

portant  commercial  town.    Population,  about  Anholt  (an'holt).    An  island  belonging  to  Den- 
11  000.  mark,  situated  in  the  Cattegat  47  miles  north 

AngOuiSme  (on-go-lam').     The  capital  of  the    of  Zealand.    It  is  seven  miles  long, 
department  of  Charente,  France,  situated  on  the  Anholt.    A  small  town  in  the  province  of  West- 
Charente  in  lat.  45°  40'  N.,  long.  0°  10'  E. :  the     phaUa,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Yssel  (on  the 
ancient  Inculisma.   it  was  the  ancient  capital  of  An-    Dutch  frontier)  16  miles  northwest  of  Wesel. 


Anguilla  (ang-gwil'la),  or  Sna^e  Island.  [Sp.  Aujer  (an'yer).  A  seaport  in  Java,  in  lat.  6° 
Anguila.']  An  island  of  the  Lesser  Antilles,  in  4'  S.,  long.  105°  53'  E.  It  was  overwhelmed 
the  British  West  Indies,  which  lies  north  of  by  a  tidal  wave  following  the  eruption  of 
St.  Martin  in  lat.  18°  13'  N.,  long.  63°  4'  W.    Krakatoa  in  1883. 

Area,  35  square  miles.   Population  (1891),  3,699.  Anjou  (an'jo;  P.  pron.  on-zh6').   [Jj.  Andecavi, 

Anguisciola  (an-gwe'sho-la),  or  Angussola    Andegavi,  a  Gallic  tribe;  urbs  or  dvitas  Ande- 

(an-g6s-s6'la),  Sofonisba.    Born  at  Cremona,     cava  oi  Arfdecavorum,  theiv  oity.^    An  ancient 

government  of  France,  capital  Angers,  it  was 
bounded  by  Maine  on  the  north,  by  Touraine  on  the  east, 
by  Poitou  on  the  south,  and  by  Brittany  on  the  west.  It 
comprised  the  department  of  Maine-et-Loire  and  smaU 
portions  of  adjoining  departments,  Anjou  was  united' 
with  Touraine  in  1044,  and  with  Maine  in  1110.  By  the 
marriage  of  Geoffrey  Plantagenet  with  Matilda,  heiress  of 
Henry  I.,  Anjou,  England,  and  Normandy  were  united  in 
1154  when  Henry  11.  founded  the  Angevin  house  (Plan- 
tagenet). Anjou  was  conquered  by  Philip  Augustus  of 
France  about  1204,  and  was  united  subsequently  with 
Naples  and  Provence.  It  was  annexed  to  the  French 
crown  in  1480  by  Louis  XI. 

Anjou,  Counts  and  Dukes  of.  The  origin  of 
the  countship  is  referred  to  Ingelger,  seneschal 
of  GUtinais,  who  in  870  received  from  Charles 
the  Bald  that  portion  of  the  subsequent  prov- 
ince of  Anjou  which  lies  between  the  Maine 
and  the  Mayenne .  Among  his  descendants  are  Fulke, 
count  of  Anjou,  a  Crusader,  who  became  king  of  Jerusa- 
lem 1131,  and  Fulke's  son  Geoflroy  le  Plantagenet,  who 
married  Matilda,  the  daughter  and  heiress  of  Henry  I.  of 
England,  and  founded  the  English  royal  house  of  Plan- 
tagenet. (See  Henry  II.)  The  second  house  of  Anjou  was 
a  branch  of  the  royal  family  of  France.  King  John  of 
England  forfeited  his  French  flefs  to  Philip  Augustus 
about  1204,  and  Anjou  passed  into  the  hands  of  Charles, 
the  brother  of  Louis  IX.  Charles  established  the  house  of 
Anjou  on  the  throne  of  Naples  in  1266.  His  son  Charles 
II.  of  Naples  gave  Anjou  and  Maine  to  his  son-in-law, 
Charles  of  Valois,  and  from  1290  the  counts  of  Valois  took 
the  title  of  duke  of  Anjou  and  count  of  Maine.  The  son 
of  Charles  of  Valois  became  king  of  France,  as  Philip  VI. , 
1328,  uniting  Anjou  to  the  crown.    King  John  bestoweo 


Anhalt  (an'hait).  A  duchy  of  northern  Ger- 
many and  state  of  the  German  Empire,  it  is 
surrounded  by  Prussia  and  consists  of  two  chief  portions, 
an  eastern  (Dessau-KOthen-Bemburg),  which  is  level,  and 
a  western  (Ballenstedt),  which  is  hilly  and  mountainous. 
It  has  also  several  enclaves.  Its  capital  is  Dessau,  and  its 
government  a  hereditary  constitutional  monarchy  under 
a  duke  and  landtag.  It  sends  one  member  to  the  Bun- 
desrat  and  two  members  to  the  Reichstag.  It  became  an 
independent  principality  in  the  first  part  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury and  was  often  divided  and  reunited.  The  present 
duchy  was  formed  in  1863  by  the  union  of  the  duchies  of 
Anhalt-Dessau-Kothen  and  Anhal^Bemburg.    Area,  908 

See 


Anjou  60 

It  on  his  son  Louis  In  1356.    The  second  house  of  Anion  AnniilR  nt  tTio  Parisli 

became  extinct  in  the  direct  line  on  the  death  of  Charles,  'T^h^iufl  ?''?ao?'"^'*' 

brother  of  Ren6, 148L    The  title  of  duke  of  Anjou  h5    .P^iolished  in  1821 

also  been  borne  without  implying  territorial  sovereignty, 

by  Charles  VIIL  of  France,  by  the  four  sons  of  Henry  II ! 

by  the  second  son  of  Henry  IV.,  by  the  two  sons  of  Louis 

ilV.,  by  Louis  XV.,  and  by  Philip  V.  of  Spain. 
Ankarstrom.    See  Anckarstrdm. 
Anklam,  or  Anclam  (aja'klam).    A  town  in  the 

province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on 

the  Peene  45  miles  northwest  of  Stettin,     it 

contains  a  military  school.    It  was  an  ancient  Hanseatic 

town,  and  was  several  times  besieged  in  the  17th  and  18th 

centuries.    Population  (1890),  12,917. 

Ankober  (an-ko'ber),  or  Ankobar  (-bar).  The 
capital  of  Shoa,  Abyssinia,  in  lat.  9°  34'  N., 
long.  39°  53'  B.    Population,  about  10,000. 


A  novel  by  John  Gralt, 


Ankogel  .(an'ko-gel).    A  peak  of  the  Hohe  Annamaboe.Tr  ^amabo 


Tauem,  about  10,700  feet  high,  on  the  borders  of 
Salzburg  and  Carinthia,  southeast  of  Gastein. 

Ankori  (au-ko'ri).  An  African  highland,  6,000  j-  „u^a.,  ■<„, 
to  7,000  feet  high,betweeu  Albert  and  Victoria  A^^^Uc' 
lakes.  The  population  is  dense,  and  the  chiefs  ■'^?^?'™'^ic, 
belong  to  the  Huma  tribe  of  Galla  stock. 

Ankt  (angkt).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  a  god- 
dess analogous  to  the  Greek  Hestia  (Vesta). 

Aim,  Mother.    See  Lee,  Ann. 

Anna  (an'a),  or  Anne  (an),  Saint.  [Of  Heb. 
origin :  same  as  JSannaJi.']  According  to  tradi- 
tion, the  mother  of  the  Virgin  Mary.  Her  life 
and  the  birth  of  the  Virgin  are  recorded  in  several  of  the 
apocryphal  gospels.  Her  festival  is  kept  in  the  Greek 
Church  July  25,  and  in  the  Eoman  Church  July  26. 


Annam,  or  Anam  (a-nam'  or  an-nam').  A 
French  protectorate,  capital  Hu6,  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  Indo-Chinese  peninsula,  it  lies  be- 
tween Tongking  on  the  north,  the  China  Sea  on  the  east, 
and  French  Cochin-China  on  the  south.  Its  boundaries 
toward  the  west  are  undefined.  It  is  rich  in  agricultural 
resources.  The  government  is  a  monarchy,  with  a  French 
resident.  The  inhabitants  are  Annamites  (in  the  towns  and 
along  the  coasts)  and  Mois  (in  the  hill  districts)v  and  the 
prevailing  religions  are  Buddhism,  Confucianism,  spirit- 
worship,  and  Christianity.  It  was  formerly  a  Chinese  pos- 
session, and  became  independent  in  1428.  IVench  Cochin- 
China  was  ceded  to  France  1862  and  1867.  It  became  a 
French  protectorate  by  a  treaty  signed  in  1884.  Tongking 
was  ceded  to  France  1884.  Area  of  Annam  proper,  about 
27,020  square  miles.    Population  (estimated),  6,000,000. 

(a-na-ma-bo'). 

A  seaport  and  British  station  on  the  Gold  Coast, 
West  Africa,  10  miles  east  of  Cape  Coast  Castle. 
Population,  about  5,000 


Annunciation,  The 

1476:  died  at  Blois,  1514.  The  daughter  and 
heiress  of  Francis  II.,  duke  of  Brittany,  wife 
of  Charles  VHI.  of  France  (1492)  and,  after 
his  death,  of  his  successor,  Louis  XII.  (1499). 
Through  her  the  last  of  the  great  fiefs  of  France 
was  permanently  united  to  the  crown. 

Anne  of  Cleves.  Bom  at  Cleves,  Germany, 
1515 :  died  in  England,  1557.  A  queen  of  Eng- 
land, daughterof  the  Duke  of  Cleves,  and  fourth 
wife  of  Henry  VIII.  She  was  married  in  Jan- 
uary, 1540,  and  divorced  in  July  of  the  same  year. 

Anne  of  Denmark.  Born  at  Skanderborg, 
Denmark,  Deo.  12,  1574 :  died  March  2,  1619. 
A  queen  of  England  and  Scotland,  daughter  of 
Frederick  II.  of  Denmark,  and  wife  of  James 
VI.  of  Scotland  (James  I.  of  England). 

Anne  of  Geierstein.  A  romance  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  published  in  1829.  The  scene  is  laid 
mainly  in  Switzerland  in  the  15th  century. 


/-)      Anne  Boleyn,    A  tragedy  by  Dean  Milman, 


Anna.  In  New  Testament  history,  a  prophetess  Annan.    A  river,  about  40  miles  long,  in  Dum- 


of  Jerusalem,  noted  for  her  piety.  Luke  ii.  36, 37. 

Anna.  One  of  the  principal  female  characters 
in  Home's  play  "Douglas." 

Anna  Bolena.  An  opera  by  Donizetti,  pro- 
duced at  Milan  in  1830. 

Anna  Carlovna  (an'na  kar'lov-na).  See  Anna 
Leopoldovna. 

Anna  Comnena  (an'a  kom-ne'na).  Bom  at 
Constantinople,  Dec.  "l,  1083 :  died  1148.  A 
Byzantine  princess  and  historian,  daughter  of 
Alexius  I.  Comneniis.  She  wrote  the  "Alex- 
iad"  (which  see). 

Anna,  Donna.  One  of  the  principal  characters 
in  Mozart's  opera  "  Don  Giovanni." 

Anna  Ivanovna  (an'na  e-va'nov-na).  Born 
Jan.  25,  1693:  died  Oct.  28,  1740.    Empress  of 


of  the  laligurget^?^*<f^-^hLtorignat"ng  /J^ne^olSl'-  iZ^^^^Zt^^m-  Em 
from  a  native  dialect  mixed  with  Chinese,  thi  ^^^^  "^  ^^T^\y,^°^}^  J^^wl  t,.I^l 
compound  dialect  being  most  nearly  related  Pff -regent  of  the  Eastern  Empire,  daughter 
to  the  dialpot  nf  PpTiton  j'     <=  <iuc       of  Amadeus  V.,  duke  of  Savoy.     Shewasmamed 

10  tne  Oialect  ot  Canton.  ^^  ^^^  emperor  Andronions  III.  in  1337,  and,  after  his 

death  (1341),  became  regent  during  the  minority  of  her 

son  John  V.  Paleeologus. 

Anne,  Sister.  The  sister  of  Bluebeard's  last 
wife,  Fatima.  She  watched  for  the  cloud  of  dust 
which  was  to  indicate  the  arrival  of  their  brothers  to,  res- 
cue them.    See  Bl^idleard. 

Anne  Ivanovna.    See  Anna  Ivanovna. 

Anne  Page.    See  Page. 

Anne  Fetrovna.    See  Anna  Petrovna. 


Annan  (an'an).  A  seaport  and  parUamentary 
and  royal  burgh  in  Dumfriesshire,  Scotland,  sit- 
uated at  the  entrance  of  the  Annan  into  Sol- 
way  Firth,  in  lat.  54°  59'  N.,  long.  3°  15'  W. 
It  is  the  birthplace  of  Edward  Irving.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  3,476. 


friesshire,  Scotland,  which  flows  into  the  Sol 
way  Firth  at  Annan 


Annandale  (an'an-dal).      The  valley  of  the  Annecy  (an-se').     The  capital  of  the  depart- 


Annan,  in  Dumfriesshire,  Scotland. 
Annapolis  Ca-nap'o-lis).  [' City  of  Anna,' 
Queen  Anne.]  A  'seaport,  the  capital  of 
Maryland  (and  of  Anne  Arundel  County),  sit- 
uated on  the  Severn,  2  miles  from  Chesapeake 


ment  of  Haute-Savoie,  France,  situated  on  the 
Lake  of  Annecy  in  lat.  45°  53'  N.,  long.  6°  8' 
E.,  the  former  seat  of  the  counts  of  Genevois. 
It  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  wool,  silk,  steel,  etc.  It 
contains  an  old  castle,  a  cathedral,  and  a  bishop's  palace. 
Population  (1891),  11,947. 


Bay,  in  lat.  38°  59'  N.,  long.  76°  29'  W.,  the  Annecy,  Lake  of.    A  lake,  9  miles  long,  in  the 


seat  of  the  United  States  Naval  Academy, 
and  of  the  non-sectarian  St.  John's  College. 
The  town  was  founded  in  1649,  and  it  became  a  city  in  1696. 
It  was  at  first  called  Providence  and  Anne  Arundel  Town, 
and  it  was  one  ot  the  seats  ot  the  Continental  Congress 
(Nov.,  1783,  to  June,  1784).  Washington  here  resigned  his 
commission  as  commander-in-chiefj  Dec,  1783.    Popula- 


tion (1900),  8,402, 

Kussia  1730-40,  daughter  of  Ivan  V.,'^brother  Annapolis.    A  seaport  in  Nova  Scotia,  near 

of  Peter  the  Great,   she  was  elected  by  the  Secret    tl^e  Bay  of  Fundy,  in  lat.  44°  43'  N.,  long.  65°  

High  CouncU,  consisting  of  eight  of  the  chief  nobles,  in  30'  W.  It  was  founded  by  the  French  in  1604,  and  was  ATiiiPalpv  (a■n•/.'^\'^  Ar+.Tirir 
preference  to  other  claimants,  after  having  promised  im-  ceded  to  the  British  in  1713.  It  was  originally  named  ■'Vi^^?-'."'*  -Y^."^",!^':  ■?"  ".^^H:' 
portant  concessions  to  the  nobility.    She,  however,  foiled     Port  BoyaL 

SLrdTt^lemlerSSSsSriSed^hS^'^^^^^^ 


executed  its  members,  and  surrounded  herself  with  Ger- 
man favorites,  of  whom  Biren  or  Biron,  a  Courlander  of 
low  extraction,  was  the  leader. 

Anna  Ear^nina  (an'na  ka-ra'nf-na).  A  novel 
by  "Tolstoi,  perhaps  the  most  representative  of 
his  works.  It  first  appeared  serially,  but  with 
long  intervals,  in  a  Moscow  review,  and  was 
published  in  1878. 

Anna  Leopoldovna  (an'na  la-6-p61'dov-na),  or 
Carlovna  (kar'lov-na),  Elizaheth  Catherine 
Christine.  Bom  Dee.  18, 1718 :  died  March  18, 
1746.     Grand  duchess,  and  regent  of  Bussia 


delegates  from  the  States  of  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  and  Virginia, 
which  met  at  Annapolis,  Sept.  11, 1786,  to  pro- 
mote commercial  interests.  It  recommended 
the  calling  of  another  convention  (the  Consti- 
tutional Convention)  in  1787. 
Ann  Arbor  (an  ar'bor).  A  city,  the  capital 
of  Washtenaw  County,  Michigan,  situated  on 


seat  of  the  University  of  Michigan, 
tion  (1900),  14,509. 


Popula- 


department  of  Haute-Savoie,  France,  near  An- 
necy.   Its  outlet  is  by  the  Fier  to  the  Rhdne. 

Annenkoff  (an'en-kof ),  Michael.  Born  April 
30,  1835 :  died  1899.  A  Russian  general  and  en- 
gineerwho  projected  and  superintended  the  con- 
struction of  the  Russian  Transcaspian  Railway. 

AnnenwuUen (an'nen-vul-len).  Amanufaetur- 
ing  town  in  the  province  of  Westphalia,  Prus- 
sia, near  Dortmund.    Population,  about  7,000. 

Born  at  Dublin, 
July  10,  1614 :  died  April  26, 1686.  An  English 
statesman,  son  of  Sir  Francis  Annesley  (Lord 
Mountnorris  and  Viscount  Valentia  in  Ire- 
land), created  Earl  of  Anglesea  in  1661.  He  sat 
in  Richard  Cromwell's  parliament  ot  1658 ;  was  president 
of  the  council  of  state  in  1660,  aiding  in  the  restoration 
of  Charles  II.;  succeeded  to  his  father's  titles  in  1660; 
and  was  lord  privy  seal  1672-82.  He  supported  the  par- 
liamentary attack  onJamesina  paper  addressed  to  Charles 
II.,  entitled  "The  Account  of  Arthur,  Earl  of  Anglesea, 
to  your  Most  Excellent  Majesty  on  the  true  state  of  your 
Majesty's  government  and  kingdom"  (1682), 

.    .  8ay,  or  Adulis  (a-d8'lis) 

Bay,  or  ZuUa  (zol'la)  Bay.    An  arm  of  the 


Huron  River  38  miles  west  l)f  Detroit:  the  Annesley  (anz'li)  Bay 

'     ~ty.„  "  "   : 

Red  Sea  on  its  western  coast,  southeast  of 


Mecklenburg,  and  wife  of  Anton  Ulrio,  duke 
of  Brunswick.  On  the  death  of  the  czarina  Anna  Iva- 
novna, Oct.  28, 1740,  she  became  regent  for  her  son  Ivan, 
who  had  been  appointed  her  successor  by  Anna,  but  was 
deprived  of  this  post  Dec.  6, 1741,  by  a  conspiracy  which 
deposed  Iran  and  placed  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Peter  the 
Great,  on  the  throne. 

Anna  Matilda   (an'a  ma-til'da).     The  name 
adopted  by  Mrs.  Hanna'L  Cowley,  dramatist 
and  poet,  in  a  poetical  correspondence  with 
Robert  Merry  (who  called  himself  "  Delia  Crus-    __^___  ,___  _^^ 
ca")  in  the  "World."    with  two  others  of  her  school  An^o/aTiT 
(the  "  Delia  Cruscans")  she  was  held  up  to  scorn  by  Glf-  ^^l^J^^^ 
ford  in  his  "Baviad  and  Mseviad,"  and  the  name  "Anna     "        ana-,-n 
Matilda"  has  passed  into  a  synonym  of  namby-pamby 
verse  and  sentimental  fiction.    See  Laura  Matilda. 

Anna  Petrovna  (an'na  pe-trov'na)  Born  1708 : 
died  1728.  Eldest  daughter  of  Peter  the  Great 
and  Catherine  I. ,  wife  of  Charles  Frederick,  duke 
of  Holstein-Gottorp,  and  mother  of  Peter  III. 

Annabel  (an'a-bel).    [_Anna  hella,  fair  Anna.] 


priest  of  the  Jews,  called  Ananus  (which  see) 
by  Josephus,  according  to  whom  he  was  ap- 
pointed high  priest  by  Quirinus,  proconsul  of 
Syria,  about  7  a.  d.,  and  deposed  by  Valerius 
Gratus,  procurator  of  Judea,  in  14  a.  d.  He  was 
followed  by  Ishmael,  the  son  of  Phabseus ;  Eleazar,  the  son 
of  Annas ;  and  Simon,  the  son  of  Camithus,  when  Joseph, 
Burnamed  Caiaphas,  the  son-in-law  of  Annas,  was  elevated 
to  the  office  about  27  A.  D.    In  the  New  Testament  (Luke 


1740-41,  daughter  of  Charles  Leopold,  duke  of  Annas  (an'as).     [Heb.,  'merciful.']    A  high    Massowah,  extending  30  miles  inland,  about 
--    ""     "  —  .      -  .       _-=-^.  „  ..  _   nr__        „    ,    ,  ,   ,.  ,         .     lat.  15°  N. 

Anni  (an'ne),  or  Ani  (a'ne).  A  ruined  medie- 
val city  in  the  government  of  Erivan,  Caucasus, 
Russia,  situated  on  the  Arpachai  about  28 
miles  southeast  of  Kars :  the  ancient  capital  of 
Armenia. 
Annie  Laurie.    A  song  written  by  WilUam 

„^. ^_,  „„    . „^.,  ...„ , Douglas  of  Kirkcudbright. 

iii.  2,  John  xviiL  13,  Acts  iv.  6)  Annas  is  mentioned  as  Anniston  (an'is-ton).     A  manufacturing  city 
high  priest  conjointly  with  Caiaphas.    The  fbrst  hearing  of     in  Calhoun  County,  Alabama,  60  miles  east  of 
Jesus  was  before  Annas,  who  sent  him  bound  to  Caiaphas.     Birmingham:  thecenterof  a  ^eat  iron-mining 
4.17   ■•     i       -c     1     J    »        -1   -.tHa      r>  region.     Population  (1900),  9,695. 

atKensmgton,England,  Aug.  1,1714     Queen  Anniusof  Vlterbo(an'i-UBbvve-ter'b6).  Bom 
of  Greaj;  Britain  and  Ireland  17;02-14,  dau^h-    ^t  Viterbo,  Italy,  about  1432:  died  Nov.  13, 

1502.  An  Italian  Dominican  monk  and  scholar. 
He  published  a  spurious  collection  of  lost 
classics. 

Anniviers  (a-ne-ve-a'),  Val  d',  G.  Einfisch- 
thal  (in'fish-tai).  An  Alpine  valley  20  miles 
long,  in  the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland, 
which  unites  with  the  Rh6ne  valley  opposite 

,  ^  ,     Sierre.    It  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery. 

daughter  of  Philip  HI.  of  Spain,  and  wife  of  Anno,  Saint.  See  Manno. 
Louis  Xni.  of  France.  She  was  regent  1643-61.  Annonay  (an-no-na').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
Anne  of  Bohemia.  Bom  at  Prague,  Bohemia,  ment  of  Ardfeche,  Prance,  37  miles  southwest 
May  11,  1366 :  died  June  7,  1394.  A  queen  of  of  Lyons,  noted  for  its  manufactures  of  paper 
England,  daughter  of  the  emperor  Charles  rv.,    and  glove-leather.     Population  (1891),  com- 

T"  '  ■   th   i,-„„xi,>,.,  „^tj.,ifnrit»i.poo     and  wife  of  Richard  n.  of  England.  mune,  17,626. 

ri^^f etf  f n^dTthe  center  olTfo™eriytapoS  Anne  de  Beaujou  (an  de  bo-zlfe').  Bom  about  Annunciation,  The.    1.  A  very  beautiful  pic- 

jniningdistrict.    Population  (1S90),  14,960.  1462:  died  1522.    Daughter  of  Louis  XI.,  and    ture  by  Andrea  del  Sarto,  in  the  Galleria  Pittij 

Annals  of  a  Quiet  Neighborhood.    A.  novel    regent  of  France  1483-90.  Florence. — 2.  A  painting  by  Luca  Simorelli 

by  George  Maedonald,  published  in  1866.  Anneof  Brittany  (Bretagne).  Bom  at  Nantes,     (1491),  in  the  San  Carlo  Chapel  of  the  Duomo 


ter  of  James  II.  of  England  and  Anne  Hyde, 
and  wife  of  Prince  George  of  Denmark  (mar- 
ried 1683),  She  was  largely  under  the  influence  of  the 
Duke  and  Duchess  of  Marlborough,  and  later  of  Mrs. 
Masham.  She  sided  with  the  Prince  of  Orange  at  the  Revo- 
lution. Among  the  events  in  her  reign  were  the  Warof  the 
Spanish  Succession  aud  the  union  of  England  and  Scotland. 


fx.«.^5^!:!*17°.Wl'i^^,^S°".^itf.^^^^^^^  Anne  of  Austria.    Bom  at  Madrid,  Sept.  22, 


phel"  intended  for  the  Duchess  of  Monmouth. 

Annabella,  Queen.  In  Scott's  novel  "The 
Fair  Maid  of  Perth,"  the  wife  of  King  Robert 
in.  and  mother  of  Rothsay. 

Annaberg  (an'na-bera).  A  town  in  the  king- 
dom of  Saxony,  situated  in  the  Erzgebirge  18 
miles  southeast  of  Chemnitz.    It  is  one  of  the  chief 


1601 :  died  Jan.  20,  1666.    A  queen  of  France, 


Annunciation,  The 


r  '  7    ,,"     ,  ^^'"-"^""c".  uiYiiic,  iuuuuer  or  sciio-    tne  coast  17  miles  northfia<!t.  nf  TfrUnK,, 


dispute  with  WiUiamll.  andHenryl.  concer£ing  the  right 
of  investiture,  the  policy  inaugurated  by  Greeorv  VII 
Chief  works:  "Monologion,"  " Proslogion,"  "Cur  Deua 
Homo?      Hia  day  is  celebrated  in  the  Roman  Church 


Preraphaelite  painting  by  Dante  Gabriel  Eos- 
getti,  m  the  National  Gallery,  London.  The 
Virgin  was  painted  from  Christina  Eossetti.— 
5.  A  pamtmg  by  Pra  Angelieo,  with  apredella 
beneath  it  of  five  subjects  from  the  life  of  the 
Virgin,  it  was  painted  lor  San  Domenico  at  Fiesole, 
and  is  now  In  the  Royal  Museum  at  Madrid. 

Annunzio  (an-n8n'tzi-6),  Gabriele  d'.  Bom  at    .  -     ,       .  T 
Pesoara,  Italy,  in  1864.    An  Italian  poet  and  ^nselm  of  Laon.    Bom  at  Laon,  Prance,  about 

novelist.    He  has  written  "PrimoVere"  (1879),  "Canto     T"'*"  • '^-°''  T„i„  ik   mirr       »™ ,  ,,       ,      . 

Nuovo"  (1882),  "Terra  Vergiue"  (1882),  "Intoimezzo  di 
rime"  (1883),  "II  libro  delli  Vergini"  (1884),  "L'Isottto: 
la  Chimera"  (1885-88),  "San  Pantaleone"  (1886),  "Elegie 
romane  "  (1887-91), "  Gfiovanni  Episcopo  "  (1891 :  translated 
as  "Episcnno  and  Company,"  1896),  "Poema  paradisiaco : 
Odi  uavali"  (1891-93),  "II  Piaoere''(1889),  " L'Innocente " 
(1891),  "Trionfo  della  Morte"  (1894:  translated  as  "The 
Triumph  of  Death,"  1896X  The  last  three  the  author  has 
named  the  "Romances  of  tbeRose."  He  is  writing  a  com- 
panion series,  the  "Romances  of  the  Lily,"  of  which  "L^ 
vergini  delle  Rocce"  appeared  in  1896. 


He^stubbornly  supportedrin"a  ■^*f'l,S  (an-te'us).     [Gr.  Xvrmof.]     In  Greek 
""""         '      "  ^/p^&:^„„¥^y^^li^"t^'^'^^-e«tler,son 


of  Poseidon  and  Ge.  He  was  iuTinciWe  so  long  as 
coJnXd^V"  ^^t^^tj't'i  his  mother  the  esStr^He 
SS^S"  strangers  in  his  country  to  wrestle  with  him, 
ri?»^„v.^'i't'i™'°  '"  Po/S'aon  of  their  skulls.  HerS 
?h"rrrusheVhrm°^°'"^^*'^"«''^'-'^l«'-«'^-to 
Antalcidas  (an-tal'si-  das).  A  Spartan  admiral 
and  politician  who  flourished  in  the  first  half 
ot  the  4th  century  B.  c.    He  concluded  with 

+T,»v     •    1-700      ' — J  «x  /ersia  the  Peace  of  Antalcidas,  387  B.C. 

gS^Uo^X^^^^^^^^^^^^  aS  LX'-S^Krar^^k)     An  Arab 

MrbyTe^rSrorri^^l^'-kt'elfr^'     -«-'"'•  ->-  ^°-  ---^'^"-?"^>    ^"^  ^^^' 


1030 :  died  July  15, 1117.    A  French  theoiogian 
author  of  an  interlinear  gloss  on  the  Vulgate 
iuiselme  (on-selm'),  Jacques  Bernard  Mo- 
tteste  d  .  Born  at  Apt,  July  22, 1740:  died  1812. 
A  Prench  general,  commander  of  the  army  of 


Annus  Mirabilis  (an'us  mi-rab'i-lis).  [L., '  The 
Year  of  Wonders'  (1666).]  A  poem  by  Dryden, 
descriptive  of  the  Dutch  war  and  the  London 
fire  of  1666  (published  1667). 

Annweiler  or  Anweiler  (an'vi-ler).  A  small 
manufacturing  town  in  the  Ehine  Palatinate, 
Bavaria,  on  the  Queieh  22  miles  southwest  of 
Speyer.  Near  it  is  the  Annweiler  Thai  (Pala- 
tine Switzerland). 

Anomoeans  (an-o-me'anz).  [Gr,  avd/aowc,  un- 
like, dissimilar.]  A  sect  of  extreme  Arians  in 
the  4th  century.  They  held  that  the  Son  is  of  an 
essence  not  even  similar  to  that  of  the  Eather  (whence 
their  name),  while  the  more  moderate  Arians  held  that 
the  essence  of  the  Son  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Father, 
though  not  identical  with  it.  It  was  founded  at  Antioch, 
and  was  led  by  Aetius,  and  after  him  by  Eunomius,  whence 
its  members  were  also  called  Aetians  and  Eunomians.  Its 
tenets  were  finally  condemned  at  the  Council  of  Constan- 
tinople (381).  See  Eudoxiant. 

Anonymus  Cuspiniani  (a-non'i-mus  kus-pin-l- 
a'm).     [NL.,  'the  anonymous 
Cuspinian.']     See  the  extract. 

Anonymus  Cuspiniani  is  the  uncouth  designation  of  the 
mysterious  MS.  (also  edited  by  Roncalli)  which  is  ottr 
most  valuable  authority  for  the  last  quarter-century  of  the 
Western  Empire.  The  MS.  of  this  chronicle  is  in  the  Impe- 
rial Library  at  Vienna.  It  was  first  published  by  a  certain 
Joseph  Cuspinianus,  a  scholar  of  the  Renaissance  (who 
died  in  1629),  and  hence  the  name  by  which  it  is  techni- 
cally known.        Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  II.  211. 


tirement  till  his  death. 
Anselme  (on-selm').    A  character  in  the  drama 

"L'Avare,"  by  Moli&re. 
Ansgar  (ans'gar),  or  Anscharius  (ans-ka'ri- 


warrior  and  poet  who  Uved,  probably,  a  little 

?.''h°'"V^^.,*™^.J'*  Mohammed.  He  is  supposed 
to  have  been  the  authorof  oneof  the  poems  hung  up  in  the 
Kaaba  at  Mecca,  and  the  hero  of  a  celebrated  romance 
named  from  him,  the  author  of  which  is  unknown.  fSee 
Asmai.)  ^ 


«m"  A^^™  ^?^^  Amiens,  Prance,  Sept.  9  (?),  Antarctic  Ocean.   That  part  of  the  ocean  which 


801  A.  D. :  died  at  Bremen,  Peb.  3,  865.  A 
Prankish  missionary  to  Denmark  (827),  Swe- 
den (828-831),  and  northern  Germany:  called 

H-V^^  AB°*'*le  °*  *^e  North."  He  was  the  first 
bishop  of  Hamburg  (831).  This  bishopric  was  afterward 
(846)  united  with  that  of  Bremen. 

Anshumant.  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  sou  of 
Asamanjas  and  grandson  of  Sagara.  He  brought 
back  the  horse  carried  off  from  Sagara  s  Asvamedha  sacri- 
fice, and  discovered  the  remains  of  Sagara's  sixty  thousand 
sons  who  had  been  killed  by  the  fire  of  Kapila's  wrath. 

Ansibarii.    See  AmpsivarU. 
Anslo  (ans'16),  Eeinier.    Bom  at  Amsterdam, 
1626:  died  at  Perugia,  May  10, 1669.    A  Dutch 

fSS*"™  ^^  '^°*^  "  ™«  Martyr  Crown  of  St.  Stephen," 
"The  Plague  at  Naples,"  and  "The  Paris  Wedding* (i  e 
the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew).  '' 

ymus  uuBpinianna-non  i-mus  ims-piu-i-   a  __-_/_„/„„„  n   r<„„_„_ /t      j   a  ^      t, 

:    [NL.,  'the  anonyinous  (manuscript)  of  ^IS.^it^,.!?''),!  *lt°?F®i^'?'''^  4^^S"^o  ^S^ 

inian.n     See  the  extract.  ^  f^^^^f^''°''i''■^^^°l^^Ft'■  ^^t"^  ^^  W^' 

died  at  Moor  Park,  Hertfordshire,  June  6, 1762. 

A  celebrated  English  admiral,     ~- 


is  included  between  the  south  pole  and  the  Ant- 
arctic Circle.  Among  the  lands,  or  supposed  lands,  dis- 
covered in  this  region,  are  Victoria  Land,  Wilkes  Land. 
King  Oscar  IL  Land,  and  Alexander  1.  Land.  Grahani 
Land  has  recently  been  shown  to  be  archipelagic.  Tracts 
of  land  and  sea  north  of  the  Antarctic  Circle,  as  the  South 
bhetlands,  are  sometimes  included.  No  trace  of  animal 
life  belonging  to  the  land  surface  has  yet  been  discovered 
5!I  oS,*-  .'^''P""  *™'='-  Mount  Erebus,  active  volcano, 
12,367  feet;  Mount  Melbourne,  about  15,000  feet.  Visited 
i^Qo'^'p  "'',?;''^'  '«'««'3«"  (to  75°),  D'Urville  1839,  Wilkes 
1839  Ross  11841-42  (to  lat.  78°  lo"),  the  Challenger  ex- 
?li"'^"  ^v'*'  ^^■^^^^  "'^'  the  Belgica  expedition  1897- 
1899,  Borchgrevink  1898-1901,  and  the  British  Antarctic 

?eachedr  "°   '*''  *^°  "''  "'''   '^'■"'*°'  1""°' 

Antares  (an-ta'rez).  [Gr.  'AvrdpTig  (Ptolemy), 
from  avTi,  against,  corresponding  to,  similar,  and 
"ApT/g,  Ares,  Mars :  so  called  because  this  star 
resembles  in  color  the  planet  Mars.] 


^  A  red 
star  of  the  first  magnitude,  the  middle  one  of 

, three  in  the  body  of  the  Scorpion  ;  a  Seorpii. 

He  entered  the  Antelops  Islancl,  or  Church  Island.  The  lar- 
gest island  in  Great  SaltLake,  Utah.    Length, 

1740  he  commanded  a  squadronof'sS'ships'seiVt'to  the  A^_+2u^,™i +|'»„„„\  rri,  «.,_&,„,„  T  T„  ri™„v 
Pacific.  Two  ships  were  driven  back  by  stSrms,  one  was  Antenoi  (an-te  nor).  [Gr.  'Avr^ap.J  In  Greek 
lost  at  Cape  Horn,  and  two  others  were  destroyed  as  unseat    legend,  _a_ Trojan,  according  to  Homer  the  wisest 


navy  in  1712,  became  a  captain  in  1724,  and  from  1724  to 
1785  was  generally  cruising  on  the  coast  of  Carolina.    In 


Anoobis.    See  Anubis. 

Anoukis,  or  Anouk6,  or  Anaka.    See  Ankt. 

Anciuetil  (onk-tel'),  Louis  Pierre.    Bom  at 

Paris,  Jan.  21,  1728:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  6, 

1808.     A  Prench  historian.     He  wrote  "Histoire 

de  France"  (1805),  "Esprit  de  la  ligue"  (1767),  "Pr&is  de 

I'histoire  universelle  "  (1797),  etc. 

Anc[uetil-Duperron    (onk-tel 'du-per-r6n'), 

Abraham  Hyacinthe.    Bom  at  Paris,  Dec.  7, 

1731:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  17,  1805.    A  Prencb 

Orientalist,   brother  of  L.  P.  Anquetil.    His 

chief  work  is  "Zend-Avesta."  Anoonia  Can-so'tii  SI 

Ans  (on  or  ans).    A  northwestern  suburb  ot  ^^°J!i^  }Z^°„^-Il 

Liege,  Belgium. 
Ansarii  (an-sa'rl-i),  or  Nossarii  (no-sa'ri-i). 

An  Arabian  people  in  Syria,  dwelling  in  the 

mountains  between  the    Orontes   north   and 

Tripolis  south.    Number  (estimated),  75,000. 


worthy.  In  the  remaining  vessel,  the  Centurion,  of  60  guns, 
he  nearly  destroyed  the  commerce  of  the  Spanish  colonies 
on  the  Pacific  coast,  blockaded  ports,  and  even  sacked  and 

burned  towns.    He  then  crossed  the  Pacific,  captured     „, ,„ 

the  Spanish  treasure-ship  on  its  way  from  Manilla  to  AntpTinr 
Aoapulco  (June  20, 1743),  obtained  booty  to  the  value  of  ■"-"'"'""'■■ 
£600,000,  and  reached  England  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
in  June,  1744.  He  was  made  rear-admiral,  and  in  1746 
vice-admiral  of  the  blue,  with  the  command  of  the  Chan- 
nel fleet.  On  May  3, 1747,  he  intercepted  a  French  convoy 
off  Cape  Finisterre,  and  gained  a  brilliant  victory.  In  re- 
ward he  was  created  Baron  Anson.  Thereafter  he  was 
engaged  in  organizing  the  navy,  and  was  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty  from  June,  176],  until  Nov.,  1756,  and  again 
from  June,  1757,  until  his  death.  In  June,  1761,  he  at- 
tained the  highest  naval  rank  as  admiral  of  the  fleet. 

A  city  of  New  Haven 
County,  Connecticut,  situated  on  the  Nauga- 
tuck  Eiver  10  miles  west  by  north  of  New 
Haven.  It  has  manufactures  of  copper,  brass, 
and  electrical  goods,  clocks,  etc.  Population 
(1900),  12,681 


of  the  elders.  He  was  the  host  of  Menelaus  and  Odys- 
seus when  they  visited  Troy,  and  strongly  advised  the 
Trojans  to  surrender  Helen.  His  friendliness  toward  the 
Greeks  in  the  end  amounted  to  treason. 

Lived  about  509  b.  c.  An  Athenian 
sculptor  who  "made  the  first  bronze  statues  of 
Harmodius  and  Aristogeiton,  which  the  Athe- 
nians set  up  in  the  Cerameicus.  (b.  c.  509.) 
These  statues  were  carried  off  to  Susa  by  Xerxes,  and 
their  place  was  supplied  by  others  made  either  by  Callias 
or  by  Praxiteles.  After  the  conquest  of  Persia,  Alexander 
the  Great  sent  the  statues  back  to  Athens,  where  they 
were  again  set  up  in  the  Cerameicus."  BmUh,  Diet,  of 
Gr.  and  Rom.  Biog. 
Antequera  (an-ta-ka'rS).  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Malaga,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadal- 
horce  25  miles  north  of  Malaga:  the  Eoman 
Antiquaria.  it  has  manufactures  of  woolen  goods  and 
silks,  ranneries,  etc.  It  was  captured  from  the  Moors  in 
1410.    Population  (18871,  27,070. 


Alisibach(ans'bach).  An'ancient  principality -^X'HSJf^'  ^^^^ravine  of.  «ee 
of  Germany  ruled  by  margraves  of  the  Ho-  Ansted  (an'sted),  David  Thomas.  Bom  at 
h<.^,„ii<.™  >,„„=<.     It  was  united  with  Bayreuth  in    London,  Peb.  5,  1814:  died  at  Melton,  May  20, 

1880.  An  English  geologist,  professor  of  geol- 
ogy in  King's  College,  London,  1840-53.  He 
was  the  author  of  "Geology"  (1844),  "Great 
Stone  Book  of  Nature"  (1863),  etc. 


henzollem  house 

1789,  acquired  by  Prussia  In  1791-92,  ceded  to  Bavaria  by 
Prussia  in  1805,  occupied  by  France  in  1806,  and  ceded  to 
Bavaria  in  1810. 

Ansbach  (ans'bach),  or  Anspach  (ans'padh). 
The  capital  of  Middle  Franconia,  Bavaria,  sitU' 


ated  on  the  Pranconian  Rezat  25  miles  south-  Anster  (an'ster),  John.    Born  at  Charleville, 


west  of  Nuremberg:  formerly  the  capital  of 
the  ancient  principality  of  Ansbach.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  commune,  14,258. 

Anscharius.    See  Ansgar. 

Ansdell  (anz'del),  Richard.^Bom  at  Liverpool, 
1815 :  died  April  20,  1885.  An  English  artist, 
noted  chiefly  for  paintings  of  animal  life. 

Anse  (ons).  A  small  town  in  the  department  of 
Ehdne,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Azergue  near 
the  Sadne,  14  miles  north-northwest  of  Lyons. 


County  Cork,  Ireland,  1793:  died  at  Dublin, 
June  9, 1867.  An  Irish  scholar  and  poet,  regius 
professor  of  civil  law  in  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin, 1837-67.  He  translated  Goethe's  "Faust" 
(1835,  1864). 

Anstett  (an'stet),  Johann  Protasius  von. 
Bom  at  Strasburg,  1766 :  died  at  Prankfort-on- 
the-Main,  Mayl4, 1835.  A  Russian  diplomatist. 
He  concluded  with  Prussia  the  convention  of  Kalish, 
Feb.  28,  1813 :  assisted  Nesselrode  in  arranging  the  sub- 
sidy treaty  of  England  with  Russia  and  Prussia  at  Reich- 
enbach,  June  15,  1813 ;  represented  Russia  with  plenary 


Anteros  (an'te-ros).  [Gr.  'Avrkpag,  from  avrl, 
against,  and  epuf,  love.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a 
son  of  Aphrodite  and  Ares  and  brother  of  Eros. 
He  was  the  god  of  unhappy  love,  the  avenger 
of  unrequited  affection :  the  opposite  of  Eros. 

Anteros.  Bishop  of  Eome  235-236,  successor  of 
St.  Pontianus.  He  was  a  Greek  by  birth.  According 
to  Eusebius,  he  was  elected  in  238,  dying  one  month  later, 
but  most  modern  historians  follow  Baronius,  as  above. 

Antesians.    See  Andesians. 

AnthemiUS  (an-the'mi-us).  [Gr.  'AvBifuog."] 
Bom  at  Tralles,  Lydia :  died  about  534.  A 
Greek  mathematician  and  architect.  He  was 
one  of  the  architects  employed  by  the  emperor  Justinian 
in  building  the  church  of  St.  Sophia  at  Constantinople. 

AnthemiUS.  Emperor  of  the  West  467-473 
(472  ?),  son  of  Procopius  and  son-in-law  of  the 
eastern  emperor  Mareian.  He  was  nominated  em- 
peror of  the  West  by  the  eastern  emperor  LeOj  on  the  ap- 
plicaticjn  of  Ricimer  for  a  successor  to  Majorian,  and 
was  confirmed  at  Rome.  He  became  the  father-in-law 
of  Ricimer  in  467,  and  was  killed  in  a  civil  war  which 
broke  out  between  them. 


It  was  an  important  place  in  the  middle  ages 
Ansedonia  (an-sa-do'ne-a).    A  small  town  in    po:^?^^  at  the  congress  of  Prague,  July  15-Aiig.  io,l8i3;   Ajj^j^jj^ /a^n4jjj/g,)_     [Gr. 'Avfeia].    The  heroine 
T,i=n<,-ntr    TtnW    nn  +>ip  cnnst  Tipar  Orbptelln-     and  from  1815  to  his  death  was  ambassador  extraordinary  ■"^"i***  ^^  ■■/.„'-.      .         ..  ,J    „ 

luscany,  Italy,  on  tne  coast  near  UroetellO,  ^^^  minister  plenipotentiary  to  the  German  Confedera- 
the  ancient  Oosa.    it  contains  Etruscan  fortifications     tion. 

the  most  perfect  in  Italy,  in  plan  approximatelya  square  Ano+oir  ('!lTl'st.i^  fThriat.nti'hpr  Bom  at  ■Rrint- 
of  about  a  mile  in  circuit.  The  lower  part  of  the  walls  is  AnStey  (an  sti),  unnstopner.  Bom  at  UnnK- 
of  huge  polygonal  blocks  so  exactly  fitted  that  a  knife-  ley,  Cambridgeshire,  England,  Oct.  31,  1/24: 
Made  cannot  be  inserted  in  the  joints ;  the  upper  part  is  died  at  Chippenham,  England,  Aug.  3,  1805. 
of  approximately  squared  blocks  and  horizontal  courses.  ^^  English  satirical  poet,  author  of ' '  New  Bath 
The  height  reaches  30  feet,  the  thickness  is  about  6  feet.     /-j.„:  j„  g  /ivfifii    pf„ 

There  me  a  number  of  large  towers  and  three  double    .^"'P''     U       i'  j  ^  m    a    n   ^x.  ■ 

gates  Anstey,  F.    A  pseudonym  of  T.  A.  Guthrie- 


in  the  romance  "Bphesiaca,"  by  Xenophon  of 
Ephesus. 
Anthology,  The.  [Gr.  &vBo?oyia,  LGr.  also  av- 
6o?^yiov,  a  flower-gathering,  hence  a  collec- 
tion of  small  poems,  from  av6o?i&yog,  gathering 
flowers,  from  avSog,  a  flower,  and  AeyeivrrL. 
legere,  gather,  read.]  A  collection  of  several 
thousand  short  Greek  poems  by  many  authors, 


Anthology,  The 

written  for  the  most  part  in  the  elegiac  meter. 
In  it  every  period  of  Greek  literature  is  represented,  from 
the  Persian  war  to  the  decadence  of  Byzantium.  The  first 
Anthology  was  compiled  by  Meleager  ol  Gadara  in  the  1st 
century  B.  o. :  to  this  additions  were  made  by  PhUippus  of 
Thessalonica  about  100  A.D.  In  the  collection  by  Agathias 
of  Myrina  (6th  century)  the  poems  are  (for  the  first  time) 
arranged  by  subjects.    See  the  extract 

The  Greek  Anthology  brings  together  epigrams  and 
short  pieces  ranging  over  about  1,000  years,— from  Simon- 
ides  of  Ceos  (490  B.  c.)  to  the  sixth  century  of  our  era. 
Maximus  Planudes,  a  monk  of  Constantinople  (1330  a.  d.), 
put  together  a  collection,  founded  on  that  of  Agathias 
(550  A.  D.),  in  seven  books.  This  was  the  only  one  till,  in 
1606,  the  scholar  Saumaise,  better  known  as  Salmasius, 
found  a  manuscript  in  the  library  of  the  Elector  Palatine 
at  Heidelberg,  containing  another  Greek  Anthology,  put 
together  by  Constantinns  Cephalas  about  920  A.D.  This  is 
now  known  as  the  Palatine  Anthology ;  and  it  is  now  seen 
that  Planudes  had,  in  large  measure,  merely  rearranged  or 
.^bridged  it.  Love,  art^  mourning  for  the  dead,  the  whole 
range  of  human  interests  and  sympathies,  lend  leaves  to 
this  garland  of  Greek  song.  Jebh,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  160. 

Anthon  (an'thon),  Charles.  Born  atNewYork, 
Nov.  19,  1797:  (lied  at  New  York,  July  29, 1867. 

.An  American  classical  teacher,  professor  of 
Greek  in  Columbia  College.  He  edited  Lemprifere's 
" Classical  Dictionary  "  (1841),  and  compiled  a  "Dictionary 
of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities  "(1843),  and  various  clas- 
sical text-books. 

Anthony  (an'to-ni),  or  Antony  (an'to-ni), 
Saint,  "The  Great":  L.  Antonius.  Born  at 
Coma,  Upper  Egypt,  about  251  a.d.  :  died  about 
356.  AnEgyptiau  abbot, called  (by  Athanasius) 
the  founder  of  asceticism.  He  early  adopted  an  as- 
cetic mode  of  life,  and  in  285  retired  altogether  from  the  so- 
ciety of  men,  living  first  in  a  sepulcher,  then  for  twenty 
years  in  the  ruins  of  a  castle,  and  finally  on  Mount  Colzim. 
His  sanctity  attracted  numerous  disciples,  whom  he  gath- 
ered into  a  fraternity  near  Fayiim,  which  at  his  death 
numbered  15,000  members.  He  was  a  fritend  and  sup- 
porter of  Athanasius.  He  was  often  (according  to  his  own 
belief)  sorely  tempted  in  his  solitude  by  the  devil,  who  ap- 
peared in  a  great  yariety  of  forms,  now  as  a  friend,  now 
as  a  fascinating  woman,  now  as  a  dragon,  and  once  broke 
through  the  wairof  his  cave,  filling  the  room  with  roaring 
lions,  howling  wolves,  growling  bears,  fierce  hyenas,  and 
crawling  serpents  and  scorpions — scenes  frequently  de- 
picted in  Christian  art.  (See  TemfptctMxm  of  St.  Anthony.) 
His  bones,  discovered  in  561  and  brought  first  to  Alexan- 
dria, then  to  Constantinople,  and  finally  to  Vienne  in 
southern  France,  are  said  to  have  performed  great  won- 
ders in  the  11th  century,  during  an  epidemic  of  "St.  An- 
thony's fire,"  an  erysipelatous  distemper,  also  called  the 
"  sacred  fire."    His  day  is  Jan.  17  in  the  Roman  Church. 

Anthony  (an'to-ni),  Henry  Bowen.    Bom  at 

Coventry,  R.  I.,  April  1, 1815 :  died  at  Provi- 
dence, B.  I.,  Sept.  2, 1884.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  statesman.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Brown 
University  1833,  many  years  editor  of  the  Providence 
"Journal,"  Whig  governor  of  Rhode  Island  1849-51,  Re- 
publican United  States  senator  1859-84,  and  several  times 
president  pro  tempore  of  the  Senate. 

Anthony,  Susan  Brownell.  Born  at  South 
Adams,  Mass.,  Feb.  15, 1820.  A  social  reformer, 
and  agitator  in  behalf  of  female  suffrage,  tem- 
perance, and  the  civil  rights  of  women. 

iuithony  of  Padua,  Saint.  Bomat  Lisbon,  Aug. 
15,  1195 :  died  near  Padua,  June  13, 1231.  A 
Franciscan  monk,  theologian,  and  preacher  in 
France  and  Italy.  He  taught  at  Montpellier,  Tou- 
louse, and  Padua.  According  to  the  legend,  he  one  day 
preached  to  a  school  of  .fishes  and  was  heard  with  atten- 
tion. In  the  Roman  calendar  his  day  is  June  13.  There 
is  a  noted  painting  of  him  by  Hurillo  in  the  cathedral  of 
Seville.  The  figure  of  the  saint  was  cut  from  the  picture 
by  a  thief  in  1874,  but  was  recovered  in  New  York,  and 
replaced  very  skilfully.  There  is  also  a  painting  of  An- 
thony by  Murillo  in  the  museum  at  Seville.  The  saint 
kneels,  with  one  arm  about  the  infant  Saviour,  who  is 
seated  before  him  on  an  open  book. 

Anthony  Absolute,  Sir.    See  Absoluu. 

Anthony's  Nose.  Apromontorynearthe  south- 
em  entrance  of  the  Highlands,  New  York,  pro- 
jecting into  the  Hudson  between  West  Point 
and  Peekskill. 

Anti  (an'te).  A  province  of  the  Inoa  empire 
of  Peru,  at  the  base  of  the  eastern  mountains, 
borderingthe  Ucayale  valley :  so  called  from  the 
Indians  who  inhabited  it.  By  some  it  has  been 
supposed  that  the  Andes  took  their  name  from 
this  province. 

Antibes  (on-teb').  A  fortified  seaport  in  the 
department  of  Alpes-Maritimes,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Mediterranean  13  miles  southwest 
of  Nice :  the  ancient  AntipoUs.  it  was  a  Greek 
colony  from  Marseilles.  In  1746  it  was  bombarded  by  the 
Allies  under  Browne.    Population  (1891),  commune,  7,401. 

Antibes  Legion.  A  f  orei^  battalion  at  Rome 
during  the  French  occupation  of  the  city,  sup- 
ported by  Pope  Pius  IX.  It  was  formed  at  An- 
tibes and  composed  chiefly  of  Frenchmen. 

Ajltiburghers  (an'ti-ber-gerz).  The  members 
of  one  of  two  sections  into  which  the  Scotch 
Secession  Church  was  split  in  1747,  by  a  con- 
troversy on  the  lawfulness  of  accepting  a  clause 
in  the  oath  required  to  be  taken  by  burgesses 
declaratory  of  "  their  profession  and  allowance 
of  the  true  religion  professed  within  the  realm 


62 

and  authorized  by  the  laws  thereof."  The  Anti- 
burghers  denied  that  this  oath  could  be  taken  consistently 
with  the  principles  of  the  church,  while  the  Burghers  af- 
firmed its  compatibility.  The  parties  were  reunited  in  1820. 

Anticant,  Dr.  Pessimist.  A  pseudonym  of 
Thomas  Carlyle. 

Anti-Corn-Law  League.  -Aji  association 
formed  inl839,withheadquartersatManchester, 
to  further  the  repeal  of  the  British  corn-laws. 
Among,  the  leaders  were  Cobden,  Bright,  Vil- 
liers,  Joseph  Hume,  and  Roebuck. 

Anticosti  (an-ti-kos'ti).  A  thinly  inhabited 
island  of  British  America,  situated  in  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence  in  lat.  49°-50°  N.,  long.  61° 
40'-64°  30'  W.  It  is  swampy,  rocky,  and  un- 
fruitful. Its  length  is  135  miles  and  its  great- 
est width  about  35  miles. 

Anticyra  (an-tis'i-rS,).  [Gr.  'AvriKupa,  'Avr'tKuplia, 
earlier  'AvTuapjia.']  1.  In  ancient  geography, 
a  city  in  Phocis,  Greece,  situated  on  the  Co- 
rinthian Gulf  in  lat.  38°  23'  N.,  long.  22°  38' 
E.  It  is  noted  for  the  hellebore  (the  ancient 
remedy  for  madness)  obtained  in  its  neighbor- 
hood.—  2.  A  city  in  Thessaly,  Greece,  situated 
on  the  Sperehius  in  lat.  38°  51'  N.,  long.  22° 
22'  E.  It,  also,  was  noted  for  its  hellebore. — 
3.  A  city  in  Locris,  Greece,  situated  near  Nau- 
pactus  in  lat.  38°  24'  N.,  long.  22°  E. 

Antietam  (an-te'tam).  A  small  river  in  south- 
ern Pennsylvania  and  western  Maryland,  which 
joins  the  Potomac  6  miles  north  of  Harper's 
Ferry,  On  its  banks  near  Sharpsburg,  Sept  17, 1862,  a 
battle  (called  by  the  Confederates  the  battle  of  Sharps- 
burg) was  fought  "between  the  Federals  (87,164,  ol  whom 
about  60,000  bore  the  brunt  of  the  battle)  under  McClellan, 
and  the  Confederates  (40,000  according  to  Lee,  45,000  to 
70,000  according  to  Pollard,  97,000  according  to  McClellan) 
under  Lee.  The  total  loss  of  the  Union  army  was  12,469 
(2,010  killed);  of  the  Confederates,  26,899.  Other  esti- 
mates of  the  Confederate  loss  are  9,000  to  12,000.  Lee  re- 
treated across  the  Potomac  on  the  18th.  The  battle  is  va- 
riously described  as  a  Federal  victory  and  as  indecisive. 

Anti-Federal  Party.  In  United  States  history, 
the  party  which  opposed  the  adoption  and  rati- 
fication of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
and  which,  failing  in  this,  strongly  favored  the 
strict  construction  of  the  Constitution,  its  fun- 
damental principle  was  opposition  to  the  strengthening  of 
the  national  government  at  the  expense  of  the  States. 
Soon  after  the  close  of  ■Washington's  first  administration 
(1793)  the  name  Anti-Federal  went  out  of  use.  Republican, 
and  afterward  Democratic-Republican  (now  usually  Demo- 
cratic alone),  taking  its  place.  Also  cM&A.A7dUFederaliet 
Party. 

Anti-Federalists.    See  Anti-Federal  Party. 

Antigone  (an-tig'6-ne).  [Gr.  Jiwjydwy.]  In 
Greek  legend,  a  daughter  of  CBdipus  by  his 
mother  Jocaste.  she  accompanied  (Edipus,  as  afaith- 
f  ul  daughter,  in  his  wanderings  until  his  death  at  Colonus ; 
she  then  returned  to  Thebes.  According  to  Sophocles, 
Hsemon,  the  son  of  Creon  (who  in  other  accounts  was 
then  dead),  fell  in  love  with  her.  Contrary  to  the  edict 
of  Creon,  she  buried  the  body  of  her  brother  Polynices, 
who  had  been  slain  in  single  combat  with  his  brother 
Eteocles,  and  (according  to  Sophocles)  was  shut  up  in  a 
subterraneous  cave  where  she  perished  by  her  own  band. 
Haemon  also  slew  himself.  Other  accounts  of  her  life  and 
death  are  given. 

Antigone.  1 .  A  celebrated  tragedy  by  Sopho- 
cles, of  uncertain  date. —  3.  A  tragedy  by  Al- 
fieri,  a  sequel  to  "  Polynices,"  published  in 
1783. 

Antigonidse  (an-ti-gon'i-de).  [Gr.  'Avnyovidai.'] 
The  descendants  of  Antigonus,  king  of  Asia, 
one  of  the  generals  of  .Mexander  the  Great. 
The  principal  members  of  the  family  were  Demetrius  I. 
(Poliorcetes),  king  of  Macedonia  (died  283  B.  c),  son  of 
Antigonus,  king  of  Asia;  Antigonus  Gonatas,  king  of 
Macedonia  (died  239  B.  c),  son  of  Demetrius  I.;  Deme- 
trius of  cyrene  (died  250  B.  0.),  son  of  Demetrius  I.; 
Demetrius  II.,  king  of  Macedonia  (died  229  B.  0.),  son  of 
Antigonus  Gonatas ;  Antigonus  Doson,  king  of  Macedonia 
(died  220  B.  0.),  son  of  Demetrius  of  Cyrene;  Philip  V., 
king  of  Macedonia  (died  179  B.  0.),  son  of  Demetrius  II. ; 
and  Perseus,  king  of  Macedonia,  conquered  by  the  Romans 
168  B.  0. 

Antigonish  (an-tig-o-nesh').  A  seaport,  capital 
of  Antigonish  County,  Nova  Scotia,  situated  on 
George  Bay  38  miles  east  of  Pioton. 

Antigonus  (an-tig'o-nus).  [Or.  'Avrlyovoc.'] 
Born  about  80  B.  C. :  executed  at  Antioch  37  B.  c. 
A  king  of  Judea  who  reigned  40-37  B.  C. :  the 
last  Maecabean  king.  He  was  defeated  by  Herod, 
the  son  of  Antipater,  and  put  to  death  by  A,nteny  as  a 
common  malefactor. 

Antigonus.  Bom  about  382  b.  c.  :  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Ipsus,  301 B.  o.  One  of  the  generals 
of  Alexander  the  Great,  sumamed  "The  One- 
Eyed."  After  the  death  of  Alexander  he  received  the 
provinces  of  Greater  Phrygia,  Lycia,  and  Pamphylia. 
He  carried  on  war  against  Perdiccas  and  Eumenes,  made 
extensive  conquests  in  Asia,  assumed  the  title  of  king  in 
306,  and  was  overthrown  at  Ipsus  by  a  coalition. 

Antigonus.  1.  InShakspere's"  Winter's  Tale,'' 
a  lord  of  Sicilia. —  3.  In  Fletcher's  "Humorous 
Lieutenant,"  an  old  and  Ueentious  king. 


Antin,  Due  d' 

Antigonus  Oarystius  (ka-ris'tl-us).  Bom  in 
Carystos,  Euboea  (whence  his  surname) :  lived 
about  250  B.  C.  a  Greek  writer,  author  of  a  work  re- 
lating to  natural  history,  portions  of  which  are  extant, 
valuable  as  containing  quotations  from  lost  writings. 

Antigonus  Doson  (do'son).  [Gr.  A(J(T6)v,'Going- 
to-Give' :  a  surname  said  to  have  been  applied 
to  Antigonus  "because  he  was  always  about  to 
give,  and  never  did."]  Died  220  b.  c.  King  of 
Macedon  229-220  b.  c,  nephew  of  Antigonus 
Gonatas,  and  son  of  Demetrius  of  Cyrene,  the 
grandson  of  Antigonus,  Alexander's  general. 
He  was  appointed  guardian  of  Philip,  son  of  Demetrius  II., 
and  on  the  death  of  Demetrius  (229  B.  0.)  he  married  his 
widow,  and  ascended  the  thione.  He  supported  success- 
fully Aratus  and  the  Achsean  League  against  Cleomenes, 
king  of  Sparta,  and  the  iEtolians,  and  defeated  the  former 
at  Sellasia  221. 

Antigonus  Gonatas  (gon'a-tas).  Born  about 
319  B.  c. :  died  239  b.  c.  Son  of  Demetrius  Po- 
Uorcetes,  and  king  of  Macedon  277-239.  He 
suppressed  the  Celtic  invasion  and  was  tempo- 
rarily driven  from  his  land  by  Pyrrhus  273. 

Antigua  (an-te'gwa).  1.  An  island  in  the  col- 
ony of  the  Leeward  Islands.  Lesser  Antilles, 
British  West  Indies,  in  lat.  (St.  John)  17°  6' 
N.,  long.  61°  50'  W.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus 
in  1493,  and  settled  in  1632.  It  exports  sugar,  rum,  mo- 
lasses, etc.  The  chief  town  is  St.  John.  Length,  28  miles. 
Area,  108  square  miles.  Population,  with  Barbuda  and  Re- 
donda  (1891),  36,819. 
3.  See  Guatemala,  Old. 

Anti-Jacobin,  or  Weekly  Examiner,  The.  A 
paper  originated  Nov.  20, 1797,  by  George  Can- 
ning and  contributed  to  by  his  friends,  princi- 
pally John  Hookham  Frere  and  George  Ellis. 
It  was  edited  by  William  Gilford,  and  the  last  number  ap- 
peared July  9, 1798.  Its  avowed  purpose  was  to  ridicule 
the  doctrines  of  the  French  Revolution  and  their  advocates 
in  England. 

Anti-Jacobin  Eevie'w,  The.  A  monthly  peri- 
odical started  in  1798'  by  John  Gifford:  it 
came  to  an  end  in  1821.  it  had  n6  connection  with 
Canning's  paper,  and  the  names  of  the  distinguished  au- 
thors of  the  latter  do  not  appear  in  it 

Antihuen6(an-te-wa-no'),orAntigiienli(an-te- 
gwa-no' ).  An  Araueanian  Indian  of  Chile  who, 
in  1559,  was  made  toqui  or  war-chief  of  the  tribe. 
In  1563  he  defeated  and  killed  a  son  of  the  governor  Villa- 
gra  at  Mariguenu,  attempted  to  take  Concepcion  but  failed, 
and  drove  the  Spaniards  from  Cafiete  and  Arauco,  but  was 
defeated  and  killed  in  an  attack  on  Angol  in  1564. 

Auti-Libauus  (an^ti-lib'a-nus),  or  Anti-Leba- 
non (an"ti-leb'a-non).  [Gr.  AvrMpavog.']  A 
mountain-range  of  Syria,  parallel  to  and  east 
of  the  Lebanon  range,  and  separated  from  it 
by  the  valleys  of  the  Orontes  and  Litany.  Its 
highest  peak  is  Mount  Hermon. 

Antilles  (au-tU'lez  or  an-tel').  [Sp.  Antillas, 
F.  Antilles,  G.  Antillen.']  A  general  name  for 
the  West  Indies,  excluding  the  Bahamas.  The 
Greater  Antilles  comprise  Cuba,  Jamaica,  Haiti,  and 
Forto  Rico ;  the  Lesser  Antilles  comprise  the  remainder, 
to  which  the  name  was  formerly  restricted.  See  West 
Indies. 

AntilOchUS  (an-til'o-kus).  [Gr.  'Avrlhixog.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a  son  of  Nestor  conspicuous  in 
the  Trojan  war.  He  was  a  close  friend  of  Achilles  and 
was  chosen  to  break  to  him  the  news  of  Fatroclus's  death. 
Memnon  (or,  in  another  account,  Hector)  slew  him  and 
Achilles  avenged  his  death,  as  he  did  that  of  Patroclns. 
The  three  friends  were  buried  in  the  same  mound,  and 
were  seen  by  Odysseus  walking  together  over  the  aspho- 
del meadows  of  the  under  world. 

Anti-Macchiavel  (an*ti-mak'i-a-vel).  An  es- 
say by  Frederick  the  Great,  respecting  the 
duties  of  sovereigns,  intended  to  confute  the 
' '  Principe  "  of  Macchiavelli.  It  was  written  before 
he  became  king,  and  was  issued  by  Voltaire  at  The  Hague 
in  1740. 

Antimachus  (au-tim'aius).  [Gr.  'AvTi/iaxoc.'i 
In  Greek  legend,  a  Trojan  warrior  mentioned 
in  the  Iliad. 

Antimachus.  A  Greek  epic  and  elegiac  poet 
of  Claros,  a  part  of  the  dominion  of  Colophon 
(whence  he  was  called  "The  Colophonian"), 
who  flourished  about  410  b.  O.  His  chief  work 
was  the  "Thebais,"  a  voluminous  epic  poem.  His  elegy 
on  Lyde,  his  wife  or  mistress,  was  highly  praised  in  an- 
tiquity. He  also  published  a  special  edition  of  Homer. 
"'The  Alexandrian  critics  constantly  quote  him,  and 
greatly  admired  him,  and  he  may  fairly  be  regarded  the 
model  or  master  of  the  Alexandrian  epic  poets."  Mahaffi/, 
Hist  of  Classical  Greek  Lit,  1. 146. 

Anti-Masonic  Party  (a;n"ti-ma-son'ik  par'ti). 
In  American  politics,  a  political  party  which 
opposed  the  alleged  influence  of  freemasonry 
in  civil  affairs.  It  originated  in  western  New  York 
after  the  kidnapping  of  William  Morgan  in  1826,  who  had 
threatened,  it  was  said,  to  disclose  the  secrets  of  the 
order.  A  national  convention  nominated  Wirt  for  the 
presidency  in  1S31 ;  but  the  organization  was  soon  after 
absorbed  by  the  Whigs.  Anti-Masonic  influence  continued 
for  some  time  powerful  in  local  matters.  An  American 
Party,  organized  in  1876,  revived  the  principles  of  the 
Anti-Masons,  but  has  had  very  tew  adherents. 

Antin    (on-tan'),  Due    d'    (Louis-Antoine 


Antin,  Due  d' 

de  Pardaillan  de  Gondrin).  Bom  1665 :  died 
at  Paris,  Dec.  2,  1736.  A  French  courtier,  le- 
gitimate son  of  Madame  de  Montespan.  He 
gained  the  tavor  of  Louis  XIV.  and  the  dauphin,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  regency  under  the  Duke  of  Orleans. 
Antinori  (an-te-no're),  Marchese  Orazio.  Bom 
at  Pemgia,  Oct.  28, 1811 :  died  at  Marefia,  Aug. 
26,  1882.  An  African  traveler  and  zoologist. 
After  a  successful  career  as  scientist  and  patriot,  and  a 
journey  through  Syria  and  Asia  Minor,  he  went  to  Egypt 
In  1869.  He  explored,  with  Poggla,  the  XTpper  Nile  regions 
(1860-61)  and  returned  to  Italy  with  rich  collections.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Italian  Geographical  So- 
ciety. In  1869  he  explored  Bogo-land,  north  of  Abyssinia. 
In  1876  he  led  an  important  scientific  expedition  into 
Shoa  and  established  the  station  Marefia  where  he  died. 
The  thorough  zottlogic  exploration  of  Shoa  is  due  to  him. 

AntinOUS  (an-tin'o-us).  [Gr.  'Avnvoog.']  Bom 
in  Bithynia,  Asia  Minor:  lived  in  the  reign  of 
Hadrian  117-138  a.  d.  A  page,  attendant,  and 
favorite  of  the  emperor  Hadrian.  He  drowned 
himself  in  the  Nile,  probably  from  melancholy.  Of  the 
many  representations  of  Antinous  in  ancient  art,  the  statue 
from  the  villa  of  Hadrian,  in  the  Gapitoline  Museum, 
Rome,  is  considered  the  finest.  It  represents  a  well- 
formed  nude  youth  whose  bowed  head  and  melancholy 
loolt  seem  to  portend  his  untimely  fate.  There  is  a  colos- 
sal statue  of  Hadrian's  favorite  in  the  Vatican,  Itome,  in 
the  character  of  Bacchus,  ivy-crowned  and  holding  a  staff 
or  scepter.  The  head,  somewhat  stern  in  expression,  is 
among  the  finest  of  the  type.  The  full  paladamentum  is 
modern,  the  ancient  drapery  having  been  in  bronze. 

Antiocll  (an'ti-ok).  [L.  AnUoehia,  Turk.  An- 
takia;  Gr.  'AvTidxeia,  named  from  'Avrioxoc,  An- 
tioohus,  father  of  Seleucus.]  A  city  in  the 
vilayet  of  Aleppo,  Syria,  Asiatic  Turkey,  sit- 
uated on  the  Oroates  about  15  miles  from  the 
Mediterranean,  in  lat.  36°  11'  N.,  long.  36°  10'  E. 
It  was  founded  by  Seleucus  about  300  B.  0.,  was  the  capital 
of  Syria  until  66  B.  c,  and  rose  to  great  splendor.  It  was 
called  "  the  Crown  of  the  East,"  and  "  Antioch  the  Beauti- 
ful." Under  the  early  Koman  Empire  it  was  a  famous 
emporium,  the  most  important  after  Kome  and  Alexan- 
dria, and  one  of  the  earliest  and  most  influential  seats  of 
Christianity,  the  center  of  a  patriarchate.  It  was  the 
scene  of  a  serious  riot  in  A.  D.  387,  suppressed  by  Theo- 
dosius.  It  was  often  ravaged  by  earthquakes  (especially 
in  A.  D.  115,  341,  468,  607-608,  626-626),  was  destroyed  by 
Chosroes  in  540  and  by  the  Saracens  in  638,  and  was  be- 
sieged and  taken  by  the  Crusaders  in  1098.  From  1099  until 
Its  capture  by  the  Egyptian  sultan  in  1268  it  was  the  seat 
of  a  Christian  principality.  It  passed  to  the  Turks  in 
1516.  It  is  now  an  unimportant  town  (Antakia)  with  few 
relics  of  antiquity.  In  1872  it  was  devastated  by  an 
earthquake.    Population,  about  17,600. 

Antioch.  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  in  Asia 
Minor,  situated  on  the  borders  of  Pisidia  and 
Pamphylia  in  lat.  38°  16'  N.,  long.  31°  17'  E., 
founded  by  Seleucus.  It  received  a  Eoman 
colony  and  was  called  Csesarea.  It  is  noted 
in  St.  Paul's  history. 

Antiocll  College.  An  institution  of  learning, 
at  Yellow  Springs,  Greene  County,  Ohio  (incor- 
porated in  1852).  It  is  controlled  by  the  Disci- 
ples of  Christ. 

.^tioche.  A  chanson  de  geste  of  the  group 
entitled  "Le  Chevalier  au  Cygne."  It  narrates 
the  exploits  of  the  Christian  host  in  attacking 
and  then  defending  Antioch. 

Antioche  (on-te-osh'),  Pertuis  d'.  An  arm  of 
the  Bay  of  Biscay,  west  of  the  department  of 
Charente-InfSrieure,  Prance,  between  the  isl- 
ands of  E6  and  Olfiron. 

AntiOChUS  (an-ti'6-kus)  I,  [Gr.  'AvtIoxo;.'] 
Died  about  30  b.  c.  King  of  Commagene,  a 
petty  principality  between  the  Euphrates  and 
Mount  Taurus,  capital  Samosata,  at  one  time 
a  part  of  the  Syrian  kingdom  of  the  Seleucidse. 
He  concluded  a  peace  with  Pompey  64  B.  0.,  and  later 
(49  B.  0.)  supported  him  in  the  civil  war  with  Csesar. 

Antiocnus  11.  King  of  Commagene,  successor 
of  Mithridates  I.  He  was  summoned  to  Eome  and 
executed,  29  B.  o. ,  for  having  caused  the  murder  of  an  am- 
bassador sent  to  Rome  by  his  brother. 

Aatiochus  IV.,  surnamed  Epiphanes.  A  king 
of  Commagene,  apparently  a  son  of  Antio- 
chus  III.  He  was  a  friend  of  Caligula,  who  in  A.  D.  88 
restored  to  him  the  kingdom  of  Commagene,  which  had 
been  made  a  Koman  province  at  the  death  of  his  father 
A  D.  17.  Subsequently,  however,  he  was  deposed  by  Cali- 
gula, bat  was  restored  on  the  accession  of  Claudius,  A.  D. 
41.    He  was  finally  deprived  of  his  kingdom  A.  D.  72. 

Aatiochus  I.,  surnamed  Soter.  [Gr.  aarvp,  de- 
liverer.] Born  about  323  b.  c.  :  killed  261  B.  c. 
King  of  Syria  280  (281?)-261,  son  of  Seleucus 
Nicator.  it  is  said  that  when  he  fell  sick,  through  love 
of  Stratonice,  the  young  wife  of  his  father,  the  latter,  on 
the  advice  of  the  physician  Erasistratus,  resigned  Strat- 
onice to  his  son,  and  invested  him  with  the  government 
of  Upper  Asia,  aUowing  him  the  title  of  king.  On  the 
death  of  his  father,  Antiochus  succeeded  to  the  whole  of 
his  dominions,  but  relinquished  his  claims  to  Macedonia 
on  the  marriageof  Antigonus  Gonataa  to  PhUa,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Seleucus  and  Stratonice. 

Antiochus  II.,  sumamed  Theos.  [<^^.?f''f' ^^ 
vine,  =  L.  dwus,  as  an  imperial  title.]  Killed  246 
(247  ?)  B.  0.  King  of  Syria,  son  of  Antiochus  I. 
whom  he  succeeded  in  261  B.  0.     He  became  in- 


63 

volved  in  a  ruinous  war  with  Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  king 
of  Egypt,  during  which  Syria  was  further  weakened  by  the 
revolt  of  the  provinces  of  Parthia  and  Bactria,  Arsaces  es- 
tablishing the  Parthian  empire  about  250  B.  c,  and  Theo- 
dotus  the  independent  kingdom  of  Bactria  about  the  same 
time.  Peace  was  concluded  with  Egypt  250  B.  o.,  Antio- 
chus being  obliged  to  rej  ect  his  wife  Laodice,  and  to  m  arry 
Berenice,  the  daughter  of  Ptolemy.  On  the  death  of  Ptol- 
emy (247  B.  c),  he  recalled  Laodice,  who  shortly  caused 
him  to  be  murdered,  and  also  Berenice  and  her  son.  The 
connection  between  Syria  and  Egypt  is  referred  to  In  Dan- 
iel xi.  6. 

Antiochus  III.  Bom  about  238  b.  c. :  died  187 
B.C.  King  of  Syria 223-187B.  c,  surnamed ' '  The 
Great,"  the  most  famous  of  the  Seleucids.  He 
was  the  son  of  Seleucus  II.,  and  grandson  of  Antiochus  II., 
and  succeeded  his  brother  Seleucus  Ceraunus  at  the  age 
of  fifteen.  His  surname  *'The  Great"  was  earned  by  the 
magnitude  of  his  enterprises  rather  than  by  what  he  ac- 
complished. He  subdued  his  rebellious  brothers  Molo  and 
Alexander,  satraps  of  Media  and  Persis,  220  B.  c,  and  was 
forced  (after  having  undertaken  an  aggressive  war  against 
Ptolemy  Philopator)  by  the  battle  of  Raphia,  near  Gaza,  to 
relinquish  his  claims  to  Coele-Syria  and  Palestine  217  B.C. 
He  defeated  and  killed  AchsBus,  the  rebellious  governor  of 
Asia  Minor,  214  B.C. ;  attempted  to  regain  the  former  prov- 
inces Parthia  and  Bactria  212-205  B.  c. ;  and  was  compelled 
to  recognize  the  independence  of  Parthia  205  B.  0.  The 
victory  of  Paneas,  198  B.  0.,  gave  him  the  Egyptian  prov- 
inces of  Coele-Syria  and  Palestine.  He,  however,  made 
peace  with  Ptolemy  Epiphanes,  to  whom  he  betrothed  his 
daughter  Cleopatra,  promising  Coele-Syria  and  Palestine 
as  a  dowry.  He  conquered  the  Thracian  Chersonese 
from  Macedonia  196  B.  c. ;  received  Hannibal  at  his  court 
195  B.  c. ;  carried  on  a  war  with  the  Komans  192-189  B.  c, 
who  demanded  the  restoration  of  the  Egyptian  provinces 
and  the  Thracian  Chersonese ;  was  defeated  at  Thermopy- 
lae 191,  and  at  Magnesia  190 ;  and  sustained  naval  losses 
at  Chios  191,  and  at  MIyonnesus  190.  He  purchased  peace 
by  consenting  to  the  surrender  of  all  his  European  posses- 
sions, and  his  Asiatic  possessions  as  far  as  the  Taurus,  the 
payment  of  15,000  Euboean  talents  within  twelve  years, 
and  the  surrender  of  Hannibal,  who  escaped,  and  by  giv- 
ing up  his  elephants  and  ships  of  war.  Antiochus  'was 
killed  by  his  subjects  in  an  attempt  to  plunder  the  rich 
temple  of  Elymais  to  pay  the  Romans,  an  event  which,  as 
also  his  defeat  by  the  Romans,  is  supposed  by  some  to  be 
referred  to  in  Daniel  xi.  18, 19. 

Antiochus  IV.,  sumamed  Epiphanes.  Died 
164  B.  c.  King  of  Syria  175-164  B.  c. :  son  of 
Antiochus  III.  He  reconquered  Armenia,  which  had 
been  lost  by  his  father,  and  made  war  on  Egypt  171-168 
B.  c,  recovering  Coele-Syria  and  Palestine.  The  policy  of 
Antiochus  of  rooting  out  the  Jewish  religion,  in  pursuance 
of  which  he  took  Jerusalem  by  storm  170  B.  0.  (when  he 
desecrated  the  temple)  and  again  in  168  B.  0.  led  to  the 
successful  revolt  under  Mattathias,  the  father  of  the  Mac- 
cabees, 167  B.  0. 

Antiochus  V.,  sumamed  Eupator.  [Gr.  ei- 
warap,  of  a  noble  sire.]  Died  162  B.  c.  King 
of  Syria  164^162  b.  c,  son  of  Antiochus  IV. 
whom  he  succeeded  at  the  age  of  nine  years, 
under  the  guardianship  of  Lysias.  He  concluded 
a  peace  with  the  Jews,  who  had  revolted  under  his  father, 
and  was  defeated  and  killed  by  Demetrius  Soter  (the  son 
of  Seleucus  Philopator)  who  laid  claim  to  the  throne. 

Antiochus  VII.,  sumamed  Sidetes.  Died  121 
b.  c.  King  of  Syria  137-128  B.C.,  second  son  of 
Demetrius  Soter.  He  carried  on  war  with  the  Jews, 
taking  Jerusalem  in  133  B.  c,  after  which  he  concluded 
peace  with  them  on  favorable  terms  and  was  killed  in  a 
war  with  the  Parthians. 

Antiochus  VIII.,  sumamed  Grypus.  [Gr. 
ypvirdg,  hook-nosed.]  Died  96  B.  C.  King  of 
Syria  125-96  b.  c,  second  son  of  Demetrius 
Nicator. 

Antiochus  XIII.,  sumamed  Asiaticus.  King 
of  Syria,  the  son  of  Antiochus  X. :  the  last 
of  the  SeleueidK.  He  took  refuge  in  Rome  during 
the  mastery  of  Tigranes  in  Syria  83-69  B.C. ;  was  given  pos- 
session of  the  kingdom  by  Luoullus  69  B.  0. ;  but  was  de- 
prived of  it  by  Pompey  65  B.  c. 

Antiochus.  1.  In  Shakspere's  "Pericles,"  the 
king  of  Antioch. — 2.  In  Massinger's  "Believe 
as  You  List,"  the  king  of  Lower  Asia,  a  fugitive, 
the  son  of  a  daughter  of  Charles  V.  of  Portugal. 

Antiochus  of  Ascalon.  Bom  at  Asealon,  Pal- 
estine: lived  in  the  first  hali  of  the  1st  century 
B.  c.  An  eclectic  philosopher,  founder  of  the 
so-called  fifth  Academy.  He  studied  under  the 
Stoic  Mnesarchus  and  under  Philo,  and  while  Cicero  was 
studying  at  Athens  (79  B.  0.)  acted  as  his  instructor.  He 
attempted  to  revive  the  doctrines  of  the  old  Academy. 

Antiope  (an-ti'6-pe).  [Gr.  'Amdnr/.^  In  Greek 
legend:  (a)  A  daughter  of  the  Boeotian  river- 
god  Asopus,  and  mother  by  Zeus  of  Amphion 
and  Zethus.  in  other  accounts  she  is  the  daughter  of 
Nyoteus  of  Hyria.  She  was  imprisoned  and  ill-treated  by 
Dirce  upon  whom  she  took  vengeance  in  a  frightful  way. 
See  Dirce.  (6)  A  sister  or  daughter  of  Hippolyte, 
queen  of  the  Amazons,  and  wife  of  Theseus. 

Antioquia  (an-te-6'ke-a).  1.  A  department, 
capital  MedelUn,  in  the  western  part  of  the  Re- 
public of  Colombia.  The  surface  is  generally 
mountainous;  the  chief  occupation  is  mining. 
Area,  22,316  square  miles.  Population  (1892), 
560,000.-3.  A  town  in  this  department,  situ- 
ated on  the  Cauca  about  lat.  6°  35'  N.,  long. 
76°  7'  W.    Population  (1892),  10,000. 

Antiparos  (an-tip'a-ros),  or  Oliaros  (o-li'a-ros). 


Antis 

An  island  of  the  Cyelades,  7  miles  long,  south- 
west of  Paros,  celebrated  for  a  stalactite  grotto. 

Antipas,  Herod.    See  Serod  Jntipas. 

Antipater  (an-tip'a-ter).  [Gr.  AvTiTrarpo^.} 
Died  319  B.  c.  A  Macedonian  general.  He  was 
a  pupil  of  Aristotle,  served  as  minister  and  general  under 
PhUip  of  Macedon,  and  was  appointed  by  Alexander  regent 
of  Macedonia  334  B.  c.  He  suppressed  the  Thracian  rebel- 
lion under  Memnon  831 ;  gained  a  victory  over  the  Spar- 
tans near  Megalopolis  331 ;  was  superseded  as  regent  by 
Craterus,  and  ordered  to  conduct  an  army  of  recruits  to 
Babylon  in  323 ;  received  the  regency  of  Macedonia  at  the 
death  of  Alexander  in  322 ;  defeated  the  revolted  Athenians 
and  their  allies  at  Cranon  in  323 ;  invaded  iEtolia  In  323 ; 
and  was  appointed  regent  of  the  empire  on  the  death  of 
Perdiccas  in  321. 

Antipater,  surnamed  "  The  Idumean."  Died  43 
B.  c.  Procurator  of  Judea,  governor  of  Idumea, 
and  the  father  of  Herod  the  Great.  He  secured, 
by  his  participation  in  the  Alexandrine  war  (48  B.  o.) 
the  confirmation  by  Csesar  of  Iiis  political  tool  Hyrcauus 
as  high  priest  47  B.  o.,  and  was  himself  appointed  proc- 
urator of  Judea  about  46  B.  G. 

Antipater.  Died  4  b.  o.  Son  of  Herod  the 
Great  by  his  first  wife  Doris.  He  is  described  by 
Josephus  as  a  "mystery  of  wickedness,"  and  was  put  to 
death  for  conspiring  against  the  life  of  his  father,  after 
having  previously  succeeded,  by  arousing  his  father's  sus- 
picions, in  bringing  about  the  death  of  Alexander  and 
Aristobulos,  Herod's  sons  by  Mariamne,  his  second  wife. 

Antipater,  L.  Coelius.  Lived  about  123  b.  c. 
A  Eoman  jurist  and  historian,  a  contemporary 
of  C.  Gracchus,  and  the  teacher  of  L.  Crassus 
the  orator.  He  wrote  a  history  of  the  second  Punic 
war,  "  loaded  with  rhetorical  ornament  but  important  in 
substance,"  fragments  of  which  are  extant. 

Antiphanes  (an-tif'a-nez).  [Gr.  'AvTujiavrif.}  A 
Greek  comic  poet  who  lived  between  404  and 
330  B.  C.  He  was  the  most  distinguished  writer  of  the 
so-called  middle  comedy,  a  period  in  the  development  of 
Greek  comedy  extending  from  about  390  to  388  B.  0. 

Antiphellos  (an-ti-fel'os).  [Gr.  avTi^E^lAoc.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a  town  on  the  southwest- 
em  coast  of  Lycia,  Asia  Minor,  it  contains  a 
Lycian  necropolis  of  rock-cut  tombs,  which  are  architec- 
turally important  because  the  facades  are  in  exact  repro- 
duction of  a  framed  construction  of  square  wooden  beams, 
with  doors  and  windows  of  paneled  work,  and  ceilings  of 
round  poles  laid  closely  together.  These  tombs  evidently 
represent  ancient  dwellings,  and  the  imitation  is  carried 
out  in  some  of  the  interiors.  There  is  also  an  ancient 
theater,  the  cavea  of  which  is  well  preserved,  with  26 
tiers  of  seats. 

Antiphilus  (an-tif 'i-lus).  [Gr.  'AvTifilog.l 
Lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  4th  century 
B.  c.    An  Egjrptian  painter. 

Antipholus  of  Ephesus  (an-tif 'o-lus  ov  ef'e- 
sus),  and  Antipholus  of  Syracuse  (sir'a-kus). 
In  Shakspere's  "  Comedy  of  Errors,"  twin  bro- 
thers, the  first  of  a  violent  and  the  latter  of  a 
mild  nature. 

Antiphon  (an'ti-fon).  [Gr.  'Avrujiov.']  Bom  at 
Bhamnus,  Attica,  about  480  b.  c.  :  executed  at 
Athens,  411  B.C.  An  Athenian  orator  and  poli- 
tician, the  oldest  of  the  "ten  Attic  orators." 
He  was  a  member  of  the  aristocratic  party,  and  was  con- 
demned for  his  share  in  establishing  the  government  by 
the  400.    Fifteen  of  his  orations  are  extant. 

Antiphon  was  the  ablest  debater  and  pleader  of  his  day, 
and  in  his  person  the  new  Rhetoric  first  appears  as  a  po- 
litical power  at  Athens.  He  took  a  chief  part  in  organis- 
ing the  Revolution  of  the  Four  Hundred,  and  when  they 
fell  was  put  to  death  by  the  people  (411  B.  c),  after  de- 
fending himself  in  a  masterpiece  of  eloquence.  Of  his  15 
extant  speeches,  all  relating  to  trials  for  homicide,  12  are 
mere  sketches  or  studies,  forming  three  groups  of  four 
each,  in  which  the  case  for  the  prosecution  is  argued  al- 
ternately with  the  case  for  the  defence. 

Jebh,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  111. 

Antipodes  Islands  (an-tip'o-dez  i'landz).  A 
cluster  of  small  uninhabitedislands  in  the  South 
Pacific,  in  lat.  49°  42'  S.,  long.  178°  43'  E. :  so 
called  from  their  nearly  antipodal  position  to 
Greenwich  (near  London). 

AJltipodes  (an-tip'o-dez).  The.  A  comedy  by 
Richard  Brome,  printed  in  1640. 

Antipolis  (an-tip'o-Us).  [Gr.  'AvHwolic.']  The 
ancient  name  of  Antibes,  in  Prance. 

Antipsara  (an-tip'sa-ra).  A  small  island  near 
Ipsara. 

AntiCLuary  (an'ti-kwa-ri),  The.  1.  A  comedy 
by  Shakerley  Marmio'n,  printed  in  1641 .  Part  of 
0  Keef e's  play  "Modem  Antiques  "  was  taken  from  this, 
also  D'Urf^'s  "Madam  Fickle,"  in  which  Sir  Arthur  Old- 
love  is  a  copy  of  Veterano  the  Antiquary. 
2.  A  novel  by  Sir  "Walter  Scott,  published  in 
1816:  so  named  from  its  principal  character, 
Jonathan  Oldbuck  the  Antiquary. 

Anti-Rent  Party  (an-ti-renf  par'ti).  In  United 
States  pontics,  a  party  in  the  State  of  New 
York  which  had  its  origin  in  dissatisfaction 
among  the  tenants  under  the  patroon  system 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State.  The  tenants  re- 
fused to  pay  rent  in  1839,  resisted  force,  and  a  few  years 
later  carried  their  opposition  into  politics.  The  matter 
was  settled  by  compromise  in  1860. 

Antis  (an'tez),  or  Campas  (kam'paz).     The 


Antis 

ancient  Indian  inhabitants  of  Anti.  They  were 
conqnered  by  the  Inca  Yahuar-huaccao  in  the  llth  cen- 
tury. Their  few  descendants  wander  in  the  forests  aboat 
the  head  waters  of  the  Ucayale,  and  are  closely  related  to 
the  Chunchos  (which  see).  They  live  in  huts  and  wear  a 
long  cotton  robe. 

Antisana  (an-te-sa'na).  A  volcano  of  the  Ecua- 
dorian Andes,  35  miles  southeast  of  Quito. 
Ascended  by  Whymper  in  1880.  Height  (Whym- 
per),  19,335  (Reiss  and  Stiibel,  18,885)  feet. 

It  [Antisana]  was  formerly  supposed  to  he  the  only  great 
mountain,  anywhere  in  the  world,  immediately  upon  the 
Equator,  and  it  has  become  improbable  that  a  loftier  one 
will  ever  be  discovered  exactly  upon  the  Line. 

Whymper,  Travels  amongst  the  Great  Andes  of  the 
[Equator,  p.  228. 

Antisana.  A  village  on  the  slope  of  Mount 
Antisana,  one  of  the  highest  inhabited  spots  in 
the  world.  Height  (Whymper),  13,306  (Eeiss 
and  Stiibel,  13,370)  feet. 

Anti-Semitic  Party.  A  political  party  whose 
chief  aim  is  to  hinder  the  spread  of  Hebrew 
(Semitic)  influence  in  public  affairs.  Such  par- 
ties have  representatives  in  the  Austrian 
Reichsrath  and  the  German  Reichstag. 

Antistates  (an-tis'ta-tez).  [Gr.  'AvnaraTiic.'] 
A  Greek  architect,  associated  with  Callseschrus, 
Antimaehides,  and  Porinus  in  planning  and  be- 
ginning the  great  temple  of  Zeus  at  Athens  in 
the  time  of  Pisistratus  (about  560  B.  c).  This 
work  was  interrupted  by  the  downfall  of  Pisistratus, 
resumed  by  the  Boman  architect  Cossutius  in  the  time  of 
Antiochus  Epiphanes  (176-164  B.  0.),  and  finished  by  the 
emperor  Hadrian.  The  unfinished  building  was  compared 
by  Aristotle  with  the  pyr&mids  of  Egypt. 

Antisthenes  (an-tis'the-nez).  [Gr.  'AvnaBivJig.'] 
Born  at  Athens  about  444  b.  c.  :  died  at  Athens 
after  371  B.C.  An  Athenian  philosopher,founder 
of  the  school  of  the  Cynics.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Socrates  and  taught  in  a  gymnasium  at  Athens. 

Anti-snyu  (an'te-so'yS).  [Quichua, '  country  of 
the  Antis.']  A  name  given  by  the  Incas  to 
that  portion  of  their  empire  which  lay  east  of 
Cuzoo.  It  included  Anti,  and  many  other  prov- 
inces inhabited  by  various  tribes. 

Antitactse  (an-ti-tak'te).  [Gr.  avTiroKTrig  (pi. 
avTiTCMTac),  a  heretic]  A  name  given  to  the 
Antinomian  Gnostics. 

Anti-Taurus  (an"ti-ta'rus).  [Gr.  'AvrhavpoQ.'] 
A  range  of  mountains  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  which 
lies  northeast  of  and  parallel  to  the  Taurus,  lat. 
38-39°  N.,  long.  36"  B.,  regarded  as  a  contin- 
uation of  the  Ala-Dagh. 

Antium  (an'shi-um).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
city  of  Latium,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean 32  miles  south  of  Rome:  the  modem 
Porto  d'Anzio.  It  was  a  Volsoian  stronghold,  and  be- 
came a  Boman  colony  in  338  B.  c.  Later  it  was  a  favorite 
Boman  residence, 

Antivari  (an-te'va-re),  or  Bar  (bar).  A  town 
in  Montenegro,  situated  near  the  Adriatic  in 
lat.  42°  4'  N.,  long.  19°  7'  E.  It  was  Venetian  in 
the -middle  ages,  and  later  Albanian.  In  1878  it  was  con- 
quered by  Montenegro,  and  was  ceded  by  Turkey  in  the 
same  year. 

Antofagasta  (an-to-fa-gas'ta).  A  province  of 
northern  Chile,  conquered  from  Bolivia  in  1879. 
Population  (1895),  44,085. 

Antofagasta.  A  seaport  situated  on  Morena 
Bay  in  lat.  23°  41'  S.,  long.  70°  25'  W.  In  the 
vicinity  are  rich  saltpeter  deposits.  In  1879  it  was  oc- 
cupied by  Chile,  and  was  ceded  by  Bolivia  in  1883.  A 
railroad  crosses  the  Andes  from  this  point  to  the  plateau 
of  Bolivia.   Population,  about  8,000. 

Antogast  (Sn'to-gast).  A  small  watering-place 
in  Baden,  on  the  slope  of  the  Kniebis  near 
Oberkirch. 

Antoine  de  Bourbon  (oh-twan'  d6  b6r-b6n'). 
Born  April  22,  1518:  died  Nov.  17,  1562.  A 
son  of  Charles  de  Bourbon,  duke  of  Venddme, 
husband  of  Jeanne  d'Albret  (1548),  and  king  of 
Navarre  1555. 

Antommarchi  (an-tom-mar'ke),  Francesco. 
Bom  in  Corsica  about  1780 :  died  April  3, 1838. 
An  Italian  surgeon,  physician  to  Napoleon  at 
St  Helena.  He  wrote  "Les  derniers  moments 
de  Napoleon"  (1823). 

Antongil  Bay  (an-ton-zhel'  ba).  A  bay  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  the  northern  part  of  Mada- 
gascar. 

Anton  Ulrich  (an'ton  el'rioh).  Bom  at  Hit- 
zaeker  in  Liineburg,  Oct.  4, 1633 :  died  March  27, 
1714.  Duke  of  Brunswick-Wolfenbiittel,  and 
a  novelist  and  poet.  He  was  the  author  of  the  ro- 
mances "Die  durchlaaohtige  Syrerinn  Aramena'  (1669- 
1673),  and  "Octavia"  (1677).  -r,  j. 

Antonelli  (an-to-nel'le),  Giacomo.  Born  at 
Sonnino,  Latium,  Italy,  April  2,  1806:  died  at 
Rome,  Nov.  6,  1876.  A  noted  Roman  prelate 
and  statesman.  He  became  cardinalin  1847,  and  was 
president  of  the  ministry  ISiT^lS,  and  secretary  of  foreign 
affairs  for  the  Papal  States  after  1850. 


64 

Antonello  da  Messina.  Bom  at  Messina, 
Sicily,  about  1414 :  died  at  Venice  about  1493. 
An  Italian  painter,  said  to  have  introduced 
painting  in  oils  from  the  Low  Countries  into 
Italy. 

Antonina  (an-to-ni'na).  [L.]  The  wife  of 
BeUsarius. 

Antonine,    See  Antoninus. 

Antonines  (an'to-ninz),Age  of  the.  In  Roman 
history,  the  period  of  the  reigns  of  Antoninus 
Pius  and  Marcus  Aurelius.  It  was  generally 
characterized  by  domestic  tranquillity.  See 
Adoptive  Emperors. 

Antoninus  (an-to-ni'nus),  Itineraries  of.  Two 
accounts  of  routes  in  the  Roman  Empire,  said 
to  have  been  edited  in  the  time  of  (Antoninus) 
Caracalla.  One  related  to  routes  in  Europe, 
Asia,  and  Africa ;  the  other  to  maritime  routes. 
See  Itineraries. 

Antoninus,  Marcus  Aurelius.  See  Marcus 
Aurelius. 

.Antoninus,  Pillar  of.  See  Column  of  Marcus 
Aurelius. 

Antoninus,  Wall  of.  See  Wall  of  Antoni- 
mis. 

Antoninus  Liberalis  (an-to-ni'nus  lib-e-ra'lis). 
Lived  about  150  A.  d.  A  Greek  grammarian,  au- 
thor of  a  collection  of  tales  of  metamorphoses 
(ed.  b^  Koch  1832). 

Antoninus  Pius  (an-to-ni'nus  pi'us)  (Titus 
Aurelius  Fulvus  Boionius  Arrius),  Bom 
near  Lanuvium,  Italy,  Sept.  19,  86  A.  D. :  died 
at  Lorium,  Italy,  March  7, 161  a.  d.  Emperor  of 
Rome  138*161  a.  D.  He  was  consul  and  proconsul  in 
Asia  under  Hadrian,  and  was  adopted  by  Hadrian  in  138. 
His  reign  was  marked  by  general  internal  peace  and  pros- 
perity. (See  Adoptive  Emperors.)  It  "was  one  of  those 
periods  which  have  been  pronounced  happy  because  they 
are  barren  of  events,  and  the  placid  temper  of  the  prince 
gave  him  the  full  enjoyment  of  the  felicity  of  his  people  " 
(,Smith,  Hist,  of  the  World). 

Antonio  (an-to'ne-o),  Sant',  Church  of.    A 

remarkable  church  in  Padua,  Italy,  built  by 
NicooliPisanointhe  13th  century,  and  combin- 
ing Pointed  forms  with  seven  Byzantine  domes 
modeled  after  those  of  St.  Mark's  at  Venice. 
The  aisles  and  chapels  have  groined  vaults,  and  Pointed 
and  round  arches  are  used  together.  The  church  con- 
tains fine  paintings  and  tombs,  and  several  magnificent 
chapels,  among  hem  the  Cappella  del  Santo,  whose  mar- 
ble reliefs  are  among  he  most  notable  of  the  Kenaissance, 
and  the  Cappella  San  Felice,  in  the  Venetian  Pointed 
style,  with  admirable  14th-century  frescos. 

Antonio,  NicolS;0.  [NL.  Nicolaus  Antonius.'] 
Bom  at  Seville  1617 :  died  1684.  A  Spanish  bib- 
liographer and  critic.  He  was  appomted  by  Philip  IV. 
his  general  agent  at  Home  in  1659,  and  was  made  fiscal  of 
the  royal  council  atMadrid  about  1677.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  "Bibliotheca  Hispanica,"  an  index  of  Spanish  au- 
thors from  the  time  of  Augustus.  It  is  in  two  parts,  each 
of  two  folio  volumes.  He  also  published  "Bibliotheca 
Hispanica  Nova  "  (1672),  and  "  Bibliotheca  Vetus  "  (1696). 

Antonio  (an-to'ni-o).  1.  In  Shakspere's"  Mer- 
chant of  Venice,"  the  princely  merchant  who 
gives  to  the  play  its  name.  He  is  of  a  sensitive,  sus- 
ceptible, melancholy  nature,  with  a  presentiment  of  evil 
and  danger.  Being  obliged  to  borrow  money  of  Shylock 
to  meet  the  needs  of  Bassanio,  his  friend,  he  is  induced  to 
sign  a  bond  agreeing  to  forfeit  a  pound  of  flesh  if  he  does 
not  repay  the  money  within  a  specified  time.  Not  being 
able  to  pay,  he  nearly  loses  his  life  to  satisfy  the  demands 
of  the  Jew.    See  Shylock. 

2.  In  Shakspere's  "  Tempest,"  the  usurping 
duke  of  MUau. — 3.  In  Shakspere's  "  Two  Gen- 
tlemen of  Verona,"  the  father  of  Proteus.-;- 4. 
The  brother  of  Leonato,  governor  of  Messina, 
in  Shakspere's  "Much  Ado  about  Nothing." — 
5.  A  sea-captain  devoted  to  Sebastian,  in  Shak- 
spere's "Twelfth  Night."— 6.  In  Middleton's 
play  "  The  Clhangeling,"  a  secondary  character 
who  pretends  for  his  own.  purposes  to  be  an  idiot 
or  a  changeling :  from  him  the  play  takes  its 
name. — 7.  In  Webster's  tragedy  "The  Duchess 
of  Malfi,"  the  steward  of  the  household  of  the 
Duchess  of  Malfi.  He  is  secretly  married  to  her, 
an  offense  for  which  he  is  murderefl  by  her 
brothers.— 8.  In  Otway's  play  "Venice  Pre- 
served," a  foolish  speechmaker  and  senator 
whose  buffooneries  were  intended  to  ridicule 
the  first  Earl  of  Shaftesbury.  The  part  is  omit- 
ted from  the  acting  play  on  account  of  its  in- 
decency.—  9.  One  of  the  principal  characters 
in  Marston's  "Antonio  and  Mellida"  and  "  An- 
tonio's Revenge,"  the  son  of  Andrugio,  in  love 
with  Mellida.— 10.  In  Tomkis's  comedy  "Al- 
bumazar,"  an  old  gentleman,  supposed  to  be 
drowned,  who  returns  in  time  to  frustrate  the 
schemes  of  the  thievish  Albumazar. — 11.  In 
Dryden's  tragedy  "  Don  Sebastian,"  a  young 
Portuguese  nobleman,  a  slave  at  the  time  the 
play  begins.  Dorax  calls  him  "The  amorous 
airy  spark,  Antonio." 


Antwerp 

Antonio  and  Mellida.  A  tragedy  in  two  parts 
by  Marston,  printed  in  1602.  it  had  been  played 
in  1601  and  ridiculed  by  Ben  Jonson  in  "The  Poetaster  " 
and  "  Cynthia's  Bevels."  The  second  part  is  also  known 
as  "Antonio's  Revenge." 

Antonius,  Saint.    See  Anthony. 

Antonius,  Marcus.    See  Antony,  Mark. 

Antonius  (an-to'ni-us),  Marcus.  Bom  143 
B.  c. :  killed  at  Rome,  87  B.  c.  A  Roman  orator, 
consul  99  B.  c,  and  censor  97.  He  was  put  to 
death  by  the  Marian  party. 

Antony  (an'to-ni).  A  tragedy  by  Alexandre 
Dumas,  produced  in  1831. 

Antony,  Saint.    See  Anthony. 

Antony,  Mark,  L.  Marcus  Antonius.  Born 
about  83  B.  c. :  died  at  Alexandria  in  Aug.,  30 
B.  c.  A  Roman  triumvir  and  general,  grand- 
son of  Marcus  Antonius  the  orator.  He  served 
in  Palestine  and  Egypt ;  was  quaestor  in  52  and  tribune  in 
60 ;  became  a  prominent  adherent  of  Caesar ;  and  was  ex- 
pelled from  Rome  and  fled  to  Ctesar,  who  thereupon  com- 
menced the  civil  war.  He  commanded  the  left  wing  at 
the  battle  of  Pharsalia ;  was  master  of  the  horse  in  47, 
and  became  consul  in  44.  He  engaged  in  intrigues  after 
Osesar's  death,  and  was  denounced  by  Cicero ;  fled  from 
Rome ;  formed  with  Octavian  and  Lepidus  the  2d  trium- 
virate in  43 ;  defeated  Brutus  and  Cassius  at  Philippi  in 
42 ;  summoned  Cleopatra  to  Asia,  and  later  followed  her 
to  Alexandria ;  and  renewed  the  triumvirate  in  40  and  37. 
Erom  about  40  he  lived  chiefly  in  Alexandria  with  Cleo- 
patra; conducted  an  unsuccessful  expedition  against 
Parthia;  was  defeated  hy  Octavian  at  Actium  31;  and 
fled  to  Egypt,  where  he  committed  suicide, 

Antony  and  Cleopatra.  A  tragedy  by  Shak- 
spere,  written  and  produced  in  1607,  entered 
on  the  Stationers'  Register  in  1608,  and  printed 
in  1623.  It  was  founded  on  North's  "  Plutarch,"  and  in 
it  Shakspere  has  followed  history  more  minutely  than  in 
any  other  of  his  plays.  The  subject  has  been  used  by 
Dryden  in  "  All  for  Love,"  and  by  Fletcher  andMassinger 
in  "The  False  One."  The  character  of  Mark  Antony  is 
incomparably  stronger  in  Shakspere's  play  than  in  the 
others.  Dryden  makes  him  a  weak  voluptuary  entirely 
given  up  to  his  passion  for  Cleopatra. 

Antony  Love,  Sir,  or  The  Bambling  Lady. 

A  comedy  by  Southeme,  printed  in  1684.  Sir 
Antony  is  the  Rambling  Lady  herself,  who  in  male  attire 
swaggers,  flghts  duels,  hobnobs  with  the  men,  and  fol- 
lows one  whom  she  loves  to  France. 

Antony  of  Padua.    See  Anthony. 

Antraigues  (on-trag').  A  small  picturesque 
town  in  the  department  of  ArdScne,  Prance, 
west  of  Privas. 

Antraigues  (oh-trag'),  Comte  d'  (Emmanuel 
Louis  Henri  de  Launay).  Bom  at  Viile- 
Neuve,  ArdSche,  France,  about  1755:  assas- 
sinated near  London,  July  22,  1812.  A  French 
politician,  author  of  "M6moires  sur  les  fitats- 
G6n6raux,  etc."  (1788).  He  was  a  deputy  1789, 
emigrated  in  1790,  and  was  later  employed  in 
various  diplomatic  missions. 

Antrim  (an'trim) .  A  county  in  Ulster,  Ireland, 
bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  north,  by  the 
North  Channel  on  the  east,  by  Down  on  the 
south,  and  by  Londonderry  and  Lough  Neagh 
oh  the  west.  It  is  hilly  on  the  coast.  The  chief  city 
is  Belfast.  Antrim  was  largely  colonized  from  Scotland. 
Area,  1,191  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  427,968. 

Antrim.  A  town  in  County  Antrim,  13  miles 
northwest  of  Belfast.  Near  it  are  Antrim  Castle, 
Shane's  Castle,  and  an  ancient  round  tower,  an  unusual 
example  of  this  characteristic  type  of  medieval  Irish  struc- 
ture. It  is  95  feet  high  and  18  in  diameter  at  the  base,  and 
tapers  to  the  top,  which  is  covered  with  a  conical  block 
replacing  the  original  one,  which  was  destroyed  by  light- 
ning. The  small,  low  door  is  raised  about  10  feet  above 
the  ground,  and  has  monolithic  jambs  and  lintel.  Antrim 
was  the  scene  of  a  royalist  victory  over  the  Irish  insur- 
gents, June  7, 1798.    Population,  about  2,000. 

Antuco  (an-t6'k6).  A  small  place  in  Biobio, 
Chile,  about  lat.  37°  30'  S.  From  it  one  of  the 
chief  passes  (6,890  feet  high)  over  the  Andes 
leads  to  the  Argentine  Republic. 

Antwerp  (ant'werp).  [Flem.  Antwerpen,  G. 
Antwerpen,  F.  Anvers,  Sp.  Ambbres.'\  A  prov- 
ince of  Belgium,  bounded  by  the  Netherlands 
on  the  north,  by  Limburg  on  the  east,  by 
Brabant  on  the  south,  and  by  East  Flanders  on 
the  west.  The  chief  cities  are  Antwerp  and  Mechlin. 
Area,  1,093  square  miles.  Population  (1893),  739,889,  prin- 
cipally Flemish. 

Antwerp.  A  seaport  of  Belgium,  and  the  capital 
of  the  province  of  Antwerp,  situated  on  the 
Schelde  60  miles  from  the  North  Sea,  in  lat.  51° 
13'  N., long. 4° 24' E.  Itisthechiefcommercialcityof 
Belgium  and' one  of  the  principal  seaports  of  Europe,  and 
also  a  strong  fortress.  It  has  extensive  quays  and  docks, 
and  is  the  terminus  of  the  Red  Star  Steamship  Line  to  New 
York,  and  of  other  steamship  lines.  The  city  was  founded 
by  the  7th  century,  and  its  most  flourishing  period  was 
from  the  14th  to  the  16th  century.  It  suSered  severely 
from  the  Inquisition,  the  "Spanish  Fury"  of  1576,  and 
the  "  French  Fury  "  of  1683.  It  was  besieged  by  the  Duke 
of  Parma  in  1684  and  taken  In  1586.  The  town  was  occu- 
pied by  the  French  in  1794,  and  was  recovered  from  France 
in  1814.  The  citadel  was  taken,  after  a  siege,  by  the  French 
under  O^rard  from  the  Dutch  under  Chasse  in  1882.  The 
cathedral  of  Antwerp  is  the  most  Important  church  In  the 


Antwerp 

low  Countries.  It  waa  began  in  1352,  and  Snished  early 
in  the  16tli  century.  The  exterior  is  marked  by  the  grace- 
tal  north  tower  and  spire  of  the  west  front,  402  feet  high. 
The  south  tower  is  incomplete.  Over  the  crossing  is  a 
curious  pyramidal  stepped  erection  with  a  pointed  bulbous 
top ;  to  expose  this  to  view  the  roofs  of  nave,  choir,  and 
transepts  terminate  at  the  quadrangle  of  the  crossing, 
which  produces  a  strange  effect.  The  windows  are  very 
large  and  richly  traoeried,  but  the  general  impression  is 
bare.  The  simple  interior  is  highly  impressive,  with  ad- 
mirable perspectives.  It  contains  Rubens's  famous  paint- 
ings, the  "Descent  from  the  Cross,"  the  *'  Elevation  of  the 
Cross,"  and  the  "Assumption."  The  dimensions  are 
384  by  471  feet,  length  of  transepts  222,  height  of  vaulting 
130.  The  Mus6e  Plantin-Moretus  is  a  unique  collection  of 
everything  pertaining  to  the  early  days  of  printing  and  to 
its  later  development  in  the  house  of  the  noted  printer 
Plantin,  who  opened  his  office  in  1555.  The  house  itself  is  a 
highly  interesting  example  of  a  Renaissance  dwelling  of 
the  better  burgher  class,  with  its  old  f  urnitui-e,  tapestries, 
and  ornaments,  combined  with  business  offices.  It  is  built 
around  a  quaint  court.  The  old  printing-office,  the  pro- 
prietor's omce,  and  the  salesroom  are  preserved  complete. 
Among  the  ninety  portraits  in  the  house  are  fourteen  by 
Rubens  and  two  by  Van  Dyok.    Population  (1900),  285,600. 

Anu  (a'no).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  son  of 
King  Yayati  and  Sarmishtha.  When  the  curse  of 
old  age  and  infirmity  was  pronounced  upon  Yayati  by  Su- 
kra,  the  father  of  his  wife  Devayani,  Sukra  consented  to 
transfer  it  to  any  one  of  Yayati's  five  sons  who  would  con- 
sent to  bear  it.  Anu  was  one  of  the  four  who  refused,  and 
in  consequence  was  cursed  by  his  father,  the  curse  being 
that  his  posterity  should  not  possess  dominion — a  curse 
apparently  not  fulfilled. 

Anu  (a'no).  The  supreme  god  of  the  Assyro- 
Babylonian  pantheon.  He  was  especially  the  god  of 
heaven,  and  his  consort  Antu  the  "mother  of  the  gods." 
His  ancient  seat  of  worship  was  in  Uruk  and  later  in  Ur. 
In  the  time  of  the  Assyrian  ascendancy  his  cult  fell  into 
the  background,  though  theoretically  he  maintained  the 
first  place  in  the  hierarchy  of  the  Assyro-Babylonian  di- 
vinities. 

Anubis  (a-nti'bis).  lOri.'&vovj3tc.']  In  Egyptian 
mythology,  the  son  of  Osiris:  often  identified  by 
the  Greeks  with  Hermes.  He  is  represented  with 
a  jackal's  head,  and  was  the  ruler  of  graves  and  super- 
visor of  the  burial  of  the  dead. 

Anukis  (a-nS'kis).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  a 
goddess  personifying  the  lower  hemisphere: 
the  same  as  Ankt. 

Anunaki  (a-no-na'ki).  In  Assyro-Babylonian 
mythology,  the  spirits  of  the  earth,  with  the 
Igigi,  spirits  of  heaven,  they  constitute  the  "host  of  hea^ 
ven  and  earth,"  subordinate  to  the  higher  gods,  especially 
to  Anu,  the  supreme  god  of  heaven. 

Anupsliuliar  (a-nop-sho'har).  A  town  in  the 
Northwestern  Provinces,  British  India,  situated 
on  the  Ganges  70  miles  southeast  of  Delhi. 

Anuradhpura  (a-no-radh-p8'ra).  A  sacred 
city  of  northern  Ceylon,  60  miles'west  of  Trin- 
comalee. 

Anville  (on-vel'),  Jean  Baptiste  Bourgui- 
gnon  d'.  Bom  at  Paris,  July  11, 1697:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  28, 1782.  A  French  geographer  and 
chartographer.  He  was  the  author  of  "Atlas 
g6n6ral"  (1737-80),  "fitats  formes  en  Europe" 
(1771),  etc. 

Anwar-i-Suhail  (an-war'e-sii-hil').  [Pers., 
'  Lights  of  Canopus.']  The  Persian  version  of 
the  so-called ' '  Fables  of  Bidpai  or  Pilpay;"  made 
about  1494  A.  d.  by  Husain  Waiz  al-Kashifi. 
It  is  a  simplified  recast  of  that  by  Nasr  AUah  of  Ghazni, 
made  about  1130  from  the  Arabic  KalUah  and  Dimnah  of 
Abdallah  ibn  al-Mogafta,  which  in  turn  was  made  from  the 
Pahlavi  version  by  Barzoi  of  the  Indian  original,  from  which 
the  Sanskrit  Panohatantra  and  Hitopadesha  were  derived. 
The  star  Canopus  is  taken  as  representing  wisdom. 

Anything  for  a  Quiet  Life.    A  play  by  Thomas 
Middlefcon,  printed  in  1662. 
Anzasca  (an-tsas'ka),  Val  d'.    A  picturesque 
Alpine  valley  in  the  province  of  Novara,  Italy, 
east  of  Monte  Rosa. 
Anzin  (on-zan')-    A  town  in  the  department  of 
Nord,  France,  Smiles  west  of  Valenciennes,  the 
center  of  a  coal-mining  region.     Population 
(1891),  commune,  11,538. 
Anzio,  Porto  d'.    See  Antium. 
Aogemadaeca.  A  Parsi  tract  inculcating  resig- 
nation to  death :  so  called  from  its  initial  Avesta 
word  aogemaide, '  we  come.'    It  has  the  appear- 
ance of  an  Avesta  text  with  Pahlavi  translation 
and"  commentary. 
Aomori  Bay  (a-o-mo'ri  ba')  ■  A  large  bay  at  the 
northern  extremity  of  the  main  island  of  Japan. 
Aonia  (a-6'ni-a).  [Gr.  'Aovia.'\  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  district  in  Bceotia,  Greece.     The  name 
is  often  used  as  synonymous  with  Boeotia. 
Aornus  (a-6r'nus).     [Gr.  'aopvo?.]    In  ancient 
geography,  a  rock  stronghold,  situated  near  the 
Indus  (near  the  river  Kabul?),  taken  by  Alex- 
ander the  Great  from  native  defenders  327  b.  o. 
Aosta  (a-os'ta).     [F.  Aoste.']    A  town  in  the 
province  of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Dora 
Baltea  in  lat.   45°  45'   N.,   long.  7°  20'   E., 
at  the  terminus  of  the  Great  St.  Bernard  and 
Little  St.  Bernard  routes :  the  Eoman  Augusta 
PrsBtoria.     It  was  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Salassi, 
c— 5 


65 

and  became  a  Roman  colony  under  Augustus.  It  has  a 
cathedral  and  important  Roman  antiquities.  The  cathe- 
dral is  of  the  11th  century,  with  later  medieval  and  modem 
restorations.  There  are  two  imposing  towers  at  the  sides 
of  the  apse,  and  several  interesting  tombs  in  the  plain  in- 
terior. The  Pretorian  Gate  (porta  della  Trinitk)  of  the 
ancient  Roman  walls  survives  in  fair  condition.  There 
are  three  arched  passages :  that  in  the  middle  is  27  feet 
wide,  those  on  the  sides  7i.  The  space  between  the  two 
faces  is  nearly  40  feet.  The  arches  are  surmounted  by  a 
frieze  and  a  range  of  corbels.  There  is  also  a  Roman  tri- 
umphal arch,  an  interesting  and  well-preserved  monu- 
ment. It  is  84  feet  wide  and  65  high,  with  a  single  arch  38 
feet  high  between  coupled  unfluted  Corinthian  columns. 
The  arch  has  a  Doric  entablature,  with  triglyphs  at  l^he 
angles.    The  attic  is  destroyed.    Population,  about  6,000. 

Aosta,  Duke  of.  A  title  of  Amadous,  king  of 
Spain. 

Aosta,  Valley  of.  The  upper  valley  of  the 
Dora  Baltea  in  northwestern  Italy. 

Apaches  (a-pa'chaz).  [From  the  Cuchan  and 
Maricopa  e'patch,  man,  here  applied  in  the 
sense  of  'enemy.']  A  people  of  the  southern 
division  of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  in  1698  they  occupied  northwest- 
ern New  Mexico,  and  between  that  date  and  1629  roamed 
over  the  upper  Gila  drainage-area  in  southwestern  New 
Mexico.  In  1799  their  range  was  from  central  Texas  nearly 
to  Colorado  River,  Arizona,  and  they  have  subsequently  ex- 
tended thek  raids  as  far  south  as  Durango,  Mexico.  The 
names  by  which  the  principal  Apache  tribes  and  subtribes 
have  been  known  to  history  are  Arivaipa,  Chiricahui,  Co- 
yotero,  Faraone,  Gileflo,  Jicarillo,  Lipan,  Llanero,  Mesca- 
lero,  Mimbreflo,  Hogollon,  Naisha,  Pinal  Coyotero,  Tchi- 
kun,  and  Tchishi.  The  Apaches  are  now  on  reseiTations 
in  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  Oklahoma,  and  number  about 
6,200.    See  Athapascan. 

Apafi.    See  Abaji. 

Apalacha.    See  ApalacM. 

Apalache.    See  ApalacM. 

Apalachi  (ap-a-la'che),  or  Apalache  (-che), 
or  Apalacha  (-eha).  Atribeof  North  American 
Indians,  known  since  1526,  formerly  dwelling 
in  and  around  St.  Mark's  Eiver,  Florida,  and 
northward  to  the  Appalachian  range,  in  1688 
the  towQS  of  the  tribe  or  division  were  mentioned  in  a  pe- 
tition to  Charles  II.  of  Spain.  About  1702  they  were 
broken  up  and  scattered,  and  are  now  extinct  or  absorbed. 
Also  Appalachee.    See  Mwskhogean. 

Apaniea(ap-a-me'a).  [Gr.  24.7rd/ie«a.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  in  Phrygia,  Asia  Minor,  in 
(about)  lat.  88°  3'  N.,  long.  29°  55'  E. :  the 
modern  Dinair  or  Denair. 

Apamea.  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  in  Syria, 
situated  on  the  Orontes  50  mUes  southeast  of 
Antioch :  the  medieval  Famieh,  and  the  mod- 
ern Qal'at  el  Mudiq,  originally  called  Phamake. 

Apappus  (a-pap'pus).     See  the  extract. 

At  Asstian,  at  El-Eab,  at  Easr-es-Syed,  at  Sheik  Said,  at 
Zauwit-el-Meitin,  at  Sakkarah,  and  at  S^n  the  name  of 
Apappus  frequently  appears:  and  it  may  also  be  seen 
sculptured  on  the  rocks  at  Wady  Magharah,  and  at  Ham- 
m&mat,  a  station  on  the  road  between  Keneh  and  Kosseir. 
The  name  Apappus  signifies,  in  Egyptian,  a  giant,  and  this 
may  be  the  basis  of  a  tradition  which  describes  him  as 
being  nine  cubits  high,  and  also  says  that  he  reigned  a 
hundred  years.  Mariette,  Outlines,  p.  11. 

Apastamba  (a-pas-tam'bha).  The  author  of  Su- 
tras connected  with  the  Black  Yajurveda  and  of 
a  Dharmashastra.  To  him  or  his  school  are  as- 
cribed two  recensions  of  the  Taittiriyasamhita. 

Apaturia  (ap-a-tii'ri-a,).  [Gr.  'AiraToiipta.']  In 
week  antiquity,  the  solemn  annual  meeting 
of  the  phratries  for  the  purpose  of  registering 
the  children  of  the  preceding  year  whose  birth 
entitled  them  to  citizenship,  it  took  place  in  the 
month  Pyanepsion  (November),  and  lasted  three  days. 
The  registration  took  place  on  the  third  day. 

Apava  (a'pa-va).  In  the  Brahmapurana  and 
the  Harivansa,  Apava  performed  the  office  of 
the  creator  Brahma,  and  divided  himself  into 
two  parts,  male  and  female.  These  produced 
Vishnu,  who  created  Viraj,  who  brought  into 
the  world  the  first  man. 

Apeldoorn  (a'pel-dorn).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Gelderland,  Netherlands,  situated 
on  the  Grift  and  Dieren  Canal  17  miles  north 
of  Arnhem.    Near  it  is  the  castle  of  Loo. 

Apellas  (a-pel'as).  [Gr.  'AmMag.2  Lived 
about  400  B.  0.    A  Greek  sculptor. 

Apelles  (a-pel'ez).  [Gr.  'AireUijg.']  A  famous 
Greek  painter  of  the  time  of  Philip  and  Alex- 
ander. Three  cities  claimed  to  be  his  birthplace.  Colo- 
phon, Ephesus,  and  Cos.  He  was  a  pupil  first  of  an  other- 
wise unknown  Ephoros,  and  later  of  the  famous  Pamphilos 
of  Sikyone.  In  him  there  was  that  blending  of  Doric  and 
Ionic  elements  to  which  the  best  results  of  Greek  civili- 
zation may  generally  be  traced.  His  greatest  work,  and, 
perhaps,  the  most  perfect  picture  of  antiquity,  was  the 
Aphrodite  Anadyomene,  originally  painted  for  the  temple 
of  jEsculapius  in  Cos.  It  was  afterward  bought  by  Augus- 
tus for  100  talents  and  placed  in  the  temple  of  Csesar  in 
Rome.  In  Nero's  time  the  nearly  ruined  picture  was 
copied  by  Dorotheus.  Apelles's  model  was  supposed  to 
have  been  Pancaste,  the  mistress  of  Alexander,  or  Phryne. 
From  some  expressions  in  an  obscure  text  it  has  been  sup- 
posed to  have  been  a  half-length  figure,  and  the  subj  ect  was 
painted  by  Titian  in  this  way  in  the  Bridgewater  picture. 


Aphthartodocets 

Apelt  (a'pelt),  Ernst  Friedrich.    Bom  at 

Keicheuau,  Saxony,  March  3,1812 :  died  at  Jena, 
Oct.  27, 1859.  A  German  philosophical  writer, 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Jena.  He  was  the 
author  of  "Epochen  der  Geschichte  der  Menschhelt" 
(1845,  2d  ed.  1852X  "  Theorie  der  Indnktion  "  (1864),  "He- 
ligionsphilosophie  "  (1860),  etc. 
Apemantus  (ap-e-man'tus).  In  Shakspere's 
"Timon  of  Athens,"  a  cynical  and  churlish 
philosopher. 

Diogenes,  in  Lily's  "Alexander  and  Campaspe,"  sat  to 
the  poet  for  Timon's  contrast,  the  cynic  Apemantus ;  the 
quick  striking  epigrammatic  answers  to  questions  which 
seem  to  be  inserted  here  and  there  too  much  for  the  sake 
of  eliciting  witty  replies,  are  quite  on  this  model.  The 
description  of  this  antique  fool  is  so  perfect  in  its  way 
that  it  is  supposed  Shakespeare  must  have  seen  the  short 
sketch  of  a  cynic  which  in  Lucian's  "Public  Sale  of  Phi- 
losophers" is  put  into  the  mouth  of  Diogenes. 

Gervinus,  Shakespeare  Commentaries  (tr.  by  F.  E.  Bun- 
[nett,  ed.  1880),  p.  781. 

Apennines  (ap'e-niuz).  [P.  Apennins,  It.  Apen- 
nini,  G.  Apenninen,  etc. ;  L.  Apenninus  or  Apperi- 
ninus.']  The  central  mountain  system  of  Italy. 
It  forms  the  backbone  of  the  peninsula  and  extends  from 
the  Ligurian  Alps  in  the  neighborhood  of  Savona  south- 
eastward to  the  extremity  of  the  peninsula.  Its  length  is 
about  800  miles  and  its  average  lieight  about  4,000  feet. 
The  highest  point  is  Monte  Corno  (9,686  feet),  in  the  Gran 
Sasso  d'ltalia. 

Apenrade  (a'pen-ra-de).  A  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  on  the 
Apenrade  Fjord  35  miles  north  of  Schleswig. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  5,361. 

Apepa  (a-pa'pa).  A  shepherd  king  of  Egypt 
who  ruled  at  Avaris  (Zoan)  about  1700  b.  C.  : 
probably  the  Aphobis  of  Manetho,  and  perhaps 
a  contemporary  of  Joseph. 

Apepi  (a-pa'pe).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  the 
great  serpent,  the  embodiment  of  evil  (Typhon). 

Aper  (a'per),  Aperiu  (a-per-e'o),  Apuiral 
(a-po-e'ri).  A  name  of  an  ancient  people 
mentioned  in  the  Egyptian  records,  and  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  the  Hebrews,  but  probably 
an  "  Erythrsean  people  in  the  east  of  the  nome 
of  HeUopolis,  in  what  is  known  as  the  'red 
country'  or  the  'red  mountain'"  (Brugsch). 

Apfelstedt  (ap'fel-stet).  A  small  river  in  Thu- 
ringia  which  joins  the  Gera  south  of  Erfurt. 

Aphobis.    See  Apepa. 

Aphraates  (af-ra'tez),  Jacob.  Lived  in  the 
4th  century.  One  of  the  fathers  of  the  Syrian 
Church,  Burnamed  "The  Persian  Sage."  After 
his  conversion  he  lived  in  Edessa  and  later  in  Antioch. 
He  was  an  opponent  of  Arianism,  and  is  the  author  of  a 
collection  of  homilies. 

Aphrodisias  (af-ro-dis'i-as).  [Gr.  5\^po(5«rrac.] 
An  ancient  town  of  Caria,  situated  on  the 
Menander:  the  modern  Ghera.  it  contains  the 
remains  of  an  ancient  hippodrome  which  coincide  on  one 
side  with  the  city  walls.  Both  ends  are  semicircular. 
The  length  is  919  feet,  the  breadth  270 ;  the  arena  is  747 
by  98  feet.  There  are  26  tiers  of  seats,  divided  into  sec- 
tions by  flights  of  steps  and  bordered  above  by  an  arcaded 
gallery.  There  is  also  a  Roman  temple  of  Venus,  which 
is  comparatively  well  preserved.  It  is  Ionic,  octastyle, 
pseudodipteral,  with  15  columns  on  the  fianks,  in  plan  60 
by  119  feet.    The  peristyle  columns  are  363  feet  high. 

Aphrodite  (af-ro-di'te).  [Gr.  'A^poShr;,  asso- 
ciated by  popular  etym.  with  a^p6i,  foam,  as 
if  'foam-born'  (cf.  Anadyomene).^  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  goddess  of  love  and  wedlock, 
accordingto  one  legend  daughter  of  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter) and  Dione,  according  to  another  risen  from 
the  foam  of  the  sea  at  Cyprus,  whence  she  is 
called  Kypris.  Many  scholars  give  her  an  Asiatic  ori- 
gin and  connect  her  with  the  Phenician  Astarte  (Assyro- 
Babylonian  Ishtar)  who  corresponds  to  her.  She  was 
originally  conceived  as  a  power  of  nature,  and  later  spe- 
cifically as  the  deity  of  reproduction  and  love.  She  some- 
times appears  as  the  wife  of  Hephsestus  (Vulcan),  and  in 
her  train  are  her  son  Eros  (Amor)  and  the  Graces.  The 
chief  seats  of  her  worship  were  Paphos,  Amathus,  and  Ida- 
lion  on  the  island  of  Cyprus,  Cnidus  in  Asia  Minor,  Corinth, 
and  Eryx  in  Sicily.  Among  plants  the  myrtle,  rose,  and 
apple  were  especially  sacred  to  her ;  among  animals  the 
ram,  he-goat,  dove,  and  swan.  Of  her  representatiens  in 
art  the  most  famous  are  the  replica  of  her  statue  of  Cnidus 
by  Praxiteles  in  the  Glyptothek  of  Munich,  the  original 
statues  of  Melos  in  the  Louvre,  of  Capua  at  Naples,  the 
Medicean  in  Florence,  and  the  Capitoline  in  Rome.  The 
Romans  identified  Aphrodite  with  Venus,  who  was  origi- 
nally a  Latin  goddess  of  spring. 

Aphrodite,  Temple  of.    See  Mgina  (Greece). 

Aphroditopolis  (af'ro-di-top'o-lis).  [Gr.  'A(ipo- 
djrd7roX(f,'cityof Aphrodite.']  Thename oisev- 
eral  cities  in  ancient  Egypt. 

Aphthartodocetae (af-thar'-'to-do-se'te).  [MGr. 
'A<^apTo6oKi]Tai,  from  Gr.  cupBapTog,  incorruptible, 
and  SoKelv,  teach.]  A  Monophysite  sect  which 
existed  from  the  6th  to  the  9th  century  or 
later.  They  held  that  the  body  of  Christ  was  incorrup- 
tible even  before  the  resurrection,  and  that  he  suffered 
death  only  in  a  phantasmal  appearance.  From  this  they 
are  sometimes  called  PharUasiasts,  a  name  more  properly 
belonging  to  the  Docetse,  who  denied  even  the  reality  of 
Christ's  body. 


Aphthonius 

Aphthonius  (af-tho'ni-us),  ^lius  Festus. 
Lived  aTjout  300  a.  d.  A  Greek  rhetorician. 
He  waa  the  author  ol  four  books  "de  meteis,"  which 
Marius  Victoiinns,  about  the  middle  ol  the  4th  century, 
Incorporated  In  his  system  of  grammar. 
Apia  (a'pi-a).  An  old  name  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesus. 
Apia  (a'pe-a).  A  municipality  and  seaport, 
chief  town  of  Upolu,  Samoan  Islands,  situated 
in  lat.  13°  49'  S.,  long.  171°  48'  W.  it  is  the  center 
of  German  commerce  in  the  western  Pacific,  and  is  under 
the  supervision  of  the  German,  British,  and  American 
consuls.  On  March  15, 1889,  a  hurricane  visited  the  harbor 
of  Apia,  destroying  the  American  men-of-war  Vandalia 
and  Trenton,  and  the  German  men-of-war  Adler  and 
£ber,  with  several  merchant  vessels.  The  American  Mpsic 
and  the  German  Olga  were  beached.  Many  lives  were  lost. 
ApiacSiS  (ap-e-a-kas').  The  name  of  two  Indian 
tribes  of  Brazil,  (l)  a  horde  of  the  Tupl  race  which, 
in  historical  times,  has  lived  on  the  Upper  Tapajds  and 
Arinos ;  they  are  an  agricultural  people,  and  skilful  canoe- 
men  ;  now  reduced  to  a  few  thousand.  (2)  A  small  tribe 
on  the  Tocautins,  which,  by  its  language,  appears  to  be 
allied  to  the  Caribs. 
Apianus  (a-pe-a'n6s),  Petrus:  Latinized  from 
his  German  name,  Peter  Bienewitz  (G.  biene, 
L.  apis,  a  bee).  Bom  at  Leysnick,  1495 :  died 
there,  April  21, 1552.  A  German  mathematician 
and  eosmographer.  He  was  professor  of  mathematics 
at  Ingolstadt,  and  was  created  by  Charl  es  V.  a  knight  of  the 
German  Empire.  He  wrote  an  astronomical  work,  but  is 
best  known  for  his  volumes  on  cosmography,  which  con- 
tain some  of  the  earliest  maps  of  America. 
Apicata  (ap-i-ka'ta).  In  Ben  Jonson's  play 
"The  Pall  of  Sejaiius,"  the  wife  of  Sejanus, 
who  put  her  away  for  Livia. 
Apicius(a-pish'ius), Marcus Gabius.  Afamous 
Roman  epicure  who  lived  during  the  reigns  of 
Augustus  and  Tiberius.  Having,  it  was  said,  spent 
one  hundred  million  sesterces  (about  $3,600,000)  in  procur- 
ing and  Inventing  rare  dishes,  he  balanced  his  accounts 
and  found  that  he  had  only  ton  million  sesterces  (11360,000) 
left.  Unwilling  to  starve  on  such  a  pittance,  he  destroyed 
himself. 
Apinji  (Srven'ie).  A  small  Bantu  tribe  of  the 
French  Kongo,  between  the  Ba-Kele  and  the 
Ashango. 
Apion  (a'pi-on).  [Gr.  'Aniov.']  A  Greek  gram- 
marian and  commentator  on  Homer,  who  flour- 
ished about  the  middle  of  the  1st  century  A.  D. 
Apis  (a 'pis).  [Gr.  'Amc,  Egypt.  Hapi,  the 
hidden  one.]  The  Bull  of  Memphis,  worshiped 
by  the  ancient  Egyptians.  He  was  supposed  to 
be  the  image  of  the  soul  of  Osiris,  and  was  the  sacred  em- 
blem of  that  god.  Sometimes  he  is  figured  as  a  man  with 
a  bull's  head.  "  There  were  many  signs  necessary  for  an 
Apis ;  ...  for  instance,  spots  in  the  shape  of  a  triangle  on 
the  forehead,  and  a  half-moon  on  the  breast.  If  such  an 
Apis  was  discovered,  it  waa  led  with  rejoicings  into  Mem- 
phis, it  was  carefully  tended,  and  after  its  death  was  buried 
with  great  costliness.  He  was  zealously  worshipped  and 
gave  oracles.  He  was  looked  on  as  the  second  life,  or  the 
son  of  Ptah,  the  soul  or  image  of  Osiris,  born  of  a  virgin 
cow.  After  his  death  he  became  Osiris- Apis  or  Serapis." 
La  Savxsaye,  Science  of  Eeligiou  (trans.),  p.  405. 
Apo  (a'po).  A  volcano  in  the  central  part  of 
Mindanao,  Philippines,  over  10,000  feet  high. 
Apocalypse,  The.  See  BevelaUon. 
Apocrypha  (a-pok'ri-fa).  The.  [LL.  apocry- 
pjia,  neut.  pi.  (sc.  scripta)  of  apocryphiis,  from 
Gr.  air6Kpv(jioQ  (neut.  pi.  airiKpvfa,  sc.  jpd/i/iara  or 
PipXla),  hidden,  concealed,  obscure,  recondite, 
hard  to  understand;  in  eccles.  use,  of  writ- 
ings, anonymous,  of  unknown  or  undetermined 
authorship  or  authority,  unrecognized,  unoa- 
nonical,  spurious,  pseudo-;  from  anoKphwreiv, 
hide  away,  conceal,  obscure,  from  otto,  away, 
and  KpvTTTEiv,  hide,  conceal.]  A  collection  of 
fourteen  books  subjoined  to  the  canonical  books 
of  the  Old  Testament  in  the  authorized  version 
of  the  Bible,  as  originally  issued,  but  now  gen- 
erally omitted.  They  do  not  exist  in  the  Hebrew  Bible, 
but  are  found  with  others  of  the  same  character  scattered 
through  the  Septuagint  and  Vulgate  versions  of  the  Old 
Testament.  They  are :  First  and  Second  Esdras  (otherwise 
Third  androurth  Esdras  or  Ezra,  reckoning  Nehemiah  as 
Second  Ezra  or  Esdras),  Tobit  or  Tobias,  Judith,  the  Kest 
of  Esther,  Wisdom  of  Solomon,  Ecclesiasticus,  Banich  (as 
joined  to  Jeremiah),  parts  of  Daniel  (namely.  Song  of  the 
Three  Children,  the  History  of  Susanna,  the  Destruction  of 
Bel  and  the  Dragon),  the  Prayer  of  Manasses,  and  First  and 
Second  Maccabees.  Most  of  these  are  recognized  by  the 
Eoman  Catholic  Church  as  fully  canonical,  though  theo- 
logians of  that  church  often  distinguish  them  as  deutero- 
canonical,  on  the  ground  that  their  place  in  the  canon  was 
decided  later  than  that  of  the  other  books,  limiting  the 
name  Apocrypha  to  the  two  (last)  books  of  Esdras  and 
the  Prayer  of  Manasses,  and  other  books  not  in  the  above 
collection,  namely.  Third  and  Fourth  Maccabees,  a  book 
of  Enoch,  an  additional  or  ISlat  Psalm  of  David,  and  eigh- 
teen Psalma  of  Solomon.  With  these  sometimes  are  in- 
cluded certain  pseudepigraphic  books,  such  as  the  Apoc- 
alypse of  Bai'uch  and  the  Assumption  of  Moses.  The 
name  Apocrypha  is  also  occasionally  made  to  embrace 
the  Antilegomena  of  the  New  Testament.  The  Greek 
Church  mi3:es  no  distinction  among  the  books  contained 
in  the  Septuagint.  .-    .     ,        -r. 

Apodaca  (a-po-da'ka),  Juan  Euiz  de.  Bom  at 
(Jadiz,  Feb.  3,  1754:  died  at  Madrid,  Jan.  11, 
1835.    A  Spanish  naval  officer  and  adminis- 


66 

trator,  ambassador  to  England  1808,  captain- 
general  of  Cuba  1812-16,  and  viceroy  of  New 
Spain  (Mexico),  Aug..  1816,  to  Aug.,  1822.  By 
energy  combined  with  a  spirit  of  conciliation,  he  in  a  great 
measure  repressed  the  revolutionists,  defeating  Mina,  who 
was  captured  and  executed  (Nov.,  1817),  and  driving  Vi- 
cente Guerrero  to  the  mountains.  When  Iturbide  re- 
belled (1821)  the  viceroy  was  obliged  to  temporize,  and  the 
maurgents  had  gained  important  successes  before  he  left. 
For  this  reason  he  is  sumamed  "the  Unfortunate." 
Apolda  (a-pol'da).  A  town  in  the  grand  duchy 
of  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,  9  miles  northeast 
of  Weimar,  it  has  manufactures  of  hosiery,  woolen 
goods,  machinery,  dyea,  bells,  etc.  Population  (1890), 
20,880.  .         ->  r  \       /, 

^ollinare  in  Olasse  (a-pol-le-na're  in  clas'se), 
San.  [See  Classis.}  A  church  at  Ravenna, 
Italy,  begun  in  534,  the  most  important  existing 
early-Christian  basilica  in  Italy,  in  plan  it  is  93 
feet  by  173,  measuring  inside,  with  nave  and  aisles  sepa- 
rated by  24  gray  marble  columns  with  round  arches,  and  a 
raised  aemicu'cular  tribune.  There  is  a  clearstory  of 
double  round-arched  windows,  and  the  wooden  roofs  are 
open.  The  narthex,  now  walled  up,  originally  had  open 
arcades.  Nave  and  aisles  have  painted  medallion-friezes 
of  busts  of  the  bishops  and  archbishops  of  Ravenna.  The 
vault  and  walls  of  the  tribune  are  covered  with  splendid 
moaaica  of  the  6th  and  7th  centuries.  The  picturesque 
circular  campanile  ia  of  brick,  120  feet  high,  with  many 
round-arched  windows. 

Apollinare  Nuovo  (a-pol-le-na're  no-6'v6), 
San,  Achurch  at  Ravenna,  Italy,  built  by  Theo- 
doric  in  the  6th  century,  in  plan  it  ia  115  by  315  feet, 
with  a  single  raised  apse  (bema),  and  a  handsome  narthex 
with  a  portico.  The  nave,  51  feet  wide,  with  fine  coffered 
ceiling,  has  24  columns  brought  from  Constantinople; 
the  Corinthian  capitals  are  surmounted  by  heavy  Byzan- 
tine abacL  Above  the  arcades  of  the  nave  tlie  walls  are 
covered  with  very  beautiful  6th-century  mosaics. 

ApoUinarians  (a-pol-i-na'ri-anz).  A  religious 
sect  deriving  tlieir  name  from  Apollinaris  the 
Younger,  bishop  of  Laodicea  in  the  4th  century. 
Apollinaris  denied  the  proper  humanity  of  Christ,  at- 
tributing to  him  a  human  body  and  a  human  soul,  or 
vital  principle,  but  teaching  that  the  Divine  Eeason,  or 
Logos,  took  in  him  the  place  which  in  man  is  occupied  by 
the  rational  principle. 

Apollinaris  (a-pol-i-na'ris).  Saint.  See  the 
extract. 

The  mythical  founder-bishop  of  the  Church  of  Ravenna 
was  Saint  ApoUinaria,  a  citizen  of  Antiocb,  well  versed  in 
Greek  and  Latin  literature,  who,  we  are  told,  followed 
Peter  to  Borne,  was  ordained  there  by  that  Apostle,  and 
eventually  was  commissioned  by  him  to  preach  the  Gos- 
pel at  Ravenna.  Before  his  departure,  however,  he  had 
once  passed  a  night  in  St.  Peter's  company  at  the  monas- 
tery known  by  the  name  of  the  Elm  ("ad  Ulmum"). 
They  had  slept  upon  the  bare  rock,  and  the  indentations 
made  by  their  heads,  their  backs,  and  their  legs  were  still 
shown  in  the  9th  century. 

Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  444. 

Apollinaris,  sumamed  "The  Younger."  Died 
about  390.  Bishop  of  Laodicea,  and  founder  of 
the  sect  of  the  ApoUinarians. 

Apollinaris  Fountain  (a-pol-i-na'ris  foun'- 
tan).  A  mineral  spring  near  Neuenahr,  25 
niiles  northwest  of  Coblentz,  Prussia,  discov- 
ered in  1853.    Its  waters  are  largely  exported. 

Apollinaris  Sidonius.  See  iSidonius,  Apolli- 
naris. 

ApoUino  (a-pol-le'no).  A  statue  in  the  tribune 
of  the  Uffizi,  Florence,  it  is  an  antique  copy  from 
a  Greek  original,  probably  of  the  4th  century  B.  c,  repre- 
senting an  efieminate  type  of  the  youthful  Apollo  stand- 
ing easUy  and  gracefully. 

ApolUnopolis  Magna  (a-pol-i-nop'o-lis  mag'- 
nS,).  Anancientcity  of  Egypt,  near  Edfu.  See 
Edfu. 

Apollo  (a-pol'6).  [Grr.  'AiidMav,  Doric  'AniTAav ; 
associated  in  popular  etym.  with  arro/Mvai,  de- 
stroy, to  which  notion  some  of  Ms  attributes 
are  due ;  prob.  of  Eastern  origin.  See  quota- 
tions.] In  Greek  and  later  in  Roman  mythol- 
ogy, one  of  the  great  Olympian  gods,  the  son 
of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Leto  (Latona),  represent- 
ing the  light-  and  life-giving  influence,  as  well 
as  the  deadly  power,  of  the  sun,  and  often 
identified  with  the  sun-god  Helios.  He  was  the 
leader  of  the  Muses,  god  of  music,  poetry,  and  healing,  and 
patron  of  these  arts ;  a  mighty  protector  from  evil,  all- 
seeing,  and  hence  the  master  of  prophecy;  also  the  de- 
atroyer  of  the  unjuat  and  insolent,  and  ruler  of  pestilence. 
In  art  he  was  represented  in  the  full  majesty  of  youthful 
manhood,  in  most  of  his  attributions  unclothed  or  but 
lightly  draped,  and  usually  characterized  by  the  bow  and 
arrows,  the  laurel,  the  lyre,  the  oracular  tripod,  the  ser- 
pent, or  the  dolphin.  He  was  the  father  of  .^sculapiua, 
to  whom  he  granted  hia  art  of  healing.  Apollo  waa  hon- 
ored, both  locally  and  generally,  under  many  special  titlea, 
of  which  each  had  ita  particular  type  in  art  and  literature : 
as,  Apollo  Citkaroedus  (Apollo  who  sings  to  the  accompa- 
niment of  the  lyre),  equivalent  to  Apollo  Muaa^etes,  the 
conductor  of  the  Musea ;  Apollo  Sauroktonos  (the  lizard- 
killer),  eto. 

The  oldest  epigraphio  form  of  the  name  of  Apollo  ia 
Aplu,  which  correaponda  to  the  Semitic  Ablu,  the  *'  son  " 
of  heaven,whioh  was  one  of  the  titles  of  Tammuz  the  Syrian 
sun-god.  Taylor,  AryanS,  p.  304. 

Beyond  the  boundaries  of  the  AUobrogea,  the  Gauliah 
Apollo  appeara  to  have  been  known  all  over  the  Celtic 


ApoUonia 

world,  and  he  bore  several  names,  of  which  the  most  im- 
portant were  Maponos,  Grannos,  and  Toutiorix.  Three 
inscriptions  in  honour  of  Apollo  Maponos  have  been  dis- 
covered in  the  north  of  England,  and  in  one  of  them, 
found  near  Ainstable,  in  Cumberland,  he  is  called  Dens 
Maponus,  without  any  allusion  to  Apollo.  Fortunately 
the  name  Maponoa  offers  no  difficulty:  it  is  the  same 
word  aa  the  old  Welah  mapon,  now  mabon, '  boy  or  male 
child,*  which  occurs,  for  example,  in  a  Welsh  poem  in  the 
Book  of  Taliessin,  a  manuscript  of  the  13th  century :  it  ia 
there  applied  to  the  infant  Jesus,  in  a  passage  describing 
the  coming  of  the  Magi  to  him  at  Bethlehem.  Thus  it 
seems  certain  that  some  of  the  Celta  worahipped  an  Apollo 
whom  they  deacribed  aa  an  infant,  and  thia  ia  borne  out 
by  a  group  of  inscriptions  at  the  other  extremity  of  the 
Celtic  world  of  antiquity :  I  allude  to  the  ancient  province 
of  Dacia,  and  especially  Carlsburg  and  ita  neighbourhood, 
in  Transylvania,  where  we  find  him  styled  Dens  Bonus 
Puer  Posphorus,  Apollo  Pythiua,  Bonua  Puer  Posphorus, 
or  Bonua  Deus  Puer  Posphorua.  Our  Maponos  is  in  all 
probability  the  Bonua  Puer  attested  by  these  inscriptions. 
Mhys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  22. 

Apollo  Belvedere  (a-pol'o  bfel-va-da're).  Afar 
mous  statue  in  the  Vatican,  Rome,  it  ia  a  fine 
antique  copy  of  a  Greek  original  in  bronze  — poasibly  an 
offering  set  up  at  Delphi  (it  may  be  in  connection  with 
the  Diana  of  Versailles,  in  the  Louvre),  in  commemoration 
of  the  divine  aid  which  (by  a  natural  convulsion)  repelled 
the  Gallic  hordes  from  the  Delphic  sanctuary  in  279  B.  0. 
The  god  stands  as  a  vigorous  youth,  undraped  except  for 
a  chlamys  clasped  round  the  neck  and  thrown  over  the 
extended  left  arm,  apparently  having  just  diacharged  an 
arrow  whoae  flight  he  watehes.  The  theory  that  the  left 
band  held  an  segis  is  not  supported. 

Apollo  Chresterios  (a-pol'6  kres-te'ri-os). 
[Gr.  'AtvoX^ov  xpV<^P">C-1    Apollo  of  oracles. 

Apollo  Citharoedus  (a-pol'o  sith-a-re'dus). 
[Gr.  KiSap(f>S6i,  one  who  plays  on  the  cithara, 
a  harper.]  1.  A  statue  in  the  Vatican,  Rome. 
The  god,  strongly  feminine  in  type,  advances  laurel- 
crowned  and  draped  in  long  tunic  and  himation,  aa  he 
touchea  the  atrings  of  hia  lyre.  An  attempt  baa  been 
made  to  connect  thia  statue  with  Nero's  musical  successes 
in  Greece. 

2.  A  notable  antique  marble  statue  in  the  Glyp- 
tothek,  Munich.  The  figure  is  shrouded  in  full  dra- 
peries of _  feminine  type,  iticluding  the  long  tunic  with 
diploia.  The  lyre  ia  held  high  against  the  left  shoulder. 
The  head  is  of  late  character. 

Apollo  Club.  A  famous  club  held  in  the  17th 
century  at  the  DevU  Tavern  near  Temple  Bar. 
It  was  frequented  by  Ben  Jonson,  Randolph, 
Herrick,  and  others. 

Apollo  of  Tenea.  .An  archaic  Greek  statue  in 
the  Glyptothek  at  Munich,  probably  represent- 
ing not  Apollo  but  an  athlete.  It  is  important  in 
sculpture  as  representing  a  type  in  a  class,  unknown  until 
late  years,  of  early  Greek  undraped  statues  characterized 
by  the  awkwardness  of  artistic  infancy. 

Apollo  of  Thera  (the'ra).  A  statue  of  Apollo 
in  the  National  Museum,  Athens,  a  typical  ex- 
ample of  youthful  manhood  in  Greek  archaic 
sculpture.    The  figure  is  undraped. 

ApoUO  Sauroktonos  (a-pol'o  s4-rok'to-nos). 
[Gr.  Sai^poKTiivof,  the  lizard-slayer.]  A  statue 
in  the  Vatican,  Borne.  The  god  is  represented  aa  a 
beautiful  youth,  undraped,  graceful,  and  feminine,  about 
to  transfix  with  a  dart  a  lizard  (a  method  of  divination) 
which  ascends  a  tree-trunk  on  which  he  leans.  It  is  a 
reproduction  of  a  work  in  bronze  by  Praxiteles. 

Apollo  Slaying  the  Python.  A  noted  painting 
by  Turner,  in  the  National  Gallery,  London. 

ApoUodorus  (a-pol-a-do'ras).  [Gr.  'AwoXUSu- 
pof.]  Born  at  Athens  :  flourished  about404  B.C. 
The  first  of  the  great  school  of  Greek  painters, 
an  elder  contemporary  of  Zeuxis  and  Parrha- 
sius.  Pliny  mentions  a  priest  in  adoration  and  an  Ajax 
struck  by  lightning  by  this  master.  He  seems  to  have 
been  the  first  important  painter  to  abandon  the  old  ache- 
matic  arrangementa  for  the  actual  relations  of  nature. 
This  was  undoubtedly  due  to  the  discovery  of  perspec- 
tive associated  with  the  scene-painter  Agatharcua  and 
the  philosophers  Democritua  and  Anaxagoras. 

In  a  word,  they  [the  Egyptians]  diacovered  the  laws  of 
chiaroscuro,  and  with  them  the  art  of  foreshortening, 
which  is,  in  fact,  perspective  applied  to  the  human  figure. 
Greek  tradition  ascribes  these  great  diacoveriea  to  an  Athe- 
nian named  ApoUodorus,  who  fiouriahed  about  four  hun- 
dred and  thirty  years  before  our  era. 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  eto.,  p.  94. 

ApoUodorus.  Born  at  Carystos,  Euboea :  lived 
about  300-260  b.  o.  A  Greek  comic  poet  of  the 
new  Attic  comedy.  "He  is  remarkable  as  having 
afforded  Terence  the  models  of  two  plays,  the  'Hecyra" 
and  'Phormio.'" 

ApoUodorus.  Lived  about  140  b.  c.  An  Athe- 
nian grammarian,  author  of  an  (extant)  "Bib- 
liotheea,"  an  important  work  on  Greek  mythol- 
ogy- 

ApoUodorus.  Bom  at  Damascus :  died  in  the 
reign  of  Hadrian  (117-138).  An  architect,  the 
designer  of  the  Forum  and  Column  of  Tra- 
jan at  Rome,  and  of  the  stone  bridge  over  the 
Danube  about  105  a.d.  He  was  banished  and 
put  to  death  by  Hadrian. 

ApoUonia  (ap-o-16'ni-a).  [Gr.  ^Anolluvia,  from 
'AnoMuv,  Apollo.]  In  ancient  geography,  a 
city  of  lUyria,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Aous  in  lat.  40°  40'  N.,  long  19°  25'  E. 


ApoUonia 

ApoUonia.  In  ancient  geography,  the  port  of 
Oyrene,  Africa,  in  lat.  32°  56'  N.,  long.  22°  E  ■ 
the  modem  Marsa  Susa. 

ApoUonia.  In  ancient  geography,  a  town  in 
Palestine,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean  be- 
tween Joppa  and  Ceesarea :  the  modern  Arstif . 

ApoUonia.    In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of  _  _ 

Thrace,  situated  on  the  Black  Sea  in  lat.  42°  AnnllTrnTi  7o  rif>Y'i/C^\'     ro,   «     01/ 
9fi'N    \cmcr  97oaA'i?  .  fi,- t«„/i„™  o-   '^'T \.       Apoiiyon  (a-pol  lon).     [Orr.  ^KfKokAiMv,  render- 

andnan  grammanan,  author  of  a  "Homeric  Apologia  Socratis.    See  Apology  of  Som-aUs. 


^'^  AppenzeU  Inner  Bbodes 

JeVihtca^re  rfet  liot^.'^Z'^:^.  ""^"''''^  ^'^'  ^^^^    '''^  ''^*  '"''^''''''' 
iLy?f_.1°?P.'',*®i^„^y-  -^qiiila  and  Priscllla.    He 


went  to  meet  Paul  at  Corinth,  and  was  with  Paul  at  Enhe- 
BUS  when  the  First  Epistle  to  the  Corinthians  was  writ- 
I?°-  3^  ^'^  ^  '"*°  "'  Breat  abUity  and  attainments,  and 
the  attachment  of  his  immediate  disciples  to  him  was 
such  as  almost  to  create  a  schism  in  the  church 


ill-tempered.]    Born  at  Alexandria :  flourished 
during  the  reigns  of  Hadrian  and  Antoninus 


,1595  after  his  death.  It  is  a  plea  for  the  poet's 
art.    Also  Defence  of  Foetrie. 


or  synod  of  the  Christian  church,  it  was  held  at. 
Jerusalem  60  f61?)  A.  D.  by  the  churches  of  Jerusalem  and 
Antioch  to  settle  the  personal  relation  between  the  Jewish 
and  gentile  apostles,  to  divide  the  field  of  labor  between 
them  to  decide  the  question  of  circumcision,  and  to  de- 
fine the  relation  between  the  Jewish  and  gentile  Christians. 
Acts  xr. 

Apostolic  Fathers,  The.  Those  Christian 
writers  who  were  contemporary  with  any  of 
the  apostles.  They  are  Barnabas,  Clement 
of  Rome,  Ignatius,  Polyearp,  Hermas,  and 
Papias. 

Apostolics  (ap-ps-tol'iks),  or  Apostolicals  (ap- 
os-tol'i-kalz).  In  Spanish  history,  a  political 
party  which  supported  the  Catholic  Church  and 
absolute  government,  it  dated  from  the  restoration 
of  the  Bourbons,  and  lasted  till  about  1833,  when  it  was 
absorbed  by  the  Carlists. 


Pius.    A  celebrated  Alexandrian  grammarian.  Apology  for  Actors.  An.    A  work  in  three  Apostolius  (ap-os-td'li-us),  Michael.    [Ma 
?va^n:d°iXS^«T,^7»T?„^r=.^el==*•'lrV:95    bLks%ThqmS^,^d,pubrshedTnm2!     ^T-'-^^-C-l  Died  in  Crete  abput.l480.Abree 


Syntax  "  (ed.  by  Bekker  1817)  is  the  most  famous.  He  and 
his  son,  .aUius  Herodian,  are  called  by  Priscian  the  great- 
est ol  grammarians.  He  is  said  to  have  lived  in  extreme 
poverty. 

ApoUonius,  sumamed  Molon.  Bom  at  Ala- 
banda,  Caria:  lived  about  80  b.  c.  A  Greek 
rhetorician,  an  instructor  of  Cicero  and  Ceesar. 

ApoUonius,  sumamed  Pergaeus  (from  his  birth- 
place). Bom  at  Perga,  PamphyUa,  Asia  Minor: 
lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  3d  century  b.  0. 
A  Greek  geometrician  educated  at  Alexandria, 
RumaTned  '*  Tho  Gresit  GAnmfif.aT.  w  irin  «!.;=* 1, 


and  reprinted  in  1658  by  William  Cartwright, 

with  some  alterations,  under  the  title  of  "The 

Actors'  Vindication." 
Apology  of  Socrates.    Plato's  version  of  the 

defense  of  Socrates  before  his  judges.   (See 

Socrates.)  A  similar  work  attributed  to  Xeno- 

phon  is  spurious. 
Apopi.    See  Apepi. 
Apostate  (a-pos'tat),  The.    A  surname  of  the 

Roman  emperor  Julian, 


sumamed  "  The  Great  Geometer."  His  chief  work  Apostate,  the.    A  tragedy  bv  Richard  Lalor 
is  a  treatise  on  "Comc^Sections"  (ed.  by  Halley  1710)  in     ^"il,  produced  in  1817      '      "    '^^"''^^'^ ^^^°'' 


Junius  Brutus  Booth 
was  celebrated  as  Pescara  in  this  play. 
Apostle  Islands  (a-pos'l  i'landz) 


eight  books,  of  which  the  first  four  are  extant  in  Greek 
and  all  but  the  eighth  in  Arabic. 
ApoUonius,  sumamed  RhodiusC  of  Rhodes').      .   .  ....  ..       ,  „  --^ 

Bom  at  Alexandria  or  at  Naucratis,  about  235    o*  islands  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Lake 
B.  c.    A  Greek  epic  poet,  author  of  the  "Ar-    Superior,  belonging  to  Wisconsin, 
gonautica."  Being  unsuccessful  in  Alexandria,  he  went  AP°^*^®  Of  Andalusia,  The.     Juan  de  Avila. 
fo  Rhodes  (whence  his  surname)  where  he  lectured  on  Apostle  Of  Ardennes,  The.     St.  Hubert. 

aSI*?!!!^^!'*'^  B*''^°''IH^''%^°™^'^°"':-      ^         Apostle  Of  Brazil,  The.    The  Jesuit  Jos6  de 
ApoUonius.     Born   at  Tralles,   Cana:    flour-    Anchieta 

ished,  probably,  at  the  beginning  of  the  1st  Apostle  of  Free  Trade,  The.    Richard  Cob- 
century  A.  D.    A  Greek  sculptor  who,  with  his    den. 

brother,   carved   the   so-called   Pamese  Bull  Apostle  of  Germany,  The.    St.  Boniface, 
(which  see).  ,.  ^.  .,.   Apostle  of  Infidelity.  The.    Voltaire. 

ApoUonius,surnamedTyanaeus(fromhisbirth.  Apostle  of  Ireland,  ihe.    St.  Patrick, 
place).  BomatTyana,Cappadocia,  AsiaMmor,  Apostle  of  Peru,  The.    The  Jesuit  Alonso  de 
about  4  B.  c. :  died  about  97  (?)  a.  d.    A  Pytha-    Bareena. 

gorean  philosopher  and  reputed  magician  and  Apostle  of  Temperance,  The.    Theobald  Ma- 
wonder-worker,  whose  life  and  supposed  mira-    thew. 

cles  have  often  been  compared  with  those  of  Apostle  of  the  English,  The.    Augustine  the 
Christ.  "He  studied  first  in  the  Greek  schools  at  Tarsus,     missionary  to  England, 
and  was  led  to  the  adoption  of  the  Pythagorean  philoso-    A  nnstlp  nf  t.TiP  Vrpnpli    TTio      St   Tlonlo 
phy.    This  he  combined  with  the  legerdemain  practised    AS«c+1a  *\  f'hf  T^fi^Jrio  qn;»     Q+^lf-V     a 
in  some  of  the  Asclepeia,  and  a  journey  to  the  old  seats  ApOStle  tO  the  FrieSianS,  The.    St.  WlUlbrod, 
of  magic  in  Babylonia  and  Persia,  and  to  the  confines  of     missionary  to  Priesland. 
India,  initiated  him  into  the  theurgic  practices  of  the  ApOStle  Of  the  Gauls,  The.     St.  Irenteua. 

rJiiy,  f^i'ui'i'u^s^L^d'JJSt^Jr^^a^s^Sirss't'r^^^^^^^         Apostle  of  the  Gentiles,  The.    St.  PauL 

controversial  purpose),  presents  striking  similarities  with  ApOSi/ie  01   XuS  UlgnianaerS,    Xne.      Dt.  CO- 
that  of  Jesns.    Divine  honors  were  paid  to  him  in  the  3d     lumba. 

century,  and  his  bust  was  placed  by  Alexander  Severusin  ApOStlO  of  the  Indians,  The.     John  Eliot, 
his  larariumwith  those  of  Abraham  Orpheus,  and  Christ.  Apostlo  Of  the  Indies,  ^ho.     St.  Francis  Xa- 
ApoUoniUS  of  Tyre.     1.  A  Stoic  philosopher    ^er 

living  in  the  reign  of  Ptolemy  Auletes,  men-  Apostle  of  the  Iroauois,  The.  P.  Piquet, 
tioned  by  Diogenes  Laertius  as  the  author  of  Apostle  of  the  North,  The.    1.  Ansgar.— 2. 
a  work  on  Zeno,  and  by  Strabo  as  the  author    Bernard  Gilpin,  an  evangelist  on  the  EngUsh 
of  another  work  which  seems  to  have  been  a  r^-    border. 
sum6  of  the  philosophers  and  their  writings  Apostle  of  the  Peak,  The, 
from  the  time  of  Zeno.— 2.  The  king  of  Tyre,     a  preacher  of  Derbyshire. 


in  the  romance  named  for  him  (which  see) 
ApoUonius  of  Tyre,  History  of.    An  old 

Greek  romance  of  uncertain  date  and  author- 
ship, Antiochus,  king  of  Syria,  to  prevent  his  daugh- 
ter's marriage,  demands  of  her  suitors,  as  the  price  of  her 
hand,  the  solution  of  a  riddle  containing  an  allusion  to 
his  incestuous  passion  for  her.  This  is  accomplished  by 
ApoUonius  of  Tyre,  whom  Antiochus  then  seeks  to  slay. 
ApoUonius  escapes,  marries  the  daughter  of  another  king, 
and  returns  to  take  the  sovereignty  of  Syria,  The  rest  of 
the  tale  is  occupied  with  the  adventures  of  his  daughter 
and  wife. 


Beside;  the  Latin  prose  version  already  mentioned,  the  Apostolic  Cauons.  Certain  ordinances  and  reg 


romance,  ot  history,  of  ApoUonius  [of  Tyre]  was  translated 
into  Latin  verse  about  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century,  by 
Godfrey  of  Viterbo,  who  introduced  it  in  his  Pantheon,  or 
Universal  Chronicle,  as  part  of  the  history  of  Antiochus 
the  Third  ot  Syria.  It  was  also  inserted  in  the  Gesta  Eo- 
manorum  which  was  written  in  the  fourteenth  centuiy, 
and  became  soon  after  the  subject  of  a  ^French  prose 
romance,  which  was  the  origin  of  the  EngUsh  Kynge 
Apolyne  of  Tyre,  printed  by  Wynkin  de  Worde  in  1510. 
It  was  from  the  metrical  version,  however,  of  Godfrey  of 
Viterbo  that  the  story  came  to  Gower,  who  has  told  it 
with  Uttle  variation  in  his  Confessio  Amantis.  Gower  is 
introduced  as  speaking  the  prologue  to  each  of  the  five 
acts  of  Pericles,  Prince  of  Tyve ;  whence  it  may  be  pre- 
sumed that  the  author  of  that  play  derived  his  plot  from 
the  English  poet.  The  drama  of  Pericles,  as  is  well  known, 
has  been  the  subject  ot  much  discussion ;  the  composition 
of  the  whole,  or  greater  part,  of  it  having  been  attributed 
to  Shakspeare  by  some  of  his  commentators,  chiefly  on 
Ae  authority  of  Dryden. 

DurUop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  84. 

ApoUos  (a-pol'os).     [Gr.  'Awo7[,2/ig,  a  shortened 
form  of  'Arro?iXavujs.'i   Flourished  aboutthe  mid- 


AGreek 
scholar  of  Constantinople,  who  fled  to  Italv  in 
1453.  ^ 

ApostOOl  (a-pos-tol'),  Samuel.  Boml638:  died 
about  the  beginning  of  the  18th  century.  A 
Dutch  Menuonite  preacher  at  Amsterdam.  He- 
became  involved  in  a  dispute  in  1662  with  his  colleague- 
Hans  Galeuus,  who  maintained  that  Christianity  is  not  so 
much  a  body  of  dogma  as  a  practical  life.  The  f  oi-mation 
of  two  parties,  Galenists  and  Apostoolians  or  Apostoolists,. 
resulted,  which  were  reunited  in  1801. 

Apotheosis  of  Augustus.  'Che  largest  existing 
cameo,  in  the  Cabinet  des  M^dailles,.  Paris. 
It  is  of  Boman  workmanship,  and  is  carved  in  a  sardonyx 
nearly  a  foot  across.  There  are  26  figures,  among  them 
Augustus,  .ffineas,  Julius  Csesar,  Tiberius,  and  Caligula. 
A  gjoup  Apotheosis  of  Venice.  Amasterpieee  of  Paolo 
Veronese,  in  the  middle  of  the  ceiling  of  the 
Sala  del  Maggior  Consiglio  of  the  ducal  palaea 
at  Venice. 

Apozyomenos  (a-pok-si-om'e-nos).  [Gr.  am^vS- 
fievos,  scraping  oneself  (i.  e.  with  the  strigil).} 
The  athlete  with  the  strigil,  a  notable  statue 
in  the  Vatican,  Rome,  it  is  an  antique  copy  of  a 
celebrated  bronze  of  Lysippus,  embodying  that  master's 
canon  of  the  proportions  of  the  human  figure. 

Appalachee  Bay  (ap-a-laeh'e  ba).  An  arm  of 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  western  coast  of 
Florida,  about  lat.  30°  N.,  long.  84°  15'  W. 

Appalachee  Indians.    See  Apalachi. 

Appalachia  (ap-a-lach'i-a).  A  region  of  4,500 
square  miles  in  area  in  the  western  part  of  Vir- 
ginia, lying  west  of  the  valley  of  Virginia. 

Appalachian  Mountains  (ap-a-lach'i-an  or  ap- 
a-la'chi-an  moun'tanz) .  [Named  f roni'  the  Ap- 
palachee otApalacdi  Indians.]  A  great  moun- 
tain system  in  the  eastern  part  of  North  America, 
which  extends  from  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence 
to  northern  Alabataa :  often,  but  less  properly, 
called  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  from  its  chief 
division.  The  system  comprises  themountains  of  Gaspfr 
Peninsula  (St  Anne  Mountains,  Shickshock  MountainsX 
the  White  Mountains,  the  Green  Mountains,  the  Hoosac 
Range,  the  laconic  Range,  the  Adirondacks,  the  Helder- 
berg  Mountains,  the  Catskills,  the  Shawangunk  Moun- 
tains, the  Blue  Ridge,  the  AUeghanies  proper,  South 
Mountain,  the  Blue  Mountains,  the  Laurel  Hill  and  Chest- 
nut Ridge  ranges,  the  Black  Mountains,  the  Stone  Moun- 
tains, the  Bald  Mountains,  the  Cumberland  Mountains, 
the  Great  Smoky  Mountains,  the  Unaka  Mountains,  and 
some  lesser  groups.  It  contains  large  deposits  of  coal  and 
iron.  It  is  cut  by  the  Connecticut,  Hudson,  Delaware, 
Susquehanna,  Potomac,  Kanawha,  Tennessee,  and  other 
rivers.  Its  length  is  about  1,600  miles,  and  its  greatest 
width  (in  Pennsylvania)  about  130  miles.  Its  highest  point 
is  MitcheU's  Peak,  in  North  Carolina,  which  is  6,710  feet 
high. 

Appalachicola  (ap-a-lach-i-ko'la).    A  river  of 

western  Florida,  formed  by  the  union  of  thei 

Flint  and  Chattahoochee,  which  flows  into  St. 

George's  Sound,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  lat.  29°  45' 

N.,  long.  85°  W.    It  is  about  90  miles  long  and 

is  navigable. 

Appalachicola  Bay.    An  arm  of  St.  George's 

ulations,  usually  reckoned  as  eighty-five  in  num-    Sound,  at  the  mouth  of  Appalachicola  River. 

ber,  belonging   to  the  first  centuries  of  the  Appendini  (ap-pen-de'ne),  Trancesco  Maria. 


William  Bagshaw, 


Apostle  of  the  Picts,  The.    St.  Ninian. 

Apostle  of  the  Scots,  The.    John  Knox. 

Apostle  of  the  Slavs,  The.    St.  Cyril. 

Apostles'  Creed,  The.  A  primitive  creed  of 
the  Christian  church,  not  of  apostolic  origin, 
but  a  product  of  the  Western  Church  during  the 
first  four  centuries,  not  now  assignable  to  any 
individual  author,  it  was  originally  a  baptismal  con- 
fession, and  was  intended  to  be  a  popular  summary  of  apos- 
tolic teaching. 


Christian  church,  and  incorrectly  ascribed  to 
the  apostles. 

Apostolic  Constitutions.  A  collection  of  dif- 
fuse instructions,  relating  to  the  duties  of 
clergy  and  laity, to  ecclesiastical  discipline,  and 
to  ceremonies,  divided  into  eight  books.  They 
profess  to  be  the  words  of  the  apostles,  written  down  by 
Clement  of  Rome,  but  are  considerably  later  than  apostolic 
times. 

The  first  sixbooks,  which  have  a  strong  Jewish-Christian 
tone,  are  the  original  basis,  and,  according  to  recent  inves- 
tigations, were  composed,  with  the  exception  of  some 
later  interpolations,  at  the  end  ot  the  third  century,  in 
Syria  (or  Asia  Minor).    The  seventh  and  eighth  books. 


Born  near  Turin,  Nov.  4, 1768 :  died  Jan.,  1837- 
An  Italian  historian  and  critic. 
AppenzeU  (ap'pen-tsel).  ['  The  abbot's  (Nor- 
bert's)  cell.']  A  canton  of  German  Switzer- 
land, surrounded  by  the  canton  of  St.  (Jail  and 
divided  into  two  half-cantons,  AppenzeU  Inner 
Rhodes  and  AppenzeU  Outer  Rhodes,  it  has 
manufactures  of  muslin,  silk,  and  embroidery.  It  passei 
under  the  control  of  the  abbots  of  St.  Gall;  won  its  inde- 
pendence in  the  beginning  of  the  16th  century ;  was  allied 
with  the  confederated  cantons  in  1452 ;  was  admitted  into 
the  confederation  in  1513 :  and  was  divided  into  the  half- 
cantons  in  1697.  Area,  162  square  miles.  Population 
(1888),  67,106. 


each  of  which,  however,  forms  an  independent  piece,  are  AppCnzell.     The  capital  of  the  half-canton  of 
later  additions,  and  date  from  the  beginning  of  the  fourth     AppenzeU  Inner  Rhodes,  in  lat.  47°  20'  N.,  long, 
century,  at  aU  events  from  a  period  before  the  CouncU  of     90  24'  E.     It  has  two  monasteries.     Population 
Mcsea  (326).     The  collection  of  the  three  parts  into  one     /-.qoq-v    a  ^77 
whole  may  be  the  work  of  the  author  of  the  eighth  book.     A-iooo),  *,*/(.  _,     ,        „     .  ,,  _ 

Schaf,  History  of  the  Christian  Church,  II.  186.  AppenZCU  Inner  KhodCS,  G.  AppenzeU  In- 


Aphtbonius 

Al>hthonius  (af-tho'ni-us),  ^lius  Festus. 
Lived  about  300  a.  d.  A  Greek  rhetorician. 
He  was  the  author  of  four  books  "de  metris,"  which 
Marius  Viotorinus,  about  the  middle  ol  the  4th  century, 
incorporated  in  his  system  of  grammar. 
Apia  (a'pi-a).  An  old  name  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesus. 
Apia  (a'pe-a).  A  mxinieipality  and  seaport, 
chief  town  of  Upolu,  Samoan  Islands,  situated 
in  lat.  13°  49'  S.,  long.  171°  48'  W,  it  is  the  center 
of  German  commerce  in  the  western  Pacific,  and  is  under 
the  supervision  of  the  German,  British,  and  American 
consuls.  On  March  15, 1889,  a  hurricane  visited  the  harbor 
of  Apia,  destroying  the  American  men-of-war  Vandalia 
and  Trenton,  and  the  German  men-of-war  Adier  and 
£ber,  with  several  merchant  vessels.  The  American  Nipsic 
and  the  German  Olga  were  beached.  Many  lives  were  lost. 
Apiacas  (ap-e-a-kas ' ) .  The  name  of  two  Indian 
trihes  of  Brazil,  (l)  a  horde  of  the  Tupi  race  which, 
in  historical  times,  has  lived  on  the  Upper  Tapajds  and 
Arinos ;  they  ai*e  an  agricultural  people,  and  skilful  canoe- 
men  ;  now  reduced  to  a  few  thousand.  (2)  A  smaU  tribe 
on  the  Tocautins,  which,  by  its  language,  appears  to  be 
allied  to  the  Caribs. 
Apianus  (a-pe-a'n5s),  Petrus:  Latinized  from 
his  German  name,  Peter  Bienewitz  (G.  iiene, 
L.  apis,  a  bee).  Born  at  Leysnick,  1495 :  died 
there,  April  21, 1552.  A  German  mathematician 
and  cosmographer.  He  was  professor  of  mathematics 
at  Ingolstadt^  and  was  created  by  Char]  es  V.  a  knight  of  the 
German  Empire.  He  wrote  an  astronomical  work,  but  is 
best  known  for  his  volumes  on  cosmography,  which  con- 
tain some  of  the  earliest  maps  of  America. 
Apicata  (ap-i-ka'ta).  In  Ben  Jonson's  play 
"The  Fall  of  Sejanus,"  the  wife  of  Sejanus, 
who  put  her  away  for  Livia. 
Apicius(a-;pish'ius),Marcus G-abiuS.  Afamous 
Koman  epicure  who  lived  during  the  reigns  of 
Augustus  and  Tiberius.  Having,  it  was  said,  spent 
one  hundred  million  sesterces  (about  83,600,000)  in  procur- 
ing and  inventing  rare  dishes,  he  balanced  his  accounts 
and  found  that  he  had  only  ten  million  sesterces  ($360,000) 
left.  Unwilling  to  starve  on  such  a  pittance,  he  destroyed 
himself. 
Apinji  (S,-pen'je).  A  small  Bantu  tribe  of  the 
French  Kongo,  between  the  Ba-Kele  and  the 
Ashango. 
Apion  (a'pi-on) .  [Gr.  'AttUm.']  A  Greek  gram- 
marian and  commentator  on  Homer,  who  flour- 
ished about  the  middle  of  the  Ist  century  A.  D. 
Apis  (a 'pis).  [Gr.  'Amf,  Egypt.  Hapi,  the 
hidden  one.]  The  Bull  of  Memphis,  worshiped 
by  the  ancient  Egyptians.  He  was  supposed  to 
be  the  image  of  the  soul  of  Osiris,  and  was  the  sacred  em- 
blem of  that  god.  Sometimes  he  is  figured  as  a  man  with 
a  bull's  head.  "  There  were  many  signs  necessary  for  an 
Apis;  .  .  .  for  instance,  spots  in  the  shape  of  a  triangle  on 
the  forehead,  and  a  half-moon  on  the  breast.  If  such  an 
Apis  was  discovered,  it  was  led  with  rejoicings  into  Mem- 
phis, it  was  carefully  tended,  and  after  its  death  was  buried 
with  great  costliness.  He  was  zealously  worshipped  and 
gave  oracles.  He  was  looked  on  as  the  second  life,  or  the 
son  of  Ptah,  the  soul  or  image  of  Osiris,  born  of  a  virgin 
cow.  After  his  death  he  became  Osiris- Apis  or  Serapis." 
La  Saussaye,  Science  of  Heligion  (trans.),  p.  405. 
Apo  (a'po).  A  volcano  in  the  central  part  of 
Mindanao,  Philippines,  over  10,000  feet  high. 
Apocalypse,  The.  See  MevelaUon. 
Apocrypha  (a-pok'ri-fa).  The.  [LL.  apocry- 
pha, neut.  pi.  (so.  seripta)  of  apocryphus,  from 
Gr.  aw6icpv(j>o^  (neut.  pi.  awdKpvfa,  sc.  -ypd/^/uiTa  or 
Pi^Via),  hidden,  concealed,  obscure,  recondite, 
hard  to  understand;  in  eccles.  use,  of  writ- 
ings, anonymous,  of  unknown  or  undetermined 
authorship  or  authority,  unrecognized,  unoa- 
nonieal,  spurious,  pseudo-;  from  anonfrnTCTeiv, 
hide  away,  conceal,  obscure,  from  otto,  away, 
and  Kpvwretv,  hide,  conceal.]  A  collection  of 
fourteen  books  subjoined  to  the  canonical  books 
of  the  Old  Testament  in  the  authorized  version 
of  the  Bible,  as  originally  issued,  but  now  gen- 
erally omitted.  They  do  not  exist  in  the  Hebrew  Bible, 
but  are  found  with  others  of  the  same  character  scattered 
through  the  Septuagiut  and  Vulgate  versions  of  the  Old 
Testament.  They  are :  First  and  Second  Esdras  (otherwise 
Third  and  Fourth  Esdras  or  Ezra,  reckoning  Nehemiah  as 
Second  Ezra  or  Esdras),  Tobit  or  Tobias,  Judith,  the  Best 
of  Esther,  Wisdom  of  Solomon,  Ecclesiasticns,  Baruch  (as 
joined  to  Jeremiah),  parts  of  Daniel  (namely,  Song  of  the 
Three  Children,  the  History  of  Susanna,  the  Destruction  of 
Bel  and  the  Dragon),  the  Prayer  of  Manasses,  and  First  and 
Second  Maccabees.  Most  of  these  are  recognized  by  the 
Koman  Catholic  Church  as  fully  canonical,  though  theo- 
logians of  that  church  often  distinguish  them  as  deutero- 
canonical,  on  the  ground  that  their  place  in  the  canon  was 
decided  later  than  that  of  the  other  books,  limiting  the 
name  Apocrypha  to  the  two  (last)  books  of  Esdras  and 
the  Prayer  of  Manasses,  and  other  books  not  in  the  above 
collection,  namely.  Third  and  Fourth  Maccabees,  a  book 
of  Enoch,  an  additional  or  151st  Psalm  of  David,  and  eigh- 
teen Psalms  of  Solomon.  With  these  sometimes  are  in- 
cluded certain  pseudepigraphic  books,  such  as  the  Apoc- 
alypse of  Bai-uch  and  the  Assumption  of  Moses.  The 
name  Apocrypha  is  also  occasionally  made  to  embrace 
the  Antilegomena  of  the  New  Testament.  The  Greek 
Church  makes  no  distinction  among  the  books  contained 
in  the  Septuagint.  .«    .     j        t.  i 

Apodaca  (a-p6-da'ka),  Juan  Ruiz  de.  Bom  at 

Csidiiz,  Feb.  8,  1754:  died  at  Madrid,  Jan.  11, 
1835.    A  Spanish  naval  ofScer  and  adminis- 


66 

trator,  ambassador  to  England  1808,  captain- 
general  of  Chiba  1812-16,  and  viceroy  of  New 
Spain  (Mexico),  Aug.,  1816,  to  Aug.,  1822.  By 
energy  combined  with  a  spirit  of  conciliation,  he  in  a  great 
measure  repressed  the  revolutionists,  defeating  Mina,  who 
was  captured  and  executed  (Nov.,  1817X  and  driving  Vi- 
cente Guerrero  to  the  mountains.  When  Iturbide  re- 
belled (1821)  the  viceroy  was  obliged  to  temporize,  and  the 
insurgents  had  gained  important  successes  before  he  left. 
For  this  reason  he  is  sumamed  "the  Unfortunate." 
Apolda  (a-pol'da).  A  town  in  the  grand  duchy 
of  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,  9  miles  northeast 
of  Weimar,  it  has  manufactures  of  hosiery,  woolen 
goods,  machinery,  dyes,  bells,  etc.  Population  (1890), 
20,880. 

ApoUinare  in  Classe  (a-pol-le-na're  in  elas'se), 
San.  [See  Classis.2  A  church  at  Ravenna, 
Italy,  begun  in  534,  the  most  important  existing 
earlv-Christian  basilica  in  Italy.  In  plan  It  is  9s 
feet  by  173,  measuring  inside,  with  nave  and  aisles  sepa- 
rated by  24  gray  marble  columns  with  round  arches,  and  a 
raised  semicircular  tribune.  There  is  a  clearstory  of 
double  round-arched  windows,  and  the  wooden  roofs  are 
open.  The  narthex,  now  walled  up,  originally  had  open 
arcades.  Nave  and  aisles  have  painted  medallion-friezes 
of  busts  of  the  bishops  and  archbishops  of  Ravenna.  The 
vault  and  walls  of  the  tribune  are  covered  with  splendid 
mosaics  of  the  6th  and  7th  centuries.  The  picturesque 
circular  campanile  is  of  brick,  120  feet  high,  with  many 
round-arched  windows. 

Apollinare  NUOVO  (a-pol-le-na're  no-6'v6), 
San.  A  church  at  Ravenna,  Italy,  built  by  Theo 


Apollonia 

world,  and  he  bore  several  names,  of  which  the  most  im- 
portant were  Maponos,  Grannos,  and  Toutiorix.  Three 
inscriptions  in  honour  of  Apollo  Maponos  have  been  dis- 
covered in  the  north  of  England,  and  in  one  of  them, 
found  near  Ainstable,  in  Cumberland,  he  is  called  Deus 
Maponus,  without  any  allusion  to  Apollo.  Fortunately 
the  name  Maponos  offers  no  difficulty:  it  is  the  same 
word  as  the  old  Welsh  mapon,  now  mabon, '  boy  or  male 
child,'  which  occurs,  for  example,  in  a  Welsh  poem  in  the 
Book  of  Taliessin,  a  manuscript  of  the  13th  century :  it  i» 
there  applied  to  the  infant  Jesus,  in  a  passage  describing 
the  coming  of  the  Magi  to  him  at  Bethlehem.  Thus  it 
seems  certain  that  some  of  the  Celts  worshipped  an  Apollo- 
whom  they  described  as  an  infant,  and  this  is  borne  out 
by  a  group  of  inscriptions  at  the  other  extremity  of  the 
Celtic  world  of  antiquity :  I  allude  to  the  ancient  province 
of  Dacia,  and  especially  Carlsburg  and  its  neighbourhood, 
in  Transylvania,  where  we  find  him  styled  Deus  Bonus 
Puer  Posphorus,  Apollo  Pythius,  Bonus  Puer  Posphorus, 
or  Bonus  Deus  Puer  Posphorus.  Our  Maponos  is  in  all 
probability  the  Bonus  Puer  attested  by  these  inscriptions. 
Bhye,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  22. 

Apollo  Belvedere  (a-pol'o  bel-va-da're).  Afa- 
mous statue  in  the  Vatican,  Rome.  It  is  a  fine 
antique  copy  of  a  Greek  original  in  bronze  —  possibly  an 
offering  set  up  at  Delphi  (it  may  be  in  connection  with 
the  Diana  of  Versailles,  in  the  Louvre),  in  commemoration 
of  the  divine  aid  which  (by  a  natural  convulsion)  repelled 
tlie  Gallic  hordes  from  the  Delphic  sanctuary  in  279  B.  0. 
The  god  stands  as  a  vigorous  youth,  undraped  except  for 
a  ohlamys  clasped  round  the  neck  and  thrown  over  the 
extended  left  arm,  apparently  having  just  discharged  an 
arrow  whose  flight  he  watches.  The  theory  that  the  left 
hand  held  an  ssgis  is  not  supported. 


dorie  in  the  6th  century.   In  plan  it  is  115  by  315  feet,  ApoUo  ChresteriOS  (a-pol'6   kres-te'ri-os). 
with  a  single  raised  apse  (bema),  and  a  handsome  narthex     [Gr.  'AwoMov  ;fp)?(m^/)iOf ,]     Apollo  of  oracles. 
with  a  portico.    ThejiavCj^  51  feet  wide,  with  fine  coffered  ApoUo    CitharoedUS    (a-pol'o     sith-a-re'dus). 


ceiling,  has  24  columns  brought  from  Constantinople ; 
the  Corinthian  capitals  are  surmounted  by  heavy  Byzan- 
tine abaci.  Above  the  arcades  of  the  nave  the  walls  are 
covered  with  very  beautiful  6th-century  mosaics. 

ApoUinarians  (a-pol-i-na'ri-anz).  A  religious 
sect  deriving  tlieir  name  froin  Apollinaris  the 
Younger,  bishop  of  Laodioea  in  the  4th  century. 
Apollinaris  denied  the  proper  humanity  of  Christ,  at- 
tributing to  him  a  human  body  and  a  human  soul,  or 
vital  principle,  but  teaching  that  the  Divine  Reason,  or 
logos,  took  in  him  the  place  which  in  man  is  occupied  by 
the  rational  principle. 

Apollinaris  (a-pol-i-na'ris).  Saint.  See  the 
extract. 


[Gr.  KiJBapc^Sdq,  one  who" plays  on  the  cithara, 
a  harper.]  1 .  A  statue  in  the  Vatican,  Rome. 
The  god,  strongly  feminine  in  type,  advances  laurel- 
crowned  and  draped  in  long  tunic  and  himation,  as  he 
touches  the  strings  of  his  lyre.  An  attempt  has  been 
made  to  connect  this  statue  with  Nero's  musical  successes 
in  Greece. 

2.  A  notable  antique  marble  statue  in  the  Glyp- 
tothek,  Munich.  The  figure  is  shrouded  in  full  dra- 
peries of.  feminine  type,  including  the  long  tunic  with 
diplois.  The  lyre  is  held  high  against  the  left  shoulder. 
The  head  is  of  late  character. 
ApoUo  Club.  A  famous  club  held  in  the  17th 
century  at  the  Devil  Tavern  near  Temple  Bar. 
It  was  frequented  by  Ben  Jonson,  Randolph, 
Herriek,  and  others. 


The  mythical  founder-bishop  of  the  Church  of  Bavenna 
was  Saint  Apollinaris,  a  citizen  of  Antioch,  well  versed  in 

Greek  and  Latin  literature,  who,  we  are  told,  followed    »,-'«m  a  i.    •     nt       t     *.  i. 

Peter  to  Rome,  was  ordained  there  by  that  Apostle,  and  ApoUO  01  Tenea.  An  archaic  Greek  statue  m 
eventually  was  commissioned  by  him  to  preach  the  Qos-  the  Glyptothek  at  Munich,  probably  represent- 
pel  at  Ravenna.  Before  his  departure,  however,  he  had  ing  not  Apollo  but  an  athlete.  It  is  important  in 
once  passed  a  night  in  St.  Peter  s  company  at  the  monas-  aeflpture  as  representing  a  type  in  a  class,  unknown  until 
tery  known  by  the  name  of  the  Elm  C' ad  Ulmum  ).  j^te  years,  of  early  Greek  undJaped  statues  characterized 
^^J  K*'\,??Pt  "?''"A''^  bare  rock,  and  tie  mdentations     ^    j^^  awkwardness  of  artistic  infancy. 

made  by  their  heads,  their  backs,  and  their  legs  were  still    a  i.*n ^,rrm.^-.A  /+i^«/«kn        a  t4-r.4-..n  r-.^  A-^^n^ 

shown  in  the  9th  ceAtury.  AP0}10  0^ ,"l»er\  (the  ra).     A  statue  of  Apollo 

Bodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  444.     m  the  National  Museum,  Athens,  a  typical  ex- 
Apollinaris,  surnamed  "The  Younger."   Died    a^Ple  »* y°5,tl^  manhood  in  Greek  archaic 
about  390.   feshop  of  Laodicea,  and  founder  of    soilpfare.    The  figure  is  undraped. 

-  -     .  ^--  '  Apollo  Sauroktonos  (a-poio  sa-rok'to-nos) 


the  sect  of  the  ApoUinarians. 

Apollinaris  Fountain  (a-pol-i-na'ris  foun'- 
tan).  A  mineral  spring  near  Neuenahr,  25 
miles  northwest  of  Coblentz,  Prussia,  discov- 
ered in  1853.     Its  waters  are  largely  exported. 

Apollinaris  Sidonius.  See  Sidonms,  Apolli- 
naris. 

Apollino  (a-pol-le'no).    A  statue  in  the  tribune 


[Gr.  Saj)po/£r(Svof,  the  lizard-slayer.]  A  statue 
in  the  Vatican,  Rome.  The  god  is  represented  as  a 
beautiful  youth,  undraped,  graceful,  and  feminine,  about 
to  transfix  with  a  dart  a  lizard  (a  method  of  divination) 
which  ascends  a  tree-trunk  on  which  he  leans.  It  is  a 
reproduction  of  a  work  in  bronze  by  Praxiteles. 

ApoUo  Slaying  the  Python.  A  noted  painting 
by  Turner,  in  the  National  Gallery,  London. 


of  the  Uffizi,  Florence,     it  is  an  antique  copy  from  ApoUodOIUS  (a-pol-o-do'rus).     [Gr.  'AmW%6Sa- 


pof.]  Born  at  Athens :  flourished  about  404  B.C. 
The  first  of  the  great  school  of  Greek  painters, 
an  elder  contemporary  of  Zeuxis  and  Parrha- 
sius.  Pliny  mentions  a  iiriest  in  adoration  and  an  Ajax 
struck  by  lightning  by  this  master.  He  seems  to  have 
been  the  first  important  painter  to  abandon  the  old  sche- 
matic arrangements  for  the  actual  relations  of  nature. 
This  was  undoubtedly  due  to  the  discovery  of  perspec- 
tive associated  with  the  scene-painter  Agatharcus  and 
the  philosophers  Democritus  and  Anaxagoras. 

In  a  word,  they  [the  Egyptians]  discovered  the  laws  of 
chiaroscuro,  and  with  them  the  art  of  foreshortening, 
which  is,  in  fact,  perspective  applied  to  the  human  figure. 
Greek  tradition  ascribes  these  great  discoveries  to  an  Athe- 
nian named  ApoUodorus  who  flourished  about  four  hun- 
dred and  thirty  years  before  our  era, 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  94. 
identified  Witt  the  sun-god  Helios.  He  was  the  ATinnnilnriia  Tinrn  nt  f!mTrstn«  ■Riibma-  li-<rAf1 
leader  of  the  Muses,  god  of  mulic,  poetry,  and  healing,  and  ■^■POifO???^-.    ^°^'^  ^^  <L/ary_StOS,  JiuDOBa .  lived 


a  Greek  original,  probably  of  the  4th  centiuir  B.  0.,  repre- 
senting an  effeminate  type  of  the  youthful  Apollo  stand- 
ing easily  and  gracefully. 

ApoUinopoliS  Magna  (a-pol-i-nop'o-lis  mag'- 
na).  Ananoientcity  of  Egypt,  near  Edfu.  See 
E'dfu. 

ApoUo  (a-pol'o).  [Gr.  ii.Trii/lXui',  Doric  'AiriUcw; 
associated  in  popular  etym.  with  airoTMvai,  de- 
stroy, to  which  notion  some  of  his  attributes 
are  due ;  prob.  of  Eastern  origin.  See  quota- 
tions.] In  Greek  and  later  in  Roman  mythol- 
ogy, one  of  the  great  Olympian  gods,  the  son 


of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Leto  (Latona),  represent-  Greek  tradition  ascribes  these  great  discoveries  to  an  Athe- 

..       ,.    ,  .  1   ,.„         .    .  ,    ja  n  man  nfl.Tnp.n  Annllnnnrns   ivno  flnnrisnftd  annnt  fnnr  hiin- 

mg  the  light-  and  lif e-giving  influence,  as  well 
as  the  deadly  power,  of  the  sun,  and  often 


patron  of  these  arts ;  a  mighty  protector  from  evil,  all- 
seeing,  and  hence  the  master  of  prophecy;  also  the  de- 
stroyer of  the  unjust  and  insolent,  and  ruler  of  pestilence. 
In  art  he  was  represented  in  the  full  majesty  of  youthful 


about  300-260  b.  c.  A  Greek  comic  poet  of  the 
new  Attic  comedy.  "He  is  remarkable  as  having 
afforded  Terence  the  models  of  two  plays,  the  *Hecyra* 

^__  ...  and 'Phormio.'" 

manhood,  in  most  of  his  attributions  unclothed  or  but  ApoUodoruS.  Lived  about  140  B.  0.  An  Athe- 
lightly  draped,  and  usually  characterized  by  the  bow  and  J^  oTnTnmnrinTi  niitlinr  of  nn  Cfi■!cta■nt^  "Rih 
afrows,  the  lairel,  the  lyre,  the  oracular  tripod,  the  ser-  P}'>^  grammarian,  autlior  01  an  (extant;  mo- 
ment, or  the  dolphin.  He  was  the  father  of  .Esculapius,  liotheca,"  an  important  work  on  Greek  mythol- 
to  whom  he  granted  his  art  of  healing.    Apollo  was  hon-     Ogy. 

ored,  both  locally  and  generaUy,  under  many  special  titles,  ApoUodorUS.     Born  at  Damascus :  died  in  the 
of  whicheachhaditsparticulartypein  art  and  literature:     ^^^^  ^^  Hadrian  (117-138).     An  architect,  the 


as,  Apvllo  Citharmdm  (Apollo  who  sings  to  the  accompa 
niment  of  the  lyre),  equivalent  to  Apollo  Musagetes,  the 
conductor  of  the  Muses ;  ApoUo  Sauroktonos  (the  lizard- 
killer),  etc. 
The  oldest  epigraphio  form  of  the  name  of  Apollo  is 


designer  of  the  Forum  and  Column  of  Tra- 
jan at  Rome,  and  of  the  stone  bridge  over  the 
Danube  about  105  a.  d.  He  was  banished  and 
put  to  death  by  Hadrian. 


^f'S^ivt!^\X^rofe'ofVi'StiTimi'^^^^^^^^^  [.Qr.'A.o^^via,trom 

suu-god.  rayJor,  Aryans,  p.  304.  'Atto^Tmv,  A-poMo.^      In  ancient  geography,  a 

Beyond  the  boundai-ies  of  the  AUobroges,  the  Gaulish  fty  of  Illyria,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the 

Apollo  appears  to  have  been  known  all  over  the  Celtic  Aous  in  lat.  40°  40'  N.,  long   19°  25'  E. 


ApoUonia 

ApoUonia.  In  ancient  geography,  the  port  of 
Gyrene,  Africa,  in  lat.  32°  56'  N.,  long.  22°  E. : 
the  modem  Marsa  Susa. 

ApoUonia.  In  ancient  geography,  a  town  in 
Palestine,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean  be- 
tween Joppa  and  CaBsarea :  the  modern  ArsM. 

ApoUonia.  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of 
'Hirace,  situated  on  the  Black  Sea  in  lat.  42° 
26'  N.,  long.  27°  44'  E. :  the  modem  Sizeboli. 

ApoUonia.  A  station  on  the  British  Gold  Coast, 
West  Africa. 

ApolloniUS  (ap-o-16'ni-us).  [Gr.  'ATroXTUiviog.'] 
Lived  in  the  time  of  Augustus.  A  noted  Alex- 
andrian grammarian,  author  of  a  "Homeric 
Lexicon"  (ed.  by  Bekker  1833). 

ApoUoniuS,  surnamed  Dyscolus.  [Gr.  SiiaKoTiog, 
ill-tempered.]  Born  at  Alexandria :  flourished 
during  the  reigns  of  Hadrian  and  Antoninus 
Pius.  A  celebrated  Alexandrian  grammarian. 
Only  a  few  of  his  numerous  works  are  extant ;  that  "  On 
Syntax"  (ed.  byBekkerl817)  ia  the  most  famous.  He  and 
his  son,  islius  Herodian,  are  called  by  Friscian  the  great- 
est of  grammarians.  He  is  said  to  have  lived  in  extreme 
Doverty. 

ApoUonius,  surnamed  Molon.  Bom  at  Ala- 
banda,  Caria:  lived  about  80  b.  c.  A  Greek 
rhetorician,  an  instructor  of  Cicero  and  Csesar. 

ApoUonius,  surnamed  Pergseus  (from  his  birth- 
place). Bom  at  Perga,  Pamphylla,  Asia  Minor: 
lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  3d  century  B.  c. 
A  Greek  geometrician  educated  at  Alexandria, 
surnamed  "  The  Great  Geometer."  His  chief  work 
is  a  treatise  on  •'  Conic  Sections  "  (ed.  by  Halley  1710)  in 
eight  books,  of  which  the  first  foar  are  extant  in  Oreek 
and  all  but  the  eighth  in  Arabic. 

ApoUonius,  surnamed  Rhodius  ('of  Rhodes ')• 
Bom  at  Alexandria  or  at  Naueratis,  about  285 
B.  c.  A  Greek  epic  poet,  author  of  the  "Ar- 
gonautica."  Being  unsuccessful  in  Alexandria,  he  went 
to  Rhodes  (whence  his  surname)  where  he  lectured  on 
rhetoric,  but  later  returned  to  the  former  city. 

ApoUonius.  Born  at  Tralles,  Caria:  flour- 
ished, probably,  at  the  beginning  of  the  1st 
century  A.  d.  A  Greek  sculptor  who,  with  his 
brother,  carved  the  so-called  Pamese  Bull 
(which  see). 

ApoUonius,  sximamed  Tyanaeus  (from  his  birth- 
place). BornatTyana,Cappadocia,  AsiaMinor, 
about  4  B.  c. :  died  about  97  (?)  A.  D.  A  Pytha- 
gorean philosopher  and  reputed  magician  and 
wonder-worker,  whose  life  and  supposed  mira- 
cles have  often  been  compared  with  those  of 
Christ.  "He  studied  first  in  the  Greek  schools  at  Tarsus, 
and  was  led  to  the  adoption  of  the  Pythagorean  philoso- 
phy. This  he  combined  with  the  legerdemain  practised 
in  some  of  the  Asclepeia,  and  a  journey  to  the  old  seats 
of  magic  in  Babylonia  and  Persia,  and  to  the  confines  of 
India,  initiated  him  into  the  theurgic  practices  of  the 
East."  His  life  by  Philostratus,  which  is  largely,  if  not 
wholly,  fabulous  (and  which  was  doubtless  written  for  a 
controversial  purpose),  presents  striking  similarities  with 
that  of  Jesus.  Divine  honors  were  paid  to  him  In  the  3d 
century,  and  his  bust  was  placed  by  Alexander  Severus  in 
his  lararium  with  those  of  Abraham,  Orpheus,  and  Christ. 

ApoUonius  of  Tyre.  1.  A  Stoic  philosopher 
Iwing  in  the  reign  of  Ptolemy  Auletes,  men- 
tioned by  Diogenes  Laertius  as  the  author  of 
a  work  on  Zeno,  and  by  Strabo  as  the  author 
of  another  work  which  seems  to  have  been  a  t6- 
sum6  of  the  philosophers  and  their  writings 
from  the  time  of  Zeno.— 2.  The  king  of  Tyre, 
in  the  romance  named  for  him  (which  see). 

ApoUonius  ot  Tyre,  History  of.  An  old 
Greek  romance  of  uncertain  date  and  author- 
ship. Antiochus,  king  of  Syria,  to  prevent  his  daugh- 
ter's marriage,  demands  of  her  suitors,  as  the  price  of  her 
hand  the  solution  ot  a  riddle  containing  an  allusion  to 
his  incestuous  passion  for  her.  This  is  accomplished  by 
ApoUonius  of  Tyre,  whom  Antiochus  then  seeks  to  slay. 
ApolloniUS  escapes,  marries  the  daughter  of  another  king, 
and  returns  to  take  the  sovereignty  of  Syria.  The  rest  of 
the  tale  is  occupied  with  the  adventures  of  his  daughter 
and  wife. 

Besides  the  Latin  prose  version  already  mentioned,  the 
romance,  ot  history,  of  ApoUonius  [of  Tyre)  was  translated 
into  Latin  verse  about  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century,  by 
Godfrey  of  Viterbo,  who  introduced  it  in  his  Pantheon,  or 
Universal  Chronicle,  as  part  of  the  history  of  Antiochus 
the  Third  of  Syria.  It  was  also  inserted  in  the  Gesta  Eo- 
manorum  which  was  written  in  the  fourteenth  century, 
and  became  soon  after  the  subject  of  a  French  prose 
romance,  which  was  the  origin  of  the  ^gllsh_  Kynge 
Apolyne  o!  Tyre,  printed  by  Wynkm  de  Worde  in  1610. 
It  was  from  the  metrical  version,  however,  of  Godfrey  of 
Viterbo  that  the  story  came  to  Gower,  who  has  told  it 
with  little  variation  in  his  Conf essio  Amantis.  Gower  is 
introduced  as  speaking  the  prologue  to  each  of  the  five 
acts  of  Pericles,  Prince  of  Tyre;  whence  it  may  be  pre- 
sumed that  the  author  of  that  play  derived  his  plot  from 
the  English  poet.  The  drama  of  Pencles,  as  is  well  known, 
has  been  the  subject  of  much  discussion ;  the  composition 
of  the  whole,  or  greater  part,  of  it  having  been  attributed 
to  Shakspeare  by  some  of  his  commentators,  chiefly  on 

Ae  autliority  of  Dryden.        _.  ^    ,  ,^    .  ii.i„«„.,   i  ai 
Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  1.  84. 

ApoUos  (a-pol'os).  [Gr.  'ATtoMg.a,  shortened 
form  of  'A^o}i.^vco!:.'i   Plounshed  aboutthe  mid- 


67 


AppenzeU  Inner  Bbodes 


die  of  the  1st  century  a.  d.    An  Alexandrian  Apostolic  Council,  The.    The  first  conference 


Jew  who  came  to  Ephesus  about  49  a.  d.,  where 
he  was  converted  by.  Aquila  and  Priscilla.  He 
went  to  meet  Paul  at  Corinth,  and  was  with  Paul  at  Ephe- 
sus when  the  First  Epistle  to  the  Corinthians  was  writ- 
ten. He  was  a  man  of  great  ability  and  attainments,  and 
the  attachment  of  his  immediate  disciples  to  him  was 
such  as  almost  to  create  a  schism  in  the  church. 


or  synod  of  the  Christian  church,  it  was  held  at. 
Jerusalem  60  (51?)  A.  D.  by  the  churches  of  Jerusalem  and 
Antioch  to  settle  the  personal  relation  between  the  Jewish 
and  gentile  apostles,  to  divide  the  field  of  labor  between 
them,  to  decide  the  question  of  circumcision,  and  to  de- 
fine the  relation  between  the  Jewish  and  gentile  Christians. 
Acts  XV. 


ApoUyon  (a-pol'ion).     [Gr.  'Anomov,  render-  Apostolic  Fathers,    The.      Those  Christian 


ing  the  HetJ.  Abaddon;  prop.  adj.  airoiXiav,  de 
stroying.]  The  angel  of  the  bottomless  pit 
mentioned  in  Rev.  ix.  11.  He  is  introduced  by  Bun- 
yan  in  the  "Pilgrim's  Progress,"  and  has  a  terrible  com- 
bat with  the  pilgrim  Christian. 

Apologia  Socratis.    See  Apology  of  Socrates. 

Apologie  for  Foetrie.  A  work  by  Sir  Philip 
Sidney,  written  in  1580  or  1581,  published  in 
1595  after  his  death.  It  is  a  plea  for  the  poet's 
art.    Also  Defence  of  Poetrie. 


writers  who  were  contemporary  with  any  of 
the  apostles.  They  are  Barnabas,  Clement 
of  Rome,  Ignatius,  Polycarp,  Hermas,  and 
Papias. 

Apostolics  (ap-os-tol'iks),  or  Apostolicals  (ap- 
os-tol'i-kalz).  In  Spanish  history,  a  political 
party  which  supported  the  Catholic  Church  and 
absolute  government,  it  dated  from  the  restoration 
of  the  Bourbons,  and  lasted  till  about  1833,  when  it  was 


absorbed  by  the  Carlists. 

Apology  for -Actors,  An.  A  work  in  three  ^^^^rf  oM  D^d  ;Sl^^bS^80^- aE 
books  by  Thomas  Heywood,  published  in  1612,  AmxjrtAwf . J  Died  m  Orete  aDout  MHU  AUreelc 
and  reprinted  in  1658  by  William  Cartwright;     f^^^^'^  °^  Constantmople,  who  fled  to  Italy  in 

with  some  alterations,  under  the  title  of  "The    »  ___4. i  /x „  t;;vN  c„„..~i    ■d„™,  icqq.  /i-„ j 

Actors'  Vindication."  Apostool  (a-pos-tol  ),  Samuel.  Boml638:  died 

Apology  of  Socrates.    Plato's  version  of  the 

defense  of  Socrates  before  his  judges.   (See 

Socrates.)  A  similar  work  attributed  to  Xeno- 

phon  is  spurious. 
Apopi.    See  Apepi. 
Apostate  (a-pos'tat),  The.    A  surname  of  the 

Roman  emperor  Julian. 
Apostate,  The.    A  tragedy  by  Richard  Lalor 

Sheil,  produced  in  1817.    Junius  Brutus  Booth 

was  celebrated  as  Pescara  in  this  play. 


about  the  beginning  of  the  18th  century.  A 
Dutch  Mennonite  preacher  at  Amsterdam.  He 
became  involved  in  a  dispute  in  1662  with  his  colleague 
Hans  Galenus,  who  maintained  that  Christianity  is  notso 
much  a  body  of  dogma  as  a  practical  life.  The  formation 
of  two  parties,  Galenists  and  Apostoolians  or  Apostoolists,. 
resulted,  which  were  reunited  in  1801. 

Apotheosis  of  Augustus.  The  largest  existing 
cameo,  in  the  Cabinet  des  M6dailles,.  Paris. 
It  is  of  Roman  workmanship,  and  is  carved  in  a  sardonyr 
nearly  a  foot  across.  There  are  26  figures,  among  them 
Augustus,  XneoB,  Julius  Caesar,  Tiberius,  and  Caligula. 


Apostle  Islands  (a-pos'l  i'landz).    A  group  Apotheosis  of  Venice.  A  masterpiece  of  Paolo 


of  islands  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Lake 

Superior,  belonging  to  Wisconsin. 
Apostle  of  Andalusia,  The.    Juan  de  Avila. 
Apostle  of  Ardennes,  The.    St.  Hubert. 
Apostle  of  Brazil,  The.    The  Jesuit  Jos6  de 

Anchieta. 

Apostle  of  Free  Trade,  The.    Richard  Cob- 
den. 

Apostle  of  Germany,  The.    St.  Boniface. 
Apostle  of  Infidelity,  The.    Voltaire. 
Apostle  of  Ireland,  The.    St.  Patrick. 
Apostle  of  Feru,  The.    The  Jesuit  Alonso  de 

Baroena. 
Apostle  of  Temperance,  The, 

thew. 
Apostle  of  the  English,  The.    Augustine  the 

missionary  to  England. 
Apostle  of  the  French,  The.    St.  Denis. 
Apostle  to  the  Friesians,  The.  St.  Willibrod, 

missionary  to  Friesland. 
Apostle  of  the  Gauls,  The.    St.  Irenteus. 
Apostle  of  the  Gentiles,  The.    St.  Paul. 
Apostle  of  the  Highlanders,  The.     St.  Co- 

lumba. 

Apostle  of  the  Indians,  The.    John  Eliot. 
Apostle  of  the  Indies,  The.    St.  Francis  Xa- 

vier. 

Apostle  of  the  Iroctuois,  The.  F.  Piquet. 
Apostle  of  the  North,  The.    1.  Ansgar.— 3. 

Bernard  Gilpin,  an  evangelist  on  the  English 

border. 
Apostle  of  the  Feak,  The. 

a  preacher  of  Derbyshire. 
Apostle  of  the  Picts,  The. 
Apostle  of  the  Scots,  The. 
Apostle  of  the  Slavs,  The 


Veronese,  in  the  middle  of  the  ceiling  of  the 
Sala  del  Maggior  Consiglio  of  the  ducal  palaca 
at  Venice. 
Apoxyomenos  (a-pok-si-om'e-nos).  [Gr.  airo^v6- 
uevo^,  scraping  oneself  (i.  e.  with  the  strigU).} 
The  athlete  with  the  strigil,  a  notable  statu* 
in  the  Vatican,  Rome.  It  is  an  antique  copy  of  a 
celebrated  bronze  of  Lysippus,  embodying  that  master's 
canon  of  the  proportions  of  the  human  figure. 

Appalachee  Bay  (ap-a-laeh'e  ba).  An  arm  of 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  western  coast  of 
Florida,  about  lat.  30°  N.,  long.  84°  15'  W. 

Appalachee  Indians.    See  ApalacU. 
Theobald  Ma-  Appalachia  (ap-a-lach'i-a).    A  region  of  4,500 
square  miles  in  area  in  the  western  part  of  Vir- 
ginia, lying  west  of  the  valley  of  Virginia. 

Appalachian  Mountains  (ap-a-laoh'i-an  or  ap- 
a-la'chi-an  moun'tanz) .  [Named  from  the  Ap- 
palachee  or  Apalaehi  Indians.]  A  great  moun- 
tain system  in  the  eastern  part  of  NorthAmeriea, 
which  extends  from  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence 
to  northern  AlabaVna:  often,  but  less  properly, 
called  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  from  its  chief 
division.  The  system  comprises  the  mountains  of  GaBp6 
Peninsula  (St.  Anne  Mountains,  Shickshock  Mountains), 
the  White  Mountains,  the  Green  Mountains,  the  Hoosac 
Range,  the  Taconic  Range,  the  Adirondacks,  the  Helder- 
berg  Mountains,  the  Catskills,  the  Shawangunk  Moun- 
tains, the  Blue  Ridge,  the  Alleghanies  proper.  South 
Mountain,  tlie  Blue  Mountains,  the  Laurel  Hill  ana  Chest- 
nut Ridge  ranges,  the  Black  Mountains,  the  Stone  Moun- 
tains, the  Bald  Mountains,  the  Cumberland  Mountains, 
the  Great  Smoky  Mountains,  the  Unaka  Mountains,  ana 
some  lesser  groups.  It  contains  large  deposits  of  coal  and 
iron.  It  is  cut  by  the  Connecticut,  Hudson,  Delaware, 
Susquehanna,  Potomac,  Kanawha,  Tennessee,  and  other 
rivers.  Its  length  is  about  1,600  miles,  and  its  greatest 
width  (in  Pennsylvania)  about  ISO  miles.  Its  highest  point 
is  Mitchell's  Peak,  in  North  Carolina,  which  is  6,710  feet 
high. 


William  Bagshaw, 

St.  Ninian. 
John  Knox. 
St.  Cyril. 


Apostles'  Creed,  The.  A  primitive  creed  of  Appalachicola  (ap-a-lach-i-ko'la).  A  river  of 
the  Christian  church,  not  of  apostolic  origin,  .^g^tem  Florida,  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
but  a  product  of  the  Western  Church  during  the  j,^^^  ^^^  Chattahoochee,  which  flows  into  St. 
flrst  four  centuries,  not  now  assignable  to  any  (jgorge's  Sound,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  lat.  29°  45^ 
individual  author,  it  was  originally  a  baptismal  con-  j^  lone  85°  W.  It  is  about  90  miles  long  and 
fession,  and  was  intended  to  be  a  popular  summary  of  apos-     jg'^avigable 

fuse  mstmctions,   relating   to  the  duties  of    j^^^^^  ^^jrounded  by  the  canton  of  St.  Gall  ancE 

divided  into  two  half-cantons,  AppenzeU  Inner- 
Rhodes  and  AppenzeU  Outer  Rhodes,  it  has 
manufactures  of  muslin,  silk,  and  embroidery.  It  passed 
under  the  control  of  the  abbots  of  St.  Gall;  won  its  inde- 


fuse  instructions,   relating 

clergy  and  laity, to  ecclesiastical  discipline,  and 

to  ceremonies,  divided  into  eight  books.    They 

profess  to  be  the  words  of  the  apostles,  written  down  by 

Clement  of  Rome,  but  are  considerably  later  than  apostolic 

times. 

The  flrst  sixbooks,  which  have  a  strong  Jewish-Christian 
tone,  are  the  original  basis,  and.  according  to  recent  inves- 
tigations were  composed,  with  the  exception  of  some 
later  interpolations,  at  the  end  of  the  third  century,  in 
Syria  (or  Asia  Minor).  The  seventh  and  eighth  books,  .•„-__■, i 
each  of  which,  however,  forms  an  independent  piece,  are  Appenzeil. 
later  additions,  and  date  from  the  beginning  of  the  fourth 
century,  at  all  events  from  a  period  before  the  Council  of 
Nicsaa  (325).     The  collection  of  the  three  parts  into  one 


pendence  in  the  beginning  of  the  16th  century ;  was  allied 
with  the  confederated  cantons  in  1452 ;  was  admitted  into 
the  confederation  in  1613 :  and  was  divided  into  the  half- 
cantons  in  1697.  Area,  162  square  miles.  Population 
(1888),  67,106. 

Lppenzell.  The  capital  of  the  half-canton  of 
Appenzeil  Inner  Rhodes,  in  lat.  47°  20'  N.,  long. 
9°  24'  E.  It  has  two  monasteries.  Population 
(1888),  4,477. 


''''°'''^''tM:i^^':XTo^.^'^^^ci^n°%.  ippenkeil  liiner  Khodes,  G.  AppenzeU  In- 


Appenzell  Inner  Bhodes 
nerrhoden.   A  half -canton,  capital  Appenzell,  Appleton,  Samuel 


08 


Aquarius 


occupying  the  southeastern  portion  of  the  can- 
ton of  Appenzell.  The  religion  is  Roman  CathoUo 
and  the  language  German.  It  sends  one  member  to  the 
National  CounoiL    Population  (1888),  12,906. 

Appenzell  Outer  Rhodes,  G.  Appenzell  Aus- 
serrhoden.  A  half-canton,  capital  Trogen, 
which  occupies  the  northern  and  western  parts 
of  the  canton  of  Appenzell.  The  religion  is  Protes- 
tant, and  the  language  German.  It  sends  three  members 
to  the  National  Council.    Population  (1888),  64,200. 

Apperley  (ap'fer-li),  Charles  James.    Bom  in 

Denbighshire,  Wales,  1777 :  died  at  London, 
May  19,  1843.  An  English  writer  on  sporting 
matters  (under  the  pseudonym  "Nimrod"). 

Appian  (ap'i-an),  L.  Appianus.  [Gr.  'AirwiavS;.'] 
Born  at  Alexandria :  lived  in  Eome  dui-ing  the 
reigns  of  Trajan,  Hadrian,  and  Antoninus  Pius. 
A  Roman  historian,  author  of  a  history  of 
Eome  (in  Greek)  in  twenty-four  books,  of 
which  eleven,  and  parts  of  others,  are  extant. 
It  is  a  compilation  from  earlier  writers. 

Appiani  (ap-pe-a'ne),  Andrea.  Bom  at  Milan, 
May  23,  1754:  died  at  Milan,  Nov.  8,  1817.  A 
noted  Italian  fresco-painter. 

Appian  Way,  L.  Via  Appia.  The  most  fa- 
mous of  the  ancient  Eoman  highways.  It  ran  from 
Borne  to  Brundisium  (Brindisi),  and  is  probably  the  first 
great  Eoman  road  which  was  formally  undertaken  as  a 


. ,  Born  at  New  Ipswich, 

N.  H.,  June  22, 1766:  died  at  Boston,  July  12, 
1853.  An  American  merchant  and  philanthro- 
pist. He  established  himself  with  his  brother  Nathan 
as  an  importer  in  Boston  in  1794,  and  later  engaged  exten- 
sively in  cotton  manufacture  at  Waltham  and  Lowell. 

Appleton,  Thomas  Oold.  Born  at  Boston, 
March  31,  1812 :  died  at  New  York,  April  17, 
1884.  Aprose-writer,  poet,  and  amateur  painter.    .    _> „ /Kr"llT„„«/\ 

Appold  fap'<^d)  Joh^  George    Bom JtLon-  APfheT  ^-P;^t-f-  ) 
don,  April  14,  1800 :  died  at  Cbfton,  Aug.  31, 
1865.     An  English  mechanician.   He  was  the  in- 
ventor of  a  form  of  centrifugal  pump  and  of  a  break  wliich 
was  used  in  laying  the  first  Atlantic  cable. 

Appomattox  Court  House  (ap-6-mat'oks  kort 


ApsethUB  who  in  Libya  trained  some  parrots  to  say,  "  Ap- 
sethus  is  a  god,"  and  then  let  them  loose.  They  flew 
abroad,  all  over  Libya  and  as  far  as  Greece.  He  obtained 
divine  worship.  But  a  clever  Greek  found  out  the  trick, 
caught  some  of  the  parrots,  and  taught  them  to  say,  "  Ap- 
sethuB  shut  us  up,  and  taught  us  to  say,  'Apsethus  is  a 
god.'"  He  let  them  fly  to  Libya.  Upon  which  the  Liby- 
ans burned  Apsethus  as  an  impostor.  This  is  an  old  story 
told  of  Hanno  the  Carthaginian. 

MUman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  11.  64,  note. 


_^ ^  A  peninsula  in  Trans- 

caucasia, itussia,  which  projects  into  the  Cas- 
pian Sea  and  terminates  m  Cape  Apsheron,  in 
lat.  40°  20'  N.,  long.  50°  25'  E.  it  is  noted  for  its 
petroleum-wells  (in  the  vicinity  of  Baku)  and  its  mud 
volcanoes. 


ippomajTOX  v,ouri  aouse  (ap-o-mat  oks  Kon  j-^^^_  ^  j,^    residence  of  the  Duke  of 

hous).  Ayillage  and  the  capital  of  Appomattox  ■^ItKn  at  Hyde  Park  Comer  in  London. 

It  was  built  for  Lord  Bathurst  in  1786,  purchased  by  the  gov- 
ernment in  1820,  and  presented  to  the  Duke  of  Wellington 


County,  Virginia,  situated  about  25  mUes  east 
of  Lynchburg.  Here,  April  9, 1865,  General  Lee  sur- 
rendered theConfederate  army  of  Northern  Virginia  (about 
26,000)  to  General  Grant,  practically  endingthe  Civil  War. 
Appomattox  River.    A  river  of  Virginia,  join- 


as  part  of  the  national  reward  for  his  services.  It  contains 
a  picture-gallery  with  sevei'al  pictures  by  Velasquez,  a 
Correggio,  several  Wouvermans,  a  Parmigiano,  etc. 


ing  the  James  Ei ver  20  miles  southeast  of  Rich-  Apt  (apt).    A  town  in  the  department  of  Van- 


moud.  It  is  about  150  miles  long,  and  is  navi 
gable  for  about  15  miles. 

Apponyi  (op'p6n-ye).  Count  Antal  GySrgy. 
Bom  Dec.  4, 1751 :  died  March  17, 1817.  A  Hun- 
garian statesman,  founder  of  the  Apponyi  Li- 
brary at  Presburg. 

Apponyi,  Count  Antal.  Bom  Sept.  7,  1782: 
died  Oct.  17,  1852.     A  Hungarian  diplomatist. 


public  work.    It  was  begun  in  312  B.  c.  by  Appius  Claudius  ,        _ 

€gbcus,  the  censor,  who  carried  it  as  far  as  Capua.    The    ^on  of  Antal  Gyorgy  Apponyi. 

next  stage  of  the  work  extended  it  to  Beneventum,  and  it  Apponvi.  Count  Gyorgy.    Bom  Dec.  29,  1808 

probably  did  not  reach  Brundisium  until  244  B.  c,  when     rffj  Tir_i.i-  -.    -lor."       a'ti :__ 

■a  Itoman  colony  was  inaugurated  there.  At  present  the 
Appian  Way,  for  a  long  distance  after  it  leaves  Kome, 
forms  one  of  the  most  notable  memorials  of  antiquity  in 
or  near  the  Eternal  City,  bordered  as  it  is  by  tombs  and 
the  ruins  of  monumental  buildings.   Long  stretches 


died  March  1,  1899.  A  Hungarian  statesman, 
grandson  of  Antal  Gyorgy  Apponyi .  He  was  conrt 
chancellor  and  conservative  leader  before  the  insurrection 
of  1848-49,  and  laterjiationalist  leader. 

Born  Aug.  1, 1812 : 


of  the  Apponyi,  Count  Rudolph 

pavement  remain  perfect,  and  show  that  the  width  of  the     died  at  Venice,  May  31, 

diplomatist,  son  of  Antal  Apponyi.     He  was  ap- 


pointed Austrian  minister  (1856)  and  ambassador  (1860)  at 

the  court  of  St.  James,  was  relieved  in  1871,  and  was 

transferred  to  Paris  in  1872. 
Appuleia  gens.    In  ancient  Eome,  a  plebeian 

clan  or  house  whose  family  names  are  Deoia- 

nus,  Pansa,  and  Saturninus. 
Appuleius.    See  Apuleius. 


roadway  proper  was  only  15  feet. 

Appiano  (ap-pe-a'no).  An  Italian  family,  rulers 
of  Piombino  from  the  14th  to  the  17th  cen- 
tury. Its  founder  was  Jaeopo  I.,  lord  of  Pisa 
1392-98. 

Appii  Forum  (ap'i-i  f  6'rum).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  station  on  the  Appian  Way  40  miles 
southeast  of  Eome. 

Appin  (ap'in).  A  small  district  in  Argyllshire, 
Scotland,  lying  along  the  eastern  coast  of  Loch 
Linnhe. 

Appius  and  Virginia  (ap'i-us  and  v6r-jin'i-a). 
A  tragedy  by  Webster,  printed  in  1654.  See  Ap- 
pius Claudius  (under  Claudius),  and  Virginia. 
The  story,  originally  told  by  Livy,  forms  the  flrst  novel  of 
the  nineteenth  day  in  the  "  Pecorone  di  Giovanni  Horen- 
tino,"  published  in  1378,  and  was  reproduced  in  Painter's 

"Palace  of  Pleasure"  (flrst  ed.  1566)  two  centuries  later.  Apricona  (a-pre-cha'na) 
There  is  a  version  of  it  in  the  "Koman  de  la  Hose."     ;^„^  „f  !?„>,„!„    TfoW  9Si 
Chaucer  tells  it  in  "The  Doctors  Tale,    and  Gower  em- 
bodied it  in  his  "Confessio  Amantia."    There  was  an  ear- 
lier play,  "  The  Tragical  Comedy  of  Apius  and  Virginia,"  by  AprieS  (a'pri-ez), 
an  unknown  author  whose  initials  were  E.B.    Itwasprob-     -^  -       —     -    -    - 
ably  acted  as  early  as  1663,  though  not  printed  till  1675. 
John  Dennis  also  wrote  a  tragedy  with  this  name  in  1709. 

Appius  Claudius.    See  Claudius. 

Appleby  (ap'l-bi).  The  capital  of  Westmore- 
land, England,  situated  on  the  Eden  28  miles 
southeast  of  Carlisle.  Population  (1891),  1,776. 

Appleton.  The  capital  of  Outagamie  County, 
Wisconsin,  situated  at  the  falls  of  Fox  River 
in  lat.  44°  18'  N.,  long.  88°  21'  W.  Ithasihann- 
factures  of  paper,  etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  Lawrence  Univer- 
sity (Methodist  Episcopal).    Population  (lOOO),  15,086. 

Appleton  (ap'l-ton),  Charles  Edward  Cutts 
Birch.  Born  at'^eading,  England,  March  16, 
1841:  died  at  Luxor,  Upper  Egypt,  Feb.  1, 1879.  April  (a'pril) 


cluse,  France,  situated  on  the  Calavon  28  miles 
east  by  south  of  Avignon :  the  ancient  Apta 
Julia  (a  city  of  the  Vulgientes).  It  contains  im- 
portant Roman  antiquities  and  a  cathedral.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  6,726. 
Apuan  (ap'u-an)  Alps.  A  chain  of  the  north- 
em  Apennines,  situated  near  Carrara,  Italy,  it 
is  separated  from  the  main  range  of  the  Apennines  by  the 
upper  valleys  of  the  Serchio  and  Magra. 

Apuleius,  or  Appuleius  (ap-u-le'us),  Lucius. 
Born  at  Medaura,  Numidia,  about  125  A.  D. 
A  Eoman  Platonic  philosopher  and  rhetorician, 
author  of  a  famous  romance,  the  "Metamor- 
phoses, or  The  Golden  Ass."  He  also  wrote 
an  "  Apology,"  philosophical  works,  etc.     See 

iB7fi      A  Tr„„™ ;„„     Golden  Ass,  The. 

fit  A  ""rerf "  Apulia  (a-pu'li-a).  It.  Puglia  (pS'lva)  In  an- 
cient  geography,  a  region  in  Italy  between 
the  Apennines  and  the  Adriatic,  south  of  the 
Frentani  and  east  of  Samnium,  conquered  by 
Eome  in  the  4th  century  B.  C.  Later  it  included 
the  Messapian  Peninsula.  It  was  made  a  duchy  under 
the  Normans  in  the  middle  of  the  nth  century.  The 
ancient  inhabitants  were  the  Dauni,  Peucetii,  and  Salen- 
tini  or  Messapians. 


Apraxm  (a-prak'si^,  Feodor.  Born  1671:  died  ApuUa  (a-pe'li-a).    A  compartimento  of  the 
Nov.  10,  1728.    A  Eussian  admiral,  the  chief    modern  kingdom  of  Italy,  comprising  the  prov- 


coUaborator  of  Peter  the  Great  in  the  founding 
of  the  Eussian  navy.  He  served  with  distinction  in 
the  wars  against  Sweden,  Turkey,  and  Persia. 
Apraxin,  Stefan.  Died  in  prison,  Aug.  31, 
1758.  A  Eussian  general,  conqueror  of  the 
Prussians  at  Gross-Jagerndorf,  Aug.  30,  1757. 
He  was  arrested  for  conspiracy. 

A  town  in  the  prov- 


inces of  Foggia,  Bari,  and  Lecce.    It  is  one  of 
the  least  prosperous  districts  of  Italy.    Area,  7,376  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  1,778,323. 
Apure  (a-p6-ra').  A  river  in  western  Venezuela, 
one  of  the  principal  tributaries  of  the  Orinoco, 
which  it  joins  in  lat.  7°  35'  N.,  long.  66°  50'  W. 
Its  length  is  about  600  miles,  and  it  is  naviga- 
ble in  its  lower  part, 
inoe  of  Foggia,  Italy,  25  miles  north  of  Foggia.  Apurimac    (a-po-re-mak').     [Quichua   apu, 
Poj)ulation,  about  5,000.  chief,  and  rimac,  oracle.]     A  department  in 

^.pries  (a'pri-ez).     [Gr.  'ATrpiT/g,  in  LXX  Ovafp^,    the  interior  of  southern  Peru.     Population, 
Heb.  Sophrd,  Egypt.   Uahal)ra.']    A  king  of    about  140,000. 
Egypt,  the  Pharaoh  Hophra  of  the  Bible,  who  Apurimac.    The  southernmost  head  stream  of 


reigned  about  590-570  B.  c, 

Nebuchadnezzar  was  still  king  of  Babylon,  while  Apries 
had  (in  B.  0.  688)  succeeded  his  father,  Psamatik  II.,  as 
monarch  of  Egypt.  The  feud  between  the  two  powers 
was  still  raging,  and  Apries,  about  B.  0.  670,  determined 
on  an  invasion  of  Syria  both  by  sea  and  land,  with  the 
object  of  aggrandizing  his  own  country  at  the  expense  of  ApUS  (a'pus) 
the  Babylonians.  Herodotus  tells  us  that  his  fleet  en-  -'^  -  ■* 
gaged  that  of  Tyre,  while  his  land  army  attacked  Sidon. 
Diodorus  adds  that  he  defeated  the  combined  navies  of 
Phceuicia  and  Cyprus  in  a  great  sea-flght,  after  which  he 
took  Sidon,  and  made  himself  master  of  the  entire  Phoe- 
nician seaboard.  Hawlinson,  Phoenicia,  p.  182. 


An  English  journalist  and  man  of  letters.  He 
was  the  founder  of  the  "Academy"  (the  flrst  number  of 
which  appeared  Oct.  9, 1869)  and  its  editor  1869-79. 

Appleton,  Daniel.  Bom  at  Haverhill,  Mass., 
Dee.  10,  1785 :  died  at  New  York,  March  27, 
1849.  An  American  bookseller  and  publisher, 
f  oxmder  of  the  publishing  house  of  D.  Appleton 
and  Company,  New  Tork. 

Appleton,  Jesse.  Born  at  New  Ipswich,  N.  H., 
Nov.  17,  1772 :  died  at  Brunswick,  Maine,  Nov. 
An  American  clergyman  and  educa- 


[ME.  Aprile,  Aprille,  etc.  (AS. 


rarely  Aprelis),  also  and  earlier  Averil,  Averel, 
Averylle,  OF.  Avrill,  P.  Avril  =  Pr.  Sp.  Pg.  Abril 
=  It.  Aprile  =  D.  April  =  MHG.  Aprille,  Abrille, 
Abrelle,  Aprill,  G.  April  =  Dan.  Sw.  April,  from 
Ti.Aprilis  (so.  mensis,  month),  April;  usually, 
but  fancifully,  regarded  as  if  from  *aperilis, 
from  aperire,  open,  as  the  month  when  the  earth 
'opens'  to  produce  new  fruits.]  The  fourth 
month  of  the  year,  containing  thirty  days.  With 
poets  April  is  the  type  of  inconstancy,  from  the  change- 
ableness  of  its  weather. 


the  Ucayale,  and  hence  of  the  Amazon,  in  Peru, 
rising  about  15°  10'  S. ,  and  flowing  north.  From 
the  confluence  of  the  Mantaro  (12°  S.)  it  is  called  the  En« 
to  its  junction  with  the  Peren^ ;  thence  to  the  Ucayale  it 
is  known  as  the  Tambii.  The  entire  length  to  the  Ucayale 
is  about  600  miles. 

,  [NL.,  from  Gr.  &7rovQ,  without 
feet.]  (5ne  of  the  southern  constellations 
formed  in  the  16th  century,  probably  by  Petrus 
Theodori;  the  Bird  of  Paradise,  it  is  situated 
south  of  the  Triangulum  Australe,  and  its  brightest  star 
is  of  the  fourth  magnitude. 

Aquae  Galidse  (a'kwe  kal'i-de).  [L.,  'hot 
springs.']  In  ancient  geography :  (a)  The  mod- 
em Vichy.  (6)  A  place  in  Mauretania  Csesari- 
ensis,  south  of  Csesarea.    (c)  Same  as  Aguse 


12    1819       .lii.  .ClUiV.iiUU.i*  W».--SJ 

tor,  president  of  Bowdoin  College  1807-19.    He  Apsaras  (ap'sa-ras),  pi.  Apsarases.  In  Hindu 
was  father-in-law  of  President  Franklin  Pierce,    mythology,  one  of  a  class  of  female  spmts 

which  reside  in  the  breezes.  They  are  wives  of  the 
Gandharvas,  have  the  power  of  changing  their  forms, 
are  fond  of  dice,  and  give  good  fortune  in  play.  They 
are  seldom  mentioned  in  the  Rigveda,  while  in  the  Athar- 
vaveda  they  are  objects  of  fear,  regarded  as  occasion- 
ing madness,  and  incantations  are  used  against  them. 
Later  works  mention  various  classes  with  distinctive 
names.  They  are  distinguished  as  daivika,  'divine,'  or 
lauHka,  '  worldly,'  the  former  ten,  the  latter  thirty-four. 
These,  like  Urvasi,  fascinated  heroes,  and,  like  Menaka 


was 

Appleton,  John.  Bom  at  Beverly,  Mass.,  Feb 
11,  1815:  died  at  Portland,  Maine,  Aug.  22, 
1864.  An  American  politician  and  diplomatist. 
He  was  graduated  from  Bowdoin  College  in  1834 ;  com- 
menced the  practice  of  law  at  Portland,  Maine,  1837 ;  was 
Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Maine  1851-63 ;  and 
was  appointed  minister  to  Russia  by  President  Buchanan 
in  1860. 

Appleton,  Nathan.  Born  at  New  Ipswich, 
N.  H.,  Oct.  6, 1779 :  died  at  Boston,  July  14, 1861. 
An  American  manufacturer  and  political  econ- 
omist, brother  of  Samuel  Appleton,  and  one     

of  the  three  founders  of  the  town  of  Lowell,  Apsethus  (ap-se'thus). 
Massachusetts.  He  was  member  of  Congress  According  to  the  Philosor 
from  Massachusetts  1831-33  and  1842.  Samaria  oaUed  himself  a  God,  in  imitation  of  a  certain 


Aause  Sextise  (a'kwe  seks'ti-e).  [L.,  'springs 
of  Sextius'  (C.  Sextius  Calvinus,  proconsul).] 
The  Eoman  name  of  Aix,  France.  Scene  of  the 
great  victory  of  Marius  over  the  Teutones,  Ambrones,  and 
some  other  Germanic  tribes,  B.  0. 102. 

Aquse  Solis  (a'kwe  so'lis).  [L.,  'springs  or 
baths  of  the  sun.']  The  Eoman  name  of  Bath, 
England. 

A  city  remarkable  for  its  splendid  ediflces,  its  temples, 
its  buildings  for  public  amusement,  and  still  more  so  for 
its  medicinal  baths.  Eor  this  latter  reason  it  was  called 
Aquse  Soils,  the  Waters  of  the  Sun,  and  for  the  same 
cause  its  representative  in  modem  times  has  received  the 
name  of  Bath.  Remains  of  the  Roman  bathing-houses 
have  been  discovered  in  the  course  of  modern  excava- 
tions. Among  its  temples  was  a  magnificent  one  dedi- 
cated to  Minerva,  who  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  patron 
goddess  of  the  place. 

Wright,  Celt,  Roman,  and  Saxon,  p.  143. 
and"Rambhi^'allured~sages  from  their  devotions.    The  Aquambo  (a-kwam-bo').    A  region  on  the  Gold 
Apsarases  are  Indra's  hand-maidens,  and  conduct  to  his     Coast,  Africa,  about  lat.  6°-7°  N.,  long.  1°  E. 
heaven  warriors  faUen  in  battle,  where  they  become  their  Aquapim  (S-kwa-pem').     A  region  on  the  Gold 
'^"^■-  -■--      -      ~       •         ■       ■  Coast,  Africa,  about  lat.  6°  N„  long.  0°. 

According  to  the  Philosophumena,  Simon  of  Gettim  in  Aquarius    (a-kwa'ri-us).     [L.,    'the   Water- 
-"    .      s.  ,,._„.  ;^_ J  .-  =-■».».. — « -  — t.i_    bearer.']    A  zodiacal  constellation  supposed 


Aquarius 

to  represent  a  man  standing  with  his  left  hand 
extended  upward,  and  with  his  right  pouring 
out  of  a  vase  a  stream  of  water  which  flows 
into  the  mouth  of  the  Southern  Fish.  It  con- 
tains no  star  brighter  than  the  third  magnitude. 

Aquaviva  (a-kwa-ve'va),  Olaudio.  Born  Sept. 
ll,  1543:  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  31,  1615.  An 
Italian  eeolesiastie,  general  of  the  Jesuits 
1581-1615,  noted  for  his  administrative  ability. 

Aquednek  (a-kwed'nek),  or  Aquidneck 
(a-kwid'nek).  [Amer.  Ind.]  The  early  name 
of  the  island  of  Ehode  Island. 

Aqueduct  of  Arcueil.  SeeArciml. 

Aqueduct  of  Valens.  An  aqueduct  in  Con- 
stantinople, finished  378  a.  d.,  and  still  in  use. 
The  main  Dridge  Is  2,000  feet  long  and  75  high,  and  con- 
sists of  two  tiers  of  arches  of  about  SO  feet  span. 

Aquila.  An  early  Christian  who,  with  his  wife 
Priscilla,  was  employed  at  Ephesus  in  instruct- 
ing Apoilos,  who,  though  "instructed  in  the 
way  of  the  Lord,"  needed  to  have  it  "more  ac- 
curately set  forth." 

Aquila,  Bom  in  Pontus:  lived  about  130  A.  d. 
A  Jewish  proselyte,  sumamed  "Pontious" 
from  his  birthplace.  He  was  a  disciple  of  Eabbi 
Aklba,  and  made  a  slavishly  literal  translation  of  the 
Hebrew  Scriptures  into  Greek,  which  superseded  the  Sep- 
tuagint  among  Greek-speaking  Jews, 

Aquila  (a'kwe-la),  Johannes  Kaspar.    Bom 

at  Augsburg,  Bavaria,  Aug.  7,  1488:  died  at 
Saalfeld,  Nov.  12, 1560.  A  German  Protestant 
theologian,  an  assistant  of  Luther  in  the  trans- 
lation of  the  Old  Testament.  He  became  pastor  at 
Saalfeld  in  1527,  and  was  outlawed  by  Charles  V.,  1648, 
for  his  violent  opposition  to  the  Interim,  Sut  saved  him- 
self-by  flight,  returning  after  the  treaty  of  Fassau  (1652) 
to  his  pastorate  at  Saalfeld. 

Aquila  (a'kwe-la).  A  province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Abruzzi  and  Molise,  Italy :  for- 
merly called  Abruzzo  Ulteriore  II.  Area,  2,484 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  374,882. 

Aquila,  or  Aquila  degli  Abruzzi.  The  capital 
of  the  province  of  Aquila,  situated  on  the 
Aterno  in  lat.  42°  21'  N.,  long.  13°  25'  E.  it 
is  the  seat  of  a  trade  in  saffron,  and  the  center  of  impor- 
tant routes  over  the  Apennines.  It  was  built  by  the  em- 
peror Trederiok  II.  Here,  June  2,  1424,  the  Aragonese 
under  Braocio  da  Montone  were  defeated  by  the  allied  (pa- 
pal, Milanese,  and  Neapolitan)  army  under  Jacob  Caldora ; 
£raccio  was  mortally  wounded.    Population,  about  20,600. 

Aquila  et  Ajltinous  (ak'wi-la  et  an-tin'o-us). 
[L.,  'the  Eagle  and  Antinous.']  A  northern 
constellation  situated  in  the  Milky  "Way  nearly 
south  of  Lyra,  and  containing  the  bright  star 
Altair.  it  has  for  its  outline  the  figure  of  a  flying  eagle 
carrying  in  its  talons  the  boy  Antinous,  the  page  of  the 
emperor  Hadrian. 

Aquilant  (a-kwi-lanf).  The  brother  of  Gry- 
phon, descended  from  Olivero,  a  character 
in  Boiardo  and  Ariosto.  The  brothers  were 
brought  up  by  two  fairies. 

Their  fame  in  arms  o'er  all  the  world  was  blown. 

Aquileia  (a-kwe-la'ya),  mod.  also  Aglar  (ag- 
lar').  A  town  in  the  orownland  of  G5rz  and 
Gradiska,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  near  the 
head  of  the  Adriatic,  22  miles  northwest  of 
Trieste,  it  contains  a  cathedral  (11th  century).  It  was 
one  of  the  chief  cities  of  the  Koman  Empii'e,  an  empo- 
rium and  the  key  of  Italy  on  the  northeast,  colonized  by 
Home  about  181  B.  0.  In  452  A.  D.  it  was  destroyed  by 
Attila's  forces.  It  was  the  scene  of  various  church  coun- 
cils, and  became  the  seat  of  an  important  patriarchate  in 
the  6th  century.    Population,  about  2,000. 

The  bishoprics  which  have  most  historical  importance 
are  those  which  at  one  time  or  another  stood  out  in  rivalry 
or  opposition  to  Rome.  Such  was  the  patriarchal  see  of 
Aouileia,  whose  metropolitan  jurisdiction  took  in..£!omo 
at  one  end  and  the  Istrian  Pola  at  the  other.  The  pa, 
triarohs  of  Aquileia,  standing  as  they  did  on  the  march 
of  the  Italian,  Teutonic,  and  Slavonic  lands,  grew,  un- 
like most  of  the  Italian  prelates,  into  powerful  temporal 
princes.  Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  171. 

Aquilia  (ak'wi-lin).  The  horse  of  Raymond, 
in  the  "  Jemsalem  Delivered"  by  Tasso.  His 
sire  was  the  wind. 

AquilUa  gens  (a-kwil'i-a  jenz).  In  ancient 
Bome,  a  patrician  and  plebeian  elan  or  house 
of  great  antiquity,  whose  family  names  under 
the  Republic  were  Corvus,  Crassus,  Florus, 
Gallus,  and  Tusous. 

AquilllUS(a-kwil'i-us),  ManiUS.  ARoman  gen- 
eral, consul  101 B.  c,  and  commander  in  the  war 
against  the  slaves  in  Sicily.  He  was  accused  of  mal- 
administration 98  B.  C,  but  acquitted,  and  was  defeated  in 
the  war  against  Mithrldates  88  B.  C,  and  barbarously  slain. 

Aquilo  (ak'wi-16).     [L.]     The  north  wind. 

Aquinas  (a-kwi'nas),  Thomas,  Samt,  or 
Thomas  of  Aquino.  Bom  at  Rocca  Sicca, 
near  Aquino,  Italy,  1225  or  1227:  died  at  Fossa 
Nuova,  near  Terracina,  Italy,  March  7,  1274. 
A  famous  Italian  theologian  and  scholastic 
philosopher,  sumamed  "Doctor  Angelicus, 
^'Father  of  Moral  Philosophy,"  and  (by  his 


69 

companions  at  school)  the  "Dumb  Ox."  He 
entered  the  Dominican  order ;  studied  at  Cologne  under 
Albertus  Magnus ;  and  taught  at  Cologne,  Paris,  Home, 
Bologna,  and  elsewhere.  His  followers  were  called  "  Tho- 
mists."  Hischiefworkis  the  "SummaTheologiBo."  His 
complete  works  were  published  in  1787,  and,  under  the 
auspices  of  Pope  Leo  XIII.,  in  1883. 

Aquino  (a-kwe'no).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Caserta,  Italy,  55  miles  northwest  of  Naples : 
the  seat  of  a  bishopric,  it  was  the  bbthplace  of 
Juvenal,  and  Fescennius  Niger,  and  gave  his  name  to 
Thomas  Aquinas. 

Aquitaine  (ak-wi-tan').  [F.,  aWo  in  another 
form  Gmenne  or  Gw/emie;  from  L.  Aqmtania.'] 
An  ancient  division  of  southwestern  Prance,  ly- 
ing between  the  Garonne  andthe  Loire,  a  West- 
Gothic  kingdom  was  founded  there  in  the  first  part  of  the 
5th  century.  It  was  conquered  by  Clovis  507-511,  became 
a  duchy  about  700(?),  and  was  thoroughly  conquered  by 
Charles  the  Great,  and  made  a  kingdom  (including  aU 
southern  Gaul  and  the  Spanish  March)  for  his  son  Louis. 
In  838  Neustria  was  united  to  it,  and  it  became  soon  after 
a  duchy  and  one  of  the  great  fiefs  of  the  French  crown. 
Gascony  was  united  to  it  in  1062.  In  1137  it  passed  tempo- 
rarily to  France,  by  the  marriage  of  Eleanor  with  Louis 
VII.  of  France,  but  in  1152  was  united  (by  the  marriage 
of  Eleanor  with  Henry)  to  Normandy  and  Anjou,  and  in 
1154  to  England,  which  retained  it  under  John.  It  be- 
came nominally  a  French  flef  in  1258  (!),  and  was  freed 
from  French  vassalage  and  granted  to  Edward  III.  in  1360. 
Part  of  it  was  recovered  from  the  English  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  V.,  but  was  won  back  by  Henry  V.  It  was  flnally 
conquered  by  the  French  1451-53.  It  included  (as  Gui- 
enne)  properly  Bordelais,  Rouergue,  F^rigord,  Quercy, 
Ag^nois,  and  Bazadois,  and  comprised  nearly  the  mod- 
ern departments  Gironde,  Dordogne,  Lot,  Lot-et-Garonne, 
and  Aveyron.    Compare  Guienne. 

Aquitania  (ak-wi-ta'ni-a).  [L.,  named  from 
the  Aqwitani,  a  people  of  Gaul.]  The  south- 
western division  of  Gaul,  as  described  by  Julius 
Caesar,  comprising  the  region  between  the  Pyre- 
nees and  Garonne.  By  Augustus  it  was  extended  to 
the  Loire  northward,  and  made  a  Roman  province.  See 
Aquitaine. 

Aquitanian  Sea  (ak-wi-ta'ni-an  se).  An  occa- 
sional name  of  the  Bay  of  Biscay. 

Ara  (a'ra).  [L., '  an  altar.']  One  of  the  fifteen 
ancient  southern  constellations ;  the  Altar.  It 
is  situated  south  of  the  Scorpion.  Its  two  bright- 
est stars  are  of  the  third  magnitude. 

Arabah  (a'ra-ba).  A  valley  or  wady  between 
the  Dead  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of  Akabah. 

Arabat  (ar-a-baf).  A  small  place  in  the  Crimea, 
Russia,  at  the  head  of  the  peninsula  of  Arabat. 

Arabat,  Tongue  of.  A  long  and  narrow  penin- 
sula which  separates  the  Sea  of  Azov  from  the 
Sivash. 

Arabat  Bay.    An  arm  of  the  Sea  of  Azov. 

Arabella  (ar-a-bel'a).  1.  The  romantic  female 
Quixote  in  Mrs.  Lennox's  novel  of  that  name. 
—  2.  A  character  in  Garrick's  play  "  The  Male 
Coquette." 

Arabella  Stuart.    See  €tuart,  Arabella. 

Arabella  Zeal.    See  Zeal. 

Arabgir  (a-rab-ger'),  or  Arabkir  (a-rab-ker'). 
A  town  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  about  lat.  39°  N., 
long.  38°  40'  B.     Population,  25,000. 

Arab!  Pasha  (a-rii'be  pash'a),  Ahmed.  Born 
about  1837.  An  Egyptian  officer  and  revolu- 
tionary leader.  He  organized  the  national  party  of 
Egypt  in  opposition  to  the  Anglo-French  control ;  took 
part  in  the  deposition  of  the  ministry  in  1881 ;  and  became 
minister  of  war  in  1882.  He  withdrew  the  budgets  from 
the  English  and  French  controllers,  an  act  which  resulted 
in  the  bombardment  of  Alexandria  by  the  English,  July  11, 
and  the  defeat  of  Arabi  Pasha  at  Tel-el-Kebir,  Sept.  13, 
1882.  He  was  exiled  to  Ceylon  1882  and  was  pardoned  1901. 

Arabia  (a-ra'bi-a),  Turk,  and  Pers.  Arabistan 
(a-rab-e-stiin')."  [Also  Araliy,  Arabie,  from  P. 
AraUe:  probably  'the  desert'  (Heb.  ardbdk); 
L.  Arabia,  Gr.  'Apa^ia,_  Sp.  Pg.  It.  Arabia,  G. 
AraUen,  etc.]  A  peninsula  with  the  shape  of 
an  irregular  triangle  between  Persia,  Syria, 
Egypt,  and  Ethiopia,  bounded  on  the  west  by 
the  Red  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of  Suez,  on  the  south 
by  the  Gulf  of  Aden  and  the  Arabian  Sea,  on 
the  east  by  the  Gulf  of  Oman  and  the  Persian 
Gulf,  and  on  the  north  by  a  portion  of  Syria. 
The  Greeks  and  Romans  divided  Arabia  into  A.  Petrsea 
(the  stony),  A.  Deserta  (the  desert),  and  A.  Felix  (the  ha,p- 
pv).  Modern  geographers  recognize  from  8  to  12  dis- 
tricts,—the  Sinaitic  peninsula;  the  Hedjaz,  along  the 
coast  of  the  Red  Sea,  in  eluding  the  Haram(4.  e.,  the  sacred 
territory  of  Mecca  and  Medinah) ;  Yemen,  on  the  southern 
coast  of  the  same  sea  (biblical  Sheba);  Hadramaut  or 
Hazarmaveth,the  province  next  to  Yemen,  situated  toward 
the  Indian  Ocean ;  Oman  and  Hajar,  the  northern  and 
southern  halves  of  the  coast  on  the  Persian  Gulf ;  Nejd, 
or  Central  Arabia;  and  the  Syrian  desert.  The  area 
of  Arabia  proper  is  about  846,000  square  miles;  one 
third  of  this  is  a  sandy  desert.  It  has  few  permanent 
rivers,  the  rivulets  that  flow  from  the  hills  losing  them- 
selves in  the  sand.  It  contains  palm-trees  and  mead- 
ows, and  is  especially  famed  for  its  spices.  The  high  plar 
teau  of  the  Nejd,  which  rises  from  3,000  to  4,000  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea,  is  the  home  of  the  swiftest  horses  and 
camels.  The  principal  seaports  are  Jiddah,  in  Hefljaz, 
with  about  30,000  inhabitants;  Muscat,  the  key  to  the 
Persian  Gulf,  in  Oman,  with  20,000  inhabitants ;  and  Aden, 


Arable 

the  key  to  the  Red  Sea,  in  Yemen,  with  42,000  inhabitants. 
Other  important  cities  are  Mecca  and  Medinah,  with 
45,000  and  20,000  inhabitants  respectively.  The  popula- 
tion is  about  6,000,000,  of  whom  one  fifth  are  Bedouins  or 
dwellers  in  tents,  the  remaining  four  fifths  being  seden- 
tary. The  races  which  have  peopled  the  country  are  di- 
vided into  three  sections :  the  old,  "lost"  Arabs  (alArabu 
l-baidah),  who  are  supposed  to  have  lived  in  the  mythical 
prehistoric  period ;  the  pure  Arabs  (oj  Arabit  l-Aribah), 
who  claim  to  be  descended  from  Qahtan  (f.  e.,  the  Yoktan 
of  the  Old  Testament  —  Gen.  x.  25) ;  and  the  mixed  Arabs 
(al  Arabu  l-mutaribah),  who  claim  to  be  descended  from 
Ishmael.  The  period  preceding  the  era  of  Mohammed  is 
characterized  by  the  formation  of  local  monarchies  and 
federal  governments  of  a  rude  form.  The  religion  of  that 
period  had  elements  of  fetishism,  and  animal  and  ances- 
tor worship.  The  Koran  enumerates  ten  idols  of  pre- 
Islamitic  times.  But  in  the  midst  of  the  old  idolatry 
there  had  arisen  some  perception  of  a  supreme  god, 
Allah,  the  other  gods  being  termed  his  children.  Mecca 
with  its  Kaaba  was  the  center  of  Arab  worship  under  the 
guardianship  of  the  noble  tribe  of  Eoreish.  Out  of  Mecca 
and  the  Koreishites  came  Mohammed  (670-632),  who  by 
his  new  religion  consolidated  the  Arabs  into  a  theocracy, 
so  that  on  his  death  the  Arab  peninsula  was,  with  a  few 
exceptions,  under  one  scepter  and  one  creed.  He  was 
succeeded  (632)  by  Abu-Bekr,  the  father  of  his  favorite 
wife,  Ayesha,  his  title  being  calif,  or  successor.  Abu- 
Bekr  was  followed  by  Omar  (634-644),  who  conquered 
Syria,  Persia,  and  Egypt.  He  was  followed  by  Othman 
(644-656),  who  in  turn  was  succeeded  by  All,  the  prophet's 
nephew  and  son-in-law.  All  of  these  except  Abu-Bekr 
died  at  the  hands  of  assassins.  Next  came  the  dynasty 
of  the  Omayyads  (661-750),  with  fourteen  princes,  having 
their  capital  at  Damascus.  During  the  reign  of  Yezid  I., 
the  second  prince  (679-683),  a  rebellion  took  place  which 
split  the  Mohammedan  world  into  two  great  sects,  the 
Sunnites  and  Shiites.  The  Omayyads  conquered  other 
portions  of  Asia  and  Africa,  and  even  invaded  France 
(732).  Their  most  important  achievement  was  the  con- 
quest of  Spain  in  711,  under  the  reign  of  Walid  I.  (705- 
716),  the  sixth  of  the  dynasty,  ^pain  soon  became  inde- 
pendent of  the  main  Arab  realm  (later  under  the  Moors). 
In  the  Orient  the  Omayyads  succumbed  to  Ibrahim  and 
his  brother,  Abul  Abbas,  who  founded  the  dynasty  of  the 
Abbassides  (760-1258).  During  this  period  the  Arabian 
power  reached  its  highest  point.  The  most  celebrated 
rulers  of  this  dynasty  were  Abu  Jaffar,  surnamed  Al- 
Mansur  (754-776),  founder  of  Bagdad,  the  capital  of  the 
Abbassides,  and  Harun-al-Rashid  (786-809),  who  is  well 
known  in  Arabic  literature,  and  who  had  diplomatic  rela- 
tions with  Charlemagne.  But  it  was  under  the  Abbas- 
sides that  the  disintegration  of  the  Arabic  empire  began. 
In  909  the  Fatimites  (i.  e.,  the  descendants  of  All  and  Bati- 
ma,  the  daughter  of  Mohammed)  established  themselves 
in  northern  Africa,  and  founded  in  972  the  califate  of 
Egypt,  with  Cairo  as  its  capital.  Tfie  dynasty  of  the 
Abbassides  came  to  an  end  with  the  capture  of  Bagdad 
by  the  Mongols  in  1258.  Hedjaz  in  the  west  and  Yemen 
in  the  south  are  Turkish  provinces.  Oman  is  an  inde- 
pendent sultanate.  Nejd  and  other  districts  ai'e  under 
the  influence  of  the  Wahhabees,  a  politico-religious  faction 
named  after  Mohammed  bin- Abdul  Wahhab,  who  arose 
about  1740  as  a  reformer.  Aden  has  been  held  by  the 
English  since  1839. 

Arabia  Deserta  (a-ra'bi-a  de-zer'ta).  [L.,  '  un- 
inhabited Arabia!']  In  ancient  geography,  the 
northern  and  central  portions  of  Arabia. 

Arabia  Felix  (a-ra'bi-a  fe'liks).  [L.,  'flour- 
ishing Arabia.']"  In  ancient  geography,  the  re- 
gion in  the  southeast  and  south  of  Arabia,  or 
perhaps  the  peninsula  proper. 

Arabia  Petrsea  (a-ra'bi-a  pe-tre'a).  [L., 
'rocky  Arabia.']  In  ancient  geography,  the 
northwestern  part  of  Arabia. 

Arabian  Gulf.    The  Red  Sea. 

Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments,  or  A  Thou- 
sand and  One  Nights.  A  collection  of  Ori- 
ental tales  of  which  the  plan  and  name  are  very 
ancient.  The  source  of  some  of  the  stories  has  been 
traced,  others  are  traditionaL  Masftde  in  943  speaks  of 
a  Persian  work  "A  Thousand  Nights  and  a  Night."  Mo- 
hammed-ibn-Ishaq  in  his  Al  Fihrist  in  987  alludes  to  it 

■  as  well  known  to  him.  In  the  course  of  centuries  it  had 
been  added  to  and  taken  from  to  a  great  extent,  and  in 
1450  it  was  reduced  to  its  present  form  in  Egypt,  probably 
in  Cairo.  The  tales  show  their  Persian,  Indian,  and  Ara- 
bian origin.  The  modern  editions  are  Antoine  Galland's, 
from  the  oldest  known  MS.  (1648),  published  in  French, 
in  Paris,  in  1704-17,  in  twelve  volumes,  an  inaccurate 
translation ;  E.  W.  Lane's  English  translation,  which  is 
scholarly,  published  in  1840 ;  Payne's  English  translation, 
1882-84 ;  and  Sir  Richard  Burton's  English  translation,  in 
ten  volumes,  printed  by  the  Kamashastra  Society,  for  sub- 
scribers only,  at  Benares,  in  1886-86.  Five  volumes  were 
added  in  1887-88.  Lady  Burton  issued  an  expurgated  edi- 
tion for  popular  reading  at  London,  1886-88,  in  six  volumes. 

Arabian  Sea.  A  part  of  the  Indian  Ocean, 
nearly  corresponding  to  the  ancient  Mare  Eryth- 
r«um,  which  is  bounded  by  Africa  on  the  west, 
Arabia  on  the  northwest,  Persia  and  Baluchis- 
tan on  the  north,  and  India  on  the  east,  and 
is  connected  with  the  Red  Sea  by  the  Strait  of 
Bab-el-Mandeb,  and  with  the  Persian  Gulf  by 
the  Strait  of  Oman.  Its  chief  arms  are  the 
Gulfs  of  Aden,  Oman,  Cutch,  and  Cambay;  its 
islands,  Sokotra,  and  the  Lakkadiv  Islands. 
Arabic  (ar'a-bik) .  One  of  the  Semitic  family  of 
languages,  "of  which,  with  the  Himyaritic  and 
Ethiopic  languages,  it  constitutes  the  southern 
branch.  It  is  the  language  of  the  Koran,  and  has 
largely  contributed  from  its  vocabulary  to  Persian,  Hindu. 
stani  and  Turkish,  and  in  a  less  degree  to  Malay,  Spanish, 
and  other  tongues.  This  Semitic  language  invaded  Africa 
long  after  its  sister  language,  the  Punic,  had  disappeared. 


Arabic 

It  came  In  by  Suez,  across  the  Red  Sea,  and  over  the  In- 
dian Ocean  from  Muscat.  It  has  superseded  the  Hamitio 
Egyptian,  spread  over  the  Sahara  to  Lalje  Chad  and  the 
Senegal,  and  in  East  Africa  it  has  strongly  impregnated 
the  Suahili.  In  Morocco,  Algeria,  Tunis,  and  Tripoli  it 
is  the  superior  language,  and  from  one  end  of  the  Sudan 
to  the  other  it  is  the  sacred  language  of  the  Mohamme- 
dans. Nowhere  in  Africa  Is  the  Arabic  spoken  in  its  clas- 
sical form,  but  in  a  variety  of  dialects,  the  principal  of 
which  are  the  Egyptian,  the  Maghreb,  in  Northwest 
Africa,  the  Sudani  in  the  Sudan,  and  the  Muscat  dialect 
in  East  Africa. 

Axabicus  Sinus  (a-rab'i-kus  sl'mis).  AEoman 
name  of  the  Bed  Sea. 

Arabs.    See  Arabia. 

Araby  (ar'a-bi).    A  poetical  form  of  Arabia. 

Aracajli(a-ra-ka-zhoO.T]iecapitalofthestateof 
Sergipe,  Brazil,  situatedneartlie  coast,  190  miles 
northeast  of  Bahia.    Population,  about  3,000. 

Aracan.    See  Arakan. 

Aracatl,  or  Aracaty  (a-ra-ka-te').  A  seaport 
in  the  state  of  Ceard,  Brazil,  in  lat.  4°  35'  S., 
long.  87°  48'  W.    Population,  about  6,000. 

Aracena  ( S.-ra-the  'naj.  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Huelva,  Spain,  53  miles  northwest  of  Seville. 
Population  (1887),  6,040. 

Arachne  (a-rak'ne).  [Gr.  'Apdxvn,  identified 
with  ap&xvv,  a  spider.]  In  Greek  legend,  a 
JLydian  maiden  who  challenged  Athene  to  a 
•contest  in  weaving,  and  was  changed  by  her 
into  a  spider. 

Arachosia  (ar-a-ko'shi-a).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a  region  in  ancient  Persia  corresponding 
to  part  of  the  modern  Afghanistan. 

Ara  Coeli,  Churcli  of.  [L. ,  '  altar  of  heaven.'] 
See  Santa  Maria  in  Ara  Cmli. 

Arad  (or'od).  New.  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Temes,  Hungary,  across  the  river  from  Old 
Arad.    Population  (1890),  5,555. 

Arad,  or  Old  Arad.  A  roj;al  free  city  in  the 
county  of  Arad,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Ma- 
ros  in  lat.  46°  12'  N.,  long.  21°  16'  E.:  a  rail- 
"way  center,  the  chief  emporium  in  southeastern 
Hungary,  and  an  important  fortress.  It  has  a 
large  trade  in  grain,  wine,  tobacco,  spirits,  and  cattle.  In 
■the  revolution  of  1849  it  played  an  important  part ;  it  waa 
taken  from  the  Austrians  after  a  long  siege;  was  sur- 
rendered by  thcHungarians  Aug. ,  1849 ;  and  was  the  scene 
of  the  military  executions  by  Haynau,  Oct.  6, 1849.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  42,062. 

Aradus  (ar'a-dus).  See  Arvad. 
Araf  (a'raf),"Al.  [Said  to  be  derived  from  Ar. 
arafa,  part,  divide.]  The  partition  between 
Heaven  and  Hell  described  in  the  Koran  (Surah 
vii.  44).  It  is  variously  interpreted.  "  Some  imagine  it 
to  be  a  sort  of  limbo  for  the  patriarchs  and  prophets,  or 
for  the  martyrs  and  those  who  have  been  most  eminent 
for  sanctity.  Others  place  here  those  whose  good  and  evil 
"works  are  so  equal  that  they  exactly  counterpoise  each 
otlier,  and  therefore  deserve  neither  reward  nor  punish- 
ment;  an  d  these,  say  they,  will  on  the  last  day  be  admitted 
into  Paradise,  after  they  shall  have  performed  an  act  of 
adoration,  which  will  be  imputed  to  them  aa  a  merit,  and 
will  make  the  scale  of  their  good  works  to  preponderate. 
Others  suppose  this  intermediate  space  will  be  a  recep- 
tacle for  those  who  have  gone  to  war  without  their 
parents'  leave,  and  therein  suffered  martyrdom ;  being  ex- 
cluded from  Paradise  for  their  disobedience,  and  escaping 
hell  because  they  are  martyrs."  Hughes,  Diet,  of  Islam. 
Arafat  (a-ra-faf).  A  sacred  mountain  of  the 
Mohammedans,  situated  about  15  miles  south- 
east of  Mecca,  Arabia. 
Arafura  Sea  (a-ra-fo'ra  se).  That  part  of  the 
ocean  which  lies  north  of  Australia,  east  of  Ti- 
mor, and  southwest  of  Papua. 
Arafuras.    See  Alfures. 

AragO  (ar'a-go;  F.  pron.  a-ra-go'),  Dominique 
FranQOiS.  Bom  at  Estagel,  near  Perpignan, 
France,  Feb.  26,  1786:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  2, 
1853.  A  French  physicist  and  astronomer, 
noted  especially  for  his  experiments  and  dis- 
coveries in  magnetism  and  optics,  and  for  his 
skill  as  a  popular  expounder  of  scientific  facts 
^nd  theories.  He  was  engaged  with  Biot  in  geodetic 
measurements  in  the  Pyrenees  and  Balearic  Islands  1806- 
1808 ;  was  imprisoned  by  the  Spaniards  and  later  by  the  Al- 
gerines  as  a  spy,  and  finally  released  in  1809;  became  a 
member  of  the  Academy  and  professor  of  analytical  geom- 
etry at  the  Polytechnic  School  in  1809 ;  lectured  in  Paris 
on  astronomy  1812-45 ;  and  was  appointed  chief  director 
of  the  observatory  and  perpetual  secretary  of  the  Academy 
In  1830.  In  the  same  year  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies,  and  in  1848  a  member  of  the  provi- 
sional government.  With  Gay-Lussac  he  was  the  founder 
(1818)  of  the  "Annales  deChimie  et  de  Physique."  He 
Is!  best  known,  popularly,  from  his  "Eloges  historiquea" 
upon  deceased  members  of  the  Academy,  which  he  deliv- 
ered as  secretary  of  that  body. 

AragO,  Etienne.  Bom  at  Perpignan,  France, 
Feb.  9,  1802 :  died  at  Paris,  March  6,  1892.  A 
French  dramatist,  journalist,  politician,  and 
poet,  brother  of  Dominique  Francois  Arago: 
author  of  "Les  Aristocrates"  (1847),  etc. 

AragO,  Jacques  Etienne  Victor.  Bom  at  Es- 
tagel, near  Perpignan,  March  10,  1790:  died 
in  Brazil,  Jan.,  1855.    A  French  traveler  and 


70 


Ararat 


writer,  brother  of  Dominique  Fran§ois  Arago : 
author  of  "Voyage  autour  dumonde"  (1843), 
etc. 

Aragon  (ar'a-gon).    An  ancient  kingdom,  now 
a  captaincy-general  of  Spain,   capital  Sara- 
gossa,  bounded  by  France  on  the  north,  by   . 
Catalonia  on  the  east,  by  Valencia  on  the  south,  Aramea,  or  Aramsea, 
andbyNewCastile,01dCastile,andNavarreon  Arameans,  or  Aramaeans.    See  Aram. 
the  west,  comprising  the  provinces  of  Huesoa,  Aramaic  (ar-a-ma'ik).    One  of  the  Semitic  fam- 
Saragossa,  and  Temel.    it  is  traversed  by  mountains    %  »*  languages,  properly  a  general  term  for 
and  intersected  by  the  Ebro.    During  the  middle  ages  it     all  the  northern  Semitic  dialects,  and  so  includ- 


the  affinity  of  the  Celtic  to  other  European  tongues ;  he 
also  disputed  the  then  almost  universally  accepted  direct 
derivation  of  Latin  from  Greek.  He  has  been  highly  ideal- 
ized in  a  novel  byBulwer  (pub.  1832)^  and  his  arrest  is  the 
theme  of  awell-known  poem  by  Hood  ("Dream  of  Eugene 
Aram").  A  play,  "Eugene  Aram,"  by  W.  G.Wills,  was 
produced  by  Henry  Irving  in  1878. 

See  Aram. 


was  one  of  the  two  chief  Christian  powers  in  the  penin 
Bula.  In  1035  it  became  a  kingdom ;  was  united  to  (fatalo- 
nia  in  1137 ;  rose  to  great  influence  through  its  acquisitions 
In  the  13th  and  14th  centuries  of  Valencia,  the  Balearic 
Islands,  Sardinia,  and  the  Sicilies ;  and  was  united  with 
Castile  in  1479  through  the  marriage  of  Ferdinand  of  Ara- 
gon with  Isabella  of  Castile.  Area,  17,973  square  miles. 
Population  (1887),  910,830.    Formerly  also  Arragm. 

Aragon.  A  river,  about  125  miles  long,  which 
rises  in  the  Pyrenees,  flows  west  and  southwest 
through  Aragon  and  Navarre,  and  joins  the 
Ebro  at  Milagro. 

Aragona  (a-ra-go'na).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Girgenti,  SioUy,  8  miles  north  of  Girgenti. 
There  are  sulphur-mines  in  its  vicinity.    Pop- 


ing the  so-called  Chaldaic  or  Chaldean,  and 
Syriac  or  Syrian.  Some  portions  of  the  "Hebrew" 
Scriptures  (Ezra,  and  Daniel,  and  parts  of  other  books) 
are  in  Aramaic,    Also  Araimean. 

Araminta  (ar-a-min'ta).  1.  In  Vanbrugh's 
comedy ' '  The  Confederacy,"  the  wife  of  Money- 
trap,  an  extravagant,  luxurious  woman  with  a 
marked  leaning  toward  "the  quality." — 2.  The 
principal  female  character  in  Congreve's  com- 
edy "  The  Old  Bachelor." 

Aramis  (a-ra-mes').  One  of  the  "Three  Mus- 
keteers," in  Dumas's  novel  of  that  name.  He  is 
the  mildest  and  most  gracious  of  the  trio,  and  finally  en- 
ters the  church.  The  name  is  an  assumed  one,  his  real 
name  being  known  only  to  the  captain  of  the  Musketeers. 


ulation,  about  9,000.  ,         ...    ..   ,,  tt  n    j        tt  i  j       a      h 

Aragua  (a-ra'gwa).    A  noted  valley  in  northern  ^^t^^^lt^l'  Ml®l!°?LY?L'¥-„J^™a.f  J;i" 
Venezuela,  east  of  Lake  Valencia.     It  gave 
name  to  a,  former  province  of  Venezuela. 

' ~"      A  river  in  northern 


the  Pyrenees,  in  the  province  of  Lerida,  Spain, 
northeast  of  the  Maladetta  group :  the  source 

Araguari(a-ra-gwa,-re')T    A  river'iiTnorthem    «*  tlie  Garonne.  ,   ,    ,      .,,      ,  ,   ™, 

Brazil  which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  north  of  Aran  or  Arran,  Islands  (ar'an  I'landz).  Three 
the  Amazon  islands  at  the  entrance  of  GalwayBay,  western 

Araguaya  (EUra-gwi'S).    A  river  of  central  Bra-    ?°?1*  of  Ireland :  Inishmore  (length  8  miles), 
zil  which  rises  about  lat.  18°  30'  S.,  flows  north,    I^'shmain,  Inisheer :  about  lat.  55°  N. 
is  separated  in  its  middle  course  fir  a  long  disl  ^^^<  ^^^°  Barros.     See  Barros  Arana, 

tance  into  two  arms,  and  joins  the  Tocantins    J-^^0'^       _        ^     i,  ,t,   ,       -r.  n 

about  lat.  6°  s.   Its  length  is  about  1.000  rriiiBs.  Arauda  (a-ran'da)  Opunt  of_  (Pedro  Pablo 


Its  length  is  about  1,000  miles, 
and  it  is  navigable  for  about  750  miles. 

Araish.    See  El-Araish. 

Arakan,  or  Aracan  (a-ra-kau').  A  division 
in  the  northern  part  of  British  Burma,  ceded 
to  the  British  in  1826.     Population,  671,899. 

Arakan.  A  decayed  city  in  the  division  of  Ara- 
kan, in  lat.  20°  42'  N.j  long.  93°  24'  E. 

Araktcheyeff  (a-rak-eha'yef).   Count  Alexei, 


Abarca  y  Bolea).  Bom  at  Saragossa,  1718 : 
died  1799  (1794?).  A  Spanish  statesman  and 
diplomatist.  As  president  of  the  Council  of  Castile 
he  effected  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits  in  1767.  Later  he 
was  ambassador  to  France, 
Aranda  de  Duero  (a-rSn'da  da  dwa'ro).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Burgos,  Spain,  situated 
on  the  Duero  57  miles  east  of  VaUadolid. 
Population  (1887),  5,719. 


Francisco  de.  Bom  at  Havana,  May  22,  1765 ': 
died  at  Guines,  March  21, 1837.  A  Cuban  law- 
yer. He  was  twice  the  representative  of  Cuba  in  the 
Spanish  Cortes,  was  councilor  of  state,  and  held  other  pub- 
lic offices ;  but  he  is  best  known  for  his  numerous  works 
on  economical  questions  connected  with  Cuba. 


Bom  Oct.  4, 1769 :  died  at  Grusino,  government  ArangO  y  Parreno   (a-rang'go  e  par-ra'no), 

of  Novgorod,  Russia,  May  3,  1834.    A  Russian    '" j---  -i-    ■"--    -^ -.-r  ■.-      «„ 

general  and  minister  of  war  (1806),  the  organ- 
izer of  the  military  colonies  in  Russia  1822-25. 
Aral  Sea  (ar'al  se),  or  Sea  of  Khuwarizm. 
A  brackish  inland  sea  of  Russian  Central  Asia, 

inlat.43°42'-46°44'N.,long.58°18'-61°46'E.  a™ ^"',°T,'°^^ l^TS''^?^?^ °'  a  +  ^  ■  +i. 
It  receives  the  waters  of  the  Amu-Daria  and  Su:-Daria,  Aranjuez  (a-ran-Hweth  ).  A  town  m  the  prov- 
but  has  no  outlet  and  is  thought  to  have  been  formerly  ^06  Of  Madnd,  Spam,  situated  on  the  Tagus 
dry,  the  Amu-Daria  and  Sir-Daria  then  discharging  into  28  miles  south  of  Madrid.  It  was  a  favorite  royal 
the  Caspian  Sea.  The  Aral  is  generally  shallow  (maxi-  residence,  and  was  the  scene  of  the  outbreak  of  the  rev- 
mum  depth  37  fathoms),  and  is  veiled  by  storms.  Its  olution  of  March,  1808,  which  overthrew  Godoy  and  com- 
length  is  226  miles,  greatest  width  185  miles,  height  above  _peUed  Charles  IV.  to  abdicate.  Population  (1887),  9  849 
sea-level  about  160  feet,  and  area  24,600  square  miles.  It  AranjueZ.Peace  of.  A  treaty  of  alliance  against 
IS  decreasing  m  size.  •  England  concluded  between  France  and  Spain, 

Aram  (a'ram),  or  Aramea,  or  Aramsea  (ar-a-    1772.  ^      ' 

me'a).  [L.  Aram  QY.'Ap&ti,  Heb.  'Ardm;  L.  Aransas  Bay  (a-ran'zas  ba).  An  arm  of  the 
*Aramsea  (sa.regio).  The  common  etymology  G^lf  of  Mexico,  nortlieast  of  Corpus  Christi 
'highland'  is  very   doubtful.]    The  biblical    Bay. 

name  of  the  country  extending  from  the  west-  Aransas  Pass.  A  strait,  the  entrance  to  Aran- 
ern  frontiers  ot  Babylonia  to  the  highlands  of    gas  Bay. 

western  Asia.  The  inhabitants  of  this  country  are  Arany  (or'ony),  J4nos.  BomatNagy-Szalonta, 
called  Arameans.  The  Septuagint  and  Vulgate  render  Hungary,  March  2, 1817:  died  at  Budapest,  Oct 
the  name  bv  Svna.    The  Old  Testament  mentions  six  di-    ««    ,««„■' '    .  -r^       '     .  .  "   ■"^•^a^^at,,  v/vi. 


the  name  by  Syria, 
visions  of  the  country,  among  them  being  Aram  Naharaim 
(Gen.  xxiv.'  10),  *".  e. ,  of  the  two  rivers ;  Mesopotamia,  prob- 
ably the  territory  between  the  Euphrates  and  the  Chabor 
where  the  Judean  exiles  were  settled  (2  Ki.  xvii.  6) ;  Pad- 
danaram,  probably  the  designation  for  the  flat  country  in 
northern  Mesopotemia ;  and  Damascus.  In  the  Assyrian 
cuneiform  inscriptions  the  names  Aramu,  Arimu,  and 


22,  1882.  A  Hungarian  poet.  He  became  profes- 
sor of  the  Hungarian  language  and  literature  in  the  Se- 
formed  Gymnasium  at  Nagy-Koros  in  1864,  director  of  the 
Kisfaludy  Society  in  1860,  and  member  of  the  Hungarian 
Academy  in  1858  (secretary  1864-78).  He  was  the  author  of 
the  humorous  poem  "  Az  elveszett  alkotmtoy  "  ("The  Lost 
ConBtitiitmn"  1843),  the  epic  trilogy  "Toldi "  (1847-80),  etc. 


Arumu  are  used,  but  only  of  Mesopotamia  and  the  peoples  Arauy,  LaSZlO.  Born  at  Nagy-Szalonta,  March 
on  the  western  bank  of  the  Euphrates.  The  principal  24,  1844:  died  at  Budapest,  Aug  1  1898  A 
river  of  Aram  was  the  Orontes.    The  Arameans  were  in     Hungarian  noet    roti  nf  TiSnna  A™ti4  ' 

race,  language,  and  religion  Semitic.    As  early  as  the  AvoSSvvJ tI'^       '  -  ?\       r^      Arany. 
period  of  the  Judges  auAramean  king  extended  his  con-  ■^f^^yO?  ^°l  on-ypsh).      [Hung,  arany,  gold.] 
quests  to  Palestine  (Judges  iii.  8, 10).    David  took  Damas-    A  gold-bearmg  nver  m  western  Transylvania, 
cus  from  them,  but  Solomon  was  obliged  to  restore  it.     which  flows  easterly  to  join  the  Maros       Its 
The  last  king  of  Damascus,  Kezin,  allied  himself  with     length  is  about  80-9()  miles. 
Pekah,  king  ot  Israel,  against  Judah,  but  succumbed  to    a_„„_„  /„«„„>  "n  t»—i.        rrn,         •      •      t    1 
Tiglath-Pileser  of  Assyria (745-727  B.C.).   AraraNaharaim  AXaUZa  (a-ran  za),  Duke.     The  principal  char- 
appears  on  Egyptian  monuments  and  m  the  Tel-el-Amarna     acter  in  Tobin's  Comedy  "  The  Honeymoon." 
tablets  under  the  form  Naharina.    Thothmes  1.  and  III.  Arapaho,  or  ArapallOe  (a-rap'a-ho).     rProner- 
t^L^::^S'!°^}I}}h'°^^f^^^^^f£^?^r'  ^l^ltl    ly  a  plural  form :  but  tlie  plural  ^rapaftoes  is 

used.  The  name  is  said  by  Schoolcraft  to  signi- 
fy '  tattooed  people.']    A  tribe  of  North  Amer- 


repeated  attacks  it  finally  fell  to  the  Assyrians.  The  Arar 
means  became  an  important  factor  in  the  Assyrian  state ; 
their  language  seems  to  have  become  the  common  speech 
of  trade  and  diplomacy,  and  gradually  supplanted  Assyrian 
in  Assyria  and  Hebrew  in  Palestine.    See  also  Syria. 

Aram  (a'ram),  Eugene.  Bom  at  Ramsgill, 
Yorkshire,  1704:  died  Aug.  6, 1759.  An  English 
scholar,  executed  for  fraud  and  the  murder  of 
Daniel  Clark,  committed  in  Knaresborough  in 
1745.  He  taught  at  Knaresborough  and  elsewhere,  and 
was  arrested  while  acting  as  usher  in  a  private  school  at 
LynnUegis.   The  testimony  of  an  accomplice,  Houseman, 

through  whom  Clark's  remains  were  discovered  in  a  cave  Arar  (a'rar).      [L.,  also  Araris."] 
near  Knaresborough,  secured  Aram's  conviction.    On  his     name  of  tke  river  Sadne. 

trial  he  defended  himself  with  unusual  ability.    He  was    a____4. /.„/„  „„i\       rri,„  „„„j^ 4. „       „      j. 

self-taught,  but  attained  a  very  considerable  knowledge  of  ^^?'^.^y  (^^  a-rat).     i  he  ancient  name  of  a  dis- 
languages,  and  has  been  credited  with  the  discovery  of    tnot  m  eastern  Armenia  between  the  rivers 


ican  Indians  living  chiefly  on  the  head  waters 
of  the  PI  atte  and  Arkansas  rivers,  but  also  rang- 
ing from  the  Yellowstone  to  the  Rio  Grande. 
There  are  1272  at  the  Cheyenne  and  Arapaho  Agency,  In- 
dian Territory,  and  885  at  Shoshone  Agency,  Wyoming. 
See  Alg&nquian. 
Arapiles  (a-ra-pe'les).  A  village  near  Sala- 
manca, the  principal  scene  of  the  battle  of  Sal- 
amanca, 1812. 

The  ancient 


Ararat 

Araxes  and  the  lakes  Van  and  Urumiah ;  also 
used  for  all  Armenia,  and  for  the  mountain- 
lidge  in  the  south  of  that  country.  The  usual 
statement  that  Noah's  ark  rested  on  Mount  Ararat  has  no 
foundation  in  the  Hebrew  text, which  reads  "  on  the  moun- 
tains of  Ararat."  In  the  Assyrian  cuneiform  inscriptions 
the  country  is  mentioned  under  the  name  Urartu,  and 
many  expeditions  of  the  Assyrian  kings  against  it  are 
enumerated.  The  Oreeks  called  the  Armenians  Alaro- 
dians  (Herod.  III.  94). 

Ararat  (ar'a-rat).  [Heb.  'Arardt,  Samaritan 
Harardt.  The  Ar.  name  is  Massis,  Turk.  Aghri- 
Dagh,  Pers.  Kuhi-Nuh  (Noah's  Mountain).]  A 
volcanic  moantain  which  rises  in  two  summits 
(Great  Ararat  and  Little  Ararat)  from  the  plain 
of  the  Araxes,  in  lat.  39°  40'  N.,  long.  44°  20'  B.: 
the  traditional  resting-place  of  Noah's  ark  (see 
above).  It  lies  on  the  confines  of  Russian,  Turkish, 
and  Persian  Armenia,  the  summit  belonging  to  Kussia. 
The  mountain  was  partly  altered  by  an  earthquake  in  1840. 
It  was  ascended  by  Parrot  in  1829,  and  since  that  time 
by  Bryce  and  others.  The  height  of  Great  Ararat  is  about 
17,000  feet  (17,325— Parrot) ;  that  of  Little  Ararat,  12,840 
feet 

Ararat.  A  town  in  Ripon  County,  Victoria, 
Australia,  situated  on  Hopkins  River  55  miles 
northwest  of  Ballarat.  It  contains  gold-fields. 
Population,  about  4,000. 

Araros  (ar'a-ros).  [Gr.  apopiif.]  An  Athenian 
comic  poet,'the  son  of  Aristophanes.  He  brought 
out  his  father's  "Plutus"  388  b.  c.,  and  ap- 
peared as  an  original  poet  375  b.  c. 

Aras  (a-rSs').  A  river,  the  ancient  Araxes, 
which  rises  in  Turkish  Armenia,  flows  through 
Transcaucasia,  forms  part  of  the  boundary  be- 
tween Russia  and  Persia,  and  joins  the  Kur 
about  lat.  39°  55'  N.,  long.  48°  25'  B.  Its  length 
is  400-500  miles. 

AratUS  (a-ra'tus).    [Gr.  "A.parog.']    Lived  about 

270  B.  c.  A  (jiTeek  poet,  said  to  have  resided 
during  the  latter  part  of  his  life  at  the  court  of 
Antigonus  Gonatas,  and  to  have  devoted  him- 
self to  the  study  of  physic,  grammar,  and  phi- 
losophy. He  "was  the  author  of  an  astronomical  epic 
which  Cicero  translated,  entitled  'Prognostics  of  the 
Weather '  \lHosemeia).  It  is  from  Aratus  that  St.  Paul, 
addressing  the  Athenians,  quotes  the  words  *  For  we  are 
also  his  offspring '  (Acts  xvii.  28)"  (Jebh,  fireek  lit.). 

Aratus.    [Gr.  "Xparog.']    Born  at  Sicyon,  Greece, 

271  B.  c. :  died  213  b.  C.  A  Greek  statesman 
and  general.  He  liberated  Sicyon  from  the  usurper 
Hioocles  in  251;  was  elected  strategus  of  the  Achsean 
League  in  246  for  the  ilrst  time ;  took  the  citadel  of  Corinth 
in  243 ;  was  defeated  in  a  succession  of  campaigns  by  the 

.  Spartans  under  Cleomenes ;  formed  an  alliance  with  Anti- 
gonus of  Macedon,  who  defeated  Cleomenes  at  the  battle 
ol  Sellasia  221  B.  0. ;  and  carried  on  an  unsuccessful  de- 
iensive  war  against  the  .ffitolians  221-219  B.  c.  He  com- 
posed commentaries  in  thirty  books  (all  now  lost)  which 
brought  the  history  of  Greece  down  to  the  year  220  B.  0. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  poisoned  by  Philip  of  Macedon. 

Arauca  (a-rou'ka).  A  river  in  Colombia  and 
western  Venezuela,  a  tributary  of  the  Orinoco. 

Araucana  (a-rou-ka'na).  A  heroic  poeifn,  in 
thirty-seven  cantos,  by  the  Spanish  poet  Alonso 
de  Eroilla.  It  is  partly  a  geographical  and  statistical 
account  of  the  province  of  Araucania  and  partly  the  story 
of  the  expedition  for  the  conquest  of  Araucania  in  which 
the  author  took  part. 

Araucania  (a-rou-ka'ne-a).  A  region  in  south- 
ern Chile  which  included  the  territory  south  of 
the  Biobio  River  to  the  Gulf  of  Ancu— that  is, 
nearly  the  modern  provinces  of  Biobio,  Arauco, 
Malleco,  Cautin,  and  Valdivia.  See  Araucani- 
ans. 

Araucanians  (ar-ft-ka'ni-anz).  or  Araucanos 
(a-rou-ka'nos).  [Said  to  be  derived  from  a 
verb  of  their  language,  aucani,  to  be  savage,  un- 
conquerable.] A  tribe  of  Indians  in  southern 
Chile.  They  were  very  numerous  and  warlike,  and  suc- 
cessfully resisted  the  Incas  in  the  15th  century.  From 
the  time  when  their  territory  was  first  invaded  by  Valdivia 
<1644)  they  waged  a  continual  war  against  the  Spaniards, 
valdivia  himself  was  killed  by  them  (1653),  as  was  one  of 
his  successors,  Martin  Garcia  Loyola  (1698),  and  twice  the 
whites  were  completely  driven  from  their  territory.  The 
tribe  still  numbers  over  20,000.  Originally  they  were  rov- 
ing and  very  savage,  but  they  now  practise  agriculture  and 
have  considerable  herds.    Few  of  them  are  Catholics. 

Arauco  (a-rou'ko).  A  province  (capital  Lebu) 
in  southern  Chile.  Aiea,  4,248  square  miles 
(formerly  larger).    Population  (1891),  86,236. 

Arauco  A  fort  and  town  of  Chile,  south  of 
Conoep'cion,  and  originally  about  6  miles  from 
the  sea :  founded  by  Valdivia  in  1552.  During 
the  early  Araucanian  wars  it  was  a  post  of  great  impor- 
tance. Besieged  by  the  Indians,  it  was  abandoned  and 
destroyed  in  1563 ;  rebuilt  by  Mendoza,  1669;  again  aban- 
doned when  attacked  by  Antihueno,  1563 ;  rebuilt  m  18.66 
and  withstood  what  might  be  called  a  continuous  siege 
from  1669  to  1590,  when  it  was  removed  to  the  present  site 
on  the  coast.  The  modern  town  is  a  port  of  some  unpor- 
tance.    Population,  about  4,000. 

Araujo  Lima  (a-rou'zh§  le'ma),  Pedro  de. 
Bom  at  Antas,  Pemambuco,  Deo.  22,  179d: 
died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  June  7,  1870.    A  Bra- 


71 

zilian  statesman,  regent  of  Brazil  during  the 
minority  of  the  emperor  Pedro  H.,  April  22, 
1838,  to  July  23, 1840.  The  emperor  created  him  vis- 
count of  Olinda  in  1841,  and  marquis  of  Olinda  in  1854. 
He  was  senator,  and  several  times  prime  minister  (1848- 
1849,  1857-69,  1862-64,  1866-66). 

Araujo  de  Azevedo  (a-rou'zh?  de  a-za-va'do), 
Antonio  de.  Bom  near  Ponte  de  Lima,  May 
14,  1754:  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  June  21, 1817. 
A  Portuguese  statesman  and  diplomatist.  He 
was  made  minister  of  war  and  foreign  affairs,  July,  1804, 
and  toward  the  end  of  1807  prime  minister.  It  was  by 
his  advice  that  the  Portuguese  court  fled  to  Brazil  (Nov., 
1807).  Arrived  at  Elo  de  Janeiro  (March,  1808),  he  resigned, 
remaining  a  member  of  the  Council  of  State,  and  In  1815 
was  created  conde  de  Barca.  In  1814  he  was  minister  of 
marine,  and  in  1817  was  again  called  to  be  prime  minister, 
holding  the  position  until  his  death. 

Araujo  Porto-Alegre  (a-rou'zhs  p6r't8-a-la'- 
gre),  Manoel  de.  Born  at  Rio  Pardo,  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul,  Brazil,  Nov.  29,  1806:  died  at 
Lisbon,  Portugal,  Dec.  30,  1879.  A  Brazilian 
poet,  painter,  and  architect:  author  of  a  col- 
lection of  poems  entitled  "BraziUanas." 

Arausio  (a-ra'shi-o).  [Gr.  'Apavaiuv.']  A  town 
of  the  Cavari,  the  modem  Orange,  France. 

Aravalli,  or  Aravali  (ar-a-val'e),  or  AravuUi 
(ar-a-vul'i)  Hills.'  A  range  of  mountains  in 
Rajputana,  India,  about  300  miles  in  length, 
extending  from  northeast  to  southwest.  Its 
highest  point  is  Mount  Abu  (about  5,000  feet). 

Arawaks  (a'ra-waks).  A  tribe  of  Indians,  now 
reduced  to  a  few  thousand,  living  in  a  semi- 
civilized  state  in  British  Guiana,  near  the  coast. 
Formerly  they  were  very  numerous,  and  they  appear  to 
have  occupied  most  of  the  West  Indian  islands  with  the 
coasts  of  Guiana  and  part  of  Venezuela.  At  the  time  of 
the  conquest  they  had  been  driven  out  of  the  LesserAntilles 
by  invasions  of  the  Caribs,  but  were  found  by  Columbus  in 
Haiti,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  first  ludians  discovered 
by  him  in  the  Bahamas  were  of  the  same  race.  The  Ara- 
waks were  a  gentle,  well-disposed  people,  practising  agri- 
culture, but  with  little  civilization.  They  were  constantly 
farced  to  defend  themselves  against  the  Caribs.  Also 
written  Arrawacs,  Arwakas,  Arrwxguea. 

Arawan  (a-ra-wan').  An  oasis  and  trading  cen- 
ter in  the  French  Sahara,  140  miles  northwest 
of  Timbuktu. 

Araxes  (a-rak'sez).  [Gr.  apafw.]  The  an- 
cient name  of  the  Aras  and  perhaps  of  other 
streams  flowing  into  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Araxes  (Aras)  seems  to  have  been  a  name  common  in 
the  days  o^  Herodotus  to  all  the  great  streams  fiowing  into 
the  Caspian,  just  as  Don  has  been  to  all  the  great  Scythian 
rivers  (Ton-ais,  Dan-aper  or  Dniepr,  Zlflinaster  or  Dniestr, 
Dmaa,  Don-aub  or  Dan-ube,  &o.),  and  as  Avon  is  to  so 
many  Fnglish  streams.      BmiHinson,  Herod.,  III.  9,  note. 

Arbaces  (ar'ba-sez  or  ar-ba'sez).  [Gr.  'Ap- 
Ba.KriQ,']  The  founder  of  the  Median  empire. 
He  reigned  about  876-848  b.  c. 

Arbaces.  1 .  In  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's ' '  King 
and  No  King,"  the  King  of  Iberia,  whose  nature 
is  a  compound  of  vainglory  and  violence. — 
2.  A  character  in  Dr.  Arne's  opera  "Arta- 
xerxes."— 3.  In  Byron's  "  Sardanapalus,"  the 
Governor  of  Media,  who  became,  in  place  of 
Sardanapalus,  the  king  of  Nineveh  and  As- 
syria. 

Arballu  (ar-ba-e'16).  [Assyr.,  'city  of  the  four 
gods.']     Same  as  Arbela. 

Arbasto  (ar-bas'to)  the  Anatomie  of  For- 
tune. A  novel  by  Robert  Greene,  printed  in 
1584. 

Arbate  (ar-baf).  1.  A  character  in  Moli&re's 
comedy  "La  Princesse  d'filide."— 2.  A  char- 
acter in  Racine's  play  "  Mithridate." 

Arbe  (ar'ba),  Slav.  Kab  (rab).  An  island, 
about  14  miles  long,  in  the  Adriatic  Sea  35  nules 
southeast  of  Fiume,  belonging  to  Dalmatia, 
Austria-Hungary. 

Arbedo  (ar-ba'do).  A  village  in  the  canton  of 
Ticino,  Switzerland,  2  nules  northeast  of  Bel- 
linzona.  Here,  1422,  the  Swiss  defeated  the 
Milanese  ("battle  of  St.  Paul"). 

Arbela  (ar-be'la).  [See  ArbaUu.2  In  ancient 
geography,  a  town  in  Assyria,  lat.  36°  8'  N., 
long.  44°  4'  E.,the  modem  Arbil,Brbil,orBrvil. 
It  was  an  early  seat  of  the  worship  of  Istar,  and  a  place 
of  considerable  importance.  Near  here,  at  Gaugamela, 
the  Macedonians  (47,000)  under  Alexander  the  Great  de- 
feated the  Persian  army  (about  1,000,000  7)  under  Dmus, 
in  331  B.  0.  This  battle  led  to  the  final  overtlirow  of  the 
Persian  empire.  j,  ^^      t.-t. 

Arber  (ar'ber).  The  highest  group  of  the  Boh- 
merwald,  situated  in  Bavaria  about  50  miles 
east  of  Ratisbon.  The  height  of  the  Grosser 
Arber  is  about  4,780  feet. 

Arber's  English  Garner.  A  series  of  selec- 
tions of  English  prose  and  poetry  in  10  volumes, 
printed  by  Edward  Arber  from  manuscript  or 
printed  originals,  ranging  from  1402  to  1715. 
They  are  mostly  tracts,  poems,  and  short  pieces,  given 
with  modern  spelling.  The  series  of  "  English  Eeprints 
follows  the  original  exactly. 
/ 


Arcachon 

Arber's  English  Beprints.  A  series  of  re- 
prints of  English  prose  and  poetry  in  30  num- 
bers, in  14  volumes  (1st  ed.  1868),  ranging  from 
1516  to  1712.  These  are  somewhat  longer  than 
the  pieces  printed  in  the  "  Gamer." 

Arbil  (ar-bel').    See  Arbela. 

Arblay  (ar'bla),  Madame  d'  (Frances  Bur- 
ney).  Bom  at  Lynn  Regis,  England,  June 
13,  1752 :  died  at  Bath,  England,  Jan.  6,  1840. 
A  noted  English  novelist,  she  was  the  daughter 
of  Dr.  Bumey,the  musician,  and  the  wife  (married 
July  31, 1793)  of  General  d' Arblay.  She  wrote  "Evelina, 
or  a  Young  Lady's  Entrance  into  the  World  "  (1778),  "  Ce- 
oUia  "  (1782),  "  Edwy  and  Elvina,"  a  tragedy  (acted  March 
21,  1796),  "Camilla "(1796),  "Love  and  Fashion,"  a  com- 
edy (1800),  "  The  Wanderer  "  (1814),  "  Memoirs  of  Dr.  Bur- 
ney  (1832),"Letters  and  Diaries  "  (6  vols.  1842 ;  2  vols.  1846). 
From  1786  to  1791  she  occupied  a  subordinate  position 
at  court. 

Arboga  (ar-bo'ga).  A  town  in  the  Ian  of  Wes- 
ter&s,  Sweden,  situatedonthe  Arboga  near  Lake 
Malar,  76  miles  northwest  of  Stockholm,  it 
was  formerly  of  great  importance,  the  seat  of  many  coun- 
cils and  diets.    Population  (1890),  4,576. 

Arbogast  (ar'bo-gast),  or  Arbogastes  (ar-bo- 
gas'tez).  Died  394  a.  d.  A  Frankish  general 
in  the  Roman  service.  Valentinian  II.  was  slain  by 
his  order  while  participating  in  the  athletic  sports  of  the 
soldiers,  and  Eugenius,  a  cUent  of  Arbogast,  was  pro- 
claimed emperor.  He  was  defeated  by  Theodosius  in  394, 
on  the  Prigidus  north  of  Aquileia,  and  after  marching 
about  the  mountains  for  two  days  fell  upon  his  sword, 
and  so  perished. 

Arbois  (ar-bwa').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Jura,  Prance,  in  lat.  46°  55'  N.,  long.  5°  45'  E., 
famous  for  its  wines.  It  is  the  birthplace  of 
Pichegra.    Population  (1891),  4,355. 

Arbois  deJubainville(ar-bwa'd6zhii-ban'vel), 
Marie  Henri  d'.  Born  at  Nancy,  Dec.  5, 1827. 
A  French  archfeologist. 

Arboleda  (ar-bo-la'sHa),  Julio.  Bom  in  Bar- 
bacoas,  1817:  died  Nov.  12,  1862.  A  Colom- 
bian poet  and  revolutionist.  He  early  took  rank 
among  the  first  poets  of  Spanish  America,  but  the  manu- 
script of  his  greatest  work,  "Gonzalo  de  Oyon,"  was  de- 
stroyed by  a  personal  enemy,  aud  only  portions  which 
had  been  copied  were  published.  In  1866  he  joined  the 
revolt  in  Antioquia,  became  its  leader,  and  in  alliance 
with  Moreno,  president  of  Ecuador,  carried  on  a  war 
against  Mosquera  and  the  federalists.  The  states  of  west- 
ern Colombia  adhered  to  him,  and  he  assumed  the  supreme 
power ;  hut  in  the  midst  of  his  success  he  was  assassi- 
nated. 

Arbon  (ar'bon).  Atown  in  the  canton  of  Thur- 
gau,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Lake  of  Con- 
stance 16  miles  southeast  of  Constance. 

Arbrissel  or  Arbrisselles  (ar-bre-sel'),Eobert 
d'.  Born  at  Arbrissel  or  Arbrises,  Brittany, 
1047 :  died  Feb.  25,  1117.  A  French  ecclesias- 
tic, the  founder  of  the  order  of  Fontevrault. 
He  was  appointed  vicar-general  of  the  Bishop  of  Rennes 
in  1086 ;  became  professor  of  theology  at  Angers  in  1089 ; 
and  two  years  later  retired  to  the  forest  of  Craon,  where 
he  founded  the  abbey  of  De  Bota.  Later  he  founded  the 
celebrated  abbey  of  Fontevrault,  near  Poitiers,  after  which 
the  order  was  named. 

Arbroath(ar-br6TH'),  orAberbrothock  (ab-6r- 
broth'ok),  or  Aberbrothwick  (ab-er-broth'- 
ik).  A  seaport  in  Forfarshire,  Scotland, 
situated  on  the  North  Sea  17  miles  northeast 
of  Dundee.  It  has  manufactures  of  jute,  flax,  linen, 
etc.  Near  it  is  a  ruined  abbey,  founded  in  1178.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  22,82L 

Arbues  (ar-bo-as'),  Pedro.  Bom  at  Bpila,  Ara^ 
gon,  1442:  died  Sept.  17, 1485.  A  Spanish  Au- 
gustinian  monk,  appointed  by  Torquemada  an 
inquisitor  of  Aragon  1484.  He  was  fatally  wounded 
in  the  night  of  Sept.  14-15, 1485,  as  the  result  of  a  conspir- 
acy of  the  relatives  of  his  victims. 

Arbuthnot(ar'buth-not;  Sc.pron.  ar-buth'not), 
John.  BomatArbuthuot,  Scotland,  1667:  died 
at  London,  Feb.  27, 1735.  A  British  physician, 
wit,  and  man  of  letters.  He  studied  at  Aberdeen 
and  St.  Andrews,  and  was  appointed  physician  extraor- 
dinary to  Queen  Anne  Oct.  30, 1705,  and  physician  in  or- 
dinary Nov.  11, 1709.  The  Tory  ministry  employed  him 
as  a  political  writer,  and  he  joined  with  Swift,  Pope,  Gay, 
and  Parnell  to  form  the  Scriblerus  Club  about  1714.  His 
chief  works  are  "Law  is  a  Bottomless  Pit ;  or,  History  of 
John  Bull"  (1712),  "Memoirs  of  Martinus  Scriblerus, 
mainly  Arbuthnot's  (1741). 

Arbuthnot,  Marriot.  Born  1711 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  31, 1794.  An  English  admiral,  com- 
mander of  the  fleet  in  the  siege  and  capture  of 
Charleston  in  1780.  He  became  an  admiral 
of  the  blue  in  1793. 

Arc  (ark).    A  river  in  the  department  of  Savoie, 

•  Prance,  which  joins  the  Isire  at  Chamousset. 
Its  length  is  about  90  miles. 

Arc,  Joan  of.    See  Joan  of  Arc. 

Arcachon  (ar-ka-sh6h').  A  watering-place  m 
the  department  of  Gironde,  Prance,  situated  on 
the  Bassin  d' Arcachon  35  miles  southwest  of 
Bordeaux,  it  is  noted  as  a  winter  resort,  and  also 
as  a  place  for  sea-bathing.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
7,910. 


Arcades 

^cades  (Sr'ka-dez).  [Gr.  'ApMcg,  Arcadians.] 
A  mask,  by  Milton,  acted  shortly  after  "  Comus  " 
in  1634,  and  printed  in  1645. 

Arcadia  (ar-ka'di-a).  [Gr.  'ApKodia,  from  'Aprng, 
Arcadian.]  In  ancient  geography,  a  region  in 
the  heart  of  the  Peloponnesus,  bounded  by 
Aehaia  on  the  north,  by  Argolis  on  the  east, 
by  Laoonia  and  Messenia  on  the  south,  and  by 
Ells  on  the  west,  it  is  nearly  surrounded  and  is  in- 
tersected by  mountains,  and  was  proverbial  for  its  rural 
simplicity.  Its  cities  Tegea,  Mantinea,  etc.,  formed  a 
confederation  about  370-360  B.  c. 

The  history  of  the  rise  in  modern  literature  of  an  ideal 
Arcadia — the  home  of  piping  shepherds  and  coy  shep- 
herdesses, where  rustic  simplicity  and  plenty  satisfied 
the  ambition  of  untutored  hearts,  and  where  ambition 
and  its  crimes  were  unknown — is  a  very  curious  one,  and 
has,  I  think,  been  first  traced  in  the  chapter  on  Arcadia  in 
my  "Rambles  and  Studies  in  Greece."  Neither  Theocri- 
tus nor  his  early  imitators  laid  the  scene  of  their  poems 
in  Arcadia ;  this  imaginary  frame  was  first  adopted  by 
Sannazaro.        Mahaffg,  Hist.  Classical  Qreek  Lit.,  I.  420. 

Arcadia  (ax-ka-de'a).  A  nomarchy  of  modern 
Greece.  Area,  1,661  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1896),  167,092. 

Arcadia  (ar-ka'di-a),  1.  A  description  of  shep- 
herd life,  in  prose  and  verse,  by  Sannazaro, 
written  toward  the  end  of  the  15th  century. 
Though  itself  not  a  pastoral  romance.  It  appears  to  have 
first  opened  the  field  to  that  species  of  composition. 

2.  A  pastoral  romance  by  Sir  Philip  Sidney, 
published  in  1590,  but  written  in  1580-81.  its 
whole  title  is  "The  Countess  of  Pembroke's  Arcadia." 
Although  the  scenes  are  artificial,  the  freshness  of  Sid- 
ney's style  gives  reality  and  interest  to  It. 

3.  A  romance  by  Bobert  Greene,  published  in 
1589.  It  is  formed  on  the  model  of  Sidney's  celebrated 
pastoral,  which,  though  it  was  not  printed  till  some  years 
after  the  publication  of  Greene's  Arcadia,  had  been  writ- 
ten a  considerable  time  before  it.  Durdop,  Hist,  of  Prose 
Fiction,  II.  657. 

4.  A  pastoral  romance  by  Lope  de  Vega, 
modeled  on  Sannazaro,  which,  though  written 
long  before,  was  not  printed  till  1598. — 5.  A 
pastoral  play  by  Shirley,  printed  1640,  having 
been  acted  some  time  previously.  This  is  a 
dramatization  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney's  romance. 

Arcadius  (ar-ka'di-us).  [Gr.  'A.pK.aSiog.']  Born 
in  Spain  383  (377?)  A.  D. :  died  May  1, 408.  By- 
zantine emperor  895-408,  the  elder  of  the  tvfo 
sons  of  Theodosius  and  PlaooiUa.  He  succeeded, 
under  the  guardianship  of  KuSnus,  to  the  eastern  half  of 
the  empire  on  the  death  of  his  father  and  the  permanent 
division  of  the  Homan  Empire.  Eufinus  claimed  the  civil 
government  also  of  the  Western  Empire,  and  was  murdered 
in  395  by  Galnas,  commander  of  the  Gothic  mercenaries  at 
Constantinople,  who  acted  under  the  instructions  of  Stili- 
cho,  the  guardian  of  Arcadius's  brother  Honorius,  emperor 
of  the  West.  Arcadius  now  fell  under  the  Influence  of  the 
eunuch  Eutropius,  supported  by  Galnas.  After  the  death 
of  Eutropius  (399)  and  of  Galnas  (401)  he  was  governed  en- 
tirely by  his  dissolute  wife  Eudoxla.  In  this  reign  Alarlc 
settled  with  his  West  Goths  in  Hlyria,  and  was  appointed 
dux  in  lUyricum  orientate. 

Arcady  (ar'ka-di).  An  obsolete  or  poetical 
form  of  Arcadia. 

Arcagnolo.    See  Oreagna. 

Arc  de  Triomphe  du  Carrousel  (ark  d6  tre- 
6nf'  du  ka-rS-sel').  [P.,  'triumphal  arch  of 
the  tilting-yard.']  A  triumphal  arch  built  by 
Napoleon  I.  at  Paris,  in  commemoration  of  his 
victories  of  1805-08,  in  the  square  inclosed  by 
the  Tuileries  and  the  Louvre.  It  Imitates,  on  a 
smaller  scale,  the  Arch  of  Constantine  at  Eome.  It  has 
a  large  archway  between  two  small  ones,  flanked  by  Corin- 
thian columns,  an  entablature,  and  a  high  attic.  Beliefs 
over  the  small  archways  represent  incidents  of  the  cam- 
paigns ;  over  the  columns  are  placed  statues  of  soldiers  of 
the  empire,  and  in  the  spandrels  of  the  large  archway  are 
sculptured  Victories.  On  the  summit  Is  a  group  in  bronze 
representing  a  four-horse  chariot  The  height  is  48  feet, 
the  width  esj.  , 

Arc  de  Triomphe  de  I'Etoile  (ark  de  tre-6nf ' 
di  la-twal')-  [P-,  'triumphal  arch  of  the 
star.']  A  triumphal  arch,  the  largest  existing, 
at  the  head  of  the  Champs  !filysees,  Paris,  it 
was  begun  in  1806  by  Napoleon  I.,  but  not  finished  until 
1836.  The  structure  is  146  feet  wide,  160  high,  and  72 
deep.  Its  chief  fronts  are  pierced  with  a  single  archway 
67  feet  high  and  46  wide,  and  the  ends  have  smaller  arch- 
ways. The  spandrels  of  the  large  archway  are  adorned 
with  Victories  by  Pradier,  and  flanked  by  large  rectangu- 
lar panels  representing  military  episodes,  as  do  the  reliefs 
of  the  frieze.  Above  the  heavy  cornice  there  is  an  attic 
with  shields  bearing  titles  of  victories.  Against  the  foiu* 
piers  of  ttie  fronts  are  placed  pedestals,  upon  which  are 
colossal  high  reliefs  representing  (east  front)  triumph  of 
Napoleon  and  Peace  of  Vienna  (1810),  by  Cortot ;  depart- 
ure of  troops  for  the  frontier  in  1792,  by  Eude;  (west 
front)  blessings  of  peace  (1J815),  and  resistance  of  France 
to  invasion  (1814),  both  by  Etex.  The  vaults  are  inscribed 
with  the  names  of  battles  won  by  France,  and  of  Republi- 
can and  Imperial  officers. 

Arcesilaus  (ar-ses-i-la'us),  or  Arcesilas  (ar- 

-.  ses'i-las).     [Gr.  'ApKecihioc,  Doric    'ApicsaiTiag.'] 

Bom  at  Pitane,  .SJolis,  about  316  b.  c.  :  died 

about  241  B.  C.   A  Greek  skeptical  philosopher, 

founder  of  the  second  Academy. 

Arch  (3xeh),  Joseph.    Bom  at  Barford,  War- 


72 


Archilochus 


wiokshire,  England,  Nov.  10, 1826.  An  English  Archelaus  (ftr-ke-la'us).  [Gr.  'Apxi^^aoe.J  One 
social  reformer,  f oimder  of  the  National  Agri-  of  the  Heraclidee,  the  traditional  founder  of  th& 
cultural  Laborers'  Union  in  18'r2.  Macedonian  royal  house. 

Arch  of  Augustus,  or  Porta  Romana.  A  fine  Archelaus.  Lived  about  450  b.  c.  A  Greek 
simple  Boman  triumphal  arch  at  Bimini,  Italy,  philosopher  of  the  Ionian  school,  said  to  have 
built  in  27  b.  c.  in  honor  of  the  restoration  been  the  instructor  of  Socrates  and  Euripides  r 
of  the  Flaminian  Way.  it  is  of  white  travertine,  surnamed  "Physicus"  ('the  physicist')  from 
45.9  feet  high  and  28.8  thick,  with  a  single  arch  29.5  feet    his  devotion  to  physical  Science.    He  regarded 

ride  oTthf^^pWn;  «,-iS"J''""*°  ?  Kw  °°'"?"  '"'  ^^°S    heat  and  cold  as  the  principles  of  generation. 

sme  ot  the  archway  supports  an  entablature,  above  which    ._  , , t,-„a  onn  t.   ^      Tr,'«™  „*  iit„„»j« 

there  is  a  low  pedunent.  In  the  spandrels  a!re  medaUions  AjchelaUS.  Died  399  B.  C.  King  ot  Macedon 
of  divinities.  413-399  B.C.,  the  natural  son  of  Perdiocas  11. 

Arch  of  Constantine.  An  arch  in  Eome  built  He  was  a  patron  of  Hellenic  art  and  literature,  and  at- 
312  A.  B.  in  honor  of  Constantine's  triumph  over  ^^^^^  ^oc^ateTwho  dTc^nfd"''"'"'  ■""  ^''*°"'  "'"' 
Slfsm'liler'one^aMfoirTorShSiSum^^^  ArchelauS.„  A  Cappadocian   general_  in  the 


service  of  Mithndates.  He  was  defeated  by  Sulla 
at  Chseronea  in  86  B.  C,  and  at  Orchomenus  in  85,  and  de- 
serted to  the  Romans  in  81. 
Archelaus.  King  of  Egypt  56  or  55  b.  c,  a  son 
of  Archelaus  of  Cappadocia.  He  became  high 
priest  at  Comana  63  B.  0.,  and  secured  the  hand  of  Bere- 
nice, queen  of  Egypt,  by  representing  himself  to  be  the 
son  of  Hlthrldates  Eupator.    He  was  defeated  and  slain 

..      -r         i  J      -i,      ...  ,, by  the  Romans  after  a  reign  of  six  months. 

n°^V'°=ir''„?,.:!:;,'\^5'i^,.S*I^b.*^^^  Archelaus.     King  of  Cappadocia  from  about 

34  B.C.  to  17  A.  D.,  a  grandson  of  Archelaus 
(about  56  B.  C).  He  owed  his  elevation  to  Mark  An- 
tony, who  was  captivated  by  the  charms  of  Archelaus's 
mother,  Glaphyra.  He  sided  with  Antony  in  the  war  with 
Octavlan;  was  suffered,  after  the  defeat  of  Antony,  to. 


front.  The  attic  bears  a  long  inscription.  Much  of  its 
abundant  sculpture  was  taken  from  the  destroyed  Arch 
of  Trajan ;  that  of  Constantine's  artists,  associated  with 
it,  is  much  inferior. 
Arch  of  Drusus.  An  arch  (wrongly  named) 
built  by  Caraoalla  to  carry  an  aqueduct  for  the 
supply  of  his  thermes  over  the  Via  Appia  near 
the  gate  of  San  Sebastiano.    it  is  built  of  traver- 


niic,  luuiuBiicu  wiLu  wuibt.  inaruiti,  anu  oecoraieu  witn 
Composite  columns,  and  originally  had  on  each  side  an 
entablature  and  a  pediment.  The  style  is  very  poor. 
Arch  of  Hadrian.  A  triumphal  gateway  at 
Athens,  probably  built  by  Hadrian,  between 
the  old  city  and  his  new  quarter,  it  is  69  feet 
high,  with  a  single  arch  20  feet  high.  Above  the  arch 
there  is  an  attic  with  three  large  openings,  originally 
closed.  Above  the  central  opening  there  is  a  pediment. 
The  arch  was  decorated  on  each  side  with  Corinthian  col- 
umns. 

Arch  of  Janus  Quadrifrons.    An  arch  in  the 
Velabrum,  Bome,  at  the  northeastern  extrem- 


retain  his  kingdom,  to  which  was  subsequently  added 
part  of  CillMa  and  Lesser  Armenia ;  and  was  summoned 
to  Rome  by  Tiberius,  where  he  was  detained  till  his  death. 

Archelaus.  Died  at  Vienna,  Gaul.  Ethnarch 
of  Judea,  Samaria,  and  Idumea  about  3  B.  c- 
„„„„„_„„„  7  A. D.,  a  son  of  Herod  the  Great.  He  was  de- 
ity of  the  Porum' Boarium.  It'irafom'-TOyarch  POsed  by  Augustus.  ,  , ,  .  ^,  ,, 
of  marble,  largely  built  of  older  architectural  fragments,  ArchelaUS.  Lived  probably  in  the  1st  century 
late  in  period  and  degraded  in  style.  The  interior  is  cov-  A.  D.  A  Greek  sculptor.  A  bas-relief,  the 
ered  with  a  simple  groined  vault.    The  four  fronts  bear     "Apotheosis  of  Homer,"  carved  by  him,  is  in 

32  niches  for  statues  of  diTmities,  and  on  the  massive  piers     4.i,„V>  -j.*  -u  t!*- ,„  j  j 

16  blind  niches  flanking  the  archways.    The  attic  is  de-     tne  British  Museum. 

stroyed.    The  structure  was  used  in  antiquity  as  a  kind  ATCheUhOlZ    (ar  cnen-holts).    Baron    Johann 

of  financial  exchange.  Wilhelm  VOU.     Born  near  Dantzic,  Sept.  3, 

Arch  of  Septimius  Severus.    Au  arch  in  the    1743:  died  near  Hamburg,  Feb.  28,  1812.    A 

EomanPorum,  dedicated  203  A. D.,  in oommem-    German  historian.     He  wrote  "  Geschichte  des 


oration  of  victories  over  the  Parthians.    It  is  of 
Pentelic  marble,  with  a  central  arch  and  two  side  arches, 


siebenjahrigen  Kriegs"  (1793,  "History  of  the 
Seven  Tears'  "War"),  etc. 


flanked  by  four  Corinthian  columns  on  each  face.    There   ArpTipr  (iirVhpr'*   'RrnTipii  T      Bnrti  17Qn-  rliBrt 
are  panels  over  the  side  arches  and  a  frieze  above  all  with  ■"f'^^iJ-^'-JJ^V' :P'^^»Cn  l._    J3orni^»U.  aiett 


are  panels  over  the  side  arches  and  a  frieze  above  all  with 
reliefs  of  Roman  triumphs.    The  attic  bears  inscriptions. 

Arch  of  Titus.  An  arch  in  Bome,  built  in  com- 
memoration of  the  taking  of  Jerusalem,  it  has 
a  single  archway,  the  opening  flanked  on  each  face  by 
four  Composite  columns.  The  spandrels  bear  Victories 
in  relief,  and  on  the  high  attic  is  the  dedicatory  inscrip- 
tion. The  vault  is  richly  coffered  and  sculptured,  and 
the  interior  faces  of  the  piers  display  reliefs  of  Titus  in 
triumph,  with  the  plunder  of  the  temple  at  Jerusalenr,  in 
which  the  seven-branched  candlesticks  are  conspicuous. 

Arch  of  Trajan.  1.  An  arch  over  the  Appian 
Way  at  Benevento,  Italy,  dedicated  a.  d.  114 


Sept.  22, 1856.  A  Texan  revolutionist  and  poli- 
tician. He  removed  to  Texas  in  1831,  presided  over  the 
"  Consultation  "  Nov.  3, 1835,  was  a  member  of  the  first 
Texan  congress  1836,  was  sent  to  Washington  where  he 
became  speaker  of  the  House  and  was  secretary  of  war,. 
1839-42. 

Archer.  In  Farquhar's  comedy  "  The  Beaux' 
Stratagem,"  a  friend  of  Aimwell  who  pretends 
to  be  his  servant  in  order  to  further  the  success 
of  the  stratagem.  He  carries  on  various  lively 
adventures  on  his  own  account.     See  Aimwell. 


Archer,  The.    See  Sagittarius. 
and  one  of  the  iinest  of  ancient  arches,    it  is  of  Archer  Eiver.    A  river  in  Cape  York  Penin- 
white  marble,  48  feet  high  and  30|  wide,  with  a  single    gula,  Queensland,  Australia,  which  flows  into 
arch  measuring  27  by  16J  feet.    On  each  face  there  are     ^.^     A}^  .    f  DoTTiPTitnn-a 
four  engaged,  Corinthian  columns,  with  an  entablature,     me  wuii  onjarpeniana.  .    . 

above  which  is  a  paneled  attic.  The  arch  is  profusely  ArchiaS  (ar'kl-as),  AulUS  LlCiniUS.  [Gr.  'Ap- 
soulptured  with  reliefs  illustrating  Trajan's  life  and  his  ;f(af.]  A  Greek  poet,  a  native  of  Antioch  (from 
Daoian  triumphs.  There  are  Victories  in  the  spandrels  and  about  120  B.  c).  Cicero  defended  him  (61 B.  0.)  against 
dedicatory  inscriptions  on  the  central  panels  of  the  attic,  t^e  charge  of  assuming  Roman  citizenship  ilegall^in  an 
2.  An  arch  erected  at  Ancona  A.  D.  112.     Itisof     oratlon(proArchi4poet&)fromwhlchchleflyheistaown. 

?''»."\"^'''?'  *""*  fV"^^  I'  *H.,™2  °\  '^*  breakwater  Archibald  (ar'chi-bald),  Sir  Adams  George. 

buiU  by  Trajan,  and  is  perhaps  the  best-proportioned  of  -p^^  ^^  rr„i,.„  im„^„,  s/n+.i »  Mn.,r  18  1  MA-^f^A 
all  Roman  triumphal  arches.    It  has  a  single  opening  46 


by  29J  feet,  two  engaged  Corinthian  columns  on  the  face 
of  each  pier,  and  a  high  attic  above  the  entablature. 

Archangel  (ark-an'jel),  or  Archangelsk  (ar- 
ohang'gelsk).  The  largest  and  northernmost 
government  of  Bussia,  bounded  by  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  the  White  Sea,  the  Ural  Mountains,  Pin- 
land,  and  the  governments  of  Vologda  and 
Olonetz.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  sterile  in  the 
north  and  covered  with  forests  in  the  south.  Area,  331,- 
505  square  miles.    Population  (1897),  347,560. 

Archangel,  or  Archangelsk.  A  seaport,  the 
capital  of  the  government  of  Archangel,  situ- 
ated on  the  Dwina  near  the  White  Sea  in  lat. 
64°  32'  N.,  long.  40°  33'  B.:  the  chief  commer 


Bom  at  Truro,  Nova  Scotia,  May  18, 1814:  died 
at  Halifax,  Dec.  14, 1892.  A  Canadian  politician 
and  jurist,  secretary  of  state  for  the  Dominion 
of  Canada  1867-68,  and  lieutenant-governor  of 
Manitoba  and  the  Northwest  Territories  1870- 
1873.    He  was  knighted  in  1885. 

Archidamus  (ar-ki-da'mus)  II.  [Gr.  'ApxiSa^ 
/iof.]  King  of  Sparta  469  to  about  427  B.  c. 
He  led  the  Feloponnesian  army  against  Athens  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Feloponnesian  war. 

Archidamus  III.  King  of  Sparta  from  361  to 
338  B.C.  He  defeated  the  Arcadians  and  Arglves  in  the 
"  Tearless  Battle,"  367,  and  was  killed  in  battle  in  338. 

Archidamus.  A  Bohemian  lord  in  Shakspere's. 
"  Winter's  Tale.'" 


cial  town 'in  the  north  of  Bussia,  and  long  the  Archigenes_  (ar-kij'e-nez).    [Gr.  'Apxijhriq.']    A 
-       -  Greek  physician,  a  native  of  Apamea  in  Syria, 

who  practised  in  Bome  in  the  time  of  Trajan 
(98-117  A.  D.) :  the  most  celebrated  of  the  eclec- 
tics. He  was  the  author  of  a  treatise  on  the 
pulse,  to  which  Galen  added  a  commentary. 


only  Bussian  seaport.  The  harbor  is  open  from  May 
to  September.  Archangel  exports  grain,  flax,  linseed, 
pitch,  skins,  tar,  etc.  It  was  visited  by  the  English  In 
1553,  and  an  English  factory  was  built.  A  Russian  fort 
was  built  In  1684.  The  town  was  blockaded  by  the  British 
in  1854  and  in  1856.    Population,  17,802. 

Archangel  Bay,  or  Gulf  of  Archangel, 

arm  of  the  White  Sea  near  Archangel. 
Archas.    The  person  in  Fletcher's  "  The  Loyal 
Subject"  who  gives  to  the  play  its  name:  a 
general  of  the  Muscovites  whose  loyalty  is  of 


An  Archilochus  (ar-kil'6-kus).  [Gr.  'Apxi^o'xog.'] 
A  Greek  lyric  poet  of  Pares  who  flourished 
about  700  B.  c.  (the  date  is  much  disputed). 
He  was  famous  for  his  satiric  iambic  poetry.  "The  Em- 
peror Hadrian  judged  that  the  Muses  had  shown  a  special 
^  ,       ,  mark  of  favor  to  Homer  in  leading  Archilochus  into  a  dif- 

that   exaggerated   description   that   bears   all     ferent  department  of  poetry."  (Smith.)  The  invention  of 
kinds    of    outrage    from    an    unworthy   king,     elegiacs  was  attributed  to  him.    SeeCaUinw. 
Young  Archas,  the  son  ot  the  general,  disguises  himself        He  [Archilochus]  was  born  of  a  good  family  at  Pares, 
as  a  woman,  and  takes  the  name  of  Alinda.  but  lived,  owing  to  poverty,  a  life  of  roving  adventure. 


Archdale  (aroh'dal),  John.  An  English  colo- 
nial official,  governor  of  North  Carolina  about 
1695-96. 


partly,  it  appears,  as  a  mercenary  soldier,  partly  as  a  col- 
onist to  Thasos ;  nor  do  his  wanderings  appear  to  have 
been  confined  to  eastern  Hellas,  for  he  speaks  in  praise  of 
the  rich  plains  about  the  Siris  in  Italy  (frag.  21).    He  was 


Archilochus 

'aatrothed  to  Ifeobnle,  the  youngest  daughter  of  Lycim- 
bCB,  hia  townsman ;  but  when  she  was  refused  him,  prob- 
ably on  account  of  bis  poverty,  he  vented  his  rage  ana  dis- 
appointment In  those  famous  satires  which  first  showed 
the  full  power  of  the  iambic  metre,  and  were  the  wonder 
and  the  delight  of  all  antiquity.  He  ended  his  life  by  the 
death  he  doubtless  desired,  on  the  field  of  battle.  In 
coarsenesMeneness,  and  bitterness  he  may  justly  be  called 
the  Swift  of  Greek  literature.  But  even  the  scanty  frag- 
ments of  Archilochus  show  a  range  of  feeling  and  a  wide- 
ness  of  sympathy  far  beyond  the  complete  works  of  Swift. 
Mahafy,  Hist.  Classical  Greels  Lit.,  I.  159. 
Archilochus,  if  not  absolutely  the  inventor,  was  the  cre- 
ator of  these  two  metres,  the  iambic  and  trochaic,  as  truly 
as  Homer  was  the  creator  of  the  heroic  measure. 

Symmds,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  L  279. 

Arcliimage  (ar'ki-maj),  or  Axchimago  (ar-ki- 
ma'go).  1.  The  impersonation  of  jSypocrisy 
in  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene,"  a  magician  and 
a  compound  of  deceit  and  credulity.  He  deceives 
TJnaby  assuming  the  appearance  of  the  Red  Cross  Knight, 
but  his  falsehood  is  exposed.  The  whole  story  is  taken 
from  Ariosto's  "Orlando  Furioso," ii.  12. 
2.  The  personification  of  Indolence  in  Thom- 
son's "  Castle  of  Indolence." 

Archimedes  (ar-ki-me'dez).  [Gr.  'Ap%i/j.^67!c.'] 
Bom  at  Syracuse  about  287  e.g.:  died  at  Syra- 
cuse, 212  B.  C.  The  most  celebrated  geometri- 
cian of  antiquity.  He  is  said  to  have  been  a  relative 
of  King  Hiero  of  Syracuse,  to  have  traveled  early  in  life 
in  Egypt,  and  to  have  been  the  pupil  of  Conon  the  Samian 
at  Alexandria.  His  most  important  services  were  rendered 
to  pure  geometry,  but  his  popular  fame  rests  chiefly  on 
his  application  of  mathematical  theory  to  mechanics.  He 
invented  the  water-screw,  and  discovered  the  principle  of 
the  lever.  Concerning  the  latter  the  famous  saying  is  at- 
tributed to  him,  "Give  me  where  1  may  stand  and  I  will 
move  the  world"  (66?  nou  trrSi  Kai  rof  koo-jllo^  KLvijata). 
By  means  of  military  engines  which  he  invented  he  post- 
poned the  fall  of  Syracuse  when  besieged  by  MarceUus 
214-212,  whose  fleet  he  is  incorrectly  said  to  have  destroyed 
by  mirrors  reflecting  the  sun's  rays.  He  detected  the  ad- 
mixture of  silver,  and  determined  the  proportions  of  the 
two  metals.  In  a  crown  ordered  by  Hiero  to  be  made  of 

Sure  gold.  The  method  of  detecting  the  alloy,  without 
estroying  the  crown,  occurred  to  him  as  he  stepped  into 
the  bath  and  observed  the  overflow  caused  by  the  displace- 
ment of  the  water.  He  ran  home  through  the  streets 
naked  crying  heureka,  "I  have  found  it."  He  was  killed 
at  the  capture  of  Syracuse  by  MarceUus. 

Archipelago  (ar-ki-pel'a-go),  Greek.  Thevari- 
ous  islands  and  groups  of  islands  in  the  .ffigean 
Sea.    See  Mgean  Sea.  ^ 

Archipelago,  Indian  or  Malay.  The  various 
islands  in  the  eastern  hemisphere  lying  be- 
tween Australia  and  the  southeast  coast  of 
Asia,  including  Sumatra,  Java,  Borneo,  Cele- 
bes, the  Molucca,  Lesser  Sunda,  and  Philippine 
islands. 

Archipelago,  Duchy  of.  Same  as  duchy  of 
Naxos. 

Archon  (Sr'kon).  In  Dryden's  poem  "Albion 
and  Albanius,"  a  character  intended  to  repre- 
sent Monk, 

Archjrtas  (ar-ki'tas)  of  Tarentum.  [Gr.  'Apxf>- 
TOf.]  Lived  about  400  B.  c.  A  Greek  Pythago- 
rean philosopher,  mathematician,  and  general, 
■who  enjoyed  in  antiquity  a  great  reputation  for 
his  learning  and  virtues.  He  was  drowned  in 
the  Adriatic. 

Arcis-SUr-Aube  (ar-se'siir-ob').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Aube,  Prance,  situated  en  the 
Aube  17  miles  north  of  Troyes.  it  was  the  birth- 
place of  Danton.  Here  a  battle  was  fought,  March  20  and 
21, 1814,  between  the  French  under  Napoleon  and  the 
Allies  under  Schwarzenberg.  Napoleon  was  unsuccessful 
in  his  attempt  to  prevent  the  junction  of  Schwarzenberg 
and  Bliicher,  and  retreated,  leaving  the  route  to  Paris 
open,  with  the  intention  of  attacking  the  Allies  in  the 
rear.    Population,  about  3,000. 

Arcite(ar'sit).  A  Theban  knight.  For  account 
of  him  see  Chaucer's  "Knight's  Tale,"  Dryden's 
'  'Palamon  and  Arcite."  The  Areite  of  Chaucer's 
"Anelida  and  Aroite"is  not  the  same  knight. 
Arco  (ar'ko)..  A  small  town  in  Tyrol,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Sarca,  near  Lake 
Garda,  16  miles  southwest  of  Trent:  a  noted 
winter  resort.  It  contains  a  castle  and  the 
town  palace  of  the  counts. 
Arco  della  Pace  (ar'ko  del'la  pa'che).  [It., 
'  arch  of  the  peace.']  An  arch  in  Milan,  Italy, 
begun  in  1807  in  honor  of  Napoleon,  and  com- 
pleted in  1838  in  commemoration  of  the  Peace 
of  1815.  There  is  a  large  central  aich  flanked  by  smaller 
ones,  and  each  front  is  ornamented  by  four  Corinthian 
columns  and  an  entablature.  Above  the  attic  is  a  flne 
bronze  group  of  the  goddess  Peace  in  a  six-horse  chariot, 
and  at  the  four  angles  are  mounted  Victories.  The  wall- 
spaces  are  covered  with  sculptured  reliefs. 

Arco  dei  Leoni  (ar'ko  da'e  la-6'ne).  [It., 
'arch  of  the  lions.']  A  Eoman  double-arched 
gateway  in  Verona,  probably  of  the  3d  century 
A.  D.,  one  arch  of  which  is  destroyed,  it  is  of 
light  and  graceful  proportions.  On  each  side  of  the  arch 
there  is  a  Corinthian  column ;  above  there  is  a  story  with 
three  openings  between  pilasters.  The  top  story  had  col- 
umns with  spiral  fluting,  one  of  which  remains. 

Axcole  (ar'ko-le),  or  Areola  (ar'ko-la).    A 


73 

village  in  the  province  of  Verona,  Italy,  situ- 
ated on  the  Alpone  15  miles  southeast  of  Ve- 
rona. Here  a  victory  was  gained  by  the  French  (about 
18,000)  under  Napoleon  (Mass^na  and  Augereau,  division 
commanders)  over  the  Austrians  (about  40,000)  under  Al- 
vmczy,  Nov.  16, 16,  and  17, 1796,  which  prevented  the  re- 
lief of  Mantua.  It  was  fought  largely  in  the  swamps  near 
Arcole.    Population,  2,000  to  3,000. 

Arpon  (ar-s6n'),  Jean  Claude  Eldonore  Le 
Michaud  d  ,  Born  at  Pontarlier,  Prance,  1733 : 
died  July  1,  1800.  A  French  military  engi- 
neer and  writer,  author  of  "Considerations 
militaires  et  poUtiques  sur  les  fortifications" 
(1795),  etc.  He  devised  the  floating  batteries 
used  at  the  siege  of  Gibraltar  in  1782. 

Arcos  delaFrontera(ar'kds  da  la  fron-ta'ra). 
A  town  and  strong  fortress  in  the  province  of 
Cadiz,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadalete  30  miles 
northeast  of  Cadiz,  it  was  a  Eoman  town,  and  was 
long  a  frontier  town  of  Castile,  toward  Granada.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  16,199. 

Arcot  (ar-kof).  [Tamil  Arkat,  Arueati,  six 
forests.]  A  city  in  the  district  of  North  Arcot, 
British  India,  situated  on  the  PMar  in  lat.  12° 
54'  N.,  long.  79°  24'  E.,  once  the  capital  of  the 
Carnatic.  it  was  taken  by  Clive  in  1761  and  defended 
by  him  in  1761  against  the  French  and  natives.  Later  it 
was  successively  held  by  the  French,  British,  and  Hyder 
All,  and  was  ceded  to  the  British  in  1801.  Population 
(1891),  10,928. 

Arcot,  or  Arkat,  North.  A  district  in  Madras, 
British  India,  about  lat.  13°  N.  Area,  7,616 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  2,180,487. 

Arcot,  or  Arkat,  South.  A  district  in  Madras, 
British  India,  about  lat.  12°  N.  Area,  5,217 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  2,162,851. 

Arco- Valley  (ar-ko-fa'li),  Count  Ludwig. 
Bom  in  Bavaria,  1843:  died  at  Berlin,  Oct. 
15,  1891.  A  German  diplomatist,  secretary  of 
legation  at  Washington  1871-72,  and  minister 
to  the  United  States  1888-91.  His  marriage  with 
the  actress  Janisch  (1872)  caused  his  dismissal  from  tlie 
imperial  service,  to  which  he  was  restored  on  separating 
from  his  wife. 

Arctic  Ocean.  A  part  of  the  ocean  which  lies 
about  the  North  Pole,  is  partially  inclosed  by 
Europe,  Asia,  North  America,  and  Greenland, 
communicates  with  the  Pacific  Ocean  by  Be- 
ring Strait,  and  is  open  to  the  Atlantic,  it  is 
generally  regarded  as  extending  southward  to  the  Arctic 
Circle.  Among  the  lands  in  it  are  Greenland,  Nova  Zem- 
bla,  Spitzbergen,  Franz  Josef  Land,  Jan  Mayen,  New  Si- 
beria, Wrangel  Land,  Banks  Land,  Prince  Patrick  Island, 
Melville  Island,Victoria  Land,  King  William  Island,  Prince 
of  Wales  Land,  Bathurst  Island,  North  Somerset,  Cock- 
bum  Island,  Grinnell,  North  Devon,  Baffin  Land,  EUes- 
mere  Land,  etc.  Among  its  arms  or  divisions  are  Kotze- 
bue  Sound,  Beaufort  Sea,  Melville  Sound,  McClintock 
Channel,  Gulf  of  Boothia,  Lancaster  Sound,  Baffin  Bay, 
Smith  Sound,  White  Sea,  Kara  Sea,  Barentz  Sea,  Gulf  of 
Obi,  Yenisei  Gulf,  Taimyr  Bay,  Long  Strait.  Highest  point 
reached,  86°  33'  (Abruzzi). 

Arctic  Explorers.  See  imder  Frohisher,  Davis, 
Barentz,  Hudson,  Baffin,  Scoresby,  Coolc,  Bar- 
row, Parry,  Franklin,  Banks,  Boss,  McClure, 
McClintock,  Kane,  Sail,  Hayes,  Payer,  Mark- 
ham,  Nordenskjold,  Sckwatka,  De  Long,  Greely, 
Nares,  Nansen,  Peary,  Grinnell,  Fox. 

Arctic,  The.  A  first-class  passenger  steamship 
belonging  to  the  Collins  Line  (the  first  Ameri- 
can line  of  steamships),  which  was  sunk  by  col- 
lision in  the  Atlantic  in  1854. 

ArctinUS  (ark-ti'nus).  [Gr.  'ApKflvog.l  A  Greek 
poet  of  Miletus  (about  776  b.  c),  author  of  the 
cyclic  poem  "jEthiopis":  the  "  oldest  certainly 
known  epic  poet."  He  was  said  to  be  a  pupil 
of  Homer. 

Arctnrus  (ark-tti'ms).  [L.,  from  Gr.  'ApKTov- 
poQ,  Areturus,  lit.  '  bear-ward,'  from  apKTog,  a 
bear,  the  Great  Bear,  and  ovpog,  ward,  guard, 
keeper.]  A  yellow  star  in  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere, the  fourth  in  order  of  brightness  in  the 
entire  heavens,  it  is  situated  between  the  thighs  of 
Bootes,  behind  the  Great  Bear,  and  is  easily  found  by  fol- 
lowing out  the  curve  of  the  bear's  taiL  In  the  southern 
hemisphere  it  may  be  recognized  by  its  forming  a  nearly 
equilateral  triangle  with  Spica  and  Denebola.  It  is  called 
by  astronomers  a  Bootis. 

Arcueil  (ar-key').  A  villageinthe  department 
of  Seine,  France,  situated  on  the  BiSvre  1  mile 
south  of  the  fortifications  of  Paris:  the  ancient 
Arcus  Julianus.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient 
Boman  aqueduct  on  the  site  of  which  another  was  built 
in  1613-24  to  convey  water  to  the  gardens  of  the  Luxem- 
bourg. On  top  of  this  aqueduct  another  was  built  in 
1868-72.    Population  (1891),  6,088. 

Arcy-Sur-Cure  (ar-se'siir-kiir').  A  village  in 
the  department  of  Yonne,  Prance,  situated  near 
Vermenton:  famous  for  its  stalactite  grottos. 

Ardabil  (ar-da-bel'),  or  Ardebil  (ar-de-bel'). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Azerbaijan,  Persia, 
situated  on  the  Kara-Su  in  lat.  38°  14'  N.,  long. 
48"^  19'  E.    Population,  15,000  (?). 

Ardahan  (ar-da-han').    A  fortress  in  Russian 


Ardennes,  Forest  of 

Armenia,  situated  on  the  Kur  41  miles  north- 
west of  Kars :  stormed  by  the  Russians  May, 
1877,  and  ceded  to  Russia  by  Turkey  1878. 

Ardashir  (ar-da-sher' ) .  The  real  founder  of  the 
Sassanian  dynasty,  surnamed  "iPapakan,"  the 
son  of  Papak.  He  reigned  from  211  or  212  A.  D.  to  241 
or  242.  Beginning  with  Papak's  kingdom  about  Istakkr, 
he  subdued  Kerman  and  Susiana.  In  224  he  defeated  and 
killed  Ardavan,  the  last  Parthian  emperor,  from  which 
time  he  called  himself  "king  of  kings."  While  Istakkr 
was  in  theory  the  capital,  his  real  capital  consisted  of 
Ctesiphon  and  Veh-Ardashir  (Seleucia),  on  the  opposite 
bank  of  the  Tigris.  The  important  fact  in  his  career  i& 
his  effective  patronage  of  the  Zoroastrian  religion. 

Arda  Viraf.     See  the  following. 

Arda  Viraf  Namak  (ar'da  ve-raf  na-mak'). 
['  The  Book  of  Arda  Viraf. '1  A  favorite  reli- 
gious book  among  the  Parsis,  written  in  Pah- 
lavi.  In  the  reign  of  Shapur  II.,  since  doubts  still  ex- 
isted as  to  the  truth  of  the  Zoroastrian  reUgion,  the  Das- 
turs  resolved  to  send  one  among  them  to  the  land  of  the 
dead  to  bring  back  certainty.  Seven  were  chosen,  and 
these  chose  three  and  these  again  one,  Arda  Viraf.  Viraf 
drank  three  cups  filled  with  a  narcotic  (mang),  and  slept 
until  the  seventh  day,  during  which  time  he  made  a  jour- 
ney guided  by  Sraosha,  "the  angel  of  obedience,"  and 
Ataro  Yazad,  "the  angel  of  the  fire,"  through  heaven  and 
hell.  The  rewards  of  the  one  and  the  punishments  of  the 
other  are  minutely  described.  Neither  author  nor  date 
is  known,  but  the  book  belongs  undoubtedly  to  Sassanian 
times. 

Ardea  (ar'de-a).  [L. ;  Gr.  'ApSia.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a"town  of  Latium,  Italy,  24  miles 
south  of  Rome.  It  was  the  chief  town  of  the 
Rutulians,  and  later  a  Roman  colony. 

Ardebil.    See  Ardabil. 

Ardeche  (ar-dash').  A  department  of  Prance, 
capital  Privas,  bounded  by  Loire  on  the  north, 
by  Drdme  (separated  by  the  Rhone)  on  the  east, 
by  Gard  on  the  south,  and  by  Lozfere  and  Haute- 
Loire  on  the  west:  formed  chiefly  from  the  an- 
cient Vivarais.  It  is  mountainous,  containing  the  cul- 
minating  point  of  the  Cayennes,  and  is  rich  in  iron,  coal, 
and  other  minerals.  Area,  2,134  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  371,269. 

Ardeche.  A  small  river  in  the  department  of 
Ardfeche,  Prance,  which  joins  the  Rhone  26 
miles  northwest  of  Avignon. 

Ard^  or  Ardai  (ar'di).  The  western  part  of 
the  Haar,  a  range  of  hills  in  Westphalia  north 
of  the  Ruhr. 

Afdekan  (ar-de-kan').  A  town  in  Persia,  135 
miles  east  of  Ispahan.  Population,  8,000  to 
9,000. 

Ardelan  (ar-de-lan').  A  district  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Irak-Ajemi,  Persia,  about  lat.  35°  30' 
N.,  long.  47°  E. 

Ardelia  (ar-de'lia).  A  pseudonym  of  Anne 
Pinch,  countess  of  Winchelsea. 

Arden,  Enoch.    See  Enoch  Arden. 

Arden  (ar'den).  An  English  forest  which  in 
former  times  extended  through  Warwickshire 
and  other  midland  counties  of  England.  Malone 
and  other  editors  of  Shakspere  have  held  that  the  Forest 
of  Arden  of  "As  you  Like  it  '"was  the  Forest  of  Ardennea 
in  French  Flanders.  Wherever  the  scene  of  theplay  was 
laid,  it  is  evident  from  the  allusions  to  EoMn  Hood  and 
the  bits  of  description  that  it  is  the  English  forest  that 
Shakspere  meant,  though  the  characters  are  French. 

Arden  of  Feversham.  1.  A  tragedy  first 
printed  (anonymously)  in  1592,  and  at  one  time 
attributed  to  Shakspere.  According  to  Fleay,  who 
dates  it  1685,  there  is  some  ground  for  attributing  it  to 
Kyd.  Tieok  translated  it  into  German  as  Shakspere's  work. 
"It  is  a  domestic  tragedy  of  a  peculiarly  atrocious  kind, 
Alice  Arden,  the  wife,  being  led  by  her  passion  for  a  base 
paramour,  Mosbie,  to  plot,  and  at  last  carry  out,  the  mur- 
der of  her  husband.  Here  it  is  not  that  the  versification 
has  much  resemblance  to  Shakespere's,  or  that  single 
speeches  smack  of  him,  but  that  the  dramatic  grasp  of 
character  both  in  principals  and  in  secondary  characters 
has  a  distinct  touch  of  his  almost  unmistakable  hand. 
Yet  both  in  the  selection  and  in  the  treatment  of  the  sub- 
ject theplay  definitely  transgresses  those  principles  which 
have  been  said  to  exhibit  themselves  so  uniformly  and  so 
strongly  in  the  whole  great  body  of  his  undoubted  plays." 
Saintsimry,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  424. 
2.  A  tragedy,  founded  on  the  earlier  one,  by 
George  Lillo  in  1736.  it  was  played  first  in  1769. 
It  was  practically  unfinished  and  was  altered  and  revised 
by  Dr.  John  Hoadley  in  1762.  It  was  produced  in  this 
form  in  1790. 

Ardennes  (ar-den').  A  department  of  France, 
capital  Mdziferes,  bounded  by  Belgium  on  the 
north  and  northeast,  by  Meuse  on  the  east,  by 
Marne  on  the  south,  and  by  Aisne  on  the  west : 
formed  largely  from  part  of  the  ancient  Cham- 
pagne. It  produces  iron,  marble,  slate,  etc. 
Area,  2,020  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
324,923. 

Ardennes,  Forest  of .  [L.ArduennaSilva.']  In 
ancient  times,  a  large  forest  in  Gaul  which 
extended  from  the  Rhine  at  Coblentz  to  the 
Sambre;  now  restricted  to  southern  Belgium 
and  a  part  of  northeastern  Prance,  the  present 
Ardennes,  a  plateau  rich  in  minerals  and  tim- 
ber.    See  Arden^ 


Axdennes,  Wild  Boar  of 

ArdenneSgWild  Boar  of.  A  nickname  of  the 
ferocious  William  de  la  Marck  (died  1485).  He 
figures  in  Scott's  "  Quentin  Duiward." 

Ardeshir.    See  Ardashir. 

Ardhanari.  [Skt., 'Half-woman.']  In  Hindu- 
ism, a  form  in  which  Siva,  half  male  and  half 
female,  typifies  the  male  and  female  energies. 

Arditi  (ar-de'te),  Luigi.  Born  July  16,  1822: 
died  May  1,  1903.  An  Italian  violinist  and  com- 
poser. He  was  director  ot  opera  at  Vercelli  1843 ;  trav- 
eled in  America  1846-S6 ;  was  conductor  at  Her  Majesty's 
Theater,  London,  1858 ;  and  conductor  of  Italian  opera  at 
St.  Petersburg  and  Vienna.  He  composed  operas  ("  I 
Briganti," '*La  Spia,"  "II  Corsaro"),  overtures,  waltzes 
(*'I1  Baico"),  etc. 

Ardnamurchan  (ard-na-m6r'6han).  A  penin- 
sula in  the  northwestern  part  of  Argyllshire, 
Scotland. 

Ardnamurchan  Point.  A  promontory  at  the 
northwestern  extremity  of  Argyllshire, .  Scot- 
land. 

Ardoch.  (ar'dooh).  A  parish  in  southern  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  12  miles  north  of  Stirling,  it 
has  noted  Roman  military  antiquities  (the  best-preserved 
Koman  camp  in  Great  Britain),  and  is  the  probable  site 
(Wright)  of  the  victory  of  Agricola  over  the  North  Britons 
84  A.  D. 

Ardore  (ar-do're).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Eeggio,  Calabria,  Italy,  32  miles  north- 
east of  Reggio. 

Ardoye  (ar-dwa').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
West  Flanders,  Belgiiuu,  29  miles  southwest 
of  Ghent.    Population  (1890),  6,144. 

Ardres  (ard'r).  A  towa  in  the  department 
of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  9  mUes  southeast  of 
Calais.  Near  here  was  the  meeting  on  the  "  Field  of 
the  Cloth  of  Gold "  (which  see)  between  I^ancis  I.  and 
Henry  VIII.  in  1620.  See  BaXinghem. 

Ardrossan  (ar-dros'an).  A  seaport  and  water- 
ing-place in  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the 
Firth  of  Clyde  26  miles  southwest  of  Glasgow. 
It  exports  coal  and  iron.  Population  (1891), 
5,209. 

ArdsMr.    See  Ardashir. 

Arduin  (ard'wiu),  or  Ardoin,  or  Ardoino  (ar- 
do-e'no),  or  Ardwig  (iird'via).  Died  1015. 
King  of  Italy  or  Lombardy  1002-13,  and  mar- 
quis of  Ivrea.  He  was  proclaimed  king  of  Italy  in 
Pavia  on  the  death  of  Otho  III.,  but  was  overthrown  by 
Henry  II. 

Ardven  (ard'ven).  In  the  poems  of  Ossian,  a 
name  given  to  a  region  on  the  western  coast  of 
Scotland. 

Axdys  (ar'dis).  Son  of  Gyges,  king  of  Lydia. 
Aaurbanipal,  king  of  Assyria  (668-626  B.  0.),  relates  in  his 
annals  that  Gyges  rebelled  against  him,  but  that  his  son 
Ardys,  in  consequence  of  the  invasion  of  Lydia  by  the 
Cimmerians,  submitted  to  him  and  invoked  his  help. 

Are  (a're).  A  ruined  castle  near  Altenahr,  in 
the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia. 

Ajre  (a're),  or  Ari  (a're),  Thorghilsson.  Bom 
1067  (1068?):  died  1148.  An  Icelandic  histo- 
rian, sumamed  "Fr6thi."  He  wrote  "Islendinga 
b6k  (lost),  "Konunga  bdk"  (lost),  and  "Landnama 
bdk"  (''Book  of  Settlements,"  extant). 

Arecibo,  (a-ra-se'bo).  A  seaport  on  the  north- 
ern coast  of  Porto  Rico.  Population  (1899), 
8,008. 

Arecunas  (a-ra-ko'nas).  A  tribe,  or  rather 
race,  of  South  American  Indians.  They  wander 
in  the  region  between  the  Amazon,  Orinoco,  and  Eio  Ne- 
gro, especially  in  southeastern  Venezuela  and  on  the  Rio 
Branco,  and  are  savages  of  a  low  grade,  fierce  warriors, 
and  cannibals.  By  their  language  they  appear  to  be  re- 
lated to  the  Caribs. 

Areius  (a-ri'as).  [Gr.  'V""?-]  A  Stoic  or 
Pythagorean  philosopher  of  Alexandria,  the 
friend  and  preceptor  of  Augustus  Csesar.  He  is 
said  to  have  overcome  the  latter's  hesitation  to  put  to 
death  Csesarion,  the  reputed  son  of  Julius  Csesar  and  Cleo- 
patra, by  a  parody  of  Homer's  famous  praise  of  Imonar- 
chy:  '"T  is  no  good  thing,  a  multitude  of  Csesars"  (lit. 
'rulers'). 

Arelate  (ar-e-la'te).  1.  A  Roman  colony  and 
military  post  near  the  modern  Peohlarn,  on 
the  Danube.— 3.  The  Roman  name  of  Aries. 

Arena  Chapel,  The,  It.  Oappella  Annunziata 
deir  Arena.    A  chapel  in  Padua,  Italy,   it  is 

a  plain  vaulted  building  without  aisles,  stands  in  the 
precincts  of  the  ancient  amphitheater,  and  is  famous  for 
its  series  of  frescos  by  Giotto,  which  were  begun  m  1803, 
and  cover  all  the  interior  walls  except  those  of  the  choir. 
The  frescos  illustrate  New  Testament  history,  and  also 
give  allegorical  representations  of  the  virtues  and  vices. 
The  main  subjects  are  38  in  number. 

Arenales  (a-ra-na'les),  Juan  Antonio  Alva- 
rez de.  Born  in  1755 :  died  about  1825.  An 
Argentine  general  of  the  war  for  independence. 
Helerved  under  San  Martin  in  the  invasion  of  Chile  and 
Peru,  and  in  the  latter  country  led  two  expeditions  to  the 
Interior  (Dec,  1820,  and  May,  1821).  In  tte  first  of  these 
lie  defeated  and  captured  the  Spanish  general  OReiUy 
(Dec.  6,  1820).  In  1822  he  commanded  the  garrison  of 
Lima. 


74 

Arenberg  (a'ren-bera),  or  Aremberg  (a'rem- 
berG),  Prince  August  Marie  Raymond  von. 
Born  at  Brussels,  Aug.  30,  1753 :  died  there, 
Sept.  26,  1833.  An  Austrian  general,  brother 
of  Eneelbert  Ludwig  von  Arenberg.  He  was 
elected  to  the  French  States-General  1789,  and  was  a  friend 
of  Mirabeau,  upon  whose  death  he  emigrated  to  Austria. 
He  obtained  the  rank  of  major-general  in  the  Austrian 
army,  and  was  employed  by  the  Austrian  government  in 
negotiations  with  the  French. 

Arenberg,  Engelbert  Ludwig,  Duke  of.  Bom 
July  3,  1750 :  died  at  Brussels,  March  7,  1820. 
He  lost  his  possessions  west  of  the  Rhine  by  the  Peace  of 
Lun^ville  (1801),  receiving  Meppen  and  Recklinghausen  in 
compensation  (1803). 

Arenberg,  Karl  Leopold,  Duke  of.  Born  1721 : 
died  1775.  A  commander  in  the  Austrian  ser- 
vice, sou  of  Leopold  Philipp  Karl  Arenberg.  He 
led  the  right  wing  of  the  Austnans  at  Hoehkirchen  in 
1758,  and  was  defeated  by  Wiinsch  in  1769. 

Arenberg,  Leopold  Philipp  Earl,  Duke  of. 
Bom  1690:  died  1754.  A  commander  in  the 
Austrian  service.  He  fought  under  Prince  Eugene 
at  Belgrad  in  1717,  and  obtained  the  rank  of  field-marshal 
in  1737,  with  the  command  of  the  army  in  Flanders. 

Arenberg-Meppen  (a'ren-bera-mep'en).  A 
German  duchy,  forming  the  circle  (kreis)  of 
Meppen,  province  of  Hanover,  Prussia. 

Arenberg-Meppen,  Prosper  Ludwig,  Duke  of. 
Born  April  28, 1785:  died  Feb.  27, 1861.  A  son 
of  Engelbert  Ludwig  von  Arenberg.  He  became 
duke  of  Arenberg  in  1803,  was  deprived  of  his  sovereignty 
by  Napoleon  in  1810  (receiving  in  1813,  as  an  indemnifica- 
tion, a  rental  of  240,800  francs),  and  was  reinstated  in  1815. 

Arendal  (3,'ren-dal).  A  seaport  in  the  stift  of 
Christiansand,  Norway,  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Nid-Elv  40  miles  northeast  of  Christian- 
sand;  sometimes  called  "Little  Venice."  It 
exports  woodenware  and  iron.  Population 
(1891),  4,447. 

Arenenberg  (S-ra'nen-bera).  A  castle  of  the 
Bonapartes,  situated  in  the  canton  of  Thur- 
govie,  Switzerland,  on  the  Unter  See  6  miles 
west  of  Constance. 

Arensburg..(a'rens-borG).  A  seaport  in  the 
island  of  Osel,  Livonia,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
southern  coast.     Population,  about  3,000. 

Arenys  de  Miar  (a-ra-nes'  da  mar).  A  seaport 
in  the  province  of  Barcelona,  Spain,  situated 
on  the  Mediterranean  29  miles  northeast  of 
Barcelona. 

Areopagite,  The.    See  Dionysius. 

Areopagitica  (ar"e-6-pa-jit'i-ka),  or  Speech 
for  the  Liberty  of  Unlicensed  Printing.  A 
pamphlet  by  John  Milton,  published  in  1644. 
"  The  most  splendid  argument,  perhaps,  the  world  had 
then  witnessed  in  behalf  of  intellectual  liberty."  Prea- 
cott,  Hist.  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  III.  191  (1856). 

Areopagus  (a-re-op'a-gus).  [Gr.  "Apeiog  vdyoc, 
'Martial  hill,'  i.  e.  'Hill  of  Mars  (Ares).']  A 
low  rocky  hill  at  Athens  continuing  westward 
the  line  of  the  Acropolis,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  a  depression  of  ground.  On  the  south 
side  near  the  top  there  is  a  fiight  of  fifteen  rock-cut 
steps,  and  portions  of  the  summit  are  hewn  smooth  to 
form  platforms,  doubtless  for  altars.  Upon  this  hill  sat 
the  famous  court  of  the  same  name,  which  originally  ex- 
ercised supreme  authority  in  all  matters,  and  under  the 
developed  Athenian  constitution  retained  jurisdiction  in 
cases  of  life  and  death  and  in  religious  concerns,  and  ex- 
ercised a  general  censorship.  From  the  slope  of  the  Are- 
opagus St.  Paul  delivered  his  address  to  the  Athenians 
(Acts  xvii.),  who  were  probably  assembled  on  the  border 
of  the  Agora  below.  At  the  base  of  the  steep  rock,  on 
the  northeast  side,  there  is  a  deep  and  gloomy  cleft,  at  the 
bottom  ol  which  lies  a  dark  pool  of  water.  This  was  the 
famed  Shrine  of  the  Furies  (Eumenides).  The  Areopagus 
was  named  from  the  tradition  that  here  Ares  (Mars)  was 
put  to  trial  for  the  slaying  of  Hallrrhotius ;  here  too  Ores- 
tes received  absolution  for  killing  Clytemnestra. 

Arequipa  (a-ra-ke'pa).  A  department  in  south- 
ern Peru.  Area,  39,336  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, about  180,000. 

Arequipa.  The  capital  of  the  de^partment  of 
Arequipa,  Peru,  situated  on  a  plain  near  the 
foot  of  the  Misti  volcano  7,611  feet  above  the 
sea,  in  lat.  16°  24'  S.,  long.  71°  31'  W.  It  is  con- 
nected by  rail  with  the  port  of  Mollendo,  107  miles  distant, 
and  with  Lake  Titicaca,  218  miles,  and  another  roadis 
building  to  Cuzco.  The  plain,  watered  by  irrigation,  is 
very  fertile,  and  the  city  has  a  large  trade.  It  is  an  epis- 
copal town,  and  the  seat  of  a  university  and  two  collegios 
(schools).  Arequipa  was  founded  by  Pizarro  in  1640.  It 
has  frequently  suffered  from  earthquakes,  and  was  almost 
entirely  destroyed  by  that  of  Aug.  18, 1868.  In  1866  and 
1857  the  city  was  in  rebellion  against  the  government  of 
President  Castilla.  The  cathedral  is  a  large  building 
which  has  replaced  the  original  cathedral  of  1621,  burned 
in  1844.  The  very  wide  front  is  divided  at  intervals  by 
large  Composite  columns,  between  which  there  are  two 
superposetf  orders  with  their  entablatures.  Tlje  central 
part  of  the  f  aijade  is  crowned  by  a  long,  low  pediment  filled 
with  sculptures.  In  the  lower  story  there  is  no  opening 
but  the  great  round-arched  central  portal.  The  tafade  is 
fianked  by  two  excellent  towers,  which  rise  above  it  in 
two  stages,  with  columns  grouped  at  the'  angles,  and  each 
with  a  single  round  arch  in  every  face.  The  towers  are 
crowned  by  low  Pointed  spires.    Population,  about  30,000. 


Argall 

Arequipa,  or  Mistl  (mes-te').  A  semi-active 
volcano  of  the  Andes,  19,200  feet  high,  near  the 
city  of  Areqiiipa.    Ascended  by  Pickering. 

Ares(a'rez).  [Gt.  "Apvc"]  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  god  of  war  (son  of  Zeus  and  Hera),  typical 
particularly  of  the  violelice,  brutality,  confu- 
sion, and  destruction  it  calls  forth.  The  cor- 
responding Roman  deity  was  Mars. 

Ares,  the  warrior-god  of  the  Greeks,  has  been  identified 
by  Professor  Sayce  with  Uras,  the  warrior-god  of  the 
Babylonians,  whose  title,  "the  lord  of  the  pig,"  helps  to 
explain  an  obscure  Greek  myth  which  tells  us  that  Ares 
slew  Adonis  by  taking  the  form  of  a  wild  boar,  the  sun- 
god  being  slain  by  the  tusk  of  winter. 

Isaac  Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  303. 

Areson  (a're-son),  Jon.  Born  1484:  died  1550. 
An  Icelandic  poet  and  Roman  Catholic  bishop. 

Aretseus  (ar-f-te'us).  [Gr.  'A'peraloc.']  Bom  in 
Cappadocia:'  lived  in  the  1st  (2d?)  century 
A.  D.  A  celebrated  Greek  physician  and  medi- 
cal writer.  He  was  the  author  of  a  treatise  on  the 
causes,  symptoms,  and  cure  of  acute  and  chronic  diseases, 
in  eight  books,  of  which  only  a  lew  chapters  are  lost. 

Arete  (a-re'te).  [Gi.'Ap^tti.]  In  the  Odyssey, 
the  wife  of  Aloinous,  ktag  of  the  Pheeaeians: 
"a  noble  and  active  superintendent  of  the 
household  of  her  husband." 

Arete.  A  companion  of  Cynthia,  in  Ben  Jon- 
son's "  Cynthia's  Revels,"  a  dignified  grave  lady, 
personifying  Virtue  or  Reasonableness. 

Arethusa  (ar-e-thii'sa).  [Gr.  'ApiBovaa.']  A 
name  of  various  springs  in  ancient  Greece,  es- 
pecially of  one  on  the  island  of  Ortygia  in  the 
harbor  of  Syracuse,  with  it  was  connected  the  legend 
that  Arethusa,  a  nymph  of  Elis,  while  bathing  in  the  Al- 
pheus  was  pursued  by  her  lover,  the  river-god,  and  fled 
from  him  to  Ortygia,  whither  he  followed  under  sea  and 
overtook  her. 

Arethusa.  In  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  play 
"Philaster,"  a  princess,  a  woman  of  the  great- 
est self-abnegation  and  womanly  devotion. 

Aretin  (a-re-ten' ),  Baron  Christoph  VOn.  Born 
at  Ingolstadt,  Dec.  2,  1773:  died  at  Munich, 
Dee.  24,  1824.  A  Bavarian  political  and  legal 
writer.  He  was  appointed  librarian  of  the  Centralbib- 
llothek  at  Munich  1806,  but  was  forced  to  resign  on  ac- 
count of  the  sensation  caused  by  his  treatise  *'Die  Pl&ne 
Napoleons  und  seiner  Gegner  in  Deutschland  "  ("  The  Plans 
of  Napoleon  and  his  Opponents  in  Germany,"  1809). 

Aretin,  Baron  Karl  Maria  von.  Born  at 
Wetzlar,  July  4, 1796:  died  at  Berlin,  April  29, 
1868.  A  Bavarian  historical  writer,  son  of 
Christoph  von  Aretin. 

Axetino,  GKlido.    See  Gmdo  d'Arezso. 

Aretino,  Leonardo.    See  Bruni,  Leonardo, 

Aretino  (a-ra-te'no),  Pietro.  Bom  at  Arezzo, 
Italy,  April  20,  1492:  died  at  Venice,  Oct.  21, 
1556.  An  Italian  writer  of  satirical  sonnets  and 
comedies,  styled  "The  Scourge  of  Princes." 

Aretino,  Spinello.    See  Spinello. 

Arezzo  (a-ret's6).  A  province  in  Tuscany, 
Italy.  Area,  1,273  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  242,922. 

Arezzo.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Arezzo, 
Italy,  the  ancient  Arretium,  near  the  junction 
of  the  Amo  and  Chiana,  38  miles  southeast  of 
Florence :  the  birthplace  of  many  distinguished 
men,  including  Maecenas,  Guido  Aretino,  Pe- 
trarch, Pietro  Aretino,  and  Vasari.  it  was  one 
of  the  twelve  ancieut  Etruscan  cities,  the  terminus  of 
the  Via  Flaminia,  and  contains  notable  Etruscan  and  me- 
dieval antiquities.  It  was  colonized  by  adherents  of  Sulla. 
During  the  middle  ages  it  was  Ghibelline  and  antago- 
nistic to  Florence.  The  cathedral  is  a  remarkable  build- 
ing, though  ineffective  outside,  and  with  unfinished  facade. 
The  imposing  interior,  without  transepts,  is  one  of  the 
best  of  the  Italian  Pointed  style.  Population  (1891),  es- 
timated, 43,000. 

Arfak  (ar'fak).  A  mountain  group  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  Papua. 

Arfe  y  Villafane  (Sr'fa  e  vel-yS-fa'na),  Juan 
de.  Bom  1535:  died  about  1603.  A  Spanish 
silversmith  and  sculptor. 

Arga  (Sr'ga).  A  small  river  in  Navarre,  Spain, 
a  tributary  of  the  Aragon. 

Argseus  (ar-je'us).  Mount.  [Gr.  'Apyoiof.] 
The  ancient  name  of  the  Arjish-Dagh. 

Argalia  (ar-ga-le'a,).  The  brother  of  Angelica 
in  Boiardo's  "Orlando  Innamorato."  He  was 
killed  by  the  Spanish  knight  Ferrau,  and  his  ghost  reap- 
pears in  Ariosto's  "Orlando  Furioso."  He  had  an  en- 
chanted lance  which  overthrew  every  one  whom  it  touched, 
and  which  finally  came  Into  the  possession  of  Astolpho. 

Argall  (ar'gal).  Sir  Samuel.  Bom  at  Bristol, 
England,  1572  (?) :  died  1626.  An  English  ad- 
venturer, deputy  governor  of  Virginia  1617-19. 
He  went  to  Virginia  as  a  trader  in  1609,  and  conducted 
Lord  Delaware  thither  in  1610,  returning  to  England  in 
1611.  He  was  at  Jamestown  again  in  1612,  and  daring 
this  year  abducted  Pocahontas.  (See  Pocahmdaa.')  He 
reduced  the  French  settlements  on  the  coast  of  Acadia  and 
Maine  in  1618,  and  in  1614  sailed  for  England,  returning 
later  as  deputy  governor. 


Argalus 

Argalus  (ar'ga-lus).  In  Sidney's  romance  "  Ar- 
oaoia,"  the  husband  of  Parthenia.  He  was  killed 
by  Amphialus  in  single  combat. 

Argalus  and  Parthenia.  A  pastoral  tragedy 
by  Henry  Glapthorne,  printed  in  1639. 

Argam  (ar-gam'),  or  Argaum  (ar-gam').  A 
village  in  Berar,  British  India,  about  lat.  21° 
5'  N.,  long.  76°  55'  E.  Here  Wellesley  (later 
Duke  of  Wellington)  defeated  the  Mahrattas 
Nov.  29,  1803. 

Argan  (ar-gon').  The  principal  character  in 
Molifere's  "Malade  Imaginaire,"  a  hypochon- 
driac whose  mind  is  divided  between  his  dis- 
eases, his  remedies,  and  his  desire  to  reduce 
his  apothecary's  bill. 

Argand  (ar-gon'),  Aimd.  Bom  at  Geneva 
about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century:  died  in 
Switzerland,  Oct.  24,  1803.  A  Swiss  physician 
and  chemist,  inventor  of  the  "  Argand  lamp." 
His  first  lamp  was  made  in  England  about 
1782. 

Argandab  (ar-gan-dab').  A  river  in  Afghan- 
istan, about  35  miles  long,  which  joins  the 
Helmund  west  of  Kandahar. 

Argante  (ar-gan'te).  A  giantess  in  Spenser's 
"Faerie  Queene,"  the  personification  of  licen- 
tiousness. 

Argante  (ar-gonf).  The  father  of  Octavia 
and  Zerbinetta,  in  Molifere's  "Les  Pourberies 
de  Scapin."  He  Is  fooled  Into  giving  up  his  plans  and 
falling  into  those  of  his  son  and  daughter,  by  Scapin. 

Argantes  (ar-gan'tes).  In  Tasso's  "  Jerusalem 
Dwivered,"  the  bravest  of  the  infidel  knights. 

Arganthonius  (ar-gan-tho'ni-us).  [Gr.  'Apyav- 
0d>vu>g.'\  In  ancient  geography,  a  mountain-ridge 
in  Bithynia,  Asia  Minor,  near  the  Propontis. 

Argel  (ar-Hel').    The  Spanish  name  of  Alters. 

Argelander  (ar'ge-lan-der),  Frledrich  wU- 
helni  August.  Bom  at  Memel,  Prussia,  March 
22, 1799:  died  at  Bonn,  Feb.  17, 1875.  A  noted 
German  astronomer,  professor  successively  at 
Abo,  Helsingf  ors,  and  Bonn.  He  wrote  various  as- 
tronomical woSs,  including  "Uber  dieeigeue  Bewegung 
des  Sonnensystems "  (1837),  and  "  Untersuohungen  iiber 
die  Eigenbewegung  von  250  Sternen"  (1869). 

Argenis  (ar'je-nis).  A  romance  by  John  Bar- 
clay, published  in  1621 :  said  to  have  been  writ- 
ten in  "rivalry  of  the  Arcadia."  Argenis  is  the 
daughter  of  King  Meliander  of  Sicily,  and  the  story  con- 
flisTB  in  an  account  of  the  war  waged  for  her  hand  by  Ly- 
oogenes,  a  Sicilian  rebel,  and  Poliarohus,  prince  of  Saul. 
We  are  informed  in  a  Latin  life  of  Barclay  that  it  was  a 
lavoiite  woric  of  Cardinal  Richelieu,  and  suggested  to  him 
many  of  his  political  expedients.  Cowper,  the  poet,  rec- 
ommends Argenis  to  his  correspondents,  Mr.  Eose  and 
lady  Hesketh,  as  "the  most  amusing  romance  that  ever 
was  written."  "It  is,"  says  he  in  a  letter  to  the  former, 
"interesting  in  a  high  degree  —  richer  in  incident  than 
«an  be  imagined — full  of  surprises  which  the  reader  never 
lorestalls,and  yet  free  from  all  entanglement  and  confu- 
sion. The  style,  too,  appears  to  me  to  be  such  as  would 
not  dishonor  Tacitus  himself." 

Bwnlop,  Hist.  Prose  Fiction,  II.  347. 

Argensola  (ar-nen-so'la),  Bartolomeo  Leo- 
nardo de.  Bom  at  Barbastro,  Aragon,  1562 : 
died  Feb.  4, 1631.  A  Spanish  poet  and  histo- 
rian, author  of ' '  Conquista  de  las  Islas  Molucas  " 
(1609),  etc.  Hebecamerectorof  Villahermosainl688, 
was  for  a  time  chaplain  to  the  empress  Maria,  and  about 
1616  succeeded  his  brother  Lupercio  Leonardo  de  Argen- 
sola as  historiographer  of  Aragon. 

Argensola,  Lupercio  Leonardo  de.  Born 
Dec,  1559 :  died  1613.  A  Spanish  tragic  and 
lyric  poet,  brother  of  Bartolomeo  Leonardo  de 
Argensola.  He  became  historiographer  of  Aragon  in 
1599,  and  secretary  to  the  count  of  Lemos,  viceroy  of 
Naples,  1610.  ,         _       ,  „ 

Argenson  (ar-zhon-s6n'),  Marc  Ren6  Voyer 
d'.  Bom  1652:  died  May  8, 1721.  A  French  pol- 
itician, president  of  the  council  of  finance  and 
keeper  of  the  seals  1718-20.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  French  Academy  in  1718. 

Argenson,  Reni  Louis  Voyer,  Marquis  d'. 
Born  Oct.  18,  1694:  died  Jan.  26,  1757.  A 
French  statesman  and  writer  (son  of  Marc 
Een6  Voyer  d' Argenson),  secretary  of  foreign 
affairs  1744-47.  He  wrote  "  Considerations  sur 
le  gouvernement  de  la  France"  (1764),  etc. 

Argenson,  Marc  Pierre  de  Voyer,  Comte  d'. 
Bom  Aug.  16, 1696 :  died  at  Pans,  Aug.  22,  1764. 
A  French  statesman,  brother  of  Een6  Louis 
Voyer.  He  became  intendant  of  Paris  1740,  and  was 
secretary  of  war  1742-67.  He  was  a  friend  of  Voltaire, 
to  whom  he  furnished  the  material  for  the  "Sifecle  de 
Louis  XIV.' 


75 

Argentan  (ftr-zhon-ton').  Atown  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Orne,  France,  situated  on  the  Orne  21 
miles  north  by  west  of  Aleneon.  it  has  manufac- 
tures of  gloves,  etc.,  and  has  long  been  noted  for  its  lace, 


Argus 

surrounded  by  Sicyonia,  Corinthia,  the  .i^Igean 
(with  the  Saronic  and  Argolic  gulfs),  Laconia, 
and  Arcadia,  containing  the  plain  of  Argos 
and  the  cities  of  Argos  and  Mycense. 


It^ntainsanancientcastle.  Eopulatlon(1891),commune,   Argolis.     A  nomarohy  of  modern  Greece 


6,247. 

Argentario  (ar-jen-ta're-o),  or  Argentaro.  A 
promontory  in  Tuscany,  Italy,  which  projects 
into  the  Mediterranean  south  of  Grosseto. 

Argentat  (ar-zhon-ta').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Corrfeze,  France,  situated  on  the  Dor- 
dogne  14  miles  southeast  of  Tulle.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  3,087. 

Argenteuil  (ar-zhon-tey').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  Prance,  situated 
on  the  Seine  6  miles  northwest  of  Paris,  it  has 
a  ruined  priory,  founded  656,  at  one  time  a  nunnery  of 
which  H^lolse  was  abbess.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
13,339. 


the  northeastern  part  of  the  Morea.  Area, 
1,104  square  miles.  Population  (1896),  80,695. 
Argonautica  (ar-g9-na'ti-ka).  [L.,  from  Gr. 
'ApyovavTiKa,  'deeds  of  the  Argonauts.']  An  epic 
poem  by  Apollonius  of  Ehodes.  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

Apollonius  Khodlus  (194  B.  0.)  wrote  the  Argonautica, 
an  epic  in  four  books  on  Jason's  "  Voyage  in  the  Argo  "  to 
win  the  golden  fleece.  It  is  the  work  of  a  learned  Ho- 
meric  scholar  who  has  not  the  Homeric  feeling  for  the 
heroic  age ;  it  is  artificial,  and  somewhat  cold ;  but  there 
is  some  fine  dramatic  painting ;  the  poem  is  full  of  literary 
interest,  and  is  the  best  of  its  class  that  the  Alexandrian 
age  has  left.  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  140. 


Argentifere  (ar-zhon-te-ar').    A  village  in  the  -Argonauts  (ar'go-natz).  The.    [Gr.'ApYovavToc, 


department  of  Haute-Savoie,  Prance,  6  miles 
northeast  of  Chamonix,  noted  for  the  glacier  of 
Argenti^re  in  the  vicinity. 

Argentifere,  Glacier  d'.  One  of  the  largest  gla- 
ciers in  the  Mont  Blanc  group,  east  of  Chamonix. 

Argentina  (ar-jen-te'na;  Sp.  pron.  ar-Hen-te'- 
na).    Same  as  Argentine  Republic. 

Argentina  de  Guzman.  The  name  commonly 
used  in  quoting  the  historical  work  "La  Ar- 
gentina :  Historia  de  las  Provincias  del  Eio  de 
la  Plata,"  by  Euy  Diaz  de  Guzman, 


from  'Apyi),  their  ship.]  In  Greek  legend,  the 
heroes  who  sailed  to  Colchis  ia  the  ship  Argo 
to  carry  off  the  Golden  Fleece.  The  expedition 
took  place  not  long  after  the  Trojan  war.  Jason  was  its 
leader,  and  it  Included  demigods  and  heroes  from  all  parts 
of  Greece.    See  Oolden  Fleece^  Jason,  Medea. 

Argonne  (ar-g6n'),  or  Forest  of  Argonne.    A 

rocky  plateau  on  the  borders  of  Lorraine  and 
Champagne,  France,  containing  several  diffi- 
cvdt  defiles  which  lead  from  the  basin  of  the 
Meuse  to  that  of  the  Seine  famous  in  the 
"Argonne  Campaign"  of  Dumouriez  in  1792. 


Argentina,  La.    A  historical  poem  written  by  Argos  (ar'gos).  [Gr.  to 'Apyof.]  AcityinAi'golis, 
Baroo  Centenero.  " 

Argentine  (ar'jen-ten).  A  city  in  Wyandotte 
County,  Kansas,  on  the  Kansas  Kiver  close  to 
Kansas  City:  noted  for  silver-  and  lead-smelt- 
ing.    Population  (1900),  5,878. 

Argentine  (ar'jen-ten)  Republic,  formerly  Ar- 
gentine Confederation.    [Sp.  BepuUica  (or 

Confederamon)  Argentina,  thq  '  Silver  Eepub-  ancient  theater.  'The  upper  tiers  of 
lie.']  A  republic  of  South  America,  capital  are  rock-hewn;  below  these  are  tiers  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  lying  between  Bolivia  and  Para- 
guay on  the  north,  Paraguay,  Brazil,  Uruguay 
(separated  by  the  Pilcomayo,  Paraguay,  Uru- 
guay), and  the  ocean  on  the  east,  the  ocean  and 
Chile  on  the  south,  and  Chile  (separated  from  it 
by  the  Andes)  on  the  west,  it  is  mountainous  in 
tlie  west^  and  contains  the  Pampas  in  the  center,  and  the 
Gran  Chaco  In  the  north.  The  chief  river  system  is  that 
of  the  Itio  de  la  Plata.  Its  chief  products  are  hides,  wool, 
tallow  and  other  animal  products,  maize,  wheat,  flax,  lin- 
seed, sugar,  Paraguay  tea,  and  live  stock.  There  are  14 
provinces  and  9  territoiies.  The  government  is  vested  in 
a  president  and  a  legislature  comprising  30  senators  and 
133  deputies.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catholic, 
and  the  language  Spanish.    The  inhabitants  are  chiefly 


Greece,  situated  about  5  miles  from  the  Argolic 
Gulf,  in  lat.  37°  38'  N.,  long.  22°  43'  B.:  the 
leading  Dorian  city  prior  to  the  middle  of  the 
8th  century  B.  C.  it  remained  an  important  town  in 
later  times,  was  often  at  variance  with  Sparta,  and  flour- 
ished under  the  Bomans.  It  was  ruled  by  the  legendary 
dynasties  of  Inachus,  Danaus,  and  Pelops.  It  produced 
many  noted  sculptors.     It  contains  the  remains  of  an 

seats  of  the  cavea 
masonry.  Twenty 
tiers  in  all  survive,  the  lowest  consisting  of  thrones  of 
honor.  There  are  remains  of  a  Roman  stage,  and  of  several 
modiflcations  of  the  Greek  stage-structure.  An  under- 
ground passage  ran  from  behind  the  proscenium  to  the 
middle  of  the  orchestra,  as  at  Eretria,  etc.  There  are  im- 
portant remains  of  the  Heralon,  or  sanctuary  of  Hera,  the 
national  shrine  of  Argolis,  which  lay  at  some  distance 
from  the  city. '  The  temple  was  rebuilt  after  a  flre  in  the 
5th  century  B.  C. ,  a  little  below  the  old  site,  as  a  Doric  hexa- 
style  peripteros  about  65J  by  130  feet  The  cult-statue 
was  an  admirable  chryselephantine  work  by  Polyoleitus. 
The  Heraion  has  been  in  course  of  excavation  since  1892 
by  the  American  Scliool  at  Athens,  to  which  Is  due  nearly 
all  our  knowledge  of  the  architectural  and  sculptural  re- 
mains of  both  temples  and  their  pevibolos,  as  well  as  a 
very  vahiable  collection  of  aichaic  terra-cottas.  Popu- 
lation (1889).  9,814. 


Argentines  (of  Spanish  descent),  with  many  immigrants  AreOStoli  (Sr-gos'to-le).    A  seaport  and  capital 
rtflTorftlv  Ttaliftn  ■-  also  Snanish.  French,  etc.^.  Indians,  and.      -j!'v^___i-_i__*-    t i t-.i j-   A ^h...^*.^a 


(largely  Italian ;  also  Spanish,  French,  etc.),  Indians,  and, 
Gauchos.'  The  country  was  colonized  by  Spain  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  16th  century.  The  revolutionary  movement  be- 
gan in  1810 ;  independence  was  proclaimed  in  1816  under 
the  name  United  Provinces  of  La  Plata(changed  to  Argen- 
tine Confederation  in  1825) ;  dictatorship  of  Rosas  1835-52 ; 
Buenos  Ayres  was  separated  from  the  confederation  1852- 
1869 ;  Brazil  and  Argentina  were  allied  in  war  with  Para- 
guay 1865-70.  By  a  treaty  in  1881  Patagonia  and  Tierra  del 
Fuego  were  divided  Ijetween  it  and  Chile.  A  financial 
crash  occurred  ial890.  The  peak  of  Aconcagua  is  now 
within  the  Argentine  boundai'y.  Area,  1,319,247  square 
miles.  Population,  estimated  (1899),  4,094,911. 
Argenton-SUr-Creuse  (ar-zhon-ton'siir-kr6z'). 
A  town  in  the  department  of  Indre,  Prance, 
situated  on  the  Creuse  18  miles  southwest  of 


of  Cephalonia,  Ionian  islands,  (jreece,  situated 
on  the  western  coast  in  lat.  38°  12'  N.,  long. 
20°  29'  E.  It  has  a  flourishing  trade,  and  is 
the  seat  of  a  metropolitan.  Population  (1889), 
9,085. 

Argout  (ar-go'),  Antoine  Maurice  Apolli- 
naire,  Comte  d'.  Bom  Aug.  27,  1782:  died 
Jan.  15, 1858.  A  French  politician  and  financier. 
He  became  a  peer  of  France  1819;  acted  as  mediator  be- 
tween Charles  X.  and  the  popular  leaders  July,  1830; 
and  was  appointed  governor  of  the  Bank  of  France  1834, 
and  minister  of  finance  1836.  Later  in  the  same  year  he 
was  reappointed  governor  of  the  bank,  continuing  to  hold 
the  post  under  the  republic  of  1848. 

Argovie  (ar-go-ve').  The  French  name  of 
Aargau. 


Chateauroux.     Population  (1891),  5,657. 

Argentora,tum(ar-jen-to-ra'tum).     [L.,  also  4Z"°eiies  (ar-gwel'yes),  Augustin.    Born  at 
Argentm-ate,   Gr.   'Apyevrdparov,  an  Old  Celtic  ■™.B'^^"r?,i     fjl°t;i°  '^'s^!^  oo    I77fi. 

i,a,^fi. '«toneofArffanto8.^1     TheEomanname    Kil>a<iesella,  _.&stunas,  Spam,  Aug.  28,  177b. 


name,  '  stone  of  Argantos.'] 
of  Strasburg. 

ArginUSS  (ar-ji-nti'se).  [Gr.  'Apyivovaat.']  A 
group  of  small  islands  off  the  coast  of  Asia 
Minor,  southeast  of  Lesbos.  Near  here  the 
Athenian  fleet  under  Conon  defeated  the  Spar- 
tans under  Callicratidas  406  B.  c. 

Argives  (ar'jivz).     [L.  Argivi,  from  Gr.  'Apyelot 
CApyelm),  fromJi/,70f,Ai-gos.]     The  Greeks  of  AriSii'"(a:r-g"6nO.'"One  of  the  two  chief  head 
Argolis.   From  the  important  partplayed  by  aemuiider  ^iS""  „^„f  ^.i,„  'i,^,„_     .f,  ri,e„  as  the  Kerulen  in 


died  at  Madrid,  March  23, 1844.  A  Spanish  lib- 
eral statesman,  a  prominent  member  of  the 
Cortes,  imprisoned  1814-20,  minister  of  the  in- 
terior 1820-21,  and  exiled  1823-32.  He  was  the 
guardian  of  Queen  Isabella. 
Arguln  (ar-g5-en').  A  small  island  west  of 
Africa,  in  lat.  20°  25'  N.,  long.  16°  37'  W., 
claimed  by  France. 


the&  king  Agamemnon  in  the  Trojan  war,  their  name  is 
extended  by  Homer  to  all  the  Greeks. 
Argo  (ar'go).    An  island  in  the  Nile,  between 
New  Dongola  and  the  third  cataract. 


streams  of  the  Amur,  it  rises  as  the  Kerulen  in 
Mongolia,  traverses  Lake  Dalai-Nor,  flows  along  the  boun- 
dary between  Mongolia  and  Siberia,  and  unites  with  the 
Shilka  to  form  the  Amur  about  lat.  53°  N.,  long.  121°  E. 
Its  length  is  about  1,000  miles. 


Argenson,  Marc  Antoine  Ren6  Voyer,  Mar 
quis  de  Paulmy.    ,Bom  Nov.  22, 1(22:  diec 


Argo  (ar'go).  [Gr.  'Apy^."]  In  Greek  legend,  Arguri  (ar-go're).  A  former  village  in  Eussian 
the  ship  which  bore  the  Argonauts.  Bee,  Argo-  Armenia,  on  the  northern  slope  of  Ararat, 
nauts.  buried  by  an  earthquake  and  landslide  from 

Argo  Navis  (ar'go  na' vis).  [L., '  the  ship  Argo.']     Ararat  in  1840. 
An  ancient  southern  constellation,  the  largest  ^rgurion  (ar-gu'ri-on).     [Gr.  apybpum,  money.] 
in  the  heavens.    It  contains  Canopus,  after  Sirius  the    a  semi-allegorical  personification  of  money,  in 
brightest  of  the  fixed  stars.    By  modern  astronomers  it  is     gon  Jonson's  "Cynthia's  Eevels."     The  char- 
commonly  divided  intojourparts__bj_addmgjhe_d.stm^^      ^^^^^  .^  afterward  expanded  in  "The  Staple 


Aug.  13,  1787.  A  French  diplomatist  and  man 
of  letters,  son  of  Een6  Louis  Voyer.  He  col- 
lected the  "Bibliothfeque  de  I'Arsenal,"  consisting  of  150,- 
000  volumes,  which  he  sold  to  the  Comte  d  Artois  in  1785 ; 
and  published  "Melanges  tir^s  d'une  grande  bibho- 
th^que"  (1779-87),  etc. 


died     tive  words  navis,  carina,  puppis,  and  velum,  or  hull,  keel. 


of  News"  as  Lady  Pecunia. 


i^g^icus  Sinus,E.ArgolicGulf.  BeeKanpUa,  Ar|us(ar;^^^)^,[(>;|m.^^^^^^ 

i£^0lis(ar'g6-lis).     [Gr.  'Apyo^,.-]    In  ancient    of  lo,  slain  by  Hermes,  famed  to  have  had  one 
geography,  a 'division  of  Peloponnesus,  Greece,    hundred  eyes. 


ArkaD 

Arkab  (ar'kab).  [Ar.]  The  third-magnitude 
star  fi  Sagittarii.    The  name  is  not  much  used. 

Arkadelphia  (ar-ka-del'fi-a).  The  capital  of 
Clark  County,  Arkansas,  situated  on  the  Oua- 
chita River,  63  miles  southwest  of  Little  Eock. 
Population  (1900),  2,739. 

Arkadia.    See  Arcadia. 

Arkansas  (ar'kau-sa  or  ar-kan'zas).  One  of 
the  Southern  States  of  the  United"  States,  cap- 
ital Little  Rock,  bounded  by  Missouri  on  the    cmmems  oi  n 

north,  Tennessee  and  Mississippi  (separated  ...  _i  ,..,.,  ..  ,s  n-u  i  tt-  j.  -o-x 
by  the  Mississippi)  on  the  east,  Louisiana  on  Arlmcpurt  (ar-lan-kor'),  Charles  Victor  Pr6 
the  south,  and  Indian  Territory  and  Texas  on 


78 

feet.  The  three  sqnare  towers  are  parts  ot  the  fortlflca. 
tion  ol  the  8th  century,  erected  either  by  the  Moors  or  by 
Charles  Martel.  The  Soman  theater  is  of  unusual  size 
and  richness  of  ornament.    Two  Corinthian  columns  of 


of  others,  and  the  lower  portion  of  the  wall,  with  its  doors 
and  niches.  Some  of  the  tiers  of  seats  also  remain,  and 
part  of  the  exterior  wall  ot  the  cavea,  with  arches,  column  s, 
and  rich  entablature.  The  cathedral  (of  St.  Trophinus) 
has  aplain  early-Romanesque  nave  and  Flamboyant  choir. 
The  remarkable  western  portal  shows  a  great  semicircular 
arch  whose  tympanum  bears  a  figure  ot  Christ  and  the 
emblems  of  the  Evangelists.    Population  (1891),  24,288. 


the  west,  and  extending  from  lat.  33°  to  36°  30 
N.,  and  from  long.  89°  40'  to  94°  42'  W.  its  sur- 
face is  in  general  level  or  rolling,  and  hilly  in  the  west, 
with  the  Ozark  Mountains  in  the  northwest,  and  is  trav- 
ersed by  the  river  Arkansas.  The  leading  occupation  is 
agriculture  and  the  chief  productions  are  cotton  aud  In- 
dian corn.  Arkansas  has  75  counties,  sends  7  representa- 
tives and  2  senators  to  Congress,  and  has  9  electoral  votes. 
It  was  first  settled  by  the  French  in  1686,  formed  part  of 
the  Louisiana  Purchase  of  1803,  was  organized  as  a  Terri- 
tory in  1819,  was  admitted  to  the  Union  in  1836,  seceded 
May  6, 1861,  and  was  readmitted  June,  1868.  Area,  63,860 
square  miles.  Population  (1900),  1,311,664._ 
Arkansas.    The  second  largest  tributary  of  the 


Mississippi,    it  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  fiowe  Axlin^on  HoUSe.     A  mansion  on  the  heights 


east  through  Colorado  and  Kansas,  and  southeast  through 
Kansas,  ludian  Territory,  and  Arkansas,  and  joins  the 
Mississippi  at  Napoleon.  Its  length  is  about  2,000  miles, 
and  its  extreme  width  about  1  mile.  It  is  navigable  about 
800  miles, 

Arkansas  City.  A  city  in  Cowley  County, 
southern  Kansas,  on  the  Arkansas  Kiver.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  6,140. 

Arkansas  Post.  A  village  in  Arkansas  County, 
Arkansas,  situated  on  the  Arkansas  River  73 
miles  southeast  of  Little  Rock.  It  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Federals  Jan.  11,  1863. 

Arklow  (ark'16).  A  seaport  in  the  county  of 
Wieklow,  Ireland,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Avoca  39  miles  south  of  Dublin.  The  Irish  in- 
surgents, about  30,000,  were  defeated  by  the 
royal  troops  near  here  June  10,  1798. 

Arkona  (ar-ko'na),  or  Arkon  (ar'kon).  Cape. 
The  northernmost  point  of  the  island  of  Rtigen, 
Prussia,  projecting  into  the  Baltic  Sea.  It  con- 
tained a  Wendish  sanctuary. 

Arkwright  (ark'rit).  Sir  Richard.  Bom  at 
Preston,  England,  Dec.  23, 1732:  died  at  Crom- 
ford,  Derby3iire,  England,  Aug.  3,  1792.  An 
English  inventor  and  manufacturer,  a  barber 
by  trade.  He  invented  the  cotton-spinning  frame  (pat- 
ented 1769),  and  established  factories  at  Cromf ord  and  else- 
where, being  the  first  to  employ  machinery  on  a  large 


Armenia 

erick  in.  and  the  Swiss  in  1444,  which  ended  in 
the  total  defeat  of  the  Armagnaos  at  St.  Jakob 
on  the  Birs,  Aug.  26, 1444. 
the  hack  wail  of  the  stage  remain  standmg,  with  the  bases  ArmagnaCS  (ar-man-yaks'),  The.    1 .  1  he  party 

"   ■"  "  "    ■  of  the  house  of  Orleans,  opponents  of  the  house 

of  Burgundy  during  the  reign  of  Charles  VI.  r 
so  named  from  Bernard  of  Armagnac,  their 
leader. — 2.  Bands  of  lawless  mercenaries,  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  natives  of  the  county  of  Ar- 
magnac, trained  in  the  civil  wars  between  the 
Armagnac  and  Burgundian  parties.  To  rid  France 
of  them  they  were  sent  by  Charles  VII.  to  aid  the  em- 
peror Frederick  III.  in  enforcing  his  claims  against  the 
Swiss  in  1444. 

ArmanQOn.  (ar-mon-s6n').  A  river  in  France, 
about  100  miles  long,  which  joins  the  Yonne 
east  of  Joigny. 

Axmand  TefiGin.    See  Rouarie,  Marguis  de  la. 

Armande  (ar-mond').  One  of  the  learned  ladies 
in  Molifere's  comedy  "Les  Pemmes  Savantes." 
She  loves  Clitandre,  but  he  loves  her  sister 
Henriette  who  is  not  a  femme  savante. 

Armande  B6jart.    See  B^jart. 

Armansperg  (ar'manz-pero).  Count  Joseph 
Ludwig  von.  Bom  at  KStzting,  in  Lower  Ba- 
varia, Feb.  28,  1787:  died  at  Munich,  April  3, 
1853.  A  Bavarian  statesman,  president  of  the 
regency  of  Greece  1833-35,  and  chancellor  of 
state  1835-37. 


vot,  Vicomte  d'.  Bom  at  the  Chateau  de  M6- 
rantris,  near  Versailles,  Sept.  28, 1789:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  22, 1856.  A  French  poet  and  novel- 
ist, author  of  "  Le  solitaire"  (1821),  etc. 

Arline  (ar'len).  The  Bohemian  Girl,  in  Balfe's 
opera  of  that  name. 

Arlington,  Earl  of.    See  Bennet,  Henrj). 

Arlington  (ar'ling-tgn).  A  town  in  Middlesex 
County,  Massachusetts,  6  miles  northwest  of 
Boston.    Population  (1900),  8,603. 

Arlington.  A  village  in  Alexandria  County, 
Virginia,  opposite  Washington.  It  contains  a 
national  cemetery, 


opposite  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  in 
the  midst  of  the  national  cemetery,  it  was 
once  the  property  of  General  Washington,  and  descended 
through  Paike  Custis  to  the  Confederate  general  Robert  ArmatolOS  (ar'ma-tolz),  or  Axmatoli  (ar-ma- 


to'li).  A  body  of  irregular  Greek  (Christian) 
local  militia,  in  the  employ  of  the  sultans  from 
the  15th  century  to  the  Greek  revolution  in 
1821.  The  Armatoles  had  existed  in  the  Byzantine  em- 
pire, and  had  served,  in  a  measure,  to  protect  the  Greek 
population  from  the  Franks,  Albanians,  and  Servians. 
The  institution  was  accepted  by  the  sultans  and  incorpo- 
rated in  their  administration.  After  the  Peace  of  Belgrad 
(1739)  the  power  ot  the  Armatoles  was  attacked  by  the 
Porte,  and  it  steadily  declined.  Large  numbers  of  them 
joined  the  Greeks  in  the  war  of  independence. 

Napo- 


£.  Lee  who  married  his  daughter  in  1831.  It  was  occu- 
pied as  headquarters  by  the  Union  army,  the  estate  being 
a  camp  ot  the  troops.  It  became  the  property  of  the 
United  States  government. 
Arlon  (ar-16n'),  Flem.  Aarlen  (ar'len).  The 
capital  of  the  province  of  Luxemburg,  Bel- 
gium, 15  miles  northwest  of  Luxemburg:  the 
Roman  OrolaunumVieus.  Near  here  the  French 
under  Jourdan  defeated  the  Austrians  under 
BeauUeu,  AprU  16  and  17, 1794.    Population, 

irmacia'(a?-ma'da),  The  Invincible  or  The  Armed  Soldier  of  Democracy,  The, 
Spanish.  A  great  fleet  sent  by  Philip  n.  of  1^°'^  f°^^P*?^-  ,-,..,  mv.  i.  .,  -^ 
Spain  against  England  in  1588.  It  consisted  ot  Armellina  (ar-me-li'na).  The  shrewd  maid- 
129  (or  mole)  vessels,  19,296  soldiers,  and  8,460  sailors,  and  servant  of  Antomo,  in  Tomkis's  comedy  "  Al- 
was  commanded  by  the  Duke  ot  Medina  Sidonia.  It  was  bumazar."  She  IS  loved  and  finally  won  by 
met  and  defeated  by  the  English  fleet  ot  about  80  vessels,     Trincalo      See  Trincalo 

under  Lord  Howard  of  EflSngham,  in  the  English  Channel   ArmAtirl^ria   T.nnp  THay  (ip      See  Diaz  de  Ar- 
and  Strait  of  Dover,  in  Aug.,  1688.  ArmenoariS,  IjOpe  umz  Qe.     aee  suiaz  ue  jli 

Armadale  (ar'ma-dal).     A  novel  by  Wilkie    menddns.  .    ^    „  ,   ^     . ,         „       . 
Collins,  published' in  1866.  Armendariz  de  Toledo,  AlonsoHennqnez  de. 

Armado  (ar-mii'do),  Don  Adriano  de.      in    Bom  in  Navarre,  1543:  died  in  Mexico,  Nov.  5, 
Shakspere's  ' '  Love's  Labour 's  Lost,"  a  verbose,    1628.    A  Spanish  Franciscan  friar.    He  was  sue- 
fantastical   Spanish  military  braggart,     ffis    SXp^SSSgllrrfei^o'tfS.rd^lSsSlp'ifS^^^^^^      ' 
nrsi  TO  empiuy  maciiiucjiy  uu  v.  »iuB<=    prototype  IS  touud  in  Old  Italian  comedy.  ^  Mexico  from  1624  untU  his  death. 

;eforhandlaborlntextilemanufactures.  Armageddon  (ar-ma-ged'on),  or  Har-Maged-  Armendariz(ar-men-da'reTH),Jos6de,Marquis- 
invenMon  was  disputed  by  Highs,  or    on  (har-ma-ged'on).      [Heb.    See  the  defini-    of  Castellfuerte.     Born  at  Rivagorza,  Navarre, 

about  1670:  died  about  1740.  A  Spanish  gen-" 
eral.  He  commanded  at  the  battle  of  Lagudina  in  Estre- 
madura.  May,  1709,  and  led  the  charge  which  broke  the 
enemy's  left  at  the  battle  of  Villavlciosa,  Dec.  10,  1710 ;. 
commanded  in  Aragon  and  took  part  in  the  siege  of  Bar- 
celona; was  governor  of  Tarragona;  thence  passed  to- 
Sicily  where  he  commanded  at  the  siege  of  Malazzo  and 
bore  the  brunt  of  the  battle  of  Francavilla  at  the  head  of 
the  royal  guards ;  on  his  return  to  Spain  was  made  gov- 
ernor of  Guipuzcoa ;  and  shortly  after  was  named  viceroy 
ot  Peru,  reaching  Lima  in  May,  17^.  He  returned  to 
Spain  in  1786. 

Armenia  (ar-me'ni-a).  [P.  ArmSnie,  G.  Arme- 
nien.  The.  name  Armenia  (Armaniya)  first  oc- 
curs in  a  Persian  cuneiform  inscription  of  Darius 
Hystaspis  (521-486  B.C.).  Its  origin  is  in  doubt. 
The  native  name  was  Biaina,  the  original  of 
the  modem  Van.]  The  classical  name  of  the 
Hebrew  Ararat,  Assyrian  Urartu,  the  country 
which  extends  from  the  shores  of  Lake  Van 
between  the  Upper  Euphrates  and  Media,  form- 
ing the  juncture  between  the  high  plateau  of 
Iran  and  the  table-land  of  Asia  Minor,  its  great- 
est extent  was  from  3r-49° E. long,  and  37° 30-42° N.  lat. , 
or  from  the  Taurus,  the  northeastern  parts  of  Mesopo- 
tamia, and  the  Kurdish  Mountains  to  the  Caucasus  and 
Georgia.  The  territory  east  ot  the  Euphrates  was  called 
Great  Armenia,  and  that  to  the  west  Little  Armenia.  The 
country  is  characterized  by  gloomy  mountains,  deep  val- 
leys, and  a  climate  very  hot  in  summer  and  extremely 
cold  in  winter.  Only  two  ot  its  mountains  are  mentioned 
by  the  ancients  by  name :  the  Taurus,  and  the  Faryadres. 
in  the  north  on  the  boundaries  of  Pontus.  Sev^al  im- 
portant rivers  have  their  source  in  Armenia;  the  Euphra- 
tes, the  Tigris,  the  Kyros  (modern  Kur),  and  the  Araxes 
(modern  Aras).  Urartu  appears  in  the  Assyrian  cunei- 
form inscriptions  as  one  of  the  countries  of  Nairi,  which 
subsequently  gained  the  supremacy  over  the  rest.  Its. 
kings  carried  on  almost  incessant  war  with  Assyria.  Ex- 
peditions against  it  with  varying  results  are  mentioned 
by  the  Assyrian  kings  Shalmanezer  II.  (860-824  B.  a),  Shal- 
manezer  III.  (782-772  B.  0.),  Assurdan  IIL  (772-756  E.  c), 
and  Tiglath-Pileser  II.  (745-727  B.  c).  That  it  was  not 
permanently  and  thoroughly  subjugated  by  Assyria  is 
shown  by  the  tact  that  the  murderers  ot  Sennacherib  fled 
(681  B.C.)  to  that  country  (Isa.  xxxvii.  38, 2  Ki.  xix.  87).  The 
oldest  inscriptions  found  in  Armenia  are  in  Assyrian  script 
and  language.  Later  on,  after  Saiduris  I.  (in  the  Assyrian, 
text  Seduri),  835  B.  c,  the  cuneiform  script  was  employed! 
with  the  native  language.    The  monuments  in  this  Ian- 


scale  as  a  substitute 

His  claim  to  the  ii  .  .       _    . 

Hayes,  a  reed-maker  at  Bolton,  in  1786,  and  a  verdict  was 
rendered  against  him :  Highs's  claim  is  now,  however, 
generally  conceded  to  be  fraudulent.  Arkwright  was 
knighted  by  George  III.  in  1786. 

Arlanza  (ar-lan'tha).  A  small  river  in  north- 
em  Spain,  a  tributary  of  the  Arlanzon. 

Arlanzon  (ar-lan-thon').  A  small  river  in 
northern  Spain,  a  tributary  of  the  Pisuerga  and 
subtributary  of  the  Douro. 

Arlherg  (arl'berG).  A  pass  on  the  border  of 
Tyrol  and  Vorarlberg,  5,895  feet  high. 

Arlberg  Tunnel.    A  tunnel  under  the  Arlberg, 


forming  part  of"  the  railway  which  runs  from    Population  (1891),  143,289. 
Bludenz  in  Vorarlberg  viaLandekto  Innsbruck.  Armagn, 


tion.]  A  name  used  in  Rev.  xvi.  16,  and  signi- 
fying '  the  mountain  of  Megiddo.'  The  reference 
in  the  passage  in  Revelation  is  probablj;  to  Megiddo,  but 
some  refer  it  to  the  plain  ot  Esdraelon  in  Galilee  and  Sa- 
maria, famous  as  a  battle-field.  See  Msdraelon. 
Armagh  (ar-ma' ).  A  county  in  Ulster,  Ireland, 
bounded  by  Lough  Neagh  on  the  north,  Down 
on  the  east,  Louth  on  the  south,  and  Tyrone 
and  Monaghan  on  the  west:  sometimes  called 
the  ' '  Orchard  of  Ireland."  The  surface  is  hilly  and 
undulating,  and  low  in  the  north  and  south.  Armagh  has 
manufactures  of  linen  and  cotton.  Area,  612  square  miles. 


Bludenz  in  Vorarlberg  via 

It  is  about  6J4  miles  long,  and  was  opened  in 

1884. 

Arlecchino  and  Arlectuin.    See  ffarleqwin. 

Aries  (arlz).  Kingdom  of.  In  medieval  history, 
a  kingdom  which  was  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  kingdoms  of  Transjurane  Burgundy  and 
Cisjurane  Burgundy  in  933.  In  1032  its  terri- 
tories were  annexed  to  the  Holy  Roman  Em- 
pire. (See  Burgundy,  Cisjurane,  and  Transjur- 
rane.)  Cisjurane  Burgundy,  formed  in  879,  is 
sometimes  called  the  kingdom  of  Aries. 

■  Aries  (Srlz ;  P.  pron.  arl) .  A  city  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Bouohes-du-Rhone,  Prance,  situated 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  eastern  arm  of  the 
Rh6ne  near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  43°  43'  N.,  long. 
4°  37'  E. :  the  Roman  Arelate  or  (under  Con- 
stantino the  Great)  Constantia.  It  is  especially 
noted  for  its  antiquities,  which  include  a  Roman  amphi- 
theater (the  largest  in  France),  a  Roman  theater  (where 


^ A  city  and  parliamentary  borough 

in  the  county  of  Armagh,  34  miles  southwest 
of  Belfast,  the  seat  of  an  Anglican  archbishop 
(primate  of  Ireland)  and  a  Roman  Catholic 
archbishop.  It  was  the  ancient  metropolis  of  Ireland 
and  a  seat  of  learning.  The  cathedral  of  Armagh,  the  met- 
ropolitan church  ot  the  Primate  of  Ireland,  is  a  late- 
Pointed  structure  recently  well  restored.  It  was  sacked 
by  O'Neill  in  1664.  Population  (1891),  8,303. 
Armagnac  (ar-man-yak').  In  medieval  history, 
a  district  in  southern  France  corresponding  in 
general  to  the  department  of  Gers.  It  was  made 
a  countship  in  the  10th  century,  and  was  united  to  the 
crown  in  the  16th  century.  The  counts  and  their  adherents 
were  conspicuous  in  the  16th  century.    See  Armagnaca. 

Armagnac,  Bernard  VII.,  Oomte  d'.  Died 
June  12, 1418.  A  French  partizan  leader  of  the 
Armagnacs  (which  see)  in  the  civil  war  against 
the  Burgundians.  He  was  made  constable  and  chief 
minister  ot  France  in  1416,  and  was  murdered  in  prison 
by  the  mob  shortly  after  the  capture  of  Paris  by  the  Bur- 
gundians. 


the  Venus  of  Aries  was  found),  a  Roman  obelisk  a  Roman  j^magnaC,  Jean  V.,  Oomte  d'.     Bom  about 


tine.  (S"ee  below.)  It  was  called  the  "Gallic  Rome 
from  its  importance,  was  a  favorite  residence  ot  Con- 
stantino, was  the  seat  ot  several  church  councils,  and  be- 
came the  capital  of  thekingdom  of  Aries  in  879-  .J?rojn 
1160  to  1261  it  was  a  republic,  and  then  became  subject  to 
Charles  of  Anjou,  and  followed  the  fortunes  of  Provence. 
The  amphitheater  is  built  ot  exceUent  masonry,  and  is 
.  of  thehest-preserved  structures  of  the  kind.    The  ex- 


A  political  agitator,  grandson 
of  Bernard  VH.  He  formed  an  incestuous  union  with 
his  sister  Jeanne  Isabelle,  which  brought  upon  him  the 
censure  of  the  church  and  deprivation  ot  his  posses- 
sions by  Charles  VII.  He  was  reinstated  after  the  death 
ot  Charles,  joined  the  League  of  the  Public  Weal  against 
Louis  XI.  in  1466,  and  was  put  to  death  by  the  royalists 
at  the  capture  of  the  castle  of  Lectoure. 


terior  shows  2  stories  of  60  arches,  the  lower  Done,  the  AxmagnaC  War  (m  G-  often  cormpted  to  Ar- 
upper  Corinthian.  There  were  43  tiers  of  seats  and  6  con-  megeckenkrieg).  The  contest  between  the 
centric  corridors.    The  ancient  podium  of  the  arena^  is     mcgoi-i^ou  5/ 

almost  entire. 


cefeic  corridor^^^l^e^andent^podmm  rf^th^e^^en^^^^^    A^ai^ao  mercenaries  of  the  emperor  Fred- 


Armenia 

guage,  known  as  "Tannic  Inscriptions,"  were  deciphered 
by  Professor  A.  H.Sayce.  According  to  him  the  people 
of  Urartu  constituted  one  of  the  Hittlte  tribes.  The  lan- 
guage, though  Inflectional,  had  no  connection  with  either 
the  Semitic  or  the  Indo-European  families  of  speech,  and 
seems  to  have  been  the  ancestor  of  the  modern  Georgian. 
As  that  language  was  spoken  In  Armenia  as  late  as  640  B.  o. , 
the  Invasion  of  the  Aryans,  who  are  the  forefathers  of 
the  modern  Armenians,  could  not  have  taken  place  until 
after  this  date.  After  the  Assyrian  period  Armenia  be- 
came a  dependency  of  Persia  and  Media.  Alexander  the 
Great  conquered  it  along  with  the  Persian  empire,  and 
after  his  death  it  became  a  province  of  the  kingdom  of 
the  Seleucidse.  From  149  B.  c.  to  428  A.  D.  the  dynasty  of 
the  Arsacidee  governed  It  under  the  nominal  supremacy  of 
Parthla  and  Kome.  Then  It  was  ruled  by  Persian,  Byzan- 
tine, and  Arabic  governors  until  in  859  the  dynasty  of  the 
Bagratldes  (descended  from  a  noble  Jewish  family)  arose, 
which  came  to  an  end  in  1045.  The  last  refuge  of  Ar- 
menian Independence  was  destroyed  by  the  Mamelukes 
in  1376.  Since  then  the  Armenians  have  been  without  an 
Independent  state,  their  country  being  divided  between 
Persia,  Turkey,  and  Kussia.  They  still  have  an  indepen- 
dent church,  with  the  seat  of  government  at  Constantino- 
ple.   See  Aroftal. 

Armenia  Major,  Armenia  Minor.    See  Ar- 

menia, 

Armenian  (ar-me'ni-an).  1.  An  inhabitant 
of  Armenia. —  2.  The  language  prevalent  in 
Armenia,  and  belonging  to  the  Aryan  family. 
It  was  formerly  classed  with  Persian  as  belonging  to  the 
Iranian  group,  but  Is  now  separated  as  the  sole  extant 
member  of  an  independent  Aryan  language.  See  Armenia. 

Armentiferes  (ar-mon-te-ar').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Nord,  Prance,  situated  on  the 
Lys  near  the  Belgian  frontier,  9  miles  north- 
west of  Lille.  It  has  manufactures  of  table- 
linen  and  cloth.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
28,638. 

Armfelt  (Srm'felt),  Baron  (Count)  Gustav 
Mauritz,  Bom  at  Abo,  Finland,  April  1 ,  1757 : 
died  at  Zarskoe-Selo,  Eussia,  Aug.  19, 1814.  A 
Swedish  general  and  statesman,  distinguished 
in  the  war  against  Russia  1788-90.  Later  he  was 
regent,  was  exiled  and  restored,  and  held  high  commands 
and  offices.    He  entered  the  Kusslan  service  In  1811. 

Armfelt,  Earl  Gustav.  Bom  in  Ingermann- 
land,  Nov.  9,  1666:  died  in  Finland,  Oct.  24, 
1736.  A  Swedish  general.  He  entered  the  French 
service  in  1685,  returned  to  Sweden  in  1700,  was  intrusted 
by  Charles  XII.  with  the  defense  of  Pinland  in  1713,  was 
overpowered  by  Galitzin  at  Storkyro  in  1714,  was  sent  on 
a  disastrous  expedition  to  the  north  of  Korway  in  1718, 
and  was  commander-in-chief  in  Finland  at  his  death. 

Armgart  (arm'gart).  A  poem  (named  from  its 
chief  character,  a  woman  of  great  sensibility 
and  imaginative  power)  by  Greorge  Eliot,  first 
published  in  "Macmillan's  Magazine  "for  July, 
1871. 

Armida  (ar-me'da),  or  Armide  (Sr-med').  1. 
An  enchantress  in  Tasso's  "Jerusalem  Deliv- 
ered." She  used  her  charms  to  seduce  the  Crusaders  from 
their  vows  and  duty.  Her  palace,  surrounded  by  magnifi- 
cent pleasure-grounds,  was  so  luxurious  and  splendid  that 
"the  gardens  of  Armida  "havebecomea  synonym  for  gor- 
geous luxury.  She  also  possessed  a  magic  girdle  which  sur- 
passed even  the  cestns  of  Venus  in  its  power.  Her  volup- 
tuous witchery  was  finally  destroyed  by  a  talisman  brought 
from  the  Christian  army,  and  Hinaldo,  who  had  been  en- 
daved  by  her,  escaped.  She  followed  him,  and  he  finally 
defeated  her  in  battle,  persuaded  her  to  become  aChristian, 
and  became  her  knight. 

2.  The  title  of  operas  by  LuUi  (produced  in 
1686),  Traetta  (Vienna,  1760),  Jommelll  (Na- 
ples, 1771),  Gluok  (Paris,  1777),  Cherubini 
(17'82),  and  Rossini  (Naples,  1817). 

Armin  (ar'min),  Booert.  Lived  about  1610. 
An  BngUsh  actor  and  dramatist,  author  of 
"Nest  of  Ninnies"  (1608;  reprinted  by  the 
Shaksperian  Society  1842).  He  was  famous  as  an 
actor  of  Shakspere's  clowns  and  f  ool^  and  was  in  the  first 
cast  of  Ben  Jonson's  "Alchemist "  in  1610. 

Armine  (ar-men'),  Ferdinand.  The  lover  of 
Henrietta  Temple,  in  Disraeli's  romance  of  that 
name. 

Arminians  (Sr-min  'i-anz).  The  followers  of 
Arminius  (Jacobus  Harmensen,  1560-1609),  a 
Protestant  divine  of  Leyden.  They  presented  their 
doctrines  in  a  "remonstrance  "  (1610 :  whence  they  are 
also  called  SemomtranU:).    See  Harmensen  and  Menum- 

Armiliius  (ar-min'i-us).  [L.  Arminius  (Taci- 
tus), supposed  to  represent  an  early  Teutonic 
form  of  the  mod.  G.  Sermann.]  Bom  18  b.  c.  : 
died  21  A.  D.  A  German  chieftain,  prince  of  the 
Cherusoi,  and  the  liberator  of  Germany  from 
the  Roman  dominion.  He  entered  the  Koman  mili- 
tary service,  and  became  a  Koman  citizen  of  the  equestrian 
order.  On  his  return  he  organized  a  revolt  of  the  Cherusci, 
and  defeated  the  governor  Quintilius  Varus  in  the  Teuto- 
burg  forest  9  A.  D.  He  was  defeated  by  Germanicus  on 
the  Campus  Idlstavisns  18  A.  D.,  but  succeeded  in  maintain- 
ing the  independence  of  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine.  He 
overthrew  Marboduus  (Marbod),  chief  of  the  Suevi,  who 
had  made  himself  master  of  several  neighboring  tribfes. 
He  was  assassinated  as  the  result  of  a  conspiracy  against 
him  among  the  German  chiefs. 

Arminius.    See  Barmensen. 

Arminiusquelle  (ar-men'e-8s-kvel'le).    [G., 


79 

'Arminius's,  or  Hermann's,  Spring.']  A  noted 
warm  spring  at  Lippspringe,  in  the  Teutobur- 
gerwald,  Germany. 

Armistead  (ar'mis-ted),  George.  Bom  at  New- 
market, Va.,  April  10,  1780:  died  at  Baltimore. 
April  25, 1818.  An  American  officer  who  served 
with  distinction  at  the  capture  of  Port  George 
from  the  British,  May  27,  1813.  He  was  bre- 
vetted  lieutenant-colonel  for  his  gallant  defense 
of  Port  McHenry,  Sept.  13,  1814. 

Armistead,  Lewis  Addison.  Bom  at  New- 
bem,  N.  C,  Peb.  18, 1817:  died  at  Gettysburg, 
Pa.,  July  3,  1863.  A  Confederate  general,  sou 
of  General  Walker  Keith  Armistead.  He  served 
in  the  Mexican  war  1846-47,  became  brigadier-general  in 
the  Confederate  army  in  1861,  and  was  killed  in  the  charge 
of  Pickett's  division  at  the  battle  of  Gettysburg. 

Armistead,  Walker  Keith.  Bom  about  1785 : 
died  at  Upperville,  Va.,  Oct.  18,  1845.  An 
American  engineer  and  general,  brother  of 
George  Armistead.  He  was  graduated  from  West 
Point  in  1803,  superintended  the  defenses  of  Norfolk, Va., 
1808-11,  was  chief  engineer  to  the  army  of  the  Niagara  in 
the  War  of  1812,  superintended  the  defenses  of  Norfolk 
and  the  Chesapeake  1813-18,  was  brevetted  brigadier-gen- 
eral in  1828  for  ten  years'  service  in  one  grade,  and  served 
in  the  Florida  war  1836-37. 

Armisticio  (ar-mes-te'the-6).  A  former  terri- 
tory of  Venezuela,  now  forming  the  western  part 
of  the  state  of  Bolivar,  its  area  was  7,153  square 
miles.    It  is  almost  uninhabited  except  by  wild  Indians. 

Armorica  (ar-mor'i-ka).  [L.  Armorica,  Are- 
moriea(oi  old  Gaulish  origin),  land  by  the  sea.] 
In  ancient  geography,  the  northwestern  part  of 
Prance,  comprising,  in  general,  the  region  which 
lies  between  the  mouths  of  the  Seine  and  Loire. 
It  wasrestricted  in  the  middle  ages  to  Brittany. 

Armorican  (ar-mor'i-kan).  Same  as  Breton, 
one  of  the  Celtic  tongues. 

Armory  of  Germany.  An  epithet  applied  to 
Suhl,  Prussia,  on  account  of  its  manufactures  of 
firearms. 

Armstrong  (arm'strdng),  Archibald  (Archie). 
Born  at  Arthuret  in  Cumberland,  or  at  Lang- 
holm in  Roxburghshire :  died  1672.  The  cele- 
brated j  ester  of  King  James  I.  He  is  introduced 
in  Scott's  novel  "  The  Fortunes  of  Nigel." 

Armstrong,  John.  Bom  in  Ireland,  1725 :  died 
at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  March  9,  1795.  .An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  served  in  the  French  and  Indian  war 
1755-56,  commanded  the  expedition  against  the  Indian 
village  of  Eittanning  in  1755,  became  brigadier-general  in 
the  Continental  army  March  1, 1776,  resigned  April  4, 1777, 
and  was  a  delegate  from  Pennsylvania  to  the  Continental 
Congress  1778-80  and  1787-88. 

Armstrong,  John.  Born  at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  1758: 
died  1843.  An  American  general,  politician, 
and  diplomatist,  son  of  John  Armstrong.  He 
served  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  was  the  author  of 
the  "Newhurg  Addresses"  to  the  army  in  1783.  He  was 
United  States  senator  from  New  York  1801-02  and  1803-04, 
minister  to  France  1804-10  (part  of  tlie  time  minister  to 
Spain),  and  secretary  of  war  1813-14.  He  was  appointed 
brigadier-general  in  1812.  Among  his  works  is  a  history 
of  the  War  of  1812. 

Armstrong,  John  or  Johnnie,  A  Scottish  free- 
booter, the  chief  of  a  band  of  over  150  men,  and 
the  brother,  apparently,  of  the  Laird  of  Manger- 
ton,  the  chief  of  his  name.  He  levied  blackmail  al- 
most as  far  as  Newcastle,  and  Was  a  terror  to  the  inhabi- 
tants. When,  about  1629,  James  V.  undertook  to  suppress 
the  turbulence  of  the  Border  marauders  or  March  men, 
Johnnie  Armstrong,  one  of  the  moat  notorious  of  them,  ap- 
peared before  him  with  36  of  his  band,  well  equipped  and 
mounted,  and  offered  his  services.  The  king  showed  him 
no  favor,  but  had  him  and  all  his  men  hanged  upon  trees 
near  Hawick.  The  injustice  of  this  treatment  was  the  theme 
of  several  popular  ballads.  ' '  Armstrong's  Good-Night"  was 
said  to  have  been  composed  by  one  of  the  band.  This  ballad, 
with  two  entitled  "  Johnie  Armstrang,"  is  to  be  found  in 
"  Child's  English  and  Scottish  Ballads."  TheSoottish  cham- 
pion swordsman  whose  stoiy  is  told  by  Scott  in  "  The  Laird's 
Jock  "  seems  to  have  been  the  son  of  the  above-mentioned 
Laird  of  Mangerton.  William  Armstrong(about  1596)known 
as  "  Kinmont  Willie,  "and  WiUiam  Armstrong(1602  ?,  1658 1) 
known  as  "Christie's  Will "  were  both  noted  freebooter^ 
and  belonged  to  the  same  family. 

Armstrong,  Samuel  Chapman.  Bom  in  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  Jan.,  1839 :  died  at  Hampton, 
Va.,  May  11,  1893.  An  American  officer  in  the 
Civil  War,  founder  and  principal  of  the  Hamp- 
ton Institute  (Virginia)  for  negroes  and  Indians. 

Armstrong,  William  George,  Baron.  Bom 
Nov.  26,  1810 :  died  Dec.  27, 1900.  An  Enghsh 
engineer  and  inventor  of  the  Armstrong  gun, 
a  breech-loading  cannon  (1854-58).  He  was 
created  first  baron  Armstrong  in  1887. 

Army  and  Navy  Club.  1 .  A  club  established 
in  London  in  1888  for  the  association  of  com- 
missioned officers  of  all  ranks  in  either  branch 
of  the  service,  at  36  Pall  Mall,  S.  W.— 2.  A 
similar  club  established  in  New  York  in  1871. 

Arnaldus  Villanovanus  (ar-nal'dus  vil"a-n6- 
va'nus).    See  Arnold  of  ViUanova. 

Arnason  (ar'na-son),  Jon.    Born  at  Reykjavik, 


Arneth,  Alfred  von 
Iceland,  Nov.  13,  1819:  died  Aug.  17,  1888.    An 
Icelandic  writer.    He  was  for  many  years  librarian  of 
the  public  library  of  Iceland,  and  published,  with  Grinison, 
"Popular  Legends  of  Iceland"  (1862-64). 

Arnau  (ar'nou).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  situated 
on  the  Elbe  65  miles  northeast  of  Prague :  an 
important  center  of  linen  and  paper  manufac- 
ture.   Population  (1890),  commune,  4,124. 

Arnaud(ar-n6'),Henri.  BomatLa Torre,Pied- 
mont,  1641:  died  at  Schonberg,  1721.  A  Wal- 
densian  clergyman  and  patriot.  He  was  the  militaiy 
leader  in  a  campaign  against  the  French  and  Savoyards 
1689-90,  described  in  his  "  Histoire  de  laglorieuse  rentr^e 
des  Vaudois  dans  leurs  valines."  He  later  conducted  the 
Waldensian  exiles  to  Germany. 

Arnaud,  St.,  Leroy  de.  See  Leroy  de  Saint- 
Arnaud. 

Arnauld  (ar-no'),  Agnfts.  Born  1594:  died  1671. 
A  French  Jansenist  nun,  a  sister  of  Antoine  Ar- 
nauld. She  was  the  authorof  "L'Imaged'unereligieuse 
parfaite  et  d'une  impaffaite"  (1660),  and  "Le  chapelet  se- 
cret du  Saint  Sacrement"  (1663). 

Arnauld,  Ang^lique,  or  Ang^lique  de  Saint- 
Jean.  Born  Nov.  28, 1624:  died  Jan.  29, 1684. 
A  French  Jansenist  nun,  niece  of  Jacqueline 
Marie  Arnauld,  and  daughter  of  Robert  Ar- 
nauld d'Andilly,  made  abbess  of  Port-Royal  in 
1678:  author  of  "M^moires  pour  servir  k  I'his- 
toire  de  Port-Royal,  etc."  (1742),  etc.. 

Arnauld,  Antoine.  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb.  6, 1560 : 
died  at  Paris,  Dec.  29, 1619.  A  French  advocate. 
He  acquired  great  celebrity  by  his  speech  against  the 
Jesuits  in  favor  of  the  University  of  Paris  in  1594. 

Arnauld,  Antoine,  surnamed  "The  Great  Ar- 
nauld." Bom  at  Paris,  Peb.  16, 1612 :  died  at 
Luttich,  Aug.  8,  1694.  A  French  philosopher 
and  Jansenist  theologian,  son  of  Antoine  Ar- 
nauld. He  wrote  "De  la  fr^quente  communion  "  (1643), 
"La  perpetuity  de  la  foi"  (1669-72),  etc. 

Arnauld,  Henri.  Bom  at  Paris,  1597:  died  at 
Angers,  June  8,  1694.  A  French  Jansenist  ec- 
clesiastic, brother  of  .Antoine  Arnauld(1612-94). 
He  became  bishop  of  Angers  in  1649,  and  was  one  of  the 
four  bishops  who  refused  to  sign  the  acceptance  of  the 
Pope's  bull  condemning  the  "  Augustinus"  of  Jansenius. 

Arnauld,  Jacciueline  Marie,  or  Marie  Ang6- 
lique  de  Sainte-Madeleine.  Bom  Sept.  8, 
1591:  died  Aug.  6,  1661.  A  French  Jansenist 
nun,  abbess  of  Port-Royal,  sister  of  Antoine 
Amauld  (1612-94). 

Arnauld  d'Andilly  (ar-no'dou-de-ye'),  Rob- 
ert. Born  at  Pans  about  1588:  died  at  Port- 
Royal,  Sept.  27,  1674.  A  French  advocate  and 
theological  writer,  brother  of  Antoine  Arnauld. 

Arnauld  de  Villeneuve.  See  Arnold  of  Vil- 
lanova. 

Arnault  (ar-no'),  Antoine  Vincent.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Jan.  1,  1766:  died  near  Havre,  Sept.  16, 
1834.  A  French  dramatist,  fabulist,  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer.  He  wrote  "Marius  a  Min- 
tumes"  (1791),  "Germanicus"  (1817),  etc. 

Arnault's  short  moral  poems  are  not  so  much  fables  as 
what  used  to  be  called  in  English  "emblems."  The  most 
famous  of  these,  which  of  itself  deserves  to  keep  Arnault's 
memory  green,  is  "La  Feuille." 

Saintslmry,  French  Lit.,  p.  401. 

Arnauts  (ar'nte).  The  Turkish  name  for  the 
Albanians. 

Amdt  (amt),  Ernst  MoritZ.  Born  at  Schoritz,. 
Rtigen,  Prassia,  Dee.  26,  1769:  died  at  Bonn,. 
Prussia,  Jan.  29,  1860.  A  German  poet  and 
general  writer,  professor  at  Greifswald  and 
later  at  Bonn.  He  wrote  "Versuch  einer  Geschichte 
der  Leibeigenschaft  in  Pommern  und  Eiigen"  (1803), 
"Der  Geist  der  Zeit"  (1807),  etc.  Among  his  songs  are 
"Was  ist  des  Deutschen  Vaterland?"  "Was  hlasen  die 
Trompeten?"  etc.  He  was  one  of  the  leading  patriots 
in  the  Napoleonic  epoch. 

Arne  (am),  Michael.  Born  in  1741:  died  Jan. 
14,  1786.  Musician  and  composer,  son  of  Dr. 
Arne.  He  wrote  the  music  for  Garrick's  "Cy- 
mon"  (1767),  "The  Belle's  Stratagem"  (1780), 
and  other  plays,  and  some  very  popular  songs, 
"The  Highland  Laddie,"  etc. 

Arne,  Susanna  Maria.    See  (Mber. 

Arne,  Thomas  Augustine.  Born  at  London, 
March  12, 1710:  died  at  London,  March  5, 1778. 
An  English  composer.  He  wrote  several  operas,  "  Bri- 
tannia" and  "Eliza*' (1742^4),  "Artaxeraes"  (1762) ;  orato- 
rios, "Abel "  (1766), "  Judith  "  (1764) ;  musical  settings  of  sev- 
eral of  Shakspere's  songs;  the  song  "Rule  Britannia  '  in  the 
"Masque  of  Alfred  "  (1740) ;  a  musical  farce,"  Thomas  and 
Sally,"  etc.  He  was  also  author  as  well  as  composer.  He 
was  created  doctor  of  music  by  the  University  of  Oxford, 
July  6, 1769.  ,    „,, 

Ameb  (ar'neb).  [Ar.  aZ  arwoB,  the  hare.]  The 
third-magnitude  star  a  Leporis.  Sometimes 
called  Arsk. 

Arneburg  (ar'ne-borG) .  A  to  wn  in  the  province 
of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Elbe  40 
miles  northeast  of  Magdeburg.  Population, 
about  2,000. 

Arneth  (ar'net),  Alfred  von.   Bom  at  Vienna, 


Arneth,  Alfred  von 

July  10, 1819:  died  there,  JiUy30, 1897.  An  Aus- 
trian historian,  son  of  Joseph  Calasanza  von 
Arneth.  His  works  include  histories  of  Prince 
Eugene  (1858-59),  Maria  Theresa  (1863-79),  etc. 
Ameth,  Joseph  Calasanza  von.  Bom  Aug. 
12,  1791:  died  Oct.  31,  1863.  An  Austrian 
archsBologist  and  numismatist.  He  became  di- 
rector of  the  cabinet  ol  iiumismatics  and  antiquities  at 
Vienna  in  1840,  and  was  the  author  of  "Synopsis  numorum 
antiquorum"  (1837-42),  etc. 

Amheim,  Baroness  of.  See  Geierstein,  Anne  of. 

Amhem  (arn'hem),  or  Arnheim  (am'him). 
The  capital  of  the  province  of  Gelderland, 
Netherlands,  situated  on  the  Rhine  in  lat.  51° 
58'  N.,  long.  5°  52'  E.r  probably  the  Roman 
Arenacum.  it  has  important  transit  trade  and  various 
manufactures.  It  was  an  ancient  Hauseatic  town,  and 
was  talien  by  the  Dutch  In  1585,  by  the  French  in  1672 
and  1795,  and  by  the  Prussians  in  1813.  Sir  Philip  Sidney 
died  at  Aruhem  in  1586.    Population  (1889),  commune, 

Arnhem,  Cape.  A  headland  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria. 

Arnhem  Bay.  An  indentation  on  the  coast  of 
the  Northern  Territory,  South  Australia. 

Arnhem  Land.  A  district  in  the  Northern 
Territory,  South  Australia. 

Amim  (ar'nim),  Count  Adolf  Heinrich  von. 
Bom  April  10,  1803:  died  Jan.  8,  1868.  A 
Prussian  politician  and  historical  -writer.  He 
was  the  leading  cabinet  minister  March  l»-29, 1848,  and  was 
appointed  to  a  hereditary  seat  in  the  Herreuhaus  in  1854, 
where  he  supported  the  interests  of  the  landed  nobility. 

Arnim,  Elizabeth  (or  Bettina)  von.    Bom  at 

Prankfort-on-the-Main,  April  4, 1785 :  died  at 
Berlin,  Jan.  20,  1859.  A  German  writer,  wife 
of  Ludwig  Achim  von  Amim  and  sister  of 
Clemens  Brentano,  noted  for  her  correspon- 
dence (largely  spurious)  with  Goethe,  1807-11. 
Arnim,  Count  Harry  Karl  Kurt  Eduard 
von.  Born  at  Moitzelfitz,  Pomerania,  Prussia, 
Oct.  3, 1824 :  died  at  Nice,  France,  May  19, 1881. 
A  German  diplomatist,  ambassador  at  Rome 
1864-70,  and  at  Paris  1872-74.  He  took  a  leading 
part  in  the  negotiations  preliminary  to  the  treaty  of  Frank- 
fort May  10, 1871 ;  was  appointed  ambassador  at  Paris  Jan. 
fi,  1872,  and  recalled  March  2,  1874,  on  account  of  differ- 
ences of  opinion  with  Prince  Bismarck ;  was  assigned  to 
Constantinople  March  19 ;  and  was  dismissed  from  tlie 
diplomatic  service  May  15  for  publishing  his  Koman  de- 
spatches. On  Dec.  15  he  was  sentenced  to  three  months' 
imprisonment,  on  the  charge  of  having  filched  state  docu- 
ments from  the  archives  of  the  German  embassy  at  Paris, 
but  escaped  punishment  by  having  previously  removed 
himself  beyond  the  jurisdiction  of  the  German  courts; 
and  on  Oct.  5, 1876,  was  sentenced  to  five  years'  penal  ser- 
vitude for  lese-majesty  in  publishing  an  anonymous  pam- 
phlet against  the  chancellor,  entitled  "  Pi'o  nihilo,  Vorge- 
schichte  des  Amim-Prozessea  "  (1876).    He  died  in  exile. 

Arnim,  Baron  Heinrich  Alexander  von.  Born 
at  Berlin,  Feb.  13,  1798 :  died  at  Dusseldorf, 
Jan.  5, 1861.  A  Prussian  diplomatist  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  ambassador  at  Brussels  1840-46,  and  at 
Paris  1846-48,  and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  March  21 
to  June  8, 1848. 

Arnim,  or  Arnheim,  Baron  Johann  (or  Hans) 
Georg  von.  Born  at  Boitzenburg,  Branden- 
burg, Prussia,  1581:  died  at  Dresden,  April  18, 
1641.  A  German  diplomatist  and  general  in  the 
Thirty  Years'  War,  in  the  service  of  the  Impe- 
rialists, and  later  of  the  Protestants. 

Amim,  Karl  Otto  Ludwigvon.  Bom  at  Ber- 
lin, Aug.  1, 1779.  died  at  BerUn,  Feb.  9,  1861. 
A  German  writer  of  travels. 

Arnim,  Ludwig  Joachim  (commonly  Achim) 
von.  Born  at  Berlin,  June  26,  1781:  died  at 
Da^hme,  Prussia,  Jan.  31, 1831.  A  German  nov- 
elist and  poet.  From  all  parts  of  Germany  he  col- 
lected folk-songs  which  were  published,  1806-08,  in  con- 
junction with  Clemens  Brentano,  under  the  title  "Dea 
Knaben  Wunderhorn  "  ("  The  Boy's  Wonder-Horn  ").  He 
was  the  author  of  several  novels  and  tales,  the  most 
celebrated  among  them  the  historical  novel "  Die  Eronen- 
wachter"  ("The  Guardians  of  the  Crown").  His  col- 
lected works  were  published  by  his  wife,  with  an  intro- 
duction by  William  Grimm,  1S89-48,  in  20  volumes. 

Arno  (ar'no),  or  Arn  (am),  or  Aquila  (ak'wi- 
la).  [OHG.  arn,  L.  aquila,  eagle.]  Bom  about 
7S0 :  died  Jan.  24,  821.  A  German  ecclesiastic 
and  diplomatist,  the  friend  of  Alcuin,  appointed 
archbishop  of  Salzburg  in  798.  He  is  said  to  have 
■converted  many  Avars  and  Wends,  to  have  presided  at 
several  synods,  including  the  Council  of  Mentz  813,  and 
to  have  enjoyed  the  esteem  of  Charlemagne  and  Leo  III. 
He  wrote,  together  with  Benedict  the  Deacon,  the  "Con- 
ge8tum(Indiculus)Arnouis,"alistof  all  the  churches,  vil- 
lages, etc.,  in  the  archbishopric  of  Salzburg. 

Arno  (ar'no).  A  river  in  Tuscany,  Italy,  about 
140  miles  long:  the  Roman  Arnus.  Itrisesinthe 
Apennines,  flows  south,  west,  northwest,  and  then  west, 
and  empties  into  the  Mediterranean  6  miles  southwest 
of  Pisa.    Florence  and  Pisa  are  situated  on  it. 

Arno,  Val  d'.  The  fruitful  valley  of  the  upper 
Amo. 

Arnobius  (ar-no'bi-us),  sumamed  Afer.  Born 
in  Numidia :  lived  about  300.     A  rhetorician 


80 

and  Christian  apologist.  His  chief  work  is  entitled 
"  Adversus  Gentes"  ("Against  tlie Gentiles"). 

Arnobius.  Lived  about  460.  A  Semi-Pelagian 
ecclesiastic  of  Gaul,  author  of  a  "  Commentary 
on  the  Psahns." 

Arnold  (ar'nold),  Sir  Arthur.  Bom  May  28, 
1833 :  died  at  London ,  May  20, 1902.  An  Eng- 
lish journalist,  miscellaneous  wi'iter,  and  Lib- 
eral politician :  brother  of  Sir  Edwin  Arnold. 
He  was  editor  of  the  "  Echo,"  and  the  author  of  "  From 
the  Levant,"  "  Through  Persia  by  Caravan."  "Social  Poli- 
tics," "Free  Land,"  etc.    Knighted  in  1895. 

Arnold,  Benedict.  Bom  1615 :  died  1678.  An 
early  colonial  governor  of  Rhode  Island. 

Arnold,  Benedict.  Born  at  Norwich,  Conn., 
Jan.  14,  1741 :  died  at  London,  June  14,  1801. 
An  American  Revolutionary  general  and  trai- 
tor. He  was  commissioned  colonel  1775,  and  took  part 
in  the  capture  of  Ticonderoga ;  commanded  the  expedi- 
tion through  the  Maine  wilderness  against  Quebec  in  1775 ; 
was  wounded  at  the  siege  of  Quebec ;  was  made  brigadier- 
general;  commanded  at  a  naval  battle  on  LakeChamplain 
in  1776 ;  defeated  the  British  at  Eldgefield,  Connecticut, 
1777 ;  and  was  made  major-general.  In  the  Burgoyne  cam- 
paign he  served  with  distinction  at  the  first  battle  of  Sara- 
toga 1777,  and  decided  the  second  battle  of  Saratoga  (where 
he  was  wounded).  He  was  appointed  commander  of  Phila- 
delphia 1778 ;  was  tried  before  a  court  martial  on  various 
charges,  and  reprimanded  by  Washington  1780.  Appoint- 
ed commander  of  West  Point  in  1780,  he  planned  with  An- 
dr^the  surrender  of  that  place  to  the  British.  The  plan  was 
discovered  through  the  capture  of  Andr6,  and  Arnold  es- 
caped to  the  British,  receiving  the  rank  of  major-general 
in  the  British  army  and  subsequently  conducting  expedi- 
tions against  Virginia  and  New  London,  Connecticut,  178L 
The  latter  part  of  his  life  was  spent  chiefly  in  London. 

Arnold  (ar'nolt),  Christoph.  Bom  at  Som- 
merfeld,  near  Leipsie,  Dec.  17, 1650 :  died  April 
15, 1695.  A  German  astronomer,  noted  for  ob- 
servations of  the  comets  of  1682  and  1686,  and 
of  the  transit  of  Mercury  in  1690. 

Arnold  (ar'dold).  Sir  Edwin.  Bom  June  10, 
1832 :  died  March  24,  1904.  An  English  poet, 
journalist,  and  Orientalist.  He  was  educated  at 
King's  College  (London)  and  at  Oxford,  became  principal 
of  the  Government  Sanskrit  College  at  Poena,  India,  and 
later  served  on  the  staff  of  the  "  Daily  Telegraph, "London. 
Among  his  poems  are  "Light  of  Asia  "(1878),  "Light  of  the 
World"  (1890),  "Indian  Song  of  Songs "  (1875),  "Indian 
Poetry,"  "Pearls  of  the  Faith,"  "  Lotus  and  Jewel." 

Arnold.  George:  Bom  at  New  York  city,  June 
24, 1834 :  died  at  Strawberry  Farms,  N.  J.,  Nov. 
3,  1865.  An  American  poet  and  man  of  letters. 
He  contributed  to  "  Vanity  Fair,"  "  The  Leader,"  and  other 
periodicals,  and  was  the  author  of  "  Poems  "  (edited,  with 
biographical  sketch,  by  William  Winter,  1S70). 

Arnold  (ar'nolt),  Gottfried.  Born  at  Anna- 
berg,  Saxony,  Sept.  5,  1666 :  died  at  Perleberg, 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  May  30, 1714.  A  German 
Pietist  theologian  and  church  historian.  "He 
was  the  first  to  use  the  German  language  instead  of  the 
Latin  in  learned  history :  but  his  style  is  tasteless  and  in- 
sipid."   Schaff. 

Arnold  (ar'nold),  Isaac  Newton.  Bom  at 
Hartwick,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  30, 1815 :  died  at  Chicago, 
April  24, 1884.  An  American  poUtioian,  Repub- 
lican member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  1861-65. 
He  wrote  a  life  of  Abraham  Lincoln  (1866,  revised  ed. 
1885),  a  life  of  Benedict  Arnold  (1880),  etc. 

Arnold  (ar'nolt),  Johann  Georg  Daniel.  Bom 

at  Strasburg,  Feb.  18, 1780 :  died  there,  Feb.  18, 
1^29.  An  Alsatian  jurist  and  poet,  appointed 
professor  of  Roman  law  in  the  University  of 
Strasburg  in  1811.  He  wrote  the  comedy  "Der 
Pfingstmontag"  (1816),  etc. 

Arnold,  Matthew.  Bom  at  Laleham,  Middle- 
sex, England,  Dee.  24, 1822 :  died  at  Liverpool, 
April  15, 1888.  A  noted  English  critic  and  poet, 
son  of  Thomas  Arnold.  He  was  educated  at  Win- 
chester, Kugby,  and  Balliol  College  (Oxford),  and  became 
a  fellow  of  Oriel.  He  was  made  lay  inspector  of  schools 
in  1851,  and  was  appointed  professor  of  poetry  in  Oxford 
in  1857.  He  visited  the  United  States  in  1883  and  1886. 
His  works  include  poems  (1848),  "Empedocles  on  Etna" 
(1853),  poems  (1854, 1867),  "Essays  in  Criticism  "  (1865), 
"  Study  of  Celtic  Literature  "  (1867),  "Literature  and  Dog- 
ma" (1873),  "Culture  and  Anarchy,"  "Last  Essays  on 
Church  and  Religion"  (1877),  "Mixed  Essays,"  "St.  Paul 
and  i?rotestantism,"  "Friendship's  Garland,"  "Higher 
Schools  and  Universities  in  Germany." 

Arnold,  Richard.  Bom  at  Providence,  R.  I., 
April  12, 1828 :  died  on  Governor's  Island,  N.  Y. 
harbor,  Nov.  8, 1882.  An  American  general  in 
the  CivilWar,  son  of  Lemuel  H.  Arnold.  He  served 
in  the  Peninsula  campaign  1862,  commanded  a  cavalry 
division  in  General  Banks's  Red  River  expedition  1864, 
and  received  brevet  ranks  for  gallantry  in  the  engage- 
ments of  Savage  Station,  Port  Hudson,  and  Fort  Morgan. 

Arnold,  Samuel  Greene.  Bom  at  Providence, 
R.  I.,  April  12,  1821 :  died  at  Providence,  E.  I., 
Feb.  12, 1880.  An  American  politician  and  his- 
torian, several  times  lieutenant-governor  of 
Rhode  Island,  and  United  States  senator  1862- 
1863:  author  of  a  "History  of  Rhode  Island." 

Arnold,  Samuel.  Bom  at  London,  Aug.  10, 
1740 :  died  at  London,  Oct.  22, 1802.  An  Eng- 
lish composer  of  operas  and  oratorios.  He  be- 
came organist  and  composer  to  the  Chapel  Royal  in  1783, 


Amould 

and  condDctor  of  the  Academy  of  Ancient  Mnsic  in  1788. 
Among  his  numerous  works  are  "The  Maid  of  the  MDl" 
(1765),  "The  Cure  of  Saul"  (1767),  "Abimelecb"  (1768X 
"  The  Resurrection  "  (1778),  and  "  The  Prodigal  Son"  (1773). 

Arnold,  Thomas.  Bom  at  West  Cowes,  Isle  of 
Wight,  June  13, 1795:  died  at  Rugby,  June  12, 
1842.  A  noted  English  educator  and  historian, 
famous  as  head-master  of  Eugby  (1828-42). 
He  was  educated  at  Winchester  and  Oxford  (Corpus 
Ghristi  College),  and  became  feUow  of  Oriel  in  1815.  In 
1819  he  settled  at  Laleham,  near  Staines,  and  occupied 
himself  with  prepaiing  young  men  for  the  universities. 
He  was  appointed  professor  of  modern  history  at  Oxford 
in  1841.  Among  his  works  area"Historyof  Rome"(3vol8, 
1838-43),  "Lectures  on  Modem  History"  (1842),  "Ser- 
mons "  (1829-34),  and  an  edition  of  Thucydides  (lSSO-35). 

Arnold,  Thomas  Kerchever.  Born  at  Stam- 
ford, England,  1800:  died  at  Lyndon,  Rutland- 
shire, March  9, 1853.  An  English  clergyman  and 
writer  of  classical  text-books.  With  Rev.  J.  E. 
Riddle  he  issued  an  English-Latin  lexicon  (1847),  based  on 
the  German  work  of  C,  E.  Georges. 

Arnold,  Thomas.  Bom  1823:  died  1900.  An 
English  scholar,  son  of  Thomas  Arnold  (1795- 
1842).  Hewastheauthorof  a  "Manual  of  English  Litera- 
ture," and  editor  of  Wyolif,  Beowulf,  Henry  of  Hunting, 
don,  Simeon  of  Durham,  etc. 

Arnold,  William  Delafield.  Bom  at  Laleham, 
near  Staines,  England,  April  7,  1828:  died  at 
Gibraltar,  AprU  9, 1859.  A  son  of  Thomas  Ar- 
nold and  brother  of  Matthew  Arnold.  He  was 
educated  at  Rugby,  and  was  a  student  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  in  1847.  In  1848  he  went  to  India  as  ensign,  and 
became  assistant  commissioner  in  the  Panjab,  and  (1856) 
director  of  public  instruction.  He  wrote  the  novel  "  Oak- 
fleld  "  (18S3X  under  the  pseudonym  "Punjabee." 

Arnold  of  Brescia.  Bom  at  Brescia,  Italy, 
about  1100 :  executed  at  Rome,  1155.  An  Ital- 
ian religious  reformer  and  political  agitator. 
During  a  popular  insurrection  at  Rome,  1146,  he  preached 
the  deposition  of  the  Pope  and  the  restoration  of  the  an- 
cient republic.  An  interdict  of  the  city  by  Adrian  IV. 
compelled  him  to  seek  refuge  in  Campania  1155.  He  was 
delivered  to  the  Pope  by  the  emperor  Frederick  Barba- 
rossa  and  executed. 

Arnold  of  Villanova,  F.  Arnauld  de  Ville- 
neuve.  Born  about  1240 :  died  1318.  A  phy- 
sician, alchemist,  and  astrologer,  whose  nation- 
ality is  unknown.  He  taught  at  Paris,  Barcelona,  and 
Montpellier,  and  has  been  incorrectly  accredited  with  the 
discovery  of  sulphuric,  nitric,  and  hydrochloric  acids, 
which,  according  to  Hoefer,  were  known  before  his  time. 

Arnold  of  Winkelried.    See  Winkelned. 

Arnold  von  Melchthal.    See  Melchtkal. 

Arnoldi  (ar-nol'de),  Wilhelm.  Bom  Jan.  4, 
1798 :  died  Jan.  7,  1864.  A  German  Ultramon- 
tane ecclesiastic,  installed  as  bishop  of  Treves 
in  1842.  He  displayed  at  Treves  an  alleged  "coat"  of 
Christ  in  1844,  which  attracted  a  large  number  of  pil- 
grims to  the  city,  and  gave  rise  to  the  German  Catholic 
movement  under  Ronge. 

Amolfo  di  Cambio  (ar-nol'fo  de  kam'be-o),  or 
Amolfo  di  Lapo  (la'po).  Bom  at  CoUe,  Tus- 
cany, about  1232:  died  at  Florence,  1300.  ATus- 
ean  architect  and  sculptor,  employed  on  the 
churches  of  Santa  Croce  (1295)  and  Santa  Ma- 
ria del  Fiore  (1298)  in  Florence. 

To  compreliend  what  Amolfo  did  for  Florence  we  have 
bub  to  look  down  upon  that  fair  city  and  note  that  all  the 
most  striking  objects  which  greet  the  eye,  the  Duomo, 
the  Palazzo  Vecchio,  Santa  Croce,  or  San  Michele,  and  the 
walla  which  surround  the  city,  are  his  work. 

Perkins,  Tuscan  Sculptors,  I.  53. 

Amolphe  (ar-nolf').  A  cynical  and  morose 
man  in  MoliSre's  "ifieole  des  Femmes."  He  is 
imbued  with  the  idea  that  a  woman  can  only  be  good  and 
virtuous  in  proportion  as  she  is  ignorant.  He  brings  up  a 
young  girl,  Agnes,  on  these  principles  with  the  view  of 
marrying  her;  but  this  system  results  in  making  her  so 
ignorant  that  she  says  and  does  the  most  adventurous 
things  without  a  blush.  His  warnings  teach  her  exactly 
how  to  deceive  him,  and  she  marries  her  younger  lover, 
Horace. 

Arnon  (ar'non).  In  scriptural  geography,  a 
small  river  (the  modem  Wady  Mojib)  flowing 
into  the  Dead  Sea.  it  formed  the  boundary  between 
the  Moabites  on  the  south  and  the  Amorites  (and  later 
the  Israelites)  on  the  north. 

Arnon  (ar-n6u').  A  tributary  of  the  Cher,  ly- 
ing chiefly  in  the  department  of  Cher,  France. 

Arnot  (ar'not),  William.  Bom  at  Scone, 
Scotland,  Nov.  6,  1808:  died  at  Edinburgh, 
June  3,  1875.  A  Scottish  minister  and  theo- 
logical writer.  He  was  ordained  minister  of  St.  Pe- 
ters Church  in  Glasgow  in  1888,  joined  Dr.  Chalmers's 
Free  Church  movement  in  1843,  and  became  minister  of 
a  Free  Church  congregation  in  Edmbnrgh  in  1863. 

Arnott  (ar'not),  Neil.  Bom  at  Arbroath,  Scot- 
land, May  15,  1788:  died  at  London,  March  2, 
1874.  A  British  physician,  physicist,  and  in- 
ventor. He  wrote  "Elements  of  Physics  "  (Vol.  I,,  1827 ; 
Part  I.,  Vol.  II.,  1829 ;  frequently  reprinted),  "  Warming 
and  Ventilation,"  etc.,  and  invented  a  form  of  stove  and 
the  water-bed. 

Arnould  (ar-no'),  Madeleine  Sophie.    Bom 

at  Paris,  Feb.  14,  1744:  died  1803.  A  French 
actress  and  opera-singer  (1757-78),  "the  most 
admired  artist  of  the  Paris  Opera"  {Grove). 


^   Arnsberg  81  Arroyo  Molinos 

Arnsberg  (amz'berG).   A  govemmental district  AKmebusierS  of  St.  Andrew.    A  fine  painting  tot  being  privy  to  a  conspiracy  against  Claudius :  as  ba 

in  the  province  or  Westphalia,  Prussia.    Popu-    by  Frans  Hals  (1633)  in  the  town  haU  at  Haar-  l^esitated  to  destroy  himself  in  obedience  to  the  com- 

lation  (1890),  1,342,677.  lem,  Holland,    it  comprises  u  figures  colonel  can-  S»°H*=2i^l?"«?thT* '''h '*S'?^^ '''■f ^" *"'' ^*°'*.^'* '"''? 

Arnsberg.     A  manufacturing  town  in  the  prov-     tains:  Ueutenants,  ensigns,  lad  seieanto.  a^ld^s  SStabfe  .""^  dagger  with  the  words^'  P»tus  it  does  not  pain  me." 

ince  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  to  color  and  expression.  Arriaga  (ar-re-a  ga),  Pablo  Jose  de.  Bom  at 
Euhr  in  lat.  51°  25'  N.,  long.  8°  4'  E  •  the  an-  ATQuebusiers,  Gild  of.    See   Gild  of  Argue-     vergara,  Spam,  1562:  perished  in  a  shipwreck 

cient  capital  of  Westphalia,  and  a  seat  of  the    Z"^'*^^-     .         „      .         ^  near  Havana,  Cuba,  1622.    A  Spanish  Jesuit  and 

Vehmgerichte.  It  has  a  ruined  castle  Pouu- ■'"ft™S"''^Siers,  Syndics  of  tie.  See  Syndics  author.  He  spent  most  ot  his  life  in  Peru,  where  he  was 
lotion  C18901    eommuTifi    7  4-14                  •          i^         of  the  Arquebusiers.  rector  of  the  Jesuit  College  of  Arequipa,  and  afterward 

A^Stedtcirn'™  A  manufacturing  town  Axaue.S  (^rk)  .  A  sm^l  town  in  the  department  rt.fnt^°aU'',^^t°'ilfSarror^?s''Ss^?.^lS^acS 
in  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen,  Germany,  situ-    °t  °f '^^-l^terieure,  France,  at  the  junction  of    de  la  idolatria  de  los  indios  del  Perii." 

ated  on  the  Gera  11  miles  southwest  of  Erfurt :    i?®  Arq.ues  and  B^thune,  3J  miles  from  Dieppe.  Arrian  (ar'i-an),  L.  Flavins  Arrianus  (fla'vi- 

one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  Thuringia.  It  has  ^^.T^r^.^'iro^T^.'^ZotU%''SZ:iStt  '"'TX''^^--  ^^l' '^f^Z'''^  BornatMco- 
an  ancient  castle  and  a  Rathaus.  Population  1689.  '  •"  j  ,  v  ,  media,  Bithyuia,  about  100  a.  d.  :  died  at  an 
(1890),  12,818.                                                         Arrah  (ar'ra).     A  town   in  Bengal,   British    advanced  age  in  the  reign  of  Marcus  Aurelius. 

Arnswalde  (ams'vai-de).  A  manufacturing  India,  35  miles  west  of  Patna.  In  1857  it  was  -*■  noted  Greek  historian  and  philosopher.  He 
town  in  the  province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  successfully  defended  against  the  Sepoy  rebels,  ^t'^'f^  t^%  "J^"^^,^  °i  Bpictetus,  ■  and  published  an 
40  milfis    soiithpast    nf    Stot+in        P^iMilo+i/^^     Pn-niiln+lnn  M8q^^    4.fi  cin<i  k,  j^uj- iouoio.      abstract  of  his  philosophy,  and  was  the  author  of  a  his- 

tVo^J         SOUmeast    01    Stettm.      Population     l-opmation  (isyi),  4b,aU5.  toi?  of  the  Asiatic  expedition  ot  Alexander  the  Great 

(1890),  commune,  7,507.  Arran  na  FOgUe.     A  play  by  Dion  Boucicault,     (aeeAnaiasisXot  atreatise  on  India,  of  a  "Voyage  around 

AmUlf  (Sr'nulf).   Born  about  850:  died  at  Ratis-     produced  in  1865.  the  Euxine,"  etc.    He  was  both  a  Roman  and  an  Athenian 

^°"'f.T±V^'fliir-    Emperor  of  the  Holy  -^raignment  of  Paris,  The      A  play,  some-    Sli^Sa^fer  Hl'S^Jpl^SSlmg^^^^^^^^ 
Eoman  JLmpire,  illegitimate  son  of  Karlmann,    thing  between  a  pageant  and  a  mask,  which    dociaA.  d.  138,  and  whUe  holding  this  ofllce  he  defeated 
king  of  Bavaria.     He  was  elected  king  of  the  East     was  published  anonymously  in  1584,  but  was     tbe  invading  Alani.    He  was  raised  to  the  consular  rank 
Franks  in  887,  was  crowned  emperor  in  896,  defeated  the     certainly  written  by  Peele.     It  was  at  one  time     ^^  Antoninus  Pius  in  A.  D.  146.    The  remainderof  his  life 
Normans  near  louvain  in  891,  fought  with  the  Moravians,     of+T.;'h„+i.fl  +n  HhaT^i-r^ar-a  was  spent  in  dignified  retirement  as  priest  of  Ceres  and 

and  invaded  Italy  and  stormed  Home  in  895.  aiiriouiea  to_»naKspere.  .   .    ^,     ^     ,^.  Proserpine  in  his  native  city. 

Amulf.    Archbishop  of  Eheims  989-991.  ArraklS  (ar  ra-kis).    [Ar.  an-rrfgjp,  the  trotting  Arriaza(ar-re-a'tha),orArriazayBuperviela. 

Amway  (arn'wa),  John.  Bom  in  Shropshire,  °^°lfr  f^e  ^?M)ai(?.]  The  f ourth-mapitude  Juan  Bautista  de.  Born  at  Madrid,  1770: 
1601:  died  in  Virginia,  probably  in  1653.  An  double-star  ^  Draconis,  in  the  Dragon's  tongue,  died  there  in  1837.  A  Spanish  poet,  author 
EngHsh  royalist  clergyman  and  writer,  arch-  ^^V-  (^''.S'")-  t^^ael.  -^ran.^  An  island  of  of  "Emilia"  (1803),  "Poesias  patri6ticas"  (3d 
deacon  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry.  Hewas  exiled  S,?°S  *  A.^'i  "^^  county  of  Bute,  west  of  the  ed.  1815),  and  "Poesias  liricas"  (6th  ed.  1829- 
and  took  refuge  at  The  Hague,  and  later  accepted  an  invi-  ^  YiT  °A>  ^^  i  ■"■*'  length  is  about  20  miles,  its  great-  1832) .  He  was  a  strenuous  supporter  of  the  absolute  men- 
tation to  preach  in  Virginia.  He  wrote  the  "  Tablet "  ^st  breadth  about  12  miles,  and  its  area  166  square  miles,  archy,  and  was  made  a  councilor  and  chamberlain  by 
(1650),  a  reply  to  Milton's  "Eikonoklastes,"  and  "Alarum     Population,  over  5,000.  Ferdinand  VII. 

to  the  Subjects  of  England  "(1660).  Arran  (islands  of  Ireland).     See  ^ram.  Arrigal  (ar'i-gal).  A  mountain  in  the  northem 

Arod  (a'rod).    [Heb.'(^r(J^,  perhaps 'vrild  ass.']  Arran,  Earl  of.    See  Hamilton,  James.  part  of  Donegal,  Ireland,  the  highest  in  the 

1.  A  son  of  Gad  (Num.  xxvi.  17),  also  called  Aixas  (ar-ras').     The  capital  of  the  depart-    county. 

Jrodi(Gen.xlvi.l6).— 2.  InDrydenandTate's  ment  of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  situated  on  Arriyabene  (ar-re-va-ba'ne),  Ferdinando 
"Absalom  and  AcMtophel,"  part  ii.,  a  character  the  Scarpe  in  lat.  50°  17'  N.,  long.  2°  46'  E. :  the  Born  at  Mantua,  Italy,  1770 :  died  there,  June 
intended  for  Sir  "WUliam  Waller.                            Eoman  Nemetocenna,  or  Nemetacum  of  the    29,1834.    An  Italian  jurist  and  miscellaneous 

Arok-Szallis  (o'rok-sal'ash).  A  town  in  the  Atrebates,  later  Atrabate.  it  is  a  strong  fortress  author.  He  was  thrown  into  prison  at  Sebenico,  Dal- 
county  of  J^zygien,  Hungary,  45  miles  north-  ^?,'*  *^®  seat  of  a  bishopric,  has  an  active  trade  in  gram,  matia,  in  1800,  by  the  Austrian  government,  for  political 
east  Of  Budapest.     Population  (1890),  11,189.      ^Z^^S'^^^^'^;^^^^Si^    ^SVel^f  ^S%^eCS^.'"l^rht'^wts^S; 

..AJOiaS  (a-ro  las;,  Juan.      Uom  at  xSarceiona,      areacathedral,  a  hotel  deville,  and  a  museum.   Arraswas     president  of  a  court  of  lustice  at  Brescia. 

June  20,  1805:  died  at  Valencia,  Nov.  25, 1849.    the  capital  of  the  Atrebates,  and  later  of  Artois;  belonged-  Arrivabene,  Count  Giovanni.    Bom  at  Man- 

A  Spanish  poet,  author  of  "Poesias  caballeres-    ^i^^l^aT^t^'^^^Z^fiX^^^'^l'^";  t^--  Italy,o'une  24, 1787:  died'at  Mantua,  Jan. 
cas  y  onentales     tl»4U-0UJ,  etc.                                 was  vainly  besieged  by  the  Spaniards  in  1654 ;  and  was     11,1881.   An  Italian  patriot  and  political  econo- 
Arolsen  (a'rol-sen).     The  capital  of  the  prin-     ceded  to  France  in  1669.     Birthplace  ot  Eobespierre.     mist.    He  was  arrested  by  the  Austrian  government  in 
cipality  of  Waldeck,  Germany,  22  miles  west     Population  (1891),  25,701.  1820  for  having  participated  in  the  disturbances  of  the 

by  north  of  Cassel.  it  contains  the  princely  castle  Arras,  Lines  of.  Fortifications  extending  from  Carbonari,  and  fled  the  country.  He  returned  to  Italy  in 
with  rich  collections,  and  is  the  birthplace  of  Kauch  and  Arras  to  Bouchain  on  the  Sehelde,  crossed  by  1?''°'  w'^^re  he  was  created  a  senator  a,nd  was  fra  a  long 
Kaulbach.    Population  (1890),  2,620.  Marlborough  1711.  tame  the  president  of  the  Italian  Association  of  Political 

Arona  (a-ro'na).     A  town  in  the  province  of  Ajras,  Treaties  of.     1.  A  treaty  concluded  Arrde"'' See  ^®ro. 

Novara,  Italy,  situated  on  Lago  Maggiore  38  between  the  Armagnacs  and  the  Burgundians  Arrom  (ar-rom')"  Cecilia  Bohl  von  Faber 
miles  northwest  of  Milan,  it  contains  a  noted  in  1414. —  2.  A  treaty  between  Charles  VII.  of  Madame  de'  pseudonym  Fernan  Caballero' 
?nl°P^'^P^'Ztt^onSTsmo"'°*''"'*"*^'^°^'°^'''""  France  and  Philip  the  Good  of  Burgundy,  con-  Born  at  Morges,  Switzerland,  1796:  died  at 
IZ^.    J^^TaL     Zl'  Pn^  <f„7rf„„  „  7T»«««^     eluded  in  1435.-3.  A  treaty  between  Louis  XI.     SeviUe,  Spain,  April  7,  1877.     A  Spanish  nov- 

^ona,  Juan  de.  See  Pag  Soldan  y  Unanue,  of  Prance  and  MaximUian  I.,  concluded  in  1482.  elist,  author  of  "  La  •  famiUa  de  Alvareda" 
rearo.  ■,.,■,         -,       Prance  was  to  receive  Artois,  Pranehe-Comt6,     n850')  etc. 

^V'^^^yjlT^h^f^f^^^^^e     ^^        '    and  Other  territories.  ,  irrot.    The  weasel  in  "Eeynard  the  Fox." 

A*™«X^v   /  ^■?''^??l'\*  °'A*Xr'^^'  „n.fi,«n.  pirate  y  Acosta  (ar-ra'te  e  a-kos'ta),  Jose  Arr01ix(ar-r6').  Atributar/of  the  Loire,  about 

Aroostook  (a-ros  tuk).  A  nver  in  northern  Martin  Felix.  Born  at  Havana,  1697:  died  75  miles  long,  lying  chiefly  in  the  department 
and  northeastern  Maine  wMphoins  the  St     therein  1766.    A  Cuban  historian.    He  studied    of  Sa6ne-et-Loiie.    It  flows  past  Autun. 

John  m  western  New  Brunswick :  length  over     law  in  Havana  and  Mexico,  and  was  regidor  of  Havana  a__„-_   niv,_      Sen  .C«mM/i 

100  miles.  from  1734,  and  alcalde  in  1762.    In  1762  he  assisted  in  de-  Vi^X^' ,t„'^N   T  «tf      A    =,.,011  lot<>  ,-r,  n^^^t-r 

ArmiPt      See  Voltaire  fending  the  city  against  the  English.    His  "Llave  del  ArrOW  (ar  o).  Lake.    A  small  lake  in  County 

AiSo^t„l,»J  /L!>ot  =V,aflM   r.1.  A-rnha-roU  Cnr      Nuevo  Mundo  y  Antemural  de  las  Indias  Oooidentales "  (a     Sllgo,  Ireland. 

Arpacnsnad  (ar-pak-shaa  ),  or  ATpnaxaa  (ar-  j^-^t^^  „j  ^uba),  commenced  in  1761,  was  published  in  Arrow  Lake,  Upper  and  Lower.  Expansions 
fat'sad).     1.  Thirdsonof  Shem(Gen.x.22,     jsso.       ,         „       .         ,  of  the  Columbia  fever  in  British  Columbia. 

24;  XI.  10).— 3.  A  Semitic  tnbe  and  country,  Arrawaks.  Bee  Arawalcs.  Arrownoint  far'a-ooiiit)  Catharine  In 
usually  consideredthe  sameasArrapachitis,on  Arr^o  (ar-e-b6'),A^ders  Christensen.  Born  (jeorge  Eliot's  noveP' Daniel  Deronda,"a  giri 
the  upper  Zab  nori;heast  of  Nineveh.                     m  ^roe    Jan.  2    1587 :  died  at  Vordingborg,    accomplished  to  a  point  of  exasperatiiig  thor- 

Arpad  (ar-pad').     A  city  m  northem  Syria,     Denmark, March  12  1637.  ADanishpoet,  author    oughness,  but  possessing  much  good  sense, 

about  15  miles  north  of  Aleppo :  the  modern  of  "Hexaemeron"  (1641  and  1661),  etc.  Hewas  a^^xj^  ,Jj.,^  smith)  Aaron  Born  at 
Tel-Erfad.  m  the  Old  Test^ient  it  is  always  mentioned  styled  "  the  father  of  Danish  poetry  " :  he  intro-  wj^gton,  DurLm,  July  li'  1750 :  died  at  Lon- 
in  conjunction  with  Hamath,  modern  Hamah,  on  the  duced  into  it  the  renaissance  then  spreading  ■,  »  i;,  90  -.op'o  \  '  ^.j  -ETiD-iisT,  <rpo<r 
Orontes  (e.  ?.,  Isa.  X.  9,  Jer.  xlix.  23).    In  the  Assyrian  m-     *.„„,  Tf„iv  Oon,  April  ^d,  IS^d.      A  notett  linglish  geog- 

acriptions  it  is  called  ^r-i)a*da.  It  was  taken  by  Tiglath-  ^  Z^^,f~i'^>\  iur^„t-„  A'  A  r„^„„+alT,  o.,.^„r,;r,  rapher  and  chartographer.  He  published  "A  Chart 
Pileser  IL  in  740  B.  c,  after  a  siege  of  three  years.  Arree  (ar-ra  ;,  MontS  tt  .    A  mountain  group  m     ^f  f^^  World  as  on  Mercator's  projection,  showing  all  the 

irn6A  /Sy'Wdrl^      TlioH  007  A    Ti      The  Macrvar    the  department  of  PinistOre,  France,  culmmat-     New  Discoveries,"  etc.  (1790),   "Maps  of  the  World" 
?•      tI ^     *       i       tLt'  i^iA  A-^tflt,.     me  in  Mont  St.-Michel  (about  1,275  feet  high).     (1794),  "Maps  of  North  America"  (1796),  "Maps  of  Scot> 
CZv  Xi'it  8^^  ^      ^      ^       Arrest  (kr-resf),  Heinrich  Ludwig  d'.     Born     1-0  '■  (1807)  "Atlas  of  Souaem  India'^182^.  etc. 

Hungary  about  890.  ,        „    „  .       ^  Rorlin    Antr  1R  1822-  died  at  Conenhasren  Arrowsmith,  John.    Born  1790:  died  at  Lon- 

ibpad.  dynasty.  A  dynasty  of  Hungarian  f^^'']^' ^^f  ^^f^^ZlXo^l^^^^l  don.  May  1, 1873.  An  English  geographer  and 
sovereigns,  ruling  as  kings  from  1000  to  1301.      ^Xted  orofessor  at  lSSc  '"Tssl^  and  at    chartographer,  a  nephew  of  Aaron  Arrowsmith. 

Arpasia  (ar-pa'shia  .     A  Grecian  princess,  m     K°"1XJ1^  fflS-i?   r,nfprfor  hi/di^^  He  was  one^of  the  founders  of  the  Royal  Geographical 

Eowe's  tragedy  "  T^amerlane."  Copenhagen  m  1857,  noted  for  his  discoveries    ^^  ^^  published  a  "London  Atlas"  (ist  ed.  1834), 

Arnh-^-n,!      qfifi  Amaehihad  of  comets  and  observations  of  nebulsB.  etc. 

A^SiTar'oi)    or  A^iPDa   (ar-ii-rip-a).     In  Arretium  (ar-re'shi-um).     An  ancient  and  Arroyo  de  China  (ar-ro'y 6  de  che'na)      [Sp., 

l^LcLS  J^oUanW  f^Z  of  lUlia  ^^       in    powerful  city  of  Etruria:  the  modem  Arezzo    'pebble  gorge.']    A  former  name  of  Concep- 

lo+  A^o  ^'^    ir,„L  Tio  qq' F  '  (which  see),    in  an  Italian  coalition  against  Rome  cion  del  Uruguay,  in  the  Argentine  Republic, 

lai.  41    01    i^ .,  long,  xu    oo  ju.  (286-282  B.  C.)  Arretium  refused  to  take  part,  and  was  be-  ArroVO  HondO  (ar-ro'yo  hon'do).     [Sp.,  '  deep 

ArpmO.     See  Cesan,  Giuseppe.  sieged  by  the  whole  force  of  the  confederacy  including  -"^royoixonuo  ^^^^ 

Arpino  (ar-pe'no).     A  town  in  the  province  of    paid  hordes  of  Gallic  Senones.    L.  Cscilius  Metellus  went  gorge.  J      4"  ^  ^°i®„ol  two  aee^  simoes  or 

Caserta  Italy,  situated  near  the  GarigUano  in  to  the  relief  of  the  city,  but  was  defeated  and  slain,  with  gorges  in  New  Mexico,  one  mnning  west  of 
lot    iio'in'  M     \^Ta    iqo  V7'  R  •  the  ancient     seven  militaiy  tribunes  and  13,000  men,  the  rest  of  the     Taos  a  distance  of  about  12  miles,  the  other 

lat.  41°  40    N     long.  18    37    K.  the  ancient  J^^  prisoners.  ,  running  5  miles  south  of  Santa  P6  toward  the 

n'Sf^vlnS^.^vSntowS  a^drec'S^^^^^  [Gr.Jipp.toc]  Killed     g^nta  ^'^   Creek,     en  the  sides  of  the  latter  there 

franchise  1^1%"  I^SsuS^l^  bT  »tTon!  317  B.  C.  Half-brother  of  Alexander  the  Great,  ^e  the  ruins  of  two  ancient  villages  of  the  Tehuas  called 
about5,00D.     ■  and  one  of  his  successors,  put  to  death  by  order    Kukua.  -  ^-,   -  s    a^ii„„^ 

died  a374).  '  ^^^  '^^^^'-    ^''  ''"^''^°*  ™'  condemned  to  death     scene  of  a  British  victory  over  the  French,  1811. 

C— 6 


Ami  Islands 

Arm  Islands.    See  Am  Islands. 

Axruda  da  Camara  (ar-ro'da  d&  ka'mar-ra), 
Manoel.  Born  in  Alagoas,  1752 :  died  at  Per- 
nambuco,  1810.  A  Brazilian  botanist,  author 
of  various  works  on  the  economic  botany  of 
Brazil.  He  studied  medicine  in  France,  and  during 
the  latter  part  ol  his  life  was  a  practising  physician  in 
Fernambuco. 

Arsaces  (ar'sa-sez  or  ar-sa'sez)  I.  [L. ;  Grr. 
'ApadioK.'i  The  founder  of  the  Parthian  king- 
dom. He  is  variously  represented  as  the  chiel  of  a 
nomad  tribe  of  Scythians,  Bactrians,  or  Parthians  who 
about  250  B.  c.  headed  a  revolt  of  the  Parthians  against 
Syria,  and  established  the  independent  kingdom  of  Parthia 
(250  B.  0.-226  A.  D.). 

Arsacidae  (ar-sas'i-de).  1.  A  dynasty  of  Par- 
thian kings,  established  by  Arsaces  I.  about 
250  B.  c.  and  overthrown  by  the  Persians  226 
A.  D.  The  most  noteworthy  of  the  Arsacidse  are  Phra- 
ates  in.  (died  60  (?)  B.  0. ),  Orodes  I.  (died  37  (?)  B.  o. ),  Phrsu 
ates  IV.  (died  4(?)  A.  D.),  Artabanus  II.  (died  44  A.  v.),  Vo- 
losgeses  I.  (died  90  (?)  A.  D.),  and  Chosroes  (died  122  (?)  A.  D.). 
2.  A  dynasty  of  Armenian  kings  founded  (prob- 
ably) by  Valarsaees,  brother  of  Arsaces  III., 
king  of  Parthia  in  149  b.  c.  The  history  of  the 
dynasty  is  obscure.    See  Armenia. 

Arsames  (ar'sa-mez).  [Gr.  'Apad/aig.']  1.  The 
father  of  HJ^staspes  and  grandfather  of  Darius. 

—  2.  A  son  of  Darius  and  a  commander  in  the 
army  of  Xerxes. — 3.  An  illegitimate  son  of 
Artaxerxes  Mnemon.    Smith. 

Arschot.     See  Aerschot. 

ArsQnius  (ar-se'ni-us),  surnamed  "  The  Great." 
[Gr.  Jipff&io?.]  Born  about  354:  died  450  (449?). 
A  famous  Egyptian  monk.  He  was  tutor  to  the 
sons  of  the  emperor  Theodosius  the  Great,  Arcadius  and 
Honorius,  about  383-394,  and  a  hermit  in  the  monastic 
wilderness  of  Scetis  in  Egypt  394-434.  Driven  from  Scetis 
in  434  by  an  irruption  of  barbarians,  he  went  to  Troe,  near 
Memphis,  and  remained  there  till  444 ;  then  spent  three 
years  in  the  island  of  Cauopus;  and  finally  returned  to 
Troe  where  he  died.  He  is  honored  by  the  Greek  Church 
on  May  8,  by  the  I/atin  on  July  19. 

Arsenius,  sumamed  Autorianus.  Died  1267. 
Patriarch  of  Constantinople  1254-61.  He  was  ap- 
pointed, with  George  Muzalon,  by  Theodore  Lascaria  II. 
guardian  of  the  latter's  son  John  IV. ;  but  was  deposed  and 
banished  to  Proconnesus  by  the  emperor  Michael  VIII. 
Palteologus,  to  whom  he  refused  to  grant  absolution  for 
usurping  the  throne  and  putting  out  the  eyes  of  John  IV. 

Arsn.    See  Arnei. 

Arsinoe  (ar-sin'o-e).  [Gr.  'Apaiv&rj.'\  1.  Born 
316  B.  C.  Daughter  of  Ptolemy  I.  of  Egypt, 
wife  of  Lysimachus  and,  afterward,  of  Ptol- 
emy II. — 3.  Lived  about  280  B.  c.  The  daugh- 
ter of  Lysimachus,  and  first  wife  of  Ptolemy  II. 

—  3.  Lived  about  220  b.  c.  The  wife  of  Ptol- 
emy IV.  Philopator,  by  whose  order  she  was 
put  to  death. — 4.  Killed  at  Miletus,  41  b.  o. 
Queen  of  Egypt  in  47  b.  c,  put  to  death  by 
Mark  Antony  at  the  instigation  of  her  sister 
Cleopatra. —  5.  In Molifere's  comedy  "The  Mis- 
anthrope," a  woman  whose  age  and  ugliness 
have  forced  her  to  give  up  the  admiration  of 
men:  she  assumes  a  hypocritical  and  prudish 
species  of  piety. —  6.  An  opera  by  Thomas 
Clayton,  produced  in  1705.  it  was  composed  of  a 
number  of  Italian  songs  which  he  brought  with  him  from 
Italy  and  adapted  to  the  words  of  an  English  play  by  Peter 
Motteux  called  "Arsinoe,  Queen  of  Cyprus."  He  called 
it  his  own  composition.  According  to  Doran  it  was  the 
first  attempt  to  establish  opera  in  England  as  it  was  pro- 
duced in  Italy. 

Arsinoe.  In  ancient  geography,  a  town  near 
the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Suez,  in  lat.  30°  3'  N., 
long.  32°  34'  E. 

Arsinoe.  In  ancient  geography,  a  town  in 
Lower  Egypt,  situated  near  Lake  Moeris  34 
miles  southwest  of  Memphis.  Also  called  Cro- 
coMlopolis. 

Ars-sur-Moselle  (ar-siir-mo-zel'),  G.  Ars-an- 
der-Mosel.  A  town  in  Lorraine,  Alsace-Lor- 
raine, situated  on  the  Moselle  5  miles  south- 
west of  Metz. 

Arta  (ar'ta).  A  river  of  Albania  and  Greece, 
the  ancient  Arachthus,  which  forms  (since 
1881)  part  of  the  boundary  between  Greece  and 
Turkey,  and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Arta  8  miles 
below  Arta. 

Arta,  or  Narda  (nar'da).  A  town  in  the  nom- 
arohy  of  Arta,  Greece,  situated  on  the  river 
Arta  in  lat.  39°  8'  N.,  long.  20°  59'  E.:  the 
ancient  Ambracia.  It  was  colonized  by  Corinthians 
about  640  B.C. ;  was  taken  by  the  Romans  189  B.  c. ;  and  was 
ceded  to  QreecebyTurkeyinlSSl.  Population  (1889),  7,084. 

Arta.  A  town  in  the  eastern  part  of  Majorca, 
Balearic  Islands.    Population  (1887),  5,893. 

Arta,  Gulf  of.  An  inlet  of  the  Ionian  Sea,  the 
ancient  Ambracian  Gulf,  lying  between  Albania 
on  the  north  and  Greece  on  the  south,  its  length 
is  about  25  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  about  10  miles. 

Artabasdes  (ar-ta-bas'dez),  or  Artabazes 
(Sr-ta-ba'zez).    [Gr.  'Apra^iaSric  (Strabo),  'Apra- 


82 

/Jdfw  (Plutarch).]  A  son  of  Tigranes  the  Great 
(king  of  Armenia),  co-ruler  with  his  father,  and 
his  successor  about  55-34  B.  c. 

Artabazes,    See  Artabasdes. 

Artabazus  (ar-ta-ba'zus).  [Gr.  'Apr(i/3ofof.]  A 
Persian  general  distinguished  in  the  campaigns 
of  480  and  479  B.C.  He  retreated  to  Asia  after 
the  defeat  of  Platsaa. 

Artabazus,  In  Xenophon's  "  Oyropedeia,"  a 
Median,  a  friend  and  adviser  of  Cyrus, 

Artabazus.  Lived  about  362-328  b.  c.  A  Per- 
sian satrap  of  western  Asia  under  Artaxerxes 
III.,  against  whom  he  rebelled.  He  was  par- 
doned anjd  fought  at  Arbela  under  Darius. 

Artacbshast  (ar-tak-shasf),  or  Actacbshasta 
(ar-tak-shas'ta).  [Old  Pers.  Artakshatga  (on 
the  Babylonian  monuments  Artakshatsu  and 
Artakshassu),  from  arta,  great,  and  Icshatga,  or 
kshatkra,  kingdom.]  In  passages  of  the  Old 
Testament  (Ezra  iv.  7, 8;  vi.  14;  vii.  1,  11,  21; 
Neh.  ii.  1,  v.  14,  xiii.  6),  a  name  referring  to  .Ar- 
taxerxes I.  Longimanus  (465-425  B.  c.)  of  the 
Persian  AchEemenian  dynasty,  the  son  and  suc- 
cessor of  the  Xerxes  who  undertook  the  memo- 
rable expedition  for  the  subjugation  of  Greece. 
In  the  seventh  year  of  the  reign  of  Artaxerxes  (469-468) 
Ezra  came  with  a  colony  of  exiles  to  Jerusalem  authorized 
by  the  king  to  reestablish  the  worship  of  the  temple 
(Ezra  vii.  12  ff.).  But  when  the  Jews  started  to  build  walls 
around  the  city,  Artaxerxes  was  persuaded  to  suspend  the 
work.  In  446-446  Nehemiah  went  to  Jerusalem  empow- 
ered to  rebuild  the  walls  and  gates  of  the  city.  Artaxerxes 
continued  the  war  against  the  Greeks. 

Artagnan  (ar-tan-yon'),  D'.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal characters  in  "The  Three  Musketeers" 
by  Dumas,  and  also  in  its  sequels  "Twenty 
Years  After"  and  "  Bragelonne."  He  is  a  young 
Gascon  of  an  adventurous  yet  practical  nature,  with  a 
genius  for  intrigue,  who  goes  up  to  Paris  to  seek  his  for- 
tune with  an  old  horse,  a  box  of  miraculous  salve  given  to 
him  by  his  mother,  and  his  father's  counsels.  His  career 
is  one  of  hairbreadth  escapes  (with  death,  in  the  end,  on 
the  field  of  battle)  in  the  society  of  "  The  Three  Musket- 
eers," Athos,  Porthos,  and  Aramis. 

Artaguette  (ar-ta-gef).  K:illedl736.  A  French 
military  leader  imder  Bienville,  colonial  French 
governor  of  Louisiana.  He  had  subdued  the  Nat- 
chez Indians,  and  was  engaged  in  fighting  the  Chickasaws, 
who,  in  connection  with  English  traders  from  the  Caro- 
linas,  defied  French  authority  on  the  Mississippi,  when  he 
was  wounded  and  captured  in  an  attack  upon  the  Chicka- 
saw strongholds.    He  was  burned  at  the  stake. 

ArtamSne  (ar-ta-man'),  or  The  Grand  Cyrus. 

Aromance  by  Mademoiselle  Scud^ry,  published 
in  1650  in  10  volumes.  ArtamSne  is  intended 
for  the  great  Cond6. 

Artaphernes  (ar-ta-f6r'nez).  [Gr.  'AprafipvTig.'] 
Lived  about  500  b.  c.  A  brother  of  Darius 
Hystaspes  by  whom  he  was  appointed  satrap  of 
Sardis.  He  interfered  ineffectually  in  behalf  of  Hippias, 
the  expelled  tyrant  of  Athens,  and  took  part  in  the  war 
against  tlie  revolted  lonians. 

Artaphernes.  Son  of  the  preceding.  He  com- 
manded, with  Datis,  the  Persian  army  wfiich  invaded 
Greece  In  490  B.  0.,  and  led  the  Lydians  in  the  expedition 
of  Xerxes  against  Greece  in  480. 

ArtaxaminOUS  (ar-taks-am'i-nus).  The  King 
of  Utopia,  a  character  iu  "  Bombastes  Furioso," 
a  burlesque  opera  by  W.  B.  Ehodes. 

Artaxata  (ar-taks'a-ta).  [Gr.  'Apr&^ara,  Arm. 
Artashat.']  In  ancient  geography,  the  capital 
of  Armenia  in  the  2d  and  1st  centuries  b.  c, 
situated  in  the  plain  of  the  Araxes,  probably 
northeast  of  Ararat,  it  is  said  to  have  been  built, 
in  accordance  with  the  plan  of  Hannibal,  by  Artaxias  I., 
180  B.  c;  was  destroyed  by  Nero's  general  Corbulo  iu  58 
A.  D. ;  and  was  restored  by  Tiridates  I. 

Artaxerxes  (ar-taks-6rks'  ez)  I.  [Gr.  'Apra- 
f^pf^f,  'ApTo^epSm.  See  Artaehshast  and  Arda- 
shir.']  King  of  Persia  465-425  (424  ?)  B.  C. ,  son 
of  Xerxes:  surnamed  "Lon^manus"  ('the 
Long-handed')  from  the  excessive  length  of  his 
right  hand.  His  forces  were  defeated  on  sea  and  land 
in  449  B.  c.  in  the  double  action  of  Salamis  in  Cyprus. 
See  Artaehshast. 

There  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  he  was  the  king 
who  sent  Ezra  and  Kehemiah  to  Jerusalem,  and  sanc- 
tioned the  restoration  of  the  fortifications. 

Hawlineon,  Herod. 

Artaxerxes  II.  King  of  Persia  405-361  (359  ?) 
B.C.,  son  of  Darius  II.:  surnamed  "Mnemon" 
(Gr.  Mv^fwv)  from  the  excellence  of  his  mem- 
ory. He  was  defeated  by  his  younger  brother  Cyru  s  (who 
was  killed  in  the  battle)  at  Cunaxa  in  401,  and  concluded 
the  Peace  of  Antalcidas  with  Sparta  in  387.  During  bis 
reign  the  worship  of  Anaitis  was  adopted  from  the  Baby- 
lonians by  the  Persians. 

Artaxerxes  III.  King  of  Persia  361  (859  ?)-338 
B.C.,  son  of  Artaxerxes  n.:  sumamed  "  Ochus." 
He  reconquered  Egypt  and  reduced  Phoenicia,  and  was  poi- 
soned by  the  eunuch  Bagoas,  his  chief  minister. 

Artaxerxes,  An  opera  by  Ame,  produced  in 
1762.  The  libretto  was  translated  from  Metas- 
tasio's  "  Artaserse." 

Artedi  (ar-ta'de),  Peter,  Latinized  as  Petrus 


Arth^nice 

Arctedius,  Bom  in  Sweden,  Feb.  22,1705:  died 
at  Leyden,  Sept.  27, 1735.  An  eminent  Swedish 
naturalist,  especially  noted  as  an  ichthyologist. 
He  became  an  intimate  friend  of  Linnaeus  atUpsal  (1728-82), 
and  the  two  reciprocally  bequeathed  to  each  other  their 
manuscripts  and  books  in  the  event  of  death.  Artedi 
was  accidentally  drowned  at  Leyden,  and  his  manuscripts, 
according  to  Idle  agreement,  came  into  the  hands  of  Lln- 
ncBUs,  who  published  the  "Bibliotheca  Ichthyologia  "  and 
"Philosophia  Ichthyologica,"  together  with  a  life  of  the 
author,  1738. 

Artegal  (ar'te-gal).  In  Spenser's  "Faerie 
Queene,"  a  knight  errant^  the  impersonation  of 
justice,  supposed  to  be  intended  to  represent 
Lord  Grey,  Spenser's  patron.  Sometimes  spelled 
Arthegal. 

Artemas  (ar'tf-mas).  [Gr.  'ApTEfia;.']  A  com- 
panion of  St.  Paul  and,  according  to  tradition, 
bishop  of  Lystra. 

Artemidorus  (ar"tf-mi-do'rus),  sumamed  Dal- 
dianus  ('of  Daldi's'  in  Ljrdia).  [Gr.  'Apre/ii- 
Siopog,  gift  of  Artemis.]  Lived  about  170  a.  d. 
A  Greek  writer,  author  of  a  work  "  The  Inter- 
pretation of  Dreams"  (ed.  by  Hercher  1864). 

Artemidorus  of  Cnidos.  In  Shakspere's  trag- 
edy "Julius  Csesar,"  a  teacher  of  rhetoric. 

Artemidorus  of  £phesus.  Lived  in  the  2d 
century  A.  D.  (f ).    A  Greek  geographer. 

ArtSmire  (ar-ta-mer').  A  tragedy  by  Voltaire, 
produced  in  1720.  It  was  not  successful,  and 
the  author  preserved  the  best  of  it  in  "Mari- 
amne,"  which  was  produced  in  1724. 

Artemis  (ar'te-mis).  [Gr.  "AprsiuQ.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  one  of  the  great  Olympian  deities, 
daughter  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Leto  (Latona), 
and  twin  sister  of  Apollo.  She  may  be  regarded  as 
a  feminine  form  of  Apollo.  She  chastised  evil  with  her 
keen  shafts  and  with  deadly  sickness,  and  also  protected 
mortals  from  dajiger  and  pestilence.  Unlike  Apollo,  she 
was  not  connected  with  poetry  or  divination,  but,  like 
him,  she  was  a  deity  of  light,  and  to  her  was  attributed 
authority  over  the  moon,  which  belonged  more  particular- 
ly to  her  kinswomei^  Hecate  and  Selene.  In  art  Artemia 
is  represented  as  a  virgin  of  noble  and  severe  beauty,  tall 
and  majestic,  and  generally  bearing  bow  and  quiver  as  the 
huntress  or  mountain  goddess.  She  was  identified  by  the 
Komans  with  their  Diana,  an  original  Italian  divinity. 

Artemis.  A  court  lady  in  Drydeu's  comedy 
"Marriage  A-la-Mode." 

Artemis,  Temple  of.    See  Ephesus. 

Artemisia  ( ar-tf-mish'ia ),  [Gr.  'Aprt/iiaia.J 
Queen  of  Caria  352-350  B.  0.  In  memory  of  her 
husband  Mausolus,  she  built  at  HalicarnasBUS  the  mau- 
soleum which  was  reckoned  one  of  the  wonders  of  the 
world.  (See  Maiiaolus.)  To  give  further  proof  of  her  af- 
fection she  is  said  to  have  mixed  her  husband's  ashes  with 
a  precious  liquid  and  to  have  drunk  the  potion  so  prepared. 

Artemisia,  Queen  of  Halicamassus,  and  vas- 
sal of  Persia,  distinguished  in  the  battle  of 
Salamis,  480  B.  c. 

Artemisium  (ar-te-mish'ium).  [Gr.  'Apre/dacav, 
temple  of  .Artemis.]  A  promontory  in  north- 
em  Euboea,  Greece,  near  which  occurred  an 
indecisive  naval  battle  between  the  Greeks  un- 
der Eurybiades  and  the  Persians  under  Aohse- 
menes,  480  B.  c. 

Artemus  Ward,    See  Ward,  Artemus. 

Artenay  (art-na').  A  village  in  the  department 
of  Loiret,  France,  13  miles  north  of  Orleans, 
the  scene  of  German  victories  Oct.  10  and  Dec, 
3  and  4, 1870. 

Artevelde  (ar'te-vel-de),  Jacob  van.  Bom  at 
Ghent  about  1285:  died  at  Ghent,  July  24, 
1345.  A  Flemish  popular  leader,  sumamed  the 
"Brewer  of  Ghent,"  who,  about  1337,  became 
ruwart  or  president  of  Flanders,  which  was  in 
revolt  against  Count  Louis  of  Flanders  and 
Nevers.  He  formed  an  alliance  with  Edward  IIL  of 
England  against  France  in  1336 ;  Induced  the  Flemings 
to  recognize  Edward  as  king  of  France  in  1840 ;  and  was 
killed  in  a  popular  tumult,  because,  as  it  was  said,  he  had 
attempted  to  secure  the  succession  in  Flanders  for  the: 
Black  Prince.  His  surname  was  derived  from  the  fact 
that,  although  an  aristocrat  by  birth,  he  was  enrolled  in, 
the  Gild  of  Brewers. 

Artevelde,  Philip  van.  Bom  about  1340  r 
died  at  Roosebek,  Belgium,  Nov,  27,  1382.  A 
Flemish  popular  leader,  son  of  Jacob  van  Arte- 
velde. He  was  chosen  ruwart  or  president  of  Flanders, 
in  1381,  in  the  course  of  a  revolution  against  Louis  III., 
Count  of  Flanders,  whom  he  defeated  at  Bruges,  May  3, 
1382.  ■  He  was  conquered  and  slain  by  Charles  VI.  at 
Roosebek,  Nov.  27, 1382. 

Artevelde,  Philip  van.  A  play  by  Sir  Henry 
Taylor  (published  1834) :  an  attempt  to  revive 
the  traditions  of  the  tragic  school  of  Marlowe 
and  Shakspere. 

Artful  Dodger,  The.    See  BawUns,  John. 

Arth  (art).  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Scrhwyz^ 
Switzerland,  the  starting-point  of  a  railway  up 
the  Rigi. 

Arth6nice  (Sr-ta-nes').  An  anagram  of  "Cath- 
erine "  (Marchioness  de  Rambouillet),  invented 
by  the  poets  Malherbe  and  Bacine, 


Artlmr 

Arthur  (ar'thnr).  [ME.  Arthur,  Arthour,  from 
OF.  Arthure  (ML.  Arthtirus,  Arturus),  from 
W.  Arthur,  earlier  Artus,  conjectured  to  'be 
from  Old  Celtic  (Old  Ir.)  art  (artoa-),  stone. 
The  extant  Ir.  Artur  is  from  E.  orW.]  A  Brit- 
ish ehieftaia  who  lived  in  the  6th  century.  He 
fought  many  battles,  and  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Cam- 
Ian  (which  see).  He  was  buried  at  Glastonbury.  In  the 
time  of  Henry  II.,  according  to  Geraldus  Cambrensis 
and  others,  his  remains  were  discovered  there.  Nennius, 
a  Breton  monk,  left  in  the  10th  century  a  short  Latin  chron- 
icle which  is  the  earliest  authentic  account  we  have  of 
him.  He  is  celebrated  in  Welsh,  Breton,  and  old  I'rench 
romance,  but  hia  actual  existence  and  deeds  have  very  lit- 
tle to  do  with  the  origin  of  the  cycle  of  romances  to  which 
his  name  is  given,  as  around  him  myths  relating  probably 
to  some  remote  ancestor  or  ancestors  have  crystallized. 

Arthur,  King.  In  Fielding's  burlesque  "  Tom 
Thumb,"  a  "passionate  sort  of  king,"  husband 
toDollallolla,  of  whom  he  is  afraid,  and  in  love 
with  Glumdalca. 

Airthur,  Count  or  Duke  of  Brittany.  Bom  at 
Nantes,  France,  March  29, 1187s  killed  at  Rouen, 
France,  April  3, 1203.  Son  of  GeofErey  Planta- 
genet,  murdered  probably  by  order  of  his  uncle, 
King  John. 

Arthur,  Sir  George.  Bom  at  Plymouth,  June 
21,  1784:  died  Sept.  19,  1854.  An  BngUsh  co- 
lonial governor  in  British  Honduras,  v  an  Die- 
men's  Land,  Canada,  and  Bombay. 

Arthur  William  Patrick  Albert,  Prince, 
Duke  of  Connaught.  Born  May  1, 1850.  Third 
son  of  Queen  Victoria. 

Arthur,  Chester  Alan.  Born  at  Fairfield,  Vt. , 
Oct.  5,  1830:  died  at  New  York,  Nov.  18,  1886. 
The  twenty-first  President  of  the  United  States. 
He  was  graduated  at  Union  College  in  1848 ;  taught  school ; 
practised  law  in  New  York  city ;  was  appointed  on  the 
stall  of  the  governor  of  New  York  in  1861 ;  became  in- 
spector-general and  quartermaster-general  of  New  York 
troops  in  1862 ;  and  was  collector  of  the  port  of  New  York 
1871-78.  In  1880  he  was  elected  (Republican)  Vice-Presi- 
dent, and  held  that  office  from  March,  1881,  to  Sept.  of  the 
same  year,  when  he  succeeded  Garfield  (who  died  Sept.  19, 
1881),  and  served  as  Fresidentfrom  Sept.  20, 1881,  to  Marcli 
4, 1883.  He  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  Re- 
publican nomination  in  1884. 

Arthur's.  A  London  club  established  in  1765. 
It  was  named  from  the  keeper  of  White's  Chocolate 
House  who  died  in  1761. 

Arthur's  Seat.  A  hill,  822  feet  in  height,  which 
overlooks  Edinburgh  from  the  east. 

Arthur's  Show.  A  representation,  principally 
an  exhibition  of  archery,  by  fifty-eight  city 
worthies  who  called  themselves  by  the  names 
of  the  Enights  of  the  Round  Table,  referred  to 
in  Shakspere's  Henry  IV.,  II.  iii.  2,  300.  Aldis 
Wright. 

Arthurian  Cycle  of  Bomances,  The.  A  series 
of  romances  relating  to  the  exploits  of  Arthur 
and  his  knights.  They  were  "Breton  romances  ampli- 
fied in  Wales  and  adopted  at  the  court  of  the  Flantagenets 
as  the  foundation  of  the  epic  of  chivalry."  Geoffrey  of 
Monmouth  (about  1140)  may  perhaps  be  considered  as  the 
source  of  the  legends.  He  collected  or  invented  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  give  a  chivalrio  interest  to  his  material, 
on  wliich  the  great  mass  of  later  romance  was  based  or 
grafted.  From  about  1150  poems  were  sung  by  wandering 
minstrels  on  the  adventures  of  Arthur  and  his  knights. 
The  French  prose  "Morte  Arthur"  was  not  compiled  till 
the  latter  half  of  the  13th  century,  and  had  not  originally 
this  name.  It  was  an  abridgment  and  consolidation,  by 
Kustighello  (or  Rusticien)  of  Pisa,  of  a  number  of  the 
prose  romances  which  grew  from  these  poems.  The  Eng- 
lish "Morte  Arthur  "  of  Sir  Thomas  Malory  is  thought  to 
have  been  translated  from  some  earlier  compilation,  per- 
haps that  of  H^lie  de  Borron.  The  stories  of  Arthur, 
Guinevere,  Merlin,  The  Round  Table,  Lancelot,  The  Holy 
Grail,  Tristan,  Perceval,  Meliadus,  Guiron,  Ysaie  le  Triste, 
and  Arthus  de  Bretagne  are  the  principal  romances  both 
British  and  French  in  this  cycle.  There  is  a  large  number 
of  minor  poems  and  prose  romances  which  deal  with 
special  episodes.- 

Artichofsky  (ar-te-shov'ske),  or  Arciszew- 
ski  (art-se-shev'ske),  Crestofle  d'Artischau. 
Born  in  Poland  about  1585:  date  of  death  not 
recorded.  A  Polish  soldier  ,who  entered  the 
service  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company  in 
1623,  and  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  with 
the  Portuguese  in  Brazil,  1631-39.  He  returned 
to  Holland  m  1637,  and  in  Dec,  1638,  was  sent  back  in 
command  of  a  reinforcement,  with  a  rank  so  high  that  it 
conflicted  with  the  powers  of  the  governor,  Maurice  of 
Nassau.  A  quarrel  ensued,  and  in  1639  Artichof  sky  was 
ordered  back  to  Holland. 

Article  47,  L'.  A  drama  by  Adolphe  Belot, 
from  a  romance,  produced  in  1871. 

Articles  of  Confederation.  See  Confederation. 

Articles  of  Smalkald.    See  Smalkaldie. 

Artifice,  The.    A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre. 

Artigas  (ar-te'gSs),  Jose.  Bom  near  Monte- 
video, Uruguay,  1755:  died  in  Paraguay,  Sept. 
23,  1851.  A  South  American  revolutionary 
general,  and  dictator  of  Uruguay,  1811-20. 

Artois  (ar-twa').  [Prom L.  A trebates (sing.  Atre- 
las),  Atrehatenses,  a  Celtic  tribe  who  inhabited 
the  district  in  the  time  of  CsBsar.]    An  ancient 


83 

province  of  northern  Prance,  capital  Arras,  cor- 
responding nearly  to  the  department  of  Pas-de- 
Calais.  It  was  a  county  under  Flemish  rule  in  the 
middle  ages ;  was  annexed  to  France  under  Philip  Au- 
gustus in  1180;  was  made  a  countship  by  St.  Louis  in 
1237  for  his  brother  Robert ;  passed  to  Philip  the  Bold 
of  Burgundy  in  1384 ;  on  the  death  of  Charles  the  Bold  was 
temporarily  taken  by  Louis  XL  of  France  (1477);  passed 
by  the  marriage  of  Maty  of  Burgundy  (1477)  with  Maxi- 
milian of  Austria  to  the  Hapsburgs ;  and  was  ceded  in  part 
to  France  in  1669,  the  cession  bemg  completed  in  the 
treaties  of  Nimeguen  1678-79. 

Artois,  Comte  d'.  The  title  of  Charles  X.  of 
France  previous  to  his  accession  to  the  throne. 

Artotjnrites  (^ar-to-ti'nts).  [LL.  Artotyritie, 
pi.,  from  Gr.  aprdTvpoc,  bread  and  cheese,  from 
aprog,  bread,  and  Tvp6;,  cheese.]  A  sect  in 
the  primitive  church  which  used  bread  and 
cheese  in  the  eucharist,  alleging  that  the  first 
oblations  of  man  were  the  fruits  of  the  earth 
and  the  produce  of  their  flocks.  They  ad- 
mitted women  to  the  priesthood  and  to  the 
episcopate. 

Artsmilsh  (arts'milsh).  A  collective  name  for 
several  tribes  of  North  American  Indians  living 
on  Shoalwater  Bay  and  Willopah  River,  Wash- 
ington, including  the  CopaUs,  Marhoo,  Nasal, 
and  Querquelin :  they  have  been  classed  with 
the  Lower  Chinook.    See  Chinookan. 

Artus.    See  Arthur. 

Aru,  or  Arru  (a-r6'),  or  Aroe,  or  Arroe  (a-r5') 
Islands.  A  group  of  islands,  southwest  of 
Papua,  intersected  by  lat.  6°  S.,  long.  134°  30' 
E.,  nominally  under  Dutch  control.  Population 
(estimated ),  25,000,  of  mixed  Papuan  races. 

Aruba.    See  Oruba. 

Arundel  (ar'un-del).  A  town  of  Sussex,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Anm.  (whence  the  name) 
19  miles  west  of  Brighton,  famous  for  its  castle, 
the  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk.  Popidation 
(1891),  2,644. 

Arundel,  Earl  of.    See  Howard. 

Arundel,  Thomas.  Bom  1353:  died  1414.  An 
English  prelate,  archbishop  of  Canterbury  1396- 
1414,  an  active  opponent  of  the  Lollards.  He 
was  impeached  and  banished  in  1397,  and  re- 
stored m  1399. 

Arundel.  The  horse  of  Sir  Bevis  in  the  old 
romances. 

Arundel  House.  1.  A  house  belonging  to 
Lord  Arundel,  which  formerly  stood  near  High- 
gate,  London.  Lord  Bacon  died  there  in  1626. 
— 2.  A  noted  mansion,  on  the  Strand,  London, 
where  Arundel,  Norfolk,  Surrey,  and  Howard 
streets  now  are .  In  its  gardens  were  originally 
placed  the  Arundelian  Marbles. 

Arundel  Society.  An  English  society  for  the 
promotion  of  art,  founded  at  London  in  1849. 

Arundelian  (ar-un-de'lyan),  or  Oxford,  Mar- 
bles. Part  of  a  collection  of  ancient  sculptures 
and  antiquities  formed  by  Thomas  Howard, 
earl  of  Arundel,  presented  to  the  University 
of  Oxford  in  1667.  It  includes  the  Parian 
Chronicle,  a  marble  slab  detailing  events  in 
Greek  history. 

Aruns  (a'runz).  Tomb  of.  A  structure  so  named, 
just  outside  of  the  city  of  Albano,  Italy,  it  con- 
sists of  a  large  rectangular  base  of  masonry,  containing 
a  chamber,  and  surmounted  by  a  massive  cone  with  four 
smaller  cones  at  the  angles.  The  character  of  the  dentil- 
cornice  and  other  ornament  shows  that  it  is  Roman  and 
not  very  early. 

Aruwimi  (ar-o-we'me).  A  right  affluent  of  the 
Kongo,  1,800  miles  long,  which  joins  the  Kongo 
in  2°  N.  lat.  and  23°  E.  long.  It  runs  through 
a  thick  forest  region.  On  its  banks  was  Stan- 
ley's famous  Yambuya  camp. 

Aruwimi.  A  station  in  the  Kongo  Free  State, 
on  the  Kongo  below  Stanley  Falls,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Aruwimi,  founded  in  1884. 

Arvad(ar-vad'),  orAradus  (ar'a-dus).  APhe- 
nioian  city,  situated  on  a  rocky  island,  3  miles 
from  the  coast,  north  of  Sidon:  founded  by 
fugitives  from  that  place  (Strabo,  XVI.  2,  IZt.). 
It  is  mentioned  in  Ezek.  xxvii.  11  and  1  Mac.  xv.  23. 
After  Tyre  and  Sidon  it  was  the  most  important  city  in 
Phoenicia.  Remains  of  its  walls  still  exist.  It  is  repre- 
sented by  the  village  of  Ru4d. 

AiTVal  Brothers  (ar'val  bmTH'erz).  [L.  fro- 
tres  arvales,  from  arvtim,  a  field.]  In  Roman 
antiquities,  a  priesthood  of  12  members,  in- 
cluding the  emperor,  who  offered  public  sacri- 
fices for  the  fertility  of  the  fields. 

Arve  (arv).  A  river  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Savoie,  France,  which  rises  in  the  Col 
de  Balme,  traverses  the  valley  of  Chamonix, 
and  joins  the  Rhdne  1  mile  south  of  Geneva. 
Its  length  is  about  55  miles. 

Arveyron  (ar-va-r&n').  A  tributary  of  the 
Arve,  the  outlet  of  the  Mer  de  Glace,  which 
joins  the  Arve  in  the  valley  of  Chamonix. 


Asbury  Park 

Arviragus  (ar-vir'a-gus).  1.  A  knight,  the 
husband  of  Dorigen,  in  the  "Franklin's  Tale," 
by  Chaucer.  See  Dorigen.—  2.  A  mythical  sou 
of  Cymbeline.  in  Shakspere's  "  Cymbeltae  "  he  is  the 
real  .son  of  Cymbehne,  brought  up  as  Cadwal,  the  son  of 
Belarius,  who  is  disguised  as  Morgan. 

Arwidsson  (ar'veds-son).  Adolf  Ivar.  Born 
at  Padasjoki,  Finland,  Aug.  7,  1791:  died  at 
Viborg,  Finland,  Jime  21,  1858.  A  Swedish 
poet.  He  published  a  collection  of  Swedish 
folk-songs  (1834^2). 

Aryabhata  (ar-ya-bha'ta).  A  Hindu  astrono- 
™f  ^V,  ^^  ^^^  writings  there  are  extant  the  Dasagitisutra 
and  the  Aryashtasata  (dasagiti, '  ten  poems,"  Aryashtasata 
'eight  hundred  distichs  of  Atya").  According  to  his  own 
account  he  was  bom  at  Kusumapura  (Palibothra)  in  476 
of  our  era.  Hia  fame  spread  to  the  West.  He  is  believed 
by  Weber  to  be  the  Andubarius,  or  Ardubarius,  who  is  rep- 
resented  in  the  "Chronicon  Paschale  "  (A.  D.  330 ;  reedited 
under  Heraclius  A.  D.  610-641)  as  the  earliest  Hindu  as- 
tronomer. He  is  the  Arabic  Aijabahr.  He  teaches  also 
a  quite  peculiar  numerical  notation  by  means  of  letters. 
The  larger  work,  "  Aryasiddhanta,"  belongs  to  a  later  age, 
perhaps  to  the  14th  century. 

Aryan  (ar'yan  or  ar'ian).  1.  A  member  of  the 
Eastern  or  Asiatic  division  of  the  Indo-Euro- 
pean family,  occupying  the  territories  between 
Mesopotamia  and  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  in  the 
two  subdivisions  of  Persia,  or  Iran,  and  India. 
[This  is  the  older,  more  scientific,  and  still  widely  current 
use  of  the  word.  More  recent,  but  increasingly  popular, 
is  the  second  use.] 

2.  An  Indo-European  or  Indo-German  or  Ja- 
phetite ;  a  member  of  that  section  of  the  hu- 
man race  which  includes  the  Hindus  and  Irani- 
ans (Persians)  as  its  Eastern  or  Asiatic  division, 
and  the  Greeks,  Italians,  Celts,  Slavonians,  and 
Germans  or  Teutons  as  its  Western  or  Euro- 
pean division.  The  languages  of  all  these  branches 
or  groups  of  peoples  are  akin  ;  that  is  to  say,  they  are  de- 
scendants of  one  original  tongue,  once  spoken  in  a  limited 
locality  by  a  single  community,  but  where  or  when  it  is 
impossible  to  say. 

As  (as),  pi.  .ffisir  (a'sfer).  [ON.  oss,pl.  sesir,  with 
a  fem.  dsynja,  pi.  asynjur.^  In  Old  Norse  my- 
thology, a  member  of  one  of  the  principal  races 
of  gods,  the. inhabitants  of  Asgard.  There  were 
two  races  of  gods,  the  Ases  (^sir),  and  the  Vans  (Vanir), 
who  dwelt  in  Vanaheim  (ON.  Vamiheimr).  They  were 
originally  at  war  with  each  other,  but  were  subsequently 
reconciled,  and  several  of  the  Vans  (Heimdall,  Njord, 
Frey,  and  J^eyja)  Were  received  into  Asgard. 

Asa  (a'sa).  King  of  Judah  about  929-873  b.  c. 
(Dunoker),  son  of  Abijam  or  Abijah.  He  en- 
deavored to  extirpate  idolatry  from  the  land,  and  in  the 
thirteenth  year  of  his  reign  defeated  the  Cushite  king 
Zerah,  who  had  penetrated  into  the  vale  of  Zephathab. 

Asakasa  (a-sa-ka'sa)  Pagoda;  A  picturesque 
Buddhist  tower  in  Tokio,  Japan,  it  consists  of 
five  square  red-lacquered  stages  with  widely  projecting 
roofs  upturned  at  the  comers,  from  which  bells  are  sus- 
pended, and  is  surmounted  by  a  tall  hooped  finiaL 

Asama-Yama  (a-sa'ma-ya'ma).  A  volcano, 
about  8,200  feet  high,  in  the  main  island  of 
Japan,  northwest  of  Tokio. 

Asaph  (a'saf).  [Heb.  'Asaph.']  1.  A  Levite, 
a  son  of  Barachiah  (1  Chron.  vi.  39,  xv.  17),  a 
noted  musician  in  the  time  of  David,  later 
celebrated  as  a  poet  and  prophet.  From  him  the 
choristers  of  the  temple  were  called  the  "  sons  of  Asaph." 
Twelve  of  the  psalms  are  ascribed  to  him. 
2.  Saint.  Abbot  and  bishop  of  Llanelwy  (later 
St.  Asaph),  in  North  Wales,  about  590.  He  is 
commemorated  in  the  Roman  Church  on  May 
1. —  3.  The  name  under  which  Tate  wrote  of 
Dryden  in  the  second  part  of  "Absalom  and 
Achitophel." 

Asben.    See  Air. 

Asbjornsen  (as-by6m'sen),  Peter  Christen. 
Bom  at  Christiania,  Norway,  Jan.  15,  1812: 
died  1885.  A  Norwegian  man  of  letters  and 
zoologist.  He  wrote  "Norske  Folke-Eventyr"  (1842-43, 
"Norwegian  Folk-Tales"),  fairytales  relating  to  Norwe- 
gian life,  etc. 

Asboth  (as'both;  Hung.  pron.  osh'bot),  Alex- 
ander Sdndor.  Bom  at  Keszthely,  Hungary, 
Deo.  18,  1811:  died  at  Buenos  Ayres,  Jan.  21, 
1868.  A  Hungarian- American  general.  He  served 
with  Kossuth  in  the  Hungarian  rebellion  of  1848-49 ;  re- 
moved with  him  to  the  United  States  in  1851 ;  joined  the 
volunteer  service  on  tlie  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  in  1861; 
commanded  divisions  under  Fremont  and  Curtis;  took 
part  in  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge  and  in  the  battle  of  Mari- 
anna ;  and  resigned  in  1865,  with  the  brevet  rank  of  major- 
general.  He  was  United  States  minister  to  the  Argentine 
Republic  from  1868  till  his  death. 

Asbury  (az'be-ri),  Francis.  Bom  at  Hands- 
worth,  Staffordshire,  England,  Aug.  20  (21?), 
1745 :  died  at  Spottsylvania,  Virginia,  March  31, 
1816.  The  first  bishoj)  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  in  the  United  States .  He  was  sent  by 
Wesley  as  a  missionary  to  the  American  colonies  in  1771. 

Asbury  Park.  A  watering-place  in  Monmouth 
County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  6  miles  south  of  Long  Branch  and  35 
miles  south  of  New  York.    Pop.  (1900),  4,148. 


Ascagne 

Ascagne  (as-cany').  The  name  given  to  the 
daughter  of  Albert,  in  Moli^re's  comedv  "Le 
D6pit  Amoureux."  she  is  substituted  for  her  brother 
AscagD(v  who  is  dead,  and  appears  in  his  dress.  Unfor- 
tunately she  does  not  assume  the  heart  of  a  man,  but  falls 
In  love  with  Valfere  whom  she  contrives  to  marry  secretly. 

Ascalaphus  (as-kal'a-fus).  [Gr.  2i(j/cdAa^of.] 
In  Greek  legend,  a  soii  of  Acheron,  transformed 
into  an  owl. 

Ascalon  (as'ka-lon),  or  Ashkelon,  or  Askelon. 
[Gr.  'XaaaTiUv,  Heb.  'AshqeUn.1  One  of  the  five 
chief  cities  of  Philistia,  situated  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean 39  miles  southwest  of  Jerusalem,  its  site 
is  marked  by  the  modern  village  of  Asgal&n.  Near  it 
were  the  temple  and  sacred  lake  of  Derketo.  It  is  men- 
tioned in  Phenician  and  Assyrian  inscriptions,  in  the  lat- 
ter  under  the  form  iBqalitna;  the  names  of  four  of  its 
kings  (Sidka,  Sarludari,  Eukibti,  and  Mitenti)  appear  in 
the  annals  of  Sennacherib  (705-681  B.  0.)  and  Esarhaddon 
(680-668  B.  0.).  Herod  I.,  whose  birthplace  it  was,  adorned 
the  city  with  many  edifices.  In  the  11th  century  (Aug.  12, 
1099)  it  was  the  scene  of  a  victory  of  the  Crusaders  under 
Godfrey  of  Bouillon  over  a  superior  army  sent  by  the  sul- 
tan of  Egypt  to  recapture  Jerusalem,  was  taken  by  the 
Crusaders  (1153),  and  by  Saladin  in  11S7,  and  destroyed 
1270. 

Ascalon.  The  sword  of  St.  George,  in  the 
"Seven  Champions." 

Ascania  (as-ka'ni-a).  Lake,  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  lake,  11  riiiles  long,  in  Bithynia,  Asia 
Minor  (the  modern  Lake  Isnik),  which  dis- 
charges into  the  Sea  of  Marmora.  Nicsea  was 
situated  at  its  eastern  extremity. 

Ascanio  (as-ka'nio).  1.  The  son  of  Don  Hen- 
riques,  in  Fletcher  and  Massinger's  play  "  The 
Spanish  Curate":  a  modest,  affectionate  boy 
of  an  almost  feminine  tenderness. —  2.  A  page 
in  Massinger's  ' '  Bashful  Lover."  See  Maria. 
— 3.  A  page  in  Dryden's  play  "The  Assigna- 
tion." 

Ascanius  (as-ka'ni-us),  or  lulus  (i-u'lus).  In 
classical  legend,  the  son  of  -tineas  and  the  an- 
cestor of  the  Koman  Julii. 

Ascapart  (as'ka-part),  or  Ascabart  (as'ka- 
bart).  A  giant  in  the  romance  of  "Bevis  of 
Hampton."  Bevis  conquered  him.  He*  is  said  to  have 
been  30  feet  high.  There  are  frequent  allusions  to  him  in 
the  Elizabethan  writers. 

Ascelon.    See  Ascalon. 

Ascension  (as-then-se-6n').  [Sp.]  A  recent 
settlement  12  miles  south  of  the  boundary  line 
of  New  Mexico,  the  scene  of  a  bloody  dastnr- 
banee.  Kuins  of  considerable  interest  exist  in 
the  vicinity  along  the  Casas  Grandes  River. 

Ascension  Bay,  A  small  inlet  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  Yucatan. 

Ascension  Island.  A  volcanic  island  in  the 
A-tJantic,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  situated 
in  lat.  7°  55'  S.,  long.  14°  25'  W.  It  was  discov- 
ered by  the  Portuguese  in  1501  and  named  Conception 
Island,  and  rediscovered  on  Ascension  day,  1608,  when 
the  present  name  was  given  to  it.  It  was  occupied  by 
Great  Britain  in  1815.  Its  length  is  7^  miles  and  its  area 
85  square  miles.    Population  (1889),  140. 

Asch  (ash).  A  town  in  northwestern  Bohemia, 
near  the  German  frontier,  15  miles  northwest 
of  £iger.  It  has  important  manufactures  of  cotton 
and  woolen  goods,  and  silk.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
15,657. 

Aschaffenburg  (a-shaf'fen-borG).  A  former 
principality  of  Germany,  ceded  to  Bavaria  in 
1814.  It  now  forms  with  Lower  Pranconia  a 
governmental  district  of  Bavaria. 

Aschaffenburg,  A  town  in  Lower  Franconia, 
Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Main  23  miles  south- 
east of  Frankfort :  an  old  Eoman  fortress.  It  has 
a  castle  (with  a  library  and  picture-gallery),  and  contains 
interesting  Roman  antiquities.  It  formerly  belonged  to 
the  electorate  of  Mainz,  and  was  long  one  of  the  resi- 
dences of  the  electors.  A  victory  was  gained  near  Aschaf- 
fenburg by  the  Prussian  army  of  the  Main  over  allied 
troops  under  Neipperg,  July  14, 1866.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  13,630. 

Ascham  (as'  kam),  Koger,  Born  at  Kirby  Wiske, 
near  Northallerton,  Yorkshire,  1515:  died  at 
London,  Dec.  30,  1568.  A  noted  English  clas- 
sical scholar  and  author.  He  was  educated  at  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge  (B.  A.  Feb.,  1534),  where  he 
became  an  accomplished  Greek  scholar;  taught  at  the 
university  ;  was  tutor  to  the  Princess  Elizabeth  1548-50 ; 
and  served  as  Latin  secretary  to  Mary  and  Elizabeth  1553- 
1568.  His  chief  works  are  "Toxophilus,"  a  treatise  on 
archery  (1545),  and  "The  Scholemaster"  (1570).  See  these 
names. 

Aschbach  (ash'badh),  Joseph  von.  Born  at 
Hochst,  Prussia,  April  29, 1801 :  died  at  Vienna, 
April  25,  1882.  A  (Jermau  historian,  appointed 
professor  of  history  in  the  University  of  Bonn 
in  1842,  and  in  the  High  School  of  Vienna  1853. 
Besides  a  number  of  historical  works  relating  chiefly  to 
Spain  under  the  Moors,  he  published  (1867)  the  treatise 
"Roswlthaund  Conrad  CelteB,"in  which  he  attempted  to 
prove  that  the  works  ascribed  to  Boswitha  were  written 
by  Celtes.  This  assertion  lias  been  disproved  by  Kopke 
and  Waitz. 


84 

Aschersleben  (ash-ers-la'  ben).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Bine  near  the  Wipper,  28  miles  southwest  of 
Magdeburg:  the  ancient  capital  of  the  count- 
ship  of  Askanien.  It  has  varied  and  important 
manufactures.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
22,865. 

Asclepiades  (as-kle-pi'a-dez).  [Gr.  'KaKhrina- 
dw;]  Lived  about  100  b.  c.  A  Bithynian  phy- 
sician. He  practised  in  Rome  and  attained  there  a  great 
reputation,  due  chiefly  to  his  avoidance  of  powerful  reme- 
dies, and  attention  to  diet^  exercise,  bathing,  and  the  whims 
of  his  patients. 

Ascoli  (as'ko-le),  or  Ascoli  Ficeno  (pe-cha'n6). 
The  capital  of  the  province  of  Ascoli  Piceno, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  Tronto  in  lat.  42°  51'  N., 
long.  13°  35'  E.:  the  ancient  Asculum  Picenum, 
a  stronghold  of  the  Piceni.  it  is  the  seat  of  a  bishop 
and  has  important  trade  and  various  manufactures.  It 
gave  the  signal  for  the  Marsic  war  in  90  B.  0.,  and  was 
captured  by  the  Romans  ip  89  B.  0.  Population  (1391), 
commune,  29,000. 

Ascoli,  Graziadio  Isaia,  Born  at  Gorz,  July 
16,  1829.  An  Italian  comparative  philologist. 
He  is  the  originator  and  the  chief  representative  in  Italy 
of  the  Ario-Semitic  theory,  which  supposes  a  close  con- 
nection between  the  Aryan  and  Semitic  families  of  lan- 
guages. In  the  treatise  ''Studij  orientali  e  linguistici" 
he  has  endeavored  to  prove  the  presence  of  Semitic  ele- 
ments in  the  Etruscan  dialect.  He  is  the  editor  of 
"Archivio  glottologico  italiano." 

Ascoli  Ficeno.  The  southernmost  province  of 
the  Marches,  in  eastern  Italy.  Area,  796  s(iuSire 
miles.    Pojjulation  (1891),  215,563. 

Ascoli  Satriano  (sa-tre-a'no).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Foggia,  Italy,  2  miles  south  of  Fog- 
gia :  the  ancient  Asculum  Apulum.  It  is  the 
seat  of  a  bishopric.    Population,  about  6,000. 

Asconius  Fedianus  (as-ko'ni-us  ped-i-a'nus), 
Quiutus.  Bom  perhaps  at  Padua,  Italy,  about 
2  B.  c. :  died  about  83  A.  D.  A  noted  Roman 
commentator  on  Cicero's  speeches. 

Ascot  Heath  (as'kot  heth).  A  race-course  in 
Berks,  England,  6  miles  southwest  of  Windsor. 
Annual  meetings  are  held  here  in  June. 

Ascrseau  Sage  (as-kre'an  saj).  A  name  given 
by  Vergil  to  Hesiod,  who  was  a  native  of  Asora 
in  Boeotia,  Greece. 

Asculum  (as'ku-lum).  The  Latin  name  of 
Ascoli. 

Ascutney  Mountain  (as-kut'ni  moun'tan). 
A  mountain  in  Windsor  County,  Vermont,  30 
miles  southeast  of  Rutland.  Height,  3,320  feet. 

Asdrubal.    See  Sasdrubal. 

Aselli  (a-sel'le),  Asellio  (a-sel'le-o),  or  Asel- 
lius  (a-sel'i-us),  Gaspare.  Born  at  Cremona, 
Italy,  about  1581  (?) :  died  at  Pavia,  Italy,  1626. 
An  Italian  anatomist,  the  discoverer  of  the 
lacteal  vessels:  author  of  "De  Lactibus,  etc." 
(1627),  etc. 

Aselli  (a-sel'li).  [L.,  'the  little  asses,' which 
stand  on  each  side  of  PrsBsepe,  the  manger.] 
The  two  fifth-magnitude  stars  y  and  6  Cancri, 
7  being  the  northern  one. 

Asenappar  (a-se-nap-par').  [Probably  a  cor- 
ruption of  Asurbanipal,  Sardanapalus  of  the 
Greeks,  who  reigned  668-626  B.  c.  See  Asur- 
banipal.']  A  ruler,  mentioned  in  Ezra  iv.  10, 
who  had  transplanted  certain  tribes  to  the  cities 
of  Samaria.    Also  Asnapper. 

Asfi.    See  Safi. 

Asgard  (as'gard).  [ON.  Asgardhr:  ass,  god, 
and  gardhr,  garth.]  The  realm  of  the  gods 
and  goddesses  in  Old  Norse  mythology:  also 
called  Asaheim  (ON.  Asaheimr),  the  world  of 
the  gods.  It  was  apparently  located  in  the  heavens 
above  the  earth.  Asgard  contained  different  regions  as 
well  as  separate  abodes.  The  principal  of  these  was  Val- 
hBU  (Valhalla),  the  assembling-place  of  the  gods  and 
heroes,  in  the  region  called  Gladsheim  (ON.  GladhsMmr). 

Asgill  (as'gil),  John.  Born  1659:  died  1738. 
An  English  lawyer  and  pamphleteer,  expelled, 
on  a  charge  of  blasphemy,  from  the  Irish  House 
of  Commons  in  1703,  and  from  the  English 
House  of  Commons  in  1707. 

Ash  (ash),  John.  Born  at  Dorsetshire,  England, 
about  1724:  died  at  Pershore,  England,  1779.  An 
English  lexicographer,  compiler  of  an  English 
dictionary  (2  vols.,  London,  1775).  He  was  a 
Baptist  minister. 

Ashangi  Lake  (ash-an'ge  lak).  A  small  lake 
in  eastern  Abyssinia,  near  lat.  12°  30'  N. 

Ashango  (a-shan'go).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  the 
French  Kongo  (Gabun),  half-way  between  the 
coast  and  Franceville.  Their  country  is  a  plateau, 
570  to  760  meters  high,  covered  with  forests  in  which  the 
Obongo  pygmies  hide. 

Ashango  Land.  A  country  in  western  Africa, 
about  lat.  2°  S.,  long.  12°  30'  E.  Among  the 
inhabitants  is  a  race  of  dwarfs  (visited  by  Du 
Chaillu). 


Asher 

Ashanti  (a-shSn'te),  or  Ashantee  (a-shan'te), 
orSianti(se-an-te').  A  kingdom  in  western  Af.. 
rica,  capital  Kumassi,  which  lies  north  of  the 
Gold  Coast  from  about  long.  1°  to  2°  W.  The  soil 
is  fertile  and  the  country  exports  palm-oil,  gold-dusl^  etc. 
The  government  is  an  aristocratic  despotism :  it  has  fre- 
quently been  involved  in  disputes  with  the  British.  Area, 
about  10,000  square  miles.  Population  (estimated),  1,000,- 
000. 

Ashanti.  A  British  protectorate,  north  of  the 
British  Gold  Coast,  West  Africa.  The  nation  and 
the  language  of  Ashanti  have  not  the  same  boundaries 
as  the  former  kingdom.  Some  tribes  speaking  another 
language  are  subject  to  the  king  of  Ashanti,  while  some 
tribes  of  Ashanti  stock  and  speech  are  independent  of 
him.  The  language  belongs  to  the  Nigritic  group,  and 
is  spoken  between  the  Asini  and  Tanno  rivers  on  the  west, 
the  Volta  River  on  the  east,  and  the  Eong  Highland  on 
the  north.  The  native  name  of  the  language  is  Otshi.  Its 
principal  dialects  are :  Akan,  the  court  dialect ;  Akwapim, 
tlie  literary  dialect,  intelligible  to  all ;  Bron,  northeast  of 
Akan ;  Eanti,  spoken  around  Cape  Coast  Castle.  The  chiefs 
of  villages  constitute  the  nobility,  from  which  the  king 
chooses  his  officers.  The  people  have  attained  a  certain 
degree  of  civilization.  Ashanti  is  famous  for  its  gold  and 
able  goldsmiths.  In  1874  England  conquered  Kumassi, 
the  capital,  and  in  1896  annexed  the  country. 

Ashanti  War.  A  war  between  Great  Britain 
and  Ashanti,  1873-74.  Ashanti  was  invaded  by  the 
British  army  under  Wolseley,  who  conquered  and  burned 
Coomassie  (Kumassi)  Feb.,  1874,  and  exacted  a  favorable 
treaty.  . 

Ashbel  (ash'bel).  A  son  of  Benjamm.  Gen. 
xlvi.  21. 

Ashbourne,  or  Ashbourn  (ash'bfem),  A  town 
in  Derbyshire,  England,  14  miles  northwest  of 
Derby,     Population  (1891),  3,810. 

Ashbourne,  Baron.    See  Gibson,  Edward. 

Ashburton  (ash'ber-ton).  A  town  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  18  miles  southwest  of  Exeter. 
Population  (1891),  5,516. 

Ashburton,  Baron,    See  Baring  and  Dunning. 

Ashburton,  Mary.  The  principal  female  char- 
acter in  Longfellow's  prose  romance  "  Hy- 
perion." 

Ashburton  River.  A  river  in  western  Aus- 
tralia which  flows  into  the  Indian  Ocean  about 
lat.  23°  S. 

Ashburton  Treaty.  A  treaty  concluded  at 
Washington,  Aug.  9,  1842,  between  (Jreat 
Britain  and  the  United  States.  The  present  boun- 
dary  between  Maine  and  Canada  was  established,  and  pro- 
vision was  made  for  the  suppression  of  the  African  slave- 
trade  a^d  the  mutual  extradition  of  fugitives  from  justice 
The  commissioners  were  Lord  Ashburton  for  Great  Britain, 
and  Baniel  Webster  for  the  United  States. 

Ashby  (ash'bi).  Turner.  Born  at  Rose  Hill, 
Fauquier  County,  Va.,  1824:  died  June  6, 1862. 
A  noted  Confederate  general  in  the  Civil  War. 
^e  raised  a  regiment  of  cavalry  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Civil  War,  became  a  brigadier-general  1862,  and  was  killed 
in  a  skirmish  preliminary  to  the  battle  of  Cross  Keys,  Va. 

Ashby-de-la-Zouch  (ash'bi-del-a-zoch').  A 
town  in  Leicestershire,  England,  i6  miles  north- 
west of  Leicester.  It  contains  a  ruined  castle 
in  which  Mary  Stuart  was  confined.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  4,535. 

Ashdod  (ash'dod).  [Heb.,  '  stronghold.']  One 
of  the  five  cities  of  the  Philistine  confederacy, 
and  a  seat  of  the  worship  of  Dagon  the  fish-god 
(1  Sam.  V.  5),  between  Gaza  and  Jaffa.  It  was 
strategicaUy  important  because  of  its  location  on  the 
highway  to  Egypt.  It  was  assigned  to  the  tribe  of  Judah 
CTosh.  XV.  47),  but  was  never  subdued  by  the  Israelites. 
It  was  conquered  by  the  Assyrians  under  Sargon  722-706 
B.  c,  and  in  the  annals  of  Esarhaddon,  680-668  B.  c,  is 
mentioned  (under  the  form  Asdudu)  as  paying  homage  to 
the  Assyrian  king,  Fsammetichus,  king  of  Egypt  666-610 
B.  0.,  took  it  from  the  Assyrians  (Herod.  II.  157).  It  is, 
however,  mentioned  as  an  independent  power  in  alliance 
with  others  against  Jerusalem  at  the  time  of  Nehemiah 
(iv.  7).  It  was  destroyed  by  the  Maccabees  (1  Mac.  v.  68,  x. 
84),  and  afterward  restored  byGabinius  55  B.  c.  (Josephus, 
"Antiquities,"XIV.  v.  3).  Its  site  is  marked  by  the  modern 
village  of  Esddd. 

Ashdown  (ash'doun),  AS.  .^scesdun  (as'kes- 
don).  A  locality  in  Berkshire,  England  (not 
the  modern  Ashdown),  where  Ethelred  and 
Alfred  the  Great  defeated  the  Danes  in  871. 

Ashe  (ash),  John.  Bom  1720 :  died  1781.  An 
American  officer  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 
defeated  by  the  British  under  General  Prevost 
at  Brier  Creek,  1779. 

Ashe,  Samuel.  Bom  1725:  died  1813.  An 
American  jurist  and  politician,  a  brother  of 
John  Ashe,  chief  justice  and  governor  of  North 
Carolina. 

Ashehoh  (a-zhe-ho'),  or  Ajeho  (a-zhe-ho'),  or 
Alchoku  (al-cho-ko').  A  city  of  Manchuria, 
Chinese  Empire,  about  lat.  46°  N.,  long.  126° 
30'  E.    Population  (estimated),  40,000. 

Asher  (ash'er).  [Heb.,  'blessed.']  1.  Son  of 
the  patriarch  Jacob  and  of  Zilpah. — 2.  A  He- 
brew tribe,  of  northwestern  Palestine,  which 
occupied  in  general  the  sea-shore  from  Carmel 
northward. 


Asherah  S5 

Asherah.    See  Ashtoreth. 

Ashestiel  (ash'es-tel).  A  house  on  the  south- 
em  bank  of  the  Tweed,  a  few  miles  from  Sel- 
kirk, occupied  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  1804-11, 
before  he  removed  to  Abbotsford.  His  autobiog- 
raphy to  July,  1792,  found  in  an  old  cabinet  at  Abbotsford 
and  known  as  "The  Ashestiel  Memoir,"  introduced  by 
Lockhart  in  his  "  Life,"  was  dated  1S08  and  written  here. 

Asheville  (ash'vil).    The  capital  of  Buncombe 

County,  in  the  western  part  of  North  Carolina. 

It  is  a  well-known  health-resort.    Population 

(1900),  14,694. 
Ashford  (ash'ford).    A  town  in  the  county  of 

Kent,  England,  13  miles  southwest  of  Canter- 
bury.   Population  (1891),  10,728. 
AsM  (ash'i),  Babbi.     Bom  at  Babylon :  lived 

about  400.    The  first  and  chief  editor  of  the 

Talmud. 
Ashingdon  (ash'ing-dgn).    A  village  in  Essex,   AoTitnti  Cflib'tonl  Tnilv 

England,  33  miles  northeast  of  London.    See  ^l^°'li^fii9?i'„?'^ly: 


Ashtavakra  (ash-ta-va'kra).  In  Hindu  leg- 
end, the  hero  of  a  story  in  the  Mahabharata. 
His  father  Kahoda,  devoted  to  study,  neglected  his  wife. 
Ashtavakra,  though  still  unborn,  rebuked  him,  and  the 
angry  father  condemned  the  son  to  be  bom  crooked 
(hence  the  name,  from  ashtan,  eight,  and  vakra, 
crooked).  At  the  court  of  Janaka,  king  of  Mithila, 
Kahoda  was  defeated  in  argument  by  a  Buddhist  sage  and 
was  drowned  in  accordance  with  the  conditions,  lu  his 
twelfth  year  Ashtavakra  set  out  to  avenge  his  father,  and 
worsted  the  sage,  who  declared  himself  to  be  a  son  of 
Varuna  sent  to  obtain  Brahmans  to  officiate  at  a  sacrifice. 
Kahoda  was  restored  to  life,  and  commanded  his  son  to 
bathe  in  the  Samanga  Eiver,  whence  the  boy  became  per- 
fectly straight.  In  the  Vishnu  Purana  some  celestial 
nymphs  see  Ashtavakra  performing  penance  in  the  water 
and  worship  him.  He  promises  them  a  boon  and  they 
ask  the  best  of  husbands.  When  he  offers  himself,  they 
laugh  in  derision  at  his  crookedness.  He  cannot  recall 
his  blessing,  but  condemns  them  to  fall  into  the  hands 
of  thieves. 

Asbteroth.    See  Ashtoreth. 

The  wife  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam andmotll'er  of  Lucy,  the  "bride  of  Lam- 


Assandun. 

Asbkelon.    See  Ascalon. 

Ashkenaz  (ash-ke-naz').  1.  A  descendant  of 
Japhet.  —  3.  A  North  Asiatic  people  mentioned 
in  Jer.  li.  27  with  Minni  and  Ararat:  probably 
the  name  of  the  district  south  of  Lake  TJru- 
miyeh  and  identical  with  Asguza  (for  Asgunza) 
in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions. — 3.  Applied  in 
rabbinical  literature  and  by  the  modem  Jews 
to  Germany.  Asbtnti    Sir  WilliaTn 

Asblaild(ash'land)     The  capital  of  Ashland  ^S^XerSoor/5  the  Lo 
County,  Ohio,  52  miles  southwest  of  Cleveland. 
Population  (1900),  4,087. 

Asbland.  A  city  in  Boyd  County,  northeast- 
ern Kentucky,  on  the  Ohio  Eiver.  Population 
(1900),  6,800. 

Ashland.  A  borough  in  Schuylkill  County, 
Pennsylvania,  40  miles  northwest  of  Reading. 
It  has  various  manufactures,  and  is  the  center  of  an  im- 
portant anthracite  coal  region.    Popxilatlon  (1900),  6,438. 

Asbland.   The  capital  of  Ashland  County,  Wis-        .        ^,     /    ,,/-     i.i.v     mi,         jj         ^  j: 
cousin,  situated  on  a  bay  of  Lake  Superior  62  Asbtoretb  (ash'to-reth).    The  goddess  of  fe- 
miles  southeast  of  Duluth.    It  is  an  important    f™ii*y_*'iAi°'^:^.°l*^^^9?:°?5iV-„!!'  S^^Z!:tV* 
port  and  railroad  terminus  of  recent  growth. 
Population  (1900),  13,074. 

Asbley  Cooper.     See  Shaftesbury. 

Ashley  (ash'li),  Chester.  Bom  at  Westfield, 
Mass.,  June  1, 1790:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
April  27, 1848.  An  American  politician.  Dem- 
ocratic United  States  senator  from  Arkansas 
1844-48. 

Ashley.  A  borough  in  Luzerne  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, south  of  Wilkesbarre.  Population 
(1900),  4,046. 


Ask 

the  Oxus  and  Jaxartes,  while  Asia  Minor  was  the  meet- 
ing-point of  both  Semites  and  Aryans.  Asia  was  the 
seat  of  many  splendid  ancient  civilizations  (the  As- 
syrian, Babylonian,  Persian,  Indian,  Chinese,  etc.),  and 
In  it  originated  the  great  religions  of  the  world,— Ju- 
daism, Buddhism,  Christianity,  and  Mohammedanism. 
Parts  of  it  have  in  all  ages  been  the  theater  of 
notable  conquests.  In  modern  times  it  has  to  a  con- 
siderable extent  fallen  under  the  control  of  the  Turks, 
Russians,  British,  and  French.  The  principal  physio- 
graphic divisions  of  Asia  are  the  Siberian  and  Turanian 
lowlands  (steppes,  in  part),  the  desert  regions  of  Arabia, 
Persia,  and  Mongolia,  the  plateau  of  the  Deccan,  and  the 
vast  mountain  complex  which  centers  about  the  Pamir 
and  in  various  branches  traverses  the  greater  part  of  the 
continent  south  and  southeast  of  Turkestan  and  Siberia. 
Mount  Everest,  in  the  Himalaya,  29,002  feet,  is  the  cul- 
minating point  of  the  globe.  Elvers  of  the  first  magni- 
tude are  n  umerous,  the  longest  being  the  Yangtse,  Yenisei, 
and  Obi.  Area,  with  islands  (estimated),  17,255,890  square 
miles.  Population  (estimated),  826,954,000. 
2.  See  Asia  Minor. — 3.  A  Roman  province, 
formed  in  129  b.  c,  comprising  Mysia,  Lydia, 
Caria,  and  Phrygia. 


mermoor."  in  Scott's  novel  of  that  name.  ^\^>  Russian.    Bee  Asiatic  Russia. 

Ashton,  Lucy.    The  bride  of  Lammermoor  in  ™1?'  Minor  (m  nor).     [L.,  'lesser  Asia 

Scott's  novel  of  that  name,  the  daughter  of  Sir 

William  and  Lady  Ashton.    Betrothed  to  Edgar 

Ravenswood,  she  is  forced  by  her  mother  to  marry  an- 
other, and  dies,  a  maniac,  on  her  wedding-night.    (See 

Bavenswood.)    The  leading  characters  of  this  novel  also 

appear  in  Donizetti's  opera  "Lucia  di  Lammermoor," 

and  in  several  dramas  founded  upon  the  incidents  of  the 

story. 

In  Scott's  "Bride  of 

Lammermoor,"  the  Lord  Keeper  of  Scotland, 

father  of  Lucy. 
Ashton-  in  -  Makerfield  (ash'ton  -  in  -  mak'6r- 

f  eld ) .     A  coal-mining  and  manufacturing  town 

in  Lancashire,  England,  15  miles  northeast  of 

Liverpool.    Poptdation  (1891),  13,379. 
Ashton-under-Lyne  (ash'ton-un'der-lin')-    A 

town  in  Lancashire,  England,  6J  miles  east  of 

Manchester,  noted  for  its  cotton  manufactures. 

Population  (1891),  40,494. 


Ashley  Eiver.    A  small  river  in  South  Caro 
lina,  at  whose  mouth  Charleston  is  situated. 

Ashmodai.     See  Asmodeus. 

Asbmole  (ash'mol),  Ellas. 
England,  May  23, 1617:  died  at  Loudon,  May 
18,  1692.    An  English  antiquary,  founder  of  a]XZ^ 


Asie  Mineure,  Gr.  Kleinasien.'\  A  peninsula  of 
western  Asia  which  lies  between  the  Black  Sea 
and  the  Sea  of  Marmora  on  the  north,  the  .^gean 
Sea  on  the  west,  and  the  Mediterranean  Sea  on 
the  south.  The  eastern  boundary  is  vague.  The  chief 
divisions  in  ancient  times  were  Mysia,  Lydia,  Caria,  Lycia, 
Pamphylia,  Pisidia,  Phrygia,  Bithynia,  Paphlagonia,  Gala- 
tia,  Lycaonia,  Cilicia,  Cappadocia,  and  Pontus.  (See  these 
names.)  It  is  a  part  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  and  corresponds 
generally  to  Anatolia.  The  surface  is  in  the  main  a  pla- 
teau, traversed  by  the  Taurus  and  other  ranges.  The  chief 
rivers  are  the  Sakaria,  Kizil-Irmak,  Sihun,  Mendere,  and 
Sarabat.  It  was  the  seat  of  Troy,  Lydia,  and  other  ancient 
powers,  and  of  Ionian  Greek  civilization ;  and  its  possession 
has  been  disputed  by  Persia,  Macedon,  Syria,  Borne,  the 
Byzantine  empire,  Parthia,  the  Saracens,  the  Seljuks,  aud 
the  Turks. 

Asia  Minor  contained  anciently,  according  to  Herodotus, 

fifteen  races  or  nations.     Of  these  four  occupied  the 

southern  region ;  namely,  the  Cilicians,  the  Pamphylians, 

the  Lycians,  and  the  Caunians ;  four  lay  to  the  west  of  the 

great  table-land,  either  upon  or  very  near  the  coast,  the 

Carians,  the  Lydians,  the  Mysians,  and  the  Greeks ;  four 

bordered  on  the  Euxine,  the  Thracians,  Marlandynians,  Pa^ 

phlagonians,  and  Cappadocians ;  and  three,  finally,  dwelt  in 

the  interior,  the  Phrygians,  the  Chalybes,  and  the  Matigni. 

.  .  ,  Such  were  the  political  divisions  of   Asia  Minor 

Baal  was  identified  with  "the  sun,  and  Ashtoreth  with  the   recognized  by  Herodotus.    A  century  later  Ephorus  made 

moon,  and  she  is  often  represented  under  the  symbol  of    an  enumeration  which  differs  from  that  of  Herodotus  but 

the  crescent.    The  chief  seat  of  her  worship  was  Sidon.    in  two  or  three  particulars.     '* Asia  Minor,"  he  said,  "is 

The  pomegranate  and  the  dove  were  sacred  to  her.    In    inhabited  by  sixteen  races,  three  of  which  are  Greek,  and 

Ascalon  she  was  worshiped  under  the  name  of  Derceto.    tlie  rest  barbarian,  not  to  mention  certain  mixed  races 

(See  Asaalm,.)    The  favorite  places  of  her  worship  were   which  are  neither  the  one  nor  the  other.    The  barbarian 

sacred  groves,  and  she  herself  was  often  adored  under  races  are  the  following: — Upon  the  coast,  the  Cilicians, 

the  symbol  of  a  tree,  the  aehsrah  (translated  'grove')  often    the  Lycians,  the  Pamphylians,  the  Bithynians,  the  Paphla- 

j J  i_  *!.„  n,.a  r,i„„i *.     TT 1*,-«  ,„.- —  +i™««    gonians,  the  Mariandynians,  the  Trojans,  and  the  Carians ; 

in  the  interior,  the  Pisidians,  the  Mysians,  the  Chalybians, 
tlie  Phrygians,  and  the  Milyans." 

RawUnson,  Herod.,  I.  381-386. 


to  Ishtar  of  the  Assyro-Babylouians,  the  female 
counterpart  of  Baal :  the  Greek  Astarte.  These 
two  deities  held  the  first  place  in  the  Phenician  pantheon. 


denounced  in  the  Old  Testament.'   Her  cult  in  later  times 
was  combined  with  immorality, 

Ashuapmouchouan  River  (ash-wap'mSeh- 
o-an'  riv'er).    The  middle  course  of  the  Sa^e- 

nay  River,  in  Quebec,  Canada,  flowing  ™to^gja,go  (a-se-S'go).     The  chief  place  in  the 
Born  at  Lichfield,    }^^^  ?*:  f °V/      ,  ^.x     *    •        •         ^.x.       ^         Sette  Communi,  province  of  Vicenza,  Italy,  38 
I  , rT.nr,rilnr  Mav  Ashuolot  (ash'we-lot).  Anvcj  lu  southwestern   j^jigg  northwest  of  Padua.    Population  (1881), 
NewHampshire,  a  tributary  of  the  Connecticut.    2  016. 

See  Assyria.  ^  Asiatic  Bussia.    Those  regions  of  Asia  which 


the  Ashmolean  Museum  (which  see)  at  Oxford:  ^  j^    •     gee  jsur  aAd  Assyria. 
author  of  "Institutions,  Law  and  Ceremonies  t«Wni«i  fash-wan-e't)i):Lal 


--~z .-;,     ,  -/   ■n-'t    1         All  are  under  Russian  rule.  They  include  Transcaucasia, 

e^.^,    n  /i„    „*+>,»  r'oWo,.»nfi79'i  Ashwanipi  (ash-wan-e  pi),  Lake,   a  lake  near    Siberia,  and  Russian  Central  Asia  (Turkestan  and  the 

of  the  Order  of  the  Garter    (lb7^).  ^.j^^  source  of  the  Ashwanipi  River.  Transcispian  Province). 

Ashmolean  Museiun.    A  museum  at  Oxford  Agji^anipi  Eiver,  or  Grand  River.    Ariverin  Asinara(a-se-nii'ra).    An  island,  11  mUes  long. 
University,  founded  by  Elias  Ashmolein  Ibjy.    Labrador  fiowing  into  Hamilton  Inlet.  off  the  northwestern  coast  of  the  Island  of  Sar- 

The  building  was  erected  by  Sir  Christopher  ^^^  (a'shiii  or  a'zhia).     [P.  Asie,  G.  Asien.    dinia,  belonging  to  the  province  of  Sassari:  the 
Wren  in  1682.  _  .  „,      ,      Perhaps  feoin  the  Semitic  stem  acA,  to  go  out,    ancient  Insula  Herculis  (Island  of  Hercules). 

going  out,  rise  of  the  sun:  G.  Morgenland.']  1.  Asinara,  Crulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Mediterra- 
A  continent  of  the  eastern  hemisphere,  the  nean,  off  the  northwestern  coast  of  the  Island  of 
largest  grand  division  of  the  world.   Itis  bounded    Sardinia. 

by  the  Arctic  on  thenorth,  Bering  Strait  (which  sepMates  j^ginarUS  (as-i-na'rus).  In  ancient  geography, 
ilfrst^'andU'lSoceL'SSttrs*^^^^^^  a.  small  river  in  the . province  of  Syracuse, 

lei  sepi^lLs  rtromTfrica,  to  which  it  is  joined  bythe  Sicily:  the  modern  Plume  di  Note,  or  Palco- 
Isthmus  of  Suez  (now  pierced  by  a  canal),  and  the  Medi-  nare.  Near  here  the  Syraousans  aeteatea  the 
terranean.  Black,  and  Caspian  seas  separate  it  in  part  from    Athenians  413  B.  C. 

Europe.  The  European  boundary  is  vague,  but  is  roughly  AginiagenS  (a-sin'i-a  ienz).  In  ancient  Rome, 
lT^"l"6''"^r  4o"'K,"ndXT26=  ^^^.-16^%'^  a  plebeian  clan  or  house,  originally  from  Teate; 
The  chief  divisions  of  the  mainland  are  Korea,  Asiatic  theprincipal  town  of  the  Marrueini,  whose  fam- 
Russia,  the  Chinese  empke,  the  Prench  possessions  and  jj^  names  were  Agrippa,  Celer,  Dento,  Gallus, 
protectorates,  Siam,  British  India,  Afghanistan,  Persia,     pJ .,.  ,  Salonmus 

Turkey  and  Arabia.    With  the  ancients  the  name  also    /o^o,  ana  oaionmus. 
embraced  the  few  parts  of  Africa  known  to  them,  and  It  AsiniUS.     See  PoJZw. 

was  only  alter  the  Nile  began  to  be  considered  as  a  divid-  AsiniUS  GralluS.     See  Gallus,  Catus  Asimus. 
ing  river  that  the  countries  west  of  it  were  separated   Agiy   qj.  Asvr  (a-ser').     A  mountainous  region 

a^i^et"ofth^SlnS^w^^^^^^^^^^^ 

reach  far  beyond  the  boundaries  of  the  Perso-Macedonian    north  aud  Yemen  on  the  south,  inhabited  by 

empire.    The  parts  south  of  the  Himalayas  were  called     Wahabis. 

India,  those  to  the  north  Scythia.    The  west  was  termed    »  gjgj      gee  Assist. 

sr«fSo^r^Ln&t^ok"foTtrs^?^s^^^^ 


Ashmun  (ash'mun),  Gteorge.  Bom  at  Bland- 
ford,  Mass.,  Dee.  25, 1804:  died  at  Springfield, 
Mass.,  July  17,  1870.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  Whig  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts 
1845-51,  and  president  of  the  National  Republican  Conven- 
tion in  1860. 

Ashmun,  Jehudi.  Bom  at  Champlam,  N.  Y., 
April,  1794 :  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Aug. 
25,  1828.  A  chief  organizer  of  the  colony  of 
Liberia,  westem  Africa,  1822-28. 

Ashochimi  (ash-6-ohe'mi),  or  Wappo  (wa'po). 
A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians  whose  former 
range  extended  in  California  from  the  geysers 
to  the  Calistoga  hot  springs  and  in  Kmghts 
Valley.     See  Tukian. 

Asbraf  (ash-raf),  or  Eshref  (esh-ref).  A 
town  in  Mazanderan,  Persia,  situated  near  the 
Caspian  Sea  about  lat.  36°  40'  N.,  long.  53° 
32'  E.  It  was  a  favorite  residence  of  Abbas 
the  Great.     Population,  5,000. 

Asbraf,  Gulf  of.    Same  as  Astrabad  Bay. 

Ashtabula  (ash-ta-bu'la).  A  manufaetm-mg 
city  in  Ashtabula  County,  Ohio,  situated  on 
Ashtabula  River,  near  Lake  Erie,  50  miles 
northeast  of  Cleveland.  Population  (1900), 
12  949 

Asiltarotb  (ash'ta-roth).  In  biblical  geogra- 
phy; a  city  of  Bashan,  Syria,  east  of  the  Sea 
of  Galilee:  probably  the  same  as  Ashteroth- 
Kamaim,  modem  Tel-Asherah,  4  miles  from 
Edrei. 


designates  the  parts  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Seleucides  ex- 
cepting Syria,  i.  «.,  the  greatest  part  of  Asia  Minor;  in 
the  New  Testament  the  Roman  province,  namely,  the 
western  part  of  tlie  peninsula  of  Asia  Minor,  withEphesus 
as  oapit^,  which  was  bequeathed  to  the  republic  by  Atta- 
ins, king  of  Pergamon  (133  B.  C).  In  Asia,  it  is  assumed, 
"stood  the  cradle  of  mankind"- 


He  is  "quoted  by  Duris  as  describing  the  luxury  of  the 
lonians  at  Samos  in  terms  not  unlike  Thucydides"  account 
of  the  old  Athenians.  Athenaus  cites  a  few  comic  lines 
from  an  elegy  of  the  same  poet,  and  Pausanias  refers  to 
him  on  obscure  genealogical  questions  about  local  heroes  " 
.„  (Mahagy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  146). 

aoairding  to'legendTSf  Ask  (ask)  and  Embla   (em'bla).      [ON.  AsTcr 


the  oldest  Asiatic  nations,  in  theregion  of  theHindukush. 

Western  Asia  was,  and  is  stiU,  occupied  by  Semites. 

Kcte°nf reX'SM*^'STnWbaS"o1    tliee  gods  Odinrilsnir,  and  Lodu?  (Old  Norse 


and  iSmbla.l    In  Old  Norse  mythology,  the  first 
man  and  woman,  created  in  Midgard  by  the 


Ask 

Lodhurr),  out  of  trees  found  on  the  sea-shore. 
Odin  gave  them  life,  Hsenir  sense,  and  Lodur 
blood  and  color. 

Askabad  (as-ka-bad').  A  place  in  the  Turko- 
man Steppe,  Bussian  Central  Asia,  about  lat. 
37°  50'  N.,  long.  58°  20'  B.:  an  important  sta- 
tion on  the  Transeaspian  Eailway.  Popula- 
tion, about  7,000. 

Askanien  (as-ka'ni-en).  An  ancient  oountship 
of  Germany,  named  from  the  castle  of  Askanien 
near  Aschersleben. 

Aske  (ask),  Robert.  Executed  1537.  The 
leader  of  the  Yorkshire  insurrection  called  the 
"Pilgrimage  of  Grace"  (which  see). 

Askelon.    See  Ascalon. 

Askew,  or  Ascue  (as'ku),  Anne.  Bom  at 
Stallingborough,  Lincolnshire,  England,  1521: 
burned  at  Smithfield,  London,  July  16,  1546. 
An  English  woman  accused  of  heresy  in  regard 
to  the  sacraments. 

Askja  (ask'ya).  A  volcano  in  the  interior  of 
Iceland.    It  was  in  eruption  in  1875. 

Asklepios.    See  ^sculapius. 

Aslauga's  Knight  (a-slou'gaz  nit).  [G.  As- 
lauga's  Bitter.^  A  stoiy  by  Baron  de  La  Motte 
Pouqu6,  published  in  German  in  the  autumn 
of  1814,  and  translated  into  English  in  Carlyle's 
"German  Romance."  Aslauga  is  a  spirit  chosen  by 
the  Knight  in  preference  to  any  earthly  lady-love.  She 
appears  to  him  at  important  moments  in  his  career,  and 
he  dies  fancying  himself  clasped  in  her  arms  and  shrouded 
in  her  wonderful  golden  hair. 

Asmai  (Abu  Said  Abd-el  Melek  ibn  Koraib 
£1-Asmai).  Bom  at  Basra  about  740  a.  d.  : 
died  about  830.  An  Arabian  litterateur  and 
preceptor  to  Harun-al-Rashid.    He  probably 

•  wrote  the  romance  "  Antar." 

Asmodeus  (as-mo-de'us  or  as-mo'de-us).  [Heb. 
Ashmodai :  derived  by  some  from  Heb.  Samad, 
to  destroy:  probably  of  Persian  origin.]  In 
later  Jewish  demonology,  a  destructive  demon. 
In  the  hook  of  Tobit  he  is  said  to  have  loved  Sara  and  to 
have  destroyed  in  succession  her  seven  husbands,  appear- 
ing as  a  succubus  on  their  bridal  nights.  He  is  hence 
jocularly  spoken  of  as  the  destroyer  of  domestic  happi- 
ness. When,  however,  Sara  was  married  to  the  son  of 
Tobit,  Asmodeus  was  driven  away  by  the  fumes  from  the 
burning  heart  and  liver  of  a  flsh  (hence  the  allusion  in 
"Paradise  Lost,"  iv.  168).  King  Solomon,  in  his  search 
for  the  mysterious  and  miraculous  Shamir,  ordered  As- 
modeus, who  knew  the  secret,  to  be  brought  to  him. 
He  resisted  the  summons  violently,  upsetting  trees  and 
houses.  A  poor  widow  begging  him  not  to  injure  her 
little  hut,  he  turned  aside  so  sharply  that  he  broke  his 
leg  and  has  been  a  "diable  boiteux"  (lame  devil)  ever 
since,  te  Sage  made  him  the  hero  of  his  romance  "Le 
Diable  Boiteux,"  from  which  Foote  took  his  play  "  The 
Devil  on  Two  Sticks."  He  appears  in  the  former  as  the 
companion  of  Don  Cleofas,  whom  he  takes  with  him  in 
his  wonderful  flight  over  the  roofs  of  Madrid,  showing 
him  by  his  diabolical  power  the  insides  of  the  houses  as 
they  fly  over  them.  In  the  novel  he  is  a  witty,  playful, 
malicious  creature.  He  is  also  introduced  in  Wieland's 
"Oberon." 

Asmoneans,  Hasmoneans.  [From  Asmonai, 
the  first  of  the  dynasty.]     See  Maccabees. 

Asnapper  (as-nap'6r).    See  Asena;^ar. 

Asnen  (as'nen).  Lake.  A  lake  in  southern 
Sweden,  south  of  WexiS. 

Asni^res  (a-ne-ar').  A  suburb  of  Paris,  situ- 
ated on  the  Seine  1  mile  northwest  of  the  for- 
tifications.   Population,  about  15,000. 

Asoka  (a-s6'ka),  or  Piyadasi  (pi'ya-da-si).  A 
kiM  of  the  Maurya  dynasty  of  Magadha,  son 
of  Bindusara,  and  grandson  of  Chandragupta, 
B.  C.  263-226.  In  consequence  of  a  quarrel  with  his 
father,  he  went  away  to  Eajputana  and  the  Panjab.  Re- 
turning at  the  moment  of  his  father's  death,  he  massacred 
his  brothers  and  obtained  the  throne.  In  time  he  ex- 
tended his  sway  over  Hindustan,  the  Panjab,  and  Afghan- 
istan, while  he  claimed  to  rule  also  over  South  India  and 
Ceylon.  Converted  by  a  miracle,  he  openly  adopted  Bud- 
dhism and  became  the  Buddhist  Constantino.  Especially 
noted  are  his  edicts  enjoining  the  practical  morality  of 
Buddhism,  which  are  engraved  in  different  Prakrit  dia- 
lects on  pUlars  or  rocks  in  various  parts  of  India.  Prin- 
sep  their  first  decipherer,  and  Laasen  refer  them  to  the 
time  of  Asoka,  but  Wilson  thinks  they  were  engraved  "at 
-     some  period  subsequent  to  B.  C.  205." 

Asola  (a-so'ia).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Mantua,  Italy,  19  miles  northwest  of  Mantua. 

Asolando  (as-o-lan'do) :  Facts  and  Fancies. 
A  volume  of  poems  by  Robert  Browning,  pub- 
lished in  London  Dec.  12, 1889,  the  day  on  which 
the  poet  died  in  Venice. 

Asolo  (a's6-16).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Tre- 
viso,  Italy,  38  miles  northwest  of  Venice:  the 
ancient  Acelum.     Population,  about  5,000. 

ASOPUS  (a-s6'pus).  [Gr.  'Affun-cif.]  In  ancient 
geography:  (a)  AsmallriverinBoeotia,  Greece, 
flowing  into  the  Euripus  in  northern  Attica : 
the  modern  Oropo.  (6)  A  small  river  in  Sie^- 
onia,  Greece,  flowing  into  the  Corinthian  Gulf 
4  miles  northeast  of  Sicyon :  the  modern  Ha- 
gios  Georgios. 


86 

Asopus.  In  Greek  mythology,  the  god  of  the 
river  Asopus  (in  Sieyonia).  He  was  struck  by 
a  thunderbolt  from  Zeus. 

Asotus  (a-s6'tus).  [Gr.  aaurvog,  profligate.]  In 
Ben  Jonson's  "  Cynthia's  Revels,"  a  foolish  and 
prodigal  coxcomb,  the  parasite  of  Amorphus 
whom  he  imitates  in  every  way. 

Aspar  (as'par).  Died  471.  ■  A  general  of  the 
Eastern  Empire,  the  son  of  Ardaburius.  He 
was  an  Alan  by  extraction.  As  early  as  424  he  went  with 
his  father  ou  the  expedition  to  Italy  which  overthrew  the 
usurper  Joannes  and  established  the  young  Valentinian  on 
the  throne  of  his  uncle  Honorius.  He  was  consul  in  434, 
"  He  was  called  '  First  of  the  Patricians ' ;  he  stood  on  the 
very  steps  of  the  throne,  and  might  have  been  Emperor 
himself,  but  he  was  an  Arian,"  Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her 
Invaders,  II.  460, 

Asparagus  hardens,  The.  A  low  place  of 
public  entertainment,  not  far  from  Pimlico.  It 
is  to  this  that  Brome  refers  in  his  "Sparagus 
Garden"  (which  see). 

Aspasia  (as-pa'shi-a).  [Gr.  'Xanaaia,  lit.  'wel- 
come.'] Bom  at  Miletus,  Ionia:  flourished  about 
440  B.  c.  A  celebrated  Milesian  woman  of  great 
talents  and  beauty,  who  removed  to  Athens  in 
her  youth,  and  became  the  mistress  of  Pericles. 
Her  house  was  the  center  of  literary  and  philosophical 
society  at  Athens,  and  her  ascendancy  over  Pericles  was 
such  that  the  war  with  Samos  in  behalf  of  Miletus,  440  B,  0., 
was  frequently  ascribed  to  her  influence.  She  was  also 
said  to  have  written  part  of  Pericles's  famous  funeral  ora- 
tion over  the  soldiers  who  fell  in  the  campaign  of  431  B,  0. 
She  was  accused  by  the  comic  poet  Hermippus  of  impu- 
rity 432  B.  c,  but  was  saved  bythe  intervention  of  Pericles, 
whose  eloquence  and  personal  influence  procured  her  ac- 
quittal. After  the  death  of  Pericles,  429  B.  c,  she  attached 
herself  to  Lysicles,  a  democratic  leader.  The  son  of  Peri- 
cles by  Aspasia  was  legitimated  by  a  decree  of  the  people, 
took  his  father's  name,  and  was  executed,  with  five  other 
generals,  after  the  victory  of  Arginusse, 

Aspasia,  or  Aspatia.  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's ' '  Maid's 
Tragedy."  She  is  betrothed  to  Amintor  and 
is  deserted  by  him. 

Aspasius  (as-pa'shius).  Bom  atRavenna,  Italy : 
flourished  about  225  a.  d.  A  Roman  rhetorician 
and  sophist. 

Aspe  (as'pa).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Ali- 
cante, Spain,  21  miles  west  of  Alicante.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  7,297. 

Aspe  (asp).  Valine  d'.  A  valley,  department 
of  Basses-Pyr6n6es,  France,  near  the  Spanish 
frontier,  traversed  by  one  of  the  main  routes 
across  the  Pyrenees.  It  formed  a  medieval  re- 
public under  the  protection  of  B6am. 

Aspen  (as'pen),  A  silver-mining  city,  the  cap- 
ital of  Pitkin  County,  Colorado,  west  of  Lead- 
ville.    Population  (1900),  3,303. 

Aspendos  (as-pen'dos),  Aspendus  (-dus).  [Gr. 
"AanevSoQ.I  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of 
Pamphylia,  Asia  Minor,  on  the  Eurymedon 
about  lat.  36°  58'  N.,  long.  31°  16'  E,  It  contains 
a  Roman  theater,  which  is  the  best  preserved  of  all  an- 
cient structures  of  the  kind.  The  cavea  is  quite  intact. 
There  is  also  a  Roman  aqueduct  which  crosses  the  valley 
by  a  long  range  of  arches. 

Asper  (as'pfer).  [L., 'rough,  harsh.']  1.  In  Ben 
Jonson's  "Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,"  a 
character  which  he  designed  as  a  portrait  of 
himself. 

He  is  of  an  ingenious  and  free  spirit,  eager  and  constant 
in  reproof,  without  fear  controlling  the  woitd's  abuses. 
One  whom  no  servile  hope  of  gain,  or  frosty  apprehension 
of  danger,  can  make  to  be  a  parasite,  either  to  time, 
place,  or  opinion. 

Joman,  in  Dram.  Pers.  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour. 

2.  The  pseudonym  of  Johnson  in  the  "  Ramb- 
ler," and  under  which  he  abused  Garrick. 

Asperg  (as'pero),  or  Asberg(as'berG).  A  town 
in  the  Neckar  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  9  miles 
north  of  Stuttgart.    Population,  about  2,000. 

Aspern  (as'pem).  A  village  in  Lower  Austria, 
situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Danube  5 
miles  northeast  of  Vienna. 

Aspern,  Battle  of,  or  Battle  of  Essling.  A 
victory  gained  at  Aspern  and  Essling,  May  21 
and  22, 1809,  by  the  Austrians  imder  Archduke 
Charles  (80,000)  over  the  French  under  Napo- 
leon (40,000  and  later  80,000).  The  loss  of 
the  Austrians  was  about  24,000;  that  of  the 
French  considerably  more,  including  Lannes, 

Asphaltites  (as-fal-ti'tez),  Lake.  [L,  Lacus 
asphaltites,  Gi.  M/j.i^ 'Aijfa?i.TiT?!s,lake  of  asphalt 
or  bitumen.]  An  ancient  name  of  the  Dead 
Sea.  .       

Aspidiske  (as-pi-dis'ke),  or  Asmidiske  (as- 
mtdis'ke).  [Gr.  aumdjo-fc^,  a  little  shield.]  The 
fourth-magnitude  star  t  Argus,  situated  in  the 
shield  which  ornaments  the  vessel's  poop.  There 
is  some  confusion  in  the  lettering  of  the  stars  of  this  con- 
stellation, and  some  star-maps  assign  this  name  to  ( in- 
stead of  i.  „,.,,.  „ 

Aspin-wall  (as'pin-wal),  William.  Born  at 
Brookline,  Mass.,  May  23,  1743    died  April  16, 


Assemani,  Stefano  Evodio 

1823.  An  American  physician.  He  fought  as  a 
volunteer  in  the  battle  of  Lexington,  became  a  surgeon 
in  the  Revolutionary  army,  and  is  said  to  have  established 
the  practice  of  vaccination  in  America. 

Aspinwall,  William  H.  Bom  at  New  York, 
Dec.  16,  1807:  died  there,  Jan.  18,  1875.  An 
American  merchant,  the  chief  promoter  of  the 
Panama  Railroad,  whose  eastern  terminus  is 
named  for  him. 

Aspinwall,  or  Colon  (ko-16n').  A  seaport  on 
the  low  island  of  Manzanilla,  close  to  the  Isth- 
mus of  Panama,  Colombia,  in  lat.  9°  22'  N., 
long.  79°  55'  W. :  the  terminus  of  the  Panama 
Railroad.  It  was  founded  in  1866  by  W.  H.  Aspinwall, 
and  was  burned  by  insurgents  in  1886.  Population,  about 
3,000, 

Aspramonte  (as-pra-mon'te).  An  Italian  epic 
poem,  by  an  unknown  author,  which  appeared 
at  Milan  in  1516,  a  year  after  "Orlando  Fu- 
rioso ."  The  subject  is  the  defeat  of  the  Saracens  by  the 
French  when  the  former  came  07er  in  large  numbers 
under  (Sarnier,  king  of  Carthage,  to  sack  Rome :  this  they 
accomplished,  and  went  across  to  France  where  Charle- 
magne and  all  the  great  paladins  defeated  them  near  As- 
pramonte (Aspremont). 

Aspre  (as'pr),  Konstantin,  Baron  d'.    Bom 

1789 :  died  1850.  An  Austrian  general,  distin- 
guished in  the  Italian  campaigns  of  1848-49. 

Aspromonte  (as-pro-mon'te).  A  mountain  in 
Calabria,  Italy,  10-20  miles  northeast  of  Reggio, 
nearly  7,000  feet  in  height.  Near  it  Garibaldi 
was  defeated  and  captured  by  Italian  troops 
under  Palla-dcini,  Aug.  29,  1862. 

Aspropotamo  (as-pro-pot'a-mo).  The  modem 
name  of  the  river  Achelous. 

Assab  (as-sab').  A  bay  in  the  Red  Sea,  in  lat. 
13°  N.,  long.  42°  50'  E.  Since  1881  it  has  be- 
longed, with  adjacent  villages,  to  Italy. 

Assad  (as'sad).  In  the  story  of  "Prince  Am- 
giad  and  Prince  Assad,"  in  the  "Arabian 
Nights'  Entertainments,"  the  son  of  Camaral- 
zaman  and  Haiatalnefous. 

Assal  (as-sal').  A  salt  lake  in  eastern  Africa, 
near  the  Gulf  of  Tajurrah,  Gulf  of  Aden,  600 
feet  below  the  sea-level. 

Assam  (as-sam').  A  chief  eommissionship  of 
British  India,  situated  in  the  Brahmaputra 
valley:  the  chief  seat  of  tea-culture  in  India. 
It  was  ceded  by  Burma  in  1826.  Ai-ea,  49,004  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  8,476,883. 

Assandun  (as-san'dun).  A  locality,  identified 
with  Ashingdon,  Essex,  England,  where  in  1016 
Edmund  Ironsides  was  defeated  by  Canuj;e. 

Assassination  Plot.  A  conspiracy  against  the 
life  of  William  III.  of  England,  by  Sir  George 
Barclay,  Chamook,  and  Parkyns,  detected  in 
1696. 

Assassins,  The.  A  military  and  religious  order 
in  Syria,  founded  in  Persia  by  Hassan  ben 
Sabbah  about  1090.  a  colony  migrated  from  Persia 
to  Syria,  settled  in  various  places,  with  their  chief  Seat 
on  the  mountains  of  Lebanon,  and  became  remarkable 
for  their  secret  murders  in  blind  obedience  to  the  will  of 
their  chief.  Their  religion  was  a  compound  of  Magian- 
ism,  Judaism,  Christianity,  and  Mohammedanism,  One 
article  of  their  creed  was  that  the  Holy  Spirit  resided 
in  tlieir  chief  and  that  his  orders  proceeded  from  God 
himself.  The  chief  of  the  sect  is  best  known  by  the 
denomination  old  man  of  the  mountain  (Arabic  eheikh  tU- 
JebcU,  chief  of  the  mountains).  These  barbarous  chief- 
tains and  their  followers  spread  terror  among  nations  far 
and  near  for' almost  two  centuries.  In  the  time  of  the 
Crusades  they  mustered  to  the  number  of  60,000,  and  pre- 
sented a  formidable  obstacle  to  the  arms  of  the  Christians, 
They  were  eventually  subdued  by  the  sultan  Bibars  about 
1272, 

Assaye,  or  Assye  (as-si').  A  village  of  Hai- 
darabad,  British  India,  about  lat.  20°  18'  N., 
long.  75°  55'  E.  Here  9,600  British  under  WeUesley 
(Duke  of  Wellington)  defeated  more  than  60,000  Mahrattas 
Sept  23, 1803.    The  loss  of  the  British  was  about  1,800. 

Assche,or  Asche(as'ehe).  A  small  townin  Bra- 
bant, Belgium,  9  miles  northwest  of  Brussels. 

Asselyn  (as'se-lin),  Jan,  sumamed  Krabbetje. 
Bom  at  Antwerp  (?)  about  1610 :  died  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1660.  A  Dutch  painter  of  landscapes, 
animals,  and  battles. 

Assemani  (as-sa-mS,'ne),  Giuseppe  Aloysio. 
Born  at  Tripoli,  Syria,  about  I'flO:  died  at 
Rome,  Feb.  9,  1782.  A  Syrian  Orientalist, 
nephew  of  Giuseppe  Simone  Assemani,  pro- 
fessor of  Oriental  languages  at  Rome. 

Assemani,  Giuseppe  Simone.  Bom  at  Tripoli, 
Syria,  1687 :  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  14,  1768.  A 
Syrian  Orientalist,  custodian  in  the  Vatican  li- 
brary: author  of  "  Bibliotheea  orientalis  Clem- 
entino-Vatieana"  (1719-28),  etc. 

Assemani,  Simone.  Bom  at  Tripoli,  Syria, 
1752:  died  1821.  A  Syrian  scholar,  professor  of 
Oriental  languages  at  Padua:  author  of  works 
on  Oriental  numismatics. 

Assemani,  Stefano  Evodio.  Bom  at  Tripoli, 
Syria,  1707:  died  1782.    A  Syrian  OrientaUst, 


Assemani,  Stefano  Evodio 

nephew  of  Giuseppe  Simone  Assemani,  custo- 
dian in  the  "Vatican  library.  His  works  include 
"  Bibliothecse  Medioeo-LaurentianEe  et  Palatinse  cod., 
etc."  (1742),  "Acta  Sanctorum  Martyrum  "  (1748),  etc. 
Assembly,  National.  In  French  history,  the 
first  of  the  Eevolutionary  assemblies,  in  ses- 
sion 1789-91.  TheStates-CJeneral,  elected  in  1789,  were 
opened  May  B,  1789,  and  in  June  the  third  estate  assumed 
the  title  of  National  Assembly,  and  absorbed  the  two  re- 
maining estates.  Its  chief  work  was  the  formation  of  the 
constitution  (whence  It  is  also  called  the  Constituent  As- 
senMy). 

Assembly  of  Fowls.  See  Parliament  ofFowles. 

Assembly  of  Ladies,  The.  A  poem  attributed 
to  Chaucer,  but  now  considered  spurious :  an 
imitation  of  the  "Parliament  of  Powles." 

Assen  (as'sen).  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Drenthe,  Netherlands,  16  miles  south  of  &ro- 
ningen.  Near  it  are  famous  antiquities.  Popu- 
lation (1889),  commune,  9,148. 

Assens  (as' sens).  Atownin  the  island  of  Piinen, 
Denmark,  situated  on  the  Little  Belt  21  miles 
southwest  of  Odense.   Population  (1890),  4,026. 

Asser  (as'6r).  Died  at  Sherborne,  England, 
909  (T)  A.  D.  A  Welsh  monk,  bishop  of  Sher- 
borne and  companion  of  Alfred  the  Great.  He 
wrote  a  "Life  of  Alfred"  (ed.  by  Wise  1722). 

ik£Shur.    See  Ashwr. 

Assideans  (as-i-de'anz).    See  Chasiclim. 

Assignation,  The,  "or  Love  in  a  Nunnery. 
A  comedy  by  Dryden,  performed  in  1672. 

Assing  (as'sing),  Ludjnilla.  Bom  at  Ham- 
burg, Peb.  22, 1821 :  died  at  Florence,  March  25, 
1880.  A  German  authoress,  editor  of  various 
works  of  Vamhagen  von  Ense  (her  uncle)  and 
of  Alexander  von  Humboldt.  She  was  sentenced, 
1863-64,  to  imprisonment  for  libel  by  the  Prussian  gov- 
ernment. 

Assini  (as-se'ne).  A  small  French  protectorate 
on  the  western  coast  of  Africa,  west  of  the 
British  Gold  Coast,  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name. 

Assiniboia  (as'ln-i-boi'S).  A  provisional  dis- 
trict in  the  Northwest'  Territories,  Canada, 
formed  in  1882.  it  is  bounded  by  Saskatchewan  on 
the  north,  Manitoba  on  the  east,  the  United  States  on 
the  south,  and  Alberta  on  the  west  Its  chief  town  is  Ke- 
gina.  Assiniboia  sends  two  representatives  to  the  Do- 
minion Farliament.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Canadian  Pa- 
cific Bailroad.  Area,  90,340  square  miles.  Population 
(1901),  67,385. 

Assiniboin  (a-sin'i-boin).  [Prom  the  Ojibwa 
asinni,  stone,  and  hwa,  the  Ojibwa  name  for 
the  Dakota,  the  compound  meaning  '  Stone  Da- 
kotas.']  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians, 
an  offshoot  of  the  Pabakse  gens  of  the  Ihank- 
tonwanna:  called  Hohe  (ho'ha)  by  the  Dakota. 
They  number  3,008,  and  live  in  the  northwest  territory  of 
Biitish  ITorth  America  and  oIbq  in  Montana.  See  Simian 
and  Sioux. 

Assiniboine,  or  Assiniboin.  A  river  in  the 
southern  part  of  British  America,  which  joins 
the  Red  Kiver  of  the  North  at  Winnipeg,  Mani- 
toba. Length,  about  500  miles. 
Assinie  (as-se-ne')-_[F.]  See^ssm. 
Assisi,  or  Asisi  (a-se'se).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Perugia,  Italy,  12  miles  southeast  of 
Perugia,  famous  as  the  birthplace  of  St.  Fran- 
cis: the  Umbrian  Assisium.  it  is  also  the  birthplace 
of  Propertins  and  Metastasio.  Near  it  are  Roman  ruins. 
It  contains  a  temple  of  Minerva,  a  fine  Roman  hexastyle 
Corinthian  prostyle  portico,  with  its  low  pediment  com- 
plete, now  attached  to  the  Church  of  Santa  Maria  della 
Minerva,  of  which  the  vaulted  cella  still  forms  the  chief 
part.  The  temple  dates  from  Augustus,  and  is  good  in 
its  proportions  and  the  details  of  the  ornament.  The 
Church  of  San  Francesco,  begun  1228,  consists  of  two  parts, 
the  Upper  Church  and  the  Lower  Churcli.  The  former, 
225  feet  long,  consists  of  a  single  nave  of  five  bays  with 
a  rose-window  of  great  beauty.  The  walls  are  covered 
with  frescos,  chiefly  by  Cimabue  (story  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments)  and  Giotto  (life  of  St.  lYancis).  The 
latter  series  is  famous,  and  exhibits  in  the  highest  degree 
the  painter's  individuality,  dramatic  quality,  and  direct- 
ness of  conception.  The  Lower  Church  is  wider  than  the 
other,  low  and  crypHike ;  it  contains  interesting  tombs, 
fine  painted  glass,  and  many  frescos,  among  them  some 
of  Giotto's  most  admired  works.  The  chief  of  these  are 
the  Virtues  and  the  Glorification  of  St.  Francis,  and  a 
beautiful  Madonna,  on  gold  ground. 
Assiut,  or  Assiout.  See  Siut. 
Assize  of  Clarendon.  An  English  ordinance, 
issued  in  1166  (12  Hen.  H.),  which  introduced 
changes  into  the  administration  of  justice. 
Assizes  of  Jerusalem.  Two  codes  of  laws, 
drawn  up  under  the  authority  of  Godfrey  de 
Bouillon,  the  first  crusading  king  of  Jerusalem, 
and  in  force  under  the  Christian  sovereignty  in 
Jerusalem  and  in  Cyprus.  One  code  had  jurisdic- 
tion over  the  nobility,  the  second  over  the  oommon  peo- 
ple. Both  were  conceived  with  a  wisdom  and  tnhghten- 
ment  beyond  their  age,  and  were  based  on  contemporary 
French  law  and  customs. 
Assize  of  Northampton.  An  English  ordi- 
nance, a  reissue  and  expansion  of  the  Assize 


87 

of  Clarendon,  issued  at  Northampton  in  1176 
(22  Hen.  II.),  drawn  up  in  the  form  of  instruc- 
tions to  the  judges.  The  new  articles  relate 
to  tenure,  reliefs,  dower,  etc. 

Assmannshausen  (as'mans-hou-zen).  A  vil- 
lage in  the  provifice  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Rhine  16  miles  west  of  Mainz, 
celebrated  for  its  red  and  white  wines. 

Associated  Counties,  The.  In  English  his- 
tory, a  name  given  to  the  coimties  of  Norfolk, 
Suffolk,  Essex,  Hertford,  Cambridge,  Hvmting- 
don,  and  Lincoln,  because  they  combined, 
1642-46,  to  join  the  Parliamentary  side  in  the 
civil  war,  and  to  keep  their  territory  free  from 
invasion. 

AssoUan't,  or  Assolant  (a-so-lon'),  Jean  Bap- 
tiste  Alfred.  Bom  at  Aubusson,  March  20, 
1827 :  _  died  at  Paris,  March  4, 1886.  A  French 
novelist  and  journalist.  He  brought  a  charge  of 
plagiarism  against  Yictorien  Sardou,  alleging  that  the 
latter's  play  "Oncle  Sam"  waa  taken  from  Assollant's 
"ScfenesdelaViedesEtats-Unis."  The  charge  was  re- 
ferred to  a  commission  of  authors  who  gave  a  verdict  in 
favor  of  M.  Sardou. 

Assommoir  (a-som-mwar'),  L',  [P., '  the  blud- 
geon.']   A  novel  by  Zola,  published  in  1877.    ■ 

ASSOS  (as'os).  [Gr.  '&.aaog.'i  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Adramyt- 
tium,  Mysia,  in  lat.  39°  29'  N.,  long.  26°  22'  E. 
The  site  is  now  occupied  by  the  Turkish  village  of  Behr&m. 
It  was  thoroughly  explored  and  excavated  by  the  Archaeo- 
logical Institute  of  America  1881-82,  with  the  impoi'tant 
result  of  Illustrating  the  architectural  and  topographical 
development  of  a  minor  Greek  city  with  a  completeness 
comparable  with  the  body  of  information  supplied  by  Pom- 
peii concerning  Roman  towns  under  somewhat  similar 
conditions.  The  remains  studied  Include  very  extensive 
fortifications  of  successive  periods,  temples  ranging  from 
the  archaic  Doric  to  foundations  dating  within  the  Chris- 
tian era,  a  theater,  baths,  porticos,  a  gymnasium,  private 
dwellings  in  great  variety,  a  remarkable  and  highly 
adorned  street  of  tombs,  and  a  Greek  bridge. 

Assouan.    See  Assuan. 

Assuan,  or  Asswan,  or  Assouan  (as-swan'). 
A  town  in  Upper  Egypt,  situated  on  the  Nile 
near  the  first  cataract,  in  lat.  24°  5'  N.,  formerly 
supposed  to  be  on  the  tropic  of  Cancer:  the  an- 
cient Syene.  It  is  noted  for  its  granite.  It  was 
the  place  of  banishment  of  Juvenal. 

Assuay.    See  Azuay. 

Assumption.    See  Asimcion. 

Assumption  of  the  Virgin.  1 .  A  masterpiece 
of  Titian  in  the  Aocademia,  Venice,  one  of  the 
most  renowned  of  existing  paintings.  The  Vir- 
gin ascends  toward  the  throne,  wafted  on  glowing  clouds 
and  surrounded  by  ranks  of  rejoicing  angels.  The  apos- 
tles look  up  in  amazement  from  the  earth  below. 

3.  A  powerful  painting  by  Titian,  in  the  ca- 
thedral of  Verona,  splendid  and  characteristic 
in  coloring. — 3.  Frescos  by  Correggio  in  the 
dome  of  the  cathedral  of  Parma,  Italy.  They 
occupy  the  entire  octagon,  and  are  famous  for  their  grace 
and  the  beauty  of  their  color  and  golden  light.  They  are 
now  damaged  by  moisture. 

4.  A  painting  by  Rubens,  in  Antwerp  Cathe- 
dral, Belgium.  The  Virgin,  surrounded  by  angels,  is 
borne  up  to  heaven  in  glory ;  the  apostles  and  women  are 
gathered  about  the  empty  tomb  below.  The  coloring  is 
less  brilliant  tlian  is  usual  with  Rubens. 

5.  A  painting  by  Perugino,  in  the  Accademia, 
Florence.  The  Virgin  is  in  face  and  form  one  of  Peru- 
gino's  most  beautiful  figures;  the  four  saints  in  the  fore- 
ground, too,  are  admirable. 

6.  A  large  and  important  painting  by  Guide 
Reni,  in  Bridgewater  House,  London. —  7.  A 
fine  fresco  by  Gaudeuzio  Ferrari,  in  the  Church 
of  San  Cristof oro  at  Vercelli,  Italy.  The  figures 
of  the  Father,  the  Virgin,  the  angel,  and  the  apostles,  es- 
pecially, are  of  grand  conception. 

8.  A  painting  by  Murillo,  in  the  Hermitage 
Museum,  St.  Petersburg.  TheVirgin  floats  upward, 
resting  on  clouds,  with  bands  of  cherubs  above  and  below 
her.  This  picture  excels  in  the  qualities  of  grace  and 
purity  of  expression  which  characterize  many  of  Murillo's 
works. 

9.  One  of  the  most  admired  paintings  of  Guer- 
cino  (1623),  in  the  Hermitage  Museum,  St. 
Petersburg.  The  Virgin,  with  face  uplifted,  is  borne 
upward  on  a  cloud,  surrounded  by  angels.  The  apostles 
stand  about  her  tomb  below. 

Assur (as'or),  or  Ashur (ash'fer).  [See Asayna.l 
1.  The  original  name  of  Assyria  and  of  its 
earliest  capital.— 2.  See  Asur. 

Assye.    See  Assam. 

Assynt  (as'int),  Loch.  A  lake,  7  miles  long, 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  Sutherland,  Scot- 
land, noted  for  its  picturesqueness. 

Assyria  (a-sir'i-a).  [OPers.  Athura,  Gr.  'Aaavpta, 
L.  Assyria,  P.  Issyrie,  G.  Assyrien;  in  the  cu- 
neiform inscriptions  AAlur;  in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment ASHr.']  An  ancient  Asiatic  state,  which 
at  the  period  of  its  greatest  power  covered  a 
territory  of  about  75,000  square  miles,  bounded 
by  Armenia  on  the  north,  the  Lower  Zab  on 


Asterope 

the  south,  the  Zagros  Mountains  on  the  east,  and 
the  Euphrates  on  the  west.  In  Gen.  x.  2  the  name 
is  given  to  a  small  district  about  25  by  17  miles  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Tigris.  The  name  of  the  country  was 
derived  from  that  of  the  city  Assur,  situated  about  60 
miles  south  of  the  modem  Mosul  and  marked  by  the 
ruins  of  Kileh-Shergat.  This  city  is  not  mentioned  in 
the  Old  Testament,  but  it  survived  Nineveh,  being  still 
in  existence  in  the  time  of  Cyrus,  the  conqueror  of 
Babylon.  The  name,  besides  being  given  to  the  city  and 
country,  was  also  applied  to  the  national  god,  being  always 
spelled  Aiur  in  this  connection.  The  Persians  called 
the  city  Athura.  The  Greeks  comprised  in  the  name  As- 
gyria,  or  its  shortened  form  Syria,  the  entire  territory  be- 
tween Babylonia  and  the  Mediterranean,  sometimes  ap- 
plying it  even  to  Babylonia.  The  northern  and  eastern 
portions  of  the  country  were  mountainous,  but  the  greater 
part  was  fiat,  being  an  extension  of  the  Babylonian  plains. 
Its  pnncipal  rivers  were  the  Tigris,  the  Upper  and  Lower 
Zab,  the  Kumib,  the  Khoser,  and  the  western  Khabur 
It  was  a  fertile  country,  and  abounded  in  all  sorts  of 
annuals :  among  others,  the  stag,  roebuck,  wild  bull,  and 
lion.  The  hunting  of  the  lion  was  the  favorite  sport  of 
the  Assyrian  kings.  According  to  Genesis  (x.  8-1^22) 
the  Assyrians  were  descendants  of  Shem  and  emigrants 
from  Babylon.  Their  Semitic-Babylonian  origin  is  fully 
attested  by  their  sculptures  and  inscriptions.  Their  lan- 
gui^e  is,  apart  from  a  few  dialectical  and  orthographical 
variations,  identical  with  Babylonian,  and  closely  akin  to 
Hebrew.  Assyria  derived  its  civilization  from  Babylonia. 
Its  religion  was  the  same  as  that  of  the  mother-country, 
with  the  exception  of  the  national  god  Asliur,  who  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  pantheon.  Assyrian  architec- 
ture was  a  slavish  copy  of  that  of  Babylonia.  Although 
stone  abounded  in  the  former,  bricks  continued  to  be  used 
in  imitation  of  the  practice  in  Babylonia,  where  no  stone 
existed.  The  Babylonian  emigrants  who  established  As- 
syria probably  set  out  about  2000  B.  0.  The  first  Assyrian 
rulers  of  whom  we  hear  were  Belkapkapu,  Ismi-Dagan, 
and  his  son  Samsi-Ramman  (1816  B.  c).  For  the  next  300 
years  nothing  is  known  of  the  condition  of  Assyria.  In 
the  I5th  century  B.  c.  Assyria  was  involved  in  a  war  with 
Babylonia,  then  under  the  rule  of  the  non-Semitic  Kas- 
sites.  War  continued  between  the  two  countries  for  a 
long  time  with  varying  success.  Finally,  however,  Assyria 
became  supreme  and  Babylonia  the  vassal  state.|  The  chief 
maker  of  Assyria's  glory  was  Tiglath-Pileser  I.  (1120-1100 
B.  c),  who  conquered  the  city  of  Babylon,  other  cities  of 
Babylonia,  and  penetrated  as  far  as  the  Mediterranean. 
His  more  important  successors  were  Asur-dan  II.  (930-911 
B.  0.) ;  Asurnazirpal  (884-860  B.  o.) ;  Shalmaneser  II.  (860- 
824  b.  c),  who  came  in  contact  with  Damascus  and  Israel; 
Tlglath-Pileser  III.  {JPhvl  in  the  Old  Testament),  745-727 
B.  c,  whose  power  extended  to  the  confines  of  Egypt  and 
who  put  the  crown  of  Babylon  on  his  head ;  Sargon  (722-705 
B.  c),  the  conqueror  of  Samaria,  who  defeated  theEgyptians 
at  Raphia ;  Sennacherib  (705-681 B.  c.) ;  and  Esarhaddon 
(680-668  B.  c).  These  last  two  kings  mark  the  height  of  As- 
syrian power,  and  Esarhaddon  was  enabled  by  his  con- 
quests to  add  to  his  name  the  title  king  of  Upper  and 
Lower  Egypt  and  Ethiopia.  Under  Asurhanipal  (the 
Sardanapalus  of  Greek  writers),  668-626  B.  c,  the  decline 
of  i  the  empire  began.  In  some  respects  this  reign  was 
most  prosperous  and  brilliant :  it  was  the  golden  age  of 
art  and  literature.  Under  this  reign  too  Susa  was  con- 
quered and  destroyed.  But  signs  of  the  approaching 
break-up  were  seen  in  the  constant  uprisings  of  the  op- 
pressed nations.  The  downward  course  was  rapid.  Once, 
about  625,  Assyria  succeeded  in  repelling  the  attack  of 
the  Medes  and  Persians  under  Phraortes,  but  when  his 
son  Cyaxares  in  union  with  Nabopolassar  of  Babylon  re- 
peated the  attack  (606  B.  G.),-  Nineveh  fell  and  the  Assyrian 
power  entirely  disappeared, 

Assyrian  Canon.    See  E]^ym  Canon. 

Ast  (ast),  Georg  Anton  Triedrich.  Bom  at 
Gotha,  Germany,  Dec.  29,  1778:  died  at  Mu- 
nich, Oct.  81, 1841.  A  German  philologist  and 
philosophical  writer. 

Astacus  (as'ta-kus).  [Gr.  'JiirraKoc.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a'Greek  colony  in  Bithynia,  Asia 
Minor,  near  Nieomedia. 

Astacus,  Gulf  of.  Same  as  CMf  of  Nieomedia 
or  of  Ismid. 

Astarte  (as-tar'te).    See  Ashtoreth. 

Astarte.  The  woman  guiltily  beloved  by  Man- 
fred (in Byron's  "Manfred"),  andforwhom  he 
suffers  an  undying  remorse. 

Astell  (as'tel),  Mary.  Bom  at  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne,  England,  1668 :  died  1731.  An  Eng- 
lish writer.  She  was  the  author  of  "  A  Serious  Proposal 
to  Ladies,"  published  anonymously  (1694-97).  The  "pro- 
posal "  was  for  the  erection  of  a  monastery  or  home  of  re- 
ligious retirement,  to  be  conducted  under  the  rules  of  tho 
Church  of  England  :  a  scheme  which  later  brought  upon 
its  author  considerable  abuse,  as  in  the  "Tatler"  (32), 
where  she  appears  under  the  name  of  Madonella. 

Aster  (as'ter),  Ernst  Ludwig  von.  Bom  at 
Dresden,  Oct.  5,  1778:  died  at  Berlin,  Feb. 
10,  1855.  A  German  military  engineer.  He 
planned  the  fortresses  of  Coblentz  and  Ehren- 
breitstein. 

Asterabad.    See  Astrdbad. 

Asterius  (as-te'ri-us).  1.  Lived  in  the  first 
part  of  the  4th  century  a.  d.  An  Arian  theo- 
logian of  Cappadocia. — 2.  Lived  about  400  a.  d. 
A  bishop  of  Amasia,  in  Pontus,  noted  as  a 
writer  of  "Homilies." 

Asterope  (as-ter'6-pe).  [Gr.  'Aarepdm;.']  One 
of  the  Pleiades,  composed  of  two  stars,  each  of 
7i  magnitude,  and  just  too  faint  to  be  seen 
by  most  eyes  without  telescopic  assistance. 
It  is  sometimes  regarded  as  the  "lost  Pleiad,"  though 
more  usually  Pleione  is  so  considered.    See  Pleiades. 


Asti 

Asti  (as'te).  A  eity  in  the  province  of  Alessan- 
dria, Italy,  the  ancient  Asta  Pompeia,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Borbore  and  Tanaro  28 
miles  southeast  of  Turin.  During  the  middle  ages 
it  was  a  povrertul  republic.  It  has  important  trade,  and 
is  noted  lor  the  wines  produced  in  its  vicinity.  It  is  the 
birthplace  of  Alfleri.  It  has  a  cathedral  chiefly  of  the 
13th  century.  The  fine  facade  has  alternate  courses  of 
white  stone  and  red  brick,  with  three  trefoil-headed  sculp- 
tured doorways.  There  is  a  handsome  lateral  porch  with 
statues,  an  octagonal  lantern,  and  a  square,  round-arched 
campanile.  The  transepts  have  pentagonal  ends,  and 
apses  on  the  east  side.   l?opulation,  about  17,000. 

Astid  (as-te-a'),  Jean  Frederic.  Bom  at  N6- 
rae,Lot-et-Graronne,  France,  Sept.  21, 1822:died 
at  Lausanne,  May  20, 1894.  A  French  Protes- 
tant clergyman,  and  writer  on  theological,  phi- 
losophical, and  historical  subjects.  He  was  pastor 
ol  a  French-Swiss  church  in  New  York  1848-63,  removed 
to  Paris,  and  later  (1856)  became  professor  ol  theology  and 
philosophy  at  Lausanne.  Among  his  works  is  a  "Hiatoire 
de  la  r^publique  des  Etats-Unis  "  (1865). 

Astier  (as-te-a'),  Paul,  In  Baudot's  "Strug- 
gle for  Life,"  an  unscrupulous  egoist. 

Astle  (as'l),  Thomas.  Bom  Dec.  22, 1735 :  died 
at  Battersea  Rise,  near  London,  Dec.  1,  1803. 
-An  English  paleographer  and  antiquary,  ap- 
pointed keeper  of  the  records  in  the  Tower  of 
London  in  1783.  He  wrote  "  The  Origin  and 
Progress  of  Writing"  (1784),  etc. 

Astley  (ast'li).  Sir  Jacob,  afterward  Baron 
Astley.  Born  1579 :  died  at  Maidstone,  Eng- 
land, Feb.,  1652.  An  English  royalist  general 
in  the  first  civil  war.  He  served  at  EdgehiH, 
Gloucester,  Naseby,  and  elsewhere,  and  was  defeated  and 
taken  prisoner  at  Stow  in  1646. 

Astley,  Philip.  Bom  at  Newoastle-under- 
liyme,  England,  1742:  died  at  Paris,  1814.  A 
"well-known  horse-tamer.  He  began  as  a  cabinet- 
maker ;  joined  Elliott's  regiment  of  light  horse  in  Holland 
as  a  rough-rider  in  1759 ;  and  finally  settled  in  London,  and 
developed  a  prosperous  business  as  the  proprietor  of  cir- 
cuses there  and  in  other  cities.  The  circus  and  hippo- 
drome, weU  known  as  "Astley's,"  was  situated  on  the 
Surrey  side  of  the  Thames,  not  far  from  Westminster 
Bridge :  it  is  now  known  as  "Sanger's  Amphitheater." 

Astolat  (as'to-lat).  In  the  Arthurian  romances, 
a  name  of  Guildford,  Surrey,  England. 

Astolfo,  or  Astolpho  (as-tol'fo).   1.  An  impor- 
tant character  in  the  Charlemagne  romances 
and  in  the  "  Orlando  Innamorato"  and  "Or- 
lando Furioso."     The  most  notable  of  his  knightly 
feats  and  adventures  is  his  journey  to  the  moon,  where  he 
enters  the  Valley  of  Lost  Things,  and  among  a  mass  of 
broken  resolutions,  lovers'  tears,  days  lost  by  idlers,  etc., 
finds  Orlando's  lost  wits  in  a  vessel  larger  than  all  the 
others.    He  was  permitted  to  take  them  back  to  Orlando. 
Pope,  in  the  "Hape  of  the  Lock,"  speaking  of  the  same 
place,  says : 
"  Where  the  heroes'  wits  are  kept  in  ponderous  vases. 
And  beaux'  in  snuff  boxes  and  tweezer  cases." 
He  was  also  the  possessor  ol  a  wonderful  horn  which 
spread  universal  terror  when  it  was  sounded. 
2.  The  King  of  Lombardy  in  an  episode  in 
Ariosto's  "Orlando  Furioso."     He  is  introduced 
from  the  "  Tale  ol  Astolpho  and  Jocundo,"  two  men  who, 
finding  their  wives  false,  took  a  remarkable  method  to 
procure  a  true  one. 

Astolphus.    See  Aistulf. 

Aston  (as'tpn),  Antony.  Flourished  about 
1712-31.  An  English  actor,  prompter,  and 
dramatic  writer. 

Aston  Hall.  An  old  hall  in  the  Elizabethan 
style,  near  Birmingham,  England,  recently  re- 
paired and  now  a  museum,  having  been  sold 
by  the  owner,  Mr.  Charles  Holt  Bracebridge, 
to  the  town  of  Birmingham.  This  is  said  to  be 
the  original  of  Indng's  "  Bracebridge  Hall." 

Aston  Manor.  A  manufacturing  town  imme- 
diately north  of  Birmingham,  England.  Popu- 
lation (1901),  77,326. 

Astor  (as'tor),  John  Jacob.  Bom  at  Walldorf, 
near  Heidelberg,  July  17,  1763 :  died  at  New 
York,  March  29,  1848.  A  German-American 
merchant.  He  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1783, 
established  himself  shortly  at  New  York  in  the  lur  trade, 
became  the  first  regular  dealer  in  musical  instruments  in 
the  United  States,  and  speculated  in  New  York  realty  and, 
during  the  war  ol  1812,  in  government  securities.  He  con- 
ceived the  scheme  ol  connecting  the  lur  trade  with  the 
Pacific  by  a  line  ol  trading-posts  extending  from  the  Great 
Lakes  along  the  Missouri  and  Columbia,  at  whose  mouth 
he  lounded  Astoria  in  1811.  At  his  death  his  lortune  was 
estimated  at  $20,000,000.  He  left  $400,000  lor  lounding 
the  Astor  Library. 

Astor,  William  Backhouse.  Bom  at  New 
York,  Sept.  19,  1792:  died  at  New  York,  Nov. 
24, 1875.  An  American  capitalist,  son  of  John 
Jacob  Astor.  He  gave  $550,000  to  the  library 
founded  by  his  father. 

Astor,  William  Waldorf.  Bom  1848.  A 
diplomatist  and  author,  grandson  of  William 
Backhouse  Astor.  He  was  United  States  min- 
ister to  Italy  1882-85,  and  is  the  author  of  "  Va- 
lentino" (1885),  "Sforza"  (1889). 


88 


Asura 


Astor  Library.  A  library  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  founded  by  John  Jacob  Astor,  and  opened 
in  1854.  It  was  a  reference  library  only,  and  contained 
about  260,000  volumes.  It  was  combined  in  1895  with 
the  Lenox  and  the  proposed  Tilden  library  as  the  New 
York  Public  Library  (which  see). 

Astor  Place  Riot.  A  serious  riot  in  New  York, 
May  10,  1849,  between  the  partizans  of  the  ac- 
tors Edwin  Forrest  and  Macready.  The  latter 
was  acting  at  the  time  in  the  Astor  Place  Opera  HoUSe. 
It  was  suppressed  by  the  militia.  Twenty-two  were  killed  Astrolabo  (as'tro-lab).  The,  or  The  Conclu- 
A  QtnrPtt"^  ZTA%ht^r^fh  sious  of  the  Asf  rolabo.    An  unfinished  prose 

■a!JS5S„ /••   fee  4sfetore/fe.  treatise  by  Chaucer,  written  by  him  for  the 

Astorga  (as-tor  ga).    A  town  m  the  province  of    -  .•'...        '_      ..,•'. 


Mademoiselle  DTrf^.  She  confided  it  to  Baro,  the  secre- 
tary of  her  deceased  relative,  who  published  it  two  years 
after  the  death  of  his  master,  with  a  dedication  to  Mary 
of  Medicis,  and  made  up  a  fifth  part  from  memoirs  and 
fragments  also  placed  in  bis  hands.  The  whole  was 
printed  at  Rouen,  1647,  in  five  volumes.  .  .  .  For  more 
than  forty  years  it  lurnished  the  subject  lor  nearly  all 
dramatic  compositions  (Segraisiana,  p.  144-6),  while  poets. 
confined  their  efforts  to  expressing  in  verse  what  D'Vrti 
had  made  Oie  personages  ol  his  romance  utter  in  prose. 
Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  II.  378,  392,  note. 


Leon,  Spain,  the  ancient  Asturica  Augusta,  sit- 
uated on  the  Tuerto  29  miles  southwest  of  Leon. 
The  Roman  city  walls  are  still  in  large  part  perfect,  and 
present  a  curious  spectacle  with  their  long  series  of  pro- 
jecting semicircular  towers  which  do  not  rise  above  the 
curtains.    Population  (1887),  6,350. 

Astorga  (as-tor'ga).  Baron  Emmanuele  d'. 
Born  at  Naples,  Dec.  11,  1681:  died  in  Bohe- 
mia, Aug.  21, 1736.  An  Italian  musician,  com- 
poser of  a  celebrated  "Stabat  Mater"  (1713), 
a  pastoral  opera,  "Dafne,"  etc. 

Astoria  (as-to'ri-a).    The  capital  of  Clatsop 


instruction  of  his  son  Lewis,  then  ten  years  old. 
It  is  inferred  that  it  was  written  in  1391.  This  is  not 
proved,  however ;  and  of  the  child  nothing  more  is  known 
than  that  in  the  introduction  to  this  treatise  Chaucer 
mentions  him  by  name  and  gives  his  reasons  for  the  "en- 
diting  "  ol  the  work  lor  him.  It  contains  some  very  slight 
autobiographical  allusions,  but  is  essentially  a  translation 
of  the  work  of  the  Arabian  astronomer  Messahala  (8th 
century)  from  a  Latin  version. 
Astrolabe  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
on  the  northeastern  coast  of  Papua. 
-.   -.      ^j^^  crater  of  an  extinct 


Astroni  (as-tro'ne) 
...„„  „„„^„„»  „^  ^..,«„ouM    volcano  5  miles  west  of  Naples. 
County,  Oregon,  on  the  Columbia  75miles  north-  Astropalia  (as-tro-pa-le-a' J.    A  modem  Greek 
west  of  Portland,    it  was  founded  as  a  fur-trading  sta-  ,^^™e  ot  btampaiia.  ,     _,,  , 

tion  by  John  Jacob  Astor  (for  whom  it  was  named)  in  1811.  AStropnel  (as  tro-tel).  1.  lUe  name  assumed 
Leading  industry,  salmon-canning.  Pop.  (1900),  8,881.  by  Sir  Philip  Sidney  in  the  series  of  sonnets 
Astoria.  Aformervillageof  Long  Island,  New    entitled  "Astrophel  and  Stella,"  which  is  his 


York,  now  a  part  of  the  Borough  of  Queens, 
New  York  city. 

Astrabacus  (as-trab'a-kus).     [Gr.  'Aarpdpaimc.^ 
See  the  extract. 

The  hero-temple  of  Astrabacus  is  mentioned  by  Fausa- 
nias  in  his  description  of  Sparta  (III.  xvL  §  6).    An  ob- 


greatest  literary  work.  These  sonnets,  110  in  num- 
ber, chronicle  the  growth  of  Sidney's  love  for  Stella  (Pe- 
nelope Devereux,  sister  of  Essex,  afterward  Lady  Rich). 
See  Stella. 

2.  An  elegy  written  by  Spenser  on  the  death  of 
Sir  Philip  Sidney. 


scure  tradition  attaches  to  him.    Astrabacus,  we  are  told,  AstrUC  (as-truk  ),  Jean.   Born  March  19,  1684 : 

""  '  ~~'  '  '    died  at  Paris,  March  5, 1766.   A  French  medical 

writer  and  professor.  His  most  celebrated  work  ia 
"Conjectures  sur  les  m^moires  originaux,  dontil  paroit 
que  Moyse  s'est  servi  pour  composer  le  livre  de  la  Gen^se  " 
(Brussels,  1753),  In  which  he  divided  the  book  of  Genesis 
into  two  parts  on  the  basis  of  the  use  of  Elohim  or  Yahveh 
(Jehovah)  as  the  name  of  God,  holding  that  this  difference 
in  usage  pointed  to  the  fact  that  Genesis  was  made  up  of 
two  parallel,  independent  narratives.  His  memoir  formed 
■  .  the  starting-point  of  modern  criticism  of  the  Pentateuch. 

Astrabad  (as-tra-bad'),  or  Asterabad  (as-ter-  Astudillo  (as-to-WHel'vo).    A  small  town  in  the 
^".J?^?')'     -A  province    of    northern   Persia,    province  of  Paleneia,  Spain,  26  miles  southwest 
adjoining  Mazanderan  on  the  west.     Popula-    of  Burgos, 
tion  (estimated),  80,000.  Astulphus.    See  Aistulf. 

Astrabad,  or  Asterabad.    The  capital  of  the  Astura  (Ss-to'ra).     1.  A  small  river  south  of 
Bfl  in  Int.  afio  an'  ivr      jjome,  which  rises  near  VeUetri  and  flows  into 


and  Alopecus  his  brother,  sons  of  Irbus,  grandsons  of 
Amphisthenes,  great-grandsons  of  Amphicles,  and  great- 
great-grandsons  ol  Agis,  lound  the  wooden  image  ol  Diana 
Orthia  which  Orestes  and  Iphigenia  had  conveyed  secretly 
from  Tauris  to  Lacedaemon,  and  on  discovering  it  were 
stricken  with  madness  (ib.  §  6).  The  worship  of  Astrab- 
acus at  Sparta  is  mentioned  by  Clemens  (Cohort,  ad  Gen- 
tes,  p.  35).  It  is  conjectured  from  his  name  [literally 
'ass-keeper']  that  he  was  "the  protecting  genius  ol  the 
stable."  Bawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  433,  note. 


province  of  Astrabad,  situated  in  lat.  36°  50'  N., 
long.  54°  25'  E.  It  was  formerly  an  important 
town.  It  was  captured  by  Timur  in  1384. 
Population  (estimated),  5,000  to  15,000. 

Astrabad  Bay,  or  Gulf  of  Ashraf  (ash-raf). 
The  southeastemmost  bay  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Astrsea,  or  Astrea  (as-tre'a).  [Gr.  'Aarpaia, 
fem.  of  aarpaioQ,  starry.]  1.  In  classical  my- 
thology, the  goddess  of  justice,  daughter  of  the 
Titan  Astrseus  and  Eos,  or  of  Zeus  and  Themis. 


the  Mediterranean. —  2.  A  small  town  near  the 
mouth  of  this  river. 

Asturias  (as-to're-as).  [L.  Asturia,  from  As- 
tur,  pi.  Astwres,  the  name  of  the  people.]  An 
ancient  province  of  northwestern  Spain,  offi- 
cially called  Oviedo  since  1833.  See  Oviedo.  It 
was  the  nucleus  ol  the  Spanish  kingdom.  The  Christian 
kingdom  of  Asturias  was  founded  about  718  by  Pelayo,  and 
was  merged  in  the  kingdom  of  Leon  in  the  10th  century. 


In  the  golden  age  she  lived  among  men,  and  in  the  brazen  AstUriaS,  PrinCO  Of  .     A  title  of  the  heir  to  the 


age  was  the  last  of  the  gods  to  leave  them.    She  departed 
for  the  sky  where  she  shines  as  the  constellation  Virgo. 
2.  An  asteroid  (the  fifth)  discovered  by  Henke 
at  Driesen,  Dec.  8,  1845. — 3.  See  Astree. 

Astrsea,  The  Divine.  A  nickname  of  Mrs. 
Aphra  Behn. 

Astrsea  Bedux  (as-tre'a  re'duks).  [L.,  'As- 
trEea  brought  back.']  A'poem  by  Dryden  cele- 
brating the  restoration  of  Charles  H.,  first  pub- 
lished in  1660. 


Spanish  throne,  first  assumed  in  1388. 

Astyages  (as-ti'a-jez).  [Gr.  'Aarvayric;  in  the 
inscriptions  Ishtuvegu  according  to  Abydenus, 
in  Busebius  Asdahages,  supposed  to  represent 
Zend  Aj-dahah,  the  biting  snake.]  The  son 
and  successor  of  Cyaxares,  king  of  the  Modes 
584-549  B.  C.  In  the  latter  year  Cyrus  the  Great  de- 
throned him  and  united  Media  with  Persia.  According 
to  Herodotus,  Astyages  was  the  grandfather  of  Cyrus. 

Astyanax  (as-IS'a-naks).  In  Greek  legend,  the 
son  of  Hector  aiid  Andromache.  Also  called 
Scamandrius. 

The  ancient  name 


Astrakhan  (as-tra-chan').     A  government  of 

southeastern  Russia,  surrounded  by  the  gov-    __ 

ernments  of  Saratoff  and  Samara,  the  Kirghiz  Astypalsea  (as"ti-pa-le'a). 
Steppe,theCaspian,  Caucasia,  and  the  province    of  Stampalia. 
pf  the  Don  Cossacks.    It  is  largely  a  barren  steppe,  ^gimcjon  (a-s6n-the-dn'),   or  Assumption 
Area,  91,327  square  ipiles.    Population,  932,689.  (a-sump'shon).      [Sp.  ^SMnciOK,  Assumption 

Astrakhan,    The  capital  of  the  government  of    (gc.  of  the  Virgin).]    The  capital  of  Paraguay, 


Astrakhan,  situated  on  an  island  in  the  delta 
of  the  Volga,  about  lat.  46°  25'  N.,  long.  47° 
55'  E.  It  has  extensive  commerce  by  the  Volga  and 
Caspian,  and  is  the  chief  port  for  the  latter ;  it  has  also  a 
large  transit  trade  with  Persia  and  Transcaucasia,  various 


situated  on  the  Paraguay  in  lat.  25°  16'  29"  S., 
long.  57°  42'  W.,  founded  by  Juan  de  Ayolas 
Sept.,  1536.  It  was  taken  by  the  Brazilians  Jan. 
5,  1869.     PopuJiLtion  (1887),  34^072.^ 


manufactures,  valuable  fisheries,  etc.   It  was  formerly  the  AsUT  (as'6r).     The  ancient  national  god  of  As- 
capital  of  a  Tatar  state,  and  was  conquered  by  Russia  1664.     Syria.     Also  Assur. 


^7 


Population  (18i)7),  113,075. 

Astrea.    See  Astrsea. 

Astrie    (as-tra').      A   pastoral    romance 
Honor6  jyVxt^.    See  the  extract. 

In  imitation  ol  Montemayor  and  Cervantes,  whose  ro- 
mances had  been  so  popular  in,  the  peninsula.  Honors 
D'UrK  (1567-1626),  a  French  nobleman,  wrote  his  Astrfie, 
a  work  which,  under  the  disguise  ol  pastoral  incidents 
and  characters,  exhibits  the  singular  history  ol  his  own 
lamily,  and  the  amours  at  the  court  ol  Henry  the  Great. 


The  form  of  religion  prevalent  in  Assyria  is  wholly 
Babylonian,  with  one  important  exception.  Supreme  over 
the  old  Babylonian  Pantheon  rises  the  figure  of  a  new 
god,  the  national  deity  ol  Assyria,  its  impersonation  Assur. 
Assur  is  not  merely  primus  inter  pares,  merely  the  presi- 
dent ol  the  divine  assembly,  like  Merodach  :  he  is  their 
lord  and  master  in  another  and  more  autocratic  sense. 
Like  the  Yahveh  of  Israel,  he  claims  to  be  "king  above 
all  gods,"  that  "among  all  gods  "  there  is  none  like  unto 
himself.  Sayce,  Anc.  Babylonians,  p.  122. 

The  flrst"voiume,  dedicated  to  that  monarch,  appeared,    »_„_.    Cn'Kn  ra^        fSkt     from  fl,<M/.    snirit    anil 
probably  in  its  second  edition  (no  copy  of  the  first  edition  ASUra  (aso-ra;.      \tiSX,.,  xrom  asu,  spmi,  ana 

P  ■'■-.--  "^ ,«. — ,,1;.',.^ „ „j    gQ  '  gpiiitual.']     A  word  designating  especially 

the  (fifference  between  celestial  and  mundane 
existence,  and  then  a  spirit  of  life,  God ;  later. 


is  known),  in  1610,  the  second  part  in  the  same  year,  and 
the  third, which  is  addressed  to  Louis  XIIL,  was  given  to 
the  world  four  or  five  years  subsequent  to  the  publication 
of  the  second.  The  Duke  of  Savoy  was  depositary  of  the 
fourth  part,  which  remained  in  manuscript*  at  the  death 
of  the  author,  and  was  transmitted  on  that  event  to 


a  demon,  as  if  a-sura,  a  not-god,  whence  by 
popular  etymology  sura,  god. 


Asurbanipal 

Asurbanipal  (a-s6r-ba'ni-pal).  [Assyrian  AS- 
ur-bani-pal,  the  god  Ashur  creates  or  makes  the 
son.]  King  of  Assyria  668-626  b.  c,  son  of 
Esarhaddon  and  grandson  of  Sennacherib,  the 
last  of  the  great  kings  of  the  vigorous  Sargon- 
ide  dynasty.  The  Greeks  called  him  Sardanapalus : 
in  the  Old  Testament  (Ezra  iv.  10)  he  is  mentioned  under 
the  nameAxena^f^ar  (which  see),  •  the  great  and  majestic  ' 
His  reign  was  marked  by  great  external  prosperity  and 
splendor,  and  the  flourishing  of  art  and  literature,  but 
also  by  frequent  revolts  and  disturbances,  which  shook 
the  huge  empire  to  its  foundations,  and  foreboded  its 
near  fall,  which  took  place  a  score  of  years  after  his  death 
(608  B.  c).  At  the  beginning  of  his  reign  he  had  to  sup- 
press a  revolt  in  Egypt  instigated  by  the  dethroned  Ethi- 
opian king  Tarhaka  or  Tarqu  (the  Tirhakah  mentioned 
in  the  Old  Testament— 2  Ki.  xlx.  9,  Isa.  xxxvii.  9).  But 
the  most  significant  uprising  was  that  of  the  coalition 
of  Babylonia,  Arabia,  Ethiopia,  Phoenicia,  and  Palestine, 
brought  about  by  his  own  brother  Shamash-shum-ukin 
(the  Greek  Saosduchinos),  the  viceroy  of  Babylonia,  which 
was  also  quelled  by  Asurbanipal.  Of  his  victories  and 
conquests  may  be  especially  mentioned  the  capture  and 
destruction  of  Susa,  after  many  expeditions,  between  646 
and  640  B.  0.  Asurbanipal  held  together  the  Assyrian  em- 
pire under  his  iron  scepter  with  great  rigor,  not  shrink- 
ing from  the  most  atrocious  cruelties.  Inflicting  punish- 
ment on  so-called  "rebels."  Under  his  protection  and 
promotion  Assyrian  art,  especially  architecture,  attained 
the  height  of  its  development,  and  literature  celebrated 
its  golden  age.  Being  of  a  literary  turn  of  mind,  or,  as  he 
expresses  himself,  "endowed  with  attentive  ears"  and  in- 
clined to  the  study  of  "all  inscribed  tablets,"  he  caused 
the  collecting  and  reediting  of  the  whole  cuneiform  lit- 
erature then  in  existence,  and  the  tablets,  well  arranged 
and  marked,  were  deposited  in  the  royal  library  of  his 
palace.  A  great  part  of  this  library  was  discovered  in 
the  ruins  of  that  palace  on  the  mound  of  Kuyunjik,  and 
transferred  to  the  British  Museum,  and  to  it  is  due 
the  larger  part  of  our  present  knowledge  of  Assyrian  his- 
tory and  civilization. 

Asur-bel-nisesu  (a'sor-bel-ne-sa'so).  [Assyr- 
ian, 'the  god  Ashur  is  the  lord  of  his  people.'] 
King  of  Assyria  about  1480  b.  c.  He  is  the  flrst 
Assyrian  king  about  whom  some  definite  and  certain 
knowledge  is  preserved.  He  is  mentioned  in  the  cunei- 
form inscriptions  as  having  entered  intd  a  treaty  with 
Karaindash,  king  of  Babylonia. 

Asur-dan  (a'sor-dan)  I.  [Assyrian,  'the  god 
Ashur  is  judge.']  King  of  Assyria  about  1208- 
1150  B.C.  He  conducted  a  victorious  campaign  against 
the  Babylonian  king  Zamma-shum-iddina,  and  conquered 
manj;  cities.  He  had  the  temple  of  Anu  and  Ramman  in 
the  city  of  Assur,  which  was  threatening  to  fall,  torn  down, 
without,  however,  rebuilding  it.  This  was  done  by  Tiglath. 
Pileser  I.  (1120-1100  B.  0.). 

Asur-dan  II.  King  of  Assyria  about  930-911 
B.  c,  son  and  successor  of  Tiglath-Pileser  11. 

Asur-dan  III.  King  of  Assyria  772-754  B.  c. 
The  most  interesting  event  recorded  of  his  reign  is  the 
mention  of  an  eclipse  of  the  sun  at  Nineveh  in  763.  As 
this  is  confirmed  by  the  calculations  of  astronomers,  who 
fix  the  date  thereof  on  the  15th  of  June,  763,  it  has  served 
as  a  basis  for  the  establishment  of  the  whole  chronology 
of  western  Asia. 

Asur-etil-ilani-ukinni  (a'sor-a-tel-e-la'ne-s- 
ke'ne).  [Assyrian,  '  Asur,  the  lord  of  gods,  has 
established  me.']  Kingof  Assyriafrom  626b. c, 
son  and  successor  of  Asurbanipal.  Under  him 
began  the  downfall  of  the  Assyrian  .empire,  inaugurated 
by  an  invasion  of  the  Scythians.  How  long  he  reigned 
is  not  known.  His  son  and  successor  Sin-shar-ishkun 
('the  moon-god  has  established  the  king  *),  the  Sarakos  of 
the  Greeks,  was  the  last  king  of  Assyria. 

Asur-nadin-snin  (a's6r-na'den-s6m).  [As- 
syrian, 'Asur  is  the  giver  of  the  name.']  Eldest 
son  of  Sennacherib,  king  of  Assyria  705-681 
B.C.  He  was  established  by  his  father  king  of  Babylonia, 
but  was  made  captive  by  Hallus,  king  of  Elam. 

Asurnazirpal  (a's5r-na'zer-pal).  [Assyrian 
A^ur-nagir-pal,  Asur  is  the  protector  of  the 
son.]  King  of  Assyria  884-860  b.  c.  He  was  one 
of  the  greatest  and  most  warlike  of  Assyrian  kings,  and 
inaugurated  a  period  of  prosperity  and  power  of  the  As- 
syrian empire.  He  made  numerous  and  successful  cam- 
paigns especially  to  "the  countries  of  Nairi"  (see  Ar- 
menia) and  Syria,  and  extended  the  boundaries  of  Assyr- 
ian dominion  westward.  His  victorious  expeditions  were 
marked,  according  to  his  own  annals,  by  atrooioils  cruel- 
ties and  barbarous  devastations.  He  also  distinguished 
himself  by  works  of  peace.  He  rebuilt  Calah,  which  he 
made  his  capital,  adorning  it  with  a  temple  of  Adar  (the 
god  of  war),  his  favorite  divinity,  and  a  palace  for  himself, 
and  constructed  a  canal.  The  ruins  of  his  buildings  ex- 
cavated show,  a  great  advance  in  architecture  and  sculp- 
ture over  the  preceding  period. 

Asur-nirari  (a's6r-ne-ra're).  [Assyrian  .4sttr- 
nirdri,  the  god  Asur  is  my  helper.]  King  of 
Assyria  754-745  B.  c. 

Asvalayana.  A  Sanskrit  author,  represented 
as  a  pupil  of  Saunaka.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
ritual  treatise,  the  Asvalayanasutras. 

Asvamedha.  [Skt.,  'the  horse-sacrifice.']  A 
ceremony  the  antiquity  of  which  reaches  back 
into  Vedie  times.  It  was  then  performed  by  kings 
desirous  of  offspring.  As  described  in  the  Mahabharata, 
it  implied  that  he  wlto  instituted  it  was  a  conqueror 
and  king  of  kings.  A  horse  of  a  particular  color  was 
consecrated  and  let  loose  to  vander  for  a  year.  If  the 
liberator  of  the  horse  subdued  all  the  countries  through 
which  the  horse  passed,  he  returned  with  the  horse 
in  triumph,  and  a  great  festival  was  held,  at  which  the 


89 

horse  was  sacriflced  really  or  flguratively.  It  was  be- 
lieved that  a  hundred  Asvamedhas  would  enable  the 
offerer  to  dethrone  Indra. 

Asvatthaman.  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  son 
of  Drona  and  Kripa,  and  a  general  of  the 
Kauravas.  He  and  two  others  were  the  sole  effective 
survivors  of  the  Kaurava  host  after  the  great  battle  of 
the  Mahabharata. 

Asvln  (as'vin).  In  Vedic  mythology,  properly 
an  adjective  meaning  '  provided  with  horses,' 
'consisting  of  l^prses,'  in  which  sense  it  is 
used  in  a  number  of  Vedic  passages.  As  a  sub- 
stantive signifying  'horse-tamer^  it  is  applied  to  Agni 
and  to  Agni  and  Indra,  and  as  a  masculine  dual,  Asmnau, 
'the  two  charioteers,"  to  two  gods  of  light,  who  are  the 
flrst  to  appear  in  the  eastern  sky  upon  a  golden  chariot 
drawn  by  winged  steeds,  or  birds.  They  are  deliverers 
bestowers  of  gifts,  healers,  and  already  in  the  Veda  are 
the  physicians  of  the  gods.  Later  they  are  the  constant 
attendants  of  Indra  and  paragons  of  beauty.  They  also 
appear  as  the  Twins  in  the  zodiac.  They  are  the  Dios- 
curi, the  Castor  and  Pollux,  of  Greco-Roman  mythology. 

As  You  Find  It.  A  comedy  by  Charles  Boyle, 
the  fourth  earl  of  Orrery,  printed  in  1703. 

As  You  Like  It.  A  comedy  by  Shakspere, 
which  existed  in  some  shape  in  1600.  Furness. 
Malone  and  others  (Fleay,  Hunter,  etc.)  think  it  was  pro- 
duced  in  1599.  No  copy  of  it  is  known  to  exist  earlier 
than  the  folio  of  1623.  It  was  founded  on  Lodge's  ro- 
mance "Rosalynde."  In  the  comedy  the  characters  of 
Touchstone,  Audrey,  and  Jacques  are  Shakspere's,  other- 
wise he  has  followed  Lodge  quite  closely. 

There  is  on  this  Date  of  Composition  a  happy  unanimity, 
which  centers  about  the  close  of  the  year  1599 :  if  a  few 
months  carry  it  back  into  1598  or  carry  it  forward  almost 
to  1601,  surely  we  need  not  be  more  clamorous  than  a 
parrot  against  rain  over  such  trifles. 

Furness,  App.  to  As  you  Like  it,  p.  304. 

Ata.  An  ancient  Egyptian  king,  the  fourth  of 
the  1st  dynasty. 

Atacama  (a-ta-ka'ma).  Desert  of.  An  exten- 
sive rocky  and  rainless  region  in  the  northern 
part  of  Chile. 

Atacama,  A  northern  province  of  Chile,  capi- 
tal Copiap6.  It  is  rich  in  copper,  nitrates,  silver,  gold, 
salt,  and  various  minerals.  Area,  about  28,000  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  67,206.  Atacama  was  formerly 
a  maritime  department  of  Bolivia.  It  is  largely  a  rocky 
waste.    It  was  occupied  by  the  Chileans  in  1879. 

Atahualpa  (a-ta-wal'pa),  or  Atabuallpa,  or 
(erroneously)  Atabalipa  (a-ta-ba'li-pa).  Born 
probably  at  Cuzeo  about  1495 :  executed  at  Caja- 
marca,  Aug.  29, 1533.  An  Inca  sovereign  of  Peru, 
son  of  the  IncaHuaina  Capao.  HismotherwasTuta^ 
Palla,  a  native  of  Quillaco,  or  according  to  others  Pacchas, 
a  princess  of  Quito.  By  the  Inca  laws  he  was  illegitimate, 
and  his  younger  half-brother,  Huascar,  was  heir  to  the 
throne :  but  when  Huaina  Capac  died  (Nov.,  1626)  he  left 
the  northern  part  of  the  kingdom,  or  Quito,  to  Atahualpa, 
Huascar  retaining  the  rest.  A  war  broke  out  between  the 
two  (1630),  and  resulted  in  the  defeat  and  capture  of  Huas- 
car (spring  of  1632),  leaving  Atahualpa  master  of  the  whole 
empire.  He  was  on  his  way  from  Quito  to  be  crowned  at 
Cuzco  when  he  met  Pizarro  and  his  soldiers  at  Cajamarca 
(Nov.  15,  1632).  A  friendly  interview  was  arranged,  and 
Atahualpa  entered  the  great  square  of  Cajamarca  with 
many  thousand  unarmed  attendants.  Suddenly  the  Span- 
iards fell  on  them,  massacred  a  great  number,  and  seized 
Atahualpa  (Nov.  16).  The  Inca  offered  to  fill  a  room  half 
full  of  gold  as  a  ransom,  and  an  amount  equal  in  value 
to  $15,000,000  was  actually  collected.  Meanwhile  Pizarro 
attempted  to  treat  with  Huascar,  but  Atahualpa  privately 
sent  orders  to  have  him  slain.  Charged  with  this,  and 
with  attempting  to  incite  an  insurrection  against  the 
Spaniards  (a  charge  afterward  shown  to  be  false),  he  was 
tried  and  executed  by  strangling. 

Atakapa  (a-ta-ka'pa),  or  Tuckapa  (tuk'a-pa). 
A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians.  See  At- 
iacapan. 

Ataki  (a-ta'ke).  A  small  town  in  the  north- 
em  part  of  Bessarabia,  Eussia,  situated  on  the 
Dniester. 

Atala  (a-ta-la').  A  romance  by  Chateaubriand 
which  first  appeared  in  the  newspaper  "Le 
Mercure  de  Prance"  in  1801.  The  scene  is  laid  in 
North  America.  Atala,  the  daughter  of  a  North  American 
Indian  chief,  falls  in  love  with  Chaotas,  the  chief  of  another 
tribe,  who  is  a  prisoner,  delivers  him  from  death,  and  flies 
into  the  desert  with  him.  She  has  been  brought  up  in  the 
Christian  faith  and  vowed  to  virginity  by  her  mother,  and 
is  faithful  to  this  vow  through  incredible  temptations,  and 
flnally  poisons  herself  in  despairing  fanaticism. 

Atalanta  (at-a-lan'ta),  or  Atalante  (at-a-lan'- 
te).  [Gr.  'ATaMvTTjJi  1.  In  Greek  legend,  a 
maiden  whose  story  appears  in  two  versions : 
(a)  In  the  Arcadian  version,  a  daughter  of  Zeus  by  Cly- 
mene,  exposed  by  her  father  in  infancy,  suckled  by  a  bear, 
brought  up  by  a  party  of  hunters,  and  developed  into  a 
beautiful  and  swift  huntress.  She  took  part  in  the  Caly- 
donian  boar-hunt,  was  the  flrst  to  strike  the  boar,  and  re- 
ceived from  Meleager  the  head  and  skin  as  prize  of  victory. 
She  was  also  connected  with  the  Argonautic  expedition, 
and  married  Meilanion.  (6)  In  the  Boeotian  version,  a 
daughter  of  Schoeneus,  son  of  Athamas,  of  great  beauty 
and  very  swift  of  foot.  She  was  warned  by  an  oracle  not 
to  marry,  and  rid  herself  of  her  suitors  by  challenging 
them  to  a  race,  overtaking  them,  and  smiting  them  with 
a  spear  in  the  back.  Hippomenes,  however,  overcame  her 
by  throwing  before  her  in  the  race  three  golden  apples 
given  to  him'  by  Aphrodite,  which  she  stooped  to  pick  up, 


Ate 

and  so  failed  to  win.  Because  Hippomenes  faued  to  give 
thanks  to  Aphrodite,  the  goddess  changed  the  pair  into 
lions. 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  36)  discovered  by  Gold- 
schmidt  at  Paris,  Oct.  5,  1855. 
Atalanta  in  Calydon  (kal'i-don).   A  classical 
tragedy  by  Algernon  Charles  Swinburne,  pub- 
hshed  in  1864.  ^ 

The  truest  and  deepest  imitation  of  the  spu-it  of  Ma- 
ohylus  m  modern  times  is  not  to  be  sought  in  the  stiff  for- 
mahsm  of  Racine  or  Alfleri,  but  in  the  splendid  Atalanta 
in  Calydon  of  Mr.  Swinburne,  whose  antitheism  brings 
him  to  stand  m  an  attitude  between  human  freewill  and 
effort  on  the  one  side,  and  ruthless  tyranny  of  Providence 
on  the  other,  not  approached  in  poetry  (so  far  as  I  know> 
from  iEschylus'  day  down  to  our  own. 

Mahagy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  1. 277. 

Atalantis  (at-a-lan'tis).  The  New.  See  New 
Atalantis. 

Ataliba  (at-a-le'ba).  In  Sheridan's  transla- 
tion of  Kotzebue's  "  Pizarro,"  the  king  of  Quito 
(Inca  of  Peru). 

Atalide  (at-a-led').  In  Racine's  tragedy  "  Ba- 
jazet,"  a  princess  in  love  with  Bajazet.  She  kills 
herself  on  hearing  of  his  assassination,  instigated  by  her 
rival  Roxana,  reproaching  herself  with  being  in  some  sort 
the  cause. 

Atali  Tsalaki.    See  Cherokee. 

Atall  (at'ai).  In  Gibber's  comedy  "The  Double 
Gallant,"  the  son  of  Sir  Harry  Atall.  He  courts 
Clarinda  under  the  disguise  of  Colonel  Standfast,  falls  in 
love  with  Silvia  and  makes  love  to  her  as  Mr.  Freeman, 
and  finally  discovers  that  she  is  the  woman  to  whom  he 
had  been  betrothed  by  his  father  years  before. 

Atall,  Sir  Positive.  In  Thomas  Shadwell's 
comedy  "  The  Sullen  Lovers  or  The  Imperti- 
nents,"  a  foolish  knight  who  pretends  to  under- 
stand everything,  and  will  not  permit  any  one 
in  his  company  to  understand  anything.  He 
is  a  caricature  of  Sir  Robert  Howard. 

Atargatis  (at-ar-ga'tis).  [L.,  from  Gr.  'Ardpya- 
Tig,  a  Syrian  goddess  whose  name  appears  also 
in  the  form  Derceto,  Gr.  Aep/ccra.]  A  goddess 
of  the  Hittites,  worshiped  in  Carehemish,  cor- 
responding to  Ashtoreth  (Astarte)  of  the  Ca- 
naanites  (Assyro-Babylonian  Ishtar).  At  As- 
calon  she  was  worshiped  under  the  name  of  Derceto  in 
the  form  of  a  woman  terminating  in  a  fish.  She  also  had 
a  temple  in  Ephesus,  and  her  numerous  retinue  of  priest- 
esses, which  the  Greeks  found  there,  is  supposed  to  havo 
given  rise  to  the  myth  of  the  Amazons. 

Ataulf,  Ataulphus.    See  Atawulf. 

Atawulf  (at'a-wtilf).  Died  415  (417).  King 
of  the  West  Goths,  brother-in-law  of  Alario  I. 
whom  he  succeeded  in  410.  He  evacuated  Italy  in 
412  ;  conquered  Aquitaine  in  Gaul ;  formed  a  treaty  witli 
the  emperor  Honorius,  whose  sister  Placidia  he  married 
in  414 ;  crossed  into  Spain  to  subdue  a  revolt  of  the  Van- 
dals and  Suevi  against  the  empire ;  and  was  assassinated 
at  Barcelona.  Also  written  Atavlf,  AthatHf,  Adardft  Atami- 
jahus,  etc. 

Under  Alaric's  successor,  Athaulf,  the  flrst  foundations 
were  laid  of  that  great  West-Gothic  kingdom  which  we 
are  apt  to  look  on  as  specially  Spanish,  but  which  in  truth 
had  its  first  beginning  in  Gaul,  and  which  kept  some 
Gaulish  territory  as  long  as  it  lasted. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Geog- 

Atbara  (at-ba'ra).  The  largest  tributary  of 
the  Nile  with  the  exception  of  the  Blue  Nile. 
It  rises  near  Lake  Dembea  in  Abyssinia,  flows  in  a  north- 
westerly direction,  and  joins  the  Nile  south  of  Berber.  Its 
chief  affluent  is  the  Takazze.    Length,  about  500  miles. 

Atcha.    See  Atha. 

Atchafala^a  (ach-af-a-li'a).  An  outlet  of  the 
Red  and  Mississippi  rivers,  in  southern  Louisi- 
ana, about  150  miles  long. 

Atcheen,  or  Atchin.    See  Achin. 

Atchinsk  (a-ehensk').  A  town  in  the  govern, 
ment  of  Yeniseisk,  Siberia,  situated  on  the 
Tehulym  100  miles  west  of  Krasnoyarsk.  Pop- 
ulation, about  7,000. 

Atchison  (ach'i-son),  David  R.  Bom  at  Frog- 
town,  Ky. ,  Aug.  li,  1807 :  died  in  Clinton  County, 
Mo.,  Jan.  26,  1886.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  Democratic  United  States  senator  from  Missouri 
1843-55,  president  pro  tempore  of  the  Senate,  and  pro- 
slavery  leader  in  the  Kansas  troubles  of  1866-67. 

Atchison.  The  capital  of  Atchison  County, 
Kansas,  situated  on  the  Missouri  21  miles  north- 
west of  Leavenworth,  it  is  an  important  railway 
center,  and  has  manufactures  of  flour,  machinery,  etc. 
Population  (1900),  15,722. 

Ate  (a'te).  [Gr.  "Atti,  a  personification  of  an?, 
strife.]  1 .  In  Greek  mythology,  a  daughter  of 
Zeus  (Homer)  or  of  Eris,  strife  (Hesiod) ;  the 
goddess  of  infatuation  or  reckless  crime.  For 
entrapping  Zeus  in  a  rash  oath,  at  the  birth  of  Heracles, 
she  was  hurled  from  Olympus  to  earth,  where  she  contin- 
ues to  work  mischief,  walking  over  the  heads  of  men  with- 
out ever  touching  the  ground.  Behind  her  go  the  Litai 
(Prayers),  daughters  of  Zeus,  who  are  ready,  if  besought, 
to  repair  the  evil  she  has  done.  In  later  forms  of  the 
myth  she  became  an  avenger  of  unrighteousness  like  Dice 
and  Nemesis. 

3.  In  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene,"  a  hag,  a  liai 
and  slanderer,  friend  of  Duessa. 


Atella 

-Atella  (a-tel'a) .  In  ancient  geography,  a  town 
in  Campania,' Italy,  10  miles  north  of  Naples. 
See  Aversa. 

Atellan  plays  (a-tel'an  plaz).  Early  Roman 
comedies  so  named  from  Atella,  a  small  town 
in  Campania,  from  which  they  were  derived. 
Originally  simple  and  coarse  farces,  they  were 
gradually  raised  to  (burlesque)  comedy. 

Atellanse  fabulse  (at-e-la'ne  fab'ti-le).  See 
Atellan  plays. 

Aten  (a'ten).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  the  sun's 
disk.  The  worship  of  Aten  was  introduced 
by  Amenhotep  IV. 

The  son  and  successor  of  Thothmes  IV.  found  it  neces- 
sary to  support  himself  by  entering  into  matrimonial  alli- 
ance with  the  king  of  Naharina.  The  marriage  had 
strange  consequences  for  Egypt.  The  new  queen  brought 
with  her  not  only  a  foreign  name  and  foreign  customs, 
but  a  foreign  faith  as  well.  She  refused  to  worship  Amun 
of  Thebes  and  the  other  gods  of  Egypt,  and  clung  to  the 
religion  of  her  fathers,  whose  supreme  object  of  adora- 
tion was  the  solar  disk  [Aten].  The  Hittite  monuments 
themselves  bear  witness  to  the  prevalence  of  this  worship 
in  Northern  Syria,  The  winged  solar  disk  appears  above 
the  figure  of  a  king  which  has  been  brought  from  Birejik 
on  the  Euphrates  to  the  British  Museum ;  and  even  at 
Bogha2  Keui,  far  away  in  Northern  Asia  Minor,  the  winged 
solar  disk  has  been  carved  by  Hittite  sculptors  upon  the 
rock.  Sayce,  Hittites,  p.  21, 

Atena  (a-ta'na).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Salerno,  Italy,  45  miles  southeast  of  Sa- 
lerno. 

Aterno  (a-ter'no).  The  upper  course  of  the 
river  Pescara,  in  central  Italy. 

Atessa  (a-tes'sa).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Chieti,  Abruzzi,  Italy,  24  miles  southeast  of 
Chieti.    Population  (1881),  5,086. 

Atfalati'(at-fa'la-ti).  A  division  of  the  Kala- 
pooian  stock  of  North  American  Indians,  for- 
merly Uving  from  about  Wappatoo  Lake  to  the 
present  site  of  Portland,  Oregon,  but  now  on 
Grande  Ronde  reservation.  They  numbered  28  in 
1890.  Aifalati  is  the  name  which  they  give  themselves. 
Also  called  FoUati,  SualaUne,  Tudtatim,  TuhwcUaii,  Two- 
lati,  Wappatoo. 

Ath  (at),  or  Aath  (at),  or  Aeth  (at).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  situated  on 
the  Bender  30  miles  southwest  of  Brussels,  it 
has  a  flourishing  trade  and  manufactures.  Formerly  it 
was  a  fortress,  and  has  several  times  been  besieged.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  9,868. 

Athabasca  (ath-a-bas'ka).  [N.  Amer.  Ind., 
'place  of  hay  and  "reeds':  -propeily  Athapasoa.i 
A  provisional  district  in  the  Northwest  Territo- 
ries, Canada,  lying  north  of  Alberta  and  east  of 
British  Columbia.   Area,  251,300  square  miles. 

Athabasca,  or  Elk  Kiver.  A  river  in  British 
North  America  which  rises  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, flows  generally  northeast,  crosses  the 
western  end  of  Athabasca  Lake,  and  unites 
with  Peace  River  to  form  ^ave  River.  It  is 
properly  the  upper  course  of  the  Mackenzie. 
Length,  about  600  miles. 

Athabasca  Lake.  A  lake  in  British  North 
America,  about  lat.  59°  N.,  long.  110°  W.  It  re- 
ceives the  Athabasca  River,  and  its  outlet  is  by  the  Slave 
River  through  the  Mackenzie  to  the  Arctic  Ocean.  Length, 
230  miles.    Breadth,  20-30  miles. 

Athabasca  Pass.  A  pass  over  the  RocTsy 
Mountains,  in  British  North  America,  between 
Mounts  Brown  and  Hooker. 

Athabascans.    See  Athapascans. 

Atha-ben-Hakem.    See  Mokanna. 

Atha  Melik  (a'tha  ma'lik),  Ala-ed-Din  (a-ia^ 
ed-den').  Bom  in  Khorasan,  Persia,  about 
1227:  died  at  Bagdad,  1282.  A  Persian  his- 
torian, author  of  "Conquest  of  the  World." 

Athalaric  (a-thal'a-rik),  or  AthaMc  (a-thal'- 
rik).  Born  517:  clied  534.  A  Gothic  prince, 
son  of  Euthelric  or  Eutharic  and  Amalasuintha, 
daughter  of  Theodoric  I.  On  Theodoric's  death  in 
526  he  became  king  of  the  East  Goths  in  Italy  under  Ama- 
lasnintha's  regency. 

AthaUa.  l.  An  opera  by  Handel,  produced  in 
1783. — 8.  Aji  opera  by  Mendelssohn,  produced 
in  1844. 

Athaliah  (ath-a-li'a).  [Heb.,  'Tahveh  is 
mighty.']  The  daughter  of  Ahab,  king  of  Israel, 
and  Jezebel,  and  wife  of  Jehoram,  king  of  Ju- 
dah.  On  the  death  of  Jehoram  and  that  of  his  son  and 
successor,  Ahaziah,  she  usurped  the  throne  of  the  king- 
dom of  Jddah  about  843  B.  c.  fDuncker).  In  order  to  re- 
move all  rivals  she  pat  to  death  all  the  male  members  of 
the  royal  house,  Joash  alone  escaping.  She  was  put  to 
death  by  command  of  Jehoida  about  837  B.  0.  (Duncker). 

Athalie  (a-ta-le').  IF.ior  Athaliah.']  A  trag- 
edy composed  by  Racine  for  the  scholars  of 
Saint-Cyr,  but  not  performed  there.  The  sub- 
ject was  from  sacred  history,  and  it  was  his  last  dramatic 
work.  It  was,  written  at  the  instigation  of  Madame  de 
Maintenon,  was  first  performed  in  1690  (printed  in  1691) 
at  Versailles  with  choruses,  and  has  since  been  produced 
from  time  to  time  with  music  by  various  great  composers. 
Athalie  was  one  of  Eachel's  greatest  parts. 


90 

Athamas(ath'a-mas).  [Gr.  !!<ld(i/uac.]  InGrreek 
legend,  a  son  of  .^olus,  king  of  Thessaly,  and 
Enarete,  and  king  of  the  Minyw  in  the  Boeotian 
Orchomenus.  He  was  the  father,  by  Nephele,  the 
cloud-goddess,  of  Fhrixus  and  Helle.  He  united  himself 
with  Ino,  daughter  of  Cadmus,  and  was  thereupon  aban- 
doned by  Nephele,  who  in  revenge  brought  a  drought  upon 
his  land  and  carried  away  her  children  through  the  air  on 
a  golden-fleeced  ram.  In  the  transit  Helle  fell  into  the 
sea,  thereafter  named  for  her  "Hellespont."  He  was 
later  visited  with  madness  by  Hera,  and  slew  his  son 
Learchus  and  persecuted  Ino  whg,  with  her  other  son 
Melicertes,  threw  herself  into  the  sea.  Finally  he  settled 
in  a  part  of  Thessaly  named  for  him  the  "  Athamanian 
plain,"  and  wedded  Themisto. 

Athanagild  (a-than'a-gild),  L.  Athanagildus 
(a-than-a-gil'dus).  Died  567  A.  d.  A  king  of 
the  West  Goths.  He  ascended  the  throne  in  554  by 
the  aid  of  a  Byzantine  fleet,  and  in  return  for  this  service 
ceded  to  the  emperor  Justinian  all  the  seaboard  towns  from 
Valencia  to  Gibraltar.  Of  his  two  daughters  Brunehilde 
and  Galeswintha,  the  former  was  married  to  Sigebert, 
king  of  Austrasia,  and  the  latter  to  Ohilperic,  king  of 
Neustria. 

Athanaric  (a-than'a-rik).  Died  381.  A  chief 
of  a  tribe  of  West  &oths  in  Dacia.  He  was  de- 
feated by  the  emperor  Valens  in  369,  and  remained  quiet 
six  years,  when  the  pressure  of  the  Huns  compelled  him 
to  take  up  arms  once  more  against  the  empire.  He  died 
at  Constantinople,  whither  he  had  gone  to  conclude  a 
trea^  with  Theodosius. 

Athanasian  Creed.  One  of  the  three  great 
creeds  of  the  Christian  church,  supposed  at 
one  time  to  have  been  composed  by  Athanasius. 
The  name  was  probably  given  to  it  during  the  Arian  con- 
troversy in  the  6th  century,  Athanasius  being  the  chief 
upholder  of  the  system  of  doctrine  opposed  to  the  Arian 
system.  It  is  included  in  the  Greek,  Roman,  and  English 
services,  but  id  not  retained  in  the  American  Book  of 
Common  Prayer.  It  is  also  called  "  Quicunque  vult, "  from 
its  first  words. 

Athanasius  (ath-a-na'shi-us),  Saint.  Bom  at 
Alexandria  about  296  A.  D. :  died  there,  378. 
One  of  the  fathers  of  the  Christian  church,  and 
the  chief  defender  of  the  orthodox  faith  against 
Arianism:  sumamed  "The  Father  of  Ortho- 
doxy." He  was  made  a  deacon  by  Alexander,  the  patriarch 
of  Alexandria,  in  319 ;  accompanied  Alexander  to  the  Synod 
of  Nice  in  325 ;  secured  by  his  eloquence  and  zeal  the  for- 
mulation on  the  part  of  the  synod  of  the  Nicene  Creed 
against  the  Arians ;  was  made  patriarch  of  Alexandria  in 
328 ;  was  deposed  by  the  Synod  of  Tyre  in  336,  and  exiled 
to  Treves  by  Constantino  I.  in  336 ;  was  reinstated  by  Con- 
stantino II.  in  338 ;  was  deposed  by  Constantius  in  340, 
taking  refuge  with  Julius  I.,  bishop  of  Rome,  through 
whose  influence  his  doctrines  were  approved  by  the  synods 
of  Rome  (341)  and  Sardica  (343) ;  returned  to  Alexandria 
in  346 ;  was  condemned  by  the  Council  of  Milan  in  355, 
and  again  expelled  by  Constantius  in  356 ;  returned  in  362 
and  was  expelled  by  Julian  in  the  same  year,  taking  refuge 
in  Upper  Egypt ;  returned  to  Alexandria  in  364 ;  and  was 
expelled  by  v  alens  in  365,  returning  in  366.  His  works 
were  edited  by  the  Benedictines  (1698),  and  by  Migne 
in  the  "Patrologia."  His  memory  is  celebrated  in  the 
Eastern  and  Latin  churches  on  May  2. 

Athapascan  (ath-a-pas'kan),  or  Tinneh  (ti- 
ns'). A  linguistic  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,  in  three  primary  divisions,  the  north- 
ern, the  Pacific,  and  the  southern.  The  northern 
division  includes  tribes  of  British  North  America  and 
Alaska,  among  which  are  the  Ah-tena,  Kaiyuh-khotana, 
K'naia-khotana,  Koyukukhotana,  Kutchin,  Montagnais, 
Montagnards,  Takulli,  and  Unakhotana.  The  Pacific  divi- 
sion is  composed  ot  tribes  of  Washington,  Oregon,  and  Cali- 
fornia, including  the  Chasta  Costa,  Chetco,  Hupa,  Kalts' 
erea  tunne,  Kenesti,  Kwalhiokwa,  Kwatami,  Micikqwutme 
tunne,  Mikono  tunne,  Naltunne  tunne,  Owilapsh,  Qwinc- 
tunnetun  Saiaz,  Tceme,  Tcetlestcan  tunne,  Tlatskanai, 
Tolowa,  Tutu,  and  Yukitce.  The  southern  division  con- 
sists of  the  various  Apache  and  Navajo  tribes  in  Oklahoma, 
New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Mexico.  While  some  of  the 
Oregon  tribes  have  fought  the  United  States,  its  more 
notable  opponents  have  been  the  Apache,  under  such 
famous  leaders  as  Cochise,  Mangus,  Colorado,  and  Gero- 
nimo.  The  present  (1893)  number  of  this  stock  is  32,899, 
of  whom  about  8,695,  constituting  the  northern  division, 
are  in  Alaska  and  British  North  America ;  about  895,  com- 
prising the  Pacific  division,  are  in  Washington,  Oregon, 
and  California ;  and  about  23,409,  belonging  to  the  south- 
em  division,  are  in  Oklahoma,  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and 
Colorado.  Besides  there  are  the  Lipan  and  some  refugee 
Apache  in  Mexico.  For  the  Athapasca  proper,  see  Jfon- 
ta^nais. 

Atharvan  (a-t'hSr'van).  In  Vedio  mythology, 
the  priest  of  fire  (Agni)  and  Soma,  and  then, 
viewed  as  a  definite  person,  the  first  priest 
in  primeval  times  who  brings  down  fire  from 
heaven,  offers  soma,  and  prays.  With  miraculous 
powers  he  subdues  the  demons,  and  he  receives  from 
the  gods  heavenly  gifts.  As  a  singular  or  as  a  plural  the 
word  also  designates  'the  spells  of  Atharvan,"  the  Athar- 
vaveda. 

Atharvaveda  (a-t'har-va-va'da).  [Skt.,  'Veda 
of  the  Atharvans.']  The  fourth  of  the  Vedas. 
It  never  attained  in  India  the  high  consideration  of  the 
other  Vedas,  or  came  to  be  universally  acknowledged  as 
a  Veda.  To  the  student,  however,  its  interest  is  only 
second  to  that  of  the  Rik.  It  is  a  historical,  not  a  litur- 
gical, collection.  It  goes  by  a  variety  of  names,  which 
seem  at  least  in  part  fabricated  to  give  it  a  dignity  to 
which  it  had  no  fair  claim.  It  was  called  the  Veda  of 
the  Atharvans  and  the  Angirases  to  bring  it  into  connec- 
tion with  ancient  and  venerated  Indian  families,  and 
'■Veda of  the  Atharvans"  has  come  to  be  its  most  famil- 


Athene  Folias 

lar  name.  It  is  also  called  Brahmaveda,  where  brohma 
means  'sacred  utterance'  in  the  sense  of  'charm,  In- 
cantation.' It  comprises  nearly  six  thousand  verses  in 
about  seven  hundred  and  thirty  hymns,  which  are  divided 
into  twenty  books.  The  first  eighteen  books  are  arranged 
upon  a  like  system,  of  which  the  length  of  the  hymn 
is  the  principle.  A  sixth  of  the  mass  is  not  metrical, 
but  consists  of  prose  akin  to  the  Brahmanas.  Of  the  re- 
mainder one  sixth  is  found  also  in  the  Rik,  and  five  sixths 
are  peculiar  to  the  Atharvan.  As  compared  with  the  first 
nine  books  of  the  Rik,  the  tenth  book  of  the  Rik  and  the 
Atharvan  are  the  product  of  a  later  period.  In  the  former 
the  gods  are  regarded  with  love  and  confidence ;  in  the 
latter  with  cringing  fear.  The  Atharvan  knows  a  host  of 
imps  and  hobgoblins,  and  offers  them  homage  to  induce 
them  to  abstain  from  harm.  The  most  prominent  char, 
acteristic  is  the  multitude  of  incantations  spoken  by  the. 
person  to  be  benefited  or  by  the  sorcerer  for  him.  The 
Atharvan  seems  in  the  main  of  popular  rather  than  of 
priestly  origin,  and  forms  an  intermediate  step  to  the  su- 
perstitions ot  the  ignorant  mass. 

Athaulf,    See  Atawulf. 

Atheist,  The,  or  The  Second  Fart  of  The 
Soldier's  Fortune.  A  comedy  by  Otway,  first 
acted  in  1684. 

Atheist's  Tragedy,  The,  or  The  Honest 
Man's  Bevenge.  A  play  by  CyrU  Tourneur, 
conjectured  (by  Pleay)  to  have  been  acted 
between  1601  and  1604,  and  printed  in  1611. 
It  was  founded  on  Boccaccio's  "Decameron," 
vii.  6. 

Athelard  of  Bath.    See  Adelard. 

Athelney  (ath'el-ni),  Isle  of.  [AS.  ^thelmga 
ig,  isle  of  nobles.]  A  marsh  near  Taunton, 
Somersetshire,  England,  the  refuge  of  Alfred 
the  Great  in  878.  He  founded  here  a  Bene- 
dictine abbey  in  888. 

Athelstan  (ath'el-stan),  or  .Sthelstan.  Bom 
895 :  died  940.  King  of  the  West  Saxons  and 
Mercia  925-940,  a  son  of  Edward  the  Elder: 
sumamed  "  The  Glorious."  He  defeated  the  Danes 
and  Celts  at  Brunanburgh  in  937.  Througii  the  marriage 
of  his  sisters,  he  was  brother-in-law  to  Charles  the  Simple, 
king  of  the  West  Franks ;  Louis,  king  of  Lower  Bur- 
gundy ;  Hugh,  the  Great  Duke  of  the  French ;  and  the 
emperor  Otto  the  Great. 

Athelstane  (ath'el-stan).  In  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
novel  "Ivanhoe,"  the  Thane  of  Coningsburgh, 
suitor  of  Rowena,  called  "  The  Unready,"  from 
the  slowness  of  his  mind. 

Athena.    See  Athene. 

Athenseum  (ath-e.-ne'um).  [Gr.  ^ASfivaiov.']  A 
famous  school  or  university  at  Rome,  founded 
by  the  emperor  Hadrian.  It  was  named  for 
Athens,  and  was  situated  on  the  Capitoline 
Hill. 

Athenseum,  The.  A  London  club  established 
in  1824.  It  was  designed  for  the  "association  of  indi- 
viduals known  for  their  scientific  or  literary  attainments, 
artists  of  eminence  in  any  class  of  the  Fine  Arts,  and  no- 
blemen and  gentlemen  distinguished  as  liberal  patrons  of 
Science,  Literature,  or  the  Arts."  Its  headquarters  are  at 
107  PaU  MaU,  S.  W. 

Athenseus  (ath-e-ne'us).  [Gr.  'ABvvavo^.']  A 
Greek  grammarian,  rhetorician,  and  philoso- 
pher of  Naucratis,  Egypt,  who  flourished  about 
200  A.  D.:  author  of  "  Deipnosophistse  "  (ed.  by 
Meineke  1859).    See  DeipnosopMsts. 

Athenagoras  (ath-e-nag'o-ras).  [Gr.  'Adin>ay6- 
paf.]  Born  at  Athens:  Soiirished  about  176 
A.  D.  A  Greek  Platonist  philosopher  and  Chris- 
tian, author  of  an  apology  or  intercession  in 
behalf  of  the  Christians,  addressed  to  the  em- 
perors Marcus  Aurelius  and  Commodus.  He 
states  and  refutes  the  accusations  of  atheism,  cannibalism, 
and  incest  made  against  the  Christians  in  his  day.  A 
treatise  on  the  resurrection  of  the  dead  is  also  attributed 
to  him. 

Athenais.    See  Eudoeia. 

Athene  (a-the'ne),  or  Athena  (-na).  [Gr.'Aft^w?, 
'A8//va.2  In  Greek  mythology,  the  goddess  of 
knowledge,  arts,  sciences,  and  righteous  war; 
particularly,  the  tutelary  deity  of  Athens :  iden- 
tified by  the  Romans  with  Minerva,  she  personi- 
fied the  clear  upper  air  as  well  as  mental  clearness  and 
acuteness,  embodying  the  spirit  of  trutih  and  divine  wis- 
dom, and  was  clothed  with  the  segis,  symbolizing  the  dark 
storm-cloud,  and  armed  with  the  resistless  spear — the 
shaft  of  lightning. 

Professor  Max  Miiller,  for  instance,  had  identified 
Athena,  the  great  deity  ot  the  Ionian  Greeks,  with  the 
Vedic  dahana,  the  "dawn"  creeping  over  the  sky.  The 
philological  difficulty  was  considerable,  and  scholars  are 
now  inclined  to  believe  that  Athena  was  not  the  dawn  but 
the  lightning.  Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  306. 

Athene  Farthenos  (a-the'ne  par'the-nos). 
[Gr.  'A6^  TrapBivoQ,  Athene  the  virgin.]  A 
notable  Roman  reduced  copy,  in  the  National 
Museum,  Athens,  of  the  great  chryselephantine 
statue  of  Athene  by  Phidias  in  the  Parthenon. 
Artistically  the  copy  is  poor,  but  from  its  evidently  care- 
ful reproduction  of  details  it  is  historically  highly  impor- 
tant. 

Athene  Folias  (a-the'ne  pol'i-as).  [Gr.  'Ad^ 
7ro/l(df.  Athene,  guardian  of  the  city  (Athens).] 
A  notable  original  Greek  statue,  in  the  Villa 


Athene  Folias 

Albani,  Borne.  The  goddess,  in  her  usual  lull  drapery 
and  fflgis,  has  a  llou-head  drawn  over  her  head  in  place  of 
a  helmet.  The  proportions  are  somewhat  short,  as  in  the 
older  sculpture,  and  the  statue  is  dated  by  experts  in  the 
6th  century  B.  0. 

Athene,  Temple  of.  See  Assos,  ^gina,  Athens, 
Syracuse. 

Athenian  Bee,  The.  An  epithet  applied  to 
Plato,  a  native  of  Athens,  in  allusion  to  the 
sweetness  of  his  style. 

Athenion  (a-the'ni-on).  A  leader  in  the  second 
servile  insurrection  in  Sicily,  103-99  b.  o.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  the  commander  of  banditti  in  Cilicia, 
where  he  was  captured  and  sold  as  a  slave  into  Sicily.  He 
was  chosen  leader  of  the  insurgents  in  the  western  part 
of  the  island,  made  an  unsuccessful  attack  on  Lilybeeum, 
joined  Tryphon  (Salvius),  king  of  the  rebels,  by  whom  he 
was  for  a  time  thrown  into  prison,  fought  under  Tryphon 
in  the  battle  with  L.  Licinius  Lucnllus,  and  on  the  death 
of  Tryphon  became  king.  He  was  slain  in  battle  by  the 
hand  of  M.  Aquillius  who  put  down  the  revolt. 

AthenodoruS  (a-then-o-do'ms).  [Gr.  'AdevdSa- 
pof.]  Born  at  Tarsus,  Asia  Minor:  lived  in  the 
1st  century  B.  c.  A  Stoic  philosopher  of  Tarsus, 
a  friend  of  the  emperor  Augustus:  surnamed 
"Cananites,"  from  Cana,  in  Cilicia,  his  father's 
birthplace. 

Athenodorus.  A  Greek  statuary,  one  of  the 
collaborators  on  the  group  of  the  "Laoeoon." 
He  was  a  son  and  pupil  of  Agesander  of  Bhodes. 
See  Laocoon. 

Athens  (ath'enz).  [Gr.  'ABfjvai,  Homer  (Odys- 
sey, vii.80)  'ABiiv7i,lj.Athenx,^.At'h^es,(j!.Athen, 
It.  Atene;  origin  unknown:  traditionally  from 
'ASfjirri,  the  goddess.]  The  capital  and  largest 
city  of  Greece  and  the  chief  city  of  Attica,  sit- 
uated about  5  miles  from  its  seaport  Piraeus  (on 
the  Saronie  Gulf),  in  lat.  37°  58'  N.,  long.  23° 
44'  B.  The  ancient  city  grew  up  around  the  Acropolis. 
The  other  noted  hills  were  the  Areopagus  and  Pnyx.  Long 
walls  joined  the  city  to  its  port.  The  modem  city  has  ex- 
tended northeastward  toward  Lycabettua,  and  contains, 
besides  the  palace  and  government  buildings,  a  university, 
a  museum,  and  foreign  (American,  French,  German,  etc.) 
schools  for  classical  studies.  Athens  was  founded,  ac- 
cording to  the  old  account,  by  an  Egyptian  colony  led  by 
Ceorops.  It  became  the  chief  place  in  Attica,  with  Pallas 
Athene  as  its  especial  divinity,  and  was  ruled  by  kings, 
among  whom  Erechtheus,  Theseus,  and  Codrus  were  far 
mous.  It  was  then  (from  the  legendary  date  B.  0. 1132) 
ruled  by  the  nobles  (Eupatrids),  and  had  archons  as  mar 
gistrates,  who  were  successively  perpetual,  decennial,  and 
after  683  B.  0.  annual.  The  laws  of  Draco  were  enacted  in 
624  B.  0.,  and  those  of  Solon  in  594  B.  o.  Plsistratus  be- 
came tyrant  in  560,  and  his  sons  were  expelled  in  610.  The 
reforms  of  Cleisthenes  (609)  made  Athens  a  pure  democ- 
racy :  popular  assemblies  of  all  citizens  made  the  laws. 
The  glorious  period  began  with  the  Persian  wars,  in  which 
Athens  took  a  leading  part,  as  at  Marathon  490,  and  Sala^ 
mis  480.  The  city  was  temporarily  held  by  the  Persians 
in  480.  Under  Themistocles,  immediately  after,  the  long 
walls  were  built.  Athens  became  the  head  of  the  Con- 
federacy of  Delos  in  477(?),  and  for  a  short  period  had  an 
extensive  empire  and  was  the  first  power  in  Greece.  The 
"  Age  of  Pericles  "  (about  461-429)  was  noted  for  the  adorn- 
ment of  the  city.  The  Peloponnesian  war,  431-404,  re- 
sulted in  the  displacement  of  Athens  by  Sparta  in  the 
hegemony  of  Greece.  Athens  was  taken  by  Sparta  in  404 
and  an  aristocratic  faction  was  put  in  power ;  but  moder- 
ate democracy  was  restored  by  Thrasybulus  in  403.  Athens 
under  Demosthenes  resisted  Macedon,  but  was  overthrown 
at  the  battle  of  Chseronea  338,  and  was  generally  after 
this  under  Macedonian  influence.  It  was  subjugated  by 
Home  in  146  B.  c,  and  pillaged  by  Sulla  in  86  B.  0.  It 
continued  to  form  part  of  the  Roman  and  later  of  the 
Byzantine  empire.  Conquered  by  the  Latin  Crusaders  in 
1205,  it  became  a  lordship  and  soon  a  duchy  under  French, 
Spanish,  and  Italian  rulers  successively  till  its  conquest 
by  the  Turks  in  1456.  It  was  devastated  by  a  Venetian 
bombardment  in  1687,  and  also  in  the  War  of  Liberation 
in  1821-27.  It  became  the  capital  of  the  new  kingdom  of 
Greece  in  1834.  Population  (1889),  107,261.  (See  Greece, 
Peloponnemm  War,  Persian  Wars,  Solon,  Pericles,  etc.) 
The  following  are  among  the  important  structures  of  the 
ancient  and  the  modem  city  :  Dionygiac  Theater,  a  thea- 
ter on  the  southern  slope  of  the  Acropolis,  where  aU  the 
famous  Greek  dramas  were  produced.  It  was  originally 
of  wood,  and  was  not  completed  in  stone  until  about  340 
B  c.  The  existingremainsoforohestra  and  stage-structure 
are  modifications  of  Roman  date.  The  front  wall  of  the 
stage  bears  excellent  reliefs  of  Bacchic  myths.  The  di- 
ameter of  the  cavea  is  about  300  feet :  it  has  one  precinc- 
tion,  and  is  divided  by  radial  stairways  into  13  wedge- 
shaped  sections.  The  lowest  tier  consists  of  seats  of  honor 
cut  from  marble  in  the  form  of  chairs.  Gate  oftim  Oil- 
Market,  or  New  Agora,  a  gate  built  with  gifts  from  Julius 
Cssar  and  Augustus.  The  west  front  is  Doric,  tetrastyle, 
the  columns,  26  feet  high  and  4  in  base-diameter,  still 
supporting  their  entablature  and  pediment.  The  middle 
interoolumniation,  for  the  passage  of  vehicles,  is  Hi  feet 
wide  the  others  4J.  Long  walls,  two  massive  fortifica- 
tion walls  extending  from  the  ramparts  of  the  city  to 
those  of  the  Pirsus,  at  a  distance  apart,  except  near  their 
diverging  extremities,  of  about  660  feet.  (See  above.) 
They  made  the  ports  and  the  metropolis  practically  one 
huge  fortress,  and  assured  Athenian  supplies  by  sea 
while  rendering  possible  Athenian  naval  triumphs  at 
times  when  the  Spartans  held  their  land  without  the 
walls  Thev  were  destroyed  when  Athens  fell  before 
Sparta  toward  the  end  of  the  6th  century,  but  were  re- 
stored in  393  B.  0.  by  Conon.  The  long  walls  follow  the 
crests  of  the  group  of  hills  southwest  of  the  Acropolis, 
and  run  southwest.  The  northern  wall,  which  was  the 
longer,  measured  about  6  mUes.  There  was  at  least  one 
irofg-wSl  to  guard  against  the  forcing  of  the  passage. 


91 


Atkinson,  Thomas  Witlam 


On  most  maps  there  is  shown  a  third  w^l,  called  the  Athlete,  The.     A  Greek  statue,  held  to  l)e  a 


Phalerio  wall,  starting  from  the  south  side  of  Athens, 
near  the  Ilissus,  and  extending  to  the  east  side  of  the  Bay 
of  Phalerum.  JS'o  vestige  of  such  a  wall  has,  however, 
been  discovered,  nor  has  any  trace  of  an  ancient  port  been 
found  at  the  so-called  Old  Phalerum,  at  the  eastern  end  of 
the  bay.    It  is  very  improbable  that  such  a  wall  ever  ex- 


oopy  of  the  famous  Doryphorus  (spear-bearer), 
the  canon  or  type  of  Polyclitus,  found  at  Pom- 
peii, and  now  m  the  Museo  Naziouale,  Naples. 
The  undraped  figure  is  rather  short  and  heavy,  but  is  ad- 
mirably proportioned  and  in  simple,  unpretending  pose. 


isted,  and  it  is  safe  to  assume  that  Phaleruni  lay  at  the  Athlit  (ath'let).  A  town  in  Galilee  (Palestine) 


western  end  of  the  bay.  016.  Temple  of  Athena,  between  the 
Erechtheum  and  the  Parthenon.  Its  foundations  were 
recognized  and  studied  by  Dorpteld  in  1885.  It  was  Do- 
ric, peripteral,  hexastyle,  with  12  columns  on  the  flanks, 
and  measured  70  by  137  feet.  A  number  of  the  column- 
drums,  capitals,  and  other  architectural  elements  are  built 
into  the  north  wall  of  the  Acropolis.  The  temple  had  a 
large  cult-cella  toward  the  east,  behind  which  there  was 
a  treasury  with  two  chambers  opening  on  a  vestibule. 
A  notable  authority  (Penrose)  combats  DBrpf eld's  restora-  . 
tion,  and  suggests  that  the  temple  may  have  been  Ionic,  AthlOnO,  £arl  Of. 
of  8  by  16  columns :  but  the  Dftrpfeld  theory  may  be  taken  AthlonO  (ath-lon') 


on  the  Mediterranean  south  of  Haifa,  it  con- 
tains the  Castle  of  the  Pilgrims,  a  splendid  fortress  estab- 
lished by  the  Templars  in  the  early  part  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury. It  occupies  a  promontory  projecting  into  the  sea, 
whose  isthmus  is  cut  by  glacis,  double  ditch,  and  massive 
walls  with  rectangular  towers.  Within  the  inclosure 
there  are  vaulted  magazines,  ruins  of  a  hexagonal  church, 
a  flne  hall  of  the  Palace  of  the  Templars,  and  other  re- 
mains. 

See  Gvnkel. 
A  parliamentary  borough 
in  Westmeath  and  Roscommon,  Ireland,  situ- 
ated on  the  Shannon  in  lat.  53°  25'  N.,  long.  7° 
51'  W.  It  was  taken  from  the  Irish  by  General  Ginkel 
in  June,  1691.  Population  of  parliamentary  borough  (1881), 
6,901. 
on  its  long  sides  and  its  semictocular  east  end  by  the  Athol,  or  Athole,  or  AthoU  (ath'ol).  A  hilly 
spTcKr'^^'ThTetefe  It  Inte^v^ifaTflfg^Wsteps  to  ^i^t™*  ^^  ^o^^^e™  Perthshire,  Scotland.  Area, 
give  access  to  the  seats.    Aea&ewy  of  Sciences,  a  beau-     about  400  square  miles. 

tiful  building  in  Pentelio  marble,  lately  completed  in  the  Athol  (ath'ol).  A  town  m  Worcester  County, 
classical  Greek  style  for  the  accommodation  of  a  learned  Massachusetts,  situated  on  Miller's  Eiver  33 
't^l2T^^-,^n^o^llI^X^^^T^-<>!^S'^i^.  tl^  ^e^t  °f  Ktchburg.  Population  (1900), 
in  the  13th  century.  (See  also  .4rcAo/fl'adria7i ;  Deari^eos,      ',^01.- 

Monwmemtof;  EreeMhewm;  Hegeso,  Monument  of ;  hysi-  Athor,  or  AthyT.     See  Hathor. 
crates,  Choragie  Monument  of;  Nike  ApUros,  or  Wingless  AthoS  (ath'os).     [Gr.  "A0OQ,  "A6av.'\     The  east- 
Vwtory,  Temple  of;  Odeum  of  Herodes;  Olympi^um^or    grnmpst  peninsula  of  Chalcidice  in  Macedonia, 


as  demonstrated.  This  temple  remained  standing  cer- 
tainly until  406  B.  c,  and  probably  until  the  reign  of 
Hadrian  and  later.  It  is  of  unusual  historical  and  archge- 
ological  importance.  Pana^henme  Stadium,  a  stadium 
still  practically  complete  except  for  its  sheathing  of  mar- 
ble.   The  arena  measures  109by  670  feet,  and  is  bordered  , 


Temple  of  Olympian  Zeus;  Parthenon;  Propylsea;  The- 

seum;  Tower  of  the  Winds.)    The  topographical  features 

of  ancient  Athens  are  described  under  their  names. 
Athens.     The  capital  of  Athens  County,  Ohio, 

situated  on  the  Hocking  River  35  miles  west 

of  Marietta.    It  is  the  seat  of  Ohio  University 

(founded  1804).  Population  (1900),  3,066. 
Athens.  A  city  in  Clarke  Coimty,  Georgia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Oconee  62  miles  northeast  ot 

Atlanta,    it  has  a  large  trade  in  cotton  and  cotton  man-  AthOS,  MoUnt. 


It  projects  into  the  ^gean  Sea  and  is  connected  with  the 
mainland  by  a  narrow  isthmus  (pierced  by  a  canal  during 
the  invasion  of  Xerxes).  On  it  were  the  ancient  cities 
Olophyxus,  Charadrise,  Apollonia,  Acrothoum,  and  Cleonse. 
Length,  30  miles. 

It  is  believed  that,  with  the  exception  of  the  dwellings 
of  Pompeii,  some  buildings  in  Athos  are  the  oldest  speci- 
mens of  domestic  architecture  in  Europe. 

Eneyc.  Brit.,  III.  14. 

[Gr.  "ABai,  "ABav,  NGr.  "Ayiav 


ufactures,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Georgia 
(founded  1801).    Population  (1900),  10,246. 

Athens.  The  capital  of  McMinn  County,  Ten- 
nessee, 50  miles  northeast  of  Chattanooga, 
Population  (1900),  1,849. 

Athens.   A  borough  in  Bradford  County,  north- 


bpoQ,  the  holy  mount.  It.  Monte  Santo.']  A 
mountain  at  the  extremity  of  the  peninsula  of 
Athos,  famous  since  the  early  middle  ages  for 
its  communities  of  monks,  which  form  a  sort 
of  republic  tributary  to  Turkey.  Height,  6,350 
feet. 


eastern  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Susque-  Athos(a-th6s';).  One  of  the  "Three  Musketeers" 

hanna  near  the  New  York  border.    Population    in  Dumas's  novel  of  that  name.    See  Trois 

(1900),  3,749.  Mousguetawes,  Les. 

Athens  of  America,  The,  or  The  Modern  Athy  (a-thi').    A  town  in  the  county  of  Kil- 

Athens.  An  epithet  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,     dare,  Ireland,  39  mUes  southwest  of  Dublin. 
Athens  of  Ireland,  The.    -An  epithet  of  the  Atia,  or  Attia,  gens  (at'i-a  jenz).     In  ancient 

city  of  Cork,  and  also  of  Belfast.  Rome,  a  plebeian  clan  or  house  whose  family 

Athens  of  the  North,  The.    Edinburgh :   so    names   were   Balbus,   Labienus,  Ruf us,  and 

called  from  its  resemblance,  topographically    Varus. 

and  intellectually,  to    Athens;    also,  an  oc-  Atilia,  or  Atillia,  gens   (a-til'i-a  jenz).     In 

casional  epithet  of  Copenhagen.  ancient  Rome,  a  patrician  and  plebeian  clan 

Athens  of  Switzerland,  The.    An  occasional    or  house  whose  family  names  under  the  Eepub 


epithet  of  Zurich. 

Athens  of  the  West,  The.  Cordova,  Spain, 
which  was  an  intellectual  center  from  the  8th 
to  the  13th  century. 

Atherstone  (ath'6r-st6n).'  A  town  in  Warwick- 
shire, England,  17  miles  northeast  of  Birming- 
ham.    Population,  about  4,000. 

Atherstone,  Edwin.     Born    at  Nottingham, 


lie  were  Bulbus,  Calatinus,  Longus,  Regulus, 
and  Serranus.  The  first  member  of  this  gens  who  be- 
came consul  was  M.  Atilius  Regulus,  336  B.  0. 

Atimuca.    See  Timuquanan. 

Atin  (a'tin).  The  personification  of  strife  in 
Spenser's  "PaerieQueene." 

Atina  (a-te'na).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Caserta,  Italy,  70  miles  southeast  of  Rome. 


Aiprii  17,  i7&8:  died  at  Bath,  England,  Jan.  29,    Population  (1881),  2,043.  .     ^     ^       , 

1872.    An  English  poet  and  prose-writer.    He  Atltlan  (a-te-tlan').    A  volcano  in  Guatemala 


glisn  poet  ana  prose 

was  the  author  of  ''The  Last  Days  of  Hercu- 
laneum,"  etc. 

Atherton  (ath'er-ton),  Charles  Gordon.  Born 
at  Amherst,  N.  :S.,  July  4  (?),  1804:  died  at 
Manchester,  N.  H.,  Nov.  15,  1853.    An  Ameri- 


near  Lake  Atitlan.    Height,  11,849  feet. 
Atitlan,  Lake.    A  lake  in  Guatemala,  Central 

America,  50  miles  west  of  Guatemala,  noted 

for  its  great  depth.     It  has  no  outlet. 
Atka  (at'ka).     The  largest  of  the  Andreanov 

Islands,  Aleutian  Archipelago. 


can  politician.  Democratic  member  of  Congress   /fj^-^ds,  Aleutian  Arci 

froni  New  Hampshire  1837-43,  and  United  Atkarsk(at-karsk').  A  town  in  the  govern^ 
States-  senator  1843-49  and  1853.  He  introduced  ment  of  Saratoff,  eastern  Russia,  55  miles  northJ 
the  so-called  "  Atherton  gag,"  a  resolution  which  provided  west  of  Saratoff.  Population,  about  7,000. 
that  all  bills  or  petitions  on  the  subject  of  slavery  should  AtkinS  (at'Mnz),  John.  Bom  1685 :  died  1757. 
be  "laid  on  the  table  without  being  debated,  printed,  or  ^^  English  surgeon  who,  in  1721,  accompanied 
referred,"  and  which  remained  in  force  1838-45.  ^j^^  ^^j      g^aiig^  ^ud  Weymouth  on  a  voyage 

Atherton,  John.    Bom  at  Bawdnpp,  Somer-    to  West  Africa  and  America,  returning  in  1723. 
setshire,  1598:   died   at  Dublin,  Dec.  5,  lb4U.     Hepublished  the  « if avy  Surgeon"  (1732),  and  "A  Voyage 
Bishop  of  Waterford  and  Lismore,  hung  for     to  Guinea,  Brazil,  and  the  West  Indies ''(1735). 
unnatural  crime.  Atkins,  Tommy.    See  Tommy  AtUns. 

Atherton  or  Ohowbent(chou'bent).  A  man- Atkinson  (at'km-son),  Edward.  Born  at 
ufaffi'g  andSng  townin  Lancashire,  Brookline,  Mass.,  Feb.  10, 1827.  An  American 
Ensrland  10  miles  northwest  of  Manchester,  economist  and  statistician.  He  is  the  author  of  "Our 
^ngiana,  ±u  miies  nuiuuwcB  National  Domain  "  (1879),  "Cotton  Manufacturers  of  the 

Population  (1891),  15,«dd.  united  states  "(1880),"Raih-oads  of  the  United  states," etc. 

Atherton  Gag.    See  Atherton,  Charles  Gordon,  ^tjjjjjgoji  Henry.  Bom  in  North  Carolina,  1782: 

Atherton  Moor,  Battle  of.    A  victory  gamed    ^^^  ^^  Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo.,  June  14, 1842. 
near  Bradford,  England,  1643,  by  the  Royalists    An  American  general.  He  defeated  the  Indians 
under  the  Earl  of  Newcastle  over  the  Parlia-    a,t  Bad  Axe  River  in  Black  Hawk's  war,  1832. 
mentarians  under  Ferdinando  Fairfax.  Atkinson,  Thomas  Witlam.    Bom  in  York- 

Athesis  (ath'e-sis).  The  Latin. name  of  the  gjjjj^,e^  England,  March  6,  1799:  died  at  Lower 
Adige.  Walmer,  Kent,  Aug.   13,   1861.    An  English 

Athias  (a-te'Ss),  Joseph.  Died  1700.  -A  Jew-  artist  and  traveler.  He  was  the  author  of  "Orient^ 
ish  printer  of  Amsterdam,  publisher  of  editions  and  western  Siberia"  (18.68),  "Travels  in  the  Regions  ol 
of  the  Hebrew  Bible  (1661-67).  the  Upper  and  Lower  Amoor  "  (1860),  etc. 


Atkinson,  Sergeant 
Atkinson,  Sergeant,  A  character  in  Fielding's 

'  4?.®^'^""  ^'*  ^^  devotion  to  Booth  and  Amelia, 
and  his  self-sacrifloing  generosity,  he  is  an  embodunent 
of  goodness  of  heart. 

Atkyns  (at'kinz),  Richard.  Bom  1615:  died 
1677.  An  English  writer  on  the  history  of  print- 
ing: author  of  "The  Original  and  Growth  of 
Printing,  etc."  (1664). 

Atkyns,  Sir  Robert.  Born  in  Grloncestershire, 
1621 :  died  Feb.  18, 1709.  An  English  jurist,  and 
chief  baron  of  the  exchequer:  author  of  "Par- 
liamentary and  Political  Tracts"  (1734),  etc. 

Atlanta  (at-lan'ta).  The  capital  of  Georgia 
and  of  Pulton  County,  situated  in  lat.  33°  45' 
N.,  long.  84°  25'  W.  it  is  an  important  raUway  center, 
and  has  an  extensive  trade  in  cotton,  tobacco,  etc.,  and 
nianufactures  of  cotton,  iron,  flour,  etc.  It  is  the  seat 
ol  Atlanta  University  (colored),  founded  in  1869.  At- 
lanta was  taken  by  Sherman  Sept.  2, 1864,  and  was  partly 
burned  previous  to  his  departure  on  his  "March  to  the 
Sea  "  (Nov.  15, 1864).  It  became  the  State  capital  in  1868. 
mere  was  a  cotton  exposition  at  Atlanta  in  1881.  Pomi- 
lation  (1900),  89,872.  " 

Atlanta,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained  east  of 
Atlanta,  July  22,  1864,  by  the  Federals  under 
Sherman  over  the  Confederates  imder  Hood 
(who  had  made  a  sortie  from  the  city).  Fed- 
eral loss,  about  3,600  (including  General 
McPherson). 

Atlantes  (at-lau'tez).  [PI.  of  'A-Xof.]  In 
Greek  architecture,  colossal  male  statues  used 
instead  of  columns  to  support  an  entablature. 

Atlantes  (at-lan'tes).  A  magician,  iuBoiardo's 
and  Ariosto's  "  Orlando,"  who  lived  on  Mount 
Carena  in  a  castle  surrounded  with  a  wall  of 
glass  where  he  educated  the  young  Eogero. 

Atlantic  (at-lan'tik).  The  capital  of  Cass 
County,  Iowa,  situated  on  East  Nishnabatone 
Eiver  47  miles  east  of  Omaha.  Population 
(1900),  5,046. 

Atlantic  City.  A  seaside  resort  in  Atlantic 
County,  New  Jersey,  60  miles  southeast  of 
Philadelphia.     Population  (1900),  27,838. 

Atlantic  Ocean.  [F.  Mer  Atlantique,  G.  Atlan- 
tischea  Meer,  L.  AUanticum  mare,  Gr.  to  'ArT^av- 
TUidv  irkTiayoq,  fj  'ATXavTLur)  daXaaaa,  the  sea  of 
Atlas,  originally  applied  to  the  sea  beyond 
Mount  Atlas  in  northwest  Africa,  from  '&TXag 
CAT?iavT-),  Mount  Atlas.]  Thstt  part  of  the 
ocean  which  is  bounded  by  the  Arctic  Circle 
on  the  north,  Europe  and  Africa  on  the  east, 
the  Antarctic  Ocean  on  the  south,  and  America 
on  the  west,  it  is  sometimes  regarded  as  terminating 
at  lat.  40°  S.,  the  part  southward  being  reckoned  as  be- 
longing to  the  so-called  Southern  Ocean.  Its  chief  ourreots 
are  the  Gulf  Stream,  East  Greenland  Current  Labrador 
Current,  Equatorial  Current,  South  Connecting  Current^ 
Guinea  Current,  and  Brazilian  Current.  Length,  10,000 
miles ;  average  breadth,  3,000  miles ;  average  depth,  about 
13,000  feet 

Atlantis  (at-lan'tis).  [L.  Atlantis,  Gr.  ^  'ArhivTk 
vijaoq,  the  Atlantic  Isle,  from  "AtTmq,  Mount 
Atlas.]  A  mythical  island  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  northwest  of  Africa,  referred  to  by 
Plato  and  other  anciept  writers,  which  with  its 
inhabitants  was  said  to  have  disappeared  in  a 
convulsion  of  nature. 

Atlantis,  The  New.    See  New  Atlantis. 

Atlas  (at'las).  [Gr.  'ArAac,  lit.  '  the  supporter' 
(of  the  sky),  from  d-  euphonic  and  rlav  (rAa-) 
(=  L.  tollere),  bear  up,  support.]  1.  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  Titan,  brother  of  Prometheus  and 
Epimetheus,  sou  of  lapetus  and  Clymene  (or 
Asia),  and  father  (by  Pleione)  of  the  Pleiades 
and  (by  ..Ethra)  of  the  Hyades,  and  also  (in 
Homer)  of  Calypso.  According  to  Hesiod  he  was 
condemned  by  Zeus,  for  his  part  in  the  battle  of  the 
Titans,  to  stand  at  the  western  extremity  of  the  earth, 
near  the  dwelling-place  of  the  Hesperides,  upholding  the 
heavens  with  his  shoulders  and  hands.  His  station  was 
later  said  to  be  in  the  Atlas  Mountains  in  Africa.  Ac- 
cording to  some  accounts  he  was  the  father  of  the  Hes- 
perides :  also  a  king  to  whom  the  garden  of  the  Hesperides 
belonged.    The  details  of  the  myth  vary  greatly. 

Ideler  has  shown  (see  Humboldt's  "  Aspects  of  Nature," 
vol.  i.  pp.  144-146,  E.  T.)  that  there  was  a  confusion  in 
the  Greek  mind  with  respect  to  Atlas.  The  earlier  writers 
CEomeT  Hesiod,  &c.)  intended  by  that  name  the  Peak  of 
xenerifie,  of  which  they  had  some  indistinct  knowledge 
derived  from  Phoenician  sources  The  later,  unacquainted 
with  the  great  Western  Ocean,  placed  Atlas  in  Africa, 
first  regarding  it  as  a  single  mountain,  and  then,  as  their 
geographical  knowledge  increased,  and  they  found  there 
was  no  very  remarkable  mountain  in  North-western  Africa, 
as  a  mountain  chain.  Herodotus  is  a  writer  of  the  tran- 
sition period.  His  description  is  only  applicable  to  the 
Peak,  while  his  locality  is  Africa — not,  however,  the 
western  coast,  but  an  inland  tract,  probably  south-eastern 
Algeria.  Thus  his  mountain,  if  it  is  to  be  considered  as 
having  any  foundation  at  all  on  fact,  must  represent  the 
eastern,  not  the  western,  extremity  of  the  Atlas  chain. 
Bawlinson,  Herod.,  ni.  169,  note. 

2.  The  fourth-magnitude  star  27  Pleiadum, 
at  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  "handle"  of 
the  group. 


92 

Atlas,  Witch  of.    See  Witch  of  Atlas. 

Atlas  Mountains.  A  mountain  system  in  Mo- 
rocco, Algeria,  and  Tunis,  sometimes  regarded 
as  limited  to  Morocco.  Its  highest  summit, 
Jebel  Ajashi,  in  Morocco,  is  14)600  feet  high. 
Length,  about  1,500  miles. 

Atm  (atm),  Atmu  (at'mo),  or  Tmu  (tmo). 
In  Egyptian  mythology,  the  setting  sun,  a 
double  of  Ra,  represented  in  human  form,  wor- 
shiped at  Northern  On,  or  HeUopolis. 

Atna.    See  Ahtena. 

Atna  (at'na)  River,  or  Copper  River.  A  river 
in  Alaska  which  flows  into  the  Pacific  west  of 
Mount  St.  Elias. 

Atnah  (at'na).  [From  a  Takulli  word  meaning 
'stranger.']  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians dwelling  on  Eraser  River,  British  (3olum- 
bip,:  to  be  distinguished  from  the  Ahtena  of 
the  Athapascan  stock.    See  Salishan. 

Atooi.    See  Kauai. 

Atossa(a-tos'a).  [Gr. 'AroffCTa.]  1.  The  daugh- 
ter of  Cyrus,'  king  of  Persia,  and  wife  suc- 
cessively of  Cambyses,  Smerdis,  and  Darius 


Atossa,  the  daughter  of  Cyrus,  and  wife  successively 
of  her  brother  Cambyses,  of  the  Pseudo-Smerdis,  and  of 
Darius,  is  known  to  us  chiefly  from  Herodotus  and  .^schy- 
lus.  There  is  no  mention  of  her  in  the  Inscriptions,  nor 
by  any  historical  writer  of  repute,  except  Herodotus  and 
such  as  follow  Iiira.  According  to  one  account  she  was 
killed  by  Xerxes  in  a  fit  of  passion. 

Mawlinaon,  Herod.,  IV.  256. 

2.  A  poetical  name  given  to  the  first  Duchess 
of  Marlborough  by  Pope  in  his  "  Moral  Essays." 

Atrato  (a-tra'to).  A  river  in  Colombia  which 
flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Darien  in  lat.  8°  N.,  long. 
77°  W.  Its  length  is  about  275  miles,  and  it  is 
navigable  for  over  half  its  course. 

Atreoates  (a-treb'a-tez  or  at-re-ba'tez).  In 
ancient  history,  a  tribe  of  Belgio  Gaul,  dwell- 
ing chiefly  in  the  later  Artois.  It  joined  the 
confederation  against  Julius  Csesar.  One 
branch  dwelt  in  Britain  near  the  Thames. 

Adventurers  from  Gaul  probably  led  the  way  into  Eng- 
land; and  the  names  Biigantes  and  Paris!  in  Durham 
and  east  Yorkshire,  Cenomanni  in  East  Anglia,  and  Atre- 
bates  in  Berkshire,  belong  equally  to  the  continental  dis- 
tricts of  Bregenz,  Paris,  Maine,  and  Arras.  There  is  some 
reason,  from  local  names  and  language,  to  connect  these 
Gaulish  tribes  with  the  Zymric  rather  than  with  the  Erse 
variety  of  the  Kelts.  Pearson,  Hist.  Eng.,  I.  6. 

Atrek  (a-trek'),  or  Attruck  (a-tmk').  Ariver  in 
northern  Persia,  and  onthe  boundary  between 
Persia  and  the  Transcaspian  territory  of  Russia. 
It  flows  into  the  Caspian  Sea  in  lat.  37°  30'  N.,  long.  54°  10' 
E.    Length,  about  250  miles. 

Atreus  (a'tros).  IGT.'ATpsig."]  In  Greek  legend, 
a  king  of  Mycense,  son  of  Pelops  and  father  of 
Agamemnon.  He  slew  the  sons  of  Thyestes 
and  was  slain  by  JEgisthus. 

Atri  (a'tre).  Atovyn  in  the  province  of  Teramo, 
Abruzzi,  Italy,  14  miles  southeast  of  Teramo : 
the  ancient  Adria  or  Hadria. 

Atri  (a'tre).  A  river  in  Bengal,  British  India, 
which  joins  the  Ganges  at  Pubna. 

Atri  (a'tre).  In  the  Veda,  one  of  the  most 
frequently  named  rishis  of  primeval  times. 
He  enjoys  the  heh)  of  Indra,  Agni,  and  the  Asvins  in  all 
kinds  of  need.  He  frees  the  sun  from  the  power  of  the 
asura  Svarbhanu.  He  is  one  of  the  seven  rishis  (in  the 
sky  the  seven  stars  of  the  Great  Bear).  To  him  are  as- 
cribed a  number  of  hymns  in  the  fifth  Mandala  of  the 
Bigveda. 

Atridse  (a-tri'de).  The  sons  of  Atreus,  Aga- 
memnon and  Menelaus. 

Atrides  (a-tri'dez).  [Gr.  'Arpddrig,  a  patronymic, 
from  'Arpsiig.']  A  son  of  Atreus,  especially  Aga- 
memnon. 

Atropatene  (at"ro-pa-te'ne).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  mountainous  district  of  Media,  cor- 
responding in  general  to  the  modem  province 
of  Azerbaijan,  Persia. 

AtropOS  (at'ro-pos).  [Gr.  "Arpono;,  inflexible, 
from  a-  priv.  and  rpineiv,  turn.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, that  one  of  the  three  Moerse  (Gr.  MoZ- 
pai),  or  Pates,  who  severs  the  thread  of  human 
life.     See  Fates. 

Atsug6  (at-s6-ga').  An  almost  extinct  tribe 
of  North  American  Indians.  Also  called  Sat 
Creek  Indians,  Pakamali.    See  Palaihnihan. 

Attacapan  (a-tak'a-pan).  A  linguistic  stock  of 
North  American  Indians,  named  from  the  Ata- 
kapa,  its  principal  tribe,  in  1885  but  eight  individ- 
uals of  the  entire  stock,  all  members  of  the  Atakapa 
tribe,  were  known  to  survive.  Of  these,  three  resided  at 
Lake  Charles,  Calasieu  parish,  Louisiana,  the  remainder 
in  western  Texas.  The  other  tribes  of  the  stock  were  the 
Coco  and  Heyeketi.  The  Atakapa  were  accused  of  canni- 
balism, and  their  tribal  name  is  derived  from  a  Choctaw 
term  signifying  'man-eater.' 

Attacapas.    [PL]    See  Attacapan. 


Attic  Muse,  The 

Attakapas  (a-tak'a-p&).  A  popular  name  for 
a  district  in  southern  Louisiana  comprising  the 
parishes  of  St.  Mary's,  St.  Martin's,  Vermilion, 
Iberia,  and  Lafayette. 

Attalia  (at-a-li'a) .  The  ancient  name  of  Adalia. 

Attains  (at'a-lus)  I.,  or  Attalos  (-los).  [Gr. 
«ATTa?.oc.'i  Cied  197  b.  c.  King  of  Pergamon 
241-197.  He  carried  on  war  with  the  Galatians,  Syria, 
and  Macedon,  and  was  allied  with  Borne  in  the  latter  pare 
of  his  reign.  Votive  groups  were  set  up  by  him  on  the 
Acropolis  at  Athens,  in  honor  of  his  victory  over  the 
Gauls.  These  groups,  of  figures  of  about  half  life-size, 
were :  (1)  Battle  of  the  Gods  and  Giants ;  (2)  Combat  be- 
tween Athenians  and  Amazons ;  (3)  Victory  of  Marathon  ; 
(4)  Destruction  of  the  Gauls  by  Attalus.  Four  figures 
from  these  groups  are  in  the  Museo  Nazionale  at  Naples : 
a  Fallen  Giant,  a  Dead  Amazon,  a  Fallen  Persian,  and  a 
Dying  Bearded  Gaul. 

Attains  II.,  or  Attalos.  Bom  220  B.  c. :  died 
138  B.  c.  King  of  Pergamon  159-138,  son  of 
Attalus  I.    He  was  an  ally  of  Rome. 

Attains  III.,  or  Attalos.  Died  133  b.c.  King 
of  Pergamon  138-133  B.  c,  nephew  of  Attalus 
II.  By  his  will  he  left  his  kingdom  to  the  Ro- 
mans. 

Attalus,  or  Attalos.  Died  about  336  b.  c.  A 
Macedonian  general,  assassinated  by  order  o£ 
Alexander  the  Great. 

Attalus.  Lived  about  325  b.c.  A  Macedonian 
officer  in  the  service  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

Attalus,  Flavins  Prisons.    Emperor  of  the 

West.  He  was  probably  an  Ionian  by  birth,  was  prefect 
of  Bome  when  the  city  was  taken  by  Alaric  in  409,  and 
was  proclaimed  emperor  by  Alaric  in  opposition  to  Hono- 
rius.  He  was  deposed  by  Alaric  in  410,  and  was  banished 
to  Lipari  by  Honorius  in  416. 

Attar  (at-tar'),  or  Athar  (Mohammed  ibn 
Ibrahim  Ferid-Eddin),  Bom  near  Nishapur, 
Persia,  1119:  died  1202  (1229  ?).  A  Persian  poet 
and  mystic.  He  wrote  forty  poetical  works,  admired 
for  elegance  of  style  and  insight  into  the  Sufi  doctrines. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  killed  at  a  great  age  by  a  Mongol 
soldier. 

Atteudom  (at'ten-dom).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Bigge  43  mUes  northeast  of  Cologne.  Popu- 
lation (1895),3,006. 

Atterbom  (at'terrbom),.. Peter  Daniel  Ama- 
dous. Bom  at  Asbo,  Ostergotland,  Sweden, 
Jan.  19,  1790 :  died  July  21,  1855.  A  Swedish 
poet,  professor  (first  of  philosophy  and  later 
of  esthetics)  at  Upsala.  He  was  the  leader  of  the 
Phosphorists  (Which  seeX  editor  of  the  "Phosphoros," 
andlater  of  the"Poetiskkalender."  He  wrote  "Lycksa- 
lighetens  0,"  aromantic  drama  (1824-27,  "The  Fortunate 
Island"),  "Svenskasiareochskalder" (1841-65,  "Swedish, 
Seers  and  Bards  "X  etc. 

Atterbury  (at'6r-ber-i),  Francis.  Born  at 
Milton,  Buckinghamshire,  March  6, 1662 :  died 
at  Paris,  Feb.  15, 1732.  A  noted  English  divine, 
politician ,  and  controversialist.  He  was  appointed, 
bishop  of  Eochester  and  dean  of  Westminster  1713,  and 
banished  as  a  Jacobite  in  1723. 

Attercliffe  (at'er-klif).  A  small  town  in  York- 
shire, England,  northeast  of  Sheffield. 

Attersee  (at'er-za),  or  Kammersee  (kam'mer- 
za).  The  largest  lake  of  Upper  Austria,  situ- 
ated in  the  Salzkammergut  20  miles  east  of 
Salzburg.  Its  outlet  is  by  the  Ager  into  the 
Traun.    Length,  about  13  miles. 

Attic  (at'ik).  One  of  the  dialects  of  ancient 
Greek,  spoken  in  Athens  and  the  surrounding 
district  (Attica).  It  was  the  most  highly  culti- 
vated of  the  Hellenic  dialects. 

Attica  (at'i-ka).  [Gr.  ij  'Attii4,  earlier  'Aktik^, 
from  d/£T^,  a  headland,  a  promontory.]  In  ancient 
geopaphy,  a  division  of  central  Greece,  bounded 
by  Boeotia  (partly  separated  by  Cithssron)  on 
the  northwest,  the  Gulf  of  Egripos  (separating^ 
it  from  Euboea)  on  the  northeast,  the  ..^gean 
on  the  east,  the  Saronic  Gulf  on  the  southwest, 
and  Megaris  on  the  west.  Itcontains  several  moun- 
tains (Citheeron,  Pames,  Pentelicus,  and  Hymettus)  and  ■ 
the  plain  of  Attica  watered  by  the  Cephissus  and  Uissus. 
Its  chief  city  was  Athens,  with  whose  history  it  is  in  gen- 
eral identified. 

The  names  of  the  Attic  tribes  were  Ereohtheis,  JEgeis, 
Pandionis,  Leontis,  Acamantis,  (Eneis,  Cecropis,  Hippo- 
thoontis,  .Mantis,  and  Antiochis ;  the  heroes  being  Erech- 
theus,  iEgeus,  Fandion,  Leos,  Acamas,  (Eneus,  Cecrops, 
HippothoOn,  Ajax,  and  Antiochus.  The  order  given  is 
that  observed  upon  the  monuments. 

Hawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  266,  note. 

Attica.  A  city  in  Fountain  County,  Indiana, 
situated  on  the  Wabash  70  miles  northwest  of 
Indianapolis.    Population  0.900),  3,005. 

Attica.  A  nomarcny  of  modern  Greece.  Capi- 
tal, Athens.  Area,  883  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1896),  255,978. 

Attic  Bee,  The.  A  surname  of  the  Greek  tragic 
poet  Sophocles,  and  also  of  Plato. 

Attic  Muse,  The.  An  epithet  of  the  Greek  his- 
torian Xenophon. 


Atticus,  Titus  Pomponius 

Atticus  (at'i-kus),  Titus  Pomponius.  Bom  at 
Kome,  109  b.  c.  :  died  March,  32  b.  c.  A  Koman 
scholar  and  bookseller,  an  intimate  friend  of 
Cicero,  best  known  from  the  letters  addressed 
to  him  by  the  great  orator.  His  chief  work  was 
"a  synchronistic  Roman  historyin  the  somewhat  meagre 
iorm  of  tables,  probably  with  the  addition  of  the  con- 
temporary history  of  foreign  peoples  which  had  acquired 
importance  in  connection  with  that  of  Rome,  and,  as  a 
supplement,  the  pedigrees  of  the  chief  Roman  families" 
(Teuffel  and  Sehwabe,  Hist.  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  bv  G.  C  W 
Warr),  I.  269).  ' 

Atticus  Herodes,  Tiberius  Claudius.    Bom 

at  Marathon,  Greece,  about  104  a.  d.  :  died 
about  180.  A  celebrated  Greek  rhetorician 
and  public  benefactor.  He  erected  at  his  own  ex- 
pense many  public  works  at  Athens,  Corinth,  Olympia, 
and  elsewhere,  and  restored  several  decayed  towns  in 
various  parts  of  Greece. 
Attigny  (a-ten-ye').  A  small  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardennes,  France,  situated  on  the 
Aisne  22  miles  south  by  west  of  Mezi&res,  im- 
portant in  the  Merovingian  and  Carolingian 
periods. 
Attike.    See  Attica. 

Attila  (at'i-la).  [LL.  Attila,  OHG. Azeilo,Eszilo, 
MHG.  G.  Etzel,  loel.  Atl\  Hung.  Ethele.]  Died 
453  A.  D.  A  famous  king  of  the  Huns,  son 
of  Mundzuk  and  brother  of  Bleda,  together 
with  whom  he  ascended  the  throne  in  483 : 
sumamed  the  "Scourge  of  God"  by  medieval 
writers,  on  account  of  the  ruthless  and  wide- 
spread destruction  wrought  by  his  arms.  On 
the  death  (assassination?)  of  his  brother  in  446  he  be- 
came sole  ruler  and  extended  his  sway  over  German  as 
well  as  Slavonic  nations,  including  the  East  Goths, 
GepidsB,  Alani,  Heruli,  Longobards,  Ihuringians,  and  Bur- 
£undians.  He  laid  waste  the  provinces  of  the  Eastern  Em- 
pire south  of  the  Danube  442-447,  exacting  from  Theodo- 
sins  II.  a  tribute  of  six  thousand  pounds  of  gold,  and  es- 
tablishing the  annual  subsidy  at  two  thousand  pounds ; 
laid  claim  to  one  half  of  the  Western  Empire  as  the  be- 
trothed husband  of  Honoria,  the  sister  of  Valentinian,  who 
years  previously  had  sent  him  her  ring  and  the  offer  of  her 
hand  in  marriage ;  invaded  Gaul  in  461,  in  alliance  with 
Genseric,  king  of  the  Vandals,  and  was  defeated  in  the 
same  year  by  the  Roman  general  Aetius  with  the  aid  of 
the  West-Gothic  king  Theodorio  at  Ch&lons-sur-Marne ; 
invaded  Italy  in  452,  destroying  Aquileia,  but  retired  with- 
out attacking  Rome,  being,  according  to  the  legend,  dis- 
suaded from  sacking  that  city  by  Pope  Leo  I. ;  and  died, 
probably  from  the  rupture  of  a  blood-vessel,  on  the  night 
of  his  marriage  with  a  Gothic  maiden  named  Ildico  or 
Hilda.  He  appears  in  German  legend,  notably  in  the 
Nibelungenlied,  as  Etzel,  who,  in  his  turn,  is  the  Atli  of 
the  heroic  lays  of  the  elder  Edda.  Between  Etzel  and 
Atli  there  are  differences  as  well  as  correspondences.  Ac- 
.  cording  to  the  Edda,  Atli,  who  married  Gudrun,  the  widow 
•of  Sigurd  (the  Siegfried  of  the  Mbelungenlied),  possessed 
a  kingdom  in  the  South.  He  is,  however,  nowhere  called 
a  king  of  the  Huns.  Simalandj  located  in  the  south 
•of  Germany,  is  here  a  possession  of  Sigurd's  ancestors, 
the  Volsungs,  and  he  himself  is  frequently  called  the 
"Hunnish."  In  the  Nibelungenlied  the  land  of  the  Huns 
is  located  in'the  east,  and  belongs  to  Etzel  as  king.  In  the 
later  legend,  as  in  this  case,  the  whole  external  circum- 
stances of  Attila  have  been  transferred  to  Etzel,  and  the 
historical  and  legendary  person  are  regarded  as  one.  Atli, 
on  the  other  hand,  has  nothing  in  common  with  Attila, 
although  the  Old  Norse  material  apparently  came  origi- 
nally from  German  sources.  There  are  other  differences 
between  the  Germanic  Atli  and  Etzel  that  are  not  due  to 
the  confusion  of  the  latter  with  Attila  the  Hun.  The 
earliest  material  of  the  legend  was  probably  from  two 
separate  sources,  a  German  and  a  Gothic,  which  were  ulti- 
mately fused  together.  The  crushing  defeat  of  the  Bur- 
gundians  by  Attila,  451,  by  transference  made  what  was 
probably  at  bottom  only  a  feud  between  two  families  into 
the  fearful  climax  in  the  second  part  of  the  Nibelungen- 
lied. 
Attila.  1 .  A  tragedy  by  Corneille,  produced  in 
1667.— 2.  -An  opera  by  Verdi,  produced  in  Ven- 
ice in  1846. 

Attila,  or  The  Triumph  of  Ohristiani^.  An 
epic  poem  in  twelve  books,  by  W.  Herbert 
(London,  1838),  with  a  historical  preface,  on 
the  career  of  Attila  from  his  defeat  on  the  Cata- 
launiau  plains  (451)  till  his  death  (453). 

Preternatural  machinery,  both  celestial  and  infernal,  is 
supplied  on  a  liberal  scale.  The  most  useful  part  of  the 
book  to  a  historical  student  is  the  second  half  of  it,  "At- 
tila and  his  Predecessors,  an  Historical  Treatise."  Here 
all  the  materials  for  writing  the  life  of  Attila  are  collected 
with  great  industry,  but  there  is  no  sufficient  separation 
between  the  precious  and  the  vile. 

Hodgldn,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  II.  40. 

Attinghausen  (at'ting-hou-zen).  A  small  vil- 
lage in  the  canton  of  tJri,  Switzerland,  situated 
on  the  Eeuss  20  miles  southeast  of  Lucerne, 
celebrated  in  the  William  Tell  legend. 

Attiret  (a-te-ra'),  Jean  Denis.  Born  at  D61e, 
France,  July  31,  1702:  died  at  Peking,  Dee.  8 
(17  ?),  1768.  A  French  painter,  and  Jesuit  mis- 
sionary in  China. 

Attis.    See  Atys. 

Attius.     See  Accius.  . 

Attius  (at'i-us),  or  AttUS  (at'us),  NaviUS.  An 
augur  under  Tarquinius  Friscus. 

This  augur  forbade  the  king  to  carry  out  his  intention  of 
creating  three  new  centuries  of  horsemen,  which  were  to 


93 

have  been  called  after  his  own  name,  and  placed  on  an 
equal  footing  with  the  Ramnes,  Titienses,  and  Luceres. 
Tarquin,  in  mockery  of  the  augur's  art,  said:  — "Tell  me 
now  by  thy  auguries  whether  the  thing  I  have  now  in  my 
mind  may  be  done  or  not."  "It  may,"  replied  Attius  Na- 
vius,  after  he  had  consulted  the  gods  by  augury.  "Well, 
then,"  rejoined  the  king,  "  it  was  in  my  mind  that  thou 
shouldst  cut  this  whetstone  in  two  with  this  razor."  The 
augur  took  the  razor  and  severed  the  whetstone ;  Tarquin 
desisted  from  his  scheme,  and  learnt  to  respect  the  omens. 
The  whetstone  and  razor  were  buried  under  a  sacred  cov- 
ing in  the  Comitium,  and  a  veiled  statue  of  Att[i]us  Navius 
was  afterwards  set  up  over  the  spot. 

Smith,  Hist,  of  the  World,  II.  190. 

Attiwendaronk.    See  Neuter. 

Attleborough  (at'1-bur-o).  A  town  in  Nor- 
folk, England,  14  miles  southwest  of  Norwich. 
Population,  5,047. 

Attleborough.  A  town  in  Bristol  County, 
Massachusetts,  31  miles  southwest  of  Boston. 
Population  (1900),  11,335. 

Attock  (at-tok'),  or  Atak  (a-tak')-  A  fort  and 
strategic  point  in  the  Panjab,  British  India, 
situated  on  the  Indus  in  lat.  33°  54'  N.,  long. 
72°  15'  E.,  built  by  Akbar  in  1581.  it  is  at  the 
head  of  navigation.  The  Indus  is  crossed  here  by  a  rail- 
way bridge. 

Attruck.     See  Atrelc. 

Attucks  (at'ukz),  Orispus.  Died  at  Boston, 
March  5, 1770.  A  half-breed  Indian  or  mulatto, 
the  alleged  leader  of  the  mob  at  the  "  Boston 
massacre,"  March  5,  1770,  in  which  he  was  the 
first  to  fall. 

Attwood  (at'wud),  Thomas.  Bom  at  London, 
Nov.  23, 1765:  died  at  Chelsea,  March  24, 1838. 
An  English  musician,  a  pupil  of  Mozart,  organ- 
ist of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  and  composer  to  the 
Chapel  Eoyal  (1796).  ^He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Philharmonic  Society.  His  works  comprise  songs, 
glees,  anthems,  music  for  the  stage,  etc.  He  was  buried 
beneath  the  organ  of  St.  Paul's. 

Attys.     See  Atys. 

Atuamih  (a-to-a'me),  or  Hamefkuttelli  (ha- 
mef-ko-tel'e).  An  almost  extinct  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians.    See  Palaihnihan. 

Atum.     See  Atm. 

Atures  (a-to'rez).  A  town  in  Venezuela,  situ- 
ated on  the  Orinoco  at  one  of  its  principal  cata- 
racts, about  lat.  5°  38'  N. 

Atwater  (afw^-tfer),  Lyman  Hotchkiss.  Bom 
at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Feb.  17,  1813:  died  at 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  Feb.  17, 1883.  An  American 
clergyman,  educator,  and  editor  of  the  ' '  Prince- 
ton Eeview."  He  was  appointed  professor  of  mental 
and  moral  philosophy  at  Princeton  in  1854,  and  later  (1869) 
of  logic  and*  moral  and  political  science. 

Atwood  (at'wud),  George.  Born  1746  :  died 
at  London,  July  11,  1807.  A  noted  English 
mathematician.  On  leaving  Cambridge  (1784),  after 
having  been  fellow  and  tutor  of  Trinity  College,  he  was 
given  a  sinecure  as  patent-searcher  of  the  customs  by  Wil- 
ham  Pitt  as  an  indirect  remuneration  for  executing  the 
calculations  connected  with  the  revenue.  He  wrote  "A 
Treatise  on  the  Rectilinear  Motion  and  Rotation  of  Bodies, 
etc."  (1784),  "A  Dissertation  on  the  Construction  and  Prop- 
erties of  Arches  "  (1801),  etc.  In  the  former  of  these  works 
occurs  the  first  description  of  the  well-known  "Atwood's 
machine"  for  exhibiting  the  action  of  gravity. 

Atys,  or  Attis  (at'is).  A  mythical  personage 
in  the  worship  of  the  Phry^an  goddess  Cy- 
bele  (Ehea),  son  of  the  Lydian  supreme  god 
Manes,  or  of  Nana,  daughter  of  the  river-god 
Sangarius,  and  beloved  of  Cybele.  He  met  his  death 
in  early  youth  at  a  pine-tree,  which  received  his  spirit, 
while  from  his  blood  sprang  violets.  A  tomb  was  raised 
to  him  on  Mount  Dindymum,  in  the  sanctuary  of  Cybele, 
the  priests  of  which  had  to  be  eunuchs.  A  festival  of  or- 
giastic character,  lasting  three  days,  was  celebrated  in  his 
honor  in  the  spring.  A  pine-tree  covered  with  violets  was 
carried  to  the  shrine  of  Cybele  as  a  syinbol  of  the  departed 
Atys.  Then,  amidst  tumultuous  music  and  the  wildest  ex- 
hibition of  grief,  the  mourners  saught  for  Atys  on  the 
mountains.  On  the  third  day  he  was  found,  and  the  re- 
joicing which  followed  was  as  extravagant  as  the  mourn- 
ing which  preceded.  The  myth  may  be  considered  as  the 
counterpart  of  the  Greek  legend  of  Aphrodite  and  Adonis, 
which  itself  is  borrowed  from  the  Semitic  legend  of  Tam- 
muz  and  Ishtar.  According  to  Rawlinson  the  name  means 
'under  the  influence  of  Ate,'  i.  e.,  'jlidicially  blind.' 

Au.    See  Aa. 

Aubagne  (o-bany').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Bouches-du-Eh6ne,  France,  situated 
on  the  Huveaune  10  miles  east  of  Marseilles. 
Population  (1891),'  8,154. 

Aubanel  (d-ba-nel'),  Joseph  Marie  Jean-Bap- 
tiste  Theodore.  Born  at  Avignon,  France, 
March  26,  1829 :  died  there,  Oct.  31,  1886.  A 
French  publisher  and  writer  in  the  Proven9al 
language,  author  of  the  poem  "The  Pome- 
granate Opened,"  in  Provencal  (1860),  etc. 

Aube  (ob).  A  department  of-  France,  capital 
Troyes,  bounded  by  Mame  on  the  north,  Haute- 
Mame  on  the  east,  C8te-d'0r  on  the  south, 
Tonne  on  the  southwest,  and  Seine-et-Marne 
on  the  west,  formed  from  parts  of  the  old  Cham- 
pagne and  Burgundy,     it  is  fertile  in  the  southeast, 


Aubrey,  John 

produces  wine,  etc.,  and  has  manufactures  of  iron,  wool, 
cotton,  and  linen.  It  comprises  5  arrondissements.  Area, 
2,317  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  255,548. 

Aube.  A  river  in  Prance  which  rises  in  the 
plateau  of  Langres,  and  joins  the  Seine  25 
mUes  northwest  of  Troyes.  Length,  about  125 
miles. 

Aube  (6-ba'),  Jean  Paul.  Bom  at  Longwy, 
Lorraine,  July  4,1837.  A  notedFreneh  sculptor. 
In  1847  he  came  wiOi  his  father  to  Paris ;  in  1849  he 
entered  "La  Petite  Ecole"  at  the  age  of  twelve,  where 
he  was  associated  with  Dalou,  Barrias,  Delaplanche,  and 
others.  In  1856  he  entered  the  atelier  of  Duret,  profes- 
sor at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts,  and  later  that  of  Danton, 
with  whom  he  remained  five  years.  He  served  in  the 
National  Guard  during  the  BVanco-Prussian  war. 

Aubenas  (ob-na').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Ard^che,  southern  France,  situated  on  the 
Ard^che  14  miles  southwest  of  Privas :  noted 
for  its  silk  trade  and  manufactures.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  7,824. 

Auber  (o-bar'),Daniel  Francois  Esprit.  Bom 
at  Caen,  Normandy,  Jan.  29, 1782:  died  in  Paris, 
May  13,  1871.  A  French  operatic  composer. 
Among  his  works  are  "Le  Ma^on"  (1825),  "La  Muette 
de  Portioi"  (1828),  "Fra  Diavolo "  (1830),  "LeDieuetla 
Bayadere"  (183o),  "Lestocq"  (1834),  "Le  Cheval  de 
Bronze"  (1835),  "Le  Domino  Noir"  (1837),  "Les  Diamants 
de  la  Couronne"(1841),  "Hayd^e"  (1847),  "Manon  Les- 
caut,"  "La  Fiancee  du  Roi  des  Garhes,"  "Le  R6ve 
d'Amour"  (1869),  etc. 

Auberge  Rouge  (o'barzh  r8zh'),  L'.  [F.,  'The 
Eed  Inn.']     A  tale  by  Balzac,  written  in  1831. 

Auberlen  (ou'ber-len),  Karl  August.  Born  at 
Fellbach,  Nov.  19,  1824:  died  at  Basel,  May  2, 
1864.  A  German  Protestant  theologian,  pro- 
fessor of  theology  in  the  University  of  Basel 
1851-1864. 

Aubert,  Alexander.  Bom  at  London,  May  11, 
1730:  died  at  Wygfair,  St.  Asaph,  Oct.  19,  1805. 
An  English  astronomer. 

Aubertin  (6-ber-tan'),  Charles.  Bom  at  St. 
Dizier,  Dec.  24,  1825.  A  French  scholar,  ap- 
pointed rector  of  the  Academy  of  Poitiers  in 
1874.  He  has  published  "itude  critique  sur  les  rap- 
ports supposes  entre  S^n^que  et  Saint-Paul"  (186y, 
"  L'  Esprit  public  au  XVIIIe  si^cle  "  (1872), "  Les  origines  de 
la  langue  et  de  la  po^sie  frangaises  "  (1875),  and  "Histoire 
de  la  langue  et  de  la  litt^raturefrancaises  au  moyen-^ge" 
(1876-78),  etc. 

Aubervilliers  (6-ber-ve-lya').  A  suburb  of 
Paris,  1  mile  north  of  the  fortifications.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  25,022. 

Aubign^,  Frangoise  d'.  See  Maintenon,  Ma- 
dame de. 

Aubign6,  Merle  d'.    See  Merle  d'Aubign4. 

Aubigne  (6-be-nya'),  Theodore  Agrippa  d'. 
Born  near  Pons,  Saintonge,  France,  Feb.  8, 
1552 :  died  at  Geneva,  April  29, 1630.  A  French 
Huguenot  historian,  satirist,  and  soldier,  in  the 
administrative  service  of  Henry  IV.  He  wrote 
"Histoire  universelle  1550-1601"  (1616-20), 
"Histoire  secrete,"  satires,  etc. 

Aubin  (6-bau').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Aveyron,  Prance,  in  lat.  44°  32'  N.,  long.  2° 
15'  E.    Population  (1891),  commune,  9,052. 

Aublet  (o-bla'),  Jean  Baptiste  Christophe 
Fus€e.  Born  at  Salon,  Provence,  Nov.  4, 1720 : 
died  at  Paris,  May  6;  1778.  A  French  botanist. 
In  1752  he  went  to  Mauritius,  where  he  spent  several 
years.  From  1762  to  1764  he  traveled  in  French  Guiana, 
and  in  the  latter  year  was  in  Santo  Domingo.  The  results 
of  his  voyages  were  published  in  1775,  in  his  "Histoire 
des  plantes  de  la  Guyane  fran;aise  "  (4to,  2  vols,  text^  2 
of  plates),  containing  also  descriptions  of  species  from 
Mauritius,  and  many  notes  of  general  interest. 

Aubrac  (6-brak').  A  mountain-group  in  the 
departments  of  Aveyron  and  LozSre,  France, 
connected  with  the  system  of  the  C6vennes. 
Its  highest  point  is  nearly  4,800  feet. 

Aubrey  (at'bri),  Mr.  1.  The  principal  character 
in  Samuel  Warren's  novel  "Ten  Thousand  a 
Year,"  afterward  succeeding  to  the  title  of 
Lord  Drelincourt.  A  reserved  and  elegant  country 
gentleman  with  an  income  of  ten  thousand  a  year,  the 
loss  and  subsequent  recovery  of  which  form  the  main 
interest  of  the  book. 

3.  In  Cumberland's  play  "The  Fashionable 
Lover,"  the  father  of  Augusta  Aubrey.  He  re- 
turns in  time  to  reward  those  who  have  be- 
friended her. 

Aubrey,  Augusta.  The  principal  female  char- 
acter in  Cumberland's  "Fashionable  Lover," 
persecuted  by  Lord  Abberville,  but  finally  mar- 
ried to  Francis  Tyrrel. 

Aubrey,  John.  Bom  at  Easton  Pierse,  Wilt- 
shire, March  12  (Nov.  3  ?),  1626:  died  in  June, 
1697.  An  English  antiquary,  author  of  "Mis- 
cellanies," a  collection  of  ghost-stories  and 
other  tales  of  the  supernatural.  He  materially 
aided  Anthony  ii  Wood  in  preparing  his  "Antiquities  of 
Oxford  "  (1674).  Parts  of  the  valuable  manuscript  mate- 
rial left  by  him  have  been  edited. 


Anerbach,  Berthold 


Aubry  94 

^J^J°^^^'^'  Claude  Charles,  Comte  d'.  Auchterarder  (aeh-t6r-ar'd6r).     A  town  In  Audley  (4d'U),  Hugh.  Died  1662.  An  English 
S°P,^*,?,°™S-.e5.-Bresse,  Oct.  25,  1773:  died    Perthshire,  Scotland,  13  miles  southwest  of    money-lender  and  miser  who  amassed  a  large 

fortune  largely  at  the  expense  of  improvident 


Oct.  19, 1813.  °A  French  general.   He  fought  with    Perth. 

^»Stl'e°o^tura'nlTrolieTio^:^^^^^  .         .,,      /oung  gallants 

8ion  forhia  serriceB  in  restoring  tlie  bridge  overthe  Bere-  AUCJIlana  (aJl  land).    A  former  province  in  the  Audley,  or  Audeley,  JameS  de, 


aina,  and  was  fatally  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Leipsic. 

Aubry  de  Montdidier  (6-bre'  d6  m6h-de-dya'). 
A  French  gentleman  of  the  court  of  Charles  V. 
who  was  murdered  in  1371  in  the  forest  of 
Montargis  by  another  courtier,  Richard  de  Ma- 
caire.  it  is  said  that  the  murderer  would  have  escaped 
but  for  the  fidelity  of  Aubry's  dog,  which  followed  him  con- 


,       -1     '-    c ~ .——.-./,>"  *i.i*v«!ioj,  uouuoo  i»o.    Bom  about 

northern  part  of  North  Island,  New  Zealand.       1316:   died  at  Fontenay-le-Comte,  1369.    An 
Auckland.    A  seaport,  capital  of  the  county    Englishcommanderinthe  wars  of  Edward  in., 
of  Eden,  New  Zealand,  situated  on  HauraM    noted  for  his  bravery. 

Gulf  in  lat.  36°  50'  S.,  long.  174°  49'  E. :  the  Audley,  Thomas  (Baron  Audley  of  Walden). 
former  capital  of  New  Zealand,  it  has  one  of  the  Born  m  Essex,  England,  1488 :  died  at  London, 
best  harbors  in  New  Zealand,  and  contains  a  college  and  ca-  April  30,  1544.  An  English  politician,  speaker 
thedral.  Populationa891).J8,6l3, or  61.127  with  suburbs,     ^t  the  House  of  Commons  1529-33,  an^  lord 


«.i.-iw.  „,iouuoin,jfoijiuorysQog,wmcniouoweanimcon-    A,,/.Mn,.j    ^«_i  1*      q  '     ^j 

tinually  until,  the  attention  of  the  king  having  been  called  AUCKiantt,  iarl  01.     bee  Aden.  phanpellor  of  EiKrlflTid  1.'5.1'?-44 

to  ".  he  ordered  that  Macaire  should  flght  with  his  ac-  Auckland  Islands.     A  group  of  uninhabited    A„%^lT„f^i^^f^T^^f^\„t^^      Rn™    of 

""""  ^-  ^"~    "     "-    -  ■    •  •       ■  ■  ■  islands  in  the  South  Plcific*^  Ocean,  south  of  '^'tlPXru'27  1^7'  d^edatSris  Nov  9  f841 

New  Zealand,  in  lat.  50°  30' S.,  long.  166°  13'    ^aris,  April^/^,1/9/.  aiedat±;aris,£iov.a,  l»4l, 

E. ,  claimed  by  Great  Britain .    They  were  discovered 
mi,„   1, 1  4.    3         -u   J    T.        by  the  British  in  1806. 

^l'J%'^'%^tT^>'tt''.  Audaeus  (a-de'us),  Audius.(a'di-us),or  Udo 
(u  do).  Bom  in  Mesopotamia:  died  in  Soythia 
about  370  a.  d.  The  founder,  about  330,  of  a 
rigid  monastic  sect  in  Scythia,  which  subsisted 


cuser  the  dog.  Macaire  was  armed  with  a  club,  but  was 
pulled  down  by  the  dog  and  confessed  his  crime.  The 
subject  has  been  dramatized  and  sung  in  ballads  in  French. 
German,  and  English. 

Auburn  (ft'bfern). 
Goldsmith  in  his   "Deserted  Village,"  com- 
monly identified  with  Lissoy,   County  West- 
meath,  Ireland. 

Auburn.  The  capital  of  De  Kalb  County, 
Indiana,  situated  on  Cedar  Creek  22  miles 
north  of  Port  Wayne.   Population  (1900), 3,396. 

Auburn.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Androscog- 
gin County,  Maine,  situated  on  the  Androscog- 
gin 34  miles  north  of  Portland,  opposite  Lewis- 
ton.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  boots  and 
shoes,  etc.    Population  (1900),  12,951. 

Auburn.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Cajniga 
County,  New  York,  situated  at  the  outlet  of 
Owasco  Lake  in  lat.  42°  55'  N.,  long.  76°  40' 
W.,  the  seat  of  a  State  prison,  conducted  on  the 
"silent"  (or  "Auburn")  system,  and  of  a  Pres- 
byterian theological  seminary,  chartered  1820 
and  opened  in  1821.    Population  (1900),  30,345. 

Auburn,  Mount.    See  Mount  Auburn. 

Aubusson  (6-bu-s6n').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Creuse,  France,  situated  at  the  Creuse 


A  noted  French  entomologist.  He  wrote  a 
"Histoire  des  insectes  nuisibles  h  la  vigne" 
(1842),  etc. 
Audran  (o-dron'),  Charles.  Bom  at  Paris, 
1594 :  died  at  Paris,  1674.  A  noted  French  en- 
graver. His  prints,  which  are  numerous,  are 
about  a  hundred  years.  "He  was  an  anthropomor:  "^'•'^ed"C,"  later  "K." 
phist,  and  observed  Baater  on  the  14th  of  Nisan,  accord-  AUaraU,  ClaUde.  Bom  at  Pans,  159/ :  died  at 
ing  to  the  Jewish  faahion.  Lyons,  1677.    A  French  engraver,  brother  of 

Aude  (od).    A  department  of  France,  capital    Charles  Audran. 

Carcassonne,  bounded  by  Tarn  and  H6rault  Audran,  Claude.    Bom  at  Lyons,  1639:  died 
on  the  north,  the  Mediterranean  on  the  east,    at  Paris,  1684.     A  French  painter,  second  son 
Pyr6n6es-Orientales  on  the  south,  Haute-Ga-    of  the  euOTaver  Claude  Audran. 
ronne  on  the  northwest,  and  Arifege  on  the  west.  Audran,  Claude.    Bom  at  Lyons,  1658:  died 
It  formed  part  of  ancient  Languedoc.    There  are  outU-    I734.     A  French  painter,  eldest  son  of  Germain 


ers  of  the  Pyrenees  in  the  south  and  of  the  C^vennea  in 
the  north.    *' 


Audran :  an  instructor  of  the  painter  Watteau. 


rth.    It  comprises  4  arrondiasements.    Area,  2,436    Auaran :  an  instmctor  01  ine  painter  w  atteau. 
miles.    Population  (I89l)k  317,372.  Audran,  Grerard.    Born  at  Lyons,  1640 :  died 


square 
Aude.    A  river  in  southern  France  which  rises 
in  the  Pyrenees  and  flows  into  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea  11  miles  east  of  Narbonne.   Carcaasonne 
is  situated  on  it.    Length,  about  125  miles. 

Audebert  (od-bar'),  Jean  Baptiste.   Bom  at 


at  Paris,  1703.  An  engraver,  third  son  of  the 
elder  Claude  Audran,  celebrated  especially  for 
his  engravings  of  Lebrun's  historical  paintings. 
He  wrote   "Proportions   du   corps  humain" 

., .- (1693). 

Roehefort,  France,  1759:  died  at  Paris,  1800.  Audran,  Germain,    Born  at  Lyons,  1631 :  died 
A  French  naturahst  and  artist.  1710.    A  French  engraver,  nephew  of  Charles 


in  lat.  45°  56'  N.,  long.  2°  10'  E.,  noted  for  its  Audefroy  le  Bastard  (od-frwa'  16  bas-tar').   Audran. 


carpets.     Population  (1891),  commune,  6,672. 

Aubusson,  Pierre  d".  Bom  in  Prance,  1423 : 
died  at  Rhodes,  July  13,  1503.  Grand  master 
of  the  Knights  of  St.  John  1476-1503.  He  suc- 
cessfully conducted  the  heroic  defense  of 
Rhodes  against  the  Turks  in  1480. 

Aucassinet  Nicolette  (o-ka-san'  a  ne-ko-let') 


See  the  extract.  '   Audran,  Jean.    Bom  at  Lyons,  1667:  died  at 

By  far  the  best  of  them  [romances]  are  those  of  Aude-  Paris,  1756.  A  French  engraver,  third  son  of 
froy  le  Bastard,  of  whom  nothing  is  known,  but  who,  ac-  OprmaiTi  AiidrnTi  TTia  iSiaf  Imnwn  w^m-L-  io 
cording  to  the  late  M.  Paul  in  piris,  may  be  fixed  at  the  u  m^  5^  Auoran.  ms  Dest-tnoTO  work  is 
beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century.  "  ine  Rape  ot  the  Sabmes,"  after  Poussm.      « 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit,  p.  63.  Audrey  (^'dri).     [Also  Awdrey,  Awdry,  etc.,  a 


Audenarde.    See  Oudenarde. 
Audh.     See  Oudh. 


1.  A  French  romance  of  the  13th  century,  Audhumla  (ou-DHum'ia).  [Icel.]  The  cow,  in 
named  from  the  hero  and  heroine.  See  the  tl^e  Old  Norse  cosmogony,  from  whose  udders 
extract.  flowed  the  milk  which  nourished  the  flrst  cre- 

_,,    .      1  i  ,     .  . .    _       .     . , ,,  .  ated  being,  the  giant  Ymir,  and  his  race.    She 

•  Til?  fl?«»'  prose  tale  of  the  French  middle  ages,  Aucas-  uoked  out  o?  the  salty  ice  a  being  Burl,  whose  son,  BSn-T 
sm  et  Nicolette.    Inthisexquisite  story  Auca8sm,theson     was  the  father  of  Odii.  '  ""»»  son,Borr, 

of  the  Count  of  Beaucaire,  falls  m  love  with  Nicolette,  a    a„j4„«„ /*/^.     _   \       *  a-  j.  ji         -i    3 

captive  damsel.    It  is  very  short,  and  is  written  in  mingled  ■'t"*",*^|:  (^  di-anz).     A  monastic  sect  founded 


verse  and  prose.  The  theme  is  for  the  most  part  nothing 
but  the  desperate  love  of  Aucasain,  which  is  careless  of 
religion,  which  makes  him  indifferent  to  the  joy  of  battle, 
and  to  everything  except  "Nicolette  ma  trea-douce  mie," 
and  which  is,  of  course,  at  last  rewarded.  But  the  extreme 
beauty  of  the  separate  scenes  makes  it  a  masterpiece. 

Saintsbury^  French  Lit.,  p.  147. 

2.  An  opera  by  Gr6try,  first  produced  in  1780. 
Auch  (0^).  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Gers,  France,  situated  on  the  Gers  in  lat.  43° 
38'  N.,  long.  0°  36'  E. :  the  ancient  Elimber- 
rum  or  EUberris,  later  Augusta  Auscorum,  a 
flourishing  town,  capital  of  the  Ausci.    It  was 


by  Audius  or'Audseus,  a  Syrian,  in  the  4th 
century.  Audius,  after  unsuccessful  attempts  to  im- 
prove the  morals  of  the  clergy,  separated  from  the  church 
and  was  irregularly  appointed  bishop.  Various  heretical 
opinions  were  attributed  to  the  sect. 
Audience.  [Sp.  Audienda.']  Originally,  a  su- 
perior court  of  Spain.  The  audience  as  established 
in  the  Spanish  colonies  of  America  had  very  extensive 
powers,  frequently  in  legislative  and  adminian-ative  mat- 
tera  as  well  aa  in  judicial  ones.  In  the  latter  respect 
it  was  the  superior  of  crown  governors,  but  inferior  to 
the  viceroys.  In  criminal  suits  its  decisions  admitted 
of  no  appeal ;  in  civil  cases  an  appeal  lay  to  the  Council 
of  the  Indies  only  where  the  amount  involved  was  large, 


reduced  form  of  AS.  Mtheldryht  (ML.  Ultkel- 
drifha),  St.  Audrey,  from  whose  name  comes 
also  the  word  tawdry.']  1.  In  Shakspere's 
comedy  "As  you  Like  it,"  an  awkward  country 
girl.— 2  (or  Awdrey).  A  bride,  in  Jonson's 
"  Tale  of  a  Tub,"  a  bright  and  perverse  little 
person. 

Audubon  (^'du-bon),  John  James.  Bom  near 
New  Orleans,  Maiy  4,  1780 :  died  at  New  York, 
Jan.  27,  1851.  A  noted  American  ornitholo- 
gist, of  French  descent,  chiefly  celebrated  for 
his  drawings  of  birds.  He  was  educated  in  France, 
where  he  was  a  ^upil  of  the  painter  David,  and  on  his 
return  to  the  United  States  made  various  unsuccessful 
attempts  to  establish  himself  in  business  in  New  York, 
Louisville,  and  New  Orleans.  His  time  was  chiefly  de- 
voted to  hia  favorite  study,  in  the  purauit  of  which  he 
made  long  excursions  on  foot  through  the  United  Statea. 
His  chief  work,  the  "Birds  of  America,"  was  published, 
1S27-30,  by  subscription,  the  price  of  each  copy  being 
?l,00O.  In  1831-39  he  published  "Ornithological  Biogra- 
phy "  (5  volumes).  His  "  Quadrupeds  of  America  "  (chiefiy 
by  John  Bachman  and  Audubon's  sons)  appeared  1846-54. 


^:^^^ "{^^^t^^-ih^f  ^t^^^^T^^^^^?:^^^^ A:^«.i-'!L  ^l!„-.r  "* -™- --^^ -- 


an  archbishop.  It  baa  a  large  trade  in  wine,  brandy,  etc., 
and  various  manufactures.  The  cathedral  of  Auch,  begun 
under  Charles  VIII.  in  the  florid  Pointed  style,  is  one  of 
the  most  interesting  churches  of  southern  France.  The 
classical  portico  was  added  by  Louis  XIV.  The  imposing 
interior,  347  feet  long  and  87  high,  displays  fine  Kenais- 
sance  glass  and  113  16th-century  choir-stalls  carved  with 
figures  in  rich  niches  and  canopies,  which  are  among  the 
handsomest  in  France.    Population  (1891),  14,782. 

Auchinleck  (46h-in-lek'  or  af-flek').  A  vil- 
lage in  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  28  miles  south  of 
Glasgow. 

Auchmuty  (ok'mu-ti),  Samuel.  Bom  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  Jan.  16,  1722 :  died  at  New  York, 
March  6,  1777.  .  A  royalist  Episcopal  clergy- 
man, rector  of  Trinity  Church,  New  York  city. 

Auchmuty,  Sir  Samuel.  Born  at  New  York, 
1756  (1758  ?) :  died  at  Dublin,  Ireland,  Aug.  11, 


rest.  In  regions  governed  by  a  viceroy,  the  president  of  ™  Germany.  See  Aa, 
the  audience  commonly  exercised  the  viceregal  functions  Aue.  A  manufacturing  town  in  the  kingdom 
in  case  of  a  temporary  vacancy.  Elsewhere,  as  in  Charoas,  of  Saxonv,  situated  on  the  Mulde  14  miles 
he  governed  the  country  as  a  province,  subject  to  a  vice-  HmithRnatof /wipVnn  PnTiiilo+inn /'180l1^  8  iia 
roy  in  another  place.  The  audiences  could  appoint  tem-  SOUtCeast  ot  ^wlcKau.  l-opulation  (ISaS),  8,413. 
porary  governors  and  remove  them  ;  in  the  case  of  crown  AUe,  iiartmann  VOU.  bee  Martmann  von  Aue. 
governors  and  captaina-general,  their  powers  were  often  Auenbrugger  VOU  AueubrUg  (ou-en-brog'er 
so  nearly  balanced  by  those  of  the  audience  as  to  give  riae  fon  ou'en-brog),  Leopold,  ^om  at  Gratz, 
to  conatant  diaputes.  The  first  audience  established  m  q+™.Jo  'W^tt  10  1700.  ^;<.,^  „+ ^7,•„«^„  tij-„  tt 
America  was  that  of  Santo  Domingo ;  later  there  were  au-  °^^'  .^"J^"  1^'  "^2 J  died  at  Vienna,  May  17, 
diences  of  Panama,  Los  Reyes  (LimaJi  Confines  (Central  1809.  A  trerman  physician,  inventor  of  the 
America),  New  Spain,  Charcas,  Chile,  Bogota  etc.  See  method  of  studying  internal  diseases  by  per- 
theje  names.       _  ^  ...,•,       cussion :  author  of  " Inventum  Novum  ex  Per- 

Audierne  (o-de-am').    A  seaport  m  the  de-    eussione  etc "  (1761) 

partment  of  Finist&re,  Prance,  22  miles  west  Auerbaci  (on '  er-bSdh).    A  small  town  in  the 
of  Quimper.    Population  (1891),  3,401.  Pranconian  Jura,  Upper  Palatinate,  Bavaria, 

Alldlffredl(ou-detfra'de),  Giovanni  Battista.    31  miles  northeast  of  Nuremberg. 
?™7  ^K  ^^f'W''  ^^r'  Ni«^'  "it=.^^^^  ^^\  ^'  Auerbach.    A  manufaoturiiig  to^  in  the  gov- 
1794,_An  Itahan  astronomer  and  biblio^apher.    emmental  district  of  Zwickau,  Saxony,  situated 


1822.    A  British  general,  son  of  Samuel  Auch- ^^fljjft  (a^e-fra'),  Mar(iuis   d'   (Charles    on  the  Goltzsch  15  miles  southwest  of"  Zwickau 
-"*y-,,.5y.i^l  '}&I^^^^l''^^.}:.^"t^.   Louis  Gaston).    Bom  at  pU,  Oct.  10,  1787:    ^opuLtio^SgO)-"^^^^ 

Bom  at  Nordstetten 


the  English  army,  attaining  the  rank  of  lieutena,nt.    Later    ,^i„fi  nt  Paris    AT)Til  28   1878      A  Frenph  finHn-    /  "^■■^'""""A-'"''''/!  "i^ 
he  served  with  distinction  in  India  (1784-9),  at  he  Ca^^^^    died  at  Pans,  Apnl  28,  1878      A  irenchlman    Auerbach,  Berthold, 


and  in  Egypt  (1800-03),  and  in  the  latter  year  was  made  a  cier  and  government  ofScial,  author  of 
Knightof  theBath.  In  1806  he  was  promoted  to  brigadier-  tfeme  financier  de  la  France"  (1840),  etc. 
general  and  commanded  a  force  aent  to  aid  Beresford  at  ^^^ijfjgt.pa^gn^jej.  (6-de-fra'  pas-ke-a'),  DUC 
Buenos  Ayres,  On  arriving  there  he  found  that  the  city  had  ^ '  (iSlmp  A  rma  nil  fla  Rton  1  Bom  at  Paris 
been  recovered  by  the  Spaniards  and  Berestord  had  aurren-  O  (liame  Armana  UaSIOnj.  isom  at  ±;ans, 
dered.  Unablewithhi3forcetoretakeBuenoaAyres,heat-  Oct.  23,  1823.  A  French  statesman,  president 
tacked  Montevideo  and  took  it  by  storm,  after  a  bloody    of  the  Senate  1876-79. 

fight  (Feb.  3, 1807).  Auchmuty  was  shortly  after  super-  Auditorium  (ft-di-te'ri-um).  A  large  building 
rd'is^ItS.r^m^g'n^'^^in"sfB^ue^?s"V^V7n18Jl  ^Chicago,  ;Jombining  a  Ul  a/a  theater! 
he  became  major-general,  and  from  1810  to  1813  he  served  It  is  situated  at  the  corner  of  ^chigan  Avenue  and  Con- 
with  diatinotion  in  India  and  Java.  In  1821  he  was  ap-  greBs  street^  and  has  a  front  of  360  feet  on  the  latter  street. 
pointed  commander-in-chief  in  Ireland.  I*  was  erected  1887-89. 


Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  28,  1812:  died  at  Cannes', 
Prance,  Feb.  8, 1882.  A  noted  German  novelist, 
poet,  and  author,  of  Hebrew  birth.  He  studied 
at  Tubingen,  Munich,  and  Heidelberg,  and  was  impris- 
oned in  1836  in  the  fortress  of  Hohenasperg  for  participa- 
tion in  the  Burschenschaf  t.  Among  his  works  are  a  trans- 
lation of  .SpinoziL  "Schwarzwillder  Dorf geschichten " 
(1843,  "Village Tales  of  the  Black  Forest"),  "Die  Frau 
Profe8sorin"(1847),  "BaTfussele"(1856,  "LittleBarefoot"). 
"  Joseph  im  Schnee  "  (1860\  "  Edelweiaa  "  (1861),  "  Auf  der 
Htthe"  (1871,  "On  the  Heights"),  "Das  Landhans  am 
Ehein"  (1869)y  "Waldfried"  (1874)i  "Brigitta"  (1880),  etc 


Auerbach,  Heinrich 

Auerbach,  Heinrich  (originally  Stromer). 
Bom  at  Auerbaeh,  Bavaria,  1482:  died  1542. 
A  German  medical  professor,  famous  as  the 
builder  of  "  AuerbaoE's  Keller." 

Auerbach's  Keller  (Cellar),  A  wine-eellar  in 
Auerbach's  Hof  ('tavern')  in  Leipsie  (No.  1 
Grimmaisohe  Strasse),  famous  from  its  con- 
nection with  the  Faust  legends,  with  Goethe's 
"Faust,"  and  -with  the  academic  years  of  the 
youthful  Goethe.  There  are  two  mural  paintings  ol 
the  16th  century  under  the  arohea,  one  of  which  repre- 
sents Faust  seated  with  others  at  a  table  with  a  goblet  in 
his  hand :  a  black  dog  watches  him.  The  other  shows 
Faust,  astride  of  a  wine-cask,  being  whisked  by  the  agency 
of  the  demon  tlirough  the  open  door.  The  pictures  and 
inscriptions  have  been  several  times  restorer 

Auersberg  (ou'ers-bera).  One  of  the  chief 
mountains  of  the  Erzgebirge,  Saxony,  20  miles 
southeast  of  Zwickau. 

Auersperg  (ou'ers-pere),  Count  Anton  Alex- 
ander von:  pseudonym  Anastasius  Gh:iin. 
Bom  atLaibaeh,  Carniola,  April  11,  1806:  died 
at  Gratz,  Styria,  Sept.  12,  1876.  A  noted  Aus- 
trian poet  and  statesman,  member  of  the  Fralik- 
f  ort  Parliament  of  1848,  and  later  of  the  Aus- 
trian Eeichsrat.  Among  his  works  are  "Der  Letzte 
Hitter "  OS30,  "The  Last  Knight"),  "Spaziergange  einea 
Wiener  Poeten  "  (1831, " Promenades  of  aViennese  Poet "), 
"Schutt"  (1835,  "Euins"),  "Gedichte"  (1837),  "Volks- 
lieder  aus  Erain  "  (1850),  "Robin  Hood  "  (1864X  and  (pos- 
thumously) "In  der  Veranda:  eine  dichterische  Nachlese  " 
(1S76X    His  collected  works  were  published  in  1877. 

Anersperg,  Prince  Adolf  Willielm  Daniel. 

Bom  July  21,  1821 :  died  at  his  castle  Goldegg 
in  Lower  Austria,  Jan.  5,  1885.  An  Austrian 
statesman,  brother  of  Prince  Karl  Wilhelm 
Auersperg,  premier  of  the  Cisleithan  ministry 
1871-79. 

Auersperg,  Prince  Karlos.  Bom  May  1, 1814 : 
died  Jan.  4, 1890.  An  Austrian  statesman,  sev- 
eral times  from  1861  president  of  the  upper 
chamber  of  the  Keichsrat. 

Auerstadt,  or  Auerstedt  (ou'er-stet).  A  vil- 
lage in  the  province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  14  miles 
northeast  of  Weimar,  a  famous  victory  was  gained 
here  Oct.  14, 1806,  by  the  French  (35,000)  under  Davout 
over  the  Prussians  (50,000)  under  the  Duke  of  Brunswick 
(Frederick  William  III.  present).  The  loss  of  the  French 
was  7,600;  of  the  Prussians,  over  10,000  (including  this 
Duke  of  Brunswick).  On  the  same  day  IVapoleon  defeated 
another  Prussian  army  at  Jena.    See  Jena,. 

Auerstadt,  Due  d'.    See  Dawut. 
Auerswald  (ou'ers-valt),  Alfred  von.    Bom 

at  Marienwerder,  Deo.  16, 1797:  died  at  Berlin, 
July  3, 1870.  A  Prussian  ofSeial  and  politician, 
minister  of  the  interior  in  Camphausen's  cabi- 
net, March  29- June  14,  1848. 

Auerswald,  Hans  Adolf  Erdmann  von.  Bom 
Oct.  19,  1792:  died  Sept.  18, 1848.  A  Prassian 
general,  brother  of  A.  von  Auerswald.  He  was 
killed,  with  Prince  Lichnowski,  by  rioters  at 
Frankfort. 

Auerswald,  Rudolf  von.  Bom  Sept.  l,  1795: 
died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  15,  1866.  A  Prussian  offi- 
cial and  politician.  He  was  intrusted  with  the  for- 
mation of  a  cabinet,  June  10, 1848,  on  the  resignation  of 
Gamphausen,  remaining  in  office  till  Sept.  10. 

Auf  der  Hohe  (ouf  der  h6'e).  A  novel  by 
Berthold  Auerbaeh,  published  in  1871  (trans- 
lated into  English  as  "  On  the  Heights ") .  The 
scene  is  laid  in  southern  Germany. 

Auffenberg  (ouf'en-berG),  Joseph,  Baron 
von.  Bom  at  Freiburg  in  Breisgau,  Aug.  25, 
1798 :  died  there,  Dec.  25, 1857.  A  German  sol- 
dier (in  the  service  of  Austria  and  then  of 
Baden)  and  dramatic  poet.  On  a  journey  to  Spain, 
1832,  he  was  severely  wounded  by  robbers  near  Valencia, 
was  nursed  in  the  Convent  del  Cid  at  Valencia' through  a 
long  convalescence,  and  in  his  will  made  the  convent  his 
heir.  He  became  seneschal  of  Baden  in  1839.  Chief 
works:  "Alhambra"  (1829-30)  and  "Das  Nordlicht  von 
kasan." 

Aufidia  gens  (a-fld'i-a  jenz).  In  ancient  Eome, 
a  plebeian  clan  or  house  whose  family  names 
were  Lureo  and  Orestes.  The  first  member  of 
this  gens  who  obtained  the  consulship  was  On. 
Aufldius  Orestes,  71  b.  c. 

Aufldlus  (a-fld'i-us),  Tnllius.  In  Shakspere's 
"Ooriolanus,"  the  general  of  the  Volseians. 

Aufldus  (a'fl-dus).  The  Latin  name  of  the 
Ofanto. 

Aufrecht  (ouf'recht),  Theodor.  Born  at 
Leschnitz,  Upper  Silesia,  Jan.  7,  1822.  A  Ger- 
man philologist,  noted  especially  as  a  Sanskrit- 
ist.  He  collaborated  with  Kirohhofl  in  the  publication 
of  the  "  Umbrische  Sprachdenkmaler  "  (1849-51),  founded, 
with  A.  Kuhn,  the  "Zeitaohrift  fiir  vergleichende  Sprach- 
forschung"(1852),  and  aided  Max  Muller  in  editing  the 
Eigveda.  In  1862  he  became  professor  of  Sanskrit  and 
comparative  philology  at  Edinburgh,  and  was  professor  at 
Bonn  1875-89.  .         , ,.  _ 

Augarten  (ou'giir-ten).     A  public  garden  in 

Vienna,  situated  in  the  Leopoldstadt  suburb 


95 

between  the  Danube  and  the  Donan  Canal. 
It  is  noted  as  the  place  where  many  musical  masterpieces 
were  first  performed.  It  was  opened  in  1776,  at  first  only 
a  garden;  then  a  concert-room  was  built,  and  in  1782 
morning  concerts  were  started  by  Marten,  an  entrepre- 
neur, in  association  with  Mozart.  From  this  time  until 
1830  the  place  was  a  resort  for  music-lovers,  but  interest 
dwindled  and  the  place  is  now,  as  at  first,  a  garden  for 
walldng  and  lounging.    Orove. 

Auge  (a'je),  or  Augeia  (ft-ji'a).  [Gr.  Avyv, 
Avyda.']  In  Greek  mythology,  a  priestess  of 
Athene,  mother  by  Heracles  of  Telephus. 

Auge  (ozh),  or  Valine  d'Auge.  A  district  in 
the  eastern  part  of  the  department  of  Calvados, 
Normandy. 

Augeas  (^'je-as  or  a-je'as^,  or  Augeias  (&-ji'- 
as).  \G(i.  'Xvyea^  or  'A.vyeioQ.']  In  Greek  my- 
tholo^,  a  son  of  Helios  (or  of  Phorbas)  and 
Hermione,  king  of  the  Epeians  in  Elis,  and  one 
of  the  Argonauts.  He  was  the  owner  of  an  enormous 
herd  of  cattle,  including  twelve  white  bulls  sacred  to  the 
sun.  The  cleaning  of  his  stable  or  farm-yard  was  one  of 
the  labors  of  Hercules  (Heracles).  He  was  slain  by  Her- 
cules. 

Augean  stable.    See  Augeas. 

Auger  (6-zha'),  Athanase.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Dee.  12,  1734:  died  there,  Feb.  7,  1792.  A 
French  classical  scholar  and  ecclesiastic.  He 
translated,  among  other  classics,  Demosthenes,  JBschines, 
and  Isocrates.  His  principal  work  is  a  treatise  "De  la 
constitution  romaine." 

Augereau  (ozh-ro'),  Pierre  Frangois  Charles, 

Due  de  Castiglione.  Born  Nov.  11,  1757:  died 
near  Melun,  France,  June  12,  1816.  A  French 
marshal,  distinguished  in  the  Italian  campaigns 
of  1796-97,  particularly  at  Lodi,  Castiglione, 
and  Arcole.  He  played  an  important  part  in  the  coup 
d'etat  of  18th  Fruotidor,  1797 ;  was  a  member  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  500  in  1799;  became  commander  of  the  army  in 
Holland  in  1800 ;  was  appointed  marshal  in  1804 ;  forced 
an  Austrian  corps  to  surrender  1805 ;  served  with  distinc- 
tion at  Jena  (1806)  and  Eylau  (1807) ;  commanded  in  Cata- 
lonia in  1809;  and  fought  at  Leipsie  1S13.  He  was  made 
a  peer  by  Louis  XVIII. 

Aughrim.     See  Aghnm. 

Augier  (6-zhe-a'),  Guillaume  Victor  Emile. 
Born  at  Valence,  Prance,  Sept.  17, 1820 :  died  at 
Croissy (Seine-et-Oise), Oct.  25, 1889.  AFreneh 
dramatist,  member  of  the  Academy  in  1857. 
His  most  important  works  are  "L'Aventurifere,"  in  verse 
(1848) ;  "  GabrieUe,"  in  verse  (1849) ;  "Le  gendre  de  M.  Poi- 
rier"  (4  acts,  1864 ;  in  collaboration  with  Jules  Sandeau), 
the  best  modern  French  comedy;  "Les  effront6s"(5  acts, 
1881) ;  "  Le  flls  de  Giboyer "  (5  acts,  1862) ;  "  Maltre  Gu^- 
rin  (5  acts,  1864);  "Paul  Forestier"  (in  verse;.*  acts, 
1868) ;  "  Les  Fourchambault "  (3  acts,  1878). 

Auglaize  (S,'glaz).  A  river  in  western  Ohio,  a 
tributary  of  the  Maumee. 

Augsburg  (agz'berg;  G.  pron.  ougs'bSrG).  The 
capital  of  the  governmental  district  of  Swabia 
and  Neuburg,  Bavaria,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Wertach  with  the  Lech,  in  lat.  48°  22' 
N.,  long.  10°  54'  B. :  an  important  commercial 
and  railway  center  for  South  Germany,  it  has 
manufactures  of  cotton,  woolens,  machinery,  etc.,  and  an 
important  book-trade.  It  was  built  by  the  emperor  Augus- 
tus as  Augusta  (whence  the  modern  name)  Vindelicorum 
about  15  B.  0.,  and  was  the  chief  city  of  Bhsetia.  It  fell 
under  Frankish,  and  later  under  Swabian  rule,  and  became 
a  free  imperial  city  (1276),  the  leading  member  of  the  Swa- 
bian League,  the  seat  of  several  diets,  and  an  important 
center  of  German  commerce  and  art.  It  suffered  severely 
in  the  Smalcaldic  war.  Thirty  Years'  War,  and  War  of 
the  Spanish  Succession.  In  1806  it  passed  to  Bavaria.  The 
cathedral  of  Augsburg  is  of  early-Eomanesque  foundation, 
but  waa  altered  in  the  14th  and  15th  centuries.  It  has  a 
clioir  at  each  end.  The  eastern  choir  has  on  each  side 
a  splendid  sculptured  portal  of  the  14th  century.  It  con- 
tains much  interesting  church  furniture,  11th-century 
bronze  doors  with  Old  Testament  and  mythological  reliefs, 
beautiful  glass,  and  fine  paintings.  The  late-Pointed  clois- 
ter is  noteworthy.    Population  (1890),  76,629. 

Augsburg,  Bishopric  of.  A  former  "imme- 
diate "  bishopric  of  the  German  Eoman  Empire, 
secularized  in  1803.    It  passed  to  Bavaria. 

Augsburg  Confession.  [L.  Confessio  Augus- 
tana.^  The  chief  Lutheran  creed,  prepared 
by  Melanchthon  and  read  before  the  Diet  of 
Augsburg  in  1530. 

Augsburg,  Diet  of.  Convened  April  8,  1530, 
opened  June  20,  and  closed  in  Nov.  It  was 
summoned  by  Charles  V.,  in  an  invitation  dated 
at  Bologna,  Jan.  21,  1530,  for  the  purpose  of 
settling  the  religious  dispute  in  Germany,  and 
to  prepare  for  war  against  the  Turks. 

Augsburg  Interim.  A  provisional  arrange- 
ment for  the  settlement  of  religious  differences 
between  Protestants  and  Eoman  Catholics  in 
Germany  during  the  Reformation  epoch,  pend- 
ing a  definite  settlement  by  a  church  council. 
It  was  proclaimed  by  Charles  V.,  May  15, 1548, 
but  not  carried  out  by  many  Protestants. 

Augsburg,  League  of,  July  9,  1686.  A  treaty 
between  Holland,  the  emperor,  the  kings  of 
Sweden  and  Spain,  and  the  electors  of  Bavaria, 
Saxony,  and  the  Palatinate,  for  the  purpose  of 


Augusta  Emerita 

maintaining,  as  against  France,  the  treaties  of 
Mlinster  and  Nimeguen. 
Augsburg,  Religious  Peace  of,  Sept.  25, 1555. 
A  treaty  between  the  Lutheran  and  Catholic 
estates  of  Germany,  e9noluded  at  a  diet  held  in 
Augsburg  in  conformity  with  the  Convention  of 
Passau.  It  secured  the  triumph  of  the  Keformation  by 
providing  that  the  individual  states  of  the  empire  should 
be  permitted  to  prescribe  the  form  of  worship  within  their 
limits.  The  benefits  of  this  peace,  however,  were  not  ex- 
tended to  the  Calvinists. 

Augur  (§.'g6r),  Christopher  Colon.  Bom  at 
New  York,  1821 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
Jan.  16,  1898.  An  American  general.  He  was 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1843;  led  a  division  under 
Banks  at  Cedar  Mountain  ;  commanded  the  left  wing  of 
the  army  in  the  siege  of  Port  Hudson ;  was  promoted 
lirigadier-Keneral  in  3869  ;  and  was  retired  in  1885. 

Augur,  Hezekiah.  Bom  at  New  Haven,  Conn.  - 
Feb.  21, 1791:  died  at  New  Haven,  Jan.  10, 1858. 
An  American  sculptor,  and  the  inventor  of  a 
wood-carving  machine. 

Augurs,  TheMask  of.  A  mask  by  Ben  Jonson, 
acted  in  1622. 

August  (4'g(ist).  [Prom  ME.  August,  Augst, 
also  Aust,  after  OP.  Aoust,  mod.  F.  ^oitt=Sp. 
Pg.  It.  Agosto  =  D.  Augustus  =  G.  Dan.  August 
=  Sw.  Augusti  =  Euss.  Avgustti  =  Gr.  Aij-ouorof, 
from  L.  Augustus  (se.  mensis,  month),  August  r 
so  named  by  the  emperor  Augustus  CsBsar  in 
his  own  honor,  following  the  example  of  Julius 
Caesar,  who  gave  his  name  to  the  preceding 
month,  July.  The  earlier  name  of  August  was 
Sextilis  (from  sextus  =  E.  sixth,  it  being  the  sixth 
monthin  the  old  calendar).]  The  eighth  month 
of  theyear,  oontainingthirty-onedays,  reckoned, 
the  first  month  of  autumn  in  Great  Britain,  but 
the  last  of  summer  in  the  United  States. 

August,  Elector  of  Saxony.    See  Augustus. 

August  (ou'gost),  Emil  Leopold.  Bom  1772: 
died  1822.  Duke  of  Saxe-Gotha  and  Altenburg- 
1804r-22,  a  patron  of  art  and  literature,  and 
author  of  the  idyllic  work  "  Kyllenion." 

August,  Ernst  Ferdinand.  Bom  at  Prenzlau, 
Feb.  18,  1795:  died  at  Berlin,  March  25,  1870. 
A  German  scientist,  the  inventor  of  the  psy- 
chrometer. 

August,  Friedrich  Eberhard,  Prince  of  WUr- 
temberg.  Bom  at  Stuttgart,Wurtemberg,  Jan. 
24,  1813:  died  Jan.  12,  1885.  Uncle  of  (3haries 
I.  of  'Wiirtemberg,  and  general  in  the  Prussian 
service.  He  served  with  distinction  at  the  bat- 
tles of  KSniggratz,  Gravelotte,  and  Sedan. 

August,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Heinrich,  Prince 
of  Pmssia.  Bom  Sept.  19;  1779  :  died  July  19, 
1843.  A  nephew  of  Frederick  the  Great,  and 
a  distinguished  officer  in  the  Napoleonic  wars. 

August,  Paul  Friedrich.  Born  July  13, 1783  : 
died  Feb.  27, 1853.  Grand  duke  of  Oldenburg, 
1829-53. 

August,  Wilhelm,  Prince  of  Prussia.  Bora 
Aug.  9,  1722 :  died  June  12,  1758.  A  Prussian 
general,  brother  of  Frederick  the  Great. 

Augusta  (S,-gus'ta).  [L.,  fern,  of  Augustus,. 
which  see.]  A  title  conferred  as  a  supreme 
honor  upon  women  of  the  Eoman  imperial 
house.  It  wasflrst  borne  by  Livia,  thenby  Antonia,  grand- 
mother of  Caligula,  and  first  as  consort  of  the  emperor  by 
Agrippina,  wife  of  Claudius.  Later  it  was  bestowed,  with- 
the  consent  of  the  emperor,  upon  others  besides  the  consort 
of  the  reigning  Csesar. 

Augusta  (ou-gos'ta),  Marie  Luise  Kathar- 
ina.  Bom  at  Weimar,  Germany,  Sept.  30, 
1811:  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  7,  1890.  The  second, 
daughter  of  Karl  Friedrich,  grand  duke  of 
Saxe-Weimar,  and  Princess  Maria  Paxdovna, 
and  wife  (1829)  of  WiUiamL,  afterward  emperor 
of  Germany. 

Augusta  (a-gus'ta).  The  Eoman  town  on  th» 
site  of  London. 

Augusta.    See  Agosta.  .,,,.„.,         , 

Augusta  (a-gus'ta).  The  capital  of  Eichmond 
County,  Georgia,"situated  on  the  Savannah,  at 
the  head  of  navigation,  in  lat.  33°  28'  N.,  long. 
81°  54'  W.  It  has  a  large  cotton  trade,  and  important 
manufactures,  especially  of  cotton,  and  is  the  seat  of  the 
Medical  College  of  Georgia.  It  was  besieged  and  taken 
by  the  American  troops  in  1781.    Pon.  (1900),  39,441. 

Augusta.  A  village  in  Hancock  County,  Illi- 
nois, 34  miles  northeast  of  Quincy. 

Augusta.  The  capital  of  Maine  and  of  Kenne- 
bec County,  situated  on  the  Kennebec,  at  the 
head  of  navigation,  in  lat.  44°  19'  N.,  long.  69° 
50'  W.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  etc.,  and  a  United 
States  arsenal.    Population  (1900),  11,683. 

Augusta  Auscorum  (a-gus'ta  as-ko  mm). 
The  ancient  name  of  Auch  in  France,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Ausei  (whence  the  name). 

Augusta  Emerita  (e-mer'i-ta).  The  ancient 
name  of  Merida,  in  Spain,    "it  was  built  in  b.  o.  23 


Augusta  Emerita 

by  PubUus  Causius,  the  legate  of  Augustus,  who  colonized 
it  with  the  veterans  of  the  6th  and  10th  legions  whose  tenn 
of  service  had  expired  {emeriti  [whence  the  name])  at  the 
close  of  the  Cautabrian  war."    Smith. 

Augusta  Praetoria  (pre-to'ri-a).  The  Roman 
name  of  Aosta. 

Augusta  Bauracorum  (ra-ra-ko'rum).  The 
Roman  name  of  Angst,  Switzerland. 

Augusta  Suessionum  (swes-i-o'num),  or  Sues- 
sonum  (swe-so'num).  The  Roman  name  of 
Soissons. 

Augusta  Taurinorum  (ta-ri-no'rum).  The 
Roman  name  of  Turin,  the  capital  of  the  Tau- 
riui  (whence  the  name). 

Augusta  Trevirorum  (trev-i-ro'rum).  The 
Roman  name  of  Treves,  capital  of  the  Treviri 
(whence  the  name). 

Augusta  Trinobantum.    See  Londinium. 

Augusta  Ubiorum  (u-bi-6'rum).  A  Roman 
name  of  Cologne,  named  from  the  Ubii. 

Augusta  Veromanduorum  (ver-o-man-dii-o'- 
rum).  The  Roman  name  of  St.  'Quentin,  in 
France,  the  capital  of  the  Veromandui  (whence 
the  name). 

Augusta  Vindelicorum  (vin-del-i-ko'mm). 
The  Roman  name  of  Augsburg,  the  capital  of 
Vindelicia  or  Rhsetia  Secunda. 

Augusta  Victoria.  Bom  Oct.  22, 1858.  Daugh- 
ter of  Duke  Friedrich  of  Schleswig-Holstein- 
Sonderburg-Augustenburg,  and  empress  of 
Germany. 

Augustan  History,  The.  A  collection  (date 
and  authorship  unknown)  of  lives  of  the  Roman 
emperors  from  Hadrian  to  Numerianus.  The  lives 
bear  the  names  of  jElius  Spartianus,  Julius  Capitolinus, 
Vulcacius  GaUicanus,  Trebellius  Pollio  (all  of  whom  wrote 
as  early  as  the  time  of  DiocletiaiO,  iElius  Lampridius,  and 
Flavius  Vopiscus  (early  in  the  4tn  century). 

Augustenburg  (ou-gos'ten-borG).  A  castle  in 
the  island  of  Alsen,  Schleswig-Holstein,  whence 
the  house  of  Augustenburg  was  named. 

Augustenburg  Line.  A  branch  of  the  royal 
house  of  Denmark  and  Oldenburg  founded  by 
Ernst  Griinther  (1609-89),  son  of  Duke  Alexan- 
der (died  1627).  To  this  line  belong  Caroline  Amalie, 
queen  of  Christian  YXII.  of  Denmark,  and  the  German 
empress  Augusta  Victoria. 

Augustin,     See  Augustine. 

Augustina.    See  Agustina. 

Augustine  (S,-gus'tin  or  §/'gus-tin),  Saint,  L. 
Aurelius  AugUStinus.  Bom  at  Tagaste,  Nu- 
midia,  Nov.  13,  354  A.  D. :  died,  at  Hippo,  Nu- 
midia,  Aug.  28,  430.  The  most  celebrated 
father  of  the  Latin  Church.  He  was  educated  at 
Madaura  and  Carthage;  taught  rhetoric  at  Tagaste  and 
Carthage ;  and  removed  to  Bome  in  383,  and  to  Milan  in 
384,  where  he  became  a  friend  of  Ambrose.  Originally 
a  Manichean,  he  was  converted  to  Christianity,  largely 
through  the  influence  of  his  mother  Monica,  and  was 
baptized  by  Ambrose  in  387 :  in  395  he  was  made  bishop 
of  Hippo.  He  was  the  champion  of  orthodoxy  against 
the  Donatists  and  Pelagians.  His  most  famous  works  are 
his  autobiography  entitled  "  Confessioues"  (397),  and  "De 
Civitate  Del,"  "Of  the  City  of  God"  (426). 

Augustine,  or  Austin  (S,s'tin),  Saint.  Died  at 
Canterbury,  England,  May  26,  604  A.  D.  A 
Benedictine  monk  sent  by  Pope  Gregory  I.  as 
missionary  to  Kent  in  597:  sumamed  "  The 
Apostle  of  the  Anglo-Saxons."  He  became  the 
first  archbishop  of  Canterbury  about  600. 

Augustine,  Life  of  St,  A  series  of  seventeen 
frescos  byBenozzo  Gozzoli  (1465),  in  the  choir 
of  San  Agostino,  in  San  Gimignano,  Italy.  The 
finest  are  the  "Death  of  Santa  Monica"  and 
the  "Burial  of  St.  Augustine." 

Augustodunum  (a-gus-to-dti'num).  [L.,  'hill 
of  Augustus.']  The  capital  of  the  ancient 
iEdui,  on  the  site  of  the  modern  Autun. 

Augustonemetum.  The  Roman  name  of  the 
modem  Clermont,  in  France. 

Augustoritum  (a-gus-tor'i-tum).  [L.,  'ford  of 
Augustus.']  The  Roman  name  of  the  mod- 
em Limoges,  the  capital  of  the  Lemoriees,  a 
Gallic  tribe. 

Augustowo  (ou-gos-t6'v6),  or  Augustow  (ou- 
gos'tov).  A  town  in  the  government  of  Su- 
walki,  Russian  Poland,  situated  on  a  small 
lake  and  on  the  Netta  about  lat.  53°  50'  N., 
long.  22°  58'  E.    Population,  9,476. 

Augustulus  (a-gus'tu-lus),  Komulus.  [L.,  'lit- 
tle Augustus.']  The  last  Roman  emperor  of  the 
West,  475-476  a.d.,  son  of  Orestes  who  deposed 
the  emperor  Julius  Nepos,  and  seized  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  empire,  while  he  had  the  title  of 
emperor  conferred  on  his  son.  Augustulus  was  com- 
pelled by  Odoacer  to  abdicate  after  the  defeat  and  death  of 
bis  father  at  Pavia.  "  He  was  called  Romulus  from  his  ma- 
ternal grandfather,  a  Count  Romulus  of  Noricum,  while 
Augustus  is  known  to  have  been  a  surname  at  Aquileia." 
(Smith,  Hist,  of  the  World.)  Augustus  was  popularly 
•changed  to  the  diminutive  Augustulus  in  derision  of  the 
emperor's  youth. 


96 

Augustus  (a-gus'tus).  [L.,  '  reverend,"  ven- 
erable,' orig.,prob.,  'consecrated  by  augury.'] 
A  title  conferred  by  the  senate  in  27  b.  c.  upon 
Oetavianus,  the  first  Roman  emperor,  it  was 
assumed  by  succeeding  emperors,  at  first  on  the  sugges- 
tion of  the  senate,  but  later  as  an  oflicial  title.  Until 
the  time  of  Marcus  Aurelius,  who  bestowed  it  upon  Lucius 
Verus,  and  later  upon  Commodus,  it  was  held  only  by 
the  reigning  emperor.  Under  Diocletian  the  title  was 
held  both  by  the  emperor  of  the  West  and  the  emperor 
of  the  East)  their  colleagues  assuming  the  title  of  Ciesar. 

Augustus  (Gains  Octavius,  called  later  Gains 
Julius  Gaesar  Oetavianus).  Bom  at  Veli- 
trsB  (?),  Latium  (or  at  Rome  ?),  Sept.  23,  63 
B.  c. :  died  at  Nola,  Campania,  Aug.  19,  14 
A.  D.  The  first  Roman  emperor,  son  of  C.  Octa- 
vius by  Attia,  daughter  of  Julia,  the  sister 
of  Julius  CsBsar,  made  by  Julius  Csesar  his 
chief  heir.  After  C»sai-'s  death  he  went  from  Epi- 
rus  to  Rome  (spring  of  44  B.  0.) ;  gained  the  influence  of 
Cicero,  the  senate,  and  the  people  against  Antony ;  was 
reconciled  with  Antony,  andformed  with  him  andLepiduE 
the  second  triumvirate  in  43 ;  took  part  in  the  proscrip- 
tion of  43,  and  iu  the  victory  over  Brutus  and  Cassius  at 
Philippi  in  42 ;  carried  on  the  Perusian  war  41-40 ;  be- 
came more  closely  allied  with  Antony  (40),  and  ruler  over 
the  West ;  renewed  the  triumvizate  in  37 ;  subdued  Sex- 
tus  Pompey  in  36 ;  and  defeated  Antony  and  Cleopatra  at 
Actium  in  31,  remaining  sole  ruler  of  the  Roman  domin- 
ion. In  28  he  was  made  Princeps  Senatus,  and  received 
the  title  of  "  Augustus  "  in  27.  Augustus  preserved  the 
republican  forms,  but  united  in  his  own  person  the  con- 
sular, tribunician,  proconsular,  and  other  powers.  His 
generals  carried  on  various  wars  in  Spain,  Africa,  Germany, 
etc.,  but  the  Roman  advance  in  the  last-named  country  re- 
ceived a  definite  set-back  through  the  defeat  of  Varus  by 
Arminius  in  9  A.  D.  Under  Augustus  Roman  literature 
reached  its  highest  point>  and  the  temple  of  Janus  was 
closed.  The  birth  of  Jesus  Christ  also  occurred  in  his  reign. 

Augustus,  G.  August  (ou'gost).  Bom  July 
31, 1526:  died  Feb.  12,  1586.  Elector  of  Sax- 
ony 1553-86,  brother  of  Maurice  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded. Originally  a  Calvinist,  he  was  induced  by  his 
wife  Anna  of  Denmark  to  embrace  Lutheranism,  and  was 
one  of  the  chief  instruments  in  securing  the  adoption  of 
the  "  Formula  Concordise  '  1680. 

Augustus  II.,  G.  August  Jrederick,  G.  Fried- 
rich  (as  Saxon  elector,  Frederick  Augustus 
I.,  G.  Friedrich  August).  Bom  at  Dresden, 
May  12,  1670:  died  at  Warsaw,  Feb.  1,  1733. 
Elector  of  Saxony  1694-1733,  surnamed  "The 
Strong."  He  was  elected  king  of  Poland  1697 ;  jomed 
Peter  the  Great  and  Denmark  against  Charles  SII.  1700 ; 
invaded  Livonia  in  the  same  year ;  was  defeated  by  the 
Swedes  at  Riga  1701  and  at  Klissow  1702 ;  was  deposed 
from  the  Polish  throne  through  the  influence  of  Charles 
XII.  in  1704 ;  and  was  reinstated  in  1709,  after  the  defeat 
of  Charles  at  Pultowa. 

Augustus  III.,G.  August,  Frederick.G.  Fried- 
rich (as  Saxon  elector,  Frederick  Augustus 
II.,  G.  Friedrich  August).  Bom  at  Dresden, 
Oct.  17,  1696:  died  at  Dresden,  Oct.  5,  1763. 
Elector  of  Saxony,  son  of  Augustus  H.  whom 
he  succeeded  as  elector  iu  1733 :  he  was  elected 
king  of  Poland  the  same  year.  He  supported 
Prussia  in  the  first  Silesian  war.  In  the  second  Silesian 
war  he  sided  with  Austria,  being  compelled  at  its  close 
(Peace  of  Dresden,  Dec.  25, 1745)  to  pay  to  Prussia  a  war 
indemnity  of  one  million  rix-dollars.  He  became  involved 
in  the  third  Silesian  (or  Seven  Years')  war  1756-63  through 
a  secret  treaty  with  Austria.  The  electorate  duiing  the 
whole  of  the  war  was  occupied  by  the  Prussians. 

Augustus  Frederick.  Bom  in  London,  Jan. 
27, 1773 :  died  at  Kensington,  London,  England, 
April  21,  1843.  Prince  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  and  Duke  of  Sussex,  the  sixth  son  of 
George  III.  He  was  a  patron  of  literature  and  art,  and 
president  of  the  Royal  Society  1830-39. 

Augustus,  Arch  of.    See  Arch  of  Augustus. 

Augustus  and  Livia,  Temple  of.  A  Roman 
Corinthian  temple  in  Vienne,  France.  It  is  hexa- 
style,  pseudoperipteral,  and  placed  on  a  raised  basement 
measuring  49  J  by  88J  feet,  with  a  flight  of  steps  in  front. 
The  height  is  57  feet.  The  building  was  transformed  into 
a  church  in  the  middle  ages,  and  injured,  but  is  well  re- 
stored. 

Aujila  (k-je'lS.  or  ou-je'la).  An  oasis  in  the 
Libyan  desert,  Africa,  about  lat.  29°  N.,  on  the 
route  between  Egypt  and  Murzuk,  noted  for 
its  dates. 

Auk  (te).  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians 
living  in  Stephens  Passage  and  on  Admiralty 
and  Douglas  islands,  Alaska.  They  number 
640.     See  KoVuschan. 

Auld  Lang  Syne.  A  song  by  Bums,  written 
about  1789. 

Auld  Beekie  (aid  re'ki).  Edinburgh:  so  named 
because  of  its  smokiness,  or  from  the  unclean- 
liness  of  its  streets. 

Auld  Robin  Gray.  A  ballad  by  Lady  Anne 
Barnard,  published  in  1772.  It  was  written  to  an 
old  Scottish  tune,  "  The  Bridegroom  grat,"  which  has  been 
superseded  by  a  modem  English  air.  (Qraoe.)  She  after- 
ward wrote  a  second  part  in  which  Robin  considerately 
dies  and  Jeanie  marries  Jamie. 

Anlia  gens  (&'li-a  jenz).  In  ancient  Rome,  a 
clan,  probably  plebeian,  whose  only  family 
name  was  Cerretanus.    Q.  Aullus  Cerretanus 


Aunis 

held  the  consulship  twice  in  the  Sanmite  war, 
323  and  319  B.C. 

Aulic  Council,  In  the  old  German  Empire,  the 
personal  council  of  the  emperor,  and  one  of 
the  two  supreme  courts  of  the  empire  which 
decided  without  appeal,  it  was  instituted  about 
1501,  and  organized  under  a  deflnite  constitution  in  1559, 
modified  in  1664.  It  finally  consisted  of  a  president,  a 
vice-president,  and  eighteen  councilors,  six  of  whom  were 
Protestants :  the  unanimous  vote  of  the  latter  could  not 
be  set  aside  by  the  others.  The  Aulic  Council  ceased  to 
exist  on  the  extinction  of  the  German  Empire  in  1806. 
The  title  is  now  given  to  the  council  of  state  of  the  em- 
peror of  Austria. 

Aulich  (ou'lich),  Lud'Wig.  Born  at  Presburg, 
1795:  died  at  Arad,  Oct.  6, 1849.  A  Hungarian 
general  in  the  revolution  of  1848-49.  He  was 
surrendered  to  the  Austrians  after  the  capitulation  of 
Vilagos  Aug.  13, 1849,  and  was  hung  as  a  rebel. 

Aulick  (&'lik),  John  H.  Bom  at  Winchester, 
Va.,  1789 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  April  27, 
1873.  An  American  naval  officer.  He  entered  the 
navy  as  a  midshipman  1809,  commanded  the  'Vincennes 
1847 ;  was  for  a  time  commander  of  the  East  India  squad- 
ron ;  and  was  retired  April  4, 1867,  with  the  rank  of  com- 
modore. 

Aulintac  (fi,-lin'tak).  A  tribe  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians  formerly  inhabiting  a  village  of 
the  same  name  under  Santa  Cruz  Mission,  Cali- 
fornia.   See  Costanoan. 

Aulis  (S.'lis).  [Gr.  A.vll^.']  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  town  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Boeotia, 
Greece,  iu  lat.  38°  24'  N.  It  was  the  rendez- 
vous of  the  Greek  fleet  in  the  expedition  against 
Troy. 

Aulne.    See  Awne. 

Aulnoy,  d'.    See  Aunoy,  cP. 

Aumale  (o-mal'),  in  the  middle  ages  Albaiuar- 
la,  E.  Albemarle  (al-be-mSrl').  A  countship 
of  France,  formed  by  William  the  Conqueror  in 
1070.  It  passed  to  various  families,  finally  to  that  of  Lor- 
raine, and  was  created  a  duchy  in  1547.  By  mEuriage  it 
passed  to  the  house  of  Savof ,  from  whom  it  was  purchased 
by  Louis  XIV.  in  1675  for  his  illegitimate  son  the  Due  du 
Maine. 

Aumale.  A  small  town  in  the  department  of 
Seine-Inf6rieure,  on  the  Bresle,  France,  37  miles 
northeast  of  Rouen :  the  Roman  Alba  Maria, 
Albamarla,  or  Aumalcum.  Population  (1891), 
2,219. 

Aumale.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Algiers, 
Algeria,  58  mUes  southeast  of  Algiers.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  5,706. 

Aumale,  Due  d'  (Glaude  ae  Lorraine).  Born 
1526:  died  1573.  A  French  Roman  Catholic 
partizan  leader  in  the  civil  wars. 

Aumale,  Due  d'  (Charles  de  Lorraine).  Bom 
1556 :  died  1631.  One  of  the  French  Leaguers, 
commander  at  the  battles  of  Arques  and  Ivry, 
son  of  Claude  de  Lorraine. 

Aumale,  Due  d'  (Henri  Eugene  FhiUppe  Louis 
d'0rl6ans).  Bom  at  Paris,  Jan.  16, 1822:  died 
at  Zueeo,  Sicily,  May  7, 1887.  The  fourth  son  of 
Louis  Philippe.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the  army 
in  Algeria  1840-47;  was  governor-general  of  Algeria  1847-48 ; 
became  a  member  of  the  Assembly  1871,  and  of  the  French 
Academy ;  and  was  appointed  general  of  division  in  1872. 
In  1873  he  was  president  of  the  Bazaine  tribunal.  In  1886 
he  was  expelled  from  France.  He  published  "  Histoires 
des  Princes  de  Cond^"  (1869),  "Institutious  militaires  de 
la  France"  (1S67),  etc. 

Aumont  (6-m6n'),  Jean  d'.  Bom  1522:  died 
Aug.  19,  1595.  A  French  general,  appointed 
marshal  of  France  in  1579.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  to  recognize  Henry  IV.,  on  the  death  of  Henry  III., 
in  1589,  and  was  made  governor  o^  Champagne  and  later 
of  Bretagne.  He  fought  in  the  battles  of  Arques  and 
Ivry. 

Aungervyle,  Richard.    See  Bury,  Richard  de. 

AunOTr(6-nwa'),  or  Aulnoy  (6-nwa'),Gomtesse 
d'  (Marie  Catherine  Jumelle  de  Berne- 
ville).  Born  about  1650:  died  1705.  A  French 
writer  of  tales,  romances,  and  memoirs,  best 
known  from  her  fairy  stories,  she  wrote  "His- 
toire  d'Hippolyte,  Comte  de  Douglas"  (1690),  "Contes 
des  ties"  (1710),  "Contes  nouveaux"  (1715),  etc.  Most  of 
her  fairytales  are  borrowed, from  the  "Nights"  of  Stra- 
parola. 

Among  her  works  are  the  "Yellow  Dwarf"  and  the 
"  White  Cat,"  ^ries  which  no  doubt  she  did  not  invent, 
but  to  which  she  has  given  their  permanent  and  well- 
known  form.  She  wrote  much  else,  memoirs  and  novels 
which  were  bad  imitations  of  the  sliyle  of  Madame  de  la 
Fayette,  but  her  fairy  tales  alone  are  of  value.         ' 

Saintsliury,  French  Lit.,  p.  326. 

Aune,  or  Aulne  (on).  A  river  in  Brittany, 
France,  which  flows  into  the  Roads  of  Brest. 
Length,  about  70  miles. 

Aunis  (6-nes').  The  smallest  of  the  ancient 
governments  of  Prance,  lying  between  Poitou 
on  the  north  and  Saintonge  on  the  south,  and 
principally  comprised  in  the  department  of  Cha- 
rente-Inf6rieure.  It  was  conquered  by  Louis 
Vni.  1223-26.  In  general  it  shared  the  for- 
tunes of  Aquitaine. 


Aurai 

^urai  (<5-rfi'),  or  Ahurei  (a-S-ra').  A  seaport 
on  the  island  of  Eapa  (or  Oparo),  Austral 
Islands,  South  Paoifie,  a  coaling-station  of  the 
Panama,  New  Zealand,  and  Sydney  Line.  It 
is  a  French  possession. 

Aurangabaa.  [Hind.  Aurangabad,  city  of  Au- 
rung-Zebe.]  A  city  in  the  Nizam's  dominions, 
in  lat,  19°  51'  N.,  long.  75°  21'  E.,  the  former 
Mogul  capital  and  the  favorite  residence  of 
Aurung-Zebe,  now  partly  in  ruins.  Population 
(1891),  33,887. 

Aurangabad  (ou-rung-ga-had'),  or  Aurenga- 
bad,  or  Aurungabad.  A  district  in  the  Ni- 
zam's dominions,  British  India.  Area,  6,176 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  828,975. 

Auray  (6-ra').  A  seaport  in  the  department 
of  Morbihan,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Auray  10 
miles  west  of  Vannes.  Near  it  is  St.  Anne,  a  place 
of  pilgrimage.  It  is  an  important  center  ot  oyster-cul- 
ture.   Population  (1891),  commune,  6,236. 

Auray,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained  1364  by 
Jean  V . ,  duke  of  Brittany,  and  Sir  John  Chandos 
over  the  French  under  Charles  de  Blois  and 
Duguesclin. 

Aurelia  (a-re'lya).  1.  In  Marston's  "Malcon- 
tent," the  duchess,  a  dissolute,  proud  woman, 
whose  character  is  depicted  in  Marston's  high- 
est strain. —  2.  A  pretty  but  impertinent  and 
stffected  coquette  in  Dryden's  comedy  "An 
Evening's  Love,  or  The  Mock  Astrologer.'' 

Aurelia  gens  (ft-re'lya  jenz).  In  ancient  Rome, 
a  plebeian  elan  or  house  whose  family  names 
were  Cotta,  Orestes,  and  Scaurus.  The  first 
member  of  this  gens  who  obtained  the  consul- 
ship was  C.  Aurelius  Cotta  (252  b.  c). 

Aurelian  (ft-re'lyan)  (Claudius  Lucius  Va- 
lerius Domitius  Aurelianus) .  Born  probably 
at  Sirmium,  Pannonia,  about  212  a.  d.  :  killed 
near  Byzantium,  275.  Emperor  of  Rome  270-275. 
He  was  of  obscure  birth,  and  rose  from  the  rank  of  a  pri- 
vate to  the  highest  post  in  the  army ;  was  designated  by 
Claudius  as  his  successor ;  and  defeated  the  Alamanni 
271,  and  Zenobia,  queen  of  Palmyra,  272-273.  He  was 
called  by  the  senate  the  '*  Kestorer  of  the  Koman  Empire." 

Aurelian,  Wall  of.    See  Wall  of  Aurelian. 

Aurelianus  (a-re-U-a'nus),  Caslius.  Born  per- 
haps in  Numidia :  lived  in  the  2d  century  A.  D. 
A  Roman  physician,  author  of  a  treatise  in  8 
books  on  chronic  and  acute  diseases.  To  the 
former  3  books  were  devoted,  and  to  the  latter  5. 

Aurelius,  Marcus.    See  Marciis  Aurelius. 

Aurelius  (a-re'lyus).  An  amorous  squire  in 
Chaucer's  "Franklin's  Tale."    See  Dorigen. 

Aurelius  Victor  ( vik'tor) .  A  Roman  historian 
of  the  4th  century  A.  D.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
brief  history  of  the  emperors  (the  "  Csesares  ")  to  near  the 
end  of  the  reign  of  Constantius,  and,  perhaps,  of  a  so- 
called  "  Epitome  "  in  which  the  history  is  brought  down  to 
the  death  of  Theodosius  I.  A  later,  unlsnown  hand  added 
to  the  "Csesares"  the  "Origo  gentis  Homanse"  and  the 
"De  viris  illustribus"  which  have  been  ascribed  to  him. 

Aurelle  de  Paladines  (6-rel'  de  pa-la-den'), 
Claude  Michel  Louis.  Bom  at  Malzieu,  Lo- 
z&re.  Prance,  Jan.  9,  1804:  died  at  Versailles, 
Dee.  17,  1877.  A  French  general.  He  served  in 
Algeria  and  the  Crimean  war;  defeated  the  Germans 
under  Von  det  Tann  near  Coulmiers,  Nov.  9,  1870;  and 
was  defeated  at  Beaune-la.Kolande  Nov.  28,  and  before 
OrUans  Dec.  2-4. 


Aurengabad.    See  „  ,     .    .      , 

Aureng-Zebe,  or  The  Great  Mogul.  A  runed 
tragedy  by  Dryden,  produced  in  1675,  read  by 
Charles  II.  in  manuscript,  and  partly  revised 
by  him. 

Aurich  (ou'rich).  A  governmental  district  of 
the  province  of  Hanover,  Prussia.  Population 
(1890),  218,004. 

Aurich.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Hanover, 
Prussia,  in  lat.  53°  28'  N.,  long.  7°  27'  E. :  the 
chief  town  of  East  Friesland.  Population 
(1890),  5,640. 

Aurifaber  (as  L.  4-ri-fa'ber,  as  G.  ou-re-fa  - 
b6r)  (Latinized  from  Goldschmied),  Johann. 
Bom  at  Breslau,  Prussia,  Jan.  30,  1517:  died 
at  Breslau,  Oct.  19,  1568.  A  (Jerman  Lutheran 
divine,  appointed  professor  of  theology  at 
Rostock  in  1550,  on  the  recommendation  of 
Melanohthon.  „  ,,    ,.     •  jx 

Aurifaber  (Latinized  from  Goldschnued), 
Johann.  Born  1519:  died  at  Erfurt,  Prussia, 
Nov.  18,  1575.  A  (Jerman  Lutheran  divine,  a 
friend  and  assistant  of  Luther,  and  editor  of 
his  works. 

Auriga  (4-ri'ga).  [L.,  a  charioteer;  as  con- 
stellation, the  Wagoner.]  A  northern  constella- 
tion, the  (Charioteer  or  Wagoner,  containing  the 
splendid  star  (3apella.  It  is  supposed  to  represent  a 
charioteer  kneelingin  his  vehicle.  He  is  often  represented 
with  a  kid  on  his  left  shoulder,  this  being  doubtless  an 
ancient  consteUatlon  figure  coincident  in  position  witn 
the  Charioteer. 
C— 7 


97 

Aurigny  (6-re-nye').  The  French  name  of  Al- 
demey. 

Aurillac  (6-rel-yak').  The  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Cantal,  Prance,  situated  on  the 
Jordanne  in  lat.  44°  56'  N.,  long.  2°  25'  E. 
It  has  diversified  manufactures  and  an  active  trade. 
Annual  horse-races  occur  here  in  May.  Population  (1891)i 
15,824. 

Aurinia  (a-rin'i-a).  The  Roman  name  of  Al- 
derney. 

Aurivillins  (&-ri-viri-us,  in  (j.  prou.  ou-re- 
vel'le-6s),  Karl.  Born  at  Stockholm,  1717: 
died  1786.    A  Swedish  Orientalist. 

Auronzo  (ou-rou'dzo).  A  commune  in  the 
province  of  Belluno,  Italy,  near  the  Austrian 
frontier  31  miles  northeast  of  Belluno.  Its 
chief  town  is  Villagrande. 

Aurora  (a-ro'ra).  [L.,  the  dawn,  the  goddess 
of  the  dawn,  earlier  *Ausosa,  Gr.  duf  (Doric), 
ri^s  (Ionic),  lug  (Attic),  the  dawn,  goddess  of 
dawn,  Skt.  ushas,  *uskdsa,  dawn,  from  the  root 
Msfe,burn.]  In  Roman  mythology,  the  goddess  of 
the  dawn  :  called  Eos  by  the  Greeks.  The  poets 
represented  her  as  rising  out  of  the  ocean  in  a 
chariot,  her  rosy  fingers  dropping  gentle  dew. 

Aurora,  l.  A  fresco  by  Guide  Reni,  in  the 
Palazzo  Rospigliosi,  Rome.  Aurora,  scattering 
flowers,  advances  before  the  chariot  of  Phoebus,  who  is 
attended  by  the  Hours. 

2.  A  fresco  by  Gueroino,  on  the  ceiling  of  a 
casino  of  the  villa  Ludovisi,  Rome.  The  dawn- 
goddess  advances  through  the  air  in  a  chariot,  pursuing 
the  fleeing  Night.  The  Hours  scatter  dew  before  her,  and 
genii  flowers. 

Aurora.  A  city  in  Kane  County,  Illinois,  situ- 
ated on  the  Pox  River  39  miles  west  of  Chicago. 
It  has  railroad  shops,  and  manufactures  of  ma- 
chinery, flour,  etc.     Pop.  (1900),  24,147. 

Aurora.  A  manufacturing  city  in  Dearborn 
County,  Indiana,  situated  on  the  Ohio  River 
22  miles  southwest  of  Cincinnati.  Population 
(19001  3,645. 

Aurora  Leigh  (S.-r6'ra  le).  A  narrative  poem 
by  Mrs.  Browning,  published  in  1857,  named 
from  its  heroine.  It  was  written  at  the  Casa 
Guidi  in  Florence. 

Aurungabad.    See  Aurangabad. 

Aurung-Zeb  (a'rung-zeb'),  or  Aurang-Zebe, 
or  Aureng-Zebe.  [Hind.,  'ornament  of  the 
throne.']  Born  Oct.  20,  1619 :  died  at  Ahmed- 
nuggur,  Feb.  21,  1707.  Emperor  of  Hindustan 
1658-1707,  surnamed  "Alum-Geer"  or  "Alam- 
Gir"  ('conqueror  of  the  world'):  third  son  of 
the  emperor  Shah  Jehtln.  He  became  governor  of 
Deccan  in  1638,  and  usurped  the  throne  in  1658,  after 
having  murdered  his  two  elder  brothers  Dara  and  Shuj4 
and  impriso'ned  his  father  and  younger  brother.  He  incor- 
porated the  vassal  states  Bejapoor  and  Oolconda  in  the 
empire  1683-87,  and  is  regarded  by  the  Mussulmans  of 
India  as  one  of  their  greatest  monarchs,  although  his  reli- 
gious intolerance  impaired  the  resources  of  the  country. 

Aurva  (our'wa).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  rishi, 
son  of  Urva,  grandson  of  Bhrigu.  in  a  persecu- 
tion of  his  race,  which  did  not  spare  even  the  unborn  child, 
Aurva  Bhargava  was  miraculously  preserved  and  brought 
to  birth.  The  fire  of  his  wrath  threatened  to  destroy  the 
world,  when  at  the  intercession  of  the  manes  of  his  an- 
cestor he  sent  this  flre  into  the  ocean,  where  it  has  since 
remained. 

Au  Sable  (o  sa'bl).  A  river  in  Michigan  which 
flows  into  Lake  Huron  north  of  Saginaw  Bay. 

Au  Sable.  A  small  river  in  northeastern  New 
York  which  flows  from  the  Adirondacks  and 
empties  into  Lake  Champlain. 

Au  Sable  Chasm.  A  deep,  narrow,  and  pictur- 
esque chasm  formed  by  the  Au  Sable  River 
near  Keeseville,  New  York. 

Auscha  (ou'sha).  A  small  town  in  northern 
Bohemia,  east  of  Leitmeritz. 

Auschwitz  (ou'shvits),  Pol.  Oswiecim  (os-vye- 
at'sem).  A  town  in  (jalicia,  Austria-Hungary, 
situated  on  the  Sola  31  miles  west  of  Cracow, 
the  seat  of  the  Polish  duchies  of  Auschwitz 
and  Zator  until  1773.    Population  (1890),  5,414. 

Ausci  (ft'si),  or  Auscenses  (ft-sen'sez).  An 
Aquitanian  tribe  conquered  by  P.  Crassus  in 
56  B .  c.  They  gave^name  to  Augusta  Auscorum, 
the  modem  Aueh. 

Ausonia  (Et-s6'ni-a).  In  ancient  geography, 
the  country  of  the  Ausones,  Italy,  restricted  in 
historical  times  to  a  territory  on  the  borders  of 
Campania  and  Latium ;  poetically,  the  Italian 
peninsula. 

Ausonius(a-s6'ni-us),  Decimus  Magnus.  Bom 
at  Burdigala  (Bordeaux,  France)  about  310 
A.  D. :  died  about  394.     A  Latin  Christian  poet 

■  and  man  of  letters.  He  was  appointed  tutor  to  Gra- 
tianus,  and  later  to  political  offices,  including  the  consul- 
ate (379).  ....    ,    ^     i  .„. 

Auspicius  (a-spish'ius),  Saint.  Died  about  474. 
Bishop  of  Toul,  said  to  have  been  one  of  the 
most  learned  prelates  of  his  time.  An  epistle 


Austin,  Stephen  Fuller 

in  Latin  verse  addressed  by  him  to  Count  Ap- 
bogastes  is  extant. 

Auspitz  (ou'spits).  A  town  in  Moravia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, 54  miles  northeast  of  Vienna. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  3,654. 

Aussa  (ou'sa).  A  place  in  Adal,  eastern  Africa, 
about  lat.  11°  30'  N. 

Aussee  (ou'sa).  A  small  town  in  Styria,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, on  the  head  streams  of  the  Traun 
38  miles  southeast  of  Salzburg.  It  has  noted 
salt-works,  and  is  a  watering-place. 

Aussig  (ou'siG),  or  Labem  (la-bem').  A  town 
in  Bohemia,  situated  at  the  jimction  of  the 
Biela  and  Elbe  44  miles  north  of  Prague .  it  has 
an  important  trade  in  coal,  and  manufactures  of  chemi- 
cals, woolens,  etc.  Here,  June  16,  1426,  the  Hussites  de- 
feated the  Saxons.    Population  (1891),  23,646. 

Austen  (as'ten),  Jane.  Born  at  Steventon, 
Hants,  England,  Dec.  16,  1775:  died  at  Win- 
chester, July  18, 1817.  A  famous  English  nov- 
elist, daughter  of  George  Austen,  rector  of 
Deane  and  Steventon.  She  lived  in  Bath  (1801), 
Southampton  (1805),  Chawton  near  Alton  (1809),  and  Win- 
chester (May,  1817),  and  was  buried  in  Winchester  Cathe- 
dral.  Her  works  are  "Sense  and  Sensibility"  (published 
1811),  "Pride  and  Prejudice"  (1813),  "Mansfield  Park" 
(1814),  "Emma"(18ie),  "Northanger  Abbey "(1818),  "Per- 
suasion "  (1818).  Her  letters  were  edited  by  Lord  Bra- 
boume  in  1884. 

Auster  (fts'tfer).     [L.]     The  south  wind. 

Austerlitz  (ous'ter-lits).  A  town  in  Moravia, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Littawa  12 
miles  east  of  Briinn.  Here,  Deo.  2, 1805,  the  French 
(about  60,000)  under  Napoleon  (Soult,  Lannes,  Murat, 
Bemadotte)  overthrew  the  Russo-Austrian  army  (over 
80,000)  under  Kutusofl :  called  the  "Battle  of  Tlu'ee  Em- 
perors," from  the  presence  of  the  emperors  Alexander  I., 
Francis,  and  Napoleon.  The  loss  of  the  French  was  about 
12,000;  that  of  the  Allies  over  30,000.  The  battle  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  Peace  of  Presburg  between  France  and  Aus- 
tria.;  Population  (1890),  commune,  3,476. 

Austerlitz,  Sun  of.  The  bright  sun  which  dis- 
persed the  clouds  and  mist  on  the  morning  of 
the  battle  of  Austerlitz,  proverbial  as  a  sym- 
bol of  good  fortune. 

Austin  (is'tin),  Alfred.  [Austin  and  Austen  are 
ult.  contracted  forms  of  Augustme.J  Bom  at 
Headingley,  near  Leeds,  May  30, 1835.  An  Eng- 
lish poet,  critic,  journalist,  and  lawyer.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  University  of  London  in  1853;  was 
called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1857 ;  was  cor- 
respondent at  E^me  of  the  London  "Standard"  during 
the  ecumenical  council  of  the  Vatican  in  1870,  and  at  the 
headquarters  of  the  King  of  Prussia  during  the  Fianco- 
German  war;  and  became  editor  of  the  "National  Ee- 
view"  on  its  establishment  in  1883.  Among  his  works 
are  "The  Human  Tragedy"  (1862),  "Savonarola"  (1881), 
"At  the  Gate  of  the  Convent,"  etc.  Appointed  laureate 
Dec,  1896. 

Austin,  Mrs.  (Jane  Goodwin).  Born  1831: 
died  March  30,  1894 :  married  Loring  H.  Aus- 
tin in  1850.  An  American  authoress.  She  has 
published,  among  other  works, "  Outpost "  (1866),  "Cipher  " 
(1869),  "A  Nameless  Nobleman"  (1881),  "Nantucket 
Scraps  "(1882). 

Austin,  John.  Bom  at  Creeling  Mill,  Suffolk, 
March  3,  1790:  died  at  Weybridge,  in  Surrey, 
Dec. ,  1859.  A  noted  English  lawj^er  and  writer 
on  jurisprudence,  professor  of  jurisprudence  at 
the  University  of  London  (University  College) 
1826-32.  He  wrote  "Province  of  Jurisprudence 
Determined"  (1832),  "Lectures  on  Jurispru- 
dence "  (1861-63). 

Austin,  Jonathan  Loring.  Bom  at  Boston, 
Jan.  2, 1748 :  died  at  Boston,  May  10, 1826.  An 
American  Revolutionarypatriot.  He  was  sent  to 
Paris,  1777,  with  despatches  to  Dr.  Franklin  announcing 
the  surrender  of  General  Burgoyne,  and  remained  two 
years  with  Franklin  as  his  private  secretary. 

Austin,  Moses.  Bom  at  Durham,  Conn.,  about 
1764  (?) :  died  June  10,  1821.  An  American 
pioneer  in  Texas.  He  obtained  about  1820  permission 
from  the  Mexican  government  to  establish  in  Texas  an 
American  colony  of  300  families,  but  died  before  the  pro- 
ject could  be  accomplished.  The  colony  was,  however, 
founded  by  his  son  Stephen  F.  Austin. 

Austin,  Samuel.  Bom  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Oct.  7, 1760:  died  at  Glastonbury,  Conn.,  Dec.  4, 
1830.  An  American  Congregational  clergyman, 
president  of  the  University  of  Vermont  1815-21. 

Austin,  Mrs.  (Sarah  Taylor).  Bom  at  Nor- 
wich, England,  1793:  died  at  Weybridge,  Surrey, 
Aug.  8, 1867.  An  English  writer,  wife  of  John 
Austin,  best  known  as  a  translator  from  the 
French  and  German  (of  Ranke,  Guizot,  Nie- 
buhr,  etc.). 

Austin,  Stephen  Fuller.  Bom  at  Austinville, 
Va.,  Nov.  3, 1793:  died  at  Columbia,  Tex.,  Dec. 
25,  1836.  The  founder  of  the  State  of  Texas, 
son  of  Moses  Austin.  He  established  in  1821  the 
colony  contemplated  by  his  father;  was  sent  as  a  com- 
missioner to  Mexico,  1833,  to  urge  the  admission  of  Texas 
into  the  Mexican  Union  as  a  separate  State,  and  was  im- 
prisoned there  from  February  to  June,  1834;  and  was 
aiSBointed  in  1835  a  commissioner  to  the  United  States  to 
seoiire  the  recognition  of  Texas  as  an  independent  State 


Austin,  William 

Austin,  William.  Bom  1587:  died  Jan.  16, 
1634.  An  English  lawyer  and  -writer  on  reli- 
gious and  miscellaneous  subjects,  ms  works, 
published  posthumously,  are  "  Devotionis  Augustiniansa 
Flamma,  or  Certayne  Devout,  Godly,  and  Lerned  Medita- 
tions, etc."  (1635),  "H8BC  Homo,  wherein  theExoellency  of 
the  Creation  of  Woman  is  described  by  way  of  an  Essay  " 
(1637),  and  a  translation  of  Cicero's  "Cato  Major." 

Austin,  William.  Born  at  Charlestown,  Mass., 
March  2,  1778 :  died  there,  June  27,  1841.  An 
American  lawyer  and  writer,  author  of  the  tale 
"Peter  Rugg,  the  Missing  Man,"  etc. 

Austin.  The  capital  of  Mower  County,  Minne- 
sota, situated  on  Cedar  Eiver  97  miles  south  of 
St.  Paul.    Population  (1900),  5,474. 

Austin,  The  capital  of  Lander  County,  Ne- 
vada, 146  miles  northeast  of  Carson  City.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  precincts  1  and  2,  702. 

Austin.  The  capital  of  Texas  and  of  Travis 
County,  situated  on  the  Colorado  River  in  lat. 
30°  18'  N.,  long.  97°  40'  W.  It  is  a  railroad 
center  and  the  seat  of  a  State  university  and 
other  institutions.     Population  (1900),  22^258. 

Austin  Friars.  The  monastery  of  the  Friars 
Eremite  of  the  order  of  St.  Augustine,  on  the 
north  side  of  Broad  street,  Old  London,  founded 
by  Humphrey  Bohun,  earl  of  Hereford  and 
Essex,  in  1253.  The  ground  was  considered  especially 
sacred,  and  the  tombs  were  equal  in  beauty  to  those  of 
Westminster  Abbey.  Here  were  buried  Hubert  de  Burgh ; 
Edmund  Plantagenet,  half-brother  of  Hichard  II.;  those 
who  fell  in  the  battle  of  Barnet ;  Richard  Fitz  Alan,  earl 
of  Arundel,  beheaded  1397 ;  the  Earl  of  Oxford,  beheaded 
1463 ;  and  Edward  Stafford,  duke  of  Buckingham,  be- 
headed 1621.  At  the  dissolution  the  spire  was  destroyed 
and  the  monuments  sold  by  the  Marquis  of  Winchester. 
The  nave  was  walled  up,  and  is  now  used  as  a  church  by 
the  Dutch  residents  of  London.  It  was  damaged  by  fire 
in  1862.  Little  of  the  old  church  remains  in  the  present 
building.    The  order  is  also  called  Augustinians. 

Austral  Islands  (Els'tral  i'landz).  See  Tubuai 
Islands. 

Australasia  (&s-tra-la'sha  or  -zha).  [NL., 
'southern  Asia,'  from  L.  awsirafc,  southern, 
and  Asia."]  A  division  of  Oeeanioa,  compris- 
ing Australia,  Papua,  Tasmania,  New  Zealand, 
New  Caledonia,  Bismarck  Archipelago,  and 
some  lesser  islands :  often  regarded  as  compris- 
ing only  the  Australian  colonies  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, including  New  Zealand,  Tasmania,  and 
Fiji :  sometimes  equivalent  to  Oceanica. 

Australasian  Federation.  The  federal  union 
of  the  British  Australian  colonies.  A  national 
convention  at  Sydney  in  1891,  under  the  presidency  of  Sir 
Henry  Parkes,  adopted  resolutions  and  drafted  a  "Bill  to 
constitute  a  Commonwealth  of  Australia."  Several  years 
of  discussion  followed,  and  the  new  Australian  common- 
wealtli  was  inaugurated  on  Jan.  1,  1901. 

Australia  (as-tra'lia),  formerly  New  Holland. 

[F.  Australie,  G.  Australien,  NL.  Australia, 
'Southland,'  fromL.  australis,  south,  southern.] 
An  island-continent  and  possession  of  Great 
Britain,  south  of  Asia,  extending  from  lat.  10° 
41'  to  39°  8'  S.,  and  from  long.  113°  to  153°  30'  E. 
It  is  bordered  by  the  Pacific  on  the  east,  by  the  Indian  Ocean 
on  the  northwest,  west^  and  southwest^  and  is  separated 
from  Papua  by  Torres  Strait  on  the  north,  and  from  Tas- 
mania by  Bass  Strait  on  the  south.  Its  principal  natural 
features  are  mountains  along  the  eastern  and  southern 
coasts  (Australian  Alps,  Blue  Mountains,  Liverpool  Range, 
etc.),  the  Murray  River  system  in  the  southeast,  the  lake 
district  in  the  south,  and  extensive  desert  regions  in  the 
interior.  The  chief  products  are  wool,  wheat,  maize,  and 
other  cereals,  hay,  cotton,  sugar,  wine,  etc.  It  is  also  rich 
in  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  coal.  Its  political  divisions  are 
Victoria,  New  South  Wales,  Queensland,  South  Australia 
(with  Northern  Territory),  and  Western  Australia,  now, 
with  Tasmania,  united  under  a  federal  government;  and 
its  ch  lef  cities,  Melbourne  and  Sydney.  In  1606  it  was  vis- 
ited by  Spanish  and  Dutch  explorers,  and  was  explored 
by  Cook  1770-77.  The  first  settlement  was  at  Port  Jack- 
son in  1788.  Gold  was  discovered  in  1851.  Among  the 
explorers  of  Australia  have  been  Bass,  Elindeni,  Oxley, 
Sturt,  Eyre,  Leichardt,  Burke,  Wills,  Stuart,  Warburton, 
Forrest,  Giles,  etc.  Area,  2,946,691  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, chiefly  of  British  descent  (1891),  3,036,570 :  abori- 
gines, about  66,000. 

The  natives  of  Australia  were  all,  when  discovered,  and 
still  (when  uninfluenced  by  the  teaching  of  missionaries) 
remain,  on  much  the  same  low  level  of  civilisation.  The 
men,  like  the  animals  of  this  continent,  appear  in  some 
respects  to  belong  to  an  older  world  than  ours.  They  are 
not  only  in  an  extremely  rudimentary  stage  of  material 
culture,  but  they  show  few  if  any  signs  of  ever  having 
been  in  a  much  higher  condition.  No  people  have  less 
settled  homes ;  destitute  of  the  forms  of  agriculture  prac- 
tised by  the  natives  of  the  other  South  Sea  Islands,  the 
tribes  wander  over  large  expanses  of  country,  urged  by 
the  necessities  of  the  chase,  and  attracted,  now  here,  now 
there,  by  the  ripening  of  wild  berries  or  by  the  presence 
of  edible  roots.  Houses  they  have  none,  and  their  tem- 
porary shelters  or  gnnyehs  are  of  the  rudest  and  most 
fragile  character.  Nothing  can  more  clearly  demonstrate 
their  barbarous  condition  than  the  entire  absence  of 
native  pottery  and  of  traces  of  ancient  pottery  in  the  soil. 
They  have  scarcely  made  any  progress  in  domesticating 
animals.  Their  government  is  a  democracy  of  the  flght- 
Ing  men,  tempered  by  the  dictates  of  Birraark  or  sorcer- 
ers, and  by  the  experience  of  the  aged.    Yet  their  social 


98 

customs,  rules  of  marriage,  and  etiquette  are  of  a  com- 
plexity apparently  more  ancient  than  even  the  similar 
rules  among  North  American  Indians,  Kaffirs,  and  Poly- 
nesians. Lang,  Myth.,  etc.,  II.  1. 

Australian  Alps.  A  mountain-range  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Victoria  and  New  South  Wales, 
nearly  parallel  vrith  the  coast,  containing  the 
highest  point  in  Australia,  Mount  Kosciusko, 
7,336  feet. 

Australian  Pyrenees.  See  Pyrenees,  Austra- 
lian. 

Austrasia  (&s-tra.'sia  or  -zia).  [ML. ,  from  OHG. 
ostar,  eastern.  See  Austria.']  The  eastern 
kingdom  of  the  Merovingian  Franks  from  the 
6th  to  the  8th  century  A.  D,  It  embodied  an 
extensive  region  on  both  sides  of  the  Rhine, 
with  Metz  as  its  capital. 

Austria  (as'tri-a).  [G.  Osierreich,  P.  Au- 
triche,  ML.  Austria;  from  OHG.  Ostarrih,  G. 
Oesterreich,  eastern  kingdom.]  1.  An  arch- 
duchy in  the  western  part  of  Austria-Hungary, 
comprising  the  erownlands  of  Upper  and  Lower 
Austria  (which  see) :  the  nucleus  of  the  Haps- 
burg  dominions.  The  emperoris  its  hereditary  arch- 
duke. It  was  originally  the  Ostmark  formed  by  Charles 
the  Great  799,  destroyed  by  the  Magyars,  reerected  by 
Henry  I.  in  928,  and  made  a  duchy  in  1166.  Until  1246  it 
was  under  the  Babenberg  dynasty  (which  see),  and  came 
under  the  rule  of  the  Hapsburgs  in  1282.  Salzburg  was 
united  with  it  administratively  from  1814  until  1849. 
2.  The  eastern  division  of  the  ancient  Caro- 
lingian  kingdom  of  Italy,  corresponding  to  the 
later  Venetia. —  3.  The  Cisleithan  division  of 
Austria-Hungary,  comprising  Upper  Austria, 
Lower  Austria,  Salzburg,  Tyrol  and  Vorarl- 
berg,  Styria,  Carinthia,  Carniola,  G8rz  and 
Gradiska,  Istria,  Trieste,  Bohemia,  Moravia, 
Silesia,  Galioia,  Bukowina,  and  Dalmatia. — 4. 
The  dominions  of  the  house  of  Hapsburg, 
called  officially  the  Austro-Hungarian  mon- 
archy. See  Austria-Hungary. —  5.  Same  as 
Austrasia. 

Austria,  Lower.  [G.  Nieder-Osterreich  or 
Osterreichr-unter-der-Enns.']  A  crownland  in 
the  Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary, 
forming  the  eastern  portion  of  the  archduchy 
of  Austria.  It  is  bounded  by  Bohemia  and  Moravia 
on  the  north,  Hungary  on  the  east,  Styria  on  the  south, 
and  Upper  Austria  on  the  west.  It  is  mountainous  in 
the  south,  and  is  traversed  by  the  Danube.  The  chief 
city  is  Vienna.  The  prevailing  language  is  German,  and 
the  prevailing  religion  Roman  Catholic.  Area,  7,654 
square  miles.    Population  (1890),  2,661,799. 

Austria,  Upper.  [G.  Ober-Osterreich  or  Os- 
terreich-oh-der-Enns.']  A  crownland  in  the 
Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary,  capi- 
tal Linz,  forming  the  western  portion  of  the 
archduchy  of  Austria,  bounded  by  Bavaria  and 
Bohemia  on  the  north,  Lower  Austria  on  the 
east,  Styria  and  Salzburg  on  the  south,  and 
Bavaria  and  Salzburg  on  the  west.  It  is  moun- 
tainous, especially  in  the  south,  and  is  traversed  by  the 
Danube,  The  inhabitants  are  Germans,  and  the  prevail- 
ing religion-is  Roman  Catholic.  Area,  4,631  square  miles. 
Population  (1890),  785,83L 

Austria,  House  of.     See  Hapsburg,  House  of. 

Austria-Hungary  (as'tri-a-hung'ga-ri)  (offi- 
cially, the  Austro-Hungarian  Monarchy; 
loosely  and  popularly,  Austria).  [G.  Gster- 
reich-Ungarn,  or  Osterreichisch-Vhgarisehe  Mon- 
arcliie.']  An  empire  of  Europe,  capital  Vienna, 
one  of  the  "Great  Powers,"  bounded  by  Ger- 
many (partly  separated  from  it  by  the  Erz- 
gebirge  and  Sudetio  Mountains)  and  Rus- 
sia (partly  separated  from  it  by  the  Vistula) 
on  the  north,  Russia  and  Rumania  on  the 
east,  Rumania  (separated  from  it  by  the  Car- 
pathians), Servia  (partly  separated  from  it  by 
the  Danube),  and  Montenegro  on  the  south, 
the  Adriatic  Sea  and  Italy  (mainly  separated 
from  it  by  the  Alps)  on  the  southwest,  and 
Switzerland  and  Germany  (partly  separated 
from  it  by  the  Inn  and  the  Bohmerwald)  on 
the  west,  it  extends  from  lat.  42°  to  61°  N.,  and  from 
long.  9°  30'  to  26°  20'  E.  Politically  the  monarchy  is  di- 
vided into  the  Cisleithan  division,  comprising  Upper 
Austria,  Lower  Austria,  Tyrol  and  Vorarlberg,  Salzburg, 
styria,  Carinthia,  Carniolf^  Kilstenland,  Dahnatia,  Bohe- 
mia, Moravia,  SUesia,  Galicia,  and  Bukowina,  which  are 
represented  in  the  Reichsrath,  which  meets  at  Vienna, 
and  is  composed  of  an  Upper  House,  and  a  Lower  House 
of  426  members ;  and  the  Transleithan  division,  compris- 
ing Hungary  (including  Transylvania),  Croatia-Slavonia, 
and  Flume,  represented  at  Budapest  by  the  Diet,  com- 
posed of  a  House  of  Magnates,  and  a  House  of  453  Repre- 
sentatives. Legislation  for  the  monarchy  as  a  whole  is 
vested  in  the  Delegations  (60  members  from  each  of  the 
two  parliaments).  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  are  admin- 
istered by  Austria-Hungary.  The  government  Is  a 
constitutional  hereditary  monarchy.  The  inhabitants 
belong  to  various  races  whose  relations  are  exceedingly 
complicated.  The  Slavs  (Czechs,  Pales,Rathenian  s,  Slovaks, 
Slovens,  Servians,  and  Croatians)  lead,  numerically  form- 
ing about  one  half  of  the  whole  ;  the  Germans  constitute 
one  fourth,  the  Magyars  less  than  one  sixth,  and  the  Ru- 


Austrian  Succession,  War  of  the 

mans  about  one  fifteenth.  There  are  also  Jews,  Bul- 
garians, Armenians,  Italians,  Gipsies,  Ladins.  The  reli- 
gion of  the  majority  is  Roman  Catholic  :  there  are  several 
millions  of  Protestants,  and  about  an  equal  number  be- 
long to  the  Greek  Church.  The  country  produces  grain 
of  all  kinds  (especially  wheat),  wine,  beets,  potatoes, 
fruits,  timber,  hemp,  flax,  tobacco ;  has  manufactures  of 
iron,  glass,  cotton,  linen,  wool,  and  silk  ;  and  is  very  rich 
in  mineral  resources,  including  gold,  silver,  quicksilver, 
iron,  coal,  lead,  copper,  salt,  zinc,  and  coal.  It  is  on  the 
whole  unfavorably  situated  for  commerce.  The  south 
and  west  of  Austria  belonged  to  the  Roman  Empire.  The 
country  was  at  various  times  overrun  by  the  Goths,  Huns, 
Lombards,  Avars,  etc.  The  nucleus  was  the  March  of 
Austria,  which  was  erected  by  Charles  the  Great,  remade, 
by  Henry  the  Fowler,  and  constituted  a  duchy  in  1166. 
To  this  Styria  was  united  in  1192.  The  Babenberg  dynasty 
(which  see)  was  extinguished  in  1246,  and  was  followed 
after  som  e  years  by  the  Hapsburg  lin  e.  (See  Hapsburg.)  Ru- 
dolf of  Hapsburg  (the  ruler  of  various  districts  in  Switzer- 
land, Alsace,  Swabia,  and  Breisgau)  was  elected  emperor 
of  Germany  in  1273.  In  1282  he  conferred  Austria,  Styria, 
and  Carniola  (having  wrested  them  from  Ottocar  H.  of 
Bohemia  in  1276)  upon  his  sons.  Carinthia  was  acquired 
in  1335,  Tyrol  in  1363,  and  Trieste  in  1382.  The  continuous, 
line  of  Hapsburg  emperors  of  Germany  began  in  14;;8. 
Austria  was  made  an  archduchy  in  1453.  Bohemia,  with 
Moravia,  Silesia,  and  Lusatia,  was  added  to  the  Hapsburg 
dominions  in  1526.  In  the  same  year  began  the  rule  of 
the  Hapsburgs  in  Hungary,  at  that  time  mainly  in  the 
possession  of  the  Turks,  who  were  not  completely  dispos- 
sessed until  1718.  Austria  took  the  leading  part  in  the 
Thirty  Years'  War,  and  at  its  close  (1648)  had  to  cede  her 
possessions  in  Alsace  to  France ;  she  also  took  part  in  the 
War  of  the  Spanish  Succession,  and  acquired  in  1714  the 
Spanish  (Austrian)  Netherlands,  Milan,  Mantua,  Naples, 
and  Sardinia  (the  latter  was  exchanged  for  Sicily  in  1720). 
By  the  treaties  of  1735  and  1738  Naples  and  Sicily  were 
ceded  to  the  Bourbons,  part  of  northwestern  Italy  was- 
ceded  to  Sardinia,  and  Austria  received  Parma  and  Pia^ 
cenza.  The  accession  of  Maria  Theresa  in  1740  led  to  th& 
War  of  the  Austrian  Succession.  The  greater  part  of 
Silesia  was  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1742 ;  and  by  the  treaty  of 
1748  Parma,  Fiacenza,  and  Guastalla  were  ceded  to  Don 
Philip.  Austria  also  took  a  leading  part  in  the  Seven 
Tears'  War.  By  the  first  partition  of  Poland,  1772,  she 
acquired  Galicia  and  Lodomeria.  Bukowina  was  acquired 
in  1777,  and  Bavaria  ceded  the  Innviertel  in  1779.  War 
was  waged  with  France  1792-97.  By  the  treaty  of  Campo- 
Formio,  1797,  Austria  lost  the  Austrian  Netherlands  and 
Lombardy,  but  received  Venice,  Venetia,  Istria,  and  Dal- 
matia. New  Galicia  (afterward  losi^was  obtained  in  the 
third  partition  of  Poland,  179.5.  War  with  France  was 
carried  on  1799-1801,  resulting  in  the  treaty  of  Lun^ville 
(1801),  by  which  the  previous  treaty  was  confirmed.  Mem- 
bers of  the  Hapsburg  family  received  cessions  in  the  ar- 
rangements of  1803.  The  emperor  Francis  took  the  title 
of  "Emperor  of  Austria"  in  1804.  A  disastrous  war  with 
France  broke  out  in  1806,  aud  Austria  was  forced  to  cede 
(1805)  Tyrol,  Vorarlberg,  Breisgau,  various  territories  in 
Swabia,  etc.,  Venetia,  Dalmatia,  etc.,  to  France  and  French 
allies,  and  received  Salzburg  and  Berchtesgaden.  'The 
dissolution  of  the  German  Empire  took  place  in  1806.  War 
with  France  again  occurred  in  1809,  and  Austria  ceded 
in  the  same  year  Carniola,  Trieste,  Croatia,  part  of  Carin- 
thia, etc.,  Salzburg,  the  Innviertel,  etc.,  and  part  of  Galicia, 
to  Napoleon.  Austriajoined  the  Allies  against  Napoleon  in 
1813.  By  the  Congress  of  Vienna  (1815)  she  regained  many 
of  her  former  dominions,  including  Tyrol,  the  Illyrian 
territories,  Venetia,  and  Lombardy.  She  became  the  head 
of  the  German  Confederation  (1816-66),  a  member  of  the 
Holy  Alliance,  and  a  leader  in  the  European  reactionary 
movement.  Revolutionary  movements  in  Austrian  and 
Italian  dominions  1848-49  were  repressed,  and  a  rebellion 
in  Hungary  which  took  place  at  the  same  time  was  sub-- 
dued  with  the  aid  of  Russia.  The  Republic  of  Cracow 
was  annexed  in  1846.  By  the  war  of  1859  against  France 
and  Sardinia,  Austria  lost  Lombardy  and  her  iniluence  in 
Italy.  She  joined  with  Prussia  in  a  war  against  Denmark 
in  1864.  In  1866  Prussia,  in  alliance  with  Italy,  made  war 
upon  Austria,  and  completely  defeated  her  at  KBniggratz. 
She  was  obliged  to  retire  from  the  Germanic  Confedera- 
tion and  to  cede  Venetia  to  Italy.  The  formation  of  the 
dual  monarchy  took  place  in  1867.  In  1878  the  adminis- 
tration of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  was  given  to  Austria- 
Hungary.  In  1S82  Austria  entered  into  the  Triple  Alliance 
with  Germany  and  Italy.  Area,  240,942  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  46,242,889. 

Austrian  Hyena,  The.  A  nickname  given  to 
Julius  Jakob  von  Haynau,  from  his  cruelties  in 
Italy  and  Hungary.  His  fiogging  of  women  at  the  • 
capture  of  Brescia,  and  his  severity  to  the  defeated  Hun- 
garians in  1849,  roused  such  Indignation  that  he  barely  es- 
caped with  his  life  when  on  a  visit  to  the  brewery  of 
Barclay  and  Perkins,  London. 

Austrian  Rigi.  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
the  Schafberg  in  Austria. 

Austrian  Succession,  War  of  the.  The  w,ar 
between  Austria  and  England  on  the  one  side, 
and  France,  Bavaria,  Prussia,  Spain,  Sar- 
dinia, etc.,  on  the  other,  which  broke  out  on 
the  succession  of  Maria  Theresa  (daughter  of 
the  emperor  Charles  VI.)  to  the  Austrian  lands 
in  1740,  The  states  whose  adhesion  to  the  Pragmatic 
Sanction  (which  see)  Charles  VI.  had  secured  took  up 
arms  to  despoil  Maria  Theresa  of  her  dominions.  The 
conflict  with  Prussia  which  was  terminated  in  1742  is 
known  as  the  first  Silesian  war  (wMch  see).  England  he- 
came  allied  with  Austria  1741,  and  King  George  II.  de- 
feated the  French  at  Dettingen  1748.  The  second  Silesian 
war,  in  which  Saxony,  originally  the  ally  of  Prussia, 
joined  Austria,  followed  in  1744-46.  French  victories 
were  gained  at  Fontenoy  1745,  Rancoux  1746,  and  Lawfeld 
1747.  The  American  phase  of  the  war  between  England 
and  France  is  known  as  King  George's  war.  The  ex- 
pedition of  the  Young  Pretender  in  Scotland  and  Eng- 
land 1746-46  was  a  diversion  in  the  French  favor.  Russia 
joined  Austria  in  1747.  The  war  was  ended  by  the  Peace 
of,Aix-la-Chapelle  1748,  and  a  mutua}  restitution  of  con- 


Austrian  Succession,  War  of  the 

auestB,  except  in  regard  to  Austria,  wMoli  eame  out  of 
ae  struggle  witli  the  loss  of  Silesia,  as  well  as  of  Parma 
and  Fiacenis.. 

Austrian  Switzerland.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  Salzkammergut  in  Austria,  on  ae- 
coimt  of  its  pioturesque  scenery. 

Austro-Hungarian  Monarchy.  [G.  Osterreich- 
isch-Ungarische  Monarohie.']  The  ofaolal  name 
(since  1867)  of  Austria-Hungary. 

Austro-Prussian  War.    See  Seven  WeeW  War. 

Austro-Sardinian  War.  See  Italian  War  of 
1859. 

Auteuil  (6-t6y').  A  former  village,  now  a 
portion  of  Paris,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Seine  east  of  Boulogne,  noted  as  the  place 
of  residence  of  Boileau,  Moli^re,  Helvetius, 
Talleyrand,  Thiers,  and  other  distinguished 
people. 

Authentic  Doctor,  The.  A  title  given  to  the 
schoolman  Gregory  of  Rimini  (died  1358). 

Author  (4'thor),  The.  A  comedy  by  Foote, 
produced  and  printed  in  1757.  See  Cadwallader. 

Author's  Farce,  The.  A  play  by  Fielding, 
produced  in  1730,  and  revived  in  1734,  with 
amusing  ridicule  of  the  Gibbers. 

Autire  (ou-ti-ra'),  or  Hoteday  (ho-te-da')-  A 
tribe  or  division  of  North  American  Indians 
which  lived  in  the  valley  of  the  Shasta  River, 
California.  In  1851  it  had  19  villages  with  an 
estimated  population  of  1,140.     See  Sastean. 

Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast-table,  The.  A 
series  of  papers  by  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes, 
published  serially  in  the  fii-st  twelve  numbers 
of  the  "Atlantic  Monthly,"  and  together  in 
1858.  The  autocrat  (Holmes  himself)  discourses  on  mat- 
ters in  general  with  a  genial  philosophy  from  his  position 
at  a  boarding-house  breakfast-table.  He  used  this  signa- 
ture also  in  other  works. 

Autodidactus  (a"t6-di-dak'tus).  The,  or  the 
Natural  Man.  [.At.  Sai-lbn-yoqtdn ;  L.  auto- 
didactus, 'self-taught.']  A  psychological  ro- 
mance by  the  Arabian  philosopher  Ibn-Tofail 
(died  1188).  in  it  the  author  "  supposes  a  child  thrown 
upon  a  desert  island  at  its  bii'th,  and  there  growing  to  man- 
hood, who  comes  by  himself  to  the  knowledge  of  nature, 
not  only  in  its  physical  but  also  in  its  metaphysical  aspect, 
and  even  of  God."  A  Latin  translation  was  published  in 
Europe  by  the  English  Orientalist  Edward  Fococke  under 
the  title  "  Philosophus  Autodidactus"  (1671).  It  was  trans- 
lated into  English  by  8.  Ockley  (1711),  and  into  Qerman 
by  J.  G.  P.  (Prilius),  1726. 

AutolycUS(a-tori-kus).  [Gr.  IVwroM/cof.]  Born 
at  Pitaue,  in  iEolis :  lived  about  350  b.  c.  A 
Greek  astronomer,  author  of  treatises  "On the 
Motion  of  the  Sphere"  and  "On  Fixed  Stars." 

Autolycus.  In  Greek  legend,  a  son  of  Hermes 
(or  Deedalion)  and  Chione,  and  father  of  Anti- 
cleia,  the  mother  of  Odysseus.  He  was  a  famous 
thief,  and  possessed  the  power  of  making  himself  and  the 
things  that  he  stole  invisible,  or  of  giving  them  new  forms. 

Autolycus.  In  Shakspere's  "Winter's  Tale," 
a  witty  thieving  peddler,  a  "snapper  up  of  un- 
considered trifles."  He  indulges  in  grotesque 
self -raillery  and  droll  soliloquizing  on  his  owa. 
sins. 

Automedon  (ft-tom'e-don).  [Gr.  AvTo/iUuv.'] 
In  Greek  legend,  the  son  of  Diores,  and,  ac- 
cording to  Homer,  the  comrade  and  charioteer 
of  Achilles,  in  another  account,  he  had  an  indepen- 
dent command  of  ten  ships  in  the  Trojan  war.  Vergil 
makes  him  the  companion  in  arms  of  Pyrrhus,  son  of 
AchiUfis 

Autran  (6-tron,'),  Joseph  Antoine.    Bom  at 

Marseilles,  June,  1813:   died  there,  March  6, 
1877.    A  French  poet,  author  of  "La  Fille 
d'Esehyle,"  a  tragedy  which  gained  him  a  seat 
in  the  Academy. 
Autriche    (6-tresh').    The    French    name    of 

Autricuin  (a'tri-kum).  The  Roman  name  of 
a  town  of  the  Celtic  Camutes:   the  modern 

Autronia  gens  (a-tro'ni-a  jenz).  In  ancient 
Rome,  a  clan  or  house  whose  only  known 
family  name  is  P^tus.  The  first  member  of  this 
gens  who  obtained  the  consulate  was  P.  Autronlua  Psetus, 
65  B.  0.  ,         -,  i  i      i! 

Autun  (6-tun').  A  city  m  the  department  ot 
Sa6ne-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on  the  Ar- 
roux  42  miles  southwest  of  Dijon:  the  ancient 
Augustodunum  (whence  the  name),  it  contains 
many  Eoman  antiquities,  the  medieval  Cathedral  of  St. 
Lazare,  theological  seminaries,  and  collections,  and  has 
varied  manufactures  and  some  trade.  The  Koman  town, 
which  was  the  seat  of  a  noted  school  of  rhetoric,  was  de- 
stroyed by  Tetricua  in  270,  and  rebuilt  by  Consfantius 
Chlorus  and  Constantino :  later  it  was  sacked  by  northern 
invaders,  Saracens,  Normans,  etc.  The  cathedral  is  in 
great  part  early  Komanesque,  with  fine  western  pyramid- 
cappea  towers  flanking  a  beautiful  porch  of  two  bays,  in 
wfioh  opens  the  round-arched  portal,  with  an  impreswve 
Last  Judgment  in  its  tympanum.  The  orn^^ntf  Retells 
of  the  interior  are  largely  copied  from  the  loc^Roma^ 
remains.  There  is  a  lofty  16th-century  spire  at  the  cross- 


99 

Ing ;  its  great  stone  pyramid  is  hollow  from  base  to  apex. 
Among  the  Eoman  remains  are  the  Porte  d'Arroux,  a 
Roman  gateway  of  fine  masonry,  with  two  large  arches 
flanked  by  small  ones,  and  surmounted  by  an  arcade  of 
high,  narrow  arches  between  Corinthian  pilasters;  the 
Porte  St.  AndrS,  a  Roman  gateway  of  similar  character  to 
the  Porte  d'Arroux,  but  more  massive,  with  two  large  and 
two  small  arches  below,  and  an  upper  arcade  of  ten  arches 
displaying  Ionic  pilasters ;  and  the  temple  ot  Janus,  so 
called,  a  massive  square  Roman  tower,  in  reality  a  defen- 
sive outwork  of  the  ancient  fortifications.  It  has  two 
tiers  of  openings.    Population  (1891),  commune,  16,187. 

But  the  special  glory  of  which  Autun  was  speciaUy  to 
boast  Itself  the  possession  of  the  Flavian  name,  has  ut- 
terly passed  away ;  but  for  the  witness  of  Eumenlus  itself, 
the  world  might  have  wholly  forgotten  that  Autun  had 
ever  borne  it.  Autun  hae  been  for  ages  as  little  used  to 
the  name  Flavia  as  Trier  has  been  used  to  the  name  of 
Augusta.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  4th  ser.,  p.  97. 

Autunois  (o-tli-nwa').  A  former  division  of 
Burgundy,  corresponding  in  general  to  the  mod- 
ern department  of  Sa6ne-et-Loire  and  part  of 
C6te-d'0r. 

Auvergne  (o-vamy').  [From  Arverni.']  An 
ancient  government  of  France.  It  was  bounded 
by  Bourbonnais  on  the  north,  Lyohnais  on  the  east,  Lan- 
guedoc  on  the  southeast,  Guienne  on  the  southwest,  and 
Limousin  and  Marche  on  the  west ;  corresponding  to  the 
departments  of  Puy-de-D6me  and  Canfal,  and  part  of 
Haute-Loire.  Capital,  Clermont.  It  was  a  county  and 
then  a  duchy,  and  was  flnaUy  united  to  the  French  crown 
in  1632. 

Auvergne,  Countess  of.  A  minor  character  in 
Shakspere's  "Henry  VI.,"part  1. 

Auvergne,  Mountains  of.  A  branch  of  the 
C^veunes  Mountains,  situated  chiefly  in  the  de- 
partments of  Cantal  and  Puy-de-D6me,  France. 
They  are  volcanic  in  structure.  The  chief  peaks  are  Puy- 
de-Sancy  (6,185  feet  high),  Plomb  du  Cantal,  and  Puy-de- 
Ddme. 

Auverney  (6-ver-ue'),  Victor  d'.  A  pseudo- 
nym used  by  Victor  Hugo  about  1829. 

Aux  Ca^es.    See  Cayes. 

Auxentius  (4ks-en'shius).  Died  374.  An  Arian 
bishop  of  Milan  355-374,  who  was  condemned  by 
the  synod  held  at  Rome  370,  although  he  en- 
joyed the  favor  of  the  imperial  court.  He  sus- 
tained himself  in  his  see  till  his  death. 

Auxerre  (6-sar').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Yonne,  France,  situated  on  the  Yonne 
in  lat.  47°  48'  N.,  long.  3°  32' E.:  the  Roman 
Autissiodurum  (whence  the  name),  a  town  of 
the  Senones;  later  the  capital  of  the  ancient 
Auxerrois.  it  is  noted  for  its  wines,  and  has  varied 
manufactures.  The  cathedral  of  Auxerre  is  a  beautiful 
13th-century  building  with  some  later  modiflcations. 
The  transepts  have  magnificent  portals  andgreattraceried 
windows.  The  piers  of  the  portals  of  the  facade  are  cov- 
ered with  panels  bearing  reliefs  of  Old  Testament  sub- 
jects, and  the  interior  is  beautifully  proportioned  and  or- 
namented. It  possesses  splendid  medieval  glass.  The 
length  is  330  feet,  the  height  of  vaulting  92  feet.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  18,036. 

Auxerrois  (6-sar-wa').  An  ancient  county  of 
Prance,  capital  Auxerre,  formerly  part  of  the 
duchy  of  Burgundy.  It  was  incorporated  in 
Prance  under  Louis  XI. 

Auxois  (6-swa').  A  medieval '  countship  in 
Burgundy,  corresponding  to  the  arrondissement 
of  Avallon  in  the  department  of  Yonne  and  the 
arrondissement  of  S6mur  in  the  department  of 
C6te-d'0r. 

Auxonne  (6-son').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  C6te-d'0r,  France,  on  the  Sa6ne  20  miles 
southeast  of  Dijon,  strongly  fortified  by  Vau- 
ban.    Population  (1891),  commune,  6,695. 

Auxonnois  (6-son-wa').  A  former  small  district 
of  France,  whose  capital  was  Auxonne. 

Auzout  (6-zo'),  Adrien.  Died  1691.  A  French 
mathematician,  astronomer,  and  maker  of  tel- 
escopes, inventor  of  the  filar  micrometer. 

Auzoux,  Theodore  Louis.  Bom  at  Saint  Au- 
bin  d'Escroville  in  1797 :  died  at  Paris,  May  7, 
1880.  AFrench  physician,  inventor  of  a  method 
of  making  paste  models  of  anatomical  prepara- 
tions. ^^ 

Ava  (a'  va).  The  former  capital  of  Burma,  sit- 
uated on  the  Irawadi  in  lat.  21°  52'  N.,  long. 
96°  I'E. :  now  largely  in  ruins. 

Avallenau,  The.  [Poem  'of  the  apple-trees.' 
See  quotation  under  Avalon.']  A  poem  ascribed 
to  the  ancient  Merlin.  "The  poem  is  considered  by 
Mr.  Stephens  to  be  founded  on  a  tradition  of  seven  score 
chiefs  who  were  changed  to  sprites  in  the  Wood  of  Celyd- 
don,  to  have  been  written  in  the  latter  part  of  the  reign 
of  Owain  Gwynedd,  and  to  contain  distinct  historical  allu- 
sion to  affairs  of  the  years  1165-1170.  It  mcludes  also  a 
notion  of  the  return  of  Cadwallader,  which  was  one  of  the 
inventions  of  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  set  afloat  by  the 
Iride  popularity  of  his  fictitious  history.  Apyle-trees  were 
chosen  by  the  poet  because,  after  Geoffreys  history  ap- 
peared,  ¥airy-land  was  known  among  the  bards  as  Ynys 
™  AvaUon,  the  Island  of  the  Apple-trees  which  English 
romancist^,  not  knowing  the  meaning  of  AvaUon,  or  not 
tSg  80  much  impressed  as  the  Welsh  by  the  beauty 
of  a  blossoming  apple-orchard,  called 'the  woody  isle  ot 
Avalon.'"    Morley,  Eng.  Writers,  III.  256. 


Avedik 

Avallon  (a-vai-16n').  a  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Yonne,  France,  on  the  Cousin  27  mile» 
southeast  of  Auxerre :  the  Roman  Aballo.  Gives 
name  to  a  red  Burgundy  wine.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  6,076. 

Avalokiteshvara  (a'va-lo-ki-tash'wa-ra). 
[Skt. , '  the  Lord  who  looks  down  from  on  high'.' J' 
One  of  the  two  Bodhisattvas  (see  that  word),  the 
other  being  Manjushri,  who  had  become  objects 
of  worship  among  the  followers  of  the  Great  Ve- 
hicle at  least  as  early  as  400  a.d.  They  are  not. 
mentioned  in  the  Pitakas,  or  in  the  Lalita  Vistara,  or  in 
the  older  Kepalese  and  Tibetan  books,  and  are  the  inven- 
tion of  Buddhists  seeking  gods  to  replace  those  of  the 
Hindu  Pantheon.  Avalokiteshvara  is  the  personiflcatiom 
of  power,  the  merciful  protector  of  the  world  and  of  men. 
Somewhat  later  his  power  was  separated  from  his  pro- 
tecting care,  and  the  former  more  specially  personified  aa 
the  Bodhisattva  Vajradhara,  'the  bearer  of  the  thunder- 
bolt," or  Vajrapani, '  he  who  has  the  thunderbolt  in  his 
hand,'  both  formerly  epithets  of  Indra.  This  new  being, 
with  the  other  two  Bodhisattvas,  forms  the  earliest  triad 
of  northern  Buddhism,  Vajrapani  being  the  Jupiter  To- 
nans,  Manjushri  the  deified  teacher,  and  Avalokiteshvara 
the  spirit  of  the  Buddhas  present  in  the  church.  These  be. 
inga  and  one  or  two  other  less  conspicuous  Bodhisattvas- 
had  become  practically  gods,  though  the  original  teach- 
ing of  Gautama  knewnothing  of  God,  taught  that  Arahata 
were  better  than  gods,  and  acknowledged  no  form  of 
prayer. 

Avalon  (av'a-lon),  or  Avallon,  or  Avelion 
(a-vel'ion),  or  Avilion  (a-vil'ion).  [W.  Ynys 
yr  Afallon,  island  of  apples.]  In  Celtic  my- 
thology, the  Land  of  the  Blessed,  or  Isle  of 
Souls,  an  earthly  paradise  in  the  western  seas. 
The  great  heroes,  such  as  Arthur  and  Ogierle  Dane,  were 
carried  there  at  death,  and  the  fairy  Morgana  or  Morgan 
le  Fay  holds  her  court  there.  It  is  often  called  the  VcUe 
of  Avalon  or  AvUion. 

Of  all  the  qualities  of  Tir  Tairngire  abundance  of  apples, 
the  only  important  fruit  known  to  the  northern  nations, 
seems  to  have  been  the  only  one  which  conveyed  the  high- 
est notion  of  enjoyment.  Hence  the  soul-kingdom  was 
called  by  the  Welsh  the  island  of  apples,  Ynys  yr  Avallon, 
and  sometimes  Ynysvitrin  or  Ynysgutrin,  Glass  Island,, 
a  name  which  identifies  it  with  the  Teutonic  Glasierg, 
When  these  names  passed  into  other  languages  untt'ans- 
lated,  so  that  their  meaning  became  obscured  or  forgol> 
ten,  the  kingdom  of  the,dead  was  localized  at  Glastonbury, 
the  Anglo-Saxon  Qlaetitinga  burh.  There,  according  to 
legend,  Arthur  lies  buried ;  but  another  popular  tradition 
has  it  that  he  waa  carried  away  to  the  island  of  Avallon  by 
his  sister  the  fairy  Morgana,  the  Morgue  la  Fae  of  French 
Romance.  ...  In  the  romance  of  Ogier  le  Danois,  when 
Ogier,  who  Morgue  la  Fae  determines  shall  be  her  lover, 
arrives  at  the  palace  of  Avallon,  he  finds  there  besides 
Morgana  her  brother  King  Arthur,  and  her  brother  Aub&. 
ron,  the  Oberon  of  fairy  romance,  and  Mallabron,  a  sprite 
of  the  sea.  Eneyc.  Brit.,  V.  325. 


Avalon  Peninsula  (av'a-lon  pe-nin'su-la). 
The  peninsula  at  the  southeastern  extreniity  of 
Newfoundland,  on  which  St.  John's  is  situated, 
connected  with  the  rest  of  the  island  by  a  nar- 
row  isthmus. 

Avalos,  Ferdinando  Francesco  d'.  See  Pes- 
cara.  Marquis  of. 

Avalos,  Gril  Ramirez  de.    See  Davalos. 

Avare,  L'.  [P.,  'the  miser.']  A  comedy  by 
Moli&re,  produced  in  1668.  The  plot  was  borrowed 
from  the  "Aulularia"  of  Plautus.  Fielding  founded  his 
"  Miser"  upon  it. 

Avaricum  (a-var'i-kum).  The  Roman  name  of 
the  chief  city  of  the  Bituriges,  a  Gallic  tribe : 
the  modem  Bourges,  capital  of  the  department 
of  Cher. 

Avars  (S'varz).  1.  A  people  of  Ural-Altaie 
stock,  allied  to  the  Huns,  who  appeared  on  the 
Danube  about  555  a.  d.,  and  settled  in  Dacia. 
They  aided  Justinian,  and  later  assisted  the  Lombards 
against  the  Gepidse  ;  occupied  Pannonia,  and  later  Dalma- 
tia,  and  invaded  Germany,  Italy,  and  the  Balkan  Penin- 
sula. Their  power  was  broken  by  Charles  the  Great  about 
796,  and  they  disappeared  with  the  establishment  of  the 
Moravians  and  Magyars. 

2.  A  people,  probably  allied  to  the  Lesghians, 
who  dwell  in  Daghestan. 

Avasaxa  (a-vS-sak'sa).  A  mountain  in  Fin- 
land, near  TomeS.,  resorted  to  by  tourists  in 
summer  on  account  of  the  view  obtained  there 

•  of  the  midnight  sun. 

Avatcha  (a-va'cha),  or  Avatchinskaya  (a-va- 
chen'ska-ya).  A  volcano  in  Kamtchatka,  in 
lat.  53°  15'  N.,  long.  158°  50'  E.,  about  8,000 
feet  high. 

Avatcha  Bay.  A  bay  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
Kamtchatka,  on  which  Petropaulovsk  is  situ- 
ated. 

Avebury  (a'ber-i),  or  Abury  (a'ber-i).  A  small 
village  in  Wiltshire,  England,  6  miles  west  of 
Marlborough,  noted  for  its  megalithic  antiqui- 
ties. Near  by  is  the  barrow  called  Silbury 
Hill. 

Avedik  (av'e-dik).  Lived  about  1700.  A  pa- 
triarch of  Armenia  who,  at  the  instance  of  the 
French  ambassador,  was  deposed  by  the  Porte 
and  exiled  to  Chios.    See  the  extract. 


Avedik 

Hammer  mentions  the  banishment  of  the  Armenian  pa- 
triarch to  Chios,  lor  opposing  the  influence  of  France,  and 
asserts  that  he  was  kidnapped  by  order  of  the  French  am- 
bassador, and  carried  to  the  isle  of  St.  Marguerite,  near 
Antibes,  where  he  died.  But  it  appears  that  this  patri- 
arch, whose  name  was  Avedik,  was  not  in  reality  taken  to 
St.  Marguerite,  but  was  secretly  transported  from  Mar- 
seilles to  the  abbey  of  Mont  St.  Michel,  where  he  was  in- 
trusted to  the  safe  keeping  and  zealous  teaching  of  the 
monks,  iu  whose  custody  he  remained  completely  secluded 
from  the  world  for  three  years.  He  was  then  removed  to 
the  Bastille.  The  terror  of  imprisonment  for  life  in  that 
celebrated  place  overcame  his  fortitude,  and  he  declared 
himself  a  convert  to  Catholicism,  yet  he  was  detained  in 
France  until  his  death.  The  complaints  of  the  sultan 
against  this  outrage  on  the  law  of  nations  caused  the 
French  ambassador  at  Constantinople  to  dejiy  the  transac- 
tion, and  he  even  attempted  to  persuade  the  Porte  that 
the  Spaniards  were  the  man-stealers  who  had  kidnapped 
the  unfortunate  Avedik.  At  last,  to  avoid  a  rupture  with 
Turkey,  Louis  XIV.  formally  announced  that  Avedik  was 
dead,  though  he  was  still  languishing  in  a  French  prison. 
Firday,  Hist.  Greece,  V.  239,  note. 

Aveiro  (a-va'rQ).  A  district  in  the  northwest- 
ern part  of  the  province  of  Beira,  Portugal. 

Aveiro.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  district  of 
Aveiro,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Vouga  35 
miles  south  of  Oporto :  the  seat  of  a  bishopric. 
Population,  about  7,000. 

Aveiro,  Di^e  of  (Jos6  Mascarenbas).  Bom 
1708:  executed  Jan.  13,  1759.  A  Portuguese 
nobleman,  condemned  to  death  for  alleged  par- 
ticipation in  the  attempted  murder  of  Me  king 
in  1758. 

Av6-Lallemant  (a-va'lal-mon'),  Robert 
Christian  Berthiold.  Bom  at  Liibeok,  July 
25,  1812 :  died  there,  Oct.  10,  1884.  A  German 
traveler  in  South  America. 

Aveline  (av-len'),  Le  sieur,  A  pseudonym  of 
Voltaire. 

Avellaneda  (a-va-lya-na'THa),  Alonso  Fer- 
nandes  de.  The  name  assumed  by  the  writer 
of  a  spurious  "  second  volume  of  the  Ingenious 

'  Knight  Don  Quixote  de  la  Mancha,"  which  ap- 
peared in  1614  before  the  genuine  "second 
part"  by  Cervantes  was  published,  its  author- 
ship has  been  assigned  to  Luis  de  Aliaga,  the  king's  con- 
fessor, and  also  to  Juan  Blanco  de  Faz,  a  Dominican 
friar.  The  book  contains  vulgar  abuse  of  Cervantes,  and 
is  in  turn  ridiculed  by  him  in  the  later  chapters  of  "Don 
Quixote." 

Avellaneda  y  Arteaga  (a-va-lya-na'THa  e  ar- 
ta-a'ga),  Gertrudis  Gomez  de.  Bom  in  Puerto 
Principe,  Cuba,  March  23, 1814:  died  in  Madrid, 
Feb.  2, 1873.  A  Cuban  authoress.  Most  of  hei- 
life  was  passed  in  Spain,  where  she  was  twice  married. 
Her  lyrics  are  greatly  admired.  She  wrote  several  suc- 
cessful dramas.  Of  her  novels  the  best-known  are  "  Dos 
Mujeres,"  "Espatolino,"  and  "El  Mulato  Sab,"  a  kind  of 
Cuban  "Uncle Tom's  Cabin."  Some  of  her  works  are  pub- 
lished over  the  pseudonym  "La  Peregrina." 

Avellaneda,  Nicolas.  Bom  in  Tuonman,  Oct. 
1,  1836:  died  Dee.  26,  1885.  An  Argentine 
statesman,  journalist,  and  author  of  several 
historical  and  economical  works.  He  was  profes- 
sor of  political  economy  in  the  University  of  Buenos  Ayres, 
minister  of  public  instruction  during  the  administration 
of  Sarmiento,  1868-74,  and  succeeded  that  statesman  as 
president  of  Argentina,  1874-80. 

Avellino  (a-vel-ie '  no ) ,  formerly  Principato  Ul- 
teriore  (prin-che-pa'to  81-ta-re-6're).  A  prov- 
ince in  Campania,  Italy.  Area,  1,172  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  410,457. 

Avellino.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Avel- 
lino, 29  mUes  northeast  of  Naples,  celebrated 
for  its  hazel-nuts  and  chestnuts :  the  seat  of  a 
bishopric .  It  retains  the  name,  hut  is  not  on  the  exact 
site,  of  the  ancient  Abellinum,  a  city  of  the  Hirpini  de- 
stroyed in  the  *ars  of  the  Greeks  and  Lombards.  It  has 
several  times  been  damaged  by  earthquakes.  Population 
(1891),  26,000. 

Avellino,  Francesco  Maria.  Bom  at  Naples, 
Aug.  14,  1788:  died  Jan.  10,  1850.  An  Italian 
archesologist  and  numismatist.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  in  the  University  of  Naples  in  1815,  direc- 
tor of  the  Museo  Borhonico  in  1839,  and  was  editor  of 
"  Bollettino  archeologico  Napolitano  "  1843-48. 

Avenare.    See  Abraham  hen  Meir  ibn  Ezra. 

Avenbrugger.    See  Auenbrugger. 

Avenches  (a-vonsh'),  G-  Wiffisburg  (vif'lis- 
borG).  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Vaud,  Swit- 
zerland, 7  miles  northwest  of  Fribourg:  the 
Roman  Aventicum,  the  ancient  capital  of  the 
Helvetii.  It  has  remains  of  an  amphitheater,  various 
other  Koman  relics  (including  a  Corinthian  column),  and 
a  castle. 

Avenel  (av'nel),  Mary,  One  of  the  prinon)al 
characters  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  "The 
Monastery,"  the  wife  of  Halbert  Glendinning. 
She  reappears  in  "  The  Abbot." 

Avenel,  Julian.  The  usurper  of  Avenel  Cas- 
tle and  the  uncle  of  Mary  Avenel  in  Scott's 
novel  "  The  Monastery." 

Avenel,  Knight  of.  See  Glendinmng,  Sal- 
hert. 


100 

Avenio  (a-ve'nio).  The  Roman  name  of  a  town 
of  the  Cavares,  in  Gallia  Narbonensis :  the  mod- 
ern Avignon. 

Aventine  (av'en-tin).  [L.  Mons  Aventinus,  It. 
Monte  Aventino.']  The  farthest  south  of  the 
seven  hills  of  ancient  Rome,  rising  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Tiber,  south  of  the  Palatine. 
Below  it  to  the  northeast  lay  the  Cttcua  Maximus,  and  to 
the  east  the  thermae  of  Caracalla. 

Aventinus  (av-en-15'nus)  (originally  Thur- 
mayr,  Johannes).  Bom  at  Abensberg,  Ba- 
varia, 1477  (?) :  died  at  Batisbon,  Bavaria,  Jan. 
9,  1534.  A  Bavarian  historian,  author  of  "An- 
nalium  Boiorum  libri  VII.,"  etc. 

Averell  (a've-rel),  William  Woods.  Bom  at 
Cameron,  Steuben  County,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  5, 1832: 
died  at  Bath,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  3, 1900.  An  American 
general  and  inventor.  He  was  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1865;  distinguished  himself  during  the  Civil  War 
as  a  leader  of  cavalry  raids  in  Virginia  1863  and  1864 ;  and 
resigned  May  18, 1866,  with  the  brevet  rank  of  major-gen- 
eral. Among  his  inventions  are  a  process  of  manufac- 
turing cast-steel  directly  from  the  ore,  an  asphalt  pave- 
ment, and  various  electrical  appliances. 

Averno  (a-ver'no),  L.  lacus  Avernus  (a-ver'- 
nus).  [Gr.  "^opvo^  Vifivri,  lit.  'the  birdless'lake': 
it  being  said  that  its  exhalations  killed  the 
birds  flying  over  it.  But  this  is  prob.  a  popular 
etym.  due  to  the  accidental  resemblance  of  the 
name  to  the  Gr.  aopvog,  blrdless.]  A  small  lake 
in  Campania,  Italy,  9  miles  west  of  Naples, 
anciently  believed  to  be  the  entrance  to  the 
infernal  regions.  Its  circumference  is  nearly 
2  miles,  and  it  is  about  200  feet  deep. 

Averroes  (a-ver'6-ez),  or  Averrhoes  (Abul 
Walid  Mohammed  ben  Ahmed  ibn  Boshd). 
Born  at  Cordova  about  1126  (1120  t) :  died  at 
Morocco,  Dec.  12, 1198.  A  distinguished  Spanish- 
Arabian  philosopher,  physician,  and  commen- 
tator on  Aristotle.  He  belonged  to  a  noted  family  of 
jurists,  and  himself  held  judicial  positions.  His  works 
are  numerous,  and  cover  the  fields  of  medicine,  philoso- 
phy, natural  history,  astronomy,  ethics,  mathematics,  and 
jurisprudence.  Many  of  them  were  translated  into  Latin 
and  Hebrew. 

Avers  (a'vers),or  Averser  Thai  (a'ver-sertal). 
AJn  alpine  valley  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  west  of  the  Up- 
per Engadine :  a  tributary  to  the  valley  of  the 
Hinter-Ehein. 

Aversa  (a-ver'sa).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Caserta,  Italy,  9  miles  north  of  Naples,  noted 
for  its  white  wine  and  fruits.  It  was  founded  by 
the  Normans,  about  1029,  near  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Atella.    Population,  about  20,000. 

Averulino,  Antonio.    See  Mlarete. 

Averysboro,  or  Averysborough  (a'ver-iz- 
bur"6).  A  village  in  Harnett  County,  North 
Carolina,  32  miles  south  of  Raleigh.  Here,  March 
16, 1865,  the  Federals  under  Sherman  repulsed  the  Confed- 
erates under  Hardee.  Loss  of  Federals,  664;  of  Confeder- 
ates, 865. 

Aves  (a'ves).  ['Bird'  islands.]  A  group  of 
small  islands  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  belonging 
to  Venezuela,  southeast  of  Buen  Ayre. 

Avesnes  (a-van').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Nord,  France,  situated  on  the  Helpe  26  miles 
southeast  of  Valenciennes.  It  was  fortified  by 
Vauban.     Population  (1891),  6,495. 

Avesta  (a-ves'ta).  The  Bible  of  Zoroastrianism 
and  the  Parsls.  The  name  comes  from  the  Pahlavi 
avistak,  which  possibly  means  'knowledge,'  The  name 
"  Zendavesta  "  arose  by  mistake  from  inverting  the  Pah- 
lavi phrase  Avistak  va  Zand,  'Avesta  and  Zend,'  or  'the 
Law  and  Commentary,'  Zend,  'knowledge,  explanation,' 
referring  to  the  later  version  and  commentary  in  Pahlavi. 
The  present  Avesta  is  but  a  remnant  of  a  great  litera- 
ture. It  includes  (1)  the  Yasna,  a  collection  of  liturgical 
fragments  and  of  hymns  or  Gathas ;  (2)  the  Vispered,  a  li- 
turgical collection ;  (3)  the  Vendidad,  a  collection  of  re- 
llgious  laws ;  (4)  the  Yashts,  mythical  fragments  devoted 
to  various  Mazdayasnian  divinities ;  and  (6)  different 
prayers  known  under  the  names  Nyayish,  Afringan,  Gah, 
Sirozah,  and  six  various  other  fragments.  The  Yasna, 
.'sacrifice,  worship,'  is  the  chief  liturgical  work.  In  it 
are  inserted  the  Gathas,  *  hymns,'  verses  from  the  sermons 
of  Zoroaster.  These  are  written  in  an  older  dialect. 
They  form  the  oldest  and  most  sacred  part  of  the  Avesta. 
The  Vispered  contains  invocations  to  "all  the  lords" 
(vispe  ratavo).  The  Yashts  (from  yashti,  'worship  by 
praise ')  are  twenty-one  hymns  to  the  divinities,  "  Yaza- 
tas  or  Izads."  The  Vendidad,  or  '  law  against  the  daevas 
or  demons'  (vidaeva  data),  is  a  priestly  code  like  the 
Pentateuch.  The  present  form  of  the  Avesta  belongs  to 
the  Sassanian  period.  According  to  the  record  of  Ehnsro 
Anoshirvan  (A.  B.  631-579),  King  Valkhash,  one  of  the  last 
of  the  Arsacidae,  ordered  a  search  for  all  surviving  writ- 
ings, and  required  the  priests  to  aid  with  their  oral  tradi- 
tion. The  texts  were  reedited  under  successive  Sassanian 
rulers,  until  under  Shapur  II.  (A.  D.  309-379)  the  final 
redaction  was  made  by  bis  prime  minister  Atur-pat  Ma- 
raspend.  . 

Avesta  (a-ves'ta).  A  mining  town  in  Koppar- 
berg  lan,  Sweden,  situated  on  the  Dal-eli  38 
miles  southeast  of  Falun. 

Avestan.    See  Zend. 

Aveyron  (a-va-rdn.').    A  department  of  south- 


Avila 

em  France,  bounded  by  Cantal  on  the  north, 
Lozfere  and  Gard  on  the  east,  H6rault  and  Tarn 
on  the  south,  and  Lot,  Tam-et-Garonne,  and 
Tarn  on  the  west,  formed  from  the  ancient 
Rouergue  (in  Guienne).  Its  capital  is  Bodez.  Area, 
3,376  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  400,467. 

Aveyron.  A  river  in  southern  France  which 
joins  the  Tarn  9  miles  northwest  of  Montauban. 
Length,  about  150  miles.  On  it  are  Rodez  and 
Villefranche. 

Avezac  (av-zak'),  Auguste  Genevifeve  Valen- 
tin d'.  Born  in  Santo  Domingo,  1777:  died  Feb. 
15, 1851.  An  American  lawyer  and  diplomatist 
of  French  descent.  He  was  charge  d'aifaires  at  The 
Hague  1831  and  1845-49,  and  member  of  the  New  York 
legislature  1841-45  ;  author  of  "Eeminiscences  of  Edward 
Livingstone." 

Avezzano  (a-vet-sa'no).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Aquila,  Italy,  on  the  border  of  Lago 
di  Fucino  (now  nearly  drained)  53  miles  east  of 
Rome.    Population,  6,000. 

Aviano  (a-ve-a'no).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  IJdine,  Italy,  46  miles  northeast  of 
Venice. 

Avianus  (a-vi-a'nus),  or  Avianius  (-ni-us). 
Flavins.  A  Latin  fabulist,  probably  of  the 
4th  century  A.  D.  He  wrote  forty-two  fables  in  the 
manner  of  .^sop,  iu  elegiac  meter.  The  collection  was 
used  as  a  school-book,  and  was  augmented,  paraphrased, 
and  imitated. 

Avicebron.    See  Salomon  ibn  Gebirol. 

Avicenna  (av-i-sen'a)  (a  corrupt  form  of  Ibn 
Sina).  Bom  at  Afshena,  Bokhara,  Aug.,  980: 
died  at  Hamadan,  Persia,  1037.  The  most  cele- 
brated Arabian  physician  and  philosopher,  au- 
thor of  commentaries  on  the  works  of  Aristotle, 
and  of  treatises  on  medicine  based  chiefly  on 
Galen:  surnamed  the  "Prince  of  Physicians." 
His  works,  most  of  which  are  brief,  number  over  100. 
His  writings  upon  Aristotle  were  held  in  great  esteem, 
and  his  "Canon  of  Medicine" (CaTMWi  MedicinsB,  in  Ar. 
EOab  el-qdnHni  Ji-tibbi,  1693 ;  L.  trans,  by  Gerardus  Cre- 
monensis,  1696)  was  long  regarded  in  Europe  as  one  of 
the  highest  authorities  in  medical  science, 

Avicenna  (Ebn  Sina)  was  at  once  the  Hippocrates  and 
the  Aristotle  of  the  Arabians ;  and  certainly  the  most  ex- 
traordinary man  that  the  nation  produced.  In  the  course 
of  an  unfortunate  and  stormy  life,  occupied  by  politics 
and  by  pleasures,  he  produced  works  which  were  long 
revered  as  a  sort  of  code  of  science.  In  particular  liia 
writings  on  medicine,  though  they  contain  little  besides 
a  compilation  of  Hippocrates  and  Galen,  took  the  place 
'of  both  even  in  the  universities  of  Europe ;  and  were 
studied  as  models  at  Paris  and  Montpellier  till  the  end  of 
the  17th  century,  at  which  period  they  fell  into  an  almost 
complete  oblivion.  Whewdl,  Ind.  Sciences,  1.  279. 

A-vidiuS  Cassius.     General  tmder  M.  Aurelius. 

Avienus  (a-vi-e'nus),  Rufus  Festus.  Lived 
probably  about  370  A.  D.  A  Roman  poet.  He 
wrote  "  Descriptioorbisterrae"  (based  on  the  "Periegesis" 
of  Dionysios),  "  Ora  maritima  "  (a  description  of  the  west- 
ern and  southern  coasts  of  Europe),  "Aratea  phaenom- 
ena" (a  poetical  translation  of  the  "Phenomena"  [Gr. 
0aivojuefa]  of  Aratus),  "Aratea  prognostica,"  etc. 

Avigliana  (a-vel-ya'na).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Turin,  Italy,  14  miles  west  of 
Turin. 

A'Tigliano  (a-vel-ya'no).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Potenza,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Bianco 
northwest  of  Potenza.    Population ,  13, 000. 

Avignon  (a-ven-y6n').  [Ei  E.  formerly  Avim- 
ion;  F.  Avignon,  It.  Avignone,  L.  Avenio(,n-), 
Avennio(n-),  Gr.  Avevi^v."]  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Vaucluse,  France,  situated  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Rhdne,  in  lat.  43°  57'  N., 
long.  4°  50'  E. :  the  Roman  Avenio:  called 
the  "Windy  City"  and  the  "City  of  Bells." 
It  has  a  large  trade  in  madder  and  grain,  and  manufac- 
tures of  silk,  etc.,  and  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishopric  and 
formerly  of  a  university.  It  was  a  flourishing  Eoman 
town,  and  is  celebrated  as  the  residence  of  the  popes 
1309-76,  to  whom  it  belonged  until  its  annexation  by 
the  French  In  1791.  At  that  time  it  was  the  scene  of 
revolutionary  outbreaks,  and  of  royalist  atrocities  in 
1815.  It  is  associated  with  the  lives  of  Petrarch,  Laura, 
and  Rienzi.  Population  (1891),  43,463.  The  cathedral 
of  Avignon  is  in  great  part  of  the  11th  century.  There 
is  an  octagonal  lantern  with  a  dome  of  Byzantine  appear- 
ance, and  Pointed  barrel-vaulting.  The  sculptured  tombs 
of  Popes  John  XXII.  and  Benedict  XII.  and  the  papal 
throne  remain  in  the  church,  which  is  much  modernized. 
The  palace  of  the  popes  is  an  enormous  castellated  pile^ 
built  during  the  14th  century,  with  battlemented  towers 
150  feet  high  and  walls  rising  to  a  height  of  100  feet. 
Much  remains  in  the  interior,  though  now  difficnlt  of 
access  owing  to  the  use  of  the  palace  as  barracks.  The 
Pope's  Chapel  and  that  of  the  Inquisition  are  both  fres- 
coed, the  latter  by  Simone  Martini. 

A'Vlla.  A  province  of  Spain,  bounded  by  Val- 
ladolid  on  the  north,  Segovia  and  Madrid  on 
the  east,  Toledo  and  Caceres  on  the  south,  and 
Salamanca  on  the  west.  It  is  a  part  of  Old 
Castile.  Area,  2,981  square  mUes.  Population 
(1887),  193,093. 

Avila.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  A'vila, 
situated  on  the  Adaja  58  miles  northwest  of 
Madrid.    It  has  a  cathedral  and  university. 


Avila 

The  cathedral  is  of  early-Pointed  work,  in  part  castellated 
tor  defense.  The  effect  of  both  exterior  and  interior 
is  plain  and  somewhat  heavy  ;  the  good  tracery  of  win- 
dows and  cloister  is  much  blocked  up  to  exclude  the 
light,  in  the  prevailing  Spanish  fashion.  There  are  some 
beautiful  sculptured  tombs,  and  remarkable  carved 
choir-stalls.  The  town  walls  are  medieval.  The  circuit 
is  practically  complete.  With  its  gates,  very  numerous 
semicircular  towers,  and  its  crowning  of  pointed  battle- 
ments, it  is  one  of  the  most  picturesque  of  existing 
examples  of  the  kind.  Population  (1887),  10,936. 
Avila  (a've-la),  Alonzo  de  (often  written  Alon- 
ZO  D^vila).  Bom  about  1485:  died  after  1537. 
A  Spanish  soldier  and  adventurer  in  America. 
He  went  to  America,  where  his  name  first  appears  as 
commander  of  one  of  Grijalva's  ships  in  the  expedition 
of  1518  to  the  Mexican  coast  In  1519  he  joined  Cortfis, 
was  one  of  his  most  trusted  captains,  marched  with  him 
to  Mexico  and  against  Narvaez,  and  in  1521  was  his  agent 
to  the  Audience  of  Santo  Domingo,  where  he  obtained  im- 
portant concessions.  In  June,  1522,  he  was  sent  to  Spain 
with  treasure  and  despatches :  near  the  Azores  his  ships 
were  captured  by  French  corsairs,  and  the  treasure  was 
lost.  Avila  managed  to  have  his  despatches  sent  to  Spain, 
but  was  himself  kept  a  prisoner  for  several  years.  Finally 
ransomed,  he  returned  to  Spain,  was  appointed  contactor 
of  Yucatan,  and  set  out  for  that  region  as  second  in  com- 
mand of  the  expedition  of  Montejo  (1527).  Arrived  there, 
he  was  appointed  to  lead  an  expedition  to  a  region  on 
the  west  coast,  in  search  of  gold.  He  provoked  conflicts 
with  the  Indians,  was  unable  to  return,  and,  after  terrible 
suflferings,  made  his  way  to  Trujillo  in  Honduras.  In 
1537  he  was  engaged  in  another  unsuccessful  expedition 
to  Yucatan. 

Avila,  Qil  Gonzalez  de.    See  Gonzalez  Davila. 

Avila,  Juan  de.  Born  at  Almod6var  del  Campo, 
Spain,  1500:  died  May  10,1569.  A  Spanish  pulpit 
orator  who  preached  forty  years  in  Andalusia, 
whence  his  surname  "Apostle  of  Andalusia." 
Chief  work;  "Epistolario  espiritual"  (1578). 

Avila,  Pedro  Aiias  de,  generally  called  Pe- 
drarias  (pa-dra're-as).  Bom  at  Arias,  Segovia, 
Spain,  144t2 :  died'  at  Leon,  Nicaragua,  March 
6,  1531.  A  Spanish  soldier  and  administrator. 
After  serving  with  distinction  in  the  Moorish  wars  of  Spain 
and  Africa,  he  was  sent  (1514)  with  a  large  fleet  and  over 
1,600  men  to  Darien  as  governor  of  Castilla  del  Oro,  super- 
seding Balboa,  whom  he  imprisoned  and  tried  on  various 
charges.  A  reconciliation  was  effected,  but  later  (1517) 
Balboa  was  accused  (probably  falsely)  of  planning  a  re- 
bellion, tried,  and  executed  in  the  governor's  presence. 
Fedrarias's  government  was  marked  by  rapacity  and 
cruelty.  In  1519  he  founded  Panama  and  made  it  his 
capital.  He  aided,  or  at  all  events  encouraged,  the  enter- 
prise of  Pizarro  and  Almagro  in  search  of  Peru ;  but  on 
the  failure  of  the  first  expedition  relinquished  his  share, 
forcing  the  partners  to  pay  him  an  indemnity.  In  eon- 
sequence  of  numerous  complaints,  Pedrarias  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  governorship  of  Kicaragua  in  1526. 

Avila  y  ZMiga  (a've-la  e  tho'nye-ga),  Luis 
de.  Born  at  Placencia,  Spain,  about  1490 : 
died  after  1550.  A  Spanish  historian.  He 
wrote  "  Comentarios  de  la  guerra  de  Alemafia, 
heeha  por  Carlos  V.,  1546-47"  (1547). 

Avil6s  (a-ve-las').  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Oviedo,  Spain,  in  lat.  -43°  38'  N.,  long.  5° 
56'  "W.    Population  (1887),  10,235. 

Avil6s  (a-ve-las'),  Pedro  Menendez  de.  See 
Menendez  de  Aviles. 

Avil6s  y  del  Fierro  (a-ve'lath  e  del  fe-er'ro), 
Gabriel,  Marquis  of  Aviles.  Born  about  1745 : 
died  at  Valparaiso,  Chile,  1810.  A  Spanish  sol- 
dier and  administrator.  He  was  colonel  and  after- 
ward general  in  the  Spanish  army  in  Peru ;  took  part  in 
suppressing  the  rebellion  of  Tupac  Amaru  (1780-81); 
commanded  the  forces  against  Diego  Tupac  Amaru  (1783) ; 
and  was  one  of  the  judges  who  condemned  the  rebels 
to  torture  and  death.  He  was  successively  president  of 
Chile  (1795  to  1799),  viceroy  of  Buenos  Ayres(1799  to  1801), 
and  viceroy  of  Peru  (1801  to  1806),  attaining  the  military 
grade  of  lieutenant-general.  He  died  while  on  his  way 
from  Peru  to  Spain. 

Avilion.     See  Avalon. 

Avisa  (a-vi'sa).  A  volume  of  short  poems  by 
Henry  Willotte  or  WiUoughby .  it  was  first  printed 
in  1594,  and  prefixed  to  the  second  edition  in  1696  are  some 
verses  which  allude  to  Shakspere's  "Rape  of  Lucrece." 
The  poems  exemplify  the  character  of  a  chaste  woman  re- 
sisting all  the  temptations  to  which  her  life  exposes  her. 
The  singular  book  known  as  Willoughby's  Avisa,  which, 
as  having  a  supposed  bearing  on  Shakespere,  and  as  con- 
taining much  of  that  personal  puzzlement  which  rejoices 
critics,  has  had  much  attention  ot  late  years,  is  not  strictly 
a  collection  of  sonnets ;  its  poems  being  longer  and  of 
differing  stanzas.  .    ,    ^^ 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  111. 

Avisio  (a-ve'se-6).  An  alpine  valley  in  south- 
ern Tyrol,  east  of  the  Adige,  and  east  and  south 
of  Botzen.  It  is  subdivided  into  the  Cembra, 
Fiemme,  and  Fassa.    Length,  60  miles. 

Avisio.  A  small  river  of  Tyrol  which  joins  the 
Adige  north  of  Trent. 

Avison  (av'i-son),  Charles.  Bom  at  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne,  1710  (?) :  died  there,  May  9,  1770. 
An  English  composer  and  writer  on  music.  He 
is  best  known  from  his  "Essay  on  Musical  Expression" 
(1762),  in  which  he  placed  German  music  below  that  of  the 
French  and  Italians.  tx-   j    ^ 

Avitus  (a-vi'tus),  Marcus  Msecilius.  Died  at 
Auvergne,  456  A.  d.    Emperor  of  the  West  455- 


ally,  'Face-in-the-Water.']  Awar-ehief  or  "em- 
peror" of  the  Aztecs  of  Mexico  from  1464 
until  his  death  in  1477.  He  was  a  nephew  of  Acam- 
pichtli,  and  a  celebrated  warrior.  He  made  raids  in 
Tehuantepec  and  on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  brought  back 
great  numbers  of  victims  for  the  altars.  Tochtepec  and 
Haexotzinco  were  made  tributaries  of  Mexico,  and  Tlate- 
loloo  was  conquered.  He  was  the  father  of  Montezuma  XL 
who  reigned  at  the  beginning  of  the  Spanish  conquest. 
Axel.    See  Absalon. 


101 

456.  As  master  of  the  armies  in  Gaul  he  distinguished  of  Tokio,  Japan,  formerly  a  Japanese  penal 
himself  against  the  Huns  and  Vandals.    He  obtained  the     settlement 

^^t.k''iol^'^^,^^^X^lf^''i?^^^^^^l^i  Ak  (aks),  or  Acas  (aks)  A  small  town  in  the 
of  fourteen  months.  department  ot  Anege,  France,  on  the  Arifege 

Avitus,  Alcimus  Ecdicius  or  Ecdidius,  Saint,  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  21  mUes  southeast 
Died  523  (525?).  Archbishop  of  Vienne 490-523,  of  Foix:  celebrated  for  its  hot  sulphur  baths, 
probably  a  nephew  (grandson    according  to    I*  ^as  a  Roman  town. 

Wetzer  and  "Welte)  of  the  emperor  Avitus.  He  Axayacatl  (a-tcha-ya-ka'tl),  or  Axavacatzlin 
was  the  chief  spokesman  of  the  orthodox  in  a  religious     (a-teha-ya-katz-len'),  also  Axajacatl     [Liter 

disputation  with  the  Arians  499;  converted  Sigismund,     -"-  '" ^^  -  ''"  '       .t    .      ■*      ,.,"-. 

king  of  Burgundy,  from  Arianism  ;  and  presided  at  the 
Council  of  Epaone  (Epaune)  in  517.  His  worlis  include 
letters,  homilies,  and  poems. 

Aviz  (a-vez').  A  small  town  in  the  province  of 
Alemtejo,  Portugal,  situated  on  a  tributary  of 
the  Zatas  75  miles  northeast  of  Lisbon. 

Aviz,  Order  of  St.  Benedict  of.  A  Portu- 
guese order  of  knighthood,  originating  in  a  mil- 
itary order  founded  by  Alfonso  I.,  1143-1147,  to  A  1.  ,  ,  , 
suppress  the  Moors,  it  received  the  papal  confirma.  Axenberg  (aks  en-berG).  A  mountain  in  the 
tion  in  1162  as  a  religious  order  under  the  rules  of  St.  cantOn  of  Un,  Switzerland,  near  the  eastern 
Benedict  Aviz  became  the  seat  of  the  order  in  1187.  In  shore  of  Timer  Bay,  Lake  Lucerne,  18  miles 
1789  it  was  transformed  into  an  honorary  order  for  the  re--  southeast  of  Lucerne.  At  the  foot  is  "TeU's 
ward  of  miUtaiy  merit                                                             Chaoel  " 

Avize  (a-vez').  A  small  town  in  the  depart-  Axenstrasse  (aks'eu-stra'se).  A  noted  road 
ment  of  Marne,  France,  20  miles  south  of  leading  along  the  eastern  side  of  Umer  Bay,  in 
Eheims.    It  IS  a  depot  for  champagne.  Switzerland,  from  Bmnnen  to  Fliielen. 

Avlona  (av-lo  na).  It.  Valona  (va-lo  na).  A  Axholme,  or  Axholm  (aks'olm).  An  island 
seaport  m  Albania,  Turkey,  .situated  on  the  j^  the  northwestern  part  of  Lincolnshire,  Eng- 
Gulf  of  Avlona,  Adriatic  Sea,  m  lat.  40°  28' N.,  i^^d,  formed  by  the  rivers  Trent,  Don,  and 
long.l9°30  E.:  the  ancient  Anion  ((Jr.  A7;;i.,i^).  j^g.  Its  marshes  were  reclaimed  by  Flemings 
Population  about  6,000.  .„..,„,      ,     in  the  17th  century. 

Avoca  (a-vo  ka),  or  Ovoca  (o-vo  ka).  Vale  Of.  Axim  (a-sheng'  or  aks'im).  A  British  station 
A  valley  m  County  Wieklow,  Ireland,  about  on  the  Gold  Coast,  West  Africa,  in  lat.  4°  52' 
12  miles  southwest  of  Wioklow,  traversed  by    jf    i^jj™  2°  15'  W 

the  river  Avoca  (formed  by  the  Avonmore  A^^g  (aks'i-us).  '  [Gr.  'Af(oc.]    The  ancient 
ajid  Avonbeg) :  celebrated  for  its  picturesque    j^ame  of  the  Vardar!" 
beauty.     ,.....,,..„       ^  .        .        _        Axminster  (aks'min-stfer).   [AB.  Axanmynster, 

Ayogadro(a-vo-gadro),  Count  Amadeo.  Born  j^cgg^n  mynster,  minster  of  the  Axe  (river).] 
at  Turin,  Aug.  9, 1776:  died  there,  July  9, 1856.  ^  town  in  Devonshire,  England,  24  miles  east 
A  noted  Itahan  chemist  and  physicist,  profes-  ^f  Exeter,  famous  formerly  for  its  carpet-man- 
sor  at  the  University  of  funn.    He  was  the  discov-    ufactures.     Population  (1891),  4,985. 

erer  of  the  law  (named  for  him)  that  equal  volumes  of    a_.„-«   /ki,  „k,„/\       a„    n„«4««V  +«., «*  m:™.>: 

gas  or  vapor  at  the  same  temperature  aSd  pressure  con-  Axum  (ak-SOm  )  An  ancient  town  of  Tlgr6, 
tain  the  same  number  of  molecules.  Abyssinia,  in  lat.  14°  8'  N.,  long.  38°  45'  E., 

Avola  (a'v6-la).     A  seaport  in  the  province  of    noted  for  its  antiquities.^   It  was  formerly  the 
Syracuse,  Sicily,  12  miles  southwest  of  Syra- 
cuse.   Population,  12,000. 

Avon  (a'von),  or  East  Avon.  [A  common 
river-name'J  in  other  British  forms  Avert,  Evan, 
Atone,  Anne,  Auney,  Inney,  etc.;  from  W.  afon, 
Manx  avn,  Gael,  abhuinn,  water,  cognate  with 
AS.  4a,  Goth,  ahwa,  L.  aqua,  water,  L.  amnis, 
river.  Cf.  Aa."]  A  river  in  Wilts  and  Hants, 
England,  which  flows  into  the  English  Channel 
at  Christchuroh  near, the  mouth  of  the  Stour. 
It  passes  Salisbury.    Length,  about  65  miles. 

Avon,  or  Lower  Avon,  or  Bristol  Avon.  A 
river  in  Wilts  and  Somerset,  England,  and  on 
the  boundary  between  Somerset  and  Glouces- 
ter, flowing  into  Bristol  Channel  7  miles  north- 
west of  Bristol.  On  it  are  Bath  and  Bristol.  Length, 
about  80  miles  :  navigable  for  large  vessels  to  Bristol. 

Avon,  or  Upper  Avon.  A  river  which  rises 
near  Naseby,  Northampton,  England,  forms 
part  of  the  boundary  between  Northampton 
and  Leicester,  traverses  Warwickshire,  flows 


capital  of  Abyssinia,  and  a  religious  center. 

Axumite  Kingdom  (aks' um-itMng'dum).  An 
ancient  name  of  the  Ethiopian  kingdom. 

Ay,  or  Al  (a'e  or  i).  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Marne,  France,  situated  on  the  Mame  18  miles 
northwest  of  Ch&lons-sur-Marne :  noted  for  its 
wines.     Population  (1891),  commune,  6,701. 

Ayacucho  (i-a-ko'eho).  [(Duichua,  'corner  of 
death' :  so  called  from  an  Indian  battle  which 
took  place  there  in  the  14th  century.]  A  small 
plain  in  the  valley  of  the  Venda-Mayu  stream- 
let, near  the  village  of  Quinua,  about  midway 
between  Lima  and  Cuzeo,  Peru,  it  was  the  scene 
of  the  most  memorable  battle  in  the  history  of  South 
America,  in  which  a  veteran  force  of  9,000  Spaniards,  under 
the  viceroy  La  Serna,  was  defeated  by  5,780  patriots  under 
General  Sucre,  Dec.  9, 1824.  The  battle  lasted  about  an 
hour :  the  viceroy  himself  was  taken  prisoner,  his  army 
was  completely  routed  and  forced  to  capitulate,  and  the  in- 
dependence of  Spanish  South  America  was  finally  secured. 

Ayacucho.  A  department  of  Peru:  corresponds 
to  the  colonial  intendencia  of  Guamanga.  Area, 
25,789  square  miles.   Population,  about  160,000. 


in  Worcestershire,   and  joins  the  Severn  at  Ayacucho.    A  city"  of  Peru,  capital  of  the  de^ 


Tewkesbury  in  Gloucestershire,  it  passes  Uugby, 
Warwick,  Stratford,  and  Evesham.  Length,  nearly  100 
mUes. 

Avondale  (av'on-dal).  A  suburb  of  Cincin- 
nati, in  Hamilton  County,  Ohio. 

Avonmouth  (a'von-mouth).    A  small  seaport 


partment  of  the  same  name,  situated  in  a  val- 
ley 7,900  feet  above  the  sea.  it  is  the  ancient 
Guamanga  founded  by  Pizarro  in  1539;  the  name  was 
changed  in  honor  of  the  battle  ot  Ayacucho.  The  city  is 
the  seat  of  a  bishopric  and  has  a  university.  Population, 
about  22,000. 


in  Gloucestershire,  England,  at  the  mouth  of  Ayala  (a-ya'la),  Adelardo  Lopez  de.     Bom 

the  Avon  northwest  of  Bristol.  ~'      '     -.   -  ~        ~.  .   « 

Avont  (a'vont),  Pieter  van  den.     Bom  at 

Mechlin,  1600 :  died  at  Deurne,  near  Antwerp, 

Nov.  1, 1652.  A  Dutch  historical  and  landscape 

painter,  master  of  Antwei'p  Gild  1622-23. 
Avranches  (av-ronsh').     A  tovrain  the  depart- 
ment of  Manche,  France,  situated  near  the 

S6e  30  miles  east  of  St.  Malo :  the  ancient  In- 

gena,  later  Abrincatse,  a  town  of  the  Abrincatui, 

a  Gallic  tribe,     it  was  formerly  a  bishop's  seat  and  a 

fortress,  and  had  a  noted  school  under  Lanfrano.    The 

revolt  of  the  Nu-Pieds  (which  see)  broke  out  here  1639. 

Population  (1891),  commune,  7,786. 
Avranchin  (av-ron-shan').    An  ancient  divi- 


March,  1829:  died  Dec.  30,  1879.  A  Spanish 
dramatist  and  politician,  president  of  the 
chamber  under  Alfonso  XH.  Among  his  dramas 
are  "El  tan  to  por  ciento  "  (1861),  "El  nuevo  Don  Juan" 
(1863),  "Oonsuelo"  (1878),  etc. 

Ayala,  Pedro  Lopez  de.  Bom  in  Murcia, 
Spain,  1332 :  died  1407.  A  Spanish  poet,  prose- 
writer,  and  statesman.  He  was  taken  prisoner  at 
the  battle  of  Najera  (1367)  and  carried  to  England.  On 
his  return  he  was  made  grand  chancellor  to  Henry  II. 
He  was  again  made  prisoner  at  the  battle  ot  Aljubarrota. 
"He  was  in  some  respects  the  first  Spaniard  of  his  age." 
(Tidmar.)  His  principal  works  are  a  history  "  Crcinicas 
de  los  reyes  de  Castillas,  etc.,"  and  a  poem  "El  Eimado 
de  palacio." 


sion  of  Normandy,  France,  forming  part  of  the  Ayamonte  (a-ya-mon'ta).   A  town  in  the  prov- 


modern  department  of  Manche. 

Awadsi  (a-wad'ze),  or  Awaji  (a-wa'je).  An 
island  of  Japan,  lying  between  the  main  island 
and  Sikoku. 

Awe  (a),  Loch.    A  lake  in  Argyllshire,  Scot- 
land, 8  miles  west  of  Inverary,  bordered  by  Ben 
Cruachan  on  the  north.     Its  outlet  isby  the 
Awe  into  Loch  Etive. 
miles. 


ince  of  Huelva,  Spain,  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Guadiana  in  lat.  37°  13'  N.,  long.  7°  26' 
W.  Population  (1887),  6,585. 
Ayan  (a-yan').  A  small  seaport  in  the  mari- 
time province  of  Siberia,  situated  on  the  Sea  of 
Okhotsk  about  250  miles  southwest  of  Okhotsk, 
in  lat.  56°  17'  N.,  long.  138°  10'  E. 
Its  length  is  about  23  Ayas,  or  Ayass  (a'yas).  A  small  seaport  in  the 
vilayet  of  Adana,  Asiatic  Turkey,  30  miles  south- 


Awo-Sima  (a'wo-se'ma).     A  small  island  south    east  of  Adana :  the  ancient  iEgffl  (Qr.  Alydi). 


Ayasaluk 

Ayasaluk,  or  Ayasalouk  (a-ya-sa-lok').  A  vil- 
lage whien  ooeupies  the  site  of  tlie  ancient 
Ephesus,  Asia  Minor. 

Ayenbite  of  Inwyt,  The.  ['  The  again-biting  of 
the  inner  wit,'  or  'the  remorse  of  eonseienoe.'] 
A  translation  into  the  Kentish  dialect  in  1340, 
by  Dan  Michel  of  Northgate,  Kent,  a  brother 
of  the  Cloister  of  St.  Austin  at  Canterbury, from 
the  French  of  Prfere  Lorens  (called  in  Latin 
Latirentius  Gatlus),  of  a  treatise  composed  by 
the  latter  in  1279  for  the  use  of  Philip  IH.  of 
Prance,  called  "Le  Somme  des  Vices  et  des 
Vertus."  There  are  other  versions  both  prose  and 
metrical.  It  is  thought  that  Chaucer's  "Parson's  Tale" 
was  partly  taken  from  the  French  treatise,  and  that  he  was 
not  ignorant  of  Dan  Michel's  version.    Morris. 

Ayesha  (a-ye'sha).  Born  at  Medina,  Arabia, 
about  611:  died  about  678.  The  daughter  of 
Abu-Bekr,  and  the  favorite  wife  of  Mohammed. 
She  was  married  to  the  prophet  when  only  nine  years  old, 
and  survived  him  by  forty-six  years,  dying  at  the  age  of 
sixty-seven.  Her  father,  who  derived  his  name  (Abu-Bekr, 
'father  of  the  virgin')  from  her,  became  the  first  califr- 
(successor  of  Mohammed),  and  she  herself  was  greatly  re- 
vered by  the  Moslems,  being  called  "  the  mother  of  the 
believers"  (Ummu-l-Mu' mirdn),  and  exeixised  a  consid- 
erable influence  on  the  politics  of  Mohammedanism  after 
the  prophet's  death. 

Ayhuttisaht.    See  Ehatisaht. 

Aylesbury  (alz'ber-i).  A  town  in  Buckingham- 
shire, England,  38  miles  northwest  of  London, 
noted  for  its  laces  and  manufactures  of  straw. 
Population  (1891),  8,674. 

Aylesford  (alz'ford).  A  town  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land, situated  oii  the  Medway  27  miles  south- 
east of  London.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  Sedley.  There 
are  British  antiquities  in  the  neighborhood.  Here  the 
Jutes  under  Horsa  defeated  the  Britons  in  465  A.  D. 

Ayliffe  (a'lif),  John.  Bom  at  Pember,  Hamp- 
shire, 1676:  died  Nov.  5,  1732.  An  English 
jurist.  He  wrote  "The  Ancient  and  the  Present  State 
of  the  University  of  Oxford"  (1714),  "Parergon  Juris  Ca- 
nonici  Anglicani ;  or  a  Commentary  by  way  of  Supplement 
to  the  Canons  and  Constitutions  of  the  Church  of  England" 
(1726),  "  New  Pandect  of  Koman  Civil  Law  "  (1734),  etc. 
He  was  a  graduate  of  Oxford  (New  College),  and  was  ex- 
pelled and  deprived  of  his  degrees  in  1714  for  slandering 
the  university. 

Ayllon,  or  Aillon  (il-yon'),  Lucas  Vasqiuez 

oe.  Bom  about  1475:  died  in  Virginia,  Oct. 
18,  1526.  A  Spanish  lawyer,  judge  of  the  Audi- 
ence of  Santo  Domingo  from  1509.  in  1619  hewas 
sent  by  the  Audience  to  Cuba  to  prevent  Velasquez,  gov- 
ernor of  that  island,  from  interfering  with  the  expedition 
of  Cortes  in  Mexico,  but  was  unsuccessful.  In  1520  he  re- 
ceived a  license  to  explore  the  coast  of  Florida,  and  sent 
a  caravel  there  under  Gordilla.  Satisfied  by  his  reports, 
Ayllon  went  to  Spain,  received  a  royal  cedula  to  explore 
and  settle  800  leagues  of  coast,  and  after  sending  a  pre- 
liminai7  expedition  under  Pedro  de  Quexos  (1626)  he  sailed 
from  Hispaniola  in  June,  1626,  with  three  ships  and  people 
for  a  colony.  After  running  along  the  coast  he  fixed  his 
settlement,  called  San  Miguel,  at  the  point  where  the 
English  afterward  founded  Jamestown,  Virginia.  There 
he  died  of  a  fever,  and  quarrels  in  the  colony  led  to  its 
abandonment. 

Aylmer  (al'mer),  John.  Born  at  Tivetshall 
St.  Mary,  Norfolk,  England,  1521:  died  at  Pul- 
ham,  near  London,  June  3,  1594.  An  English 
prelate,  made  bishop  of  London  March,  1577. 
Me  was  mstalled  archdeacon  of  Stow  in  Jime,  1563,  but 
on  account  of  his  heretical  opinions  was  obliged  to  take 
refuge  at  Strasburg  and  Zurich  until  the  accession  of 
Elizabeth.  He  was  an  opponent  of  Puritanism,  and  was 
bitterly  attacked  in  the  Martin  Marprelate  tracts.  His 
administration  of  his  office  made  him  exceedingly  unpop- 
ular. He  is  supposed  to  be  the  "Morrell"  ("theproude  and 
ambitious  pastour  ")  of  Spenser's  "  Shepherd's  Calendar." 

Aylmer,  Lake.  A  lake  in  British  America, 
northeast  of  Great  Slave  Lake. 

Aymaras  (i-ma-raz').  [Originally  applied  to  a 
small  branch  of  the  Quichuas,  but  by  mistake 
transferred  to  this  tribe.]  A  race  of  Indians, 
anciently  and  properly  called  Collas,  who,  in 
the  earliest  recorded  times,  occupied  the  region 
about  Lake  Titicaoa  and  the  neighboring  val- 
leys of  the  Andes.  They  had  attained  a  considera- 
ble degree  of  civilization  before  they  were  subdued  by  the 
Inoas  in  the  13th  and  14th  centuries.  They  dwelt  in  stone 
huts,  had  flocks  of  llamas,  and  practised  agriculture. 
Their  most  formidable  arms  were  slings  and  bolas  or 
weighted  lassos.  Their  language  is  related  to  the  Quiohua, 
and  it  has  been  supposed  that  this  was  the  original  stock 
from  which  the  Quichuas  and  Incas  were  derived.  The 
Aymaris  are  still  very  numerous,  forming  three  fourths  of 
the  population  of  Bolivia,  with  a  few  in  southern  Peru. 
They  speak  their  own  language  and  cherish  their  ancient 
traditions,  but  are  nominally  Catholics. 

Aymar-Vernay  (a-mar'var-na'),  JaccLues. 
Born  1662 :  died  after  1692.  A  French  peasant, 
famous  as  a  successful  impostor  in  divination. 

Avmer  (a'mer),  or  .ffithelmser,  de  Valence, 
or  de  Lusignan.  Died  1260.  A  younger  son 
of  Isabella,  widow  of  King  John  of  England, 
and  Hugh,  count  of  La  Marche,  her  second 
tusband:  elected  bishop  of  Winchester  Nov., 

Aymer  de  Valence.  Died  1324.   The  third  son 


102 

of  William  of  Valence,  half-brother  of  Henry 
in.  He  succeeded  to  the  earldom  of  Pembroke  in  1296 ; 
led,  as  "  Guardian  of  Scotland,"  the  van  in  the  attack  on 
Robert  Bruce  in  1306;  defeated  the  Soots  at  Methven; 
and  was  defeated  by  Bruce  at  Loudon  Hill  (1307).  Under 
Edward  II.  he  was  one  of  the  chief  opponents  of  the  fa- 
vorite Gaveston ;  but  he  joined  the  king's  party  when 
Gaveston,  after  his  capture  in  Scarborough  Castle,  was 
put  to  death,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  Pembroke 
had  promised  him  his  life. 

Aymer,  Prior.  In  Scott's  "  Ivanhoe,"  the  prior 
of  Jorvaulx  Abbey,  a  fat  and  cautious  voluptu- 
ary who  is  captured  by  Locksley. 

Aymestrey,  or  Aymestry  (am'stri).  A  small 
place  in  Herefordshire,  England,  northwest  of 
Leominster,  noted  for  its  limestone. 

Aymon,  or  Aimon  (a'mon),  or  Haymon  (ha'- 
mon).  _  A  partly  imaginary  character  who  ap- 
pears in  the  old  French  romances,  a  prince  of 
Ardennes,  of  Saxon  origin,  who  took  the  ti- 
tle of  Duke  of  Dordogne.  He  was  the  father  of 
Kenaud  (Einaldo^  Guisoarcr(Guicciardo),  Alard  (Alardo), 
and  Richard  (Richardetto),  the  "four  sons  of  Aymon" 
whose  adventures  were  written  in  a  chanson  de  geste  of 
the  13th  century  (flrst  printed  in  1493),  supposed  to  be  by 
Huon  de  Villeneuve,  under  the  title  of  "Les  Quatre  Fils 
d' Aymon"  (which  see).  The  brothers  appear  in  Tasso's 
"Jerusalem  Delivered,"  Pulci's  "Morgante  Maggiore," 
Boiardo's  "Orlando  Innamorato,"  Ariosto's  "Orlando 
Furioso,"  and  other  French  and  Italian  romances. 

Ayora  (a-yo'ra).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Valencia,  Spain,  50  miles  southwest  of 
Valencia. 

Ayotla  (a-yot'la),  or  Ayutla  (a-yot'la).  Plan 
of.  The  announcement  of  principles  made  by 
Mexican  revolutionists  at  Ayotla  in  southern 
Mexico,  March  1,  1854;  hence,  the  name  given 
to  the  revolution  which  resulted  in  the  down- 
fall of  Santa  Anna  in  1855. 

Ayr  (ar).  A  seaport  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland, 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ayr  in  the  Firth 
of  Clyde,  in  lat.  55°  27'  N.,  long.  4°  87'  W. 
Ayr  and  its  vicinity  are  noted  from  their  con- 
nection with  Burns.    Population  (1891),  25,213. 

Ayr.  A  river  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  which  flows 
into  the  Firth  of  Clyde  at  Ayr.  Length,  33 
miles. 

Ayr,  or  Ayrshire  (ar'sher).  A  county  of  Scot- 
land, lying  between  Renfrew  on  the  north, 
Lanark  and  Dumfries  on  the  east,  Kirkcud- 
bright and  Wigtown  on  the  south,  and  the  Firth 
of  Clyde  on  the  west,  it  is  divided  into  Carrick, 
Kyle,  and  Cunninghame  ;  is  hilly  and  mountainous  in  the 
south  and  east;  and  has  flourishing  agriculture  and  manu- 
factures of  iron,  cotton,  and  wool.  Area,  1,128  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  226,283. 

Ayrer  (I'rer),  Jakob.  Died  at  Nuremberg, 
March  26, 1605.  A  (Jerman  dramatic  poet.  His 
"Opus  Theatricum"  was  published  in  1618. 

Ayres  (arz),  Bomeyn  Beck.  Bom  at  Bast 
Creek,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  20, 1825 :  died  at  Fort  Hamil- 
ton, N.  Y.,  Dec.  4, 1888.  An  ofacer  in  the  Mexi- 
can andCivilwars.  He  was  graduated  from  West  Point 
in  1847 :  remained  in  garrison  at  Fort  Preble  during  the 
Mexican  war ;  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Gettysburg,  the 
Wilderness,  Spottsylvania  Court  House,  Five  Forks,  and 
thebattleon  the  Weldon  Railroad;  and  obtained  the  brevet 
rank  of  major-general  U.  S.  Army  March  13, 1865.  He  was 
promoted  colonel  in  the  regular  army  Jan.  18, 1879. 

Ayres  de  Cazal  (i'rez  de  ka-zal'),  Manuel. 
Born  in  1754:  died  at  Lisbon  about  1823.  A 
Portuguese  historian.  He  took  orders,  and  about  1780 
went  to  Brazil  where  he  was  a  prior  of  Crato  in  Goyaz ; 
subsequently  he  lived  in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  returning  to  Por- 
tugal in  1821.  He  wrote  the  "Corografla  Brasilica"  (Rio 
de  Janeko,  1817  and  1846),  a  work  on  the  geography  and 
history  of  Brazil,  of  great  merit. 

Ayrshire  Bard  or  Plowman,  The.  Robert 
Bums. 

Ayrton  (ar'ton),  W.  E.  Bom  in  London,  1847. 
An  English  electrician  and  inventor,  professor 
of  natural  philosophy  and  telegraphy  at  the 
Imperial  College  of  Engineering,  Tokio,  Japan, 
1872-79.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  applied  physics 
at  the  City  and  Gilds  of  London  Technical  College,  Fins- 
bury  in  1879,  and  chief  professor  of  physics  at  the  Central 
Institution,  South  Kensington,  of  the  City  and  Gilds  of 
London  Institute  in  1884.  With  Professor  Perry  he  con- 
structed ammeters,  voltmeters,  etc.,  and  with  Professor 
F.  .lenkin  and  Professor  Perry  devised  the  system  of  auto- 
matic electric  transport  called  "telpherage."  His  works 
include  "On  the  Economical  Use  of  Gas-engines  for  the 
Production  of  Electricity  "  (1882),  "  Electricity  as  aMotive 
Power"  (1879),  "Pracitical  Electricity"  (1887),  and,  with 
Professor  J.  Perry,  "  Contact  Theory  of  Voltaic  Action  " 
(1880),  etc. 

Ays  (iz),  or  HaiS  (hiz).  An  extinct  Indian  tribe 
of  eastern  and  southeastern  Texas.  They  weremet 
with,  in  the  flrst  half  of  the  16th  century,  in  what  is  now 
the  eastern  part  of  Indian  Territory. 

Ayscue  (as'ku),  Sir  George.  Died  about 
1672.  An  English  admiral,  distinguished  in  the 
wars  against  the  Dutch.  Of  his  early  life  nothing 
is  known.  In  1646  he  was  a  captain  in  the  English 
fleet,  and  was  one  of  those  who  adhered  to  the  Par- 
liament. In  1649  he  was  engaged  on  the  Irish  coast  as 
admiral,  and  in  1661  was  sent  by  Cromwell  to  America, 


Azazel 

in  command  of  a  squadron :  he  reduced  Barbadoes  and 
other  islands  which  had  remained  faithful  to  the  royalists, 
visited  the  coast  of  Virginia,  and  returned  to  England  in 
1662.  On  July  3, 1662,  he  had  a  fight  with  a  large  Dutch 
fleet  in  the  Downs,  and  on  Aug.  16  he  encountered  De  Ruy- 
ter's  fleet  off  Plymouth,  both  sides  claiming  the  victory. 
From  1668  until  the  Restoration  he  was  in  Sweden,  and 
on  his  return  was  made  commissioner  of  the  navy.  He 
subsequently  served  against  the  Dutch,  was  captured  in 
the  engagement  oflf  the  north  Foreland,  June,  1666,  and 
only  released  when  peace  was  declared,  Oct.,  1667. 

Ayton  (a'ton),  or  Aytoun,  Sir  Robert.  Born 
at  the  castle  of  Kinaldie,  near  St.  Andrew's, 
Scotland,  1570 :  died  at  London,  Feb.,  1638.  A 
Scottish  lyric  poet. 

Aytoun  (a'ton),  William  Edmonstoune.  Born 
at  Edinburgh,  June  21,  1813 :  died  near  Elgin, 
Scotland,  Aug.  4,  1865.  A  Scottish  lawyer, 
poet,  and  man  of  letters.  He  was  one  of  the  editors 
of  "Blackwood's  Mafiazine,"  professor  of  rhetoric  and 
belles-lettres  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and  sheriff 
of  Orkney.  He  married  (April,  1849)  Jane  Emily  Wilson, 
a  daughter  of  John  Wilson  (Christopher  North).  His  chief 
works  are  "Lays  of  the  Cavaliers"  (1848),  ''Firmilian" 
(1864),  "Bothwell"  (1866),  "Ballads  of  Scotland"  (1868). 
He  was  associated  with  Theodore  Martin  in  the  produc- 
tion of  the  "Bon  Gaultier  Ballads"  and  the  "Poems  and 
Ballads  of  Goethe." 

Ayub,  or  Ayoub,  Khan  (a-yob'  khan').  A 
younger  son  of  Shere  All,  claimant  to  the  Af- 

§han  throne  after  the  death  of  his  father  (1879). 
[e  opposed  the  British  and  Abdurrahman  Khan,  was  gov- 
ernor of  Herat,  and  was  overthrown  by  Abdnrraiman 
Khan  in  1881. 

Ayutan.    See  Comanche. 

Ayuthia  (a-yo'the-a).  The  former  capital  of 
Siava.,  situated  on  the  Menam  45  miles  north 
of  Bangkok.  It  was  sacked  by  the  Burmese  in 
1767.    Also  TutMa,  Juthia. 

Aywaille  (i-vil'le).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Li^ge,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Amblfeve  14 
miles  southeast  of  Lifege.  Population  (1890), 
4,128. 

Azamgarh.    See  Azimgarh. 

Azangaro,  or  Asangaro  (iis-3n'ga-r6).  A  vil- 
lage of  the  department  of  Puno,  Peru,  in  the 
basin  of  Lake  Titicaca.  in  the  time  of  the  incas 
it  was  an  important  place,  and  there  are  traditions  that  it 
was  the  hiding-place  of  a  vast  amount  of  their  treasures. 
It  was  the  center  of  operations  of  the  revolutionist  Tupac 
Amaru  (1780),  and  he  also  is  reported  to  have  buried  trea- 
sure in  the  village.  To  archaeologists  Azangaro  is  espe- 
cially interesting  for  an  ancient  building,  the  Sondor-huasi, 
which  was  the  residence  of  an  Inca  officer.  It  presents 
the  only  instance  which  has  come  down  to  us  of  the 
thatched  roofs  used  by  the  Incas ;  this,  far  from  being  a 
rough  covering,  is  an  elaborate  work  of  art  and  very  ser- 
viceable. 

Azani  (a-za'ni),  or  Azanion  (a-za'ni-on),  or 
Aizani.  [Gr.  'Aiavoi.'\  In  ancient  geography, 
a  city  of  Phrygia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  in  lat. 
39°  16'  N.  Its  ruins  are  near  the  modern  Chav- 
dur-Hissar. 

Azanza  (a-than'tha),  Miguel  Jos6  de.  Born 
at  Aviz,  Navarre,  1746:  died  at  Bordeaux, 
France,  June  20,  1826.  A  Spanish  statesman 
and  soldier,  when  a  young  man  he  traveled  exten- 
sively in  Spanish  America.  In  1795  he  was  minister  of 
war.  From  May,  1798,  to  May,  1800,  he  was  viceroy  of  New 
Spain(Mexico).  He  wa5  minister  of  finance  under  Ferdi- 
nand VII.,  afterward  member  of  the  supreme  junta,  and 
presided  over  the  junta  at  Bayonne  in  favor  of  Joseph 
Bonaparte.  Under  Joseph  he  was  successively  minister 
of  justice,  of  the  Indies,  and  of  ecclesiastical  affairs.  After 
the  fall  of  the  Bonapartos  he  lived  in  retirement  at  Bor- 
deaux.   Mexicans  cjdl  him  "the  Bonapartist  viceroy." 

Azara  (a-tha'ra),  Felix  de.  Born  at  Barbu- 
nales,  Aragon,  May  18,  1746:  died  in  Aragon, 
1811.  A  Spanish  naturalist  and  traveler, 
brother  of  Don  Jos6  Nicolo  de  Azara.  He  en- 
tered the  army  and  attained  the  rank  of  brigadier-general, 
taking  part  in  the  Algiers  expedition,  in  which  he  was 
wounded  (1776).  From  1781  to  1801  he  was  in  Paraguay 
as  one  of  the  commissioners  to  settle  the  boundaries  be- 
tween the  Spanish  and  Portuguese  possessions,  and  he  de- 
voted much  of  his  time  to  studying  the  geography,  history, 
and  zoology  of  this  region.  The  results  were  published 
in  French,  in  a  work  on  the  quadrupeds  of  Paraguay  and 
the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  and  in  his  "Voyage  dans  I'Am^rique 
mtoidionale  "  (Paris,  1809,  4  vols.  Svo.  with  atlas). 

Azara,  Josd  Nicolas  de.  Bom  1781 :  died  1804. 
A  Spanish  diplomatist  and  art  connoisseur, 
brother  of  Felix  de  Azara. 

Azariah.    See  Uzziah. 

Azay-le-Rideau  (a-za'16-re-do').  A  small 
town  in  the  department  of  Indre-et-Loire, 
France,  near  Tours.  It  contains  a  chateau,  a  very 
fine  example  of  the  Renaissance  manor-house  of  the  16th 
century,  with  cylindrical  flanking  towers,  high  roofs,  and 
dormer-windows. 

Azazeel.    See  Azaziel. 

Azazel  (a-za-zel').  A  name  which  occurs  in  the 
ritual  of  the  day  of  atonement.  Lev.  xvi.  8, 10-26. 
The  high  priest  had  among  other  ceremonies  to  cast  lots 
upon  two  goats.  One  lot  was  inscribed  "for  Yahveh" 
(Jehovah),  the  other  "  for  Azazel."  The  goat  upon  which 
the  lot  "  for  Yahveh  "  fell  was  offered  as  a  sacrifice,  while 
on  the  goat  upon  which  the  lot  "for  Azazel"  had  fallen 
the  high  priest  laid  his  hands  and  confessed  all  the  sins 
of  the  people.    The  goat  was  then  led  by  a  man  into  the 


Azazel 

■desert,  "unto  a  land  not  inhabited,"  and  waa  there  let  loose. 
The  authorized  version  renders  Azazel  on  the  margin  by 
"scape  goat" ;  the  revised  version  has  Azazel  in  the  text 
and  "  or  dismissal "  on  the  margin.  Various  explanations 
of  the  word  have  been  offered,  such  as,  for  instance,  that  it 
meant  the  goat  sent  away  or  let  loose  (taking  it  as  a  com- 
pound of  ez  ozel),  or  the  place  to  which  the  goat  was  sent. 
The  probable  and  plausible  explanation,  adopted  by  nearly 
all  modem  critics,  is  that  which  takes  it  as  the  proper  name 
of  an  evil  spirit  popularly  supposed  to  have  its  dwelling  in 
the  wilderness.  This  view  is  supported  by  the  antithesis  in 
which  Azazel  is  put  to  Yahveh.  The  rite  may  be  considered 
a  survival  of  an  older  stage  of  religious  belief,  perhaps 
Egyptian,  Azazel  being  a  substitute  for  Typhon,  who  was 
also  conceived  as  living  in  the  desert.  In  Arabic  writers 
/Qazwini,  Hariz,  etc.)  Azazil  is  described  as  one  of  the  jinns 
(genii)  who  for  their  transgression  were  taken  prisoners  by 
the  angels.  Azazil  grew  up  among  them  and  became  their 
chief,  until  he  refused  to  prostrate  himself  before  Adam, 
■when  he  became  Iblis  (despair),  the  father  of  the  Shaitans 
(evil  spirits,  SatansV  This  is  reSohoed  in  Milton's  "Para- 
dise Lost,"  where  Azazel  is  represented  as  the  standard- 
bearer  of  the  infernal  hosts,  oast  out  from  heaven  and  be- 
coming the  embodiment  of  despair.  The  identification 
of  Azazel  with  Satan  is  also  met  in  some  of  the  church 
fathers.    The  etymolomr  of  the  name  is  obscure. 

Azaziel  (a-za'zi-el).  l.  in  Faust's  "Miracu- 
lous Art  and  Book  of  Marvels,  or  The  Black 
Eaven,"  the  name  of  one  of  the  chief  princes 
of  the  infernal  kingdom,  of  which  Lucifer  is 
the  king.— 2.  A  seraph  in  Byron's  "Heaven 
and  Earth."  He  loves  Anah,  a  mortal,  whom 
he  carries  away  from  earth. 

Azcaputzalco  (az-ka-pot-zal'ko),  or  Azcapo- 
zalco,  or Atzcapozalco.  [Nahuatl,  from  eeoatl, 
the  ant.]  A  village  of  Mexico  about  5  miles 
northwest  of  the  capital,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  horse-cars.  It  was  an  old  Aztec  town, 
founded  by  the  Teopaneos  on  the  western  side  of  the  lake 
of  Tezcuco  in  1168.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  it  waa  the 
great  market  of  Mexico,  where  there  was  a  regular  sale  of 
produce  and  slaves.  Cortes  and  his  army  took  refuge  there 
after  the  flight  of  the  noche  triste.  It  was  tlie  scene  of  a 
battle  between  the  Spanish  farces  and  those  of  Iturbide, 
Aug.  19, 1821 :  both  sides  claimed  the  viotoiy. 

Azeglio  (ad-zal'yo),  Marchese  d'  (Massimo 
Taparelli).  Bom  at  Turin,  Oct.  24, 1798 :  died 
at  Turin,  Jan.  15, 1866.  An  Italian  statesman 
and  author.  He  served  in  the  Italian  revolution  of 
1848 ;  was  premier  of  Sardinia  1S49-S2 ;  and  was  Sardinian 
envoy  to  Bomagna  in  1869.  He  wrote  the  novels  "  Ettore 
rieramosca"  (1833),  "Nicolb  de"  Lapi "  (1841),  "Degli  ul- 
timi  casi  di  Itomagna,"  and  an  autobiography  (1867). 

Azemilchus  (a-zf-mil'kus).  ['Mighty king' (?).] 
King  of  Tyre  and  Phenioia.  During  his  reign 
Tyre,  after  a  long  siege,  was  conquered  by 
Alexander  the  Q-reat. 

Azerbaijan  (az-er-bi-jan'),  or  Aderbaijan. 
A  province  of  northwestern  Persia,  lying  be- 
tween Russia  on  the  north,  Turkey  on  the 
west,  and  Irak-Ajemi  on  the  southeast:  sur- 
face mountainous,  it  corresponds  in  general  to  the 
ancient  >ledia  Atropatene.  The  chief  city  is  Tabriz. 
Area  (estimated),  30,000  to  40,000  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 1,000,000. 

Azevedo  Coutinho  (a-za-va'dok6-te'nyo>,  Jos6 
Joag.uim  da  Cunha,  Bom  at  Campos,  Sept.  8, 
1742:  died  in  Portugal,  Sept.  12;  1821.  A  Por- 
tuguese-Brazilian prelate,  in  1794  he  was  made 
bishop  of  Pernambuco,  and  in  1818  inquisitor-general  of 
Portugal  and  Brazil,  the  last  who  held  this  office.  He 
was  a  noted  defender  of  the  interests  of  Brazil  in  Portu- 
gal, and  was  the  author  of  several  historical  and  economi- 
cal works  relating  to  that  country. 

Azevedo  y  Ziiniga,  Gaspar  de.  See  Zumga  y 
Ajsevedo. 


103 

AzhiDahaka  (a'zhi  da-ha'ka).  ['Destroying 
serpent.']  Originally,  the  cloud-serpent  of  Ar- 
yan mythology,  the  destroying  serpent  of  the 
Avesta;  later,  in  the  heroic  myths  of  the  Irani- 
ans, an  old  king  of  Iran,  in  Firdausi,  as  Dahak, 
Dahhak,  or  Tohhak,  he  is  the  son  of  an  Arab  chief  Mir- 
das  and  dwells  in  Mesopotamia.  He  makes  a  league 
with  Ahriman,  who  prompts  him  to  compass  the  death 
of  his  own  father  and  succeed  him.  Ahriman  feeds  Da- 
hak with  flesh,  though  man  had  before  lived  on  fruits. 
In  return  he  wishes  to  kiss  Dahak  upon  the  shoulders, 
whence  there  grow  in  consequence  two  serpents.  Each 
day  two  men  are  killed  that  the  serpents  may  be  fed  with 
their  brains.  Attacking  Iran,  Dahak  puts  Jem  to  flight, 
slays  him  in  China,  and  seizes  the  kingdom,  which  he 
holds  during  a  thousand  yeai's  of  oppression  and  misrule. 
Overthrown  by  Kave  and  Feridun,  he  was  chained  by  tlie 
latter  in  Mount  Demavend,  whence  it  is  believed  that  he 
will  at  the  end  of  time  escape  to  spread  destruction  and 
be  slain  by  SCeresaspa. 

Azibaal  (a-ze-ba'al).  ['  My  strength  is  the  god 
Ba'al'  (?).]  'King  of  Aradus  (Arvad).  Pheni- 
oia, appointed  by  Asurbanipal,  the  Assyrian 
king  (668-626  B.C.). 

Azim  (a'zim).  Aloverof  Zelicainthe  "Veiled 
Prophet."  He  kills  her  by  mistake  for  the 
latter. 

Azimech  (az'i-mek).  [At.  as-simah:  mean- 
ing uncertain.]  Aname  applied  both  to  oVir- 
ginis  (Spica)  and  to  Arcturus,  but  rarely  to  the 
latter. 

Azimgarh,  or  Azamgarb.  (a-zim-,  a-zam-gur')- 
A  district  in  Benares  division,  Northwestern 
Provinces,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  26° 
N.,  long.  83°  B.    Area,  2,147  square  miles. 

Azimgarh,  The  chief  town  of  the  district  of 
Azimgarh,  situated  on  the  Tons  55  miles  north- 
east of  Benares.     Poprdation  (1891),  19,442. 

Azincourt.    See  Agmcourt. 

Azo  (ad'zo),  or  Azzo  (Sd'zo),  Porcius.  Died 
1230  (1200  T).  An  eminent  Bolognese  jurist,  au- 
thor of  "  Summa  oodicis,"  and  "Apparatus  ad 
codioem.''  He  was  a  pupil  of  John  Bassianus,  and 
taught  at  the  University  of  Bologna. 

Azoff,  or  Azof.    See  Azov. 

Azor  (a'  zor).  The  name  of  the  Beast  in  Mar- 
montel's  "  Beauty  and  the  Beast." 

Azores  (a-z6rz'),  or  Western  Islands.  [Pg. 
Agores,  P.  Agores,  G-.  Azoren :  so  called  from 
the  hawks  (acores)  found  there.]  A  group  of 
islands  situated  in  the  Atlantic  800  miles  west 
of  Portugal,  in  lat.  37°-40ON.,  long.  25°-31°  10' 
W.  They  belong  to  Portugal,  and  form  the  province 
A^res,  capital  Angra,  with  three  districts — Angra,  Horta, 
and  Ponta  Delgada.  There  are  nine  islands :  SSo  Miguel, 
Santa  Maria,  Teroeira,  Sao  Jorge,  Pico,  Fayal,  Graziosa, 
Flores,  and  Corvo.  The  surface  is  volcanic  and  moun- 
tainous, and  the  soil  fertile,  producing  oranges,  wine,  etc. 
The  islands  are  a  noted  health-resort.  They  were  occu- 
pied by  Portugal  in  1432,  and  colonized  by  Portuguese  and 
Memings  in  the  15th  century.  Area,  ],00S  square  miles. 
Population  (1890),  255,511. 

Azotus  (a-z6'tus).     [G-r.  'Afuroc]    See  Ashdod. 

Azov,  or  Azof,  or  Azoff  (a'zof).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  Russia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Don  near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  47°  10' 
N.,  long.  39°  25'  B.  it  was  taken  from  the  Turks  by 
Peter  the  Great  in  1696,  and  annexed  to  Bussia  in  1774. 
Population,  16,581. 

Azov,  or  Azof,  or  AzofT,  Sea  of.  A  sea  south  of 
Russia,  communicating  with  the  Black  Sea  by 


Azuni 

the  Strait  of  Yenikale :  the  ancient  Palus  Mbjo- 
tis.  Its  largest  arm  is  the  Gulf  of  Taganrog,  and  its 
chief  tributary  the  Don.  It  is  very  shallow.  Length,  220 
miles.^  Width,  about  80  miles.    Area,  14,000  square  miles. 

Azpeitia  (ath-pay'te-a).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Guipuzooa,  Spain,  on  the  Urola  15  miles 
southwest  of  San  Sebastian.  Population  (1887), 
6,616. 

Azrael  (az'ra-el).  In  Jewish  and  Mohamme- 
dan angelology,  the  angel  who  separates  the 
soul  from  the  body  at  the  moment  of  death,  for 
which  he  watches. 

Aztec  Calendar  Stone.    See  Stone  of  the  Sun. 

Aztecas  (az'tek-az).  [Said  to  be  derived  from 
Nahuatl  aztlan,  place  of  the  heron;  but  with 
equal  probability  from  the  name  of  a  elan  (the 
'  Heron'  clan)  which  left  its  name  to  the  place.] 
A  surname  of  the  Mexican  branch  of  Nahuatl 
Indians  of  central  Mexico.  The  name  "Aztecs" 
has  been  much  misused,  every  sedentary  tribe  having 
been  conceived  to  be  descendants  of  the  people  so  named. 
In  fact,  they  were  a  band  of  Indians  who  had  gradually 
drifted  into  the  valley  of  Mexico,f  rom  the  north  (probably), 
and  who,  harassed  by  tribes  of  their  own  linguistic  stock 
which  had  preceded  them  in  the  occupation  of  the  shores 
of  the  lagoon  of  Mexico,  finally  fled  to  some  islands  in  the 
midst  of  its  waters  for  security.  Improving  upon  this  al- 
ready secure  position,  they  held  their  own,  and  in  the  end 
turned  upon  their  neighbors.  From  these  petty  tribal 
wars  resiilted,  in  the  course  of  the  15th  century,  the  con- 
federacy between  the  Aztecs,  the  Tezcucans,  and  the  Tec- 
panecans,  which  became  at  last  formidable  to  all  the  ab- 
origines of  central  Mexico  up  to  the  year  1519,  when  Cor- 
tes put  an  end  to  the  power  of  the  confederates  of  the 
valley  plateau  of  Mexico.  The  word  Azteca  waa  only  a 
surname,  not  the  original  designation  of  the  tribe  ;  and 
the  supposed  connection  of  the  Mexicans  with  the  New 
Mexican  Pueblos  can  only  be  admitted  when  it  is  proved 
that  the  Pueblo  languages  are  of  one  stock,  and  that  that 
stock  is  radically  connected  with  the  I^ahuatl  of  central 
Mexico. 

Aztecs.    See  Aztecas. 

Aztlan  (azt-lau').  [Nahuatl,  'place  of  the 
Heron.']  A  mythical  site  where  the  Aztecas 
are  said  to  have  dwelt,  or  whence  they  are  rep- 
resented as  having  started  on  their  journey  to 
the  southward.  Its  location  is  not  yet  de- 
fined. 

Azuaga  (a-th8-a'ga).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Badajoz,  Spain,  57  miles  northeast  of  Seville. 
Population  (1887),  8,253. 

Azuay  (a-tho-i'),  or  Assuay  (as-so-i').  A  prov- 
ince in  southern  Ecuador.  Capital,  Cuenca. 
Area,  3,875  square  miles.  Population  (1889), 
132,400. 

Azucena(ad-zo-oha'na).  A  character  in  Verdi's 
"II  Trovatore,"  the  old  gipsy  who  stole  Man- 
rico. 

Azulai  (a-z6-H'),  Hayim  David.  Bom  in  Jeru- 
salem: lived  and  died  in  Leghorn,  Italy.  A 
Jewish  scholar  of  the  18th  century.  He  wrote 
numerous  works,  the  most  celebrated  being  his  bibliog- 
raphy, "Shem-ha-Ged611m"  ("  The  Names  of  the  Great"), 
which  enumerates  more  than  1,300  Jewish  authors,  and 
over  2,200  of  their  works. 

Azuni  (ad-zo'ne),  Domenico  Alberto.    Bom 

at  Sassari,  Sardinia,  Aug.  3,  1749:  died  at 
Cagliari,  Sardinia,  Jan.  23,  1827. _  An  Italian 
jurist  and  legal  and  historical  writer.  He  pub- 
lished "  Sistema  universale  del  principj  del  diritto  marit- 
timo  deir  Buropa"  (1795),  "Dizionario  della  giurispru- 
denza  mercantile"  (1786-88)^  "Histou-e  de  Sardaigne" 
(1802),  etc. 


[jaader  Cba'der),  Franz 
Xavervon.  Bom  at  Mu- 
nich, March  27, 1765:  died 
at  Munich,  May  23,  1841. 
A  German  scholar,  ap- 
pointed honorary  profes- 
sor of  philosophy  and 
speculative  theology  at 
the  University  of  Munich 
in  1826:  chiefly  known 
from  his  philosophical  writings.  He  devoted  him- 
self at  first  to  the  study  of  medicine  and  the  natural  sci- 
ences, held  the  position  of  superintendent  of  mines  in 
Munich  (1797),  and  published  various  scientific  and  tech- 
nical works.  His  philosophy  was  conceived  under  Eoman 
Catholic  influences,  and  was  thcosophical  in  character. 
His  philosophical  works  have  been  collected,  under  the 
editorship  of  Franz  Hoffman,  in  16  volumes  (1860-60). 
Baal  (ba'al).  [Phen.  and  Heb.  ba'al,  lord, 
master.]  "The  supreme  god  of  the  Canaanites. 
The  Assyro- Babylonian  form  of  the  name  is  BSlu,  Bel.  He 
was  conceived  as  the  productive  power  of  generation  and 
fertilitjr,  his  female  counterpart  Ashtoreth  (Astarte,  Ish- 
tar)  being  the  receptive.  His  statue  was  placed  on  a 
bull,  the  symbol  of  generative  power,  and  he  was  repre- 
sented with  bunches  of  grapes  and  pomegranates  in  his 
hands.  He  was  also  worshiped  as  the  sun-god,  and  was 
represented  with  a  crown  of  rays.  Offerings  made  to  him 
were  incense,  bulls,  and  on  certain  occasions  human  sac- 
rifices, especially  children  (Jer.  xix.  5).  The  favorite  places 
of  his  altars  were  heights  and  roofs  of  houses  (Jer.  xxxii. 
29).  His  cult,  like  that  of  Ashtoreth,  was  attended  by 
wild  and  licentious  orgies.  The  various  names  and  epi- 
thets of  Baal  occurring  in  the  Old  Testament  and  else- 
where were  derived  from  his  various  aspects  and  the 
localities  in  which  he  was  worshiped.  So  BacU  Zebvb  (in 
the  New  Testament  Beelzebub^  'lord  of  flies')  in  Ekron; 
Baal  Gad  ('lord  of  good  luck ')  in  Baal  Gad  (Josh.  xi.  17, 
xii.  7),  the  modern  Banias  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Hermon; 
Baai  Peor,  from  the  mountain  in  Moab.  His  general 
name  among  the  Moabltes  was  Chemosh  (which  see). 
Moloch  ('  king ')  was  his  name  especially  among  the  Am- 
monites. In  Tyre  he  was  worshiped  as  Melcarth  ('  king  of 
the  city "),  identified  by  the  Greeks  with  Hercules.  He  was 
Baal  B&rith  ('  lord  of  the  covenant  *)  in  the  confederacy 
of  Shechem.  Like  the  Hebrew  tfaA  and  .B^  andtheAssyro- 
Babylonian  Belu,  Baal  entered  largely  into  the  composition 
of  proper  names.  So,  among  numerous  others,  the  names 
of  the  two  celebrated  Carthaginian  generals  in  the  Funic 
wars,  Hannibal  ('Baal  is  gracious ')  and  Hasdrubal  ('Baal 
is  helpful ').  The  worship  of  Baal  was  introduced  into 
Israel  under  Ahab  and  his  wife,  who  was  a  Phenician 
princess. 
Baal.  A  king  of  Tyre.  He  is  mentioned  in  the  As- 
syrian cuneiform  inscriptions  as  having  been  made  king 
of  Tyre  by  Esarhaddon  (king  of  Assyria  680-668  B.  C.X  but 
rebelled  against  him  and  joined  Tirhakah,  the  Ethiopian 
king  of  Egypt.  On  his  expedition  against  Egypt,  Esar- 
haddon forced  Bajd  to  submit  to  the  Assyrian  sovereignty. 
Under  Asurbanipal  (668-626)  Baal  renewed  his  rebellion 
against  Assyria,  but  was  again  obliged  to  submit. 
Baalath  (ba'al-ath).  A  town  of  Dan,  situated 
probably  on  the  site  of  the  modem  Bel'ain, 
about  2  miles  north  of  Beth-horon. 
Baalbec,  or  Baalbek  (bal'bek),  or  Baalbak 
(bal'bak).  ['  The  city  of  Baal'  or  of  '  the  sun ' ; 
Old  Syriac  Ba'aldak :  the  modem  Al-Bukaa 
(the  valley).]  An  ancient  city  of  Syria,  sit- 
uated on  the  slope  of  Anti-Libanus  34  miles 
northwest  of  Damascus:  the  Greek  Heliopolis 
('city  of  the  sun'),  famous  for  its  ruins,  it  was 
a  center  of  the  worship  of  Baal  as  sun-god,  whence  both 
the  original  and  the  Greek  names.  The  city  was  a  E-oman 
colony  (Colonia  Julia  Augusta  Felix)  under  Augustus,  and 
was  adorned  (great  temple)  by  Antoninus  Pius.  Its  fall 
began  with  its  capture  by  the  Arabs,  and  it  was  totally 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1759.  The  site  is  famous 
for  the  ruins  of  the  two  great  temples  on  its  acropolis. 
The  older  portions  of  the  acropolis  wall,  made  of  huge 
stones,  are  of  Phenician  or  kindred  origin,  and  date  from 
the  time  when  the  worship  of  Baal  was  still  supreme.  All 
the  structures,  except  the  parts  of  the  wall  mentioned, 
are  late  Eoman  in  time,  and  are  very  effective  from  their 
grouping,  their  great  size,  and  the  beauty  of  the  mate- 
rials. Baalbec  has  been  known  to  Europeans  since  the 
16th  century,  and  its  monuments  have  been  studied  and 
drawn  by  many  explorers. 

Baal  Peer  (ba'al  pe'dr).    See  Baal. 

Baan  (ban),  or'Baen,  Jan  van  der.  Bom  at 
Haarlem,  Feb.  20,  1638:  died  at  Amsterdam, 
1702.  A  Dutch  portrait-painter.  His  son  Jacob 
der  Baan  (bom  at  The  Hague,  March,  1672: 
died  at  Vienna,  April,  1700)  also  practised  the 
same  art. 

Baanites  (ba'an-its) .  The  followers  of  Baanes, 
a  Paulician  of  the  8th  and  early  part  of  the 
9th  century. 


Baar  (bar).  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Zug, 
Switzerland,  15  miles  northeast  of  Lucerne. 

Baar  (bar),  The.  An  elevated  and  broken  re- 
gion in  southwestern  Wtirtemberg  and  south- 
eastern Baden,  lying  about  the  head  waters  of 
the  Neckar  and  Danube. 

Bab  (bab).  Lady.  A  character  in  the  Kev. 
James  Townley's  farce-comedy  "High  Life 
Below  Stairs,"  taken  by  Kitty,  the  maid  of 
Lady  Bab,  who  impersonates  her  mistress  and 
is  so  called  by  her  feUow-servants. 

Bab  (bab),  or  Bab-ed-Din  (bab'ed-den')-  A 
title  first  assumed  by  Mohammed  Ali  (put  to 
death  in  1850),  founder  about  1843  of  the  Per- 
sian sect  named  Babi,  which  revolted  against 
the  government  in  1848.     See  Babi. 

Bab  Ballads,  The.  A  volume  of  amusing  verse 
by  W.  S.  Gilbert,  published  in  London  1868. 
These  poems  appeared  originally  in  "Fun." 

Baba  (ba'ba),  Au.  A  character  in  the  story  of 
"  The  Forty  Thieves  "  in  "  The  Arabian  Nights' 
Entertainments,"  who  makes  his  way  into  the 
secret  cave  of  the  forty  thieves  by  the  use  of 
the  magic  words  "  open  sesame"  (the  name  of 
a  kind  of  graip). 

Baba  (ba'ba).  Cape.  A  promontory  at  the 
western  extremity  of  Asia  Minor,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Gulf  of  Adramyttium. 

Baba,  Hajji.  The  principal  personage  in  a 
novel  by  James  Morier,  "The  Adventures  of 
Hajji  Baba  of  Ispahan,"  published  in  1824. 

Baba  Abdalla  (ba'ba  ab-dal'la).  A  blind 
man,  in  a  story  in  "  The  Arabian  Nights'  En- 
tertainments," who  becomes  rich  through  the 
kindness  of  a  dervish.  His  covetousness  makes  him 
demand  also  a  box  of  magic  ointment  which,  when  ap- 
plied to  the  left  eye,  reveals  all  hidden  treasures,  but 
when  used  on  the  right  produces  total  blindness.  Doubt- 
ing this,  he  applies  it  to  both,  and  loses  sight  and  riches. 

Bababalouk.  The  chief  eunuch  in  Beekf  ord's 
"Vathek,"  a  most  "royal  and  disgusting  per- 
sonage."   The  name  is  not  original  with  him. 

Babadag  (ba-ba-dag').  A  town  in  the  Do- 
brudja,  Rumania,  in  lat.  44°  55'  N.,  long.  28° 
40'  B.     Population,  3,101. 

Babar.    See  Baber. 

Babbage  (bab'aj),  Charles.  Bom  near  Teign- 
mouth,  Devonshire,  Dec.  26, 1792:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  18,  1871.  A  noted  English  mathe- 
matician, one  of  the  founders,  secretaries,  and 
vice-presidents  of  the  Astronomical  Society, 
and  professor  of  mathematics  at  Cambridge 
(1828-39).  He  is  chiefly  known  as  the  inventor  of  a 
calculating  machine  which,  after  many  years  of  toil  and 
a  large  expenditure  of  money,  he  failed  to  perfect.  He 
published  a  treatise  "On  the  Economy  of  Machinery  and 
Manufactures"  (1st  ed.  1832),  a  table  of  logarithms,  and 
many  minor  works. 

Babbitt  (bab'it),  Isaac,  Born  at  Taunton, 
Mass.,  July  26, 1799 :  died  at  Somerville,  Mass., 
May  26,  1862.  An  American  inventor  and 
manufacturer,  a  goldsmith  by  trade,  noted  for 
the  discovery  of  the  anti-friction  metal  (an 
alloy  of  tin  with  copper  and  antimony)  which 
bears  his  name. 

Babcock.(bab'kok),  Orville  E.  Bom  at  Frank- 
lin, Vt.,  Dec.  25,  1835:  died  June  2, 1884.  An 
American  general.  He  served  as  aide-de-camp  to 
General  Grant  in  the  Civil  War,  and  when  Grant  became 
President  acted  for  a  time  as  his  private  secretary.  He 
was  indicted  in  1876  by  the  grand  jury  of  St.  Louis  for  com- 
plicity in  revenue  frauds,  but  was  acquitted  with  the  aid 
of  a  deposition  by  President  Grant.  He  was  promoted 
colonel  July  26, 1866. 

Babcock,  Eufus.  Bom  at  North  Colebrook, 
Conn.,  Sept.  18,  1798:  died  at  Salem,  Mass., 
May  4, 1875.  An  American  Baptist  clergyman. 
He  was  graduated  from  Brown  University  1821 ;  was  pres- 
ident of  Waterville  College  (Colby  University),  Maine, 
183a-87 ;  served  as  pastor  of  several  Baptist  congrega- 
tions ;  and  was  the  founder  and  editor  of  the  "  Baptist 
Memorial." 

Babek  (ba'bek).  Died  837.  A  Persian  rebel  and 
religious  leader,  sumamed  "Khoreini"  ('the 
sensualist')  on  account  of  the  libertine  prin- 
ciples which  he  inculcated.  He  was  taken  prisoner 
and  put  to  death  after  having  defied  for  a  time  the  entire 
forces  of  the  calif  Motassem. 


Babel  (ba'bel).    Same  as  Babylon  (which  see). 

Bab-el-]V[andeb(bab-el-man'deb).  [At.,  'gate 
of  tears,'  from  its  dangerousness.]  A  strait, 
20  miles  wide,  connecting  the  Red  Sea  with 
the  Indian  Ocean,  and  separating  Arabia  from 
eastern  Africa.  In  it  is  the  island  of  Perim, 
occupied  by  the  British. 

Bab-el-Mandeb,  Eas  (Cape).  The  southwest- 
ern headland  of  Arabia,  which  projects  into 
the  Strait  of  Bab-el-Mandeb. 

Babenberg  (ba'ben-bero).  A  princely  family 
of  Franoonia,  prominent  in  the  9th  and  lOtn 
centuries,  whose  castle  stood  on  the  site  of  the 
modem  Bamberg.  The  Austrian  dynasty  of 
Babenberg,  which  ruled  from  about  976  to  1246, 
was  formerly  supposed  to  have  been  descended 
from  this  Franeonian  house. 

Babenhausen  (ba'ben-hou-zen).  A  small  town 
in  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Giinz  22  miles  south- 
southeast  of  Ulm :  the  seat  of  a  former  imperial 
lordship. 

Babenhausen.  A  small  town  in  the  province  of 
Starkenburg,i!esse,  on  the  Gersprenz  15  miles 
southeast  of  Frankf ort-on-the-Main. 

Baber  (ba'b6r),  or  Babar  (ba'bar),  or  Bablir 
(ba'bor)  (Zehir-Eddin  (or  Zahir  al  din)  Mo- 
hammed). Bora  Feb.  4,  1483 :  died  Dec.  28, 
1530.  A  great-grandson  of  Timur :  the  founder 
of  the  so-called  Mogul  empire  in  India.  He  suc- 
ceeded his  father  in  Ferghana  in  1491,  conquered  Kashgar, 
Eunduz,  Kandahar,  and  Kabul,  and  in  1525  and  1526  India. 
He  wrote  in  the  Tatar  language  memoirs  afterward  trans- 
lated into  Persian  and  from  that  into  various  Western 
languages. 

This  dynasty  is  commonly  known  as  Mogul,  both  in  and 
out  of  India ;  but  Baber  was  for  all  practical  purposes  a 
Turk.  His  memoirs  were  written  in  Turkish ;  his  army 
was  chiefly  Turkish ;  and  he  always  speaks  of  the  real 
Moguls  with  extreme  dislike.  The  cause  of  the  misnomer 
is  that  the  name  Mogul  is  in  India  loosely  applied  to  all 
strangers  from  the  North,  much  in  the  same  way  as  that 
of  Frank  is,  throughout  the  eastern  world,  to  all  strangers 
from  the  West.  It  is  even  applied  to  the  Persians,  with 
hardly  more  reason  than  the  Persians  themselves  have 
for  cfdling  the  Ottoman  Turks  Homans. 

Freeman;  Hist.  Saracens,  p.  192. 

Babes  in  the  Wood.    See  Children  in  the  Wood. 

Babeuf  (ba-bef),  or  Baboeuf,  Francois  Noel: 
pseudonym  Caius  G-raCchus.  Bom  ^t  St. 
Quentin,  France,  1760  (1762 f):  died  at  Paris, 
May  28,  1797.  A  French  agitator  and  commu- 
nist. He  founded  a  journal  called  "La  Tribune  du  Peu- 
ple  "  (1794),  in  which  he  advocated  absolute  equality  and 
communis  of  property.  In  1796  he  organized  a  conspir- 
acy against  the  Directory  for  the  purpose  of  putting  his 
theories  into  practice,  but  was  betrayed,  and  executed, 
together  with  his  principal  accomplice,  Darth^.  His  sys- 
tem of  communism,  known  as  Bdbouvisme,  is  set  forth  in 
his  principal  works, "  Cadastre  perp^tuel "  (1789)  and  "  Du 
systeme  de  population  *  (1794). 

Babi  (bab'e),  or  Babists  (bab'ists).  A  Persian 
sect  of  Mohammedans,  so  called  from  tab,  '  a 
gate,'  the  name  assumed  by  the  founder  of  the 
sect,  who  claimed  that  no  one  could  come  to 
know  God  except  through  him.  it  was  founded 
about  1848  by  Seyd  Mohammed  Ali,  a  native  of  Shiraz.  On 
the  accession  of  the  shah  Nasr-ed-Din  IS48,  the  sect  broke 
out  into  revolt,  proclaiming  the  Bab  as  universal  sover- 
eign, and  was  put  down  only  after  several  Persian  armies 
had  been  routed.  The  Bab  was  executed  1860.  An  at- 
tempt on  the  life  of  the  shah  in  1852  by  three  Babists  oc- 
casioned a  terrible  persecution,  in  spite  of  which  the  sect 
survives.  The  Babi  form  a  pantheistic  offshoot  of  Mo- 
hammedanism, tinctured  with  Gnostic,  Buddhistic,  and 
Jewish  ideas,  inculcate  a  high  morality,  discountenance 
polygamy,  forbid  concubinage,  asceticism,  and  mendi- 
cancy, recognize  the  equality  of  the  sexes,  and  encourage 
the  practice  of  charity,  hospitality,  and  abstinence  from 
intoxicants  of  all  kinds. 

Babia-Gura  (ba'bya-gb'ra).  A  group  of  the 
Carpathians,  near  the  borders  of  Hungary  and 
Galicia,  southwest  of  Cracow. 

BabieQa.    The  name  of  the  Cid's  horse. 

Babinet  (ba-be-na'),  JaCQUes.  Bom  at  Lusi- 
gnan,  France,  March  5, 1794 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct. 
21,  1872.  A  French  physicist,  meteorologist, 
and  astronomer. 

Babington  (bab'ing-ton),  Anthony.  Bom 
at  Dethick,  Derbyshire,  Oct.,  1561:  executed 
Sept.  20,  1586.  An  English  Roman  Catholic 
conspirator.    He  was  page  for  a  time  to  Mary  Queen 


Eabington 

of  Scots  during  her  imprlBonment  at  Sheffield,  and  later 
leader  (under  ttie  gmfance  of  various  Catholic  priests, 
particularly  of  John  Ballard)  of  a  conspiracy  for  themuT- 
of  the  CaSlos '       ^   ^^^  °'  *^"''*  '""^  *  general  rising 

Babism  (bab'izm).     The  religion  of  the  Babi 

(which  see). 

Babley,  Richard.    See  Dick,  Mr. 
Babo  (ba'bo),  Josef  Marius  von.    Bom  at 

Ehrenbreitstein,  Jan.  14, 1756:  died  at  Munich 
Feb.  5,  1822.  A  German  dramatic  poet.  Hebe- 
came  professor  of  fine  arts  at  Munich  1778,  and  at  his  death 
was  a  theatrical  manager  in  the  same  cite.  He  was  the 
author  of  the  historical  tragedy  "Otto  von  Wittelsbach 
(1781),  etc. 


105 

(486-465  B.  0.)  despoiled  the  temples  of  their  golden  stat- 
ues  and  treasures.  Alexander  the  Great  wished  to  restore 
the  city,  but  was  prevented  by  his  early  death.  The  de- 
cay of  Babylon  was  hastened  by  the  foundation  in  its 
neighborhood  of  Seleucia,  300  E.  c,  which  was  built  from 
the  ruins  of  Babylon.  The  last  who  calls  himself  in  an 
macription  "king  of  Babylon,  restorer  of  Esagila  and 
Ezida,  was  Antiochus  the  Great  (223-187  B.  o.)  In  the 
time  of  Pliny  (23-79  A.  D.)  Babylon  was  a  deserted  and 
dismal  place.  In  the  figurative  language  of  the  Apoca- 
lypse Babylon  is  used  for  the  city  of  the  Antichrist. 
Babylon.    In  ancient  geography,  a  town  in 


h    Egypt,  on  the  Nile  opposite  the  Pyramids 
e  Babylon.    A  town  on  the  south  shore  of  Long 
Island,  in  Suffolk  Comity,  New  York,  30  miles 
Babdcsa  (bo'bo-cho).   A  town  in  the  county  of  -^^^  f  BrooHyn.    Population  (1900),  7,112. 
Sumeg,  Hungary,  situated  near  the  Drave.         isaoyion,  modern.    A  name  frequently  giv 
Babceiu.    See  Babevf. 

Baboon  (ba-bon'),  Lewis  and  Philip.  Char- 
acters in  Arbuthnot's  "History  of  John  BuU," 
representing,  respectively,  Louis  XIV.  and 
Philip  of  Bourbon,  due  d'Aajou. 


frequently  given 

to  London. 

Babylonia  (bab-i-lo'ni-a).    See  Babylon. 

Babylonian  Captivity."  1.  The  period  of  the 
exile  of  the  Jews  in  Babylon:  usually  reck- 
oned as  70  years,  though  the  actual  period 


^GSs^(S'bj^\i ""'  rWfiif  s^'  °'  srmrth^rSrsVo^^ir c^^oVeSt 

UabnaS  (ga  bn-as).      [Orr.  Ba/Spcog   BaPpiag,  or     in  605  b.  o.  Nebuchadnezzar  attaclted  Jerusalem  and  car- 


rojSpi'af.]     A  Greek  writer  of  the  1st  century 

B.  c,  who  put  into  choliambic  verse  the  fables 

attributed  to  .iEsop. 
Babua  (ba'bwa),  or  A-babua  (a-ba'bwa).    An 

African  tribe  of  the  Kongo  State,  south  of  the 

Welle  Eiver. 

Ba-Bumantsu  (ba-bS-man'tso).     See  Bushmen. 
Babur.    See  Baber. 
Babuyan  Islands  (ba-bo-yan'  i'landz).  A  group 

of  small  islands  in  the  Philippines,  north  of 

Luzon 


Bach,  Johann  Sebastian 

a  name  of  Dionysus,  the  son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter) 
and  Semele,  and  the  god  of  wine,  personifying 
both  its  good  and  its  bad  qualities.  It  was  the  cur- 
rent name  of  this  god  among  the  Eomans.  The  orgiastic 
worship  of  Bacchus  was  especially  characteristic  of  Boeo- 
tia,  where  his  festivals  were  celebrated  on  the  slopes  of 
Mount  Cithseron,  and  extended  to  those  of  the  neighbor- 
ing Parnassus.  In  Attica  the  rural  and  somewhat  savage 
cult  of  Bacchus  underwent  a  metamorphosis,  and  reached 
Its  highest  expression  in  the  choragic  literary  contests,  in 
which  originated  both  tragedy  and  comedy,  and  for  which 
were  written  most  of  the  masterpieces  of  Greek  literature 
Bacchus  was  held  to  have  taught  the  cultivation  of  the 
grape  and  the  preparation  of  wine.  In  early  art,  and  less 
commonly  after  the  age  of  Phidias,  Bacchus  is  represented 
as  a  bearded  man  of  full  age,  usually  completely  draped. 
Alter  the  time  of  Praxiteles  he  appears  almost  universally 
except  in  archaistic  examples,  in  the  type  of  a  beardless 
youth,  of  graceful  and  rounded  form,  often  entirely  un- 
draped  or  very  lightly  draped.  Among  his  usual  attri- 
butes are  the  vine,  the  ivy,  the  thyrsus,  the  wine-cup.  and 
the  panther. 

Bacchus  and  Ariadne.  A  noted  painting  by 
Titian  (1523),  in  the  National  Gallery,  London. 
Bacchus  descends  from  his  leopard-chariot,  attended  hy 
satyrs  and  maenads,  while  Ariadne  turns  away  startled. 
The  background  is  of  woodland,  meadow,  and  sea,  glowing 
with  color  and  light,  harmonious,  and  beautiful  in  form. 


Jerusalem  and  car 

ned  off  many  prisoners.  In  697  the  city  was  again  attacked      ™. . s^.,  „^ui„u,„uo 

and  the  king  Jehoiaohin, his  household  and  10,000  of  the  BarrlivliHpa  Cha  Iril'i  <^o»^ 

flower  of  the  nation,  were  carried  away.    In  686  the  city  -oaccayuaes  (Da-ial  l-dez). 

was  captured  after  a  siege,  the  city  and  temple  were 

burned,  and  the  inhabitants  massacred.  The  survivors  were 

carried  off  to  Babylonia.    This  was  the  beginning  of  the 

Babylonian  captivity  proper.  In  636,  Cyrus,  after  capturing 

Babylon,  granted  the  exiles  permission  to  return  ;  and  a 

colony  of  42,300  persons  availed  itself  of  the  privilege. 

3.  That  period  in  the  history  of  the  papacy  in 

the  14th  century  when  the  popes,  exiled  from 

Italy,  lived  at  Avignon  under  French  influences. 


'D.,v«.io«   /i,„i>'-   1     ^  T>  V   11        /TV  Their  stay  in  Prance  lasted  about  70  years. 

^B\t&?)%l;J^te5nSft  ^^^^o.ic.^  (bab-i.on:i-ka).    A.  a/cient  ro- 


from  about  237  to  250,  in  which  latter  year  he 
Buffered  martyrdom.  In  the  Catholic  Church 
his  day  is  Jan.  24 ;  in  the  Greek  Sept.  4. 
Babylon  (bab'i-lon).  In  ancient  geography,  the 
capital  of  Babylonia,  situated  on  the  Euphra- 
tes in  lat.  32°  30'  N.,  long.  44°  30'  B. ;  Babel. 


mance  in  thirty-nine  books,  by  lamblichus,  a 
Syrian  rhetorician  of  the  time  of  Trajan,  it  ex- 
isted in  manuscript  until  near  the  end  of  the  l7th  century, 


[Gr.  'SaKxvViSi^Q.I 
A  Greek  lyric  poet  of  the  second  rank,  living 
in  the  5th  century  B.  c,  a  native  of  lulis  in  the 
island  of  Ceos,  a  nephew  and  pupil  of  Simon- 
ides  and  a  contemporary  and  rival  of  Pindar. 
He  lived  for  a  time  at  the  court  of  Hiero  in  Syracuse. 
A  manuscript  of  his  poems  has  recently  been  discovered. 

Bacciocchi,  Elisa.    See  Bonmarte. 
Bacciocchi  (ba-chok'ke),  Felice  Pasquale, 

Prince  of  Lucca,  Piombino,  etc.  Bom  at  Ajac- 
cio,  Corsica,  May  18,  1762:  died  at  Bologna, 
April  27,  1841.  The  husband  of  Elisa  Bona- 
parte and  brother-in-law  of  Napoleon  I. 
Baccio  della  Porta.    See  Bartolomm^o,  Fra. 


when  itwas  destroyed  by  Are.    An  epitome  of  it  is  given  Bach  (bach).  Baron  Alexander  VOn.     Bom  at 


by  Photius.  It  narrates  the  adventures  of  two  lovers, 
Rhodanes  and  Sinonis,  in  their  flight  from  King  Garmus 
of  Babylon,  and  their  attempt  to  evade  his  two  eunuchs, 
Damas  and  Saca,  sent  in  pursuit  of  them. 


f  Mesopotamia  (compare  Gen. 
X.  10),  and  was  the  undisputed  capital  of  Babylonia  at 
the  time  of  the  Blamite  conquest  (2300  B.  c),  remaining 
this  till  the  end.  As  capital  of  the  country  it  shared 
in  all  its  vicissitudes,  and  was  the  principal  aim  of 
the  Assyrian  invasions.  It  was  first  conquered  by  the 
Assyrian  king  Tukulti-Adar  about  1300  B.  o. ;  then  by 
Tiglath-Pileser  I.  about  1110  B.  0.  Of  Shalmaneser  H. 
(860-824  B.  0.)  and  his  son  and  grandson  it  is  recorded  that 


S!''J!'°o°"??^LL™,'tt™?.?,''i™  ?°f  f?™*"^'*!*''^''^  ^  Bacapa,  Saint  Ludovicus.  [Pima,  from  vatu, 
t  ,„„.  „„.  „  ,„.»  *..=  .„  .„„  1  .  ,„  ruined  building  or  house.]  An  abandoned  mis- 
sion in  southeastern  Arizona,  founded  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  17th  century,  and  often  con- 
founded with  Vacapa  (now  Matape)  in  central 
Sonora. 
Bacau.    See  Bakau. 

Bacbuc  (bak-btik').  The  priestess  of  the  temple 
in  Babelais's  "Pantagruel." 


Loosdorf,Lower Austria,  Jan. 4, 1813:  diedNov. 
13, 1893.  An  Austrian  Ultramontane  statesman, 
minister  of  justice  1848  (July  19,  Oct.  8,  and  Nov, 
21),  and  of  the  interior  1849-59,  and  later  am- 
bassador at  Rome. 

The  Concordat  negotiated  by  Bach  with  the  Papacy  in 
1856  marked  the  definite  submission  of  Austria  to  the  ec- 
clesiastical pretensions  which  in  these  yeai's  of  political 
languor  and  discouragement  gained  increasing  recogni- 
Of  central  Brazil,  living  about  thehead  waters  of    "°"  t'^^-^hout  CenteO. E^ropa  ^  ^^^_  ^^^  ^^ 

theXingtlandJuruena.  A  few  hundred  have  submit-  _i.tt.      •.._      x^         o,i,«, 
ted  to  the  whites  and  serve  as  herdsmen  and  laborers.  They  isacn,  UeinriCh.     Bom  Sept.  16,  1615:  died  at 
have  no  intercourse  with  the  wild  Bacairis,  who  are  much      '         ■--'---  .  -  -- 

more  numerous.  The  latter,  who  were  first  visited  by 
Von  den  Steinen  in  1886,  go  naked,  live  partly  by  agri- 
culture, and  have  permanent  villages.  By  their  language 
they  are  classed  with  the  Carib  stock, 


The  etymology  of  the  name  is,  as  ascertained  by  many  Baca  (ba'ka),  Valley  of.     THeb.,  'valley  of  bal- 

ror^^h'a^fp^an^rf  ;f"(l^rr9°,°%o^'u^nff?oSi'  ^^^f'^^^''})^\-'^^^y-^f^^l^^-  ™  \^,   9}^ 

the  Hebrew  haZal,  is,  as  in  many  other  instances,  based  JLestament  (Fs.  Ixxxiv.  6),  probaMy  El-Bakei'a, 

on  a  popular  etymology.    Its  Persian  name  was  BaMrus.  oetween  Jerusalem  and  Bethlehem. 

It  was  situated  in  the  south  on  the  Euphrates,  and  its  Bacairis,  or  Bakairfs.  or  Bacahiris  (ba-ka-e- 

rums  are  spread  out  on  both  sides  of  the  nver.    Babylon  rezM  or  "Rnmir^Q  (Wa  tn  vn-zM      Ati  Tn^iar,  i^W^c 

was  one  of  the  oldest  cities  of  Mesopotamia  (compare  Gen.  tS     ^J  ^r  isacuriS  (.Da-J£0-iez  ).    Auinaian  trib€ 


the  gods.  It  was  customary  with  the  Assyrian  kings,  in 
order  to  be  recognized  as  fully  legitimate  kings,  to  go 
to  Babylon  and  there  perform  the  mysterious  ceremony 
termed  by  them  "seizing  the  hands  of  Bel."  Sennacherib 
sacked  it  690  B.  c,  and  completely  razed  it  to  the  ground. 
His  son  and  successor  Esarhaddon  undertook,  eleven 
years  later,  the  restoration  of  the  city.  But  it  was  under 
Nabopolassar,  the  founder  of  the  new  Babylonian  empire, 
625-604  B.  c,  and  especially  under  his  successor  Nebu- 
chadnezzar, 605-562  B.  c,  that  it  became  "Babylon  the 


^■-''   ^^l^^^^^^^i^  Baccar^(bM-raa     A  town  m  the  depart- 


phrates,  are 

successors,  and  convey  some  idea  of  its'former  magnitude 
and  splendor.  Nebuchadnezzar,  who  took  more  pride  in 
the  buildings  constructed  under  his  auspices  than  in  his 
victorious  campaigns,  concentrated  all  his  care  upon  the 
adorning  and  beautifying  of  his  residence.    To  this  end 


he  completed  the  fortification  of  the  city  begun  by  his  Jsaccnse  (bak  e).  Tie.    [trr.  SuKxat,  the  Baccha- 


father  Kabopolassar,  consisting  in  a  double  inclosure  of 
mighty  walls,  the  inner  called  Imgur-Bel  (*Bel  is  gra- 
cious '),  the  outer  Nemitti-Bel  ('foundation  of  Bel ').  The 
circumference  of  the  latter  is  given  by  Herodotus  (178  £f.) 
as  having  been  about  55  miles  (480  stades),  its  height 
about  840  fee^  and  its  thickness  about  85  feet.  Ctesias 
(in  Diod.  Sicul.  II.  7  fl.)  gives  somewhat  smaller  numbers. 
According  to  both  these  writers  the  wall  was  strengthened 
by  250  towers  and  pierced  by  100  gates  of  brass  (compare 
also  Jer.  1. 16 ;  li.  63,  68).  The  city  itself  was  adorned  with 
numerous  temples,  chief  among  them  Esagila  ('  the  high- 
towering  house '),  temple  of  the  city  and  of  the  national 
god  Merodach  (Babylonian  MarHuk)  with  his  spouse  Zir- 
panit.  In  the  neighborhood  of  it  was  the  royal  palace, 
the  site  of  which  was  identified  with  the  ruins  of  Al- 
Kasr.  Sloping  toward  the  river  were  the  Hanging  Gar- 
dens, one  of  the  seven  wonders,  the  location  of  which  is  in 
the  northern  mound  of  ruins,  Babil.  The  temple  described 
by  Herodotus  is  that  of  Nebo  in  Borsippa,  not  far  from 
Babylon,  which  Herodotus  included  under  Babylon,  and 
which  also  in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  is  called  "Baby- 
lon the  second."  This  temple,  which  in  the  mound  of 
Birs  Nimrfld  represents  the  most  imposing  ruin  of  Baby- 
lonia, is  termed  in  the  inscriptions  EiMm  ('  the  eternal 
house "),  an  ancient  sanctuary  of  Neho  (Assyrian  Nahu), 
and  was  restored  with  great  splendor  by  Nebuchadnezzar. 
It  represents  in  its  construction  a  sort  of  pyramid  built  in 
seven  stages,  whence  it  is  sometimes  called  "  temple  of 
the  seven  spheres  of  heaven  and  earth,"  and  it  is  assumed 
that  the  narrative  of  the  "tower  of  Babel"  in  Gen.  xi. 
was  connected  with  this  temple.  Concerning  Babylon 
proper  Herodotus  mentions  that  it  had  wide  streets  lined 
with  houses  of  three  and  four  stories.  In  the  conquest 
of  Cyrus,  538  B.  0.,  the  city  of  Babylon  was  spared. 
Darius  Hystaspes  razed  its  walls  and  towers.    Xerxes 


Arnstadt,  July  10,  1691.  A  member  of  the  fa- 
mous Bach  family  of  musicians,  organist  at 
Arnstadt  (1681),  and  father  of  the  musicians 
Johann  Christoph  and  Johann  Michael  Bach. 

Bach,  Johann  Christian.  Bom  at  Erfurt, 
1640:  died  at  Erfurt,  1682.  A  member  of  the 
Bach  family  of  musicians,  son  of  Johannes 
Bach  of  Erfurt,  who  was  a  great-uncle  of  Jo- 
hann Sebastian  Bach. 

Bach,  Johann  Christian.  Bom  at  Leipsic, 
1735:  died  at  London,  1782.  A  son  of  Johann 
Sebastian  Bach,  sumamed  "the  Milanese" 
and  "the  English"  from  his  residence  in  Milan 
(where  he  was  organist  of  the  cathedral  1754r- 
1759)  and  in  London  (1759-82).  He  composed 
operas,  masses,  Te  Deums,  etc. 

Bach,  Johann  Christoph.  The  name  of  sev- 
eral members  of  the  noted  family  of  musicians, 
(ffl)  Bom  1613 :  died  at  Arnstadt,  1661.  A  German  musi- 
cian, grandfather  of  .Tohann  Sebastian  Bach.  (6)  Born  at 
Erfurt,  1646 :  died  at  Arnstadt,  1698.  An  uncle  of  Johann 
Sebastian  Bach,  court  musician  to  the  Count  of  Schwarz- 
burg.  (c)  Bom  1643 :  died  1703.  A  son  of  Heinrich  Bach 
of  Arnstadt  and  uncle  of  the  first  wife  of  Johann  Sebas- 
tian Bach.  He  was  court  organist  at  Eisenach,  and  one  of 
the  most  noted  members  of  the  Bach  family,  (d)  Bom 
1671 :  died  1721.  The  brother  of  Johann  Sebastian  Bach, 
organist  at  OhrdrufE. 
theus,  who  at  first  attempts  to  imprison  the  god,  and  ■o„„-\.  TnlimiTi  filiriatntiTi  PriortvirTi  BnTn  at 
then  to  put  down  the  Bacchanals  by  force  of  arms,  is  de-  •oacn,  d  Onann  ynriSTOpXl  X  rieoricn.     -Esorn  at 


ment  of  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  France,  situated 
on  the  Meurthe  15  miles  southeast  of  Lun6- 
ville :  celebrated  for  its  glass-works.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  5,723, 


nals.]  A  play  of  Euripides,  assigned  to  a  late 
period  in  the  life  of  the  dramatist,  itwascomposed 
for  the  court  of  Archelaus,  and  is  founded  on  the  punish- 
ment of  Pentheus,  "who,  with  his  family,  jeers  at  the 
worship  of  Dionysus,  and  endeavors  to  put  it  down  by 
force.  His  mother  Agave,  and  her  sisters,  are  driven 
mad  into  the  mountains,  where  they  celebrate  the  wild 
orgies  of  Bacchus  with  many  attendant  miracles.    Pen- 


prived  of  his  senses,  is  made  ridiculous  by  being  dressed 
in  female  costume,  and  led  out  by  the  god  to  the  wilds  of 
Cithseron,  where  he  is  torn  in  pieces  by  Agave  and  other 
princesses"  (Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  373). 

Bacchiadse  (ba-M'a-de).  [Gr.  'SaKxiaSm.']  A 
ruling  family  of  Corinth,  a  branch  of  the 
Heraclidffi:  so  named  from  Baechis,  king  of 
Corinth  926-891  B.  O.  They  ruled  Corinth  first  un- 
der a  monarchical  form  of  government,  then  as  a  close 
oligarchy  from  926  E.  0.  till  their  deposition  by  Cypselus, 
about  657  B.  0. 

Bacchiglione  (bak-ke-lyo'ne).  A  river  in 
northeastern  Italy  which  flows  past  Vioenza 
and  Padua  and  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Venice . 
Length,  about  80  miles. 

Bacchus  (bak'us).  [L.,  Gr.  'Bo.kxoq,  another 
name  of  Dionysus,  the  god  of  wine ;  also  one. 
of  his  followers  or  priests.  Also  called  'lanxog, 
prob.  related  to  lax^iv,  shout,  with  allusion  to 
the  noisy  manner  in  which  the  festival  of  Dio- 
nysus was  celebrated.]  In  classical  mythology, 


Leipsic,  1732:  died  at  Biickebm-g,  1795.  A  son 
of  Johann  Sebastian  Bach,  kapellmeister  to 
Count  Schaumburg  at  Biickeburg. 

Bach,  Johann  Michael.  Bom  1648:  died  at 
Arnstadt,  1694.  A  son  of  Heinrich  Bach, 
and  the  father-in-law  of  Johann  Sebastian 
Bach :  a  composer  of  note,  and  an  instrument- 
maker. 

Bach,  Johann  Sebastian.  Bom  at  Eisenach, 
March  21,  1685:  died  at  Leipsic,  July  28,  1750. 
An  organist,  and  one  of  the  greatest  of  com- 
posers of  church  music.  At  the  age  of  ten  (then  an 
orphan)  he  went  to  live  with  his  brother  Johann  Christoph, 
organist  at  Olirdruff,  and  at  fifteen  entered  the  Michsolis 
school  at  Liineburg.  He  became  a  violinist  in  the  court 
band  of  Prince  Johann  Ernst  at  Weimar  in  1703 ;  organist 
at  Arnstadt  in  1704 ;  organist  at  Muhlhausen  in  1707 ; 
court  organist  at  Weimar  in  1708 ;  kapellmeister  to  the 
Prince  of  Anhalt-Kbthen  at  KOthen  in  1717;  cantor  at  the 
Thomas-Schule,  and  organist  and  director  of  music  in  two 
churches  at  Leipsic  (1723-50) ;  honorary  court  composer 
to  the  Elector  of  Saxony  (1736);  and  honorary  kapell- 


Bach,  Johann  Sebastian 

melater  to  the  Duke  of  Weissenfels.  His  works— chiefly 
ohuioh  and  piano  music  — are  numerous.  He  was  twice 
raaiTied,  and  had  seven  children  by  his  first  wife  and  thir- 
teen by  the  second. 

Bach,  Karl  Philipp  Emanuel.  Bom  at  Wei- 
mar, March  14, 1714:  died  at  Hamburg,  Deo.  14, 
1788.  A  distinguished  composer,  sou  of  Johann 
SehastianBaeh.  He  went  to  Berlin  in  1737,  and  in  1740 
entered  the  service  of  R-ederick  the  Great  as  court  musi- 
cian, remaining  in  this  position  until  1767 ;  he  then  went 
to  Hamburg.  He  was  a  voluminous  composer  of  piano- 
music,  oratorios,  etc. ;  he  also  wrote  on  the  theory  of  piano- 
playing. 

Bach,Wilhelm  Friedemann.  Bom  at  Weimar, 
1710 :  died  at  Berlin,  July  1,  1784.  The  eldest 
son  of  Johann  Sebastian  Bach,  organist  of  the 
Church  of  St.  Sophia  in  Dresden  (1733)  and  of 
St.  Mary's  at  Halle  (1747-1767).  Hewasanorgan- 
ist  and  composer  of  great  ability,  but  was  of  dissolute 
habits.    He  died  in  want  and  degradation. 

Bacharach  (ba'cha-raoh).  A  town  in  the  Rhine 
Provinoe,  Prussia,  on  the  Rhine  24  miles  above 
Cobleutz :  famous  for  its  wines.  Near  it  is  the 
castle  Stahleck,  an  ancient  residence  of  the 
palatines. 

Bache  (bach),  Alexander  Dallas.  Bom  at 
Philadelphia,  July  19,  1806:  died  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  Feb.  17,  1867.  An  American  physicist, 
son  of  Richard  Bache  and  grandson  of  Benja- 
min PrankUn.  He  was  a  graduate  of  West  Point 
1825;  professor  of  natural  philosophy  and  chemistry  in 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  1828-41 ;  the  organizer  of 
Girard  College  1836,  and  its  first  president ;  and  superin- 
tendent of  the  Coast  Survey  1843-67.  He  wrote  "Obser- 
vations at  the  Magnetic  and  Meteorological  Observatory 
at  the  Girard  College,"  and  various  scientific  papers. 

Bache,  Francis  Edward.  Bom  at  Birming- 
ham, England,  Sept.  14,  1833:  died  there, 
Aug.  24,  1858.  An  English  composer,  author 
of  music  for  the  pianoforte,  operas,  songs, 
etc. 

Bache,  Franklin.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Oct. 
25,  1792:  died  there,  March  19,  1864.  An  Am- 
erican physician  and  chemist,  a  cousin  of  Alex- 
ander Dallas  Bache.  He  was  professor  of  chem- 
istry in  the  Franklin  Institute  1826-32,  in  the  Philadelphia 
College  of  Pharmacy  1831^1,  and  in  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege 1841-64.  With  Dr.  Wood  he  prepared  a  "Pharmaco- 
pceia,"  (1880),  which  was  the  foundation  of  the  "  United 
States  Pharmacopceia  "  and  "  United  States  Dispensatory." 
He  was  editor,  with  Dr.  Wood,  of  the  "Dispensatory" 
1833-64. 

Bache,  Richard.  Bom  at  Settle,  Yorkshire, 
England,  Sept.  12, 1737:  died  in  Berks  County, 

•Pa.,  July  29,  1811.  Son-in-law  of  Benjamin 
Franklin,  postmaster-general  of  the  United 
States  1776-82. 

Bache,  Sarah.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Sept.  11, 
1744:  died  Oct.  5,  1808.  Daughter  of  Benjamin 
Franklin,  and  wife  of  Richard  Bache. 

Bachelor  of  Salamanca,  The  (F.  "Le  bache- 
lier  de  Salamanque,  ou  les  m6moires  de  Don 
Ch^rubin  de  la  Rouda").  A  romance  by  Le 
Sage.  According  to  a  statement  of  the  author  in  the 
first  edition  (1736)  it  was  taken  from  a  Spanish  manuscript ; 
but  this  was  not  really  the  case.  It  was  his  last  novel. 
(BacJielor  here  means  a  '  bachelor  of  arts.') 

Bachergebirge  (ba'eher-ge-ber'ge).  A  moun- 
tain group  in  southern  Styria,  south  of  the 
Drave,  an  eastern  continuation  of  the  Kara- 
wanken. 

Bachian,     See  Batjan. 

Bachman  (bak'mau),  John.  Bomin  Dutchess 
County,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  4,  1790:  died  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C,  Feb.  25, 1874.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  naturalist,  an  associate  of  Audubon 
in  his  "(Quadrupeds  of  North  America." 

Bachmann  (bach 'man),  Gottlob  Ludwig 
Ernst.  Born  at  Leipsie,  Jan.  1,  1792:  died 
April  15, 1881.  A  German  classical  philologist, 
professor  of  classical  philology  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Rostock  1833-65. 

Bacis  (ba'sis),  or  Bakis  (ba'kis).  [(Jr.  Bdraf.] 
In  Greek  legend,  a  name  given  to  several  seers 
or  prophets,  the  most  celebrated  of  whom  was 
the  BcBotian  Bacis,  whose  oracles  were  delivered 
at  Heleon  in  Boeotia.  Specimens  of  these  (spu- 
rious) oracles,  in  hexameter  verse,  have  been 
preserved. 

Back  (bak),  Sir  George.  Bom  at  Stockport, 
Cheshire,  Nov.  6,  1796:  died  at  London,  June 
23,  1878.  An  English  admiral  and  Arctic  ex- 
plorer. He  accompanied  Franklin  to  the  Spitzbergen 
Seas  in  the  Trent  (1818),  to  the  Coppermine  Kiver  (by 
land)  and  the  Arctic  coasts  of  America  (1819-22),  and  to 
the  Mackenzie  Eiver  (1825-27).  He  conducted  an  expedi- 
tion overland,  and  discovered  the  Great  Fish  or  Back 
Eiver  (1833-36) ;  and  commanded  the  Terror  in  an  Arctic 
expedition  (1836-37).  He  was  made  admiral  in  1857.  His 
chief  works  are  "  Narrative  of  the  Arctic  Land  Expedi- 
tion to  the  Mouth  of  the  Great  Fish  Kiver,"  and  "Narra- 
tive of  an  Expedition  in  H.  M.  S.  Terror." 

Back  Bay  The.    An  expansion  of  the  Charles 


106 

River,  now  largely  filled  in  and  forming  a 
wealthy  quarter  of  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

Backbite  (bak'bit),  Sir  Benjamin.  A  slan- 
derer in  Sheridan's  comedy  "The  School  for 
Scandal." 

Backergunge  (bak'er-gunj),  or  Bakerganj,  or 
Bakarganj  (bak'ar-ganj).  A  district  in  the 
Dacca  division,  Bengal,  British  India,  in  the 
Gauges  delta.  Area,  3,649  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  2,153,965. 

Backhuysen  (bak'hoi-zen);  or  Bakhuyzen, 
Ludolf.  Born  at  Emden,  in  East  Friesland, 
Dec.  18,  1631 :  died  at  Amsterdam,  Nov.  17, 
1708  (1709  ?).    A  Dutch  marine  painter. 

Backnang  (bak'nang).  A  town  in  the  Neckar 
circle,  Wiirtemberg,  on  the  Murr  15  miles 
northeast  of  Stuttgart.  Population  (1890), com- 
mune, 6,767. 

Backstrom  (bak'strem).  Per  Johan  Edvard. 
Bom  at  Stockholm,  Oct.  27,  1841 :  died  there, 
Feb.  12,  1886.  A  Swedish  poet  and  dramatist. 
He  was  editor  of  "Teater  och  Musik  "  (1876),  of  "Nu" 
(1877),  and  of  "Post  och  Inrikes  Tidningar " (from  1878  to 
his  death),  and  author  of  the  tragedy  "Dagvard  Frey  " 
(1S77),  etc. 

Backtischwah.    See  Bahhtishwa. 

Backus  (bak'us),  Isaac.  [ME.  iakhous,  AS. 
bsechus,  bake-house.]  Born  at  Norwich,  Conn., 
Jan.  9, 1724:  died  Nov.  20, 1806.  An  American 
Baptist  minister,  author  of  a  "  History  of  New 
England,  with  Special  Reference  to  the  Bap- 
tists" (1777-96),  etc. 

Backwell  (bak'wel),  Edward.  Died  1683.  A 
London  goldsmith  and  alderman  who  played 
an  important  part  in  financial  affairs  under 
Cromwell  and  Charles  H.  He  is  regarded  as 
the  chief  founder  of  the  banking  system  in 
England. 

Bacler  d'Albe  (bak-lar  dalb'),  Louis  Albert 
Ghislam,  Baron.  Bom  at  Saint-Pol',  Pas-de- 
Calais,  France,  Oct.  21,  1762 :  died  at  Sevres, 
Sept.  12, 1824.  A  French  painter,  chartographer, 
and  soldier.  He  served  with  distinction  under  Napo- 
leon 1796-1814,  especially  as  director  of  the  topograph- 
ical bureau,  and  attained  (1813)  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general.  His  best-known  work  is  a  picture  of  the  battle 
of  Arcole,  in  which  he  took  part. 

Bac-ninh  (bak-neny').  A  town  in  •Tonkin,  in 
the  delta  of  the  Red  River  northeast  of  Hanoi. 
Near  it  several  engagements  in  the  French  war  in  Tonkin 
took  place  in  1884. 

Bacolor  (ba-ko-lor').  A  town  in  Luzon,  Philip- 
pine Islands,  northwest  of  MauUa.  Population 
(1887),  12,978. 

Bacon  (ba'kon),  Anthony*  Bom  1558:  died 
May,  1601.  An  English  diplomatist,  son  of  Sir 
Nicholas  Bacon  by  his  second  wife,  and  bro- 
ther of  Francis  Bacon.  He  attached  himself  (1693) 
to  the  Eai'l  of  Essex,  and  followed  his  fortunes  until  his 
death,  acting  for  seven  years  as  his  private  foreign  sec- 
retary. 

Bacon,  Delia.  Bom  at  Tallmadge,  Ohio,  Feb. 
2,  1811:  died  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  Sept.  2,  1859. 
An  American  writer,  sister  of  Leonard  Bacon. 
Her  best-known  work  is  the  "Philosophy  of  the  Plays 
of  Shakespeare  Unfolded  "  (1857),  in  which  she  attempted 
to  prove  that  the  plays  attributed  to  Shakspere  are  the 
work  of  Francis  Bacon  and  others. 

Bacon,  Ezekiel.  BomatBoston,  Mass.,  Sept.  1, 
1776:  died  at  Utica,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  18,  1870;  An 
American  jurist  and  politician.  He  was  member 
of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1807-13,  and  first  comp- 
troller of  the  United  States  Treasury  1813-16. 

Bacon,  Francis,  Bom  at  York  House,  Lon- 
don, Jan.  22,  1561:  died  at  Highgate,  April 
9,  1626.  A  celebrated  English  philosopher,  ju- 
rist, and  statesman,  son  of  Sir  Nicholas  Ba- 
con, created  Baron  Verulam  July  12,  1618,  and 
Viscount  St.  Albans  Jan.  27, 1621:  commonly, 
but  incorrectly,  called  Lord  Bacon.  He  studied 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  April,  1673,  to  March,  1576, 
and  at  Gray's  Inn  1575 ;  became  attached  to  the  embassy 
of  Sir  Amias  Paulet  in  France  in  1576 ;  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1582 ;  entered  Parliament  in  1584 ;  was  knighted 
in  1603 ;  became  solicitor-general  in  1607,  and  attorney- 
general  in  1613;  was  made  a  privy  councilor  in  1616, 
lord  keeper  in  1617,  and  lord  chancellor  in  1618 ;  and  was 
tried  in  1621  for  bribery,  condemned,  fined,  and  removed 
from  office.  A  notable  incident  of  his  career  was  his 
connection  with  the  Earl  of  Essex,  which  began  in  July, 
1591,  remained  an  intimate  friendship  until  the  fall  of 
Essex  (1600-01),  and  ended  in  Bacon's  active  efforts  to 
secure  the  conviction  of  the  earl  for  treason.  (See  £ls8ex.) 
His  great  fame  rests  upon  his  services  as  a  reformer  of 
the  methods  of  scientific  investigation;  and  though  his 
relation  to  the  progress  of  knowledge  has  been  exag- 
gerated and  misunderstood,  his  reputation  as  one  of 
the  chief  founders  of  modern  inductive  science  is  well 
grounded.  His  chief  works  are  the  "Advancement  of 
Learning,"  published  in  English  as  "The  Two  Books  of 
Francis  Bacon  of  the  Proflcience  and  Advancement  of 
liearnlng  Divine  and  Human,"  in  1606;  the  "Novum 
organum  sive  indicia  vera  de  interpretatione  naturae," 
published  in  Latin,  1620,  as  a  "seconds part"  of  the  (in- 
complete) "Instauratio  magna";  the  "De  dignitate  et 
augmentis  scientiarum,"  published  in   Latin  in  1623 ; 


Bacup 


"Hlstoria  Ventorum"  0.622),  "Historia  Vltte  et  Mortis'* 
(1623),  "Historia  Densi  et  Kari"  (posthumously,  1668), 
"Sylva  Sylvarum"  (posthumously,  1627),  "New  Atlantis," 
"Essays"  (1697,  1612,  1625),  "De  Sapientia  Veterum" 
(1609),  "Apothegms  New  and  Old,"  "History  of  Henir 
VII. "^  (1622).  Works  edited  by  Ellis,  Spedding,  and  Heath 
(7  vols.  1867);  Life  by  Spedding  (7  vols.  1861,  2  vols. 
1878).    See  Shatspere. 

Bacon,  John.  Bom  at  London,  Nov.  24, 1740; 
died  there,  Aug.  4, 1799.  An  English  sculptor. 
Among  his  works  are  monuments  to  Pitt  (Guildhall  and 
Westminster  Abbey),  Dr.  Johnson  and  Howard  (St.  Paul's), 
and  Blackstone  (All  Souls,  Oxford). 

Bacon,  Leonard.  Bom  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  Feb. 
19,  1802:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Deo.  24, 
1881.  An  American  Congregational  clergy, 
man,  editor,  and  author.  He  was  pastor  in  New 
Haven  (1st  church  1826-81),  professor  and  lecturer  (1871) 
in  New  Haven  Theological  Seminary  (1866-81),  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  "New  Englander,"  and  one  of  the  foun- 
ders and  editors  of  the  New  York  "Independent." 

Bacon,  Nathaniel.  Bom  1593 :  died  1660.  An 
English  Puritan  lawyer,  member  of  Parliament 
16S-60,  and  master  of  requests  under  Oom- 
weU  and  Richard  Cromwell.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  "Historical  Discourse  of  the  Uniformity  of  the  Gov- 
ernment of  England  "  (1647-61). 

Bacon,  Nathaniel.  Bom  in  England  about 
1642:  died  Oct.,  1676.  An  Anglo-American 
lawyer,  son  of  Thomas  Bacon  of  Friston 
Hall,  Suffolk,  England.  He  emigrated  to  Virginia, 
settled  on  the  upper  James,  and  became  a  member  of  the 
governor's  council.  He  was  chosen  by  the  Virginians, 
who  were  dissatisfied  with  Governor  Berkeley's  Indian 
policy,  to  lead  an  expedition  against  the  Indians,  but  was 
refused  a  commission  by  the  governor.  He  nevertheless 
invaded  the  Indian  territory  in  1676,  but  was  proclaimed 
a  rebel  by  Governor  Berkeley,  was  captured,  tried  before 
the  governor  and  council,  and  acquitted.  The  enthusiasm 
which  Bacon's  cause  awakened  was  taken  advantage  of 
to  demand  the  abolition  of  exorbitant  taxes,  the  recently 
imposed  restrictions  on  the  suffrage,  and  other  evils. 
Having  been  proclaimed  a  rebel  a  second  time  by  the 
governor.  Bacon  captured  and  destroyed  Jamestown,  but 
died  before  he  could  accomplish  his  projects  of  reform. 

Bacon,  Sir  Nicholas.  Bom  at  Chiselhurst, 
Kent,  1509 :  died  at  London,  Feb.  20,  1579.  An 
English  statesman,  father  of  Francis  Bacon. 
He  was  graduated  B.  A.  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cam- 
bridge in  1627 ;  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1633 ;  became 
solicitor  of  the  Court  of  Augmentations  in  1637 ;  attorney 
of  the  Court  of  Wards  and  Liveries  In  1646 ;  and  was  lord 
keeper  of  the  great  seal  from  Dec.  22, 1558,  to  his  death, 
exercising  after  April  14, 1559,  the  jurisdiction  of  lord 
chancellor. 

Bacon,  Boger.  Bom  at  or  near  Hchester,  Som- 
ersetshire, about  1214:  died  probably  at  Oxford 
in  1294.  A  celebrated  English  philosopher.  He 
was  educated  at  Oxford  and  Paris  (whence  he  appears  to 
have  returned  to  England  about  1260),  and  joined  the 
Franciscan  order.  In  1257  he  was  sent  by  his  superiors  to 
Paris  where  he  was  kept  in  close  confinement  for  several 
years.  About  1265  he  was  invited  by  Pope  Clement  IV. 
to  write  a  general  treatise  on  the  sciences,  in  answer  to 
which  he  composed  his  chief  work,  the  "Opus  Majus."  He 
was  in  England  in  1268.  In  1278  his  writings  were  con- 
demned as  heretical  by  a  council  of  his  order,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  was  again  placed  in  confinement.  He 
was  at  liberty  in  1292.  Besides  the  "  Opus  Majus,"  his 
most  notable  works  are  "Opus  Minus,"  "Opus  Tertium," 
and  "Compendium  Philosophise."  See  Siebert,  "Roger 
Bacon,"  1861 ;  Held,  "Eoger  Bacon's  Praktische  Philoso- 
phie,"  1881 ;  and  L.  Schneider,  "Eager  Bacon,"  1873. 

Bacon's  Rebellion.    See  Bacon,  Nathaniel. 

Baconthorpe  (ba'kon-thdrp),  or  Bacon,  or 
Bacho,  John.  Died'  1346.  An  English  Car- 
melite monk  and  schoolman,  sumamed  "the 
Resolute  Doctor." 

Bacos.    See  Cacos. 

Bacsdnyi  (bo'chan-ye),  Jdnos.  Bom  at  Ta- 
polcza,  western  Hungary,  May  11, 1763 :  died  at 
Linz,  May  12, 1845.  A  Hungarian  poet,  prose- 
writer,  and  journalist.  He  founded,  with  Bar6ti 
and  Kazinozy ,  a  j oumal,  the ' '  Magyar  Museum," 
in  1788. 

Bactra.    See  BalTch. 

Bactria  (bak'  tri-a),  or  Bactriana  (bak-tri-a'- 
na).  [From  Bac'ira.']  In  ancient  geography, 
a  country  in  Asia,  north  of  the  Paropamisus 
Mountains  on  the  upper  Oxus,  nearly  cor- 
responding to  the  modem  district  of  Balkh  in 
Afghanistan.  The  population  was  Aryan  in  race ;  the 
capital  Zariaspa  or  Bactra,  now  Balkh.  Bactria  was  the 
cradle  of  the  Persian  religion  which  Zarathushtra  (Zoroas-  i 
ter)  reformed  about  600  B.  c.  (?).  At  a  very  early  period  it 
was  the  center  of  a  powerful  kingdom  which  was  con- 
quered by  the  Medes,  and  together  with  these  by  the  Per- 
sians, and  then  by  Alexander.  It  was  a  part  of  the  kingdom 
of  the  Seleucidse,  and  from  256  B.  0.  for  about  1(X)  years  an 
independent  Greco-Bactrian  kingdom  which  extended  to 
the  Kabul  Eiver  and  the  Indus.  Bactria  belonged  to  the 
Sasanidee  until  about  640  A.  n.,  and  has  since  been  under 
Mohammedan  rule. 

Bactrian  Sa^e,  The.  Zoroaster,  who  was  a  na< 
tive  of  Bactria. 

Bacup  (bak'up).  A  manufacturing  and  min- 
ing town  in  Lancashire,  England,  situated  16 
mUes  north  of  Manchester.  Population  (1891), 
23,498. 


Baczko 

Baczko  (bats'ko),  Ludwig  von.  Born  at  Liek, 
East  Prussia,  June  8, 1756:  died  March  27, 1823. 
A  German  historical  writer  and  novelist. 
Badagry  (ba-da-gre').  A  town  in  West  Africa, 
near  Lagos.  It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  a  native 
kingdom  and  a  great  slave-port. 
Badajoz  (bad-a-hos';  Sp.  ba-Da-Hoth').  A  prov- 
ince of  Bstremadura,  western  Spain,  popularly 
called  Lower  Estremadura.  Area,  8,687  square 
miles.  Population  (1887),  480,418. 
Badajoz.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Bada- 
joz, situated  on  the  Guadiana  near  the  Portu- 
guese frontier,  in  lat.  38°  49'  N.,  long.  6°  56'  W. : 
the  Koman  Pax  Augusta,  or  Batallium.  it  is 
strongly  fortified  and  has  a  cathedral  and  castle.  It  has 
belonged  at  various  times  to  the  Moors,  Castile,  and  Portu- 
gal. It  is  the  birthplace  of  Morales.  Badajoz  has  often 
been  besieged,  the  most  notable  of  these  events  being  (1) 
the  unsuccessful  siege  by  the  Allies  in  1705,  when  It  was 
defended  by  the  French  and  Spanish ;  (2)  its  siege  by  the 
french  under  Soult,who  captured  it  March,  1811 ;  (3)  three 
sieges  by  the  British,  April-May,  1811,  May-June,  1811,  and 
March-April,  1812.  It  was  stormed  and  taken  by  them 
April  6, 1812.  Population  (1887),  27,279. 
Badakshan  (bad-ak-shan').  A  territory  in  cen- 
tral Asia,  about  lat.  36°-38°N.,long.  69°-72°E., 
boTinded  by  the  Amu-Daria  on  the  north,  the 
Hindukush  on  the  south,  and  Kunduz  on  the 
west,  especially  noted  for  its  rubies,  it  is  in- 
habited largely  by  Tajiks.  Capital,  Faizabad.  Population 
(estimated),  100,000. 

Badalocchio  (ba-da-lok'ke-o),  Sisto,  sumamed 
Rosa.  Born  at  Parma,  1581 :  died  at  Bologna, 
1647.  An  Italian  painter  and  engraver,  a  pupil 
and  assistant  of  Annibale  Carracci. 
Badalona  (ba-Da-16'na) .  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Barcelona,  Spain,  northeast  of  Barce- 
lona. Population  (1887),  15,974. 
Badcock  (bad'kok),  John.  A  writer  on  pugi- 
listic and  sporting  subjects,  who  wrote  between 
1816  and  1830  under  the  pseudonyms  of  "Jon 
Bee"  and  "John  Hinds,"  In  1830  he  edited  the 
"Works  of  Samuel  Foote,"  with  remarks,  notes,  and  a 
memoir  (under  the  name  of  Jon  Bee). 
Baddeley  (bad'li),  Robert.  Bom  probably  in 
1733 :  died  in  1794.  An  English  actor.  He  was 
originally  the  cook  of  Samuel  Foote,  and  went  on  the  stage 
before  1761.  He  was  the  original  Moses  in  the  "School 
for  Scandal."  In  his  wfll  he  left  the  revenue  of  his  house 
in  Surrey  for  the  support  of  an  asylum  for  decayed  actors, 
and  also  the  interest  of  one  hundred  pounds  to  provide 
wine  and  cake  for  the  actors  of  Drury  Lane  Theater  on 
Twelfth  Night.    This  is  still  done. 

Since  1843,  then,  the  term  of  "Their,"  or  "Her  Majesty's 
Servants,"  is  a  mere  formality,  as  there  is  no  especial  com- 
pany now  privileged  to  serve  or  solace  royalty.  Mr. 
Webster,  who  occupies  Garrick's  chair  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  Theatrical  Fund,  tells  me,  that  Baddeley  was 
the  last  actor  who  wore  the  uniform  of  scarlet  and  gold 
prescribed  for  the  "gentlemen  of  the  household  "  who 
were  patented  actors ;  and  that  he  used  to  appear  in  it  at 
rehearsal.  He  was  proud  of  being  one  of  their  "  Majes- 
ties' servants  " ;  —  a  title  once  coveted  by  all  nobly-aspir- 
ing actors.  Damn,  Eng.  Sta^e,  II.  416. 
Baddeley,  Sophia.  Bom  at  London  in  1745: 
died  at  Edinburgh  in  1786.  The  wife  of  Eob- 
ert  Baddeley,  and  a^n  actress  and  singer. 
Badeau  (ba-do'),  Adam.  Born  Dec.  29,  1831: 
died  March  19, 1895.  An  American  officer  (cap- 
tain and  brevet  brigadier-general,United  States 
army)  and  writer,  military  secretary  to  Gen- 
eral Grant  1864-69,  and  later  in  the  consular 
service.  He  has  written  "  Military  History  of  Ulysses 
S.  Grant"  (1867-81),  "Grant  in  Peace  "(1886),  "  The  Vaga- 
bond Papers  "  (a  volume  of  literary  sketches  and  dramatic 
criticism,  1859),  etc. 
Badebec  (baid-bek').  The  wife  of  Gargantua 
in  the  romance  of  "Pantagruel"  by  Eabelais. 
She  was  the  mother  of  Pantagruel,  at  whose  birth  she 
died,  owing  to  the  surprising  number  of  mules,  camels, 
dromedaries,  wagons,  and  provisions  of  every  kind  which 
she  brought  forth  at  the  same  time. 

Bad-Elster.    See  Elster. 

Baden  (ba'den).  [F.  BadeJl  A  grand  duchy 
of  southern  (Jermany,  and  a  state  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire,  the  fourth  in  area  and  fifth  in 
population :  capital  Carlsruhe.  it  is  bounded  by 
Hesse  and  Bavaria  on  the  north,  Bavaria  on  the  northeast, 
Wiirtemberg  on  the  east,  Switzerland  (separated  mainly 
by  Lake  Constance  and  the  Rhine)  on  the  south,  and  Alsace 
and  the  Rhine  Palatinate  (separated  by  the  Rhine)  on  the 
west.  '  It  produces  grain,  wine,  tobacco,  hemp,  potatoes, 
hops,  and  chicory ;  manufactures  clocks,  woodenware,  cot- 
ton and  silk  goods,  chemicals,  cigars,  machinery,  straw 
hats,  brushes,  paper,  etc. ;  and  abounds  in  mineral  springs. 
It  comprises  the  four  districts  of  Constance,  I'reiburg, 
Carlsruhe,  and  Mannheim.  The  government  is  a  consti- 
tutional hereditary  monarchy  under  a  grand  duke,  and  a 
Landtag  with  an  upper  house  and  a  chamber  of  63  repre- 
sentatives.  Baden  sends  3  representatives  to  the  Bun- 
desrat  and  14  to  the  Reichstag.  About  two  thirds  of  the 
population  are  Roman  Catholic,  one  third  Protestant.  Its 
ancient  inhabitants  were  the  Alamanni,  and  it  formed  a 
part  of  the  duchy  of  Alamannia.  Its  rulers  have  been  de- 
scendants of  the  house  of  Zahringen  (a  place  near  Frei- 
burg). They  ruled  as  margraves,  with  a  separation  in 
the  16th  century  into  the  lines  Baden-Baden  and  Baden- 
Durlach,  which  were  reunited  in  1771.  Baden  entered 
the  Fiirstenbund  in  1786,  received  accession  of  territory  in 
1833,  aud  became  an  electorate.    It  was  allied  with  Napo- 


107 

leon ;  received  further  accessions  in  1805 ;  joined  the  Con- 
federation of  the  Rhine  in  1806,  became  a  grand  duchv  and 
again  received  increase  of  territory ;  joined  the  Allies  in 
1813 ;  entered  the  Germanic  Confederation  in  1815  ■  and 
received  a  constitution  in  1818.  It  was  the  scene  of  revo- 
lutionary proceedings  in  1848,  and  of  the  outbreak  of  revo 
lution  in  May,  1849,  which  was  suppressed  by  the  aid  of 
Prussian  troops  in  July.  It  sided  with  Austria  in  1866 
and  became  a  member  of  the  German  Empire  in  1871* 
Area,  5,821  square  miles.    Population  (1900),  1,867,944.    ' 

Baden,  or  Baden-Baden.  [G.,  'baths.']  A 
town  and  watering-place  in  Baden,  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Oosbach  18  mUes  southwest  of  Carls- 
ruhe, famous  for  its  hot  medicinal  springs :  the 
Roman  Civitas  Aurelia  Aquensis.  it  is  a  place  of 
annual  resort  of  about  60,000  people,  and  was  formerly 
noted  for  its  gambling  establishments  (closed  1872).  It 
was  long  the  capital  of  the  margravate  of  Baden.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  commune,  13,884. 

Baden,  or  Baden  bei  Wien  (ba'den  bi  ven). 
A  town  and  watering-place  of  Lower  Austria, 
situated  in  a  valley  of  the  Wienerwald  14  miles 
southwest  of  Vienna,  noted  for  its  hot  sulphur 
springs,  known  to  the  Romans.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  11,263. 

Baden,  or  Oberbaden  (o'ber-ba'den).  [G., 
'  Upper  Baden.']  A  town  and  watering-place 
in  the  canton  of  Aargau,  Switzerland,  situated 
on  the  Limmat  14  miles  northwest  of  Zurich, 
noted  for  its  hot  sulphur  baths,  known  to  the 
Romans:  the  Roman  Aqute  Helveticse.  It  was 
the  meeting-place  of  the  Swiss  diet  for  three 
centuries.    Population,  about  4,000. 

Baden,  Jacob.  Bom  at  Vordingborg,  May  4, 
1735 :  died  at  Copenhagen,  July  5, 1804.  A  Dan- 
ish philologist  and  critic,  appointed  professor 
of  eloquence  and  the  Latin  language  at  Copen- 
hagen in  1780.  He  founded  the  "Kritisk  Jour- 
nal" in  1768,  aud  published  "  Grammatica  La- 
tina"  (1782),  etc. 

Baden,  Mar^ave  of.  See  Louis  William  I., 
Margrave  of  Baden. 

Baden,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  between  the  Ger- 
man Empire  and  Prance,  concluded  at  Baden, 
Switzerland,  Sept.  7,  1714,  which,  with  the 
treaties  of  Utrecht  and  Rastadt,  ended  the  "War 
of  the  Spanish  Succession.  The  Peace  of  Ryswick 
was  ratified,  the  electors  of  Bavaria  and  Cologne  were  re- 
instated in  their  lands  and  dignities,  and  Landau  was  left 
in  the  possession  of  France. 

Baden-Baden.    See  Baden. 

Baden-Foivell  (ba'den-pou'l),  Sir  George 
Sm^h.  Bom  1847:  died  1898.  An  English 
politician  and  publicist.  He  was  appointed  joint 
commissioner  with  Colonel  Sir  W.  Grossman,  in  1882,  to 
inquire  into  the  administration,  revenues,  and  expendi- 
ture of  the  British  West  India  colonies ;  assisted  Sir  Charles 
Warren  in  his  diplomatic  relations  with  the  native  chiefs 
of  Bechuanaland  in  1885 ;  spent  the  winter  of  1886-87  in 
Canada  and  the  United  States,  investigating  the  fishery 
dispute ;  and  was  made  joint  commissionerwith  SirGeorge 
Bowen,  in  1837,  to  arrange  the  details  of  the  new  Malta 
constitution.  He  was  British  commissioner  in  the  Bering 
Sea  inquiry,  1891 ;  and  British  member  of  the  Joint  Com- 
mission, Washington,  1892.  Author  of  "  New  Homes  for 
the  Ola  Country"  (1872),  "Protection  and  Bad  Times" 
(1879),  "  State  Aid  and  State  Interference  "  (1882),  etc. 

Badenweiler  (ba'den-vi-ler).  A  village  and 
watering-place  in  Baden,  near  Miillheim,  south- 
west of  Freiburg,  it  contains  ruins  of  Roman  baths, 
one  of  the  most  interesting  existing  examples.  There  are 
two  parts,  corresponding  in  their  subdivisions,  one  for 
men  and  one  for  women.  Each  part  has  a  large  atrium 
or  outer  court,  whence  there  is  access  to  the  apodyterium 
or  dressing-room ;  the  caldarium,  or  hoi>air  bath ;  the  f  ligi- 
darium,  or  cold  bath ;  and  the  tepidarium,  or  warm  bath. 
The  entire  structure  measures  318  by  99  feet ;  the  walls, 
pavements,  and  steps  remain  in  position.  The  date  as- 
signed is  the  2d  century  A.  D. 

Bader  (ba'der),  Joseph.  Bom  Feb.  24,  1805: 
died  1883.  A  German  writer  on  the  history, 
etc.,  of  Baden.  He  was  editor  of  the  periodi- 
eal  "Badenia"  1839-64. 

Badger  (baj'er).  Squire.  A  character  in  Field- 
ing's "Don  Quixote  in  England." 

Badger,  George  Edmund.  Born  at  Newbem, 
N.  C.,  April  13,  1795:  died  at  Raleigh,  N.  C, 
May  11,  1866.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
secretary  of  the  navy  1841,  and  Whig  United  States  sen- 
ator from  North  Carolina  1846-66. 

Badger,  George  Percy.  Born  1815 :  died  Feb. 
21,  1888.  An  English  Orientalist,  compiler  of 
an  English-Arabic  lexicon  (1881). 

BadghiS  (bad-ghez').  A  district  in  Afghan- 
istan, north  of  Herat.  By  the  recent  de- 
limitation it  is  included  in  the  Russian 
dominions. 

Badham  (bad'am),  Charles.  Born  at  Ludlow, 
Shropshire,  Jiily  18,  1813:  died  at  Sydney, 
Australia,  Feb.  26, 1884.  An  English  classical 
scholar  and  teacher,  appointed  professor  of 
classics  and  logic  in  the  University  of  Sydney 
in  1867.  He  published  editions  of  various  Greek 
classics,  "Criticism  applied  to  Shakspere" 
(1846),  etc. 


Baer 

Badia  (ba-de'a).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Rovigo,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adige  29  miles 
southwest  of  Padua. 

Badia  Calavena  (ba-de'a  ka-la-va'na).  A 
small  town  in  the  province  of  Verona,  Italy,  13 
miles  northeast  of  Verona,  the  chief  place  in 
the  "  Tredici  Communi." 

Badiali  (ba-de-a'le),  Cesare.  Bom  at  Imola, 
Italy:  died  there,  Nov.  17,  1865.  A  celebrated 
Italian  bass  singer. 

BadiayLeblich  (ba-THe'a  e  lab-lech'),  Domin- 
go. Bom  1766:  died  1818.  A  Spanish  traveler 
in  northern  Africa  and  the  Orient:  better 
known  by  his  Mussulman  name  of  Ali  Bey. 

Badikshis  (ba-dek-shez').  [PI.]  An  Afghan 
tribe  of  Aryan  origin. 

Badinguet  (ba-dau-ga'),  afterward  Badot 
(ra-do').  Died  1883.  A  workman  in  whose 
clothes  Napoleon  III.  escaped  from  the  fortress 
ofHaml846;  hence,  anieknameof  Napoleon  III. 

Badius  (ba'de-os),  Jodocus  or  Josse,  sur- 
named  Ascensius  (from  his  birthplace).  Bom 
at  Asche,  near  Brussels,  1462 :  died  1535.  A 
Flemish  printer  and  writer.  He  established  at 
Paris  a  printing-house,  the  "Prelum  Ascen- 
sianum,"  about  1499. 

Bad  Lands.  Certain  lands  of  the  northwestern 
United  States  characterized  by  an  almost  en- 
tire absence  of  natural  vegetation,  and  by  the 
varied  and  fantastic  forms  into  which  the  soft 
strata  have  been  eroded.  At  a  little  distance  they 
appear  like  fields  of  desolate  ruins.  The  name  was  first 
applied,  in  its  French  form  mauvaises  terrea,  to  a  Tertiary 
area  (Miocene)  in  the  region  of  the  Black  Hills  in  South 
Dakota,  along  the  White  River,  a  tributaiy  of  the  Upper 
Missouri. 

Badman  (bad'man),  The  Life  and  Death  of 

Mr.  A  work  by  John  Bunyan,  published  in 
1680. 

Badminton  (bad'min-ton).  The  residence  of 
the  dukes  of  Beaufort,  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng- 
land, 15  miles  northeast  of  Bristol. 

Badminton.  A  cup  made  of  special  and  sweet- 
ened claret,  named  for  the  Duke  of  Beaufort 
(of  Badminton),  who  was  a  patron  of  pugilis- 
tics ;  hence,  in  the  prize-riug,  blood,  the  slang 
name  for  which  is  "claret." 

Badminton,  The,  A  coaching  and  sporting 
club  of  1,000  members,  established  in  London 
in  1876. 

Badon  (ba'don),  Mount,  L.  Mons  Badonicus 
(monz  ba-don'i-kus).  The  scene  of  a  battle 
said  to  have  been  gained  by  Eling  Arthur  over 
the  Saxon  invaders  in  520  (?)  :  variously  iden- 
tified with  Badbury  Rings  (Dorset),  a  hill  near 
Bath,  and  Bouden  Hill  (near  Linlithgow). 

Badoura  (ba-dS'ra).  The  principal  character 
in  the  story  of  tlie  "Amours  of  Prince  Cam- 
aralzaman  and  the  Princess  Badoura,"  in  "  The 
Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments."  Their  story 
is  a  proverbial  one  of  love  at  first  sight. 

Badrinath.    See  Bhadnnath. 

Badroulboudour  (ba-drol'bo-dor').  The  wife 
of  Aladdin  in  the  story  of  "Aladdin  or  the  Won- 
derful Lamp,"  in  "The  Arabian  Nights'  Enter- 
tainments." 

Bsebia  gens  (be'bi-a  jenz).  In  ancient  Rome, 
a  plebeian  clan  or  house  whose  family  names 
were  Dives,  Herennius,  Sulca,  and  Tamphilus. 
The  first  member  of  this  gens  who  obtained 
the  consulship  was  Cn.  Bsebius  Tamphilus 
(182  B.  c). 

Baeda  (be'da).    See  Bede. 

Baedeker  (bad'e-ker),  Karl.  Bom  1801:  died 
1859.  A  German  publisher,  noted  as  the 
founder  of  a  series  of  guide-books. 

Baegna  Elv  (bag'na  elv).  The  chief  head 
stream  of  the  Drammen  (or  Drams)  Elv,  in 
southern  Norway. 

Baele  (ba-a'le).  A  Nigritic  tribe,  northeast 
of  Lake  Chad,  it  is  pastoral  and  nomadic,  owning 
camels,  sheep,  and  goats.  It  is  half  heathen  and  half  Mo- 
hammedan. 

Baena  (ba-a'na).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Cordova,  Spain, 25  miles  southeast  of  Cordova: 
the  Latin  Baniana  or  Biniana.  Population 
(1887),  12,036. 

Baena  (ba-ya'n^),  Antonio  Ladislau  Montei- 
ro.  Born  in  Portugal  about  1795 :  died  in  Pari, 
March  28, 1850.  APortuguese-Brazilian  author. 
He  was  an  officer  in  the  Portuguese  and  subsequently  in 
the  Brazilian  army,  attaining  the  rank  of  colonel ;  his  later 
years  were  spent  in  Pari,  where  he  took  part  in  several 
military  expeditions  against  the  Cabanaes  rebels,  1835-36. 
Subsequently  he  studied  the  geography  and  history  of  the 
Amazon  valley.  His  "  Eras  do  Pari"  and  "Ensaio  coro- 
grafico  sobre  a  provincia  do  ParA  "  are  still  standard  works 
on  that  region. 

Baer  (bar) ,  Karl  Ernst  von.  Bom  in  Esthonia, 
Russia,  Feb.  28, 1792:  died  at  Dorpat,  Nov.  28, 


Baer 

1876  A  celebrated  Russian  naturalist,  espe- 
cially noted  for  his  researches  in  embryology. 
He  was  appointed  extraordinary  professor  of  zoology  at 
Konigsberg  ia  1819  (and  two  yearslater  ordinary  professor), 
and  succeeded  Burdach  as  director  of  tlie  Anatomical  In- 
stitute. In  1829  he  went  to  St.  Petersburg  as  member  of 
the  Academy,  returned  to  Konigsberg  in  1830,  and  again 
went  to  St.  Petersburg  in  1834  as  librarian  of  the  Academy. 
His  chief  works  are  the  "Entwickelungsgeschichte  der 
Tiere"  (1828-37),  and  "  Untersuohungen  liber  die  Ent- 
wiokelung  der  Fische"  (1836). 

Baerle  (bar'le),  Cornelius  van.  The  tulip-fan- 
cier in  Dumas's  story  "La  TuUpe  Noire." 

Baerle,  Graspard  van.    See  Sarlseus. 

Baert  (ba-ar'),  Alexandre  Balthazar  Fran- 
cois de  Faule,  Baron  de.  Born  at  Dunkirk 
about  1750:  died  at  Paris,  March  23,  1825.  A 
French  politician  and  geographer.  He  was  elected 
to  the  Legislative  Assembly  in  1791,  in  which  he  vainly 
exerted  himself  to  save  Louis  XVI.  He  wrote  "  Tableau 
de  la  Grande-Bretagne,  etc."  (1800),  etc. 

Bstica  (be'ti-ka).  In  ancient  geography,  the 
southernmost  division  of  Hispania  (Spain). 

Baetis  (be'tis),  or  Baetes  (be'tez).  The  Roman 
name  of  the  Guadalquivir. 

Baeyer  (ba'yer),  Adolf.  Bom  at  Berlin,  Oct. 
31,  1835.  A  German  chemist,  son  of  Johann 
Jakob  Baeyer.  He  became  professor  of  chemistry  at 
Strasburg  in  1872,  and  succeeded  Liebig  at  Munich  in 
1875.    He  is  the  discoverer  of  cerulein,  eosin,  and  indol. 

Baeyer,  Johann  Jakob.  Bom  atMiiggelsheim, 
near  Kopenick,  Nov.  5,  1794:  died  at  Berlin, 
Sept.  10,  1885.  A  Prussian  soldier  and  geome- 
ter. He  fought  as  a  volunteer  in  the  campaigns  of  1813 
and  1814 ;  joined  the  army  in  1815 ;  and  attained  the  rank 
of  lieutenant-general  in  1858.  He  conducted  several  im- 
portant geodetic  surveys,  and  in  1870  became  president 
of  the  Geodetic  Institute  at  Berlin.  He  published  various 
geodetical  works. 

Baez  (ba'ath),  Buenaventura.  Bom  at  Azua, 
Hayti,  about  1810 :  died  in  Porto  Rico,  March 
21, 1884.  A  statesman  of  Santo  Domingo.  He 
coi)perated  with  Santa  Anna  in  the  establishment  of  the 
Dominican  Republic,  and  was  president  from  1849  to  1853, 
when  he  was  overturned  and  expelled  by  Santa  Anna.  He 
retired  to  New  York,  but  Santa  Anna  being  driven  out  in 
1856,  he  was  called  back  and  again  elected  president.  In 
June,  1858,  he  was  again  supplanted  by  Santa  Anna, 
tllected  a  third  time  in  1865,  he  was  supplanted  in  1866 
by  a  triumvirate  headed  by  CabraL  Baez  was  recalled 
and  made  president  a  fourth  time  in  1868.  After  various 
negotiations  he  signed  with  President  Grant  two  treaties 
(Nov.  29,  1869),  one  for  the  annexation  of  Santo  Domingo 
to  the  United  States,  and  the  other  for  the  cession  of  the 
bay  of  Samanl  The  annexation  scheme  was,  ostensibly 
at  least,  approved  by  the  people  of  Santo  Domingo,  but 
the  United  States  Senate  refused  to  ratify  it.  The  failure 
of  this  resulted  in  renewed  disorders,  and  the  fall  of  Baez. 

Baeza  (ba-a'tha).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Jaen,  southern  Spain,  22  miles  northeast  of 
Jaen:  the  Roman  Beatia.  it  has  a  cathedral,  r.nd 
was  formerly  the  seat  of  a  university.  It  was  a  flourish- 
ing Moorish  city,  and  was  sacked  by  St.  Ferdinand  in  the 
13th  century.    Population  QSST),  13,911. 

Bafan  (baf'in),  William.  Died  Jan.  28,  1622. 
AJn  English  navigator  and  explorer.  He  was  pilot 
of  the  Discovery,  Captain  Kobert  Bylot,  which  in  1616 
was  despatched  by  the  Muscovy  Company  to  North  Amer- 
ica in  search  of  the  northwest  passage.  The  expedition 
resulted  in  the  discovery  of  the  bay  between  Greenland 
and  British  America  which  has  since  received  the  name 
of  Baffin  Bay.  An  account  of  the  expedition,  written  by 
Bafitn,  was  printed  by  Purchas,  who,  however,  took  great 
liberties  with  the  text.  The  original  manuscript,  with 
map,  is  in  the  British  Museum,  and  was  edited  for  the 
Hakluyt  Society  in  1849  (Rundall,  "  Narratives  of  Voyages 
towards  the  North-west'').  Baffin  was  killed  while  serv- 
ing in  the  allied  English  and  Persian  armies  against  the 
Portuguese  in  the  island  of  Eishm  in  the  Persian  Gulf. 

BafBn  Bay  (baf'in  ba).  A  sea  passage  com- 
municating with  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  Davis 
Strait,  and  with  the  Arctic  Ocean  by  Smith 
Sound,  and  lying  west  of  Greenland:  explored 
by  Bafan  1616.    Also  Baffin's  Bay. 

Baffin  Land  (baf'in  land).  An  extensive  terri- 
tory in  the  Arctic  regions,  lying  west  of  Baffin 
Bay.    Also  Baffin's  Land. 

Baffo  (baf 'fo),  surnamed  "  The  Pure."  Lived 
about  1580-1600.  A  Venetian  lady,  sultana  and 
counselor  of  the  sultan  Amurath  III. 

Bafing  (ba'f  eng).  One  of  the  chief  head  streams 
of  the  river  Senegal. 

Bagamoyo  (ba-ga-m5'y6).  A  port,  town,  and 
the  greatest  commercial  center  of  German  East 
Africa,  south  of  the  Kingani  River  opposite 
Zanzibar,  it  is  a  meeting-place  of  inland  roads  and 
caravans.  A  railroad  is  building  to  the  neighboring 
Dares-Salaam.  Population,  20,000  to  30,000,  consisting  of 
Arabs,  Hindus,  and  Africans. 

Ba-ganda  (ba-gan'da).    See  aanda. 

Bagaudae  (ba-ga'de).  A  body  of  Gallic  peas- 
ants in  rebellion  against  the  Romans  at  inter- 
vals from  about  270  a.  d.  to  the  5th  century. 

Bagby  (bag'bi),  Arthur  Pendleton.  Born  in 
Virginia,  1794:  died  at  Mobile,  Alabama,  Sept. 
21  1858.  An  American  politician.  He  was  gov- 
ernor of  Alabama  1837-41,  United  States  senator  from 
Alabama  1841-48,  and  United  States  minister  to  Russia 
1848-49. 


108 

Bagby,  Oeorge  William.  Born  in  Virginia, 
Aug.  13, 1828:  died  at  Richmond,  Va.,  Nov.  29, 
1883.  A  physician,  journalist  (became  editor 
of  the  Lynchburg  "Express"  in  1853,  and  of 
the  "Southern  Literary  Messenger"  in  1859), 
and  humorist.  He  wrote  under  the  pseudonym 
"Mozis  Addums." 

Bagdad,  or  Baghdad  (bag-dad',  commonly 
bag'dad).  [Pers.,  '^  of  God.'  The  name 
Bag-da-da  is  found  in  the  Assyrian  cuneiform 
inscriptions,  and  appears  to  be  of  Aramean 
origin.]  A  vilayet  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the 
lower  valleys  of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris, 
between  Persia  and  Arabia. 

Bagdad,  or  Baghdad.  The  capital  of  the  vUa- 
yet  of  Bagdad,  situated  on  the  Tigris  in  lat. 
33°  20'  N. ,  formerly  a  city  of  great  importance 
and  still  the  seat  of  considerable  commerce,  it 
has  manufactures  of  leather.silk,  cotton  and  woolen  goods. 
It  was  founded  in  762  by  Abu  Jaffar,  suruamed  "Al- 
Mansur"  ('the  Victorious'),  second  calif  of  the  dynasty  of 
the  Abbassides,  and  it  was  the  capital  of  the  Abbassides'  for 
five  hundred  years,  bearing  the  name  of  Mansurijeh,  also 
Dar-es-Selam  ('Dwelling  of  Peace'),  which  latter  name  it 
still  has  in  official  documents  of  the  Ottoman  government. 
Under  the  Abbassides  it  became  a  celebrated  center  of 
Arabic  learning  and  civilization,  and  the  glory  and  splen- 
dor of  the  eastern  world.  During  the  height  of  its  pros- 
perity it  harbored  a  million  and  a  half  people  within  its 
walls.  It  declined  with  the  decay  of  the  Abbassidian  car 
lifate,  and  came  at  the  fall  of  this  dynasty,  in  1268,  into 
the  hands  of  the  Mongols.  It  is  still  the  capital  of  the 
Turkish  province  Mesopotamia.    Population,  180,000. 

Base  (baj),  Bobert.  Bom  at  Darley,  Derby- 
shire, England,  Feb.  29, 1728 :  died  at  Tamworth, 
England,  Sept.  1,  1801.  An  English  novelist. 
He  was  a  paper-manufacturer  by  trade,  and  did  not  begin 
to  write  before  the  age  of  fifty-three.  He  wrote  "  Mount 
Henneth"(1781),  "Barham  Downs"  (1784X  "Hermsprong, 
or  Man  as  he  is  not"  (1798),  etc. 

Bagehot  (baj'ot),  Walter.  Bom  at  Langport, 
Somersetshire,  Feb.  3, 1826:  died  there,  March 
24, 1877.  A  noted  English  economist,  publicist, 
and  journalist.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University 
of  London  1846,  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1862,  and  was 
editor  of  the  "Economist"  1860-77.  He  wrote  "The 
English  Constitution"  (1867),  "Physics  and  Politics,  etc." 
(1869),  "Lombard  Streef^  etc."  (1873),  "Literary  Studies" 
(1879),  "Economic Studies "(1880),  "Biographical  Studies" 
(1881X  etc. 

Baggara  (bag'ga-ra).  A  Hamitie  but  Arabic- 
speaking  tribe  of  the  upper  Nile  valley.  They 
are  nomads,  hunters,  Egyptian  soldiers,  and 
slave-raiders.    See  Shilluk. 

Baggesen  (bag'e-sen),  Jens  (Emmanuel). 
Born  at  Eorsor,  Denmark,  Feb.  15, 1764 :  died  at 
Hamburg,  Oct.  3,  1826.  A  Danish  poet,  author 
of ' '  Comic  Tales"(1785),  "Labyrinthen*(1792), 
"Parthenais"  (1804),  etc. 

Baghdad.    See  Bagdad. 

Baghelidiand  (ba-gel-kund').  The  collective 
name  of  several  native  states  in  central  India, 
the  most  important  of  which  is  Rewah. 

Bagheria  (ba-ge-re'a),  or  Bagaria  (ba-ga-re'a). 
A  town  on  the  northern  coast  of  Sicily," 8  miles 
east  of  Palermo.    Population,  12,000. 

Baghirmi  (ba-ger'me).  An  important  African 
kingdom,  southeast  of  Lake  Chad  on  the  Shari 
River,  between  Bomu  and  Wadai,  and  within 
the  French  sphere  of  influence.  The  country  is  a 
fertile  plain.  The  population  is  mixed:  the  mass  is  Ni- 
gritic ;  the  higher  class  are  pastoral  Fulahs  and  trading 
Arabs.  Islam  was  introduced  in  the  16th  century,  but 
many  are  still  pagan.  Capital,  Massenya.  The  language 
is  called  Bagrima ;  it  is  related  to  Kuka  and  distinct  from 
Eanuti.    Population,  about  1,000,000. 

Baghistan  (bag-is-tan').    The  ancient  name  of 

_  Behistun. 

Bagida  (ba-ge'da).  A  town  in  German  Togo- 
land,  West  Africa.  Here  Naehtigal  hoisted  the 
German  flag  in  1884. 

Bagimont's  Roll  (baj'i-monts  rol).  A  list  of 
the  ecclesiastical  benefices  of  Scotland  and 
their  valuation  in  the  latter  part  of  the  middle 
ages.  "It  took  its  name  from  an  Italian  churchman, 
Boiamond  (or  Bajimont)  of  Vicci,  a  canon  of  the  cathedral 
of  Asti  in  Piedmont^  who  was  sent  by  the  Pope  to  Scot- 
land in  1274  to  collect  the  tithe  or  tenth  part  of  all  the 
church  livings,  for  a  Crusade."   Cluimiers's  Encyc,  I.  657. 

Bagirmi.    See  Baghirmi. 

Bagley  (bag'  li) ,  John  Judson.  Bom  at  Medina, 
N.  Y.,  July  24,1832:  died  at  San  Francisco, 
Jiily  27, 1881.  An  American  politician,  Repub- 
lican governor  of  Michigan  1873-77. 

Baglivi  (bal-ye've),  Giorgio.  Born  at  Ragusa, 
Sicily,  1669:  died  at  Rome,  1707.  An  Italian 
physician,  professor  of  anatomy  and  medicine 
in  the  College  de  Sapienza  at  Rome.  He  was 
the  founder  of  the  system  of  "solidism  "  in  medicine,  as 
opposed  to  Galenism  or  humorism.  His  medical  writings 
were  held  in  high  esteem,  and  were  frequently  reprinted. 

Bagnacavallo,  Bartolommeo.   See  Eamenghi. 

Bagne  (bany),  orBagnes  (bany),Val  de.  An  al- 
pine valley  in  the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland, 
southeast  of  Martigny,  traversed  by  the  Dranse. 


Bagnma 

Bagn&res-de-Bigorre  (ban-ySr'dfi-be-gor'),  or 
Bagn^res-d'Adour  (ban-ySr'da-dSr').  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Hautes-Pyr6n6es, 
France,  situated  on  the  Adour  13  miles  south 
of  Tarbes :  the  Roman  Aquse  Bigerrionum  Bal- 
neariffl.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  Pyrenean  wateilng-plaoes 
on  account  of  its  hot  springs  (sulphate  of  lime,  etc.).  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  8,638. 

Bagnferes-de-Luchon  (ban  - yar'd6  - lii -  eh6n ' ), 
or  Luchon.  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Garonne,  France,  71  miles  southwest  of 
Toulouse,  near  the  Spanish  frontier :  the  Roman 
Balneariffl  Lixovienses.  it  is  one  of  the  chief 
watering-places  in  the  Pyrenees,  and  is  celebrated  for  its 
warm  salt  and  sulphur  springs.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 3,628. 

Bagnet  (bag'net),  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph.  Char- 
actersinCharlesDickens'snovel"BleakHouse.'' 
Bagnet  is  an  ex-artiUeryman,  devoted  to  the  bassoon. 
Their  children  Malta,  Quebec,  and  Woolwich  are  named 
from  the  stations  where  they  were  born. 

Bagni  di Lucca (ban'ye de  lok'ka).  [It., 'baths 
of  Lucca.']  A  watering-place  in  Italy,  13  miles 
northeast  of  Lucca,  noted  for  hot  springs. 
Population,  9,000. 

Bagni  di  San  Giuliano  (ban'ye  de  san  jo-le-a'- 
no).  A  town  and  watering-place  in  Italy,  north- 
east of  Pisa. 

Bagnigge  Wells.  A  place  of  amusement  in 
London  which  formerly  (time  of  George  H. )  lay 
at  the  east  of  Gray's  Inn  Road,  nearly  opposite 
what  is  now  Mecklenburg  Square  and  northeast 
of  St.  Andrew's  burying  ground.  It  "included  a 
great  room  for  concerts  and  entertainments,  a  garden 
planted  with  trees,  shrubs,  and  flowers,  and  provided  with 
walks,  a  fish-pond,  fountain,  rustic  bridge,  rural  cottages 
and  seats.    The  admission  was  threepence." 

Bagno  a  Bipoli  (ban'yo  a  re'po-le).  An  east- 
em  suburb  of  Florence. 

Bagno  in  (or  di)  Bomagna  (ban'yo  en  (or  de) 
ro-man'ya).  A  town  and  watering-place  in 
the  Apennines,  Italy,  37  miles  northeast  of 
Florence. 

Bagnoles  (ban-yol').  A  small  watering-place 
in  the  department  of  Ome,  France,  northwest 
of  Alen^on. 

Bagnoli  (bSn-yo'le).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  AvelUno,  Italy,  45  miles  east  of 
Naples. 

Bagnols-les-Bains  (ban-yol'la  ban').  A  wa- 
tering-place in  the  department  of  Lozfere, 
Prance,  on  the  Lot  east  of  Mende.  It  has  sul- 
phur springs. 

Bagnols-sur-C6ze  (ban-yol'siir-saz').  A  town 
in  the  department  of  Gard,  France,  on  the  C^ze 
25  miles  northeast  of  Nimes.  Population  (1891), 
4,454. 

Bagnuolo  (ban-yo-o'lo),  Oount  (Giovanni  Vi- 
cenzo  Sanfelice).  Bom  about  1590 :  died  about 
1650.  A  Neapolitan  soldier.  In  1624  (Naples  be- 
ing then  under  Philip  IV.  of  Spain)  he  commanded  a  con- 
tingent of  troops  from  his  country  sent  with  others  to 
the  relief  of  Bahia,  Brazil,  then  threatened  by  the  Ddtch. 
He  distinguished  himself  greatly  in  the  following  cam- 
paigns, ultimately  commanded  at  BahiI^  and  in  1638  re- 
pelled an  attack  upon  that  city.  For  this  service  he  was 
made  a  prince  in  Naples. 

Bagoas  (ba-go'as).  [Gr.  Bayiiag.']  Died  about 
336  B.  c.  An  Egyptian  eunuch,  in  the  service 
of  Artaxerxes  Ochus  of  Persia,  who  for  a  short 
time  usurped  the  virtual  sovereignty  of  the 
empire.  He  put  to  death  Artaxerxes  Ochus  (338)  and 
Arses  (336),  but  was  himself  compelled  to  drink  a  poison 
which  lie  had  intended  for  Arses's  successor  Codomannus. 

Bagoas.  A  favorite  eunuch  of  Alexander  the 
Great. 

Bagot  (bag'ot).  Sir  Charles.  Bom  at  Blith- 
field,  Staffordshire,  England,  Sept.  23,  1781: 
died  at  Kingston,  Canada,  May  18,  1843.  A 
British  diplomatist.  He  became  under-secretary  of 
state  for  foreign  affairs  in  1807,  minister  to  France  in  1814, 
ambassador  to  St.  Petersburg  in  1820,  ambassador  to  Hol- 
land in  1824,  and  governor-general  of  the  Canadas  in  1842. 

Bagot,  Sir  William.  Lived  about  the  end  of 
the  14th  century.  An  English  statesman,  min- 
ister of  Richard  II.  He  was  one  of  the  council  (with 
Bussy,  Green,  and  Scrape)  left  in  charge  of  the  kingdom 
when  Richard  departed  for  Ireland  in  1399. 

Bagradas  (bag'ra-das).    The  ancient  name  of 
the  river  Medjefda  (which  see). 
Bagratians.     See  Bagratidx. 
Bagratidse  (ba-grat'i-de).    A  dynasty  of  Ar- 
menian monarchs  which  lasted  from  the  9th  to 
the  11th  century.     See  Armenia. 
Bagration (ba-gra-tse-6n'),Prinee  Peter.  Born 
1765:  died  1812.    A  Russian  general,  descended 
from  a  Georgian  princely  family.    He  served  mth 
distinction  against  the  Turks  and  Poles,  and  in  179.')  in 
Italy  (Cassano)  and  Switzerland ;  opposed  Murat  at  Hol- 
labrun,  Nov.  16, 1806 ;  served  at  Austerlitz,  Eylau,  Fried- 
land,  and  in  Finland;  was  commander-in  chief  in  Turkey 
in  1800 ;  was  defeated  near  Mohilefl,  July  23,  1812 ;  and 
was  mortally  wounded  at  Borodino,  Sept.  7, 1812, 

Bagrima.    See  Baghirmi, 


Bagsbaw 

Bagsliaw(bag'sh4),  Edward.  Died  1662.  An 
English  Royalist  politician  and  author,  origi- 
nally a  Puritan,  he  sat  in  the  Parliament  convened  by 
Charles  I.  at  Oxford  1644,  was  taken  prisoner  in  the  same 
year  by  the  Parliamentary  army,  and  languished  in  the 
King's  Bench  prison  at  8outhwark  till  1646.  While  in 
prison  he  wrote,  among  other  works,  "De  monarchia 
absoluta"  (1659). 

Bagshot  (bag' shot)  A  village  in  Surrey,  Eng- 
land, 10  miles  southwest  of  Windsor. 

Bagshot  Heath.  A  tract  of  land  on  the  border 
of  Surrey  and  Berkshire,  England. 

Bagstock  (bag'stok).  Major  Joe.  "A  wooden- 
featured,  blue-faced"  oflcer,  a  friend  of  Mr. 
Dombey,  in  Dickens's  novel  "  Dombey  and 
Son."  Hecallshimself  "  J.B.,""01dJ.  B.,"  "toughold 
Joe,"  and  says  "Joe  is  rough  and  tough,  sir !  blunt,  sir, 
blunt  is  Joe." 

Bahalul  (ba-ha-161').  The  court  fool  of  Ha- 
run-al-Eashid :  surnamed  "Al-Megnum"  ('the 
Crazy'). 

Bahama  Bank  (ba-ha'ma  bangk),  G-reat.  A 
bank  or  area  of  shoal  water  between  Cuba  and 
the  Bahama  Islands. 

Bahama  Bank,  Little.  A  bank  north  of  Great 
Bahama  Island. 

Bahama  Channel,  Old.  The  part  of  the  ocean 
between  Cuba  and  the  southern  part  of  the 
Bahamas.    Also  called  Gulf  of  Florida. 

Bahamas  (ba-ha'maz),  formerly  Lucayos  (lo- 
ki'os).  A  group  of" islands  in  the  British  West 
Indies,  southeast  of  Florida.  The  principal  islands 
are  Great  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros  Island,  New 
Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Watling's  Island,  Long 
Island,  Great  Exuma,  Crooked  Island,  Acklin  Island, 
Mai  iguana,  and  Great  Inagua.  The  group  contains  also 
many  keys  and  reefs.  The  capital  is  Kassau.  The  Baha- 
mas were  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1492 ;  were  occupied 
by  the  British  in  1629  ;  and  were  finally  secured  to  them 
in  1783.  Area,  5,450  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
47,566. 

Bahar.    See  Behar. 

Baharites  (ba-har'its),  or  Baharides  (ba-har'- 
idz).  A  Mameluke  dynasty  which  reigned  over 
Egypt  from  the  middle  of  the  13th  to  the  end 
of  the  14th  century. 

Bahawalpur  (ba-ha-wal-por')  or  Bhawalpur 
(bha'wal-por  or  bhS,l-por').  A  feudatory  state 
in  the  Panjab,  British  India,  under  British 
supervision,  extending  from  lat.  28°  to  30°  N., 
and  from  long.  70°  to  74°  E.  Area,  17,285 
aquare  miles.    Population,  650,042. 

BaBawalpur.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Ba- 
hawalpur, near  the  Sutlej.  Population  (1891), 
18,716. 

Bahia  (ba-e'a).  A  state  of  Brazil,  bounded  by 
Piauhy,  Pernambuco,  and  Sergipe  on  the  north, 
the  Atlantic  on  the  east,  Espirito  Santo  and 
Minas  (Jeraes  on  the  south,  and  Goyaz  on  the 
west.  It  is  noted  for  its  tobacco,  coffee,  and 
sugar.  Area,  164,649  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1893),  about  2,000,000. 

Bahia,  or  Sao  Salvador  da  Bahia  (soun  sal- 
va-dor'  da  ba-e'a).  A  seaport,  capital  of  the 
state  of  Bahia,  situated  on  All  Saints'  Bay  in 
lat.  13°  1'  S.,  long.  38°  32'  W.  It  is  the  second  city 
of  the  country ;  has  a  large  harbor ;  comprises  an  upper  and 
a  lower  town  ;  and  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishopric.  It  has 
regular  steamship  communication  with  various  European 
and  American  ports  ;  exports  sugar,  tobacco,  etc. ;  and  has 
flourishing  manufactures.  It  was  peopled  in  1536,  but 
abandoned ;  was  ref  ounded  in  1549  ;  and  was  the  colonial 
capital  of  Brazil  until  1763.  Population  (1892),  estimated, 
with  suburbs,  200,000. 

Bahia  de  Todos  os  Santos  or  Bay  of  All 
Saints.  The  harbor  of  Bahia,  Brazil.  In 
old  works  the  name  is  frequently  applied  to 
the  city. 

Bahia  Honda  (ba-e'a  on'da).  [8p.,'deep  bay.'] 
A  small  harbor  in  northwestern  Cuba,  west  of 
Havana. 

Bahlapi  (bach-la'pe).     See  Chuana. 

Bahlingen.     See  Balingen. 

Bahman  (ba'man).  Prince.  The  eldest  son  of 
the  Sultan  of  Persia,  a  character  in  the  story 
of ' '  The  Two  Envious  Sisters  "  in  "  The  Arabian 
Nights'  Entertainments."  He  left  with  his  sister 
when  starting  out  on  his  adventures  a  magical  knife :  if  it 
kept  bright  she  would  know  that  he  was  safe,  if  a  drop  of 
blood  appeared  on  it,  that  he  was  dead. 

Bahn  (ban).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Pome- 
rania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Thue  66  miles 
northeast  of  Berlin.    Population,  about  3,000. 

Bahr  (bar),  Johann  Christian  Felix.  Bom 
at  Darmstadt,  June  13,  1798:  died  at  Heidel- 
berg, Nov.  29,  1872.  A  German  philologist  and 
historian.  He  wrote  "  Geschichte  der  romisohen  Lit- 
eratur"  (1828:  supplements  1836-37,  1840),  etc.,  and 
edited  the  fragments  of  Ctesias  (1825). 

Bahraich  (ba-rich').  A  district  in  the  Pyzabad 
division,  in  Oudh.  British  India.  Area,  2,680 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  1,000,432. 


^^^  Baily,  Francis 

Bahraich,  or  Bharech,    A  town  in  Oudh,  Brit-    April  22, 1816 :  died  there,  Sept.  6, 1902.  An  Ens- 
Bl^^w^b^,^^^^^  northeast  of  Lucknow.  lish  poet.     Hewrote  "Eestus"  (1839),  "AngelWorid" 

£ahrdt  (bart),  Karl  Friedrich.     Born  at  Bis-    (1850),  "Mystic"  (ISSS),  "The  Age,  Universal  Hymn" 
ehof  swerda,  in  Saxony,  Aug.  25, 1741 :  died  near  -J^^.^,'*'  ^'S; 

Halle,  April  23,  1792.  A  German  theologian  ?ailey,  Samuel.  Bom  at  ShefReld,  1791:  died 
noted  for  his  extreme  rationalism.  He  was  vvo-  °"  ^^>.l?™-  ^'^  English  writer  on  philosophy 
fessor  of  biblical  philology  at  Leipsic  1766-68,  of  biblical  J''^'^  political  economy. 

antiquities  at  Erfurt  1768-71,  of  theology  (and  pastor)  at  Bailev,  Theodorus.  Born  at  Chateaugay. 
Giessen  1771-75,  and  became  director  of  Von  Salis's  Phi-  N.  Y..  Anril  12  1805-  died  at  WatibinD-triTi 
lanthropin  at  Marschlma  in  1775,  a  post  which  he  held  i^  rT  ■^-'t^in  -.tt'^  -  '.  °-^.  ^^  VVasnmgton, 
fourteen  months.  He  was  superintendent-general  and 
pastor  at  Diirkheim  when  (1778)  he  was  declared  by  the 
imperial  aulic  council  incapable  of  holding  an  ecclesias- 
tical office  and  forbidden  to  publish  any  writing.  Taking 
refuge  in  Prussia,  he  lectured  on  philosophy  and  philology 
at  Halle  1779-89.  He  was  condemned  to  one  year's  im- 
prisonment (1789)  for  having  published  the  pasquinade 
"  Das  Religionsediot,  ein  lustspiel "  (1788).  His  remain- 
ing years  were  devoted  to  the  management  of  a  tavern  of 
questionable  repute. 

Bahrein  (ba-ran'),  or  Aval  (a-val'),  Islands. 

Agroupof  islands  in  the  Persian  Gulf,  near  the  Bailiff's  Daughter  of  Islington,  The.  An 
coast  of  Arabia,  about  lat.  26°  N.,  long.  50°  E.    old  ballad  preserved  in  Percy's  "Eeliques" 

bout  30  miles) ;  the     and  Rit.Knn'a  "  Anofont  Sr,nn.c,  "     Tt  io  „  +„i„  „4! 


D.  C,  Feb.  10, 1877.  An  American  rear-admiral. 
He  entered  the  navy  in  1818,  and  became  lieutenant  in 
1827,  commander  in  1849,  and  captain  in  1866.  He  was 
second  in  command  in  the  naval  attack  on  the  defenses 
of  New  Orleans  in  1862,  and  was  sent  by  Admiral  Far- 
ragut,  April  25,  to  demand  the  surrender  of  the  city.  He 
was  made  commodore  in  1862,  and  in  the  same  year  was 
appointed  commander  of  the  Eastern  Gulf  blockading 
squadron,  in  which  post  he  is  said  to  have  taken  over  160 
blockade-runners  in  eighteen  months.  He  was  made  rear- 
admiral  July  25, 1866,  and  placed  on  the  retired  list  Oct. 
10,  1866. 


The  chief  island  is  Samak  (length  about  30  miles) ;  the 
capital  Manama.  The  islands  are  celebrated  for  their 
pearl  fisheries.    They  are  under  British  protection. 

Bahr-el-Abiad  (bahr-el-a-be-ad').    The  White 

Nile. 
Bahr-el-Azrak    (bahr-el-az'rak).     The   Blue 

Nile. 
Bahr-el-Ghazal    (bahr-el-gha-zal').      One   of 

the  chief  western  tributaries  of    the  White 

Nile.    Also  a  dry  emissary  of  Lake  Chad. 
Bahya  ben  Joseph  ben  Pakoda.    Lived  in  .o»-ii-         -o    n     tt  mu    u    ^    ^  x, 

Saragossa,  Spain,  in  the  11th  century.    A  Jew-  ^^'^"les  °^  ■B.ailly,  Harry.    The  host  of  the 

ish  religious  author  and  poet.    He  is  best  known  by    tabard  Inn  m  Chaucer's  "Canterbury  Tales." 

his  work  "  Duties  of  the  Heart,"  which  he  wrote  in  Arabic 

(translated  into  Hebrew  under  the  title  "  Hobath  ha  Leb£u 

both"),  containing  meditations  and  exhortations  on  the 

spiritual  side  of  religion.    It  holds  a  place  among  the 

Jews  similar  to  that  of  the  "Imitation  of  Christ"  among 

Christians.    It  was  translated  into  Spanish  (1610),  and  an 

English  translation  has  been  prepared. 
Baise  (ba'ye).     [Gr.  'Baiai.']    See  Baja. 
Baiburt  (bi-borf).     A  town  in  the  vilayet  of 

Erzrum,  Asiatic  Turkey,  66  miles  northwest 

of  Erzrum,  on  the  Masset.  It  has  an  impor- 
tant strategic  and  commercial  position.  Popu- 
lation, 6,000. 


and  Eitson's  "Ancient  Songs.""    It  is  a  tale  of 
a  squire's  son  and  a  bailiff's  daughter. 

Bailleul  (ba-y6').  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  department  of  Nord,  France,  17  miles 
northwest  of  Lille.    Population  (1891),  13,276. 

Baillie  (ba'li).  Lady  Grizel  (Grizel  Hume). 
Born  at  Redbraes  Castle,  Berwickshire,  Dec. 
25,  1665:  died  Deo.  6,  1746.  A  Scottish  poet, 
daughter  of  Sir  Patrick  Hume,  first  earl  of 
Marehmont. 

tailly.  Harrv. 

Canterbury ' 
"He  is  a  shrewd,  bold,  manly,  well-informed  fellow  with 
a  blabbing  shrew  for  a  wife."  Shakspere's  "Mine  Host 
of  the  Garter  "  in  the  "  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor  "  is  said 
to  have  been  taken  from  him.  He  is  sometimes  called 
"Henry  Bailif." 

Baillie,  Joanna.  Bora  at  Bothwell,  Lanark- 
shire, Scotland,  Sept.  11,  1762.  died  at  Hamp- 
stead,  England,  Feb.  23, 1851.  A  Scotch  dram- 
atist and  poet.  She  wrote  "Plays  on  the  Passions" 
(1802-36),  in  which  she  delineates  the  principal  passions 
of  the  mind,  each  passion  being  made  the  subject  of  a 
tragedy  and  a  comedy ;  and  was  the  author  of  the  poems 
"Lines  to  Agnes  Baillie  on  her  Birthday,"  "  The  Kitten," 
and  "To  a  Child." 


Baidaf  (bi-dar').    A  village  and  valley  near  Baillie  Nicol  Jarvie.     See  Janie. 
the  southern  extremity  of  the  Crimea,  Russia.  Baillie,  Robert^    Born^at  Glasgow,  1599:  died 


Baif  (ba-ef),  Jean  Antoine  de.  Bom  at  Ven- 
ice, 1532 :  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  9, 1589.  A  French 
poet,  natural  son  of  Lazare  de  Bal'f,  a  friend  of 
Ronsard  and  a  member  of  the  "P16iade." 

Baikal  (bi'kal),  Tatar  Bai-kul.     ['Rich  sea.'] 


July,  1662.  A  Scotch  Presbyterian  divine  and 
controversialist,  author  of  "Letters  and  Jour- 
nals, 1637-62,"  etc.  Thisworkis  "for  Scotland  much 
what  Pepys  and  Evelyn  are  for  England.  They  are  es- 
pecially valuable  in  relation  to  the  assembly  of  1638  and 
the  assembly  of  Westminster"  (Diet.  Nat.  Biog.). 


The  largest  fresh-water  lake  Of  Asia,  Situated  BajUje     Robert,    of   Jerviswood.     Executed 
in  southern  Siberia  on  the  border  of  Irkutsk    ^^j  Edinburgh,  ftec.  24,  1684.    A  Scottish  pa- 


and  Transbaikalia.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  up- 
per Angara,  Selenga,  and  Bargusin,  and  its  outlet  is  the 
lower  Angara  to  the  Yenisei.  Length,  397  miles.  Average 
width,  45  miles.    Area,  12,500  square  miles. 

Baikal  Mountains.    A  range  of  mountains 
west  and  northwest  of  Baikal, 


triot,  condemned  for  alleged  complicity  in  the 
"Rye  House  Plot"  (which  see). 
Baillon  (ba-y6n'),  Ernest  Henri.     Bom  at 
Calais,  Nov.  30,  1827:  died  July  19,  1895.    A 
noted  French  botanist. 


Baikie  (ba'ki),  William  Balfour.    Born  at  B^illot  (ba-y6'),^Pierre  Marie  Frangois^de 

Kirkwall,  Orkney,  Aug.  27, 1825:  died  at  Sierra    "-''--     ■"- -    '^  t,.  . .     ..    t,.    _  ,-.... 
Leone,  Dec.  12,  1864.     A  surgeon  (assistant 
surgeon  in  the  royal  navy  1848-51),  explorer 
and  pioneer  in  the  valley  of  the  Niger,  Africa. 
He  was  appointed  surgeon  and  naturalist  of  the  Niger  ex- 


Sales.  Bom  at  Passy,  near  Paris,  Oct.  1, 1771 : 
died  at  Paris,  Sept.  15, 1842.  A  French  violinist. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Viotti,  became  professor  of  the  violin 
in  the  Conservatory  of  Music  at  Paris  1796,  and  per- 
formed in  Russia,  Holland,  and  England.  He  wrote  "Art 
du  Violin  "  (1836). 


ploring  expedition  (1864), and  succeeded  to  the  command  -D-jii-,,   fha-vn')  CL    'RallnTiin"!')     R-nillaiiTne 

5f  the  vessel  (the  Pleiad)  on  the  death  of  its  captain.  The  ^^^^^°5J„   i?n<,{  ),t'rf   1  fil  fi       A    *rp^^>,  ^W^^ 

expedition  ascended  the  river  250  mUes  beyond  the  high-     de.     Born  1538:  died  1616.     A  irench  physi- 

est  point  before  reached.  Cian.     He  was  appointed  by  Henry  IV.  first  physician 

Bailan  (in  Syria).     See  Beilan.  *"  «»«  Dauphin  in  leoi,  and  is  reputed  to  have  been  the 

S»ii~i./i,«'n'(  r<nn>n1Ja1     Tir.T.n  ofM/MiT,*  TTnllTT      fl^st  to  make  knowu  the  nature  of  croup.    Hewrote 

^^^^^^y^?^  ^'i' 9.S5'   j^-^l-  ^om  at  Mount  Holly,     ..  Adversaria  medicinalia,"  etc. 

N.  J.,  Dee.  3,  1807 :  died  at  sea,  June  o,  1859.  Bailly  (ba-ye'),  Antoine  Nicolas.    Bom  June 

An  American  abolitionist,  editor  of  the  "Na-    g^  igjo:  died  Jan.  1, 1892.    A  French  architect. 

tional  Era  "  at  Washington.  He  was  appointed  to  a  position  in  the  administration  of  the 

Bailev  James  Montgomery.    Bom  in  .Albany,     city  of  Paris  in  I834,  and  became  architect  to  the  French 

TU  V     <aoT^t    9*5  1S41  •  rliorl  at  naTihiirv  CoTiTi        government  in  1844.    He  has  built  the  Molifere  fountain 

?/    ■•i*^  ?or.f  '    A       »         •         :[^a,nDury,  »^Onn.,     Itpg^jg^  reconstructed  the  cathedral  at  Digne,  and  erected 

March  4, 1894.     An  American  humorist,  editor    t[,e  new  Tribunal  de  Commerce  at  Paris. 

of  the  "Danbury  News."  Bailly,  Jean  Sylvain.    Bom  at  Paris,  Sept. 

Bailey,  Joseph.    Bomat^Salem,Ohio^April28,    jg^  ^^^q.  exerted  at  Paris,  Nov.  12,  1793.    A 


killed  in  Newton  County,'  Mo.,  March  21, 
An  -American  general  in  the  Civil  War. 


1827 

1867.    

While  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  Red  Eiver  expedition, 
1864,  he  constructed  a  dam  (Bailey's  dam)  above  Alexan- 
dria to  insure  the  passage  of  the  fleet,  for  which  service 
he  was  made  brigadier-general  and  received  the  thanks  of 
Congress.    He  settled  in  Newton  County,  Missouri,  was 


noted  French  astronomer  and  politician.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Inscriptions,  and  of  the  French  Academy,  presi- 
dent of  the  Third  Estate  and  of  the  National  Assembly  in 
1789,  and  mayor  of  Paris  1789-91.  He  wrote  "  Histoire  de 
I'astronomie  "  (1776-87),  "Essai  sur  I'origine  des  fables  et 
des  religions  anciennes  "  (1799),  "M^moires,"  etc. 


appointed  sheriflt,  and  was  assassmated  in  the  discharge  Bailundo  (bi-lon'do).     The  Portuguese  name 


of  his  duty, 

Bailey,  Nathan  or  Nathaniel.  Died  at  Step- 
ney, June  27,  1742.  ,An  English  lexicographer 
and  schoolmaster,  author  of  "An  Universal 
Etymological  English  Dictionary,"  first  pub- 
lished in  1721.  A  supplement  appeared  in  1727,  and 
a  folio  edition  in  1730,  with  the  title  "Dictionarium  Bn- 
tannicum,  collected  by  several  hands,  .  .  .  revisd  and 
improv'd  with  many  thousand  additions  by  N.  Bailey. 
The  dictionary,  based  on  the  works  of  Kersey,  Coles, 
Phillips,  Blount,  and  others,  has  often  been  republished, 
and  it  has  served  as  the  foundation  of  other  works  of  the 
kind,  including  Johnsons. 

Bailey,  Philip  James.     Born  at  Nottingham, 


of  Ombalundu,  a  country  and  kingdom  on  the 
high  plateau  northeast  of  Benguella,  Angola. 
The  natives  of  Bailundo  are  taller  than  their  neighbors 
of  Bihe  (Oviye),  and  not  very  friendly  to  them,  but  the 
two  tribes  speak  dialects  of  the  same  language,  and  are 
known  by  the  generic  name  of  Ovimbundu.  They  are 
the  great  traders  and  carriers  who  bring  the  produce  of 
central  Africa  to  Benguella.    See  Umbundu. 

Baily  (ba'li),  Edward  Hodges.  Bom  at  Bris- 
tol, England,  1788:  died  at  London,  May  22, 
1867.     A  noted  English  sculptor. 

Baily,  Francis.  Bom  at  Newbury,  Berkshire, 
April  28,  1774:  died  at  London,  Aug.  30, 1844. 


Baily,  Francis 

A  distinguished  English  astronomer,  reformer 
of  the  Nautical  Almanac,  and  reviser  of  star- 
catalogues.  He  wrote  a  "Journal  of  a  Tour  in  Unset- 
tled Parts  of  North  America  in  1796  and  1797"  (edited  by 
De  Morgan,  1856),  "Tables  for  the  Purchasing  and  Re- 
newing of  Leases "  (1802),  "Doctrine  of  Interest  and  An- 
nuities "  (1808),  etc. 

Baimenas.  An  Indian  tribe  of  Sinaloa.  Their 
language  has  been  lost. 

Bain  (ban),  Alexander.  Bom  at  Watten, 
Caithness,  1810:  died  1877.  A  Scottish  mech- 
anician, inventor  of  the  automatic  chemical 


telegraph  (1843). 
Bain,  Ale 


Alexander.  Bom  at  Aberdeen,  June  11, 
1818:  died  there,  Sept.  18, 1903.  A  Scottish  phil- 
osophical writer.  He  was  educated  at  Mariachal  Col- 
lege, Aberdeen,  and  became  professor  of  natural  philoso- 
phy in  the  Andersonian  University  of  Glasgow  in  1845, 
examiner  in  logic  and  moral  philosophy  for  the  University 
of  London  (1857-62, 1864-69) ,  professor  of  logic  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Aberdeen  (1860-80),  and  lord  rector  there  (1881- 
1887) .  His  chief  works  are  "The  Senses  and  the  Intellect " 
(1855),  "  The  Emotions  and  the  Will "  (1869),  "  Mental  and 
Moral  Science  "  (1868),  "  Logic  "  (1870),  "  Mind  and  Body," 
"Manual  of  English  Composition  and  Rhetoric"  (1866), 
"  Education  as  a  Science,"  essays  on  J.  S.  Mill,  etc. 

Bainbridge  (ban'brij),  Christopher.  Born  at 
Hilton,  Westmoreland,  1464  (?):  died  at  Rome, 
July  14,  1514.  A  noted  English  prelate.  He 
was  made  bishop  of  Durham  in  1507,  archbishop  of  York 
In  1508,  ambassador  to  the  Pope  in  1609,  cardinal  ^t. 
Praxedis)  in  1511  by  Julius II.,  and  legate  and  commander 
of  a  papal  army.  He  was  poisoned  by  one  of  his  own 
chaplains,  probably  atthe  instigation  of  arival,  the  Bishop 
of  Worcester. 

Bainbridge,  John.  Bom  at  Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 
England,  1582:  died  at  Oxford,  1643.  An  Eng- 
lish physician  and  astronomer. 

Bainbridge,  William.  Bom  at  Princeton,  N.  J., 
May  7,  1774:  died  at  Philadelphia,  July  28, 
1833.  An  American  naval  officer,  appointed 
commodore  in  1812.  He  served  as  lieutenant-com- 
mandant in  the  quasi-war  with  France  in  1798,  and  was 
captured  by  the  French ;  commanded  the  Philadelphia 
in  the  Tripolitan  war,  and  was  obliged  to  surrender  her, 
Nov.  1,  1803,  after  she  had  become  fast  on  a  rock  in  a 
position  such  that  she  could  not  use  her  guns;  was 
given  command  (1812)  of  a  squadron  composed  of  the 
Constitution,  Essex,  and  Hornet ;  and  as  commander  of 
the  Constitution  captured  the  British  frigate  Java  Deo. 
20, 1812.  On  his  return  he  took  charge  of  the  Charles- 
town  navy-yard.  In  1815  he  commanded  a  squadron 
in  the  Mediterranean ;  and  in  1819,  in  the  Columbus, 
took  command  of  the  squadron  in  that  sea,  returning 
in  182L  He  later  was  stationed  at  Philadelphia,  Boston, 
and  elsewhere. 

Bain-de-Eretagne  (ban'de-bre-tany')-  [F., 
'bath  of  Brittany.']  A  town  and  watering- 
place  in  the  department  of  lUe-et-Vilaine, 
Prance,  south  of  Kennes.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  4,907. 

Baines  (banz),  Edward,  Bom  at  Walton-le- 
Dale,  Lancashire,  Feb.  5,  1774 :  died  Au^.  3, 
1848.  An  English  journalist  and  politician, 
proprietor  and  editor  of  the  "Leeds Mercury," 
and  author  of  histories  of  Yorkshire  and  Lan- 
cashire, etc. 

Baines,  Sir  Edward.  Born  at  Leeds,  1800; 
died  there,  March  2, 1890.  An  English  journal- 
ist, statesman,  and  philanthropist,  son  of  Ed- 
ward Baines. 

Baines,  Matthew  Talbot.  Bom  Feb.  17, 1799 : 
died  Jan.  22,  1860.  An  English  politician, 
eldest  son  of  Edward  Baines,  appointed  chan- 
cellor of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  with  a  seat 
in  the  cabinet,  in  1855. 

Baines,  Thomas.  Born  at  King's-Lynn,  Norfolk, 
England,  1822:  died  at  Durban,  Port  Natal,  May 
8, 1875.  An  English  artist  and  African  explorer. 
He  arrived  at  Cape  Colony  in  1842 ;  aecompaniedthe  British 
army  throughout  the  Kafir  war  1848-51 ;  explored  north- 
west Australia  under  Augustus  Gregory  1856-66 ;  was  artist 
and  storekeeper  to  the  Livingstone  Zambesi  expedition 
in  186S ;  went  with  Chapman  from  the  southwest  coast  to 
the  Victoria  Falls  in  1861 ;  and  lectured  in  England  1864- 
1868.  He  wrote  "Explorations  in  Southwestern  Africa" 
(1864),  and  "The  Gold  Regions  of  Southeastern  Africa" 
(1877). 

Baini  (ba-e'ne),  Giuseppe.  Bom  at  Rome, 
Oct.  21,  1775:  died  May  10,  1844.  An  Italian 
priest,  musical  critic,  and  composer:  author  of 
a  life  of  Palestrina. 

Bains-en- Vosges(ban'zon-v6zh'),orBains-les- 
Bains  (ban'la-ban').  A  town  and  watering- 
place  in  the  departiuent  of  Vosges,  France,  16 
miles  southwest  of  Epinal.  It  has  hot  baths. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  2,591. 

Bairaktar  (bi-rak-tar').  A  title  of  Mustapha 
(1755-1808),  grand  vizir  of  Mahmud  II. 

Bairam,  orBeiram  (bi-ram')-  The  name  of  two 
Mohammedan  feasts.  The  great  Bairam  (idul-kabir) 
forms  the  concluding  ceremony  of  the  pilgrimage  to 
Mecca,  and  is  celebrated  on  the  tenth  day  of  the  twelfth 
month.  Each  householder  who  is  able  to  do  so  sac- 
rifices a  sheep,  the  flesh  of  which  is  divided  into  three 
portions,  one  for  the  family,  one  for  relatives,  and  one 
for  the  poor.    The  lesser  Bairam  1b  celebrated  at  the 


110 

termination  of  the  fast  of  the  month  of  Ramadan.  It  is 
a  season  of  great  rejoicing  at  which  presents  and  visits 
are  exchanged. 
Baird  (bard),  Absalom.  Bom  at  WasMngton, 
Pa.,  Aug.  20, 1824.  An  American  general.  He 
was  graduated  from  West  Point  in  1849 ;  became  captain 
in  the  regular  army  in  1861,  and  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers in  1882 ;  served  as  division  commander  at  Chat- 
tanooga in  1863,  and  in  the  Atlanta  campaign  of  1864 ;  and 
became  brevet  brigadier-general  and  brevet  major-general 
in  1865. 

Baird,  Charles  Washington.  Bom  at  Prince- 
ton. New  Jersey,  1828 :  died  1887.  A  Presby- 
terian clergyman,  son  of  Robert  Baird.  Be  has 
written  works  on  the  Presbyterian  liturgies,  local  his- 
tories, and  a  "History  of  the  Huguenot  Emigration  to 
America"  (1885). 

Baird,  Sir  David.  Born  at  Newbyth,  Dec, 
1757:  died  Aug.  29,  1829.  A  British  general. 
He  served  in  British  India  1780-89,  where  he  was  wounded 
and  imprisoned  by  Hyder  All  for  nearly  four  years ;  re- 
turned to  India  as  lieutenant-colonel  in  1791 ;  took  Pon- 
dicheiTy  in  1793 ;  was  made  major-general  (at  the  Cape) 
in  1798 :  led  the  storming  column  at  the  capture  of  Serin- 
gapatam  May  4, 1799 ;  commanded  an  expedition  to  Egypt 
in  1801 ;  led  (then  lieutenant-general)  an  army  to  recap- 
ture the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  1806 ;  served  in  the  siege 
of  Copenhagen  in  1807  ;  was  sent  to  Spain  to  reinforce 
Moore  in  1808 ;  and  was  wounded  at  Corunna  in  1809. 

Baird,  Henry  Carey.  Bom  at  Bridesburg, 
Pa.,  Sept.  10, 1825.  An  American  (protection- 
ist) political  economist  and  publisher,  nephew 
of  Henry  C.  Carey. 

Baird,  Henry  Martyn.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
Jan.  17,  1832.  A  son  of  Robert  Baird:  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  in  the  New  York  University 
1859-1902 :  author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Rise 
of  the  Huguenots"  (1879),  etc. 

Baird,  Bobert.  Bom  in  Payette  County,  Pa., 
Oct.  6,  1798:  died  at  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  March 
15, 1863.  An  American  clergyman  and  histori- 
cal writer.  He  wrote  "A  View  of  Religion  in  Amer- 
ica "  (1842),  "  History  of  the  Temperance  Societies  "  (1836), 
a  "  Histoid  of  the  Albigenses,  Waldenses,  and  Vaudois," 
etc. 

Baird,  Spencer  FuUerton.  Bom  at  Reading, 
Pa.,  Feb.  3,  1823:  died  at  Wood's  HoU,  Mass., 
Aug.  19, 1887.  A  noted  American  naturalist.  He 
was  appointed  professor  of  natural  sciences  at  Dickinson 
College,  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania,  in  1846;  assistant  secretary 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  1860,  secretary  in  1878 ; 
and  United  States  commissioner  of  flsh  and  fisheries  in  1S71. 
His  works  (including  scientific  papers)  are  very  numerous 
(over  1,000  titles) ;  among  them  are  a  "Catalogue  of  North 
American  Reptiles"  (1863),  "Birds  of  North  America" 
(with  Cassin  and  Lawrence,  1860),  "Mammals  of  North 
America,"  "History  of  North  American  Birds"  (with 
Brewer  and  Ridgeway,  1874-84),  etc. 

Bairenth.    See  Bayreuth. 

Baise,  or  Bayse  (baz).  A  river  in  southern 
France  which  joins  the  Garonne  west  of  Agen. 
Length,  about  100  miles. 

Baiter  (bi'  ter ) ,  Johann  Georg.  Bom  at  Ziirioh, 
May  31, 1801:  died  there,  Oct.  10, 1877.  A  Swiss 
classical  philologist.  He  was  professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Ziirich  1883-49,  and  prorector  of  the  gymnasium 
of  Ziirich  1849-65.  He  published,  with  Sauppe,  an  edi- 
tion of  the  "  Oratores  Attici "  (1839-60),  and,  with  Orelli, 
the  "  Fabellse  iambicss  "  of  Babrius  (1846). 

BaituI  (ba-tijl')-  A  district  of  the  Central  Prov- 
inces, India;  also,  its  capital. 

Baja  (ba'ya).  A  seaport  in  Campania,  Italy, 
near  Cape  Misenum  on  the  Gulf  of  Pozzuoli, 
west  of  Naples :  the  ancient  Baise.  it  was  for- 
merly a  great  seaport  and  the  leading  Roman  watering- 
place,  especially  in  the  times  of  Horace,  Nero,  and  Ha- 
drian. It  was  famous  for  its  luxury,  and  contained  the 
villas  of  many  celebrated  Romans.  It  was  plundered  by 
the  Saracens.  Among  the  antiquities  of  Baja  are :  (1) 
A  temple  of  Diana,  so  called,  in  reality  part  of  a  Roman 
bath.  It  is  octagonal  without,  circular  within,  with  a 
pointed  dome  97  feet  in  diameter.  The  walls  have  four 
ornamental  niches.  The  structure  is  in  opus  incertum 
cased  in  masonry  of  brick  and  stone.  (2)  A  temple  of 
Mercury,  so  called,  in  reality  part  of  a  Roman  bath,  three 
subdivisions  of  which  survive.  The  chief  of  these  is  the 
frigidarium,  or  cold  bath,  a  circular  domed  structure  144 
feet  in  diameter,  with  a  circular  opening  at  the  apex,  as 
in  the  Pantheon  at  Rome.  The  two  others  are  rectangu- 
lar and  vaulted,  the  vault  of  one  having  excellent  orna- 
ment in  relief.  (3)  A  temple  of  Verms,  so  called,  in  fact 
part  of  a  Roman  bath,  an  octagonal  buttressed  structure 
of  fyp\is  ineertum  cased  in  brick,  and  (mus  reticulaiu-m,  cir- 
cular within,  94  feet  in  diameter,  and  domed.  It  has  eight 
windows  above,  four  doors  below,  and  had  lateral  cham- 
bers containing  stairs, 

Baja  (bo'yo).  A  town  in  the  county  of  B&as, 
Hungary,  situated  near  the  Danube  93  miles 
south  of  Budapest.    Population  (1890),  19,485. 

Bajada  del  Parana.    See  Parand. 

Bajazet  (baj-a-zef)  I.,  or  Bayazid,  or  Bajasid 
(ba-ya-zed').  [Turk.  Bayazid.']  Born  1347: 
died  1403.  Sultan  of  the  Turks  1389-1403,  son 
of  Amurath  I.:  sumamed  "Ilderim"  ('light- 
ning ')  on  account  of  his  rapid  movements.  He 
conquered  Bulgaria  and  a  great  part  of  Asia  Minor,  Mace- 
donia, Servia,  and  Thessaly ;  defeated  the  allied  Hnnga. 
rians,  Poles,  and  French  at  Nicopolis  1396 ;  and  was  de- 
feated by  Ilmur  at  Angora  1402,  and  held  prisoner  by  him 
until  his  death.  He  is  said  to  have  been  carried  about  in 
an  iron  cage :  but  this  is  a  mere  invention  of  later  writers. 


Baker,  Sir  Bichard 

Bajazet's  (alleged)  treatment  by  Timur  forms  the  most 
powerful  portion  of  Marlowe's  "Tamburlane"  and  also 
of  Rowe's  "Tamerlane."  He  is  shown  in  an  Iron  cage 
and  fed  with  broken  scraps  like  a  dog. 
Bajazet  II.  Bom  1447:  died  1512.  Turkish 
sultan  1481-1512,  son  of  Mohammed  II.  He  was 
engaged  in  almost  uninterrupted  warfare  with  Hungary, 
Poland,  Venice,  Egypt,  and  Persia ;  was  deposed  by  his  son 
Selim ;  and  died  soon  after  by  poison. 

Bajazet.  A  tragedy  by  Racine,  produced  Jan .  4, 
1672.  Bajazet  in  this  play  is  the  brother  of  the  sultan 
Amurath,  and  the  necessity  of  choosing  between  the  throne 
with  Roxane  and  death  with  Atalide  whom  he  loves  forms 
the  most  striking  part  of  the  play. 

Bajazet,  Mosque  of.  A  mosque  in  Constanti- 
nople, finished  in  1505,  one  of  the  finest  exam- 
ples of  Moslem  architecture.  The  fore  court  has 
elegant  Pointed  arcades  of  marble,  with  capitals  of  jasper 
and  verde  antico.  There  are  four  doorways  of  Persian  type, 
and  a  graceful  octagonal  fountain  in  the  middle  of  uie 
court.  The  interior  displays  excellent  proportions  and 
details. 

Bajmok  (boi'mok).  A  town  in  the  county  of 
B^cs,  Hungary,  southwest  of  Theresienstadt. 
Population  (1890),  7,151. 

Bajura.    The  standard  of  Mohammed. 

Bajza  (boi'zo),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Sziiesi,. 
Hungary,  Jan.  31, 1804 :  died  March  3, 1858.  A 
Hungarian  poet,  critic,  and  historian.  He  was 
appointed  director  of  the  National  Theater  at  Pesth  in 
1837,  and  became  editor  of  the  "EUenttr"  in  1847,  and  of 
Kossuth's  "  Hirlap  "  in  1848. 

Bakacs  (bo'  koeh),  Tamils.  Died  1521.  A  Hun- 
garian prelate  and  statesman.  By  Vladislaus  II. 
he  was  made  chancellor  and  archbishop  of  Gran  and  later 
(1500)  became  cardinal  primate  of  Hungary  and  papal  le- 
gate. He  received  permission  from  the  Pope  (1513)  to  un- 
dertake a  crusade  against  the  Turks,  but  ^e  army  which  , 
he  raised  was,  under  the  leadership  of  George  Dosa,  di- 
verted to  an  attack  on  the  nobility.  It  was  subdued  1514 
by  John  Zdpolya. 

Bakalahari  (ba-ka-ia-ha're).  A  tribe  of  the 
Beehuanas  dwelling  in  the  Kalahari  desert  of 
South  Africa. 

Bakankala  (ba-kSn-ka'la).     See  Bushmen. 

Bakarganj.    See  Backergunge. 

Bakasekele  (ba-kas-se-ka'le).  See  B^lshmen. 

Bakau  (ba-kou ' ),  or  Bacau,  or  Bakeu.  A  town 
in  Moldavia,  Rumania,  situated  on  the  Bistritza 
55  miles  southwest  of  Jassy.  It  is  a  railway 
center.    Population,  12,675. 

Bake  (ba'ke),  Jan.  Bom  at  Leyden,  Sept.  1, 
1787:  died  March  26, 1864.  A  Dutch  classical 
philologist  and  critic.  He  was  professor  of  Greek 
and  Roman  literature  in  the  University  of  Leyden  1817-57, 
and  pi^blished,  with  Geel,  Hamaker,  and  Peerlkamp,  the 
"  Bibliotheca  critica  nova"  (1826-31). 

Bakel  (ba-kel').  A  fortified  town  and  trading 
station  in  Senegal,  French  West  Africa,  situ- 
ated on  the  Sen^al  about  lat.  15°  N. 

Baker  (ba'k^r),  Edward  Dickinson.  Born  at 
London,  England,  Feb.  24, 1811:  killed  Oct.  21, 
1861,  at  the  battle  of  Ball's  Bluff.  An  Ameri- 
can politician  and  soldier.  He  was  Whig  member 
of  Congress  from  Illinois  1845-46 ;  colonel  in  the  Mexican 
war  and  brigade  commander ;  member  of  Congress  from 
Illinois  1849-51 ;  and  Republican  United  States  senator 
from  Oregon  1860-61.  He  commanded,  as  colonel,  a  bri- 
gade at  Ball's  Bluff. 

Baker,  George  Augustus.  Born  in  New  York 
city,  1821 :  died  there,  April  2, 1880.  An  Ameri- 
can portrait-painter. 

Baker,  Mrs.  (Harriette  Newall  Woods):  pseu- 
donym Mrs.  Madeline  Leslie.  Born  1815: 
died  1898.  An  American  writer  of  juvenile 
stories,  wife  of  Rev.  S.  R.  Baker  and  daughter 
of  Rev.  Leonard  Woods. 

Baker,  Henry.  Born  at  London,  May  8, 1698 : 
died  at  London,  Nov.  25,  1774.  An  English 
naturalist  and  poet,  son-in-law  of  Defoe.  He 
is  best  known  as  the  author  of  "The  Microscope  Made 
Easy"  (1743),  and  "Employment  for  the  Microscope" 

Baker,  John  Gilbert.  Born  at  Guisborough, 
Yorkshire,  Jan.  13, 1834.  An  English  botanist. 
He  became  assistant  curator  of  the  herbarium  of  the  Royal 
Gardens,  Kew,  in  1866,  and  in  1882  lecturer  and  demon- 
strator in  botany  to  the  Apothecaries'  Company. 

Baker,  Lafayette  C.  Bom  at  Stafford,  Genesee 
County,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  13,  1826 :  died  at  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  July  2, 1868.  An  American  brigadier- 
general,  head  of  the  bureau  of  secret  service  in 
the  Civil  War.  He  organized  the  pursuit  of  Wilkes 
Booth,  and  was  present  at  his  death.  He  wrote  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  United  States  Secret  Service  in  the  Late  War" 
(1868). 

Baker,  Sir  Richard.  Bom  at  Sissinghurst,  in 
Kent,  about  1568 :  died  at  London,  in  the  Fleet 
Prison,  Feb.  18,  1645.  An  English  writer, 
author  of  "Chronicle  of  the  Kings  of  England" 
(1641),  and  of  various  devotional  and  other 
works.  He  died  in  destitution  due  to  his  becoming 
surety  for  debts  owed  by  relatives  of  his  wife.  His  literary 
work  was  all  done  in  the  Fleet.  See  Chronicle  of  the  Kings 
»f  England. 


Baker,  Sir  Samuel  White 

Baker,  Sir  Samuel  White.  Bom  at  London, 
June  8, 1821 :  died  at  Newton  Abbot,  England, 
Deo.  30, 1893.  An  English  traveler.  He  founded 
a  settlement  and  sanatorlam  at  Ceylon  In  1847 ;  was  in 
the  Turkish  railway  service ;  left  Cairo  for  the  sources  of 
the  Nile  in  1861 ;  explored  the  Blue  Nile  region  1861-62 ; 
started  from  Khartum  in  1862 ;  discovered  Lake  Albert 
Nyanza  March  14, 1864 ;  commanded  an  Egyptian  expedi- 
tion in  central  Africa,  1869-73,  for  the  suppression  of  the 
slave-trade  and  annexation  of  territory  to  Egypt ;  and 
traveled  in  Cyprus,  Syria,  India,  etc.  He  has  written  "  The 
Eifle  and  the  Hound  in  Ceylon"  (1864),  "Eight  Years' 
Wanderings  In  Ceylon  "  (1865),  "The  Albert  Nyanza,  etc." 
(1866),  "The  Nile  Tributaries  of  Abyssinia,  etc."  (1867), 
"  Ismalilla,  etc. "  (1874), ' '  Cyprus  as  I  saw  it  in  1879,"  "Wild 
Beasts  and  their  Ways  "  (1890). 

Baker,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Lanchester,  Durham, 
Sept.  14, 1656:  died  at  Cambridge,  July  2, 1740. 
An  eminent  English  antiquary.  He  left  a  valuable 
collection  of  materials  in  forty-two  manuscript  volumes 
relating  to  the  history  of  Cambridge ;  twenty-three  vol- 
umes are  in  the  Harleian  collection  (British  Museum)  and 
the  remaining  nineteen  In  the  library  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versi^. 

Baker,  Valentine  (Baker  Pasha).  Bom  1825 : 
died  at  Tel-el-Kebir,  Nov.  17, 1887..  An  English 
officer,  brother  of  Sir  Samuel  White  Baker.  He 
was  a  colonel  in  the  British  army ;  was  in  the  Turkish  ser- 
vice during  the  war  of  1877-78  ;  was  Egyptian  commander 
in  the  Sudan  after  the  defeat  of  Hicks  Pasha  1883 ;  and 
was  defeated  by  Osman  Digna  in  the  battle  of  Tokar,  Feb. 
4,  1884. 

Baker,  Sir  William  Brskine.  Bom  at  Leith, 
Scotland,  1808 :  died  in  Somersetshire,  Deo.  16, 
1881.  A  British  military  and  civil  engineer  in 
India.  He  was  promoted  major-general  in  1865, 
and  general  in  1887. 

Baker,  William  Mumford.  Bom  at  Wash- 
ington, June  27, 1825  i  died  at  Boston,  Aug.  20, 
1883.  A  Presbyterian  clergyman  and  novelist, 
son  of  Daniel  Baker.  He  wrote  "  Inside :  a  Chroni- 
cle of  Secession"  (1866),  "Oak-Mot"  (1868),  "The  New 
Timothy"  (1870),  "His  Majesty  Myself"  (1879),  "Blessed 
Saint  Certainty  "  (1881),  etc.  He  sometimes  used  the  pseu- 
donym George  E.  Harrington. 

Baker,  Mount.  A  volcanic  peak  in  the  Cascade 
Mountains,  in  northern  Washington,  near  the 
Canadian  frontier.    Height,  about  11,000  feet. 

Baker,  The,  and  the  Baker's  Wife.  Nick- 
names given  to  Louis  XVI.  and  Marie  Antoi- 
nette because  they  gave  bread  to  the  hungry 
mob  at  Versailles,  Oct.  6, 1789. 

Bakerganj.    See  Badkergunge. 

Bakeu.     See  Bahau. 

Bakewell  (bak'wel).  A  town  in  Derbyshire, 
England,  on  the  Wye  22  miles  northwest  of 
Derby.  Chatsworth  House  and  Haddon  Hall 
are  in  the  vicinity.    Population  (1891),   2,748. 

Bakhmut  (bach-mof).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Yekaterinoslaff,  southem  Kussia,  135 
miles  east  of  Yekaterinoslaff.  Population, 
15,477. 

Bakhtchisarai  (baoh-ohe-sa-ri').  A  town  m  the 
Oimea,  government  of  Taurida,  Russia,  16 
miles  southwest  of  Simferopol.  It  was  the 
capital  of  the  Tatar  khans,  and  contains  their 
residence.    Population,  15,644. 

Bakhtishwa  (baoh-tish'wa),  Giabril  ben  Giur- 
gis  ben.  Died  about  828.  A  Greek  Nestonan, 
a  member  of  a  family  of  noted  physicians,  who 
became  physician  to  Harun-al-Eashid  in  805. 
He  was  the  first  to  present  to  the  Arabians  translations 
of  the  Greek  works  on  medicine.  Also  Bakhtiehwna,  Bac- 
tishua,  Bocht  Jeeu. 

Bakhtiyari  (bach-te-ya're)  Mountains.  A 
range  of  mountains  in  western  Persia,  west  of 
Ispahan. 

Bakhtiyari.  A  nomadic,  semi-independent  peo- 
ple in  Luristan  and  Khuzistan,  western  Persia, 
allied  to  the  Kurds. 

Bakhuyzen,  or  Bakhuizen.    See  Backhwysen. 

Bakke-Bakke.    Bee  Pygmies. 

Bakony  (bok'ony)  Forest,  G.  Bakonyerwald. 
A  hilly  volcanic  region  in  Hungary,  south  and 
west  of  the  Danube,  southwest  of  Budapest, 
and  north  of  Lake  Balaton,  it  had  formerly  ex- 
tensive forests,  and  was  noted  as  a  resort  for  robbers.  Its 
highest  point  is  about  2,300  feet.. 

Baku  (ba-k8 ' ) .  A  government  in  Transcauc  asia, 
Eussia,  west  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  Area,  15,095 
square  miles.    Population  (1892),  768,536. 

BaJlU  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  government 
of  Baku,  situated  on  the  Caspian  Sea,  on  the 
southem  coast  of  the  Apsheron  Peninsula,  m 
lat.  40°  23'  N.,  long.  49°  52'  E.,  famous  as  a 
,  center  of  petroleum  production,  it  has  an  ejrten- 
sive  trade  in  petroleum,  grain,  etc. ;  is  one  of  the  leading 
Russian  naval  stations ;  and  is  connected  with  Caspian 
ports  and  by  rail  with  the  Black  Sea.  From  ancient  times 
it  has  been  a  place  of  the  Are- worshipers.  It  belonged  to 
the  Persians  and  Turks,  and  was  taken  by  the  Russians 
in  1806.    Population  (1891),  92,601.  „     ,     _ 

Ba-Kuandu  (ba-kwan'd'o).     See  Btishmen. 

Sa-Kuise  (ba-kwe'se).    See  Bvshmen. 


Ill 

Ba-Kume  (ba-kS'me).     See  Vualla. 

Bakiinin  (ba-kon'yeu),  Michael.  Bom  at 
Torzhok,  Russia,  1814:  died  at  Bern,  July  1, 
1876.  A  Russian  socialist  and  political  agita- 
tor, regarded  as  the  founder  of  Nihilism.  He 
took  part  in  the  revolutionary  movement  in  Germany, 
especially  at  Dresden,  1848-49 ;  was  exiled  to  Siberia  in 
1861 ;  escaped  to  Japan,  and  arrived  in  England  in  1861 ; 
and  founded  the  Alliance  of  the  Social  Democracy  in  1869, 
which  was  absorbed  the  same  year  by  the  International. 
On  account  of  his  extreme  views  he  was  expelled  from 
the  latter  at  The  Hague  congress  in  1872. 

Bala  (ba'la).  AtowninMerionethshire,  Wales, 
20  miles  southwest  of  Denbigh. 

Bala  (bSi'la),  Lake.  A  small  lake  in  Merion- 
ethshire, Wales,  near  Bala.  Its  outlet  is  the  Dee. 

Balaam  (ba'lam).  [Heb.,  'the  destroyer.'] 
A  prophet  of  tethor,  in  Mesopotamia,  men- 
tioned in  the  Book  of  Numbers.  The  Moabite  king 
Balak  sent  for  him  to  curse  the  Israelites,  who  had  already 
conquered  Bashan  and  the  land  of  King  Sihon,  and  were 
threatening  Moab.    See  the  story  in  Num.  xxii.,  xxiii. 

Balaam.  A  character  in  Dryden's  satire  "Ab- 
salom and  Achitophel,"  intended  for  the  Earl 
of  Huntingdon. 

Balaclava.    See  Balaklava. 

Baladan  (iDa-la-dan').  Mentioned  in  2  Ki.  xx. 
12,  Isa.  xxxlx.  1,  as  father  of  Merodaoh-baladan 
(Assyrian  Marduk-dbal-iddina,  the  god  Mero- 
dach  gave  the  son).  The  latter  was  king  of  Baby- 
lonia 721-710  B.  0.,  a  contemporary  of  Sennacherib,  Idng 
of  Assyria,  and  Eezekiah,  king  of  Judah,  to  the  latter  of 
whom  he  sent  presents  and  congratulations  upon  his  re- 
covery. Baladan  is  probably  shortened  from  Merodach- 
baladan. 

Balafrd  (ba-la-fra'),  Le,  [P.,'the  scarred.']  1. 
The  name  given  to  Henri  and  Fran§ois,  the 
second  and  third  dukes  of  Guise,  from  sword- 
cuts  which  scarred  their  faces. — 3.  See  Lesly, 
Ludovic. 

Balagansk  (ba-la-gansk').  A  small  tovm  in 
the  government  of  Irkutsk,  on  the  Angara 
northwest  of  Irkutsk.    Near  it  is  a  noted  cave. 

Balaghat  (ba-la-gftt'),  or  Balaghaut.  A  dis- 
trict in  the  Central  Provinces,  British  India,  sit- 
uated in  lat.  21°-23°  N.,  long.  80°-81°  E.  Area, 
3, 139  square  miles.   Population  (1891),  383,331. 

Balaguer  (ba-la-gar'),  Vittorio.  Born  at  Bar- 
celona, 1824 :  died  at  Madrid,  1901.  A  Catalan 
poet,  historian,  and  novelist.  He  became  keeper 
of  the  archives  at  Barcelona  in  1864,  and  soon  after  pro- 
fessor of  history.  Author  of  "  Trovador  de  Montserrat " 
(I860), "  Don  Juan  de  Serravalle  "  (6th  ed.  1875),  and  "  His- 
toria  politica  y  literaria  de  los  trovadores  "  (1878-80). 

Balaguer  (ba-la-gar').  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Lerida,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Segre 
25  miles  northeast  of  Lerida.  Population,  about 
4,000. 

Balahissar  (ba-la-his'sar).  A  ruined  town  in 
Asia  Minor,  near  the  Sangarius,  85  miles  south- 
west of  Angora,  on  the  supposed  site  of  the 
ancient  Pessinus. 

Balak  (ba'lak).  [Heb.,  'destroyer.']  In  Old 
Testament  history,  a  king  of  the  Moabites.  See 
Balaam. 

Balak.  A  character  in  Dryden  and  Tate's  sat- 
ire "Absalom  and  Achitophel,"  intended  for 
Dr.  Burnet. 

Balakhany  (ba-la-chany').  A  small  town  north 
of  Baku,  Caucasia,  noted  for  its  petroleum 
springs. 

Balakhna  (ba-lach'na),  sometimes  Balatchna 
(ba-laeh'na).  A  small  town  in  the  government 
of  Nizhni-Novgorod,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Volga  northwest  of  Nizhni-Novgorod,  noted 
for  shoemaking. 

Balaklava,  or  Balaclava  (bal-a-kla'va).  A 
small  seaport  in  the  Crimea,  Russia,  about 
8  miles  southeast  of  Sebastopol:  the  ancient 
Symbolon  Portus,  and  the  medieval  Cembalo. 
A  Greek  colony  was  settled  here  by  Catherine  II.  It  was  the 
headquarters  of  the  Allies  in  the  Crimean  war.  A  series 
of  engagements  between  the  Russians  and  the  Allies  took 
place  near  Balaklava,  Oct.  26,  1854.  General  liprandi, 
with  about  12,000  Russians,  took  some  redoubts,  com- 
mitted to  about  250  Turks,  which  commanded  the  cause- 
way to  the  (English)  port  of  Balaklava,  and  threatened  the 
port  itself.  The  attack  was  diverted  by  a  brilliant  charge 
of  the  Heavy  Brigade,  led  by  General  Scarlett.  Through 
a  misconception  of  the  general-in-chief's  (lord  Raglan's) 
order,  Lord  Lucan,  commander  of  the  cavalry,  ordered 
Lord  Cardigan,  with  the  Light  Brigade,  to  charge  the 
Russian  artillery  at  the  extremity  of  the  northern  valley 
in  the  plain  of  Balaklava.  With  a  battery  in  front  and  one 
on  each  side  the  light  Brigade  hewed  its  way  past  the 
guns  In  front  and  routed  the  enemy's  cavalry.  Of  670 
horsemen  198  returned.  This  charge  has  been  made  the 
subject  of  a  well-known  poem  by  Tennyson. 

Ba-Lala  (ba-lal'a).     See  Bushmen. 

Balami  (ba-la'me).  A  learned  vizir  of  the 
Samanide,  Abu  Salih  Mansur  ben  Nub.  He  col- 
lected old  Iranian  traditions,  and  in  963  wrote  a  Persian 
abridgment  of  the  great  Arabic  history  Of  Tabari. 

Balan  (ba-lon').  1.  An  early  French  version  of 
the  romance  of  "Pierabras,"  which  appears  m 


Balboa,  Miguel  Cabello  de 

English  as  "TheSowdanof  Babylon."   Balan  Is 
the  Sowdan  and  the  father  of  the  knight  Fierabras  oi 
Ferumbras.    He  was  conquered  by  Charlemagne. 
3.  In  Arthurian  legend,  the  brother  of  Bahn. 
See  Balin  and  Balan. 

Balance,  The.    See  lAbra. 

Balance,  Justice.  The  father  of  Sylvia  in  Far. 
quhar's  comedy  "The  Recruiting  Officer,"  one 
of  the  principal  characters. 

Balantes  (ba-lan'tes).  A  heathen  tribe,  of  the 
Nigritio  branch,  in  Portuguese  Guinea,  West 
Africa. 

Balarama  (ba-la-ra'ma).  In  Hindu  mythology, 
the  elder  brother  of  Krishna,  in  the  Mahabharata 
he  teaches  Duryodhana  and  Bhima  the  use  of  the  mace. 
Though  inclining  to  the  Pandavas,  he  refuses  to  side  with 
them  ortheKauravas;  but,  upon  witnessing  the  foul  blow 
struck  by  Bhima  in  the  contest  with  Duryodhana,  he  is 
scarcely  restrained  by  Krishna  from  falling  upon  the  Pan- 
davas. He  died  just  before  Krishna,  as  he  sat  under  a 
banian  in  the  vicinity  of  Dvaraka.  The  Puranas  add 
many  incidents.  Balarama  is,  according  to  the  Vaishnavas, 
an  incarnation  of  Vishnu. 

Balard  (ba-lar'),  Antoine  Jdrdme.    Bom  at 

MontpeUier,  Sept.  30,  1802:  died  at  Paris, 
March  31, 1876.  A  French  chemist.  He  became 
professor  of  chemistry  in  the  College  of  France  in  1851. 
He  discovered  bromine  in  1826. 

Balaruc  (ba-la-riik').  A  small  watering-place 
in  the  department  of  H6rault,  France,  on  the 
fitang  de  Thau. 

Balashof  (ba-la-shof).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Saratoff,  Eussia,  on  the  Khoper  120 
miles  west  of  Saratoff.  Population  (1889), 
11,030. 

Balasore.    See  Balasur. 

Balassa  (bol'osh-sho),  Bdlint  (Valentine). 
Born  1551 :  died  1594.    A  Hungarian  poet. 

Balassa-Gyarmath  (bol '  osh  -  sho  -  dyor '  mot). 
The  capital  of  the  county  of  N6gr4d,  Hungary,, 
42  miles  north  of  Budapest.  Population  (1890)^ 
7,738. 

Balasur  (bal-a-s8r').  A  seaport,  capital  of  the 
district  of  S'alasur,  in  Orissa,  British  India,, 
near  the  coast.    Population,  about  20,000. 

Balaton  (bol'ot-on),  Lake,  G.  Plattensee 
(plat' ten -za).  The  largest  lake  in  Hun- 
gary, situated  50  mUes  southwest  of  Buda- 
pest. Its  outlet  is  by  the  Sio  and  Sarviz  to 
the  Danube.  Length,  45  miles.  Breadth,  6. 
to  10  miles. 

Balaustion's  Adventure  (ba-ias'chonz  ad- 
ven'tur).  A  poem  by  Eobert  Browning,  pub- 
lished 1871.  Balaustion  is  a  Greek  girl  of  Rhodes.  Her- 
story  is  continued  in  "Aristophanes'  Apology." 

Bala'wat  (ba-13-wat').  A  mound  of  ruins  about- 
15  miles  east  of  Mosul  and  9  miles  from  Nimrud. 
It  attained  some  importance  in  the  history  of  Assyriology- 
through  the  discovery  made  there  by  the  excavator  Hor- 
muzd  Rassam,  in  1877,  of  bronze  plates  which  served  as 
covers  of  gates  to  the  court  of  the  royal  palace  of  Shal- 
maneser  II.,  king  of  Assyria  860-824  B.  0.  The  plates  are 
decorated  in  repouss6  work  with  bas-reliefs  representing 
scenes  of  war,  games,  sacrifices,  and  with  inscriptions  con- 
taining a  concise  record  of  the  first  nine  years  of  the  reign 
of  that  king.    They  are  now  in  the  British  Museum. 

Balbek.    See  Baalbec. 

Balbi  (bal'be),  Adriano.     Bom  at  Venice, 
April  25,  1782 :  died  at  Padua,  March  14,  1848. 
An  Italian  geographer  and  statistician,  author- 
of  "Atlas  ethnographique  du  globe"  (1826), 
"Abr6g6  de  geographic"  (1832),  etc. 

Balbi,  Gaspare.  A  Venetian  traveler.  He  spent 
the  years  1679-88  in  India.  On  his  return  to  Venice- 
he  published  "Viaggionelle  Indie  Oriental!  "(1690),  which, 
was  inserted  by  the  brothers  De  Bry  in  their  collection  , 
of  voyages  (1606). 

Balbinus    (bal-bi'nus),   Decimus     Caelius. 

Killed  238.  A  Eoman  orator,  poet,  and  states- 
man, of  noble  birth,  appointed  by  the  senate  ■ 
joint  emperor  (Augustus)  of  Eome  with  Pupie- 
nus  Maximus,  238,  in  opposition  to-  Maximin, 
who  was  shortly  after  killed  by  his  own  soldiers 
at  the  siege  of  Aquileia.  Balbinus  and  his  colleague 
were  murdered  by  the  pretorians  at  Rome  before  the  be- 
ginning of  August  in  the  same  year,  after  having  reigned 
since  about  the  end  of  April. 

Balbo  (bal'bo),  Count  Cesare.  Bom  at  Turin, 
Nov.  21, 1789 :  died  there,  June  3, 1853.  An  Ital- 
ian statesman  and  writer,  premier  of  Sardinia  in 
1848.  He  wrote  "Storia  d'ltalia"  (1830),  "Vita 
di  Dante"  (1839),  "Delle  speranze  d'ltalia" 
(1844),  etc. 

Balboa  (bal-bo'a),  or  Balvoa,  Miguel  Cahello 
de.  Born  in  Archidona  about  1525 :  died,  prob- 
ably in  Peru,  after  1586.  A  Spanish  historian. 
He  served  as  a  soldier  in  the  French  wars,  but  subsequently 
took  orders,  and  went  to  America  about  1666,  residing 
for  a  time  at  BogotA,  and  later  in  Lima  and  Cuzco,  He 
wrote  "Mlscelanea  Ankrtica  y  origen  de  los  Incas  del 
Perii,"  which  remained  in  manuscript  until  1840,  when  ai 
French  translation  was  published  in  the  Ternaux-Com- 
pans  collection,  as  "  L'Histoire  du  P^rou." 


Balboa,  Vasco  NuSez 

Balboa,  Vasco  Nimez.  Bom  at  Xeres  de  los 
Caballeros,  1475:  died  at  Aela,  near  Darien, 
1517  or  1518.  A  Spanish  soldier,  tlie  discoverer 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  ISOO  he  went  to  America 
with  the  expedition  of  Eodrigo  Baatidas,  and  was  left  by 
him  at  EspaBola.  In  IBIO  he  went  to  Darien  where  he 
was  later  elected  alcalde  in  a  new  settlement  (ormed  by 
his  advice.  In  1512  he  receiyed  from  Pasamonte,  king's 
treasurer  at  Santo  Domingo,  a  commission  to  act  as  gov- 
ernor. Balboa  made  numerous  explorations,  generally  con- 
ciliating the  Indians ;  and  from  them  he  learned  that  there 
was  a  great  sea  to  the  south  (the  Pacific),  and  far  southward 
a  country  rich  in  gold,  where  the  people  were  civilized 
(Peru).  Determined  to  discover  these,  he  set  out  from 
Darien  with  part  of  his  force  Sept.  1,  1613,  and  after  an 
adventurous  journey  reached,  on  Sept.  26,  a  mountain 
from  which  he  first  saw  the  Pacific.  The  shore  itself  was 
attained  on  Sept.  29,  and  Balboa,  entering  the  water,  took 
possession  for  the  kings  of  Castile.  He  returned  to  Darien 
fan.  29, 1514.  In  the  same  year  (June  30)  Pedro  Arias  de 
Avila  (called  Pedrarias)  arrived  as  governor  of  the  colony. 
The  relations  of  the  two  men  were  unfriendly,  but  Balboa 
obtained  permission  to  explore  the  South  Sea.  Cutting 
the  timbers  for  his  ships  on  the  Caribbean  side,  he  trans- 
ported them  with  immense  labor  across  the  isthmus,  and 
had  launched  two  vessels  when  he  was  arrested  by  Pedra- 
rias, on  a  charge  of  contemplated  revolt,  and  beheaded. 

Balbriggan  (hal-brig'an).  A  watering-place 
in  County  Dublin,  Ireland,  20  miles  northeast 
of  Dublin.  It  has  manufactures  of  stockings, 
etc.    Population,  about  2,000. 

Balbuena  (bal-bwa'na),  Bernardo  de.  Bom 
in  Val  de  Penas,  1568 :  died  in  Porto  Rico,  1627. 
A  Spanish  prelate  and  poet.  Most  of  his  life  was 
passed  in  Mexico,  Jamaica,  and  Porto  Eico,  and  he  became 
bishop  of  the  latter  island  in  1620.  He  is  best  known  for 
his  epics  "El  Bernardo  "and  "LaGrandezaMexicana,"and 
his  principal  poem  "El  Siglo  de  Oro  "  ('  The  Age  of  Gold '). 

Balbus  (bar  bus),  Lucius  Cornelius.  Born  in 
Gades:  flourished  in  the  1st  century  b.  c.  A 
Roman  politician,  surnamed  "Major"  to  distin- 
guish him  from  his  nephew  Lucius  Cornelius 
Balbus.  He  served  in  Spain  in  the  war  against  Serto- 
rius,  and  was  made  a  Roman  citizen  in  72  B.  0.  His  right 
to  the  citizenship  was  successfully  defended  by  Cicero  in 
55  B.  0.  He  sided  with  Cssar  against  Pompey,  being  in- 
trusted with  the  management  of  the  former's  affairs  at 
Eome ;  and,  on  the  death  of  Caesar,  attached  himself  to 
Octavius,  under  whom  he  obtained  the  consulship  40  B.  c. 

Balbus,  Lucius  Cornelius.  A  Roman  politi- 
cian, surnamed ' '  Minor"  to  distinguish  him  from 
his  uncle  Lucius  Cornelius  Balbus.  He  was  ques- 
tor  to  the  propretor  Asinius  PoUio  in  Further  Spain 
44-43  B.  c,  where  he  acquired  a  large  fortune  through  op- 
pression and  exaction ;  became  subsequently  governor  of 
Africa ;  and  enjoyed  a  triumph  19  B.  c,  in  consequence  of 
a  victory  over  the  Garamantes. 

Balcarce  (bal-kar'sa),  Antonio  Gonzalez. 
Born  at  Buenos  Ayres  in  1774 :  died  there,  -A-Ug. 
5,  1819.  A  Spanish-American  soldier.  He  served 
in  the  defense  of  Buenos  Ayres  (1807),  and  was  captured 
by  the  British ;  joined  the  revolutionary  movement  of 
May,  1810  ;  and  was  sent  with  an  army  to  aid  the  patriots 
of  Upper  Peru  (1811).  He  was  disastrously  defeated  by 
Goyeneche  at  the  battle  of  Huaqui  (June  20, 1811). 

Balcarce,  Juan  Ramon.  Born  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  1773 :  died  at  Entre  Eios  about  1833.  An 
Argentine  general,  brother  of  A.  G.  Balcarce. 
In  1818,  and  again  in  1820,  he  was  for  a  short  time  gover- 
nor of  Buenos  Ayres ;  in  1824  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
stituent assembly ;  in  1827  minister  of  war  and  marine, 
and  in  Dec,  1832,  was  elected  governor  of  Buenos  Ayres, 
but  in  Nov.,  1833,  was  driven  out  by  Rosas. 

Balchen  (b&l'chen),  Sir  John.  Said  to  have 
been  bom  Feb.  4,  1670,  at  Godalming  in  Sur- 
rey: died  1744.  An  English  naval  officer,  com- 
mander of  various  vessels  1697-1728,  promoted 
admiral  of  the  white  in  1743.  He  perished  in  the 
wreck  of  the  Victory  In  the  Channel  on  the  night  of  Oct.  4, 
1744. 

Bald  Heads.    See  Comanche. 

Bald  Mountain  (bald  moun'tan).  A  peak  in 
the  Front  Range,  Colorado.  Height,  about 
12,500  feet. 

Baldassare  (bal-das-sa're).  In  Donizetti's  op- 
era "  La  Favorita,"  the  head  of  the  monastery 
of  St.  Jacopo  di  Compostella. 

Baldegger  See  (bald'eg-er  za).  A  small  lake  in 
the  canton  of  Lucerne,  Switzerland,  11  miles 
north  of  Lucerne. 

Baldenburg  (bal'den-boro).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  West  Prussia,  Prussia,  80  miles 
southwest  of  Dantzio. 

Balder  (bal'der).  1.  Qeei  Baldur. —  3.  A  poem 
by  Sydney  Dobell,  published  in  1854. 

Balder  Dead.  A  poem  by  Matthew  Arnold. 
Johannes  Ewald,  the  Danish  poet,  also  published  a  dra- 
matic poem  with  this  title  in  1773. 

Balderstone  (bai'd^r-ston),  Caleb.  In  Seott's 
novel  "  The  Bride  of  Lammermoor,"  the  old 
servant  of  the.  Master  of  Ravenswood.  He  sup- 
plies the  comic  liote  in  this  tragic  tale,  with  his  faithful 
but  ludicrous  efforts  to  uphold  the  honor  of  the  family. 

Balderstone,  Thomas  (called  Uncle  Tom).  In 

Charles  Dickens's  tale  "Mrs.  Joseph  Porter," 
the  uncle  of  Mrs.  Gattleton. 
Baldi  (bal'de),  Bernardino.    Bom  at  Urbino, 
June  6,  1553 :  died  at  Urbino,  Oct.  10,  1617.   A 


112 

noted  Italian  scholar,  mathematician,  poet, 
and  general  writer. 

Baldinucci  (bal-de-n8'che),  Filippo.  Born  at 
Florence,  1624:  died  Jan.  1,  1696.  A  Floren- 
tine art  critic.  He  wrote  "Notizie  de'  profes- 
sori  del  disegno  da  Cimabue  1260-1670"  (1681- 
1688). 

Baldock  (b&l'dok),  Ralph  de.  Died  1313. 
Bishop  of  London  (1304)  and  lord  chancellor 
(April,  1307).  He  was  removed  on  the  acces- 
sion of  Edward  n. 

Baldock,  Robert  de.  Died  1327.  Au  English 
lord  chancellor  (1323)  under  Edward  II.  Hewas 
overthrown  with  the  De  Spencers,  and  died  in  London  as 
the  result  of  ill  treatment  by  a  mob. 

Baldovinetti  (bal-do-ve-net'te),  Alessio.  Born 
at  Florence,  Oct.  14,  1427:  died  there,  Aug.  29, 
1499.  A  noted  Florentine  painter  and  worker 
in  mosaics. 

Baldovini  (bal-do-ve'ne),  Francesco.  Bom  at 
Florence,  Feb.  27,  1635:  died  Nov.  18,  1716. 
An  Italian  poet,  author  of  ' '  Lamento  di  Cecco 
da  Varlungo,  etc."  (1694),  etc. 

Balducci  (bal-do'che),  Francesco.  Born  at 
Palermo :  died  at  Rome,  1642.  One  of  the  best 
of  the  Anacreontic  poets  of  Italy.  He  wrote 
"CanzoniSieiliani,"inthe  Sicilian  dialect,  etc. 

Balduin.    See  Baldwin. 

Baldung  (bal'dong),  Hans.  Bom  at  Gmiind, 
Swabia,  1476  (?) :  died  at  Strasburg,  1545.  A 
German  painter,  surnamed  "Grun"  ('green'), 
from  his  use  of  that  color  in  his  draperies. 

Baldur  (b4l'dor),  or  Balder  (bai'der).  [ON. 
Baldr;  AS.  bealdor,  OHG.  balder,  prince,  lord.] 
In  Old  Norse  mythology,  a  sou  of  Odin,  and  one 
of  the  principal  gods.  Baldur's  characteristics  are 
those  of  a  sun-god.  He  is  the  "whitest "  of  the  gods,  and 
so  beautiful  and  bright  that  a  light  emanates  from  him. 
He  is  the  wisest,  most  eloquent,  and  mildest  of  the  Ases. 
His  dwelling  is  Breidablik(ON.  Breidhablik).  His  wife  is 
Kanna.  He  is  finally  slain,  at  the  instigation  of  Loki,  by 
a  twig  of  mistletoe  in  the  hands  of  the  blind  god  H5dur 
(ON.  Bodht).  Baldur  is  specifically  a  Northern  god ; 
among  the  other  Germanic  races  there  is  no  existing 
record  of  him  whatsoever. 

Baldwin (bal'dwin)  I.,  surnamed  "BrasdeFer" 
('Iron  Arm').  [()F1.  Baldwin,  Balduin,  bold 
friend :  L.  Balduinus,  F.  Baldwin  or  Baudouin, 
It.  Balduino,G.  Balduin.'}  Died  879  (877?).  The 
first  count  of  Flanders,  son-in-law  of  Charles 
the  Bald  of  France. 

Baldwin  II.  Died  918.  Count  of  Flanders,  son 
of  Baldwin  I.  He  married  Alfrith,  daughter 
of  Alfred  the  Great  of  England. 

Baldwin  V.,  surnamed  Le  D^bonnaire.  Died 
1067.  Count  of  Flanders,  son  of  Baldwin  IV., 
father-in-law  of  William  of  Normandy  whom 
he  accompanied  in  the  invasion  of  England, 
and  regent  of  France  1060-67. 

Baldwin  I.  Bom  1058:  died  in  Egypt,  March, 
1118.  King  of  Jerusalem.  He  was  a  brother  of 
Godfrey  of  Bouillon  whom  he  accompanied  on  the  first 

-  Crusade  (1096-99),  and  whom  he  succeeded  as  king  of  Jeru- 
salem. He  conquered  Acre  in  1104,  Beirfit  in  1109,  and 
Sidon  in  1110. 

Bald-win  II.  Died  Aug.  21,  1131.  Count  of 
Edessa,  king  of  Jerusalem  1118-31.  In  his  reign 
the  military  orders  of  St.  John  and  the  Templars  were  es- 
tablished for  the  defense  of  the  Holy  Land. 

Baldwin  III.  Bom  1129 :  died  at  TripoUs,  Feb. 
10,  1162.  King  of  Jemsalem  1143-62.  He  lost 
Edessa  to  Emadeddin  Zenki  (Zenghi),  emir  of  Mossul,  in 
1144,  an  event  which  gave  rise  to  the  second  Crusade 
(1147-49). 

Baldwin  IV.,  surnamed  "  The  Leper."  King  of 
Jerusalem  1173-83,  son  of  Amaury.  He  gained 
a  signal  victory  over  Saladin  in  the  plain  of  Ramah,  Nov. 
25, 1177,  and  again  near  Tiberias  in  the  early  summer  of 
1182.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  nephew  Baldwin  V.,  who 
died  in  1185. 

Baldwin  I.  Bom  at  Valenciennes,  1171:  died 
1206.  Emperor  of  Constantinople ;  as  Count  of 
Flanders,  Baldwin  IX.  He  joined  the  fourth  Crusade 
in  1201,  The  Crusaders,  supported  by  the  Venetian  fleet, 
at  the  request  of  Alexius,  son  of  the  Byzantine  emperor 
Isaac  Angelus,  who  had  been  dethroned  by  his  brother, 
captured  Constantinople,  and  replaced  Alexius  and  his 
father  in  1203.  As  the  emperor  was  unable  to  fulfil  his 
compact  with  the  Crusaders,  which  called  for  a  union  of 
the  Greek  with  the  Roman  Church  and  the  payment  of 
large  sums  of  money,  hostilities  broke  out,  in  consequence 
of  which  the  Latin  empire  was  erected,  with  Baldwin  as 
emperor,  in  1204.  He  was  defeated  and  made  prisoner  by 
the  Bulgarians  in  1205. 

Baldwin  II.  Bom  1217:  died  1273.  Emperor 
of  Constantinople  1228-61,  son  of  Pierre  de 
Courtenay,  and  a  nephew  of  Baldwin  I.  He  was 
deposed  by  Michael  Falseologus,  an  event  which  marked 
the  fall  of  the  Latin  empire. 

Baldwin.  Died  at  Acre,  Syria,  Nov.  19,  1190. 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  He  became  bishop  of 
Worcester  in  1180,  was  translated  to  the  see  of  Canterbury 
in  1184,  crowned  Richard  I.  in  1189,  and  set  out  upon  the 
third  Crusade  in  1190i 


Balfour,  Alexander 

Baldwin,  Count,  The  father  of  Biron  and  Car- 
los in  Southeme's  "Fatal  Marriage,"  an  un- 
yielding, self-willed  man. 

Baldwin,  Abraham.  Bom  at  Guilford,  Conn. , 
Nov.  6, 1754:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  March 
4, 1807.  An  American  politician.  He  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  Continental  Congress ;  member  of  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention  1787 ;  member  of  Congress  from 
Georgia  1789-99;  United  States  senator  1799-1807;  and 
president  pro  tempore  of  the  Senate  1801  and  1802. 

Bald-mn,  Charles  H.  Bom  in  New  York  city, 
Sept.  3,  1822:  died  there,  Nov.  17,  1888.  An 
American  naval  officer,  appointed  rear-ad- 
miral in  1883.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  war  on  the 
Congress,  and  was  commander  of  the  Clifton  of  the  mor- 
tar-fleet at  New  Orleans,  under  Farraguti  and  at  Vicks- 
burg,  in  1862.  He  was  later  ordnance  inspector  at  the 
Mare  Island  navy-yard.    He  retired  Sept.  3, 1884. 

Baldwin,  Henry.  Bom  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Jan.  14,  1780:  died  at  Philadelphia,  April  21, 
1844.  An  American  jurist  and  politician.  He 
was  member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  1817-22,  and 
associate  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
1830-44. 

Baldwin,  Matthias  William.  Bom  at  Eliza- 
bethtown,  N.  J.,  Dec.  10,  1795:  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, Sept.  7, 1866.  An  American  inventor, 
noted  as  an  improver  and  manufacturer  of 
locomotive  engines. 

Baldwin,  Roger  Sherman.  Bom  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  Jan.  4,  1793:  died  there,  Feb. 
19,  1863.  An  American  politician  and  jurist. 
He  was  governor  of  Connecticut  1844-45,  United  States 
senator  1847-61,  and  member  of  the  "Peace  Congress  "  in 
1861. 

Baldy  (bai'di)  Peak.  1.  A  peak  12,660  feet 
high,  northeast  of  Santa  Pe,  New  Mexico, 
forming  a  part  of  the  southernmost  spur  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  called  the  Santa  F6  range. 
The  same  name  is  also  given  to  a  peak  of  the  mountalna 
north  of  Jemez,  properly  called  Sierra  de  la  Jara  (Reed 
Mountains). 

2.  A  peak  in  the  Sangre  de  Cristo  range, 
Colorado. 

Bale  (bal),  John.  Bom  at  Cove,  near  Dunwich, 
in  Suffolk,  Nov.  21,  1495 :  died  at  Canterbury, 
1563.  An  English  Protestant  (originally  Catho- 
lic) prelate,  bishop  of  Ossory  (1552).  He  was  the 
author  of  moralities  (religious  plays)  and  the  compiler  of 
a  chronological  catalogue  of  British  writers,  "  lUustrium 
MajorisBritanniBBScriptorumSummarium"(1548).  Hewas 
nicknamed  "  Bilious  Bale  "on  account  of  his  bad  temper. 

B3,le.     See  Basel. 

Balearic  Islands  (bal-f-ar'ik  i'landz).  [L. 
Baliarieus,  adj.,  from  Bdliares,  less  prop.  Bale- 
ares,  Gr.  BaMiapsi(,Ba?.eapi6Eg,  etc.,  G.  Balearen, 
F.  BaUares.']  A  group  of  islands  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, belonging  to  Spain,  situated  east  of 
Valencia.  It  comprises  Majorca,  Minorca,  Cabrera, 
Iviza,  and  Formentera  (the  ancient  Pityusse),  and  some 
smaller  islands.  The  group  forms  a  province,  with  Palma 
as  capital.  It  was  long  a  possession  of  Carthage ;  was 
acquired  by  Rome  in  123  B.  0.,  and  formed  the  kingdom 
of  Mallorca  from  1276  till  its  union  with  Aragon  in  1343. 
The  chief  products  are  oil,  wine,  and  fruit.  The  inhabi- 
tants were  famous  in  ancient  times  as  slingers.  Area, 
1,860  square  miles.    Population  (1887),  312,646. 

Bal6chou  (ba-lavsho'),  Jean  Joseph  Nicolas. 

Bom  at  Aries,  1715  (?) :  died  at  Avignon,  Aug. 
18, 1765.  A  noted  French  engraver.  His  best 
work  is  a  full-length  portrait  of  Augustus  HI., 
king  of  Poland. 

Balen  (ba'ien),  Hendrik  van.  Bom  at  Ant- 
werpj  1575 :  died  there,  July  17, 1632.  A  Flem- 
ish historical  painter. 

Balestier  (bal-es-ter' ),  Charles  Wolcott.  Bom 
at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  13, 1861 :  died  at  Dres- 
den, Germany,  Dec.  6, 1891.  An  American  jour- 
nalist,  novelist,  and  publisher.  He  was  the  author 
of  "  A  Patent  Philtre  "  (1884),  "  The  Naulahka,"  with  Rud- 
yard  Kipling  (1892),  "  Benefits  Forgot "  (1893,  in  "  The  Cen- 
tury Magazine  "),  and  other  works. 

Balestra  (ba-les'tra),  Antonio.  Bom  at  Ve- 
rona, Italy,  1666:  died  there,  April  21, 1740.  .An 
Italian  painter  of  the  Venetian  school. 

Balfe  (half),  Michael  William.  Bom  at  Dub- 
lin, May  15, 1808:  died  at  Rowney  Abbey,  Oct. 
20, 1870.  An  operatic  composer,  violinist,  and 
singer.  His  works  include  "  I  Rival!  di  se  stessi  "(1830), 
"Siege  of  Eochelle"  (1886),  "The  Maid  of  Artois"  (1836), 
"Catherine  Grey"  (1837),  "Joan  of  Arc"  (1887),  "Dia- 
deste  "  (1838),  " Falstafl  "  (1838),  "Keolanthe'' (1841),  "Le 
Puits  d' Amour"  (1843),  "Bohemian  Girl"  (1843),  "Les 
Quatre  Fils  d'Aymon  "  (1844),  "  L'Etoile  de  Seville  "  (1845), 
"Maid  of  Honour"  (1847),  "  SicUian  Bride  "  (1852),  "  Rose 
of  Castile  "(1857),  "Satanella"(1868),  ''IlTalismano,"the 
Italian  version  of  his  last  opera,  "The  Knight  of  the  Leo- 
pard "  (1874). 

Balfour  (bal'for  or  bal'ffer),  Alexander.  Bom 
at  Monikie,  Forfarshire,  Scotland,  March  1, 
1767:  died  Sept.  12,  1829.  A  Scotch  poet  and 
novelist.  He  wrote  "Campbell,  or  the  Scottish  Proba- 
tioner" (ISlff),  "  Contemplation  and  other  Poems  "  (1820X 
"Farmer's  ISiree  Daughters "  (1822),  "I'he  Foundling  of 
Glenthorn,  or  the  Smuggler's  Cave"  (1828),  "Highland 
Mary"  (1827). 


Balfour,  Arthur  James 

Balfour,  Arthur  James.  Bom  July  25, 1848. 
A  British  Conservative  politieiau,  nephew  of 
the  Marquis  of  Salisbury.  He  waa  president  of  the 
ISi^o??  mJ!"?*"'  Bpa'-'i,1885-86  ;  secretary  for  Scotland 
18«fr-87!  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  1887-91:  first  lord  of 
the  treasury  and  leader  of  the  House  of  Commons  1891-92 
1895-1900,  and  1900- ;  and  prime  minister  1902-  He  has 
written  a  "  Defence  of  Philosophic  Doubt "  (1879)   etc 

Balfour,  Clara  Lucas  (Clara  Liddell). '  Bom 

in  the  New  Forest,  Hampshire,  Dee.  21,  1808: 
died  at  Croydon,  July  3,  1878.  An  English 
writer.  She  lectured  on  temperance  and  other  topics, 
and  was  the  author  of  numerous  works  designed  chiefly  to 
promote  the  temperance  cause, 

Balfour,  Francis  Maitland.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, Nov.  10,  1851 :  died  in  the  Alps,  July 
19  (?),  1882.  A  British  biologist  (brother  of 
Arthur  James  Balfour),  lecturer  (1876)  on  and 
professor  (1882)  of  animal  morphology  at 
Cambridge.  He  wrote  "Development of  Elasmobranch 
Fishes  "  (1878)  and  "  Comparative  Embryology  "  (1880-81) 
His  works  were  edited  by  Foster  and  Sedgwick  (4  vols.) 
in  1883.  He  was  killed  with  his  guide  during  an  ascent  of 
the  Aiguille  Blanche  de  Penteret. 

Balfour,  Sir  James.  Died  1583.  A  Scotch 
judge  and  political  intriguer.  He  was  implicated 
in  the  plot  to  assassinate  Beaton,  and  was  imprisoned 
after  the  surrender  of  the  castle  of  St.  Andrew's  (June, 
1647)  in  the  French  galleys,  where  he  had  John  Knox  as 
a  companion.  He  was  also  commonly  reputed  to  have 
drawn  up  the  bond  for  Damley's  murder,  and  to  have 
provided  the  house,  which  belonged  to  his  brother,  in  the 
Kirk  o'  Field,  where  the  murder  was  accomplished.  In 
the  same  year  (1567)  he  was  appointed  by  Queen  Mary 
governor  of  Edinburgh  Castle,  which  he  shortly  after 
betrayed  to  Murray.  He  accomplished  the  destruction  of 
the  regent  Morton,  who  was  executed,  1681,  for  the  mur- 
der of  Darnley.  He  was  one  of  the  authors,  if  not  the 
chief  author,  of  "Balfours  Practicks,"  the  earliest  text- 
book on  Scottish  law. 

Balfour,  Sir  James.  Bom  1600:  died  1657. 
A  Scotch  antiquary  and  historian,  author  of 
"Annals  of  the  History  of  Scotland  from  Mal- 
colm in.  to  Charles  II."    , 

Balfour,  James.  Born  at  Pilrig,  near  Edin- 
burgh, 1705 :  died  1795.  A  Scottish  philosoph- 
ical writer,  professor  of  moral  philosophy  (1754) 
and  of  law  (1764)  at  Edinburgh. 

Balfour,  John  (Lord  Balfour  of  Burleigh). 
Died  1688.  A  Scotch  nobleman  of  little  note, 
mistaken  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  (in  "Old  Mor- 
tality") for  another  man  of  the  same  name. 
See  Balfour  of  Burley. 

Balfour,  John  Button.  Bom  at  Edinburgh, 
Sept.  15,  1808:  died  there,  Feb.  11,  1884.  An 
eminent  Scottish  botanist  and  physician.  He 
was  appointed  professor  of  botany  at  Glasgow  University 
in  1841,  and  at  Edinburgh  in  1846,  and  emeritus  professor 
in  1879.  Author  of  a  manual  of  botany  (1848),  a  class-book 
(1852),  "Phyto-TheoIogy"(1851),  etc. 

Balfour,  Nisbet.  Bom  at  Dunbog,  eoimty  of 
Fife,  Scotland,  1743:  died  there,  Oct.,  1823.  A 
British  soldier,  appointed  lieutenant-general 
in  1798  and  general  in  1803,  conspicuous  for 
his  services  during  the  Revolutionary  War. 
He  was  at  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  the  battle  on  Long 
Island,  the  capture  of  New  York,  and  the  battles  of  Eliza- 
bettitown,  Brandywine,  and  Germantown,  and  was  ap- 
pointed commandant  of  Charleston  1779. 

Balfour,  Robert.  Bom  about  1550 :  died  about 
1625.  A  Scotch  philologist  and  philosophical 
writer,  professor  of  Grreek  in  the  College  of 
Guienne,  and  principal  (about  1586)  of  that  in- 
stitution. He  wrote  "Commentaries  on  the 
Logic  and  Ethics  of  Aristotle "  (1618-20),  etc. 

Balfour  of  Burley,  John.  A  Covenanter,  a 
character  in  Scott's  nove}  "Old  Mortality," 
historically  taken  from  a  real  John  Balfour  of 
Kinloch,  but  by  Scott  confused  with  John  Bal- 
four of  Burleigh  (died  1688).  The  latterwas  not 
a  Covenanter. 

Balfrush  (bal-frosh'),  or  Barfrush  (bar- 
frosh').  A  town  in  Mazanderan,  Persia,  on 
the  Bawal,  near  the  Caspian  Sea,  89  miles 
northeast  of  Teheran.  It  is  an  important  em- 
porium for  commerce  between  Russia  and  Per- 
sia. 

Balgowrie  (bal-gou'ri),  Brig  o'.  A  very  pic- 
turesque stracture  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  con- 
sisting of  a  single  high  and  wide-pointed  arch 
spanning  the  Don.    It  dates  from  1320. 

Balguy  (bai'ge),  John.  Bom  at  Sheffield, 
England,  Aug.  12,  1686 :  died  at  Harrowgate, 
Sept.  21,  1748.  An  English  divine  and  con- 
troversialist. He  wrote  "Letter  to  a  Deist," 
"  Foundation  of  Moral  Goodness,"  etc. 

Bali  (ba'li;  Hind.  pron.  bul'i).  In  Hindu 
mythology,  a  Daitya  who  had  attained  sover- 
eignty over  the  three  worlds,  but  lost  it  when 
he  promised  Vishnu,  in  his  dwarf  incarnation, 
as  much  land  as  he  could  measure  with  three 
strides.  Vishnu  met  the  condition,  and  ban- 
ished Bali  to  the  under  world,  where  he  reigned. 

0.— 8 


113 

Bali  (ba'le).  A  mountainous  and  volcanic  isl- 
and of  the  Sunda  group,  east  of  Java,  it  is  m  part 
annexed  to  Dutch  possessions  and  in  part  under  Dutch 
influence  (7  minor  states).  The  religion  is  Hinduism  ;  the 
language  allied  to  Javanese.  Length,  75  miles ;  breadth, 
50  miles  ;  area,  2,100  square  miles.    Population,  600,000. 

Bali  Strait.  A  strait  which  separates  Java 
from  Bali. 

Balikesri  (ba-le-kes're).  A  town  in  the  vila- 
yet of  Khudavendikyar,  Asiatic  Turkey,  112 
miles  southwest  of  Constantinople.  Popula- 
tion, about  12,000. 

Balin  (ba'len).  In  Hindu  mythology,  the 
monkey  king  of  Kishkindhya,  who  was  slain 
by  Rama,  and  whose  kingdom  was  given  to 
his  brother  Sugriva,  the  ally  of  Rama. 

Balin  (ba'lin)  and  Balan  (ba'lan).  In  the 
' '  Morte  d' Arthur,"  two  brothers,  bom  in  North- 
umberland, each  renowned  for  valor.  Balin  was 
called  "Le  Sauvage."  They  finally  slew  each  other  "by 
mishap,"  and  were  buried  in  one  tomb.  Tennyson  has  a 
poem  with  the  title  "Balin  and  Balan,"  giving  the  story 
in  a  modified  form. 

Balingen  (ba' ling-en),  sometimes  Bahlingen. 
A  town  in  the  Black  Forest  .circle,  Wiirtem- 
berg,  situated  on  the  Eyach  38  miles  south- 
west of  Stuttgart.    Population  (1890),  3,355. 

Balinghem  (ba-lan-gan').  A  small  place  in 
the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  near 
Calais,  noted  as  the  place  of  the  "Field  of  the 
Cloth  of  Gold"  (1520). 

Baliol  (ba'li-ol  or  bal'yol),  or  Balliol  (bal'i-ol), 
Edward  de."  Died  1363.  Eldest  son  of  John 
de  Baliol  and  Isabel,  daughter  of  John  de  Wa- 
renne,  earl  of  Surrey,  and  claimant  to  the 
throne  of  Scotland.  He  landed  In  Scotland  in  1332, 
and  after  a  brilliant  campaign  of  seven  weeks  was  crowned 
at  Scone  Sept.  24,  but  three  months  later  was  surprised 
at  Annan  by  Archibald  Douglas,  and  driven  across  the 
border.  He  was  restored  by  Edward  III.  of  England, 
through  whose  assistance  he  gained  the  battle  of  Halidon 
Hill,  July  19,  1333.  After  1338,  Edward  being  occupied 
in  the  French  war,  Baliol  maintained  a  nominal  footing 
in  Scotland  till  the  return  of  David  Bruce  in  1341. 

Baliol,  or  Balliol,  John  de.  Died  about  1269. 
The  founder  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford.  He  was 
a  regent  of  Scotland  during  the  minority  of  Alexander 
III.,  until  deprived  of  the  post,  on  a  charge  of  treason, 
in  1256,  through  the  influence  of  Henry  III.,  with  whom 
he  sided  in  the  barons'  war  1263-65.  He  gave,  about  1263, 
the  first  lands  for  the  endowment  of  the  college  which 
bears  his  name,  an  endowment  which  was  increased  by 

■  his  will,  and  also  by  the  gifts  of  his  widow,  Devorguilla, 
"  He  died  in  1269,  and  although  his  widow  Devorguilla 
continued  to  pay  the  weekly  allowances,  she  did  not  until 
1282  take  steps  for  giving  a  permanent  character  to  the 
House  of  Balliol."    X/yte,  Oxford,  p.  71. 

Baliol,  John  de.  Born  1249:  died  1315.  King 
of  Scotland,  son  of  John  de  Baliol  (died  1269). 
With  Bruce  and  Hastings  he  became  one  of  the  principal 
claimants  of  the  Scottish  crown  on  the  death  of  Margaret, 
the  Maid  of  Norway,  1290,  basing  his  claim  upon  the  right 
of  his  maternal  grandmother,  Margaret,  eldest  daughter 
of  David,  earl  of  Huntingdon,  brother  of  William  the  Lion 
and  grandson  of  David  I.  (See  Bruce,  Eobert^  He  was 
recognized  as  the  proper  heir  by  Edward  I.  of  England,  to 
whom  the  claims  of  the  disputants  were  referred  for  arbi- 
tration ;  was  crowned  at  Scone,  Nov.  30,  1292,  and  ren- 
dered homage  to  Edward  as  feudal  superior ;  made  an 
alliance  with  Philip  the  Fair  of  France  1295 ;  ravaged  Cum- 
berland 1296,  and  renounced  his  allegiance  to  Edward; 
was  compelled  to  renounce  his  crown  to  Edward  during 
the  latter's  invasion  of  Scotland  the  same  year;  was  im- 
prisoned, with  his  son  Edward,  in  England  till  1299 ;  and 
died  in  exile. 

Baliol,  Mrs.  Martha  Bethune.  A  refined  and 
cultivated  old  lady  who  is  supposed  to  relate 
some  of  the  "Chronicles  of  the  Canongate"  to 
Mr.  Chrystal  Ooftangry  in  Scott's  "Chronicles 
of  the  Canongate." 

Baliol  College.  'See  Balliol  College. 

Balisarda  (ba-le-sar'da).  In  Ariosto's  "Or- 
lando  Furioso,"  the  sword  stolen  from  Orlando 
by  Brunello  and  given  to  Rogero.  It  could  cut 
through  even  enchanted  objects. 

Balize  (ba^-lez'),  or  Belize  (be-lez').  1.  See 
British  Honduras. —  2.  A  seaport  and  capital 
of  British  Honduras,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of 
Honduras.  It  was  first  settled  by  the  English 
about  1667.    Population,  about  5,000. 

Balkan  Peninsula  (bal-kan'  or  bal'kan  pe- 
nin'su-la).  In  its  widest  sense,  the  southeast- 
ernnaostpeninsula  of  Europe,  including  the  re- 
gions south  of  the  Save  and  Danube.  It  com- 
prises Dalmatia,  parts  of  Croatia  and  Kiistenland,  Bosnia, 
Herzegovina,  Montenegro,  Servia,  Bulgaria,  part  of  Ruma- 
nia, European  Turkey,  and  Greece.  The  name  is  often 
used  in  a  narrower  sense,  including  Servia,  Bulgaria,  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  Montenegro,  and  sometimes  Rumania  and 
Greece  (often  without  the  Morea).  In  this  second  sense 
it  is  coextensive  with  the  Balkan  States. 

Balkan,  or  the  Balkans.  A  mountain  system 
in  southeastern  Europe,  the  ancient  Heemus  or 
..iEmus  (Gr.  6  Al/io^),  which  extends  from  the 
sources  of  the  Timok  (near  the  frontiers  of 
Servia  and  Bulgaria)  generally  eastward  to 
Cape  Emineh  on  the  Black  Sea.    It  forms  the  main 


Ballantyne,  James 

boundary  between  Bulgaria  proper  and  Eastern  Rnmella 
and  is  subdivided  into  the  Etropol-Balkan,  the  Kotcha 
Balkan,  etc  The  chief  passes  are  the  Nadir-Derbend 
Karnabad,  Iron  Gate,  Shipka,  and  Trajan.  The  Balkan 
was  the  scene  of  severe  fighting  in  the  Russo-Turkish 
wars  of  1828-29  and  1877-78.  Its  highest  point  is  about 
7,800  feet. 

Balkan  States.    See  Balkan  Peninsula. 
Balkash  (bal-kash'),  or  Balkhash,  or  Dengis. 

A  salt  lake  in  Russian  (Central  Asia,  about  lat. 
45°-47°  N.,  long.  74°-79°  E.  its  chief  tributary  is 
the  IlL  Height  above  sea-level,  about  780  feet ;  length, 
340  miles ;  greatest  width,  65  miles ;  area,  about  7  800 
square  miles.    It  has  no  outlet. 

Balkh  (balkh).  A  for  the  most  part  desert  re- 
gion in  central  Asia,  belonging  to  Afghanistan, 
south  of  the  Amu-Daria  and  north  of  the  Hindu- 
Kush.  It  corresponds  nearly  to  the  ancient 
Bactria.     Its  inhabitants  are  of  Uzbeg  stock. 

Balkh.  The  chief  city  of  Balkh,  situated  on 
the  river  Balkh  in  lat.  36°  40'  N.,  long.  66°  40' 
E.:  the  ancient  Bactria:  called  the  "Mother  of 
Cities."  It  is  associated  with  the  history  of  Zoroaster. 
It  was  destroyed  by  Jenghiz  Khan  in  1220,  later  by  Timur. 
Population,  about  6,000. 

Balkhan  (bal-khan ')  Bay.  A  bay  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  about  lat.  40°  N. 

Balkhan  Mountains.  A  group  of  mountains 
east  of  Balkhan  Bay,  near  the  Transeaspian 
Railway. 

Balkis  (bal'Ms).  The  Arabian  name  of  the 
Queen  of  Sheba  who  came  to  see  the  glory  of 
Solomon. 

Ball  (bal),  Ephraim.  Bom  at  Greentown,Ohio, 
Aug.  12,  1812:  died  at  Canton,  Ohio,  Jan.  1, 
1872.  An  American  inventor  and  manufac- 
turer of  plows,  mowers  (the  Buckeye  machine), 
and  harvesters. 

Ball,  John.  Died  at  St.  Albans,  England,  July 
15, 1381.  An  English  priest  who  took  a  promi- 
nent part  in  Wat  Tyler's  rebellion  in  1381.  He 
accepted,  in  the  main,  the  doctrines  of  Wyclif,  modified 
by  views  of  his  own,  and  made  himself  popular,  especially 
by  preaching  the  equality  of  gentry  and  villeins.  He  was 
several  times  committed  to  the  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury's prison,  and  was  excommunicated  by  Archbishop 
Islip.  He  was  committed,  probably  about  the  end  of 
April,  1381,  to  the  archbishop's  prison  at  Maidstone,  and 
one  of  the  first  acts  of  the  insurgents  was  to  set  him  at 
liberty.  He  preached  at  Blackheath  on  tlie  text 
"  When  Adam  dalf,  and  Eve  span. 
Who  was  thanne  a  gentilman?" 
After  the  death  of  Tyler  at  Smithfleld,  he  fied  to  the  mid- 
land counties,  but  was  taken  at  Coventry,  and  executed  at 
St.  Albans  in  the  presence  of  the  king.  He  was  called  the 
"Mad  Priest." 

Ball,  Sir  Robert  Sta'Well.  Born  at  Dublin, 
July  1, 1840.  A  British  astronomer.  He  became 
professor  of  applied  mathematics  and  mechanism  in  the 
Royal  College  of  Science  for  Ireland  1867,  and  was  profes- 
sor of  astronomy  in  the  University  of  Dublin,  and  astron- 
omer royal  of  Ireland  1874^-92,  and  professor  of  asti'on- 
omy  and  director  of  the  observatory  at  Cambridge  1892-. 

Ball,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Charlestown,  Mass., 
June  3, 1819.  An  American  sculptor.  Among  his 
works  are  a  statue  of  Webster  (New  York),  "Emancipa- 
tion "  (Washington),  statue  and  busts  of  Everett,  Clioate, 

Bail,  Valentine.  Born  at  Dublin,  July  14, 1843 ; 
died  June  16, 1895.    A  British  geologist  and  ex- 

florer.  He  was  appointed  to  the  staff  of  the  Geological 
urvey  of  India  in  1864 ;  was  professor  of  geology  and 
mineralogy  in  the  University  of  Dublin  1881-83 ;  and  be- 
came director  of  the  Science  and  Art  Museum  in  1883. 

Ball,  The.  A  comedy  by  Shirley  and  Chapman, 
licensed  in  1632  and  published  in  1639. 

Ballachulish  (ba-la-cho'lish),  or  Ballahulish. 
A  village  in  Argyllshire,  Scotland,  situated  on 
Loch  Levin  23  miles  northeast  of  Oban.  Near 
it  are  slate-quarries. 

Balladino  (bal-la-de'no),  Antonio.  In  Ben 
Jonson's  comedy  "  The  Case  is  Altered,"  a  "pa- 
geant poet"  intended  to  ridicule  Anthony 
Munday. 

Ballagi  (bol'log-e),  Maurice  (originally  MoritK 
Bloch).  Bom  March  18,  1815:  died  Sept.  1, 
1891.  A  Hungarian  philologist  and  Protestant 
theologian,  best  known  from  his  grammars  and 
dictionaries  of  the  Hungarian  language.  He 
was  professor  of  theology  at  Szarvas  1844-48, 
1851-55,  and  at  Pesth  1855-78. 

Ballantine  (bal'an-tin),  James.  Bom  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1808 :  died  there,  Dec,  1877.  A  Scottish 
poet,  painter  on  glass,  and  manufacturer  of 
stained  glass.  He  wrote  "  The  Gaberlunzie's  Wallet" 
(1843),  "  The  Miller  of  Deanhaugh  "  (1846),  "Essay  on  Or- 
namental Art "  (1847),  "  Poems  "  (1856),  etc. 

Ballantrae  (bal-an-tra').  A  fishing  town  in 
Ayrshire,  Scotland,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Stin- 
char  30  miles  southwest  of  Ayr. 

Ballantyne  (bal'an-tin),  James.  BomatKelso, 
Scotland,  1772 :  died  Jan.  17, 1833.  A  Scotch 
printer  and  publisher,  the  friend  and  business 
associate  of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  See  Aldiboronte- 
phoscophornio. 


Ballantyne,  James  Robert 

Ballantyne,  James  Robert.  Bom  at  Kelso, 
Scotland,  Dec.  13, 1813:  died  Feb.  16,  1864.  A 
Britisli  Orientalist.  He  was  superintendent  of  the 
government  Sanskrit  College  at  Benares  1846-61  libra- 
rian of  the  East  India  office  1861-84,  and  author  of  "ram- 
mars  of  Hindustani,  Hindi,  Mahratta,  and  Sanskrit,  and 
numerous  other  works. 

Ballantyne,  John.  Bom  at  Kelso,  Scotland, 
1774:  died  at  Edinburgh,  June  16,  1821.  A 
Seotcli  writer  and  publisher,  brother  of  James 
Ballantyne.     See  Bigdumfunnidos. 

Ballantyne,  Robert  Michael.  Bom  at  Edin- 
burgh, April  24jl825:  died  1894.  A  British  writer 
of  juveniles.  He  was  in  the  service  of  the  Hud- 
son Bay  Company  1841-47. 

Ballarat  (bal-a-raf).  A  city  in  the  province 
of  Victoria,  Australia,  66  miles  northwest  of 
Melbourne.  In  its  vicinity  are  celebrated  gold-mines, 
discovered  in  1851.  Next  to  Melbourne  it  is  the  leading 
city  iu  the  colony.  It  consists  of  Ballarat  East  and  Bal- 
larat West.    Population  (1891),  46,033. 

Ballari  (bal-ia're).  A  district  in  Madras, 
British  India,  between  the  Nizam's  dominions 
on  the  north,  and  Mysore  on  the  south.  Ajea, 
11,007  square  miles.  Population  (1881),  1,336,- 
696. 

Ballari.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Ballari, 
in  lat.  15°  10'  N.,  long.  76°  55'  E.  Population, 
including  cantonment  (1891),  59,467. 

Ballenstedt  (bal'len-stet).  A  town  in  Anhalt, 
Germany,  at  the  foot  of  the  Lower  Harz,  36 
miles  southwest  of  Magdeburg,  it  has  a  castle, 
the  former  residence  of  the  dukes  of  Anhalt-Bernburg. 
Population,  about  4,000. 

Ballesteros  (bal-yes-ta'ros),  Francisco.  Born 
at  Saragossa,  1770 :  died  at  Paris,-  June  29, 1832. 
A  Spanish  general  and  patriot.  He  was  minister 
of  war  for  a  short  time  in  1816,  and  vice-president  of  the 
provisional  ministry  1820.  He  was  exiled  after  the  Jrenoh 
invasion  of  1823. 

Ballia  (bal'li-a).  A  district  in  the  Benares 
division.  Northwestern  Provinces,  British  India. 

Ballina  (bal-i-na').  A  port  in  the  county  of 
Mayo,  northwestern  Ireland,  situated  on  the 
river  Moy,  near  its  mouth,  29  miles  southwest 
of  Sligo.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  Aug., 
1798.    Population  (1891),  4,846. 

Ballinasloe  (bal-i-na-sl6').  A  town  in  coun- 
ties Eoscommon  and  Galway,  Ireland,  on  the 
Suck  35  miles  east  of  Galway.  Population, 
(1891),  4,642. 

Balling  (bal'leng),  Karl  Joseph  Napoleon. 
Born  at  Gabrielshiitte,  Saaz,  Bohemia,  April  21, 
1805 :  died  at  Prague,  March  17,  1868.  A  Bo- 
hemian chemist. 

Ballinrobe  (bal-in-rob').  A  small  town  in 
County  Mayo,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Eobe 
27  miles  north  of  Galway. 

Balliol.    See  Baliol. 

Balliol  College.  A  college  of  Oxford  Univer- 
sity, England,  reputed  to  have  been  founded 
by  Sir  John  Baliol  and  his  wife  Devorguilla, 
parents  of  John  Baliol,  king  of  Scotland,  be- 
tween 1263  and  1268.  The  oldest  of  the  existing 
buildings  dates  from  the  15th  century.  The  south  front 
has  recently  been  rebuilt,  in  the  main  in  the  style  of  the 
13th  century. 

Between  the  original  foundation  and  the  beginning  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  Balliol  College  had  received  no  less 
than  three  codes  of  statutes,  those  issued  by  the  Lady  De- 
vorguilla de  Balliol  in  1282,  those  issued  by  Sir  Philip  de 
Somerville  in  1340,  and  those  issued  by  Simon  Sudbury, 
Bishop  of  London,  in  1364.  Two  other  Bishops  of  London 
had  moreover  intervened  in  the  course  of  the  fifteenth 
century  to  redress  particular  grievances.  Inasmuch,  how- 
ever, as  some  of  the  enactments  of  the  third  code  were 
ambiguous,  and  others  inconvenient,  the  society  sought 
and  obtained  from  Pope  Julius  II.  a  commission  empower- 
ing the  Bishops  of  Winchester  and  Carlisle,  or  either  of 
them,  to  revise  the  statutes  throughout.  The  work  was 
accomplished  by  Bishop  Fox,  in  1607.    Lyte,  Oxford,  p.  414. 

Ballivlan  (bal-ye-ve-an'),  Adolfo.  Born  at 
La  Paz,  Nov.  17,  1831:  died  Feb.,  1874.  A 
Bolivian  statesman,  son  of  General  Jos6  Bal- 
livian.  He  was  a  colonel  in  the  army,  but  headed  the 
party  of  opposition  to  the  military  rulers  who  for  a  long 
time  governed  Bolivia,  and  was  kept  in  exile  until  his 
party  elected  him  president  (1873).  He  died  soon  after 
his  inauguration. 

Ballivian,  Jos^.  Bom  at  La  Paz,  May,  1804: 
died  at  Bio  de  Janeiro  in  1852.  A  Bolivian 
soldier  and  statesman.  In  1841  he  headed  the  army 
which  defended  Bolivia  against  the  Invasion  of  Gamarra, 
gaining  the  battle  of  Yngavi  (Nov.  20, 1841),  in  which  Ga- 
marra was  killed ;  and  soon  after  was  elected  president 
of  Bolivia,  holding  the  office  until  the  end  of  1847,  when 
he  was  deposed  by  the  revolutionist  Belzu,  and  exiled. 

Ballo  in  Maschera  (bal'16  en  mas'ke-ra),  Un. 
[It.,  'A  Masked  Ball.']  An  opera  by  Verdi, 
first  produced  in  Kome,  Feb.  17,  1859.  it  was 
originally  called  Gustavo  III.,  but  during  its  rehearsals 
Orsini  made  his  attempt  to  kiU  Napoleon  HI.,  and  the  title 
was  thought  too  suggestive. 

Ballon  d' Alsace  (ba-16n'  dal-zas'),  or  Wel- 
SCher  Belchen  (vel'sher  bel'ohen) .  One  of  the 


114 


Baltimore 


principal  summits  of  the  Vosges,  near  the  bor-  Ealta  (bal'ta),  Jos6,  Bom  at  Lima,  Peru,  1816: 
der  of  Prance  and  Alsace,  25  miles  northwest  of  killedatLima,  July  26, 1872.  APeruvian  soldier 
Miilhausen.    Height,  4,080  feet. 

Ballon  de  G-uebwiUer  (ba-16n'  d6  geb-vel-lar'), 
or  Ballon  de  Soultz,  G.  Gebweiler  (geb 'vi- 
ler) (or  Sulzer)  Belchen.  The  highest  summit 
of  the  Vosges,  in  Upper  Alsace,  west  of  Gueb- 
willer  and  north  of  Thann.    Height,  4,677  feet. 

Ballon  (ba-16'),  Hosea.  Bom  at  Richmond, 
N.  H.,  April  30,  1771:  died  at  Boston,  Mass., 
June  7, 1852.  An  American  Universalist  cler- 
gyman, one  of  the  founders  of  American  Uni- 


and  statesman.  He  retired  from  the  army  with  the 
rank  of  colonel  in  1855 ;  was  minister  of  war  for  a  short  time 
in  1866  ;  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  insurrection  which 
drove  out  the  unconstitutional  president  Prado  ifl  1868 ; 
was  regularly  elected  president  of  Peru  Aug.  2,  1868,  and 
served  for  four  years;  and  was  murdered  in  a  military 
mutiny. 

Balta.  A  city  in  the  government  of  Podolia, 
Russia,  situated  on  the  Kodyma  in  lat.  47°  55' 
N.,  long.  29°  35'  E.    It  has  a  flourishing  trade. 

^^ ^  „_^  „^  „„„  .„„„„^,„  „^  ^^^^^.^„^  ^^^-    Population,  27,419. 

versaiism7pastoToT "the  Second  UniversalTst  Balta-Limani  (bal'ta-le-ma'ni),   Convention 
Society  in  Boston  1817-52.  of.    Atreaty  concluded  in  1849  at  Balta-Limani 

Ballon,  Hosea.    Born  at  Halifax,  Vt.,  Oct.  18,     (o^  tl^e  Bosporus),  between  Turkey  and  Russia, 
1796:  died  at  Somerville,  Mass.,  May  27,  1861.    grantmg  to  the  latter  certain  rights  m  the 
An   American    Universalist    clergyman,   first    Danubian  principalities  for  seven  years, 
president  of  Tufts  College:  a  grandnephew  of  Baltard    (bal-tar'),   LOTUS  Pierre.    Bom    at 


Hosea  Ballou  (1771-1852). 

Ballon,  Maturin  Murray.  Bom  April  14, 1820 : 
died  March  27, 1895.  An  American  journalist 
and  writer,  son  of  Hosea  Ballou  the  younger. 
He  has  been  the  editor  and  proprietor  of  ' '  Ballou's  Month- 
ly," part  proprietor  and,  after  1872,  editor  for  several 
years  of  the  "Boston  Daily  Globe"  and  other  journals. 
Author  of  "Due  West,"  "Due  South,"  "The  New  Eldora- 
do," "Biography  of  Rev.  Hosea  Ballou,"  etc. 

Ball's  Bluff  (balz  bluf).  A  bluff  in  Virginia, 
on  the  Potomac  River  33  miles  northwest  of 
Washington.  Here,  Got.  21, 1861, 1,900  Federals  under 
Colonel  Baker  were  defeated  by  the  Confederates  under 
General  N.  G.  Evans.  Federal  loss,  894.  Confederate  loss, 
302.    Colonel  Baker  was  killed. 

Ballston    Spa   (bai'ston    spa).      A  watering 


Paris,  July  9,  1765:  died  Jan.  22,  1846.  A 
French  architect  and  engraver  of  architectural 
and  other  subjects. 

Baltard  (bal-tar'),  Victor.  Bom  at  Paris,  June 
19,  1805:  died  Jan.  14,  1874.  A  French  archi- 
tect, son  of  Louis  Pierre  Baltard.  He  was  gov- 
ernment architect  of  the  city  of  Paris,  and  author  of 
"Monographic  de  la  Villa  M^dicis"  (1847),  etc. 

Baltazarini  (bal-tad-za-re'ne),  or  Baltagerini 

(bal-ta-je-re'ne).  Flourished  about  the  middle 
of  the  16th  century.  An  Italian  musician,  the 
first  violinist  of  his  time.  He  became  intendant  of 
music  and  first  valet  de  chambre  to  Catherine  de'  Medici, 
who  gave  him  the  name  Beaujoyeulx.  He  apparently  ftrst 
introduced  the  Italian  dances  into  Paris,  and  founded  the- 
modern  ballet. 


place  m  Saratoga  County,  New  York,  6  miles  Balthazar,  or  Balthasar  (bal-tha'zar).  [Thi 
southwest  of  Saratoga  Springs.  It  has  sev-  (j^eek  forii  of  Helshaggar  (which  see).]  Thi 
eral  noted  mineral  springs.  Population  (1900),     name  of  various  personages 


e 
The 


3,923, 
Bally-.     [Ir.  6ajte,  atown,  place.]    An  element 

in  many  Irish  place-names,  meaning  '  town.' 
Ballycastle  (bal-i-kas'l).    A  small  seaport  in 

County  Antrim,  Ireland,  43  miles  northwest  of 

Belfast. 
Ballymena  (bal-i-me'na).    A  town  in  County 

Antrim,  Ireland,  23  miles  northwest  of  Belfast, 

on  the  Braid,  noted  for  its  linen  manufactures. 

Population  (1891),  8,655. 
Ballyinoney  (bal-i-mo'ni).    A  town  in  County  Balthings  (bal'tingz) 

Antrim,  Ireland,  situated  on  a  tributary  of  the  Balti.     See  Baltistan. 


w  (**)  Oue  of  the  three- 
Magi  who  came  from  the  East  to  worship  the  infant  Jesus. 
See  Cologne.  (6)  Chaucer's  name  for  Belshazzar  in  "  The 
Monk's  Tale."    (c)  A  merchant  in  Shakspere's  '-'Comedy 


of  Errors."  ((?)  The  name  assumed  by  Portia  as  a  doctor 
of  law  in  the  trial  scene  in  Shakspere's  "Merchant  of 
Venice."  (e)  A  servant  of  Portia  in  Shakspere's  "Mer- 
chant of  Venice."  (/)  A  servant  of  Don  Pedro  in  Shak- 
spere's "Much  Ado  about  Nothing."  (g)  A  servant  of 
Bomeo  in  Shakspere's  "  Uomeo  and  Juliet.'  (A)  The  proud 
and  hot-tempered  father  of  Juliana  in  Tobm's  "  Honey- 
moon." (i)  One  of  the  principal  characters  in  Julius  Eich- 
berg's  opera  "The  Doctor  of  Alcantara." 


Bann  40  miles  northwest  of  Belfast.    Popula- 
tion (1891),  2,975. 

Ballyshannon  (bal-i-shan'on).  A  seaport  in 
County  Donegal,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Erne, 
near  its  mouth,  20  miles  northeast  of  Sligo. 
Population  (1891),  2,840. 

Balmaceda  (bal-ma-tha'Tna),  Jos6  Manuel.  Baltic  Port,  G.  Baltischport    A  small  sea 
Born  at  Santiago  in  1838 :  died  there,  Sept.  19,     port  in  Esthonia,  Russia,  on  the  Gulf  of  Finland 
1891.    A  Chilean  statesman.  He  was  a  pronounced    west  of  Reval. 

liberal,  and  acquired  great  popularity  as  a  leader  of  the  Baltic   Provinces.     The    collective   name   for 
Reform  Club,  and  after  1870  as  a  deputy  to  the  Chilean     Esthonia  Tjivonisf  and  Cnnrlnnil   tTirAo  arnrar^ 
Congress.    In  1878  he  was  minister  t6  Argentina,  and  in    ^"noma,^ivoma^  ana  ^^ouriana,  tnree  govem- 
1881  was  made  foreign  minister  by  Santa  Maria.    He  was    ments  ot  Kussia  bordering  on  the  Baltic.    They 


Baltia  (bal'shi-a).  An  (unidentified)  island  off 
the  coast  of  Seythia,  mentioned  by  ancient 
writers  (Pliny  and  others).  It  gave  name  to 
the  Baltic  Sea.    Pythias  calls  it  Basilia. 

Baltic  (b§,rtik).    See  Baltic  Sea. 

Baltic,  Battleofthe.    See  Copeiihageih. 


elected  president  by  a  great  majority  in  1886,  at  once  in 
stituted  numerous  reforms,  and  began  an  elaborate  sys- 
tem of  railroads  and  other  public  works.    Dissensions  in 


contain  an  important  German  element,  but  the  larger 
part  of  the  population  consists  of  Esthonians  and  Letts. 
They  have  been  largely  Russianized  in  recent  years. 


his  own  party  culminated  in  a  war  between  the  president  Baltic  Sea,     [F.  Mer  BalUque,  It.  Mare  Baltico, 
and  Congress.    After  numerous  engagements  hewasde-     NL.  Mare  Balticum,   prob.  from  Lith.  haltas, 

featedand,  unable  to  escape  from  Santiago,  remamed  con-     _i,;i.     i_,i.-    t..   ^ -uiif^     .-..-■ «' 

cealed  in  the  Argentine  legation  until  in  a  fit  of  despera- 


tion he  shot  himself. 

Balmawhapple  (bal-ma-hwap'l).  In  Scott's 
novel  "  Waverley,"  an  obstinate  Scottish  laird, 
a  Jacobite :  his  name  is  Falconer  of  Balma- 
whapple. 

Balme,  Col  de.    See  Col  de  Balme. 

Balmez  (bal'meth),  or  Balmes  (bai'mes), 
Jaime  Luciano.  Bom  at  Vich  in  Catalonia, 
Aug.  28,  1810:  died  there,  July  9,  1848.  A 
Spanish  publicist  and  philosophical  writer.  He 
founded  a  political  journal,"  El  Pensamiento  de  la  Nacion  " 
(an  organ  of  the  clerical  and  monarchical  party),  at  Ma- 
drid in  1844. 

Balmoral  Castle  (bal-mor'al  kas'l).  A  resi- 
dence of  Queen  Victoria  in  Aberdeenshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Dee  about  45  miles 

west  of  Aberdeen.    The  property  was  purchased  in  ^  -  ,    t       <■ 

1852,  and  the  castle  was  erected  1863-55,  in  Scottish  baro-  ISaltimorO  (bal  tl-mor).  Lord, 


nial  style. 

Balmung  (bai'mSng) 
the  "Nibelungenlied." 

Balnaves  (bal-nav'es),  Henry.  Bom  at  Kirk- 
caldy, Fifeshire  (date  unknown):  died  1579. 
A  Scotch  Protestant  reformer.  He  wrote  "  The 
Confession  of  Faith :  Conteining  how  the  Troubled  Man 
Should  Seeke  Refuge  at  his  God,  etc.,"  which  was  revised 
and  prefaced  by  John  Knox. 

Balnibarbi  (bal-ni-bar'bi).    A  land  visited  b; 

Gulliver  in  his  travels,  as  related  by  Swift, 

was  "occupied  by  projectors." 
Balsamo,  Joseph.    See  CagUostro,  Cownt  de. 
Balsham  (bM'sham),  Hugh  de.    Died  1286. 

An  English  prelate,  bishop  of  Ely,  and  founder 

of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge. 


Siegfried's  sword,  in 


1 


white,  halti,  be  white.  Other  names  are  G. 
Ostsee,  east  sea,  Dan.  Ostersoen,  Sw.  Ostersjon,. 
L.  Mare  Suemcum,  Swedish  sea,  Pelagus  Scyihi- 
cum,  Scythian  sea,  or  Sirni^  Codanus,  Gothic  (?) 
gulf.]  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic,  inclosed  by 
Sweden,  Russia,  Germany,  and  Denmark,  it 
communicates  with  theNorth  Sea  by  the  Skater  Rack,  Cat- 
tegat,  Sound,  Great  Belt,  and  Little  Belt.  Its  chief  Islands, 
are  Zealand,  Fiinen,  Langeland,  Laaland,  Falster,  Moen, 
Alsen,  Fehmam,  Bornholm,  Rugen,  Usedom,Wollin,  Oland,^ 
Gothland,  Osel,  Dago,  Stockholm  Archipelago,  and  Aland' 
Archipelago.  Its  chief  arms  are  the  gulfs  of  Bothnia,  Fin- 
land, and  Riga,  ELurisches  Haff,  Frisches  Haff,  Gulf  ol 
Dantzic,  Pomeranian  HaS  JLubeck  Bay,  and  Kiel  Bay.  Its; 
chief  tributaries  are  the  Finland  lake  system,  the  Neva 
(with  Lake  Ladoga),  Narova  (with  Lake  Peipus),  Diina, 
Niemen,  Vistula,  Oder,  Dal  Elf,  Ljusnan,  Angerman  Elf, 
Umeil  Elf,  Pltei  Elf,  Stora  Lulei  Elf,  and  Tome&  Elf. 
Length,  about  900  miles.  Greatest  width,  about  200  miles.. 
Area,  about  184,000  square  miles. 

See  Calvert. 

Baltimore.  A  small  seaport  in  County  Cork,. 
Ireland,  near  Cape  Clear,  at  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  the  island. 

Baltimore.  A  seaport,  the  principal  city  of 
Maryland,  situated  on  Patapsco  River  near  it» 
entrance  into  Chesapeake  Bay,  in  lat.  39°  18' 
N.,  long.  76°  37'  W.:  one  of  the  chief  Atlantic 
seaports:  surnamed  "the  Monument  City."  it 
has  a  large  export  trade  in  bread-stuffs,  tobacco,  cotton, 
provisions,  oysters,  coal,  etc. ;  large  manufactures  of 
flour,  woolen  and  cotton  goods,  cigars  and  tobacco,  iron 
and  steel,  clothing,  etc. ;  and  important  oyster  fisheries. 
It  is  an  important  railroad  center  and  the  terminus  of 
steamboat  lines.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  Roman  Catholic  arch- 
bishopric, and  contains  the  Johns  Hopkins  University 
and  the  Peabody  Institute.  The  eiVy  was  laid  out  about 
1730,  and  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1796.  It  was  un- 


Baltimore 

auooeasfuUy  attacked  by  the  British  18U,  and  waa  the 
scene  ot  a  conflict,  April  19, 1861,  between  the  Baltimore 
mob  and  Federal  troops  (6th  Massachusetts  and  7th  Penn- 
sylvania).   Population  (1900),  608,957. 

Baltistan  (bal-te-stan'),  or  Balti  (bal'te),  or 
Little  Tibet.  A  province  of  Cashmere,  capi- 
tal Iskardo,  situated  on  the  upper  Indus  north 
of  Cashmere  proper.  The  inhabitants  are  Mo- 
hammedans, of  Tibetan  and  Aryan  stock,  and 
number  about  60,000. 

Baltjik  (balt-jek').  A  seaport  of  Bulgaria,  on 
the  Black  Sea  22  miles  northeast  of  Varna. 
Population  (1888),  4,272. 

Baltzer  (balt'zer),  Johann  Baptista.  Bom  at 
Andemach,  Prussia,  July  16, 1803:  died  at  Bonn, 
Oct.  1,  1871.  A  German  Roman  Catholic  the- 
ologian, noted  for  his  opposition  to  the  dogma 
of  papal  infallibility,  which  led  to  his  suspen- 
sion from  his  ecclesiastical  office  in  1870.  He 
became  professor  of  dogmatics  at  Breslau  in  1830,  and 
vas  suspended  in  1860. 

Baltzer,  Wilhelm  Eduard.  Bom  at  Hohen- 
leine,  circle  of  Merseburg,  Grermany,  Oct.  24, 
1814 :  died  at  Durlach,  Baden,  June  24, 1887.  A 
German  clergyman,  and  writer  on  theology  and 
philosophy,  noted  as  a  vegetarian. 

Baluchistan  (bal-5-chis-tan'),  or  Beluchistan, 
or  Biluchistan.  [Pers., '  country  of  the  Balu- 
chis.']  A  territory  of  Asia,  bounded  by  Af- 
ghanistan on  the  north,  India  on  the  east, 
the  Arabian  Sea  on  the  south,  and  Persia  on 
the  west,  it  is  largely  a  desert,  and  is  traversed  by 
mountain-ranges.  Its  chief  divisions  include  Khelat, 
Jalawan,  Sarawan,  Mekran,  Lus,  and  Kachh-Gundava. 
It  is  subject  to  the  Khan  of  Ehelat,  receives  a  British 
subsidy,  and  is  under  British  control  in  its  foreign  affairs. 
There  is  a  British  garrison  at  Quettab.  The  Indo- Afghan 
Railway  extends  to  Quettah  (since  1887)  and  beyond.  The 
leading  tribes  are  the  Brahoes  and  Baluchis ;  the  prevail- 
ing religion,  Sunnite  Mohammedanism.  Baluchistan  has 
several  times  been  invaded  by  British  forces  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Afghan  wars.  Area  (estimated),  130,000 
square  miles.    Population'(estimated),  500,000. 

Baluchistan,  British.   See  British  Baluchistan . 

Balue  (ba-lii'),  Jean  de  la.  Bom  at  Poitiers, 
1422:  died  at  Anoona,  Oct.,  1491.  A  French 
cardinal  and  politician,  imprisoned  for  his  mis- 
deeds by  Louis  XI.  in  an  iron  cage  (146&-80)  of 
Balue's  own  invention.  He  was  liberated  after  eleven 
years  through  the  influence  of  Pope  Siztus  IV.,  went  to 
Rome,  was  sent  back  to  France  as  legate  a  latere,  and 
finally,  on  the  death  of  the  Pope,  again  retired  to  Rome, 
where  he  was  made  bishop  of  Orleans  and  of  Prseneste. 

Baluze  (ba-Klz'),  Etienne.  Bom  at  Tulle, 
France,  Deo.  24,  1630:  died  at  Paris,  July  28, 
1718.  A  French  historian.  He  wrote  "Francomm 
Capitularia  Eegum"  (1677),  "Epistolse  Innocentii  papse 
III."  (1682),  "Conciliorum  nova  Colleotio"  (1683),  "Les 
Vies  des  Papes  d'Avignon"(1693),  "Historia  Tutelensis" 
(1717),  etc. 

Balwhidder  (bal'hwisn-er),  Rev.  Micah.    A 

kind-hearted,  sincere,  but  prejudiced  Scottish 
minister  in  Gait's  "  Annals  of  the  Parish." 
Baly.    See  Bali. 

Balzac  (bal-zak'),  Honor6  de.  Bom  at  Tours, 
France,  May  16,  1799:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  18, 
1850.  A  celebrated  French  novelist.  After  at- 
tending school  in  Tours  and  Paris  he  became  a  lawyer's 
clerk.  His  inclination  to  write  was  strongly  opposed  by 
his  family,  but,  "  in  order  to  get  his  hand  in, "  he  composed 
a  dozen  novels.  These  appeared  either  anonymously  or 
under  a  nom  de  plume,  and  when  republished  often  re- 
ceived an  entirely  different  title.  Some  of  them  were  ex- 
cluded by  Balzac  from  the  complete  collection  of  his 
works;  others  he  absolutely  disowned.  After  a  disas- 
trous venture  in  publishing,  printing,  and  type-casting,  he 
sold  out  his  entire  stock  and  fell  back  on  his  pen  to  pay 
oft  his  debts.  His  first  novel  of  real  merit,  "Le  dernier 
Chouan  ou  la  Bretagne  en  1800,"  was  published  in  1829 ; 
then  followed  "  La  physiologic  du  mariage  "  and  the  first 
of  the  "Contes  drfllatiques"  (1830),  "La  peau  de  cha- 
grin" (1830),  "La  femme  de  trente  ans"  (1831),  "Eugenie 
Grandet,"  "Le  m^decln  de  campagne,"  and  "I'Histoire 
des  Treize"  (1833),  "Seraphita,"  "La  recherche  de  I'ab- 
solu"  and  "Le  Pfere  Goriot"  (1835),  "Le  lys  dans  la 
valine"  (1836),  "Illusions  perdues"  (1837),  "Histoire  de 
la  grandeur  et  de  la  decadence  de  C^sar  Birotteau  and 
"Le  cabinet  des  antiques"  (1838),  etc.  For  the  stage 
Balzac  did  not  write  with  success :  "  Vautrin,"  "Les  Ees- 
sources  de  Quinola,"  "Pam«a  Giraud,"  and  "  La  Maratre 
had  very  short  runs ;  but  "Le  Faiseur,"  or  "Meroadet, 
a  comedy  finished  and  put  upon  the  stage  by  d  Bnnery 
after  Balzac's  death,  has  been  included  since  1869  m  the 
repertoire  of  the  Th^fttre  Fran?ais.  Balzac's  ventures 
in  publishing  were,  as  has  been  said,  unsuccessful :  'La 
Chronique  de  Paris "(1835)  lived  but  one  year,  and  "La 
Eevue  Parisienne"  (1840)  ended  with  the  third  number. 
Eetuming  undaunted  to  a  collective  edition  of  "Laoom6- 
die  humaine,"  Balzac  published  "  Ursule  Mirouet  and 
"Mtoou-esde  deux  jeunes  marines'  in  1842,  " Une  tdn«- 
breuse  affaire"  in  1843,  "Albert  Savarns,  "Un  d^but 
dans  la  vie,"  "La  muse  du  d^partement,  and  "Modeste 
Mignon"  In  1844 ;  but  he  did  not  complete  the  task  he 
had  undertaken.  " Les  Chouans "  and  « tne  P,assion  dans 
le  desert"  are  the  only  parts  extant  of  the  'Sofenes  de 
la  Tie  militaire."  His  latest  productions,  '  Les  parents 
pauvres"  ("La  cousine  Bette,"  "Le  cousm  Pons  and 
"  Les  paysans  "),  are  among  his  best.  On  March  14,  I860, 
he  married  a  widow,  Madame  Hanska,  member  of  a  noble 
Polish  family,  with  whom  he  had  opened  a  correspon- 
dence in  1833,  and  whom  he  had  subsequently  met  in 


115 

Vienna,  Geneva,  and  St.  Petersburg.  He  died  in  Paris,  just 
after  liis  return  from  the  wedding-trip.  Balzac  is  consid- 
ered the  chief  of  the  realistic  school  of  French  novelists. 

Balzac,  Jean  Louis  Guez  de.  Bom  at  Balzac, 
near  AngoulSme,  1597 :  died  there,  Feb.  18, 1654. 
A  noted  French  writer.  He  published  "Letters" 
(1624),  "Le  Prince "(1631),  "Discours''(1644),  "LeBarbon" 
(1648),  and  "Aristippe."  He  is  regarded  as  tlie  foremost 
prose-writer  of  his  time. 

Bam  (bam).  Atown  in  Kirman,  southern  Persia, 
115  miles  southeast  of  Kirman. 

Ba-Mangwato  (ba-mang-gwa'to).  See  Chuana. 

Bamba  (bam'ba).  See  Mbamba  and  Kongo  Na- 
tion. 

Bambara  (bam-ba'ra).  A  country  of  western 
Africa,  in  the  upper  valley  of  the  Niger,  about 
lat.  10°-15°  N.  The  chief  town  is  Segu.  The  country 
has  been  opened  lately  to  French  influence.  Population 
(cliiefly  Mandingo),  estimated,  2,000,000. 

Bambara.  A  tribe  of  French  Senegambia,  of 
the  Nigritic  branch,  settled  about  the  head 
waters  of  the  Niger  Eiver.  it  belongs  to  the  Mande 
nation.  Once  a  great  negro  kingdom,  it  broke  up,  in  1864, 
into  three  divisions,  Kaseta,  Massina,  and  Beledugu.  In 
1890  their  sultan,  Amadu,  and  his  capital,  Segu  Sikoro, 
were  conquered  by  the  IVench,  and  the  country  was  an- 
nexed. This  is  a  fertile,  undulated  plain.  The  people 
have  adopted  Mohammedan  civilization,  and  weave  excel- 
lent cotton  cloth. 

Bamberg  (bam'bera).  A  city  of  Upper  Fran- 
oonia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Kegnitz,  near 
its  entrance  into  the  Main,  33  miles  northwest 
of  Nuremberg,  it  has  important  trade  and  manu- 
factures, the  castle  of  the  former  prince-bishops,  the 
old  and  new  palaces,  the  Church  of  St.  Michael,  and  an 
art  gallery,  and  was  formerly  the  seat  of  a  university. 
The  cathedral  of  Bamberg,  one  of  the  most  interesting 
of  German  Romanesque  structures,  was  founded  by  the 
emperor  Henry  II.  in  1004,  but  modified  in  the  12th  cen- 
tury. There  are  four  towers,  each  of  eight  stages  and 
265  feet  high ;  the  two  at  the  west  end  display  fine  open- 
work. There  are  five  admirably  sculptured  portels ; 
the  sculptures  of  the  splendid  chief  portal  represent  the 
Last  Judgment,  with  the  apostles  and  prophets,  and  the 
church  and  synagogue.  The  effective  interior  possesses 
a  richly  carved  choir-screen  and  highly  interesting  me- 
dieval tombs.  There  is  an  impressive  early-Romanesque 
crypt,  and  a  western  choir  with  transepts,  which  date 
from  1274.  The  cathedral  is  312  feet  long,  92  wide,  and 
86  high.    Population  (1890),  36,816. 

Bamberg,  Bishopric  of.  A  former  bishopric 
and  state  of  the  German  Empire,  now  com- 
prised in  northern  Bavaria.  It  was  founded  by 
the  emperor  Henry  II.  in  10O7,  secularized  in  1801,  and 
annexed  to  Bavaria  in  1803. 

Bamberg  Conference.  A  conference  of  the  mid- 
dle German  states  at  Bamberg  May  25,  1854. 
Its  object  was  to  determine  the  policy  of  these  states  in 
relation  to  that  of  Prussia  and  Austria  with  reference  to 
the  Eastern  Question. 

Bamberger  (bam'berg-er),  Ludwig.  Bom  at 
Mainz,  July  22, 1823:  died  at  Berlin,  March  14, 
1899.  A  German  politician  and  economist.  He 
took  part  in  the  revolutionary  movement  1848-49 ;  was  a 
member  of  theNational  Liberal  partyintheGei-man  Reichs- 
tag 1873-80;  and,  with  other  disaffected  National  Liberals, 
seceded  from  tile  party  in  1880  to  form  the  later  Liberal 
Union. 

Bamboccio  (bam-boch'6).   See  Laar,  Peter  van. 

Bamborough  (bam'bur-o).  A  village  on  the 
coast  of  Northumberland,  England,  16  miles 
southeast  of  Berwick,  celebrated  for  its  castle, 
founded  by  Ida  about  547,  and  often  noted 
in  medieval  wars. 

Bambuk,  or  Bambouk  (bam-bok').  A  region 
in  Senegambia,  Africa,  between  the  upper 
Senegal  and  the  Faleme,  about  lat.  12°  30'- 
14°  N.,  long.  10°  30'-12°15'  W.  It  contains  iron 
and  gold.     The  inhabitants  are  Mandingoes. 

Bamian  (ba-me-an').  A  valley  in  Afghanistan, 
northwest  of  Kabul,  in  lat.  34°  50'  N.,  long. 
67°  40'  E.  It  is  an  ancient  seat  of  Buddhist  worship, 
and  is  famous  for  its  colossal  idols  carved  in  the  rock 
(highest,  173  feet)  and  other  antiquities. 

Bammaku,  or  Bammakou  (ba-ma'ko).  Once 
an  important  native  town  on  the  upper  Niger, 
West  Africa.  It  is  now  headquarters  of  the  French 
domination  on  the  upper  Niger.  The  natives  have  with- 
drawn, 


Bamo.    See  jj,,,^,,,^. 

Bampton  (bamp'ton),  John.    Born  about  1689 
died  1751.    An  English  divine,  and  the  founder 
at  Oxford  of  the  "Bampton  Lectures"  on  di- 
vinity.   The  first  lecturer  was  chosen  in  1779. 

Bampur  (bam-por').  A  town  and  region  in 
southern  Persia. 

Bamra  (bam'ra).  A  feudatory  state  in  con- 
nection with  the  Sambalpur  district  of  the 
Central  Provinces,  British  India.  Area,  1,988 
square  mUes.     Population  (1891),  104,367. 

Ban  (ban).  In  the  Arthurian  cycle  of  romance, 
a  king  of  Brittany,  the  father  of  Lancelot  du 
Lac,  and  the  brother  of  Bors,  Mug  of  Gaul. 
He  was  the  friend  of  Arthur,  and  with  Bors 
came  from  Brittany  to  aid  him  in  battle. 

Bana  (ba'na).    In  Hindu  mythology,  a  Daitya 


Bancroft,  George 

with  a  thousand  arms,  who  was  a  friend  of 
Siva  and  an  enemy  of  Vishnu.  His  daughter 
Usha,  loving  Aniruddha,  Krishna's  grandson,  had  him 
brought  to  her  by  magic.  In  the  rescue  the  arms  of 
Bana  were  cut  oft  by  Krishna's  weapons.  Upon  Siva's 
intercession  Bana  was  spared. 

Banack.     See  Bannock. 

Banagher  (bau'a-ner).  A  town  in  King's 
County,  Ireland,  it  is  on  the  Shannon  River.  It  is 
to  the  superiority  of  this  town  that  the  phrase  "That 
bangs  Banagher,  and  Banagher  bangs  the  world  "  alludes. 

Banal  Frontier.  A  part  of  the  former  "  Mili- 
tary Frontier"  of  the  Austrian  empire. 

Banana  (ba-na'na).  The  seaport  of  the  Kongo 
State.  The  trading-factories  and  state  houses  are  built 
on  a  land-spit.  In  1390,  182  ships  called  ;  but  since  the 
ocean  steamers  began  to  go  straight  up  to  Matadi,  the  start- 
ing-point of  the  railroad,  Banana  has  lost  most  of  its  com- 
mercial importance.  The  headquarters  of  the  great 
Dutch  firm  have  been  removed  to  Cabinda  and  Kisanga, 
in  Portuguese  territory. 

Banana  Islands.  A  group  of  small  islands 
off  the  coast  of  Sierra  Leone,  Africa,  belong- 
ing to  Great  Britain. 

Bananal  (ba-na-nal'),  or  Santa  Anna  (san'ta 
a'na).  An  island  in  the  river  Araguaya,  Brazil. 
Length,  220  miles.     Greatest  width,  50  miles. 

Ba-Nano  (ba-na'no).  A  generic  name,  mean- 
ing '  Highlanders,'  given  to  the  natives  of  the 
Caconda  and  Bihe  plateau,  east  of  Benguella, 
"West  Africa. 

Banaras.    See  Benares. 

Banas  (ba-nas').  A  river  of  Eajputana,  India, 
which  flows  generally  northeast,  and  joins  the 
Chambal.     Length,  about  800  miles. 

Banas.  A  river  of  India  which  flows  south- 
west into  the  Ban  of  Kachh. 

Banat  (ba-naf).  [Hung.  Mn,  lord,  chief.]  A 
region  in  southern  Hungary  situated  between 
the  Maros  on  the  north,  the  Theiss  on  the  west, 
and  the  Danube  on  the  south,  it  comprises  the 
counties  of  Temes,  Torontdl,  Krassd,  and  part  of  the  for- 
mer "  Military  Frontier. "  Its  chief  town  is  Temesv4r.  It 
formed  an  Austrian  crownlaud  (the  Servian  waywodeship 
and  Temeser  Banat)  1849-60. 

Banattee.    See  Bannock. 

Banbridge  (bau'brij).  A  town  in  County  Down, 
Ireland,  22  miles  southwest  of  Belfast,  noted 
for  its  linen  manufactures.  Population  (1891), 
4,901. 

Banbury  (ban'b6r-i).  A  town  in  Oxfordshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Cherwell  22  miles 
north  of  Oxford,  its  ancient  cross,  noted  in  nursery 
rime,  was  destroyed  in  the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth.  It  was  famous  for  its  ale  and  cakes,  and  for 
its  cheese  which  was  proverbially  regarded  as  consisting 
of  nothing  but  "paring."  Hence  the  allusions  in  Shak- 
spere  and  other  writers  to  persons  thin  as  a  Banbury 
cheese.  Insurgents  were  defeated  here  by  troops  of 
Edward  IV.  in  1469.  It  waa  twice  besieged  in  the  civil  war. 
Population  Q891),  12,767. 

Banbury  Man.  A  Puritan.  From  the  frequent 
allusions  in  the  writers  of  the  16th  and  17th  centuries,  the 
town  would  seem  to  have  been  chiefiy  inhabited  by  them. 
Swift  speaks  of  a  Banbury  saint,  meaning  a  particularly  rigid 
or  even  hypocritical  Puritan.  The  name  or  epithet "  Ban- 
bury "was  applied  in  a  depreciatory  sense  before  the  Puri- 
tan times.  Thus  Latimer,  in  a  letter  to  Henry  VIII.  about 
1628,  speaks  of  "laws,  customs,  ceremonies  and  Banbuiy 
glosses,"  apparently  meaning  'silly,'  'useless.' 

Banca  (bang'ka).  An  island  east  of  Sumatra, 
belonging  to  tEe  Dutch,  famous  for  tin-mines. 
Capital,  Muntok.  Length,  135  miles.  Area,  4,446 
square  miles.    Population,  about  58,000. 

Banca,  Strait  of.  A  strait  between  Sumatra 
and  Banca. 

Banco  (ban'ko),  Nani  d'Antonio.  Bom  in 
Siena  about  1374 :  died  about  1420.  A  Floren- 
tine sculptor,  a  pupil  of  DonateUo.  About  1402- 
1408  he  completed  the  Porta  delta  Mandola  on  the  south 
side  of  the  Duomo,  commenced  by  Niccola  d'Arezzo.  The 
angels  of  this -door  are  very  characteristic.  There  are 
many  of  his  works  about  Or  San  Michele. 

Bancroft  (bang'kroft  or  ban'kroft),  Aaron. 
Born  at  Beading,  Mass.,  Nov.  10, 1755:  died  at 
Worcester,  Mass.,  Aug.  19, 1839.  An  American 
clergyman,  father  of  George  Bancroft.  He  wrote 
a  "Life  of  George  Washington "  (1807),  etc. 

Bancroft,  Edward.  Bom  1744 :  died  1821.  An 
English  chemist,  naturalist,  traveler,  and  nov- 
elist. In  early  life  he  several  times  visited  North  and 
South  America.  Later  he  made  some  important  discov- 
eries in  dyeing  and  calico-printing.  He  published  an 
"Essay  on  the  Natural  History  of  Guiana  "  (1769),  "Charles 
Wentworth  "  (a  novel,  1770),  and  a  work  on  colors  and  cal- 
ico-printing (1794  and  1813). 

Bancroft,  George.  Bom  at  Worcester,  Mass., 
Oct.  3,  1800 :  died  at  Washington,  Jan.  17,  1891. 
An  American  historian,  statesman,  and  diplo- 
matist. He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1817 ; 
studied  at  Gottingen  ;  was  tutor  of  Greek  in  Harvard ; 
opened  with  Cogswell  the  Round  Hill  School  at  North- 
ampton in  1823;  was  collector  of  the  port  of  Boston 
1838-41 ;  was  Democratic  candidate  for  governor  of  Mas- 
sachusetts in  1844 ;  was  secretary  of  the  navy  1845-46 
(established  the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis),  and  was 


Bancroft,  George 


116 


United  States  miniater  to  Great  Britain  1846-49,  and  minis, 
ter  to  Berlin  1867-74.  He  wrote  a  "  History  of  tlie  United 
States"  (10  vols. :  vol.  1  published  1834  ;  vol.  10, 1874  ;  cen- 
tenaiT  edition,  6  vols.,  1876) ;  a  "  History  ot  the  Formation 
of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States"  (2  vols.  1882; 
revised  edition  of  the  entire  history,  6  vols.,  1883-84),  etc. 


sculptor,  son  and  pupil  of  the  Florentine  gold- 
smith Michelangelo  Bandinelli  di  Vivlano:  a 
would-be  rival  of  Michelangelo.  He  made  the 
copy  of  the  Laocoon  in  the  UfBzi,  and  the  Hercules  of  the 

„. „ *j,v,  ,«*.^.,*^„-u,y,  ^iuii.       Jralazzo  Vecchio.  •  «i.  ■  4.'"  •    •  a 

Bancroft,  Hubert  Howe.    Bom  at  Granville,  Bandini  (ban-de'ne),  Angelo  Maria     Bom  at  ^^""stian  ministry, 

Ohio.  Mav  5.  1832.     An   Amfirifia.Ti   Tiistnrip.T,      Florence,  Sept.  25,  1726:  died  1800."  An  Ital-  •°3'°60r-lSC0ea.    A 

ian  scholar,  antiquary,  and  librarian  of  the 
Laurentine  Library.  He  wrote  a  life  of  Amerigo  Ves- 
pucci (1745),  a  catalogue  of  Greek,  Latin,  and  Italian  manu- 
scripts in  the  Laurentine  Library  (1784-78),  a  "Dissertatio 
ae  saltationibus  veterum,"  etc. 


Banks,  Nathaniel  Prentiss 

March  31, 1717,  by  Dr.  Hoadley,  bishop  of  Ban- 
gor, from  the  text  "My  kingdom  is  not  of  this 
world."  He  argued  that  Christ  had  not  dele- 
gated judicial  and  disciplinary  powers  to  the 


Ohio,  May  5,  1832.  An  American  historian. 
In  1852  he  established  an  extensive  book  business  in  San 
Francisco ;  and  began  to  collect  books  and  documents  re- 
lating  to  the  Pacific  States,  acquiring  60,000  volumes, 
tracts,  and  manuscripts  (including  the  purchased  collec- 
tion of  Mr.  Squier,  and  a  large  part  of  that  of  the  emperor 
Maximilian  of  Mexico).    Upon  this  library,  which  was 


maximuian  oi   ttiexico;.     upon  t.ms  iiorary,  wnicn  was  •i}__j„_  ,{",; — ; — '-wi       ■,      ... 

elaborately  indexed,  he  founded  his  "History  of  the  Pa-  -Banaon  (ban  don), or Bandonbridge (ban'don 


ciflc  states,"  designed  to  embrace  a  history  of  Central 
America,  Mexico,  and  the  States  of  the  Pacific  slope  north- 
ward to  Alaska,  to  be  completed  in  39  volumes.  Those 
on  the  Indian  tribes,  on  Central  America,  and  on  Mexico  are 
completed  ;  the  others  are  in  course  of  publication. 
Bancroft,  Bichard.  Born  at  Famworth,  Lan- 
cashire, England,  Sept.,  1544 :  died  at  Lambeth, 
Nov.  2, 1610.  An  English  prelate,  a  vigorous 
opponent  of  Puritanism.  He  became  bishop  of 
London  in  1597,  was  a  leader  in  the  Hampton  Court  Con- 
ference 1604,  and  was  archbishop  of  Canterbury  1604-10. 


brij).    A  town'  in  County  Cork7lreland,  "l6 
?"lfs  southwest  of  Cork.     Population  (1891), 

Bandon.  A  small  river  in  County  Cork,  Ire- 
land, which  flows  into  Kinsale  Harbor. 

Bandtke  (bant'ke),  or  Bandtkie  (bant'kye), 
Jan  Wincent.  Bom  at  Lublin,  Poland,  1783 : 
died  at  Warsaw,  1846.  A  Polish  jurist,  brother 
of  Jerzy  Samuel  Bandtke,  professor  of  law  at 
Warsaw,  and  author  of  a  history  of  Polish  law 
(1850)   etc. 


A  small  town  in  Flintshire, 

Wales,  situated  on  the  Dee  14  miles  south  of 
Chester,  formerly  famous  for  its  monastery. 
Bangweolo  (bang-we-6'16),  or  Bemba  (bem'- 
ba).  A  lake  in  central  Africa,  about  lat.  11°  8., 
long.  30°  E.  It  receives  the  Chambezi  on  the  east.  It 
was  formerly  supposed -to  give  origin  to  the  Luapula,  the 
upper  course  of  the  Kongo,  but  the  researches  of  Delcom- 
mane  and  Fianqui  show  that  that  stream  flows  around  ft 
on  the  south,  and  not  through  it.  It  was  discovered  in 
1868  by  Livingstone,  who  died  near  its  shore  in  1873. 

Banholo,  or  Banhuolo,  Count.    See  Bagnuolo. 

Banias  (ba-ni-as').  A  village  of  Palestine  about 
45  miles  southwest  of  Damascus.  Also  Paneas. 
Its  castle  is  a  fortress  of  the  Crusaders,  occupying  a  plat- 
form about  SOO  by  1,200  feet.  The  plan  resembles  a  figure 
8,  bordered  by  numerous  rectangular  and  semicircular 
towers  connected  by  thick  curtain-walls.  The  eastern  ex- 
tremity constituted  the  donjon,  and  still  displays  a  hall 
"'  by  100  feet,  complete  except  in  its  vaulting. 


Banda  (ban'da).    A  district  in  the  Allahabad     .        ,,  „„„,*„„  i„„.,  ^„u.i„w„>.  .^.^v-^i,. ... .™  . „. 

division,NorthwesternProvinces,British  India,  Bandtke,  or  Bandtkie,  Jerzy  Samuel.    Born  Banim  (ba'nim).  John       Bom  at   Kilkenny, 
about  lat.  25°-26°  N.,  long.  81°  E.    Area,  3,060    "*T"1,i:„   t..,.-..   xt-_  «.   ,,„„     ■,.,,„         _    _  .,  .  ^- J^y"..-  . 

square  miles.     Population  (1891),  705,832. 

Banda.  The  capital  of  the  Banda  district,  sit- 
uated on  the  Ken  River  97  miles  west  of  Alla- 
habad.   Population  (1891),  23,071.  ,  ,, 

Banda  Islands.    A  group  of  twelve  small  isi-  Baner  (ba-nar'),  or  Banier,  or  Banner,  Johan. 
ands  in  the  Molucca  Archipelago,  situated  70    Born  at  Djursholm,  near  Stockholm,  June  23, 
miles  south  of  Ceram:  a  Dutch  possession,   its    1596:  died  at  Halberstadt,  (Jermany,  June  20, 
■  '  ~         ■    ■  1641      '  "      '■  '  ....     —  .  .    _. 


at  Lublin,  Poland,  Nov.  24,  1768 :  died  at  Cra- 
cow, June  11,  1835.  A  Polish  historian  and 
grammarian,  librarian  and  professor  at  Cracow 
(1811-35),  and  author  of  a  history  of  the  Polish 
nation  (1820),  etc. 


War. 


A  Swedish  general  in  the  Thirty  Years 
He  commanded  the  right  wing  at  Breitenfeld, 


chief  products  are  nutmegs  and  mace.    The  seat  of  gov- 
ernment is  Banda  !Pteira. 

Banda   Oriental  (ban'da  6-re-en-tal').     The       .  

common  name  in  the  Platine  region  for  the  S'^t*^"^  Adolplms ;  and  gained  the  victories  of  Wittstock, 

territorynowcomprehendedinUruguay(whiehB°anl(rkfr'rco^trof's^^^^^^ 

Banda  Sea.    A  sea  in  the  East  Indies,  east  of  ^l  the'efst^nd  Ztt'' ™"d°'"&in«hf™  ^^^T^ 

the  Sunda  Sea,  nori;h  of  Timur-Laut,  and  south  2!^l^l:^^^l^^^  ^?''^^>  and  Elginshire  and  In- 
of  Ceram. 


Ireland,  April  3, 1798 :  died  near  Kilkenny,  Aug. 
13, 1842.  An  Irish  novelist,  dramatist,  and  poet. 
He  wrote  the  tra^redies  *'  Damon  and  Pythias  "  (produced 
1821)  and  "The  Prodigal," the  "O'Hara Tales"  (in  collabo- 
ration with  his  brother  Michael),  "The  Nowlans,"  etc. 
Banim,  Michael.  Bom  at  Kilkenny,  Ireland, 
Aug.  5,  1796:  died  at  Booterstown,  Dublin 
County,  Ireland,  Aug.  30,  1874.  .An  Irish  nov- 
elist, brother  of  John  Banim,  and  his  collabo- 
rator in  the  writing  of  the  "  (yHara  Tales." 


Sept.  17,  1631;  was  made  field-marshal  after  the  death  of  Banjaluka,  or  Banialuka  (ban-ya-lo'ka).     A 


Bandaisan  (bau-di-san').  A  volcano  in  the 
main  island  of  Japan,  about  lat.  37°  30'  N.,  long. 
140°  E.  It  underwent  a  disastrous  eruption 
July  15,  1888. 

Bandarra  (ban-dar'ra),  Gonpalo  Annes.  Bom 
early  in  the  16th  century :  died  at  Lisbon,  1556. 
A  Portuguese  cobbler  and  rimer,  sumamed,  on 
account  of  his  prophecies  and  thaumaturgioal 
character,  "The  Portuguese  Nostradamus." 
He  was  condemned  by  the  Inquisition  in  1541, 
but  escaped  with  his  life. 

Banded  Peak  (ban'ded  pek).    A  summit  in 
southern  Colorado.     Height,  12,860  feet, 
called  Mount  Hesperus. 

Bandel  (ban'del),  Joseph  Bmst  von.  Bom 
at  Ansbach,  May  17, 1800:  died  at  Neudegg, 
near  DonauwSrth,  Sept.  25,  1876.  A  German 
sculptor,  designer  of  the  statue  of  Hermann 
near  Detmold  (completed  1875). 

Ban-de-la-Boche.    Same  as  Steinthal. 

Bandolier  (ban-de-ler'),  Adolph  Francis  Al- 
phonse.  Bom  at  Bern,  Switzerland,  Aug.  6, 
1840.  A  Swiss-American  archaeologist.  He  has 
been  employed  by  the  Archseological  Institute  of  America 
in  explorations  in  New  Mexico,  .Arizona,  Mexico,  Central 
America,  and  South  America. 

Bandelkhand.    See  Bundelkhand. 

Bandello  (ban-del'lo),  Matteo.  Bom  at  Cas- 
telnuovo.  Piedmont,  1480 :  died  at  Agen,  France, 
1562.  An  Italian  prelate  (bishop  of  Agen  1550) 
and  novelist.  His  tales  (1554-73)  furnished 
subjects  for  Shakspere,  Massinger,  and  others. 

Bande  Noire  (bond  nwar).  [F.,  'black  band.'] 
1 .  One  of  various  infantry  companies  in  the 
French  service  in  the  16th  century. —  2.  In 
France,  speculators  who,  especially  during  the 
Revolution,  purchased  confiscated  church  prop- 


verness-shire  on  the  west,  its  surface  is  mountain- 
ous except  near  the  coast.  Area,  641  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  64,167. 

Banff,  A  seaport  and  chief  town  of  Banffshire, 
Scotland,  situated  40  miles  northwest  of  Aber- 
deen, at  the  mouth  of  the  Deveron.  The  parlia- 
mentary burgh  includes  the  neighboring  seaport  of  Mac- 
duff.   Population  (1891),  7,678. 

Bang  (bang),  Peder  Georg.  Bom  at  Copen- 
hagen, Oct.  7, 1797 :  died  April  2, 1861.  A  noted 
Danish  jurist  and  statesman,  professor  of  law 
at  Copenhagen,  secretary  of  the  interior  1848- 
1849,  and  premier  1854-56. 

Bangala  (ban-ga'la).  SeeNgalaajidMbangala. 
^gg  Bangalur  (bang-ga-lor'),  or  Bangalore  (bang- 
ga-lor').  A  district  in  Maisur,  India.  Area, 
2,901  square  miles. 

Bangalur.  The  chief  city  of  Maisur,  India, 
situated  in  lat.  12°  58'  N.,  long.  77°  38'  E.  it  has 
considerable  trade,  and  manufactures  of  silk,  cotton,  etc. 
It  was  foi-tifled  byHyder  .Ali,  andwas  taken  from  Tippu 
Saib  (by  storm)  by  the  British  under  Comwallis,  179L 
Population  (1801),  180,366. 

Bangkok  (bang-kok').  The  capital  of  Siam, 
situated  on  the  river  Menam,  about  20  miles 
from  its  mouth,  in  lat.  13°  44'  N.,  long.  100° 


town  in  Bosnia,  situated  on  the  Verbas  in  lat. 
44°  40'  N.  It  has  been  the  scene  of  various 
battles  between  the  Turks  and  Austrians.  Pop- 
ulation (1895),  13,666. 

Banjarmasin  (ban-yar-mas'in),  or  Banjar- 
massin.  A  Dutch  residency  in  southeastern 
Borneo,  formerly  a  sultanate. 

Banjarmasiii.  The  chief  town  of  the  residency 
of  Banjarmasin,  situated  near  the  coast. 

Banjumas  (ban-yo-mas').  The  capital  of  the 
residency  of  Banjumas,  island  of  Java,  situated 
in  lat.  7°  32'  S.,  long.  109°  17'  E. 

Banjuwangls  (ban-yo-wang'gis).  A  seaport  in 
eastern  Java,  situated  in  lat.  8°  13'  S.,  long. 
114°  23'  E. 

BankbS;n  (bonk'ban).  A  Hungarian  drama 
by  Katona,  produced  in  1827.  it  is  named  from 
the  hero,  a  Hungarian  governor  and  rebel  against  the 
queen,  who  lived  about  1214. 

Banker-Poet,  The.  A  surname  of  Samuel  Ro- 
gers, and  also  of  Edmund  Clarence  Stedman. 

Bankrupt,  The.  A  comedy  by  Poote,  produced 
in  1773. 

Banks  (bangks),  Mrs.  George  Linnaeus  (Var- 
ley).  Born  at  Manchester,  March  25, 1821:  died 
at  Dalston,  May  5,  1897.  An  English  novelist 
and  poet.  Her  works  include  the  novels  "  God's  Provi- 
dence House "  (1865),  "  Stung  to  the  Quick  "  (1867),  and 
"The  Manchester  Man  "  (1876) ;  also  the  collection  of  poems 
"Ripples  and  Breakers"  (1878). 


31'  E. :  the  chief  commercial  city  of  the  coun-  Banks,  John.  Bom  about  1650:  died  after  1696. 

^        ~    "  "      ■         "     "       An  English  dramatist  of  the  period  of  the  Res- 

toration. He  wrote  "The  Rival  Kings"  (1677),  "The 
Destruction  of  Troy  "  (acted  1678,  printed  1679),  "  The  Un- 
happy Favorite"  (1682),  "The  Innocent  Usurper"  (1683: 
published  1694),  "The  Island  Queens" (1684  :  acted  1704 
as  "  The  Albion  Queens  "),  "  Virtue  Betrayed  "  (1692),  and 
"Cyrus  the  Great " (1696). 


try.  The  houses  are  built  largely  in  the  river.  On  the 
mainland  are  the  royal  palace  and  many  Buddhist  tem- 
ples. Its  trade  is  largely  in  Chinese  hands.  The  chief 
exports  are  rice,  sugar,  hides,  cotton,  silk,  ivory,  pepper, 
sesame,  cardamoms,  etc.  It  became  the  capital  after  the 
destruction  of  Ayuthia.  The  Great  Pagoda  of  Wat-ching 
at  Bangkok  is,  in  its  general  concave-conoid  form,  similar 
to  the  Burmese  pagodas,  but  is  much  more  frankly  polyg- 


erty  and  ancient  estates  and  buildings,  and  Bangor  (ban'gSr).'  [W., 'high  choir.']  A  city 
often  destroyed  time-honored  relies  for  the  and  seaport  in  Carnarvonshire,  Wales,  situated 
purpose  of  using  the  material  in  the  erection         --        -      ■   -     ■-  •■        ■    ■- 

of  new  structures. 

Bandettini  (ban-det-te'ne),  Teresa.    Born  at 

Lucca,  Aug.  12,  1763:  died  1837.     An  Italian  „.  .  ^        ^         j.    ■        ■, 

poet  and  iiprovisatrioe.  Her  works  include  "La  Bangor.  A  seaport  and  watermg-plaoe  m 
Morte  di  Adonide,"  "  n  Polidoro,"  "  La  Rosmunda,"  etc.  County  Down,  Ireland,  situated  at  the  entrance 
She  married  (1789)  Pietro  LanduccL  to  Belfast  Lough,  12  miles  northeast  of  Belfast. 

Bandiera  (ban-de-a'ra),  Attilio.    Born  at  Na-    Population,  about  3,000. 
ples,1817.  Bandiera,  Bmilio.   Bom  at  Naples,  Bangor.   AseaportuiPenobseotCounty,Maine, 
1819.     Two  Italian  patriots,  sons  of  Admiral    situated  on  the  west  bank  of_the  Penobscot,  in 
Bandiera,  executed  by  the  Neapolitan  govern- 


onal  in  plan,  and  is  ornamental  with  the  most  elaborate  JJansS,  Bir  JOSOpn,     Bom  at  London,  Feb.  13, 

J744.   ^gij  ^^  fsleworth,  June   19,  1820.     An 

English  naturalist,  especially  distinguished  as 
a  botanist,  and  a  patron  of  science.  He  equipped 
the  ship  Endeavour,  and  accompanied  Cook's  first  expe. 
dition  1768-71,  visited  Iceland  1772,  and  was  president  of 
the  Royal  Society  1778-1820.  His  herbarium  and  library 
are  in  the  British  Museum.  He  wrote  "  A  Short  Account 
of  the  Causes  of  the  Disease  caUed  the  Blight,  Mildew,  and 
Rust  "(1806),  etc. 

on  Menai  Stra,it  9  miles  northeast  of  Carnarvon.  Banks,  Kathaniel  Prentiss.  Bom  at  Waltham, 


exuberance  in  both  color  and  carving.  Instead  of  ter- 
minating in  a  sharp  flnlal,  it  ends  in  a  tall  hexagonal 
prism  with  a  domical  top.  At  the  base  and  toward  the 
summit  there  are  large  rectangular  niches  with  lavish 
adornment  of  flame-tongued  pinnacles.  Population,  400,- 
000(?). 
Bangla  (bang'gla).  Same  as  Fai!saiad,m  Oudh, 


It  contains  a  cathedral,  lately  restored,  and  is  the  seat  of 
the  University  College  of  North  Wales.  Population  (1891). 
9.892. 

and 


ment  at  Cosenza,  July  25,   1844,  for  an  at- 
tempted rising  on  the  coast  of  Calabria.    They 
had  previously  joined  a  conspiracy  for  an  at- 
tack on  Sicily  which  had  failed. 
Bandinelli  (ban-de-nel'le),  Bartolommeo  or 


lat.  44°  48'  N.,  long.  68°  47'  W.,  at  the  head  of 
navigation,  it  is  one  of  the  principal  lumber  depots  of 
the  world,  and  has  a  considerable  trade  and  ship-building 
industries.  It  became  a  city  in  1834-  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
(Congregational)  theological  seminary,  which  was  incor- 
porated in  1814,  was  opened  at  Hampden  in  1816,  and  was 
removed  tu  Bangor  in  1819.    Pop.  (1900),  21,850. 


BacciO.    Bom  at  Florence,  Oct.  7,  1488:  died  Bangorian  Controversy.  Acontroversy stirred 
therej  Feb.  7,  1560.    An  Italian  painter  and    up  by  a  sermon  preached  before  George  I.  on 


Mass. ,  Jan.  30, 1816:  died  there,  Sept.  1, 1894.  An 
American  politician  and  general.  In  earlylifehewas 
a  machinist,  editor,  and  lawyer ;  served  in  the  Massachu- 
setts legislature;  was  member  of  Congress  from  Massa- 
chusetts 18.18-67,  elected  first  as  a  coalition  Democrat,  then 
as  a  Know-nothing,  and  later  as  a  Republican ;  was  speaker 
of  the  House  1856-57;  and  was  Republican  governor  of  Mas- 
sachusetts 1868-61.  In  1861  he  was  commissioned  major- 
general  of  volunteers ;  commanded  a  corps  on  the  upper 
Potomac  and  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  in  1862 ;  com- 
manded at  the  battle  of  Cedar  Mountain  Aug.  9,  1862 ; 
succeeded  Butler  in  command  at  New  Orleans  at  the  end 
of  1862 ;  invested  Port  Hudson  and  captured  it  July,  1863 ; 
commanded  the  'Red  River  expedition  in  1864 ;  was  de- 
feated at  Sabine  Cross  Roads ;  and  gained  a  victory  at 
Pleasant  Hill.  He  was  Republican  member  of  Congress 
from  Massachusetts  1865-73 ;  was  defeated  as  Liberal- Re- 
publican candidate  for  Congress  in  1872  ;  was  member  of 
Congress  from  Massachusetts  1875-77,  and  again  1889-91; 
and  was  Voitcd  States  marshal- 


Banks,  Thomas 

Banks,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Lambeth,  England, 
Dec.  29, 1735 :  died  at  London,  Feb.  2, 1805.  A 
noted  English  sculptor. 

Banks,  Thomas  Christopher.  Born  1765 :  died 
at  Greenwich,  England,  Sept.  30,  1854.  An 
English  lawyer  and  genealogist.  He  puWished  a. 
"Manual  of  the  Nobility  "  (1807),  "Dormant  and  Extinct 
Baronage  o£  England  "  (1807-09:  vol.  i  in  1837),  and  nmner- 
ous  minor  w,orks. 

Banks,  The.    See  Grand  Sanies. 
Bankside  (bangk'sid).     That  portion  of   the 
Thames  bank  which  lies  on  the  south  side  be- 
tween Blaekfriars  and  Waterloo  bridges.  In  the 
time  ol  the  Tudors  it "  consisted  of  a  single  row  of  houses, 
built  on  a  dike,  or  levee,  higher  both  than  the  river  at  high 
tide  and  the  ground  behind  the  bank.    At  one  end  of  Bank 
Side  stood  the  Clink  Prison,  Winchester  House,  and  St. 
Mary  Overies  Church.    At  the  other  end  was  the  Falcon 
Tavern  with  its  stairs,  and  behind  it  were  the  Paris  Gar- 
dens. ,  .  .  A  little  to  the  west  of  the  Clink  and  behind  the 
houses  stood  the  Globe  Theatre,  and  close  beside  it  the  Bull- 
baiting."    Besant,  London,  p.  366. 
Banks  Islands.    A  group  of  small  islands  in 
the  South  Pacific,  northeast  of  the  New  Heb- 
rides: named  (as  were  the  following  four)  for 
Sir  Joseph  Banks. 
Banks  Land.    A  large   island  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean  northwest  of  Prince  Albert  Land  and 
southwest  of  Melville  Island. 
Banks  Peninsula,    A  peninsula  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  the  South  Island  of  New  Zealand. 
Banks  Strait.     A  sea  passage  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  separating  Banks  Land  from  Melville 
Island. 

Banks  Strait.  A  strait  separating  Tasmania 
from  the  Purneaux  (Jroup  to  the  northeast. 
Banks's  horse.  A  celebrated  trick-horse  named 
Morocco,  the  property  of  a  man  named  Banks 
who  lived  about  the  beginning  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury. He  could  perform  tricks  with  cards  and  dice  and 
dance  at  his  master's  command.  In  1600  or  1601  Banks 
is  said  to  have  made  him  "  override  the  vane  of  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral "  in  the  presence  of  an  enormous  crowd.  The 
first  mention  of  him  occurs  about  1590.  He  is  alluded  to  by 
Raleigh,  Armln,  Gayton,  and  many  others,  and  there  are 
references  to  him  in  the  plays  of  the  period. 

Sir  Kenelm  Digby  says, — "  He  would  restore  a  glove 
to  the  due  owner,  after  the  master  had  whispered  the 
man's  name  in  his  ear_;  would  tell  the  just  number  of 
pence  in  any  piece  of  silver  coin  newly  showed  him  by 
his  master. "  Bankes  showed  his  horse  upon  the  continent, 
and  in  France  had  a  narrow  escape  from  the  Capuchins, 
who  suspected  him  of  being  in  league  with  the  devil. 
There  was  a  report  that  he  fell  a  victim  to  a  similar  sus- 
picion at  Some.  Ben  Jonson,  in  his  epigram,  speaks  of 
"  Old  Banks  the  juggler,  our  Pythagoras, 
Grave  tutor  to  the  learned  horse;  ..." 

Hudson,  Note  to  Love's  Labour  's  Lost. 
Bankura  (bang-ko-ra').    A  district  of  the  Bar- 
dhwan  division,  Bengal,  British  India,  in  lat.  23° 
N.,  long.  87°  E.  Area,  2,621  square  miles.    Pop- 
ulation (1891),  1,069,668. 

Bankura.     The  capital  of  the  Bankura  district, 
situated  on  the  Dhalkisor  Eiver  lOOmiles  north- 
west of  Calcutta.     Population  (1891),  18,743. 
Bann  (ban).    A  river  of  northeastern  Ireland 
which  flows  through  Lough  Neagh,  and  empties 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  near  Coleraine.  Length, 
about  90  mUes. 
Bannacks.     See  Bannock. 
Bannatyne  (bau'a-tin),  George.   Bom  in  Scot- 
land, 1545:    died 'about  1608.    A  collector  of 
early  Scottish  poetry.    His  manuscript  collection  is 
preserved  in  the  Advocates'  Library,  Edinburgh.    It  has 
been  printed  in  part  by  Allan  Eamsay  and  Lord  Hailes, 
and  completely  by  the  Hunterian  Club. 
Bannatyne  Club.    A  Scottish  literary  club, 
named  from  George  Bannatyne,  founded  under 
the  presidency  of  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  1823,  and 
dissolved  in  1859.    It  was  devoted  to  the  pub- 
lication of  works  on  Scottish  history  and  lit- 
erature. 

Bannister  (ban'is-ter),  Charles.  Bom  in 
Gloucestershire,  England,  about  1738  (?) :  died 
at  London,  Oct.  26,  1804.  An  English  actor 
and  bass  singer. 
Bannister,  John.  Bom  at  Deptford,  England, 
May  12,  1760:  died  at  London,  Nov.  7,  1836. 
A  noted  English  comedian,  the  son  of  Charles 
Bannister. 

Bannock  (ban 'ok).  [PI.,  also  Bannocks;  a 
corruption  of  Pan4'ti,  the  tribal  designation 
used  by  the  people  themselves.]  A  tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  also  called  "Robber 
Indians."  it  was  divided  into  two  geographically  dis- 
tinct divisions,  the  first  of  which  claimed  the  territory  be- 
tween lat.  42°  and  45°,  and  from  long.  113°  to  the  main 
chain  of  the  Bocky  Mountains ;  while  the  second  divi- 
sion, or  northern  Bannock,  claimed  all  of  the  southwestern 
portions  of  Montana,  into  which  they  had  been  forced 
by  the  Blaokfeet.  The  southern  branch  was  by  far  the 
more  populous.  In  1869  the  Bannock  of  Salmon  E,iver 
numbered  but  360,  in  60  lodges,  having  been  largely  re- 
duced by  smallpox  and  the  inroads  of  the  Blackteet. 
Upon  the  establishment  of  Wind  Eiver  reservation  in 
1869,  about  600  southern  Bannock  were  placed  on  it,  and 


117 

in  the  same  year  600  others  were  assigned  to  Tort  Hall 
reservation.  Most  of  the  latter  subsequently  wandered 
away,  but  in  1874  returned  with  the  Shoshoni  and  scat- 
tered Bannock  of  southeast  Idaho.  There  are  now  (1893) 
614  on  Fort  Hall  reservation,  and  75  on  Lemhi  reservation 
Idaho.  (See  Digger  and  Slwshonean. )  Also  Banack,  Ban- 
attee,  Banack,  Boonach,  Panack,  Panasht,  Paunaque  Po- 
nock,  Ponashta,  Punnak. 

Bannockburn  (ban'ok-bfem).  A  village  iu 
Stirlingshire,  Scotland,  3  miles  south  of  Stir- 
ling. Here,  June  24, 1314,  the  Scots  (about  30,000)  under 
Eobert  Bruce  totally  defeated  the  English  (about  100,000) 
under  Edward  II.  The  loss  of  the  English  was  about 
30,000.  At  Sauchieburn,  in  the  vicinity,  James  HI.  of  Scot- 
land  was  defeated  and  slain  by  rebellious  nobles  in  1488. 

Bannu(ba-no'),  orBanu.  A  district  in  the  Pan- 
jab,  British  India,  about  lat.  33°  N.,  long.  71° 
E.  Area,  3,847  square  miles.  Population  (1891). 
372,276.  >f  \        J, 

Banolas  (ban-yo'las).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Gerona,  Spain,  8  miles  north  of  Gerona. 
Population  (1887),  5,021. 

Banos  de  Bejar  (ban'yos  da  ba-nar').  [Sp., 
'  baths  of  Bejar.']  A  watering-place  in  Spain, 
situated  on  the  borders  of  Salamanca  and 
Caceres,  50  miles  south  of  Salamanca. 

Banquo  (bang'kwo).  The  thane  of  Lochaber 
in  Shakspere's  tragedy  "Macbeth."  He  is  a 
general  iu  the  king's  army,  with  the  same  rank  as  Mac- 
beth, and  with  the  same  ambitions,  but  is  of  a  quieter 
nature  and  more  discretion.  He  is  killed  by  order  of  Mac- 
beth on  account  of  the  future  promised  to  him  by  the 
Weird  Sisters,  namely  that  Banquo's  posteiity  should 
reign.  In  one  of  the  most  powerful  scenes  of  the  play  his 
ghost  appears  to  the  guilty  Macbeth  while  unseen  by  the 
other  banqueters. 

Banquo  and  Fleance,  though  named  by  Holinshed,  fol- 
lowed by  Shakspere,  are  now  considered  by  the  best  au- 
thors to  be  altogether  fictitious  personages.  Chalmers  says, 
"HistoryknowsnothingofBanquo,  the  thane  of  Lochaber, 
nor  of  Florence  his  son."  Sir  Walter  Scott  observes  that 
"early  authorities  show  us  no  such  persons  as  Banquo  and 
his  son  Fleance ;  nor  have  we  reason  to  think  that  the  latter 
ever  fied  further  from  Macbeth  than  across  the  flat  scene 
according  to  stage  direction.  Neither  were  Banquo  and  his 
son  ancestors  of  the  house  of  Stuart. "  Yet "  Peerages  "and 
"Genealogical  Charts"  still  retain  the  names  of  Banquo 
and  Fleance  in  the  pedigree  of  the  Royal  Houses  of  Scot- 
land and  England,  Furmss,  Shak.  Var. 

Banswara  (bau-swa'ra).  A  small  tributary 
state  in  Eajputana,  British  India,  about  lat.  23° 
30' N.,  long.  74°30'E. 
Bantam  (ban-tam'  or  ban'tam).  [Malay  and 
Javanese  Ban  toi.]  A  decayed  seaport  of  Java, 
61  miles  west  of  Batavia,  formerly  of  great 
commercial  importance. 
Bantia  (ban'shi-a).  In  'ancient  geography,  a 
town  in  southern  Italy,  southeast  of  Venusia 
and  northeast  of  the  modern  Potenza. 
Banting  (ban'ting),  William.  Bom  1797 :  died 
at  Kensington,  March  16, 1878.  A  London  un- 
dertaker who,  iu  1863,  in  a  pamphlet  entitled 
"A  Letter  on  Corpulence,"  recommended  a 
course  of  diet  for  the  reduction  of  corpulence, 
which  has  been  named  from  him  "banting." 
The  diet  recommended  was  originally  prescribed  for  Bant- 
ing by  William  Harvey,  and  consists  of  the  use  of  lean 
meats  principally,  and  abstinence  from  fats,  starch,  and 
sugar. 
Bantry  (ban'tri).  A  seaport  in  County  Cork, 
Ireland,  situated  near  the  head  of  Bantry  Bay, 
39  miles  west-southwest  of  Cork.  Population, 
about  2,000. 
Bantry  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  on  the 
southwestern  coast  of  Ireland,  in  County  Cork. 
Length,  25  miles. 

Bantu  (ban'to).  The  homogeneous  family  of 
languages  spoken,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Hottentot,  Bushmen,  and  Pygmy  enclaves, 
through  out  the  vast  triangle  between  Kamerun, 
Zanzibar,  and  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  £«-»»«« 
(or  (yva-ndu,  hOrtu,  a-tv)  signifies  in  almost  all  these  lan- 
guages '  the  people,'  and  has  therefore  been  adopted  to 
denote  the  whole  family.  All  the  Bantu  languages  are 
clearly  derived  from  one  mother-tongue.  Though  they 
differ  in  the  vocabulary,  their  grammar  is  practically  one. 
Although  subdivided  into  hundreds  of  dialects,  the  Bantu 
family  contains  relatively  few  great  national  languages. 
Such  languages  are,  in  South  Africa,  the  Kafir  and  Zulu, 
the  Se-chuana,  the  Shi-gwamba ;  on  the  north  and  south 
of  the  Kunene  River,  a  large  cluster  of  dialects  charac- 
terized by  the  prefix  Ova-  or  Oct-  ;  the  Angola  language, 
from  Loanda  to  the  Kuangu  River ;  the  Kongo  language, 
from  the  Lif une  River  to  Sette  Kama,  and  from  the  Atlan- 
tic to  Stanley  Pool ;  the  Lunda  language ;  the  Kibokue  or 
Kioko  language,  from  the  confluence  of  the  Kassai  to  its 
source  and  beyond ;  the  great  Luba  (and  Lange)  language, 
from  the  confluence  of  the  Luebo  and  Kassai  rivers  to 
Lake  Bangweolo ;  the  Ki-lolo,  in  the  horseshoe  bend  of 
the  Kongo  River ;  the  Ki-teke,  from  the  equator  over 
Stanley  Pool  to  lat.  T  S. ;  the  Fan,  in  northern  French 
Gabun  and  southern  German  Kamerun ;  the  Lu-ganda,  on 
Victoria  Nyanza ;  the  Kinyanja,  on  Lake  Nyassa ;  the  Kua 
language,  in  Mozambique ;  and  Ki-suahili,  from  Zanzibar 
to  the  far  west,  northwest,  and  southwest.  The  term 
Bantu  is  also  used  to  denote  'a  race.'  The  negroes  of 
both  the  Bantu  stock  and  the  Nigritic  branch  are  physi- 
cally one  race,  and  the  difference  is  almost  purely  lin- 
guistic. See  Nigritic,  Nuia-Fulah,  Hamitic,  Khaikhain, 
scaiAfiieanlanguages,Africanethnography(\inderA/rica). 


Barabas 

Banville  (bon-vel'),  Theodore  FauUain  de. 

Bom  at  Moulins,  France,  March  14, 1823 :  died 
at  Paris,  March  13,  1891.  A  French  poet, 
dramatist,  and  novelist.  He  was  the  son  of  an  officer 
in  the  navy,  and  early  devoted  himself  to  literature  pub- 
lishing in  1842  two  volumes  of  verse,  entitled  "Les  Ca- 
riatides,"  which  attracted  attention.  He  also  wrote 
"  Odes  Funambulesques  "  (1867),  etc.,  and  extensively  for 
the  stage.  His  most  successful  play,  "  Qringoire  "  was 
published  in  1866.  In  1882  appeared  "Mes  Souvenh-s," 
m  which  he  portrayed  some  ol  his  contemporaries. 

Banyuls-SUr-Mer  (ban-ytU'siir-mar').  A  sea- 
port iu  the  department  of  Pyren6es-0rientales, 
Prance,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean,  near 
the  Spanish  frontier,  20  miles  southeast  of  Per- 
pignau.  It  produces  fine  Eoussillou  wine. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  3,119. 

Banyumas.    See  Banjumas. 

Banz  (bants).  A  Benedictine  abbey,  now  a 
castle,  near  Lichtenfels,  Upper  Franconia,  Ba- 
varia, founded  about  1058. 

Bapaume  (ba-p6m').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  14  miles  south 
of  Arras.  Here,  Jan.  2  and  3, 1871,  the  Germans  under 
Von  Goeben  gained  a  victory  over  the  French  under  Faid- 
herbe.    Population  (1891),  3,001. 

Baphomet  (baf'o-met).  The  imaginary  idol  or 
symbol  which  the  Templars  were  accused  of 
worshiping.  By  some  modem  writers  the  Templars 
are  charged  with  a  depraved  Gnosticism,  and  the  word 
Baphomet  has  had  given  to  it  the  signification  of  baptism 
of  wisdom  (as  if  from  Gr.  ^aijiri,  baptism,  and  h^th,  wis- 
dom), baptism  of  Are ;  in  other  words,  the  Gnostic  bap- 
tism, a  species  of  spiritual  illumination.  But  this  and 
the  other  guesses  are  of  no  value.  The  word  may  be  a 
manipulated  form  of  Mahomet,  a  name  which  took  strange 
shapes  in  the  middle  ages. 

Baps  (baps),  Mr.  In  Charles  Dickens's  novel 
"Dombey  and  Son,"  a  dancing-master,  "a 
very  grave  gentleman." 

Baptist,  The.    See  John. 

Baptista  (bap-tis'ta).  In  Shakspere's  "Tam- 
ing of  the  Shrew,"  a  rich  gentleman  of  Padua, 
the  father  of  Katharine. 

Baptistery  of  San  Giovanni.  A  baptistery  at 
Florence,  Italy,  remodeled  by  Amolfo  di  Cam- 
bio  in  the  13th  century.  It  is  octagonal  in  plan 
(108  feet  in  diameter) ;  the  exterior  is  in  white  and  black 
marble,  with  arcades  and  Inlaid  panels ;  and  the  interior 
is  domed,  with  a  small  lantern.  It  is  famous  for  its  three 
magnificent  double  gates  in  bronze,  of  which  that  on  the 
south  is  by  Andrea  Pisano  (1330),  and  those  on  the  north 
and  east  by  Ghiberti  (1403-24).  Andrea's  gate  has  a  beau- 
tiful wreathed  framing  of  leaves,  flowers,  and  birds,  and 
twenty-eight  panel-reliefs  of  the  story  of  John  th-e  Baptist. 
The  north  Ghiberti  gate  has  also  twenty-eight  reliefs, 
mostly  of  the  life  of  Christ ;  and  the  chief  gate,  that  toward 
the  east,  has  in  richly  ornamented  framing  ten  reliefs 
from  the  Old  Testament. 

Baquedano  (ba-ka-THa'no),  Manuel.  Born  in 
Santiago,  1826.  A  Chilean  soldier.  He  began  the 
Peruvian  campaign  of  1879  as  a  brigadier-general  under 
Escala,  and  in  1880  succeeded  that  general  in  command 
of  the  army  of  invasion,  conducting  the  Tacna  and  Lima 
campaigns  with  an  almost  uninterrupted  series  of  victo- 
ries, the  Peruvian  forces  being  inferior.  Fur  his  services 
he  was  made  generalissimo  of  the  Chilean  army. 

Bar,  Karl  Ernst  von.    See  Baer. 

Bar  (bar).  An  ancient  territory  in  eastern 
France,  whose  capital  was  Bar-le-Duo.  it  was 
a  county  and  later  a  duchy,  was  united  with  the  duchy 
of  Lorraine  in  1473,  was  annexed  by  France  in  1669,  and 
was  restored  in  1661  to  Lorraine,  whose  fortunes  it  fol- 
lowed. 

Bar.  A  town  in  the  government  of  Podolia, 
Russia,  situated  on  the  Eoff  iu  lat.  49°  5'  N., 
long.  27°  40'  E.    Population,  13,434. 

Bar.     See  Antivari. 

Bar,  Confederation  of.  A  union  of  Polish 
patriots,  led  by  members  of  the  nobility, 
formed  at  Bar,  1768,  against  the  Eussian  in- 
fluence and  the  dissidents.  It  carried  on  war 
against  the  Russians,  deposed  the  king  (Stanislaus),  was 
suppressed  by  the  Russians,  and  dissolved  in  1772. 

Bara  (ba'ra),  Jules.  Born  Aug.  31, 1835:  died 
June  26,  1900.  A  Belgian  liberal  politician, 
minister  of  justice  1865-70  and  1878-84. 

Baraba  (ba-ra-ba'),  or  Barabinska  (ba-ra- 
ben'ska).  A  steppe  in  western  Siberia,  situated 
between  the  rivers  Obi  and  Irtish,  in  the  govern- 
ments of  Tobolsk,  Tomsk,  and  Akmolinsk. 

Bara  Banki  (ba'ra  ban'ke),  A  district  in  the 
Lucknow  division,  Oudh,  British  India,  about 
lat.  27°  N.,  long.  81°  30'  E.  Area,  1, 740  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  1,130,906. 

Barabas,  Barabbas  (ba-rab'as).  [Aram.,  'son 
of  the  father'  (teacher  or  master).]  A  robber 
and  insurrectionary  leader  whose  release  from 
prison  instead  of  that  of  Jesus  was  demanded 
of  Pilate  by  the  Jews. 

Barabas.  The  Jew  of  Malta  in  Marlowe's 
play  of  that  name.  He  is  not  only  the  incarnation 
of  popular  hatred  of  the  Jew,  but  also  of  the  Jew's  recip- 
rocal hatred  and  revenge.  He  dies  in  the  end  a  defiant 
death  in  a  caldron  of  boiling  oil  prepared  for  another. 
This  character  was  originally  played  by  Alleyn. 


Baraboo 

Baraboo  (bar'a-bo).  The  capital  of  Sauk 
County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  the  Baraboo 
River  35  miles  northwest  of  Madison.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  5,751. 

Barabra  (ha-ra'bra),  or  Berabra.  [Ar.]  The 
collective  name  of  the  Nubians  who  inhabit  the 
Nile  valley  from  Assuan  to  Wadi  Haifa. 

Baracoa  (ba-ra-ko'a).  A  decayed  seaport  near 
the  eastern  end  of  Cuba.     Pop.  (1899),  4,937. 

Barada  (ba-ra'da).  A  river  of  Syria  which 
rises  m  Anti-Libanus,  flows  through  Damascus, 
and  IS  lost  in  the  desert :  the  ancient  Abana. 

Baradas  (ba-ra-dii'),  Count.  A  conspirator 
agamst  Cardinal  Richelieu  in  Bulwer's  nlav 
"Richelieu."  ^    ' 

Baradla.    See  Agtelek. 

Baraguay  d'Hilliers  (ba-ra-ga'  de-ya'), 
Achille.  Born  at  Paris,  Sept.  6,  1795:  died 
at  Am61ie-les-Bains,  France,  June  6,  1878. 
A  French  marshal,  son  of  Louis  Baraguay 
d'Hilliers.  He  became  governor  of  the  military  school 
of  Samt-Cyr  1833 ;  was  governor  of  Constantino,  Algeria, 
1843-44 ;  commanded  the  French  forces  in  Eome  in  1849  ; 
became  marshal  in  1854 ;  commanded  an  army  corps  in  the 
Italian  war  of  1869 ;  and  became  commandant  of  Paris  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  Franco-German  war,  but  was  removed 
Aug.  12, 1870. 

Baraguay  d'Hilliers,  Louis.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Aug.  18,  1764:  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  6,  1813.  A 
French  soldier,  made  general  of  brigade  in  1793, 
and  general  of  division  in  1797.  He  served  as  chief 
of  staff  to  General  Custine ;  fought  in  Italy  under  Napo- 
leon 1796-97  ;  was  made  commandant  of  Venice ;  served 
under  Macdonald  in  1799 ;  commanded  in  Tyrol  in  1809 ; 
and  led  a  division  in  the  Russian  campaign  of  1812. 

Barak  (ba-rak').  Ariver  in  British  India  which 
joins  the  Brahmaputra  from  the  east  near  its 
mouth. 

Baralt  (ba-ralf),  Rafael  Maria.  Bom  at 
Maraeaybo,  July  2,  1814:  died  at  Madrid,  Jan. 
2,  1860.  A  Venezuelan  historian  and  soldier, 
resident  in  Spain  after  1843.  He  wrote  "Resumen 
de  la  Historia  antigua  y  moderna  de  Venezuela "  (Paris, 
1841  el  seq. :  the  last  two  volumes  with  the  collaboration 
of  Ramon  Diaz),  etc. 

Baramula  (ba-ra-mo'la).  A  locality  in  the 
western  part  of  Cashmere,  on  the  Jhelum  west 
of  Srinagar.  Near  it  is  the  famous  gorge  of 
the  Jhelum. 

Baranoflf  (ba-ra'nof ),  Alexander  Andrevitoh. 
Born  1746 :  died  1819.  A  Russian  trader,  first 
governor  of  Russian  America.  He  founded  a  trad- 
ing colony  on  Bering  Strait  in  1796,  and  took  possession 
of  the  island  in  the  Sitka  group  which  afterward  bore  his 
name  in  1799,  founding  there  a  factory  and  fortress.  He 
was  ennobled  by  the  emperor  Alexander. 

Baranoff.     See  SWca  Island. 

Barante  (ba-ronf),  Aimable  G-uillanme  Pros- 
per BrugiSre,  Baron  de.  Born  at  Riom, 
Prance,  June  10,  1782 :  died  Nov.  22,  1866.  A 
French  statesman,  historian,  and  general  wri- 
ter, son  of  Claude  Ignace  Brugifere,  Baron  de 
Barante.  He  held  various  offices  under  the  Empire  and 
Restoration,  and  was  ambassador  to  Turin  and  St.  Peters- 
burg under  Louis  Philippe.  Among  his  works  are  "  Ta- 
bleau de  la  litt^rature  frangaise  au  dix-huiti^me  si^cle" 
(1808),  translations  of  Schiller's  dramatic  works  and  of 
"Hamlet,"  "Histoire  desducsde  Bourgogne  delamaison 
de  Valoia"  (1824-26),  "Histoire  de  la  convention  natio- 
nale  "  (1861-63),  and  "Histoire  du  Directoire"  (1865). 

Barante,  Claude  Ignace  Brugi^re,  Baron  de. 

Bom  at  Riom,  Dec.  10, 1745:  died  May  20, 1814. 
A  French  writer,  father  of  the  preceding,  au- 
thor of  an  "Examen  du  prinoipe  fondamental 
des  Maximes,"  prefixed  to  an  edition  of  La 
Rochefoucauld's  "Maxims"  (1798),  etc. 

Barante,  Prosper  Claude  Ignace  Brugi^re, 
Baron  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  27,  1816:  died 
there.  May  10,  1889.  A  French  senator,  grand- 
son of  the  preceding. 

Barataria  (ba-ra-ta-re'a).  The  island  city  over 
which  Sancho  Pauza,  in  "  Don  Quixote,"  was 
made  governor.  At  his  inauguration  feast  every  dish 
was  snatched  away  untasted,  so  that  he  starved  in  the 
midst  of  abundance.  Disgusted  with  the  joys  of  govern- 
ment, after  a  short  trial,  he  abjured  his  ephemeral  royalty, 
preferring  his  liberty. 

Barataria  Bay  (bar-a-ta'ri-a  ba).  An  inlet  of 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  southeastern  coast 
of  Louisiana,  west  of  the  Mississippi.  Length, 
about  15  miles. 

Barathron  (bar'a-thron).  [Grr.  ^hpadpov,  a  pit.] 
A  steep  ravine  oii  the  western  slope  of  the  Hill 
of  the  Nymphs,  at  Athens,  outside  of  the  an- 
cient walls,  rendered  more  precipitous  by  an- 
cient use  of  it  as  a  quarry.  This  was  the  "pit"  into 
which  the  bodies  of  criminals  were  thrown  in  antiquity 
after  execution,  or  in  some  cases  while  still  living. 

Baratier  (bii-ra-ter'),  Johann  Philipp.    Born 

at  Sehwabach  in  Anspach,  1721 :  died  1740.  A 
German  scholar  noted  for  his  extraordinary 
precocioTisness.  He  is  said  to  have  read  and  written 
German  and  French  at  four  years  of  age,  Latin  at  five,  and 


118 

(Jreek  and  Hebrew  at  seven.  He  compiled  a  Hebrew  dic- 
tionary at  twelve,  and  published  a  French  translation  of 
the  Itmerary  of  Benjamin  of  Tudela  at  thirteen. 
Baraya  (ba-ra'ya),  Antonio.  Bom  at  San  Juan 
de  Jerdn  in  1791:  executed  at  Bogotd,  July  20, 
1816.  A  New  Granadan  general.  He  joined  the 
revolutionists  in  1810,  and  was  one  of  the  members  of  the 
first  independent  Junta.  He  was  captured  by  Morilla  and 
shot  as,  a  rebel. 

Baraza  (ba-ra'tha),  or  Barax  (ba-ra'),  Oypri- 
ano.  Bom  in  France,  1642 :  died  in  Moios,  Bo- 
livia, Sept.  16, 1702.  A  Jesuit  missionary  who, 
in  1674,  was  the  first  to  visit  the  Mamor6  region, 
in  what  is  now  northern  Bolivia.  He  founded  the 
celebrated  missions  of  Loreto  and  Trinidad;  and  was 
murdered  by  the  Baures  Indians  in  the  forests  east  of 
the  Mamord. 

Barbacena  (bar-ba-sa'na).  A  small  town  in 
the  state  of  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  northwest  of 
Rio  de  Janeiro. 

Barbacena,  Marquis  of.  See  Caldeira  Brant 
Pontes,  Felisberto. 

Barbacoas.  (bar-ba-ko'as).  A  small  town  in 
the  state  of  Cauca,  Colombia,  near  the  south- 
western corner. 

Barbadillo  (bar-ba-del'yo),  Alfonso  Salas. 
Born  at  Madrid  about  1580:  died  1630.  A 
Spanish  writer  of  note,  author  of  tales,  poems, 
and  numerous  comedies. 

Barbados,  or  Barbadoes  (bar-ba'doz).  An 
island  of  the  British  West  Indies,  near  the  Wind- 
ward group,  situated  east  of  St.  Vincent,  in 
lat.  13°  4'TSr.,  long.  59°  37'  W.  its  chief  exports 
are  sugar,  rum,  and  molasses.  The  capital  is  Bridgetown. 
It  is  governed  by  governor,  executive  committee,  legisla- 
tive council,  and  Hou.se  of  Assembly.  It  was  colonized  in 
1625.  Length,  21  miles ;  width,  15  miles.  Area,  166  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  182,806. 

Barbalho  Bezerra  (bar-bal'y§be-zer'ra),  Luiz. 
Born  at  Pernambuco,  1601:  died  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  1644.  A  leader  of  the  Portuguese  in 
the  war  with  the  Dutch  at  Pernambuco  and 
Bahia,  1630-40.  For  illegal  acts  he  was  caUed  to  Por- 
tugal in  1640  and  for  a  time  imprisoned,  but  was  subse- 
quently pardoned  and  employed  in  the  war  with  Spain. 
In  1643  he  returned  to  Brazil  as  governor  of  the  ca^tmrda 
of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

Barbara  (bar'ba-ra).  Saint.  [L.  Barbara,  Gr. 
BdpPapf/,  It.  and  Sp.  Barbara,  F.  Barbe.2  A 
virgin  martyr  and  saint  of  the  Greek  and  Roman 
Catholic  churches,  martyred  at  Nieomedia  (?), 
Bithynia,  about  235  A.  D.  (or  306?).  She  is  com- 
memorated in  the  Greek  and  Roman  churches 
on  Dec.  4. 

Barbara.  In  Charles"  Dickens's  tale  "  The  Old 
Curiosity  Shop,"  "a  little  servant  girl,  very 
tidy,  modest,  and  demure,  but  very  pretty 
too  " :  afterward  Mrs.  Kit  Nubbles. 

Barbara  Allen's  Cruelty.  An  old  ballad,  given 
in  Percy's  "Beliques,"  relating  the  cruelty  to 
her  lover,  and  subsequent  remorse,  of  Barbara 
Allen.  There  is  another  version  called  "Bonny 
Barbara  Allan,"  which  is  not  so  popular. 

Barbarelli.     See  Giorgione. 

Barbarossa  (bar-ba-ros'a).  [It.,  'Red-beard.'] 
See  Frederick  /.,  "Barbarossa,"  Emperor  of 
Germany. 

Barbarossa,  Horuk.  Died  1518.  A  Moham- 
medan corsair,  a  native  of  Mytilene,  who  con- 
quered and  became  the  ruler  of  Algiers  about 
1517.  He  was  defeated  and  slain  by  an  army  sent  against 
him  by  the  (later)  emperor  Charles  V.,  1618.  Also  written 
Uruj,  Arueh,  Arooj,  Horush,  and  Home. 

Barbarossa,  Knair-ed-Din,  or  Kheyr-ed-Din. 

Died  at  Constantinople,  1546.  Brother  of  Horuk 
whom  he  succeeded  1518  as  Bey  of  Algiers. 
Having  surrendered  the  sovereignty  of  Algiers  to  the 
■  Turkish  sultan  Selim  I.,  in  order  to  gain  support  against 
the  Spaniards,  he  was  appointed  governor-general,  and  re- 
ceived 1619  a  reinforcement  of  2,000  janizaries.  He  made 
himself  master  of  Tunis,  but  in  1536  the  emperor  Charles 
v.  besieged  and  captured  the  city  and  liberated  a  vast 
number  of  Christian  slaves.  He  was  appointed  high  ad- 
miral of  the  Ottoman  fleets  1537,  and  in  conjunction  with 
Francis  I.  captured  Nice  1643. 

Barbaroux  (bar-ba-r<5'),  Charles  Jean  Marie. 

Bom  at  Marseilles,  March  6, 1767:  guillotined  at 
Bordeaux,  June  25,  1794.  A  noted  Girondist 
orator  and  politician,  a  lawyer  by  profession. 
He  led  the  Marseilles  battalion  in  the  attack  on  the  Tui- 
leries  Aug.  10,  1792,  and  was  a  Girondist  deputy  to  the 
National  Convention.  He  was  proscribed  May  31, 1793, 
as  a  royalist  and  enemy  of  the  republic. 

Barbary,  Roan.  The  favorite  horse  of  Rich- 
ard II.    See  Shakspere's  "  Richard  II.,"  v.  5. 

Barbary  (bar'ba-ri).  [Formerly  Barbarie,  F. 
Barbarie,  ML.  Li!  Barbaria,  MGr.  Bapjlapia,  land 
of  barbarians,  or  foreigners,  applied  in  L.  to 
Italy  (as  distinguished  from  Greece),  Persia, 
Phrygia,  Scythia,  Gaul,  etc.]  A  general  name 
for  the  regions  along  or  near  the  northern  coast 
of  Africa,  west  of  Egypt,  comprising  Morocco, 
Algeria,  Tunis,  Tripoli,  Barea,  and  Fezzan. 

Barbason  (bar'ba-son).    A  fiend  referred  to  in 


Barbey  d'Aurevilly 

Shakspere's  "Henry  V.,"  act  ii.,  scene  1,  and 
"Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,"  act  it.,  scene  2. 
I  am  not  Barbason;  you  cannot  conjure  me.       Hen.  V. 

Barbastro  (bar-bas'tro).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Huesca,  northeastern  Spain,  situated  on 
the  Vero  60  miles  east-northeast  or  Saragossa. 
It  has  a  cathedral.    Population  (1887),  8,280. 

Barbauld  (bar'baid),  Mrs.  (Anna  Letitia 
Aikin).  Bom  at  Kibworth-Harcourt,  Leices- 
tershire, June  20,  1743 :  died  at  Stoke-Newing- 
ton,  March  9, 1825.  An  English  poet  and  essay- 
ist, daughter  of  Rev.  John  Aikin  and  the  wife 
of  Rev.  Eochemont  Barbauld.  she  wrote  "Poems  " 
(1773),  "Hymns  in  Prose  for  Children,"  "The  Female  Spec- 
tator "  (1811),  a  poem  "Eighteen  Hundred  and  Eleven" 
(1812),  etc. 

Barbazan  (bar-ba-zon'),  Arnauld  Gnillielm 

de.  Died  1432.  A  French  general  in  the  service 
of  Charles  VII.,  sumamed  the  "Knight  with- 
out Reproach ."  He  defeated  the  combined  English  and 
Burgundian  army  at  La  Croisette  1430,  in  consequence  of 
which  he  was  made  governor  of  Champagne  and  Brie,  with 
the  title  of  Restorer  of  the  Kingdom  and  Crown  of  France. 

Barbazon.    See  Barbison. 

Barbe-Bleue  (barb'ble').  [F.,  'Bluebeard.'] 
1 .  A  comedy  by  Sedaine,  with  music  by  Grdtry, 
produced  in  Paris  in  1789. —  2.  An  opera  boufl'e, 
words  by  Meilhac  and  Hal6vy,  music  by  Offen- 
bach, produced  in  1866. — 3.  See  Bluebeard. 

Barbe-Marbois.    See  Marbois. 

Barber  (bar'ber),  Francis.  Born  at  Prince- 
ton, N.  J.,  1751:  diedatNewburg,N.Y.,  Feb.  11. 
1783.  An  American  officer  (lieutenant-colonel; 
in  the  Revolutionary  War.  He  taught  at  Elizabeth- 
town  1769-76,  having  among  his  pupils  Alexander  Hamil- 
ton. In  1781  he  was  selected  by  Washington  to  quell  the 
mutiny  of  the  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  troops. 

Barber,  John  Warner.  Bom  at  Windsor, 
Conn.,  1798 :  died  1885.  An  American  historical 
writer,  author  of  "History  and  Antiquities  of 
New  England,  New  York,  and  New  Jersey," 
1841,  etc. 

Barber,  Mary,  Bom  in  Ireland  (?)  about  1690: 
died  1757.  An  English  poet,  best  known  as  a 
friend  of  Swift. 

Barber  of  Seville,  The.    See  Barbier  and  Bar- 


Barber  Poet.    An  epithet  of  Jacques  Jasmin. 

Barberiui  (bar-be-re'ne).  A  Roman  princely 
family  named  from  Barberino  dl  Val  d'Elsa, 
near  Florence,  in  Tuscany.  Its  power  and  wealth 
were  established  by  Cailo  Maffeo  Barberini,  Pope  Urban 
VIII.,  who  made  his  brother,  Antonio,  and  two  nephews, 
Francesco  and  Antonio,  cardinals,  and  gave  to  a. third 
nephew,  Taddeo,  the  principality  of  Palestrina.  The  fam- 
ily has  a  magnificent  palace  and  library  at  Rome. 

Barberini,  Francesco.  Born  at  Barberino, 
Tuscany,  1264 :  died  1348.  An  Italian  poet  and 
jurist,  author  of ' '  Doeumenti  d'Amore  "  (printed 
1640). 

Barberini,  Maffeo.    See  Urban  VIII. 

Barberini  faun.  An  ancient  statue  now  in  the 
(3^1yptothek,  Munich,  Bavaria.  It  formerly  be- 
longed to  the  Barberini  family  at  Rome. 

Barberini  Palace.  A  palace  in  Rome,  near  the 
(^uirinal,  begun  by  Urban  VIH.,  and  finished 
in  1640.     It  is  noted  for  its  art  treasures. 

Barberini  vase.    See  Portland  vase. 

Barberino  (bar-be-re'no).  A  small  town  in  Tus- 
cany, Italy,  18  miles  south  of  Florence. 

Barberino  di  Mugello  (bar-be-re'no  de  mo- 
jel'lo).  A  small  town  in  Tuscany,  Italy,  17 
miles  north  of  Florence. 

Barberton  (bar'ber-ton) .  A  town  in  the  Trans- 
vaal Colony,  South  Africa,  about  150  miles 
west  of  Delagoa  Bay.  Population,  about 
10.000. 

Barb&s  (bar-ba'),  Armand.  Born  at  Pointe- 
i-Pitre,  Guadeloupe,  Sept.  18,  1809:  died  at 
The  Hague,  June  26,  1870.  A  French  revolu- 
tionist. He  was  sentenced  to  death  (commuted  to  per- 
petual imprisonment)  for  complicity  in  the  attack  on  the 
Conciergerie  May  12,  1839 ;  was  released  by  the  February 
Revolution  1848 ;  was  condemned  to  perpetual  imprison- 
ment for  participation  in  the  attempt  to  overthrow  the 
National  Assembly  May  15, 1848;  and  wa£  restored  to  lib- 
erty in  1854,  Author  of  "  Deux  jours  de  condamnation  k 
mort"(1848). 

Barbeu-Dubourg  (bar-be'dii-b6r'),  Jacques. 
Born  atMayenne,  Feb.  12,  1709:  died  at  Paris, 
Dec.  14, 1779.  A  French  physician,  naturalist, 
and  philosophical  writer.  He  wrote  botanical  and 
medical  works,  "Petit  code  de  la  raison  humaine"  (1774), 
"Chronographie"(176S),  "Lecalendrier  de  Philadelphie" 
(1778),  etc. 

Barbey  d'Aurevilly  (bar-ba'do-re-ve-ye'), 
Jules  Am6dSe.  Bom  at  8aint-Sauveur-le- 
Vieomte,  Manche,  Prance,  Nov.  2,  1808:  died 
at  Paris,  April  23,  1889.  He  came  to  Paris  in  1861, 
and  founded,  with  Escudier  and  Granier  de  Cassagnac, 
"Le  rSveil."  He  wrote  "Une  vieille  maltresse"  (1861), 
"  L'EnsorceWe  "  (1874),  "Le  prStre  mari^  "  (1865). 


Barbejnrac 

Barbeyrac(bar.ba-rak'),  Jean.  Bom  atB6ziers, 
France,  March  15, 1674 :  died  March.  3, 1744.  A 
French  writer  on  law,  translator  of  Puffen- 
dorf' s  "Law  of  Nature  and  of  Nations." 

Barbezieux(bar-be-ze-e').  Atowninthedepart- 
ment  of  Charente,  France,  20  miles  southwest 
of  Angoulfime.    Pop.  (1891),  commune,  4,1Q4. 

Barbiano  (bar-be-a'no),  Alberico,  Count. 
Died  1409.  An  Italian  general.  He  formed,  about 
1379,  the  first  regular  company  of  Italian  as  opposed  to 
foreign  mercenaries  in  Italy.  In  this  company,  called  the 
"Company  of  St.  George,"  were  trained  some  of  the  best 
generals  of  the  time.  Barbiano  became  grand  constable 
of  Naples  in  1384. 

Barbican  (bar'bi-kan).  A  locality  in  London, 
so  called,  as  the  name  indicates,  from  a  former 
watch-tower  of  which  nothing  now  remains. 
Milton  lived  here  in  1646-47,  and  here  he  wrote  some  olhis 
shorter  poems.     Wheeler,  Familiar  Allusions. 

Barbi6  du  Socage  (bar-be-a'  dii  bo-kazh'), 
Jean  Denis.  Bom  at  Paris,  April  28,  1760: 
died  there,  Dec.  28, 1825.  A  French  geographer 
and  philologist. 

Barbier  (bar-be-a'),  Antoine  Alexandre,  Born 
at  Coulommiers,  Seine-et-Marne,  France,  Jan. 
11, 1765 :  died  at  Paris,  Dee.  6, 1825.  A  French 
bibliographer,  author  of  a  "  Dictionnaire  des 
ouvrages  anonymes  et  pseudonymes  "  (1806-08), 
etc. 

Barbier,  Henri  Auguste.  Bom  at  Paris,  April 
29, 1805 :  died  at  Nice,  Feb.  13, 1882.  A  French 
poet.  Hishest-known  work  is  "Lea  lambes"  (1831),  a  series 
of  satires,  political  and  social,  occasioned  by  the  revolu- 
tion of  1830.  The  most  famous  is  "  La  Cur^e,"  a  satire  on 
the  scramble  for  place  under  the  Orleanist  government. 

Barbier,  Paul  Jules.  Bom  at  Paris,  March  8, 
1825 :  died  there,  Jan.  16,  1901.  A  French  dra- 
matic poet  and  librettist.  He  published  the  drama 
"  Un  poete  "  in  1847,  and  from  1850  worked  much  in  col- 
laboration with  Michel  Carr6,  as  in  *'Cora  ou  Tescla- 
vage"  (1866),  etc. 

Barbier  de  Seville  (bar-be-a'  de  sa-vel'),  Le. 
[F., '  Barber  of  Seville.']  1 .  A  comedy  by  Beau- 
marchais,  first  composed  in  1772  as  a  comic 
opera,  it  was  refused,  and  in  1775,  after  various  vicis- 
situdes, appeared  in  its  present  form  as  a  comedy.  It  is 
in  this  play  that  Figaro  makes  liis  first  appearance, 
2  (It.  II  Barbiere  di  Siviglia).  An  opera 
bouffe,  after  Beaumarohais's  comedy,  the  music 
by  Paisiello,  first  played  in  St.  Petersburg  in 
1780  and  in  Paris  in  1789.—  3  (It.  II  BarUere 
di  Siviglia).  An  opera  bouffe,  after  Beaumar- 
ohais's play,  words  by  Sterbini,  music  by  Ros- 
sini, presented  in  Kome  in  1816  and  in  Paris  in 
1819.  It  was  hissed  on  the  first  night,  but  grew  in  favor 
and  became  one  of  the  most  popular  operas  ever  written. 
Other  operas  of  this  name  founded  on  the  same  play  have 
been  produced. 

Barbieri,  Giovanni  Francesco.  See  Guercmo. 

Barbieri  (bar-be-a're),  Paolo  Antonio.  Bom 
1596:  died  1640.  ABolognese  painter  of  ani- 
mals, fruits,  and  flowers,  brother  of  Guercino. 

Barbison  (bar-bi-s6n' ) .  A  small  village  near  the 
forest  of  Fontainebleau.  It  is  noted  as  being 
one  of  the  favorite  haunts  of  what  is  known  as 
the  Fontainebleau  group  of  painters.  See  Fon- 
tainebleau. 

Barbon  (bar'bon),  or  Barebone  (bar'bon),  or 
Barebones  (bar'bonz),  Praisegod.  Bom 
about  1596:  died  1679.  An  English  Baptist 
preacher,  leather-dealer,  and  politician.  He 
became  a  member  of  Cromwell's  "little  parliament"  of 
1663,  named,  by  its  enemies,  for  him,  "Barebone's  Parlia- 
ment." He  is  said  (probably  erroneously)  to  have  had 
two  brothers  named  respectively  "Christ-came-into-the- 
world-to-save,"  and  "If-Christ-had-not-died-thou-hadst- 
been-damned"  (familiarly  abbreviated  to  "Damned"). 

Barbosa  (bar-bo'sa),  Duarte.  Bom  at  Lisbon : 
died  May  1,  1521.  A  Portuguese  navigator. 
He  visited  India  and  the  Moluccas,  and  prepared  a  man- 
uscript account  of  his  journey,  which  was  printed  by 
Kamusio  in  Italian  as  "  Sommario  di  tutti  li  regni  dell 
Indie  orientale,"  the  original  Portuguese  being  printed  by 
the  Lisbon  Academy  in  the  "  Noticias  Ultramarinas  "  in 
181S.  He  accompanied  Magellan  in  the  voyage  around 
the  world,  and  was  killed  soon  after  the  death  of  his  chief 
in  the  island  of  Cebu. 

Barbosa  Machado,  Diogo,  Bom  at  Lisbon, 
March  31, 1682:  died  1770.  A  Portuguese  bib- 
liographer. He  wrote  a  biographical  and  critical  notice 
of  Portuguese  writers,  "Bibliotheca  Lusitana,  etc."  (1741- 
1759).  .  .  ,  . 

Barbotan  (bar-bo-toh').  A  watermg-place  m 
the  department  of  Q-ers,  France,  situated  near 
the  Douze  38  miles  west-southwest  of  Agen. 
It  has  hot  mineral  springs. 

Barbou  (bar-bo').  A  noted  French  family  of 
printers  which  flourished  from  about  1540  to 
1808.  The  most  famous  were  Jean,  the  founder  of  the 
family;  Hugues,  his  son ;  and  Joseph  Gerard  (about  the 
middle  of  the  18th  century). 

Barbour  (bar'b^r),  James.  [An  archaic  form 
of  Barber.^  Bom  in  Orange  County,  Va.,  June 
10, 1775:  died  near  (Jordonsville,  Va.,  June  8, 


119 

1842.  An  American  statesman.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  1794  ;  became  United  States  senator  from  Vir- 
ginia 1815  ;  resigned,  1825,  on  being  appointed  secretary  of 
war  by  President  John  Quincy  Adams;  and  was  minister 
to  England  1828-29. 

Barbour,  John.  Bom  about  1316:  died  March 
13, 1395.  A  Scottish  poet,  archdeacon  of  Aber- 
deen, and  an  auditor  of  the  exchequer.  His  chief 
poem  is  "  The  Bruce"  (1876;  edited  by  Skeat  for  the 
E.  E.  T.  S.  1870-77).    See  Brwx,  The. 

Barbour,  John  S.  Born  in  Culpeper  County, 
Va.,  Aug.  8,  1790:  died  there,  Jan.  12,  1855. 
An  American  politician,  Democratic  member 
of  Congress  from  Virginia  1823-33. 

Barbour,  Oliver  Lorenzo.  Bom  at  Cambridge, 
Washington  County,  New  York,  July  12,  1811 : 
died  at  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  Deo.  17,  1889.  An 
American  legal  writer. 

Barbour,  Philip  Pendleton.  Bom  in  Orange 
County,  Va.,  May  25, 1783 :  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  Feb.  24,  1841.  An  American  politician 
and  jurist,  brother  of  James  Barbour.  He  was 
member  of  Congress  from  Virginia  1814-26 ;  speaker  of 
the  House  1821-23 ;  member  of  Congress  1827-30 ;  one  of 
the  candidates  for  the  Democratic  nomination  for  vice- 
president  in  1832 ;  and  associate  justice  of  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court  1836-41. 

Barbox  Brothers  (bar'boks  bruTH'6rz),  and 
Barbox  Brothers  and  Co.  A  story  and  its 
sequel  by  Charles  Dickens,  included  in ' '  Mugby 
Junction,"  an  extra  Christmas  number  of  "  All 
the  Year  Round,"  1866. 

Barboza,  Domingos  Caldas.  See  CaldasBar- 
boea. 

Barboza,  Francisco  Villela.  See  Villela  Bar- 
boza. 

Barbuda  (bar-be'da).  An  island  of  the  British 
West  Indies,  belonging  to  the  Leeward  group, 
situated  30  miles  north  of  Antigua,  in  lat.  17°  35' 
N.,  long.  61°  45'  W.  It  is  a  political  dependency 
of  Antigua.    Length,  10  miles.    Population,  about  800. 

Barby  (bar'be).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Elbe,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Saale,  17  miles  southeast  of  Mag- 
deburg. It  was  the  seat  of  a  former  countship. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  5,471. 

Barca  (bar'ka),  or  Barcas  (bar'k'as).  A  sur- 
name, meaning  (probably)  '  lightning,'  of  sev- 
eral Carthaginian  generals.  The  most  noted 
was  Hamiloar. 

Barca,  Conde  de.  See  Araujo  de  Azevedo,  An- 
tonio de. 

Barca  (bar'ka).  A  vilayet  of  the  Turkish  em- 
pire (since  l879),  in  northern  Africa,  bounded 
by  the  Mediterranean  on  the  north,  Egypt  ou 
the  east,  and  the  Grulf  of  Sidra  on  the  west : 
a  part  of  ancient  Cyrenaica.  A  small  part  of  it  is 
very  fertile ;  the  remainder  is  largely  a  desert.  Capital, 
Bengali.  Area,  about  60,000  square  miles.  Population, 
about  300,000. 

Barca.  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of  Cyre- 
naica, Africa,  situated  near  the  coast :  one  of 
the  cities  of  the  Pentapolis. 

Barca.  A  river  in  eastern  Africa  which  flows 
toward  the  Bed  Sea  south  of  Suakim. 

Barca.  A  district  north  of  Abyssinia,  about  lat. 
16°  N.,  near  the  upper  course  of  the  river  Barca. 

Barcellona  (bar-ehel-16'na).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Messina,  Sicily,  22  miles  west  by 
south  of  Messina.    Population,  about  14,000. 

Barcelona  (bar-se-16'na;  Sp.  pron.  bar-tha-16'- 
na).  A  province'in  Catalonia,  Spain,  bounded 
by  (Jerona  on  the  northeast,  the  Mediterranean 
Sea  on  the  southeast,  and  Lerida  and  Tarra- 
gona on  the  west.  Area,  2,985  square  miles. 
Population  (1887),  902,970. 

Barcelona.  A  seaport  and  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Barcelona,  situated  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean between  the  mouths  of  the  Llobregat  and 
Besos,  in  lat.  41°  22'  N.,  long.  2°  11'  E. :  the 
ancient  Barcino  or  Barcelo  (Eoman  Colonia 
Faventia  Julia  Augusta  Pia  Barcino),  said  to 
h  a  ve  been  founded  or  rebuilt  by  Hamilcar  Barca, 
and  named  for  him :  called  in  the  middle  ages 
Barcinona  or  Barehinona  (Ar.  Barchaluna).  it 
is  the  second  city  in  Spain,  and  one  of  the  principal  com- 
mercial places  in  the  peninsula,  and,a  strong  fortress.  It 
has  regular  steam  communication  with  the  Mediterranean 
ports,  Great  Britain,  and  South  America.  It  is  the  seat  of 
a  noted  university,  founded  in  1696,  It  was  an  important 
Roman  and  Gothic  city ;  became  the  capital  of  the  Span- 
ish March ;  was  governed  by  counts  of  Barcelona  and  was 
annexed  (12th  century)  to  Aragon,  It  was  a  great  com- 
mercial and  literary  center  in  the  middle  ages  ;  came  for 
a  short  time  under  French  rule  in  1640 ;  returned  to  Spain 
in  1652,  was  occupied  by  France  in  1697,  and  was  restored 
to  Spain  by  the  Peace  of  Kyswick ;  was  taken  by  Peter- 
borough in  1705 ;  was  stormed  by  the  Duke  of  Berwick 
in  1714;  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1808,  and  held  un- 
til 1814 ;  and  has  been  the  scene  of  various  insurrections 
(1836-36,  1840^2,  Progressist  outbreak  1866,  Federalist 
1874).  It  was  the  seat  of  an  international  exhibition  in 
1887.  The  Column  of  Columbus,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Rambla  and  marine  Paseo,  is  a  fine  Corinthian  column  of 


Barclay  Sound 

bronze,  197  feet  high,  supporting  a  statue  of  the  discoverer,, 
and  rising  from  a  stone  pedestal  ornamented  with  bronze 
reliefs  and  Victories  and  surrounded  with  marble  statues 
The  cathedral  of  Barcelona  is  of  the  14th  century.  The  in- 
terior is  highly  picturesque  in  its  perspectives,  and  impres- 
sive in  its  effects  of  light.  Close  to  the  west  end  there  is  a 
beautiful  octagonal  lantern.  From  here  extends  the  nave, 
from  the  capitals  of  whose  lofty  piers  the  vaulting-ribs 
spring  directly.  The  clearstory  consists  merely  of  a  row  of 
small  roses.  The  aisles  are  almost  as  high  as  the  nave,  and 
the  church  is  lighted  by  windows  In  the  deep  galleries  over 
the  side-chapels.  There  are  two  beautiful  Eomanesque 
doors  belonging  to  an  older  cathedral,  and  a  light  and  spa- 
cious Gothic  cloister,  with  fountains.  Population  (1897), 
,509.689. 

Barcelona.  A  town  in  Venezuela,  situated  near 
the  Caribbean  Sea  160  miles  east  of  Caracas. 
Population,  about  12,000. 

Barceloneta  (bar-tha-lo-na'ta).  A  maritime 
suburb  of  Barcelona,  Spain. 

Barcelonnette  (bar-se-lon-nef).  A  town  in 
the  department  of  Basses-Alpes,  situated  on 
the  Ubaye  32  miles  east-southeast  of  Gap.  It 
has  suffered  severely  in  the  wars  of  the  frontier.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  2,009, 

Barcena,  or  Barzena  (bar-tha'ua),  Alonso  de. 
Born  at  Baeza,  1528 :  died  at  Cuzeo,  Jan.,  1598. 
A  Spanish  Jesuit,  called  the  "  Apostle  of  Peru." 
He  was  sent  to  Peru  in  1670,  and  was  one  of  those  em- 
ployed to  instruct  the  young  Inca  Tupac  Amaru  before 
his  execution.  The  remainder  of  Barcena's  life  was  spent 
in  laboring  among  the  Indians  of  Peru,  Charcas,  Tucu- 
man,  and  the  Gran  Chaco.  He  wrote  a  polyglot  work  on 
their  languages,  which  is  supposed  to  be  lost. 

Barcia  (bar-the'a),  Andres  Gonzalez,    Bom 

at  Madrid,  1670 :  died  there,  Nov.  4,  1743.  A 
Spanish  historian.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Spanish  Academy,  and  held  various  honorai-y  offices. 
He  wrote  "Ensayo  cronoWgico  para  la  historia  general  de 
la  Florida  "  (Madrid,  1723),  and  edited  an  extensive  series 
of  historical  works  relating  to  America,  with  the  general 
title  "Historiadores  primitives  delndiaa,"  This  includes 
reprints  of  Herrera,  Oviedo,  Gomara,  Zarate,  Garcilaso, 
Torquemada,  etc. 

Barcino  (bar'si-no) .  The  ancient  name  of  Bar- 
celona, Spain. 

Barclay  (bar'kla),  Alexander.  Bom  probably 
in  Scotland  about  1475  :  died  at  Croydon,  Eng- 
land, 1552.  A  British  poet,  author  of  "  The  Ship 
of  Fools,"  "  Eclogues,"  etc.  See  Ship  of  Fools. 
He  was  a  monk  of  Ely  and  Canterbury,  priest  in  the 
College  of  Ottery  St.  Mary,  vicar  of  Much  Badew  in  Essex, 
and  rector  of  All  Hallows,  Lombard  street,  London. 

Barclay  (bar-kla'),  John.  Bom  at  Pont-Sr 
Mousson,  France,  Jan.  28,  1582:  died  Aug.  15, 
1621.  A  Scottish  poet,  a  son  of  William  Barclay. 
He  wrote  "  Satyricon  "  (1603 :  second  part  1607),  "Sylvse  '* 
(Latin  poems,  1606),  "Apologia"  (1611),  "Icon  Animo- 
rum  "  (1614),  and  the  "  Argenis"  (which  see), 

Barclay  (bar'kla),  John.  Born  at  MuthUl,  in 
Perthshire,  1734:  died  at  Edinburgh,  July  29, 
1798.  A  clergyman  of  the  church  of  Scotland, 
founder  of  the  sect  "Barclayites,"  or  "Bere- 
ans." 

Barclay,  John.  Bom  in  Perthshire,  Dec.  10, 
1758 :  died  Aug.  21, 1826.  A  Scotch  anatomist, 
lecturer  on  anatomy  at  Edinburgh.  He  wrote 
"  A  New  Anatomical  Nomenclature "  (180^,  "The  Muscu- 
lar Motions  of  the  Human  Body"  (1808),  "A  Description 
of  the  Arteries  of  the  Human  Body  "  (1812),  etc, 

Barclay,  Robert,  Bom  at  Gordonstown, 
Morayshire,  Scotland,  Dec.  23,  1648:  died  at 
Ury,  Kincardineshire,  Scotland,  Oct.  3,  1690. 
A  Scottish  writer,  a  member  of  the  Society  of 
Friends.  He  wrote  the  "Apology  for  the  True  Christian 
Divinity "  (16^),  a  standard  exposition  of  the  doctrines 
of  the  sect.  He  was  one  of  the  proprietors,  and  nominal 
governor,  of  East  New  Jersey. 

Barclay,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Unst,  in  Shetland, 
June,  1792 :  died  at  Glasgow,  Scotland,  Feb.  23, 
1873.  A  Scottish  divine,  principal  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow  1858-73. 

Barclay  (bar-kla'),  William.  Bom  in  Scotland 
about  1546:  died  at  Angers,  July  3, 1608.  A  Scotch 
jurist,  professor  of  civil  law  at  Pont-^-Mousson 
and  Angers :  author  of  "De  regno  et  regali  po- 
testate"(1600),"De  potestate  pap£e"(1609),etc. 

Barclay-Allardice,  Robert.  See  Allardice, 
Robert  Barclay. 

Barclay  de  Tolly  (bar'kla  de  to'le),  Prince 
Michael  Andreas.  Born  at  Luhde-Grosshoff, 
Livonia,  Dec.  27  (N.  S.),  1761:  died  May  26 
(N.  S.),  1818.  A  Russian  field-marshal,  of 
Scotch  descent.  He  served  in  the  wars  with  Turkey, 
Sweden,  and  Poland ;  commanded  the  advance-guard  at 
Pultusk ;  was  wounded  at  Bylau  1807 ;  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  war  with  Sweden  1808-09 ;  led  an  expedition 
across  the  (3ulf  of  Bothnia  on  the  ice  in  1809 ;  became 
minister  of  war  1810  ;  and  commanded  against  Napoleon 
in  1812.  After  his  defeat  at  Smolensk  he  was  replaced  by 
Kutusoff,  He  served  with  distinction  at  Borodino  and 
at  Bautzen  ;  conquered  Thorn  in  1813 ;  became  commander 
of  the  Russian  contingent  in  1813 ;  and  served  at  Dresden, 
Leipsic,  and  in  France. 

Barclay  Sound  (bar'kla  sound).  [Prom  its  dis- 
coverer, Captain  Barclay,  an  Englishman.]  An 
inlet  of  the  Pacific  on  the  southwestern  coast 
of  Vancouver  Island. 


Sarco  Centenera 

Sarco  Oentenera  (bar'ko  then-ta-na'ra),  Mar- 
tin del.  Born  at  Logrosan,  Spain,  1535 :  died  at 
Lisbon,  1604.  A  Spanish  eoelesiastio.  He  went 
to  the  Plata  in  1672,  witnessed  the  founding  of  Buenos 
Ayres  (1580),  traveled  extensively,  visiting  Peru  in  1682, 
and  became  archdeacon  of  Paraguay.  After  1696  he  re- 
aided  in  Lisbon,  Portugal,  where  his  poem  "La  Argen- 
tina "  wa3  published  in  1602.  It  is  a  chronicle  in  verse 
of  the  Platine  conquests,  of  great  historical  value  in  parts, 
but  with  little  poetical  merit. 

Bar-Cocheba  (bar-kok'e-ta),  or  Bar-Cocliba 
(bar-kok'ba),  or  Barcochebas(bar-kok'e-bas). 
[Aram.,  'son  of  the  star':  cf.  Num.  xxiv.  17.] 
A  Hebrew  whose  real  name  was  Bar  Coziba 
(from  the  town  Coziba),  the  heroic  leader  of 
the  Jewish  insurrection  against  the  Eomaus, 
132-135  A.  D.  He  was  believed  by  many  Jews  to  be 
the  Messiah,  was  proclaimed  king,  and  maintained  his 
cause  against  Hadrian  for  two  years,  but  was  overthrown 
amid  the  slaughter  of  over  half  a  million  Jews,  and  the 
destruction  of  985  villages  and  50  fortresses.  Jerusalem 
was  destroyed  and  ^lia  Capitolina  founded  on  its  ruins. 
After  his  failure  his  name  was  interpreted  to  mean  'son 
of  lies.' 

Bard  (bard),  Samuel.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
April  1,  1742:  died  at  Hyde  Park,  N.  Y.,  May 
24, 1821.  An  American  physician  and  medical 
writer,  president  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  at  New  York  1813-21. 

Bard,  The.  A  poem  by  Gray,  published  in  1758. 
It  begins  with  the  familiar  phrase  "  Ruin  seize 
thee,  ruthless  King." 

Bard,  It.  Bardo  (bar 'do).  A  -village  in  the 
province  of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Dora 
Baltea  38  miles  north  of  Turin.  Its  fort  commands 
the  St.  Bernard  passes,  and  resisted  Kapoleon'spassage  of 
the  Alps  in  1800. 

Bardas  (bar 'das).  [MGr.  Bnpdaf.]  Died  at 
Kepos,  in  Caria,  Asia  Minor,  April  21,  866.  A 
Byzantine  politician.  He  was  the  brother  of  the  em- 
press Theodora,  and,  on  the  death  of  her  husband,  the  em- 
peror Theophilus,  was  appointed  one  of  the  tutors  of  her 
son,  Michael  III.  He  killed  his  colleague  Theoctistes, 
confined  Theodora  in  the  monastery  of  Gastria,  and  per- 
suaded Michael  to  confer  on  him  the  title  of  Csesar ;  but  was 
superseded  in  the  favor  of  the  emperor  by  Basil  the  Mace- 
donian and  was  assassinated. 

Bardell  (bar-del'),  Mrs.  Martha.  An  accom- 
modating landlady  who  let  lodgings  to  Mr.  Pick- 
wick, in  Dickens's  "Pickwick  Papers,"  and 
brought  a  suit  for  breach  of  promise  against 
him. 

Barderah  (bar'de-ra).  A  town  in  Somali  Land, 
East  Africa^,  situated  on  the  river  Juba  about 
lat.  2°  30'  N. 

Bardesanes  (bar-de-sa'nez),  or  Bardaisan 
(bar-di-san').  Born  at  Bdessa,  Mesopotamia, 
about  155  a.  d.:  died  223.  A  Syrian  scholar. 
He  was  the  author  of  mystic  hymns  of  a  Gnostic  character, 
which  were  employed  by  the  Syrian  Christians  for  more 
than  two  centuries,  when  they  were  driven  out  of  use  by 
the  more  orthodox  work  of  Ephraem  the  Syrian.  Of  his 
numerous  works  only  a  dialogue  on  fate  survives. 

Bardhwan.    See  Burdwan. 

Bardi  (bar'de),  Bardo  di.  In  George  Eliot's 
novel  "Eomola,"  a  blind  Florentine  scholar, 
the  father  of  Eomola. 

Bardi.  A  small  town  in  the  province  of  Pia- 
cenza,  Italy,  32  miles  west-southwest  of  Parma. 

BardiU  (bar-de'le),  Christoph  Gottfried.  Bom 
at  Blaubeuren,  in  Wiirtemberg,  May  28,  1761 : 
died  at  Stuttgart,  June  5,  1808.  A  German 
philosopher.  He  was  professor  of  philosophy  in  the 
gymnasium  at  Stuttgart,  and  the  expounder  of  a  system 
of  rational  realism  which  exerted  considerable  influence 
upon  later  metaphysical  speculation  (Schelling,  Hegel). 
His  "  Grundriss  der  ersten  Logik  "  (180O)  is  notable  for  its 
criticism  of  Kant. 

Bardo  (bar'do).  A  castle  near  Tunis,  the  seat 
of  the  government  of  Tunis. 

Bardolph  (bar'dolf).  1.  A  character  in  Shak- 
spere's  plays  "Henry  IV.,"  parts  I.  and  II., 
"  Henry  V.,"  and  "Merry  Wives  of  Windsor." 
He  is  a  sharper  and  hanger-on,  one  of  Falstaff's  dissolute 
and  amusing  companions,  called  "The  Enight  of  the 
Burning  Lamp  "  by  Falstaif  on  account  of  his  red  nose :  a 
creature,  like  Nym  and  Pistol,  without  honor  or  principle. 
3  (Bardolph,  Lord).  A  character  in  Shak- 
spere's  "Henry  IV.,"  part  H. 

Bardonnechia  (bar-don-nek'ke-a),  E.  Eardon- 
ndche  (bar-don-nash'l.  A  place  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  at  the  Italian  en- 
trance to  the  Mont  Cenis  tunnel. 

Bardoux  (bar-do'),  Ag^nor.  Born  1829 :  died 
1897.  A  French  politician  and  writer.  He  was 
minister  of  public  instruction,  ecclesiastical  affairs,  and 
flue  arts  from  Dec.  U,  1877,  till  the  resignation  of  Presi- 
dent MaoMahon,  and  in  1882  was  appointed  senator  tor 
life.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Les  l^gistes  et  leur  influence 
sur  la  soci^t^  franpaise"  (1878),  etc. 

Bardowiek  (bar'do-vek).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  Hanover,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Ilmenau  24  miles  southeast  of  Hamburg. 
It  has  a  ruined  cathedral.  It  was  important  m  the  early 
middle  ages,  was  destroyed  by  Henry  the  Lion  m  1189,  and 
became  later  the  chief  trading  town  in  northern  Germany. 


120 

Bardsey  (bard'zi).  A  small  island  of  Wales, 
off  the  southwestern  point  of  Carnarvonshire. 

Bardwan.    See  Burdwan. 

Barea  (ba're-a).  A  heathen  tribe,  pressed  in 
between  Egypt  and  Abyssinia,  and  between  the 
Kunama  and  Bishari  tribes,  it  has  occupied  its  pres- 
ent habitation  from  the  earliest  period.  The  language  is 
generally  held  to  be  Hamitic,  but  mixed. 

Barebones,  Praisegod.  See  Barbon,  Praisegod. 

Bareges  (bar-azh'),  orBar6ges-les-Bains(bar- 
azh'la-ban').  A  watering-place  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Hautes-Pyr6n6es,  Prance,  23  miles 
south  of  Tarbes.  It  is  a  summer  resort  noted 
for  its  mineral  (sulphate  of  soda)  baths. 

Bareilly  (bar-a'le),  or  Bareli.  A  district  in 
the  Eohilkhaijd  division,  Northwest  Provinces, 
British  India,  about  lat.  28°  30'  N.,  long.  79° 
30'  E.  Area,  1,595  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  1,040,691. 

Bareilly,  The  capital  of  the  Bareilly  district, 
near  the  Eamganga,  135  miles  east  of  Delhi. 
It  was  held  by  the  mutineers  1857-58.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  including  cantonment,  121,039. 

Barentin  (ba-ron-tau').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine-Iuf6rieure,  Prance,  11  miles 
northwest  of  Eouen.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 4,418. 

Barents  (ba'ronts),  Willem.  Died  in  the  Arc- 
tic regions,  June  20,  1597.  A  Dutch  Arctic 
navigator,  commander  of  several  exploring  ex- 
peditions to  Nova  Zembla  and  Spitzbergen, 
1594r-97.  In  his  first  voyage,  which  was  an  attempt  to 
discover  a  passage  to  China  through  the  Arctic  Ocean,  he 
reached  )at.  77°  or  78°;  on  his  last  (1696-97),  in  which 
Spitzbergen  was  discovered,  he  reached  lat.  80°  11'. 

Barentz  Sea.  [From  Willem  Barentz.]  That 
part  of  the  Arctic  Ocean  which  lies  between 
Nova  Zembla,  Spitzbergen,  and  the  mainland. 

Barfere  de  Vieuzac  (ba-rSr'  de  ve-e-zak'),  Ber- 
trand.  Born  at  Tarbes,  France,  Sept.  10, 
1755:  died  Jan.  13,  1841.  A  French  lawyer, 
politician,  and  agitator.  He  was  deputy  to  the  Con- 
Etitutional  Assembly  in  1789,  and  to  the  Convention  in 
1792;  president  of  the  Convention  during  the  trial  of 
Louis  XVI. ;  i];iember  of  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  ; 
and  deputy  in  the  Hundred  Days  of  1816. 

Bares,  or  Barres  (ba-ras').  A  tribe  of  Indians 
now  located  in  northern  Brazil  and  Venezuela, 
on  the  upper  Eio  Negro  and  Cassiquiare.  It 
appears  that  they  formerly  occupied  much  of  the  region 
bordering  the  ^egro,  and  that  they  were  very  numerous. 
They  are  an  agricultural  and  unwarlike  people,  living  in 
fixed  villages.  By  their  language  they  are  related  to  the 
Arawak  stock.  The  remnants  are  imperfectly  civilized 
and  some  of  them  are  nominally  Catholics. 

Baretti  (ba-ret'te),  G-iuseppe  Marc'  Antonio. 
Born  at  Turin,  April  25,  1719 :  died  at  London, 
May  6,  1789.  An  Italian  writer  and  lexicog- 
rapher. He  wrote  "  Lettere  f  amigliari "  (1762),  and  com- 
piled an  English-Italian  and  Italian-English  dictionary 
(1760),  a  Spanish-English  dictionary  (1778),  etc. 

Barfleur  (bar-fler').  A  small  seaport  in  the  de- 
partment of  Manehe,  France,  15  miles  east  of 
Cherbourg.  It  was  an  important  port  in  the 
middle  ages. 

Barfrush,  or  Barfurush.    See  Balfrush. 

Barfod  (bar'fot),  Paul  Frederik.  Bom  at 
Lyngby,  in  Jutland,  April  7,  1811.  A  Danish 
historian.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Rigsdag  1849-69, 
and  was  afterward  appointed  assistant  in  the  Koyal  Li- 
brary at  Copenhagen.  Author  of  "  FortiEllinger  at  Fsedre- 
landets  Historic  "  (4th  ed.  1874),  etc. 

Barfuss  (bar'fos),Hans  Albrecht,  Count  von. 

Bom  1635:  died  near  Beeskow,  Prassia,  Dec. 
27,  1704.  A  Prussian  field-marshal.  He  fought 
with  distinction  in  the  imperial  army  against  the  Turks 
at  Salankamen,  Aug.,  1691. 

Barga  (bar'ga).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Lucca,  Italy,  26  miles  north  of  Pisa.  Popula- 
tion, about  3,000. 

Bargiel  (bar-gel'),  Woldemar.  Bom  at  Ber- 
lin, Oct.  3,  1828  :  died  there,  Feb.  23,  1897.  A 
German  composer.  He  was  appointed  professor  at  the 
Conservatory  of  Cologne  in  1859,  kapellmeister  and  direc- 
tor of  the  School  of  Music  at  Rotterdamin  1866,  and  teaolier 
at  the  Royal  High  School  of  Music  in  Berlin  in  1874. 

Bargrave  (bar'grav),  Mrs.  The  woman  to 
whom  the  ghost  (Mrs.  Veal)  appears  in  Defoe's 
narrative  of  "Mrs.  Veal's  Ghost." 

Bargylus.    See  Gasius. 

Bargylus  is  a  mountain  tract  of  no  very  great  elevation, 
intervening  between  the  Orontes  valley  to  the  east  and 
the  low  plain  of  Northern  Phranicia  to  the  west.  It  is 
mainly  of  chalk  formation,  but  contains  some  trap  and 
serpentine  in  places.  Its  general  outline  is  tame  and  com- 
monplace, but  it  encloses  many  beautiful  valleys  and  ra^ 
vines,  gradually  worn  in  its  side  by  the  numerous  streams 
which  flow  eastward  and  westward,  to  the  Orontes  or  to 
the  Mediterranean.  RawUmon,  Phoenicia,  p.  16. 

Barham  (bar' am),  Richard  Harris.  Born  at 
Canterbury,  England,  Dee.  6,  1788:  died  at 
London,  June  17,  1845.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  poet.    He  wrote  the"  Ingoldsby  Legends" 


Barker,  George  Frederic 

(1840),  a  collection  of  burlesque  poems,  "a  cross  be- 
tween Hood's  whimsicality  and  that  of  Peter  Pindar* 
(Stedman).  A  second  series  was  published  in  1847,  and  a 
third,  edited  by  his  son,  in  the  same  year. 

Bar  Harbor  (bar  har'bor).  A  noted  summer- 
resort  in  the  island  of  "Mount  Desert,  Maine. 
Population  (1900),  about  2,000. 

B&r-Hebraeus.    See  AbulfaraJ. 

Bari  (ba'ri).  A  Nigritic  tribe  of  the  eastern 
Sudan,  near  Lado  and  Gondokoro  on  the  White 
Nile.  They  are  agricultural  .and  pastoral,  living  in 
round  grass  huts.  The  men  go  naked.  The  language 
seems  to  be  related  to  Dinka,  and  has  a  grammatic  gen- 
der. The  Nyangbara  is  said  to  be  a  dialectal  variation  of 
Bari,  with  Madi  admixtures. 

Bari  (ba're),  formerly  Terra  di  Bari  (ter'ra 
de  ba're).  A  province  in  Apulia,  Italy,  on 
the  Adriatic,  noted  for  its  fertility.  Area, 
2,300  square  miles.     Population  (1891),  764,573. 

Bari.  A  seaport,  the  capital  of  the  province 
of  Bari,  situated  on  the  Adriatic  in  lat.  41°  8' 
N.,  long.  16°  51'  E. :  the  ancient  Barium.  It  has  a 
good  harbor  and  important  trade.  It  was  held  in  the  9th 
century  by  the  Saracens  ;  was  taken  from  the  Greeks 
by  the  Normans  under  Robert  Guiscard  in  1071;  and  waa 
destroyed  in  the  12th  century.  Later  a  duchy,  and  an- 
nexed to  the  kingdom  of  Naples  in  1658.  The  cathedral  uf 
Bari  was  founded  1034,  and  has  been  remodeled.  It  is  three- 
aisled,  with  a  handsome  dome  at  the  crossing  and  a  ioftj 
Norman  campanile.  The  f  agade  has  arcades  and  rich  band» 
of  sculpture.  Tliere  is  an  early  and  lofty  circular  baptis. 
tery.  The  Church  of  San  Nicol^  founded  in  1087,  is  a  most 
interesting  pilgrimage  church,  thi'ee-aisled,  with  round 
arcades  springing  from  cylindrical  shafts,  ,and  very  rich  in 
sculptured  tombs  and  other'  works  of  art.  The  remarkable 
crypt,  with  several  ranges  of  round  arches  supported  on 
columns  of  varied  style,  resembles  a  section  of  the  mosque 
of  Cordova.    Population  (1891),  commune,  72,000. 

Bariatinski  (bar-ya-ten'ske),  or  Barjatinskij, 
Prince  Alexander.  Born  1815:  died  at  Ge- 
neva, March  9, 1879.  A  Eussian  field-marshal. 
He  served  in  the  Caucasus  and  the  Crimean  war,  distin- 
guishing himself  as  commander  in  the  Caucasus  by  the 
final  defeat  of  Shamyl  in  1869.     Also  Bariatynski. 

Baring  (ba'ring  or  bar'ing),  Alexander,  first 
Baron  Ashburton.  Bom  at  London,  Oct.  27, 
1774:  died  at  Longleat,  Wilts,  England,  May  13, 
1848.  An  English  merchant  and  statesman,  sec- 
ond son  of  Sir  Francis  Baring.  He  was  president  of 
the  Board  of  Trade  1834-35,  and  as  special  commissioner  to 
the  United  Statos  negotiated  the  Ashburton  treaty  in  1842^ 

Baring,  Evelyn.  Bom  Feb.  26, 1841.  An  Eng- 
lish financier  and  diplomatist.  He  was  appointed 
one  of  the  comptrollers-general  representing  England  and 
I'rance  in  Egypt  in  1879,  and  became  finance  minister  of 
India  in  1880,  and  minister  at  Cairo  in  1883.  He  was 
created  Baron  Cromer  1892,  Viscount  1899,  Bail  1901. 

Baring,  Sir  Francis.  Born  at  Larkbear,  near 
Exeter,  England,  April  18,  1740 :  died  at  Lee, 
in  Kent,  Sept.  11,  1810.  An  English  financier, 
founder  of  the  house  of  Baring  Brothers  and  Co. 
He  wrote  "Observations  on  the  Establishment  of  the 
Bank  of  England  "  (1797),  etc. 

Baring,  Sir  Francis  Thornhill,  Bom  at  Cal- 
cutta, April  20,  1796:  died  at  Stratton  Park, 
Sept.  6,  1866.  An  English  statesman,  eldest 
son  of  Sir  Thomas  Baring,  created  Baron 
Northbrook  Jan.  4,  1866.  He  was  a  lord  of  the 
treasury  Nov.,  18S0,-June,  1834 ;  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer Aug.,  1839,-Sept.,  1841;  and  first  lord  of  the  ad- 
miralty 1849-62. 

Baring-Gould  (bar'ing-gold'),  Sabine.  Born 
at  Exeter,  England,  1834.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  writer.  His  works  include  "Iceland,  etc." 
(1861),  "  The  Book  of  Werewolves  "  (1866),  "Post- Medieval 
Preachers"  (1866),  "Curious  Myths  of  the  Middle  Ages" 

§866-67),  "The  Origin  and  Development  of  Religious 
elief"  (1869-70),  "Lives  of  the  Saints "  (1872-77),  "Some 
Modern  Difficulties,  etc."  (1874),  "Mehalah,  "John 
Herring,"  and  other  novels,  etc. 

BaringO  (ba-ring'go).  Lake.  A  small  lake  in 
central  Africa,  northeast  of  Lake  Victoria 
Nyanza,  discovered  by  J.  Thomson  in  1883.  It 
has  no  outlet. 

Barisal  (ba-re-sal').  The  capital  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Backergunge,  British  India,  situated 
125  miles  east  of  Calcutta. 

Bar-Jesus.    See  Elymas. 

Barjols  (bar-zhol').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Var,  France,  30  miles  north  of  Toiilon,  called 
the  "  Ti voli  of  Provence  "  on  accoun  t  of  its  pic- 
turesque surroundings .  Population  ( 1891 ),  2, 378. 

Barka.    See  Barca  (river  and  district), 

Barkal  (bar'kal).  A  hill  with  noted  inscrip- 
tions, situated  on  the  Nile,  below  the  fourth 
cataract,  near  the  ancient  Meroe  or  Napata. 

Barker  (bar'kfer),  Fordyce.  Bom  at  Wilton, 
Franklin  County,  Maine,  May  2,  1818  :  died  in 
New  York  city.  May  29,  1891.  An  American 
physician  and  medical  writer.  He  became  profes- 
sor of  midwifery  in  the  New  York  Medical  College  iu  1850, 
and  professor  of  clinical  midwifery  in  the  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital Medical  College  in  1860. 

Barker,  George  Frederic.  Bom  at  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  July  14, 1835.  An  American  phy- 
sician and  che"mist.  He  became  professor  of  natural 
sciences  in  the  Western  University  of  Pennsylvania  In 


Barker,  George  Frederic 

1S64,  prolesaor  of  physiological  ohemlstiy  and  toxicdlogy 
in  the  Yale  Medical  School  in  1887,  and  professor  of  chem- 
istry and  physios  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
187a.    He  resigned  in  1800. 

Barker,  Jacob.  Bom  on  Swan  Island,  Maine, 
Dee.  7,  1779:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Deo.  26, 
1871.  An  Amerioan  financier  and  politician. 
He  was  employed  by  the  government  on  the  outbreak  of 
the  war  of  1812,  to  raise  a  loan  of  $5,000,000. 

Barker,  James  Nelson.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  June  17,  1784:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
March  9,  1858.  An  Amerioan  politician,  poet, 
and  playwright.  He  was  comptroller  of  the 
United  States  treasury  1838-58. 

Barker,  John.  Bom  at  Smyrna,  March  9, 1771 : 
died  Oct.  5,  1849.  A  British  consul  in  Syria, 
and  consul-general  in  Egypt.  He  is  best  known, 
aside  from  his  political  services^  from  his  attempts,  as  a 
horticulturist,  to  promote  the  cultivation  of  Western  fruits 
in  the  East. 

Barker,  Joseph.  Born  at  Bramley,  near  Leeds, 
England,  May  11,  1806:  died  at  Omaha,  Neb., 
Sept.  15,  1875.  An  Anglo-American  preacher 
and  political  agitator.  He  was  expelled  from  the 
MethodistNew  Connexion  in  1841,  on  theological  grounds, 
and  established  a  sect  known  as  "Barkerites."  Later  he 
adopted  deistioal  opinions,  but  finally  returned  to  the  or- 
thodox point  of  view.  In  1847  he  visited  America,  on  his 
return  supported  the  Chartist  agitation,  was  arrested  at 
Manchester  (1848),  and  at  the  same  time  was  elected  to 
Parliament.  In  1851  he  emigrated  to  the  XTnited  States, 
where  he  identified  himself  with  the  Abolition  movement. 
He  was  a  lecturer  and  a  voluminous  writer. 

Barker,  Matthew  Henry.  Bom  at  Deptf ord, 
England,  1790 :  died  June  29, 1846.  An  English 
journalist  and  novelist,  best  known  from  his  sea 
tales.  He  wrolie  "Land  and  Sea  Tales"  (1836),  "Top- 
sail-sheet Blocks  ■'  (1838),  "  Life  of  Nelson  "  (1836),  "  The 
Victory,  or  the  Wardroom  Mess  "  (1844),  etc. 

Barker,  Thomas.  Bom  near  Pontypool,  in 
Monmouthshire,  1769:  died  at  Bath,  England, 
Dee.  11, 1847.  An  English  painter  of  landscapes 
and  historical  subjects.  His  son,  Thomas  Jones 
Barker  (1816-82),  was  also  a  noted  painter.  His  best- 
known  picture  is  "The  Woodman." 

Barking  (bar'ldng).  [ME.  Berkyng,  AS.  Beor- 
dngas,  orig.  a  tribe  name,  '  descendants  of 
Beoro.']  A  town  in  the  county  of  Essex,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Boding  7  miles  east  of 
London.  It  was  celebrated  in  the  middle  ages  for  its 
abbey  for  Benedictine  nuns,  founded  about  670.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  14,301. 

Barkis  (bar'kis),  Mr.  In  Dickens's  "David 
Copperfleld,"  a  bashful  carrier  who  marries 
Peggotty.  He  conveys  his  intentions  to  her  by  sending 
her,  by  David,  the  message  "Barkis  is  wiUin'." 

Barksdale  (barks'dal),William.  Bomin Ruth- 
erford County,  Teun.,  Aug.  21,  1821:  died  at 
(Gettysburg,  Pa.,  July  2,  1863.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress 
from  Mississippi  1863-61 ;  joined  the  Confederate  army  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War ;  and  rose  to  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general.  He  fell  while  leading  an  assault  of  his 
brigade  on  the  Federal  position  at  the  Peach  Orchard  in 
the  second  day's  fight  at  Gettysburg. 

Barksteed  (bark'sted),  or  Barksted  (bark'- 
sted),  William.  Flourished  about  1611.  An 
English  actor  and  poet.  His  name  appears  instead 
of  Marston'a  on  "  The  Insatiate  Countess  "in  some  copies, 
and  for  this  reason,  and  on  account  of  "Hiren"  (which 
see),  he  is  noticed. 

We  know  little  of  Barksteed,  but  it  is  probable  that  he 
is  to  be  identified  with  the  William  Barksted,  or  Baoksted, 
who  was  one  of  Prince  Henry's  players  in  August  1611 
(Collier's  "Memoirs  of  Edward  AUeyn,"  p.  89),  and  be- 
longed to  the  company  of  the  Prince  Palatine's  players  in 
March  1616-16  (ibid.,  p.  126).  He  is  the  author  of  two 
poems,  which  display  some  graceful  fancy  (though  the 
subject  of  the  first  is  ill-chosen),— "Myrrha  the  Mother 
of  Adonis,"  1607,  and  ?'Hiren  and  thd  Fair  Greek,"  1611. 

BvUen. 

Barlaam  (bar'la-am),  Bernard.  Died  about 
■  1348.  A  Calabrian  monk,  of  Greek  descent,  a 
scholar  of  high  repute  in  his  day,  noted  for  the 
part  he  took  in  various  theological  disputes, 
espeeially  for  his  attack  upon  the  Hesychasts 
of  Mount  Athos.  in  1339  he  was  sent  by  the  emperor 
Andronicus  III.  on  a  mission  to  the  Pope  in  connection 
with  the  desired  reunion  of  the  Latin  and  Greek  churches. 
He  became  associated  with  Petrarch  and  other  scholars, 
and  was  instrumental  in  the  restoration  of  Greek  learning 
in  the  West. 

Barlaam,  Saint.  -Aji  Eremite  o£  Sinai,  coun- 
selor of  Josaphat,  in  the  romance  "Barlaam 
and  Josaphat." 

Barlaam  and  Josaphat.  A  romance,  written 
probably  by  St.  John  of  Damascus  (Damasee- 
nus),  a  Syrian  monk,  in  the  8th  century,  trans- 
lated into  Latin  before  the  13th  century,  it 
recounts  the  adventures  of  Barlaam,  a  monk  of  the  wilder- 
ness of  Sinai,  in  attempting  (successfully)  to  convert  Josa- 
phat (or  Joasaph),  the  son  of  a  king  of  India,  to  Christianity 
and  asceticism.  The  incidents  of  the  story  were  prob- 
ably taken  from  an  Indian  source.  That  part  of  the  plot 
of  Shakspere's  "  Merchant  of  Venice  "  which  relates  to  the 
choosing  of  the  casket  came  originally  from  this  romance, 
through  the  "Speculum  Historiale  "  of  Vinpent  of  Beauvais 
(about  1290),  the  "  Cento  Novelle  Antiche,   sixty-fllth  tale, 


121 

Boccaccio's  "Decameron,"  the  "Golden  Legend,"  and  the 
"  Gesta  Komanorum."  An  English  translation  of  this  was 
printed  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde  about  1610-16,  which  con- 
tained the  "Story  of  the  Three  Caskets."  It  is  considered 
probable  that  Shakspere  read  one  of  Richard  Robinson's 
reissues  (there  were  sue  between  1677  and  1601).  Rudolf 
von  Ems  wrote  a  poem  of  the  same  name  and  subject  in 
the  13th  century,  probably  based  on  Damascenus. 

BarlsBUS  (bar-le'us)  (Gaspard  van  Baerle). 
Born  at  Antwerp,  Feb.  12,  1584:  died  at  Am- 
sterdam, Jan.  14,  1648.  A  Dutch  historian. 
He  was  a  professor  of  logic  at  the  University  of  Leyden 
(1617),  and  of  philosophy  and  rhetoric  at  the  Athenseum 
in  Amsterdam  (1631).  His  "Rerum  per  octeniiium  in 
Brasilia  et  alibi  nuper  gestarum  "  (Amsterdam,  1647 ;  2d 
ed. ,  with  additions  by  Piao,  Cleves,  1660)  is  one  of  the  stan- 
dard authorities  on  the  wars  between  the  Dutch  and  Por- 
tuguese in  Brazil. 

Barlaymont  (bar-la-m6n'),  or  Barlaimont, 
Charles,  Count  of .  Died  1579.  A  Dutch  states- 
man in  the  service  of  Philip  II.  in  the  Nether- 
lands. He  was  a  member  of  the  consuUa  of 
the  regent  Margaret  of  Parma. 

Bar-le-Duc  (bar-16-duk'),  or  Bar-sur-Ornain 
(bar-siir-or-nan').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Meuse,  France,  situated  on  the  Or- 
nain  in  lat.  48°  46'  N.,  long.  5°  10'  E.  It  has 
manufactures  of  cotton,  etc.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  tlie 
great  Duke  of  Guise  and  of  Oudinot.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  18,761. 

Barletta  (bar-let'ta),  Gabriello.  Lived  in  the 
second  half  of  the  15th  century.  A  Dominican 
monkof  Naples,  noted  as  apreaoher.  He  preached 
in  the  manner  of  Abraham  a  Sancta  Clara,  endeavoring  to 
correct  by  ridicule  which  degenerated  into  vulgarity. 

Barletta.  A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Bari, 
Italy,  35  miles  northwest  of  Bari :  the  ancient 
Bardoli,  and  the  Barolum  of  the  middle  ages. 
It  has  a  cathedral  and  castle.  It  was  besieged 
by  the  French  in  1503.  Population,  about 
32,000. 

Barley  (bar'li),  Clara.  In  Dickens's  novel 
"Great  Expectations,"  a  pretty  girl  who  mar- 
ries Herbert  Pocket. 

Barley,  Old  Bill.  A  drunken  and  gouty  old 
man,  the  father  of  Clara  Barley. 

Barleycorn  (bar'li-kfirn),  John  or  Sir  John. 
The  personification  of  malt  liquor,  as  being 
made  from  barley.  There  is  a  ballad  in  which 
he  appears  as  a  person. 

Barlow  (bar'16),  or  Barlowe,  Arthur.  Bom 
about  1550 :  died  about  1620.  An  English  navi- 
gator. With  Amidas  he  conducted  Ealeigh's 
exploring  expedition  to  America  in  1584. 

Barlow,  Francis  Ohanning.  Bom  at  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  Oct.  19,  1834:  died  Jan.  11,  1896. 
An  American  lawyer  and  soldier.  He  joined  the 
Federal  volunteer  service  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  W  ar, 
and  became  brigadier-general  in  1862  and  major-general 
in  1865.  He  participated  (as  colonel)  in  the  battles  of  Fair 
Oaks  and  Antietam,  and  commanded  a  division  in  the  bat- 
tles of  the  Wilderness  and  Spottsylvania  Court  House  and 
in  the  assault  on  the  defenses  of  Petersburg. 

Barlow,  Joel.  Bom  at  Beading,  Conn.,  1754: 
died  near  Cracow,  Poland,  Dec.  24,  1812.  An 
American  poet  and  politician,  one  of  the  "Hart- 
ford Wits."  He  resided  abroad,  ohiefiy  in  France,  1788- 
1805,  where  he  identified  himself  with  the  Girondist  party ; 
was  consul  to  Algiers  1795-97;  and  was  United  States 
minister  to  France  1811-12.  Author  of  "The  Vision  of 
Columbus"  (1787:  enlarged  as  "The  Columbiad,"  1807), 
' '  Hasty  Pudding, "  and  "  Advice  to  the  Privileged  Orders  " 
(Part  1.  1791,  Part  II.  1796). 

Barlow,  Henry  Clark.  Bom  at  Newington 
Butts,  Surrey,  May  12,  1806:  died  at  Salzburg, 
Austria,  Nov.  8,  1876.  An  EngUsh  physician 
and  scholar,  noted  as  a  student  of  Dante.  He 
wrote  "  Critical,  Historical,  and  Philosophical  Contribu- 
tions to  the  Study  of  the  'Divina  Commedia' "  (1864),  etc. 

Barlow,  Peter.  Born  at  Norwich,  England, 
Oct.,  1776:  died  March  1,  1862.  An  English 
mathematician,  optician,  and  physicist.  He 
wrote  "An  Elementary  Investigation  of  the  Theory  of 
Numbers"  (1811),  "A  New  Mathematical  and  Philosophi- 
cal Dictionary  "  (1814), "  New  Mathematical  Tables  "  (1814), 
"An  Essay  on  the  Strength  of  Timber  and  other  Mate- 
rials" (1817),  "Essay  on  Magnetic  Attractions"  (1820), 
etc.  He  was  the  inventor  of  the  lens  which  bears  his 
name. 

Barlow,  Samuel  Latham  Mitchell.  Born  at 
Granville,  Hampden  County,  Mass.,  June  5, 
1826:  died  at  Glen  Cove,  Long  Island,  N.  Y., 
July  10,  1889.  An  American  lawyer.  He  col- 
lected an  important  library  of  Americana,  which  was  sold 
at  auction  in  1890,  and  edited,  with  Henry  Harrisse,  "Notes 
on  Columbus,"  1866  (privately  printed). 

Barlow,  William.  Died  1568.  An  English 
Protestant  prelate  and  controversiahst,  bishop 
successively  of  St.  Asaph,  St.  David's,  Bath 
and  Wells,  and  Chichester.  He  was  at  one  time  a 
violent  opponent  of  Cardinal  Wolsey,  and  also  attacked 
the  church  in  a  series  of  pamphlets  which  he  afterward 
repudiated.  . 

Barlow,  William.  Bom  at  St.  David's,  Wales : 
died  1625.  An  English  ecclesiastic,  archdeacon 
of  SaUsbury,  son  of  William  Barlow,  bishop 
of  St.  David's.     He  wrote  "The  Navigators'  Supply" 


Barnard,  Edward  Emerson 

(1697),  a  work  on  navigation  treating  largely  of  compasses. 
"Science  is  indebted  to  Barlow  for  some  marked  im- ' 

Srovements  in  the  hanging  of  compasses  at  sea,  for  the 
isoovery  of  the  diflerence  between  iron  and  steel  for 
magnetic  purposes,  and  for  the  proper  way  of  touching 
magnetic  needles,  and  of  cementing  loadstones."  Diet.  (5' 
Nat  Biog. 

Barmbeck  (barm'bek).    A  suburb  of  Hamburg. 

Barmecides  (bar'mf-sidz).  A  Persian  family 
so  named  from  its  founder,  Barmak  or  Barmek, 
probably  a  native  of  Khorasan,  who  acquired 
power  under  the  calif  Abd-ul-Malik.  His  grand- 
son, Yahya,  became  vizir  to  the  calif  El-Mahdy,  and 
tutor  of  Harun-al-Rashid.  Yahya's  son  Jaflar  was  vizir 
to  Harun,  and  by  his  eminent  services  contributed  to 
the  glory  of  his  master's  reign,  but  fell  under  displeasure, 
and  waa  put  to  death  802,  together  with  nearly  all  of  the 
Barmecide  family. 

Barmecide's  Feast.  A  feast  where  the  dishes 
were  empty  and  everything  was  imaginary; 
hence,  any  tantalizing  illusion:  in  allusion  to  the 
story  of  "The  Barber's  Sixth  Brother  'in  "The  Arabian 
Nights,"  in  which  a  rich  Barmecide  gives  a  dinner  of 
this  description  to  Shacabac,  a  starving  wretch,  and 
obliijes  him  to  pretend  that  he  eats  what  is  not  before  him. 
When  it  comes  to  pretending  to  drink  wine,  Shacabac 
feigns  drunkenness  and  knocks  the  Barmecide  down,  and 
the  latter,  with  a  pleasing  sense  of  humor,  not  only  lor. 
gives  him  but  heaps  benefits  upon  him. 

Barmen  (bar'men).  A  city  in  the  Ehine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Wupper  24  miles 
northeast  of  Cologne.  It  is  divided  into  Ober-Mit- 
tel  and  Unter-Barmen.  It  is  an  important  manufactur- 
ing center,  and  is  closely  connected  with  Elbaield.  See 
mberfeld.    Population  (1900),  141,947. 

Barmouth  (bar'muth).  A  watering-place  in 
Merionethshire,  Wales,  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Maw  31  miles  southeast  of  Carnarvon. 
Population  (1891),  2,045. 

Barmstedt  (barm'stet).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Sehleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Kriickau  21  miles  northwest  of 
Hamburg. 

Barn  (bam).  A  town  in  Moravia,  16  miles 
north-northeast  of  Olmiitz.  Population  (1890), 
3,585. 

Barnabas  (bar'na-bas),  Saint.  [Aram.,  'son 
of  prophecy.']  The'surname  of  the  Cyprian 
Levite  Joses,  or  Joseph,  an  apostle  of  the 
Christian  church.  He  was  one  of  tlie  first  to  sell  his 
land  for  the  benefit  of  the  common  fund ;  introduced  Paul 
after  the  latter's  conversion;  taught,  with  Paul,  at  An- 
tioch ;  undertook,  with  him,  a  missionary  journey  to  Cy- 
prus and  various  cities  in  Asia  Minor;  was  sent,  with 
him,  to  Jerusalem  by  the  church  at  Antioch  to  consult 
the  apostles  and  elders  on  the  question  of  circumcision ; 
and,  when  about  to  undertake  a  second  missionary  jour- 
ney with  Paul,  separated  from  him,  owing  to  a  difference 
arising  out  of  Barnabas's  determination  to  take  bis  sister's 
son,  Mark,  with  him.  He  was,  according  to  the  legend, 
martyred  at  Cyprus,  61  A.  D.  His  day  is  celebrated  by  the 
Greek,  Roman,  and  Anglican  churches  on  the  11th  of 
June,  and  his  symbol  is  a  rake,  as  his  day  comes  in  the 
time  of  the  hay  harvest.  It  was  formerly  a  great  feast 
among  the  English  people. 

Barnabas,  The  Epistle  of.  An  anonymous 
epistle,  containing  no  mention  of  the  readers 
for  whom  it  was  intended,  dating  from  an  early 
period  of  the  church,  it  was  intended  for  persons 
in  danger  of  Judaizing,  and  emphasizes  the  separation  of 
Christianity  from  Judaism.  Its  authorship  was  ascribed 
to  Barnabas  (the  apostle)  in  the  early  church ;  but  some 
modern  critics  assign  it  to  a  post-apostolic  writer,  perhaps 
a  converted  Jew  of  Alexandria. 

Barnaby  (bar'na-bi).  [Formerly  BarnaMe, 
Barnabee,  from  P.'  Barnab4,  from  LL.  Barnabas, 
etc.]    Afovvo.  ot  Barnabas. 

Barnaby  Budge  (bar'na-bi  ruj).  A  novel  by 
Charles  Dickens  which  came  out  in  parts,  and 
was  published  in  book  form  in  1841.  it  is  based 
on  the  Gordon  riots.  Barnaby,  a  half-witted  fellow,  the 
friend  of  Grip  the  raven,  becomes  ignorantly  involved  in 
the  riot,  and  is  condemned  to  death  but  pardoned. 

Barnacle  (bar'na-kl).  Lord  Decimus  Tite.   A 

pompous  and  windy  peer,  with  a  high  position  in 
the  Circumlocution  Office,  in  Charles  Dickens's 
' '  Little  Dorrit."  Clarence,  an  empty-headed,  and  Fer- 
dinand, a  well-dressed  and  agreeable  young  man,  his  sons, 
are  also  employed  in  the  ofiice. 

Barnadine  (bar'na-din).  A  character  in  Shak- 
spere's "Measure  for  Measure":  a  prisoner, 
sullen  and  savage,  careless  of  past,  present, 
and  future. 

Barnard  (bar'nard),  Lady  Anne.  Bom  Dec. 
8,  1750:  died  May  6,  1825.  A  Scottish  poet, 
daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Balearres.  She  pub- 
lished the  ballad  "Auld  Eobin  (Jray"  (1772), 
and  a  sequel  to  it. 

Barnard,  Daniel  Dewey.  Born  in  Berkshire 
Countv,  Mass.,  July  16,  1797:  died  at  Albany, 
N.  Y.," April  24,  1861.  An  American  politician 
and  diplomatist.  He  was  member  of  Congress  from 
New  York  1827-29  and  1839-46,  and  United  States  minister 
to  Prussia  1S60-63. 

Barnard,  Edward  Emerson.  Born  at  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.,  Dec.  16, 1857.  An  American  astron- 
omer. He  was  graduated  from  Vanderbilt  University  In 
1886,  and  has  made  a  number  of  astronomical  discoveries 


Barnard,  Edward  Emerson 

which  have  been  reported  in  the  "  Sidereal  Measenger," 
"Observatory,"  "Science  Observer,"  and  "Astronomische 
Nachrichten."  His  most  notable  discovery  is  that  of  the 
fifth  satellite  of  Jupiter,  made  at  the  Lick  Observatory 

Sept.  9,  1892. 

Barnard,  Frederick  Augustus  Porter.    Bom 

at  Sheffield,  Mass.,  May  5.  1809 :  died  at  New 
York,  April  27, 1889.  An  American  educator, 
scientist,  and  author.  He  was  professor  in  the  Uni- 
'  versity  of  Alabama  1837-54 ;  president  of  the  University 
of  Mississippi  1856-61 ;  and  president  of  Columbia  College 
1864-89.  He  was  United  States  commissioner  at  the  Paris 
Exposition  of  1867,  and  assistant  commissioner-general 
at  that  of  1878. 

Barnard,  John.  Bom  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Nov.  6, 
1681 :  died  Jan.  24, 1770.  An  American  Con- 
gregational clergyman,  minister  in  Marblehead 
1716-70.  He  published  numerous  sermons,  "A  History 
of  the  Strange  Adventures  of  Philip  Ashton  "  (1725),  etc. 

Barnard,  John  Gross.  Born  at  Sheffield,  Mass., 
May  19,  1815 :  died  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  May  14, 
1882.  An  American  military  engineer  and  gen- 
eral, brother  of  Frederick  Augustus  Porter 
Barnard.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  war  (brevetted 
major  May,  1848) ;  surveyed  the  isthmus  of  Tehuantepec 
in  1850,  and  the  mouths  of  the  Mississippi  in  1852  ;  was 
superintendent  of  the  United  States  MUitary  Academy 
1856-66 ;  was  chief  engineer  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
1862  and  1864 ;  and  was  brevetted  major-general  at  the 
close  of  the  war.  He  wrote  numerous  scientific  and  mili- 
tary papers. 

Barnard  Castle.  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Durham,  England,  situated  on  the  Tees  21  miles 
southwest  of  Durham,  it  is  named  from  its  castle, 
which  was  built  in  the  12ih  century,  and  is  the  chief  scene 

,  of  Scott's  poem  "Rokeby." 

Barnard  College.  A  college  for  the  higher 
education  of  women,  founded  in  New  York  city 
in  1889.  It  was  incorporated  in  Columbia  University 
in  1900.    It  has  about  300  students. 

Barnard's  Inn.  One  of  the  inns  of  Chancery 
in  Holbom,  London.  The  society  is  of  very 
great  antiquity :  the  hall  itself  was  certainly 
in  existence  in  1451,  and  probably  much  earlier. 
The  house  began  to  be  used  as  an  inn  of  Chan- 
eery  about  1454.  In  1893  it  was  announced  to 
be  destroyed. 

Barnato  (bar-na'to),  Bamett  Isaacs.  Bom 
in  London  July  5  (?),  1852:  died  June  14,  1897. 
An  English  speculator  and  capitalist.  He  was 
the  son  of  poor  Jevrish  parents,  and,  according 
to  report,  supported  himself  as  peddler,  billiard- 
marker,  etc.  In  1872  or  1873  he  left  London  for  South 
Africa,  where  he  made  a  large  fortune  in  the  Kimberley 
diamond-mines  and  the  gold-mines  around  Johannesburg. 
In  1888  his  diamond-raining  interests  were  joined  with  those 

.  of  Cecil  Ehodes.  In  the  same  year  he  was  returned  to 
the  legislative  assembly  at  the  Cape  as  member  for  Kim- 
berley, and  was  reelected  in  1894.  In  1895  he  returned 
to  London,  and  was  the  center  of  the  speculation  in  South 
African  mining  stocks  known  as  the  "Kafir  Circus";  he 
was  popularly  known  as  the  "Kafir  King."  The  failure 
of  the  so-called  "Barnato  Banking  Company"  in  October, 
1895,  subsequent  losses,  and  great  men^l  strain  are  sup- 
posed to  have  affected  his  reason.  He  committed  suicide 
by  jumping  into  the  sea  from  the  steamship  Scot  near 
Funchal. 

Barnaul  (bar'noul).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Tomsk,  Siberia,  situated  on  the  Bar- 
naulka  and  Obi  240  miles  southwest  of  Tomsk. 
It  is  the  chief  mining  center  in  western  Siberia. 
Population,  17,484. 

Barnaval,  Louis.  A  pseudonym  of  Charles  De 
Kay. 

Barnave  (bar-nav').  Antolne  Pierre  Joseph 
Marie.  Bom  at  Grenoble,  Prance,  Oct.  22, 
1761:  guillotined  at  Paris,  Nov.  29,  1793.  A 
French  revolutionist  and  orator.  He  was  deputy 
to  the  Third  Estate  in  1789,  and  president  of  the  National 
Assembly  in  1790 ;  conducted  the  king  on  his  return  from 
Varennes  in  1791 ;  and  was  arrested  for  alleged  treason  in 
1792. 

Barnay  (bar'ni),  Ludwig.  Bom  at  Pesth,  Hun- 
gary, Feb.  11, 1842.  A  German  actor.  He  first 
appeared  on  the  stage  at  Trautenau  in  1860,  and  has  since 
played  chiefly  in  German  cities.  He  visited  the  United 
States  in  1882.  His  principal  r61es  are  Essex,  Egmont, 
Tell,  and  Acosta. 

Barnby  (barn'bi).  Sir  Joseph,  Bom  Aug.  12, 
1838 :  died  Jan.  28, 1896.  An  English  organist, 
composer,  and  conductor.  He  was  made  director 
of  musical  instruction  at  Eton  College  in  1875,  and  in  1886 
was  made  conductor  at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music. 
Among  his  works  are  songs,  anthems,  the  oratorio  "  Re- 
bekah,"  etc. 

Bamegat  Bay  (bar'ne-gat  ba).  A  bay  east  of 
New  Jersey,  communicating  with  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  by  Bamegat  Inlet.  Length,  about  25 
miles. 

Bamegat  Inlet  (bar'ne-gat  in'let).  A  strait 
connecting  Barnegat  Bay  with  the  Atlantic. 

Barnes  (bamz),  Albert.  Bom  at  Eome,  N.  Y., 
Deo.  1, 1798 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  Deo.  24, 1870. 
An  American  Presbyterian  clergyman  and  bib- 
lical commentator,  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyte- 
rian Church  in  Philadelphia  (1830-67).  He  is  best 


122 

known  by  his  "Notes  "  on  the  New  Testament,  Job,  Psalms, 
Isaiah,  etc.    He  was  tried  for  heresy  and  acquitted. 

Barnes,  Bamabe.  Born  in  Yorkshire,  1569  (?) : 
died  1609.  An  English  poet,  son  of  the  Bishop 
of  Durham,  in  1593  he  published  a  collection  of  love- 
poems,  sonnets,  and  madrigals,  entitled  "Parthenophil 
and  Parthenophe." 

Barnes,  Joseph  K.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  July 
21,1817:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  AprU  5, 1883.. 
An  American  surgeon.  He  became  surgeon-genei-al 
U.  S.  army  in  1863 ;  received  the  brevet  rank  of  brigadier- 
general  in  1865 ;  and  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  in  1882. 

Barnes,  Joshua.  Born  at  London,  Jan.  10, 
1654:  died  Aug.  3,  1712.  An  English  classical 
scholar  and  antiquariaUj  appointed  professor 
of  (Jreek  at  Cambridge  m  1695.  He  was  a  volu- 
minous writer,  but  is  not  in  high  repute  as  a  scholar. 
His  "Qerania,  or  the  Discovery  of  a  Better  Sort  of  Peo- 
ple, anciently  discoursed  of,  called  Pygmies,"  is  his  best- 
known  work.    He  published  an  edition  of  Homer  (1710). 

Barnes,  Thomas.  Bom  about  1785:  died  May 
7,  1841.  An  English  journalist,  editor  of  the 
London  "  Times"  1817-41. 

Barnes,  William.  Bom  in  Dorsetshire,  Feb. 
22,  1800:  died  at  Winterboume  Came,  Oct., 
1886.  An  English  poet,  philologist,  and  clergy- 
man. He  is  best  known  by  his  three  series  of  "  Poems  of 
Rural  Life  in  the  Dorsetshire  Dialect"  (1844,  1847,  and 
1862).    He  wrote  also  various  philological  works. 

Barnet  (bar'net),  or  Ohipmng  Barnet  (chip'- 
ing  bar'net).  A  town  in  Hertfordshire,  Eng- 
land, 11  miles  north  of  London,  a  victory  was 
gained  here,  April  14, 1471,  by  the  Yorkists  under  Edward 
IV.  over  the  Lancastrians  under  Warwick.  Warwick  and 
many  Lancastrians  were  slain,  and  Edward  IV.  was  re- 
established on  the  throne.    Population  (1891),  5,410. 

Bamett  (bar'net),  John.  Bom  at  Bedford, 
England,  July  15, 1802 :  died  April  17,  1890.  A 
music  director,  singing-master,  and  composer, 
author  of  numerous  songs  and  operettas,  best 
known  from  his  operas  "  The  Mountain  Sylph" 
(1834)  and  "Farinelli"  (1838).  In  1841  he  retired 
to  Cheltenham  and  devoted  himself  to  vocal  training. 
His  father  was  a  Prussian  who  changed  his  name  from 
Bernhard  Beer,  and  his  mother  a  Hungarian. 

Bamett,  John  Francis.  Bom  Oct.  16, 1837. 
An  English  composer,  nephew  of  John  Bamett. 

Bamett,  Morris.  Bom  in  1800 :  died  in  1856. 
An  English  comedian  and  musical  critic.  He 
acquired  some  reputation  as  a  writer  of  plays,  particularism 
"  The  Serious  Family,"  which  he  adapted  from  "  Le  Mari 
^  la  Campagne," 

Barneveld  (bar'ne-velt).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  (jrelderland,  Netherlands,  17  miles  north- 
west of  Arnhem.     Population,  7,096. 

Barneveld  (in  full  Jan  van  Olden-Bameveld) . 
Bom  at  Amersfoort,  Netherlands,  1547  (1549?): 
beheaded  at  The  Hague,  May  13, 1619.  A  Dutch 
statesman.  He  became  grand  pensionary  of  Holland  in 
1686 ;  negotiated  the  treaty  with  Spain  in  1609 ;  sided  with 
the  Remonstrants,  and  was  arrested  by  Maurice  of  Nassau 
for  treason  in  1618,  and  condemned.  A  tragedy  was  written 
on  this  subject  and  acted  in  Aug.,  1619,  which  was  first 
printed  from  manuscript  by  Bullen  and  announced  by  him 
as  a  play  of  Chapman's,  but  afterward  as  by  Fletcher  and 
Massinger. 

Barney  (bar'ni),  Joshua.  Bom  at  Baltimore, 
Md.,  July  6,  1759:  died  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Dec. 
1,  1818.  An  American  naval  officer  in  the 
Eevolutionary  War.  He  became  alieutenant  in  1776 ; 
captured,  while  in  command  of  the  Hyder  Ali,  the  British 
sloop  of  war  General  Monk,  April  8,  1782 ;  was  sent  to 
France  with  despatches  for  Franklin  in  1782 ;  was  a  cap- 
tain in  the  French  service  1795-1800;  commanded  in 
Chesapeake  Bay  1814,  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  Bladens- 
burg  in  the  same  year. 

Barney.  In  Charles  Dickens's  novel  "  Oliver 
Twist,"  a  villainous-looking  Jew  waiter,  with 
a  cold  in  his  head,  at  the  "  Three  Cripples." 

Bamfield  (bam'feld),  Richard,  Bom  at  Nor- 
bury,  in  Shropshire,  1574:  died  1627.  An  Eng- 
lish poet.  He  was  the  author  of  "  The  Affectionate 
Shepherd"  (1594),  "Cynthia"  (1696),  "The  Encomium  of 
Lady  Peounia,"  with  "The  Complaint  of  Poetry,"  "Con- 
science and  Covetousness,"  and  "Poems  in  Divers  Hu- 
mors" (1698).  In  the  last  are  the  poems  "If  Music  and 
Sweet  Poetry  Agree  "  and  "  As  it  Fell  Upon  a  Day,"  which 
appeared  in  "The  Passionate  Pilgrim,"  and  were  long 
attributed  to  Shakspere. 

Barni  (bar'ne),  Jules  Eomain.  Bom  at 
Lille,  June  1,  1818:  died  1878.  A  French 
republican  politician  and  writer  on  philosophy. 
His  chief  works  are  a  "Histoire  des  id^es  morales  etpoli- 
tiques  en  France  au  XVin»  slfecle  "  (1866),  and  transla- 
tions from  Kant. 

Bamim  (bar'nem).  The  ancient  name  of  a 
region  in  the  Mittelmark  of  Brandenburg, 
north  and  northeast  of  Berlin. 

Barnivelt  (bar'ni-velt),  Esdras,  Apothecary. 
Under  this  pseudonym  a  key  to  the  "Eape  of 
the  Lock"  was  published  shortly  after  the  poem 
itself.  It  was  attributed  to  Pope,  anH  also  to 
Arbuthnot.     Gushing. 

Bamsley  (bamz'li).  A  town  in  the  West  Bid- 
ing of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the 


Barr 

Dearne  13  miles  north  of  Sheffield.  It  has  varied 
manufactures.    Population  (1891),  35,427. 

Barnstable.  A  seaport  in  eastern  Massachu- 
setts, situated  on  Cape  Cod  Bay  69  miles  south- 
east of  Boston.  It  has  fisheries  and  coasting- 
trade.    Population  (1900),  4,364. 

Barnstaple  (bam'sta-pl).    A  seaport  in  Devon- 

,  shire,  England,  situated  on  the  Taw  35  miles 
northwest  of  Exeter.  It  has  some  trade,  and 
was  formerly  of  greater  importance.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  13,058. 

Barnum  (bar'num),  Phineas  Taylor.  Bom 
at  Bethel,  Conn.,  July  5,  1810:  died  at  Bridge- 
port, Conn.,  April  7, 1891.  A  famous  American 
showman.  He  became  proprietor  of  Bamum's  Mu- 
seum in  New  York  city  in  1841 ;  managed  Jenny  Lind'a 
concert  tour  through  America  1850-51;  established  his 
circus  in  1871 ;  was  a  member  of  the  Connecticut  legisla- 
ture 1866-69;  and  was  elected  mayor  of  Bridgeport  in 
1875.  Besides  lecturing  on  temperance  and  other  popular 
subjects,  he  wrote  "The  Humbugs  of  the  World"  (1865), 
"Struggles  and  I'riumphs,  or  Forty  Years'  Recollections' 
(1869),  etc. 

Bamum,  William  H.  Bom  at  Boston  Comers, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  17,  1818 :  died  at  Lime  Rock,  Conn., 
April  80,  1889.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Connecticut  1867- 
1876 ;  United  States  senator  from  Connecticut  1876-79 ; 
and  chairman  of  the  Democratic  National  Committee 
1880  and  1884. 

Barnwell,  George.    See  George  Barnwell. 
Barnwell   (barn'wel),   Bobert  Woodward. 

Born  at  Beaufort,  S.  C,  Aug.  10,  1801:  died  at 
Columbia,  S.  C,  Nov.  25,  1882.     An  American 

golitician.  He  was  a  member  of  Congress  from  South 
arolina  1829-S3 ;  a  United  States  senator  1850-51 ;  a  com- 
missioner from  South  Carolina  to  confer  with  the  Federal 
Government  regarding  the  secession  of  the  State,  1860 ;  a 
member  of  the  Provisional  Congress  of  the  Confederate 
States  1861-62  ;  and  a  senator  from  South  Carolina  in  the 
Confederate  Congress  1862-66. 

Baroach.    See  Broach. 

Barocchio,  Giacomo.    See  Vignola. 

Barocci  (ba-roch'e),  or  Baroccio,  Federigo. 
Born  at  tJrbino,  Italy,  1528:  died  there,  Sept., 
1612.    An  Italian  painter  of  the  Roman  school. 

Baroche  (ba-rosh'),  Pierre  Jules.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Nov.  18,  1802:  died  in  Jersey,  Oct.  29, 
1870.  A  French  advocate  and  statesman.  He 
was  minister  of  the  interior  1850 ;  minister  of  foreign 
affairs  1851 ;  president  of  the  Council  of  State  1862  ;  min- 
ister of  justice  and  public  worship  186S-69. 

Baroda  (ba-ro'da).  A  district  in  Gujarat,  Brit- 
ish !tadia.  Area,  1,910  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  817,023. 

Baroda.  A  native  state  of  India  under  Brit- 
ish supervision,  ruled  by  a  Mahratta  Gaikwar. 
Area,  8,226  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
2,415,396. 

Baroda.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Baroda, 
situated  near  the  Viswamitri  in  lat.  22°  16'  N., 
long.  73°  14'  E.  It  has  considerable  trade. 
Population  (1891),  including  cantonment,  116,- 
420. 

Ba-Bolong.    See  Chuana. 

Baron  (bSr-rdn')  (originally  Boyron),  Michel. 
Bom  at  Paris,  Oct.  8, 1653:  died  at  Paris,  Deo. 
3,  1729.  A  celebrated  French  actor,  a  leading 
star  of  the  French  stage,  which  he  abandoned 
from  1691  to  1720.  He  wrote,  it  is  said  with  the  aid 
of  others,  seven  comedies,  among  them  "  L'Audrienne  " 
and  "  L'Homme  k  bonnes  fortunes,"  his  best. 

Baron,  The  Old  English.  See  Old  English 
Baron,  The. 

Baronius  (ba-ro'ni-us),  or  Baronio  (ba-ro'- 
ne-o),  Cesare.  Born  at  Sora,  Campania,  Oct. 
30, 1538 :  died  June  30, 1607.  A  Roman  Catho- 
lic church  historian.  He  became  cardinal  in  1596, 
and  was  librarian  of  the  Vatican.  His  chief  work  is  his 
"Annales  ecclesiastici  a  Christo  nato  ad  annum  1198" 
(1688-93). 

Barons,  War  of  the.  An  insurrection  of  Eng- 
lish barons  under  Simon  de  Montfort  against 
the  arbitrary  government  of  Henry  III.,  1263- 
1265.  Its  chief  incidents  were  the  victory  of  Montfort 
at  Lewes  in  1264  and  the  capture  of  the  king,  and  the  de- 
feat and  death  of  Montfort  at  Evesham  in  1265. 

Barons'  Wars,  The.    A  poem  by  Drayton,  it 

was  first  published  in  1696  under  the  title  of  "Mortimeri- 
ados,"  and  republished  with  many  alterations  in  1603 
under  its  present  title. 

Barossa,  or  Barosa,    See  Barrosa. 

Barotse  (ba-rot'se).  A  kingdom  of  the  upper 
Zambesi,  South  Africa,  in  lat.  15°  S.,  long.  23°  E. 

Barozzi  (ba-r5t'se),  Giacomo.    See  Vignola. 

Barquisimeto  (bar-ka-se'ma-to).  A  city  in 
Venezuela,  155  miles  west  of  Caracas.  It  was 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1812.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  31,476  (with  the  district). 

Barr  (bar),  Mrs.  (Amelia  Edith  Huddleston). 
Bom  at  Ulverston,  Lancashire,  England,  March 
29,  1831.  An  Anglo-American  novelist,  she  is 
the  author  of  "Romance  and  Reality,"  "Bow  of  Orange 
Ribbon,"  "  Friend  Olivia  "  (1889),  etc. 


Barr 

Barr.  A  town  in  Lower  Alsace,  Alsace-Lor- 
raine, situated  18  miles  southwest  of  Strasburg, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Vosges.  It  has  eonsiderahle 
manufactures.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
5,678. 

Barra  (bar's,).  An  island  of  the  Outer  Hebrides, 


123 

A  Portuguese  soldier,  in  1647  he  was  appointed 
chief  o(  the  Portuguese  forces  at  Pemambuco,  with  the 
rank  of  Mestre  de  Campo.  He  gained  brilliant  victories 
in  1648  and  1649,  and  Anally  forced  the  capitulation  of 
Recife  (Pemambuco),  Jan.  27,  1664.  From  April,  1648  to 
Aug.,  1666,  he  was  governor  of  Pemambuco,  and  from  the 
latter  date  to  June  24, 1663,  captain-general  of  Brazil. 


Inverness-shire,  Scotland,  in  lat.  57°  N.    The  Barrett  (bar'et),  Lawrence.    Bom  at  Pater- 
,,.-„.  ....^  _  ..   ..  son,  N.  J.,  April  4,  1838:  died  at  New  York, 

March  21, 1891.  An  American  actor  of  Irish  pa- 
rentage. He  first  appeared  on  the  stage  at  Detroit  in 
1858  as  Murad  in  "The  French  Spy";  appeared  in  New 
York  Jan.  19,  1857,  as  Cliflord  in  "The  Hunchback'  ; 
was  leading  actor  in  the  Boston  Museum  in  1868;  en- 
listed in  1861  and  served  for  a  time  as  captain  of  Com- 
pany B,  28th  Massachusetts  Volunteers ;  was  a  partner  of 
Lewis  Baker  in  the  management  of  tlie  Varieties  Theater, 
New  Orleans,  1863-64 ;  and  from  that  time  continued  as  a 
star  actor  and  manager.  From  1886  until  his  death  he 
was  closely  associated  with  Edwin  Booth.  He  produced 
a  number  of  new  plays.  He  published  a  Life  of  Edwin 
Forrest  in  1881,  and  a  Life  of  Edwin  Booth  in  "Actors  and 
Actresses  of  the  Time." 


inhabitants  are  chiefly  Gaelic  Boman  Catholics.  Length, 
8  miles.    Width,  5  miles.    Population  (1891),  2,131. 

Barra  (bar'ra).  A  small  eastern  suburb  of 
Naples. 

Barra*  or  Barr.  A  petty  kingdom  of  West 
Africa,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Gambia.  The 
ruling  race  is  Mandingo ;  the  chief  town,  Bar- 
rinding.    Population,  about  200,000. 

Barrackl>ur  (bar-ak-p6r').  A  town  and  mili- 
tary station  in  Bengal,  British  India,  situated 
on  the  Hooghly  15  miles  north  of  Calcutta. 
Population  (1891),  35,647. 

Barradas  (bar-ra'das),  Isidro. 


Canary  Islands  about  1775:  died  at  New  Or-  Barrett,  Wilson.  Born  in  Essex,  Feb.  18, 1846. 
leans  about  1841.  A  Spanish  general,  in  1824  An  Jlinglish  actor.  He  first  appeared  on  the  stage  at 
he  commanded  the  land  forces  assemSled  at  Havana  with  ?ii^^\„^^  5"°  ^^?'  manager  of  various  tteaters  at 
the  object  of  reconquering  Mexico.  In  July,  1829,  the  Leeds^  England,  and  London  (Court  Theater,  Princess's), 
fleet  under  Laborde  landed  Barradas  and  3,000  men  on  i^rrnead  ( bar-hed  ).  Atownm  Renfrewshire, 
the  coast  of  Tampico.  They  were  attacked  by  Santa  Scotland,  7  miles  southwest  of  Glasgow. 
Anna,  and  after  several  engagements  were  forced  to  capit-  Barri  (bar'i),  GiralduS  de.  See  Giraldus  Cam- 
ulate,  Sept.  11, 1829.  '  •  ' 


Barrafranca  (bar-ra-fran  ka)  A  small  town  Barrias  (ba-re-a'),  Felix  Joseph.  Born  at 
m  the  province  of  Caltamssetta,  Sicily,  Italy,  Paris,  Sept.  13, 1822.  A  French  painter,  espe- 
47mileswest_of  Cata,nia     ,^.       ,       ^        .      eially  of  historical  subjects. 

Barragan  (bar-ra-gan  ),  Miguel  Born  in  Barricades,  Days  of  the.  [P.  Journ4es  des 
Valle  del  Mais,  San  Luis  Potosi,  1789:  died  at  Barrioades.1  In  French  history,  a  name  given 
Mexico,  March  1, 1836.  A  Mexican  general.  In  to  several  insurrections  in  Paris  (May  12, 1588, 
1821  hewasone  of  the  officers  who  supported  the  defcc.-    ^        26-27,  1648,  also  to  the  insurrections  in 


tion  of  Iturbide.    As  commandantof  Vera  Crnz  he  forced     ,0Q7i    -laAa  '  ^ 

the  capitulation  of  San  Juan  de  tJliia,  the  last  Spanish     J-OoU,  io4o,  etc.) 

fort  in  Mexico  (Nov.  18,  1825).    He  was  vice-president  Barrie  (bar'i),  JameS  Matthew, 

iin/1oi>    SoTi'f'.a     Anrifi     l&S'i     and      rtiii^nn"    liia    oHaon/ta      an\-aA        _; 1 171 H t-l Tifl"_. .  t\      -t  rif. 


Born  at  Kir- 


riemuir, Forfarshire,  May  9,  1860.  A  Scottish 
writer.  He  was  for  some  time  a  journalist  in  London. 
He  has  written  "Better  Dead"  (1887),  "AuldLicht  Idylls" 
and  "When  a  Man  's  Single"  (1888),  "A  Window  in 
Thrums"  (1889),  "My  Lady  Nicotine"  (1890),  "The  Little 
Minister  "  (1890), ' '  Sentimental  Tommy  "  (1896), "  Margaret 
Ogilvy"  (1896),  etc. 


paleontologist,  author  of  "  SystSme  silurien  du 
centre  de  la  Bohfeme"  (1852),  etc. 


under  Santa  Anna,  1835,  and,  during  his  absence,  acted 
as  president  until  his  death. 

Barra  Islands.    The  group  of  small  islands  in 

the  southern  part  of  the  Outer  Hebrides,  chief 

of  which  is  Barra. 
Barrande    (ba-rond'),  Joachim.     Bom    at 

Saugues,  Haute-Loire,  France,  1799:  died  at  t3„„„,.„_  tj„„j.  n^ a.      .  i        ji      i     j- 

Frofsdorf,  Oct.  5,  1883.     A  French  Austrian  ^l'"f^  ?n1f ^JW®^!™l^l^?i  fv,!.   ^^^if^'V^ 
-  -  '  -  '-        ^stftmn  sih,r,-<,„  rt„    a^°^*  1,000  miles  pa,rallel  with  the  northeast- 

em  coast  01  Australia,  at  a  maximum  distance 

_  .,,     ....      ..     ,  _,,   ...        _  .,        of  100  miles:  chief  passage,  Eaines  Inlet. 

BarrancLUllla(bar-ran-kel  ya),orBaranquila.  Barrier  Treaty.    A  treaty  fixing  the  frontier 
A  seaport  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Republic    of  a  country;  especially,  the  treaty  signed  at 

of  Colombia,  situated  on  the  Magdalena  near     '■  ''        '-     -        .     •'.  ■  °   ~ 

its  mouth.     Population  (1892),  15,000. 

Barras  (ba-ras'),  Paul  Jean  Frangois  Nicolas, 

Comte  de.    Born  at  Eohempoux  in  Provence, 

June  30,  1755:  died  at  ChaiUot,  near  Paris,  BarriSe(ba-re-ar'),  Theodore.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Jan.  29,  1829.  A  French  revolutionist.  He  was  1823:  died  there,  Oct.  16, 1877.  A  French  drama- 
deputy  to  the  Third  Estate  in  1789,  and  to  the  Convention    +;ot    „  nT^Hfio  wr-ltoT 

in  1792 ;  commanded  a  division  at  the  capture  of  Toulon  Ti' •    ^^    ill       iii.  a      ■  j.  •      j  t. 

in  1793 ;  took  a  leading  part  in  the  overthrow  of  Kobos-  Barriers,  Battle  01  the.  A  Victory  gained  by 
Pierre  in  1794 ;  was  a  member  of  the  Committee  of  Public  the  Allies  over  the  French  under  the  walls  of 
Safety,  and  commander-in-chief  on  the  13th  Vend^miaire,    Paris    March    1814. 

1796 ;  became  a  member  of  the  Du-ectory  in  1795  and  die- Tj___,-i'j  /hSr-rfi'lp'*  AnfnTiin  ainlin  ■Rnm  at 
tator  in  1797;  and  retired  from  office  in  1799.  His  me-  JSf'rrill  (Dar-re  le;,  iUWOniO  WlUllO.  iiorn  at 
moirs  were  published  in  1895.  oavona,  lodo.  An  Italian  novelist  and  publicist. 

Barre  (bar),  Antoine  le  F6vre  de  la.     Born    He  accompanied  Garibaldi  to  Tyrol  in  1866,  participated  in 

T 1.   lacipC.    Air^A   «*-   T>«»:a     iiT«-.T    A     -laaa       a      the  Roman  campaign  of  1867,  and  became  editor  of  "H 

about  1605:  died  at  Pans,  May  4,  1688.  A  Movimento"  in  i860,  and  of  "h  Caflaro"  (Genoa)  in  1872. 
French  general  and  author,     in  1667  he  was  ap-    Author  of  the  novel  "I  Eossi  e  i  Neri"  (1871),  etc. 

Fn1t'^Sj1S^^sfXfe\"e'rs%r?l£y*^:c?eSBa^^^^  Boml727: 

From  1682  to  1685  he  was  governor  of  Canada.   He  wrote     died  March  14, 1800.     An  Jinglish  lawyer,  natu- 


Antwerp,  Nov.  15,  17l5,  by  Aus'triaJ  Great 
Britain,  and  the  Netherlands,  determining  the 
relations  of  the  Dutch  and  the  Austrians  in  the 
strategic  towns  of  the  Low  Countries. 


'  Description  de  la  France  ^quinoxiale, 

Barrd  (ba-ra'),  Isaac.  Bom  at  Dublin,  Ire- 
land, 1726:  died  at  London,  July  20,  1802.  A 
British  officer  and  politician  of  French  descent. 
He  served  with  distinction  at  the  battle  of  Quebec  1769. 
In  Parliament,  which  he  entered  in  1761,  he  gained  a 
considerable  reputation  as  an  orator,  especially  in  invec- 
tive. He  has  been  suggested  as  the  possible  author  of  the 
letters  of  Junius.  His  name  forms  a  part  of  the  name  of 
WUkes-Barrif  now  WUkes-Barre^  in  Pennsylvania. 
Barre  (bar'i). ,  A  town  in  Worcester  County, 
Massachusetts,  22  miles  northwest  of  Worces- 
ter. Population  (1900),  2,059. 
Barre.  A  town  in  Washington  County,  Ver- 
mont, 5  miles  southeast  of  Montpelier.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  city,  8,448. 
Barrelier  (bar '  re  -le  -  a '),  Jacques.  Bom  at 
Paris,  1606 :  died  Sept.  17, 1673.  A  French  bot- 
anist. He  wrote  "Plantse  per  Galliam,  His- 
paniam  et  Italiam  observatse,  etc."  (1714),  etc. 
Barren  Eiver,  or  Big  Barren  River.  A  river 
in  Kentucky  which  joins  Green  River  north- 
west of  Bowling  Green.  Length,  about  120 
miles. 

Barrfere-  (ba-rar'),  Pierre.  Bom  at  Perpignan 
about  1690 :  died  there,  Nov.  1, 1755.  A  French 
naturalist  and  traveler.  He  studied  medicine  and 
botany,  and  from  1722  to  1726  traveled  in  French  Guiana; 
and  after  his  return  was  professor  of  botany  at  Perpignan. 
He  wrote  several  works  on  the  natural  history  and  geog- 
raphy of  French  Guiana.  ^ „     v     ••  •       r\  ! 

BarretodeMenezesCbar-ra'tademe-na'zezh),  Barrington,   Sir   Jonah.      Born   m    Oueens 
Francisco.     Bom  about  1600 :  died  after  1663.     County,    Ireland,    1760:    died    at   Versailles, 


ralist,  and  antiquary,  fourth  son  of  the  first  Vis- 
count Barrington.  He  wrote  ' '  Observations  on 
the  Statutes*^ (1766),  "The  NaturaUst's  Calen- 
dar" (1767),  etc. 
Barrington,  George.  Bom  at  Maynooth,  Ire- 
land, May  14, 1755 :  died  about  1840.  A  writer 
on  Australian  topics,  transported  to  that  colony 
as  a  pickpocket  in  1790,  and  emancipated  in 
1792.  His  most  notable  exploit  as  a  thief  was  the  robbing 
of  Prince  Orlofl,  in  Covent  Garden  Theater,  of  a  snuff-box 
said  to  be  worth  about  $160,000.  When  "The  Revenge  " 
by  Young  was  presented  in  Sydney  by  actors  most  of  whom 
were  convicts,  Barrington  wrote  the  prologue  containing 
the  famous  lines : 

"True  patriots  we,  for  be  it  understood 
We  left  our  country  for  our  country's  good. " 

He  also  wrote  "A Voyage  to  Botany  Bay,  etc."  (1801),  "The 
History  of  New  South  Wales,  etc."  (1802),  "The  History 
of  New  Holland  "  (1808),  and  other  works. 
Barrington,  John  Shute,  first  Viscount  Bar- 
rington. Born  at  Theobalds  in  Hertfordshire, 
1678 :  died  at  Beeket  in  Berkshire,  Dec.  14, 1734. 
An  English  lawyer  and  polemical  writer.  He  was 
the  son  of  Benjamin  Shute,  a  London  merchant ;  but,  on 
inheriting  the  estate  of  Francis  Barrington  of  Tofts,  Essex, 
he,  in  compliance  with  the  requirements  of  the  will,  as- 
sumed his  name.  He  was  created  baron  Barrington  of 
Newcastle  in  the  county  of  Dublin,  and  viscount  Barring- 
ton of  Ardglass  in  the  county  of  Down  (Irish  peerage),  in 
1720.  He  wrote  "The  Rights  of  Protestant  Dissenters" 
(1704  :  second  part  1705),  "  A  Dissuasive  to  Jacobitism  " 
(1713),  "Miscellanea  Sacra"  (1726),  etc. 


Barrow,  Mrs. 

France,  April  8,  1834.  An  Irish  judge.  He  was 
the  author  of  "  Personal  Sketches  "  (1827 :  3d  vol  1832) 
"  Historic  Memoirs  of  Ireland  "  (1832),  "  The  Else  and  Fall 
of  the  Irish  Nation  "  (1833). 

Barrington,  Samuel.  Bom  1729:  died  1800. 
An  English  admiral,  fifth  son  of  the  first  Vis- 
count Barrington.  He  served  with  distinction 
in  the  West  Indies. 

Barrington,  Shute.  Bom  at  Beoket,  Berk- 
shire, May  26,  1734:  died  March  25,  1826.  An 
English  prelate,  sixth  son  of  the  first  Viscount 
Barrington,  bishop  of  LlandafE,  and  later  of 
Salisbury  and  of  Durham. 

Barrington,  William  Wildman,  second  Vis- 
count Barrington.  Born  Jan.  15,  1717:  died 
Feb.  1, 1793.  An  English  statesman,  eldest  son 
of  the  first  Viscount  Barrington.  He  was  secre- 
tary  at  war  1766-61,  chancellor  of  Sie  exchequer  1761-62 
and  secretary  at  war  1765-78.  ' 

Barrios  (bar're-os),  Gerardo.  Born  at  San  Sal- 
vador about  1810 :  died  there,  Aug.  29, 1865.  A 
Central  American  general.  He  was  an  adherent  of 
Morazan,  and  took  part  in  the  war  in  Nicaragua  in  1844. 
In  1857  he  commanded  the  Salvadorian  troops  sent  to 
Nicaragua  against  Walker.  The  same  year  he  returned 
and  fomented  an  unsuccessful  revolution  against  Presi- 
dent Campos.  In  1860  he  became  president  of  Salvador  by 
regular  election,  but  was  deposed  in  1863  by  Carrera,  presi- 
dent of  Guatemala.  In  1866  he  attempted  a  war  against 
DueHas,  the  successor  whom  Carrera  had  imposed,  but 
was  captured  and  shot. 

Barrios,  Justo  Rufino.  Bom  at  San  Marcos, 
Quezaltenango,  Guatemala,  about  1834:  died 
near  Chalchuapa,  Salvador,  April  2,  1885.  A 
statesman  of  Guatemala.  After  1867  he  opposed 
President  Cerna,  and  in  1871  took  a  prominent  part  in  his 
overthrow.  From  June  4,  1S73,  untU  his  death  Barrios 
was,  by  successive  elections,  president  of  Guatemala.  He 
secured  order  and  prosperity,  initiated  raihoads,  tele- 
graphs, and  other  improvements,  and  secured  religious 
freedom.  In  1882-83  he  visited  the  United  States  and 
Europe.  His  scheme  of  forcing  a  confederation  of  the 
Central  American  states  led  to  a  war  with  Salvador.  Bar- 
rios invaded  that  country,  and  was  killed  in  an  assault  on 
Chalchuapa. 

Barron  (bar'on),  James.  Bom  in  Virginia 
about  1768 :  died  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  April  21, 1851. 
An  American  commodore.  When  in  command  of 
the  Chesapeake  (1807)  he  refused  to  surrender  three  al- 
leged British  deserters  demanded  by  Captain  Humphreys 
of  the  British  ship  Leopard,  and  was  attacked  (in  time  of 
peace)  and  captured  (June  22).  The  Chesapeake  was  taken 
unprepared,  and  fired  only  one  gun  during  the  action.  Bar- 
ron was  court-martialed,  and  deprived  of  his  rank  and  pay 
for  five  years.  On  his  return  to  duty  he  was  refused  an 
active  command,  with  the  result  that  a  duel  was  fought  be- 
tween him  and  Commodore  Decatur  (who  had  opposed 
him)  in  1820,  and  the  latter  was  kUled. 

Barron,  Samuel.  Bom  in  Virginia  1765  :  died 
Oct.  29,  1810.  An  American  commodore,  brother 
of  James  Barron.  He  commanded  a  squadron 
in  the  Tripolitan  war  in  1805. 

Barros  (bar'rSs),  Joi,0  de.  Bom  at  Vizeu, 
Portugal,  1496:  died  near  Pombal,  1570.  A 
noted  Portuguese  historian.  He  wrote  "0  Impe- 
rador  Clarimundo,"  a  romance  of  chivaliy ;  "Asia"  (1552- 
1615),  a  history  of  Portuguese  conquests  in  the  Orient ;  and 
other  works. 

The  Asia  is  the  first  great  work  which  contains  authen- 
tic information  relating  to  the  rich  and  extensive  coun- 
tries separated  from  Europe  by  such  an  immense  expanse 
of  waters,  and  of  which,  previous  to  the  inquiries  of  our 
author,  we  possessed  such  very  vague  and  contradictory 
accounts.  He  is  still  considered  as  the  chief  authority 
and  foundation  for  subsequent  writers,  not  only  in  their 
history  of  all  Portuguese  discoveries  and  of  the  earliest 
communications  of  Europe  with  the  East,  but  in  all  geo- 
graphical and  statistical  knowledge  relative  to  the  Indies. 
De  Sismondif  Lit.  of  South  of  Europe,  11.  562. 

Barros  Arana,  Diego.    Bom  at  Santiago  in 

1830.  A  Chilian  historian.  His  first  treatise,  "  Es- 
tudios  historicos  sobre  Vicente  Benavides  y  las  Campaflas 
del  Sur,"  appeared  in  1850,  and  since  then  he  has  published 
a  succession  of  important  works.  Among  bis  best-known 
works  are  the  "  Historia  de  la  independencia  de  Chile  " 
(Santiago,  1854  to  1858,  4  vols.),  "El  General  Freire," 
"  Vida  y  viages  de  Hernando  de  Magallanes,"  and  "  His- 
toria general  de  Chile  "  (8  vols. ,  1884  et  seqX  He  has  edited 
the  "Coleccion  de  Historiadores  Primitivos  de  Chile," 
and  the  "  Puren  inddmito,"  a  historical  poem  of  the  Arau- 
canian  war. 

Barrosa  (bar-ro'sa),  or  Barossa,  or  Barosa.  A 

small  place  near  Cadiz,  Spain,  where,  March  5, 
1811,  the  British  under  Graham  defeated  the 
French  under  Victor. 

Barrot  (ba-ro'),  Oamille  Hyacinthe  Odilon. 
Born  at  Villefort,  department  of  Lozfere,  July 
19, 1791 :  died  at  Bougival,  France,  Aug.  6, 1873. 
A  French  advocate  and  statesman.  He  was  a 
leader  of  the  opposition  under  Louis  Philippe,  and  premier 
and  minister  of  justice  1848-49. 

Barrot,  Victorin  Ferdinand.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Jan.  10,  1806 :  died  there,  Nov.  12,  1883.  A. 
French  Bonapartist  politician,  brother  of  Ca- 
mille  Hyacinthe  Odilon  Barrot,  elected  Ufe 
senator  in  1877. 

Barrow  (b.ar'6),  Mrs.  (Frances  Elizabeth 
Mease) :  pseudonym  Aunt  Fanny.    Bom  at 


Barrow,  Mrs. 

Charleston,  S.  C,  Feb.  22,  1822 :  died  at  New 
York,  May  7,  1894.  An  American  writer.  She 
mariieil  James  Banow,  junior,  in  1841.  She  wrote  the 
series  :  "  Little  Pet  Books"  (1860),  "Good  Little  Hearts," 
etc.  (1864),  "  Nightcap  Series,"  "  The  Pop-Gun  Stories," 
and  "The  Six  Mitten  Boolcs." 

Barrow,  or  Barrowe,  Henry.  Died  April  6, 
1593.  An  English  religious  reformer,  regarded 
as  one  of  the  founders  of  Congregationalism. 
He  was  executed  on  a  charge  of  sedition. 

Barrow,  Isaac.  Born  at  London,  1630 :  died  at 
London,  April,  1677.  A  noted  English  theolo- 
gian, classical  scholar,  and  mathematician.  He 
was  educated  at  Cambridge  (scholar  of  Trinity  1647,  and 
fellow  1649),  traveled  on  the  Continent  (1655-59),  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  geometry  at  Gresham  College,  and  in 
1663  first  Lucasian  professor  of  matliematics  at  Cambridge 
(resigned  1669  in  favor  of  Newton)  ;  was  chaplain  to  Charles 
II. ;  and  became  master  of  Trinity  College  in  1672.  Among 
his  works  are  "Lectiones  OpticBe  et  Geometricse  "  (1669- 
1670-74),  "Treatise  on  the  Pope's  Supremacy"  (1680).  The 
best  edition  of  his  theological  worl^  is  that  of  Kcv.  A. 
Napier  (1859). 

Barrow,  Sir  John.  Bom  near  Ulverston  in  Lan- 
cashire, June  19,  1764 :  died  at  Camden  Town, 
near  London,  Nov.  28, 1848.  An  English  writer, 
secretary  of  the  admiralty,  and  a  traveler  in  the 
service  of  the  government  in  China  and  the 
Cape.  He  was  a  promoter  of  Arctic  exploration  (Barrow 
Straits,  Cape  Barrow,  and  Point  Barrow  were  named  for 
him),  and  chief  founder  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society. 
Among  his  works  are  "  Travels  in  South  Africa  "  (1801-04), 
"Travels  in  China"  (1804),  "Voyage  to  Oochin-China " 

g806),  "History  of  Arctic  Voyages "  (1818),  "Voyages  of 
iscovery  and  Research  within  the  Arctic  Regions  "  (1846), 
autobiography^  etc. 

Barrow,  AnverinLeinster, Ireland, whichflows 
intoWaterf ordHarbor.  Length,  about  100  miles. 

Barrow,  Cape,  A  headland  on  the  northern 
coast  of  British  North  America,  projecting  into 
Coronation  Gulf,  about  lat.  68°  N.,  long.  111°  W. 
It  was  named  for  Sir  John  Barrow. 

Barrow,  Point.  A  headland  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Alaska,  projecting  into  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  in  lat.  71°  23'  31"  N.,  long.  156°  21'  40"  W. 
It  was  named  for  Sir  John  Barrow. 

Barrow-in-Furness  (bar'6-in-fer-ues').  A  sea- 
port in  Purness,  Lancashire,  England,  50  miles 
northwest  of  Liverpool.  It  has  had  a  rapid  recent 
development,  due  to  the  iron  mines  in  the  vicinity,  and 
the  development  of  iron  and  steel  manufactures,  etc. 
Population  (1901),  67,684. 

Barrow  Strait.  A  channel  in  the  Arctic  re- 
gions of  North  America,  communicating  with 
Melville  Strait  on  the  west,  Lancaster  Sound 
on  the  east,  Eegent  Inlet  on  the  southeast,  and 
Peel  Sound  on  the  south :  discovered  by  Parry 
in  1819,  and  named  for  Sir  John  Barrow.  Width, 
about  50  miles. 

Barrows  (bar'oz),  Elijah  Porter.  Bom  at 
Mansfield,  Conn.,  Jan.  5,  1805:  died  at  Ober- 
lin,  O.,  Sept.  14,  1888.  An  American  religious 
writer.  He  was  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Andover  Semi- 
nary 1853-66,  and  accepted  a  similar  appointment  at 
Oberlin  Theological  Seminary  in  1872. 

Barrundia  (ba-ron'de-a),  Jos6  Francisco. 

Bom  in  Guatemala,  1779 :  died  at  New  York, 
Aug.  4, 1854.  A  Central  American  statesman. 
He  took  an  early  and  prominent  part  in  the  movement 
against  Spain,  and  in  1813  was  condemned  to  death,  but 
escaped  and  concealed  himself  for  six  years.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  Central  Amer- 
ica 1823-24,  and  introduced  the  decree  by  which  slavery 
was  abolished.  From  June  25, 1829,  to  Sept.  16, 1830,  he 
was  president  of  Central  America.  In  1851,  when  Hon- 
duras, Salvador,  and  Nicaragua  attempted  to  form  a  con- 
federation, Barrundia  was  chosen  president  _;  but  the  union 
was  dissolved  next  year.  In  1854  Barrundia  came  to  the 
United  States  as  envoy  from  Honduras,  with  tlie  avowed 
object  of  offering  the  annexation  of  that  country  to  the 
authorities  at  Washington ;  but  he  died  suddenly  before 
anything  was  done.    He  was  greatly  respected. 

Barry  (bar'i),  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Westmin- 
ster, May  23,  1795  :  died  at  Clapham,  May  12, 
1860.  An  English  architect,  designer  of  the 
Houses  of  Parliament,  London. 

Barry,  Edward  Middleton.  Bom  at  London, 
June  7, 1830 :  died  there,  Jan.  27, 1880.  An  Eng- 
lish architect,  son  of  Sir  Charles  Barry,  designer 
of  the  Covent  Garden  Theater,  etc. 

Barry,  Elizabeth.  Born  in  1658 :  died  Nov.  7, 
1713.  An  English  actress,  she  went  on  the  stage 
under  the  patronage  of  the  Earl  of  Rochester,  and  was  the 
creator  of  more  than  one  hundred  rdles,  mostly  those  of 
tragedy.  Her  Monimia  and  Belvidera  made  her  highest 
reputation.  She  retired  from  the  stage  in  1708,  and  was 
buried  at  Acton.  She  (not  Mrs.  Spranger  Barry)  was 
known  as  "  the  great  Mrs.  Barry." 

Barry,  Gerald.    See  Giraldus  Camhrensis. 

Barry,  James.  Bom  at  Cork,  Ireland,  Oct.  11, 
1741:  died  at  London,  Feb.  22, 1806.  An  Irish 
painter  of  historical  and  mythological  subjects. 
He  was  notorious  for  his  violent  temper  (which  led  to  his 
being  deprived  of  his  professorship  of  painting  to  the 
Royal  Aeademy  and  his  expulsion  from  that  body)  and 
erratic  views,  and  carried  his  theory  of  the  classical  in  art 
so  far  as  to  represent  aU  the  flguresin  his  Death  of  Gen- 
eral Wolfe  "  nude. 


124 

Barry  (ba-re'),  Comtesse  du  (Jeanne  B6cu, 
wrongly  Marie  Jeanne  Gomard  de  Vauber- 

nier).  Bom  in  Champagne,  1746  (or  1743): 
guillotined  at  Paris,  Dec.  6, 1793.  The  mistress 
of  Louis  XV.  after  1768,  notorious  for  her 
prodigality. 

Barry  (bar'i),  John,  Bom  at  Taoumshaue, 
County  Wexford,  Ireland,  1745 :  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, Sept.  13,  1803.  An  American  naval 
commander,  distinguished  in  the  Bevolutionary 
War.  He  settled  in  Philadelphia  about  1760,  and  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  was  given  command  of  the  Lexington, 
and  captured  the  British  tender  Edward  in  1776.  In  1778 
he  took  command  of  the  Raleigh,  whioli  was  captured, 
a  few  days  after  sailing,  by  the  British  ship  Experiment. 
Barry  escaped  and  entered  the  army.  In  command  of  the 
Alliance  (1781)  he  captured  the  British  ships  Atalanta  and 
Trepassy,  and  later  in  the  same  year  conveyed  Lafayette 
and  Noailles  to  France.  He  was  appointed  commodore 
in  1794. 

Barry,  John  Stetson.  Born  at  Boston,  Mass., 
March  26, 1819 :  died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Deo.  11, 
1872.  An  American  Universalist  clergyman 
and  historical  writer,  brother  of  William  Barry. 
He  wrote  a  "History  of  Massachusetts"  (1855- 
1857). 

Barry,  Sir  John  Wolfe.  Bom  1836.  An  Eng- 
lish civil  engineer,  son  of  Sir  Charles  Barry. 
He  was  appointed  by  the  government  on  the  Royal  Com- 
mission on  Irish  Public  Works  (1886)  and  on  the  Western 
(Scottish)  Highlands  and  Islands  Commission  (1889).  Au- 
thor of  "Railway  Appliances:  Details  of  Railway  Con- 
struction" (1876),  etc.    Knighted  1897. 

Barry,  Martin.  Bom  at  Fratton,  Hants,  Eng- 
land, March  29,  1802:  died  at  Beccles,  Suffolk, 
April  27,  1855.  An  English  physician,  noted 
as  an  embryologist.  He  made  (1S43)  the  discovery 
of  the  presence  of  spermatozoa  within  the  ovum. 

Barry,  Patrick,  Bom  in  Ireland,  1816:  died 
at  Eochester,  N.  Y.,  June  23, 1890.  Axi  Ameri- 
can horticulturist  and  nomologist.  He  was  edi- 
tor of  the  "  Genesee  Farmer  "  1844-52,  and  of  the  "Horti- 
culturist" 1852-54  ;  prepared  the  catalogue  of  the  Ameri- 
can Pomological  Society,  and  published  "A  Treatise  on 
the  Fruit  Garden  "  (1851). 

Barry,  Spranger.  Bom  at  Dublin,  Ireland, 
1719:  died  at  London,  Jan.  10,  1777.  An  Irish 
actor,  a  rival  of  Garrick.  He  first  appeared  on  the 
stage  Feb,  15, 1744,  in  Dublin.  He  was  one  of  the  best 
actors  of  liis  time,  and  excelled  in  tragedy,  though  he  oc- 
casionally played  in  comedy.  He  was  buried  in  the  clois- 
ters of  Westminster  Abbey. 

Barry,  Mrs.  (Ann  Street).  Bom  at  Bath,  Eng- 
land, 1734:  died  Nov.  29,  1801.  An  English 
actress,  wife  of  Spranger  Barry.  When  very 
young  she  married  an  actor  named  Dancer,  and  first  ap- 
peared on  the  stage  about  1756  under  that  name.  She 
married  Barry  in  1768.  After  his  death  she  remained  on 
the  stage,  marrying  in  1778  a  Mr.  Crawford.  She  was  con- 
sidered "the  equal  of  Mrs.  Woflftngton  and  Mrs.  Gibber  in 
tragedy,  and  to  liave  surpassed  both  in  comedy."  She  was 
buried  near  Barry  in  the  cloisters  of  Westminster  Abbey. 

Barry,  William  Farquhar.  Bom  in  New  York 
city,  Aug.  8,  1818 :  died  at  Fort  MoHenry,  Bal- 
timore, Md. ,  July  18, 1879.    An  American  briga- 

.  dier-general  of  volunteers.  He  was  chief  of  artil- 
lery in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  1861-62,  participating  in 
the  siege  of  Yorktown  and  in  the  engagements  at  Gaines's 
Mill,  Mechanicsville,  Charles  City  Cross-Eoads,  Malvern 
HiU,  and  Harrison's  Landing;  and  held  a  similar  post  under 
General  Sherman  1864-66,  taking  part  in  the  siege  of  At- 
lanta and  in  the  northern  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Carolina 
campaigns. 

Barry,  William  Taylor.  Bom  at  Lunenburg, 
Va.,  Feb.  5,  1785:  died  at  Liverpool,  England, 
Aug.  30,  1835.  An  American  politician  and 
jurist.  He  was  member  of  Congress  1810-11 ;  served  in 
the  war  of  1812 ;  was  United  States  senator  1815-16 ;  be- 
came judge  of  the  Kentucky  Supreme  Court  in  1816 ;  was 
postmaster-general  1829-33,  and  was  the  first  incumbent 
of  that  oflice  invited  to  sit  in  the  cabinet ;  and  was  ap- 
pointed minister  to  Spain  in  1835. 

Barry.  A  small  island  of  Glamorganshire, 
Wales,  in  the  Bristol  Channel  southwest  of 
Cardiff. 

Barry.  A.  famous  St.  Bernard  dog  which  saved 
forty  lives  on  Mount  St.  Bernard.  His  staffed 
skin  is  exhibited  in  the  museum  at  Bern. 

Barry  Lyndon  (bar'i  lin'dgn),  Memoirs  of. 
A  novel  by  Thackeray,  first  published  in  "  Era- 
ser's Magazine,"  beginning  in  1844,  as  "The 
Luck  of  Barry  Lyndon."  It  is  an  exhibition  of 
a  scoundrel  of  the  most  finished  rascality. 

Bar  sac  (bar-sak').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Gironde,  France,  situated  on  the  Garonne 
21  miles  southeast  of  Bordeaux.  It  is  noted  for 
its  wiue.    Population  (1891),  commune,  2,998. 

Barsad,  John.    See  Press,  Solomon. 

Barsine.    See  Statira,  3. 

Barsumas  (bar-sti'mas),  or  Barsuma  (-ma). 
A  bishop  of  Nisibis  in  Mesopotamia  and  met- 
ropolitan (435-489),  the  chief  founder  of  the 
Nestorian  Church  in  eastern  Asig.. 

Bar-Sur-Aube  (bar-slir-ob').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Aube,  France,  situated  on  the 


Barth61emy-Sa>int-Hilaire 

Aube  30  miles   east  of  Troyes.     Population 
(1891),  commune,  4,342. 

Bar-sur-Aube,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained  by 
the  Allies  under  Sohwarzenberg  overtne  French 
under  Maedonald  and  Oudinot,  Feb.  27,  1814. 

Bar-SUr-Seine  (bar-sflr-san').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Aube,  France,  situated  on  the 
Seine  18  miles  southeast  of  Troyes.  It  was 
the  scene  of  conflicts  between  the  French  and 
Allies  in  1814.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
3,237. 

Bart  (bart;  F.  pron.  bar),  or  Earth,  or  Baert, 
Jean.  Bom  at  Dunkirk,  1651 :  died  there,  April 
27,1702.  A  French  naval  hero.  He  served  first  under 
De  Ruyter,  but  entered  the  French  service  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  war  with  Holland.  As  his  ignoble  birth  pre- 
vented promotion  in  the  regular  navy,  he  became  captain 
of  a  privateer,  but  so  distinguished  himself  against  tlie 
Dutch  and  English  that  Louis  XIV.  appointed  him  suc- 
cessively lieutenant,  captain,  and  (1697)  commander  of  a 
squadron. 

Bartan  (bar-tan').  A  small  town  in  Asia  Mi- 
nor, situated  on  the  Black  Sea  48  miles  north- 
east of  Erekli. 

Bartas  (bar-ta'),  Guillaume  de  Salluste  du. 
Born  at  Montfort,  near  Auch,  1544:  died  1590. 
A  French  poet.  He  served  under  Henry  of  Navarre 
in  war  and  diplomacy,  and  died  from  wounds  received  at 
the  battle  of  Iviy.  His  most  noted  work  is  "La  premiere 
semaine"  or  "La  creation."  It  passed  through  thirty 
editions  in  a  few  years,  and  was  translated  into  English 
by  Sylvester.  He  also  wrote  "Judith,"  "Uranie,"  "La 
seconde  semaine,"  etc. 

All  that  was  wanting  to  make  Du  Bartas  a  poet  of  the 
first  rank  was  some  faculty  of  self-criticism ;  of  natural 
verve  and  imagination  as  well  as  of  erudition  he  had  no 
lack,  but  in  critical  faculty  he  seems  to  have  been  totally 
deficient.  His  beauties,  rare  in  kind  and  not  small  in 
amount,  are  alloyed  with  vast  quantities  of  dull  absurdity. 
SairUsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  211. 

Eartenland  (bar'ten-land).  A  region  in  the 
province  of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  south  of 
Konigsberg. 

Bartenstein  (bar'ten-stin).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
AUer  34miles  southeast  of  Konigsberg.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  commune,  6,442. 

Bartenstein,  Johann  Christoph,  Baron  von. 
Born  at  Strasburg,  1689 :  died  at  Vienna,  Aug. 
6, 1767.  An  Austrian  statesman.  He  was  the  chief 
instrument  in  securing  the  consent  of  Europe  to  theprag- 
maticsanction  of  Charles  VI.,  and  was  appointed  by  Maria 
Theresa  (1751)  tutor  to  her  son  who  ascended  the  throne 
as  Joseph  II. 

Bartfeld  (bart'feld).  Hung.  Bartfa  (bart'fo). 
A  town  in  the  county  of  S^ros,  northern  Hun- 
gary, situated  on  the  Topla  40  miles  north  of 
Kaschau.    Population  (1890),  5,069. 

Barth  (bart),  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Hamburg, 
Feb.  16,  1821:  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  25,  1865. 
A  noted  German  traveler.  He  was  educated  in  Ber- 
lin ;  traveled  (1845-48)  through  Algeria,  Tunis,  Tripoli, 
Egypt,  Syria,  Asia  Minor,  Greece,  etc. ;  started  with  Rich- 
ardson and  Overweg  from  Tripoli  in  1850 ;  visited  (1850-55) 
the  Sahara,  Bornu,  Adamawa,  Kanem,  Baghirmi,  Sokoto, 
Timbuktu,  etc. ;  discovered  the  Binue  June  18, 1851 ;  and 
traveled  later  in  Asia  Minor,  Turkey,  etc.  His  works 
include:  "Wanderungen  durch  die  Kiistenlander  des 
Mittelmeers"  (1849,  "Journeys  through  the  Border  Lands 
of  the  Mediterranean"),  "Reisen  und  Entdeckungen  in 
Nord-  und  Centralafrika"  (1856-68,  "Journeys  and  Dis- 
coveries in  Northern  and  Central  Africa"),  works  on  the 
dialects  of  central  Africa  (lB62-<>4),  and  travels  in  Asia 
Minor  and  European  Turkey. 

Barth,  Jean.    See  Sart. 

Barth,  Kaspar  von.  Born  at  Kiistrin,  Bran- 
denburg, June  21,  1587 :  died  at  Leipsic,  Sept. 
17,  1658.  A  German  classical  philologist.  He 
is  said  to  have  read  and  elucidated  nearly  all  the  Greek 
and  Roman  authors.  He  published  "Adversaria,"  in  60 
books. 

Earth.  A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Pomerania, 
Prussia,  15  miles  west  of  Stralsund.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  5,578. 

Earthelemy  (bar-tal-me '),  Auguste  Mar- 
seille. Bom  at  Marseilles,  1796:  died  there, 
Aug.  23,  1867.  A  French  satirical  poet  and 
prose-writer.  He  wrote  many  works,  chiefly 
in  collaboration  with  M6ry. 

BarthSlemy,  Francois,  Marquis  de.  Bom  at 
Aubagne,  France,  <5ct.  20,  1747:  died  at  Paris. 
April  3,  1830.  A  French  diplomatist  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  minister  to  Switzerland  in  the  beginning 
of  the  Revolution ;  member  of  the  Direotoiy  (deposed 
1797) ;  and  later  senator. 

Barth^lemy^  Jean  Jacaues.  Bom  at  Cassis, 
near  Marseilles,  Jan.  20,  1716:  died  at  Paris, 
April  30,  1795.  A  French  antiquarian  and  man 
of  letters.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Voyage  du  ieune 
Anacharsis  en  Grice"  (1788),  "Reflexions  sur  I'alphabet 
et  la  langue  de  Palmyre " (1764),  "Essai  d'une  palajogra- 
phie  numismatique,"  "Amours  de  Caryte  et  de  Polydore," 
a  romance  (1760),  etc. 

Barth61emy-Saint-Hilaire(san-te-laT'),  Jules. 

Bom  Aug.  19,  1805:  died  Nov.  24,  1895.  A 
French  statesman  and  Orientalist,  professor  in 


Barthfilemy-Saint-Hilaire 

the  College  de  Prance  and  member  of  the  In- 
stitute. He  became  a  member  of  the  Assembly  in  1848 ; 
refused  to  recognize  tlie  coup  d'etat  of  1861 ;  and  under 
the  tiilrd  republic  has  been  deputy  and  senator,  and  minis- 
ter of  foreign  atlairs  1880-81.  Among  his  works  are  a 
translation  of  Ai-istotle  (1839-44),  "Sur  les  V^das"  (1864), 
"  Du  Bouddhisme"  (1856),  "  Mahomet  et  le  Coran  "  (18B6), 
"Penates  de  Marc  AurMe"  (1876),  "Phllosophie  des  deux 
AmpSres  "  (1866),  "  Etude  sur  Francois  Bacon  "  (1890),  etc. 

Barthez  (bar-tas'),  orBarthfes  (bar-tas'),  Paul 
Joseph.  Born  at  Montpellier,  France,  Dec.  11, 
1734:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  15,  1806.  A  noted 
French  physician  and  medical  writer.  Author 
of  "Nouveaux  ^l^ments  de  la  science  de  I'honnne"  (1778), 
"  Nouvelle  m^canique  des  mouvements  de  I'homme  et  des 
animaux  "  (1798),  etc. 

Bartliold(bar'told),  FriedrichWilhelm.  Born 
at  Berlin,  Sept.  4, 1799:  died  Jan.  14,  1858.  A 
German  historian.  He  became  professor  of  history 
at  Greifswald  in  1834.  Among  his  works  are  "  Der  Eb- 
merzug  Konig  Heinrich's  von  Liitzelburg"  (1830-31), 
"Geschichte  von  Kugen  und  Pommern"  (1839-45),  "Ge- 
Bchichte  des  grossen  deutschen  Kriegs  vora  Tode  Gustav 
AdoUs  ab  "  (1843),  and  "  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Stadte" 
(1850-52). 

Bartholdi  (bar-tol-de'),  Fr6d6ric  Auguste. 

Bom  at  Colmar,  AlsaCe,  April  2, 1834.  A  noted 
French  sculptor.  Among  his  works  are  the  statue  of 
Lafayette  in  Union  Square,  New  York  city,  and  the  great 
statue  of  Liberty  in  New  York  Harbor. 

Bartholdy  (bar-tol'de),  Jakob  Salomon.  Bom 
at  Berlin,  May  13, 1779 :  died  atKome,  July  27, 
1825.    A  German  diplomatist,  art-collector,  and 

Eatron  of  art:  author  of  "DerKriegder  Tiroler 
landleute  "  (1814),  etc. 
Bartholin  (bar'to-len),  Kaspar.  Bom  at  Mal- 
m6,  Sweden,  Feb.  12, 1585:  died  at  Copenhagen, 
July  18, 1629.  A  Danish  physician  and  scholar. 
He  became  professor  of  oratory  in  the  University  of  Copen- 
hagen in  1611,  of  medicine  in  1616,  and  of  theology  in 
1624.  He  wrote  a  text-book  on  anatomy  which  was  highly 
esteemed  in  the  17th  century,  "  Institutiones  anatomicsa  " 
(1611). 

Bartholin,  Thomas.  Bom  Oct.  20, 1616:  died 
Dec.  4, 1680.  A  Danish  physician  and  scholar, 
son  of  Kaspar  Bartholin.  He  was  professor  of 
mathematics  in  the  University  of  Copenhagen  in  1646,  and 
of  medicine  1647-61.  He  wrote  on  anatomy  and  medi- 
cine, and  revised  (1641)  his  father's  "Institutiones  ana- 
tomicfis." 

Eartholo  (bar-to-lo').  In  Beaumarchais's  com- 
edy "Le  Barbier  de  Seville,"  an  old  doctor  who 
has  become  the  type  of  the  jealous  guardian. 
He  proposes  to  marry  his  ward  Eosine,  who  is  enamoured  of 
Count  Alma  Viva.  He  afterward  appears  in  "Le  Mariage 
de  Figaro  "  as  a  less  important  character. 

Bartholomaussee.     See  Konigssee. 

Bartholomew  (bar-thol'o-mii).  Saint.  [Heb., 
'son  of  Tolmai' ;  Gr.  BapdoT^ofialog,  L.  Bartholo- 
mseus,  F.  Bartholomie,  BartMlemi,  It.  Bartolo- 
meo,  Sp.  Bartolome,  Pg.  Bartolomeu,  G.  Bar- 
tholomdus,  Barthel.']  One  of  the  twelve  apos- 
tles, probably  identical  withNathaniel.  Little  is 
known  of  his  work.  According  to  tradition  he  preached 
in  various  parts  of  Asia,  including,  according  to  Eusebius, 
the  borders  of  India,  and  was  flayed  alive  and  then  cru- 
cified, head  downward,  at  Albanopolis  in  Armenia.  His 
memory  is  celebrated  in  the  Roman  and  Anglican  churches 
on  Aug.  24 ;  in  the  Greek  Church  on  June  11.    His  emblem 

Bartholomew,  Saint,  Massacre  of.  -An  or- 
ganized slaughter  of  French  Huguenots  in  Pa- 
ris and  the  provinces,  instigated  by  Catherine 
de'  Medici,  commencing  on  St.  Bartholomew's 
day,  Aug.  24,  1572.  The  number  of  victims  is 
estimated  at  from  20,000  to  30,000.  Among 
them  was  Colimy. 

Bartholomew  Bayou  (bar-thol'o-mii  bi'o).  A 
river  which  rises  in  Arkansas,  near  Pine  Bluff, 
and  joins  the  Ouachita  in  northern  Louisiana. 
Length,  about  250  miles. 

Bartholomew  Fair.  1.  A  fair  formerly  held 
at  Smithfield,  London,  on  St.  Bartholomew's 
day,  Aug.  24(0.  S.).  it  was  first  held  in  IISS;  inl691 
it  was  shoi-tened  from  14  to  4  days;  in  1763,  owing  to  the 
change  in  the  calendar,  it  was  held  on  the  3d  of  Sept. ;  in 
1840  it  was  removed  to  Islington ;  and  in  1855  it  came  to 
an  end.  It  was  originally  the  great  cloth-fair  of  the  king- 
dom and  a  market  for  all  kinds  of  goods.  Its  provision 
for  popular  amusements,  however,  gradually  destroyed  its 
character  as  a  market,  and  it  became  simply  an  occasion  for 
unbridled  license.  The  Bartholomew  pig,  so  often  alluded 
to  in  old  writers,  was  a  chief  dainty  at  the  fair. 
2.  A  comedy  by  Ben  Jonson,  acted  first  in 
1614  and  published  in  1631.  it  is  a  satire  on  puri- 
tanism,  and  naturally  roused  opposition ;  after  the  Ees- 
toration,  however,  it  was  received  with  applause.  See 
Busy,  Zeal-of-the-Limd. 

Bartholomew's  Hospital.  Ahospitalin  Smith- 
field,  London,  founded  in  1123. 

Bartholomew  the  Great,  Saint,  A  church  in 
the  city  of  London,  founded  in  1123,  and  chiefly 
in  the  Norman  style.  The  existing  church  consists 
of  the  choir,  transepts,  and  one  bay  of  the  nave ;  the  re- 
mainder ol  the  nave,  which  was  probably  later,  was  de- 
stroyed by  Henry  VIH.  The  handsome  Decorated  Lady 
chapel  was  long  used  as  a  factory,  but  has  lately  been  re- 
purchased and  restored.    The  church  was  founded  by  Ka, 


125 

here,  and  his  tomb  ts  on  the  north  side  of  the  sanctuary  • 
It  is  of  a  later  date  than  his  efligy  which  is  placed  upon  it.' 

Bartlett,  Elisha.      Bom  at  Smithfield,  E.  1. 
1804  (or  1805  ?) :  died  there,  July  18, 1855.    An 
American  physician.    He  was  professor  of  materia 
medica  and  medical  jurisprudence  in  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Sm-geons  in  New  York  1851-65. 

Bartlett,  John.  Bom  at  Plymouth,  Mass., 
June  14,  1820.  An  American  book-publisher 
and  editor.  He  became  a  member  of  the  publishing 
house  of  Little,  Brown  and  Co.,  in  Boston,  1865,  of  which 
since  1878  he  has  been  the  senior  partner.  He  compiled 
a  collection  called  "  Familiar  Quotations  :  Being  an  At- 
tempt to  Trace  to  their  Sources  Passages  and  Phrases  in 
Common  Use  "  (1856  :  a  ninth  revised  edition  appeared  in 
1891),  a  concordance  to  Shakspere  (lt94). 

Bartlett,  John  Russell.  Bom  at  Providence, 
K.  I.,  Oct.  23,  1805:  died  at  Providence,  May 
28,  1886.  An  American  antiquarian  and  his- 
torian. He  was  engaged  in  business  in  New  York  city 
1837-49;  was  appointed  commissioner  to  establish  the 
boundary  line  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico  in 
1860 ;  and  was  secretary  of  state  for  Rhode  Island  from 
1856  until  1872.  He  wrote  a  "Dictionary  of  American- 
isms" (I860:  revised  edition  1877),  a  " Bibliography  of 
Rhode  Island  "  (18B4), "  Literature  of  the  Rebellion  "  (1866), 
"  Primeval  Man  "  (1868),  etc. 

Bartlett,  Joseph.  Born  at  Plymouth,  Mass., 
June  10,  1762:  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  20,  1827. 
A  satirical  poet,  author  of  "Physiognomy,"  re- 
cited before  the  Harvard  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Soci- 
ety in  1799.   His  life  was  that  of  an  adventurer. 

Bartlett^  Josiah,  Born  at  Amesbury,  Mass., 
1729:  died  1795.  An  American  patriot  and 
statesman.  He  was  a  member  of  the  committee  of 
safety  of  New  Hampshire  in  1776 ;  member  of  the  Conti- 
nental Congress  and  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence in  1776 ;  chief  justice  of  New  Hampshire ;  and 
president  and  governor  of  New  Hampshire  1790-94. 

Bartlett,  Samuel  Oolcord.  Bom  Nov.  25, 
1817 :  died  Nov.  16,  1898.  An  American  edu- 
cator and  Congregational  clergyman.  He  was 
professor  of  philosophy  and  rhetoric  in  Western  Reserve 
College  ]  846-52  ;  professor  of  biblical  literature  in  Chicago 
TheologicalSeminary  1858-77;  and  president  of  Dartmouth 
College  1877.  He  wrote  "From  Egypt  to  Palestine  "  (1879), 
and  several  religious  works. 

Bartlett,  William  Henry.  Bom  at  London, 
March  26,  1809:  died  Sept.  13,  1854.  An  Eng- 
lish draftsman,  traveler,  writer,  and  editor. 
He  illustrated  works  on  Palestine,  Switzerland,  America, 
etc.,  and  was  the  author  and  illustrator  of  "  Walks  about 
Jerusalem  "  (1844),  "  Forty  Days  in  the  Desert "  (1848), 
"The  Nile  Boat"  (1849),  "Pictures  from  Sicily"  (1853), 
"The  Pilgrim  Fathers"  (1853),  etc. 

Bartley  (bart'li),  Mordecai.  Bom  in  Fayette 
County,  Pa.,  Dec.  16,  1783:  died  at  Mansfield, 
Ohio,  Oct.  10,  1870.  An  American  politician, 
member  of  Congress  from  Ohio  1823-31,  and 
Whig  governor  of  Ohio  1844-46. 

Bartol  (bar-tor ),  Cyrus  Augustus.  Bom 
April  30, 1813 :  died  Dec.  17, 1900.  An  Ameri- 
can Unitarian  clergyman,  pastor  1861-87  of  the 
West  Church  in  Boston.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Dis- 
courses on  the  Christian  Spirit  and  Life  "  (1850),  "  Pictures 
of  Europe"  (1866),  "Radical  Problems"  (1872),  and  of 
various  other  ethical  and  religious  works. 

Bartoli  (bar'to-le),  Adolfo.  Bom  at  Fiviz- 
zano,  Nov.  19,  1833 :  died  at  Genoa,  May  16, 
1894.  An  Italian  historian  of  literature.  He  was 
.associated  in  the  editorial  management  of  the  "  Aruhivio 
atorico  italiano  "  (1860-69),  and  became  a  professor  in  the 
Istituto  de  Studii  Superiori  at  Florence  in  1874.  Author 
of  "  Storia  della  litteratura  italiana  "  (1877). 

Bartoli,  Daniello.  Born  at  Ferrara,  Feb.  12, 
1608 :  died  at  Eome,  Jan.  13, 1685.  An  Italian 
historian  and  physicist,  rector  of  the  College  of 
Jesuits  at  Rome.  He  wrote  an  important  "Istoria 
della  oompagnia  di  Gesti"  (1663-75),  and  various  physical 
treatises {" Del  Suono,"  1680 ;  "Della tensione  e  pressione," 
1677). 

Bartoli,  Pietro  Santi,  sumamed  Perugino. 
Born  about  1635:  died  at  Eome,  Nov.  7,  1700. 
An  Italian  engraver  and  painter,  a  pupil  of 
Nicolas  Poussin. 

Bartoli.    See  Bartoliis. 

Bartolo.    See  Bartolus. 

Bartolommeo  (bar-to-lom-ma'o),  Fra  (Baccio 
della  Porta).  Bom  at  Savignano,  Tuscany, 
1475:  died  at  Florence,  Oct.  6,  1517.  A  cele- 
brated painter  of  the  Florentine  school.  He  was 
a  pupil  of  Cosimo  Rosselli,  and  was  greatly  influenced  by 
the  study  of  the  works  of  Leonardo  da  Vinci.  He  was  an 
adherent  of  Savonarola,  and  in  1500  retired  to  a  monastery 
in  Florence.  During  his  last  years  he  was  associated  with 
Raphael. 

Bartolozzi  (bar-to-lot'se),  Francesco.  Bom  at 

Florence,  Sept.  21, 1727:  died  at  Lisbon,  March  7, 
1813.  An  Italian  engraver.  He  studied  engraving 
six  years  in  Venice  under  the  historical  engraver  Wagner ; 
went  to  London  in  1764,  where  he  was  appomted  engraver 
to  the  king;  became  an  original  member  of  the  Royal 
Academy  in  1769 ;  and  removed  to  Lisbon  in  1802,  to. take 
charge  of  the  National  Academy  at  Lisbon. 
Bartolus  (bar'to-lus).  Born  at  Sasso  Ferrate, 
Duchy  of  Urbino,  Italy,  1314:  died  July,  1357. 


Bartram,  William 

A  noted  Italian  jurist.  He  was  professor  of  civU 
law  at  Perugia ;  author  of  extensive  commentaries  on  the 
Corpus  Juris  Civilis ;  and  founder  of  the  school  of  the 
Postglossators  or  Bartohsts. 

Bartolus.  In  Fletcher  and  Massinger's  play 
"The  Spanish  Curate,"  a  greedy,  unprincipled 
lawyer,  the  husband  of  Amaranta. 

Barton  (bar'ton),  Andrew.  Died  Aug.  2,  1511. 
A  noted  Scottish  naval  commander  in  the  ser- 
vice of  James  IV.  He  obtained  letters  of  marque 
against  the  Portuguese ;  but,  as  his  capture  of  Portu- 
guese merchantmen  inflicted  damage  on  the  trade  of  Lon- 
don, he  was  attacked  by  Sir  Thomas  and  Sir  Edward 
Howard  and  killed  in  a  desperate  engagement  in  the 
Downs.  The  incident  is  celebrated  in  the  ballad  of  "Sir 
Andrew  Barton." 

Barton,  Benjamin  Smith.  Born  at  Lancaster, 
Pa,,  Feb.  10,  1766:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Deo. 

19,  1815.  An  American  physician,  naturalist, 
and  ethnologist.  He  wrote  "New  Views  on  the 
Origin  of  the  Tribes  of  America"  (1797),  etc. 

Barton,  Bernard.  Born  at  Carlisle,  England, 
Jan.  31,  1784:  died  at  Woodbridge,  Feb.  19, 
1849.  An  English  poet,  a  member  of  the  Soci- 
ety of  Friends,  sumamed  "The  Quaker  Poet": 
best  known  as  a  friend  of  Lamb. 

Barton,  Clara.  Born  at  Oxford,  Mass.,  1830. 
An  American  philanthropist.  She  entered  the  mil- 
itary hospital  service  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War, 
was  placed  in  charge  of  the  hospitals  at  the  front  'of  the 
Army  of  the  James  in  1864 ;  assisted  at  the  beginning  of 
the  Franco-German  war  the  Grand  Duchess  of  Baden 
in  the  organization  of  military  hospitals ;  superintended 
the  supplying  of  work  to  the  poor  in  Strasburg  in  1871, 
and  the  distribution  of  supplies  to  the  destitute  in  Paris 
in  1872  ;  organized  the  American  Red  Cross  Society  in 
1881,  and  became  its  president;  was  appointed  super- 
intendent of  the  rcformatoi-y  prison  for  women  at  Sher- 
born,  Massachusetts,  in  1883;  and  as  president  of  the 
Red  Cross  Society  superintended  the  expedition  of  relief 
to  the  sutferers  from  the  overflow  of  the  Ohio  and  Missis- 
sippi rivers  in  1884,  and  in  1893  was  put  in  charge  ot  the 
relief  for  the  sufferers  from  the  cyclone  on  tlie  South 
Atlantic  coast.  As  president  of  the  American  National 
Red  Cross  Society  she  also  went  from  the  United  States 
to  Constantinople  to  administer  the  funds  of  the  National 
Armenian  Relief  Committee  (January  22-Septeml)er  12, 
1896). 

Barton,  Elizabeth.    Bom  1506  (?) :  died  April 

20,  1534.  An  English  impostor,  called  the 
"Nun"  or  "Maid  of  Kent."  She  was  attacked  in 
1626,  while  in  domestic  service  at  Aldington,  Kent,  with 
a  hysterical  disease,  accompanied  by  religious  mania  and 
trances.  She  recovered,  but,  under  the  direction  of  the 
monk  Edward  Booking,  simulated  her  former  condition 
for  the  purpose  of  religious  deception.  She  was  admitted 
to  the  priory  of  St.  Sepulchre,  Canterbury,  in  1627,  with 
Booking  as  her  confessor,  and  began  to  prophesy  about  po- 
litical questions  and  to  denounce  the  opponents  of  the 
Catholic  Church,  gaining  great  influence  even  in  high 
quarters.  She  prophesied  against  the  marriage  of  Heniy 
VIII.  with  Anne  Boleyn,  and  after  the  marriage  declared 
that,  like  Saul,  Henry  was  no  longer  king  in  the  sight  of 
God.  This  caused  her  arrest  in  1533,  and  she  was  executed 
at  Tyburn  with  Booking  and  several  other  priests  andfriars 
implicated  in  the  impostiu'e  and  convicted  of  treasonable 
conspiracy. 

Barton,  Frances  (Fanny).  See  AUngton,  Mrs. 

Barton,  Mary.     See  Mary  Barton. 

Barton,  Thomas  Pennant.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, 1803:  died  there,  April  5, 1869.  An  Amer- 
ican book-collector,  son  of  Benjamin  Smith 
Barton,  He  collected  a  valuable  Shaksperian  library, 
which  was  acquired  after  his  death  by  the  public  library 
of  Boston. 

Barton,  William.  Bom  at  Warren,  E.  I.,  May 
26,  1748:  died  at  Providence,  E.  I.,  Oct.  22, 
1831.  An  American  Eevolutionary  officer.  He 
planned  and,  with  38  men,  executed  the  capture  of  the 
British  general  Robert  Prescott^  July  10, 1777,  at  his  head- 
quarters in  a  farm-house  near  Newport,  R.  I. 

Barton,  William  Paul  Crillon.  Bom  at  Phila- 
delphia, Nov.  17, 1786 :  died  there,  Feb.  29, 1856. 
An  American  botanist,  a  nephew  of  Benjamin 
Smith  Barton.  He  wrote  "Flora  of  North  America" 
(1821-23),  "Lectures  on  Materia  Medica  and  Botany" 
(1823),  "  Medical  Botany,"  etc. 

Barton-on-lrwell  (bar'tgn-on-6r'wel).  A  town 
in  Lancashire,  England,  situated  on  the  Irwell 
5  miles  west  of  Manchester. 

Barton-upon-Humber  (bar'ton -u-pon-hum'- 
ber).  A  town  in  Lincoln,  England,  situated 
on  the  Humber  7  miles  southwest  of  Hull. 
Population  (1891),  5,226. 

Bartram  (bar'tram),  John.  Bom  in  Chester 
County,  Pa.,  March  23,  1699:  died  at  Kingses- 
sing.  Pa.,  Sept.  22,  1777.  A  noted  American 
botanist.  He  founded  in  1728,  at  Kingsessing,  near 
Philadelphia,  the  first  botanical  garden  in  America. 

Bartram,  William.  Bom  at  Kingsessing,  Pa., 
Feb.  9,  1739:  died  there,  July  22,  1823.  An 
American  botanist  and  ornithologist,  son  of 
John  Bartram.  He  spent  about  five  years  in  investi- 
gating the  natural  products  of  the  Carolinas,  Georgia, 
and  Florida ;  prepared  the  most  complete  list  of  American 
birds  before  Wilson ;  and  wrote  "Travels  through  North 
and  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Bast  and  West  Florida,  etc." 
(1791). 


Bartsch,  Karl 

Bartsch,  Karl.  Bom  at  Sprottau,  Silesia, 
Feb.  25,  1832:  died  Feb.  19,  1888.  A  distinl 
flushed  German  philologist,  appointed  pro- 
tessor  of  German  and  Eomance  philosophy  at 
Rostock  in  1858,  and  professor  at  Heidelberg 
m  1871.  He  waa  the  author  of  works  on  the  Provencal 
^nguage  and  literature,  of  the  "  Chrestomathie  de  I'ancien 
francais,  of  editions  of  the  "Nibelungenlied,"  "Wolfram 
von  Eschenbach,"  and  other  medieval  German  works,  etc. 

Bartsch.  A  river  in  Prussia  which  joins  the 
Oder  near  Gross-Glogau  in  Silesia.  Length, 
about  100  miles. 

Ba-BiUa  (ba-ro'a).     See  Garenganze  and  Lvha. 

Baruch  (ba'ruk).  [Heb.,  'blessed':  the  equiv- 
alent of  'Benedict.']  1.  A  Jew  who  repaired 
a  part  of  the  waU  of  Jerusalem,  about  446 
B.  c.  (Neh.  iii.  20).— 2.  The  amanuensis  and 
faithful  friend  of  the  prophet  Jeremiah. 

Baruch,  Book  of.  An  apocryphal  book  of  the 
Old  Testament  bearing  the  name  of  the  friend 
of  Jeremiah,  assigned  by  most  critics  to  the 
later  part  of  the  Maccabean  period. 

Baruth.  (ba'rSt) .  A  small  to  wnin  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  33  miles  south  of  Berlin. 

Barwalde-in-der-Neumark  (bar'val-de-in- 
der-noi'mark).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  50  miles  east-north- 
east of  Berlin. 

Barwalde-m-Fommern  (-pom'mem).  A  small 
town  in  the  province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  32 
miles  south  of  Koslin. 

Barwalde  (Brandenburg),  Treaty  of.  A  treaty 
made  Jan.  13, 1631,  between  France  and  Gusta- 
vus  Adolphns  of  Sweden.  Gustavus  was  to  receive 
an  annual  subsidy  of  1,200,000  livres  from  France,  in  re- 
turn for  which  he  was  to  maintain,  at  his  own  expense 
and  under  his  own  direction,  an  army  of  30,000  infantry 
and  6,000  horse  in  the  war  against  the  emperor.  He  also 
received  an  advance  of  300,000  livres,  exclusive  of  the 
annual  subsidy,  as  compensation  for  past  expenses.  The 
treaty  was  to  stand  for  five  years. 

Bary  (ba're),  Heinrich  Anton  de.    Bom  at 

Frankfort-on-the-Maiu,  Jan.  26,  1831:  died  at 
Strasburg,  Jan.  19, 1888.  A  German  physician 
and  botanist,  noted  especially  for  his  researches 
in  cryptogamic  botany.  He  became  professor  of 
botany  at  Freiburg  in  1865,  at  Halle  in  1867,  and  at  Stras- 
burg in  1872. 

Barye  (ba-re'),  Antoine  Louis.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Sept.  24,  1795:  died  there,  June  25,  1875.  A 
famous  French  sculptor,  especially  of  animals. 
His  father  was  a  master  sUversmith  from  Lyons.  At  first  he 
worked  with  an  engraver  named  Fourrier  and  a  goldsmith 
named  Biennais.  Conscripted  in  1812,  he  served  as  a  top- 
ographical engineer,  and  is  said  to  have  modeled  several 
relief-maps  now  in  the  French  War  Office.  In  1816  he 
studied  sculpture  withBosio  and  drawing  with  the  painter 
Gros.  In  1819  he  presented  himself  at  a  concours  of 
the  Beaux  Arts,  with  a  "Milo  di  Crotona,"  which  won 
the  second  prize.  In  1820  he  lost  the  second  prize.  In 
1823-31  he  worked  for  Fauoonnier,  jeweler  to  the  Duch- 
esse  d'AngoulSme.  At  this  time  he  began  to  devote  him- 
self more  particularly  to  animals.  In  the  exhibition  of 
1831  Barye  exhibited  the  now  celebrated  "Tiger  Devour- 
ing a  Crocodile."  M.  Lefuel,  who  succeeded  Visconti  as 
architect  of  the  Louvre,  employed  Barye  to  make  four 
groups  for  the  pavilion  on  the  Place  du  CarrouseL  Barye 
was  an  officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  member  of  the  In- 
stitute, and  professor  at  the  Jardin  des  Plantes. 

Barygaza  (ba-ri-ga'za).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  city  of  India,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Nerhudda,  on  the  site  of  the  modem  Baroach. 

Barzillai  (bar-zil'a-i  or  bar'zi-la).  [Heb., 
'  smith,  iron-worker.'']  1 .  In  Old  Testament  his- 
tory, a  wealthy  GUeadite  who  aided  David  when 
he  fled  from  Absalom  (2  Sam.  xvii.  27).  Hence 
2.  The  name  given  to  the  character  repre- 
senting the  Duke  of  Ormond,  the  friend  of 
Charles  II.,  in  Dry  den's  "Absalom  and  Achit- 
ophel."  ,  ^      . 

Barzu-Nameh  (bar'zo-na'me).  A  Persian  epic 
poem,  modeled  on  the  Shahnamah :  author  un- 
known. 

Bas.     See  Batz. 

Ba-sft  (ba-sa').    See  Dualla. 

Basa-Komi  (ba-sa-ko'mi).     SeeiVape. 

Basantello  (ba-san-tel'16),  or  Basentello  (ba- 
sen-tel'lo).  A  small  place  near  Taranto,  Italy. 
It  gives  name  to  the  battle  in  which  Otto  II.  was  over- 
thrown by  the  Greeks  and  Saracens  July  13,  982,  although 
recent  investigations  show  that  the  battle-fleld  lay  m 
some  unidentified  locality  south  of  Cotrone. 

Basarjik.    See  Bazardjik.  .  tt  t,- 

Baschi  (bas'ke),  Matteo.  Bom  at  Urbmo: 
died  at  Venice,  1552.  An  Italian  monk  and  vis- 
ionary, founder  of  the  order  of  the  Capuchms. 

Basco  (bas'ko).  The  largest  island  of  the  Ad- 
miralty group.  _  ^. ,,  _ 

Bascom  (bas'kom),  Henry  Bidleman.  Born 
at  Hancock,  N.  T.,  May  27, 1796 :  died  at  Louis- 
viUe,  Ky.,  Sept.  8, 1850.  An  American  bishop 
a856)  oi  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
(South),  and  president  of  Transylvania  Univer- 
sity, Kentucky,  1842-50. 


126 


Basil  II. 


Bascom,  John.    Bom  at  Genoa,  N.  Y.,  May  1,  Basevi  (ba-sa've),  George.    Bom  at  London, 
1827.  An  American  educator  and  philosophical    "     "   "  '      ~  ■    -~  ■     ■"■■•' 

writer,  president  of  the  University  of  Wiscon- 
sin 1874-87.  He  has  written  "Political  Economy" 
(1869\  "Esthetics"  (1862),  "Philosophy  of  Ehetoric" 
(1866),  "  Principles  of  Psychology  "  (1869),  "Science,  Phi- 
losophy, and  Eeligion  "  (1871),  "Philosophy  of  English  Lit. 
erature"  (1874),  "Natural  Theology,"  "Problems  in  Phi- 
losophy," etc. 

Basedow  (ba'ze-do),  Johann  Berend  (Bern- 
hard).  Born  at  Hamburg,  Sept.  11, 1723 :  died 
at   Magdeburg,    July    25,    1790      '     ~ 


1794:  died  at  Ely,  Oct.  16,  1845.  An  English 
architect.  His  chief  work,  the  Fitzwilliam  Museum  at 
Cambridge,  was  begun  by  him  in  1837,  continued  by  R.  C. 
Cookerell,  and  completed  by  B.  M.  Barry  in  1874.  He  was 
accidentally  killed  while  inspecting  the  western  bell- 
tower  of  Ely  (Cathedral. 

Basford  (bas'fSrd).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
Nottinghamshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Lene  3  miles  north-northwest  of  Nottingham. 
Population  (1891),  30,383. 


teacher  and  educational  reformer.  He  became 
teacher  in  an  academy  at  Soroe,  in  Denmark,  in  1763,  and 
in  the  gymnasium  at  Altona  in  1761 ;  published  the 
"  Elementarwerk  "  (1774)  (with  100  copperplates,  mostly 
by  Chodowiecki),  containing  the  exposition  of  a  new  sys- 
tem of  primary  education ;  and  opened  a  model  school, 
called  thePhilanthropin,  it  Dessau  in  1774,  from  the  man- 
agement of  which  he  retired  in  1778. 

Basel  (ba'zel),  F.  Bale  (bal).  The  eleventh 
canton  of  Switzerland,  divided  into  the  two 
half-cantons  of  Basel-Stadt  and  Basel-Land. 
Area,  177  square  miles.  Population  (1888), 
135,690. 

Basel,  F.  Bale  (bal),  and  formerly  Basle.  [LL. 
Basilia.'}  The  chief  city  of  the  half -canton 
of  Basel-Stadt,  the  second  in  size  iu  Switzer- 
land.    It  is  situated  on  the  Shine  at  its  bend  north- 


A   German  Bashan  (ba'shan)'.     [Gr.  Baadv,  Heb.  Bashdn, 
TT.  u  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^.j-.j    ^  district  of  Palestine  east 

of  the  Jordan,  reaching  from  the  river  Araon 
in  the  south  to  Mount  Hermon  on  the  north, 
and  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Hauran.  At 
the  time  of  the  entrance  of  the  Israelites  into  Canaan 
the  whole  of  this  region  was  inhabited  by  the  Amoritea. 
It  was  conquered  by  the  Israelites  and  allotted  to  the 
tribe  of  Manasseh  (Num.  xxxii.  S3,  Deut.  iii.  13,  Josh, 
xiii.  29  fl.),  and  afterward  its  inhabitants  were  deported 
to  Assyria  (2  Ki.  xv.'  30).  During  the  Roman  period  the 
country  was  divided  into  five  provinces :  Itureaand  Gaul- 
onitls  (modern  Jaulan),  and  to  the  east  of  these  Batanea, 
to  the  northeast  Trachonitis  (modern  Lajah)  and  Hauran- 
itis.  The  fertility  of  the  country  is  proverbially  mentioned 
in  the  Old  Testament  (Deut.  xxxii.  14,  Ps.  xxiL  12,  Jer. 
1.  19,  Micah  vii.  14). 

Bashful  Lover,  The.  A  play  by  Massinger 
(licensed  in  1636).  In  some  old  cat^ogues  it  is  as- 
cribed to  B.  J. ,  or  Ben  Jonson  :  in  Fleay's  opinion,  through 
some  confusion  with  the  "City  Madam." 


ward,  in  lat.  47°  33"  N.,  long.  7°  36'  E.,  and  comprises 

Great  Basel  on  the  left  and  Little  Basel  on  the  right 

bank  of  the  river.    It  contains  a  university,  and  is  the  ^      ,.,.....-..  ^  ^       j         .  «  n-i 

chief  commercial  and  banking  city  of  the  country,  and  Bashl  (ba-she  )  Islands.    A  group  of  small  isl- 

haa  also  important  manufactures,  especially  of  silk  rib-     ands  between  Formosa  and  Luzon  in  the  Phil- 


bons.  It  is  the  ancient  Roman  Basilia ;  became  a  part  of 
the  German  Empire  in  1032 ;  joined  the  Swiss  Confed- 
eration in  1501 ;  and  early  sided  with  the  Reformation. 
It  has  long  been  noted  as  a  literary  and  art  center.  Its 
many  contests  with  the  land  of  Basel  ended  in  war  in  1831, 
the  interference  of  the  Federal  troops,  and  the  separation 
of  the  two  half-cantons  in  1833.  The  cathedral  of  Basel, 
an  interesting  building  of  red  sandstone,  with  twin  open- 
work spires,  was  founded  in  1010  and  rebuilt  in  the  middle 
of  the  14th  century.  The  north  portal,  with  statues  and 
reliefs,  belongs  to  the  original  structure.  The  west  front 
is  of  the  14th  century.  The  spacious  interior  contains  a 
noteworthy  rood-loft,  medieval  church  furniture,  and  some 
historic  tombs.  The  cloister  is  large  and  picturesque. 
The  Rathaus,  or  town  hall,  is  a  picturesque  battle- 
mented  building  erected  in  1508,  in  a  late-Pointed  style. 
It  has  an  interior  court,  with  a  belfry,  and  a  quaint  little 
spire  on  the  ridge  of  the  roof.    It  is  arcaded  below,  and 

in  the  second  story  has  a  series  of  rectangular  windows  BashkirS  (bash'kerz) 
in  groups  of  three,  the  central  lights  the  highest.    The        "  "  -    — 

facade  bears  curious  mural  paintings.   The  council-cham- 
ber Is  well  decorated.    Population  (1900),  109,169. 
Basel,  Confession  of.    1.  A  Reformed  confes- 
sion, drafted  by  CEcolampadius,  and  revised  by 


ippmes. 

Bashi-Bazouk  (bash'i-ba-zSk').  [Turk,  bashi- 
boztiq,  one  who  is  in  no  particular  dress  or 
uniform,  an  irregular  soldier  or  civilian,  from 
basM,  head,  head-dress,  dress  and  appearance, 
and  bozuq,  spoilt,  disorderly,  bad,  from  boz, 
spoil,  damage,  destroy.]  A  volunteer  and  ir- 
regular auxiliary  serving  in  connection  with 
the  Turkish  army  for  maintenance,  but  with- 
out pay  or  uniform.  Bashi-bazouks  are  generally 
mounted,  and  because  unpaid  frequently  resort  to  pillage. 
They  are  also  at  the  command  of  municipal  governors, 
and  when  detailed  to  accompany  travelers  or  expeditions 
through  the  country  they  expect  not  only  to  be  "found," 
but  to  be  suitably  rewarded  with  bakshish. 

A  tribe  of  .mixed  Fin- 
nish and  Tatar  race,  inhabiting  the  govern- 
ments of  Orenburg,  Perm,  Samara,  Ufa,  and 
Vyatka,  in  Russia.  Subjugated  by  Russia  in 
the  18th  century.  Numbers  (estimated),  75,000 
Sunnite  Mohammedans. 


Myconius,  published   in   1534.-3.   The  first  ^'^^Z/^"£'iiT^T-^;       v  ■»,     ■    r.       * 
Helvetic,  Confession  fwhich  see^.  Bashkirtseff  (bash-kert'sev  ,  Maria  Oonstan 


Helvetic  Confession  (which  see) 
Basel,  Council  of.  A  council  held  at  Basel 
July  23, 1481, -May  7, 1449,  the  last  of  the  three 
great  reforming  councils  of  the  15th  century. 
It  was  called  by  Pope  Martin  V.  and  by  his  successor  Bu- 
genius  IV. ;  had  as  its  main  objects  the  union  of  the  Greek 
and  Latin  churches,  the  reconciliation  of  the  Bohemians, 
and  the  reformation  of  the  church ;  deposed  (June  26, 


tinovna.  Bom  at  Gavrontsi,  government  of 
Pultowa,  Russia,  Nov.  23  (N.  8.),  1860:  died 
Oct.  31,  1884.  A  Russian  artist  and  author. 
She  left  many  studies  and  some  finished  pictures  influ- 
enced by  Bastien-Lepage.  Farts  of  her  d^ry  were  pub- 
lished in  1887. 

Basiasch.    See  Bazi&s. 


1439)  Eugenius  IV.  who  refused  to  acknowledge  its  an-  Basil  (ba'zil  or  baz'il),  L.  Basilius  (ba-sil'i-us). 


thority ;  and  elected  (Oct.  30, 1439)  Amadeus,  duke  of  Sa. 
voy,  pope,  who  took  the  name  of  Felix  V.  (resigned  1449). 
The  ultramontanes  reject  this  council  altogether,  while 
the  Gallican  Church  acknowledges  the  first  twenty-five  of 
its  forty-five  sessions. 
Basel,  Treaty  of.  1 .  A  treaty  concluded  April 
5,  1795,  between  France  on  the  one  hand, 
and  Prussia  on  the  other.  Prussia  agreed  to  with- 
draw from  the  coalition  against  France,  which  waa  to 
continue  in  possession  of  the  Prussian  territory  west  of 
the  Rhine  until  peace  should  be  concluded  with  the  em- 
pire, while  a  line  of  demarcation  fixed  the  neutrality  of 
northern  Germany.  In  a  secret  article  it  was  stipulated 
tha^  on  conclusion  of  a  general  peace,  if  the  empke  should 
cede  to  France  the  princiiMities  west  of  the  Rhine,  Prus- 
sia should  cede  its  territory  in  that  district,  and  receive 
compensation  elsewhere. 

2.  A  treaty  concluded  July  22, 1795,  by  which 
Spain  ceded  Santo  Domingo  to  France. 


[Gr.  ^acOxioq  or  BacLkLog,  kingly,  royal;  L.  BO' 
silius,  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Basilio,  F.  Basile.']  Bom  at 
Csesarea,  in  Cappadocia,  329  a.  d.  :  died  there, 
Jan.  1,  379.  One  of  the  fathers  of  the  Greek 
Church,  Mshop  of  Csesarea  and  metropolitan  of 
Cappadoeia  370-379:  surnamed  "The  Great." 
He  studied  at  Constantinople  under  Libanius,  and  at 
Athens  in  the  schools  of  phUosophy  and  rhetoric,  in  the 
company  of  his  friend  Gregory  Nazianzen,  and  then  re- 
turned to  CEOsarea  as  a  rhetorician.  About  361  he  retired 
to  Pontus  and  entered  upon  the  monastic  life.  In  364  he 
was  made  presbyter,  and  In  370  bishop.  He  was  a  power- 
ful supporter  of  the  orthodox  faith  in  the  struggle  with 
Arianism,  and  a  distinguished  preacher.  His  works  in- 
clude commentaries  on  the  Scriptures,  five  books  against 
Eunomius,  homilies,  etc.  The  standard  edition  is  that  of 
Gamier  (1721-30),  reprinted  by  Migne  (1857).  His  festival 
is  celebrated  in  the  Eoman  and  Anglican  churches  on 
June  14,  and  in  the  Greek  Church  Jan.  1. 


Basel-Land  (ba'zel-land).  A  half-canton  of  -^^.^w^  L.  Basilius.  A  native  of  Aneyra,  and 
Switzerland,  bounded  by  Alsace  on  the  north-  bishop  of  that  city  336-360:  one  of  the  leaders 
west,  Baden  (separated  by  the  Rlnne)  on  the  ^f  ^i^^  Semi-Arians.  He  was  deposed  in  360  by  the 
north,  Aargau  on  the  east,  and  bolotnurn  and.  synod  of  Constantinople,  and  exiled  to  Illyricum,  where 
Bern  on  the  south,     it  sends  three  members  to  the     he  probably  died. 

National  CounciL    The  language  is  German  and  the  pre-  Basil  I.,  L.  BasillUS.     Bom  813  (826?);  died 
ST1^-ra!lSUm^er^P:?.^SfirsS     SJ^^^^^^ 


Basel-Stadt  (bii'zel-stat).  A  half-canton  of 
Switzerland,  composed  of  the  city  of  Basel  and 
three  -villages  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ehine. 
The  language  is  German.  Population  (1888), 
73  749. 

Basento  (ba-sen'to),  or  Basiento(ba-se-en't6). 
A  river  in  southern  Italy  which  flows  into  the 
Gulf  of  Taranto  27  miles  southwest  of  Taranto : 
the  ancient  Casuentus.  Len^h,  about  90  miles. 

Baserac  (bii-se-rak').  A  village  of  Opata  In- 
dians situated  on  the  upper  Taqui  Eiver  in  east- 
em  Sonora,  south  of  Babispe.  it  contains  the 
ruins  ol  a  once  important  Jesuit  mission,  founded  about 
1642. 


Macedonian."  He  was  of  obscure  origin,  but  succeeded 
in  winning  the  favor  of  Michael  III.  by  whom  he  waa 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  Augustus  in  866,  and  intrusted 
with  the  administration  of  the  empire.  Having  in  the 
mean  time  incurred  the  enmity  of  Michael,  he  assassinated 
the  emperor  and  usurped  the  throne  867.  He  improved 
the  administration  of  the  empire,  drove  the  Saracens  out 
of  Italy  in  885,  and  began  the  collection  of  laws  called 
"  Constitutionea  Basilicse,"  or  simply  "Basilica,"  which 
was  completed  by  his  son  Leo. 

Basil  II.,  L.  Basilius.  Bom  about  958:  died 
1025.  Byzantine  emperor  976-1025:  surnamed 
"The  Slayer  of  the  Bulgarians."  He  was  the 
elder  son  of  Romanus  II.  of  the  Macedonian  dynasty, 
succeeded,  with  his  brother  Constantine,  the  usurper  Jo- 
annes Zimisces,  and  is  notable  as  one  of  the  greatest  gen* 


Basil  II. 

erals  of  the  time.  He  began  a  war  with  Bulgaria  in  987, 
whicli  resulted  in  1018  in  tlie  incorporation  of  that  Isingdom 
with  the  Byzantine  empire.  . 

Basil,  L.  Basilius.     A  Bulgarian  physician  and    am) 
monk,  the  leader  of  the  heretical  sect  of  the    toriqn 
Bogomiles.    He  was  put  to  death  by  burning 
in  1118. 

Basilan  (ba-se'lan).  An  island  of  the  Sulu  Ar- 
chipelago, west  of  Mindanao.  Length,  41  miles. 

Basile  (ba-zel').  A  slanderer  who  figures  in 
Beaumarchais's  comedies  "Le  Barbier  de  Se- 
ville "  and  "  Le  Manage  de  Figaro."  His  name 
has  become  proverbial  for  this  type  of  charac- 
ter. 

BasiUcata  (ba-se-le-ka'ta).  A  compartimento 
of  southern  Italy,  containing  one  province,  Po- 
tenza.     See  Potenza. 

Basilicon  Doron  (ba-sil'i-kon  do'ron).  [Gr. 
^aaiTuicbv  dopov,  the  royal  gift.]  A  work  on  the 
divine  right  of  kings,  written  by  James  I.  of 
England  and  VI.  of  Scotland. 

Basilides  (bas-i-li'dez).  [Gr.  BamlelSriQ.']  A 
noted  Gnostic  of  the  2d  century  (died  about 
138  A.  D.),  probably  a  Syrian,  the  founder  of  a 
heretical  sect.  See  BasiUdians.  About  his  life 
little  is  known.  He  appears  to  have  taught  in  Alexan- 
dria and  elsewhere  in  Egypt,  and  perhaps  in  Persia.  He 
claimed  to  be  a  disciple  of  Glaucias,  an  interpreter  of 
Peter,  and  to  be  in  possession  of  the  secret  traditions  of 
that  apostle.  He  wrote  commentaries  on  the  gospel  in 
twenty-four  hooks,  extracts  from  which  have  been  pre- 
served. 

BasiUdians  (bas-i-lid'i-anz).  The  followers  of 
Basilides,  a  teacher  of  Gnostic  doctrines  at 
Alexandria,  Egypt,  in  the  2d  century.  They  dis- 
couraged martyrdom,  kept  their  doctrines  as  secret  as 
Sossible,  were  much  given  to  magical  practices,  and  soon 
eclined  from  the  asceticism  of  their  founder  into  gross 
immorality.  "The  Gnosticism  of  Basilides  appears  to 
have  been  a  fusion  of  the  ancient  sacerdotal  religion  of 
Egypt  with  the  angelic  and  demoniac  theory  of  Zoroaster." 
Milman,  Hist,  of  Christ.,  II.  68. 

BasiliSCO  (bas-i-lis'k6>.  A  character  in  the  old 
play  "Soiiman  and  Perseda,"  referred  to  in 
Shakspere's  "King  John,"  i.  1,  244:  a  boaster 
whose  name  has  become  proverbial. 

BasiliscUS  (bas-i-lis'kus).  [Gr.  BaaOuam^,  a  lit- 
tle king.]  Emperor  of  the  East  475-477  a.  d. 
He  was  the  brother-in-law  of  Leo  I.  by  whom  he  was  ap- 
pointed commander  of  the  expedition  to  Carthage  against 
Genseric,  king  of  the  Vandals,  in  468.  He  was  defeated, 
and  was  banished  by  the  emperor  to  Thrace.  He  de- 
throned Zeno,  Leo's  successor,  but  was  himself  deposed 
by  Zeno,  and  died  in  prison.  In  his  reign  the  great  library 
of  Constantinople  was  destroyed  by  fire. 

Basiliskos  (bas-i-lis'kos).  Ptolemy's  name  for 
the  first-magnitude  white  star  a  Leonis,  now 
ordinarily  known  as  Eegulus,  a  Latin  transla- 
tion of  Basiliskos. 

Basilius.    See  Basil. 

Basilius  (ba-sil'i-us),  Valentinus.  A  noted 
German  alchemist,  who  lived  about  the  begin- 
ning of  the  15th  century.  He  made  important  dis- 
coveries in  chemistry,  notably  those  of  antimony  and  muri- 
atic acid.    Author  of  "  Currus  triumphalis  Antimonii." 

Basilius.  The  lover  of  Quiteria  in  Cervantes's 
"Don  Quixote."  He  gets  her  away  from  Ca- 
macho  by  a  stratagem.     See  Camaoho. 

Basilius.  The  Prince  of  Arcadia,  in  love  with 
Zelmane,  in  Sidney's  romance  ' '  Arcadia." 

Basing,  Baron.    See  Sdater-Booth,  George. 

Basing  House  (ba'zing  hous).  A  former  resi- 
dence of  the  Marquis  of  Winchester,  situated 
east  of  Basingstoke,  it  is  famous  for  its  long  de- 
fense by  the  Royalists  against  the  Parliamentarians,  in 
the  English  civil  war.  It  was  taken  by  Cromwell  Oct., 
1645,  and  destroyed. 

Basingstoke  (ba'zing-stok).  A  town  in  Hamp- 
shire, England,  47  miles  west-southwest  of 
London.    Population  (1891),  7,960. 

.Baskerville  (bas'ker-vil),  John.  Bom  at  Vol- 
verley,  Worcestershire,  Jan.  28,  1706:  died  at 
Birmingham,  Jan.  8,  1775.  A  famous  English 
printer  and  type-founder,  in  early  life  he  followed 
various  pursuits  —  footman,  stone-cutter,  calligrapher, 
teacher,  and  maker  of  japanned  ware.  About  17B0  he 
turned  his  attention  to  type-founding  and  printing,  and 
was  elected  printer  to  the  University  of  Cambridge  for 
10  years  in  1758.  His  first  work  was  a  famous  edition  of 
Vergil  (1757) ;  other  noted  specimens  of  his  art  are  editions 
of  Milton  (1758  and  1769),  the  Prayer-Book  (1760 :  four 
eds.,  and  others  in  subsequent  years),  Juvenal  (1761), 
Horace  (1762),  the  Bible  (1763),  and  a  series  of  Latin  au- 
thors (1772-73). 

Basle.    See  Basel. 

Basnage  de  Beauval  (ba-nazh'  d6  bo-val'), 
Henri.  Bom  at  Eouen,  Aug.  7,  -1656:  died  in 
Holland,  March  19,  1710.  A  French  jurist,  a 
brother  of  Jacques  Basnage.  He  was  an  advocate 
in  Eouen,  and  took  refuge  in  Holland  after  the  revocation 
of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  Author  of  "  Histoire  des  ouvrages 
des  savants  "  (1687),  etc. 

Basnage  de  Beauval,  Jacques.  Bom  at  Rouen, 
Aug.  8,  1653:  died  at  The  Hague,  Dee.  22, 
1723.    A  French  Protestant  theologian  and  his- 


127 
torian,  pastor  at  Rotterdam  and  The  Hague, 
and  diplomatist.  His  chief  historical  works  are  "  His- 
toire de  r^glise  depuis  J^sus-Christ  jusqu'i  present" 
(1699),  "Histoire  des  Juifs,  etc."  (1708),  "Dissertation his- 
torique  sur  les  duels  et  les  ordres  de  chevalerie  "  (1720) 
"  Histoire  de  la  religion  des  ^glises  r^form^es  "  (1690).     ' 

Basque  Provinces.  The  provinces  of  Vizcaya, 
Gruipuzcoa,  and  Alava,  in  Spain,  imited  to  Cas- 
tile in  the  13th  and  14th  centuries.  Part  of  Na- 
varre is  also  comprised  in  the  district  of  the  Basques. 
The  Basque  district  in  France  comprises  the  arrondisse- 
ments  of  Bayonne  and  Maul^on,  in  the  department  of 
Basses-Pyr^n^es.    See  Basques. 

Basques  (baskz) .  A  race  of  unknown  origin  in- 
habiting the  Basque  Provinces  and  other  parts 
of  Spain  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Pyrenees, 
and  part  of  the  department  of  Basses-Pyr6- 
n6es.  Prance. 

The  singular  Basque  or  Euskarian  language,  spoken  on 
both  slopes  of  the  Pyrenees,  forms  a  sort  of  linguistic  isl- 
and in  the  great  Aryan  dcean.  It  must  represent  the 
speech  of  one  of  the  neolithic  races,  either  that  of  the 
dolichocephalic  Iberians,  or  that  of  the  braohycephalic 
people  whom  we  call  Auvergnats  or  Ligurians.  Anthro- 
pology throws  some  light  on  this  question.  It  is  now 
known  that  the  Basques  are  not  all  of  one  type,  as  was 
supposed  by  Betzius  and  the  early  antln'opologists,  who 
were  only  acquainted  with  the  skulls  of  the  French 
Basques.  Broca  has  now  shown  that  the  Spanish  Basques 
are  largely  dolichocephalic.  The  mean  index  of  the  peo- 
ple of  Zarous  in  Guipuzcoa  is  77.62.  Of  the  French  Basques 
a  considerable  proportion  (37  per  cent.)  are  braohycepha- 
lic, with  indices  from  80  to  83.  The  mean  index  obtained 
from  the  measurements  of  fifty-seven  skulls  of  French 
Basques  from  an  old  graveyard  at  St.  Jean  de  Luz  is  80.25. 
The  skull  shape  of  the  French  Basques  is  therefore  inter- 
mediate between  that  of  the  Auvergnats  on  the  north,  and 
that  of  the  Spanish  Basques  on  the  south. 

Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  217. 

Basra  (bas'ra),  or  Bassora  (bas'so-ra),  or  Bus- 
sorah  (bus's6-ra).  [Pers.  and  Ar.  Basrak.2 
A  town  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  on  the 
Shat-el-Arab  55  miles  from  the  Persian  Gulf. 
It  was  founded  in  632,  was  a  considerable  medieval  em- 
porium and  Arabic  literary  center,  and  has  increased  in 
importance  recently,  owing  to  the  development  of  steam 
navigation.    Populiition,  about  50,000. 

Bass  (bas),  Gfeorge.  Born  at  Asworthy,  near 
Sleaford,  in  Lincolnshire :  died  1812  (?).  An 
English  navigator.  He  discovered  Bass's  Strait 
in  1798,  and  in  the  same  year  circumnavigated 
Tasmania. 

Bassa  (bas'sa),  or  Basa.  A  tribe  of  Liberia, 
West  Africa,  of  the  Nigritic  branch,  dwelling 
on  the  Sess  River  and  the  seaboard.  They  belong 
to  the  same  ethnic  and  linguistic  cluster  as  their  eastern 
neighbors,  theKru-men. 

Bassadore  (bas-sa-dor').  A  British  station  at 
the  western  end  of  the  island  of  Kishm,  at  the 
entrance  to  the  Persian  Gulf. 

Bassse  (bas'e).  [Gr.  Baaaat.'i  A  place  in  Ar- 
cadia, Greece,  near  Phigalia.  it  is  noted  for  its 
ruined  temple  of  Apollo  Epicurius,  built  in  the  second 
half  of  the  5th  century  B.  0.  by  Ictinus,  the  architect  of 
the  Parthenon.  It  is  a  Doric  peripteros  of  6  by  15  columns, 
in  plan  41  by  125  feet,  the  oella  with  pronaos  and  opis- 
thodomos  of  two  columns  in  antis.  In  the  interior  of  the 
oella  six  piers  project  from  each  side  wall,  their  faces 
formed  by  Ionic  three-quarter  columns.  A  portion  to- 
ward the  back  of  the  cella  has  no  piers,  and  has  a  door  in 
the  side  wall  facing  the  east :  it  is  probable  that  this  was 
the  cella  proper,  and  that  the  main  part  of  the  cella  was 
merely  a  monumental  court,  open  to  the  sky — a  unique 
arrangement.  The  famous  frieze,  about  two  feet  high 
(now  in  the  British  Museum),  surrounded  the  interior  of 
the  cella,  above  the  architrave :  it  is  in  high  relief,  and 
represents  combats  of  Greeks  with  Amazons  and  with  Cen- 
taurs. 

Bassam  (bas-sam' ;  P.  pron.  bas-son'),  or  Great 
Bassam.  A  place  on  the  Ivory  Coast,  Upper 
Guinea,  Africa,  in  French  territory. 

Bassanes  (bas'a-nez).  A  jealous  nobleman  in 
Ford's  tragedy  "  The  BrokenHeart."  He  exhibits 
traces  of  original  strength  and  shrewdness  through  a 
cloud  of  impure  and  weak  ravings. 

Bassanio  (ba-sa'ni-6).  In  Shakspere's  "  Mer- 
chant of  Venice,"  a  Venetian  nobleman,  the 
friend  of  Antonio,  and  Portia's  successful 
suitor. 

Bassano  (bas-sa'no),  Duke  of.  See  Maret, 
Hugues  Bernard. 

Bassano.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Vicenza, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  Brenta  28  miles  north 
of  Padua,  it  has  a  cathedral.  It  is  the  birthplace  of 
the  Da  Ponte  family.  A  victory  was  gained  here  Sept.  8, 
1796,  by  the  French  under  Bonaparte  over  the  Austrians 
under  Wurmser.    Population,  6,000. 

Bassano,  Francesco  (originally  Francesco  da 
Ponte),  Born  at  Bassano,  Italy,  1550 :  died  at 
Venice,  July  4, 1591.  An  Italian  painter  of  the 
Venetian  school,  eldest  son  of  Jaeopo  Bassano. 

Bassano,  Jaeopo  (originally  Jaeopo  da  Ponte). 
Born  at  Bassano,  Italy,  1510:  died  there,  Feb. 
13,  1592.  An  Italian  painter  of  the  Venetian 
school,  noted  as  one  of  the  earliest  of  Italian 
genre  painters. 

Bassano,  Leandro  (originally  Leandro  da 
Ponte).    Bom  at  Bassano,  Italy,  1558 :  died  at 


Bassim 

Venice,  1623.  An  Italian  portrait-painter,  third 
son  of  Jaeopo  Bassano. 

Bassantin  (bas'an-tin),  James.  Died  1568. 
A  Scotch  astronomer  and  mathematician: 
author  of  an  "  Astronomique  Discours"  (1557), 
etc. 

Basse  (bas),  or  Bas,  William.  Died  about 
1653.  An  English  poet,  best  known  from  his 
"Epitaph  on  Shakespeare,"  a  sonnet  first  at- 
tributed to  Donne. 

Bassee(ba-sa'),  La.  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Nord,  France,  14  miles  west-southwest  of 
Lille.     Population  (1891),  commune,  3,907. 

Bassein  (bas-san').  A  small  island  on  the 
western  coast  of  India,  north  of  Bombay. 

Bassein.  A  decayed  city  on  the  island  of  Bas- 
sein. 

Bassein,  or  Bassim  (bas-sem').  A  district  in 
the  Irawadi  division,  British  Burma,  situated 
on  the  eastern  coast  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  in 
lat.  15°-18°  N.,  long.  94°-96o  E.  Area,  6,848 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  475,002. 

Bassein,  or  Bassim.  The  chief  town  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Bassein,  situated  on  Bassein  River  in 
lat.  16°  45'  N.,  long.  94°  50'  E.  it  has  an  impor- 
tant trade  in  rice.  It  was  stormed  by  the  British  May 
19,  1862.    Population  (1891),  30,177. 

Bassein  River.  One  of  the  mouths  of  the  Ira- 
wadi. 

Basselin  (bas-lan'),  Olivier.  Bom  in  the  Val- 
doTVire,  Normandy:  died  about  1418.  A 
French  poet,  a  fuller  by  trade.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  large  number  of  gay  songs  "which  show  his  talent 
and  his  ignorance  of  the  rules  of  art."  Only  a  few  have 
come  down  to  us.  They  were  called  Yame-de-Vire  (whence 
vaudevilles),  from  their  place  of  origin. 

Bassenthwaite  (bas'en-thwat),  Lake.  A  lake 
in  Cumberland,  England,  3  miles  northwest  of 
Keswick.     Length,  4  miles. 

Basses  (bas'ez),  Great.  A  ledge  of  rocks  sit- 
uated south  of  Ceylon,  in  lat.  6°  11'  N.,  long. 
81°  39'  E. 

Basses,  Little.  A  ledge  of  rocks  south  of  Cey- 
lon, and  northeast  of  the  Great  Basses. 

Basses-Alpes  (bas-zalp').  A  department  of 
southeastern  France,  capital  Digne,  bounded 
by  Dr6me  on  the  northwest,  Hautes-Alpes  on 
the  north,  Italy  and  the  ALpes-Maritimes  on 
the  east,  Var  and  Bouches-du-Rh6ne  on  the 
southwest,  and  Vaueluse  on  the  west.  It  formed 
part  of  Provence.  Area,  2,685  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  124,285. 

Basses -Pyr6n6es  (bas-pe-ra-na').  A  depart- 
ment of  southwestern  France,  capital  Pau, 
bounded  by  Landes  on  the  north,  Gers  on  the 
northeast,  Hautes-PyrSn^es  on  the  east,  Spain 
on  the  south  and  southwest,  and  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay on  the  west,  it  was  formed  from  B^arn  and  part 
of  the  Basque  region.  Area,  2,943  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  425,027. 

Basset  (bas'et).  A  swindler  in  Gibber's  "Pro- 
voked Husband." 

Basse-Terre  (bas'tar').  [F.,' low  land.']  The 
capital  of  the  island  of  Guadeloupe,  French 
West  Indies,  situated  on  the  western  coast. 
The  name  is  given  also  to  the  westernmost  of 
the  island  portions  of  Guadeloupe.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  8,790. 

Basse-Terre.  The  capital  of  St.  Christopher, 
British  West  Indies.    Population,  7,000. 

Bassett  (bas'et),  Bichard,  Born  in  Delaware . 
died  1815.  An  American  politician.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  1787;  United 
States  senator  from  Delaware  1789-93 ;  and  governor  of 
Delaware  1798-1801. 

Basset-Table  (bas'et-ta'bl),  The.  A  comedy 
by  Mrs.  Centlivre,  first  acted  in  1705,  and 
published  the  next  year.  It  is  a  clever  hit  at 
the  fashionable  gambling  habit  of  the  day. 

Bassi  (bas'se),  Laura  Maria  Caterina.  Born 
at  Bologna,  Oct.  29,  1711 :  died  Feb.  20,  1778. 
A  learned  Italian  lady ,  noted  for  h  er  attainments 
in  experimental  philosophy  and  languages. 

Bassi,  Fra  Ugo  (originally  Giovanni).  Bom  in 
1801 :  died  in  1849.  A  noted  Italian  preacher. 
He  entered  the  order  of  St.  Barnabas  in  1818,  and  began 
his  public  ministry  in  1833.  His  sermons  produced  a  great 
effect,  people  throwing  down  their  garments  for  him  to 
walk  on.  In  1848  he  joined  Gavazzi  and  a  party  of  Cro- 
ciati,  and  later  joined  Garibaldi  at  Rieti,  where  he  con- 
tinued preaching  until  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Austrians  and  shot.    He  was  buried  where  he  fell. 

Bassianus  (bas-i-a'nus).  In  Shakspere's  "  Ti- 
tus Andronicus,"  a  brother  of  Satuminus  and 
son  of  the  late  Emperor  of  Rome. 

Bassigny  (ba-sen-ye').  A  small  former  divi- 
sion of  France,  lying  partly  in  Lorraine  and 
partly  in  Champagne,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Langres. 

Bassim.    See  Baaseim.. 


Bassino 

Bassino  Cba-se'no).  The  perjured  husband  in 
Mrs.  Centlivre's  comedy  of  that  name. 

Bassiolo  (bas-i-6'16).  The  gentleman  usher,  a 
character  in  Chapman's  play  of  that  name, 
a  foolishj  conceited  busybody. 

Bassompierre  (ba-sdn-pySr'),  Frangois,  Bar- 
on de.  Born  at  the  Chateau  d'Harouel,  in 
Lorraine,  April  12, 1579:  died  Oct.  12,  1646.  A 
French  diplomatist  and  soldier,  made  marshal 
of  France  in  1622.  He  served  in  the  imperial  army 
against  the  Turks  in  1603,  at  the  siege  ol  Chateau-Porcien 
in  1617,  was  wounded  at  Bethel,  and  took  part  in  the 
sieges  of  Saint  Jean  d'Angely,  Montpellier,  and  La  Ro- 
ohelle.  Through  the  enmity  of  Richelieu  he  was  thrown 
into  the  Bastille,  where  he  remained  until  1643.  He  was 
noted  for  his  amours,  and,  on  his  arrest,  is  said  to  have 
destroyed  6,000  love-letters.  He  wrote  "M^moires  du 
Mar^chal  de  Bassompierre,  etc."  (166B). 

Bassora.    See  Basra. 

Bass  Rock  (bas  rok).  An  islet,  one  mile  in 
circumference,  at  the 'entrance  of  the  Pirth  of 
Forth,  Scotland,  near  North  Berwick.  It  was 
held  by  the  Jacobites  against  William  III., 
1691-94.  ' 

Bass  Strait,  A  channel  between  Australia 
and  Tasmania,  named  for  George  Bass.  Length, 
about  200  miles.    Breadth,  about  140  miles. 

Bassuto.    See  Basutoland. 

Bassville  (bas-vel'),  or  BasseviUe,  Nicolas 
Jean  Hugon,  or  Husson,  de.  Died  at  Borne, 
Jan.  13,  1793.  A  French  journalist  and  diplo- 
matist. He  was  editor  of  the  "Mercure  National" 
when  he  hecame  secretary  of  legation  at  Naples  (1792). 
Summoned  to  Rome  soon  after,  he  was  killed  by  the 
populace  (or  attempting,  under  orders  from  the  French 
government,  to  display  the  republican  cockade. 

Bast  (bast).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  a  lion- 
ess-headed or  cat-headed  goddess,  in  her  especial 
city,  Bubastis  (Egypt.  Pa-Bast),  she  appears  to  have  held  a 
supreme  place  like  that  of  Neith  at  Sais.  Seven  hundred 
thousand  Egyptians  visited  her  shrine  yearly.  "Bronze 
images  of  Bast  were  sold  in  immense  numbers  at  Bubastis, 
as  silver  shrines  of  Diana  were  at  Ephesus  "  (Mariette). 

Bastan.    See  Bastan. 

Bastar  (bus'tar).  A  feudatory  state  connected 
with  the  Chanda  district  of  the  Central  Prov- 
inces, British  India,  in  lat.  18°-20°  N.,  long. 
80°  30'-82°  15'  E.  Area,  13,062  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  310,884. 

Bastard  of  Orleans.  [F.  Bdtard  dHOrUans.'] 
Comte  Jean  de  Dunois  (1402-68),  an  illegiti- 
mate son  of  Louis,  brother  of  Charles  VI. 

Bastards.    See  Khoihhoin,  Griqua. 

Bastarnee  (bas-tar'ne),  or  Basterns  (bas-tfer'- 
ne).  [L.  (Livy)  Bastarnse,  Gr.  (Strabo)  Baa- 
Tdpvai.2  A  Germanic  tribe.  They  appear  in  his- 
tory, in  the  2d  century  B.  0.,  as  auxiliaries  of  Perseus 
against  the  Romans  in  the  third  Macedonian  war,  in  the 
region  about  the  Black  Sea  north  of  the  Danube,  whither 
they  had  come  from  their  original  seat,  apparently  on 
the  upper  Vistula.  During  the  succeeding  centuries  they 
were  in  frequent  conflict  with  the  Romans,  but  disappear 
in  the  3d  century.  They  appear  to  have  been  the  first 
Germanic  people  to  leave  their  old  homes  in  the  north, 
and  were  the  forerunners,  accordingly,  of  the  movement 
southward  that  afterward  becanxe  general. 

Bastei  (bas-ti').  A  rocky  height  in  the  Saxon 
Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Elbe  6  miles  east 
of  Pima.    Height,  875  feet. 

Basternse.    See  Bastamm. 

Bastetani  (bas-te-ta'ni),  or  Bastitani  (bas-ti- 
ta'ni).  A  Spanish  people,  possibly  Iberian, 
hardly  Phenician,  who  occupied  the  coast  of 
Hispania  Bsetica. 

Basti  (bas'te).  A  district  in  the  Benares  divi- 
sion, Northwest  Provinces,  British  India,  about 
lat.  27°  N.,  long.  83°  E.  Area,  2,767  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  1,785,844. 

Bastia  (bas-te'a).  A  seaport  on  the  northeast- 
ern coast  of  Corsica,  in  lat.  42°  41'  N.,  long.  9° 
27'  E.  It  is  the  chief  commercial  place  in  the  island, 
and  was  formerly  its  capital.  It  was  taken  by  the  British 
in  174B.    Population  (1891),  23,397. 

Bastian  (bas'tyan),  Adolf.  Born  at  Bremen, 
June  26,  1826.  A  Prussian  ethnologist.  He 
studied  law,  medicine,  and  the  natural  sciences  at  various 
German  universities,  became  a  surgeon,  and  (1851-66)  trav- 
eled in  Australia,  New  Zealand,  Peru,  Colombia,  Central 
America,  remote  parts  of  China,  India  and  Persia,  Syria, 
Egypt,  Arabia  (penetrating  to  Mecca),  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  and  West  Africa,  Norway,  India  (a  second  time),  the 
Malay  Islands,  China,  northern  Asia,  the  Caspian  and 
Black  seas,  and  the  Caucasus.  In  1866  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  ethnology  at  Berlin,  and  administrator  of  the 
Ethnological  Museum.  He  succeeded  Virchow  as  presi- 
dent of  the  Berlin  Anthropological  Society,  and  was  the 
principal  organizer  and  president  of  the  African  Society, 
which  gave  a  great  impetus  to  German  explorations  in 
Africa.  Among  his  important  published  works  are  "  Der 
Mensch  in  der  Geschichte"  (3  vols.  1860),  "Sprachver- 
gleichende  Studien  "  (1870),  "  Die  Culturlander  des  Alten 
Americas  "  (1878),  and  numerous  papers  in  the  proceedings 
of  scientific  societies.  With  Hartmann  he  founded  the 
"Zeitschrift  fur  Ethnologie  "  in  1869. 

Bastian  (bas'tyan),  Henry  Charlton.  Bom  at 
Truro,  Cornwall,  April  26,  1837.     An  EngUsh 


128 

physician  and  biologist,  professor  of  patholog- 
ical anatomy  and  cUnical  medicine  in  Univer- 
sity College,  London:  noted  as  a  pathologist 
(nervous  system)  and  as  a  defender  of  the  doc- 
trine of  spontaneous  generation.  He  has  written 
"Origin  of  Lowest  Organisms"  (1871),  "Beginnings  of 
Life'  (1872),  "Evolution  and  the  Origin  ol  Life "(1874), 
"The  Brain  as  an  Organ  of  Mind  "  (1S80),  etc. 

Bastiat  (bas-tya'),  Frederic.  Bom  at  Bayonne, 
France,  June  29,  1801:  died  at  Rome,  Dec.  24, 
1850.  A  noted  French  political  economist, 
deputy  to  the  Constituent  and  Legislative  as- 
semblies 1848.  He  was  an  influential  opponent  of  the 
protective  system  and  ol  socialism.  Among  his  works 
are  "De  I'influence  des  tarifs  Irancais  et  anglais  sur 
I'avenir  des  deux  peuples"  (in  the  "Journal  des  :6cono- 
mistes"),  "Sophismes^conomiques"  (1846),  "Propri^t^et 
loi."  "Justice  et  traternitfi"  (1848),  "Protectionnisme  et 
communisme"  (1849),  "Capital  et  rente"  (1849),  "Hai-- 
monies  ^conomiques  "  (1849). 

Bastide  (bas-ted'),  Jules.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov. 
22,  1800:  died  there,  March  3,  1879.  A  French 
journalist  and  politician,  a  leader  in  the  unsuc- 
cessful insurrection  of  1832.  He  was  condemned  to 
death  lor  taking  part  in  the  ^meute  on  the  occasion  of  the 
funeral  ol  General  Lamarque,  June  5,  but  escaped  to  Lon- 
don. In  1834  he  returned,  and  in  the  revolution  ol  1848 
was  made  minister  ol  loreign  affairs.  He  wrote  "La  r6- 
publique  tranpaise  et  I'ltalie  en  1848"  (1868),  "Guerres  de 
religion  en  France  "  (1859),  etc. 

Bastien-Lepage  (bas-tyan'l6-pazh'),  Jules. 
Bom  at  Damvillers,  Mouse,  France,  Nov.  1, 
1848 :  died  at  Paris,  Deo.  10,  1884.  A  noted 
French  painter.  At  sixteen  years  ol  age  he  went  to 
Paris  where  he  partly  supported  himself  by  entering  the 
postal  service.  He  entered  the  atelier  ol  Cabanel,  with 
whom  he  remained  until  1870.  During  the  wafhe  enlisted 
in  a  company  ol  Irancs-tireurs.  After  the  war  was  over 
he  returned  to  Damvillers  to  paint.  On  returning  to  Paris 
he  supported  himseU  by  working  lor  the  illustrated  papers. 
Returning  to  Damvillers  in  the  summerol  1873,  he  painted 
his  grandlather's  portrait,  which  was  one  ol  the  suc- 
cesses ol  the  Salon  ol  1874.  He  received  a  third-class 
medal  in  1874.  In  the  Salon  ol  1875  his  "  First  Commu- 
nion "  gained  a  second-claas  medal.  In  1880  he  exhibited 
the  great  picture  of  Joan  of  Arc,  now  in  the  Metropolitan 
Museum  of  New  York. 

Bastille  (bas-tel'),  The.  [in  spelling  and  pron. 
conformed  to  mod.  F. ;  from  ME.  bastile,  bas- 
tille,  bastele,  bastei,  etc.,  from  OF.  (and  mod.  F.) 
bastille,  from  ML.  bastile,  pi.  bastilia,  a  tower, 
fortress,  from  bastire  (whence  OF.  bastir,  F. 
bdtir  =  Pr.  OSp.  bastir  =  It.  bastire),  build,  of 
unknown  origin;  referred  by  Diez  to  Gr.  ftaard- 
fetv,  raise,  support.]  A  celebrated  state  prison 
in  Paris.  The  first  stone  was  laid  April  22, 1370.  There 
were  at  first  only  two  round  towers  75  feet  high,  fianking 
the  city  gate.  Afterward  two  more  were  added  to  the  north 
and  south  and  a  parallel  line  was  built  to  the  west ;  four 
others  were  afterward  added  to  these.  These  towers  were 
united  by  walls  ol  the  same  height  and  a  moat  dug  around 
the  whole,  forming  a  quadrangle,  the  inner  court  ol  which 
was  162  leet  long  and  72  feet  wide.  The  terrors  of  the  Bas- 
tille as  a  state  prison  reached  their  culmination  during  the 
ministry  of  Richelieu  (1624-42),  when  Leclerc  du  Trem- 
blay  was  commandant.  In  the  reign  of  Louis  XI.  cages  of 
iron  had  been  constructed,  and  the  vaults  beneath  the 
towers,  being  on  a  level  with  the  water  in  the  moat,  were 
especially  dreaded.  From  the  beginning  of  the  revolu- 
tion the  Bastille  was  an  especial  mark  for  the  vindictive- 
ness  of  the  populace.  On  July  14, 1789,  it  was  attacked  by 
a  mob  which,  after  several  unsuccessful  attempts,  forced  it 
to  surrender.  De  Launey,  the  commandant,  was  disarmed 
and  conducted  toward  the  Hdtel  de  Ville ;  at  the  Place  de 
Grfeve  he  was  killed  and  his  head  mounted  on  a  pike. 
After  the  first  anniversary  of  the  fall  of  the  Bastille  (July 
14, 1790)  the  old  building  was  razed.  See  Place  de  la  Baa- 
tiUe. 

Baston  (bas'-ton),  Bobert.  An  English  poet, 
bom  near  Nottingham  toward  the  end  of  the 
13th  century.  He  was  a  Carmelite  monk,  and  prior  of 
the  abbey  ol  Scarborough. 

He  [Baston]  is  said  to  have  been  taken  to  Scotland  by 
£ing  Edward  II.  to  celebrate  the  English  triumphs,  but 
he  was  captured  by  the  Scotch,  and  they  required  of  him 
as  ransom  a  panegyric  upon  Robert  Bruce.  His  "  Metra 
de  Ulustri  Bello  do  Bannockburn"  were  appended  by 
Heame  to  his  edition  of  Fordoun's  "Scotichronicon." 

Morley,  EngUsh  Writers,  VI.  159. 

Bastuli  (bas-tii'li).  An  ancient  people  in  south- 
ern Spain,  identified  by  Strabo  with  the  Bas- 
tetani. 

Basutoland  (ba-s9't6-land).  A  native  colony 
in  South  Africa,  capital  Maseru,  under  the  di- 
rect administration  of  the  British  imperial  gov- 
ernment. It  Is  bounded  by  the  Orange  River  Colony  on 
the  west  and  north.  Natal  on  the  east,  and  Cape  Colony 
on  the  south.  Its  surface  is  mountainous,  and  it  is  trav- 
ersed by  the  Orange  River.  Its  inhabitants  are  Basutos 
(allied  to  the  Kafirs).  It  is  governed  by  a  British  resident 
commissioner  and  the  high  commissioner  for  South  Africa. 
In  1868  it  was  taken  under  British  protection  ;  was  an- 
nexed to  Cape  Colony  in  1S71 ;  was  at  war  with  the  Brit- 
ish 1880-82  ;  and  was  taken  under  direct  British  control 
in  1884.  Area,  10,293  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  218,- 
902. 

Bastwick  (bast'wlk),  John.  Bom  at  Writtle, 
in  Essex,  1593 :  died  1654.  An  English  physi- 
cian andProtestanttheologieal  controversialist. 
He  was  imprisoned  and  fined  by  the  Star  Chamber  in  1634 
on  account  of  his  "  Flagellum  Fontiflcis,"  and  in  1637  lor 


Baten  Eaitos 

his  "Letanleof  Dr.  John  Bastwicke"  in  which  be  roundly 
denounced  episcopacy.  He  was  released  in  1640  and  bis 
fine  returned  to  him. 

Batalha  (ba-tSl'ya).  A  town  in  the  district 
of  Leiria,  Portugal,  situated  on  the  Liz  north- 
northeast  of  Lisbon,  it  is  lamous  lor  its  Dominican 
monastery,  which  was  begun  in  1388  and  finished  in  1515. 
It  is  the  great  exemplar  ol  the  Portuguese  florid  Pointed 
style,  and  though  not  the  aichitectural  marvel  that  it  has 
been  called,  is  beautilul  and  interesting.  The  church,  in 
proportions  a  cathedral,  has  a  lolty  and  dignified  inte- 
rior, not  over-ornate.  There  is  no  trilorium.  To  the  south 
opens  the  Founder's  Chapel,  with  a  rich  octagonal  lantern 
and  the  royal  tombs.  The  unfinished  chapel  ol  Dom  Man- 
uel,  behind  the  choir,  is  massive  in  design  and  marked  by 
exuberance  ol  surlace-ornament.  The  same  style  charac- 
terizes the  cloister,  the  intricate  tracery  ol  whose  arches  is 
unparalleled  elsewhere.    Population,  about  3,000. 

Batan-el-HaJar.    See  Batn-el^Hajar. 

Eatang  (ba-tang').  A  small  island  in  the  Strait 
of  Singapore,  south  of  Singapore. 

Batanga  (ba-tang'ga).  A  region  on  the  west- 
ern coast  of  Africa,  bordering  on  the  Bight  of 
Biafra.  It  is  partly  under  German  and  partly 
under  French  control. 

Batangas  (ba-tan'gas).  A  seaport  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Luzon,  Philippines.  Population 
(1887),  35,587. 

Batan  Islands  (ba-tan'  i'landz).  A  group  of 
small  islands  between  Formosa  and  Luzon  in 
the  Philippines. 

Batava  Castra  (ba-ta'va  kas'tra).  [L. :  so 
named  because  it  was  the  station  (camp)  of  the 
ninth  Batavian  cohort.]  A  Roman  fort  on  the 
site  of  the  modern  Passau. 

Batavi  (ba-ta'vi).  A  German  tribe,  a  branch  of 
the  Chatti.  They  inhabited  the  Insula  Batavorum  in 
Roman  times,  were  sultjugated,  probably  by  Drusus,  and 
became  the  allies  ol  the  Romans  (serving  in  the  Roman 
armies,  especially  as  cavalry).  Later  they  took  part  in  the 
rising  under  their  own  countryman,  Civilis.  They  were 
ultimately  merged  in  the  Salic  Franks. 

Batavia  (ba-ta'vi-a).  Originally,  the  island  of 
the  Batavi  (InsulaBatavorum),  then  the  entire 
region  inhabited  by  the  Batavi ;  later,  Holland, 
and  then  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands. 

Batavia.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  the 
Dutch  East  Indies,  situated  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Java  in  lat.  6°  8'  S.,  long.  106°  49'  E. : 
the  chief  commercial  city  in  the  East  Indies.  It 
comprises  the  old  city,  long  notorious  lor  its  unhealthful- 
ness,  and  the  suburbs  (Weltevreden,  the  seat  ol  govern- 
ment, etc.).  It  exports  coffee,  rice,  sugar,  spice,  and  other 
East  Indian  products.  It  was  settled  in  the  beginning 
ol  the  17th  century,  and  was  held  by  the  British  from 
1811  to  1814.    Population  (1891),  old  and  new  city,  104,690. 

Batavia.  A  city  in  Kane  County,  Illinois, 
situated  on  Pox  River  32  miles  west  of  Chicago. 
Population  (1900),  3,871. 

Batavia.  A  town  in  western  New  York,  sit- 
uated on  Tonawanda  Creek  36  miles  east  of 
Buffalo.    Population  (1900),  village,  9,180. 

Batavian  Republic.  A  republic  foiTned  by 
France  out  of  the  Netherlands  in  1795.  It  ex- 
isted until  1806. 

Batavorum  Insula  (bat-a-v6'rnm  in'gu-la). 
[L., '  Island  of  the  Batavians.']  In  the  time  of 
Tacitus,  a  name  given  to  an  island  in  the  Low 
Countries,  formed  by  the  Rhine,  Waal,  and 
Mouse. 

Batbie  (ba-be'),  Anselme  Polycarpe.  Bom 
at  Seissan,  France,  May  31, 1828:  died  at  Paris, 
June  30,  1887.  A  French  politician  and  legal 
and  economical  writer.  He  became  professor  ol  ad- 
ministrative law  in  the  University  ol  Paris  in  1862,  and 
senator  lor  the  department  ol  Gers  in  1871,  voting  with 
the  Right  Center.  Author  of  "  Doctrine  et  jurisprudence 
en  mati^re  d'appel  comrae  abus  "  (1852),  "  Precis  du  cours 
de  droit  public  et  admlnistratif  "  (4th  ed.  1876),  and  "  Nou- 
veau  cours  d'^conomie  politique  "  (1864-65). 

Batchelor's  Banquet,  The.  A  pamphlet  by 
Dekker,  first  published  in  1603,  and  four  or  five 
times  reprinted,  it  is  based  on  an  old  French  satire 
of  the  16th  century,  "Les  Quinze  Joyes  de  Mariage,"  but 
is  so  treated  as  to  be  almost  an  original  work. 

Batchian.    See  Batjan. 

Bateman  (bat'man),  Hezekiah  Linthicum. 
Born  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  Dec.  6,  1812:  died  at 
London,  March  22, 1875.  An  actor  and  theatri- 
cal manager.  He  was  the  lessee  of  the  Lyceum 
Theater  in  London  from  1871  till  his  death. 

Bateman,  Kate  Josephine.  Bom  at  Balti- 
more, Md.,  Oct.  7, 1842.  An  actress,  daughter 
of  Hezekiah  Linthicum  Bateman.  she  appeared 
.with  her  younger  sister  as  "the  Bateman  Sisters'  about 
1851.  In  1863  she  began  to  play  Leah  at  the  Adelphi  in 
London ;  in  1866  married  Mr.  George  Crowe ;  in  1868 
returned  to  the  stage  under  her  maiden  name,  playing 
Lady  Macbeth,  Medea,  Juliet,  and  Queen  Mary  in  Tenny- 
son's drama  (in  1876),  and  has  since  taken  the  direction  of 
one  of  the  London  theaters. 

Baten  Kaitos  (ba'ten  H'tos) .  [ Ar.  bafn  leaitos, 
the  belly  of  the  whale,  kaitos  being  an  Arabic 
transliteration  of  the  Gr.  /tiyrof.]  The  third- 
magnitude  star    Ceti. 


Bates 

Bates  (feats).  A  soldier  in  the  king's  army,  in 
Shakspere's  "  Henry  V." 

Bates,  Arlo.  Bom  at  East  Maohias,  Maine, 
Dec.  16,  1850.  An  American  author  and  jour- 
nalist. His  wife  Harriet  LJVose)  -wrote  under  the  pseu- 
donym "  Eleanor  Putnam."  He  became  editor  of  the  "  Bos- 
tun  Sunday  Courier"  in  1880,  and  is  the  author  of  "The 
Pagans"  (1884),  etc 

Bates,  Charlotte  Fiske.  Born  in  New  York 
city,  Nov.  30,  1838.    An  American  poet,    she 

■  assisted  Longfellow  in  compiling  his  "Poems  of  Places," 
edited  the  "  Cambridge  Book  of  Poetry  and  Song  "  (1882), 
and  is  the  author  of  "  Kislc,  and  Other  Poems  "  (1879),  etc. 

!Bates,  Charley.  A  young  thief  in  the  employ 
of  Pagin,  in  Charles  Dickens's  story  "Oflver 
Twist." 

Sates,  David.  Bom  about  1810 :  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  Jan.  25, 1870.  An  American  poet. 
He  wrote  the  familiar  poem  "  Speak  Gently. "  His  poems 
werepublished  in  book  form  under  the  title  "  The  Eolian  " 
(1848). 

'.Bates,  Edward.  Bom  at  Belmont,  Gtoochland 
County,  Va.,  Sept.  4,  1793:  died  at  St.  Louis, 
March  25,  1869.  An  American  statesman  and 
jurist.  He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Missouri  1827- 
1829 ;  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  Republican  nomina- 
tion for  President  in  1860 ;  and  attorney-general  1861-64. 

Bates,  Henry  Walter.  Bom  at  Leicester,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  18,  1825 :  died  at  London,  Feb.  16, 
1892.  An  English  naturalist  and  traveler,  in 
1848  he  went  to  the  Amazon  in  company  with  Mr.  A.  B. 
Wallace ;  at  first  with  him,  and  afterward  alone,  he  trav- 
eled over  all  parts  of  the  Brazilian  Amazon.  Returning 
to  England  in  1859,  he  published  his  "  f^'aturalist  on  the 
Biver  Amazon"  (1863).  He  also  wrote  a  handbook  of 
Central  and  South  America,  etc. 

'Bates,  Joshua.  Bom  at  'Weymouth,  Mass., 
1788 :  died  at  London,  Sept.  24, 1864.  A  banker 
of  the  house  of  Baring  Brothers  and  Co.,  chief 
founder  of  the  Boston  Public  Library,  1852-58. 

Sates  College.  A  coeducational  institution  of 
learning  at  Levriston,  Maine,  controlled  by  the 
Freewill  Baptists,  it  originated  in  the  Maine  State 
Seminary,  chartered  in  1865,  which  was  rechartered  in 
1864  as  a  college,  and  named  after  one  of  its  patrons,  Ben- 
jamin E.  Bates,  of  Boston,  Massachusetts.  It  has  over 
300  students.  Connected  with  it  are  the  Nichols  Latin 
School  and  the  Cobb  Divinity  SchooL 

Sath  (bath).  [ME.  Bath,  Bathe,  AS.  Bathan, 
Bathum,  prop.  dat.  pi.  of  bseth,  bath,  let  thsem 
bathum,  or  xi  thsem  hdtum  bathum,  '  at  the  hot 
baths'  or  springs.]  A  town  in  Somersetshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Avon  in  lat.  51°  24'  N., 
long.  2°  22'  "W. :  the  Eoman  AquEe  Solis  ('baths 
of  the  sun ') .  it  is  one  of  the  leading  watering-places  of 
England,  noted  for  its  saline  and  chalybeate  hot  springs. 
It  contains  Roman  baths  and  other  Roman  antiquities. 
(See  below.)  In  the  Eoman  period  it  was  an  important 
watering-place,  was  destroyed  by  the  Saxons,  and  wasdevel- 
oped  in  the  17th  and  especially  in  the  18th  century  through 
the  influence  of  Beau  Nash.  The  abbey  church  of  Bath,  an 
excellent  example  of  the  Perpendicular  style,  was  begun 
about  1500.  It  has  been  called  "the  Lantern  of  England," 
from  the  number  and  size  of  its  traceried  windows.  The 
plan  presents  a  square  chevet  and  narrow  transepts.  The 
west  window  is  good,  as  is  the  restored  fan-vaulting  of 
the  interior.  The  church  is  225  feet  long,  the  central 
tower  162  feet  high.  Of  the  Eoman  thermae  five  large 
halls  remain,  one  of  them  68  by  110  feet,  and  several  smaller 
ones,  with  the  arrangements  for  heating  beneath  the 
floors  One  of  the  piscinse  retains  its  ancient  lining  of 
lead.    Population  0901),  49,817. 

Bath.  A  city  and  port  of  entry,  the  capital  of 
Sagadahoc  County,  in  Maine,  situated  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Kennebec,  in  lat.  43°  55'  N., 
long.  69°  49'  "W. :  one  of  the  principal  ship- 
building centers  in  the  country,  it  has  important 
commerce  and  a  fine  harbor.  It  was  incorporated  in 
1780.    Population  (1900),  10,477. 

Bath.  The  capital  of  Steuben  County,  New 
York,  situated  on  the  Cohocton  Eiver  56  miles 
southeast  of  Rochester.  Population  (1900), 
villaee  4  994 

Bath  Cbath),  Colonel.  An  inflexibly  punctil- 
ious but  kind-hearted  character  m  Fielding's 
"Amelia."  „„ 

Bath,  Earl  of.     See  Pultemy,  WiUmm. 

Bat-ha  (ba'ta).  The  chief  nver  of  Wadai,  Su- 
dan.   It  flows  westward  into  Lake  Fittri. 

.Bathanyi.    See  JBatthyanyi.  ^.,.  , 

Bathgate  (bath'gat).  A  town  of  Linlithgow- 
shire, Scotland,  19  miles  west  of  Edinburgh. 
Population  (1891),  5  330. 

Bathori  (ba'to-re),  Elizabeth.  Died  m  1614. 
A  Hungarian  princess,  niece  of  Stephen  Ua- 
thori,  king  of  Poland,  and  wife  of  a  Hungarian 
count  NMasdy,  notorious  for  her  crimes.  With 
the  aid  of  her  attendants  she  killed  from  time  to  time 
young  girls  (said  in  different  accounts  to  number  from 
eighty  to  several  hundred)  in  order  to  use  their  blood  as 
a  bath  to  improve  her  complexion.  She  was  imprisoned 
for  life,  and  her  accomplices  were  maimed  and  burned. 

Bathori,  Sigismund.  Died  1613  at  Prague.  A 
nephew  of  Stephen  Bdthori,  pnnoe  of  Tran- 
syw-ania  1581-98.  „„     ,.   i  ,eoo      a 

Bathori.  Stephen.    Bom  1522:  died  1586.    A 


129 


Batthyanyi,  Count  Louis 


Hungarian noble,jrinee of  Transylvania(1571-  Baton  Rouge  (bat' on  rozh).     [P.,  'red  staff': 
1-1        J,  r>  1      n  ,-.r„^  „-.,  so  named,  it  is  said,  from  a  red  boundary  mark 

which  separated  the  lands  of  the  Indians  from 
those  of  the  whites.]  The  capital  of  the  State 
of  Louisiana,  situatedon  the  Mississippi  River  75 
miles  northwest  of  New  Orleans,  it  was  captured  by 
the  Federals  May  12, 1862  ;  and  on  Aug.  5  following  the 
Union  brigadier-general  Thomas  Williams,  with  less  than 
2,500  men,  repulsed  an  attack  by  the  Confederate  major- 
general  John  C.  Breckinridge,  with  about  2,600  men,  the 
Union  loss  in  killed,  wounded,  and  missing  being  383,  the 
Confederate,  456.  It  was  the  capital  from  1847  to  1862,  and 
again  became  the  capitalin  1880.  Pop.  (1900),  11,269. 
See  Bathori. 
See  Batum. 

Batrachus  (bat'ra-kus),  or  Batrachos  (-kos). 
[Gr.  Parpaxog,  frog.]  A  Greek  architect  and 
sculptor  at  Rome  in  the  time  of  Augustus. 

Batrachomyomachia  (bat "  ra  -  ko "  mi  -  6  -  ma'- 
ki-a).  [Gr.  Barpaxo/iVoiMxia,  the  battle  of  the 
frogs  and  mice.]  An  ancient  Greek  mock  epic, 
in  hexameters,  of  which  316  lines  are  extant. 
It  was  formerly  attributed  to  Homer,  and  by  some  modem 
critics  to  Pigres,  brother  of  Artemisia,  queen  of  Caria. 

The  plot  is  witty,  and  not  badly  constructed.  A  mouse, 
after  escaping  from  the  pursuit  of  a  cat,  is  slaking  its  thirst 
at  a  pond,  when  it  is  accosted  by  a  frog.  King  Puff-cheek, 
the  son  of  Peleus  (in  the  sense  of  muddy),  who  asks  it  to 
come  and  see  his  home  and  habits.  The  mouse  consents, 
but  the  sudden  appearance  of  an  otter  terrifies  the  frog, 
and  makes  him  dive,  leaying  the  mouse  to  perish,  after 
sundry  epic  exclamations  *and  soliloquies.  A  bystandiug 
mouse  brings  the  tidings  to  the  tribe,  who  forthwith  pre- 
pare for  war,  and  arm  themselves,  sending  a  formal  decla- 
ration to  the  frogs.  The  deliberations  of  Zeus  and  Athena, 
as  to  what  part  they  will  take  in  the  war.  are  really  comic, 
and  a  very  clever  parody  on  Homer.  Then  follows  quite 
an  epic  battle,  with  deliberate  inconsistencies,  such  as  the 
reappearance  of  several  heroes  already  killed.  The  frogs 
are  worsted,  and  the  victorious  mice  are  not  even  deterred 
by  the  thunder  of  Zeus,  but  are  presently  put  to  flight  by 
the  appearance  of  an  army  of  crabs  to  assist  the  defeated 
frogs.  The  German  destructive  critics  think  the  extant 
poem  was  put  together  from  fragments  of  earlier  mock 
epics  of  the  same  kind.  But  of  this  we  have  no  evidence. 
Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  90. 
See  Parliament. 


1576)  and  king  of  Poland  (1575-86).  He  was 
crowned  in  1576. 

Baths  of  Caracalla.  Baths  in  ancient  Rome, 
begun  by  Severus  206  a.  d.  The  therms  proper 
occupied  a  space  of  720  by  376  feet,  in  a  large  square  in- 
closure,  bordered  by  porticos  and  connected  founda- 
tions. The  remains  include  walls,  arches,  and  vaults, 
which  are  among  the  most  imposing  ruins  of  ancient 
Rome,  and  portions  of  the  figured  mosaic  pavement. 

Baths  of  Diocletian.  Roman  baths  begun  by 
Diocletian,  situated  in  Rome  near  the  "Viminal. 

Baths  of  Titus.  Baths  constructed  by  the  em-  -Ratn-™ 
peror  Titus  in  Rome,  northeast  of  the  Colos-  Batomn 
seum.  odivwxui, 

Bathsheba  (bath-she'ba  or  bath'she-ba). 
[Heb.,  'daughter  of  an  oath.']  1.  The  wife'of 
Uriah  the  Hittite,  sinfully  loved  by  David :  after- 
ward the  wife  of  David  and  the  mother  of  Solo- 
mon. 2  Sam.  xi.  Hence — 3.  The  Duchess  of 
Portsmouth,  in  Dryden's  "Absalom  and  Aohito- 
phel,"  the  favorite  of  Charles  11. 

Bathurst  (bath'Srst).  A  town  of  New  South 
'Wales,  100  miles  west-northwest  of  Sydney: 
the  central  point  of  a  gold  district.  Population 
(1891),  9,162. 

Bathurst.  A  seaport  and  chief  town  of  Glou- 
cester County,  New  Brunswick,  situated  on 
the  Bay  of  Chaleur. 

Bathurst.  The  capital  of  British  Gambia, 'West 
Africa,  built,  on  the  Island  St.  Mary  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Gambia  River.  Its  commerce 
is  mostly  in  the  hands  of  French  firms.  Popu- 
lation, 6,000. 

Bathurst,  Allen,  first  Earl  Bathurst.  Born 
at  'Westminster,  Nov.  16,  1684:  died  at  Ciren- 
cester, Sept.  16,  1775.  An  English  statesman, 
a  friend  of  Pope,  Swift,  Prior,  Congreve,  and 


Sterne.     To  him  Pope  addressed  the  third  of 

his  "  Moral  Essays." 
Bathurst,  Henry,  second  Earl  Bathurst.    Bom 

May  2,  1714:  died  Aug.  6,  1794.    An  English  Bats,  Parliament  of. 

politician,  son  of  the  first  Earl  Bathurst.    He  Batta  (bat'ta).     See  Masa  and  Kongo. 

was  lord  ohanoellor  of  England  (1771-78)  and  Battaszek  (bat'to-shek).   A  town  in  the  county 

lord  president  of  the  council  (1779-82).  of  Tolna,  Hungary,  50  miles  west  of  There- 

Bathurst,  Henry,  third  Earl  Bathurst.    Bom    sienstadt.    Population  (1890),  8,153. 

May  22,  1762:  died  1834.     An  English  states- Battenberg  (bat'ten-bero).    A  small  town  in 

man,  son  of  the  second  Earl  Bathurst.    He  was   the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Pmssia,  situated 

president  of  the  Board  of  Trade  1809-12 ;  secretary  tor  war    on  the  Eder  44  miles  west-southwest  of  Oassel. 

and  the  colonies  1812-27;  and  president  of  the  council    j^  gives  name  to  the  Battenberg  family. 

1828-30.    The  following  were  named  for  him.  ■Ra-H-onViorff     Alpirander   of      See  Alexander, 

Bathurst  Inlet.      An  inlet  extending  south  %*S°f|5^2^Ha 

f'?™«£T"f '°''  ?,?«"  w  °  ^"*''^  America,  in  Battenberg,  Henr^,  Prince  of.    Born  Oct.  5, 

lat.  65°  N.,  long  108°  W.  1858 :  died  Jan.  21;  1896.    Younger  brother  of 

Bathurst  Island.     A  large  island  m  the  Arctic    f^°^^^^  of   Battenberg.     He  married  Princess 

Ocean,  intersected  by  lat.  76°  N.,long.  100°W.    Beatrice  of  Great  Britain  m  issl. 
Bathurst  Island.      An  island  north  of  Aus-  Battersea  (bat'fer-se).    A  borough  (municipal) 

traha,  and  west  of  Melville  Island.    It  belongs    ^j  London,  situated  on  the  south  side  of  the 


to  the  northern  territory  of  South  Australia. 
Bathycles  (bath'i-klez),  or  Bathykles.    [Gr. 

BadvK^ijg.']    Bom  at  Magnesia :  lived  about  560 

B.  C.     A  Greek  sculptor.     He  constructed  a 

throne  for  the  colossal  statue  of  the  Amyolssan 

Apollo  in  Laeonia. 
Bathyllus  (ba-thil'us)  of  Alexandria.     Lived  . 

about  20  B.  C.    A  freedman  of  Maecenas,  noted  Xnp?rks      It  faces  Chelsea  Hospital,  and  is  on  the 


Thames,  4  mUes  southwest  of  St.  Paul's.   Pop- 
ulation (1891),  150,458. 

The  name  of  Peter's  Eye  or  Island  still  lingers  in  that  of 
Battersea  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  which  was 
part  of  the  ancient  patrimony  of  St.  Peter's  Abbey  at  W  est- 
minster.  It  was  formerly  famous  for  its  asparagus  beds. 
Hme,  Walks  in  London,  II.  448. 
One  of  the  more  recent  Lon- 


as  a  comic  dancer  in  the  "pantomimi."  surrev^ride'of  the  Th'ameT'"it  contains  a  fine  subtropi- 

BatignoUeS    (ba-ten-yol').      A  northwestem  ^^^  garden,  and  cricketrgrounds,  and  is  encircled  by  a 

quarter  of  Paris.  path  for  equestrians.  

Batian  (bat-yan'),  or  Batchian  (bach-yan').  Battery  (bat'er-i).  The.     A  park  of  aboirt  20 

One  of  the  Molucca  Islands,  situated  southwest  acres  at  the  southem  extremity  otJN  ew  x  orK 

of  Gilolo,  in  lat.  0°  45'  S.,  long.  127°  40'  E.  city,  on  or  near  the  site  of  an  old  Dutchjort. 
It   is  under  Dutch  suzerainty.     Area  (esti- 
mated), 800  to  900  square  miles. 

BatUe  (bat'lye),  Lorenzo.  Bom  at  Monte- 
video, 1812.  An  Uruguayan  general  and  states- 
man. During  the  nine  years'  siege  of  Montevideo  by 
Oribe,  Battle  belonged  to  the  "Defensa,"  or  Montevideau 
party,  commanding  one  of  the  bodies  of  infantry  in  the 
garrison,  and  leading  various  raids  into  the  interior.  He 
was  minister  of  war  under  Flores ;  provisional  president 
1866-68 ;  and  was  elected  president  Feb.  28, 1868.    During 

his  term  there  were  frequent  revolts  and  a  great  financial  -- -  - — r, '  . ,.,   -u^v.-f 

crisis.    He  gave  up  the  offlce  in  1872  and  resumed  his  Battey  (oat  i),  JSODerii^                                o    -lonr. 

duties  as  general.                                                        „  Nov.  26,  1828 :  died  at  Rome,  Ga  ,,  JNov.  »,  i»yo, 

Batley  (bat'li).    A  town  in  the  West  Riding  of  j^^  American  physician  and  surgeon.  He  waspro- 

Yorkshire,  England,  8  miles  southwest  of  Leeds,  (essor  of  obstetrics  in  the  Atlanta  Meaical  Cou?f  (if/?^ 

It  has  manuflctures  of  woolens  and  shoddy.  1875),  aM  edrtor  of  the  ■  A^^^^^^^^^ 

Population  (1891),  28,719                             .        .  i°Z''^l^^ni'^ttSlf^eSnllvth.Ternoys.lotaxe 

Batn-el-Hajar  (bat-n-el-ha'jar).    Aregion  m  beeji^^nowna                                          „     ,   „„„ 

Nubia,  on  both  sides  of  the  Nile  above  the  sec-  Batthv4nvi  (bot'yon-ye).  Prince  Karl  vpn. 

ond  cataract,  about  lat.  21°-22°  N.  Bom  W:  died  April  15, 1772.    A  Hungarian 

Batonapa  (ba-to-na'pa).      [Opata  language,  ^eld-marshal.    HeplayedaprominenljpMtintheWai 

'place  where  the  water  boils,'  from  the  hot  of  the  Austrian  Su^ocessionan5di8tingui&edh^^^ 

springs  at  the  foot  of  the  hill.]     A  hill  a  few  the  victory  over  the  French  and  Bavarians  at  Pfaflenho- 

ruiles  south  of  Banamiohi  on  the  Sonora  River,  J«"' •*»"}  '■^'  ?'^-      ,  -  „„.       r,„™  -t  Presbure. 


It  was  at  one  time  a  fashionable  quarter,  and  is  now  fre- 
quented by  the  poor  of  the  lower  part  of  the  city.    See 

Batteux  (ba-te'),  Charles.  Born  near Vouziers, 
Prance,  May  6,  1713 :  died  at  Pans,  July  14, 
1780.  A  French  litterateur  chiefly  noted  as  a 
writer  on  esthetics.  Author  of  "  ParallHe  de  la  Hen- 
ri n  d  p  et  du  Lutrin"  (1746),  "  Beaux- Arts  r(5duits  k  un  m6me 
pitocipe'Vm^^'CoLs^^^ 

oipal  work),  "La  construction  oratoire'  (1764),'  Histoire 

des  causes  premitos,  etc."  (1769),  etc.  .„  p„ 

••■■  ■"■■—'-     Born  at  Augusta,.Ga., 


tions  consisting  of  rude  parapets  of  stone 


gary  .M^ch-Sept..  1848.  ^  After  his  resignation  he  took 


■^;7l^S^^^^^^^^^^     ""  irpTbS-akitrchieflri  a  memger  of 


Batthy&nyi,  Coimt  Lotiis 

with  great  moderation;  baton  the  entrance  of  the  Aus- 
tnans  into  Pesth  he  was  arrested  and  at  the  end  of  the 
war  executed. 

Battiadae  (ba-ti'a-de).  [Grr.  Bamddai,  from  Bdr- 
roc,  Battus.]  A"  dynasty  of  rulers  in  Gyrene, 
whicli  reigned  from  the  7th  to  the  5th  century 
B.  0.  They  were  as  follows,  according  to  Rawlinson: 
Battus  I.  (founder  of  the  city),  631-691 ;  Arcesilaus  I. 
(his  aonX  691-675 ;  Battus  II.  (the  Happy,  his  son),  676- 
666;  Arcesilaus  II.  (the  Ill-tempered,  his  son),  565(?)-640  (?) ; 
Battus  III.  (the  Lame,  his  son),  640  (?)-630(?);  Arcesilaus 
III.  (his  son),  630  (?)-616  (?);  Pheretima,  regent,  616  (?>- 
614  m ;  Battus  IV.  (the  Fair,  son  of  Arcesilaus  III.),  514  (?)- 
470  (?) ;  Arcesilaus  IV.  piis  son)  ascended  the  throne  about 
470,  gained  a  Pythian  victory  466,  and  lived  perhaps  tiU 
nearly  431. 

Battle  (bat'l),  Mrs.  A  character  in  Lamb's 
"Essays  of  Elia." 

"A  clear  fire,  a  clean  hearth,  and  the  rigor  of  the  game," 
this  was  the  celebrated  wish  ol  old  Sarah  Battle  (now  with 
God),  who  next  to  her  devotions  loved  a  good  game  of 
whist.       Charles  Lamb,  Mrs.  Battle's  Opinions  on  Whist. 

Battle  (bat'l).  [Orig.  Bataille :  "thset  mynster 
iBt  th83re  Bataille,"  'the  minster  at  the  Battle' 
(AS.  Chron.  an.  1094),  Battle  Abbey.]  A  town 
in  the  county  of  Sussex,  England,  7  miles 
northwest  of  Hastings.  It  contains  an  abbey  (Battle 
Abbey),  founded  by  William  I.  (1067)  in  gratitude  for  his 
victory  at  Hastings.  The  remains  include  considerable 
portions  of  the  monastic  buildings  (in  part  fitted  as  a  res- 
idence of  the  Duke  of  Cleveland),  fragments  of  the  cloisters 
and  refectory,  and  the  ruins  of  the  large  church.  The 
entrance  is  by  a  splendid  fortified  medieval  gate.  See 
SerUao.    Population  (1891),  3,163. 

Battle  above  the  Clouds.  A  popidar  name  of 
the  Battle  of  Lookout  Mountain  (which  see), 
Nov.  24,  1863. 

Battle  at  Sea.  A  painting  by  Tintoret  in  the 
Museum  at  Madrid,  representing  an  attack  on 
Christian  ships  by  Moslem  corsairs.  In  the  fore- 
ground a  strenuous  hand-to-hand  combat  rages  around  a 
beautiful  female  figure.    The  coloring  is  rich  and  strong. 

Battle  Bridge,  King's  Cross.  In  old  London,  a 
locality  marked  by  a  bridge  across  the  Upper 
Fleet  or  Holborn,  supposed  to  have  derived  its 
name  from  a  battle  between  Suetonius  and 
Boadicea,  or,  more  probably,  between  Alfred 
and  the  Danes. 

Battle  Creek.  A  city  in  Calhoun  County, 
southern  Michigan,  108  miles  west  of  Detroit 
on  the  Kalamazoo  Eiver.  Population  (1900), 
18,563. 

Battle  Hill.  A  height  in  Greenwood  Ceme- 
tery, Brooklyn,  the  scene  of  a  part  of  the  Bat- 
tle of  Long  Island. 

Battle  Monumeilt,  A  memorial  structure  in 
Baltimore,  Maryland,  built  in  1815  to  com- 
memorate the  soldiers  who  were  engaged  in 
the  defense  of  the  city  against  the  British 
troops  in  September,  1814.  The  total  height 
of  the  monument  is  72  feet.  Wheeler,  Familiar 
Allusions. 

Battle  of  Alcazar,  The.  A  play  by  Peele, 
acted  in  1588-89  and  printed  in  1594.  Under  this 
name  Peele  writes  of  a  battle  fought  in  Barbary  between 
Sebastian,  king  of  Portugal,  and  Abdelmelek,  king  of  Mo- 
rocco, which  really  took  place  in  1678  at  Aloacer  Quibir  or 
Al-Kasr  al-Eebir. 

Battle  of  Amazons.  A  painting  by  Rubens ,  in 
the  old  Piuakothek  at  Munich.  The  subject  is  the 
victory  of  Theseus  over  the  Amazons  on  the  Thermodon. 
The  chief  struggle  is  on  a  bridge,  upon  which  the  Greeks 
are  charging,  while  the  Amazons  begin  to  flee  at  the  oppo- 
site end.  Horses  and  riders,  dead  and  wounded,  are  fall- 
ing in  confusion  into  the  stream. 

Battle  of  Dorking,  The.    See  DorUng. 

Battle  of  the  Baltic,  The.  A  lyric  by  Thomas 
Campbell. 

Battle  of  the  Books.  A  satirical  work  by 
Jonathan  Swift,  written  in  1697.  it  is  his  contri- 
bution to  the  famous  Bentley  and  Boyle  controversy,  and 
his  first  prose  composition. 

Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice.  See  Batra- 
chomyomachia. 

Battle  of  the  Giants.  An  epithet  applied  to 
the  battle  of  Marignano  or  Melegnano,  Sept. 
13  and  14,  1515,  in  which  Francis  I.  of  Prance 
defeated  the  Duke  of  Milan  and  the  Swiss :  so 
called  from  the  obstinacy  with  which  it  was 
fought,  and  the  superior  character  of  the  troops 
on  iboth  sides. 

Battle  of  Hastings,  The.  1 .  See  Bastings  and 
Senlac. — 3.  Apoem  by  Chatterton,  written  about 
1768.  He  wrote  two  poems  of  this  name,  the  first  of  which 
he  acknowledged,  but  insisted  that  the  second  and  very 
much  longer  one  was  by  Rowley  from  the  Saxon  ot  Turgot. 
3.  The  first  tragedy  written  by  Richard  Cum- 
berland, produced  in  1778. 

Battle  of  ISSUS.  1 .  See  Issm.— 2.  A  celebrated 
ancient  mosaic  from  the  House  of  the  Faun  at 
Pompeii,  now  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples. 
It  is  about  17  by  8  feet,  formed  of  small  cubes  of  marble, 
and  represents  with  much  life  and  vigor  kings  Alexander 
and  Darius  in  active  combat,  with  both  horse  and  foot. 


130 


Bauer,  Bruno 


Battle  of  the  Eegs.  A  mock-heroic  poem  by 
Francis  Hopkinsou,  occasioned  by  an  episode 
in  the  Revolutionary  War. 

Battle  of  the  Nations.    See  Nations. 

Battle  of  Prague,  The.  A  piece  of  music  com- 
posed by  Kotz  wara.  it  was  published  in  1792,  and  is . 
what  is  known  as  program  music,  describing  the  battle 
between  the  Prussians  and  Austrians  before  Prague  in 
1767. 

Battle  of  the  Spurs.    See  Spurs. 

Battle  of  the  Standard.  See  standard.  Bat- 
tle of  the. 

Battle  of  the  Thirty.    See  Thi/rty. 

Battleford  (bat'1-ford).  A  town  in  Saskatche- 
wan, Canada,  situated  at  the  junction  of  Battle 
Eiver  with  the  Saskatchewan.  It  was  formerly 
the  capital  of  the  Northwest  Territories. 

Battus  (bat'us),  or  Battos  (bat'os).  [Gr.  Mt- 
ro^.']  A  Greek  of  Thera,  the  leader  of  a  col- 
ony to  Cyrene  about  630  b.  c,  and  its  first 
king.  There  were  later  kings  of  the  same 
name.    See  Battiadas. 

Batu  (ba-to').  A  group  of  small  islands  west  of 
Sumatra,  nearthe  equator,inhabited  by  Malays. 
The  largest  is  45  miles  in  length.  They  belong 
to  the  Netherlands. 

Batucos  (ba-to'koz).  [A  southern  Pima  name.] 
An  extinct  tribe  of  the  southern  Pimas  or  N6- 
bomes  of  central  Sonora.  They  were  sedentary, 
their  dwellings  were  of  a  better  class  (of  adobe),  and  they 
dressed  more  substantially  than  their  southern  neighbors 
of  Yaqui  stock.  The  pueblo  of  Batuco  still  exists,  but 
the  population  has  become  Mexicanized,  and  the  language 
is  mostly  lost. 

Batuearis  (ba-t8-a-a'rez).    An  Indian  tribe  of 

Sinaloa,  now  extinct. 
Batu  Khan  (ba-to  khan').    Died  about  1255.  A 

grandson  of  Jenghiz  Khan,  and  Mogul  ruler  of 

Kipohak.    He  defeated  Henry,  duke  of  Lower  Silesia, 

at  Wahlstadt  in  1241,  and  B41a  IV.,  king  of  Hungary,  on 

the  Saj6  in  1242,  and  held  Hussia  in  subjection  ten  years. 
Batum  (ba-tom'),  or  Batoum.    A  seaport  in 

Transcaucasia,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Black 

Sea  in  lat.  41°  39'  N.,  long.  41°  36'  E.    it  has  the 

best  harbor  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the  Black  Sea,  and  is 

the  chief  commercial  place  in  Transcaucasia,  everting 

timber,  hides,  wax,  etc.    It  is  connected  by  railway  with 

Tifiis.  '  The  modern  town  stands  near  the  site  of  the  an- 
cient Petra,  earlier  Bathys.     It  was  ceded  to  Eussia  in 

1878.    Population  (1891),  10,167. 
Batuta,  Ibn.    See  Ibn  Batuta. 
Batz  (bats),  or  Bas  (bas).    A  small  island  in 

the  English  Channel,  belonging  to  the  depart- 
ment of  Finistfere,  France,  14  miles  northwest  Baudour  (bo-dor') 


"  Thfephile  Gautier  "  (1869), "  Les  paradis  artifioiels,  opium 
et  hasohich"  (1861),  translations  of  Poe's  works,  etc.  His 
complete  works  were  published  in  four  volumes  in  1869. 

Baudelocque  (bod-lok'),  Jean  Louis,  Born  at 
Heilly,  Picardy,  1746:  died  at  Paris,  1810.  A 
French  surgeon.  He  studied  under  Solajr^s,  and  be- 
came accoucheur  of  the  Hospital  de  la  Maternity,  Author 
of  "  L'Art  des  Accouchements  "  (1781). 

Baudens  (bo-don'),  Jean  Baptiste  Lucien. 

Born  at  Aire,  Pas-de-Calais,  April  3,  1804: 
died  at  Paris,  Dec.  3, 1857.  A  French  surgeoij. 
He  became  surgeon  in  the  French  army  in  Algeria  in  1830, 
where  he  founded  a  hospital  in  which  he  taught  surgery 
and  anatomy  for  nine  years.  He  returned  to  I^ance  in  1841, 
becoming  director  of  the  military  hospital  of  Val-de-Gr&ce, 
and  serving  as  member  of  the  sanitary  commission  of  the 
army  in  the  Crimean  war.  He  wrote  "Mouvelle  mdthode 
des  amputations"  (1842),  and  "La  guerre  de  Crhaie,  etc." 
(1857). 

Baudin  des  Ardennes  (bo-dan'  dazar-den'), 
Charles.  Born  at  Sedan,  1792 :  died  at  Ischia, 
June  7,  1854.  A  French  naval  officer.  He  served 
with  distinction  against  the  English  1808-12.  After  the 
Hundred  Days  he  engaged  in  trade,  but  returned  to  the 
navy  on  account  of  reverses  in  1830.  In  1838  he  was  sent 
to  Santo  Domingo  with  the  commissioners  who  were  to 
demand  indemnity  for  losses  sustained  by  French  subjects; 
and,  shortly  after,  with  the  grade  of  rear-admiral,  he  was 
empowered  to  secure  a  similar  indemnity  from  Mexico. 
His  demands  being  refused,  he  bombarded  the  fort  of  San 
Juan  de  Ulila,  Vera  Cruz  (Nov.  27, 1838),  forced  its  aban- 
donment next  day,  and  on  Dec.  5  occupied  Vera  Cruz  after 
a  hot  fight,  but  soon  withdrew ;  he  then  blockaded  the 
port  until  the  French  demands  were  settled  by  a  treaty. 
On  his  return  to  France  he  was  made  vice-admiral ;  com- 
manded on  South  American  coasts  1840 ;  was  prefect  of 
Toulon  1840-47,  and  president  of  the  Bureau  of  Longi- 
tude after  1848.  Shortly  before  his  death  he  became  full 
admiral. 

Baudin,  Nicolas.  Bom  at  lie  de  E6,  1750: 
died  in  Mauritius,  Sept.  16, 1803.  A  captain  in 
the  French  navy,  and  naturalist.  He  conducted 
an  exploring  expedition  to  Australia,  an  account  of  which 
was  published  by  P^ron  in  "Voyage  aux  terres  Australes 
par  les  corvettes  G^ographe  et  le  Naturaliste  "  (1807). 

Baudissin  (bou'dis-sen),Wolf  Heinrich  Fried- 
rich  Karl,  Count  von.  Born  at  Rantzau,  Jan. 
30,  1789:  died  at  Dresden,  April  4,  1878.  A 
German  litterateur,  contributor  to  the  German 
translation  of  Shakspere  edited  by  Schlegel  and 
Tieck.  The  plays  translated  by  him  are  "Henry  VIII.," 
"Much  Ado  about  Nothing,"  "Taming  of  the  Shrew," 
"Comedy  of  Errors,"  "Measure  for  Measure,"  "All's  well 
that  Ends  well,"  "Antony  and  Cleopatra,"  "Troilus  and 
Cressida,"  "Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,"  "  Love's  Labour  's 
Lost,"  "Titus  Andronioua,"  "Othello,"  and  "Lear."  He 
also  published  "Ben  Jonson  und  seine  Schule "  (1836), 
translations  of  a  number  of  old  English  dramas. 

A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  near  Mons,  noted 
for  its  pottery. 

Baudricourt  (bo-dre-kor'),  Jean  de.  Died  at 
Blois,  May  11,  1499.  A  French  marshal.  He 
served  successively  under  Charles  the  Bold,  Louis  XI. ,  and 
Charles  VIII.,  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  the  Swiss  cantons 
in  1477,  was  made  governor  of  Burgundy  and  Besaufon  In 
1481,  and  became  a  marshal  of  France  in  1486. 

Baudrier  (bod-re-a'),  Sieur  de.  A  pseudonym 
of  Jonathan  Swift. 

Baudrillart  (bod-re-ySr'),  Henri  Joseph 
L6on.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  28, 1821 :  died  there, 
Jan.  24,  1892.  A  French  political  economist. 
He  became  editor  of  the  "  Constitutionnel,"  and  later  of 
the  "Journal  des  Economistes."  Among  his  works  are 
" Manuel  d'^oonomie  politique  "  (1867),  "Des  rapports  de 
la  morale  et  de  I'^oonomie  politique"  (1860),  "Publicistes 
modernes"  (1862),  "Histoire  du  luxe"  (1878-80),  etc. 


of  Morlaix.  It  contains  three  villages,  with 
about  1200  inhabitants,  and  has  a  good  harbor. 

Batz,  Bourg  de.  A  small  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loire-Inf6rieure,  France,  situated  on 
the  coast  14  miles  west  of  St.  Nazaire.  It  has 
important  salt-works. 

Baubo  (bft'bo).  [Gr.  Bat)/3(!)  or  Ba/3u.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  personage  connected  with  the  Eleu- 
sinian  myth  of  Demeter,  developed  chiefly  un- 
der the  influence  6f  Orphism.  According  to  the 
myth  the  goddess  (see  Demeter),  in  search  of  her  daughter, 
came  to  Baubo,  who  offered  her  something  to  drink  whicli 
was  refused.  Thereupon  Baubo,  indignant,  made  an  in- 
decent gesture  which  caused  Demeter  to  smile  and  accept 
the  gift.  In  a  fragment  of  an  Orphic  hymn  the  same  act 
is  attributed  to  a  servant  Iambus.  Baubo  came  to  have 
a  place  in  the  nocturnal  mysteries  of  Eleuais.  Goethe 
makes  her  symbolize  gross  sensuality  in  the  second  part 

•RniipTipr  (ho-=l>la'^  ■Prntipnia  Brnm  at  Ver-  BaudriUart,  Jacg.UeS  JoSOph.  Bom  at  Gi- 
saiilesflTge:  ld\t  Paris',  March  l"  1873"^'!  --'  Ardennes  France,  May  20, 1774:  died  at 
French  hippologist.  He  invented  a  new  method  of  ^%'„^' ^fj''^  2*' ^^^2.  A  noted  French  writer 
training  saddle-horses,  of  which  the  chief  feature  is  a     "^  loresiry. 

method  ot  suppling  the  horse's  neck  and  jaw  by  a  pro-  Baudty  (bo-dre'),  Paul  JaCQUeS  Aim6.     Bom 
gresaive  series  of  flexions  of  the  muscles,  so  that  the  am-     ^t  La  Eoche-Sur-Yon,  Vendfie,  France,  Nov  7 

1828:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  17,  1886.  A  French' 
painter  of  historical  subjects  and  portraits,  and 
also  of  decorative  works.  Of  the  last  the  best-known 
are  in  the  foyer  of  the  Grand  Op^ra  at  Paris  (1866-74).  He 
became  a  member  of  the  Institute  in  1870. 


mal  ceases  to  bear  or  pull  on  the  bit.    He  wrote  "  M^thode 
d'^quitation"  (1842). 
Baucis  (b&'sis).    [Gr.  BauKi'f.]    In  Greek  legend, 
a  Phrygian  woman  who,  with  her  husband 
Philemon,   showed   hospitality  to    Zeus    and 


Hermes  when  every  one  else  had  refused  them  Ba^^gr(l,„^,^^)^  ^jjtj,^_    ^^^    ^^    Marburg, 
admission.    Thev  were  saved  from  an  inundatmn  with      a —   iS   ir"7o.  ^:„.:i  ^../-ihxai t -.    -.^.s' 


admission.    They  were  saved  from  an  inundation  with     \,,~  iq   1770.  fliRfl  =+ ftK+HriCTOTi    Tti,id  1    ia,ia' 
which  the  country  was  visited  by  the  gods,  and  were  made      i  ^'J^'  -I'f-^-  aiea  at  iiottmgen,  June  1,  1843 

-      --         ■       A  Oterman  ]unst.    He  became  professor  at  Gottingen 

in  1813,  and  privy  judiciary  councilor  in  1840.    Among 
his  works  is  "  Grundsatze  des  Kriminalprozesses  "  (1806), 


priests  in  the  temple  of  Zeus.  Wishing  to  die  together, 
tliey  were  changed  at  the  same  moment  into  trees.  Goe- 
the wrote  a  poem  on  this  subject. 

Baucis.    A.  Greek  poetess  of  Tenos,  a  friend  of 
Erinna  and  a  disciple  of  Sappho, 
upon  her  by  Erinna  is  extant. 

Baucis  and  Philemon.  A  poem  by  Swift,  pub- 
lished in  1707. 

Baudelaire  (bod-lar'),  Pierre  Charles.  Bom 
at  Paris,  April  9, 1821 :  died  there,  Aug.  31, 1867. 
A  French  critic  and  poet  of  the  Romantic 
school.  He  was  graduated  from  the  Lyc^e  Louis-le- 
Grand,  Paris,  in  1839.  In  1846  and  1846  he  published  vol- 
umes entitled  "The  Salon,"  in  which  he  criticized  the 
annual  art  exhibitions  of  Paris,  and  which  established  his 
reputation  as  a  critic.  He  also  wrote  "Fleurs  du  Mal" 
(1857 :  prosecuted  as  immoral ;  expurgated  edition  1861), 


a  revised  edition  of  which  was  published  under  the  title 
,  ..      ,      of  "LehrbuchdeBStratprozesses"(1836). 

An  epitapn  Baugr,  Bruno.  B6m  at  Eisenberg,  in  Saxe- 
-Altenburg,  Sept.  6, 1809:  died  at  Eixdorf,  near 
Berlin,  April  13,  1882.  A  German  philosophi- 
cal, theological,  and  historical  writer  of  the 
Hegelian  school,  noted  as  an  exponent  of  ex- 
treme rationalism.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Religion 
des  Alten  Testaments"  (1838),  "Eritik  der  evangelischen 
Geschiohte  des  Johannes"  (1840),  "Das  entdeckte  Chris- 
tenthum  "  (1843),  "  Geschiohte  der  FranzBslschen  Revolu. 
Won"  (1847),  "Geschiohte  der  Politik,  Kultur  und  Auf- 
klarung  des  18.  Jahrhunderts"  (1843-46),  "  Die  Apostelge- 
Bchiohte  "  (1850), ' '  Kritik  der  Paulinisohen  Briete  "  (ISWl 
"Cbristus  und  die  Casaren"  (1877),  etc. 


Bauer,  Edgar  131 

^•^'^l'n^^^A^\  5?™  ^*  Charlottenburg,  Oct.  Baumgarten,  Sigmund  Jakol).    Bom  at  Wol- 
7,  ISM:  aiea  at  Hannover,  Aug.  18,  1886.     A    mirstedt,  near  Magdeburg,  March  14, 1706:  died 
German  publicist,  brother  of   Bruno  Bauer:    at  HaUe,  July  4,  1757.    A  German  Protestant 
author  ot  numerous  historical  and  polemical    theologian,  professor  at  HaUe  1730-57 
^Q^i  Jl"^^  ^^x^'i"?;  He  was  imprisoned  Baumgarten-Orusius   (-kro'ze-os),  Ludwig 

(m3-48)  on  account  of  his  "  Streit  der  Kritik    Frie&ich  Otto.    Bom  at  Merseburg,  July  31, 
mit  Kirohe  und  Staat."  1788 :  died  at  Jena,  May  31,  1843.    A  Geriman 

^^^^h^^^i"^^^:  ?°™^^*  Heidelberg,  March    Protestant  theologian,  professor  at  Jena  from 
29, 1807 :  died  at  Zurich,  Oct.  18, 1877.     A  noted     1812.    He  was  the  author  of  "  Lehrbuch  der  Dogmen- 

German  actress,  morganatic  wife  (1829)  of  Leo-    —-••■•-••'-■•  '"•™  ""^   «■' '-■--      ■ 

pold  (later  King  of  the  Belgians)  under  the 
name  of  Countess  Montgomery,    she  returned  to 

'  the  stage  when  Leopold  became  king,  and  finally  aban- 
doned it  in  1844  ;  In  this  year  also  she  married  a  Polish 
count.    She  was  famous  both  in  comedy  and  tragedy. 

Bauerle  (boi'er-le),  Adolf.  Bom  at  Vienna, 
AprU  9,  1786:  died  at  Basel,  Sept.  20,  1859. 
An  Austrian  dramatist  and  novelist. 


„         „,  He  founded 

the  "Wiener  Theaterzeitung"  (1806),  and  was  the  author 
of  the  comedies  "Die  falsohe  Primadonna"a818),  "Der  Baumgartner,   GalluS  Jakob 

Freundin  der  Noth,"  etc.,  and  of  various  novels,  including       "     •■     ".""!*"  ^""Y^ 

"Therese  Krones"  (1854),  "Ferdinand  Eaimund  "  (1855), 
both  ot  which  appeared  under  the  pseudonym  Otto  Horn 

Bauernfeind  (bou'em-find),  Karl  Maximilian 
von.  Bom  at  Arzberg,  Bavaria,  Nov.  18, 1818 
died  at  Munich,  Aug.  2,  1894.    A  German  geod 


geschiohte"  (1831-32),  "Kompendium  der  Doginenee. 
Bchichte  "  (1840-46),  etc. 

Baumgartner  (boum '  gart  -  ner),  Andreas, 
Baron  von.  Born  at  Friedberg,  Bohemia, 
Nov.  23, 1793:  died  near  Vienna,  July  30, 1865. 
An  Austrian  scholar  and  politician.  He  became 
professor  of  physics  at  the  University  of  Vienna  in  1823 ; 
was  minister  of  commerce,  trade,  and  public  works,  1851- 
1856  ;  and  became  president  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
at  Vienna  in  18B1. 

__ Bom  at  Alt- 

statten,  Switzerland,  Oct.  18,  1797:  died  at 
Saint  Gall,  Switzerland,  July  12,  1869.  A 
Swiss  historian  and  politician.  He  wrote  ' '  Die 
Sehweiz  in  ihren  Kampfen  undUmgestaltungen 
von  1830-50"  (1853-66),  etc. 


esist  and  engineer.     He  became  professor  ot  geod-  Baumgartner  (boum 'gart -ner),  Karl  Hein- 


esy  and  engineering  in  the  School  of  Engineering  at 
Munich  in  1846,  and  was  the  inventor  of  a  prism  for  mea- 
suring distances  which  bears  his  name.  Author  of  "  Ele- 
mente  der  Vermessungslcunde  "  (1856-58).  etc. 

Bauernfeld  (bou'em-feld),  Eduard  von.  Bom 
at  Vienna,  Jan.  13,  1802 :  died  there,  Aug.  9, 
1890.  An  Austrian  dramatist.    ■ 


rich.  Bom  at  Pforzheim,  Baden,  Oct.  21, 1798: 
died  at  Baden-Baden,  Dec.  11,  1886.  A  noted 
German  physiologist,  professor  of  clinical  med- 
icine at  Freiburg  1824-62.  He  was  the  author  of 
"Beobaohtungen  Uber  die  Nerven  und  das  Blut"  (1880), 
8»u.  An  Austrian  aramatist.  Among  his  works  are  ^^-^^^^J^'  Physiologie "  (1853)  etc. 
DieBekeutnisse'X"Confession8,"18¥4r"liSgerUchunl  Baumstark  (boum'stark),  Jjiton.  Born  at 
Bomantisch"  (1835),  "  Grossjahrig  "  (1846),  "  Moderne  omzheim,  Baden,  April  14, 1800 :  died  March  28, 
Jugend  '■  (1869),  "Des  Aloibiades  Ausgang,"  etc.  1876.  A  German  classical  philologist,  professor 

Bauge  (bo-zha').    A  town  in  the  department  of    of  philology  in  the  University  of   Freiburg 
'  Maine-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on  the  Coues-    1836-71. 
non  22  miles  northeast  of  Angers,    it  was  the  Baumstark,  Eduard.    Bom  at  Sinzheim,  Ba- 
sceneol  a  French  victory  by  Marshal  de  la  Fayette  over    den,  March   28,  1807:   died  April  8,  1889.     A 
-  Population  (1891),  commune,  3,623.     German  political  economist  and  politician,  a 

brother  of  Anton  Baumstark. 

Aix-la-Ch  apelle, 


the  English  In  1421.    _  _ 

Bauges  (bozh),  Les. 


A  plateau  in  the  depart- 


me£ts  of  Savoie  and  fiaute-Savoie,  France,  Baur(bour)  Albert  Bom  at  Aix 
between  Chamb^ry  and  the  Lake  of  inneoy.  j^^  13  IRq'H^  A  GArr^;,,  hf<rft^^ 
¥^^1?  (bo-an'),  Gaspard.     Bom  at.  BaLl,    f.^'^^ldfdtf^^.tooTwtJn 


botanist  and  anatomist  of  French  descent,  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  and  botany,  and  later  of 
medicine,  at  the  University  of  Basel. 

Bauhin.  Jean.  Bom  at  Basel,  1541 :  died  at 
Montbeliand,  1613.  A  physician  and  natural- 
ist, brother  of  Gaspard  Bauhin. 

Baum  (boum),  Friedrich.  Died  at  Benning- 
ton, Vt.,  Aug.  18, 1777.  A  German  officer  in 
the  British  service  in  the  Eevolutionary  War. 
He  was  defeated  by  Colonel  Stark  and  fatally  wounded  in 
the  battle  of  Bennington,  Aug.  16, 1777. 

Baumannshohle  (bou'mans-hel-e).  Astalactite 
cave  in  the  Lower  Harz,  in  Brunswick,  5  miles 
southeast  of  Blankenburg,  near  the  Bode. 

Baumd  (bo-ma'),  Antoine.  Born  at  SenUs, 
France,  Feb.  26,  1728 :  died  Oct.  15,  1804.  A 
noted  French  chemist  and  pharmacist.  He  was 
the  discoverer  of  many  improvements  in  the  arts  and  in 
chemical  science,  and  author  of  "!&]6ment8  de  pharmacfe" 
(1762),  "Chimie  exp^rimentale  et  raisonnde_^1773),  etc. 

Baumeister  (bou'mis-ter),  Johann  wilhelm. 

Bom  at  Augsburg,  April  27, 1804:  died  at  Stutt- 
gart, Feb.  3, 1846.    A  noted  German  veterinary 
,  surgeon,  animal-painter,  and  writer  on  the  care 
and  training  of  domestic  animals.    He  was  pro 


painting  at  Weimar  1872-76. 
Baur.Ferdinand Christian.  BomatSchmiden, 
near  Canstatt,  June  21, 1792 :  died  at  Tiibingen, 
Dee.  2,  1860.  A  distinguished  German  Protes- 
tant theologian  and  biblical  critic,  the  founder 
of  the  "Tubingen  School,"  professor  at  Blau- 
beuren,  and,  after  1826,  professor  of  theology 
at  Tiibingen.  He  was  noted  for  profound  scholarship, 
strength  in  constructive  criticism,  and  boldness  in  innova- 
tion. His  theories  of  apostolic  and  post-apostolic  Chris- 
tianity were  revolutionary,  resolving  its  history  into  a 
speculative  process  of  conflicting  tendencies  (Petrinism 
and  Paulinism)  from  which  the  supernatural  and  miracu- 
lous is  eliminated.  Among  his  works  are  "  Das  mani- 
chaische  Keligionssystem  "  (1831), "  Die  ctoistliche  Gnosis, 
etc."  (1835),  "Die  christliche  Lehre  von  der  Versbhnung  * 
(1838),  "Die  christliche  Lehre  von  der  Dreieinigkeit" 
(1841-43),  "Der  Gegensatz  des  Katholizismus  und  Protes- 
tantismus,"  "  Paulus  "  (1845),  "  Lehrbuch  der  christUchen 
Dogmengeschichte  "  (1847),  "Kiitische  Untersuohungen 
iiber  die  kanonischen  Evangelien  "  (1847),  "DasMarkus- 
Bvangelium  "  (1851),  "  Das  Christenthum  und  die  christ- 
liche Kirche  der  drei  ersten  Jahrhunderte  "  (1853). 

Baur,  Gustav  Adolf  Ludwlg.  Bom  at  Ham- 
melbaeh,  June  14, 1816 :  died  at  Leipsio,  May  22, 
1889.  A  German  Protestant  theologian.  He 
became  professor  of  theology  in  the  University 
of  Leipsie  in  1870 


isI!Sr^*  the  Veterinary  School  in  Stuttgart  Baur6s  (bou-ras').     A   tribe  of   Indians  in 
lBd9-4D.  northern  Bolivia,  occupying  the  forest  region 


Baumgarten  (boum'gSr-ten),  Alexander 
Gottlieb.  Bom  at  Berlin,  July  17, 1714:  died  at 
Frankf  ort-on-the-Oder,  May  26, 1762.  A  noted 
German  philosopher  of  the  Wolfian  school,  ap- 
pointed professor  of  philosophy  at  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Oder  in  1740.  He  was  the  founder  of 
the  science  of  esthetics,  and  exerted  a  lasting  influence 


about  the  rivers  Mamor6  and  Baur6s,  ranging 
eastward  to  the  Guapor6.  Formerly  very  numerous 
and  powerful,  they  now  number  a  few  thousand,  most  of 
'  them  gathered  into  mission  villages  and  mixed  with  other 
tribes.  By  their  language  they  resemble  their  neighbors 
the  Moxds,  and  in  a  broader  sense  they  belong  to  the 
great  Arawak  stock.    They  are  agricultural  and  have  fixed 

np'on "the  terminology  of  metaphysics,  especially  in  the  ■d.„*.^|!;  /v.,-  ™„/\       a  tJ^t  in  PaRtfim  ■Rnlivia 
German  language.    Kant  held  him  in  great  esteem  as  a  ■oaures  ( DOU-ras  ).     A  nver  m  eastem  isoiivia, 
metaphysician,andforalongtime employed Baumgarten's     a  tributary  ot  the  Guapore. 
works  as  the  foundation  ot  his  lectures.    He  wrote  "De  Bause  (bou'ze),  Johann  Friedrich.     Bom  at 
nonnuUis  ad  poema  pertinentibus:-  (173^,  "^sthetica    HaUe,  Jan.  5,  1738:  died  at  Weimar,  Jan.  3, 
Acroamatica"(175M8X  "Metaphysica-  (17metc  ^g^^  '  ^      ^^g^  (j  ^^^  engraver  on'oopper! 

^^^^^^^^&^tl^^Tr^L^^Lf^^^^^  He  was  for  a  time  professor  of  this  ari;  at  the 

died  June  1§,  1893.    A  German  histonan  and  j,^^         ^f  ^rt  inieipsic. 
publicist,  prof  essor  of  history  m  the  University  ^^^^^^       ^  ^^^  ^  ^^^  government  of 

of  Strasburg  1873-89.    He  has  written  a  "Geschichte  (-in,,.i„„,i    Riirhiji    situntfid  at  the  iunction  of 

Sp_aniens.zur  leit  der  Franzosischen^Kevol^uti_onj:51_86^^^^  Gourmand,  f^|«^^^'tj^|S«^.^*^*^„^XotKga! 


"  Geschichte  Spaniens  vom  Ausbruch  der  Franzosischen 
Eevolution  bis  auf  unsere  Tage  "  (1866-71),  "Karl  V.  und 
die  deutsche  Reformation"  (1889),  etc. 

Baumgarten,  Eonrad.  One  of  the  Unter- 
walden  patriots,  famous  in  the  William  Tell 
legend. 

Baumgarten,  Michael.  Bom  at  Haseldorf, 
Holstein,  March  25,  1812:  died  at  Rostock, 
Mecklenburg-Sohwerin,  July  21, 1889.  A  Ger- 
man Protestant  theologian,  professor  of  theol- 
ogy at  Rostock  1850-58.  He  was  elected  to  the 
Reichstag  in  1874,  1877,  and  1878. 


Population,  7,085. 
Bausset  (bo-sa'),  Louis  Frangois  de.    Bom  at 

Pondicherry,  India,  Dec.  14, 1748 :  died  at  Paris, 
June  21, 1824.  A  French  ecclesiastic  and  man 
of  letters.  He  became  bishop  of  Alais  in  1784,  and  car- 
dinal in  1817;  andwas  theauthor  of  a"Histoi^edeF6ne- 
lon  "  (1808-09),  "Histoire  de  Bossuet"  (1814),  etc. 
Bautzen  (bout'seu).  A  governmental  district 
in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  corresponding 
nearly  to  Upper  Lusatia.  Area,  953  square 
miles.    Population  (1890),  370,739. 


Bavay 

Bautzen,  Wendish  Budissin  (the  official  name 
until  1868).  The  capital  of  the  governmental 
district  of  Bautzen  and  of  Upper  Lusatia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Spree  32  miles  east  of  Dresden :  one 
of  the  chief  towns  of  ancient  Lusatia.  It  has 
various  manufactures  and  is  the  seat  of  a  Roman 
Catholic  bishopric.    Population  (1890),  21,516. 

Bautzen,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained  by  Na- 
poleon, May  20  and  21, 1813,  with  about  140,000 
troops  (under  Ney,  Oudinot,  Soult,  and  others: 
Ney  with  his  40,000  men  was  not  present  on  the 
20th)  over  the  allied  Russians  and  Prussians  — 
about  90,000.  The  loss  of  the  French  was  about 
20,000;  that  of  the  Allies,  about  13,000. 

Baux  (bo),  Les.  A  small  town  near  Aries, 
France,  remarkable  for  its  castle  and  stone 
buildings.  It  was  the  capital  of  a  powerful 
medieval  oountship. 

Bavaria  (ba-va'ri-a),  G.  Bayem  or  Baiern 
(bi'em),  F.Bavifere  (bav-yar').  [ML.  Bavaria, 
from  Boa/rU,  a  tribe  connected  in  name  with 
the  Boii.  See  BohemiaJ}  A  kingdom  of  south- 
ern Germany,  the  second  in  area  and  popula- 
tion of  the  states  of  the  German  Empire.  It 
consists  of  two  unequal  and  disconnected  parts,  the  larger 
eastern  and  the  smaller  western.  The  former  or  main 
portion  is  bounded  by  Prussia  on  the  northwest,  the  Thn- 
ringian  states  on  the  north,  the  kingdom  of  Saxony  on 
the  northeast,  Bohemia  (separated  by  the  Bohmerwald) 
on  the  east,  Upper  Austria  and  Salzburg  on  the  east, 
Tyrol  (separated  by  the  Alps)  on  the  south.  Lake  Con- 
stance on  the  southwest,  and  Wiirtemberg,  Baden,  and 
Hesse  on  the  west.  It  extends  from  lat.  47°  16'  to  50°  33' 
N.,  and  from  long.  9°  to  13"  48'  E.  The  western  portion 
is  the  Palatinate,  west  of  the  Ehine,  bordering  on  Hesse, 
Prussia,  and  Alsace-Lorraine.  The  country  produces 
wheat,  rye,  oats,  and  other  cereals,  hops,  potatoes,  tobac- 
co, wine,  aaXt  etc. ;  has  mines  of  coal,  iron,  and  salt ;  and 
has  important  and  varied  manufactures.  It  exports  tim- 
ber, wine,  hops,  grain,  beer,  etc.  Bavaria  contains  8 
government  districts  (Itegierungs-Bezirke) :  viz..  Upper 
Bavaria,  Lower  Bavaria,  Palatinate,  Upper  Palatinate  and 
Batisbon,  Swabia  and  Neuburg,  Upper  Franconia,  Middle 
Franconia,  and  Lower  Franconia.  The  capital  is  Munich. 
The  government  is  a  constitutional  hereditary  monarchy, 
with  a  king,  an  upper  house,  and  a  chamber  of  159  depu- 
ties. Bavaria  sends  6  representatives  to  the  Bundesrat 
and  48  to  the  Beichstag,  and  furnishes  2  army  corps  to 
the  imperial  army.  Over  seven  tenths  of  the  population 
are  Boman  Catholic.  The  early  inhabitants  were  formerly 
identified  with  the  Boii.  The  southern  part  belonged  to 
the  Boman  Empire.  The  League  of  the  Boarii  was  formed 
from  various  German  tribes.  Bavaria  was  ruled  by  its 
dukes,  the  Agilolflnger,  from  about  560-788.  It  came  un- 
der the  supremacy  ot  Austrasia,  and  in  788  its  duke,  Tassilo 
III.,  was  deposed,  and  it  was  incorporated  witli  the  Frank- 
ish  empire.  Later  it  was  one  of  the  tour  great  German 
duchies  (and  extended  farther  to  the  east  and  south — e.  g., 
to  Italy— than  at  present).  The  duchy  of  Bavaria  passed 
to  Welf  IV.  (L)  in  1070.  In  1180,  after  the  fall  of  Henry 
the  Lion,  it  was  granted  by  Frederick  Barbarossa  to  the 
(present)  Wittelsbach  dynasty.  It  was  one  of  the  circles 
of  the  empire.  Duke  Maximilian  I.  received  the  electoral 
dignity  in  1623.  The  Upper  Palatinate  was  annexed  in 
1628.  The  Bhine  Palatinate  was  united  with  Bavaria  in 
1777.  In  1806  Bavaria  became  a  kingdom  and  joined  the 
Confederation  of  the  Bhine.  It  was  obliged  to  cede  terri- 
tory by  the  imperial  delegations  enactment  of  1803,  but 
received  Wiirzburg,  Bamberg,  Augsburg,  etc.,  and  in  1805 
Tyrol  and  other  territories.  It  received  Salzburg,  etc.,  in 
1809,  but  was  obliged  to  cede  Tyrol  and  Salzburg  in  1816. 
In  1813  it  joined  the  Allies.  It  received  a  constitution  in 
1818.  It  sided  with  Austria  in  1866,  was  the  scene  of 
several  conflicts,  and  was  obliged  to  pay  an  indemnity 
and  make  a  small  cession  of  territory  to  Prussia.  It  made 
a  treaty  with  the  North  German  Confederation  in  1870, 
and  entered  the  German  Empire  in  1871.  Area,  29,232 
square  miles.    Population  (1900),  6,176,057. 

Bavaria.  A  bronze  statue,  67  feet  high,  in 
the  Theresienwiese,  near  Munich,  designed  by 
Sehwanthaler.  It  was  built  by  order  of  Lud- 
wig  I.,  and  was  finished  in  1850.  It  stands  before 
the  Buhmeshalle  (Hall  of  Fame)  and  holds  a  wreath  above 
its  head.  There  is  an  interior  ascent  by  a  spiral  iron  stair- 
case of  sixty  steps  to  the  head,  through  apertures  in  which 
there  is  a  fine  view. 

Bavaria,  Lower,  and  Bavaria,  Upper.     See 

Lower  Bavaria  and  Upper  Bavaria. 

Bavarian  Alps.  That  part  of  the  Alps  which 
lies  in  southern  Bavaria  and  in  the  adjoining 
lands  of  the  Austrian  empire. 

Bavarian  Circle.  One  of  the  ancient  ten  circles 
of  the  old  German  Empire,  now  included  in 
Bavaria  and  neighboring  parts  of  Austria. 

Bavarian  Forest.  A  mountainous  region  in 
the  eastem  part  of  Bavaria,  north  of  the 
Danube,  noted  for  its  forests.  It  is  a  part  of 
the  Bohemian  Forest. 

Bavarian  Kigi.    See  Bigi. 

Bavarian  Succession,  War  of  the.  A  war 
between  Austria  on  one  side,  and  Prussia,  Sax- 
ony, and  Mecklenburg  on  the  other,  1778-79, 
due  to  the  extinction  of  the  Bavarian  electoral 
house.  It  was  ended  (without  fighting)  by 
the  Peace  of  Teschen,  17'79. 

Bavay,  or  Bavai  (ba-va')-  -A-  town  in  the 
department  of  Nord,  France,  14  miles  east  of 
Valenciennes.  It  is  built  on  the  site  of  Ba- 
gaeum,  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Nervii. 


Baveno 

Baveno  (ba-va'no).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Novara,  Italy,  situated  on  the  western 
shore  of  Lago  Maggiore,  opposite  the  Borro- 
mean  Islands. 

Baviad  (ba' vi-ad),  The.  A  satire  on  the  ' '  Delia 
Crusoans"  (which  see), by  William  Gifford,  pub- 
lished in  1794,  and  republished  with  "The 
MsBviad  "  (which  was  first  published  in  1795)  on 
the  same  subject  in  1797.  The  latter  also  attacked 
some  of  the  minor  dramatists  of  the  time.  The  names 
Baviad  and  Maviad  are  talcen  from  those  of  two  inferior 
poets  (see  Bavitts)  mentioned  in  VergU's  "  Eclogues,"  ill.  9 : 
"  He  may  with  foxes  ploagh  and  milk  he-goats, 
Who  praises  Bavius  or  on  Meevius  dotes." 

Baviau  (ba-ve-an')-  A  place  to  the  northeast 
of  Khorsabad,  in  Mesopotamia.  Near  it  was  dis- 
covered a  rock  with  an  inscription  containing  a  record  of 
Sennacherib's  battle  against  the  Elamite-Babylonian  coa- 
lition at  Halule,  a  city  on  the  lower  Tigris,  691  B.  0. 

Bavieca  (ba-ve-a'ka).  The  favorite  horse  of 
the  Cid. 

Bavier  (G.  ba-ver' ;  F.  bav-ya'),  Simon.  Bom 
at  Chur,  Graubiinden,  Sept.  16,  1825 :  died  at 
Basel,  Jan.  28,  1896.  A  Swiss  statesman.  He 
was  federal  president  in  1S82,  and  became  mini  sterto  Rome 
In  1883.    Author  of  "Die  Strassen  der  Schweiz  "  (1878). 

Bavius  (ba'vi-us).  Died  in  Cappadocia,  35  b.  c. 
An  inferior  Eoman  poet,  an  enemy  of  Vergil 
and  Horace.  His  name  is  always  associated  with  that 
of  Msevius,  who  shared  his  feelings  toward  those  greater 
poets  and  his  lack  of  poetical  ability.    See  Baviad. 

Bawian  (ba-we'an),  or  Bawean.  A  small  isl- 
and in  the  Java  Sea,  between  Java  and  Borneo, 
belonging  to  the  Dutch. 

Bawr  (bour),  Baroness  de  (Alexandrine  So- 
phie (joury  de  Ohampgrand,  by  her  first  mar- 
riage (dissolved  by  divorce)  Comtesse  de 
Saint-Simon),  Bom  (of  French  parents)  at 
Stuttgart,  1776:  died  at  Paris,  1861.  A  French 
novelist  and  dramatist,  she  wrote  "Argent  et 
Adresse  "  (1802),  "Le  Rival  obligeaut"  (1805),  "L' Argent 
du  voyage  "  (1809),  "Le  double  stratagtoe"  (1813),  "Au- 
guste  et  Frederic"  (1817),  "Histoire  de  la  musique" 
(1823),  etc. 

Baxter  (baks'ter),  Andrew.  [The  surname 
Baxter  is  from  iaxter,  ME.  bakster,  AS.  isecestre, 
baker.]  Born  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  1686 
(1687?):  died  at  Whittingham,  near  Edinburgh, 
April  23, 1750.  A  Scottish  metaphysician.  His 
chief  worif  is  an  "  Enquiry  into  the  Nature  of  the  Human 
Soul "  (1733). 

Baxter,  Bichard,  Bom  at  Bowton,  Shrop- 
shire, England,  Nov.  12,  1615:  died  at  London, 
Dec.  8,  1691.  A  noted  English  nonconformist 
divine.  He  was  ordained  in  1638,  was  chosen  lecturer 
at  Kidderminster  in  1640,  and  about  1645  became  a  chap- 
lain in  Cromwell's  army.  He  subsequently  favored  the 
Restoration,  and  on  the  accession  of  Charles  II.  in  1660 
was  appointed  chaplain  to  the  king,  but  left  the  Church 
of  England  on  the  passage  of  the  Act  of  Uniformity  in 
1662,  when  he  retired  to  Acton.  In  May,  1685,  he  was 
tried  by  JeiTries  on  the  charge  of  libeling  the  established 
church,  and  was  fined  five  hundred  marks,  for  non-pay- 
ment of  which  he  was  detained  in  prison  until  ifov., 
1686.  His  chief  works  are  "  The  Saint's  Everlasting  Kest 
(1050),  "A  Call  to  the  Unconverted"  (1667),  "Methodus 
Theologise"  (1674),  and  "Reliquise  Baxterianse"  (1696). 

Baxter,  Bobert  Dudley.  Bom  at  Doneaster, 
Feb.  3,  1827:  died  May  20,  1875.  An  EngUsh 
statistician.  He  became  a  solicitor  in  1842,  andapart- 
ner  in  the  law  firm  of  Baxter,  Rose,  and  Norton  at  West- 
minster in  1860.  ■  He  wrote  "The  National  Income" 
(1868),  "The  Taxation  of  the  United  Kingdom ';J1869), 
"The  National  Debts  of  the  Various  States  of  the  World  ' 
(187l),  "  Local  Government  and  Taxation  "  (1874),  etc. 

Baxter,  William  Bdward.  Born  at  Dundee, 
1825:  died  at  London,  Aug.  10,  1890.  A  Brit- 
ish politician,  traveler,  and  author.  He  became 
secretary  to  the  admiralty  under  Mr,  Gladstone  in  1868, 
and  was  secretary  to  the  treasury  1871-73.  Author  of 
"America  and  the  Americans"  (1855). 

Bay  City.  A  city,  the  capital  of  Bay  County, 
eastern  Michigan,  situated  on  the  Saginaw 
River,  near  its  mouth,  110  miles  northwest  of 
Detroit.    Population  (1900),  27,628. 

Bay  Islands.  A  group  of  islands  In  the  Gulf 
of  Honduras,  belonging  to  Honduras.  The 
largest  is  Buatan. 

Bay  of  Islands.  A  bay  on  the  northern  coast 
of  the  North  Island,  New  Zealand. 

Bay  Psalm  Book,  The.  The  earliest  New  Eng- 
land version  of  the  Psalms.  Its  title  is  "The 
Whole  Booke  of  Psalmes  Faithfully  Translated  into  Eng- 
lish Metre."  It  was  printed  in  1640,  and  was  the  first 
book  published  in  the  British  American  colonies,  though 
not,  as  has  been  said,  "in  the  New  World,  lor  there  had 
existed  a  printing-press  in  the  city  of  Mexico  one  hun- 
dred years  before. "  It  was  the  joint  production  of  Richard 
Mather,  Thomas  Welde,  and  John  Eliot.  Eight  copies 
are  known  to  be  extant. 

Bayamo  (ba-ya'mo).  A  town  in  the  interior 
of  eastern  Cuba,  25  miles  east  of  Manzanilla. 
Population  (1899),  3,022. 

Bayard  (ba'ard ;  F.  pron.  ba-yar').  The  name  of 
the  legendary  horse  given  by  Charlemagne  to 


132 

the  four  sons  of  Aymon.  He  possessed  magical 
powers,  and  the  remarkable  faculty  of  lengthening  him- 
self to  accommodate  all  his  Jour  masters  at  once,  and 
many  wonders  are  told  of  him.  He  is  said  to  be  still  ahve 
in  the  forest  of  Ardennes  where  he  can  be  heard  neighing 
on  midsummer  day.  Boiardo  introduces  him  in  "  Orlando 
Innamorato,"  Ariosto  in  "Orlando  Furioso,"  and  Tasso  in 
"Einaldo"  who  is  Renaud  or  Regnault,  one  of  the  four 
sons.  The  name  became  a  common  one  for  any  horse,  and 
is  alluded  to  in  many  proverbial  sayings  the  origin  of 
which  seems  to  be  forgotten.  "As  bold  as  blind  Bay- 
ard "  is  a  proverb  as  old  as  the  14th  century,  applied  to 
those  who  do  not  look  before  they  leap. 
Bayard  (ba'ard ;  F.  pron.  ba-yar'),  Chevalier 
de  (Pierre  du  Terrail).  Born  near  Grenoble 
about  1475 :  killed  at  the  river  Sesia,  Italy,  April 
30, 1524.  A  French  national  hero,  called  "  the 
knight  without  fear  and  without  reproach,"  dis- 
tinguished in  the  Italian  campaigns  of  Charles 
"Vin.,  Louis  Xn.,  and  Francis  I.  He  was  espe- 
cially renowned  lor  his  bravery  at  the  battles  of  Guine- 
gate  (1613)  and  Marignano  (1515)  and  the  defense  of  Mi- 
zieres  (1621). 

Bayard  (bi'ard),  James  Asheton.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  July  28,  1767 :  died  at  Wilming- 
ton, Aug.  6,  1815.  An  American  statesman. 
He  was  Federal  member  of  Congress  from  Delaware  1797- 
1803 ;  United  States  senator  1806-13 ;  and  commissioner 
to  negotiate  the  treaty  of  Ghent,  1814. 

Bayard,  James  Asheton.  Bom  at  Wilming- 
ton, Del.,  Nov.  15,  1799:  died  there,  June  13, 
1880.  An  American  politician,  son  of  James 
Asheton  Bayard.  He  was  Democratic  United 
States  senator  from  Delaware  1851-64 and  1867- 
1869. 

Bayard,  Jean  Francois  Alfred.  Bom  at  Cha- 
rolles,  Saone-et-Loire,  March  17, 1796 :  died  at 
Paris,  Feb.  19, 1853.  A  French  dramatic  writer. 
He  is  said  to  have  written,  partly  in  conjunction  with 
others,  226  pieces.  Among  them  are  "La  reine  de  seize 
ans  "  (1828),  "  Le  gamin  de  Paris  "  (1836),  etc. 

Bayard,  Nicholas.  Bom  at  Alphen,  Holland, 
about  1644 :  died  in  New  York  city,  1707.  An 
American  colonial  officer,  secretary  of  New 
York  province  in  1673  (under  the  Dutch),  and 
mayor  of  New  York  city  (under  Governor  Don- 
gan).  He  was  a  member  of  the  governor's  council, 
and  drew  up  the  Dongan  charter  (which  see). 

Bayard,  Richard  Henry.  Born  at  Wilming- 
ton, Del.,  1796:  died  at  Philadelphia,  March  4, 
1868.  An  American  Whig  politician,  a  son  of 
James  Asheton  Bayard,  United  States  senator 
from  Delaware  1836-39  and  1839-45,  charge  d'af- 
faires at  Brussels  1850-53. 

Bayard,  Thomas  Francis.  Bom  at  Wilming- 
ton, Del.,  Oct.  29, 1828:  died  Sept.  28, 1898.  An 
American  statesman,  a  son  of  James  Asheton 
Bayard.  He  was  Democratic  United  states  senator  from 
Delaw.ire  1869-85;  president  pro  tempore  of  the  Senate 
18S1 ;  member  of  the  Electoral  Commission  1877 ;  unsuc- 
cessful in  obtaining  the  nomination  as  Democratic  candi- 
date for  the  Presidency  1880'  and  1884 ;  and  secretary  of 
state  1885-89.  He  was  appointed  ambassador  to  England 
in  1893,  and  was  the  first  to  hold  that  diplomatic  rank. 

Bayazid.    See  Bajazet. 

Bayazid  (bi-a-zed'),  or  Bayezid  (bi-e-zed').  A 
smaU  town  in  the  northeastern  corner  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  south  of  Mount  Ararat,  it  was  taken  by 
the  Russians  in  the  wars  of  1828, 1854,  and  1877. 

Bayer  (bi'er),  August  von.  Born  at  Rorschach 
on  Lake  Constance,  May  3, 1803 :  died  at  Carls- 
ruhe,  Feb.  2, 1875.  A  German  painter  of  histori- 
cal and  architectural  subjects. 

Bayer,  Gottlieb  Siegfried.  Bom  1694:  died 
at  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  21,  1738.  A  German 
Orientalist.  He  became  professor  of  Greek  and 
Eoman  antiquities  at  St.  Petersburg  in  1726. 

Bayer,  Johann.  Born  at  Eaiu,  in  Bavaria,  about 
1572 :  died  at  Augsburg,  1660.  AGerman  astron- 
omer and  Protestant  preacher,  sumamed  from 
his  eloquence  "os  protestantium"  ('the  Prot- 
estants' mouth  [piece]  ').  He  was  the  author  of 
"Uranometria"  (1603),  enlarged  and  reprinted  under  the 
title  "Coelum  stellatum  christianum  "  (1627).  This  work 
was  the  first  complete  and  convenient  chart  of  the  hea- 
vens, representing  the  then  existing  state  of  astronomical 
kQowle(^e.  Bayer  was  the  first  to  adopt  the  method  of 
designating  the  stars  by  the  Greek  letters,  etc.,  in  the 
order  of  their  magnitude. 

Bayer,  Karl  Robert  Emmerich:  pseudonym 
Robert  Byr.  Bom  at  Bregenz,  Austria,  April 
15,  1835.  An  Austrian  novelist.  He  entered  the 
military  academy  at  Neustadt  in  1845,  became  lieutenant 
in  a  regiment  of  hussars  at  Milan  in  1852,  and  retired  from 
military  service  in  1862.  Among  his  works  are  "Kan- 
tonierungsbilder"  (1860),  "Osten-eiehische  Garnisonen" 
(1863),  "Anno  Neun  und  Dreizehn  " (1865),  a  number  of 
social-political  novels,  as  "  Der  Kampf  urns  Dasein  "  (1869), 
and  the  dramas  "Lady  Gloster"  (1869),  and  "Der  wunde 
Fleck  "C1S75). 

Bayern.    The  German  name  of  Bavaria. 

Bayerwald.    See  Bayrischer  Wald. 

Bayes  (baz).  A  character  in  BuoMngham's 
farce  "The  Rehearsal,"  a  dramatic  coxcomb. 
He  was  at  first  called  Bilboa,  and  was  intended  to  ridicule 
Sir  Robert  Howard ;  but  the  piece  having  been  laid  aside 


Bayly,  Ada  Ellen 

for  several  years,  and  Sir  Robert  having  meanwhile  be- 
come a  very  good  friend  of  Buckingham,  the  character 
was  altered  to  fit  Dryden,  who  at  this  time  appeared  a  fit 
object  for  satire.  The  name  Bayes  refers  to  the  lanreate- 
ship.  -  -^ 

Bayes  no  Poetaster.  See  Tmo  Emgs  of  Brent- 
ford. 

Bayes's  Troops,  Like.  A  phrase  referring  to 
the  foot-soldiers  and  hobby-horses  who  fight  a 
battle  in  Buckingham's  "Rehearsal."  when  all 
are  killed  it  is  a  question  how  they  are  to  go  off  the  stage. 
Bayes  replies :  "As  they  came  on,  upon  their  legs." 
Whereupon  they  are  obliged  to  revive  and  walk  oS. 

Bayeux  (ba-y6').  [P.  Bayetia,  LL.  Baioeas, 
Baiocasses,  Bagocasses,  L.  Badioeasses,  Gr.  QvaSt- 
Kamoi,  orig.  a  Celtic  tribe  name,  explained  as 
'great  eonquerors.'othervidse  as  'blond-haired.'] 
A  town  in  the  department  of  Calvados,  Norman- 
dy, France,  situated  on  the  Aure  17  miles  north- 
west of  Caen :  the  Roman  Augustodurus.  It  was 
the  chief  town  of  Gallic  Baiocasses,  was  called  Baiocum  or 
Baiocasses  (whence  the  modern  name)  in  the  early  middle 
ages,  and  was  the  capital  of  theFrankish  Baiocassinus,  later 
Bessin.  It  is  famous  lor  the  Bayeux  Tapestry  (which 
see).  The  cathedral  of  Bayeux  is  a  very  handsome  struc- 
ture of  the  12th  and  13th  centuries.  The  west  front  has 
lofty  twin  spires,  graceful  arcades,  and  fine  gabled  and 
sculptured  portals.  There  is  a  beautiful  vaulted  porch  on 
the  south  side,  besides  the  rich  portal  and  great  traceried 
window  of  the  transept.  The  lower  part  of  the  nave  is  of 
richly  ornamented  Romanesque  round  arches.  Population 
(1891),  8,102. 

Bayeux  Tapestry.  A  strip  of  linen  231  feet 
long  and  20  inches  wide,  presei'ved  in  the  Li- 
brary at  Bayeux,  France,  embroidered  with  epi- 
sodes of  the  Norman  conquest  of  England  from 
the  visit  of  Harold  to  the  Norman  court  until 
his  death  at  Senlac,  each  with  its  title  in  Latin. 
The  work  is  of  great  archseological  interest  from  its  de- 
tails of  costume  and  arms.  It  is  believed  to  have  been 
made  by  Matilda,  queen  of  William  the  Conqueror. 

Bayle  (bal),  Gaspard  Laurent.  Bom  at  Ver- 
net,  Provence,  Aug.  8, 1774 :  died  at  Paris,  May 
11,  1816.  A  French  physician  and  medical 
writer. 

Bayle,  Pierre.  Bom  at  Carlat,  in  Poix,  France, 
Nov.  18,  1647:  died  at  Rotterdam,  Dec.  28, 
1706.  A  noted  French  skeptical  philosopher 
and  critic.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  philosophy 
at  Sedan  in  1675,  and  at  the  Protestant  academy  of  Rot. 
terdam  in  1681,  and  was  removed  (on  account  of  his  skep- 
tical opinions)  from  his  professorship  in  1693.  He  was 
an  infiuential  leader  of  the  modern  skeptical  movement, 
and  is  chiefly  known  as  the  compiler  of  the  famous  "Dic- 
tionnaire  historlque  et  critique  "(1696),  in  which  that  ten- 
dency found  clear  expression.  Among  his  other  works  are  . 
"  Cogitationes  rationales  de  Deo,  anima,  et  malo,"  "Pen- 
s6eB  sur  la  comfete,  Sorites  k  un  docteur  de  la  Sorbonne** 
(1682),  "Commentaire  philosophique  sur  ces  paroles  de 
I'J^vangile  "  (1686).  In  1684  he  established  a  sort  of  jour- 
nal of  literary  criticism,  "  Nouvelles  de  la  r^publique 
deslettres,"  which  was  maintained  for  several  years. 

Baylen  (bi-len'),  or  Bailen.  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Jaen,  southern  Spain,  25  miles 
north  of  Jaen.     Population  (1887),  8,580. 

Baylen,  Capitulation  of.  A  capitulation  (July 
22,  1808)  by  which  the  French  general  Dupont 
and  his  army  surrendered  to  the  Spaniards  un- 
der Castafios,  and  the  French  forces  were  to  be 
allowed  to  leave  Spain.  The  Junta  of  Seville  refused 
to  ratify  the  capitulation,  and  all  the  French  except  the 
superior  officers  were  sent  to  the  galleys  at  Cadiz. 

Baylen,  Duke  of.    See  CastcMos. 

Bayley  (ba'li),  James  Roosevelt.  Bom  in 
New  York  city,  Aug.  23,  1814:  died  at  Newark, 
N.  J.,  Oct.  3, 1877.  An  American  Roman  Cath- 
olic prelate.  He  was  made  first  bishop  of  Newark 
in  1853,  and  was  archbishop  of  Baltimore  1872-77.  He 
wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  New  York" 
(1853),  etc. 

Bayley,  Sir  John.  Born  at  Elton,  Hunting- 
donshire, Aug.  3,  1763:  died  near  Sevenoaks, 
Kent,  ()et.  10, 1841.  An  English  jurist  and  legal 
andreligious  writer.  He  became  judge  of  the  King's 
Bench  in  1808,  was  removed  to  the  Court  of  Exchequer  in 
1830,  and  resigned  from  the  bench  in  1834.  He  wrote 
"  A  Short  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Bills  of  Exchange,  Cash 
Bills,  and  Promissory  Notes  "  (1789),  etc. 

Bayley,  Richard.  Bom  at  Fairfield,  Conn., 
1745:  died  on  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  17, 
1801.  An  American  physician,  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  in  Columbia  College  in  1792, 
and  of  surgery  in  1793. 

Baylies  (ba'liz),  Francis.  Bom  at  Taunton, 
Mass.,  Oct.  16,  1783:  died  there,  Oct.  28,  1852. 
An  American  politician,  member  of  Congress 
from  Massachusetts  1821-27.  He  wrote  a 
"Memoir  of  the  Colony  of  New  Plymouth." 

Baylor  (ba'lor),  Frances  Courtenay  (Mrs. 
George  Sherman  Bamum).  Bom  at  Fayette- 
ville,  Ark.,  Jan.  20,  1848.  An  American  nov- 
elist. She  has  written  "The  Perfect  Treasure"  and  "On 
This  Side,"  two  short  magazine  stories,  which  were  pub- 
lished in  book  form  as  one  narrative  under  tile  title  "  On 
Both  Sides  "  (1886),  and  other  works. 

Bayly  (ba'li),  Ada  Ellen :  pseudonym  Edna 
Lyall.    Bom  at  Brighton,  England:  died  at 


Bayly,  Ada  Ellen  133  B6ani 

Eastbourne,  Feb.  8,  1903.     An  English  nov-  Bazaine  (ba-zan'),  Frangois  Achille.    Bom    which  extends  from  Tremont  street  along  the 
elist.    Among  her  workB  are  "Won  by  Waiting"  (1879),    at  Versailles,  Feb.  13,  1811 :  died  at  Madrid,     north  side  of  the  Common  and  Public  Gardens 

"KSiSITSi*t"^(^8OT?'°^iX?d^^S'„rS^^^^^^^  ?^P,*-  ^?'  ^^?-  .  -^  ^'■^''^  marshal.     He  served     westward.     It  is  noted  as  a  street  of  residences,  and 

i>»tSS^K5>t??  'Pk^J;:,„D-~'^        ??™*"  Vif^¥-  in  Algeria,  and  in  Spain  against  the  Carlists;  commanded     its  name  is  a  synonym  for  the  wealth  and  culture  of  the 

Bayly  ( Da  li;,  1  nomas  Haynes.    BomatBatn,  the  foreign  legion  in  the  Crimean  war;  commanded  a     city. 

England,   Oct.  13,  1797:  died  at  Cheltenham,  division  in  the  Italian  war  of  1859,  and  diatinguished  Bpaponsfipld  fbe'konz-fpld  orhfik'nT,?   f5I.1\ 

Anril22  1839     AnEnffliah  son<r  wTMtBr  Hmino  himself  at  Solferino ;  took  part  in  the  Mexican  expedi-  •'*f^'''"*-^ir  V?   ^o^JZ-rem  OT  DeK   onz-teld). 

H^toiA  ^nv^lisf    1?^      *    °^V^    ,:    !  T"  «°".  and  "ecame  commander-in-chief  in  Mexico  in  1863 ;     ^.  ^"'^  ^^  Buckinghamshire,  England,  situated 

tist,  ana  noveilSC.    He  wrote  "Perfection    and  other  was  made  marshal  in  1864;   withdrew  from  Mexico  in     25  miles  west-northwest  of  London.     It  was 

l?&.'!?T^/vETS!S=T^"..*fe"°°*t'^!"   ^''^n^"''^'^^^?  1867,  and  was  made  commander  of  the  Imperial  Guard  in     the  home  and  burial-place  of  Waller  and  of 

'^^\J  \  ,,frS^^*f^'^'    ^^„'?®J~*"?^J°^.9,^°'"'  >.'.  1869.    He  commanded  a  corps  at  the  beginning  of  the     WrlTmind  Riirtn      Por,,S7AnT,7lBQn    1  77? 

and  the  tales  "  The  Aylmers,"  "A  Legend  of  KiUarney,"  Franco-German  war,  was  made  oommandlr  of  the  Army     Ji-a™!!!"!  Biirke.     l-opulation  (1891),  1,773. 

et«-        ,,-.   ^  ^           T,         .     T.                     r,  of  the  Ehine  Aug.,  1870,  and  was  defeated  before  Metz,  at  IseaCOnSflela,  Earl  or.     See  DlsraeU. 

Bayne  (ban),  Feter.     Born  in  Ross-shire,  Scot-  Gravelotte,  etc.,  and  besieged  in  Metz,  which  he  surren-  Beadle,  Harriet.     See  Tattycoram. 

land,  Oct.  19, 1830:  died  Feb.  10,1896.   AScotch  dered,withl73,000men,  Oct.  27,1870.  Forthissurrender he  Beagle   (be'gl).    Sir   Harrv       A   fox-huntine 

litterateur  and  .ionmalist.  'S^  *'^}f^  ''«'»"  %  tribunal  under  the  presidency  of  the    English  squire  in  Colman's  comedv  "  The  Jeal- 

Tt^,^^.^;!'^  n^x'^x.A    \  «__*.! .       A     i           *  _i'  Due  a  Aumale,  and  condemned  to  degradation  and  death.      ""6"="  "H""'"  ^" '-'"i'"""  =  ^""icujr      xiivovm 

Baynard  S  (ba  nardz)  Oastle.     A  strong  forti-  The  sentence  Was  commuted  to  20  years'  imprisonment,     o^s  Wife." 

fioation  on  the  Thames  just  below  Blackfriars,  and  he  was  incarcerated  near  Cannes  Dec,  1873,  whence  Beagle  Channel.    A  strait  in  the  archipelago 

founded  by  Baynard,  a  follower  of  William  the  he  escaped  Aug.  9-l0, 1874.    He  resided  later  in  Madrid,     of  Tierra  del  Fuego,  which  extends  east  and 

Conqueror,  and  forfeited  to  the  crown  by  one  J"^  wrote  several  works  on  theMetz  episode^                      .^ggt  ^  ^^^^  ggo  s_  ^  ' 

of  his  successors.    It  was  burned  in  the  Great  ^^^^'^SeMe,  bir  Joseph  William.    Bom  1819:  Beagle,  The,    The  ship  in  which  Darwin  made 

Fire,  1666.  ^„®.l  £  i"   m  ?  ^1^^'^  «  ®T?  w''^  i'  f'^^  ™;     his  voyage  as  naturalist.    She  was  a  lo-gun  brig  of 

BayneS    (banz),    Thomas    Spencer.     Bom    at  fnd  execuW  aIsS   the  svlm  o^S^^^^                   235  tons%Snmanded  by  Captam Fltzroy.  Shelailedgec 

WeUington,Somersetshire,/arch24,1823:died  ^.ZTf.^:&Zf.X^7$iS-1%  tif7^oZ:Z     ^leSd?n s^rvyyC rrkl'n\he%ou^^^ 

at   London,  May   30,  1887.     A  British  philo-  Albert,  and  the  Chelsea  embankments.                                 s^  Darwin,  Chlr& 

Bophical  writer,  appointed  professor  of  logic,  Bazan,  Don  Caesar  de.     See  Don   Cisar  de  Beale  (bel),  Lionel  Smith.    Born  at  London, 

rhetoric,  and  metaphysics  at  St.  Andrew's  m  Basan.               ,     „  .  x  »           ^      x,                1828.     An   English   physiologist  and  micro- 

1864.     He  was  assistant  editor  of  the  London  "Daily  Eazard   (ba-zar  ),   Saint- Armand.     Bom    at     scopist  professor  of  medicine  at  King's  Col- 

^Sn??^''*"°'°"''^^^'*'"°''°'*''*"^"'""'^°^*''**  l>"!i  ^®P^;  ^?'-,"^i%S^'^  ^.*^°^*ry'  'i?^"'    lege,  London,  also  of  physiology  and  morbid 

Bavonne  (ba-yon':  F.  pron.  ba-yon').    A  sea-  Montfermeil,  July  29,  1832.     A  French  social-     anatomy,  and  later  of  pathological  anatomy. 

^^^  i^  tVm  dB^artiTifint  nf   T?a«A«  Pvrtnlp«  ^^*'  0'"ganizer  of  Carbonarist  societies,  and  ad-     He  is  the  author  of  "  How  to  Work  witE  the  Microscope," 

port  m  the  department  of  Basses-Fyr6n6es,  j^erent  of  Saint-Simon.                                              "Protoplasm,  or  Life,  Matter,  and  Mind,"  "On  Life  and 

France,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Nive  Bazardjik,    A  town  in  Bulgaria,  27  miles  north     ™  Vital  Aetion  in  Health  and  Disease,"  etc. 

and  Adour,  near  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  m  lat.  43°  ^j  y^^^^     j^  ^^^  captured  by  the  Russians  in  Beale,  Mary.    Born  in  SufColk,  England,  1632: 

29' N.,  long.  1°  29   W.     It  is  a  fortress,  and  its  cita-  1774  and  1810                                                              died  at  London,  Dec.  28,   1697.     An  English 

b^l"invrtf"r';.''Th\%opu^^^^^^^  (baz'a-rof).     A  brutal  but  original    artist,  noted  as  a  portrait-painter              .   . 

and  Basque.    It  is  noted  for  its  hams.    A  celebrated  in-  medical  student  in  Turgenief's  "Fathers  and  ■peall  (bel),  John  Young.     Born  in  Virginia, 

terview  was  held  here  in  1566  between  Charles  IX.,  Eliza-  Sons."    He  is  the  representative  of  young  Russia  with     ''^^-  1>  1°35 :  died  on  Governor's  Island,  New 

beth  of  Spain,  Alva,  and  Catherine  de  Medioi,  at  which  (it  aspirations  toward  progress.  In  him  is  first  formulated  the     York  Harbor,  Feb.  24,  1865.     A  Confederate 

i?/"^?h'iL*]^^f  •K?vnnn°i^nf^^e^'Rth''»nd^\t?fS^^     °"«'?-**  ^^^^  "'  MhUism.    He  takes  pride  in  absolute     spy  and  guerrilla.   He  commanded  abody  of  menwho. 
The  cathedr^  of  Bayonne  is  of  the  18th  and  l«th  centu-    negation.  disguised  as  passengers,  seized  the  Lake  trie  steamer 

S,  Tnd  twSfine  scXtured  nortis     T^^^^^^^^  BazaS  (ba-za').     A  town  in  the  department  of  PhUo  Parsons  Sept.  19, 1864,  and  subsequently  captured 

^^!C^:'b%er^Z^^cl^^Iinit^l^^T^    Gironde,  France,  33  miles  southeast  of  Bor-  J^siHt  ISsp™sio„°'lri5L 

an  additional  aisle  In  the  church.    Population  (1891),    deaux.    _  It   figured    in    the    Huguenot  wars,  ^as  tried  at  Fort  Lafayette  'by  a  militaly  commissio^ 

27,192.  J     -J.     •      TT   J       Population  (1891),  4,948.  and,  in  spite  of  a  proclamation  by  Jefferson  Davis,  dated 

Bayonne  (ba-yon  ).     a  port  and  city  in  llud-  Bazeilles  (ba-zay').      A  village   near  Sedan,  Dec  24, 1864,  in  which  the  Confederate  government  as- 

son  County,  New  Jersey,  situa,ted  between  New    department  of  Ardennes,   France,  near  the  »um^d  the  responsibility  for  Beairs  action,  was  convicted 

York  and  Newark  bays  6  miles  southwest  of     neuse.      It  was  destroyed  by  the  Bavarians  «rf^^^f!t  Tlo+fal,-„^      A.  A^o^„o.  „.,.=  ■ 
New  York.    It  has  chemical  works,  etc.    Popu-     g     ^^   ■,    io^q  •'         ^  Bear  Flag  Battalion,    An  American  corps,  m 

lation  (1900),  32,722.        ,      ^  ^.  Bazi^S  (bo'zilash).    A  small  town  in  Hungary,     t^V^'^t^^r^L^^.Ml'^^^^t'''^'''^^^^^''' 

Bayonne,  Convention  Of.    A  convention  eon-    ^i^uated  on  the  Danube  45  miles  east  of  Bel-  iJilt  T=l?,fi  ^A  L^llT«w  i„  ih.  Arnt^. 

eluded  May  10,  1808,  between  France  and  the  j  Bear  Island.     A  small  island  m  the  Arctic 

grand  duchy  of  Warsaw.  tfa^iVars  Cba-ze-ffarz'l     Anomadic  race  widelv  J^"^^^',^"^!^  "^.^P^*^^®""^®"-      ,    .    .,     .       . 

Bayonne,  ^eaty  Of.    A  treaty  concluded  at  ^aX^.td'i^  mnlustai  amedTSrhapstTo  tt  ^o^*fi^^l^i^„AfSriw  w  ^ 
Bayonne,  May,  1808,  between  Napoleon  and    ^^„ies  of  Eui-one  Ocean,  north  of  Siberia,  about  long.  161°  E. 

Charles  IV.  of  Spain.   The  latter  renounced  his  tK^j'  /^a  zanM    Thelackevof  Aramisin''The  Bear  Lake.    A  lake  about  20  miles  long,  situ- 
right  to  the  Spa^h  throne,  ^T\'r^''e^XrtL^''by'Du^al^'""''"    ^'    f„!.i°l"i«™^?ffA' °^  ^°'^*^^"^*^'"  ^'^^^^  ^"^ 

Bayonne  Decree  A  decree  issued  by  Napoleon  B^2in  (ba-zan'),  Antoine  Pierre  Louis,  Bom  b  °  ,  Sf  a^«a*     ^^"^  ^^'"*  ^""'  ^"^^        ' 
I.  at  Bayonne,  April  17,  1808,  directing  the    1799.  ^^jg^   jges.    A  French  Orientalist.     He  ip^J  Mn,?;+^^^       A  Till   AhoiTt  7-50  fe^t  in 
seizure  of  all  American  vessels  then  m  the    published  "Thatre  chinois,"  "Grammaire  mandarine,"  Bear  Mountain,  .   A  hill,  about  750  teet  in 
ports  "of  France.  etc.  height,   situated  in  the  northeastern  part  of 

BavOU  State   (bi'o  stat).   The.     An  epithet  Bazin,  Jacques  Rigomer.    Bom  at  Mans,  1771:     Dauphin  County,  eastern  central  Pennsylvania, 
sometimes  applied  to  Mississippi.  died  Jan.  20,  1820.   A  French  publicist,  man  of    There  are  coal  deposits  m  its  vieimty. 

Bavreuth  (bi'roit),  or  Baireuth.    A  former    letters,  and  democratic  politician.    He  was  the  Bear  River,     A  river  m  northern  Utah  and 
aerma-n  huroTsviate  and  principality,  now  in     author  of  pamphlets  published  under  the  title  "Le  Lynx"     southern  Idaho,  which  falls   mto   Great  Salt 
rt, J^^JfW^  tW  of  Bavaria      It  was  united  to     d*")  ^"^  "Si"«  d-^  ^y^^"  OS^'O,  "Jacqueline  d'Olys-     Lake,  in  lat.  41°   28'   N.,  long.  112°   17'   W. 
the  northern  part  ot  Jiavaria.     it  was  united  to     ^ourg"  (1803),  a  melodrama,  "Charlemagne "(1817),  a  tra-     t  ot,o4>,    aTi^nf  4nn  milps 
Ansbach  in  1769 ;  was  acquired  by  Prussia  1791-92 ;  was     "»ji*«^iide"  rt8i6^  anovel  etc  °«       \       ■"  Liengtti,  abOUt4UU  miles, 

l^t  by  Prussia  in  1805 ;  aSd  was  ceded  to  Bavaria  in  1809.  ^^J'^tfL  S'N  or  Ba^orhP  La     An  asso-  Beard  (herd  ,  George  Miller.     Bom  at  Mont- 

Bayreuth,  or  Baireuth,    The  capital  of  the  -Bazoclie  (ba-zosli  ),  or  Basoche,  l^a  ville.  May  8,1839:  died  in  New  York  city,  Jan. 

prWee  of  Upper  Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated    ''f^'°'^.°^^]f^^2°T^'fff'^^^f^^J^±^THl    23,  1883.     An  American  physician,  author  of 
on  the  Bed  Main  in  lat.  49°  56' N.,  long.  11°    of  Paris.    It  watched  over  the  interests  o^  .-Stimulants    and   Narcotics,"    "Eating   and 

35'  E.    It  contains  the  Wagner  Theater,  the  old  and    members,  and  performed  farces  satiriz^^  the    p^i^i^    „  .^Hay  Fever  "  etc. 
new  pklaoes,  and  the  residences  of  Bichter  and  Bichard    parliament.    It  arose  at  the  beginning  ol  the  3     ^  j|         ^^  ^^^^  ^^  B^^l     jj  Y 

Wagner.    It  is  now  noted  for  its  musical  festiv^s.    For-     14th  century,  and  was  suppressed  m  1791,  but    ms  v  20  1812  •  dSd  at  Flushing  N  Y    April  4 

MlXc'll^ll'Xrn^fslor^^r"'^""''"-    1^^^^^^  ,      1,      .    ,,„    f8irAiAmeiLan  artist  b?otlr«^^ 

B,3a«tt^  -Pp  JvaT    aS^^^^^  held  Baztan,  or  Bastan  (bas-tan').    Ayalleyjn  the    ^      g^  ^^^^  ^„„^  ^^  ^      i^^^er  of  animals. 

Bajnreuth  Festival,    a  musicai  lesnvai  neiu    Pyrenees,  m  the  northern  part  of  the  prov-  -Ronrd    •WrilUnm  TTnlhrnnk      Bora  Anril  13 


a,  1000.     A  WB1U...U  ^  „""  "irc^irr,     Trr„,f™.n     ^"^^^  ^'™  ^  oaieiui  innuence  over  ms  md,»i,c..  j;  j    ^  ^1  clergyman  and  historical  writer.    He 

mer  Wald  in  eastern  Bavaria.                               Beachy  Head  (be'chi  hed).    A  chalk  headland  ^g^^S  184^"  associate  judge  of  the  supreme  Court 

Bavswater(baz'w£i-ter).   [From.Baynard'sWa-    qh  the  coast  of  Sussex,  England,  projecting  of  jjew  York  1844-47 ;  and  chief  justice  in  1847._ 

tering  Place.]     A  part  of  London  lying  north    i^to  the  English  Channel,  in  lat.  50°  44'  N..  Beardstown   (berdz'toun).    A    city  in    Class 

of  Kensington  Gardens.     The  original  Bays-    jgng.  0°  13'  E.    Its  height  is  575  feet.  County,  Illinois,  situated  on  the  niinois  Kiver 

water  was  a  hamlet  near  what  is  now  Gloucester  gea^gjiy  Head,   Battle  of,    A  naval  victory  in  lat.  40°  N.    Population  (1900),  4,827. 

Terrace.    Loftie.                                                ^    gained  near  Beachy  Head  by  the  French  under  ggg^j,jj(^g,.ar').  [L"L.5eweftar»iMTO.]  An  ancient 

Baza   (ba'tha)      A  town  in  the  province  of    Tourville  over  the  allied  English  and  Dutch  un-  province  of  southern  France,  capital  Pau,  cor- 

Granada  Spain,  57  miles  northeast  of  Granada :    ^er  Torrington,  June  30  (N.  S.  July  10),  1690.  responding  nearly  to  the  department  of  Basses- 

the  ancient  Basti  and  the  medieval  Bastiana.  Beacon  Hill  (be'kon  hil).    An  elevation  north  pyr6n6es.    In  the  middle  ages  it  was  a  viscounty.    It 

It  was  an  important  Moorish  city,  and  was  captured  by     ^  Boston  Common.     It  was  named  from  the  beacon  parsed  to  the  Albret  (Navarre^  ^^'^V^L^?  w,5,'.,1i'v  inX 

I  ablllaTnlm  It  was  the  scene  of  a  victory  of  the  French     0,\f°hich  were  formerly  lighted  upon  it.  *"^=/"^•=[.°*^?"nc^fn  relo™""'-    ^' ^"^  ^""^'''^  """"■ 

l^X'^^ngnii^'y^^^'^o'^^ok^m.nX^eB.OOn  Street.     A   street   m  Boston,  Mass.,  porated  with  France  in  16.0. 


Bfiarnais,  Le  134  Beauly  Basin 

B^araais  (ba-ar-na'),  Le.    A  surname  given  to     IS^.-Jan.  2, 1863,  and  rising  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-gen-  the  minority  of  Henry  TI.,  involved  in  a  long  contest  for 

Henry  IV .  of  Prance,  who  was   a  native  of     ?J|t  _,  ^  was  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Ohio  the  ascendancy  with  his  nephew,  the  Duke  of  Gloucester. 

B6arn.  S^i  ;    -^Mnor  of  "  The  Citizen  Soldier,  or  Memoirs  He  was  president  of  the  court  which  sentenced  Joan  of 

Bpa<!  Cba'asl    or  -Riao    l'^S'Bo^     «,.   ■Ro,™,.,!,^   -d  S"'*^*''    (\*'*)' ^''=-  Arc  to  the  stake. 

fhs  rii^h's^  'rJ  Tr^i,i=1o  /"^-f"    ?eypasha  Beau Brummel.    SeeBrummel.  Beaufort,  Margaret,  Countess  of  Richmond 

'tScI  Ar?v;rWeTn4b  &ZUr,^<]t-  Beau  Brummel  (bo  brum'el),  the  King  of  and  of  ierb^^Bori  1441:  died  1509.  The 
wS  ioin.  thrs?tl=H%n  ^^^«;  c^^^^^^^^^  °^iH^-    ^  Pl^y  ^y  William  Blanchard  ^Jer-    daughter  of  the  first  Duke  of  Somerset,  wife 

Lalfo™     TPT^^fh   nll^qnn^^l  southeast  of    rold  brought  out  at  the  Lyceum  Theater  April    successively  of  the  Earl  of  Richmond,  haU- 

■rLTZ^  r^-^^\^-A     -^       I  ^,  V-'  W^  ^  Pl^y  o^^l  "Beau  Brummel"  was  also  pro-     brother  of  Henry  VI.,  of  Henry  Stafford,  son  to 

iSeasley  (bez  h),  Frederick.    Born  near  Eden-    duced  m  New  York  in  1891  by  Richard  Mansfield.  the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  and  of  Lord  Stanley, 

ton,  JN.  O.,  1777:  died  at  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  Beau  Dldanper.    See  Didapper.  Earlof  Derby,andmother,byherfirstmarriage, 

Nov.  2,  1845.    Aji  Amenoan  clergyman  and  Beau  FeilcQng.     See  Feilding.  of  Henry  Vli.    she  endowed  Christ's  and  St.  John's 

pnuosopilical  writer,  professor  of  mental  and  Beau  Hewit,     See  Flutter,  Sir  Fopling.  OoUeges,  Cambridge,  and  founded  divinity  prof essorships 

moral  philosophy  in  the  University  of  Penn-  Beau  Nasb.    See  Nash.  a'  both  Oxford  and  Cambridge, 

sylvania  1813-28.  Beau  Nash  (bo  nash).    A  three-act  comedy  in  Beaugard  (bo'gard).  Captain,    The  principal 

Seata  Beatrix.  A  painting  by  Dante  Gabriel  prose  by  Douglas  Jerrold,  produced  at  the  Hay-  character  in  Otwa/s  "  Soldier's  Fortune  "  and 
Eossetti,  in  the  National  Gallery,  London,    it    market  and  published  in  1825.  its  sequel  "  The  Atheist." 

is  a  portrait  of  the  painter's  wife,  painted  alter  her  death,  Beau  Sabreur.  Le.  See  Handsome  Swordsman.  Beaugard,  Old.  The  wild,  extravagant  father 
7^f'i^^?lt^^::it%?^X^TBi^^t^^r'"  B^t^'s  Duel,  ihe,  or  A  Soldier  for  the  La-    of  Captain  Beaugard  in  "The  Atheist  " 

•RAatnn  rhe'tnT,  ■  Sp  ni-nn  ■h5'fnT,^  nr-R»tT,„„«>  "1®^'  -^  comedy  by  Mrs.  Oenthvre,  produced  Beaugency  (bo-zhon-se').  A  town  in  the  de- 
T??'!S5^  ?>  "  i5^^^  i^  Fl'?^^®*'l?^®J  and  printed  in  1702.  It  was  in  part  taken  from  partment  of  Loiret,  Prance,  situated  on  the 
Da^d.    Bom  1494:  mm-dered  at  the  castle  of    Jasper  Mayne's  "  City  Match."  ^  Loire  16  miles  southwest  of  Orleans.    It  suf- 

^ia^^^Trl^J^%     '  A  Scottish  prelate  Beaucaire  (bo-kar')-    A  town  in  the  depart-    fered  severely  in  the  Huguenot  wars.    Popula- 

Zitfl\rmTde  b=4TrM^lSV^'aS'r  ^^    -^^^t  ?f  ^^^^'  ^^'^^f'  «^ated  on  the  EhVe,     tion  (1891),.  commune,  4,313.    .,,^^     ^. 
1537;  became  a  cardinal  in  1638;  and  was  appointed  arch-     opposite  Tarascon,  14  miles  east  of  Nimes :  the  BeauhamaiS    (bo-ar-na),    Alexandre,     Vi- 
l)ishopofSt.Andrew'sandprimateofScotlandinl539,lord     ancient  TJgemum.    It  is  noted  for  its  fair,  and  for-     oomte  dO.      Bom  in  Martinique,  May  28,  1760: 
privy  seal  in  1628,  and  chancellor  in  1643.  He  negotiated  the     merly  had  an  ejrtensive  commerce.    Population  (1891),     guillotined  at  Paris,  July  23,  1794.     A  Preneh 
TS^?§^°i-iT^!  y-.^'o^^?*"""*  ■^"^  Magdalen  daugh-    commune,  8,947.  politician  and  general,  husband  of  Josephine 

«fGiiS.'°"^VertTe*dt?h'^?Ss  Sl'^ls"^^^^^^^^^  Beauce  (bos)      A  district  of  Prance,  included     [later  emnress)?   He  was  a  member  of  the  Constit- 

later  regained  his  liberty  and  power,  especially  opposing  '''^''nm  tne  departments  ot  liure-et-Loir  and  uent  Assembly  and  general  m  the  Army  of  the  North, 
the  proposed  English  marriage  of  Mary.  He  was  a  man  Loir-et-Cher,  famous  for  its  production  of  andwasoondenmedbytherevolutionarytribunalfortrea- 
ofloo8elileandaviolentper8ecutorotthelleformers.lt     wheat.     Its  chief  town  is  Chartres.  tj"""  i.  ■     -n      i        j      tv  i        it        x,i 

was  by  his  order  that  Wishart  was  arrested,  tried,  and  Ttpnuphflmn  Chn  qVinfi'1  Alnlinnco  .In  -R^™  BeaUhamaiS,  EugenO  dO,  Duke  of  Leuehten- 
burned  at  the  stake.  nt  M,S,=?r?  lVfi7?  H^^H 'o^^^  berg  and  PriAce  of  Eichstadt.     Born  at  Paris, 

Beaton,  or  Bethune,  James.  Died  1539.  A  f  fch  wltorip^  Lh  m^vUl^^^  k}^h  Sept.  3,  1781:  died  at  Munich,  Peb.  21,  1824: 
Scotch  prelate,  uncle  of  David  Beaton.     Hebe-    ti^^T^trXtJ'^f  ^^  '  ^  *'?S^    A  French  soldier  and  statesman,  son  of  Alex- 

came  archbishop  of  Glasgow  in  1609,  and  ot  St.  Andrew's  ^tli  the  supervision  of  the  press  under  the  3,^^^  ^^  Beauhamais  and  Josephine,  after- 
in  1622,  and  was  lord  treasurer  from  1605,  and  chancellor  ic"^'i^^9?7,-  ?^  '"o'e  a  "  Histoire  des  guerres  de  la  „„_j  Amnrfisq  of  Fraripp  no  =oto»h  w-Jh  Ma„„ 
1613-26.  He  played  a  conspicuous  part  ii  Scotch  politics  Vendue"  (1806),  "le  Faux  Dauphin  "  (1803),  "Histoire  wi^;„  ^^ttf  i™a.l^=^S^;i„S  JSJ.^„^  Tf^t'?; 
during  the  miSo/ity  of  JamSs  V.,  anS,  like  his  nephSw,  was  jle  la  conqu|te  et  des  revolutions  W  P^riu  "  (W),  "His-  f°l  -m^^edThe  Princess  S"ta  AmelTSf  laiS^l  S 
a  persecutor  (Zl)^''Att^SxYm''"al2Te^''^''''^^^^''       lloe;' wi'^dlpted  brN^oleof,  a^^^^^^^ 

Beaton,  or  Bethune,  James.     Born  1517 :  died  ^^^^>' ,  ^'®     ,C:-?l       x  '.^i  ?, .  ^'  ^^;^,  to  the  crown  ot  Italy  in  isoe ;  gained  the  battle  of  B,aab 

April  30, 1603.  A  Scotch  Roman  Catholic  prel-  Beaucnamp  (be  cham),  Philip.  [The  surname  1809 ;  commanded  an  army  corps  in  the  Russian  cam- 
ate  a  TiPTihew  of  David  Beaton  Wo  iionamo  .-^h  Beauchamp  exists  also  in  the  more  correct  paign  in  1812,  taking  charge  ot  the  broken  forces  after 
SopS'Cw°LltSindwarsc^^^^^^^  spelling /«.«/.««.,  which  represents  the  mod.     "'^^^^''^^.^^TmfJ^LX,''^ ^^^Xk^ti 

to  France  for  many  years  previous  to  his  death.    He  was    pronunciation      .Bea«cfeamp  foUows  the  mod.     St  his  vfceroyt^by  th^^c^pSgns  A 
a  man  of  high  character  and  attainments.  F.  spelling;    OF.  Seuchamp,   Beauchamp,   fair     tired  to  Bavaria,  where  he  obtained,  with  the  principiity 

Beatrice  (be'a-tris  or -tres;  It.  pron.  ba-a-tre'-    field.]     A  pseudonym  of  George  Grote.  of  Eichstadt,  the  title  ot  Duke  of  Leuchtenberg. 

che).  [h.  Beatrix,  making  happy;  F.  Beatrice,  Beauchamp,  Richard  de.  Earl  of  Warwick.  Beauharnais,  Eugenie  Hortense  de.  Born 
Beatrix,  It.  Beatrice,  Sp.  Fg.  Beatrig.']  1.  See  Born  at  Salwarp,  Worcestershire,  Jan.  28, 1382 :  1783:  died  1837.  Daughter  of  Alexandre  de 
Portinari,  Beatrice. — 2.  In  Marston's  play  died  at  Rouen,  Prance,  AprU  30, 1439.  A  noted  Beauhamais,  wife  (1802)  of  Louis  Bonaparte, 
"The  Dutch  Courtezan,"  an  innocent,  modest  English  soldier  and  statesman,  prominent  in  king  of  Holland,  and  mother  of  Napoleon  III. 
girl,  the  antithesis  of  her  gay  sister  Crispi-  affairs  of  state  during  the  reign  of  Henry  V.  Beauhamais,  Frangois,  Marquis  de.  Born 
nella. —  3.  The  gay  and  wayward  niece  of  Beauchamp,  Viscount.  The  title  given  by  the  at  La  Eochelle,  Aug.  12,  1756 :  died  at  Paris, 
Leonato,  and  rebellious  lover  of  Benedick,  in  Jacobites  to  Sir  Frederick  Vernon  in  Sir  Wal-  1823.  A  French  royalist  politician,  brother  of 
Shakspere's  comedy  "Much  Ado  about  No-    ter  Scott's  novel  "Rob  Roy."  .Alexandre  de  Beauhamais. 

thing"  :  a  character  of  intrigue,  gaiety,  wit,  Beauclerc  (bo-klark').     [F.  heau  elerc,  fine  Beauhamais,  Josephine  de.    See  Jos^phin^. 
and    diversity  of   humor. —  4.   The  principal    scholar.]     A  surname  given  to  Henry  I.  of  Beaujeu,  Anne  de.     See  Anne  de  Beaujeu. 
■character  in  Hawthorne's  story  "  Rappacini's    England,  on  account  of  his  attainments  as  a  Beauieu  (bo-zhe').    A  town  in  the  department 
Daughter."      Her  poison-fed  beauty  fills  her  lover    scholar.  of  Ehdne,  France,  situated  on  the  ArdiSre  31 

-withpassion,  horror,  and  finally  despair  when  he  sees  that  Beauclerk  (bo'Mark),  Topham.  Bom  Dec.  17,  miles  north-north  west  of  Lyons.  Population 
he  himself  has  imbibed  some  of  her  fatal  charm.     See    1739 :  ^ed  at  London,  March  11, 1780.   AnEng-     (1891),  commune,  3,290. 

■RpaTH^r  The  caDital  of  (iaae,  (^onntv  south  ^^^^  gentleman  of  refined  tastes  and  charming  Beaujeu,  Hyacinthe  Marie  L,  de.  Bom  at 
otttSS  W.T^rocvt^  Tt  j=  =^+,?f tl^^  .fwifo  TO.^  conversation,  notable  chiefly  as  the  intimate  Montreal,  Canada,  Aug.  9,  1711 :  died  July  9, 
XIrwI     pi;i»«n^%fqnnw^^  ^    friend  of  Dr.  Johnson,  and  for  his  library  of    1755.    A  French  officer  ii  America.    He  sn<^ 

-c^oT^ii;!  1?;,,.^  ?i^  K  ?;^Ar^o  ;i,l:f'Ji5\      ao„     30,000  volumes  (sold  at  auction  in  1781),  which     jeeded  Contreconr  as  commander  of  Fort  Dnquesne  in 

^^^Sla^f:;'  ^^^--^'^"^^  ''^«°«^«)-     «««    w^s  rich  in  worL  relating  to  the  EnguL  stage     jriiS^^ct  XT,\",l^tnI?eg^rtKri?ee%rt^ 

^Renf'in  ?h?Pal^zzo' t;rbe2i '^Eome'' «"L^a  BTaufort  (bo-f or '^or Beaufort-en-Vall6e (bo-  B^aClais  (bo-zho-la').  An  ancient  territory 
tfe;artlr1afelL'nov?r^tteToXt?wSiifold^^  ^''^ffj'^A^'K  F''  ^^^J"'.'  or  'castle,  of  E^ance,.  in  the  government  of  Lyonnais^ 
hair  confined  by  a  white  turban ;  the  expression  is  of  grief  iit.  Betfort]  A  town  in  the  department  ot  now  comprised  in  the  departments  of  Eh6ne 
and  gentle  resignation.  Maine-et-Loire,  France,  18  miles  east  of  .Angers,     and  Loire.    Its  chief  towns  were  Beaujeu  and  ViUe- 

Beatrice-Joanna  (be'a-tris-36-an'a).  In  Mid-  Its  castle  gave  their  title  to  the  English  Beau-  franche.  It  was  a  barony  and  county,  and  was  united  to 
dleton's  plav  "  The  Changeling,"  a  headstrong,     forts.     Population  (1891),  commune,  4,492.  thecrownbyFranci8l.,andwM  later  in  the  possession  of 

unscmpidous,  unobservant  ^1,  intent  on  p^  Beaufort  (bo'fori;).    A  seaport,  capital  of  Car-  t,'^"  *??t°' w   ''a      p"?!  •'  °"°''- 

ting  an  unwelcome  lover  out  of  the  way.    she    teret  County,  l^orth  Carolina,  situated  on  an  g!?'H^°p'^l^    ^^,®  Baltazanra. 
Induces  DeFlores,  whom  she  loathes,  to  murder  him,  and    inlet  of  the  Atlantic  in  lat.  34°  43'  N.,  long,  geauiea,  or  .Beaulean.    bee  ^aOTpMrJJeattZcaft. 
is  astounded  when  her  honor  is  demanded  as  a  reward  in-     76°  40' W      It  has  a  ffood  harbor      Population  BOaulieU    (bo-le-e  ).       [P.,    'beautiful  place.'] 
stead  ot  money.    Unable  to  escape  him,  she  yields,  but  is     /■lqnn^   9  IQ"!  '  A  town  in  the  department  of  Corrfeze,  Prance, 

S'/is"'m^e!'^^e%rSliri^Sis^r''^'^  °^  ^"^  '"""^  Beaufort  (bii'fort).     A  seaport  and  watering-  S^'^Po^ul^tlo^nRQI^  '"  "^'^  ^^^^  °' 

Beatrix  (be'a-triks).  iSee  Beatrice.^  The  maid    place,  the  capital  of  Beaufori;  County,  South  t,^^1  ?:„f  "ff^l^^l"^  4^®^i',„"°r?''5^'  ?:P-  • 

and  confidante  of  the  two  sisters  Theodosia  and    Carolina,  situated  on  Port  Eoyal  Island,  in  lat.  ^^?:™^f?:,i^^i'L„i^  T^1^S^„  ''^L^^^,   '^ 

Jacintha  in  Dryden's  comedy  "An  Evening's    32°  26' N.,  long.  80°  40' W.    It  has  a  good  harbor.  S:Xwn„^        '  southwest    of 

tT^^a    nrTlipMnck  Astrolos-eip"  Asettlement  here  was  attempted  by  the  French  in  1562,  .oouthampton. 

ijove,  or  J-ne  mocit  ^uioiugei.  and  was  made  by  the  English  about  I68O.    Itwas  captured  BoaulieU    (bo-le-e'),   Jean    Pierre,  Baron  de, 

Beatrix.     A  novel  by  Balzac,  begun  m  1839    by  the  Federals  Deo.  6, 1861.    Population  (1900),  4,110.  Bom  at  Namur,  Oct.  26,  1725  :  died  near  Linz 
and  finished  in  1844.                                                Beaufort,  Duc  de.     See  VenMm,  Frangois  de.      Dec.  22,  1819.     An  Austrian  general.    He  served 
Beatrix  Esmond.     See  Esmond,  Beatrix.              Beaufort  (bii'fort).  Sir  Francis.      [The  Eng.     in  the  Seven  Years' War;  commanded  at  Jemappes  in  1792, 
Beattie  (be'ti;  Sc.  pron.  ba'ti),  James.    Bom     surname  is  froiin  OP.  Beaufort,  the  town,  lit.     and  as  commander-in-chief  in  Italy  was  defeafed  by  Napo- 
at  Laurencekirk,  Kincardine,  Scotland,  Oct.     'fair  fort.']     Bom  in  Ireland,  1774:  died  at    l!,°?ffi^^*H!'2l'=^^,?"^^"iT™^*^°°'^^°°'*^™'*°^'' 

25,  1735:  died  at  Aberdeen,  Aug.  18, 1803.    A    Brighton,  Dec.  17,  1857.     An  English  rear-ad-  -^l^^tL  WoT^'^^^^/v,-  i^  I?'^-     1 

Scotch  poet,  essayist,  and  philosophical  writer,  mirll  and  man  of  science,  hydrographer  to  the  ^^^^J^SaJ  °R„?n?  ^^<,;  "^.,  ^  m" "1  ^' 
He  was  professor  of-inoralphilosophy  and  logic  in  Mari-  1829-55.  He  wrote,  "Karamania,  or  a  Brief  De-  f^^}  P^^^U^ftfZ°J^A.^7^J\  ^«fiO  ^°a' 
Bchal  College,  Aberdeen.  Hewrote"  Origin^ Poems  and  geription  of  the  South  Coast  of  Asia  Minor"  (1817),  etc.  °ept.  5, 1811:  died  at  Dresden,  April  8, 1889.  A 
Translations"  (1761),  "Judgment of  Paris    (176g,  "The  _     ''             tt.__„      -Rn™    of   Romifnr+  Tastla      German  official  and  historical  writer. 

Minstrel "(mi-74),"E88ay  on  Truth" (1770)  "Disserta-  Boaufort,  Henry..    Born   at   Jieautort  La,stle,  g        ^      .^^qj,      ^  village  and  ruined  Briorv 

tions"  (1783),  "Elements  of  Moral  Science,"  etc.  Anjou:  died  at  Wmchester,  England,  Apnl  11,  -^^  T^LlTot,,  Jv.-^'T   aii.+i„   a   a   "S"^*^  pnory 

Beatty  (bl'ti),  John.    Bom  near  Sandusky,    1447.    An  English  prelate  and  statesman  nat-    in  Invemess-shire,  Scotland,  9  miles  west  of 

?h'"ci^^War'  Tservtd  mTfZftryt^    fTd.l^nd  Iflt^ro  h^Tf^M^^^^^  Beauly  Basin      The  upper  part  of  Invemess 

volunTe^ttoughou? the  war,  commaXg,  TZl^l  beoaiebishopof  Winchester(1405)anacardini(1427),and  ^^,  connected  With  Moray  Pirth,  northwest 
IbS^ in  the  three  days'  figkt  at  Stone  Kiver,  Dec.  31,     was  chanceUor  1403-06, 1413-17, 1424-26.     He  was,  during     of  Inverness.     Length,  9  miles. 


Beaumains 

Seaumains.    See  Gareth. 

Seaumanoir  (bo-ma-nwar'),  Jean  de.  Lived 
in  the  middle  of  the  14th  century.  A  French 
knight  of  Brittany.  He  Is  celebrated  as  the  IVenoh 
commander  In  the  "  Battle  of  the  Thirty  "  (which  see), 
1851,  between  Floermel  and  Josselin,  Brittany. 

Beaumanoir,  Sir  Lucas  de.  In  8ir  Walter 
Scott's  novel  "Ivanhoe/' the  grand  master  of 
the  Knights  Templar.  He  seizes  Rebecca  and 
tries  her  as  a  witch. 

Beaumanoir,  Philippe  de.  Bom  about  1250: 
died  Jan.  7, 1296.  A  French  jurist.  He  was  baUli 
at  Senlis  in  1273,  and  at  Clermont  in  1280,  and  presided 
at  assizes  held  in  various  towns.  His  chief  work,  highly 
esteemed  in  the  study  ol  old  ITrenoh  law,  is  "Coutumes 
de  Beauvoisis  "  (edited  by  De  la  Xhaumassifere  1690,  and 
by  Beugnot  1842). 

Beaumarchais  (bo-mar-sha'),  Pierre  Augus- 
tin  Caron  de.  Bom  at  Paris,  Jan.  24,  1732: 
died  there.  May  18,  1799.  A  French  polemic 
and  dramatic  writer.  He  lyas  the  seventh  child  of 
Charles  Caron,  master  clock-maker.  After  an  elementary 
schooling,  he  joined  his  father  in  the  trade.  Subsequently 
he  assumed  the  name  of  Beaumarchais,  in  accordance 
with  a  usage  prevalent  in  that  century.  His  claim  to  the 
invention  of  a  new  escapement  in  clock-work  being  dis- 
puted, young  Caron  appealed  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
and  to  public  opinion,  thereby  attracting  also  the  atten- 
tion of  the  court.  On  the  death  in  1770  of  the  celebrated 
financier  Duvemey,  who  had  taken  Beaumarchais  into 
partnership,  a  question  of  inheritance  occasioned  litiga- 
tion. Beaumarchais  conducted  his  own  case,  and  to  vin- 
dicate himself  published  four  "Mtooires"  (1774-76)  re- 
plete with  wit  and  eloquence,  which  made  him  famous. 
His  earlier  attempts  to  write  for  the  stage,  "Eugtoie" 
and  "Les  Deux  Amis,  ou  le  Mgociant  de  lyon,"  were 
failures.  "Le  Barbier  de  Seville"  waited  two  years  to 
toe  presented  to  the  public,  and  the  first  performance, 
Feb.  23,  1775,  was  not  very  successful.  Subsequently 
he  altered  and  greatly  improved  the  comedy.  "  Le  Ma^ 
riage  de  Figaro,"  begun  in  1775  and  completed  in  1778, 
was  suppressed  for  four  years  by  the  censure  of  Louis 
XVI.  It  was  given  for  the  first  time  April  27, 1784,  and 
was  immediately  successful.  It  is  the  masterpiece  of 
French  comedy  in  the  18th  century.  His  later  plays, 
^•Tarare"  and  "La  M6re  Coupable,"  barely  deserve  men- 
tion. During  the  War  of  American  Independence  Beau- 
marchais sent  to  the  United  States  a  fleet  of  his  own, 
carrying  a  cargo  of  weapons  and  ammunition  for  the 
American  colonists.  His  poverty  during  the  latter  part 
of  his  lite  was  largely  due'to  the  difficulty  he  experienced 
in  recovering  payment  from  the  United  States.  Beau- 
marchais is  the  hero  of  one  of  Goethe's  plays,  "  Clavigo  " 
(which  see). 

Beaumaris  (bo -mar 'is).  [OF.  beau  marais, 
fair  marsh.  Formerly  called  Bomover.']  A 
seaport  and  watering-place  in  AngleseajWales, 
situated  on  Beaumaris  Bay  47  miles  west  by 
south  of  Liverpool,  it  has  a  castle,  a  large  13th-cen- 
tury fortress,  built  by  Edward  I.  The  long,  low  line  of 
the  interior  walls  is  impressive,  with  their  many  towers, 
surmounted  by  the  huge  cylindrical  towers  of  the  main 
structure.  The  central  court  is  extremely  picturesque, 
surrounded  by  ruins  of  the  chapel  and  the  great  hall,  with 
finely  traceried  windows,  and  of  the  interesting  residential 
buildings  profusely  draped  with  ivy.  Population  (1891), 
2,202. 

Beaumaris  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Irish  Sea,  be- 
tween Anglesea  and  Carnarvon,  Wales. 

Beaumelle  (bo-mel').  A  female  character 
in  Massinger  and  Field's  play  "The  Fatal 
Dowry." 

Beaumelle,  Laurent  Angliviel  de  la.  Born 
at  Valleraugue,  Gtard,  France,  Jan.  28,  1726: 
died  at  Paris,  Nov.  17, 1773.  A  French  man  of 
letters,  professor  of  French  literature  at  Copen- 
hagen 1749-51.  In  the  latter  year  he  went  to  Berlin, 
and  in  17B2  to  Paris.  His  works  brought  him  two  periods 
of  imprisonment  in  the  Bastille  and  the  active  enmity  of 
Voltaire. 

Beaumont  (b6-m6n').  [F., '  f airmount';  'L.Bellus 
Mons,  or  Belmontium.'^  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ardennes,  France,  situated  on  the 
Meuse  14  miles  southeast  of  Sedan.  Here,  Aug.  30, 
1870,  the  Germans  under  the  Crown  Prince  of  Saxony  de- 
feated a  division  of  MacMahon's  army. 

Beaumont  (bo'mont,  formerly  bii'mont),  Basil. 
Bom  1669:  died  Nov.  27,  1703.  An  English 
rear-admiral.  He  perished  in  the  Downs  in  a  terrible 
storm  which  destroyed  13  vessels,  with  1,500  seamen. 

Beaumont  (bo-m6n'),  Elie  de.  See  Mis  de 
Beaumont. 

Beaumont  (bo'mont,  formerly  bu'mont),  Fran- 
cis. Bom  at  Grraoe-Dieu,  Leicestershire,  in 
1584:  died  March  6,  1616,  and  was  buried  in 
Westminster  Abbey.  An  English  dramatist 
and  poet.  He  entered  Oxford  Feb.  4, 1596,  at  the  age 
of  twelve.  In  1600  he  entered  the  Inner  Temple,  but  ap- 
parently did  not  pursue  his  legal  studies.  In  1602  he 
published  "  Salmacis  and  Hermaphroditus,"  a  poem  after 
Ovid  (his  authorship  of  this  poem  is  doubted  by  BuUen). 
His  friendship  for  Ben  Jonson  probably  began  shortly 
after  this,  and  from  1607  to  1611  his  commendatory  poems 
were  prefixed  to  several  of  Jonson's  plays.  In  1613  Beau- 
mont produced  "A  Masque  for  the  Inner  Temple,  and 
about  that  time  he  married  Ursula,  daughter  of  Henry 
Isley  of  Sundridge  in  Kent.  His  close  personal  and  lit- 
«rary  intimacy  with  John  Metcher  dated  from  about  1607. 
They  lived  together  not  far  from  the  Globe  Theatre  on  the 
"Bankside,  sharing  everything  in  common.  Till  1616  (1614, 


135 

BuUen)  they  wrote  together.  The  discussion  of  the  sepa- 
rate authorship  of  the  plays  will  be  found  under  Fletcher, 
John.  The  Induction  and  the  first  two  Triumphs  In  "  Four 
Plays  or  Moral  Bepresentations  in  One"  are  usually  as- 
cribed entirely  to  Beaumont. 

Beaumont,  Sir  George  Howland.  Bom  at 
Dunmow,  Essex,  England,  Nov.  6,  1753 :  died 
Feb.  7,  1827.  An  English  jjatron  of  art,  con- 
noisseur, and  landscape-painter,  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  National  Gallery  at  London. 

Beaumont,  Sir  John.  Bom,  probably  at  Grace- 
Dieu,  Leicestershire,  1583 :  died  April  19,  1627. 
An  English  poet,  brother  of  Francis  Beaumont. 
He  vsTote  "Bosworth  Field,"  sacred  poems, 
"Crown  of  Thorns"  (now  lost),  etc. 

Beaumont  de  la  Bonni^re  (b6-m6n'  de  la  bon- 
yar'),  Gustavo  AugUSte.  Bom  at  Beaumont- 
la-Chatre,  Sarthe,  France,  Feb.  16,  1802 :  died 
at  Tours,  Feb.  6,  1866.  A  French  politician 
and  man  of  letters.  He  was  the  author  of  "Du  sys- 
tfeme  p^nitentiaire  aux  Etats-Unis"  (1832),  "De  I'escla- 
vage  aux  Etats-Unis  "  (1840),  "  Llrlande,  politique,  sociale, 
et  religieuse  "  (1839),  etc. 

Beaumont-de-Lomagne(b6-m6n'dW6-many'). 
A  town  in  the  department  of  Tam-et-6aronne, 
France,  situated  on  the  Gimone  22  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Montauban.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  4,040. 

Beaumont-sur-Oise  (b6-m6u'siir-waz').  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  situ- 
ated on  the  Oise  18  miles  north  of  Paris.  It  has 
a  noted  church.  Popidation  (1891),  commune, 
3,099. 

Beaune  (bon).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
C6te-d'0r,  eastern  France,  24  miles  southwest 
of  Dijon.  It  has  an  extensive  trade  in  Burgundy  wines. 
The  hospital  of  Beaune  remains  almost  precisely  as  when 
completed  in  1443,  It  has  a  picturesque  doorway  covered 
with  a  penthouse,  a  quaint  court  with  two  tiers  of  galleries, 
and  a  remarkably  high,  steep  roof.  The  grande  salle  has 
a  superb  arched  timber  roof.    Population  (1891),  12,470. 

Beaune-la-Rolande  (bon'la-ro-loud').  A  vil- 
lage in  the  department  of  Loiret,  Prance,  19 
miles  northeast  of  Orleans.  Here,  Nov.  28, 1870, 
the  Prussians  under  General  von  Voigts-Rhetz  defeated 
the  French  under  Aurelle  de  Paladines.  The  French  loss 
was  about  6,700.    Population.(1891),  1,792. 

Beaupr^au  (bo-pra-o').  [F.,  'fair  meadow.'] 
A  town  in  the  department  of  Maine-et-Loire, 
Prance,  situated  on  the  Evre  29  miles  south- 
west of  Angers.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  Vendean 
victory  1793.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
3,857. 

Beauregard  (bo're-gard ;  F.  pron  bo-re-gar'  or 
bor-gar'),  Pierre  Gustave  Toutant.  [F.  beau 
regard,  fair  view.]  Born  near  New  Orleans, 
May  28,  1818 :  died  there,  Feb.  20,  1893.  An 
American  general .  He  graduated  at  West  Point  1838 ; 
served  with  distinction  in  the  Mexican  war,  being  brevet- 
ted  captain  for  gallant  and  meritorious  conduct  at  Contre- 
ras  and  Churubusco,  and  major  for  similar  conduct  at 
Chapultepec;  was  appointed  superintendent  at  West  Point 
in  1860,  with  the  rank  of  colonel ;  resigned  in  1861,  on  the 
secession  of  Louisiana  from  the  Union,  to  accept  an  ap- 
pointment as  brigadier-general  in  the  Confederate  army  ; 
bombarded  and  captured  Fort  Sumter,  April  12-13, 1861 ; 
commanded  at  the  battle  of  Bull  Eun,  July  21,  being 
raised  in  consequence  of  his  services  in  this  battle  to  the 
rank  of  general ;  assumed  command  of  the  army  at  Shiloh, 
on  the  fall  of  General  A.  S.  Johnston,  April  6, 1862  ;  com- 
manded at  Charleston  1862-64 ;  defeated  Butler  at  Drury's 
Bluff,  May  16, 1864 ;  and  surrendered  with  Johnston  in 
1865.  He  was  president  of  the  New  Orleans  and  Jackson 
Railroad  Company  1865-70,  and  became  adjutant-general 
of  Louisiana  in  1878. 

Beaurepaire  (bo-re-par').  A  castle  celebrated 
in  Arthurian  legend.  Blanchefleur  was  be- 
sieged here  and  freed  by  Sir  Perceval. 

Beaurepaire-Kohan  (bo-rfe-par'ro-oh'),  Hen- 
rique de.  Born  1818:  died  July,  1894.  A 
French  general  and  geographer.  Hewrotea"De- 
scrip5aode  umaviagemdeCuyabaaoKio  de  Janeiro,  etc." 
(1846),  a  topography  of  Matto  Grosso,  etc.,  and  he  was 
chief  of  the  commission  which  prepared  the  map  of  Brazil 
published  in  1878.    In  1864  he  was  minister  of  war. 

Beausobre  (bo-sobr'),  Isaac  de.  Bom  at  Niort, 
France,  March  8, 1659 :  died  at  Berlin,  June  6, 
1738.  A  French  Protestant  theologian,  pastor 
of  a  French  church  in  Berlin.  He  was  the  author 
of  an  "Essai  critique  de  I'histoire  de  Manich^e  et  du  Ma- 
nich^isme  "  (1739 :  voL  2, 1744)  a  translation  of  the  New 
Testament  into  French  from  the  original  Greek,  etc. 

Beautemps-Beaupr6  (bo-ton'bo-pra'), 
Charles  Trancois.  Bom  at  Neuville-au-Pont, 
Marne,  France,  1766:  died  1854.  A  noted  French 
hydrographer.  ^     „  ,, 

Beauty  and  the  Beast.  [F.  La  Belle  et  la 
B4te.'\  A  story  in  which  a  daughter  (Beauty), 
Z^mire,  to  save  her  father's  life,  becomes  the 
guest  of  a  monster  (Azor),  who,  by  his  kind- 
ness and  intelligence,  wins  her  love,  whereupon 
he  regains  his  natural  form,  that  of  a  handsome 
young  prin  ee.  The  French  version  by  Madame  le  Prince 
de  Beaumont  was  published  in  1757.    She  probably  de. 


Bebel 

rived  the  plot  from  Straparola's  "  Piacevoli  Notti,"  a  col. 
lection  of  Italian  stories  published  in  1650.  There  have 
been  many  English  versions,  of  which  the  most  notewor. 
thy  is  Miss  Thackeray's.  The  story  gave  GrStry  the  sub- 
ject for  his  very  successful  opera  "Zfmire  and  Azor." 
Beauvais  (bo-va').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Oise,  France,  situated  on  the  Th6rain  43 
miles  north-northwest  of  Paris,  it  is  the  ancient 
Cessaromagus,  the  capital  of  the  Bellovaci,  a  Belgic  tribe, 
whence  its  later  name  BeUovaeum  or  Belvacum  (modern 
Beauvais).  In  the  middle  ages  it  was  a  countship.  Beau- 
vais was  defended  against  the  English  in  1483 ;  and  against 
Charles  the  Bold  of  Burgundy  by  the  citizens  under  Jeanne 
Hachette  in  1472.  Many  church  councils  have  been  held 
there.  It  is  an  important  industrial  and  commercial  cen- 
ter, and  has  manufactures  of  GobeUn  tapestries,  carpets, 
cotton,  woolens,  lace,  buttons,  brushes,  etc.  The  cathe- 
dral of  Beauvais  is  a  fragment  consisting  merely  of  choir 
andtransepts,begunin  1226  with  the  intention  of  surpass- 
ing all  other  existing  churches.  The  plan  failed  owing 
to  stinted  expenditure  on  the  foundations,  which  proved 
too  weak  for  the  stupendous  superstructure.  The  choir, 
presenting  the  most  beautiful  13th-century  vaulting  and 
tracery,  is  104  feet  long  and  167  from  vaulting  to  pave- 
ment. It  possesses  superb  medieval  glass.  The  great 
transepts  are  Flamboyant.    Population  (1891),  19,382. 

Beauvais,  Charles  Theodore.  Bom  at  Or- 
leans, France,  Nov.  8, 1772:  died  at  Paris,  1830. 
A  French  general  and  vmter.  He  compiled  "  Vic- 
toires  et  conquStes  des  francais,"  and  edited  "Correspon- 
dance  de  Napoleon  avec  les  cours  ^trangferes,"  etc. 

Beauvallet  (bo-va-la'),  Ii4on.  Bom  at  Paris, 
1829 :  died  there,  March  22, 1885.  A  French  lit- 
terateur, son  of  Pierre  Francois  Beauvallet. 

Beauvallet,  Pierre  Frangois.  Bom  at  Pithi- 
viers,  France,  Oct.  13, 1801:  died  at  Paris,  Dec. 
21, 1873.    A  French  actor  and  dramatic  writer. 

Beauvau  (bo-vo'),  Charles  Juste  de.  Born 
at  Lun6ville,  France,  Sept.  10, 1720 :  died  May 
2,  1793.  A  marshal  of  France,  distinguished 
in  the  Seven  Years'  War. 

Beauvau,  Ren6  Frangois  de.  Born  1664 :  died 
Aug.  4, 1739.  A  French  prelate,  bishop  of  Ba- 
yonne,  and  later  (1707)  of  Tournay,  where  he 
distinguished  himself  daring  the  siege  of  1709. 

Beaux  (bo),  Cecilia.  Bom  at  Philadelphia.  A 
contemporary  American  painter,  a  pupil  (in 
America)  of  Van  der  Weilen  and  William  Sar- 
tain,  and  (in  Paris)  of  Henry,  Bouguereau,  Con- 
stant, and  others. 

Beaux  Arts,  Acad6mie  des.    See  Academy. 

Beaux'  Strsctagem,  The.  A  comedy  by  Far- 
quhar,  produced  March  8,  1707:   his  best  play. 

Beauzee  (bo-za'),  Nicolas.  Bom  at  Verdun, 
May  9,  1717:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  23,  1789.  A 
French  grammarian  and  Utrerateur. 

Beaver  (be'ver),  James  Adams.  Bom  at  Mil- 
lerstown,  Pa.,  Oct.  21, 1837.  An  American  poli- 
tician and  general.    He  was  colonel  and  brigade-com- 

'  mander  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  in  the  Civil  War ;  was 
the  (unsuccessful)  Republican  candidate  for  governor  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1882  ;  and  was  Republican  governor  of 
Pennsylvania  1887-91. 

Beaver,  Philip.  Bom  at  Lewknor,  Oxfordshire, 
England,  Feb.  28,  1766:  died  at  Table  Bay, 
South  Africa,  April  5,  1813.  A  captain  of  the 
English  navy.  He  attempted  unsuccessfully 
to  colonize  the  island  of  Bulama,  West  Africa, 
1792—93. 

Beaver  City.  The  chief  town  and  capital  of 
Beaver  County,  Oklahoma.   Pop.  (1900),  112. 

Beaver  Creek.  A  river  in  northwestern  Kan- 
sas and  southern  Nebraska,  a  tributary  of  the 
Republican  River.   Length,  about  200  miles. 

Beaver  Dam.  A  city  in  Dodge  County,  Wis- 
consin, 59  miles  northwest  of  Milwaukee.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  5,128. 

Beaver  Dam  Creek.     See  Mechaniosville. 

Beaver  Falls.  A  borough  in  Beaver  County, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  near  the  junction  of  the 
Beaver  and  Ohio  rivers,  26  miles  northwest  of 
Pittsburgh.  It  has  various  manufactures,  and  is  largely 
controlled  by  the  Harmony  Society  of  Economy.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  10,064. 

Beaver  Islands.  A  group  of  islands  m  the 
northern  part  of  Lake  Michigan,  belonging  to 
Manitou  County,  Michigan.  The  length  of  the 
largest  (Big  Beaver)  is  24  miles. 

Beaver  River.  A  river  in  western  Pennsyl- 
vania, formed  by  the  union  of  the  Mahoning 
and  Shenango  rivers.  It  joins  the  Ohio  near 
Beaver  Palls. 

Beazley  (bez'li),  Samuel.  Bom  at  London, 
1786:  died  at  Tunbridge  Castle,  Kent,  Oct.  12, 
1851.  An  English  architect  and  dramatist, 
noted  as  a  designer  of  theaters. 

Bebek  (beb'ek).  A  place  in  European  Turkey, 
on  the  Bosporus  6  miles  northeast  of  Con- 
stantinople. .       T.  i. 

Bebel  (ba'bel),  Ferdinand  August.    Bom  at 

Cologne,  Feb.  22,  1840.  One  of  the  leaders  of 
the  social-democratic  party  in  Germany,  in 
1862  he  joined  the  German  labor  movement  which  began 
in  that  year  under  the  leadership  of  lassalle,  and  which 


Bebel 

leeulted  in  the  formation  of  the  social-democratic  party. 
In  1867  he  was  chosen  deputy  from  the  district  of  Glau- 
chau-Meerane,  in  Saxony,  to  the  constituent  assembly  of 
North  Germany,  and  in  1871  was  elected  to  the  first  Reichs- 
tag of  the  German  Empire.  In  1872  he  was  sentenced  to 
two  years'  imprisonment  on  the  charge  of  high  treason 
against  the  German  Empire,  and  to  nine  months'  imprison- 
ment on  the  charge  of  lese-majesty  against  tlie  German 
emperor,  in  addition  to  which  he  was  deprived  of  his  seat 
in  the  Reichstag.  He  was  reelected  in  1873  to  the  Reichs- 
tag, in  which  with  interruptions  he  has  since  represented 
various  constituencies.  Author  of  "UnsereZiele,"  "Chris- 
tenthum  und  Sozialismus,"  "  Die  Frauuudder  Socialisms,^ 
"  Der  deutsche  Bauernkrieg,"  etc. 

Bebenhausen  (ba'ben-hou-zen).     A  Roman-  Beck,  Johann  Ludwig  Wilhelm.    Bom  at 

esque  and  Gothic  Cistercian  abbey,  3  miles    Leipsic^  October  27,  1786 :  died^there,  Feb.  14, 

north  of  Tiibingen,  Wiirtemberg,  founded  about 

1185. 


136 

Greek  and  Roman  literature  in  the  University  of  Leipsic 
(1825-32),  and  editor  of  the  "AUgemeine  Repertorium  der 
neuesten  iu-  und  ausltodischen  Literatur  "  (1819-32).  He 
published  editions  of  Pindar,  Aristophanes,  Euripides, 
ApoUonius  Rhodius,  Plato,  Cicero,  and  Calpurnius,  "Com- 
mentarii  historic!  decretorum  religionis  diristianee,"  etc. 
Beck  (bek),  James  Burnie.  Born  in  Dum- 
friesshire, Scotland,  Feb.  13,  1822:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  May  3, 1890.    An  American 


Beddoes,  Thomas 

ikies "  (1840 :  both  on  ancient  Greek  and  Roman  lif eV 
"Handbuch  der  romischeu  Alterthiimer"  ("Manual  of 
Roman  Antiquities,"  1843-46,  continued  1849-64),  etc. 

Becker,  wilhelm  Gottlieb.  Born  at  Ober- 
kallenberg.  Saxony,  Nov.  4, 1753:  died  at  Dres- 
den, June  3, 1813.  A  German  archteologist  and. 
man  of  letters.  His  chief  work  is  "Augus- 
teum,  Dresden's  antike  Denkmaler  enthaltend  "' 
(1805-09). 


?i±''^t^V.^r°.'?«^°,.^Ti'\'rllP''S?r?!!  Beckerath  (bek'er-at),  Hermann  von.    Born 


from  Kentucky  1867-75,  and  United   States 
senator  1877-90, 


Bebra  (ba'bra).  A  village  and  important  rail- 
way junction  in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau, 
Prussia,  near  the  Pulda,  26  miles  south-south- 
east of  Cassel. 

Bebutoff  (ba-bo'tof).  Prince  Vasili  Osipo- 
vitch.  Bom  1792:  died  at  Tiflis,  Transoau- 
easus,  Bussia,  March  22, 1858.  A  Russian  gen- 
eral, of  Armenian  descent.  He  defeated  the 
Turks  at  Kadiklar,  Dec.  1,  1853,  and  at  Kuruk- 
Dere,  Aug.  5,  1854. 

Bee  (bek).    A  ruined  abbey  at  Bec-Helloin, 


at  Oefeld,  Dee.  13,  1801:  died  there.  May  12, 
1870.  A  Prussian  politician,  a  member  of  the- 
Frankfort  Parliament,  and  minister  of  finance- 

1869.    A  German  jurist,  son  of  Christian  Daniel  Beckers  (bek'erz),  Hubert.    Born  at  Munich, 
neck,    hb  hfinnmp  nrnfB«=nr  nf  i«w  .t  T!-xr,)„=ho™,  !„     jj^^  ^^  jgQg.  ^jg^  ^^  Munlch,  Maroh  11,  1889, 


Beck.  He  became  professor  of  law  at  ESnigsberg  in 
1812,  and  president  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  at  leipsic 
in  1837. 

Beck,  Johann  Tobias  von.  Bom  at  Balingen, 
Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  22, 1804:  died  Dee.  28, 1878. 
A  German  Protestant  theologian,  appointed 
professor  of  theology  at  Tiibingen  in  1843. 

Beck,  Karl.  Bom  at  Baja,  Hungary,  May  1, 
1817 :  died  at  Wahring,  near  Vienna,  April  10, 
1879.  An  Austrian  poet.  He  was  the  author  of 
"Nachte.  Gepanzerte  Lieder"  (1838),  "Der  Fahrende 
Poet"  (1838),  "Stille  Lieder"  (1839),  "Saul"  (1841:  a 
drama),  "Janko"  (1842),  "Lieder  vom  armen  Manne 
(1846),  "Aus  der  Heimath"  (1862),  "Mater  Dolorosa 
1),  "J   •    ■ 


(1853),  "Jadwiga"  (1863),  etc. 


near  Brionne,  department  of  Eure,  Prance,  fa-     ^ 

mous  as  a  seat  of  learning  in  the  11th  century  ^e"ck'|  Madame.    One  of  the  principal  char 
under  the  mle  of  Lanfranc  and  Anselm.  aeters  in  Charlotte  Bronte's  novel  "  Villette." 

Beccafumi   (bek-ka-fo'me)   (Domenico  de  Becker  (bek'er),  August,    Bom  at  Klingen- 


Face).  Born  near  Siena,  Italy,  1486:  died  at 
Siena,  May  18,  1551.  An  Italian  painter,  sur- 
named  "Meccherino"  from  his  insignificant 
appearance.  His  best-known  works  are  his  de- 
signs for  the  decorations  of  the  cathedral  of 
Siena. 
Beccari  (bek'ka-re),  Odoardo.  Bom  at  Flor- 
ence, Nov.  19,  1843.  An  Italian  botanist,  ex 
plorer  in  New  Guinea,  the  East  Indies 
East  Africa.  He  founded  the  '•  Nuovo  giomale  botan- 
ico  italiana"(ia69),  which,  together  with  the  '*Bollettino 
della  Societk  geografica  italiana,"  contains  most  of  his  de- 
scriptions of  travel  and  botanical  discoveries. 

Beccaria  (bek-ka-re'a),  Cesare  Bonesano, 

Marohese  di.  Bom  at  MUan,  March  15, 1738 : 
died  at  Milan,  Nov.  28, 1794.  An  Italian  econo- 
mist, jurist,  and  philanthropist,  professor  in 
Milan. 

penalty, . 

pene  "  ("  On  Crimes  and  Punishments,"  1764 :  revised  1781) 
which  was  written  from  a  humanitarian  point  of  view  and 
was  very  inHuential. 

Beccaria,  Giovanni  Battista.  Born  at  Mon- 
dovi.  Piedmont,  Oct.  3,  1716:  died  at  Turin, 
May  27,  1781.  An  Italian  mathematician  and 
physicist,  professor  of  physics  at  Turin,  espe- 
cially noted  for  his  researches  in  electricity. 

Beccles  (bek'lz).  A  municipal  borough  in  Suf- 
folk, England,  situated  on  the  Waveney  17 
miles  southeast  of  Norwich.  Population  (1891), 
6,669. 

Beche,  De  la.    See  De  la  Bdehe. 

Becier  (bech'er),  Johann  Joachim.  Bom  at 
Speyer,  1635 :  died  at  London  (?),  Oct.,  1682. 
A  noted  German  chemist,  economist,  and  phy- 
sician. He  was  the  author  of  numerous  treatises,  the 
most  noted  of  which  is  the  "Actorum  laboratorii  chymici 
Monacensis,  seu  physicse  subterranese  libri  duo  "  (1669). 
Of  the  three  elements  recognized  by  him  in  the  composi- 
tion of  metals,  and  in  general  of  minerals,  a  vitriflable 
earth,  a  volatile  earth,  and  an  igneous  principle,  the  last 
served  as  the  foundation  of  the  theory  of  Stahl. 

Becher,  Siegfried.  Born  at  Plan,  Bohemia, 
Feb.  28, 1806 :  died  March  4, 1873.  An  Austrian 
economist  and  statistician.  He  became  professor 
of  history  and  geography  in  the  Polytechnical  Institute 
at  Vienna,  1835. 

Bechstein  (bech'stin),  Johann  Matthaus.  Becker,  Nikolaus. 
Born  at  Waltershausen,  in  Gotha,  Germany,  died  Aug.  28,  1845 
July  11, 1757:  died  at  Meiningen,  Feb.  23, 1822.      '  -      —    • 

A  German  naturalist  and  forester,  author  of 
"  Porst-  und  Jagdwissensehaft,"  etc. 

Bechstein,  Ludwig.  Bom  at  Weimar,  Ger- 
many, Nov.  24,  1801:  died  at  Meiningen,  May 
14,  1860.  A  Thuringian  poet,  folklorist,  and 
novelist,  nephew  of  Johann  Matthaus  Bech- 
stein. 

Bechuanaland  (beeh-o-a'na-land).  iBechuana 
or  Bechwana,  the  name  of  the  people.  See 
Chuana.]    A  region  in  South  Africa^  between 


miinster,  April  27,  1828:  died  at  Eisenach, 
March  23,  1891.  A  German  poet  and  novelist. 
He  was  editor  of  the  "Isar-Zeitung"  (1859-64),  and  is  the 
author  of  "  Des  Rabbi  Vermachtniss  "  (1866-67),  "  Hedwlg  " 
(1868),  "Meine  Schwester"  (1876),  etc. 

Becker,  August.  Bom  at  Darmstadt,  Jan.  27, 
1821:  died  at  Diisseldorf,  Dec.  19,  1887.  A 
noted  German  landscape-painter. 
^^  Becker,  Jakob.  Born  at  Dittelsheim,  near 
Worms,  March  15,  1810 :  died  at  Frankfort-on- 
the-Main,  Dee.  22,  1872.  A  German  genre 
painter. 

Becker,  Jean.  Bom  at  Mannheim,  May  11, 
1833:  died  there,  Oct.  10,  1884.  A  noted  Ger- 
man violinist,  member;  with  the  Italians  Masi 
and  Chiostri  and  the  Swiss  Hilpert,  of  the 
Florentine  Quartet. 


A  German  philosophical  writer,  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  in  the  University  of  Mu- 
nich in  1847.  He  has  written  extensively  upon 
the  philosophy  of  SchelHng. 

Becket,  Thomas.    See  Thomas  of  London. 

Beckford  (bek'ford),  William.  Bom  in  Ja- 
maica, 1709:  dieS  at  London,  June  21,  1770. 
An  English  politician.  He  became  lord  mayor  of 
London  in  1762,  and  again  in  1769.  He  was  a  friend  and 
supporter  of  Wilkes.  During  his  second  mayoralty  he 
acquired  celebrity  by  a  fearless  impromptu  speech  made 
before  George  III.,  May  28, 1770,  on  the  occasion  of  pre- 
senting an  address  to  the  king. 

Beckford,  William.  Bom  at  Ponthill,  Wilt- 
shire, Sept.  29,  1759:  died  May  2,  1844.  An 
English  man  of  letters,  connoisseur,  and  collec- 
tor, son  of  William  Beckford,  lord  mayor  of 
London.  He  was  for  many  years  member  of  Parliament, 
but  is  best  known  as  the  author  of  "  Vathek  "  (wliich  see). 
He  wrote  also  "Letters  "  (1834),  and  two  burlesques, ' '  The 
Elegant  Enthusiast"  (1796)  and  "Amezia"  (1797).  His 
villa  at  Fonthill,  upon  which  he  expended  over  a  million 
dollars,  was  famous  as  an  instance  of  reckless  extrava- 
gance and  fanciful  splendor. 

Beck'With  (bek'with).  Sir  George.  Bom  1753 : 
died  at  London,  Maroh  20,  1823.  An  English 
lieutenant-general.  He  entered  the  army  in  1771,  and 
served  in  the  North  American  war  1776-82.  From  1787 
to  1791  he  was  diplomatic  agent  of  England  in  the  United 
States,  and  was  successively  governor  of  Bermuda  (April, 
1797),  and  of  St.  Vincent  (Oct.,  1804).  From  Oct.,  1808,  to 
June,  1814,  he  was  governor  of  Barbadoes,  with  command 
of  the  British  forces  in  the  Windward  and  Leeward  isl- 
ands ;  and  during  this  time  he  reduced  the  French  islands 
of  Martinique  (Jan.  30  to  Feb.  24, 1809)  and  Guadeloupe 
(Jan.  28  to  Feb.  6,  1810).    He  subsequently  commanded 


Hewasoneottheearllestopponentsofthedeath  Becker,    Johann  Fhilipp.      Born   Maroh    19,     ji,  Ireland 

His  most  famous  work  is  "Dei  delitti  e  delle     ^gog .  ^^g^  at  Geneva,  Dee.  9, 1886.     A  German  Beckwith, (James) Carroll.  Born  atHannibal, 

political  agitator  and  socialist.  Mo.,  Sept.  23, 1852.    An  American  portrait  and 

Becker,  Karl  Ferdinand.  Born  atLiser,  near  genre  painter,  a  pupil  of  Carolus  Duran.  He  be- 
Trier,  Germany,  April  14,  1775:  died  at  Offen-  cameamemberoftheNationalAcademyinl894. 
bach,  Sept.  5,  1849.  A  noted  German  philolo-  Beckx  (beks),  Fierre  Jean.  Born  at  Sichem, 
gist  and  physician.  He  wrote  "Ausfuhrliehe  near  Louvain,  Belgium,  Feb.  8,  1795 :  died  at 
deutsche  Grammatik,"  "Handbuch  der  deut-  Rome,  March 4, 1887.  A  Roman  Catholic  eccle- 
schen  Spraehe,"  etc.  ,  ^    .     ■        siastic,  general  of  the  order  of  Jesuits  1853-84. 

Becker,  Karl  Ferdinand. ;  Born  at  Leipsic,  Becky  Sharp.    See  Sharp,  Becky. 
July  17, 1804:  died  at  Leipsic,  Oct.  26, 1877.     A  Becon  (be'kon),  Thomas.     Bora  in   Norfolk, 
German  organist  and  writer  on  music,  son  of    1511  (1512?)':"  died  at  London,  1567.  An  English 

Gottfried  Wilhelm   Becker.    His  chief  works  are  

"Systematisch-chronologische  Darstellung  der  musikal- 
ischen  Literatur  "  (1836-39),  "Die  Hausmusik  in  Deutsch- 
land  "  (1840). 

Becker,  Karl  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Berlin,  1777 : 
died  at  Berlin,  March  15,  1806.    A  German  his- 
torian.    He  wrote  "Weltgeschichte  ftir  Kinder  und   15',"*"',"^""^  ^Uw^l '\      A  !«..,„,,  J-»   VA^^^A 
Kinderlehrer"  (1801-06),  "Brzahlungen  aus   der  Alton  Becquerol    (bek-rel),   Alexandre   Edmond. 
Welt"  (1801-03);  etc.  Born  at  Pans,  March  24,  1820:  died  there.  May 

Becker,  Mme.  (Christiane  Luise  Amalie  13,  1891.  A  French  physicist,  son  of  Antoine 
Neumann).  Bom  at  Krossen  in  Neumark,  C6sar  Becquerel,  noted  for  researches  on  the 
Dec.  15,  1778 :  died  at  Weimar,  Sept.  27,  1797.  electric  light,  photography,  etc. 
A  famous  German  actress,  daughter  of  the  Beccmerel,  Antoine  C6sar.  Born  at  Ch&tillon- 
aetor  Johann  Christian  Neumann,  and  wife  of  sur-Loing,  Loiret,  Prance,  March  7, 1788:  died 
the  actor  Heinrich  Becker,    she  acted  in  both  com-      "^   ^  ^         '"   """"       '    " 


ecclesiastic  and  -writer.  He  was  for  a  time  a  sup^ 
porter  of  the  Reformers  in  books  written  under  the  name 
of  Theodore  Basille,  the  doctrines  of  which,  however,  he 
was  obliged  to  recant.  He  was  chaplain  to  Lady  Jane 
Seymour  and  to  Cranmer  under  Edward  VI.,  and  rector 
of  St.  Stephen's,  Walbrook.  His  best-known  work  is  "  The 
Governaunce  of  Vertue.'' 


edy  and  tragedy,  and  was  much  admired  by  Goethe  who, 
after  her  death,  sang  of  her  in  the  elegy  "Euphrosine." 


Born  at  Bonn,  Jan.  8, 1809 : 

A  German  poet,  author  of 

the  popular  Bheinlied  "Sie  soUen  ihn  nicht 

haben"  (1840),  etc. 

Becker,  Oskar.    Bom  at  Odessa,  June  18, 1839 : 

died  at  Alexandria,  July  16,  1868.    A  German     

medical  student  in  the  University  of  Leipsic  Beda.    See  Bede. 

who  attempted  to  assassinate  William  L  of  Bedamar  (bed-a-mar'). 


at  Paris,  Jan.  18,  1878.  A  French  physicist, 
noted  for  his  discoveries  in  electricity  and  in 
electro-chemistry.  His  chief  works  are  "Traits  ex- 
pi^rimental  de  I'aectricit^  et  du  magn^tisme  "  (1834^0), 
■"' Traits  d'Slectro-chimie"(184S),"TraitSae  physique."  He 
served  with  the  army  in  Spain  1810-12,  abandoned  his  mili- 
tary career  in  1815,  and  thereafter  devoted  himself  exclu- 
sively to  science. 
Beczwa,  or  Betch'wa  (bech'wa).  A  river  in 
eastern  Moravia,  a  tributary  of  the  March. 


Prussia  at  Baden-Baden,  July  14, 1861.  He  gave 
at  the  subsequent  trial  as  the  reason  for  his  act  that  the 
king  was  unequal  to  the  task  of  uniting  Germany.  He 
was  sentenced  to  twenty  years'  imprisonment,  but,  at  the 
intercession  of  the  King  of  Prussia,  was  released  in  1866, 
on  condition  of  leaving  Germany. 


•  A  Spanish  statesman 


(Jnuana.i     a  region  in  ouuwi  .a-iii>^'»i  "°"'°<="     on  conainon  01  leaviug  ut=im»uj.  ,   ti  «     1 

the  Transvaal  Colony  and  German  Southwest  Becker,  Budolf  Zacharias.    Bom  at  Erfurt, 
Africa.     It  is  partly  a  colony  (annexed  to  Cape  Colony    Germany,  April  9,  1752 :  died  March  28,  1822. 

in  1896)  and  partly  a  protectorate.    Tiie  climate  is  good,      ■  ■       "         =-^—     -  ■• 

hut  the  soil  is  arid,  and  more  suitable  for  pasture  than 
-    -  Vryburo-  is  the  capital.    The  mihtary 


occu^aUon  andann"e"xation  by  England  took  place  in  1885, 
Area  170  000  square  miles  (71,000  for  the  colony).  Popu- 
lation (1891),  60,376  in  the  colony.         ' 

Beck  (bek),  Christian  Daniel.  Bom  at  Leip- 
sic, Jan.  22,  1757:  died  Dee.  13,  1832.  A  Ger- 
man classical   philolo_gist.     He  was  professor  of 


A  popular  German  -svriter.  He  was  the  author  of 
"Noth-  und  Hilf sbucWein  "  (1787-98),  "  Mildheimisches 
Liederbuch  "  "  Holzschnitte  alter  deutscher  Meister,"  etc. 

Becker,  Wilhelm  Adolf.  Bom  at  Dresden, 
1796 :  died  at  Meissen,  Sept.  80,  1846.  A  Ger- 
man classical  archseologist,  son  of  Wilhelm 
Gottlieb  Becker,  professor  in  the  University  of 
Leipsic.    He  was  the  author  of  "  Gallus  "  (1838),  "Char- 


in  Saint-R6al's  "  Conjuration  des  Espagnols 
contre  la  r6publique  de  Venise,"  from  which  Ot- 
way  took  his ' '  Venice  Preserved."  The  character 
is  a  noble  one,  but  is  reduced  to  smaU  proportions  in 
Otway's  play. 

BSdarieux  (ba-dar-ye').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  H^rault,  southern  France,  situated  on 
the  Orb  36  miles  west  of  Moutpellier.  It  has 
diversified  manufactures.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  6,578. 

Beddoes'  (bed'oz),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Shiffnal, 
in  Shropshire,  April  13, 1760 :  died  Dec.  24, 1806. 
An  English  physician  and  scientist.  He  was 
reader  in  chemistry  to  the  University  of  Oxford  (1788-92), 
and  established  at  Bristol  in  1798  a  Pneumatic  Institute  for 


Beddoes,  Thomas 

the  treatment  ol  diseaae  by  inhalation,  in  which  he  em- 
ployed as  his  assistant  Humphry  Davy.  Author  of  "  Isaac 
Jenkins"  (1793),  "Hygeia,  or  Essays  Moral  and  Medical " 
(1801-02),  etc. 

Beddoes,  Thomas  Lovell.  Bom  at  Clifton, 
England,  July  20, 1803 :  died  at  Basel,  Jan.  26, 
1849.  An  English  poet  and  physiologist,  son 
of  Thomas  Beddoes.  He  was  the  author  of  "The 
Bride's  Xragedy"(1822),  "Death's  Jest-Book,  or  the  Fool's 
Tragedy"  (1850),  ''Poems"  (1861). 

Bede  (bed),  or  Baeda,  surnamed  "  The  Vener- 
able." Born  at  Wearmouth.inNorthumberland, 
probably  in  673 :  died  at  Jarrow,  May  26,  735. 
A  celebrated  English  monk  and  ecclesiastical 
writer.  He  was  educated  at  the  monastery  of  St.  Peter's 
at  Wearmouth  and  at  that  of  St.  Paul's  at  Jarrow,  in  which 
latter  institution  he  remained  until  his  death.  He  was 
ordained  a  deacon  in  his  nineteenth  year,  and  became  a 
priest  in  his  thirtieth.  He  devoted  his  life  to  teaching 
and  writing,  and  is  said  to  have  been  master  of  all  the 
learning  of  his  time,  including  Greek  and  Hebrew.  His 
chief  work  is  "  Historia  ecclesiastica  gentis  Anglorum." 
The  first  collective  edition  of  his  writings  appeared  at 
Paris  1544-46,  which  edition  was  reprinted  in  1664.  Both 
the  original  edition  and  the  reprint  are  extremely  rare. 

Bede,  Adam.  The  principal  character  in  George 
Eliot's  novel  of  that  name,  a  young  carpenter, 
a  keen  and  clever  workman,  somewhat  sharp- 
tempered  and  with  a  knowledge  of  some  good 
hooks.  He  has  an  alert  conscience,  good  common  sense, 
and  "  well-balanced  shares  of  susceptibility  and  self-con- 
trol." He  loves  Hetty  Sorrel,  but  finally  marries  Dinah 
Morris.  (See  Morris,  Dinah.)  He  is  said  to  be  in  part  a  por- 
trait of  George  Eliot's  father. 

Bede,  Outhbert.  The  pseudonym  of  the  Eev. 
Edward  Bradley  who  wrote  "Verdant  Green" 
and  other  humorous  works. 

Bede,  Lisheth.  The  mother  of  Adam  and  Seth 
in  George  Eliot's  novel  "Adam Bede." 

Bede,  Seth.  The  tender-hearted  mystical  bro- 
ther of  Adam  Bede. 

Bedeau  (be-do'),  Marie  Alphonse.  Born  at 
Vertou,  near  Nantes,  France,  Aug.  10,  1804: 
died  at  Nantes,  Oct.  30, 1863.  A  French  general. 
He  served  in  Algeria ;  failed  in  an  attempt  to  suppress  the 
rising  in  Paris  of  Feb.,  1848 ;  became  vice-president  of  the 
Constituent  and  Legislative  assemblies ;  and  was  impris- 
oned at  the  coup  d'etat  of  1851. 

Bedel  (be'del),  Timothy.  Born  at  Salem,  N.H., 
about  1740 :  died  at  Haverhill,  N.  H.,  1787.  An 
American  officer  in  the  Kevolutionary  War.  He 
was  in  command  of  the  force  which  was  attacked  by  Brant's 
Indians  at  the  Cedars,  near  Montreal,  and  which  was  sur- 
rendered without  resistance  by  Captain  Butterfleld,  the 
subordinate  officer  in  command.  The  blame  for  this  affair 
was  thrown  by  General  Arnold  on  Bedel,  who  at  the  time 
of  the  attack  lay  ill  at  Lachine. 

Bedell  (be-del'),  Gregory  Townsend.    Bom 

on  Staten  Island, N..Y.,  Oct.  28,  1793:  died  at 
Baltimore,  Md.,  Aug.  30,  1834.  An  American 
Protestant  Episcopal  clergyman  and  hymn- 
writer. 

Bedell,  Gregory  Thurston.  Born  at  Hudson, 
New  York,  Aug.  27,  1817 :  died  at  New  York, 
March  11,  1892.  An  American  bishop  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  son  of  Gregory 
Townsend  Bedell.  He  was  rector  of  the  Church  of 
the  Ascension  in  New  York  city  1843-69,  and  was  con- 
secrated assistant  bishop  of  Ohio  Oct.  13,  1869,  and  be- 
came bishop  of  that  diocese  in  187S  ;  he  resigned  the 
office  in  1889  on  account  of  iUnfess.  Author  of  "  Canter- 
bury Pilgrimage  to  the  Lambeth  Conference,"  etc.  (1878), 
"  The  Pastor,"  etc.  (1880),  and  "  Centenary  of  the  Ameri- 
can Episcopate  "  (1884). 

Bedell,  William,  Bom  in  Essex,  England, 
1571 :  died  Feb.  7,  1642.  An  English  prelate. 
He  became  provost  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1627, 
and  bishop  of  the  united  sees  of  Kilniore  and  Ardagh  in 
Ireland  in  1629  ;  resigned  the  see  of  Ardagh  in  1633,  in  dis- 
approval of  pluralities;  and,  being  imprisoned  by  the 
rebels  in  1641,  died  in  consequence  of  the  treatment 
which  he  received. 

Beder.    See  Bedr. 

Bedford  (bed'ford),  or  Bedfordshire  (bed'ford- 
shir),  abbreviated  Beds.  A  midland  county  of 
England,  bounded  by  Northampton  on  the  north- 
west, Huntingdon  on  the  northeast,  Cambridge 
on  the  east,  Hertford  onthe  southeast,  and  Buck- 
ingham on  the  west.  The  surface  is  generally  level, 
but  is  hilly  in  the  south.  Area,  461  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  160,729. 

Bedford.  [ME.  Beddeford,  AS.  Bedanford,  Be- 
dica's  ford :  Bedica,  Beadeca,  a  proper  name.] 
The  capital  of  Bedfordshire,  England,  situated 
on  the(5use  45  miles  north-northwest  of  London. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a  battle  between  the  Britons  and 
Saxons  in  671.  It  had  a  castle  in  the  middle  ages.  In 
Bedford  jail  Bunyan  was  imprisoned  (1660-72  and  1676-76), 
and  wrote  "Pilgrim's  Progress."  Population  (1891),  28,023. 

Bedford.  The  capital  of  Lawrence  County, 
Indiana,  65  miles  south-southwest  of  Indian- 
apolis.   Population  (1900),  6,115. 

Bedford.  The  capital  of  Bedford  Comity, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Raystown  branch 
of  the  Juniata  River,  34  miles  south  of  Altoona. 
Population  (1«00),  2,167. 


137 

Bedford,  Duke  of.     See  John  of  Lancaster. 

Bedford.  Earls  and  Dukes  of.     See  Sussell. 

Bedford  (bed'ford).  Gunning  S.  Bom  at  Balti- 
more, Md..  1806 :  died  in  New  York  city,  Sept. 
5,  18'70.  An  American  physician.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  obstetrics  in  the  University  of  New  York  1840- 
1862.  He  wrote  "Diseases  of  Women  and  Children," 
"  Principles  and  Practice  of  Obstetrics,"  etc. 

Bedford  Coffee  House.  A  noted  house  for- 
merly standing  m  Covent  Garden,  London,  the 
resort  of  Garriok,  Foote,  Fielding,  and  others. 

Bedford  House.  A  fine  mansion  formerly 
standing  in  Belgrave  Square,  London,  the  res- 
idence of  the  Duke  of  Bedford. 

Bedford  Level.  A  flat  tract  of  land  situated 
on  the  eastern  coast  of  England,  it  is  about  eo 
miles  in  length  and  40  miles  in  breadth,  extending  from 
Milton  in  Cambridgeshire  to  Toyhton  in  Lincolnshire, 
and  from  Peterborough  in  Northamptonshire  to  Bran- 
don in  Suffolk.  It  comprises  nearly  all  the  marshy  district 
called  the  Fens  and  the  Isle  of  Ely.  It  gets  its  name 
from  Francis,  earl  of  Bedford,  who  in  1634  undertook  to 
drain  it.  Extensive  drainage  works  have  since  been  es- 
tablished, and  the  district  affords  rich  grain  and  pasture 
lands.    Area,  460,000  acres. 

Bedford  Sq.uare.  A  square  in  London,  situ- 
ated on  the  west  of  the  British  Museum,  from 
which  it  is  divided  by  Gower  street. 

Bedivere  (bed'i-ver).  Sir.  In  the  Arthurian 
cycle  of  romance,  a  knight  of  the  Round  Ta- 
ble. It  was  he  who  brought  the  dying  Arthur  to  the 
barge  in  which  the  three  queens  bore  him  to  the  Vale 
of  Avalon. 

Bedlam  (bed'lam).  [A  corruption  of  Beth- 
Jehem.']  The  hospital  of  St.  Mary  of  Bethlehem 
in  London,  originally  a  priory,  founded  about 
1247,  hut  afterward  used  as  an  asylum  for  lu- 
natics. 

Bedlam  beggar.     Same  as  Abraham-man. 

BedlingtOU  (bed'ling-ton).  A  town  in  Nor- 
thumberland, England,  situated  on  the  Blyth  11 
miles  north  of  Newcastle.  Population  (1891), 
16,996. 

Bedmar  (bed-mar'),  Alfonso  de  la  Cueva, 
Marquis  de.  Bom  1572 :  died  Aug.  2, 1655.  A 
Spanish  diplomatist  and  prelate  who,  while 
ambassador  of  Philip  III.  to  Venice,  planned 
an  unsuccessful  conspiracy  to  destroy  the  re- 
public, 1618.  He  became  a  cardinal  1622.  His  con- 
spiracy is  said  to  have  suggested  the  plot  of  Otway's 
"Venice  Preserved."    &ee  Bedamar. 

Bednur  (bed-nor'),  or  Bednore  (bed-nor').  A 
town  in  western  Mysore,  Hindustan,  in  lat. 
13°  50'  N.,  long.  75°  5'  E.  It  was  taken  by  Hyder 
Ali  in  1763,  and  by  Tippu  Saib  in  1783.  Formerly  it  was 
the  seat  of  a  rajah. 

Bedott  (be-dof).  Widow,  or  Widow  Priscilla 
P.  Bedott.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs.  Frances 
Miriam  (Berry)  Whitcher  in  the  "  Widow  Be- 
dott Papers." 

Bedouins  (bed'o-inz),  or  Bedawi  (bed-a-we'). 
The  nomadic  Arabs,  in  distinction  from  the 
fellahin,  or  peasants,  and  the  dwellers  in  towns, 
who  usually  call  themselves ' '  sons  of  the  Arabs" 
(Ibn-el  Arab).  They  are  subdivided  in  tribes  called 
KabiUh.  ■  Two  principal  groups  may  be  distinguished : 
(1)  BedouiThS  in  the  narrower  sense — i.  e.,  Arabic-speaking 
tribes  who  occupy  the  deserts  adjoining  central  and 
northern  Egypt^  or  who  are  to  be  found  in  various  regions 
of  southern  Nubia  as  a  pastoral  people  ;  (2)  BejaSt  or  Be- 
gas,  who  range  over  the  regions  of  Upper  Egypt  and  Nubia 
situated  between  the  Nile  and  the  Red  Sea,  extending  to 
the  frontiers  of  the  Abyssinian  highland.  This  second 
group  consists  of  three  different  tribes,  the  Hadendoa,  the 
Eisharin,  and  the  Ababdeh.  On  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile 
they  are  spread  out  as  far  as  the  boundaries  of  the  Niger 
(lat.  9°  N.).  The  territory  occupied  by  them  is  called  "Ed- 
bai,"  and  they  number  about  600,000  souls.  The  penin- 
sula of  Mount  Sinai  is  also  occupied  by  three  Bedouin 
tribes,  the  Terabiyin,  the  Tihaya,  and  the  Sawaikeh  or  El- 
Araish.  The  Bedouins  live  in  tents.  Their  chief  occupa- 
tion is  breeding  cattle.  Their  figures  are  symm  etrical  and 
slender,  their  form  and  limbs  delicate  and  graceful,  and 
their  complexion  bronze-colored.  They  are  courageous 
and  warlike.  They  all  profess  Islam,  but  are  lax  in  fol- 
lowing its  precepts,  and  are  tolerant  in  their  intercourse 
with  non-Mohammedans. 

Bedr  (bed'r),  or  Beder  (bed'fer).  A  village  in 
Arabia,  between  Medina  and  Mecca,  it  was  the 
scene  of  the  first  victory  of  Mohammed  over  the  Koraish- 
ites,  about  the  beginning  of  624  A.  D. 

Bedreddin  Hassan  (bed -red -den'  has'san). 
The  son  of  Noureddin  Ali  in  the  story  of  that 
name  in  "The  Arabian  Nights'  Entertain- 
ments." Having  been  carried  oft  by  a  genie  and  adopted 
by  a  pastry-cook,  he  is  discovered  by  the  superior  quality 
of  the  cheese-cakes  he  makes,  arrested  on  a  false  charge 
of  putting  no  pepper  in  them,  and  restored  to  his  family. 

Bedretto  (ba-dret'to),  Val  di.  An  alpine 
valley  in  the  canton  of  Tioino,  Switzerland, 
southwest  of  the  St.  Gotthard. 

Bedriacum  (be-dri'a-kum),  or  Bebriacum  (be- 
bri'a-kum).  In  ancient  geography,  a  village 
of  northern  Italy,  east  of  Cremona.  The  exact 
location  is  undetermined.    Here,  April,  69  A.  D.,  the  forces 


Beefsteak  Club 

of  ViteUius,  under  Cecina  and  Valens,  defeated  the  forces 
of  Otho ;  later  in  69  A.  D.,  the  forces  of  Vespasian,  under 
Antouius,  defeated  the  forces  of  Vitellius. 

Beds  (bedz).    An  abbreviation  of  Bedfordshire. 

Bedwin  (bed'win),  Mrs.  "A  motherly  old 
lady,"  Mr.  BrownloVs  housekeeper,  who  is 
kind  to  Oliver,  in  Charles  Dickens's  novel 
"  Oliver  Twist." 

Bee  (be),  Bernard  E.  Bom  about  1823:  died 
at  Bull  Run,  July  21,  1861.  A  Confederate 
brigadier-general  in  the  Civil  War.  He  com- 
manded a  brigade  of  South  Carolina  troops  at  Bull  Ban, 
where  he  fell. 

Bee,  Jon.    The  pseudonym  of  John  Badcock. 

Bee,  The.  A  periodical  which  appeared  Oct. 
6,  1759,  eight  weekly  numbers  only  being  pub- 
lished. Oliver  Goldsmith  was  the  author  of 
nearly  all  the  essays. 

Beecher  (be'cher),  Catherine  Esther.  Bom 
at  East  Hampton,  L.  I.,  Sept.  6,  1800:  died  at 
Elmira,  N.  Y. ,  May  12, 1878.  An  American  edu- 
cator and  writer,  daughter  of  Lyman  Beecher. 
She  conducted  a  female  seminary  in  Hartford,  Conn.,, 
1822-32,  and  was  the  author  of  "An  Appeal  to  the  People, 
"Common  Sense  applied  to  Eeligion,"  "Domestic  Ser- 
vice," "  Physiology  and  Callisthenics,"  etc. 

Beecher.  Charles.  Bom  at  Litchfield,  Conn., 
Oct.  7, 1815:  died  at  Georgetown,  Mass.,  April 
21, 1900.  An  American  clergyman  and  writer, 
son  of  Lyman  Beecher. 

Beecher,  Edward,  Bom  at  East  Hampton, 
L.  I.,  Aug.  27,  1803:  died  July  28,  1895.  An 
American  Congregational  clergyman  and  theo- 
logical writer,  son  of  Lyman  Beecher. 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward.  Bom  at  Litchfield, 
Conn.,  June  24,  1813:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
March  8,1887.  A  noted  American  Congregation- 
al clergyman,  lecturer,  reformer,  and  author, 
son  of  Lyman  Beecher.  He  was  graduated  at  Amherst 
College  in  1834 ;  studied  theology  at  Lane  Theological  Sem- 
inary ;  and  was  pastor  in  Lawrenceburg,  Indiana  (1837-39), 
of  a  Presbyterian  church  in  Indianapolis  (1839-47),  and  of 
the  Plymouth  Congregational  church  in  Brooklyn  (1847-87). 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  and  early  editors  of  the  "In- 
dependent," the  founder  of  the  "Christian  Union"  and 
its  editor  1870-81 ;  and  one  of  the  most  prominent  of  anti- 
slavery  orators.  He  delivered  Union  addresses  in  Great 
Britain  on  subjects  relating  to  the  Civil  War  in  the  United 
States  in  1863.  He  published  "Lectures  to  Young  Men  " 
(1844),  "Star  Papers  "  (1866),  "  Freedom  and  War  "  (1863), 
"Eyes  and  Ears  "  (1864),  "Aids  to  Prayer"  (1864),  "  Nor- 
wood "(1867),  "Earlier  Scenes,"  "Lecture  Boom  Talks, "■ 
"YaleLectures  on  Preaching,"  "  A  Summer  Parish,"  "Ev- 
olution and  Preaching  "  (1885),  etc. 

Beecher,  Lyman.  Born  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Oct.  12,  1775:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  10, 
1863.  An  American  Congregational  clergyman 
and  theologian.  He  was  pastor  in  East  Hampton, 
long  Island  (1799-1810),  Litchfield,  Connecticut  (1810-26),. 
and  Boston  (1826-32),  and  president  of  Lane  Theological 
Seminary  (1832-51).  He  was  noted  as  a  temperance  and- 
antislavery  reformer  and  controversialist, 

Beecher,  Thomas  Kinnicut.  Born  at  Litch- 
field, Conn.,  Feb.  10, 1824 :  died  at  Elmira,  N.  Y. , 
March  14,  1900.  Ai  American  Congregational 
clergyman,  son  of  Lyman  Beecher,  pastor  at 
Elmira,  N.  Y.,  1854-1900. 

Beechey  (be'chi),  Frederick  William.  Bom 
at  London,  Feb.  17, 1796 :  died  at  London,  Nov. 
29,  1856.  An  English  rear-admiral  and  geog- 
rapher, son  of  Sir  William  Beechey.  He  was  dis- 
tinguished in  Arctic  exploration  with  Franklin,  and  as 
commander  of  an  expedition  in  1825-31.  He  wrote 
"Voyage  of  Discovery  toward  the  North  Pole  "  (1843),  etc. 

Beechey,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Burford,  Ox- 
fordshie,  England,  Deo.  12,  1753:  died  at 
Hampstead,  England,  Jan.  28,  1839.  A  noted 
BngUsh  portrait-painter. 

Beef-eaters  (befe'^terz).  [Originally  humor- 
ous.] A  name  given  to  the  Yeomen  of  the 
Guard,  whose  function  it  has  been,  ever  since 
1485,  when  they  first  appeared  in  the  coronation 
procession  of  Henry  VII.,  to  attend  the  sover- 
eign at  banquets  and  other  state  occasions. 
The  Tower  Warders  are  also  called  Beef-eaters,  fifteen 
having  been  sworn  in  as  Yeomen  Extraordinary  of  the 
Guard  during  the  reign  of  Edwaid  VI.  The  uniform  dif- 
fers slightly,  the  Tower  Warders  having  no  cross-belt. 

Beefington  (be'fing-ton),  Milor.  A  fictitious 
English  nobleman  exiled  by  royal  tyranny  be- 
fore the  granting  of  "the  Magna'(jharta.  He  is  in- 
troduced in  "  The  Rovers  "  in  the  Anti-Jacobin  poetry  by 
Frere,  Canning,  and  Ellis. 

Beefsteak  dlub.  A  club  founded  in  the  reign 
of  .Queen  Anne  (it  was  called  a  "new  society" 
in  1709),  believed  to  be  the  earliest  club  with 
this  name.  Estcourt,  the  actor,  was  made  providore. 
It  was  composed  of  the  "  chief  wits  and  great  men  of  the 
nation  "  and  its  badge  was  a  gridiron.  The  "Society  of 
Beefsteaks,"  established  some  years  later,  which  has  been 
confused  with  this,  scorned  being  called  a  club :  they  des- 
ignated themselves  "  the  Steaks. "  "The  Sublime  Society 
of  the  Steaks  "  was  founded  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre 
in  17S6.  It  is  said  to  have  had  its  origin  in  an  accidental 
dinner  taken  by  Lord  Peterborough  with  Rich,  the  man^ 
^er,  in  his  private  room  at  the  theater.    The  latter  cooked  , 


Beefsteak  Club 

&  beefsteak  so  appetizingly  that  Lord  Peterborough  pro- 
posed repeating  the  entertainment  the  next  Saturday  at 
the  same  hour.  Alter  the  Are  at  Covent  Garden  in  1808 
the  Sublime  Society  met  at  the  Bedford  Coffee  House, 
whence  they  removed  to  the  Old  Lyceum  in  1809.  When 
it  was  burned  in  1830,  they  returned  to  the  Bedford. 
When  the  Lyceum  Theatre  was  rebuilt  in  1838,  a  magnifi- 
cent and  appropriate  room  was  provided  for  them  (Timbs), 
where  they  met  until  1867,  when  the  dwindling  society  was 
dissolved.  A  Beefsteak  Club  was  established  at  the  Thea^ 
tre  Royal,  Dublin,  by  Sheridan,  about  1749,  of  which  Peg 
Wotfington  was  president.  There  were  also  other  clubs 
of  the  kind.  The  present  Beefsteak  Club  in  Toole's  Thea- 
tre, London,  was  established  in  1876. 

Beelzebub  (be-el'zf-bub).  [Formerly  also,  and 
still  in  popular  speech,  Belsebub;  ME.  Belsebuh, 
L.  Beelnebub,  Gr.  BeeAfe/Joi/J,  Heb.  Ba'aUebuh, 
a  god  of  the  Philistines,  the  averter  of  in- 
sects, from  la'al,  lord  (Baal),  and  eehub,  z'bub, 
a  fly.]  1.  A  god  of  the  Philistines,  who  had 
a  famous  temple  at  Ekron.  He  was  worshiped 
as  the  destroyer  of  flies.  See  Baal. —  2.  In 
demonology,  one  of  the  Gubematores  of  the 
Infernal  Kingdom,  under  Lucifer.  Fausfs 
Boole  of  Marvels  (1469).— 3.  A  name  of  the 
Mycetes  ursinus,  a  howling  monkey  of  South 
America. 

Beemstef  (bam'ster).  A  large  polder  in  the 
province  of  North  Holland,  Netherlands,  13 
miles  north  of  Amsterdam.  Population,  about 
4,000. 

Beer  (bar),  Adolf.  Born  at  Prossnitz,  Moravia, 
Feb.  27, 1831 :  died  at  Vienna,  May  7,  1902,  An 
Austrian  historian.  His  works  include  "  Geschichte 
des  Welthandels  "  (1860-64),  "  Holland  und  der  osterreich- 
ische  Erbfolgekrieg "  (1871),  "Die  erste  Teilung  Polens" 
(1873-74),  and  various  works  on  Austrian  history. 

Beer,  Jacob  Meyer.     See  Meyerbeer,  Giacomo. 

Beer,  Michael.  Born  at  Berlin,  Aug.  19,  1800 : 
died  at  Munich,  March  22,  1833.  A  German 
dramatist,  brother  of  Meyerbeer.  His  chief  work 
is  the  tr^edy  "  Struensee"  (1829). 

Beer,  Wlllielm.  Bom  at  Berlin,  Jan.  4,  1797: 
died  at  Berlin,  March  27, 1850.  A  German  banker 
and  astronomer,  brother  of  Meyerbeer.  He 
published  a  map  of  the  moon  (1836). 

Beerberg  (bar'berG).  The  highest  mountain  of 
the  Thiiringerwald,  Germany,  15  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Meiningen.    Height,  3,226  feet. 

Beers  (berz),  Mrs.  (Ethelinda  Eliot :  pseudo- 
nym Ethel  Lynn).  Born  at  Goshen,  Orange 
County,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  13, 1827 :  died  at  Orange, 
N.  T.,  Oct.  10,  1879.  An  American  poet,  she 
is  best  known  as  the  author  of  the  poem  "All  Quiet  Along 
the  Potomac,"  which  originally  appeared  in  "Harper's 
Weekly  "for  Nov.  30,  1861,  under  the  title  "The  Picket 
Guard." 

Beers,  Henry  Augustin.  Bom  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
July  2,  1847.  A2l  American  man  of  letters, 
appointed  professor  of  English  in  the  Sheffield 
Scientific  School  of  Yale  University  in  1880. 
He  edited  "  A  Century  of  American  Literature  "  (1878),  and 
is  the  author  of  a  "Sketch  of  English  Literature  "  (1886), 
"  Nathaniel  Parker  Willis"  ("American  Men  of  Letters," 
1885),  etc. 

Beersheba  (be'fer-she'ba  or  be-6r'she-ba). 
[Heb., 'well  of  swearing'  or  '  of  seven.'  Of. 
Gen.  xxi.  31  and  xxvi.  23-33.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  town  at  the  southern  extremity  of 
Palestine,  44  miles  southwest  of  Jerusalem. 
It  became  a  seat  of  idolatry  (Amos  v.  5 ;  viiL  14).  It  was 
reinhabited  after  the  return  from  the  captivity  (Neh.  xi. 
27).  In  the  period  of  the  Roman  Empire  it  was  the  seat 
of  a  garrison,  and  later  of  a  bishop.  It  was  mentioned 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  is  identified  with  the  ruins  sur- 
rounding 1,000  large  wells  called  by  the  Arabs  Bir-es- 
Saba,  *  Well  of  the  Lions.'  It  was  one  of  the  oldest 
places  in  Palestine,  and  is  familiar  in  the  phra£e  "  From 
Dan  to-Beersheba" — that  is, '  from  one  end  of  the  land  to 
the  other.' 

Beeskow  (ba'sko).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Spree  43 
miles  southeast  of  Berlin.  Population,  about 
4.000. 

Beethoven  (ba'to-ven),  Ludrng  van.  Born 
at  Bonn,  Prussia,  probably  Dec.  16, 1770  :  died 
at  Vienna,  March  26,  1827.  A  celebrated  Ger- 
man composer,  of  Dutch  descent.  He  began  his 
musical  education  at  the  age  of  four  years  under  his  father, 
a  musician  in  the  court  band  of  the  Elector  of  Cologne. 
In  1779  he  was  taught  by  Pf  eiffer,  a  tenor  singer  who  lodged 
wiUi  his  parenta  ;  and  from  1783  till  1792  filled  various  no. 
sitions  as  court  organist,  conductor  of  the  opera  band  or 
orchestra,  etc.  In  this  year  the  elector  sent  him  to  Vienna 
to  study  music  at  his  expense.  He  was  now  about  twenty- 
two,  and  began  his  lessons  with  Haydn,  principally  in 
strict  counterpoint.  In  1794  Beethoven,  dissatisfied  with 
the  lack  of  attention  given  him  by  Haydn,  who  was  much 
occupied,  and  who  went  to  England  in  that  year,  took  les- 
sons of  Albreohtsberger  and  from  Schuppanzigh  on  the 
violin.  He  published  his  three  trios,  known  as  Opus  1,  in 
1795,  and  from  this  time  published  his  compositions  with 
regularity.  In  1802  his  deafness,  which  had  previously 
troubled  him.  began  to  be  serious.  In  1814  lawsuits  and 
other  anxieties  and  worries  commenced,  which,  with  his 
now  total  deafness,  clouded  all  his  later  yeaj-s.  On  AprU 
20, 1816,  he  made  his  last  appearance  in  public.  In  1824 
he  moved  into  Schwarzspanierhaus  in  Vienna,  where,  on 
December  2, 1826,  his  last  illness  began.    Among  his  com- 


138 

positions  are  the  three  trios  (1795X  three  piano  sonatas 
(1796),  "Adelaide "(1796),  "Prometheus"  and  "Mount  of 
Olives"  (1802),  "1st  Symphony"  (1800),  "2d  Symphony" 
(1802V  "Kreutzer  Sonata"  (1803),  "Eroica  Symphony" 
(1804),  "Eidelio"  (1805-06:  rewritten  1814),  "4th  Sym- 
phony" (1806),  "Symphonies  5  and  6  "(1808),  "7th  Sym- 
phony "  (1812),  "Battle  Symphony  "  (1813), ' '  8th  Symphony  " 
(1814),  "Meeresstnie"  (1816),  "9th  Symphony"  (1824), 
'' Mass  in  D"  (1824),  etc. 

Beets  (bats),  Nikolaas.  Bom  at  Haarlem, 
Holland,  Sept.  13, 1814:  died  at  Utrecht,  March 
14,  1903.  A  Dutch  poet.  His  works  include  the 
poems  "  Kuser "  (1836),  " Guy de  Vlammg "  (1867),  "Ada 
van  Holland"  (1840),  " Korenbloemen "  (1868),  etc.;  and 
the  prose  writings  "  Camera  Obscura  "  (1839),  "  Versohei- 
denheden,  etc."  (1868),  "Stichtelijke  Uren  "(1848-60),  etc. 

Befana  (ba-fa'na).  The.  [It.,  oormpted  from 
epifania,  LL.  epiphania,  Epiphany.]  An  old 
woman  in  Italian  folk-lore  who  is  a  sort  of 
Wandering  Jew  and  Santa  Glaus  combined. 
She  is  the  good  fairy  who  fills  the  children's  stockings 
with  presents  on  Twelfth  Night,  or  the  feast  of  the  Epiph- 
any, Jan.  6.  If  the  children  have  been  naughty  she 
fills  the  stockings  with  ashes ;  but  she  is  compassionate, 
and  wiU  sometimes  relent  and  return  to  comfort  the  little 
penitents  with  gifts.  Tradition  says  that  she  was  too  busy 
sweeping  to  come  to  the  window  to  see  the  Three  Wise 
Men  of  the  East  when  they  passed  by  on  their  way  to  offer 
homage  to  the  new-born  Saviour,  but  said  she  could  see 
them  when  they  came  back.  For  this  lack  of  reverence  she 
was  duly  punished,  as  they  went  back  another  way  and 
she  has  been  watching  ever  since.  At  one  time  her  efflgy 
was  carried  about  the  streets  on  the  eve  of  the  Epiphany, 
but  the  custom  is  mostly  disused.  She  is  used  as  a  bug- 
bear by  Italian  mothers. 

Beg  (beg),  Galium.  A  minor  character  in  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  novel ' '  Waverley,"  the  foot-page 
of  Fergus  Mac-Ivor,  in  the  service  of  Waverley. 

Bega  (ba'go).  A  river  and  canal  in  southern 
Hungary,  a  tributary  of  the  Theiss. 

Begas  (ba'gas),  Karl.  Bora  at  Heinsberg,  near 
Aachen.  Sept.  30,  1794:  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  24, 
1854.  A  noted  German  painter  of  historical 
subjects  and  portraits.  He  was  court  painter, 
and  professor  at  the  Berlin  Academy. 

Begas,  Oskar.  Born  at  Berlin,  July  31, 1828 : 
died  there,  Nov.  10, 1883.  A  German  historical 
and  portrait  painter,  son  of  Karl  Begas. 

Begas,  Reinhold.  Born  at  Berlin,  July  15, 1831. 
A  German  sculptor,  son  of  Karl  Begas. 

Beggar's  Bush,  The.  A  comedy  by  Fletcher 
and  others  (Eowley  and  Massinger),  performed 
at  court  in  1622,  printed  in  1647.  it  was  long 
popular.  Three  alterations  have  appeared:  one,  "The 
Royal  Merchant,"  an  opera,  in  1767 ;  the  last  in  1815  under 
the  title  of  "  The  Merchant  of  Bruges."  Mr.  Lewes  says 
the  plot  is  taken  from  a  novel  by  Cervantes,  the  "  Fuerza 
delaS'angre." 

Beggar's  Daughter.  See  Bess  or  Bessee,  and 
Beggar  of  Befhnal  Green. 

Beggar's  Opera,  The.  An  opera  by  John  Gay, 
produced  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  Jan.  29, 1728. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  suggested  by  a  remark  of  Dean 
Swift  to  Gay  "that  a  Newgate  pastoral  might  make  a 
pretty  sort  of  thing."  Gay  was  also  said  to  have  been  in- 
duced to  produce  this  opera  from  spite  at  having  been 
offered  an  unacceptable  appointment  at  court.  It  was 
intended  as  a  satire  on  the  effeminate  style  then  recently 
imported  from  Italy,  and  was  very  successful.  The  songs 
were  written  for  popular  English  and  Scottish  tunes,  and 
were  arranged  and  scored  by  Dr.  Pepusch  who  composed 
the  overture.  The  characters  are  highwaymen,  pick- 
pockets, etc.,  satirizing  the  corrupt  political  conditions  of 
the  day. 

Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green,  The.  A  comedy  by 
J.  Sheridan  Knowles,  produced  in  1834.  It  was 
abridged  from  "  The  Beggar's  Daughter  of  Bethnal  Green  " 
(1828),  which  was  based  on  the  well-known  ballad.  See 
Blmd.  Beggar,  and  Bess. 

Beggars,  The.    See  Chteux. 

Beghards.    See  Begums,  2. 

Begon  (ba-g6ri')>  Michel.  Bom  atBlois,  France, 
1638 :  died  at  Eochefort,  France,  March  4, 1710. 
A  French  magistrate  and  administrator.  He 
was  a  naval  officer  and  successively  intendant  of  the  French 
West  Indies,  of  Canada,  and  of  Rochefort  and  La  Rochelle. 
He  was  noted  for  his  love  of  science,  and  the  great  genus 
of  plants  Begonia  was  named  in  his  honor. 

Beg-Shehr  (beg'shehr'),  or  Bey-Shehr  (ba'- 
shehr'),orBei-Shehr.  1.  Alake  in  Asia  Minor, 
in lat.  37° 40'  N.,  long.  31°  40'  E.  Length, about 
25  miles, —  2.  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of  Konieh, 
Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  near  the  eastern  shore 
of  Lake  Beg-Shehr. 

Beguins,  or  Beguines  (beg'inz).  1.  A  name 
given  to  the  members  of  various  religious  com- 
munities of  women  who,  professing  a  life  of  pov- 
erty and  self-denial,  went  about  in  coarse  gray 
clothing  (of  undyed  wool),  reading  the  Scrip- 
tures and  exhorting  the  people.  They  originated  in 
the  12th  or  13th  century,  and  formerly  fiourished  in  Ger- 
many, the  Netherlands,  France,  and  Italy ;  and  communi- 
ties of  the  name  still  exist  in  Belgium.  [Now  generally 
written  Beguine.] 

2.  [OnlyBeguins.}  A  community  of  men  founded 
on  the  same  general  principle  of  life  as  that  of 
the  Beguines  (see  def.  1).  They  became  infected 
with  various  heresies,  especially  with  systems  of  illurain- 
ism,  which  were  afterward  propagated  among  the  commu- 


Behr 

nities  of  women.  They  were  condemned  by  Pope  John 
XXII.  in  the  early  part  of  the  14th  century.  The  faithful 
Beguins  joined  themselves  in  numbers  with  the  different 
orders  of  friars.  The  sect,  generally  obnoxious  and  the 
object  of  severe  measures,  haid  greatly  diminished  by  the 
following  century,  but  continued  to  exist  till  about  the 
middle  of  the  16th.  Also  called  Beghard. 
B^guinage  (ba-ge-nazh').  Grand.  [F.]  A  nun- 
nery (of  Beguins)  in  Ghent,  Belgium,  removed 
recently  from  its  medieval  site  to  a  new  one 
outside  of  the  city,  it  forms  a  town  by  itself,  walled 
and  moated,  with  18  convents,  picturesque  streets  of 
small  houses  built  in  highly  diversified  medieval  designs, 
and  a  handsome  central  church.  The  PeUt  B6gvirmge 
is  similar. 

Behaim  (ba'him),  or  Behem  (ba'hem),  Mar- 
tin. Born  at  Nuremberg  about  the  middle  of 
the  15th  century:  died  at  Lisbon,  July  29, 1506. 
A  celebrated  navigator  and  cosmographer.  From 
about  1484  he  was  in  the  service  of  Portugal,  taking  part 
in  tfae  expedition  of  Diogo  Cam  (1484)  and  others  on  the 
African  coast.  He  was  a  friend  of  Columbus.  The  cele- 
brated Nuremberg  globe,  still  preserved  in  that  city,  was 
constructed  by  him  in  1492,  during  a  visit  to  his  family ; 
and  is  interesting  as  showing  the  idea  of  the  world  enter- 
tained by  the  first  cosmographers,  just  previous  to  the 
discovery  of  America.  Behaim  was  one  of  the  inventors 
of  the  astrolabe. 

Behaim,  Michael.  Born  atSulzbaoh,inWein8- 
berg,  1416:  died  there,  1474.  A  German  meis- 
tersanger. 

Beham  (ba'ham),  Barthel.  Bom  at  Nurem- 
berg, 1502:  died  at  Venice, -1540.  A  German 
engraver  and  painter. 

Beham,  Hans  Sebald.  Bom  at  Nuremberg 
about  1500:  died  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
1550.  A  German  painter  and  engraver,  brother 
of  Barthel  Beham. 

Behar  (be-har');  Bahar  (ba-har'),  or  Bihar 
(bi-har').  A  province  of  Bengal,  British  India, 
in  the  basin  of  the  Ganges  in  lat.  24°-28°  N., 
long.  83°-89°  E.  it  produces  opium,  indigo,  rice, 
grain^  sugar,  etc.,  and  has  various  manufactures.  It  has 
two  divisions,  Bhagalpur  and  Patna.  Area,  44,139  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  24,284,370. 

Behar.  A  town  in  Behar,  in  lat.  25°  10'  N., 
long.  85°  35'  E.  Formerly  the  residence  of  a 
governor.    Population,  about  48,000. 

Behechio  (ba-e-che'6).  An  Indian  cacique  of 
Xaragu^,  in  the  island  of  Hispaniola,  at  the  time 
of  its  discovery,  in  1496  he  joined  his  brother-in- 
law,  Caonabo,  and  other  chieftains  in  war  against  the 
Spaniards.  After  the  defeat  of  the  Indians  at  the  battle 
of  the  Vega  Real  (April  26, 1495)  he  retired  to  his  own  prov- 
ince, where  he  ruled  conjointly  with  his  sister,  the  cele- 
brated Anac&ona.  Influenced  by  her,  he  made  peace  with 
Bartholomew  Columbus  (1498).    He  died  about  1502. 

Behem.     See  Behaim. 

Behistun  (be-his-t6n'),orBisutun  (be-sB-ton'). 
[Pers.  Behistun.']  A  rock  in  western  Persia  on 
the  road  from  Hamadan  (ancient  Agbatana)  to 
Bagdad,  near  the  city  of  Kirmanshah.  The  rock, 
which  rises  nearly  perpendicular  to  a  height  of  1,700  feet, 
has  been  noticed  from  ancient  times  as  having  on  its 
surface  mysterious  figures  and  signs.  Major-General  Sir 
Henry  Rawlinson,  under  great  hardships  and  dangers, 
copied  and  afterward  deciphered  one  of  the  greatest  in- 
scriptions in  cuneiform  characters.  Three  hundred  feet 
above  the  base,  on  a  polished  surface,  is  sculptured  a  bas- 
relief  picturing  Darius  with  a  long  row  of  fettered  prison- 
ers, representatives  of  the  subjugated  nations.  The  bas- 
relief  is  surrounded  by  numerous  columns  of  inscriptions, 
making  in  all  over  one  thousand  lines  of  cuneiform  writing. 
The  long  account  of  Darius's  reign  is  repeated  three  times 
in  the  different  languages  of  the  empire :  in  Persian,  Assyr- 
ian, and  the  language  of  Susiana  (Elam).  The  decipher- 
ment of  this  long  trilingual  inscription,  executed  by  Sir 
Henry  Rawlinson  during  the  years  1836-37,  formed  an  epoch 
in  the  history  of  Assyriology,  as  it  put  it  on  the  basis  of 
a  science.  By  the  Greeks  this  gigantic  monument  was 
attributed  to  Semiramis. 

Behm  (bam),  Ernst.  Bom  in  Gotha,  Jan.  4, 
1830:  died  there,  March  ,15,  1884.  A  German 
geographer  and  statistician.  He  was  editor  of 
Petermann's  "  Mitteilungen  "  (from  1866;  editor-in-chief 
after  1878),  of  the  statistical  parts  of  the  "Almanac  de 
Gotha," and  of  the  "Geographisches  Jahrbuch"  (1866-78). 

Behmen.    See  Bdhme,  Jakob. 

Behn  (ban),  Aphra,  or  Afra,  or  Aphara.  Born 
at  Wye,  1640:  died  at  London,  April  16,  1689. 
An  English  dramatic  writer  and  novelist.  She 
was  the  daughter  of  a  barber,  John  Johnson,  and  wife  of  a 
Dutch  gentleman  named  Behn,  who  died  before  1666.  In 
her  youth  she  spent  several  years  in  the  West  Indies, 
where  she  made  the  acquaintance  of  the  Indian  who  served 
as  the  model  of  her  famous  "Oroonoko"  (whichsee).  She 
wrote  much,  and  "  was  the  first  female  writer  who  lived 
by  her  pen  in  England."  Among  her  dramatic  works  are 
■The  Forced  Marriage"  (1671),  "The  Amorous  Prince" 
-""    ■  -      -    -   jgj..  (1873)^  "^Abdelazar"  (1677), 

'The  Debauchee"  (1677),   "The 


(1671),  "The  DHtch  Lover"  (1673),  '^Abdelazar"  (1677), 
"The  Rover"  (1677),  "The  Debauchee"  (1677),  "The 
Town  Ftfp"  (1677),  ''The  False  Count"  (1882).  She  also 
published  "Poems"  (1684),  etc. 

Behr  (bar),  Wilhelm  Joseph.  Bom  at  Sulz- 
heim,  Aug.  26,  1775:  died  at  Bamberg^  Aug.  1, 
1851.  A  Bavarian  publicist  and  liberal  politi- 
cian. He  was  professor  of  public  law  in  the  University 
of  Wiirzburg  1799-1821,  and  was  twice  elected  to  the  Ba- 
varian Diet.  He  suffered  imprisonment  (1833-43)  for  al- 
leged lese-majesty,  and  became  a  member  of  the  Frank- 
fort Parliament  in  1848. 


Beliring 

Behring.    See  Bering. 

Behring  Island.    See  Bering  Island. 

Behring  Sea.    See  Bering  Sea. 

Behring  Strait.    See  Bering  strait. 

Beld  (ba'id).  [Ar.  bi^,  the  egg :  this  star  and 
a  few  others  around  it  form  'the  ostrich's 
nest'  of  the  Arabs.]  The  fourth-magnitude 
very  white  star  o  Eridani. 

Beijerland,  or  Beyerland  (bi'er-lant).  An  isl- 
and in  the  province  of  South  Holland,  Nether- 
lands, lying  between  the  Oude  Maas  and  the 
Hollandsch  Diep  and  Haring  Vliet. 

Beilan  (ba-lan').  A  town  in  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situated  near  the  summit  of  the  Beilan  Pass, 
m  lat.  36°  30'  N.,  long.  36°  10'  E.  Here,  July  29, 
1832,  the  Egyptians  under  Ibrahim  Pasha  defeated  the 
Turks. 

Beilan,  Pass  of.    See  Syrian  Gates. 

Beilngries  (biln'gres).  A  small  town  in  Middle 
Franeonia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Ludwigs- 
canal,  near  the  Altmiihl,  29  miles  west  of 
Ratisbon. 

Beira  (ba'ra).  A  province  of  Portugal,  bounded 
by  Traz-os-Montes  and  Minio  on  the  north, 
Spain  on  the  east,  Alemtejo  and  Estremadura 
on  the  south,  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  west. 
The  surface  is  partly  a  plateau  and  partly  mountainous. 
The  popular  divisions  are  Beira-Mar,BeirarAlta,andBeira- 
Baixa ;  the  administrative  districts,  Aveiro,  CasteUo  Bran- 
co,  Coimbra,  Guard,  and  Vizeu.  Capital,  Coimbra.  Area, 
9,248  square  miles.    Population  (1890),  1,461,834. 

Beirut,  or  Beyrout,  or  Bairut  (ba-rof).  [F. 
Beyroicth.}  A  seaport  in  Syria,  Alsiatic  Turkey, 
situated  on  the  Mediterranean  near  the  foot  of 
Lebanon,  in  lat.  33°  54'  N.,  long.  35°  31'. E.: 
the  ancient  Berytus.  it  is  the  chief  seaport  of 
Syria,  and  has  a  considerable  commerce  with  Great 
Britain,  France,  Egypt,  etc.  It  was  an  ancient  Phenician 
town,  and  later  a  Roman  colony  (Augusta  Felix),  a  noted 
seat  of  learning  under  the  later  empire,  twice  devastated 
by  earthqualtea.  The  Crusaders  held  it  for  many  years ; 
later  it  was  occupied  by  Druses.  It  was  conquered  from 
the  Turks  by  a  Russian  fleet  in  1772,  was  held  by  the 
Egyptians  in  1840,  and  was  bombarded  by  the  British  fleet 
(Sept.  10-14)  and  occupied  by  the  Allies.  The  American 
Presbyterian  mission  in  Syria  has  its  headquarters  at 
Beirut.  Exports  madder,  silk,  wool,  olive-oil,  gums,  etc. 
PoDulation  (1889),  106,400. 

Bei-Shehr.    See  Beg-Shehr. 

Beissel  (bis'sel),  Johann  Conrad.    Bom  at 

Eberbach,  Palatinate,  Germany,  1690 :  died  at 
Ephrata,  Pa.,  1768.  A  German  mystic.  He  emi- 
grated to  Pennsylvania  in  1720,  and  founded  the  German 
Seventh-Day  Baptists  at  Ephrata  in  1728. 

Beit-el-Fakin  (bat 'el-fa 'ken).  [Ar., 'house 
of  the  learned.']  A  town  in  Yemen,  southwest- 
em  Arabia,  near  the  Bed  Sea,  situated  80  miles 
north  of  Mocha:  noted  for  its  coffee  trade. 
Population,  about  8,000. 

Beith  (beth).  A  town  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland, 
16  miles  southwest  of  Glasgow. 

Beitzke  (bits'ke),  Heinrich Ludvdg.  Bom  at 
Muttrin,  in  Pomerania,  Feb.  15,  1798:  died  alt 
Berlin,  May  10,  1867.  A  German  historian. 
His  works  include  "  Gesohichte  der  deutschen  Freiheits- 
kriege"  (1866),  "Geschichte  des  russisohen  Kriegs  im 
Jahre  1812 "(1866),  "Geschichte  des  Jahres  1815 "(1866), 
etc. 

Beja  (ba'zha).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Alemtejo,  southern  Portugal,  85  miles  south- 
east of  Lisbon :  the  Roman  Pax  Julia.  It  has 
a  cathedral  and  Roman  antiquities.  Population,  about 
8,000. 

Bejapur.    See  Bijapur.  .  ^ 

Bejar  (ba-nar').  A  town  m  the  province  of 
Salamanca,  Spain,  situated  47  miles  south  of 
Salamanca  on  the  Cuerpo  4e  Hombro.  It  has 
manufactures  of  cloth.  Population  (1887), 
12,120. 

B6jart  (ba-zhar').  The  name  of  a  family  of 
comedians  who  played  Moli&re's  comedies  and 
belonged  to  his  troupe.  There  were  four,  Jacques, 
Louis,  Madeleine,  and  Armande.  Armande  was  born  in 
1645,  and  died  in  1700.  She  was  a  charming  actress,  par- 
ticularly in  such  parts  as  "Caimfene"  in  "The  Misan- 
thrope. "  Moli^re  married  her  in  1662.  Slie  was  the  sister 
and  not  the  daughter  of  Madeleine  B^jart,  as  was  scan- 
dalously asserted,  the  latter  having  been  his  mistress. 
Alter  Molifere's  death  his  wife  married  Gufirin  EstrichS, 
and  left  the  stage  in  1694. 

Bek  (bek).  An  architect  of  Amenhotep  IV., 
king  of  Egypt.  He  supervised  the  building  of  the  city 
of  Khnatenrmodern  Tel-el-Amarna.  The  inscription  on 
his  tombstone  has  been  preserved  and  deciphered. 

Bek  (bek),  Anthony.  Died  1311.  An  English 
prelate  and  commander.  He  was  consecrated  bishop 
of  Durham  1286,  and  joined  Edward  I.  in  his  expeditions 
against  Scotland  1296  and  1298.  He  reduced,  in  the  latter 
m)edition,  the  castle  of  Dirleton,  and  commanded  the 
second  division  of  the  English  in  the  battle  of  Falkirk. 

Beke  (bek),  Charles  Tilstone.  Bom  at  Step- 
ney, England,  Oct.  10,  1800:  died  at  London, 
July  31,  1874.  An  English  traveler  and  geog- 
rapher. After  traveling  through  Palestine  he  explored 
.Shoa  and  Gojam,  Abyssinia,  returning  via  Massowa,  and 


139 

received,  in  1846,  a  gold  medal  for  his  travels  in  Abyssinia. 
From  1847-60  he  published  a  series  of  works  on  the  lan- 
guages of  Abyssinia  and  the  sources  of  the  Nile.  He  made 
a  second  expedition  to  Bible  lands,  and  wrote  several 
books  on  Bible  geography. 

B6k6s  (ba'kash).  The  chief  town  in  the  county 
of  B6k6s,  Hungary,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Black  and  White  Koros,  in  lat.  46°  46'  N., 
lone.  21°  10'  E.    Population  (1890),  25,087. 

Bekker  (bek'er),  Balthazar.  Bom  at  Mets- 
lanier,  in  Friesland,  March  30, 1634:  died  July 
11,  1698.  A  Dutch  theologian.  He  was  pastor 
of  a  Reformed  congregation  in  Amsterdam  1679-92.  He 
wrote  a  book,  "  De  betoverde  weereld,"  in  which  he  ad- 
vances views  of  demoniacal  possession  substantially  the 
same  as  those  held  by  modern  rationalists. 

Bekker,  Elizabeth.  Born  at  Vlissingeu,  Hol- 
land, July  24,  1738 :  died  at  The  Hague,  Nov. 
4,  1804.  A  Dutch  novelist,  wife  of  Adrian 
Wolff.  She  wrote  (conjointly  with  Agatha  Deken)  "  Sara 
Burgerhart"  (1790),  "Willem  Leevand"  (1785),  "Cornelia 
Wndschut"  (1793-96),  etc. 

Bekker,  Immanuel.  Born  at  Berlin,  May  21, 
1785 :  died  at  Berlin,  June  7,  1871.  A  distin- 
guished German  philologist,  professor  of  philol- 
ogy in  Berlin.  He  edited  critical  editions  of  Plato, 
the  Attic  orators,  Aristotle,  Sextus  Empiricus,  Thucydi- 
des_,  Theognis,  Aristophanes,  Herodotus,  Fausanias,  Po- 
lybius,  Livy,  Tacitus,  etc.;  also  of  Byzantine,  Provengal, 
and  old  French  authors;  and  wrote  "Anecdota  grseca,"  etc. 

Bek  Pak,  Bed  Pak,  or  Hungry  Desert.     .A 

desert  in  Asiatic  Russia,  about  lat.  46°  N., 
long.  68°-73°  E. 

Bekri  (bek'ri),  A1-,  Obeid  Ahd-AUah.  Ajo. 
Arabian  traveler  and  geographer,  bom  in  An- 
dalusia, Spain,  where  he  died  in  1095. 

Bel  (bel).  ['Lord.']  One  of  the  most  impor- 
tant of  the  Babylonian  gods  of  Semitic  origin. 
In  the  enumeration  of  the  twelve  great  gods  he  holds  the 
second  place  in  the  first  triad.  His  importance  in  Assyria- 
Babylonia  was  about  the  same  as  that  of  Baal  among  the 
Canaanites,  but  he  had  no  solar  character.  To  bun  is  as- 
cribed the  creation  of  the  world,  and  especially  of  man- 
kind, whence  the  Assyrian  kings  call  themselves  "gover- 
nors of  Bel,"  "rulers  over  Bel's  subjects."  He  is  also 
often  entitled  "father  of  the  gods,"  and  his  spouse,  Belit 
('lady '),  "  the  mother  of  the  great  gods."  It  is  Bel  who 
brings  about  the  deluge  and  destroys  mankind.  His  name 
occurs  in  Isa.  xlvi.  1,  Jer.  1.  2.  The  principal  seat  of  his 
worship  was  Nippur  (modern  Niffer),  while  the  tutelar 
deity  of  the  city  of  Babylon  was  Merodach  (Marduk),  who 
is  often  called  Bel-Merodach,  or  simply  Bel,  and  is  alluded 
to  in  the  passages  of  the  Old  Testament  cited  above.  Bel 
being  known  as  the  supreme  god  of  Babylonia,  Herodotus 
considered  the  great  Nebo  temple  of  Borsippa  as  that  of 
Bel.    See  BacU. 

B61  (bal),  Karl  Andreas.  Bom  at  Presburg, 
July  13,  1717 :  died  at  Leipsic,  April  5,  1782. 
A  Hungarian  historian,  son  of  M.  B61,  pro- 
fessor of  poetry  at  Leipsic.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  De  vera  origine  et  epocha  Hunnorum,  Avarorum,  etc.," 
and  editor  of  the  "  Acta  Eruditorum,"  and  of  the  "Leip- 
ziger  gelehrte  Zeitung  "  (1753-81). 

Bel,  or  Belius  (be'li-us),  Matthias.  Bom  at 
Oosova,  March  24,  1684:  died  at  Presburg, 
Aug.  29,  1749.  A  noted  Hungarian  historian. 
His  works  include  "Hungarise  prodromus,"  "Adparatus 
ad  historiam  Hungarise,"  "NotitiaHungarise,"  etc. 

Bdla  (ba'lo)  I.  King  of  Hungary  1061-63. 
He  strengthened  the  royal  authority,  suppressed  the  last 
pagan  uprising,  and  introduced  financial  and  commercial 
reforms. 

Bela  II.  King  of  Hungary  1181-41.  He  ac- 
quired Bosnia. 

Bela  III.  King  of  Hungary  1174-96.  He  mar- 
ried a  sister  of  Philip  Augustus  of  Prance. 

Bela  IV.  King  of  Hungary  1235-70.  Sou  of 
Andreas  H.  In  his  reign  Hungary  was  in- 
vaded by  the  Mongols  under  Batu  Khan. 

Bela,  or  Bella  (ba'la).  A  town  in  Lus, 
southeastern  Baluchistan,  in  lat.  26°  10'  N., 
long.  66°  25'  E. 

Bel  and  the  Dragon.  One  of  the  books  of 
the  Apocrypha  (which  see). 

Belarius  (be-la'ri-us).  A  banished  lord  dis- 
guised undfer  the  name  of  Morgan  in  Shak- 
spere'splay  "Cymbeline."  He  steals  Arviragus 
and  Guiderius,  Cymbeline's  sons,  out  of  revenge;  but  when 
Cymbeline  is  made  prisoner  by  the  Roman  general,  Bela- 
rius comes  to  his  rescue  and  is  reconciled  and  restores 
the  princes. 

Belbeis,  or  Belbeys  (bel-bas').  A  town  m 
Lower  Egypt,  situated  30  miles  northeast  of 
Cairo,  it  was  besieged  by  Crusaders  under  Amalric 
(1163-64),  and  taken  by  hiin  in  1168.  Population  (1897), 
11'267.  .     ,,      ^  . 

Belbek  (bel'bek).  A  small  river  m  the  Cnmea, 
northeast  of  Sebastopol. 

Belbella.    SeeBaeltguk.  ^  r^,-  ■ 

Belch  (belch),  Sir  Toby.  The  uncle  of  Ohvia 
in  Shakspere's  comedy  "  Twelfth  Night." 

Of  Sir  Toby  himself,— that  most  whimsical,  madcap, 
frolicsome  old  toper,  so  full  of  antics  and  fond  of  sprees, 
with  a  plentiful  stock  of  wit  and  an  equal  lack  of  money 
to  keep  it  in  motion,— it  is  enough  to  say,  with  one  of  the 
best  of  Shakespearian  critics,  that  "he  certainly  conjes 
out  of  the  same  associations  where  the  Poet  Falstaff  holds 


Belfort 

his  revels";  and  that  though  "not  Sir  John,  nor  a 
fainter  sketch  of  him,  yet  he  has  an  odd  sort  of  a  family 
likeness  to  him."  Hudson,  Int.  to  Twelfth  Night. 

Belchen  (bel'chen).  A  German  name  for 
various  summits  of  the  Vosges,  better  known 
by  their  French  name  Ballon. 

Belchen,  Gebweiler.  See  Ballon  de  Oueh- 
willer. 

Belchen,  Welscher.    See  Ballon  d' Alsace. 

Belcher  (bel'oher),  Sir  Edward.  Bom  in  Nova 
Scotia,  1799  :  died  March  18,  1877.  A  British 
admiral  and  explorer.  He  commanded  an  unsuccess- 
ful expedition  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin  1852-64. 
He  wrote  "  Narrative  of  a  Voyage  round  the  World  "  (1843), 
"  Last  of  the  Arctic  Voyages  "  n866). 

Belcher,  Jonathan.  Bom  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Jan.  8,  1681 :  died  at  Elizabethtown, 
N.  J.,  Aug.  31,  1757.  An  American  merchant 
and  politician,  governor  of  Massachusetts  and 
New  Hampshire  1730-41,  and  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  New  Jersey  in  1747. 

Belchite  (bel-che'ta).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Saragossa,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Aguas- 
Vivas  J5  miles  south-southeast  of  Saragossa, 
HerS,  June  16-18, 1809,  the  French  under  Suchet  defeated 
the  Spaniards  under  Blake. 

Belcredi  (bel-kra'de),  Richard,  Count  von.. 
Born  Feb.  12,  1823:  died  Deo.  2,  1902.  An 
Austrian  politician,  premier  1865-67. 

Beled-el-Jerid  (bel'ed-el-je-red').  A  region  in 
Tunis  and  Algeria,  lying  south  of  the  Atlas 
range,  and  north  of  the  Sahara. 

Belem.    See  Pard. 

Belem  (ba-lang').  A  suburb  lying  to  the  west 
of  Lisbon,  Portugal.  It  contains  a  monastery  founded 
in  1500,  in  commemoration  of  the  voyage  of  Vasco  da 
Gama,  and  now  used  as  an  orphan-asylum.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  fiorid  examples  existing  of  the  Pointed  style. 
The  church,  which  contains  the  tombs  of  Camoens,  Vasco 
da  Gama,  and  many  Portuguese  sovereigns,  is  divided  into 
three  aisles  of  equal  height  by  very  slender  and  lofty 
columns ;  it  has  a  raised  choir  at  the  west  end,  as  in  the- 
Escorial  and  other  Spanish  churches. 

Bel-epus.    See  Belibus. 

Belerium  (be-le'ri-um).    See  the  extract.    Also 

said  to  be  named  from  a  Cornish  giant  Bellerus. 

[Posidonius's]    visit  to   Cornwall,   which    he    called 

"Belerium,"  a  name  afterwards  appropriated  by  Ptolemy 

to  the  particular  cliff  now  called  Land's  End. 

MUm,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  34. 

Belesta  (be-les-ta' ) .  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Ari^ge,  France,  18  miles  east  of  Foix.  It  is 
noted  for  the  intermittent  spring  of  Fontes- 
torbe.  It  has  manufactures  of  woolens  and 
marble  quarries. 

Belfegor,  Story  of  (Novella  di  Belfegor). 
A  satirical  tale  by  Macchiavelli  (published  in 
1549)  of  the  devil  who  takes  refuge  in  hell  to 
avoid  a  scold.  It  has  frequently  been  trans- 
lated, and  was  remodeled  by  La  Fontaine.  See 
Belphegor. 

Belfast  (bel-f  ast'  or  bel'f  ast).  A  city,  the  cap- 
ital of  County  Antrim,  Ireland,  situated  at  the 
entrance  of  the  river  Lagan  into  Belfast  Lough, 
in  lat.  54°  37'  N.,  long;  5°  57'  W.  It  is  the  second 
city  in  Ireland  in  population  and  the  first  in  importance  of 
manufactures  and  trade :  the  center  of  the  Irish  linen 
manufacture  and  trade.  It  contains  Queen's  College 
(opened  1849),  the  Belfast  Academy,  Academical  Institu- 
tion, Presbyterian  College,  and  other  institutions.  Pop- 
ulation (1901),  349,180. 

Belfas't  (bel'fast).  A  seaport,  the  capital  of 
Waldo  County,  Maine,  situated  on  the  west 
side  of  Penobscot  Bay,  in  lat.  44°  25'  N.,  long. 
69°  W.  It  has  ship-building  industries,  fisheries,  and 
considerable  commerce  and  manufactures.  It  was  settled 
in  1773,  and  incorporated  in  1853.    Population  (1900) ,  4,615. 

Belfast  Lough  (bel-fasf  lodh).  An  inlet  of 
the  Irish  Sea,  northeast  of  Belfast,  between 
counties  Antrim  and  Down.    Length,  13  miles. 

Belfield  (bel'feld).  A  character  in  Miss  Bur- 
ney's  "Cecilia,"  said  to  have  been  drawn  from 
the  "animated,  ingenious,  and  eccentric  Per- 
cival  Stockdale." 

Belfond  (bel'fond).  A  courteous,  good-tem- 
pered, and  accomplished  gentleman  in  Shad- 
well's  comedy  "The  Squire  of  Alsatia,"  ex- 
tremely dissipated  and  nearly  ruined  by  women. 
His  elder  brother  is  a  vicious,  obstinate,  and 
clownish  boor. 

Belford  (bel'f ord).  The  intimate  friend  of 
Lovelace,  in  Richardson's  "  Clarissa  Harlowe." 

Belfort  (bel-f 6r' ),  or Befort  (ba-f 6r' ).  [F., '  fair 
fort.'  Cf.  Beaufort.^  The  capital  of  the  ter- 
ritory of  Belfort,  France,  situated  on  the  Sa- 
voureuse  in  lat.  47°  38'  N.,  long.  6°  51'  E.  It 
has  great  strategic  importance,commanding  the  Troupe  de 
Belfort,  and  being  the  meeting-place  of  the  various  routes 
between  France,  Germany,  and  Switzerland.  It  is  domi- 
nated by  the  citadel,  near  which  is  the  Lion  of  Belfort  (by 
Bartholdi).  It  was  united  to  France  in  1648,  and  wasforti- 
fied  by  Vauban.  It  resisted  the  Allies  1814-15  ;  was  be- 
sieged by  the  Germans  Nov.  3, 1870,  and  was  bombarded 
from  Dec.  3,  1870,  the  garrison  surrendering  (by  order  of 


Eelfort 

the  tretich  gorernment)  with  honors  of  war  Feb.  16, 18?!. 
It  was  retrooeded  to  France  by  the  treaty  o(  1871.  PoDula- 
tion  (1891),  25,466.  j  J  v 

Belfort,  Battle  of.  A  battle  between  the 
French  and  Germans,  Jan.  15-lT,  1871.  The 
French,  under  Bourbalci,  forced  the  Prussians,  under  Von 
■Werder,  who  were  besieging  Belfort,  to  take  up  a  favor- 
able position  along  tlie  Lisaine,  without  raising  tlie  siege. 
Von  Werder  successfully  defended  his  position,  and  com- 
pelled Bourbaki  to  retreat.  Sometimes  called  the  battle 
of  HSrioourt,  from  the  town  of  that  name,  between  Bel- 
fort and  MontbSllard,  near  which  the  battle  occurred. 

Belfort,  Territory  of,  or  Haut-Rhin.  A  ter- 
ritory or  department  of  eastern  France,  border- 
ing on  Alsace,  and  formed  after  the  war  of 
1870-71  Capital,  Belfort.  Area,  235  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  83,670. 

Belfort,  Trou4e  de.  A  degression  near  Bel- 
fort, between  the  southern  limit  of  the  Vosges 
and  the  northern  slope  of  the  Jura.  It  is  of 
great  strategic  importance. 

Belfour  (bel'for).  The  name  under  which  Lady 
Bradshaigh  carried  on  a  correspondence  with 
Richardson. 

Belfry  of  Bruges,  The.  A  poem  by  Long- 
fellow. 

Belgae  (bel'je).  In  ancient  history,  a  people 
in  northern  Gaul,  mainly  of  Celtic  origin,  oc- 
cupying what  is  modem  Belgium,  Luxemburg, 
northeastern  France,  southern  Holland,  and 
part  of  western  Germany. 

Eelgse.  A  personification  of  Holland  in  Spen- 
ser's "Faerie  Queene."  She  has  17  sons,  the 
17  provinces  of  Holland. 

Belgam  (bel-gam').  A  district  in  the  southern 
division  of  the  governorship  of  Bombay, 
British  India,  about  lat.  16°  N.,  long.  74°-76°  E. 
Area,  4,657  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
1,013,261. 

Belgam.  The  chief  town  of  the  district  of 
Belgam,  50  miles  northeast  of  Goa.  Popula- 
tion, about  32,000. 

Belgard  (bel'gard).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Pomerania,  Prussia,  in  lat.  54°  N.,  long.  16° 
E.,  on  the  Persante.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 7,046. 

Belgarde  (bel-gard').  A  poor  and  proud  cap- 
tain, in  Massinger's  play  "  The  Unnatural  Com- 
bat," who,  when  told  not  to  appear  at  the  gov- 
ernor's table  in  his  shabby  clothes,  arrives  in 
full  armor — all  that  he  had  beside. 

Belgica,  or  Gallia  Belgica  (gal'i-a  bel'ji-ka). 
[From  the  Beiges.]  A  province  of  the  Eoman 
Empire  in  eastern  and  northeastern  GauL  ex- 
tending northeastward  of  the  province  of  Lug- 
dunensis.  The  frontier  here  was  the  lower  Seine,  and  fol- 
lowed nearly  the  line  of  the  Marne. 

Belgien  (bel'gyen).  The  German  name  of 
Bel^um. 

BelglOJOSO  (bel-j6-y6's6).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Pavia,  Italy,  situated  near  the  Po 
8  miles  east  by  south  of  Pavia. 

Belgiojoso,  Princess  of  (Christina  di  Trivul- 
zio).  Bom  at  Milan,  June  28,  1808:  died  at 
Milan,  July  5,  1871.  An  Italian  author  and 
patriot,  exiled  for  participation  in  the  revolu- 
tion of  1848. 

BelgiOLue  (bel-zhek'),  La.  The  French  name 
of  Belgium. 

Belgium  (bel'ji-um,  commonly bel'jum).  [From 
L  Belgica  ;  F.  La  Belgique,  G.  Belgien.']  A  king- 
dom of  Europe,  bounded  by  the  North  Sea  on  the 
northwest,  the  Netherlands  on  the  north,  the  Ne- 
therlands (separated  by  the  Meuse),  Prussia, 
and  Luxemburg  on  the  east,  and  France  on  the 
southwest  and  west,  it  is  divided  into 9 provinces: 
East  Flanders,  West  Flanders,  Brabant,  Antwerp,  Lim- 
burg,  Lifege,  Luxemburg,  Namur,  and  Hainaut.  The 
capital  is  Brussels.  The  government  is  a  hereditary  con- 
stitutional monarchy,  with  king,  senate,  and  chamber  of 
representatives.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Soman  Cath- 
olic ;  the  languages,  French  and  Flemish.  The  surface 
is  generally  level,  but  hilly  in  the  southeast  (the  Ardennes 
rise  to  a  height  of  about  2,200  feet).  It  has  flourishing 
agriculture;  is  very  rich  In  coal  and  iron;  has  mines  of 
lead,  copper,  zinc,  calamine,  manganese,  etc. ;  and  has  im- 
portant manufactures  of  linen,  lace,  woolen  and  cotton 
goods  firearms,  gloves,  beet-sugar,  glass,  etc.  It  is  the 
most  thickly  settled  country  in  Europe.  Belgium  was  a 
part  of  the  Koman  and  Prankish  dominions,  and  was 
divided  in  the  middle  ages  into  various  oounties,  duchies, 
etc.  Its  cities,  Ghent,  Bruges,  Brussels,  Antwerp,  etc., 
were  great  commercial  and  manufacturing  centers  in  the 
13th-16th  centuries.  It  formed  part  of  the  later  duchy  of 
Burgundy ;  passed  to  the  house  of  Hapsburg ;  as  the 
Spanish  Netherlands,  did  not  unite  with  the  northern 
provinces  iu  the  revolt  of  the  16th  centui7  ;  passed  to 
Austria  as  the  Austrian  Netherlands  in  1713 ;  was  con- 
ouered  by  France  in  1794,  and  annexed  to  France ;  and 
was  united  with  the  Netherlands  in  a  kingdom  in  1816. 
Belgium  revolted  against  Holland  in  1830 :  the  resistance 
of  Holland  was  subdued  by  the  aid  of  France  and  Great 
Britain  1831-33.  Limburg  and  Luxemburg  were  divided 
between  Belgium  and  the  Netherlands  in  1839.    Belgium 


140 

has  been  the  scene  of  many  battles  and  sieges,  as  in  the 
wars  of  the  17th  century,  the  Spanish  Succession,  the 
Austrian  Succession,  the  French  Bevolutiou,  and  the 
Napoleonic  wars.  The  Kongo  Free  State  was  mortgaged 
to  Belgium  in  1890.  The  constitution  was  reformed  in  a 
democratic  direction  in  1893.  Area,  11,373  square  miles. 
Population  (1900),  6,693,810. 

Belgorod.    See  Bielgorod. 

Belgrad  (bel-grad'),  or  Belgrade  (bel-grad'), 
Sery.  Bielgorod.  ['The  White  City.']  The 
capital  of  Servia,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Save  and  Danube,  in  lat.  44°  47'  N.,  long.  20° 
25'  E.:  the  ancient  Singidunum.  It  is  a  center  of 
trade  between  Austria-Hungaiy  and  theBalkan Peninsula, 
and  an  important  strategic  point.  It  belonged  at  various 
times  to  the  Eoman  and  Byzantine  empires,  Avars,  Bul- 
garians, and  Servians ;  passed  to  Hungary  about  1433 ;  was 
taken  by  the  Turks  and  held  for  short  periods  by  Christians 
(by  Austria  1718-1739) ;  and  became  the  capital  of  Servia 
in  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century.  The  citadel  was  re- 
tained by  the  Turks  (who  bombarded  the  city  in  1862) 
until  1867.    Population  (1891),  64,249. 

Belgrad,  Battles  of.  1.  A  victory  of  the 
Hungarians  under  Hunyadi  over  the  Turks, 
1456. — 2.  Prince  Eugene,  who  was  besieging 
Belgrad,  gained  a  decisive  victory  over  a  re- 
lieving army  of  200,000  Turks,  Aug.  16,  1717. 
In  consequence,  Belgrad  surrendered  Aug.  18,  1717,  and 
the  peace  of  Passarovitz  was  concluded  Ju^  21, 1718. 

Belgrad,  Sieges  of.  The  city  has  been  be- 
sieged at  various  times :  (o)  By  the  Turkish  sultan 
Amurath  1442  CO-  (*)  By  the  Turkish  sultan  Mahomet 
1466.  (c)  By  the  Turkish  sultan  Soliman  11.  1621 :  cap- 
tured and  annexed.  ((2)  By  the  Imperialists  under  the 
Elector  of  Bavaria  1688 :  taken  from  the  Turks,  (e)  By 
the  Turks  1690 :  taken  from  the  Imperialists.  (/)  By 
Prince  Eugene  1717:  stormed  and  taken,  (g)  By  the 
Austrians  under  Laudon  1789 :  taken,  but  restored  to 
the  Turks  1791. 

Belgrad,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  concluded  at 
Belgrad,  Sept.,  1739,  between  Turkey,  Austria, 
and  Russia.  Russia  renounced  naval  rights  in  the 
Black  Sea,  and  restored  to  Turkey  conquests  in  Moldavia 
and  Bessarabia ;  Austria  yielded  territory  in  Wallachia, 
Bosnia,  and  Servia,  including  Belgrad. 

Belgrano  (bel-gra'no),  Manuel.  Born  at 
Buenos  Ayres,  June  3,  1770 :  died  there,  June 
20,  1820.  An  Argentine  general.  Joining  the 
movement  of  independence  in  1810,  he  was  sent  with  a 
small  army  to  free  Paraguay,  but  was  unsuccessful.  In 
1812  he  led  an  army  against  Upper  Peru  (the  present  Bo- 
livia), defeating  the  Spaniards  at  Tucuman  (Sept.  24, 1812) 
and  Salta  (Feb,  20,  1813),  and  advancing  to  Potosl,  but 
was  defeated  at  Vilcapujio  (Oct.  1,  1813)  and  Ayouma 
(Oct.  26),  and  soon  after  was  superseded  by  San  Martin. 
He  was  restored  to  his  command  in  1816,  but  owing  to 
Biokness  took  little  part  in  the  subsequent  movements. 

Belgrave  (bel'grav).  A  parish  in  Leicester- 
shire, England,  immediately  north  of  Leicester. 

Belgrave  Square.  A  square  in  Belgravia, 
London,  designed  by  George  Basevi.  It  is  684 
feet  long  by  637  feet  vide,  and  is  named  from  Belgrave  in 
Leicestershire,  which  belongs  to  the  Duke  of  Westminster. 

Belgravia  (bel-gra'vi-a) .  A  fashionable  district 
in  me  West  End  of  Loiidon.  It  is  bounded  by  Hyde 
Park,  Green  Park,  Sloane  street,  and  Pimlico,  It  was  ori- 
ginally marshy  ground,  andoccupies  in  great  part  what  was 
known  as  the  Ebury  Farm.  In  1826  it  was  filled  up  with 
earth  obtained  in  excavating  St.  Katharine's  Docks,  and 
residences  were  built.  It  derives  its  name  from  Belgrave 
Square,"  which,  with  Eaton  Square,  Grosvenor  Place,  etc., 
is  included  in  it. 

Belial  (be'lial).  [Early  mod.  E.  also  Belyall, 
ME.  Belial,  "LL.  (in  Vulgate)  Belial,  Gr.  Be- 
?.ia/i,  Heb.  hlya'al,  used  in  the  Old  Testament 
usually  in  phrases  translated,  in  the  English 
version,  "man  of  Belial,"  "son  of  Belial,"  as 
if  Belial  were  a  proper  name  equiv.  to  Satan; 
hence  once  in  New  Testament  (Gr.  'Refdap)  as 
an  appellative  of  Satan  (2  Cor.  vi.  15).  But  the 
Heb.  hlya'al  is  a  common  noun,  meaning  worth- 
lessness  or  wickedness.]  The  spirit  of  evil  per- 
sonified; the  devil;  Satan;  in  Milton,  one  of  the 
fallen  angels,  distinct  from  Satan.  In  "Faust's 
Book  of  Marvels "  (1469)  he  is  called  the  Viceroy  of  the 
Infernal  Kingdom  under  Lucifer  or  Satan. 

Belianis  (ba-le-a'nes)  of  Greece.  One  of  the 
continuations  of  the  romance  "Amadis  of 
Gaul."  It  first  appeared,  in  Spanish,  in  1547,  and  was 
written  by  Jeronimo  Fernandez.  In  1686  an  Italian  ver- 
sion appeared ;  in  1698  it  was  translated  into  English, 
and  in  1626  into  French. 

Bel-Ibni  (bel-ib'ni).  [Assyr.,  '  the  god  Bel  has 
created.']  Governor  of  Babylonia  under  Asur- 
banipal,  king  of  Assyria  (668-626  B.  c). 

Belibus  (be'U-bus).  [Perhaps  contracted  from 
Babylonian  Bel-epuS,  Bel  has  made.]  King 
of  Babylonia,  appointed  by  Sennacherib,  king 
of  Assyria  (705-681  b.  c). 

Belidor  (ba-le-dor'),  Bernard  Forest  de. 
Born  in  Catalonia,  1697  (1693  ?) :  died  at  Paris, 
Sept.  8,  1761.  A  noted  French  engineer.  His 
works  include  "Architecture  hydraulique"  (1787-61), 
"Le  bombardier  fran^ais  "  (1731),  "Traits  des  fortifica- 
tions "  (1738),  etc. 

Believe  as  You  List.  A  play  licensed  May  7, 
1631.  It  is  "unquestionably  an  alteration  of  the  play  of 
Massinger's  which  Herbert  refused  to  license  for  its  dan- 
gerous matter,  the  deposing  of  Sebastian  of  Portugal  by 


Bell,  Adam 

Philip  of  Spain.  Massinger  altered  Sebastian  Into  Antio. 
chus,  Spain  into  Aome,  etc.,  wrote  an  ironical  prologue, 
and  told  his  hearers  to  interpret  as  they  liked 'BeUeva 
as  You  List ' "  (Flmy), 

Bel  Inconnu  (bel  an-ko-nu'),  Le.  [OF.,  'The 
Fair  Unknown.']  One  of  the  secondaryromances 

.  of  the  Bound  Table.  It  is  by  Eenauld  de  Beaujeu. 
The  hero  is  a  young  knight  who  appears  before  the  Bound 
Table  and,  on  being  questioned,  says  he  has  no  name,  his 
mother  having  always  called  him  Beau-fils,  whereupon 
Arthur  commands  that  he  be  called  Le  Bel  Inconnu.  The 
romance  was  printed  for  the  first  time  in  Paris  in  1860. 

Belinda  (be-lin'da).     1.  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Etfierege's  comedy   "The  Man 
of  Mode." — 2.  A  gay,  witty,  and  sensible  girl 
in  Vanbmgh's  comedy  "The  Provoked  Wife." 
She  loves  Heartfree,  and  marries  him  ostensibly  to  get 
her  aun^  Lady  Brute,  out  of  a  scrape. 
3.  A  rich  woman  in  Charles  Shadwell's  play 
"The  Fair  Quaker  of  Deal."— 4.  An  affected 
fine  lady  in  love  with  Bellmour,  in  Congreve's 
comedy  "The  Old  Bachelor." — 5.  The  princi- 
pal character  in  Pope's  serio-comic  poem  "The 
Rape  of  the  Lock."    Belinda's  curl,  stolen  by  her 
lover,  flew  to  the  skies,  and  became  a  meteor  which 
"  Shot  through  liquid  air. 
And  drew  behind  a  radiant  trail  of  hair." 
Belinda  was  intended  for  Arabella  Fermor,  and  the  inci- 
dent of  the  "Bape  of  the  Lock  "  is  founded  on  fact. 
6.  A  proud  but  tender-hearted  girl  in  love  with 
Beverley,  in  Murphy's  play  ' '  All  in  the  Wrong." 

Belinda.  A  novel  by  Miss  Bdgeworth,  published 
in  1801. 

Byline  (ba-len').  The  mercenary  second  wife 
of  Argan  in  MoliSre's  comedy  "Le  Malade 
Imaginaire."  she  pretends  to  love  him,  but  her 
falsehood  is  discovered  by  his  ruse  of  pretending  to  be 
dead,  when  she  bursts  into  exclamations  of  joy. 

Belinski.    See  Bielinshi. 

Bllisaire  (ba-le-zar').  1.  A  tragedy  by  Botrou, 
produced  in  1643. — 2.  A  political  romance  by 
Marmontel,  published  in  1767. 

Belisario  (ba-le-sa're-6).  An  opera  by  Doni- 
zetti, in  three  acts,  produced  at  Venice  Feb.  7, 
1836,  at  London  April  1,  1837,  and  at  Paris 
Oct.  24,  1843. 

Belisarius  (bel-i-sa'ri-us).  [Slav.  Beli-tmr,  i.  e. 
White  Prince.]  Born  in  Illyria,  or  Dardania  (?), 
about  505:  died  March  18,  565.  The  greatest 
general  of  the  Byzantine  empire.  He  was  general 
of  the  eastern  armies  629-532 ;  rescued  Justinian  by  the 
suppression  of  the  "  Green  "  faction  at  Constantinople  iu 
532;  overthrew  theVandal  kingdom  in  Africa  633-634;  won 
famous  victories  over  the  Goths  in  Italy  634-540;  con- 
quered Sicily  in  636,  and  southern  Italy  636-537 ;  conquered 
Eavenna  in  640 ;  conducted  the  war  against  the  Persians 
641-542 ;  again  took  command  against  the  Goths  in  Italy 
in  544  ;  was  superseded  by  Narses  in  648 ;  rescued  Constan- 
tinople from  northern  (Bulgarian)  invaders  in  569 ;  and 
was  imprisoned  a  short  time  by  Justinian  about  663.  The 
tale  that  in  old  age  he  was  blind  and  obliged  to  beg  his 
bread  from  door  to  door  is  false. 

The  exploits  of  Belisarius,  looked  at  in  themselves,  are 
enough  to  place  him  in  the  very  first  rank  of  military 
commanders ;  when  we  consider  the  circumstances  under 
which  they  were  achieved,  he  may  fairly  claim  the  first 
place  of  all.  Hannibal  is  his  only  rival,  as  Heraclius  had 
no  Justinian  to  thwart  him  at  home. 

Freema-n,  Hist.  Essays. 

B61ise  (ba-lez').  The  sister  of  Philaminte  in 
Moli^re's  comedy  "Les  Femmes  Savantes." 
She  is  gifted  with  remarkable  self-appreciation,  and  thinks 
every  man  is  in  love  with  her. 

Belit(be-lit').  [Babylonian, '  lady.']  One  of  the 
prominent  female  deities  of  the  Assyro-Baby- 
lonian  pantheon,  wife  of  Bel.  She  is  called  "lady 
of  the  nations,"  *'  mother  of  the  great  gods."  Aa  goddess 
of  the  nether  world  her  name  is  Allat.  She  is,  however, 
sometimes  identified  with  Ishtar,  the  Ashtoreth  (Astarte) 
of  the  Canaanites,  the  goddess  of  love  and  war.  Belit  seems 
to  have  also  been  used  as  an  honorary  title  of  any  goddess. 

Beliza  (be-le'za).  The  waiting-woman  of  Dor- 
aliee  in  Dryderi's  comedy ' '  Marriage  h  la  Mode." 

Belize.    See  Balize. 

Belkin  (bel-ken'),  Ivan.  A  nom  de  plume  of 
Pushkin,  the  Russian  poet. 

Belknap  (bel'nap),  Jeremy.  Bom  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  June  4,  1744 :  died  there,  June  20,  1798. 
An  American  historian  and  Congregational  cler- 
gyman. He  wrote  a  "  History  of  New  Hampshire  "(1784- 
1792),  "American  Biographies  "(1794-98),  "  The  Foresters, 
an  American  Tale  "  (1796).  etc.  He  was  the  founder  of  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society. 

Belknap,  William  Worth.  Born  at  Newburg, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  22, 1829 :  died  at  Washington,  D.C., 
Oct.  11  (13?),  1890.  An  American  politician  and 
general.  He  served  in  the  volunteer  army  throughout 
the  Civil  War,  participating  in  the  Shiloh,  Vicksburg,  and 
Georgia  campaigns,  and  obtaining  the  rank  of  major-gen- 
eral in  1865.  He  was  collector  of  internal  revenue  in  Iowa 
1865-69,  and  Republican  secretary  of  war  1869-76,  resigning 
in  consequence  of  charges  of  official  corruption. 

Bell  (bel),  Acton.  Pseudonym  of  Anne  Bronte. 

Bell,  Adam.  An  English  outlaw,  celebrated  for 
his  skill  in  archery,  said  to  have  lived  in  the 
time  of  Robin  Hood's  father.  About  him  nothing 
certain  is  known.  He  is  the  hero  of  several  old  ballads, 
notably  "Adam  Bell,  Clym  of  the  Cloughe,  and  Wyllyam 


Bell,  Adam  141 

ol  Cloudesle,"  printed  without  date  by  WUliam  Copland  Bell  Peter      See  Peter  TtpV 
about  1660.    There  aie  several  allusions  to  him  in  dra-  €1,,'  5Xw+   ^  T  ^     i     t    ,       ,    , 

matio  literature.  Shakspere  alludes  to  him  in  "Much  ^^'■h  •"ODCrt.  Bom  at  Cork,  Ireland,  Jan.  16, 
Ado  about  Nothing"  and  in  "Eomeo  and  Juliet," and  1°00:  died  at  London,  April  12,  1867.  A  Brit- 
Davenant  in  a  poem  called  "A  Long  Vacation  in  London."     Ish  journalist,   compiler,  and  general  writpr 

^^■'°^T^lA?L^oi'll^^'^Xlo'^^l  Hischiefworiisan^'Aii.otatelSLTthe 

text,  and  Child  reprints  from   Kitson  with  some  im  British  Poets"  (1854-57). 

provements.    The  real  person  or  persons  of  the  name  Bell,  Samuel,     Born  at  Londonderry,  N.  H 

TtheMlads^  °  ™^''"°"'""^*''®''^™  -^®^-  ®'  '^'^'^^-  ^^^  ^*  Chester,  N.  H.,  Dee  23 

physicist,  son  of_  Alexander  Melville  Bell.     He  Bell,   Thomas.    Born  at  Poole,   Dorsetshire, 

England,  Oct.  11, 1792 :  died  at  Selborne,  Hants, 


came  to  the  United  States  in  1872,  and  became  a  professor 
of  vocal  physiology  in  the  Boston  University.  He  first  ex- 
hibited his  apparatus  for  the  transmission  of  sound  by 
electricity,  the  telephone,  in  1876.  He  invented  the  photo- 
phon&  and  has  developed  his  father's  system  of  "  Visible 
Speech." 

Bell,  Alexander  Melville.  Bom  at  Edinburgh, 
1819.  A  Scottish-American  educator,  inventor 
of  a  method  of  phonetic  notation  called  by  him 
"  visible  speech,"  because  the  characters  indi- 
cate by  their  form  and  position  the  physiological 


March  13, 1880.  An  English  dental  surgeon  and 
zoSlogist.  He  was  professor  of  zoology  in  King's  Col- 
lege, London,  1S36-80 ;  a  secretary  of  the  Eoyal  Society 
1848-B3;  president  of  the  Linndan  Society  1863-61;  and 
president  of  the  Eay  Society  1843-69.  His  works  include 
a  "Monograph  of  Testudinata"  (1832-36),  "History  of 
British  Quadrupeds  "  (1837X  ' '  History  of  British  Reptiles  ' 
(1839),  and  "History  of  British  Stalk- Eyed  Crustacea" 
(1853),  an  edition  of  the  "Natural  History  of  Selborne" 
'.1877),  etc. 


formation  of  the  soun3s.    He  has  written  "Visible  Bell  Bock,  or  Inchcape  Bock.    A  rock  in  the 
Speech,"  "Principles  of  Phonetics,"  works  on  elocution  and     North  Sea  off  the  Firth  of  Tay,  Scotland,  in  lat. 
shorthand,  and  "World-English,"  an  adaptation  of  the     56°  26'  N.,  Ions   2°  23'  W 
Roman  alphabet  to  the  phonetic  spelling  of  English.        .  tJoU    Tlia       '  "     --  •' 

Bell,  Andrew.   Born  at  St.  Andrew's,  Scotland,    ^n^Az: 
March  27,  1753:  died  at  Cheltenham,  England,    •^"""°^- 


A  noted  old  inn  in  Warwick  Lane, 
Archbishop  Leighton  died  suddenly 

Jan.  27, 1832.    A  clergyman  of  the  Church  of  ■nlfii^iSl.l^^^A      t  a  ■        ^-u^a 

England,  noted  as  the  founder  of  the  so-called  ^£it.^A!;^„f-  "t^lTtn^tvf'^^^f T>.'  T\  ^^ 

"MnflT-ns  svatBTn  »  nf  ■nnniila,.  oHnn<.+i,^T.    ^  ttom  liOudon.     It  was  to  this  spot  that  John 

1774S^17ajfirdinte^anltm*^7°87tilfj?5?  ^^1^   ^"'"''"'^   ^''   "^^^  '^'^''  '"^   ^°^«^« 

In  India,  where  as  superintendent  of  the  Madras  Male  Or-  Daliaa. 

phanAsylum  he  developed  his  educational  system,  in  which  Bella  (bel'la),  StefanO  della.     Born  at  Flor- 

thepupilswereledtoteachoneanotherunderthedirection  ence,  May  18,  1610:  died  there,  July  12.  1664. 

ofamaster.HisoriginalitywasdisputedbyJosephLancas-  An  TtaHari  onoTOTTQi.     n  ■    ■       j V    „ 

ter  (see  Lancaeter)  and  the  contest  between  their  systems  ^1,  !"•  S'^-  ^"P^'^S'^-,  H«  was  commissioned  by  Car- 

assumed  considerable  public  importance.   He  wrote  "  An  Sj^.i^l  ??  '°  execute  designs  of  and  engrave  the 

Experiment  in  Education  made  in  the  Asylum  of  Madras."  S?"°'?,^  "  fj!?,?  ^^^"'^  °'  t^e  minority  of  Louis  XIIL 

■n  11    o-     ni.      1  T>  i  T-,-1.    ■.     "'"""""•  His  works  number  more  than  fourteen  hundred  pieces. 

%ll'  ^y^  9^^"??%,  ■^'"'S  ^*  Edinburgh,  Nov.,  Bella.    A  town  in  the  province  of  Potenza, 

.     .J  ^i,r..^  Hallow  Park,  near  Worcester,  Italy,  18  miles  northwest  of  Potenza.    Popu- 

April  28, 1842.    A  distinguished  British  physi-  lation,  about  5,000. 

ologist  and  anatomist,  noted  as  the  discoverer  Bella  Wilfer.    See  Wilfer,  Bella. 

of  the  distinct  functions  of  the  sensory  and  Bellac  (be-liik').    A  town  in  the  department  of 

motor  nerves.     He  was  the  author  of  "Anatomy  of  Haute-Vienne,  France,  situated  on  theVincou 


Expression  "  (1806),  "Anatomy  of  the  Brain  "  (1811),  "Sys- 
tem of  Comparative  Surgery  "  (1807),  etc. 

Bell,  Ourrer.  A  pseudonym  of  Charlotte 
Bronte. 

Bell,  Bills.    A  pseudonym  of  Emily  Bronte. 

Bell,  George  Joseph.  Bom  at  Fountain  Bridge, 
near  Edinburgh,  March  26,  1770:  died  1843.  A 
Scotch  advocate,  brother  of  Charles  Bell.  He 
published  various  works  on  the  laws  of  Soot- 
land. 

Bell,  Henry.  Bom  at  Torphichen  Mill,  near 
Linlithgow,  Scotland,  1767:  died  at  Helens- 
burgh, Scotland,  1830.  A  Scotch  engineer.  He 
is  famous  as  the  builder  of  the  steamship  Comet  which 
began  to  ply  on  the  Clyde  Jan.,  1812,  and  thus  as  the 
originator  of  steam  navigation  in  Europe.    It  has  been 


23  miles  northwest  of  Limoges.    Population 
(1891),  commune,  4,903. 

Bellacoola.    See  Bilqula. 

Bellafront  (bel'a-fmnt).  1.  The  principal  fe- 
male character  "in  Middleton  and  Dekker's 
"Honest  Whore."  She  gives  its  name  to  the  play, 
but  turns  out  a  true  penitent,  resisting  the  temptations 
of  Hippolito,  who  at  first  reclaimed  her  from  vice.  She 
is  a  true  wife  to  an  unsatisfactory  husband,  Matheo. 
3.  The  false  mistress  in  N.  Field's  comedy  of 
that  name. 

Bellaggio  (bel-la'jo).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Como,  Italy,  situated  at  the  separation  of 
the  Lake  of  Como  into  two  arms,  15  miles  north- 
east of  Como.    Population,  about  3,000 


LSTt"hSrTrn  StJi^eS  ISea^fXam^nr^ytl^S  Bellaij  (bel-ar')   Oount.    A  character  in  Par- 


from  Bell. 

Bell,  Henry  H.    Born  in  North  Carolina  about 
1808 :  drowned  in  the  Osaka  River,  Japan,  Jan. 


quhar's  "Beaux'  Stratagem,"  a  French  officer, 
a  prisoner  at  Lichfield.  This  part  was  cut  out  by 
the  author  after  the  first  night's  representation,  and  the 
words  added  to  the  part  of  Foigard. 


11,  1868.  An  American  rear-admiral.  He  became  TrJ^"i"°,C"ni^  ""°A«'"o™^„"^,t"Ai/i  ,v,„^  wi,„  •„„ 

a  division  of  Bellair,  Ola.    -An  amorous  old  man  who  ima 


gines  he  disguises  his  love  for  women,  in  Ether- 
edge's  comedy  "The  Man  of  Mode,  or  Sir  Pop- 
ling  Flutter." 

Bellair,  Young.  The  son  of  Old  Bellair,  a  well- 
bred,  polite  youth  of  the  period :  a  character  in 
which  Etheredge  is  said  to  have  drawn  his  own 
portrait. 


fleet-captain  to  Farragut  in  1862,  commanded  a  division  of 
the  fleet  in  the  attack  on  the  defenses  of  New  Orleans,  April 
18-25 ;  hauled  down,  in  the  midst  of  an  angry  mob,  the 
State  flag  from  the  United  States  custom-house  on  the  oc- 
cupation of  tlie  city  ;  commanded  the  Western  Gulf  Block- 
ading Squadron  for  a  time  in  1863 ;  and  obtained  the  rank 
of  rear-admiral  in  1866. 

Bell,  Sir  Isaac  Lowthian.  Born  at  Newoastle- 
on-Tyne,  England,  1816.  An  English  manu- 
facturer and  politician.  He  founded,  with  his  bro-  Bellaire  (bel-ar').  A  manufacturing  city  in 
thers  Thomas  and  John  Bell,  the  Clarence  Iron  Works  on  Belmont  County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Ohio 
the  Tees  in  1852,  and wasmemberofParliamentforHartle-  Kiver  5  miles  south  of  Wheeling.  Population 
pool  1875-80.    Author  of " The  Chemical  Phenomena  of    /Tar\n\   o  oio  o  r 

Iron  Smelting "(1872),  and  "Report  on  the  Iron  Mann-  J^^"";)  y-w-l-f-    ,  ,..       .,..,,        „  ., 

facture  of  the  United  States,  and  a  Comparison  of  it  with  Bellamira  (bel-la-me'ra),  her  Dream,  Or  the 
that  of  Great  Britain "  (1877).  LoVB  of  ShadoWS.      A  tragicomedy  in  two 

Bell,  James.    Born  1825.    A  British  chemist,    parts  by  Thomas  Killigrew.    It  is  in  the  folio 
He  became  prmcipal  of  the  Somerset  House  Laboratory      edition  of  his  works  published  in  1664. 
Inland  Revenue  Department,  in  1876,  and  IS  the  author  of  x!-n„™,-_„    «„  >pi.a  ■s)r5o4-,.«oo       A    ^n-^aA-^  \^-^ 
"Chemistry  of  Foods  "(1881-83).  '^^u^^^^^o^'.,?'^  "'^®.,^^®i'^®^,%™c;'^  comedy  by 

Bell,  John.  Born  at  Antermony,  Scotland,  1691 :    Charles  Sedley,  produced  in  1678.    This  play  was 
MaA  t^Qfo    Tiil-n- 1    178(1       A   Sf>nt(>li  trnvpler  in     partly  founded  on  the  "Bunuohus"  of  Terence,  and  in  it 
died  there,  July  1,  1<»U.     A  bcotcn  traveiOT  m     ^^^^^  exhibited  the  frailty  of  Lady  Castlemaine  and  the 
European  and  Asiatic  Kussia,  UJuna,  and  Tur-    audacity  of  ChurohilL 
key.    His  "  Travels"  were  published  in  1763.     Bellamont,  Earl  of.    See  Coote,  Eiclmrd. 

Bell,  John.    Born  at  Edinburgh,  May  12, 1763 :  Bellamy  (bel'a-mi).     1.  The  lover  of  Jacintha 
died  at  Kome,  April  15, 1820.    A  Scotch  surgeon    jnHoadly's  "Suspicious  Husband."— 2.  InDry- 


and  anatomist,  brother  of  Charles  Bell. 
Bell,  John.    Bom  1811:  died  in  March,  1895. 

An  English  sculptor.      His  works  include  "  Eagle 

Slayer,"  "Andromeda,"  "Guards' Memorial"  (at  Waterloo 

Place,  London),  "United  States  directing  the  Progress  of 

America"  (copy  at  Washington),  etc. 
Bell,  John.    Bom  near  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Feb. 

15, 1797 :  died  at  Cumberland  Iron  Works,  Tenn., 

Sept.  10, 1869.    A  noted  American  politician. 

He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Tennessee  1827-41, 

speaker  x834^5,_  wiiig  -«-'^,i,'ft -"  ti^^^fc,,™  Bellamy,  George , Anne, 


states  senator  1847-1   . 

tional  Union  Party  for  President  in  1860. 

39  electoral  and  689,681  popular  votes. 


He  received 


den's  play  "An  Evening's  Love,  or  the  Mock 
Astrologer,''  a  young  lively  gallant,  a  friend  of 
Wildblood.  He  disguises  himself  as  an  astrol- 
oger, and  gives  the  second  name  to  the  play. 
Bellamy,  Edward.  Bom  1850 :  died  1898.  An 
American  economist  and  journalist,  the  leading 
advocate  of  "nationalism."  He  has  written 
"Looking  Baekward"(1888),"Equality"(1897), 
etc.  . 

Jellamy,  George  Anne.  Born  at  Fmgai,  in 
Ireland,  in  1731  (?) :  died  at  London  (?),  Feb. 
16,  1788.    An  Irish-English  actress.    She  was  the 


Belle  H^l^ne,  La 

daughter  of  a  Mrs.  Bellamy  and  Lord  Tyrawley,  who  ac- 
knowledged her  and  supported  her.  She  first  appeared 
on  the  stage  (Nov.  22, 1744)  as  Monimiain  "The  Orphan,'- 
and  she  rose  rapidly  in  her  profession,  hut  never  reached 
the  first  rank.  In  1785  her  "Apology"  was  brought  out 
in  five  volumes,  to  which  a  sixth  was  added.  Alexander 
Bicknell  is  believed  to  have  written  it  from  her  material. 
The  name  George  Anne  was  given  her,  in  mistake  for 
Georgiana  apparently,  in  her  certificate  of  birth. 

Bellamy  (D.  pron.  bel'a-mi),  Jacobus.  Bom 
at  Flushing,  Holland,  Nov.  12, 1757 :  died  March 
11,  1786.  A  Dutch  poet.  He  wrote  patriotic  and 
anacreontic  poems,  and  is  the  author  of  the  popular  bal- 
lad "Roosje." 

Bellamy  (bel'a-mi),  Joseph.  Bom  at  North 
Cheshire,  Conn.,  1719:  died  at  Bethlehem, 
(^onn. ,  March  6, 1790.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional clergyman  and  theologian,  author  of 
"True  Religion  Delineated"  (1750),  etc. 

Bellamy,  Lord.  A  character  in  Thomas  Shad- 
well's  comedy  "Bury-Fair." 

Bellano  (bel-la'no).  A  town  in  northern  Italy, 
situated  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Lake  of 
Como,  18  miles  northeast  of  Como. 

Bellaria  (bel-la'ri-a).  The  wife  of  Pandosto  in 
Greene's  "Pandosto,  or  the  Triumph  of  Time." 
She  is  the  original  of  Hermione  in  Shakspere's 
"  Winter's  Tale." 

Bellario  (bel-la'ri-6).  In  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher's  play  "Philaster,"  a  page,  she  is  Eu- 
phrasia  in  disguise,  who  follows  the  fortunes  of  Philaster 
with  romantic  tenderness  and  fidelity.  It  is  a  character 
which  suggests  Shakspere's  Viola. 

Bellario,  Doctor.  The  emdite  lawyer  of  Padua, 
as  whose  substitute  Portia  appears  in  the  trial 
scene  in  Shakspere's  "Merchant  of  Venice." 

Bellarmine  (bel-lar-men').  An  impertinent 
fine  gentleman  in  Fielding's  "Joseph  An- 
drews," the  mercenary  lover  of  Leonora. 

Bellarmine  (bel'ar-min).  A  drinking-jug  with 
the  face  of  Cardinal  Bellarmine  on  it,  and  the 
shape  of  which  was  supposed  to  resemble  him: 
originated  by  the  Protestants  of  Holland  to 
ridicule  him. 

Bellarmino  (bel-lar-me'no),  E.  Bellarmine 
(bel'ar-min),  Koberto.  Bom  at  Montepul- 
ciano,  Tuscany,  Oct.  4,  1542:  died  at  Rome, 
Sept.  17,  1621.  A  noted  Italian  cardinal,  and 
Jesuit  theologian  and  controversialist.  He  was 
professor  in  Louvain  and  in  the  Roman  College,  and  arch- 
bishop of  Capua.  His  works  include  "Diaputationes  de 
Controversiis,  fldei,  etc."  (1581),  "Tractatus  de  potestate 
summi pontificis  in  rebus  temporallbus "  ("On  the  Pope's 
Temporal  Sovereignty"),  "Christianse  doctrinee  applica- 
tio"(1603). 

Bellary.    See  Ballare. 

Bellaston  (bel'as-ton),  Lady.  A  fashionable 
demirep  in  Fielding's  "  Tom  Jones,"  a  sensual, 
profligate,  and  imperious  woman. 

Bellatrix  (bel'a-triks).  [L.,the  'warrioress.'] 
A  very  white  glittering  star  of  the  second  mag- 
nitude, in  the  left  shoulder  of  Orion.  It  is  y 
Orionis. 

Bellay,  Guillaume  du.  See  Langey,  Sei- 
gneur de. 

Bellay  (be-la'),  Jean  du.  Bom  1492:  died  at 
Borne,  Feb.  16,  1560.  A  French  cardinal  and 
diplomatist,  brother  of  (Juillaume  du  Bellay. 
He  became  bishop  of  Bayonne  in  1526,  bishop  of  Paris  in 
1533,  and  cardinal  in  1635.  He  was  a  friend  of  letters,  and 
is  noted  as  the  patron  of  Rabelais. 

Bellay,  Joachim  du.  Bom  at  the  Chateau  de 
Lir6,  near  Angers,  about  1524:  died  at  Paris, 
Jan.  1,  1560.  A  French  poet  and  prose-writer, 
sumamed  "the  French  Ovid,"  and  "Prince  of 
the  Sonnet,"  one  of  the  most  noted  members 
of  the  famous,"  P16iade."  He  was  a  cousin  of  Car- 
dinal du  Bellay,  and  for  a  time  served  as  his  secretary. 
He  wrote  "L'Olive  "  (sonnets  to  his  mistress.  Mademoiselle 
de  Viole,  of  whose  name  '  *  Olive  "  is  an  anagram),  47  sonnets 
upon  the  antiquities  of  Rome  (1658),  translated  into  Eng- 
lish by  Spenser  as  "  The  Ruins  of  Rome  "  (1611),  "  Regrets  " 
(sonnets),  "Discours  de  la  Po^sie,"  "Defense  et  illustra- 
tion de  la  langue  FranQoise"  (a  notable  work  in  prose), 
etc.  The  "Visions"  of  Bellay  are  sonnets  translated  and 
adapted  by  Spenser. 

Belle  (bel),  Jean  FranQois  Joseph  de.  Born 
at  Voreppe,  Is6re,  France,  May  27,  1767:  died 
June,  1802.  A  French  general.  He  served  in  the 
Italian  campaign  of  1799,  and  subsequently  under  Le 
Clerc  in  Santo  Domingo,  where  he  fell  in  battle. 

Belle  Dame  Sans  Merci,  La.  [F.,  'the  fair 
lady  without  mercy.']  1.  A  French  poem  by 
Alain  Chartier.  it  was  translated  into  English  by  Sir 
Bichard  Eos,  and  not  by  Chaucer,  though  the  translation 
has  been  attributed  to  him. 
2.  A  poem  by  Keats. 

Belle  Fourche  (bel  fSrsh).  [P., '  nice  fork.'] 
A  name  given  to  the  North  Fork  of  the  Chey- 
enne River  in  Wyoming  and  South  Dakota. 

Belle  H6l4ne  (bel  a-lan'),  La.  An  opera 
bouffe,  words  by  Meilhao  and  Haldvy,  music 
by  Offenbach,  produced  in  1864, 


Belle  Jardiniere,  La 

Belle  Jardlni&re  (bel  zhar-den-yar'),  La.  [F., 
'the  pretty  gardener.']  A  Madonna  and  Child 
with  St.  John,  by  Eaphael  (1507),  in  his  early 
manner,  in  the  Louvre,  Paris,  a  fair-haired  Ma- 
donna is  seated  amid  a  beautilul  conventionalized  land- 
scape, and  the  children  stand  and  Icneel  at  her  knee.  It 
is  familiar  in  reproductions,  and  is  one  of  fiapbael's  most 
pleasing  works. 

Belle  Laiti&re  (bel  let-yar'),  La.  [F.,  'the 
pretty  milkmaid.']  A  painting  by  Wouver- 
man,  in  the  National  Gallery,  London.  The 
composition  is  strong,  the  figures  standing  out  dark 
against  the  bright  landscape,  and  the  coloring  delicate. 

Belle  Mignonne.La.  [F.,' the  pretty  darling.'] 
A  name  given  in  France  in  the  18th  century  to  a 
skull  illuminated  with  tapers  and  highly  dec- 
orated, which  was  an  accepted  furnishing  of  a 
devout  lady's  boudoir.  The  queen  was  said  to  pray 
before  the  skull  of  Ninon  de  L'Enclos.    Leclcy. 

Belle  Plaine  (bel  plan).  A  city  in  Benton 
County,  Iowa,  42  miles  northwest  of  Iowa  City. 
Population  (1900),  3,283. 

Belie- Alliance  (bel  al-yons').  La.  Af  arm  about 
13  miles  from  Brussels,  between  Waterloo  and 
Genappe,  in  Belgium,  it  was  occupied  by  the  center 
of  the  French  infantry  at  the  battle  of  Waterloo  (June  18, 
1815),  Kapoleon  himself  being  stationed  in  the  vicinity.  By 
this  name  the  Prussians  designate  the  battle  of  Waterloo. 

Belleau  {bel-lo'),  Kemy.  Bom  at  Hogent-le- 
Rotrou,  Maine,  France,  1528:  died  at  Paris, 
March  16, 1577.  A  French  poet,  one  of  the  most 
notable  members  of  the  "  P16iade"  (which  see). 
His  life  was  spent  in  the  service  of  K^mi  de  Lorraine, 
marquis  d'Mbeuf,  and  of  his  son  Charles,  due  d'Elbeuf, 
whose  tutor  he  was.  He  wrote  "Petites  Inventions" 
(short  descriptive  poems),  "Bergeries"  (1565:  a  mixture 
of  prose  and  poetry),  "  Amours  et  Nouveaux  eschanges 
de  pierres  pr^cieuses"  (1576),  and  various  translations. 

Bellefontaine  (bel'fon"tan).  The  capital  of 
Logan  County,  Ohio,  52  miles  northwest  of 
Columbus.    Population  (1900),  6,649. 

Bellefontaine  (bel-fon-tan'),  Benedict.  In 
Longfellow's  poem  "Evangeline,"  a  wealthy 
farmer  of  Grand  Pr6,  the  father  of  Evangeline. 
He  died  of  a  broken  heart  when  starting  on  his  exile,  and 
was  buried  on  the  seashore. 

Bellefonte  (bel-fonf).  The  capital  of  Centre 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  Spring 
Creek  in  lat.  40°  54'  N.,  long.  77°  49'  W. 
Population  (1900),  4,216. 

Bellegarde.  A  fortress  on  the  Spanish  fron- 
tier, in  the  department  of  Pyr^n^es-Orientales, 
France,  18  miles  south  of  Perpignan  on  the 
Col  de  Pertuis. 

Bellegarde.  A  small  town  in  the  department 
of  Gard,  France,  10  miles  southeast  of  Nlmes. 

Bellegarde.  A  small  town  in  the  department 
of  Ain,  France,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Valserine  and  Eh6ne,  16  miles  southwest  of 
Geneva,  near  the  famous  Perte  du  Eh6ne. 

Bellegarde  (bel-gSrd'),  Gabriel  du  Bac  de. 
Born  at  the  ChSteau  de  Bellegarde,  dioeese 
of  Carcassonne,  Oct.  17, 1717:  died  at  Utrecht, 
Dee.  13, 1789.     A  French  Jansenist  theologian. 

Bellegarde,  Henri,  Comte  de.  Born  at  Dresden, 
Aug .  29, 1756 :  died  at  Vienna,  July  22, 1845.  An 
Austrian  general.  He  served  in  the  campaigns  of 
1793-95 ;  concluded  with  Napoleon  the  armistice  of  leo- 
ben,  April  18, 1797  ;  was  commander-in-chief  in  the  Vene- 
tian states  in  1805 ;  and  was  made  fleld-marshal  and  gov- 
ernor of  Galicia  in  1806. 

Bellegarde,    Jean   Baptiste   Morvan    de. 

Born  at  Piriae,  near  Nantes,  Aug.  30,  1648 : 
died  at  Paris,  April  26,  1734.  A  French  man 
of  letters  and  member  of  the  community  of 
priests  of  St.  Francis  de  Sales.  To  him  is  at- 
tributed the  authorship  of  the  "Histoireuniver- 
selle  des  voyages  "  (1707). 

Belle-lie-  (or  Belle-Isle-)  en-Mer  (bel-el'- 
on-mar').  [F.,  'fair  island  in  the  sea.'  The 
Breton  name  is  Querveur.']  An  island  in  the 
Bay  of  Biscay,  belonging  to  the  department  of 
Morbihan,  France,  8  miles  south  of  Quiberon. 
Capital,  Le  Palais.  It  was  taken  by  the  British  under 
Keppel  in  1761,  and  restored  to  France  in  1763.  It  was 
a  political  prison  1849-67.  Length,  11  miles.  Population, 
about  11,000.  ,  .      _ 

Belle-Isle  (bel'il').  A  small  island  in  Concep- 
tion Bay,  Newfoundland. 

Belle-Isle,  North.  An  island  at  the  eastern 
entrance  of  the  Strait  of  Belle-Isle,  lat.  52°  N., 
long.  55°  25'  W.    It  belongs  to  Great  Britain. 

Belle-Isle,  South.  An  island  situated  north- 
east of  Newfoundland,  lat.  51°  N.,  long.  55° 
35'  W.    Length,  8  miles. 

Belle-Isle,  Strait  of.  A  sea  passage  sepa- 
rating Newfoundland  from  Labrador,  and  con- 
necting the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  with  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.    Width,  12-20  miles. 

Belle-Isle  (bel-el'),  Charles  Louis  Auguste 
Fouquet,  Duke  of.  Bom  at  Villefranohe, 
Arveyron,  France,  Sept.  22, 1684:  died  Jan.  26, 


142 

1761.  A  French  marshal  and  politician.  He 
shared  with  Broglie  the  command  of  the  Jiienoh  forces  in 
the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession,  and  captured  Prague 
Nov.  26, 1741,  but  was  forced  by  the  treaty  of  peace  be- 
tween Austria  and  Prussia  at  Breslau  to  retreat  to.Eger, 
Deo.  17,  1742.  He  became  commanderrin-chief  of  the 
French  army  in  Italy  in  1746,  and  was  miniater  of  war 
from  1757  to  his  death. 

BellSme  (bel-am').  A  small  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ome,  France,  22  miles  east  of 
Alen9on. 

Bellenden  (bel'en-den),  or  Ballenden  (bal'en- 
den),  or  Ballentyne  (bar en-tin).  Born  at 
Haddington,  in  Berwick,  about  the  beginning 
of  the  16th  century:  died  at  Eome,  1550 
according  to  some,  and  as  late  £ls  1587  accord- 
ing to  others.  A  Scottish  poet  and  prose- 
writer,  chiefly  known  as  the  translator  of 
Hector  Boece's  "Historia  Scotorum"  (trans. 
1533). 

Bellenden,  Edith.  The  heiress  of  Tillietudlem 
in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  "  Old  Mortality." 

Bellenden,  William.  Died  probably  about 
1633.    A  Scotch  classical  scholar. 

Bellenz  (bel'lents).  The  German  name  of 
Belliuzona. 

Bellermann  (bel'l6r-man),  Ferdinand.  Bom 
at  Erfurt,  March  14,  1814:  died  at  Berlin,  Aug. 
11, 1889.  A  German  landscape-painter.  He  was 
employed  by  A.  von  Humboldt  in  Venezuela  1842-46. 

Bellerophon  (be-ler'o-fon),  or  Bellerophontes 

(be-ler-o-fon'tez).'  [Gr.  BeMEpo<l>av,  BE^/lepo- 
^6vTt!;.2  '  In  Greek  legend,  a  son  of  Glaucus, 
king  of  Corinth  (or,  in  some  accounts,  of 
Poseidon),  and  grandson  of  Sisyphus.  He  was 
the  rider  of  Pegasus,  the  slayer  of  the  monster  Chimsera, 
and  conqueror  of  the  Solymi  and  Amazons.  His  exploits 
gained  for  him  the  daughter  and  one  half  the  kingdom  of 
lobates,  king  of  Lycia ;  but  he  later  fell  under  the  dis- 
pleasure of  the  gods.  According  to  Pindar  his  pride 
so  increased  witli  his  good  fortune  that  he  attempted  to 
mount  to  heaven  on  Pegasus;  but  Zeus  maddened  the 
horse  with  a  gadfly,  and  Bellerophon  fell  and  perished. 
He  was  worshiped  as  a  hero  at  Corinth. 

Bellerophon.  1.  A  British  line-of-battle  ship 
of  74  guns  and  1,613  tons,  she  served  in  the  Channel 
squadron  of  1798  and  1794,  was  disabled  at  the  battle  of 
the  Nile,  Aug.  1, 1798,  and  fought  in  the  battle  of  Tra- 
falgar, Oct.  21, 1805. 

2.  One  of  the  first  armored  war-ships,  built  ac- 
cording to  the  designs  of  Sir  E.  Reed,  chief 
constructor  of  the  British  navy,  and  launched 
in  1866.  Length,  300  feet;  breadth,  56  feet; 
draught,  26.7  feet,  she  has  an  armored  belt  at  the 
water-line  10  feet  wide,  and  a  high-decked  central  citadel 
witli  armored  bulkheads  at  each  end,  mounting  ten  12-ton 
guns.  She'has  two  6J-ton  guns  behind  armor  in  the  bows, 
and  one  6^-ton  gun  behind  armor  in  the  stern.  The  armor 
is  6  inches  of  iron  on  16  inches  of  wood  backing. 

Bellerophon.  An  opera  by  Thomas  Comeille, 
FonteneUe,  and  Boileau,  the  music  by  Lulli, 
produced  in  1679. 

Bellerus  (be-le'rus).  A  Comish  giant  in  old 
English  legend.  Bellerinm  was  the  name  given 
to  the  Land's  End,  supposed  to  be  his  home. 

Bell  Savage,  or  Belle  Sauvage.  A  noted 
London  tavern  which  formerly  stood  on  Lud- 
gate  Hill.  Its  inn  yard  was  one  of  those'used  in  the  16th 
century  as  a  theater  and  for  bear-baiting  and  other  spec- 
tacles.   A  printing-house  now  occupies  the  site. 

Belle's  Stratagem,  The.  A  comedy  by  Mrs. 
Cowley,  produced  m  1780.  It  is  still  played. 
See  Ha/rdy,  Lsetitia. 

Belleval  (bel-val'),  Pierre  Richer  de.  Bom 
at  Chaions-sur-Marne,  1558  :  died  at  Montpel- 
lier,  1623  (1625  ?).  A  French  physician  and 
botanist,  the  inventor  of  an  unsuccessful  sys- 
tem of  Greek  botanical  nomenclature.  The 
genus  Eicheria  was  named  for  him  by  Villars. 

Belleville  (bel-vel').  [F., 'fair  city.']  A  north- 
eastern suburb  of  Paris. 

Belleville.  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Rhdne,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Rh&ne  26  miles 
north  of  Lyons.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
2  892. 

Belleville  (bel'vil).  A  port  of  entry,  capital 
of  Hastings  County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated 
on  the  Bay  of  Quinte,  Lake  Ontario,  in  lat. 
44°  10'  N.,  long.  77°  30'  W.  It  is  the  seat  of 
Albert  University.    Population  (1901),  9,117. 

Belleville.  The  capital  of  St.  Clair  County, 
Illinois,  15  miles  southeast  of  St.  Louis.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  17,484. 

Bellevue  (bel-vii').  [F.,  'beautiful  view.']  A 
noted  castle  near  Cassel  in  Germany,  it  contains 
a  fine  picture-gallery :  among  its  chefs-d'osuvre  are  speci- 
mens of  Holbein,  Eembrandt,  Vandyck,  Bubens,  Diirer, 
Teniers,  Wouverman,  Titian,  Guido  Reni,  Carlo  Dolce, 
Murillo,  and  many  others.  Most  of  these  were  not  ac- 
cessible to  the  general  public  till  1866. 

Bellevue.  A  former  royal  castle,  southwest  of 
Paris,  near  Sfevres,  built  by  Madame  de  Pompa- 
dour, and  destroyed  in  the  French  Revolution. 


Bellius 

Bellevue  (bel-vu')  A  village  in  Sandusky  and 
Huron  counties,  Ohio,  14  miles  south-southwest 
of  Sandusky.    Population  (1900),  4,101. 

Bellevue  Hospital.  A  hospital  situated  at  the 
foot  of  East  26th  street  in  New  York.  It  ac- 
commodates about  1,200  patients. 

Belley  (bel-la').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Ain,  Prance,  40  miles  east  of  Lyons,  it  con- 
tains a  cathedral  and  has  Boman  antiquities.  There  are 
noted  cascades  and  quarries  of  lithographic  stones  in. 
"its  vicinity.    Population  (1891),  commune,  6,205. 

Bellfounder  (bel'foun-dfer).  A  Norfolk  trotting 
horse  brought  to  New  York  about  1831.  Through 
.his  daughter,  the  Charles  Kent  mare,  he  became  the  grand- 
sire  of  Hambletonian  (10),  and  transmitted  to  him  and  his- 
descendants  tlie  parti^ly  developed  trotting  tendency  and 
action.  He  was  a  brown  horse  155  hands  high.  He  trotted 
a  mile  in  three  minutes,  and  17  miles  in  an  hour. 

Belliard  (bel-yar'),  Count  Augustin  Daniel.. 

Born  at  Fontenay-le-Comte,  Vendue,  France, 
March  25, 1769:  died  at  Brussels,  Jan.  28, 1832. 
A  French  lieutenant-general,  distinguished  in 
the  Napoleonic  campaigns,  particularly  at  Bo- 
rodino, 1812.  He  took  part  in  the  Egyptian  campaign, 
and,  as  governor  of  Cairo,  surrendered  that  place  to  the 
English  June  27, 1801. 

Bellicent  (bel'i-sent).  The  half-sister  of  King 
Arthur,  in  the  Arthurian  romances.  Tennyson 
alters  her  story  somewhat  in  "Gareth  and 
Lynette." 

BelHn  (bel-lan'),  Jacques  Nicolas.  Bom  at 
Paris,  1703:  died  at  Versailles,  March  21,  1772. 
AFrench  geographer  and  chartographer.  He  was 
officially  charged  with  the  preparation  of  maps  of  the 
coasts  of  the  Imowu  seas.  His  work  appeared  in  the  "Nep- 
tune FranQais"  (1753  :  the  French  coasts),  "Hydrographie 
f rauQaise  "  (1756 :  maps  of  all  known  coasts),  "  Petit  Atlas 
Maritime,"  "M^moires  sur  les  cartes  des  cOtes  de  TAm^- 
rique  septentrionale "  (1756),  "Essais  g^ographiques  sur 
les  lies  Britanniques  "  (1763),  and  similar  works  on  Guiana,, 
the  Antilles,  Santo  Domingo,  etc. 

Belling  (bel'ling),  Wilhelm  Sebastian  von. 

Born  at  Paulsdorf ,  East  Prussia,  Feb.  15, 1719 : 
died  at  Stolp,  Pomerania,  Nov.  28,  1779.  A 
Prussian  cavalry  general,  distinguished  in  the 
Seven  Years'  War. 

Bellingham  (bel'ing-am),  Richard.  Bom  in 
England,  1592  (?) :  died  in  Massachusetts,  Dec. 
7,  1672.  A  colonial  governor  of  Massachusetts. 
He  emigrated  to  America  in  1634,  and  was  governor  of 
Massachusetts  Colony  in  1641, 1664,  and  1666-72.  In  1641  he 
contracted  a  second  marriage,  performing  the  marriage, 
ceremony  himself,  without  proclamation  of  banns.  He 
was  presented  by  the  great  inquest  for  breach  of  the  oi-der 
of  court ;  but,  as  he  refused  to  vacate  the  bench,  the  other 
magistrates  were  at  a  loss  how  to  proceed,  and  lie  escaped 
censure. 

Bellini  (bel-le'ne).  Gentile.  Bom  about  1427: 
died  Feb.  22,  1507.  A  painter  of  the  Venetian 
school,  son  of  Jacopo  Bellini. 

Bellini,  Giovanni.  Bom  after  1427 :  died  Nov. 
29,  1516.  A  noted  painter  of  the  Venetian 
school,  son  of  Jacopo  Bellini.  His  works  are  in 
all  the  principal  art  galleries.  Among  his  scholars  were 
Titian  and  Giorgione.  His  portrait,  by  himself,  in  the 
Capitol,  Bcme,  ranks  among  the  great  portraits,  and  is  a 
'fine  example  of  the  Venetian  school,  older  than  the  por- 
trait in  the  Uffizi. 

Bellini,  Jacopo  or  Giacomo.  Died  about  1464. 
An  Italian  painter. 

Bellini,  Lorenzo.  Bom  at  Florence,  Sept.  3, 
1643:  died  Jan.  8,  1704.  A  distinguished 
Italian  physician  and  anatomist,  professor  of 

.  philosophy  and  afterward  of  anatomy  at  Pisa. 

.  His  collected  works  were  published  in  1708. 

Bellini,  Vincenzo.  Bom  at  Catania,  Sicily, 
Nov.  3,  1802 :  died  near  Paris,  Sept.  23,  1835. 
A  famous  Italian  operatic  composer.  His  works 
include  "Bianca  e  Fernando"  (1826),  "II  Pirata"  (18250, 
La  Straniera "  (1829),  "Zatea"  (1829),  "I  Capuletti  ed  i 


Montecohi"  (1830),  "La  Sonnambula"  (1831),  "Norma" 
(1831),  "  Beatrice  di  Tenda"  (1833),  "I  Puritani"  (1835). 

Bellinzona  (bel-lin-zo'na,),  G.  Bellenz  (bel'- 
lents). The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Ticiuo, 
Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Tioino  in  lat. 
46°  11' N.,  long.  9°  1'  E.  It  occupies  an  important 
position  on  the  St.  Gotthard  route  near  the  commence- 
ment of  the  San  Bernardino  route.  It  is  commanded  by 
tliree  castles,  and  was  once  strongly  fortifled.  Popula- 
tion, about  3,000. 

Bellisant  (bel'i-sant).  1.  The  mother  of  Val- 
entine and  Orson,  she  was  banished  by  her  husband 
Alexander,  emperor  of  Constantinople,  for  supposed  in- 
fidelity, and  her  sons  were  born  in  a  wild  forest. 
2.  One  of  the  principal  female  characters  in 
Massinger's  "  The  Parliament  of  Love." 

Bellius  (bel'i-us),  Martinus.  The  pseudo- 
nym Tinder  which  was  published  a  book  en- 
titled "De  hsereticis,  an  sint  persequendi, 
etc.,"  in  "Magdeburg"  (false  for  Basel),  in 
1554.  It  was  published  soon  after  Calvin's  defense  of 
the  execution  of  Servetus,  and  was  a  plea  for  religious 
toleration.  The  authorship  was  ascribed  to  Castellio, 
who  in  fact  wrote  a  part  of  the  book  under  the  pseudi> 
nym  "Basillus  Montfortius." 


Bellman,  Earl  Mikael 

Bellman  (bel'man),  Karl  Mikael.  Born  at 
Stockholm,  Feb.  4,  1740:  died  Feb.  11,  1795. 
A  noted  Swedish  lyrical  poet.  His  works  include 
"Fredman's  Epistlar"'  ("Epistles,"  1790),  "rredman's 
Sanger"  ("Songs,"  1791),  etc. 

Bellman  of  London,  The.  A  satirical  work 
by  Dekker,  published  in  1608.  it  is  founded  on 
the  "Ground  Work  of  Coney  Catching,"  which  Ileay  and 
others  believe  to  have  been  also  written  by  Dekker.  The 
latter  was  taken  largely  from  Harman's  "  Caveat  lor  Cur- 
Bitors."  In  the  same  year  Dekker  published  a  second 
part  called  "Lanthorne  and  Candlelight,  or  The  Bell- 
man's Second  Night's  Walke."  In  1612  a  fourth  or  fifth 
edition  of  the  second  part  appeared,  called  "  O  per  se  0, 
or  a  new  oryer  of  Lanthorne  and  Candlelight,  Being  an 
addition  or  lengthening  of  the  Bellman's  Second  Night's 
Walke.''  A  mimber  of  editions  of  the  second  part  were 
published  before  1648,  all  with  differences.  They  are 
amusing  descriptions  of  London  rogues.  Daborne  wrote 
a  play  called  "The  Bellman  of  London "  in  161S. 

Bellman  of  Paris,  The.  A  play  by  Dekker 
and  John  Day,  licensed  in  1623,  but  not  printed. 

Bellmour  (bel'mor).  1.  The  faithful  friend 
of  Jane  Shore,  in  Bowe's  tragedy  of  that  name. 
— 2.  The  lover  of  Belinda,  in  Congreve's  com- 
edy "The  Old  Bachelor." 

Bello  (bel'yo),  Andres.  Born  at  Caracas, Vene- 
zuela. Nov.  30,  1780:  died  at  Santiago,  Chile, 
Oct.  15, 1865.  A  Spanish- American  scholar  and 
•author.  In  1810  he  was  sent  to  London  with  Bolivar 
as  agent  of  the  revolutionary  government,  and  he  re- 
mained there  nearly  twenty  years.  In  1834  he  accepted 
a  position  in  the  foreign  department  of  Chile.  He  edited 
the  Chilian  civil  code ;  wrote  a  treatise  on  international 
law  which  was  translated  into  several  languages;  and  was 
several  times  chosen  to  arbitrate  in  international  disputes, 
including  one  between  the  United  States  and  Ecuador. 
In  1843  he  became  rector  of  the  University  of  Chile. 

Bellona  (be-lo'na).  [L.  Bellona,  from  helium, 
war.]  1.  In  Roman  mythology,  the  goddess 
of  war,  regarded  sometimes  as  the  wife  and 
sometimes  as  the  sister  of  Mars.  She  was,  prob- 
ably, originally  a  Sabine  divinity,  an.d  her  worship  ap- 
pears to  have  been  introduced  at  Kome  by  a  Sabine  family, 
the  Claudii.  She  is  represented  as  armed  with  shield 
and  lance. 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  28)  discovered  by  Luther 
at  Bilk,  March  1,  1854. 

Bellot  (bel-6'),  Joseph  Ben6.  Bom  at  Paris, 
1826 :  died  1853.  A  French  naval  officer,  a  vol- 
unteer in  English  expeditions  to  Arctic  regions. 

Bellot  Strait.  A  strait  in  the  Arctic  regions 
of  North  America,  between  the  Boothia  penin- 
sula and  the  island  of  North  Somerset. 

Bellovaci  (be-lov'a-si).  An  important  tribe  of 
the  Belgian  Gauls,  occupying  a  territory  cor- 
responding to  the  modern  dioceses  of  Beauvais 
and  Senlis,  France :  subdued  by  Julius  Csesar  57 
B.  c.  Their  chief  town  was  Csesaromagus  (Beau- 
vais). 

Bellows  (bel'oz),  Henry  Whitney.  Bom  at 
Walpole,  N.  H.,  June  11,  1814:  died  Jan.  30, 
1882.  An  American  Unitarian  divine  and 
writer,  pastor  of  All  Souls  Church,  New  York. 
He  was  president  of  the  United  States  Sani- 
tary Commission  in  the  Civil  War. 

Bellows  Falls.  A  village  in  Windham  County, 
Vermont,  situated  at  the  falls  of  the  Connec- 
ticut 41  miles  southeast  of  Eutland.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  4,337. 

Belloy  (bel-wa'),  Pierre  Laurent  Buyrette 
de  (Pierre  Buyrette,  or  Buirette,  or  Bu- 
rette). Born  at  St.  Flour,  Cantal,  France, 
Nov.  17, 1727 :  died  at  Paris,  March  5,  1775.  A 
French  dramatist.  His  works  include  "Titus  "(1769), 
"Zelmire"  0762),  "Le  Sifege  de  Calais "  (176B  :  his  most 
notable  work),  "Gaston  et  Bayard"  (1771),  "Pierre  le 
Gruel "  (1772),  etc. 

Bells,  The.  1.  A  poem  by  Edgar  Allan  Poe. 
—2.  A  dramatization  from  Erckmann-Chat- 
rian's  "Le  Juif  Polonais"by  Leopold  Lewis, 
produced  in  1871.  Henry  Irving  is  successful 
in  it  as  Mathias. 

Bell-the-Cat.  Apopular  surname  of  Archibald 
Douglas,  earl  of  Angus  (died  about  1514).    At 

.  a  deliberation  of  the  nobles  for  the  purpose  of  effecting 
the  removal  of  Cochrane,  James  III.'s  obnoxious  favorite, 
their  predicament  was  compared  to  that  of  the  mice  which 
determined  to  hang  a  bell  arOund  the  cats  neck,  and  the 
question  was  asked  who  would  be  brave  enough  to  per- 
form the  act.  To  this  Douglas  replied :  "I  will  bell  the 
cat" 

Belluno  (bel-lS'no).  [L.  Belmum.'i  The  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Belluno,  Italy,  situated 
on  the  Piave  in  lat.  46°  9'  N.,  long.  12°  13'  E. 
It  has  a  cathedral.  Population(1891),commune, 

Belluno,  ancient  Belunum  (be-lu'num).  A 
province  in  the  compartimento  of  Venetsa, 
Italy.  Area,  1,293  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  175,919. 

Belluno,  Duke  of.    See  rictor-Pernn. 

Bel-Merodach.    See  Merodach,  Bel,  Baal. 

Belmez  (bel-math').    A  town  in  the  province  of 


143 

Cordova,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadiato  35 
miles  northwest  of  Cordova.  Population  (1887), 
12,046. 

Belmont  (bel'mont).  A  village  in  Mississippi 
County,  southeastern  Missouri,  situated  on  the 
Mississippi  River  17  miles  south  of  Cairo,  Illi- 
nois. Here,  Nov.  7, 1861,  occurred  an  indecisive  battle 
between  the  Federals  under  Grant  and  the  Confederates 
under  Pillow.  The  loss  of  the  Federals  was  485 ;  that  of 
the  Confederates,  642. 

Belmont,  August.  Born  at  Alzey,  Germany, 
1816:  died  at  New  York,  1890.  A  German- 
American  banker  and  politician.  He  was  Austrian 
consul  at  New  York,  United  States  minister  to  the  Nether- 
lands 1854-58,  and  chairman  of  the  Democratic  National 
Committee  1860-72. 
art-collector. 

Belmont,  Charles.  A  rakish  yoxmg  fellow  in 
Moore's  play  "The  Foundling."  The  part  was 
played  with  great  success  by  Garrick. 

Belmont,  Perry.  Born  at  New  York,  Dec.  28, 
1851.  Aji  American  politician,  son  of  August 
Belmont.  He  was  Democratic  member  of 
Congress  from  New  York  1881-87. 

Belmontet  (bel-m6n-ta'),  Louis.  Bom  at  Mon- 
tauban,  France,  March  26, 1799 :  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  14, 1879.  A  French  poet,  and  Bonapartist 
partizan.     His  works  include  "Les  Tristes  "  (182^),  "Le 


Belus 

during  his  life,  and  under  hie  own  name.  In  1645 ;  and  with 
the  name  of  Machiavel  in  1549,  which  was  about  eighteen 
years  after  that  historian's  death.  Both  writers  probably 
borrowed  the  incidents  from  the  Latin  MS.,  for  they  could 
scjlrcely  have  copied  from  each  other. 

DurUop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  IL  186. 


[La  Fontaine  treated  this  subject  in  one  of  his  "  Contes," 
and  Wilson  printed  an  English  tragicomedy  called  "  Bel- 
phegor,  or  the  Marriage  ot  the  Devil  "  in  1691.  Legrand 
brought  out  a  French  comedy  called  "  BelphSgor  "  in  1721.  J 
3.  A  translation  and  adaptation  of  "Palliasse," 
a  French  play  by  Dennery  and  Marc  Foumier, 
by  Charles  Webb  (1856).  The  principal  character, 
Belphegor,  is  a  mountebank,  and  though  he  earns  his  liv- 
ing by  the  most  ludicrous  shams,  his  distress  and  despair 

„    _  „  _     ^*  *'^®  apparent  desertion  of  his  wife  are  very  pathetic. 

He  was  a  patron  of  the  tuii  and  an  Belphoebe  (bel-fe'be).    [F.  hel,  belle,  fair,  and  L. 

Phoebe,  Gr.  iotpi/,  Artemis  (Diana).]  A  hun- 
tress, in  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene,"  intended 
to  represent  Queen  Elizabeth  as  a  woman,  as 
Gloriana  represented  her  as  a  queen, 

Belsham  (bel'sham),  Thomas.  Born  at  Bed- 
ford, England,  April  26,  1750 :  died  at  Hamp- 
stead,  Nov.  11, 1829.  An  English  Unitarian  (£- 
vine. 

Belsham,  William.  Bom  at  Bedford,  England, 

1752 :  died  near  Hammersmith,  Nov.  17,  1827, 

An  English  historian  and  political  essayist, 

.  ^    ,   ,,,      ,.,,-•    ,       brother  of  Thomas  Belsham. 

^3S:.tiK,^™«b:Si^'**''''''™°  ''^^^'^'  Belshazzar  (bel-shaz'ar),  or  Bel-shar-uzur. 


written  with  Soumet,  1829),  etc. 

Bel-Nirari  (bel-ne-ra're).  [Assyr., 'the  god 
Bel  is  my  helper.']  King  of  Assyria  about 
1380  B.  c.     He  conquered  part  of  Babylonia. 

Beloe  (be'16),  William.  Born  at  Norvrich,  Eng- 
land, 1756 :  died  at  London,  AprU  11, 1817.  An 
English  clergyman  and  writer,  founder,  with 
Archdeacon  Nares,  of  the  "British  Critic"  in 
1793.  He  became  reciior  of  All  Hallows,  London  Wall,  in 
1796,  and  was  keeper  of  printed  books  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum 1803-06.  He  wrote  "The  Sexagenarian,  or  Uecollec- 
tions  of  a  Literary  Life  "  (1817),  etc. 

Belqeil  (be-lely').    A  town  in  the  province  of  BelshazzarT    A  tragedy  by  Dean  Milman,  pub 
Hamaut,  Belgium,  11  miles  west-northwest  of    ligjigd  jn  1322 

Mons.    It  contains  the  castle  of  the  princes  Belsunce  de  Oastel  Moron  (bel-ziins'  de  kas- 
of  Ligne.    Population  (1890),  2,682.  ^^y  mo-ron'),  Henri  Frangois  Xavier  de. 

Beloit  (be-loif).    Ajoity  in  RockCounty,  Wis-    gorn  at  the  Chateau  de  la  Force,  in  P^rigord, 


['Bel  protect  the  king.']  According  to  the 
book  of  Daniel  (v.),  the  son  of  Nebuchadnezzar, 
and  the  last  king  of  Babylonia.  Accordmg  to  the 
cuneiform  inscriptions  this  was  Nabonidus,  while  Bel- 
shazzar was  his  eldest  son.  He  was  governor  of  South 
Babylonia  and  chief  of  the  army  in  the  last  struggle,  and 
co-regent  with  his  father.  When  the  latter  fled  to  Bor- 
sippa,  after  being  defeated  by  Cyrus,  he  assumed  the  com- 
mand in  Babylonia,  and  was  killed  in  the  sack  of  the  city 
by  Cyrus,  538  B.  c.  According  to  the  scriptural  narrative 
he  was  warned  during  a  feast  of  his  coming  doom  by  a 
handwriting  on  the  wall,  which  was  interpreted  by  Daniel 
(Dan.  v.,  vii.  1,  viii.  1;  Bar.  i.  11, 12). 


consin,  situated  on  Rock  River  68  miles  south- 
west of  Milwaukee.  Population  (1900),  10,436. 
Beloit.  The  capital  of  Mitchell  County,  north- 
ern Kansas,  situated  on  the  Solomon  River. 
Population  (1900),  2,359. 


France,  Dec.  4,  1671:  died  at  Marseilles,  June 
4, 1755.  A  French  Jesuit,  bishop  of  Marseilles, 
noted  for  his  heroism  during  a  pestilence 
in  Marseilles,  1720-21.  He  was  a  voluminous 
writer. 


Beloit  College.    An  institution  of  learning  at  ggj^  (jreat.    The  middle  sea  passage  between 


Beloit,  Wisconsin,  founded  1847,  controlled  by 
Congregationalists. 
Belon  (be-l&n'  or  bl6n),  Pierre.  Born  at  Soulle- 
ti^re,  near  Mans,  Sarthe,  1517:  died  April, 
1564.  A  noted  French  naturalist  and  traveler 
in  the  Orient  1546-49.  He  wrote  "  Histoire  natu- 
relle  des  estranges  poissons  marines  "  (1551),  "  L'Histoire 
dela  nature  des  oyseaux,  etc."  (1565),  travels,  etc. 

Beloochistan.    See  Baluchistan. 

Belot  (ba-16'),  Adolphe.  Born  at  Pointe-S,- 
Pitre,  Guadeloupe,  Nov.  6, 1829 :  died  at  Paris, 
Deo.  17, 1890.  A  French  novelist  and  dramatist. 
Among  his  works  are  the  novel  "Mademoiselle  Giraud, 
ma  f  emme  "  (1870),  the  play  (in  collaboration  with  Ville- 
tard)  "Le  testament  de  C^sar  Girodot"  (1859X  "Miss 
Multon,"with  Eugene  Nus  (1867),  "L'Artiole  47"  (1871) 
(from  a  novel),  and  many  others. 

Belov^r  (bel-o-var').  A  royal  free  city  in  Croa- 
tia, 42  miles  east  of  Agram. 

Beloved  Disciple,  The.    The  Apostle  John. 

Beloved  Physician,  The.    St.  Luke. 

BelpasSO  (bel-i)as's6).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Catania,  Sicily,  8  miles  northwest  of  Catania. 
It  was  destroyed  by  an  eruption  of  Etna  in  1669. 
Population,  7,000, 


the  Cattegat  and  the  Baltic,  separating  Zea- 
land from  Punen.    Width,  9-20  miles. 

Belt,  Little.  The  western  sea  passage  between 
the  Cattegat  and  the  Baltic,  separating  Punen 
from  the  mainland  of  Denmark  and  Schleswig. 
Width,  7-10  miles. 

Beltane  (bel'tan).  [Also  written  Beltein  and 
Belten;  Gael.  Bealltainn,  Beilteine =Ir.  Bealteine, 
Bealltaine,  Olr.  Belltaine,  Beltene;  usually  ex- 
plained as '  Bel's  or  Beal's  fire,'  from  *Beal,  *Bial, 
an  alleged  Celtic  deity  (by  some  writers  patrioti- 
cally identified  with  the  Oriental  Belus  or  Baal), 
and  teine,  fire .  But  the  origin  is  quite  unknown.  ] 
1.  The  first  day  of  May  (O.  S.);  old  May-day, 
one  of  the  four  quarter-days  (the  others  being 
Lammas,  Hallowmas,  and  Candlemas)  an- 
ciently observed  in  Scotland. — 2.  An  ancient 
Celtic  festival  or  anniversary  formerly  observed 
on  Beltane  or  May-day  in  Scotland,  and  in  Ire- 
land on  June  21.  Bonfires  were  kindled  on  the  hills, 
all  domestic  fires  having  been  previously  extinguished, 
only  to  be  relighted  from  the  embers  of  the  Beltane  fires. 
This  custom  is  supposed  to  derive  its  origin  from  the  wor- 
ship of  the  sun,  or  fire  in  general,  which  was  formerly  in 
vogue  among  the  Celts  as  well  as  among  many  other  hea- 
then nations.    The  practice  still  survives  in  some  remote 


Belper  (bel'pto).    A  town  in  Derbyshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Derwent  7  miles  north  of    ™c°iitfeg 

Derby.  It  has  cotton,  silk,  and  hosiery  manu-  ggitgd  Will.  A  nickname  of  Lord  William 
factnres.     Population  (1891),  10  420.  Howard  (1563-1640),  an  English  border  noble- 

Belphegor  (bel'fe-gor)    or  Belfagor  (bel  fa-    ^       warden  of  the  western  marches, 
gdr).     1.  Baal  Peor  (which  s8e).-2.  An  arch-  Bglteshazzar  (bel-te-shaz'ar).     [Babylonian 
demon  who  undertook  an  earthly  marriage,  but    sel-balatsu-ucur,  Bel  protect  his  life.]     The 
who  fled,  daunted,  from  the  horrors  of  female    Babylonian  name  of  Daniel  (Dan.  i.  7,  u.  26,, 
companionship.     See  the  extract.  ^^  g\ 

Pluto  summoned  an  infernal  council  to  consult  on  the  T>.it,-H  rhpl'ti's')      See  Belit 
best  mode  ot  ascertaining  the  truth  or  falsehood  of  such  :geltlS  (Bfl  tlS).     »ee  f  ew.  rm^r,^^r 

statements  (that  wives  brought  then-  husbands  to  hell).  Belton  (bel'ton).  The  capital  Ot  Bell  County,- 
After  some  deliberation  it  was  determined  that  one  of  Texas,  situated  on  Leon  River  57  miles  north- 
theh'  number  should  be  sent  into  the  world  endowed  with  jiojtjieast  of  Austin.  Population  (1900),  3,700. 
ahumanform,  and  subjected  to  earthly  passions;  that  he  -DoH.--™-  CTipl -tra'mel  G-iovanni.  Bom  at 
should  be  ordered  to  choose  a  wife  as  early  as  possible,  and  iJeltrame  (  bel  -  Wa  me),  WOVanm.  ^ui  u  .ii, 
after  remaining  above  ground  for  ten  years,  should  report  Valeggio,  Italy,  Nov.  11,  1824.  An  Atricanist, 
to  his  infernal  master  the  benefits  and  burdens  of  matn-  g,  missionary  to  Khartum,  Fazogl,  Gondokoro, 
mony.  Though  this  plan  was  unanimously  approved,  none         ^j  Sobat,  1859-62.    He  published  in  1862  a  grammar 

^J.^S^.-Tt^Z^^^^f'^i'^^^^^  Jk^'^^H^iTC^olTif^kl?'  «»'-«^='^-"-^  - 

S°'was-oriS;^^lyt7dirI'^  Z'tSt^^r^^^t  Beluchees.     See  Baluckistan. 
Sowlosrbutwhich,till  the  period  of  the  civil  wars  in  BelUChistan.     See  Baluchistan. 
France,  remained  m  the  library  of  Saint  Martin  de  Tours.  gelUS  (be'lus),  or  BolOS  (be'los).      [Gr.  BtjAo;.} 
But  whether  Brevio  or  Machiavel  first  exhibited  the  tale     .     j-     gjassical  mythology,  a  son  of  Poseidon 
f^rJ^"^  e  tX°  Tti^plW;  ^^l    and  Libya  (or  Eur^omeTregaxded  as  the  an- 


Belus 

cestral  hero  and  divinity  of  various  earlier 
nations. —  2.  In  classical  legend,  the  father  of 
Dido,  and  conqueror  of  Cyprus. 

Belus  (be'lus).  [Gr.  B^Aeif.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  river  of  Palestine  which  flows  into  the 
Mediterranean  at  Acre :  the  modern  Naman. 
It  is  the  reputed  place- of  the  discovery  of  glass 
by  the  rnenieians. 

Belvedere  (bel-ve-der';  It.  pron.  bel-ve-da're). 
[It.,  'fair  view.']  A  portion  of  the  Vatican 
Palace  at  Rome. 

Belvedere.  A  palace  in  Vienna  which  con- 
tained until  1891  the  Imperial  Piotvire  Gallery. 

Belvedere,  Torso.   See  Lysippus  axLi  Torso. 

Bemdera  (bel-ve-da'ra).  "The  daughter  of 
Priuli,  the  senator,  and' the  wife  of  Jaffier,  the 
conspirator,  in  Otway's  tragedy  "Venice  Pre- 
served . "  Jaffler  conspires  to  murder  all  the  senators,  and 
IS  persuaded  by  his  wife  to  divulge  the  plot  to  her  fatljer, 
on  condition  that  all  the  conspirators  are  forgiven.  The 
promise  is  not  kept,  and  Jaffler,  his  friend  Pierre,  and  all 
the  other  conspirators  are  condemned  to  death  on  the 
wheel.  Belvidera,  on  learning  the  result  of  her  interfer- 
ence, goes  mad  and  dies.  The  part  was  a  favorite  one 
with  the  actresses  of  the  18th  century. 

Belvidere  (bel-vi-der').  A  city,  the  capital  of 
Boone  County,  Illinois,  on  the  Kishwaukee 
River  64  miles  west-northwest  of  Chicago. 
Population  (1900),  6.937. 

Belville  (bel'vil).  The  lover  of  Peggy  in  Gar- 
rick's  "Country  Girl." 

Belvoir  (be'ver)  Castle.  The  seat  of  the  Duke 
of  Rutland,  in  Leicestershire,  England.  It  con- 
tains a  fine  collection  of  pictures. 

Belz  (belts).  A  town  in  Galieia,  Austria-Hun- 
gary, 41  miles  north  of  Lemberg.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  4,960. 

Belzlg  (belt'sioh).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  43  miles  southwest  of 
Berlin.  Near  it  was  fought  the  battle  of  Ha- 
gelberg,  Aug.  27, 1813. 

Belzoni  (bol-tso'ne),  Giovanni Battista.  Born 
at  Padua,  1778 : .  died  at  Gato,  in  Benin,  West 
Africa,  Dec.  3,  1823.  A  noted  Italian  traveler 
and  explorer,  the  son  of  a  barber  of  Padua. 
He  was  endowed  with  great  physical  strength,  and  earned 
a  living  for  a  time  in  London  (at  Astley's)  and  elsewhere 
as  a  theatrical  athlete.  Asa  hydraulic  engineer  he  visited 
Egypt  in  1815,  and  devoted  himself  until  1819  to  the  study 
of  Egyptian  antiquities.  He  opened  the  temple  at  Abu- 
Simbel,  the  sepnloher  of  Seti  I.  (1817),  and  the  second 
pyramid  of  Gizeh,  and  made  various  other  Important  dis- 
coveries. The  bust  of  the  so-called  "Young  Memnon," 
now  in  the  British  Museum,  was  transferred  from  Thebes 
by  him.  He  published  in  English,  in  1820-  "A  Narrative 
of  the  Operations  and  Recent  Discoveries  within  the  Pyra- 
mids, etc."  In  1823  he  started  for  central  Africa,  but  died 
on  the  way. 

Eelzoni's  Tomb.  The  tomb  of  Seti  I. .  so 
named  from  Belzoni  who  opened  it. 

Belzu  (bal'tho),  Manuel  Isodoro.  Bom  at 
La  Paz,  1808 :  killed  March,  1866.  A  Bolivian 
revolutionist.  In  1847  he  headed  a  revolution  which 
overturned  Ballivian  and  put  General  Velasco  in  his 
place :  next  year  he  rebelled  against  Velasco,  usurped  the 
presidency,  and  retained  the  post  until  1855.  After  spend- 
ing some  years  in  Europe  he  returned  and  headed  the  re- 
volt against  Melgarejo.  The  latter  attacked  him  in  Xa 
Paz  and,  after  a  bloody  street  battle,  killed  him  with  his 
own  hand. 

Bern  (bem),  Jdzef.  Bom  at  Cracow,  1791 :  died 
at  Aleppo,  Dec.  10,  1850.  A  Polish  general. 
He  served^ in  the  Polish  Insurrection  of  1830 ;  conquered 
Transylvania  for  the  Hungarian  insurgents  and  drove  the 
Austrians  and  Russian  allies  into  Wallachia  in  1849 ;  con- 
quered the  Banat;  was  defeated  by  the  Kussians  at  Schass- 
burg,  July  31 ;  took  part  in  the  battle  ol  Temesvar,  Aug.  9 ; 
and  escaped  to  Turkey  and  took  service  in  the  Turkish  army. 

Beman  (be'man),  Nathaniel  Sydney  Smith. 

Born  at  New"Lebanon,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  26,  1785 : 
died  at  CarbondalOj  111.,  Aug.  8,  1871.  An 
American  Presbyterian  clergyman.  He  was  pas- 
tor of  a  Presbyterian  church  at  Troy,  New  York,  1822-J63, 
and  was  a  leader  of  the  new  school  in  the  discussion  which 
led  to  the  division  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  183!. 

Bemba,  Lake.    See  Bangweolo. 

Bembatoka  (bem-ba-to'ka),  Bay  of.  A  large 
inlet  on  the  northwestern  coast  of  Madagascar. 

Bembo  (bem'bo),  Pietro.  Bom  at  Venice, 
May  20,  1470 :  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  18,  1547.  A 
celebrated  Italian  cardinal  and  man  of  letters. 
He  was  the  author  of  poems,  epistles,  a  history  of  Venice, 
and  "Gli  Asolani"  (dialogues  on  the  nature  of  love). 
"  Connected  in  friendship  with  all  the  men  of  letters  and 
first  poets  of  his  age,  he  was  a  lover  of  the  celebrated  Lu- 
cretia  Borgia,  daughter  of  Alexander  VI.,  and  wife  of  Al- 
fonzo,  Duke  of  Ferrara;  and  was  a  favorite  with  the  Popes 
Leo  X.  and  Clement  VIL,  who  loaded  him  with  honors, 
pensions,  and  benefices.  He  enjoyed,  from  the  year  1629, 
the  title  of  Historiographer  to  the  Republic  of  yenice ; 
and  Paul  III.  finally  created  him  a  Cardinal  in  1539. 
Wealth,  fame,  and  the  most  honorable  employs  seemed 
to  pursue  him,  and  snatched  him,  in  spite  of  himself,  from 
a  life  of  epicurean  pleasure,  which  he  did  not  renounce 
when  he  took  the  ecclesiastical  habit.  His  death  WM 
occasioned  by  a  fall  from  his  horse,  on  the  eighteenth 
day  of  January,  1647,  in  his  seventy-seventh  year,  bu- 
mondi.  Lit.  of  the  South  of  Europe,  I.  426. 


144 

Ben  (ben).  A  gay,  simple,  but  somewhat  in- 
credible sailor  in  Congreve's  comedy  "Love  for 
Love."    He  is  designed  to  marry  Miss  Prue. 

Benacus  (be-na'kus),  Lacus.  The  Roman 
name  of  the  Lake  of  Garda.    See  Garda. 

Benaiah  (be-na'ya).  [Heb.,  'built  by  Jehovah.'] 

1 .  The  name  of  several  persons  mentioned  in 
the  Old  Testament,  of  whom  the  most  notable 
was  the  son  of  Jehoida,  the  chief  priest.  He  slew 
Adonijah  and  Joab,  and  succeeded  the  latter,  under  Solo- 
mon, as  commander-in-chief  of  the  army. 

2.  A  character  in  Dryden  and  Tate's  "Absa- 
lom and  Achitophel,"  intended  for  George 
Edward  Sackville,  whowas  called  General  Sack- 
ville  and  was  devoted  to  the  Duke  of  York. 
See  1  Ki.  ii.  35. 

Benalcazar  (ba-nal-ka-thar'),  or  Velalcazar 
(va-lal-ka-thiir'),  or  Belalcazar  (ba-lal-ka- 
thar'),  Sebastian  de  (Sebastian  Moyano). 
Born  at  Benalcaz,  Estremadura,  about  1499: 
died  at  Popayan,  1550.  A  Spanish  conqueror 
of  (Juito  and  Popayan.  He  joined  the  expedition  of 
Pedrarias  to  Darien,  and  in  March,  1632,  joined  Pizarro 

-  on  the  coast  at  Puerto  Viejo  with  30  men.  Incited  by 
the  CaBaris  Indians,  who  promised  to  join  him,  he  under- 
took the  conquest  of  Quito.  Maiching  over  the  moun- 
tains, he  defeated  the  Inca  general  Rumi-fiaui  on  the 
plains  of  Riobamba,  and  entered  Quito.  Joined  soon 
after  by  Almagro,  their  united  forces  met  those  of  Pedro 
de  Alvarado,  governor  of  Guatemala,  who  had  attempted 
an  independent  conquest  of  Quito.  (See  Alvarado,  Pedro 
de.)  Alvarado  was  induced  to  retire,  and  many  of  his 
men  joined  Benalcazar,  who  continued  his  northern  con- 
quests. He  invaded  Popayan  in  1633,  and  next  year  car- 
ried his  conquests  still  f^^her  nortl^  to  the  country  of 
the  Chinchas  Indians.  After  founding  many  Spanish 
towns,  Benalcazar  went  to  Spain  in  1537,  and  in  1538  he 
was  appointed  governor  of  Popayan,  a  district  which 
comprised  what  is  now  southwestern  Colombia. 

Benares  (be-na'rez),  or  Banaras  (ba-na'ras). 
[Hind.  Banaras.']  The  capital  of  the  division 
of  Benares,  Northwest  Provinces,  India,  situ- 
ated on  the  north  side  of  the  Ganges,  in  lat.  25° 
15'  N.,  long.  83°  E.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  cities  in 
northern  India,  the  principal  Hindu  holy  city,  famous  as 
a  resort  for  pilgrims.  It  has  manufactures  of  brass  wares, 
etc.,  and  an  important  trade.  !f  he  Ganges  is  crossed  here 
by  the  Bufierin  Bridge.  Benares  was  founded  about  1200  (?) 
B.  0. ;  was  for  many  years  a  Buddhistic  center ;  was  con- 
quered by  the  Mohammedans  about  1193 ;  and  was  ceded 
to  the  East  India  Company  in  1775.  It  is  caUed  Lashi' 
in  Sanskrit  literature.  It  was  the  scene  of  an  outbreak 
in  the  Indian  mutiny  of  1857.  Population,  with  canton- 
ment (1891),  219,467. 

Benares.  A  division  of  the  Northwest  Prov- 
inces, British  India.  Area,  18,338  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  10,632,190. 

Benares.  A  district  in  the  division  of  Benares, 
lat.  25°  30'  N.,  long.  83°  E.  Area,  998  square 
miles.    Population,  about  900,000. 

Benasque  (ba-nas'ke).  A  small  town  in  the 
Pyrenees,  province  of  Huesoa,  Spain,  near  the 
foot  of  Mount  Maladetta. 

Benauly  (ben-^'li).  A  pseudonym  adopted  by 
the  three  brothers  Benjamin  Vaughan,  Austin, 
and  Lyman  Abbott,  in  two  novels,  "Conecut 
Corners  "  and  ' '  Matthew  Carnaby ."  "  The  pseu- 
donym is  composed  of  the  first  syllable  of  the  names  of 
the  three  brothers."    Cushing. 

Benavente  (ba-na-ven'ta).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  Zamora,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Orbigo  52  miles  northwest  of  Valladolid. 

Benavente.  A  small  town  in  the  district  of 
Santarem,  Portugal,  situated  on  the  Zatas  28 
miles  northeast  of  Lisbon. 

Benavides  y  de  la  Oueva  (ba-na-ve'des  e  da 
la  kwa'va),  DiegO  de.  Count  of  Santistevan. 
Born  about  1600:  died  at  Lima,  Peru,  March 
17,  1666.  A  Spanish  soldier  and  administrator. 
He  was  appointed  viceroy  of  Peru  in  1659,  reaching  Lima 
July  31, 1661.    He  held  the  office  until  his  death. 

Benbecula  (ben-be-ko'la).  An  island  of  the 
Hebrides,  belonging  to  Inverness-shire,  Scot- 
land, between  North  Uist  and  South  Uist. 
Length,  7^  miles. 

Benbecula  Sound.  A  sea  passage  between 
Benbecula  and  South  Uist. 

Benbow  (ben'bo) ,  John.  Bom  at  Shrewsbury, 
March  10,  1653:  died  at  Port  Royal,  Jamaica, 
Nov.  4, 1702.  A  noted  British  admiral.  He  early 
ran  away  to  sea,  served  in  various  merchant  and  govern- 
ment vessels,  and  after  1689  was  continuously  in  the  royal 
navy  He  became  captain  In  1689,  rear-admiral  in  1696, 
and  vice-admiral  in  1701.  In  1692  and  1693  he  was  en- 
gaged in  various  unsuccessful  attacks  on  the  French 
coast-  in  1699  and  again  in  1701  he  commanded  squad- 
rons in  the  West  Indies.  From  Aug.  19  to  Aug.  24, 1702, 
he  had  a  running  fight  with  the  French  fleet  of  Du  Casse. 
On  the  last  day  his  leg  was  shattered  by  a  ball,  but  he 
continued  to  direct  the  battle.  Benbow  claimed  that  his 
failure  to  capture  Du  Casse  was  owing  to  the  conduct  of 
his  officers. 

Benbow.  In  the  British  navy,  a  two-turret, 
ceutral-oitadel,  heavy-armed  battle-ship  of  the 
admiral  class :  sister  ship  to  the  Camperdown. 


Benedict  I. 

Bencoolen  (ben-ko '  len) ,  or  Benkulen.  [D.  ien- 

hoelen.'j  The  capital  of  the  residency  of  Ben- 
coolen, Sumatra,  situated  on  the  southwestern 
coast,  about  lat.  3°  50'  S.  it  was  settled  by  the  Eng- 
lish about  1685,  and  ceded  to  the  Dutch  in  1826,  and  had 
formerly  a  considerable  trade.    Population,  about  12,000. 

Ben  Cruachan  (ben  kro'ohan).  A  mountain 
in  Argyllshire,  Scotland,  near  the  head  of 
Loch  Awe,  13  miles  north  of  Inverary.  Height, 
3,610  feet. 

Benda  (ben' da),  Franz.  Born  at  Altbenatek, 
Bohemia,  Nov.  25,  1709:  died  at  Potsdam, 
Prussia,  March  7,  1786.  A  German  violinist, 
the  founder  of  a  school  of  violin-playing. 

Benda,  Georg.  Bom  1721:  died  at  Kostritz, 
Thuringia,  Nov.  6,  1795.  A  German  composer 
and  violinist,  brother  of  Franz  Benda.  He 
wrote  the  operas  "Ariadne  auf  Naxos"  (1774), 
"Medea,"  etc. 

Bendavid  (ben-da'fid),  Lazarus.  Born  at 
Berlin,  Oct.  18,  1762:  died  at  Berlin,  March  28, 
1832.  A  German  philosophical  writer  and 
mathematician.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Versuch  iiber 
das  Vergniigen,"  "Vorlesungen  iiber  die  Krltikderreinen 
Vernunft,"  "Zur  Berechnung  des  jiidischen  Kalenders," 
etc. 

Bendemann  (ben'de-man),  Eduard.  Bom  at 
Berlin,  Dec.  3,  1811:  died  at  Diisseldorf,  Dec, 
27,  1889.  A  (jerman  painter.  Among  his  works 
are  "Dietrauernden  Juden  (1832,  at  Cologne),  "Jeremias 
auf  den  Triimmern  von  Jerusalem  "  (1837,  at  Berlin),  "Die 
Wegfuhrung  der  Juden  in  die  Babylonische  Gefangen- 
schaft"  (1872,  at  Berlin). 

Bendemeer.  A  river  in  Moore's  poem  "LaUa 
Rookh." 

Bender  (ben'der).  [Turk.  Bender,  harbor; 
Russ.  Bendery.]  A  town  and  fortress  in  the 
province  of  Bessarabia,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Dniester  61  miles  northwest  of  Odessa.  It  is  a 
trading  center.  Near  it  was  the  residence  of  Charles  XII. 
of  Sweden  1709-13.  It  was  stormed  by  the  Russians  under 
Fanin  in  1770,  and  under  Potemkin  in  1789,  and  was  again 
taken  by  the  Russians  in  1806  and  181L  It  was  finally 
annexed  to  Russia  in  1812.   Population,  31,005. 

Bender-Abbasi  (ben'dfer-ab-ba-se'),  or  -Abbas 
(ab'bas).  [Pers., 'harbor  of  Abbas.']  Aseaport 
in  the  province  of  Kirman,  Persia,  situated  on 
the  Strait  of  Ormus,  opposite  Ormus,  in  lat. 
27°  12'  N.,  long.  56°  20'  E.  It  has  communication 
by  steamer  with  Bombay,  Bassora,  etc.  It  was  an  impor- 
tant commercial  point  in  the  17th  century.  Population, 
about  8,000.    Also  called  Qomhroon. 

Bendigo  (ben'di-go).  A  former  name  of  the 
city  of  Sandhurst,  in  Victoria,  Australia. 

Bendis  (ben'dis).  [Gr.  'Bevdlg.']  A  Thracian 
lunar  goddess,  worshiped  also  in  Lenrnos  and 
Bithynia. 

Bendish  (ben'dish),  Bridget.  Bom  about 
1650:  died  1726.  The  daughter  of  General 
Henry  Ireton,  and  granddaughter  of  Oliver 
Cromwell,  famous  for  her  resemblance  to  the 
latter. 

Bendo  (ben'do),  Alexander.  A  pseudonym 
of  Robert  Carr,  Viscount  Rochester,  Earl  of 
Somerset. 

Bendorf  (ben'dorf).  A  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Rhine,  5  miles  north  of  Coblentz.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  commune,  5,016. 

Bend-the-Bow  (bend'SHe-bo).  An  English  ar- 
cher in  Scott's  "Castle  Cangerous." 

Bendzin  (bend-zen').  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Piotrkov,  Russian  Poland,  situated 
near  the  Prussian  and  Austrian  frontiers  38 
miles  northwest  of  Cracow.  Population  (1890), 
9,222. 

Benedek  (be'ne-dek),  Lud-wig  von.  Bom  at 
Odenburg,  Hungary,  July  14,  1804:  died  at 
Gratz,  Austria,  April  27,  1881.  An  Austrian 
general.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the  Italian  and 
Hungarian  campaigns  1848-49,  and  at  SoU erino  in  1869 ; 
was  commander  of  the  Austrian  Army  of  the  Nortli  in 
1866 ;  and  was  defeated  at  Koniggratz,  July  3, 1866. 

Benedetti  (ba-na-det'te),  Count  Vincent. 
Born  at  Bastia,  Corsica,  April  29, 1817 :  died  at 
Paris,  March  28, 1900.  A  French  diplomatist. 
He  was  envoy  at  Turin  in  1860,  and  minister  at  Berlin 
1864r-70.  His  interviews  with  William  I.  of  Prussia  at 
Ems  July  9-13, 1870,  precipitated  the  Franco-German  wai'. 

Benedick  (ben'f-dik).  A  character  in  Shak- 
spere's  comedy  '"  Much  Ado  about  Nothing." 
Ele  is  a  young  gentleman  of  Padua,  of  inexhaustible 
humor,  wit,  and  raillery,  a  ridiculer  of  love  (but  finally 
loving  Beatrice),  who  when  he  spoke  of  dying  a  bachelor, 
only  said  so  because  he  did  not  think  he  should  live  to 
be  married.  His  name  has  become  a  byword  for  a  newly 
married  man,  and  is  frequently  vpritten  Benedict. 

Benedict  (ben'f-dikt)  I.,  sumamed  Bonosus. 
[L.  Be»edic«MS,  blessed;  It.  Benedetto,  Bettino, 
Sp.  Benedieto,  Benito,  Pg.  Benedicto,  Bento,  P. 
Benoit,  G.  Benedikt.]  Bishop  of  Rome  574r-578, 
In  his  pontificate  the  Longobards  extended  their  con- 
quests in  Italy,  and  tlireatened  Rome. 


Benedict  11. 


145 


Ben-hadad 


Benedict  II.    Bishop  of  Rome  684-685.    He  1b  Benedict  and  Bettris  (Benedick  and  Bea-    and  on  the  mainland  opposite,  extending  into 
said  to  have  prevailed  upon  the  emperor  Constantine  IV.     trice).     See  Much  Ado  about  Nothing.  French  territory  to  the  northeast.     They  have 

to  renounce  the  right  of  oonflrming  papal  elections.    He  Benedict  BiSCOP.  Bom  in  628  (?) :  died  at  Wear-     moved  from  the  interior  to  the  coast  within  a  few  genera- 
mouth,  Jan.  12;  690.     An  English  ecelesiastie,      "-<"!?•    The  Benga  language  closely  resembles  the  Dualla 
the  founder  of  the  monasteries  of  Wearmouth 
(674)  and  of  Jarrow  (682).    He  was  an  Angle  of  no- 
ble birth,  thegn  of  King  Oswiu  of  Northumbria.    He  en- 
tered the  church,  and  in  669  was  made  abbot  of  St.  Peter's 


is  commemorated  in  the  Eoman  Church  on  May  7. 

Benedict  III.  Pope  855-858.  in  his  pontificate 
J)thelwulf,  king  of  the  West  Saxons  and  Kentishmen, 
visited  Kome  (whither  he  had  previously  sent  his  son 
MiieA),  and  rebuilt  the  school  or  hospital  for  English 
pilgrims. 

Benedict  IV.  Pope  900-903.  He  crowned 
Louis,  king  of  Provence,  emperor  in  901. 

BenecUct  v.,  surnamed  Grammaticus.  Died 
965.  He  was  elected  pope  by  the  Romans  in 
964,  in  opposition  to  Leo  VIII.,  the  choice  of 


of  Kamerun ;  and  the  Naka,  between  them,  seems  to 
be  a  transition  language.  Owing  to  the  labors  of  the 
American  Presbyterian  mission,  many  Bengas  are  Cbris- 
tians,  and  several  books  have  been  printed  in  their  lan- 
guage. 


who  when  only  seven  years  old  was  placed  under  his 
charge.  "He  was  the  first, person  who  introduced  in 
England  constructors  of  stone  edifices  as  well  as  makers 
of  glass  windows."  (William  qf  MalmeBhury.)  He  was 
canonized,  and  his  festival  Is  celebrated  in  the  Roman  and 

*u ..'  »v»•na.^/^,.  n+f  rt  T      rm,      _  J       J  t.  Angllcau  churchoB  on  Jan.  12. 

the  emperor  Utto  i.     The  emperor  reduced  Rome,  n         j-i  4.1.  /v,   /       3-1  i.-^     i        •.      a  11 

andsecuredthepersonof  Benedict,  who  was  kept  tiU  his  Benedlktbeuem  (be  ne-dikt-boi  ern).  A  small 
death  in  confinement  under  the  charge  of  Bishop  Adaldag  village  and  former  famous  Benedictine  abbey 
at  Hamburg.  in  Upper  Bavaria,  30  miles  south-southwest  of 

Benedict  VI.    He  was  elected  pope  in  972,  un-    Munich.     Near  it  is  the  mountain  Benedikten- 
der  the  influence  of  the  emperor  Otto  I.,  on    vvand. 

whose  death  in  973  he  was  deposed  and  put  to  Benedix  (be'ne-diks),  Boderich  Julius.  Born 
death  by  the  Romans.  at  Leipsic,  Jan.  21, 1811 :  died  at  Leipsic,  Sept. 

Benedict   VII.     Pope  975-984  (983?).     He  ex-     26,1873.     A  German  dramatist  and  misoellane- 
■  communicated  the  antipope  Bonif  aciuB  VII.  in  a  council 
held  at  Kome  in  975. 

Benedict  VIII.    Pope  1012-24. 

antipope  Gregory  by  the  aid  of  Henry  II.  whom  he 
crowned  emperor  in  1014.  He  signally  defeated  the  Sara^ 
oens  in  Tuscany  in  1016.  Sketches,' 

Benedict  IX.     Died  1056.     He  obtained  his    etc. 
elevation  to  the  papacy  by  simony  in  1033,  and,  Benengeli 


in  Canterbury  and  is  noteworthy  as  the  guardian  of  Bede,  Bengal  (ben-gM').     [F.  Bengale,  G.  Bengalen, 

Hind.  Bangala,  from  Skt.  Banga,  one  of 


ous  writer,  author  of  numerous  comedies. 

TT»  ni,«t^rt  thP  Beneke  (be'ne-ke),  Friedrich  Eduard.    Born 

He  ousted  the    ^^  ^^^^.^^  p^^_  ^^^  ^^gg .  ^.^^  jgg^_     ^  German 

psychologist.    His    chief  works   are    "Psychological 
atnf/thea  ""'New  Psychology,"  "Pragmatic  Psychology," 


etc. ; 

the  five  outlying  kingdoms  of  Aryan  India.] 
A  lieutenant-governorship  of  British  India, 
capital  Calcutta,  bounded  by  Nepal,  Sikhim, 
and  Bhutan  on  the  north,  Assam  and  Burma 
on  the  east,  the  Bay  of  Bengal  and  Madras  on 
the  south,  and  the  Central  Provinces  and  North- 
west Provinces  on  the  west.  It  comprises  Bengal 
proper,  Behar,  Chota-Nagpur,  and  Orissa.  Its  surface  is 
chiefiy  the  alluvial  plains  of  the  Ganges,  Brahmaputra, 
Mahanadi,  etc. ;  but  it  contains  part  of  the  Himalayas. 
Its  chief  products  are  rice,  opium,  jute,  indigo,  tea,  and  oil- 
seeds. There  are  also  extensive  coal-fields.  The  leading 
religions  are  Hinduism  and  Mohammedanism,  and  the 
chief  languages  are  Bengali  and  Hindustani.  It  was  con- 
quered by  Mohammedans  about  1199,  became  independent 
of  Delhi  in  1336,  and  was  under  the  Moguls  1676-1766. 
The  early  settlements  of  the  Bast  India  Company  were 
made  in  the  first  part  of  the  17th  century.  It  became  a 
lieutenant-governorship  in  1864.  Sometimes  popularly 
called  Lovxr  Bengal.  Area,  161,648  square  mil  es.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  71,346,987 ;  feudatory  states,  3,296,379. 

That  part  of 


oioy«.ii"^ -«  ""=  M"F"-j  ^j  =..^v...j  .^  ^».~,  «^«,  ojciicuecxi    (ben-en-ge'le ;    Sp.  pron.   ba-nen.  n  ir    r 

on  account  of  the  opposition  aroused  by  his    na'le),  Old  Hamet.    The  imaginary  chroni-  isengai,  JSay  01   or  ijuil  oi.  . 

profligacy,  resigned  in  1044.  eler  from  whom  Cervantes  said  he  received  his    the  Indian  Ocean  which  lies  between  Hindu- 

Benedict  X.    (Giovanni   di   Velletri),     An    account  of  Don  Quixote, 
antipope  elected  in  1058.     He  reigned  nine  Beneschau  (ba'ne-shou).    A  town  in  Bohemia, 
months,  when  he  was  compelled  to  give  way    24  miles  south-southeast  of  Prague.    Popula- 
te Nicholas  II.  tion  (1890),  5,589. 

Benedict  XL  (Nieolo  Boccasini).   Pope  1303- Benetnasch  (be -net' nash).    lAv.  al-hdyid-al    ^_ 

1304.    He  annulled  the  bulls  of  Boniface  Vin.  against     lendt-al-na'sh,  the  governor  of  the  mourners,  Bengal    Sea  of.    A  name  sometimes  given  to 
Philip  the  Fair  of  Frano_e.    He  is  commemorated  in  the     in  allusion  to  the  fancied  figure  of  a  bier.]  _  The     that  part  of  the  Indian  Ocean  which  extends 

bright  second-magnitude  star  )?  Ursse  Majoris,      .       ^.-     ^         ~  ■-         -         •■•         -■•  i-    -t-— .. 

at  the  extremity  of  the  tail  of  the  animal.    Also 

called  AXkaid. 
Benevento  (ben-e-ven'to).     A  province  in  the 

compartimento  of  Campania,  Italy.    Area,  818 

square  miles.    Population  (1891),  245,135, 


Stan  and  Farther  India,  from  the  Ganges 
delta  to  about  lat.  16°  N. :  the  ancient  Gan- 
getious  Sinus.  It  receives  the  waters  of  the  Krishna, 
Godaveri,  Mahanadi,  Ganges,  Brahmaputra,  and  Irawadi. 
The  name  is  sometimes  extended  to  include  the  Sea  of 
Bengal. 


Roman  Church  on  July  7. 

Benedict  XII.  (Jacques  de  Nouveau).  Pope 
1334r-42.  He  was  the  third  of  the  Avignon 
pontiffs,  a  friend  of .  Petrarch,  and  a  severe 
ecclesiastical  reformer. 

Benedict  XIII.  (Pedro  de  Luna).    An  anti 


pope  elected  by  the  French  cardinals  on  the  Benevento  (ben-e-ven'to).  [L.  Beneventum,ia,iT 
death  of  Clement  yil._in  1394.   Jhe Italian  car-    ^j^^^.  ^^^  Maleventum,  mestning  (appar.)  'ill 


dinals  had  chosen  Boniface  X.  in  1389.  Benedict  was  de- 
posed by  the  Councils  of  Pisa  (1409)  and  Constance  (1417), 
in  spite  of  which  he  retained  the  support  of  Aragon, 
Castile,  and  Scotland  till  his  death  at  PefliBCola,  Valencia, 
in  1424. 

Benedict  XIII.  (Vincenzo  Marco  Orsini). 

Pope  1724-30.  He  made  an  ineffectual  attempt 
to  reconcile  the  Roman,  Greek,  Lutheran,  and 
Calvinist  churches. 

Benedict  XIV.  (Prospero  Lambertini).  Bom 
at  Bologna,  March  31,  1675 :  died  May  3,  1758. 
Pope  1740-58.  He  prohibited  in  two  bulls,  "Ex  quo 
singularis"  (1742)  and  ^'Omnium  solicitudinem"  (1744), 
the  practice,  extensively  adopted  by  the  Jesuits  in  their 
Indian  and  Chinese  missions,  of  accommodating  Chris- 
tian language  and  usage  to  heathen  ceremonies  and  super- 
stition. 

Benedict,  Saint.  Bom  at  Nursia,  in  Umbria, 
about  480  A.  d.  :  died  March  21,  543.  An  Italian 
monk  who  founded  the  order  of  the  Benedic- 
tines, at  Monte  Cassino,  about  529.  He  is  com- 
memorated in  the  Roman  and  Anglican  calendars  on 


wind.']  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Bene- 
vento, Italy,  situated  between  the  rivers  Sabato 
and  Calore  34  miles  northeast  of  Naples,  it  con- 
tains a  cathedral  and  various  antiquities,  especially  a  fa- 
mous arch  in  honor  of  Trajan,  built  114  A.  D.  It  has  various 
manufactures  (plated  ware,  leather,  etc.).  Originally  it  was 


from  the  Bay  of  Bengal  southward  to  about 
lat.  8°  N. 
Bengal  Presidency.  One  of  the  three  former 
presidencies  or  chief  divisions  of  British  India, 
comprising  nearly  all  the  northern  portion. 
The  name  is  still  used  popularly,  but  is  obsolete  as  ap- 
plied to  an  administrative  division,  though  it  is  stiU 
retained  in  the  Army  List  as  a  military  command.  The 
presidency  consisted  of  Bengal  (Lower  Bengal),  the 
Northwest  Provinces,  Gudh,  the  Central  Provinces,  As- 
sam, etc. 

Bengal  Proper,  or  Bengal.  A  name  given  to 
the  southern  part  of  the  lieutenant-governor- 
ship of  Bengal. 


a  Samnite  town,  called  Maleventum,  and  was  conquered  Bengali    (ben-gft-le').       IMso  Bengalee;    from 
bytheRomans  in  the  first  part  ofthe  3d  century  E.O.    In  Beng.  EijiA.  BangdU,  ivora.  Bangdld,  Bengal.] 
themiddleagesitwastheseat  of  a  Lombard  duchy.    It  q          j    ^j^      principal    languages    spoken  in 
was  given  by  Napoleon  to  Talleyrand,  who  took  the  title  of  """     i    „"„«•„!,„„<.  ^f +i,q  QonoVrnt 
Prinleof  B/neveuto  (1806-16) .  The  cathedral  (begun  1114)  Bengal,  an  ofllshoot  of  the  bMislmt.       _ 
is  in  the  Norman  style.   The  fagade  displays  semicircular  Bengazi    (ben-ga'ze),    or    Ben-GrliaZl    (ben- 
arches  with  curious  sculpture,  and  has  fine  12th-century  g.>,K'2e1      A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  Barca, 
bronze  doors  with  79  relief-panels  of  Byzantine  character.  |, .      ,  ^         ^.t^    f^  if    f  gjjj.„  i^  i^t.  32°  10'  N., 
The  five-aisled  interior  has  round  arches  and  64  antique  Sltuateci  on  rne  UrUlI  or  oiuid  in i?"-  "^A"^^'' 
column8,andtwobeautifulsoulpturedandinlaidambones.  long.   20°  5'  E. :   the  ancient  Hespendes  or 
Population,  17,000.  Berenice.    Population,  7,000. 
Benevento,  Battles  of.    1.  A  victory  gained  Bengel  (beng'el),  Johann  Albrecht.  Bom  at 
by  the  Romans  over  Pyrrhus,  275  b.  C. — S.  A  -w^innenden,  in  'Wiirtemberg,  June  24,  1687 : 
victory  gained  by  Charles  of  Anjou  over  Man-  ^jg^  jj^y  2, 1752.    A  German  Protestant  theO' 

fred,  king  of  Sieily,  Feb.,  1266.     Manfred  was  

killed,  and  the  kingdom  of   Sicily  passed  to 
Charles.    Also  called  Battle  of  Grandella. 


March  1,  and  in  the  Greek  calendar  on  March  14.  Benefeitflu'Ducliy  Of.     A  Loibard  duchy  in 

St.  Benedict  drew  up  for  the  monks  of  Monte  Cassino  ^eneveni^  ATOcny^ox^  _^^  15^^,^™^+,™  «»+!,.>.. 


logian  and  biblical  scholar,  the  founder  of  the 
so-called  "biblical  realism.''  He  was  the  author  of 
a  critical  edition  of  the  New  Testament  (1734),  "Gnomon 

Novi  Testament!  "(1742),  etc. 

southem'l?aly,inandnearBeneventum,es"tab-  Benger  (beng'ger),  Elizabeth  Ogilyy.  Born 
lished  in  571.  It  was  divided  in  840,  passed  to  at  "Wells,  Somersetshire,  England,  1778 :  died 
Leo  IX  in  1049,  came  under  the  power  of  the    at  London,  Jan.  9,  1827.    An  English  author. 

■^^  —'-         '  ■    "'-   -'^ She   wrote    novels  ("Marian,"    "The   Heart   and    the 

Fancy  "),  poems,  and  dramas ;  but  is  chiefiy  known  as 
the  compiler  of  memoirs,  among  which  are  memoirs  of 
Elizabeth  Hamilton,  of  John  Tobin,  of  Anne  Boleyn,  of 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  of  Elizabeth  of  Bohemia. 


Normans  in  1053,  and  was  acquired  by  Gregory 
VII.  in  1077. 


statutes  which  were  promptly  adopted  throughout  Gaul. 

These  wise  regulations  threw  aside  useless  maceration, 

and  divided  the  time  of  the  monks  into  periods  of  prayer, 

mental  and  manual  labor ;  they  were  obliged  to  cultivate 

the  land,  but  also  to  read  and  copy  manuscripts.    Some 

little  literary  life  was  thus  preserved  in  the  retirement  of  „       t> 

the  monasteries,  and  its  dependencies  formed  what  axe  BeneventUm.     Bee  Benevento.  ,      .  ,-, 

now  called  model  farms;  they  presented  examples  of  ac-  ■Og_gyoiug(be-nev'6-lus).     [L.,  'benevolent.  J     ,  .  ,,     „    , 

tivity  and  industry  for  the  laborer,  the  mechaiuc,  and  the          gjiaracter  in  Cowper's  -"Task,"  meant  for  Benguela  (beng-ga'la).  A  district  of  the  Portu- 

landowner.                             Ouruy,  Hist.  iTance,  p.  54.     ^^^^  Courtney  Throckmorton  of  Weston  Un-  guele  province  of  Angola,  West  Africa,  between 

Jenedict,  Saint,  of  Aniane.    Born  in  Langue-    ^grwood.  the  districts  of  Loanda  and  Mossamedes,  in- 

doe  about  750:  died  821.    A  Roman  Catholic  Benezet  (ben-e-zef),  Anthony.    Bom  at  St.  duaing  6  concelhos  (counties)  and  the  posts  of 

saint,  noted  as  a  reformer  of  monastic  disci-    Q^gjjtjn,  France,  Jan.  31,  1713:  died  at  Phila-  Bailundo  and  Bihe 
pUne.    Being  intrusted  by  Louis  the  Pious  with  the     ^gipMa,    May   3,    1784.      A  Ti'-»"-.>^-4",<.rip=.r 

^ilr'^^^^LS^^^^^^    ^^^^h,S^C^^^^  -Tormeri^animportant'^^^^^^^^^ 

larum"  of  St.  Benedict  of  Aniane  became  hardly  less  cele-     &'j7^?f™^"°*  °'"            '  trade.     Population,  about  3,000. 
brated  than  the  original  rule  of  St.  Benedict  of  Nmrs  a.        *^;™;/      ,fgi^.  j,     jgj,.l,an-feld').  A  small- Ben-hadad   (ben-ha'dad),   or   Ben-Haddad. 

Jenedict.  Died  in  1193.  Abbot  of  Peterborough  Be^l^^^fJ^.^g^/'^^ig-Pe^Alsace-Lorr^^^^     situ-  The  name  of  three  kings  of  Syria :  (a)Acontem. 

"    It^d  on  thTmi^as  south-southwest  of  P-^  "/^ -a,  king^ of  Jud^^^^^^^ 

Strasburg.                                         .„            ,  „..  ,  turn  of  Ahab,  king  of  Israel  (1  Ki.  xx.  22,  34).      Shal- 

■RpTlfeV  fben-fi'),  Theodor.      Bom  at  Norton,  ^  ^^^g^j.  h    ilng  of  Assyria  860-«24,  relates  in  his  an- 

,f«Pr^ottin^n    Germany,  Jan.  28,  1809 :  died  SSs  that  in  the  6th  year  ot  his  reign  (854)  he  defeated  at 

'lear  Gottmgen,  uermany ,  ^  a   .^^^ ^^^^^^^  p, ^^^  ^^                ^^^  ^.j^^,  Orontes)  12  allied  kings  of  Hatti 

d  the  sea-coast,  among  them  the  king  Dadda^idri  of 


Benedict. 

1177-93.  He  wrote  a  history  of  the  passion,  and  another 
of  the  miracles  of  Thomas  Becket ;  but  is  not,  as  has  been 
commonly  supposed,  the  author  of  the  Gesta  Hennoi 
Secundi."  • 

Benedict,  Sir  Julius,  Bom  at  Stuttgart,  Nov. 
27, 1804:  died  at  Manchester  Square,  London, 
June  5, 1885.  A  musical  composer,  conductor, 
tad  performer,  resident  in  England  after  1835. 
He  aScompanled  Jenny  Llnd  to  Aiffenra  in  1850  His 
works  include  the  operas  "The  Gipsy  s  Warni^  (1838), 
"The  Bride  of  Venice"  (1843),  "The  Crusadera    (1846),_ 


at  Gottingen':  June  26, 1881.  ^  celebrated  Ger- 
man Orientalist,  professor  at  Gottingen  1848-81. 
ffis  works  include  "VoUstandigeGrammatik  derSanskrit- 
Bnrache-'(1862).  "Sanskrit-English  Diction^"  (London 
S  "Geschiohte  der  Sprachwissenschaft  uni  orient. 
PhiloL  inDeutschland"(1860),  etc. 

A  Bantu  tribe  of  Gabun, 


ip5.!S«™SS"S3^^^^^°  ^If  iK-'thr^ish  island  Corisco^ 


'^St.''Ceciiia"(1866),  "St.  Peter "(1870),  etc. 
0.— 10 


Damascus,  and  Ahab  of  Israel  Two  other  victories  over 
Dadda-idri  are  recorded  in  the  annals  of  849  and  846. 
Dadda-idri  is,  no  doubt,  the  same  as  Ben-hadad.for  in  both 
the  Inscriptions  and  the  Old  Testament  (1  Ki.  xx.  34  fl.) 
he  flgures'^as  an  ally  ot  AJiab  and  as  the  '"thf  ^nd  ^''e 
decessor  of  Hazael  (Assyrian  Haza-ilu).  His  MJname 
was  nrobably  Bin-addu-idn,  the  son  of  the  storm-god 


Ben-hadad 

(called  In  Assyrian  Ramman),  «nd  was  shortened  by  the 
Hebrews  as  well  as  by  the  Assyrians,  (c)  Son  of  HazaeL 
and  a  contemporary  of  Jehoahaz,  king  of  Israel  (866-839). 
2  Ki.  xiii.  3.  .       =  ^  / 

Ben-Hur  (ben'Mr').  A  novel  by  Lew  (Lewis) 
Wallace,  published  in  1880,  named  from  the 
principal  character,  a  young  Jew.  The  scene 
is  laid  in  the  time  of  Christ. 

Benf  (Ba-ne').  A  department  in  northeastern 
Bolivia.  Area,  100,551  square  miles  (claimed, 
295,020).  Population,  22,000,  besides  wild  In- 
dians. 

Beni  (sa-ne'),  or  Venl  (va-ne').  A  river  in  Bo- 
livia which  rises  near  La  Paz,  and  unites  with 
the  Mamor6,  in  lat.  10°  22'  30"  S.,  long.  65°  22'  W., 
to  form  the  Madeira.    Length,  about  900  miles. 

Beni  Amer  or  Amir  (be-ne  a'mfer).  A  pastoral 
nomadic  Mohammedan  tribe  in  eastern  Africa, 
dwelling  in  Barka,  north  of  Abyssinia,  and  to 
the  northeast  of  Barka  near  the  Bed  Sea  coast. 
It  numbers  about  200,000. 

Benicarlo  (ba-ne-kar-16').  A  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Castellon,  eastern  Spam,  situated 
on  the  Mediterranean  80  miles  northeast  of 
Valencia.  It  produces  wines.  Population 
(1887),  7,916. 

Beuicia  (be-nish'i-S,).  A  seaport  in  Solano 
County,  California,  situated  on  the  Strait  of 
Carquinez  25  miles  northeast  of  San  Francisco. 
It  contains  a  United  States  arsenal,  and  was 
formerly  the  capital  of  the  State.  Population 
(19pq),  2.751. 

Benicia  Boy.  A  nickname  of  John  C.  Heenan, 
an  American  pugilist,  from  his  residence  in 
California. 

Beni-Hassan  (ba'ne-has'san).  A  village  in 
Middle  Egypt,  situated  on  the  east  bank  of 
the  Nile,  opposite  the  ancient  Hermopolis,  in 
lat.  27°  54'  N.  It  is  famous  for  its  rock-tombs,  and  for 
its  grottoes  (the  o-jreo?  'Apre/i-iSos,  cave  of  Artemis).  The 
chief  groups  of  rock-cut  sepulchers  occupy  a  terrace  in  the 
limestone  cliff  bordering  at  a  little  distance  the  east  bank 
of  the  M  ile.  The  tombs  date  from  the  beginning  of  the  12th 
dynasty  (3000-2500  B.O.),  and  consist  of  a  rock-cut  vestibule 
preceding  a  chamber  in  which  is  sunk  a  shaft  at  the 
bottom  of  which  lies  the  tomb  itself.  The  walls  of  the 
chambers  are  covered  with  very  remarkable  paintings  of 
scenes  of  ancient  life,  but  the  tombs  are  especially  notable 
for  the  celebrated  so-called  proto-Doric  columns  of  many 
of  their  vestibules.  These  are  set,  usually  two  in  antis, 
in  Ihe  rectangular  rock-openings,  and  support  an  archi- 
trave on  their  thin  square  abaci :  there  is  no  echinus.  Some 
of  the  rock-cut  shafts  are  shaped  in  prismatic  forms; 
others  have  shallow  channels  with  sharp  arrises. 

Beni-Israel  (ba'ne-iz'ra-el).  ['  Sons  of  Israel.'] 
Colonies  of  Jewish  descent  found  in  western 
India.  Their  language  is  Marathi,  and  their 
number  is  estimated  at  about  5,000. 

Benin  (be-nen').  A  former  name  of  the  eastern 
part  of  Upper  Guinea. 

Benin.  A  negro  kingdom  in  western  Africa, 
extending  from  the  western  part  of  the  Niger 
delta  to  Yoruba  on  the  northwest.  It  is  thickly 
settled. 

Benin.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Benin, 
situated  on  the  river  Benin  (a  western  mouth 
of  the  Niger).    It  is  now  small. 

Benin,  Bight  of.  That  part  of  the  Gulf  of 
Guinea  which  lies  west  of  the  Niger  delta 
to  about  long.  1°  E. 

Beni-Suef  (ba'ne-swef).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Beni-Suef,  Egypt,  situated  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Nile,  63  miles  south  of  Cairo. 
Population,  (1897),  18,229. 

Benjamin  (ben'ia-min).  [Heb.,  commonly  in- 
terpreted to  mean  "'  son  of  the  right  hand,' 
i.  e.  'fortunate,'  felix:  but  other  explana- 
tions are  given.]  The  youngest  son  of  Jacob. 
He  was  named  Benmi  ('  son  of  my  sorrow ')  by  his  mother, 
Eachel.who  died  in  giving  him  birth ;  but  this  was  changed 
to  Benjamin  by  Jacob.  The  tribe  of  Benjamin'oooupied 
a  territory  about  26  miles  long  and  12  wide  between  Eph- 
raim  (on  the  north)  and.Judah,  containing  Jerusalem  and 
Jericho. 

The  existence  of  the  tribe  of  Benjamin  was  also  very 
peculiar.  Its  territory  was  small  and  almost  entirely  oc- 
cupied by  the  Canaanites,  either  allies  like  the  Gibeonites 
or  enemies  like  the  Jebusites.  The  Benjamites  were  lit- 
tle else  than  a  special  military  corps,  of  a  high  caste  as 
■regards  the  use  of  the  sling,  their  young  men  being  ac- 
customed to  use  the  left  hand  instead  of  the  right.  Their 
strong  place  was  Gibeah,  to  the  north  of  Jerusalem.  They 
were  not  liked,  and  their  morality  was  said  to  be  very 
low.  Renan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  289. 

Benjamin,  Judah  Philip.  Bom  at  St.  Croix, 
West  Indies,  Aug.  11, 1811 :  died  at  Pans,  May  8, 
1884.  An  American  lawyer  and  politician  of  Eng- 
lish-Hebrew descent.  He  was  United  States  senator 
1853-61,  attorney-general  of  the  Confederacy  1861,  Confed- 
erate secretaryol  war  1861-62,  and  secretaryof  statel862-65. 
In  1865  he  went  to  England,  and  after  1866  practised  law 
there  with  great  success.  H  e  wrote  a ' '  Treatise  on  the  Law 
of  Sale  of  Personal  Property"  (1868),  etc.      -       .„  .  .  , 

Benjamin,  Park.  Bom  at  Demerara,  British 
Guiana,  Aug.  14, 1809:  died  at  New  York,  Sept. 


146 

12, 1864.  An  American  journalist  and  poet.  He 
was  associated  with  C.  F.  Hoffman  as  editor  of  the  "Ameri- 
can Monthly  Magazine"  (1837-38),  established  in  1840  the 
"New  World"  in  connection  with  E.  Sargent  and R.  W. 
Griswold,  and  was  connected  with  various  othei  journals. 

Benjamin  of  Tudela.  Died  after  1173.  A 
Spanish-Hebrew  traveler  in  the  East.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  famous  itinerary  written  originally  in  He- 
brew under  the  title  "Masaoth  "  (excursions),  and  trans- 
lated into  Latin  (1B76)  by  Montanus,  into  French  (1734)  by 
Baratier,  into  English  (1784)  by  Gerrans,  Aaher  (1841),-etc. 

Ben  Jochanan  (ben  j6-ka'nan).  In  Dryden  and 
Tate's  "Absalom  and  Aehitophel,"  a  character 
iatended  for  the  Eev.  Samuel  Johnson,  who  up- 
held the  right  of  private  judgment  and  was 
persecuted  therefor. 

BenjOWSky  (ben-yof'ski),  Count.Moritz  Au- 
gust von.  Born  at  Verb6,  Hungary,  1741: 
killed  in  Madagascar,  May  23,  1786.  A  Hun- 
garian adventurer,  noted  for  intrigues  in  Kam- 
chatka and  Madagascar. 

Ben  Lawers  (ben  l&'erz).  [Ben,  in  Scottish 
names  of  mountains,  means  'mount,' from  Gael. 
beinn,  mount,  mountain,  hill,  peak,  lit.  'head.'] 
A  mountain  in  western  Perthshire,  Scotland, 
near  the  northwestern  shore  of  Loch  Tay. 
Height,  3,985  feet. 

Ben  Ledi  (ben  led'i).  A  mountain  in  western 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  20  miles  northwest  of 
Stirling,  between  Lochs  Lubnaig,  Vennachar, 
and  Katrine.    Height,  2,875  feet. 

Ben  Lomond  (ben  lo'mgnd).  A  mountain  in 
northwestern  Stirlingshire,  Scotland,  26  miles 
northwest  of  Glasgow,  east  of  Loch  Lomond. 
It  is  noted  for  its  extended  view.  Height,  3,192 
feet. 

Ben  Macdhui  (ben  mak-do'e).  A  mountain  in 
Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  border 
of  Banffshire,  in  lat.  57°  4' N.,  long.  3°  40'  W. : 
the  second  highest  mountain  in  Great  Britain. 
Height,  4,296  feet. 

Ben  More  (ben  mor).  [Gael,  beinn  mor,  high 
peak.]  The  highest  summit  in  the  island  of 
Mull,  Scotland.    Height,  3,185  feet. 

Bennaskar  (ben-nas'kar).  A  magician  in  Bid- 
ley's  "  Tales  of  the  Genii." 

Bennet  (ben'et),  Henry.  [The  Eng.  surname 
Bennet  or  Bennett  is  from  ME.  Benet,  from  OP. 
Beneit,  Benoit,  L.  Benedicttis,  Benedict  (St.  Bene- 
dict).] Born  atArlington,  Middlesex,  1618:  died 
July  28, 1685.  An  English  politician  and  diplo- 
matist, created  earl  of  Arlington  in  1672.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  famous  Cabal  (which  see) ;  secretary 
of  state  1662-74 ;  and  lord  chamberlain  1674-85.  He  was 
impeached  in  the  House  of  Commons,  Jan.  15, 1674,  as  the 
chief  instrument  or  "  conduit-pipe  "  of  the  evil-doing  of 
the  king,  as  a  papist,  and  for  breach  of  trust ;  but  the  pro- 
ceedings were  dropped. 

Bennet,  Elizabeth.  A  girl  of  unusual  strength 
of  character,  high  sense  of  individual  integrity, 
and  audacious  vivacity,  in  Miss  Austen's  novel 
"  Pride  and  Prejudice."  She  refuses  the  hand  of 
Mr.  Darcy,  to  whom  she  is  attached,  because  he  appears 
too  confident  a  suitor.  Her  pride  refuses  to  allow  herself 
to  be  so  easily  won.  His  perseverance  finally  changes  her 
prejitdice  into  complacence,  and  she  marries  him. 

Bennet,  Jane.   The  sister  of  Elizabeth  Bennet. 

Bennett  (ben '  et) ,  James  Gordon.  Bom  at  New 
Mill,  Banffshire,  Scotland,  Sept.  1, 1795:  died  at 
New  York,  June  1, 1872.  An  American  journal- 
ist, founder  of  the  "  New  York  Herald"  in  1835. 
He  sent  Stanley  as  an  explorer  to  Africa  1871- 
1872. 

Bennett,  John  Hughes.  Born  at  London, 
Aug.  31,  1812 :  died  at  Norwdch,  Sept.  25, 1875. 
A  British  physician  and  physiologist. 

Bennett,  Sir  William  Sterndale.  Born  at  Shef- 
field, England,  April  13, 1816 :  died  at  London, 
Feb.  1,  1875.  A  distinguished  English  com- 
poser. His  works  include  a  cantata,  "The  May  Queen" 
(1858),"TheWomanof  Samaria"(1867 :  an  oratorio), "Para- 
dise and  the  Peri,"  "Parisiria,"  "The  Haiads"and  "The 
Wood-Nymphs,"  overtures,  etc. 

Bennett  Law,  The.  A  law  passed  in  Wiscon- 
sin, 1889,  for  the  regulation  of  schools.  Repealed 
in  1891.  Its  most  noteworthy  provision  was  the  require- 
ment of  teaching  in  the  English  language. 

Ben  Nevis  (ben  nev'is).  The  highest  mountain 
itt  Great  Britain,  situated  in  Inverness-shire, 
Scotland,  lat.  56°  48'  N.,  long.  5°  W.  There  is 
a  meteorological  observatory  on  its  summit. 
Height,  4,406  feet. 

Bennigsen  (ben'nig-sen),  Count  Alexander 
Levin.  Born  at  Zakret,  near  Wilna,  Russia,  July 
21,1809:  diedatBanteln.Feb. 27,1893.  AHanove- 
rian  statesman,  son  of  Count  L.  A.  T.  Bennigsen . 

Bennigsen,  Count  Levin  August  Theophil. 
Born  at  Bmnswick,  Feb.  10,  1745:  died  near 
Hannover,  Oct.  3, 1826.  A  general  in  the  Rus- 
sian service.  He  was  a  leader  in  the  murder  of  the 
czar  Paul  in  1801 ;  and  served  with  distinction  at  Pultusk 
(1S06)  and  Eylau  (1807),  and  in  the  campaigns  of  1812-14. 


Bentheim 

Bennigsen,  Budolf  von.  Born  at  Liineburg,. 
Hannover,  July  10,  1824:  died  at  Bennigsen, 
Aug.  7,  1902.  A  German  statesman,  a  leader 
of  the  National  Liberal  party.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Hanoverian  chamber  1867-66,  of  the  Prussian  Land- 
tag 1867-83  and  the  North  German  lleichstag  1867-70,  and 
of  the  German  Reichstag  1881-83, 1887-98. 

Bennington  (ben'ing-ton).  A  town  in  south- 
eastern Vermont,  situated  34  miles  northeast 
of  Albanjj.  Near  here,  Aug.  16,  1777,  the  Americans- 
under  Stark  defeated  the  British  forces  under  Baum  and 
Breyman.  The  loss  of  the  British  was  about  850 ;  of  the- 
Americans,  about  70.    Population  (1900),  8,033. 

Benno  (ben'o),  Saint.  Bom  at  Hildesheim,  1010 : 
died  June  16,  1107.  A  German  ecclesiastic, 
bishop  of  Meissen  1066.  He  is  noted  as  a  supporter 
of  Pope  Gregory  vn.  in  his  struggle  with  tlie  emperor 
Henry  IV.,  and  for  his  missionary  labors  among  the  Slavs. 
He  was  canonized  in  1623  (an  event  which  occasioned' 
Luther's  "Wider  den  neuen  Abgott  und  Alton  Teuflel"), 
and  in  1576  his  remains  were  deposited  in  Munich :  since^ 
then  he  has  been  regarded  as  the  patron  saint  of  that  city. 

Benoit  deSainte-More(be-nwa'  de  sant  m6r'> 
or  Sainte-Maure.  Bom  at  Sainte-Maure,  in 
Touraine.  A  French  trouvfere  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury. Little  is  known  of  his  life  beyond  the  brief  auto- 
biographical notices  contained  in  his  works.  His  royal 
patron,  the  King  of  England,  Henry  II.  (ll!J4-89),  charged 
him  to  write  the  history  of  the  Normans.  Benoit  accord- 
ingly composed  "La  chronique  des  dues  de  Normandie,"" 
a  poem  of  45,000  lines,  written  about  1180.  Benoit  dft 
Saint-Maure  is  also  known  by  his  "Roman  de  Troie,"  a 
poem  of  over  30,000  lines,  written  about  1160  and  dedi- 
cated to  Alienor  de  Poitiers,  queen  of  England.  Two  otlier 
works  are  ascribed  to  this  trouvere :  "JSneas,"  a  poem  of 
some  10,000  verses,  and  "Le  roman  de  Thebes"  in  15,000" 
lines. 

Benoiton  (be-nwa-t6n'),  La  Famille.  A  com- 
edy by  Sardou,  produced  in  1865.  Madame  Benoi- 
ton is  conspicuous  by  her  absence,  and  has  been  the  bane- 
of  her  family  by  reason  of  her  neglect.  She  is  constantly 
inquired  for,  and  has  always  gone  out.  Hence  the  saying: 
"to  play  the  part  of  Madame  Benoiton." 

Benrath  (ben'rat).  A  small  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  northwest  of  Cologne. 

Benseraae  (bons-rad'),  Isaac  de.  Bom  at 
Lyous-la-PorSt,  1612 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  17, 
1691.  A  French  dramatic  and  lyric  poet.  He- 
was  the  author  of  a  famous  sonnet  on  Job  which  accom- 
panied a  paraphrase  of  several  chapters  of  Job,  "C16o- 
patre  "  (1635),  and  other  tragedies,  masks,  and  ballets. 

Bensheim  (bens'him).  Atown  in  the  province 
of  Starkenburg,  Hesse,  on  tbe  Lauter  13  miles 
south  of  Darmstadt.     Pop.  (1890),  6.277. 

Eensington  (ben'sing-ton).  Atown  in  Oxford- 
shire, England,  12  mUes  southeast  of  Oxford. 
Here,  775  A.  D.,  Offa,  king  of  Mereia,  defeated 
Cynewulf,  king  of  Wessex. 

Bensley  (benz'li),  Robert.  Bom  1738  (?) :  died 
1817  (?).    An  English  actor. 

Of  all  theactors  who  flourished  in  my  time— a  melancholy 
phrase  if  taken  aright,  reader  —  Bensley  had  most  of  the 
swell  of  soul,  was  greatest  in  the  delivery  of  heroic  con- 
ceptions, the  emotions  consequent  upon  the  presentment 
of  a  great  idea  to  the  fancy.  Lawb. 

Benson  (ben'son),  Carl.  A  pseudonym  of 
Charles  Astor  Bristed. 

Benson,  Edward  White.  Born  at  Birmingham, 
England,  July  14, 1829:  died  at Hawarden, Flint- 
shire, Oct.  10,  1896.  An  English  prelate.  He 
became  bishop  of  Truro  in  1877,  and  was  consecrated  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  in  1883.  His  works  include  "  Boy- 
Life"(1874),  "Singleheart"(1877),  "The Cathedral "(1879), 
several  volumes  of  sermons,  etc. 

Benson,  Egbert.  Bom  at  New  York  city,  June 
21,  1746:  died  at  Jamaica,  L.  I.,  Aug.  24,  1833. 
An  American  jurist  and  politician.  He  wrote  a 
"Vindication  of  the  Captors  of  Major  Andr6"  (1817), 
"Memoir  on  Dutch  Names  of  Places''  (1835),  etc. 

Benson,  Eugene.  Bom  at  Hyde  Park,  N.  Y., 
1839.    An  American  genre  and  figure  painter. 

Benson,  Joseph.  Born  at  Kirk-Oswald,  Cum- 
berland, England,  Jan.  26,  1749:  died  Feb.  16, 
1821.  A  noted  English  Methodist  clergyman 
and  controversialist. 

Bentham  (ben'tham),  Jeremy.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  15,  1748:  died  there,  June  6,  1832. 
An  English  jurist  and  utilitarian  philosopher. 
He  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
in  1783,  and  of  A,  M.  in  1766,  and  was  subsequently  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  but  he  shortly  gave  up 
the  practice  of  law  in  order  to  devote  himself  wholly  to 
literary  pursuits.  On  tlie  death  of  his  father  in  1792  he  in- 
herited a  considerable  fortune,  which  enabled  him  fully  to 
Indulge  his  literary  tastes.  His  chief  works  are  "  Intro- 
duction to  the  Principles  of  Morals  and  Legislation"  (17^9), 
"Fragment  on  Government"  (1776),  "The  Constitu- 
tional Code"  (1830),  and  "Rationale  of  Judicial  Evi- 
dence "  (lS27)r 

Bentham,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Sherbum,  York- 
shire, 1513:  died  at  Eccleshall,  Staffordshire, 
Feb.  21,  1578.  An  English  Protestant  bishoj), 
one  of  the  translators  of  the  "Bishops'  Bible." 

Bentheim  (bent'him).  A  countship  included 
in  the  present  province  of  Hanover,  Prussia, 
bordering  on  the  Netherlands. 

Bentheim.  A  small  town  in  the  province  of  Han- 
over, Prussia,  30  miles  northwest  of  Miinster. 


Bentinck,  William 

Bentinck  (ben'tingk),  William.  Bom  1649  (?) : 
died  at  Bulstrode,  near  Beaoonsfield,  Bucking- 
hamshire, Nov.  23,  1709.  A  companion,  con- 
fidential adviser,  and  diplomatic  agent  of  Wil- 
liam III.,  created  first  earl  of  Portland.  He  was 
the  son  of  Henry  Bentinck  of  Diepenheim,  in  Overyssel, 
Holland.  He  became  a  personal  attendant  of  the  Ainoe 
of  Orange,  went  with  him  to  England,  and  rose  there  to 
a  high  position  in  the  service  of  the  state  and  in  the  army. 

Bentinck,  Lord  William  Cavendisli.    Bom 

Sept.  14,  1774 :  died  at  Paris,  June  17,  1839. 
An  English  statesman  and  general,  second  son 
of  the  third  Duke  of  Portland,  He  was  governor 
of  Madras  1803-07 ;  was  envoy  to  Sicily,  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  British  forces  there,  and  practically  governor 
of  the  island,  18U-14 ;  and  was  appointed  governor-general 
of  Bengal  in  1827,  and  governor-general  of  India  in  1833, 
his  administration  extending  from  1828  (when  he  took  his 
seat)  to  1835.    He  abolished  the  "Suttee"  in  1829. 

Bentinck,  William  George  Frederick  Cav- 
endish, (usually  called  Lord  George  Ben- 
tinck). Bom  at  Welbeck  Abbey,  Feb.  27, 1802 : 
died  there,  Sept.  21,  1848.  An  English  politi- 
cian and  sportsman,  second  son  of  the  fourth 
Duke  of  Portland.  He  was  the  leader  of  the  protec- 
tionist opposition  to  Sir  Kobert  Feel  184&-17. 

Bentinck,  William  Henry  Cavendisli,  third 
Duke  of  Portland.  Bom  1738:  died  at  Bul- 
strode, Nov.  30, 1809.  An  English  Whig  states- 
man, prime  minister  April-Dec,  1783,  and 
1807-09,  and  home  secretary  1794-1801. 

Bentinck's  Act,  Lord  George.  An  English 
statute  of  1845,  restricting  unlawful  gaming 
and  wagers. 

Bentivoglio  (ben-te-vol'yo),  Cornelio.  Bom 
at  Perrara,  Italy,  1668 :  died  at  Rome,  Dec.  30, 
1732.  An  Italian  ecclesiastic  and  man  of  letters. 
He  was  archbishop  of  Carthage,  nuncio  to  France,  car- 
dinal (1719),  and  legate  a  latere  in  Bomania,  and  the  au- 
thor of  sonnets,  a  translation  of  the  "Thebaid"  of  Statins, 
etc. 

Bentivoglio,  Ercole.  Bom  about  1512:  died 
1573.  An  Italian  poet  and  diplomatist,  grand- 
son of  Giovanni  Bentivoglio. 

Bentivoglio,  Giovanni.  Bom  at  Bologna  about 
1438 :  died  at  Milan,  1508.  An  Italian  nobleman, 
ruler  of  Bologna  1462-1506. 

Bentivoglio,  Guido.  Born  at  Ferrara,  1579: 
died  1644.  An  Italian  cardinal,  noted  as  a 
diplomatist  and  historian.  He  was  papal  nuncio  to 
Flanders  and  France,  and  author  of  "Delia  Querra  di 
Fiandra"  (1633-39),  letters,  memoirs,  etc. 

Bentley  (bent'li),  Bichard.  Born  at  Oulton, 
near  Wakefield,  Yorkshire,  Jan.  27, 1662:  died 
July  .14,  1742.  A  noted  English  classical 
scholar  and  critic,  appointed  master  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1700.  He  was  the  author 
of  "  Bpistola  ad  Millium  "  ("  Letter  to  Dr.  John  Mill, "  1691), 
"Boyle  Lectures " (1692),  "Dissertation  on  the  Epistles  of 
Phalaris"  (1697, 1699),  etc. 

Bentley,  Eobert.  Bom  at  Hitchin,  Hertford- 
shire, England,  March  25, 1821 :  died  Dec,  1893. 
An  English  botanist.  His  works  include  "Man- 
ual of  Botany,"  "Medicinal  Plants,"  etc. 

Benton  (ben'ton),  Thomas  Hart.  Bom  at 
Hillsborough,  "N.  C,  March  14,  1782:  died 
at  Washington,  April  10,  1858.  An  American 
Democratic  statesman.  He  was  United  States  sen- 
ator from  Missouri  1821-51;  representative  to  Congress 
1853-66;  and  author  of  "Thirty  Years' View"  (18.64-66), 
"Abridgment  of  the  Debates  of  Congress  from  1789-1866  " 
(18  vols.),  etc. 

Benton.  An  iron-clad  gunboat  of  1,000  tons, 
altered  in  1861  from  a  powerful  United  States 
snag-boat,  she  belonged  to  the  Mississippi  flotilla, 
and  took  part  in  the  fighting  at  Island  No.  10,  Fort  Pillow, 
Vicksburg,  and  on  the  Yazoo  and  Bed  River  expeditions. 

Bentonville  (ben'ton-vil).  Battle  of.  A  vic- 
tory gained  at  Bentonville  (south  of  Raleigh  in 
North  Carolina)  by  the  Federals  under  Sher- 
man over  the  Confederates  under  Johnston, 
March  19-20, 1865.  Loss  of  the  Federals,  1,646 ; 
of  the  Confederates,  2,825. 

Bentzel-Sternau  (bent'zel-ster'nou),  Count 
Christian  Ernst  von.  Bom  at  Mamz,  Ger- 
many, April  9,1767:  diednearLake  Zurich,  Aug. 
13, 1849.  A  German  politician,  humorous  novel- 
ist, and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  wrote  "Das 
goldene  Kalb"  (1802),  "Der  steineme  Gast"  (1808),  "Der 
alte  Adam  "  (1819-20),  etc. 

Benue.    See  Binue. 

Ben  Voirlich  (ben  vor'lich).  A  mountain  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  south  of  Loch  Earn. 
Height,  3,224  feet. 

Benvolio  (ben-v6'li-6).  A  friend  of  Romeo  and 
nephew  of  Montague,  in  Shakspere's  tragedy 
"Romeo  and  Juliet." 

BenvenutO  Cellini.  An  opera  by  Berlioz,  pro- 
duced in  Paris  in  1838;  in  London  in  1853. 

Benzayda.  lu  Dryden's  play  "The  Conquest 
of  Granada,"  the  daughter  of  the  sultan.  She 
loves  Ozwy,  the  son  of  his  deadliest  foe,  and  exhibits  he- 


147 

role  courage  and  endurance,  following  her  lover  through 
the  hardships  and  perils  of  civil  war. 

Benzoni  (ben-dzo'ne),  Girolamo.  Bom  at  Mi- 
lan, 1519 :  died  after  1566.  An  Italian  traveler. 
In  1642  he  went  to  Spanish  America,  traveling  over  much 
of  the  regions  then  known,  and  sometimes  joining  the 
Spaniards  in  their  raids  against  the  Indians.  Returning 
to  Italy  in  1556,  he  published  an  account  of  his  travels,  with 
the  title  "  Historia  del  Mondo  Nuovo  "  (Venice,  1666). 

Beothukan(ba'6-thuk-an).  [Native 6eo<ft«fc,red 
man,  or  Indian.]  A  linguistic  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  comprising  only  the  Beothuk 
tribe,  which  formerly  inhabited  the  region  of 
the  River  of  Exploits  in  northern  Nev^ound- 
land.  So  far  as  is  known,  the  last  surviving 
member  of  the  tribe  and  stock  died  in  1829. 

Beothuks.    See  Beothukan. 

Beowulf  (ba'o-wulf).  [AS.  Bedwulf,  taken  by 
some  to  mean  'bee-wolf  (from  bed,  bee,  and 
wulf,  wolf),  i.  e.  'bear,'  a  complimentary  name 
for  a  fierce  warrior ;  according  to  others  prob. 
representing  an  orig.  *Beadowulf  (=  leel.  *Bdd- 
hulfr),  war-wolf,  from  heado,  war,  and  wulf, 
wolf.]  The  hero  of  an  Anglo-Saxon  epic  poem 
in  alliterative  verse,  of  unknown  authorship, 
represented  as  a  thane  and  later  king  of  the 
Swedish  Gedtas.  The  scene  of  action  is  in  Danish  and 
Swedish  territory.  The  foundation  is  mythical,  legendary, 
and  historical  material  from  the  time  of  the  Danish  con- 
quest of  the  Cimbrian  Peninsula,  in  the  early  part  of  the 
6th  century.  Danish  poems  embodying  this  material 
axe  supposed  to  have  come  to  the  neighboring  Angles  left 
behind, in  their  old  home,  and  to  have  then  been  brought 
over  to  England  by  the  last  migrations  from  the  Continent. 
The  poem  was  doubtless  a  gradual  growth,  and  has  prob- 
ably existed  in  many  successive  versions.  The  form  that 
has  come  down  to  us  dates  from  near  the  beginning  of  the 
8th  century.  It  is  preserved  in  a  single  MS.  of  the  Cot- 
tonian  Library  in  the  British  Museum.  "Beowulf  "  is  not 
only  the  oldest  epic  in  English,  but  in  the  whole  Germanic 
group  of  languages. 

Beppo  (bep'po).  A  poem  by  Lord  Byron,  writ- 
ten at  Venice  in  1817,  published  in  1818. 

Berabra  (be-ra'bra).  The  Arabic  name  of  the 
Nubas  (which  see). 

Beranger  (ba-ron-zha'),  Pierre  Jean  de.  Bom 
at  Paris,  Aug.  19,  1780 :  died  at  Paris,  July  16, 
1857.  A  famous  French  lyric  poet.  He  was  the 
author  of  songs,  "  political,  amatory,  bacchanalian,  satiri- 
cal, philosophical  after  a  fashion,  and  of  almost  every 
other  complexion  that  the  song  can  possibly  take.  Their 
form  is  exactly  that  of  the  18th-century  chanson,  the 
frivolity  and  licence  of  language  being  considerably  cur- 
tailed, and  the  range  of  subjects  proportionately  ex- 
tended "  (Saintsbury).  The  first  collection  of  his  songs 
was  published  in  1816.  He  was  the  son  of  a  notary's  clerk. 
In  1804  necessity  compelled  him  to  seek  aid  from  Lucien 
Bonaparte,  which  was  given  in  the  form  of  a  clerkship  in 
the  office  of  the  Imperial  University,  which  he  held  until 
1821.  In  1848  he  was  elected  to  the  Constituent  Assembly 
from  the  department  of  the  Seine.  His  political  sympa- 
thies were  republican  and  Bonapartist,  and  for  expressing 
them  lie  was  twice  prosecuted  by  the  government  (1821- 
1828).  His  songs  have  enjoyed  an  extraordinary  popularity. 

Berar  (ba-rar'),  or  Hyderabad  (hi-der-a-bad') 
Assigned  Districts.  A  eommissionership  of 
British  India,  north  of  the  Nizam's  dominions, 
about  lat.  19°  30'-21°  30'  N.,  long.  76°-79°  E., 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  governor-general 
and  the  immediate  direction  of  the  resident  of 
Hyderabad.  It  is  generally  level  and  fertile,  and  pro- 
duces cotton  and  grain.  It  formed  part  of  the  domin- 
ions of  the  Mahratta  Rajah  of  Nagpur,  was  ceded  to  Hy- 
derabad in  1803,  and  was  assigned  (hence  its  official  name) 
by  the  Nizam  to  the  British  government  in  1863  and  1861. 
Area,  17,718  square  miles.     Population  (1891),  2,897,491. 

Berard  (ba-rar'),  Joseph  Frederic.    Bom  at 

Montpellier,  Nov.  8,  1789:  died  April  16,  1828. 
A  French  physician  and  psychologist. 

Berard,  Pierre  Honor6.  Bom  at  Lichtenberg, 
Alsace,  1797 :  died  1858.  A  French  surgeon  and 
physiologist,  professor  of  physiology  at  Paris. 

Berat  (be-raf).  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of  Ya- 
nina,  European  Turkey,  situated  on  the  river 
Semeni  in  lat.  40°  45'  N.,  long.  19°  52'  E.  Popu- 
lation (estimated),  12,000. 

Beraun  (ba-roun').  A  river  in  Bohemia  which 
joins  the  Moldau  south  of  Prague.  Length, 
about  100  miles. 

Beraun.  A  town  in  Bohemia,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Litamka  and  Beraun,  17  miles 
west-southwest  of  Prague.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  7,265. 

Berber  (ber'ber).  A  region  in  Nubia,  near  the 
junction  of  the  Atbara  with  the  Nile. 

Berber,  or  El  Mekheir.  A  tovra  in  Nubia,  sit- 
uated on  the  east  bank  of  the  Nile,  between 
the  mouth  of  the  Atbara  and  the  fifth  cataract, 
about  lat.  18°  N.  it  is  an  important  point  on  the 
oai-avan  routes  to  -Cairo,  Khartum,  and  Suakim,  and  was 
designated  as  the  terminus  of  the  proposed  Suakim-Ber- 
ber  Railway  in  1886.  It,  was  taken  by  Mahdists  in  1884. 
Population,  estimated,  20,000. 

Berbers  (ber'berz).  A  race  of  people  (and  also 
the  name  of  a  class  of  languages)  constituting, 
with  the  Cushites,  the  Hamitic  family,  which 


Berengarius 

is  found  scattered  over  North  Africa  and  the 
Sahara,  from  the  Red  Sea  to  the  Atlantic  The- 
complexion  of  the  Berbers  varies  from  white  to  dark 
brown ;  their  features  remind  one  of  the  Egyptian  type ; 
their  stature  is  medium.  They  have  occupied  Uieir 
present  habitat  since  the  dawn  of  history.  Never  have 
their  indomitable  tribes  become  entirely  subject  to  a  for- 
eign master,  or  lost  their  ethnic  and  Unguistic  charac- 
teristics, in  spite  of  Funic,  Roman,  Germanic,  Arabic,  and 
Osmanli  conquests.  In  the  Kabail  Mountains  they  are- 
agricultural  ;  in  the  Sahara,  nomadic.  For  centuries  they 
have  been  the  middlemen  between  the  Mediterranean 
coast  and  the  Negro  states  of  the  Sudan.  Berber,  a  word: 
of  Aryan  derivation,  signifies  "alien,"  and  so  does  "Ra- 
tana "  or  "  Ertana,"  the  name  given  them  by  the  Arabs. 
They  call  themselves  "Amazirg"— that  is  "The  Free." 
Owing  to  the  barren  nature  of  the  soil,  the  Berber  popula- 
tion, as  compared  with  the  area  it  covers,  is  dispropor- 
tionately small.  In  religion  the  Berbers  are  nominally' 
Mohammedan.  A  few  tribes  have  adopted  the  Arabic,  and 
so  have  a  few  Arabs  adopted  Berber  dialects.  The  Ber- 
ber languages  are  often  called  Libyan.  Dr.  Cust  mentions 
nine  principal  languages ;  Old  Libyan,  Eabail,  Tamashek, 
Ghat,  Ghadamsi,  Shilha,  Zenaga,  Guanch,  Siwah.  See 
Ha/mitesi 

Berbera  (bSr-ba'ra).  A  seaport  and  town  in 
Somali  Land,  northeast  Africa,  in  the  "  land  of 
incense  "  of  the  ancients.  It  is  a  great  market-place 
for  inland  tribes.  The  climate  is  good.  It  was  annexed! 
by  E^ypt  in  1875,  and  by  England  in  1884. 

Berbice  (b6r-bes').  The  easternmost  of  the 
three  counties  of  British  Guiana.  It  was  a 
Dutch  colony  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries. 

Berbice.  A  river  in  British  Guiana  which  flows 
into  the  Atlantic  east  of  the  Essequibo. 

Berbice,orNew Amsterdam.  A seaportin Brit- 
ish Guiana,  on  the  river  Berbice  near  its  mouth. 

Berceo.    See  Gonzalo  de  Seroeo. 

Berchem.    See  Berghem. 

Berchta  (berch'ta).  [ML.  Berehta,  Bertha 
(whence  E.  Bertha),  from  OHG.  berahi,  MH6. 
ierht  =  E.  bright.']  A  fairy  in  South  (jerman 
legends.  She  answers  to  the  Hulda  of  North  Germany, 
and  was  originally  gracious  and  beautiful.  She  has,  how- 
ever, lost  this  character,  and  is  a  sort  of  witch  to  frighten 
children,  like  the  Befana  of  Italy. 

Berchtesgaden  (berch '  tes -ga-den).  A  small 
town  in  tipper  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Achen 
15  miles  south  of  Salzburg,  it  is  noted  for  its  salt- 
mines and  its  wood-carving.  It  was  the  center  of  a  prin- 
cipality until  1803. 

Berchtesgaden.  An  alpine  district  in  the  south- 
eastern comer  of  Bavaria,  near  the  town  of 
Berchtesgaden. 

Berck  (berk).  A  seaport  and  watering-place 
in  the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  sit- 
uated on  the  English  Channel  22  miles  south  of 
Boulogne.    Population  (1891),  5,752. 

Bercy  (ber-se').  A  former  commune  of  France, 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Seine :  now  a 
southeastern  quarter  of  Paris,  annexed  in  1860. 

Berdiansk  (ber-dyansk').  A  seaport  in  the 
government  of  Taurida,  southern  Russia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Sea  of  Azov  in  lat.  46°  45'  N.,  long. 
36°  47'  E.  It  has  considerable  trade,  and  is  the  center  of 
a  large  salt  industry.    Population,  28,693. 

Berdichef  (ber-de'chef ).  A  city  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Kieff,  Russia,  in  lat.  49°  55'  N.,  long. 
28°  20'  E.  It  is  the  center  of  an  important  trade  be- 
tween southern  Russiaand  Germany.    Population,  78,287. 

Berea  College  (be-re'a  kol'ej).  A  school  at 
the  village  of  Berea,  Madison  County,  Kentucky,. 
100  miles  south  of  Cincinnati,  founded  1856-58. 
It  is  non-sectarian  and  co-educational :  usually 
60  per  cent,  of  the  students  are  colored. 

Bereczk  (ber-etsk').  A  small  town  in  the  county 
of  Hiromsz6k,  Transylvania,  situated  near  the 
frontier  of  Moldavia  46  miles  northeast  of 
Kronstadt. 

Berengaria  (ba-ren-ga're-a).  Died  after  1230. 
The  daughter  of  Sancho  VI.  of  Navarre  and 
Blanche  of  Castile,  and  queen  of  Richard  I. 
(Coeurde  Lion). 

Berengarius  (ber-en-ga'ri-us),  or  B6renger 
(ba-ron-zha'),  I.  King  of  Italy  888-924,  a  son 
of  Eberhard,  duke  of  Friuli,  and  grandson  of 
Louis  le  D^bonnaire.  He  was  chosen  king  of  Italy 
in  opposition  to  Guido,  duke  of  Spoleto,  and,  receiving 
the  papal  recognition,  succeeded  in  maintaining  himself 
against  foreign  and  domestic  rivals  till  defeated  by  Ru- 
dolph, king  of  Burgundy,  in  the  decisive  battle  of  Firen- 
zuola,  July  29, 923.  He  was  assassinated  in  the  following 
year. 

Berengarius  II.  Died  966.  King  of  Italy  950- 
961,  a  grandson  of  Berengarius  I.  Italy  being 
invaded  by  the  emperor  Otto  I.,  Berengarius  became  a 
feudatory  of  Germany.  He  was  eventually  dethroned,  and 
died  in  prison. 

Berengarius,  orBerenger.  Bom  at  Tours  about 
998 :  died  near  Tours,  1088.  A  French  ecclesi- 
astic and  dialectician.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Fulbert 
of  Chartres,  became  archdeacon  of  Angers  1040,  began  to 
attack  the  dogmas  of  transubstantiation  and  the  real  pres- 
ence about  1046,  and  was  condemned  at  (among  other 
synods)  Vercelli  1050,  and  Rome  1059  and  10J9,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  several  times  recanted. 


Berenger  148  Berkeley,  George 

Berenger,  Lady  Eveline.    A  resolute,  some-     See,  Bavaria,  near  M-Jnieh.     It  was  the  resi-     «»»"  182B-29.     Author  o(  "Atlas  von  Asien"  0838-48), 
what  impatient  woman  in  Scott's  novel  "  The    dence  and  the  scene  of  the  death  of  Louis  H.  J'  Physikalischer  Atlas "  (1837-B2),  etc         ,,     , .,       ^ 
Betrothed."  of  Bavaria  Berghem  (bero'hem),  or  Berchem  (ber'chem), 

Berenice  (ber-e-ni'se).     [L.  Berenice,  Beronice,  Bare  fberoi  Count  Pri>rtrirli  WnTiPlm  'Rpm-    Nikolaas.  Bom  at  Haarlem,  1624:  died  there, 
Gr   B.p«,k,]     1     t4  ^e  of  Ptole'my  Soter   S!   Bo^S^f^e,!^ WvlSafMay  //,^;„^V?fer.4Lt'Ti?bP?r»'"B^^^^ 
and  the  mother  of  Ptolemy  Philadelnhus.— 3.     26  1790-  dierl  nt  St  PfltP7-«w<r   Tnn   is  1874    Bergman  (berg  man),  Torbern  OlOI.    Bom  at 
The  daughter  of  Ptolem/ PhiladelpVs,  and    TCan  Wmari^  \'f^^^^^  ?n'm?°^SMv8  m'i' A'slZt'^f^^ 

wife  of  Antioehus  Theos,  king  of  Syria.-3.     tenant-general  of  Poland  1863-74.  20,1735:  died  July  8, 1784.    A  Swedish  chemist 

The  wife  of  Ptolemy  Euergetes.  Having  dedicated  BergamI  (b6r'ga-ma).  A  town  on  the  site  of  and  naturalist  appointed  professor  of  physics 
her  hairinthe  temple  of  Arainof  at  Zephyriumforthe  sale  the  anoint  Pereamum  r^Siich  qeeTAsis  Minor  **  Upsala  m  1758.  His  collected  works  ("  Opus- 
return  of  her  husband  from  an  expedition  to  Syria,  the  kor^u^it^J^^^fl^lZa^  ™la  physica,  chemica  et  mineralia")  were 
astronomer  Conon  of  Samos  reported  that  it  had  been     &"  "iiles north ot  bmyrna.  Population,  6,000(1;.     Tiiihlished  1779-84 

transformed  into  the  oonstellation  called  Coma  Berenices.  Bergamasca  (ber-ga-mas'ka).    A  district  in  the  Tfjl"!,.,,  ~_  „==  ■,<.„,>    p„_i„      nJoH  ot  n^o 
55  bV"*5'  i  Cleopatra,  slain  by  the  Romans    northern  part  of  the  province  of  Bergamo    ^^f  aft^r  17^"  An^itaUan  makef  of"  musll 
00  B.C. —  5.   A  niece  of  Herod  the  Great,  and     "^ly-    It  comprises  the  Val  Brembana,  Val  Senana,  and         ,  Instmrnfliits    a  nii-nil  of  Antonio  StrnilivB 
Wife  of  Aristobulus,  andafterward  of  Theudion.  J<^  ^i  Scalve.    It  is  mountainous  and  picturesque.  ring  Tended  for  LvWolinrrnrWoloncelllt 

-6.  Daughter  of  Agrippa  I.,  king  of  Judah  37-  Bergamasker  Alps  (ber'ga-mas-k6r  alps).    A  ^^^'^^^J'^^^'J^js^^^ 
44  A.  D.     She  was  flrsf  ma^ed  to  her  uncle  Herod,     division  of  the  Zips  in  northern  Italy  which  ^^^^^°l^^^l^ ^Jb    8    1835       A   ^iish  mtu 
king  of  Chalcis  in  Lebanon,  and  after  his  death  lived    extends  from  Lake  Como  eastward  to  the  Oglio    ^opeuMgen,  J^  eo.  s,  l»dO.      A  iJanisn  natu- 
vrith  her  brother  Agrippa  II..  it  is  alleged  in  criminal  re-     and  Lake  Iseo,  and  southward  from  the  Val-     I',^®*i.'^°'^?T„'  ^"J  ..??<>„;  .MS.  S*"^'  romances  are 
lations.  To  disprove  this  accusation  she  married  Polemon,     tolUno  uuvyaiii  xium  mc    v  ai       "Fra  Piazza  del  Popolo"  (1866),  "I'ra  den  gamle  Fabrik," 

king  of  Cilicia,  but  abandoned  him  soon  and  returned  to  T>  ,-u     ,   ■■      -^       rr     t,  ^     ^,         "I  Sabinerbjergene,"  etc. 

her  brother.  Josephus  relates  of  her  that  she  endeavored  isergamo  (ber  ga-mo).  Ih.  Bergomum,Gi.Bep-  BergStraSSe  (berg'str&s-e).  A  celebrated  road 
to  stop  the  cruelties  of  Floras,  the  last  and  worst  of  Roman     yo/iov.^     The  capital  of  the  province  of  Berga-    in  Germanv,  extending  from  Heidelberg  about 

fSe"oi"h^?rui,s^^Tk^h;"bri'thll r'o^n'tt  ii°'ii*f ^' f ^^i^iis%^2«''*T °' 'It h  '" -^^--a^T'-?- i%"%*^« O^^"^*^'^-  " 

side  of  Eome.  She  played  some  part  in  Roman  politics,  °Fi^^^  ^""^  *  ^^  Brembana  28  miles  northeast  was  built  originally  by  the  Romans, 
supporting  the  elevation  of  Vespasian  as  emperor.  For  °i  Milan.  It  contains  a  cathedral,  several  notable  Bergues  (berg),  or  BerSUeS-Saint-WinOC 
some  time  Titus  was  attracted  by  her  beauty  and  grace,  churches,  and  the  Academy  Carrara,  and  has  considera-  (■berff-sant-VB-nok'1  A  town  in  the  donart- 
and  it  was  believed  that  he  woiUd  marry  her.  She  fol-  We  commerce  and  manufactures.  It  was  destroyed  by  COe^g-sant-ve-noK  ;.  A  lown  in  tne  aepart- 
lowed  the  conqueror  of  her  country  to  Rome,  but  Titus  Attila.  It  formerly  belonged  to  Venice,  and  was  taken  by  ment  of  JVord,  J<rance,  7  miles  southeast  of 
was  compelled  to  repudiate  her.  In  the  New  Testament  '•'^  French  in  1B09  and  1796.  The  cathedral  is  a  plain  but  Dunkirk.  It  was  fortified  by  Vauban,  and  was  unsuc- 
she  is  mentioned  as  coming  with  her  brother  to  welcome  well-proportioned  building  of  the  Uth  to  the  16th  cen-  cessfully  besieged  by  the  English  in  1793.  Population 
Festus  at  Ctesarea,  and  as  being  present  at  the  audience     *™y,  with  a  modern  favade  and  a  fine  dome.    The  curious     (1891),  commune,  6,380. 

which  Paul  had  with  this  governor  (Acts  XXV.  13,  23;  octagonal  baptistery  was  built  in  1341,  in  imitation  of  the  Bering,  or  Bettrlng  (ba  ring  or  be 'ring), 
xxvi.  30).  antique.    Population  (1891),  commune,  estimated,  42,000.     VitUS.     [Dan.  Bering.^    Born  at  Horsens,  Jut- 

B6r6nice(ba-ra-nes').  1.  A  tragedy  by  Thomas  Bergamo.  A  province  in  the  compartimento  of  land,  1680:  died  at  Bering  Island,  1741.  A 
Comeille,  produced  in  1657.  The  subject  was  taken  Lombardy,  Italy.  Area,  1,098  square  miles.  Danish  navigator,  in  the  Russian  service,  noted 
from  MademoiseUe  de  Scud^ry's  romance  " Artamftne,  or     Population  (1881),  414,795.  for  discoveries  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean.    He 

The  Grand  Cyrus.  „,,„„„    Bergara  (ber-ga'ra),  or  Vergara  (ver-ga'rS),     explored  the  northern  coast  of  Siberia  in  1725,  traversed 

2.  A  tragedy  by  Racine,  produced  Nov.  21, 1670,     Convention  of.    The  capitulation  of  the  Oar-    Bering  strait  (named  from  him)  in  1728,  proving  that  Asia 
founded  on  the  story  of  Titus  and  Berenice.     li<.f  vp.r\r<ra\  Marntn    Anw    m    ISW  wliioJi  rmt    and  America  are  separated,  and  in  1741  explored  the  west- 
This  subject  was  proposed  to  Racine  and  Pierre  Comeille     ^n   end  to  the  civil  war  betwfief  t}^  ParlPst,  „^"'.'=°»»'  <"  A^'T"?  *"  '»t  ?°  ^i       m. 
at  the  same  time  by  Henrietta  of  England,  who  wished  to  -i®.?      1°.  ™®  °'^"  ^^'  Between  tne  CarlistS  Bering,  or  Behnng,  Island.     The  most  west- 

see  her  own  secret  history  on  the  stage.    CorneiUe  was     ana  the  Uristinos.  .^,    ^^,     .,      ,    „    eriy  of  the  Aleutian  Islands,  situated  in  the 

beaten  in  this  literary  tourney,  and  his  play  was  considered  Bergen  (ber  gen).     The  capital  of  the  island  of    North  Pacific  Ocean 
a  sign  of  laUing  powers.  ^  ,  .       «<!?«?' P/"«^i^' f".^t«djS«ie  ««ntral  part  of  Berm^^  That  part  of  the 

Berenice.     In  ancient  geography,  a  town  in    the  island.  Population  (1890),  commmie,  3  821.    Nortff  Pacific  Ocean  which  lies  between  Bering 
EgjTt,situatedontheRedSea,nearRasBenaas,  Bergen.    A  seaport  and  the  second  city  of  Nor-    gtrait  and  the  Aleutian  Islands.    Also  caUed 
in  lat.  23°  55   N.,  founded  by  Ptolemy  II.     It    way,  situated  m  the  amt  of  South  Bergenhuus,    Sea  of  Kamchatka 
was  an  important  tradijig  center.  southwestern  Norway.  K  was  a  trading  station  ggring,  or  Behriag,  Strait.    A  sea  passage 

^I'^^S^S!-  .^^?  ancient  name  of  Bengazi,  on  of  the  Hanseatic  League  1445-1558.  Popula-  whicf  connects  the  Arctic  with  the  North  Pa- 
the  Gulf  of  Sidra.     ^_  ^^     _  ^  tion  (1891),  53,684.  -    ,x      *  ^  cific  Ocean,  and  separates  Alaska  from  Siberia. 

Beresford    (ber' es-ford),    James.  ^  Bom   at  Bergen-op-Zoom  (ber'aen-op-zom').     A  town    Width,  in  the  narrowest  part,  36  miles. 
IJpham,  Hants,  England,  May  28,  1764:  died    in  the  province  of  North  Brabant,  Netherlands,  Beringhen  (ber'ing-en),  De.    A  gourmand  in 
SJ  ^^7r,°^^.  Beauohamp,  Leicestershire,  Sept.    situated  on  the  Zoom,  near  the  East  Schelde,    Bulwer's ' '  Richelieu,"  banished  by  the  cardinal. 
29,   1840.     An  Enghsh  clergyman.    He  was  the     15  miles  north  of  Antwerp.  It  was  formerly  strongly  B-rineton   fber'inff-ton)     Josenh      Bom   in 
author  of  a  prose  satire,  "  The  Miseries  of  Human  Life"     fortified.'  It  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Duke  of    «C?nS,;™    ■p^o.lo^l    i^4«'.  ^1.1  *^ +'t3      i  i      j 
(1806-07),  Bt?.  Parmainl588,andbySpinolainl622,andwastakenbythe    Shropshire,  England,  1746:  died  at  Buckland, 

TlaraafnrA  Via(.niiTit  fTtTilliani  Co-rr  Pai-aa  French  in  1747  and  1796.  In  Sept.,  1799,  an  engagement  Berkshire,  Dec.  1,  1827.  An  English  Roman 
i'^wi  \  S'«™  n„t  9  iVfiS  .^f»^  o+^^^„^^,,S^'  *^^  Pl*''^  •>«■■«  between  the  Duke  of  York  and  the  French  Catholic  priest  and  author.  He  wrote  a  '•  History 
S"9-T  r\  E^  I  ^l  1?  *  Bedgebury,  „„cler  Brune.  M^ch  8,  1814  the  British  under  Sir  T.  of  the  Lives  of  Abeillard  and  Helois"  etc/' (1787),  f'S 
Jtent,  Jan.  0,1004.  A  tsritisn  general.  He  served  Graham  attempted  to  carry  the  fortress  of  Bergen-op-  tory  of  the  Reign  of  Henry  II.,  etc."  (1790)  " literary  His- 
wifch  distinction  in  the  Peninsular  war ;  organized  the     Zoom  by  storm.    Population  (1889),  commune,  13,031.  tory  of  the  Middle  Ages "  (1814)  and  numerous  controver- 

Portuguese  army,  and  commanded  at  the  battle  of  Al-  Bergenrotll(ber'gen-r6t),GustaTAdolf.  Bom    sial  works. 
buera,_May  16, 1811.      _  at  Oletzko,  East  Prussia,  Feb.  26,  1813  :  died  Berinthia  (be-rin'thi-a).     1.  Ayoung  and  dis- 

Beresma,  or  Berezina  (ber-e-ze  na).  A  river  in  Madrid,  Feb.  13, 1869.  A  historical  student,  solute  widow  in  Vanbrugh's  comedy  "  The  Re- 
in the  government  of  Minsk,  Russia,  a  tnbu-  noted  for  his  researches  in  English  history  lapse,"  and  afterward  in  Sheridan's  adaptation, 
tary  of  the  Dnieper.    Length,  about  350 miles,    among  the  archives  at  Simancas,  Spain.  the  "Trip  to  Scarborough."— 3.  The  niece  of 

Beresina,  Passage,  or  Battle,  of  tne.  The  Bergerac  (berzh-rSk').  A  town  in  the  de-  Mrs.  Pipchin  in  Dickens's  novel  "Dombeyand 
passage  of  Napoleon's  army  over  the  Beresina  partment  of  Dordogne,  southwestern  Prance,  Son":  called  "Berry,"  and  much  afflicted  with 
on  the  retreat  from  Moscow,  Nov.  26-29, 1812.    situated  on  the  Dordogne  51  miles  east  of    boils  on  her  nose. 

Urd^^neVe'ncntrslXlirro^lleA^SJ    Bordeaux:    an  ancient Jcuguenot  stronghold.  Bdriot  (ba-re-o')   Charles  AugUStede     Born 
about  16,000  were  made  prisoners.  Population  (1891),  14,735.  at  Louvain,  Belgium,  Feb.  20,  1802:  died  at 

Berettyo  (be'ret-yo).  A  river  in  eastern  Hun-  Bergerac,  Savinien  Cyrano  de.  Born  about  Louvain,  April  20, 1870.  A  distinguished  Bel- 
gary,  a  tributary  of  the  Koros.  1620  at  the  Chateau  de  Bergerac  (P^rigord) :    gian  violinist  and  composer. 

Beretty6-Ujfalu(be'ret-y6-6y'fo-lo).    Atown    died  at  Paris  in  1655.    A  French  writer  and  Berislaff (ba're-slaf).  Atowninthegovemment 
in  the  county  of  Bihar,  Hungary,  21  miles    duelist.    He  was  wounded  at  the  siege  of  Arras  in  1640,    of  Kherson,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Dnieper  46 
■nnrtliwBBt.  of  (4rn«HwftrdBin     PnnnlatioTi  nSQm      and  devoted  himself  to  study.    Among  his  works  are    miles  east  of  Kherson.     Population,  11,093. 
^orthwest  ot  (^rosswardem.   l-opulation  (1890),     "Agrippine,"  a  tragedy  (1663), ;  Le  pedant  jou^,"  a  com-  Beristain  y  Souza  (ba-res-ta'en  e  so'thS),  Jos6 

J?'°^^-  .  „,,         .  „  edy(1654),  "Histoire  comique  des  6tats  et  empu'es  dela  %>V«:.ri,«'  B„™  „ 

Berezof  (ber-ez-of).  A  small  town  in  the  Inne^' (1656,  after  his  deathX  and  "Histoirecomiquedes  Manano.  Born  at  Puebla,  1756 :  died  at  Mex- 
government  of  Tobolsk,  Siberia,  situated  on  ^tats  et  des  empu-es  du  soleil"  (1661).  These  two  are  ico,  March  23,  1817.  A  Mexican  bibliographer, 
the  Sosva  in  lat  64°  N  long  65°  30'  E  it  said  to  have  served  to  suggest  at  least  "Microm^gaa"  and  rector  of  the  College  of  San  Pedro.  His  best- 
has  trade  in  furs,  etc.,' and  is  a 'place  of  banishment  for  ''°""'™'''^*™'l-  .  .,  ,  ,.j,  known  work  is  the  "Biblioteca  hispano-americana  sep- 
political  offenders.                                                             BergeraC,  Treaty  of,     A  treaty  concluded  be-    tentrional    a  catalogue  of  Spanish  North  American  au- 

Berezovsk  (ber-ez-ovsk').  A  small  town  in  tween  the  Huguenots  and  Roman  Catholics,  BeSJlev  fb^rT'li 'or  bark'li)  TME  Berkley 
the  government  of  Perm,  Russia,  situated  in    1577.    Also  called  Treaty  of  PmUers.  ^^B^cled  Bern-cm  Zv^viromUr^he^e 

the  Urals  near  Yekaterinburg.  It  is  the  center  Bergerat  (berzh-rS').  Auguste  Emile.  Born  y^a^,  and  ledh,  lea,  field  Hence  the  silmame 
of  important  gold-fields.  at  Pans,  April  29, 1845.    A  joumalist,  novehst,    Berkeley,  in  other  torms  Berkley,  Barkley,  Bar- 

Berg(berG).  [G., 'mountain.']  Aformerduchy  and  dramatic  writer,  son-m-law  and  biogra^  gwi  ^  town  in  Gloucestershire,  England, 
of  Germany^ituated  east  of  the  lower  Rhine  pher  of  Th^ophile  Gautier.  He  writes  under  situated  near  the  Severn  15  miles  southwest  of 
and  west  of  Westphalia  and  Mark:  the  Roman    the  pseudonym  of  "  Caliban."  Gloucester.    See  Berkeley  Vastle, 

Dueatus  montensis.    It  was  a  county  In  the  middle  Bergh  (b6rg),   Henry.      Born  at  New  York,  Berkeley.     A  town  in  Alameda'County,  Cali- 

?fS'  ^mTh  Be?^  fnd  a1?4swer7u^"?^d1n76"ttn"  ^^^  =  ^^^^  *''«'•«'  ^^'"''^  ^^  ^f^'    "^^^  ^°'^^^'^     f  0™^.    It  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  California,  of 

seSence&^ecfit°sttorthlIS^ichsu^^^^^^^^  (1866)  and  president  of  the  American  Society    the. State  Agricultural  College  a_nd  of  otherpublic  insti- 

JiUioh  passed  in  1666  to  Pfalz-Neuburg.    Berg  was  ceded  for  the  Prevention  of  Cmelty  to  Animals.    He  _™ti™3;    Population  (1900),  13,214.    _ 

to  France  in  1806.     With  addition  of  Cleves,  etc..  Berg  was  was  secretary  of  legation  and  acting  vice-consul  in  St.  Berkeley,  XillZabetn.     liom  in  i/OU:  ttiea  at 

made  a  grand  duchy  for  Murat,  and  afterward  for  a  son  of  Petersburg  1862-64.    He  wrote  a  play,  "Love's  Altema-    Naples,  Jan.  13,  1828.    An  English  Wliter.    She 

Louis  Bonaparte.    They  were  occupied  by  the  Allies  in  tive,"  produced  at  the  Union  league  Theater,  Baltimore,     married  Lord  Craven  In  1767;  was  separated  from  hhn  in 

1813,  were  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1816,  and  now  form  a  part  in  1881.  1781 ;  married  the  Margrave  of  Ansbach  in  1791.    Her  au- 

of  the  Rhine  Province.    The  district  has  very  important  BerehaUS    fbere'hous),     Heinrich.      Bom    at     tobiography  was  published  in  1825,  and  "Letters  to  the 

manufactures  and  is  thickly  settled.  Cleves,  Prussia?  May  S,  1797 :  died  at  Stettin,     Margrave  of  Anspach "  in  1814.  ,.-,«„„      , 

Berg.    A  suburb  of  Stuttgart.    Iteontams  sev-  Peb.  17,  1884.    A  GenAan  geographer.    He  was  Berkeley,  George.    Born  1628 :  died  1698     An 

eral  noted  vihas.  professor  of  applied  mathematics  in  the  Academy  of    Enghsh  nobleman,   son   ot  the  ninth  Baron 

Serg.    A  village  and  castle  on  the  Starnberger  Architecture  at  Berlin  1824-66,  and  editor  of  the  "Her-    Berkeley,  created  first  earl  of  Berkeley  in  1679. 


Berkeley,  George 

Berkeley,  George.  Bom  at  Dysert  Castle, 
county  of  Kilkenny,  Ireland,  March  12,  1685: 
died  at  Oxford,  England,  Jan.  14,  1753.  An 
Irish  prelate  (of  English  descent)  of  the  es- 
tablished church,  celebrated  for  his  phllosophi- 
2.*l,r'"''i°S^i  He  was  graduated  at  Trinity  CoUege, 
Dablin,  where  he  held  various  offices,  1707-24:  traveled  lii 
England  and  on  the -Continent  1713-20  ;  became  dean  of 
Derry  m  1724;  obtained  the  patent  for  a  college  in  Ber- 
muda in  1725,  of  which  he  was  appointed  first  president 
but  which  never  was  established  ;  sailed  (or  Newport 
Rhode  Island,  Sept  4, 1728,  landingthere  in  January;and 
remaining  in  America  until  the  end  of  1731;  became  bishop 
ot  Cloyne  in  1734 ;  and  retired  in  1762.  He  is  especially 
famous  for  his  theory  of  vision,  the  foundation  of  the  mod- 
em  psycho-physiological  investigation  of  that  subject, 
and  for  the  extreme  subjective  idealism  of  his  metaphysi- 
cal views.  His  worljs  include  "Essay  toward  a  New  The- 
ory of  Vision"  (1709:  3d  ed.  bound  with  "Alciphron"  in 
1732),  "A  Treatise  concerning  the  Principles  of  Human 
Knowledge"  (1710  and  1734),  "Three  Dialogues  between 
Hylaa  and  Philonous"  (1718),  "Alciphron,  or  the  Minute 
Philosopher  "  0732),  "  Siris,  a  Chain  of  Philosophical  Re- 
flections and  Inquiries  concerning  the  Virtues  of  Tar- 
water,  etc."  (1744 :  the  title  "Siris  "  was  first  used  in  the 
edition  of  1746),  etc.  He  was  an  enthusiastic  advocate  of 
the  use  of  tar-water  as  an  almost  universal  remedy. 

Berkeley,  George  Charles  Grantley  Fitz- 
hardinge.  Bom  Feb.  10,  1800:  died  at  Poole, 
Dorsetshire,  Feb.  23,  1881.  An  English  sports- 
man, sixth  son  of  the  fifth  Earl  of  Berkeley. 
He  was  a  member  of  Parliament  from  1832-52.  He  wrote 
"Berkeley  Castle,"  a  novel  (1836),  "  Sandron  Hall,  or  the 
Days  of  Queen  Anne"  (1840),  "The  English  Sportsman  on 
the  Western  Prairies"  (1861),  "Anecdotes  of  the  Upper 
Ten  Thousand,"  etc.  (1867),  "Tales  of  Life  and  Death" 
(1870),  etc. 

Berkeley,  Sir  William.  Born  at  or  near  Lon- 
don :  died  in  England,  July,  1677.  A  royal  gov- 
ernor of  Virginia,  1642-51, 1660-76.  He  crushed 
Bacon's  rebellion  in  1676. 

Berkeley  Castle.  A  celebrated  Norman  for- 
tress and  baronial  hall  between  Bristol  and 
Gloucester,  England.  It  was  founded  soon  after 
the  Conquest.  Edward  II.  was  murdered  there 
in  1327. 

Berkeley  Springs,  or  Bath.  A  watering-place 
in  West  Virginia,  30  miles  east  of  Cumberland, 
Maryland,  noted  for  its  medicinal  springs. 

Berkhampstead  (berk'ham-sted),  Great.  A 
town  in  the  county  of  Hertford,  England,  27 
miles  northwest  of  London.  Population  (1891), 
7,888. 

Berkhey  (berk'M),  Jan  Lefranca  van.  Bom 
at  Leyden,  Holland,  Jan.  23, 1729 :  died  at  Ley- 
den,  March  13,  1812.  ADutchnaturalistandpoet. 
His  chief  works  are"Natuurlijke  historic  van  Holland  " 
(1769-79),  poem,  "Het  verheerlijkt "  (1774). 

Berks  (berks).    An  abbreviation  of  Berkshire. 

Berkshire  (berk'shir).     [ME.  Berkschire,  AS, 


149 

an  attic  upon  which  is  a  bronze  quadriga  of  Victory  There 
are  5  passages  for  vehicles,  the  central  one  of  which  is  the 
widest.  The  gate  is  flanked  by  two  Doric  colonnaded 
structures  in  the  form  ot  temples.  Column  ofPeoAx,  in  the 
Belle  Alliance  Platz,  erected  in  1840  in  honor  of  the  peace 
of  1816.  The  shaft  is  of  granite  on  a  high  basement  and 
the  capital  of  marble,  surmounted  by  a  figure  of  Viotorv 
The  total  height  is  60  feet.  The  monument  is  flanked  by 
marble  groups  of  Prussia,  England,  the  Netherlands,  and 
Hanover,  the  powers  which  triumphed  at  Waterloo.  Mon- 
ument of  Victory,  dedicated  in  1873  in  honor  of  the  Ger- 
man triumphs  of  1864,  1866.  and  1870.  It  consists  of 
a  monumental  column  of  yellow  sandstone,  supporting  a 
colossal  statue  of  Borussia,  the  total  height  being  200  feet. 
The  capital  of  the  column  is  formed  of  eagles,  and  the 
fluted  shaft  is  adorned  with  captured  cannon.  The  ped- 
estal bears  bronze  reliefs  of  the  Danish  war,  KOuiggratz, 
Sedan,  and  the  triumphant  return  of  the  troops.  The 
base  of  the  monument  is  surrounded  by  a  colonnade  with 
allegorical  mosaics  of  the  overthrow  of  France  and  the 
restoration  of  the  German  Empire.  National  Ocdlery  of 
sculpture  and  painting,  an  eflfeotive  building  finished  In 
1876,  in  the  form  of  a  pseudoperipteral  Corinthian  temple, 
with  a  large  semicircular  projection  at  the  northwest  end, 
and  an  octastyle  portico  surmounted  by  a  pediment  filled 
with  sculpture  on  the  facade,  which  faces  the  southeast. 
Itmeasures  105  by  20O  feet,  and  is  raised  on  a  basement  39 
feet  high.  Access  to  the  front  portico  is  afforded  by  an 
impressive  double  flight  of  steps.  The  interior  contains 
two  exhibition  floors,  an  d  is  richly  decorated.  Old  Museum, 
the  finest  building  in  Berlin.  The  facade  has  the  form  of 
a  Greek  Ionic  portico  284  feet  long,  with  18  columns  be- 
tween  terminal  antse.  The  entablature  bears  eagles  as 
anteflxes.  A  portion  of  the  roof  is  raised  in  the  middle, 
corresponding  to  the  interior  rotunda ;  at  the  corners  are 
placed  four  colossal  groups  in  bronze— in  front  copies  of 
the  Horse-Tamers  of  Monte  Cavallo  in  Rome,  and  behind 
Pegasus  attended  by  the  Hours.  The  piers  of  the  great 
central  flight  of  steps  bear  bronze  groups  of  equestrian 
combats  with  lions.  In  the  vestibule  stand  statues  of 
noted  archasologists,  and  the  walls  are  painted  with  alle- 
gorical frescos  of  the  Formation  of  the  World  from  Chaos, 
and  the  Development  of  Human  Culture.  ScUoss,  or  Royal 
Palace,  forming  a  rectangle  660  by  380  feet,  with  a  projec- 
tion at  one  end,  and  inclosing  two  main  courts.  It  has  four 
stories,  together  100  feet  high,  and  the  dome  over  the 
chapel  attains  230  feet.  The  original  building,  which  sur- 
vives in  part  on  the  Spree,  was  a  towered  castle  erected  by 
the  elector  Frederick  II.  in  1461.  About  a  century  later 
a  fine  German  Renaissance  wing  was  added  on  the  south, 
and  after  another  century  the  Great  Elector  and  King 
Frederick  I.  brought  the  palace  substantially  to  its  pres- 
ent form,  though  the  chapel  was  built  in  the  present  cen- 
tury. The  chief  room  is  the  White  Saloon,  106  by  60  feet. 
Population  (1900),  1,888,326.    See  Unter  den  Linden. 

Berlin  Conference.  1.  A  conference  of, the 
European  powers,  held  at  Berlin  in  the  summer 
of  1880,  to  settle  the  boundary  dispute  between 
Turkey  and  (Jreece. —  2.  A  congress  of  repre- 
sentativesfrom  all  the  European  nations  (except 
Switzerland),  and  from  thetlnited  States,  which 
met  at  Berlin  Nov.  15,  1884, -Jan.  30,  1885.  it 
provided  for  a  free-trade  zone  in  the  Kongo  Basin,  regu- 
lated the  navigation  of  the  Niger,  and  laid  down  rules 
regarding  the  partition  of  Africa.  It  also  sanctioned  the 
International  Kongo  Association  (the  later  Kongo  .Free 


Searrucscire,Barrucscire,Barrocscir.2  A  county  -,®*''*,^)-    -,  j,      »  •  j..        j. 

of  England,  lying  between  Gloucester,  Oxford,  ^1^^"^'  ^O'lS^ess  of.    A  congress  consistmg  of 


and  Buckingham  on  the  north,  Surrey  on  the 
southeast,  Hampshire  on  the  south,  and  Wilt- 
shire on  the  west.  The  county-seat  is  Reading ;  the 
chief  industry  is  agriculture.  Area,  722  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  238,446. 

Berkshire  Hills.  The  mountains  of  Berkshire 
County,  Massachusetts,  noted  as  a  summer  and 
autumn  resort. 

Berlichingen  (ber'lich-ing-en),  Gotz  or  Gott- 
fried von.  Born  at  Jagsthausen,  Wiirtembei-g, 
1480 :  died  at  Hornberg  Castle  on  the  Neckar, 


the  representatives  of  the  following  powers 
the  German  Empire,  Austria,  France,  England, 
Italy,  Russia,  and  Turkey :  held  at  Berlin  June 
13,--July  13, 1878,  for  the  purpose  of  settling  the 
affairs  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula,  it  was  occasioned 
by  the  dissatisfaction  of  England  and  Austria  with  the 
peace  of  San  Stefano,  concluded  between  Russia  and 
Turkey  March  3,  1878,  and  convened  at  the  invitation  of 
Prince  Bismarck,  who  was  chosen  president.  Its  most 
influential  members  were  Prince  Gortchakoff,  Count  An- 
drdssy.  Lord  Beaconsfleld,  Lord  Salisbury,  M.  Wadding- 
ton,  Count  Corti,  and  Carath^odori  Pasha.  See  Berlin, 
Treaty  of. 


i^llB.'.}^^^;...  ^„??5™??J„?.'J?l'  .?f  i?5,*'.„,,'?.!  Berlin  Decrees.    Decrees  issued  in  Nov.,  1806, 

and  correspondence  with  Great  Britain,  which 
was  declared  to  be  in  a  state  of  blockade.  They 
also  declared  all  English  property  forfeited,  and  all  Eng- 
lishmen in  a  state  occupied  by  French  troops  prisoners 
of  war. 
was  preluded  by  Goethe's  "Gotz  von  Berlichingen,"  a  •Dp,»iJn  Mpmnrandum  TTip  A  memorandum 
drama  which  he  constructed  from  the  autobiography  ot  •Benin  IViemoranaum,  ine_.     A  memoranuum 


right  hand  having  been  lost  in  battle.  It  was  replaced  by 
an  artificial  hand  made  of  iron  (whence  he  is  sometimes 
called  "Gbtz  with  the  Iron  Hand").  He  was  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  peasants  in  1526,  and  subsequently  served 
under  the  emperor  Charles  V.  against  the  sultan  Soliman 
and  against  Francis  I.  of  France,  The  literary  revolution 
of  the  18th  century  from  the  artificial  to  the  simple  style 


the  original  robber  knight  who  represented  himself  as  an 
honest  but  mucli  misunderstood  person.  See  Qiitz  von 
Berlichingen. 

Berlin  (b6r-lin'  or  bSr'lin:  G.  pron.  ber-len'). 
The  capital  of  the  German  Empire  and  of  Prus- 
sia, until  1881  in  Brandenburg,  situated,  on 
the  Spree,  in  lat.  52°  30'  N.,  long.  13°  24'  E. 
It  is  the  largest  city  in  the  German  Empire,  and  has  an  im- 
portant  commerce  and  extensive  manufactures  of  metals, 
machinery,  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  confections,  musical 
instruments,  beer,  etc.  It  was  settled  by  the  13th  century, 
and  was  greatly  improved  by  the  Great  Elector,  Fredericli 
I.,  by  Frederick  the  Great,  and  by  later  rulers.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Allies  in  1760,  and  by  Napoleon  in  1806.  The 
following  are  among  its  objects  of  interest :  Arsenal,  now 
a  Military  Museum  and  Hall  of  Fame,  so  called.    In  plan 


drawn  up  at  Berlin,  May  13,  1876,  by  the  gov- 
ernments of  Vienna,  St.  Petersburg,  and  Ber- 
lin (which  had  united  in  presenting  to  the 
Porte,  Jan,  31,  1876,  the  Andr^ssy  Note),  it 
was  approved  by  France  and  Italy,  but  rejected  by  Eng- 
land. It  imposed  an  armistice  of  two  months  on  Russia 
and  Turkey,  provided  that  the  reforms  promised  by  the 
Porte  in  accordance  with  the  Andr^ssy  Note  should  be 
carried  out  under  the  superintendence  of  the  representa- 
tives of  the  European  powers,  and  threatened  force  if 
before  the  end  of  the  armistice  the  Porte  should  not  have 
assented  to  these  terms, 

Berlin,  Royal  Library  of.  A  library  founded 
by  the  (3reat  Elector,  Frederick  William,  and 
opened  in  1661.  The  number  ot  volumes  is  estimated 
at  800,000,  and  the  number  of  manuscripts  at  24,000. 


it  is  a  rectangle  295  feet  square,  with  a  large  central  court.  Bepl^]}   trcatv  of     A  treaty  concluded  July 
It  was  finished  in  I706,and_the  exterior  is  a  good  exam-    jg^  jg^  n,etween  the  powers  represented  at 


pie  of  the  architecture  and  decorative  sculpture  of  the 
time.  The  mural  paintings  of  historical  and  mUitarysub- 
jects  by  Geaelsohap  in  the  interior  are  the  finest  work  of 
the  kind  in  Berlin.  There  is  also  a  collection  of  portrait 
and  mythological  sculpture,  in  addition  to  the  impressive 
exhibition  of  arms  and  battle-trophies.  Brandenburg 
Oate,  at  the  west  end  of  Unter  den  Linden,  a  monumental 
gateway  begun  in  1789.  It  presents  on  each  face  6  lofty 
Doric  columns  and  a  Roman  entablature,  surmounted  by 


the  Congress  of  Berlin  (which  see).  "By  this 
treaty  (1)  Bulgaria,  north  of  the  Balkans,  was  constituted 
an  Independent,  autonomous,  and  tributary  principality ; 
(2)  Bulgaria,  south  of  the  Balkans  (Eastern  Roumelia), 
was  retained  under  the  direct  rule  of  the  Porte,  but 
was  granted  administrative  autonomy;  (3)  the  Porte 
retained  the  right  of  garrisoning  the  frontiers  of  East- 
em  Roumelia,  but  with  regular  troops  only;  (4)  the 


Bermudez,  Jos6  Kanuel 

Porte  agreed  to  apply  to  Crete  the  organic  law  of  1868- 
(5)  Montenegro  was  declared  independent,  and  the  sea- 
port of  Antivari  was  allotted  to  it;  (6)  Servia  was  de- 
clared independent,  and  received  an  accession  of  territoi-v  • 
(7)  Roumania  was  declared  independent,  and  received 
some  islands  on  the  Danube  in  exchange  for  Bessarabia; 
91  ?K''™'B*i'°'"°S  *?■*  .Ardahan  were  ceded  to  Russia- 
(9)  the  Porte  undertook  to  caiTy  out  without  furthe^ 
delay  the  reforms  reqiured  in  Armenia;  (10)  in  the  event 
of  the  Greeks  and  the  Pori^e  not  being  abfe  lo  agree  upon 
a  suggested  rectification  of  frontier,  the  Powers  re- 
served to  themselves  the  right  of  offering  their  medi- 
220      "^'^""'^  """^  Ramsome,  English  Political  History, 

Berlin,  University  of.    A  celebrated  univer- 

S'i£7?n'^n^,;^  '^  ^^^?-  ^''«  *<"»!  """"er  »'  ''"dents 
Is  about  10,000;  of  professors  and  teachers,  about  400 
1  he  number  of  volumes  in  its  library  is  about  160  OOo' 
/?F"°^  (bar-le-6z').  Hector.  Born  at  La 
t/Ote-Samt-Andr^,  Is'fere,  France,  Dee.  11,  1803- 
died  at  Paris,  March  9,  1869.  A  French  com- 
poser of  great  originality,  noted  particularly 
for  that  species  of  descriptive  music  known  as 
"program  music."  Among  his  chief  works  are  "Epi- 
sode de.lavie  d'un  artiste,"  "Rom^o  et  Juliette,"  a  dra- 
matic symphony  (1839),  "I'Enfance  du  Christ,"  a  trilogy 
(1855),  "Syraphonie  fantastiqne,"  "Harold  en  Italic ''a 
symphony  in  four  parts, "  The  Damnation  of  Faust,"  a  dra- 
matic legend  in  four  parts,  the  overtures  to  "King 
Lear,'  "Le  carnaval  remain,"  "Le  corsaire,"  and  the 
operas  "Benvenuto  Cellini  "and  "Beatrice  et  Btoedict." 
He  also  wrote  his  memoirs  (1870),  "Voyage  musical" 
(1844),  "Grotesques  de  la  musique"  (1869),  etc. 

Bermejo.    See  Vermejo. 

Bermondsey  (ber'mgnd-zi).  [From  "Beor- 
mond's  eye,"  the  island  property  of  some  Saxon 
or  Danish  noble  in  the  marshes  of  the  Thames.] 
A  borough  (municipal)  of  London,  situated 
south  of  the  Thames,  it  is  a  crowded  district  chiefly 
occupied  bytanners.  It  formerly containedaroyal  country 
palace,  which  was  occupied  by  Henry  II,,  and  a  Cluniac 
abbey  founded  in  1082  by  Alwyn  Childe.  Portions  of  the 
abbey  were  still  standing  at  the  beginning  of  the  present 
century.  Before  the  Conquest  Bermondsey  belonged  to 
Harold,  and  was  a  royal  domain  until  1094,  when  William 
Rufus  gave  it  to  the  Priory  of  St.  Mary.  The  Cluniac 
monks  of  Bermondsey  were  subject  to  the  abbey  in  Nor- 
mandy from  which  Alwyn  Childe  had  brought  them  until 
the  reign  of  Richard  II.    Population  (1891),  84,688. 

Bermondsey  Spa  Gardens.  A  place  of  enter- 
tainment in  the  time  of  George  II.,  about  2 
miles  from  London  Bridge.    Besant. 

Bermoothes  (ber-mo'THes).  An  old  name  for 
the  Bermudas.  See  Shakspere's  "Tempest," 
act  i.,  scene  2. 

Bermuda  Hundred  (b6r-mii'da  hun'dred).  A 
locality  on  a  bend  of  the  Janies  Eiver  in  Vir- 
ginia, near  City  Point,  The  peninsula  was  occupied 
by  part  of  the  Federal  aimy  under  Butler  in  the  summer 
of  1864  as  a  base  of  operations.  For  part  of  the  time  the 
troops  were  hemmed  in  within  the  lines  ("bottled  at 
Bermuda  Hundred  "). 

Bermudas  (ber-mii'daz),  or  Bermuda  Islands, 
or  Somers  Islands.  [S'ormerly  alsoBermoothes; 
from  Sp.  Bermuclez,  the  discoverer.  Bermudas 
came  to  be  regarded  as  a  plural  form,  whence 
the  inferred  singular  Bermuda.  They  were 
called  by  the  English,  after  Sir  George  Somers 
or  Summers,  Somers  or  Summers  Islands,  some- 
times Summer  Islands,  as  if  in  allusion  to  the 
semi-tropical  climate.]  A  group  of  islands,  a 
British  crown  colony,  in  the  North  Atlantic, 
about  600  miles  east-southeast  of  Cape  Hat- 
teras,  in  lat.  32°  15'  N.,  long.  64°  51'  W. :  an 
important  naval  and  strategic  possession.  They 
are  much  visited  as  a  health-resort,  and  produce  onions, 
tomatoes,  Easter  lilies,  etc.  The  chief  islands  are  Great 
Bermuda  and  St,  George's,  The  capital  is  Hamilton.  The 
islands  were  discovered  by  Juan  Bermudez  about  1622,  and 
settled  by  the  English  in  1611.  They  comprise  about 
360  islets  and  rocks.  Area,  20  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  16,123. 
Bermudas,  The.  A  cant  name  given  to  a  group 
of  alleys  and  courts  between  the  bottom  of  St. 
Martin's  Lane,  Half  Moon,  and  Chandos  street, 
in  London,  a  resort  and  refuge  of  thieves, 
fraudulent  debtors,  and  prostitutes  in  the  16th 
and  17th  centuries.  Also  called  (later)  tlie  StreigUs 
and  the  Caribbee  (corrupted  into  Cribbee)  Islands. 

Bermudez  (ber-mo'THeth),  or  Bermudes  (ber- 
mo'THes),  Geronimo.  Born  in  Galicia  about 
1530:  died  about  1589.  A  Spanish  Dominican 
monk  (professor  of  theology  at  Salamanca), 
poet,  and  dramatist.  He  wrote  "Nise  Lastimosa" 
(1577),  "  Nise  Laureada  "  (in  both  of  these  "Nise  "  is  an 
anagram  of  "  Ines "),  etc, 

Bermudez,  Jos6  Francisco,  Bom  at  San  Jos6 
de  Areocoar  Cumand,  Jan.  23,  1782:  assassi- 
nated at  Cumand,  Dec.  15, 1831.  A  Venezuelan 
general  in  the  war  for  independence.  He  de- 
fended Cartagena  against  Morillo  in  1815,  until  forced  by 
famine  to  escape.  In  May,  1820,  he  took  Caracas,  and  on 
Oct.  16, 1821,  occupied  Cumani  after  a  bloody  siege.  He 
subsequently  commanded  in  CumanA  and  elsewhere. 

Bermudez,  Jos6  Manuel.  Bom  at  Tarma 
about  1760:  died  at  Lima,  1830.  A  Peruvian 
ecclesiastic,  historian,  philologist,  and  orator. 
He  was  vicar  of  Hu4nuco,  and  after  1803  held  various 


Bermudez,  3os6  Manuel 

offices  In  the  chnrcli  at  Lima :  from  1819  he  was  chancel- 
lor of  the  University  of  San  Marcos.  In  1821  he  was  a 
member  of  the  junta  de  padjicaeion,  appointed  with  the 
hope  of  conciliating  the  revolutionists. 

Bermudez,  Pedro  Pablo.  Bom  at  Taona, 
1798 :  died  at  Lima,  1852.  A  Peruvian  general. 
In  1833  he  was  Gamarra's  candidate  for  president,  and, 
Orbegoso  being  elected,  he  joined  Gamarra  in  a  revolt 
<Ian.  4, 1834),  but  was  defeated  and  driven  into  Bolivia. 
He  then  joined  Santa  Cruz,  and  on  the  formation  of  the 
Peru-Bolivian  confederation  (1836)  was  elected  vice-presi- 
dent of  North  Peru. 

Bermudez,  Remijio  Morales.  Bom  at  Pica, 
Sept.  30,  1836:  died  at  Lima,  March  31,  1894. 
A  Peruvian  soldier  and  statesman .  He  joined  the 
army  in  1854,  serving  under  Caatilla  and  Pardo;  was 
■commandant  at  Iquitos  on  the  Amazon  (1862),  and  after- 
ward prefect  of  Truxillo.  As  colonel  he  was  present  at 
most  of  the  battles  of  the  war  with  Chile,  1879  to  1881. 
After  the  Chileans  occupied  Lima  he  remained  faithful  to 
the  cause  of  Caoeres,  and  when  that  officer  became  presi- 
dent (1886)  Bermudez  was  chosen  first  vice-president :  at 
the  end  of  the  term  he  was  elected  president  of  Peru,  and 
Inaugurated  Aug.  10, 1890. 

Bern  (bfern),  F.  Berne  (bem).  A  canton  of 
Switzerland,  capital  Bern,  bounded  by  France 
and  Alsace  on  the  north,  Basel,  Solothum,  Aar- 
gau,  Lucerne,  Unterwalden,  and  Uri  on  the 
«ast,  Valais  on  the  south,  and  Vaud,  Fribourg, 
NeuehS,tel,  and  France  on  the  west,  it  is  trav- 
■ersed  by  the  Jura  and  Alps,  and  contains  the  Bernese 
Oberland  in  the  south.  It  is  the  largest  canton  in  point 
of  population,  and  sends  27  members  to  the  National 
Council.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Protestant,  and  pre- 
vailing language  German.  It  entered  the  Swiss  Confed- 
eration as  the  eighth  canton  in  1353.  Area,  2,657  square 
miles.    Population  (1888),  636,679. 

Bern,  F.  Berne.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of 
Bern,  and  the  seat  of  government  of  the  Swiss 
Confederation,  situated  on  the  Aare  in  lat.  46° 
67'  N.,  long.  7°  25'  E.  it  has  a  picturesque  situa^ 
tion  and  medieval  appearance.  It  was  made  a  free  im- 
perial city  in  1218,  and  became  the  federal  capital  in  1848. 
The  cathedral  of  Bern  is  an  interesting  late-Pointed 
monument  founded  in  1421,  and  well  restored.  The  west 
front  possesses  a  massive  tower  over  a  large,  triple- 
vaulted  porch,  beneath  which  open  sculptured  portals. 
The  central  door  is  very  beautiful:  it  has  two  entrances 
separated  by  a  pier  with  statues ;  its  large  tympanum 
is  filled  with  sculptures  of  the  Last  Judgment ;  and  it  is 
flanked  by  statues  beneath  rich  canopies.  The  organ  is 
celebrated.  The  Hall  of  the  Federal  Council  is  a  large 
modem  building  in  the  style  of  the  Florentine  Uenals- 
sance.  The  Itathaus  or  town  hall  was  built  in  1406,  and 
has  lately  been  restored.  Its  most  characteristic  feature 
is  the  covered  double  stair  rising  from  each  side  of  the 
fa9ade  to  an  arcaded  loggia  on  the  level  of  the  second 
story.    Population  (1900),  63,994. 

Bemadotte  (b^r'na-dot;  F.  pron.  ber-na-dot'). 
See  Charles  XlV./^iae  of  Sweden. 

Bernal  Osborne,  Ralpn.  Bom  March  26, 1808 : 
died  at  Bestwood  Lodge,  England,  June  21, 
1880.    Aa  English  politician  noted  for  his  wit. 

Berndl  (ber-nal'),  Peak  of.  A  steep  truncated 
cone  which  rises  above  the  outlet  of  the  upper 
Pecos  River  valley  in  central  New  Mexico,  it 
also  bearsthe  name  of  "Starvation  Peak,  "from  a  tradition 
that  several  Spanish  soldiers  were  starved  to  death  on  its 
summit  by  the  Apaches. 

Bernalda  (ber-nal'da).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Potenza,  Italy,  33  miles  west-southwest 
of  Taranto.     Population,  7,000. 

Bernaldez  (ber-nal'Deth),  or  Bernal  (ber-nal'), 
Andres.  Bom  about  1450:  died,  probably  at 
Los  Palacios,  about  1513.  A  Spanish  histo- 
rian. He  took  orders,  was  chaplain  of  the  Archbishop  of 
Seville,  and  from  1488  to  1613  curate  of  the  village  of  Los 
Palacios  near  Seville.  He  was  a  friend  of  Columbus,  and 
in  1496  entertained  him  at  his  house.  It  appears  that  the 
Admiral  gave  him  much  information,  orally  and  in  writ- 
ing, which  Bernaldez  used  in  his  "  Historia  de  los  Reyes 
Catolicos."  His  work,  particularly  valuable  with  regard 
to  Columbus  and  his  voyages,  was  long  used  by  historians 
in  manuscript  copies.  It  was  first  printed  at  Granada, 
1856. 

Bernal  Diaz  del  Castillo.  See  Diaz  del  Castillo. 

Bernalillo  (ber-na-lel'yo).  A  town  situated  on 
the  Kio  Grande  in  central  New  Mexico,  18  miles 
north  of  Albuquerque.  It  was  founded  in  1695.  It 
is  the  site  of  the  "Tiguex"  of  Coronado's  time  (1640),  and 
there  were  several  villages  of  the  Tigua  Indians  on  and 
about  the  site,  all  of  which  were  abandoned,  the  people 
congregating,  for  protection,  in  a  few  larger  pueblos. 
Population,  about  800. 

Bernard  (bfir'nard  or  ber-nard' ;  F.  pron.  ber- 
nar'),  Saint.  [L.  Bernardus,  F.  Bernard,  Ber- 
nardin,  It.  Bernardo,  Bernardino,  Sp.  Bernardo, 
Bernal,  G.  Bernhard.}  Bom  at  Fontaines,  near 
Dijon,  Burgundy,  in  1091:  died  at  Clairvaux, 
Aug.  20, 1153.  A  celebrated  French  oeclesiastic. 
He  entered  theCistercian  monastery  of  Citeaux  in  1113,  and 
in  1115  became  abbot  of  Clairvaux,  near  Langres,  which 
nost  he  continued  to  fill  until  his  death.  Kefusing  all  offers 
of  preferment,  he  nevertheless  exercised  a  profound  influ- 
•ence  on  the  ecclesiastical  politics  of  Europe,  and  was  the 
■chief  instrument  in  prevailing  upon  France  and  England  to 
recognize  Innocent  II.  as  pope  in  opposition  to  the  rival 
claimant,  Cardinal  Peter  of  Leon.  He  procured  the  con- 
■demnation  of  Abelard's  writings  at  the  Councd  of  Sens 
in  1140  and  preached  ihe  second  Crusade  1146.  The  best 
edition  of  his  works  is  that  by  Mabillon,  Paris,  1667. 


150 

Bernard  of  Cluny,  or  of  Morlaix.  A  French 
Benedictine  monk  of  the  12th  century,  author 
of  a  Latin  poem,  "De  Contemptu  Mnndi," 
popularly  known  through  Neale's  translations, 
"  The  world  is  very  evil,"  "  Jerusalem  the  gold- 
en," "For  thee,  O  dear,  dear  country,"  etc. 

Bernard  of  Treviso.  Bom  at  Padua,  Italy, 
1406:  died  1490.  A  noted  Italian  alchemist 
who  assumed  the  title  of  Count  of  the  March 
of  Treviso.  After  many  years  of  study  and  experiment^ 
he  is  said  to  have  declared  that  the  secret  of  the  philoso- 
pher's stone  lies  ii^  the  adage  "  To  make  gold  one  must 
have  gold. "   He  was  the  author  of  many  alchemical  works. 

Bernard  (ber'nard).  The  sheep  in  "Eeynard 
the  Fox." 

Bernard  (ber-nar'),  surnamed  "The  Poor 
Priest."  Bom  at  Dijon,  1588 :  died  March  23, 
1640.  A  French  monk  who  devoted  his  for- 
tune and  his  life  to  the  service  of  the  poor. 

Bernard  (ber-nar'),  Claude.  Bom  at  St.  Ju- 
lien,  Ehdne,  France,  July  12, 1813 :  died  at  Paris, 
Feb.  10, 1878.  A  distinguished  French  physiolo- 
gist. He  published  "B.echerches  sur  les  usages  du  pan- 
creas," "  Eecherches  d'anatomie  et  de  physiologic  compar 
r^es  sur  les  glandes  salivaires,  etc.,"  "Recherches  sur  les 
fonctions  du  nerf  spinal,  etc.,"  "M^moire  surle  sue  gas- 
trique  et  son  rdle  dans  la  digestion,"  etc. 

Bernard  (ber'nard),  Bdward.  Bom  at  Perry  St. 
Paul,  Northamptonshire,  May  2,  1638:  died  at 
Oxford,  Jan.  12, 1697.  An  English  scholar,  Savil- 
ian  professor  of  astronomy  at  Oxford  1673-91. 

Bernard  (ber'nard).  Sir  Francis.  Bom  1711  (?) : 
died  at  Aylesbury,  England,  June  16j  1779.  A 
British  lawyer  and  politician,  colonial  gover- 
nor of  New  Jersey  1758-60,  and  of  Massachu- 
setts Bay  1760-69. 

Bernard  (ber-nar'),  Jacques.  Bom  at  Nions, 
in  Dauphin^,  Sept.  1, 1658:  died  April  27, 1718. 
A  French  Protestant  clergyman  and  scholar. 
On  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  he  retired  to 
Holland,  and  founded  at  The  Hague  a  school  of  belle- 
lettres,  philosophy,  and  mathematics.  He  continued  the 
publication  of  the  "  Bibliothfeque  UniverseUe"  of  Jean 
Leclerc,  and  succeeded  fiayle  as  editor  of  the  "R^pub- 
lique  desLettres."  He  wrote  "Becueildetrait^sdepaix, 
de  troves,  de  neutrality,  .  .  .  et  d'autres  actes  publics 
faits  en  Europe"  (1700),  "Actes  et  m^moires  des  n6go- 
ciations  de  la  paix  de  Ryswick  "  (1725),  etc. 

Bernard  (ber'nard),  John,  Bom  at  Ports- 
mouth, England,  1756:  died  at  London,  1828. 
An  English  actor.  He  made  his  first  appearance  in 
England  in  1773.  In  1767  he  came  to  America,  where  he 
remained  as  actor  and  manager  till  1819. 

Bernard,  Bosine.    See  Bernhardt,  Sarah. 

Bernard  (ber-nar'),  Simon.  Bom  at  D61e, 
Prance,  April  28,  1779:  died  Nov.  5,  1839.  A 
French  general  and  engineer,  in  the  service  of 
Napoleon  I.,  and  (1816-31)  of  the  United  States. 
He  was  minister  of  war  imder  Louis  Philippe  1836-39. 
The  chief  work  executed  by  him  in  the  United  States  is 
Fort  Monroe :  he  had  a  part  in  other  important  engineer- 
ing works,  notably  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal,  and  the 
Delaware  Breakwater. 

Bernard  (ber'nard),  Mountague.  Bom  at  Tib- 
berton  Court,  feloucestershire,  Jan.  28,  1820: 
died  at  Overross,  Sept.  2,  1882.  An  English 
lawyer,  professor  of  international  law  at  Ox- 
ford 1859-74.  He  was  one  of  the  high  commissioners 
who  negotiated  the  treaty  of  Washington,  and  was  one  of 
the  counsel  of  the  British  government  at  Geneva. 

Bernard  (ber'nard),  William  Bayle.    Bom  at 

Boston,  Mass.,  l^ov.  27, 1807:  died  at  Brighton, 
England,  Aug.  5, 1875.  An  English  dramatist, 
son  of  John  Bernard.  His  chief  plays  are  "Rip 
Van  Winkle"  (1832),  "The  Nervous  Man"  (1833),  "The 
Boarding  School"  (1841),  "The  Round  of  Wrong,    ete. 

Bernard,  Saint  (Great  and  Little).  See  Saint 
Bernard. 

Bernardin  de  Saint  Pierre  (ber-nar-dau'  d6 
san  piar'),  Jacques  Henri.  Born  at  Havre, 
France,  Jan.  19, 1737 :  died  at  Eragny-sur-Oise, 
France,  Jan.  21,  1814.  A  French  author.  He 
was  an  engineer  in  Russia,  and  in  the  Isle  of  France,  1767- 
1771,  and  settled  in  Paris  injl771.  His  chief  works  are 
"Voyage  k  I'lle  de  France,"  "Etudes  de  la  nature  "  (1784- 
1788), "  Paul  et  Virginie  "  (1788),  "  La  chaumiere  indienne  " 
(1791),  "  Harmonies  de  la  nature  "  (1815). 

Bernardino  (ber-nar-de'no),  Saint,  of  Siena. 
Born  at  Massa  di  Carrara,  Tuscany,  1380 :  died 
1444.  AFraneisean  monk,f amous  as  ayreaeher. 

Bernardo  (ber-nar'do).  An  officer  m  Shak- 
spere's  "Hamlet."  He,  with  Marcellus,  first 
sees  the  murdered  king's  ghost. 

Bernardo  del  Carpio  (ber-nar'do  del  kar'pe-6). 
A  semi-mythical  Spanish  hero  of  the  9tn  cen- 
tury. He  was  a  nephew  of  Alfonso  the  Chaste,  fought 
with  great  distinction  against  the  Moors,  and,  according 
to  tradition,  defeated  Roland  at  RoncesvaHes.  His  ex- 
ploits are  celebrated  in  many  Spanish  ballads,  and  form 
the  subject  of  several  dramas  by  Lope  de  Vega. 

His  efforts  to  procure  the  release  of  his  father  when 
he  learns  who  his  father  really  is ;  the  false  word  of  the 
king,  who  promises  repeatedly  to  give  up  the  Count  de 
Saldafia,  and  as  often  breaks  his  word ;  with  the  despair 
of  Bernardo  and  his  final  rebellion  after  the  count's  death 


Bernini 

in  prison,  are  all  as  fully  represented  intheballads  as  they 
are  in  the  chronicles,  and  constitute  some  of  the  most  ro- 
mantic and  Interesting  portions  of  each. 

Tiekmr,  Span.  Lit.,  1. 123- 

Bernauer  (ber'nou-6r),  Agnes.  Killed  at 
Straubing,  Bavaria,  Oct.  12, 1435.  In  German 
legend,  the  daughter  of  an  Augsburg  barber, 
secretly  married  by  Albert,  son  of  Duke  Ernest 
of  Bavaria,  she  was  drowned  as  a  witch  by  order  of 
the  enraged  duke.  Her  stoiy  forms  the  subject  of  tragedies 
and  poems  by  Torring,  KOmer,  BSttger,  Hebbel,  and  Meyr. 

Bernay  (ber-na').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Eure,  northern  Prance,  situated  on  the  Charen- 
tonne  35  miles  southwest  of  Rouen.  It  holds 
an  important  annual  horse-fair.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  8,016. 

Bernburg  (bem'borG).  A  town  in  Anhalt, 
Germany,  44  miles  northwest  of  Leipsic,  for- 
merly the  capital  of  Anhalt.  It  has  a  castle  and 
Gothic  church.    Population  (1890),  28,326. 

Berne,    See  Bern.  , 

Berne -Bellecour  (bem-bel-ker'),  Etienne 
Prosper.  Bom  at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  France, 
June  29, 1838.  A  French  painter,  especially  of 
military  subjects. 

Berners,  Baron.    See  BourcMer,  John,. 

Berners  (b6r'n6rz),  or  Bernes  (bfimsi),  or 
Barnes  (bamz),  Juliana.  Born  about  1388. 
An  English  lady,  said  to  have  been  a  prioress 
of  Sopwell  Nunnery,  near  St.  Albans,  and  re- 
puted author  of  the  "Boke  of  St.  Albans" 
(printed  1486,  1496),  a  rimed  treatise  on  hunt- 
ing.   Bee  Bool{  of  St.  Albans. 

Bernese  Oberland  (ber-nes'  or  b6r-nez'  o'bfer- 
land),  G.  Berner  Oberland  (ber'nfer  6'b6r- 
land).  A  mountainous  region  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  canton  of  Bem,  Switzerland,  famous 
for  its  picturesque  scenery,  it  contains  such  tour- 
ist centers  as  Interlaken,  Grindelwald,  and  Meiringen,  and 
the  Jungf  ran,  Finsteraarhorn,  ete. 

Bernetti  (ber-net'te),  Tommaso.  Born  at 
Fermo,  Italy,  Dec.  29,  1779:  died  at  Permo, 
March  21, 1852.  An  Italian  cardinal  and  papal 
statesman,  secretary  of  state  1828-36. 

Bernhard  (bern'hart),  Carl  (the  pseudonym 
of  Andreas  Nicolai  de  St.  Aubin).  Bom 
Nov.  18,  1798:  died  at  Copenhagen,  Nov.  25, 
1865.  A  Danish  novelist,  author  of  "A  Year 
in  Copenhagen"  (1835),  etc. 

Bernhard,  Duke  of  Saxe-Weimar.  Born  at 
Weimar,  Germanjr,  Aug.  16,  1604 :  died  at  Neu- 
enburg  on  the  Ehme,  July  18, 1639.  A  German 
general.  He  served  with  distinction  at  Liitzen  in  1632, 
commanded  a  Swedish  army  in  1633,  was  defeated  at  Nord- 
lingen  in  1634,  defeated  the  Imperialists  at  Rheinfelden  in 
1638,  and  captured  Breisach  in  1638. 

Bernhardt  (bern'hart),  Sarah  (Bosine  Ber- 
nard). Bom  at  Paris,  Oct.  22,  1844.  A  not- 
ed French  actress,  of  Jewish  descent  on  her 
mother's  side,  she  is  celebrated  in  rflles  requiring 
great  nervous  tension  and  bursts  of  passion,  as  "  Fedora, 
"Froufrou,"  "Theodora,"  "La  Tosca,"  etc.  "She  ap- 
peared at  the  Th64tre  Francois  in  1862,  but  had  little  suc- 
cess. Afterward,  at  the  Odeon,  she  played  Zanetto  in  '  Le 
Passant'  of  Copp^e,  and  the  queen  in  'Ruy  Bias,'  and  was 
admitted  to  the  Fran^ais,  where  she  had  a  very  brilliant 
career,  leaving  the  company  some  fifteen  years  ago  for  a 
still  more  brilliant  one  in  all  quarters  of  the  globe.  She 
studied  sculpture  and  painting,  and  has  exhibited  works 
in  both  arts.  (F.  Sarcey,  Recollections  of  Middle  Life.) 
In  1882  she  married  M.  Damala,  a  Greek,  an  actor  in  her  com- 
pany, from  whom  she  has  been  divorced  (he  is  since  dead). 

Berni  (ber'ne),  or  Bema  (ber'na),  or  Beruia 
(ber'ne-a),  Francesco.  BomatLamporecchio, 
in  Tuscany,  about  1498 :  died  at  Florence,  May 
26,  1535.  An  Italian  poet,  author  of  "  Rime 
burlesche,"  and  a  rifaeimento  of  the  "  Orlando 
Innamorato  "  by  Boiardo  (1541).  His  poetry  is 
marked  by  a  "light  and  elegant  mockery,"  for  which  bis 
name  has  furnished  a  descriptive  adjective  —  beriKBque. 

Bernier  (bern-ya' ),  Francois.  Bom  in  Angers, 
Prance:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  22,  1688.  A 
French  physician,  philosophical  writer,  and 
traveler  in  the  East  (Syria,  Egypt,  India),  court 
physician  to  Aurung-Zebe.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  voyages  de  Bernier  "  (1699)k  "  Abr«g6  de  la  philosophic 
de  Gassendi "  (1678  :  enlarced  1684),  ete. 

Bernina  (ber-ne'na)  Mountains.  A  group  of 
the  Alps  in  the  southern  part  of  the  canton  of 
Grisons,  Switzerland. 

Bernina  Pass.  A  carriage-road  over  the  Alps, 
leading  from  Samaden  in  the  Engadine  to  Ti- 
rano  in  the  Valtellina,  Italy.  Height,  7,658  feet. 

Bernina,  Piz.  The  central  peak  of  the  Ber- 
nina group  of  the  Alps,  south  of  Pontresina, 
near  the  Italian  frontier.    Heirfit,  13,295  feet. 

Bernini  (ber-ne'ne).  Giovanni  Lorenzo.  Bom 
at  Naples,  Dec.  7,  1598:  died  at  Rome,  Nov.  28, 
1680.  An  Italian  architect,  sculptor,  and 
painter,  patronized  particularly  by  Urban  VHI. 
and  Louis  XIV.  On  the  death  of  Carlo  Modemo,  he 
was  appointed  architect  of  St.  Peter's,  with  Boromini  as 
his  assistant.    In  1665  he  visited  France  at  the  reqaest  ot 


Bernini 

IjnlB  Xrv.  and  Ctolbert,  and  made  designs  for  the  east  front 
of  the  Louvre.  Construction  was  begun  but  abandoned. 
(See  Louvre  and  Perravlt.)  He  made  the  VersaUles  bust  of 
^P'J''..-^^-  ■^J''*  pontificate  of  Clement  IX.  he  com- 
pleted the  southern  porch  of  the  oortile  of  St.  Peter's 
and  the  parapet  and  statues  of  the  bridge  of  St.  Angelo 
Under  Clement  X.  he  was  made  architect  to  the  palace 
of  the  Quirinal. 

Bemis  (ber-nes'),  Frangois  Joachim  de 
Pierre  de.  Born  at  St.  Marcel,  Ardfeehe, 
France,  May  22,  1715 :  died  at  Rome,  Nov.  2, 
1794.  A  Frenoli  cardinal,  statesman,  diplo- 
matist, and  poet.  He  was  foreign  minister 
1757-58,  and  was  exiled  1758-64. 

Bernoulli  (ber-no-lye'),  or  Bernouilli,  Chris- 
tophe.  Bom  at  Basel,  May  15, 1782 :  died  Feb. 
fi,  1863.  A  noted  technologist,  grandnephew 
•of  Daniel  Bernoulli  (1700-82).  He  was  pro- 
-fessor  of  natural  history  in  the  University  of 
Basel  1817-61. 

Bernoulli,  or  Bernouilli,  Daniel.  Bom  at 
Groningen,  Jan.  29,  1700:  died  at  Basel,  March 
17, 1782.  A  noted  mathematician  and  physicist, 
son  of  Jean  Bernoulli  (1667-1748).  He  became 
professor  of  anatomy  and  botany  In  the  University  of 
Basel  in  1733,  and  professor  of  physics  in  1760.  His  chief 
work  is  a  treatise  on  hydrodynamics. 

Bernoulli,  or  Bernouilli,  Jacques.  Bom  at 
Basel,  Dec.  27, 1654:  died  there,  Aug.  16,  1705. 
A  noted  mathematician,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics in  the  University  of  Basel  1687-1705. 
He  improved  the  differential  calculus  invented  by  Leib- 
nitz and  Newton,  solved  the  isoperimetrical  problem,  and 
discovered  the  properties  of  the  logarithmic  spiral. 

Bernoulli,  or  Bernouilli,  Jean.  Bom  at  Basel, 
July  27, 1667:  died  there,  Jan.  1, 1748.  A  math- 
ematician and  physicist,  brother  of  Jacques 
Bernoulli.  He  became  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Oroningen  in  1696,  and  in  the  University  of  Basel  in  1705. 

Bernoulli,  or  Bernouilli,  Jean.  Bom  at  Basel, 
May  18,  1710 :  died  there,  July  17,  1790.  A 
jurist  and  mathematician,  sou  of  Jean  Ber- 
noulli. He  was  professor  of  rhetoric  at  Basel 
1743-48,  and  later  of  mathematics. 
Bernstorff  (bems'tSrf ),  Count  Andreas  Pe- 
ter von.  Bom  at  Grartow,  near  Liineburg, 
Germany,  Aug.  28,  1735 :  died  at  Copenhagen, 
June  21,  1797.  A  Danish  statesman,  nephew 
of  Johann  Hartwig  Ernst  von  Bernstorff,  min- 
ister of  foreign  affairs  1772-80  and  1784-97. 
BernstorflF,  Count  Johann  Hartwig  Ernst 
Ton.  Bom  at  Hannover,  Germany,  May  13, 
1712 :  died  at  Hamburg,  Feb.  19, 1772.  A  Dan- 
ish statesman,  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1751- 
1770 :  called  by  Frederick  the  Great  "the  Oracle 
of  Denmark." 
Berodach  Baladan.  See  Merodadh-balaclan. 
Berosus  (be-ro'sus).  Lived  in  the  first  part  of 
the  3d  century  b.  o.  A  Babylonian  priest  and 
historian,  author  of  a  history  of  Babylonia  (in 
Greek),  fragments  of  which  have  been  pre- 
served by  later  writers.  "  He  was  a  priest  of  the 
temple  of  Bel  at  Babylon,  and  is  said  by  Eusebius  and  Ta- 
tian  to  have  been  a  contemporary  of  Alexander  the  Great, 
»nd  to  have  lived  into  the  reign  of  Antiokhos  Sdtfir.  He 
had,  therefore,  special  opportunities  of  knowing  the  his- 
tory and  astronomy  of  his  country,  upon  which  he  wrote 
4u  Greek.  Kecent  discoveries  have  abundantly  established 
the  trustworthiness  of  this  Manetho  of  Babylonia,  whose 
■works,  unfortunately,  are  known  to  us  only  through  quo- 
tations at  second  and  third  hand.  Since  a  cylinder  of 
Antiokhos,  the  son  of  Seleukos,  has  been  found  inscribed 
In  Babylonian  cuneiform,  while  bilingual  fragments  in 
cuneiform  and  cursive  Greek  of  the  Seleukid  age  have  also 
been  discovered,  and  a  contract  tablet  in  Babylonian 
cuneiform,  dated  in  the  fifth  year  of  the  Parthian  king 
Fakoros,  the  contemporary  of  Domitian,  exists  in  the 
museum  of  Zurich,  there  is  no  reason  why  BSrdsos  should 
not  have  been  equally  well  acquainted  with  both  the 
Greek  language  and  the  old  literature  of  his  native  coun- 
try. And  in  spite  of  the  fragmentary  and  corrupt  state 
in  which  his  fragments  have  come  down  to  us,  we  now 
know  that  he  was  so.  His  account  of  the  Deluge,  for  in- 
stance, agrees  even  in  its  details  with  that  of  the  cunei- 
form texts."  Sayce,  Ano.  Empires,  p.  100. 
BerOLUin  (ber-kan'),  Arnaud.  Bom  at  Lan- 
gotran,  near  Bordeaux,  1749:  died  at  Paris, 
Deo.  21,  1791.  A  French  man  of  letters,  es- 
pecially noted  as  a  writer  of  juveniles :  sur- 
named  "the  Friend  of  Children."  He  wrote 
"  L'Ami  des  enf ants  "  (24  vols.,  1782-83),  "  Le  petit  Grandi- 
son  "  (1807),  etc. 

Berredo  e  Oastro  (ber-ra'do  e  kash'tro),  Ber- 
nardo Pereira  de.  Bom  at  Serpa,  Alemtejo, 
about  1688 :  died  at  Lisbon,  March  13, 1748.  A 
Portuguese  soldier,-statesman,  and  historian. 
From  1718  to  1722  he  was  governor  of  Maranhao,  then 
embracing  all  of  northern  Brazil ;  later  he  was  captain- 
general  of  Mazagao,  in  Africa.  His  "Annaes  historlcos 
4o  estado  de  Maranhao  "  (Lisbon,  1749 ;  2d  ed.  Maranhao, 
1849)  is  a  principal  source  of  historical  information  for 
that  part  of  Brazil. 

Berri.    See  Berry.  ,  ,     „      ^  .„ 

Berrien  (ber'i-en),  John  Macpherson.  Bom 
in  New  Jersey,  Aug.  23,  1781:  died  at  Savan- 


151 

nah,  Ga.,  Jan.  1,  1856.  An  American  lawyer 
and  politician,  attorney-general  of  the  United 
States  1829-31,  and  United  States  senator  from 
Georgia  1825-29,  1841-52. 

Berro  (bar'ro),  Bernardo  Prudencio.  Born 
at  Montevideo  about  1800 :  died  there,  April, 
1868.  An  Uruguayan  politician  and  journalist 
(editor  of  "  La  Fusion  ") .  in  1862  he  was  president 
of  the  Senate  and  vice-president;  minister  of  govern- 
ment under  Gird  until  the  revolution  of  Sept.,  1863; 
again  president  of  the  Senate  1858 ;  and  president  of  Clru- 
guay  1860  to  1864.  The  revolution  of  Hores,  begun  dur- 
ing his  term,  was  successful  soon  after  its  end.  In  1868 
Berro  headed  a  revolt  against  Flores,  was  imprisoned,  and 
during  the  disorders  that  followed  was  shot  through  the 
window  of  his  cell. 

Berry,  or  Berri  (ber'i ;  F.  pron.  be-re').  An 
ancient  government  of  central  France:  the  an- 
cient Biturica,  the  land  of  the  Gallic  Bituriges. 
It  was  bounded  by  Orl^anais  on  the  north,  Nivemaia  on  the 
east,  Bourbonnais  on  the  southeast,  Marche  on  the  south, 
Poitou  on  the  west,  and  louraine  on  the  northwest,  and 
is  chiefly  included  in  the  departments  of  Indre  and  Cher. 
It  was  formerly  a  county  and  duchy,  and  was  frequently 
an  appanage  of  the  king's  younger  son.  It  was  united  to 
the  crown  in  1466  and  again,  definitely,  in  1601. 

Berry,  Duchesse  de  (Princess  Caroline  Fer- 
dinande  Louise  of  Naples).  Bom  Nov.  5, 1798 : 
died  April  17, 1870.  Wife  of  Charles  Ferdinand, 
due  de  Berry,  and  mother  of  the  Comte  de  Cham- 
bord.  She  promoted  an  unsuccessful  attempt 
at  revolution  in  favor  of  her  son  in  1832. 

Berry,  Charles,  Due  de.  Bom  Dec.  28, 1446: 
died  May  24  (28  ?),  1472.  The  second  son  of 
Charles  VH.  and  Marie  of  Anjou,  duke  of  Berry, 
Normandy,  and  Guienne. 

Berry,  Charles,  Due  de.  Born  Aug.  31, 1686 : 
died  at  Marly,  May  4,  1714.  The  third  son  of 
Louis,  the  Grand  Dauphin,  selected  as  successor 
to  the  Spanish  throne  in  case  the  Duke  of  An- 
jou, named  his  successor  by  Charles  H.,  should 
become  king  of  France. 

Berry,  Charles  Ferdinand,  Due  de.  Bom  at 
Versailles,  Jan.  24, 1778 :  assassinated  at  Paris, 
Feb.  13,  1820.  The  second  son  of  the  Comte 
d'Artois  (later  Charles  X.  of  France),  and  father 
of  the  Comte  de  Chambord.  He  emigrated  during 
the  Revolution,  and  served  in  the  army  of  Cond^  and  later 
inthat  of  Russia.  He  went  to  England  in  ISOl,  and  there 
married  a  wife  whom  he  afterward  repudiated,  again 
marrying  on  his  return  to  France.  His  second  wife  was 
the  Princess  Caroline  of  Naples. 

Berry  (ber'i).  Sir  John.  Bom  at  KJnoweston, 
Devonshire,  1635 :  died  at  Portsmouth,  England, 
about  1690.  An  English  naval  officer.  He  en- 
tered the  merchant  service,  passed  to  the  royal  navy  in 
1663,  and  attained  the  rank  of  vice-admlraL  In  1667  he  de- 
feated the  French  and  Dutch  fleet  off  Nevis,  West  Indies. 
In  1682  he  commanded  the  Gloucester,  which  was  wrecked 
with  the  Duke  of  York  and  train  on  board :  the  duke  es- 
caped, and  Berry  was  relieved  from  all  blame. 

Berry,  Marie  Louise  Elisabeth  d'Orleans, 
Duchesse  de.  Born  Aug.  20,  1695:  died  July 
21, 1719.  The  eldest  daughter  of  Philippe  d'Or- 
leans and  wife  of  the  Duke  of  Berry,  the  grand- 
son of  Louis  XIV. :  notorious  for  her  profligacy. 

Berry  (ber'i),  Mary.  Born  at  Kirkbridge, 
Yorkshire ,  March  16, 1763 :  died  at  London ,  No  v. 
20,  1852.  An  English  authoress.  She  and  her  sis- 
ter Agnes  (1764-1852)  were  the  friends,  and  she  was  lit- 
erary executor,  of  Horace  Walpole.  Her  chief  work  is 
"  England  and  France,  a  Comparative  View  of  the  Social 
Condition  of  both  Countries  "  (1844),  originally  published 
in  two  volumes :  the  first  (1828)  entitled  "  A  Comparative 
View  of  the  Social  Life  of  England  and  France,  etc.,"  and 
the  second  (1831)  entitled  "Social  Life i in  England  and 
France,  etc." 

Berry,  William.  Bom  1774:  died  at  Brixton, 
July  2,  1851.  An  English  genealogist.  He  pub- 
lished "Introduction  to  Heraldry"  (ISIO),  "Genealogia 
Antiqua,etc."(1816),  "Encyclopedia Heraldica,etc."(1828- 
1840),  etc.  • 

Berryer  (ber-ya'),  Pierre  Antoine.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Jan.  4,  1790:  died  Nov.  29,  1868.  A 
French  advocate  and  political  orator,  a  leader 
of  the  legitimist  party. 

Berseamite.    See  Montagncds. 

Bert  (bar),  Paul.  Bom  at  Auxerre,  Yonne, 
France,  Oct.  17, 1833:  died  at  Keteho,  Tonqiiin, 
Nov.  11,  1886.  A  French  physiologist  and  poli- 
tician, minister  of  public  instruction  and  wor- 
ship in  Gambetta's  cabinet  1881-82.  He  was  gov- 
ernor-resident of  Tonquin  in  1886.  He  wrote  "Revue 
des  travaux  d'anatomie  et  de  physiologic,  1864 "  (1866), 
"Motes  d'anatomie  et  de  physiologie  compar^es,"  etc. 

Berta  (bar'ta).  An  African  tribe  inhabiting 
the  lowland  beneath  the  western  flank  of  the 
Abyssinian  plateau.  They  seem  to  be  neither  entirely 
Hamitic  nor  Nigrltic.  Their  language  has  been  included, 
by  Dr.  Cust,  in  the  Nuba-Fulah  group. 

Bertaut  (ber-to'),  Jean.  Bom  at  Caen,  1570: 
died  June  8,  1611.  A  French  ecclesiastic  and 
poet,  secretary  to  the  king,  bishop  of  S6ez, 
and  almoner  to  Marie  de  Medicis. 

Bertha  (ber'tha),  or  Berthrada.  [It.  8p.  Berta, 


Bertinoro 

F.  Berthe.']  The  daughter  of  Caribert,  count 
of  Laon:  called  "Bertha  with  the  large  foot" 
(F.  Berthe  au  grand  pied),  from  the  fact  that 
one  of  her  feet  was  larger  than  the  other,  she 
was  the  wife  of  Pepin  the  Little  and  the  mother  of  Chailes 
the  Great,  and  died  at  Choisy  in  783  at  a  great  age.  She 
has  been  celebrated  by  poems  and  legends  during  many 
centuries.  Some  romances  have  made  her  the  daugliter 
of  an  emperor  of  Constantinople ;  others  make  her  de- 
scend from  Flore,  the  King  of  Hungary,  and  the  queen 
Blanche-Fleur.  One,  by  Adents  le  Eoi,  is  rimed,  and  was 
written  in  the  second  half  of  the  ISth  century  liom  popu- 
lar legends  which  go  back  to  the  8th  century. 

Bertha  (known  as  Gertrude).  The  daughter 
of  the  Duke  of  Brabant  in  "The  Beggar's 
Bush,"  a  comedy  by  Fletcher  and  others. 

Berthelot  (bert-lo'),  Pierre  Eugene  Marcellin. 
Bom  at  Paris,  Oct.  29, 1827.  A  noted  French 
chemist. 

Berthier  (ber-tia'),  Alexandre,  Duke  of  Neu- 
ch&tel  and  Valangiu  and  Prince  of  Wagram. 
Bom  at  Versailles,  Nov.  20,  1753:  died  at  Bam- 
berg, Bavaria,  June  1,  1815.  A  marshal  of  the 
French  empire,  and  confidential  friend  of  Na- 
poleon I.  His  "  M^moires"  were  published  in 
1826. 

Berthold  (ber'told).  Died  1198.  "The Apostle 
of  Livonia."  while  abbot  of  the  Cistercian  monastery 
of  Loccum  he  was  (1196)  consecrated  bishop  of  the  Livoni- 
ans,  to  succeed  Meinhard,  the  first  missionary  in  Livonia. 
He  raised  an  army  in  Lower  Germany  for  the  purpose  of 
converting  the  heathen  by  force  of  arms,  and  was  killed 
in  battle  near  the  mouth  of  the  Diina. 

Berthold  of  Ratishon.  Born  at  Eatisbon  (?) 
about  1220 :  died  at  Eatisbon,  Dec.  13,  1272.  A 
German  Franciscan  preacher  and  missionary 
in  Austria,  Moravia,  Thuriugia,  and  elsewhere. 

BerthoUet  (ber-to-la'),  Claude  Louis,  Comte. 
Bom  at  Talloire,  in  Savoy,  Nov.  9, 1748:  died 
near  Paris,  Nov  6, 1822.  A  noted  French  chem 
ist,  professor  in  the  Normal  School  at  Paris.  He 
joined  Napoleon's  Egyptian  expedition,  returning  in  1799. 
His  works  include  "Essai  de  statique  chimique,"  "^i- 
ments  de  I'art  de  la  teinture,"  "M^thode  de  nomencla- 
ture chimique,"  etc. 

Berthoud  (ber-to'),  Ferdinand.  Bom  at  Neu- 
chatel,  March  19, 1725 :  died  June  20, 1807.  A 
Swiss  mechanician,  famous  for  the  accuracy  of 
his  chronometers.  He  was  the  author  of  "Essai  sur 
I'horlogerle  "  (1766),  "  Traits  des  horloges  marmes  "  (1773), 
"Longitudes  par  la  mesure  du  temps,  etc. "  (1776),  etc. 

Bertie  (b6r'ti),  Peregrine,  Lord  Willoughby 
de  Eresby.  Bom  at  Lower  Wesel,  Cleves, 
Oct.  12,  1555:  died  June  25,  1601.  A  noted 
English  soldier  and  statesman.  He  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Low  Countries  1686-89,  was  appointed 
Sir  Philip  Sidney's  successor  as  governor  of  Bergen-op- 
Zoom  in  March,  1586,  and  succeeded  Leicester  as  com- 
mander-in-chief in  Nov.,  1687.  Later  he  served  under 
Henry  of  Navarre. 

Bertie,  Willoughby,  fourth  Earl  of  Abingdon. 
Bom  Jan.  16,  1740 :  died  Sept.  26,  1799.  An 
English  liberal  statesman  and  political  writer. 
He  opposed  the  war  with  America  1775-83,  and  the  policy 
which  led  to  it,  and  sympathized  with  the  French  Revo- 
lution. He  wrote  * '  Thoughts  on  Mr.  Burke's  Letter  to  the 
Sheriffs  of  Bristol  on  the  Affairs  of  America  "  (17'r7),  etc. 

Bertillon  (ber-te-yon'),  Alphonse.  Bom  at 
Paris,  1853.  A  French  anthropologist,  chief 
of  the  department  of  identification  in  the  Pre- 
fecture of  Poliee  of  the  Seine.  He  devised  a 
method  of  identifying  criminals  by  means  of  measure- 
ments. He  has  written  "  I'Anthropom^trie  judiciaire" 
(1890),  "  Identification  anthropom^trique  "  (1893),  etc. 

Bertin  (ber-tan'),  Edouard  Frangois.  Bom 
at  Paris,  1797:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  13,  1871. 
A  French  journalist  and  artist.  He  succeeded  his 
brother,  Louis  Marie  Armand  Bertin,  in  the  editorship  of 
the  "Journal  des  DSbats." 

Bertin,  Louis  Frangois.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dec. 
14, 1766 :  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  13, 1841.  A  French 
journalist,  founder  in  1800,  with  his  brother, 
Louis  Franjois  Bertin  de  Veaux  (1771-1842),  of 
the  "Journal  des  D6bats,"  changed  by  Napo- 
leon I.  (1805-14)  into  the ' '  Joumal  de  I'Empire." 

Bertin,  Louis  Marie  Armand.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Aug.  22,  1801 :  died  Jan.  12,  1854.  A  French 
journalist,  successor  of  his  father,  Louis  Fran- 
cois Bertin,  in  the  editorship  of  the  "Journal 
des  D6bats." 

Bertin,  Louise  Ang61ig.ue.  Bom  near  Bifevres, 
Seine-et-Oise,  France,  Jan.  15,  1805:  died  at 
Paris,  April  26,  1877.  A  French  singer  and 
composer,  daughter  of  Louis  Francois  Bertin. 
She  composed  the  operas  "Le  Loup  Gfarou"  (1827), 
"  Faust "  (18aiX  "  La  Esmeralda  "  (1836). 

Bertini  (ber-te-ne'),  Henri.  Bom  at  London, 
Oct.  28, 1798 :  died  near  Grenoble,  France,  Oct 
1,  1876.  ■  A  French  pianist  and  composer  for 
the  pianoforte. 

Bertinoro  (ber-te-no'ro).  A  small  town,  in  the 
province  of  Forli,  Enulia,  Italy,  situated  18 
miles  south  of  Ravenna:  famous  for  its  wines. 


Bertoldo 

Bertoldo  (ber-tol'do).  The  hero  of  an  Italian 
comic  romance  written  near  the  end  of  the 
16th  century  by  Julio  Cesare  Croce,  sumamed 
"Delia  Lyra."  Its  popularity  was  very  great 
and  long  continued. 

Bertonio  (ber-to'ne-o),  Ludovlco.  Bom  at 
Permo,  1555:  died,  probably  at  Lima,  Peru, 
Aug.  3,  1628.  An  Italian  Jesuit  missionary. 
He  joined  the  order  in  1B7B,  waa  sent  to  Peru  In  1581,  and 
spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  laboring  among  the  In- 
dians, principally  the  CoUas  or  Aymar&s  of  Upper  Peru. 
Bertonio  left  several  works  on  the  Aymar4  language,  which 
he  first  reduced  to  writing. 

Bertram  (bfer'tram).  [G.  Bertram,  F.  Ber- 
trand,  It.  Bertrarido,  Sp.  Beltran,  Pg.  Bertrao.'] 
1.  The  Count  of  Eousillon  in  Shakspere's 
"  All 's  Well  that  Ends  Well."  See  Selena— 2. 
The  aged  minstrel  who  is  the  companion  and 
protector  of  Lady  Augusta  de  Berkely  in  Scott's 
novel  "  Castle  Dangerous." — 3.  A  tragedy  by 
the  Rev.  E.  C.  Maturin,  produced  in  1816.  The 
character  of  Bertram  is  the  incarnation  of  revenge,  wild 
love,  and  pathos.    Kean  created  the  part. 

Bertram,  Godfrey.  The  Laird  of  EUangowan 
in  Scott's  novel  "Guy  Mannering":  a  man  of 
weak  character,  anxious  for  political  prefer- 
ment, plundered  and  ruined  by  Glossin. 

Bertram,  Harry,  The  sou  of  Godfrey  in  Scott's 
novel  "  Guy  Mannering" :  one  of  the  principal 
characters,  and  the  lover  of  Julia  Mannering. 

Bertram,  Lucy.  The  daughter  of  Godfrey  Ber- 
tram in  Scott's  "  Guy  Mannering." 

Bertran.    See  Bertrand. 

Bertrand  (ber-tron'),  Count  Henri  Gratien. 
Bom  at  Chateauroux,  Indre,  France,  March  28, 
1773 :  died  at  Chateauroux,  Jan.  31,  1844.  A 
French  general,  a  companion  of  Napoleon  I. 
at  Elba  and  St.  Helena.  He  served  with  distinction 
at  Austerlitz,  Spandau,  Friedland,  in  the  campaign  of 
Wagram,  in  Kussia,  at  Leipsic,  and  at  Waterloo.  He  suc- 
ceeded Duroc  as  grand  marshal  of  the  palace.  After  his 
death  his  sons  published  "Les  cam^agnes  d'Egypte  et  de 
Syrie,  m^moires  pour  servir  h  I'histoire  de  Napoleon, 
dict^s  par  lui-mgme,  k  Sainte-H^l^ne,  au  g^n^ral  Ber- 
trand "  (1847). 

Bertrand,  Louis  Jacques  Napoleon  Aloisius, 

Born  at  Ceva,  in  Piedmont,  April  20,1807:  died 
at  Paris,  May,  1841.  A  French  poet  and  jour- 
nalist, author  of  a  posthumous  work,  "Pan- 
taisies  a  la  mani&re  de  Rembrandt  et  de  Cal- 
lot"  (1842). 

Xouis  Bertrand,  a  poet  possessed  of  the  rarest  faculty, 
but  unfortunately  doomed  to  misfortune  and  premature 
death.  Bom  at  C^va  in  Piedmont,  in  1807,  and  brought 
up  at  Dijon,  he  came  to  Paris,  found  there  but  scanty 
encouragement,  and  died  in  a  hospital  in  1841.  His  only 
work  of  any  importance,  "Gaspai-d  dela  Nuit,"  a  series  of 
prose  ballads  arranged  in  verses  something  like  those  of 
the  English  translation  of  the  Bible,  and  testifying  to  the 
most  delicate  sense  of  rhythm  and  the  most  exquisite 

Eower  of  poetical  suggestion,  did  not  appear  until  after 
is  death.  Saintstmry,  French  Lit.,  p.  546. 

Bertrand  de  Bom.    See  Born,  Bertrand  de. 

Bertrand  de  Goth  or  Got.    See  Clement  V. 

Bertrand  du  Guesclin.    See  Du  Guesclin. 

Bertuccio  (ber-to'cho).  A  deformed  court 
jester  in  Tom  Taylor's  tragedy  "The  Fool's 
Revenge."  His  gratified  revenge  on  the  duke  culmi- 
nates in  the  terrible  conviction  that  through  a  mistake  he 
has  compassed  the  abduction  and  dishonor  of  his  own 
child  instead  of  that  of  the  wife  of  his  enemy.  His  hys- 
terical efforts  to  play  the  f  ool,.when  maddened  with  agony, 
in  order  to  gain  admittance  to  the  banquet-room  into 
which  his  daughter  has  been  cairied,  form  a  powerfully 
dramatic  scene. 

Bertulphe.  A  peasant  who  by  his  own  energy 
rose  to  be  the  Provost  of  Bruges,  in  G.  W.  Lov- 
ell's  play  of  that  name.  He  is  reduced  to  the  con- 
dition of  a  serf  by  an  extraordinary  decree,  as  he  had  never 
been  actually  manumitted.  He  rises,  slays  the  earl,  the 
author  of  the  law,  and  kills  himself.  Macready  was  very 
successful  in  the  part. 

Berwick  (ber'ik),  or  Berwick-on-Tweed. 
[Formerly  AherwicTc.'\  A  seaport  in  Northum- 
berland, England,  long  regarded  as  neutral 
between  Scotland  and  England,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Tweed,  it  was  frequently  an  object  of  dispute 
between  the  countries.  It  has  remains  of  the  old  walls. 
Population  (1891),  18,378. 

Berwick,  Duke  of.    See  Mtz-James,  James. 

Berwick  (b^r'wlk).  Miss  Mary.  The  pseudo- 
nym of  Miss  Adelaide  Anne  Procter  in  "Le- 
gends and  Lyrics"  (1858). 

Berwickshire  (ber'ik -shir),  or  Berwick.  A 
county  in  southeastern  Scotland,  lying  between 
Haddington  on  the  north,  the  North  Sea  on 
the  northeast,  Berwick  Bounds  and  Northum- 
berland on  the  southeast,  Roxburgh  on  the 
south,  and  Edinburgh  on  the  west,  its  divisions 
are  the  Merse,  Lammermulr,  and  Lauderdale.  Its  agricul- 
ture is  important.  Area,  461  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  32,398. 

Beryn,  History  of.  A  Middle  English  poem 
formerly  ascribed  (by  Urry)  to  Chaucer  as    The 


152  , 

Merchant's  Second  Tale,"  but  now  rejected. 
The  author  is  unknown. 

Berytus.     See  Beirut, 

Berzelius  (b&r-ze'li-us ;  Sw.  pron.  ber-zil'e-6s), 
Johan  Jacob.  Baron.  Bom  at  Westerl6sa, 
near  Linkoping.  Ostergotland,  Sweden,  Aug. 
29,  1779:  died  at  Stocfliolm,  Aug.  7, 1848.  A 
celebrated  Swedish  chemist.  He  was  appointed 
professor  of  medicine  and  pharmacy  at  Stockholm  1807 


Bethany 

1423 ;  studied  under  the  Platonic  scholar  George  Gemlstas. 
Pletho  ;  became  archbishop  of  Kicsea  in  1437 ;  accompanied 
John  Palaeologus  tol  taly,  in  1438,  to  assist  in  effecting  union 
between  the  Greek  and  Latin  churches;  supported  the- 
Koman  Church  at  the  councils  of  Ferrara  and  Florence, 
whereby  he  gained  the  favor  of  Pope  Eugenlus  IV.  by  whom 
he  was  made  cardinal  in  1439  and  successively  invested  with 
the  archbishopric  of  Siponto  and  the  bishoprics  of  Sabina 
and  Tusculum ;  and  received  the  title  of  Patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople 1463.  He  wrote  "AdversuB  Calumniatorem 
Platonis,"  etc. 


becameperpetualsecretaryof  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  BeSS^geS  (bes-azh').    A  town  in  the  department 
=>„„,,i,„r„  ,o,o.  ,„..  — *„j  „  y. o,=  .  „„.,  K„™=    ^^  g^^^^  southern  France,  33  miles  northwest. 

of  Nlmes.  Near  it  are  important  coal-  and  iron- 
mines.  Population  (1891),  commune,  8,673. 
Bessel  (bes'sel),  Friedrich  Wilhelm.  Born 
at  Minden,  Prassia,  July  22, 1784 :  died  March  17, 
1846.  A  noted  Prussian  astronomer,  director- 
of  the  observatory  at  Konigsberg.  His  works  in- 
clude "  Fundamenta  Astronomice  deducta  ex  observationi- 
bus  J.  Bradley  "  (1818),  "  Astronomisohe  Unterauchungen  " 
(1841-42),  "Populare  Vorlesungen  iiber  wissenschaft- 
liche  GegenstBnde"  (1848),  "Messungen  der  Entfernung- 
doa  61  Sterns  im  Sternbildfe  des  Schwans  "  (1839),  etc. 


Stockhohn  1818;  was  created  a  baron  1835;  and  became 
a  royal  councilor  1838.  He  introduced  a  new  nomencla- 
ture of  chemistry ;  discovered  selenium,  thorium,  and  ce- 
rium ;  first  exhibited  calcium,  barium,  strontium,  colum- 
bium,  or  tantalum,  silicium,  and  zirconium  as  elements ; 
was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  electro-chemical  theory ; 
and  contributed  much  toward  the  perfection  of  the  atomic 
theory  after  Dalton.  His  most  important  work  is  "Lare- 
bok  i  Kemien  "  (1808-28),  which  has  been  translated  into 
every  European  language. 
BeSanQOn  (be-zon-s6n').  [LL.  Besantio(n-), 
Besontio(n-),  L.  reso»Wo(»-),  from  a  tribe  name 
Besontii.^    The  capital  of  the  department  of 


Doubs,  Prance,  situated  on  a  peninsula  nearly  Besselia(bes-se'lia).  The  sweetheartof  Captain, 
surrounded^  by  the  Doubs,  in  lat.  47°  14'  N.,  Crowe,  in  Smollett's  "Sir  Launcelot  Greaves." 
long.  6°  1  B.  It  is  an  important  fortress,  and  BesSemer  (bes'e-m6r).  Sir  Heniy.  Bom  at 
the  seat  of  an  artillery  schooL  It  is  the  chief  place  /~ii,„_n.„„  -Q„«+Pn»,qoi,<™  i?n»io«/l  Tor,  1Q  laiQ. 
in  France  for  the  manufacture  of  watches.  It  contains  Ctarlton,  Hertfordshire,  England,  Jan.  19, 1813: 
the  cathedral,  archbishop's  palace,  Palais  Granvella,  11-  died  at  London,  March  14,  1898.  An  English, 
brary,  museum,  citadel,  the  triumphal  arch  Porte  de  Mars,  engineer,  inventor  of  the  Bessemer-steel  pro- 
and  other  Roman  antiquities.    It  is  the  birthplace  of     gess  (1856-58) 

Granvella,  Pajol,  Moncey,  Modier,  and  yictor  Hugo.    It  _        .V  ,,''     ~  ,.    t___  -o.^iSni...   Ti„v„  «*= 

the  capital  of  the  Sequani,  and  under  the  :&mans  BesSlferOS  (bes-yarO,  Jean  BaptlStC,  Duke  of 


the  capital  of  Maxima  Sequanorum.  From  1184  to  1648  it 
was  a  free  imperial  city,  and  later  the  capital  of  Franche- 
ComtS.  In  1648  it  was  ceded  to  Spain,  and  to  France  in 
1679.  It  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Austrians  in 
1814,  and  was  the  base  of  Bourbaki's  operations  1870-71. 
Population  (1901),  66,266. 
Besant  (bes'ant),  Sir  Walter.    Bom  Aug.  14, 


Istria.  Born  at  Preissac,  Lot,  France,  Aug. 
5  (6?),  1768:  killed nearLiitzen,  Germany,  May 
1,  1813.  A  famous  marshal  of  the  French  em- 
pire. He  served  with  distinction  at  Acre,  Abukir,  Ma- 
rengo,  Austerlitz,  Jena,  Eylau,  Friedland,  Essling,  etc. ; 
and  commanded  at  the  victory  of  Medina  del  Kio-Seco,  in. 
Spain,  July  14,  1808. 


1836:  died  June  9,  1901.    An  English  novelist,  Bessin  (be-sai').    An  ancient  district  in  the- 

account  of  ill  health.    From  1871  to  1882  he  wrote  in    denng  on  the  English  Channel  east  of  the  Co- 
collaboration  with  James  Rice.    Since  the  death  of  the    tentin.     Its  chief  town  is  Bayeux. 
latter  he  has  written  many  novels  and  short  stories.    It  BeSSUS  (bes'us).     [Gr.  Bijffaoc.]      1.  A  satrap  of 
waa  due  to  "All  Sorts  and  Conditions  of  Men"  (1882)  that     Baotria.    He  commanded  the  left  wing  of  the  Persian 


the  People's  Palace  in  the  East  End  of  London  was  built. 

Besborodko  (bes-bo-rod'ko).  Prince  Alexan- 
der Andreyevitch.  Bom  at  Stolnoi,  Little 
Russia,  March  25, 1747:  died  at  St.  Petersburg, 
Aug.  9, 1799.  A  Russian  statesman,  made  sec- 
retary of  foreign  affairs  in  1780,  and  imperial 
chancellor  in  1796, 


army  at  the  battle  of  Arbela,  331 B.  o.  He  murdered  Sarins 
III.  in  330,  and  was  soon  after  captured  by  Alexander,  and 
delivered  to  Oxathres,  the  brother  of  Darius,  by  whom  he- 
was  executed. 

2.  A  blustering,  swaggering  coward  in  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher's  play  "  King  and  No. 
King." 


Bescherelle  (besh-rel'),  Louis  Nicolas.   Bom  Bestuzheff  (bes-to'zhef),  Alexander.    Bom 

-    ■     -       -- -■    ■     Nov.  3  (N.  S.),  1795:  kiUed  near  Tekaterino- 

dar,  in  the  Caucasus,  June,  1837.  A  Russian, 
soldier^  poet,  and  novelist. 
Bestuzheff-Biumin  (bes-tS 'zhef-re-8 'min).. 
Count  Alexei  Petrovitch.  Born  at  Moscow,. 
June,  1693 :  died  April  21, 1766.  A  Russian  di- 
plomatist and  statesman.  He  became  imperial  chan- 
cellor in  1744,  and  was  degraded  from  office,  on  a  charge' of  i 
high  treason,  in  1768.  He  discovered,  in  1725,  a  medicinal 
preparation  of  iron,  tjnctura  tonico-neiTina  BestusewL 


at  Paris,  June  10, 1802 :  died  at  Auteuil,  Feb.  4, 
1883.  A  French  grammarian,  lexicographer, 
and  librarian.  His  works  include  "  Grammaire  na- 
tionale"  (1834-38),  " Dictlonnaire  national"  (1843-46), 
"Les  classiques  et  les  romantiques'*  (1838;  with  Ch. 
Martin),  "La  grammaire  de  TAcad^mie  (1826 :  with  Lar 
motte),  etc. 
Besika  Bay  (bes'i-ka  ba).  A  small  bay  on  the 
northwestern  coast  "of  Asia  Minor,  near  the 
entrance  to  the  Strait  of  Dardanelles, 


Beskow  (bes'kov),  Bernhard  von.    Bom  at  Betancos,  or  Betanzos(ba-tan'th6s),  Domingo 


Stockholm,  Aprir22,  1796:  died  at  Stockholm, 
Oct.  17,  1868.  A  Swedish  dramatist  and  poet. 
His  chief  dramas  are  "Erik  den  Fjortonde"  (1827-28), 
"Torkel  Knutsson,"  "Birger  och  nans  Att^"  "Gustav 
Adolf  1  Tyskland  "  (1838). 
Bess  (bes),  or  Bessee  (be-se'),  the  Blind  Beg- 
gar's daughter  of  Bethnal  Green.    The  subject 


de.  Born  in  Leon :  died  at  Valladolid,  Spain, 
1549.  A  Spanish  missionary  in  Hispaniola, 
Mexico,  and  Guatemala.  His  representation  of  the  ■ 
cruelty  practised  by  the  Spaniards  on  the  natives  occa- 
sioned the  promulgation  of  the  bull  "Veritas  ipsa,"  1637, 
by  Pope  Paul  III.,  in  which  all  Christians  are  commanded' 
to  treat  the  heathen  as  brothers. 


of  a  favorite  popular  ballad,  and  introduced  Betancourt  (be-ton-kor'),  AgUStin  de.     Bom^ 


by  Chettle  and  Day,  and  Sheridan  Knowles,  in 
their  plays  "The  Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green." 

Bess,  Good  Queen.  A  popular  epithet  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  of  England. 

Bessaraba  (bes-sa'ra-ba).    A  family  of  Walla- 


in  Mexico  City,  1620 :  died  1700.  A  Franoiscam 
monk  and  historian,  curate  of  the  palish  of 
San  Jos6.  His  principal  work,  "TeatroMejicano,"  is- 
primarily  a  history  of  his  order  in  Mexico,  but  contains- 
much  of  general  interest. 

ehian  wayWodes,  prominent  in  the"  politics  of  IfJ^B^OS.     See  .Beta»w«       a   o  „   ■  ,,      ,.. 
Rniith««,stRrT,  Eum^e  from  the  13th  to  the  18th  Botanzos,  Juan  Jos6  dc.    A  Spanish  soldier 

who  went  to  Peru,  probably  with  Pizarro  in 


southeastern  Europe  from  the  13th  to  the  18th 
century,  which  has  given  the  name  of  Bessa- 
rabia to  the  region  comprised  between  the 
Pruth  and  the  Dniester. 
Bessaraba  (bes-sa'ra-ba),  Constantine  Bran- 
COVan.  Died  Aug.  26,  1714.  A  waywode  of 
Wallachia  1688  -1714.  He  acted  as  the  secret  agent  of 
Leopold  of  Austria  in  the  war  which  terminated  with  the 
peace  of  Carlowitz  in  1699,  while  ostensibly  supporting 
hi 


1532.  He  settled  at  Cuzco,  and  married  a  daughter  o£r 
the  Inca  Atahualpa.  He  became  an  adept  in  the  Quichuit 
language,  and  wrote  in  it  a  doetrma  and  two  vocabu- 
laries, now  lost.  By  order  of  the  viceroy  Mendoza  he- 
wrote  an  account  of  the  Incas  and  of  the  conquest.  It. 
was  finished  in  1551,  but  remained  in  manuscript  until 
1880,  when  it  was  printed  for  the  "Biblioteca  Hispano- 
Ultramarina,"  with  the  title  "Suma  y  Narracion  de  lofr 
Incas." 


issuzeraintheSultanof  Turkey;  and  served  as  the  ally  of  ■r_+„i,_,_       <j„.  ti^„.,„„ 
Peter  the  Great  in  the  war  against  the  Turks  in  1711,  with  ^ejcnwa.     aeeJieczwa. 
the  result  that  he  was  put  to  death  with  his  four  sons  by  BetOlgeUZe,  or  BOtelgeUX  (bet-el-gferz').      [Ar.. 
order  of  the  sultan.    With  his  death  the  Bessaraba  dynasty     ifei-ai-^dMsa,  the  giant's  shoulder.]     Thebright,. 
was  extinguished.  red,  slightly  variable  Star  a  Orionis,  in  the  right 

Bessarabia  (bes-a-ra  bi-a).  .  A  government  of    shoulder  of  the  constellation.    It  is  sometimes- 
southwestern  Russia,  lying  east  and  northeast    called  Mirgam,  from  aUniream,  the  roarer, 
of  Rumania.    Capital,  KishinefE.    It  was  overrun  Betham  (beth'am).    Sir  William.      Bom   at 
*y.™?.*i'?.£??^5i'n?.™,.??.^f^o^„*iA^*L°^i'S'Ii.?'!?    Stradbrooke,  Suffolk,  England,  May  22,  1779: 


ceded  to  Kussia  by  Turkey  in  1812 ;  waa  ceded  in  part  to 
Moldavia  in  1856 ;  and  was  restored  to  Russia  in  1878. 
Area,  17,619  square  miles.    Population  (1897),  1,936,403. 

Bessarion  (be-sa'ri-on),  Johannes  or  Basilius. 

[MGr.  Beaaapiuv.']  Born  at  Trebizond,  1395 
(14031):  died  at  Ravenna,  Nov.  19,  1472.     A 


died  Oct.  26,  1853.  An  English  'antiquary, 
Ulster  king  at  arms.  His  works  include  "Irish 
Antiquarian  Researches  "  (1827),  "  Origin  and  History.ot 
the  Constitution  of  England,  and  of  the  early  Parliaments 
of  Ireland"  (1884 :  a  reissue,  with  a  new  title,  of  an  earlier 
work),  "The  Gael  and  the^"ymbrl,  etc."(i884),  etc. 


Greek  scholar  and  Roman  Catholic  ecclesiastic,  Betham-Bdwards.    See  Hdwards. 

notable  as  a  patron  of  learning  and  a  collector  Bethany  (beth'a-ni).     [Heb.,  'house  of  pov- 

of  manuscripts.   He  entered  the  order  of  St.  BasU  in    erty.']    A  place'  about  forty  minutes'  ride  froni 


Bethany 

Jemsalem,  on  the  road  to  Jericho,  southeast  of 
the  Mount  of  Olives,  it  is  often  mentioned  in  the 
New  Testament  as  tiie  home  of  Lazaras,  Martha  and 
Mary,  and  of  Simon  the  Leper  (Matt.  xxi.  17,  xxvi.  6; 
Mark  xi.  1  fl. ;  Lnke  xix.  29;  .Tohn  xi.  1:  A.  v.).  It  is  iden- 
tified with  the  modern  El-Azariyeh,  a  village  with  forty 
huts,  inhabited  by  Mohammedans  exclusively. 

Betn-Axbel  (beth-ar'bel).  A  place  mentioned 
in  Hos.  X.  14  as  the  scene  of  a  sack  and  mas- 
sacre by  Shalman :  probably  identical  with  the 
modern  Irbid,  east  of  the  Jordan  and  northeast 
of  Petta.  Shalman  may  he  either  Shalmaneser  III., 
king  of  Assyria  782-772  B.  c,  who  made  a  campaign  against 
Damascus,  or  Salaman,  king  of  Moab,  who  is  mentioned 
in  the  Assyrian  inscriptions  as  having  paid  tribute  to  Tig- 
lath-Pileser  III.,  king  of  Assyria  (746-727  B.  0.). 

Bethel  (beth'el).  [LU  Bethel,  Gr.  BaSfjl,  Heb. 
Beth-el,  house  of  God.]  In  scriptural  geog- 
raphy, a  town  (originally  named  Luz)  in  Pales- 
tine, 12  miles  north  of  Jerusalem,  the  resting- 
place  of  the  ark,  and,  later,  a  seat  of  idolatrous 
worship :  the  modern  Beitin. 

X7p  to  the  last,  customs  that  had  originated  in  a  primi- 
tive period  of  Semitic  belief  survived  in  Phoenician  re- 
ligion. Stones,  more  especially  aerolites,  as  well  as  trees, 
were  accounted  sacred.  The  stones,  after  being  conse- 
crated by  a  libation  of  oil,  were  called  ....  Beth-els, 
"habitations  of  God,"  and  regarded  as  filled  with  the  in- 
dwelling presence  of  the  Deity.  The  Caaba  at  Mecca  is 
a  curious  relic  of  this  old  Semitic  superstition,  which  is 
alluded  to  in  the  Gisdhubar  Epic  of  Chaldea,  and  may  have 
suggested  the  metaphor  of  a  rock  applied  to  the  Deity  in 
Hebrew  poetry.  Prof.  Robertson  Smith,  again,  has  pointed 
out  that  numerous  traces  of  an  early  totemism  lasted 
down  into  the  historical  period  of  the  Semitic  race,  more 
especially  among  the  ruder  nomad  tribes  of  Arabia. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  200. 

Bethel,  Slingsby.  Bom  1617:  died  Feb.,  1697. 
An  English  merchant  and  politician  of  repub- 
lican views.  He  was  tried  and  heavily  fined  in 
May,  1683,  for  an  assault  during  an  election  of 
sheriffs. 

Bethell  (beth'el),  Eichard.  Bom  at  Bradford- 
on-Avon,  England,  June  30,  1800 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, July  20, 1873.  An  English  jtirist  and  states- 
man, created  first  Lord  Westbury  in  1861.  He 
became  attorney-general  in  1856,  and  was  lord 
chancellor  1861-65. 

Bethencourt  (ba-toh-kor'),  Jean  de.  Died 
1425  (1).  A  French  adventurer,  conqueror  of 
the  Canary  Islands.  He  organized  with  Gadifer  de 
la  Salle  an  expedition  which  sailed  from  La  Rochelle,  May 
1,  U02,  in  quest  of  adventure.  Having  arrived  in  the  Ca- 
naries, he  built  a  fort  on  Lanzarote,  which  he  left  in 
charge  of  Gadifer  while  he  returned  for  reinforcements. 
He  came  again  with  the  official  title  of  seigneur  of  the 
Canary  Islands  ;  converted  the  king  of  the  islands  in  1404 
an  event  which  was  followed  by  the  baptism  of  most  of 
the  natives ;  and  returned  to  France  inl406,  after  deputing 
his  nephew  as  governor.  His  exploits  are  recorded  in  a 
"Histoire  de  la  premiere  descouverte  et  conqueste  des 
Canaries,  faite  d6s  I'an  1402  par  messire  Jean  de  Bethen- 
court, esorite  du  temps  mesme  par  F.  Pierre  Eontier 
.  .  .  et  Jean  le  Verrier,  etc."  OflSO). 

Bethesda (be-thes'da).  [Heb., 'house  of  mercy, 
or  'place  of  the  flowing  water.']  In  scriptural 
history,  an  intermittent  spring  near  the  sheep- 
gate  in  Jerusalem,  Palestine :  commonly  iden- 
tified with  the  modern  Birket  IsrHil. 

Bethesda.  A  town  in  Carnarvonshire,  Wales,  5 
miles  southeast  of  Bangor.  Near  it  are  the 
greatPenryhn  slate-quarries.  Population(1891), 

5,799. 

Beth-Gellert.    See  Gellert. 

Beth-horon  (beth-ho'ron),  Upper  and  Nether. 
[Heb.,  '  place  of  the  hollow.']  Two  villages  of 
Palestine,  about  12  miles  northwest  of  Jerusa- 
lem. At  the  pass  between  them  Joshua  defeated  the 
kings  of  the  Amorites.  It  is  also  the  scene  of  a  victory 
of  Judas  Macoabeeus  in  the  2d  century  B.  0. 

Bethlehem  (beth '  le  -  em).  [Heb.,  'house  of 
bread.']  A  town  in  Palestine,  6  miles  south 
of  Jerusalem :  the  modern  Beit-Lahm.  it  was 
the  birthplace  of  David  and  (according  to  Matthew,  Luke, 
and  John)  of  Christ.  The  Convent  of  the  Nativity  at 
Bethlehem  is  a  complex  body  of  structures  distributed 
between  the  Greek  and  Latin  creeds,  and  grouped  around 
the  church,  a  basilica  of  6  naves,  with  apse  and  apsidal 
transepts,  built  by  the  empress  Helena  and  Constantine. 
There  are  four  long  ranges  of  monohthio  Corinthian 
columns  19  feet  high,  above  which  rise  the  walls  of  the 
nave  with  round-arched  windows.  The  choir  is  richly 
ornamented  with  attributes  of  the  Greek  nte ;  beneath 
it  is  the  tortuous  Grotto  of  the  Nativity.  The  apse  and 
parts  of  the  walls  bear  beautiful  Byzantine  mosaics.  The 
church  measures  86  by  136  feet.    Population,  about  5,000. 

Bethlehem.  A  borough  in  Northampton  County, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Lehigh  River  50 
miles  north  of  Philadelphia,  settled  by  the  Mo- 
ravians in  1741.  It  has  manufactures  of  iron 
and  machinery.    Population  (1900),  /,29d. 

Bethlehem,  Synod  of..  An  important  synod 
of  the  Greek  Church  held  at  Bethlehem  in  1672. 
It  condemned  Calvinism  and  Lutheranism,  and  defended 
the  memory  of  Cyril  Lucar,  the  famous  P*'™'*  °  ,i  rffp^' 
andria  and  afterward  of  Constantinop  e,  who  had  died 
in  1638  against  the  imputation  of  Calvinism  The  acts  of 
this  s^od  were  signecf  by  the  Patriarch  of  Jerusalem  and 


153 

other  clerey,  but  have  never  been  fonnally  adopted  with-  Beul6  (b6-la'),  Charles  Emest, 
out  modification  by  the  whole  Orthodox  Eastern  Church.  •"'""''>  «  v/iia,ij.co  iimoou, 

Sometimes  called  Synod  of  Jemsalem. 

Bethlehem  Hospital.    See  Bedlam. 
Bethlehemites  (beth'lf-em-its).     A  religious 

order  founded  in  Guatemala  in  1653,  extended 

to  Mexico  a  few  years  later,  and  ultimately  to 

other  parts  of  Spanish  America.  The  members 

lived  according  to  the  monastic  rules  of  the 

Augustinians. 
Bethnal  Green  (beth'nal  gren).     A  borough 

(municipal)  of  London,  oh  the  left  bank  of  the      .     -;-  .        ,   .  •        ,  ,  ■ 

Thames,  east  of  Spitalfields,  formerly  occupied     Austrian  statesman  and  diplomatist.    He  became 

\,„  „;ii,  „„„„„»„  „„«4.i„  .i„„„™/i„.q  *.„,„  j.i,„  TT..       mmister  of  foreign  aflau-s  in  Saxony  in  1849,  and  during 


Bevis  of  Hampton 

.  Born  at  Sau- 
mur,  Anjou,  France,  June  29,  1826 :  died  April 
4, 1874.    A  French  archseologist  and  politicmn. 

Beurnonville  (ber-n6h-ver),  Pierre  de  Rnel, 
Marquis  de.  Bom  at  ChampignoUe,  Aube, 
France,  May  10,  1752:  died  at  Paris,  April  23, 
1821.    A  French  general  and  politician,  made 

.  a  marshal  of  France  in  1816. 

Beust  (boist),Count  Friedrich  Ferdinand  von. 
Bom  at  Dresden,  Jan.  13,  1809:  died  at  Alten- 
berg,  near  Vienna,  Oct.  24, 1886.    A  Saxon  and 


by  silk-weavers  partly  descended  from  the  Hu- 
guenot refugees.  It  is  noted  as  being  the  locality  men 
tinned  in  the  old  ballad  "The  Blind  Beggar's  Daughter  of 
Bethnal  Green."  Thebeggar'shouseisstlllshown.  (Hare.) 
The  Bethnal  Green  Museum  is  a  branch  of  the  South 
Kensington  Museum,  and  was  opened  in  1872  in  Victoria 
Park  Square,  Cambridge  road,  for  the  poor  of  East  London. 

Bethphage  (beth'faj;  properly  beth' fa -je). 
[Heb.,  'house  of  unripe  figs.']  In  scriptural 
geography,  a  village  in  Palestine,  situated  on 
the  Mount  of  Olives  eastward  from  Jerusalem 
and  near  Bethany.  The  exact  site  is  in  dispute. 
"  The  traditional  site  is  above  Bethany,  halfway  between 
that  village  and  the  top  of  the  mount.     Smitfi. 

Bethsaida  (beth-sa'i-da).  [Heb.,  'fishing- 
place.']  In  scriptural  geography,  a  place  in 
Palestine,  probably  situated  on  the  shore  of  the 


the  decade  preceding  the  Austro-Prussian  war  was  the 
chief  opponent  of  Bismarck  in  German  politics.  His  ob- 
ject was  to  form  a  league  of  the  minor  German  states 
strong  enough  to  hold  the  balance  of  power  between 
Austria  and  Prussia.  He  caused  Saxony  to  side  with 
Austria  in  the  Austro-Prussian  war  of  1866.  Having  en- 
tered the  Austrian  service  as  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
in  Oct.,  1866,  he  succeeded  Beicredi  as  prime  minister  on 
Feb.  7, 1867,  and  on  June  23, 1867,  was  created  chancellor  of 
the  Austrian  empire.  He  reorganized  the  empii  e,  in  1868, 
on  the  basis  of  the  existing  dualistic  union  between  Aus- 
tria and  Hungary.  He  was  dismissed  from  the  control 
of  the  government  Nov.  8, 1871,  and  was  ambassador  to 
London  1871-78,  and  to  Paris  1878-82. 

Benthen  (boi'ten),  or  Niederbeuthen  (ne-der- 
boi'ten).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Silesia, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Oder  in  lat.  51°  45'  N., 
long.  15°  47'  E. 


Sea  of  Galilee  between  Capernaum  and  Mag-  Beuthen,  or  Oberbeuthen  (6-ber-boi'ten).    A 
dala.  manufacturing  and  mining  city  in  the  province 

Beth-shean  (beth'she ' an).     [Heb.,  'house  of    of  Silesia,  Pmssia,  in  lat.  50°  21'  N.,  long.  18° 
rest' or 'of  security.']     See  ScythopoUs.  55' B.    Population  (1890),  commune.  36,905. 

B^thune  (ba-tiln').  A  town  in  the  depart-  Beuzeval-Houlgate  (b6z-val-61-gat').  A  wa- 
ment  of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  situated  on  the  tering-plaee  in  the  department  of  Calvados, 
Brette  in  lat.  50°  30'  N.,  long.  2°  35'  E.  :  -the  France,  situated  on  the  English  Channel  15 
seat  of  an  ancient  barony,  it  has  a  noted  belfry  miles  southwest  of  Le  Havre, 
and  chui'oh  (of  St.  Vaast).  It  was  taken  by  Marlborough  BeVOland  (D.  pron.  ba've-lant),  North.  An 
and  Prince  Eugene  in  1710.   Population  (1891),  commune,     jgiand  in  the  province  of  Zealand,  Netherlands, 

Betrothed,  The.    A  novel  by  Manzoni.     See 

Promessi  Sjposi. 
Betrothed,  The.    One  of  Scott's  "Tales  of  the 

Crusaders,"  published  in  1825. 
Betterton   (bet'er-tgn),  Thomas.    Bom  in 


northeast  of  Walcheren.  Length,  13  miles. 
Beveland,  South.  An  island  in  the  province 
of  Zealand,  Netherlands,  east  of  Walcheren 
and  north  of  the  West  Sehelde.  Its  eastern  coast 
(the  Verdronken  Land)  was  inundated  in  1532.  Its  chief 
town  is  Goes.    Length,  23  miles. 


Tothill  street,  Westminster,  1635  (?) :  died  in  Beveren  (ba'ver-en).  A  town  in  the  province 
Eussell  street,  Covent  Garden,  April  28,  1710.  of  East  Flanders,  Belgium,  6  miles  west  of  Ant- 
An  English  actor  and  dramatist,  son  of  an  werp.  It  has  manufactures  of  lace.  Popula- 
under  cook  of  Charles  I.     He  was  apprenticed  to  a     tiou  (1890),  8,637. 

bookseller.    Little  is  known  of  his  early  life.    It  is  sup-  Beveridffe  (bev'fer-ii),  William.     Bom  at  Bar- 

row,   Leicestershire,  England,  1687:   died  at 
Westminster,  March  5,  1708.    An  English  prel- 


nosed  that  he  began  to  act  in  1656  or  1667.  He  joined 
Davenant's  company  at  the  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  Theatre 
in  1661.  Pepys  at  the  beginning  of  his  career  and  Pope 
at  the  end  spoke  of  him  as  the  best  actor  they  had  ever 
seen.  He  was  intimate  with  Dryden  and  with  the  most 
intellectual  men  of  his  time. 


ate.    He  became  archdeacon  of  Colchester  in  1681,  presi- 
dent of  Sion  College  in  1689,  and  bishop  of  St.  Asaph  in 
1704. 
Of  Betterton'B  eight  plays,  I  find  one  tragedy  borrowed  Beverley   (bev'er-li).      [ME.    Beweri^,  Beverli, 


from  Webster ;  and  of  his  comedies,  one  was  taken  from 
Marston  ;  a  second  based  on  Moli^re's  George  Dandin  ;  a 
third  was  never  printed;  his  "  Henry  the  Fourth"  was 
one  of  those  unhallowed  outrages  on  Shakespeare,  of 
which  the  century  in  which  it  appeared  was  prolific  ;  his 
"Bondman"  was  a  poor  reconstruction  of  Massinger's 
play,  in  which  Betterton  himself  was  marvellously  great ; 
and  his  "Prophetess  "  was  a  conversion  of  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher's  tragedy  into  an  opera,  by  the  efficient  aid  of 
Henry  Purcell,  who  published  the  music  in  score,  in  1691. 
Doran,  Bng.  Stage,  I.  128. 


Bettina  (bet-te'na).    See  Arnim,  Elizabeth  von. 
BettriS  (bet'ris).     A  country  girl  who  loves  gg^g^jgy  (i3g.,,/^r-Ii).     The  gamester 
George-a-Greene,    in  Greene's   play   of   that    Moore's  tragedy  of  that  name.    Ga 


Beverlike,  AS.  Beferlic,  Beuerlic,  Beoferlic,  Beo 
forlic,  from  befer,  beaver,  and  lie,  body  (by 
Bosworth  supposed  to  stand  for  led,  ledh,  lea, 
field).]  A  town  in  the  East  Biding  of  York- 
shire, England,  in  lat.  53°50'N.,  long.  0°26'  W. 
It  contains  Beverley  Minster  and  St.  Mary's  Church.  The 
former  is  a  church  of  the  13th  and  14th  centuries,  with 
double  transepts,  and  a  Perpendicular  facade  fianked  by 
two  towers  resembling  that  of  York.  The  fine  nave  dates 
from  about  1350  ;  the  choir  is  Early  English,  with  a  mod- 
ern  sculptured  screen  and  handsome  old  stalls.  The 
minster  measures  334  b^  64  feet.    Population  (1891),  12,639. 

■  sr  in  Edward 
Garrick  created 

name. 
Bettws-y-Coed  (bet'iis-e-ko'ed).    A  town  in 

Carnarvonshire,  Wales,  situated  at  the  junction  Beverley, 

of  the  Llugwy  and  Conway  17  miles  southeast    Wh^Ii-t  a 

of  Bangor.    It  is  a  tourist  center. 
Betty  (bet'i).     A  diminutive  abbreviation  of 

Elizabeth. 
Betty,   William   Henry   West,  known    as 

"Master  Betty"  and  the   "Young  Koscius." 

Born  at  Shrewsbury,  Sept.  13,  1791:  died  at 

London,  Aug.  24,  1874.    An  English  actor,  es- 
pecially famous  for  his  precocity.    He  made  his 

first  appearance,  on  Aug.  19,  1803,  as  Oswyn  In  "  Zara," 

and  played  Douglas,  BoUa,  Romeo,  Tancred,  and  Ham- 
let within  two  years  with  great  success.    He  left  the     ^^^^  ^^  ^^^  .tiu„u„„,. 

stage  in  1806,  returned  to  it  in  1812,  and  finally  abandoned  ggygjigy  John  of .     See  John  of  Beverley. 

A  French  mineralogist  and  physicist.    He^ecame    ^^"g'^^^^^siy  held  by  his  father,  Major  KobertBeverij;, 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Avignon  in  1811,  la'f  (1813)  published  "A  History  of  the  Present  State  of  Virginia 

professor  of  physics  at  Marseilles,  and  later  (1818)  proles-  K 

sor  of  mineralogy  in  the  faculty  of  sciences  at  Paris.  ■dp.^S    fbev'l)      1.  A  man  of  wit  and  pleasure 

Beulah  (bii'la).  [Heb.,  'she  who  is  married.  ]  ^.«  gj^^^^ell's  comedy  "Epsom  Wells."-2.  A 
1.  In  Isa.  Ixii.  4,  the  name  of  the  land  Israel  ^^^^^  ^f  everytUng  becoming  a  gentleman,  m 
when  it  shall  be  "married."-; 3.  A  land  ot  g^ggig^g  pi^y  arfjiQ  conggious  Lovers." 
rest, "where  the  sun  shineth  night  and  day,  g.^j-  cbe'vis)  of  Hampton  or  Southhamp- 
in  Bunyan's  "  Pilgrim's  Progress."  The  Pilgrims  ^on  Sir  A  brave  knight  whose  adventures  are 
stay  here  till  the  time  comes  fOT  them  to  go  across  the  ^"Jl',^  ^j^  ^^  Arthurian  romance  and  by  Dray- 
river  ol  Death  to  the  Celestial  City.  v,cj.cui<vuo 


the  part.    Mrs.  Beverley  was  a  favorite  character  with 
the  actresses  of  the  time. 

The  jealous  lover  of  Belinda,  in 
Murphy"'s  play  "AH  in  the  Wrong."  ^ 
Beverley,  Constance  de.   The  perjured  nun  in 

Scott's  poem  "  Marmion."    she  loves  Marmion,  and 
"bows  her  pride 
A  horseboy  in  his  train  to  ride." 

She  is  walled  in  alive  in  the  dungeons  of  a  convent  as  a 
punishment  for  her  broken  vows. 
Beverley,  Bnsign.  The  character  assumed  by 
Captain  Absolute  in  Sheridan's  comedy  "The 
Kivals"  to  win  the  love  of  the  romantic  Lydia, 
who  will  not  marry  any  one  so  suitable  as  the 
son  of  Sir  Anthony. 


Bevis  of  Hampton 

ton  in  his  "Polyolbion."  An  old  English  poem  on 
Beviswas  in  the  15th  or  16th  century  turned  into  a  prose 
romance  and  printed  about  1650.  He  was  originally  called 
Beuves  d'ArOone,  from  the  Italian  Buovo  d'Antona,  a  name 
corrupted  into  d'Hantone  in  French  and  Hampton  in 
English.  "  Beuves  d'Hantone  or  Bevis  of  Hampton  is  the 
subject  of  an  old  French  story  which  was  embodied  in  the 
'Keali  di  Franoia'  and  is  only  connected  with  Charle- 
magne by  the  mention  of  King  Pippin  and  the  hero's  kin- 
ship with  the  sons  of  Aymonflie  was  the  father  of  Maugis 
(Malagigi  in  Italian)  and  the  uncle  of  Eenaud  (Rinaldo), 
■one  of  the  four  sons  of  Aymon).  As  a  French  prose  ro- 
mance it  was  printed  by  T^rard  about  1600.  It  has  been 
printed  separately  in  Italian  at  Bologna  in  1480."  Erunic. 
Brit,  XX.  653. 

Bevis.  The  horse  of  Lord  Marmion  in  Sir  Wal- 
ter Seott's  poem  "  Marmion." 

Bevis  Marks.  A  thoroughfare  in  St.  Mary  Axe, 
near  Houndsditeh,  London.  It  is  referred  to  in 
Dickens's  "Old  Curiosity  Shop." 
Bewick  (bii'ik),  Thomas.  Born  at  Chenybum, 
near  Neweastle-on-Tyne,  Aug.,  1753:  died  at 
Gateshead,  near  Newcastle,  Nov.  8,  1828.  An 
English  wood-engraver.  He  was  apprenticed  at  the 
age  of  fourteen  to  Italph  Bielby,  a  copperplate  engraver 
at  Newcastle.  His  first  work  of  any  importance  was  the 
woodcuts  to  Hutton's  book  on  mensuration  (1770);  after 
this  he  did  most  of  Bielby's  wood-engraving  business. 
At  the  expiration  of  his  apprenticeship  he  went  to  Lon- 
don, but  returned  shortly  to  Newcastle,  where  he  entered 
into  partnership  with  Bielby  and  occupied  his  old  shop  in 
St.  Nicholas  Churchyard  till  a  short  time  before  his  death. 
Among  his  chief  works  are  the  illustrations  of  "Gay's 
Fables"  (1779),  "Select  Fables"  (1784),  a  "General  History 
of  Quadrupeds"  (1790),  and  his  most  famous  work,  "The 
History  of  British  Birds"  (1797),  in  which  he  showed  the 
knowledge  of  a  naturalist  combined  with  the  skill  of  an 
artist.  His  last  work  was  the  illustrations  of  "Maop'a 
Fables,"  upon  which  he  was  engaged  six  years.  He  was 
assisted  by  his  son  Robert  Elliot,  and  by  some  of  his 
pupils. 

Bex  (ba).  A  small  town  in  the  canton  of  Vaud, 
Switzerland,  near  the  Ehone  27  miles  southeast 
of  Lausanne. 

Bexar  (ba-nar'  or  ba-ar')  Territory  or  Dis- 
trict. A  region  in  western  Texas  adjoining 
New  Mexico,  and  bounded  by  the  Eio  Pecos 
on  the  southwest.  Area,  about  25,000  square 
miles. 

Sexley,  Baron.    See  Vansittart, 

Beyerland.    See  Beierland. 

Beylan.    See  Beilan. 

Beyle  (bal),  Marie  Henri.  Born  at  (Jrenoble, 
France,  Jan.  23, 1783 :  died  at  Paris,  March  23, 
1842.  A  French  writer  and  critic,  best  known 
by  his  pseudonym  "De  Stendhal."  He  was  the 
author  of  lives  of  Napoleon,  Haydn,  Mozart,  Rossini,  and 
Metastasio,  "  Histoire  de  la  peinture  en  Italie "  (1817), 
"Racine  et  Shakespeare"  (1823-25),  novels  "Armance" 
0827),  "Le  rouge  et  le  noir"  (1830),  "La  Chartreuse  de 
Parme  "  (1839),  etc.    For  a  time  he  called  himself  de  Beyle. 

Beylerbeg  Serai  (ba'16r-beg'  se-rl').  A  sum- 
mer-palace in  Constantinople,  finished  in  1865 
by  Abdul-Aziz,  on  the  Bosporus.  The  water 
la^ade  displays  great  purity  and  harmony  of  design,  and 
the  grand  staircase  and  ceremonial  saloons,  decorated  in 
a  Turkish  modification  of  the  Moorish  style,  are  master- 
pieces in  their  way. 

Beyrout.    See  Beirut. 

Beza.    See  Be2e,  TModore  de. 

Bezaleel  (be-zal'e-el).  [Heb.,'inthe  shadow 
of  God.']  The  artificer  who  executed  the  works 
of  art  on  the  tabernacle. 

Bezaliel.  In  Dryden  and  Tate's  satire  "Absa- 
lom andAchitophel,"a  character  meant  for  the 
Marquis  of  Worcester,  afterward  duke  of  Beau- 
fort.   He  was  noted  for  his  devotion  to  learn- 

B^ze,  or  Besze  (baz),  L.  Beza  (be'za),  Theo- 
dore de.  Born  at  V^zelay,  Prance,  June  24, 
1519 :  died  at  Geneva,  Oct.  13,  1605.  A  noted 
theologian,  the  successor  of  Calvin  as  leader 
of  the  Reformed  Church  at  Geneva.  He  studied 
the  classics  under  the  humanist  Melchior  Wolmar  at  Or- 
leans and  Bourges  1528-35 ;  studied  law  in  the  University 
of  Orleans  1535-39 ;  repaired  to  the  University  of  Palis  in 
1539,  where  he  eventually  devoted  himself  to  humanistic 
studies  ;  published  a  collection  of  poems,  "Juvenilia,"  in 
1548  ;  fled  in  the  same  year  to  Geneva,  where  he  abjured 
Catholicism ;  became  professor  of  Greek  in  the  academy 
at  Lausanne  in  1549 ;  accepted  the  rectorship  of  the  acad- 
emy at  Geneva  and  a  pastorate  in  Genevaln  1559 ;  partici- 
pated in  the  Colloquy  of  Poissy  in  1661,  and  St.  Germam 
in  1662 ;  became  the  successor  of  Calvin  at  Geneva  on  the 
latter's  death  in  1564 ;  presided  at  the  synods  of  the  French 
Reformers  at  La  Rochelle  in  1571,  and  Nlmes  in  1572 ;  and 
participated  in  the  Colloquy  at  Mompelgard  in  1686.  He 
wrote  "De  Hrereticis  a  Civili  Magistratu  Puniendis,  in 
which  he  defends  the  execution  of  Servetus,  etc. 

Beziers  (ba-zia').  A  city  in  the  department  of 
Herault,  France,  in  lat.  43°  21'  N.,  long.  3°  12' 
E. :  the  Roman  Biterra  Septimanorum.  it  con- 
tains the  noted  Cathedral  of  St.  Nazaire.  Thousands  of  its 
citizens  were  massacred  in  1209,  in  the  Albigensian  war. 
Population  (19011,  52,077. 

Bezonian.  A  beggar;  a  mean,  low  person.  Ac- 
cording to  Florio  a  bisogno  is  "  a  new  levied  soldier,  such 
as  comes  needy  to  the  wars."  Cotgrave,  in  Imongne,  axys, 
"  a  fllthie  knave,  or  clowne,  a  raskall,  a  bisonian,  base- 


154 

humoured  scoundrel."  Its  original  sense  is  'a  raw  re- 
cruit ';  benc&  as  a  term  of  contempt, '  a  beggar,  a  needy  per- 
son.'   Used  by  Shakspere  in  "2  Henry  IV.,"  v.  3. 

Bhadrinath   (bha-dri-nath'),   or   Badrinath 

(ba-dri-nath').  A  sacred  town  in  Gurhwal, 
Hindustan,  80  miles  north  of  Almora. 

Bhagalpur  (bhag-al-por').  A  division  in  Behar, 
British  India.  Area,  20,492  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 8,063,160. 

Bhagalpur.  A  district  In  the  Bhagalpur  divi- 
sion, British  India.  Area,  4,226  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  2,032,696. 

Bhagalpur.  The  chief  town  of  Bhagalpur. 
Population  (1891),  69,106. 

Bhaga vadgita  (bha  "  ga  -  vad  -  ge '  ta) .  In  San- 
skrit literature, '  the  song  of  Bhagavat,'  that  is, 
the  mystical  doctrines  sung  by  '  the  adorable 
one,'  a  name  of  Krishna  when  identified  with 
the  Supreme  Being.  The  author  is  unknovra.  He 
is  supposed  to  have  lived  in  India  in  the  1st  or  2d  century 
of  our  era.  His  poem  was  at  an  early  date  dignified  by  a 
place  in  the  Mahabharataj  but  is  of  a  much  later  date 
than  the  body  of  that  epic.  Its  philosophy  is  eclectic, 
combining  elements  of  the  Sankhya,  Yoga,  and  Vedanta 
systems  with  the  later  theory  of  Bhakti,  or  'faith.'  The 
whole  composition  is  skilfully  thrown  into  the  form  of  a 
dramatic  poem  or  dialogue,  characterized  by  great  lofti- 
ness of  thought  and  beauty  of  expression.  The  speakers 
are  the  two  most  important  personages  of  the  Mahabha- 
rata,  Arjuna  and  Krishna.  In  the  great  war  Krishna  re- 
fused to  take  up  arms  on  either  side,  but  consented  to  act 
3S  Arjuna's  charioteer  and  to  aid  him  with  counseL  At 
the  commencement  of  the  Bhagavadgita  the  two  armies 
are  in  battle  array,  when  Arjuna  is  struck  with  compunc- 
tion at  the  idea  of  fighting  his  way  to  a  kingdom  through 
the  blood  of  his  kindred.  Krishna's  replyis  made  the  oc- 
casion of  the  dialogue  which  in  fact  constitutes  the  Bha- 
gavadgita, the  main  design  of  which  is  to  exalt  the  duties 
of  caste  above  all  other  obligations,  including  the  ties  of 
friendship  and  affection,  but  at  the  same  time  to  show 
that  the  practice  of  those  duties  is  compatible  with  the 
self-mortification  of  the  Yoga  philosophy  as  well  as  with 
the  deepest  devotion  to  the  .Supreme  Being,  with  whom 
Krishna  claims  to  be  identified. 

Bhaga vatapurana  (bha"ga  -  va  -  ta  -p6  -  ra'ua). 
'The  purana  of  Bhagavata'  or  Vishnu,  a  work 
of  great  celebrity  in  India,  exercising  a  more 
powerful  influence  upon  the  opinions  of  the 
people  than  any  of  the  other  puranas.  It  con- 
sists of  18,000  verses,  and  is  ascribed  by  Colebrooke  to  the 
grammarian  Vopadeva,  of  about  the  13th  century  A.D.  Its 
most  popular  part,  the  tenth  book,  which  narrates  the 
history  of  Krishna,  has  been  translated  into  many  of  the 
vernaculars  of  India. 

Bhairava  (bM'ra-va)  (masc),  Bhairavi  (-ve) 
(fem.).  [Skt., 'fhe  terrible.']  Names  of  Shiva 
and  his  wife  Devi.  The  Bhairavas  are  eight  in- 
ferior forms  or  manifestations  of  Shiva,  all  of 
them  terrible. 

Bhamo  (bha-mo').  A  town  in  Burma,  in  British 
India,  situated  on  the  Irawadi  in  lat.  24°  16' 
N.,  long.  95°  55'  E.     It  is  a  trading  center. 

Bhandara  (bhun'du-ra).  A  district  in  the 
Nagpur  division.  Central  Provinces,  British  In- 
dia, in  lat.  20°-22°  N.,  long.  79°-81°  E.  Area, 
3,922  square  miles.    Population(1891),  742,887. 

Bharata  (bha'ra-ta).  In  Hindu  mythology  and 
legend:  (a)  A  hero  and  king  from  whom  the 
people  called  Bharatas,  often  mentioned  in  the 
Rigveda,  are  represented  as  descended,  (ft) 
Son  of  Dasharatha  by  Kaikeyi,  and  half-brother 
of  Ramachandra.  His  mother  brought  about  the  ex- 
ile of  Rama,  but  Bharata  refused  to  supplant  him.  On 
his  father's  death,  Bharata  went  to  bring  Rama  back  to 
Ayodhya  and  place  him  on  the  throne.  Rama  refused 
to  return  until  the  end  of  his  exile,  and  Bharata  declined  to 
reign,  but  at  last  consented  to  rule  in  Rama's  name,  (c) 
A  prince  of  the  Puru  branch  of  the  Lunar  race, 
son  of  Dushyanta  and  Shakuntala.  Through  their 
descent  from  Bharata  the  Kauravas  and  Pandavas,  but 
especially  the  Pandavas,  were  called  Bharatas,  'descen- 
dants of  Bharata.' 

Bfaartrihari  (bhar"tri-ha'ri).  In  Sanskrit  lit- 
erature, a  brother  of  King  Vikramaditya,  to 
whom  are  ascribed  three  Shatakas,  or  'centuries 
of  verse':  (a)  The  Sringarashataka,  or  'Century  of 
Verses  on  Love ';  (&)  Nitishataka, '  Century  on  Politics  and 
Ethics';  (c)  Vairagyashataka,  'Century  on  Austerity";  a 
grammatical  work,  the  Vakyapadiya;  and  by  some  the 
Bhattikavya. 

Bhartpnr.    See  Bhurtpore. 

Bhaskara  (bhas'ka-ra).  In  Sanskrit  literature, 
a  celebrated  astronomer  and  mathematician 
of  the  12th  century.  He  wrote  the  Siddhanta- 
siromani,  which  contains  treatises  on  algebra, 
arithmetic,  and  geometry. 

Bhattikavya  (bhat-te-kav'ya).  In  Sanskrit  lit- 
erature, '  the  poem  of  Bhatti,'  an  artificial  epic 
poem  by  Bhatti,  celebrating  the  exploits  of 
Rama,  and  illustrating  Sanskrit  grammar  by  the 
employment  of  all  possible  forms  and  construc- 
tions.   By  some  it  is  ascribed  to  Bhartrihari. 

Bhavabhuti  (bha-va-bho'ti).  A  Sanskrit  poet 
who  lived  in  the  8th  century  a.  d.  ,  author  of  the 
three  dramas  "  Malatimadhava,"  "Mahavira- 
oharita,"  and  "  Uttararamaoharita." 


Blanca 

Bhavishyapurana  (bha-vish'ya-pb-ra'na).  In 
Sanskrit  literature, '  the  purana  of  the  future.' 
It  is  one  of  the  eighteen  puranas,  supposed  to  have  been 
a  revelation  of  future  events  by  Brahma  and  communicated 
by  Sumantu  to  Satanika,  a  king  of  the  Pandu  family.  The 
extant  purana  is  not  prophetic,  but  a  manual  of  rites  and 
observances.  The  commencement,  treating  of  creation,  is 
scarcely  more  than  a  transcript  of  Mann. 

Bhawalpur.    See  Bahawalpur. 

Bhil  (bhel)  States.  A  group  of  native  states  in 
Central  British  India,  in  the  Vindhya  and  Sat- 
pura  Mountains. 

Bhima  (bhe'ma).  [Skt.  .BMma,  the  terrible.]  In 
Hindu  mythology,  the  reputed  second  son  of 
Pandu,  but  in  reality  the  son  of  his  wife  Pritha 
or  Kunti  by  Vayu,  the  god  of  the  wind.  Ue  was 
remarkable  for  his  vast  size  and  strength  and  voracious 
appetite.    Also  csdled  Bhlmasena  and  Vrikodara. 

Bhoja  (bho'ja).  A  name  borne  by  a  number  of 
Hindu  kings.  A  king  Bhoja,  ruler  of  Malava,  who 
dwelt  at  Dhara  and  Ujjayini,  and  who,  according  to  an 
inscription,  lived  about  1040-1090  A.  D.,  is  said  by  tradition 
to  have  been  the  Vilsrama  at  whose  court  the  "nine  gems  " 
flourished. 

Bhopal  (bho-pai').  A  political  agency  connected 
with  Central  India.  It  includes,  among  others,  the 
native  state  Bhopal,  lat.  23°  N.,  long.  77°  B.  Area,  6,950 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  952,486. 

Bhopal.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Bhopal. 
Population  (1891),  70,338. 

Bhrigu  (bhri'go).  In  Vedic  mythology,  the 
name  of  a  class  of  beings  who  discover  fire 
and  bring  it  to  men.  The  Bhrigus  have  shut  up  fire 
within  the  wood.  They  are  enumerated  with  other  divine 
beings,  especially  with  the  Angirases  and  the  Atharvans. 
One  of  the  chief  Brahmanical  tribes  bears  the  name,  and 
also  a  rishi  as  representative  of  the  tribe. 

Bhurtpore  (bhfert-por'),  or  Bhartpur  (bhart- 
por').  A  feudatory  state  in  Rajputana,  British 
India.  Area,  1,961  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  640,303.  Its  capital,  Bhurtpore,  has  a 
population  (1891)  of  68,033. 

Bhutan  (bha -tan'),  or  Bootan  (bo -tan').  A 
country  in  Asia,  Ijang  between  Tibet  on  the 
north,  Sikhim  on  the  west,  and  British  India,  oc- 
cupied largely  by  the  Himalayas.  The  capital  is 
Punakha.  Power  held  by  the  Deb  Raja  (secular  head), 
the  DharmRaja  (spiritual  head),  and  chieftains.  Reli- 
gion, Buddhism.  Part  of  it  was  annexed  by  Great  Britain 
in  1865.  Area,  13,000  square  miles.  Population,  about 
200  000 

Biard  (be-ar'),  Auguste  Francois.    Bom  at 

Lyons,  France,  June  27,  1800 :  died  near  Fon- 
tainebleau,  July  8,  1882.  A  French  genre 
painter. 

Biafra  (be-a'fra).  A  small  district  in  western 
Africa,  situated  on  the  Bight  of  Biafra  about 
lat.  3°  N. 

Biafra,  Bight  of.  The  eastern  part  of  the 
Gulf  of  Guinea,  on  the  western  coast  of  Africa, 
between  capes  Formosa  and  Lopez. 

Biainia.  An  ancient  name  of  Van.  See  Ar- 
menia. 

Biala  (bya'la).  A  town  in  Galicia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Biala,  opposite  Bielitz, 
42  miles  west-southwest  of  Cracow.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  7,622. 

Bialowicza  (bya-lo-ve'cha),  Forest  of.  A  for- 
est in  Lithuania.    See  the  extract. 

"The  Hercynian  Forest," in  Gibbon's  words,  "over- 
shadowed a  great  part  of  Germany  and  Poland."  It 
stretched  from  the  sources  of  the  Rhine  and  Danube  to 
regions  far  beyond  the  Vistula.  Its  relics  remain  in  the 
Black  Forest,  the  forests  of  the  Hartz,  and  the  woods  of 
Westphaha  and  Nassau.  Only  one  portion  remains  In 
its  primeval  state :  the  Imperial  Forest  of  Bialowicza  ' 
covers  360  square  miles  of  marsh  and  jungle  in  Lithuania, 
and  is  reserved  by  a  benevolent  despotism  as  the  home  of 
the  aurochs  and  the  elk.  In  the  days  of  Pytheas  the 
natural  forests  stretched  eastwards  from  the  Rhine  "  for 
more  than  two  months'  journey  for  a  man  making  the 
best  of  his  way  on  foot."     Elton,  Origins  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  61. 

Bialystok.    See  Bielostok, 

Bianca  (bi-an'ka).  [It.,  feminine  of  Maneo, 
from  ML.  blancus  (E.  blank),  white.]  1.  The 
sister  of  Katharine  in  Shakspere's  "Taming  of 
the  Shrew":  a  mild  and  well-bred  maiden,  a 
contrast  to  "Katharine  the  Curst." — 2.  A 
woman  of  Cyprus  with  whom  Cassio  had  an 
amorous  intrigue,  in  Shakspere's  tragedy 
"Othello."— 3.  A  Venetian  beauty  in  Middle- 
ton's  plaj  "  Women  beware  Women,"  married 
to  Leontio  and  tempted  to  become  the  duke's 
mistress  by  a  shameless  woman. —4.  The  Duch- 
ess of  Pavia  in  Ford's  play  "Love's  Sacrifice": 
a  gross  and  profligate  woman  who  has  the  art 
of  appearing  innocent  by  denyingthe  favors  she 
means  to  grant. — 5.  A  pathetic  and  beautiful 
character,  "the  Pair  Maid  of  the  Inn,"  in  Mas- 
singer,  Rowley,  and  Fletcher's  play  of  that 
name. —  6.  The  wife  of  Fazio  in  Dean  MUman's 
play  "Fazio."  Out  of  jealousy  she  ruins  her  husband, 
but  repents,  and,  not  being  able  to  undo  her  work,  dies  ot 
4  broken  heart. 


Bianca  villa 

Biancavllla  (be-an-ka-vel'la).  A  town  in 
Sicily,  9  miles  west-northwest  of  Catania :  the 
ancient  Inessa.    Population,  13,000. 

Bianchi  (be-an'ke).  The.  [It.,' the  Whites.']  A 
political  faction  which  arose  in  Tuscany  about 
1300.  The  Guelph  lamUy  of  the  CanceUieri  at  Pistoia 
having  banished  the  GhlbelUne  family  of  the  Panoiatichi,  a 
feud  arose  between  two  distantly  related  branches  of  the 
former,  distinguished  by  the  names  of  Bianchi  and  Keri, 
which.  1296-1300,  became  so  violent  that  Florence,  in  order 
to  pacify  Pistoia,  engaged  that  city  to  banish  the  whole 
family  of  the  Cancellieri,  but  at  the  same  time  opened  its 
own  gates  to  them.  In  Florence  the  Neri  allied  them- 
selves with  Corso  Donati  and  the  violent  Guelphs,  and  the 
Bianchi  with  Veri  de  Cerchi  and  the  moderate  Guelphs, 
and  subsequently  with  the  Ghibellines  and  the  Panciatichi. 
Boniface  VIII.  espoused  the  party  of  the  Neri,  and  sent, 
nominally  to  bring  about  a  reconciliation,  Charles  de  Va- 
lois  to  Florence  in  1301,  with  the  result  that  the  Bianchi, 
among  whom  was  Dante,  were  exiled. 

Bianchini  (be-an-ke'ne),  Francesco.  Bom  at 
Verona,  Italy,  Dee.  13,  1662:  died  at  Rome, 
March  2,  1729.  A  noted  Italian  astronomer 
and  antiquary. 

Bianco  (be-an'ko),  or  Biancho  (be-an'ko), 
Andrea.  A  Venetian  ehartographer  who  lived 
in  the  first  half  of  the  15th  century.  He  left  a 
collection  of  hydrographical  charts  anterior  to  the  discov- 
ery of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  of  America.  In  a  chart 
■dated  1436  he  shows  two  islands  west  of  the  Azores,  named 
" Antillia  "  and  '*  De  laman  Satanaxio,"  which  some  claim 
indicate  a  Icnowledge  of  the  two  Americas. 

Biarritz  (be-ar-rets').  A  watering-place  in  the 
department  of  Basses-Pyr6n6es,  Trance,  situ- 
ated on  the  Bay  of  Biscay  5  miles  west-south- 
west of  Bayonne.  it  Is  one  of  the  chief  bathing- 
places  in  France,  and  is  also  a  noted  winter  resort.  It 
was  developed  during  the  second  empire.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  9,177. 

Bias  (bi'as).  [Grr.  Bioc.]  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  son  oiE  Amythaon,  and  brother  of  Melampus. 
He  obtained  a  third  part  of  thekiugdom  of  Argos. 

Bias.  Born  at  Priene,  in  Ionia :  lived  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  6th  century  B.  c.  One  of  the  "  Seven 
Sages"  of  G-reeoe,  noted  for  his  apothegms. 

Bias.    See  Beas. 

Bibbiena  (beb-be-a'na)  (Bernardo  Dovizio  or 
Devizio),  Cardinal.  Bom  at  Bibbiena,  Arezzo, 
Italy,  Aug.  4, 1470 :  died  Nov.  9, 1520.  An  Ital- 
ian poet.  He  was  the  intimate  friend  of  Ra- 
phael. He  was  the  private  secretary  of  Cardinal  Giovanni 
de'  Medici  (Pope  Leo  X-)>  and  was  made  cardinal  in  1513. 
He  wrote  the  comedy  "Calandria"(1521),  etc.  Also  called 
Bernardo  di  Tarlatti. 

Bibbiena  (Fernando  Galli).  Bom  at  Bologna, 
Italy,  1653 :  died  at  Bologna,  1743.  An  Italian 
painter  and  architect. 

Biberach.  (be'ber-aoh).  A  town  in  the  circle 
of  the  Danube,  Wurtemberg,  22  miles  south- 
west of  Ulm:  formerly  a  free  imperial  city. 
Here  the  French  defeated  the  Austrians,  Oct.  2, 1796,  and 
May  9,  1800.    Population  (1890),  commune,  8,264. 

Bibesco  (be-bes'ko),  George  Demetrius.  Bom 
1804 :  died  at  Paris,  June  1, 1873.  A  Walla- 
chian  politician,  hospodar  of  Wallachia  1842-48. 

Bibesco,  Barbo  Demetrius  (adopted  name 
Stirbei).  Born  1801:  died  at  Nice,  France, 
April  13,  1869.  A  Wallachian  politician, 
brother  of  George  Demetrius  Bibesco,  hospo- 
dar of  "Wallachia  1849-56. 

Bibena.    See  BilUena. 

Bible  (bi'bl).  The.  See  Miles  Coverdale,  WycUf, 
Thomas  Bentham,  Sepiuagint,  Mazarm  Bible, 
etc. 

Bible  of  Forty-two  Lines,  The,  An  edition  of 
the  Vulgate,  printed  between  1450  and  1455  by 
Gutenberg  and  his  companions.  The  boolt  proper 
consists  of  1,282  printed  pages,  2  columns  to  the  page,  and, 
for  the  most  par^  with  42  lines  to  the  column. 

Bible  of  the  Poor,  or  Biblia  Pauperum.    See 

the  extract. 

It  is  probable  that  the  illustrations  were  made  first,  and 
that,  in  the  beginning,  the  Bible  of  the  Poor  was  a  book  of 
pictures  only.  Some  German  antiquarians  say  that  the 
book  in  its  original  form,  was  designed  and  explained  by 
a  monk  named  Wernher,  who  was  living  in  1180,  and  was 
famous  during  his  lifetime  both  as  a  painter  and  a  poet. 
Other  German  authorities  put  the  origin  of  the  first  manu- 
script as  far  back  as  the  ninth  century,  attributing  the 
work  to  Saint  Augustine,  first  bishop  of  Hamburg.  It 
seems  to  have  been  a  popular  manuscript,  for  copies 
written  before  the  fifteenth  century  have  been  found  m 
many  old  monasteries.  These  copies  are  not  alike. 
Nearly  eveiy  transcriber  has  made  more  or  less  alterations 
and  innovations  of  his  own ;  but  the  general  plan  of  the 
book— the  contrasting  of  apostles  with  prophets,  and  of 
the  patriarchs  of  the  Old  Testament  with  the  saints  of  the 
Christian  church— has  been  preserved  in  all  the  copies. 
De  Yirme,  Invention  of  Printing,  p.  198. 

Bible  of  Thirty-six  Lines,  The.  A  large  demy 
folio  of  1,764  pages,  made  up,  for  the  most 
part,  in  sections  of  10  leaves,  and  usually  bound 
in  3  volumes.  Bach  page  has  2  columns  of  36  lines 
each.  A  copy  was  given  to  a  monaster  near  Mainz  by 
Gutenberg.  It  is  called  the  oldest  edition  of  the  Latin 
Bible. 


155 

Bibliander  (bib'li-an-d6r)  (originally  Buch- 
mann),  Theodore.  Bom  at  Bischoffszell,  Thur- 
gau,  1504:  died  at  Zurich,  Nov.  26,  1564.  A 
Swiss  divine  and  Orientalist.  He  was  professor  of 
theology  and  Oriental  philology  in  the  University  of  Zu- 
rich 1532-60,  when,  on  account  of  his  opposition  to  the 
Calvinistlc  doctrine  of  predestination,  he  was  deposed. 
He  wrote  a  Latin  translation  of  the  Koran,  and  made  many 
valuable  contributions  to  the  history  of  Mohammedanism. 

Bibliophile  Jacob,  Le.  A  novel  by  Balzac, 
written  in  1830. 

Bibliothfeque  de  Ste.  aenevl&ve.  Originally, 
the  library  of  the  Abbey  of  Ste.  Genevieve, 
founded  in  1624.  The  present  structure  and  organi- 
zation date  from  1850.  The  library  is  especially  rich  in 
incunabula,  fine  Aldines  and  Elzevirs,  and  otlier  impres- 
sions of  early  printers.  It  has  also  a  fine  collection  of 
manuscripts. 

Biblioth^que  Mazarin.  A  library  of  about  140,  - 
000  volumes  and  3,000  manuscripts,  founded  by 
Cardinal  Mazarin.  It  is  rich  in  bibliographic 
curiosities. 

Biblioth^que  Nationale.  The  great  French 
library,  the  largest  in  the  world,  it  has  been 
called  successively  La  Biblioth^que  du  Roi,  Royale,  Natio- 
nale, Imp^riale,  and  Nationale.  The  Bibliotlieque  du 
Roi  was  originally  in  the  Palais  de  la  Cit^,  consisting  of 
the  library  of  King  John.  He  bequeathed  it  to  Charles 
v.,  who  removed  it  and  collected  a  library  of  910  volumes 
in  the  Louvre.  This  was  sold  to  the  Duke  of  Bedford. 
Louis  XI,  partly  repaired  this  loss  and  added  the  first 
results  of  the  new  invention  of  printing.  Louis  XII. 
established  it  at  Blois,  incorporating  it  with  the  Orleans 
library.  The  Gruthuyse  collection  was  next  added  to  it. 
Francis  I.  transferred  the  library  to  Fontainebleau,  and 
placed  it  in  charge  of  Jean  Budi6.  Henry  II.  made  obliga- 
tory the  deposit  of  one  copy  of  every  book  published  in 
the  kingdom.  Henry  IV.  brought  it  back  to  Paris,  where 
it  changed  in  location  frequently  before  resting  in  its  pres- 
ent quarters  in  the  Palais  Mazarin,  Rue  Richelieu.  Na- 
poleon I.  increased  the  government  grant,  and  under  his 
care  the  library  was  much  eolarged.  It  contains  2,500,000 
volumes,  90,000  manuscripts,  and  collections  of  prints  and 
medals.    It  is  especially  ricli  in  Oriental  manuscripts. 

Biblis  (bib'lis).  A  woman  of  Miletus  who  fell  in 
love  with  her  brother  Caunus  and  was  changed 
into  a  fountain.     Ovid,  Met.,  ix.  662. 

Bibra  (be'bra),  Ernst  von.  Bom  at  Sohweb- 
heim,  Bavaria,  June  9, 1806 :  died  at  Nuremberg, 
June  5,  1878.  A  German  chemist,  naturalist, 
traveler,  and  novelist.  Among  his  numerous  works 
are  "Reisen  in  Siidamerika"  (1854),  "Die  narkotischen 
Genussmittel  und  der  Menscn"  (1855),  "Erinnerungen 
aus  Siidamerika  "(1861),  "Aus  Chile,  Peru,  und  Brasiliea" 
(1862),  "Reiseskizzen  und  Novellen"  (1864),  etc. 

Bibracte  (bi-brak'te).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  town  in  central  Gaul,  the  capital  of  the  .^dui, 
on  the  site  of  Mont  Beuvray  8  miles  west  of 
Autun,  with  which  it  was  formerly  identified. 
Near  it  C»sar  defeated  the  .^dui. 

Bibrax  (bi'braks).  [L.  Bibraeie  or  Bibrax,  6r. 
Bij3pa^,  according  to  Zeuss  'beaver  town,'  from 
OGaul.  *bebros  =  L.  fiber  =  E.  beaver.  Cf. 
Beverley.  ]  In  ancient  geography,  a  town  of  the 
Remi,  in  Gaul.  It  is  placed  by  d'Anville  at 
BiSvres  on  the  Aisne. 

Bibulus  (bib'u-lus),  Lucius  Calpurnius.  Died 
near  Coreyra,  Greece,  48  b.  c.  A  Roman  poli- 
tician. He  was  Julius  Csesar's  colleague  in  the  consul- 
ship 59  B.  c,  having  been  elected  through  the  efforts  of 
the  aristocratic  party.  After  an  ineffectual  attempt  to 
oppose  Caesar's  agrarian  law,  he  shut  himself  up  in  his 
own  house,  whence  he  issued  edicts  against  Csesar's  mea- 
sures. He  was  appointed  by  Pompey  commander  of  the 
fleet  in  the  Ionian  Sea,  49  B.  c,  to  prevent  Caesar  from 
crossing  over  into  Greece.  His  vigilance  was,  however, 
eluded  by  the  latter  in  January  of  the  following  year. 

Bicitre  (be-satr').  A  village  li  miles  south  of 
Paris,  containing  a  eelebratedhospital,  founded 
by  Louis  XIII.  in  1632,  for  invalid  officers  and 
soldiers.  The  foundation  was  greatly  enlarged  by 
Louis  XIV.  and  turned  into  a  general  hospital.  It  is  now 
devoted  to  the  aged  and  incurable  poor  and  the  insane. 

Bichat  (be-sha')>  Marie  Francois  Xavier. 

Born  at  Thoirette,  Jura,  France,  Nov.  11,  1771: 
died  at  Paris,  July  22,  1802.  A  celebrated 
French  physiologist  and  anatomist,  the  founder 
of  scientific  histology  and  pathological  anat- 
omy. His  chief  works  are  "Traits  des  membranes" 
(1800),  "Recherohes  sur  la  vie  et  la  mort"(1800),  "Ana- 
tomic g^n^rale  "  (1801). 

Bickerstaflf  (bik'er-staf),  Isaac,  Astrologer. 

The  name  which  Steele  adopted  as  editor  of 
the  "Tatler,"  when  he  published  it  in  1709. 
He  took  it  from  the  name  assumed  by  Swift  in  a  con- 
troversy with  Partridge,  an  almanac-maker,  which  had 
amused  the  town. 

Bicterstaff,  Isaac.  A  pseudonym  used  by  Ben- 
jamin West  (the  mathematician)  in  his  Boston 
almanac. 

Bickerstaffe,  Isaac.  Bom  m  Ireland  about 
1735:  died  in  1812  (?).  A  British  dramatic 
writer.  As  a  boy  he  was  one  of  the  pages  to  Lord  Ches- 
terfield, lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland.  He  attained  an  honora- 
ble position  in  the  society  of  men  of  letters,  but  in  1772 
was  suspected  of  a  capital  crime,  and  fled  to  St.  Malo, 
where  he  lived  for  some  time  under  an  assumed  name. 


Biddle,  Richard 

After  1812,  when  he  was  about  seventy-seven  years  old 
nothing  is  known  of  him.  He  wrote  "Leucothoe  "  a 
tragic  opera  (1756),  "Love  in  a  Village,"  a  comic  opera, 
acted  with  great  success  in  1762  (printed  in  1763).  "  The 
Maid  of  the  Mill" (1765),  "The  Hypocrite,"  an  adaptation 
of  Cibber  s  "  Non-Juror  '  (1768),  etc. 

Bickersteth  (bik'er-steth),  Ed-ward,  Bom  at 
Kirkby  Lonsdale,  England,  March  19,  1786: 
died  at  Walton,  England,  Feb.  28,  1850.  An 
English  clergyman,  author  of  "Help  to  the 
Study  of  the  Scriptures  "  (1814),  etc. 

Bickersteth,  Edward  Henry.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  25,  1825.  An  English  bishop  and 
poet,  son  of  Edward  Bickersteth:  author  of 
"  Yesterday,  To-day,  and  For  Ever"  (1866),  etc. 

Bickersteth,  Henry.  Born  at  Kirkby  Lons- 
dale, England,  June  18, 1783 :  died  at  Tunbrldge 
Wells,  April  18, 1851.  An  English  jurist,  created 
Baron  Langdale  Jan.  23,  1836.  He  became 
master  of  the  rolls  Jan.,  1836. 

Bicocca  (be-kok'ka).  A  village  5  miles  north- 
east of  Milan,  Italy.  Here,  April  27,  1522,  the 
Imperialists  under  Colonna  defeated  the  French 
and  Swiss  under  Lautreo. 

Bicorned  Lord.  Alexander  the  Great :  so  called 
on  account  of  the  two  horns  on  his  coins.  Poole, 
Story  of  Turkey,  p.  124. 

Bida  (be'da).  Capital  of  Nupe,  in  West  Africa, 
situated  in  lat.  9°  N.,  long.  6°  20'  E. 

Bida  (be-da'),  Alexandre.  Bom  1813:  died 
Jan.  2,  1895.  A  French  designer  and  painter, 
noted  chiefly  for  treatment  of  scriptural  and 
Oriental  subjects.  His  chief  work  is  designs 
illustrating  the  Evangelists  (1873). 

Bidar  (be'dar).  A  district  in  the  Nizam's 
dominions,  British  India.  Area,  4,180  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  901,984. 

Bidassoa  (be-das-s6'a).  A  river  in  northern 
Spain  which  flows  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay  at 
Fuenterrabia :  length,  50  miles.  It  is  for  about  12 
miles  the  boundary  between  France  and  Spain.  Welling- 
ton passed  the  Bidassoa  Oct.  7, 1813,  defeating  the  French 
under  Soult. 

Biddeford  (bid'e-f  ord).  A  city  in  York  County, 
Maine,  on  the  Saeo  17  miles  southwest  of 
Portland.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  etc. 
Population  (1900),  16,145. 

Biddenden  (bid'eh-den)  Maids.  Two  sisters 
joined  like  the  Siamese  twins,  born  at  Bidden- 
den, Kent,  England  (1100-34).  They  were  the  re- 
puted donors  of  the  "Bread-and-Cheese-land,"'  Bidden- 
den, for  tlie  defrayal  of  the  cost  of  a  yearly  distribution  of 
bread  and  cheese  at  Easter. 

Biddle  (bid'l),  Clement, surnamed  "The  Qua- 
ker Soldier."  [The  surname  Biddle  is  another 
form  of  Beadle,  from  beadle."]  Bom  at  Phila- 
delphia, May  10,  1740:  died  there,  July  14,  1814. 
An  American  Revolutionary  officer.  He  was  one 
of  the  signers  of  the  non-importation  resolutions  framed 
at  Philadelphia  1765,  and  although  a  Quaker  joined  the 
Revolutionary  army  on  the  outbreak  of  liostilities,  serving 
as  colonel  in  the  -battles  of  Trenton,  Princeton,  Brnndy- 
wine,  and  Monmouth.  He  was  a  personal  friend  and  cor- 
respondent of  Washington. 

Biddle,  Clement  Cornell.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, Oct.  24,  1784:  died  Aug.  21,  1855.  An 
American  lawyer  and  political  economist,  son  of 
Clement  Biddle.    He  fought  in  the  War  of  1812. 

Biddle,  James.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  28, 
1783:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Oct.  1,  1848.  An 
American  naval  commander,  distinguished  in 
the  War  of  1812.  He  commanded  the  Hornet,  which 
fouglit  and  captured  the  British  brig  Penguin  ofl  the 
island  of  Tristan  d'Acunha,  March  23, 1815. 

Biddle,  John.  Born  at  Wotton-vmder-Edge, 
Gloucestershire,  England,  1615:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  22,  1662.  An  English  Unitarian 
divine,  called  "the  father  of  English  XJnitari- 
anism."  He  became  master  of  the  free  school  of  Glou- 
cester in  1641.  Suspected  of  heresy,  he  was  called  before 
Parliament  in  1645  and  committed  to  custody,  in  which 
he  remained  several  years.  He  published  in  1647 ' '  Twelve 
Questions  or  Arguments  "  against  the  deity  of  the  Holy 
Spirit.  He  was  banished  to  the  Scilly  Islands  in  1656,  but 
was  recalled  three  years  later.  He  was  again  arrested 
under  Charles  II.,  and  died  in  prison.  He  also  wrote 
"Confession  of  Faith  touching  the  Holy  Trinity,  etc." 
(1648),  and  "A  Twofold  Catechism,  etc."  (1664),  etc. 

Biddle,  Nicholas.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  Sept. 
10,  1750:  killed  at  sea,  March  7,  1778.  An 
American  naval  commander,  distinguished  in 
the  Revolutionary  War.  He  was  blown  up  with  his 
ship,  the  3Elandolph,  in  action  with  the  British  ship  Yar- 
mouth. 

Biddle,  Nicholas.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Jan. 
8,  1786 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  27,  1844. 
An  American  financier,  president  of  the  TJnited 
States  Bank  1823-36. 

Biddle,  Bichard.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  March 
25,  1796:  died  at  Pittsburg,  July  7,  1847.  An 
American  lawyer  and  author,  brother  of  Nich- 
olas Biddle.  He  wrote  a  "Memoir  of  Sebas- 
tian Cabot"  (1831),  etc. 


Biddy 

Biddy  (bid'i).  Mr.  Wopsle's  "great-aunt's 
granddaughter"  in  Charles  Dickens's  "Great 
Expectations":  an  orphan  who  falls  in  love 
with  Pip,  but  is  afterward  married  to  Joe  Gar- 
gery. 

Biddy,  Miss.  1.  An  amusing  character  in  Gar- 
rick's  farce  "  Miss  in  her  Teens."— 2.  See  Tip- 
kin,  Miss  Biddy. 

Bideford  (bid'e-ford).  A  seaport  and  fishing 
town  in  Devonshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Torridge,  near  its  mouth,  8  miles  southwest  of 
Barnstable.  It  is  one  of  the  scenes  of  Kings- 
ley's  "Westward  Ho."  Population  (1891), 
7,908.  ' 

Bidloo  (bid'16),  Godfried.  Bom  at  Amster- 
dam, March  12, 1649:  died  at  Leyden,  Holland, 
April,  1713.  A  Dutch  surgeon  and  anatomist. 
He  was  professor  of  anatomy  at  The  Hague,  later  profes- 
sor of  anatomy  and  chemistry  at  Leyden,  and  physician  to 
William  HI.  of  England.  His  chief  work  is  "  Anatomia 
corporis  humani "  (1685). 

Bidpai,  or  Bidi>ay.    See  Pilpay. 

Biebrich  (be'brioh).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  EMne 
3  miles  south  of  "Wiesbaden :  a  former  resi- 
dence of  dukes  of  Nassau.  Near  by  is  said  to  have 
occurred  Ceesar's  second  passage  of  the  Khine.  Popula- 
tion of  Biebrich-Mosbach  (1890),  commune,  11,023. 

Bieda  (be-a'da).  A  small  place  near  Viterbo  in 
Italy :  the  anpient  Blera.  it  contains  an  extensive 
Etruscan  necropolis  of  rock-cut  tombs,  occupying  several 
terraces.  It  is  interesting  from  its  imitation  of  habitations 
in  much  architectural  variety.  The  tombs  have  molded 
doorways,  and  are  surmounted  by  low  pediments.  Within, 
the  ridge-beams  and  rafters  of  the  roof  are  cut  in  relief ; 
rock-benches  on  three  sides  were  designed  to  receive  the 
dead,  and  there  are  often  windows  beside  the  door. 

Biedermann  (be'd6r-man),  Friedrich  Earl. 

Born  Sept.  25,  1812 :  died  March  5,  1901.  A 
German  publicist,  politician,  and  historian. 
He  was  (extraordinary)  professor  of  philology  at  Leipsic 
1838-54.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  imprisoned,  as  editor 
of  the  "Deutschen  Annalen,"  for  political  reasons,  and 
lost  his  professorship,  but  was  reinstated  in  1865.  He  was 
active  in  the  politics  of  Saxony  and  of  the  empire. 

Biefve  (byef),  Edouard  de.  Bom  at  Brussels 
Dee.  4, 1809 :  died  at  Brussels,  Feb.  7, 1882.  A 
Belgian  painter.  His  chief  work  is  "Compro- 
mise of  the  Nobles  at  Brussels,  Feb.  16,  1566." 

Biel.     See  Bienne. 

Biel,  or  Byll  (bel),  Gabriel,  Bora  at  Speyer, 
Germany:  died  at  Tiibingen,  Germany,  1495. 
A  German  scholastic  philosopher  (nominalist), 
professor  of  theology  and  philosophy  at  the 
University  of  Tiibingen:  called  mistakenly 
"  the  last  of  the  schoolmen."  His  chief  work 
is  "Collectorium  ex  Oecamo"  (1508,  etc.). 

Biela  (be'la),Willielin  von.  Born  at  Rosslau, 
Germany,  March  19, 1782 :  died  at  Venice,  Feb. 
18,  1856.  An  Austrian  military  officer,  noted 
for  the  discovery  of  a  comet,  named  for  him, 
Feb.  27,  1826,  at  Josephstadt,  Bohemia. 

Bielau  (be'lou),  or  Langen-Bielau  (lang'en- 
be'lou).  A  village  in  the  province  of  Silesia, 
Prussia,  situated  33  miles  southwest  of  Bres- 
lau.  It  is  noted  for  its  length,  which  is  about 
5  miles.  -Population  (1890),  commune,  15,860. 

Bielaya-TserkofF  (bya'ia-ya-tser'kof),  or 
Bielatserkof  (bya'la-tser'kof).  ['White 
Church.']  A  town  in  the  government  of  Eaeff, 
Russia,  in  lat.  49°  45'  N.,  long.  30°  8'  E.  It  has 
an  extensive  commerce. 

Bielefeld  (be'le-feld).  A  city  in  the  province 
of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  in  lat.  52°  1'  N.,  long. 
8°  28'  B.  It  is  the  center  of  the  Westphalian 
linen  manufacture.    Population  (1890),  39,950. 

Bielef  (bya'lef).  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Tula,  Russia,  in  lat.  53°  50'  N.,  long.  36°  10'  B. 
Population,  9,869. 

Bielgorod  (byal-go-rod').  ['  White  City.']  A 
town  in  the  government  of  fiursk,  Russia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Donetz  in  lat.  50°  36'  N.,  long. 
36°  37'  E.    Population,  22,957. 

Bielitz  (be'lits).  A  town  in  Silesia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  in  lat.  49°  50'  N.,  long.  19°  3'  E. 
It  manufactures  engines,  woolens,  etc.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  14,578. 

Biella  (be-el'la).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Novara,  Italy,  39  miles  northeast  of  Turin.  It 
has  a  cathedral.    Population,  11,000. 

Bielinski  (bya-len'ske),  or  Belinski.  Bom 
1815 :  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  1848.  A  Russian 
critic  and  journalist.  He  became  editor  of  the 
"Observer,"  which  ceased  to  appear  in  1839,  and  was 
one  of  the  principal  contributors  to  the  "  Annales  de  la 

Bielostok  (bya'lo-stok),  Pol.  Bialystok  (bya'- 
lii-stok).  A  town  in  the  government  of  Grodno, 
Russia,  in  lat.  53°  10'  N.,  long.  23°  10'  E.  Pop- 
ulation, 56,611. 

BielshShle  (belz-hel'e).     A  stalactite  cavern 


156 


Bilguer 


in  the  Bielstein  Mountain,  Harz,  Brunswick,  Bignon  (ben-y6n'),  Jdrome.  Bom  at  Paris, 
near  the  Bode,  discovered  in  1762.  Length,  Aug.  24, 1589 :  died  at  Paris,  April  7, 1656.  An 
over  600  feet.  eminent  French  jurist.    He  published  "Traits  de  la 

'Rielalri    ^hv5^sl^i^     IWai-niTi        TKnm  at  'Rinln       grandeur  de  nos  rofs  et  de  leor  souveraine  puissance" 

JSieiSm    ( Dyal  Ski),    MarCin.       worn  at  aiaia,     »         published  under  the  name  of  "  Thtophile  du  Jay "),  ' 
near  Sieradz,  Poland,  about  1495 :  died  at  Biala,    jJid  other  works. 

1575.  A  Polish  historian.  His  chief  works  are  Bisod  (big'od),  Hugh.  Died  about  1176.  An 
"Ki^onika  «wiata"  (1660),  "Zronika  polska"  (a  history  of  ESglish  nobleman,  created  first  eari  of  Norfolk 
Poland:  oontmued  by  his  son  Joachim  Bielski  from  1676     .     Koe    """*°'""'"' "  "  "• 

to  1697:  published  1697).  m  lldS.        ,  .    ,     , „, 

Bienhoa    (be-en-ho'a).    A   town  in  French  Bigod  Hugh.    Died  1266.    The  younger  son  of 
Cochin-China  20  miles  north  of  Saigon.  the  third  Eari  of  Norfolk,  made  chief  justiciar 

Bienhoa,  or  Tale-Sab.    A  lake  in  Cambodia    ip  ^^^-  x^.   ,   ,„„,      mi_  j  -r^    , 

and  Siam,  in  lat.  13°  N.,  long.  104°  E.  Bigod,  Eoger.    Died  1221     The  second  Earl 

Bienne    (byen),   G.  Biel  (bel).     A  town  in    "f  NorMk,  son  of  Hugh  the  first  eari 
the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzeriand,  situated  at  Blgod,  Roger..  Died  1270.     The  fourth  Earl  of 
the  northeastern  end  of  the  Lake  of  Bienne,  17    Norfolk,  appointed  eari  marshal  of  England  in 

miles  northwest  of  Bern.     Watch-making  is  the  _A^";    _  ■„         -lo.icj-jTk       ii    irtna 

chief  industry.  It  contains  the  Museum  Schwab  (antiqui-  BlgOd,  KOger.  Born  l.ii45:  died  Dee.  11,  IdOb. 
ties  of  lake-villages,  etc.).    Population  (1888),  16,414.  The  fifth  Earl  of  Norfolk,  son  of  Hugh  Bigod,  the 

Bienne,  Lake  of.    A   lake   in  northwestern  Justiciar,  and  nephew  of  Roger  the  fourth  earl. 
Switzerland,  3  miles  northeast  of  Lake  Neu-  Bigordi,  Domenico.    See  Ghirlandajo. 
chatel.    It  is  traversed  by  the  Zihl  (Thi61e).  Bigorre,  L'Abbd.     The  name  under  which  Vol- 
Length,  9-J  miles;  breadth,  24  miles.  taire  wrote  his  "History  of  the  Parlement  of 

Bienville(byan-ver),JeanBaptisteLemoine,    Paris"  (Amsterdam,  1769). 
Sieur  de.     Bom  at  Montreal,  Canada,  Feb.  23,  Bigot.     See  Bigod. 

1680 :  died  in  France,  1768.  A  French  governor  Big  Sandy  Creek.  A  river  in  eastern  Colo- 
of  Louijiana,  1701-13,  1718-26,  and  1733-  about    rado  which  joins  the  Arkansas  near  the  Kan- 


1740.    He  founded  New  Orleans  in  1718, 

Bienewitz.     See  Apianus. 

Bierstadt(ber'stat),  Albert.  Born  at  Solingen, 
near  IJusseldorf,  Germany,  Jan.  7,  1830  :  died 
at  New  York,  Feb.  18, 1902.  A  German- Ameri- 
can landscape-painter.  Among  his  noted  paintings 
are  "Sunshine  and  Shadow"  (1857),  "Lander's  Peak" 
(1863),  "Domes  of  the  Yosemite,"  "  Mount  Hood,"  etc. 

Biesbosch  (bes'bosk).  A  marshy  lake  in  the 
Netherlands,  on  the  border  of  South  Holland 
and  North  Brabant,  southeast  of  Dordrecht. 
Its  outlet  to  the  North  Sea  is  the  Kollandsch  Diep. 
It  was  formed  1421  by  an  inundation  of  the  Meuse. 

Biet  (bya),  Antoine.  A  French  missionary 
who  accompanied  the  600  colonists  sent  to 


sas  frontiei'.  Length,  nearly  200  miles. 
Bijapur  (be-ja-p6r').  A  town  in  southern  India, 
in  lat.  16°  50'  N.,  long.  75°  48'  E.,  formerly 
of  great  importance,  and  capital  of  a  native 
kingdom  of  Bijapur.  It  contains  the  Jumma  Musjid 
(which  see),  and  the  tomb  of  Mahmoud  Shah.  The  latter 
dates  from  about  1600.  It  is  135  feet  in  interior  diameter, 
somewhatless  than  the  Roman  Pantheon,  but  being  square 
in  plan  its  area  is  greater ;  and,  like  the  Pantheon,  it  is  cov- 
ered by  a  great  dome,  which  here  is  124  feet  in  diameter, 
resting  on  an  ingeniously  combined  system  of  pendentives 
which  at  once  diminish  the  area  to  be  covered  by  the  dome 
and  by  their  weight  counteract  its  outward  thrust.  At 
each  comer  of  the  building  rises  an  octagonal  domed 
tower  of  eight  stages.  The  decoration,  inside  and  out,  is 
of  great  elegance  and  excellent  in  proportion. 


Cayenne  in  1652,  and  remained  there  eighteen  Bijnor  (bij-nor').  A  district  in  the  Rohilkund 
months.  He  published '•  Voyage  de  la  France  ;6quinox-  division,  Northwest  Provinces,  British  India, 
lale"  (Paris,  1664),  with  a  Galibl  dictionary  at  the  end.  Area,  1,898  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
Bifrost  (be'frfist).  In  Old  Norse  mythology,  the  794,070. 
rainbow,  the  bridge  of  the  gods  which  reached  Bikanir  (bi-ka-ner').  Anative  state  in  northern 
from  heaven  to  earth.    Every  day  the  gods  rode  over     Rajputana,  under  the  supervision  of  British 


it  to  their  judgment-place  under  the  tree  Yggdrasil,  near 
the  sacred  well  of  the  Noms.  Also  called  4s!ir«  (Old  Norse 
jlsftrii). 

Big  Beggarman.    A  nickname  of  O'Connell. 

Big  Ben.  The  name  given  to  the  bell  in  the 
clock-tower  of  the  new  houses  of  Parliament, 
London.  It  is  said  to  be  the  largest  bell  In  England. 
It  was  cast  in  1858.  It  is  the  second  of  the  name,  the 
first  being  defective.     Waiford,  Old  and  New  Iiondon. 

Big  Bethel  (big  beth'el).  A  village  in  eastern 
Virginia,  10  miles  northwest  of  Portress  Monroe. 
Here,  June  10,'  1861,  the  federals  (2,600)  under  General ' 


Population 
Population 


Pelrc'e  were  defeated  by  the  Confederates  (1,800)  under  Bilat.     See  Belit, 


India.    Area,  23,090  square  miles. 
(1891),  831,955. 

Bikanir,     The  capital  of  Bikanir. 
(1891),  56,252. 

Bilaspur  (be-las-por').  A  feudatory  state  in 
the  Panjab,  British  India.  Area,  448  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  91,760. 

Bilaspur.  A  district  in  the  Chattisgarh  divi- 
sion. Central  Provinces,  British  India.  Area, 
8,341  square  miles.     Population  (1891),  1,164,- 


Magruder. 
Big  Black.    A   river  of  western  Mississippi 

which  joins  the  Mississippi  at  Grand  Gulf.   Its 

length  is  over  200  miles,  and  It  is  navigable  about  50  miles. 

It  was  noted  in  Grant's  campaign  before  Vicksburg,  May, 

1863. 
Big  Bone  Lick.    A  salt  spring  in  Boone  County, 


Bilbao  (bil-ba'6),  Francisco.  Bom  at  San- 
tiago, Chile,  Jan.  9,  1823:  died  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  Feb.  19,  1865.  A  Spanish-American 
journalist  and  propagandist.  Banished  from  Chile 
in  1846,  he  went  to  Pans  where  he  took  part  in  the 
revolution  of  1848 ;  returning,  he  was  a  leader  in  the  dis- 

^^ .,       ^  ,.      turbances  of  1851,  and  fled  to  Peru  and  thence  to  Ecuador 

Kentucky,  situated  about  20  miles  southwest     and  Buenos  Ayres.    His  death  was  due  to  exposure  in- 

of  Cincinnati :  noted  for  its  fossil  deposits.  <=""«*  ^''"f  =»™B  »  drowning  woman. 

Bigelow(big'e-16),  John.  Bom  at  Maiden,  New  Bilbao.    A  seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of 

York,  Novr25,  1817.     An  American  author,    y^^^ajA  .Spa™.'  situated  on  the  Nervion  m 

journalist,  and  diplomatist.    He  was  an  editor  and 

one  of  the  proprietors  of  the  New  York  "Evening  Post" 

1860-61 ;  consul  at  Paris  1861-66 ;  and  minister  to  France 

1865-66.    He  edited  IB'ranklin's  autobiography  1868,  and 

has  published  "Jamaica  in  1860,  etc.,"  "Life  of  Fremont" 

(1866),  "Les  Etats-Unisd'Am^rique  en  1863,' 


lat.  43°  14'  N.,  long.  2°  56'  W.  it  has  a  thriving 
trade,  and  was  formerly  noted  for  the  manufacture  of 
rapiers  called  by  its  name.  It  was  held  by  the  French 
1808-13,  and  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Carlists 
I  J!  lemoui,  1836-36  (twice)  and  1874.  Population  (1897),  74,093. 
™.™.,  „ monograph  Bilboa.  See  Bay es. 
on  "kolinostheQuietist"(1882).  He  has  edited  a  life  of  Bildad  (bil'dad).  One  of  the  three  friends  of 
William  CuUen  Bryant,  the  speeches  of  Samuel  J.  Tilden,  Job.  He  is  called  the  "  Shuhite,"  from  a  territory  iden- 
and  the  works  of  Benjamin  Franklin.  tifled  by  some  with  the  Sakaia  of  Ptolemy,  to  the  east  of 

Bie-endianS  (bis-en'di-anz).  The.     A  religious     Batansea,  by  others  with  Suhu  of  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
sect  (intended  for  the  Catholic  party),  in  Swift's    M™^.  situated  on  the  Euphrates  south  of  Carohemish. 
"Lilliput,"whoconsidereditamatterofdutyto  Bllderdljk  (bil-der-dik'),  WlUem.     Born  at 
break  egg-shells  at  the  big  end.    They  were  con-    Amsterdam,  Sept.  7,  1755:  died  at  Haarlem, 


sidered  heretics  by  the  Little-endians  (the  Protestants), 
who  broke  their  egg-shells  in  an  orthodox  manner  at  the 
little  end. 
Big  Horn.    A  river  of  Wyoming  and  southern 


Holland,  Dec.  18,  1831.  A  Dutch  poet,  gram- 
marian, and  critic.  His  works  include  "Buitenleven  " 
(1803),  "De  ziekte  der  geleerden "  (1807),  " De  Mensch" 
(1808),  "De  ondergang  der  eerste  wereld"  (1820). 


Montana  which  joins  the  Yellowstone  in  lat.  BiUnger  (bil'fiug-fer),  or  Biilffinger  (biil'fing- 


46°  13'  N.,  long.  107°  26'  W.    Length,  about  450 
miles.    The  upper  part  is  called  Wind  River. 
Big  Horn  Mountains.    A  range  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  in  central  and  northern  Wyoming, 
extending  northward  into  Montana.     Hf 
points,  about  12,000  feet, 


6r),  Georg  Bernhard.  Bom  at  Kannstadt, 
Wurtemberg,  Jan.  23,  1693 :  died  at  Stuttgart, 
Feb.  18,  1750.  A  German  philosopher  of  the 
Wolflan  school,  and  mathematician.  He  was 
professor  of  theology  at  Tiibingen  and  privy  councilor  in 
Stuttgart.  Author  of  "Dilucldationes  de  Deo,  anima  liu- 
mana,  etc."  (1726). 


Biglow  Papers,  The.    A  series  of  humorous  Bilgiier  (bil'gwer),  Paul  Rudolf  von.    Bom 


political  poems,  with  explanatory  introductions, 
written  by  James  Russell  Lowell  in  the  New 
England  dialect.  Many  of  them  were  signed  Hosea 
Biglow.  They  were  published  in  two  series  (lB4g,  relating 
chiefly  to  slavery  and  the  Mexican  war :  and  1867,  relating 
chiefly  to  the  Civil  War  and  reconstruction). 


at  Ludwigslust,  Mecklenburg-Sehwerin,  Sept. 
21, 1815:  died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  10, 1840.  A  lieu- 
tenant in  the  Prussian  army,  noted  as  a  chess- 
player. He  wrote  "Handbuch  des  Schach- 
spiels"  (1843),  etc. 


BiUn 

Bilin  (be'lin).    The  language  of  the  Bogos. 
Bllin  (bi-len').     A  manufaoturing  town  and 
watering-place  in  Bohemia,  situated  on  the 
Biela  42  miles  northwest  of  Prague.   Popula- 
tion (1890),  commune,  6,651. 
BiliOSO  (bil-i-6's6).     An  amusing  diplomatist 
in  Marston's  play  "  The  Malcontent." 
Billaud-Varenne  (be-yo'va-ren'),  Jean  Nico- 
las.   Born  at  La  Roehelle,  Prance,  April  23, 
1756:   died  at  Port-au-Prince,  Haiti,  June  3, 
1819.    A  French  Revolutionist,  member  of  the 
Convention  and  of  the  Committee  of  Public 
Safety.     He  was  deported  to  Guiana  In  1816,  came  to 
New  York,  and  then  went  to  Haiti. 

Billaut  (be-yo'),  Adam.  A  French  poet,  1603- 
1662,  most  familiarly  known  as  Maltre  or  Mas- 
ter Adam. 

Bille  (bil'e),  Steen  Andersen,  Bom  Aug.  22, 
1751:  died  at  Copenhagen,  April  15,  1833.  A 
Danish  admiral  and  minister  of  state,  distin- 
guished in  an  attack  on  Tripoli  in  1798,  and  in 
the  battle  of  Copenhagen  in  1807. 

Bille,  Steen  Andersen.  Bom  at  Copenhagen, 
Dec.  5,  1797 :  died  there,  May  7, 1883.  A  Dan- 
ish admiral  and  minister  of  marine,  son  of  Steen 
Andersen  Bille.  He  took  part  in  an  expedition  to 
8outb  America  in  1840,  and  commanded  a  scientific  ex* 
pedition  round  tlie  world  1845-47,  intVie  corvette  Galatea, 
of  which  he  has  given  an  account  in  "Beretning  om  Cor- 
vetten  Galatheas  Keise  omlcriing  jorden  1845-46  og  47" 
(1849-61). 

Billickin  (bil'i-kin),  Mrs,  'A  keeper  of  lodg- 
ings in  Charles  Dickens's  "Mystery  of  Edwin 
Drood."  Her  distinguishing  characteristics  are  "  per- 
sonal faintness  and  an  overpowering  personal  candor." 

Billings  (bil'ingz),  Joseph.  [The  surname  Bil- 
lings  is  a  patronymic  genitive  of  Billing,  an  AS. 
name,  '  son  of  Bill,'  Bill  meaning  '  sword.'  ] 
Lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  18th  century. 
An  English  navigator  in  the  Russian  service, 
engaged  in  Arctic  exploration  1785-91.  He  was 
also  a  companion  of  Cook  on  his  last  voyage. 

Billings,  Josh.  The  pseudonyni  of  Pianry  W. 
Shaw. 

Billings,  William.  Bom  at  Boston,  Oct.  7, 
1746:.  died  at  Boston,  Sept.  26,  1800.  An 
American  copiposer.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the 
first  American  musical  composer,  and  to  have  introduced 
into  New  England  the  spirited  style  of  church  music.  He 
published  "  The  Singing-Master's  Assistant "  (1778),  and 
"The  Psalm-Singer's  Amusement"  (1781). 

Billingsgate  (bil'ingz-gat).  [ME.  Billingesgate, 
Bylyngesgate,  Belyngsgate,  AS.  *  BilHngesgaat 
(in  Latin  transcription  Billingesgate),  'Billing's 
gate.'  See  Billings.']  A  gate,  wharf,  and  fish- 
market  in  London,  on  the  north  bank  of  the 
Thames,  near  London  Bridge,  it  was  made  a 
free  market  in  1699.  There  may  have  been  a  water-gate 
here  from  the  earliest  times.  The  present  market,  how- 
ever, was  established  in  1559,  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.  It 
was  at  first  a  general  landing-place  for  merchandise  of  all 
kinds.  It  was  burned  down  in  1715  and  rebuilt.  In  1852 
new  buildings  were  erected,  and  again  in  1856.  The  pres- 
ent buildings  were  finished  in  1874.  The  foul  language 
used  by  the  fishwives  and  others  in  the  neighborhood  has 
made  Its  name  a  synonym  for  such  speech. 

Billington  (bil'ing-ton),  Elizabeth,  Bom  at 
London,  probably  about  1768:  died  at  Venice, 
Aug.  25, 1818.  A  noted  English  singer,  daughter 
of  a  German  oboist,  Carl  Weichsel,  and  wife  of 
her  singing-master,  James  Billington.  shebegan 
her  operatic  career  at  Dublin  in  "Orpheus  and  Eurydice," 
and  appeared  at  CoventGarden,  Feb.  13, 1786,  as  Kosetta  in 
"love  in  a  Village."  In  1799  she  married  M.  Eelissent, 
Iroin'whom  she  soon  separated,  but  wilh  whom  she  was 
later  (1817)  reconciled,  and  returned  to  England  in  1801. 
She  retired  from  the  stage  in  1811. 

Billiton  (bil-li-ton'),  or  Blitong(ble-tong')-  -A-n 
island  east  of  Banca  and  southwest  of  Borneo, 
in  lat.  3°  S.,  long.  108°  E. :  a  colonial  posses- 
sion of  Holland  since  1814.  Area,  1,863  square 
miles.    Population,  about  28,000. 

Billroth  (bil'rot),  Theodor.  Bom  at  Bergen 
on  the  island  of  Bugen,  April  26, 1829:  died  at 
Abbazia,  Istria,  Feb,  6, 1894.  A  noted  German 
surgeon. 

Bilozi  (bi-lok'si).  A  division  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  which  probably  included,  besides 
the  Biloxi  proper,  the  Pascagoula  (or  Pasco- 
boula)  and  the  Moctoby,  tribes  which  were  in 
three  villages  on  Biloxi  Bay,  Mississippi,  in  1699. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century  the  Biloxi  and  Pas- 
cagoula were  in  Eapides  pariah,  Louisiana.  A  few  of  the 
Biloxi  proper  still  live  near  Lecompte,  Eapides  parish, 
Louisiana.    See  Siouan. 

Bilqula  (bil-k6'ia),  or  Bellacoola,  A  Sali- 
shan  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  on  the 
coast  of  British  Columbia,  with  the  Haeltzuke  (of 
the  Wakashan  stock)  they  number  2,600.    See  Saiishan. 

Bilson  (bil'son),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Winchester, 
England,  1546:  died  at  Westminster,  June  18, 
1.616.    An  English  prelate  snd  author,  conse- 


157 

crated  bishop  of  Worcester  in  1596,  and  trans- 
lated to  Winchester  in  1597. 

Bilston  (bil'ston).  A  town  in  Staffordshire, 
England,  2i  miles  southeast  of  Wolverhampton, 
noted  for  its  iron  manufactures.  Population 
(1891),  23,453. 

Bima  (be 'ma).  A  seaport  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Sumbawa,  Dutch  East  Indies,  in  lat. 
8°  30'  N.,  long.  118°  45'  E. 

Bimini  (be-me-ne'),  or  Bimani  (be-ma-ne'). 
The  name  formerly  given  by  West  Indian  na- 
tives to  an  island  or  region  north  of  theiu, 
where,  according  to  their  legends,  there  was  a 
fountain  whose  waters  conferred  perpetual 
youth.  Probably  the  island,  like  the  fountain,  was  a 
fable ;  but  the  name  was  given  in  the  early  maps  to  the 
peninsula  of  Florida.  About  the  middle  of  the  16th  cen- 
turv  Bimini  was  sometimes  supposed  to  be  in  Mexico. 

Binche  (bansh).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hainaut,  Belgium,  11  miles  east-southeast  of 
Mons.     Population  (1890),  10,104. 

Binet  (be-na'),  SatanS.  The  pseudonym  of 
Francisque  Sarcey. 

Bingen  (bing'en).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Bhme-Hesse,  Hesse,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Nahe  and  Rhine  16  miles  west  of  Mainz. 
It  contains  the  castle  of  Klopp.  In  1689  it  was  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  the  French.    Population  (1890),  commune,  7,654. 

Binger  (ban-zhar')  Louis  Gustave.  Born  Oct. 
14, 1856.  A  French  officer  and  African  explorer. 
For  the  French  government  he  connected  the  French  pos- 
sessions on  the  Upper  Niger  with  those  at  Grand  Bassam 
on  the  Ivory  Coast.  He  started  from  Bammakou  in  1887; 
explored  Sikaso  and  Eong,  where  he  found  no  chain  of 
mountains ;  andthen  turned  to  the  north  (1888)  and  reached 
Baromo  and  "Wagadugu.  From  here  he  turned  again  to 
the  south,  and  made  his  way  over  Salaga,  Bontuku,  and 
Kong  to  Grand  Bassam  (1889).  He  placed  Tieba,  Kong, 
and  Bontuku  under  a  French  protectorate.  In  1892  he  re- 
turned to  West  Africa  as  French  commissioner  for  the 
settlement  of  the  Ashanti  boundaries  with  England. 

Bingham  (bing'am),  George,  Born  at  Mel- 
combe,  Dorsetshire,  Nov.  7,  1715 :  died  at  Pim- 
perne,  Dorsetshire,  Oct.  11,  1800.  An  English 
divine  and  antiquarian,  rector  of  Pimpeme. 

Bingham,  Joseph,  Bom  at  Wakefield,  Eng- 
land, Sept.,  1668:  died  at  Havant,  near  Ports- 
mouth, England,  Aug.  17,  1723.  An  English 
divine  and  writer  on  church  history.  His  chief 
work  is  "  Origines  Ecclesiastics  "  (1708-22),  or  "  Antiqui- 
ties of  the  Christian  Church." 

Binghamton  (bing'am-ton).  A  city  and  the 
county-seat  of  Broome  County,  New  York,  sit- 
uated at  the  junction  of  the  Chenango  and  Sus- 
quehanna rivers,  in  lat.  42°  8'  N.,  long.  75°  57' 
W.  It  is  an  important  railway  center.  It  was 
settled  in  1787.     Population  (1900),  39,647. 

Bingley  (bing'li).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  5  miles 
northwest  of  Bradford.  Population  (1891), 
10,023. 

Bini  (be'ne).    See  Nupe. 

Binnenhof  (bin'nen-hof).  Originally,  the  pal- 
ace of  Count  William  of  Holland,  at  The 
fiague,  an  irregular  agglomeration  of  buildings, 
in  part  medieval,  inclosing  a  court  in  which 
stands  the  Hall  of  the  Knights,  a  brick,  chapel- 
like gabled  structure  with  turrets,  now  used  as 
a  depository  for  archives,  in  the  north  wing  are 
the  quarters  of  the  States-General,  with  some  good  Ke- 

"  naissance  chimney-pieces  and  historical  paintings. 

Binney  (bin'i),  Amos.  Bom  at  Boston,  Mass., 
Oct.  18, 1803:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  18, 1847.  An 
American  naturalist  and  patron  of  science. 
He  wrote  "Terrestrial  and  Air-breathing  Mol- 
lusks"  (1851),  etc. 

Binney,  Horace,  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Jan. 
4,1780:  died  there,  Aug.  12, 1875.  An  eminent 
American  lawyer  and  legal  writer.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1797 ;  was  admitted  to 
the  Philadelphia  bar  in  1800 ;  was  Whig  member  of  Con- 
gress 1833-35 ;  and  was  a  director  and  defender  of  the 
United  States  Bank. 

Binney,  Thomas.  BomatNewcastle-on-Tyne, 
England,  April,  1798 :  died  at  Claj)ton,  England, 
Feb.  24, 1874.  A  noted  English  (Congregational 
divine  and  controversialist. 

Bintang  (bin-tang').  An  island  of  the  Dutch 
East  Indies,  situated  south  of  Singapore,  in  lat. 
1°  N.,  long.  104°  20'  E.    Area,  455  square  miles. 

Binue  (bin'we).  The  largest  affiuent  of  the 
Niger  River, West  Africa,  it  springs  in  Adamawa, 
north  of  Ngaundere,  makes  a  bend  to  the  north,  and  joins 
the  Nigerat  Lokoja.  It  is  navigable  for  1,000  kilometers, 
as  far  as  Eibago,  but  only  from  May  to  January.  From 
Yola  down  it  belongs  to  the  Eoyal  Niger  Company.  It 
was  explored  principally  by  Baikie  and  E.  Flegel. 

Biobio  (be-o-be'o).  A  province  in  central  Chile. 
Capital,  Angeles.  Area,  4,158  square  miles. 
Population  (1893),  88,749. 

Biobio.  A  river  in  Chile  which  flows  into  the 
Pacific  at  Concepeion.  Length,  about  300 
miles. 


Birh 

Bion  (bi'on).  [6r.  Biiw.]  Bom  at  Phlossa,  near 
Smyrna,  Asia  Minor:  lived  about  280  B.  0.  A 
Greek  bucolic  poet.  His  chief  extant  poem 
is  the  "Epitaphios  Adonidos"  ("Lament  for 
Adonis"). 

Biondello  (be-on-del'16).  A  servant  to  Ln- 
oentio  in  Shakspere's  "  Taming  of  the  Shrew." 

Biondi  (be-on'de).  Sir  Giovanni  Francesco. 
Born  on  the  island  of  Lesina,  Gulf  of  Venice, 
1572 :  died  atLausanne,  Switzerland,  1644.  An 
Italian  novelist  and  historian,  long  resident  in 
England,  where  he  became  a  gentleman  of  the 
king's  privy  chamber.  He  published  three  romances 
of  chivalry,  in  Italian,  which  were  translated  into  Eng- 
lish as  "  Eromena,  or  Love  and  Eevenge  "  (1631),  "  Don- 
zella  desterrada,  or  The  Banish'd  Vii-gin "  (1686),  "Coral- 
bo  "  (1666),  a  sequel  to  the  preceding. 

Biot  (be-6'),  Jean  Baptiste,  Bom  at  Paris, 
April  21,  1774:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  3,  1862.  A 
celebrated  French  physicist  and  chemist,  noted 
especially  for  his  discoveries  in  optics.  His 
chief  works  are  "Essai  de  g^ometrie  analytique"  (1806), 
"Traits  aSmentaire  d'astronomie  physique"  (1806), 
"Traits  de  physique  expMmentale"  0816)^  "Traits  fle- 
mentaire  de  physique  expiSrimentale"  (1818-21),  and  works 
on  ancient  Egyptian,  Indian,  and  Chinese  astronomy. 

Bir  (ber).  [Turk.  Birejik,  Bithra.']  A  town,  the 
ancient  Birtha  or  Bithra,  in  the  vilayet  of  Alep- 
po, Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  on  the  Euphrates 
in  lat.  37°  5'  N.,  long.  38°  3'  E.  Population 
(estimated),  8,000. 

Birch  (b6reh),  Harvey,  The  chief  character 
in  Cooper's  novel  "  The  Spy." 

Birch,  Samuel.  Bom  at  London,  Nov.  3,  1813: 
died  there,  Dee.  27, 1885.  An  English  archaeolo- 
gist.   He  published  "Gallery  of  Antiquities"  (1642), 

'"Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Egyptian  Hieroglyphs" 
(1867),  "History  of  Ancient  Pottery"  (1868),  etc. 

Birch,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  Nov.  23, 
1705 :  died  near  London,  Jan.  9, 1766.  An  Eng- 
lish writer  on  history  and  biography.  He  wrote 
nearly  all  the  English  biographies  in  the  ''General  Dic- 
tionary, HistoricEd  and  Critical  "(1734-41),  edited  "Thur- 
loe'B  State  Papers"  (1742),  compiled  "Memoirs  of  the 
Eeign  of  Queen  Elizabeth  "  (1754),  etc. 

Birch-Pfeiflfer  (berch'pfi'fer),  Charlotte.  Bora 
at  Stuttgart,  June  23, 1800:  died  at  Berlin,  Aug. 
25,  1868.  A  German  actress  and  dramatist. 
Her  chief  dramas  are  "Dort  und  Stadt"  (1848),  "Die 
Waise  von  Lowood  "  (1866),  "  Die  Grille  "  (1856),  etc. 

Bird,  Golding.  Bom  in  Norfolk,  England,  Dec* 
9,  1814:  died  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  Oct.  27, 1854. 
An  English  physician  and  medical  writer.  He 
was  appointed  lecturer  on  natural  philosophy  at  Guy's 
Hospital  in  1836,  and  lecturer  on  materia  medica  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  in  1847.  His  chief  work  is  his  "  Ele- 
ments of  Natural  Philosophy  "  (1839). 

Bird,  Robert  Montgomery.  Bom  at  New- 
castle, Delaware,  1803:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  Jan.  22, 1854.  An  American  physician  and 
novelist.  He  wrote  several  tragedies,  among  them 
"The  Gladiator,"  a  favorite  with  Edwin  Forrest^  and  the 
novels  "Calavar"  (1834),  "The  Infidel"  (1836),  etc. 

Bird,  or  Byrd,  or  Byrde,  William.  Bom  about 
1538 :  died  at  London,  July  4,  1623.  An  Eng- 
lish organist,  and  composer  of  madrigals  and 
sacred  music.  He  is  said  to  have  composed 
the  well-known  canon  "Non  nobis  Domine," 
but  it  is  not  in  his  works. 

Birdcage  Walk.  A  walk  on  the  south  side  of 
St.  James's  Park,  London.  It  is  so  named  from 
the  aviaries  which  were  ranged  along  its  side  as 
early  as  the  time  of  the  Stuarts. 

Bird  in  a  Cage,  The.  A  play  by  Shirley,  printed 
in  1633. 

Birds,  The.  A  comedy  of  Aristophanes,  pro- 
duced in  414  B.  C.  It  obtained  the  second  prize.  It 
is  "  profoundly  interesting  as  a  piece  of  brilliant  imagi- 
nation, with  less  political  rancour  and  less  obscenity  than 
most  of  the  author's  work,  and  justly  accounted  one  of 
the  best,  if  not  the  best,  of  his  extant  plays  "  (Mahafy). 

Birdlime  (herd  'lim) .  A  disreputable  character 
in  Webster's  "Westward  Ho."  It  is  he  who  says 
"Is  not  old  wine  wholesomest,  old  pippins  toothsomest, 
old  wood  burn  brightest,  old  linen  wash  whitest?  "  (ii.  2). 

Biren,    See  Biron. 

Bireno  (be-ra'no).  The  husband  of  the  de- 
serted Olimpia  in  Ariosto's  "Orlando  Furioso." 

Birgitta  (bir-git'ta),  or  Brigitta  (bri-git'ta). 
Saint,  of  Sweden.  Born  at  Finstad,  in  Up- 
land, Sweden,  1302  (1303) :  died  at  Rome,  July 
23, 1373.  A  Swedish  nun.  She  was  related  to  the 
royal  family  of  Sweden.  On  the  death  of  her  husband, 
Ulf  Gudmarson,  in  1344',  she  decided  to  foimd  an  order, 
and  obtained  the  papal  confirmation  of  the  proposed  rule 
(regula  Sancti  Salvatoris)  from  Urban  V.  in  1367,  the  order 
being  established  in  1370.  She  was  the  author  of  "Eeve- 
lationes,"  claiming  divine  inspiration,  which  were  de- 
nounced by  Gerson,  but  which  were  confirmed  by  the 
Council  of  Basel.  She  was  canonized,  Oct.  7, 1391,  by 
Boniface  I.,  and  her  day  falls  on  Feb.  1. 

Birh  (bern).  A  district  in  the  Nizam's  domin- 
ions, British  India.  Area,  4,460  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  642,722.  « 


Birkbeck 

Birkbeck  (b&rk'bek),  George.  Bom  at  Settle, 
Yorkshire,  England,  Jan.  10,  1776:  died  at 
London,  Dec.  1,  1841.  An  English  physician 
and  educational  reformer  who,  with  others, 
founded  the  Glasgow  Mechanics' Institute  1823, 
and  in  1824  a  similar  institution  in  London 
(later  called  the ' '  Birkbeck  Institute  "),  and  the 
University  College,  London,  in  1827. 

Birkenfeld  (ber'ken-feld).  A  principality  be- 
longing (since  1817)  to  Oldenburg,  Germany, 
situated  east  of  Treves,  surrounded  by  Rhe- 
nish Prussia.  Area,  194  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  41,242. 

Birkenfeld.  The  capital  of  Birkenfeld,  Olden- 
burg, Germany,  26  miles  east-southeast  of 
Treves. 

Birkenbead,  or  Berkenhead  (ber'ken-hed), 
Sir  John.  Born  near  Northwieh,  Cheshire, 
England,  March  24,  1616:  died  at  Whitehall,' 
Dec.  4,  1679.  An  English  satirist  and  journal- 
ist, editor  of  the  "Mercurius  Aulicus"  (which 
see)  in  the  civil  war. 

Birkenhead.  A  seaport  and  suburb  of  Liver- 
pool, in  Cheshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Mersey  opposite  Liverpool,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  tunnel  and  ferries.  It  has  ex- 
tensive docks,  ship-building,  and  commerce. 
Population  (1901),  110,926. 

Birkenhead,  The.  An  English  troop  steamer 
which  was  wrecked  off  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
Feb.  26,  1852.  The  troops  formed  at  the  word  of  com- 
mand and  went  down  at  their  posts,  having  put  the  wo- 
men and  children  in  the  boats.  More  than  400  men  were 
drowned. 

Birket  el-Kurun  (ber'ket  el-ko-ron').  [Ar,, 
'Lake  of  the  Horns.']  A  brackish  lake  in 
Fayum,  Egypt,  in  lat.  29°  30'  N.,  long.  30°  40' 
E.,  fed  by  the  Nile.  Itwas  formerly  erroneously 
supposed  to  be  Lake  Moeris.  Length,  34  miles. 
Greatest  breadth,  6J  miles. 

Birmingham  (ber'ming-am).  [ME.  Berming- 
ham,  AS.  prob.  * Beormingaham,  dwelling  of  the 
Beormings,  or  sons  of  Beorm.  The  ME.  and  B. 
forms  of  the  name  are  numerous.  One  of  them, 
Brummagem,  has  become  appellative  of  cheap 
jewelry.]  A  city  in  the  northwestern  extremity 
of  Warwickshire,  England,  in  lat.  52°  29'  N., 
^  long.  1°  54'  W.,  the  fourth  city  in  size  in  Eng- 
land and  the  second  manufacturing  center,  it 
is  one  of  the  principal  places  in  the  world  for  manufac* 
tares  of  hardware.  It  is  (perhaps)  built  on  the  site  of  a 
Roman  station.  It  is  mentioned  in  Domesday  Book.  In 
1643  it  was  taken  by  Prince  Rupert.  It  was  the  scene  of 
riots  against  Priestley  in  1791,  and  of  Chartist  riots  in  1839. 
Population  (1901),  522,204. 

Birmingham  (bSr'mlng-ham) .  A  city,  the  cap- 
ital of  Jefferson  County,  Alabama,  situated  in 
Jones  Valley  in  lat.  33°  30'  N. ,  long.  86°  53'  W. : 
founded  in  1871.  it  is  now  one  of  the  chief  iron- 
manufacturing  cities  in  the  United  States.  There  are 
large  supplies  of  coal  and  limestone  in  the  neighborhood, 
and  of  iron  (6  miles  distant).  It  is  also  an  important  rail- 
road center.    Population iiauO),  38,415. 

Birmingham.  A  subarb  within  the  munici- 
pality of  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  situated 
south  of  the  Monongahela  River. 

Birmingham  Festival.  A  musical  festival 
held  triennially  at  Birmingham,  England,  es- 
tablished in  1768.  Handel's  music  originally  formed 
the  main  part  of  the  programs,  which  are  most  important. 
The  proceeds  of  the  festivals  are  given  to  the  funds  of 
the  General  Hospital. 

Birnam  (bfer'nam).  A  hill  in  Perthshire,  Scot- 
land, situated  ll  miles  northwest  of  Perth,  for- 
merly part  of  a  royal  forest  which  is  referred 
to  in  "Macbeth"  as  Birnam  Wood.  Height, 
1,324  feet. 

Bimbaumer  Wald  (bem'boum-er  vald).  [G., 
'pear-tree  wood,'  translating  the  Latin  name 
Ad  Pirum,  '  at  the  pear-tree.']  A  plateau  in 
Carniola,  northeast  of  Trieste,  near  the  river 
Frigidus,  the  scene  of  the  victory  of  Theodo- 
sius  in  394.  It  contains  the  Roman  station  Ad 
Pirum,  on  the  main  road  across  the  Alps  into 
Italy.  „     ^ 

Bimey  (bfer'ni),  David  Bell.  Born  at  Hunts- 
villa,  Ala.,  May  29, 1825:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Oct.  18,1864.  An  American  brigadier-general, 
son  of  James  Gillespie  Blrney.  He  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  1862-64,  especially 
at  Chancellorsville  and  at  Gettysburg. 

Bimey,  James  Gillespie.  Bom  at  Danville, 
Ky.,  Feb.  4,  1792:  died  at  Perth  Amboy, 
N  J.,  Nov.  25, 1857.  An  American  politician, 
candidate  of  the  "Liberty"  party  for  Presi- 
dent 1840  and  1844. 

Birni  (ber'ne),  or  Old  Bimi.  The  former  capi- 
tal of  Bomu,  in  Sudan,  in  lat.  13°  20'  N.,  long. 

"IOC    Xi* 

Biron'(F.  pron.  be-ron').  1.  A  lord  attending 
on  the  Kiag  of  Nfevarre,  in  Shakspere's  "  Love's 


158 

Labour 's  Lost."  He  is  gay  and  eloquent,  and 
holds  nothing  sacred.— 2.  (bi'ron).  The  hus- 
band of  Isabella  in  Southeme's  play  "  The  Fatal 
Marriage."  He  is  supposed  to  be  killed  in  battle,  but 
returns  after  seven  years  to  find  his  wife  married  to  an- 
other through  the  machinations  of  his  younger  brother 
Carlos.  He  is  killed  in  a  fray  instigated  by  Carlos.  See 
Isabella. 

Biron  (be-r6n'),  Armand  de  Gontaut,  Baron 
(later  Due)  de.  Bom  1524:  killed  at  fiper- 
nay.  Prance,  July  26,  1592.  A  marshal  of 
Prance.  He  fought  in  the  Catholic  army  in  the  battles 
of  Dreux,  St.  Denis,  and  Moncontour,  became  grand  mas, 
ter  of  artillery  in  1669,  negotiated  the  peace  of  St.  Ger. 
main,  became  marshal  of  iVance  in  1577,  was  one  of  the 
first  to  recognize  Henry  IV,,  contributed  to  the  victo- 
nes  of  Arques  and  Ivry,  and  was  killed  at  the  siege  of 
Epernay. 

Biron,  Armand  Louis  de  Gontaut,  Due  de 
Lauzun,  later  Due  de.  Bom  at  Paris,  April 
15,  1747:  died  there,  Dec.  31,  1793.  A  French 
general  and  politician.  He  reduced  the  British  col- 
onies of  Senegal  and  Gambia,  in  Africa,  in  1779;  joined 
Lafayette  in  America  in  1780 ;  commanded  an  unsuccess- 
ful expedition  to  capture  New  York  from  the  British  in 
1781;  became  general-in-chief  of  the  army  of  the  Rhine 
in  1792,  and  of  the  army  of  the  coast  at  La  Rochelle  in 
1793 ;  and,  in  spite  of  his  capture  of  Saumur  and  his  de- 
feat of  the  Vendeans,  was  executed  by  order  of  the  revolu- 
tionary tribunal  of  Fouquier-Tinville,  whose  displeasure 
he  had  incurred. 

Biron,  Charles  de  Gontaut,  Due  de.    Bom 

1562 :  died  at  Paris,  July  31, 1602.  An  admiral 
and  marshal  of  France,  son  of  Armand  de 
Gontaut.  He  was  the  friend  and  a  trusted  ofBcer  of 
Henry  IV.,  by  whom  he  was  made  admiral  of  France  in 
1592,  marshal  in  1594,  governor  of  Burgundy  in  1595,  and 
duke  and  peer  in  1598.  He  was  executed  for  plotting  with 
Savoy  and  Spain  to  dismember  France. 

Biron,  Conspiracy  and  Tragedy  of  Charles, 
Duke  of.  Two  plays  by  Chapman  which  may 
be  regarded  as  a  single  play.  They  were  produced 
in  1605,  printed  in  1608,  and  reprinted  in  1625  during 
Chapman's  lifetime,  with  revisions. 

Birs  Nimrud  (bers  nem-rod').  [Ar., '  Nimrod's 
tower.']  A  mound  of  ruins  on  the  site  of  Bor- 
sippa,  northeast  of  the  city  of  Babylon,  where 
stood  the  celebrated  temple  of  Nebo  Ezida  (de- 
scribed in  Herodotus  I.  178  as  that  of  Bel). 
To  this  temple,  constructed  in  the  shape  of  a  pyramid  of 
seven  stages,  it  is  supposed  the  nan-ative  of  the  tower  of 
Babel  in  Gen.  xi.  attached  itself.    See  Barsippa. 

Birstall  (bfer'stsll).  A  manufacturing  town 
in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England, 
7  miles  southwest  of  Leeds.  Population  ( 1891 ), 
6,528. 

Birth  of  Merlin,  The,  or  The  Child  has  lost 
a  Father.  A  tragicomedy  published  in  1662 
as  by  Shakspere  and  Rowley,  it  is  clearly  a  re- 
fashioning by  Rowley  of  an  old  play.  The  present  title  is 
Rowley's.    The  original  author  is  unknown. 

Biru  (be-ro').  An  Indian  chief  who,  in  the 
early  part  of  the  16th  century,  ruled  a  small 
region  in  the  extreme  northwest  corner  of 
South  America,  adjacent  to  the  isthmus  of 
Darien.  The  Spanish  called  this  region  the  province 
of  Biru,  and  extended  the  appellation  to  a  rich  region 
farther  south,  of  which ^ they  had  vague  reports;  hence, 
probably,  the  name  Peru'originated.  The  territory  proper 
of  Biru  was  ravaged  by  Gaspar  de  NovaJis  in  1615,  and 
traversed  by  Andagoya  in  1622. 

Bisa  (be'sa),  or  Wa-Bisa  (wa-be'sa).  A  Bantu 
tribe  of  British  Zambesia,  Africa,  between  the 
Zambesi  and  Lake  Bangweolo.  They  are  great 
traders.  It  was  in  the  northern  part  of  their  territory 
that  Livingstone  died.  Their  language  seems  to  be  re- 
lated to  Lunda  and  Yao. 

Bisbal,  Count.     See  ffDonneU. 

Biscay  (bis'ka).  [Sp.  Biscay  a,  now  Vizcaya.'] 
One  of  the  fiasque  Provinces  in  Spain,  bor- 
dering on  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  Capital,  Bilbao. 
Area,  849  square  miles.  Population  (1887), 
235,659. 

Biscay,  Bay  of.  [F.  Golfe  de  Gascogne.']  An 
arm  of  the  Atlantic  west  of  France  and  north 
of  Spain :  the  Roman  Sinus  Aquitanicus,  Sinus 
Cantabricus,  Cantaber  Oceanus,  etc.  Its  limits 
are  the  island  of  Ushant  and  Cape  Ortegal.  It  is  noted 
for  its  storms.  The  chief  tributaries  are  the  Loire  and 
Garonne. 

Biscay  Provinces.  The  provinces  of  Biscay, 
Alava,  and  Guipuzcoa  in  Spain. 

Bisceglie  (be-shel'ye).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bari,  Italy,  22  miles  northwest  of  Bari. 
Population,  21,000. 

Bischof  (bish'of),  Karl  Gustav.  Born  at 
Word,  near  Nuremberg,  Bavaria,  Jan.  18. 1792: 
died  at  Bonn,  Pmssia,  Nov.  30,  1870.  A  Ger- 
man chemist  and  geologist,  professor  of  chem- 
istry at  Bonn. 

Bischoff,  Theodor  Ludwig  Wilhelm.  Bom 
at  Hannover,  Germany,  Oct.  28,  1807:  died  at 
Munich,  Dec.  5,  1882.  A  German  anatomist 
and  physiologist,  professor  of  physiology  and 
anatomy  at  Heidelberg. 


Bissagos 

Bischofszell  (bish'of  s-tsei).  A  town  in  the  can- 
ton of  Thurgau,  Switzerland,  at  the  junction 
of  the  Sitter  and  Thur,  13  miles  south  of  Con- 
stance.   Population  (1888),  2,189. 

Biserta  (be-zer'ta).  1.  See  Bizerta. — 2.  The 
capital  of  King  Agramant  in  Ariosto's  "Or- 
lando Furioso."  It  was  besieged  and  taken  by 
Orlando,  Astolfo,  and  Brandimart. 

Bisharin  (be-sharfen').  A  Hamitio  tribe  of 
northeast  Africa,  with  the  related  Hadendoa,  Hal- 
lenga,  Ababdi,  and  Beo  Amir  tribes,  it  is  said  to  constitute 
the  Eedja  nation  of  Arabic  literature,  the  Elemmyes  of 
the  Romans,  the  Kushites  of  the  Bible,  and  the  Ethiopians 
of  Herodotus.  The  habitat  of  these  tribes  is  between  the 
Red  Sea  and  the  Nile,  and  between  Egypt  and  Abyssinia. 
They  are  Mohammedans,  pastoral  and  nomadic.  By  the 
Mahdi  insurrection  they  have  been  torn  from  Egypt. 

Bishop  (bish'up),  Ann  Riviere.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, 1814:  died  at  New  York,  March  18,  1884. 
An  English  singer  in  oratorio  a,nd  opera,  known 
as  Madame  Anna  Bishop.  She  married  Sir  Henry 
Rowley  Bishop  in  1831,  and,  after  his  death,  Mr.  Schultz 
in  185S.  She  appeared  first  on  the  concert  stage  in  1S37, 
and  for  the  last  time  in  1883.  Her  voice  was  a  high  so- 
prano. 

Bishop,  Sir  Henry  Bowley.  Bom  at  London, 
Nov.  18,  1786:  died  at  London,  April  30,  1855. 
An  English  musician,  composer  of  operas, 
songs,  cantatas,  etc.  His  numerous  works  include 
"The  Miller  and  his  Men"  (1813),  "The  Slave"  (1816), 
"Maid  Marian"  (1823),  "Clari"  (containing  Paynes 
"  Home,  Sweet  Home,"  1822),  etc. 

Bishop  Blougxam's  Apology.     A  poem  by 

Robert  Browning.  He  is  said  to  have  intended  Bishop 
Blougram  for  Cardmal  Wiseman,  but  the  description  is 
to  the  last  degree  untrue, 

Bishop-Auckland  (bish'up-ftk'land).  A  town 
in  Durham,  northern  England,  lO  miles  south- 
west of  Durham.  It  contains  the  palace  of  the 
Bishop  of  Durham.    Population  (1891),  10,527. 

Bishopscote,  Bishopscott.  Old  corruptions  of 
Pejebscot,  a  name  of  the  Androscoggin  River. 

Bishopsgate  (bish'ups-gat).  The  principal  en- 
trance through  the  northern  wall  of  old  London. 
The  only  entrance  in  the  northern  wall  in  Roman  times 
was  near  this  point.  Near  here  Ermyn  street  and  the 
Vicinal  way  entered  the  city.  Bishopsgate  street  is  the 
street  which  goes  over  the  site  of  the  old  gate,  and  is  di- 
vided into  "Bishopsgate  within"and  "Bishopsgate with- 
out." The  gate  was  destroyed  in  the  reign  of  George  II. 
The  foundations  of  the  old  Roman  gate  have  been  found. 

Biskara  (bes'ka-ra),  or  Biskra  (bes'kra).  A 
city  in  the  department  of  Constantino,  Algeria, 
in  lat.  35°  27'  N.,  long.  5°  22'  E.  it  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1844.    Population  (1891),  7,166. 

Bismarck  (biz'mark),  otto  Eduard  Leopold, 
Prince  von.  Born  at  Schonhausen,  Prussia, 
April  1,  1815 :  died  at  Friedrichsmh,  July  30, 
1898.  A  famous  Prussian  statesman,  the  cre- 
ator of  German  unity.  He  studied  at  the  universi- 
ties of  Gottingen  and  Berlin ;  entered  the  united  Landtag 
of  Pmssia  in  1847 ;  and  in  1849-50,  as  a  member  of  the  sec- 
ond chamber  of  the  Prussian  diet,  became  known  as  an 
outspoken  advocate  of  reactionary  measures.  In  1851  he 
was  appointed  Prussian  ambassador  to  the  diet  of  the  Ger- 
manic Confederation  at  Frankfort ;  in  1859  he  became  am- 
bassador to  Russia;  and  in  1862  he  was  for  a  few  months 
ambassador  to  France,  He  was  appointed  Prussian  pre- 
mier and  minister  of  foreign  affairs  Oct.  8, 1862,  and  en- 
gaged in  a  long  struggle  with  the  Landtag  over  the  ques- 
tion of  the  army  increase  and  the  prerogatives  of  the 
crown.  After  the  Schleswig-Holstein  war  of  1864,  in 
which  he  secured  the  cooperation  of  Austria,  he  was 
made  a  count.  Sept,,  1866.  On  the  renewal  of  the  Schles- 
wig-Holstein complications  Bismarck  concluded  an  al- 
liance with  Italy,  and  war  against  Austria  was  declared 
(1866),  In  1867  he  became  chancellor  of  the  North  Ger- 
man Confederation,  and  added  to  Prussian  prestige  by 
bafiling  Napoleon's  designs  on  Luxemburg.  His  concilia- 
tory attitude  toward  the  South  German  states  prepared 
the  way  for  the  triumphs  of  the  Franco-German  war  of 
1870-71.  In  1871  he  became  the  first  chancellor  of  the 
German  Empire,  and  was  made  a  prince.  He  labored 
until  1878  in  harmony  with  the  National  Liberal  party, 
and  engaged  in  a  protracted  struggle  with  the  Ultramon- 
tanes  — the  so-called  Kvltwrkam^xf-  After  1878  he  inau- 
gurated a  series  of  economic  reforms,  including  systems 
of  insurance  for  the  laboring  classes,  and  advocated  a 
vigorous  colonial  policy.  He  presided  at  the  Berlin  Con- 
gress of  1878,  and  concluded  the  Triple  Alliance  (1883). 
Having  incurred  the  displeasure  of  William  II.,  he  re- 
signed March,  1890,  the  title  of  Duke  of  lauenburg  being 
conferred  upon  him  on  his  retu-ement.  His  eightieth 
bW;hday  (April  1,  1896)  was  made  the  occasion  for  extra- 
ordinary ovations  in  his  honor,  in  which  the  emperoi 
joined. 

Bismarck.  The  capital  of  North  Dakota  and 
of  Burleigh  County,  situated  on  the  Missouri 
in  lat.  46°  50'  N.,  long.  100°  50'  W. :  settled  in 
1873.     Population  (1900),  3,319. 

Bismarck  Archipelago.  A  group  of  islands  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  comprising  Neu-Pommern 
(New  Britain),  Neu-Mecklenbnrg  (New  Ire- 
land), and  some  smaller  neighboring  islands, 
made  a  German  possession  in  1884.  The  pres- 
ent name  was  (in  honor  of  Prince  Bismarck) 
substituted  for  New  Britain  Island  in  1885. 

Bissagos  (bis-sa'gos),  or  Bidjago  (be-ja'go).  A 
heathen  tribe  of  Portuguese  Guinea,  West  Af- 


BissagOB 

rica,  inhabiting  the  islands  of  the  same  name. 
The  principal  town  is  Bolama,  where  the  Por- 
tuguese steamers  call. 

BiSSagOS.  A  group  of  islands  west  of  Sene- 
gambia,  Africa,  in  lat.  11°- 12°  N.,  long.  16°  W. 
All  the  islands  belong  to  Portuguese  Guinea. 

Bissen  (bis'sen),  Herman  Wilhelm.  Bom 
near  Sohleswig,  Oct.  13,  1798 :  died  at  Copen- 
hagen, March  10,  1868.  A  Danish  sculptor, 
director  of  the  academy  at  Copenhagen  after 
1850.    His  chief  works  are  at  Copenhagen. 

Bistritz  (bis'trits).  Hung.  Besztercae(bes'tert- 
sa).  A  town  in  Transylvania,  situated  on.  the 
Bistritz  in  lat.  47°  10'  N.,  long.  24°  28'  E.  It 
was  formerly  an  important  place.  Population 
(1890),  9,109. 

BlBUtun.    See  Behietun. 

Bit  Humii  (bet  hSm'ri).  ['  The  house  of  Omri.'] 
The  name  of  the  country  of  Israel  in  the  As- 
syrian inscriptions :  after  Omri,  the  founder  of 
the  4th  dynasty  in  the  kingdom  of  Israel,  itwaa 
the  Assyrian  f iuihioii  to  name  countries  after  the  founders 
of  their  reigning  houses. 

Bithynia  (bi-thin'i-a).  [Grv.Bidvvia.^  In  ancient 
geography,  a  division  of  Asia  Minor,  lying  be- 
tween the  Propontis,  Bosporus,  and  Euxine  on 
the  north,  Mysia  on  the  west,  Phrygia  and  Gala- 
tia  on  the  south,  and  Paphlagonia  on  the  east. 
Its  inhabitants  were  of  Thracian  origin.  Nicomedes  I. 
became  its  first  independent  king  about  278  B.  G. ;  and 
Nicomedes  III.  bequeathed  the  kingdom  to  Home  74  B.  o. 
It  was  governed  by  Pliny  the  Younger.  It  contained  the 
cities  of  Chalcedon,  Heraclea,  Frusa,  !Nicsea,  and  Nico- 
media. 

Biton  (bi'ton)  and  Oleobis  (kle'o-bis).  [Gr. 
BiTijv  and  KA^o/3«f.]  In  Greek  legend,  sons  of 
Cydippe,  priestess  of  Hera  at  Argos.  During  a 
festival  the  priestess  had  to  ride  to  the  temple  in  a  chariot, 
and  as  the  oxen  were  not  at  hand,  Biton  and  Cleobis 
dragged  the  chariot  with  their  mother  forty-ilve  stadia  to 
the  temple,  in  which  they  fell  asleep,  and,  in  answer  to  a 
prayer  of  their  mother  to  Hera  to  reward  this  act  of  filial 
piety  with  the  greatest  boon  for  mortals,  never  awoke. 
Herodotus  makes  Solon  relate  this  story  to  Croesus. 

Bitonto  (be-ton'to).  A  city  in  the  province, of 
Ban,  Apulia,  Italy,  situated  11  miles  west  of 
Bari:  the  Roman  Bituntum  (whence  the  name). 
Here,  May  25,  1734,  the  Spaniards  under  Montemar  de- 
feated the  Austrians,  thereby  gaining  the  kingdom  of 
Naples.  The  cathedral  is  a  medieval  church  with  Sara- 
cenic elements,  remaining  almost  untampered  with.  It 
has  three  apses,  in  the  nave  alternate  coupled  and  clustered 
columns,  handsome  ambones,  and  a  well-proportioned 
and  richly  ornamented  front.  The  crypt  is  of  the  char- 
acteristic Southern  type.  Population  (1881),  commune, 
26,207. 

Bitsch  (bich),  formerly  Kaltenhausen  (kal'- 
ten-hou-zen).  [G.  Bitsch,  F.  Bitche.'\  A  town 
in  Lorraine,  Alsace-Lorraine,  situated  on  the 
northern  slope  of  the  Vosges;  in  lat.  49°  4'  N., 
long.  7°  26'  E.  it  is  a  noted  fortress,  supposed  to  he 
impregnable.  It  was  besieged  by  the  Germans  in  1870, 
and  surrendered  after  the  peace.   Population  (1890),  2,764. 

Bitterfeld  (bit'er-f  eld) .  A  manufacturing  town 
in  the  province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Mulde  20  miles  north  of  Leipsic.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  commune,  9,047. 

Bit  Yakin  (bet  ya-ken' ) .  ['  House  of  Yakin.'] 
A  principality  in  the  extreme  south  of  Baby- 
lonia, on  the  sea-coast,  named  for  its  ruling 
family,  from  which  Merodach-baladan,  king  of 
Babylonia  (722-702  b.  C. ),  descended.  The  last 
king  of  this  powerful  family  was  subdued  by 
Asurbanipal,  king  of  Assyria  668-626  b.  c. 

Bitzer  (bit'zer).  A  school-boy  under  Mr. 
M'Choakum  brought  up  on  the  Gradgrind  sys- 
tem, in  Charles  Dickens's  story  "  Hard  Times": 
afterward  a  porter  in  Bounderbys  bank,  with  a 
heart  "accessible  to  reason  and  nothing  else." 
He  is  a  spy. 

Bitzius  (bet'se-os),  Albert:  pseudonym  Jere- 
mias  Gotthelf.  Bom  at  Morat,  in  Fribourg, 
Switzerland,  Oct.  4,  1797 :  died  at  Lutzelfliih, 
in  Bern,  Switzerland,  Oct.  22,  1854.  A  Swiss 
pastor  and  author,  noted  chiefly  for  his  moral- 
izing novels  illustrating  the  home  life  of  the 
Bernese  peasantry. 

Bivar,  Rodrigo  de.    See  Cid. 

Bizerta,  or  Biserta  (be-zer'ta),  or  Benzert. 
A  seaport  in  northern  Tunis,  m  lat.  37°  17  N., 
long,  9°  53'  E.,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Hippo 
Zaritus.  ,        _ ,         _  ,       , . 

Bizet  (bi-za'),  Alexandre  C6sar  Leopold 
(called  Georges).  BomatBougival,  near  Pans, 
Oct.  25,  1838  :  died  at  Paris,  June  3,  1875-  A 
French  composer,  author  of  "  Carmen"  (1875), 

Bjarme,  Brynjolf.    A  pseudonym  of  Henrik 

Ibsen. 

Bjelgorod.    See  Bielgorod. 
Bj6rneborg  iby6r'ne-b6rg).  ^A  town  m  the 

province  of  Abo-Bjorneborg,  Finland,  situated 


159 

on  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  in  lat.  61°  28'  N.,  long. 
21°  22'  B.  Population  (1890),  9,077. 
Blornson..(byem'son),  BjSmstjerne.  Bom  at 
Kvikne,  Osterdalen,  Norway,  Dee.  8,  1832.  A 
Norwegian  poet,  novelist,  and  dramatist.  His 
father  was  a  clergyman  at  Osterdalen  and  later  held  the 
living  at  If ses  in  the  Romsdal.  After  attending  the  gram- 
mar-school at  Molde  he  went  to  the  University  at  Chris- 
tiania,  and  was  subsequently  in  Upsala  and  Copenhagen. 
In  1857  he  returned  from  abroad,  and  was  first  director  of 
the  theater  in  Bergen,  and  afterward  (1869)  for  a  short  time 
editor  of  thejouinal  "Aftenbladet "  in  Christiania.  In 
1860  he  went  abroad ;  upon  his  return,  in  1863,  the  Stor- 
thing voted  him  a  yearly  stipend.  From  1863  to  1867  he 
was  director  of  the  Christiania  theater,  and  editor,  during 
the  time,  of  the  journal  "Norske  Folkeblad."  He  has 
taken  an  active  part  in  the  political  and  social  life  of 
Scandinavia.  In  1880  he  traveled  in  America.  Kecently 
he  has  lived  upon  his  estate  Olestad,  in  the  Oausdal.  His 
first  novel,  "Synnove  Solbakken,"  appeared  in  1857.  It 
was  followed  by  "Arne"  (1858),  "En  Glad  Gut"  ("A 
Happy  Boy,"  1860),  and  later  (1868)  by  "Hskerjenten" 
("The  Fisher  Maiden  ")  —  all  stories  of  Norwegian  peasant 
life,  to  which  are  to  be  added  at  various  times,  in  the  same 
vein,  a  number  of  shorter  tales.  "  Magnhild  "  (1877)  and 
"  Captain  Manzana  "  followed  —  the  one  a  tale  of  middle- 
class  life  in  Norway,  the  other  an  Italian  story.  His  latest 
novels,  "  Det  Flager  i  Byen  og  paa  Havnen  "  ("  Flags  are 
Flying  in  the  Town  and  Harbor  "),  and  "  Paa  Guds  Veie  " 
("In  God's  Way  "),  are  novels  of  tendency.  He  is  the  au- 
thor, besides,  of  numerous  dramas  whose  material  has  been 
taken  from  the  sagas,  from  recent  history,  and  from  mod- 
em life.  They  are  "Mellem  Slagene"  ("Between  the 
Battles")  and  "Halte  Hulda"  ("Lame  Hulda,"  1868), 
"KongSverre  "("KingSverre,"  1861),  the  trilogy  "Sigurd 
Slembe  "  (1862),  "  Maria  Stuart  i  Skotland  "  (Mary  Stuart 
in  Scotland,"  1863),  "De  Nygifte  "  ("The  Newly  Wedded 
Pair,"  1865),  "Sigurd  JorsaUar"  ("Sigurd  the  Crusader," 
1873),  "En  Fallit"  ("A  Bankruptcy")  and  "Bedaktoren" 
("The  Editor,"  1876),  "Kongen"  ("The  King,"  1877), 
"Leonardo "and  "Det  nye  System  "  (".The  New  System," 
1879).  There  are  a  number  of  less  important  dramas, 
viz.:  "En  Hanske,"  "Geografl  og  Kjaerlighed,"  "Over 
iEvne."  The  earlier  works,  like  "Arne,"  contain  a  num- 
ber of  lyrics.  Au  epic  poem,  "Arnljot  Gelline,"  ap- 
peared in  1870. 

Bjornstierna  (byern'sher'na),  Count  Magnus 
Fredrik  Ferdinand.  Bom  at  Dresden,  Oct. 
10,  1779:  died  at  Stockholm,  Oct.  6,  1847.  A 
Swedish  diplomatist,  lieutenant-general,  and 
political  writer.  He  was  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary to  Great  Britain  1828-46. 

Blacas  d' Aulps  (bla-kas'  dop').  Born  at  Aulps 
or  Aix  about  1160:  died  1229.  A  French  trou- 
badour. 

Black  (blak),  Adam.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Feb. 
20, 1784:  died  there,  Jan.  24, 1874.  A  Scotch 
publisher,  at  Edinburgh,  and  politician.  Hav. 
ing  begun  a  bookselling  business  in  his  own  name  i^ 
1807,  he  established  26  years  later,  by  taking  his  nephew 
into  partnership,  the  house  of  Adam  and  Charles  Black. 
He  acquired  the  copyright  of  the  "Encyclopaedia  Bri- 
tannica"  on  the  failure  of  Archibald  Constable  and  Co. 
in  1827.  He  was  member  of  Parliament  for  Edinburgh 
1856-66. 

Black,  Ivory.  A  pseudonym  of  Thomas  A.  Jan- 
vier. 

Black,  Jeremiah  Sullivan.  Bom  at  the  Glades, 
Somerset  County,  Pa.,  Jan.  10,  1810:  died  at 
York,  Pa.,  Aug.  19,  1883.  An  American  jurist 
and  statesman,  attorney-general  1857-60,  and 
secreta^  of  state  1860-61. 

Black,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Bordeaux,  France, 
1728 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Dec.  6,  1799.  A  cele- 
brated Scotch  chemist,  noted  for  his  discoveries 
in  regard  to  carbonic-acid  gas  and  latent  heat. 
He  became  professor  of  medicine  in  the  University  of 
Glasgow  in  1756,  and  of  medicine  and  chemistry  at  Edin- 
burgh in  1766. 

Black,  William.  Born  at  Glasgow,  Nov.,  1841 : 
died  at  Brighton,  Dec.  10, 1898.  A  British  nov- 
elist and  journalist.  In  1864  he  went  to  London,  and 
was  attached  to  the  staff  of  the  Lond  on  "  Morning  Star  "  in 
1865.  He  was  also  for  some  years  assistant  editor  of  the 
London  "Daily  News."  His  works  include  "In  Silk  Attire" 
(1869),  "  A  Daughter  of  Heth  "  (1871) , "  The  Strange  Adven- 
tures of  a  Phaeton"  (1872),  "A  Princess  of  Thule"  (1873), 
"The  Maid  of  Killeena,  and  other  Stories  "  (1874),  "  Three 
Feathers "(1876),  "Madcap  Violet"  (1876),  "Lady  Silver- 
dale's  Sweetheart,  and  other  Stories " (1876),  "Green  Pas- 
tures and  Piccadilly"  (1877),  "Macleod  of  Dare"  (1878), 
"White  Wings, etc."  (1880),  "Sunrise, etc."(1880),  "White 
Heather"  (1885),  "In  Far  Lochaber"  (1888),  etc. 

Blackacre  (blak'a-ker),  Jerry.  In  Wyoherley's 
"Plain  Dealer,"  a  raw  booby,  not  of  age  and  still 
under  his  mother's  government,  bred  by  her  to 
the  law,  or  at  least  to  a  glib  use  of  its  terms. 

Blackacre,  WidO'W.  In  Wyeherley's  "Plain 
Dealer,"  a  petulant,  litigious  woman,  always 
with  a  law  case  on  hand.  She  is  one  of  the  author's 
best  and  most  amusing  characters,  and  is  taken  from  the 
countess  in  Eacine's"lesplaideurs." 

Black  Act,  The.  An  Enghsh  statute  of  1722, 
so  called  because  designed  originally  to  sup- 
press associations  of  lawless  persons  who  called 
themselves  blacks,  it  made  felonies  certain  crimes 
against  game  laws,  the  sending  of  anonymous  letters  de- 
manding money,  etc.       „      ,  .  .-,        J         ^ 

Black  Agnes.     See  Dunbar,  Agnes,  Countess  of. 

Blackall  (blak'al),  or  Blackhall  (blak'hal), 


Blackfriars 

Offspring.  Bom  at  London,  1654:  died  at 
Exeter,  England,  Nov.  29,  1716.  An  English 
prelate  and  controversialist,  made  bishop  of 
Exeter  in  1708.  He  engaged  in  controversies  with 
John  Toland,  whom  he  accused  of  having  denied  the  genu- 
ineness of  the  Scriptures  in  his  "  Life  of  Milton,"  and  with 
Bishop  Hoadley,  against  whom  he  supported  the  cause  ol 
Charles  I.  and  High-Church  principles. 

Black  Assize,  The.  A  name  given  t  J  the  Ox- 
ford assize  of  1577,  in  which  year  Oxford  was 
ravaged  by  jail-fever. 

Black  Bateman  of  the  North.  A  play  by 
Thomas  Dekker,  with  Drayton,  Wilson,  and 
Chettle  (1598). 

Black  Bess.  The  famous  mare  of  Dick  Turpin, 
which  saved  his  life  by  her  speed  and  strength,   • 

Black  Book,  The.  A  prose  satire  by  Thomas 
Middleton,  a  coarse  but  humorous  attack  on 
the  vices  and  follies  of  the  time :  published  in 
1604.  It  was  suggested  by  Nash's  "Pierce 
Pennilesse." 

Black  Bruns'wickers,  or  Death' s-Head  Corps. 
A  corps  of  2,000  horsemen  equipped  by  the 
Duke  of  Brunswick  to  operate  against  Napo- 
leon in  Germany.  It  vainly  attempted  to  co- 
operate with  the  Austrians  in  1809. 

Blackburn  (blak'bem).  A  town  in  Lancashire, 
England,  in  lat.  53°  44'  N.,  long.  2°  28'  W.  Its 
chief  industry  is  cotton  manufacture  (Blackburn  checks, 
Blackburn  grays).  It  is  the  birthplace  of  Hargreaves. 
Population  (1901\  127,627. 

Black  Code,  The.  The  system  of  law  regulat- 
ing the  treatment  of  the  colored  race  which 
prevailed  in  the  southern  United  States  before 
the  emancipation  of  the  slaves. 

Black  Country,  The.  The  mining  and  manu- 
facturing region  in  the  neighborhood  of  Bir- 
mingham, England. 

Black  Crom.    See  the  extract. 

St.  Patrick  found  the  Irish  worshipping  an  idol  called! 
"Black  Crom,"  whose  festival,  about  the  beginning  of 
August,  is  even  now  called  "  Cromduif  Sunday."  "There 
were  twelve  idols  of  stone  around  him,  and  himself  of 
gold " :  and  by  another  account  his  statue  was  covered 
with  gold  and  silver,  and  the  twelve  subordinate  deities 
were  ornamented  with  plates  of  bronze. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  271. 

Black  Dick.  A  nickname  of  Kiohard  Howe, 
first  Earl  Howe  (1726-99). 

Black  Domino,  The.  A  comic  opera  produced 
in  1841,  an  English  version  of  Scribe's  "Le 
domino  noir"  (1837). 

Black  Douglas,  The.  WUliam  Douglas,  lord 
of  Nithsdale  (died  1390).  ' 

Black  Dwarf,  The.  A  novel  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  published  in  1816.  "The  Black  Dwarf  "  was  a 
name  given  in  parts  of  Scotland  to  a  most  malicious,  un- 
cannycreature  considered  responsible  forall  mischief  done' 
to  flocks  and  herds ;  hence  the  name  was  given  to  Sir 
Edward  Mauley,  who  was  deformed  and  gnomish-looking- 

Black-eyed  Susan.  A  ballad  (the  farewell  of 
Sweet  William  to  Black-eyed  Susan)  by  Gay, 
published  in  1720  in  a  coUeetion  of  his  poems. 
The  music  was  written  by  Eichard  Leveridge 
(Grove). 

Black-eyed  Susan,  or  All  in  the  Downs.  A 
comedy  by  Douglas  Jerrold,  produced  June  8, 
1829.  It  was  played  four  hundred  times  in  that, 
year  alone. 

Blackfeet.    See  Sihasapa. 

Black  Flags.  Bands  of  irregular  soldiers  infest- 
ing the  upper  valley  of  the  Eed  River  in  Ton- 
quin.  They  were  originally  survivors  of  the  Taiping  re- 
bellion in  China.  Increased  by  the  accession  of  various 
adventurers,  they  fought  against  the  French  in  their  wars 
with  Annam. 

Black  Forest,  G.  Schwarzwald  (shvarts'vald). 
A  mountainous  region  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Baden  and  the  western  part  of  Wtirtemberg, 
between  the  valleys  of  the  Rhine  and  Neckar : 
famous  in  poetry  and  romance.  It  is  divided  by 
the  Kinzig  into  the  Lower  Black  Forest  in  the  north,  and 
the  Upper  Black  Forest  in  the  south.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  clocks,  hats,  wooden  wares,  etc.  The  highest 
summit  is  the  Feldberg  (4,900  feet).  Among  other  peaks- 
are  the  Belchen  and  Hornisgrinde.  * 

Black  Forest  Circle.  An  administrative  divi- 
sion inWiirtemberg.  Area,  1,842  square  miles. 
Population  (1890),  481,334. 

Blackfriars,  A  name  given  to  the  locality  at  the 
southwestern  angle  of  old  London  city,  on  the 
Fleet.  The  Black  Friars,  or  mendicant  monks  of  the  Do- 
minican order,  made  their  appearance  in  London  in  1221 
under  the  patronage  of  Hubert  de  Burgh,  and  were  located, 
in  Holborn.  In  1286  they  moved  to  the  site  of  the  old  Mont- 
flchett  tower,  which  had  been  given  them  for  a  monastery. 
The  tower  itself  was  destroyed  and  the  material  used  in 
building  the  church.  From  Ludgate  to  the  river  the  city 
wall  was  pulled  down  and  moved  westward  to  the  Fleet, 
all  the  added  space  being  devoted  to  the  monastery.  The 
original  site  was  given  by  Gregory  Rokesley  "in  a  street 
of  Baynard  Castle."  The  monastery  was  endowed  with  a 
privilege  of  asylum,  which  attached  itself  to  the  locality 
after  the  dissolution.    To  this  privilege  and  to  the  odor 


Blackfriars 

of  sanctity  attached  to  the  place  may  be  attributed  the  ex- 
istence ol  the  Theatre  of  Blacldriars  (which  see).  Players 
had  been  expelled  from  the  city  limits,  but  the  sheriff  could 
not  touch  them  here.     W.  J.  Loftie,  History  of  London. 

Blackfriars  Bridge.  One  of  the  great  stone 
bridges  of  London,  tlie  third  bridge  from  the 
tower,  originally  called  Pitt  Bridge,  but  soon 
named  from  the  locality.  After  much  discussion 
its  construction  was  intrusted  to  Mr.  Mybie,  of  Edinburgh. 
The  first  pile  was  driven  June,  1760,  and  the  structure  com- 
pleted Nov.  19,  1769,  at  a  cost  of  £300,000.  It  was  995  feet 
long,  42  feet  wide,  62  feet  high.  The  central  span  was  100 
feet  wide.  It  was  demolished  in  1864,  and  rebuilt  in  a  few 
years,  from  the  designs  of  Cubitt,  at  a  cost  of  £320,000. 

Blackfriars  Theatre.  A  famous  London  the- 
ater, the  site  of  which  is  now  occupied  by  the 
' '  Times  "  office  and  Playhouse  Yard.  Some  time 
in  1596  Sir  'William  More  conveyed  to  James  Burbage,  the 
father  of  Richard  Burbage  the  actor,  part  of  a  large  house 
in  Blackfriars,  consisting  of  "seaveu  greate  upper  romes." 
This  he  converted  into  a  theater.  The  first  tenants  were  the 
Children  of  the  Chapel,  afterward  called  the  Children  ol 
Her  Majesty's  Revels.  Shakspere  and  his  colleagues, 
Richard  Burbage,  Lowin,  and  Condell,  acted  in  Black- 
friars. They  were  first  known  as  the  Lord  Chamberlain's 
Company,  but  in  1603  James  I.  allowed  them  to  take  the 
title  of  King's  Servants.  The  actors  of  Blackfriars  were 
of  grave  and  sober  behavior,  and  men  of  high  standing. 
The  theater  was  celebrated  for  its  music :  the  musicians, 
however,  paid  for  the  privilege  of  playing  here.  The  stage 
was  covered  by  a  silk  curtain.  There  were  three  tiers  of 
galleries,  and  beneath  them  rooms  or  boxes.  The  orches- 
tra was  seated  in  a  balcony  at  the  side  of  the  stage,  and 
played  at  the  beginning  and  between  the  acts  as  now.  At  a 
tripleflourish  of  trumpets  the  curtain  opened  and  disclosed 
the  stage,  which  was  strewn  with  rushes  and,  if  a  tragedy 
was  to  be  represented,  hung  with  black.  Shakspere  wrote 
exclusively  for  the  Globe  and  Blackfriars.  Almost  all  of 
the  great  dramas  of  the  time  were  performed  here.  It  was 
pulled  down  in  1655  (Doran). 

Black  Friday.  1.  Good  Friday:  so  called  be- 
cause on  that  day,  in  the  Western  Church,  the 
vestments  of  the  clergy  and  altar  are  black. — 
2.  Any  Friday  marked  by  a  great  calamity: 
with  special  reference  in  England  to  Friday, 
Dec.  6,  1745,  the  day  on,  which  news  reached 
London  that  the  Young  Pretender,  Charles 
Edward,  had  reached  Derby;  or  to  the  commer- 
cial panic  caused  by  the  failure  of  the  house  of 
Overend  and  Gurney,  May  11,  1866 ;  and  in  the 
United  States  to  the  sudden  financial  panic  and 
ruin  caused  by  reckless  speculation  in  gold  on 
the  exchange  in  the  city  of  New  York  on  Friday, 
Sept.  24, 1869 ;  or  to  another  similar  panic  there, 
which  began  Sept.  18,  1873. 

Black  Hambleton.  One  of  the  oldest  race- 
courses in  England.  It  appears  in  an  early  docu- 
ment as  a  place  enjoying  special  privileges  and  exemp- 
tions. 

Black  Hawk.  Born  at  Kaskaskia,  111.,  1767: 
died  near  the  Des  Moines  River,  Iowa,  Oct.  3, 
1888.  An  American  Indian,  chosen  chief  of  the 
Sacs  about  1788.  He  was  the  leader  in  the  revolt  of 
the  Sacs  and  Foxes  in  1832  ("  Black  Hawk's  War"). 

Blackheath  (blak'heth).  [ME.  Blak  Heth.-] 
An  open  common  in  Kent,  England,  5  miles 
southeast  of  St.  Paul's,  London.  The  Danes  were 
defeated  here  1011.  It  was  the  scene  of  Wat  Tyler's  rising 
1381,  and  of  Jack  Cade's  rising  1460.  The  Cornish  rebels 
were  defeated  here  by  royalists,  June  22, 1497. 

Black  Hills.  A  group  of  mountains  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  South  Dakota  and  the 
northeastern  part  of  Wyoming,  noted  for  their 
mineral  wealth.  The  chief  town  in  the  region  is 
Deadwood.  The  highest  point  is  Harney's  Peak  (7,215 
feet).    Gold  was  discovered  here  in  1874. 

Black  Hole  of  Calcutta.  The  garrison  strong- 
room or  black  hole  at  Calcutta,  measuring 
about  18  feet  square,  into  which  146  British 
prisoners  were  thrust  at  the  point  of  the  sword 
by  the  Nawab  Siraj-ud-Daula,  on  June  20, 1756. 
T?he  next  morning  all  but  23  were  dead. 

Blackie  (blak'l),  John  Stuart.  Bom  at  Glas- 
gow, July,  1809  :  died  at  Edinburgh,  March  2, 
1895.  A  Scotch  philologist  and  poet,  professor 
of  Greek  at  Edinburgh  1852-82.  He  translated 
iEschylns  in  1850,  and  wrote  "Four  Ph-ises  ol  Morals" 
(1871),  "lays  of  the  Highlands"  (1872),  "Hor»  Helle- 
nics''(1874),  etc. 

Black  Isle,  The.  The  peninsula  in  northern 
Scotland  between  Cromarty  Firth  and  Beauly 
Basin. 

Black  Knight,  The.  1.  The  son  of  Oriana 
and  Amadis  of  Ghiul,  in  early  romances:  so 
caUed  from  his  black  armor.  See  Esplandian. 
—  2.  A  disguise  imder  which,  in  Scott's  "Ivan- 
hoe,"  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion  wanders  in  Sher- 
wood Forest,  performs  feats  of  valor,  and  feasts 
with  Friar  Tuck. 

Black  Knight,  Complaint  of  the.  A  poem 
by  Lydgate,  attributed  to  Chaucer,  and  re- 
printed in  the  1561  edition  of  his  works.  It 
was  modernized  in  1718  by  John  Dart  the  an- 
tiquary. 

Blacklock  (blak'lok),  Thomas.  Born  at  An- 
nan, Scotland,  Nov.  10,  1721:  died  at  Bdin- 


160 

burgh,  July  7, 1791.  A  blind  poet  of  Scotland. 
He  was  of  humble  parentage  ;  lost  his  sight  at  the  age  of 
six  months  by  an  attack  of  smallpox ;  was  given  an  edu- 
cation, including  a  course  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
by  Dr.  Stevenson,  a  physician  of  Edinburgh ;  was  licensed 
to  preach  in  1759 ;  became  minister  of  Kirkcudbright  about 
1762 ;  resigned  in  1764  ;  and  enjoyed  the  friendship  and  pa- 
tronage of  Hume  and  Joseph  Spence.  An  edition  of  his 
poems  appeared  in  1766,  with  an  introduction  by  Spence, 

Blacklock,  William  James.  Born  at  Cum- 
whitton,  near  Carlisle,  about  1815 :  died  at 
Dumfries,  Scotland,  March  12,  1858.  A  Scot- 
tish landscape-painter. 

Black ]V[an,The.  Apopularepithetof  the  devil. 

Black  Maria.  A  popular  name  of  the  covered 
van,  commonly  painted  black,  in  which  crimi- 
nals are  conveyed  to  and  from  jail. 

Black  Monday.  Easter  Monday:  so  called 
from  a  terrible  storm  on  Easter  Monday,  1360, 
from  which  the  English  army  before  Paris 
suffered  severely,    sfiah.,  M.  of  V.,  ii.  5.  25. 

Blackmore  (blak'mor).  Sir  Richard.  Bom  at 
Corsham,  Wiltshire,  England,  about  1650 :  died 
at  Boxsted,  Essex,  Oct.  9,  1729.  An  English 
physician,  poet,  and  prose-writer,  physician  in 
ordinary  to  William  III.  His  best-known 
work  is  "The  Creation"  (1712). 

Blackmore,  Bichard  Doddridge.  Bom  at 
Longworth,  Berkshire,  June  9,  1825:  died  at 
Teddington,  Jan.  20, 1900.  An  English  lawyer 
and  novelist.  He  was  graduated  from  Oxford  in  1847, 
and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1862.  His  works  include  "Clara 
Vaughan"  (1864),  "Cradock  NoweU,  etc."  (1866),  "Lorna 
Doone :  a  Romance  of  Exmoor  "  (1869),  "The  Maid  of  Sker  " 
(1872) ,  "Alice  Lorrain  e  "  (1876) ,"  Cripps  the  Carrier  "  (1876), 
"Erema"  (1877),  ''Mary  Anerley"  (1880),  "Cristowell" 
(1882),  "Tommy  Upmore"(1884),  "Springhaven  "  (1887), 
"  Kit  and  Kitty  "  (1889).  He  also  published  "  The  Fate 
of  Franklin,"  a  poem,  in  1860,  and  translations  of  Vergil's 
Oeorgics  in  1862  and  1871. 

Black  Mountain.    See  Montenegro. 

Black  Mountains.  A  group  of  mountains  in 
western  North  Carolina  (chiefly  in  Yancey 
County),  the  highest  in  the  Appalachian  sys- 
tem. The  chief  peak  is  Moimt  Mitchell,  6,710 
feet  high. 

Black  Mountain  Tribes.  The  tribes  on  the 
northwestern  frontier  of  India,  west  of  the 
upper  Indus.  British  expeditions  against  thera 
were  despatched  in  1888,  1890,  and  1891,  with- 
out great  success. 

Blackpool  (blak'pol).  A  watering-place  in 
Lancashire,  England,  situated  on  the  Irish  Sea 
15  miles  west-northwest  of  Pregton.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  23,846. 

Blackpool,  Stephen.  In  Charles  Dickens's 
"Hard  Times,"  a  power-loom  weaver  of  up- 
right character  tied  to  a  miserable  drunken 
wife.  He  cannot  see  the  propriety  of  living  with  her 
and  giving  up  a  better  woiuan  whom  he  loves,  and  in  his 
own  words  "  't  is  a'  a  muddle. "  He  dies  a  lingering  death 
from  a  fall  into  an  abandoned  mine,  and  it  appears  that 
his  goodness  and  integrity  have  met  with  a  poor  return 
in  this  world. 

Black  Prince,  The.  Edward,  prince  of  Wales, 
son  of  Edward  III.  of  England :  so  named  from 
the  color  of  his  armor.     See  Edward. 

Black  Prince,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Lord  Orrery, 
acted  in  1667. 

Black  Bepublic.  A  name  given  to  the  republic 
of  Haiti,  which  is  formed  mostly  of  negroes. 

Black  Biiver.  A  river  in  New  York  which  emp- 
ties into  Lake  Ontario.  Length,  about  120 
miles. 

Black  Bock,  A  town  in  County  Dublin,  Ireland, 
on  Dublin  Bay :  a  resort  for  sea-bathing.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  8,401. 

Black  Bock.  A  district  within  the  municipality 
of  Buffalo,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Niagara 
River:  the  scene  of  several  engagements  be- 
tween the  Americans  and  British  1812-14. 

Black  Bod.  The  title  of  a  gentleman  usher, 
with  special  duties,  in  the  English  houses  of 
Lords  and  Commons.  He  carries  a  black  rod 
of  office  surmounted  with  a  gold  lion. 

Blacks,  The.  The  Neri,  an  Italian  faction. 
See  Neri. 

Black  Saturday.  In  Scotch  history,  Aug.  4, 
1621,  when  the  Parliament  at  Edinburgh  passed 
certain  acts  favoring  Episcopacy. 

Black  Sea.  [F.  Mer  Noire,  G.  Schwarzes  Meer, 
L.  Pontus  Euxinus,  Gr.  T16vtoq  Ev^uvog,  Ei^ewov 
wiTiayoc,  Ei^eivoc  d&Xaaaa  (the  Euxine),  lit.  '  the 
hospitable  sea,'  earlier  called  "A^etvoQ  Trdvrog, 
the  inhospitable  sea.]  An  inland  sea  bounded 
by  Russia  on  the  north  and  east,  Asia  Minor  on 
the  south,  and  European  Turkey,  Bulgaria,  and 
Rumania  on  the  west.  It  extends  from  lat.  40°  45'-46° 
45'  N.,  and  long.  27'30'-41''  50'  E.  It  communicates  with  the 
Mediterranean  by  the  Strait  of  Bosporus)  the  Sea  of  Mar- 
mora, and  the  Strait  of  Dardanelles.  Its  chief  arms  are  the 
Sea  of  Azov  and  the  Gulf  of  Perekop ;  its  chief  tributaries. 


Blair,  Hugh 

the  Danube,  Dniester,  Bug,  Dnieper,  Don,  Kuban,  Tchoro^ 
Yeshil-Irmak,  Kizil-Irmak,  and  Sakaria.  On  it  are  situ- 
ated Burgas,  Varna,  Odessa,  Sebastopol,  Sukhum,  Kale^ 
Poti,  Batum,  Trebizond,  Samsun,  Sinope.  The  Black  Sea 
was  neutralized  by  the  treaty  of  Paris  1856,  no  war-ships 
being  permitted  in  its  waters,  and  no  military  or  naval 
arsenals  on  its  coasts.  Russia  in  1870  abrogated  the  pro- 
visions relating  to  her  war-ships  and  arsenals.  liCngth, 
740  miles.  Greatest  width,  390  miles.  Estimated  area, 
168,500  square  miles. 

Blackstone  (blak'ston).  Sir  William.  Bom 
at  London,  July  10, 1723 :  died  at  London,  Feb. 
14, 1780.  A  celebrated  English  jurist,  appointed 
Vinerian  professor  of  common  law  at  Oxford 
in  1758,  and  justice  in  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas  in  1770.  His  chief  work  is  "Commentaries  on 
the  laws  of  England  "  (1765-68).  Eight  editions  appeared 
in  the  author's  lifetime,  and  for  sixty  years  after  his  death 

.  they  followed  in  quick  succession.  These  editions  were 
edited  and  annotated  by  Coleridge,  Chitty,  Christian,  and 
others.  An  American  edition  was  printed  in  1884,  but  the 
text  has  not  been  reprinted  in  England  since  1844.  There 
are  various  adaptations  of  it  for  modem  use. 

Blackstone,  William.  Died  near  Providence, 
R.  I.,  May  26,  1675.  An  English  colonist  in 
America,  the  first  white  settler  in  Boston 
(about  1628). 

Blackstone  Biver.  A  river  which  rises  in 
Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  and  joins 
the  Providence  River  near  Providence.  Length, 
about  75  miles. 

Black  Warrior.  A  river  in  Alabama  which 
joins  the  Tombigbee  in  lat.  32°  32'  N.,  long. 
87°  58'  W.  It  is  navigable  to  Tuscaloosa. 
Length,  about  300  miles. 

Black  Watch.  A  body  of  Scotch  Highlanders 
employed  by  the  English  government  to  watch 
the  Highlands  in  1725,  and  enrolled  as  a  regi- 
ment in  the  regular  army  in  1739 :  so  called 
from  their  dark  tartan  uniform. 

Blackwater  (blak'w&'''t6r).  A  river  in  Mun- 
ster,  Ireland,  which  flows  into  Youghal  Bay 
26  miles  east  of  Cork.    Length,  over  100  miles. 

Blackwater.  A  river  in  Ulster,  Ireland,  which 
flows  into  Lough  Neagh  11  miles  north-north- 
west of  Armagh.  Near  here,  Aug.  14, 1698,  the  Irish 
under  the  Earl  of  Tyrone  defeated  the  English  under 
Bagnal. 

Blackwood  (blak'wM),  Frederick  Temple 
Hamilton.  Bom  June  21, 1826 :  died  Feb.  12, 
1902.  An  English  statesman  and  diplomatist, 
created  marquis  of  Dufiferin  and  Ava  in  1888. 
He  was  governor-general  of  Canada  1872-79 ;  ambassador 
to  Russia  1879-81;  ambassador  to  Constantinople  1881- 
1884  ;  governor-general  of  India  1884-88;  ambassador  to 
Italy  1888-91;  and  ambassador  to  France  1891-96.  He 
published  "Letters  from  High  Latitudes"  (1867),  "Con' 
tributions  to  an  Inquiry  into  the  State  of  Ireland  "  (1866), 
"  Irish  Emigration  and  the  Tenure  of  Land  in  Ireland " 
(1867),  "Mill's  Plan  for  the  Pacification  of  Ireland  Ex- 
amined" (1868),  "Speeches  and  Addresses"  (1882),  etc. 

Blackwood,  William.  Bom  at  Edinburgh, 
Nov.  20,  1776:  died  there,  Sept.  16,  1834.  A 
Scotch  publisher  and  bookseller,  the  founder 
and  editor  of  "Blackwood's  Edinburgh  Maga- 
zine" (1817). 

Bladensburg  (bla'denz-bferg).  A  village  in 
Maryland,  6  miles  northeast  of  Washington. 
Here,  Aug.  24, 1814,  the  English  under  General 
Ross  defeated  the  Americans  under  General 
Winder. 

Bladud  (bla'dud).  A  mythical  British  king, 
reputed  founder  of  the  city  of  Bath,  England. 

Blaeu  (Won),  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Amsterdam, 
1571:  died  there,  Oct.  21, 1638.  A  Dutch  geog- 
rapher and  chartographer,  a  pupil  and  friend 
of  Tycho  Brahe. 

Blaine  (blan),  James  Qillespie.  Bom  at  West 
Brownsville,  Pa. ,  Jan.  31, 1830 :  died  at  Washing- 
iugton,  D.  C. ,  Jan.  27, 1893.  An  American  states- 
man. He  was  a  Republican  member  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  1863-76 ;  speaker  1869-76 ;  United  States 
senator  from  Maine  1876-81 ;  secretary  of  state  March  4- 
Dec.  19,  1881,  and  1889-92;  and  unsuccessful  candidate 
of  the  Republican  party  for  President  in  1884.  He  wrote 
"  Twenty  Years  of  Congress  "  (1884-86). 

Blainville.    See  Duerotay  de  Blamville. 

Blair  (blar),  Francis  Preston.  Bom  at  Abing- 
don, Va.,  April  12, 1791 :  died  at  Silver  Spring, 
Md.,  Oct.  18, 1876.  An  American  journalist  and 
politician,  editor  of  the  Washington  "  Globe  " 
1830-45. 

Blair,  Francis  Preston.  Bom  at  Lexington, 
Ky.,  Feb.  19,  1821:  died  at  St.  Louis,  July  9, 
1875.  An  American  politician,  son  of  Francis 
Preston  Blair.  He  was  Democratic  candidate 
*or  Vice-President  in  1868,  and  United  States 
senator  from  Missouri  1871-73. 

Blair,  Hugh.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  April  7, 1718 : 
died  at  Edinburgh,  Dec.  27,  1800.  A  Scotch 
divine  and  author,  lecturer  on  rhetoric  and 


Blair,  Hugh 

belles-lettres  at  Edinburgh  1762-83.  He  wrote 
"Sermons"  (1777),  "Lectures  on  Rhetorio" 
(1783),ete. 

Blair,  James.  Bom  in  Scotland,  1656 :  died  in 
Virginia,  Aug.  1,  1743.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  educator.  He  was  instrumental  in  found- 
ing William  and  Mary  College,  cliartered  1602,  whose  flrut 
president  he  became,  entering  formally  on  bis  duties 
In  1729. 

Blair,  John.  Born  at  Edinburgh :  died  June  24, 
1782.  A  Scotch  chronologist.  He  published  a 
"  Chronological  History  of  the  World  "  (1764) ;  was  elected 
a  fellow  of  the  Koyal  Society  1765 ;  became  mathematical 
tutor  to  the  Duke  of  York  1767 ;  and  held  various  eccle- 
siastical appointments. 

Blair,  Montgomery.  Bomin  Franklin  County, 
Ky.,  May  10, 1813 :  died  at  Silver  Spring,  Md., 
July  27, 1883.  An  American  politician  and  law- 
yer, son  of  Francis  Preston  Blair,  postmaster- 
general  1861-64. 

Blair,  Robert.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  1699:  died 
at  Athelstaneford,  East  Lothian,  Scotland, 
Feb.  4, 1746.  An  English  clergyman  and  poet. 
His  best-known  poem  is  "The  Grave"  (1743). 
It  was  illustrated  by  William  Blake. 
•  Blair  Athol.  An  English  race-horse,  bred  in 
1861,  by  Stockwell,  dam  Blink  Bonny.  He  won 
the  Derby  in  1864,  and  was  the  sire  of  Prince 
Charlie,  sire  of  Salvator  in  America. 

Blaise,  Saint.     See  Blcmus,  Saint. 

BlaiSOlS,  or  Bl&ois  (blaz-wa').  The  county  of 
Blois. 

Blake  (blak)  Robert.  Born  at  Bridgewater, 
Somersetshire,  England,  Aug.,  1598  (1599?): 
died  at  sea,  near  Plymouth,  England,  Aug.  17, 
1657.  Afamous  English  admiral.  He  held  Taunton 
for  the  Parliament  1644-45 ;  was  made  commander  of  the 
fleet  in  1649,  and  warden  of  the  Cinque  Ports  in  1651 ;  com- 
manded against  the  Dutch  1652-53,  in  the  Mediterranean 
1654-66;  defeated  the  Spaniards  at  Santa  Cruz,  Tenerifle, 
April  20, 1667. 

Blake,  William.  Born  at  London,  Nov.  28, 
1757:  died  at  London,  Aug.  12, 1827.  A  noted 
English  poet,  engraver,  and  painter.  His  chief 
works  are  "Songs  of  Innocence "(1789),  "Book  of  Thel" 
0.789),  "Marriage  of  Heaven  and  Hell "'  (1790),  "  Gates  of 
Paradise"  (1793),  "Songs  of  Experience  (1794),  illustra- 
tions to  Blair's  "Grave  "  aSOS),  to  the  book  of  Job(i823),  etc. 

Blake,  William  Bufus.  Bom  at  Halifax, 
Nova  Seotia,  1805:  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  April 
22, 1863.  An  actor  and  manager.  He  went  on  the 
stage  about  1822,  and  first  appeared  in  New  York  in  1824. 
He  excelled  in  the  personation  of  old  men. 

Blakeley  (blak'li),  Johnston.  Bom  at  Dublin, 
Ireland,  Oct.,  1781:  lost  at  sea,  1814.  An  Amer- 
ican naval  omcer.  He  was  commander  of  the  Wasp 
which  captured  the  British  brigs  Reindeer  and  Avon, 
June  28  and  Sept.  1,  1814,  respectively,  and  was  lost  at 
sea.    It  was  last  seen  Oct.  9, 1814. 

Blakeney  (blak'ni),  William,  Lord  Blakeney. 
Born  at  Mount  Blakeney,  (Jounty  Limerick, 
Ireland,  1672 :  died  Sept.  20, 1761.  ABritlshmili- 
tary  commander.  He  became,  1747,  lieutenant-gover- 
nor of  Minorca,  which  (failing  to  receive  reinforcements 
from  Admiral  Byng,  who  was  sent  to  his  relief)  he  was 
compelled  to  surrender  to  the  French  under  the  Due  de 
Richelieu  in  1756. 

Blakey  (bla'ki),  Robert.  Bom  at  Morpeth, 
Northumberland,  England,  May  18,  1795:  died 
Oct.  26, 1878.  An  English  philosopher  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  professor  of  logic  and  meta- 
physics at  Queen's  College,  Belfast.  He  wrote 
"History  of  the  Philosophy  of  Mind"  (1848), 
books  on  angling,  etc. 

Blanc  (blon),  Anthony.  Bom  near  Lyons, 
France,  Oct.  11,  1792:  died  June  20,1860.  A 
Roman  Catholic  prelate,  bishop  of  New  Orleans 
1835-50,  and  archbishop  1850-60. 

Blanc,  Auguste  Alexandre  Philippe  Charles. 
Born  at  (jastres.  Tarn,  Prance,  Nov.  15,  1813: 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  17, 1882.  A  French  art  critic, 
brother  of  Jean  Joseph  Charles  Louis  Blanc. 
He  wrote  "Grammaire  des  arts  du  dessin  "  (1867),  etc.,  and 
was  the  chief  contributor  to  "Histoire  des  peintres  de 
toutes  les  ^coles  "  (1849-75). 

Blanc,  Jean  Joseph  Charles  Louis.  Bom  at 
Madrid,  Oct.  29, 1811:  died  at  Cannes,  France, 
Dec.  6,  1882.  A  celebrated  French  politician, 
historian,  political  vn-iter,  and  socialist,  promi- 
nent in  the  revolution  of  1848.  He  studied  law  in 
Paris,  and  from  1832  to  1834  was  a  private  tutor  at  Arras. 
On  his  return  to  Paris  he  wrote  for  the  "National  the 
"Bevue  r^publicalne,"  the  "NouveUe  Mmerve,  aond  the 
"Bon  sens,"  and  was  made  editor  of  the  last-named  Jour- 
nal in  Jan.,  1837.  After  eighteen  months  he  founded  a 
new  organ,  "La  revue  du  progr^s,'  in  which  appeared 
his  review  ot  the  "  Iddes  napol^oniennes  of  Louis  Napo- 
leon, and  his  own  "Organisation  du  travail.  He  sdso 
wro4  the  "Histoire  de  dix  ans"  (183M0),  and  began 
his  "Histoire  de  la  revolution,"  the  first  two  volumes  of 
which  anneared  in  1847.  In  1848  he  became  a  member  of 
Slpro^SoSgoverament  of  the  IJenoh  Kepublic, but 
wasforoed  to  seek  refuge  in  England  Thence  he  m«te 
an  "  Appel aux honnfites gens " (1849),  "Pages de  1  histoire 
de  la  r^olution  de  Wvrier  1848  "  (1860),  a  couple  of  po- 
leUc  parSphlets  entitled  "Plus  de  Glrondins"  (1861),  and 
C— 11 


161 


Blankenburg 

"  La  Rdpublique  une  et  indivisible"  (1861).  He  ended  his  BlanCO  Josd  P^li-x:  Born  in  Mai-iani.  Ho  rora 
history  of  the  revolution  with  the  dissolution  of  the  Na-  n„H  ^o^t  94  17^'.  f^I^Jt  ^ariana  de  Cara- 
tional  Convention,  and  issued  the  twelfth  and  final  volume     ?oli       P^V      '        ,  •      **  ^^S'^acas,  Jan.  8, 

of  the  work  in  1862.  His  ' '  Historical  Revelations  ascribed  1872.  A  V  enezuelan  priest,  soldier,  statesman, 
to  Lord  Normanby  "  (1858)  were  written  originally  in  Eng-     and  historian.    He  was  one  of  the  leaders  in  the  revo- 


lish,  but  immediately  translated  by  the  author  into  French 
under  the  title  "  Histoire  de  la  revolution  de  1848  "  (1870). 
From  1857  to  1870  Blanc  wrote  a  weekly  letter,  at  first  to 
the  "  Courrier  de  Paris,"  and  afterward  to  the  "  Temps." 
These  articles  on  the  political  and  parliamentary  life  of 
Great  Britain  have  been  collected  in  ten  volumes  entitled 
"Dix  annfes  de  I'histoire  d'Angleterre "  (1879-81).  In 
1870  he  returned  to  France  and  took  part  in  several  polit- 
ical assemblies.  In  1876  he  founded  and  directed  a  daii^ 
sheet, "  L'Homme  libre."  His  articles  from  this  paper  and 
from  the  "  Eappel"  fill  five  volumes  entitled  "  Questions 
d'aujomd'hui  et  de  domain  "  (1873-84). 

Blanc,  Le.    A  town  in  the  department  of  Indre, 
central  France,  situated  on  the  river  Creuse  35 
miles  east  of  Poitiers, 
mune,  7,389. 

Blanc,  Mont.    See  Mont  Blanc. 

Blahca,  Sierra.    See  Sierra  Blanca. 

Blanchard  (blon-shar'),  Alain.  Died  1418.  A 
citizen  of  Rouen,  France,  who  played  a  promi- 
nent part  in  the  defense  of  that  city  during  the 
siege  by  Henry  V.  of  England,  1418,  and  who 
was  executed  by  the  orders  of  Henry  after  the 
capitulation  of  the  city. 

Blanchard,  £niile.  Bom  at  Paris,  March  6, 
1819:  died  there,  Feb.  10, 1900.  AFrench  natu- 
ralist, especially  noted  as  an  entomologist.  He 
was  the  author  of  many  scientific  works,  including  "  Re* 
cherches  sur  I'organisation  des  vers"  (1837),  "Histoire 
uaturelle  des  insectes  orthoptferes,  n^croptferes,  etc." 
(1837-40),  "Histoire  des  insectes,  etc."  (1843-46),  etc. 

Blanchard,  Francois.    Born  at  Andelys,  Eure, 


lution  at  Caracas,  April  19, 1810,  and  was  the  first  editor 
of  the  great  historical  work"Documentos  paralahisto- 
ria  de  la  vida  publica  del  Libertador,"  etc.,  which  was 
published  by  Azpuriia  after  his  death  (Caracas,  1875-77, 
14  vols.). 

Blanco  y  Arenas,  Ramdn,  Marquis  de  PeSa 
Plata.  Bom  at  Bilbd,o  in  1832.  A  Spanish 
general,  appointed  governor-general  of  Cuba 
m  October,  1897.  He  fought  in  the  Cariist  war ;  served 
in  Cuba  during  the  rebellion  ot  1868-78,  and  was  captain- 
general  of  that  island  1880-81 ;  was  captain-general  of 
Catalonia  1877-79, 1882,  and  1887-93,  and  was  captain-gen- 
i,  eral  of  the  Philippines  in  1894,  but  was  recalled. 
Population  (1891),  com-  Blancos  (blan'kos),  or  Blanquillos  (blSn-kel'- 
yos).  [Sp.,  'Whites.']  The  name  given  in 
Uruguay  to  one  of  the  two  great  political  par- 
ties. It  had  its  origin  about  1836,  when  the  adherents  of 
Oribe  took  the  name  of  Blancos,  and  those  of  Fructuoso 
Rivera  that  of  Colorados.  Both  parties  have  had  various 
leaders,  and  have  differed,  ostensibly  at  least,  on  many  im- 
portant questions.  From  1842  to  1851  the  Colorados  held 
Montevideo  (whence  they  were  also  known  as  the  Dtfensa 
party,  or  Partido  de  la  befensa)^  and  the  Blancos,  under 
Oribe,  kept  the  city  in  a  state  of  continuous  siege. 

Bland  Silver  Bill.  A  United  States  statute 
of  1878  (20  Stat.,  25) :  so  called  from  its  author, 
Richard  P.  Bland,  a  member  of  the  House  from 
Missouri.  It  reestablished  the  silver  dollar  containing 
412^  grains  troy  of  standard  silver  as  a  legal  tender ;  but 
its  special  feature  was  a  clause  requiring  the  treasury  to 
purchase  every  month  not  less  than  two  million  nor  more 
than  four  million  dollars'  worth  of  silver  bullion  and  to 
coin  it  into  dollars.  Itpassed  over  President  Hayes's  veto. 
See  Sherman  Bill. 

Born  in  Prince 


France,  1753 :  died  at  Paris,  March  7, 1809.   A 

noted  French  aeronaut.    His  first  ascent  was  made  Bland   (bland),    Theodoric, 


In  1784,  and  in  1785  he  crossed  the  Channel  from  Dover  to 
Calais.  Later  he  visited  the  United  States.  He  made  over 
60  ascents. 

Blanchard,  Henri  Pierre  L6on  Pharamond. 

Born  near  Lyons,  Feb.  27,  1805 :  died  at  Paris, 
Jan.  19,  1874.    A  French  painter. 
Blanchard(blan'chard),  SamuelLaman.  Bom 


George  County,  Va.,  1742:  died  at  New  York, 
June  1, 1790.  An  American  patriot.  He  joined 
the  Continental  army  in  1777;  was  a  delegate  from  Virginia 
to  the  Continental  Congress  1780-83 ;  and  was  representa- 
tive from  Virginia  to  the  first  Congress  under  the  Fed- 
eral Constitution  1789-00.  He  left  memoirs  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary period,  which  were  published  under  the  title  of 
"  The  Bland  Papers"  in  1840. 


at  (Jreat  Yarmouth, Jlngland,  May  15, 1804:  died  Blandamour  (blan'da-mor).  Sir.  A  fickle  and 
at  London,  Feb.  15,  1845.  An  English  litt6-  yainglorious  knight  in  Spenser's  "Faerie 
;^^^^^..,^'\^  journalist.  He  was  acting  editor  of  the  Queene."  He  was  defeated  by  Britomart,  and 
"Monthly  Magazine"  (1831),  editor  of  "The  True  Sun"  "*„„  j.,  „  j!„i„„  wi„..5™oi  f™^™  •Dot.MoI 
(1832),  7t  "Tht  Constitiitional"  (1836),  "  The  Court  Jour-  ^on  t^e  false  Flonmel  from  Paridel. 
nal"(1837),  "  The  CouTier"(1837-39),  and  other  periodicals,  Blandiman  (blan'di-man).  The  attendant  of 
andauthorof  "IjTicOfleringaj|'"SonnetB,"etc.  — 

Blanchard,  Thomas, 

June 

An  American  inventor.  He  invented  a  machine  for 
cutting  and  heading  tacks  by  a  single  operation,  and  a 
well-lmown  lathe  for  turning  irregular  forms. 

Blanche  (blonsh),  August  Ibeodor.    Bom  at 

Stockholm,  Sept.  17,  1811:  died  at  Stockholm, 

Nov.  30,  1868.    A  Swedish  poet  and  novelist. 
Blanche  (blanch;  F.  pron.  blonsh)  of  Bourbon. 

Bom  in  Prance  about  1338:  died  at  Medina 

Sidonia,  Spain,  1361.  A  French  princess,  daugh- 
ter of  Pierre,  duo  de  Bourbon,  and  wife  of 

Pedro  "the  (Jmel"  of  Castile,  by  whom  she 

was  abandoned  shortly  after  the  marriage  on 

a  charge  of  infidelity  and  imprisoned.    Her  death 

was  ascribed  to  poisoning.    Her  tragical  fate  produced  a 

profound  impression,  and  has  frequently  been  celebrated 

In  verse.  ,  ^        , 

Blanche  of  Castile.    Bom  1187:  died  Deo.  1, 

1252.  Queen  of  France,  daughter  of  Alfonso  IX. 

of  Castile  by  Eleanor  of  England,  and  wife  of 

Louis  VIII.    She  acted  as  regent,  1226-36,  during  the 

minority  of  her  son  Louis  IX,  and  again,  1248-62,  during 

his  absence  on  a  crusade  in  the  Holy  Land. 


,   _,,  -^  .  rt  ,,        ■.,  Bellisantin  the  storyof  "Valentine  and  Orson." 

liard,  Thomas.    Born  at  Sutton,  Mass.,  giandina  (blan-di'na).  Saint.     A  female  slave 
24,  1788:  died  at  Boston,  April  16^  1864.     .^jj,,^  during  a  persecution  of  the  Christians, 
■„,        i-j      .  .,..■  .,.-    -jyas  put  to  death  at  Lyons  in  177.     She  is  com- 
memorated by  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  on 
June  2. 

Blandois.  See  Bigaud. 
Blandrata  (blan-dra'ta),  or  Biandrata  (be-an- 
dra'ta),  (J-iorgio.  Bom  at  Saluzzo,  Italy,  about 
1515:  died  in  Transylvania  about  1590.  An 
Italian  physician  and  propagator  (especially  in 
Poland  and  Transylvania)  of  Protestant  doc- 
trines, and  later  of  Sociniauism  and  Arianism. 
He  was  thrown  into  prison  at  Pavia  by  the  Inquisition, 
but  escaped  to  Geneva,  where  he  was  forced  to  profess 
Calvinism.  From  Geneva  he  went  to  Poland,  where  he 
was  assassinated  by  a  nephew  whom  he  had  threatened 
to  disinherit. 
Blane  (blan),  Sir  Gilbert.  Bom  at  Blanefield, 
Ayrshire,  Scotland,  Sept.  8,  1749 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, June  26, 1834.  A  noted  Scotch  physician. 
He  had  the  medical  charge  of  the  West  Indian  fieet  under 
Rodney  (1779-81),  and  was  later  (1785)  appointed  physician 
extraordinary  to  the  Prince  of  Wales.  He  wrote  "  Ele- 
ments of  Medical  Logic  "  (1819),  etc. 
Blanche  of  Devan.  A  crazy  lowland  bride  in  Blane,  Niel.  The  popular  landlord  of  the  HowfE 
Scott's  poem  "Lady  of  the  Lake."  in  Scott's  novel  "  Old  Mortality."    He  is  also 

Blanchefleur,  or  Blancheflor.  See  Fleur  et  town  piper.  Jennie,  his  daughter,  is  the  har- 
Blaneheflew.  maid. 

Blanchelande  (blonsh-lond'),PhilibertFran-  Blanes  (blan'yes).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
COiS  Roussel  de.  Bom  at  Dijon,  1735 :  died  of  Gerona,  northeastern  Spain,  situated  on  the 
at  Paris  April  11,  1793.  A  French  general.  Mediterranean  40  miles  northeast  of  Barcelona. 
In  1779  he  went  as  lieutenant-colonel  to  the  West  Indies,     Population  (1887),  5,401. 

and  commanded  at  St  vincenii  ^''°"*!l.t'ifj?viSn„/„'J  Blangini  (blan-je'ne),  GiuseppcMarco  Maria 

.„„,<=.  ».>...„     In  1790  he  "e-ne^actmg^go^r^nor^of  i»j.^j.S^_^  ^Bornlt^Tui'in,  No^V  1781:  died  at 


Bnglisb  attack. 

Haiti,  but  was  unsuccessful. 

1792,  and  executed  by  the  revolutionary  tribunal. 

Blanco,  Antonio  Guzman.  See  Guzman  Blanco, 
Antonio.  ,         ,  j.. 

Blanco  Cape.  A  headland  of  western  Africa, 
in  lat.  20°  46'  N.,  long.  17°  6'  W. 

Blanco  (blan'ko)  Encalada,  Manuel.  Bom 
at  Buenos  Ayres,  Sept.  5,  1790:  died  at  San^ 


Paris,  Dec.  18,  1841.  An  Italian  tenor  a,nd 
operatic  composer.  He  wrote  "Chim&re  et 
r^alit^,"  "Encore  un  tour  de  Caliphe,"  "Ro- 
mances," in  34  numbers,  etc. 
Blankenberghe  (blan'ken-berch-e,  P.  pron. 
blon-ken-berg').  A  sea-bathing  place  and  fish- 
ing town  in  the  province  of  West  Flanders, 


ti'ago  Chile,  Sept!  5,  1876.'  A  Spanish-Ameri-  Belgium,  situated  on  the  North  Sea  9  miles 
can  general  and  naval  commander  who  dis-  northwest  of  Bruges.  Population  (1890),  4,116. 
MnOTiished  himself    in  the  Chilean  war  for  Blankenburff   (blan'ken-bSre).     A  town  in 


tinguished  himself    in 

independence.  In  July,  1826,  he  was  elected  president 
of  Chile,  but  resigned  soon  after.  Made  general  of  the 
army,  he  led  an  unsuccessful  invasion  of  Peru  in  1837, 
and  was  aUowed  to  retu:e  only  alter  signing  a  treaty  of 
peace.  The  Chilean  government  annulled  this  treaty, 
and  Blanco  Encalada  was  coittt-martialed,  but  exoner- 
ated. He  was  intendant  of  Valparaiso  in  1847,  and  mm- 
ister  to  France  1863-58.  He  held  the  military  title  of 
marshal  from  1820. 


Blankenburg  (bla  .         „,      ., 

Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  Germany,  21  miles 
south  of  Weimar,  in  the  Schwarzathal  of  the 
Thuringian  Forest. 

Blankenburg.  A  town  in  Brunswick,  in  the 
Harz  9  miles  southwest  of  Halberstadt.  It  is 
a  noted  summer  resort,  and  contains  a  ducal 
castle  and  a  Rathaus.   Population  (1890),  7,703. 


Blanketeers 

Blanketeeis  (blang-ke-terz').  The  name  given 
to  a  body  of  balf-starved  Manchester  opera- 
tives who  met  at  St.  Peter's  Field,  March  10, 
1817.  Each  man  was  provided  with  provisions  and  a 
blanket,  and  their  purpose  was  to  walk  to  London  to 
petition  for  some  legislative  remedy  against  capitalistic 
oppression,  and  especially  for  the  great  panacea  of  par- 
liamentary reform. 

The  project  of  these  poor  simple-minded  men,  Instead 
of  exciting  compassion,  filled  the  minds  of  the  govern- 
ment and  the  upper  classes  with  alarm.  It  was  regarded 
as  an  attempt  to  overthrow  the  institutions  of  the  coun- 
try. The  Habeas  Corpus  Act  being  at  that  time  sus- 
pended, the  leaders  of  the  proposed  expedition  were 
seized  and  imprisoned.  The  greater  part  of  those  who 
had  intended  to  join  it  yielded  at  once  ;  a  few,  however, 
persisted  in  their  intentions ;  but  troops  had  been  placed 
along  the  proposed  line  of  march,  and  they  were  inter- 
cepted, searched,  and  either  sent  back  or  imprisoned.  No- 
thing was  found  on  them  to  justify  these  proceedings, 
except  "two  unusually  long  knives." 

Molegwarth,  Hist.  Eng.,  I.  11. 

BlanQLui  (blon-ke'),  J6r6ine  Adolphe.    Bom  at 

Nice,  France,  Nov.  20, 1798:  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
28,  1854.  A  noted  French  political  economist. 
His  works  include  "L'Histoire  de  I'^conomie  politique 
en  Europe,  etc."  (1837-38),  "Voyage  en  Angleterre  1824," 
etc. 

Blanqui,  Louis  Auguste.  Born  at  Puget-Th6- 
niers,  Alpes-Maritimes,  Prance,  Feb.  7,  1805: 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  1,  1881.  A  French  social- 
ist and  political  agitator,  brother  of  J6r6me 
Adolphe  Blanqui.  He  took  part  in  insurrec- 
tionary movements  in  1839,  1848,  and  1871. 

Blanzy  (blon-ze')-  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Sa6ne-et-Loiie,  Prance,  19  miles  south  of 
Autun.     Population  (1891),  commune,  4,942. 

Blarney  (blar'ni).  A  village  in  Cork,  Ireland,  5 
miles  northwest  of  Cork.  It  contains  a  noted  castle 
built  in  1446  by  Cormack  MacCarthy,  and  now  forming  a 
picturesque  ivy-clad  ruin  centered  about  a  high,  square, 
battlemented  and  machicolated  keep.  Tlie  fame  of  the 
castle  is  due  to  its  possession  of  the  wonder-working 
Blarney  stone,  a  block  bearing  the  name  of  the  founder 
and  the  date,  built  into  the  south  angle  of  the  keep  twenty 
feet  below  the  top.  Since  access  to  it  is  well  nigh  impos- 
sible, a  substitute  has  been  provided  within  the  battle- 
ments to  receive  the  kisses  of  tourists. 

Blarney,  Lady.  One  of  the  town  ladies,  or 
rather  ladies  of  the  town,  in  Goldsmith's  "  Vicar 
of  Wakefield,"  who  make  the  acquaintance  of 
the  vicar's  innocent  family  under  false  pre- 
tenses. The  other  is  Miss  Carolina  Wilhelmina 
Skeggs. 

Blasius  (bla'zi-us),  or  Blaize  (blaz),  Saint.  A 
bishop  of  Sebaste,  Armenia,  martyred  in  316. 
He  was  adopted  by  the  wool-combers  as  their  patron  saint, 
apparently  because  iron  combs  were  used  in  tearing  his 
flesh  when  martyred.  His  festival  is  celebrated  on  Feb. 
3  by  the  B-oman  and  Anglican  churches,  and  on  Feb.  11 
by  the  Greeks.  The  wool-combers'  procession  is  still  held 
on  Feb.  3  in  England. 

Blasius,  Docteur.  The  pseudonym  of  Paschal 
Grousset  in  "Figaro." 

Blatant  Beast,  The.  In  Spenser's  "Faerie 
Queene,"  the  personification  of  slander.  He 
is  a  foul  monster  with  a  hundred  tongues. 

Blathers  (blaSH'erz).  A  Bow-street  ofleer  in 
Dickens's  "  Oliver  Twist." 

BlattergOWl  (blat'er-goul).  A  prosy  Scotch 
minister  in  Scott's  novel  "  The  Antiquary." 

Blaubeuren  (blou'boi-ren).  A  small  town  in 
Wiirtemberg,  situated  ontho  Blau  10  miles  west 
of  Ulm. 

Blauen  (blou'en).  One  of  the  chief  summits 
of  the  Black  Forest,  near  Miillheim.  Height, 
3,830  feet. 

Blavatsky  (bia-vat'ski),  Madame  (Helena 
Petrovna  Hahn-Hahn).  Born  at  Yekaterino- 
slaff,  Russia,  in  1831 :  died  at  London,  May  8, 
1891.  A  Russian  theosophist  and  traveler  in 
the  Bast,  etc. :  one  of  the  chief  founders  of  the 
" Theosophieal  Society"  in  1875.  She  wrote 
"Isis  Unveiled"  (1876),  "The  Secret  Doctrine  " 
(1888),  "Key  to  Theosophy"  (1889),  etc. 

Blaye  (bla).  [L.  Blavia,  Blabia,  Blava..']  A  sea- 
port in  the  department  of  Gironde,  France,  21 
miles  northwest  of  Bordeaux:  the  Roman 
Blavia.    Population  (1891),  commune,  5,015. 

Blaze  (blaz),  FranQOis  Henri  Joseph,  called 
Castil-Blaze.  Bom  at  Cavaillon,  Vaucluse, 
France,  Dec.  1,  1784:.  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  11, 
1857.  A  French  writer  on  music,  musical  critic, 
and  operatic  composer.     Prom  1822  to  1832  he 

was  musical  critic  of  the  "  Journal  des  D6bats." 
He  wrote  "De  I'opSra  en  France"  (1820),  etc. 

Blaze  de  Bury  (blaz  de  bii-re')  (originally 
Ange  Henri  Blaze) .  Bom  at  Avignon,  France, 
May  19,  1813:  died  at  Paris,  March  15,  1888. 
A  French  author,  son  of  Castil-Blaze.   He  wrote 

for  the  "Revue  des  Deux  Mondes"  under  the  pen-names 
"Hans  Werner,"  "F.  de Lagenevais,"  and  "Henri  Blaze," 
and  lived  for  somp  time  at  the  court  of  Weimar.  His 
works  include  "Eorivains  et  poetes  de   I'Allemagne" 

(1S43),  "Les  poesies  de  Goethe"  (1843),  etc. 


162 

Bleak  House.  A  novel  by  Charles  Dickens, 
published  1852-53  in  twenty  monthly  num- 
bers. It  was  named  from  a  dreaty-looking  house  which 
was  his  summer  residence  at  Broadstaira.  It  was  aimed 
at  the  delays  of  the  Court  of  Chancery.  It  was  illustrated 
by  "Phiz." 

Bledow  (bla'do),  Ludwig.  Born  Julv  27, 1795: 
died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  6, 1846.  A  famous  German 
chess-player,  founder  of  the  so-called  Berlin 
chess  school  (1837-42).  His  collection  of  works 
on  chess  was  purchased  by  the  Royal  Library 
of  Berlin. 

Bleeding-heart  Yard.  A  part  of  London  for- 
merly the  property  of  the  Hatton  family.  About 
the  origin  of  its  title  there  are  various  traditions.  The 
place  is  much  built  over  with  poor  houses.  It  is  intro- 
duced by  Dickens  in  "  Little  Dorrit "  as  the  residence  of 
the  Plornishes,  Daniel  Doyce,  and  others. 

Bleek  (blak),  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Ahrensbock, 
Holstein,  July  4,  1793 :  died  at  Bonn,  Germany, 
Feb.  27,  1859.  A  German  biblical  critic,  pro- 
fessor of  theology  at  Bonn  1829-59. 

Bleek,  Wilhelm  Heinrich  Immanuel.  Bom 
at  Berlin,  March  8,  1827:  died  at  Cape  Town, 
Cape  Colony,  Aug.  17,  1875.  A  noted  African 
linguist.  He  went  to  Natal,  South  Africa,  in  1856,  and 
in  1856  to  Cape  Town,  where  he  was  appointed  librarian 
of  Sir  George  Grey's  library.  In  this  capacity  he  wrote 
his  "Catalogue  of  Sir  George  Grey's  Library"  (3  vols., 
1868-83),  "Hottentot  Fables"  (1864),  "  Comparative  Gram- 
mar of  South  African  Languages"  (1862-69).  He  died 
while  working  at  a  dictionary  of  the  Bushman  language. 

Blefuscu  (ble-fus'ku).  An  island  described  in 
Swift's  "  Gulliver's  Travels."  It  was  separated 
from  Lilliput  by  a  channel,  and  was  intended  to  satirize 
France.  The  inhabitants  were  pygmies.  Gulliver  wades 
across  the  channel  and  carries  off  its  entire  fleet. 

Bleibtreu  (blib'troi),  Gteorg.  Bom  at  Xanten, 
Rhenish  Prussia,  March  27,  1828 :  died  at  Ber- 
lin, Oct.  16,  1892.  A  German  battle-painter. 
His  chief  paintings  are  "Battle  of  Katzbaeh" 
(1857),  "Battle  of  "Waterloo"  (1858),  etc. 

Blemyes,orBlenmiyes  (blem'i-ez).  [Gr.B;W/iwf, 
'BMiipivEQ.']  In  ancient  history,  a  nomadic  Ethio- 
pian tribe,  infesting  Nubia  and  Upper  Egypt. 
See  Bisharin.  They  were  frequently  at  war  with  the 
Itomans,  and  were  often  defeated  under  Aurelian,  Probus, 
and  Diocletian.  They  were  the  subjects  of  fabulous  ac- 
counts by  early  writers,  who  represent  them  as  headless 
and  as  having  their  eyes,  nose,  and  mouth  in  their  breasts. 

Bleneau  (bla-no').  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained 
at  B16neau  (in  the  department  of  Yonne, 
France)  by  the  Spaniards  under  Cond6  over 
Turenne  in  1652 :  in  another  battle  on  the  next 
day  Turenne  gained  the  advantage. 

Blenerhasset  (blen-er-has'et),  Thomas.  Bom 
about  1550 :  died  about  1625.  An  English  poet 
and  historian.  His  best-known  work  is  "The  Second 
Parte  of  tlie  Mirrour  for  Magistrates  "  (1578). 

Blenheim  (blen'im),  G.  Blindheim  (blint'him). 
A  village  in  western  Bavaria,  situated  on  the 
Danube  in  lat.  48°  37'  N.,  long.  10°  36'  E. 
Near  here,  Aug.  13  (N.  S.),  1704,  ths  allied  English,  Ger- 
mans, Dutch,  and  Danes  (62,000),  under  the  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough and  Prince  Eugene,  defeated  the  French  and 
Bavarians  (56,000-60,000),underTallard.  The  loss  of  the  Al- 
lies was  11,000-12,000,  and  that  of  the  French  and  Bavarians, 
40,000  (?).  The  battle  is  called  by  French  and  Germans  the 
battle  of  Hochstadt. 

Blenheim  Palace.  A  mt'sion  at  Woodstock, 
Oxfordshire,  England,  built  by  Vaubrugh  at 
national  cost,  1705-16,  for  the  first  Duke  of 
Marlborough.  It  is  an  imposiiig  pile,  measuring  320 
feet  east  and  west,  and  190  feet  north  and  south.  The 
chief  fagade  presents  a  projecting  entrance-portico  be- 
tween two  prominent  wings  whose  inner  faces  sweep  in  a 
curve  toward  the  entrance.  The  ornamentation  is  poor, 
and  the  columns  are  so  large  as  to  dwarf  even  the  enor- 
mous building.  The  park  facade  and  the  two  lesser  facades 
are  better :  each  has  a  large  bow- window  in  the  middl^  and 
is  flankod  by  end  pavilions.  The  interior  has  many  fine 
apartments. 

Blennerhasset  (blen  -  6r  -  has '  et) ,  Harman. 
Bom  at  Hampshire,  England,  (Dct.  8,  1765 
(1764?):  died  at  Guernsey,  Channel  Islands, 
Feb.  1,  1831.  An  Englishman  of  Irish  descent, 
noted  in  connection  with  Burr's  conspiracy. 
He  settled  about  1798  on  a  small  island,  since  called  Blen- 
nerhasset's  Island,  in  the  Ohio,  near  Marietta,  where  he 
erected  a  mansion  which  he  surrounded  with  gardens 
and  conservatories,  and  furnished  with  a  library  and  other 
faculties  for  the  gratification  of  intellectual  tastes.  He 
was  persuaded  in  1805  by  Burr  to  join  his  enterprise, 
probably  without  knowing  its  true  character,  and  was 
arrested  and  indicted  for  treason,  but  was  released  in 
1807  on  Burr's  acquittal,  his  home  having  in  the  mean 
time  been  sold  to  satisfy  his  creditors.  The  tradition  that 
his  last  years  were  spent  in  poverty  is  not  correct. 

Blennerhasset's  Island.  A  small  island  in 
the  Ohio,  2  miles  below  Parkersburg,  West  Vir- 
ginia :  so  called  from  Harman  Blennerhasset, 
famous  in  connection  with  Burr's  conspiracy. 

Blessing  of  Jacob.  One  of  the  finest  paintings 
of  Rembrandt  (1656),  in  the  museum  at  Cassel, 
Germany.  Jacob,  on  his  death-bed,  supported  by  JosepI^ 


Blodget 

gives  his  benediction  to  his  two  young  grandsons,  who 
kneel  beside  the  bed.  Their  mother,  with  folded  hands, 
stands  beliind  them. 

Blessington,  Countess  of.  See  Power  (Far- 
mer), Marguerite. 

Blicher  (bUeh'^r),  Steen  Steensen.  Born  at 
Vium,  Jutland,  Denmark,  Oct.  11, 1782 :  died  at 
Spentrup,  March  26, 1848.  A  Danish  lyric  poet 
and  novelist.  His  works  include  the  novels  "Jydske 
Eomanzer,"  "Nationalnoveller,"  etc.  (published  collec- 
tively 1833-36). 

Blida'  (ble-da').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Algiers,  Algeria,  25  miles  southwest  of  Al- 
giers.   Population  (1891),  11,404. 

Bllfil  (bli'fil),  Captain  John.  A  hypocritical 
coxcomb  in  Fielding's ' '  Tom  Jones,"  of ' '  pinch- 
beck professions  and  vamped  up  virtues." 

Blifll,  Doctor.  The  elder  brother  of  Captain 
Blifil. 

Bligh  (bli),  William.  Bom  at  Tyutan,  Cornwall, 
1753 :  died  at  London,  Dee.  7, 1817.  An  Enghsh 
admiral.  He  was  commander  of  his  Majesty's  ship  Bounty 
in  1787  ;  was  cast  adrift  near  the  Friendly  Islands  in  1789 ; 
and  reached  Timor  in  1789.  He  published  a  "  Narrative  " 
of  the  mutiny  in  1790.    See  Bounty. 

Blight  (blit),  Young.  Mr.Mortimer Lightwood's 
office-boy  in  Dickens's  novel  "Our  Mutual 
Friend."  He  is  of  a  peculiarly  depressing  as- 
pect. 

Blimber  (blim'6r),  Cornelia.  The  daughter  of 
Doctor  Blimber  in  Charles  Dickens's  "Dombey 
and  Son."  She  wore  short  hair  and  spectacles  and  was 
"dry  and  sandy  with  working  in  the  graves  of  deceased 
languages." 

Blimber,  Doctor.  The  principal  of  the  board- 
ing-school, in  Charles  Dickens's  "Dombey  and 
Son,"  to  which  little  Paul  Dombey  is  sent :  an 
unimpassioned,  grave  man  with  an  appearance 
of  learning. 

Blind  (blind),  Karl.  Bom  at  Mannheim,  Ger- 
many, Sept.  4, 1820.  A  German  political  agita- 
tor and  writer. 

Blind  Beggar  of  Alexandria,  The.  A  comedy 
by  Chapman,  first  acted  about  1596  and  printed 
in  1598. 

Blind  Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green,  The,  'with 
the  Merry  Humoujs  of  Tom  Stroud.  A  play 
by  Chettle  and  Day,  written  before  May,  1600, 
but  not  printed  till  1659.  it  was  based  on  the  pop- 
ular ballad  called  "  The  Blind  Beggar's  Daughter  of  Beth- 
nal Green." 

Blind  Beggar's  Daughter  of  Bethnal  Ghreen, 
The.  A  very  popular  ballad  preserved  in 
Percy's  "Reliques,"  "Ancient  Poems,"  and 
other  collections  of  old  ballads.  It  is  the  story 
of  "pretty  Bessee,"  the  daughter  of  "the  Blind  Beggar." 
The  latter  is  in  reality  Henry,  the  son  of  Simon  de  Montf  ort, 
who  assumes  this  disguise  to  escape  the  spies  of  Xing 
Henry.  Bessee  is  wooed  by  a  merchant,  an  innkeeper,  a 
gentleman,  and  a  knight :  all  but  the  knight^  however, 
say  farewell  to  her  on  learning  that  her  father  is  a  beggar. 
The  knight  marries  her,  and  her  father  reveals  his  true 
fortune  and  character  at  the  wedding.  See  Beggar  oj 
Bethnal  Green. 

Blinder  (bUn'dfer),  Mrs.  The  keeper  of  a  chan- 
dlei^s  shop  in  Charles  Dickens's  "Bleak  House." 
She  has  "a  dropsy  or  an  asthma,  or  perhaps 
both." 

Blind  Harry.  Died  about  1492.  A  Scottish 
minstrel:  author  of  a  poem  on  Sir  William 
Wallace.  The  only  known  manuscript  of  the 
poem  is  dated  1488. 

Blind  Preacher,  The.  William  Henry  Milbum. 

Blink  Bonny.  An  English  thoroughbred  mare 
bred  in  1854,  by  Melbourne,  dam  Queen  Mary 
by  Gladiator.  Like  Eleanor  she  won  both  the  Derby 
and  Oaks  (1857).  In  1861  she  threw  Blair  Athol  to  Stock- 
well.  She  died  in  1862.  Melbourne  represented  the  Godol- 
phin  barb  line  of  stallions.  Queen  Mary  was  also  the 
dam  of  Bonnie  Scotland,  imported  into  America. 

Blister  (bUs'ter).  An  apothecary  in  Fielding's 
"Old  Man  Taught  Wisdom,  or  The  Virgin  ifn- 
masked." 

Blithedale  (blith'dal)  Romance,  The.  A  ro- 
mance by  Hawthorne,  published  in  1852.  It 
was  founded  on  the  Brook  Farm  experiment  (which  seeV 
and  in  MUes  Coverdale  Hawthorne  described  much  of  his 
own  character.  "The  predominant  idea  of  the  'Blithe- 
dale  Romance '  is  to  delineate  the  deranging  effect  of  an 
absorbing  philanthropic  idea  on  a  powerful  mind. "  R.K. 
Hutton,  Essays  in  Lit.  Crit. 

Block  (blok),  Ben.    A  nickname  for  a  sailor. 

Block,  Maurice.  Born  at  Berlin,  Feb.  18,  1816 : 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  9,  1901.  A  French  political 
economist  ai)d  statistician.  His  works  include  "Des 
charges  de  I'agriculture  "  (1850),"  Puissance  compar^e  des 
divers  6tat5  de  I'Europe, "  etc.  He  edited  from  1856 
"L'Annuaire  de  I'^conomie  politique  et  de  la  statistique." 

Block  Island,  Ind.  Manisees  (man'i-sez).  An 
island  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  10  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Point  Judith  in  Rhode  Island, 
It  forms  the  township  of  New  Shoreham,  Rhode  Island. 
It  is  a  noted  summer  resort.    Length,  8  miles. 

Blodget  (blofet),  Lorin.    Bom  May  25,  1823 : 


Blodget 

died  March  24,  1901.  An  American  physicist 
and  statistician  :  author  of  "  Climatology  of 
the  United  States"  (1857),  etc. 
Bledgett,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Wobnrn,  Mass., 
April  1, 1724 :  died  at  Haverhill,  N.  H.,  Sept.  1, 
1807.  An  American  inventor.  He  coDstructed  a 
niachine  for  laising  sunken  Teasels,  1783,  and  began  the 
canal  around  Amoskeag  Falls,  at  Haverhill,  New  Hamp- 
shire, which  beaxs  his  name. 

Bloemaert  (blS'mart),  Abraham.  Bom  at 
Gorkum,  Netherlands,  1564:  died  at  Utrecht, 
1651.  A  Dutch  painter  of  landscapes  and  his- 
torical pieces,  noted  as  a  oolorist. 

Bloemeu  (blo'men),  Jan  Frans  van.  Bom 
at  Antwerp,  1662:  died  at  Eome,  1748  (1749?). 
A  Flemish  landscape-painter,  surnamed  "Oriz- 
zonte  "  from  the  beautiful  horizons  of  his  laud- 


Bloemen,  Pieter  van,  sumamed  "  Standaert." 
Born  1651 :  died  1720.  A  Flemish  battle-painter, 
brother  of  Jan  Frans  van  Bloemen. 

Bloemfoutein  (bl8m'fon-tan).  The  capital  of 
Orange  Eiver  Colony,  South  Africa,  situated 
in  lat.  29°  8'  S.,  long.  26°  40'  E.  Population 
(1890),  3,459. 

Blois(blwa).  [LL.  jBtesMTO.]  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Loir-et-Cher,  France,  situated  on 
the  Loire  in  lat.  47°  35'  N.,^  long.  1°  18'  E.: 
Medieval  Latin  Blesum,  Blesis,  or  Bleza.  it  was 
the  capital  of  the  medieval  countship  of  Blois.  The  cha- 
teau (castle)  is  a  historic  royal  palace,  of  great  extent.  It 
was  purchased  by  Louis  of  Orleans  {^on  of  Charles  V.),  and 
was  the  residence  of  Louis  XIL  The  east  front,  of  red 
brick  and  stone,  was  built  by  Louis  XII. ;  over  its  richly 
oniamented  portal  is  an  equestrian  statue  of  the  king,  in 
a  canopied  niche.  The  court  within  has  a  story  with 
square  muUioned  windows  over  graceful  arcades,  and 
topped  by  a  high  roof  with  decorated  dormer-windows. 
Another  wing  was  built  by  Francois  I.,  in  an  excellent 
Renaissance  style.  Its  most  prominent  feature  is  an  open 
winding  staircase,  richly  adorned  with  sculpture,  forming 
a  projecting  tower.  The  splendid  apartments  of  the  in- 
terior range  in  date  from  the  13th  century  down ;  they  are 
decorated  with  carving,  color,  and  wall-hangings.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  23,457. 

Blois,  County  of,  or  Blaisois,  or  B16sois.    A 

medieval  county  of  France,  included  in  the 

fovernment  of  OrlSanais,  and  comprised  in  the 
epartment  of  Loir-et-Cher.  Capital,  Blois.  It 
became  a  possession  of  the  crown  in  1498. 

Blois,  Charles  of.    See  Charles  of  Blois. 

Blois,  Louis  of.    See  Lotds  XII. 

Blois,  Stephen  of.    See  Stephen  of. 

Blome  (blom),  Richard.  Died  1705.  A  Lon- 
don publisher  and  compiler.  His  name  is  appended 
to  many  books  which  are  said  to  have  been  written  by 
impecunious  authors  for  a  pittance,  and  for  which  he  ob- 
tamed  subscriptions  from  wealthy  persons.  Among  these 
are  a  large  work  on  heraldry,  and  two  books  relating  to  the 
British  colonies  in  America. 

Blomfield  (blum'feld),  Charles  James.  Born 
at  Bury-St.-Edmnnds,  England,  May  29,  1786: 
died  at  Fulham,  England,  Aug.  5,  1857.  An 
English  prelate,  bishop  of  London  1828-56.  He 
edited  various  plays  of  JEschylus,  etc. 

Blommaert  (blom'mart),  Philipp.  Born  at 
Ghent,  Belgium,  Aug.  27,  1808:  died  at  Ghent, 
Aug.  14,  1871.  A  Flemish  historian  and  poet, 
reviver  of  old  Flemish  literature.  His  chief  work 
is  "Aloude  geschiedenis  der  Belgeu  of  Nederduitsohers  " 
0849). 

Blond,  Jacques  Ohristophe  le.    See  Leblond. 

Blondel  (blon-del';  F.  pron.  bl6n-del').  Born 
at  Nesle,  Picardy,  France:  flourished  in.  the 
second  half  of  the  12th  century.  A  French 
trouv&re,  attendant  and  friend  of  Eiohard  Coeur 
de  Lion.  According  to  the  traditional  account  (probably 
a  fable),  he  discovered  the  presence  of  the  impnsoned 
Eichard  in  the  castle  of  Diirrenstein  by  singmg  under  the 
tower  in  which  the  king  was  confined  a  song  which  the 
two  had  composed  and  to  which  the  king  responded. 

Blondin  (bl6n-dan'),  Charles  (Emile  Gra- 
vele)  Born  at  St.  Omer,  France,  Feb.  28, 
1824 :  died  at  Ealing,  London,  Feb.  22,  1897. 
A  Frenchman,  famous  as  a  tight-rope  walker. 
He  crossed  the  Niagara  Kiver  1855, 1859, 1860. 

Blood,  Council  of.  The  popular  name  of  a 
tribunal  organized  in  the  Netherlands  by  the 
Duke  of  Alva  in  1567.  Its  object  was  the  punish- 
ment of  the  enemies  of  Spanish  rule  and  the  Eoman 
Catholic  religion. 

Blood,  Thomas.  Bom,  probably  in  Ireland, 
about  1618 :  died  Aug.  24,  1680.  A  famous 
Irish  adventurer,  called  "Colonel"  Blood.  He 
was  the  leader  in  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  seizeDublin 
Castle  and  the  person  of  the  Duke  of  Ormonde,  the  lord 
lieutenant,  in  1663.  He  escaped ;  remained  for  a  time  m 
Ireland  and  then  fled  to  Holland ;  returned  to  England 
and  joined  the  Fifth  Monarcliy  men ;  went  to  Scotland 
and  associated  himseU  with  the  Covenanters,  remammg 
with  them  until  their  defeat  on  Pentland  Hills,  Nov.  27, 
1666;  and  then  revisited  England  and  Ireland.  In  1670 
he  led  another  assault  on  Ormonde,  and  in  1671  attempted 
to  steal  the  crown  jewels  from  the  Tower.  Scott  intro- 
duces him  in  "  Peveril  of  the  Peak." 


163 

Blood  Indians.    See  Siksilca. 

Bloody  Angle.  A  salient  at  Spottsylvania 
Court  House,  which  received  this  name  from 
the  severe  fighting  which  followed  the  capture 
there  by  General  Hancock  of  about  4,000  Con- 
federate soldiers  under  General  Edward  John- 
son, May  12,  1864. 

Bloody  Assizes..  The  popular  name  for  the 
trials  for  participation  in  Monmouth's  rising  of 
1685,  held  in  the  western  counties  of  England 
and  presided  over  by  Lord  Jeffreys.  Over  800 
persons  were  supposed  to  have  been  executed. 

Bloody  Brook.  A  brook  about  a  mile  north- 
west of  Deerfield,  Massachusetts,  the  scene  of 
an  Indian  massacre  in  1675. 

Bloody  Brother,  The,  or  BoUo,  Duke  of 
Normandy.  A  tragedy  by  Fletcher  and  others 
(probably  W.  Rowley  and  Massinger),  printed 
in  1639.     The  date  of  production  is  doubtful. 

Bloody  Mary.  An  epithet  given  to  Mary, 
queen  of  England  (1553-58),  on  account  of  the 
persecutions  which  she  sanctioned. 

Bloomer  (blo'mer),  Mrs.  (Amelia  Jenks).  Bom 
May  27, 1818 :  died  Dec.  30, 1894.  An  American 
reformer,  she  lectured  on  temperance  and  the  rights 
of  women,  but  was  principally  known  for  her  adoption  of 
a  reformed  dress,  consisting  of  Turkish  trousers  and  a 
dress  with  short  skirte,  which  was  first  introduced  by 
Elizabeth  Smith  Miller. 

Bloomfield  (blom'feld),  Robert.  BomatHon- 
ington,  Suffolk,  England,  Deo.  3,,  1766:  died 
at  Shefford,  Bedfordshire,  England,  Aug.  19, 
1823.  An  English  poet  and  shoemaker.  His 
best-known  work  is  "The  Farmer's  Boy" 
(1800). 

Bloomfield,  Samuel  Thomas.  Bom  1790: 
died  at  Wandsworth  Common,  England,  Sept. 
28,  1869.  An  English  scholar  and  biblical 
critic.    He  edited  the  Greek  Testament  (1832). 

Bloomington  (blom'ing-ton).  A  city,  the  capi- 
tal of  McLean  County,  Illinois,  in  lat.  40°  28' 
N.,  long.  89°  W.  It  is  a  railroad  center,  and  has 
several  educational  institutions  and  some  manufactures. 
Population  (1900),  2.'i,286. 

Bloomsbury  (blomz'ber-i).  A  district  lying 
north  of  New  Oxford  street,  London,  between 
Euston  Eoad,  Gray's  Inn  Eoad,  and  Tottenham 
Court  Eoad. 

Bloomsbury  Gang.  A  name  given  to  a  politi- 
cal clique  influential  about  1790.  Its  leader 
was  the  Duke  of  Bedford,  and  its  headquarters 
Bloomsbury  House,  London. 

Bloomsbury  Sq,uare.  A  noted  square  north  of 
New  Oxford  street,  London. 

Blore  Heath  (blor  heth).  A  heath  situated 
near  Market  Drayton,  Shropshire,  England. 
Here,  Sept.  23,  1469,  the  Yorkists  under  the  Earl  of  Salis- 
bury defeatfa  the  Lancastrians  under  Lord  Audley. 

Blot  in  the  'Scutcheon,  A.  A  tragedy  by 
Robert  Browning,  brought  out  in  England  in 
1843.  It  was  afterward  produced  in  America 
by  Lawrence  Barrett. 

Blouet  (blo-a' ),  Paul :  pseudonym  Max  O'Bell. 
Born  in  Brittany,  Prance,  March  2,  1848:  died 
at  Paris,  May  24,  1903.  A  French  author  and 
lecturer.  He  published  "John  Bull  and  his 
Island,"  "Jonathan  and  his  Continent," etc. 

Blount  (blunt),  Charles.  Died  1545.  The 
fifth  Lord  Mountjoy,  noted  as  a  patron  of 
learning. 

Blount,  Charles.  Bom  1563 :  died  at  London, 
April  3,  1606.  The  eighth  Lord  Mountjoy,  cre- 
ated earl  of  Devonshire  in  1604.  He  was  a  favorite 
of  Elizabeth,  and  a  friend  and  supporter  of  Essex  whom  he 
succeeded  in  Ireland.  He  defeated  Tyrone,  and,  with  Sir 
George  Carew,  obtained  military  possession  of  nearly  the 
whole  of  Ireland.    See  Stella. 

Blount,  Charles.  Bom  at  Upper  Holloway, 
England,  AprU  27,  1654:  died  Aug.,  1693.  An 
English  deist  and  pamphleteer.  He  wrote  against 
the  censorship  of  the  press,  and,  having  fallen  in  love 
with  his  deceased  wife's  sister,  published  a  defense  of 
marriage  between  persons  so  connected.  He  committed 
suicide  in  despair  of  accomplishing  the  union.  He  wrote 
"Animamundi,  etc."  (1679)  and  "The  Two  Books  of  Phi- 
lostratus,  or  the  Life  of  ApoUonius  of  Tyanseus,  from  the 
Greek  "(leSOX  etc. 

Blount,  Sir  Frederick.  A  poor  but  well-dressed 
fortune-hunter  in  Bulwer's  play  ' '  Money."    He 
is  quite  unable  to  pronounce  the  letter  "r, 
considering  it  "wough  and  wasping." 

Blount,  mrry.  Lord  Marmion's  page  m 
Scott's  poem  "Marmion." 

Blount,  Martha.  Bom  near  Eeadmg  (prob- 
ably), June  15,  1690 :  died  in  Berkeley  Eow, 
Hanover  Square,  London,  1762.  An  intimate 
friend  of  Pope.  He  left  her  by  his  will  £1,000,  many 
books,  all  his  household  goods,  etc.,  and  made  her  resid- 
uary legatee.  ^      ,     ,        ttt 

Blount,  Thomas.    Bom  at  Bordesley,  Woroes- 


Blue  Boy,  The 

tershire,  England,  1618 :  died  at  Orleton,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  26, 1679.  An  English  miscellaneous 
writer.  He  studied  law  at  the  Inner  Temple,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar ;  but,  as  his  religion  (Roman  Catholic) 
interfered  with  the  practice  of  his  profession,  he  retired 
to  his  estate  at  Orleton,  in  Herefordshire,  and  continued 
his  study  of  the  law  as  an  amateur.  Among  his  numer- 
ous works  are  "  Glossographia,  etc."  (1666),  and  "A  Law 
Dictionary"  (1670). 

Blount,  William.  Bom  in  North  Carolina, 
1744:  died  atKnoxville,  Tenn.,  March  21, 1800. 
An  American  politician.  He  was  one  of  the  signers 
of  the  Constitution,  was  appointed  governor  of  the  terri- 
tory south  of  the  Ohio  in  1790,  became  United  States  sena- 
tor from  Tennessee  in  1796,  and  was  expelled  in  1797  for 
having  instigated  the  Creeks  and  Cherokees  to  aid  the 
British  in  conquering  the  Spanish  territoiy  of  West  Florida. 

Blow  (blo),  John.  Bom  at  North  Collingham, 
Nottinghamshire,  England,  1648:  died  at  West- 
minster, Oct.  1,  1708.  A  noted  English  musi- 
cal composer,  organist  of  Westminster  Abbey, 
and  later  of  the  Chajiel  Eoyal. 

Blowitz  (blo'vits),  Henry  Georges  Stephane 
Adolphe  Opper  de.  Bom  at  Blowitz.  near 
Pilsen,  Bohemia,  Dec.  28,  1825 :  died  at  Paris, 
Jan.  18,  1903.  A  journalist,  the  Paris  rep- 
resentative of  the  London  "Times."  His  pa- 
rents were  Austrians  of  Hebrew  descent,  but  he  adopted 
the  name  of  his  birthplace  and  was^naturalized  a  French- 
man in  1870.  He  commenced  life  in  France  as  a  teacher 
of  German  at  Tours,  Marseilles,  etc.;  became  a  contrib- 
utor to  "  La  Gazette  du  Midi "  and  other  papers;  and  in 
1871  became  connected  with  the  London  "  Tunes."  He 
was  decorated  (1871)  with  the  badge  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor  (ofScer  of  the  Legion  in  1878).  He  wrote 
"Feuilles  volantes"  (1858),  "Midi  h  quatorze  heures  : 
I'AlIemagne  et  la  Provence"  (1869),  "  Le  mariage  royal 
d'Espagne"  (1878),  "Une  course  k  Constantinople  "(1884), 
etc.    He  retired  in  1901. 

Blowzelinda  (blou-ze-lin'da),  or  Blowsalinda 
(blou-za-lin'da).  [From'  llowze,  a  coarse 
wench.  J'  A  country  girl  in  Gay's  pastoral  poem 
"The  Shepherd's  Week."  She  is  not  the  rustic 
maiden  of  the  poets,  but  a  strong  realistic  milkmaid, 
feeding  the  hogs  and  doing  various  unromantic  things. 

Bliicher  (bliidh'er),  Gebhard  Leberecht  von. 

Prince  of  Wahlstadt.  Bom  at  Eostock,  Meck- 
leuburg-Sohwerin,  Dec.  16,  1742 :  died  at  Krie- 
blowitz,  in  Silesia,  Sept.  12,  1819.  _  A  famous 
field-marshal  in  the  Prussian  service.  He  com- 
manded at  Auersiadt,  Oct.  14, 1806 ;  served  with  distinc- 
tion at  Liitzen,  Bautzen,  Leipaic,  etc.,  1813 ;  defeated  Na^ 
poleon  at  Laon,  March  9,  1814 ;  was  defeated  at  Ligny, 
June  16, 1816 ;  and  commanded  the  Prussians  at  Water- 
loo, June  18, 1816. 

Bludenz  (blo'dents).  A  town  in  Vorarlberg, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  111  24  miles 
south  of  Bregenz.     Population  (1890),  3,265. 

Bludoff  (blo'dof).  Count  Dmitri  Nikolaye- 
Vitch.  Born  in  the  government  of  Vladimir, 
Russia,  April  16,  1785:  died  at  St.  Petersburg, 
March  2  (N.  S.),  1864.  A  Russian  statesman 
and  diplomatist.  He  was  appointed  minister  of  the 
interior  in  1837,  and  of  justice  in  1839,  and  president  of  the 
council  of  the  empire  and  council  of  the  ministry  in  1861. 

Bluebeard  (blo'berd),  F.  Barbe-bleue  (barb- 
ble'),  G.  Blaubart  (blou'bart).  The  nickname 
of  the  chevalier  Eaoul  (an  imaginary  person- 
age), celebrated  for  his  cruelty.  The  historic  ori- 
ginal was,  perhaps,  Gilles  de  Laval,  Baron  de  Retz  (bom 
1396 :  died  1440);  He  is  the  subject  of  works  by  Perrault, 
Gr^try,  Offenbach,  Tieck,  etc.  In  Perrault  he  is  a  rich 
man  who,  in  spite  of  his  hideous  blue  beard,  has  had  six 
wives  and  marries  a  seventh,  a  young  girl  named  Fatima. 
He  leaves  the  keys  of  the  castle  with  her  while  he  goes  on 
a  journey,  telling  her  that  she  may  enter  any  room  but 
one.  Slie  disobeys,  enters  the  forbidden  chamber,  and 
discovers  the  bodies  of  his  former  wives.  A  blood-stain 
on  the  key  reveals  her  disobedience,  and  her  husband 
gives  her  five  minutes  to  prepare  for  death.  Her  sister 
Anne  mounts  to  the  top  of  the  castle  to  watch  for  aid, 
and  at  last  sees  their  brothers  coming.  They  arrive  and 
kill  Bluebeard  as  he  is  about  to  despatch  Fatima.  Per- 
rault's  story  was  written  in  French  about  1697,  and  trans- 
lated mto  English  in  the  18th  century.  Several  similar 
tales  are  to  be  found  in  Straparola's  "Piacevoli  Notti," 
published  in  1669,  and  in  the  " Pentamerone  "  by  "Gian 
Alesio  Abbatutis  "  (Gianbattista  Basile).  A  series  of  fres- 
cos dating  from  the  13th  centmy  has  been  discovered  in  a 
chapel  at  Morbihan,  representing  the  legend  of  St.  Tre- 
phine, which  is  that  of  the  too  curious  wife  of  Bluebeard. 
"La  Barbe  Bleue  has  a  striking  resemblance  to  the  story 
in  the  Arabian  Nights  of  the  Third  Calendar,  who  has  all 
the  keys  of  a  magnificent  castle  intrusted  to  him,  with  in- 
junctions not  to  open  acertain  apartment ;  he  gratifies  his 
curiosity,  and  is  punished  for  his  disobedience."  DuiUop. 

Blue  Beard.  A  comic  opera  by  Sedaine  (music 
by  Gr^try),  produced  in  1797. 

Blue  Beard  or  Female  Curiosity.  A  musical 
play  by  Colman  the  Younger,  produced  m  1798. 

Blue  Bird,  The,  P.  L'Oiseau  Bleue  (Iwa-zo' 
ble).  A  fairy  tale  by  Madame  d'Aulnoy.  Flora 
and  Troutina,  daughters  of  a  kmg,  are  rivals  tor  the  hand 
of  Prince  Charming.  He  loves  Flora,  who  is  good  and 
beautiful ;  but  the  queen  insists  that  he  shall  marry  Trou- 
tina, who  is  iU-tempered  and  hideous.  In  consequence 
of  his  refusal,  he  is  condemned  to  wear  the  form  of  a  blue- 
bird for  seven  years.  The  superior  power  of  a  friendly 
enchantress  and  a  fairy  enables  them  to  restore  him  to 
his  own  form  and  unite  him  to  the  lovely  Flora. 

Blue  Boy,  The.    A  paiuting  by  Gainsborough 


Blue  Boy,  The 

(1779),  in  Grrosvenor  House,  London,  it  is  a  full- 
length  portrait  of  a  boy  wearing  a  16th-centui7  costume 
of  blue  satin,  in  a  landscape  background. 

Blue-coat  School.    See  Christ's  Hospital. 

Blueflelds  (We'feldz).  A  town  in  the  Mosquito 
territory,  Nicaragua,  situated  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Esoondido  or  Bluefields  Eiver. 

Blue-gowns.  Aname  given  to  certain  bedesmen 
■who  received  alms  from  the  kings  of  Scotland. 
They  wore  a  blue  gown  with  a  pewter  badge,  and  were  al- 
lowed to  beg  in  any  part  of  Scotland. 

Blue-Grass  Region.  A  popular  name  given  to 
that  part  of  central  Kentucky  which  abounds 
in  blue-grass  (^oa  pratensis). 

Blue  Grotto.  A  celebrated  cavern  on  the  shore 
of  Capri  in  Italy. 

Blue  Hen,  The.  A  nickname  of  the  State  of 
Delaware.  The  regiment  furnished  by  Delaware  in  the 
American  War  for  Independence  was,  on  account  of  its 
fighting  qualities,  known  as  the  "  Game  Cook  Regiment." 
One  of  its  officers,  Captain  Caldwell,  who  was  noted  as  a 
fancier  of  game-cocks,  maintained  that  a  true  game-cock 
must  of  necessity  be  the  progeny  of  a  blue  hen.  Hence 
arose  the  application  of  this'name  to  the  State. 

Blue  Hills.    A  range  of  hills  in  Norfolk  County, 

Massachusetts,  near  Milton,  south  of  Boston. 

The  height  of  Great  Blue  Hill  is  635  feet. 

Blue  Knight,  The.     In  medieval  romance.  Sir 

Persaunt  of  India,  overthrown  by  Sir  Gareth. 

He  is  described  in  Malory's  "  Pnnoe  Arthur" 

and  in  Tennyson's  idyll  "  Gareth  and  Lynette." 

Blue-mantle,   The  English  pursuivant-at-arms. 

Hi  a  official  robe  is  of  that  color. 

Blue  Mountains.    1.  A  range  of  mountains  in 

the  eastern  part  of  Jamaica.  Height  of  highest 

point,  Blue  Mountain  Peak,  7,300  feet. —  3.  A 
range  of  mountains  in  the  eastern  part  of  New 
South  Wales,  Australia,  north  of  the  Australian 
Alps,  and  west  of  Sydney.  Height,  about  4,600 
feet. — 3.  A  range  of  mountains  in  northeast- 
ern Oregon.  Average  height,  about  7,000  feet. 
— 4.  In  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  the 
second  main  ridge  of  the  Appalachian  Moun- 
tains :  also  known  in  their  northeastern  parts 
as  the  Kittatinny  and  in  New  York  as  the  Sha- 
wangunk  Mountains. 

Blue  Bidge.  The  easternmost  of  the  chains 
of  the  Appalachian  system  of  mountains,  in 
Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  it  is  a  contin- 
uation of  the  South  Mountain  of  Pennsylvania  and  Mary- 
land, which  is  also  often  called  the  Blue  Ridge.  It  is 
famous  for  its  picturesque  scenery.  In  Virginia  it  sepa- 
rates the  Piedmont  region  from  the  valley  of  Virginia. 
Highest  point,  in  North. Carolina,  the  Grandfather,  6,897 
feet. 

Blues  (bloz).  In  Canadian  politics,  the  Conser- 
vatives of  Quebec. 

Blue-stocking  Clubs.  A  name  applied  to  as- 
semblies held  in  London  about  1750  at  the  houses 
of  Mrs.  Montague  and  other  ladies,  in  which 
literary  conversation  and  other  intellectual  en- 
joyments were  substituted  for  cards  and  gossip, 
and  which  were  charaoterizedby  a  studied  plain- 
ness of  dress  on  the  part  of  some  of  the  guests. 
Among  these  was  Mr.  Benjamin  Stillingfleet^  who  always 
wore  blue  stockings,  and  in  reference  to  whom,  especially, 
the  coterie  was  called  in  derision  the  "Blue-stocking 
Society  "  or  the  "  Blue-stocking  Club,"  and  the  members, 
especially  the  ladies,  "blue-stockingers,"  "blue-stocking 
ladies,"  and  later  simply  "blue-stockings"  or  "blues." 

Bluestring  (blo'string),  Bobin.  A  nickname 
of  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  referring  to  his  blue 
ribbon  as  a  Kjiight  of  the  Garter. 

Bluet  d'Arb^res  (blii-a'  dar-bar'),  Bernard 
de.  Bom  about  1560 :  died  at  Paris,  1606.  A 
French  professional  fool.  He  assumed  the  title  of 
Comte  de  Permission,  and  published  crack-brained  pro- 
phecies and  eulogies  on  his  patrons.  His  "CEuvres,"  con- 
sisting of  about  180  numbered  pieces,  are  extremely  rare, 
and  are  highly  prised  by  bibliophiles. 

Bluff  (bluf ),  Colonel.  A  character  in  Fielding's 
"Intriguing  Chambermaid." 

Bluff  City.  An  epithet  sometimes  given,  to  Han- 
nibal, Missoxiri,  f rom  its  position. 

Blum  (bl5m),  Robert.  Bom  at  Cologne,  Prus- 
sia, Nov.  10, 1807:  executed  at  Vienna,  Nov.  9, 
1848.  -A.  German  political  agitator  and  writer, 
leader  of  the  liberal  party  in  Saxony  in  1848. 

Blum,  Bobert  Frederick,  Born  at  Cincinnati, 
O. ,  July  9, 1857:  died  at  New  York,  June  8, 1903. 
An  American  painter,  illustrator,  and  etcher. 

BlumenaU,  Battle  of.  -An  action  between  the 
Prussians  and  Austrians  at  Blumenau  in  Hun- 
gary, July  22, 1866.  It  was  interrnpted  by  news 
of  the  armistice. 

Blumenbach  (blo'men-badh),  Johann  Fried- 
rich.  Bom  at  Gotha,  Germany,  May  11, 1752 : 
died  at  Gottingen,  Germany,  Jan.  22, 1840.  A 
celebrated  German  naturalist  and  physiologist, 
the  founder  of  anthropology.  He  was  professor 
of  medicine  and  anatomy  in  the  University  of  Gottingen 
1776-1835,  and  editor  of  the  "  Medlcinisohe  Bibliotek" 
1780-94.     He  was  the  ilrst  to  teach  natural  history  on 


Boca  del  Drago 

Boadicea  was  flogged,  her  daughters  outraged,  and  other 
members  of  the  royal  family  treated  as  slaves,  with  the 
result  that  the  Iceni  joined  the  Trinobantes  in  a  re- 
volt under  Boadicea  against  the  Romans  62  A.  D.,  which 
was  put  down  by  Suetonius  Faulinus.  Boadicea  has  been 
made  the  subject  of  a  tragedy  by  Fletcher  (see  Banduca), 
which  was  altered  in  separate  plays  by  Powell,  Colman, 
and  Planch^.  Hopkins  wrote  a  "  Boadicea,"  acted  in  1697, 
and  Glover  produced  a  play  of  the  same  name  in  1736. 
Mason  wrote  a  play  on  the  same  subject^  called  "  Carac- 
tacus,"  in  1769.  Both  Cowper  and  Tennyson  have  made 
Boadicea  the  subject  of  poems. 
Boanerges  (bo-a-ner'jez).  [GtT.Boavepyi^:  ety- 
mology doubtful :  meaning,  perhaps,  '  sons  of 
tumult.']  A  surname,  explained  in  Mark  iii.  17 
as  meaning  '  sons  of  thunder,'  given  to  James 
and  John,  the  sons  of  Zebedee. 
Boardman  (bord'man),  George  Dana.  Bom 
at  Livermore,  Maine,  Feb.  1, 1801 :  died  near 
Tavoy,  British  Burma,  Feb.  11, 1831.  An  Amer- 
ican Baptist  missionary  in  Burma. 
Boardman,  George  Dana.  Born  at  Tavoy, 
British  Burma,  Aug.  18, 1828 :  died  at  Atlantic 
City,  N.  J.,  April  28, 1903.  An  American  Baptist 
clergyman,  son  of  George  Dana  Boardman.  His 
works  include  ' '  Studies  in  the  Creative  Week  " 
-  ,  (1878),"EpiphaniesoftheBisenLord"(1880). 

uior,  in  Dickens's  novel  "David  Copperfield."  Boardman,  Henry  Augustus.    Bom  at  Troy, 
Blundeville  (blun'de-vil),  Thomas.    .Aa  Eng-    N.  Y.,  Jan.  19, 1808:  died  at  Philadelphia,  June 
lish  author.    Hewasthesonof  Edward  BlundeviUe,  on    15,1880.   An  American  Presbyterian  divine  and 
whose  death  in  1668  he  inherited  an  estate  at  Newton  Plot-     religious  writer 

c:mbX!%S7ihTlr^e°ctedta?rc&1r^^^^^^^    Boalof  Ardenues,  Wild.     See  Ardennes,  WM 
Flotraan  a  monument  under  which  he  lies  buried.    He     Boar  of.  ^ 

wrote,  besides  a  number  of  treatises  on  horsemanship  and  Boar  *S  Head,  The.  A  tavern  in  Eastoheap,  Lon- 
other  subjects,  "A  Briefe  Description  of  universal  Mappes     ^qu^  celebrated  by  Shakspere  as  the  scene  of 


164 

the  basis  of  comparative  anatomy,  and  proposed  the  di- 
vision of  the  human  species  into  five  races ;  the  Cauca- 
sian, MongoUau,  Malay,  American,  and  African  or  Ethio- 
pian. His  works  include  "Handbuch.der  vergleichenden 
Anatomic  und  Phyaiologie"  (1804),  "Uber  den  Bildungs- 
trieb  und  das  Zeugungsgeschaft ''  (1781),  "  Institutiones 
physiologicBB  "  (1787). 

Blumen-,  Frucht-  und  Domenstlicke.    See 

Flower,  Fruit,  and  Thorn  Pieces. 

Blumenthal  (bie'men-tal),  L'Sonhardt,  Count 
von.  Born  July  30, 1810 :  died  Dec.  22,  1900. 
A  Prussian  general.  He  became  chief  of  the  gen- 
eral stall  of  the  army  In  Schleswig-Holstein  in  1849; 
served  with  distinction  in  the  war  with  Austria,  becom- 
ing a  lieutenant-general  in  Oct.,  1866 ;  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  Franco-Prussian  war  as  chief  of  staff  in  the 
army  of  the  Crown  Prince ;  and  was  made  general  field- 
marshal  in  1888. 

Bllimlisalp  (blum'lis-alp).  A  mountain-group 
in  the  Bernese  Oberland,  Switzerland,  west  of 
the  Jungfrau.  Height  of  the  Bliimlisalphorn, 
12,042  feet. 

Blunderbore  (blun'dSr-bor).  A  giant  in  "  Jack 
the  Giant  Killer."  Jack  scuttled  his  boat,  and 
he  was  drowned. 

Blunderstone  Bookery  (blun'd6r-st6n  riik'- 
6r-i).    The  residence  of  David  Copperfield,  se 


and  Cardes  and  of  their  use ;  and  also  the  use  of  Pttiole- 
mey  his  Tables,"  etc.  (London,  1589),  "M.  BlundeviUe  his 
Exercises  "  (six  treatises  on  cosmography,  astronomy,  ge- 
ography, and  the  art  of  navigation :  London,  1594),  "The 
Arte  of  Logike,  etc."  (1599),  and  "The  Theoriques  of  the 

Planets,  together  with  the  mak '    ' 

seamen  to  find  out  the  latitude 
or  stars,  invented  by  Dr. 

Blunt  (blunt).  Colonel.  A  character  in  Sir  R 
Howard's  "  Committee."  like  Benedick,  when  he 
said  he  would  die  a  bachelor  he  did  not  think  he  should 
live  to  be  married. 

Blunt,  Edmund.  Bom  at  Newburyport,  Mass., 
Nov.  23, 1799 :  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  Sept.  2, 
1866.  An  American  hydrographer,  son  of  Ed- 
mund March  Blvmt. 

Blunt,  Edmund  March.  Bom  at  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  June  20, 1770  :  died  at  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y., 
Jan.  2, 1862.  An  American  hydrographer,  au- 
thor of  the  "American  Coast PUot" (1796),  etc. 

Blunt,  John  James.  Bom  at  Neweastle-under- 
Lyme,  Staffordshire,  England,  1794:  died  at 
Cambridge,  England,  June  18, 1855.  An  English 
divine  and  ecclesiastical  writer. 

Bluat,  Major-General.  -An  old  cavalier,  rough 
but  honest,  in  Shadwell's  play  "  The  Volun- 
teers." 

Bluntschli  (bluntsh'li),  Johann  Kaspar.  Bom 


Palstaff's  carousals.  It  was  destroyed  in  the  Fke  of 
London,  afterward  rebuilt,  and  demolished  to  form  one 
of  the  approachesto  London  Bridge.  A  statue  of  William 
lY.  stands  on  the  spot. 


Cape 

Boaz(bo'az).  1.  A  wealthy  Bethlehemite,  kins- 
man of  Elimelech  and  husband  of  Ruth.  See 
kuth. —  2.  The  name  of  one  of  the  brazen  pillars 
(see  Jachm)  erected  in  the  porch  of  Solomon's 
temple. 

Bobadil  (bob'a-dil),  Captain.  In  Ben  Jonson's 
' '  Every  Man  in  His  Humour,"  a  Paul's  man,  that 
is,  a  man  who  lounged  in  the  middle  aisle  of  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  the  resort  of  sharpers,  gulls, 
oast  captains,  and  loafers  of  every  kind.  His 
cowardice  and  bragging  are  made  amusing  by  his  intense 
gravity  and  the  serious  manner  in  which  he  regards  him- 
self. 

Bobadil  is  the  only  actually  striking  character  in  the 
play,  and  the  real  hero  of  the  piece.  His  weU-known  pro- 
pel for  the  pacification  of  Europe,  bytkilling,  some  twen^ 
of  them,  each  his  man  a  day,  is  as  good  as  any  other  that 
has  been  suggested  up  to  the  present  moment.  His  ex- 
travagant affectation,  his  blustering  and  cowardice,  are  an 


entertaining  medley ;  and  his  final  defeat  and  exposure, 
though  exceedingly  humorous,  ai-e  the  most  aifecting  part 

atZurich,  Switzerland,  March  7,  180-8:  died  at  J* '•'^.'Pfy-    -        .      .       Harfi«,  Eng.  Poets  p.  67. 

C«.rlsmhe^Baden.Oet.21-1881.AnotedT)olitiealBobadllla,   Count  of.     Bee  Andrada,    Gomel, 

Freire  de. 


(jarlsiruhe,  Baden,  Oct.  21, 1881.  A  noted  political 


economist  and  statesman,  professor  at  Zurich  ^r  vf  j.?,     ,,  -  ,  ..  .i.-,,  ..v  „  •        j      t^-  j 

1833-48,  at  Munich  1848-61,  and  at  Heidelberg  BobadlUa  (^o-^a-thel  ya)  Francisco  de.  Died 
1 861 .  H  ,  .„n,«rn„»  wnrk»  inoinde  "  Aii^emeines  staats-    ^t  sca,  probably  July  1,  1502.^    A  Spanish  offi- 


1861.  His  numerous  works  include  "  Allgemeines  Staats- 
reoht "  (1862),  "  Deutsches  Privatrecht "  (1853), "  Das  mod- 
erne  Volkerrecht "  (1888),  etc. 

Blurt  (bl6rt),  Master  Constable.  A  play  by 
Middleton  andRowley,  produced  in  1602.  "  Blurt, 
Master  Constable,  "is  equivalent  to  "  A  fig  for  Master  Con- 
stable," and  is  a  proverbial  phrase.  Blurt  is  also  the  name 
of  the  constable  in  the  play  given  from  the  proverb ;  he  is 
a  sort  of  Dogberry  imbued  with  a  tremendous  sense  of  his 
own  and  his  master  the  duke's  importance. 

Boabdeliu  (bo-ab'de-lin),  Mahomet.  The  last 
king  of  Granada,  one  of  the  principal  characters 
in  Dryden's  play  "  The  Conquest  of  Granada." 


cer  who,  in  1500,  was  sent  to  Hispaniola  to 
investigate  the  affairs  of  that  colony,  and  es- 
pecially to  inquire  into  charges  made  against 
Columbus.  On  his  arrival  at  Santo  Domingo  (Aug.  2S, 
1600),  he  sunmioned  Columbus  before  him,  imprisoned  him 
and  his  brothers,  and  sent  them  to  Spain.  BobadlUa  re- 
mained as  governor  of  the  colony  untU  the  arrival  of 
Ovando,  AprU  15,  1602. 
Bobbin  Boy,  The.  A  nickname  of  Nathaniel 
P.  Banks,  it  was  given  bim  because  he  worked  as  a 
boy  in  the  cotton-factory  of  which  his  father  was  superin- 
tendent. A  book  for  boys,  with  this  title,  containing  his 
early  life,  has  been  pubUshed. 


Wf^lH^'%\Sl^L^^«?i^^.^^^^^^^^^ 


ab-dol'la).  The  last  Moorish  king  of  Granada, 
He  revolted  against  his  father  Muley  Hassan,  and  seized 
the  throne  in  1481.  In  1491  he  was  attacked  and  defeated 
by  Ferdinand  and  IsabeUa,  and  made  prisoner.  He  was 
set  at  liberty  on  condition  of  being  a  vassal  of  Spain. 
Boaden  (bo'den),  James.  Bom  at  Whitehaven, 
Cumberland,  "tengland,  May  23, 1762:  died  Feb 


16, 1839.  An'English  dramatist  and  biographer,     finished  by  Buontalentl. 
His  works  include  "The  Secret  Tribunal"  (1795),  "An  Bobolina  (bo-bo-le' 


of  and  adjacent  to  the  Pitti  Palace  in  Florence. 
They  are  open  to  the  public,  and  are  filled  with  fountains, 
grottoes,  and  statues :  some  of  the  latter  are  by  John  of 
Bologna.  From  the  terrace  is  a  magnificent  view  of  Flor- 
ence. The  land  was  bought  in  1649  by  Eleanora  of  Toledo, 
wife  of  Cosimo  I.,  duke  of  Tuscany.  The  laying  out  was 
commenced  by  the  sculptor  Tribolo  who  died  1550,  and 


Italian  Monk  "  (1797),  "  Aurello  and  Miranda  "  (1799V  etc., 
and  Uvea  of  Kemble,  Mrs.  Siddons,  Mrs.  Jordan,  and  Mrs. 
Inchbald. 

Boadicea  (bo-a-di-se'a).     [L.  Boadicea,  Boadu- 
ca,  Bonduca,  JBouducca,  Voadicca,  corrupt  man- 


'na).  ,  Died  1825.  A  Greek 
heroine,  the  widow  of  a  Spetziot  ship-owner 
who  was  assassinated  by  order  of  the  sultan  in 
1812.  She  equipped  three  vessels  in  the  revolution  of 
1821,  one  of  which  she  commanded.  She  participated  in 
the  siege  of  Tripolitza,  Sept.,  1821. 


uscript  forms  of  Boudieca,  a  name  which  also  Bobruisk  (bo-bro-isk').    Atowninthe  govem- 
appears,  applied  to  other  persons,  as  Bodieca,    ment  of  Minsk,  situated  on  the  Beresina  in 
lit. 'victress,'  fern,  of  *Boudiccos,  *Bodiccus,    lat.  53°  15' N.,  long.  29°  10' E.    It  contains  an 
Bodicus,  lit.  'victor,'  from  Old  Celtic  loudi-,    important  fortress.    Population,  58,056. 
lodi-,  Olr.  l)uaid,W.  bud,  victory.]  Died  62  a.  d.  'Bobs  (bobz),  or  Bobs  Bahadur.     [Bahadur, 
Thewife  of  Prasutagus.king  of  the  Iceni,  atribe    Hind.,  'hero,'  a  title  of  respect.]   An  affeotion- 
in  eastern  Britain.  Thinking  to  secure  his  kingdom    ate  nickname  given  to  General  Sir  Frederick 
andfamUyfrommolestation,Prasutagus,whodiedabout60     Roberts  by  the  British  soldiers  in  India. 
A.  D.,  bequeathed  his  great  wealth  to  his  daughters  jointly  ij„„_    j_i    Tk---.-   /v,;;'i,a   .^„1   /i.k/„x\        ra 
with  the  Roman  emperor.    The  wiU  was  made  by  the  Ro-  BOCa   del   Dra^O_  (bO  ka  del  drk  go).       [Sp., 

The  strait  between  the  isl- 


Boca  del  Drago 

and  of  Trinidad,  West  Indies,  and  the  South 
American  mainland  of  Paria.  it  was  so  named  by 
Colambns,  who  first  passed  through  it  Aug.  16, 1498.  The 
passage  is  obstructed  by  three  islands  in  it,  and  is  noted 
for  its  furious  currents,  caused  partly  by  the  equatorial 
ocean  current  and  partly  by  the  outflow  of  the  Orinoco 

Boca  del  Sierpe  (bo'ka  del  se-er'pa).  [Sp., 
'serpent's  mouth.']  The  strait  between  the 
southwestern  point  of  the  island  of  Trinidad 
and  the  lowlands  at  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco. 
It  was  so  named  by  Columbus,  who  first  passed  through  it 
into  the  Gulf  of  Paria,  Aug.  3, 1498.  The  passage  is  sub- 
ject to  heavy  currents  and  eddies. 

Socage  (bo-kazh' ) ,  Le.  1 .  A  district  in  Poitou, 
France. — 2.  A  district  in  Normandy. 

Bocardo  (bo-kar'do).  An  old  gate  (north  gate) 
of  Oxford,  by  the  Church  of  St.  Michael,  de- 
stroyed in  1771.  The  room  over  it  was  used  as 
a  prison. 

Boca  ingris  (bo'ka  te'gris),  or  the  Bogue, 
Chin.  Hu  Mun  (ho  mun').  ['The  tiger's 
mouth.']  A  narrow  passage  in  the  Canton 
Eiver,  40  miles  southeast  of  Canton,  China.  The 
Bogue  forts  were  stormed  by  the  British  in  1841 
and  1857. 

Boccaccio  (bok-ka'eho),  Giovanni.  Bom  prob- 
ably at  Certaldo,  Italy,  1313:  died  at  Certaldo, 
Deo.  21,  1875.  A  celebrated  Italian  novelist 
and  poet.  As  a  youth  he  came  to  Florence ;  about  1330 
settled  at  lifaples ;  and  returned  to  Morence  about  1341. 
He  served  the  Florentine  state  several  times  as  ambassa- 
dor, and  lectured  at  Florence  on  the  "Divina  Commedia" 
from  1373  to  1374.  His  chief  work  was  the  "  Decamerone," 
a  collection  of  one  hundred  stories.  These  were  not  pub- 
lished together  imtil  1363,  though  most  of  them  were  writ- 
ten earlier.  (See  Beowmenyn.')  Among  his  other  works 
are  "D  lUocopo,"  "II  Teselde,"  "Ameto,"  "L'Amorosa 
Visione"  and  "L'Amorosa  Fiammetta,"  the  latter  written 
about  1341,  and  "II  Filostrato,"  written  between  1344  and 
1350.  During  the  ten  years  following  1363  he  also  wrote 
four  important  Latin  works:  "De  Genealogia  Deorum, 
libri  XV."  (on  mythology),  "De  Montium,  Silvarum,  La- 
cnum  et  Marium  nominibus  liber"  (on  ancient  geogra- 
phy), and  two  historical  books,  "De  Casibus  Virorum  et 
Feminarum  lUustrium,  libri  IX.,"  and  "De  Claris  Mu- 
Seribua."  His  death  was  hastened  by  that  of  his  friend 
Petrarch.    See  ^iamumaia. 

Boccage,  or  Bocage  (bo-kazh')>  Manoel  Maria 
Barbosa  du.  Bom  at  Setubal,  Portugal,  Sept. 
15,  1765:  died  at  Lisbon,  Dec.  21,  1805.  An 
eminent  Portuguese  poet.  A  complete  col- 
lection of  his  poetical  works  was  published 
after  his  death. 

Boccanera  (bok-ka-na'ra),  or  Bocanegra  (bo- 
ka-na'gra),  Simone.  Born  about  1300:  poi- 
soned at  Genoa,  1363.  The  first  Doge  of  Genoa. 
He  was  elected  in  1339,  abdicated  in  1344,  and 
was  reelected  in  1356. 

Boccardo  (bok-kar'do),  Girolamo.  Born  at 
Genoa,  Italy,  March  16,  1829 :  died  at  Rome, 
March  20, 1904.  An  Italian  political  economist, 
and  writer  on  history  and  geography,  long  pro- 
fessor of  political  economy  at  the  University 
of  Genoa.  He  became  senator  in  1877,  and  after  1888 
lived  in  Borne.  His  works  include  "Trattato  teorico 
pratico  di  economia  politioa"  (1853),  "I  principii  della 
scienza  e  dell'  arte  della  flnanze  "  (1887),  etc. 
Boccherini  (bok-ka-re  'ne ) ,  Luigi.  Born  at  Luc- 
ca, Italy,  Jan.  14, 1740 :  died  at  Madrid,  May  28, 
1805.  An  Italian  composer  of  chamber  music. 
Bocchoris,  or  Bokkhoris.  An  Egyptian  king 
given  by  Manetho  as  the  sole  king  of  the  24th 
dynasty:  identified  as  KingNah-ka-ra  Bek-en- 
rau-ef  of  the  monuments. 
Boccone  (bok-ko'ne),  Paolo,  later  Sylvio. 
Born  at  Palermo,  Sicily,  April  24,  1633:  died 
near  Palermo,  Deo.  22, 1704.  A  noted  Sicilian 
naturalist,  professor  of  botany  at  Padua,  and 
later  a  Cistercian  monk. 

Bochart  (bo-shar'),  Samuel.  Bom  at  Kouen, 
Prance,  May  30,  1599:  died  at  Caen,  France, 
May  16, 1667.  A  noted  French  Orientalist  and 
biblical  scholar,  a  Huguenot  pastor  at  Caen. 
BocMca  (bo'ohe-ka).  The  name  given  by  the 
Chibcha  Indians  to  their  conception  of  the 
Supreme  Being.  After  creating  the  earth  he  gave  it 
in  charge  of  Chibcnacum,  who  carried  it  on  his  shoulders ; 
if  Chlbohaoum  changed  his  posture  from  fatigue,  an  earth- 
quake resulted.  Both  Bochioa  and  Chibohacum  were  ob- 
jects of  reverence,  but  apparently  not  of  worship. 
Bochnia(boch'ne-a).  AtowninGalioia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  25  miles  east  of  Cracow,  noted  for  its 
salt-mines.  Population  (1890),  commune,  8,849. 
Bocholt  (bodh'olt).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  near  the  Dutch  frontier. 
Population  (1890),  13,034.  ,  ,  „^  , 
Bochsa  (bok-sa'),  Robert  Nicolas  Charles. 
Bom  at  Montm6dy,  Prance,  Aug.,  1789:  died 
at  Sydney,  Australia,  1855.  A  French  harpist 
and  operatic  composer. 

Bochum  (bodh'um).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  26,  miles  northeast  of 
Dusseldorf .  It  has  large  manufactures.  Pop- 
ulation (189ft^,  47.601. 


165 

Bock  (bok),  Franz.  Born  at  Burtscheid,  Prus- 
sia, May  3, 1823  :  died  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  April 
30,  1899.  A  German  writer  on  ecclesiastical 
archaeology.  He  became  an  honorary  canon 
of  the  cathedral  at  Aix-la-Chapell9  io  1864. 
Bock,  Karl  Ernst.  Bom  at  Leipsic,  Feb.  21, 
1809:  died  at  Wiesbaden,  Feb.  19,  1874.  A 
German  anatomist  and  medical  writer,  ap- 
pointed extraordinary  professor  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Leipsic  in  1839. 
Bockenheim  (bok'en-him).  A  suburb  \\  miles 
northwest  of  Frankfort-ou-the-Main,  Prussia. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  18,675. 
Bockh  (bek),  August.  Born  at  Karlsruhe, 
Baden,  Nov.  24,  1785:  died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  3, 
1867.  A  distinguished  German  archseologist 
andphilologist.  He  was  appointed  professor 
at  Heidelberg  in '1807,  and  at  Berlin  in  1811. 
He  was  five  times  rector  of  the  university. 
Booking  (bfek'iug),  Eduard.  Bom  at  Trar- 
bach,  Rhenish  Prussia,  May  20,  1802:  died  at 
Bonn,  Pmssia,  May  3,  1870.  A  noted  German 
jurist,  professor  of  Roman  law  at  Bonn  1829- 
1870. 
Bocklin  (bek'lin),  Arnold.  Born  at  Basel, 
Switzerland,  Oct.  16, 1827 :  died  at  Fiesole,  Italy, 
Jan.  16, 1901.  A  Swiss  landscape-painter. 
Bocksberger  (boks'berg-6r),  or  Bocksperger 
(boks'perg-6r),  Hans  or  ffieronymus.  Bom 
at  Salzburg,  Austria,  1540:  died  about  1600. 
A  German  painter,  noted  especially  for  hunt- 
ing-scenes and  battles. 

Bode  (bo'de),  Johann  Ehlert.  Born  at  Ham- 
burg, Jan.  19,  1747:  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  23, 
1826.  A  celebrated  German  astronomer,  the 
founder  of  the  "Astron.  Jahibiieher"  (1776), 
and  astronomer  of  the  academy  at  Berlin 
(1772-1825). 
Bodenbach  (bo'den-badh).  Atown  in  Bohemia, 
on  the  Elbe  48  miles  north  of  Prague.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  commune,  7,574. 
Bodensee  (bo'den-za).  The  German  name  of 
the  Lake  of  Constance. 

Bodenstedt  (bo'den-stet),  Friedrich  Martin 
von.  Bom  at  Peine,  Hannover,  April  22, 1819 : 
died  at  Wiesbaden,  April  19,  1892.  A  German 
poet,  author,  and  journalist.  He  studied  atGottin- 
gen,  Munich,  and  Berlin,  and  went  to  Moscow  as  a  tutor, 
then  to  Tiflls,  where  he  taught  at  the  gymnasium,  and, 
later,  traveled  extensively  through  the  Caucasus  and  the 
East.  He  was  subsequently  a  newspaper  editor  in  Triest 
and  Bremen.  In  1864  he  was  made  professor  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Munich,  a  position  which  he  renounced  in  1866 
to  undertake  the  direction  of  the  theater  at  Meiningen, 
where  he  remained  until  1870.  He  was  ennobled  in  1867. 
The  Berlin  journal  "T&gliche  Kundschau"  appeared  un- 
der his  direction  1880-88.  Among  his  many  prose  works 
are  "Tausend  und  ein  Tag  im  Orient" ("Thousand  and 
One  Days  in  the  Orient,"  1849-50),  "Shakespeare's  Zeit- 
genossen  und  ihre  Werke  "  ("  Shakespere's  Contemporaries 
and  their  Works,"  3  vols.,  1858-60),  etc.  In  collabora- 
tion with  Paul  Heyse,  Kurz,  and  others  he  made  a  new 
translation  of  Shakspere's  dramatic  works  (9  vols.,  1868- 
«  1873),  and  he  himself  translated  the  sonnets.  A  journey 
to  the  United  States  in  1881  is  described  in  "Yom  Atlan- 
tischen  zum  Stillen  Ocean"  ("From  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean,"  1882).  His  most  celebrated  poetic  work  is 
"Lieder  des  Mirza-Schafly"  ("Songs  of  Mirza-Schafly," 
1861),  which  are,  with  a  few  exceptions  only,  original  poems. 
"Aus  dem  Nachlass  des  Mirza-Schafly  "  ("  From  the  Pos- 
thumous Works  of  Mirza-Schaffy  ")  appeared  in  1874. 
Bodhisattva  (bo-dhe-sat'va).  [Sanskrit;  in 
Pali  Bodhisatta.'i  One  who  has  perfect  know- 
ledge as  his  essence.  He  is  one  who  is  on  his  way 
to  the  attainment  of  perfect  knowledge  when  he  has  only 
one  birth  or  certain  births  to  undergo  before  reaching 
the  state  of  a  supreme  Buddha;  a  future  Buddha  or 
Buddha  elect. 
Bodin  (bo-dan'),  Jean.  Bom  at  Angers,  France, 
1530 :  died  at  Laon,  France,  1596.  A  celebrated 
French  publicist  and  political  economist.  His 
works  include  "De  la  r^publique"  (1676),  "Methodus  ad 
faoilem  Historiarum  Cognitionem  "  (1666),  "RSponse  aux 
paradoxes  de  Malestroit"  (1568X  etc.  The  first-named  is 
"the  only  work  of  great  excellence  on  the  science  of  poli- 
tics before  the  eighteenth  century  "  (SaitOsbury). 
Bodleian  (bod-le'an  or  bod'le-an)  Library.  A 
libraryofOxfordTJniversityjfinglandjWhichwas 
originally  established  in  1445,  formally  opened 
in  1488,  and  reestablished  by  Sir  Thomas  Bodley 
in  1597-1602.  it  was  formally  opened  Nov.  8, 1603,  and  in 
1604  James  I.  granted  letters  patent  styling  it  byBodley's 
name.  The  library  has  lately  absorbed  the  quadrangle 
and  buildings  of  the  old  Examination  Schools,  whose  Jaco- 
bean entrance-tower,  with  columns  of  all  five  classical  or- 
ders, is  an  architectural  curiosity.  The  library  contains 
about  600,000  printed  volumes,  30,000  volumes  of  manu- 
scripts, and  60,000  coins ;  also  many  portraits,  models  of 
ancient  buildings,  and  literary  antiquities. 
Bodley  (bod'li).  Sir  Thomas.  Born  at  Exeter, 
England,  March  2,  1545:  died  at  London,  Jan. 
28, 1613.  An  English  diplomatist  and  scholar, 
founder  of  the  Bodleian  Library  (which  see) 
at  Oxford. 
Bodmer  (bod'mer),  Georg.    Bom  at  Zurich, 


Boer  War,  The 

Switzerland,  Deo.  6, 1786:  died  at  Zurich,  May 
29,1864.  A  noted  Swiss  mechanic.  He  invented 
the  screw-  and  cross-wheels  (1803),  and  made  improve- 
ments in  firearms  and  industrial  machinery,  especially 
in  the  maxjhineiy  for  wool-spinning. 

Bodmer,  Johan  Jakob.  Bom  at  Greifensee, 
near  Zurich,  Switzerland,  July  19, 1698 :  died  at 
Zurich,  Jan.  2,  1783.  A  Swiss  critic  and  poet. 
He  was  professor  of  Helvetic  history  in  the  University  of 
Zurich  (1726-75),  and  founded,  with  others,  the  "  Diacours 
der  Mahlern  "(1721),  which  opposed  the  French  school  of 
poetry  and  became  the  organ  of  a  new  German  school  soon 
after  made  illustrious  by  Klopstock,  Goethe,  and  Schiller. 

Bodmer,  Karl.  Born  at  Zurich,  Switzerland, 
1805  :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  31,  1893.  A  Swiss 
landscape-artist  and  etcher. 

Bodmin  (bod'min).  A  town  in  Cornwall,  Eng- 
land, 28  miles  west  of  Plyn^outh. 

Bodo  (b6'd6).  A  seaport  in  western  Norway, 
about  lat.  67°  15'  N. :  the  chief  place  in  Salten. 
Population  (1891),  3,822. 

Boaoni  (bo-do'ne),  Giambattista.  Bom  at 
Saluzzo,  Italy,  Feb.  16,  1740:  died  at  Padua, 
Italy,  Nov.  29, 1813.  An  Italian  printer,  noted 
for  his  editions  of  Homer,  Vergil,  and  other 
classic  authors.  His  "Manuale  Tipografieo" 
was  published  in  1818. 

Bodtcher,  Ludwig  Adolph.  Bom  in  Copen- 
hagen, 1793:  died  there,  1874.  A  Danish  poet. 
Most  of  his  life  was  spent  in  Copenhagen.  In  1824  he 
went  to  Italy  and  lived  for  eleven  years  in  close  associa- 
tion with  Thorwaldsen  in  Home.  A  number  of  his  poems, 
which  are  wholly  lyric,  are  on  Italian  subjects. 

Boece  (bo-es'),  properly  Boyce,  L.  Boetius, 
Hector.  Bom  at  Dundee,  Scotland,  about 
1465:  died  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  1536.  A 
noted  Scotch  historian.  The  family  name  was  Boyce 
(Boys,  Bois,  Soyis),  Boyie  being  an  adaptation  of  Boetius 
(modern  Boice,  Boyce).  His  chief  work  is  a  history  of 
Scotland,  "Scotorum  Historiee,  etc."  (1527),  translated  into 
Scotch  by  John  Bellenden  between  1630  and  1533. 

Boehm  (b6m),  Su-  Joseph  Edgar.  Bom  at 
Vienna,  1834:  died  Dec.  12,  1890.  A  Hunga- 
rian-English sculptor.  In  1869  he  went  to  Paris,  and 
to  London  in  1862,  where  he  exhibited  a  bust  in  the  Roy^ 
Academy.  His  most  important  works  are  busts  of  Buskin, 
Gladstone,  Huxley,  Lord  Wolseley,  etc. ;  figures :  Carlyle  on 
the  Thames  Embankment;  Dean  Stanley  in  Westminster 
Abbey  ;  Sir  Francis  Drake  at  Tynemouth ;  equestrian 
statues :  Lord  Northbrook  at  Calcutta ;  Prince  Consort  at 
Windsor,  eto.  Among  his  best  works  are  various  statues 
and  statuettes  of  unmounted  horses. 

Boeotia  (be-o'shia).  [Gr.  Boiaria.^  In  ancient 
geography,  a  district  in  central  Greece,  bounded 
by  the  country  of  Locri  Opuntii  on  the  north, 
the  Euripus  and  Attica  on  the  east,  Attica,  Me- 
garis,  and  the  Gulf  of  Corinth  on  the  south, 
and  Phocis  on  the  west.  Its  surface  is  generally 
level,  forming  a  basin  in  which  is  Lake  Oopais.  The  in- 
habitants were  proverbial  for  their  dullness.  The  chief 
city  of  Boeotia  was  Thebes,  which  with  other  cities  formed 
the  Boeotian  League  (which  see). 

Boeotian  League  or  Confederacy,  The.   A 

league  of  independent  cities  in  Boeotia,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  originally  fourteen  in  num- 
ber, with  Thebes  at  the  head,  its  common  sanctu- 
aries were  the  temple  of  the  Itonian  Athene  near  Coronea, 
where  the  Pamboeotia  were  celebrated,  and  the  temple 
of  Poseidon  in  Onchestus.  Its  chief  magistrates  were  called 
baeotarchs,  and  were  elected  annually,  two  for  Thebes 
and  one  for  each  of  the  other  cities.  It  was  finally  dis- 
solved, 171  B.  c.  or  146  B.  0. 

Boerhaave  (bor'ha-ve),  Hermann.  Bom  at 
Voorhout,  near  Leyden,  Holland,  Dee.  31, 1668 : 
died  at  Leyden,  Sept.  23, 1738.  A  famous  Dutch 
physician,  professor  of  botany,  medicine,  and 
chemistry  at  Leyden  1701-29. 

Boeroe,  or  Burn  (bo'ro),  or  Bouro  (bo'ro).  An 
island  in  the  East  Indies,  in  lat.  3°  S.,  long. 
127°  E.,  claimed  by  the  Netherlands.  Area, 
estimated,  1,970  square  miles. 

Boer  (b8r).  [D.  boer,  farmer.]  One  of  the 
population  of  Dutch  descent  in  South  Africa. 
This  element  is  prominent  in  Cape  Colony  and  dominant 
in  the  Orange  Free  State  and  in  the  South  African  Eepub- 
llo  (Transvaal).  The  first  Boers  immigrated  from  Java 
in  1652,  and  were  reinforced  by  Huguenots  in  1687.  From 
1795  they  had  to  struggle  with  British  influence  and  rule. 
See  Transvaal  and  Orange  Free  State. 

Boer  War,  The.  1 .  The  war  which  followed  the 
proclamation  of  the  Transvaal  Republic,  Dec, 
1880,  between  that  country  and  Great  Britain. 
Its  chief  events  were  the  defeat  of  the  British  at  Laing's 
Neck  Jan.  28, 1881,  and  at  Majuba  Mountain  Feb.  27, 1881 
(the  British  commander  Colley  being  killed).  By  treaty 
of  March,  1881,  the  independence  of  the  republic  was  rec- 
ognized, but  the  Boers  aclinowledged  the  suzerainty  of  the 
queen. 

2.  A  war  wa^ed  by  the  Transvaal  and  the 
Orange  Free  State  against  Great  Britain,  be- 
gun in  Oct.,  1899.  The  chief  events  were  the  siege 
and  relief  of  Ladysmith  Oct.  29,  1899-reb.  28,  1900 ;  the 
siege  and  relief  of  Kimberley  Oct.  14, 1899-reb.  16, 1900; 
the  siege  and  relief  of  Mafeking  Oct.  15,  lS99-May 
16  1900;  the  capture  of  Cronje's  army  at  the  Modder 
Eiver  Feb.  27, 1900;  and  the  capture  of  Pretoria  June  5, 
1900.    Peace  was  signed  May  31,  1902. 


Boethius 

Boethius  (bo-e'tM-us).  An  early  Provencal 
poem  of  258  decasyllabic  verses,  consisting 
mainly  of  moral  reflections  taken  from  the  "  De 
Consolatione  "  of  Boethius.  "it  dates  from  the 
eleventh  century,  or  at  latest  from  the  beginning  of  the  _  -     . 

twelfth,  but  is  thought  to  be  a  rehandling  of  another  poem  Bogra  (bog-ra') 
which  may  have  been  written  nearly  two  centuries  earlier."     division, 
Saintsbury. 

Boethius  (bo-e'thi-us),  Anicius  Manlius  Seve- 
rinus  (less  correctly  Boetius).  Born  about  475 
A.  D. :  died  about  524  a.  d.  A  Roman  philoso- 
pher, probably  grandson  of  Flavins  Boethius 
who  was  put  to  death  by  Valentinian  III.  in  BohainTb5-an' ) 
455.    He  was  consul  in  BIO,  and  became  magister  officio-      •  ■  — 

rum  in  the  court  of  Theodoric,  king  of  the  Ostrogoths. 
Having  incurred  suspicion  on  account  of  hie  bold  defense 


166 


RepubUo  of  Colombia,  situated  on  a  plateau 
8,678  feet  high,  in  lat.  4°  41'  N.,  long.  74°  20'  W. 
It  has  a  cathedrEd,  university,  museums,  a  rich  library, 
and  an  observatory.  It  was  founded  by  the  Spaniards  in 
1538.    Population  (1891),  about  100,000. 


Boileau-Despr6aaz 
Jakob.     Born    at   Altseidenberg, 


Population  (1891),  commune,  6,i 
of  Albinus  who  was"  accused  of  treason,"he"wa3"put  to  Bohemia  (bo-he'mi-a).    [F.  Bohkne,  G.  Bohmen, 


(ba'men), 

Silesia,  Prussia,  1575 :  died  at  Gorlitz,  Prussiai 
Nov.,  1624.  A  celebrated  German  mystic.    His 
works  include  "Aurora  "  (1612),  "Der  Weg  zu 
A   ^-  ^  ■  .  •    .tu     r.  •  T,  T.        Christo"  (1624),  etc. 

A  distnet  m  the  Eajshahye  Bohmisch-Brod  (be'mish-brot).     A  town  in 

.,      -^.  British, India.     Area,  1,452     Bohemia,  20  miles  east  of  Prague.    Near  here 

square  miles.     Population  (1891) ,  817,494.  May  30,  U34,  the  Taborites  were  defeated  by  the  Calixtinea 

BogUSlawski     (bo-go-slav'ske),     Adalbert,      and  Roman  Catholice(also  called  "the  battle  of  Lippau'^ 

Born  at  Glinno,  near  Posen,  Nov.  4,  1760:   died    Population  (1890),  4,08Y. 

at  Warsaw,  July  23,  1829.    A  Polish  dramatist  Bohmisch-Leipa  (be  mish-h  pa).    A  manuf  ao- 

and  actor  turing  town  m  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Folzen 

A  town  in  the  department  of    42  miles  north  of  Prague.    Population  (1890), 

Aisne,  France,  31  miles  north  by  west  of  Laon.  JJommune,  %406. 


death  by  Theodoric  witjiout  trial  on  the  charge  of  treason 
and  magic.  His  most  famous  work  is  the  "De  Consola- 
tione Philosophise,"  written  probably  during  his  imprison- 
ment at  Pavia.  Parts  of  this  were  translated  by  King 
Alfred  and  by  Chaucer.  His  translations  from  and  com- 
mentaries on  the  logic  of  Aristotle  were  very  influential 
during  the  middle  ages. 
Boethus(b6-e'thus).  [Gr.  Bo^ecic.]  BoruatChal- 
cedon  (or  Carthage,  according  to  Pausanias). 
A  sculptor  of  the  Alexandrian  school  (2d  cen- 
tury B.  c),  famous  in  antiquity  for  genre  work 
of  a  high  character.  pUny  (N.  H.  64, 84)  mentions  a 
bronze,  a  boy  strangling  a  goose,  of  which  there  is  a  beau- 
tiful replica  in  the  Louvre.  Tlie  boy  extracting  a  thorn, 
found  in  replica  inmanymuseums.is  supposed  to  represent 
his  famous  statue  of  the  same  subject.  The  beautiful 
little  girl  playing  with  dice,  now  in  Berlin,  maybe  copied 
from  Boethus.  ^ 

Boetie  (bo-a-se'),  Etienne  de  la.  Bom  at  Sar- 
lat,  Dordogne,  France,  Nov.  1,  1530:  died  at 
Germinao,  near  Bordeaux,  Prance,  Aug.  18, 
1563.  A  French  writer,  chiefly  known  as  a 
friend  of  Montaigne. 

Boffin  ( bof '  in ),  Nicodemus  (otherwise  the 
Golden  Dustman  and  Noddy).  A  disinter- 
ested old  man  left  in  charge  of  the  Harmon  prop- 
erty, in  Dickens's  novel  "Our  Mutual  Friend." 
See  Wegg,  Silas. 

BofBn's  Bower.  The  residence  of  the  Boffins, 
in  Dickens's  "Our  Mutual  Friend."  Mrs.  Boffin, 
not  liking  its  former  name,  Harmon's  Jail,  given  it  from 
its  late  owner's  habits  of  life,  gave  it  this  cheerful  appel- 
lation. Miss  .Tennie  Collins  established  a  successful  char- 
ity for  working-girls  in  Boston  in  1870  under  this  name. 

Bogardus  (bo-gar'dus),  Bverard.  [NL.  Bogar- 
dus,  from  D.  Bogaerd  (whence  E.  Bogart,  Bo- 
gert),  from  bogaerd,  contraction  of  hoomgaerd 
(Kilian),  orchard,  from  hoom,  tree,  and  gaerd, 
yard,  garden.  Cf.  G.  Baumgarten.']  Born  in 
Holland:  drowned  in  Bristol  Channel,  Sept.  27, 
1647.  A  Dutch  clergyman  in  New  Amsterdam. 
He  owned  the  farm  "the  Dominie's  Bouwerie,"  now  the 
property  of  the  Trinity  Church  corporation  in  New  York 
city. 

Bogardus,  James.  Bom  at  CatsMll,  N.  Y., 
March  14,  1800 :  died  April  13, 1874.  An  Amer- 
ican inventor.  His  numerous  inventions  include  a 
"  ring-spinner  "  for  cotton-spinning  (1828),  an  engraving- 
machine  (1831),  and  the  first  dry  gas-meter  (1832). 


etc.;  ML.  Bohemia,  L.  Boihsemum,  Boiohxmum, 
Gr.  Boviai/xov,  the  region,  Bohemi,  Boihemi,  Boi- 
emi,  the  tribe  so  named,  from  BoU  (see  Boii) 
and  OHG.  heim,  OS.  hem,  etc.,  home,  dwelling- 
place.]  1.  A  crownland,  capital  Prague,  in  the 
Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary,  and 
the  northernmost  portion  of  the  empire,  it  is 
boundedby  the  kingdom  of  Saxony  (separated  by  the  Erzge- 
birge)on  the  northwest  and  north,  Prussian  Silesia  (sepa^ 
rated  by  the  Eiesengebirge  and  other  mountains)  on  the 
northeast,  Moravia  (partly  separated  by  the  Mahrische 
Gebirge)  and  Lower  Austria  on  the  southeast.  Upper  Aus- 
tria on  the  south,  and  Bavaria  (mainly  separated  by  the 
Bohmerwald)  on  the  southwest.  Its  surface  is  moun- 
tainous and  undulating,  and  is  traversed  by  the  Elbe  and 
its  tributaries,  the  Moldau,  Eger,  Iser,  etc.  It  produces 
wheat  and  other  cereals,  fruit,  flax,  and  hops,  has  exten- 
sive forests,  and  is  the  chief  [region  of  the  empire  in  the 
production  of  coal.  It  has  also  mines  of  iron,8ilver,  lead, 
sulphur,  alum,  and  graphite.    It  has  manuf  actures  of  linen. 


Bohn  (bon),  Henry  George.  Bom  at  London, 
Jan .  4, 1796 :  died  at  Twickenham,  Aug.  22, 1884. 
Aji  English  publisher  and  bookseller.  He  is  best 
known  for  his  editions  of  standard  works  in 
various  "libraries." 

Bohol  (bo-hol').  One  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
in  lat.  10°  N.,  long.  124°  20'  E.  Length,  45 
miles. 

Bohorauez,  Francisco.    See  Enim. 

Bohtlingk  (bfet'Ungk),  Otto.  Bom  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, June  11  (N.  S.),  1815 :  died  at  Leipsio, 
April  5,  1904.  A  noted  Russian  Orientalist. 
His  chief  work  is  the  Sanskrit-Worterbuoh  " 
(with  Rudolf  Roth;  published  1853-75). 

Bohun  (bo'hun),  Ediuund.  Bom  at  Ringsfleld, 
Suffolk,  England,  March  12, 1645 :  died  in  Caro- 
lina, Oct.  5,  1699.  An  BngUsh  pubUoist  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  appointed  chief  justice 
of  the  colony  of  Carolina  in  1698  (?).  His  chief 
work  is  a  "  Geographical  Dictionary"  (1688). 


glass,  calico,  woolens,  paper,  chemicals,  porcelain,  beer,  t,,  .^r        —  H     '  i>         iitb     a-  'a     '         '  •^ 

sugar,  iron,  etc.  It  has  110  representatives  in  the  Austrian  BonUn,  Henry  tte.  Bom  117b:  died  on  a  pil- 
Keiohsrat,  and  has  a  landtag  of  242  members.  The  Ian-  grimage  to  the  Holy  Land,  June  1,  1220.  The 
guage  of  the  majority  is  Czech ;  but  about  36  per  cent,  fijgt  Earl  of  Hereford  (created  April,  1199), 
speak  German.    The  prevailing  religion  is  Eoman  Catho-     and  constflhlfi  of  Encland 

lie.  The  early  inhabitants  of  this  district  were  the  Boii,  T?^  ™^|£^°^^  °^  •^^^^°'^--  J  o  x  ox  io.r.< 
and  after  them  the  Marcomanni.  It  was  colonized  by  BOhun,  Humphrey  tte.  Died  Sept.  24,  1274. 
Czechs  in  the  early  part  of  the  6th  century ;  was  the  seat     The  second  Earl  of  Hereford  and  the  first  Earl 


of  a  temporary  realm  under  Samo  in  the  7th  century 
formed  part  of  Svatopluk's  Moravian  realm  at  the  end  of 
the  9th  century,  and  became  a  fief  of  Germany  in  929.  It 
was  a  duchy  and  became  a  kingdom  in  1198.  Moravia  was 
united  to  it  in  1029.  Under  Ottooar  II.  (1263-78)  it  acquired 
temporarily  Austria,  Carinthia,  and  Styria;  Lusatia  and 
.Silesia  were  annexed  in  the  14th  century.  Bohemia  was 
one  of  the  electorates  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  After 
the  extinction  of  the  dynasty  of  Premysl  (1306)  the  king- 
dom was  ruled  by  the  house  of  Luxemburg,  1310-1437.  It 
was  united  with  Austria  in  1526.    It  suffered  in  the  Huss- 


ite wars,  and  was  the  scene  of  the  outbreak  of  the  Thirty 

Years'Warinl618.  ]!'rederick(electorpalatine)was chosen  tj--|,„_    tt,,,__i,__„  j_ 

kingofBohemiainl619,andoverthrowninl620,afterwhiph  ■P9'lM"',-P'"~PS.^^y  "?: 


of  Essex,  the  fifth  of  the  name.  He  was  constable 
of  England.  In  1258  he  joined  the  barons  in  their  con- 
federation for  the  redress  of  grievances,  but  went  over  to 
the  king  in  1263,  and  was  takin  prisoner  in  the  battle  of 
Lewes,  May  14,  1264. 

Bohun,  Humphrey  de.  Died  1298.  The  third 
Earl  of  Hereford  and  the  second  Earl  of  Essex, 
and  constable  of  England :  the  seventh  of  the 
name.  He  was  associated  with  Koger  Bigod,  earl  of 
Norfolk,  and  other  barons  in  opposition  to  the  reforms 
of  Edward  I. 

Bom  1276:   kUled  at 


Protestantism  was  extirpated  by  the  Hapsburg  ruler,  Fer 
dinand  II.  In  recent  times  a  vigorous  agitation  in  favor 
of  national  autonomy  has  been  carried  on  by  the  Czechs. 
Area,  20,060  square  miles.  Population  (1900),  6.318,280. 
2.  A  name  for  any  place  where  people,  espe- 
cially artists  and  literary  people,  lead  an  im- 
conventional  or  somewhat  irregular  life ;  or  the 
people  collectively  who  lead  such  a  life.  This 
usage,  with  that  of  the  adjective  Bohemian  in  corre- 
sponding senses,  was  introduced  from  the  French,  who  as- 
sociated Bohemia  Qa  BoMme)  with  gipsies,  by  Thackeray. 


«.^iL^*''^^„^°^i^^:i;^^^^^^^^^^^  B^tSSSren.   A  religious  sect  in  Bohe- 


dorovitch.  BornT  at  Perevolotchna,  Little 
Russia,  Dec.  23, 1743:  died  near  Kursk,  Russia, 
Jan.  18, 1803.  A  Russian  poet.  His  chief  work 
is  "Dushenka,"  a  romantic  poem,  published  in 
1775. 

Boggs  (bpgz),  Charles  Stuart.  Bom  Jan.  28, 
1811:  died  April  22,  1888.  An  American  rear- 
admiral.    He  was  commander  of  the  gunboat  Varuna 

which,  in  Farragut's  attack  on  the  defenses  of  New  Or-  ,„_,,.  -.  _  .  j  /i,-/ 

leans  in  1862,  destroyed  six  Confederate  gunboats  before  Bohomond  (bo  he-mond),  or  JsOhemunCt  (00  • 
she  was  herself  disabled  and  sunk  by  two  rams.  "-  -'    -   ■mr  ■      ■■ -r.         -./mt/j  ,-,n„^a\.  j^.j 

Bogh  (beg),  Erik.    Bom  at  Copenhagen,  Jan. 

IT,  1822:  died  there,  Aug.  17,  1899.    A  Danish 

dramatist,  poet,  and  general  writer.  _ 

Boghaz-keui  (bo'gaz-ke'e),  or  Boghas-koi 


mia,15th-17th  century,  abranch  of  the  Hussites, 
Bohemian  Girl,  The.  An  opera  by  Balfe,  pro- 
ducedin  Londoninl843.  ThelibrettowasbyBunnfrom 
a  ballet  by  St.  Georges,  which  was  taken  from  Cervantes.  It 
was  brought  out  again  in  London  in  1858  as  "  La  Zingara." 
It  was  translated  into  French,Italian,  arid  German,  and  had 
a  great  success.  "Bohemian"  here  means  "gipsy."  The 
opera  appeared  In  Hamburg  as  "La  Gitana,"  in  Vienna  as 
"Die  Zigeunerin,"  and  in  Paris  as  "La  Boh^mienne." 


the  battle  of  Boroughbridge,  March  16,  1322. 
The  fourth  Earl  of  Hereford  and  third  Earl  of 
Essex,  and  constable  of  England:  the  eighth 
of  the  name.  He  joined  the  barons  in  their  opposition 
to  Gaveston  (see  Ctaveston)  and  the  Despensers.  He  was 
taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Bannockbnm,  June  24, 1314, 
but  was  exchanged  for  the  wife  of  Robert  Bruce. 

This  Boiardo,  or  Bojardo  (bo-yar'do),  Matteo 
Maria,  Count  of  Scandiano.  Born  at  Scan- 
diano,  near  Reggio  di  Modena,  Italy,  about 
1434  (?) :  died  at  Reggio  di  Modena,  Dec,  1494. 
A  noted  Italian  poet.  Hewas  the  author  of  "  Orlando 
innamorato"(1495),  "Sonettiicanzoni"(1499X  "IlTimone" 
(a  comedy),  etc.    See  Orlando  irmanwrato. 

Boieldieu  (bwol-dye' ),  Francois  Adrien.  Bom 

at  Rouen,  France,  Dec.  16  (Grove),  1775:  died 
near  Paris,  Oct.  8, 1834.  A  celebrated  French 
composer  of  comic  operas.  His  works  include  "  La 
famine  Suisse  "  (1797),  "Beniowskl"  (1800),"Le  calife  de 
Bagdad"  (1800),  "Ma  tante  Aurore'"  (1803),  "Jean  de 
Paris"  (1812),  "La  dame  blanche"  (1825),  etc.  His  son 
Adrien  (bom  in  1816)  has  composed  several  successful 
comic  operas. 


(bo'gas-k6'e).    A  village  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Bohio  (bo-yo').    A  name  given  by  the  Cuban 


lat.  40°  1'  N.,  long.  34°  35'E.  its  ruins  are  identified 
with  the  ancient  Pteria.  They  include  a  Hittite  palace, 
placed  on  an  artificial  terrace,  and  otherwise  analogous 
to  Assyrian  monuments.  The  foundations  are  of  polyg- 
onal masonry,  and  measure  138  by  187 feet;  the  super- 
structure was  of  brick.    The  chief  gate  is  a  great  tower  59 


he-mund),  I,  Marc. "  Bom  1056  (1065?):  died  Boii  (bo'i-i);    1.  A  Celtic  people  living  in  Cis- 

■   ■  "    "      .    ...         ,  »    alpine  Gaul,  prominent  in  Roman  annals  from 

the  4th  to  the  2d  century  B.  c.  They  later  mi- 
grated to  Bohemia,  to  which  and  to  Bavaria 
they  gave  their  name. — 3.  A  Celtic  tribe  which 
joined  the  Helvetu  in  their  invasion  of  Gaul  in 
58  B.  c.  Ceesar  assigned  them  land  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  .iEdui. 


at  Canossa,  Italy,  1111.  A  Crasader,  son  of 
Robert  Guiscard.  He  became  prince  of  Tarentum  in 
1085,  joined  the  first  Crusade  in  1096,  and  captured  An- 
tioch  in  1098. 


Indians,  in  the  time  of  Columbus,  to  Haiti  or 

Hispaniola.    It  is  said  to  have  meant 'a  house,'    

and  to  have  referred  to  the  populousness  of  BoiieauJ)espr6aux  (bwa-lo'da-prano'),  Nich- 


that  island. 
Bohl  von  Faber,  Cecilia.  See  Arrom. 


feet'deep."Sere"are  also  Hittite  sculptures  consisting  of  a  Bohlen   (bo'len),  Peter  VOU.     Bom  at  Wiip- 

long  frieze  on  the  walls  of  two  rock-hewn  chambers  and    _gjg  Oldenburg,  Germany,  March  9, 1796 :  died 

a  corridor.    They  coesist  of  processions  of  personages,    ^,  ^  ,j     (jermany,  Feb.  6,  1840.    A  German 

^L^.^^2^S:i^^^^^^^^^^''^"    iS'stT  prof  es^or  of  Cental  languages  in 

The  figures  range  in  height  from  3  to  11  feet.  Konigsberg.  ,  .„       ,  ^    , 

Bogomiles  (bog'6-milz),  or  Bogomilians  (bog-  Bohler  (bfe'ler),  Peter.    Born  at  Frankfort-on- 

6-mil'i-anz).     A 'heretical  sect  of  the  12th  cen-    the-Main,   Germany,   Dec 

tury,  founded  by  Basil,  a  monk  of  PhiUppopolis,  "  "  ~ 

who  was  put  to  death  at  Constantinople  m 

1118.    They  were  Manichajan  and  Docetist  in  doctrine, 

and  were  probably  an  offshoot  of  the  Paulician  sect 
BogOS  (bo'goz).    A  small  Hamitic  pastoral  tribe 

on  the  lower  plateau  of  Abyssinia,  west  of 

Massowa.  _      .     ^,    ,    r,       j.' 

Bogota,  (bo-gd-ta'),  or  Santa  F6  de  Bogota 

(san'ta  fa  da  bo-go-ta') 


31,  1712:  died  at 
London,  April  27, 1775.  A  German  clergyman, 
bishop  of  the  Moravian  Church  in  America  and 
England. 

Bohm  (b^m),  Theobald.  Bom  at  Munich, 
April  9,  1794:  died  at  Munich,  Nov.  25,  1881. 
A  German  flutist  and  composer.  He  was  the  in- 
ventor of  several  improvements  in  the  flute,  especially  of 

a  new  system  of  fingering. 

The  capital  of  the  Bohme  (bfe'me),  or  B5hm  (b6m),  or  Behmen 


olas.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  1,  1636:' died  at 
Paris,  March  13,  1711.  A  famous  French  critic 
and  poet.  He  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  Dec,  1656.  His  first  satire  dates  from  1660  or  1661, 
and  was  the  forerunner  of  a  series  of  seven,  composed 
between  1660  and  1665.  To  this  same  period  belong  his 
"Dissertation  sur  Joconde,"  and  his  "Dialogue  des  hg- 
ros  de  roman."  His  satires  were  published  without  his 
sanction  by  a  Dutch  bookseller,  who  issued  the  book  un. 
der  the  title  "Recueil  contenant  plusieurs  discouiB  libres 
et  moraux,  en  vers  "  (1665).  Boileau  issued  his  own  cor- 
rected version  in  1666,  and  within  the  next  two  years 
there  appeared  some  twenty  editions,  both  authorized 
and  unauthorized.  These  models  of  elegant  writing 
served  as  the  foundation  of  literary  criticism  In  France. 
Boileau  was  attacked  from  many  quarters,  and  framed 
his  reply  in  two  satires,  published  in  1669.  Little  is 
known  of  his  life  between  1660  and  1677.  During  that 
interval,  however,  he  wrote  his  second  and  third  "Epitres  " 
translated  the  "Treatise  on  the  Sublime"  of  longinui 
published  fragments  of  the  "Lutrin"  in  1678,  and  finally 


Boileau-Despr6aux 

gave  out  his  fourth  and  fifth  "]6pltres,"  the  first  four  books 
of  the  "Lutrin,"and  "L'Art  po^tique,"  in  the  first  edition 
of  the"(Euvresdu8ieurD  .  .  ."(1674).  This  publication 
raised  Boileau  to  the  first  rank  among  French  writers.  In 
1677  he  received  a  pension  of  2,000  livres,  and  was  invited 
with  Racine  to  compile  the  history  of  Louis  XIV.  In 
thf  same  year  he  composed  his  seventh,  eighth,  and  ninth 
"Epitres."  In  1684,  despite  his  enemies'  opposition,  Boi- 
leau entered  the  French  Academy  on  the  expressed  desire 
of  the  king.  In  1693  he  published  his  "agflexions  cri- 
tiques sur  Longin,"  in  answer  to  Perrault's  "Dialogues 
sur  les  anciens  et  les  modemes."  The  first  five  editions 
of  Boileau's  works  are  dated  1666,  1674,  1694,  1701,  and 
1713.  The  last  edition  revised  throughout  by  Boileau 
himself,  that  of  1701,  is  generally  taken  as  the  standard. 
In  addition  to  the  works  above  mentioned,  it  contains  the 
tenth  and  eleventh  satires,  and  the  last  three  "Epitres."  A 
twelfth  satire  was  published  after  Boileau's  death  in  the 
edition  of  1716.  To  Boileau's  works,  and  more  especially 
to  the  "Art  po^tique,"  are  due  the  theories  on  which  the 
classical  literature  of  France  is  based. 

Boiotia.    See  BwoUa. 

Boisard  (bwa-zar'),  Jean  Jacques  Francois 
Marie.  Born  at  Caen,  France,  1743:  died  at 
Caen,  1831.  A  French  fabulist.  He  was  the 
author  of  "Tables  nouvelles"  (1773),  "Fables  et  poMes 
diverses"  (1804),  "Mille  et  une  fables"  (1806),  etc. 

Bois  Br{il6s  (bwa  brtt-la').  [F., '  burnt  woods.'] 
See  Sitcanxu. 

Bois  de  Boulogne  (bwa  d6  b6-16ny').  [F., 
'Boulogne  wood,' from  the  town  Boulogne-sur- 
Seine.]  A  park  in  Paris  reached  by  the  Champs 
filys^es,  the  avenue  of  the  Grande  Arm6e,  or 
the  avenue  of  the  Bois  de  Boulogne,  it  covers 
an  area  of  2,168  acres,  and  contains  the  Gardens  of  the 
Acclimatization  Society  and  the  race-courses  of  Long- 
champs  and  Auteuil,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  turf,  trees,  and 
ornamental  sheets  of  water.  The  present  park  was  ceded 
to  the  city  and  laid  out  in  1853. 

Bois  deVincennes  (bwa  d6  van-sen').  A  pub- 
lic park  in  Paris,  somewhat  larger  than  the  Bois 
de  Boulogne,  it  contains  "La  Faisanderie "  (a  farm 
for  agricultural  experiments),  a  drill-ground,  a  race- 
course, etc. 

Boise  (boiz),  James  Robinson.  Bom  at  Bland- 
ford,  Mass.,  Jan.  27, 1815:  died  at  Chicago,  111., 
Feb.  9,  1895.  An  American  educator.  He  was 
professor  of  Greek  at  Brown  University  1843-60,  at  the 
University  of  Michigan  1852-68,  and  after  1868  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago.    He  wrote  "Greek  Syntax,"  etc. 

Bois6  City  (boi'ze  sit'i).  The  capital  of  Idaho, 
situated  on  the  Bois6  Eiver  in  lat.  43°  36' 
N.,  long.  116°  15'  W.  It  is  the  chief  town  in  the 
State,  and  has  gold-  and  silver-mines.  Population  (1900), 
6,967. 

Boisgobey  (bwa-go-ba'),  Fortune  Abraham 
du.  Born  at  Granville  (Manche),  France,  Sept. 
11,  1821:  died  Feb.,  1891.  A  French  novelist. 
He  served  as  paymaster  in  the  army  in  Algiers  1844-48. 
His  works  include  "Les  gredins"  (1873),  "Le  chevalier 
Casse  Cou"  (1873),  "Le  demi-monde  sous  la  Terreur" 
(1877),  "La  main  couple"  (1880),  "La  revanche  de  Fer- 
nando"  (1882),  "  La  bande  rouge  "(1886),  etc. 

BoiS-GrUilbert  (P.  pron.  bwa'gel-bar'),  Brian 
de.  -A  Knight  Templar,  a  preceptor  of  the 
order,  in  Scott's  novel  ' '  Ivanhoe."  Having  fallen 
in  love  with  Kebecca  and  been  repulsed  by  her,  he  carries 
her  off  to  his  preceptory.  Being  compelled  to  accuse  her 
of  witchcraft,  he  meets  her  defender  Ivanhoe  in  the  lists, 
and  drops  dead  at  the  beginning  of  the  encounter. 

Bois-le-Duc.    See  Hertogenhoseh. 

Boissieu  (bwa-sye'),  Jean  Jacaues  de.  Bom 
at  Lyons,  France,  1736 :  died  at  Lyons,  1810.  A 
French  painter  and  engraver. 

Boissonade  (bwa-so-nad'),  Jean  Francois. 
Bom  at  Paris,  Aug.  12,  1774:  died  at  Passy, 
France,  Sept.  8, 1857.  A  noted  French  classical 
scholar,  professor  of  Greek  literature  in  the 
faculty  of  letters  of  the  Academy  of  Paris. 

Boissy  d'Anglas  (bwa-se'  don-gla'),  Comte 
Francois  Antoine  de.  Bom  at  St.  Jean- 
Chambre,  Aidfeche,  Prance,  Deo.  8,  1756 :  died 
at  Paris,  Oct.  20,  1826.  A  French  statesman 
and  publicist.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Constitu- 
ent Assembly  in  1789,  of  the  Convention  in  1792,  of  the 
Committee  of  Public  Safety  in  1794,  of  the  Council  of  600 
in  1795,  of  the  Senate  in  1805,  and  of  the  Chamber  of  Peers 
in  1814.  Hewrote"Essaisurlavie,  les  Merits,  et  les  opin- 
ions de  M.  de  Malesherbes  "  (1819),  etc. 

Boisterer  (bois'ter-er).  One  of  Portunio's  ser- 
vants in  the  Countess  d'Aulnoy's  fairy  tale 
"Portunio."  His  breath  had  the  power  of  a 
tremendous  wind.     ,  ^^   ,       t,  , 

Boito  (bo-e'to),  ArrigO.  Bom  at  Padua,  Feb. 
24.  1842.  An  Italian  poet  and  musical  com- 
poser. His  first  opera, "  Meflstof  ele,"  was  produced  with 
his  own  libretto  in  Milan,  March  5, 1868.  It  has  been  played 
inarevisedformsinoe  1875.  He  has  written  many  librettos 
and  a  volume  of  poems. 

Boker  (bo'k^r),  George  Henry,  Bom  at  Phil- 
adelphia, Oct.  6,  1823:  died  there,  Jan.  2, 1890. 
An  American  poet,  dramatist,  and  diplomatist. 
He  was  United  States  minister  to  Turkey  1871-75,  and  to 
Russia  1875-79.  His  works  include  the  dramas  Calaynos 
(1848)  "Anne  Boleyn  "  (I860),"  Leonor  de  Guzman,  Fran- 
cesca da  Eimini,"  "Betrothal,"  "Widow's Marriage,'  and 
"Poems  of  thenar "(1864),  "Plays  and  Poems,"  "Street 
Lyrics  "  (1866),  "The  Book  of  the  Dead    (1882). 


167 

Bokerly  Dyke  (bo'Mr-li  dik).  The  ruins  of 
Roman  iatrenonments  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Famham,  England,  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Vindogladia. 

Bokhara  (bo-kha'ra),  or  Bukhara  (bo-kha'ra). 
A  khanate  of  central  Asia,  under  Eussiau  influ- 
ence, bounded  by  Asiatic  Russia  on  the  north, 
east,  and  west,  Khiva  on  the  northwest,  and 
Afghanistan  on  the  south,  it  corresponds  partly  to 
the  ancient  Sogdiana,  and  formed  part  of  the  dominions 
of  Jengliiz  Khan  and  of  Timur.  It  occupies  in  part  the  lower 
basin  of  theZerafshan;  produces  grain,  hemp,  cotton,  rice, 
fruits,  tobacco,  live  stock ;  and  has  manufactures  of  silk, 
firearms,  jewelry,  and  cutlery.  Its  capital  is  Bokhara.  The 
government  is  a  hereditary  despotism  (with  a  Russian 
resident).  The  population  is  composed  of  Tadjiks,  Uzbegs, 
and  Turkomans.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Mohammedan- 
ism. Bokhara  was  taken  by  the  Uzbegs  about  1606.  It 
was  at  war  with  Russia  1866-68,  and  ceded  Samarkand  to 
Russia  in  1868.  Area,  92,000  square  mUes.  Population, 
2,600,000. 

Bokhara.  The  capital  of  Bokhara,  situated  in 
lat.  39° 48'  N.,  long.  64°25'  E.  Itissumamedthe 
"Noble,"  and  is  renowned  as  an  intellectual  center  of 
central  Asia.  It  contains  many  mosques  and  Mohamme- 
dan theological  schools.  It  is  now  reached  by  the  Russian 
Transoaspian  Railway.    Population,  about  100,000. 

Bolan  (bo-lan').  A  district  in  northern  Balu- 
chistan, administered  by  British  officials. 

Bolandshahr  (bo'land-shar').  A  district  in  the 
Meerut  division  of  the  Northwest  Provinces, 
British  India.  Area,  1,915  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1881),  924,822. 

Bolan  Pass.  Agorge  in  the  mountains  of  north- 
eastern Baluchistan,  it  is  traversed,  since  1886-86, 
by  a  British  military  railway  which  connects  Quettah  witli 
Sind  in  India.    Height,  5,800  feet. 

Bolbec  (bol-bek').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Seine-Inf6rieure,  France,  18  miles  east-north- 
east of  Havre.  Population  (1891),  commune; 
12,028. 

Bolbitinic  (bol-bi-tin'ik),  or  Bolbitine  (bol'bi- 
tin),  or  Bolbitic  (bol-bit'ik)  Mouth  of  the 
Nile.  [L.  Ostium  Bolbitirmm  or  Bolhiticwm  Nili, 
Gr.  BoXpirivov  ard/ia  tov  NeZ/Iou  ;  from  Bolbitme, 
Gr.  Bokpirlvri,  a  town  in  the  Delta,  on  this 
branch  of  the  river.]  One  of  the  principal 
ancient  mouths  of  the  NUe,  partly  represented 
by  the  modern  Eosetta  Mouth. 

Bold  Stroke  for  a  Husband,  A.  A  comedy 
by  Mrs.  Cowley,  brought  out  in  1783. 

Bold  Stroke  for  a  Wife,  A.  A  comedy  by 
Mrs.  Centlivre  with  "  Mr.  Mottley,"  produced  in 
1718. 

Bolerium  (bo-le'ri-um),  or  Belerium.  In  an- 
cient geography,  the  promontory  in  Britain  now 
called  Land's  End. 

Boleyn  (bul'in),  or  BuUen  (bul'en),  Anne, 
Queen  of  England.  Bom  1507:  beheaded  at  Lon- 
don, May  19,  1536.  The  second  wife  of  Henry 
Vin.  of  England,  whom  she  married  on  or 
about  Jan.  25, 1533,  and  motherof  Queen  Eliza- 
beth. She  was  the  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Boleyn,  later 
earl  of  Wiltshire  and  Ormond.  She  was  condemned  to 
death  on  a  charge  of  adultery  and  incesl^  and  decapitated. 
She  was  certainly  not  guilty  of  all  the  crimes  of  which  she 
was  accused,  but  her  entire  innocence  is  a  matter  of  doubt. 

Bolgolam(borgo-lam).  Aoharacter  inGarriok's 
play"Lilliput." 

Bolgrad  (bol-grad'),  or  Bielgrad  (byal'grad). 
A  town  in  the  government  of  Bessarabia,  Rus- 
sia, situated  at  the  head  of  Lake  Jalpuoh,  in 
lat.  47°  45'  N.,  long.  28°  40'  E.  Population, 
8,179. 

Bolingbroke  (bol'ing-bruk) .  A  conjurer  m  the 
second  part  of  Shakspere's  play  "Henry  VI." 

Bolingbroke,  Henry  of.    See  Menry  IF. 

Bolingbroke,  Viscount.    See  St.  John,  Henry. 

Bolintineanu  (bo-len-te-ne-an'),  Demeter. 
Born  at  Bolintina,  Rumania,  1826:  died  at 
Bukharest,  Sept.  1,  1872.  A  Rumanian  poet 
and  politician.  He  published  a  French  trans- 
lation of  his  poems,  "Brises  d'Orient"  (1866). 

Bolivar  (bol'i-var:Sp.  pron.  bo-le'var),  Simon. 
Bom  at  Caracas,  July  24, 1783 :  died  at  San  Pe- 
dro, near  Santa  Marta,  Deo.  17, 1830.  A  famous 
Venezuelan  general  and  statesman.  He  took  an 
active  part  in  the  revolution  at  CSraoas  in  1810 ;  served 
under  Miranda  in  1812 ;  captured  Caracas  Aug.  4, 1813 ;  was 
there  named  generalof  the  Venezuelan  forces  and  tempo- 
rary dictator,  and  received  the  title  of  "Liberator  ;  was 
forced  to  retke  to  Barcelona  and  thence  to  Jamaica  (May, 
1816) :  made  an  unsuccessful  descent  upon  the  Venezuelan 
coast  in  May,  1816,  and  a  second,  successful,  attempt  in  De- 
cember ;ana  took  Angostura  in  July,  1817.  Apatriot  con- 
gress there  confirmed  Bolivar  as  dictator.  In  1819  he 
marched  into  New  Granada,  and  formed  a  junction  with 
.  Santander.  The  victory  of  Boyaci  (Aug.  7, 1819)  made  him 
master  of  Bogoti  and  New  Granada.  A  congress  at  Angos- 
tura now  decreed  the  union  of  Venezuela  and  New  Granada 
in  the  republic  of  Colombia,  and  Boilyar  was  elected  presi- 
dent Dec  17,  1819.  He  completelyrouted  the  Spanish  army 


m  Venezuela  111  tuc  uax^vita  ui  vb.*-"""-'  v .  — '  —      "^^    a 

entered  Quito  June  16, 1822,  adding  the  region  now  called 
Ecuador  to  Colombia.    Sept.  1, 1823,  he  went  to  Lima,  and 


Bolsover  Castle 

was  made  dictator  of  Peru.  He  defeated  Canterac  at  Ju- 
nin,  Aug.  6,  1824,  and  on  Dec.  9, 1824,  Sucre's  great  victory 
at  Ayaoucho  ended  the  Spanish  power  in  South  America. 
In  June,  1826,  Bolivar  visited  upper  Peru;  a  congress 
met  there  in  August,  decreed  the  formation  of  the  repub- 
lic of  Bolivia,  invited  Bolivar  to  frame  the  constitution, 
and  named  him  perpetual  protector.  But  Peru  declared 
against  him  in  1826 ;  Bolivia  soon  followed ;  and  though 
he  remained  president  of  the  three  countries  forming  Co- 
lombia until  his  death,  the  great  republic  created  by  him 
fell  to  pieces  soon  after. 

Bolivar.  A  province  of  Ecuador,  capital  Gua- 
randa.  Area,  1,160  square  miles.  Population, 
43,000.  ^  ' 

Bolivar  (formerly  Guayana).  A  state  of  Vene- 
zuela, in  the  southern  part.  Area,  88,701  square 
mUes,  besides  the  territory  of  Yuruary,  now 
added  to  it,  of  uncertain  extent.  Population 
(1891),  56,289. 

Bolivar.  A  northern  department  of  Colombia, 
capital  Cartagena.  Area,  27,000  square  miles. 
Population  (1885),  350,000. 

Bolivar,  or  Ciudad  Bolivar  (formerly  Angos- 
tura). The  capital  of  the  state  of  Bolivar, 
Venezuela,  on  the  Orinoco.  Population  (1891), 
10,861. 

Bolivia  (bo-liv'i-a;  Sp.  pron.  bo-le've-a). 
[Named  for  Bolivar'.^  In  colonial  times,  Char- 
cas  or  Upper  Peru.  A  republic  of  South  Amer- 
ica, capital  La  Paz,  bounded  by  Brazil  on  the 
north  and  east,  the  Argentine  Republic  and 

."Paraguay  south,  and  Chile  and  Peru  on  the 
west.  Tbe  western  part  is  a  plateau  traversed  by  the 
Andes.  In  the  southeast  is  the  Gran  Chaco  (which  see), 
and  in  the  northeast  the  plains  of  the  Madeira.  It  pro- 
duces coca,  india-rubber,  cinchona,  coffee,  wheat,  maize, 
gold,  silver,  copper,  tin.  It  has  8  departments,  and  is 
governed  by  a  president  and  a  congress  consisting  of  a 
senate  and  chamber  of  deputies.  It  became  independent 
in  1826,  was  united  to  Peru  1836-39,  and  has  undergone 
frequent  political  revolutions.  Attacked  by  Chile  1879-83, 
it  was  defeated,  and  was  forced  to  cede  its  seaboard  with 
the  niter  districts.  Area,  667,431  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (estimated),  2,600,000. 

Bolkhof.  (bol-khov').  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Orel,  Russia,  in  lat.  53°  25' N.,  long. 
36°  5'  E.    Population,  26,165. 

BoUand  (bol'land),  L.  Bollandus  (bo-lan'dus), 
Johann.  Bom  at  Tirlemont  (?),  in  Brabant, 
Aug.  13, 1596:  died  at  Antwerp,  Sept.  12,  1665. 
A  celebrated  Jesuit  martyrologist.  He  edited  the 
early  volumes  of  the  "Acta  Sanctorum  "  (which  see),  a  work 
which  was  continued  by  his  collaborators  and  successors, 
the  so-caUed  BoUandists. 

BoUandists  (bol'an-dists).  The.  The  name 
given  to  the  collaborators  and  successors  of 
Johann  Bolland,  the  first  editor  of  "Acta  Sanc- 
torum." Among  them  may  be  mentioned  Georg  Hen- 
schen  (died  1681),  Daniel  Papebroeck  (died  1714),  Konrad 
Jannlng  (died  1723),  Peter  Booch  (died  1736),  Suyskens 
(died  1771),  Hubers  (died  1782),  Dom  Anselmo  Berthod 
(died  1788;^  and  Joseph  Ghesqui^re  (died  1802).  See  Acta 
SanctoruTn. 

Bologna,  Giovanni  di.    See  John  of  Bologna. 

Bologna,  John  of.    See  John. 

Bologna  (bo-lon'ya).  A  province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Emilia,  Italy.  Area,  1,448  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  484,135. 

Bologna.  [Li.Bononia.']  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Bologna,  Italy,  situated  at  the  foot  of 
the  Apennines,  between  the  Savena,  Aposa, 
and  Reno,  in  lat.  44°  30'  N.,  long.  11°  20'  E. : 
the  Etruscan  Felsina,  and  the  Roman  Bononia 
(whence  its  name).  It  was  originally  an  Etruscan 
town,  and  later  a  Roman  colony,  a  place  of  great  impor- 
tance whose  prosperity  survived  the  fall  of  the  Roman 
Empire.  It  was  made  a  free  town  by  Charles  the  Great, 
and  was  famous  in  the  middle  ages  for  its  university.  It 
sided  with  the  Guelphs,  and  was  incorporated  with  the 
States  of  the  Church  in  1506.  It  was  the  center  of  a  noted 
Italian  school  of  painting  in  the  16th  and  17th  centuries 
(the  Caracci,  Guido  Reni,  Domenichino,  etc.).  In  1860  it 
was  united  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy.  Population  (1901). 
commune,  152,009. 

Bolor-Tagh(b6-lor'tagh).  A  range  of  moun- 
tains in  central  Asia,  on  the  border  of  the  Pamir 
plateau,  running  northwest  and  southeast. 

Bolotoo  (bol-6-to').    See  the  extract. 

All  men  [according  to  Tongans],  however,  have  not  souls 
capable  of  a  separate  existence :  only  the  Bgi,  or  nobles, 
possess  a  spiritual  part,  which  goes  to  Bolotoo,  the  land 
of  gods  and  ghosts,  after  death,  and  enjoys  "power  simi- 
lar to  that  of  the  original  gods,  but  less." 

Lang,  Myth.,  etc.,  11.  26. 

Bolsena  (bol-sa'na).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Rome,  Italy,  7  miles  southwest  of  Orvieto : 
probably  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Volsinii. 

Bolsena,  Lake  of.  A  lake  in  central  Italy,  52 
miles  northwest  of  Rome :  the  Roman  Laeus 
Volsiniensis.  It  occupies  the  crater  of  an  ex- 
tinct volcano.    Length,  8  miles.      ^     .,        , 

Bolsover  (bol'so-ver  or  bou'zer)  Oastle.  A 
castle  near  Bolsover,  in  Derbyshire,  England, 
23  miles  north-northeast  of  Derby,  it  was  taken 
from  the  barons  in  1216,  and  by  Parliamentary  forces  undei 
Crawford  in  1644.    It  belongs  to  the  Duke  of  Portland, 


Bolswert,  Boetius  van  168                                                    Bonaventura,  Saint 

l^lswert  ^ol-s vert'),  Boetius  van.    Bom  at  25,1848.    AnAmerioan  military  officer,  colonel    1778:  died  at  Leghorn,  Italy,  July  25, 1846.    A 

Bolswert,  Priesland,  Holland,  1580:  died  at  Ant-  and  chief  of  ordnance  (1832),  and  the  inventor    brother  of  Napoleon  I.    He  married  Hortense  Beau- 

werp,  1634.    A-  Dutch  engraver,  noted  for  his  of  the  oolumbiad.                                                       harnais,  Jan.  4,  I8O2,  became  Mng  of  Holland  in  IM^ 

K„Tw:S^^nh*iu^''^"°1i         .1.  ,       ^  .««  ^°"?^^'=*'  (bo-mil'kar).    A  Carthaginian  gen-    rel'''fc'te"T^reX°4Sr%'^»%°t',§r^on',%'.^ 

SOlSWerii,  acneite  van.  Born  at  Bolswert,  1586:  eral.    He  commanded  the  Carthaginians  against  Agatho-     le  gonvemement  de  la  HoUande  "  ((1820),  etc. 

died  at  Antwerp,  Dec,  1659.  A  Dutch  engraver,  oles,3lOB.o.,  and  in  308  conspired  to  make  himsell  tyrant  ggnaparte    Prince  Louis  Lucien.      Bom  at 

brother  of  Boetius  van  Bolswert.    He  engraved  °' ^"'^.^hS  ^*  ^^  hf  T."i'^T-5^?  "  "°"''^'  °'    Thorngrove,  near  Worcester,  England,  Jan.  4, 

after  Eubens  and  Vandyke.                     ^  mercenarie^  but  was  captured  and  crucified                      1818:  (fied  at  Pano,  Italy,  Nov  4,1891.  A  Prencl^ 

Bolt  Court.    A  London  street  leading  off  Fleet  ^°^™«V^°'^>^lll°^^*P?°™el  (zaH>bom'    ^"hilologist,  the  fourth  son  of  Lucien  Bonaparte, 

l^'^^L   Dr;Jo'»>»n  passed  the  last  years  ol  his  life  Z4r=^  90"^^??=  i^,^1Si'»=?'nf  T^^^^^^^          prince  of  Canino.  He  lived  chiefly  in  ItaJy  untU  W 

here,dylngatNo.8,ml784.    Itwas  also  the  scene  of  Cob-  tto  Waal  20  nules  south-southeast  of  Utrecht,     ^hen  he  went  to  France.   Hewas  made  a  senator  in  186? 

bett  s  labors.  It  was  besieged  by  the  Spaniards  in  1599,  and     and  received  from  his  cousin  Louis  Napoleon  the  title  of 

Bolton  (bol'ton),  or  Bolton-le-Moors  (bol'tou-  taken  by  Turenne  in  1672.    Population  (1890),     prince  in  1863.    After  1870  he  lived  chiefly  in  England.  His 

le-m8rz').     A  town  in  Lancashire  ETHTlnnd  "11  3,978                                                                                  scientific  reputation  rests  chiefly  on  his  investigations  of 

niiles  northwest  of  Manchester,     it  haf manu'fac-  Bomokandi  (bo-mo-kan'di).     The  left  affluent    'Xf^^ti^.^f^^^itfiS^lJl^ofMLT^*^' °' 

tares  of  cotton,  woolens,  iron,  etc.    The  woolen  manufac-  of  the  Welle  River,  central  Africa,  in  the  coun-  TSnTiaiinrt.p    T.iipipn      Bom  at  Aiaccio.  March 

S,r^i,T68ir'  "^  ^"""'""^  '""•"^*  ""''■    ^"P"^-  t^y  °f  tl^?  Nyam-N^am  and  Monbitto                 ^1?^:  d'ied'lTviterbritalyf^^^^^^ 

Bolton  daatie  '  A  castle  in  t>ifiWest  Piflin^nf  ■^"'l^  Q° '^);    ,f  sister  of  the  Queen  of  Prance    A  brother  of  Napoleon  L   He  became  a  member  of 

YnrVsh^A   Tr^;i»tl    lTlri=^     fl        ^^    I  "^^  Shakspere's  "  Henry  VI.,"  part  8.                          the  Council  of  Five  hundred  in  1798,  and  its  presldentin 

*  B    ^?^  'j      f :       '  rC       ^^  north-northwest  Bona  (bo'im),  P.  Bone  (bon).     A  seaport  in  the     1799,  minister  of  the  interior  in  1799,  ambassador  to  Spain 

of  Bradford.     It  was  the  scene  of  Mary  Stuart's  provinceofConstantine,Algeria,situatedonthe     in  1800,  and  prince  of  Canino  (in  Italy)  in  1814.    Hewas 

imprisonment,  1568-69.  «„if  „* -o^^o  <«  i„+  a«o  ko' -m    i„ 170/17/17       an  art  connoisseur  and  poet. 

Bolus  (b6'lus),'Dr.    The  Newcastle  apothecary  n^  ?LsZof  the  relent  Hinpo^JriuI     It  Bonaparte,  Marie^  Anna,  later  Elisa.    Born 

of  Colman  the  Younger's  poem  of  that  name,  wa^  „nl^J^frt  hv  tL  FrPn^^^^                                  a*  Ajaccio,  Jan.  3,  1777:   died  near  Triest, 

published  in  a  volume  of  Vmorous  verse  enl  tZ  asgT  com™  30  806                    ^          ^"'*'^^'  ^''^-  ^'  l^?-"'  .^  '^f  ^'  of  Napoleon  I. 

titled  "Broad  Grins"    Tt  w.=  tw  b„i„='.  ™.„«  T-Wn  U»»iJ,  commune,  iiU,»UD.                                     She  married  in  1797  Felice  Pasquale  Baociocchi ;  and  was 

to  write  hiScripSon's'in  rimron^if^wWch  ?-When  ^^'^P'^',  O.^:  Bonaca  (J'On-ak'kd),  Or  Guanaja     made  princess  of  lucca  and  Piombino  in  1806,  and  grand 

taken,TobeweUsh^en")wa3tooliterSl7applIedtoae  <gwa-na'Ha).     One  Of  the  Bay  Islands  m  the     duchess  of  Tuscany  in  18(».             .   4.      ,  .      n 

patient  instead  of  to  the  dose.  Caribbean  Sea,  belongingto  Honduras,  in  lat.  Bonaparte,  JUana  Annunciata,  later  Caro- 

Boma  (b5'ma).  The  capital  of  the  Kongo  State.  16°  28'  N.,  long.  85°  55'  W.    Length,  9  miles.    Una.    Bom  at  Ajaccio,vMarch  25,  1782:  died 

It  is  built  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river.    ITntil  1876  This  was  the  first  part  of  Central  America  dis-    at  Florence,  May  18,  1839.     A  sister  of  Na- 

Boma  was  the  extreme  inland  post  of  the  Dutch  and  Por-  covered  by  Columbus,  July  30,  1502.                        poleon  I.  She  married  Murat  in  1800,  and  became  Queen 

tuguese  traders     BonaciOUX  (bo-na-sye').     A  sordid,  avaricious     of  Naples  in  I8O8.    she  was  known  as  the  Countess  LI- 

&oXssin°tKlZdlf  fS'sJlticSer  "l^ rascal mDumas's  "Three Musketeers," who  ^rapKlVIaxia  Latitia (Eamolino).  Bom 

irwaftSirbv  the  Sish  and  French  Au^'  ^^- "^  f^"^^"^!,^^  ^""^  ^«  "^  *!»«  ^^^"^^  ^    at  Ajaccio,'Corsica,  Aug.  24, 1750 :  died  at  Rome, 

16,  1854.         ^           ^                          '       ^'  B^  na  k     S^^ann  "fc'*^'"^^'                                 Feb.  2,  18b6.    The  mother  of  Napoleon  Bona^ 

Bomba  (bom'ba).  King.    [It.  &om6a,  bomb.]    A  Bona  Dea  rbS'nTdgVl      FL    'the  sood  ^od-    Parte.   She  married  Carlo  Bonaparte  in  1766,  joined  her 

^■Wr.o™.i  mTTor,  i^  T+oTTT+!;Ti'a...^i«„«,i  TT  „i*i,„  ,,,.'■,,¥,,.  "'       k^'             goou  gou-     gon  m  Pans  in  1799,  and  OH  the  elcvation  of  Napoleon  as 

nickname  given  m  Italy  to  Ferdinand  H.  of  the  dess.']    An  old  ItaUau  and  Roman  goddess  of    emperor  in  1804  received  the  title  of  Madame  Mtee. 

Two  Sicihes,  from  his  bombardment  of  Mes-  fecundity,  worshiped  only  by  women:  the  sister,  Bonaparte,  MatUlde  Laetitia  Wilhelmine. 

sina  and  other  cities  during  the  revolutionary  wife,  or  daughter  of  Faunus.                                    Born  at  Triest,  Austria-Hungary,  May  27,  1820. 

troubles  of  1849.  Bonald   (be-nU').   Vioomte   Louls   Qabriel    A  daughter  of  J6r6me  Bonaparte  and  Cather- 

Bombardinian  (bom-  or  bum-bar-din  i-an),  Ambroise  de.    Bom  at  Mouna,  near  Millau,     Ine,  pnncess  of  Wurtemberg. 

General.    The  general  of  the  king's  forces  in  France,  Oct.  2, 1754:  died  at  Mouna,  Nov.  23,  Bonaparte,  Napoldon.    See  Napoleon  I. 

Careys    "  Chrononhotonthologos."     He  has  be-  1840.    A  French  politician  and  publicist.            Bonaparte,   Napolfion    Eugene  Louis  Jean 

kra^rplu^fnrrr^Sh '*"'*•    ■*"^'' ''™°« **  Bouald,  Louls  Jacftuos  MauTlce  do.    Bom  at    Joseph,  Prince  Imperial  of  France.    Bom  at 

ung  ne  cans  lor  a  coacn.  MUlau,  France,  Oct.  80,  1787 :  died  at  Lyons,     Paris,  March  16, 1856 :  killed  in  Zululand,  South 

'■  Go,  oaU  a  coach,  and  let  a  coach  be  called,  Feb.  25, 1870.    A  French  Ultramontane  ecclesi-    Africa,  June  1, 1879.     Son  of  Napoleon  HI. 

aS^  in'h?s\Sl?ng^t  hta  no?hing'o^"'='=  ?«ti=.  ^^^  "^  j^ouis  Gabriel  Ambroise  de  Bonald.  Bonaparte  Prince  Napol6on  Joseph  Charles 

But  coach !  coach  I  coach !  He  became  bishop  of  Puy  m  1823,  archbishop    Paul  (called   Prince    Napoleon).      Bom  at 

Oh  for  a  coach,  ye  gods  I "  of  Lyons  in  1839,  and  cardinal  in  1841.                   Triest,  Austria,  Sept.  9,  1822 :  died  at  Rome, 

TtnTTibariliTiin   Cbom-   or  hiiTn-har-dTn'i-S^      A  Bonaparte  (bo'na-part;  It.  pron.  bo-na-par'te),     March  17,  1891.      Son  of  J6r6me  Bonaparte. 

^^^r.l^^lJ^,^J^l^W^^lf=rM^^^^^^  or  Rionaparte   (bw6-na-par'te).     A  famous     He  was  made  prince  in  1862,  and  in  1879,  on  the  dSath  of 

pseudonym  used  by  William  Maginn.  Coraioan  fandlv   said  to  have  been  of  Italian     *•»«  M°<=e  Imperial  in  Zululand,  became  the  chief  of  the 

Bombastes  Furioso  (bom-bas'tez  fu-ri-6's6).  ^^orawan  tamuy,  saio.  to  nave  oeen  or  Italian    Bonapartist  p£*y.   Also  known  as  P2o»-P2o«. 

A  burlesque  opera  by  WilUam  Barnes  Rhodes,  S?eon  i""emperSr  IsoViT  SapTeo^m  '"empe™?  Bonaparte,  Pierre  NapoWon.    Bom  at  Rome, 

produced  in  1790.    It  takes  Its  name  from  the  princi-  1862-70),  Spain  (Joseph  Bonaparte,  king  1808-13),  Holland     Oct.  11, 1815 :  died  at  Versailles,  France,  April 

pal  character,  a  victorious  general,  who  returns  from  the  (Louis  Bonaparte,  king  1806-10),  Naples  (Joseph  Bona-     8, 1881.   Son  of  Lucien  Bonaparte,  made  prince 

wars  with  his  army,  which  consists  of  four  badly  assorted  parte,  king  1806-08),  and 'Westphalia  (J6r6me,  king  1807-     after   1852.      He    shot    the   ioumalist   Victor 

warriors.    He  discovers  his  king,  Artaxominous,  visiting  isis).    A  number  of  persons  bearing  this  name  figured  in     -Km-r    Ton    in    1R7n 

Distafflna,  his  betrothed,  and  resolves  to  go  mad,  which  he  the  history  of  Padua,  Florence,  San  Miniato,  and  other  J^""^' "'"T"  ii'/°'"'        ,,.,          ...        .,.            . 

does.    Hishowling,  despairing,  bombastic  rant  has  caused  Italian  cities  in  the  middle  ages,  although  the  connection  iSOnaparte-JratterSOn  (00  na-part-pat  er-son), 

his  name  to  become  proverbial.    He  fights  and  kills  his  between  them  and  the  Corsican  family  cannot  with  cer-     Elizabeth.     Bom  at  Baltimore,  Feb.  6,  1785 : 

king  for  a  pair  of  Jackboots  which  he  had  hung  up  as  a  taintybe  established.    One  Gabriel  Bonaparte  rose  to  a     died  at  Baltimore,  April  4  1879      An  American 

challenge,  and  is  in  his  turn  killed  by  Fusbos,  the  minis-  position  of  some  eminence  at  Ajaccio,  Corsica,  about  1667.     io,q^  wVin  Tnain.ior)    Tfi-Ami  TtnT,or^oW'<l  i-„  lana 

ter  of  state.    The  farce  is  a  burlesque  of  the  "Orlando  Sis  descendant  Carlo  Bonaparte  became  the  father  of    L    ^^^f  mamed  Jer8me  Bonaparte  in  1803. 

Furioso."  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  the  founder  of  the  dynaatic  fortunes     oee>  Jratierson,  Mizaoetll. 

Bombay  (bom-ba').  A  governorship  and  presi-  o'  ™e  family.                                                   Bonaparte-Patterson,    J6rdme    Napoleon. 

deney  of  British  India,  lying  between  Baluchis-  Bonaparte,  Carlo.    Born  at  Ajaccio,  Corsica,     Bom  at  Camberwell,  England,  July  7,  1805: 

tan,  the  Paniab,  and  Rajputana  on  the  north,  March  29,  1746:  died  at  MontpeUier,  Prance,     died  at  Baltimore,  June  17,  1870.     The  eldest 

Indur,  Central  Provinces,  West  Berar,  and  Ni-  Feb.  24, 1785.  A  Corsican  lawyer,  father  of  Na-    son  of  J6r6me  Bonaparte, 

zam's  dominions  on  the  east,  Madras  and  Mai-  poleon  Bonaparte.  He  was  a  partizan  of  Paoli  with  Bonaparte -Patterson,    J^rSme     NapolSon. 

sur  on  the  south,  and  the  Arabian  Sea  on  the  7i?Si'^'S„'?n*'i"m ''      °°*'^"        "^                    5°™  ^*  Baltimore,  Nov.  5, 1832 :  died  at  Pride's 

west.    Area  of  the  governorship  (excluding  Sind),  77.276  -^T^^-    n^rlltis.    later  Marie  Pauline      S'^^Tfi  ?'^^\t^°",^*'''  ^^^^'^  ^^-  5  l^^^' 

square  mUes ;  population  (1891X  1^,985,270.  Area  of  Sind,  JSOUaparte,,  UarlOtta,  later  mariO   rauime.     Son  of  J4r6me  Napol6on  Bonaparte  J>atterson. 

47,789  square  miles;  population,  2,871,774.     Total  area  of  Bom  at  AjacciO,  UCt.  .iU,  i/8U:  Uiett  at  Dior-     He  entered  the  French  service  in  1854,  and  served  with 

governorship,  125,144  square  miles ;  total  population  of  enoe,  June  9, 1825.     A  sister  of  Napoleon  I.     distinction  in  the  Crimean  and  Italian  campaigns. 

Bombay  (1891),  18,901,128.    Area  of  tributary  states,  69,045  She  married  Prince  CamiUo  Borghese,  Aug.  28,  Bonar  (bon'ar),  Horatius.  Bom  at  Edinburgh, 

square  miles ;  population,  8,069,298.  j^ggg                                                                         Deo.  19, 180g :  died  at  Edinburgh,  July  31, 1889. 

Bombay.   [In  Hind.  .Bamftai,  Malay  £am6^,  etc.;  Bonaparte,   Charles  Louis  Napol6on.     See    A  Scotch  clergyman,  lyric  poet,  and  writer, 

orig.  Pg.  Boa  hahia,  good  harbor:  hoa,  fem.  of  Navoleon  III  -^^  ""  pastor  at  Kelso  1838-66 ;  joined  with  his  congre- 
bom  (L.  lonm),  good;  baMah^r,  harbor  ]  A  Bonaparte,  Charles  Lucien  Jules  Laurent,  |SS°o?Sthe^1SS^Fre^ShS'fdJSh^n~l^^ 
seaport,  and  the  capital  of  the  governorship  of    prince  of  (Canino  and  of  Musignano.    Bom  at    &e  wrote  "HySrif  Mth  and  hL  "  (i^T^ 

Bombay,  situated  on  the  islMid  of  Bombay  m  p^ris,  May  24,  1803:  died  at  Paris,  July  29,  Bonassus  (bo-nas'us).  A  mythical  beast  with 
lat.  18°  54  N.,  long.  72°  49  E.  It  fa  the  first  city  1857.  A  noted  naturalist,  son  of  Lucien  Bona-  whom  Hogg,' the  Ettriek  Shepherd,  had  an  ad- 
of  India,  and  the  leading  city  in  commerce.   It  IB  con-    parte  by  his  second  wife.    His  chief  works  are    venture. 

nected  with  Salsette  Island  and  with  the  mainland,  and  la     y.^l:         <         Ji     •i.i,„i .,» ciaos_aQi  or>/i  "T/.^^       ,^^v^i.o.  .......        .    „. 

the  terminus  of  the  Great  Indian  Peninsular  Eailway.  Its     "American  Ornithology"  (1825-dd)a,nd    Icon-  Bonaventura  (bo-na-ven-tb'rS).    A  fnar  of  a 

trade  is  largely  In  the  hands  of  the  British  and  Parsees.  ografia  della  fauna  Itabca"  (1832-41).                    kindly,  pUable  nature,  modeled  on  Shakspere's 

^r^eTI'^SndiaU^n'dTtl^e^EtT^r^^^  Pri^Lawrence,inPord'splay  "'TisPity  She 's 

pan^  m  X668.    Population  (1891).  including  ca«tonment,  l^^'other'^Xo^onTiadriing  of  West  BoSntura,  or  Bonaventure,  Father.     The 

fiomhPT?  Cbom'berff')   Daniel     Bom  at  Ant-    phalia  in  1807.    He  married  Miss  Elizabeth  Patterson    name  adopted  by  Charles  Edward  Stuart  when 

w^rdiedatVeni!e,1549.    A  Dutch  printer  Siued*'SS  wic^fs' ciaSln^e'^^f' wS?^^^^^^^        he  came  to  England  in  1753  to  see  his  adherents, 

notedfor  his  editions  of  the  Hebrew  Bible  and    "^{Jf  "■  '"»">«'  irmoess  i,a  n  o  rg         g^^^^  introduces  him  under  this  name  in  "Red- 

the  Talmud.  Bonaparte,  Joseph.    Bom  at  Corte,  Corsica,    gauntlet." 

Bomby  (bom'bi),  Hope-on-High.  A  Puntan  Jan.  7,  1768:  died  at  Florence,  July  28,  1844.  Bonaventma  (bo-n&.-'ron-to  ra).  Saint  (Gio- 
in  Pletcher'splay  "Women  Pleased,"  intended  The  eldest  brother  of  Napoleon  I.  He  became  vanni  dl  Fldenza).  Bom  at Bagnorea,  Italy, 
to  ridicule  the  sect  to  which  he  belonged.    He    a  member  ofthe  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  1798,  a  coun-    1221:  died  at  Lyons,  France,  July  15,  1274. 

appears  as  the  hobby-horse  in  a  morris-dance,  and  de-  cilor  of  state  in  1799,  king  of  Naples  in  1806,  and:  king  of     A  celebrated  scholastic  philosopher,  STimamed 

nouncea  woridly  pleasures  at  the  same  time.  Spain  in  180&    He  Uved  in  the  United  States,  under  the     "Doctor  Seraphicus."     He  became  professor  of  the- 

Bomford  (bum'ford),  Gfeorge.  Bom  in  New  name  of  Comte  de  Survilliers,  1816-32.  .  „  ^  „  ology  at  Paris  fc  1268,  general  of  the  Franciscans  In 
York  city  1780  •  "died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  March  Bonaparte,  LoUlS.    Born  at  Ajaccio,  Sept.  2,     1266,  bishop  of  Albano  in  1273,  and  cardinal  in  1274.    H» 


Bonaventura,  Saint 

was  canonized  in  1482.  He  was  the  author  of  the  "  Brevi- 
loqulum"  and  "Centiloquium"  (manuals  o(  dogmatics), 
"Itineraxium  mentis  in  Deum,"  "Eeduotio  artlum  in 
theologiam,"  "  Biblia  Pauperum,"  etc. 

Boncliamp  (bdn-shon'),  Charles  Melchior 
Artas  de.  Bom  at  Jouverdeil,  Anjou,  Prance, 
May  10,  1760 :  died  near  Chollet,  France,  Oct. 
18,  1793.  A  French  general,  leader  of  the 
Vendeans. 

Bond  (bond),  George  Phillips.  Born  at  Dor- 
chester, Mass.,  May  20,  1825:  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  Feb.  17,  1865.  An  American 
astronomer,  sou  of  William  Cranoh  Bond,  and 
director  of  the  observatory  of  Harvard  Uni- 
versity. He  -wrote  "On  the  Construction  of 
the  Kings  of  Saturn,"  etc. 

Bond,  William  Cranch.  Bom  at  Portland, 
Maine,  Sept.  9,  1789:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
Jan.  29,  1859.  An  American  astronomer.  He 
superintended  the  erection  of  the  Harvard  observatory  in 
1839,  becoming  its  director  when  completed,  and  became 
noted  for  his  observations  on  Saturn  and  the  fixed  stars 
as  well  as  for  his  operations  in  celestial  photography. 

Bondei  (bon-da'i),  or  Wa-Bondei  (wa-bon- 
da'i).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  German  East  Africa, 
living  between  the  sea-coast  and  the  Usam- 
bara  hills.  Wa-bandei,  'people  of  the  lowland,'  is  the 
name  given  them  by  their  western  highland  neighbors. 
By  the  coast  people  they  are  called  Wa-ahenzi, '  bush  people. ' 

Bondi  (bon'de),  Clemente.  Bom  at  Mezzana, 
near  Parma,  Italy,  June  27,  1742:  died  at 
Vienna,  June  20,  1821.  An  Italian  poet.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Jesuit  order,  professor  of  oratory  in 
the  Royal  Seminary  at  Farma,  and  later  instructor  of  his- 
tory and  literature  at  the  court  of  Vienna. 

Bondman  (bond'man),  The.  A  tragedy  by 
Massinger,  licensed  in  1623,  and  first  acted  in 
1624. 

Bondman,  The.  An  opera  by  Balfe,  produced 
at  Drury  Lane  in  1846. 

Bond  street.  The  main  thoroughfare  between 
Oxford  street  and  Piccadilly  in  London,  it  was 
formerly  a  fashionable  promenade,  but  is  now  filled  with 
shops.  It  contains  the  Grosvenor  and  Dor6  galleries. 
New  Bond  street  is  the  end  nearest  Oxford  street. 

Bondu  (bon-dS').  A  kingdom  in  Senegambia, 
West  Africa,  about  lat.  14°-15°  N.,  long.  12°- 
13°  W.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Pulahs ;  its  pre- 
vailing religion  is  Mohammedanism.  It  was  first  visited 
by  Mungo  Park. 

Bonduca  (bon-du'ka ).  [See  JBoadieea.J  A  tra- 
gedy with  this  title,  by  Fletcher,  was  produced 
before  1619.  An  alteration  of  Fletcher's  play  was 
brought  out  in  1696  by  George  Powell,  an  actor,  and  an- 
other alteration  by  the  elder  Colman  was  acted  in  1778.  A 
third  alteration  was  made  by  J.  K.  Planch^  and  acted  in 
1837.    It  was  called  "  Caractaous." 

Boney  (bo'ni) .  An  English  nickname  for  Napo- 
leon Bonaparte. 

Bon  (faultier  (bon  gai'ti-6r),  Ballads  of.  A 
volume  of  satirical  verse  by  Professor  William 
Edmonstoune  Aytoun  and  Theodore  Martin,  re- 
printed from  "Blackwood's  Magazine." 

Bongo  (b6ng'g6),  or  Obong  (6'bong).  A  mixed 
negro  tribe  occupying  a  wide  tract  of  land  in 
the  basin  of  the  Bahr-el-Grhazal,  eastern  Sudan. 
They  are  of  medium  size,  good  musculai*  development, 
and  red-brown  complexion,  and  are  remarkable  iron-  and 
wood-workers.  In  their  ears,  noses,  and  under  lips  they 
wear  rings  and  pieces  of  wood.  A  tuft  of  grass  is  the 
women's  garment.  Smce  1856  they  haVe  been  victimized 
by  the  Khartum  slave-traders.  Some  affinity  is  found  be- 
tween their  language  and  that  of  the  Bari  and  Bagrima. 
Also  called  Dor  and  Akuma  by  their  Dinka  and  Nyam- 
Nyam  neighbors. 

Bonheur  (bo-n6r'),  Francois  Augnste.  Bom 
at  Bordeaux,  Prance,Nov.  4, 1824:  died  atParis, 
Feb.  23, 1884.  A  French  painter  of  landscapes 
and  animal  life,  brother  of  Rosa  Bonheur. 

Bonheur,  Jules  Isidore.  Born  at  Bordeaux, 
Prance,  May  15, 1827.  A  French  sculptor,  bro- 
ther of  Kosa  Bonheur.  .       .r, 

Bonheur,  Juliette  (Mme.  Peyrol).  Bom  July 
19, 1830 :  died  July  19, 1891.  A  French  painter, 
sister  of  Bosa  Bonheur. 

Bonheur.  Rosalie  (Rosa)  Marie.  Bom  at 
Bordeaux,  France,  March  16, 1822:  died  at  Fon- 
taine bleau.  May  25,  1899.  A  celebrated  French 
painter  of  animal  life  and  of  landscapes,  she  was 
a  pupil  of  her  father  and  t^on  Cogniet.  She  received  med- 
als of  the  first  class  in  1848  and  1865.  At  the  Exposition 
Universelle  of  1865  she  exhibited  "La  Penaison  en  Au- 
vergne,"  which  established  her  reputation.  From  1^9  she 
was  the  dU-eotress  of  the  Free  School  of  Design  for  Young 
Girls.  Among  her  noted  works  are  "  Labourage  niver- 
nais"  (Mus^e  du Luxembourg),  "Etudes  d  ammaux  (Mu- 
s^e  de  Bordeaux),  "Paysage  et  ammaux  (Mus^e  dOr- 
l&ns)  "The  Horse  Fair"  (MetropoUtan  Museum,  New 
York)-  ^    <T 

Bonhomme  (bo-nom'),  Jacctues.  [P.,  'James 
Goodman.']  A  contemptuous  sobriquet  which 
the  nobility  in  France  gave  to  the  people,  par- 
ticularly thepeasants.     SeeJaoqume. 

Bonhomme  Richard  (bo-nom'  re-shar).    \_F 
'good  man  Biehard.']    One  of  a  fleet  of  five 


169 

vessels  prepared  by  the  French  government, 
on  the  advice  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  and  placed 
under  the  command  of  John  Paul  Jones,  it  was 
a  merchantman  changed  to  a  man-of-war  and  named  Du- 
ras,  and  then  Bonhomme  Richard,  or  Poor  Richard,  at 
Jones's  suggestion,  in  honor  of  Franklin.  The  fleet  sailed 
from  L'Orient,  Aug.  14,  1779,  passed  along  the  west  Irish 
coast  around  Scotland,  and,  Sept.  23, 1779,  reduced  to  three 
ships,  fell  in  with  the  North  Sea  merchant  fleet  under 
convoy  of  the  Serapis  (44  guns)  and  Countess  of  Scarbor- 
ough (20  guns)  off  Flamborough  Head.  The  Bonhomme 
Richard  engaged  the  Serapis,  Captain  Pearson,  at7.S0  P.  M. 
by  moonlight  in  the  presence  of  thousands  of  spectators. 
The  Serapis  struck  at  10.80.  On  the  26th  the  Bonhomme 
Ricliord  went  down. 

Boni  (bo'ue).  A  state  in  the  southern  part  of 
Celebes,  East  Indies,  in  lat.  5°  S.,  long.  120°  E., 
a  dependency  of  the  Netherlands.  Rs  inhabi- 
tants are  Bugis.  Population  (estimated),  200,- 
000  (?). 

Boniface  (bon'i-fas)  I.,  L.  Bonifacius  (bon-i- 
fa'shi-us).  Saint.  Died  422.  Bishop  of  Bome 
418-422.    He  is  commemorated  on  Oct.  25. 

Boniface  II.    Pope  530-532. 

Boniface  III.  Pope  607?  (606?).  He  influenced 
the  emperor  Phocas  to  decree  that  the  title  tTniversal 
Bishop  should  be  given  only  to  the  Bishop  of  Rome, 

Boniface  IV.  Pope  608-615.  He  received  per- 
mission from  the  emperor  Phocas  to  convert  the  Pantheon 
erected  by  Agrippa,  at  Rome,  into  a  Christian  church  un- 
der the  name  of  Sancta  Maria  Rotunda. 

Boniface  V.  Pope  619-625.  He  enacted  the  de- 
cree  by  which  churches  became  places  of  refuge  for  crim- 
inals.   

Boniface  VI.  Pope  896  (897?).  He  was  of  an 
abandoned  character,  and  was  seated  iu  the  papal  chair 
by  a  mob  after  the  death  of  Formosus.  He  died  fifteen 
days  later. 

Boniface  VII.  Died  985.  Pope.  He  attained 
the  papal  throne  in  a  popular  tumult  in  974,  was  diiven 
from  Rome  in  976,  and  returned  and  deposed  John 
XIV.  in  984.  By  some  he  is  not  regarded  as  a  legiti- 
mate pope. 

Boniface  VIII.  (Benedict  Cajetan).    Bom  at 

Anagni,  Italy,  about  1228:  died  at  Bome,  Oct. 
11,  1303.  Pope  from  Dec.  24,  1294,  to  Oct.  11, 
1308.  He  issued  Feb.  26, 1296,  the  bull  Clerida  laieos, 
which  was  directed  against  Philip  the  Fair  of  France,  who 
had  imposed  taxes  on  the  French  clergy,  and  which  for- 
bade the  clergy  of  any  country  to  pay  tribute  to  the  secu- 
lar government  without  the  papal  permission ;  but  was 
forced  by  an  enactment  of  Philip  which  stopped  the  ex- 
portation of  money  from  France  to  concede  that  the  French 
clergy  might  render  voluntary  contributions.  He  opened 
at  Rome,  Oct.  SO,  1302  (as  the  result  of  a  quarrel  with  Philip 
over  the  imprisonment  of  an  insolent  papal  legate,  the 
Bishop  of  Pamiers),  a  synod,  in  which  he  promulgated, 
Nov.  18, 1302,  the  bull  Unam  saiuAa/tn,  asserting  the  tem- 
poral as  well  as  spiritual  supremacy  of  the  Pope.  He  was 
made  prisoner  at  Anagni,  Sept.  7,  1303,  by  Nogaret,  vice- 
chancellor  to  Philip,  and  Sciarra  Colonna ;  and  although 
shortly  released  by  the  populace,  died  at  Rome  of  a  fever, 
said  to  have  been  brought  on  by  a  rage. 

Boniface  IX.  (Pietro  Tomacelli).  Died  at 
Rome,  Oct.  1,  1404.  Pope  at  Borne  1389-1404. 
He  quarreled  with  Richard  of  England  on  the  subject  of 
the  collation  of  benefices,  established  the  perpetual  an- 
nates, and  spent  his  reign  in  intrigues  against  the  popes 
of  Avignon. 

Boniface.  A  landlord  in  Parquhar's  "Beaux' 
Stratagem ."  He  was  in  league  with  the  highwaymen, 
and  prided  himself  on  his  diet  of  ale.  From  him  the  name 
has  been  applied  to  innkeepers  in  general 

Boniface,  Ahbot.  The  head  of  the  monastery 
of  St.  Mary  in  Scott's  novel  "  The  Monastery." 

Boniface,  Saint  (original  name  Winfrid  or 
Winfritn).  Bom  at  Kirton,  or  Crediton,  Dev- 
onshire :  died  near  Dokkum,  Priesland,  June  5, 
755.  A  celebrafed  English  missionary,  called 
"the  Apostle  of  Germany."  From  716  he  labored 
among  the  Friesians  and  German  tribes.  He  was  made 
bishop  in  723,  and  archbishop  in  732.  About  743  he  founded 
the  abbey  of  Fulda,  where  his  remains  were  laid.  From 
746  to  754  he  occupied  the  see  of  Mainz.  He  was  mur- 
dered iu  76.5.  He  is  said  to  have  enforced  his  missionary 
teaching  by  cutting  down  with  his  own  hand  the  sacred 
oak  at  Geismar.  His  festival  is  celebrated  in  the  Roman 
and  Anglican  churches  on  June  5.  , 

Boniface  of  Savoy.  Died  1270.  A  younger 
son  of  Thomas  I.,  count  of  Savoy,  nominated 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1281,  confirmed 
by  the  Pope  in  1243,  and  consecrated  in  1245. 

Bonifacio  (bo-ne-fa'cho).  Strait  of.  A  strait 
in  the  Mediterranean  Sea  which  separates  Cor- 
sica from  Sardinia. 

Bonifacius  (bon-i-fa'shi-us),  or  Boniface, 
Count.  Born  in  Thrace:  died  432  a.  d.  A 
Boman  general  in  the  time  of  Honorius  and 
Placidia:  a  rival  of  Aetius  and  a  friend  of 
St.  Augustine.  He  served  with  distinction  against 
the  Goths  and  the  Vandals  in  France  (defending  Mar- 
seilles against  Ataulf,  king  of  the  Goths,  413)  and  Spain, 
and  in  Africa.  Through  the  plotting  of  Aetius  he  was 
led  to  revolt  against  Placidia  and  ally  himself  with  the 
Vandals  in  Africa.  He  soon,  however,  returned  to  his  al- 
legiance, and  attacked  Genserio,  but  was  defeated  and  be- 
sieged for  fourteen  months  in  Hippo.  On  returning  to 
Italy  he  met  and  conquered  Aetius,  but  died  from  wounds 
received  in  the  battle. 

Bonin  (bo-nen'),  Adolf  von.    Born  Nov.  11, 


Bonneville 

1803 :  died  at  Berlin,  April  16,  1872.  A  Prus. 
sian  infantry  general,  governor  of  Dresden 
1866-67,  and  of  Lorraine  1870-71. 

Bonin,  Eduard  von.  Bom  at  Stolpe,  Prus- 
sia, March  7,  1793:  died  at  Coblentz,  Prassia, 
March  13,  1865.  A  Prussian  infantry  general, 
distinguished  in  the  Sehleswig-Holstein  war, 
1848-50. 

Bonin  (bo-nen')  Islands,  Jap.  Bu-nin-to, 
(bo-nen-to'),  or  Ogasawara  Sima  (6-ga-sa- 
wa'ra  se'ma).  A  group  of  89  islands  and  rocks, 
of  volcanic  formation,  in  the  North  Pacific,  in 
lat.  26°  30'-27°  45'  N.,long.  141°-143°  E.  They 
were  discovered  by  the  Japanese  in  1593,  and  annexed  by 
Japan  in  1880.    Area,  72  square  miles. 

Bonington  (bon'ing-ton),  Richard  Parkes. 

Born  at  Arnold,  near  Nottingham,  England, 
Oct.  25,  1801:  died  at  London,  Sept.  23,  1828. 
An  English  painter  of  coast  and  street  scenes, 
and  of  historical  genre  pictures. 

Bonjour  (bou-jor'),  The  Brothers.  Bom  at 
Pont  d'Ain,  Prance:  lived  about  1775-90:  died 
in  exile  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland.  Two  French 
heretics  who  became  cur6  and  vicar  of  the 
parish  of  Pareins.  They  founded  a  sect  called 
"fiagellants  Fareinistes." 

Bonn  (bon).  A  city  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Bhine 
15  miles  south-southeast  of  Cologne :  the  Ro- 
man Bonna,  or  Castra  Bonnensia.  It  contains  a 
noted  university  and  minster.  It  was  originally  a  Ro- 
man fortress,  and  was  for  many  centuries  the  capital  of 
the  electorate  of  Cologne.  The  French  held  it  1673-89, 
and  it  was  ceded  to  l5ance  in  1801.  It  was  acquired  by 
Prussia  in  1815.  The  cathedral  is  an  interesting  example 
of  the  Rhenish  florid  Romanesque,  with  two  arcaded 
towers  at  each  end,  a  high  octagonal  tower  and  timber 
spire  at  the  crossing,  and  two  choirs.  The  exterior  is 
characterized  by  fine  arcading,  particularly  on  tlie  apse 
and  the  transepts,  which  have  polygonal  terminations. 
The  interior  is  excellent  in  proportions,  and  possesses  some 
good  sculpture.  The  crypt  is  of  the  11th  century,  and  has 
various  medieval  wall-paintings.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 39,805. 

Bonnat  (bo-na' ),  L6on  Joseph  Florentin.  Bom 
at  Bayonne,  Prance,  June  20, 1833.  A  French 
painter  of  historical  pieces  and  portraits,  a 
pupil  of  Madrazo  and  Cogniet.  He  won  the  second 
prix  de  Bome  in  1861 ;  made  his  d^but  at  the  Salon  of  1867 
with  three  portraits ;  won  a  medal  of  the  second  class  in 
1867,  and  a  medal  of  honor  in  1869 ;  and  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Institute  in  1874. 

Bonner  (bon'Sr),  Edmund.  Bom  at  Hanley, 
Worcestershire,  England,  about  1495:  died 
Sept.  5, 1569.  An  English  prelate,  made  bishop 
of  London  in  1539,  noted  for  persecution  of 
Protestants  in  the  reign  of  Mary,  1553-58.  On 
the  accession  of  Elizabeth  he  refused  to  take  the  oath  of 
supremacy,  and  was  committed  to  the  Marshalsea,  where 
he  died.  , 

Bonner,  Robert.  Bom  near  Londonderry,  Ire- 
land, April  28, 1824 :  died  at  New  York,  July  6, 
1899.  An  American  publisher,  founder  of  the 
"New  York  Ledger  »  (1851). 

Bonnet  (bo-na'),  Charles.  Bom  at  Gteneva, 
Switzerland,  March  13,  1720:  died  near  Lake 
Geneva,  June  20, 1793.  A  Swiss  naturalist  and 
philosophical  writer.  His  works  include  "Traits 
d'insectologie  "  (1745),  "  Traits  de  I'usage  des  f euilles " 
(1764),  "  Essai  analy tique  sur  les  f  acult^s  de  I'^me  "  (1760X 
"Considerations  sur  les  corps  organises"  (1762)^  "Con- 
templation de  la  nature"  (1764),  "  Paling^n^sie  philoso- 
phlque  "  (1769). 

Bonn6table  (bon-na-tabl').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Sarthe,  France,  16  mUes  northeast 
of  Le  Mans.  Population  (1891),  commune,  4,294. 

Bonueval  (bon-val').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure-et-Loir,  France,  situated  on  the 
Loir  18  miles  south  by  west  of  Chartres.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  3,789. 

Bonneval,  Claude  Alexandre,  Comte  de. 
Born  at  Coussae,  Limousin,  Prance,  July  14, 
1675:  died  at  Constantinople,  March  27,  1747. 
Aa  adventurer  in  the  French,  Austrian,  and 
Turkish  service :  known  also  as  Achmet  Pasha. 
He  served  under  Prince  Eugene  in  Italy,  Provence,  and 
in  the  campaigns  of  1710-12.  In  1708  he  commanded  an 
army  corps  in  the  Papal  States,  and  served  against  the 
Turks  in  1716. 

Bonneville  (bon-vel').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Savoie,  France,  situated  on  the 
Arve  16  miles  southeast  of  Geneva.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  2,213. 

Bonneville  (bon'vil),  Benjamin  L.  E.  Bom  in 
Prance  about  1793 :  died  at  Port  Smith,  Ark., 
June  12, 1878.  An  American  soldier.  He  fought 
with  distinction  in  the  war  with  Mexico,  commanded  the 
Gila  expedition,  1867,  and  in  the  Civil  War  was  comman- 
dant of  Benton  Barracks  at  St.  Louis,  1862-66.  He  became 
colonel  in  1855,  and  brevet  major-general  in  1866.  WMe 
captain  he  engaged  in  explorations  in  theRocky  Mountains 
and  California,  1831-36.  His  journal  was  amplified  by 
Washington  Irving,  and  published  under  the  title  "Ad- 
ventures of  Capt.  Bonneville,  U.  S.  A.,  in  the  Rooky  Moun- 
tains of  the  Far  West "  (1837). 


Bonnibel 

Bonnibel  (bon'i-'bel).  [F.  bonne  et  helle,  good 
and  pretty.]  A  eommon  name  for  a  young 
girl  in  old  pastoral  poetry. 

Bonnivard  (bo-ne-var'),  Frangois  de.  Bom  at 
Seyssel  (?),  near  Geneva,  1496:  died  at  Geneva 
about  1570.  A  Genevan  prelate  and  politician, 
the  hero  of  Byron's  poem  "The  Prisoner  of 
Chillon."  He  became  prior  of  St.  Victor  in  1514,  and 
was  a  conspicuous  opponent  of  Charles,  duke  of  Savoy, 
who  endeavored  to  obtain  control  of  Geneva.  He  was 
largely  instrumental  in  bringing  about  an  alliance  between 
Geneva  and  Fribourg  in  1618,  and  in  1619  was  captured  by 
the  duke  and  imprisoned  twenty  months.  In  1630  he  ob- 
tained a  safe-conduct  from  the  duke  to  visit  his  aged  pa- 
rents at  Seyssel,  but  was  arrested  at  Lausanne,  May  26, 1530, 
and  confined  in  the  castle  of  Chillon,  where,  after  a  visit 
from  the  duke  (1532),  he  was  placed  in  a  subterranean 
dungeon  and,  according  to  the  local  tradition,  fastened  to 
a  pillar.  He  was  liberated,  March  29, 1636,  at  the  capture 
of  Chillon  by  the  Bernese.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Les  chro- 
niquea  de  Genfeve" (edited  by  Dunant,  Geneva,  1831),  which 
was  written  at  the  instance  of  the  magistracy  of  Geneva. 

Bonny.    See  Idzo. 

Bonny  (bon'i),  River.  An  arm  of  the  Niger 
delta  which  flows  into  the  Bight  of  Biafra  in 
lat.  4°  30'  N.,  long.  7°  E. 

Bonomi  (bo-no'me),  Griuseppe.  Bom  at  Rome, 
Jan.  19,  1739:  died  at  London,  March  9,  1808. 
An  Italian  architect  residing  in  England,  a 
leader  in  the  revival  of  Grecian  styles.  His 
principal  work  is  "Eoseneath  Hall,  Dumbar- 
tonshire, Scotland." 

Bonomi,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Rome,  Oct.  9,  1796 : 
died  at  London,  March  8,  1878.  An  English 
sculptor  and  draftsman,  son  of  Giuseppe  Bono- 
mi. He  made  a  large  number  of  drawings  of  Assyrian 
and  especially  Egyptian  remains,  for  the  works  of  various 
archaeologists,  and  himself  published  "Nineveh  and  its 
Palaces  "  (1862),  etc. 

Bononcini  (bo-non-che'ne),  or  Buononcini 
(bwo-non-ehe'ne),  Giovanni  Battista.  Born 
at  Modena,  Italy,  about  1667 :  died  probably  at 
Venice,  after  1752.  An  Italian  composer  of  op- 
era, and  a  rival  of  Handel. 

Bonorva  (bo-nor'va).  A  town  in  the  island  of 
Sardinia,  25  miles  south-southeast  of  Sassari. 
Population,  6,000. 

Bonpland  (b6n-plon'),  Aim§.  Bom  at  La 
Eochelle,  Aug.  22,  1773:  died  at  San  Borja, 
Uruguay,  May  4,  .1858.  A  French  naturalist 
and  traveler.  From  1799  to  1806  he  traveled  with  Hum- 
boldt in  America.  On  his  return  he  published  "  Flantes 
^quinoxiales,"  and  other  botanical  works.  In  1816  he  went 
to  Buenos  Ayres,  and  in  1821  attempted  a  journey  from 
that  place  to  Bolivia.  Passing  by  the  frontiers  of  Paraguay, 
he  was  seized  by  order  of  the  dictator  Francia  (Dec.  3, 
1821),  and  was  not  allowed  to  leave  the  country  until  1830. 
After  his  release  he  resided  on  a  small  plantation  near 
the  confines  of  Uruguay  and  BraziL 

Bonstetten  (bon-stet'ten),  Charles  Victor  de. 
Bom  at  Bem,  Switzerland,  Sept.  3,  1745:  died 
at  Geneva,  Feb.  3,  1832.  A  celebrated  Swiss 
litterateur  and  philosophical  writer.  His  works 
include  "  Recherches  sur  la  nature  et  lea  lois  de  I'imagi- 
nation"  (1807),  "Etudes  surl'homme"  (1821),  etc. 

Bontemps  (b6n-ton'),  Roger.  [F.  bon  temps, 
good  time.]  A  pseudonym  of  Roger  de  Col- 
lerye,  a  French  poet,  born  at  Paris  about  1470. 
He  was  of  a  lively,  gay,  careless  temperament.  B^ranger 
has  popularized  this  type  in  one  of  his  famous  songs,  and 
the  name  is  proverbially  given  to  any  jovial  fellow. 
There  is  a  very  much  older  French  song,  without  date  or 
author,  in  which  La  Mfere  Bontemps  gives  lively,  cheerful 
advice  to  young  girls. 

Bon  Ton  (b6n  ton).  [F.,  '  good  tone,'  i.  e.  high 
fashion.]  A  comedy  by  Burgoyne,  produced  in 
1760.  Garrick  shortened  it,  and  produced  it  in  1776  as 
"  Bon  Ton,  or  High  Life  above  Stairs." 

BontukU  (bon-to'ko).  A  town  of  Gyaman, 
north  of  the  Gold  Coast,  West  Africa,  now  in 
French  territory,  it  is  here  that  the  coast  traders 
meet  the  caravans  of  Mande-nga,  which  bring  the  produce 
from  the  Upper  Niger  basin. 

Bonvin  (b6n-van'),  Frangois.  Bom  at  Vaugi- 
rard,Seine,in  1817:  diedl887.  A  French  painter. 
He  produced  genre  pictures  recalling  the  best 
specimens  of  the  Flemish  school. 

Bonython  (bon'i-thon),  Richard.  Bom  in 
England,  1580:  died  about  1650.  An  English 
soldier  who  received  a  grant  of  a  tract  of  land 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Saco  River,  in  Maine, 
and  settled  there  in  1631.  He  was  commissioner 
for  the  government  of  Maine  under  Gorges  in  1636,  and 
later  (1640-47)  one  of  his  oouncU.  His  son,  John  Bonython, 
introduced  by  Whittier  in  "  Mogg  Megone,'  was  a  turbu- 
lent character,  and  was  outlawed  for  contempt  of  court. 

Booby  (bo'bi),  Lady.  In  Fieldiig's  novel 
"Joseph  Andrews,"  a  vulgar  woman  who  tries 
to  seduce  Joseph  Andrews,  her  footman,  and 
dismisses  him  on  account  of  his  virtue. 

Book  of  Common  Order.    The  liturgy  of  the 

Church  of  Scotland,  in  1562  the  Book  of  Common 
Order  commonly  termed  "Knox's  Liturgy," was  partially 
Introduced  in  place  of  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  and 
in  1564  its  use  was  authoritatively  ordamed  in  all  tne 
churches  in  Scotland.    This  liturgy  was  taken  from  the 


170 

order  or  liturgy  used  by  the  English  church  at  Geneva. 
McCliiitock  and  Strong. 

Book  of  Common  Prayer.  The  service-book 
of  the  Church  of  England,  or  a  similar  book 
authorized  by  one  of  the  other  branches  of  the 
Anglican  Church,  it  is  popularly  known  as  the 
Prayer-book.  The  first  Book  of  Common  Prayer  was  is- 
sued in  1549.  It  was  nearly  all  taken  from  medieval  li- 
turgical books.  English  was  substituted  for  Latin,  and  a 
uniform  use  was  established  for  the  whole  Church  of  Eng- 
land. Eevisious  were  made  in  1552, 1669,  and  1662.  The 
American  Prayer-book  was  authorized  in  1789 ;  a  revision 
was  begun  in  1880  and  issued  in  1892. 

Book  of  Cupid,  God  of  Love,  The.  See  Cuckoo 
and  the  Nightingale,  The. 

Book  of  the  Dead,  The.  See  the  extract. 
The  chief  monumentof  the  religious  literature  of  Egypt 
is  the  "  Book  of  the  Dead,"  in  106  chapters,  now  being  criti- 
cally edited  by  M.  Naville.  Portions  of  it  were  inscribed 
on  the  mummy-cases  and  tombs,  and  are  met  with  in  the 
latest  of  the  demotic  papyri.  It  was,  in  fact,  the  funeral 
ritual  of  the  Egyptians,  describing  in  mystical  language 
the  adventures  of  the  soul  after  death,  and  the  texts  it 
must  quote  in  order  to  escape  the  torments  and  trials  of 
the  lower  world.  It  is  the  literary  reflection  of  the  Osiris 
myth,  and  grew  along  with  the  latter,  A  hieratic  text  of 
the  eleventh  dynasty  gives  two  varying  versions  of  the 
sixty-fourth  chapter,  ascribed  to  King  Men-ka-ra,  from 
which  we  may  infer  the  antiquity  of  the  latter.  But  only 
the  essence  of  the  work  went  back  to  the  Old  Empire. 
The  rest  consisted  of  additions  and  glosses,  and  glosses  of 
glosses,  which  continued  to  be  made  up  to  the  time  of  the 
Persians.  The  oldest  portion  seems  to  have  been  of  a 
practically  moral  character,  contrasting  strikingly  with 
the  mystical  tone  of  the  later  accretions,  where  the  doc- 
trine of  justification  by  faith  in  Osiris  has  taken  the  place 
of  that  of  good  works.  Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  79. 

Book  of  the  Duchess.  A  poem  by  Chaucer, 
known  also  as  "The  Death  of  Blanche  the 
Duchess."  It  was  probably  written  near  the  end  of  1369, 
as  Blanche,  the  wife  of  the  Duke  of  Lancaster,  died  Sept.  12, 
1369.  The  poem  represents  the  inconsolable  nature  of  the 
grief  of  the  duke,  and  embodies  the  story  of  Ceyx  and  Alcy- 
one. The  duke,  JTohn  of  Gaunt,  however  married  again  in 
1372.  The  broader  outlines  of  the  plot  come  from  Ma- 
chault'3"DitduLion"and"DitdelaFontaineAmoureuse." 

Book  of  Martsnrs,  The.  A  history  of  the  perse- 
cution of  Reformers  in  England,  by  John  Foxe. 
It  was  finished  in  1659,  and  was  in  Latin.  It  was  published 
March  20, 1663,  and  called  "  Actes  and  Monuments,"  but 
was  popularly  known  as  "The  Book  of  Martyrs."  He 
translated  it  into  English  himself. 

Book  of  Mormon.    See  Mormon,  Book  of. 

Book  of  St.  Albans.  A  rimed  treatise  on  hawk- 
ing, hunting,  eto^  printed  in  English  in  1486. 
It  was  reprinted  by  wynkyn  de  Worde  in  1496.  It  has  been 
attributed  to  Juliana  Bemers  (Julyans  Bernes),  and  some 
of  it  was  certainly  written  by  her.  The  second  edition 
contains  the  popular  "Treatyseon  Fysshynge  with  an  An- 
gle." Ithasbeenmany  times  reprinted.  The  original  edi- 
tion was  reprinted  in  facsimile  by  Eliot  Stock  in  1881. 

Book  of  Sentences.    See  the  extract. 

Of  this  kind  is  the  "  Book  of  Sentences"  of  Peter  the 
'Lombard  (bishop  of  Paris),  who  is,  on  that  account,  usu- 
ally called  "  Magister  Sententiarum  " ;  a  work  which  was 
published  in  the  twelfth  century,  and  was  long  the  text 
and  standard  of  such  discussions.  The  questions  are  de- 
cided by  the  authority  of  Scripture  and  of  the  Fathers  of 
the  Church ;  and  are  divided  into  four  books,  of  which 
the  first  contains  questions  concerning  God  and  the  doc- 
trine of  the  Trinity  in  particular ;  the  second  is  concern- 
ing the  creation ;  the  third,  concerning  Christ  and  the 
Christian  religion ;  and  the  fourth  treats  of  religious  and 
moral  duties.  WheweU,  Ind.  Sciences,  I.  317. 

Book  of  Snobs,  The,  A  series  of  sketches  by 
Thackeray  on  his  favorite  subject,  snobbery 
in  all  its  branches.  They  first  came  out  in 
"Punch"  as  "  The  Snob  Papers"  in  1843. 

Boolak.    See  Bulak. 

Boole  (b81),  George.  Bom  at  Lincoln,  Eng- 
land, Nov.  2,  1815 :  died  near  Cork,  Ireland, 
Deo.  8,  1864.  A  celebrated  English  mathema- 
tician and  logician,  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Queen's  College,  Cork.  His  chief  works  are  a  "Trea- 
tise on  Differential  Equations"  (1869),  a  "  Treatise  on  the 
Calculus  of  Finite  Differences"  (I860),  "Mathematical 
Analysis  of  Logic"  (1847),  "Laws  of  Thought"  (1854). 

Boom  (b5m).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Ant- 
werp, Belgium,  situated  10  miles  south  of 
Antwerp.    Population  (1890),  13,892.* 

Boonack,    See  Bannock. 

Boone  (bon),  Daniel.  Bom  in  Bucks  County, 
Pa.,  Feb.  11,  1735:  died  at  Charette,  Mo., 
Sept.  26,  1820.  A  famous  American  pioneer 
in  Kentucky.  About  1748  his  father  settled  at  Hol- 
man's  Ford,  on  the  Yadkin,  North  Carolina.  5e  began 
the  exploration  of  Kentucky  in  1769,  and  founded  Boones- 
borough  in  1776.  He  emigrated  to  Missouri,  then  a  pos- 
session of  Spain,  in  1795. 

Boonton  (bon'ton).  A  town  of  Morris  County, 
New  Jersey,  25"miles  northwest  of  New  York. 
It  contains  important  kon-works  (among  the  largestin  the 
United  States),  including  blast-furnaces,  rolling-mills,  and 
mais  for  the  manufacture  of  nuts,  plates,  nails,  etc.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  3,901. 

Boonville,  or  Booneville  (bSn'vil).  A  city  in 
Missouri,  situated  on  the  Missouri  River  43 
miles  northwest  of  Jefferson  City.  Here,  June 
17,  1861,  the  Federals  under  Lyon  defeated  the  Confed- 
erates under  Marmaduke.    Population  (1900),  4,377. 


Bopp 

Boorlos  (bor'los).  Lake.  A  large  lagoon  in 
the  delta  of  the  Nile,  near  the  Mediterranean. 

Bootan.    See  Bhutan. 

Bootes  (bo-6'tez).  [Gr.  Boinrig,  the  ox-driver 
or  plowman.]  A  northern  constellation  con- 
taining the  bright  star  Areturus,  situated  be» 
hind  the  Great  Bear,  it  is  supposed  to  represent  a 
man  holding  a  crook  and  driving  the  Bear.  In  modem 
times  the  constellation  of  the  Hounds  has  been  interposed 
between  Bootes  and  the  Bear. 

Booth  (both).  The  husband  of  Amelia,  a 
prominent  character  in  Fielding's  novel  "Ame- 
lia." Fielding  intended  in  this  character  to  represent 
partly  his  own  follies,  improvidence,  and  weakness. 

Booth,  Barton.  Born  in  Lancashire,  England, 
in  1681:  died  at  London,  May  10,  1733.  An 
English  tragedian.  He  first  appeared  in  London  in 
1700,  having  previously  played  in  Ireland.  He  played 
with  Betterton  and  with  Wilks.  In  1719  he  married 
Hester  Santlow  (his  second  wife),  a  dancer  and  actress  of 
great  beauty  but  of  irregular  life. 

Booth,  Edwin  Thomas.  Bom  at  Bel  Air, 
Md.,  Nov.  13,  1833 :  died  in  New  York  city, 
June  7,  1893.  A  noted  American  tragedian. 
He  was  the  son  of  Junius  Brutus  Booth,  and  his  first 
appearance  was  as  Tressel  to  his  father's  Richard  III., 
on  Sept.  10, 1849.  In  1857  he  first  appeared  as  a  "star  " 
in  Boston  as  Sir  Giles  Overreach.  In  1861  he  went  to 
London  and  played  an  engagement  there.  The  assassina- 
tion of  Lincoln  by  his  brother  John  Wilkes  Booth  led  to 
his  temporary  retirement  from  the  stage  :  but  he  reap- 
peared as  Hamlet  on  Jan.  3, 1866,  in  New  York,  and  acted 
in  Shaksperian  plays  at  the  Winter  Garden  Theater  until 
its  destruction  by  fire  in  1867.  He  then  erected  a  theater 
of  his  own  in  New  York,  which  was  opened  Feb,  3, 1869, 
but  was  financially  a  failure.  In  1880  he  again  went  to 
London.  In  1883  be  acted  in  Germany.  In  1886  he  began 
his  engagement  to  play  under  the  management  of  Lawrence 
Barrett,  and  continued  to  play  with  him  until  Barrett's 
death  in  1891.  His  last  appearance  was  in  Brooklyn,  April 
4, 1891,  in  the  part  of  Hamlet.  In  1888  he  founded  in  New 
York  "The  Players,"  a  club  designed  to  promote  social  in- 
tercourse between  the  dramatic  and  kindred  professions, 
and  in  its  club-house  he  died. 

Booth,  John  Wilkes.  Bom  at  Bel  Air,  Md., 
1839  (1838?) :  shot  near  Bowling  Green,  Va., 
April  26, 1865.  An  American  actor,  the  brother 
of  Edwin  Booth.  He  assassinated  President 
Lincoln  at  Ford's  Theater,  Washington,  April 
14,  1865. 

Booth,  Junius  Brutus.  Bom  at  London,  May 
1,  1796:  died  on  a  Mississippi  steamboat  on 
Nov.  30,  1852.  An  Anglo-American  actor.  His 
first  professional  appearance  was  as  Campillo  in  "  The 
Honeymoon"  in  1813  at  Peckham,  England ;  his  last,  as  Sir 
Edward  Mortimer  in  "  The  Iron  Cheat,"  Nov,  19, 1852,  at 
New  Orleans.  His  career  was  brilliant  though  erratic. 
His  rivalry  with  Kean  (whom  he  somewhat  resembled)  and 
his  erratic  conduct  led  to  exciting  incidents  in  the  Covent 
Garden  Theater  in  1817,  resulting  in  his  departure  for 
America  in  1821.  On  Jan.  13  of  that  year  he  married  Mary 
Anne  Holmes.  He  played  in  America  with  great  success. 
In  1822  he  bought  a  farm  in  Harford  County,  Maryland, 
where  his  f  amUy  lived  and  he  retired  when  not  acting. 

Booth,  Junius  Brutus.  Bom  at  Charleston, 
S.  C,  1821:  died  at  Manchester,  Mass.,  1883. 
An  American  actor,  eldest  sou  of  Junius  Brutus 
Booth  (1796-1852),  and  brother  of  Edwin  Booth. 
He  was  both  manager  and  actor. 

Booth,  WilUam.  Bom  at  Nottingham,  Eng- 
land, April  10,  1829.  The  founder  of  the  Sal- 
vation Army.  He  became  a  minister  of  the  Methodist 
New  Connection  in  1850 ;  organized  in  1865  the  Christian 
Mission  which,  when  it  had  become  a  large  organization 
formed  on  military  lines,  was  called  the  Salvation  Army 
(1878) ;  established  the  "  War  Cry"  (1880) ;  and  published 
"In  Darkest  England"  (1890).  He  is  commonly  styled 
"general." 

Boothauk.   See  Bufkhdk. 

Boothia  Felix  (bo'thi-a  fe'liks).  [NL,, '  happy 
land  of  Booth' :  name'4  by  Ross  for  Sir  Felix 
Booth,  who  promoted  the  expedition.]  A  pe- 
ninsula in  British  North  .timerica  (northern  ex- 
tremity situated  in  lat.  72°  N.,  long.  95°  W.), 
discovered  by  John  Ross  in  1829.  On  its  west 
coast  (lat  70°  5'  17"  N.,  long.  96°  46' 46"  W.)  James  Clarke 
Boss  located  the  north  magnetic  pole. 

Boothia  Gulf.  A  continuation  of  Prince  Re- 
gent Inlet,  north  of  British  North  America,  it 
lies  between  Cockburn  Island  on  the  east  and  Boothia 
Felix  on  the  west.    Length,  SIO  miles. 

Bootle  (bo'tl).  A  suburb  of  Liverpool,  in  Lan- 
cashire, England,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Mersey.  Population  (1901),  58,558. 
Bo-Peep  _(b6-pep'),  Little,  a  small  shepherd 
maiden,  in  a  popular  nursery  story,  who  lost 
her  sheep. 

The  term  bo-peep  appears  to  have  been  connected  at  a 
very  early  period  with  sheep.  Thus  in  an  old  ballad  of 
the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  in  a  MS.  in  the  library  of 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge, — 

Halfe  Englande  ys  nowght  now  but  shepe, 
In  everye  comer  they  playe  a  boe-pepe. 

HaUiwellf  Nursery  Bhymes,  p.  21L 

Bopp  (bop),  Franz.  Bom  at  Mainz,  Germany, 
Sept.  14, 1791:  died  at  Berlin^  Oct.  28, 1867.  A 
celebrated  German  philologist,  noted  for  re- 


Bopp 

searches  in  Sanskrit,  and  especially  in  com- 
parative philology,  which  he  first  placed  upon  a 
scientific  basis.  He  became  professor  ("extraordi- 
nary ")  of  Oriental  literature  ajid  philology  at  Berlin  in 
1821  ("ordinary"  professor,  1825).  His  chief  work  is  a 
' '  Comparative  Grammar  of  the  Sanskrit,  Zend  Armenian, 
Greek,  etc."  ("  Vergleichende  Grammatik,  eto.,"published 
1833-62). 

Boppard  (bop'part) .  A  town  in  the  Ehine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine  9  miles 
south  of  Coblentz:  the  Roman  Baudobrica  or 
Bodobriga.  it  has  a  castle  and  the  remains  of  a  Roman 
wall  It  was  an  ancient  Celtic  and  Roman  town.  Popu- 
lation (1890).  commune,  5,610. 

Bora  (bo'ra),  Katharina  von.  Bom  at  Loben, 
near  Merseburg,  Germany,  Jan.  29,  1499:  died 
at  Torgau,  Germany,  Dee.  20,  1552.  A  Cister- 
cian nun  at  Nimptschen,  Saxony,  1515-23,  and 
wife  of  Martin  Luther  whom  she  married  June 
13,  1525. 

BoracMa  (bo-ra'eha).  [8p.,  f.  of  Borachio.']  A 
woman  given  to  drink,  a  comic  and  unwhole- 
some character  in  Massinger's  play  "A  Very 
Woman," 

Borachio  (bo-rS'oho).  A  villain,  a  follower  of 
Don  John,  in  Shakspere's  "Much  Ado  about 
Nothing."  Boraehio  is  the  Spanish  name  for  a  leathern 
wine-bottle  (hence  the  name  is  frequently  given  in  old 
writers  either  as  a  proper  name  or  a  mark  of  opprobrium 
to  drunkards). 

Borandon,  Borondon.  See  Brandon,  Samt. 
Boris  (bo'ros).  A  town  of  southern  Sweden, 
37  miles  east  of  Gothenburg. 
Borbeck  (bor'bek).  A  commune  in  the  Ehine 
Province,  Prussia,  Similes  northwest  of  Essen. 
Population  (1890),  28,707, 
Borda  (bor-da,'),  Jean  Charles.  Bom  at  Dax, 
in  Landes,  France,  May  4, 1733:  died  at  Paris, 
Feb.  20,  1799.  A  French  mathematician  and 
naval  officer,  noted  for  investigations  in  nauti- 
cal astronomy  and  hydrodynamics. 
Bordeaux  (bor-do').  [ME.  Burdews,  OP.  Bor- 
deux  (F.  Bordeaux),  earlier  OF.  Bordele,  from 
L.  Bwdigala,  Burdegala,  Gr.  BovpdlyaTM;  sup- 
posed to  be  an  Iberian  or  else  a  Celtic  name.] 
The  capital  of  the  Gironde,  France,  situated  on 
the  Garonne  in  lat.  44°  50'  N.,  long.  0°  35' "W. : 
the  fourth  city  and  third  port  of  Prance,  it 
has  a  large  and  fine  harbor,  with  extensive  quays  and  float- 
ing basin.  Its  commerce  is  with  the  Atlantic  and  Baltic 
ports,  America,  India,  and  Africa;  its  trade  is  in  wine, 
brandy,  metals,  timber,  coal,  grain,  etc.  It  contains  a  cele- 
brated bridge,  Pont  de  Bordeaux  (which  see),  and  a  ruined 
Roman  amphitheater,  and  is  the  seat  of  a  university.  Bor- 
deaux was  a  leading  Roman  city  in  Gaul,  the  capital  of 
Aquitania  Secunda,  and  passed  under  the  sway  of  the  Van- 
dals, West  Goths,  Franks,  and  Normans,  becoming  a  part 
of  the  duchy  of  Aquitaine,  whose  fortunes  it  followed. 
It  flourished  under  English  rule.  It  revolted  against 
the  salt  tax,  and  was  severely  punished  in  1648.  It  had  a 
Parliament.  It  revolted  against  the  Convention  in  the 
Girondist  period,  1793.  It  was  the  seat  of  the  provisional 
government  and  of  the  National  Assembly,  1870-71.  The 
cathedral  was  built  during  the  English  rule.  The  north 
transept  is  flanked  by  two  graceful  spires,  and  has  a  good 
portal  and  rose- window.  The  choir  is  notable  for  the  great 
beauty  of  its  five  radiating  and  two  lateral  chapels.  The 
nave,  without  aisles,  has  round  arcades  below  and  two 
ranges  of  pointed  windows  above.  Population  (1901),  com- 
mune, 257,471. 

Bordeaux,  Due  de.    See  Chambord,  Comte  de. 
Bordelais  (bord-la').     [L.  Burdigalensis,  adj. 
from  Bwdigala,  Bordeaux.]    An  ancient  sub- 
division of  Prance,  now  comprised  in  the  de- 
partments of  Gironde  and  Landes. 
Bordelon    (bord-ldn'),    Laurent.     Bom  at 
Bourges,  1653:  died  at  Paris,  April  6, 1730.    A 
French  dramatist  and  theologian. 
Bordentown  (b6r'den-toun).    A  city  in  Bur- 
lington County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  the 
Delaware  River  6  miles  southeast  of  Trenton. 
Population  (1900),  4,110. 

Border  States.  Formerly  the  slave  States  Del- 
aware, Maryland,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  Mis- 
souri, situated  near  the  free  States :  in  a  wider 
meaning  the  name  comprised  also  North  Caro- 
lina, Tennessee,  and  Arkansas. 
Bordighera  (bor-de-ga'ra).  A  small  town  in 
northwestern  Italy,  on  the  Riviera  15  miles 
east  of  Monaco. 
Bordone  (bor-do'ne),  Faride.  Bom  at  Treviso, 
Italy,  about  1500:  died  at  Venice,  Jan.  19, 1571. 
A  painter  of  the  Venetian  school,  a  pupil  of 
Titian.  His  most  noted  painting  is  the  ''  Fisher 
extending  a  Ring  to  the  Doge." 
Boreas  (bo're-as).  [Gr.  Bopeaf  or  Bopaf.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  the  personification  of  the 
north  wind.  According  to  Hesiod,  he  is  a  son  of  As- 
traus  and  Eos,  and  brother  of  Hesperus,  Zephyrus,  and 
Notus.  His  home  was  a  cave  in  Mount  Hsemus,  m  Thrace. 
Borel  (bo-rel'),  P6trus.  Bom  at  Lyons,  June 
28, 1809 :  died  at  Mostaganem,  July  14, 1859.  A 
French  journalist  and  man  of  letters.  See  the 
extract. 


171 

Ktrus  Borel,  one  of  the  strangest  figures  in  the  history 
of  hterature.  Very  little  is  known  of  his  life,  which  was 
spent  partly  at  Paris  and  partly  in  Algeria.  He  was  per- 
haps the  most  extravagant  of  all  the  Romantics,  surnam- 
ing  himself  "Le  Lycanthrope,"  and  identifying  himself 
with  the  extravagances  of  the  Bousingots,  a  clique  of  polit- 
ical literary  men  who  for  a  short  time  made  themselves 
conspicuous  alter  1830.  Borel  wrote  partly  in  verse  and 
partly  inprose.  His  most  considerable  exploitintheformer 
was  a  strange  preface  in  verse  to  his  novel  of  "Madame 
Patiphar" ;  his  best  work  in  prose,  a  series  of  wild  but 
powerful  stories  entitled  "  Champavert. "  His  talent  alto- 
gether lacked  measure  and  criticism,  but  it  is  undeniable. 
Saintsiury,  French  Lit.,  p.  646. 

Borelli  (bo-rel'le),  Giovanni  Alfonso.    Bom 

at  Castelnuovo,  near  Naples,  Jan.  28, 1608:  died 
at  Rome,  Dec.  31,  1679.  An  Italian  astronomer, 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Messiaa  and  later 
at  Pisa,  founder  of  the  iatromathematical 
school.  His  chief  work  is  "De  motu  anima- 
lium"  (1680-81). 

Borg&  (bor'go).  A  decayed  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Nyland,  Finland,  situated  on  the  Gulf 
of  Finland  in  lat.  60°  25'  N.,  long.  25°  45'  E. 
Population  (1890),  4,214. 

Borgerhout  (bor'ger-hout).  A  manufacturing 
town  14  miles  east  of  Antwerp,  Belgium.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  28,882. 

Borghese  (borrga'se).  Prince  CamiUo  Filippo 
Ludovico.  Bom  at  Rome,  July  19,  1775:  ^ed 
at  Florence,  May  9,  1832.  .Aji  ItaUan  noble, 
brother-in-law  of  Napoleon  I. 

Borghese  Gladiator,  so  named,  in  reality  an 
athlete  or  perhaps  a  warrior.  A  notable  an- 
tique statue  by  Agasias  of  Ephesus.  It  is  in  the 
Louvre,  Paris.  It  dates  from  about  the  beginning  of  the 
Christian  era.  The  vigorous  figure,  undraped,  is  in  an  at- 
titude of  rapid  advance,  the  left  arm,  encircled  by  the 
shield-strap,  raised  above  the  head,  and  the  right  (re- 
stored) extended  downward  and  backward  in  the  line  of 
thte  body,  grasping  the  sword.    Also  Fighting  Gladiator. 

Borghese  Mars.  An  antique  statue  of  Mars  in 
the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Borghese  Palace.  The  famous  palace  of  the 
Borghese  family  in  Rome,  noted  for  its  artool- 
leotions.  It  was  built  toward  the  end  of  the 
16th  century  by  Martino  Lunghi  and  Flaminio 
Ponzio.  It  is  situated  in  the  Via  della  Fontanella,  and 
though  its  galleries  contained  originally  the  most  im- 
portant art  treasures  of  Rome,  save  those  of  the  Vati- 
can, many  of  them  have  now  been  removed  to  the 
private  apartments  of  the  Prince  Borghese.  See  Villa 
Borghese. 

Borghesi  (bor-ga'se).  Count  Bartolommeo. 
Born  at  Saviguano,  near  Rimini,  Italy,  July  11, 
1781 :  died  at  San  Marino,  Italy,  April  16, 1860. 
A  distinguished  Italian  numismatist  and  epig- 
raphist.  He  wrote  "  Nuovi  frammenti  del  fasti 
consolari  eapitolini"  (1818-20),  etc. 

Borghi-Mamo  (bor'ge-ma'mo),  Adelaide.  Bom 
at  Bologna,  Italy,  Aug.  9,  1829  (1830?)":  died 
there,  Oct.,  1901.    An  Italian  opera-singer. 

Borgia  (bor'ja),  Cesare,  Duke  of  Valentinois. 
Born  Sept.  18,  1478:  killed  before  the  castle 
of  Viana,  Spain,  March  12, 1507.  The  natural 
son  of  Rodrigo  Lenzuoli  Borgia(Pope  Alexander 
VI.).  He  was  created  cardinal  by  his  father  in  1492, 
procured  the  murder  of  his  brother  Giovanni,  duke  of 
Gandia,  in  1497,  resigned  the  cardinalate  in  1497,  was  in- 
vested with  the  duchy  of  Valentinois  by  Louis  XII.  in 
1498,  married  Charlotte  d'Albret,  daughter  of  Jean  d'Al- 
bret,  king  of  Navarre,  in  1499,  and  was  created  duke  of 
Romagna  by  his  father  in  1601.  He  reduced  by  force  and 
perfidy  the  cities  of  Romagna,  which  were  ruled  by  feu- 
datories of  the  Papal  See,  and,  with  the  assistance  of  his 
family,  endeavored  to  found  an  independent  hereditary 
power  in  central  Italy,  including  Romagna,  Umbria,  and 
the  Marches.  His  father  having  died  in  1603,  he  was  de- 
tained in  captivity  by  Pope  Julius  II.  1503-04,  and  by 
Ferdinand  of  Aragon  15Wr-06,  when  he  escaped  to  the 
court  of  Jean  d'Albret  of  Navarre,  in  whose  service  he  fell 
before  the  castle  of  Viana.  Handsome  in  person,  educated, 
eloquent,  a  patron  of  learning,  and  an  adept  in  the  cruel 
and  perfidious  politics  in  vogue  in  his  day,  he  is  repre- 
sented as  a  model  ruler  byMacohiaveUiinhis  "Principe." 

Borgia,  Saint  Francesco,  Duke  of  Gandia. 
Born  at  Gandia,  Spain,  about  1510:  died  at 
Rome,  1572.  General  of  the  Society  of  Jesus 
1565-72. 

Borgia,  Lucrezia.  Born  1480:  died  June  24, 
1519.  Duchess  of  Perrara,  daughter  of  Pope 
Alexander  VI.,  and  sister  of  Cesare  Borgia. 
She  married  Giovanni  Sforza,  lord  of  Pesaro,  in  1493. 
This  marriage  was  annulled  by  Alexander,  who  (1498) 
found  a  more  ambitious  match  for  her  in  Alfonso  of  Bis- 
oeglie,  a  natural  son  of  Alfonso  n.  of  Naples.  Alfonso 
having  been  murdered  by  Cesare  Borgia  in  1600,  she  mar- 
ried (1601)  Alfonso  of  Este,  who  subsequently  succeeded 
to  the  duchy  of  Ferrara.  She  was  a  woman  of  great 
beauty  and  ability,  a  patron  of  learning  and  the  arts. 
She  was  long  accused  of  the  grossest  crimes,  but  recent 
writers  have  cleared  her  memory  of  the  worst  charges 
brought  against  her.  ' 

Borgia,  Stefano.  Bom  at  Velletri,  Italy,  Dec. 
3,  1731:  died  at  Lyons,  Nov.  23,  1804.  An 
Italian  cardinal,  statesman,  historian,  and  pa- 
tron of  science,  secretary  of  the  propaganda 
1770-88. 


Borneo 

Borgne  (bomy).  A  lake  or  bay  in  southeast- 
ern  Louisiana,  the  continuation  of  Mississippi 
Sound.  It  communicates  with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on 
the  east,  and  with  Lake  Pontchartrain  by  the  Rieoleta 
Pass  on  the  northwest.    Breadth,  25  miles. 

BorgO  (bor'go).  A  town  in  Tyrol,  17  miles  east 
of  Trent.     Population  (1890),  3,909. 

BorgO,  Pozzo  di.     See  Pozzo  di  Borgo. 

Borgo  San  Donnino  (bor'go  san  don-ne'no). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Parma,  Italy,  14  miles 
northwest  of  Parma:  the  ancient  Fid entia.  its 
cathedral,  rebuilt  at  the  end  of  the  Utb  century,  is  a  rich 
Romanesque  structure,  with  an  unfinished  facade  flanked 
by  towers,  and  three  sculptured  lion-columned  portals. 
The  nave  is  round-arched,  with  Pointed  vaulting;  there 
are  two  triforia  andmuch  curious  sculpture. 

Borgognone.    See  Fossano. 

Bone  (bo-re'),  Pierre  Rose  Ursule  Dumoulin. 

Born  at  Beynat,  Corr6ze,  France,  Feb.  20, 1808 : 
beheaded  in  Tong-king,  Nov.  24, 1838.  A  noted 
French  missionary  in  Tong-king,  1832-38. 

Boris  Godonof .  A  tragedy  by  Pushkin,  founded 
on  that  episode  in  Russian  history  known  as 
the  Interrepium.  Lope  de  Vega  wrote  a  play 
on  this  subject,  called  "  El  Gran  Duque  de  Mus- 
eovia."    See  Godunoff. 

Borissogliebsk  (bo-ris-so-glyebsk').  A  town  in 
the  government  of  Tamboff,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  river  Vorona  in  lat.  51°  20'  N.,  long.  42°  E. 
Population,  17,665. 

Borja  (bor'Ha),  Dona  Ana  de.  Vice-queen  of 
Peru.  Born  about  1640:  died  Sept.  23,  1706. 
A  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Bejar,  and  the  third 
wife  of  the  Coimt  of  Lemos  whom  she  accom- 
panied to  Peru  in  1667.  During  the  absence  of  the 
viceroy  in  Chaicas  she  was  left  in  charge  of  the  govern- 
ment (1668  and  1669).  This  is  almost  the  only  instan  ce  of 
the  kind  in  Spanish  America.  See  Fernandez  Ae  Caetro 
Andrade  y  Portugal. 

Borja  y  Arragon  (bor'na  e  ar-ra-gon'),  Fran- 
cisco de.  Born  at  Madrid,  1582:  died  there, 
1658.  A  Spanish  statesman.  By  his  marriage  he 
became  prince  of  Esquilache  or  SquUlace  in  Calabria. 
From  Dec,  1616,  to  Dec,  1621,  he  was  viceroy  of  Peru. 

BSrjesson  (b6r'yes-son),  Johan.  Bom  at  Ta- 
num,  Bohuslau,  Sweden,  March  22,  1790:  died 
at  Upsal,  Sweden,  May,  1866.  A  Swedish  dra- 
matic poet.  His  chief  drama  is  "Erik  XTV." 
(1846). 

Borku  (bdr'ko),  or  Borgu  (-g6).  A  group  of 
oases  in  the  Sahara,  between  Fezzan  and  Wa- 
dai,  important  as  the  meeting-place  of  com- 
mercial routes.  It  is  inhabited  by  a  Berber 
tribe  of  mixed  blood. 

Borkum  (bor'kem).  One  of  the  western  islands 
of  the  East  Friesian  group,  belonging  to  Ger- 
many. It  is  frequented  for  sea-bathing. 
Length,  5  miles. 

Borlace  (bor'las),  or  Burlace,  Edmund.  Died 
at  Chester,  England,  about  1682.  An  English 
physician,  and  writer  upon  Irish  history. 

Borlase,  William.  Bom  at  Pendeen,  Corn- 
waU,  England,  Feb.  2, 1695:  died  Aug.  31, 1772. 
An  English  anti(5[uary  and  naturalist.  His  chief 
works  are  "Antiquities  of  Cornwall "  (1754)  and 
"Natural  History  of  ComwaU"  (1758). 

Bormio  (bor'me-o).  A  small  town  in  northern 
Italy,  at  the  head  of  the  ValteUine,  near  the 
frontier  of  Switzerland. 

Bormio,  District  of.  The  territory  around  Bor- 
mio in  Italy,  whose  history  was  largely  con- 
nected with  that  of  the  Valtelline. 

Born  (b6m),  Bertran  or  Bertrand  de.  Bom 
at  Bom,  Perigord,  Prance,  about  1140:  died 
before  1215.  A  noted  French  troubadour  and 
soldier. 

Born,  Ignaz  von.  Bom  at  Karlsburg,  Transyl- 
vania, Dee.  26, 1742 :  died  at  Vienna,  July  24, 
1791.  An  Austrian  mineralogist  and  metallur- 
gist. 

Borna  (bor'na).  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Sax- 
ony, situated  16  miles  south-southeast  of  Leip- 
sic.    Population  (1890),  8,849. 

Borne  (ber'ne),  Ludwig  (originally  Lob  Ba- 
ruch).  Bom  at  Prankf ort-on-the-Main,  May  6, 
1786:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  12,1837.  A  noted  Ger- 
man satirist  and  political  writer,  of  Hebrew  de- . 
scent.  His  collected  writings  were  published 
1829-34. 

Borneil  (bor-nay'),  Guiraut  or  Giraud  de. 
Lived  in  the  latter  part  of  the  12th  century.  A 
French  troubadour,  many  of  whose  poems  have 
survived.  Dante  mentions  him  in  the  "  Diviua 
Commedia." 

Borneo  (b6r'ne-6).  [Also  Brimai,  Bruni,  B'rni, 
etc.,  Malay  Burnt,  Burni.  The  native  name  is 
Pulo  KalamanUn.\  The  largest  of  the  East  In- 
dia Islands,  it  lies  west  of  Celebes,  north  of  Java,  and 
east  of  Sumatra,  in  lat.  7°  N.-4°20'  S.,  long.  109°-119°  E. 
A  large  part  of  it  is  mountainous.    It  is  divided  into  the 


Borneo 

Dutch  possessions  and  British  North  Borneo,  Brunei,  and 
Sarawak.  The  inhabitants  are  Dyaks,  Malays,  Negritos, 
Bngis,  and  Chinese.  Borneo  was  first  visited  by  Portu- 
guese about  1518.  Length,  800  miles.  Breadth,  700  miles. 
Area,  286,161  square  miles.  Population  of  Dutch  posses- 
sions, about  1,100,000 ;  of  British  North  Borneo,  176,000 :  of 
Sarawak,  300,000. 

Borneo,  British  North.  See  British  Horth 
Borneo. 

Bomheim  (bom'him).  A  quarter  in  FranMort- 
on-the-Main. 

Bornholm  (toorn'liolm).  An  island  in  the  Baltic 
Sea,  in  lat.  55°-55°  20'  N.,long.  15°  E.,  forming 
an  amt  of  Denmark,  it  is  mountainous,  and  contains 
porcelain-clay.  Capital,  EBnne.  Length,  25  miles.  Area, 
228  square  miles.    Population  (1890),  38,766. 

Bornu  (b&r-no').  A  country  in  Sudan,  Africa, 
lat.  H°-16°  N. ,  long.  10°-17°  E.  Capital,  Kuka. 
Its  inhabitants  are  negroes,  Tnaregs,  Arabs,  and  mixed 
races,  the  prevailing  religion  is  Mohammedanism,  and  the 
government  that  of  a  sultan.  Bornu  formed  part  of  the 
Eanem  monarchy  in  the  middle  ages,  and  became  a  sepa- 
rate kingdom  in  the  IBth  century.  It  was  conquered  by 
Fellatahs  in  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century,  and  is  now 
in  large  part  within  the  British  protectorate  of  Nigeria. 
Area,  estimated,  50,000  square  miles.  Population,  esti- 
mated, over  6,000,000. 

Borodino  (bor-o-de'no).  A  village  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Moscow,  Eussia,  situated  near  the 
river  Moskva  70  miles  west  of  Moscow.  Near 
here,  Sept.  7, 1812,  Napoleon's  army  (about  140,000)  gained 
a  victory  over  the  Russians  under  KutusoS  (about  140,000). 
The  loss  of  Napoleon's  army  was  30,000;  that  of  the 
Russians,  nearly, 60,000.  Also  called  the  "battle  of  the 
Moskva." 

Borords  (bo-ro-ros').  An  Indian  tribe  of  west- 
ern Brazil,  living  about  the  head  waters  of  the 
river  Paraguay.  They  were  formerly  very  numerous 
and  iwwerful,  but  were  depleted,  partly  by  the  slave-mak- 
ing raids  of  the  Portuguese  iu  the  18th  century,  and  partly 
by  disease :  a  few  hundred  remain,  nearly  in  their  abori- 
ginal condition.  By  their  language  and  customs  they  are 
closely  allied  to  the  Tupls  and  Guaranis,  and  are  evidently 
an  offshoot  of  that  stock.  They  live  in  fixed  villages  of 
the  highland,  and  practise  agriculture,  and  their  chiefs 
have  only  a  nominal  power. 

Borough,  The.  A  poem  by  Crabbe,  published 
in  1810. 

Boroughbridge  (bur'6-brij).  A  tovm  iu  York- 
shire, England,  17  miles  northwest  of  York. 
Here,  March  16, 1322,  Edward  n.  defeated  the 
Earl  of  Lancaster. 

Borovitchi  (bor-6-ve'che).  Atown  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Novgorod,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
river  Msta  iu  lat.  58°  23'  N.,  long.  33°  E.  Popu- 
lation, 10,944. 

Borovsk  (bo-rovsk').  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Kaluga,  Russia,  in  lat.  55°  14'  N.,  long. 
36°  30'  E.    Population,  10,091. 

Borowlaski  (bor-ov-las'ke),  or  Born-wlaskl, 
Joseph.  Born  at  Halioz,  G-alicia,  1739:  died 
near  Durham,  England,  Sept.  5,  1837.  A  Po- 
lish dwarf,  erroneously  called  a  "  count,"  who 
traveled  from  place  to  place  exhibiting  himself 
and  giving  concerts.  His  height  was  a  little 
under  39  inches.  He  published  an  autobiog- 
raphy (1788). 

Borre,  Sir.  A  natural  son  of  King  Arthur,  in  the 
Arthurian  legends,  sometimes  called  Sir  Bors. 

Borriohoola-gha  (bor^i-S-bo'la-ga').  An  imagi- 
naryplaee  on  the  left  bank  of  tlie  Niger,  selected 
by  Mjs.  Jellyby  (in  Dickens's  "  Bleak  House") 
as  a  field  for  her  missionary  philanthropic  ex- 
ertions, to  the  neglect  of  all  home  duties. 

Borrissoff  (bor-res'sof ).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Minsk,  Russia,  50  miles  northeast  of 
Minsk.    Population,  18,103. 

Borromean  (bor-o-me'an)  Islands,  It.  Isole 
Borromee  (e'z6-le  bor-ro-ma'e).  A  group  of 
islands  in  Lago  Maggiore,  province  of  Novara, 
Italy,  near  the  western  shore.  The  two  most  noted, 
Isola  Bella  and  Isola  Madre,  belong  to  the  Borromeo  fam- 
ily, and  were  converted  into  pleasure-gardens  by  Count 
Borromeo  in  the  17th  century.  Another  island  is  Isola 
dei  Pescatori. 

Borromeo  (bor-ro-ma'o).  Count  Oarlo.  Bom 
at  Arona,  on  Lago  Maggiore,  Italy,  Oct.  2, 
1538:  died  at  Milan,  Nov.  3^  1584.  An  Italian 
cardinal,  archbishop  of  Milan,  noted  as  an 
ecclesiastical  reformer,  and  philanthropist.  He 
was  canonized  in  1610.  His  death  is  commem- 
orated in  the  Roman  Church  on  Nov.  4. 

Borromeo,  Count  Federigo.  Bom  at  Milan, 
1564:  died  1631.  An  Italian  cardinal,  and 
archbishop  of  MUan,  founder  of  the  Ambrosian 
Library  at  Milan  in  1609. 

Borromeo,  San  Oarlo.  A  colossal  statue  on  a 
hill  near  Arona  on  Lago  Maggiore,  Italy,  it 
stands  70  feet  high,  on  a  pedestal  measuring  42  feet,  and 
was  finished  in  1697.  The  figure,  bareheaded,  is  in  the  act 
of  blessing  the  town,  and  has  some  artistic  merit.  The 
head,  hands,  and  feet  are  of  bronze,  the  remainder  of 
welded  sheets  of  beaten  copper,  braced  with  iron,  and  sup- 
ported on  a  central  pier  of  stone. 

Borromeo,  San  Carlo,  Sisters  of.    A  rehgious 


172 

order  founded  by  the  Abb6  d'Estival  in  1652. 
Its  chief  seat  is  at  Nancy,  Prance. 
BorrO'W  (bor'o),  George.  Born  at  East  Dere- 
ham, Norfolk,  England,  July,  1803:  died  at 
Oulton,  Suffolk,  England,  July,  1881.  An 
English  philologist,  traveler,  and  romance- 
writer.  His  works  include  "  Targum,  or  Metrical  Trans- 
lations from  thirty  Languages,  etc. "(1835),  "The  Bible  in 
Spain  "  (1843),  "The  Zincali,  or  an  Account  of  the  Gypsies 
in  Spain  "  (1841),  "Lavengro,  the  Scholar,  the  Gypsy,  and 
the  Priest"  (1861),  "The  Romany  Rye,  a  sequel  to  Laven- 
gro "  (1867),  "  Wild  Wales,  etc. "  (1862),  "  Romano  Lavo-Lll, 
or  Word-book  of  the  Romany  "  (1874). 

Borrowdale  (bor'6-dal).  A  vale  in  the  Lake 
District  of  England,  south  of  Derwentwater. 

Bors  (b6rs).  In  Arthurian  legends,  king  of 
Graul,  brother  of  King  Ban  of  Benwicke  (Be- 
noic).  They  went  to  King  Arthur's  assistance 
when  he  first  mounted  the  throne. 

Bors  (b6rs),  or  Bohort  (bo'hdrt),  or  Bort  (bdrt). 
Sir.  A  knight  of  the  Round  Table,  called  Sir 
Bors  de  Ganis,  nephew  of  Sir  Lancelot.  He 
was  one  of  the  few  who  were  pure  enough  to 
see  the  vision  of  the  Holy  Grail. 

Borsippa  (b6r-sip'a).  An  ancient  city  of  Baby- 
lonia, probably  a  suburb  of  Babylon.  It  con- 
tained a  temple  of  Nebo,  its  tutelar  deity,  called  Bzida 
(i.  e.,  eternal  house),  which  was  constructed  in  the  form 
of  a  pyramid  consisting  of  seven  stories,  which  are  termed 
in  the  inscriptions  "the  seven  spheres  of  heaven  and 


Boston 

of  the  inhabitants  are  Mohammedans.    It  was  founded 
by  Hungarians  about  1263.    Population  (1886),  26,286. 

Bosnia  (boz'ni-a).  [F.  Bbsnie,  G.  Bosnien,  NL. 
Bosnia,  Pol.  Bosnia,  Turk.  Bosna.^  A  territory 
in  southeastern  Europe,  capital  Bosna-Serai, 
bounded  by  Croatia-Slavonia  (separated  by  the 
Unna  and  Save)  on  the  north,  Servia  (separated 
partly  by  the  Drina)  on  the  east,  Montenegro 
and  Herzegovina  on  the  south,  Dalmatia  on 
the  west,  and  Novi-Bazar  on  the  southeast. 
Its  surface  is  generally  mountainous,  and  its  inhabitants 
are  occupied  mainly  with  agriculture.  It  belongs  nomi- 
nally to  Turkey,  but  is  occupied  and  administered  by 
Austria-Hungary.  The  language  is  Servo-Croatian.  Reli- 
gions, Greek,  Mohammedan,  and  Roman  Catholic.  Bosnia 
was  a  part  of  the  Roman  Empire,  was  governed  by  bans 
in  the  middle  ages,  under  the  kings  of  HungiU7,  and  be- 
longed to  the  kingdom  of  Stephen  of  Servia  in  the  14th 
century.  The  kingdom  of  Bosnia  originated  in  1376.  It 
was  subjugated  by  the  Turks  in  1463.  Bosnia  has  been 
the  theater  of  many  confiicts  between  Austria  and  Turkey, 
and  of  revolts.  It  was  provided  in  the  treaty  of  Berlin 
(1B78)  that  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  be  occupied  by  Aus- 
tria-Hungary. The  Mohammedans  could,  however,  be 
subdued  only  after  a  bloody  conflict  (1878).  There  was  a 
popular  revolt  in  1881.  Area,  including  Herzegovina  and 
Novi-Bazar,  22,676  square  miles.    Population,  1,604,096. 

Bosola  (bo-s6'la).  A  character  in  Webster's 
tragedy  "The  Duchess  of  Malfi,"  gentleman 
of  the  horse  to  the  duchess.  He  is  a  villain, 
a  bloodthirsty  humorist  noted  for  his  cynical, 
savage  melancholy. 


earth."    The  imposing  ruins  of  the  mound  Birs  Nimrud  BoSPOrUS  (bos'po-rus),  or  BoSPhorUS  (bos'fo- 


to  the  northeast  of  Babylon  are  identified  as  the  site  of 
Borsippa  and  its  celebrated  temple.    See  Birs  Nvmrud. 

Bory  de  Saint  Vincent  (bo-re'  de  san  van- 
son'),  Jean  Baptiste  Georges  Marie.    Bom 

at  Agen,  France,  1780:  died  at  Paris,  Dee. 
22  (?),  1846.  A  distinguished  French  natural- 
ist and  traveler.  Be  wrote  an  "  Essai  sur  les  lies  for- 
tun^es  et  I'antique  Atlantide"  (1803),  "L'Homme,  essai 
zoOlogique  "  (1827),  etc. 


rus).  [6r.B(i(rn-opof,  ox-ford:  so  named  from  the 
legend  that  lo,  transformed  into  a  cow,  swam 
across  it.]  A  strait  which  connects  the  Black 
Sea  and  Sea  of  Marmora,  and  separates  Eu- 
rope from  Asia :  the  ancient  Bosporus  Thracius, 
Tnracian  Bosporus.  On  it  are  Constantino- 
ple and  Scutari.  Length,  18  miles;  greatest 
breadth,  1^  miles ;  narrowest  point,  1,700  feet. 


Borysthenes  (bo-ris'thf-nez).  [Gr.  BoptxreiT/^f.]  ■^„°^?S™^-c„-^??°^^"^'  ^*®Jl'"^A.!l^?^''™  ™ 
The  ancient  name  of  tlie  river  Dnieper.  °     *  """     ""    "*'"       "^  * 

Bos,  Hieronymus.    See  Bosch. 

Bosa  (bd'sa).  A  seaport  in  the  island  of  Sar- 
dinia, province  of  Cagliari,  lat.  40°  17'  N.,long. 
8°  30'  E.     Populatiouj  6,000. 

Bosboom  (bos^bom),  Johannes.  Bom  Feb.  18, 
1817 :  died  Sept.  14, 1891.    A  Dutch  painter. 


southern  Sarmatia,  near  the  Cimmerian  Bos- 
porus. It  was  founded  in  502  B.  c,  and  extin- 
guished in  the  4th  century  a.  d. 

Bosporus  Oimmerius  (si-me'ri-us).  The  Cim- 
merian Bosporus:  the  ancient  name  of  the 
Strait  of  Yenikale.    See  Cimmerians. 

Bosporus  Thracius._  See  Bosporus. 


Bosboom.. Mme.  (Anna  Luize„  Geertruide  ^^^^''I'^^'^Ehlllllt  ^r^f^^i^^l?.^!!' 


Toussaint).  Bom  at  Alkmaar,  Sept.  16, 1812: 
died  at  The  Hague,  April  13,  1886.  A  Dutch 
historical-  novelist.  She  married  the  painteF  Bos- 
boom in  1861.  Her  works  include  "Het  Huis  Lauer- 
nesse,"  "Leycester  in  Nederland,"  '*De  Vrouwen  van  het 
Leycester  sche  Tijdperk,"  and  "Gideon  Florenoz." 

Bosc  (bosk),  Louis  Augustin  Gxiillaume.  Bom 

at  Paris,  Jan.  29,  1759:  died  at  Paris,  July  10, 
1828.    A  distinguished  French  naturalist.    He 


Born  at  Mont-de-Margan,  Landes,  France, 
Nov.  8,  1810:  died  at  Toulouse,  France,  Feb. 
5j  1861.  A  marshal  of  France.  He  served  with 
distinction  in  Algeria,  and  In  the  Crimea  at  Alma  and 
Inkerman  1864,  and  at  the  MalakoS  1866. 
B9SSi  (bos'se),  Giuseppe.  Bom  at  Busto-Ar- 
sizio,  in  the  Milanese,  Italy,  Aug.,  1777:  died 
at  Milan,  Dec.  15, 1815.  An  Italian  painter  and 
writer  upon  art.  He  wrote  "Del  cenasolo  dl  Leon- 
ardo da  Vmci"  (1810),  etc. 


WTOte''Histoirenatiu'elledescoqinles'(1801),  3      j^   Giuseppe  Carlo  Aurelio,   Baron   de. 

"Histoire  naturelle  des  crustac6s"  (_18q2),_etc.  ^^^^  ^j.  Turin,  Nov.  15,  1758:  died  at  Paris, 
Boscan  Almogaver  (bos-kan'  al-mo-ga-var  ),    jaj^   20,  1823.    An  Italian  lyric  poet  and  di- 

Juan.     Bom  at  Barcelona,  Spain,  ajout  1493:     piomatist.    His  chief  poems  include  "Independenza 

died  near  Perpignan,  France,  about  1542.     A     Americana" (1786),  "Monaca"  (1787),  " Oromasia"  (1805), 

Spanish  poet,  founder  of  the  Italian  poetical     etc. 

school  in  Spain.  His  collected  works  were  pub-  Bossi,  Count  Luigi.    Bom  at  Milan,  Feb.  28, 

lished  in  1543.  1758 :  died  at  Milan,  April  10, 1835.    An  Italian 

Bosca'wen  (bos 'ka- wen),  Bdward.    Bom  in    historian,  archseologist,  and  writer  on  art. 

Coruwall,  England,  Aug.  19,  1711:  died  near  Bossu,  Le.    See  Le  Bossu. 

Guildford,  Surrey,  JEngland,  Jan.  10,  1761.    A  Bossuet   (bo-sii-a'  or  bo-swa'),   JacqUfiS  B6- 

noted  English  admiral.    He  commanded  at  the  tak-    nlgne.  _Bom  at  Dijon,  France,  Sept.  27,  1627 : 


died  at  Paris,  April'  12,  1704.  A  French  prel- 
ate and  celebrated  pulpit  orator,  historian, 
and  theological  writer.  He  was  preceptor  to  the 
Dauphin  in  1670-81,  and  became  bishop  of  Meaux  in  1681. 
His  chief  works  are  "Exposition  de  la  decline  catho- 
lique  "  (1671),  "  Discours  sur  I'histoire  univeraelle  "  C-681», 
"Histoire  des  variations  des  ^glises  protestsmtea"  (1688), 
and  funeral  orations  ("  Oraisons  f un^bres "'). 
Bossut  (bo-sii'),  Abb6.  A  name  assumed  by 
Sir  Charles  Phillips  in  several  educational 
,       „         .  works  in  French, 

neetion  vrith  the  escape  of  Charles  II.,  Sept.,  Bossut,  Charles.  Bom  at  Tarare,  near  Lyons, 
1651.  The  "royal  oak"  was  in  the  vicinity.  Prance,  Aug.  11,  1730:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  14, 
Boscovich  (bos'ko-vich),  Ruggiero  Giuseppe.  1814.  A  noted  French  mathematician.  His  chief 
Born  at  Ragusa,  Dalmatia,  May  18,  1711 :  died  work  is  an  "  Essai  sur  I'histoire  gto^rale  des  math^- 
at  Milan,  Feb.  12,  1787.     An  Italian  Jesuit,     matlques '■  (I802).  ^     „     ,       „™     „ 

celebrated   as  a  mathematician,  astronomer,  Boston  (bds  ton  or  bos  ton).      [ME.   Boston, 
His  works  include  "Theoria  philoso-     contr.  of    Botulfeston,  'Botolph's  town,'  named 


ing  of  Louisburg,  1758,  and  defeated  the  French  at  La- 
gos Bay,  Aug.,  1759. 

Bosch  (bosk),  or  Bos  (bos),  or  Bosco  (bos'ko), 
Hieronymus,  surnamed  "The  Joyous."  Born 
at  Bois-le-Duc,  Netherlands,  about  1460 :  died 
at  Bois-le-Duc  about  1530.  A  Dutch  painter. 
His  chief  works  are  at  Madrid,  Berlin,  and 
Vienna. 

Boscobel  (bos'ko-bel).  A  farm-house  near 
Shiffnal,  in  Shropshire,  England,  noted  in  con 


and  physicist.     His  works  include  "'Theoria  philosi 
phice  naturalis  "  (17B8X  "  De  maculis  solaribus  "  (1736),  etc. 

Bosio  (bo'ze-o),  Angiolina.  Bom  at  Turin, 
Aug.  22, 1829:  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  April  12, 
1859.    An  Italian  opera-singer. 

Bosio,  Baron  Frangois  Joseph.  Bom  at  Mo- 
naco, March  19,  1769:  died  at  Paris,  July  29, 
1845.  A  French  sculptor.  His  best-known  works 
are  the  bas-reliefs  of  the  Column  VendOme  (Paris),  an 
equestrian  statue  of  Louis  XIV.  (Pails),  etc. 

Bosna-Serai  (bos-na-se-ri'),  or  Serajevo  (se 


from  AS.  Botulf,  Botuulf,  Botulf,  later  mis- 
spelled Botolph.']  A  seaport  in  Mncolnshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Witham  in  lat.  52°  58' 
N.,  long.  0°  2'  W.  It  was  an  important  trading  town 
in  the  middle  ages.  It  contains  the  parish  church  of  St. 
Botolph's,  a  long,  low  Decorated  building,  with  a  high  Per- 
pendicular tower  surmounted  by  an  octagonal  lantern, 
locally  known  as  "Boston  Stump."  The  tower  is  300  feet 
high.  The  light  and  spacious  interior  has  very  lofty  arches 
resting  on  slender  pillars,  a  small  clearstory,  and  a  fine 
east  window.    Population  (1891),  14,593. 


ra'ye-v6),  or  Sarajevo  (sa-ra'ye-v6).  The  Boston.  [Named  after  Boston  in  Lincolnshire, 
capital  of  Bosnia,  situated  in  the  valley  of  the  England.]  The  capital  of  Massachusetts,  situ- 
Miliafika,  in  lat.  43°  54'  N.,  long.  18°  25'  B.  ated  m  Suffolk  County,  on  Massachusetts  Bay, 
It  contains  a  baaaar,  castle,  and  several  mosques.    Most     at  the  mouths  of  the  Charles  and  Mystic,  m 


Boston 

city  in  Kew  England,  and  one  of  the  chief  commercial 
cities  and  literary  centers  in  the  country.  It  haa  an  ex- 
tensive foreign  and  coasting  trade,  and  is  the  terminus 
of  many  railroad  lines,  and  of  steamship  lines  to  Liver- 
pool, etc.  The  city  now  contains  various  annexed  dis- 
tricts (Eoxbury,  Dorchester,  Neponset,  Charlestown).  Bos- 
ton was  founded  by  English  colonists  (some  of  them  from 
Boston,  England)  under  Winthrop  in  16S0.  It  was  first 
named  Trlmountaln,  from  the  three  summits  of  Beacon 
Hill,  and  later  received  its  present  name  in  honor  of  Rev. 
John  Cotton  who  had  been  settled  in  Boston  in  Lincoln- 
shire. It  expelled  Governor  Andros  in  1689;  was  in- 
volved in  the  witchcraft  delusion  in  1692  ;  was  the  scene 
ol  the  "  Boston  massacre  "  in  1770,  and  of  the  "Boston  tea- 
party  "  in  1773 ;  was  besieged  by  the  American  army  under 
Washington,  1776-76;  and  was  evacuated  by  the  British, 
March  17, 1776.  It  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1822.  It 
suffered  from  fires  ifl  1676,  1679,  1711, 1760,  and  especially 
Nov.  9-11, 1872  Oosa  about  $80,000,000).  It  annexed  Eox- 
bury  in  1868,  Dorchester  1870,  and  Charlestown,  Brighton, 
and  West  Roxbury  1874.  Population  (1900),  660,892. 
Boston.  An  American  race-horse,  f  oaledin  1833. 
His  sire  was  Timoleon,  by  Sir  Archy,  by  Diomed ;  his  dam 
was  by  Ball's  Florizel,  by  Diomed.  He  was  the  sire  of 
Lexington,  and  as  the  sire  of  Sallie  Russell,  dam  of  &iss 
Russell,  was  the  great-grandsire  of  Maud  S. 

Boston,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Dunse,  Scotland, 
March  17, 1676 :  died  at  Ettrick,  Scotland,  May 
20, 1732.  A  noted  Scotch  Presbyterian  divine. 
He  wrote  "Human  Nature  in  its  Fourfold 
State"  (1720),  etc. 

Boston  Massacre.  A  collision  in  Boston,  March 
5,  1770,  between  the  British  soldiers  stationed 
there  and  a  crowd  of  citizens,  it  was  occasioned 
by  the  prejudices  excited  against  the  soldiers,  a  guard  of 
whom,  provoked  by  words  and  blows,  fired  at  the  crowd, 
killing  tliree  and  wounding  five.  The  members  of  the 
guard  were  tried  (defended  by  John  Adams  and  Josiah 
Quincy)  and  acquitted,  except  two  who  were  convicted 
of  manslaughter  and  punished  lightly. 

Boston  Port  Bill.  A  bill  introduced  by  Lord 
North,  and  passed  by  the  British  Parliament, 
March,  1774,  closing  the  port  of  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, after  June  1,  1774. 

Boston  Tea-party,  The.  A  concourse  of  Amer- 
ican citizens  at  Boston,  Dec.  16, 1773,  designed 
as  a  demonstration  against  the  attempted  im- 
portation of  tea  into  the  colonies.  A  large  popular 
assembly  met  at  the  Old  South  Church  to  protest.  As  their 
protest  was  ineffectual,  the  same  evening  a  body  of  about 
fifty  men,  disguised  as  Mohawks,  boarded  the  three  Brit- 
ish tea-ships  in  the  harbor,  and  threw  342  chests  of  tea 
(valued  at  £18,000)  into  the  water. 

Boston  University.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing, situated  at  Boston,  Mass.,  chartered  in 
1869.  It  comprises  departments  of  the  liberal  arts 
(founded  1873),  music  (1872),  theology  (1871),  law  (1872), 
medicine  (1873),  school  of  all  sciences  (1874). 

Boswell(boz'wel),  James.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
Oct.  29, 1740 :  died  at  London,  May  19, 1795.  The 
biographer  of  Dr.  Johnson.  He  was  the  son  of 
Alexander  Boswell,  a  Judge  of  the  Scottish  Court  of  Ses- 
sion ;  was  admitted  to  the  Scottish  bar  in  1766,  and  to  the 
English  bar  in  1786 ;  was  appointed  to  the  recordership  of 
Carlisle  in  1788;  and  removed  to  London'  in  1789.  In 
1766,  while  traveling  on  the  Continent,  he  paid  a  visit  to 
Corsica,  where  he  was  entertained  by  Paoli.  The  fruit  of 
this  visit  appeared  in  1768  in  the  form  of  a  volume  en- 
titled "An  Account  of  Corsica :  the  Journal  of  a  Tour  to 
that  Island ;  and  Memoirs  of  Pascal  Paoli."  lu  1763  he 
made  the  acquaintance  at  London  of  Dr.  Johnson  whom  he 
accompanied  on  a  journey  to  the  Hebrides  in  1773.  After 
the  death  of  Johnson  he  published  in  1786  an  account  of 
this  journey  under  the  title  "  The  Journal  of  a  Tour  to 
the  Hebrides  with  Samuel  Johnson,  LL.  D.,"  which  was 
followed  in  1791  by  his  famous  "Life  of  Samuel  Johnson." 

Bosworth  (boz'w^rth),  or  Market  Bosworth. 

[ME.  Bosworth,  AS.  prob.  *Bosanworth  (found 
as  Bosworth  in  a  spurious  Latin  charter,  a.  d. 
833),  from  Bosan,  gen.  of  Bosa,  a  man's  name 
(ef.  AS.  Bosanham,  now  Bosham),  and  worth, 
farmstead.]  A  market  town  in  Leicestershire, 
England,  12  miles  west  of  Leicester.  At  Bosworth 
Field,  Aug.  22,  1485,  Richard  III.  was  defeated  and  slain 
by  the  forces  of  the  Earl  of  Richmond,  who  became  Henry 

vn. 

Bosworth  (boz'w6rth),  Joseph.  Born  in  Derby- 
shire, England,  1789 :  died  May  27,  1876.  An 
English  philologist,  appointed  Eawlinson  pro- 
fessor of  Anglo-Saxon  at  Oxford  in  1858.  His 
chief  work  is  a  "Dictionary  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Language," 
published  in  1838.  In  1848  he  published  an  abridgment 
of  it  ("A  Compendious  Dictionary  of  Anglo-Saxon  ").  The 
larger  work  was  edited  after  its  author's  death  by  Pro- 
lessor  Toller  (Part  I.,  1882  ;  not  completed  In  1893). 

Botany  Bay  (bot'a-ni  ba).  An  inlet  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  New  South  Wales,  Australia, 
5  miles  south  of  Sydney.  It  was  first  visited  by 
Cook  in  1770,  and  was  named  by  the  naturalists  of  his  ex- 
pedition. A  penal  colony  was  sent  there  from  England, 
1787-88,  but  was  transferred  to  Port  Jackson. 

Botein  (bo-te-in').  [Ar.  el-laUn,  signifying  'the 
little  belly,' as  forming  with  the  star  p  the  sec- 
ond chamber  of  the  Lunar  Mansions.]   A  name 

.given  to  the  two  stars  S  and  e  Arietis. 

Botetourt  (bot'e-tSrt),  Norborne  Berkeley, 
Baron.  Bom  In  England  about  1734  (?) :  died 
at  Williamsburg,  Va.,  Oct.  15,  1770.    An  Eng- 


173 

lish  politician,  governor  of  Virginia  1768-70. 
He  dissolved  the  House  of  Burgesses  in  1769  for  passing 
resolutions  condemning  parliamentary  taxation  and  the 
trial  of  Americans  in  England.  He  attempted  to  influ- 
ence the  home  government  to  abandon  the  principle  of 
parliamentary  taxation,  failing  in  which,  he  resigned. 

Bothnia  (both'ni-a).  A  former  province  of 
Sweden,  east  and  west  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia. 

Bothnia,  Gulf  of.  The  northern  extension  or 
arm  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  between  Finland  on  the 
east  and  Sweden  on  the  west.  Length,  400 
miles.    Breadth,  about  100  miles. 

Bothwell  (both'wel).  A  village  in  Lanarkshire, 
Scotland,  8i  miles  southeast  of  Grlasgow.  Both- 
well  Castle  is  in  the  vicinity. 

Both'well.  A  tragedy  on  the  subject  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots,  by  S-mnbume,  published  in 

Bothwell,  Earls  of.    See  Hepburn. 

Bothwell  Bridge,  Battle  of.  A  battle  fought 
near  Bothwell,  Scotland,  in  which  the  Scotch 
Covenanters  were  defeated  by  the  Royalist 
forces  under  the  Duke  of  Monmouth,  June  22, 
1679. 

Botocudos  (bo-to-ko'dos).  [From  Pg.  botoque, 
a  plug:  in  allusion  to  the  wooden  cylinders 
which  they  wear  in  orifices  of  the  lower  lip  and 
ears.]  An  Indian  tribe  of  eastem  Brazil,  for- 
merly called  Aymor^s.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest 
they  were  very  numerous,  occupying  the  inland  regions 
between  latitudes  22°  and  15°  30'  S.,  with  portions  of  the 
coast.  A  few  thousand  remain,  principally  in  Espirito 
Santo  and  Bahia.  They  are  very  degraded  savages,  having 
little  intercourse  with  the  whites.  They  are  apparent^  a 
very  ancient  race,  and  skulls  found  in  caves  with  the  re^ 
mains  of  extinct  animals  have  been  ascribed  to  them. 

Botolph  (bo-tolf),  or  Botolphus,  Saint.  An 
English  monk.  According  to  Anglo-Saxon  chronicles  he 
founded  a  monastery  in  654  at  Ikanho  in  Lincolnshire,  now 
called  Boston  (Botolphatown).  He  instituted  the  rule  of 
St.  Benedict  there.  His  death  was  commemorated  June  17. 

Eotoshan  (bo-to-shan'),  or  Botushani  (bo-to- 
sha'ne).  A  city  in  northern  Moldavia,  Eu- 
mania,  60  miles  northwest  of  Jassy.  Popula- 
tion, 81,024. 

Botta  (bot'ta).  Carlo  Giuseppe  Guglielmo. 
Born  at  San  Giorgio  del  Canavese,  Piedmont, 
Italy,  Nov.  6, 1766 :  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  10, 1837. 
An  Italian  historian.  His  works  include  "Storia 
d'ltalia  dal  1789  al  1814  "  (1824), ' '  Storia  d'ltalia  continuata 
da  quella  del  Guicciardini,  etc. "  (1832),  "Storia  della  guerra 
dell  independenza  degli  Stati  Uniti  d' America  "  (1809). 

Botta,  Paul  Emile.  Bom  at  Turin,  Deo.  6, 1802 : 
died  at  Achftres,  near  Poissy,  France,  March 
29,  1870.  A  French  archaeologist  and  traveler, 
son  of  Carlo  Giuseppe  Guglielmo  Botta :  noted 
for  discoveries  in  Assyria. 

Bottari  (bot-ta're),  Giovanni  Gaetano.  Bom 
at  Florence,  Jan.  15, 1689 :  died  at  Rome,  June 
3, 1775.    An  Italian  prelate  and  archteologist. 

Bottesini  (bot-te-ze'ne),  Giovanni.  Bom  Dec. 
24,  1822:  died  July  7,  1889.  A  celebrated 
player  on  the  double  bass,  conductor,  and  com- 
poser. 

BSttger  (b6t'eh6r),  Adolf.  Bom  at  Leipsic, 
May  21, 1815 :  died  at  Gohlis,  near  Leipsic,  Nov. 
16, 1870.  A  German  poet.  He  translated  poems  of 
Byron,  Goldsmith,  Pope, 'Milton,  etc.;  and  wrote  "Ha- 
bafia  "  (1853),  "  Der  Fall  von  Babylon  "  (1865),  "  Till  Eulen- 
spiegel "  (1860),  etc. 

Bottger,  or  BSttcher,  or  Bottiger,  Johann 
Friedrich.  Bom  at  Sehleiz,  Reuss,  Germany, 
Feb.  4,  1682 :  died  at  Dresden,  March  13, 1719. 
A  German  alchemist,  noted  as  the  discoverer  of 
Saxon  porcelain. 

Botticelli  (bot-te-chel'le),  Sandro  (originally 
Aiessandro  Filipepi).  Bom  at  Florence,  1447: 
died  there,  May  17,  1515  (1510  ?).  An  Italian 
painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Eilippo  Lippi,  and  was  in- 
fluenced by  Antonio  PoUajuolo  and  Castagno.  Among  his 
earliest  works  are  the '  'rortitude"and  the  series  of  circular 
pictures  in  the  Uifizi  at  Florence,  and  Madonnas  in  the 
Uffizi  and  at  London.  In  1478  he  painted  for  the  Villa  di 
Castello  the  "Allegory  of  Spring  "(now  in  the  Academy  of 
Florence),  and  the  "  Birth  of  Venus  "  in  the  Ufflzi.  Among 
his  notable  pictures  is  a  reconstruction  of  the  "  Calumny  " 
of  Apelles  from  the  description  of  Lucian.  For  Pier  Fran- 
cesco de'  Medici  he  made  a  series  of  illustrations  to  the 
"Divina  Commedia  "  of  Dante,  84  of  which  are  now  in  the 
Museum  of  Berlin  and  8  in  the  'Vatican.  In  1482  he  was 
invited  by  Pope  Sixtus  IV.  to  assist  in  the  decoration 
of  the  Sistine  ChapeL  He  was  one  of  the  followers  of 
Savonarola. 

Bottiger  (bet'te-ger),  Karl  August.  Bom  at 
Eeiohenbaoh,  Saxony,  June  8,  1760:  died  at 
Dresden,  Nov.  17,  1835.  A  German  archaeolo- 
gist, director  of  the  gymnasium  at  Weimar 
1791-1804.  After  1804  he  lived  in  Dresden.  He  wrote 
"  Sabina  Oder  Morgenscenen  im  Putzzimmer  einer  reichen 
Romerin"  (1803),  "  Griechische  Vasengemalde "  (1797- 
1800),  etc.  ^„ 

Bottiger,  Karl  Vilhelm.  Bom  at  WesterHs, 
Sweden,  May  15, 1807:  died  atUpsala,  Sweden, 
Deo.  22, 1878.  A  Swedish  poet.  His  collected 
writings  were  published  in  1856. 


Boufarik 

Bottom  (bot'um),  Nick.  An  Athenian  weaver, 
in  Shakspere's  "Midsummer  Night's  Dream  " 
who  plays  the  part  of  Pyramus  in  the  interpo- 
lated play.  He  is  gifted  by  Puck  with  an  ass's  head, 
and  the  dam ty  Titania  is  obliged  by  magic  speU  for  a  time 
to  love  him. 

^ttom  the  Weaver,  The  Merry  Conceited 
Humours  of.  A  farce  made  from  the  comic 
scenes  of  "Midsummer  Night's  Dream,"  pub- 
lished in  1672,  attributed  to  Robert  Cox,  a  come- 
dian of  the  time  of  Charles  I. 

Botts  (bots),  John  Minor.  Bom  at  Dumfries, 
Va.,  Sept.  16,  1802:  died  in  Culpeper  County, 
Va.,  Jan.  7,  1869.  An  American  politician, 
member  of  Congress  1839-43,  1847-49.  He 
■wrote  "The  Great  Rebellion,  its  Secret  His- 
tory" (1866),  etc. 

Boturini  Benaduci  (bo-to-re'neba-na-do'che), 
Lorenzo.  Bom  at  Milan  about  1680:  died  at 
Madrid,  1740.  A  noted  antiquarian,  in  1735  he 
went  to  Mexico.  During  eight  years  he  traveled  and 
lived  among  the  Indians,  and  amassed  many  hundred 
specimens  of  their  hieroglyphic  records,  as  well  as  manu- 
scriptsin  Spanish  of  great  value.  Some  of  the  manuscripts 
stiU  exist;  but  the  greater  part  perished  through  neglect 
at  Mexico. 

Botushani.    See  Botoshan. 

Botzaris.    See  Bozzaris. 

Botzen.     See  Bozen. 

Bouchardon  (bo-shar-ddn'),  Edme.  Born  at 
Chaumont,  France,  May  29, 1698:  died  at  Paris, 
July  27, 1762.    A  French  sculptor. 

Boucher  (bo-sha'),  Frangois.  Born  at  Paris, 
Sept.  29,  1703:  died  there.  May  30,  1770.  A 
noted  French  painter  of  historical  and  pastoral 
subjects  and  genre  pieces.  The  especial  strength 
of  Boucher  lay  in  the  grouping  and  decorative  treatment 
of  women  and  children,  especially  in  the  nude. 

Boucher  (bou'chfer),  Jonathan.  Bom  at  Blen- 
cogo,  near  Wigton,  in  Cumberland,  England, 
March  12, 1738:  died  at  Epsom,  England,  April 
27,  1804.  An  English  clergyman  and  writer. 
He  coUected  materials  for  a  "Glossary  of  Archaic  and 
Provincial  Words,"  a  part  of  which  (the  letter  A)  was 
published  in  1807,  and  another  part  (as  far  as  "Blade") 
in  1832.  ' 

Boucher  (bo-sha'),  Pierre.  Bom  in  Perche, 
France,  1622:  died  at  Boucherville,  Canada, 
April  20,  1717.  A  French  pioneer  in  Canada. 
He  wrote  a  "  Histoire  veritable  et  naturelle  des  moeurs  et 
des  productions  de  la  Nouvelle  France  "  (1663). 

Boucher  de  Crfivecoeur  de  Perthes  (bo-sha' 
d6  krav-k6r'  d6  part'),  Jac<iues,  Bom  at  Re- 
thel,  Ardennes,  France,  Sept.  10,  1788:  died  at 
Amiens,  France,  Aug.  5, 1868.  A  French  archae- 
ologist and  litterateur.  His  works  include  "De  la 
creation"  (1839-41),  "Antiquit^s  celtiques  et  ant^dilu- 
viennes"  (1847-66),  etc. 

Bouches-du-Kh6ne  (bosh'du-ron').  [French, 
'mouths  of  the  Rh6ne.']  A  department  of 
France  (capital  Marseilles),  bounded  by  Vau- 
eluse  on  the  north,  Var  on  the  east,  the  Medi- 
terranean on  the  south,  and  Gard  on  the  west. 
The  surface  is  generally  low.  It  was  a  part  of  ancient 
Provence.  Area,  1,971  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
630,622. 

Boucicault  (bo'se-ko),  Dion.  Bom  at  Dublin, 
Dec.  26, 1822:  died  at  New  York,  Sept.  18, 1890. 
An  Anglo-American  dramatist,  manager,  and 
actor.  He  married  Agnes  Robertson,  an  actress  of  note, 
but  separated  from  her  many  years  later,  declaring  that 
he  had  never  been. legally  married.  His  plays  include 
"London  Assurance "  (1841),  "Old  Heads  and  Young 
Hearts  "  (1843)k  "  Colleen  Bawn  "(1860),  "Arrah-na-Pogue" 
(1866),  a  version  of  "Rip  Van  Winkle"  (1866),  "The 
Shaughraun  "  (1874),  etc.  Brougham  claimed  a  share  in 
"London  Assurance." 

Boudet  (b6-da'),  Jean,  Count.  Bom  at  Bor- 
deaux, Feb.  19,  1769:  died  at  Budweis,  Sept. 
14,1809.  A  French  general.  He  was  sent,  in  1794, 
to  the  West  Indies,  where  he  recovered  Guadeloupe  from 
the  English  and  aided  in  the  attacks  on  St.  Vincent  and 
Grenada.  On  his  return  (1796)  he  was  made  general  of 
division ;  fought  in  Holland  and  Italy ;  and  in  1802  com- 
manded under  Leclerc  in  the  Santo  Domingo  expedition. 
He  subsequently  served  under  Napoleon  until  1809,  espe- 
cially distinguishing  himself  at  Essling  and  Aspern. 

Boudinot  (bo'di-not),  Elias.  Bom  at  Phila- 
delphia, May  2, 1740 :  died  at  Burlington,  N.  J., 
Oct.  24,  1821.  An  American  patriot  and  phi- 
lanthropist, president  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress 1782. 

Bouet-Willaumez  (bo-a've-yo-ma' ),  Comte 
Louis  Edouard  de.  Bom  near  Toulon,  France, 
April  24,  1808:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  9,  1871. 
A  French  admiral.  He  published  "  Description  nau- 
tique  des  cdtes  comprises  entre  le  S^n^gal  et  I'^quateur" 
(1849),  etc. 

Boufarik  (bo-fa-rek').  A  to-wn  and  military 
post  in  the  province  of  Algiers,  Algeria,  21 
miles  southwest  of  Algiers,  founded  by  the 
French  in  1835.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
8,064. 


Boufflers,  Louis  Francois  de 

Bouflers  (bo-flar'),  Louis  Frangois,  Due  de. 
Bora  Jan.  10,  1644:  died  at  Fontainebleau, 
France,  Aug.  20,  1711.  A  marshal  of  France, 
called  Chevalier  de  Boufflers.  He  served  with 
distinction  in  the  campaigns  in  the  Low  Coun- 
tries. 

Boufflers,  Stanislas,  Marquis  de,  called  Abb§ 
and  then  Chevalier  de  Boufflers.  Bom  at 
Nancy,  Prance,  May  31,  1738:  died  at  Paris, 
Jan.  18,  1815.  A  French  litterateur  and  cour- 
tier, author  of  "Voyage  en  Suisse"  (1770),  etc. 

Boufflers-Kouvrel  (bS-flar'rov-rei'),  Comtesse 
Marie  Charlotte  Hippolyte  de.  Bom  at 
Paris,  1724:  died  about  1800.  A  French  lady, 
leader  in  Parisian  literary  circles.  After  the 
denth  of  her  husband,  the  Comte  de  Boufaers-Eouvrel 
1764,  she  became  the  reputed  mistress  of >  the  Prince  de 
ContL  over  whose  receptions  she  presided.  She  was  the 
friend  of  J.  J.  Kousseau,  Hume,  and  Grimm. 

Bougainville  (bo-gan-vel'),  Louis  Antoine  de. 
Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  11,  1729:  died  there,  April 
31,  1814.  A  French  navigator.  He  entered  the 
army  in  1754,  went  to  Canada  in  1756  as  an  aide-de-camp 
of  Montcalm,  and  was  at  the  battle  of  Quebec  ;  subse- 
quently  he  fought  in  Holland.  In  1763  he  left  the  army 
for  the  navy,  and  three  years  after  was  given  command  of 
a  fleet  destined  to  establish  a  French  colony  on  the  Falk- 
land Islands,  and  thence  to  circumnavigate  the  globe. 
After  leaving  his  colony  he  explored  the  Straits  of  Ma- 
gellan; visited  a  great  number  of  the  Pacific  islands, 
some  of  which  he  discovered ;  coasted  New  Ireland  and 
New  Guinea ;  touched  at  the  Moluccas ;  and  returned  to 
France  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  1769.  His  "Voyage 
autourdu  monde,  a  description  of  the  circumnavigation, 
was  published  in  1771.  In  1781  Bougainville  commanded 
under  the  Count  de  Grasse  in  the  expedition  to  America, 
and  had  a  fight  with  Admiral  Hood  off  Martinique.  On 
his  return  he  left  the  navy,  with  the  title  of  chef  d^escadre, 
and  rejoined  the  army  as  a  field-marshal.  He  retired  in 
1790. 

Bonghton  (b&'ton),  Greorge  Henry.  Bom  near 
Norwich,  England,  1834.  An  EngUsh-Ameri- 
oan  genre  and  landscape  painter.  His  family  emi- 
grated to  the  United  States  in  1839,  and  settled  at  Albany, 
New  York.  He  returned  to  London  in  1853  to  study  his 
profession,  came  to  New  York  in  1868,  and  fixed  his  resi- 
dence near  London  in  1861.    Koyal  academician  1896. 

Bougie  (b5-zhe'),  At.  Bujayah.  A  seaport  in 
the  province  of  Coustantine,  Algeria,  situated 
on  the  Gulf  of  Bougie  in  lat.  36°  45'  N.,  long. 
4°  55'  E. :  the  Roman  SaldsB.  It  was  an  impor- 
tant medieval  city.     Population  (1892),  7,862. 

Bouguer  (bS-ga'),  Pierre.  Bora  at  Oroisie, 
Brittany,  France,  Feb.  16,  1698:  died  at  Paris, 
Aug.  15,  1758.  A  French  mathematician,  in- 
ventor of  the  heliometer. 

Bouguereau  (bog-ro'),  William  Adolphe. 
Bom  at  La  Eochelle,  France,  Nov.  30,  1825. 
A  distinguished  French  painter,  a  pupil  of  Pieot 
and  of  the  ficole  des  Beaux  Arts.  He  took  the  grand 
prix  de  Home  in  1850.  On  his  return  to  Paris  he  was  in- 
trusted with  important  decorative  works  in  public  build- 
ings, and  in  1866  painted  "Apollo  and  the  Muses  "  in  the 
foyer  of  the  Th64tre  de  Bordeaux.  He  received  medals  of 
the  second  class  in  1855,  first  class  in  1857,  and  third  class 
in  1867,  and  medals  of  honor  1878-85.  He  became  a  member 
of  the  Institute  :n  1876. 

Bouilhet  (bo-lya'),  Louis.  Bom  at  Cany, 
Seine-Inf  Srieure,  France,  May  27, 1822 :  died  at 
Rouen,  France,  July  19,  1869.  A  French  lyric 
and  dramatic  poet.  He  wrote  "Meloenis"  (1852), 
"Fossiles"  (1864),  "Kiline  Peyron"  (1868),  "Festons  et 
astragales  "  (1868),  etc. 

Bouillabaisse,  The  Ballad  of.  A  ballad  by 
Thackeray  celebrating  the  charms  of  a  Marseil- 
laise chowder  of  that  name. 

Bouill6  (b8-ya'),  Frangois  Claude  Amour, 
Marquis  de.  Born  at  Cluzel,  in  Auvergne,  Nov. 
19,  1739:  died  at  London,  Nov.  14,  1800.  A 
French  general.  From  1768  to  1782  he  was  governor 
in  the  Antilles,  and  not  only  defended  himself  against  the 
English  but  took  several  islands  from  them.  Promoted  to 
lieutenant-general,  he  was  commander  at  Metz  when  the 
French  Revolution  broke  out.  In  1790  he  quelled  a  mutiny 
of  his  soldiers,  and  soon  after  defeated  the  revolted  garri- 
son of  Nancy.  In  June,  1791,  he  had  secretly  arranged 
with  the  king  to  get  him  out  of  the  country ;  the  plan  fail- 
ing, Bouill^  fled  to  England.  He  published  an  account  of 
the  Revolution. 

Bouillon  (b6-ly6n'  or  bo-y6n').  [ML.  Bullo- 
nium.']  A  former  duchy,  now  comprised  in  the 
province  of  Luxemburg,  Belgium.  It  became  a 
duchy  about  the  time  of  Godfrey  (of  Bouillon),  who  sold  it 
to  the  Bishop  of  Lifege  in  1096.  In  later  times  it  belonged 
to  the  houses  of  La  Marok  and  La  Tour  d'Auvergne,  and 
the  descendants  of  Turenne  (under  the  suzerainty  of 
France).  __        .         ,      _ 

Bouillon,  Due  de  (Fred6nc  Maurice  de  la 
Tour  d'Auvergne).  Born  at  Sedan,  France, 
Oct.  22,  1605:  died  at  Pontoise,  France,  Aug. 
9,  1652.  A  French  general,  son  of  Henri  de  la 
Tour  d'Auvergne,  and  brother  of  Turenne. 

Bouillon,  Godfrey  de.  See  Godfreyde  Bouillon. 

Bouillon,  Due  de  (Henri  de  la  Tour  d  Au- 
vergne). Born  in  Auvergne,  France,  Sept.  28, 
1555:  died  March  25, 1623.  A  marshal  of  France, 
and  diplomatist,  father  of  Turenne. 


174 

Bouilly  (b6-ye'),  Jean  Nicolas.  Born  at  Cou- 
draye,  near  Tours,  France,  Jan.  24, 1763 :  died  at 
Paris,  April  14, 1842.  A  French  dramatist  and 
novelist.  He  wrote  "Pierre  le  Grand,"  a  comic  opera 
(1790),  "La  famille  amfiricaine"  (1796),  "Jean  Jacques 
Rousseau  k  ses  demiers  moments"  (1791),  and  other  plays 
designed  to  glorify  French  celebrities, ' '  Contes  populaires" 
(1844),  etc. 

Boulainvilliers  (bo-lan-ve-ya'),  Comte  Henri 
de.  Born  at  St.  Saire,  Seine-Inf6rieure,  France, 
Oct.  11,  1658 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  23,  1722.  A 
French  historian.  He  wrote  a  "Histoire  de  I'ancien 
gouvernement  de  la  France,  etc."  (1727),  "L'^tat  de  la 
France,  etc."  (1727),  "Histoire  des  Ajabes"  (1731),  "His- 
toire de  la  pairie  de  France  et  du  parlement  de  Paris " 
(1753),  etc. 

Boulak.    See  Buldk. 

Boulanger  (b(5-lon-zha'),Georges  Ernest  Jean 
Marie.  Bom  at  Rennes,  April  29, 1837 :  died 
at  Brussels,  Belgium,  Sept.  30, 1891.  A  French 
soldier  and  politician.  He  entered  the  army  in  1856, 
took  part  in  the  Kabyle  expedition  in  1857,  was  with  the 
expedition  to  Cochin  China  in  1861,  was  chief  of  battalion 
in  the  army  of  Paris  during  the  Franco-German  war,  and 
(1884)  was  placed  in  command  of  the  army  of  occupation 
in  Tunis,  with  the  rank  of  a  general  of  division.  He  be- 
came minister  of  war  in  the  cabinet  formed  by  M.  de 
Preycinet,  Jan.  7,  1886,  which  post  he  retained  during  the 
ministry  of  M.  Goblet.  He  organized  democratic  reforms 
in  the  army,  and  posed  as  the  leader  of  the  party  of  re- 
venge against  Germany,  which  gave  him  great  popularity. 
Left  out  of  the  ministry  formed  by  M.  Rouvier,  May  30, 
1887,  he  entered  into  secret  alliance  with  the  various  rev- 
olutionary groups — the  Intransigeants  of  M.  de  Roche- 

■  fort,  the  League  of  Patriots  of  M.  D6roulfede,  the  anar- 
chists, and  with  the  Comte  de  Paris  and  the  Orl^anists. 
Hoping  by  means  of  this  alliance  to  make  himself  dicta- 
*tor,  he  adopted  the  cry  for  the  revision  of  the  constitu- 
tion, and  by  means  of  money  furnished  by  the  Duchesse 
d'Uz&s  and  the  Comte  de  Paris  was  elected  by  a  large 
majority  in  the  Department  of  the  Nord  in  April,  1888. 
In  July,  1888,  he  fought  a  duel  with  the  then  premier  M. 
Floquet,  in  which  he  was  severely  woimded.  In  Janu- 
ary, 1889,  he  was  elected  by  the  city  of  Paris,  and  later  by 
a  number  of  departments.  The  Boulangist  movement  bad 
now  grown  to  such  proportions  that  the  Tirard  cabinet  was 
formed  speciaUy  with  a  view  to  putting  it  down.  lYight- 
ened  by  the  attitude  of  M.  Gonstans,  the  minister  of  the 
interior,  lie  fled  to  Brussels,  April  2, 1889.  Tried  by  the 
Senate  for  conspiracy,  he  was  sentenced  in  contuma^ 
dam  to  deportation.  He  passed  his  exile  in  Belgium  and 
Jersey,  and  shot  himself  on  the  grave  of  his  mistress, 
Madame  Bonnemain,  in  Brussels, 

Boulanger,   Gustavo   Bodolphe    Clarence. 

Bom  at  Paris,  April  25,  1824:  died  there,  Sept. 
22,  1888.  A  French  painter,  noted  especially 
for  his  paintings  of  Oriental  subjects.  Among  his 
works  are  "  Les  Eabyles  en  dSroute  "  (1863),  '■'  Cavaliers 
sahariens"  (1864). 

Boulangists.  The  partizans  of  Boulanger. 
See  Boulanger,  Georges  Ernest  Jean  Marie. 

Boulder  (bol'der).  [From  boulder.^  A  city  in 
northern  Colorado,  northwest  of  Denver:  a 
mining  center.    Population  (1900),  6,150. 

Boulogne  (bo-lon' ;  F.  pron.  bo-lony'),  or  Bou- 
logne-SUr-Mer  (Ijo-lony'siir-mar').  [For- 
merly Bullen;  OF.  Beulogne,  Bologne  (et.  AS. 
Bune,  Bunne,  MD.  Bonen),  team.  LL.  Bononia, 
earlier  called  Gesoriacum.  Cf.  Bologna.~i  A 
seaport  in  the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais, 
France,  situated  on  the  English  Channel  in 
lat.  50°  44'  N.,  long.  1°  37'  E. :  the  Roman  Bo- 
nonia Gessoriacum  and  the  medieval  Bolonia. 
It  is  the  fourth  seaport  in  France,  and  has  an  increas- 
ingly important  harbor  ;  it  is  the  terminus  of  the  steam- 
packet  line  to  Folkestone,  England.  It  is  the  birthplace 
of  Sainte-Beuve  and  Mariette.  In  1544  it  was  taken  by 
Henry  VIII. ,  an  d  restored  in  1550,  It  was  the  rendezvous 
of  Napoleon's  projected  expedition  against  England.  The 
cathedral  of  Boulogne  is  a  modem  Italian  Renaissance 
structure  of  some  note  for  the  impressive  effect  of  its 
spacious  interior,  and  for  the  size  of  its  dome  (300  feet 
high).  The  very  large  three-aisled  Romanesque  crypt  is  a 
remnant  of  the  cathedral  destroyed  in  the  Revolution. 
The  Column  of  the  Grand  Army  is  a  marble  Doric  column, 
176  feet  high,  capped  by  a  bronze  statue  of  Napoleon  I., 
commemorating  the  intended  invasion  of  England  in  1804- 
1806.    Population  (1891),  46,205. 

Boulogne-Sur-Seine  (bo-lony'sfir-san').  Atown 
in  the  department  of  Seine,  France,  1  mile 
west  of  the  fortifications  of  Paris.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  32,569. 

Boult  (bolt).  A  servant  in  Shakspere's  "Peri- 
cles." 

Bounce  (bouns),  Benjamin.  The  pseudonym 
of  Henry  Carey,  under  which  he  wrote  "Chro- 
nonhotonthologos,"  a  burlesque. 

Bouncer  (boun'ser),  Mr.  The  friend  of  Mr. 
Verdant  Green  in  Cuthbert  Bede's  novel  "Ver- 
dant Green."  He  is  a  good-hearted  little  fel- 
low, whose  dogs  Huz  and  Buz  are  a  feature  of 
the  book. 

Bounderby  (boun'der-bi),  Joseph.  A  charac- 
ter in  Charles  Dickens's  "Hard  Times":  "a 
rich  man,  banker,  merchant,  manufacturer, 
and  what  not  ...  a  self-made  man  .  .  .  the 
Bully  of  humility."  He  marries  Mr.  Grad- 
grind's  daughter  Louisa. 

Bountiful  (boun'ti-ful),  Lady.    In  Farquhar's 


Bourbon 

comedy  "The  Beaux'  Stratagem,"  a  kind< 
hearted  country  gentlewoman.  Her  name  has 
become  aproverb  for  a  charitable  woman. 
Bounty,  The.  An  English  ship  whose  crew, 
after  leaving  Tahiti,  mutinied  in  1789  under 
the  lead  of  Fletcher  Christian.  The  captain,  Bligh, 
and  18  of  the  crew  were  set  adrift  in  a  smaU  boat,  and  ulti- 
mately reached  England.  The  mutineers,  under  the  lead 
of  John  Adams,  settled  on  Fitcaim  Island  in  the  Pacific, 
and  mingling  with  the  natives  formed  eventually  a  curi- 
ously isolated  but  civilized  community. 

Bourbaki  (bSr-ba'ke),  Charles  Denis  Sauter. 

Born  at  Pan,  France,  April  22, 1816 :  died  at  Bay- 
onne,  France,  Sept.  22, 1897.  A  French  general. 
He  fought  with  distinction  at  Alma  and  Inkerman  in  1864, 
Malakofl  in  1866,  and  Solferino  in  1869,  and  commanded 
the  Imperial  Guard  in  the  battles  of  the  16th  and  31st  of 
AuguslJ  1870,  at  Metz,  which  he  left  Sept.  26  on  a  secret 
mission  to  the  Empress  Eugenie  in  England.  Jan.  16-17, 
1871,  he  endeavored  to  break  through  the  Prussian  line 
under  General  Werder  at  BeUort,  with  the  result  that  he 
was  compelled  to  retreat  to  Switzerland ;  and,  after  an  at- 
tempt at  suicide,  Jan.  26,  was  relieved  of  his  command  by 
General  Clinchant,  In  July,  1871,  he  was  given  the  com- 
mand of  the  6th  army  corps,  and  in  1873  that  of  the  14th 
army  corps  and  the  government  of  Lyons.  Heretiredinl881, 

Bourbon  (bor-b6u'),  Charles,  Cardinal  de. 
Bom  Dec.  22, 1520 :  died  May  9, 1590.  A  French 
prince,  brother  of  Antoine  of  Navarre  and  un- 
cle of  Henry  IV.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Catholic  League,  by  which  he  was  proclaimed  king,  with 
the  title  of  Charles  X.,  1689,  in  opposition  to  Henry  IV. 

Bourbon,  Charles,  Due  de,  commonly  called 
Constable  Bourbon  (Conn^table  de  Bourbon). 
Bom  Feb.  17,  1490:  died  at  Rome,  May  6, 1527. 
A  celebrated  French  general.  He  was  descended 
from  a  younger  branch  of  the  house  of  Bourbon,  being 
a  son  of  Gilbert^  count  of  Montpensier,  and  married  Su- 
sanne,  heiress  of  Bourbon,  with  whom  he  obtained  the  title 
of  duke.  -In  1515  he  was  created  constable  of  France.  He 
concluded  in  1522  (on  the  death  of  Susanne)  a  private  al- 
liance with  the  emperor  Charles  V.  and  Henry  VIII.  of 
England.  He  was  promised,  by  the  emperor,  the  em- 
peror's sister,  Eleonora,  in  marriage,  with  Portugal  as  a 
jointure,  and  an  independent  kingdom  which  was  to  in- 
clude Provence,  Dauphin^,  Bourbonnais,  and  Auvergne. 
He  fied  from  France  in  1523,  aided  in  expelling  the  French 
from  Italy  in  1624,  and  contributed  to  lie  victory  of  Pavia 
in  1626,  in  spite  of  which  his  interests  were  neglected  in  the 
treaty  of  peace  between  Spain  and  France  in  1526.  He  com- 
manded with  George  of  Frundsberg  the  army  of  Spanish 
and  German  mercenailes  which  stormed  Rome,  May  6, 
1527,  and  fell  in  the  assault, 

Bourbon,  Due  de  (Louis  Henri  de  Bourbon). 

Bora  at  Versailles,  France,  1692 :  died  at  Chaia- 
tilly,  France,  Jan,  27,  1740.  A  French  politi- 
cian, prime  minister  1723-26. 
Bourbon  (ber'bgn  ;  F.  pron.  b6r-b6n'),  House 
of.  [Me.  Burion, OF. Bourbon, Borbon, F.Bour- 
bon, Sp.  Borbon,  It.  Borbone,  ML.  Borbo(n-), 
Burbo(n-),in  abl.  Burbone  casiro,  Burbune  castro, 
Bourbon  castle.  Cf.  Borbona,  nowBourbonne-les- 
Bains,  Borbone  vicaria,  now  Bourbon-l'Archain^ 
iault.2  A  royal  house  of  France,  Spain,  and  Na- 
ples :  so  called  from  a  castle  in  the  quondam 
district  of  the  Bourbonnais  in  central  Prance, 
The  first  sire  of  Bourbon  was  Adh^mar  or  Aimar,  who 
lived  about  920.  His  descendant  Beatrix,  heiress  of  Bour- 
bon, married  1272  Robert,  count  of  Clermont  (sixth  son  of 
Louis  IX.  of  France),  who  became  the  founder  of  the 
Bourbon  branch  of  the  Capetian  dynasty.  Antoine  de 
Bourbon  married  Jeanne  d'Albret,  heiress  of  Navarre, 
1648,  and  became  king  of  Navarre  1665.  Their  son  Henry 
became  king  of  France  as  Henry  IV,,  1589,  The  Spanish 
branch  of  the  house  of  Bourbon  was  founded  by  Philippe, 
duke  of  Anjou  (grandson  of  Louis  XIV.),  who  became 
king  of  Spain  1700.  His  second  son  Charles  became  king 
of  Naples  (and  Sicily)  as  Charles  IV.,  1735.  Charles  acceded 
to  the  Spanish  throne  1769,  whereupon  he  resigned  Naples 
(and  Sicily)  to  his  son  Ferdinand  IV.  who  became  the 
founder  of  the  Neapolitan  branch.  In  France  Henry  IV, 
waa  succeeded  by  six  descendants  in  the  direct  line  : 
Louis  Xin.,  1610-43;  Louis  XIV,,  1643-1715;  Louis  XV,, 
1715-74;  Louis  XVL,  1774-93;  Louis  XVm.,  1814-24; 
and  Charles  X,,  1824-30,  The  interval  between  Louis  XVI,, 
who  was  deposed  and  executed  by  order  of  the  National 
Convention,  and  Louis  XVIII,  was  occupied  by  the 
French  Revolution  and  the  reign  of  Napoleon  I,  Charles 
i  waa  compelled  to  abdicate  by  the  July  revolution, 
1830,  which  placed  Louis  Philippe  on  the  throne,  Louis 
Philippe  represented  a  younger  branch  of  the  house  of 
Bourbon,  known  as  Bourbon-OrlSans,  which  derived  its 
origin  from  Philip,  duke  of  Organs,  brother  of  Louis 
XIV,  Louis  Philippe  was  deposed  by  theirevolution  of 
1848.  In  Spain,  Philip  V.  was  succeeded  by  Ferdinand 
VI.,  1746-69;  Charles  III,,  1769-88;  Charles  IV,,  1788- 
1808;  Ferdinand  VII.,  1814-38;  Isabella  II.,  1833-68;  Al- 
fonso XII,,  1876-85;  and  Alfonso  XIIL,  the  present  oc 
cupant  of  the  throne.  The  interval  between  1808  and 
1814  was  occupied  by  the  reign  of  Joseph  Bonaparte ; 
that  between  1868  and  1875  by  a  revolutionary  provisional 
government,  by  the  reign  of  Amadeo,  second  son  of  Vic- 
tor Emmanuel,  and  by  a  republic.  Krom  Naples  Ferdi- 
nand IV.,  who  ascended  the  throne  in  1759,  was  expelled 
by  Napoleon  in  1805.  He  withdrew  to  Sicily,  where  he 
maintained  himself  during  the  domination  of  the  French 
under  Joseph  Bonaparte  and  Murat  at  Naples.  On  being 
restored  to  Napl  es  in  1816,  he  assumed  the  title  of  Ferdinand 
I,,  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  He  died  in  1825,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Francis  L,  1825-30;  Ferdinand  II,,  1830-69;  and 
by  Francis  II.,  1869-60,  Francis  II.  was  expelled  by  his 
subjects,  with  the  assistance  of  Garibaldi,  and  his  domin- 
ions were  united  to  those  of  Victor  Emmanuel.  Impor- 
tant branches  of  the  royal  house  of  Bourbon  are  the  princely 
houses  of  Cond^  and  Couti  and  the  ducal  house  of  Parma 


Bourbon,  Isle  of 

Bourbon,  Isle  of.    See  Reunion. 

Bourbon-Lancy  (b5r-b6n'lon-se').  A  water- 
ing-place in  the  department  of  Sa6ne-et-Loire, 
France,  22  miles  east  of  Moulins :  the  Eoman 
Aqu£B  Nisineii.  It  is  noted  for  its  mineral 
springs.    Population  (1891),  commune,  3,881. 

Bourbon-rArchambault  (bor-bdn ' lar-shon- 
bo').  Atowninthedepartmeutof  Allier,Franoe, 
14  miles  west  of  Moulins,  noted  for  its  mineral 
springs :  the  Eoman  Aquse  Bormonis.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  4,008. 

Bourbonnais  (bor-bon-na').  An  ancient  gov- 
ernment of  central  France,  it  was  bounded  by 
Berry  on  tbe  west  and  north,  Nivernais  on  the  north, 
Burgundy  on  the  east,  Lyonnais  on  the  aoutheasf^  Au- 
vergne  on  the  south,  and  Harche  on  the  west.  Its  cap- 
ital was  Moulins.  It  corresponds  mainly  to  the  depart- 
ment of  AUier  and  part  of  Cher.  The  duchy  of  Bourbon 
was  united  to  the  crown  in  1523. 

Bourbonne-les-Bains  (bsr-bon'ia-ban')-  [ML. 
Borbona;  orig.  Aqwas  Borvonis,  Baths  of  Borvo : 
so  called  from  Borvo(n-),  a  Gallic  name  of 
ApoUc]  A  town  in  the  department  of  Haute- 
Marne,  France,  in  lat.  47°  57'  N.,  long.  5°  45' 
E.,  noted  for  its  hotmineral  springs :  the  Eoman 
Vervona  Castrum.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 4,148. 

Bourboule  (bor-bSl'),  La.  A  watering-place 
and  health-resort  in  the  department  of  Au- 
vergnOj  France,  of  recent  development. 

Bourchier  (bor'chi-er ;  F.prou.bSr-shya'),  John 
(Baron  Earners).  Bom  1467:  died  at  Calais, 
France,  March  16, 1533.  An  English  statesman 
and  author,  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  1515. 
He  translated  Froissart's  "Chronicle  " (1623-26),  also  "  Ar- 
thur of  Lytell  Brytayne,"  "  Huon  of  Burdeux,"  "  The  Cas- 
tellof  LoTe,"eto. 

Bourchier,  Thomas.  Bom  about  1404^05 :  died 
at  Knowle,  near  Sevenoaks,  EnglancL  1486.  An 
English  cardinal,  archbishop  of  (Canterbury 
1454-86. 

Bourdaloue  (b8r-da-lo'),  Louis.  Bom  at 
Bourges,  Prance,  Aug.  20, 1632 :  died  at  Paris, 
May  13,  1704.  A  noted  French  theologian. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  order  of  Jesuits,  professor  of 
rhetoric,  philosophy,  and  theology  in  the  Jesuit  college  of 
Bourges,  court  preacher  (1670),  and  one  of  the  most  illus- 
trious pulpit  orators  of  France.  His  sermons  have  been 
published  in  16  volumes  (itOT-Sl),  in  17  volumes  (1822-26), 
etc. 

Bourdin,  Maurice.  See  Gregory  VIII.,  Anti- 
pope. 

Bourdon (b6r-d6n'),LouisPierreJV[arie.  Bom 
at  Alen9on,  France,  July  16, 1799 :  died  at  Paris, 
March  15, 1854.  A  French  mathematician,  au- 
thor of  "  filaments  d'Algfebre  "  and  other  math- 
ematical works. 

Bourg  (borg),  or  Bourg-eu-Bresse  (bork'on- 
bres  ).  The  capital  of  the  department  of  Ain, 
France,  38  miles  northeast  of  Lyons:  the  me- 
dieval 'i'anum.  It  contains  the  noted  church  of  Notre 
DamedeBrou.  Itwas  the  ancient  capital  of  Bresse.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  18,968. 

Bourgade  (bor-gad'),  Frangois.  Born  at  Gan- 
jou.  Prance,  July  7, 1806 :  died  1866.  A  French 
missionary  in  Algiers,  and  Orientalist.  He  wrote 
"Toison  d'or  de  la  langue  ph^nioienne"(1852),  "Soirdes 
de  Carthage  "  (1862),  etc. 

Bourgas,  or  Burghas  (bor'gas).  A  seaport  in 
eastern  Eumelia,  Bulgaria,  situated  on  the 
Black  Sea  in  lat.  42°  28'  N.,  long.  27°  36'  E.  It 
is  a  chief  port  in  the  country,  and  has  a  large 
trade.    Population  (1888),  commune,  6,543. 

Bourgeois,  Anicet.     See  Anicet-Bourgeois. 

Bourgeois  (bor-zhwa'),  Dominique  Francois. 
Bom  at  Pontarlier,  France,  1698:  died  at  Paris, 
June  18, 1781.  A  French  inventor,  especially 
noted  for  his  inventions  in  regard  to  lanterns. 

Bourgeois  Grentilhomme  (bor-zhwa'  zhon-te- 
yom'),  Le.  A  comedy  by  MoUfere,  with  music 
by  LuUi,  produced  in  1670. 

Bourges  (borzh).  [L.  Bituriges,  a  Gallic  tribe, 
called  specifically  Bituriges  Cuhi,  with  capital 
Avaricum.'\  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Cher,  France,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Yfevre  and  Auron  in  lat.  47°  5'  N.,  long.  2°  22' 
E.:  the  Gallic  Avaricum,  and  later  Bitnrica. 
It  contains  a  strong  arsenal,  and  foundry  of  cannon,  and 
a  noted  cathedral  (see  below).  It  was  the  capital  of  the 
Bituriges,  and  was  sacked  by  Ccesar  in  62  B.  0.  Fora  time 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  VII.  it  was  the  capital  of  France, 
and  was  also  the  capital  of  Berry.  It  had  a  noted  uni- 
versity (frequented  by  Beza,  Amyot,  and  Calvin).  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  Louis  XI.,  Jacques  Coeur,  and 
Bourdaloue.  The  cathedral  of  Bourges  is  one  of  the  five 
greatest  in  France,  and  of  the  most  magnificent  existing. 
The  west  facade  has  5  splendid  canopied  portals,  admira- 
bly sculptured.  On  the  north  and  south  sides  of  the  nave 
there  are  Bomanesque  doorways,  with  vaulted  porches. 
There  are  no  transepts,  and  the  huge  interior  is  in  gen- 
eral soberly  ornamented,  but  beautiful  from  the  exceUent 
proportions  of  its  subdivisions  and  the  graceful  arcades  of 
its  windows.  The  nave  is  117  feet  high  ;  there  are  double 
lisles,  the  inner  of  which  has  trif  orium  and  clearstory.  The 


175 

length  is  406  feet.  The  display  of  medieval  glass  Alls 
almost  all  the  windows,  and  is  unsurpassed.  There  isa  fine 
massive  13th-century  crypt  beneath  the  choir.  Maison  de 
Jacques  Cceur,  now  the  Falais  de  Justice,  a  very  notable 
palace  built  in  the  16th  century  by  Jacques  Ceeur,  treasurer 
of  Charles  VII.  The  style  is  the  florid  Pointed,  with  beau- 
tiful doors,  windows,  and  balconies,  and  a  most  pictu- 
resque court.  Several  apartments  of  the  interior  preserve 
their  original  character ;  the  chapel  is  beautifully  sculp- 
tured, and  its  walls  are  covered  with  delicate  Italian  fres- 
cos. In  the  walls  are  preserved  several  towers,  now  cone- 
roofed  like  their  medieval  fellows,  of  the  ramparts  of  the 
Eoman  Avaricum.    Population  (1891),  commune,  45,342. 

Bourget  (bor-zha'),  Paul.  Bom  at  Amiens, 
Sept.  2,  1852.  A  French  novelist  and  critic. 
He  studied  at  the  Lyo4e  Louis-le-Grand  in  Paris,  and  at 
the  Ecole  des  Hautes  Etudes,  with  the  intention  of  be- 
coming a  specialist  in  Greek  philology.  He  became  inter- 
ested in  literary  work,  and  contributed  to  the  "  Eevue  des 
Deux  Mondes,"  the  "Renaissance,"  the  "  Parlement,"  and 
the  "Nouvelle  Eevue."  Later  he  undertook  novel-writ- 
ing, and  published  "Llrr^parable,"  "Deuxifeme  amour," 
"  Proflls  perdus  "  (1834),  "CrueUe  6nigme"  (1885),  "Andr^ 
Comais"  (1886),  "Mensonges"  (1887),  "Crime  d'amour," 
"Pastels  (Dlx  portraits  de  femmes),"  ''  Le  disciple  "  (1890), 
"  La  terre  promise,"  "  Cosmopolis."  Bourget's  works  on 
^criticism  are  "Essais  de  psychologic  contemporaine " 
(1883),  "Nouveaux  essais"  (1886),  and  "Etudes  et  por- 
traits" (1888).  His  poetic  writings  include  "La  vie  in- 
quiJite"  (1875),  "Edel"  (1878),  "Les  aveux"  (1882),  "Poe- 
sies" (1872-76),  "Au  bord  de  la  mer,"  "Petits  potoes" 
(1886).  Bourget  also  wrote  the  prefatory  notices  to  Scar- 
ron's  "Eoman  comique  "  (1881),  and  to  Barbeyd'Aurevilly's 
"  Memoranda  "  (1883).    "  Outre-Mer  "  (1894). 

Bourget  (bSr-zha'),  Lac  du.  A  lake  in  the  de- 
partment of  Savoie,  Prance,  north  of  Cham- 
b6ry.    Length,  10  miles. 

Bourguignon.    See  Courtois,  Jacques. 

Boungnon  (bo-ren-y6n'),  Antoinette.  Born 
at  Lille,  France,  Jan.  13,  1616;  died  at  Fran- 
eker,  Netherlands,  Oct.  30,  1680.  A  Flemish 
religious  enthusiast.  She  assumed  the  Augustinian 
habiij  traveled  in  France,  Holland,  England,  and  Scot- 
land, and  became  the  founder  of  a  sect,  theBourignonists, 
which  maintained  that  Christianity  does  not  consist  in 
faith  and  practice,  but  in  inward  feeling  and  supernatu- 
ral impulse.  Her  works  were  published  in  19  volumes 
by  her  disciple  Poiret :  "  Toutes  les  oeuvres  de  Mile.  A. 
Bourignon  "  (1679-84). 

Bourignonists  (bo-rin'yon-ists).  A  sect  of 
Quietists  founded  in  the  'l7th  century  by  An- 
toinette Bourignon  (1616-80).  She  claimed  to 
be  inspired  by  God :  her  doctrines  were  essen- 
tially pietistic. 

Bourmont  (bor-mdn'),  Louis  Auguste  Victor, 
Comte  de  Ghaisne  de.  Bom  at  Bourmont, 
Maine-et-Loire,  Prance,  Sept.  2,  1773:  died  at 
Bourmont,  Oct.  27,  1846.  A  French  soldier 
and  politician,  minister  of  war  in  1829,  and  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  Algerian  expedition  in 
1830. 

Bourne  (bom),  Hugh.  Bom  at  Stoke-upon- 
Trent,  England,  April  3, 1772 :  died  at  Bemers- 
ley,  Staffordshire,  Oct.  11,  1852.  An  English 
clergyman,  founder  of  the  first  society  of  Prim- 
itive Methodists  1810.  He  visited  the  United 
States  1844-46. 

Bourne,  Vincent.  Bom  1695:  died  Dec.  2, 1747. 
An  English  writer  of  Latin  verse,  author  of  "Poe- 
mata,  etc."  (1734),  and  other  works. 

Bournemouth  (bom'muth).  A  watering-place 
and  winter  resort  in  Hampshire,  England, 
situated  on  the  English  Channel  22  miles  south- 
west of  Southampton.  Population  (1891),  37,- 
650. 

Bourrienne  (bo-re-en'),  Louis  AntoineFauve- 
let  de.  Bom  at  Sens,  France,  July  9,  1769 : 
died  at  Caen,  France,  Feb.  7, 1834.  A  French 
diplomatist.  He  was  private  secretary  of  Napoleon  I. 
in  Egypt  and  during  the  consulate,  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary in  Hamburg  (1804),  and  minister  of  state  under 
Louis  XVIII.  He  wrote  "Mtooires  sur  NapoWon,  le 
directoire,  le  consulat,  I'empire  et  la  restauration  "  (1829). 

Bourru  Bienfaisant  (bo-ru'  byan-fa-zoh'),  Le. 
[F., '  The  Benevolent  Misanthrope.']  A  comedy 
by  Carlo  Goldoni,  written  in  French  at  Paris, 
first  played  Nov.  4,  1771. 

Boursault  (bor-so'),  Edme.  Bom  at  Mussy- 
I'fiveque,  Burgundy,  Oct.,  1638:  died  at  Mont- 
lu9on,  France,  Sept.  15,  1701.  A  French 
dramatic  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer.  His 
works  include  "Le  Mercure  galant"  (his  chief  play), 
"Esope  h  la  ville,"  "Esope  k  la  cour,"  "Phaeton,"  etc. 
His  dramatic  works  were  published  in  1725,  enlarged  edi- 
tion in  1746.    Several  of  his  plays  were  imitated  by  Van- 

Bourse,  La.    [F.,' The  Purse.']   A  novel  by  Bal- 
zac, written  in  1832. 
Boursoufle,  Le  Comte  de.    See  Comte  de  Bowr- 

Bouterwek  (bo'ter-vek),  Friedxich.  Bom  at 
Oker,  near  Goslar,  Prassia,  April  15,  17bb: 
died  at  Gottingen,  Germany,  Aug.  9,  1828.  A 
fterman  writer  on  philosophy  and  the  history 
of  literature,  appointed  professor  at  Gottingen 
in  1797.  His  chief  work  is  a  "Geschichte  der  neuern 
Poesie  und  Beredsamkeit"  (1801-19). 


Bower,  Walter 

Bouteville  (bot-vel'),  Seigneur  de,  Comte  de 
Suxe  (Frangois  de  Montmorency).    Bom 

1600:  died  at  Paris,  June  27^  1627.  A  French 
soldier  celebrated  as  a  duelist.  He  served  with 
distinction  at  the  taking  of  St.  Jean  d'Angely  and  the 
siege  of  Montauban,  but  was  condemned  to  death  and 
executed  for  his  dueling  escapades. 

Boutwell  (bout'wel),  George  Sewall.  Bom 
at  Brookline,  Mass.,  Jan.  28, 1818.  An  Ameri- 
can politician.  He  was  Democratic  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts 1862-63,  commissioner  of  internal  revenue  1862- 
1863,  Eepublican  member  of  Congress  1863-69,  secretary 
of  the  treasury  1869-73,  and  Eepublican  United  States  sena- 
tor from  Massachusetts  1873-77. 

Bouvart  (bo-var'),  Alexis.  Bora  in  Haute 
Savoie,  France,  June  27,  1767:  died  June  7, 
1843.  A  French  astronomer,  author  of  "Nou- 
velles  tables  des  plau6tes  Jupiter  et  Satume" 
(1808),  etc. 

Bouvier (bo-ver';  F. prou. bb-vya'),  John.  Born 
at  Codognan,  Gard,  France,  1787  :  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, Nov.  18,  1851.  An  American  jurist, 
appointed  associate  judge  of  the  Court  of  Crim- 
inal Sessions  in  Philadelphia  in  1838.  He  com- 
piled a  "Law  Dictionary,  etc."  (1839),  "Institutes  of 
American  Law  "  (1851),  etc. 

Bouvines  (bo-ven'),  or  Bovines  (bo-ven').  A 
village  7  miles  southeast  of  Lille,  France. 
Here,  July  27, 1214,  the  French  under  Philip  Augustus 
defeated  the  army  of  Otto  IV.  (100,000-160,000  Germans, 
Flemings,  English).    The  loss  of  Otto  was  about  30,000. 

Bovary,  Madame.    See  Madame  Bovary. 

Boves  (bo'ves),  Jos6  Tomas.  Born  at  Gijon, 
Asturias,  Spain,  about  1770 :  killed  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Urica,  near  Maturin,  Venezuela,  Dee.  5, 
1814.  A  partizau  chief,  in  1809  he  was  imprisoned 
at  Puerto  Cabello  as  a  contrabandist.  Banished  to  Cala- 
bozo,  he  was  again  imprisoned  there.  On  his  release  in 
1812  he  declared  against  the  revolution,  drew  about  him 
an  irregular  guerrilla  band ,  and  carried  on  a  war  in  the  in- 
terior with  horrible  cruelties  until  his  death. 

Bovianum  (bo-vi-a'num).  In  ancient  geogra 
phy,  a  citv  of  Sanmium,  Italy,  in  lat.  41°  29' 
N.,  long.  14°  25' E. 

Bovino  (bo-ve'no).  A  town  in  the  provincb 
of  Poggia,  Apulia,  Italy,  17  miles  southwest  of 
Poggia.    Population,  7,000. 

Bow  Church.  See  Saint  Mary  de  Arcubus 
(Mary  le  Bow). 

Bowdich  (bou'dich),  Thomas  Edward.  Bom 
at  Bristol,  England,  June  20,  1791:  died  at 
Bathurst,  Isle  of  St.  Mary,  West  Africa,  Jan. 
10,  1824.  A  noted  English  traveler  in  Africa, 
and  scientific  writer.  He  went  to  Cape  Coast  Castle 
in  1814,  and  in  1816  went  on  a  mission,  for  the  African 
Company,  to  Ashanti.  He  published  an  account  of  this 
expedition  ("A  Mission  from  Cape  Coast  Castle  to  Ashan- 
tee  ")  in  1819. 

Bowditch   (bou'dich),  Nathaniel.    Bom  at 

Salem,  Mass.,  March  26,  1773:  died  at  Boston, 
March  16, 1838.  An  American  mathematician. 
He  translated  Laplace's  "M^canique  celeste"  (1829-38), 
and  wrote  "The  New  American  Practical  Navigator" 
(1802). 

Bowdoin  (bo'dn),  James.  [The  surname  Bow- 
doin  is.  from  P.  Baudouin  =  E.  Baldwin.']  Born 
at  Boston,  Mass.,  Aug.  8, 1727:  died  at  Boston, 
Nov.  6,  1790.  An  American  politician,  gover- 
nor of  Massachusetts  1786-87.  He  suppressed 
Shays's  rebellion.  Bowdoin  College,  Maine,  was 
named  in  his  honor. 

Bowdoin,  James.  Bom  at  Boston,  Sept.  22, 
1752 :  died  at  Naushon  Island,  Mass.,  Oct.  11, 
1811.  Son  of  James  Bowdoin,  minister  to  Spain 
1804r-08.  He  was  a  benefactor  of  Bowdoin 
College. 

Bowdoin  College.  An  institution  of  learning 
situated  at  Brunswick,  Maine,  opened  in  1802. 
It  comprises  a  collegiate  department  and  medical  school, 
and  has  about  40O  students  and  36  instructors.  It  is  under 
the  control  of  the  Congregationalists. 

Bowen  (bo 'en),  Francis.  Born  at  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  Sept.  8, 1811:  died  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Jan.  21,  1890.  An  American  writer 
on  philosophy  and  political  economy.  He  was 
editor  and  proprietor  of  the  "North  American  Eeview" 
(1843-64),  and  became  Alford  professor  of  natural  religion, 
moral  philosophy,  and  civil  polity  in  Harvard  University 
in  1853.  He  wrote  "  American  Political  Economy,"  etc. 
(1870),  and  "  Modern  Philosophy  "  (1877),  and  compiled  and 
edited  "  Documents  of  the  Constitutions  of  England  and 
America  from  Magna  Charta  to  the  Federal  Constitution 
of  1789,"  with  notes  (1864),  etc. 

Bower  (bou'er),  Archibald.  Bom  at  or  near 
Dundee,  Scotland,  Jan.  17,  1686 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  3,  1766.  An  English  historian,  for 
a  time  a  member  of  the  order  of  Jesus,  and 
secretary  of  the  Court  of  the  Inquisition  at 
Macerata,  and  later  a  Protestant.  He  pub- 
lished a  "  History  of  the  Popes"  (1748-66). 

Bower,  or  Bowmaker,  Walter.  Bom  at  Had- 
dington, 1385:  died  1449.  An  English  writer, 
author  of  the  "Scotichronicon"  (which  see). 


occupy  the  same  room,  though  neither  knows  it,  one  being 
employed  all  night,  the  other  all  day. 


Bower  of  Bliss,  The  176 

Bower  of  Bliss,  The.    1.  The  garden  of  the 
enchantress   Armida  in  Tasso's  "Jerusalem  _ 
Delivered."   See  Armida.~Z.  The  enchanted  Boxers  (boks'ferz).    A  Chinese  secret  society, 
home  of  Aerasia  in  Spenser's  "  Faerie  Queene."    ^^^  members  of  which  took  a  prominent  part  in 

Bowers  (bou'6rz),  Elizabeth  Crocker.  Bom  '^^  attack  upon  foreigners  and  native  Chris- 
at  Stamford,  Conii.,  March  12, 1830 :  died  Nov.  6,  *ia,°s  in  China  1899-1900.  The  Chinese  name  of  the 
1895.     An  American  actress  and  manager  society  is  I-ho-chuan  — League  of  United  Patriots;  but 

BoTHrerxr  ^hoii'^r-i^i  TVio  ^?../^Kn  n  i.n.7.,.^».'.-  «  smce  the  last  part  of  the  name  can  be  so  accented  as  to 
favTn^J',>^  f.  < '  T?"  v'-^°'"  ?•  '">^f^"h  a  mean  "flsts,"  and  since  athletic  exercises  are  much  prac- 
larm,  prop,  tarmung,  husbandry,  from  louwer,  tlsed  by  members  of  the  society,  the  name  "Boxers"  was 
a  farmer.]    A  wide  thoroughfare  in  New  York,    gi^en  to  them  by  foreigners. 

ranning  parallel  to  Broadway,  from  Chatham  Boxtel  (boks'tel).  A  small  place  in  the  Neth- 
Square  to  about  7th  street  where  it  divides  erlands,  south  of  s'Hertogenbosoh.  It  was  the 
into  Third  and  Fourth  avenues.  It  received  its  scene  of  a  French  victory  over  the  Allies  under 
name  from  the  fact  that  it  ran  through  Peter  Stuyvesant's     York,  Sept.  17,  1794. 

larmorbouwene.  It  was  at  one  time  notorious  as  a  haunt  ■Rnvao&  fho-vH  kaM  A  dfinarimfiTit  in  thfi  fiBst, 
of  ruffians  ("Bowery  Boys").  It  is  now  very  cosmopolitan  -ooyaca  ^Do-ya-Ka  ;.  A  aeparcment  in  me  east- 
m  character,  frequented  by  Chinese,  Russians,  Oriental  and  ,  ^m  part  ot  Colombia,  bordering  on  Venezuela. 
Polish  Jewi  and  many  other  nationalities,  and  abounds  Area,  33,315  square  miles.  Population  (esti- 
in  smaU  and  cheap  shops  of  all  kinds.  mated,  1890),  645,000. 

Bowes  (boz),  Sir  Jerome.  Bied  1616.  An  Eng-  Boyacft.  A  village  12  miles  south  of  Tunja,  in 
^sh  diplomatist,  appointed  ambassador  to  the  the  present  state  of  BoyacA,  Colombia.  Here, 
±Cussian  court  by  Elizabeth  m  1583.  on  Aug.  7,  1819,  Bolivar  defeated;  the  superior  Spanish 

BowideS.     See  Suyides,  force  of  Barreiro,  taking  him  prisoner  with  more  than 

Bowie  (bo'i),  James.     Bom  in  Burke  Countv.     half  of  his  army.    This  victory  decided  the  independence 


Bom  in  Burke  County, 


^%tn"'A°-.^l^:^*^lr°'lT!L^!!:^^^ 


6,1836.     An  American  soldier.     He  became  noto-  died  at'TfenViTio+nTi   Ffih  7  177Q     A  nntBd  mncr 

rIon8inl8271romaduelwhichresultedinageneralmS16e,  oiett at  JLensington,  JJ eD.  I,iuy.   Anoteaiing- 

in  the  course  ot  which  he  killed  Major  Notiis  Wright  with  lisn  composer  Ot  Church  music. 

a  weapon  which  had  been  made  from  a  large  file  or  rasp.  Boyd  (boid),  Belle.    The  maiden  name  of  Mrs. 

After  the  fight  it  was  made  by  a  cutler  into  the  kind  oi  "  -■     —  -■  ~      .    - 

knife  which  is  still  known  as  a  bowie-knife.    He  took 

part  in  tJie  Texas  revolution,  and  was  made  colonel  in  1835. 

Bowles,  Caroline.    See  Southey. 

Bowles  (bolz),  Samuel.    Bom  at  Springfield, 

Mass.,  Feb.  9,  1826:  died  at  Springfield,  Jan. 

16,  1878.     An  American  journalist  and  author, 

editor  of  the  Springfield  "Republican"  (1844- 

1878).     He  wrote  "Across  the  Continent"  (1868),  "The 

Switzerland  ol  America"  (1869),  "Our  New 

etc. 

Bowles,  William  Lisle.  Bom  at  King's  Sut- 
ton, Northamptonshire,  England,  Sept.  24, 1762 : 
died  at  Salisbury,  England,  April  7,  1850. 
An  English  poet,  antiquary,  and  clergyman, 
vicar  of  Bremhill  in  Wiltshire.  He  became  canon  Boyd'S  (boidz) 
residentiary  of  Salisboiy  in  1828.  His  works  include 
"Fourteen  Sonnets"  (1789),  "Coombe  Ellen "(1788),  "St. 
Michael's  Mount"  (1798),  "Battle  of  the  Nile"  (1799), 
"Sorrows  of  Switzerland"  (1801),  "The.  Picture"  (1803), 
"TheSpiritot  Discovery " (1804),  "Ellen Gray" (1823),  and 
various  prose  works,  including  "Hermes  Britannicus" 
(1828). 


Belle  Boyd  Hardtnge,  a  Confederate  spy. 
Boyd,  Mark  Alexander,  ^orn  in  Galloway, 
Scotland,  Jan.  13, 1563:  died  at  Penkill  Castle, 
Ayrshire,  Scotland,  April  10,  1601.  A  Scotch 
writer  of  Latin  verse.  He  studied  civil  law  in 
France  and  Italy,  was  an  accomplished  classicEd  scholar, 
and,  though  a  Protestant,  fought  with  the  Catholic  League 
in  France  1587-88.  He  was  the  author  of  "M.  Alexandri 
Bodii  Epistolee  Heroides,  et  Hymni "  (1692X  etc. 

'e8t'*(i869)"  Boydell  (boi'del),  John.  Bom  at  Dorrington, 
Shropshire,  England,  Jan.  19, 1719:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Deo.  12,  1804.  An  English  engraver  and 
print-publisher,  founder  of  the  Shakspere  (Jal- 
lery  at  London.  He  was  elected  lord  mayor  of 
London  in  1790. 

See  the  extract. 


Bozrah 

Boyle,  Charles.  Bom  at  Chelsea,  England, 
1676:  died  Aug.  28,  1731.  A  British  nobleman, 
fourth  Earl  of  Orrery  in  Ireland,  and  first 
Baron  Marston.  His  dispute  with  Eentley  over  the 
"Epistles  of  Phalaris,"  which  Boyle  edited,  is  famous,  and 
led  to  Swift's  "  Battle  of  the  Books."  (See  Bentley.)  He 
was  imprisoned  in  1721  on  a  charge  of  complicity  in  Lay- 
er's plot,  but  was  released  on  baiL 

Boyle,  John.  Bom  Jan.  2, 1707 :  died  at  Mars- 
ton,  Somerset,  England,  Nov.  16, 1762.  A  Brit- 
ish nobleman,  fifth  Earl  of  Cork,  son  of  the 
fourth  Earl  of  Orrery.  He  published ' '  Remarks 
on  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Jonathan  Swift " 
(1751),  etc. 

Boyle,  Richard.  Bom  at  Canterbury,  England, 
Oct.  13,  1566 :  died  Sept.,  15,  1643.  An  English 
politician,  created  first  earl  of  Cork  in  1620; 
commonly  called  "  the  great  Earl  of  Cork."  He 
became  lord  treasurer  of  Ireland  in  1631. 

Boyle,  Richard.  Bom  April  25, 1695:  died  Bee, 
1753.  A  British  nobleman,  third  Earl  of  Bur- 
lington and  fourth  Earl  of  Cork,  noted  as  an 
architect  and  as  a  patron  of  the  arts. 

Boyle,  Robert.  Bom  at  Lismore  Castle,  Ire 
land,  Jan.  25,  1627 :  died  at  London,  Deo.  30, 
1691.  A  celebrated  British  chemist  and  natu- 
ral philosopher.  He  was  the  seventh  son  of  the  first 
Earl  of  Cork,  studied  at  Eton  and  Geneva  (which  he  left  in 
1641),  settled  at  Oxford  in  1654,  and  removed  to  London  in 
1668.  He  is  best  Icnown  as  the  discoverer  of  Boyle's  law  of 
the  elasticity  of  air,  and  as  the  founder  of  Boyle's  Lec- 
tures for  the  defense  of  Christianity.  Author  of  "  New 
Experiments,  etc."  (1665,  1669,  and  1682),  "  Hydrostatical 
Paradoxes " (1666),  "Discourse  of  Things  above  Reason" 


'Boyd's,"  at  which  Johnson  alighted  on  his  arrival  in 
Edinburgh,  waa  the  White  Horse  Inn,  in  Boyd's  Close,  St. 
Mary 's  Wynd,  Canongate ;  but  tavern,  close,  and  wynd 
have  all  been  swept  away  by  the  besom  of  improvement. 
St.  Mary's  Wynd  stood  where  now  stands  St.  Mary  Street, 
and  the  site  of  the  tavern,  on  the  northeast  comer  of 
Boyd's  Entry  and  the  present  St.  Mary  Street,  is  marked 
with  a  tablet  recording  its  association  with  Boswell  and 
Johnson.  Sutton,  Literary  Landmarks  of  Edinburgh,  p.  18. 


Bowley  (bou'li),  Sir  Joseph.    A  very  stately 

gentleman,  "the  poor  man's  friend,"  with  a 

very  stately  wife,  in  Qiarles  Dickens's  story  Boyer(bwa-ya'),  Abel.  Born  at  Castres,  France, 

"The  Chimes."  June  24, 1667:  died  at  Chelsea,  England,  Nov.  16, 

Bowling  (bo'ling),  Tom.  A  sailor  in ' '  Roderick    1729.    An  English  lexicographer  and  historical 

Random,"  by  Smollett :  also  the  hero  of  Dibdin's    writer,  compiler  of  a  French-English  dictionary 

song 

Here,  a  sheer  hulk,  lies  poor  Tom  Bowling. 
Bowling  Green  (bo'ling  gren).    A  small  open 

space  in  New  York,  at  the  foot  of  Broadway, 


in  the  old  governmental  and  aristocratic  cen- 
ter of  the  city. 
Bowling  Green,    A  city,  the  capital  of  Warren 
County,  Kentucky,  in  lat.  37°  N.,  long.  86°  28' 


(1702)  which  appeared  in  many  later  editions. 
Boyer,  Baron  Alexis  de.  Bom  at  Uzerehe, 
Limousin,  France,  March,  1757:  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.  25,  1833.  A  celebrated  French  surgeon. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  tailor,  and  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
baron  of  the  empire  by  Napoleon  I.  who  also  made  hira 
his  first  surgeon.  He  wrote  "Traits  complet  d'anato- 
mie  "  (1797-99), ' '  Traits  des  maladies  chimrgicales  "  (1814- 
1822),  etc. 


W.      It  was  an  important  strategic  point  in   Boyer,  Jean  Baptiste  Nicolas.    Bom  at  Mar- 

1861-62.     Population  (1900),  8, 226.  seiUes,  Aug.  5, 1693 :  died  April  2, 1768.  A  French 

Bowness  (bou-nes').    A  town  and  tourist  cen-    physician  and  philanthropist,  author  of  "Re- 

ter  in  the  Lake  District,  Westmoreland, Eng-    lationhistoriquedelapestedeMarseille"(1721), 

land,  on  Lake  Windermere.  6to.  ,     _         _.  .„  ^^  t^    ^ 

Bowring(bou'ring),  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Exeter,  Boyer_(bwa-ya'),  Jean  Pierre.    Born  at  Port 

England,  Oct.  17,  1792 :  died  at  Exeter,  Nov.    ?u  ?rmce,  Feb.  28, 1776 :  died  at  Pans,  July  9, 

23,  1872.    An  English  statesman,  traveler,  and 

linguist.     He  was  a  member  of  Parliament  1835-37  and 

1841-17,   His  works  include  translations  from  the  poetry 

of  Russia.  Poland,  Servia,  Hungary,  Holland,  Spain,  etc. ; 

"  Kingdom  of  Siam  and  its  People  "  (1857),  "  Visit  to  the 

Philippine  Islands  "  (18S9),  etc. 
Bows  (boz).    A  little  old  humpbacked  violin- 
player,  the  family  friend  of  the  Costigans,  in 

Thackeray's  "Pendennis."    He  has  taught  "the  ^^^ 

Fotheringay"  (Miss  Costigan)  all  she  knows,  and  is  her  -r^^^^^^^  /-hm'a  oatiI  TTialmar 'RinT+.h    'RnrTi  nt 

T*':;Wrrt*'Tstr?enton"do":T-Covent    ^-^^^^^^^^ 
^GTdl?ftmitg1rL^ne^c?SiTink'be^^^^^^    4, 1895.   A  Norwegian-i^erican  novelist,  poet, 

Long  Acre  and  Russell  street,  in  which  is  lo- 


1850.  President  of  Haiti.  He  was  a  free  mulatto, 
but  with  others  ot  his  race  joined  tlie  negro  slaves  in  the 
insurrection  of  1791-93.  After  the  accession  of  Toussaint 
Louverture,  Boyer  with  Potion  and  others  reth-ed  to  France, 
returning  in  1802  as  captain  in  the  French  army,  and  was 
made  general.  On  Potion's  death  (1818)  Boyer  became  his 
successor.  By  the  death  of  Christophe  (1820),  and  his  con- 
quest of  the  Spanish  territory  soon  after,  he  brought  the 
whole  island  under  his  rule,  practically  as  dictator.  He 
was  expelled  by  a  revolution  in  1843,  and  took  refuge  in 
Jamaica. 


cated  the  principal  police  court  of  the  city, 
established  there  in  1749.  In  the  17th  and  18th  cen- 
turies it  was  a  fashionable  quarter,  and  contained  "  Will's  " 
or  the   "  Wits'  Coffee  House  "  (which  see). 

Bowyer  (bo'yer),  Sir  Greorge.  Bom  at  Radley 
Park,  Berkshire,  England,  Oct.  8,  1811 :  died  at 
London,  June  7, 1883.  An  English  jurist.  His 
works  include  "  Commentaries  on  the  Constitutional  Law 
of  England "  (1841),  "  Commentaries  on  Modem  Civil 
Law  "  (1848)i  etc. 

Bowzybeus  (bou-zi-be'us).  IBoiozy  =  boozy  and 
be«s,  as  in  Melibeus,  Meliboeus.^  A  musical  Si- 
lenus  iu  (Jay's  "  Shepherd's  Week."  Some  of  the 
best  songs  in  this  pastoral  are  put  in  his  mouth. 

Box  and  Cox.  A  play  by  John  M.  Morton. 
The  chief  characters  are  two  men  with  these  names  who 


and  litterateur.    He  was  graduated  at  the  University 
of  Christiania  in  1868,  removed  to  America  in  1869,  was 
professor  of  German  at  Cornell  University  1874-80,  and 
became  professor  at  Columbia  College  in  1880.    His  works 
include  "Gunnar:  a  Tale  of  Norse  Life"  (1874),  etc. 
Boyet  (F.  pron.  bwa-ya').    A  mocking,  mirth- 
ful lord  attending  on  the  Princess  of  Prance  in 
Shakspere's  "  Love's  Labour 's  Lost." 
His  Boyle  (boU).  A  tovm  in  the  county  of  Roscom- 
^r.    mon,  Ireland,  in  lat.  53°  58'  N.,  long.  8°  18'  W. 
''"       It  contains  an  abbey,  a  fine  ivy-clad  medieval  ruin.    The 
spacious  church  has  a  well-proportioned  west  front  with 
a  single  large  early-Pointed  window,  and  a  square  chevet, 
also  with  a  large  window.    The  north  side  of  the  nave 
is  early  Pointed ;  the  south  side  Norman,  with  curiously 
sculptured  capitals.  The  crossing,  surmounted  by  a  tower, 
is  very  fine,  and  the  transepts  mingle  Norman  and  Early- 
English  forms.    Much  remains  ot  the  secular  buildings, 
especi^  the  kitchen  and  the  guest-house. 


(1681),  etc. 

Boyle,  Roger,  Bom  at  Lismore,  April  25, 1621: 
died  Oct.  16,  1679.  A  British  statesman,  sol- 
dier, and  dramatist,  third  son  of  Richard  Boyle, 
first  Earl  of  Cork :  created  Baron  Broghill  in 
1627,  and  first  Earl  of  Orrery  in  1660.  Though  a 
Royalist  he  served  under  Cromwell  in  the  conquest  'of 
Ireland^  and  continued  to  support  him  and  his  sou  Rich- 
ard. His  dramatic  works  include  "Henry  V."  (acted  in 
1664,  published  in  1668),  "Miistapha,  etc."  (acted  1666), 
"  The  Black  Prince  "  (acted  1667),  "  Tryphon  "  (acted  1668), 
"  Guzman,"  a  comedy,  and  "  Mr.  Anthony,"  a  comedy  (pub- 
lished 1690),  He  also  wrote  a  number  of  poems  and  a  ro- 
mance, "  Parthenissa  "  (1664-77). 

To  Roger  Boyle,  Earl  of  Orrery  (1621-1679),  belongs  the 
doubtful  fame  of  having  been  the  first  to  "revive  "  (not, 
as  Dryden  insisted,  to  introduce)  the  writing  of  plays  in 
rhymed  verse  for  the  English  stage,  and  of  having  thus  be- 
come the  father  ot  the  English  "heroic  "  drama.       Ward. 

Boyle  Lectures,  A  course  of  eight  lectures  in 
defense  of  Christianity,  instituted  by  Robert 
Boyle,  commenced  in  1692,  and  delivered  an- 
nually at  St.-Mary-le-Bow  Church,  London. 

Boyne  (boin).  [Ir.  Boinn.']  A  river  in  eastern 
Ireland,  flowing  into  the  Irish  Sea  4  miles  east 
of  Drogheda.  On  its  banks,  3  miles  west  of  Drogheda, 
July  1,  1690,  the  army  of  William  III.  (36,000)  defeated  that 
of  J  ames  II.  (26,000).  The  loss  of  William  was  600 ;  that  of 
James,  1,500. 

Boyse,  or  Boys,  or  Bois  (bois),  John.  Bom  at 
Nettleshead,  Suffolk.  England,  Jan.  3,  1560 : 
died  Jan.  14,  1643.  An  English  clergyman  and 
bibUcal  scholar,  one  of  the  translators  and  re- 
visers of  the  Bible  under  James  I. 

Boythorn  (boi'thdm),  Lawrence.  A  boister- 
ously energetic  and  handsome  old  man  of  ster- 
ling qualities,  a  friend  of  Mr.  Jamdyee,  in 
Charles  Dickens's  "  Bleak  House."  The  char- 
acter was  intended  as  a  portrait  of  Walter 
Savage  Landor. 

Boz  (boz.  See  definition).  A  pseudonym  as- 
sumed by  Charles  Bickens  in  his  "Sketches 
by  Boz,"  first  published  together  in  1836.  He 
first  used  the  name  in  the  second  part  of  "The  Boarding 
House,"  which  came  out  in  "  The  Monthly  Magazine  "  for 
Aug.,  1834.  Hehimself  says:  "' Boz 'was  the  nickname  ot 
a  pet  child,  a  younger  brother  (Augustus),  whom  I  had 
dubbed  Moses  in  honour  of  the  Vicar  of  Wakefield ;  which 
being  facetiously  pronounced  through  the  nose  became 
Boses,  and  being  shortened  became  Boz."  Through  igno- 
rance of  the  derivation,  the  pronunciation  boz,  based  on 
the  nearest  analogy,  sprang  up,  and  is  now  universal 

Bozen,  or  Botzen  (bot'sen),  It.  Bolzano.     A 

town  in  Tyrol,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Talfer  and  Eisak  32  miles 
northeast  of  Trent.  It  is  the  chief  commercial 
place  in  Tyrol.    Population  (1890),  11,744. 

Bozman  (boz'man),  John  Leeds.  Bom  at  Ox- 
ford, Maryland,  Aug.  25, 1757 :  died  there,  April 
23,  1823.  An  .Ajnerican  jurist  and  historian. 
He  wrote  a  "  History  of  Maryland,  1633-60 " 
(1837),  etc. 

Bozrah  (boz'ra).  [Heb.,  'sheepfold,'  also  'for- 
tified place.']"  In  ancient  history,  a  city  of 
Bashan,  Syria,  in  lat.  32°  28'  N.,  long.  36°  36'  E.: 
the  Roman  Bostra  (f),  and  the  modem  Busra. 
Under  Trajan  it  became  the  capital  of  the  Roman  province 
of  Arabia,  under  Alexander  Severus  (222-236)  a  Bx>man  mili- 
tary colony,  and  under  Philip  (244-249)  the  seat  ot  a  bishop 
(metropolitan).  Later  it  became  the  seat  ot  an  arch, 
bishop.  On  its  site  are  many  ruins,  including  the  follow- 
ing :  Cathedral,  built  in  612  a.  d.    It  is  square  without 


Bozrab 


177 


the  Interior  a  circle  91  feet  in  diameter,  with  an  apse  in  Bracebridee  Hall  or  TTib  TTiiTnn«v<c4.<,  A 
every  angle.  The  circle  was  covered  witi  a  wooden  Some.  „„ili„T-  ^*  T /t^  ^ /t?®  ,■  J^P^P^S?  ^ 
„   J. ».=j ...x.       .    .   _    .    .        uucuuuiiiB.     collection  of  sketches  of  English  life  by  Wash 


On  the  east  side  projects  a  choir  flanked  by  parabemata, 
outside  of  which  are  two  large  chapels.  Mosque  of  Omar 
el-Ketab,  an  example  01  a  veiy  early  type,  resembling  an 
open  cloister  having  on  two  sides  a  vaulted  double  gal- 
lery with  fine  columns,  the  shafts  monolithic,  of  green 
eipollino  marble,  and  the  white  marble  capitals  antique 

of  various  orders.    The  walls  bear  a  rich  frieze  of  arar  ■ii_„„-„-„ji„  /v  -  /    ■   //jiv    a  t> 

besques.    The  handsome  square  minaret  is  150  feet  high.   ■or^'Ceglrale  (bras  ger'dl),  Anne.     Born  about 
Roman  Triumphal  Arch,  with  three  openings,  besides  a     1663:  died  at  London  in  1748.     A  famous  Ene- 


ington  Irving,  published  in  1822  under  the 
pseudonym  "Geoffrey  Crayon."  The  "Sketch- 
Book  "  also  contained  some  sketches  the  scenes  of  which 
were  laid  at  Bracebridge  HaU.  The  original  is  said  to 
have  been  Brereton  Hall. 


transverse  archway.  The  chief  opening  is  about  40  feet 
high.  The  arch  is  ornamented  with  pilasters.  Soman 
Theater,  in  great  part  covered  by  a  strong,  square-towered 
Arabian  castle.  Several  tiers  of  seats  of  the  cavea  are  ex- 
posed in  the  castle  court.  The  cavea,  about  260  feet  in 
diameter,  is  supported  on  vaulted  substructions.  Flights 
Ot  steps  ascend  from  outside  to  the  precinction,  and  there 
was  a  gallery  with  Doric  columns  above  the  cavea.  The 
stage-structure  is  unusually  perfect.  The  stage  is  about 
25  feet  deep. 

Bozzaris  or  Botzaris  (popularly  bo-zar'is, 

?J2P®'iy  F*'^\"J-^®^',  MaAos.     Bom  about  Brachiano  (bra-che-a'no),  Duke  of.    In  Web- 

JIo?  ■     1®    near  Missolonghi  Greece,  Aug.  20,  ster's  tragedy  "  The  White  Devil,"  the  husband 

lb  th»H»'Jltr,  Y7?S^  patriot.    He  became  a  mem-  of  Isabella  and  the  besotted  lover  of  Vittoria 

ber  of  the  Hetseria  in  1813 :  joined  All  Pasha  against  the  Coromhonfl  (fha  "Whito  Tlo-irin 

Porte  in  1820;  was  made  a  general  in  the  army  of  Western  Tit,  „^i°l*  ^^Sf  ^^^J! -"^Y  ^V^      „ 

Hellas  in  1823;  and  is  especially  noted  for  his  desperate  -OracnylOgtlS  (bra-kll'o-gus).      [Gr.  ppaxvUyoq, 

defense  of  Missolonghi,  1822-23.    He  was  kUled  in  a  sue-  brief.]     A  name  given  in  the  16th  century  to  a 

cessful  night  attack  on  a  superior  Turkish  force  near  Car-  " 


lish  actress,  it  is  said  that  she  played  the  page  in 
•■The  Orphan  "  before  she  was  six  years  old  but  "The 
Orphan"  was  first  played  in  1680.  She  was  on  the  stage 
till  1707,  when  the  celebrated  trial  of  skill  with  Mrs.  Old- 
fleld  took  place,  both  playing  Mrs.  Brittle  in  Betterton's 
Amorous  Widow  "  on  alternate  nights.  The  preference 
was  given  to  Mrs.  Oldfleld,  and  Mrs.Bracegirdle,  disgusted, 
left  the  stage.  She  played  once  more  in  1709  at  Better- 
ton's  benefit.  Both  Rowe  and  Congreve  were  devoted 
to  her,  and  she  was  suspected  of  being  married  to  the 
latter. 


given  in  the  Idth  century 
cessful  night  attack  on  a  superior  Turkish  force  near  Car-  manual  of  Eoman  law,  "  Corpus  legum,"  com- 
penisi,  which  has  been  made  the  subject  of  a  poem  by  rinoo^  t>i..^>>oW^  ,•„  j-i,„n*i,  loii,  i  /  ^ 
Fitz-Greene  Halleck.  '     Posed,  probably,  m  the  llth-12th  century  (pub- 

.3ozzy  (boz'i;.    A  nickname  of  James  Boswell,     ^l^'^f.'^,,^*  Berlin,  1829,  as  "Braohylogus  juris 
the  biographer  of  Dr.  Johnson.  _?''^^^?|  >•     „ 

Bra  (bra).    A  town  in  the  province  of  Cuneo,  gracidas.    BBeAmidas. 
Piedmont,  Italy,  28  mUes  south  of  Turin.  It  has  ^acton  (brak  ton),  or  Bratton  (brat'on),  or 
an  active  trade.    Population,  9,000.  f^®!,*"?.  i'^'^e*  S^^.)'  Henry  de.     Died  1268. 

BrabanQOnne  (bra-bou-son'),  La.   The  Belgian    1^  J^nglish^ecclesiastio  (chancellor  of  the  ea- 


national  song,  with  words  by  Jenneval  and 
music  by  Van  Campenhout,  composed  in  the 
revolution  of  1830,  and  so  named  from  the 
province  of  Brabant,  in  1848  De  lonlay  wrote  new 
words  for  it,  and  in  1862  Louis  Hymans  wrote  others,  all 
nppropriate  to  the  political  situation. 
Brabant  (bra-banf  or  bra'bant ;  P.  pron.  bra- 
bon')-  [^.  Brahant,  D.  Brab'and,  Brabant,  ML. 
Brabantia.']  A  province  of  Belgium,  bounded 
by  Antwerp  on  the  north,  Limburg  on  the  east. 


thedral  of  Exeter)  and  jurist.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  famous  work,  "  De  legibus  et  consuetudinibus  Angliee  " 
(printed  in  part  in  1667  and  entire  in  1669),  "the  first 
attempt  to  treat  the  whole  extent  of  the  [English]  law  in 
a  manner  at  once  systematic  and  practical."  "For  the 
statement  that  he  discharged  the  duties  of  Chief  Justice 
for  twenty  years  no  foundation  is  now  discoverable.  Dur- 
ing the  earlier  portion  of  his  ofBcial  life  (1246-68)  the 
office  was  in  abeyance,  and  if  Bractonwas  ever  Chief  Jus- 
tice, it  must  have  been  either  before  1268  or  after  1266." 
(Diet,  of  Nta.  £iog.)  With  regard  to  most  of  the  facts  of 
his  life  there  is  great  uncertainty. 


Namur  and  Hainaut  on  the  south,  and  East  Bracy  (bra'si),  Maurice  de.  A  handsome  and 
Manders  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  low.  Capi-  iiot  ungenerous  mercenary,  a  follower  of  Prince 
tal,  Brussels.  Area,  1,268  square  miles.  Popu-  John,  in  Scott's  novel  "Ivanhoe."  He  carries 
lation  (1893),  1,154,126.  off  Eowena,  but  she  is  speedily  rescued. 

Brabant.     A  former  county  and  duchy,  which  Bradamant  (brad'a-maut).     The  sister  of  Ei 
"  rn  North  Brabant    naldo  in  Boiardo's ''' Orland 


Bradstreet,  Jobn 

land,  about  1510:  died  July  1,  1555.  An  Eng- 
lish Protestant  preacher  and  martyr.  He  became 
chaplain  to  Edward  VI.  in  1562  ;  was  arrested  in  1563 
shortly  after  the  accession  of  Queen  Mary,  on  a  charge  of 
sedition  and  heresy ;  was  tried  before  a  commission  con- 
sisting of  Bishops  Gardiner,  Bonner,  and  other  prelates- 
and,  with  a  young  man  named  John  Leaf,  was  blimed  at 
the  stake  at  Smithfleld. 
Bradford,  William.  Born  at  Austerfield,  York- 
shire, England,  1590:  died  at  Plymouth,  Mass., 
May  9, 1657.  An  American  pioneer  and  histo- 
rian, one  of  the  "Pilgrim  Fathers."  He  was 
governor  of  the  Plymouth  colony  1621-57  (except  in  1633-34 
1636  1638,  1644).  and  wrote  a  "History  of  tfePlymS^i; 
Plantation,  1602^7"  (MS.  lost  1774,  found  at  Fulham  h^ 
brary,  England,  1865 ;  printed  1856). 

Bradford,  William.  Bom  in  Leicestershire, 
England,  May  20, 1663 :  died  at  New  York,  May 
23,  1752.  An  Ainerican  printer,  the  founder, 
in  1725,  of  the  "New  York  Gazette,"  the  first 
newspaper  iu  New  York.  He  sailed  with  Penn  for 
America,  Sept.  1, 1682,  returned  to  England,  and  agam  sailed 
for  America  m  1686.  He  became  printer  for  Pennsylvania, 
Sew  ifork,  New  Jersey,  and  Rhode  Island,  and  (1702) 
Maryland.  The  first  book  issued  from  his  press  (1686)  was 
an  almanac, "America's  Messenger, "for  1686. 

Bradford,  William.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
Sept.  14,  1755:  died  Aug.  23,  1795.  An  Amer- 
ican lawyer,  attorney-general  of  the  United 
States  1794r-95. 

Bradford,  William.  Born  at  New  Bedford, 
Mass.,  1827:  died  at  New  York,  AprU  25, 1892. 
An  American  artist,  painter  of  coast  scenes, 
and  especially  of  the  scenetry  of  the  Arctic 
regions.  Among  his  works  are  "The  Land  of  the  Mid- 
night Sun,"  "Crushed  by  Icebergs,"  "Arctic  Wreckers," 
"  Sunset  in  the  North,"  etc. 

Bradlaugh  (brad'ia),  Charles.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  26,  1833:  died  Jan.  30,  1891.  An 
English  radical  politician  and  advocate  of  sec- 
ularism. He  served  with  the  7th  Dragoon  Guards  1860- 
1863,  when  he  became  a  lawyer's  clerk  in  London.  He 
founded  the  "National  Reformer"  in  1860.  Having  been 
elected  to  Parliament  from  Northampton  in  1880,  he  re- 
fused to  take  the  parliamentary  oath,  on  atheistic  grounds, 
and  was  not  allowed  to  sit  on  affirmation.  Though  several 
times  reelected,  and  though  he  expresse^d  his  willingness 
to  take  the  oath,  he  was  excluded  from  his  seat  till  1886, 
when  no  objection  was  oSered  to  his  taking  the  oath.  He 
wrote  "A  Few  Words  about  the  Devil,  and  other  Bio- 
graphical Sketches  and  Essays" (1873),  "The  True  Story 


corresponded  to  the  modern 
(Netherlands)  and  Antwerp  and  Brabant  (Bel- 
gium). It  was  at  first  a  county,  and  became  a  duchy  in 
1190  (?).  Limburg  was  united  with  it  in  1288.  Philip' 
the  Good  of  Burgundy  succeeded  to  Brabant  in  1430,  and 
it  followed  the  fortunes  of  Burgundy  and  of  the  House  of 
Hapsburg. 
Brabant,  North.  A  province  of  the  Nether- 
lands, bounded  by  South  Holland  and  Gelder- 
land  on  the  north,  Limburg  on  the  east,  Bel- 


'  Orlando  Tnnamorato"  and 
Ariosto's  "Orlando  Eurioso."  she  is  a  Christian 
but  loves  Rogero,  and  after  iiicredible  adventures  in  which 
her  prowess,  assisted  by  her  enchanted  spear,  is  equ^  to 
that  of  a  knight,  she  marries  him  after  he  has  been  bap- 
tized. Robert  Garnier  wrote  a  tragicomedy  with  this 
name.  It  was  produced  in  1680,  and  Thomas  Corneille 
produced  a  tragedy  with  the  same  name  in  1695  (this  was 
his  last  play).  There  have  been  several  other  plays  on  the 
same  subject,  notably  one  by  La  Calpren6de  written  in 
1637.    Also  written  BradcmiarUe,  Branda/mante. 


gium  on  the  south,  and  Zealand  on  the  west.  Braddock  (brad'gk),  Edward.    Bom  in  Perth- 


Capital,  s'Hertogenboseh.  Area,  1,980  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  516,670. 

Erabantio  (bra-ban'shio).  In  Shakspere's 
"Othello, "  a  Venetian  senator,  father  of  Des- 
demona.  He  violently  denounces  Othello  for 
his  marriage  with  the  latter. 

Brabine.  The  anagram  with  which  Thomas 
Barnibe  (Bamaby)  signed  his  complimentary 
verses  to  Greene's  "  Menaphon." 

Brabourne,  Lord.    See  Knatchbull-Hugessen. 

Bracclano  (bra-cha'nd).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Eome,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Lake  of 
Bracclano  21  miles  northwest  of  Eome.  It 
has  a  medieval  castle. 

Bracciano,  Lake  of.  A  lake  in  Italy,  20  miles 
northwest  of  Eome:  the  Eoman  Lacus  Saba- 
tinus.    Length,  6  miles. 

Braccio  da  Montone  (bra'cho  da  mon-to'ne), 
AJadrea.  Born  at  Perugia,  1368:  died  1424. 
A  celebrated  Italian  condottiere.  He  took 
Eome  in  1417,  and  fought  in  the  service  of 
Naples  against  Sf  orza. 

Bracciolini.    See  Poggio  Bracciolini, 


shire,  Scotland,  1695 :  died  July  13,  1755.  A 
British  general.  He  entered  the  Coldstream  Guards 
in  1710,  served  in  Holland  1746-48,  and  in  1763  became 
colonel  of  a  regiment  stationed  at  Gibraltar.  He  was 
promoted  major-general  in  1754,  and  in  the  same  year  was 
appointed  to  the  command  in  America,  with  a  view  to  ex- 
pelling the  French  from  their  recent  encroachments  west 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  The  plan  of  a  general  cam- 
paign against  the  French,  which  was  to  include  several 
independent  expeditions,  having  been  agreed  upon  with 
the  colonial  governors,  he-marched  from  a  spot  known  as 
Little  Meadows  with  an  army  of  1,200  chosen  men,  regu- 
lars and  provincials,  against  Fort  Duquesne,  June  18, 1766. 
He  crossed  the  Monongahela,  July  8,  and  on  the  following 
day,  when  about  ten  miles  from  the  fort,  fell  into  an  am- 
buscade of  French  and  Indians,  who  put  his  army  to  rout 
after  two  hours'  fighting.  He  was  mortally  wounded  while 
trying  to  reform  his  men,  and  died  at  a  place  called  Great 
Meadows,  about  60  miles  from  Fort  Duquesne,  the  present 
Pittsburg. 

Braddon  (brad'gn),  Mary  Elizabeth.  Bom 
at  London  in  1837.  An  English  novelist,  wife 
of  John  Maxwell:  author  of  "Lady  Audley's 
Secret" (1862),  "Aurora  rioyd"(1862),  "Elea- 
nor's Victory"  (1863),  etc.  She  also  conducted 
"Belgravia,"  to  which  she  contributed  many 
novels, 


Bracciolini  (bra-cho-le'ne), Francesco.  Bornat  Bradford  (brad'ford).  m'K.Bradford,AB.Bra- 


Pistoia,  Italy,  Nov.  26, 1566:  died  at  Florence, 
Aug.  31, 1646.  An  Italian  poet  and  ecclesiastic. 
His  works  include  "Lo  Scherno  degli  Dei"  (1618),  "La 
Croce  raoquistata"  (1605),  "L'Elezibne  di  papa  Urbano 
Till." (1628),  "La  Eooella  espugnato"  (1630),  and  the  tra- 
gedies "L'Bvandro,"  "L'Arpalioe,"  and  "LaPentesilea." 

Brace  (bras),  Charles  Loring.  Born  at  Litch- 
field, Conn.,  June  19,  1826:  died  in  the  Tyrol, 
Aug.  11,  1890.  An  American  traveler,  author, 
and  philanthropist.    He  devoted  himself  to  the  re- 


danford,  dat.  ot'brdd  ford,  'hvoad  ford':  the 
name  of  several  places.]  A  town  in  the  West 
Biding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  9  miles  west  of 
Leeds,  in  lat.  53°  49'  N.,  long.  1°  45'  W.  it  has 
manufactures  of  worsted,  cotton,  etc.  It  is  the  seat  of 
the  United  College.  Population  (1901),  279,809. 
Bradford.  A  city  in  MoKean  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, lat.  41°  55'  N.,  long.  78°  43'  W.,  noted 
for  oil  manufactures.  Population  (1000),  15,029. 


a.rn^i.^Tlf^^■..ZX^%=f^^^  Bradford  Alden     Bori  at  D-W  Mass 

city  becoming  the  chief  founder  of  the  Children's  Aid  Nov.  19,  1765:  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  Ab,  ia4d.    A 

Society  in  1853.    Besides  books  of  travel  he  wrote  chiefly  historical  writer  and  journalist,  originally  a 

on  sociological  subjects.      ^^      .     ,^       „           t  Conereaational  clergyman.    He  was  secretary  of 

Brace,  Julia.     Bom  at  Newmgton,  Conn.,  June  ^tate  for  Massachusetts  1812-24,  and  edited  the  "Boston 

13,  1806:  died  at  Bloomington,  Conn.,  Aug.  12,  Gazette  "in  1826.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  Massachusetts, 

1884.    A  blind  deaf-mute,  noted  in  the  history  1764-1820."                             ^  ^^      i,    ^       v 

of  the  Instruction  of  such  unfortunates.  Bradford,  John.    Bom  at  Manchester,  Eng- 


of  my  Parliamentary  Struggle"  (1882),' etc. 

Bradley  (brad'li),  Edward:  pseudonym  Cuth- 
bert  Bede.  Bom  at  Kidderminster,  1827 :  died 
1889.  An  English  author.  He  was  rector  of  Den- 
ton, Huntingdonshire,  1859-71,  and  of  Stretton,  Rutland, 
1871-83,  when  he  became  vicar  of  Lenton.  He  wrote  "Ad- 
ventures of  Mr.  Verdant  Green"  (1863),  "The  Curate  of 
Cranston"  (1861),  "A  Tour  in  Tartanland"  (1863),  "The 
Rook's  Garden  "  (1866),  and  "  Matins  and  Muttons  "  (1866). 

Bradley,  James.  Born  at  Sherboum,  Glouces- 
tershire, March,  1693 :  died  at  ChaU ord,  Glou- 
cestershire, July  13, 1762.  A  celebrated  English 
astronomer.  He  became  Savilian  professor  of  astron- 
omy at  Oxford  in  1721,  lectui'er  on  experimental  philoso- 
phy at  Oxford  in  1729,  and  astronomer  royal  in  1742.  He 
is  especially  famous  for  his  discovery  of  the  aberration  of 
light,  and  his  demonstration  of  the  nutation  of  the  earth's 
axis.  His  observations  were  published  in  two  volumes, 
the  first  in  1798,  the  second  in  1806. 

Bradley  Headstone.    See  Headstone. 

Bradshaw  (brad'sha),  Henry.  Bom  at  Ches- 
ter, England,  about  1450 :  died  1513.  An  Eng- 
lish Benedictine  monk  and  poet.  He  wrote  "De 
Antiquitate  et  Magnificentia  Urbis  Cestrise,"  and  a  "Life 
of  St.  Werburgh,"  in  English  verse,  mainly  a  translation 
of  a  Latin  work  by  an  unknown  author. 

Bradshaw,  John.  Born  at  Stockport,  in  Che- 
shire, England,  1602 :  died  at  WestminsteB, 
Nov.  22,  1659.  An  English  judge  and  politi- 
cian, famous  as  a  regicide.  He  was  judge  of  the 
sherifl's  court  in  London  1643-49 ;  became  chief  justice 
of  Chester  1647 ;  was  president  of  the  High  Court  of  Jus- 
tice which  tried  Charles  I.,  Jan.,  1649 1  was  president  of 
the  Council  of  State  1649-52 ;  became  chancellor  of  the 
duchy  of  Lancaster  and  attorney-general  of  Cheshire  and 
North  Wales,  1649  ;  opposed  the  dissolution  of  the  Long 
Parliament  by  Cromwell,  1663 ;  and  refused  to  sign  the 
"recognition  pledging  the  members  of  Parliament  to 
sustain  the  government,  1664.  His  memory  was  attainted 
by  Parliament,  May  16, 1660,  and  his  body  hanged  in  its 
coffin,  Jan.  30, 166L 

Bradstreet  (brad'stret),  Anne.  Bom  at  North- 
ampton, England,  1612:  died  at  Andover, 
Mass.,  Sept.  16,  1672.  An  Anglo-American 
poet,  daughter  of  Governor  Thomas  Dudley,  she 
was  married  in  1628  to  Simon  Bradstreet,  afterward  gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts,  with  whom  she  emigrated  to  New 
England  in  1630.  A  collection  of  her  poems  was  pub- 
lished in  London  in  1660,  under  the  title  "  The  Tenth 
Muse,"  the  second  edition  of  which  (Boston,  1678)  con- 
tains the  best  of  her  poems,  "  Contemplations." 

Bradstreet,  John.  Born  1711:  died  at  New 
York,  Sept.  25,  1774.  An  English  soldier  in 
the  French  and  Indian  war.  He  served  as  lieu- 
tenant-colonel in  the  expedition  against  Louisburg  in 
1746;  became  lieutenant-governor  of  St.  John's,  New- 
foundland, in  1746  ;  participated  in  the  attack  on  Ticon- 
deroga  iu  1768 ;  captured  Fort  Frontenac  in  1758 ;  and  was 
made  major-general  in  1772. 


Bradstreet,  Simon 

Bradstreet,  Simon.  Bom  at  Horbling,  Lincoln- 
shire, England.  March,  1603 :  died  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  March  27,  1697.  An  American  politi- 
cian, governor's  assistant  1630-79,  and  gover- 
nor of  Massachusetts  1679-86  and  1689-92. 

Bradstreet,  Simon.  Born  at  New  London, 
Conn.,  March  7,  1671:  died  at  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  Dec.  31,  1741.  An  American  clergy- 
man, grandson  of  Governor  Simon  Bradstreet. 

Bradwardine  (brad'war-din).  Baron.  An  old 
man,  the  master  of  'fully  Veolan,  in  Scott's 
"Waverley."  He  was  a  scholar,  and  of  very  ancient 
family,  of  which  he  was  inordinately  proud.  He  had 
been  bred  to  the  bar,  and  had  served  in  the  army.  He 
had  been  in  arms  for  the  Stuarts,  and  viras  in  concealment 
after  the  rebellion  of  1745  till  released  by  pardon. 

Bradwardine,  Rose.  The  daughter  of  Baron 
Bradwardine  in  Scott's  "Waverley":  "the 
Eose  of  Tully  Veolan."  She  saves  Waverley's 
life,  and  he  marries  her. 

Bradwardin(e),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Hartfield, 
Sussex,  England,  about  1290:  died  at  Lam- 
beth, England,  Aug.  26,  1349.  A  celebrated 
English  prelate,theologian,  and  mathematician, 
surnamed  "Doctor  Profundus."  He  was  appointed 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1349.  His  works  include 
'"De  causa  Dei,"  "De  quadratura  circuli,"  "Geometria 
speculativa,"  "Ars  memorativa,"  etc. 

Brady  (bra'di),  Nicholas.  Bom  at  Bandon, 
County  Cork,  Ireland,  Oct.  28,  1659 :  died  at 
Richmond,  England,  May  20,  1726.  An  Eng- 
lish divine  and  poet,  collaborator  with  Tate  in 
the  "New  Version  of  the  Psalms  of  David" 
(1695-1703). 

Brady,  Widow.    See  Irish  Widow,  The. 

Brag,  Jack.    See  Jack  Brag. 

Brag,  Sir  Jack.  A  nickname  given  to  General 
John  Burgoyne  (died  1792). 

Braga  (bra'ga).  [L.  Bracara,  Bracara  Augv^ta, 
Bracaraugiista,  from  Bracares  or  Bracari,  a  tribe 
name.]  A  city  in  the  district  of  Braga,  prov- 
ince of  Minho,  Portugal,  33  miles  northeast  of 
Oporto.  It  contadns  a  cathedral,  founded  in  the  12th 
century,  but  remodeled  almost  throughout  in  the  latest 
Pointed  style.  The  early  west  doorway  has  a  graceful 
triple  porch  of  florid  work,  elaborately  carved.  There  is  a 
raised  choir  with  well-sculptured  Renaissance  stalls,  and 
a  cloister,  connected  with  which  is  a  maze  of  chapels  with 
some  historic  tombs.  There  is  also  a  pilgrimage  church 
of  Bom  Jesus,  on  a  high  hill,  the  ascent  to  which  is  bois 
dered  with  12  grated  chapels  containing  groups  of  large 
colored  wooden  figures  illustrating  the  stations  of  the 
cross,  etc.,  and  with  fountains  typifying  the  five  senses 
and  the  Christian  virtues.  The  great  church,  simple  in 
design  and  well  proportioned,  is  preceded  by  pyramids 
and  statues :  tbe  fine  wooden  retable  portrays  the  Cruci- 
fixion. The  combination  of  nature  and  art  is  both  curi- 
ous and  beautiful.    Population  (1890),  23,089. 

Braga.    See  Bragi. 

BraganQa  (bra-gSn'sa),  or  Braganza  (bra-gan'- 
za).  A  town  in  the  district  of  Bragan5a,  prov- 
ince of  Traz-os-Montes,  northern  Portugal,  in 
lat.  41°  50'  N. ,  long.  6°  45'  "W.  it  gives  name  to  the 
house  of  Braganza.  It  contains  a  castle,  a  splendid  me- 
dieval fortress,  in  great  part  ruinous,  with  an  isolated  cen- 
tral keep  inaccessible  except  by  a  fiying-bridge. 

Braganga,  or  Braganza,  House  of.  The  reign- 
ing family  of  Portugal  and,  until  1889,  of  Bra- 
zil. In  1386  the  Portuguese  crown  was  seized  by  Joao, 
bastard  of  Pedro  the  First,  and  his  illegitimate  son  Al- 
fonso was  created  duke  of  Braganza  in  1442.  In  1640  a 
duke  of  this  house  headed  the  revolution  by  which  Por- 
tugal was  separated  from  Spain :  he  assumed  the  crown 
as  Joao  IV.,  and  it  has  been  retained  by  the  family,  though 
with  some  changes  in  the  line,  until  the  present  time. 
Pedro  I.  of  Brazil  was  son  of  Joao  VI.,  and  heir  to  the 
Portuguese  throne ;  Pedro  11.  of  Brazil  was  his  son ;  and 
a  daughter  became  queen  of  Portugal  in  1834. 

Braganza.     See  Braganga. 

Bragelonne  (brazh'e-lon),  Le  Vicomte  de,  ou 
Dix  ans  apr^S  (The  Vicomte  de  Bragelonne, 
or  Ten  Years  After).  A  novel  by  Alexandre 
Dumas.  It  is  the  third  part  of  the  trilogy  of  which 
"Les  Trois  Mousquetaires  (" The  Three  Musketeers") 
was  the  first,  and  "Vingt  ans  aprfes"  ("  Twenty  Years 
After  ")  the  second. 

Bragg  (brag),  Braxton.  Bom  in  Warren  Coun- 
ty, N.  C,  1817:  died  at  Galveston,  Texas,  Sept. 
27,  1876.  An  American  officer,  distinguished 
in  the  Mexican  war,  and  a  general  in  the  Con- 
federate service.  He  invaded  Kentucky  in  1862 ;  com- 
manded at  Murfreeshoro  1862-63,  and  at  Chickamauga 
and  Chattanoogai^in  1863. 

Braggadocchio  (brag-a-dot'shio).  In  Spenser's 
'  ■  I^erie  Queene,"  a  'Big  bragging  fool.  He  per- 
sonifies cowardice,  and  is  the  comic  element  in  the  book. 
He  was  taken  from  Martano,  a  similar  chai'acter  in  Ari- 
osto's  "Orlando  Furioso." 

Bragi  (bra'ge).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  mythol- 
ogy, a  son  of  Odin,  and  the  god  of  poetry.  He  is 
Odhi's  principal  scald  in  "WalhaUa."  His  wife  is  Idun. 
Bragi's  prototype  was  probably  a  historical  person,  tJie 
Norse  scald  Bragi,  who  lived  about  the  year  800. 

Bragmardo(brag'mar-dD;  p.  pron.  brag-mar'- 
do),  JanotUS  de.  A  character  in  Rabelais's 
"  Gargantua  and  Pantagruel."  He  was  sent  by  the 


178 

citizens  of  Paris  to  Gargantua  to  object  to  his  hanging 
the  bells  of  Notre  Dame  around  the  neck  of  his  horse 

Braham(bra'am),  John.  Bom  at  London  about 
1774 :  died  at'London,  Feb.  17, 1856.  An  Eng- 
lish tenor  singer,  and  composer  of  popular 
songs,  among  them  "  The  Death  of  Nelson." 

Brane  (bra ;  Dan.  pron.  bra'e),  Tycho.  Born 
at  Knudstrup,  in  Scania,  Sweden,  Dec.  14 
(O.  S.),  1546:  died  at  Prague,  Bohemia,  Oct.  24 
(N.  S. ),  1601.  A  celebrated  Danish  astronomer, 
lie  buil^  under  the  patronage  of  Frederick  II.  of  Den- 
mark, an  observatory,  the  Uranienborg,  completed  1680, 
on  the  island  of  Hven ;  and,  entering  the  service  of  the 
emperor  Rudolph  II.,  settled  at  Prague  in  1699.  He 
discovered  a  new  star  in  Cassiopeia  in  1672,  discovered 
the  variation  of  the  moon  and  the  fourth  inequality  of 
the  motion  of  the  moon,  and  is  said  never  to  have  been 
surpassed  as  a  practical  astronomer,  although  he  rejected 
the  Copernican  system. 

Brahma  (bra'ma).  Brahman  (bra'man).  [The 
Sanskrit  has  a  neuter  word  brdhnian  (nom- 
inative brahma),  and  a  masculine  brakmdn 
(nominative  brahma) ;  from  the  root  brh,  '  be 
thick,  great,  strong,'  causative  'make  great, 
strengthen.']  1.  The  neuter  word  irahman 
means :  (a)  Devotion.  Q>)  A  sacred  formula ;  especially, 
a  spell.  Hence  the  designation  Brahmaveda  for  the  col- 
lection usually  known  as  the  Atharvaveda.  (c)  The  Brah- 
man (neuter),  the  highest  object  of  theosophy,  God 
thought  of  as  impersonal,  the  Absolute,  (d)  The  class 
that  are  possessors  and  fosterers  of  sacred  knowledge 
theologians,  Brahmans. 

2.  The  masculine  word  brahman  (nominative 
brahma)  means:  (o)  A  prayer,  worshiper,  and  then  a 
prayer  by  profession,  a  priest,  a  Brahman;  also  one  who 
knows  the  sacred  f ormulse  or  spells,  or  sacred  knowledge 
in  general,  (b)  He  who  knows  sacred  science  in  the  nar- 
rower sense  ;  the  chief  priest,  who  conducts  the  sacrifice 
and  is  obliged  to  know  the  three  Vedas.  (c)  A  particular 
priest,  the  assistant  of  the  Brahman  in  the  soma  sacri- 
fice, (d)  Brahma,  i.  e.,  the  neuter  Brahman  conceived 
as  a  person,  etc.  Brahma  is  a  product  of  theological  ab- 
straction, not  a  god  of  popular  origin.  He  is  not  known 
in  the  older  books.  In  many  passages  the  word  that  the 
native  commentators  regard  as  masculine  is  to  he  taken 
as  neuter.  Brahmanism  has  no  Creator  in  the  Christian 
sense.  The  personal  god  Brahma  (masculine),  who  is 
called  "the  Creator,"  is  himself  evolved  out  of  the  one 
impersonal,  self-existent  Being,  Brahma  (neuter).  The 
personal  Brahma  then  becomes  the  Evolver  of  the  Uni- 
verse, while  Vishnu  is  associated  with  him  as  its  main- 
tainer,  and  Shiva  as  its  destroyer.  These  three  gods  con- 
stitute the  well-known  Hindu  Triad  (Trimurti).  There 
are  believed  to  be  only  two  temples  of  Brahma  in  India : 
one  at  Pushkara  (Pokhar),  the  other  about  16  miles  from 
Idar.  The  reason  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  functions  of 
Brahma,  Vishnu,  and  Shiva  are  interchangeable,  and  that 
both  Vishnu  and  Shiva  may  be  identified  with  Brahma,  or 
be  worshiped  as  Brahma.  The  image  at  Pushkara  has 
four  black  faces,  each  of  which  is  supposed  to  be  directed 
toward  one  of  the  four  quarters  of  the  compass.  In  fact 
three  look  at  the  observers,  each  having  two  great  glass 
eyes.  The  four-faced  head  is  covered  by  a  broad  red  tur- 
ban, and  over  that  hang  umbrella^shaped  ornaments.  The 
image  is  dressed  in  red  clothes. 

Brahmagupta  (brah-ma-gop'ta).  A  Hindu  as- 
tronomer whose  date,  according  to  Albiruni, 
is  A.  D.  664.  Albiruni  gives  a  notice  of  his  recast  of 
an  earlier  Brahmasiddhanta.  To  him  also  belongs,  ac- 
cording to  the  same  author,  a  work  named  "  Ahargana," 
corrupted  by  the  Arabs  into  Arkand.  This  Arkand,  the 
Sindhends  (f.  e.  the  five  Siddhantas),  and  the  system  of 
Axjabahr  (Aryabhata)  were  the  works  which  were  princi- 
pally studied  and  in  part  translated  by  the  Arabs  in  the  8th 
and  9th  centuries. 

Brahmana  (brah'ma-na).  [Skt.  brShmana,  ap- 
parently 'relating  to  tlie brahman  or  worship.'] 
Dicta  on  matters  of  faith  and  worship;  espe- 
cially "a  Brahmana,"  as  designation  of  one  of 
a  class  of  Vedic  writings  which  contain  these 
dicta.  Their  object  is  to  connect  the  songs  and  sacrifi- 
cial formulte  of  the  Vedas  with  the  rites.  They  contain 
the  oldest  rituals,  linguistic  explanations,  traditional  nar- 
ratives, and  philosophical  speculations  we  have.  They 
originated  from  the  opinions  of  individual  sages,  imparted 
by  oral  tradition,  and  preserved  as  well  as  supplemented 
in  their  families  and  by  their  disciples.  A  comparatively 
large  number  of  Brahmanas  is  still  extant,  owing  to  their 
being  each  annexed  to  a  particular  Veda,  as  well  as  to  a 
sort  of  jealousy  among  the  families  in  which  the  study  of 
the  different  Vedas  was  hereditarily  transmitted.  The 
Brahmanas  of  the  Rigveda  treat  especially  of  the  duties 
of  the  Hotri,  who  recites  the  verses ;  those  of  the  Yajur- 
veda  to  the  sacrifices  by  the  Adhvaryu ;  and  those  of  the 
Samaveda  to  the  chanting  by  the  Udgatri.  The  Brah- 
manas embrace  also  the  treatises  called  Aranyakas  and 
Upanishads. 

Brahmapurana  (brah"ma-pb-ra'naO.  In  San- 
skrit literature,  one  of  the  eighteen  Puranas :  so 
called  as  revealed  by  Brahma  to  Daksha.  This 
Furana  is  sometimes  placed  first,  and  therefore  called 
Adlpurana.  Its  main  object  appears  to  be  the  promotion 
of  the  worship  of  Krishna.  It  describes  the  creation,  the 
Manvantaras  or  the  life  or  period  of  a  Manu,  the  history 
of  the  solar  and  lunar  dynasties  to  the  time  of  Krishna, 
Orissa  with  its  temples  and  groves,  the  life  of  Krishna, 
and  the  mode  of  Yoga  or  contemplative  devotion.  It  was 
not  compiled  earlier  than  the  13th  or  14th  century. 

Brahmandapurana  (brah-man"da-p5-r5  'na). 
In  Sanskrit  literature,  one  of  the  eighteen  Pura- 
nas :  so  called  as  revealed  by  Brahma,  and  con- 
taining an  account  of  "  the  egg  of  Brahma,"  the 
mundiane  egg,  and  the  future  Kalpas  or  days  of 


Bramah 

Brahma.  It  is  extant  only  in  a  number  of  un- 
authentic fragments. 
Brahmaputra  (brah ''  ma  -  p6 '  tra) .  A  river  of 
Asia,  probably  the  ancient  t)yardanes  or 
(Edanes.  in  its  upper  course  in  Tibet  it  is  called  the- 
Sanpo  {TsaTi^pu,  etc.) ;  in  Assam  Dihong.  It  rises  near 
Lake  Manasowar,  and  flows  east  and  south.  The  name 
(Brahmaputra)  is  sometimes  given  to  the  stream  formed  by 
the  main  river,  the  Dihong,  with  the  Dibong  and  Brahma- 
kunda.  It  sends  part  of  its  water  to  the  Ganges,  and 
forms  with  the  Ganges  a  vast  delta  at  the  head  of  the 
bay  of  Bengal.  Length,  1,800  miles.  Navigable  to  Di- 
hrugarh,  about  800  miles. 

Brahmaputra  Valley  Division.  A  division 
of  Assam,  India.    Area,  21,414  square  miles. 

Brahmasabha  (brah^ma-sa  bhS),  or  Brahmi- 
yasamaj  (brah-me^ya-sa-maj').  "The society 
of  believers  in  God":  the  theistic  church  found- 
ed by  the  Hindu  religious  and  social  reformer 
Eammohun  Koy  at  Calcutta  in  1830. 

Brahmasamaj  (brSh-ma-sa-maj'):  in  Bengal, 
BrahmosomaJ  (brah^mo-so-maj').  "The  so- 
ciety of  believers  in  God" :  the  later  name  of  th& 
Brahmasabha  of  Eammohun  Koy.  it  was  joined 
in  1841  by  Debendranath  Tagore,  who  undertook  the  task 
of  organizing  it  with  properly  appointed  officers  and 
teachers,  a  settled  form  of  worship,  and  a  fixed  standard 
of  faith  and  practice.  This  was  completed  by  the  end  of 
1843.  The  year  1844  may  be  given  as  the  date  of  the  real 
commencement  of  the  first  organized  theistic  church  of 
India.  Its  history  has  been  marked  by  various  schisms, 
but  it  has  exercised  a  powerful  influence  against  idolatry 
and  greatly  promoted  social  reform. 

Brahmins  (bra'minz),  also  Brahmans  (brS'- 
manz).  Hindus  of  the  highest  or  priestly  caste. 
See  Brahma. 

Brahms  (bramz),  Johannes.  Born  at  Ham- 
burg, May  7, 1833 :  died  at  Vienna,  April  3, 1897. 
A  noted  German  composer  of  choral  and  cham- 
ber music,  and  pianist.  He  went  to  Vienna  in  1862. 
where  he  directed  the  famous  concertsof  the  "Gesellschaft 
der  Musikfreunde, "  and  filled  other  similar  positions.  His 
numbered  works  in  1887  were  102 ;  his  most  representative 
compositions  are  his  symphonies.  Among  his  other  workB 
are  "Deutsches  Requiem"  (1868),  "Schicksalslied,"  "Tri- 
umphlied,"  etc. 

Braid  (brad),  James.  Bom  in  Fifeshire,  Scot- 
land, about  1795:  died  at  Manchester,  England, 
March  25, 1860.  A  British  medical  writer,  espe- 
cially noted  for  his  investigation  of  hypnotism 
(named  by  him  originally  "neurohypnotism"). 

Braila  (bra-e'la),  or  BraSlov  (bra-e-lov'),  or 
Ibrall  (e-bra-el').  A  city  in  Wallachia,  Eu- 
mania,  situated  on  the  Danube  in  lat.  45°  17' 
N.,  long.  27°  55'  E.  It  was  formerly  a  fortress. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Russians  in  1770  and  in 
1828.    Population,  46,715. 

Brainard  (bra'nard),  John  Gardiner  Calkins. 
Born  at  New  London,  Conn.,  Oct.  21, 1796:  died 
there,  Sept.  26,  1828.  An  American  poet  and 
journalist.  He  was  editor  of  the  "  Connecticut  Mir- 
ror "  (1822-27).  He  published  a  volume  of  poems  (1825), 
a  second  enlarged  edition  of  which  appeared  (1832),  with  a 
sketch  of  the  author  by  John  G.  Whittier,  under  the  title 
of  "Literary  Remains." 

Braine-l'Alleud,  or  Braine-la-Leude  (bran- 
la-led'),  Plem.  Eigen-Brakel.  A  manufac- 
turing town  in  the  province  of  Brabant,  Bel- 
gium, 12  miles  south  of  Brussels.  It  was  the 
scene  of  part  of  the  operations  of  the  battle  of 
Waterloo.     Population  (1890),  7,296. 

Braine-le-Comte  (bran-le-k6ut'),  Flem.  's  Gra- 
ven Brakel.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Hai- 
naut,  Belgium,  14 miles  northeast  of  Mons.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  8,790. 

Brainerd  (bra'nerd),  David.  Bom  at  Had- 
dam.  Conn.,  April  20, 1718 :  died  at  Northamp- 
ton, Mass.,  Oct.  9,  1747.  An  American  mis- 
sionary among  the  Indians.  His  biography 
was  written  by  Jonathan  Edwards  (17® :  en- 
larged edition  1822). 

Braintree  (bran'tre).  A  town  in  Essex,  Eng- 
land, 11  miles  northeast  of  Chelmsford.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  5,303. 

Braintree.  A  town  in  Norfolk  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, iO  miles  south  of  Boston.  Population 
(1900),  5,981. 

Brainworm  (bran'werm).  In  Ben  Jonson's 
"Every  Man  in  his  Humour,"  a  servant  of  old 
Knowell,  witty  and  shrewd,  whose  various  dis- 
guises contribute  to  the  perplexities  and  elabo- 
ration of  the  plot. 

Brake  (bra'ke).  A  town  of  Oldenburg,  Ger- 
many, until  1888  a  free  port,  situated  on  the 
Weser  22  miles  northwest  of  Bremen. 

Braklond  (brak'lond).  Long  and  Little.  Two 
ancient  streets  in  St.  Edmimdsbury,  England. 
See  Jocelin  de  Brakelonde. 

Bramah  (bra'ma),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Stainbor- 
ough,  Yorkshire,  England,  April  2,  1749 :  died 
at  Pimlico,  Dec.  9, 1814.  An  English  mechani- 
cian and  engineer.  He  patented  the  Bramah 
look  in  1784,  oud  the  hydraulic  press  in  1796. 


Bramante 

Bramante  (bra-man'te),  Donate  d'Angnolo. 
Born  at  Monti  Asdrualdo,  near  Urbino,  about 
1444 :  died  March  11, 1514.  A  celebrated  Ital- 
ian architect.  He  studied  painting  before  architec- 
ture. About  1472  he  established  himself  in  Milan,  and 
lived  in  northern  Italy  the  greater  part  of  his  life.  He 
abandoned  Milan  for  Home  in  U99,  and  became  the  great- 
est master  of  the  £oman  style  growing  up  about  the  an- 
tique ruins.  His  principal  works  in  Eome  are :  (a)  The 
Chancellerla  builtfor  the  Cardinal  EaflaeUo  Biario.nephew 
of  Pope  Sixtus  IV.,  his  tirat  work  in  Kome.  The  columns 
in  the  famous  courtyard  were  taken  from  the  old  Basilica 
of  San  Lorenzo  in  Damaso,  and  were  originally  taken  from 
the  Portico  of  Pompey.  (6)  The  Tempietto  (1602).  (e) 
Palazzo  Cfiraud-Torlonia  (1603).  (d)  The  cloisters  of  Santa 
Maria  della  Pace  (1604).  He  was  employed  by  Popes  Alex- 
ander VI.  and  Julius  II.  His  works  at  the  Vatican  were 
the  long  gallery  connecting  the  old  palace  with  the  Belre- 

'  dere,  the  court  of  the  Loggia  finished  by  Raphael,  contain- 
ing the  frescos  of  Kaphael,  and  the  first  plan  of  St.  Peter's. 
(See  St.  Peter's.)  Bramante's  design  has  been  considered 
by  Michelangelo  and  all  architectural  critics  as  the  best  of 
the  many  which  were  made  for  this  church.  It  was  a 
Greek  cross  with  a  dome  and  two  spires,  and  instead  of 

'  the  single  great  order  of  the  interior  employed  two  orders 
superimposed  as  in  the  Ospidali  Mag^iori.  The  first  stone 
was  laid  on  April  IS,  1606.  As  a  military  engineer  Bra- 
mante assisted  Julius  II.  in  the  sieges  of  Bologna  and 
Mirandola,  and  built  the  fine  old  fort  at  Civitk  Vecchia 
near  Borne. 

Brambanau  (bram-ba'nan).  A  village  in 
southern  Java,  10  miles  east  of  Djokjo-karta, 
noted  for  ruins  of  temples. 

Bramble  (bram'bl),  Frederick.  The  nephew 
of  Sir  Robert  in  Colman's  play ' '  The  Poor  Gen- 
tleman." He  is  generous,  enthusiastic,  and  the  pre. 
server  of  Emily.  He  insults  her  abductor  "  witli  all  the 
civility  imaginable." 

Bramble,  Matthew.  In  Smollett's  novel 
"Humphrey  Clinker,"  a  hot-tempered,  kind- 
hearted,  gouty  squire,  whose  opinions  are  sup- 
posed to  represent  Smollett's. 

Bramble,  Sir  Kobert.  In  Colman's  play  "  The 
Poor  Gentleman,"  a  character  of  the  same 
stamp  as  Matthew  Bramble. 

Bramble,  Tabitha.  The  sister  of  Matthew 
Bramble,  a  prying  and  ugly  old  maid,"exceed- 
ingly  starched,  vain  and  ridiculous,"  who  finally 
insnares  "the  immortal  Lismahago." 

Bramhall  (bram'hal),  Jolm.  Bom  at  Ponte- 
fract,  Yorkshire,  England,  1594:  died  in  Ire- 
land, June,  1663.  Am  English  prelate  in  Ire- 
land, and  controversialist.  He  became  bishop  of 
Deny  in  1634 ;  was  impeached  by  the  Irish  House  of  Com- 
mons, March  4, 1641,  and  arrested  on  the  charge  of  compli- 
city In  the  alleged  treason  of  StraSord ;  was  liberated, 
wiuiout  acquittal,  through  the  exertions  of  Ussher  with 
the  king,  1641 ;  retired  to  Hamburg  after  the  battle  of 
Marston  Moor,  1644  ;  became  archbishop  of  Armagh  1661 ; 
and  in  the  same  year  became  speaker  of  the  Irish  House 
of  Lords.  He  induced  the  Church  of  Ireland  to  embrace 
the  Thirty-nine  Articles,  and  disputed  with  Hobbes  on 
liberty  and  necessity; 

Brampton  (bralmp'ton).  Lady.  A  character  in 
Steele's  play  "The  funeral.'' 

Bran.    The  name  of  Fingal's  dog. 

Bran,  surnamed  "The  Blessed."  A  knight 
whose  history  is  given  in  Taliesin's  poem  "My- 
vyrian."  He  discovered  a  wonderful  and  mystic  vessel 
which  was  adorned  like  the  San  Graal  and  had  traditions 
resembling  it.  -  t*       j   i 

Brancaleone  (bran-ka-la-o'ne),  Dandolo. 
Died  at  Rome,  1258.  An  Italian  statesman  of 
Bolognese  origin,  elected  by  the  people  podest&, 
or  senator,  of  Kome  in  1253,  with  the  power  of 
enforcing  justice,  and  the  command  of  the  mili- 
tary forces.  He  repressed  the  nobles  and  forced  the 
Pope  (Innocent  IV.)  to  recognize  the  power  of  the  people, 
but  he  exercised  his  power  with  such  severity  that  he 
was  driven  from  the  city.    Two  years  later,  however,  he 

Branchidae  (brang'ki-'de).  [Gr.  Bpayx^ia',  de- 
scendants of  Branchus  (Bpdyxoi),  and  the  name 
of  their  seat  near  Miletus,  Asia  Minor.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a  small  town  in  Sogdiana, 
said  to  have  been  built  by  the  priests  of  Apollo 
DidymsBus  near  Miletus:  it  was  destroyed  by 
Alexander  the  Great.  Temple  o/ApaUo  Vidymseus,  a 
very  ancient  sanctuary  rebuilt  at  a  lite  date  on  so  great  a 
scale  that  it  was  never  finished.  The  temple  was  in  plan  168 
by  362  feet,  Ionic,  decastyle,  dipteral,  with  twenty-one  col- 
umns on  each  flank,  and  fdur  between  antse  in  the  pronaos. 
The  columns  are  63  feet  high.  A  sacred  way,  bordered 
with  archaic  seated  statues,  the  best  of  which  are  now  m 
the  British  MusSum,  led  from  the  sea-shore  to  the  temple. 
Thenam^lBranchidsB,  as  the  name  of  &  place,  is  curious. 
The  tenh  properly  applied  to  the  priestly  family  to  which 
was  Committed  the  superintendence  of  the  oracle,  and 
maj  be  compared  with  such  names  as  Eumolpidse,  lami- 
5e  &c  .  .  f  According  to  the  local  tradition  they  were 
descended  from  Branchus,  a  Tliessalian,  or  accordmg  to 
others  a  Delphian,  the  original  founder  and  priest  of  the 
temple,  of  whom  a  legend  was  t»ld  simdar  to  that  of  Hya- 
cinthus.  RawUnsm,  Herod.,  III.  237,  note. 

Branco  (brSng'ko),  Eio,  A  river  in  north- 
em  Brazil  which  joins  the  Bio  Negro  m  lat 
1°  22'  S,,  long.  61°  57'  W.    Length,  about  ^75 

miles.  TFT    f  _t 

Brand  (brand),  John.    Bom  at  Washington, 


179 

Durham,  England,  Aug.  19, 1744:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  11,  1806.  An  English  antiquary 
and  topographer,  rector  of  the  parishes  St. 
Mary-at-Hill  and  St.  Andrew  Hubbard  in  the 
city  of  London .  He  published  "  Observations  on  Popu- 
lar Antiquities :  including  the  whole  of  Mr.  Bourne's  '  An- 
tiquitates  Vulgares,"  etc."  (1777),  and  other  works. 

Brandan.    See  Brendan. 

Brande  (brand),  William  Thomas.  Bom  at 
London,  Eeb.  11,  1788:  died  at  Tunbridge 
Wells,  England,  Feb.  11, 1866.  A  distinguished 
English  chemist.  He  became  professor  of  chemistry 
to  tne  Apothecaries'  Company  1812 ;  professor  of  materia 
medica  1813 ;  master  of  the  company  1851 ;  was  professor 
of  chemistry  at  the  Boyal  Institution  1813-54;  became 
superintendent  of  the  die  department  of  the  mint  1826,  and 
of  the  coining  department  1854 ;  and  edited  with  M.  Fara^ 
day  the ' '  Quarterly  Journal  of  Science  and  Art "  (1816-36). 

Brandenburg  (bran'den-borG).  A  city  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Havel  35  miles  west-southwest  of  BerUn. 
It  contains  a  cathedral  and  church  of  St.  Catherine.  It 
was  an  old  Slavic  stronghold ;  was  taken  by  Albert  the 
Bear  in  1153 ;  and  was  long  the  principal  place  in  the  mark 
of  Brandenburg.    Population  (1890),  commune,  37,817. 

Brandenburg.  A  former  margi-avate  and  elec- 
torate of  the  German  Empire,  the  nucleus  of 
the  kingdom  of  Prussia.  The  Nordmark  (see  Nord- 
mark)  was  granted  in  1134  to  Albert  the  Bear,  who  sub- 
dued the  Slavic  Wends,  Christianized  the  region  and  col- 
onized it  with  Germans,  and  took  the  title  of  Margrave  of 
Brandenburg,  making  the  town  of  Brandenburg  his  cap- 
ital. Brandenburg  was  recognized  as  one  of  the  seven 
electorates  in  the  Golden  Bull  of  1356.  It  was  united  with 
Bohemia  1373-1415.  In  1415  Frederick  of  Hohenzollem 
(Burgrave  of  Nuremberg)  received  the  mark  and  electo- 
rate of  Brandenburg,  and  was  formally  invested  with  it  in 
1417.  The  mark  consisted  then  mainly  of  the  Altmark, 
Priegnitz,  and  the  Mittelmark ;  the  TJkermark  was  added 
(mainly)  about  1416-40,  the  IvTeumark  (mainly)  about  1450. 
Brandenburg  early  embraced  the  Heformation.  It  ac- 
quired Oleves,  Mark,  and  Kavensburg  in  1614  (formally 
1666),  and  the  duchy  of  Prussia  was  united  with  it  in  1618. 
During  the  reign  of  Frederick  William,  the  Great  Elector 
(1640-88),  it  became  an  important  military  power.  In  1648 
it  acquired  eastern  (Further)  Pomerania,  and  the  bishop- 
rics of  Halberstadt,  Minden,  and  Kamin,  and  in  1680  the 
archbishopric  of  Magdeburg.  It  became  the  kingdom  of 
Prussia  in  1701.    See  Pnwda. 

Brandenburg.  A  province  of  Pmssia.  It  is 
bounded  by  Mecklenburg  and  Pomerania  on  the  north. 
West  Prussia,  Posen,  and  Silesia  on  the  east,  Silesia  and 
the  province.of  Saxony  on  the  south,  and  the  province  of 
Saxony,  Anhalt,  and  Hannover  on  the  west.  It  contains 
the  government  districts  Potsdam  and  Frankfort.  Since 
1881  Berlin  has  been  separated  from  the  province.  It  is 
composed  of  the  Mittelmark,  Ukermark,  Priegnitz,  and 
most  of  the  Neumark,  and  is  the  nucleus  of  the  Prussian 
monarchy.  The  surface  is  generally  level.  Area,  16,376 
square  miles.    Population  (1890),  2,641,783. 

Brandenburg,  Triedrich  Wilhelm,  Count  of. 

Bom  at  Berlin,  Jan.  24,  1792:  died  Nov.  6, 
1850.  A  Prussian  general  and  statesman,  sou 
of  Frederick  William  H.  of  Prussia  by  his  mor- 
ganatic wife ,  the  Countess  von  DoenhofE.  He  be- 
came the  head  of  a  strongly  reactionary  minority,  Nov.  2, 
1848,  and  represented  Prussia  at  Warsaw,  Oct.  29, 1860,  be- 
fore the  Czar  of  Kussia,  who  acted  as  arbiter  between 
Prussia  and  Austria  in  the  difference  arising  out  of  Aus- 
tria's interference  in  the  politics  of  Hesse-Caasel. 

Brandes  (bran'des),  Georg  Morris  Cohen. 
Born  at  Copenhagen,  Feb.  4,  1842.  A  Danish 
writer  on  esthetics  and  the  history  of  literature. 
Between  1866  and  1871  (time  spent  principally  in  France 
and  Germany)  he  published  "Asthetiske  Studier"  ("Es- 
thetic Studies"),  "Kritiker  og  Por.tjaeter"  ("Criticisms 
and  Portraits  "),  and  "Den  franske  Asthetik  i  vore  Dage  " 
("French  Esthetics  in  Our  Day,"  1870).  Returning  to  Den- 
mark, lie  became  decent  at  the  tJniversity  of  Copenhagen. 
His  lectures  (which  afterward  appeared  under  the  title 
"Hovedstrbmninger  i  det  lO'^e  Aarhundredes  Literatur," 
"Principal  Tendencies  in  the  literature  of  the  Kineteenth 
Century,"  1872-75)  brought  upon  him  the  charge  of  radi- 
calism and  froo-thinking,  and  accordingly,  in  1877,  he  left 
Denmark  for  Germany,  and  settled  in  Berlin.  In  the  same 
year  fall  "Soren  Kjerkegaard"  and  "Danske  Diktere" 
("Danish  Poets").  In  Berlin  appeared  "Esaijas  Tegn^r" 
and  "Benjamin  d'Israeli,"  both  in  1878. 

Brandimart  (bran'di-mart),  or  Brandunarte 
(bran-de-mar'te).  The  husband  of  FlordeUs, 
and  the  King  of  the  Distant  Islands,  in  both 
Boiardo's  and  Ariosto's  "  Orlando."  He  is  killed 
by  Gradasso.    See  Flordelis. 

Brandis  (bran'dis),  Christian  August.  Born 
at  Hildesheim,  Germany,  Feb.  13,  1790:  died 
at  Bonn,  Prussia,  July  24,  1867.  A  German 
philosophical  writer  and  historian,  professor  at 
Bonn  (1821).  Hewrote  a  "Handbuch  der  Gesohichte 
der  griechisch-romisohen  Philosophic"  (1835-66),  " Ge- 
sohichte der  Entwickelungen  der  griechischen  Philoso- 
phic" (1862-64),  etc.  ^         t.       j 

Brandon  (bran 'don),  Samt.  See  Brendan, 
Saint.  ,    ,,  _. 

Brandon.  A  character  in  Shakspere's  "King 
Henry  VIII."  „ 

Brandon,  Charles.  Died  at  Guildford,  Eng- 
land, Aug.  24,  1545.  An  English  nobleman, 
son  of  William  Brandon,  Henry  VII.'s  standard- 
bearer  at  Bosworth  Field,  created  duke  of  Suf- 
folk Feb.,  1514.  He  was  a  favorite  of  Henry  VHL, 
served  him  in  various  diplomatic  missions,  and  seeretly 


Brass 

married  his  sister,  the  widow  of  Louis  XII.  of  France. 
He  commanded  the  armies  which  invaded  France  in  1523 
and  1544.    In  the  latter  year  he  captured  Boulogne. 

Brandt  (brant),  Marianne  (Marie  Bischof). 

Bom  at  Vienna,  Sept.  12,  1842.  A  German 
singer.  She  has  been  particularly  successful 
as  Brangane  and  Fidelio. 

Brandywine  (bran 'di- win)  Creek.  A  river 
in  southeastern  Pennsylvania  which  joins  the 
Delaware  River  at  Wilmington,  Delaware.  Here 
Sept.  11,  1777,  General  Howe  defeated  the  Americans 
under  Washington.  The  force  of  the  British  was  about 
18,000 ;  that  of  the  Americans,  11,000.  Loss,  British,  over 
1,000 ;  Americans,  about  1,000. 

Brangtons  (brang'tonz).  The.  A  family  of 
the  middle  class  in  Miss  Bumey's  novel  "Eve- 
Una."  Their  name  is  proverbial  for  vulgar 
malicious  jealousy. 

Brangwaine,  or  Brangwayne,  orBrengwain. 
The  confidante  of  Isolde  (Iseult)  in  the  romance 
of  "Tristram  and  Isolde":  in  Wagner's  opera 
called  Brangane. 

The  group  of  the  "Children  of  Lir"  included  several 
other  divinities  who  came  to  be  regarded  as  characters 
of  romance.  The  Lady  Brangwaine,  who  helps  and  hides 
the  loves  of  Tristram  and  Iseult,  is  no  other  than 
"Branwen  of  the  Fair  Bosom, "  the  Venus  of  the  North- 
ern Seas,  whose  miraculous  fountain  still  preserves  her 
name  in  an  islet  off  the  shore  of  Anglesea. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  280. 

Branicki(bra-nyits'ke),  Jan  Klemens.  Bom 
1688:  died  at  Bialystok,  Poland,  Oct.  9,  1771. 
A  Polish  politician,  leader  of  the  republican 
party.  He  was  the  champion  of  the  nobility  against 
Augustus  II.,  and  after  the  death  of  Augustus  IIL  put 
himself,  with  Karl  Radziwill,  at  the  head  of  the  republi- 
can party,  by  which  he  was  offered  the  crown  ;  but  the 
monarchical  party,  under  Czartoryiski,  triumphed  in  the 
diet  of  1764,  and  he  was  banished,  remaining  in  exile  till 
the  accession  of  PoniatowskL 

Branicki  (originally  Branetzki),  Xavery. 
Died  1819.  A  Polish  politician,  of  the  Russian 
party.  He  was  the  agent  of  Catherine  II.  in  her 
amours  with  Poniatowski,  and  in  1771  became  grand 
general  of  the  kingdom  of  Poland.  He  was  convicted 
of  treason  in  1794,  and  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  the 
Ukraine. 

Brant  (brant),  Joseph  (Thayendanegea). 
Bom  in  Ohio  about  1742  :  died  near  Lake  On- 
tario, Canada,  Nov.  24, 1807.  A  Mohawk  chief 
in  the  British  service  during  the  Revolutionary 
War. 

Brant  (brant),  Sebastian.  Bom  at  Strasburg, 
1458 :  died  at  Strasburg,  May  10,  1521.  A  Ger- 
man satiric  poet.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  Basel, 
and  was  made  doctor  of  laws  in  1489.  He  was  afterward 
town  clerk  in  Strasburg.  His  most  celebrated  work  is  the 
"Narrenschiff"  ("Ship  of  Fools"),  a  satirical  didactic 
poem,  published  first  at  Basel,  1494.  A  translation  into 
Latin  appeared  in  1497,  and  versions  were  made  in  French, 
Dutch,  and  English.  The  principal  edition  of  the  "Nar- 
renschiff "  is  by  Zarncke,  Leipsic,  1854.    See  Ship  of  Fools. 

Brantford  (brant'ford).  A  town  in  Ontario, 
Canada,  situated  on  the  Grand  River  23  miles 
southwest  of  Hamilton.  Population  (1901), 
16,619. 

Brantome  (bron-tom').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Dordogne,  Prance,  situated  on  the 
Dronne  13  miles  north-northwest  of  P^rigueux. 
Population  (1891),  commime,  2,422. 

Brantome,  Seigneur  de  (Pierre  de  Eour- 
deilles).  Bom  in  P6rigord,  France,  about 
1540:  diedJuly  15, 1614.  A  French  chronicler. 
He  was  made  Abb^  de  Brant6me  at  the  age  of  sixteen, 
without  taldng  orders ;  served  in  the  army  against  the 
Huguenots,  and  traveled  extensively.  His  "Mtooires" 
(1666-66)  are  valued  for  their  lively  description  of  the 
chief  historical  persons  and  events  of  his  time.  ' '  (Buvres  " 
(1740). 

Branville  (bran'vil),  Sir  Anthony,  A  pedan- 
tic and  solemn  lover  in  Mrs.  Sheridan's  play 
"The  Discovery."  He  talks  most  passionately,  with- 
out showing  a  spark  of  meaning  in  his  action  or  features, 
and  has  made  love  in  this  manner  to  eight  women  in 
thirteen  years.    Gaxrick  created  the  chai'acter. 

Brasenose  (braz'noz)  College.  A  college  of 
Oxford  University,  foimded  by  Bishop  William 
Smith  of  Lincoln  and  Sir  Richard  Sutton,  about 
1509  (?),upon  the  site  of  an  old  academical  insti- 
tution named  Brasenose  Hall  (from  its  sign,  a 
brasennose).  The  foundation-stone  was  laid  June  1, 
1609,  and  the  charter  was  granted  in  1612.  The  quad- 
rangle is  very  picturesque;  the  Tudor  gate-tower  and 
hall  remain  unaltered.  The  library  and  chapel  are 
later,  and  architecturally  incongruous.  A  new  quad- 
rangle has  lately  been  added. 

Brasidas  (bras'i-das).  [Gr.  Bpd(7«Jaf.]  Killed 
at  Amphipolis,  Macedonia,  422  b.  c.  A  Spar- 
tan general,  distinguished  in  the  Pelop«nne- 
sian  war.  He  captured  Amphipolis  in  424, 
and  defeated  Cleon  there  in  422. 

Brasil.    See  Brazil. 

Brass,    See  Idzo. 

Brass  (bras).  In  Vanbrugh's  comedy  "The 
Confederacy,"  the  knavish  companion  of  Dick 
Amlet,  passing  for  his  servant :  a  clever  valet 


Brass,  Sally 

Brass,  Sally.  The  sister  and  partner  of  Samp- 
son Brass  in  Dickens's  "Old  Curiosity  Shop." 
She  has  a  very  red  nose  and  suspicions  of  a  beard,  and 
devotes  herself  "  with  uncommon  ardor  to  the  study  of 
the  law." 

Brass,  Sampson.  A  harsh-voiced  "attorney 
of  no  verjr  good  repute,"  in  Charles  Dickens's 
"Old  Curiosity  Shop":  the  legal  adviser  of 
Quilp. 

Brasseur  de  Bonrbourg  (bra-ser'  d6  bor-bor'), 
Charles  Btienne.  Born  at  Bonrbourg,  D6- 
partement  du  Nord,  France,  Sept.  8, 1814:  died 
at  Nice,  Jan.  8,  1874.  A  French  clergyman, 
ethnologist,  and  author.  He  was  a  teacher  and 
priest  in  •Canada  and  the  United  States  1846-48.  From  1848 
to  1861  he  was  almoner  of  the  French  legation  at  Mexico, 
and  from  1864  to  1863  he  traveled  extensively  in  Mexico 
and  Central  America,  studying  Indian  antiquities  and  an- 
cient manuscripts.  In  1864  he  was  appointed  arclueolo- 
gist  to  the  French  scientific  expedition  in  Mexico.  He 
published  "  Histoire  des  nations  civilis^es  du  MSxique  et 
de  1' Am^rique  Centrale  "  (4  vols.  185T-68),  and  various  other 
works  on  the  ancient  history  of  Mexico,  and  its  monuments. 

Brassey  (bras'i),  Aime,  Lady.  Died  at  sea, 
Sept.  14,  1887.  An  English  traveler,  she  was 
the  daugliter  of  J.  Allnutt,  of  London,  and  married 
Thomas  (later  Lord)  Brassey  in  1860.  She  accompanied 
her  husband  in  his  tours  in  the  yacht  Sunbeam,  of  which 
she  wrote  interesting  accounts.  Author  of  *'A  Voyage  in 
the  Sunbeam,  our  Home  on  the  Ocean  for  Twelve  Months  " 
0878),  "Sunshine  and  Storm  in  the  East,  or  Cruises  to 
Cyprus  and  Constantinople "  (1879),  "In  the  Trades,  the 
Tropics,  and  the  Koaring  Forties"  QS84),  etc. 

Brassey,  Thomas.  Born  at  Buerton,  Aldford, 
in  Chesnire,  England,  Nov.  7,  1805:  died  at 
Hastings,  England,  Dec.  8,  1870.  An  English 
railway  contractor.  He  constructed  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railway  in  Canada. 

Brassey,  Thomas,  Lord.  Born  at  Stafford, 
England,  in  1836.  An  English  political  econo- 
mist, and  writer  on  naval  matters.  He  became 
a  lord  of  the  admiralty  under  Gladstone  in  1880,  secre- 
tary of  the  admiralty  1884,  and  a  peer  in  1886.  His 
works  include  "Work  and  Wages"  (1872),  "Lectures  on 
the  Labor  Question  "  0^78),  etc. 

Brattle  (brat'l),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  Sept.  5,  1657:  died  there.  May  18,  1713. 
A  merchant  and  writer  on  astronomical  topics. 
In  1692  he  protested  (in  a  private  letter  printed  m  the 
"Massachusetts  Historical  Collections  ^  against  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  court  in  the  so-called  witchcraft  cases. 

BrattleborO  (brat'l-biir"6).  A  town  in  Wind- 
ham County,  Vermont,  situated  on  the  Con- 
necticut Eiver.    Population  (1900),  6,640. 

Braun  (broun),  August  Bmil,  Bom  atGotha, 
Germany,  April  19,  1809 :  died  at  Eome,  Sept. 
12,  1856.'  A  German  archaeologist  and  homeo- 
pathic physician. 

Braun,  Johann  Wilhelm  Joseph.  Born  at 
Gronau,  near  Diiren,  Prussia,  April  27,  1801: 
died  at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Sept.  30, 1863.  A  Ger- 
man Roman  Catholic  theologian,  professor  at 
Bonn  (1829).  He  was  the  author  of  "Die  Lehredes 
sogenannten  Hermesianismus  ^  (1835),  etc.,  and  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  "Zeitsohrift  fiir  Philosophie  und  Katho- 
lische  Theologie." 

Braunsberg  (brounz'bero).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  35  miles 
southwest  of  Konigsberg.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  10,851. 

Brauronia  (bra-ro'ni-a).  [Gr.  Bpavp^vca,  from 
Bpavp<iiv,  Brauron.]  In  Greek  antiquity,  a  festi- 
val held  at  the  shrine  of  Artemis  at  Brauron, 
in  Attica,  once  in  four  years.  At  this  festival  the 
Attic  "  girls,  between  the  ages  of  five  and  ten,  went  in  pro- 
cession, dressed  in  crocus-coloured  garments,  to  the  sanc- 
tuary, and  there  performed  a  rite  wherein  they  imitated 
bears.  No  Attic  woman  was  allowed  to  marry  till  she 
had  gone  through  this  ceremony  "  (Itawlinson,  Herod. ,  IIL 
613,  note). 

Branwer.    See  Brouwer. 

Brava's  Knight.  Orlando  Purioso:  so  called 
because  he  was  the  Marquis  of  Brava. 

Bravest  of  the  Brave,  P.  Le  Brave  des 
Braves.  An  epithet  given  by  Henry  IV.  of 
France  to  Crillon  (1541-1615),  and  applied  by 
the  French  army  to  Marshal  Ney  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Friedland,  1807. 

Bravo  (bra' vo),  Nicolas.  Bom  at  Chilpancingo, 
Mexico,  about  1787:  died  there,  April  22, 1854. 
A  Mexican  general.  He  joined  the  revolutionist 
Morelos  in  May,  1811,  and  kept'up  a  determined  resis- 
'  tance  to  the  Spaniards  until  he  was  captured  in  1817.  Re- 
leased by  the  amnesty  of  1820,  he  joined  Iturbide  m  1821 ; 
but  he  declared  against  Iturbide's  enthronement,  was  one 
of  the  leaders  of  the  republicans  who  overthrew  him,  and 
a  member  of  the  provisional  government  of  April,  1823. 
He  became  vice-president  AprU  1, 1824.  Notwithstanding 
his  office  he  led  a  rebellion  against  the  president,  Victo- 
ria in  1827,  was  defeated  and  captured  at  Tulancingo, 
Jan.  6, 1828,  and  banished  for  several  years  Under  Santa 
Anna  he  was  president  of  the  council  and"  twice  acting 
president  (July,  1839,  and  Oct.,  1842,  to  March,  1843).  In 
June,  1846,  he  became  vice-president  under  Paredes ;  the 
latter  resigned  the  power  to  him,  July  28, 1846,  but  in  the 
universal  anarchy  which  prevailed  he  was  able  to  hold 
the  place  for  a  few  days  only.  ^     ,     ,      .      .         ,-, 

Bravo,  Eio.     [Sp.,  'wild  or  turbulent  river.'] 


180 

The  name  originally  given  to  the  Rio  Grande 
in  the  16th  century,  and  still  used  by  the  inhab- 
itants of  Mexico. 

Bravo,  The.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  published  in 
1831.  Buckstone  produced  a  melodrama  in  1833 
with  the  same  title,  a  dramatization  of  the  novel. 

Bravo  de  Saravia  Sotomayor  (bra'vo  da  sa- 
ra-ve'a  sd-t6-ma-y6r'),Melchor.  Born  at  Soria 
about  1505:  died  there  about  1580.  A  Spanish 
lawyer  and  administrator.  He  went  to  Peru  in 
1647  as  one  of  the  judges  of  the  audience  under  Gasca, 
and  later  was  dean  of  the  audience  during  the  rebellion 
of  Giron.  From  1667  to  1574  he  governed  Chile  as  presi- 
dent of  the  audience  at  Santiago. 

Bravo-Murillo  (bra'vo-mo-rel'yo),  Juan.  Bom 
at  Frejenal  de  la  Sierra,  Badajoz,  Spain,  June, 
1803 :  died  at  Madrid,  Jan.  11,  1873.  A  Span- 
ish statesman  and  diplomatist,  prime  minister 
1851-52. 

Bray  (bra),  Mrs.  (Anna  Eliza  Kempe).  Bom 
at  Newington,  Surrey,  Dec.  25,  1790:  died  at 
London,  Jan.  21, 1883.  An  English  novelist  and 
miscellaneous  writer.  She  was  first  married  to  Charles 
A.  Stothard  (died  1821X  and  about  1823  to  the  Bey.  Edward 
A.  Bray,  vicar  of  Tavistock.  She  wrote  "  De  Foix  "  (1826), 
"Trelawney  of  Trelawney  "(1837),  "  Courtenay  of  Walred- 
don  "  (1844),  "  The  Borders  of  the  Tamar  and  the  Tavy  " 
(1836),  etc 

Bray,  Madeline.  A  young  lady  of  singular 
beauty  in  Charles  Dickens's  "Nicholas  Nickle- 
by,"  the  slave  of  a  profligate  father.  She  be- 
comes the  wife  of  Nicholas  Nickleby. 

Bray,  Sir  Beginald.  Bom  in  the  parish  of 
St.  John  Bedwardine,  near  "Worcester:  died 
1503.  An  English  architect  and  politician.  He 
was  steward  of  me  household  of  Sir  Henry  Stafford,  and 
later  a  favorite  of  Henry  vn.,  who  appointed  him  privy 
councilor  and  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  and 
employed  him  in  various  other  offices.  He  supervised  the 
construction  of,  and  probably  designed,  the  chapel  of 
Hemy  VII.  at  Westminster ;  he  also  founded  St.  George's 
Chapel  at  Windsor. 

Bray,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Marton,  Shropshire, 
Enjglaud,  1656:  died  at  London,  Feb.  15,  1730. 
An  English  clergyman  and  philanthropist. 

Bray  (bra).  A  parish  in  Berkshire,  England,  26 
miles  west  of  London.  A  "Vicar  of  Bray,"  Simon 
Alleyn,  was  twice  a  papist  and  twice  a  Protestant  in  the 
reigns  of  Henry  VIIL,  Edward  VI.,  Mary,  &nd  Elizabeth 
(according  to  Fuller),  but  always  Vicar  of  Bray :  hence 
the  modem  application  of  the  title. 

Bray.  A  grazing  district  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  department  of  Seine-Inf6rieure,  Prance,  fa- 
mous for  butter  and  cheese. 

Bray.  A  seaport  and  watering-place  in  eastern 
Ireland,  12  nules  southeast  of  Dublin. 

Brazen  (bra'zn).  Captain.  The  rival  recruit- 
ing ofScer  to  Captain  Plume,  an  impudent,  ig- 
norant braggart,  in  Parquhar's  comedy  "  The 
Recruiting  Officer." 

Brazen  Hie,  The.  A  play  by  Thomas  Hey- 
wood,  printed  in  1613,  founded  on  Ovid's ' '  Meta- 
morphoses." 

Brazen  Nose  College,    See  Brasenose  College. 

Brazil  (bra-zil';  Pg.  pron.  bra-zel'),  United 
States  of."  [P.  Brisil,  G.  BraMien.']  A  repub- 
lic in  South  America,  capital  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
bounded  hy  Venezuela  and  British,  Dutch,  and 
French  Guiana  on  the  north,  the  Atlantic  on 
the  east,  Uruguay,  the  Argentine  Republic, 
Paraguay,  and  Bolivia  on  the  south,  and  Peru 
and  Colombia  on  the  west,  it  extends  lat.  e"  N.-33' 
46'  S.,  long.  35°-74°  W.  The  southeastern  portion  is  moun- 
tainous. The  central,  northeastern,  and  western  parts 
are  occupied  by  a  great  plateau,  with  the  low  plains  of 
the  Amazon  to  the  north,  and  those  of  the  Paraguay  to 
the  west.  North  of  the  Amazonian  plains  a  portion  of 
the  Guiana  plateau  is  included  in  Brazil.  The  mountain 
region  and  a  large  part  of  the  Amazonian  basin  are  cov- 
ered with  forest ;  the  remainder  is  more  or  less  open  land. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Amazon  and  its  tributaries, 
Parani  and  Sic  Francisco,  with  the  Uruguay  and  Para- 
guay on  the  frontiers.  Brazil  is  very  rich  in  agricultural 
resources,  and  exports  coffee,  sugar,  hides,  rubber,  cot- 
ton, tobacco,  etc.  It  contains  20  states,  and  the  federal 
district  of  Kio.  Its  government  is  a  federal  republic 
with  a  president  and  a  congress  consisting  of  a  senate  of 
63  members  and  a  chamber  of  212  deputies.  The  prevail- 
ing religion  is  Roman  Catholic,  and  the  prevailing  lan- 
guage Portuguese.  The  inhabitants  are  Brazilians,  Indians, 
negros,  mixed  races,  and  colonists  from  Germany,  Italy, 
and  Switzerland.  Brazil  was  discovered  by  Vicente  Yafiez 
Pinzon  Jan.  26, 1600,  and  independently  by  the  Portuguese 
Cabrai  in  the  same  year.  As  the  coast  was  in  the  hemi- 
sphere which,  by  the  Pope's  dictum,  had  been  assigned  to 
Portugal,  it  was  claimed  and  colonized  by  the  Portuguese. 
It  was  the  residence  of  the  exiled  Portuguese  royal  fam- 
ily in  the  Napoleonic  period.  Its  independence  was  pro- 
claimed in  1822.  An  empke  was  formed,  and  Dom  Pedro, 
son  of  the  Portuguese  king,  became  the  first  emperor. 
He  was  compelled  to  resign  in  1831  infavor  of  his  son,  Pedro 
II.  Brazil  was  in  1866-70  allied  with  the  Argentine  Be- 
public  and  Uruguay  against  the  dictator  Lopez  of  Para- 
guay who  was  defeated.  She  abolished  slavery  1S71-88. 
By  the  revolution  of  Nov.  15  and  16,  1889,  the  empire 
was  overthrown,  the  imperial  family  compelled  to  leave 
Brazil,  and  a  provisional  government  under  Fonseca  was 
established.    A  national  congress  was  summoned  in  1890, 


Breckenridge,  John  Cabell 

which  in  1891  proclaimed  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States  of  Bi'azil.  Fonseca,  the  first  president,  assumed  the 
dictatorship  in  1891,  but  was  obliged  to  resign  the  same 
year,  and  was  succeeded  by  Peixoto  as  president.  Eevolts 
have  occurred  especially  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  and  Matto 
Grosso,  and  in  1893  a  serious  rebellion  of  the  fleet  broke 
out  under  Mello.  Area,  3,218,082  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1892),  about  18,000,000. 

Brazil.  A  mythical  island  which  appeared  on 
maps  of  the  Atlantic  as  early  as  the  14th  cen- 
tury, and  long  remained  on  them.  It  was 
placed  at  first  apparently  in  the  Azores,  and 
also  appeared  as  west  of  Ireland. 

Brazils,  The.    Same  as  Brazil. 

"The  Brazils  "  in  the  plural  used  to  be  a  common  form, 
and  I  have  a  dim  notion  that  the  reason  has  to  be  sought 
for  in  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

Freeman,  Bist.  Essays,  4th  ser.,  p.  200. 

Brazos  (bra'zos).  A  river  in  Texas  which  flows 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  40  miles  southwest  of 
Galveston.  Length,  over  900 miles:  navigable 
(in  high  water)  250  miles. 

Brazos  de  Santiago  (bra'zos  da  san-te-a'go). 
A  haven  in  southern  Texas,  situated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  6  miles  north  of  the  mouth  of 
the  Rio  Grande. 

Brazza  (brat'sa),  Oiacomo  de.  Died  at  Rome, 
March  1,  1888.  A  younger  brother  of  Pierre 
Savorgnan  de  Brazza.  He  explored,  in  1886,  the 
countries  of  the  Umbete,  Osete,  Mboko,  Okota,  and  Djambi 
tribes,  in  French  Kongo. 

Brazza,  Count  Pierre  Savorgnan  de.  Bom  at 

Rome,  1852.  An  Italian  count,  African  ex- 
plorer, and  French  officer.  He  went,  in  1875,  with 
Dr.  Ballay,  on  a  commercial  exploration  of  the  Ogowe 
Eiver,  West  Africa.  Ballay  by  the  river,  and  Brazza  over- 
land, explored  the  whole  Ogowe  basin,  discovered  the 
Alima  and  Likuala  rivers,  and  returned  to  Gabun  in  1878. 
In  1879  Brazza  was  sent  by  the  French  government  on  a 
political  expedition.  He  founded  Franceville  on  the  Up- 
per Ogowe ;  opened  roads  between  the  coast  and  the  Eon- 
go  ;  secured  the  kingdom  of  Makoko  to  France ;  founded 
Brazzaville ;  met  Stanley  on  the  Kongo ;  and  explored  the 
Lalli  and  Niadi  rivers.  In  1880  he  made  more  explorations 
and  political  extension  in  the  Ogowe  basin  and  on  the 
coast.  In  1883  he  was  appointed  commissioner  (gover- 
nor) of  the  French  Kongo,  and  established  government 
posts  all  over  this  vast  domain,  exploring  at  the  same 
time  the  Nkoni  Eiver.  In  1891  he  led  an  expedition  up 
the  Sanga  Eiver,  thus  opening  the  way  for  an  expedition 
to  Lake  Chad. 

Brazza,  Slav.  Brae.  An  island  in  the  Adriatic 
Sea,  in  lat.  43°  18'  N.,  long.  16°  40'  E.,  in  the 
crownland  of  Dalmatia,  Austria- Hungary :  the 
ancient  Brattia  (Pliny).  Length,  25  miles,  c 
Area,  153  square  miles. 

Breadalbane  (bred-al'ban),  or  Albany  (al'ba- 
ni).  A  former  district  in  the  western  part  of 
Perthshire,  Scotland. 

Bread  and  Cheese  Folk.  The  insurgent  party 
in  Haarlem,  Netherlands,  in  1492,  who  held  tem- 
porary possession  of  the  city. 

Breakfast-Table,  Autocrat  of  the.  Professor 
at  thejPoet  at  the.  A  series  of  works  by 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes.     See  Holmes. 

Breakspear  (brak'sper),  Nicholas.  See  Adrian 
IF. 

Br6beuf  (bra-bef ),  Jean  de.  Born  atBayeux, 
Prance,  March  25, 1593 :  killed  in  the  Huron 
country,  March  16,  1649.  A  noted  French 
Jesuit,  missionary  among  the  Huron  Indians 
in  Canada.  In  a  combat  between  the  Hurons  and  Iro- 
quois, he  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  latter  and  was  put  to 
death  by  them.  He  translated  the  catechism  into  the 
Huron  language. 

Brechin  (brech'n).  A  town  in  Forfarshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  South  Esk  23  miles 
northeast  of  Dundee,  it  has  a  cathedral,  an  ancient 
round  tower,  and  a  castle.    Population  (1891),  8,956. 

Breckenridge  (brek'en-rij),  or  Breckinridge 

(brek'in-rij),  John.  Bom  in  Augusta  County, 
Va.,  Dec.  2, 1760 :  died  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  Dec. 
14, 1806.  An  American  politician.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1785 ;  became  attorney-general  of 
Kentucky  in  1796 ;  served  in  the  State  legislature  1797- 
1800 ;  drafted,  in  a  meeting  with  Jefferson  and  Nicholas 
at  Montioello  in  1798,  the  Kentucky  Eesolutions,  which 
were  adopted  on  his  motion  by  the  Kentucky  legislature, 
Nov.  10, 1798 ;  was  United  States  senator  f ronl  Kentucky 
1801-06,  and  was  attorney-general  in  President  Jefferson's 
cabinet  from  Aug.  7, 1805,  until  his  death. 

Breckenridge,  or  Breckinridge,  John  Cabell. 

Bom  near  Lexington,  Ky.,  Jan.  21,  1821 :  died 
at  Lexington,  Ky.,  May  17,  1875.  An  Ameri- 
can politician  and  general,  grandson  of  John 
Breckenridge.  He  was  a  member  of  Congress  1861- 
1866 ;  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  1857-61 ;  candi- 
date  of  the  Southern  Democrats  for  President  In  1860 ; 
United  States  senator  from  Kentucky  1861;  joined  the 
Confederate  army ;  was  promoted  major-general  Aug.  6, 
1862  ;  commanded  the  reserve  at  Shiloh  April  6-7, 1862 ; 
made  an  unsuccessful  attack  on  Baton  Eouge  in  Aug., 
1862 ;  commanded  the  right  wing  of  Bragg's  army  at  Mur- 
freesboro  Dec.  81, 1862 ;  was  at  Chickamauga  Sept.  19-20, 
1863,  and  at  Chattanooga  Nov.  23-26, 1863;  defeated  Gen- 
eral Sigel  near  Newmarket  May  16, 1864 ;  was  with  General 
Lee  at  Cold  Harbor  June  3, 1864;  was  defeated  by  Gen- 


Breckenridge,  John  Cabell 


181 


Brescia 


eral  Sheridan  In  the  Shenandoah  Valley  in  Sept.,  1864 ; 
defeated  General  Gillem  in  East  Tennessee  Nov.  12, 1864 ; 
was  in  the  battle  near  Nashville  Dec.  15, 1864 ;  and  was 
Confederate  secretary  of  war  from  Jan.  until  April,  1885. 

Brecknock  (brek'nok)  Beacons.  The  high-  Breitenfeld,  Battles  of,  or  LeipsicVBattles 
est  peaks  of  South  Wales,  5  miles  south  of  of.  1.  A  victory  gained  by  40, 000  Swedes  and 
Brecon.    Height,  2,910  feet.  ~  .      ~  .... 

Brecon  (brek'on).  The  capital  of  Brecknock- 
shire, Wales,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Honddu  and  Usk  30  miles  west  by  south  of 
Hereford.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Mrs.  Sid 
dons.    Population  (1891),  5,794. 

Brecon,  or  Brecknock.  A  county  in  South 
Wales,  lying  between  Eadnor  on  the  north, 
Radnor  and  Hereford  on  the  east.  Monmouth 
and,Glamorgan  on  the  south,  and  Cardigan  and 
Caermarthen  on  the  west.  Area,  719  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  57,031. 

Breda  (bra-da.').  A  town  and  fortress  in  the 
province  of  North  Brabant,  Netherlands,  26 


mathematics  at  Eagusa,  and  then  at  the  Collegio  Nazareno  Brendan,  or  Brenalnn,  Saint.  Bom  at  Tralee. 
at  Kome,  and  later  was  one  of  the  consuls  of  the  Roman  rnnntTr  ITottv  In  4.R4.-  Hio/l  i-n  Kli  Ar,  ^■^J, 
Republic.  His  chief  works  are  "  Topografla  flsica  della  bounty  Ji-erry,  m  4»4 .  meet  m  577.  An  Insh 
Campania  "(1798),  "Instituzionigeologiche"(l8l8),  etc.  monk,  a  contemporary  ot  bt.  Brendan  of  Birr, 
> — 11. — if-ij  T>. .1.1.1 —  -j>   __  T  _..._,_   ..,   ..,        and  called  "Son  of  Finnloga"  or  St.  Brendan 

of  Clonfert  to  distinguish  him.  After  completing 
his  studies  at  Tuam  he  set  forth  on  the  expedition  Known 
as  the  "Navigation  of  St.  Brendan."  According  to  the 
legendary  account  of  hisi  travels,  he  set  sail  with  others 
to  seek  the  terrestrial  paradise  which  was  supposed  to 
exist  in  an  island  of  the  Atlantic.  Various  miracles  are 
related  of  the  voyage,  but  they  are  always  connected  with 
the  great  island  where  the  monks  are  said  to  have  landed. 
The  legend  was  current  in  the  time  of  Columbus  and  long 
after,  and  many  connected  St  Brendan's  island  with  the 
newly  discovered  America.  His  name  is  variously  spelled 
Brandon,,  Borondon,  etc.    He  is  commemorated  on  May  16. 


Saxons  under  Gustavus  Adolphus  over  40,000 
Imperialists  under  Tilly,  Sept.  17, 1631,  at  Brei- 
tenfeld, a  small  place  nearLeipsic. — 3.  Avictory 
of  the  Swedes  under  Torstenson  over  the  Im- 
perialists under  Piccolomini,  Nov.  2  (N.  S. ),  1642. 
Breithaupt  (brit'houpt),  Joachim  Justus. 
Born  at  Nordheim,  Hannover,  Germany,  1658: 
died  at  Kosterberg,  near  Magdeburg,  Germany, 

March  16, 1732.   A  German  pietistic  theologian,  t,        ,,,■.,■,,,  ri 

He  became  court  preacher  and  consistorial  councilor  Brendel  (bren  del),  FranZ.     Bom  at  Stolberg, 


at  Meiningen,  1685 ;  pastor  and  professor  of  theology  at 
Erfurt,  1687 ;  and  professor  of  theology  at  HaUe,  1691. 
Breitflorn  (brit'hdm).    A  mouutain  of  the  Va- 
lais  Alps,  on  the  border  of  Italy,  south  of  Zer- 
matt.    Height,  13,685  feet. 


in  the  Harz,  Prussia,  Nov.  26,  1811:  died  at 
Leipsic,  Nov.  25,  1868.  A  German  musical 
critic.  He  wrote  "  Geschichte  der  Mnsik  in  Italien, 
Frankreioh  und  Deutschland  "  (1S52),  "  Musik  der  Gegen- 
wart "  (1854),  articles  in_the  "Neue  Zeitschrift,"  etc. 


?Jiltv„®n?N»T,^-n'il?hv«^?:IS"»  >l\l!,f  t^ZJ"/.  Breitmanul bnt''man)rHans.    A  pseudonym  Brenets  (br6-na'),  Lac  desV   XsmaU  lake  in 

Maunoe  of  Nassau  in  1590,  by  Spinqla  in  1626,  by  Henry     „f  ni,ovlo=,  ft^/lf™,.  T,<.1„„/1  "^         thfi  .Tiii-a.  fni-mnrl  hv  thn  Dmilia  ir,  it.a  nr^r^o,. 


ot  Orange  in  1637,  and  by  Dumouriez  in  1793.  The  French 
were  expelled  in  1813.  Population  (1889),  commune, 
22,549. 

Breda,  Compromise  of.  In  the  history  of  the 
Netherlands,  a  league  between  the  Protestants 
and  the  Catholics,  composed  chiefly  of  the  lesser 
nobility,  organized  by  Philip  Mamix  of  St. 
Aldegonde  and  others  in  1566  for  the  purpose 
of  opposing  the  Inquisition  and  protecting  the 


of  Charles  Godfrey  Leland 
Bremen  (brem'en;  G.  pron.  bra'men),  P. 
Br§me  (bram) .  A  state  of  the  German  Empire. 
It  comprises  the  city  of  Bremen,  with  a  small  adjoin- 
ing territory,  and  the  outlying  districts  of  Vegesack  and 
Bremerhaven.  It  is  a  republic,  with  a  senate  of  16  mem- 
bers, and  a  Convent  of  160  burgesses  (Biirgerschaft).  It 
has  1  member  in  the  Bundesrat,  and  1  in  the  Beichstag. 


the  Jura,  formed  by  the  Doubs  in  its  upper 
course,  near  Le  Loele,  Switzerland. 
Brenner  (bren'ner).  The  lowest  pass  over  the 
main  chain  of  the  Alps.  It  is  situated  in  Tyrol  about 
25  miles  south  of  Innsbruck ;  has  been  used  since  Roman 
times ;  is  traversed  by  a  railway  (since  1867) ;  and  is  the 
main  line  ot  travel  between  Italy  and  Germany.  Height, 
4,485  feet. 


political  liberties  of  the  country  against  the  Bremen  (brem  en;  G.  pron.  bra  men), 
encroachments  of  Philip  n.    A  deputation  of  three    city  of  Gennany,  fomung  with  its  1 


hundred  nobles,  headed  by  Count  Brederode,  presented 
to  the  duchess  regent,  Margaret  of  Parma,  April  5, 1566, 
at  Brussels,  a  petition  which  requested  the  abolition  of 
the  royal  edicts  pertaining  to  the  Inquisition.    See  Gneux. 

BredaJDeclaration  of.  AmanifestobyCharles 
n.  of  England,  issued  from  Breda,  April  4, 1660. 
He  proclaimed  a  general  amnesty. 

Breda,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  concluded  at  Breda 
July  31,  leeT*,  between  England  and  Holland, 
France,  and  Denmark.  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
were  confirmed  to  England,  Acadia  to  France,  Surinam  to 
Holland. 

Brederoo  (bra'de-ro),  Ger  brand  Adriaanzoon. 

BoniatAmsterdaminl585:  died  there,  1618.  An 
e^rly  Dutch  dramatist.  His  work,  mostly  dramatic, 
includes  the  tragicomedies  "Rodderijk  ende  Alphonsus" 
(1611)  and  "  Griane  "  (1612),  and  several  comedies,  among 
them  "Het  Moortje  (1615),  after  the  "Eunuchus"  of 
Terence,  and  "  Spaansche  Brabander  Jerolimo  "  (1618),  the 
last  considered  his  principal  work. 

Bredow  (bra' do),  Gabriel  Gottfried,  Born  at 
Berlin,  Dec.  14, 1773:  died  at  Breslau,  Prussia, 
Sept.  5,  1814.  A  German  historian,  professor 
of  history  in  Helmstedt  (1804).  He  wrote  "Merk- 
wiirdige  Begebenheiten  aus  der  allgemeinen  Weltge- 
sohichte  "  (1810),  "Lehrbuch  der  Weltgeschiohte  "  (1810), 
etc. 

Breed's  Hill.  An  eminence  in  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  connected  with  Bunker  Hill,  and  forti- 
fied by  Preseott  on  the  occasion  of  the  battle 
of  June  17,  1775, 


The  prevailing  religion  ia  ftotestant.    Area,  99  square  Brcnneville  (bren-vel')   (Normandy),   Battle 
miles.    Pogulation  (1900),  224,882.      _  „f_    A  battle,  Aug- 20, 1119,  in  which  Henry  I. 

;^"°°    of  England  defeated  Louis  VI.  of  Prance. 

a  state  of  the  German  EnTnire  ■  next  to  Ham-  Brennoralt,  or  The  Discontented  Colonel. 
a  state  ot  tue  German  l!.mp_ire  .  next  to  nam-    ^  tragedy  by  Sir  John  Suckling,  written  in  1639, 

printed  in  1646. 


burg,  the  chief  seaport  in  Germany.  It  is  sit- 
uated on  the  Weser,  34  miles  from  its  mouth.  In  lat.  63"  5' 
N.,  long.  8°  49'  E.  It  has  a  large  trade  in  grain,  tobacco, 
wool,  cotton,  oil,  etc.,  and  extensive  ship-building  and 
tobacco  manufactures.  Its  port,  Bremerhaven,  is  con- 
nected by  the  North  German  Lloyd  with  New  York,  South 
America,  etc.,  by  the  Hansa  Company  with  India,  and 
regularly  with  Hull,  Leith,  etc.  Bremen  was  founded  as 
early  as  788  by  Charles  the  Great.  It  became  the  seat  of  a 
bishopric  about  804 ;  freed  itself  from  the  episcopal  rule  in 
the  14th  century ;  and  joined  the  Hanseatic  League,  but 
was  several  times  expelled  and  readmitted.  Its  position 
as  a  free  imperial  city  was  finally  acknowledged  in  1648. 
In  1810  it  was  incorporated  with  France,  bat  regained  its 
independence  in  1813,  and  became  successively  a  member 
of  the  Germanic  Confederation,  the  North  German  Con- 
federation, and  the  German  Empire.  Its  constitution 
dates  from  1849.  It  joined  the  Zollverein  in  1888.  The 
Rathaus  is  for  the  most  part  of  the  16th  century,  though 
the  picturesque  southwest  facade  dates  from  1609.  This 
facade  is  supported  on  12  Doric  columns,  and  is  character- 
ized by  its  very  ornate  oriel  windows  and  gable.  The 
statues  of  the  emperor,  the  electors,  etc.,  between  the  win- 
dows, are  medieval.  There  is  a  fine  great  hall,  with  paint- 


Brennus  (bren'us).  [L.  Brennus,  Gr.  Bpimog, 
repr.  an  Old  Celtic  name  which  has  been  iden- 
tified with  the  W.  Bran  (W.  and  Ir.  bran  =  E. 
raven).}  In  legendary  history,  a  leader  of  the 
Senonian  Gauls  who  overran  Italy  and  cap- 
tured Eome  390  (?)  B.  C.  With  an  army  of  about 
70,000  men  he  defeated  a  Roman  army  of  about  40,000  in 
the  battle  of  the  Allia,  and  plundered  and  burnt  Rome, 
which  had  been  abandoned  by  its  inhabitants,  with  the 
exception  of  eighty  priests  and  old  patricians,  whom  the 
Gauls  massacred.  After  an  unsuccessful  night  attack, 
repulsed  by  the  valor  of  Manlius  Capitolinus,  who  was 
awakened  by  the  geese  of  Juno,  he  besieged  the  Capitol 
six  months,  till  bought  oft  by  the  garrison  with  1,000 
pounds  of  gold.  According  to  a  late  legend,  when  the 
gold  was  being  weighed  a  Roman  tribune  remonstrated 
against  the  use  of  false  weights  by  the  Gauls.  Brennus 
threw  his  sword  into  the  scale,  with  the  famous  exclama- 
tion, "  vae  victis ! "  (''woe  to  the  conquered  I ").  His  real 
name  was  probably  Brenhin,  Cymrian  for  'king,'  or  Bran, 
a  proper  name  of  frequent  occurrence  in  Welsh  history. 


ings  and  colored  glass.    On  the  west  side  is  the.  Rats-  BrennUS.    A  Gallic  leader  who  invaded  Greece 


keller,  or  municipal  wine-cellar  (celebrated  in  literature), 
decorated  with  excellent  frescos.  Population  (1900), 
163,418. 
Bremen,  Duchy  of.  A  former  duchy  of  Ger- 
many, which  lay  between  the  lower  Elbe  and 
lower  Weser.  it  consisted  largely  of  the  archbishop- 
ric of  Bremen  and  Verden,  and  now  belongs  to  the  province 
of  Hannover,  Prussia.  It  was  acquired  by  Sweden  in  1648, 
and  by  Hannover  in  1719. 


near  Abo,  in  Finland,  Aug.  17,  1801 :  died  at 

Aista,  near  Stockholm,  Dec.  31, 1865.    A  noted 

Swedish  novelist.    A  few  years  after  her  birth  the  ^entano   (bren -ta' no 

family  removed  to  Stockholm,  and  shortly  afterward  to  an 


Bregaglia  (bra-ga,l'ya,),  Val.  A  valley  in  north-  Bremer  (bram'er),  Frederika.  Born  at  Tuorla, 

em  Italy  and  the  canton  of  Gnsons,  Switzer-  ■^-      ■     - - -    ■ 

land.    B  is  traversed  by  the  upper  course  of 

Bregenz  (bra-ghents').  [L.  BriganUum.']  The 
capital  of  Vorarlberg,  Austria-Hungary,  situ- 
ated at  the  eastern  end  of  Lake  Constance, 
in  lat.  47°  30'  N.,  long.  9°  45'  B. :  the  Roman 
Brigantium.  It  is  on  the  site  of  a  Eoman  camp. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  6,739. 

Bregenzerwald  (bra-gen'tser-vald).  [G.,  'for- 
est of  Bregenz.']  A  mountainous  region  in 
northern  Vorarlberg,  belonging  to  the  group  of 
the  Vorarlberg  Algau  Alps. 

Brehm  (bram),  Alfred  Edmund.  Bom  at  Een- 
thendorf ,  near  Neustadt-an-der-Orla,  Germany, 
Feb.  2, 1829 :  died  there,  Nov.  11, 1884.  A  Ger- 
man naturalist  and  traveler.  He  established,  after 
1867,theBerlinAqnarium(openedl869).  His  works  include 
.._'».  *i._ .-  XT — A,^l^^fr^h■a"/^af.fi\  "DasLebender 


in  279  B.  C,  with  an  army  of  150,000  foot 
and  61,000  horse.  Having  dislodged  20,000  Greeks 
from  the  pass  of  Thermopylce  by  the  secret  path  over 
the  mountains  followed  two  hundred  years  before  by  the 
Persians,  he  advanced  with  40,000  men  against  Delphi, 
where  he  was  repulsed  by  about  4,000  Delphians.  He  is 
said  to  have  put  himself  to  death,  unable  to  survive  his 
defeat. 

Brenta  (bren'ta).  A  river  in  northeastern  Italy 
which  rises  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Tyrol, 
and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Venice :  the  ancient 
Medoaeus  Major.    Length,  108  miles. 

Clemens.    Bom  at 


"  Ee'iseskizzen  aus  Nordostaf rika  "  (1865), 
Vbgel"  (1860-61),  " Thierleben "(1863-69),  etc. 

Breisach  (bri-za,ch'),  orBrxsach  (bre-zach  ),  or 
Alt-Breisach(ait'bri-zach').Atownin  the  cir- 
cle of  Freiburg,  Baden,  on  the  Rhine,  situated 


estate  at  Arsta  near  by,  where,  with  the  exception  of  two 
years  spent  in  the  United  States,  whither  she  went  in  1849, 
a  short  tim?  in  England  on  her  return,  and  a  subsequent 
sojourn  of  five  years  on  the  Continent  and  in  Palestine, 
she  subsequently  lived.  She  was  a  prolific  writer.  Her 
first  novel,  "  Teckningar  ur  Hvardagslif  vet "  ("  Sketches  of 
Bvery-dayLife,"  1828),  is  a  description  of  middle-class  life 
in  Sweden.  It  was  followed  by  others  in  the  same  vein, 
notably"FamiljenH."("TheH.  Family"),  " Presidentens 
Dottrar  "  ("  The  President's  Daughters  "j,  "  Grannarna  " 
("  The  Neighbors  "),  "  Axel  och  Anna  "("  Axel  and  Anna  "), 
''Hemmet"("TheHonie  "),  "Nina."  She  was  the  author, 
besides,  of  several  books  of  travel:  among  them  "Hem- 
men  i  nya  Verlden"  ("Homes  in  the  New  World,"  1863), 
which  contains  her  impressions  of  America.  Her  later 
works,  like  "Hertha"  and  "Syskonlif,"  embody  her  opin- 
ions on  philanthropy,  religion,  and  the  equal  rights  of 
women.     Several  of  her  works  appeared  simultaneously 


Prankf ort-on-the-Main,  Germany,  Sept.  8, 1778 : 
died  at  Aschaffenburg,  Bavaria,  July  28,  1842. 
A  German  romantic  poet  and  novelist,  brother 
of  Elizabeth  (Bettina)  von  Amim.  rrom  1797  to 
1800  he  studied  at  Jena.  He  afterward  frequently  changed 
his  abode.  In  Berlin,  1815  to  1818,  he  became  a  strict 
Catholic,  and  in  the  latter  year  entered  the  cloister  at  Diil- 
men.  Subsequently  he  lived  in  various  places,  but  led  the 
life  of  a  recluse.  In  conjunction  with  his  brother-in-law, 
Achim  von  Amim,  he  compiled  the  collection  of  folk- 
songs published,  1806-08,  under  the  title  "  Des  Knaben 
Wunderhom  "  ("  The  Boy's  Wonder-Horn  ").  He  was  the 
author  of  a  number  of  dramas,  lyrics,  and  tales.  Chief 
among  the  last  are  the  "  Geschichte  vom  braven  Kasperl 
und  schonen  Annerl "  ("  History  of  the  Good  Kasperl  and 
the  Fair  Annerl,"  1817),  and  "Gockel,  Hinkel  und  Gacke- 
leia"(1838).  His  collected  works,  "Gesammelte  Schrif- 
ten,"  appeared  in  9  volumes  (Frankfort,  1851-66). 


in  Swedish  and  English,  and  numerous  others  have  been  BrontanO,  Elizabeth.     See  Amim,  VOn. 


translated. 

Bremerhaven  (brem'er-ha-ven),  or  Bremer- 
hafen  (bra'm6r-ha-fen).  A  seaport  in  the  state 
of  Bremen,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Weser 
in  lat.  53°  33'  N.,  long.  8°  34'  E.  It  is  rapidly  in- 
creasing  in  size.     It  contains  elaborate  docks  and  work- 


Brentford  (brent'ford).  A  town,  in  Middlesex, 
England,  situated  on  the  Thames  9  miles  west 
of  London.  Here  Edmund  "Ironside"  defeated  the 
Danes,  May,  1016,  and  Prince  Rupert  defeated  the  Parlia- 
mentarians under  Holies,  Nov.  12, 1642.  Population  (1891), 
13,736. 


at  the  foot  of  the  Kaiserstuhl  13  miles  west  of 

Freiburg:  the  Eoman  Mens  Brisiacus,  Bnsa-       ^^^^^   ^^^^^^     ^^  „„„,„,„„  >,.„„„„ 

cum.  It  was  long  an  Important  Austrian  fortress,  and  has  ghorn'oVtheNOTtrGermrn  Lloyd  Steamship  Company.  Breutford,   TwO   KiUgS   Of.     Two  characters 

several  times  been  held  by  the  French.  Population  (1890),  16,414.                                                         '•'      '            ..-— .lt, jj «„ 

Breisgau  (bris'gou).    ^."^^^if^^li^v  to  the'  Brenda.    See  Trail,  Brenda. 
em  Germany,  corresponding  practically  to  tne  gjg^^a,n   (bren'dan),  or  Brenainn,  of  Birr, 
districts  of  Freiburg  and  Lorrach  in  soutnem    g  .         ^^^^  ^.j.  gj      ^^^  Parsonstown,  King's 
Baden:  a  possession  of  the  house  of  Hapsburg  _    -      -    ...'.. r^  <,o  .,o     ?_ 

since  the  later  middle  ages.  By  the  treaty  of  W- 
ville  it  was  ceded  to  the  Duke  of  Modena  (1801).  I"  1805 
the  gJeater  part  was  ceded  to  Baden  a,nd  a  part  to  Wur- 
temherff  and  Baden  acquired  aU  in  isio. 
Breislak  (bris'lak),  Scipione.  Bom  at  Rome, 
1748 :  died  at  Milan,  Feb.  15,  1826.  An  Italian 
geologist.    He  was  professor  of  natural  philosophy  and 


which  always  appear  together  and  do  exactly 
the  same  things,  in  Buckingham's  farce  "The 
Rehearsal."  It  is  not  known  what  particular  play,  if 
any,  suggested  them,  but  they  have  passed  into  a  byword. 
Brera  (bra'ra).  The  name  given  to  the  "Pal- 
ace of  Sciences  and  Arts"  at  Milan,  it  contains 
a  noted  art  gallery,  and  the  Brera  Library,  founded  in 
1770,  with  about  176,000  volumes. 


County,  Ireland,  490  (?) :  died  Nov.  28,  573.  An 
Irish  monk.  He  was  a  disciple  of  St  Finnian  ot  Clon- 
ard:  was  a  friend  of  St.  Colnmba,  to  whom  he  is  said  to 

have  recommended  Hy  as  a  place  of  exile;  and  founded  the       ,,„, .  .    u  ,j„ 

monastery  of  Birr  about  663.  St.  Columba  is  represented  BrCSCia  (bre'sha).  A  province  in  Lombardy, 
to  have  seen  at  Brendan's  death  "  heaven  open  and  choirs  t(..i„  Area,  1,845  square  miles.  Population 
of  angels  descending  "  to  meet  his  souL    He  is  commemo-      ^.A.  -  ?  -  ' 

rated  on  Nov.  29. 


(1891),  487,812. 


Brescia 

Brescia.  [L.  Brixia.}  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Brescia,  Italy,  situated  at  the  foot  of  the 
Alps,  in  la,t.  45°  32'  N. ,  long.  10°  13'  E. :  the 
Gallic  Brixia.  it  has  manufactures  of  linen.woolen,  silk, 
weapons,  etc.  It  was  originally  a  Gallic  and  later  a  Roman 
town,  and  was  wealthy  and  important  till  its  sacli  hy  Gaston 
deFoixinl512.  TilI1797itwa3underVenetianrule.  Ittook 
part  in  the  revolutionary  mo«ments  of  1848-49,  and  was 
bombarded  and  taken  by  the  AUatrians  in  1849.  The  Duomo 
Vecchio,  or  old  cathedral,  is  a  circular  church  with  a  rec- 
tangular porch,  perhaps  as  old  as  the  7th  century,  and  of 
much  architectural  interest  as  a  more  probable  prototype 
than  San  Vitale  at  Ravenna  of  the  circular  churches  of 
northern  Europe.  The  diameter  is  125  feet;  that  of  the 
nave,  with  its  lofty  dome  resting  on  eight  plain  round 
arches,  65.  There  is  also  a  Roman  temple,  which  now 
serves  as  the  Museo  Antico.  It  is  Corinthian,  on  a  high 
basement,  with  a  picturesque  portico  of  twelve  columns 
and  four  piers  in  front.  There  are  three  shallow  cellas,  side 
by  side :  that  in  the  middle  projects  beyond  the  others,  and 
is  preceded  by  ahexastyle  porch,  while  each  side  cella  has 
two  columns  between  square  piers.  This  temple  is  re- 
markable in  having  the  portico  on  one  of  its  long  sides. 
It  was  dedicated  by  Vespasian  in  A.  D.  72,  and  one  of  the 
cellas  was  sacred  to  Hercules.  Population  (1901),  com- 
mune, 70,614. 

Br6sil.    See  Bragil. 

Breslau  (bres'lou).  [Pol.  Wraclaw  or  WradS' 
lawa,  L.  WraUslavia.']  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Ohlau  with  the  Oder,  in  lat.  51°  7'  N., 
long.  17°  3'  E.  It  is  the  second  city  of  Prussia,  and  is 
one  of  the  chief  commercial  centers  in  Germany,  having 
trade  in  grain,  wool,  timber,  metals,  cloth,  etc.,  and  manu- 
factures of  cloth,  spirits,  etc.  It  contains  a  cathedral, 
university,  Rathaus,  Stadthaus  (with  library  and  collec- 
tions), etc.  It  was  a  town  as  early  as  1000  A.  D.,  and  was 
the  capital  of  the  medieval  duchy  of  Silesia.  It  came 
under  Bohemian  rule  in  1335,  and  passed  with  Bohemia 
to  the  Hapsburgs.  In  1741  it  was  captured  by  Frederick 
the  Great,  and  was  besieged  and  t^en  by  the  French 
1806-07.  It  was  the  scene  of  an  uprising  against  the 
French  in  1813.  The  cathedral  is  in  the  main  of  the  14th 
century,  with  earlier  choir  and  later  vestibule.  It  pos- 
sesses a  great  number  of  chapels,  several  of  them  very 
richly  ornamented  with  sculpture  and  containing  fine 
tombs  with  statues  and  reliefs,  besides  brasses  and  paint- 
ings.   Population  (1900),  422,738. 

Breslau.  A  governmental  district  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia.  Population  (1890), 
1,599,232. 

Breslau,  Peace  of.  Lord  Hyndford,  r^resent- 
ing  the  Queen  of  Hungary,  Maria  Theresa, 
signed  June  11, 1742,  with  Podewilz,  the  Prus- 
sian minister,  the  preliminaries  of  a  treaty 
concluded  at  Berlin,  July  28,  1742.  Austria 
ceded  Silesia  to  Prussia. 

Bressant  (bre-s6n'),  Jean  Baptiste  Prosper. 
Born  at  <3tiS,lons-sur-Sa6ne,  Prance,  Oct.  24, 
1815 :  died  at  Nemours,  Jan.  22, 1886.  A  French 
comedian. 

Eresse  (bres).  A  former  district  of  eastern 
Prance,  lying  east  of  the  Sa6ne,  and  comprised 
in  the  department  of  Ain.  its  chief  city  was  Bourg. 
Bresse  formed  part  of  the  Burgundian  kingdom ;  passed 
to  the  house  of  Savoy  1272-1402  ;  and  was  ceded  by  Savoy 
to  France  leOL  It  formed  part  of  the  general  government 
of  Burgundy. 

Bresson  (bre-s6n'),  Charles,  Comte.  Bom  at 
Paris,  1798:  died  at  Naples,  Nov.  2,  1847.  A 
Prench  diplomatist.  He  was  first  secretary  of  lega- 
tion at  London  about  1829 ;  charge  d'affaires  at  Berlin 
1833 ;  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1834 ;  and  ambassador  at 
Madrid  1841,  and  at  Naples  1847,  where  he  committed 
suicide.  He  negotiated  at  Madrid,  1846,  the  double  French- 
Spanish  marriage  of  Queen  Isabella  and  of  her  sister. 

Bressuire  (bre-swer').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Deux-S&vres,  Prance,  45  miles  south  of 
Angers.  It  has  a  medieval  castle  and  church. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  4,723. 

Brest  (brest).  A  seaport  in  the  department 
of  Pinist&re,  France,  situated  on  the  Roads  of 
Brest  in  lat.  48°  24'  N.,  long.  4°  29'  W.  It  is 
the  principal  naval  port  of  France,  and  a  strong  fortress.  It 
has  a  large  roadstead,  a  commercial  harbor,  and  a  military 
harbor  with  a  fainous  swing-bridge,  a  castle  and  large 
quays  and  docks,  and  is  the  terminus  of  a  transatlantic 
cable  (to  Duxbury,  Massachusetts).  It  figured  in  the 
Hundred  Years'  War,  resisted  an  English  attack  in  1518, 
was  developed  by  Richelieu,  and  was  fortified  by  Vauban. 
The  English  were  defeated  here  by  the  French  in  1694, 
and  the  French  were  defeated  by  the  English  fieet  under 
Howe  in  1794.    Population  (1901),  commune,  81,948. 

Brest-Litovski  (brest-le-tov'ski),  Pol.  Brzesc 
Litewski.  A  city  in  the  government  of  Grodno, 
situated  on  the  river  Bug  in  lat.  52°  8'  N.,  long. 
23°  40'  E.    Population,  45,137. 

Bretagne  (br6-tany').  The  French  name  of 
Brittany. 

Breteuii  (bre-tfey').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Oise,  Prance,  18  mUes  south  of  Amiens. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  3,108. 

Bret  Harte.    See  Harte. 

Bretigny  (bre-ten-yi').  Treaty  or  Peace  of. 
A  treaty  concluded  at  Bretigny,  near  Chartres, 
Prance,  May  8,  1360,  between  England  and 
Prance.  England  renounced  its  claims  to  the  French 
crown,  Maine,  Anjou,  Normandy,  and  Touraine,  and  re- 


182 

leased  King  John  of  France.  France  permitted  England 
to  retain  Gascony,  Guienne,  Foitou,  Fonthieu,  Calais,  etc., 
and  paid  3,000,000  gold  crowns. 

Breton  (bre-t6n'),  Bmile  AdSlard.    Born  at 


?C"f  ^^'  ^^^-^c".  Ma™!"  8,-1831:  died  Nov.  26   ^^^^^  IsoroilSne  (Brian  Born),  or  The  Maid 


Bridgeport 

utc]  Born  926 :  killed  at  Clontarf,  Ireland, 
Good  Friday,  1014.  A  noted  Irish  king.  He 
became  sovereign  of  Munster  in  978  (?),  and 
principal  king  of  Ireland  in  1002. 


1902.  A  Prench  landscape-painter,  brother  and 
pupil  of  Jules  Breton.  He  left  the  army  to  pursue 
his  studies  in  art,  and  was  decorated  with  the  cross  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor  in  1878.  His  favorite  subjects  were  Au- 
tumn, Winter,  Twilight,  and  Sunset 

Breton,  Jules  Adolphe  Aini6  Louis.  Bom  at 

Courrieres,  Pas-de-Calais,  Prance,  May  1, 1827. 
A  noted  Prench  genre  painter.    He  is  a  pupil  of 


of  Erin.  A  play  by  James  Sheridan  Knowles, 
1811,  adapted  from  an  earlier  work  of  the  same 
name. 

Brian<;on  (bre-on-s6n').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Hautes-Alpes,  Prance,  situated  on  the 
Durance  near  Mont  (jenfevre  and  the  Italian 
frontier,  in  lat.  44°  56'  N.,  long.  6°  35'  E. :  the 


j^  juvjucu    i'ioxn;u  gcixxo   ijaiiAi^cx.      xiB   IB  a,  pupu  Oi.       LL\J1±VXI^I.j^  j»u.  rxn      t  _ 

Drolling  and  of  Devigne,  and  has  devoted  himself  to  the     Roman  Brigantium.     It  is  an  important  strate- 
representation  of  incidents  taken  from  the  life  of  the       j        j   t   and  a  fortress  of  the  first  class.     Pop- 
peasantry.    He  was  m  1861  decorated  with  the  cross  and     °,    K       Aom\    „«„,™,,„„    a  Kan 
in  1889  became  a  commander  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,     ulation  (1891),  commune,  t),0»U. 
Among  his  best-known  paintings  are  "Leretourdesmois-  Brianza  (bre-an  dza).     A  district  in  northern 
souneurs"  (l853),^'J;es  glaneuses"  ^855),  "La  bJuMio-     Italy,  between  the  Lake  of  Como  and  the  Lake 

^^j^^^^^_    It  is  noted  for  its  fertility. 
Briareus   (bri-a're-us).     [Gr.   Bpidpcuf.]     In 
Greek  mythology,  a  son  of  Uranus  and  Ge,  a 
monster  with  a  hundred  arms.    Also  called 
^geeon. 

Brice,  Saint.  Bom  at  Tours :  died  there,  Nov. 
13,  444.  A  French  prelate,  made  bishop  of 
Tours  on  the  death  of  St.  Martin.  He  is  com- 
memorated on  Nov.  13.  On  St.  Brice's  day,  1002,  there 
was  a  massacre  of  the  Danes  in  England  by  order  of 
Ethelred. 


tion  des  bles  "  (18B7),  "  La  fin  de  la  jouriiSe  "  (186S),  etc. 
He  has  written  poems,  and  an  autobiography  entitled 
•*  Vie  d*un  artiste,  art  et  nature  "  (1890). 

Breton  (brit'on),  Nicholas.  Bom  at  London 
about  1545:  died  about  1626.  An  English  poet 
and  prose-writer,  a  stejison  of  George  Gas- 
coigne.    He  was  a  voluminous  writer. 

Breton  (bre-t6n'),  Baymond.  Bom  at  Aux- 
erre,  1609:  died  at  Caen,  1679.  A  Prench  Do- 
minican missionary.  From  1635  to  1643  he  was  in  the 
French  West  Indies,  most  of  the  time  living  among  the 


Caribs.    He  published  several  works  on  their  language  Briceno  (bre-tha'no),  Ramon.     Bom  at  Santi- 


and  customs,  and  his  manuscripts  were  lai^ely  used  by 
Bochefort  and  others. 

Breton  de  los  Herreros,  Manuel,    See  Her- 

reros. 
Bretons  (bret'onz).     The  natives  of  Brittany. 
Bretschneider'ibret-shni'der),  Karl  Gottlieb. 

Bom  at  Gersdorf ,  Saxony,  Feb.  11,  1776 :  died 


ago,  1814,  A  Chilian  bibliophilist  and  author. 
In  1840  he  was  chosen  professor  of  phOosophy  and  natural 
law  in  the  Chilian  University,  and  in  1864  director  of  the 
Kational  Library.  He  has  held  various  judicial  offices. 
Besides  books  on  law  and  philosophy  he  has  published 
*'  Estadistica  Bibliograflca  de  la  Literatura  Chilena. "  His 
private  library  is  one  of  the  largest  in  South  America. 


atGotha  Germany  Jan  ^^^^  B^^  (^"l^^'  Jefferson.    A  correspondent  of 

S?  »jOina,  Uermany,  Jan.  ^^,  1840.      a  Uerman         TsrowVnrlr  innma.l  in  nharles  TMntens's  "Mai.. 


Protestant  theologian,  general  superintendent 
at  Gotha  (1816). 
Bretten  (bret'ten).    A  small  town  in  Baden, 


a  New  York  journal  in  Charles  Dickens's  "Mar- 
tin Chuzzlewit."  He  is  of  excessively  mild  and 
youthful  aspect,  but  bloodthirsty  in  the  ex- 
treme in  his  political  views. 


15  miles  east  of  Karlsmhe:  the  birthplace  of  J:^^^  l^f^V-^^t^  vlT'    a  ,,„„„  w  <3„ntf 
Melanchthon.  Bridal  of  Triermain,  The.    A  poem  by  Scott, 

Breval(brev'al),JohnDurant.  BomatWest-  TfwniN  voii V=Ti     Ar,r.tBHfainr,ty,o-v^=o,v,u<. 
minster  (?)  about  1680:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.,  1738.  ^Tlif,tlX?o}-J^*i-"=      ,^^     ^^  ,  .v     ^°^T 
AnEnglUmiscellaneouswriter.HJwasofFrench    S\tl\^ft^aro?-the'?L''airabtfloo"f\^^^^^^^^^ 
descent,  but  wrote  much  under  the  name  of  Joseph  Gay.     tot^l  fall  (nearly  vertical)  is  about  900  feet. 
He  attacked  Pope  under  this  pseudonym,  and  is  m  return  n^  j.    Qo^nf      H^ii  Tiivafi^a+ 
held  up  to  ridicule  in  the  "Dunciad."  g'^Se' °F?r     oee  ^nagiCT.  ,      t      j 

Br^vent  (bra-von').  A  summit  of  the  Alps  of  Bride  of  Abydos,  The.  1.  A  poem  by  Lord 
Mont  Blanc,  northwest  of  Chamonix.  Height,  ?yro°'  f  Turkish  tale  Published  in  1813.— 2. 
8  285  feet  A  melodrama  adapted  from  the  poem  by  Di- 

BreviariiunAlaricanmn(bre-vi-a'ri-uma-lar-™?j''i,  produced  about  1819. 
i-ka'num).     [L.,  'short  code  of  Alaric.']    A  Bride  of  the  Sea.    A  name  poetically  given  to 
code  of  Eoman  ikw,  compiled  in  506  A.  D.  by   lemoe,  from  the  medieval  ceremony  by  which 
direction  of  Alaric  11.,  king  of  the  Visigoths.       ^he  oi*^'?as  wedded  to  the  Adriatic. 

Brewer,  Antony.  Lived  about  1655.  An  Eng-  Bnde  of  Lammermoor,  The  A  novel  by  Sir 
lish  dramatic  writer.  He  wrote  "The  love-siok  falter  Scott,  published  m  1819.  Be&  Ashton, 
King,  etc."  (1656),  which  was  reprinted  as  "The  Perjured  iMcy.  Several  plays  have  been  written  on  the  subject. 
Nun."  He  is  better  known,  however,  from  the  fact  that  notably  one  by  J.  W.  Cole  under  the  name  of  "John  Wil- 
"Lmgua,  or  the  Combat  of  the  Five  Senses,  etc."  (1607),  tom  Calcraft,"  called  "  The  Bride  of  Lammermoor,"  and 
and  "The  Merry  Devil  of  Edmonton  "(1608),  were  formerly  one  by  Merivale,  called  "Bavenswood."  See  also  Lmia 
ascribed  to  him.  "The  Country  Girl'' (1647),  signed  di Lammemwar. 
"T.  B.,"  has  also  been  erroneously  identified  as  his.  BridOWell   (brid'wel).      [From.  St.  Bride's,   or 

Brewer  of  Ghent.     See  Artevelde,  Jacob  van.      Bridget's,  well,  a  spring  of  supposed  miracu- 

Brewster  (bro'stfer),  Sir  David.  Bom  at  Jed-  lous  powers,  in  the  vicinity.]  A  celebrated 
burgh,  Scotland,  Dec.  11,  1781 :  died  at  Aller- 
by,  Montrose,  Scotland,  Feb.  10, 1868.  A  cele- 
brated Scotch  physicist,  noted  especially  for 
discoveries  in  regard  to  the  polarization  of 
light.  He  invented  the  kaleidoscope  in  1816  ;  perfected 
the  stereoscope  1849-50;  and  improved  the  lighthouse 
system.  He  wrote  a  "  Treatise  on  Optics"  (1831),  "  More 
Worlds  than  One"  (1854),  "Memoirs,  etc.,  of  Sir  Isaac 
Newton  "  (1855),  etc.  In  1838  he  became  principal  of  the 
united  college  of  St.  Salvator  and  St.  Leonard  in  the  uni- 
versity of  St.  Andrews. 

Brewster,  William.    Born  at  Scrooby,  Not- 


London  prison,  or  house  of  detention,  most  of 
which  was  demolished  in  1863.  It  was  founded 
upon  a  favorite  palace  of  Henry  VIIL,  which  stood  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Fleet  between  Blacktriars  and  Whltefriars. 
There  was  a  royal  residence  here  as  early  as  the  reign  of 
Henry  III.,  if  not  in  that  of  John.  Henry  Vm.  is  said  to 
have  rebuilt  the  palace,  and  he  and  Katharine  lived  there 
when  the  cardinals  sat  on  the  divorce  in  Blackfriars  op- 
posite. In  1553  Edward  VI.  gave  his  father's  palace  of 
Bridewell  to  the  city  of  London  for  a  workhouse,  and  for- 
mulated the  system  of  municipal  charity.  It  laterbecame  a 
temporary  prison  or  house  of  detention,  with  which  use  its 
name  is  especially  familiar.    In  old  views  and  maps  it 


tinghamsiiire,  England,  about  1560  (1564?):  appears  as  a  castellated  building  of  some  architectural 
A-  Ti  J.  T>i„~L,+i,  ■»«■„„„  A-.,«ii  nn  TBAA  <">«„  prctensions.  The  name  has  become  a  generic  term  for  a 
died  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  April  10,  1644.     One    house  of  correction,  or  lockup. 

of  the  founders  of  the  Plymouth  Colony  in  New  Bridgeman  (brij'man),  Lucinda.  A  vulgar 
England.  He  is  said  to  have  studied  a  short  time  at  city  girl  in  Cumberland's  "Fashionable  Lover." 
the  University  of  Cambridge;  was  employed,  1584-87,  in  -R-JiiJinn-rfh  at  'Ri-ii^fmn'p+'h  r^ViTii'nArt.hl  A 
the  service  of  William  Davison,  ambassador  to  the  Low  criagenortn,  or  ISriagnmn  (.Dry  norLn).  A 
•  "   ■       ■  ■  ■    parliamentary  and  municipal  borough  mbnrop- 

shire,  England,  situated  on  the  Severn  18  miles 
southeast  of  Shrewsbury.  Its  castle  was  taken  by 
Henry  I.  in  1102,  by  Henry  IL  in  1167,  and  by  the  Parlia- 
mentarians in  1646.  Population  (1891),  5,723. 
Bridgenorth,  Alice.  The  principal  female 
character  in  Scott's  "Peveril  of  the  Peak." 


Countries,  whom  he  accompanied  abroad  ;  was  keeper  of 
the  post-offlce  at  Scrooby  1694-1607 ;  participated  in  the 
unsuccessful  attempt  of  the  Brownist  congregation  at 
Scrooby  to  escape  to  Holland,  1607;  removed  with  the 
congregation  to  Leyden  in  1609 ;  sailed  in  the  Mayflower 
in  1620 ;  and  became  ruling  elder  in  the  church  at  New 
Plymouth,  as  he  had  been  in  Leyden. 

Brialmont(bre-al-m6n'),  Henri  Alexis.  Bom  .„  . ,  /-o-v  i  »  v -j  •  -tr  ■„„„i,j«v. 
May  25,  1821 :  died  July  21,  1903.  A  noted  Bridge  of  Sighs.  1.  A  bndge  m  Venice  which 
Belgian  general  and  writer  on  military  affairs,  spans  the  Kio  della  Paglia,  and  connects  the 
His -works  include  "Consid&ations  politiques  et  mUi-  ducal  palace  with  the  Careen,  or  prisons.  The 
taires  sur  la  Belgique "  (1861-52),  "  Pr&is  d'art  militaire "      bridge  dates  from  1697 ;  it  is  an  elliptical  arch,  32  feet 


(1854),  "Histoire  du  due  de  Wellington"  (1866-67),  etc. 
Briana  (bri-a'na).    The  owner  of  a  strong  cas- 
tle in  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene,"who  could 
not  obtain  the  love  of  Cruder  unless  she  made 


above  the  water,  inclosed  at  the  sides  and  arched  over- 
head. It  contains  two  separate  passages,  through  which 
prisoners  were  led  for  trial  or  judgment.  See  Tcmbs,  The. 
2.  A  poem  by  Thomas  Hood,  composed  in  1844. 
not  oDtam  xne  loye  oi  ^ruaor  uniess  sue  maue  Bridgeport  (brii'port).  A  city,  the  capital  of 
him  a  mantle  of  "beards  of  knights  and  locks  Fairleld  County,  Connecticut,  situated  on  an 
of  ladies."  No  one  was  aUowed  to  pass  with-  ^^^^^  ^j  ^^^g  j^^^^^^  go^^^^  j^  j^t.  41°  n'  n., 
out  paTOig  this  toU.  ,        .,    ..^  _  long.  73°  12' W.    It  is  one  of  the  chief  manufacturing 

Brian    Borohma   (bn  an   bo-ro  ma)   or  Boru     citiel  in  the  State.    Formerly  called  Newfield.    Popula- 
(bo-rb').    [Ir.  Brian  na  boromi,  Brian  the  trib-     tion  (1900),  70,996. 


Bridget 


183 


Bril 


Bridget  (brii'et),Brigit,  or  Bride  Cbnd>  Salnt.    Bridport  (brid'port).     A  seaport  and  mimioi-     etry  at  Gresham  College,  London,  1596-1620,  and  SavUiao 


[Ir.  Brigit,  Mid.  Ir.  Brighid  (ML.  Brigida, 
Brigitta),  from  an  OCelt.  *BriganU,  repr.  by 
lilt.  Brigantia,  the  name  of  a  Celtic  goddess.] 
Died  at  Kildare,  Ireland,  Feb.  1,  523.  A  pa- 
tron saint  of  Ireland.  Aeoordlng  to  an  ancient  Irish 
account  of  her  life,  she  was  born  at  focbart  (now  Faugher) 
in  463  A.  D.,  and  was  the  daughter  o£  Dubhthach  by  his 
bondmaid  Brotsech  or  Broioeseach.  She  obtained  her  free- 
dom through  the  intervention  of  the  King  of  IiCinster,  who 
was  impressed  by  her  piety,  and  became  the  founder  of 
a  nunnery,  in  the  shadow  of  which  the  present  town  of 
Eildare  sprang  up.    She  is  commemorated  on  Feb.  1. 


pal  and  parliam'entary  borougk  in  Dorsetshire,  _P™'t'' n "'  ''^V°°TJ  ^i  °?'"'''  1«20-1631. 
EnglandTsituated  14  miles  west  of  Dorchester!  Brighella.    In  old  Italian  comedy,  a  Berga- 
Popnlation  (1891),  6,611.  i^?'^^}J$^-l-,  r        t.    -□         ^-vr       ■  ,.  n.T  ,r 

Brie  (bre).    An  ancient  territory  of  northern  ^^i'S^Ji^'S?,' ^f?^?  ^/■R^?r^*^'ST'^;^-I;' 
Prance,  situated  east  of  Paris,    it  is  a  level  re-    V.ti'  ^^'P^^    d;ed  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  May  20, 


A  goddess  called  Brigit,  poetess  and  seeress,  worshipped  ji-       /v,.sn\ 
by  the  poets  of  ancient  Erinn ;  that  she  was  daughter  i«ieg  ^Oree; 


of  the  Irish  god  known  as  Dagda  the  Great ;  and  that  she 
had  two  sisters  who  were  also  called  Brigit,  the  one  the 
patroness  of  the  healing  art,  and  the  other  of  smith- work. 
This  means,  in  other  words,  that  the  Goidels  formerly 
worshipped  a  Minerva  called  Brigit,  who  presided  over 
the  three  chief  professions  known  in  Erinn :  to  her  prov- 
ince in  fact  might  be  said  to  belong  just  what  Cfflsar 
terms  operum  a^ue  artificiorum  initia. 

Shys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  74. 

Bridget,  Saint,  of  Sweden.    See  Birgitta. 
Bridgeton  (brij'tgn).     The  capital  of  Cumber- 
land County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  Cohansey 


gion,  noted  for  its  corn,  dairy  products,  and  especially  for 
its  cheese.  It  was  divided  into  the  Brie  Fran^aise  (in  lie- 
de-France),  whose  capital  was  Brie-Comte-Robert,  and  the 
Brie  Champenoise  (in  Cliampagne).  The  latter  was  sub- 
divided into  Haute-Brie,  capital  Meaux;  Basse- Brie,  cap- 
ital Provins ;  and  Brie-PouiUeuse,  capital  Chateau-Thierry. 
It  was  a  county  under  the  successors  of  Charlemagne. 
Later  it  generally  followed  the  fortunes  of  Champagne. 
A  city  in  the  province  of  Silesia, 


1875.  An  American  politician,  Democratic 
United  States  senator  from  Indiana  1845^62. 
He  was  expelled  from  the  Senate  for  disloy- 
alty, Feb.  5,  1862. 
Bright,  John.  Bom  at  Greenbank,  near  Eooh- 
dale,  in  Lancashire,  England,  Nov.  16,  1811 : 
died  there,  March  27,  1889.  A  distinguished 
English  Liberal  statesman  and  orator.  He  was 
an  agitator  for  the  Anti-Corn-Law  League  183S-46 ;  first 
entered  Parliament  in  1843 ;  was  president  of  the  Board 
of  Trade  1868-70 ;  chancellor  ol  the  duchy  of  Lancaster 
1873-74  and  1880-82  ;  and  became  lord  rector  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow  in  1883.  Author  of  ' '  Speeches  on  Par- 
liamentary Reform  "  (1867),  "Speeches  on  Questions  of 
eastern  terminus  of  the  railway.  _P".''"°/°"<=y"P^»i  "  Speeches  on  PubUcAffa^s  "(1869). 
■RripllprhTPfilM  or  TSrin  (briri   Bright,  Richard.    Born  at  Bristol,   England, 

.  „^„ ,■:     +-?"®"®^-  „tif  «^y,^  w^iia^H     Sept.  28, 1789:  died  at  London,  Dec.  16, 1858.   A 

A  seaport  in  the  province  of  south  Hollana,    „„{' ^m' i;„i,  „i,„„!„j .  ,„„»v      ■..'  ..  j  .,■„ 

Netherlatidti  sitnnted  on  the  Maas  14  miles  noted  English  physician.  In  1827  he  pubhshed  ■' Ee- 
iNemerianas,  situatea  on  tne  maas  i*  miies  ports  of  Medical  Cases,"  in  which  he  traced  to  its  source 
west  01  Rotterdam,  it  was  taken  from  Spain  by  the  in  the  kidneys  the  morbid  condition  named  for  him 
"  Water-Beggars  ^underWilliam_de  la  Marck,  April  1, 1572.     "  Bright's  disease. " 


Prussia,  situated  on  the  Oder  28  miles  south- 
east of  Breslau.  It  has  a  Renaissance  castle  of 
the  princes  of  Brieg.  Population  (1890),  20,154. 

Brieg.  A  small  town  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the 
Rhone  at  the 

Briel  (brel),  or 


Creek  36  miles  south  of  Philadelphia.    It  has   Brienne,   or   Brienne-le-Ch§,teau  (bre-en'le- Brighton  (bri'ton),  formerly Brighthelmston 


manufactures  of  iron,  woolens,  and  glass.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  13,913. 

Bridgetown  (brij'toun).     The  capital  of  Bar- 
bados, West  Indies,  situated  on  the  southwest- 
em  coast  in  lat.  13°  6'  N.,  long.  59°  37' W. 
Population  (1891),  21^000. 
Bridgewater,  Duke  of.    See  Egerton. 
Bridgewater  (brii'wa-tferj.     A  town  in  Ply- 


sha-to').  A  town  in  the  department  of  Aube, 
France,  23  miles  northeast  of  Troyes.  it  con- 
tained, until  1790,  a  military  school  which  was  attended 
by  Napoleon  1779-84.  Here,  Jan.  29, 1814,  Napoleon  de- 
feated the  Allies  under  Bliicher. 

Brienne,  John  de.     Titular  king  of  Jerusa- 
lem 1210-25. 
Brienne,  Lomdnie  de.    See  LomHie. 


A  town  in  the  canton  of  Brighton. 


A  city  and  watering-place  in  Sussex,  England, 
situated  on  the  English  Channel  in  lat.  50°  50' 
N.,  long.  0°  8'  W. :  the  leading  seaside  resort 
in  Great  Britain.  Among  its  chief  features  are  the 
Koyal  Pavilion  rtounded  by  the  Prince  of  Wales  (George 
IV.)  1784),  the  £splanade.  New  Pier,  Aquarium,  etc.  It 
was  developed  in  the  second  half  of  the  18th  century. 
Population  (1901),  123,478. 


-  iu  ^       ^  ■  ,«■-         T,      **     ofi'"",  '"  "Yi,'  Brienz  (bre-ents').   A  town  in  the  canton  of  ""Sni;"".    Formerly  a  town  in  eastern  Massa- 
mouth  County,  Massachusetts,  26  miles  south     Bern,  Switzerland,  situated  at  the  northeast-    5^^setts  4  mdes  west  of  Boston,  since  1874  the 


of  Boston.    It  is  the  seat  of  a  State  Normal 

SehooL    Population  (1900),  5,806. 
Bridgewater,  Battle  of.    See  lundy's  Lane. 
Bridgewater  House.    The  town  residence  of 

the  Earl  of  Ellesmere,  London,  built  1847-49 

on  the  site    of    Cleveland   House.     Wheeler, 

Familiar  Allusions, 


ern  extremity  of  the  Lake  of  Brienz.  Briit™t°e'^wS°t 

Brienz,  Lake  of.     A  lake  in   the  canton  of  gjjgiiadoro  (brel-ya-do'ro).  ['Golden  bridle.'] 

Bern,  Switzerland,  east  of  the  Lake  of  Thun.    Tj^e  name  of  Orlando's  horse  in  Boiardo's  "  Or- 

It  is  traversed  by  the  Aare.    Length,  8|  miles,    lando  Innamorato." 

Breadth,  3  miles.  Brignoles  (bren-yol').     A  town  in  the  depart- 

Brier  Creek.    Ariverin  eastern  Georgia  which    iiientofVar,inProvenee,Franee,2Smilesnorth- 


Bridaewater  Madonna  The.  -The  small  paint-     joins  the  Savannah  River  57  miles  southeast  of    northeast  of  Toulon.    Population  (1891),  4,811. 
ing  by  Raphael  (1512)  in  Bridgewater  House,     ■^]ig^^*5:_.^®^?;„^ff"i'„f^37J^^'Jff  l"i®l^^^:  B^iSlipli^(bren-yo'le),PaS(luale.  ^oru  in  Italy 


London.  'The  Child  lies  on  the  Virgin's  knees  der  General  Prevost  defeated  the  Americans    about  1823:  died  at  New  York,  Oct.  29,  1884. 

and  clutches  her  veil.  under  General  Ashe.                                                 An  Italian  tenor  singer.    After  singing  with  marked 

Bridgewater  Treatises.     A  series  of  treatises  Brierly  (bri'er-li),  Bob.    The  Ticket-of-Leave    success  in  the  principal  cities  of  Europe,  he  came  to  New 
written  incompliance  with  the  terms  of  the  will 
of  the  Earl  of  Bridgewater,  who  died  in  1829.  He 


left  £8,000  to  be  paid  to  the  author  of  the  best  treatise  on 
"  The  Power,  Wisdom,  and  Goodness  of  God,  as  manifested 
ID  the  Creation."  Those  with  whom  the  selection  of  the 
author  was  left  decided  to  give  the  subject  to  eight  per 


or  was  left  aeoiaea  to  give  me  suojeci  10  eigni  per-   ■o-.i„„„i.--   /u-;  „nTi't.Bz> 
for  separate  treatises.    These  were  "  The  Adaptation  BrigantOS  (Dri-gan  tez) 


The  Ticket-of-Leave 
Man  in  Tom  Taylor's  play  of  that  name.  York  in  1866,  where  he  achieved  his  highest  reputation 

Brigadore  (brig'a-dor).  The  horse  of  Sir  Guyon  Brihaddevata  (bri-had-da'va-ta).  An  ancient 
inenser's  "  Faerie  Oueene,"  named  from  Bri-  Sanskrit  work  ascribed  to  Shaunaka.  Its  object 
^„_„  +l,„l>«,.oQ/^f  nT.1aTi/lninTlmnrrln'«  "(Ir-  is  to  specify  the  deity  for  eachverseof  the  Eigveda.  In 
,doro,  the  horse  of  Orlando  in  Jioiarao  s     ur-    ^  ^^.  J^  it  supports  its  views  with  many  legends. 

A   i.  -T,       «  -D  •<-  •„  Brihaspati  (bri''has-pa'ti).     ['Lord  of   devo- 
A  tribe  of  Britain    «„„  n    Tn  v^flin  m-^lmlr.  "  " 


of  External  Nature  to  the  Moral  and  Intellectual  Consti- 
tution of  Man  "  (Thomas  Chalmei-s,  1833),  "  Chemistry,  Me- 

A 1 1  r\:™n..*:rt«  " /W.lliQ^i  Pi./\,if    IB^d^   "TTi'efnnr 


winch  in  the  1st  century  A.  D.   occupied  the 
region  north  of  the  Humber.     See  Brigantia. 


teorology,  and  Digestion"  (William  Prout,  1834),  "History,   Rrieantia  (bri-fi;an'shi-a).   The  kingdom  of  the 
Habits,  andInstinctsotAnlmals"(Kirby,18S6), ''Geo  ogy   ^Atf^'tffL^    Spt  thn  RTtract. 


Habits,  and  Instincts 

and  Mineralogy"  (Dean  Buckland,  1836),  "The  Hand,  as 
evincing  Design  "  (Sir  Charles  Bell,  1833),"  The  Adaptation 
of  External  Nature  to  the  Physical  Condition  of  Man" 
(,r.  Kidd,  M.  D.,  1833),  "Astronomy  and  General  Physics" 
{Whewell,  1833),  "Animal  and  Vegetable  Physiology" 
(P.  M.Koget,M:D.,1834).         _      ,      .  ,       ^    ^^ 

Bridgman  (brij'man),   Frederick  Arthur. 

Bom  at  Tuskegee,  'Ala.,  1847.  An  -American 
genre  painter,  a  pupU  of  L.  G6r6me,  resident  in 
Paris.  His  subjects  are  chiefly  Eastern. 
Bridgman,  Laura  Dewey.  Bom  at  Hanover, 
N.  H.,  Dec.  21,  1829 :  died  at  South  Boston, 
Mass.,  May  24, 1889.  A  blind  deaf-mute  noted 
in  connection  with  educational  methods  for 


Brigantes.    See  the  extract. 

To  the  north  of  the  Coritavi  stretched  a  confederacy  or 
collection  of  kingdoms  to  which  the  Romans  applied  the 
single  name  of  "  Brigantia."     We  first  hear  of   these 


tion.']  In  Vedic  mythology,  a  god  in  whom 
the  activity  of  the  pious  man  toward  the  gods 
is  personified.  Brihaspati  is  the  prayer,  sacrifloer, 
priest,  intercessor  for  men  with  the  gods,  and  their  protec- 
tor against  the  wicked.  He  appears  as  the  prototype  of  the 
priest,  and  is  called  the  purohita,  or  "hottse-priest>"  of 
the  gods.  The  Brahma  of  the  later  Triad  is  a  develop- 
ment of  this  conception. 


confederated  states  about  the  year  A.D.  60,  when  their  Brihatkatha  (bri-hat'ka-tha).    In  Sanskrit  lit 


combined  territories  extended  on  one  coast  from  Flam- 
borough  Head  to  the  Firth  of  Forth,  and  on  the  other 
from  the  Dee  or  Mersey  to  the  valleys  on  the  upper  shore 
of  the  Solway.  "A  line,"  says  Mr.  Skene,  "  drawn  from 
the  Solway  Firth  across  the  island  to  the  eastern  sea  ex- 
actly separates  the  great  nation  of  the  Brigantes  from  the 
tribes  on  the  north,  the  'Gadeni '  and  the  'Otadeni ' :  but 
this  is  obviously  an  artificial  separation,  as  it  closely  fol- 
lows the  line  of  Hadrian's  Wall :  otherwise  it  would  imply 


erature,  the  "  Great  Narration,"  a  collection 
of  tales  by  Gunadhya,  stated  by  Somadeva  to 
be  the  source  of  his  Kathasaritsagara  (which 
see).  The  Brihatkatha  is  believed  to  go  back  to  the  1st 
or  2d  century  of  the  Christian  era,  but  no  manuscript  of  it 
has  yet  been  published.  Important  evidence  of  ite  char- 
acter is  afforded  by  the  two  works  founded  upon  it,  the 
Brihatkathamanjari  and  Kathasaritsagara. 


precisely  on  a  line  where  nature  presents  no  physical  de- 
marcation." £Jton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  236 
unfortunates  of  her  class.     Having  lost  sight  and  Brigantia.     The  ancient  name  of  Bregenz. 

?^rairs'm'er^V^'cl!?er^e'i^r^^^^^^^^ 

TOsplacedTtheSAsylumatSouthBoston.attheage  _The  Roman  name  of  the  Lake  of  Constance. 


that  the  southern  boundary  of  thesebarbariau  tribes  was  Brihatkathamanlari    (bri-hat-ka-tha-man'ja- 

re) .  In  Sanskrit  literature,  the '  Great  Blossom- 
cluster  of  Tales,"  a  collection  of  tales  by  Kshe- 


SgiiliCwVereshrwas'educatedbymea  Brigantium.     The  Roman  name  of  Bregenz. 

bet  devised  by  the  principal,  Dr.  S.  G.  Howe.  BriggS  (brigz),  OharleS  AugUStUS.     Born  at  Brihatsanhita  (bri-hat-san'hi-ta).     In  San 


mendra  Vyasadasa,  based  on  the  Brihatkatha. 
Its  date  is  not  far  from  1037  A.  D.  Part  of  it  has  been 
given  in  text  and  translation  by  Sylvain  Levi  in  the  "  Jour- 
nal Asiatique." 


Bridgwater  (brij'wa-ter),  or  Bridgewater.  A 
seaport  in  Somersetshire,  England,  situated  on 
the  Parret,  near  its  mouth,  29  miles  southwest 
of  Bristol.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  Blake.  Near  it  is 
Sedgemoor.  It  was  taken  by  the  Royalists  in  1643,  and  by 
the  Parliamentarians  in  1645.  It  declared  for  Monmouth 
in  1686.    Population  (1891),  12,429. 

Bridlington  (brid'ling-ton,  now  pton.  locally 
ber'linl-ton).  [.Also  Brellington  and  Burlmg- 
ton,  aoeoraing  to  the  corrupted  pronunciation ; 
ME.  Bridlington.  ]  A  town  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, 23  miles  nori;h  of  Hull.  Bridlington  Quay, 
a  watering-place,  lies  on  the  coast.  Total  pop- 
ulation (1891),  8,916.  ,-,.•• 

Bridoie  (bre-dwa').  ['Bridlegoose.']  .  A  naive 
and  placidly  ignorant  judge  m  Rabelais's"  Gar- 
Sa  and  Pantagruel,"  who  decides  causes 
bv  means  of  dice.  This  he  consider  the  most  natu- 
r^method:  The  character  is  a  trenchant  satire  on  judical 


New  York,  Jan.  15,  1841.  An  American  theo-  gkrit  literature,  the  "Great  Collection,"  an  as- 
logian.  He  studied  at  Union  Theological  Seminary,  trological  work  by  Varaha  Mihira,  who  is  be- 
New  York  city,  1861-63,  and  at  the  University  of  Ber-  jjeved  to  have  flourished  about  the  beginning 
lin,  Germany,  186&^9;  became  .Pa^toi-O'^/ff  ^j!!"bT    of  the  6th  century  A.  D. 

church  atRoselle,  New  Jersey,  in  1870,  and  m  1874  be-  -d-ji,*,,-,*!,  riirinlit'nnHi)  Died  991  An  pal- 
came  professor  of  Hebrew  and  the  cognate  languages  ra  BrihtUOth  (brieht  notn).  UieQ  ywi.  An  eai 
Union  Theological  Seminary.  In  1880  he  became  a  mem-  dorman  01  the  Last  baxons.  Hewas  the  son-in-law 
ber  of  the  editorial  staff  of  the  "Presbyterian  Review."  of  the  ealdorman  iElfgar  whom  he  succeeded  about  963. 
His  works  include  "  Biblical  Study  "  (1883),  "American  He  made  lavish  grants  to  ecclesiastical  foundations,  espe- 
Presbvterianism"  (1886),"Messianic  Prophecy"  (1886),  etc.  cially  to  the  monasteries  of  Ely  and  Ramsey,  and  feU  in 
His  advanced  views  in  biblical  criticism,  with  certain  doc-  battle  against  the  Nortlimen  near  Maldon  in  991. 
trinal  views,  subjected  him  to  a  trialfor  heresy  1892-93,  Brihtwald  (brioht'wald).  Died  in  Jan.,  731. 
which  resulted  in  his  condemnation  and  susiiension  oy  ^^  j^^jgjjgp  ^f  Canterbury.  He  was  of  noble  paren- 
the  General  Assembly.    He  was  ordamed  a  priest  of  the  ^^^  ^^F  her  the  place  nor  the  year  of  his  birth  is 

Episcopal  Caiurch  m  1899.  „t   -NroTi      known.    He  was  elevated  to  the  see  of  Canterbury  in 

BriggS,  Charles  FreaeriCk.  isom  at  in  an-  ^^  in  705  he  presided  over  a  council  near  the  river  Nidd, 
tucket  Mass  ,  1804:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  X.,  at  which  a  compromise  was  effected  between  Wilfrith,  the 
T„„o  90  1877  An  American  iournalist  and  exiled  Archbishop  of  York,  and  the  King  of  Northumbna. 
auSior  He  wrote  the  novels  "Harir  Franco  :  a  Tale  Brihuega  (bre- wa'ga).  A  town  m  the  province 
o?the  Great  pS"  (1839), ''Trippings  of  Tom  Pepper"  of  Guadalajara,  New  Castile,  Spam,  situated 
(1847)  etc.  „     ,  TT  1-^        on  the  Tajuiia  51  miles  northeast  of  Madrid. 

■Rrifffft!  Henrv    Born  at  Warley  Wood,  Halitax,    Here,  Dec,  1710,  the  French  under  the  Due  de  Vend6me 
ijiiegD,ij.«*^j.     ,=„.,.  ^i^j^|.  Oxford,  England,    defeated  the  Allies  under  Lord  stanhope. 

■  ■       Bril  (brel),  Paul.  Bomat  Antwerp  about  1554: 
died  at  Rome,  1626.    A  Flemish  painter,  noted 
ritiims.'  See  Napier.    He  was  professor  of  geom-    especially  for  landscapes. 


Brillat-Savarin 

Brillat-Savarin  (bre-ya'  sa-va-raii'),  An- 
thelme.  Bom  at  Belley,  Ain,  France,  April  1, 
1755:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  2,  1826.  Al^enoh 
writer,  an  authority  on  gastronomy,  author  of 
"Physiologie  dugotit" ("Physiology  of  Taste," 
1825),  etc. 

Brilon  (bre'lon).  An  ancient  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  22  miles  east  of 
Amsberg. 

Brinckman,(brink«nian),  Baron  Karl  Gustaf. 
Born  at  Brfi,nnkyrka,  near  Stockholm,  Swe- 
den Feb.  24,  1764 :  died  at  Stockholm,  Deo. 
25, 1847  (Jan.  10,  1848  ?).  A  Swedish  diploma- 
tist and  poet.  He  wrote  under  the  pseadonym  "Sel- 
niar. 

Brindisi  (breu'de-se).  [L.  Brundisium,  Brun- 
ausium,  Gr.  Bpevrcauyv,  BpevT^atov.']  A  seaport 
in  the  province  of  Lecce,  Italy,  situated  on 
the  Adriatic  in  lat.  40°  39'  N.,  long.  18°  E. 
It  is  a  station  ol  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental  Company,  and 
nsa  steamer  connection  also  with  Greece,  the  Levant,  and 
Adriatic  ports.  It  contains  a  cathedral,  a  castle  of  Fred- 
erick II. ,  the  ruined  church  of  San  Giovanni,  and  a  Roman 
column,  one  of  two  which  stood  on  a  point  in  the  harbor. 
The  capital  is  carved  with  figures  of  divinities.  These 
columns  may  have  marked  the  end  of  the  Appian  Way  or 
have  served  to  hold  lights  for  the  guidance  of  shipping. 
Brundisium  was  colonized  by  Tarentum,  was  acquired  by 
Kome  about  267  B.  0.,  and  became  a  Eoman  naval  station. 
It  was  the  terminus  of  the  Appian  Way,  and  the  usual 
starting-point  for  Greece  and  the  East.  In  49  B.  0.  it  was 
besieged  by  Csesar.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Pacuvius  and 
the  place  of  Vergil's  death.  It  was  a  frequent  rendezvous 
of  the  Crusaders.  In  1348  it  was  destroyed,  and  again  in 
1468,  by  an  earthquake.    Population,  14,000. 

Brink  (brink),  Bernhard  Egidius  Conrad 
ten.  Bom  at  Amsterdam,  Jan.  12, 1841 :  died  at 
Strasburg,  Jan.  29,  1892.  A  philologist,  noted 
especially  for  his  studies  in  English  literature 
and  language.  He  was  professor  of  modern  languages 
at  Marburg  1870-73,  and  of  English  at  Strasburg  1873-92. 
His  works  include  "Chaucer"  (Vol.  1. 1870),  "Geschichte 
der  Englischen  Literatur  "  (1877-8%  etc. 

Brinton  (brin'tonV  Daniel  Garrison.  Bom  in 
Chester  County,  Pa.,  May  13, 1837:  died  at  At- 
lantic City,  N.  J.,  July  31,  1899.  An  American 
surgeon  and  ethnologist.  He  was  professor  of  eth- 
nology andarohKologyinthePhiladelphiaAcademyof  Nat- 
ural Sciences,  and  of  American  archaeology  and  linguistics 
in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  His  works  include 
'■  The  Myths  of  the  New  World,  etc."  (1868),  "Aboriginal 
American  Authors  and  their  Productions,  etc."  (1883),  etc 

Brmvilliers  (bran-vil-ya'),  MaroLuise  de 
(Marie  d'Aubray).  Bom  about  1630  (?):  ex- 
eeuted  at  Paris,  July  16, 1676.  A  noted  French 
criminal,  she  married  in  1651  the  Marquis  de  Brinvil- 
liers,  from  whom  she  obtained  a  separation  after  he  had 
squandered  his  fortune.  She  was  instructed  in  the  use  of 
a  subtle  poison,  supposed  to  have  been  aqua  tofana,  by 
her  lover  Jean  Baptiste  de  Gaudin,  Seigneur  de  Sainte 
Croix,  with  which  she  poisoned  her  father  and  other  mem- 
bers of  her  family,  in  order  to  obtain  possession  of  the 
inheritance.  The  crimes  were  discovered  in  consequence 
of  the  accidental  poisoning  of  Sainte  Croix  in  1672,  and 
she  was  executed  at  Paris. 

Brion  (bre-on ' ) ,  Pedro  Luis.  Bom  in  the  Dutch 
island  of  Cura9ao,  1783:  died  there,  Sept.  27, 
1821.  An  admiral  of  the  Colombian  navy.  He 
joined  Bolivar  in  1812,  and  commanded  the  patriot  fleet  in 
the  Venezuelan  and  Colombian  revolutions ;  in  1816  and 
1816  he  furnished  the  vessels  and  arms  with  which  Bolivar 
recommenced  the  war.  He  was  president  of  the  council 
which  condemned  General  Piar  to  death  at  Angostura, 
Oct.,  1817. 

Brioude  (bre-6d').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Loire,  France,  in  lat.  45°  17'  N.,  long.  3° 
23'  E. :  the  ancient  Brivas.  There  is  a  noted  bridge 
at  Vieille-Brioude.    Population  (1891),  commune,  4,928. 

Brisac  (bre-sak'),  Charles.  The  elder  brother 
in  Fletcher  and  Massinger's  (?)  play  of  that 
name.  He  is  a  bookworm  despised  by  bis  father,  who 
proposes  to  make  his  younger  son  Eustace  his  heir  and 
marry  him  to  Angelina.  Clmrles,  however,  sees  her,  and, 
love  working  a  total  change  in  him,  shows  himself  to  be 
a  strong  and  manly  lover. 

Brisac,  Bustace.  The  younger  brother  in  Flet- 
cher and  Massinger's  (?)  "  Elder  Brother."  At 
first  a  fop,  he  redeems  his  character. 

Brisach.    See  Breisach. 

Brisbane  (briz'ban).  The  capital  of  Queens- 
land, in  Australia,  situated  on  the  river  Bris- 
bane, 25  miles  from  Moreton  Bay,  about  lat.  27° 
20'  S.,  long.  153°  E.  It  exports  wool,  cotton,  gold, 
hides,  etc.  Until  1842  it  was  a  penal  colony.  It  became 
the  capital  in  1869.    Population  (1891),  48,738. 

Brisbane  (briz'ban).  Sir  Thomas  Makdougall. 
Born  at  Brisbane  House,  Largs  in  Ayrshire, 
Scotland,  July  23,  1773:  died  there,  Jan.  27, 
1860.  A  British  general  and  astronomer,  gov- 
ernor of  New  South  Wales  1821-25.  He  served 
in  Flanders  1793-96,  in  the  West  Indies  1795-98,  in  the 
Peninsula  in  1812,  and  in  Canada  in  1813. 

Briseis  (bii-se'is).  Hippodameia,  the  daughter 
of  Briseus,  the  cause  of  the  quarrel  between 
Achilles  and  Agamemnon. 

Brisk  (brisk).  Fastidious.  A  pert,  petulant, 
and  lively  fop  in  Ben  Jonson's  comedy  "Every 


184 

Man  out  of  his  Humour."    He  is  devoted  to  the 
court,  and  fantastically  fashionable. 

Brisson  (bre-sdn'),  Eugene  Henri.    Bom  at 


British  India 

Trere,  in  all  probability,  the  descendants  of  the  Dumnonif 
whose  original  home  had  been  the  southwestern  part  of 
Britain,  whence  they  had  been  driven  out  by  the  Anglo- 


Bourges,  July  31,  1835.    A  French  republican  ^"fons-    .     ,,    .  .     ,.  ...       rr     »  ■., 

o+otooTYioT,     ir          I.              -J    i   .11.     T.     .,  Britannia  (bn-tan  i-a).     [L.  Bntanma,  more 

statesman.     He  was  chosen  president  of  the  chamber  Ir   t>„.j,„  .•„   /-(•_   t,  4 '     t ^„  i,    ., 

1881, 1883,  and  1896 ;  and  was  prime  ministerlrom  April  correctly  Bnttanm,  Gr.  BperTavia,  from  Bntan- 


6, 1886,  to  Jan.  7, 1886,  and  from  June  28, 1898,  to  Oct.  25, 1898. 

Brisson  (bre-s6n'),  Mathurin  Jacques.    Born 

at  Fontenay-le-Comte,  Vendue,  France,  April 

30, 1723 :  died  at  Boissy,  near  Versailles,  Prance, 

June  23, 1806.    A  noted  French  physicist  and 

ornithologist,  appointed  professor  at  the  ficoles 

Centrales  in  Paris  in  1796. 
Brissot  (bre-s6'),  Jean  Pierre,  sumamed  de 

Warville.    Bom  at  Ouarville,  near  Chartres, 

France,  Jan.  14, 1754:  guillotined  at  Paris,  Oct. 

31, 1793.    A  French  politician  and  writer.     He 

was  a  member  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  and  Conven- 
tion, and  a  Girondist  leader. 
Brissotins  (F.  bre-so-tan').    See  Girondists. 
Bristed  (bris'ted),  Charles  Astor.    Bom  at 

New  York,  Oct.  6,  1820:  died  at  Washington, 

D.  C,  Jan.  15, 1874.    An  American  author,  son 

of  John  Bristed.    He  published  "Five  Years  in  an 

English  University  "(1852),  "The  Upper  Ten  Thousand  of 

New  York  "  (1862),  etc.    He  wrote  under  the  pseudonym 

"Carl  Benson." 
Bristed,  John.    Born  in  Dorsetshire,  England, 

1778 :  died  at  Bristol,  Rhode  Island,  Feb.  23, 1855. 

AnAnglo-American  clergyman  and  author.    He  Britannia  Prima.    See  Britannia. 

came  to  New  York  in  1806,  and  married  (1820)  a  daughter  Britannia  SeCUUda.    A  Roman  province  nearly 

of  John  Jacob  Astor.    From  1829-43  he  was  rector  at  Bris-     corresponding  to  Wales.     See  Britannia. 

mil'-^siiiet  =^"™*«"*^=°"'=^»°' '"«  United  Britannia  Tubular, Bridge.    -A  fjjnous  rail 


more  correctly  Brittani,  (Jr.  BperTavol,  Bpc- 
Tavoi.2  In  ancient  geography  (after  the  time 
of  Cfflsar),  the  name  of  the  island  of  Great 
Britain,  and  specifically  of  the  southern  part  of 
the  island :  in  modern  times,  a  poetical .  name 
of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland. 

However  they  were  first  constituted,  the  Boman  divi- 
sions of  Britain  are  the  great  territorial  landmarks  of  our 
hisiiory.  The  country,  before  its  conquest,  was  parcelled 
out  among  different  tribes, who  had  come  in  on  every  side, 
and  were  struggling  in  the  centre  for  supremacy.  The 
Eomans  seem  to  have  disregarded  the  limits  of  the  exist- 
ing kingdoms  and  the  more  natural  features  of  mountain 
chains.  Apparently,  they  took  rivers  as  their  landmarks. 
Britannia  Prima,  the  first  province,  was  the  district 
south  of  the  Thames,  the  Saxon  Wessex  under  Egbert ; 
Flavia  Csesariensis,  between  the  Severn  and  the  sea,  was 
the  Mercian  kingdom  of  Ofta;  Britannia  Secunda,  west  of 
the  Severn,  comprised  Wales  and  the  Welsh  Marches ; 
Maxima  Csesariensis,  between  the  Humber  and  the  Tyne, 
is  tlie  Northumbrian  province  of  Deira ;  and  Valentia, 
whose  northern  boundary  was  between  the  Frith  of  Forth 
and  the  Clyde,  embraced  the  Lowlands  of  Scotland  and 
Northumberland.  Pearson,  Hist.  Eng.,  I.  40. 


Bristol  (bris'tol).  [Formerly  £wtow,  Bristowe; 
ME.  Bristow.'i'  A  seaport,  city,  and  county-bor- 
ough in  Somerset  and  Gloucester,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Frome  and  Avon,  near  Bristol  Chan- 
nel, in  lat.  51°  27'  N.,  long.  2°  36'  W.  it  has  a 
large  foreign  trade,  especially  with  America,  and  manu- 
factures of  sugar,  tobacco,  leather,  cotton,  boots,  glass, 
etc.  Bristol  Cathedral  is  of  the  14th  century,  with  rebuilt 
modern  nave.  It  is  small,  and  chiefly  notable  in  that  its 
aisles  are  of  the  same  height  as  the  nave,  which  thus  has 


way  bridge  across  Menai  Strait,  Wales,  built 
by  Robert  Stephenson  between  1846  and  1850. 
It  consists  of  two  parallel  rectangular  tunnels  of  wrought 
iron,  supported  by  three  piers  between  the  two  shore  piers. 
The  central  tower  is  230  feet  high.  The  total  length  is 
1,840  feet ;  that  of  each  of  the  central  spans,  460  feet. 

Britannicse  Insulse  (bri-tan'i-se  iu'su-le). 
[L.]  In  ancient  geography  (before  the  time  of 
Csesar),  the  name  of  the  British  Islands  Albion 
(Great  Britain)  and  lerne  (Ireland). 


wh4T,tc[inS?J;??n'n^Td*Jh1f:Sf„/^^^^^^^^^^  Britannicus   (bri-tan'i-kus),  originally  Clau- 


which  is  rectangular  in  plan  and  exhibits  admirable  mold- 
ings and  interlacing  arcades.  Bristol  became  important 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  was  the  second  seaport  of  Eng- 
land down  to  the  18th  century,  and  one  of  the  chief  seats 
of  the  slave-trade.  In  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  it  was 
made  a  county.  It  was  taken  by  Prince  Rupert  in  1643, 
and  by  the  Parliamentarians  in  1646.  It  was  the  scene  of 
great  riots  in  1831.  A  noted  musical  festival  is  held  tri- 
ennially  here,  lasting  four  days :  the  first  one  was  held 
in  1873.  Population  (1901),  328,842. 
Bristol.    A  town  and  port  of  entry  in  Bristol 


dius  Tiberius  Germanicus.  Bom  about  42 
A.  D. :  died  at  Rome,  55  a.  d.  A  son  of  the 
emperor  Claudius  and  Messalina.  He  was  heir 
apparent  to  the  throne  till  the  intrigues  of  his  stepmother^ 
Agrippina,  and  her  paramour,  the  freedman  Pallas,  se- 
cured from  Claudius  the  precedence  for  Nero,  Agrippina'a 
son  by  a  former  marriage.  He  was  poisoned  at  a  banquet 
by  Nero,  whose  mother  had  sought  to  work  upon  the  fears" 
of  her  rebellious  son  by  threatening  to  bring  the  claims 
of  Britannicus  before  the  soldieiy. 


County,  Rhode  Island,  situated  on  Narragan-  British  America.     That  part  of  North  America 


sett  Bay  13  miles  south-southeast  of  Provi- 
dence.    Population  (1900),  6,901. 

Bristol.  A  borough  in  Bucks  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, situated  on  the  Delaware  River  19  miles 
northeast  of  Philadelphia.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  carpets  and  iron  goods.  Population 
(1900),  7,104. 

Bristol  Boy,  The.   Thomas  Chatterton, 


(with  the  exception  of  Alaska)  which  lies  north 
of  the  United  States,  it  comprises  the  Dominion  of 
Canada  and  Newfoundland.  In  a  wider  sense  the  name 
includes  also  the  Bermudas,  British  West  Indies,  Balize, 
British  Guiana,  and  the  Falkland  Islands. 

British  Baluchistan.  A  British  chief  commis- 
sionership  in  Asia,  formed  in  1887  out  of  dis- 
tricts in  southeastern  Afghanistan, 

British  Burma.     See  Burma. 


Bristol  Channel.    An  arm  of  the  ocean  lying  British  Central  ilUfrica."    See  C.  A.,  British. 
between  Wales  and   Monmouthshire  on  the  British  Columbia.    A  province  in  the  Domin- 
ion of  Canada,  lying  between  the  Northwest 


north,  and  southwestern  England  on  the  east 
and  south,  it  extends  from  the  estuary  of  the  Severn 
westward  to  the  southwestern  points  of  England  and  of 
Wales. 

Bristowe  (Bristol)  Merchant,  The.  A  play 
by  Ford  and  Dekker,  licensed  in  1624 :  probably 
an  alteration  of  Day's  "  Bristol  Tragedy." 

Bristowe  Tragedy,  The,  or  the  Death  of  Sir 
Charles  Bawdin.    One  of  the  Rowley  poems 
by  Chatterton,  the  first  one  separately  printed, 
It  was  written  in  1768  and  printed  in  1772, 
Chatterton. 

Britain  (brit'an  or  brit'n).  [ME.  Britaine, 
Bretayne,  etc.','  OF.  Bretagne,  L.  Britannia.'] 
The  English  equivalent  for  Britannia  ;  Great 
Britain.  In  Arthurian  romance  "  Britain  "  always  means 
Brittany  (Bretagne) :  England  is  called  Logris  or  Logria. 
The  word  "Britain,"  in  the  mouth  of  an  EUjglishman,  is 
reserved  either  for  artificial  poetry,  for  the  dialect  of  for- 
eign politics,  or  for  the  conciliation  of  Scottish  hearers. 
Before  England  and  Scotland  were  united,  the  name 
"Briton,"  as  including  Englishmen,  was  altogether  un- 
heard of.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  1. 165. 

Britain  (brit'an  or  brit'n),  Benjamin,  or  Lit- 
tle. In  Charles  Dickens's  story  "  The  Battle 
of  Life,"  at  first  a  servant,  afterward  landlord, 
of  the  Nutmeg  Grater  Inn.     He  is  very  small. 


Territory  north,  Athabasca  and  Alberta  east, 
the  United  States  south,  and  Alaska  and  the 
Pacific  Ocean  west,  in  lat.  49°-60°  N.  The  capi- 
tal is  Victoria.  It  includes  Vancouver  and  Queen  Char- 
lotte islands.  It  has  a  lieutenant-governor  and  legisla- 
tive assembly,  and  sends  7  members  to  the  Dominion 
House  of  Commons,  aud  3  members  to  the  Senate.  Area, 
383,300  square  miles.    Population  (1901),  178,667. 

British  East  Africa.    See  East  Africa,  British. 

See  British  East  Africa  Company,  Imperial.    A 

British  commercial  company,  developed  from 
the  British  East  Africa  Association,  and  char- 
tered iu  1888.  Its  head  was  Sir  William  Mackinnon. 
The  territory  of  the  company  (about  200,000  square  miles) 
lay  within  the  newly  acquired  British  "sphere  of  in- 
fiuence"  of  East  Africa,  northeast  of  Victoria  Nyanza. 
The  company  had  extended  its  operations  into  Uganda, 
but  in  1892  it  decided  to  abandon  that  region,  and  In  1896 
It  surrendered  its  charter  to  the  British  government. 

British  Empire.  A  collective  term  for  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
with  its  colonies  and  dependencies.  Area  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  India,  and  colonies,  9,180,700  square 
miles ;  population,  345,282,960.  Area  of  protectorates  and 
spheres  of  influence,  2,240,400;  population,  36,122,000. 
Grand  total  of  British  Empire :  area,  11,421,100  square 
miles ;  population,  381,404,960. 


and  announces  himself  as  knowing  and  earing  British  Guiana.    See  Guiana. 

for  absolutely  nothing.  British  Honduras,  or^Balize  (ba-lez').    A 


Britanni  (bri-tan'i).  [LL.  Britanni,  Britones.'] 
A  Celtic  people  in  the  northwest  part  of  Gaul, 
first  mentioned  in  this  location  by  Sidonius 
ApoUonius.  According  to  Jordanes  they  were  leagued 
with  the  Bomans  against  the  West  Goths.  Gregory  of 
Tours  makes  them  subject  to  the  neighboring  Franks. 
They  were  called  by  the  Franks  Breton;  by  Latin  writers 
after  the  5th  century,  Britanni,  Britones,  and  their  land 


crown  colony  of  Great  Britain,  lying  between 
Yucatan  on  the  north,  the  Caribbean  Sea  on 
the  east,  and  Guatemala  on  the  south  and  west. 
Capital,  Balize.  it  exports  mahogany,  logwood,  fruity 
sugar,  etc.  It  was  settled  by  wood-cutters  ^om  Jamaica 
at  the  end  of  the  17th  century,  and  since  1870  has  been  & 
crown  colony  of  Great  Britain.  Area,  7,662  squaie  mUes. 
Population  (1891),  81,471. 


Britannia  Cimmrina,  modem  Bretagne,  Brittany.    They  British  India.     See  India, 


British  Legion 

British  Legion.  A  body  of  British  troops,  com- 
manded by  Colonel  Evans,  which  fought  for 
Queen  Isabella  of  Spain  against  the  Oarlists, 
ii  1836. 

British  Museum.  A  celebrated  museum  at 
Great  EusseE  street,  Bloomsbury,  London, 
founded  in  1753.  it  contains  collections  of  antiquities, 
drawings,  prints,  and  a  library  ol  2,000,000  volumes,  55,000 
MSS.,  and  45,000  charters.  The  growth  ot  the  British 
Museum  has  been  very  rapid.  Montague  House  was  ilrst 
employed  in  1753  when  room  was  needed  for  Sir  Hans 
Sloane's  library  and  collections,  which  were  bought  for  the 
nominal  price  of  £20,000,  raised  by  a  lottery.  The  collec- 
tion was  opened  to  the  public  Jan.,  1769.  The  Harleian 
manuscripts,  purchased  in  1756,  and  the  royal  library, 
largely  taken  from  the  monasteries  by  Henry  VIII.,  and 
66,000  volumes  given  by  George  III.  and  George IV.,  raised 
the  library  to  a  position  of  great  importance.  Tne  new 
building,  designed  by  Sir  Bobert  Smirke  and  completed 
by  his  brother  Sydney  Smirke,  was  commenced  soon  after 
the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century.  In  1816  the  Elgin 
marbles  were  bought  for  the  sum  of  £35,000.  The  first 
great  Egyptian  acquisition  consisted  of  the  objects  taken 
with  the  French  army  in  1801.  In  1804  the  Kosetta  Stonfi 
and  several  sarcophagi  were  exhibited.  A  little  later  the 
collection  of  Sir  Gardiner  Wilkinson  was  added.  The  As- 
syrian, Babylonian,  coin,  and  Greek  vase  collections  are  un- 
questionably the  best  in  any  contemporary  museum.  The 
natural  history  collections  have  been  removed  to  the  Mu- 
seum of  Natural  History  at  South  Kensington.  The  pres- 
ent building,  finished  in  1847,  is  one  of  the  best  structures 
of  the  "Classic  Revival."  The  annual  increase  ot  the  li- 
brary is  about  40,000  volumes.  Modern  English  publica- 
tions are  added  free  of  expense  by  a  privilege,  shared  with 
the  universities,  of  receiving  gratis  a  copy  of  every  book 
entered  at  Stationers'  Hall. 

British  North  Borneo.  A  British  colonial  pos- 
session in  the  island  of  Borneo,  it  is  a  protec- 
torate under  the  British  North  Borneo  Company  (charter 
granted  1881).  It  produces  tobacco,  timber,  rice,  sago, 
coffee,  gums,  etc.  The  chief  town  is  Sandakan.  Area, 
31,106  square  miles.    Population,  175,000. 

British  South  Africa  Companyi  A  British 
commercial  company  chartered  in  1889  for  the 
exploitation  of  Matabeleland  and  the  neighbor- 
ing regions.  The  leader  was  Mr.  Cecil  Ehodes.  The 
company  has  built  Fort  Salisbury,  and  developed  Masho- 
naland  to  some  extent.  Its  territory  has  been  extended 
to  include  British  Central  Africa  (north  of  the  Zambesi) 
with  the  exception  of  Nyassaland.  In  1893  the  company 
put  down  a  Matabele  rising  under  the  chief  Lobengula. 

Brito  Freire  (bre'ts  fra're),  Francisco  de. 
Born  at  Coruche,  Alemtejo,  about  1620:  died  at 
Lisbon,  Nov.  8,  1692.  A  Portuguese  admiral, 
administrator,  and  historian.  He  was  captain- 
general  of  Pernambuoo  from  1661  to  1664,  and  wrote  the 
"  Nova  Lusitania,"  an  incomplete  historj;  of  the  wars  be- 
tween the  Dutch  and  Portuguese  in  Brazil. 

Britomartis  (brit-o-mar'tis).  [Gr.  BpiTd/iapng, 
the  sweet  maiden  (?).]  1.  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, a  Cretan  divinity  of  hunters  and  fishermen. 
Tne  legends  concerning  her  are  various.  According  to 
one,  to  escape  from  the  pursuit  of  Minos  she  threw  her- 
self among  the  fishermen's  nets  in  the  sea,  and  was  res- 
cued and  made  a  deity  by  Artemis. 
2.  In  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene,"  a  female 
knight,  personifying  chastity. 

Britons  (brit'onz).  [ME.  Britun,  Brutun,  etc., 
OF.  Breton,  a'Briton,  usually  a  Breton  or  na- 
tive of  Brittany  in  France,  from  ML.  Brito(n-), 
pi.  Britones,  L.  Britanni,  Britons.],  The  natives 
of  Great  Britain ;  especially,  the  original  Celtic 
inhabitants  of  the  island  of  Briton. 

So  lately  as  James  the  Second's  time,  a  Briton  still 
meant  a  Welshman  ;  and  we  believe  that,  exactly  a  cen- 
tury back,  the  famous  declaration  of  George  the  Third  that 
he  "gloried  in  the  name,"  not  of  Englishman,  but  "of 
Briton,"  was  looked  upon  by  many  of  his  subjects  as  a 
wicked  machination  of  the  Scotchman  Bute. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  I.  166. 

Brittany.or  Britanny  (brit'a-ni),  F.  Bretagne. 
[From  L.  Britanni.  See  Brithnni,  Britmn.]  A 
former  government  of  France,  capital  Eennes, 
the  Roman  Armorica.  It  is  bounded  by  the  English 
Channel  on  the  north,  Normandy,  Maine,  and  Anjou  on  the 
east,  Poitou  on  the  south,  and  the  ocean  on  the  southwest 
and  west.  It  is  traversed  by  hills  and  low  mountains  (the 
Montagues  d'ArrSe,  Montagues  Noires  etc.),  and  is  di- 
vided into  Basse-Bretagne  in  the  west,  and  Haute-Bre- 
tagne  in  the  east.  It  comprises  five  departments : 
Itaistfere,  C6tes-da-Nord,  Morbihan,  lUe-et-Vilaine,  and 
Lou-e-Inf  ^rieure.  The  vernacular  language  is  the  Breton. 
Brittany  is  noted  for  its  megalithio  monuments  (dolmens, 
menhirs,  and  cromlechs).  A  large  part  of  the  people  ^e 
sailors  and  fishermen.  Brittany  was  inhabited  by  the  Ve- 
neti  and  other  Gallictribes  and  formed  a  part  of  Lugdu- 
nensis  under  the  Romans.  It  received  the  name  of  Lesser 
or  Little  Britain  or  Brittany  (Britannia  Minor ;  also  Britan- 
nia  Cismarlna)  in  allusion  to  the  Greater  Britain  across 
the  Channel,  from  which  it  received  colonists  (from  Corn- 
wall) driven  out  by  the  Anglo-Saxons  The  Frankish 
Mngs  failed  to  retain  a  permanent  hold  on  the  country 
In  the  9th  century  it  became  independent,  and  was  ruled 
by  counts  and  dukes.  In  the  12th  century  >t  Passed  hy 
marriage  to  Geofl^rey,  son  of  Henry  11.  of  England 
™1204  it  became  a  &el  of  France,  and  soon  after  passed 
under  the  rule  of  dukes  of  the  Dreux  family.  .It  was 
SSited  to  France  by  the  marri^es  of  Anne  (heiress  of 
Brittany)  with  Charles  VIIL  of  France  m  1491,  and  with 
Louis  in  in  1499.  It  was  finally  incorporated  with 
See  in  i682.  During  the  Revolution  and  later  it  was 
a  center  of  royalist  feeling.    Compare  Chomn. 


185 

Brittle  (brit'l),  Barnaby.  The  husband  of 
Mrs.  Brittle  in  Betterton's  play  "  The  Amorous 
Widow,"  a  sort  of  George  Dandiu :  played  by 
Charles  Macklin  at  Covent  Garden. 


Broglie,  Comte  Victor  Maurice  de 

German  Orientalist,  son  of  Friedrich  Arnold 
Brockhaus.  He  was  the  editor  of  Ersch  and  aruber'sr 
"AUgemeine  EncyklopSdie  "  after  1866,  and  also  of  vari- 
ous Persian  and  Sanskrit  works. 


Brittle,  Mrs.    A  character  in  Betterton's  play  Brockton    (brok'ton).     A  city  in   Plymouth 


The  Amorous  Widow."  it  was  chosen  by  Mrs. 
Bracegirdle  and  Mrs.  Oldfield  as  a  test  of  their  popularity 
with  the  public  and  superiority  of  method. 

Britton.  An  early  summary  of  English  law, 
written  in  French,  probably  in  the  13th  century. 
A  MS.  is  In  existence.  It  was  first  printed  in  London  about 
ISiiO.  Selden  and  others  thought  it  an  abridgment  of 
Bracton. 

Britton  (brit'n),  Colonel,  The  lover  of  Isa- 
bella in  Mrs.  Centhvre's  comedy  "The  Wonder, 
a  Woman  keeps  a  Secret."  It  is  to  keep  the 
secret  of  Colonel  Britton  and  Isabella  that  Vio- 
lante  nearly  loses  her  own  lover. 

Britton,  John.  Born  at  Kingston-St.-Michael, 
Wiltshire,  England,  July  7,  1771:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  1,  1857.  An  English  antiquary.  His 
works  include  "The  Beauties  of  Wiltshire"  (1801-25), 
"Architectural  Antiquities  of  Great  Britain"  (1806-26), 
"  Cathedral  Antiquities  of  England  "  (1814-36),  etc. 

Brive,  or  Brives  (brev),  or  Brives-la-Gail- 
larde  (brev'la-ga-yard').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  CorrSze,  France,  situated  on  the 
Corrfeze  in  lat.  45°  9'  N.,  long.  1°  35'  E.  it  has 
an  important  trade  in  trufiles.  It  i 
Cardinal  Dubois  and  Marshal  Brune. 
commune,  16,803. 

Brixen  (briks'en),  It.  Bressanone  (bres-sa-no'- 
ne).  A  town  in  Tyrol,  Austria-Hungary,  .situ- 
ated on  the  Eisak  40  miles  south  of  Innsbruck. 
It  is  an  important  strategic  point,  and  was  the  capital  of 
an  ecclesiastical  principality  till  1803.  Population  (1890), 
6,243. 

Brixham  (briks'am).  A  seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  Devonshire,  England,  23  miles  south  of 
Exeter,  on  the  English  Channel.  Population 
(1891),  6,224. 

Brizeux  (bre-zfe'),  Julien  Auguste  Pelage. 
Born  at  Lorient,  Sept.  12,  1805 :  died  at  Mont- 
pellier.  May,  1858.  A  French  idyllic  poet.  His 
works  include  "Marie,"  "La  fleur  d'or,"  "Pri- 
mel  et  Nola,"  "Le  T61en  Arvor,"  etc. 

Broach  (brooh),  or  Bharuch  (bha-roch').  A 
district  in  the  northern  division,  Bombay,  Brit- 
ish India.  Area,  1,463  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  341,490. 

Broach.  The  capital  of  Broach  district,  Brit- 
ish India,  situated  on  the  Nerbudda  30  miles 


County,  Massachusetts,  20  miles  south  of  Bos- 
ton. It  has  manufactures  of  boots  and  shoes. 
Formerly  called  North  Bridgewater.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  40,063. 

Brockville  (brok'vil).  A  town  and  port  of 
entry  in  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the  St. 
Lawrence  in  lat.  44°  34'  N.,  long.  75°  45'  W. 
Population  (1901),  8^940. 

Broderip  (brod'rip),  William  John.  Bom  at 
Bristol,  England,  Nov.  21, 1789 :  died  at  London, 
Feb.  27, 1859.  An  English  lawyer  and  natural- 
ist, secretary  of  the  Geological  Society.  He  was. 
the  author  of  numerous  scientific  books  and  papers,  in- 
cluding zoological  articles  in  the  "Penny  CyclopBedia," 
"English  CyolopsBdia,"  and  "Proceedings  and  Transac- 
tions of  the  ZoSlogical  Society  " ;  also  "Zoological  Recre- 
ations "(1847),  "Leaves  from  the  Note  Book  of  a  Natu- 
ralist "(1852),  etc. 

Brodhead  (brod'hed),  John  Bomeyn.    Bom 

at  Philadelphia,  Jan.  2,  1814:  died  at  New 
York,  May  6,  1873.  An  American  historian. 
He  wrote  "History  of  the  State  of  New  York"' 
(1853,  1871). 
,"„*'  S.^,'?'/fW^1?Q,f  Brodie  (bro'di),Sir  Benjamin  Collins.  Bom 
'""  Population  (1891),  at  Winterslow,  Wilts,  Sigland,  June  9,  1783  r 
died  at  Broome  Park,  Surrey,  England,  Oct.  21, 
1862.  An  eminent  English  surgeon,  surgeon 
to  St.  George's  Hospital  (1822).  His  works  in- 
clude "  Pathological  and  Surgical  Observations  on  the= 
Diseases  of  the  Joints  "  (1818),  "Psychological  Inquiries  " 
(1854-62),  etc. 

Brody  (bro'di).  A  town  in  the  crownland  of 
Galicia,  Austria-Hungary,  in  lat.  50°  8'  N.,  long. 
25°  9'  E. :  an  important  trading  center.  Its  in- 
habitants are  in  great  part  Hebrews  (hence  its  nick- 
name "  the  German  Jerusalem  ").  It  was  a  free  commer- 
cial city  1779-1879.    Population  (1890),  17,634. 

Brodzinski  (brod-zins'ke),  Eazimierz.  Bom 
at  Krol6wka,  near  Bochnia,  Galicia,  March  8, 
1791 :  died  at  Dresden,  Oct.  10, 1835.  A  Polish 
soldier,  poet,  and  scholar,  professor  of  esthetics 
at  the  University  of  Warsaw.  He  served  in  the 
Russian  campaign  of  1812  and  in  the  campaign  of  1813,. 
and  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Leipsic.  His  com- 
plete works  were  published  1842-44. 

Broek  (brok).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  North  Holland,  Netherlands,  7  miles  north- 
east of  Amsterdam:  famous  for  its  neatness. 


?^°,^,itsmj)uth.^^tt  was  stormed  by  the  British  Broekhuizen  (brSk'hoi-zen),  Jan  van,  Latin- 
ized Broukhusius,  Janus.  Born  at  Amster- 
dam, Nov.  20, 1649 :  died  near  Amsterdam,  Deo. 
15, 1707.  A  Dutch  poet  and  classical  scholar. 
He  edited  "Propertius"  (1702),  "TibuUus" 
(1708),  and  published  Latin  poems  ( ' '  Carmina," 
1684). 


in  1772  and  in  1803.     Population  (1891),  40, 168. 

Broad  Bottom  Administration.  In  British 
history,  an  epithet  given  to  the  Pelham  admin- 
istration (1744-54),  because  it  was  formed  by  a 
coalition  of  parties. 

Broad  River.    A  river  in  North  and  South  Car- 


olina which  rises  inlthe  Blue  Eidge,  uniting  at  Broflterio  (brof-fa're-o),  Angelo.    Born  at  Cas- 


Columbia  with  the  Saluda  to  form  the  Conga- 
ree.    Length,  over  200  miles. 
Broadstairs  (brad'starz).    A  watering-place  in 
Kent,  England,  16  miles  east-northeast  of  Can- 
terbury.    Population  (1891),  5,266, 


telnuovo,  near  Asti,  Italy,  Deo.  24, 1802 :  died  at 
Verbanella,  near  Lago  MaggiorOj  Italy,  May  26, 
1866.  An  Italian  poet  and  publicist.  His  works 
include  "Canzoni  Piemontesi"  (6lh  ed.  1868),  dramas,  a 
history  of  Piedmont  (1849-62),  etc. 


Broadway  (br4d-wa').   The  principal  business  Broglie   (broly'),  Achille  Charles   L^once 


street  of  New  York,  extending  from  Bowling 
Green  northward  to  Central  Park  for  about  5 
miles.  It  crosses,  diagonally.  Fifth  avenue  at  Twenty- 
third  street,  Sixth  avenue  at  Thirty-fourth  street,  and 
Seventh  avenue  at  Forty-third  street.  From  the  Central 
Park,  Eighth  avenue  and  Fifty-ninth  street,  its  continua- 
tion to  One  Hundred  and  Fifty -fifth  street  follows  mostly 
the  old  Bloomingdale  road,  and  is  called  the  Boulevard. 


Victor,  Duo  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  28, 1785: 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  25, 1870.  A  French  states- 
man and  peer  of  France,  a  son  of  Claude  Victor, 
Prince  de  Broglie.  He  was  minister  of  the  interior 
and  of  public  worship  and  instruction  1830,  and  miuister 
of  foreign  aflairBOct.,1832,-April,1834,andNov.,1834,-Feb., 
1836.  He  married  (1816)  Albertine,  daughter  of  Madame 
de  Stael. 


From  One  Hundred  and  Seventh  street  it  is  Identical  with  BrOgliO,  DuChOSSe  dO  (Albertine  Ida  Gusta- 
Eleventh  avenue.  _     .  . .  yj^e  de  Stael).  Bom  at  Paris,  1797 :  died  Sept. 


Brobdingnag  (brob'ding-nag),  or  Brobdignag 

(brob'dig-nag).   A  country  described  m  Swift's 
"Gulliver's  Travels,"  famous  for  the  gigantic 
size  of  the  inhabitants  and  of  all  objects. 
Brock  (brok),  Sir  Isaac.    Bom  in  Guernsey, 


22, 1838.  Daughter  of  Madame  de  Stael,  and 
wife  of  Achille  Charles  L^onoe  Victor  de  Bro- 
glie. She  wrote  moral  and  religious  essays,  collected 
after  her  death  under  the  title  of  "  Fragments  sur  divers 
sujets  de  religion  et  de  morale  "  (1840). 


Oct.  6, 1769:  killed  at  Queenstown,  Canada,  Oct.  Broglie,  Claude  Victor,  Prince  de.    Born  at 
13,1812.    A  British  major-general.    Hecaptured    "-  =-    ■""'"-  ^--^  -•-  -n--^-    t„„„  0:7   i^n^       a 
General  Hull's  army  at  Detroit,  Aug.  16,  1812.    For  this 
exploit  he  was  knighted. 
Brocken(brok'en),orBlocksberg(bloks'berG). 

The  chief  summit  of  the  Harz  Mountains,  and 
the  highest  mountain  in  northern  Germany, 
situated  in  the  province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  in 


Paris,  1757:  died  at  Paris,  June  27,  1794.  A 
French  politician,  son  of  Victor  Francois  de 
Broglie.  He  was  presidentof  the  Constituent  Assembly 
in  1791,  and  afterward  became  adjutant-general  in  the  army 
of  the  Rhine.  Having  refused  to  recognize  the  decree  of 
Aug.  10,  1792,  he  was  sent  to  the  guillotine  by  the  revo- 
lutionary tribunal. 

■  .      »     .  ^       ,.        Born 


lat  5io48'N.,lo'ng.l0°26'E.:  theEomanMons  Broglie,  Francois  Marie,  first  Due  de, 
Bructerus.    it  is  the  traditional  meeting-place  of  the    a^  ^aris  Jan  11, 1671 :  died  at  Broglie,  rranoe, 
witches  on  Walpurgis  Night,  and  is  famous  for  the  opti-    May   li,  1/40. 


caT'pheMmenon  called  the  "specter  of  the  Brocken." 
Height,  3,746  feet.  _  .    ,    .  ,      .         u 

Brockhaus  (brok'hous),  Friedrich  Arnold. 

Bom  at  Dortmund,  Germany,  May  4, 1772:  died 
at  Leipsic,  Aug.  20, 1823.  A  German  publisher, 
the  founder  of  the  firm  of  F.  A.  Brockhaus 
at  Leipsic.  He  purchased  the  copyright  of  the 
' '  Conversations-Lexikon  "  in  1808. 
Brockhaus,  Hermann.  Bom  at  Amsterdam, 
Jan.  28,  1806:  died  at  Leipsic,  Jan.  5,  1877.    A 


A  marshal  of  France,  son  of 
Comte  Victor  Maurice  de  Broglie. 
Broglie,  Jacaues  Victor  Albert,  Due  de.  Bom 

1821 :  died  1901.  A  French  statesman,  pub- 
licist, and  historian,  son  of  Achille  Charles 
Lionoe  Victor  de  Broglie.  He  was  ambassador  to 
London  in  1871,  and  premier  1873-74  and  1877.  His  chief 
work  is  "L'Eglise  et  I'empire  remain  au  4=  siecle    (1866). 

Broglie,  Comte  Victor  Maurice  de.  Bom 
1639 :  died  Aug.  4, 1727.  A  marshal  of  France, 
distinguished  in  the  wars  of  Louis  XIV. 


Broglie,  Victor  FranQois,  Due  de 

Broglie,  Victor  Francois,  Due  de.  Bom  Oct. 
19, 1718:  died  at  Miinster,  Germany,  March  29, 
1804.  A  marshal  of  France,  son  of  Francois 
Marie  de  Broglie.  He  fought  in  the  Seven  Years' 
War,  at  Hastenbeck  and  Rossbach,  commanded  at  the 
battle  of  Bergen,  1769,  and  was  appointed  minister  of  war 
by  Louis  XVI.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution,  1789, 
he  was  in  command  of  the  troops  stationed  at  Paris  for 
the  maintenance  of  order,  but  their  adoption  of  the  cause 
of  the  Revolution  led  him  to  emigrate  about  1790.  He 
commanded  a  body  of  emigrants  in  the  campaign  of  1792, 
organized  a  corps  of  emigrants  for  the  English  service  in 
1794,  and  on  the  dissolution  of  this  corps  joined  the  Rus- 
sian service  in  1797. 

Brogni  (bron'ye),  Jean  AUarmet  de.  Bom  at 
Brogid,  Savoy,  1342:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  16, 
1426.  An  eminent  French  cardinal.  He  was 
president  of  the  Council  of  Constance,  1416-17,  and  as  such 
pronounced  the  sentence  of  the  council  upon  John  Huss. 

Brohan(br6-on'),  Augustine  Suzanne.  Born 
atParis,  Jan.  29, 1807:  died  Aug.  17, 1887.  Anoted 
French  actress,  known  on  the  stage  as  Suzanne. 
She  made  her  first  appearance  on  the  stage  as  Dorine  in 
"Tartufe."  She  was  a  soci^taire  of  the  Com^die  Fran- 
9aise,  and  was  an  extremely  graceful,  adroit,  and  original 
actress,  but  ill  health  compelled  her  to  retire  at  thirty-flve. 

Brohan,  Bmilie  Madeleine.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Oct.  21,  1833:  died  there,  Feb.  25,  1900.  A 
French  actress,  known  on  the  stage  as  Made- 
leine :  the  younger  daughter  of  SuzanneBrohan. 
She  maiTied  Mario  TJchard  in  1864,  from  whom  she  was 
divorced  in  1884.  She  was  a  beautiful,  finished,  and  co- 
quettish actress.    She  retired  from  the  stage  in  1885. 

Brohan,  Josephine  F^licite  Augustine.  Born 
Dec.  2,  1824:  died  Feb.  16,  1893.  A  French  ac- 
tress and  dramatic  writer,  known  on  the  stage 
as  Augustine,  she  was  the  daughter  of  Suzanne  Bro- 
han, and  was  a  remarkably  versatile  and  brilliant  actress. 
She  succeeded  Rachel  at  the  Conservatoire,  and  retired  in 
1868.    She  married  M.  Gheest,  Belgian  minister  to  France. 

Broke  (bruk).  Sir  Philip  Bowes  Vere.    Bom 

at  Broke  Hall,  near  Ipswich,  England,  Sept.  9, 
1776 :  died  at  London,  Jan.  2, 1841.  A  British 
rear-admiral.  He  was  educated  at  the  Royal  Naval 
Academy  in  Portsmouth  Dockyard ;  became  a  commander 
in  1799,  and  a  captain  in  1801 ;  and  was  appointed  to  com- 
mand the  frigate  Shannon  in  1806.  While  cruising  off 
Boston,  he  sent  a  challenge  to  Captain  Lawrence  of  the 
American  frigate  Chesapeake  to  fight  an  engagement. 
The  Chesape^e,  which  stood  out  to  sea  before  the  chal- 
lenge could  be  delivered,  was  captured  after  an  engage- 
ment of  fifteen  minutes,  June  1, 1813. 

Broken  Heart,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Ford,  acted 
at  Blaekfriars  in  1629,  printed  in  1633. 

Bromberg  (brom'bero),  Pol.  Bydgoszcz  (bid'- 
gosheh).  A  city  in  the  province  of  Posen,  Prus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Brahe,  and  on  the  canal 
between  the  Oder  and  Vistula,  in  lat.  53°  9'  N., 
long.  18°  E.  It  is  a  commercially  important 
place.     Population  (1890),  commune,  41,399. 

Bromberg.  A  governmental  district  in  the 
province  of  Posen,  Prussia.  Population  (1890), 
625,215. 

Brome  (brom),  Alexander.  Bom  in  1620 :  died 
June  30, 1666.  An  English  attorney  and  royal- 
ist poet.  He  wrote  "  Songs  and  Poems  "  (1661 :  second, 
enlarged  edition  1664),  and  a  comedy,  "  The  Cunning 
Lovers  "  (1654).  He  edited  two  volumes  of  Richard  Brome's 
plays,  but  is  not  known  to  be  related  to  him. 

Brome,  Richard.  Died  1652  (?).  An  English 
dramatist,  in  his  early  years  the  servant  of  Ben 
Jonson.  Of  his  Ufe  and  death  little  is  known.  Among 
his  numerous  plays  are  "The  City  Wit,  or  the  Woman 
Wears  the  Breeches,"  "  The  Northern  Lass  "(printed  1632), 
"The  Sparagus  Garden"  (acted  1636,  printed  1640),  "The 
Antipodes"  (acted  1638,  printed  164^,  "A  Jovial  Crew, 
or  the  Merry  Beggars  "  (acted  1641,  printed  1662). 

Bromia  (bro'mi-a).  The  scolding,  ill-tempered 
wife  of  Sosia,  who  is  slave  of  Amphitryon,  in 
Dryden's  "Amphitryon." 

Bromley  (brum'li) .  A  town  in  Kent,  England, 
10  miles  southeast  of  London.  Near  it  are  Hayes 
Place andChiselhurst.  Population(1891),21,685. 

Brompton  (bromp'ton).  A  district  of  London, 
S.  W.  It  lies  between  Kensington  and  Pimlico, 
south  of  Hyde  Park.  The  South  Kensington 
Museum  is  in  Brompton. 

Bromsebro  (br6m'se-br6).  A  village  in  the  Ian 
of  Kalmar,  Sweden.  Here,  Aug.,  1646,  a  treaty  was 
concluded  between  Sweden  and  Denmark,  by  which  the 
latter  renounced  Jemtland,  the  island  of  Gothland,  etc. 

Bromsgrove  (bromz'grov).  A  manufacturing 
town  in  Worcestershire,  England,  12  miles 
southwest  of  Birmingham.  Population  (1891), 
7  934. 

Brondsted  (brfen'sted),  Peter  Olaf.  Bom  at 
Fruering,  near  Horsens,  in  Jutland,  Nov.  17, 
1780 :  died  at  Copenhagen,  June  26,  1842.  A 
noted  Danish  archaeologist,  professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Copenhagen.  ,  ,  ,  ^      „.  , 

Brongniart  (br6n-nyar'),  Adolphe  Theo- 
phile.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  14,  1801:  died  at 
Paris,  Feb.  19, 1876.  A  French  botanist,  son  of 
Alexandre  Brongniart,  professor  at  the  Jardin 


186 

des  Plant es.  He  wrote  "  Essai  d'une  classification  na- 
turelle  des  champignons  "  (1826),  "  Histoire  des  T/igitans 
fossiles"  (1828),  "Prodrome  d'une  histoire  des  vSg^taux 
fossiles  "  (1828),  "  MSmoire  sur  la  structure  et  les  f  onctions 
des  feuilles  "  (1871),  etc. 

Brongniart,  Alexandre.  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb. 
5,  1770:  died  there,  Oct.  7,  1847.  A  noted 
French  mineralogist,  chemist,  and  geologist, 
son  of  Alexandre  Theodore  Brongniart.  He  be- 
came professor  of  natural  history  at  the  Ecole  Centrale  de 
Quatre  Nations  in  1797 ;  professor  of  mineralogy  at  the 
Museum  of  Natural  History  at  Paris  in  1822 ;  and  director 
of  the  porcelain  manufactory  at  Sfevres  in  1800.  He  wrote 
"Essai  d'une  classification  naturelledes  reptiles "  (1806), 
"Traits  ^l^mentaire  de  minSralogie "  (1807),  "Traire  des 
arts  c^ramiques,  etc."  (1846),  etc. 

Bronte  (bron'te),  Anne:  pseudonym  Acton 
Bell.  Born  at  Thornton,  Yorkshire,  England, 
1820 :  died  at  Scarborough,  England,  May  28, 
1849.  An  English  novelist  and  poet,  sister  of 
Charlotte  Bronte.  She  wrote  "  Agnes  Grey  "  (1847), 
"  The  Tenant  of  Wildf  ell  Hall "  (1848),  and  "  Poems  "  (1846, 
by  "Currer,  Ellis,  and  Acton  Bell"). 

Bronte,  Charlotte  (later  Mrs.  NichoUs) :  pseu- 
donym Currer  Bell.  Bom  at  Thornton,  York- 
shire, England,  April  21, 1816 :  died  at  Haworth, 
Yorkshire,  England,  March  31, 1855.  A  famous 
English  novelist,  she  was  the  daughter  of  Patrick 
Bronte,  curate  of  Thornton  and  later  of  Haworth,  with 
whom  most  of  her  life  was  spent.  She  wrote  "  Jane 
Eyre"  (1847),  "Shurley"  (1849),  "VUlette"  (1853),  "The 
Professor"  (1855),  and  published  poems  (1846)  conjointly 
with  "Ellis"  and  "Acton  Bell." 

Bronte,  Bmily:  pseudonym  Ellis  Bell.  Bom 
at  Thornton,  Yorkshire,  England,  1818:  died  at 
Haworth,  England,  Dec.  19,  1848.  An  English 
novelist  and  poet,  sister  of  Charlotte  Bronte. 
She  was  the  author  of  "Wuthering  Heights"  (1846),  and 
"  Poems  "  (with  her  sisters). 

Bronte  (bron'te).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Catania,  Sicily,  situated  at  the  western  base 
of  Mount  Etna  20  miles  northwest  of  Catania. 
Population,  16,000. 

Bronte,  Duke  of.    A  title  of  Lord  Nelson. 

Brontes  (bron'tez).  [Gr.  BpdvTTjg.^  One  of  the 
Cyclopes  (which  see). 

Brooch  of  Vulcan,  The.  A  name  given  to 
Chaucer's  "Complaint  of  Mars." 

Brook  (bruk).  Master.  The  name  assumed  by 
Ford,  in  Shakspere's  "Merry  Wives  of  Wind- 
sor," for  the  purpose  of  fooling  FalstafE,  who  is 
in  love  with  Mrs.  Ford  and  reports  progress  to 
Master  Brook. 

Brooke;  or  Broke  (bruk),  Arthur.  Died  1563. 
An  English  writer,  author  of  "  The  Tragical  His- 
tory of  Eomeus  and  Juliett"  (published  1562), 
translated  from  a  French  version  of  the  work 
of  Baudello.  From  this  book  the  plot  of  Shak- 
spere's "Borneo  and  Juliet"  was  taken. 

Brooke,  Celia.  The  sister  of  Dorothea  in 
George  Eliot's  novel  "Middlemarch."  she  is  a 
pretty,  practical  girl  whose  common  sense  protests  against 
the  somewhat  ideal  philantliropy  of  Dorothea. 

Brooke,  Dorothea.  The  heroine  of  George 
Eliot's  novel  "Middlemarch."  She  has  a  passionate 
ideal  nature  which  demands  expression  in  work  which 
shall  be  of  permanent  benefit  to  others.  She  mistakenly 
marries  a  dried-up  pedant,  Casaubon,  who  hinders  instead 
of  helps  her,  and  after  his  death  abandons  her  high  but 
vague  ideal  and  marries  a  man  who  only  satisfies  the  com- 
mon yearning  of  womanhood.  She  sinks  into  a  happy  ob- 
scurity with  all  her  rare  gifts  unused.  See  Camvbon  and 
Ladislaw, 

Brooke,  Mrs.  (Frances  Moore).  Bom  1724 : 
died  at  Sleaford,  Lincolnshire,  Jan.  23  (26  ?), 
1789.  An  English  novelist,  poet,  and  dramatist. 
She  was  the  wife  of  Rev.  John  Brooke,  D.  D.,  rector  of 
Colney,  Norfolk,  and  chaplain  to  the  garrison  at  Quebec, 
where  they  for  a  time  resided.  Her  works  include  "The 
History  of  Lady  Julia  Mandevllle  "  (1763),  "  History  of 
Emily  Montagu  "  (1769),  "  The  Excursion  "  (1777),  etc. 

Brooke,  Henry.  Died  Jan.  24,  1619.  The  tenth 
Lord  Cobham,  tried  and  convicted  (1603)  with 
Raleigh  and  others  on  the  charge  of  conspiring 
to  place  Arabella  Stuart  on  the  throne.  He  was 
led  to  the  scaffold,  but  was  reprieved  and  sent  to  the 
Tower,  where  he  remained  till  1617.  It  is  said  that  he 
died  in  poverty  at  the  house  of  his  laundress. 

Brooke,  Henry.  Bom  at  Eantavan,  County 
Cavan,  Ireland,  about  1703:  died  at  Dublin, 
Oct.  10, 1783.  An  Irish  novelist,  dramatist,  and 
poet.  He  wrote ' '  The  Pool  of  Quality"  (a  novel, 
1766-68),  "Gustavus  Vasa"  (drama,  1739),  etc. 

Brooke,  Sir  James,  Rajah  of  Sarawak.  Born 
at  Benares,  April  29,  1803:  died  at  Burrator, 
Devonshire,  England,  June  11, 1868.  An  Eng- 
lish adventurer.  He  was  rajah  of  Sarawak,  Borneo, 
1841-63,  and  governor  of  Labuan  under  the  British  govern- 
ment 1848-62 ;  and  suppressed  piracy  in  the  East  Indian 
archipelago. 

Brooke,  Stopford  Augustus.  Born  at  Letter- 
kenny,  County  Donegal,  Ireland,  Nov.  14, 
1832.  An  English  clergyman  and  writer.  He 
became  curate  of  St.  Matthew,  Marylebone,  London,  in 
1867;  curate  of  Kensington  in  I860;  ministerof  St.  James's 
Chapel,  York  street,  in  1866 ;  minister  of  Bedford  Chapel, 


Brooks,  William  Thomas  Harbaugh 

Bloomsbury,  in  1876;  and  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the 
queen  in  1872.  •  In  1880  he  left  the  Church  of  England  In 
order  to  join  the  Unitarians.  He  has  written  "Sermons 
Preached  in  St.  James's  Chapel  "(1868),  "Christ  in  Modern 
Life"  (1872),  "Theology  in  the  English  Poets,— Cowper, 
Coleridge,  Wordsworth,  and  Burns"  (1874),  "Sermons 
Preached  in  St.  James's  Chapel,  Second  Series"  (1874), 
"English  Literature "  (1876),  " Milton  "  (1879),  etc. 

Brook  Farm.  A  farm  at  West  Roxbury,  near 
Boston,  Massachusetts,  the  scene  of  an  ex- 
periment in  agriculture  and  education  by  the 
"Brook  Farm  Association,"  of  which  the  chief 
founders  (1841)  were  Ripley,  Hawthorne,  C.  A. 
Dana,  and  others.  Fourierism  was  introduced  in 
1844,  the  "Brook  Farm  Phalanx"  was  incorporated  in 
1846,  and  the  organization  dissolved  in  1847. 

Brookline  (bruk'lin)  A  town  in  Norfolk 
County,  Massachusetts,  4  miles  southwest  of 
Boston.     Population  (1900),  19,935. 

Brooklyn  (bruk'lin).  One  of  the  boroughs  of 
the  new  municipality  of  New  York,  situated  at 
the  western  extremity  of  Long  Island,  on  the 
East  River  and  New  York  Bay,  in  lat.  40°  42'  N. , 
long.  73°  59'  W.  (See  New  York.)  Its  business 
interests  have  always  been  largely  connected  with  those  of 
New  York.  It  is  caUed  the  "City  of  Churches"  (among 
them  are  St.  Ann's,  Holy  Trinity,  St.  Paul's,  Plymouth 
Church,  Church  of  the  Pilgrims,  St  Augustine).  It  has 
large  docks  and  basins  (Erie,  Atlantic  Dock,  etc.),  and  con- 
tains a  United  States  navy-yard.  Brooklyn  was  settled 
about  1637,  and  was  at  first  called  Breukelen.  It  was  the 
scene  of  the  battle  of  Long  Island  (1776).  It  was  incorpor- 
ated in  18-34.  Williamsburg  and  Bushwick  were  annexed 
in  1865.    Population,  borough  (1900),  1,166,582. 

Brooklyn  Bridge.  A  lar^e  suspension-bridge 
over  the  East  River,  uniting  the  boroughs  of 
Manhattan  and  Brooklyn  in  New  York  city. 
The  preliminary  work  was  begun  in  1867,  and  the  bridge 
was  completed  in  1884.  The  bridge  crosses  the  river  by  a 
single  span  l,695i  feet  long  and  135  feet  above  high  water 
in  the  middle,  suspended  from  two  massive  piers  on  the  op- 
posite sides.  The  piers  measure  59  by  140  feet  at  the  water- 
level,  and  40  by  120  feet  at  the  summit,  and  are  277  feet 
high.  Beyond  the  piers,  on  both  banks,  the  bridge  is  con- 
tinued on  an  easy  incline,  partly  suspended  and  partly  of 
masonry  arches  and  steel  trusses,  untU  the  street-level  is 
reached.  The  total  length  is  6,989  feet.  There  are  four  main 
cables  of  steel  wires,  each  16J  inches  in  diameter.  The 
width  of  the  bridge  is  85  feet,  which  is  subdivided  into  two 
drivewaysand  two  railway-tracks,  between  which  is  a  prom- 
enade for  pedestrians.  It  was  planned  and  constructed  by 
the  Roeblings. 

Brooks  (bruks),  Charles  William  Shirley. 
Born  at  London,  April  29, 1816:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  23,  1874.  An  English  novelist,  jotir- 
nalist,  and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  was  a  contrib- 
utor to  "  Punch  "  after  1861,  and  its  editor  after  1870.  His 
chief  works  are  "The  Creole,  or  Love's  Fetters"  (acted 
1847),  and  the  novels  "Aspen  Court "  (1855),  "  The  Gordian 
Knot"(1860),  "The  Silver  Cord  "(1861),  "Sooner  or  Later" 
(1868). 

Brooks,  Charles  Timothy.  Bom  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  June  20,  1813 :  died  at  Newport,  R.  I., 
June  14, 1883.  An  American  Unitarian  clergy- 
man and  author,  noted  chiefly  as  a  translator 
from  the  German. 

Brooks,  James  Gordon.  Born  at  Claverack, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  3,  1801:  died  at  Albany,  N.  Y., 
Feb.  20, 1841.  An  American  poet  and  journal- 
ist. He  married  Miss  Mary  Elizabeth  Aiken  (pseudo- 
nym "  Noma")  in  1828,  together  with  whom  he  published  a 
volume  of  poems  entitled  "  The  Rivals  of  Este,  and  other 
Poems  "  (1829). 

Brooks,  John.  Bom  at  Medford,  Mass.,  May 
31,  1752:  died  March  1,  1825.  An  American 
Revolutionary  officer  and  politician.  He  carried 
the  German  iiitrenchments  in  the  battle  of  Saratoga. 
From  1817-23  he  was  governor  of  Massachusetts. 

Brooks,  Mrs.  (Maria  Gowen).  Bom  at  Med- 
ford, Mass.,  about  1795:  died  at  Matanzas, 
Cuba,  Nov.  11,  1845.  An  American  poet,  au- 
thor of  "Zophiel,  or  the  Bride  of  Seven" 
(1825),  etc.  She  was  known  as  Maria  del  Oeoi- 
dente,  a  sobrictuet  given  her  by  Southey. 

Brooks,  Phillips.  Bom  at  Boston,  Deo.  13, 
1835 :  died  there,  Jan.  23,  1893.  A  bishop  of 
the  Episcopal  Church,  and  noted  pulpit  orator. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1866,  and  at  the 
Episcopal  Seminaryat  Alexandria,  Virginia,  in  1859 ;  became 
rector  of  the  Church  of  the  Advent,  Philadelphia,  in  1869,  of 
the  Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity  in  the  same  city  in  1861, 
and  of  Trinity  Church,  Boston,  in  1870 ;  and  was  elected 
bishop  of  the  Episcopal  diocese  of  Massachusetts  in  1891. 

Brooks,  Preston  Smith.  Bom  in  Edgefield 
County,  S.  C,  Aug.  4,  1819:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  Jan.  27,1857.  An  American  poli- 
tician, notorious  from  his  assault  on  Charles 
Sumner  in  the  senate-chamber  at  Washington, 
May  22,  1856.  He  was  a  member  of  Congress 
from  South  Carolina  1853-57. 

Brooks,  William  Thomas  Harbaugh.  Born 
at  New  Lisbon,  Ohio,  Jan.  28,  1821:  died  at 
Hunts ville,  Ala.,  July  19,  1870.  An  American 
soldier.  He  became  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in 
the  Federal  army  in  1861,  was  commander  of  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Monongahela  1863-64,  and  led  the  10th  army 
corps  at  Swift's  Creek,  Drury's  Bluff,  Bermuda  Hundrei 
Cold  Harbor,  and  Petersburg. 


Brooks's 
Brooks's  (bruk'sez).  A  London  club  (Con- 
servative) established  in  1764  by  the  Duke  of 
Boxborough,  the  Duke  of  Portland,  and  others. 
It  was  formerly  a  gaming-houae  kept  by  Almack,  and  af- 
terward by  "  Brooks,  a  wine  merchant  and  money-lender, " 
for  whom  it  was  named. 

Brooks  of  Sheffield.  The  Imaginary  person 
named  by  Mr.  Murdstone  when  speaking  of 
David  Copperfield,  in  his  presence.  Heuoe  fre- 
quently used  for  some  person  spoken  of  whose  name  it 
is  not  convenient  to  mention. 

"Quinion,"  said  Mr.  Murdstone,  "take  care  if  you 
please.  Somebody  's  sharp. "  "  Who  is  7  "  asked  the  gen- 
tleman, laughing.  I  looked  up  quickly,  being  curious  to 
know.  "Only  Brooks  of  Sheffield,"  said  Mr.  Murdstone. 
I  was  quite  relieved  to  find  it  was  only  Brooks  of  Shef- 
field ;  for  at  first  I  really  thought  it  was  I. 

Dickens,  David  Copperfield,  ii. 

Broome  (brom),  William.  Bom  at  Hasling- 
ton,  Cheshire,  England,  May  3,  1689 :  died  at 
Bath,  England,  Nov.  16, 1745.  An  English  poet 
and  divine.  He  assisted,  as  an  accomplished  Greek 
scholar,  in  Pope's  translation  of  Homer.  Having  remained 
silent  in  respect  to  the  indictment  of  Pope's  originality 
Implied  in  the  following  couplet  by  Henley, 

"Pope  came  off  clean  with  Homer ;  but  they  say 
Broome  went  before,  and  kindly  swept  the  way," 

lie  was  given  a  place  in  the  "Dunciad," 
•"Hibernian  politics,  O  Swift,  thy  doom, 
And  Pope's,  translating  four  whole  years  with  Broome," 

"which  was  altered,  after  a  reconciliation  had  taken  place, 
to 

"Thy  fate. 
And  Pope's,  ten  years  to  comment  and  translate." 

Diet.  Nai.  Biog. 

Broseley  (broz'li).  A  town  in  Shropshire, 
western  England,  situated  on  the  Severn  13 
miles  southeast  of  Shrewsbury.  Population 
(1891),  4,926. 

Brosses,  de.    See  Dehrosses. 

Brothers  (bruTH'erz),  Richard.  Born  at  Pla- 
centia,  Newfoundland,  Deo.  25,  1757:  died  at 
London,  Jan.  25,  1824.  An  English  religious 
enthusiast  and  prophet.  He  was  a  naval  officer  (lieu- 
tenant), discharged  on  halt  pay  in  1783.  He  prophesied, 
among  other  things,  that  the  destruction  of  the  world 
would  take  place  in  1795,  and  that  complete  restoration  of 
the  Jews  would  take  place  in  1798,  with  himself  as  ruler 
at  Jerusalem.  He  was  finally  placed  in  confinement  as  a 
lunatic.  He  wrote  "A  B-evealed  Knowledge  of  the 
Prophecies  and  Times  "  (1794),  etc. 

Brothers,  The.  1.  BeeAdelpM. — 3.  Aplay by- 
Shirley,  licensed  in  1626. — 3.  A  tragedy  by  Ed- 
ward Young,  produced  in  1752. — 4.  A  comedy 
by  Eichard  Cumberland,  produced  in  1739. 

Brothers,  The.  A  political  club  of  wits  and 
statesmen  established  in  London  in  1713.  Swift 
was  treasurer  of  this  club.  In  1714  it  was  merged  in  the 
Scriblerus  Club  (which  see). 

Brother  Sam.  A  comedy  by  John  Oxenford 
from  a  German  play  by  Gomer,  altered  by 
E.  A.  Sothern  and  J.  B.  Buckstone,  produced 
in  1874.  Brother  Sam  is  the  brother  of  Lord  Dundreary, 
and  the  part  was  written  for  Sothern.  The  play  is  a  sort 
of  sequel  to  "Our  American  Cousin." 

BrouckSre  (bro-kar'),  Charles  Marie  Joseph 
Ghislain  de.  Bom  at  Bruges,  Belgium,  Jan.  18, 
1796 :  died  April  20,  1860.  A  Belgian  politi- 
cian, minister  of  war  1831-32. 

Brouckdre,  Henri  Marie  Joseph  Ghislain  de. 
Bom  at  Bruges,  Belgium,  1801 :  died  at  Brus- 
sels, Jan.  25,  1891.  A  Belgian  statesman,  bro- 
ther of  the  preceding,  premier  and  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  1852-55. 

Brougham  (bro'am  or  brom;  orig.  Sc,  bro6h'- 
am),  Henry  Peter  (Baron  Brougham  and 
Vaux).  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Sept.  19,  1778 : 
died  at  Cannes,  France,  May  7,  1868.  A  cele- 
brated British  statesman,  orator,  jurist,  and 
scientist.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  "Edin- 
burgh Review  "  in  1802  ;  entered  Parliament  in  1810 ; 
was  counsel  for  Queen  Caroline  1S20-21 ;  and  was  lord 
chancellor  of  England  1830-34. 

Brougham,  John.  Bom  at  Dublin,  Ireland, 
May  9,  1814  :  died  at  New  York,  June  7,  1880. 
An  Irish-American  actor  and  playwright 

Broughton,  Baron.    See  Mobhouse. 

Broughton  (brft'ton),  Hugh.  Born  at  Owl- 
bury,  parish  of  Biishop's  Castle,  Shropshire, 
England,  1549 :  died  at  London,  Aug.  4,  1612. 
An  English  divine  and  rabbinical  scholar.  He 
published  a  Scripture  chronology  and  genealogy,  entitled 
"A  Concent  of  Scripture"  (1588),  and  an  "Explication  of 
the  Article  of  Christ's  Descent  into  Hell" (1599), m  which 
he  maintains  that  liades  never  means  a  place  of  torment, 
but  the  state  of  departed  souls.  He  was  satmzed  by  Ben 
Jonson  in  "Volpone  "  (1605)  and  the  "Alchemist  (1610). 
Works  edited  by  Lightf  oot  (1662). 

Broughton,  Rhoda.  Bom  at  Segrwyd  Hall, 
Denbighshire,  Wales,  Nov.  -  29, 1840.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist.  She  has  written  "Cometh  up  as 
a  Flower"  (1867),  "Eed  as  a  Eose  is  She" 
(1870),  "Nancy"  (1873),  etc. 


:187 

Broughton,  Thomas.  Bom  at  London,  July  5, 
1704:  died  at  Bedminster,  England,  Dec.  21, 
1774.  An  English  divine  and  miscellaneous 
writer.  He  wrote  the  lives  marked  "  T  "  in  the  original 
edition  of  the  "Biographia  Britannica,"  was  the  author  of 
"An  Historical  Dictionary  of  all  Religions  from  the  Crea- 
tion of  the  World  to  the  Present  Time  "  (1742),  and  fur- 
nished the  words  to  the  musical  drama  "Hercules,"  by 
Handel. 

Broukhusius,  Janus.  See  Broehhuizen,  Jan 
van. 

Broussa.    See  Brusa. 

Brousson  (bro-s6n'),  Claude.  Born  atNimes, 
France,  1647:  died  atMontpeUier,  France,  Nov. 
4,  1698.  A  French  Protestant  theologian  and 
jurist,  put  to  death  ostensibly  for  political  rea- 
sons. He  wrote  "  L':6tat  des  r6f  orm^s  de  France  "  (1684), 
"  Lettres  au  clerg^  de  France  "  (1685),  "Lettrea  aux  Cath- 
oliques  Remains  "  (1689),  etc. 

Broussonnet  (bro-so-na'),  Pierre  Marie  Au- 
guste.  Born  at  Montpellier,  Prance,  Feb.  28, 
1761:  died  at  Montpellier,  July  27,  1807.  A 
French  physician  and  naturalist,  best  known 
as  a  botanist. 

Brouwer,  or  Brauwer  (brou'^r),  Adrian. 
Bom  at  Oudenarde  about  1606  (?):  died  at 
Antwerp,  Jan.,  1638.  A  painter  of  the  Flemish 
school.  His  chief  works  are  at  Munich  and  Dresden. 
He  studied  in  France,  and  died  in  the  hospital  at  Ant- 
werp. The  subjects  of  Brouwer  are  similar  to  those  of 
Teniers,  whom  he  resembles,  although  a  much  stronger 
and  more  skilful  master.  Next  to  Hals  he  was  the 
greatest  technician  of  his  time. 

Browdie  (brou'di),  John,  A  big,  good-natured 
Yorkshireman  in  Charles  Dickens's  "Nicholas 
Nickleby."  He  marries  Matilda  Price.  See 
Price,  Matilda. 

Brown  (broun),  Benjamin  Grratz.  Bom  at 
Lexington,  Ky.,  May  28, 1826 :  died  at  St.  Louis, 
Deo.  13,  1885.  An  American  politician  and 
jourtialist.  He  was  United  States  senator  from  Missouri 
186^-67 ;  governor  of  Missouri  1871-72  ;  and  unsuccessful 
candidate  of  the  Democrats  and  Liberal  Republicans  for 
Vice-President  in  1872. 

Brown.  Charles  Brockden.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, Jan.  17,  1771:  died  Feb.  22,  1810.  An 
American  novelist.  His  works  include  "  Wieland, 
or  The  Transformation"  (1798),  "Ormond,  etc."  (1799), 
"Arthur  Mervyn"  (1800),  "Edgar  Huntley,  etc."  (1801), 
etc. 

Brown,  Ford  Madoz.  Born  at  Calais,  France, 
1821:  died  at  London,  Oct.  6,  1893.  An  Eng- 
lish painter.  His  works  include  "  Wyclif,  etc."  (1849), 
"King  Lear"  (1849),  "Chaucer  reciting  his  Poetry  at  the 
Court  of  Edward  III."  (1851),  "Christ  washing  Peter's 
Feet  "(1852),  etc. 

Brown,  George.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  29, 
1818:  died  at  Toronto,  Canada,  May  9,  1880. 
A  Canadian  politician  and  journalist.  Hefounded 
the  Toronto  "Globe"  in  1S44;  entered  the  Dominion 
House  of  Commons  in  1851 ;  and  became  senator  in  1873. 

Brown,  George  Loring.  Bom  Feb.  2, 1814 :  died 
June  25, 1889.  An  American  landscape-painter. 

Brown,  Goold..  Born  at  Providence,  K.  I., 
March  7, 1791:  died  at  Lynn,  Mass.,  March  31, 
1857.  An  American  grammarian.  He  conducted 
an  academy  in  New  York  city  for  many  years.  He  wrote 
"Institutes  of  Bnglish.Grammar "  (1823),  "First  Lines  of 
English  Grammar"  (1823),  "Grammar  of  English  Gram- 
mars "  (1850-61). 

Brown,  Henry  Kirke.  Bom  1814:  died  July  10, 

1886.  An  American  sculptor.  His  works  include 
an  equestrian  statue  of  Washington  at  New  York,  of 
General  Scott  at  Washington,  etc. 

Brown,  Jacob.  Bom  in  Bucks  County,  Pa., 
May  9,  1775 :  died  at  "Washington,  D.  C,  Feb. 
24,  1828.  An  American  general,  in  1813  he  re- 
ceived an  appointment  as  brigadier-general  in  the  regular 
army,  having  been  previously  in  the  militia.  He  was  placed 
in  command  of  the  army  of  the  Niagara,  with  the  rank 
of  major-general,  1814 ;  defeated  General  Riall  at  Chip- 
pewa July  5,  and  Drummond  at  Lundy's  Lane  July  25, 
and  at  Fort  Erie  Sept.  17, 1814  ;  and  became  general-in- 
ohief  of  the  United  States  army  1821. 

Brown,  John.  Born  at  Eothbury,  Northum- 
berland, England,  Nov.  5,  1715:  committed 
suicide,  Sept.  23,  1766.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  writer,  author  of  "An  Estimate  of 
the  Manners  and  Principles  of  the  Times" 
(1757-58),  etc. 

Brown,  John.  Bom  at  Carpow,  parish  of 
Abemethy,  in  Perthshire,  Scotland,  1722:  died 
at  Haddington,  Scotland,  June  19,  1787.  A 
Scottish  biblical  scholar.  His  works  include  "  A 
Dictionary  of  the  Bible"  (1769),  "The  Self-interpreting 
Bible"  (1778),  "A  Compendious  History  of  the  British 
Churches  "(1784:  new  edition  1823).  .,    ,. 

Brown  John.  Bom  at  Buncle,  Berwickshire, 
Scotland,  1785 :  died  at  London,  Oct.  17,  1788. 
The  founder  of  the  "Brunonian"  system  in 
medicine.  He  published  (1787)  "  Observations  on  the 
Present  System  of  Spasm  as  taught  in  the  University  of 
Edinburgh,"  directed  against  Dr.  CuUen,  and  (1780)  "Ele- 
menta  Medicinse,"  in  which  he  projected  a  new  theory  of 
medicine.  He  divided  diseases  into  two  classes,  sthenic 
and  asthenic,  the  former  resulting  from  excess,  the  latter 


Brown  University 

from  deficiency  of  exciting  power,  and  contended  that 
the  great  majority  of  diseases  belonged  to  the  latter 
class.  He  removed  to  London  in  1786,  and  died  in  neglect 
though  much  of  his  therapeutic  practice  has  since  been 
universally  adopted.    Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Brown,  John,  "of  Ossawatomie."  Bom  at 
Torrington,  Conn.,  May  9,  1800:  executed  at 
Charlestown,  Va.,  Dec.  2,  1859.  A  celebrated 
American  abolitionist,  an  antislavery  leader  ' 
in  Kansas  1855-58.  He  removed  with  his  parents  to 
Ohio  in  1805,  learned  the  trade  of  a  tanner  and  currier 
and  in  1840  became  a  dealer  in  wool.  Having  conceived 
the  idea  of  becoming  the  liberator  of  the  negro  slaves  in  ' 
the  South,  he  emigrated  in  1865  to  Kansas,  where  he  took 
an  active  part  in  the  contest  against  the  pro-slavery  party 
He  gained  in  Aug.,  1866,  a  victory  at  Ossawatomie  over 
a  superior  number  of  Missourians  who  had  invaded  Kan- 
sas (whence  the  surname  "  Ossawatomie  ").  On  the  night 
of  Oct.  1^  1869,  he  seized  the  arsenal  at  Harper's  Feriy, 
Virginia,  at  the  head  of  a  small  band  of  followers,  with 
a  view  to  arming  the  negroes  and  inciting  a  servUe  in- 
surrection. He  was  captured  Oct.  18,  was  tried  by  the 
commonwealth  of  Virginia  Oct.  27-31,  and  was  executed 
at  Charlestown  Dec.  2, 1869. 

Brown,  John.  Bom  at  Biggar,  Lanarkshire, 
Scotland,  Sept.,  1810:  died  May  11,  1882.  A 
Scottish  physician  and  author,  son  of  John 
Brown  (1784-1858).  His  chief  work  is  the  "Horse 
Subsecivce  "  (1858, 1861, 1882,  containing  "  Our  Doe^"  and 
"Rab  and  his  Friends  :  the  latter  was  first  publuhed  in 
1869). 

Brown,  John  G.  Bom  at  Durham,  England, 
Nov.  11,  1831.  An  American  figure  and  genre 
painter.  He  studied  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  at  Edin- 
burgh, and  in  1853  at  New  York.  Elected  national  acad- 
emician 1863.  He  is  noted  for  his  characteristic  pictures 
of  street  boys. 

Brown,  Nicholas.  Bom  at  Providence,  E.  I., 
April  4,  1769:  died  Oct.  27,  1841.  An  Ameri- 
can merchant.  He  was  a  patron  of  Brown  University 
(formerly  Rhode  Island  College),  to  which  he  gave  in  the 
aggregate  $100,000. 

Brown,  Robert.  Bom  at  Montrose,  Scotland, 
Dec.  21,  1773:  died  at  London,  Jime  10,  1858. 
A  British  botanist.  He  was  the  naturalist  of  Minder's 
Australian  expedition,  1801-05,  and  keeper  of  the  botani- 
cal department  of  the  British  Museum  after  1827.  He 
published  "Prodromus florae  Novae  HoUandise  "  (1810 :  sup- 
plement 1830),  "  General  Remarks  on  the  Botany  of 
Terra  Australis  "  (1814). 

Brown,  Tarleton.  Bom  in  Barnwell  District, 
S.  C,  1754:  died  1846.  An  American  Eevolu- 
tionary  soldier.  He  served  throughout  the  Wai'  of 
Independence,  obtaining  the  rank  of  captain,  and  wrote 
"Memoirs"  pertaining  to  contemporary  events  in  the 
Carolinas  (privately  printed,  with  notes  by  Charles  J. 
Bushnell,  1862). 

Brown,  Thomas  or  Tom.  Bom  at  Shifnal,  in 
Shropshire,  1663:  died  at  London,  June  16, 
1704.  An  English  satirical  poet  and  prose- 
writer.  A  collected  edition  of  his  works  was 
published  in  1707-08. 

Brown,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Kilmabreck,  Kirk- 
cudbrightshire, Scotland,  Jan.  9,  1778:  died 
at  Brompton,  near  London,  April  2,  1820.  A 
noted  Scottish  physician,  philosopher,  and 
poet,  colleague  of  Dugald  Stewart  from  1810.  • 
His  works  include  "An  Inquiry  into  the  Relation  of 
Cause  and  Effect "  (1818),  "Lectures  on  the  Physiology 
of  the  Human  Mind  "  (1820),  "  Poems  "  (1804),  "  Paradise 
of  Coquettes"  (1814),  "The  War-fiend"  (1817),  "Agnes" 
(1818),  "Emily'  (1819),  etc.  He  is  chiefly  notable  from 
his  support  of  Hume's  theory  of  causation. 

Brown,  Thomas,  the  Younger.  A  pseudo- 
nym of  Thomas  Moore,  under  which  he  wrote 
the ' '  Intercepted  Letters,  or  the  Twopeimy  Post 
Bag,"  in  1813. 

Brown,  Tom.    See  under  Hughes,  Thomas. 

Brown,  Van  Beest.     See  Bertram,  Harry. 

Brown,  William.  Born  in  Ireland,  1777 :  died 
near  Buenos  Ayres,  May  3, 1857.  An  admiral 
of  the  Argentine  navy.  He  emigrated  to  America 
with  his  family  when  a  child,  and  in  1812  settled  at  Buenos 
Ayres.  In  the  war  with  Brazil,  1825-27,  he  did  efficient 
service,  but  was  finally  defeated.  In  the  civil  war  of  1842- 
1845  he  commanded  the  fleet  of  Buenos  Ayres,  blockading 
Montevideo. 

Brown;  Mr.  A  pseudonym  of  William  Make., 
peace  Thackeray,  under  which  he  wrote  Mr. 
Brown's  letters  to  a  young  man  about  town  in 
"Punch  "in  1849. 

Brown  Bess.  A  popular  name  of  the  English 
regulation  flint-lock  musket  toward  the  end  of 
the  18th  century. 

Brown,  Jones,  and  Robinson,  The  Adven- 
tures of.  A  series  of  illustrated  articles  by 
Eichard  Doyle,  begun  in  "Punch"  and  com- 
pleted for  his  publishers  in  1854.  it  is  asatire  on  the 
manners  of  the  middle-class  Englishman  abroad  or  on 
his  travels.  Anthony  TroUope  published  in  1862  "The 
Struggles  of  Brown,  Jones,  and  Robinson,"  a  story  illus. 
trated  by  Millais. 

Brown  University.  An  institution  of  learning 
situated  at  Providence,  Ehode  Island,  founded 
in  1764.  It  was  called  "Rhode  Island  College"  until 
1804.  (See  Brown,  Nicholas.)  It  is  under  control  of  the 
Baptists.  It  has  about  900  students  and  70  instructors, 
and  a  library  of  about  90,000  volumes. 


Browne,  Charles  Farrar 

Browne  (broun),  Charles  Farrar :  pseudonym 
Artemus  Ward.  Born  at  Waterford,  Maine, 
April  26,  1834:  died  at  Southampton,  England, 
March  6,  1867.  An  American  humorist.  His 
chief  work  is  "Artemus  Ward:  His  Book"  (1862).  He  also 
wrote  "Artemus  Ward:  His  Travels"  (1866),  "Artemus 
Ward  in  London  "  (1867),  etc. 

Browne,  Count  George  de.  Bom  at  Camas, 
Limerick,  June  15, 1698 :  died  at  Kiga,  Russia, 
Feb.  18, 1792.  An  Irish  adventurer.  He  entered 
tlie  Kussian  service  in  1730;  served  witli  distinction  in  the 
Polish,  French,  and  Turkish  wars ;  was  captured  by  the 
Turks  and  three  times  sold  as  a  slave.  On  gaining  his 
freedom  he  was  made  major-general  and  served  under 
Laoy  in  Finland,  and  in  the  Seven  Years'  War  (as  lieuten- 
ant-general). He  was  made  field-marshal  and  given  the 
chief  command  in  the  Danish  war,  by  Peter  III. 

Browne,  Hablot  Knight:  pseudonym  Phiz. 
BornatKennington,  Surrey,  June  15, 1815:  died 
at  West  Brighton,  England,  July  8, 1882.  An 
English  artist,  noted  especially  as  a  caricatur- 
ist. He  is  best  known  from  his  illustrations  of  the  novels 
of  Dickens,  Lever,  and  Ainsworth. 

Browne,  Henriette,  the  pseudonym  of  Sophie 
de  Bouteiller  (later  Madame  de  Sauz).  Bom 
at  Paris,  1829 :  died  1901.  A  French  painter 
and  etcher.  Among  her  paintings  are  "  Consolation" 
(1861),  "Int6rieur  de  harem  k  Constantinople"  (1861), 
"  Ecolier  isra^lite  ^  Tanger  "  (1865),  '*  Danseuses  en  Nubie ' ' 
(1869),  "La  Perruche"  (1876),  etc. 

Browne, Isaac  Hawkins.  BomatBurton-upon- 
Trent,  England,  Jan.  21, 1705 :  died  at  London^ 
Feb.  14, 1760.  An  English  poet.  His  chief  poetical 
work  was  a  Latin  poem,  "De  anmii  immortalitate"  (1754). 

Browne,  John  Boss.  Bom  in  Ireland,  1817: 
died  in  Oakland,  Cal.,  Dec.  8, 1875.  An  Irish- 
American  traveler  and  humorist.  He  was  United 
States  minister  to  China  1868-69.  He  wrote  "Yusef,  or 
the  Journey  of  the  Fragi ;  a  Crusade  in  the  East "  (1853),  etc. 

Browne,  Junius  Henri.  Born  at  Seneca  Falls, 
N.  Y.,  in  1833 :  died  at  New  York,  April  2, 1902. 
An  American  journalist  and  man  of  letters. 
He  was  a  correspondent  of  the  New  York 
"Tribune"  in  the  Civil  War. 

Browne,  Count  Maximilian  Ulysses  von.  Bom 

at  Basel,  Switzerland,  Oct.  23,  1705:  died  at 
Prague,  Bohemia,  June  26,  1757.  An  Austrian 
field-marshal.  He  was  a  commander  in  the  War  of  the 
Austrian  Succession  and  the  Seven  Years'  War,  and  was 
defeated  by  Frederick  the  Great  at  Lobositz  in  1766,  and 
at  Prague  in  1757. 
Browne,  Patrick.  Bom  at  Woodstock,  County 
Mayo,  belaud,  about  1720 :  died  at  Eushbrook, 
same  county,  Aug.  29, 1790.  An  Irish  physician 
and  author.  He  was  twice  in  the  West  Indies,  residing 
several  years  at  Jamaica,  His  "  Civil  and  Natural  History 
of  Jamaica"  was  published  in  1766  (2d  ed.  1769). 

Browne,  or  Brown,  Robert.  Born  at  Tolethorp, 
Rutlandshire,  England,  about  1550:  died  at 
Northampton,  England,  about  1633.  The  founder 
of  the  Brownist  sect,  which  developed  into  the 
Independents  or  Congregationalists.  He  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  and  subsequently  preached  at 
Cambridge  and  elsewhere.  About  1580  he  organized  at 
Norwich  a  congregation  of  dissenters,  who  became  known 
as  Brownists,  and  who,  finding  themselves  persecuted  by 
the  ecclesiastical  authorities,  removed  in  a  body  under 
his  leadership  to  Middleburg,  Holland,  in  1681.  He  left 
Holland  in  1583,  in  consequence  of  dissension  among  his 
followers,  became  master  of  Stamford  Grammar  School  in 
1586,  and  in  1691  became  rector  of  Achurch  in  Northamp- 
tonshire, where  he  remained  until  his  death. 

Browne,  Sir  Thomas.  Bom  at  London,  Oct.  19, 
1605 :  died  at  Norwich,  England,  Oct.  19,  1682. 
A  celebrated  English  physician  and  author.  He 
studied  at  Oxford  (at  Broadgate  Hall,  now  Pembroke  Col- 
lege), Montpellier,  Padua,  and  Leyden  (where  he  was  made 
doctor  of  medicine  about  1633),  and  settled  at  Norwich 
in  1637.  He  was  knighted  Sept.,  1671.  His  works  include 
"lieligio  Medici "  (1643 :  two  unauthorized  editions  by 
Andrew  Croke  appeared  1642),  "  Pseudodoxia  Epidemica, 
or  Inquiry  into  Vulgar  Errors  "  (1646),  and  "  Hydriotaphia, 
or  Urn  Burial "  and  "  The  Garden  of  Cyrus :  or  the  Quin- 
cuncial  Lozenge,  etc." (1668).  "Miscellany  Tracts"  and 
"Christian  Morals  "  were  published  posthumously. 

Browne,  William.  Bom  at  Tavistock,  Devon- 
shire, 1591 :  died  about  1643.  An  English  poet, 
author  of  "Britannia's  Pastorals"  (1613-16), 
"Shepherd's  Pipe"  (1614),  etc. 

Browne,  William  George.  Bom  at  London, 
July  25, 1768 :  killed  in  northern  Persia,  1813. 
An  English  traveler  in  Africa  and  the  Orient, 
author  of  "Travels"  in  Africa,  Egypt,  and 
Syria  (1800). 

Bfownell  (brou'nel),  Henry  Howard.  Bom 
at  Providence,  K.  I.,  Feb.  6,  1820 :  died  at  East 
Hartford,  Conn.,  Oct.  31,  1872.  An  American 
poet.  His  works  Include  " Poems "  (1847),  "Lyrics  of  a 
Day  "(1864),  "War  Lyrics  and  Other  Poems  "  (1866),  etc. 

Brownell,  Thomas  Church.  Bom  at  West- 
port,  Mass.,  Oct.  19,  1779:  died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  Jan.  13,  1865.  A  bishop  of  the  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  Church,  president  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Hartford,  1824r-31.  He  wro^e  "  Bellglon  of  the 
Heart  and  Life  "  (1839-40),  etc. 


188 

Browmng  (brou'ning),  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Bar- 
rett). Bom  at  Coxhoe  HaU,  Durham,  Eng- 
land, March  6,  1806:  died  at  Florence,  Italy, 
June  29, 1861.  A  noted  English  poet,  she  was 
the  eldest  daughter  of  Edward  Moulton  (who  took  the 
name  of  Barrett  shortly  before  her  birtli),  married  Eobert 
Browning  in  1846,  and  resided  in  Italy,  chiefly  at  Florence, 
during  the  remainder  of  her  life.  Author  of  "Prome- 
theus Bound  and  Miscellaneous  Poems  "(1833X  "  Seraphim 
and  Other  Poems "  (1838),  "Poems"  (1844),  "  Casa  Guidi 
Windows "  (1851),  "Aurora  Leigh "  (1857),  "Poems  before 
Congress  "  (1860),  etc.  An  elaborate  edition  of  her  poetical 
works  was  published  at  New  York  in  1884. 

Browning,  Robert.  Bom  at  Camberwell,  near 
London,  May  7,  1812:  died  at  Venice,  Italy, 
Deo.  12,  1889.  A  celebrated  English  poet. 
He  was  educated  at  the  London  University.  In  1S46  he 
married  Elizabeth  Barrett,  during  whose  lifetime  he  re- 
sided chiefly  at  Florence.  After  her  death  in  1861  he 
livedmainly  at  London  and  Venice.  His  chief  works  are 
"Paracelsus"  (1836-36),  "Strafford"  (1837),  "Sordello" 
(1840),  "Bells  and  Pomegranates"  (1841-46,  Including 
"Pippa  Passes,"  "  King  Victor  and  King  Charles,"  "  A  Blot 
in  the  'Scutcheon,"  "The  Return  of  the  Druses,"  "Co- 
lombe's  Birthday,"  "A  Soul's  Tragedy,"  "  Luria"),  "Men 
and  Women"  (1855),  "Dramatis  Personse " (1864),  "The 
Ring  and  the  Book  "  (1868-69),  "Balaustion's  Adventure  " 
(1871),  "  Prince  Hohenstiel-Schwangau  "  (1871),  "  Fifine  at 
the  Fan- "  (1872),  "Red  Cotton  Night-Cap  Country  "  (1873), 
"  Aristophanes  Apology  "  (1876),  "  The  Inn- Album  "  (1876), 
"  The  Agamemnon  of  .filsohylus  "  (1877),  "  Dramatic  Idyls  " 
(1879),  "  Asolando  "  (1889). 

Brownists  (brou'nists).  The  followers  of  Rob- 
ert Browne  or  Brown  (about  1550-1633),  a 
Puritan,  who  is  regarded  as  the  founder  of  the 
sect  of  Independents  or  Congregationalists. 

Brownlow  (broun'lo),  Mr.  A  kind-hearted  and 
benevolent  old  gentleman,  the  protector  of 
Oliver  Tvnst,  in  Charles  Dickens's  novel  "  Oli- 
ver Twist." 

Brownlow,  William  Gannaway,  called  "Par- 
son Brownlow."  Born  in  Wythe  County,  Va., 
Aug.  29,  1805:  died  at  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  April 
29,  1877.  An  American  journalist  and  politi- 
cian. Originally  an  itinerant  preacher  in  the  Methodist 
Church,  he  became  editor  of  the  Knoxville  "Whig "in 
1839,  in  which,  although  an  advocate  of  slavery,  he  op- 
posed secession,  with  the  result  that  his  paper  was  sup- 
pressed by  the  Confederate  government  in  1861.  He  was 
arrested  for  treason  Dec.  6,  1861,  but  was  released  and 
sent  inside  the  Union  lines  March  3,  1862 ;  was  elected 
governor  of  Tennessee  in  1865,  and  reelected  in  1867 ;  and 
became  United  States  senator  in  1869. 

Brownrigg  (broun'rig),  Elizabeth.  A  notori- 
ous murderess  living  in  England  in  the  middle 
of  the  18th  century.  She  was  hung,  and  her 
skeleton  is  still  preserved. 

Brownrigg  Papers,  The.  A  collection  of  es- 
says and  sketches  by  Douglas  Jerrold,  pub- 
lished in  1860. 

Brown-S^quard  (broun'sa-kar'),  Charles  Ed- 
ouard.  Bom  at  Port  Louis,  Mauritius,  April 
8,  1818:  died_  at  Paris,  April  1, 1894.  A  noted 
French  physiologist.  He  studied  at  Paris,  was  placed 
in  charge  of  a  hospital  for  the  paralyzed  and  epileptic  at 
London  in  1860,  was  professor  of  the  physiology  and  pa- 
thology of  the  nervous  system  in  Harvard  University  1864- 
1869,  and  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  experimental  physi- 
ology in  the  College  de  France  in  1878.  He  has  published 
numerous  works  and  papers  on  physiological  subjects. 

Brownson  (broun'son),  Orestes  Augustus. 
Bom  at  Stockbridge,  Vt.,  Sept.  16,  1803: 
died  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  April  17,  1876.  An 
American  journalist  and  theologian.  At  first  a 
Presbyterian,  he  became  a  UniversaUst  minister  in  1826, 
a  Unitarian  preaclier  in  1832,  and  a  Roman  Catholic  in 
1844. 

Brownsville  (brounz'vil).  A  city,  the  capital 
of  Cameron  (Jounty,  southern  Texas,  situated 
on  the  Rio  Grande  23  miles  from  its  mouth.  It 
was  bombarded  by  the  Mexicans,  May,  1846. 
Population  (1900),  6,305. 

Broykarre.  The  horse  of  Maugis  or  Malagigi 
in  the  old  romances:  the  next  best  horse  in 
the  world  to  Bayard. 

Bruce  (bros),  David.  See  David  II.,  Eng  of 
Scotland. 

Bruce,  Edward.  Killed  near  Dundalk,  Ireland, 
Oct.  5,  1318.  A  Scottish  adventurer,  younger 
brother  of  Robert  Bmce  (1274-1329),  crowned 
king  of  Ireland  in  1316. 

Bruce,  James.  Bom  at  Kinnaird,  Scotland, 
Dec.  14,  1730:  died  there,  April  27,  1794.  A 
celebrated  African  traveler.  He  successively  ex- 
plored Syria,  the  NUe  Valley,  and  Aby8sinia(1768-'73).  His 
"Travels  to  Discover  the  Sources  of  the  Nile,  6  vol- 
umes, appeared  in  1790.  He  reached  the  source  of  the 
Blue  Nile.  "  He  will  always  remain  the  poet,  and  hia 
work  the  epic,  of  African  travel."    Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Bruce.  James.  Bom  July  20,  1811:  died  at 
Dhurmsala,  India,  Nov.  20,  1863.  A  British 
diplomatist  and  statesman,  eighth  Earl  of  Elgin 
and  twelfth  Earl  of  Kincardine.  He  was  governor- 
general  of  Canada  1846-54 ;  special  envoy  to  China  and 
Japan  1867-69;  postmaster-general  1869-60;  and  gover- 
nor-general of  India  1862-63. 


Bruges 

Bruce,  Michael.  Born  at  Kinneswood^  Kin- 
ross-shire, Scotland,  March  27,  1746:  died  at 
Kinneswood,  July  6  (5?),  1767.  A  Scottish 
poet  and  school-teacher.  His  "Poems"  were 
published  by  John  Logan,  1770. 

Bruce,  or  Brus,  Robert  de,  surnamed  "  The 
Competitor."  Born  1210 :  died  at  Lochmaben 
Castle,  Scotland,  1295.  A  Scottish  noble,  Lord 
of  Annandale,  and  the  grandfather  of  King 
Robert  Bruce.  He  was  one  of  the  fifteen  regents  of 
Scotland  during  the  minority  of  Alexander  III.,  and  the 
chief  rival  of  John  Baliol  for  the  Scottish  throne  in  the 
competition  at  Norham  1291-92,  where,  as  arbiter,  Edward 
L  of  England  decided  in  favor  of  Baliol. 

Bruce,  Robert  de.  Born  1253 :  died  1304.  A 
Scottish  noble,  father  of  King  Robert  Bruce. 
He  is  said  to  have  accompanied  Edward,  afterward  Ed- 
ward I.,  in  the  Crusade  of  1269,  and  married  Marjory, 
countess  of  Carrick,  becoming  by  the  courtesy  of  Scotland 
earl  of  Carrick.  He  was  appointed  constable  of  the  castle 
of  Carlisle  by  Edward  I.,  1296,  and  sided  with  the  English 
when  Baliol  attempted  to  assert  his  independence  of  Ed- 
ward 1. 

Bruce,  Robert  de.  Bom  July  11,  1274:  died 
at  Cardross,  June  7, 1329.  A  famous  king  of 
Scotland.     See  Robert  I.  (of  Scotland). 

Bruce,  Thomas.  Bom  July  20,  1766:  died  at 
Paris,  Nov.  14,  1841.  A  British  noble,  seventh 
Earl  of  Elgin  and  eleventh  Earl  of  Kincardine. 
He  was  envoy  to  Constantinople  1799-1802,  and  removed 
from  Athens  to  England  the  "Elgin  marbles,"  purchased 
by  the  nation  in  1S16,  and  now  in  the  British  Museum.  See 
Elgin  Marbles. 

Bruce,  or  Brus,  The.  A  poem  by  John  Bar- 
bour, on  the  subject  of  King  Robert  I.  of  Scot- 
land (1375).   See  Bob&rt  I.  (of  Scotland). 

Bruce  Pryce,  Henry  Austin.  Bom  April  16, 
1815 :  died  Feb.  25,  1895.  First  Baron  Aber- 
dare.  A  British  politician.  He  was  home  secre- 
tary 1868-73,  and  was  raised  to  the  peerage  in  1873,  and 
became  lord  president  of  the  council. 

Bruch  (broch).  Max.  Bom  at  Cologne,  Prus- 
sia, Jan.  6,  1838.  An  eminent  German  com- 
poser. In  1880-83  he  was  director  of  the  Liverpool 
Philharmonic  Society.  His  works  include  the  operetta 
"Soherz,  List  und  Raohe,"  the  opera  "Lorelei,"  "Scenen 
aus  der  Frithjofssaga,"  "Odysseus,"  "Armineus,"  "Lied 
von  der  Glocke,"  "Kol  Nidrei"  (for  violoncello),  etc. 

Bruck  (brok),  Karl  Ludwig,  Baron.  Bora  at 
Elberf eld,  Rhenish  Pmssia,  Oct.  8,  1798 :  died 
April  23,  1860.  An  Austrian  statesman.  He  was 
minister  of  commerce  and  public  works  1848-61,  and  min- 
ister of  flnance  1866-60,  when,  being  ungraciously  dis- 
missed, he  committed  suicide.  He  was  one  of  the  chief 
founders  of  the  Austrian  Lloyd's  at  Triest. 

Brlickenau  (briik'e-nou).  A  watering-place  in 
Lower  Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the 
Sinn  in  lat.  50°  19'  N.,  long.  9°  47'  E. :  noted 
for  mineral  springs. 

Brucker  (brSk'er),  Jakob.  Bom  at  Augsburg, 
Bavaria,  Jan.  22,  1696  :  died  at  Augsburg,  Nov. 
26, 1770.  A  German  philosophical  writer,  rector 
of  the  school  in  Kaufbeuren,  and  later  pastor 
in  Augsburg.  His  chief  work  is  the  "Historia 
critiea  philosophise,  etc."  (1742-44). 

Bructeri  (bruk'te-ri).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Bructeri, 
Gr.  (Strabo)  BpovxTspoL.'\  A  German  tribe 
which  appears  to  have  occupied  the  territory 
about  the  upper  Ems  and  on  both  sides  of  the 
Lippe.  Strabo  divides  them  into  "greater  "and  "lesser." 
They  contributed  to  the  defeat  of  Varus  in  the  Teuto- 
burg  Forest,  and  took  part  in  the  rising  of  Civilis.  Their 
tribal  name  appears  as  late  as  the  8th  century.  They 
were  ultimately  merged  in  the  Franks. 

Brudenel  (brod'nel),  James  Thomas,  seventh 
Earl  of  Cardigan.  Born  at  Hambleton,  Hamp- 
shire, England,  Oct.  16,  1797:  died  at  Deene 
Park,  Northamptonshire,  England,  March  28, 
1868.  An  English  general,  commander  of  the 
"Light  Brigade  "in  the  charge  at  Balaklava, 
Oct.  25,  1854. 

Brueys  (brii-a'),  David  Auguste  de.    See  Pa- 


Bruges  (bro'jez;  F.  pron.  briizh).  [P.  Bruges, 
Gt.  Brugge,  D.  Flem.  Brugge,  ML.  Bruges,  OD. 
Brugge  or  Bruggen,  Bridges.]  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  West  Flanders,  Belgium,  situated 
8  miles  from  the  North  Sea  on  canals  (to  Ghent, 
the  North  Sea,  etc.),  in  lat.  51°  12'  N.,  long.  3° 
13' E.  It  is  noted  for  its  laces.  It  was  an  important  town 
as  early  as  the  7th  century,  was  subject  to  the  counts  of 
Flanders  and  later  to  the  dukes  of  Burgundy,  and  was 
a  leading  Hanseatic  city.  Its  most  brilliant  commercial 
period  was  from  the  13tn  to  the  15th  century :  at  one  time 
it  was  the  commercial  center  of  Europe.  The  Order  of  the 
Golden  Fleece  was  established  at  Bruges  in  1430.  Bruges 
surrendered  to  the  Spanish  in  1684,  and  was  bombarded 
by  the  Dutch  in  1704.  The  cathedral  of  Bruges  is  an  early- 
Pointed  structure  of  brick,  with  later  additions.  The  ex- 
terior, with  castellated  west  tower,  is  clumsy,  but  the 
interior  is  lofty  and  effective,  and  contains  many  fine 
paintings  (several  of  them  notable  examples  of  the  early 
Flemish  school),  good  16th-century  glass,  and  interesting 
brasses  and  other  monuments.  The  dimensions  are  330 
by  120  feet ;  length  of  transepts,  174 ;  height  of  vaultins 
90.    Population  (1893),  48,530. 


Brugg 

Brugg  (brSg).  A  small  town  in  the  canton  of 
Aargau,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Aare  in 
lat.  47°  29'  N.,  long.  8°  12'  E.  it  was  called  the 
"  Prophets'  Town  "  in  the  Keformatlon  (as  being  the  birth- 
place o(  many  theologians). 

Brugger  (brog'Sr),  Friedrich,  Bom  at  Mu- 
nich, Jan.  13,  1815  :  died  at  Munich,  April  9, 
1870.     A  German  sculptor. 

Brugsch  (broksh),  Heinricli  Earl.  Bom  at 
Berlin,  Feb.  18, 1827:  died  there,  Sept.  10, 1894. 
A  distinguished  German  Egyptologist.  Hisworks 
include  "Hieroglyphisch-demotTsohesWSrterbuch"(1867- 
1882);  also  "Eeiseberichte  aua  Agypten  "  (1855),  "Monu- 
ments de  TEgypte  "(1867),  "ReQueil  de  monuments  ^gyp- 
tiens"  (1862-66),  "Geschichte  Agyptens  unter  den  Pha- 
raonen  "  (1877),  "  Dictionnaire  g^ographique  de  I'ancienne 
Egypte  "  (1879-80),  etc. 

Brlihl  (briil)/  A  small  town  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  8  miles  south-southwest  of  Co- 
logne.   Near  it  is  the  royal  palace  of  Briihl. 

Brtthl,  Count  Heinrich  von.  Born  at  Weissen- 
fels,  Prussia,  Aug.  13,  1700:  died  at  Dresden, 
Oct.  28, 1763.  A  Saxon  politician  under  Augus- 
tus III.  He  became  prime  minister  in  1747,  and  induced 
the  elector  Augustus  III.  to  take  sides  against  Prussia 
in  the  Seven  Years'  War.  His  library  of  62,000  volumes 
forms  a  considerable  part  of  the  Koyal  Library  at  Dresden. 

Bruins  (brBns),  Karl  Christian.    Bom  at 

Ploen,  in  Holstein,  Germany,  Nov.  22, 1830 :  died 
at  Leipsie,  July  25, 1881.  A  distinguished  Ger- 
man astronomer.  He  was  professor  of  astronomy  and 
director  of  the  observatory  at  Leipsie,  and  was  especially 
noted  for  his  observations  and  for  the  discovery  of  aeverad 
comets.  He  wrote  "  Die  astronomische  Strahlenbrechung 
in  ihrer  historischen  Entwickelung  "  (1861X  etc. 

Bruin  (bro'in,  prop,  broin).  [D.  hruin  =  E. 
trown.}    The  bear  in  "Reynard  the  Pox." 

Bruin.  A  rough,  overbearing  man  in  Foote's 
play  "The  Mayor  of  Garratt."  He  is  a  contrast 
to  the  henpecked  Jerry  Sneak.  Mrs.  Bruin  is  roughly 
treated  by  him. 

Erfll^S.    See  Sitcanxu. 

Brulgruddery  (brul-grud'6r-i),  Dennis.  In 
Colman  the  lounger's  comedy  "  John  Bull,"  an 
eccentric,  whimsical  Irishman,  the  host  of  the 
Red  Cow.  He  has  married  "the  fat  widow  to  Mr. 
Skinuygauge,"  who  is  described  as  "a  waddling  woman 
wi'  a  mulberry  face." 

Brumaire  (brii-mar').  [F.  (after  L.  *'bru'ma- 
n%bs),  from  brume,  fog,  from  L.  iruma,  winter.] 
The  name  adopted  in  1793  by  the  National  Con- 
vention of  the  first  French  Republic  for  the  sec- 
ond month  of  the  year,  in  the  years  l,  2, 3, 6, 6, 7  it  be- 
gan Oct.  23,  and  ended  Nov.  20 ;  in  years  4,  8,  9, 10,  H,  13, 
14  it  began  on  Oct.  23,  and  ended  Nov.  21 ;  and  in  year  12 
it  began  on  Oct.  24,  and  ended  Nov.  22. 

Brumaire,  The  18th.  In  French  history,  Nov. 
9,  1799,  when  the  coup  d'6tat  by  which  the  Di- 
rectory was  overthrown  was  commenced.  It 
was  completed  on  the  19th  Brumaire. 

Brumath  (bro-maf),  or  Brumpt  (br5mpt).  A 
town  in  Lower  Alsace,  Alsace-Lorraine,  situ- 
ated on  the  Zorn  11  miles  north  of  Strasburg : 
the  ancient  Brucomagus.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  5,548. 

Brummell  (bmm'el),  George  Bryan,  called 
Beau  Brummell.  Bom  at  London,  June  7, 1778 : 
died  at  Caen,  France,  March  30, 1840.  An  Eng- 
lish gentleman  famous  as  a  leader  in  fashion- 
able society  in  London.  He  was  an  intimate  friend 
of  the  Prince  of  Wales  (George  IV.),  "who  it  is  said  on 
one  occasion  'began  to  blubber  when  told  that  Brummell 
did  not  like  the  cut  of  his  coat.'  .  .  .  By  no  means  a 
fop,  Brummell  was  never  extravagant  m  his  dress,  which 
was  characteriaed  rather  by  a  studied  moderation.  (Dust. 
Nat.  Biog.)  Losses  at  the  gaming-table  forced  him  to  re- 
tire to  Calais  in  1816.  In  1830  he  was  appointed  consul  at 
Caen:  was  imprisoned  for  debt  in  1835  ;  and  after  1837 
sank  into  a  condition  of  imbecil%,  anddiedin  an  asylum. 

Brun  (bron),  Friederike  Sophie  Ohnstiane. 

Bom  at  Grafehtonna,  near  Gotha,  Germany, 
June  3,  1765 :  died  at  Copenhagen,  March  25, 
1835.  A  German  poet  and  writer  of  travels. 
Her  works  include  poems  (1796,  1812, 1820),  "  Prosaisohe 
Sehriften"  (1799-1801),"EpiBoden"  (1807-18),  "Romisches 
Leben  "  (1833),  "Briefe  aus  Eom  "  (1816),  etc. 

Brunanburh  (bro'nan-hordh).  A  place,  prob- 
ably in  Northumhria,  England,  where,  m  937, 
.(Ethelstan  defeated  Anlaf  of  Ireland  and  Con- 
stantino of  Scotland.  A  ballad  of  the  battle  is 
inserted  in  the  "Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle." 

Brunck  (brunk),  Richard  Francois  Philippe. 
Bom  at  Strasburg,  Dec.  30,  1729:  died  June 
12  1803.  A  French  classical  scholar.  He  pub- 
lished "Analeota  veterum  poetarum  Grseoorum  "(1772-76), 
andeditionsof  Aristophanes,  Vergil,  Sophocles,  Plautus,eto. 

Brundisium  (brun-dish'i-um),  or  Brundusium 
(brun-du'zhi-um).    The  ancient  name  of  Brin- 

Brune  (hriin),  Guillaume  Marie  Anne.  Born 
at  Brives-la-GaiUarde,  Corr^ze,  France,  March 
13,  1763:  killed  at  Avignon,  France,  Aug.  z, 
1815.  A  marshal  of  France.  He  sewed  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  army  of  Italy  l™f-9T;  and  commanded 
in  Switzerland,  Holland,  the  Vendue,  and  Italy,  1798-1801. 


189 

Brunehaut  (brun-ho'),  or  Brunehilde  (briin- 
hild').  Died  613  a.  d.  A  queen  of  Austrasia, 
daughter  of  Athanagild,  king  of  the  Visigoths. 
She  married  Sigebert,  king  of  Austrasia,  661.  She  incited 
her  husband  to  make  war  on  his  brother  Chilp^ric,  king 
of  Neustria,  who  had  murdered  his  wife  Galsuinda  (Qale- 
swintha),  sister  of  Brunehaut,  in  order  to  espouse  his 
mistress  Fredegonda  (Fredegunde).  Sigebert  was  mur- 
dered in  575  by  Fredegonda,  and  Brunehaut  became  regent 
for  her  minor  son  Childebert.  She  was  captured,  after 
many  reverses  of  fortune,  at  the  age  of  eighty,  byClothaire 
II.,  who  suffered  her  to  be  dragged  to  death  by  a  wild 
horse. 

Brunei  (brS-ni').  [See  Borneo.}  A  sultanate 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  Borneo,  placed 
under  British  protection  in  1888.  Capital, 
Brunei.    Area,  about  3,000  square  miles. 

Brunei  (bru-nel' ),  Isambard  Kingdom.  Bom 
at  Portsmouth,  England,  April  9,  1806:  died 
at  Westminster,  England.,  Sept.  15,  1859.  An 
English  civil  engineer  and  naval  architect,  son 
of  Sir  Marc  Isambard  Brunei.  He  was  engineer 
of  the  Great  Western  Railway.  He  designed  the  Great 
Western  (1838),  the  Great  Britain  (1846),  the  Great  East- 
em  (1868). 

Brunei,  Sir  Marc  Isambard.  Born  at  Haoque- 
viUe,  Sure,  France,  April  25, 1769 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, Deo.  12, 1849.  A  civil  engineer.  He  emigrated 
from  France  to  the  United  States  in  1793  (where  he  de- 
signed and  built  the  Bowery  Theater,  New  York) ;  was  ap- 
pointed chief  engineer  of  New  York ;  settled  in  England 
in  1799 ;  completed  machinery  for  making  ships'  blocks  in 
1806 ;  and  constructed  the  Thames  tunnel  1826-43. 

Brunelleschi  (bro-nel-les'ke),  Filippo.    Bom 

at  Florence,  Italy,  1379 :  died  there,  April  16, 
1446.  A  noted  Italian  architect.  He  at  first 
studied  jewelry  and  goldsmiths' work,  and  later  experi- 
mented with  mechanics,  constructing  clocks  and  machines 
of  all  sorts.  He  also  attempted  sculpture.  In  1401  lie  en- 
tered into  competition  with  Ghiberti  for  the  doors  of  the 
baptistery  at  Florence.  He  associated  himself  with  Don- 
atello,  and  about  1403  the  two  made  a  famous  visit  to 
Borne.  His  study  of  the  Roman  monuments  was  most 
exhaustive,  and  when  he  returned  to  Florence  he  had  re- 
constructed for  himself  the  entire  scheme  of  antique  archi- 
tecture. He  built  the  famous  dome  of  Santa  Maria  del 
Fiore,  which  was  begun  about  1417.  The  vault  was  started 
in  1426  and  finished  in  1436.  Between  1446  and  1461  the 
lantern  was  built  after  his  designs.  This  was  the  most 
important  structural  problem  of  the  16th  century.  Bru- 
nelleschi also  built  the  church  of  San  Lorenzo  at  Florence, 
the  Badia  at  Fiesole,  the  cloister  of  Santa  Croce,  that  of 
Santo  Spirito  (finished  from  his  designs  after  his  death), 
and  the  Oapella  del  Pazzi,  also  the  Spedale  degli  Inno- 
cent!, the  Pitti  Palace,  and  the  Pazzi  Palace. 
Brunello  (brS-nel'lo).  A  thief  in  Boiardo's 
" Orlando Innamorato" and  Ariosto's  "Orlando 
Furioso."  He  was  of  mean  extraction,  but  was  made 
king  of  Tingitana  by  Agramont  for  his  services,  and  after 
a  life  spent  in  theft  and  subtle  knavery  was  hanged. 

Brunet  (brU-na'),  Jacques  Charles.  Born  at 
Paris,  Nov.  2,  1780:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  16, 
1867.  A  noted  French  bibliographer.  He  pub- 
lished a  supplement  to  the  bibliographical  dictionary  of 
Duclos  (1790),  "Manuel  du  libraire  et  de  I'araateur  de 
livres  "  (1810 :  6th  ed.  1866), ' '  Kecherches  bibliograpliiques 
et  critiques  sur  les  Editions  originales  des  cinq  livres  du 
roman  satirique  de  Babelais  "  (1852),  etc. 

Brunetifere  (briin-tyar'),  Ferdinand.  Bom 
at  Toulon,  July  19, 1849.  A  French  editor  and 
critic .  He  began  his  studies  at  the  Lyc^e  de  Marseilles, 
and  was  graduated  from  the  Lyo^e  Louis-le-Grand  in 
Paris.  In  1876  he  joined  the  staff  of  the  "Revue  des 
Deux  Mondes,"  of  which  he  is  now  the  editor-in-chief. 
In  1886  he  was  appointed  lecturer  at  the  Boole  Nor- 
male ;  in  1887  became  a  member  of  the  Legion  of  Honor ; 
and  in  1893  was  electeel  to  the  French  Academy.  His 
publications  include  "  Etudes  critiques  sur  I'histoirc  de 
la  litt^rature  franeaise  "  (five  series,  1880-93),  "Le  ro- 
man naturaliste"  (1884),  "Histoire  et  littfirature"  (1884- 
1886),  "Questions  de  critique"  (1889),  "Nouvelles  ques- 
tions de  critique  "(1890);  and  more  recently  still,  "L'Evo- 
lution  des  genres  dans  I'histoire  de  la  litt&ature"  and 
"L'Evolution  de  la  po^sie  lyrique  au  dix-neuvi6me  sife- 
cle."  The  first  two  series  of  the  "  Etudes  critiques"  and 
"  Le  roman  naturaliste  "  have  been  crowned  by  the  French 
Academy.  In  addition  to  these  works,  Brunetifere  has 
edited  a  number  of  books  for  French  colleges. 

Brunhild  (brSn'hild).  [MHG.  Briinhilt,  Priin- 
hilt,  loel.  Brynhildr.]  1.  In  the  Nibelungen- 
Ued,  a  legendary  queen  of  Island  (*.  e.,  Isala-land 
in  the  Low  Countries) ,  the  wife  of  King  Gunther 
for  whom  she  is  won  by  Siegfried,  in  the  Old 
Norse  version  of  the  Siegfried  legend,  BrunhUd  is  a  Val- 
kyr who  is  won  by  Sigurd  for  Gunnar. 
2.  See  Brunehaut. 

Bruni  (bro'ne),  Leonardo,  sumamed  Aretino 
(from  his  birthplace).  Bom  at  Arezzo,  Italy, 
1369 :  died  at  Florence,  March  9, 1444.  A  noted 
Italian  man  of  letters  (a  pupil  of  Emanuel  Chry- 
soloras),  apostolic  secretary,  and  chancellor  of 
Florence  1427-44.  He  wrote  "Historiarum  Florenti- 
narum  libri  XII."  (1415),  "  De  bello  italico  adversus  Gothos 
gesto"  (1470),  "Epistolffl  familiares,"  and  a  novel,  De 
amore  Guiscardi." 

Briinig  (briin'iG).  A  pass  over  the  Alps,  con- 
necting Lucerne  with  Meiringen.  The  highest 
point  is  3,296  feet.    It  is  traversed  (since  1888-89)  by  a  rail- 

B^runkeberg  (bron'ke-berG) .    A  height  north  of 


Brunswick 

Stockholm.  Here,  Oct. ,  1471,  the  Swedes  under 
Sten  Sture  defeated  Christian  I.  of  Denmark. 
Brunn  (bron),  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Worlitz,  in 
Anhalt,  Germany,  Jan.  23, 1822:  died  at  Munich, 
July  23, 1894.  A  German  arehseologist,  professor 
of  archaeology  at  Munich.  His  works  include  "  Ge- 
schichte der  griechischen  Kiinstler  "  (1863-59),  "  I  rihevl 
delle  urne  etrusche  "  (1870),  etc. 

Briinn  (briin),  Slav.  Bmo  (ber'no).  The  capital 
of  Moravia,  situated  at  the  base  of  the  Spiel- 
berg between  the  Zwittawa  and  Schwarzawa, 
in  lat.  49°  12'  N.,  long.  16°  37'  E.:  one  of  the 
principal  manufacturing  towns  in  Austria,  it 
was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Hussites  in  1428,  by 
King  George  of  Bohemia  in  1467,  by  the  Swedes  In  1645, 
and  by  the  Prussians  in  1742,  and  was  occupied  by  Napo- 
leon in  1805,  and  by  the  Prussians  in  1866.  Population 
(1900),  108,944. 

Brunnen  (brSn'nen).  [G.,  'springs.']  A  vil- 
lage in  the  canton  of  Schwyz,  Switzerland, 
situated  on  the  Lake  of  Lucerne  15  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Lucerne.  Here,  in  1315,  the  three 
Forest  Cantons  renewed  their  confederation. 

Brunner  (bron'ner),  Johann  Conrad.  Bom 
near  Schaffhausen,  Switzerland,  Jan.  16,  1653: 
died  at  Mannheim,  Baden,  Oct.  2,  1727.  A 
German  anatomist,  noted  for  researches  in  re- 
gard to  the  pancreas  and  the  duodenum. 

Brunner,  Sebastian.  Bom  at  Vienna,  Dee. 
10,  1814 :  died  at  Wahring,  near  Vienna,  Nov. 
26,  1893.  An  Austrian  man  of  letters  and  Ro- 
man Catholic  theologian.  He  was  the  authorof  a  sa- 
tirical poem,  "  Nebeljungen  Lied  "  (1846),  directed  against 
the  Hegelians,  and  other  poems,  several  tales,  "  Clemens 
Maria  Hofbauer  und  seine  Zeit"  (1858),  "Die  Eunstge- 
nossen  der  Klosterzelle  "  (1863),  etc. 

Brunnow  (bron'uo),  Count  Philipp  von.  Bom 
at  Dresden,  Aug.  31,  1797 :  died  at  Darmstadt, 
Germanjr,  April  12,  1875.  A  Russian  diploma- 
tist. He  was  ambassador  at  London  1840-54,  at  Frank- 
fort 1855,  at  Berlin  1856,  and  at  London  1868-74. 

Bruno  (bro'no),  sumamed  "  The  Great."  Bom 
925  :  died  at  Rheims,  France,  Oct.  11,  965.  The 
brother  of  Otto  I.  of  Germany,  made  arch- 
bishop of  Cologne  and  duke  of  Lorraine  in  953. 

Bruno,  Saint.  Born  at  Querfurt,  Prussian 
Saxony,  about  970 :  killed  at  Braunsberg,  East 
Prussia,  Feb.  14,  1009.  A  German  prelate, 
called  "the  apostle  to  the  Prussians." 

Bruno,  Saint.  Bom  at  Cologne  about  1040: 
died  at  Delia  Torre,  Calabria,  Italy,  1101.  The 
founder  of  the  order  of  Carthusian  monks,  at 
Chartreuse,  near  Grenoble,  France,  about  10^4. 

Bruno  (bro'no),  Giordano.  Bom  at  Nola, 
Italy,  about  1548:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  17, 
1600.  An.  Italian  philosopher.  He  entered  the 
Dominican  order  at  Naples  in  1663,  left  Italy  in  1676  to 
avoid  the  consequences  of  his  disbelief  in  the  doctrines 
of  transubstantiation  and  of  the  immaculate  conception 
of  Mary,  was  at  Geneva  in  1677,  and  arrived  at  Paris  in 
1579.  In  1583  he  went  to  London,  where  some  of  his  most 
important  works  were  written,  and  where  he  remained 
two  years  under  the  protection  of  the  French  ambassador. 
In  1586-88  he  lectured  at  the  University  of  Wittenberg, 
and  subsequently  visited  other  cities  in  (Jermany,  France, 
and  Switzerland,  returning  to  Italy  in  1592.  He  was  ar- 
rested at  Naples,  May  22, 1592,  by  order  of  the  Inquisition, 
and  was  burned  at  the  stake  as  a  heretic  in  the  Campo  del 
Fiori  at  Rome.  His  chief  works  are  "Spaccio  dellabestia 
trionfante"  ("Expulsion  of  the  Triumphant  Beast,"  1584), 
"  Delia  causa, principio  etuno  "  (1684), "Dell' iufinito,  iini- 
verso  emondi"(1584),"De  monadenumero  etfigura"(1591). 

Bruno,  Leonardo.    See  Bruni. 

Brunswick   (brunz'wik),  G.  Braunschweig 

(broun'sh-\aG).  A  duchy  of  northern  Ger- 
many, and  state  of  the  German  Empire.  Capi- 
tal, Brunswick  (Braunschweig).  It  is  mainly  sur- 
rounded by  the  Prussian  provinces  of  Hannover,  Saxony, 
and  Westphalia,  and  comprises  3  main  detached  por- 
tions (the  Brunswick -Wolf  enbuttel-Helmstedt  division, 
the  Blankenburg  division,  and  the  Gandersheim-Holzmin- 
den  division),  and  also  6  smaller  enclaves.  It  produces 
coal,  iron,  marble,  salt,  copper,  lead,  etc.,  and  has  flour- 
ishing agriculture.  The  government  is  a  hereditary  con- 
stitutional monarchy  (Prince  Albert  of  Prussia  is  regent), 
with  a  chamber  of  46  members.  Brunswick  has  2  mem- 
bers in  the  Bundesrat  and  8  in  the  Reichstag.  The  popu- 
lation is  Protestant.  Brunswick  formed  part  of  the  realm 
of  Charles  the  Great  and  part  of  the  duchy  of  Saxony. 
"They  [the  descendants  of  Heniy  the  Lion]  held  their 
place  as  princes  of  the  Empire,  no  longer  as  dukes  of  Sax- 
ony, but  as  dukes  of  Brunswick.  After  some  of  the 
usual  divisions,  two  Brunswick  principalities  finally  took 
their  place  on  the  map,  those  of  Liineburg  and  Wolfen- 
biittel.  .  .  .  The  simple  ducal  title  remained  with  the 
Brunswick  princes  of  the  other  line."  ^Freeman,  Hist. 
Geog.,  p.  213.)  The  duchy  of  Brunswick  suffered  se- 
verely from  the  French  in  the  Seven  Years'  War,  was 
occupied  by  the  French  in  1806,  was  annexed  to  the 
kingdom  of  Westphalia  in  1807,  and  was  restored  to  its 
duke  In  1813.  It  entered  the  Germanic  Confederation  in 
1815.  Its  direct  line  of  rulers  became  extinct  in  1884.  A 
regent  was  chosen  in  1886.  Area,  1,424  square  miles. 
Population  (1900),  464,333. 

Brunswick,  G.  Braunschweig.  The  capital 
of  Brunswick,  situated  on  the  Oeker  in  lat. 
52°  16'  N.,  long.  10°  32'  E.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  tobacco,  sugar,  woolen  goods,  etc.     It  was  the 


Brunswick 

kirthplaoe  of  Gauss  and  Spohr,  and  the  place  of  Leasing's 
death.  It  was  founded  in  831  (?) ;  was  the  residence 
of  Henry  the  Lion ;  became  a  leading  Hanseatic  town ; 
passed  to  the  WoUenbiittel  line  in  1671 ;  and  became  the 
capital  ot  the  duchy  in  1763.  It  was  the  scene  of  an  in- 
surrection in  1830.  It  contains  a  cathedral,  built  in  the  last 
quarter  of  the  12th  century.  The  double  aisles  on  the 
south  side  are  of  the  14th  century ;  those  of  the  north  side, 
with  twisted  columns,  of  the  16th.  The  walls  and  vaults  of 
the  choir  and  south  transept  are  adorned  with  scripttiral 
mural  paintings  dating  from  1224.  There  are  many  inter- 
esting monuments,  including  sculptured  medieval  tombs 
of  emperors  and  princes.  The  columned  crypt  is  spacious 
and  triapsidal.  The  ducal  palace  is  a  fine  modern  Re- 
naissance building  of  three  stories,  the  lowest  of  which 
is  rusticated  and  forms  a  basement.  The  chief  facade, 
410  feet  long  and  110  high,  has  two  end  pavilions  with 
engaged  Corinthian  columns ;  and  in  the  middle,  over  the 
entrance^  a  handsome  hexastyle  portico,  with  a  sculp- 
tured pediment.  Behind  the  pedijnent  there  is  a  square 
attic,  on  which  is  a  quadriga  in  br'/nze.  Population  (1900), 
128,177. 

Brunswick,  Duke  of  (Charles  Frederick 
William).  Bom  at  Wolfenbiittel,  Germany, 
Oct.  9,  1735:  died  kt  Ottensen,  near  Altona, 
Germany,  Nov.  IP,  1806.  Son  of  Charles,  duke 
of  Brunswick.  He  reigned  1780-1806 ;  commanded  the 
Prussian  and  Austrian  army  which  invaded  France  in 
1792,  and  the  I'russian  army  at  the  battle  of  Auerstadt 
Oct.  14, 1806,  where  he  was  mortally  wounded. 

Brunswick,  Duke  of  (Charles  Frederick  Au- 
gustus William).  Bom  at  Brunswick,  Oct. 
30,  1804:  died  at  Geneva,  Aug.  18,  1878.  The 
eldest  son  of  Frederick  "William,  duke  of  Bruns- 
wick. He  was  deposed  from  the  government 
ir.  1830. 

Brunswick,  Duke  of  (Ferdinand).  Born  at 
Branswick,  Jan.  12,  1721:  died  July  3,  1792. 
The  fourth  son  of  Ferdinand  Albert,  duke  of 
Brunswick.  He  was  a  field-marshal  in  the  Prussian 
service ;  and  defeated  the  French  at  Cref eld  in  1758,  and 
at  Minden  Aug.  1,  1769. 

Brunswick,  Duke  of  (Frederick  William). 

Born  at  Brunswick,  Oct.  9,  1771:  killed  at 
Quatre-Bras,  Belgium,  June  16,  1815.  The 
fourth  son  of  Charles  William  Ferdinand,  duke 
of  Brunswick.  He  reigned  1813-16.  He  commanded 
the  "Black  Brunswickers "  1809,  and  lived  in  England 
1809-13. 

Brunswick.  A  town  in  Cumberland  County, 
Maine,  situated  on  the  Androscoggin  25  miles 
northeast  of  Portland.  It  is  the  seat  of  Bow- 
doln  College.     Population  (1900),  6,806. 

Brunswick.  A  seaport,  the  capital  of  Glynn 
County,  Georgia,  72  miles  south-southwest  of 
Savannah.  It  exports  lumber,  cotton,  and 
naval  stores.     Population  (1900),  9,081. 

Brunswick-L1ineburg(bmn|;'wik-lTi'ne-b6rG). 
Line  of.  A  branch  of  the  house  of  Bruns- 
wick from  which  the  reigning  house  of  Great 
Britain  is  descended. 

Brunswick- Wolfenbiittel(brunz'wik-vol'fen- 
biit-tel),  Line  of.  A  branch  of  the  house  of 
Brunswick  from  which  the  late  reigning  house 
of  Brunswick  was  descended. 

Brunton  (brun'ton),  Mrs.  (Mary  Balfour). 
Bom  at  Barra,  Orkneys,  Nov.  1,  1778 :  died  at 
Edinburgh,  Dec.  19, 1818.  An  English  novelist, 
wife  of  Rev.  Alexander  Brunton.  She  wrote 
"  Self -Control"  (1810),  "Discipline"  (1814),  etc. 

Brunton,  Louisa.  Born  1785  (?):  died  1860. 
An  English  actress.  She  became  countess  of  Craven 
in  1807,  when  she  left  the  stage.  She  was  remarkable  for 
her  beauty. 

Brusa,  or  Broussa  (bro'sii).  The  capital  of  the 
vilayet  of  Khodavendikyar,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situated  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Olympus,  in  lat. 
40°  10'  N.,  long.  29°  E. :  the  ancient  Prusa. 
It  produces  wine  and  fruits,  and  manufactures  tapestry 
and  carpets.  There  are  noted  hot  springs  in  its  vicinity. 
It  was  the  capital  of  Bithynia  in  the  2d  and  Ist  centuries 
B.  c,  and  for  a  time  the  capital  of  the  Ottoman  empire, 
after  its  capture  by  Orkhan  in  1326.  Pop.,  about  76,000. 

Brusasorci,  II.    See  Bicdo. 

Brush,  Charles  Francis.  Born  at  Euclid, 
Ohio,  March  17, 1849.  An  American  electrician. 
He  is  the  inventor  of  the  Brush  dynamo-electric  machine 
and  the  Brush  electric-arc  lamp,  both  of  which  were  ex- 
tensively introduced  in  the  United  States  m  1876. 

Brush  (brush),  George  de  Forest.     Bom  at 

Shelby  ville,  Tenn. ,  1855.  An  American  painter. 
He  was  a  student  of  the  Academy  of  Design,  New  York 
city,  from  1871-73,  and  from  1874-80  in  the  studio  of  G^- 
rOme  in  Paris.  His  best^known  works  are  paintings  of 
American  Indian  subjects.  In  1888  he  won  the  Hallgarten 
prize  at  the  National  Academy  Exhibition. 
Brussels  (brus'elz).  [F.  Bruxelles,  Sp.  Bruselas, 
G.  Briissel,  D.  "Brussel.']  The  capital  of  Bel- 
gium and  of  the  province  of  Brabant,  situated 
on  the  Senne  in  lat.  50°  51'  N.,  long.  4° 
22'  E.  Besides  the  city  proper  it  comprises  ten  suburbs. 
It  has  important  manufactures  of  lace,  leather,  linen, 
woolen  and  cotton  goods,  furniture,  bronzes,  etc.  It  is 
the  seat  of  a  university.  Brussels  appears  in  histoij  in 
the  8th  century,  and  became  important  in  the  middle 
aces.  It  had  a  brilliant  period  under  Charles  V  and 
Hiilip  II    who  made  it  the  capital  of  the  Low  Countnes, 


190 

and  was  the  scene  of  the  earliest  rising  against  the  Spanish 
in  1566.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  E^ench  department  of 
Dyle  1794-1814,  and  alternately  with  The  Hague  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Netherlands  1815-30.  In  the  latter  year  it 
was  the  scene  of  the  outbreak  of  the  Belgian  revolution. 
It  became  the  capital  of  Belgium  in  1831.  It  has  been 
noted  latterly  as  an  art  center.  It  contains  a  cathedral, 
an  imposing  monument  of  the  13th  century,  with  later 
additions.  The  15th-century  west  front  is  flanked  by 
high  square  towers,  and  has  the  vertical  lines  strongly 
marked  by  buttresses  and  paneling ;  it  has  three  canopied 
portals,  a  large  central  traceried  window,  and  an  arcaded 
gable.  The  design  is  somewhat  dry  and  mechanical. 
The  interior  is  characterized  by  lofty  arches  with  cylin- 
drical pillars,  and  much  superb  glass,  medieval,  Kenais- 
sance,  and  modern.  The  five  windows  in  the  Chapel  of 
the  Sacrament  were  given  about  1540  by  the  emperor 
Charles  V.,  the  kings  of  France,  Portugal,  and  Hungary, 
and  the  Archduke  of  Austria.  The  noted  pulpit  by  Ver- 
brnggen  (1699)  is  called  the  throne  of  St.  Gudule ;  it  is  a 
mass  of  elaborate  carving  in  wood  representing  the  ex- 
pulsion from  pai'adise,  with  many  birds  and  animals  amid 
the  profuse  foliage,  and  a  canopy  supported  by  angels  on 
which  stands  the  Virgin  destroying  the  serpent.  The 
dimensions  of  the  cathedral  are  355  by  166  feet.  The 
Palais  de  la  Nation,  built  by  Maria  Theresa  for  the  Council 
of  Brabant,  was  used  by  the  States-General  between  1817 
and  1830,  and  is  now  the  seat  of  the  Senate  and  Chamber 
of  Deputies.  It  is  a  handsome  building  with  a  portico  in 
whose  pediment  are  sculptures  exhibiting  the  adminis- 
tration of  justice.  The  fine  vestibule  is  adorned  with 
historical  statues,  and  the  halls  and  apartments  contain 
good  portraits  and  other  paintings.  The  Conservatoire  de 
Musique  et  de  D^^amation  was  established  in  1832 ;  it  was 
an  offshoot  of  the  Ecole  Royale  de  Musique  founded  in  1823. 
(fhrove.)    Population  (1900),  with  suburbs,  661,782. 

Brussels  Conference,  a  convention  of  repre- 
sentatives from  Great  Britain,  France,  Ger- 
many, Italy,  Austria-Hungary,  Belgium,  and 
Eussia,  which  met  at  Brussels  in  Sept.,  1876 
(and  again  in  1877).  it  decided  to  establish  an  In- 
ternational African  Association  to  explore  and  civilize  cen- 
tral Africa,  and  provided  for  branch  national  committees. 
There  was  an  antislavery  conference  at  Brussels  in  1890. 

Brut  (brot).  [ME.  and  OF.,  orig.  same  as  AS. 
Bryt,  a  Briton.  See  Brutus  the  Trojan.']  A 
poetical  version  of  the  legendary  history  of  Brit- 
ain, by  Layamon,  a  semi-Saxon  paraphrase  of 
the  French  "Roman  de  Brut"  of  Wace.  See 
Wace.  Its  subject  is  the  deeds  and  wanderings  of  the 
legendary  Brutus,  grandson  of  Ascanius,  great-grandson 
of  .ffineas,  and  king  of  Britain.  It  is  about  twice  the 
length  of  Wace's  "  Brut,"  containing  32,250  lines.  The  lat- 
ter is  thought  to  be  a  mere  versification  of  Geoffrey  of 
Monmouth.  There  are  two  manuscripts  of  Layamon's 
poem,  both  in  the  British  Museum. 

Brute.    See  Brutus  the  Trojan. 

Brute  (brot),  Sir  John.  A  drunken,  roister- 
ing, rou^  fellow  in  Vanbrugh's  comedy  "The 
Provoked  Wife."  He  passes  through  every  phase  of 
riot  and  debauchery,  and  is  unbearably  insolent  to  his 
"  provoked  vife,"  though  too  much  of_  a  coward  to  resent 
her  consequent  actions. 

Brut6   (brii-ta'),    Simon   Gabriel.    Bom  at 

Rennes,  France,  March  20,  1779 :  died  June  26, 
1839.  AFrench-Americanprelateof  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  bishop  of  Vincennes,  Indiana, 
1834^39. 

Bruttium  (brut'i-um),  orBruttii  (brut'i-i).  In 
ancient  geography,  the  southernmost  division 
of  Italy,  corresponding  to  the  modern  provinces 
of  Eeggio  and  Catanzaro :  originally  Bruthius 
or  Bruttiorum  Ager.    Now  called  Calabria. 

Brutus  (bro'tus).  A  tragedy  by  Voltaire,  pro- 
duced at  the  Com^die  rran5aise  Deo.  11,  1730. 
Alfleri  wrote  two  tragedies  bearing  this  name  ("Marcus 
Brutus"  and  "Junius  Brutus"),  both  inspired  by  Voltaire 
(1783).  Catherine  Bernard  also  produced  a  tragedy,  "Bru- 
tus," at  the  Com^die  Fran^aise  Dec.  18, 1690. 

Brutus,  Decimus  Junius,  sumamed  Albinus. 
Executed  43  b.  C.  A  Roman  general,  one  of  the 
assassins  of  Julius  C»sar.  He  was  betrayed, 
and  was  put  to  death  by  order  of  Mark  Antony. 

Brutus,  Lucius  Junius.  A  Roman  consul  in 
509  B.  C.  According  to  the  (unhistorical)  legend,  he 
feigned  idiocy  (whence  the  name  Brulue,  stupid :  prob- 
ably an  erroneous  etymology)  to  avoid  exciting  the  fear 
of  his  uncle  Tarquin  the  Proud,  who  had  put  to  death 
the  elder  brother  of  Brutus  to  possess  himself  of  theu- 
wealth.  Tarquin,  alarmed  at  the  prodigy  of  a  serpent  ap- 
pearing in  the  royal  palace,  sent  his  sons  Titus  and  Aruns 
to  consult  the  oracle  at  Delphi.  They  took  with  them  for 
amusement  Brutus,  who  propitiated  the  priestess  with  a 
hollow  staff  filled  with  gold.  When  the  oracle,  in  response 
to  an  inquiry  of  Titus  and  Aruns  as  to  who  should  suc- 
ceed to  the  throne,  replied,  "He  who  first  kisses  his 
mother,"  Brutus  stumbled  to  the  ground  and  kissed  mo- 
ther earth.  After  the  outrage  on  Lucretia,  Brutus  threw 
off  his  disguise,  expelled  the  Tarquins,  and  established  the 
republic  510  (?).  While  consul  he  condemned  his  own  sons 
Titus  and  Tiberius  to  death  for  having  conspired  to  restore 
Tarquin.  He  led  in  607  (B  an  army  against  Tarquin,  who 
was  returning  to  Rome.  Brutus  and  Aruns  fell  in  the  bat- 
tle, pierced  by  each  other's  spears. 

Brutus,  Marcus  Junius  (adoptive  name  Quin- 
tus  Caepio  Brutus).  Born  85  b.  c.  :  died  near 
Philippi,  Macedonia,  42  b.  c.  A  Roman  poli- 
tician and  scholar.  Originally  an  adherent  of  Pompey, 
he  went  over  to  Csesar  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalia  in  48 ; 
was  governor  of  Cisalpine  Gaul  in  46,  and  prsetor  urbanue 
in  44 ;  joined,  induced  by  Cassius,  in  the  assassination  of 
Cffisar,  March  18,  44 ;  gathered  troops  in  Macedonia,  with 
which  he  joined  Cassius  in  Asia  Minor  in  42 ;  and  defeated 


Brython 

■  Octavianus  in  the  first  battle  of  Philippi  in  42,  while  Cassius 
was  defeated  by  Antony  and  committed  suicide ;  but  wa* 
defeated  in  a  second  battle  twenty  days  later,  and  feM 
upon  his  sword.  His  (second)  wife  Portia,  daughter  of 
Cato  Uticensis,  on  receiving  news  of  his  death,  committed 
suicide  by  swallowing  live  coals. 

Brutus  the  Trojan.  [ML.  Brutus,  OF.  Brnt, 
really  representing  AS.  Bryt,  a  Briton,  but 
confused  with  the  classical  name  Brutus.]  A 
fabulous  person,  according  to  Geoffrey  of  Mon-  , 
mouth  the  grandson  of  .^neas  and  founder  of 
the  city  of  New  Troy  (London). 

Brtiz  (briiks),  or  Brix  (briks).  A  town  in  Bohe- 
mia, situated  on  the  Biela  45  miles  northwest  of 
Prague.    Population  (1890),  commune,  14,894. 

Bruyfere,  Jean  de  la.    See  La  Bruyire. 

Bruyn  (broin),  Cornelius  de.  Bom  at  The 
Hague,  Holland,  1652:  died  at  Utrecht,  Hol- 
land, about  1719.  A  Dutch  traveler  and  painter. 
He  wiote  "Voyage  au  Levant,  etc  "  (1698),  "Voyage  par 
la  Moscovie,  en  Perse,  etc."  (1711). 

Bruys,  or  Bruis  (brii-e'),  Pierre  de.  Bumed 
at  the  stake  at  St.  GiUes,  France,  about  1126. 
A  French  religious  reformer.  His  followers 
were  called  Petrobrusians  (which  see). 

Bry,  or  Brie  (bre),  Theodore  de.  Bom  at 
Li6ge,  1528:  died  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
1598.  A  goldsmith,  engraver,  and  painter. 
About  1570  he  established  a  printing-  and  engraving-houB& 
at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  his  two  sons  assisting  him. 
They  illustrated  many  books,  but  are  best  known  for 
their  great  collection  of  travels,  of  which  there  are  differ- 
ent editions  in  Latin  and  German.  The  first  was  entitled 
"CoUectiones  peregrinationum  in  Indiam  orientalem  eti 
occidentalem  "  (Frankfort,  1590).  The  volumes  are  illus- 
trated with  many  plates  from  De  Bry's  hand. 

Bryan  (bri'an),  Sir  Francis.  Died  at  Clonmel, 
Ireland,  Feb.  2,  1550.  An  English  poet,  sol- 
dier, and  diplomatist. 

Bryan,  William  Jennings.  Bom  at  Salem,Ill. , 
March  19,  1860.  An  American  politician.  He- 
served  two  terms  in  Congress  as  Democratic 
representative  from  Nebraska,  and  later  en- 

f;aged  in  journalism.     He  was  nominated  for  Presi- 
ent  by  the  Democrats  and  Populists  in  1896,  and  again  in 
1900,  and  was  each  time  defeated. 

Bryanites  (bri'an-its).  A  Methodist  body,  alsO' 
called  "Bible  Christians," founded  by  a  Cornish, 
preacher,  William  Bryan  (O'Bryan),  about  1815. 

Bryant  (bri'ant),  Jacob.  Bom  at  Plymouth, 
England,  1715 :  died  at  Cypenham,  near  Wind- 
sor, England,  Nov.  14, 1804.  An  English  anti- 
quary, author  of  "  A  New  System  or  an  Analy- 
sis of  Ancient  Mythology"  (1774-76),  etc. 

Bryant,  William  CuUen.  Bom  at  Cumming- 
ton,  Mass.,  Nov.  3,  1794:  died  at  New  York, 
June  12,  1878.  A  noted  American  poet  and 
journalist.  He  studied  at  Williams  College  1810-11 ; 
took  up  the  study  of  law  in  1812 ;  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  at  Bridgewater  in  1815.  He  published  "  Thanatopsis  " 
in  1816 ;  printed  a  volume  of  poetry  in  1821 ;  gave  up  th& 
practice  of  law  in  1825 ;  was  appointed  to  a  place  on  the 
New  York  "Evening  Post  "in  1828,  and  became  its  edi- 
tor-in-chief and  part  proprietor  in  1829.  He  published  a. 
collection  of  his  poems  in  1832,  which  was  reprinted  by  an 
English  publisher,  under  Washington  Irving's  auspices. 
(The  line  "The  British  soldier  trembles, "in  the  "Song  ot 
Marion's  Men,"  was  changed  to  "The  foeman  trembles  in 
his  camp.")  Aa  editor  of  the  "Evening  Post"  he  opposed 
the  extension  of  slavery  and  supported  the  Union.  He- 
published  translations  of  the  Iliad  (1670),  and  the  Odys- 
sey (1871).  "Poetical  Works,"  edited  by  Parke  Godwin, 
1883 ;  "  Prose  Writings  "  (including  letters  of  travel,  origi- 
nally contributed  to  the  "Evening  Post,"  and  orations- 
and  addresses),  edited  by  Parke  Godwin,  1884. 

Bryce  (bns),  James.  Bom  at  Belfast,  Ireland,. 
May  10,  1838.  A  noted  English  historian  and 
Liberal  politician.  He  became  regius  professor  of 
civil  law  in  Oxford  University  in  1870,  under  secretary  for- 
foreign  affairs  in  1886,  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancas- 
ter in  1892 ;  and  president  of  the  board  of  trade  in  1894 
Chief  works:  "The  Holy  Roman  Bmph'e  "  (1864,  7th  ed 
1877),  "The  American  Commonwealth"  (1888,  3d  ed. 
1894-96).  ^ 

Brydges  (brij'ez),  James.  Born  Jan.  6,  1678 : 
died  Aug.  9,  1744.  An  English  nobleman,  cre- 
ated first  duke  of  Chandos  in  1719. 

Brydges,  Sir  Samuel  Egerton.  Bom  at  Woo- 
ton  House,  Kent,  England,  Nov.  30, 1762:  died 
near  Geneva,  Switzerland,  Sept.  8,  1837.  An. 
English  lawyer,  miscellaneous  writer,  and  gene- 
alogist, member  of  Parliament  1812-18.  He  was 
the  author  of  poems,  novels,  "Censura  Literaria  "  (1805— 
1809),  "British  Bibliographer  "(1810-14),  "lies  Uterarise  " 
(1821-22),  "Autobiography  "(1834),  etc. 

Bryn  Mawr  (Welsh,  brun  mour' ;  locally,  brin. 
mar',  or  m&r')  College.  A  non-sectarian  col- 
lege for  women,  organized  at  Bryn  Mawr,  Penn- 
sylvania, in  1885.  It  has  about  40  instructors  and  360 
students,  and  a  library  of  about  27,000  volumes  and  7,000  J 
pamphlets. 

Brython  (bri'thon).  [L.  Britones,  Brittones^ 
Gr.  (Proeopius)  BpirTon/eQ,  AS.  Bretene,  Brettas, 
Bryttas.]  The  name  applied  to  themselves  by- 
the  Celts  of  southern  Britain  who  successfully- 


Brython 

resisted  the  Teutonic  invaders  in  the  moun- 
tainous remons  of  the  western  coast,  and  whose 
language  (Brythoneg)  is  subsequently  found  in 
Wales,  Cumbria,  and  parts  of  Devon  and  Corn- 
wall. The  name  is  used  interchangeably  with  Cymry 
(Cwmkrl).  Oiraldus  (12th  century)  in  his  "  Descriptio  Cam- 
DriBe "  uses  indifferently  lingua  Britannica  and  Cambrioa. 

Brzezany  (bzhe-zha'nu).  A  town  in  Galioia, 
Austria-Hungary,  49  miles  southeast  of  Lem- 
berg.    Population  (1890),  commune,  11,221. 

Bua  fbo'a).  An  island  off  the  coast  of  Dalma- 
tia,  Austria-Hungary,  opposite  Trau,  in  lat.  43° 
30'^  N.,  long.  16°  15'  E. :  the  ancient  Bavo  or 
Bose.  It  was  a  place  of  banishment  under  the 
Boraan  emperors. 

Buache  (bii-ash' ) ,  Philippe.  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb. 
7,  1700:  died  Jan.  27,  1773.  A  French  geogra- 
pher. His  works  include  "  Considerations  g^ographiques 
et  physiques  sur  les  nouvelles  d^couvertes  de  la  grande 
mer"(1753),  "Atlas  physique  "(1764),  etc. 

Buacne  de  la  Neuville  (bii-ash'  d6  la  n6-vel'), 
Jean  Nicolas.  Born  at  La  Neuville-au-Pont, 
Mame,  Prance,  Feb.  15,  1741 :  died  ni  Paris, 
No  v.  21, 1825 .  A  French  geographer,  nephew  of 
Philippe  Buache.  He  wrote  "  Gt^ographie  61^- 
mentaire  aneienne  et  modeme"  (1769-72),  etc. 

Bubastus  (bu-bas'tus),  or  Bubastis  (bu-bas'- 
tis).  [Gr.  BoiijiaaTog,  BoijSacTig,  Egypt.  Fa-Bast, 
the  abode  of  Bast.]  A  city  of  ancient  Egypt, 
the  scriptural  Pi-Beseth  and  the  modern  Tel- 
Basta,  situated  on  the  Pelusiac  branch  of  the 
Nile,  in  lat.  30°  33'  N.,  long.  31°  30'  E.  it  was 
the  holy  city  of  the  Egyptian  goddess  Bast  or  Pasht  (Greek 
Bubastis),  whose  sacred  animal  was  the  cat. 

The  Twenty-second  Dynasty  (B.  o.  980)  chose  Bubastis 
for  its  capital.  It  does  not  appear  to  have  given  many 
conquerors  to  Egypt.  Its  jlrst  king,  the  Shishak  of  the 
Bible,  the  Shashanq  of  the  monuments,  took  an  army  into 
Palestine  and  earned  away  the  treasures  of  the  Temple. 
Mariette,  Outlines,  p.  58. 

Bubble  (bub'l).  A  servant  in  Cooke's  comedy 
"Greene's  Tu  (Duoque."  He  becomes  rich,  and  un- 
dertakes to  appear  like  a  gentleman  by  using  the  affecta- 
tions of  society,  particularly  the  phrase  "Tu  Quoque," 
which  is  ever  in  his  mouth.  The  character  was  played 
by  a  favorite  actor  named  Greene  (hence  the  title  of  the 
play). 

Bubble,  Mississippi.    See  Mississippi  Bubble. 
Bubble,  South.  Sea.    See  South  Sea  Bubble. 

Bubi,  or  Booby  (bo'bi).     See  Ediya. 

Bubona  (bu-bo'na).  [LL.,  from  60s  (bov-),  ox.] 
In  Eoman'  mythology,  a  female  divinity,  pro- 
tectress of  cows  and  oxen. 

Bucaneers  (buk-a-nerz').  [Prom  F.  boucanier, 
a  curer  of  wild  meat,  a  pirate,  from  boucaner, 
smoke  meat,  from  boucan,  a  place  for  smoking 
meat.]  A  gang  of  adventurers  and  pirates 
which,  in  the  17th  century,  attained  an  almost 
national  importance  in  the  West  Indies  and  on 
the  coasts  of  South  America,  it  had  its  nucleus  in 
the  English,  French,  and  Dutch  smugglers  who  carried  on 
a  clandestine  trade  with  the  Spanish  island  of  Santo  Domin- 
go :  they  hunted  the  wild  cattle  there,  drying  the  meat 
over  fires ;  and  gradually  they  formed  regular  settlements, 
not  only  on  Santo  Domingo  but  on  many  of  the  smaller  isl- 
ands. As  they  became  stronger  they  began  to  prey  on 
Spanish  commerce.  In  1630  they  seized  the  island  of  Tor- 
tuga  and  made  it  their  headquarters.  In  1665  they  aided 
the  English  in  the  conquest  of  Jamaica,  and  this  became 
another  center ;  and  in  1664  they  settled  the  Bahamas. 
Under  their  celebrated  leader  Morgan,  they  ravaged  the 
coasts  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Caribbean  Sea,  and 
made  expeditions  inland;  Porto  Bello  was  sacked;  in  1671 
Morgan  crossed  the  isthmus  and  burned  Panama;  and 
from  that  year  to  1685  the  Bucaneers  practically  com- 
manded the  West  Indian  seas.  Their  immense  spoils 
were  divided  equally,  only  the  captain  of  a  ship  taking  a 
larger  share ;  French,  Dutch,  English,  and  Germans  were 
banded  together,  their  only  bond  being  common  interest 
and  hatred  of  the  Spaniards.  In  1680  they  again  crossed 
the  isthmus,  seized  some  Spanish  ships  in  the  Pacific,  and 
raided  the  western  coasts  of  Mexico,  Peru,  and  Chile  for 
several  years.  After  1690  the  war  between  France  and 
England  tended  to  separate  the  pirates  of  these  two  na- 
tions, and  the  impoverished  coasts  could  no  longer  sup- 
port tlieir  excesses.  They  gradually  returned  to  the  West 
Indies  and  Europe,  and  were  drawn  into  the  armies  and 
navies  of  different  powers. 

Bucareli  y  Urzua  (bo-ka-ra'le  e  6r-tho  a), 
Antonio  Maria.  Born  at  Seville,  Jan .  24, 1717: 
died  at  Mexico,  April  9,  1779.  A  Spanish  gen- 
eral and  administrator.  From  1760  to  1771  he  was 
governor  of  Cuba,  and  from  1771  until  his  death  viceroy  of 
New  Spain  (Mexico). 

Buccaneer  (buk-a-ner').  The.  A  poem  by 
Richard  Henry  Sana,  first  published  in  1827. 
The  scene  is  partly  laid  on  Block  Island. 

Buocari  (bok-ka're).  A  free  haven  in  Fiume, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Adriatic  m 
lat.  45°  18'  N.,  long.  14°  32'  E. 

Bucentaur  (bii-sen'tar).  [PromGr.^oDf  ox, 
and  dvravpoQ,  centaur:  but  also  said  to  be  a 
corruption  of  L.  dueentorum,  of  two  hundred 
(oars),  or  of  Bucintoro  (=  buzino  d'  oro),  golden 
bark.]  The  state  ship  of  the  Venetian  Eepub- 
lic,  used  in  the  ceremony  of  wedding  the  Adri- 


191 

atic,  which  was  enjoined  upon  the  Venetians  by 
Pope  Alexander  III.  to  commem  orate  the  victory 
of  the  Venetians  under  Doge  Sebastiano  Ziani 
over  the  fleet  of  Frederick  Barbarossa,  in  the 
12th  century.  On  Ascension  day  of  each  year  a  ring  was 
dropped  from  the  Bucentaur  into  the  Adriatic,  with  the 
words  "We  espouse  thee,  Sea,  in  token  of  true  and  last- 
ing dominion."  The  ceremony  was  attended  by  the  en- 
tire diplomatic  corps.  The  ship  perhaps  took  her  name 
from  the  figure  of  a  bucentaur  (head  of  a  man  and  body 
of  a  bull)  in  her  bows.  Three  of  the  name  were  built. 
The  last  was  destroyed  by  the  French  in  1798. 

Bucephalus  (bii-sef'a-lus).  [Gr.  /3ow%;iof,  ox- 
headed,  BoDK^0o/lof,  the  name  of  Alexander's 
horse.]  The  favorite  horse  of  Alexander  the 
Great.  His  master  was  the  only  person  who 
could  ride  him.  He  accompanied  Alexander  through 
his  principal  campaigns,  and  was  buried  on  the  banks  of 
the  Hydaspes  with  great  pomp.  Bucephalus  is  supposed 
to  have  been  a  name  applied  to  Thessalian  horses  which 
were  branded  with  a  bull's  head. 

Bucer  (bu'ser),  or  Butzer  (bot'sfer),  Martin. 
[G.  Butzer,  NL.  Bucerus,  whence  Bucer.']  Bom 
at  Schlettstadt  in  Alsace,  1491:  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, England,  Feb.  28,  1551.  A  German 
theologian,  a  coadjutor  of  Luther.  He  became 
chaplain  to  the  elector  palatine  Frederick  in  1520,  and 
pastor  at  Landstuhl  in  1522 ;  married  the  form  er  nun  Eliza, 
beth  Fallaas  in  1622 ;  became  pastor  of  St.  Aurelia's  in 
Strasburg  in  1524 ;  refused  to  sign  the  Augsburg  Interim 
in  1648 ;  and  accepted,  at  the  invitation  of  Cranmer,  a  pro- 
fessorate of  theology  in  Cambridge  in  1549.  He  is  chiefly 
noted  forhis  effortsto  unite  thedifferentProtestant  bodies, 
especially  the  Lutherans  and  Zwinglians,  in  which  he  was 
but  partially  successful. 

Buch  (boch).  Christian  Leopold  von.    Bom 

at  Stolpe,  Prussia,  April  26, 1774:  died  at  Ber- 
lin, March  4, 1853.  A  celebrated  German  geol- 
ogist and  traveler.  His  works  include  "Geognos- 
tische  Beobachtungen  auf  Reisen  durch  Deutschland  und 
Italien  "  (1802-09),  "  Physikalische  Beschreibung  der  Cana^ 
rischen  Inseln  "  (1826),  "Keise  durch  Norwegen  und  Lapp- 
land  "  (1810),  etc. 
Buchan  (buk'an),  David.  Born  1780:  died 
about  1839.  A  British  naval  commander  and 
Arctic  explorer.  He  explored  the  Exploits  River, 
Newfoundland,  in  1811,  penetrating  160  miles  into  the  in- 
terior ;  commanded  an  Arctic  expedition  in  1818,  reaching 
Spitzbergen  with  the  .Dorothea  and  the  Trent;  became 
high  sheriff  of  Newfoundland,  and  was  subsequently  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  captain ;  and  was  lost  with  the  ship 
Upton  Castle.  His  name  was  struck  from  the  list  of  liv- 
ing captains  in  1839. 

Buchan,  or  Simpson  (simp'son),  Blspeth.  Bom 

near  Banff,  Scotland,  1738 :  died  near  Dumfries, 
Scotland,  1791.  A  Scottish  religious  enthusi- 
ast. She  was  the  daughter  of  John  Simpson,  an  inn. 
keeper,  and  married  IU>bert  Buchan,  a  potter,  from  whom 
she  separated.  She  removed  to  Glasgow  in  1781,  where 
she  heard  Hugh  White,  of  the  Relief  Church  at  Irvine, 
preach  in  1783,  with  the  result  that  she  removed  to  Irvine 
and  converted  Mr.  White  to  the  belief  that  she  was  the 
woman  of  Revelation  xii.,  in  whom  the  light  of  God  was 
restored  to  men,  and  that  he  was  the  man  child  she  had 
brought  forth.  They  with  others  of  the  so-called  "Bu- 
chanites  "  were  banished  from  Irvine  in  1784,  and  settled 
at  New  Cample,  where  they  enjoyed  community  of  goods 
and  person.    The  sect  became  extinct  in  1848. 

Buchanan  (bu-kan'an),  Franklin.  Bom  at 
Baltimore,  Md.,  Sept.  17,  1800:  died  May  11, 
1874.  An  American  naval  officer,  in  the  Con- 
federate service  1861-64.  He  commanded  the  Mer- 
rimac  in  Hampton  Roads,  March  8,  1862 ;  and  was  de- 
feated by  Farragut  in  Mobile  Bay,  Aug.  5, 1864. 

Buchanan,  George.  Bom  at  Killeam,  Stirling- 
shire, Scotland,  Feb.,  1506 :  died  at  Edinburgh, 
Sept.  29, 1582.  A  Scottish  historian  and  scholar, 
tutor  of  James  VI.  (1570).  His  principal  works  are 
"De  jure  regni  apud  Sootos  "  (1579),  "Reruni  Scoticarum 
historia"  (1682),  "Detection,  etc.  "  (1671),  a  version  of  the 
Psalms,  translations  of  the  "  Medea  "  and  "  Alcestis,"  and 
the  dramas  "Baptistes,"  "  Jephthes,"  etc. 

Buchanan,  James.  Bom  at  Stony  Batter, 
Franklin  County,  Pa.,  April  22,  1791:  died  at 
Wheatland,  Lancaster,  Pa.,  June  1, 1868.  The 
fifteenth  president  of  the  United  States.  He  was 
a  member  of  Congress  1821-31;  minister  to  Russia  1831-33; 
United  States  senator  1833-45 ;  secretary  of  state  1846-49 ; 
minister  to  Great  Britain  1863-66  ;  and  president  1857-61. 
He  published  a  history  of  his  administration  (1866). 

Buchanan,  Robert  Williams.  Born  Aug.  18, 
1841:  died  June  10,  1901.  A  Scottish  poet  and 
prose  writer.  His  poems  include  "Idyls  and  Legends 
of  Inverburn  "  (ISeSX  "  London  Poems  "(IW,  ;;Napcaeon 
Fallen  "  (1871)„"The  City  of  Dreams  (1888),  "The  Wan- 
deringJew"  (1893).  Hehaspublished  a  number  of  plays, 
and  in  1876  he  wrote  his  first  novel,  "  The  Shadow  of  the 
Sword,"  followed  by  "  A  Child  of  Nature    (1879),  etc. 

Buchanites  (buk'an-its).  See  Buchan, Elizabeth. 

Bucharest.    See  Bulcharest.  ,  _     . 

Buchez  (bii-sha'),  Philippe  Joseph  BCTjanun. 
Born  at  Matagne-la-Petite,  Namur,  Belgium, 
March  31,  1796:  died  at  Eodez,  Prance,  Aug. 
12, 1865.  A  French  man  of  letters  and  politi- 
cian. He  wrote  an  "Introduction  k  la  science  de  I'his-^ 
toire"(1833),  "Essai  d'un  traits  complet  dephilosophie 
(1839)  "Histoirede  la  formation  de  la  nationality  fran- 
caise"  (1869),  and  edited  "  Histoire  parlementaire  de  la 
revolution  franjaise"  (1833-38). 


Buckland,  Francis  Trevelyan 

Buchholz  (biich'holts).  A  town  in  the  kingdom 
of  Saxony,  in  the  Erzgebirge  19  miles  south  of 
Chemnitz.    Population  (1890),  7,808. 

Biichner  (buoh'ner),  Alexander.  Bom  at 
Darmstadt,  Germany,  Oct.  25,  1827.  A  Ger- 
man man  of  letters,  brother  of  Georg  Biichner. 
His  works  include  "  Geachichte  der  englischen  Poesie  " 
(1866),  "Franzbsische  Literaturbilder  "(1868),  etc. 

Biichner,  Friedrich  Karl  Christian  Ludwig. 
Born  at  Darmstadt,  March  28,  1824:  died  there 
May  1, 1899.  A  German  physician,  physiologist' 
and  materialistic  philosopher,  brother  of  Georg 
Biichner.  His  chief  works  are  "  Zraf  t  und  Stoff  "  (1866, 
English  translation  "Force  and  Matter"),  "Natur  und 
Geist "  (1857), "  Physiologische  Bilder  "  (1861), "  Aus  Natur 
und  Wissenschaft "  (1862),  etc. 

Biichner,  Georg.  Bom  at  Goddelau,  near 
Darmstadt,  Germany,  Oct.  17,  1813:  died  at 
Zurich,  Switzerland,  Feb.  19, 1837.  A  German 
poet,  author  of  "  Dantons  Tod  "  (1835),  brother 
of  the  preceding.  His  coUeeted  works  were 
published  in  1879. 

Biichner,  Luise.  Bom  June  12,  1821 :  died  at 
Darmstadt,  Germany,  Nov.  28, 1877.  A  German 
poet  and  novelist,  sister  of  Georg  Biichner, 
noted  as  a  champion  of  the  rights  of  women. 
She  wrote  "Die  Frauen  und  ihr  Beruf  "  (1855). 

Biichner,  Max.  Bom  in  Hamburg,  April  25, 
1846.  A  noted  African  traveler.  He  made  a  tour 
of  the  world  in  1876  as  ship's  doctor.  In  1878  the  African 
Association  of  Berlin  sent  him  to  Muatyamvo,  the  king  of 
Lunda,  east  of  Angola,  with  instructions  to  explore  the 
countiy  to  the  east  and  north  of  Lunda.  He  reached  Mua- 
tyamvo, and  spent  six  months  at  his  capital ;  but  all  his 
efforts  to  go  beyond  proved  vain,  and  he  returned.  At 
Malange  he  met  Pogge  and  Wissmann,  who  were  to  be 
more  fortunate  by  trying  the  northern  route  to  the  Bashi- 
lange.  In  1884  Biichner  accompanied  Nachtigal  to  West 
Africa,  and  was  active  in  the  annexation  of  Togoland  and 
Kamerun.  As  curator  of  the  Ethnologic  Museum  of  Munich 
he  made  (1888-90)  a  voyage  to  Australia  and  New  Guinea. 

Buchon  (bu-shon' ) ,  Jean  Alexandre.  Born  at 
Menetou-Salon,  Cher,  Prance,  May  21,  1791: 
died  at  Paris,  April  29,  1846.  A  French  histo- 
rian .  He  edited  a  "  Collection  des  chroniques  nationales 
f  ran?aises  "  (1824-29),  and  was  the  author  of  works  on  Greek 
history  and  other  topics. 

Buck  (buk),  Dudley.  Born  at  Hartford,  Conn., 
March  10,  1839.  An  American  composer  and 
organist.  He  has  written  cantatas,  church 
music,  etc. 

Biickeburg  (bii'ke-boro).  The  capital  of 
Sehaumburg-Lippe,  Germany,  20  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Hannover.  Population  (1890), 
5,186. 

Buckeye  (buk'i).  A  popular  name  for  an  in- 
habitant of  Ohio. 

Buckeye  State,  The.  A  popular  name  of  Ohio, 
from  the  number  of  buckeyes  in  that  State. 

Buckhurst  (buk'herst).  Lord.  See  Sackviller 
Thomas. 

Buckingham  (buk'ing-am).  [ME.  Bukyngeham, 
Bokyngam,  AS.  Buecinga  ham,  dwelling  of  the 
Bucoings  (descendants  of  Bucca).]  A  town  in 
Buckinghamshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Ouse  in  lat.  52°  N.,  long.  0°  58'  W.  It  has  man- 
ufactures of  lace.    Population  (1891),  3,364. 

Buckingham,  Dukes  of.  See  Stafford,  Villiers, 
and  Grenville. 

Buckingham,  James  Silk.  Bom  at  Flushing, 
near  Falmouth,  England,  Aug.  25, 1786 :  died  at 
London,  Jjme  30,  1855.  An  English  traveler 
and  man  of  letters.  He  wrote  "  Travels  in  Palestine, 
etc.  "(1822) ,  "Travels  in  Mesopotamia,  etc. "  (1827), "  Travels 
in  Assyria,  Media,  and  Persia  "  (1829),  etc. 

Buckingham  Palace.  The  London  residence 
of  the  sovereign,  situated  at  the  western  end  of 
St.  James's  Park,  it  was  settled  by  act  of  Parliament 
in  1776  upon  Queen  Charlotte,  and  was  hence  known  as 
the  "queen's  house."  It  was  remodeled  under  George 
IV. ;  and  the  eastern  facade,  ball-room,  and  some  other 
portions  were  added  by  Queen  Victoria,  who  began  to 
occupy  it  in  1837.  The  chief  facade  is  360  feet  long,  but  is 
architecturally  uninteresting.  The  state  apartments  are 
magnificently  adorned  and  furnished,  the  grand  staircase, 
the  throne-room,  and  the  state  ball-room  being  especially 
notable.  There  is  a  priceless  collection  of  French  buhl 
and  other  furniture,  and  the  picture-gallery  contains  a 
number  of  old  and  modern  masterpieces. 

Buckinghamshire  (buk'ing-am-sMr),  Buck- 
ingham, or  Bucks.  [AS.  Buccingahamscir.} 
A  county  of  England,  lying  between  North- 
ampton on  the  north,  Bedfordshire,  Hertford, 
and  Middlesex  on  the  east,  Berkshire  on  the 
south,  and  Oxfordshire  on  the  west.  It  is  an 
agricultural  county.  The  chief  town  is  Buck- 
ingham. Area,  746  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  185,190. 

Buckland  (buk'land),  Francis  Trevelyan. 
Born  at  Oxford,  I)ec.  17,  1826:  died  at  London, 
Dec.  19,  1880.  An  English  naturalist,  son  of 
William  Buckland,  noted  for  researches  in  fish- 
culture.  He  wrote  "Curiosities  of  Natural  History" 
(1867),  "Natural  History  of  British  Fishes  "  (1881),  etc. 


Buckland,  William 

Buckland,  William.  Bom  at  Tiverton,  Devon- 
shire, England,  Marcli  12,  1784:  died  at  Clap- 
ham,  near  London,  Aug.  15, 1856.  An  English 
geologist  and  clergyman,  appointed  dean  of 
Westminster  in  1845.  His  chiel  works  are  "Reliquise 
DUuviante,  etc."  (1823),  and  the  Bridgewater  treatise  on 
'■  Weology  and  Mineralogy  "  (1836). 

Bucklaw  (buk'ia),  Laird  of.  Frank  Hay- 
ston,  the  dissipated  but  good-natured  suitor  of 
Lucy  Ashton  in  Seott's  "Bride  of  Lammer- 
moor.  He  was  maiTied  to  her  by  her  mother's  machi- 
nations, and  was  thus  the  cause  of  the  tragedy  which  en- 
«ued.    See  Ashton,  Lucy. 

Buckle  (buk'l),  Henry  Thomas.  Bom  at  Lee, 
Kent,  England,  Nov.  24,  1821 :  died  at  Damas- 
cus^ Syria,  May  29,  1862.  An  English  his- 
torian. His  health  in  early  youth  was  delicate,  on  which 
account  he  was  educated  at  home,  chiefly  by  his  mother. 
In  1840,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  a  wealthy  ship-owner  in 
London,  he  inherited  an  ample  fortune  which  enabled 
bim  to  devote  himself  wholly  to  literary  pursuits.  In 
1867  he  published  the  first  volume  of  his  "History  of 
Civilization  in  England."  The  appearance  of  this  volume, 
which  is  characterized  by  vigor  of  style  and  boldness  of 
thought,  produced  a  sensation  in  Europe  and  America, 
and  raised  the  author  from  obscurity  to  fame.  The  spe- 
cial doctrine  which  it  sought  to  uphold  was  that  climate, 
soil,  food,  and  the  aspects  of  nature  are  the  determining 
factors  in  intellectual  progress.  A  second  volume,  infe- 
rior in  execution  and  interest,  appeared  in  1861. 

Buckner  (buk'ner),  Simon  Bolivar.  Born  in 
Hart  County,  Ky.,  April  1,  1823.  An  Ameri- 
can general,  in  the  Confederate  service  1861- 
1865.  He  surrendered  Fort  Donelson  to  Cfrant,  Teb.  16, 
1862,  after  the  escape  of  General  Floyd,  and  commanded  a 
■corps  at  Ghicl^amauga,  Sept  19  and  20, 1863.  He  was  gover- 
nor of  Kentuclcy  1887-91,  and  was  nominated  for  Vice-Pres- 
ident by  the  :National  (Sound-moneyV  Democrats  in  1896. 

Bucks  (buks).  Abbreviation  of  B%icMnghamshire. 

Buckstone  (buk'ston),  John  Baldwin.  Bom 
at  Hoxton,  London,  Sept.  14,  1802:  died  at 
Sydenham,  near  London,  Oct.  31,  1879.  An 
English  comedian  and  dramatist,  author  of 
numerous  plays. 

Bucktails  (buk'talz).  A  name  originally  given 
to  the  members  of  the  Tammany  Society  in 
New  York  city,  but  about  1817-26  extended  in 
its  application  to  members  of  that  faction  of 
the  Demooratie-Eepubliean  party  in  the  State 
which  opposed  De  Witt  Clinton. 

Bucolic  Mouth  of  the  Nile.  An  ancient  mouth 
of  the  Nile,  in  the  middle  of  the  Delta. 

3uczacz  (bo'chach).  A  town  in  eastern  Gali- 
eia,  Austria-Hungary,  in  lat.  49°  4'  N.,  long. 
25°  23'  E.  By  a  treaty  concluded  here  in  1672,  Poland 
ceded  the  TJijraine  and  Podolia  to  Turkey.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  11,096. 

Budaeus.    See  Bit44,  Guillaume. 

Budapest  (bo'da-pest;  Hung.  pron.  bS'do- 
pesht'),  since  1872  the  ofScial  name  of  the  unit- 
ed Buda  and  Festh  or  Pest.  The  capital  of 
Hungary,  and  the  second  city  of  the  Austrian 
empire,  consisting  of  Buda  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Danube,  and  Pest  on  the  opposite  bank. 
The  Danube  is  crossed  here  by  a  suspension-bridge  and 
other  bridges.  The  city  contains  ten  municipal  districts. 
It  has  a  large  trade  in  grain,  wool,  hides,  etc.,  and  exten- 
sive manufactures.  It  is  also  the  seat  of  a  university. 
Buda  was  the  Soman  Aquincum,  and  Pest  was  a  Koman 
colony.  Buda  was  the  capital  of  Hungary  from  the  mid- 
dle of  the  14th  century.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1626, 
1529,  and  1541.  The  Turks  were  expelled  in  1686.  In  1784 
Buda  again  became  the  capital.  Budapest  was  occupied 
by  the  Austrians  Jan.,  1849.  The  Hungarians  reentered 
Pest  in  April  and  stormed  Buda  in  May,  1849.  The  Austri- 
ans reocoupied  both  places  Aug.,  1849.  The  German  name 
of  Buda  is  Ofen.     Population  (1900),  732,322. 

Budaun  (bo-da-on').  A  district  in  the  Eohil- 
eund  division.  Northwest  Provinces,  British 
India.  Area,  2,017  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  925,598. 

Buddeus  (bod-da' 8s),  Johann  Franz.  Bom  at 
Anklam,  Prussia,  June  25, 1667:  died  at  Gotha, 
Germany,  Nov.  19,  1729.  A  German  Lutheran 
divine  and  scholar.  He  wrote  "  Historia  juris  na- 
turte,  etc."  (1695X  "Elementa  philosophise  instrumenta- 
lis"  (170.?),  "Historia  ecclesiastica  veteris  testamenti" 
(1709),  etc. 

Buddha  (bS'dii).  [Skt.,' the  enlightened.']  The 
title  of  Siddh'artha  or  Gautama,  the  founder  of 
Buddhism.  lYom  tliree  newly  discovered  inscriptions 
of  the  emperor  Asoka  it  follows  that  the  37th  year  of  his 
reign  was  reckoned  as  the  267th  from  the  death  of  Buddha. 
Hence  it  is  inferred  that  Buddha  died  between  482  and 
472  B.  0.  It  being  agreed  that  he  lived  to  be  eighty,  he 
was  born  between  562  and  552  B.  0.  The  Buddhist  narra- 
tives of  his  life  are  overgrown  with  legend  and  myth. 
Senart  seeks  to  trace  in  them  the  history  of  the  sun-hero. 
Oldenberg  finds  in  the  most  ancient  traditions  —those  of 

Ceylon at  least  definite  historical  outlines.     Siddhar- 

tha,  as  Buddha  was  called  before  entering  upon  his  great 
mission,  was  bom  in  the  country  and  tribe  of  the  Sakh- 
jas  at  the  foot  of  the  Nepalese  Himalayas.  His  father, 
Suddhodana,  was  rather  a  great  and  wealthy  landowner 
than  a  king.  He  passed  his  youth  in  opulence  at  Kapila- 
vastu,  the  Sakhya  capital.  He  was  married  and  had  a 
son  Rahula,  who  became  a  member  of  his  order.  At  the 
age  of  twenty-nine  he  left  parents,  wife,  and  only  son  for 


192 

the  spiritual  struggle  of  a  recluse.  After  seven  years  he 
believed  himself  possessed  of  perfect  truth,  and  assumed 
the  title  of  Bwidha,  '  the  enlightened. '  He  is  represented 
as  having  received  a  sudden  illumination  as  he  sat  under 
the  Bo-tree,  or  '  tree  of  knowledge,'  at  Bodhgaya  or  Bud- 
dha-Gaya.  For  twenty-eight  or,  as  later  narratives  give 
it^  forty-nine  days  he  was  variously  tempted  by  Mara. 
One  of  his  doubts  was  whether  to  keep  for  himself  the 
knowledge  won,  or  to  share  it.  Love  triumphed,  and  he 
began  to  preach,  at  first  at  Benares.  For  forty-four  years 
he  preached  in  the  region  of  Benares  and  Behar.  Primi- 
tive Buddhism  is  only  to  be  gathered  by  inference  from 
the  literature  of  a  later  time.  Buddha  did  not  array  him- 
self against  the  old  religion.  The  doctrines  were  rather 
the  outgrowth  of  those  of  certain  Brahmanical  schools. 
His  especial  concern  was  salvation  from  sorrosv,  and  so 
from  existence.  There  are  "  four  noble  truths  " :  (1)  ex- 
istence is  suffering ;  (2)  the  cause  of  pain  is  desire ,  (3) 
cessation  of  pain  is  possible  through  the  suppression  of 
desire ;  (4)  the  way  to  this  is  the  knowledge  and  obser- 
vance of  the  "good  law  "  of  Buddha.  The  end  is  Nirvana, 
the  cessation  of  existence.  Buddhism  was  preached  in 
the  vulgar  tongue,  and  had  a  popular  literature  and  an 
elaborately  organized  monastic  and  missionary  system. 
It  made  its  way  Into  Afghanistan,  Bactriana,  Tibet,  and 
China.  It  passed  away  in  India  not  from  Brahman  per- 
secution, but  rather  from  internal  causes,  such  sb  its  too 
abstract  nature,  too  morbid  view  of  life,  relaxed  discipline, 
and  overgrowth  of  monasticism,  and  also  because  Shivalsm 
and  Vishnuism  employed  many  of  Its  own  weapons  more 
effectively.  The  system  has  been  variously  modified  in 
dogma  and  rites  in  the  many  countries  to  which  it  has 
spread.  It  is  supposed  to  number  about  350,000,000  of 
adherents,  who  are  principally  in  Ceylon,  Tibet,  China, 
and  Japan. 

Buddha-Gaya  (b6"da-ga'a).  An  ancient  center 
of  Buddhism,  now  in  iniins,  in  the  Gaya  district, 
Bengal.  The  temple  is  a  celebrated  foundation  in  the 
Buddhist  faith.  It  is  a  quadrangular  pyramidal  struc- 
ture on  a  plain  raised  basement,  60  feet  square  and  160 
high.  The  exterior  faces  are  divided  into  piers,  and  orna- 
mented with  molded  bands  and  panels  forming  nine  stages 
or  stories,  and  surmounted  by  a  conical  finial.  In  the 
interior  is  a  cella  with  radiating  arches,  which  date  prob- 
ably from  a  14th-century  restoration. 

Buddhists  (bo'dists).     See  Buddha. 

Bude  (bii-da')  (L.  Budaeus),  G-uillaume.  Bom 
at  Paris,  1467.:  died  Aug.  23,  1540.  A  French 
scholar.  He  was  a,  friend  of  Erasmus,  and  was  elevated 
by  Francis  I.  to  the  post  of  royal  librarian.  He  was  sus- 
pected of  favoring  Calvinism.  He  wrote  an  excellent 
work  on  ancient  coins,  entitled  "De  Asse,  etc  "  (1514). 

Budgell  (buj'el),  Eustace.  Bom  at  St.  Thom- 
as, near  Exeter,  England,  Aug.  19,  1686 :  com- 
mitted suicide  in  the  Thames,  near  London, 
May  4, 1737.  An  English  miscellaneous  writer. 
He  was  called  to  the  bar,  but  his  association  with  his 
cousin  Joseph  Addison  Induced  him  to  turn  his  attention 
to  literature.  He  contributed  thirty-seven  papers  to  the 
"Spectator," in  Addison's  style.  He  wrote  many  pam- 
phlets of  a  political  nature,  and  In  1733  started  "The 
Bee,"  a  weekly  periodical  which  ran  for  about  two  years. 
He  filled  a  number  of  positions  after  the  accession  of 
George  I.,  when  Addison  became  secretary  to  the  lord 
lieutenant  of  Ireland,  being  at  various  times  chief  secre- 
tary to  the  lords  justices,  deputy  clerk  of  the  council, 
accountant-general,  and  member  of  the  Irish  House  of 
Commons.  He  fell  into  money  difBculties  which  affected 
his  brain,  and  after  a  disgraceful  affair  connected  with 
the  disappearance  of  some  bonds  belonging  to  the  estate 
of  Matthew  Tindal,  he  took  his  own  life.  He  left  a  natu- 
ral daughter,  Anne  Dustace,  who  went  upon  the  stage. 

Budweis  (bod' vis),  Czech  Budejowice.  A  city 
in  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Moldau  in  lat.  48° 
58'  N.,  long.  14°  27'  E.  It  has  a  cathedral. 
Population  (1890),  28,481. 

Buell  (bii'el),  Don  Carlos.  Bom  near  Mari- 
etta, Ohio,  March  23,  1818:  died  Nov.  19,  1898. 
An  American  general.  He  was  graduated  from  West 
Point  1841;  served  in  the  Mexican  war;  was  placed  iu 
command  of  the  Department  of  the  Ohio  1861 ;  became 
major-general  of  volunteers  1862;  arrived  at  Pittsburg 
Landing,  April  6, 1862,  in  timo  to  contribute  to  the  victory 
of  Grant  over  Beauregard  on  the  following  day ;  drove 
General  Bragg  out  of  Kentucky  1862,  fighting  the  indeei- 
slve  battle  of  Perryville  Oct.  8.  He  was  blamed  for  per- 
mitting General  Bragg  to  escape,  and  was  removed  from 
his  command,  Oct.  24, 1862. 

Buena  Vista  (bwa'na  ves'ta).  [8p.,  'good 
view.']  A  place  in  the  state  of  Coahuila, 
Mexico,  6  miles  south  of  SaltiUo.  Here,  Feb.  22-23, 
1847, 5,000  Americans  under  General  Taylor  defeated  15,000 
Mexicans  under  Santa  Anna.  Loss  of  Americans,  746 ;  of 
Mexicans,  about  2,000. 

Buen  Ayre  (bwan  i'ra),  or  Bonaire  (bo-nStr). 
[8p.  and  p.  respectively,  'good  air.']  An  island 
in  the  Dutch  West  Indies,  situated  north  of 
Venezuela,  in  lat.  12°  15'  N.,  long.  68°  27'  W. 
Area,  129  square  miles.  Population  (1892), 
4,900. 

Buende  (bwan'de),  or  Ba-Buende  (bS.-bwan'- 
de).    See  Kongo  language. 

Bueno  da  Silva  (bwa'no  da  sel'va),  Bartholo- 
meu,  called  Anhanguera.  Born  in  Sao  Paido 
about  1635 :  died  there  about  1695.  A  Brazilian 
explorer.  In  1682,  at  the  head  of  a  party  in  search  of  In- 
dian slaves  and  mines,  he  penetrated  to  Goyaz,  and  prolj- 
ably  beyond  the  Araguaya,  bringing  the  first  definite 
account  of  these  regions. 

Bueno  da  Silva,  Bartholomeu.  Born  in  Sao 
Paulo,  1670:  died  in  Goyaz,  Sept.  19,  1740.  Son 
of  the  preceding.  He  was  with  his  father  in  the  ex- 
ploration of  1682,  and  In  1722  was  sent  by  the  governor  of 


Bugenhagen 

S^o  Paulo  to  seek  the  same  route.  He  was  absent  three 
years,  and  discovered  the  gold-mines  of  Goyaz.  In  1723 
he  was  made  captain  of  the  Goyaz  colony. 

Buenos  Aires  (bwa'nos  i'rez ;  Sp.  pron.bwa'- 
nos  i'res).  [Sp.,  'good  airs.']  A  province  of 
the  Argentine  Republio,lying between  Cordoba, 
Santa  F6,  Entre  Bios,  and  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  on 
the  north,  the  ocean  on  the  east  and  south,  and 
the  territories  of  Pampa  and  Rio  Negro  on  the 
west.  Capital,  since  1882,  La  Plata,  its  chief  in- 
dustry is  cattle-raising.  During  most  of  the  time  from  1827 
to  1862,  Buenos  Aires  was  separated  from  the  other  prov- 
inces. Area,  about  106,000  square  miles.  Population  (1893> 
about  800,000. 

Buenos  Aires.  The  capital  of  the  Argentine 
Confederation,  situated  on  the  estuary  of  the 
Rio  de  la  Plata,  in  lat.  34°  36'  S.,  long.  58°  22' 
W.  It  is  the  first  city  of  South  America  in  size,  and  has 
the  greater  share  of  the  export  trade  of  the  country,  and 
also  considerable  manufactures.  It  is  a  railway  terminus 
of  importance.  It  contains  a  cathedral,  university,  and 
mllit^  school.  Buenos  Aires  was  settled  by  the  Span- 
iards in  1535 ;  abandoned  ;  and  resettled  in  1680.  The 
revolution  which  led  to  the  independence  of  the  republic 
began  there  in  1810.  Population  (1893),  666,934  (including 
suburbs). 

Buenos  Aires,  or  Colonies  of  the  Plata  (Colo- 
nias  de  la  Plata).  A  viceroyalty  established 
in  1776,  and  continued  until  the  revolution  of 
1810.  It  included  Buenos  Aires  (colony),  Tucuman, 
Cuyo  (separated  from  Chile),  Uruguay,  Paraguay,  and 
Charcas  or  Upper  Peru :  in  other  words,  all  now  included 
in  the  Argentine  Republic,  Uruguay,  Paraguay,  and  Bo- 
livia, with  the  former  Pacific  coast  of  Bolivia,  now  an- 
nexed to  Chile.    The  capital  was  Buenos  Aires. 

Buffalo  (buf'a^lo).  A  city,  port  of  entry,  and 
chief  place  of  Brie  County,  New  York,  situ- 
ated on  Lake  Erie  in  lat.  42°  53'  N.,  long.  78° 
55'  W. :  the  second  cityin  the  State.  Ithasagood 
harbor  protected  by  breakwaters,  and  Is  the  terminus  of 
the  Erie  Canal  and  an  important  railway-center.  It  is 
connected  by  steamer  lines  with  ports  on  the  Great  Lakes. 
It  has  a  large  trade  in  grain,  live  stock,  lumber,  coal,  ce- 
ment, and  salt,  and  manufactures  of  flour,  iron,  steel, 
beer,  oil,  leather,  etc.  Buffalo  was  founded  in  1801,  and 
incorporated  as  a  city  in  1832.  It  was  the  scene  of  exten- 
sive railroad  strikes  In  1892.    Pop.  (1900),  352,387. 

Buffalo  Bill.    See  Cody,  William  Frederick. 

Buffier  (biif-ya'),  Claude.  Born  in  Poland, 
May  25,  1661:  died  at  Paris,  May  17, 1737.  A 
French  grammarian,  philosopher,  and  littera- 
teur. 

Buffon  (bii-fdn'),  Comte  de  (Georges  Louis 
Leclerc).  Born  at  Montbard,  C6te-d'Or,  France, 
Sept.  7,  1707 :  died  at  Paris,  April  16, 1788.  A 
celebrated  French  naturalist.  He  was  the  son  of 
M.  Leclerc  de  Buffon,  a  counselor  of  the  parliament  of 
Bourgogne,  from  whom  he  inherited  a  competent  fortune. 
About  the  age  of  nineteen  he  traveled  in  Italy  in  company 
with  Lord  Kingston,  and  in  1740  published  a  translation 
of  Newton's  "  Treatise  on  Fluxions."  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris  in  1739,  and 
in  the  same  year  was  appointed  director  of  the  Jardin  du 
Koi,  the  present  Jardin  des  Flantes.  His  chief  work  is 
the  "Histbire  naturelle,  g^n^rale  et  particuli^re,  avec  la 
description  du  cabinet  du  roi,"  the  first  three  volumes 
of  which  were  published  in  1749.  The  first  volume  con- 
tained "La  th^orie  de  la  terre"  and  "Le  systeme  sur  la 
formation  des  planfetes";  the  second,  "L'Histoire  g6- 
n^rale  des  animaux"  and  "L'Histoire  particuli^re  de 
I'homme";  the  third,  a  "Description  du  cabinet  du  roi" 
(by  Daubenton)  and  a  chapter  on  "  Les  vari6t6s  de  I'es- 
pfece  humaine.'  The  next  twelve  volumes  (1755-67)  dealt 
with  the  history  of  quadrupeds.  Subsequently  he  pub- 
lished in  ten  volumes  "L'Histoire  naturelle  des  oiseaux 
et  des  min^raux  "  (1771-86),  besides  seven  volumes  of  "  Sup- 
plements" (1774r-89).  The  most  striking  of  these  is  the 
fifth  volume,  "Les  ^poques  de  la  nature "  (1779).  Lac^- 
pfede  completed  Buffon's  work  from  his  notes  by  publish- 
ing a  volume,  "  Les  serpents,"  in  1789.  The  credit  for  the 
six  volumes  on  "Les  poissons  et  les  c^tac^s"  (1799-1804) 
belongs  to  Lac^pfede  alone.  "When  Buffon  was  admitted 
to  the  French  Academy  in  1753,  he  delivered  as  his  in- 
augural address  the  famous  "Discours  sur  le  style." 

Buffone  (bof-fo'ne),  Carlo.  An  impudent  glut- 
tonous jester  in  Ben  Jonson's  "  Every  Man  out 
of  his  Humour."  He  is  identified  with  Marston  by 
some  critics ;  others  think  he  is  meant  for  Dekker. 

Buffoon,  Sir  Hercules.  See  Sir  Hercules  Buf- 
foon, under  Lacy,  John. 

Bug  (bog),  or  Bog.  A  river  in  the  governments 
of  Podolia  and  Kherson,  Russia,  which  joins 
the  liman  of  the  Dnieper  30  mUes  west  of  Kher- 
son: the  ancient  Hypanis.  Length,  about  400 
miles.    Navigable  from  Voznesensk. 

Bug.  A  river  which  rises  in  Galicia  and  joins 
the  Vistula  in  Russian  Poland,  17  miles  north- 
west of  Warsaw.    Length,  about  500  mUes. 

Bugeaud  de  la  Piconnerie  (bii-zho'  d6  la  pe- 
kon-re'),  Thomas  Robert,  Due  d'Isly.  Born 
at  Limoges,  France,  Oct.  15, 1784:  died  at  Paris, 
June  10, 1849.  A  marshal  of  France,  and  mili- 
tary writer.  He  served  in  Africa  1836-47 ;  was  gov- 
ernor of  Algeria  1840 ;  and  gained  the  victory  of  fsly, 
Morocco,  Aug.  14, 1844. 

Bugenhagen  (bo'gen-ha'gen),  Johann,  sur- 
named  Pomeranus,  or  Dr.  Pommer.    Bom  at 

Wollin,  Pomerania,6ermany,  June  24,1485:  died 
at  Wittenberg,  Germany,  April  20, 1558.    AGer- 


Bugenhagen 

man  Reformer,  a  coadjutor  of  Luther  He  waa 
preacher  and  (1525)  professor  of  biblical  exegesis  at  Wit- 
tenberg. He  organized  the  Protestant  Church  in  northern 
and  central  Germany,  and  Denmarls ;  translated  the  Bible 
Into  low  German ;  and  published  "Interpretatio  in  li- 
brum  psalmorum  "(1524X  etc. 

Bugey  Cbtl-zha').  An  ancient  district  of  eastern 
France,  lying  north  and  west  of  the  Ehdne,  and 
south  of  Fraiiohe-Comt§ :  comprised  in  the  de- 

Sartment  of  Ain.  It  formed  part  of  the  old  Burgun- 
ian  kingdom,  was  ceded  to  Savoy  1137-1344,  was  ceded 
by  Savoy  to  France  in  1601,  and  was  made  part  of  tbe  gen- 
eral government  of  Burgundy. 

Bugge  (hog'ge),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Copenhagen, 
Oct.  12,  1740 :  died  June  15,  1815.  A  Danish 
astronomer  and  geographer. 


193  Btmdelkliand  Agency 

Eastern  Rmnella,  with  Sofia  as  capital.  The  old  capital  Bulmer  (bul'mto),  Valentine.  The  titnlai 
was  Timova.  The  government  is  a  constitutional  men-  Earl  of  Hfit.hprimrtnn  in  Sir  "Woltoy.  finnttu 
archy,  under  a  prince  and  legislative  chamber  (Sobranje).  ■^^^'.  "f-~-"2P'^^"°S52P..™  ==1^  waiter  HCOtt  B 
The  inhabitants  are  Bulgarians,  Torlu,  etc.  Bulgaria  was 
Included  in  the  ancient  Moesia  and  Thracla,  and  formed 
part  of  the  Boman  Empire.  It  was  colonized  about  the 
6th  century  by  Bulgarians  (a  Slavioized  Finnish  (!)  people). 
There  were  three  Bulgarian  kingdoms  successively  in  tlie 


novel  "  St.  Eonan's  Well."  He  substitutes  himself 
for  his  supposed  bastard  brother  Francis  '^rrel,  the  real 
earl,  in  a  clandestine  marriage  with  Clara  Mowbray,  and 
later  endeavors  to  rob  Tyrrel  of  the  proofs  of  the  latter'a 

.. ^ ^ ,„  „..^    right  to  his  title. 

middle  ages,  and' about  the  loth°century,  and  again  in  tlie  Blllnes(V)ornes),  Manuel.  Born  at  Conoepcion, 
13th  century,  the  kingdom  had  a  wide  extent.     It  was    Deo.  25, 1799 :  died  at  Santiago,  Oct.  18, 1866.    A 

t.h  r-on.  Chilian  general  and  statesman.  In  1831  he  became 
brigadier-general,  and  in  1838  commanded  6,000  men  sent 
against  Santa  Cruz  in  Peru.    His  victories  destroyed  the 


overthrown  by  the  Turks  about  the  end  of  the  14th  cen- 
tury. It  has  been  the  theater  of  many  struggles  in  re- 
cent Kusso-Turkish  wars.    It  was  constituted  a  princl. 


Bugi  (hS'gi).    See  Kabail. 

Bug  Jargal.  A  novel  hy  Victor  Hugo.  Its  sub- 
ject la  the  revolt  of  the  Santo  Domingo  negroes.  The 
principal  character,  giving  his  name  to  the  book,  is  a 
negro  passionately  in  love  with  a  white  woman. 

Bugres  (bo'grez),  A  name  commonly  given  in 
Brazil  to  the  Botocudos  and  other  savage  In- 
dians. It  is  also  applied  to  howling  monkeys,  and  is 
probably  corrupted  from  some  aboriginal  word. 

Buhle  (bo'le),  Johann  Gottlieb.  Bom  atBruns- 
wiok,  Germany,  Sept.  29, 1763 :  diedi  at  Bruns- 
mok,  Aug.  11,  1821.  A  Grerman  historian  of 
philosophy.  He  wrote  "Lehrbuch  der  Geschichte  der 
Philosophie  "  (1796-1804),  "  Geschichte  der  neuern  Philos- 
ophie"  (1800-06),  etc. 

Buil  (bb-er),Bernardo.  Born  in  Catalonia  about 
1450:  died  at  the  Cuxa  convent  in  1520.  A 
Spanish  Benedictine  monk,  in  1493  he  was  chosen 
with  eldven  other  Benedictines  to  go  with  Columbus  to 
Hispaniola.  The  Pope  named  him  superior  and  apostol- 
ical Ticar  of  the  New  World.  His  position  gave  him  much 
influence  at  Hispaniola,  where  he  acted  as  counselor ;  but 
he  showed  an  unrelenting  disposition  toward  the  Indians, 
and  joined  the  malcontents  who  opposed  Columbus.  In 
1494  he  returned  to  Spain  to  prefer  charges  against  him, 
and  he  was  long  a  most  dangerous  enemy  of  the  admiral. 
He  did  not  go  again  to  America,  but  was  made  abbot  of 
the  Cuxa  convent.  Also  written  BoyU,  Boyt,  BoH,  and  Buell. 

Buitenzorg  (boi'ten-zore).  The  capital  of  an 
assistant-residency  in  Java,  Dutch  East  Indies, 
36  miles  south  of  Batavia.  It  contains  the 
palace  of  the  governor-general,  and  botanical 


pallty  by  the  treaty  of  San  Stefano  and  the  Congfess  of    S,  B„Ti^i„n.„n;X,.f-    "     t,  ,    ..         ^.  -      - 

fierlln  (1878),  and  Prince  Alexander  of  Battenberg  was  in-     IS?,,  ,S?  .„^  ™S'J?--   fj'J"  ^'?'''*?  president  of 

staUed  in  1879.   A  union  of  Eastern  RumeUa  with  Bulgaria  J'^?^^  ™  Iff.l' »°'Ji«^J««J«4 1  Wi-f^^V^^  '™  *8°  J*^"- 

was  effected  in  1886.    A  war  with  Servia  occurred  m  1885,  BUl0W(DU  lo),  ±riearicn  WUnelm  VOn.    Bom 

which  resulted  in  favor  of  Bulgaria.    Prince  Alexander    at  Falkenberg,  Altmark,  Prussia,  Feb.  16, 1755 : 

resigned  in  Iffie,  and  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Coburg  was    died  at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  Feb.  25,  1816.     A 

(MOO)  3  7"33  lig-    '^'*'  ^^'^^  "1""'"  """''■    ^''P"l**'»°    Prussian  general.    He  defeated  Oudinot  at  Luckau 

■Rnlfforin   TSlnnlr       fioTYiQ  oa  Titilnnmn  ^°*  Grossbeeren  and  Ney  at  Dennewitz  in  1813;  served 

Bulgaria,  BlaCK.      same  as  JSMgarm.  ^jt^  distinction  at  Lelpsic  in  1813,  at  Laon  and  Mont- 

iSUlgaria,  Ureat  or   white.     A  former  name    martre  in  1814,  and  at  Waterloo  in  1815 ;  and  was  made 

of  the  region  between  the  Kama  and  Volga,    count  of  Dennewitz  in  1814. 

which  was  occupied  by  Bulgarians.  Blilow,  Hans  Guido  VOn.    Bom  at  Dresden, 

Bulgarians  (bul-ga'ri-anz).    See  Bulgwna.  Jan.  8, 1830 :  died  at  Cairo,  Egypt,  Feb.  12, 1894. 

Bulgarin   (bol-ga'rin)';   Thaddeus.     Bom  in    A  famous  pianist,  condnetor,  and  composer.  He 

Lithuania,  1789:  "died  at  Dorpat,  Russia,  Sept. 

13,  1859.     A  Russian  novelist,  journalist,  and 

general  writer.    His  chief  work  is  the  novel 

"The  Russian  GU  Bias"  (1829). 

Bulgars.    See  Bulgarians. 


made  his  first  concert  tour  in  1853,  and  in  1864  was  made 
conductor  of  the  Royal  Opera  and  director  of  the  Conser- 
vatory at  Munich.  He  held  many  important  positions, 
including  that  of  royal  court  kapellmeister  at  Hannover 
Q878),  and  a  similar  position  with  the  Duke  of  Meiningen. 
He  was  director  at  Hamburg  and  Berlin  from  1885. 

Bulgarus(bul-ga'ms).  Bom  at  Bologna  Italy,  BMow  Karl  Edm^^^^ 
in  the  11th  century:  died  1166.  An  Italian  °f^«.r  S„  ^5^'  ^"1!,„'  tjlifi^iio"^ %r,ff 
jurist,  one  of  the  "&our  Doctors"  of  Bologna.  ?*  ?a*li^^^^^??'  Thurgau,  Switzeriand,  Sept. 
ttI=  „i,-oi  ^xZ^iTL  „  „^™v^„.^t„^-^  iirio  ^oVS,i?=  16,  1853.  A  German  novelist  and  miscellane- 
His  ehiet  worli  IS  a  commentary,  "JJe  regulis  „'  „„;+„„  _  .  ,,„  „  ,  .„  „  ^.  , 
■      ■    ,,  *"  °  ous  writer.     He  wrote "  NoveUenbuch,    a  collection  ol 

juns.  one  hundred  tales  from  the  Italian,  Spanish,  etc.,  pub- 

Bull  (bul),  John.    Born  m  Somersetshire,  Bng-   iished  1834-36. 

land,  about  1563:  diedat  Antwerp,  March  12  or  Bulti  (bul'te),  or  Bultistan  (bul-te-stan'),  or 
13,  1628.  An  English  composer  and  organist.  Baltistan  (bal-te-stan'),  or  Little  Tibet.  A 
The  song  "God  save  the  King  "was  wrongly  former  state  in  central  Asia,  tributary  to 
attributed  to  him.  Elashmir,  situated  in  lat.  35°-35°  30'  N.,  long. 

Bull,  John.    See  John  Bull.  75°-76°  B.    Chief  town,  Iskardo.    Area,  esti- 

BuU  (bel),  Ole  Bornemann.    Bom  at  Bergen,   mated,  12.000  square  miles. 
Norway,  Feb.  5,  1810 :  died  near  Bergen,  Aug.  Bulwer,  Edward  George  Earle  Lytton,  first 
17,1880.   ANorwegianviolinist  and  composer.   Baron  Lytton.     ^ee  Lytton. 
He  came  five  times  to  America  between  1843  and  1879.     Bulwer  (biil'wer),  John.      Lived  about  1654. 

Bull,  A  Young.  A  famous  painting  by  Paul  An  English  physician.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  dac- 
Potter,  in  the  Royal  Gallery  at  The  Hague,  tylology,  entitled  "Chlrologi^  or  the  Naturall  Language 
Holland,  it  is  a  large  canvas,  with  strong  light  effects  °^  *!»?  Hand  "  (1644)  and  •;  Phllocophus,  or  the  Deaf e  and 
and  some  deflolency  in  half-tones.    The  bull  is  grouped    Dombe  Man  s  Friend,  ^c.    (1648). 

under  a  tree  with  a  cow,  a  ram,  a  sheep,  a  lamb,  and  a  Bulwer,  William  Henry  LyttOn  tarle,  Baron 
herdsman,  with  animals  in  the  distant  landscape.  Bailing    and   Bulwer,  usually   known   as   Sir 

Bull,  The.    See  Taurus.  Henry  Bulwer.    Bom  at  London,  Feb.  13, 

Bullant  (bii-lon'),  Jean.  Bom  about  1515,  1801:  diedat  Naples,  May  23,  1872.  An  Eng- 
probably  at  Eoouen :  died  Oct.  10,  1578.  A  \\^  diplomatist,  politician,  and  writer,  brother 
French  architect.  Of  his  early  career  nothing  is  of  Lord  Lytton.  He  was  minister  to  Spain  1843-48, 
known.  After  1570  he  became  architect  of  the  Tuileries,  and  to  the  United  States  1849-62 ;  negotiated  the  Bulwer- 
and  erected  the  pavilion  called  by  his  name.  In  the  Clayton  Treaty  in  1850 ;  was  minister  to  Tuscany  1862- 
same  year  he  succeeded  Primatiocio  at  Fontainebleau.        1355^  and    ambassador  to   Turkey  1868-65.     He  wrote 

BuUcalf  (bul'kaf).     A  recruit  in  Shakspere's    "Historical  Characters "(1867),  etc. 
"Henry  IV.,"  part  2.  Bulwer-Olayton  Treaty.    A  treaty  between 

BuUe  (btil).  A  small  town  in  the  canton  of  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States,  con- 
Fribourg,  Switzerland,  13  miles  south  by  west  eluded  at  "Washington  April  19,  and  ratified 
of  Fribourg:  the  chief  place  in  Gruyfere.  July  4,  1850.     Both  parties  pledged  themselves  to  re- 

BuUer  (bid'Sr),  Sir  EedVerS  Henry.  Born  in  IPeo*  the  neutrality  of  the  proposed  sWp-canal  across 
Devonshire  in  1839.  A  British  general.  He  served 
in  China  1860,  the  Red  River  Expedition  1870,  the  Ashanti 
war  1873-74,  the  Kaffir  war  1878,  the  Zulu  war  1879,  the 
Boer  war  1881,  the  Egyptian  war  1882,  and  the  Sudan  cam- 
paigns 1884-85.  He  was  under-secietary  for  Ireland 
1886-87,  and  quartermaster-general  1887-90,  and  was  ap- 

pointedadjutant-general  Oct.,  1890.    In  1891  he  was  made  j      «.   .         ,       -,, 

lieutenant-general,  and  In  1899  was  commander-m-chief  BumblB  (bum  bl).  A  tat  and  omcious  beadle 
of  the  British  forces  in  South  Africa.    Retired  1901.  ^  Charles  Dickens's  "  Oliver  Twist."    From  his 

Bullet  (bii-la'),  Pierre.  Bom  1639:  died  1716.  arrogant  self-importance  and  magnifying  of  his  parochial 
AFrencharchitectjapupilofFranfoisBlondel.  offlcetheword  "bumbledom"  has  come  to  have  a  place 
He  constructed,  after  the  plans  of  his  master,  the  Porte     m  the  language.  _.     _ 

Saint  Denis,  and  built  on  his  own  designs  the  Porte  Saint  Bumper  (bum'pfer),  Sir  Harry.     A  character 
Martin  (1674).    He  also  built  the  porch  of  the  Church  of    in  ^eridan's  "  School  for  Scandal." 
Saint  Thomas  d'Aquin,  and  made  the  decorations  of  two  Emnpo    or  BumppO  (bum'po),  Natty.      See 
chapels  at  saint  Germain  des^s.  ^.^^      .     Leath^stocMng. 

Bullinger  (bol  ing-er),  Heinrich.     Bom  at  y  ^  ^^^^^,^  ^^^^^ 

Bremgarten, Aargau, Switzerland,  July  18, 1&U4.    iirpjjg  pjiate  " 

died  at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  Sept.  17,  1575.  A  £  jj  (banch),  Barnaby.  An  English  botcher 
Swiss  Reformer  and  historian,  successor  of  °^^^^^^^  ^^''^^^  olothes,an  amusing  person, 
Zwingli  at  Zurich.  j    Webster's  play  "  The  Weakest  goeth  to  the 

Bullom(bo-lom').    A  small  and  wanmg  tnbe    YTaW" 
north  of  Sierra  Leone,  West  Africa.     Their  ■c,.„„j.    Mother     A  derisive  name  given  bv 
^i^^Z^S'^'^^otfXni^^^^r^^  ^^u^tlSlkM^^^^^  an  alewifef  in  Dek^ 
of  Freetown,  forms  a  link  with  the  stronger  Timne.  ker's  '  Satiro-mastlX."     The  name  was  used  for  the 

■Rnll  PiiTi  ('hill  runi  A  small  river  in  eastern  hypothetical  author  of  various  books  of  jests  in  1604  and 
Vigin^which  joins  the  Oocoquan  (a  tributary  1760,  and  "Mother  Bun-^h^ Fairy  Tales"  are  well  known, 
of  tie  Potomac)  25  miles  southwestof  Washing-  l^^f^J.^.^Jli^l^^.^'P'^^  beginning  of 
ton.  Near  it  occurred  two  battles  in  the  American  Civil  BundahlSh  (bon  ^a-hesh^;^  L  i  ^e  bepnni„g  ot 
War  fa) The  Confederates  underthe  immediate commMid  the  creation.  J  A  ±-aniavi  tneoiogioai  wuik, 
of  Beauregard  (about  31,000)  defeated  the  Federals  under  treating  of  cosmogony,  the  govemment  ot  the 
McDowell  (about  28,000),  July  21, 1861.    Loss  of  Federals,    -^qj-i^  and  eschatology,  as  understood  by  the 

-«\  .*_j i -,  (Ten      /^niio/l  li,r  flnnfRnerateR  the -'  . 


Bujalance  (bo -hS- Ian 'the).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Cordova,  Spain,  25  miles  east  of 
Cordova. 

Bukharest,  or  Bucharest  (bo-ka-resf),  Ru- 
manian Bucuresci,  or  Bukureshti.  ['Oty  of 
delight.']  The  capital  of  Rumania,  situated  in 
a  plain  on  the  Dimbovitza,  lat.  44°  25'  N.,  long. 
26?  6'  E.  It  Is  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  in  Europe, 
and  has  Important  commerce  with  Austria  and  the  Balkan 
Peninsula.  It  contains  a  university,  government  build- 
ings, and  cathedral.  Has  been  often  besieged  and  taken. 
Capital,  before  1861,  of  WaUachla.  Population  (1899), 
282  071 

Bukharest,  Treaty  of.    A  treaty  concluded 

May  28,  1812.  it  put  an  end  to  the  war  which  had 
been  carried  on  between  Russia  and  Turkey  since  1806, 
and  established  the  Pruth  and  the  Lower  Danube  as  the 
boundary  between  the  two  countries. 

Bukhtarma  (bSkh-tar'ma).  A  tributary  of  the 
Irtish,  in  southern  Siberia. 

Bukowina  (ba-ko-ve'na).  A  duchy  and  crown- 
land  of  the  Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hun- 
gary. Capital,  Czemowitz.  it  is  bounded  by  Gallcla 
on  the  north,  Moldavia  east  and  south,  and  Transylvania, 
Hungary  proper,  and  Gallcla  west.  It  is  occupied  in 
great  part  by  the  Carpathians.  It  sends  11  members  to 
the  Relchsrat  and  has  a  Diet  of  31  members.  The  lead- 
ing nationalities  are  Ruthenian  and  Rumanian  ;  the  lead- 
ing religion  is  the  Greek  (not  united).  Its  early  history 
is  obscure.  It  was  acquired  from  Turkey  by  Austria  in 
1776,  and  became  a  crownland  in  1849.  Area,  4,036  square 
miles.    Population  (1890),  646,691. 

Bulacan  (bo-la-kan').  A  town  in  Luzon,  Phil- 
ippine Islands,  20  miles  northwest  of  Manila. 
Population  (1887),  12,180. 

Bulaca.    See  Bulalc. 

Bulak  (b6-iak').  The  port  of  Cairo,  Egypt,  on 
the  Nile.  It  formerly  contained  the  National 
Museum  now  at  Gizeh. 

Bulala  (bo-la'la).     SeeKulca.  ^     .  ^, 

Bulama  (bo-la'mii).  The  eastemmost  of  the 
Bissagos  Islands,  west  of  Senegambia,  in  lat. 
11°  34'  N.,  long.  15°  33'  W.  .    ,,  ,  ^  , 

Bulawayo  (bo-Ia-wa'yo).  Atownm  Matabele- 
land,  South  Africa,  about  lat.  20°  15  S.,  long. 
28°  30'  E.     It  contains  a  govemment  office,  schools, 

Bulearia  (bnl-ga'ri-a).    \^P.  Bulgarie.Q.  Bul-  j,i„„„„„,  ^»>,uu. «=,>.>,>.„"".,-,—--•-,  ,     ,    .,,•    vY^^ii.*,  o^^  c=v-.. 
TS' rLs.  %lgc4ya,etc^^MT..J^^jria,    2,952  ;^c.^cW^a.e.^i,75yaUed^^^^^^^^^^^^  _Mazdayasnians, 


Central  America.  Great  Britain  was  represented  by  Sir 
Henry  Bulwer,  the  United  States  by  J.  M.  Clayton.  It 
was  abrogated  in  1901  by  the  Hay-Pauncefote  Treaty, 
signed  at  Washington  Nov.  18,  and  ratified  by  the  Senate 
Dec.  16. 

Bulwer  Lytton,  Edward  Bobert  Lytton, 

first  Earl  of  Lytton.    See  Lytton. 


from  Bulgarus  (Eng.Bulgar),  OBulg.  Blmarin,a, 
Bulgarian.]  Aprincipalityof  Europe.inthe Bal- 
kan Peninsula.  It  is  bounded  by  Rumania  (chiefly 
separated  by  the  Danube)  on  the  north,  the  Black  Sea  on 
the  east,  Turkey  on  the  south,  and  Servia  on  the  west. 
It  is  tSVersed  by  the  Balkans  from  west  to  east.  Hie 
surface  north  of  the  Balkans  is  "hiefly  a  j^ain  The  prin- 
cipality  is  composed  of  Bulgaria  (as  formed  in  1878)  and 
c— 13 


S'e^aC?  f6o'^TStei\e^Fera,r'uX"p%^  Buudelihaud   (bun-del-khund'),    or   Bundel- 

faboutsrcU  Aug  29:30, 1862.    Loss  of  Federals,  about  cund  (bun-del-kund'),  Agoncy.  .  A  collection 

16  000  (?)';  of  Confederates,  8,400.   Called  by  the  Confeder-  ^f  native  states  under  the  control  of  British 

ates  the  second  batUe  of  Man^sas     The  battle  of  Aug.  j        24°-26°   N.,  long.   78°-81°   30'  E. 

29  is  sometimes  styled  the  battle  of  Groveton.  T^ea  10  214  square  miles.     Population  (1881). 

Bulls  and  Bears.    A  farce  by  Gibber,  produced  ^^^'/g"^^^*  ^'^''^                       ^ 

in  1715.  '      ' 


Bundi 

Bundi  (bSn'de).  A  state  under  the  control  of 
British  India,  lat.  25°-26o  N.,  long.  76°  E. 

Bundsclmh.    See  Peasants  War. 

Bungay  (bung'ga),  Friar.  A  famous  conjurer 
of  Edward  IV.'s  time,  who  appears  as  Friar 
Bacon's  assistant  in  "The  Old  History  of  Friar 
Bacon"  and  in  Greene's  "Friar  Bacon  and 
Friar  Bungay."  Bulwer  introduces  Friar  Bungay,  a 
union  of  necromancer,  merry-andrew,  and  friar,  in  his 
novel  "  The  last  of  the  Barons." 

Bungen  (bong' en).  The  name  of  a  street  in 
Hameliu  down  which  the  Pied  Piper  enticed 
the  children  with  his  music,  it  is  said  that  no 
music  is  allowed  to  be  played  in  the  street  to  this  day. 
See  Hayneln,  Pied  Piper  of. 

Bunhill  Fields  (bun'hilfeldz).  Aburial-ground 
for  dissenters,  situated  near  Finsbury  Square, 
London,  opened  in  1665,  closed  in  1850.  It  is 
now  a  public  garden.  Bunyan  and  Defoe  are 
buried  there.    Dickens's  Diet. 

Bunker  Hill  (bung'ker  hil).  An  elevation  ia 
Charlestown  (Boston),  Mass.,  about  110  feet  in 
height.  It  gives  name  to  the  famous  battle  fought 
June  17,  1776,  chiefly  at  Breed's  Hill,  Charlestown,  be- 
tween 2,500  British  under  Howe  and  Pigott,  and  1,500 
Americans  under  Prescott,  assisted  by  Putnam  and  Stark. 
The  loss  of  the  British  was  about  1,050 ;  that  of  the  Ameri- 
cans, about  450,  including  Warren. 

Bunker  EUU  Monument.  A  monument  at 
Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  dedicated  June 
17,  1843,  the  sixty-eighth  anniversary  of  the 
famous  Eevolutionary  battle.  It  is  a  quadrangu- 
lar tapering  tower  of  granite,  221  feet  high,  built  in  the 
form  of  an  obelisk,  with  an  obtusely  pyramidal  apex. 

Bunner  (bnn'Sr),  Henry  Cuyler.  Born  at 
Oswego,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  3,  1855:  died  at  Nutley, 
N.  J.,  May  11, 1896.  An  American  writer,  editor 
of  "Puck"  1877-96.  He  published  "Airs  from 
Aroady"  (1884),  "Zadoo  Pine,  and  Other  Stories,"  "The 
Midge,"  two  series  of  "  Short  Sixes,"  etc. 

Bunsen  (bon'zen).  Christian  Karl  Josias, 
Baron  von,  sometimes  styled  Chevalier  Bun- 
sen.  Bom  at  Corbaeh,  Waldeek,  Germany, 
Aug.  25,  1791:  died  at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Nov.  28, 
1860.  A  distinguished  German  scholar  and  di- 
plomatist. He  was  secretary  of  legation,  chaig^  d'af- 
faires, and  minister  at  Rome  1818-38,  and  minister  to 
Switzerland  1839-41,  and  to  England  1841-64.  He  wrote 
"^gyptens  Stelle  in  der  Weltgeschichte "  (1845, "Egypt's 
Place  in  Universal  History"),  "Die  Basiliken  des  christ- 
licheu  Rom  "  (1843),  "  Ignatius  von  Antiochien  "  (1847), 
"Hippolytus  und  seine  Zeit"  (1852-53,  ".Hippolytus  and 
his  Age,"  1851X  "Die  Zeichen  der  Zeit"  (1866,  "Signs  of 
the  Times,"  1856-66),  "  Gott  in  der  Geschichte  "  (1857-68, 
"  God  in  History  "),  "  Bibelwerk  f  Ur  die  Gemeinde  "  (1868- 
1870),  "Die  Verfassnng  der  Eirche  der  Zukunft"  (1845, 
"  The  Constitution  of  the  Church  of  the  Future  "). 

Bunsen,  Robert  Wilhelm,  Bom  at  Gdttingen, 
Germany,  March  31, 1811 :  died  at  Heidelberg, 
Aug.  16,  1899.  A  noted  German  chemist,  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  at  Heidelberg  since  1852. 
He  was  best  known  from  his  researches  in  spectrum  anal- 
ysis (with  Kirchhoff,  1860),  and  was  the  inventor  of  the 
"Bunsen  burner,"  "Bunsen  pump,"  "Bunsen  battery," 
etc.    He  discovered  the  metals  ceesium  and  rubidium. 

Bunthorne  (bun'thdm).  An  extremely  com- 
monplace youth  in  Gilbert  and  Sullivan's  opera 
"Patience,"  who  adopts  the  most  extrava- 
gantly esthetic  and  lackadaisical  style  in  order 
to  please  the  ladies :  a  satire  on  a  folly  of  the 
day. 

Bunting  (bun'tin^).  The  name  of  the  Pied 
Piper  in  the  legend  of  that  name.  See  Mameln, 
Pied  Piper  of. 

Bunting,  Jabez.  Bom  at  Manchester,  Eng- 
land, May  13,  1'779:  died  at  London,  June  16, 
1858.  An  eminent  clergyman  of  the  English 
Wesleyan  Church.  He  was  received  into  full  con- 
nection with  the  ministry  in  1803 ;  became  senior  secre- 
tary of  the  Missionary  Society  in  1833 ;  and  was  president 
of  the  Theological  Institute  1834-68.  He  established  the 
principle  of  associating  laymen  with  the  clergy  in  the 
management  of  the  Wesleyan  Church. 

Bunyan  (bun'yan),  John.  Born  at  Blstow, 
near  Bedford,  England:  baptized  Nov.  30, 1628: 
died  at  London,  Aug.  31,  1688.  A  celebrated 
English  writer.  He  was  the  son  of  a  tinker ;  received 
a  meager  education ;  adopted  his  father's  trade ;  served  as 
a  soldier,  probably  in  the  Parliamentary  army,  from  1644 
to  1646  ;  and  married  in  1648  or  1649.  In  1653  he  Joined  a 
nonconformist  body  at  Bedford,  whither  he  removed  prob- 
ably in  1665.  He  was  appointed  a  preacher  by  his  core- 
ligionists in  1657,  and  as  such  traveled  throughout  all  the 
midland  counties.  He  was  arrested  in  1660  at  Lower  Sam- 
sell  by  Harlington,  near  Bedford, under  the  statutes  against 
nonconformists,  and,  with  a  brief  interval  in  1666,  was  de- 
tained in  prison  at  Bedford  until  1672,  when  those  statutes 
were  suspended  by  Charles  U.  He  was  licensed  to  preach 
by  the  crown  May  9, 1872,  and  during  the  remainder  of 
his  lie  was  pastor  of  the  nonconformist  congregation  at 
Bedford.  During  his  imprisonment  he  wrote  part  of  his 
celebrated  allegory  "The  PUgrim's  Progress,"  which  ap- 
peared in  167B  (second  part  1684).  A  complete  collection 
of  his  writings,  edited  by  Samuel  Wilson,  appeared  in  1736, 
and  contains,  besides  "  The  Pilgrim's  Progress,"  a  number 
of  works,  including  "Grace  Abounding,  etc.,"  "The Holy 
War,"  and  "Life  andDeath  of  Mr.  Badman." 


194 

Bunzlau  (bonts'lou).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Bober  25 
miles  west-northwest  of  Liegnitz  :  noted  for  its 
brown  pottery.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
12,921. 

Buol-Schauenstein  (bo'61-shou'en-stin),  Count 
Karl  Ferdinand  von.  Bom  May  17,  1797: 
died  at  Vienna,  Oct.  28,  1865.  An  Austrian 
statesman  and  diplomatist,  premier  and  min- 
ister of  foreign  affairs  1852-59. 

Buonaccorso.    See  Accorso. 

Buonafede  (bb-6-na-fa'de),  Appiano.  Born 
at  Comacchio,  in  Ferrara,  Italy,  Jan.  4,  1716: 
died  at  Rome,  Dec.  17,  1793.  An  Italian  his- 
torian of  philosophy,  professor  of  theology  at 
Naples. 

Buonaparte.    See  Bonaparte. 

Buonarroti  (bo-o-nar-ro'te),  Filippo.  Bom  at 
Pisa,  Italy,  Dec.  11, 1761 :  died  at  Paris,  Sept. 
15,  1837.  An  Italian  political  agitator,  impli- 
cated in  the  conspiracy  of  Babeuf  1796. 

Buonarroti,  Michelangelo.    See  Michelangelo. 

Buononcini.    See  Bonondni. 

Bura  (bii'ra).  [Gr.  Boipa.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  of  Achaia,  Greece,  in  lat.  38°  10' 
N.,  long.  22°  10'  E.,  destroyed  by  an  earth- 
quake in  373  B.  c.  It  joined  the  Aohsean 
League  275  B.  c. 

Burano  (bo-ra'no).  A  town  on  an  island  in 
the  Venetian  lagoon,  5  miles  northeast  of 
Venice. 

Burbage  (b6r'baj),  James,  Died  in  1597.  An 
English  actor,  and  the  first  builder  of  a  theater 
in  England:  father  of  Richard  Burbage.  He 
was  originally  a  joiner.  In  1576-77  he  erected  the  first 
building  specially  intended  for  plays.  It  was  "between 
Finsbury  Fields  and  the  public  road  from  Bishopsgate  and 
Shoreditch."  It  was  of  wood,  and  was  called  "The  The- 
atre. "  The  material  was  removed  to  the  Bankside  in  1598 
and  was  rebuilt  as  the  Globe  Theatre.  The  Curtain  waa 
put  up  near  The  Theatre  soon  after  the  latter  was  opened, 
and  Burbage  was  instrumental  in  the  conversion  of  a  large 
house  at  Blackfriars  into  Blackf riars  Theatre  about  ^ov., 
1596. 

Burbage,  Richard.  Bom  in  1567  (?) :  died  in 
1619.  A  noted  English  actor,  son  of  James 
Burbage  (died  1597).  He  made  his  fame  at  the  Black- 
friars and  the  Globe  of  which,  with  Ms  brother  and  sister, 
he  was  proprietor,  and  played  the  greatest  parts  in  all  the 
best  plays  produced  at  the  time.  Shakspere  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Lord  Chamberlain's  Company,  playing  at  Black- 
friars at  this  time,  and  had  some  part  in  the  profit  of  the 
house,  as  also  a  little  later  in- the  Globe ;  but  Burbage  ap- 
parently had  the  lion's  share.  There  is  no  authentic  ac- 
count of  any  intimacy  with  Shakspere  till  after  1594. 
Burbage  seems  to  have  been  the  original  Hamlet,  Lear, 
and  Othello.  He  excelled  in  tragedy,  and  was  held  in  the 
very  highest  esteem  by  authors  and  public :  he  was  even 
sometimes  introduced  into  plays  in  his  own  proper  per- 
son. Many  poems  and  tributes  were  written  in  his  mem- 
ory. Besides  his  fame  as  an  actor  he  was  known  aa  a 
painter.  In  1613  the  Globe  Theatre  burned  down,  and  he 
narrowly  escaped  with  his  life. 

Burbon  (ber'bon).  A  knight,  intended  for  Henri 
IV.  of  France,  in  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene." 
He  is  assailed  by  a  mob,  but  escapes  and  also 
rescues  his  nnstress. 

Burchard  (b6r' chard),  Samuel  Dickinson. 
Bom  at  Steuben,  N.Y.,  Sept.  6, 1812:  diedat  Sar- 
atoga, N.  Y.,  Sept.  25, 1891.  An  American  Pres- 
byterian clergyman.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Thirteenth 
Street  Presbyterian  Church,  New  York  city,  1839-79,  and 
of  the  Murray  Hill  Presbyterian  Church  1880-85.  He 
gained  notoriety  in  the  presidential  canvass  of  1884  by  an 
alliterative  expression  used  in  a  speech  on  Oct.  29,  when, 
with  a  large  company  of  clergymen,  he  made  a  call  on 
James  G.  Blaine,  the  Republican  candidate  for  the  presi- 
dency, at  the  Fifth  Avenue  Hotel.  It  occurs  in  the  sen- 
tence, "We  are  Republicans,  and  don't  propose  to  leave 
our  party  and  identify  ourselves  with  the  party  whose  an- 
tecedents have  been  rum,  Romani»m,  and  rebellion,"  and 
was  made  the  most  of  in  Roman  Catholic  circles  by  the 
Democratic  managers. 

Burchell(ber'chel;,Mr.  The  name  under  which 
Sir  William  Thornhill,  a  character  in  Gold- 
smith's novel  "The  Vicar  of  Wakefield,"  dis- 
penses joys  and  sorrows  as  a  being  from  another 
sphere.  He  was  noted  for  his  habitof  crying  out  "fudge  " 
if  anything  displeased  him. 

Burckiardt  (bork'hart),  Johann  Karl.    Bom 

at  Leipsio,  April  30,  1773:  died  at/Paris,  June 
22,  1825.  A  German  astronomer,  in  charge  of 
the  observatory  of  the  ifieole  Militaire  in  Paris 
1807-25.  He  published  lunar  tables  (1812),  etc. 
Burckhardt,  Johann  Ludvdg.  Bom  at  Lau- 
sanne, .Switzerland,  Nov.  24,  1784:  died  at 
Cairo,  Egypt,  Oct.  17,  1817.  A  noted  Swiss 
traveler.  He  visited  the  Orient,  'Egypt,  and  Nubia,  1810- 
1817 ;  and  wrote  "  Travels  in  Nubia  (1819),  an  account  of 
his  travels  in  Syria  and  the  Holy  Land  (1822),  in  Arabia 
(1829),  "Notes  on  the  Bedouins  and  Wahabys"  (1830)^ 
"Arabic  Proverbs  "  (1881),  etc. 

Burdach  (bor'daeh),  Karl  Friedrich.  Bom  at 

Leipsic,  June  12,  1776^:  died  at '  Kfinigsberg, 
Prussia,  July  16, 1847.  A  German  physiologist, 
professor  of  anatomy  and  physiology  at  Dorpat 


Burgh,  Hubert  de 

(1811),  and  later  (1814)  at  Konigsberg.  He  wrote. 
."Tom  Bau  und  Leben  des  Gehirns  und  Biickenmarks " 
(1819-25),  "Die  Physiologie  als  Erfahrungswissenschaft '* 
(1826-40),  etc. 

Burdekin  (ber'de-kin).  Ariverin Queensland, 
Australia,  which'  flows  into  Upstart  Bay,  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  in  lat.  19°  40'  S.,  long.  147°  30'  E. 
Length,  about  350  miles. 

Burden  (ber'den),  Henry.  Born  at  Dunblane,. 
Scotland,  April  20,  1791 :  died  at  Troy,  N.  ¥., 
Jan.  19,  1871.  A  Scotch-American  inventor. 
His  inventions  include  a  cultivator  (1820),  the  hook-headed 
railway-spike  (1840),  a  machine  for  making  horseshoes 
(1857),  etc. 

Burder  (bfer'der),  George.  Bom  at  London, 
June  5, 1752:  died  at  London,  May  29, 1832. 
An  English  clergyman  of  the  Independent 
denomination,  author  of  "Village  Sermons"' 
(1799-1812). 

Burdett  (ber-def).  Sir  Francis.  Bom  Jan.  25,, 
1770:  died  at  London,  Jan.  23,  1844.  An  Eng- 
lish politician,  member  of  Parliament  for  West- 
minster 1807-37.  He  published  (1810)  in  Cobbett's, 
"Register"  a  speech  denying  the  right  of  the  Commons, 
to  imprison  delinquents,  and,  his  arrest  being  ordered, 
barricaded  his  house,  and  was  taken  only  after  four  days 

Burdett-Coutts  (b6r-det'kots'),  Angela  Geor- 
gina,  Baroness.  Born  April  25, 1814.  An  Eng- 
lish philanthropist,  daughter  of  Sir  Francis- 
Burdett,  raised  to  the  peerage  in  1871.  She 
married  Mr.  Ashmead-Bartlett,  an  American,, 
in  1881.     Coutts  was  her  mother's  name. 

Burdette  (ber-def),  Robert  Jones.  Bom  at 
Greensborough,  Pa.,  July  30,  1844.  An  Amer- 
ican journalist  and  humorist,  formerly  editor 
of  the  Burlington,  Iowa,  "Hawkeye." 

Burdigala  (ber-dig'a-la).  The  ancient  name  of 
Bordeaux. 

Burdwan  (burd-wan'),  or  Bardwan  (bard- 
wan').  1.  A  division  of  Bengal,  British  India.. 
Area,  13,855  square  miles.  Population,  7,393,- 
954. —  3.  A  district  in  that  divi-sion.  Area,  2,697' 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,391,880.— 
3.  The  chief  town  of  that  district,  56  miles- 
northwest  of  Calcutta.  Population  (1891),  34,- 
477. 

Burford  CbSr'ford).  A  town  in  Oxfordshire,. 
England,  16  miles  west-northwest  of  Oxford. 
Near  by,  in  754,  Cuthred,  king  of  Wessex,  defeated  .Sthel- 
bald,  king  of  Mercia. 

Burg  (biirG).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Sax- 
ony, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ihle  14  miles 
northeast  of  Magdeburg.  It  is  noted  for  its 
cloth  manufactures,  built  up  by  French  Prot- 
estant exiles.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
17  572. 

Burgdorf  (borg'dorf),  F.  Berthoud  (ber-to'). 
A  town  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  sit- 
uated on  the  Emme  12  miles  northeast  of  Bern. 
It  was  the  seat  of  Pestalozzi's  school  1800-1804. 
Population  (1888),  6,875. 

Biirger  (biirg'er),  Gottfried  August.  Bom  at 
Molmerswende,  near  Harzgerode,  Germany, 
1747 :  died  at  Gottingen,  1794.  A  noted  German 
poet.  Hislfather  was  a  clergyman  at  Molmerswende.  He 
studied  law  at  Gottingen.  Afterward  he  was  an  ofilcial  at 
Altgleichen,  later  docent  and  subsequentj^prof  essor  at  the 
University  of  GBttingen.  His  life,  in  parl^  the  result  of  his. 
own  indiscretions,  waa  unhappy  and  at  times  even  miser- 
able. He  was  the  author  of  numerous  ballads,  songs,  and' 
sonnets.  Foremost  among  his  poems  is  the  ballad  "  Le- 
nore,"  which  originally  appeared  in  the  GSttingen  "Mu- 
senalmanach"  (1774).  He  also  wrote  the  ballads  "Das. 
Lied  vom  braven  Mann  "  ("  The  Song  of  the  Brave  Man," 
1776),  "  Der  Kaiser  und  der  Abt "  ("The  Emperor  and  the 
Abbot,"  1785),  "Der  wilde  Jager"  ("The  Wild  Hunts- 
man," 1786).  He  was  the  most  important  poet  of  the  so- 
called  GBttinger  Dichterbund,  or  "  poetical  brotherhood." 
His  collected  works,  "Sammtliche  Schriften,"  appeared 
in  4  volumes  (Gdttingen,  1796-98). 

Burgess  (ber'jes),  Edward.  Born  at  West 
Sandwich,  Mass.,  June  30,  1848 :  died  at  Bos- 
touj  Mass.,  July  12,  1891.  A  noted  American 
designer  of  yachts.  He  established  himself  as  a  naval 
architect  and  yacht-broker  in  Boston  in  1883,  and  was  the^ 
designer  of  the  sloop  Puritan  which  defeated  the  English 
cutter  Genesta  In  the  races  for  the  America's  cup  in  1885, 
of  the  Mayflower  which  defeated  the  English  Galatea  in 
1886,  and  of  the  'Volunteer  which  defeated  the  English 
Thistle  in  1887. 

Burgess,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Odiham,  Hamp- 
shire, England,  Nov.  18,  1756:  died  at  Salis- 
bury, England,  Feb.  19,  1837.  An  English 
clergyman,  bishop  of  St.  David's  and  later  of 
Salisbury.  He  wrote  "  Considerations  on  the 
Abolition  of  Slavery"  (1789),  etc. 

Burgh  (bSrg  or  b6rg),  Hubert  de.  Died  at  Ban- 
stead,  Surrey,  England,  May  12, 1243.  An  Eng- 
lish statesman.  He  was  appointed  chamberlain  to  th» 
king  about  1201,  in  which  year  he  was  placed  at  the  iuoA  of 
a  body  of  knights  to  guard  the  Welsh  march.  On  the  au- 
thority of  Ralph  of  Coggeshall,  who  has  been  foUowed  by 
Shakspere  (King  John,  iv.  1, 2.),  he  was  castellan  of  Falaiae: 
when  Arthur  of  Brittany  was  captured  at  Mirabel  in  120^ 


Btirgli,  Hubert  de 

was  fntmsted  with  the  custody  ol  the  prince's  person, 
»nd  reiused  to  obey  an  order  of  Arthur's  uncle.  King 
John  of  England,  to  put  out  the  prince's  eyes.  He  was  a 
partizan  of  the  king  at  Runnymede  in  1216,  in  which  year 
he  first  appears  as  Justiciar,  and  is  mentioned  in  the  meat 
charter  as  one  of  the  magnates  of  the  reahu  by  whose  ad- 
vice It  wa£  granted.  He  gained  a  decisive  naval  victory 
over  Eustace  the  Monk  in  1217,  which  forced  Louis  to  con- 
clude the  treaty.of  Lambeth  (Sept.  11, 1217)  and  evacuate 
England.  He  became  regent  for  Henry  m.  in  1219  and 
remained  his  chief  minister  1228-32. 

Burgh  (bur'o),  James.  Bom  at  Madderty, 
PerthsMre,  Scotland,  1714:  died  Aug.  26, 1775. 
A  Seottisn  miscellaneous  -writer.  He  wrote 
"Britain's  Remembrancer"  (1745),  "Dignity of 
Human  Nature"  (1754),  etc. 

Burghas.    See  Bourgas. 

Burghers  (bSr'gferz).  A  body  of  Presbyterians 
in  Scotland,  constituting  one  of  the  divisions 
of  the  early  Secession  Church.  This  church  be- 
came divided  in  1747  into  the  Associate  Synod,  or  Burghers, 
and  the  General  Associate  Synod,  or  Antibnrghers,  on  the 
lawfulness  of  accepting  the  oath  then  required  to  be  taken 
by  the  burgesses  in  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  and  Perth.  See 
Antiburgher. 

Burghley,  or  Burleigh,  Lord.  See  Ce&l. 
Burgkmair  (bSrk'mir),  Hans.  Bom  at  Augs- 
burg, Germany,  1473 :  died  about  1531.  A  Ger- 
man painter  and  engraver,  probably  a  pupil  of 
Albrecht  Diirer.  His  most  noted  work  is  a  tri- 
umphal procession  of  Maximilian  I. 
Burgoa  (bSr-go'a),  Francisco  de.  Bom  in 
Qaxaea  about  1605 :  died  1681.  A  Mexican  Do- 
minican missionary  and  author.  He  took  the  Do- 
minican habit  in  1620,  was  twice  provincial,  represented 
the  order  at  Rome  in  16B6,  acted  for  the  Inquisition,  and 
during  his  later  years  was  guardian  of  Huaxolotitlan  and 
other  convents.  His"Geogr4floadesoripcion  .  .  .  deesta 
Provincia  de  Fredicadores  de  Antiquera  "  is  a  chronicle  of 
his  order  in  Oaxaca,  of  great  historical  value.  Like  his  other 
historical  and  biographical  works,  it  is  now  very  rare. 
Burgos  (bor'gos).  A  province  in  Old  Castile, 
Spain.  Area,  5,650  square  miles.  Population 
(1887),  338,551. 
Burgos,  Iberian  Briga.  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Burgos,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Arlan- 
zon  in  lat.  42°  21'  N.,  long.  3°  42'  W.  its  chief 
building  is  the  cathedral;  it  also  contains  a  ruined  castle, 
town  ball,  and  several  churches,  and  is  noted  as  the  birth- 
place of  the  Cid.  It  was  founded  at  the  end  of  the  9th  cen- 
tury, and  was  for  a  long  time  the  capital  of  Castile,  and  the 
rival  of  Toledo,  Marshal  Soult  gained  a  victory  here  over 
the  Spaniards,  Nov.  10,  1808,  and  it  was  unsuccessfully 
besieged  by  Wellington  in  1812.  It  had  formerly  a  uni- 
versity. The  cathedral,  in  the  main  of  middle-Pointed 
architecture,  is  notable  for  its  graceful  twin  western  spires 
of  openwork,  300  feet  high,  its  rich  octagonal  central 
lantern,  and  the  pinnacled  crown  of  the  Condestable 
Chapel,  behind  the  apse.  This  richly  sculptured  chapel 
contains  the  tombs  of  the  Constable  of  Castile,  Don  Pedro 
de  Velasco,  and  his  wife.  There  is  a  large  cloister  of 
Pointed  work,  with  much  figure-  and  foliage-sculpture 
comparable  with  the  best  French.  Population  (1887), 
31,30L 

Burgos,  Laws  of.  A  system  of  laws  for  the 
regulation  of  Indian  labor  in  America,  promul- 
gated at  Burgos,  Spain,  Dec.  27,  1512.  The 
Dominicans  of  Hispaniola  had  represented  that  the  In- 
dians were  very  badly  treated  :  the  colonists  opposed  the 
monks,  and  the  junta  appointed  to  consider  the  question 
framed  these  laws.  They  provided  that  the  Indian  labor- 
ers should  have  houses,  ground  for  culture,  and  religious 
instruction,  with  a  peso  of  gold  annually  to  bny  clothes  : ' 
those  in  the  mines  to  work  only  five  consecutive  months, 
and  to  have  official  inspectors.  The  laws  caused  much 
dissatisfaction. 
Burgoyne  (ber-goin'),  John.  Bom  about  1722 : 
died  at  London,  June  4,  1792.  An  English 
lieutenant-general  and  dramatist.  He  commanded 
the  British  army  which  invaded  New  York  1777 ;  was  de- 
feated at  Stillwater,  Sept.  19  and  Oct.  7,  1777 ;  and  sur- 
rendered with  5,791  troops  to  Gates  at  Saratoga,  Oct.  17, 
1777.  In  1782  he  was  made  commander-in-chief  in  Ire- 
land, and  in  1787  was  one  of  the  managers  of  the  impeach- 
ment of  Warren  Hastings.  He  wrote  satires  directed 
against  the  administration  of  Pitt  (the  greater  part  of  the 
"Westminster  Guide"),  "The  Lord  of  the  Manor"  (1780, 
the  libretto  of  a  comic  opera),  "The  Heiress"  (1786,  a  com- 
edy which  was  very  successful),  etc. 

Burgoyne,  Sir  John  Fox.  Bom  July  24, 1782 : 
died  at  London,  Oct.  7, 1871.  An  English  en- 
gineer, the  illegitimate  son  of  General  John 
Burgoyne  (1722-92).  He  was  conunanding  engineer 
of  the  expedition  to  New  Orleans  1814 ;  chairman  of  the 
Board  of  Public  Works  in  Ireland  1831-45 ;  and  inspector- 
general  of  fortifications  in  England  1845-68.  He  was  sent 
to  Constantinople  to  report  on  the  defense  of  Turkey 
1864;  conducted  the  siege  of  Sebastopol  Oct.,1864,-Feb., 
1865 ;  was  created  a  baronet  1856 ;  was  constable  of  the 
Tower  of  London  1865-71 ;  and  became  a  field-marshal 
1868.    Author  of  "Our  Defensive  Forces  "  (1868),  etc.  ^ 

Burgschmiet  (borg'shmet),  Jakob  Daniel. 
Born  at  Nuremberg,  Bavaria,  Oct.  11,  1796: 
died  at  Nuremberg,  March  7,  1858.  A  noted 
German  sculptor.  His  chief  works  are  statues  of  Al- 
brecht Durer,  Melanchthon  (at  Nuremberg),  Beethoven 
(at  Bonn),  Charles  IV.  (at  Prague),  Luther  (at  Mohra),  etc. 

Burg-Steinfurt.    BeeSteinfurt. 

Burgundian(b6r-gun'di-an).  1.  Oneof  theBur- 
gundii  or  Burgundiones,  a  Germanic  (Gothic) 
tribe  which  settled  in  Gaul  and  founded  the 


195 

kingdom  of  Burgundy  in  the  5th  century.— 2. 
A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  Burgundy,  succes- 
sively a  kingdom  and  a  duchy  of  western 
Europe,  varying  greatly  in  extent,  part  of  which 

•  finally  became  the  province  of  Burgundy  in 
eastern  Prance.    See  Burgundy. 

Burgundian  Dynasty  (1095-1383).  A  reigning 
house  of  Portugal  which  referred  its  origin  to 
Henri,  grandson  of  Eobert,  first  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy. Henri  was  appointed  count  of  Portugal  by  Al- 
phonso  VI.  J  king  of  Leon,  Castile,  and  Galicia,  in  1094,  and 
was  in  1112  succeeded  by  his  son,  Alfonso  I., who  erected 
Portugal  into  an  independent  kingdom  in  1139.  The  le- 
gitimate line  of  the  house  of  Burgundy  became  extinct  in 
1383  with  the  death  of  Ferdinand  I.,  and  was  succeeded  in 
1385  by  an  illegitimate  branch,  the  house  of  Avis.  An  il- 
legitimate branch  of  the  latter  house,  the  house  of  Bra- 
ganza,  acceded  to  the  throne  in  1640,  and  was  followed  in 
1S63  by  the  present  reigning  house,  the  house  of  Braganza- 
Coburg.  The  sovereigns  of  the  house  of  Burgundy  were : 
Henri  of  Burgundy,  1094-1112 ;  Alfonso  L,  1112-86;  Sancho 
I.,lia6-1211;  AftonsoIL,1211-23;SanchoIL,1223-48;  Aflon- 
50  in.,1248-79 ;  Diniz,  1279-1325 ;  Aflonso  IV.,  1325-67 ;  Pe- 
dro, 1367-67 ;  Ferdinand  I.,  1367-83. 

Burgundy  (b6r'gun-di) .  [P.  Bourgogne,  It.  Bor- 
gogna,  Sp.  Borgofia,  G.  Bwrgund,  ML.  Burgun- 
dia,  from  LL.  Burgumdii,  also  Burgundiones,  a 
Germanic  tribe.  See  Burgundian.']  A  geo- 
graphical division  in  western  Europe,  whose 
limits  and  character  have  varied  greatly.  Por 
the  principal  significations  of  the  name,  see  the 
extract. 

I.  The  kingdom  of  Burgundy  Q^egnum  Burgundionum), 
founded  A,  D.  406,  occupying  the  whole  valley  of  the 
SaOne  and  lower  Rhone  from  Dijon  to  the  Mediterranean, 
and  including  also  the  western  half  of  Switzerland.  It 
was  destroyed  by  the  sons  of  Clovis  in  A.  D.  534. 

II.  Thekingdom  of  Burgundy  (regnumBurgundise),  men- 
tioned occasionally  under  the  Merovingian  kings  as  a  sep- 
arate principality,  confined  within  boundaries  apparently 
somewhat  narrower  than  those  of  the  older  kingdom  last 
named. 

III.  The  kingdom  of  Provence  or  Burgundy  (regnum 
Provincise  sen  Burgundige)  —  also,  though  less  accurately, 
called  the  kingdom  of  Cis-Jurane  Burgundy — was  founded 
by  BoBO  in  A.  D.  879,  and  included  Provence,  Dauphin^, 
the  southern  part  of  Savoy,  and  the  country  between  the 
Sadne  and  the  Jura. 

rv.  The  kingdom  of  Trans-Jurane  Burgundy  (regnum 
lurense,  Burgundia  Transiurensis),  founded  by  Rudolf  in 
A.  D.  888,  recognized  in  the  same  year  by  the  emperor 
Arnulf,  included  the  northern  part  of  Savoy,  and  all  Swit- 
zerland between  the  Reuss  and  the  Jura. 

V.  The  kingdom  of  Burgundy  or  Aries  (regnum  Burgun- 
diss,  regnum  Arelatense),  formed  by  the  union,  under 
Conrad  the  Pacific,  in  A.  I>.  937,  of  the  kingdoms  de* 
scribed  above  asJII.  and  IV,  On  the  death,  in  1032,  of 
the  last  independent  king,  Rudolf  m.,  it  came,  partly  by 
bequest,  partly  by  conquest,  into  the  hands  of  the  em- 
peror Conrad  n.  (the  Salic),  and  thenceforward  formed  a 
part  of  the  empire.  In  the  thirteenth  century,  France 
began  to  absorb  it,  bit  by  bit,  and  has  now  (since  the  an- 
nexation of  Savoy  in  1861)  acquired  all  except  the  Swiss 
portion. 

VI.  The  Lesser  Duchy  (Burgundia  Minor)  (Klein  Bur- 
gund)  corresponded  very  nearly  with  what  is  now  Swit- 
zerland west  of  the  Reuss,  including  the  Valais.  It  was 
Trans-Jurane  Burgundy  (IV.)  minus  the  parts  of  Savoy. 
which  had  belonged  to  that  kingdom.  It  disappears 
from  history  after  the  extinction  of  the  house  of  Zahrin- 
gen  in  the  thirteenth  century.  Legally  it  was  part  of  the 
empire  till  A.  D.  1648,  though  practically  independent 
long  before  that  date. 

VII.  The  Free  County  or  Palatinate  of  Burgundy 
(Franche-Comt^)  (Freigrafsohaft)  (called  also  Upper  Bur- 
gundy), to  which  the  name  of  Cis-Jurane  Burgundy  origi- 
nally and  properly  belonged,  lay  between  the  Sadne  and 
the  Jura.  It  formed  a  part  of  III.  and  V.,  and  was  there- 
fore a  fief  of  the  empire.  The  French  dukes  of  Bur- 
gundy were  invested  with  it  in  A.  D.  1384.  Its  capital, 
the  imperial  city  of  Besancon,  was  given  to  Spain  in  1661, 
and  by  the  treaties  of  Nimwegen,  1678-79,  it  was  ceded 
to  the  crown  of  France. 

VIII.  The  landgraviate  of  Burgundy  (Landgrafschaft) 
was  in  [what  is  now]  western  Switzerland,  on  both  sides  of 
the  Aar,  between  Thun  and  Solothurn.  It  was  a  part  of 
the  Lesser  Duchy  (VI.),  and,  like  it,  is  hardly  mentioned 
after  the  thirteenth  century. 

IX.  The  circle  of  Burgundy  (Kreis  Burgund),  an  adminis- 
trative division  of  the  empire,  was  established  by  Charles 
V.  in  1648,  and  included  the  Free  County  of  Burgundy 
(VII.)  and  the  seventeen  provinces  of  the  Netherlands, 
which  Charles  inherited  from  his  grandmother  Mary, 
daughter  of  Charles  the  Bold. 

James  Bryce,  Holy  Rom.  Emp.  Appendix,  p.  447. 

X.  The  Duchy  of  Burgundy  (lower  Burgundy),  a  great 
French  fief  held  by  various  Carlovingian  and  Capetian 
princes,  and  ceded  by  John  the  Good  to  his  son,  Philip  the 
Bold.  Its  capital  was  Dijon.  Flanders  and  the  County 
of  Burgundy  were  united  to  it  in  1384.  It  was  ruled  by 
Philip  the  Bold  1363-1404;  by  John  the  Fearless  1404- 
1419;  by  Philip  the  Good  1419-67;  and  by  Charles  the  Bold 
1467-77.  Under  the  two  latter  it  was  greatly  extended 
in  Belgium  and  eastern  and  central  France,  and  became 
one  of  the  most  powerful  monarchies  of  Europe.  On  the 
death  of  Charles  the  Bold  (1477)  the  duchy  proper  passed 
(1479)  to  France.  The  other  possessions— Franche-Comte 
and  Low  Countries  — passed  by  the  marriage  of  Mary 
(daughter  and  successor  of  Charles  the  Bold)  to  the  house  of 
Hapsburg.  (Compare  Mammilian,  Charles  the  Bold.)  The 
Duchy  of  Burgundy  proper  became  a  province  and  great 
government  of  France.  It  lay  between  Champagne  on  the 
north,  Franche-Comt^  and  Savoy  on  the  east,  Dauphin^ 
and  Lyonnais  on  the  south,  and  Bourbonnais,  Nivemais, 
and  OrWanais  on  the  west,  and  corresponded  to  the  de- 
partments C6te-d'0r,  Sadne-et-Loire,  Ain,  and  a  part  of 
Yonne.    The  region  is  famous  for  its  wines. 


Burleigh,  William  Henry 

Burgundy,  Duchess  of.    See  Mary. 
Burgundy,  Dukes  of.    See  Charles  the  Bold, 

John  the  Fearless,  Philip  the  Bold,  Philip  the 

Good,  etc. 
Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore.    A  poem  by  C!harles 

Wolfe,  published  in  a  collection  of  his  works  in 

Buriats  (ho'ri-ats).  A  Mongolian  people  liv- 
ing chiefly  in  the  government  of  Irkutsk  and 
the  Trans-Baikal  tenitory,  Siberia.  They  are 
Buddhists.     They  nimiber  about  208,000. 

Buridan  (hur'i-dan ;  P.  pron.  bu-re-don'),  Jean, 
Died  after  1358.  A  Prench  nominalistio  phi- 
losopher. He  was  a  native  of  B^thune,  Artois.  He 
studied  under  William  of  Occam,  and  lectured  on  phi- 
losophy in  the  University  of  Paris,  of  which  he  became 
rector.  He  was  a  noted  logician,  and  is  popularly  but 
incorrectly  regarded  as  the  author  of  the  sophism  known 
as  "Buridan's  Ass,"  which  was  used  by  the  schoolmen  to 
demonstrate  the  inability  of  the  will  to  act  between  two 
equally  powerful  motives.  According  to  this  sophism  an 
ass  placed  between  two  equidistant  and  equally  attractive 
bundles  of  hay  would  starve  to  death  for  want  of  a  reason 
to  determine  its  choice  between  the  two  bundles. 

Burke  (berk),  .ffidanus.  Bom  at  Galway,  Ire- 
land, June  16,  1743 :  died  at  Charleston,  S.  C, 
March  30,  1802.  An  American  jurist  arid  poli- 
tician. He  became  a  judge  of  the  State  Supreme  Court 
in  1778,  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  South 
Carolina  1789-91,  and  wrote  "Considerations  upon  the 
Order  of  Cincinnati  "  (1783),  a  pamphlet  denouncing  that 
order. 

Burke,  Charles.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
March  27,  1822:  died  at  New  York,  Nov.  10, 
1854.  A  comedian.  He  was  the  son  of  Thomas 
Burke,  an  Irish  actor,  and  Cornelia  Thomas, 
who  afterward  married  Joseph  Jefferson. 

Burke,  Edmund.  Bom  at  Dublin,  probably 
Jan.  12,  1729  (N.  S.):  died  at  Beaconsfleld, 
England,  July  9,  1797.  A  celebrated  British 
statesman,  orator,  and  writer.  He  was  graduated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1748 ;  became  a  member  of 
Parliament  in  1760 ;  delivered  his  speech  on  American 
taxation  in  1774 ;  was  paymaster-general  and  privy  coun- 
cilor 2782-83 ;  and  conducted  the  impeachment  of  War- 
ren Hastings  1787-95,  when  he  resigned  his  seat  in  Par- 
liament.  His  chief  works  are  "A  Vindication  of  Natural 
Society  "  (1756),  "  A  Philosophical  Enquiry  mto  the  Origin 
of  our  Ideas  of  the  Sublime  and  the  Beautiful "  (1768), 
"Thoughts  on  the  Causes  of  the  Present  Discontents" 
(1770),  "Speech  on  Conciliation  with  America"  (1776), 
"Reflections  on  the  Revolution  in  France"  (1790),  and 
four  letters  on  the  subject  of  "a  regicide  peace'  with 
France,  which  appeared  in  1796  and  1797.  The  publican 
tion  of  a  collection  of  his  works  was  begun,  with  his  ap- 
proval, in  1792,  and  was  concluded  in  18^. 

Burke,  Sir  John  Bernard.  Bom  at  London, 
1815:  died  at  Dublin,  Dec.  13,  1892.  An  Eng- 
lish genealogist,  Ulster  king  at  arms.  He  was 
editor  of  "Burke's  Peerage"  (established  by  his  father, 
John  Burke,  1831),  and  author  of  "History  of  the  Landed 
Gentry"  (1843),  ete. 

Burke,  John  Daly.  Died  near  Campbell's 
Bridge,  Va.,  April  11, 1808.  An  Irish-American 
historian.  He  emigrated  from  Ireland  to  America  in 
1797,  and  eventually  settled  in  Petersburg,  Virginia,  where 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  practice  of  law  and  to  litera- 
ture. He  was  killed  by  Felix  Coquebert  in  a  duel  arising 
from  a  political  dispute.  Author  of  "  Histoiy  of  Virginia 
from  its  First  Settlement  to  1804  "  (1804). 

Burke,  Eobert  O'Hara.  Bom  at  St.  Clerans, 
Galway,  Ireland,  1820:  died  in  Australia,  June 
28,1861.  An  Australian  explorer.  He  was  succes- 
sively a  captain  in  the  Austrian  army,  member  of  the  Irish 
constabulary,  and  inspector  of  police  in  Victoria,  Austra- 
lia, whither  he  emigrated  in  1853.  He  traversed  with 
Wills  the  Australian  continent  1860-61,  and  died  ol  star- 
vation on  the  return  journey. 

Biirkel  (biir'kel),  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Pirma- 
sens,  Bavaria,  May  29,  1802:  died  at  Munich, 
June  10,  1869.  A  German  painter  of  land- 
scapes and  genre  scenes. 

Burkersdorf  (bor'kers-dfirf).  A  village  situ- 
ated 4  miles  southwest  of  Schweidnitz,  in  Sile- 
sia, Prussia.  Here,  July  21, 1762,  Frederick  the 
(Jreat  of  Prussia  repulsed  the  Austrians  imder 
Marshal  Daun. 

Burlamaaui  (biir-l'a-ma-te'),  Jean  Jacg.ues. 
Born  at  Geneva,  July  24, 1694:  died  at  Geneva, 
April  3,  1748.  A  noted  Swiss  jurist,  professor 
of  law  at  Geneva.  He  wrote  "Principes  du 
droit  naturel"  (1747),  "  Principes  du  droit  poli- 
tique" (1751),  etc. 

Burleigh  (bfer'li),  or  Burghley,  Baron.  See 
Cecil. 

Burleigh,  XiOCd.  A  character  in  Mr.  PufPs 
tragedy  " The  Spanish  Armada,"rehearsed  in 
Sheridan's  "Critic."  He  has  not  a  word  to  say,  but 
confines  himself  to  the  memorable  nod  by  which  he 
expresses  volumes  according  to  Mr.  Puff. 

Burleigh  (ber'li).  Lord  of.  See  lord  of  Bur- 
leigh. 

Burleigh,  William  Henry.  Bom  at  Wood- 
stock, Conn.,  Feb.  2,  1812:  died  at  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  March  18,  1871.  An  American  poet, 
journalist,  and  abolitionist . 


Burley,  John  Balfour  of 

Burley  (ber'li),  John  Balfour  of.  See  Balfour. 

Burley,  Walter.  Born  in  1274  or  1275:  died 
probably  in  1345.  An  English,  schoolman,  snr- 
named  "  The  Plain  Doctor."  He  studied  first  at 
Oxford,  then  at  Paris,  where  he  became  a  pupil  oj  Duns 
Scotus.  He  was  appointed  almoner  to  the  Princess  Phi- 
lippa  of  Hainault  about  1327,  and  subsequently  became 
tutor  to  the  Black  Prince.  He  wrote  numerous  philo- 
sophical treatises  and  commentaries  on  the  classics,  most 
of  which  have  remained  in  manuscript.  His  printed 
works  include  "  De  vita  et  moribus  philosophorum  (prob- 
ably published  at  Cologne  in  1467),  and  "Tractatus  de 
materia  et  forma  "  (Oxford,  150O). 

Burlingame  (bfir'Ung-gam),  Anson.  Born  at 
New  Berlin,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  14,  1820:  died  at 
St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  23,  1870.  An  American 
diplomatist  and  politician.  He  was  representative 
to  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1855-61 ;  ambassador  to 
China  1861-67;  and  negotiated,  as  special  ambassador  from 
China,  treaties  with  the  United  States,  England,  Denmark, 
Sweden,  Holland,  and  Prussia. 

Burlington  (ber'ling-ton).     See  Bridlington. 

Burlington.  A  city  (capital  of  Des  Moines 
Connty,  Iowa)  situated  on  the  Mississippi  Eiver, 
in  lat.  40°  48'  N.,  long.  91°  10'  W.  It  is  an  im- 
portant railway  center,  and  has  large  and  varied 
manufactures.    Popul&,tion  (1900),  23,201. 

Burlington.  A  city  and  port  of  entry  in  Ver- 
mont, situated  on  Lake  Champlain  in  lat.  44° 
29'  N.,  long.  73°  14'  W.  It  has  a  large  trade  in 
lumber,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of 
Vermont.     Population  (1900),  18,640. 

Burlington.  A  city  and  port  of  entry  in  Bur- 
lington County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  the 
Delaware  River  19  miles  northeast  of  Philadel- 
phia. It  was  bombarded  by  the  British  in 
1776.     Population  (1900;,  7,392. 

Burlington  Arcade.  A  covered  pathway  be- 
tween Piccadilly  and  Burlington  Gardens.  It 
has  shops  on  each  side  for  all  kinds  of  small 
wares. 

Burlington  House,  Old.  A  house  standing  be- 
tween Bond  street  and  Sackville  street,  Lon- 
don. It  was  built  by  Richard  Boyle,  Lord  Burlington, 
1695-1753.  It  was  purchased  for  the  nation,  1854,  from  the 
Cavendishes  for  £140,000,  including  the  Gardens,  upon 
which  three  new  edifices  have  been  erected,  effacing  aU 
the  artistic  features  of  the  old  house.  Nearest  to  Picca- 
dilly, and  on  the  site  of  the  famous  gateway  and  curved 
colonnade,  pulled  down  in  1868,  rises  New  Burlington 
House  (1872),  containing  rooms  for  the  meetings  and  man- 
agement of  learned  societies— the  Boyal,  Geological,  and 
Chemical  east  of  the  entrance ;  the  Antiquarian,  Astro- 
iiomical,  and  Linnean  on  the  west  of  it.  Old  Burlington 
House  itself  was  in  1868  handed  over  to  the  B-oyal  Acad- 
emy.   Murray^  Handbook  of  London,  p.  58. 

Burma,  or  Burmah  (b6r'ma).  A  former  king- 
dom in  southeastern  Asia,"now  a  part  of  the 
British  empire  and  a  chief  commissionership. 
It  is  divided  into  Lower  Burma  (the  former  British  Bur- 
ma) and  Upper  Burma  (the  recently  annexed  kingdom). 
It  is  bounded  by  Assam  and  China  on  the  north,  China,  the 
Shan  States,  and  Siam  on  the  east,  the  Bay  of  Bengal  on  the 
west,  and  India  on  the  northwest.  It  is  hilly  and  moun- 
tainous, and  is  rich  in  minerals.  Its  exports  are  rice,  teak, 
etc.  The  subdivisions  of  Lower  Burma  are  Arakan,  Pegu, 
and  Tenasserim.  Buddhism  is  the  prevailing  religion, 
the  kingdom  having  been  a  Buddhist  monarchy  from  the 
middle  ages.  Lower  Burma  was  conquered  by  the  British 
1824-26  and  in  1852,  and  Upper  Burma  was  annexed  in 
1886,  in  consequence  of  the  misgovernmentof  the  last  king, 
Thebaw  (detlioned  1885).  Totalarea,171,430squaremlles; 
of  Upper  Burma,  83,473  square  mUes ;  of  Lower  Burma, 
87,957  square  miles.  Total  population  (1891),  7,605,660: 
of  Upper  Burma,  2,948,933 ;  of  Lower  Burma,  4,658,627. 

Burma,  British.    See  Burma. 

Burma,  Lower.  That  part  of  Burma  formerly 
called  British  Burma. 

Burma,  Upper.  That  part  of  Burma  which 
was  independent  down  to  1886. 

Burmeister  (bor'mis-ter),  Hermann.  Bom  at 
Stralsund,  Prussia,  Jan.  15,  1807:  died  at  Bue- 
nos Ayres,  May  1, 1892.  A  Prussian  naturalist. 
He  was  professor  at  Berlin  and  subsequently  at  Halle, 
and  represented  the  latter  university  in  the  National 
Assembly  in  1848 ;  subsequently  he  was  a  member  of  the 
first  Prussian  chamber.  From  1850  to  1852  he  traveled  in 
BrazU,  and  in  1861  went  to  Buenos  Ayres,  where  he  was 
director  of  the  National  Museum  until  his  death.  He 
published  several  well-known  handbooks  of  zoBlogy  and 
entomology,  besides  the  "  Uebersicht  der  Thiere  Brasi- 
llens"  (2  vols.  1864-66),  and  numerous  scientific  papers, 
especially  on  the  Tertiary  and  Quaternary  mammalia  of 
Argentina. 

Burmese  Wars.  The  wars  (l)  of  1824-26,  (2)  of 
1852,  which,  the  British  waged  with  Burma,  and 
which  resulted  in  the  cession  of  Lower  Burma. 
See  Burma. 

Bume-Jones  (bfem'jonz'),  Sir  Edward.  Bom 
at  Birmingham,  England,  Aug.  28,  1833 :  died 
at  London,  June  17, 1898.  An  English  painter. 
He  was  a  student  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  with  Wil- 
liam MoiTis  and  Swinburne,  the  latter  of  whom  dedi- 
cated to  him  his  first  volume  of  poems.  He  went  to 
London  in  1856,  and  became  a  pupil  of  Dante  Gabriel 
Kossetti,  whose  manner  he  imitated  for  several  years ; 
but  he  soon  formed  a  style  of  his  own,  inclining  more  to 
Idealism  and  abstract  beauty  than  to  realism,  and  became 
one  of  the  chief  exponents  in  England  of  the  romantic 


196 

schooL  From  1867  to  1868  he  was  associated  with  Eossetti, 
Morris,  and  others  in  painting  the  Arthurian  legends  at 
Oxford.  In  1861  he  was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  house 
of  Horris  and  Company,  and  he  made  many  designs  for 
decorative  worls.  He  was  an  associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy  1885-93.    In  1894  he  was  made  a  baronet. 

Burnes  (bfemz).  Sir  Alexander.  Born  at 
Montrose,  Scotland,  May  16,  1805:  killed  at 
Kabul,  Afghanistan,  Nov.  2,  1841.  A  British 
geographer,  and  traveler  in  central  Asia. 

Burnet  (ber'net),  Gilbert.  Bom  at  Edin- 
burgh, Sept.  18,  1643 :  died  at  London,  March 
17,  1715.  A  British  prelate,  historian,  and 
theologian.  He  accompanied  William  III.  from  Hol- 
land to  England  in  1688  as  his  chaplain,  and  was  made 
bishop  of  Salisbury  in  1689.  His  chief  works  are  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Reformation  of  the  Church  of  England  "  (1679, 
1681,  1716),  "A  History  of  his  own  Time"  (edited  by  his 
son,  1723, 1734),  "Exposition  of  the  Thirty-nine  Articles" 


Burnet,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Croft,  Yorkshire, 
England,  about  1635:  died  at  London,  Sept. 

27,  1715.  An  English  author.  He  became  fellow 
of  Christ's  College  in  1667,  and  master  of  the  Charter- 
house in  1685.  He  is  noted  chiefiyas  the  author  of  "  Tel- 
luris  Theoria  Sacra,"  etc.  (1681),  remarkable  tor  its  vivid 
imagery  and  pure  Latinity,  in  which  he  attempts  to  prove 
that  the  earth  originally  resembled  an  egg,  that  at  the 
deluge  the  shell  was  crushed  and  the  waters  rushed  out, 
that  the  fragments  of  the  shell  formed  the  mountains 
and  that  the  equator  was  diverted  from  its  original  coin- 
cidence with  the  ecliptic.    JHct.  yat.  Biog. 

Burnett  (ber-nef),  Mrs.  (Frances  Hodgson). 

Bom  at  Manchester,  England,  Nov.  24,  1849. 
An  English-American  novelist,  she  has  written 
"ThatLasso'LowTie's"  (1876),  "Haworth's  "  (1878),  "Lou- 
isiana" (1880),  "A  Pair  Barbarian"  (1881),  "Through One 
Administration"  (1882),  "Little Lord  Fauntleroy"  (1886), 
"  The  One  I  knew  best  of  AU  "  (1893),  "  A  Lady  of  Quahty  " 
(1896),  etc.    She  married  Stephen  Townesend  in  1900. 

Burnett  (ber'net),  James,  Lord  Monboddo. 
Born  at  Monboddo,  Kincardineshire,  in  Oct. 
or  Nov.,  1714:  died  at  Edinburgh,  May  26, 1799. 
A  Scottish  judge.  He  became  sheriff  of  Kincardine- 
shire in  1764,  and  in  1767  became  an  ordinary  lord  of  ses- 
sion, on  which  occasion  he  assumed  the  title  of  Lord  Mon- 
boddo. Author  of  "Of  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  Lan- 
guage" (1773-92),  and  "Ancient  Metaphysics"  (1779-99). 

Burnett  Frizes.  Prizes  awarded  every  forty 
years,  in  accordance  with  the  will  of  Ifc.  Bur- 
nett, a  Scottish  gentleman  (1729-84),  for  the 
best  essays  on  the  Christian  evidences.  Lec- 
tureships now  take  the  place  of  the  essays. 

Burney  (ber'nl),  Charles.  Born  at  Shrews- 
bury, England,  April  7,  1726:  died  at  Chelsea, 
near  London,  April  12, 1814.  An  English  com- 
poser and  historian  of  music.  He  was  the  father 
of  Madame  d'Arblay.  He  wrote  a  "History  of 
Music"  (1776-89),  etc, 

Burney,  Charles.  Bom  at  Lynn,  Norfolk, 
England,  Dec.  4,  1757:  died  at  Deptford,  Dec. 

28,  1817.  An  English  classical  scholar,  son  of 
Charles  Burney.  He  is  noted  chiefly  as  the  collector 
of  the  Burney  Library,  which  was  purchased  by  Parlia- 
ment for  £13,600  and  deposited  in  the  British  Museum. 

Burney,  Frances.    See  Arblay,  Madame  d'. 

Burney,  JamteS.  Bom  1750:  died  Nov.  17, 
1821.  An  English  naval  officer  and  author. 
He  entered  the  navy  in  1764,  attained  the  rank  of  captain, 
and  served  in  America  and  India.  He  was  with  Cook  on 
his  third  voyage,  1776-79.  After  1784  he  retired  on  half 
pay  and  devoted  himself  to  literature.  His  principal 
works  are  "A  Chronological  History  of  the  Discoveries 
in  the  Soutli  Sea  or  Pacific  Ocean"  (5  vols.  4to,  1803-17), 
"  History  of  the  Buccaneers  of  America  "  (1816),  and  "A 
Chronological  History  of  North  Eastern  Voyages  of  Dis- 
covery" (1816). 

Burnley  (bfem'le).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
Lancashire,  England,  situated  on  the  river 
Bum  21  miles  north  of  Manchester.  Popula- 
tion (1901),  97,044.       ^ 

Burnouf  (biir-nof ),  Eniile  Louis.  Bom  at 
Valognes,  Manche,  Prance,  Aug.  25,  1821.  A 
noted  French  philologist,  distinguished  as  an 
archreologist  and  Orientalist.  He  was  collaborator 
with  Leupol  on  a  Sanskrit-French  dictionary  (1863-65). 

Burnouf,  £ug4ne.  Bom  at  Paris,  Aug.  12, 
1801:  died  at  Paris,  May  28,  1852.  A  French 
Orientalist,  son  of  Jean  Louis  Burnouf,  cele- 
brated for  researches  in  the  Zend  language. 
His  chief  works  are  "  Commentaire  sur  le  YaQua^'  (1836), 
"  Introduction  ^  I'histoire  du  Bouddhisme  indien  "  (1846), 
"  Le  lotus  de  la  bonne  loi,  traduit  du  Sanscrit "  (1862). 

Burnouf,  Jean  Louis.  Born  at  UrviUe,  Manche, 
Prance,  Sept.  14,  1775 :  died  at  Paris,  May  8, 
1844.  A  noted  French  philologist.  He  wrote 
"M^thode  pour  ^tudier  la  langue  grecque"  (1814),  "M^- 
thode  pour  ^tudier  la  langue  latine"  (1840),  translation  of 
Tacitus  (1827-33),  etc. 

Burns  (bfemz),  Bobert.  Bom  at  AUoway,  near 
Ayr,  Scotland,  Jan.  25, 1759 :  died  at  Dumfries, 
Scotland,  July  21,  1796.  A  famous  Scottish 
lyric  poet.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  William  Burness 
or  Burnes,  a  nurseryman,  whose  ancestors  had  long  been 
farmers  in  Kincardineshire,  and  Agnes,  the  daughter  of  a 
Carrick  farmer.  He  received  a  meager  education,  and  in 
1783,  in  conjunction  with  his  brother  Gilbert,  rented  a 
farm  at  Mossgiel,  whither  he  removed  in  the  following 


Burton,  Sir  Richard  Francis 

year.  He  published  a  volume  of  poems  at  Kilmarnock 
in  1786,  on  which  occasion  he  changed  the  spelling  of  his 
family  name  to  Bums.  In  1786  be  paid  a  visit  to  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  was  admitted  to  the  society  of  the  Duch- 
ess of  Gordon,  Lord  Monboddo.  Robertson,  Blair,  Gregory, 
Adam  Ferguson,  and  Fraser  Tytler,  and  where  a  second 
edition  of  his  poems  was  published  by  Creech  in  the  next 
year.    In  1788  he  married  Jane  Armour,  by  whom  he  had 

{treviously  had  several  children.  He  took  a  farm  at  EUis- 
and  in  the  same  year,  and  in  1789  became  an  ofiicer  in  the 
excise.  In  1791  he  removed  to  Dumfribs,  where  he  de- 
voted himseU  to  literature  and  to  the  duties  of  his  office 
as  an  exciseman.  Here  also  appeared  in  1793  the  third 
edition  of  his  poems.  A  collective  edition  of  his  works 
was  edited  by  Currie  in  1800,  and  another  by  Cunningham 
in  1834. 

Burnside  (bfem'ald),  Ambrose  Everett.    Bom 

at  Liberty,  Indiana,  May  23, 1824 :  died  at  Bris- 
tol, E.  I.,  Sept.  13, 1881.  An  American  general 
and  politician.  He  captured  Roanoke  Island  Feb.  8, 
and  Newborn  March  14, 1862 ;  fought  at  Antietam  Sept. 
17 ;  commanded  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  Nov.  10, 1862,- 
Jau.  26, 1863;  was  defeated  at  Fredericksburg  Dec.  13, 1862; 
was  besieged  at  Knoxville  1863 ;  served  under  Grant 
1864 ;  was  governor  of  Rhode  Island  1867-69 ;  and  was 
United  States  senator  1875-81. 

Burntisland  (bemt'i'land).  A  seaport  and  wa- 
tering-place in  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  situated  on 
the  Firth  of  Forth  8  miles  north  of  Edinburgh. 
Population  (1891),  4,692. 

Burow  (bo'ro),  Julie.  Born  at  Kydullen,  Prus- 
sia, Feb.  24,  1806:  died  at  Bromberg,  Prussia, 
Feb.  19, 1868.  A  Grerman  novelist.  She  wrote 
"  Aus  dem  Leben  eines  Gliicldichen  "  (1862), "  Johann  Kep- 
ler "  (1857-66),  etc. 

Burr  (ber),  Aaron.  Bom  at  Fairfield,  Conn., 
Jan.  4, 1716 :  died  Sept.  24, 1757.  An  American 
clergyman,  president  of  the  College  of  New 
Jersey  1748-57. 

Burr,  Aaron.  Bom  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  Feb.  6, 
1756:  died  at  Port  Biehmond,  Staten  Island, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  14, 1836.  An  American  politician, 
son  of  Aaron  Burr  (1716-57).  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  Canada  expedition  in  1776,  at  Monmouth 
in  1778 ;  began  the  practice  of  law  in  New  York  in  1783 ; 
was  United  States  senator  from  New  York  1791-97 ;  and 
Vice-President  of  the  United  States  1801-05.  He  killed 
Alexander  Hamilton  in  a  duel  July,  1804,  an  event  which 
destroyed  his  political  prospects.  About  1805  he  conceived 
the  plan,  as  was  subsequently  charged  at  his  trial,  of  con- 
quering Texas,  perhaps  Mexico,  and  of  establishing  a  re- 
public at  the  South,  with  New  Orleans  as  the  capital,  of 
which  he  should  be  the  president  By  the  aid  of  Blen- 
nerhasset  and  others  he  was  enabled  to  purchase  a  vast 
tract  of  land  on  the  Washita  River,  which  was  to  serve  as 
the  starting-point  of  an  expedition  to  be  led  by  him  in 
person.  He  was  arrested  in  Mississippi  Territory  Jan.  14, 
1807,  was  indicted  for  treason  at  Richmond,  Virginia,  May 
22,  and  was  acquitted  Sept.  1. 

Burrhus,  or  Burrus  (bur'us),  Afranius.  Killed 

62  (63  ?)  A.  D.  A  Koman  officer.  He  was  ap- 
pointed sole  pretorian  prefect  by  Claudius  in  62,  and  was, 
together  with  Seneca,  intrusted  with  the  education  of 
Nero.  By  his  influence  with  the  pretorian  guards  he  se- 
cured the  undisputed  succession  of  his  pupil  in  54.  Hav- 
ing offended  the  latter  by  his  sternness  and  virtue,.he 
was  put  to  death  by  poison. 

Burritt(bur'it),Elihu,sumamed"  The  Learned 
Blacksmith."  Born  at  New  Britain,  Conn.,  Dee. 
8, 1811 :  died  there,  March  7, 1879.  A  social  re- 
former and  linguist,  a  blacksmith  by  trade. 
He  was  an  advocate  of  the  abolition  of  war,  and  wrote 
"Sparks  from  the  Anvil "(1848),  "Olive  Leaves "  (1853), 
"Thoughts  and  Things  at  Home  and  Abroad  "(1864),  etc. 

Burroughs  (bur'oz),  Greorge.  Died  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  Aug.  19, 1692.  An  American  clergyman. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1670,  and  served 
as  I>astor  at  Falmouth  (Portland),  Maine,  and  at  Salem. 
He  was  accused  of  having  bewitched  one  Mary  Wolcotti 
and  was  condemned  on  the  evidence  of  confessed  witches, 
who  affirmed  that  he  had  attended  witch-meetings  with 
them.  He  moved  many  to  tears  by  his  last  words  at  his 
execution,  but  Cotton  Mather,  who  was  sitting  on  liorse- 
back  in  the  crowd,  reminded  the  people  that  Satan  often 
assumes  the  appearance  of  an  angel  of  light. 

Burroughs,  John.  Bom  at  Eoxbury,  N.  Y., 
April  3^  1837.  An  American  essayist.  He  has 
written  ''Wake-Robin "(1870),  "Winter Sunshine "(1873), 
"Birds  and  Poets"  (1876),  "Pepacton"  (1881),  "Fresh 
Fields  "  (1884),  "  Signs  and  Seasons  "  (188m,  etc. 

Burroughs,  William.  Bora  near  Philadelphia, 
Oct.  6, 1785:  died  near  Portland,  Maine,  Sept. 
5, 1813.  An  American  naval  officer,  in  com- 
mand of  the  Enterprise  he  captured  the  British  brig 
Boxer,  near  Portland,  Maine,  Sept.  5,  1818.  Both  com- 
manders fell  in  the  action. 

Burslem  (bfers'lem).  A  town  in  Staffordshire, 
England,  17  mUes  north  of  Stafford.  It-  is  the 
chief  town  of  the  potteries  district,  and  cont^ns  the 
Wedgwood  Institute.    Population  (1891),  80,862. 

Burton  (ber' ton),  John  Hill.  Bom  at  Aber- 
deen, Scotland,  Aug.  22,  1809:  died  at  Morton 
House,  near  Edinburgh,  Aug.  9, 1881.  A  Scot- 
tish historian  and  jurist.  His  chief  works  are  "A 
Histoi-y  of  Scotland  from  Agricola's  Invasion  to  the  Re- 
bellion of  1746"  (1853-70),  "A  History  of  the  Reign  ol 
Queen  Anne  "  (1880). 

Burton,  Sir  Bichard  Francis.  Bom  at  Bar- 
ham  House,  Hertfordshire,  England,  March  19. 
1821:  died  at  Triest,  Austria,  Oct.  20,  1890 
A  noted  explorer  and  prolific  writer  of  travels 


Burton,  Sir  Eichard  Francis 

After  serving  In  the  East  Indian  army  lie  went  in  18BS  to 
Mecca.  His  "First  Footsteps  in  Eastern  Africa"  (1856) 
were  in  1854,  when  he  accompanied  Spelce  to  Harrar.  In 
1858  he  was  again  in  East  Alrica  with  Speke,  and  dis- 
covered Lake  Tanganyika,  while  Speke  discovered  Lake 
Victoria.  In  1861  he  was  in  West  Africa  as  British  con- 
sul at  Fernando  Po ;  ascended  the  peak  of  Kamerun ; 
and  spent  three  months  at  the  court  of  Dahomey.  To 
the  end  of  his  life  he  continued  in  the  consular  service  : 
at  Santos,  Brazil  (1864) ;  at  Damascus  (1868-72) ;  at  Triest, 
where  he  died  (1872-90).  Of  the  more  than  thirty  vol- 
umes published  by  him,  the  principal  are  "  Personal  Narra- 
tive of  a  Pilgrimage  to  El  Medinah  and  Meccah  "  (1866), 
"Lake  Regions  of  Central  Africa"  (1860),  "  A  Mission  to 
the  King  of  Dahomey  "  (1864),  "Explorations  of  the  High- 
lands of  Brazil,"  etc.  (1868),  "Gold  Mines  of  Midian" 
(1878),  and  a  literal  version  of  the  "Arabian  Nights." 
Burton,  Robert.  Bom  at  Lindley,  Leicester- 
shire, Feb.  8, 1577:  died  at  Oxford  (?),  Jan.  25, 
1640.  A  noted  English  writer.  He  entered  the 
University  of  Oxford  in  1693,  was  elected  student  of 
Christ  Church  in  1599,  and  became  rector  of  Segrave, 
Leicestershire,  in  1628.  He  was  the  authior  of  the  famous 
"Anatomy  of  Melancholy"  (which  see). 

Burton,  William  Evans.  Bom  at  London, 
Sept.  24,  1804:  died  at  New  York,  Feb.  10, 
1860.  An  English  comedian,  theatrical  man- 
ager, and  writer.  He  came  to  America  in  1834,  and 
made  his  ilrst  professional  appearance  in  September  of 
that  year  at  the  Arch  Street  Theater,  Philadelphia,  in 
which  city  he  lived  fourteen  years.  In  1837  he  started 
"The  Gentleman's  Magazine."  In  1848  he  came  to  New 
York.  With  others  he  organized  the  American  Shakspe- 
rian  Club  in  1852. 

Burton  Junior.  A  pseudonym  once  used  by 
Charles  Lamb  in  the  "Reflector,"  in  an  article 
entitled  "  On  the  Melancboly  of  Tailors." 

Burton-on-Trent  (ber'tgn-on-trenf).  [ME. 
Burton,  Burton  up  o  Trent,  AS.  Byrtun.']  A  town 
in  Staffordshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Trent 
11  miles  southwest  of  Derby.  It  is  noted  for  the 
brewing  of  pale  ale,  stout,  etc.,  in  the  establishments  of 
Bass  and  Allsopp.    Population  (1901),  50,386. 

Burtscheid  (bort'shid).  [L.  Poreetum,  F.  Bor- 
cetie.'\  A  town  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia, 
li^  miles  southeast  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  it  is  noted 
for  the  manufacture  of  cloth  and  needles,  and  for  its  min- 
eral springs.  It  has  also  an  old  Benedictine  monastery. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  13,388. 

Buru.    See  Boeroe. 

Bury  (ber'i).  A  town  and  parliamentary  bor- 
ough in  Lancashire,  England,  situated  on  the 
river  Irwell  8  miles  north  of  Manchester,  its 
chief  industries  are  manufactures  of  cotton  and  woolen 
(the  latter  introduced  under  Edward  III.).  Population 
(1901),  58,028. 

Bury,  Ange  Henri  Blaze  de.  See  Blaze  de 
Bury. 

Bury,  Bichard  de.  Bom  at  Bury  St.  Ed- 
munds in  1281:  died  at  Auckland,  England, 
1345.  An  English  prelate  and  scholar.  Hewasthe 
son  of  SirUichard  Aungerville,  and  received  his  name  from 
his  bkthplace.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  and  became  a  Ben- 
edictine monk  at  Durham.  He  was  tutor  to  Edward  of 
Windsor  (afterward  Edward  III.),  became  dean  of  Wells 
in  1333,  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Durham  in  the  same 
year,  and  was  appointed  high  chancellor  of  England  in 
1334.  He  founded  a  library  at  Oxford  in  connection  with 
Durham  College,  and  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  art  of  collect- 
ing and  preserving  books,  entitled  "  PhQobiblon,"  which 
was  first  printed  at  Cologne  in  1473. 

Bury  Fair.  A  play  by  Thomas  ShadweU,  pro- 
duced about  1690.  it  is  an  imitation  of  Molifere's 
"  Les  Pr^cieuses  Eidicules." 

Bury  Saint  Edmunds  (ber'i  sant  ed'mundz). 
A  town  in  Suffolk,  England,  situated  on  the 
Lark  in  lat.  52°  15'  N.,  long.  0°  43'  E.  it  con- 
tains  the  ruins  of  a  Benedictine  abbey  founded  by  Canute, 
the  abbey  gateway,  Norman  tower,  and  several  churches. 
The  Roman  Villa  Faustini  was  probably  here.  It  is  the 
capital  of  East  Anglia,  and  has  been  the  seat  of  several 
parliaments.  It  was  also  the  scene  of  the  murder  of  St. 
Edmund.    Population  (1891),  16,630. 

Bus  (bus),  O^sar  de.  Bom  at  Cavaillon,  Vau- 
cluse.  Prance,  Feb.  3,  1544:  died  at  Avignon, 
France,  April  .15,  1607.  A  French  priest, 
founder  of  the  "Congregation  of  the  Chris- 
tian Doctrine."  He  wrote  "Instructions  fa- 
miliSres"  (1666),  etc.  . 

Busaco  (bo-sa'k6).  A  hamlet  in  Beira,  Portu- 
gal, 17  miles  northeast  of  Coimbra.  Here,  Sept. 
27  1810,  the  British  and  Portuguese  under  Wellington 
defeated  the  French  under  Massfea.  The  loss  of  the 
French  was  about  4,500 ;  of  the  Allies,  1,300. 

Busbec,  or  Busbecii  (bus-bek'),  or  Busbecime 
(Latinized  Busbeftuius),  Augier  Ghislain  de. 

Bom  at  Comines,  Flanders,  1522:  died  near 
Kouen,  Prance,  Oct.  28,  1592.  A  Flemish  di- 
plomatist and  scholar,  ambassador  of  Ferdi- 
nand I.  at  Constantinople. 

Busby  (buz'bi),  Richard.  Borh  at  Lutton  or 
Sutton,  Lincolnshire,  England,  Sept.  22,1606: 
died  April  6,  1695.  A  noted  Enghsh  teacher, 
head-master  of  Westminster  School  1640. 

Busca  (bos'ka).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Cuneo,  Piedmont,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Maira 
9  miles  northwest  of  Cuneo.  ^     .^      „ 

Busch  (bosh),  Julius  Hermann  Montz.  Born 


197 

at  Dresden,  Feb.  13,  1821 :  died  Nov.  16, 1899. 
A  German  journalist  and  man  of  letters.  He  was 
employed  by  Bismarck  in  the  deportment  of  state.  His 
works  include  "  Sehleswig-Holsteinische  Briefe  "  (1864), 
"  Graf  Bismarck  und  seine  Leute  "  (1878),  etc. 

Biisching  (biish  'ing),  Anton  Friedrich.  Bom  at 

Stadthagen,  in  Schaxmiburg-Lippe,  (Germany, 
Sept.  27,  1724  s  died  at  Berlin,  May  28,  1793. 
A  noted  German  geographer.  His  chief  work  is 
"  Erdbeschreibung  "  (1754-92,  "Description  of  the  Globe  ": 
translated  in  part  into  English,  1762). 

Buschmann  (bosh'man),  Karl  Eduard.  Born 
at  Magdeburg,  Feb.  14,  1805 :  died  at  Berlin, 
April  21, 1880.  A  Prussian  philologist.  He  spent 
a  year  in  Mexico,  1827-28,  and  on  his  return  was  associ- 
ated with  Wilhelm  von  Humboldt  in  philological  work. 
After  1832  he  was  employed  in  the  Berlin  Royal  Library, 
eventually  becoming  librarian.  After  the  death  of  Wil- 
helm von  Humboldt,  Buschmann  was  engaged  by  Alex- 
ander von  Humboldt,  assisting  him  in  the  preparation  of 
"Kosmos  "  and  other  works.  His  principal,  independent 
writings  are  "  Ueber  die  aztekischen  Ortsnamen  "  (1853), 
"Die  Spuren  der  aztekischen  Sprache  im  nbrdliclien 
Mexico'  (1859,  2  vols.),  several  works  on  the  Apache  and 
Athapascan  languages,  and  "  Grammatik  der  sonorischen 
Sprachen  "  (1864-69).  He  edited  WUhelm  von  Humboldt's 
**  Ueber  die  Kawisprache,"  the  third  volume  being  his 
own  work. 

Bushire  (bo-sher'),  or  Abusbehr  (a-bo-sher'), 
or  Bushahr  (bo-shar').  A  seaport  in  Farsis- 
tan,  southern  Persia,  situated  on  the  Persian 
Gulf  in  lat.  28°  59'  N.,  long.  50°  50'  E.  it  is  an 
important  commercial  center,  and  a  station  of  the  British- 
Indian  Steam  Navigation  Company.  It  was  taken  by  the 
British  in  Dec,  1856.    Population,  about  15,000. 

BusMri  bin  Salim  (bo-she're  bin  sa-lem').  A 
mulatto  Arab  of  East  Africa,  head  of  the  Arab 
war  against  the  Germans  1888-89.  Bushiriwas 
bom  about  1834,  and  owned  a  plantation  at  Pangani  when 
the  Germans  annexed  that  region.  In  May,  1889,  he  was 
beaten  by  Captain  Wissmann ;  in  June  he  captured 
Mpwapwa  and  induced  the  Mafiti  tribe  to  attack  the  Ger- 
mans ;  in  Oct.  he  again  lost  a  battle  with  the  Germans, 
and  fled  to  the  Nguru  mountains.  There  he  was  captured 
by  the  natives,  and  in  December  hanged  by  the  Germans 
at  PanganL 

Bushman  Land  (bush'man  land),  Great.  A 
region  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Cape  Colony, 
South  Africa,  in  lat.  29°-30°  S.,  long.  19°-21°  E. 
It  is  inhabited  chiefly  by  Bushmen. 

Bushmen  (biish'men).  [Tr.  From  S.  African  D. 
Bosjesman.^  An  African  race.  See  Hottentot, 
Khoikhoin,  and  Pygmies.  The  Bushmen  are  also 
called  San,  and  T^.  Hahn  proposes  this  name  for  all  the 
Bushmen,  as  Khoikhoin  is  applied  to  the  Hottentots.  The 
San  language  is  evidently  a  sister  branch  of  the  Khoikhoin, 
but  poorer  and  less  regular  in  grammatic  forms,  while 
richer  in  clicks.  The  dialects  diverge  considerably.  The 
Bushmen  are  known  by  different  names,  according  to  the 
Bantu  tribes  on  whose  skirts  they  live.  Thus  the  Ama-Xosa 
call  them  Aha-tua  ;  the  Ba-suto,  Bor-rua.  Bortua,  Ba-kua, 
Ba-ts/ma,  is  the  name  most  generally  given  to  the  Pyg- 
mies and  Bushmen  from  Galla-land  to  the  Cape,  and 
would,  it  seems,  be  the  best  name  for  the  whole  race. 
Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  Pygmies  and  Bushmen  also 
speak  the  dialects  of  their  Bantu  neighbors,  most  of  the 
Pygmy  vocabularies  given  by  travelers  are  Bantu.  The 
principal  Bushmen  tribes  are  the  Ba-Bumantsu  in  Ba- 
sutoland;  the  Ba-Lala  in  Bechuanaland;  the  Ma-Denas- 
sana,  serfs  of  the  Ba-Mangwato,  of  Chuana  stock;  the 
Ma-Sarwa  in  the  Kalahari  desert ;  the  Ba-Kankala  in  the 
Kunene  valley;  and  the  Ba-Kasekele  northeast  of  them. 
It  is  not  yet  settled  whether  the  Ba-Kuise,  Ba-Kuando, 
and  Ba-Koroka  near  Mossamedes,  southern  Angola,  are 
Bushmen  or  degenerated  Bantu  negroes. 

Bushnell  (bnsh'nel),  Horace.  Bom  at  Litch- 
field, Conn.,  April  14,  1802:  died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  Feb.  17, 1876.  A  distinguished  Congre- 
gati  onal  clergyman  and  theologian.  He  preached 
at  Hartford  1833-59.  His  works  include  "  God  in  Christ " 
(1849),  "Christ  in  Theology"  (1851),  "Nature  and  the  Su- 
pernatural "  (1868),  "Vicarious  Sacrifice "  (1865),  etc. 

Bushy  (bush'i),  Sir  John.  A  follower  of  the 
king  ia  Shakspere's  "King  Richard  II." 

Busirane  (bu-si-ran').  An  enchanter,  in  Spen- 
ser's "Faerie  Queene,"  who  imprisoned  Amo- 
retta,  whom  he  kept  in  most  grievous  torment : 
named  from  Busiris. 

Busiris(bu-si'ris).  [Gr.Boimpig.']  l.Amythical 
king  of  Egypt  who  sacrificed  each  year  to  the 
gods,  to  insure  the  cessation  of  a  famine,  one 
stranger  who  had  set  foot  on  his  shores.  Hercules 
was  seized  by  him,  and  would  have  fallen  a  victim  had  he 
not  broken  his  bonds  and  slain  Busiris  with  his  club.  Bu- 
siris in  Milton,  who  follows  other  writers,  is  the  name 
given  to  the  Pharaoh  who  was  drowned  in  the  Red  Sea, 
Paradise  Lost,  i.  306.  „  <<t.t-  i^ 

2.  A  tragedy  by  Dr.  Young,  author  of  "Night 
Thoughts."    It  was  produced  in  1719. 

Busiris,  modem  Abusir  (a-bo-ser').  In  ancient 
geoOTaphy,  a  town  in  the  ^Delta,  Egypt,  near 
the  Damietta  branch  of  the  Nile. 

Bussa  (bos'sa).  A  place  situated  on  the  Niger, 
in  West  Africa,  about  lat.  10°  N.  Mungo  Park 
lost  his  life  there.  * 

Bussahir,  Bassahir  (bus-sa-her'),  or  Bisser 
(bis'ser).  A  feudatory  state  connected  with 
the  lieutenant-governorship  of  the  Panjab, 
British  India,  in  lat.  31°-32°  N.,  long.  78°  B. 


Bute,  Marquis  of 

Bussang  (bii-son')  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Vosges,  Prance,  27 miles  southeast  of  fipinal. 
It  is  noted  for  its  mineral  springs. 

Bussey  (bus'i),  Benjamin.  Born  at  Canton, 
Mass.,  March  1,  1757-  died  at  Roxbury,  near 
Boston,  Jan.  13, 1842.  An  American  merchant, 
founder  of  the  "Bussey  Institution,"  a  college 
of  agriculture  and  horticulture  connected  with 
Harvard  University,  opened  near  Boston  1869- 
1870. 

Bussorah.    See  Basra. 

Bussy  (bii-se')5C!omte  de  (Roger  de Rabutin), 
called  Bussy-Rabutin.  Bom  at  Epiry,  Niver- 
nais,  France,  April  13,  1618:  died  at  Autun, 
France,  April  9,  1693.  A  French  soldier  and 
man  of  letters,  author  of  "Histoire  amoureuse 
des  Gaules"  (1665),  "M^moires"  (1696),  "Let- 
tres"  (1697). 

Bussy  d' Ambois  (bli-se '  don-bwa' ) .  A  tragedy 
by  Chapman,  published  in  1607.  The  allusions  in 
it  to  the  knights  of  James  I.,  and  to  Elizabeth  as  an  "  old 
queen,"  forbid  a  date  earlier  than  1603 ;  and  tlie  statement 
in  i.  2,  "  'T  is  Leap  Year,"  which  must  apply  to  the  date  of 

S reduction,  fixes  the  first  representation  at  1604  (Fleay). 
'Urf ey  produced  a  play,  adapted  from  Chapman's,  with 
this  title  in  1691. 

Bussy  d' Ambois,  The  Revenge  of.  A  sequel 
to  "Bussy  d' Ambois,"  by  Chapman,  published 
in  1613. 

Bustamante  (bos-ta-man'te),  Anastasio.  Born 
at  Tiquilpan,  Miohoaoan,  July  27,  1780:  died 
at  San  Miguel  Allende,  in  Gtuanajuato,  Feb. 
6,  1853.  A  Mexican  politician  and  soldier.  He 
entered  the  Spanish  army  in  1808,  and  served  against  the 
early  revolutionists.  Joining  Iturbide  in  1821,  he  com- 
manded a  division  in  the  march  on  Mexico,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  provisional  junta.  The  fall  of  Iturbide 
(1823)  forced  him  into  retirement,bnt  in  1828  hewas  elected 
vice-president  under  Guerrero,  commanding  the  army. 
Soon  after  he  revolted  against  Guerrero,  heading  the  Cen- 
tralist party,  and  its  success  made  him  acting  president 
of  Mexico.  Santa  Anna  declared  against  him  Q832),  and 
after  a  bloody  war  Bustamante  was  deposed  (Dec.)  and 
banished.  After  Santa  Anna  was  captured  by  the  Texans, 
Bustamante  was  called  back  and  elected  president  of 
Mexico  (1837).  There  was  a  brief  war  with  France  in 
1838,  and  new  disorders  which  broke  out  in  1839  forced 
Bustamante  to  give  up  the  presidency  to  Santa  Anna 
(1841).    He  served  in  the  army  until  1848. 

Bustamante,  Carlos  Maria.  Born  in  Oajaca. 
Nov.  4,  1774:  died  at  Mexico,  Sept.  21,  1848. 
A  Mexican  statesman  and  histocian.  He  com- 
manded a  regiment  under  Morelos  (1812),  was  captured 
and  imprisoned  at  Vera  Cruz,  but  was  released  by  Santa 
Anna  and  marched  with  him  to  the  capital  (1821).  There- 
after he  took  an  active  part  in  political  life.  His  histori- 
cal works  are  of  great  importance  for  the  revolutionary 
and  modern  period:  the  best-known  is  "Cuadro  hist6rico 
de  la  revolucion  de  la  America  mejicana." 

Bustamante  y  Guerra  (bos-ta-man'te  e  gar'ra). 
Jose.  Bom  about  1750 :  died  about  1822.  A 
Spanish  naval  officer  and  administrator,  from 
March,  1811,  to  March,  1818,  captain-general  of 
Guatemala. 

Bustan  (bos-tan').  [Pers.  (from  M,  fragrance, 
and  stdn,  place ),  '  a  flower-garden,  a  place  in 
which  grow  fragrant  fruits,  an  orchard.']  The 
name  of  several  Persian  works,  among  which 
the  "  Bustan"  (or  tree-garden)  of  Sadi  is  the 
most  famous. 

Busto  Arsizio  (bos'to  ar-set'se-o).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Milan,  Italy,  19  miles  north- 
west of  MUan.    Population,  9,000. 

Busy  (biz'i),  Zeal-of-the-Land,  known  as  Rab- 
bi Busy.  An  unctuous,  gormandizing  Puritan, 
of  gross  ignorance  and  a  scorn  of  culture,  in 
Ben  Jonson's  play  "  Bartholomew  Fair." 

Busybody  (biz'i-bod''''i).  The.  A  pseudonym 
used  by  Benjamin  Franklin  in  a  series  of  arti- 
cles written  in  1728. 

Busybody,  The.  A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre, 
produced  and  printed  in  1709.  In  this  play  Mar- 
plot is  first  introduced.  The  plot  is  partly  from  Jonson's 
"  Devil  is  an  Ass."  A  second  part,  called  "  Marplot,  or  the 
Second  Part  of  the  Busybody,"  was  produced  by  Mrs. 
Centlivre  in  1710.  Henry  Woodward  altered  it  and  called 
it "  Marplot  in  Lisbon. " 

Butades.    See  Vibutades. 

Butcher  (buoh'er).  The  Bloody.  An  epithet 
applied  to  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  from  his 
cruelty  in  suppressing  the  Jacobite  rising  after 
the  battle  of  Culloden,  1746. 

Bute  (but).  An  island  situated  in  the  Pirth 
of  Clyde,  south  of  Argyll  and  west  of  Ayr- 
shire, in  the  county  of  Bute.  Its  chief  town  is 
Rothesay.  Length,  15^  miles.  Area,  60  square 
miles. 

Bute,  or  Buteshire  (but'shir).  A  county  in 
Scotland,  it  comprises  the  islands  of  Bute,  Arran,  Inch- 
mamock,  Great  Cumbrae,  Little  Cumbrae,  and  Holy  Isle. 
Its  capital  is  Rothesay.  Area,  218  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  18,404. 

Bute,  Earl  of.    See  Stuart,  John. 
Bute,  Marctuis  of.     See  Stuart,  John  Patrick 
Crichton. 


Bute,  Kyles  of 

Bate,  Eyles  of.  A  strait  between  the  island  of 
Bute  and  Argyllshire,  Scotland. 

Buthiotum  (bu-thro'tum),  modern  Butrinto 
(bo-tren'to).  In  ancient  geography,  a  seaport 
in  Epirus.  It  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by 
Helenus,  son  of  Priam. 

Butkhak  (bot'khak),  or  Boothauk  (bot'hak). 
A  pass  in  the  mountains  of  Afghanistan,  east 
of  Kabul.  ' 

Butler  (but'ler),  Alban.  Bom  at  Appletree, 
Northampton,  England,  1711 :  died  at  St.  Omer, 
Prance,  May  15, 1773.  An  English  Roman  Cath- 
olic hagiographer.  He  wrote  "Lives  of  the 
Fathers,  Martyrs,  and  other  principal  Saints" 
(1756-59),  etc. 

Butler,  Andrew  Pickens.  Bom  in  Edgefield 
District,  S.  C,  Nov.  17,  1796:  died  near  Edge- 
field Court  House,  S.  C,  May  25,  1857.  An 
American  politician.  United  States  senator 
from  South  Carolina  1846-57. 

Butler,  Benjamin  Franklin.  Bom  at  Kinder- 
hook  Lauding,  N..Y.,  Dec.  17,  1795:  died  at 
Paris,  Nov.  8, 1858.  An  American  lawyer  and 
politician,  attorney-general  of  the  United  States 
1833-38,  and  acting  secretary  of  war  1836-37. 

Butler,  Benjamin  Franklin.  Bom  at  Deer- 
field,  N.  H.,  Nov.  5,  1818:  died  at  Washington, 
Jan.  11, 1893.  An  American  lawyer,  politician, 
and  general.  He  commanded  the  Army  of  the  James ; 
was  defeated  at  Big  Bethel,  June  10, 1861 ;  captured  Forts 
Hatteras  and  Clark,  Aug.,  1861 ;  and  was  military  governor 
of  New  Orleans  May-Dec,  1862.  In  1864  he  was  "bottled 
up"  at  Bermuda  Hundred  by  the  enemy  (a  historic  phrase 
used  by  General  Barnard,  Grant's  chief  of  engineers).  He 
was  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetti  1867-75  and 
1877-79 ;  governor  of  Massachusetts  1883 ;  and  candidate 
of  the  Anti-Monopoly,  National  Greenback-Labor,  and 
People's  parties  for  President  in  1884.  In  1861  he  refused 
to  deliver  up  slaves  who  had  come  within  his  lines,  saying 
they  were  "contraband  of  war";  hence  arose  the  desig- 
nation "  contrabands  "  for  slaves. 

Butler,  Charles.  Bom  at  London,  Aug.  14, 
1750:  died  at  London,  June  2,  1832.  An  Eng- 
lish jurist,  Eoman  Catholic  historian,  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  nephew  of  Alban  Butler. 
His  works  include  "Horse  Biblicse"  (1797-1807),  "Horae 
juridicEe  subsecivse  "  (1804),  "  Keminiscences  "  (1822-27), 
etc. 

Butler,  Lady  (Blizabeth  Southerden  Thomp- 
son). Bom  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  in  1844. 
An  English  artist,  chiefly  noted  as  a  painter  of 
military  subjects.  Among  her  pictures  are  "Missing" 
(1873),  "The  Roll  Call "(1874),  "Balaklava"(1876),  "Inker- 
man  "(1877),  "  Evicted  ";1890),  etc. 

Butler,  James.  Bom  at  Clerkenwell,  England, 
Oct.  19,  1610 :  died  at  Kingston  Hall,  Dorset- 
shire, England,  July  21,  1688.  The  first  Duke 
of  Ormonde.  He  was  the  son  of  Thomas  Butler,  Vis- 
courit  Thurles,  and  became  earl  of  Ormonde  on  the  death 
of  his  grandfather  in  1632.  He  was  the  friend  and  confi- 
dential adviser  of  the  Earl  of  Strafford ;  was  appointed 
lieutenant-general  of  the  army  in  Ireland  in  1641 ;  defeated 
the  Irish  rebels  at  Killsalghen,  Kilrusfa,  and  Ross ;  and 
became  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  in  1644.  After  the  exe- 
cution of  Charles  I.  he  attached  himself  to  the  cause  of 
Charles  II.,  whom  he  accompanied  into  exile.  At  the  Res- 
toration he  was  created  duke  of  Ormonde  and  lord  high 
steward  of  England.  He  was  restored  in  1662  to  the  lord 
lieutenancy  of  Ireland,  a  post  which  he  retained,  with  an 
Interruption  of  seven  years,  until  1685. 

Butler,  James,  Duke  of  Ormonde.  Bom  in 
Dublin  Castle,  April  29,  1665:  died  Nov.  16, 
1745.  An  Irish  statesman.  He  was  the  son  of  the 
Earl  of  Ossory,  and  became  duke  of  Ormonde  on  the  death 
of  his  grandfather  James  Butler  (1610-88).  He  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  in  the  same  year,  and 
commanded  the  Life  Guards  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne 
in  1690.  In  1712  he  succeeded  Marlborough  in  the  con- 
duct of  the  campaign  in  Flanders.  In  accordance  with 
secret  instructions  from  the  ministrjs,  he  declined  to  co- 
operate with  the  Allies  against  the  French,  on  which 
account  he  was  impeached  by  the  Whigs  in  1715.  He  fled 
to  France,  was  attainted,  and  in  1719  commanded  an  ex- 
pedition fitted  out  by  Spain  against  England  in  behalf  of 
the  Pretender :  the  expedition  was  dispersed  by  a  storm. 

Butler,  James.  Bom  in  Prince  William  Coun- 
ty, Va. :  died  at  Cloud's  Creek,  S.  C,  1781.  An 
American  patriot  in  the  Eevolutionary  War. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  the  partizaii  warfare  with  the 
British,  and  was  killed  in  the  massacre  at  Cloud's  Creek. 

Butler,  John.  Born  in  Connecticut:  died  at 
Niagara,  1794.  An  American  Tory  commander 
in  the  Kevolutionary  War.  He  was  made  deputy 
superintendent  of  Indian  affairs  by  the  British  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  led  a  force  of 
900  Indians  and  200  loyalists,  which  desolated  the  infant 
settlement  of  Wyoming  in  1778,  in  the  so-called  "  Wyoming 
massacre."  After  the  war  he  fled  to  Canada,  and  his  es- 
tates were  confiscated;  but  he  was  rewarded  by  the 
British  government  with  the  office  of  Indian  agent,  6,000 
acres  of  land,  and  a  salary  and  pension  of  S3,600  a  year. 

Butler,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Wantage,  Berkshire, 
England,  May  18, 1692:  died  at  Bath,  England, 
June  16, 1752.  An  English  prelate  and  theolo- 
gian, made  bishop  of  Bristol  in  1738,  and  of 
Durham  in  1750.  His  most  noted  work  is  the  "Anal- 
ogy of  Religion,  Natural  and  Revealed,  to  the  Constitu- 
tion and  Course  of  Nature  "  (173B). 


198 

Butler,  Reuben.  In  Scott's  novel  "The Heart 
of  Mid-Lothian,"  a  weak  and  sensitive  minister 
of  the  Scottish  (Jhuroh,  who  marries  Jeanie 
Deans. 

Butler,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Strensham,  Worces- 
tershire, England,  Feb.,  1612 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  25, 1680.  An  BngUsh  poet.  He  is  said 
to  have  studied  for  a  short  time  at  Cambridge  about  1627 ; 
was  attendant  to  Elizabeth,  countess  of  Kent,  about  1628, 
in  whose  house  he  met  John  Selden;  and  served  as  clerk 
or  attendant  to  a  succession  of  country  gentlemen,  in- 
cluding the  Presbyterian  Sir  Samuel  Luke,  who  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  original  of  Hudibras.  He  was  the  author 
of  "  Hudibras  "  (1663-78),  a  heroic-comic  poem  satirizing 
Puritanism. 

Butler,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Kenilworth,  War- 
wickshire, England,  Jan.  30,  1774:  died  at  Eo- 
oleshaU  Clastle,  Staffordshire,  England,  Dec.  4, 
1839.  An  English  prelate  and  classical  scholar, 
bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry. 

Butler,  Walter.  Died  near  Schorndorf,  Wiir- 
temberg,  1634.  An  Irish  adventurer  in  the 
imperial  service  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  an 
accomplice  in  the  assassination  of  WaUenstein. 

Butler,  William  Allen.  Born  at  Albany,  N.  Y. , 
Feb.  20,  1825:  died  at  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  9, 
1902.  An  American  lawyer  and  poet,  son  of 
Benjamin  Franklin  Butler  (1795-1858).  He  was 
graduated  at  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York  in 
1843 ;  studied  law  with  his  father ;  and  took  up  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  New  York  city.  He  was  the  author  of  "No- 
thingto Wear:  anBpisodeinCityLife"(1857), etc., ' 'TwoMil- 
lions"  (1868),  "Generiil  Average"  (1860),  and  other  poems. 

Butler,  William  Archer.  Born  at  Annerville, 
near  Clonmel,  Ireland,  about  1814:  died  July  5, 
1848.  An  Irish  clergyman  and  philosophical 
and  theological  writer,  professor  of  moral  phi- 
losophy in  the  University  of  Dublin.  His  works 
include  "  Sermons  **  (1849),  "  Letters  on  the  Development 
of  Christian  Doctrine  "  (1850),  "  Lectures  on  the  History 
of  Ancient  Philosopny"  (1866),  etc. 

Butler,  William  Orlando.  Bom  in  Jessamine 
County,  Ky.,  1791:  died  at  CarroUton,  Ky., 
Aug.  6,  1880.  An  American  general  and  poli- 
tician. He  served  in  the  War  of  1812 ;  commanded  the 
army  in  Mexico,  Feb.-May,  1848;  was  a  member  of  Con- 
gress 1839-43;  and  was  Democratic  candidate  for  Vice- 
President  in  1848. 

Bute  (bu'to).  An  Egyptian  divinity,  identified 
by  the  Greeks  with  Leto :  the  ejjonymous  god- 
dess of  Buto  or  Butos,  a  town  in  the  western 
part  of  the  Nile  delta. 

Euton  (bo-ton'),  or  Boeton,  or  Bouton.  An 
island  in  the  East  Indies,  southeast  of  Celebes, 
in  lat.  5°  S.,  long.  123°  E.,  belonging  to  the 
Netherlands.  Area,  estimated,  1,700  square 
miles. 

Butt  (but),  Isaac.  Bom  at  Glenfin,  Donegal, 
Ireland,  Sept.  6,  1813:  died  near  Dundrum, 
County  Dublin,  May  5,  1879.  An  Irish  lawyer 
and  politician.  He  entered  Parliament  inl852,asmem- 
ber  for  Harwich,  and  was  leader  of  the  Home  Rule  party 
1871-77.  He  was  the  author  of  a  "  History  of  Italy  from 
the  Abdication  of  Napoleon  I."  (1860),  etc. 

Butte  (but),  or  Butte  City.  A  city  in  Silver 
Bow  County,  Montana,  situated  in  the  heart  of 
the  Kocky  Mountains,  in  lat.  46°  3'  N.,  long. 
112°  27' W.  It  contains  the  Anaconda  and  many  other 
mines,  and  produces  large  quantities  of  gold,  silver,  and 
copper.    Population  (1900),  30,470. 

Buttermere  (but'fer-mer).  A  small  lake  in  the 
Lake  District  of  England,  situated  6  miles 
southwest  of  Derwentwater. 

Buttes  (biit),  Les.  A  village  in  the  canton  of 
Neuchatel,  Switzerland,  situated  20  miles  south- 
west of  Neuchatel.  It  is  noted  for  its  position, 
inclosed  by  mountains. 

Buttington  (but'ing-ton).  A  place  in  Mont- 
gomery, Wales,  situated  on  the  Severn  8  miles 
north  of  Montgomery.  Here,  in  894,  the  Eng- 
lish under  the  ealdorman  .^thelred  defeated 
the  Danes. 

Buttisholz  (biit'tis-holts).  A  village  in  the 
canton  of  Lucerne,  Switzerland,  situated  11 
miles  northwest  of  Lucerne.  Here,  in  1376,  the 
Swiss  peasants  defeated  and  slew  3,000  English  under 
Ingelram  de  Coucy :  their  bodies  were  buried  in  the 
'•  Engianderhiibel "  (Englishman's  mound). 

Buttmann  (bot'man),  Philipp  Karl.  Bom  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Germany,  Dec.  5, 1764: 
died  at  Berlin,  Jmie  21, 1829.  A  noted  German 
philologist.  His  works  include  "GriecMsche 
Grammatik"  (1792), "  Schulgrammatik"  (1816), 
"LexUogus"  (1818). 

Button  (but'n),  Sir  Thomas.  Died  1634.  An 
English  navigator.  He  commanded  an  expedition  to 
search  for  the  northwest  passage,  1612-13,  on  which  he 
explored  for  the  first  time  the  coasts  of  Hudson  Bay,  and 
named  Nelson  River,  New  Wales,  and  Button's  Bay. 

Butts  (buts),  Sir  William.  Died  Nov.  22, 
1545.  An  English  physician.  He  was  born  in 
Norfolk  and  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  being  admitted 
to  the  degree  of  11.  D.  in  1518.    He  subsequently  became 


Byng,  George 

physician  in  ordinary  to  Henry  VIII.    He  appears  as  one 
of  the  characters  in  Shakspere's  "  Henry  vm."  (v.  2). 

Buturlin  (bo-tor-len'),  Dmitri  Petrovitch. 

Bom  at  St.  Petersburg,  1790:  died  near  St. 
Petersburg,  Oct.  21,  1849.  A  Russian  military 
writer.  His  works  include  "  Relation  de  la  campagne 
en  Italie  1799"  (1810),  "Tableau  de  la  campagne  de  1818 
en  AUemagne  "  (1816),  etc. 
Buxar,  or  Baxar  (buk-sar').  A  town  in  Brit- 
ish India,  situated  60  miles  east-northeast  of 
Benares.  Here,  Oct.  23, 1764,  the  British  force  (7,000) 
under  Hector  Munro  defeated  the  native  army  (40,000). 
The  loss  of  the  latter  was  over  6,000. 

Buzhowden  (boks-hfev'den),  Count  Friedrich 
Wilhelm  von.  Born  at  Magnusthal,  island 
of  Mohn,  Baltic  Sea,  Sept.  25  (N.  8.),  1750: 
died  at  Lohde,  Esthonia,  Eussia,  Sept.  4  (N.  S.), 
1811.  A  Russian  general,  distinguished  in  the 
campaigns  in  Poland  and  Sweden.  He  com- 
manded the  Russian  left  wing  at  Austerlitz. 

Buxton  (buks'tpn).  A  town  and  watering-place 
in  Derbyshire,  England,  situated  20  miles  south- 
east of  Manchester.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  mineral 
springs.  Its  chief  structure 'is  the  "Crescent,"  and  the 
objects  of  interest  in  the  vicinity  are  Poole's  Hole  (stalac- 
tite cave).  Diamond  Hill,  and  the  cliff.  Chee  Tor.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  7,424. 

Buxton,  Charles.  Bom  Nov.  18,  1823 :  died 
Aug.  10,  1871.  An  EngUsh  politician  and  phi- 
lanthropist, sou  of  Sir  Thomas  Fowell  Buxton. 
He  was  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1843 ;  be- 
came a  partner  in  the  brewery  of  'Truman,  Hanbury  and 
Co.,  London,  in  1845 ;  was  member  of  Parliament  for  New- 
port, Isle  of  Wight,  1867-59,  for  Maidstone  1869-65,  and  for 
Kast  Surrey  1866-71.  He  edited  "  Memoirs  of  Sir  Thomas 
Fowell  Buxton"  (1848),  "Slavery  and  Freedom  in  the 
British  West  Indies  "  (1860),  etc. 

Buxton,  Jedediah.  Bom  at  Elmton,  Derby- 
shire, England,  March  20,  1705:  died  there, 
1772.  An  English  mathematical  prodigy.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  schoolmaster,  but  remained  throughout 
life  a  farm  laborer,  because  of  incapacity'  to  acquire  an 
education,  his  mind  being  occupied  by  an  absorbing  pas- 
sion for  mental  calculations. 

Buxton,  Sir  Thomas  Fowell,  Born  April  1, 
1786:  died  Feb.  19,  1845.  An  English  philan- 
thropist. He  was  an  advocate  of  the  abolition  of  sla- 
very, and  was  parliamentary  leader  of  the  antislavery 
party  after  1824. 

Buxtorf,  or  Buxtorflf  (boks'tdrf),  Johann,  the 
elder.  Bom  at  Kamen,  Westphalia,  Germany, 
Dee.  25, 1564 :  died  at  Basel,  Switzerland,  Sept. 
13, 1629.  A  German  Protestant  theologian,  n  oted 
as  a  Hebraist.  He  was  professor  at  Basel  1591-1629. 
His  chief  works  are  "Manualehebraicum  et  chaldaicum  " 
(1602),  "Lexicon  bebraicum  et  chaldaicum  "  (1607),  "Bib- 
lia  hebraica  rabbinica  "  (1618-19). 

Buxtorf,  or  BuxtorfF,  Johann,  the  younger. 
Born  at  Basel,  S'witzerland,  Aug.  13, 1599 :  died 
at  Basel,  Aug.  16,  1664.  A  German  Hebraist, 
son  of  Johann  Buxtorf. 

Buyides  (bii'yi-dez),  or  Bo'wides.  A  Persian 
dynasty  of  the  10th  and  11th  centuries,  over- 
thrown about  1055. 

Buzfuz  (buz'fuz).  Sergeant.  In  Charles  Dick- 
ens's "Pickwick  Papers,"  the  pompous  and 
brutal  counsel  for  Mrs.  Bardell  in  the  Bardell- 
Pickwiok  breach-of promise  suit. 

Buzzard  (buz'ard),  Mr.  Justice.  A  character 
in  Fielding's  ''Amelia"  whose  "ignorance  of 
law  is  as  great  as  his  readiness  to  take  a 
bribe." 

Buzzard's  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
lying  southeast  of  Massachusetts.  It  is  separated 
from  Vineyard  Sound  by  the  Elizabeth  Islands.  Length, 
30  miles.    Breadth,  5-10  miles. 

Byblis  (bib'lis).  In  classical  mythology,  the 
daughter  of  Miletus  and  sister  of  Cavmus. 
From  her  tears  arose  the  fountain  of  Byblis. 

Byblos  (bib'los).  In  ancient  geography,  a  city 
of  Phenicia.  It  was  tributary  to  Assyria.  See 
Gebal.  ' 

Byblos.  A  town  in  the  Delta,  Egypt,  south  of 
Bubastis. 

Bycorne,    See  CMcheoache. 

Bye  Plot  (bi  plot),  or  Surprise  Plot.  A  con- 
spiracy in  1603  to  seize  the  person  of  James  I. 
of  England,  and  extort  certain  religious  con- 
cessions. Its  members  were  Markham,  Brooke, 
Lord  Grey  of  Wilton,  and  others. 

Byerly  Turk  (bi'er-li  t6rk).  The.  One  of  the 
three  Oriental  horses  from  which  all  names 
in  the  stud-book  trace  descent.  See  Barley's 
Arabian  and  Godolphin  Barb.  He  was  ridden  by  a 
Captain  Byerly  in  the  first  Irish  campaign  of  ICing  Wil- 
liam m.,  1689.  Nothing  more  seems  to  be  known  of  his 
origin.  From  him  springs  the  Herod  family  of  thorough- 
breds. 

Byles  (bilz),  Mather,  Bom  at  Boston,  March 
26,  1706:  died  at  Boston,  July  5,  1788.  An 
American  clergyman  and  poet,  pastor  of  the 
HoUis  Street  Church  at  Boston  1733-76.  He 
was  imprisoned  as  a  Tory  in  1777. 

Byng  (bing),  George.   See  Torrington,  Viscount. 


Byng,  John 

Byng,  John.  Born  1704:  executed  in  Ports- 
mouth harbor,  England,  March  14,  1757.  A 
British  admiral,  son  of  Viscount  Torrington. 
He  was  unauocessf  ul  in  an  expedition  to  relieve  Minorca, 
which  was  threatened  by  a  French  fleet  under  the  Duke 
of  Eioheheu  in  1766 ;  and  at  the  instance  of  the  ministry, 
whose  ineffectual  war  policy  had  rendered  it  unpopular, 
was  tried  by  a  court  martial,  and  found  guilty  of  neglect 
of  duty.  He  was  shot  in  spite  of  the  unanimous  recom- 
mendation to  mercy  by  the  court,  which  deplored  that 
the  article  of  war  under  which  he  was  condemned  ad- 
mitted of  no  mitigation  of  punishment,  even  if  the  crime 
were  committed  by  a  mere  error  of  judgment. 

Byr  (bUrV,  Eobert.  The  name  under  which  Karl 
Robert  Emmerich  Bayer  wrote,  and  by  which 
he  was  frequently  known. 

Byrd  (berd),  William.  Bom  at  Westover, 
Va.,  March  28  (16?),  1674:  died  there,  Aug. 
26, 1744.  An  American  lawyer.  He  was  educated 
in  England ;  was  called  to  the  bar  "at  the  Middle  Temple ; 
studied  in  the  Netherlands ;  visited  the  court  of  France ; 
was  chosen  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society ;  was  receiver^gen- 
eral  ofthe  revenue  in  Virginia ;  was  three  times  colonial 
agent  in  England;  was  for  thirty-seven  years  member 
and  finally  president  of  the  council  of  the  colony ;  and  in 
1728  was  one  of  the  commissioners  appointed  to  fix  the 
boundary  between  Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  an  ac- 
count of  which  is  contained  in  the  so-called  "  Westover 
Manuscripts  "  (Petersburg,  1841),  written  by  him. 

Byrgius  (b6r'ji-us),  Justus,  Latinized  from 
Jobst  Biirgi  (biir'gi).  Bom  at  Liohtensteig, 
St.  Gall,  Switzerland,  Feb.  28,  1552 :  died  at 
Cassel,  Germany,  Jan.  31,  1632.  A  Swiss  in- 
ventor and  mathematician.  He  published  loga- 
rithmic tables  (1620),  and  constructed  a  celestial  globe, 
sector,  etc. 

Byrom  (bi'rom),  John.  Bom  Feb.  29, 1692,  at 
Kersall  Cell,  Broughton,  near  Manchester:  died 
Sept.  26, 1763.  An  English  poet  and  stenogra- 
pher. He  studied  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,of  which 
he  became  a  fellow  in  1714.  He  invented  a  system  of 
shorthand  which  was  published  in  1767  under  the  title 
"The  Universal  English  Shorthand. "  A  collective  edition 
of  his  poems,  the  most  notable  of  which  are  "  Colin  to 
Phoebe,^'  "Three  Black  Crows,"  and  "Figg  and  Sutton," 
appeared  at  Manchester  in  1773. 


199 

Byron.    See  Biron. 

i^on  (bi'ron),  George  Noel  Gordon,  Lord. 
Born  at  London,  Jan.  22,  1788:  died  at  Mis- 
solonghL  Greece,  April  19,  1824.  A  cele- 
brated English  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  John  Byron, 
captain  in  the  Guards,  by  his  second  wife  Catherine  Gor- 
don. His  family  traced  its  origin  back  to  the  Norman 
conquest.  He  was  bom  with  a  malformation  of  both  feet. 
His  mother,  who  had  been  deserted  by  her  husband,  re- 
sided with  her  son  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  1791-98.  On 
the  death  of  his  granduncle  William,  fifth  Lord  Byron, 
in  the  latter  year,  he  inherited  his  titles  and  estate,  in- 
cluding Newstead  Abbey.  He  subsequently  studied  at 
Harrow  and  at  Cambridge,  where  he  took  the  degree  of 
M.  A.  in  1808.  In  1807  he  published  "Hours  of  Idle- 
ness," which  elicited  adverse  criticism  from  a  writer  in  the 
"Edinburgh  Eeview,"  probably  Lord  Brougham.  Byron 
responded  with  the  satire  "English  Bards  and  Scotch 
Reviewers"  (1809),  which  attracted  considerable  atten- 
tion. In  1809-11  he  traveled  in  Portugal,  Spain,  Turtey, 
and  Greece,  and  in  1812  published  the  first  two  cantos 
of  " Childe Harold, "the  others  appearing  in  1816 and  1818. 
lu  1815  he  married  Miss  Anne  Isabella  Milbanke,  by  whom 
he  became,  in  1816,  the  lather  of  Augusta  Ada  (afterward 
Countess  of  Lovelace),  and  who  left  him  for  some  unex- 
plained reason  in  1816.  He  abandoned  England  in  1816,  and 
in  this  year  met  at  Geneva  Miss  Clairmont,  who  bore  him, 
in  1817,  an  illegitimate  child,  AUegra,  who  was  placed  by 
him  in  a  Homan  Catholic  convent  at  Bagna-Cavallo,  near 
Eavenna,  where  she  died  in  1822.  In  1819  he  mei^  at  Venice, 
Teresa,  Countess  Guiccioli,  with  whom  he  maintained  a 
liaison  during  the  remainder  of  his  residence  in  Italy.  He 
subsequently  lived  at  Eavenna,  Pisa,  and  Genoa,  taking  an 
active  interest  in  the  revolutionary  movement  of  the  Car- 
bonari. In  1823  he  joined  the  Greek  insurgents  at  Cepha- 
lonia,  and  in  the  following  year  became  the  commander- 
in-chief  at  Missolonghi,  where  he  died  of  a  fever.  Besides 
the  titles  already  mentioned,  his  works  include  "The 
Giaour  "  (1813),  "  The  Bride  of  Abydos  "  (1813),  "  The  Cor- 
sair" (1814),  "Lara"  (1814),  "Hebrew  Melodies"  (1816), 
"Poems  by  Lord  Byron"  (1816),  "Prisoner  of  Chillon,  and 
other  Poems  "  (1816),  "Manfred  "  (1817),  "  Mazeppa"(1819), 
"  Marino  Faliero  "  (1820),  "  The  Two  Fosoari  "  and  "  Cain  " 
(one  volume,  1821),  "The  Deformed  Transformed"  (1824), 
"Don  Juan"  (1819-24),  etc.  "Life  and  Works"  pub- 
lished by  Murray  (1832-36) .  See  Moore's  "  Life  of  Byron  " 
(1830),  Gait,  "Life  of  Byron"  (2d  ed.  1830),  Trelawney, 
"EecoUections  of  the  Last  Days  of  Shelley  and  Byron  " 
(1858),  and  Guiccioli,  Comtesse  de,  "Lord  Byron  jug^  par 
les  t^moins  de  sa  vie  "  (1868). 


Byzantium 

Bjrron,  Harriet.  An  affected  orphan,  attached 
to  Sir  Charles  Grandison,  and  the  principal 
writer  of  the  letters,  in  Eichardson's  novel  of 
that  name. 

Byron,  John.  Bom  Nov.  8,  1723:  died  April 
10,  1786.  A  British  naval  officer,  second  son 
of  William,  fourth  Lord  Byron.  He  entered  the 
navy  when  a  boy,  and  in  1740  was  midshipman  of  the 
Wager  in  Anson's  squadron  which  was  wrecked  near  Cape 
Horn.  From  1764  to  1766  he  commanded  two  vessels  in 
a  voyage  of  exploration  around  the  world;  but  beyond 
the  curious  observations  on  the  Indians  of  Patagonia  and 
the  discovery  of  some  small  Islands  in  the  Pacific  he  ac- 
complished little.  He  was  governor  of  Newfoundland 
1769-72 :  became  vice-admiral  in  1778 ;  and  on  July  6L 
1779,  had  an  engagementwith  the  French  fleet  of  D'Bstaing 
off  Grenada,  West  Indies,  but  was  defeated. 

Byron's  Conspiracy,  and  Byron's  Tragedy. 

Two  plays  by  Chapman,  produced  in  1605, 
printed  in  1608 :  they  may  be  regarded  as  one. 
They  were  reprinted  during  the  author's  lifetime,  with 
revisions,  in  1626.  Charles,  duke  of  Biron  (who  was  ex- 
ecuted in  1602),  is  represented  in  these  plays  as  a  self-con- 
fldent  braggart  of  "boundless  vainglory." 

Byrsa  (bfer'sa).  [Gr.  Bi/xra.]  The  citadel  of 
Carthage. 

Byto'wn  (bi'toun).  The  former  name  of  Ottawa, 
Canada. 

Byzantine  Empire,    See  Eastern  Empire. 

Byzantine  Historians.  A  collective  term  for 
the  Greek  historians  of  the  Eastern  Empire. 
The  most  important  were  Zosimus,  Procopius,  Agathias, 
Constantino  Porphyrogenitus,  Anna  Comnena,  Joannes 
Cinnamus,  Nlcetas,  etc. 

Byzantium  (bi-zan'tium).  [Gr.  Bjjfdvnov.]  In 
ancient  geography,  "a  Greek  city  built  on  the 
eastern  part  of  the  site  of  Constantinople,  in 
which  it  was  merged  in  330  A.  D.  it  was  noted 
for  its  control  of  the  corn-trade  and  for  flsheries.  It  was 
founded  by  Megarians  in  the  7th  century  B.  0.,  and  was 
recolonized  after  the  battle  of  Platsea  (479  B.  0.).  Alci- 
biades  conquered  it  in  408  B.  0.,  and  Lysander  in  406  B.  0. 
In  389  B.  0.  it  was  besieged  by  Philip  of  Macedon  and 
relieved  by  Phocion,  and  again  besieged  and  taken  by  Seve- 
rufl  194-196  A.  D.    See  Constantinople. 


cte^- , 


5g^i^j^^Baaba.  See  Kadba. 
'■  '"'  '^"  CaaguiiS  (ka-a-gwas')>  or 
Oais  (ka-as').  ['Porest- 
meB.']  A  horde  of  wild 
South  American  Indians  liv- 
ing on  the  river  Parand  in 
northwestern  Paraguay  and 
the  adjacent  parts  of  Brazil. 
They  are  the  degraded  remains  of  Guarani  tribes.  Dur- 
ing the  18th  century  they  sometimes  took  refuge  in  the 
Jesuit  missions  of  Paraguay  from  the  oppressions  of  the 
slave-hunters  of  Sao  Paulo ;  but  they  subsequently  renewed 
their  wild  life.    Very  little  is  known  of  them. 

Oaamano  (ka-a-ma'nyo),  Jos6  Maria  Placido. 

Bom  at  Gruayaquil,  Oct.  5,  1838.  An  Ecua- 
dorian statesman,  in  1882  he  was  banished  for  con- 
spiring  against  the  dictator  Veintimilla.  From  Peru  he 
led  an  expedition  against  Guayaquil,  1883,  which  was 
eventually  successful.  The  downfall  of  Veintimilla  fol- 
lowed. Caamailo  was  made  president  ad  interim  Oct.  11, 
1883,  and  was  regularly  elected  president  Feb.  17, 1884, 
holding  the  office  until  June  30,  1888.  In  1889  and  1890 
he  was  minister  to  Washington. 

Gads.    See  Caaguds. 

Cabades  (ka-ha'dez),  or  Cavades  (ka-va'dez), 
Pers.  Kobad  (ko-bad').    King  of  Persia.    See 


Cabal  (ka-bal'),  The.  An  unpopular  ministry 
of  Charles  IT.,  consisting  of  Clifford,  Ashley, 
Buckingham,  Arlington,  and  Lauderdale,  the 
initials  of  whose  names  happened  to  compose 
the  word.    It  held  office  1667  to  1673. 

Caballero  y  de  la  Torre  (ka-bal-ya'ro  e  da  la 
tor're),  Jose  Agustin.  Born  atHavana,  Feb., 
1771:  died  there,  April  6,  1835.  A  Cuban  edu- 
cator and  noted  pulpit  orator.  He  studied  at  the 
Seminary  of  San  Carlos  and  the  Havana  University,  and 
was  long  the  director  of  the  former  institution  and  lee- 
turer  on  philosophy. 

Caballero  y  Gongora  (ka-bal-ya'ro  e  gon'gS- 
ra),  Antonio.  A  Spanish  prelate  who  in  1780 
was  archbishop  of  Santa  ¥6  (New  Granada) 
and  made  an  attempt  to  conciliate  the  rebels 
in  the  south.  He  was  appointed  viceroy,  and  ruled  New 
Granada  from  1782  to  1789,  uniting  the  religious,  militai'y, 
and  civil  powers. 

Cabanagem  (ka-ba-na'zham),  or  Cabanos 
(ka-ba'nosh).  [Pg.,  'cottagers,'  from  ca- 
bana, a  hut.]  The  name  given  in  Brazil  to 
the  rebels  who,  from  1833  to  1836,  overran  the 
Amazon  valley.  The  abdication  of  Pedro  1.  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  rumor  that  the  regency  desired  to  turn  Brazil 
over  to  Portugal.  Certain  liberal  leaders  in  Pari  took  ad- 
vantage of  this  report,  called  to  their  aid  the  ignorant 
Indian  and  mulatto  population,  murdered  the  president, 
and  committed  many  atrocities.  Matters  went  from  bad 
to  worse  until  the  whole  province  was  in  a  state  of  anarchy 
and  Pari  was  abandoned  by  the  whites.  The  rebellion 
was  subdued  by  Andrea  in  1836. 

Cabanas  (ka-ban'yas),  Trinidad.  Bom  in  Hon- 
duras about  1802 :  died  Jan.  8, 1871.  A  Central 
American  general.  He  was  an  officer  with  Morazan, 
and  an  upholder  of  Central  American  unity.  In  1844  he 
aided  in  the  defense  of  Leon,  Nicaragua,  against  Malespin, 
and  in  1845  he  led  the  Salvadorian  troops  which  attempted 
to  overthrow  Malespin,  He  was  made  president  of  Hon- 
duras March  1,  1862.  An  attempt  to  interfere  with  the 
affairs  of  Guatemala  led  to  his  deposition  by  Guatemalan 
troops  aided  by  revolutionists  of  Honduras,  July,  1866.  He 
fled  to  Salvador  and  remained  in  exile  several  years. 

Cabauel  (ka-ba-nel'),  Alexandre.  Born  at 
MontpelUer,  France,  Sept.  28,  1823:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  23,  1889.  A  noted  French  histori- 
cal, genre,  and  portrait  painter,  a  pupil  of  Pioot. 
He  won  the  grand  prix  de  Home  in  1846,  a  medal  of  the 
second  class  in  1862,  a  medal  of  the  first  class  in  1865,  and 
medals  of  honor  in  1866, 1867,  and  1878.  He  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Institute  in  1863,  and  was  professor  in  the  Ecole 
des  Beaux  Arts. 

CabaniS  (ka-ba-nes').  A  historical  novel  re- 
lating to  the  times  of  Frederick  the  Great,  by 
Wilhelm  Haring  (pseudonym  "Wilibald  Alex- 
is"), 1832. 

Cabanis  (ka-ba-nes'),  Pierre  Jean  George. 
Bom  at  Cosnac,  Charente-Inf^rieure,  France, 
June  5, 1757:  died  near  Meulan,  France,  May  5, 
1808.  AnotedFrench  physicist  and  philosopher. 
He  was  the  author  of  "Rapports  du  physique  et  du moral 
de  I'homme  "  (1802).  In  this  work  he  discussed  systemat- 
ically the  relations  of  soul  and  body,  with  materialistic 
conclusions.  He  regarded  the  physical  and  the  psychical 
as  the  same  thing  looked  at  from  different  points  of  view, 
and  the  soul  not  as  a  being,  but  as  a  faculty. 


Cabarrus  (ka-ba-rii'),  Comte  Francois  de. 

Born  at  Bayonne,  France,  1752 :  died  at  Seville, 
Spain,  April  27, 1810.  A  Spanish  financier,  of 
French  origin.  He  was  minister  of  finance 
under  Joseph  Bonaparte  1808-10. 

Cabeca  de  Vaca.    See  Cabeza  de  Vaca. 

Gabel  (ka-bel'),  Mme.  (Marie  Josdpbe  Dreul- 
lette).  Born  at  Li6ge,  Belgium,  Jan.  31,  1827. 
A  Belgian  opera-singer.  Mej^erbeer  wrote  for 
her  the  part  of  Catherine  in  "L'fitoile  du 
Nord,"  and  also  that  of  Dinorah. 

Cabes  (ka'bes),  or  Gabes  (ga'bes),  Gulf  of. 
An  arm  of  the  Mediterranean,  south  of  Tunis, 
in  lat.  34°  N.,  long.  10°-11°  E.:  the  ancient 
Syrtis  Minor.  There  is  a  town  of  the  same 
name  situated  on  the  gulf,  with  about  8,000 
inhabitants. 

Cabestaing  (ka-bes-tan'),  or  Cabestan  (ka-bes- 
ton'),  Guillaume  de.  A  Proven9al  poet  ac- 
cording to  Papon,  Roussillonnais  according  to 
Millot.  He  lived  toward  the  end  of  the  12th  century, 
and  was  killed  from  jealousy  by  S.aymond  of  IRoussillon. 
According  to  the  legend,  Raymond  caused  his  wife  to  eat, 
unwittingly,  of  Cabestaing's  heart.  When  she  learned 
what  she  had  done  she  declared  that  her  lips,  which  had 
tasted  such  noble  food,  should  touch  no  other,  and  died  ol 
starvation.  Seven  of  his  poems,  reflecting  a  pure  and  in- 
tense passion,  have  been  preserved. 

Oabet  (ka-ba'),  Etienne.  Bom  at  Dijon,  Jan. 
1, 1788 :  died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Nov.  8, 1856.  A 
French  communist.  He  was  an  advocate  by  profes- 
sion ;  was  elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1831 ; 
founded  "Le  Populaire"  in  1833 ;  and  fled  to  England  in 
1834  in  order  to  escape  punishment  on  account  of  an  ar- 
ticle which  he  had  published  in  that  journaL  He  re- 
turned to  France  in  consequence  of  the  amnesty  of  1839. 
He  wrote  "Histoire  populaire  de  la  revolution  fran^aise 
de  1789  h  1830,"  "Voyage  en  Icarie,  roman  philosophique 
et  social "  (1840).  He  established  a  communistic  settle- 
ment, called  Icarie,  in  Texas  in  1848,  which  was  removed 
to  Nauvoo,  Illinois,  in  1860.    See  Icaria. 

Cabeza  del  Buey  (ka-ba' tha  del  bo-a').  A  small 
town  situated  in  the  province  of  Badajoz,  Spain, 
in  lat.  38°  40'  N.,  long.  5°  17'  W. 

Cabeza  de  Vaca  (ka^ba'tha  da  va'ka),  Alvar 
Nunez.  Born  at  Jerez  de  la  Frontera,  Spain, 
probably  in  1490:  died  at  Seville  after  1560. 
A  Spanish  soldier,  in  1628  he  was  comptroller  and 
royal  treasurer  with  the  expedition  of  Pamphilo  de  Nar- 
vaez  to  Florida.  He  and  three  others  were  the  only  ones 
who  escaped  from  shipwreck  and  the  savages ;  after  liv- 
ing for  years  among  the  Indians,  they  reached  the  Span- 
ish settlements  in  northern  Mexico  in  April,  1536.  Cabeza 
de  Vaca  returned  to  Spain  in  15S7,  and  in  1540  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Paraguay.  He  sailed  with  400  men, 
landed  on  the  coast  of  southern  Brazil,  and  marched  over- 
land to  Asuncion,  the  journey  occupying  nearly  a  year.  In 
1643  he  explored  the  upper  Paraguay.  On  April  26, 1644, 
he  was  deposed  and  imprisoned  by  the  coloniste  for  alleged 
arbitrary  acts.  Sent  1x5  Spain  the  next  year,-  he  was  tried, 
by  the  Council  of  the  Indies  and  sentenced  to  be  banished 
to  Gran,  Africa;  but  he  was  subsequently  recalled  by  the 
king,  received  a  pension,  and  was  made  judge  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Seville.  While  his  case  was  pending  before 
the  Council  of  the  Indies  he  published  two  works :  one, 
"Naufragios,  peregrinaciones  y  milagros,"  describing  his 
Florida  adventures,  and  the  other,  "Commentarios,"  relat- 
ing to  his  administration  in  Paraguay.  Both  were  written 
for  his  own  justification  ;  but,  maldng  allowances  for  this, 
they  are  of  great  historical  value.  There  are  modern  edi- 
tions in  several  languages. 

Cabinda,  or  Eabinda  (ka-ben'da).  A  town 
and  harbor  of  Portuguese  West  Africa,  situated 
a  few  miles  north  of  the  Kongo  estuary,  in  lat. 
5°  30'  8.,  long.  12°  10'  E.  It  is  the  oapital  of  the 
Kongo  district  of  the  province  of  Angola,  and  is  a  favorite 
rendezvous  of  American  whalers.  It  has  developed  rap- 
idly since  1885,  and  especially  since  the  introduction  of  a 
high  tariff  in  the  Kongo  State.  In  the  native  language  the 
country  and  people  are  called  Ngoyo.  They  have  no  head 
chief,  but  numerous  petty  chiefs,  called  kings.  See  Kongo 
andM-Ti^o^o. 

Cabiri,  or  Kabeiri  (ka-bi'ri).  [Gr.  Kdpsipot, 
the  mighty  ones.]  1.  The  seven  planets  wor- 
shiped by  "the  Phenioians.  Their  father  was 
called  Syduk  ('justice'). — 2.  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, certain  beneficent  deities  of  whose  charac- 
teristics little  is  known,  worshiped  in  parts  of 
Greece  and  in  the  islands  of  Imbros,  Lemnos, 
and  Samothraee.  They  are  possibly  connected  with 
the  Cabiri  of  Phenicia.  To  both  were  ascribed  the  inven- 
tion of  arts,  especially  of  ship-building,  navigation,  and  the 
working  of  iron.  Their  rites  were  secret.  The  mysteries 
of  the  Cabiri  of  Samothraee  were  regarded  as  inferior  only 
200 


to  the  Klensinian  in  sanctity.  The  initiated  were  supposed 
to  receive  special  protection  against  mishaps,  especially 

Cable  (ka'bl),  George  Washington.  Bom  at 
New  Orleans,  Oct.  12, 1844.  An  American  novel- 
ist, noted  especially  for  descriptions  of  Creole 
life  in  Louisiana.  He  has  written  "Old  Creole  Days" 
(1879),  "The  Grandissimes "  (1880),  "Madame  Delphine," 
"Dr.  Sevier"  (1884X  etc. 

Caboche  (ka-bosh'),  Simonet.  The  leader  of 
a  band  of  ruffians  in  the  service  of  the  Duke 
of  Burgundy  during  the  civil  war  between  the 
Armagnaes  and  the  Burgnndians. 

Cabot  (kab'gt),  Gieorge.  Bom  at  Salem,  Mass., 
Dec.  3, 1751:  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  April  18, 
1823.  An  American  politician.  He  was  United 
States  senator  from  Massachusetts  1791-96,  and  president 
of  the  Hartford  Convention  in  1814. 

Cabot,  John,  it.  Giovanni  Caboto,  Sp.  Gaboto. 

An  Italian  navigator  in  the  English  service. 
He  was  probably  a  native  of  Genoa  or  its  neighborhood, 
and  in  1476  became  a  citizen  of  Venice  after  a  residence 
of  fifteen  years.  He  subsequently  removed  to  Bristol, 
England.  Believing  that  a  northwest  passage  would 
shorten  the  route  to  India,  he  determined  to  undertake  an 
expedition  in  search  of  such  a  passage,  and  in  1496  ob- 
tained from  Henry  VII.  a  patent  for  the  discovery,  at  his 
own  expense,  of  unknown  lands  in  the  eastern,  western, 
or  northern  seas.  He  set  sail  from  Bristol  in  May,  1497, 
in  company  with  his  sons,  and  returned  in  July  of  the  same 
year.  The  expedition  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  Cape 
Breton  Island  and  Nova  Scotia.  In  the  spring  of  1498  he 
made  a  second  voyage  (north  to  Labrador  (?),  south  to  30^, 
on  which  he  died  (?). 

Cabot,  Sebastian.  Born  at  Bristol,  England,  (?) 
1474 :  died  at  London  in  1557.  A  celebrated 
explorer,  second  son  of  John  Cabot.  He  probably 
accompanied  his  father  in  the  voyage  of  1497,  when  the 
shore  of  North  America  was  discovered  (his  name  ap- 
pears with  his  father's  in  the  petition  to  Henry  VII.) ;  and 
it  is  probable  that  he  was  with  him  also  in  the  voyage  of 
1498.  In  1617,  it  is  said  (probably  erroneously),  he  went 
in  search  of  a  northwest  passage,  visiting  Hudson  Strait  and 
penetrating  as  far  north  as  lat.  er  30" ;  and  later  was  on  the 
northeast  coast  of  South  America  and  in  the  West  Indies 
with  an  English  ship.  Invited  by  Charles  V.  to  Spain,  he 
was  made  grand  pilot  of  Castile  (1619),  and  commanded 
four  ships  which  left  San  Lucar  April  3, 1626.  The  in- 
tention was  to  sail  to  the  Moluccas  by  the  Strait  of  Ma^ 
gellan,  but,  lacking  provisions,  he  landed  on  the  coast  of 
Brazil,  where  ho  had  some  encounters  with  the  Portu- 
guese; thence  sailed  southward,  discovered  the  river 
Uruguay  and  erected  a  fort  there ;  discovered  and  as- 
cended the  Parang ;  and  explored  the  lower  Paraguay  to 
the  present  site  of  Asuncion.  Convinced  of  the  impor- 
tance of  this  region,  and  joined  by  Diego  Garcia,  he  re- 
linquished the  voyage  to  the  Moluccas  and  despatched  a 
ship  to  Spain  for  reinforcements ;  meanwhile  he  estab- 
lished himself  at  the  fort  of  Espirito  Santo  on  the  Paran& 
(lat.  32°  60'  S.).  Not  receiving  aid  from  Spain,  he  returned 
in  1630,  leaving  a  garrison  at  Espirito  Santo.  Cabot  re- 
mained in  the  service  of  Spain  until  the  end  of  1646,  when 
he  returned  to  England.  Edward  VI.  gave  him  a  pension, 
and  he  was  interested  in  various  explorations  in  the  Bal- 
tic ;  in  1555  he  was  made  life  governor  of  the  Company  of 
Merchant  Adventurers  destined  to  trade  with  Russia.  A 
map  of  the  world  published  in  1544  is  ascribed  to  Cabot. 

Cabourg  (ka-bor').  A  watering-place  in  the 
department  of  Calvados,  France,  situated  on 
the  English  Channel  14  miles  northeast  of  Caen. 

Cabral  (ka-bral'),  Pedro  Alvares:  early  writ- 
ers abbreviate  the  name  to  Pedralvarez  or 
Pedralvez.  Bom  about  1460 :  died  about  1526. 
A  Portuguese  navigator.  After  Vasco  da  Gama  re- 
turned from  India  (149^,  Cabral  was  put  in  command  of 
a  fleet  destined  to  follow  up  Gama's  discoveries.  Leav- 
ing Lisbon  March  9,  1600,  he  followed  his  instructions 
and  kept  far  out  in  the  Atlantic :  by  this  means  he  dis- 
covered the  coast  of  Brazil  near  lat.  16°  20'  S.  (April  22, 
1600).  This  was  two  months  after  Vicente  Yafiez  Pinzon 
had  discovered  the  northeast  coast.  Cabral  took  posses- 
sion for  Portugal  of  the  new  land,  which  he  called  Santa 
Cruz.  Sending  back  a  ship  with  the  tidings,  he  continued 
his  voyage  May  2.  On  May  6  he  lost  four  ships  in  a 
storm ;  with  the  rest  he  reached  Mozambique  and  Anally 
Calicut,  where  he  erected  a  fort ;  this  was  destroyed  by 
Samorim,  and  Cabral  thenmade  an  alliance  with  the  sover- 
eign of  Cochin.  Loading  his  vessels  with  spices,  he  re- 
turned, losing  one  ship  by  the  way,  and  arrived  at  Lisbon 
July  23, 160L    Nothing  is  known  of  his  subsequent  life. 

Cabrera  (ka-bra'ra).  One  of  the  Balearic  Isl- 
ands, situated  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea  9  miles 
south  of  Majorca.    It  is  a  penal  settlement. 

Cabrera,  Don  Bamon,  Count  of  Morella.  Bom 
at  Tortosa,  Catalonia,  Spain,  Aug.  31,  1810; 
died  atWentworth,  near  Haines,  England,  May 
24, 1877.  A  Spanish  guerrilla  chief.  He  was  In- 
tended for  the  church,  and  had  received  the  minor  orders. 


Cabrera,  Don  Ramon 

when  in  1838  the  civil  war  broke  out  between  the  Christl- 
no9  and  the  Carlists,  the  latter  of  whom  he  joined.  He 
took  Valencia  in  1837 ;  surprised  Morella  in  1839 ;  was 
created  count  ot  Morella  by  Don  Carlos  in  1839 ;  was  driven 
across  the  French  Irontier  in  1840 ;  instigated  an  unsuc- 
cessful Carlist  rebellion  in  1848-49 :  and  recognized  Al- 
fonso as  king  of  Spain  in  1876. 

Cabrera  Bobadilla  Cerda  y  Mendoza  (ka-bra'- 
ra  bo-ba-THel'ya  ther'da  e  men-do'tha),  Luis 
Geronymo  de,  fourth  Count  of  Chinohon.  Bom 
in  Madrid  about  1590:  died  near  that  city,  Oct. 
28,1647.  A  Spanish  administrator.  Prom  Jan., 
1629,  to  Dec.  18, 1639,  he  was  viceroy  of  Peru. 

Cabrera  y  Bobadilla,  Diego  Lopez  Facbeco. 
See  Lopez  Facheco  Cabrera  y  Bobadilla. 

Cabul.    See  Kabul. 

Cacafogo  (kak-a-fo'go).  In  Fletcher's  play 
"Eule  a  Wife  and  Have  a  Wife,"  a  cowardly, 
bullying,  and  rich  usurer.  He  has  been  said  to  be  a 
direct  copy  of  Falstafl,  but  his  lack  of  courage  is  the  only 
resemblance. 

Cacama  (ka'ka-ma),  or  Cacamatzin  (ka-ka- 
mat-sen'),  or  Caminatzin  (ka-me-nat-sen'),  or 
Caoumazin  (ka-ko-ma-then').  Ajd.  Aztec  In- 
dian, nephew  of  Montezuma  II.  He  became  chief 
of  Tezcuco  in  1616.  Montezuma  sent  him  to  Cortes  (1519), 
inviting  the  latter  to  Mexico.  After  Montezuma's  seizure 
by  Cortes  (1619),  Cacama  planned  an  armed  resistance,  but 
was  arrested  by  emissaries  of  the  monarch  and  brought 
captive  to  the  Spaniards,  He  was  killed  on  the  noche 
triste,  July  1, 1620. 

Cacana,    See  Calchagwis. 

Caccamo  (kak-ka'mo).  A  town  situated  on  the 
northern  coast  o£  Sicily  23  miles  southeast  of 
Palermo.    Population,  8,000. 

Caccini  (ka-ohe'ne),  Giullo.  Born  at  Rome, 
1558  (?):  died  at  Florence,  1640.  An  Italian 
singer  and  composerj  known  as  Giulio  Bomani. 
He  wrote,  with  Kinuccini  and  Peri,  the  musical  dramas 
"Dafne"  (1694)  and  "Euridiee"  (1600).  These  first  at- 
tempts to  make  music  dramatic  led  directly  to  the  modern 
opera.  He  composed  a  number  of  other  works,  among 
which  is  "Le  Nuove  Musiche,"  a  collection  of  madrigals, 
etc.    See  Alterati  and  Daphne. 

Caceres  (ka'tha-res).  A  province  in  Estrema- 
dura,  western  Spain.  Area,  8,013  square  miles. 
Population  (1887),  389,793. 

Caceres.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Ca- 
ceres, Spain,  situated  in  lat.  39°  27'  N.,  long, 
go  24'  'Vv. :  the  ancient  Castra  Csecilia  (whence 
the  modern  name).  It  contains  Eoman  and  Moorish 
antiquities,  and  was  the  scene  of  a  victory  of  the  Allies 
(1706).    Population  (1887),  14,880. 

Cdiceres,  Andres  Avelino.  Born  at  Ayacucho, 
Nov.  11,  1838.  A  Peruvian  general  and  states- 
man. He  was  colonel  and  afterward  general  in  the 
Chilean  war  (1879^83),  and  after  the  taking  of  Lima  was 
second  vice-president  in  the  provisional  Calderon  govern- 
ment. Dr.  Calderon  being  seized  by  the  Chileans  and  the 
first  vice-president  driven  into  Bolivia,  General  Caceres 
became  the  constitutional  chief  of  Peru.  He  held  out 
against  the  Chileans,  and  refused  to  acknowledge  Iglesias 
whom  they  had  made  president.  Attempting  to  take 
lima  (Aug.,  1884),  Cdceres  was  repulsed  after  a  bloody 
street  fight.  Raising  a  larger  force,  he  entered  the  city, 
Deo.  1,  1885,  and  persuaded  Iglesias  to  refer  the  presi- 
dential question  to  a  general  election.  This  resulted  in 
favor  of  Ciceres,  who  was  inaugurated  president  ot  Peru 
June  3, 1886.  Succeeded  by  Bermudez,  Aug.  10, 1890,  Gen- 
eral Ciceres  soon  after  went  to  Europe  as  Peruvian  minis- 
ter to  France  and  England.  Eeelected  president  1894. 
Cacba  (ka'eha).  An  ancient  Peruvian  temple 
situated  in  the  Vilca-Maya  valley  south  of 
Cuzco.  It  is  believed  to  antedate  the  luca  empire,  and 
is  connected  with  some  curious  legends ;  though  now  in 
ruins,  it  shows  traces  of  having  been  buUt  in  two  stories. 
Cachar(ka-char').  A  district  in.  Assam,  British 
India.  Area,  3,750  square  miles.  Population 
(1881),  313,858. 
Oacbeo  (ka-sha'o).  A  Portuguese  settlement 
in  Senegambia,  West  Africa,  situated  near  the 
coast  in  lat.  12°  20'  N.,  long.  16°  30'  W. 
Cachibos,  or  Oashibos  (ka-she'bos).  An  In- 
dian tribe  or  horde  of  eastern  Peru,  on  the 
upper  Ucayale  River.  They  are  very  savage,  constant 
enemies  of  the  whites  and  of  neighboring  tribes,  and  can- 
nibals :  it  Is  said  that  they  eat  their  own  relatives  after 
death,  and  that  they  make  war  to  procure  human  food. 
Probably  the  accounts  of  their  ferocity  are  exaggerated, 
the  tribe  being  very  imperfectly  known.  They  are  not 
numerous.  ■     i,        j.  i 

Cachoeira  (ka-sho-a'ra).  A  town  m  the  state 
of  Bahia,  Brazil,  situated  on  the  river  Para- 
guassti  50  miles  northwest  of  Bahia.  Popula- 
tion about  4,000. 

Cacos  (ka'kos).  [Sp./pickpockets.']  The  nick- 
name given  to  a  political  party  of  Guatemala 
which  originated  in  1820.  Its  members  favored 
complete  separation  from  Spain,  and  a  republican  form 
of  government  with  essential  equality  to  all.  This  was 
the  germ  of  the  Servile  party  of  later  years.  Their  oppo- 
nents, oaUed  Bacos  or  Cfazistas,  were  opposed  to  equality. 
Caeos  is  also  the  name  of  a  political  party  in  Haiti. 
Cacus  (ka'kus).  In  Roman  mythology,  a  giant 
and  son  of  Vulcan,  living  near  the  spot  on 
which  Rome  was  built.  He  stole  from  Hercules 
some  of  the  cattle  of  Geryon,  dragging  them  into  his 


(f^ 


201 

cave  under  the  Aventine  backward,  so  that  their  footsteps 
would  not  show  the  direction  in  which  they  had  gone  • 
but  Hercules,  found  them  by  their  lowing,  and  slew  the 
thief. 
Cadalso  (ka-dal's6),  or  Cadahalso  (ka-da-al'- 
s6),  Jose  de.  Bom  at  Cadiz,  Spain,  Oct.  8, 
1741 :  died  at  (Jibraltar,  Spain,  Feb.  27, 1782.  A 
Spanish  poet,  killed  at  the  siege  of  Gibraltar. 
His  works  include  a  tragedy,  "  Sancho  Garcia '.'  (1771),  a 
satire,  "Los  erudites  i.  la  violeta"  (1772),  "Poesias" 
(1773),  "las  cartas  marruecas  "  (1794),  etc. 

Cada  Mosto,  or  Ca  Da  Mosto  (ka  da  mos'to), 
Alois  or  Luigi  da.  Bom  at  Venice  about 
1432:  died  at  Venice  about  1480.  An  Italian 
navigator.  He  explored,  in  the  service  of  Prince  Henry 
of  Portugal,  the  coast  of  Africa  as  far  as  the  Gambia  from 
1455  to  1456,  in  which  latter  year  he  discovered  the  Cape 
Verd  islands.  Author  of  "  El  libro  de  la  prima  uaviga- 
zione  per  oceano  a  leterre  de'  Nigri  de  la  Bassa  .Ethio- 
pia "(1607). 

addee  (kad-da').  A  name  given  to  a  league 
("  Gotteshaus-Bund")  formed  in  the  Grisons, 
Switzerland,  in  1396,  to  oppose  internal  misgov- 
ernment. 

Caddo  (ka'do).  [Prom  the  Caddo  Kdede, 
chief.]  A  confederacy  of  the  Caddoan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  it  consisted  of  many 
tribes,  of  which  the  following  have  been  identified  :  Eado 
hadacho,  Nadaaku,  Aienai,  Kabaidatu,  !N'ashidosh,Yatasi, 
Yowani,  l^akohodotse,  Aish,  and  Hadai.  Its  former  habi- 
tat was  northwestern  Louisiana  and  eastern  Texas ;  now, 
the  Quapaw  reservation,  Indian  Territory.    See  Caddoan. 

Caddoan  (ka'do-an).  A  linguistic  stock  of 
North  American  Indians,  named  after  its  lead- 
ing division,  Caddo,  its  former  habitat  was  in  parts 
of  North  Dakota,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Arkansas,  and  In- 
dian Territory,  the  northern  group  of  the  stock  having 
been  entirely  surrounded  by  Siouan  tribes,  and  the  mid- 
dle group  by  the  Siouan  and  Shoshonean.  Its  divieions, 
beginning  at  the  north,  are  as  follows :  Arikara  (a  tribe). 
Pawnee  (the  middle  group,  a  confederacy),  Kitcai  (a  tribe), 
Wichita  (a  confederacy),  and  Caddo  (a  confederacy).  Its 
tribes,  especially  the  Pawnee,  have  been  foes  to  the  Da- 
kota or  Sioux  for  many  generations ;  consequently  their 
men  have  served  as  scouts  in  the  United  States  army 
during  wars  against  the  Dakota.  All  of  this  stock,  except 
the  Arikara,  are  now  in  the  Indian  Territory  and  Okla- 
homa.   They  number  about  2,260. 

CaddOQLUes.    See  Kado  hadacho. 

Cade  (kad),  John,  called  Jack  Cade.    Bom 

in  Ireland:  killed  near  Heathfield,  in  Sussex, 
England,  July  12, 1450.  The  leader  in  "  Cade's 
Rebellion,"  a  rising  chiefly  of  Kentishmen,  in 
May  and  June,  1450.  The  rebels  defeated  the  royal 
forces  at  Seven  Oaks,  June  27,  and  entered  London  July 
2.  On  July  3  they  put  Lord  Say  to  death.  In  a  few 
days  the  rebellion  was  suppressed.  Cade  is  said  to  have 
been  called  Mortimer  by  his  followers,  and  to  have  been 
regarded  by  them  as  a  cousin  of  the  Duke  of  York.  He 
is  Introduced  by  Shakspere  in  the  second  part  of  "Henry 
VI. "  as  a  reckless,  ferocious,  and  vulgarly  important  rebel. 

Cadell  (ka-del'),  Robert.  Born  at  Cockenzie, 
East  Lothian,  Dec.  16, 1788 :  died  at  Edinburgh, 
Jan.  20, 1849.  A  Scottish  publisher  and  book- 
seller. He  was  a  partner  of  Constable  from  1811  until 
the  failure  of  the  firm,  and  a  business  associate  and  friend 
of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  He  became  the  publisher  of  Scott's 
works  in  1826. 

Cadenabbia  (ka-de-nab'be-a).  A  small  town  in 
northern  Italy,  situated  on  the  western  bank  of 
Lake  Como  15  miles  northeast  of  Como.  It  is  a 
favorite  resort. 

Cadenus  (ka-de'nus).  The  name  by  which 
Dean  Swift  calls  himself  in  his  poem  "  Cade- 
nus and  Vanessa"  (1726).  The  name  is  an 
anagram  of  decanus  (dean). 

Cader  Idris  (kad'er  id'ris).  A  mountain  in 
northwestern  Wales,  near  DolgeUy,  noted  for 
its  extensive  view.    Height,  2,898  feet. 

Caderousse  (kad-ros').  A  noted  character  in 
Dumas's  novel  "Le  Comte  de  Monte  Cristo." 

Cadesia  (ka-de'zhia).  A  place  situated  near 
Cufa,  in  Irak-Arabi,  Asiatic  Turkey.  Here,  in 
636  A.  D.,  the  Saracens  under  Sa'd  ibn  Abl  WakkAs  de- 
feated the  Persians  (120,000)  under  Kustem. 

CacUjab.    See  Kadijah. 

CaSllac  (ka-de-yak'),  Antoine  de  la  Motbe. 
Died  about  1720.  A  French  commander  and 
pioneer  in  New  France.     He  was  commander  of 

■  Michilimackinac  1694-97,  founded  Detroit  in  1701,  and  was 
governor  ot  Louisiana  1711-17.  . 

Cadiueios(ka-de-wa'y6z),orCadigu6s,orCadi- 
beos.  A  branch  of  the  Guaycurus  Indians 
(which  see).  At  the  present  time  Brazilians 
commonly  use  this  name  for  the  whole  tribe. 

Cadiz  (ka'diz;  Sp.  pron.  ka'THeth).  [Pg.  Ga- 
dix.'\  A  province  in  Andalusia,  Spain.  Area, 
2,809  square  miles.    Population  (1887),  429,381. 

Cadiz,  former  Bng.  Cales.  A  seaport,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Cadiz,  Spain,  situated 
on  a  narrow  neck  of  land,  on  the  Atlantic,  in 
lat.  36°  31'  N.,  long.  6°  17"^  W. :  the  Greek  Ga- 
deira  and  the  Roman  Gades.  It  is  an  important 
commercial  city,  and  is  noted  for  its  export  of  sheriy. 
It  has  two  cathedrals,  a  Capuchin  convent,  a  hospital, 
etc.  (For  earN  historv,  see  Gadeg.)  It  was  destroyed 
by  the  Goths,  was  taken  from  the  Moors  in  1262,  and 


Csecilius 

was  sacked  by  the  English  under  the  Earl  of  Essex  in 
JSf'  J  r'^  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  the  English  in 
1626  and  1702,  was  invested  by  the  French  1810-12,  and 
was  held  by  the  French  1823-28.  The  revolution  of  1868 
commenced  here  in  September.  Population  (1897),  70,177. 
Gades,  or  Cadiz,  which  has  kept  its  name  and' its' un- 
broken position  as  a  great  city  from  an  earlier  time  than 
any  other  city  in  Europe.  E.  A.  Freeman. 

Cadmeia(kad-me'ya).  [Gr.  KofJ/iEi'a.]  The  cita- 
del or  acropolis  of  Thebes  in  Bosotia,  named 
from  its  mythical  founder,  the  hero  (Jadmus. 
Two  Frankish  towers  of  some  importance  now  stand  on 
the  summit  of  the  low  hm.  The  only  remains  of  the  an- 
cient fortifications  consist  of  a  stretch  of  ruinous  Cyclopean 
wall  on  the  north  side,  andfragments  of  more  recent  walls 
on  the  southeastern  slope. 

Cadmeians  (kad-me'yanz).     See  the  extract. 

The  Cadmeians  were  the  Grseco-Phoenician  race  (their 
name  merely  signifying  "  the  Easterns  ")  who  in  the  ante- 
Trojan  times  occupied  the  country  which  was  afterwards 
called  Boeotia.  Hence  the  Greek  tragedians,  in  plays  of 
which  ancient  Thebes  is  the  scene,  invariably  speak  of  the 
Thebans  as  KoSjlieiol.       Rawlingon,  Herod.,  I.  L  56,  note. 

Cadmus  (kad'mus).  [Gr.  Kad/iof.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a  son  of  Agenor,  king  of  Phenieia,  and 
Telephassa.  He  was  the  reputed  founder  of  Thebes 
in  Bceotia,  and  the  introducer  of  the  letters  of  the  Greek 
alphabet. 

These  "Phcenioian  letters"  were  also  called  the  "Cad- 
mean  letters,"  having  been  introducedi  according  to  a 
Greek  legend,  which  is  repeatedly  quoted  by  Herodotus, 
by  Cadmus  the  Tyrian  when  he  sailed  for  Greece  in  search 
of  Euro^a,  ItisplainthatCadmusandEuropaaremerely 
eponymic  names,  Cadmus  meaning  in  Semitic  speech 
"  the  man  of  the  East,"  while  Europa  is  the  damsel  who 
personifies  "the  West."        Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  19. 

CadodacLUioux.  See  Kado  hadacho. 
Cadorna  (ka-dor'na),  Baflaele.  Born  at  MUan, 
1815:  died  at  Turin,  Feb.  6,  1897.  An  Italian 
general.  He  commanded  the  troops  of  Victor  Emman- 
uel in  the  occupation  of  the  States  of  the  Church  in  1870. 
He  occupied  Civitk  Vecchia  Sept.  16,  and  Eome  Sept.  20, 
1870.    In  1877  he  retired. 

Cadoudal  (ka-de-dal'),  Georges.  Bom  near 
Auray,  Morbihan,  Prance,  Jan.  1,  1771 :  guillo- 
tined at  Paris,  June  25,  1804.  A  celebrated 
French  Chouan  partizan  and  royalist  conspii-- 
ator,  leader  of  the  rising  of  1799.  He  was  im- 
plicated with  Piehegru  in  1803. 

Cadsand,  or  Kadzand  (kad-zand').  A  village 
in  Zealand,  Netherlands,  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Schelde,  14  miles  northeast  of  Bruges. 
Here  in  1337  the  English  defeated  the  Count  of 
Flanders. 

Oadwal.    See  Arviragus,  2. 

Cadwalader,  George,  Gent.  A  pseudonym  of 
George  Bubb  Dodington. 

Cad-walader,  or  Cadwallader  (kad-wal'a-d&r), 
surnamed  "  The  Blessed."  Died  probably  in 
664.  A  British  king.  He  was  the  son  of  Cadwallon, 
king  of  Gwynedd,  whom  he  succeeded  in  634.  He  obtained 
great  fame  by  the  heroic  exploits  which  he  performed  in 
the  defense  of  Wales  against  the  Saxons,  and  holds  a  high 
place  in  Welsh  tradition  and  poetry.  According  to  the 
prophecy  of  Merlin,  he  is  one  day  to  return  to  the  world  » 
to  expel  the  Saxon  from  the  land.  He  came  in  time  to  be 
regarded  as  a  saint  (hence  his  surname  of  "  The  Blessed  "). 

Cadwallader  (kad-wol'a-der).  A  character  in 
Foote's  play  "  The  Antli'or."  This  play  was  stopped 
by  the  lord  chamberlain  at  the  request  of  Mr.  Aprice,  a 
friend  of  Foote,  who  was  imitated  and  ridiculed  in  this 
part,  especially  in  a  habit  he  had  of  sucking  his  wrist 
as  he  talked. 

Cadwallader,  Rev.  Mr.  The  rector  of  Mid- 
dlemareh  in  George  Eliot's  novel  of  that  name. 
He  exasperates  his  wife,  a  clever,  keen,  epigrammatic 
woman,  by  his  good  temper.  He  would  even  speak  well 
of  his  bishop,  "  though  unnatural  in  a  beneficed  clergy- 
man." 

Cadwallader.  A  misanthropic  character  in 
Smollett's  "Peregrine  Pickle." 

Cadwallon  (kad-waron),or  Csedwalla,  or  Cad- 
walader. Died  634.  A  British  king  of  Gwyn- 
edd, which  was  probably  coextensive  with 
North  Wales.  He  invaded  Northumbria  in  629,  but 
was  repulsed  byEadwine  near  Morpeth.  In  633,  in  alliance 
with  Penda,  king  of  the  Mercians,  he  totally  defeated  the 
Northumbrians  at  Heathfield,  near  Doncaster,  Eadwine  and 
his  son  Osfrid  being  among  the  slain.  He  was  defeated 
by  Oswald,  the  nephew  of  Eadwine,  at  the  battle  of  Heveu- 
f  elth,  on  the  Deniseburn,  in  636,  and  was  killed  in  the 
fiight. 

Cadwallon.  The  minstrel  of  Gwenwyn  in 
Scott's  novel  "  The  Betrothed."  He  disguises 
himself  as  Renault  Vidal  to  prosecute  a  revenge,  for  which 
he  is  executed. 

Csecilia  gens  (se-sU'i-a  jenz).  In  ancient  Rome, 
a  plebeian  clan  or  house  whose  family  names 
imder  the  republic  were  Bassus,  Denter,  Metel- 
lus,  Niger,  Pinna,  and  Rufus. 

Csecilius  (se-sil'i-us),  sumamed  Calactinus 
(kal-ak-ti'nus)  and,  erroneously,Callantianus 
(ka-lan-ti-a'nus).  A  Hellenistic  Jew  of  Ca- 
lacte  in  Sicily  (whence  his  surname),  named 
Arehagathus,  naturalized  at  Rome,  where  he 
took  the  name  of  his  patron,  one  of  the  Metelli. 


Csecilius 

He  enjoyed  a  very  high  repute  at  Home  in  the  time  of 
Cicero  and  Augustus,  but  liis  numerous  works  are  all  lost, 
with  the  exception  of  a  few  fragments. 
Cscilius  Statins.  A  Roman  comic  poet,  a 
member  by  birth  of  the  Celtic  tribe  of  the  In- 
subrians,  brought  as  a  prisoner  to  Rome  about 
200  B.  C.  His  comedies  were  adaptations  of  Attic  origi- 
nals.   Fragments  of  them  are  extant  (ed.  Ribbeoli,  1873). 

Csedmon  (kad'mon),  or  (corruptly;  Cedmon, 
Saint.  Flourished  about  670.  An  Anglo-Saxon 
(Northumbrian)  poet,  the  reputed  author  of 
metrical  paraphrases  of  the  Old  Testament. 
He  became  late  in  life  an  inmate  of  the  monastery  at 
Whitby,  under  the  abbess  Hild.  According  to  the  ac- 
count given  byBede  ("Ecclesiastical  History"),  he  was  an 
unlearned  man,  especially  lacking  in  poetical  talent  until 
he  was  commanded  in  a  dream  to  sing  "the  beginning  of 
created  things. "  The  miraculous  gift  thus  bestowed  upon 
him  was  fostered  by  Hild,  and  he  produced  metrical  para- 
phrases of  Genesis  and  other  parts  of  the  Bible.  He  was 
celebrated  as  a  saint  on  Feb.  U  (10?  12?).  It  has  been 
doubted  whether  he  is  a  real  personage. 

Caelia,  or  Coelia,  gens  (se'li-a  jenz).  In  ancient 
Rome,  a  plebeian  elan  or  house  whose  family 
names  were  Caldus  and  Rufus.  The  first  member 
of  this  gens  who  obtained  the  consulship  was  C.  Ctelius 
Caldus,  94  B.  0. 

Gselian  (se'li-an),  The.  [L.  CxUus  mons.l  The 
southeastern  hill  of  the  group  of  Seven  Hills 
of  ancient  Rome,  adjoining  the  Palatine,  and 
between  the  Aventine  and  the  Esquiline.  The 
Lateran  lies  on  its  widely  extending  eastern 
slope. 

Caen  (kon).  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Calvados,  France,  situated  on  the  Oine  in  lat. 
49°  11'  N.,  long.  0°  22'  W.  It  has  alarge  importtrade 
iu  timber,  etc.,  and  exports  Caen  stone,  rape-oil,  dairy  pro- 
ducts, etc.  It  has  important  manufactures.  It  is  the  seat 
of  a  university.  Caen  was  developed  by  William  the  Con- 
queror. It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1346  and  1417,  and 
retaken  by  the  French  in  1450.  It  suffered  in  the  Hugue- 
not wars,  and  was  a  Girondist  center  in  1793.  Abbaye  ava; 
Dainei,  or  Triniiy.  A  great  Somanesque  church  founded 
by  Queen  Matilda  (1066),  with  3  large  recessed  portals, 
arcaded  facade,  and  square  flanking  towers,  and  later  cen- 
tral lantern.  The  solemn  interior,  with  its  superposed 
tiers  of  round  arches,  presents  one  of  the  most  uniform 
examples  of  Norman  architecture.  Abbaye  aux  Hormnes, 
or  St.  ^tienne,  dedicated  by  William  ttie  Conqueror  in 
1077,  but,  especially  in  its  exterior,  much  modified  later. 
The  six  spires  and  the  central  lantern  form  one  of  the 
most  effective  groups  of  this  nature  :  they  and  the  choir 
show  the  Norman  lancets.  The  plain  and  massive  nave 
dates  from  the  Conqueror.  The  church  is  349  feet  long ; 
the  vaulting  68J  feet  liigh.  Population  (1891),  45,201. 

Caepio  (se'pi-6),  Qnintus  Servilins.  Lived 
about  100  B.  c.  A  Roman  consul  (106).  As 
proconsul  in  Gaul  (105)  he  was  defeated  with 
Mallius  by  the  Cimbri. 

Care  (se're),  earlier  A^lla  (a-jil'a).  [Gr. 
Kaipia,  Kaipij ;  "AyvMa.l  In  ancient  geography, 
a  city  of  Btruria,  Italy,  situated  25  miles  north- 
west of  Rome.  Its  site  is  occupied  by  the  mod- 
ern village  of  Cervetere  noted  for  Etruscan 
ruins. 

The  primitive  name  of  Ceere  was  Agylla,  the  "round 
town,"  which  indicates  that  it  was  originally  a  Phcenician 
settlement.  An  ancient  tradition,  preserved  by  Dionysius 
of  Halicarnassus,  Strabo,  and  Pliny,  affirmed  that  Agylla 
was  a  "Pelasgian"  city  prior  to  the  Etruscan  conquest. 
Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  74,  note. 

Gaerleon  (kar-le'on).  A  town  in  Monmouth- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Usk  3  miles 
northeast  of  Newport :  the  Roman  Isoa  Silurum. 
It  was  important  in  the  Roman  period,  and  is 
the  traditional  seat  of  King  Arthur's  court. 

Caermarthen.    See  Carmarthen. 

Gaemarron.     See  Carnarvon. 

Caesar  (se'zar),  Cains  Julius.  [ME.  Cesar, 
OP.  Cesar,  F.  Cesar,  It.  Cesare,  G.  Cdsar,  etc., 
L.  Ceesar.']  Born  July  12,  100  b.  c.  (according 
to  Mommsen,  102) :  killed  at  Rome,  March  15, 
44  B.  c.  A  famous  Roman  general,  statesman, 
orator,  and  writer.  He  served  at  Mytilene  In  80; 
was  captured  by  pirates  in  76 ;  and  was  made  questor  in 
68,  curule  edile  in  6B,  pontifex  maximus  in  63,  pretor  in 
62,  and  propretor  in  Spain  in  61.  He  formed  the  "  lu-st 
■triumvirate  "  with  Pompey  and  Crassus  in  60 ;  was  consul 
in  59,  and  proconsul  in  Gaul  and  lUyricum  in  68 ;  defeated 
theHelvetii  and  Ariovistus  in  68,  and  the  Belg8ein67;  in- 
vaded Britain  in  B5  and  64 ;  crossed  the  Bhine  in  66  and  53 ; 
defeated  Vercingetorix  in  62 ;  and  crossed  the  Kubicon  and 
commenced  the  civil  war  in  49.  He  was  dictator  in  49, 48, 
47, 46,  45 ;  defeated  Pompey  at  Pharsalia  in  48 ;  ended  the 
Alexandrine  war  in  47;  and  defeated  Pharnaces  at  Zela 
in  47,  and  the  Pompeians  at  Thapsus  in  46,  and  at  Munda 
in  45.  He  reformed  the  calendar  in  46.  Feb.  16,  44,  he 
refused  the  diadem.  He  was  assassinated  by  Brutus,  Cas- 
sius,  and  others  in  the  senate-house  March  15.  The  "  Com- 
mentaries "  (or  Memoirs)  of  Ceesar,  the  only  one  of  his  lit- 
erary works  extant,  contain  the  history  of  the  first  seven 
years  of  the  Gallic  war,  in  seven  books,  and  three  books 
of  a  history  of  the  civil  war.  The  name  Caisar  was  assumed 
by  all  male  members  of  the  Julian  dynasty,  and  after  them 
by  the  successive  emperors,  as  inseparable  from  the  impe- 
rial dignity.  It  thus  became  the  source  of  the  German 
Eaiser  and  the  Kussian  Tsar  or  Czar.  After  the  death  of 
Hadrian  the  title  Csesar  was  specifically  assigned  to  those 
who  were  designated  by  the  emperors  as  their  successors 
and  associated  with  them  in  the  government.  See  Au- 
gusts. 


202 

Caesar,  Don.  The  father  of  Olivia  in  Mrs.  Cow- 
ley's "  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Husband." 

Caesar,  Sir  Julius.  Bom  at  Tottenham,  Eng- 
land, 1558:  died  1636.  An  English  jurist  of 
Italian  extraction,  appointed  master  of  the 
rolls  in  1614. 

Caesarea  (sez-a-re'a).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
seaport  of  Palestine,  situated  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean in  lat.  32°  33'  N.,  long.  34°  54'  E. :  the 
modern  Kaisariyeh.  it  was  erected  by  Herod  I.,  in 
the  first  decennium  B.  0.,  on  the  site  of  the  former  Turris 
Stratonis,  on  the  line  of  the  great  road  from  Tyre  to  Egypt, 
between  Jaffa  and  Dora,  and  named  in  honor  of  Augustus. 
Its  full  name  was  Csesarea  Sebaste,  from  the  name  of  the 
harbor.  Herod  adorned  the  city  with  many  magnificent 
buildings.  It  became  the  residence  of  the  Itoman  gover- 
nors iu  Palestine,  and  was  mostly  inhabited  by  a  foreign 
population  hostile  to  the  Jews.  Here  broke  out  the  Jewish 
war  under  the  governor  Gessius  Florus.  Vespasian  gave 
it  the  name  of  Colonia  prima  Flaviana.  It  is  often  men- 
tioned in  the  New  Testament  (Acts  viii.  40,  ix.  30,  x.  1,  xxi. 
9,  xxiv.  17,  etc.).  About  200  A.  D.  it  became  the  residence 
of  a  bishop,  and  possessed  a  Christian  school  at  which  Ori- 
gen  taught.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  the  church  historian 
Eusebius  (died  342).  The  modern  Kaisariyeh  is  a  desolate 
place  of  ruins. 

Caesarea.  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  in  Cap- 
padoeia,  Asia  Minor,  in  lat.  38°  41'  N.,  long. 
35°  20'  E. :  the  modern  Kaisariyeh.  It  was 
formerly  called  Mazaca.  Population  of  mod- 
em town,  about  40,000. 

Caesarea  Philippi  (fi-lip'i).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a  town  in  northern  Palestine,  situated  at 
the  foot  of  Mount  Hermon.  The  modern  vil- 
lage is  called  Banias,  formerly  Paneas. 

Caesar  in  Egypt.  A  tragedy  by  Gibber,  pro- 
duced at  Drury  Lane  Dee.  9,  1724,  published 
1728.  It  was  taken  from  Hassinger  and  Fletcher's 
"The  False  One"  and  Comeille's  "La  Mort  de  Pomp^e." 

Caesarion  (se-za'ri-on).  A  son  of  Cleopatra 
and  (probably)  Juiius  Csesar.  He  was  exe- 
cuted by  order  of  Augustus. 

Caesarodunum  (sez-a-ro-du'num).  ['Caesar's 
fort.']     The  Roman  name  of  Tours. 

Caesars,  City  of  the.  Amythical  South  Ameri- 
can city,  reputed  of  great  size  and  wealth, 
which  report  located  near  the  eastern  Taaae  of 
the  Andes,  somewhere  south  of  lat.  37°.  By 
some  It  was  supposed  to  have  been  founded  by  a  man 
named  Cesar  who  about  1530  left  Cabot's  fort  of  Espirito 
Santo  on  the  Parana,  and  never  returned.  Others  con- 
nected it  with  the  crew  of  a  Spanish  ship  which  was 
wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Patagonia.  In  the  16th  and  17th 
centuries  many  expeditions  were  made  in  search  of  it,  and 
even  to  the  end  of  the  18th  century  the  legend  was  re- 
garded by  many  as  true. 

Caesars,  Era  of.    See  Spain,  Era  of. 

Oaf.    See  Kaf. 

Cafe  Procope  (ka-fa'  pro-kop').  A  coffee-house 
opposite  the  Com6die  Pranjaise,  frequented  by 
the  wits  in  the  18th  century. 

Caffa,  or  Kaffa.    See  Feodosia. 

Caffarelli  (ka-fa-rel'le),  Francois  Marie  Au- 
guste.  Born  at  Palga,  flaute-Garonne,  Prance, 
Oct.  7, 1766:  died  at  Leschelles,  Aisne,  Prance, 
Jan.  23,  1849.  A  French  general,  brother  of 
Caffarelli  du  Palga. 

Caffarelli  (kaf-fa-rel'le),  oaUed  Gaetano  Ma- 
jorano.  Bom  in  the  province  of  Bari,  Italy, 
April  16, 1703 :  died  at  Naples,  Nov.  30,  1783. 
A  noted  Italian  singer. 

Caffarelli  du  Falga  (ka-fa-rel'le  dii  fal-ga'), 
Louis  Marie  Joseph  Maximilien.  Bom  at 
Palga,  Haute-Garonne,  Prance,  Feb.  13,  1756: 
died  near  Acre,  Syria,  April  27, 1799.  A  French 
general,  commander  of  the  engineer  corps  iu 
the  Egyptian  campaign. 

CafB.  (kaf 'f  e),  Ippolito.  Born  at  Belluno,  Italy, 
1814:  killed  in  the  battle  of  Lissa,  July  20, 
1866.    An  Italian  painter. 

Caffraria.    See  Kafraria. 

Caffristan.    See  Kafiristan, 

Cagliari,  or  CaUari,  Paolo.    See  Veronese. 

Cagliari  (kal-ya're).  A  province  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  Italy.  Area, 
5,204  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  450,820. 

Cagliari.  A  seaport,  the  capital  of  the  island 
of  Sardinia,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Ca- 
gliari in  lat.  39°  13'  N.,  long.  9°  7'  E. :  the 
Roman  Caralis  or  Carales.  It  contains  a  cathe- 
dral, castle,  university,  museum,  Boman  amphitheater, 
and  other  antiquities.  Population  (1891),  estimated, 
42,000. 

Cagliostro(kal-y6s'tro),  Count  Alessandro  di; 
the  assumed  name  of  Giuseppe  Balsamo. 
Bom  at  Palermo,  Sicily,  June  2,  1743 :  died  at 
San  Leone,  inUrbino,  Italy,  Aug.  26, 1795.  An 
Italian  adventurer,  notorious  for  his  imposi- 
tions in  Russia,  Paris,  the  East,  and  elsewhere. 
Among  other  adventures  he  was  involved  in  the  affair  of 
the  diamond  necklace  in  Paris,  and  was  imprisoned  in  the 
Bastille,  but  escaped.  He  visited  England,  and  was  there 
imprisoned  in  the  Fleet.    On  emerging  he  went  to  Kome, 


9a  ira 

where  he  was  arrested  and  condemned  to  death,  but  his 
sentence  wa£  commuted  to  perpetual  imprisonment  in  the 
fortress  of  San  Leone,  where  he  died. 

Cagnola  (kan-yo'la),  Luigi,  Born  at  Milan, 
June  9,  1762 :  died  at  Inverigo,  Italy,  Aug.  14, 
1833.  An  Italian  architect.  His  chief  works  are 
two  triumphal  arches  at  Milan,  "Areo  della 
pace"  and  "  Porta  di  Marengo." 

Cagots  (ka-goz').  A  people  of  uncertain  origin, 
living  in  Gascony  and  B6am  in  France,  and  in 
the  Basque  Provinces  in  Spain.  They  are  consid- 
ered a  degraded  race,  and  before  1793  were  without  po- 
litical and  social  rights. 

Cahawba  (ka-ha'ba).  Ariver  of  Alabama  which 
joins  the  Alabama  River  8  mUes  southwest  of 
Selma.    Length,  about  200  miles. 

Cahen  (ka-an'),  Samuel.  Bom  at  Metz,  Lor- 
raine, Aug.  4, 1796 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  8, 1862. 
A  French  Hebraist,  author  of  a  translation  of 
the  Old  Testament  into  French  (1841-53). 

Cahensly  Agitation,  The.  An  agitation  car- 
ried on  in  1891  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
for  the  purpose  of  inducing  the  Pope  to  appoint 
bishops  and  priests  of  their  own  nationality  for 
the  Roman  Catholic  immigrants  in  the  United 
States:  so  called  from  a  memorial  addressed 
by  Herr  Cahensly  and  other  Europeans  to  the 
Vatican. 

Cahita  (ka^he'ta).  A  division  of  the  Piman 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  Inhabiting  the 
southwestern  coast  of  Sonora  and  the  north- 
western coast  of  Sinaloa,  from  lat.  28°  to  25° 
30'  N.,  with  settlements  mainly  in  the  lower  val- 
leys of  the  Yaqui,  Puerto,  and  Mayo  rivers. 
It  embraces  the  Yaki  (Sp.  Yaqv.it,  Mayo,  Tehueco,  and 
Vacoregue  tribes,  which  subsist  by  agriculture  and  fish- 
ing. The  Yakl  and  Mayo,  particularly  the  former,  are 
almost  continually  at  war  with  the  Mexican  government. 
Population,  Yaki,  13,500 ;  Mayo,  about  7,000 :  that  of  the 
remaining  tribes  is  small.    See  Piman. 

Cahokia.    See  Illinois. 

Cahors  (ka-6r' ) .  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Lot,  France,  situated  on  the  river  Lot  in  lat. 
44°  27'  N.,  long.  1°  24'  E. :  the  ancient  Divona, 
or  Civitas  Cadurcorum.  It  contains  a  cathedral, 
ruined  medieval  ramparts,  and  the  ruined  p^ace  of  John 
XXII.  The  bridge  over  the  Lot,  of  the  14th  century,  is  a 
strilungly  picturesque  monument  spanned  by  three  towers, 
the  two  outer  of  which  are  machicolated.  It  was  the  an- 
cient capital  of  Quercy,  and  had  formerly  a  universii^. 
Population  (1891),  16,369. 

Cahroc.    See  Karak. 

Caiaphas  (ka'ya-fas).  [Possibly  from  Babylo- 
nian q^u,  watchman.]  The  surname  of  Jo- 
seph, Jewish  high  priest  27  (18f)-36  A.  D.,  noted 
inNewTestamenthistory :  son-in-law  of  Annas. 

Caicos,  or  Caycos  (ki'kos).  Pour  islands  in 
the  Bahama  group,  situated  about  lat.  21°  30'- 
22°  N.,  long.-  71°  30'-72°  W.  They  are  under 
the  government  of  Jamaica.  Population  (1891), 
1,784. 

Caieta.  The  ancient  name  of  Gaeta  (which  see). 

Caifung-Fu.    See  Kaifung-Fu. 

Caille.    See  Lacaille. 

Caillet  (ka-ya'),  Guillaume.  A  French  peasant 
who  assumed  the  name  of  Jacques  Bonnomme, 
and  was  leader  of  the  Jacquerie  in  1358. 

Cailliaud  (ka-yo ' ) ,  Fr§d6ric.  Bom  at  Nantes, 
Prance,  June  9,  1787 :  died  at  Nantes,  May  1, 
1869.     A  Prenon  traveler  in  Egypt  and  Nubia. 

Cailli6,  or  Cailld  (ka-ya'),  Ben6.  Bom  at 
Mauz6,  Poitou,  Prance,  Sept.  19,  1799:  died  at 
Paris,  May  8, 1838.  A  French  traveler  in  cen- 
tral Africa.  He  penetrated  to  Timbuktu  in 
1828. 

Caillouz.    See  Cayuse. 

Cain  (kan).  [Heb. ;  of  imcertain  origin.]  The 
eldest  son  of  Adam  and  Eve,  and  the  murderer 
of  his  brother  Abel,  according  to  the  account  in 
Genesis.  He  was  condemned  to  be  a  fugitive 
for  his  sin. 

Cain,  a  Mystery.  A  dramatic  poem  by  Lord 
Byron,  published  in  1821.  It  was  written  at 
Ravenna. 

Caine  (kan),  Thomas  Henry  Hall.  Bom  at 
Runcorn,  Cheshire,  England,  in  1853.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist,  known  as  Hall  Caine.  Among  his 
works  are  "  Sonnets  of  Three  Centuries  "(1882),"  Kecollec- 
tionsofIlossetti"(1882),  "The  Shadow  of  a  Crime"  (1885), 
"The  Deemster"  (1887),  "The  Manxman"  (1893),  "The 
Cliristian  "  (1897),  "  The  Eternal  City  "  (1901).  "  The  Deem- 
ster" was  dramatized  (as  "  Ben-ma'-Chree ")  in  1889, 
"The  Manxman"  in  1895,  and  "The  Christian  "  in  1898. 

Cainites  (kan'itz).  A  Gnostic  sect  of  the  2d 
century,  which  reverenced  Cain,  Esau,  Korah, 
and  Judas  Iscariot. 

pa  ira  (sa  e-ra').  [P.,  '  it  will  go.']  The  first 
popular  song  which  was  the  offspring  of  the 
French  Revolution.  It  was  probably  first  sung  in 
1789  by  the  insm'gentB  as  they  marched  to  Versailles. 
(Orove.)  The  music  was  that  of  a  contre-dance  which  was 
extremely  popular  under  the  name  "Carillon  national." 


9a  Ira 

It  was  composed  by  a  drummer  in  the  orchestra  of  the 
opera,  named  B^court,  and  was  a  great  favorite  with  Marie 
Antoinette.    The  words  were  suggested  by  Lafayette  to 
Ladr^,  a  Street-singer ;  he  remembered  them  from  hearing 
i'ranklin  say  at  various  stages  of  the  American  Eevolution, 
when  asked  for  news,"  Qa  ira,  Qa  ira. "  Tliere  are  five  verses 
with  diflerent  refrains,  becoming  more  ferocious  as  the 
Eevolution  progressed,  one  of  which  was : 
*'  Ah  I  9a  ira,  Qa  ira,  ^a  ira ! 
Lea  aristocrat'  k  la  lanterne ; 
Ah  1  «a  ira,  ta  ira,  (a  ira  1 
Les  aristocrat'  on  les  pendra  1 " 

Caird  (kard),  Edward.  Bom  1835.  A  Soottish 
metaphysician,  brother  of  John  Caird.  He  was 
educated  atBalliol  College,  Oxford,  and  became  fellow  and 
tutor  at  Merton  in  1864,  professor  of  moral  philosophy  at 
Glasgow  University  in  1866,  and  master  of  Balliol,  Oxford, 
in  1898.  Among  hisworks  are  "A  Critical  Account  of  the 
PhUosophy  of  Kant"  (1877),  "  Hegel  "  (1883),  "Social  Phi- 
losophy and  Religion  of  Comte  "  (1885),  "  The  Evolution  of 
Eeligion"  (Giflord  Lectures,  St.  Andrews,  1890-92). 

Oaird  (kard),  John.  Bom  at  Greenock,  Scot- 
land, 1820  (1823?):  died  July  30,  1898.  A 
Scottish  cler^jrman  and  pulpit  orator.  He  Became 
professor  of  divinity  in  the  University  of  Glasgow  in  1862, 
and  principal  of  the  university  in  1873.  His  works  in- 
clude "An  Introduction  to  the  Philosophy  of  Eeligion" 
(1830),  "Eeligions  of  India:'  Brahmanism,  Buddhism" 
(1881),  "  Spinoza"  (1880),  etc. 

Cairnes  (kamz),  John  Elliott.  Bom  at  Castle 
Bellingham,CountyLouth,Ireland,Dec. 26,1823: 
died  near  London,  July  8, 1875.  A  noted  British 
political  economist.  He  was  appointed  professor  of 
political  economy  in  University  College,  London,  in  1866. 
His  works  include  "Character  and  Logical  Method  of 
FoUtical  Economy'' (1857),  "Essays  in  Political  Economy" 
(1873),  "  Political  Essays  (1873),  "Some Leading  Principles 
of  Political  Economy  Newly  Explained"  (1874),  etc. 

Cairns  (kamz),  Hugh  MacOalmont,  first  Karl 
Cairns.  Born  at  Culdra,  Down,  Ireland,  Dec, 
1819 :  died  at  Bournemouth,  Hants,  England, 
April  2,  1885.  An  English  statesman.  He  en- 
tered Parliament  in  1852,  and  was  lord  chancellor  in  the 
Disraeli  administration,  1868  and  1874-80. 

Cairo  (ki'rd).  [Ar.  Magr-el-Qdhira,  F.  Le  Caire.l 
The  capital  of  Egypt,  situated  1  mile  east  of  the 
Nile,  in  lat.  30°  3'  N.,  long.  31°  16'  E. .  it  has  im- 
portant  transit  trade,  and  is  the  starting-point  for  tours  to 
neighboring  pyramids,  the  sites  of  Memphis  and  Heliopolis 
On  the  vicinityX  and  the  upper  Nile.  Its  chief  suburb  is 
Bulak.  It  was  founded  by  the  Fatimite  calif  s  about  970,  and 
made  the  capital.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1517,  was 
held  by  the  French  1798-1801,  and  was  occupied  by  the  Brit- 
ish in  1882.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  massacre  of  the  Mame- 
lukes in  1811.  It  contains  a  number  of  noted  mosques : 
Mosqu&  0/  Akba/Tf  a  square,  picturesquely  ornamented 
building  surmounted  by  a  pointed  dome  covered  with  ara- 
besques, now  appropriated  to  the  dances  of  the  howling 
dervishes.  The  square  minaret  over  one  angle  rises  in  re- 
cessed stages,  and  the  entrance-porch  is  formed  by  a  high 
trifoliate  arch.  The  whole  interior  is  colored  in  dark  and 
light  horizontal  bauds.  Mosgw  of  El-Azhair,  founded  in 
970,  but  for  the  most  part  rebuilt  at  various  subsequent 
times.  It  has  six  minarets.  It  is  remarkable  as  the  chief 
existing  Mohammedan  university.  The  divisions  of  the 
Interior  surround  a  large  central  court  encircled  by 
pointed  arcades.  The  siw&n,  or  sanctuary,  used  for  in- 
struction, consists  of  nine  aisles  formed  by  380  columns 
of  ancient  and  Christian  provenience.  Several  subordinate 
mosques  or  chapels  are  included  in  the  main  foundation. 
Mosme  of  M-Oouri,  one  of  the  most  picturesque  monu- 
ments in  the  city.  It  was  built  about  1613.  Mosque  of 
Sultan  Hassan,  ranking  as  one  of  the  chief  monuments  of 
Mohammedan  architecture.  It  was  completed  In  1360  A. ». 
The  exterior,  built  of  stones  taken  from  the  Pyramids,  con- 
sists of  a  mass!  ve  wall  about  113  feet  high,  inclosing  an  area 
of  irregular  form,  and  surmounted  by  two  lofty  minarets 
and  the  pointed  brick  dome  of  the  sultan's  mausoleum. 
The  top  of  the  wall  is  corbeled  out  about  6  feet  in  succes- 
sive ranges  of  dentils,  forming  a  cornice,  and  its  face  is 
diversified  by  panels,  arches,  and  Ajimez  windows,  all 
used  sparingly.  The  great  minaret  is  280  feet  high.  The 
interior  court  measures  105  by  117  feet,  and  contains  two 
fountain-pavilions.  In  the  middle  of  each  side  of  the 
court  opens  a  magnificent  pointed  arch.  That  on  the  east, 
90  feet  high  and  deep  and  69  in  span,  is  the  largest.  At  the 
back  of  this  recess  are  the  mimbar  (pulpit)  and  mihrab 
(place  of  direction  of  prayer),  and  from  it  opens  the  mau- 
soleum. The  entrance-porch  is  a  large  archway  curiously 
covered  in  by  corbeling  out  the  sides  for  part  of  its  rise, 
and  then  throwing  a  small  pointed  arch  over  the  opening; 
its  piers  are  ornamented  with  rich  vertical  bands  and 
angle-columns,  and  with  paneling.  Tomb-Mosque  ofKmt 
Bey,  built  about  1470,  one  of  the  finest  pieces  of  architec- 
ture in  Cairo.  Tmrvbs  of  the  Califs,  so  called,  properly  of 
the  Circassian  Mamelukes,  a  number  of  comparatively 
small  mosque-tombs  of  the  15th  century,  grouped  together 
about  the  Tomb-Mosque  of  Kait  Bey.  They  are  important 
in  Arabic  architecture  for  their  angularly  pointed  stone 
domes  covered  with  geometric  ornament  in  relief,  with 
small  windows  in  the  low  drum ;  for  their  windows,  consist- 
ing of  a  group  of  two  or  three  slender  round-headed  arches 
surmounted  by  one  or  three  circular  openings  arranged 
pyramidally ;  and  for  the  fine,  massive  pointed  arches  usual 
in  the  lowest  story.  Some  of  them  show  incrustations  of 
the  beautiful  colored  porcelain  tiles  for  which  the  older 
Arabic  monuments  of  Cairo  are  famous.  Tombs  of  the 
Mamelukes,  so  called,  an  extensive  group  of  mosque- 
tombs  on  the  southeast  side  of  the  city.  They  belong  to 
the  period  of  the  Baharite  sultans,  and  though  ruinous  are 
architecturally  notable  for  their  fine  masonry  and  beauti- 
ful fluted  or  chevroned  pointed  domes,  and  for  their  grace- 
ful polygonal  minarets,  which  rise  in  recessed  stages. 
Mosmi/ofAmru,ihe  oldest  mosque  in  Egypt  (founded  643 
A.  D.\  and  a  remarkable  Mohammedan  monument.  The 
incloaure  is  360  feet  square,  with  exterior  waUs  of  brick. 
The  entrance  is  on  the  west :  here  a  single  range  of  arcades 


203 

borders  the  central  court,while  on  the  north  there  are  three 
ranges,  on  the  south  four,  and  on  the  east  side,  which  is 
the  sanctuary,  six  ranges.  There  are  in  all  229  columns. 
The  arches  are  round  or  keel-shaped,  and  a  few  are  pointed 
NUometer,  a  monument  for  measuring  the  rise  of  the  Nile 
on  the  island  of  Eoda.  The  present  Kilometer  dates  froni 
about  860  A.  D. ;  it  is  a  chamber  about  18  feet  square,  origi- 
nally domed,  in  each  side  of  which  there  is  a  niche  covered 
with  a  pointed  arch,  an  important  example  of  the  early  use 
of  this  form.  In  the  middle  stands  a  pillar  divided  into  17 
cubits  of  about  21/b  inches.  Population  (1897),  570,062. 
Cairo  (ka'ro).  A  city  in  Alexander  County,  111., 
situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Ohio  and  Mis- 
sissippi rivers,  it  was  nearly  destroyed  by  an  inun- 
dation in  18B8.  The  Ohio  is  here  crossed  by  a  railway 
bridge.    Population  (1900),  12,566. 

Cait6s,  or  Caet6s,  or  Gahet6s  (ka-e-taz'). 
[Probably  from  the  Tupl  Cad,  forest,  and 
ete,  real,  true,  1.  e.  'true  forest-dwellers.']  A 
tribe  of  Brazilian  Indians,  of  the  Tupi  race, 
which  in  the  16th  century  occupied  much  of 
the  eastern  coast  region  north  of  the  Sao  Fran- 
cisco, in  Pemambuco,  Rio  Grande  do  Norte, 
Parahyba,  and  Ceard.  They"  were  very  powerful 
and  warlike,  and  were  cannibals.  They  dwelt  in  fixed 
vUlages,  practised  a  little  agriculture,  and  were  skilful 
hunters.  In  1664  they  murdered  the  Bishop  of  Bahia 
and  his  companions,  who  were  shipwrecked  on  their 
coasts,  and  they  long  carried  on  war  with  the  colonists. 
As  a  tribe  they  are  now  extinct. 

Caithness  (kath'nes).  A  county  in  northern 
Scotland,  lying  between  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
and  Pentland  Firth  on  the  north,  the  North 
Sea  on  the  east  and  southeast,  and  Sutherland 
on  the  west.  The  surface  is  chiefly  level.  The  chief 
towns  are  Thurso  and  Wick.  Area,  686  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  37,177. 

Caius  (ka'yus),  or  Gains  (ga'yus).  Lived  in 
the  first  part  of  the  3d  century  A.  d.  A  Chris- 
tian controversialist. 

Caius  (ka'yus),  or  Gaius  (ga'yus),  Saint.  Bom 
in  Dalmatia:  died  April  22,  296.  Bishop  of 
Boms  283-296.  The  Roman  Church  commem- 
orates his  death  on  April  22. 

Caius.  The  assumed  name  of  Kent  in  Shak- 
spere's  "King  Lear." 

Caius,  Dr.  A  French  doctor  in  Shakspere's 
"Merry  Wives  of  Windsor." 

Caius  (kez)  (probably  Latinized  from  Kay  or 
Keye),  John.  Born  at  Norwich,  England,  Oct. 
6,  1510:  died  at  London,  July  29,  1573.  .An 
eminent  English  physician  and  scholar,  founder 
of  Caius  College  at  Cambridge  in  1558. 

Caius  Cestius  (ka'yus  ses'ti-us).  Pyramid  of. 
A  massive  sepulchral  monument  of  brick  and 
stone,  at  Rome,  114  feet  high,  inorusted  with 
white  marble.  Bach  side  of  the  base  measures  90  feet, 
ThesmaUburial-chamberispaintedwith  arabesques.  The 
pyramid  is  of  the  time  of  Augustus, 

Caius  (fkez)  College.    See  Gormille  and  Caius 


Caius  Gracchus  (ka'yus  grak'us).  A  tragedy 
by  J.  Sheridan  Knowles,  produced  in  1815  at 
Belfast.  He  afterward  revised  it,  and  it  was  brought 
out  by  Macready  at  Govent  Garden  in  1823. 

Cajamarca,  or  Caxamarca  (ka-na-mar'ka).  A 
department  of  northern  Peru,  bordering  on 
Ecuador.  It  is  occupied  almost  wholly  by  the 
Cordilleras.  Area,  14,188  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1876),  213,391. 

Cajamarca,  or  Caxamarca.  A  city  of  Pern,  the 
capital  of  the  province  and  department  of  the 
same  name,  it  was  an  ancient  Indian  city  of  the  Incas. 
In  1632  it  probably  had  about  10,000  inhabitants.  The  In- 
cas had  erected  baths  near  it,  and  it  was  one  of  their 
favorite  resorts.  Here  Atahualpa  had  his  headquarters 
during  the  war  with  Huascar,  1630-32 ;  here  he  was  seized 
by  Pizarro  Nov.  16, 1632,  and  executed  Aug.  29, 1533.  Popu- 
lation (1889),  12,000. 

Cajetan  (kaj'e-tan),  or  Cajetanus  (kaj-e-ta  - 
nus)  (Tommaso  de  Vio).  Bom  at  Gaeta,  Italy, 
Feb.  20, 1469:  died  at  Rome,  Aug.  9, 1534.  An 
Italian  cardinal  and  scholar,  a  papal  legate  at 
Augsburg  in  1518.  He  summoned  Luther  be- 
fore his  tribunal.  He  becamebishop  of  Gaeta 
(Cajeta,  whence  his  surname)  in  1519. 

Cajigal  (ka-he-gal'  or  ka-He-gal'),  Juan  Man- 
uel Bom  at  Cadiz,  1757 :  died  at  Guanabacoa, 
Cuba,  Nov.  26, 1823.  A  Spanish  general,  nephew 
of  General  Cajigal  y  Monserrate.  From  1799  he  was 
stationed  in  Venezuela,  where  he  acted  against  the  revo- 
lutionists, 1810-16,  and  was  acting  captain-general  from 

1813.  He  was  defeated  by  Bolivar  at  Carabobo,  May  28, 

1814,  but  contributed  to  the  successes  of  the  royalists  in 
1815!  Eecalled  to  Spain  In  1816,  he  was  made  lieutenant- 
general.  From  Aug. ,  1819,  to  March,  1821,  he  was  captain- 
general  of  Cuba  during  a  period  of  great  disorder. 

Cajigal  de  la  Vega  (ka-ne-gal'  da  la  vaga), 
Francisco  Antonio,  Marquis  of  Casa-Cajigai. 
Bom  at  Santander,  Feb.  5,  1695:  died  there, 
April  80, 1777.  A  Spanish  general  and  admin- 
istrator. He  was  military  commandant  of  CaraoM,  gov- 
ernor of  Santiago  de  Cuba  1738-54,  and  of  Havana  1747-60. 
For  his  defense  against  lord  Vernon's  Enghsh  fleet  (July 
1  1741)  he  was  made  brigadier,  and  subsequently  fleld- 


Oalancha 

marshal.    For  about  six  mouths  in  1760  he  was  viceroy  ad 
interim  of  Mexico. 

Oakchi(iuels,  or  CackcMquels(kak-che-kels'), 
A  tribe  of  Indians  of  the  Mayo  stock,  inhabit- 
ing central  and  northern  Guatemala.  They  ap- 
pear to  have  been  an  offshoot  of  their  neighbors,  the 
Quiches,  whom  they  closely  resembled  in  manners  and 
customs.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  they  were  divided 
into  the  Cakohiquels  proper  and  a  northern  and  weaker 
branch,  the  Zutugils.  The  former  had  their  capital  at  Pati- 
namit,  near  the  present  city  of  Guatemala ;  the  latter  were 
at  Atitlan,  and  in  1624  they  were  at  war  with  Patinamit 

Cakes,  Land  of.  A  name  given  to  Scotland, 
which  is  famous  for  its  oatmeal  cakes. 

Calabar  (kal-a-bar'  or,  more  correctly,  ka-la- 
bar'),  Old.  A  country  situated  between  the 
Cross  and  Rio  del  Rey  rivers,  in  the  British  Oil 
Rivers  Protectorate,  West  Africa,  named  after 
the  Old  Calabar  River.  The  importance  and  wealth 
of  this  district  are  due  to  the  palm-oil  which  is  produced 
on  the  banks  of  the  river.  The  Cross  River  Is  navigable 
for  some  distance.  Buketown,  the  residence  of  the  Brit- 
ish consul,  has  about  10,000  population,  the  neighboring 
Creektown  about  6,000,  all  belonging  to  the  Efik  tribe. 
They  are  semi-civilized  and  semi-Uliristianized.  The  cli- 
mate is  very  insalubrious.  New  Calabar  is  a  branch  of  the 
Niger ;  also  a  town  near  its  mouth. 

Calabozo  (ka-la-bo'tho).  A  city  in  the  state 
of  Miranda,  Venezuela,  situated  on  the  river 
Guarioo.  It  was  founded  in  1730,  and  during  the  Vene- 
zuelan revolution  was  a  central  post  of  the  royalist  Boves. 
It  Is  the  seat  of  a  bishopric.  Population  (1893),  about 
6,000. 

Calabria  (ka-la'bri-a).  The  name  given  until 
about  the  time  of  the  Norman  conquest  in  the 
11th  century  to  the  southeastern  part  of  Italy 
(the  heel). 

Calabria.  The  name  given  in  the  later  middle 
ages  and  in  modern  times  to  the  southwestern 
part  of  Italy  (the  toe),  it  comprises  the  provinces  Co- 
senza,  Catauzaro,  and  Eeggio.  The  surface  is  mountainous. 

Calactinus.    See  Csedlius. 

Calah  (ka'lah).  In  Gen.  x.  10,  12,  a  place 
mentioned  as  one  of  the  four  cities  founded  by 
Asur,  th'e  ancestor  of  the  Assyrians,  it  is  the 
Assyrian  city  called  in  the  inscriptions  Kalhu,  now  repre- 
sented by  thie  ruins  of  Nimrud,  about  20  miles  north  of 
the  ruins  of  Nineveh  (Kuyunjik),  situated  on  an  irregular 
wedge  of  land,  formed  by  the  Tigris  and  the  Upper  Zab. 
According  to  the  Assyrian  monuments  it  was  founded  by 
Shalmaneser  I.  about  1300  B.  0,  His  successors  abandoned 
It  for  Nineveh.  Asurnazirpal  (884-860)  rebuilt  it  and 
erected  a  royal  palace  in-  it,  known  as  the  aorthwest  pal- 
ace ;  others  were  built  by  his  successors.  The  last  Assyr- 
ian king,  Asur-etil-ilani-ukinni,  also  built  a  palace  there. 

Calahorra  (ka-la-or'ra),  Celtiberian  Oalagur- 
ris  Nassica.    A  town  in  the  province  of  Lo- 

f?ono,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Cidaco.  near  the 
bro,  in  lat.  42°  16'  N.,  long.  2°  r  W.  Bis 
noted  for  its  resistance  in  the  Sertonan  war,  72  B.  0.,  and 
as  the  birthplace  of  Quintilian  and  (probably)  of  Pruden- 
tius.    It  has  a  cathe<&al.    Population  (1887),  8,821. 

Calais  (kal'is;  P.  pron.  ka-la').  [Formerly 
spelled  Callis;  ME.  Caleys,  Kalays,  from  OF. 
Caleis,  Calais  (F.  Calais),  ML.  Calesium.']  A 
seaport  in  the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais, 
France,  situated  on  the  narrowest  part  of  the 
Strait  of  Dover,  in  lat.  50°  57'  N.,  long.  1°  51' 
E.  It  is  a  strong  fortress,  and  a  center  of  passenger 
traffic  between  England  and  the  Continent,  and  is  on  the 
great  railway  and  packet  route  between  London  and  Paris. 
It  has  a  good  harbor,  and  trade  in  timber,  etc.  Its  com- 
mercial and  manufacturing  portion  (annexed  in  1885)  is 
St.-Pierre-lfes-Calais.  Calais  was  taken  by  Edward  III., 
after  a  celebrated  siege,  in  1347,  and  retaken  by  the  Duke 
of  Guise  in  1658.  The  Spaniards  held  it  1596-98.  Louis 
XVIII.  landed  there  in  1814     Population  (1901),  59,793. 

Calais  (kal'is).  A  city  and  seaport  in  Wash- 
ington County,  Maine,  situated  on  the  St. 
Croix  River  in  lat.  45°  11'  N.,  long.  67°  17' W. 
Its  chief  industry  is  the  lumber  trade.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  7,655., 

Calamatta  (ka-la-mat'ta),  Louis.  Bom  at 
(5ivita  Vecchia,  Italy,  July  12,  1802:  died  at 
Milan,  March  8,  1869.    A  French  engraver. 

Calame  (ka-lam'),  Alexandre.  Bom  at  Vevay, 
Switzerland,  May  28,  1810:  died  at  Mentone, 
France,  March  17,  1864.  A  Swiss  landscape- 
painter,  noted  for  representations  of  Alpine 
scenery  and  of  the  ruins  of  Pssstum. 

Calamianes  (ka-la-me-a'nes).  A  group  of  isl- 
ands in  the  Philippine  Archipelago,  about  lat. 
12°  N.,  long.  120°  E.  with  the  northern  part  of  Pala- 
wan they  form  the  province  of  Calamianes.  Area,  1,332 
square  miles. 

Calamities  of  Authors.  A  work  by  I.  D'Israeli, 
published  in  1812. 

Calainy  (kal'a-mi),  Edmund.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.,  1600:  died  at  London,  Oct.  29, 1666. 
An  English  Presbyterian  clergyman. 

Calamy,  Edmund.  Bom  at  London,  April  5, 
1671:  died  June  3, 1732.  An  English  nonconfor- 
mist clergyman,  grandson  of  Edmund  Calamy. 

Oalancha  (ka-lan"eha),  Antonio  de  la.  Bom 
at  Chuquisaca,  1584:  died  at  Lima,  March  1, 
1654.    A  Peruvian  Augustine  monk.    Hewasreo- 


Oalancha 

tor  of  the  CioUege  of  San  Ildefonso  at  Lima,  and  held 
various  offloea.  His  "  Cronioa  Moralizads.  del  Ordea  de 
San  Agustin  en  el  Peru"  (Barcelona,  1638)  gives  much  in- 
formation on  the  history  and  ethnology  of  South  America. 

Calandrino  (ka-lan-dre'no).  The  subject  of  a 
story  in  Boccaccio's  ' '  Decameron."  He  is  very 
unfortunate  and  very  amusing. 

Calantha  (ka-lan'tha).  In  Ford's  tragedy  "The 
Broken  Heart,"  the"daughter  of  Amyclas,  the 
king  of  Laconia.  she  drops  dead  ol  a  broken  heart 
after  an  extraordinary  scene  in  a  ball-room  during  which, 
with  apparent  calm  and  while  contiruing  her  dance,  she 
listens  to  the  announcement  of  the  deaths,  one  after  an- 
other, of  her  father,  lover,  and  brother. 

Calapoo;^a  (kal-a-po'ya).  A  division  of  the 
Kalapooian  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
embracing  a  number  of  bands,  formerly  on  the 
watershed  between  the  Willamette  and  Ump- 
qua  rivers,  in  Oregon.  They  are  now  on  Grande 
Konde  reservation.  They  numbered  22  in  1890.  Also  Cal- 
ipoa,  CaUahpoewah,  Callapipa,  Callapooka,  CathlapooyOf 
CoUappohyea,  Kalapooyah,  KcUlapuya. 

Galas  (ka-las'  or  ka-la'),  Jean.  Born  at  La- 
eapar^de,  Languedoe,  France,  March  19,  1698: 
broken  on  the  wheel  at  Toulouse,  France, 
March  9, 1762.  A  French  Protestant  merchant 
at  Toulouse,  a  viotim  of  religious  fanaticism. 
He  was  judicially  murdered  on  the  baseless  charge  of 
having  put  his  eldest  son  (a  suicide)  to  death  to  prevent 
him  from  becoming  a  Soman  Catholic. 

Calataflmi  (ka-la-ta-fe'me).  A  town  in  western 
Sicily,  situated  32  miles  southwest  of  Palermo. 
The  ruins  of  the  ancient  Segesta  are  in  the  vicinity.  Near 
here.  May  16,  1860,  Garibaldi  with  about  2,000  men  de- 
feated 3,600  Neapolitans  under  Landi.  The  town  was 
tatcen,  April  22, 838,  by  the  Saracens  who  gave  it  its  name 
(Kal4t-al-£lml).    Population  (1881),  10,419. 

Calatayud  (ka-la-ta-yoTH').  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Saragossa,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
river  Jalon  in  lat.  41°  23'  N.,  long.  1°  41'  W. 
It  was  built  by  Moors  in  the  8th  century,  and  is  in  the 
center  of  a  noted  hemp  district.  It  is  near  the  ancient 
Bilbilis  (the  birthplace  of  Martial),  and  h^  a  castle. 
Population  (1887),  11,055. 

Calatrava  la  Vieja  (ka-la-tra'va  la  ve-a'na), 
or  Old  Calatrava.  A  ruined  city  of  New 
Castile,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadiana  north 
of  Ciudad  Heal,  it  was  an  important  medieval  for- 
tress, and  seat  of  the  Calatrava  Order  of  Knights,  founded 
in  the  12th  century  for  the  defense  of  the  frontier  against 
the  Moors  (it  became  an  order  of  merit  in  1808). 

Calaveras  (kal-a-va'ras)  Grove.  The  northern- 
most grove  of  tt'e  Calif oruian big  trees,  reached 
from  Stockton,  it  contains  about  one  hundred  large 
trees,  among  them  the  "  Mother  of  the  Forest"  316  feet  in 
height  and  61  In  girth. 

Calaynos  (ka-li'nos).  Atragedyby  George  H. 
Boker,  produced  in  England  in  1848,  and  revived 
in  America  by  Barrett  in  1883. 

Calaynos,  the  Moor.  One  of  the  oldest  Spanish 
ballads,  in  which  the  French  paladins  appear 
associated  with  various  fabulous  Spanish 
heroes. 

Calcasieu  (kal'ka-shii).  A  river  in  western 
Louisiana  which  flows  through  Lake  Calcasieu 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  lat.  29°  46'  N.,  long. 
93°  20'  W.    Length,  about  200  miles. 

Calchacjuis  (kal-eha-kez').  A  tribe  of  South 
American  Indians  which  formerly  occupied  a 
region  of  what  is  now  northwestern  Argentina, 
in  the  vicinity  of  Catamarca.  They  were  power- 
ful opponents  of  the  first  Spanish  colonists  who  entered 
this  district  from  Chile.  The  Jesuit  missionaries  called 
their  language  Catamareflo  or  Cacana,  but  all  records  of 
this  tongue  appear  to  be  lost,  and  the  tribe  is  extinct. 

Calchas  (kal'kas).  [Gr.  KdXxa;.']  In  Greek  le- 
gend, the  wisest  soothsayer  who  accompanied 
the  expedition  against  Troy.  He  was  a  son  of 
Thestor  of  Mycenee  or  Megara.  According  to  the  oracle 
he  must  die  when  he  met  a  soothsayer  wiser  than  him- 
self :  this  happened  when  he  met  Mopsus  at  Claros.  He 
is  introduced  in  Shakspere's  "Troilus  and  Cressida," 

Calcraft  (kal'krSft),  John  William.  A  pseu- 
donym of  John  William  Cole,  under  which 
he  produced  "The  Bride  of  Lammermoor,"  a 
drama,  in  1822,  and  other  works. 

Calcutta  (kal-kut'a).  [Hind.  Kalikata,  prob. 
orig.  Kdlighdt,  referring  to  a  shrine  of  the  god- 
dess Kali  in  the  vicinity.]  The  capitalof  British 
India  and  of  Bengal,  situated  on  the  Hugli  in 
lat.  22°  33'  N.,  long.  88°  23'  E.  it  is  the  chief  com- 
mercial center  of  Asia.  Its  exports  and  manufactures  are 
opium,  tea,  jute,  grain,  indigo,  iron,  oil-seeds,  cotton,  etc. 
Among  the  principal  objects  of  interest  are  Fort  William, 
Government  House,  an  arsenal,  a  university,  Botanical 
Gardens,  a  Sanskrit  college,  and  various  other  institu- 
tions. It  is  the  seat  of  numerous  learned  societies.  It 
was  founded  as  an  East  India  Company  factory  in  1686, 
and  originally  called  Fort  William.  It  was  attacked  by 
Snrajah  Dowlah  in  1756,  and  was  the  scene  of  the  tragedy 
of  the  Black  Hole  (which  see).  It  was  retaken  by  Clive 
in  1767,  and  became  the  capital  in  1773.  Population  (1891), 
with  suburbs,  741,144.  ,  ,    ,_  .     ^      . 

Caldani  (kal-da'ne),  Leopoldo  Marc- Antonio. 

Born  at  Bologna,  Italy,  Nov.  21,  1725 :  died  at 
Padua,  Italy,  Dec.  24.  1813.    A  noted  Italian 


204 

anatomist.  His  chief  works  are  "Icones  anatomicse" 
(1801-14X  "Explicatio  iconum  anatomioarum "(1802-14). 

Caldara  (kal-da'ra),  Antonio,  Born  at  Venice, 
1678 :  died  at  Venice,  Dec.  28, 1763.  An  Italian 
composer  of  operas  and  oratorios. 

Caldara,  Polidbro,  sumamed  da  Caravaggio. 
Born  at  Caravaggio,  near  Milan,  about  1495: 
killed  at  Messina,  1543.  An  Italian  painter,  a 
pupil  of  Eaphael. 

Caldas  (kal'das),  Francisco  Jose  de.  Bom  at 
Popayan,  Colombia,  1771:  died  at  Bogotd,,  Oct. 
29, 1816.  A  Colombian  naturalist.  He  made  impor- 
tant studies  in  botany  and  geography,  traveling  for  some 
time  with  Humboldt  and  Bonpland.  In  1805  he  was  made 
director  of  the  observatory  at  Bogoti.  When  the  revolu- 
tion of  1810  broke  out  he  became  chief  of  engineers  in  the 
patriot  army,  but  was  not  actively  engaged  in  the  field. 
The  Spaniards  captured  him  in  1816,  and  he  was  shot. 

Caldas  Barboza  (kal'das  bar-bo 'za),  Do- 
mingos.  Bom  at  Kio  de  Janeiro  about  1740: 
died  near  Lisbon,  Portugal,  Nov.  9,  1800.  A 
Brazilian  poet.  '  He  was  a  mulatto,  the  illegitimate 
child  of  a  Portuguese  and  of  a  slave  woman  from  AJErica. 
Over  two  hundred  of  his  lyrics  are  extant. 

Caldeira  Brant  Pontes  (kal-da'ra  brant 
pon'tas),  Felisberto,  Marquis  of  Barbaoena. 
Born  near  Marianna,  Minas  Geraes,  Sept.  19, 
1772 :  died  at  Eio  de  Janeiro,  June  13, 1841.  A 
Brazilian  soldier  and  statesman.  In  1823  he  was  a 
member  of  the  constituent  assembly ;  in  1826  was  chosen 
senator ;  in  Jan.,  1827,  assumed  command  of  the  Brazil- 
ian army  in  Uruguay,  but  was  defeated  at  the  battle  of 
Ituzaingd,  Feb.  20, 1827,  and  soon  after  relieved ;  in  1828 
accompanied  the  young  Queen  of  Portugal,  Maria  II.,  to 
Europe,  and  defended  her  rights  there  with  great  decision 
and  skill ;  and  from  Dec,  1829,  to  Oct.,  18^,  was  prime 
minister. 

Calder  (kai'der).  A  river  in  the  West  Eiding 
of  Yorkshire,  England,  which  joins  the  Aire  at 
Castleford,  9  miles  southeast  of  Leeds.  Length, 
about  40  miles. 

Calder,  Sir  Robert.  Born  at  Elgin,  Scotland, 
July  2,  1745  (O.  S.):  died  at  Holt,  Hampshire, 
England,  Aug.  31,  1818.  A  British  admiral. 
He  served  with  distinction  as  captain  of  the  fleet  at  Cape 
St.  Vincent  in  1797,  and  commanded  against  Villeneuve 
in  the  summer  of  1805. 

Caldera  (kal-da'ra) .  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Ataeama,  Chile,  in  lat.  27°  8'  S.,  long.  70° 
53'  W. :  the  distributing-point  of  a  mineral 
district.    Population,  about '3,000. 

Calderon  (kal-da-ron'),  Francisco  Garcia. 
Bom  at  Arequipa,  1834.  A  Peruvian  lawyer 
and  statesman,  in  1867  he  was  elected  to  Congress, 
and  in  1868  became  minister  of  the  treasury.  After  the 
Chilians  occupied  Lima  (1881),  and  President  Pierola  had 
fled,  the  citizens  elected  Calderon  provisional  president 
of  Peru,  a  choice  which  was  afterward  ratified  by  Congress. 
He  attempted  to  treat  with  the  Chilians  and  to  secure  the 
interference  of  the  United  States.  To  prevent  this  the 
Chilians  seized  him  and  sent  him  to  Valparaiso,  where  he 
was  confined  until  the  close  of  the  war.  He  returned  to 
Lima  in  1886,  and  was  made  president  of  the  senate.  He 
was  infiuential  in  arranging  the  Grace  contract  by  which 
the  finances  of  Peru  were  put  on  a  better  footing.  He 
has  published  a  "Bictionary  of  Peruvian  Legislation." 

Calderon,  Serafin  Est^banez.  Bom  at  Mala- 
ga, Spain,  1801 :  died  Feb.  7, 1867.  A  Spanish 
poet  and  novelist.  He  wrote  the  novel  "  Cristianos 
y  Moriscos"  (1838),  "Las  Poesias  del  Solitario"  (1833), 
"Esoenas  Andaluzas"  (1847),  etc. 

Calderon  (kal'de-ron),  Philip  Hermogenes. 

Bom  at  Poitiers,  France,  May  3, 1838 :  died  April 
30,1898.  AnEnglishpainter,of  Spanish  descent. 

Calderon  the  Coiutier.  A  romance  from 
Spanish  history,  by  Bulwer  Lytton,  published 
in  1838. 

Calderon  de  la  Barca  (kal'de-ron;  Sp.  pron. 
kal-da-ron'  da  la  bar'ka),  Madame  (Frances 
Inglis).  Born  in  Scotland  about  1810  (?).  A 
Scottish-American  writer,  wife  of  Senor  Calde- 
ron de  la  Barca,  a  Spanish  diplomatist:  author 
of  "Life  in  Mexico"  (1843),  etc. 

Calderon  de  la  Barca,  Pedro.  Bom  at  Ma- 
drid, Jan.  17, 1600 :  died  there.  May  25, 1681.  A 
celebrated  Spanish  dramatist  and  poet.  He  was 
educated  first  by  the  Jesuits  and  then  at  Salamanca,  be- 
ing graduated  from  the  latter  university  in  1619.  He  had 
already  some  reputation  as  a  dramatic  writer.  In  1620 
and  1622  he  gained  the  praise  of  Lope  de  Vega  and  the 
only  prize  in  poetical  contests.  Until  1630  he  served  in 
the  army  at  various  times,  but  continued  writing.  In 
1636  he  was  patronized  by  Philip  IV.,  and  was  formally 
attached  to  the  court,  furnishing  dramas  for  the  royal 
theaters.  He  fought  through  the  campaign  of  1640. 
From  this  time  he  wrote  both  secular  and  religious  plays 
and  autos  for  the  church,  retaining  a  controlling  influence 
over  whatever  related  to  the  drama.  In  1651  he  entered 
a  religious  brotherhood.  In  1663  he  was  created  chap- 
lain of  honor  to  the  Idng,  and  also  became  a  jtriest  of  the 
Congregation  of  Saint  Peter,  and  afterward  its  head,  an 
office  which  he  held  till  his  death.  Notwithstanding 
these  religious  duties,  he  did  not  cease  from  writing 
for  the  theater,  besides  which,  during  thirty-seven  years, 
he  composed  the  Corpus  Chriati  plays  which  were  per- 
formed every  year  in  the  cathedrals  of  Toledo,  Seville, 
and  Granada.  His  extraordinary  popularity  continued  till 
his  death.    He  himself  made  a.  list  of  one  hundred  and 


Calhoun 

eleven  plays  and  seventy  (or  seventy-three)  sacramental 
autos  which  forms  the  basis  for  a  proper  knowledge  of  his 
works.  One  hundred  and  fifteen  plays  printed  as  his  by 
the  cupidity  of  booluellers  have  no  claim  whatever  to  hilg 
name.  His  "  Gomedias  de  Capa  y  Espada  "  ("  Comedies  of 
the  Cloak  and  Sword":  which  see)  are  peculiarly  charac- 
teristic, and  about  thirty  of  these  can  be  enumerated. 
Among  them  are  "  La  Dama  Duende  "("  The  Fau-y  Lady  "), 
"Mejor  Esta  que  Estaba"("'T  is  Better  than  it  Was"X 
"  Peer  Esta  que  Estaba  "  ("  'T  is  Worse  than  it  Was  "),  and 
"Astrologo  Fingido  "  ("The  Mock  Astrologer").  Dryden 
used  this  last  in  his  "An  Evening's  Love,  or  The  Mook 
Astrologer. "  Among  his  plays  are  "  El  Magico  i'rodigioso  " 
(**The  Wonder-working  Magician  "),  ".La  Bevociou  de  la 
Cruz  "  ("  The  Devotion  of  the  Cross  "),  "El  Principe  Con- 
stante  ("The  Constant  Prince "), "  Vida es  Sueflo  " ("Life 
is  a  Dream"),  "El  Mayor  Encanto  Amor"  ("No  Magic 
like  Love"),  "Las  Armas  de  la  Hermosura"  ("The 
Weapons  of  Beauty  "),  and  many  others. 

Calderon,  Bridge  of.    See  Puente  de  Calderon. 

Calderwood  (k^l'der-wud),  David.  Bom, 
probably  at  Dalkeith,  Scotland,  1575 :  died  at 
Jedburgh,  Scotland,  Oct.  29, 1650.  A  Scottish 
clergyman  and  church  historian.  His  chief  works 
are  "The  Altar  of  Damascus  "  (1621 :  also  in  Latin,  1623), 
"History  of  the  Kirk  of  Scotland  "  (1678). 

Caldiero  (kal-de-a'ro).  A  village  in  northern 
Italy,  8  miles  east  of  Verona.  Here,  Nov.  12, 1796, 
the  Austrians  under  Alvinczy  repulsed  Napoleon,  and 
Oct.  29-31,  1806,  the  archduke  Charles  of  Austria  re- 
pulsed Mass^na. 

Caldwell  (kaid'wel),  Joseph.  Born  at  Lam- 
ington,  N.  J.,  April  21,  1773:  died  at  Chapel 
Hill,  N.  C,  Jan.  27, 1835.  An  American  clergy, 
man  and  educator.  He  became  president  of 
the  University  of  North  Carolina  in  1804. 

Caldwell.  A  town  and  summer  resort  in  east- 
em  New  York,  situated  at  the  southern  end  of 
Lake  George,  53  miles  north  of  Albany.  Forts 
George  and  William  Henry  were  situated  here 
in  the  18th  century. 

Caleb  (ka'leb).  [Heb. ;  of  uncertain  meaning. 
See  the  extract  below.]  A  Hebrew  leader  at 
the  time  of  the  conquest  of  Canaan.  He  was 
one  of  those  who  were  sent  as  spies  into  the 
land  of  Canaan. 

Often,  with  names  of  this  kind,  El  was  omitted,  Irham 
being  used  instead  of  Irhamei;  Caleb  instead  of  Calbel. 
This  last  name,  singular  as  it  is,  need  not  create  any  sur- 
prise, for  "Dog  of  El"  was  an  energetic  way  of  express- 
ing the  faithful  attachment  of  a  tribe  to  the  God  to 
which  it  had  devoted  itself. 

Senan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  89. 

Caleb.  The  witch  in  "The  Seven  Champions 
of  CJhristendom."  Caleb  had  killed  the  parents 
of  the  young  Saint  George  and  brought  him  up. 

Caleb.  A  character  in  Dryden's  satire  "Absa- 
lom and  Achitophel."  He  is  intended  for  Lord  Grey 
of  Warii,  one  of  the  adherents  of  the  Duke  of  Monmouth. 
The  latter  had  a  notorious  intrigue  with  Lord  Grey's  wife. 

Caleb  Quotem.    See  Quotem. 

Caleb  Williams.  A  novel  by  William  Godwin, 
published  in  1794.  Caleb  Williams  is  the  secretary 
of  Falkland:  his  Insatiable  curiosity  finds  out  the  secret 
of  his  master.  (See  Falkland.)  Colman  the  Younger  based 
his  "Iron  Chest "  on  this  novel. 

Caled.    See  Khalid. 

Caledonia  (kal-e-do'ni-a).  [L.  Caledonia,  also 
Calidonia,  Calydonia,  Gr.  'KalT/dovia,  from  Cale- 
donii,  CaUdonii,  Calydonn,  also  Caledones,  Cali- 
dones,  Gr.  'K.aTaid&vioi,  the  name  of  the  inhabi- 
tants.] A  name  given  by  the  Eomau  writers 
to  the  northern  portion  of  the  island  of  Great 
Britain:  now  used  as  a  poetical  designation  of 
Scotland. 

Caledonian  Canal.  A  canal  in  Scotland  con- 
necting the  North  Sea  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
It  extends  from  Inverness  through  a  chain  of  lakes  to 
Corpach  on  Loch  Bil.    It  was  constructed  1803-22. 

Calenders  (kal'eu-derz).  The  Three.    The 

three  princes  disguised  as  Calenders,  or  begging 
derviflies,  in  "The  Arabian  Nights^ Entertain- 
ments."   They  have  but  one  eye  each. 

Calepine  (kal'e-pen),  Sir.  A  knight  in  Spen- 
ser's "Faerie  Queene"  who  saves  a  child  from 
a  bear  by  squeezing  the  latter  to  death. 

Calepino  (ka-la-pe'no),  Ambrogio.  Bom  at 
Bergamo,  Italy,  June  6, 1435:  died  at  Bergamo, 
Nov.  30,  1511.  An  Italian  lexicographer.  He 
compiled  a  Latin-Italian  dictionary  (published  1602),  which 
passed  through  many  editions,  and  became,  after  succes- 
sive enlargements,  in  1500  a  polyglot  of  eleven  languages. 
Facciolati  reduced  this  number  to  seven  in  his  edition 
(1718). 

Caleti  (kal'e-ti),  or  Caletes  (kal'e-tez).  An 
ancient  Belgio  tribe  dwelling  in  the  vicinity  of 
Eouen.    They  opposed  Caesar  52-51  b.  c. 

Caleva,  or  Calleva  (kal'f-va).  An  impor- 
tant town  in  ancient  Britain :  the  modei'n  Sil- 
chester. 

Calgary (kal'ga-ri).  Atown  InAlberta,  Canada. 
It  is  a  trading  center  on  the  Canadian  Pacific 
Eailway. 

Calhoun  (kal-h6n'),  John  Caldwell,  Bom  in 
Abbeville  District,  S.  C,  March  18,  1782:  died 


CaUioun 

at  Washington,  March  31, 1850.  A  noted'Amer- 
iean  statesman.  He  was  ot  Irish  extraction,  was 
gradualed  at  Yale  College  In  1804,  studied  law  at  the  titoh- 
fleld  (Connecticut)  Law  School,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1807,  and  commenced  practice  at  Abbeville.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  State  general  assembly  1808-09;  was 
elected  a  representative  to  Congress  from  South  Carolina 
by  the  War  Democrats  in  1811,  and  retained  his  seat  un- 
til 1817,  when  he  became  secretary  of  war  in  President 
Monroe's  cabinet.  He  was  Vice-President  of  the  United 
States  1826-32 ;  was  United  States  senator  1832-43 ;  and 
was  secretary  of  state  under  President  Tyler  1844-45, 
when  he  was  reelected  to  the  Senate,  ot  which  he  remained 
a  member  until  his  death.  A  strenuous  defender  of  the 
institution  of  slaveiy,  he  was  the  author  of  the  doctrine 
of  nulliacation,  according  to  which  each  State  has  the 
right  to  reject  any  act  of  Congress  which  it  may  consider 
unconstitutional.  This  doctrine  was  declared  by  the  legis- 
lature  ot  South  Carolina  in  1829,  in  a  document,  mainly 
drawn  up  by  him,  known  as  the  "  South  Carolina  Exposi- 
tion." He  was  one  of  the  chief  instruments  in  securing 
the  annexation  of  Texas.  His  works,  with  memoir,  were 
published  by  Kichard  E.  Cralle  (1853-54),  and  include  a 
treatise  "On  the  Constitution  and  Government  of  the 
United  States." 

Call  (ka-le').  A  town  in  the  southwestern  part 
of  the  United  States  of  Colombia,  department 
of  Cauoa,  situated  north  of  Popayan.  Popula- 
tion (1892),  about  10,000. 

Caliban  (kal'i-ban).  In  Shakspere's  "Tem- 
pest," a  deformed  and  repulsive  slave.  He  is  a 
monster  generated  by  a  devil  and  a  witch,  with  a  sensual 
and  malicious  nature,  educated  by  Prospero. 

If  the  depth  ot  an  impression  made  by  an  imaginary 
character  may  be  gauged  by  the  literature  which  that 
character  calls  forth,  then  must  Hamlet  and  Palstaff  ad- 
mit Caliban  to  a  place  between  them.  An  eminent  Pro- 
fessor (Wilson)  has  devoted  a  stout  octavo  volume  to  the 
proof  that  in  Caliban  we  find  the  exact  "link"  which,  in 
any  scheme  of  Evolution,  is  ''missing"  between  Man  and 
the  Anthropoids;  the  late  and  honoured  Mr.  Itobert 
Browning  has  given  utterance  to  the  theological  specula- 
tions which  he  imagined  might  have  visited  Caliban's 
darkened  and  lonely  soul ;  and  a  brilliant  Member  of  the 
French  Institute,  of  world-wide  fame,  has  written  a  philo- 
sophical drama  bearing  the  name  of  "Caliban."  toother 
nnreal  character,  except  the  two  I  have  mentioned,  Ham- 
let and  Falstaff ,  has  called  forth  such  noteworthy  or  such 
voluminous  tributes.         Fumess,  Sbak.  Var.,  Aet.,  viii. 

Caliban,  A  philosophical  drama  by  Eenau, 
published  in  1878  as  a  continuation  of  "  The 
Tempest."  Caliban,  a  socialist  and  revolutionist,  over- 
throws Prospero  and  occupies  the  latter's  place  and  palace. 
He, then  comes  to  sympathize  with  property-owners  and 
protects  Prospero.    The  drama  is  keenly  satirical. 

Caliban.  A  pseudonym  of  Auguste  Emile  Ber- 
gerat. 

Caliban  upon  Setebos,  or  Natural  Theology 
in  the  Island,  A  poem  by  Robert  Browning, 
published  in  "Dramatis  Personse"  (1864). 

Caliburn.    See  Excalibur. 

Calicut  (kal'i-kut),  or  Kolikod  (kol'i-kod). 
[Hind.  Kolikodu.']  A  seaport  in  the  Malabar 
district,  Madras,  British  India,  situated  on  the 
Indian  Ocean  in  lat.  11°  15'  N.,  long.  75°  49'  E. 
It  was  the  first  Indian  port  visited  by  Vasco  da  Gama  in 
1498.  It  was  destroyed  by  Tippu  Saib  in  1789,  and  ceded  to 
the  British  in  1792.    Population  (1891),  66,078. 

Calidore  (kal'i-dor).  A  knight  in  Spenser's 
"Faerie  Queene,"  the  type  of  courtesy.  He  is 
modeled  upon  Sir  Philip  Sidney. 

Calif  (ka'lif).  [From  Ar.  halafa,  to  leave  be- 
hind.] The  title  given  to  the  successor  of 
Mohammed,  meaning '  successor,' '  lieutenant,' 
'vicegerent,'  or  '  deputy.'  He  is  vested  with  abso- 
lute authority  in  aU  matters  of  state,  both  civil  and  reli- 
gious, as  long  as  he  rules  in  conformity  with  the  law  of  the 
Koran  and  the  tradition.  The  calif  must  be  a  man,  an 
adult,  sane,  a  free  man,  a  learned  divine,  a  powerful  ruler, 
a  just  person,  and  one  of  the  Koreish  (the  tribe  to  which 
the  prophet  himself  belonged).  The  Shiites  (the  schis- 
matics of  Islam)  also  demand  that  he  should  be  a  descen- 
dant from  the  prophet's  family.  After  the  first  five  califs, 
who  according  to  some  Mohammedan  authorities,  were 
alone  entitled  to  the  title,  the  others  being  merely  .4mir«, 
or  governors,  the  califate  passed  over  to  the  Ommiads, 
who,  14  in  number,  reigned  661-760  in  Damascus.  They 
were  succeeded  by  the  Abbassides,  with  37  califs,  reigning 
760-1258  in  Bagdad.  After  their  temporal  power  had  been 
overthrown  by  Halak  Khan,  1258,  descendants  of  the  Abbas- 
sides resided  for  three  centuries  in  Egypt,  and  asserted 
their  claim  to  the  spiritual  power.  In  1517  the  califate 
passed  over  through  one  descendant  of  the  Abbassides  to 
Selim  I.,  the  ninth  of  the  present  Ottoman  dynasty  of 
Turkish  sultans,  and  is  still  vested  In  the  sultan  of  the 
Ottoman  empire. 

Calife  de  Bagdad  (ka-lef  d6  bag-dad'),  Le.  An 
opera  by  Boieldieu,  words  by  St.  Just,  hrst 
produced  in  Paris  Sept.  16,  1800. 

CTalifornia  (kal-i-f6r'ni-a).  [Sp.  CaZi/orwMf  (16th 
century),  applied  first  to  what  is  now  called 
Lower  California.  Origin  uncertain:  said  to  be 
from  California,  a  feigned  island  abounding  in 
gold  and  precious  stones,  described  in  a  Span- 
ish romance,  "Las  Sergus  de  Bsplandian,'' 
published  in  1510.]  One  of  the  Pacific  States  of 
the  United  States  of  America,  it  extends  from  lat. 
32'30'-42''  N..  long.  114''-124''  25'  W.,  and  is  bounded  by  Ore- 
gon on  the  north,  Nevada  and  Amona  on  the  eas«i JLower 
California  on  the  south,  and  the  Pacific  on  the  west.  The 
Sierra  Nevada  and  Coast  ranges  traverse  it,  and  it  is  famous 


205 

for  picturesque  sceneiy  (Tosemite,  etc.).  Besides  gold, 
quicksilver,  lead,  and  silver,  it  produces  various  other 
minerals,  petroleum,  etc.  Among  its  other  important  pro- 
ducts are  wheat,  barley,  wool,  grapes  and  other  fruit,  wine, 
brandy,  honey,  and  timber.  Its  capital  is  Sacramento,  and 
its  chief  city  San  Francisco.  It  has  57  counties.  The  coast 
was  explored  by  Cabrillo  in  1642,  and  by  Drake  1678-79.  It 
was  settled  by  Spanish  missionaries  in  the  17th  century, 
and  from  1822  was  part  of  the  Mexican  state.  In  1846-47 
it  was  occupied  by  American  troops,  and  was  ceded  to  the 
United  States  in  1848.  Gold  was  discovered  in  El  Dorado 
County  on  Jan.  24, 1848.  It  was  admitted  to  the  Union 
in  1850.  Length,  775  miles.  Area,  168,360  square  miles. 
Population  (1900),  1,486,063. 

California,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean  lying  between  the  peninsula  of  Lower 
California  on  the  west  and  the  Mexican  states 
of  Sonera  and  Sinaloa  on  t'ne  east.  length,  about 
700  miles ;  breadth  at  the  entrance,  150  miles.  It  receives 
the  river  Colorado  at  its  head. 

California,  Lower,  or  Old.  [Sp.  Baja,  or  Vie- 
^a,  California.']  A  peninsula  of  North  Amer- 
ica, projecting  into  the  Pacific  Ocean,  forming 
a  territory  of  Mexico .  it  was  discovered  by  Ximenes 
in  1634,  was  colored  by  Cortes  in  1535,  and  settled  by  the 
Spaniards  in  the  last  part  of  the  17th  century.  Its  sur- 
face is  mountainous,  and  its  climate  dry.  Area,  59,013 
square  miles.  length,  about  790  miles.  Population  (1896), 
42,287. 

Caligula  (ka-lig'u-la)  (Oaius  Caesar).  [.Ca- 
ligula is  a  nickname  from  L.  caligse,  the  foot- 
dress  of  the  common  soldiers,  worn  by  him  when 
he  was  with  the  army  as  a  boy.]  Born  at  An- 
tium,  Italy,  Aug.  31,  12  A.  D. :  killed  at  Rome, 
Jan.  24,  41.  The  third  emperor  of  Eome,  37-41 
A.  D.,  youngest  son  of  Germanicus,  the  nephew 
of  Tiberius,  and  Agrippina.  He  succeeded  Tiberius, 
whose  death  he  had  caused  or  accelerated.  The  begin- 
ning of  his  reign  was  marked  by  great  moderation,  but 
his  savage  and  voluptuous  nature  soon  revealed  itself,  and 
the  rest  of  his  career  was  marked  by  cruelty  and  licen- 
tiousness little  short  of  madness.  He  is  said  to  have  ex- 
claimed in  a  fit  of  vexation,  "  Would  that  the  Koman  peo- 
ple had  only  one  head ! "  He  had  himself  worshiped  as  a 
god,  and  raised  his  horse  to  the  consulship.  He  invaded 
Gaul  in  40.  He  was  assassinated  by  Cassius  Chserea,  Cor- 
nelius Sabinus,  and  others. 

Caligula.  A  tragedy  by  Crowne,  printed  in 
1698. 

Calila  and  Diiuna.    See  KaUlah. 

Calipoa.    See  Calapooya. 

Calipolis  (ka-lip'o-lis).  The  wife  of  Muly  Ma- 
hamet  in  Peele's  play  "  The  Battle  of  Alcazar." 
During  a  famine  her  husband  presents  her  with  a  bit  of 
meat,  stolen  from  a  lioness,  on  his  bloody  sword,  with 
these  words:  "Feed  then  and  faint  not,  fair  Calipolis." 
Pistol  ridicules  this  line  in  "2  Henry  IV.,"  ii.  4. 

Calippus.    See  Callippits. 

Oalista  (ka-Ks'ta).  1 .  The  "Fair  Penitent " in 
Eowe's  play  of  that  name.  She  is  the  proud,  fierce 
wife  of  a  forgiving  husband,  Altamont,  and  loves  "that 
haughty  gallant,  gay  Lothario,"  who  has  seduced  her. 
After  the  latter's  death  her  sense  of  guilt  induces  her  to 
kill  herself,  though  Doran  remarks  that  she  was  more 
angry  at  being  found  out  than  sorry  for  what  had  hap- 
pened. 

2.  The  faithful  wife  of  Cleander  in  Fletcher 
and  Massinger's  play  "The  Lover's  Progress." 
Her  struggle  with  her  xmf ortunate  passion  for 
Lysander  affords  a  powerful  scene. — 3.  One  of 
the  principal  characters  in  Massinger's  "  Gruar- 
dian." —  4 .  The  queen's  woman  in  Scott's  novel 
"  The  Talisman."    She  is  wily  and  intriguing. 

Calixtines  (ka-liks'tins).  [ML.  Calixttni,  a  sect 
so  called:  referred  to  calix,  a  cup,  the  cup  of 
the  encharist;  in  form  as  if  from  Calixtus,  a 
proper  name.]  A  sect  of  Hussites  in  Bohemia. 
They  published  their  confession  in  1421,  the  leading  arti- 
cle of  which  was  a  demand  to  partake  of  the  cup  (ealioi) 
as  well  as  of  the  bread  in  the  Lord's  Supper,  from  which 
they  were  also  called  Utraquists  (L.  lUerque,  both). 

Calixtus  I.  (ka-liks'tus),  or  Callistus  (ka-lis'- 
tus).  Killed  223.  Bishop  of  Rome.  He  suc- 
ceeded Zephyrinus  as  bishop  in  218  A.  d.  He  is 
commemorated  in  the  Roman  Church  on  Oct.  14. 

Calixtus  II.  (Guide  of  Burgundy).  Died  at 
Rome,  Dee.  12,  1124.  Pope  1119-24.  He  con- 
cluded the  Concordat  of  Worms  with  Henry  V., 
1122.  .  ,      .„ 

Calixtus  III.  (Alfonso  Borgia),  Born  m 
Spain  about  1378:  died  Aug.  6,  1458.  Pope 
1455-58.  He  attempted  fruitlessly  a  crusade 
against  the  Turks. 

Caliyuga.    See  Kali-yuga. 

Callahpoewah.    See  Calapooya. 

Callander  (kal'an-der).  A  small  town  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  leith  Id 
miles  northwest  of  Stirling.  It  is  a  tourist 
center.  _     .  ,  . 

Callao  (kal-ia'o  or  kal-ya'6).  1.  A  seaportin 
Peru,  situated  in  lat.  12°  4'  S.,  long.  77°  8'  W., 
6  miles  west  of  Lima  on  the  Bay  of  Callao :  the 
chief  port  of  Peru.  On  Oct.  28, 1746,  it  was  swept  away 
bv  an  earthquake-wave,  the  result  of  the  shock  which 
destroyed  Lima  ♦  4,600  people  perished,  and  a  frigate  and 
nineteen  other  vessels  were  stranded.    San  Felipe  Castle 


Callirrhoe 

was  planned  by  M.  Godin  and  completed  about  1765 ;  It 
was  the  last  point  occupied  by  the  Spaniards  in  South 
America,  being  finally  taken  Jan.  19, 1826.  The  castle  was 
important  in  all  later  Peruvian  wars.  Callao  was  bom- 
barded by  a  Spanish  fleet  May  2, 1866,  and  by  the  Chileans 
in  1880.  It  exports  wool,  guano,  bark,  etc.  Population 
(1890),  35,492. 

2.  A  coast  department  of  Peru,  capital  Callao, 
recently  separated  from  Lima.  It  comprises 
only  the  city  and  suburbs. 

Callapipa.    See  Calapooya. 

Callapooha.    See  Calapooya. 

Callaway  (kai'a-wa),  "Henry.  Bom  in  Eng- 
laud,  Jan.  17, 1817:  died  March  27,  1890.  An 
English  missionary  in  Africa.  He  was  a  successful 
physician  until  1854,  when  he  went  to  South  Africa  to 
assist  Bishop  Colenso  in  his  work  among  the  Zulus.  In 
1858  he  founded  the  Spring  Vale  mission  station ;  in  1874 
he  became  bishop  of  Independent  Kaflraria,  and  founded 
the  settlement  ot  Umtata,  He  is  noted  as  a  folklorist. 
Principal  works,  "Nursery  Tales  ot  the  Zulus"  and  "The 
Eeligious  System  ot  the  Amazulu  "  (1868-71). 

Callcott  (kai'kot),  Sir  Augustus  Wall.    Bom 

at  Kensington,  near  London,  Feb.  20,  1779: 
died  at  Kensington,  Nov.  25, 1844.  An  English 
landscape-painter. 

Callcott,  John  Wall.  Bom  at  Kensington, 
near  London,  Nov.  20,  1766:  died  near  Bristol, 
May  15, 1821.  An  English  composer  of  glees, 
catches,  etc.,  brother  of  Sir  Augustus  Wall 
Callcott.  He  published  a  "Musical Grammar" 
(1806). 

Callcott,  Lady  (Maria  Dundas,  later  Mrs. 
Graham),  Born  at  Papoastle,  near  Cooker- 
mouth,  in  1785 :  died  at  Kensington,  near  Lon- 
don^ Nov.  21,  1842.  An  English  writer,  wife 
of  Sir  Augustus  Wall  Callcott. 

Calleja  del  Key  (kal-ya'na  del  ray'),  Felix 
Maria.  Bom  at  Medina  del  Campo,  Old  Cas- 
tile, 1750:  died  at  Cadiz,  1820.  A  Spanish  gen- 
eral. In  1789  he  was  sent  to  Mexico.  In  1810  he  was  a 
brigadier,  commanding  at  San  Luis  Potosl.  Soon  after 
Hidalgo  revolted  he  marched  against  him,  defeated  him 
at  Aculco,  near  Quer^taro,  Nov.  7,  and  on  Jan.  17, 1811,  won 
a  great  victory  over  him  at  the  bridge  ot  Calderon,  near 
Guadalajara.  His  measures  for  repressing  the  revolution 
were  very  cruel,  scores  of  his  prisoners  being  shot.  Called  to 
the  capital,  he  was  sent  against  Morelos,  whom  he  besieged 
in  Cuautla  from  Feb.  17  to  May  2,  finally  obtaining  a  bar- 
ren victory,  as  Morelos  and  his  army  escaped.  On  Dec.  29, 
1812,  he  was  made  military  commandant  of  Mexico  City, 
and  from  March  4, 1813,  to  Sept.  19, 1816,  he  was  viceroy. 

Callernish  (ka-16r'nish).  A  region  in  the  island 
of  Lewis,  Hebrides,  Scotland.  It  is  noted  for  its 
ancient  stone  circles. 

Callias(kal'i-as),  Peace  of.  Apeaee,  concluded 
at  Sparta  in  June,  371  B.  c,  between  Athens 
and  Sparta,  including  their  allies,  from  which, 
however,  Thebes  was  excluded.  It  took  its  name 
from  Callias,  one  of  the  Athenian  envoys,  prominent  in 
the  conferences. 

Calli^res  Bonnevue  (kal-yar'  bon-vii'),  Louis 
Hector.  Born  in  Prance,  1639:  died  at  Que- 
bec, May  26,  1703.  A  French  colonial  politi- 
cian, governor  of  Montreal  1684,  and  of  Can- 
ada 1699. 

Calligrapher  (ka-lig'ra-f6r),  The.  A  surname 
of  Theodosius  II.,  given  to  him  on  account  of 
his  skill  in  illuminating  manuscripts. 

CallimachuS  (ka-lim'a-kus).  [Gr.  Ka^imxoq.] 
Lived  before  396  B.C."  An  artist  of  antiquity, 
according  to  tradition  the  inventor  of  the  Co- 
rinthian column. 

CallimachuS.  Bom  at  Cyrene :  died  about  240 
B.  c.  A  famous  Alexandrian  critic,  gramma- 
rian, and  poet,  chief  librarian  of  the  Alexan- 
drian Library. 

Callinicus  (kal-i-ni'kus)  of  Heliopolis.  An 
Egyptian  architect  who  is  commonly  held  to  be 
the  inventor  of  the  Greek  fire,  the  secret  of 
whose  composition  has  been  lost.  He  is  said  to 
have  destroyed  by  this  fire  a  Saracen  fleet  which  attacked 
Constantinople  about  670  A.  D. 

Callinus  (ka-li'nus).  [Gr.  KaAAivof.]  A  Greek 
poet  of  Ephesus,  of  uncertain  date  (lived  per- 
haps about  730-670  b.  c),  probably  the  first 
known  writer  of  elegiacs,  the  invention  of 
which  was  anciently  attributed  to  Archilochus. 
The  longest  fragment  assigned  to  him  has  by  some  been 
thought  to  be  the  work  of  Tyrtseus. 

Calliope  (ka-li'o-pe).  [Gr.  'K.aXh&Kri.l  1.  In 
Greek  mythology,  the  Muse  of  epic  poetry. 
She  is  represented  with  a  tablet  and  stylus. 
See  Muses.— 2.  An  asteroid  (No.  22)  discovered 
by  Hind  at  London,  Nov.  16,  1852. 

Callippus,or Calippus (ka-Up'us).  [Gr.KdHw- 
Trof  or  KdAiTTTrof .]  Bom  at  Cyzieus,  Asia  Minor : 
lived  in  the  4th  century  B.  c.  A  Greek  astron- 
omer. He  Instituted  the  "Callipplc"  cycle  of  76  years, 
formed  by  quadrupling  the  Metonic  cycle  (19  years)  and 
subtracting  one  day. 

Callirrhoe  (ka-lir'o-e).  [Gr.  -KaXlippiv.]  A 
historic  fountain   in  Athens,   architecturally 


Callirrhoe 

adorned  and  provided  with  conduits  by  Pisis- 
tratus,the  use  of  whose  waterwaspresoribedfoi 
ceremonial  rites.  From  the  earliest  study  of  Athenian 
topography,  this  fountain  has  been  identified  with  the 
copious  spring  still  flowing  in  the  bed  of  the  Ilissus,  near 
the  temple  of  Olympian  Zeus.  Dflrpfeld,  however,  has 
lately  demonstrated  the  probability  that  this  identifloa^ 
tlon  is  incorrect,  and  that  the  fountain  was  in  fact  situ- 
ated at  the  southwest  angle  of  the  Areopagus,  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  Agora.  While  the  evidence  is  still  incomplete, 
excavation  has  revealed  a  water-conduit  of  the  Pisistratid 
epoch  ending  at  the  site  indicated,  which  accords  with 
literary  testimony. 

Callirrhoe.  In  Creek  legend,  the  wife  of  Alo- 
mfflon.  She  persuaded  her  husband  to  procure  for  her 
the  peplum  and  necklace  of  Harmonia,  and  thus  caused  his 
death,  which  was  avenged  by  his  sons.  See  Alcmxon  and 
Harmoma. 

Oallisthenes  (ka-lis'the-nez).  [Or.  KaMiaBhTjg.'] 
Born  at  Olynthus,  Macedonia :  died  about  328 
B.  c.  A  Greek  philosopher,  a  cousin  and  pupil 
of  Aristotle,  and  a  companion  of  Alexander 
the  Great  in  Asia.  He  incurred  Alexander's  ill  will, 
and  was  probably  put  to  death  by  his  order. 

Callisto  (ka-lis'to).  [Gr.  KaAAiorii.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  an  Arcadian  huntress,  a  companion 
of  Artemis,  beloved  of  Zeus  and  transformed  by 
him  into  a  she  bear,  in  this  form  she  was  slain  by 
Artemis  in  the  chase.  She  was  placed  among  the  stars  as 
the  constellation  Arctos  (Bear). 

Callistratus  (ka-Us'tra-tus).  [Gi.KaMloTpaTo;.^ 
Au  Athenian  orator.  He  commanded  with  Chabrias 
and  Timotheus  the  forces  which  were  despatched  to  the 
assistance  of  Thebes  against  Sparta  in  378,  and  executed 
a  number  of  embassies.  In  366  he  delivered  a  speech  on 
the  loss  of  Oropus,  which  is  said  to  have  determined  De- 
mosthenes to  devote  himself  to  the  study  of  oratory.  He 
was  sentenced  to  death  for  political  reasons  in  361,  as  a 
result  of  which  he  went  into  exile.  He  subsequently 
returned,  and  was  put  to  death.  He  is  said  to  have 
founded  the  city  of  Datum,  afterward  Philippi,  during  his 
exile. 

Callistratus.  A  Greek  grammarian  who  lived 
about  the  middle  of  the  2d  century  B.  c.  He  was 
the  author  of  commentaries  on  the  major  poets  of  Greece, 
which  were  held  in  considerable  repute  by  the  ancients, 
but  which  are  now  lost.  He  is  said  on  doubtful  authority 
to  have  been  the  first  to  acquaint  the  Samians  with  the 
alphabet  of  twenty-four  letters. 

Callistratus.  A  Roman  jurist  who  lived  about 
the  beginning  of  the  3d  century  A.  D.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  a  pupil  of  Fapinian  and  to  have  been  a  mem- 
ber of  the  council  of  Alexander  Severus.  He  is  known 
chiefly  on  account  of  the  numerous  extracts  from  his  works 
in  the  "Digest"  of  Justinian.  None  of  his  works  is  ex- 
tant. 

Callot  (ka-16' ),  Jacques.  Born  at  Nancy,  France, 
1592 :  died  at  Nancy,  March  28, 1635.  A  French 
engraver  and  painter. 

Call  to  the  Unconverted.  A  religious  work 
by  Richard  Baxter,  published  in  1657,  known 
as  "  Baxter's  Call." 

Calmar.    See  Kalmar. 

Calmet  (kal-ma'),  Dom  AugUStin.  Bom  at 
Mesnil-la-Horgne,  near  Toul,  Prance,  Feb.  26, 
1672:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  25,  1757.  A  noted 
French  Benedictine  scholar  and  biblical  critic. 
He  was  the  author  of  numerous  works,  including  "Com- 
mentaire  sur  tons  les  livres  de  I'Ancien  et  du  Nouveau 
Testament"  (1707-16),  a  "Dictionnairehistorique,  critique 
et  chronologique  de  la  Bible  "  (1722-28). 

Calmon  (kal-m6n'),  Marc  Antoine.  Bom  at 
Tamnifes,  Dordogne,  France,  March  3,  1815: 
died  at  Paris,  Oct.  13,  1890.  A  French  politi- 
cian and  political  economist.  He  was  chosen  life 
senator  in  1876.  He  published  "Histoire  parlementaire 
des  finances  de  la  restauration  "  (1868-70),  etc. 

Calmon  du  Pin  e  Almeida  (kal-mdn'  dii  pan' 
e  al-ma'da),  Miguel.  Born  at  Santo  Amaro, 
Bahia,  Dec.  22,  1796 :  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Oct.  5,  1865.  A  Brazilian  statesman.  He  was 
member  of  the  constituent  assembly  1822 ;  several  times 
deputy^  senator  from  1840;  minister  in  many  govern- 
ments, and  premier  in  1840  and  1843.  From  1844  to  1847  he 
was  special  envoy  in  Europe.  In  1849  he  was  created  vis- 
count^ and  in  1854  marquis  of  Abrantes. 

Calmucks.    See  Kalmucks. 

Calne  (kan).  A  town  in  Wiltshire,  England, 
16  miles  east-northeast  of  Bath.  Population 
(1891),  3,495. 

Calneh  (kal'ne).  One  of  the  four  cities  of 
Nimrod  in  Shinar,  or  Babylonia  (Gen.  x.  10), 
which  as  yet  has  not  been  identified,  it  is  to  be 
distinguished  from  Calneh  of  Amos  vi  2,  and  the  Calno 
of  Isa.  X.  9,  which  perhaps  lefer  to  one  and  the  same  city, 
identified  by  some  with  the  KuUani  mentioned  in  the  As- 
syrian inscriptions  as  having  been  conquered  738  E.  o.  by 
Tlglath-Pileser  in.,  and  now  represented  by  the  ruins  of 
KuUanhu  about  six  miles  from  Arpad. 

Calo-Joannes  (kal-o-jo-au'ez),  or  Joannes  II. 

OomnenUS.  [Gr.  KoXo-Iudw)??  6  KO|Ui^(if.] 
Bom  1088 :  died  April  8,  1143.  Byzantine  em- 
peror from  Aug.  15, 1118,  to  April  8,  1143 :  son 
of  Alexis  I.  whom  he  succeeded.  He  carried  on 
successful  wars  against  the  Turks  and  Servians,  and  in  1187 
added  Armenia  Minor  to  the  Greek  empire.  He  conceived 
the  project  of  conquering  the  latin  kingdoms  of  Jerusa- 
lem and  Antioch,  and  entered  Cilicia  with  an  army,  where 


206 

he  died  from  a  wound  by  a  poisoned  arrow  in  the  hand, 
accidentally  inflicted  while  boar-hunting. 

Oalonne  (ka-lon'),  Charles  Alexandre  de. 

Bom  at  Douai,  Prance,  Jan.  20, 1734 :  died  at 
Paris,  Oct.  30, 1802.  A  noted  French  courtier 
and  politician,  comptroller-general  of  finance 
1783-87. 

Oalov  (ka'lof).  Latinized  CaloTius  (ka-16'- 
vi-us)  (originally  Kalau),  Abraham.  Bom 
at  Mohrungen,  Prussia,  April  16,  1612 :  died  at 
Wittenberg,  Germany,  Feb.  25,  1686.  A  Ger- 
man Lutheran  theologian  and  polemic  writer. 
His  chief  work  is  "  Systema  locorum  theolo- 

ajicorum"  (1665-77). 
alpe   (kal'pe).      [Gr.  'Kakfcri.']     The  ancient 
name  of  the  rock  of  Gibraltar,  one  of  the  Pil- 
lars of  Hercules.     See  Abyla. 

Calpee.    See  Kalpi. 

Calpren^de.    See  La  Calprenide. 

Calpurnia  (kal-p6r'ni-a).  Daughter  of  L.  Cal- 
purnius  Piso  Caasoninus,  and  last  wife  of  Julius 
Caesar,  whom  she  married  59  B.  c.  She  ap- 
pears in  Shakspere's  tragedy  "  Julius  Csesar." 

Calpurnia  gens  (kal-per'ni-a  jenz).  In  an- 
cient Rome,  a  plebeian  clan  or  house  which 
claimed  to  be  descended  from  Calpus,  the 
third  son  of  Numa.  its  family  names  under  the  re- 
public were  Bestia,  Bibulus,  Flamma,  and  Piso.  The  first 
member  of  this  gens  who  obtained  the  consulship  was 
C.  Calpurnius  Piso  (180  B.  c). 

Calpumius  (kal-p6r'ni-us),  Titus  (or  Caius), 
suruamed  Siculus  ('the  Sieiliau').  A  Latin 
pastoral  poet  who  lived  about  the  time  of 
Nero.  Seven  eclogues,  a  panegyric  ("De  laude  Fisonis  "), 
and  two  fragments  of  bucolic  poems  are  attributed  to 
him.  Four  other  eclogues  formerly  regarded  as  his  are 
now  referred  to  Nemesianus,  a  poet  once  thought  to  be 
identical  with  Calpurnius. 

Caltanissetta  (kal-ta-ne-set'ta).  A  province 
in  Sicily.  Area,  1,263  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  308,673. 

Caltanissetta.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Caltanissetta,  Sicily,  situated  in  lat.  37°  26' 
N.,  long.  14°  7'  E.  It  has  a  cathedral.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  estimated,  35,000. 

Calton  Hill  (kai'ton  hil).  A  height  in  the  north- 
eastern part  of  Edinburgh. 

Calumet  (kal'u-met).  A  town  in  Houghton 
County,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  Ijpper 
Peninsula  of  Michigan.  It  is  noted  for  its 
copper-mines. 

Calumet,  or  Calumlck  (kal'u-mik).  A  river 
in  northwestern  Indiana,  and  in  Cook  County, 
Illinois.  It  fiows  into  Lake  Michigan  by  two  mouths, 
one  near  Chicago,  the  other  in  Lake  County,  Indiana. 

Calvados  (kal-va-dos').  A  department  in  Nor- 
mandy, France,  lying  between  the  English 
Channel  on  the  north.  Euro  on  the  east,  Orne 
on  the  south,  and  Manehe  on  the  west  and 
south.  Its  capital  is  Caen.  Area,  2,132  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  428,945. 

Calvaert,  or  Calvart  (kal-vart' ;  P.  pron.  kal- 
var'),  Denis,  called  Dionisio  Fiammingo. 
Born  at  Antwerp,  1556:  died  at  Bologna,  Italy, 
March  17,  1619.  A  Flemish  painter  belonging 
to  the  Bolognese  school.  His  best  works  are 
at  Bologna. 

Calvary  (kal'va-ri).  1.  A  word  occurring  in 
the  New  Testament  (Luke  xxiii.  33),  adopting 
the  eal/oaria  by  which  the  Vulgate  translates 
the  Greek  kranion,  which  itself  is  the  render- 
ing of  the  Aramean  golgotha,  skull :  it  is  not  a 
proper  name.  The  popular  name  "Mount  Calvary" 
is  not  warranted  by  any  statement  in  the  gospels  as  being 
that  of  the  place  of  the  Crucifixion. 
3.  The  name  of  the  English  version  of  Spohr's 
oratorio  "The  Saviour's  Last  Hours"  ("Des 
Heilandes  letzte  Stunden  "),  first  given  in  1835, 
in  England  in  1839. 

Oalv6  (kal-va'),  Madame  (Emma  de  Roquer). 
Born  at  Decazeville,  Aveyron,  Prance,  in  1866.  A 
distinguished  soprano  opera-singer,  of  French 
and  Spanish  parentage.  She  studied  in  Paris  under 
Marches!  and  others,  and  made  her  d^but  in  opera  at  the 
Th^ktie  de  la  Monnaie,  Brussels,  in  1882,  as  Marguerite  in 
Gounod's  "Faust."  She  played  in  Paris  in  1884 ;  made  a  tour 
in  Italy ;  returned  to  Paris ;  made  a  European  tour  (Eussia, 
Italy,  Belgium,  England,  Spain) ;  and  came  to  America 
in  1893-94,  1886-96,  1896-97,  1899-1900.  Among  her  pop- 
ular rOles  in  America  are  Carmen  and  Santuzza  in  "Cav^- 
leria  Busticaua."    Her  home  is  at  Cabri^res  in  Aveyron. 

Calverley  (karv6r-li).  A  ruined  gamester, 
brutally  cruel  to  his  wife  and  children,  in  "The 
Yorkshire  Tragedy,"  once  attributed  to  Shak- 
spere.  The  story  is  that  of  a  real  person  of 
that  name. 

Calverley,  Charles  Stuart.  Bom  at  Martley, 
Worcestershire,  Dec.  23, 1831:  died  at  London, 
Feb.  17,  1884.  An  English  barrister  and  poet. 
In  1852  he  resumed  his  family  name,  Calverley,  which  his 
grandfather  had  changed  to  Blayds  in  1807.     He  wrote 


t  Calypso 

verse  and  translations  (1862, 1866, 1869),  and  a  volume  of 
humorous  verse,  parodies,  etc.,  "Fly  Leaves,"  In  1872. 

Calvert  (kal'vert),  Cecilius  or  Cecil,  Lord 
Baltimore.  Bom  about  1605 :  died  at  London, 
Nov.  30,  1675.  The  first  proprietor  of  Mary- 
land. He  was  the  son  of  George  Calvert,  mentioned  be- 
low, who,  having  applied  for  a  grant  of  land  in  northern 
Virginia,  died  before  the  charter  had  passed  the  great 
seal,  in  consequence  of  which  it  was  issued  in  the  name 
of  his  heir  Cecil,  June  20, 1632.  In  Nov.,  1633,  he  sent  an 
expedition  of  colonists  under  his  brother  Leonard  to  the 
new  domain,  which  was  named  Maryland  by  Charles  I.  iu 
honor  of  his  queen.  He  married  about  1623  Anne  Arundel, 
whose  name  is  borne  by  one  of  the  counties  of  Maryland. 

Calvert,  George,  Lord  Baltimore.  Born  at 
Kipling,  Yorkshire,  about  1580 :  died  April  15, 
1632.  The  founded- of  Maryland.  He  entered  Par- 
liament in  1609,  and  became  secretary  of  state  in  1619,  a 
post  which  he  resigned  in  1625,  on  declaring  his  conver- 
sion to  the  Boman  Catholic  faith.  He  was  at  his  resig- 
nation raised  to  the  Irish  peerage  as  Baron  Baltimore. 
While  secretary  of  state  he  obtained  from  James  I.  a  grant 
of  land,  called  the  province  of  Avalon,  in  Newfoundland, 
where  in  1621  he  established  the  settlement  of  Ferryland. 
He  paid  two  visits  to  the  colony  between  1627  and  1629, 
which  convinced  him  of  the  unsuitability  of  the  climate, 
whereupon  he  applied  for  a  grant  of  land  (the  present 
Maryland)  In  northern  Virginia,  the  charter  of  which,  as 
he  died  before  it  had  passed  the  great  seal,  was  issued  in 
the  name  of  his  son  Cecil  in  1632. 

Calvert,  George  Henry.  Bom  at  Baltimore, 
Md.,  Jan.  2,  1803:  died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  May 
24,  1889.  An  American  journalist,  poet,  and 
miscellaneous  writer. 

Calvert,  Leonard.  Bom  about  1606  :  died  June 
9,  1647.  The  first  governor  of  Maryland.  He 
was  the  brother  of  Cecil  Calvert,  second  Lord  Baltimore, 
by  whom  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  colonists  who 
set  sail  from  Cowes  Nov.  22,  1633,  and  founded  St.  Mary's 
March  27,  1634.  His  claim  to  the  jurisdiction  of  Kent 
Island  was  opposed  by  Claiborne  whom  he  reduced  to 
submission  in  1647. 

Calves'  Head  Club.  A  club  said  to  have  been 
instituted  in  ridicule  of  the  memory  of  Charles 
I.  It  is  first  noticed  in  a  tract  reprinted  in  the  "  Harleian 
Miscellany,"  called  "The  Secret  History  of  the  Calves' 
Head  Club,"  etc.,  undertaking  to  show  how  this  club  met 
for  some  years,  1693-97,  on  the  anniversary  of  the  king's 
death.  An  ax  was  reverenced,  and  a  dish  of  calves'  heads 
represented  the  king  and  his  friends.  It  seems  to  have 
met  in  secret  after  the  Restoration  and  till  1734,  -when 
some  ill  will  was  excited  against  it^  and  riots  were  said  to 
have  ensued. 

Calvi  (kal've).  A  fortified  port  on  the  western 
coast  of  Corsica,  in  lat.  42°  35'  N.,  long.  8°  46'  E. 
It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1794. 

Calvin  (kal'vin),  John,  originallv,  in  French, 
Jean  Chauvin,  or  Oauirin,  or  Caulvin.  [L. 
Johannes  Calvinus,  G.  Johann  Calvin,  It.  Gio- 
vanm  Calvino;  L.  Calvinus,  from  calvus,  bald.] 
Born  at  Noyon,  Picardy,  France,  July  10,  1509 : 
died  at  Geneva,  May  27,  1564.  A  celebrated 
Protestant  reformer  and  theologian.  He  studied 
at  Paris,  Orleans,  and  Bourges ;  embraced  the  Eeformation 
about  1528 ;  was  banished  from  Paris  in  1633 ;  published  his 
"Institutes  "  (which  see)  at  Basel  in  1536 ;  fled  to  Geneva 
in  1636  ;  and  was  banished  in  1538,  and  returned  in  1541. 
He  had  a  controversy  with  Bolsec  in  1561,  and  with  Ser- 
vetus  in  1553  (see  Serv6tus\  and  founded  the  Academy  of 
Geneva  in  1569. 

Calvo  (kal'vo),  Baldassarre.  One  of  the 
principal  characters  in  George  Eliot's  novel 
^'Romola." 

Calvo,  Carlos.  Born  Feb.  26,  1824 :  died  May 
4,  1893.  An  Argentine  historian.  He  resided 
for  many  years  at  Paris,  where  most  of  his  works  were  pub- 
lished. These  include  important  treatises  on  International 
law,  the  "Coleccion  de  tratados  de  la  America  Latina,"  also 
published  in  French  and  continued  in  a  second  series  as 
"Anales  historicos  de  la  revolucion  en  la  America  Latina." 

Calvo,  Mariano  Enrique.  Bom  at  Sucre  about 
1795:  died  at  Cochabamba,  1842.  A  Bolivian 
politician.  He  was  vice-president  of  the  confederation 
of  Peru  and  Bolivia,  1836-39.  In  1840  he  attempted  a  re- 
volt against  President  Velasco,  and  was  imprisoned. 

Calvus    (kal'vus),   Caius    Licinius  Macer. 

Bom  May  28,  82  b.  c.  :  died  about  47  B.  c.  A 
Roman  poet  and  forensic  orator. 

Calydon  (kal'i-don).  [Gr.  Ka^i;t!<ii».]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  of  -ffitolia,  Greece,  situated 
near  the  river  Evenus  in  lat.  38°  24'  N.,  long. 
21°  34'  E.  It  is  the  legendary  scene  of  the  hunt  of  the 
Calydonian  boar  (which  see). 

Calydon.  A  great  forest  celebrated  in  the  Ar- 
thurian romances.  It  was  supposed  to  be  in 
the  north  of  England. 

Calydonian  Hunt.  In  Greek  legend,  the  chase 
of  a  savage  boar  which  the  goddess  Artemis,  in 
punishment  for  a  neglect  of  sacrifice  by  CEneus, 
king  of  Calydon  in  .^tolia,  sent  to  ravage  his 
country.  The  boar  was  pursued  by  Meleager  and  aband 
of  heroes,  and  was  slain  by  him.  In  some  accounta  Ata- 
lante,  who  was  beloved  of  Meleager,  joined  the  hunt  and 
inflicted  the  first  wound. 

Calypso  (ka-lip's6).  [Gfr.  KaXw^ii.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a  nymph  living  in  the  island  of  Ogy- 
gia,  who  detained  Ulysses  for  seven  years.  She 
promised  him  perpetual  youth  and  immortality  if  he 
would  remain  with  her. 


Cam 

Cam  (kail),  Sp.  Cano  (ka'no),  Diogo,  Lived  in 
the  last  part  of  the  15th  century.  A  Portu- 
guese navigator.  He  explored  the  West  Afri-. 
can  coast  to  the  Kongo  1484r-85. 

0am  (kam),  or  Granta  (gran'ta).  A  river  in 
Cambridgeshire,  England,  whieK  joins  the  Ouse 
3^  miles  south  of  Ely.  Length,  about  40  miles. 
See  Cambridge. 

Camden,  writing  in  1686,  reoogniseB  the  Cam  as  well  aa 
the  Oranta :  "  By  what  name  writers  termed  this  Kiver, 
it  is  a  question :  some  call  it  Oranta,  others  Camut."  On 
Speed's  map  of  Cambridgesliire  (1610)  the  name  Cam  oc- 
curs alone,  written  twice,  once  above,  and  once  below, 
Cambridge ;  Milton  personihes  it  as  a  river-god  in  "  Lyci- 
da8"(1638):  ^ 

"Next  Camus,  reverend  sire,  went  footing  slow, 
His  mantle  hairy  and  his  bonnet  sedge. 
Inwrought  with  figures  dim,  and  on  the  edge 
like  to  that  sanguine  flower  inscribed  with  woe  ; " 
and  on  Iioggan's  map  of  Cambridge  (1688)  the  words  TJie 
River  Cam  are  written  out  in  full,  without  any  other  des- 
ignation.   On  the  other  hand,  so  late  as  1702,  an  Act  of 
Parliament  for  improving  the  navigation  speaks  of  the 
River  Cham,  alias  the  Qrant.       Clark,  Cambridge,  p.  11. 

Camacho  (ka-ma'  oho).  A  rich  but  unfortunate 
man  in  one  of  the  episodes  in  "Don  Quixote." 
He  is  cheated  out  of  his  bride,  Quiteria,  just  as  he  has 
provided  a  great  feast  for  his  wedding :  hence  the  phrase 
Camacho's  wedding  is  used  to  signify  great  but  useless 
show  and  expenditure. 

It  is  like  Camacho's  wedding  in  Don  Quixote,  where 
Sancho  ladled  out  whole  pullets  and  fat  geese  from  the 
soup-kettles  at  a  puU.  Hazlitt,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  150. 

Camanclie.    See  Comanche. 

Camaralzaman,  Prince.    See  Sadoura. 

Oamarao  (ka-ma-ran'),  Aatonio  Felippe. 
Born  in  Eio  Grande  do  Norte  about  1580 :  died 
there  in  1648.  A  BrazUiau  Indian,  'chief  of  the 
Potyguar^s  tribe.  His  Indian  name  Po«3/(' shrimp') 
was  translated  into  the  Portuguese  Camardo  when  he  was 
baptized.  He  joined  the  Portuguese  in  the  wars  against 
the  Dutch  of  Pernambuco,  and  made  several  destructive 
raids  into  the  Dutch  territory.  His  wife,  Clara,  always 
accompanied  him  and  fought  by  his  side,  and  she  is  a 
favorite  heroine  of  Brazilian  history.  On  Aug.  23  and  24, 
1636,  CamarSo  and  his  Indians  defeated  a  regular  Dutch 
force  under  Artichof sky. 

CamarSo,  Diogo  Finheixo.  Dates  of  birth  and 
death  not  recorded.  A  Brazilian  Indian, 
nephew  of  Antonio  Pelippe  Camarao.  He  was 
one  of  the  Indian  allies  of  the  Portuguese  in  their  wars 
with  the  Dutch,  and  on  the  death  of  his  uncle  in  1648 
succeeded  him  in  command  of  the  Potyguar^s  tribe. 

Camargo  (ka-mar-go')  (Marie  Anne  Cuppi). 

Born  at  Brussels,  April  15, 1710:  died  at  Paris, 
April  20,  1770.    A  celebrated  French  dancer. 

Camargo  (ka-mar'go),  Diego  Munoz.  Bom  at 
Tlascala  about  1523:  date  of  death  not  recorded. 
A  Mexican,  said  to  have  been  the  son  of  a  Span- 
iard by  an  Indian  mother,  in  1S85  he  finished  an 
account  of  Mexican  aboriginal  history  and  customs,  and 
of  the  conquest.  It  was  first  published,  in  a  faulty  French 
translation,  in  the  "Nouvellesannales  des  voyages  "(1845). 

Camargo,  Sergio.  Bom  at  Tiravitoba,  1833. 
A  statesman  of  Colombia.  He  studied  law,  but  en- 
tered the  army,  attained  the  highest  militaiy  rank,  and- was 
commander-in-chief  and  secretary  of  war.  He  was  several 
times  representative  and  senator  in  the  Colombian  con- 
gress, president  of  the  state  of  Boyac4,  and  in  1877  presi- 
dent ad  interim  of  Colombia. 

Camargue  (ka-marg'),  La.  An  island  in  the 
department  of  Bouches-du-Kh6ne,  Prance, 
formed  by  the  bifurcation  of  the  Rhdue. 
Length,  28  mUes.  Area,  about  300  square 
miles. 

Camariaa(kam-a-ri'na).  IGi.Ka/^aplva.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  city  on  the  southern  coast  of 
SicUy,  45  mUes  southwest  of  Syracuse.  It  was 
founded  as  a  Syracusan  colony  699  B.  0. ;  a  Roman  fleet  was 
wrecked  near  here,  265  B.  o. 

The  first  destruction  of  Camarina  took  place  within  46 
years  of  its  foundation,  B.  0.  663.  It  had  revolted  from 
Syracuse,  and  on  being  reduced  was  razed  to  the  ground 
(Thucyd  vl.  5).  On  the  cession  of  the  site  to  the  Geloans, 
HiDDOcrates  rebuUt  the  town,  which  was  a  second  time 
destrayed  by  Gelo,  about  b.  o.  484.  The  date  and  ou^oum- 
stanoes  of  its  later  re-establishment  are  uncertain.  They 
fall  however,  into  the  time  of  Pindar,  who  speaks  of  Cama- 
rina as  newly  founded.    KawUnem,  Herod.,  IV.  127,  note. 

OambacerSs  (kon-ba-sa-ras'),  Jean  Jacoues 
Regis  de  Born  at  MontpeUier,  Prance,  Oct. 
18, 1753 :  died  at  Paris,  March  8, 1824.  A  French 
statesman  and  jurist.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
Convention  in  1792 ;  president  of  the  Committee  of  Public 
Safety  in  1794,  and  of  the  Five  Hundred  in  1796;  mmister 
of  iustice  in  1799 ;  2d  consul  in  1799 ;  and  arch-chancellor 
of  the  empire  in  1804.  He  was  made  duke  of  Parma  in 
1808.    He  pubUshed"Projetdu  code  civil    (1796). 

Camballo  (kam-bal'6).  The  second  son  of 
Cambusoan  in  Chaucer's  "  Squire's  Tale."  He 
is  introduced  by  Spenser,  who  caUs  him  Cam- 
bel,  in  the  "Paerie  Queene." 

Cambaluc  (kam-ba-lok').  The  name  given  by 
Marco  Polo  to  Khambalu  or  Khan  baligh,  a 
Mongol  designation  of  the  city  of  Tatu,  now 
the  Tatar  portion  of  Peking  (which  see). 


207 

Cambay  (kam-ba').  A  state  inGuzerat,  India. 
It  is  under  British  protection.  Area,  350  square 
miles. 

Cambay,  or  Kambay  (kam-ba').  [Hiad.  Kham- 
hhdt.J  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Cambay,  sit- 
uated on  the  Gulf  of  Cambay  in  lat.  22°  20'  N., 
long,  72°  32'  E.  it  was  formerly  an  important  com- 
mercial city,  and  the  reputed  Hindu  capital  of  western 
India  in  the  5th  century  A,  D.    Population,  about  36,000. 

Cambay,  Gulf  of.  An  inlet  of  the  Indian 
Ocean,  lying  west  of  British  India,  iu  lat.  21°- 
22°  20'  N. 

Cambebas,  or  Campevas  (kam-sa'bas  or  kam- 
pa'vas).  A  modern  name  for  the  Omaguas 
Indians  (which  See). 

Oambel.    See  Camballo. 

Cambert  (kon-bar'),  Kobert.  Bom  at  Paris 
in  1628 :  died  at  London  in  1677.  The  earliest 
composer  of  Prench  opera.  He  was  associated  with 
the  Abb^  Perrin  in  the  production  of  French  opera  for  32 
years,  after  which,  Perrin  having  lost  the  Academic 
through  the  influence  of  Lully,  he  went  to  England  and 
became  "Master  of  the  Music  to  Charles  II."  Among 
his  operas  are  "  la  Pastorale,"  which  was  the  first  French 
opera,  "Pomone"(1671),  etc. 

Camberwell  (kam'ber-wel).  A  borough  (mu- 
nicipal) of  London,  situated  south  of  the 
Thames.     Population  (1891),  235,312. 

Cambina  (kam-bi'na).  A  daughter  of  the  fairy 
Agape  in  Spenser's  ''Paerie  Queene."  She  has 
magic  powers,  and  in  the  end  marries  Camballo, 
or  Cambel. 

Cambini  (kam-be'ne),  Giovanni  Giuseppe. 
Born  at  Leghorn,  Italy,  Peb.  13,  1746  :  died  at 
the  Bio§tre,  near  Paris,  in  1825.  An  Italian 
violinist,  and  composer  of  symphonies,  quar- 
tets, etc. 

Cambodia  (kam-bo'di-a),  or  Camboja,  or  Eam- 
boja  (kam-bo'ja).  [Malay  ^araioycu.]  A  depen- 
dency of  Prance  iu  southeastern  Asia,  bounded 
by  Siam  on  the  northwest  and  north,  Annam 
on  the  east,  Prench  Coehin-China  on  the  south- 
east, and  the  Gulf  of  Siam  on  the  southwest. 
Its  surface  is  generally  level,  and  it  is  traversed  by  the 
Mekong.  Pnom-Penh  is  its  capital,  and  its  seaport  ia 
Kampot.  It  was  formerly  a  kingdom  of  large  extent,  but 
became  a  protectorate  under  French  rule  in  1863,  and  is 
now  united  with  other  French  dependencies  in  Indo- 
china. Area,  33,600  square  miles.  Population,  about 
1,600,000. 

Cambodia  Kiver.    See  Mekong. 

Cambon  (kon-b6n'),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Mont- 
pellier.  Prance,  June  17,  1754:  died  at  Brus- 
sels, Peb.  15,  1820.  A  Prench  revolutionist. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  legislative  Assembly  in  1791,  of 
the  Convention  in  1792,  and  of  the  Committee  of  Public 
Safety  in  1793. 

Camboricum  (kam-bor'i-kum),  or  Cambori- 
tum.  The  Roman  name  of  an  ancient  town 
which  occupied  the  site  of  the  modem  Cam- 
bridge, England.    See  Cambridge. 

Camboricum  was  without  doubt  a  very  important  town, 
which  commanded  the  southern  tens.  It  had  three  forts 
or  citadels,  the  principal  of  which  occupied  the  district 
called  the  Castle-end  in  the  modem  town  of  Cambridge, 
and  appears  to  have  had  a  bridge  over  the  Cam  or  Granta ; 
of  the  others,  one  stood  below  the  town,  at  Chesterton,  and 
the  other  above  it,  at  Granchester.      Wright,  Celt,  p.  135. 

Camborne  (kam'bdm).  A  mining  town  in 
Cornwall,  England,  situated  12  miles  south- 
west of  Truro.    Population  (1891),  14,700. 

Cambrai,  or  Cambray  (kam-bra' :  P.  pron. 
kon-bra' ).  [Rom.  Cameraeum,  later  Camaracus; 
G.  Camerik  or  Kambryh,  LL.  Camaraoum.']  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Nord,  Prance,  on 
the  Schelde  in  lat.  50°  10'  N.,  long.  3°  14'  E. 
It  has  been  long  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  cambrics, 
which  derived  their  name  from  it.  It  is  a  fortress,  and 
contains  a  cathedral  and  citadel.  It  was  finally  acquired 
by  France  in  1678.  F&elon  and  Dubois  were  archbishops 
of  Cambrai.    Population  of  commune  (1891),  24,122. 

Cambray,  League  of.  An  alliance  between 
Louis  XII.  of  Prance,  the  emperor  Maximilian 
I.,  Ferdinand  "the  Catholic"  of  Spain,  and 
Pope  Julius  11.,  formed  here,  Dec.  10,  1508,  the 
object  of  which  was  the  partition  of  the  Ve- 
netian territories. 

Cambray,  Peace  of.  A  peace  negotiated  at 
Cambray,  Aug.  5,  1529,  between  Francis  I.  of 
France  and  Charles  V.  France  abandoned  Italy  to 
the  emperor  and  relinquished  her  claim  to  suzerainty  over 
Flanders  and  Artois ;  her  title  to  the  duchy  of  Burgundy  was 
recognized.  Called  "  La  paix  des  dames  "  ('  ladies  Peace  ), 
because  thepreliminarieswereconductedbylouise,mother 
of  Francis  I.,  and  Margaret,  aunt  of  Charles  V. 

Cambria  (kam'bri-a).    The   Latin  name  of 

Cambrian  Sbakspere.  A  name  given  to  Ed- 
ward Williams.  „  „     ,   .        ^ 

Cambri^e  (kam'brij).  [ME.  Cambngge,  Cam- 
Irig.Cantebrigge;  earlier  Grantebrigge,Gvaimte- 
hrigqe,  AS.  Grantabrycg,  Grantanbrycg,  'bridge 
of  (the  river)  Granta';  L.  Cantabrigia.   See 


Cambyses  L 

Cam.]  The  capital  of  Cambridgeshire,  Eng. 
land,  situated  on  the  Cam  in  lat.  52°  12'  N., 
long.  0°  6'  E.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  famous  university 
(which  see).  Cambridge  is  probably  on  the  site  of  a  British 
town  and  of  the  Roman  Camboritum.  It  had  a  castle  (now 
destroyed),  founded  by  WUliam  the  Conqueror.  Ponula- 
tion  (1891),  36,983.  ^ 

Cambridge,  A  city  in  Middlesex  County, 
Massachusetts,  separated  from  Boston  by  the 
Charles  River,  and  practically  a  suburb  of  Bos- 
ton. It  is  the  seat  of  Harvard  University.  It  has  in 
its  manufacturing  quarters  (Bast  Cambridge,  Cambridge- 
port)  miuufaotures  of  iron,  etc.  It  was  founded  by  Eng- 
llsh  colonists  under  Winthrop  in  1680,  and  called  at  first 
Newtown ;  its  name  was  changed  to  Cambridge  after  the 
founding  of  Harvard  College,  in  honor  of  Cambridge,  Eng- 
land, where  some  of  the  early  colonists  were  graduated. 
It  was  occupied  by  the  American  army  1776-76.  Incorpo- 
rated as  a  city  1846.    Population  (1900),  91.886. 

Cambridge  (kam'brij)  (Adolphus  Frederick), 
Duke  of.  Bom  at  London,  Peb.  24, 1774 :  died 
Juiy  8, 1850.  An  English  general,  youngest  son 
of  George  HI.  He  was  viceroy  of  Hannover 
1831-37. 

Cambridge  (George  William  Frederick 
Charles),  Duke  of.  Bom  March  26, 1819 :  died 
March  17,  1904.  An  English  general,  son  of  the 
Duke  of  Cambridge.  He  served  at  Alma  and  Inkerman 
in  1854,  and  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  array  1866-96. 

Cambridge,  University  of.  A  celebrated  uni- 
versity at  Cambridge,  England,  it  was  a  center  of 
learning  in  the  12th  century,  and  in  1231Heniy  III.  issued 
writs  for  the  regulation  of  Cambridge  "  clerks."  It  con- 
tains twenty  colleges  :  St.  Peter's,  founded  as  a  hospital 
in  1267,  converted  into  a  college  by  Hugh  de  Balsham 
1280-86 ;  Clare,  by  Richard  Badew  in  1326  as  University 
Hall,  refounded  by  the  Countess  of  Clare  in  1369 ;  Pem- 
broke, by  the  Countess  of  Pembroke  in  1347;  Gonville 
and  Caius,  by  Gonville  in  1348  and  Caius  in  1568 ;  Trinity 
Hall,  by  Bateman  in  1350 ;  Corpus  Christi,  or  Benet  Col- 
lege, by  Cambridge  gilds  in  1352  ;  King's,  by  Henry  VI.  in 
1441 ;  Queens',  by  Margaret  of  Anjou  iu  1448  and  Eliza- 
beth Woodville  in  1466 ;  St.  Catherine's,  by  Woodlark  in 
1473 ;  Jesus,  by  Alcock  in  1496 ;  Christ's,  by  William  Bing- 
ham as  a  school  in  1439,  refounded  by  Margaret  Beaufort, 
mother  of  Henry  VII,,  in  1605 ;  St.  John's,  founded  as  a 
hospital  in  1135,  refounded  in  1511  by  Margaret  Beaufort; 
Magdalene,  established  as  a  hostel  for  students  in  1428, 
given  to  lord  Audley  who  founded  it  as  a  college  in  1619 ; 
Trinity,  by  Henry  VIII.  in  1646  on  several  earlier  founda- 
tions ;  Emmanuel,  by  Mildmay  in  1684 ;  Sidney  Sussex,  by 
the  Countess  of  Sussex  in  1695 ;  Downing,  by  Sir  George 
Downing,  died  1749  (charter  in  1800) ;  Ayerst  Hall,  founded 
in  1884,  "to  provide  an  economical  education  for  theo- 
logical students  and  others  "  ;  Cavendish  College,  in  1873, 
by  an  association,  for  younger  students ;  Selwyn  College, 
iu  1882,  in  memory  of  George  Augustus  Selwyn.  (See  these 
names.)  The  university  library  contains  about  600,000  vol- 
umes, 5,723  manuscripts  ;  the  library  of  Trinity  College, 
90,000  volumes.  It  has  about  3,000  imdergraduate  stu- 
dents and  130  instructors,  exclusive  of  college  lecturers. 

Cambridge  Platform,  A  declaration  of  prin- 
ciples respecting  church  government  and  doc- 
trine adopted  by  a  synod,  composed  of  repre- 
sentatives of  the  Congregational  churches  of 
New  England,  held  at  Cambridge,  Massachu- 
setts, in  1648. 

Cambridgeport  (kam'brij-port).  A  manufac- 
turing district  of  the  city  of  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts, lying  on  the  Charles  River,  opposite 
Boston,  li  miles  west  of  the  state-house. 

Cambridgeshire  (kam'brij -shir),  or  Cam- 
bridge. An  eastern  county  of  England,  lying 
between  Lincoln  on  the  north,  Norfolk  and 
Suffolk  on  the  east,  Essex  and  Hertford  on  the 
south,  and  Northampton,  Huntingdon,  and  Bed- 
ford on  the  west.  It  is  divided  into  Cambridge  proper 
and  the  Isle  of  Ely ;  it  forms  part  of  the  fen  country  which 
was  largely  reclaimed  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries.  It 
formed  part  of  East  Anglia,  and  was  included  in  the  Dane- 
law. It  was  celebrated  for  its  resistance  to  William  the 
Conqueror,  and  sided  with  Parliament  in  the  17th  century. 
It  contains  Roman  remains.  Area,  869  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  188,961. 

Cambroune  (kon-bron').  Count  Pierre  Jac(iues 
Etienne.  Born  at  St.  S6bastien,  near  Nantes, 
France,  Dec.  26,  1770:  died  at  Nantes,  Jan.  8, 
1842.  A  celebrated  French  general.  He  fought  ■ 
against  the  Vendeans,  participated  as  colonel  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  1812  and  1S13,  accompanied  Napoleon  to  Elba, 
was  made  lieutenant-general  and  admitted  to  the  Chamber 
of  Peers  during  the  Hundred  Days,  and  commanded  a  di- 
vision of  the  Imperial  Guard  at  Waterloo.  He  ia  the  re- 
puted author  of  the  expression  **la  garde  meurt  et  ne  se 
rend  pas  "  ("  The  guard  dies,  but  never  surrenders  "),  in- 
correctly said  to  have  been  used  by  him  at  Waterloo  when 
asked  to  surrender. 

Oambuscan  (kam-bus-kan'  or  kam-bus'kan). 
A  Tatar  kiug  in  Chaucer's  "  The  Squire's 
Tale,"  who  had  most  wonderful  magical  pos- 
sessions— a  ring,  a  glass,  a  sword,  and  a  brazen 
horse.  He  is  the  father  of  Canace,  Camballo, 
and  Algarsife.   Chaucer  did  not  finish  the  story. 

Cambuskenneth  (kam -bus- ken 'eth)  Abbey. 
An  abbey  situated  near  Stirling,  Scotland. 
Near  here,  1297,  took  place  the  battle  of  Stir- 
ling.  See  Stirling,  Battle  of. 

Cambyses  (kam-bi'sez)  I.  [Old  Pers.  Kabyjiya, 
which  is  thought  to  be  derived  from  the  San- 


Cambyses  I. 

skrit  kab,  to  praise,  and  uji,  speaker.  The 
Greeks  inserted  the  euphonic  m  before  the  6. 
An  Aryan  people  existed  in  the  northwest  corner 
of  India  under  the  name  of  Eamboja,  which  has 
survived  as  the  name  of  a  country  bordering 
on  Siam.]  A  Persian  king  whose  historical 
character  is  doubtful,  in  the  genealogy  of  Xerxes,  as 
given  by  Herodotus,  both  he  and  his  son  Cyrus  are  omitted, 
and  Diodorus,  where  he  gives  this  name,  seems  to  mean 
the  father  of  Cyrus  the  Great.  On  the  other  hand,  a  Cam- 
byses is  mentioned  whose  sister  was  the  ancestress  in  the 
fourth  degree  ol  one  of  the  seven  conspirators.  Possibly 
Cambyses  I.  was  one  of  the  sons  ol  Theispes  (on  the  cu- 
neiform monuments  Ohishpai'sh),  and  grandson  of  Achse- 
menes. 

Cambyses  II,  The  son  and  successor  of  Cyrus 
I.,  and  father  of  Cyrus  II.,  called  "The  Great." 
According  to  Herodotus  he  was  merely  a  Persian  noble- 
man, but  Xenophon  states  that  he  was  king  of  the  coun- 
try, and  his  statement  is  confirmed  by  native  records. 

Cambyses  III.  The  son  and  successor  of  Cy- 
rus the  Great,  529-522  B.  O.  He  is  depicted  as 
despotic  and  tyi'annical.  He  defeated  Psammetichus  III. 
(called  by  the  Greeks  Psammenit),  king  of  Egypt,  In  the 
battle  of  Pelusium  (625  B.  o. ),  and  incorporated  that  country 
in  the  Persian  empire.  His  expeditions  against  Ammon  an  d 
Ethiopia  were  unfortunate.  While  he  was  devastating 
Egypt,  an  impostor  assuming  the  name  of  his  brother 
Bardiya  (called  by  the  Greeks  Smerdis)  who  was  secretly 
assassinated  at  Cambyses's  instigation,  forced  him  to  return 
to  Persia,  but  he  died  on  the  way  from  a  wound  inflicted 
by  himself. 

Cambyses,  King  of  Persia.  A  play  by  Thomas 
Preston,  written  as  early  as  1561.  "in  allusion  to 
a  passage  in  it,  *  Cambyses  vein '  has,  in  consequence  of  its 
being  cited  by  Shakspere,  become  proverbial  for  rant, 
[but]  the  language  of  the  play  is  in  no  instance  specially 
obnoxious  to  this  charge.''    Ward. 

Camden  (kam'den).  Atown  in  Kershaw  County, 
South  Carolina,  near  the  Wateree  Kiver  32  miles 
northeast  of  Columbia.  Here,  Aug.  16,  1780,  the 
British  under  Cornwallis  defeated  the  Americans  under 
Gates :  the  loss  of  the  Americans  was  about  2,000,  including 
De  Kalb.  Near  here,  at  Hobkirk's  Hill,  April  25, 1781,  the 
British  under  Eawdon  defeated  the  Americans  under 
Greene.  The  first  battle  is  also  called  the  battle  of  Sanders' 
Creek. 

Camden,  A  city  and  port  of  entry,  capital  of 
Camden  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  the 
Delaware  River  opposite  Philadelphia.  It  is  a 
railway  center,  and  is  noted  for  its  manufactures 
and  ship-building.    Population  (1900),  75,935. 

Camden,  Earl,    See  Pratt,  Charles. 

Camden  (kam'den),  William.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, May  2,  1551:  died  at  Chiselhurst,  Kent, 
Nov.  9,  1623.  A  noted  English  historian  and 
antiquary.  His  chief  works  are  "Britannia"  (1686), 
"Annales  rerum  Anglicarum  et  Hibernicarum  regnante 
Elizabetha"  (1615). 

Camden  Society.  An  English  historical  soci- 
ety formed  in  1838  for  the  publication  of  docu- 
ments relating  to  English  Mstory :  named  from 
William  Camden. 

Camden  Town.  A  northern  quarter  of  Lon- 
don, east  of  Eegent's  Park,  "[it]  takes  its  name 
from  the  first  Earl  of  Camden, who  acquiredlarge  property 
here  by  his  marriage  with  Miss  Geffreys. "    Hare,  I.  221. 

Camel,  Battle  of  the.  Fought  at  Basra,  656. 
Calif  Ali  defeated  the  rebels  Talia,  Zobair, 
and  Ayesha  (the  latter  being  present  on  a 
camel). 

Camelford  (kam' el-ford).  A  town  in  Cornwall, 
England,  situated  15  iniles  west  of  Launceston. 
It  is  one  of  the  places  identified  as  the  Camelot  ol  the  Ar- 
thurian cycle,  and  a  traditional  scene  ol  the  final  battle 
between  Arthur  and  Modred. 

Camelon  (kam'el-on),  in  Scotland.  See  the 
extract. 

At  Camelon,  on  the  Firth  of  Forth,  we  found  the  site  of 
the  battle  that  closed  the  career  of  the  historical  Arthur  in 
537.  Stuart  Glennie,  Arthurian  Localities,  iii.  2. 

Camelopardalis  (ka-mel-6-  or  kam"e-lo-par'da- 
lis).  The  Camelopard,  a  northern  constellation 
formed  by  Bartseh  and  named  by  Hevelius. 
It  is  situated  between  Cepheus,  Perseus,  Ursa  Major  and 
Minor,  and  Draco.  As  given  by  Hevelius,  the  name  was 
■  Camelopardalus. 

Camelot  (kam'e-lot).  A  legendary  spot  in  Eng- 
land where  Arthur  was  said  to  have  had  his 
palace  and  court,  and  where  the  Roimd  Table 
was.     Shakspere  alludes  to  it  in  "Lear,"  ii.  2,  79. 

"Goose,  if  I  had  you  upon  Sarum  plain, 
I'd  drive  ye  cackling  home  to  Camelot." 

This  is  supposed  to  be  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that  great 
quantities  of  geese  were  bred  on  the  moors  near  Camelot 
in  Somersetshire.  Capell  maintained  that  Camelot  was, 
or  was  near,  Winchester.  Caxton  locates  it  in  Wales. 
Tennyson  alludes  to  it  in  "The  Lady  of  Shalott"  and  in 
the  "  Idylls." 

Camel's  Hump.  One  of  the  chief  peaks  of  the 
Green  Mountains.Vermont.  It  is  west  of  Mont- 
peUer.    Height,  4,088  feet. 

Camense  (ka-me'ne).  In  Italian  mythology,  four 
prophetic  divinities ;  by  Eoman  poets  identi- 
fied with  the  Muses. 

Oamenz.    See  Kamem. 


208 


Campaign,  The 


Camerarius  (ka-ma-ra're-8s)  (Liebhard),  Joa-  Camille  (ka-mel').  The  sister  of  the  thren 
chim,  [L., 'Chamberlain.']  Born  at  Bamberg,  Horatii  in  Corneille's  tragedy  "Les  Horaces." 
Bavaria,  April  12,  1500 :  died  at  Leipsio,  April  She  denounces  Home  when  she  finds  that  her  lover  has 
17,1574.  A  German  scholar,  author  of  a  life  of  J'««".™«'i''y''«l,'"'''*^«"-  .  ^  ,,.  „  , 
Melanchthon(1556),  and  editor  of  Melanchthon's  CanuUe.  An  English  version  of  the  French 
letters  (1569)  V^^Y  ^^^  dameaux  oamelias."  The  Marguerite  ol 

CamerariUS,  Rudolf  Jakob.     Bom  at  Tttbin-     theJYenchplayisCammei,,this^  SeeDa^eam,c^ia». 
gen,Wurtemberg, Feb.  12, 1665 :  diedatTubin-  CamiUo  (ka-mU  o).     1.    A  Sicilian  noble 


gen,  Sept.  11, 1721.  A  German  physician  and 
botanist,  author  of  "De  sexu  plantarum  epis- 
tola"  (1694),  etc. 

Camerino  (ka-ma-re'no).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Macerata,  Italy,  in  lat.  43°  9'  N.,  long. 
13°  5'  E.     It  was  the  ancient  Camerinum.     It  was  an- 


,  .  m 

Shakspere's  "  Winter's  Tale."  He  saves  Polix- 
enes  and  induces  Leontes  to  protect  Florizel 
and  Perdita. —  2.  The  husband  of  Vittoria  Co- 
rombona  in  Webster's  tragedy  "The  White 
Devil." — 3.  A  character  in  Dryden's  play  "The 
Assignation." 


nexed  to  the  Papal  States  in  the  middle  ol  the  16th  cen-  CamiUUS  (ka-mil  us).  1.  A  newspaper  pseu- 
tury.  .  donym  of  Fisher  Ames. — 2.  A  pseudonym  of 

Cameron  (kam'e-rgn),  James  Donald.    Bom    Alexander  Hamilton. 

at  Middletown,  Dauphbi  County,  Pa.,  May  14,  Oamillus,  Marcus  Furius.  Died  365  b.  c.  A 
1833.  An  American  politician.  He  graduated  at  Eoman  general.  He  was  several  times  dictator,  took 
Princeton  in  1852,  was  president  ol  the  Northern  Central  Veil  in  396  (392),  and  alter  the  sack  olEome  by  Brennus 
Railway  Company  ol  Pennsylvania  1863-74,  and  was  secre-     in  390  (388)  deleated  the  Gauls. 

tary  ol  war  under  President  Grant  May  22,  1876,-Maroh  —        ■    r.     n  ■■      -    r   -s  tj-j—tt™- J«     A  t>„„i- 
-     —     -      -  1  elected  a  United  States  senatorlrom  Caminna(ka-men'ya),  Pedro  Vazae.  APortu- 


3, 1877,  when  he  was 
Pennsylvania  as  a  Kepublican. 

Cameron,  John.  Bom  at  Glasgow  about  1579: 
died  at  Montauban,  France,  1625.  A  Scot- 
tish theologian,  an  advocate  of  "passive  obedi- 
ence." He  became  prolessor  ol  divinity  at  Saumur,  and 
later  at  Montauban.  His  loUowers  in  France  were  called 
amerom  s  (w  ic   see).  .  -ci  in      ,    t,.  »     Camisards  (kam'i-zardz).     A  name  given  to 

Cameron,  Eichard.    Bom  at  FalkUnd,  Fife-   ^j^^  French  Protestants  of  the  C^venSes  who 


guese  who  accompanied  Pedro  Alvares  Cabral 
in  1500  as  secretary  of  the  proposed  factory  at 
Calicut.  He  wrote  a  letter,  still  preserved  in  Lisbon, 
which  is  the  oldest  extant  description  of  the  discovery  of 
Brazil.  This  was  first  published  by  MuHoz,  1790,  and 
there  are  subsequent  editions.  Caminha  probably  per- 
ished in  the  massacre  at  Calicut,  Dec.  16, 1600. 


shire,  Scotland :  killed  near  -Aird's  Moss,  Ayr- 
shire, Scotland,  July  20,  1680.  A  noted  Scot- 
tish Presbyterian  minister,  and  leader  of  the 
Covenanters.  His  followers,  a  sect  of  Scottish 
disseuters,were  called  Cameromaws  (which  see). 


took  up  arms  in  defense  of  their  civil  and  re- 
ligious liberties  early  in  the  18th  century :  so 
called  from  the  white  blouses  worn  by  the  peas- 
ants who  were  the  chief  actors  in  the  insurrec- 
tion. 


^^^^W^'  ^^F^?A„  ■^i'.™j  ^  ^^^f^^^'^SP'i^ll'  Camlan,  Battle  of.    A  battle  which  took  place 
Pa.,  March  8,  1799:  died  there,  June  26,  1889.    i^  Cornwall  about  537,  in  which  both  Arthur 
^^-T^f?"^"  politician.    He  was  in  18«  elected   and  his  nephew  Modred  feU  in  single- combat. 
United  States  senator  for  Pennsylvania  to  succeed  Bu-  «__,.„{„      ^„_  Tr^mmSm 
chanan,  who  had  been  appointed  secretary  ol  state  by  Pros- Ji^""'""'     oeeaoTOmsw. 

identPolk.  His  term  expired  March  4, 1849.  During  his  CamoCUS  (m  Portuguese  spelling,  Camoes) 
term  ol  office  he  acted  with  the  Democratic  party;  but  (kam'6-ens ;  Pg.  pron.  ka-m6n'esh),  Luiz  de. 
having  about  1855  identified  himsellwith  the  People's    Born  at  Lisbon  (?)  in  1524  (?) :  died  at  Lisbon, 


he  was  in  1856  returned  to  the  Senate  as  a  Hepub- 
lican.  He  was  secretary  of  war  in  the  cabinet  of  Lincoln, 
March  4, 1861,-Jan.  11, 1862,  when  he  was  appointed  United 
States  minister  to  Russia,  a  post  which  he  resigned  the 
following  year.  He  served  as  senator  from  Pennsylvania 
1866-77,  when  he  resigned  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son 
James  Donald  Cameron. 

Cameron,  Verney  Lovett.  Born  July  l,  1844 : 
died  March  26, 1894.  A  noted  English  explorer. 
As  a  naval  officer  he  was  .chosen  in  1872,  by  thb  Royal 
Geographical  Society,  to  lead  an  expedition  in  search  ol 
Livingstone.  In  March,  1873,  he  started  Irom  Bagamoyo. 
In  Unyanyembe  he  met  Livingstone's  body,  but  proceeded 
to  Lake  Tanganyika.  His  two  European  assistants  died 
soon,  and  he  had  to  carry  on  his  explorations  alone.  He 
circumnavigated  the  Tanganyika,  discovered  the  Lukuga, 
and  made  his  way  through  Urua  and  southern  Lunda  to 
Benguella  and  Loanda,  where  he  arrived  in  Nov.,  1875.  He 
was  the  first  explorer  to  cross  Alrica  Irom  east  ta  west. 
His  "  Across  Airier  "  appeared  in  i876.  In  1878  he  made  a 
railroad  survey  in  Asia  Minor  and  Persia.  Since  1887  he 
lectured  and  wrote  on  antislavery. 

Cameronians  (kam-e-ro'ni-anz).     1.  The  fol- 


June  10,  1580.  A  celebrated  Portuguese  poet. 
He  was  oi  gentle  birth,  and  was  educated  at  Colmbra.  On 
leaving  college  he  returned  to  Lisbon,  and  quickly  became 
accustomed  to  court  lile  and  manners.  His  romantic  pas- 
sion lor  Donna  Caterina  deAtaide,  a  high-born  lady  in  at- 
tendance on  the  queen,  with  the  jealousy  ol  another  lover 
and  the  dislike  of  her  lather,  was  one  ol  the  principal 
reasons  lor  his  banishment  Irom  Lisbon  about  1647.  In 
1660  he,  having  joined  the  army  ol  Africa,  lost  the  sight 
of  his  right  eye  in  a  naval  engagement  at  Ceuta.  Alter  a 
careless  and  somewhat  dissolute  period,  he  was  cast  into 
prison  in  1553  lor  wounding  one  of  the  king's  equerries  in 
a  street  fracas.  He  was  pardoned  on  condition  of  his  im- 
mediate embarkation  for  India.  He  reached  Goa  in  the 
same  year.  He  joined  several  naval  expeditions,  and  on 
his  return  to  Goa  he  devoted  his  pen  to  the  exposure  of 
the  abuses  so  rife  in  the  East,  and  became  very  unpopular 
in  consequence.  Alter  seventeen  years  ol  adventure  and 
suffering  from  persecution  and  imprisonment  in  Goa, 
Macao,  Mozambique,  and  Solala,  he  was  allowed  to  re- 
turn to  Portugal  in  1570.  "He  lived  poor  and  neglected, 
and  so  died,"  is  said  to  have  been  placed  on  amarble  tablet 
to  his  memory  on  the  wall  ol  the  church  ol  the  convent  of 


,„„„„„„<!  T5;°v.„«,q  riA'™o«„«"i«  an«+io«,^       mi.        Santa  Anna,  both  church  and  tablet  having  been  destroyed 
lowers  of  Eichard  Cameron  m  Scotland.  _  They    w  earthaukke  in  1776.    His  creat  enic  "Os  Lusiadas" 


refused  to  accept  the  indulgence  granted  to  the  Presby- 
terian clergy  in  the  persecuting  times  of  Charles  II.,  lest 
by  so  doing  they  should  be  understood  to  recognize  his 
ecclesiastical  authority.  They  were  known  at  first  as  The 
Societies,  but  were  afterward  organized  as  the  Reformed 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Scotland,  most  of  which  in  1876 
was  merged  in  the  Free  Church. 
2.  A  name  given  to  the  26th  regiment  of  British 


by  earthquake  in  1776.  His  great  epic,  *'  Os  Lusiadas  " 
("The  Lnsiad  " :  which  see),written  during  his  banishment, 
and  perfected  in  his  humble  home  in  Lisbon,  was  first 
published  in  1572.  Its  success  was  great,  and  a  second 
edition  was  published  in  the  same  year ;  but  this  only 
added  to  the  malice  with  which  he  was  regarded  at  cour^ 
and  when  in  1678  the  young  king  Dom  Sebastian  went 
to  Africa  on  his  latal  expedition,  Bernardes,  a  courtier 
and  poet,  was  selected  to  go  with  him  and  sing  his  tri- 


infantrv.  from  its  having  been  orisinallv  com-    "mpfis.    Alter  the  deleat  and  death  of  the  king  "Camo- 

-1       (.1-1        /-.  .  1        ji      S       li     -¥7,1.  ens  \pflnt.  fls  one  nrenTmno.  Thirrv-Aiorhf.  nrlifi.-mo  of +»ia 

posed  of  the  Cameronians  who  flocked  to  Idm- 
burgh  during  the  revolution  of  1688.  Their  nu- 
cleus consisted  of  the  men  who  fought  under  Bichard 
Cameron  at  Aird's  Moss  in  1680,  when  he  was  killed. 

Cameronites  (kam'e-ron-its).  A  group  of 
French  Protestants,  professing  a  modified  Cal- 
vinism, led  by  John  Cameron,  a  native  of  Glas- 
gow, professor  of  theology  at  Saumur  and  else 


ens  went  as  one  dreaming."  Thirty -eight  editions  of  the 
"  Lusiad '  were  published  in  Lisbon  before  1700.  There 
are  translations  in  nearly  every  European  language.  The 
first  English  translation  was  by  Sir  Eichard  Fanshawe, 
1655.  Mickle's  translation  appeared  in  1776,  Musgrave's 
in  1826,  Quillinan's  (five  cantos)  in  1853,  Sir  Thomas 
Mitchell's  in  1854.  Camoens's  influence  and  efforts  pre- 
served the  Portuguese  language  from  destruction  during 
the  period  of  the  Spanish  occupation,  when  the  language 
of  the  court  was  Castilian.   His  minor  works,  or  "Eimas," 


where.     They  were  condemned  by  the  Synod    '"'^i'^  sonnets,  comedies,  eclogues,  ballads,  and  epigrams, 
of  Dort.  Camonica  (ka-mon'e-ka),  Val.    The  valley  of 

Cameroon  Eiver.    See  Kamerun  Bimer.  the  Oglio  in  its  upper  course,  in  Lombardy, 

Cameroons.    See  Kamerun.  Italy,  north  of  the  Lago  d'Iseo. 

Games  (ka-mes').  A  wild  tribe  in  the  south-  Camj),  The.  A  play  by  TickeU,  attributed  to 
western  part  of  the  state  of  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil.  Sheridan,  produced  in  1778.  Doran,  Annals, 
They  arose  in  the  16th  and  17th  centuries  from  the  mix-    II.  137. 

ture  of  Indian  hordes  with  fugitive  negro  and  mulatto  namtinimn  Ckam.-n^n' \ia\  A  town  in  +>io  -nr-n^ 
slaves.  At  one  time  they  were  very  numerous,  and  dan-  yampagna  (.Kam-pan  ya).  A  town  in  tne  prov- 
gerous  enemies  of  the  whites.  A  few  hundred  only  re-  ™ce  ot  Salerno,  situated  19  miles  east  of  ,Sa- 
main,  in  the  western  part  of  the  state.  lemo.     Population,  6,000. 

Camilla  (ka-mil'a).  111.  Camilla.']  1.  A  virgin  Campagna  di  Boma  (kam-pan'ya  de  ro'ma). 
warrior  queen  of  the  Volseians,  daughter  of  A  large  plain  in  Italy,  surrounding  Eome,  lying 
King  Metabus  of  Privernum.  She  figures  in  between  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Sabine 
Vergil's  .^neid.     She  came  to  the  assistance  of    and  Alban  Mountains,    it  corresponds  in  great  part 


Tumus,  and  was  treacherously  slain  by  Aruns, 

—  2.  A  lady  in  Lyly's  "Euphues"  with  whom 

Philautus  falls  in  love. —  3.  An  opera  by  Owen 

McSwiney,  translated  from  the  Italian  in  1706. 

— 4.  A  novel  by  Madame  d'Arblay,  published  Campaign,  The.   A  poem  by  Addison  eelebrat- 

in  1796.  ing  the  battle  of  Blenheim,  published  in  1704. 


to  the  ancient  Latium.  It  is  of  volcanic  formation,  and 
has  been  lor  centuries  noted  lor  its  malarious  climate, 
though  in  antiquity  it  was  covered  with  villas  and  towns 
and  was  brought  to  a  high  state  of  cultivation.  It  has 
been  reclaimed  in  part. 


Campan 

Oampan  (kon-poi').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Hautes-Pyr6n6es,  situated  on  the  river 
Adour  18  miles  southeast  of  Tarbes.  It  is 
noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery. 

Oampan,  Madame  (Jeanne  Louise  Henriette 
Genest).  Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  6,  1752:  died  at 
Mantes,  France,  March  16,  1822.  A  French 
teacher.  She  was,  at  the  age  of  fltteen,  appointed  reader 
to  the  three  daughters  of  Louis  XV. ,  was  for  nearly  twenty 
years  first  lady  of  the  bedchamber  to  Marie  Antoinette, 
and  narrowly  escaped  daring  the  storming  of  the  luiler- 
ies  by  the  mob,  Aug.  10, 1792.  After  the  fall  of  Bobes- 
pierre,  she  opened  a  boarding'School  for  young  ladies  at 
Saint-Germam,  and  in  1806  was  appointed  by  I^apoleon 
superintendent  of  the  school  at  Ecouen  for  daughters, 
Bisters,  and  nieces  of  officers  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  a  post 
which  she  held  till  the  abolition  of  the  school  by  the  Bour- 
bons. She  wrote  "  M^moires  sur  la  vie  priviSe  de  Marie 
Antoinette"  (1822),  etc. 

Oampanerthal,  or  Kampanerthal  (kam-pa'- 
ner-tal).  A  work  on  the  immortality  of  the 
soul,  hy  Jean  Paul  Friedrich  Richter,  published 
in  1797:  named  from  a  picturesque  valley  of 
the  upper  Adour  in  the  Pyrenees. 

Campania  (kam-pa'ni-a).  [Grr.  Kafmavia.']  In 
ancient  geography,  a  region  in  Italy,  lying  be- 
tween Latium  on  the  northwest,  Samnium  on 
the  north  and  east,  Lucania  on  the  soutlieast, 
and  the  Mediterranean  Sea  on  the  west,  itg  origi- 
nal inhabitants  were  probably  of  Oscan  or  Ausonian  race ; 
it  was  settled  later  by  the  Greeks.and  submitted  to  Home 
340  B.  0.  It  is  noted  for  its  fertility  and  products.  It 
contained  the  anbient  cities  Cumse,  Capua,  Baiee,  Puteoli, 
Herculaneum,  Pompeii,  etc.  The  modern  compartimeuto 
of  Campania  comprises  the  provinces  Avellino,  Benevento, 
Caserta,  Kapoli,  and  Salerno. 

Campanile  of  Giotto.  A  famous  tower  at 
Florence,  Italy,  begun  by  Giotto  in  1334,  and 
after  his  death,  in  1387,  continued  by  Andrea 
Pisano.  it  is  square  in  plan,  37Jfeet  to  a  side,  and  276i 
feet  high,  and  is  divided  by  string-courses  into  five  stories, 
the  two  lowest  of  which  are  practically  solid ;  the  two  mid- 
dle ones  have  each,  on  each  face,  two  canopied  and  tracer- 
ied  windows ;  and  the  highest,  about  twice  as  high  as  any 
of  those  below,  has  one  large  beautifully  decorated  and 
traceried  window  in  each  face,  and  a  bold  cornice.  The 
whole  exterior  of  the  tower  is  incrusted  with  colored 
marbles  arranged  in  panels.  The  basement  is  surrounded 
by  two  ranges  of  reliefs,  the  lower  in  hexagonal,  the  upper 
in  diamond-shaped  panels,  by  Giotto,  Andrea  Fisano,  and 
Luoa  della  Eobbia.  The  subjects  include  the  Creation, 
the  Arts  and  Sciences,  the  Cardinal  Virtues,  and  the  Works 
of  Mercy.  These  reliefs  ai'e  famous  for  their  naive  but 
wonderfully  effective  presentation  of  their  story.  Above  is 
a  range  of  large  statues  in  niches.  This  campanile  is  the 
finest  example  of  the  Italian  Pointed  style,  of  which  it  em- 
bodies all  the  virtues,  while  possessing  some  of  its  defects. 

Campanile  of  St.  Mark's.  A  square  tower  in 
Venice,  measuring  42  feet  to  a  side,  and  323 
feet  high  to  the  angel  at  the  apex  of  the  py- 
ramidal spire.  It  was  begun  about  900,  but  the  arcaded 
belfry,  with  the  square  die  and  pyramid  above,  dates  only 
from  the  16th  century.  Despite  its.celebrity,  it  was  ugly : 
the  lower  part  was  a  practically  plain  mass  of  brickwork, 
and  the  belfry  was  crushed  by  the  superstructure.  It  col- 
lapsed July  14,  1902. 

Campanini  (kam-pa-ne'ne),  Italo.  Born  at 
Parma,  June  29,  1846 :  died  near  there,  Nov. 
23,  1896.  A  noted  Italian  tenor  singer.  He  first 
attracted  attention  in  1871  at  Bologna.  In  1872  he  first 
appeared  in  England,  and  was  subsequently  successful  in 
St.  Petersburg  and  Moscow,  and  in  America. 

Oampas  (kam'pas).  A  tribe  of  Indians  in  east- 
ern Peru,  a  branch  of  the  Antis,  if  not  the  same 
as  that  tribe.     See  Antis. 

Campaspe  (kam-pas'pe).  The  favorite  concu- 
bine of  Alexander.  She  is  said  to  have  been 
the  model  of  the  famous  Venus  Anadyomene 
of  Apelles.    Also  Pancaste,  Pacate. 

Campbell  (kam'bel;  Sc.  pron.  kam'el),  Alex- 
ander. ,  [The  name  Campbell,  more  correctly 
spelled  Cambell,  is  from  Gael.  Caimheul,  lit. '  wry- 
mouth,'  from  cam,  wry,  and  beul,  mouth.]  Born 
near  Ballymena,  in  the  county  of  Antrim,  Ire- 
land, Sept.  12,  1788:  died  at  Bethany,  W.  Va., 
March  4,  1866.  A  clergyman,  founder  (about 
1827)  of  the  "Disciples  of  Christ,"  nicknamed 
"CampbeUites."  He  came  to  America  In  1809.  He 
established  the  "Christian  Baptist"  in  1823,  which  was 
merged  in  1830  in  the  "Millennial  Harbmger. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  second  Earl  of  Argyll. 
Killed  at  Flodden,  1513.  Son  of  the  first  Earl 
of  Argryll.  He  became  master  of  the  royal  household 
in  1494,  and  shared  with  the  Earl  of  Lennox  the  command 
of  the  right  wing  of  the  Scottish  army  at  the  battle  of 
Flodden,  Sept.  9,  1613,  in  which  engagement  he  was 
killed 

Campbell,  Archibald,  fourth  Earl  of  Argyll. 
Died  1558.  Grandson  of  the  second  Earl  of 
Argyll,  and  a  leading  supporter  of  the  Kefor- 
mation.  He  commanded  the  right  wing  of  the  Scottish 
army  at  the  battle  of  Pinkie  in  1547,  and  in  the  Allowing 
year  rendered  important  service  at  the  siege  of  Haddmg- 
L"  He  embraced  the  Keformation,  and  was  a  warm 
supporter  of  Knox,  whom  he  entertained  at  Castle  Camp- 
Campbell,  Archibald,  flfth  Earl  of  ArgyU 
D^d  Sept.  12, 1573.     ^on  of  the  fourth  Earl  of 

C— 14 


209 

ArgyU,  and  a  supporter  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots. 
He  was  originally  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Lords  of  the 
Congregation,  but  afterward  became  a  partizan  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots,  was  a  party  to  the  murder  of  Damley  and 
the  marriage  of  Bothwell,  and  commanded  the  queen's 
forces  at  Langside,  May  13, 1568.  He  made  his  submission 
to  the  Earl  of  Moray  in  1569,  and  in  1572  was  appointed 
lord  high  chancellor. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  eighth  Earl  and  first 
Marquis  of  Argyll.  Beheaded  at  Edinburgh, 
May  27,  1661.  A  Scottish  nobleman.  He  sided 
with  the  Covenanters  ;  became  marquis  in  1641 ;  and  was 
defeated  by  Montrose  in  1646.  He  sided  with  Charles  II. 
after  the  death  of  Charles  I.,  but  submitted  later  to  Crom- 
well.   At  the  Restoration  he  was  executed  for  treason. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  ninth  Earl  of  AtctU. 
Beheaded  at  Edinburgh,  June  30,  1685.  Son 
of  the  eighth  Earl  of  Argyll.  He  supported  the 
Koyalists  in  the  civil  wars,  and  Charles  II.  after  the  Kes- 
toration.  He  was  obliged  to  leave  Scotland  at  the  end 
of  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  on  the  charge  of  treason.  He 
landed  in  Scotland  in  1685  to  take  part  in  Monmouth's 
rising,  and  was  executed  for  treason. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  first  Duke  of  Argyll. 
Died  Sept.  20  (28?),  1703.  Son  of  the  ninth 
Earl  of  ArgyU,  created  duke  1701.  He  favored 
the  Kevolution,  and  was  one  of  the  commissioners  who 
offered  the  Scottish  crown  to  William  and  Mary  at  Lon- 
don in  1689. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  third  Duke  of  ArgyU. 
Bom  at  Petersham,  Surrey,  in  June,  1682 :  died 
April  15,  1761.  A  Scottish  statesman,  brother 
of  the  second  Duke  of  Argyll.  He  was  a  firm  sup- 
porter of  Walpole,  by  whom  he  was  intrusted  with  the 
chief  management  of  Scotch  affairs.  He  was  appointed  lord 
keeper  of  the  privy  seal  in  1725,  and  keeper  of  the  great 
seal  in  1734,  which  latter  post  he  occupied  until  his  death. 

Campbell,  Colin,  first  Earl  of  Argyll.  Died 
1493.  A  Scottish  nobleman,  created  earl  in 
1457.  He  was  one  of  the  conspirators  against 
James  III.  in  1487. 

Campbell,  Colin,  Baron  Clyde.  Bom  at  Glas- 
gow, Oct.  20, 1792 :  died  at  Chatham,  England, 
Aug.  14,  1863.  A  British  field-marshal.  He 
served  with  distinction  at  Chillianwalla  and  Gujerat,  1849, 
and  at  the  Alma  and  Balaklava,  1854  ;  was  commander-in- 
chief  in  Bengal  in  1867;  rescued  Havelock  and  Outram  at 
LucknowandthenrelievedCawnpore,andrecaptured  Luck- 
now  in  1868.  He  was  made  a  K.  C.  B.  in  1849,  and  was  ele- 
vated to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Clyde  of  Clydesdale  in  1858. 

Campbell,  George.  Bom  at  Aberdeen,  Scot- 
land, Dec.  25,  1719:  died  there,  April  6,  1796. 
A  Scottish  theologian  and  philosophical  writer. 
He  was  ordained  in  1748,  became  minister  at  Aberdeen  in 
1767,  and  in  1769  was  appointed  principal  of  Marischal 
College.  His  chief  works  are  "  Dissertation  on  Miracles  " 
(1762),  "  Philosophy  of  Rhetoric  "  (1776),  and  "  Translation 
of  the  Gospels"  (1789). 

Campbell,  George  Douglas,  eighth  Duke  of 
ArgyU.  Born  April  30, 1823 :  died  April  24, 1900. 

,  A  Scottish  statesman  and  writer.  He  was  lord 
privy  seal  1853-55:  postmaster-general  1855-68;  lord  privy 
seal  1869-66 ;  secretary  for  India  1868-74  ;  and  lord  privy 
seal  1880-81.  His  chief  works  include  "The  Eeign  of 
Law  "  (1806),  "  Scotland  as  It  Was  and  as  It  Is  "  (1887). 

Campbell,  John,  second  Duke  of  Argyll.  Bom 
1678:  died  1743.  A  Scottish  general  and  states- 
man, son  of  the  first  Duke  of  .Argyll.  He  took 
part  in  effecting  the  union ;  commanded  at  Sheriffmuir 
in  1715  ;  and  sided  at  different  times  with  the  Whigs  and 
Tories.    He  was  created  duke  of  Greenwich  in  1719. 

Campbell,  John,  Baron  Campbell.  Born  near 
Cupar,  Fife,  Scotland,  Sept.  15,  1779 :  died  at 
London,  June  23,  1861.  A  British  jurist,  poU- 
tieian,  and  author.  He  became  chief  justice  of  the 
Queen's  Bench  in  1860,  and  was  lord  chancellor  of  Eng- 
land 1869-61.  He  wrote  "Lives  of  the  Lord  Chancellors  " 
(1845-48),  "  Lives  of  the  Chief  Justices  "  (1849-57),  etc. 

Campbell,  Sir  Neil.  Bom  May  1, 1776 :  died  in 
Sierra  Leone,  Africa,  Aug.  14, 1827.  A  British 
officer,  commissioner  during  Napoleon's  stay  at 
Elba,  1814-15. 

Campbell,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Glasgow,  July  27, 
1777 :  died  at  Boulogne,  France,  June  15, 1844. 
A  British  poet,  critic,  and  miscellaneous  writer. 
He  was  lord  rector  of  the  University  of  Glasgow  1827-29. 
His  works  include ' '  Pleasures  of  Hope  "  (1799), ' '  Gertrude 
of  Wyoming"  (1809),  "Specimens  of  the  British  Poets" 
(18l9),  short  lyrics ("Lochlel's  Warning,"  " Hohenlinden," 
"Mariners  of  England,"  "Battle  of  the  Baltic,"  etc.). 

Campbell,  Lord  William.  Died  Sept.  5,  1778. 
A  younger  brother  of  the  fifth  Duke  of  Argyll, 
colonial  govemor  of  South  CaroUna  1775-76. 

Campbell  Island.  [Discovered  by  Captain  Ha- 
zelburgh  of  the  whaler  Perseverance, and  named 
by  him  for  the  business  house  in  Sydney  which 
he  represented.]  A  small  island  in  the  South- 
em  Ocean,  south  of  New  Zealand.        _ 

CampbeUites  (kam'bel-its).  1.  A  nickname 
of  the  "Disciples  of  Christ,"  a  denomination 
founded  by  the  Rev.  Alexander  Campbell. 
The  CampbeUites  were  also  eaUed  New  Ughts. 
—3  The  foUowers  of  the  Eev.  John  McLeod 
CampbeU,  a  minister  of  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land, who,  when  deposed  in  1831  for  teaching 
the  universaUty  of  the  atonement,  founded  a 
separate  congregation. 


Campion 

Campbell's  Station.  A  village  in  Tennessee, 
situated  12  miles  southwest  of  KnoxvUle.  Here 
Nov.  16,  1863,  the  Federals  under  Bumside  repulsed  the 
Confederates  under  Longstreet. 

Campe  (kam'pe),  Joachim  Heinrich.  Bom  at 
Deensen,  in  Brunswick,  Germany,  June  29, 1746: 
died  near  Brunswick,  Oct.  22, 1818.  A  German 
lexicographer  and  writer  of  juveniles.  His  works 
include  "  Robinson  der  Jiingere  "  (1779),  "  Die  Entdeckung 
von  Amerika"  (1781),  a  German  dictionary  (1807-11),  etc. 

Campeche  (kam-pa'cha),  or  Campeachy  (kam- 
pe'che).  A  state  of  Mexico,  forming  the  south- 
western part  of  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan. 
Area,  21,797  square  miles.  Population  (1895), 
90,458. 

Campeche.  [Native  name.]  A  seaport,  the 
capital  of  the  state  of  Campeche,  situated  on 
the  Bay  of  Campeche  in  lat.  19°  51'  N.,  long. 
90°  33'  W.  Its  exports  are  logwood,  wax,  etc.  It  was 
an  old  Indian  town,  and  was  discovered  byErancisco  Her- 
nandez de  Cordova  in  15J17,  and  was  named  by  him  San 
Lazaro.    Population  (1896),  16,681. 

Campeche,  or  Campeachy,  Gulf  or  Bay  of. 

A  name  given  to  the  southern  part  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico. 

Campeggio  (kam-pej'6),  Lorenzo.  Bom  at 
Bologna,  1472:  died  at  Rome,  July  19,  1539. 
.An  Italian  cardinal,  legate  to  England  1519 
and  1528,  bishop  of  SaUsbury  and  archbishop 
of  Bologna.  He  presided  at  the  Diet  of  Ratisbon.  In 
1528  he  was  associated  with  Wolsey  in  hearing  the  divorce 
suit  of  Henry  VIII.  of  England  against  Catherine  of  Ara- 
gon. 

Campenhout,  FranQois  van.  Bom  at  Brussels  ' 
in  1780 :  died  there  in  1848.  A  Belgian  musician. 
His  fame  chiefly  rests  on  the  "BrabanQonne,"the  Belgian 
national  air,  which  he  composed  in  1830. 

Campenon  (kon-pe-ndn'),  Francois  Nicolas 
Vincent.  Bom  in  Guadeloupe,  French  West 
Indies,  March  29,  1772:  died  near  Paris,  Nov. 
24,  1843.  A  French  poet  and  general  writer. 
He  wrote  "Voyage  de  Grenoble  k  Chamb6ry  "  (1796 :  prose 
and  verse),  "  L'Enf  ant  prodigue  "  (1811),  etc. 

Camper  (kam'pfer),  Pieter.  Bom  at  Leyden, 
Netherlands,  May  11, 1722 :  died  at  The  Hague, 
Netherlands,  April  7, 1789.  A  Dutch  physician 
and  anatomist,  noted  for  researches  in  compar- 
ative anatomy. 

Camperdown  (kam-per-doun'),D.  Camperduin 
(kam-per-doin').  A  viUage  in  the  Netherlands, 
situated  27  miles  north-northwest  of  Amster- 
dam. Off  here,  Oct.  11, 1797,  the  English  fleet  under  Dun- 
can defeated  the  Dutch  fleet  under  De  Winter.  Loss  of 
the  English,  1,040;  of  the  Dutch  1,160,  and  6,000  prisoners. 

Camperdown.    See  Fietoria  (battle-ship). 

Campero  (kam-pa'ro),  Narciso.  Bom  at  Tojo, 
now  in  Argentina,  in  1815.  A  Bolivian  soldier 
and  statesman,  in  1872  he  was  minister  of  war  for  a 
short  time.  When  the  war  with  Chile  broke  out  (1879) 
he  raised  an  army  in  southern  Bolivia,  but  was  unable  to 
reach  Tarapaca  before  the  Chileans  conquered  that  prov- 
ince of  Peru.  After  the  fall  of  Daza  he  was  elected  pres- 
ident of  Bolivia  (April  9, 1880),  took  command  of  the  al- 
lied Bolivian  and  Peruvian  armies  at  Tacna,  Peru,  and 
was  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Tacna  (May  26, 1880).  His 
term  ended  Aug.  1, 1884. 

Camphausen  (kamp'hou-zen),  Lndolf.  Bom 
at  Hiinshoven,  near  Aachen,  Prussia,  Jan.  3, 
1803:  died  at  Cologjne,  Dec.  3,  1890.  A  Prus- 
sian politician,  president  of  the  ministry  1848. 

Camphausen,  Otto.  Bom  at  Hiinshoven,  near 
Aachen,  Prussia,  Oct.  21,  1812:  died  May  17, 
1896.  A  Prussian  politician,  brother  of  Ludolf 
Camphausen.  He wasPrussianministerof finance  1869- 
1878,  and  vice-president  of  the  Prussian  ministry  1873-78. 

Camphausen,  Wjlhelm.  Bom  at  Dlisseldorf, 
Prussia,  Feb.  8, 1818 :  died  there,  June  16, 1885. 
A  German  historical  and  battle  painter  of  the 
Dlisseldorf  school. 

Camphuysen  (kamp'hoi-zen),  Dirk  Kafaelsz. 
Bom  at  Gorkum,  Netherlands,  1586:  died  at 
Dokkum,  Friesland,  July  9,  1627.  A  Dutch 
painter,  religious  poet,  and  theologian. 

Campi  (kam'pe),  Bernardino.  Bom  at  Cre- 
mona, Italy,  1522 :  died  after  1590.  An  ItaUan 
painter.  His  chief  work  is  the  cupola  in  the 
Church  of  San  Gismondo  at  Cremona. 

Campi,  Giulio.  Born  at  Cremona,  Italy,  about 
1500 :  died  1572.  An  Italian  painter.  Btis  best 
works  are  at  Cremona  and  Mantua. 

Campinas  (kon-pe'nas).  A  town  in  the  state 
of  Sao  Paulo,  southern  BrazU,  65  mUes  north- 
west of  Sao  Paulo,  with  which  it  is  connected 
by  a  railroad.    Pop.  (1888),  about  35,000. 

Campine  (kon-pen' ).  A  region  in  the  provinces 
of  Antwerp  and  Limburg,  Belgium. 

Campion  (kam'pi-on),  Edmund.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  25,  1540:  executed  at  Tybum,  Dec. 
1,  1581.  An  EngUsh  Jesuit  and  scholar,  con- 
demned on  a  charge  of  high  treason.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  prominent  of  the  Jesuit  missionaries  in 
England. 


Oampistron 

Oampistron  (kon-pes-tr6i'))  Jean  Galbert  de. 
Born  at  Toulouse,  1656:  died  May  11,  1723.  A 
French  dramatic  poet,  a  follower  of  Eaeine. 
He  was  the  author  ot  "Virginle"  (1683),  "Aois  et  Gala- 
5r™.*^?®=  *"  opera),  "Andronic"  (1685),  "Tlridate" 
(1691),  etc. 

He  pushed  to  an  ejEtreme  the  softness  and  almost  eflemi- 
nacy  of  subject  and  treatment  which  made  Corneille  con- 
temptuously speak  of  his  younger  rival  and  his  paity  as 
"  Les  Doucereux."  SainUbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  306. 

Oampobasso  (kam-po-tas'so).  A  province  in 
the  Abruzzi  and  MoUse,  Italy.  It  was  formerly 
called  Molise.  Area,  1,691  square  miles.  Pop- 
idation  (1891),  377,396. 

Oampobasso.  [It., '  low  field.']  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Oampobasso,  Italy,  situated  in 
lat.  41°  84'  N.,  long.  14°  40'  E.  It  is  noted  for 
its  manufactures  of  cutlery.  Population,13,000. 

Oampobasso,  Nicolo.  Lived  about  1477.  A 
Neapolitan  military  adventurer  in  the  service 
of  Charles  the  Bold. 

Oampobello  di  Licata  (kam-po-bel'lo  de  le- 
ka'ta).  [It.  Campo  beUo,  fair  field.]  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Girgenti,  Sicily,  situated  21 
miles  east-southeast  of  Girgenti.  It  is  noted 
for  sulphur-mines.     Population,  7,000. 

Oampobello  di  Mazzara  (kam-po-bel'lo  de 
mSit-sa'ra).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Tra- 
pani,  Sicily,  situated  42  miles  southwest  of 
Palermo.  There  are  famous  quarries  in  the 
vicinity.    Population,  6,000. 

Oampo-Formio  (kam-p6-for'me-6),  or  Campo- 
formido  (kam-po-for-me'do).  A  village  in  the 
province  of  Udme,  in  northeastern  Italy,  6  miles 
southwest  of  Udine.  Here,  Oct.  17,  1797,  a  treaty 
was  concluded  between  France  and  Austria.  Austria 
ceded  the  Belgian  provinces,  recognized  the  Cisalpine 
Bepublic,  and  received  the  greater  part  of  the  Venetian 
territories;  France  retained  the  Ionian  Islands.  By  se- 
cret articles  France  was  to  receive  the  left  bank  of  the 
Khine. 

Oampomanes  (kam-po-ma'nes),  Conde  Pedro 
Bocuriguez  de.  Bom  in  Asturias,  Spain,  July 
1,  1723:  died  Feb.  3,  1802.  A  Spanish  states- 
man and  political  economist,  president  of  the 
council  1788.  Hewrote  "Discurso  sobre  el  fomento  de 
la industria popular"  (1771),  "Discurso  sobrela  educacion 
popular,  etc."  (1776). 

Campos (kam'pSs).  [Pg.,  'fields,"paBture8.'  See 
Campos  dos  Goitaeazes.']  A  seaport  in  the  state 
of  Biode  Janeiro,  Brazil,  situatednearthemouth 
of  the  Parahyba.    Pop.  (1888),  about  40,000. 

Campos  (kam'pos),  Martinez.  Bom  at  Sego- 
via, Dec.  14,  1834:  died  at  Zarauz,  near  San 
Sebastian,  Sept.  23,  1900.  A  Spanish  general. 
He  served  in  Morocco ;  was  sent  to  Cuba  in  1864  as  colonel ; 
and  in  1870  returned  to  Spain  to  help  to  suppress  the  Car- 
li3ts,and  was  made  a  brigadier -general.  On  the  abdication 
of  King  Amadeo  he  supported  the  republic,  was  put  on  the 
retired  list,  and  soon  after  was  arrested  on  a  charge  of  con- 
spiracy. He  was  soon  released  and  placed  in  command  of 
the  3d  division  of  the  Army  of  the  North  against  the  Car- 
lists.  From  1877  to  1879  he  was  commander-in-chief  of  the 
Spanish  forces  in  Cuba.  He  was  sent  to  Cuba  in  April,  1895, 
as  governor-general;  but  was  recalled  in  January,  1896. 

Campo  Santo  (kam'po  san'to).  [It.,  'sacred 
fiela,'  i.  e.  cemetery.]  A  cemetery.  That  of  Pisa, 
Italy,  is  notable.  The  present  structure  was  begun  in  1278 
by  Giovanni  Fisano. 

Campos  de  Vacaria  (kam'pSsh  de  va-ka-re'a). 
[Pg.,  'cattle-pastures.']    .An  elevated  open  re- 

Slon  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  of  Eio 
rande  do  Sul,  Brazil,  inland  from  the  moun- 
tains. It  forms  the  southern  extremity  of  the  Brazilian 
plateau,  and  as  yet  it  is  very  thinly  settled. 

Campos  dos  Qoitacazes  (kam'posh  dt^sh  goi-ta- 

ka'zesh).    An  open  region  on  the  banks  of  the 

Parahyba  Biver,  northeast  of  Eio  de  Janeiro, 

Brazil.    The  region  was  so  called  V  fields  of  the  Goitaca- 

aes')  on  account  of  the  Goyatacas  Indians  who  formerly 

occupied  it.    The  name  passed  to  a  city  on  the  Parahyba, 

abbreviated  to  Campos. 

Campos  dos  Farecfs  (kam'posh  dgsh  pa-re- 

sesh').  An  open  region  in  western  Brazil,  east  of 

the  Guapore  and  Madeira  rivers,  forming  a  por- 

'  tion  of  the  Brazilian  plateau,  about  3,000  feet 

I    above  sea-level,    it  was  so  called  on  account  of  the 

Parecis  Indians,  who  inhabit  a  part  of  it^  and  were  formerly 

very  powerful.    The  Campos  dos  Parecis  were  visited  by 

the  Portuguese  as  early  as  1720,  but  the  region  is  still  very 

impeif  ectly  known. 

Oampsie  Fells.     A  region   near  Stirling  in 

Soouand. 

Campus  Martins  (kam'pus  mar'ti-us).  [L., 
'field  of  Mars.']  A  historic  area  of  ancient 
Borne,  lying  between  the  Pincian,  Quirinal,  and 
Capitoline  hiUs  and  the  Tiber.  Throughout  the 
ear^  history  of  Kome  this  plain  remained  free  of  build- 
ings, and  was  used  for  popular  assemblies  and  military 
exercises.  During  the  reign  of  Augustus  it  had  become 
encroached  upon  from  the  south  by  the  building  up  of  the 
Flaminian  Meadows,  and  from  the  east  by  public  and  other 
buildings  on  the  Via  Cata,  corresponding  closely  to  the 
modern  Corso.  Under  Augustus,  however,  a  great  extent 
sf  the  jdain  still  remained  &ee,  and  served  for  chariot-  and 


210 

horse-races,  ball-playing,  and  other  athletic  sports ;  it  was 
surrounded  by  the  finest  monuments  of  the  city,  and  pre- 
sented an  imposing  spectacle.  It  is  now  occupied  by  the 
most  important  quarter  of  modem  Borne. 

Camulodunum.    See  Colchester. 

Camus  (ka-mti'),  Armand  Gaston.  Bom  at 
Paris,  April  2,  1740:  died  Kov.  2,  1804.  A 
French  revolutionist.  He  was  deputy  to  the  States- 
General  in  1789,  and  to  the  Convention  in  1792 ;  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  1796.  He  wrote 
"Lettres  sur  la  profession  d'avocat"  (1772-77X  etc. 

Cana  (ka'na) .  In  New  Testament  history,  a  vil- 
lage of  Galilee,  Palestine,  the  scene  of  two  of 
Christ's  miracles.  It  has  been  identified  with  Kefr- 
Kenna,  and  with  Kana-el-Jelil  (both  near  Nazareth). 

Cana,  Marriage  at.    See  Marriage  at  Carta. 

Canaan  (ka'nan).  1.  The  fourth  son  of  Ham 
(Gen.  ix.  25  ff.,  x.  6-15).— 2.  More  frequently, 
'  Land  of  Canaan'  (Gen.  xi.  31,  xii.  5 ;  Isa.  xxiii. 
11;  Zeph.  ii.  5,  etc.,.  interpreted  to  mean  'low- 
land,' from  Semitic  Tcana,  to  humble,  subdue), 
generally  denoting  in  the  Old  Testament  the 
country  west  of  the  Jordan  and  the  Dead  Sea 
to  the  Mediterranean.  As  the  name  "lowland"  would 
indicate,  originally  it  comprised  only  the  strip  of  land, 
from  10  to  16  miles  in  breadth  and  160  in  length,  shut  in 
between  the  Lebanon  and  the  Mediterranean,  and  extend- 
ing from  the  Bay  of  Antioch  to  the  promontory  of  the  Car- 
mel,  i.  e.  southern  Phenicia.  To  this  maritime  plain  of  the 
Fhenicians  and  Philistines  passages  like  Isa.  xxiii  11,  Zeph. 
it  5  refer.  Later  the  name  was  extended  to  the  whole 
west-Jordanic  territory.  Thus  also  in  the  Tel-el-Amarna 
tablets,  which  date  back  a  century  before  the  exodus,  Ei- 
nakk,  or  Canaan,  denotes  the  district  between  the  cities  of 
Philistia  and  the  country  northward  of  Gebal  (Byblos). 
The  Egyptians  named  it  the  land  of  Keft,  or  the  "palm," 
of  which  the  Greek  ipoivt^  (soe  Phenicia)  is  a  transition. 
3.  The  non-Israelitish  inhabitants  of  Palestine 
(more  frequently  in  the  plural,  "the  Canaan- 
ites").  The  origin  and  affinities  of  the  various 
tribes  are  still  disputed. 

Canaanites  (ka'nan-its).    See  Canaan. 

Canace  (kan'a-se)"  [Gr.  KavoK?/.]  1.  In(3Teek 
legend,  a  daughter  of  .^olus  and  Bnarete,  put 
to  death  on  account  of  her  illicit  love  for  her 
brother  Maeareus.  She  is  introduced  in  Gower's 
"  Confessio  Amantis  "  (book  iii.),  from  Ovid.  Chaucer  re- 
fers to  the  story  in  the  introduction  to  bis  "  Man  of  Law's 
Tale." 

2.  The  daughter  of  Cambuscan  in  Chaucer's 
"  Squire's  Tale." 

Canada  (kau'a-da),  Dominion  of.  A  confed- 
eration of  provinces  in  British  North  America. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  Arctic  on  the  north,  the  department 
of  Labrador  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  east,  the  United 
States  on  the  south,  and  the  Pacific  and  Alaska  on  the 
west  It  comprises  Quebec,  Ontario,  New  Brunswick, 
Nova  Scotia,  Prince  Edward  Island,  Manitoba,  British 
Columbia,  and  the  Northwest  Territories  (with  Assini- 
boia,  Saskatchewan,  Athabasca,  and  Alberta).  The  Amer- 
ican Arctic  islands  are  sometimes  included  with  the  Do- 
minion. Its  chief  physical  features  are  the  St.  Lawrence 
valley,  the  Saskatchewan  and  Mackenzie  river  systems 
(with  their  numerous  large  lakes,  Gres^t  Bear,  Great  Slave, 
Athabasca,  Winnipeg,  etc.),  Hudson  Bay,  the  great  plains, 
the  "Height  of  Land,"  Labrador  plateau,  and  the  Kocky 
and  Cascade  mountains.  Mt.  Logan,  in  lat.  60"  34'  N.,  26 
miles  to  the  northeast  of  Mt.  St.  Elias,  is  said  to  have  an 
elevation  of  19,514  feet.  Its  capital  is  Ottawa,  and  its 
government  consists  of  a  governor-general  and  Parliament 
(Senate  and  House  of  Commons).  It  exports  timber, 
cheese,  wheat,  coal,  cattle,  etc.  Canada  was  explored  by 
Cartier  1534-35.  It  was  permanently  settled  at  Quebec  in 
1608  by  the  French,  and  called  New  France.  It  was  ceded 
to  Great  Britain  in  1763.  The  Americans  attacked  it  un- 
successfully in  the  Eevolution  and  in  the  War  of  1812. 
Unsuccessful  rebellion  1837-38.  The  provinces  reunited 
in  1841,  and  the  confederation  was  formed  in  1867.  The 
BedKiver  JEiebellion,  under  Louis  Eiel,  took  place  in  1869- 
1870,  and  the  second  Itiel  rebellion  in  1885.  In  1886  the 
Canadian  Pacific  Bailway  was  opened.  Area,  3,653,946 
square  miles.    Population  (1901),  5,371,315. 

Canadian  River.  A  river  in  New  Mexico, 
northern  Texas,  Oklahoma,  and  the  Indian 
Territory,  which  rises  in  New  Mexico,  and 
joins  the  Arkansas  25  miles  south  of  Tahle- 
quah.  Length,  800-900  miles.  Its  chief  affiuent  is  the 
North  Fork,  in  Indian  Territory.    Length,  about  600  miles. 

Canaletto  (ka-na-let'to),  or  Canale  (ka-na'le), 
Antonio,  Bom  at  Venice,  Oct.  18, 1697:  died 
there,  Aug.  20, 1768.  .  An  Italian  painter,  noted 
chiefly  for  his  pictures  of  Venice .  He  was  a  pupil 
of  his  father,  Binaldo  Canale,  a  scene-painter.  He  lived 
for  a  time  in  England.  He  was  the  first  painter  to  use 
the  camera  obscura. 

Canalize  (ka-nS-le'tho),  Valentin.  Bom  at 
Monterey  about  1797:  died  after  1847.  A  Mexi- 
can soldier.  From  Dec,  1843,  to  June,  1844,  he  was  act- 
ing president  during  the  absence  of  Santa  Anna,  Again 
made  acting  president  in  Sept.,  1844,  he  was  impeached 
for  arbitrary  proceedings,  and  banished  (May,  1846^.  He 
was  allowed  to  return,  and  served  in  the  war  with  the 
United  States,  commanding  the  cavalry  at  Gerro  Gordo, 
April  17,  1847,  and  the  whole  army  in  the  subsequent 
retreat. 

Canandaigua  (kan-an-da'gwa).  A  village  and 
town  in  western  l^few  York,  situated  at  the 
northern  end  of  Canandaigua  Lake,  25  mUes 
southeast  of  Bochester.  Population  (1900), 
village,  6,151. 


Candlac 

Canandaigua  Lake.  A  lake  in  western  New 
York.    Length,  15  miles. 

Cananore,  or  Cannanore.    See  Kananur. 

Canara.    See  Kanara. 

Canaris  (kan-ya'rez).  [(Juichua.]  A  power- 
ful race  of  Indians  who,  for  several  centuries 
before  the  conquest,  occupied  the  coast  valleys 
of  what  is  now  western  Ecuador.  They  were  con- 
quered  by  the  Inca  Tupac  Yupanqui  about  1450.  During 
flie  conquest  they  sided  with  the  Spaniards. 

Canaris,  or  Eanaris  (k9,-na'ris),  Constantine. 
Bom  at  Ipsara,  Greek  Archipelago,  1790 :  died 
Sept.  15, 1877.  A  Greek  admiral  and  politician. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  the  Greek  war  for  indepen- 
dence (1821-25),  represented  Ipsara  in  the  Greek  national 
convention  in  1827,  and  was  several  times  minister  of 
marine  and  president  of  the  cabinet. 

Canary  Islands,  or  Canaries  (ka-na'riz).  [Sp. 
Canarias :  so  called  from  Gran  Oanaria,  one  of 
the  principal  islands  of  the  group,  L.  Canaria 
insula,  dog  island,  so  named  with  reference 
to  the  dogs  found  there.]  A  group  of  islands 
in  the  Atlantic,  lying  northwest  of  .Africa,  in 
lat.  27°-30°  N.,  long.  13°-18°  30'  W.  They  be- 
long  to  Spain  and  form  a  separate  province.  The  islands 
are  Tenerifle,  Gran  Canaria,  Falma,  Fuerteventnra,  Lan- 
zarote,  Gomera,  and  Hierro  (Ferro).  The  products  are 
wine,  sugar,  and  cochineal.  The  capital  is  Santa  Cruz  de 
Santiago,  the  language  Spanish,  and  the  religion  Soman 
Catholic.  They  are  supposed  to  be  the  ancient  Fortunate 
Islands.  The  original  inhabitants,  the  Guanches,  are  now 
extinct.  The  islands  were  acquired  by  Spain  in  the  15tb 
century.  Area,  2,808  square  miles,  •population  (1887)^ 
291,625. 

Canby  (kan'bi),  Edward  Richard  Sprigg. 

Bom  in  Kentucky,  1819:  died  at  the  "Lava 
Beds,"  northern  California,  April  11, 1873.  An 
American  general.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  war 
1846-48 ;  commanded  the  forces  in  New  Mexico  1861-62 ; 
repelled  the  incursion  into  New  Mexico  of  the  Confeder- 
ate general  Henry  Sibley  in  February,  1862 ;  commanded 
the  United  States  troops  in  New  York  city  and  harbor  dur- 
ing the  draft  riots  of  July,  1863 ;  succeeded  General  Banks 
as  commander  of  the  army  in  Louisiana  and  of  the  depart- 
ments west  of  the  Mississippi  Biver  1864 ;  captured  Mobile 
April  12, 1865;  and  was  promoted  brigadier-general  in  the 
regular  army  July  28,  1866,  having  previously  obtained 
the  rank  of  major-general  of  volunteers.  He  was  treacher- 
ously killed  by  Modoc  Indians  during  a  conference. 

Cancale  (kon-kal').  A  seaport  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  France,  situated  on  St. 
Michael's  Bay  10  miles  east-northeast  of  St. 
Malo.     Population  (1891),  commune,  6,578. 

Cancao  (kan-kou'),  or  Kang-Kao  (kang-kon'). 
[Chin.  Ha  Tian.']  A  seaport  in  French  Cochiii 
China,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Siam  in  lat.  10° 
15'  N.,  long.  104°  50'  E. 

Cancer  (kan's6r).  [L., 'a  crab.']  A  constella- 
tion and  also  a  sign  of  the  zodiac,  represented 
by  the  form  of  a  crab,  and  showing  the  limits 
of  the  sun's  course  northward  in  summer ;  hence, 
the  sign  of  the  summer  solstice.    Marked  2o- 

Cancha-Bayada  (kan'cha-ra-ya'da).  A  plain 
just  north  of  the  city  of  Talca,  ChUe.  On  March 
28, 1814,  a  division  of  the  patriot  army  was  defeated  there, 
and  on  March  19, 1818,  the  army  commanded  by  Generals 
San  Martin  and  O'Hlggins  was  defeated  at  the  same  place 
by  a  night  attack  of  the  Spanish  troops  under  General 
Osorio.    It  derived  its  namefrom  aracing-track  for  horses. 

Cancrin  (kan-kren'),  Count  Georg.  Born  at 
Hanau,  Prussia,  Deo.  8, 1774 :  died  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, Sept.  22,  1845.  A  Eussian  general  of  in- 
fantry, and  politician,  minister  of  finance  1823- 
1844.  He  wrote  a  romance  "  Dagoberi^  Geschlchte  ans 
dem  jetzigen  Freiheitekrieg  "  (1796),  and  economic  works- 

Candace  (kan'da-se).  [Gr.  KavSdic^.']  A  he- 
reditary appellation  of  the  queens  of  Meroe,  iu 
Upper  Nubia,  like  the  name  Pharaoh  applied 
to  the  older  Egyptian  kings.  Specifically— (a)  Ac- 
cording to  an  old  tradition,  the  Queen  of  Sheba  who  visited 
Solomon.  (6)  A  queen  of  Meroe  who  invaded  Egypt  2S 
B.  0.  and  captured  Elephantine,  Syene,  and  Philse.  She 
was  defeated  by  the  Boman  general  Petronius  near  Fsel- 
cha,  renewed  the  attack,  and  was  again  defeated  by  him. 
(c)  The  Queen  of  Ethiopia  whose  high  treasurer  was  con- 
verted to  Christianity  by  Philip,  30  A.  D,    Acts  vili.  27. 

Candahar.    See  Kandahar. 

Candamo  (kan-d&'mo),  Francisco  Banzes. 
Bom  at  Sabugo,  Spain,  1662:  died  1709.  A 
Spanish  poet  and  dramatist.  His  "Poesias 
comicas"  were  published  in  1772. 

Candaules  (kan-dS:'lez),  or  Myrsilus  (m6r-si'- 
lus).  [Gr.  Kavdadhig  or  Mupof^f.]  The  last 
Heracleid  king  of  Lydia,  slain  by  Gyges  who- 
succeeded  him.    See  Gyaes. 

Candeish.    See  Khamdesh. 

Candia  (kan'di-a),  <3t.  Megalokastron  (meg'- 
a-lo-kas'tron).  A  seaport,  the  capital  of  Crete^ 
situated  on  tiie  northern  coast  in  lat.  35°  21' 
N.,  long.  25°  7'  E.  it  was  founded  by  Saracens.  It 
was  taken  from  Venice  by  the  Turks  in  1669. 

Candia.    See  Crete. 

Candiac  (koii-de-£lk'),  Jean  Louis  Philippe 
Elisabetn  Montcalm  de.  Bom  at  Ch&teau 
de  Candiac,  Gard,  France,  Nov.  7,  1719 :  died 


Candiac 


211 


Cantabria 

A  chief  of  the  Narragansett  Indians.  Alarmed 
by  the  alliance  of  the  colonista  at  Plymouth  with  his  en- 
emy Massasoit,  he  Bent  Governor  Bradford  in  Jan. ,  1622,  a 
hostile  message  consisting  of  a  bundle  of  arrows  wrapped 
in  a  rattlesnake's  skin,  but  did  not  follow  up  the  threat 
implied  in  this  messagewhen  Bradford  promptly  returned 
the  rattlesnake's  skin  stuffed  with  powder  and  ball.  He 
gave  to  Boger  Williams  the  land  on  which  the  town  of 
Providence  was  founded  in  1638 ;  and  acknowledged  the 
sovereignty  of  Britain  in  a  treaty  concluded  April  19, 1644. 


quotes  the  whole  poem,  with  the  prologue,  under  tie  im- 
pression, apparently,  that  Chancer  was  an  adept  in  the 
art,  and  wrote  in  its  favor.  The  canon  is  a  ragged  alche- 
mist who  has  no  gold  but  what  he  gets  by  trickery,  and 
he  and  his  hungry  yeoman  join  the  Canterbury  pilgrims 
to  practise  their  thieving  arts  upon  them. 


at  Paris,  Oct.  8,  1726.  The  younger  brother  Hannibal  with  about  BO,ooo  men  nearly  annihilated  the 
of  the  Marquis  de  Montcalm.     He  was  noted  for     ^"P  f^^  "'  »''™*  80,000-90,000  under  Varro  and  .Emi- 

SJL'Z"'"'"'  ^'"^"'^'  "'""*  "^°°  '°  extraordinary  Cannanore.    See  Kmanur. 
Candide  (kon-ded'),  ou  L'Optimisme  (o  lop-  Cannes  (kan).     [ML.Camma.]    A  seaport  in  the 
te-mezm').    A  philosophical  novel  by  Voltaire,    department  of  Alpes-Mantimes,  France,  situ- 
published  in  1759.     It  is  named  from  Its  hero,  who     ?H1^^  ^3^^  southwest  of  Nice :  one  of  the  chief 
bears  all  the  worst  ills  of  life  with  a  cool,  philosophical     health-resorts  on  the  Rmera,  on  account  of  its  mUdwmter 

Indifference,  laughing  at  its  miseries.    (See  Pamloss.)   A     climate.    Its  reputation  was  built  up  by  lord  Brougham,  ^_.^ ^ ^ , 

second  part  followed,  with  the  same  name,  by  an  auony.     who5ettledthereinl834(anddiedtliereinip)  Napoleon  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale   Thp      One  of  Ohaii 

mniiawHter  .    j  j       landed  near  there  from  Elba,  March  1, 1816.    PopuMion  ""■'\"'',''  **'"•'""'*' S-'-°''-''i,,-'-'^8'     'Jne  oi  <./nau 

_!;  .  (1891),  commune,  19.983.  ■  cer's  "  Canterbury  Tales."    it  exposes  the  tricks  of 

the  alchemists.    Ashmole  in  his  "Theatrum  Chemicum  " 

earthquake,  Candide  is  really  as  comprehensive  as  it  is  lung.  -DOm  at  Brompton,  near  Liondon,  Dee. 
desultory.  Eeligion,  political  government,  national  pe-  14,  1812;  died  at  London,  June  17,  1862.  An 
culiarities,  human  weakness,  ambition,  love,  loyalty,  all  English  statesman,  son  of  George  Canning.  He 
come  in  for  the  unfailing  sneer.    The  moral,  wherever     „^  postmaster-general  1863-6B,  and  governor-general  of 

there  IB  a  moral,  IS,  "be  tolerant,  and  mteuez  KoJre  jar-     India  18BB-62  -~  t, = *- . 

fegeX  "'  *°  '^'  '°"«S™en"chLSl?p!°42'3?  Canning,  George,    Born  at  London,  April  11,  OanopicMouthof  the  Nile    [From  Canopv..J 

"^  ___"•_  1'  1770:  died  at  Chiswiok,  near  London,  Aug.  8,  An  ancient  branch  of  the  Nile,  the  westem- 

1827.    A  celebrated   English   statesman  and  most  of  the  important  mouths, 

orator.    He  entered  Parliament  1794.   He  was  secretary  CanopUS  (ka-no'pus).    [L.,  from  Gr,  KdvuTTOf,  a. 

for  foreign  affairs  1807-4)9,  president  of  the  BoM:d  of  Con-  ^         ^  l  Egypt.]     The  brightest  star  but 

S?er  il^   • ''      '^  ^  '       ^  OM  in  the  healens,  one  magnitude  brighter 

Canning,  Stratford,  Viscount    Stratford   de  thanArcturus,andonlyhalfamagnitudefaiuter 

EedclifEe.    Bom  at  London,  Nov.  4, 1786 :  died  than  Sinus ;  a  Argus  or  a  Carinee.    it  is  situated  in 

Aug.  14, 1880.    An  English  diplomatist  cousin  §!i?„°Urabt?KriLl^l°ak''X1h'^^^^^ 

01  George  Canning.    He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  of  a  white  or  yellowish  color,  and  is  conspicuous  in  Flor- 

Cambridge ;  entered  the  diplomatic  service  in  1807 ;  be-  jda  in  winter. 

came  first  secretary  at  Constantinople  in  1808,  and  min-  «..„„„„-  -_  fi-Tin'hiio  t^ra  r>n'^h^^a\  fftr  TT/imw 
ister  plenipotentiary  at  Constantinople  1810-12 ;  negoti-  OanopUS,^  or  l/anODUS  (Ka-no  Dus;.  L^r.  KflvoK 
ated  the  treaty  of  Bukharest  in  1812;  was  minister  to  vrof  or  Kavu/Jof.]  In  ancient  geography,  a  sea- 
Switzerland  1814-18 ;  ,Bat  in  the  Congress  of  Vienna ;  was  port  of  Egypt,  15  miles  northeast  of  Alexandria, 
minister  to  the  United  States  1820-24  ;  was  sent  on  a  pre-  ft  j^ad.  considerable  trade  and  wealth, 
liminary  mission  to  St.  Petersburg  1824-25 ;  was  ambassa-  _  ,,  ..  -,  ...  ,  .  ,,,  ■  j.rt 
dor  at  Constantinople  1826-29;  was  member  of  Parlia-  Oanosa  (Ita-no  sa).  A  town  (the  ancient  Oanu- 
ment  1828-41 ;  was  sent  on  various  special  missions,  and  slum)  in  the  province  of  Bari,  Italy,  in  lat.  41"* 
was  ambassador  at  Constantinople  1841-68.  He  was  raised  X3'  N. ,  long.  16°  4'  E.  It  contains  relics  of  the  Bo- 
tp  thepeerage  in  1852.    His  essays  and  a  memoir  were  pub-     ^^^  ^^^^^  ^o^  ^^^  jj.  j^  ^^^  ^jj^  „,  j^^  ancient  Cannse. 

tJhoTnilnTi'a  nnmfiflv  "The  SphoolforSpandal"   J''"^"°'i      ,?       ,    7,'°     f       ■  «     i.     ■  It  was  an  important  ApuUan  city,  and  subject  to  Home  31S 

bhenaan s  comeay     j.ne  ocnooi  lor  ocanaai.    Qannock    (kan 'ok).    An   iron-manufacturmg    b.  o.    Population,  is.Mo. 

Her  name  has^become  a  byword.  ^^^  ^  Staffordshire,  England,  situated  near  Qanossa  (ka-uos'sa).    A  ruined  castle  south- 

"Walsall.  .       west  of  Eeggionell'BmiUa,  Italy,  it  is  celebrated 

CannStatt,or  CanStadt  (kan  stat).     A  town  m     as  the  scene  of  the  penance  of  the  emperor  Henry  IV.  be- 
'"    the  Neckar  circle,Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the    fore  Pope  Gregory  vil.,  Jan.,  1077. 

miles  northeast  of  Stuttgart,    it  is  Canova  (ka-no'va),  Antonio.    Bom  at  Possa- 

trade  and  manufactures  and  its  warm  mineral    gno,  near  Treviso,  Nov.  1, 1757:  died  at  Venice, 

Cydonia.    It  is  the  chief  seaport  in  the  island,     springs.    Population  (1890),  commune,  20,265.  -   ■ ■       -  .     .    -  ^.  -. 

Canete  (kSn-ya'te),  Marq[UiS  of.  See  Hwtado  Cano  (ka'no),  Alonso.  Born  at  Granada,  Spain, 
de  Mendoea.  ,   _     ,     March  19,  1601 :  died  at  Granada,  Oct.  5,  1667, 


CandoUe  (kon-dol'),  Alphonse  Louis  Pierre 
PyramilS  de.  Bom  at  Paris,  Oct.  28, 1806 :  died 
April  4, 1893.  A  Swiss  botanist,  professor  at  the 
Academy  of  Geneva,  sou  of  Augustin  de  Can- 
doUe. He  continued  his  father's  "Prodromus  "  (1858-88 : 
assisted  by  his  son  Anne  Gaslmlr  Pyramns,  bom  at  Ge- 
neva, Feb.  26, 1836),  and  wrote  "Geographic  botanlquerai- 
sonn6e  "  (1866),"  Origine  des  plantes  cultiv^es  "  (1883),  etc. 

CandoUe,  Augustin  Pyramus  de.  Bom  at  Ge- 
neva, Feb.  4,  1778:  died  at  Geneva,  Sept.  9, 
1841.  A  celebrated  Swiss  botanist,  professor 
at  the  Academy  of  Montpellier  1810,  and  at 
Geneva  1816-41,  and  the  principal  founder  of 
the  natural  system  of  botany.  His  works  include 
"Eegni  vegetabilis  systema  naturale "  (1818-21),  "Pro- 
dromus systematis  naturalis  regni  vegetabilis  "  (1824-73), 
"Xh^orie  E16mentaire  de  la  botanique"  (1813),  etc. 
Candour  (kan'dor),  Mrs.  A  slanderous  woman 
with  an   affectation   of  frank  amiability,  in 


Candy. 

Cane.    See  Scala,  Delia. 

Ganea  (ka-ne'a),  or  Khania  (ka-ne'a). 


A  sea- 


Canga-Arguelles  (kang'ga  ar-gwel'yes),  Jos6.     A  noted  Spanish  painter,  sculptor,  and  archi- 
Bom  in  Asturias,  Spain,  about  1770 :  died  1843.     tect.    His  best  works  are  at  Granada. 
A  Spanish  statesman  and  writer  on  finance,  Oano,  Diego.    See  Cam,  Diogo 


minister  of  finance  1820-21. 

Cange,  Du.    See  Dn  Cange. 

0ani(2a  (ka-nid'i-a).  A  Neapolitan  hetsera  be- 
loved by  Horace,  she  deserted  him,  and  he  reviled 
her  as  an  old  sorceress.   Her  real  name  was  Gratldia. 

Oanidius  (ka-nid'i-us).  Lieutenant-general  to 
Antony  in  Shakspere's  "  Antony  and  Cleopa- 
tra " 

CanigOU  (ka-ne-go').  A  mountain  of  France, 
in  tlie  department  of  Pyr6n6es-Orientales. 
Height,  9,135  feet.  .  .  ^      , 

Oanina  (ka-ne'na),  Luigl.  Born  at  Casale, 
Piedmont,  Italy,  Oct.  23,  1795:  died  at  Flor- 
ence, Oct.  17,  1856.  An  Italian  archseologist 
and  architect.  .      „  ^       ,,       .        --, 

Oaninefates,  or  Oanninefates  (ka-mn-e-fa 


Cano,  Juan  Sebastian  del.  Bom  at  Gueta- 
ria,  in  Guipuzeoa,  about  1460 :  died  Aug.  4, 
1526.  A  Spanish  navigator.  After  commanding  a 
ship  in  the  Mediterranean,  in  1619  he  was  made  captain 
of  the  Concepcion,  one  of  the  ships  in  the  fleet  of  Magel- 
lan (which  see).  After  the  death  of  Magellan,  Carabello  was 
put  in  command,  but  was  soon  deposed,  and  Cano  took 
his  place.  He  reached  the  Moluccas,  loaded  his  two  re- 
maining ships  with  spices,  and  finally  in  one  of  them  (the 
Victoria)  arrived  at  Spain  Sept.  6,  1622,  by  way  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  being  thus  the  first  circumnavigator 
of  the  globe.  He  was  second  in  command  in  the  expedi- 
tion of  I/oaisa,  destined  to  follow  the  same  track.  Leaving 
Spain  July  24, 1626,  they  encountered  severe  storms  on 
the  South  American  coast  and  in  the  Pacific ;  sickness 
appeared  in  the  vessels,  Loaisa  perished,  and  Cano  took 
command,  but  died  less  than  a  week  after. 

Cano,  or  Oanus  (ka'nus),  MelcMor.    Bom  at 


Oct.  13,  1822.  A  celebrated  Italian  sculptor. 
At  seventeen  he  made  the  statue  of  Orpheus  and  Eurydice 
for  Falieri,  which  brought  him  commissions  for  Apollo 
and  Daphne  and  Daedalus  and  Icarus.  In  1779  he  obtained 
a  pension  from  the  municipality  of  Venice,  and  went  to 
Borne.  His  first  work  of  importance  in  Rome  was  Theseua 
and  Minotaur.  For  tlie  remainder  of  his  life  he  was  es- 
tablished in  Home,  although  he  made  various  journeys  ia 
Europe,  and  was  three  times  in  Paris — twice  to  executfr 
commissions  for  Napoleon  I.  and  his  family,  and  once, 
after  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  on  a  mission  from  the  Pop& 
to  recover  the  works  of  art  talien  from  Italy  toy  the  em- 
peror. At  this  time  he  was  called  to  London  to  pronounce 
upon  the  artistic  importance  of  the  Elgin  Marbles.  H& 
was  very  successful  in  the  business  of  his  profession,  and 
organized  a  system  of  reproducing  his  modelsraechanically 
which  enabled  him  to  produce  a  vast  amount  of  work. 
Among  his  most  celebrated  productions  are  the  Perseus 
of  the  Belvedere,  made  to  replace  the  Apollo  Belvedere 
while  the  latter  was  in  Paris ;  the  two  boxers  Kreugaa 
and  Damoxenes,  also  in  the  Belvedere ;  the  Venus  which 
stood  on  the  pedestal  of  the  Medici  Venus  when  the 
latter  was  taken  to  Paris;  the  Cupid  and  Psyche  of  the 
Louvre ;  Paris  of  the  Glyptothek,  Munich  ;  Hercules  and 
Lichas,  in  Venice ;  and  the  great  group  of  Theseus  and  the 
Centaur  which  was  suggested  by  a  metope  of  the  Parthe- 
non :  it  is  in  a  specially  designed  temple  at  Vienna.  At 
the  end  of  his  lite  Canova  projected  the  temple  of  Pos- 
sagno,  in  which  he  combined  the  characteristics  of  the 
—     "  ^ — ^' and  even  modeled  some  of  the- 


Janinetates,  or  ua,nmiieia,uB»  (^^-^--^-x»  -  Tarrkncon,  Spain,  1523:  died  at  Toledo,  Spain, 

tez).  [L  (Tacitus)  Cannmefates,  (?!«?)  Can»e-  ^^  J    ^           .^^  Dominican  theolo-    _ 

ne/afei.]    A  Gemian  tribe,  ^^^  mentioned  by  ^       ^.^^.^^  antagonist  of  the  Jesuits,  and  an  Pantheon  and  Parthenon, 

Tacitus,  on  the  North  Sea,  to  the  north  of  the  g,fl^'e„tial  counselor  of  Philip  IL    He  was  pro-  metopes  before  his  death 

Rhine  delta,  closely  related  to  the  Batavi,  tueir  ^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^  ^^^  Salamanca,  bishop  of  the  Canaries,  Oanovai  (ka-no-va  e ),  Stanislao.    Born  at 

neighbors  on  the  south.     They  were  subjugated  to  and  provincial  of  Castile.                                           .  Florence,  March  27,  1740:    died  at  Florence, 

the  Komans  by  Tiberius,  but  took  part  in  the  rising  of  Qg^jjQ^^jjg  (ka-nob'be-6).     A  small  town  in  Nov.  17,  1811.    An  Italian  ecclesiastic,  mathe- 


Civilis.  WththeBatavitheywe_reoriginaUy_apMj;ofthe  ^^^^£~--  Italy,  on  the  western  shore  of  Lago    mati'cian,'7nd  historian,  profe'ssor'of'  mathe- 

Maggiore.  ,^    matics  at  Parma. 


They   were  ultimately   merged   in 


Chatti.  _ 

C^°ino  Prince  of     Bee  Bonaparte,  Charles Im-  Canoeiros  (ka-no-a'ros).     [Pg.,  'canoe-men.']  olnovas  del  Castillo  (ka'no-vas  del  kas-tel'- 

<tSi  ThenamegivenbyBrazilianstoahordeof  In-    yg),  Antonio.    Bom  at  Malaga,  Spain,  Feb.  8, 

noWiaiiia  (ka-ne'se-us),  Petrus  (Latinized  from    dians  on  the  Upper  Tocantins.    They  are  very    1328:  assassinated  at  Santa  Agueda,  near  Vi- 
^ffiS^d?    BorrarCegueXNetheriands,     savage,  have  no  fixed  villages,  but  3^^^^^  toria,  Aug.  8,  1897.     A  Spanish  Conservative 


May  8,  1524:  died  at  Fribourg,  Switzerland,     |'/,b*°?J^t^5™il  horses  ftolen  from  thf  whites.  statesman.    He  was  a  number  of  tunes  premier. 

Dee  21  1597.  A  Jesuit  missionary  and  scholar,  rj-nni,  (ka'non),  Hans  (Johann  von  Straschi-  Canrobert  (kon-ro-bar  ),  Frangois  Certain, 

flrstprovinc  al  of  the  order  in  Gemany  (1556).  °r1Ska)     Bom  at^enna,  March  13, 1829 :  died  Bom  at  St.  Cer6,Lot,  France,  June  27,1809:  died 

CanisEr(ka'nisma'jor).    [L.]    The  Great    ^^^fe,  Sept.  12, 1885.    Agenre,  historical,  and  at  Paris,  Jan.. 28^  1895.    A  marshal  of  France. 
Dog,  a  constellation  following  Orion,  and  con-    -oj-trait  painter,  a  pupil  of  Waldmiiller.   From 
taining  the  great  white  star  Sirius,  the  brightest    fg^g-ee  he  was  a  cavalry  officer  *"  t^„^.X,SrtTnd 
i    the  heavens                                                                 '''''""  ^  *"'"-*'*  ^^  ^"^^  ^  Karlsruhe,  then  in  Stuttgart,  ana 


He  coinmanded  the  French  forces  in  the  Crimea  1854-66 ; 
served  at  Magenta  and  Solferinoin  1859;  commanded  the 
6th  army  corps  in  1870 ;  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  Metz,, 
Oct.  27, 1870.    He  became  senator  in  1876. 


danfs'Miior^ka'nismi'nor).   [L.]    TheLittle  ^-f^iiX\J\^!:J^!!;J^^;^S^^ttTl§.  Oanso  (kan'so),  Cape.    The  headland  at  th^ 
Dog   a  small  ancient  constellation  following  l^^^^^^  ^/^  one  of  the  best  portrait-painters  of  his  eastern  extremity  of  Nova  Scotia. 
Ario'n  and  south  of  Gemini.    It  contains  the  time.              m  „„        *  building  in  London,  Canso  Strait,  or  Gut  of  Cansq.    The  sea  pas- 
star  Proeyon,  of  the  first  magnitude.              .  Canonbury  Tower.      A  building  in  -H"^"""'  ^  ^^oh  separates  the  mainland  of  Nova 

CanitVckVnits),   Friedrich  Rudolf  Ludwig  formerly  the  resort  and  lodging-place  of  many  |^se.  w^^^^  p  ^^^^^^_  ^.^^^^^^^^^^jmiles. 

von     Bom  at  Berlin,  Nov.  27,  1654:  died  at  literary  men.  -       ■    -    -  A-__x.4.i.     a„„  r.„»,»,.*^« 

Berlin,  Aug.  11,  1699.     A  Prussian  poet  and  ~       —  "- 

(fannaTkan'a).  A  small  island  of  the  Hebrides, 
stTJlt,;^.  Iviiis  southwest  of  Skye  and  north- 


"Seotiand,  lyiiig  southwest  of  Skye  1 
west  of  Bum.  .     ,  , „  i„,,„ 

Oanna  (kan'e).  In  ancient  geography,  a  town 
in  ApiJia,  Italy,  situated  south  of  the  nver 
Aufidus.     Near  here,  216  B. 


mSti^i'soonVtorthe  foradf^^^  raooneMis^  coSesponding  nearly  to  the  mod- 

?.'.'2l™i'iL.'J°.S  i^^*r  J?*'  i^StiTaid  the "cenrof  his    ern  provinces  Oviedo,  Santander,  yizoaya,_ani 


various  parts  of  its  course, 
"  Chronicles  of  the  Canongate 


0.  (and  north  of  the  river),  CanoniCUS  (ka-non'i-kus). 


loied  June  4,  1647. 


Guiuuzcoa.    The  name  was  restricted  later  to  the  west. 
em  portion.    The  Cantabri  resisted  Home  until  19  B.  a. 


Cantabrian  Mountains 

Cantabrian  (kan-ta'bri-an)  Mountains,  A 
range  of  moitntains  in  northern  Spain,  extend- 
ing from  the  Pyrenees  westward  to  Cape  Fin- 
isterre.    Highest  peaks,  over  8,000  feet. 

Cantacuzenus  (kan"ta-kTi-ze'nus),  or  Canta- 
cuzene  (kan"ta^ku-zen'),  Joannes.  Bom  at 
Constantinople"  after  1300:  died  1383  (?).  A 
Byzantine  emperor  and  historian.  He  was  chief 
minister  under  Andronicus  III.  1328-41,  and  reigned 
1347-54.    He  wrote  a  history  ol  the  period  1320-57. 

Cantagallo  (kau-ta-gal'lp).  A  small  town  in 
the  state  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  situated 
80  miles  northeast  of  Eio  de  Janeiro.  It  is  the 
terminus  of  a  railroad. 

Gantal  (kon-tal')-  A  department  of  France, 
lying  between  Puy-de-D6me  on  the  north, 
Haute-Loire  on  the  east,  LozSre  on  the  south- 
east, Aveyron  on  the  south,  and  Corrftze  and 
Lot  on  the  west.  It  corresponds  nearly  to  the  former 
Haute-Auvergne.  Its  surface  is  mountainous.  Capital, 
Aurillao.  Area,  2,217  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
239,601. 

Cantarini  (kau-ta-re'ne),  Simone,  surnamed 
II  Fesarese  and  da  Pesaro.  Bom  at  Oro- 
pezza,  near  Pesaro,  Italy,  1612 :  died  at  Verona, 
Italy,  1648.  An  Italian  painter  and  etcher,  a 
pupil  of  G-uido  Beni. 

Cantemir  (kau'te-mer),  Antiochus,  or  Con- 
Stantine  Demetrius.  Bom  at  Constantinople, 
Sept.  21,  1709 :  died  April  11, 1744.  A  Eussian 
poet,  diplomatist,  and  author,  son  of  Demetrius 
Cantemir,  noted  for  his  satires  and  translations 
into  Eussian. 

Cantemir,  Demetrius.  Bom  Oct.  26,  1678: 
died  Aug.  23,  1723.  A  Moldavian  historian. 
He  was  appointed  hospodar  of  Moldavia  by  the  Porte  in 
1710 ;  formed  a  treaty  with  Peter  the  Great  in  1711,  accord- 
ing to  which  Moldavia  was  declared  independent  of  the 
Porte  and  placed  under  the  protection  of  Russia ;  and  was 
driven  from  Moldavia,  and  received  in  compensation  ex- 
tensive domains  in  the  Ukraine  from  Peter  the  Great  He 
wrote  "  Growth  and  Decline  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  "  (in 
Latin),  which  has  not  been  printed  in  the  original,  but 
has  been  published  in  several  translations. 

Cauterac  (kan-te-rak'),  Jos6.  Born  in  Prance 
aijout  1775:  died  at  Madrid,  1835.  A  general 
in  the  Spanish  army.  He  was  sent  in  1815  (then  a 
brigadier-general)  with  Morillo  to  America ;  went  to  Peru 
(1818),  and  fought  several  campaigns  with  La  Serna  in 
Gharcas  ;  led  the  military  cabal  which  deposed  the  vice- 
roy Pezuela  at  Lima  and  put  La  Serna  in  his  place  (Jan. 
29,  1821) ;  in  1824  opposed  the  march  of  Bolivar ;  was  de- 
feated in  the  cavalry  engagement  of  Junin  (Aug.  6) ;  and 
in  the  final  battle  of  Ayacucho  (Deo.  9, 1824)  commanded 
the  reserve.  He  was  shot  whUe  trying  to  suppress  a  mu- 
tiny at  Madrid. 

Canterbury  (kan'ter-ber-i).  [ME.  Canterbury, 
Cauntirbyry,  etc.,  AS.  Cantwaraburh  (dat.  Cant- 
warabyrig),  the  borough  of  the  Kentmen; 
gen.  pi.  of  Cantware,  Kentmen,  and  burh,  bor- 
ough, city.]  A  city  in  Kent,  England,  situated 
on  the  Stour  in  lat.  51°  16'  N.,  long.  1°  5'  E.: 
the  Eoman  Durovernum  and  Saxon  Cantwara- 
byrig.  Its  chief  objects  of  interest  are  the  cathedral,  St. 
Martin's  Church,  St.  Dunstan's  Church,  remains  of  the  cas- 
tle, the  monastery  of  St.  Augustine,  and  many  old  houses. 
It  is  on  the  site  of  a  British  village,  and  waa  a  Roman 
military  station  and  a  Kentish  town.  Augustine  here  in 
600  became  the  first  archbishop.  It  was  sacked  by  the 
Danes  in  1011.  The  cathedral  was  founded  in  the  11th  cen- 
tury. The  existing  choir  was  built  by  William  of  Sens, 
Prance,  after  1174,  and  the  Perpendicular  nave,  transepts, 
and  great  central  tower  are  of  the  15th  century.  In  plan 
the  cathedral  is  long  and  narrow,  with  double  transepts. 
The  interior  is  light  and  impressive.  The  choir  is  raised 
several  feet,  and  separated  from  the  nave  by  a  sculptured 
15th-century  screen,  llie  columns,  arcades,  vaulting,  and 
chevet  are  very  similar  in  character  to  those  of  the  cathe- 
dral of  Sens,  which  supplied  the  model.  Some  of  the  glass 
of  the  deambulatory  is  of  the  13th  century.  The  portion 
of  the  choir  behind  the  altar  contains  several  finj}  Tfltar- 
tombs  of  early  archbishops,  and  the  tombs  of  Henry  IT. 
and  the  Black  Prince.  At  the  extreme  east  end  is  a  beauti- 
ful circular  chapel  called  the  Corona.  The  crypt  is  very 
large,  and  early  Norman  in  style.  The  Perpendicular 
cloisters  are  ornate  and  picturesque.  The  dimensions  of 
the  cathedral  are  514  by  71  feet ;  the  height  of  the  nave- 
vaulting  80,  and  of  the  central  tower  236.  St.  Martin's  is 
called  the  "Mother  Church  of  England."  The  original 
foundation  was  no  doubt  pre-Saxon,  and  there  are  Roman 
bricks  in  the  lower  parts  of  the  walls.  The  upper  parts  of 
the  long,  low,  quaint,  ivy-clad  structure  are  much  later. 
Population  (1891),  23,026. 

Canterbury.  Until  1876,  a  province  in  the 
South  Island,  New  Zealand. 

Canterbury,  Viscount.    See  Sutton. 

Canterbury  College.     An  ancient  college  of 

Oxford  University.  It  was  founded  by  Simon  Islip, 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  in  1361  or  1862.  John  Wyclif 
was  the  second  warden.  It  was  disbanded  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.,  and  the  last  remains  of  its  buildings  were 
demolished  in  1776. 

Canterbury  Tales,  The.  A  work  by  Chaucer 
(c.  1340-1400),  consisting  of  twenty-two  tales  in 
verse,  with  two  in  prose,  told  by  twenty-three 
pilgrims  out  of  the  twenty-nine  who  meet  at 
the  Tabard  Inn  in  Southwark,  on  their  way  to 
the  shrine  of  Thomas  a  Beeket  at  Canterbury. 
About  fifty  manuscripts  of  the  "  Canterbury  Tales  "  are 


212 

known  to  exist.  The  Chaucer  Society  (FumiTall)  has 
printed  sizof  thebestof  them  in  parallel  columns.  These 
are  the  Ellesmere,  belonging  to  Lord  EUesmere  j  the  Hen- 
gwrt,  belonging  to  Mr.  WiUiam  W.  E.  Wynne  of  Peni- 
arth;  the  Petworth,  belonging  to  Lord  Leconfield;  and 
one  from  each  of  the  Chaucer  collections  at  Oxford,  Cam- 
bridge, and  the  British  Museum.  The  Harleian  manu- 
script from  the  British  Museum,  first  edited  by  Wright 
for  the  Percy,  Society,  was  afterward  reprinted.  Two 
editions  were  published  by  Caxton,  the  first  thought  to 
have  been  printed  in  1476,  the  second  about  six  years 
later  from  a  better  manuscript.  Wynken  de  Worde  pub- 
lished an  edition  in  1495  and  another  in  1498 ;  Richard 
Pynson,  one  in  1493  and  again  in  1526.  In  1532  William 
Thynne  made  an  attempt  to  collect  all  Chaucer's  works, 
both  prose  and  verse,  in  one  volume.  It  was  printed  by 
Godfray,  and  for  two  hundred  and  fifty  years  was  the 
standard  text  of  the  "  Canterbury  Tales. "  After  this  they 
were  included  in  all  the  editionsof  Chaucer.  (See  Chjmicer.) 
Professor  Skeat  has  edited  some  of  the  separate  poems. 
The  "  Canterbury  Tales "  are :  The  General  Prologue, 
The  Knight's  Tale,  The  Miller's  Tale,  The  Reeve's  Tale, 
The  Cook's  Tale,  The  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  The  Shipman's 
Tale,  The  Prioress's  Tale,  Chaucer's  Tale  of  Sir  Thopas, 
Chaucer's  Tale  of  Melibeus,  The  Monk's  Tale,  The  Nun's 
Priest's  Tale,  The  Doctor's  Tale,  The  Pardoner's  Tale, 
The  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  The  Eriar's  Tale,  The  Sum- 
moner's  Tale,  The  Clerk's  Tale,  The  Merchant's  Tale, 
The  Squire's  Tale,  The  Franklin's  Tale,  The  Second  Nun's 
Tale,  The  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  The  Manciple's  Tale, 
and  The  Parson's  Tale.  They  were  modernized  by  several 
hands  and  published  by  Tonson  in  1741.  Much  of  the 
work  was  done  by  Ogle  (who  started  it),  also  by  Samuel 
Boyse,  Henry  Burke,  and  Jeremiah  Markland.  The  edi- 
tion was  not  completed  when  Ogle  died  in  1746.  It 
was  taken  up  by  Rev.  William  Lipscomb  in  1792.  He 
brought  out  a  version  of  The  Pardoner's  Tale,  the  rest 
following.  In  1795  the  whole  edition  was  published,  in- 
cluding Tonson's  edition.  The  "General  Prologue  was 
modernized  by  Betterton,  and  posthumously  published 
in  1712. 

Canticles  (kan'ti-klz).    See  Song  of  Solomon. 

Cantii  (kan'ti-i).  [L.  Cantii,  Gr.  K&vtioi.^  A 
Celtic  people,  a  branch  of  the  Belgse,  who  in- 
habited the  whole  southeastern  coast  region  of 
Britain  between  the  Thames  and  the  Channel, 
where  they  are  located  by  CsBsar.     See  Kent. 

Cantillon  (kon-te-y6u' ),  Pierre  Joseph.  Bom 
at  Wavre,  Belgium,  1788 :  died  at  Brussels,  July 
13, 1869.  A  French  soldier,  tried  and  acquitted 
for  an  attempt  on  the  life  of  the  Duke  of  Wel- 
lington in  1815. 

Cantire.    See  Kintyre. 

Cantium  (kan'ti-um).  [Prom  the  Cantii.']  In 
ancient  geography,  a  part  of  Britain  corre- 
sponding to  the  modern  Kent. 

Canton  (kan'ton),  John.  Bom  at  Stroud, 
Gloucestershire,  England,  July  31,  1718:  died 
March  22,  1772.  An  English  natural  philoso- 
pher, noted  for  investigations  in  regard  to  elec- 
tricity. 

Canton  (kan-ton'),  Chiaese  Yang-Ching,  or 
Kwang-Chow  Fu.  A  seaport,  the  capital  of 
the  province  of  Kwang-tung,  China,  on  the 
Pearl  Eiver,  situated  in  lat.  28°  6'  N.,  long.  113° 
17'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  commercial  cities  of 
the  country ;  its  leading  exports  are  tea,  silk,  sugar,  etc. 
It  contains  a  large  population  in  river  craft  Its  trade 
with  Portugal  began  as  early  as  1517.  It  was  sacked  by 
the  Tatars  about  1660.  The  English  factory  was  built 
in  1680.  Canton  was  one  of  the  five  treaty  ports  in  1842. 
In  1867  it  was  captured  by  the  Anglo-French  forces  and 
held  until  1861.    Population  (1896),  about  2,000,000. 

Canton  (kan'ton).  The  capital  of  Stark  County, 
Ohio.  It  is  about  50  miles  south-southeast  of 
Cleveland,  and  has  extensive  manufactures. 
Population  (1900),  30,667. 

Canton  (kan-ton')  River,  Chin.  Chu-Kiang 
('Pearl  Eiver').  The  name  given  to  the  lower 
part  of  the  river  Pih-Kiang,  in  southern  China. 
About  40  miles  below  Canton  it  becomes  the 
estuary  Boca  Tigris. 

Cantii  (kan-t6'),  Cesare.  Bom  Dec.  2,  1805: 
died  March  11,  1895.  An  Italian  historian, 
novelist,  and  poet.  His  works  include  "Margherita 
Pusterla"  (1837:  a  historical  romance),  "Storia  univer- 
sale "  (1837X  "  Storia  degli  Italiani"  (1864),  etc. 

Cantwell  (kant'wel).  Dr.  The  hypocrite  in 
BickerstafE's  "Hypocrite."  The  character  is 
taken  with  alterations  from  Cibber's  "Non 
Juror,"  in  which  he  is  called  "Dr.  Wolf." 

Canusium.    See  Canosa. 

Canute  (ka-niif),  or  Cuut,  or  Knut  (knot), 
surnamed  "The  Great."  [AS.  Cniit,  ML.  Ca- 
nutus.]  Born  about  994:  died  at  Shaftesbiu'y, 
Nov.  12,  1035.  A  famous  king  of  England, 
Denmark,  and  Norway,  younger  son  of  Sweyn, 
king  of  Denmark.  He  was  baptized  before  1013,  re- 
ceiving the  baptismal  name  of  Lambert ;  invaded  England 
with  Sweyn  in  1013 ;  succeeded  his  father  (by  election  of 
the  Danish  peers)  as  king  in  England,  Feb.,  1014,  his  bro- 
ther Harold  ascending  the  Danish  throne  ;  was  defeated 
by  ^thelred,  who  was  recalled  by  the  English  "witan," 
and  returned  to  Denmark  in  the  same  year ;  again  invaded 
England  with  a  large  force  in  1016 ;  besieged  London,  May, 
1016 ;  defeated  the  English  under  Edmund  (who  had  suc- 
ceeded Jilthelred)  at  Assandun ;  divided  the  kingdom  with 
Edmund,  at  a  conference  held  on  the  isle  of  Gluey  in  the 
Severn,  retaining  the  northern  part  of  the  kingdom  and 
leaving  Wessex  to  Edmund;  and  was  chosen  sole  king. 


Capel,  Arthur 

1017,  after  Edmund's  death.  He  married  Emma  (.Slfgif uj 
the  widow  of  .^thelred ;  visited  Denmark  1019-20 ;  made 
a  pilgrimage  to  Rome  1026-27;  and  conquered  Norway  in 
IWi.  His  early  career  was  marked  by  great  barbarity,  but 
after  the  conquest  of  England  was  completed  his  reign  was 
that  of  a  statesman  and  patriot,  and  he  became  one  of  the 
wisest  as  well  as  mightiest  rulers  of  his  age. 

Canzo  (kan'dzo).  A  small  town  in  northern  Italy, 
situated  10  nules  east-northeast  of  Como. 

Caonabo  (ka-o-na-bo').  Died  1496.  A  Carib, 
cacique  of  Maguana,  Haiti,  who  in  1493  mas- 
sacred the  Spaniards  who  had  been  left  by  Co- 
lumbus at  Fort  Navidad.  in  1494  he  headed  the 
general  league  against  the  whites,  which  was  opposed  by 
Columbus  at  the  battle  of  the  Vega  Real  (April  25, 1496). 
He  was  captured  and  sent  to  Spain,  but  died  on  the  voyage. 

Caora  (ka'6-ra).  A  river  described  by  old  teav- 
elers  (in  Hakluyt),  near  which  lived  a  people 
whose  heads  grew  in  their  breasts  below  their 
shoulders. 

Capa  y  Espada  (ka'pa  e  es-pa'da),  Comedias 
de.  [Sp.,' Comedies  of  Cloak  and  Sword.']  A 
class  of  plays  written  by  Calderon  and  Lope  de 
Vega.  They  were  so  called  from  the  national  dress  of 
the  chief  personages,  which  was  that  of  the  better  class 
of  society,  excluding  royal  personages  and  the  humbl6r 
classes.    Their  main  principles  are  gallantry  and  intrigue. 

Capability  Brown.  A  nickname  given  to  Lan- 
celot Brown,  an  English  landscape-gardener 
(1715-73). 

Capac  (ka'pak),  or  Ccapac  YupanoLui  (ka'pak 

,  yo-pan'ke).    [Qnichua  ccapae,  great,  rich ;  yu- 

panqui,  notable.]    The  fifth  sovereign  of  the 

Inea  line  of  Peru,  who  reigned  in  the  second 

quarter  of  the  14th  century. 

Capdenac  (kap-d6-nak').  A  small  town  in  the 
department  of  Lot,  France,  situated  on  the 
Lot  near  Figeac.  It  was  an  important  place 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  possibly  the  Eoman 
Uxellodunum. 

Cape,  The,  The  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  also, 
(Jape  Colony. 

Cape  Breton  (brit'gn  or  bret'on).  An  island 
belonging  to  Nova"  Scotia,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  Canso  Strait,  it  exports  coal,  iron, 
etc.  Its  chief  town  is  Sydney.  It  was  settled  by  the 
French  and  called  lie  Royale,  and  contained  the  fortress 
of  Lottisburg.  It  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain  in  1763,  and 
united  to  Nova  Scotia  in  1820.  Length,  110  miles.  Area, 
3,120  square  miles. 

Capece-Latro  (ka-pa'ohe-la'tro),  Giuseppe. 
Bom  at  Naples,  Sept.  23,  1744:  died  Nov.  2, 
1836.  A  Neapolitan  prelate,  archbishop  of  Ta- 
rentum,  and  state  minister  1806-15. 

Cape  Coast  Castle.  A  British  fort  and  native 
town  of  the  Gold  Coast,  West  Africa.  The  fort 
was  taken  from  the  Portuguese  by  the  English  in  1664. 
Population,  about  5,000,  belonging  to  the  Fanti  tribe. 

Cape  Cod.  1.  A  sandy  peninsula  in  south- 
eastern Massachusetts,  forming  Barnstable 
County.  It  was  discovered  by  Gosnold  in 
1602.  Length,  about  65  miles. — 3.  The  termi- 
nating point  of  the  Cape  Cod  peninsula,  in  lat. 
42°  8'  N.,  long.  70°  15'  W. 

Cape  Cod  Bay.  A  bay  lying  between  the  Cape 
Cod  peninsula  on  the  east  and  south,  and  Ply- 
mouth County,  Massachusetts,  on  the  west. 

Cape  Colony.  A  British  colonial  possession  in 
South  Africa,  it  is  bounded  by  German  Southwest 
Afiica,  Bechuanaland,  Orange  River  Colony,  and  Basuto- 
land  on  the  north.  Natal  on  the  east,  and  the  ocean  on 
the  south  and  west  It  is  traversed  from  west  to  east  by 
ranges  of  mountains— the  Swartebergen,  Roggeveld^ 
Nleuwveldt,  Sneeuwbergen,  etc.  Its  chief  river  is  the 
Orange.  It  exports  wool,  ostrich  feathers,  hides,  diamonds, 
etc.,  and  grazing  is  the  leading  industry.  It  contains  the 
provinces  North  Western,  Western,  South  Western,  Mid- 
land, South  Eastern,  Eastern,  North  Eastern,  and  Griqua- 
land  West  (annexed  1880).  Its  capital  is  Cape  Town,  and 
about  76  per  cent  of  the  inhabitants  are  native  (Kafir,  Hot- 
tentot, Malay) ;  the  remainder  are  European,  of  English, 
Dutch,  and  French  descent  The  leading  church  is  the 
Dutch  Reformed,  with  Church  of  England,  Wesleyan,  etc. 
English,  Cape  Dutch,  Kafir,  Hottentot,  and  Bushman  are 
spoken.  It  has  a  governor  appointed  by  the  crown,  and  a 
Parliament  consisting  of  a  legislative  council  and  legis- 
lative assembly.  It  was  colonized  by  the  Dutch  in  1661, 
and  received  a  French  immigration  in  1687.  The  Dutch 
East  India  Company  abandoned  it  in  1795,  and  it  was 
occupied  by  the  British.  It  was  restored  to  the  Dutch  in 
1802,  hut  regained  by  the  British  in  1806.  It  suffered 
from  various  Kafir  wars  and  troubles  with  the  Boers.  It 
received  a  constitution  in  1850,  but  had  no  responsible 
government  till  1872.  The  colony  was  at  war  with  the 
Zulus  in  1879,  and  with  the  Boers  of  the  Transvaal  in 
1880-81.  In  1894  Pondoland  was  annexed.  Area,  esti- 
mated, 276,776  square  miles  (including  the  Transkei,  Tem- 
buland.  East  Griqualand,  etc.).  Population  (1891),  1,787,- 
960 ;  of  Cape  Colony  proper,  966,486. 

Cape  Fear,  etc.    See  Fear,  Cape,  etc. 

Capeflgue  (kap-feg'),  Jean  Baptiste  Honor6 
Baymond.  Bom  at  Marseilles,  1802:  died 
at  Paris,  Dec.  23,  1872.  A  French  historian. 
His  works  include  "Histoire  de  Philippe  Auguste  "(1829), 
"  Histoire  de  la  restauration  "  (1831-33),  etc. 

Cape  Haytien.    See  Cap  Haitien. 

Capel  (kap'el),  Arthur.  Bom  about  1610; 
executed  March  9,  1649.    An  English  Eoyalist, 


Oapel,  Arthur 

made  Lord  Capel  of  Hadham  Aug.  6,  1641. 
Hb  served  Charles  I.  in  various  offices,  military  and  civil, 
during  tlie  struggle  with  Parliament  and  in  1649  was  ar- 
rested and  condemned  to  death, 

OmbI,  Arthur.  Bom  Jan.,  1631 :  died  July, 
1683.  An  English  statesman,  the  eldest  son 
of  Arthur,  Lord  Capel,  made  Viscount  Maiden 
and  Earl  of  Essex  April  20,  1661.  He  was  ap- 
pointed ambassador  to  Denmark  1670;  became  lord 
lieutenant  of  Ireland  Feb.,  1672  (recalled  April  28, 1677) ; 
and  was  made  head  of  the  treasury  commission  1679  (re- 
signed Nov.  19, 1679).  He  was  arrested  for  complicity  in 
the  Rye  House  Plot  and  sent  to  the  Tower,  where  he 
probably  committed  suicide. 

Oapell  (kap'el),  Edward.  Bom  at  Throston, 
Suffolk,  England,  1713:  died  at  London,  Feb. 
24,  1781.  An  English  Shaksperian  critic.  He 
was  appointed  deputy  inspector  of  plays  in  1737,  and  was 
the  author  of  "Prolusions,  or  Select  Pieces  of  Ancient 
Poetry "(1760),  an  edition  of  Shakspere  (1768),  "Notes  and 
Various  Keadings  of  Shakspere  "  (first  part  1774 ;  whole 
1783X  "  The  School  of  Shakspere"  (1783),  etc. 

Capella  (ka-pel'a).  [L.,  'the  She-goat.']  A 
star,  the  ftfth  in  the  heavens  in  order  of  hright- 
ness.  It  is  situated  in  the  left  shoulder  of  Auriga,  in 
front  of  the  Great  Bear,  nearly  on  a  line  with  the  two 
northernmost  of  the  seven  stars  forming  Charles's  Wain ; 
and  it  is  easily  recognized  by  the  proximity  of  "  the  Kids, " 
three  stars  of  the  fourth  magnitude  forming  an  isosceles 
triangle.  The  color  of  Capella  is  nearly  the  same  as  that 
of  the  sun. 

Capella,  Martianus  Mineus  Felix.  Lived  in 
the  last  part  of  the  5th  century  (?)  A.  d.  A 
writer  of  northern  Africa  (Carthage).  His  chief 
work  is  an  allegorical  encyclopedia  of  flie  liberal  arts 
("Satyra  de  nnptiis  Fhilologise  et  Mercurii"),  in  nine 
books. 

Capello,  or  Cappello  (kap-pel'lo),  Bianca. 
Born  at  Venice  about  1548:  died  at  the  castle 
Poggio  di  Cajano,  Oct.  11,  1587  (?).  An  Italian 
adventuress  belonging  to  a  noble  Venetian 
family.  She  eloped  with  Buonaveuturi  in  1563 ;  mar- 
ried Francesco,  grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  in  1578 ;  and  was 
recognized  as  grand  duchess  in  1579. 

Capello,  Hermenegildo  Augusto  de  Brito. 

Born  at  Lisbon,  Portugal,  1839.  A  naval 
officer  and  African  explorer.  He  was  sent  with 
Robert  Ivens  and  Major  Serpa  Pinto,  by  the  Portuguese 
government  in  1877,  to  explore  Angola.  They  separated 
from  Serpa  Pinto,  and  explored  the  Kuangu  basin  from 
its  head  waters  to  the  Yaka  country.  This  journey  is 
described  in  "From  Benguella  to  Yacca"  (1881).  In 
1884,  again  in  the  service  of  the  government,  they  crossed 
the  continent  from  Portuguese  West  Africa  to  Portuguese 
East  Africa.  Starting  from  Mossamedes,  they  succes- 
sively explored  Amboella,  the  Upper  Zambesi  valley  up 
to  its  watershed  with  the  Kongo-Lualaba ;  traversed 
Msidi's  kingdom;  joined  again  the  Zambesi  at  Zumbo, 
and  reached  the  east  coast  at  Quilimane  in  May,  1885. 
Their  "  De  Angola  i,  Contra-Costa  "  appeared  in  1886. 

Cape  May.  1.  The  southernmost  point  of  New 
Jersey,  situated  at  the  entrance  of  Delaware 
Bay,  in  lat.  38°  56'  N.,  long.  74°  57'  W.— 2. 
A  city  and  watering-place  at  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  New  Jersey,  in  Cape  May  County. 
Also  called  Cape  City,  and  Cape  Island  City. 
Population  (1900),  2,257, 

Cape  of  Storms,  Pg.  Oaho  Tormentoso.  The 
name  first  given  by  Dias,  in  1486,  to  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope. 

Caper  (ka'per).  A  "high  fantastical''  charac- 
ter in  Allingham's  comedy  "Who  Wins,  or  The 
Widow's  Choice,"  made  elaborately  nonsensi- 
cal by  Listen. 

Cape  River.  The  Segovia  or  Wanx  Eiver,  on 
the  northern  boundary  of  Nicaragua. 

Capernaum  (ka-per'na-um).  [Aram.,  'village 
of  Nahum.']  In  the  time  of  Christ,  an  impor- 
tant place  on  the  western  shore  of  the  Sea  of 
Galilee,  about  an  hour  distant  from  where  the 
Jordan  falls  into  the  sea.  it  was  the  scene  of  many 
incidents  and  acts  in  the  life  of  Christ,  and  is.sometimes 
called  "  his  own  city  "  (Mat.  ix.  1).  It  had  a  Roman  gar- 
rison (Mat.  viii.  5  if.).  It  's  identified  by  most  archseolo- 
gists  with  the  modern  ruins  of  Tel  Hum,  by  some  with 
Khan  Minyeh. 

Capet  (ka'pet ;  F.  pron.  ka-pa').  A  surname  of 
the  kings  of  France,  commencing  with  Hugh 
Capet,  987. 

Capet,  Hugh.    See  Hugh  Capet. 

Capetians  (ka-pe'shianz).  [F.  Qep^tiews.]  A 
royal  family  reigning  over  France  as  the  3d 
dynasty,  987-1328.  Collateral  branches  were  the 
ducal  house  of  Burgundy,  and  the  houses  of  An  jou,  Bour- 
bon, and  Valols.  „,  .i  ^     ,.  n 

Cape  Town  (kap  toun).  The  capital  of  Cape 
Colony,  South  Africa,  situated  on  Table  Bay 
at  the  foot  of  Table  Mountain,  m  lat.  33°  56  b., 
long.  18°  26'  E.  It  is  an  important  seaport;  its  cliiet 
buildings  are  the  houses  of  Pailiament  It  was  founded 
by  the  Dutch  in  1661.    Population  (1891),  61,251i 

Cape  Verd,  or  Verde  (tap  verd).  T. Green 
cape.']  The  westernmost  point  of  Aftica,  m 
Senegambia,in  lat.  14°  43'  N    long.  17°  30'  W. 

Cape  Verd.  or  Verde,  Islands.  [Pg-  mas  do 
Cabo  Verde.!  A  group  of  islands  lying  in  the 
Atlantic,  west  of  Cap©  Verd,  belonging  to  Por- 


213 

tugal.  The  chief  islands  are  Santiago,  Fogo,  Sao  Antao 
Brava,  and  Sao  Nicolio.  They  are  mountainous  and  vol- 
canic. The  capital  of  the  islands  is  Porto  Praya.  They 
were  discovered  and  colonized  by  the  Portuguese  in  the 
middle  of  the  15th  century.  Area,  1,480  square  miles. 
Population,  mostly  negroes,  about  111,000. 

Capgrave  (kap'grav),  John.  Bom  at  Lynn, 
Norfolk,  England,  April  21,  1393:  died  at 
Lynn,  Aug.  12,  1464.  An  English  historian, 
provincial  of  the  Augustinian  order  in  Eng- 
land. He  wrote  a  "Chronicle  of  England,"  from  the 
creation  to  A.  D.  1417,  "Liber  de  lUustiibus  Henriois" 
('Book  of  the  Illustrious  Henrys').  "A  Guide  to  the 
Antiquities  of  Rome,"  and  other  historical  and  theologi- 
cal works  in  Latin.  The  chronicle  and  the  lives  of  the 
Henrys  were  published  in  the  Rolls  Series  (ed.  F.  C. 
Hingeston,  1858). 

Caph  (kaf).  [Ar.,  'the  hand.']  The  bright 
third-magnitude,  slightly  variable  and  spectro- 
seopically  interesting  star  /?  Cassiopeise.  The 
Arabic  name  refers,  however,  to  a  different  form  of  the  con- 
stellation from  that  represented  on  our  modern  star-maps, 
which  show  the  star  as  on  the  framework  of  the  lady's 
chair. 

Cap  Haitien  (kap  a-e-te-an'),  or  Cape  Hay- 
tien  (kap  ha'ti-en).  A  seaport  in  northern 
Haiti,  in  lat.  19°  46'  N.,  long.  72°  11'  W.  it 
was  bombarded  by  the  British  in  1865.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 29,000.  Formerly  called  Ovarico,  Cap  Frangais,  Le 
Cap,  etc. 

Caphis  (ka'fis).  A  servant  of  Timon's  credi- 
tors, in  Shakspere's  "  Timon  of  Athens." 

Caphtor  (kaf-tor').  The  name  of  a  country  in 
the  Old  Testament,  mentioned  as  the  starting- 
point  in  the  mirations  of  the  Philistines, 
whence  they  are  also  called  Caphtorim  (Deut. 
ii.  23,  Jer.  xlvii.  4,  Amos  ix.  7) :  formerly  identi- 
fied with  Cappadoeia  or  Cyprus,  but  considered 
by  most  modern  scholars  as  identical  with  Crete. 
This  view  is  favored  by  many  passages  in  which  the  Philis- 
tines are  called  Cretans  (Cherethites)  (Uzek.  xxv.  16,  Zeph. 
ii.  6, 1  Sam.  xxx.  14),  and  it  is  supported  by  ancient  writers 
who  connected  the  Philistines  with  the  island  of  Crete. 
In  Gen.  x.  14  the  Caphtorim  are  enumerated  among  the 
descendants  of  Egypt  (Mizraim),  and  it  is  therefore  as- 
sumed that  a  portion  of  the  Philistines  emigrated  from 
Crete  by  way  of  Egypt  to  Palestine. 

Capistrano  (ka-pes-tra'no),  or  Capistran  (ka- 
pis-tran'),  Giovanni  di  (L.  Johannes  Capis- 
tranus),  Saint.  Born  at  Capistrano,  in  the 
Abruzzi,  Italy,  June  24, 1386 :  died  at  lUock,  in 
Slavonia,  Oct.  23,  1456.  An  Italian  monk  of 
the  order  of  St.  Francis.  He  distinguished  himself 
by  his  preachings  against  the  Hussite  heresy  in  Bohemia 
and  Moravia,  and  in  1466  led  an  army  of  crusaders  to  the 
relief  of  Belgrad  which  was  besieged  by  Mohammed  II. 
Author  of  ''Speculum  conseientise." 

Capitaine  Fracasse  (ka-pe-tan'  fra-kas'),  Le. 
A  novel  by  Th6ophile  Gautier.  The  title  of  the 
book  is  the  stage  name  adopted  by  De  Sigognac,  the  hero, 
on  joining  a  company  of  strolling  players. 

Capitan  (Sp.  pron.  ka-pe-tan' ;  P.  pron.  ka-pe- 
ton').  [Sp.,  'captain.']  A  character  of  ridic- 
ulous bravado,  introduced  conventionally  in 
early  Italian  comedy,  probably  originating  in  the 
"Miles  Gloriosus"  of  Plautus,  and  introduced 
in  French  comedy  prior  to  Moli^re.  He  came 
upon  the  stage  only  to  bluster,  and  talked  of  murde?  and 
bloodshed,  but  submitted  with  great  meekness  to  punish- 
ment. When  Charles  V.  entered  Italy  a  Spanish  capitan 
was  introduced  who  dealt  in  Spanish  bravado  and  kicked 
out  the  Italian  capitan;  when  the  Spanish  influence 
ceased  in  Italy,  the  capitan  was  turned  into  Scaramouch, 
who  was  still  a  coward  {I.  D' Israeli) :  hence  the  name 
was  given  to  a  person  who  behaved  in  this  manner. 

Capitanasses.    See  Onondaga. 

Capitanata.    See  Foggia. 

Capito  (ka'pe-to)  (originally  Kopfel),  Wolf- 
gang Fabricius.  Born  at  Hagenau,  Alsace, 
1478 :  died  at  Strasburg,  Nov.  ,1541.  A  German 
divine,  a  coadjutor  of  Luther.  He  became  preacher 
in  1613  at  Basel,  and  removed  in  1619  to  Mainz,  where 
he  became  chancellor  to  Albert,  elector  and  archbishop 
of  Mayence.  In  1623  he  went  to  Strasburg,  where  he  be- 
came the  local  leader  of  the  Reformation.  He  was  the 
chief  author  of  the  "Contessio  Tetrapolitana,"  and  de- 
voted himself  to  the  conciliation  of  the  Lutherans  and  the 
Swiss  reformers. 

Capitol,  The.  [L.  eapUoUum,  from  caput, 
head.]  1.  In  ancient  Roman  history,  that 
part  of  the  Capitoline  Hill  which  was  occu- 
pied by  the  Temple  of  Jupiter  Optimus.  See 
Borne. —  3.  As  generally  apprehended,  the 
Piazza  del  Campidoglio  on  the  Capitoline 
Hill,  Kome,  with  the  palaces  which  face  it  on 
three  sides.  The  piazza  is  approached  on  the  north- 
west by  a  wide,  monumental  flight  of  steps  from  the  Piazza 
Araceli  in  front,  opposite  the  Palace  of  the  Senator,  and 
flanked  by  the  Palazzo  del  Conservatori  and  the  Capito- 
line Museum.  This  area,  occupying  the  depression  be- 
tween the  citadel  and  the  site  of  the  Capitoline  temple,  is 
the  historic  center  of  Rome.  Here  Romulus,  according 
to  tradition,  founded  his  asylum,  and  the  earliest  public 
assemblies  met.  In  the  llth  century,  upon  the  revival 
of  old  memories,  it  again  became  the  municipal  center, 
as  the  residence  of  the  prefect  and  the  seat  of  popular 
meetings ;  and  here,  in  the  old  Palace  of  the  Senator,  Pe- 
trarch was  crowned  in  1341,  and  in  1347  Bienzi  was  estab- 
lished as  tribune  of  the  people.    The  present  Palace  of 


Capperonnier 

the  Senator  was  founded  at  the  end  of  the  14th  century 
by  Boniface  IX.  The  existing  fa?ade,  with  its  Corinthian 
pilasters  and  double  flight  of  steps,  as  well  as  those  of 
the  flanking  palaces,  is  based  on  designs  by  Michelan- 
gelo. In  the  center  of  the  Piazza  del  Campidoglio  stands 
the  noted  ancient  bronze  equestrian  statue  of  Marcus  Au- 
relius,  which  originally  stood  in  the  Forum  Roman  um 
then  near  the  Lateran,  and  has  occupied  its  present  nosi- 
tion  since  1638. 

3.  The  seat  of  the  National  Congress,  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  founded  in  1793,  and  completed 
according  to  the  original  designs  in  1830,  but 
since  enlarged  to  over  double  its  original  area. 
It  consists  of  a  central  cruciform  building  crowned  by  a 
great  dome,  and  connected  at  each  end  by  galleries  with 
a  large  rectangular  wing,  one  of  which  contains  the  Sen- 
ate-chamber, and  the  other  the  Hall  of  Representatives. 
The  style  is  Renaissance,  based  on  English  models,  the 
dome  being  inspked  by  that  of  St.  Paul's.  The  elevation 
exhibits  a  single  main  story,  with  an  attic,  over  a  high 
rusticated  basement.  The  great  feature  of  the  exterior 
is  the  porticos  of  the  central  building  and  of  the  two 
wings,  with  their  flne  flights  of  steps.  These  porticos 
comprise  148  Corinthian  columns  30  feet  high  exclusive 
of  their  high  square  pedestals.  The  dome  is  287J  feet 
high  to  the  top  of  the  statue  above  the  lantern,  and  94 
in  interior  diameter;  it  is  very  impressive  in  effect, 
though  unfortunately  built  of  cast-u-on  in  imitation  of 
stone.  It  rises  from  a  circular  drum,  and  is  encircled  by 
a  flne  Corinthian  colonnade  supporting  a  gallery.  Be- 
neath the  dome  is  a  monumental  hall  called  the  Rotunda, 
adorned  with  works  of  art  relating  to  American  history. 
The  total  length  of  the  Capitol,  north  and  south,  is  761 
feet. 

Capitoline  Hill,  The.  One  of  the  seven  hills 
of  ancient  Rome,  northwest  of  the  Palatine,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Tiber.  It  constituted  the 
citadel  of  the  city  after  the  construction  of  the  Servian 
wail.  Its  southwestern  summit  was  the  famed  Tarpeian 
Rock;  on  its  northeastern  summit  rose  the  temple  of 
Jupiter  Capitollnus.  The  modern  Capitol  stands  between 
the  two  summits.  From  the  Capitoline  the  Forum  Ro- 
manum  extends  its  long,  narrow  area  toward  the  south- 
east, skirting  the  northern  foot  of  the  Palatine. 

Capitoline  Museum.  One  of  the  chief  muse- 
ums of  antiquities  of  Rome.  It  was  founded  in 
1471  by  Sixtus  IV.,  who  presented  the  papal  collections 
to  the  Roman  people,  and  designated  the  Capitol  as  the 
place  where  the  art-treasures  of  Rom  e  should  be  preserved. 
The  museum  was  greatly  enriched  by  Clement  XII.  and 
Benedict  XIV.  'The  collections  now  occupy  the  palace 
on  the  left-hand  side  of  the  Piazza  del  Campidoglio  and 
the  Palazzo  del  Senatore,  which  was  built  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury from  modifled  designs  of  Michelangelo.  Among  the 
most  noted  of  the  antiquities  of  the  Capitoline  Museum 
are  the  colossal  statue  of  Mars  in  armor,  the  Dying  Gaul, 
the  Satyr  of  Praxiteles,  the  Centaurs  by  Aristeas  and 
Papias,  and  the  Capitoline  Venus  (after  Praxiteles). 

Capitolinus  (kap"i-t6-li'nus),  Julius.  Lived 
perhaps  about  300  A.  D.  A  Roman  historian, 
one  of  the  writers  of  the  Augustan  History 
(which  see). 

Oapmany  (kap-ma'ne),  Montpalau  y  Antonio 
de.  Born  at  Barcelona,  Spain,  Nov.  24,  1742 : 
died  at  Cadiz,  Spain,  Nov.  14, 1818.  A  Spanish 
antiquarian,  historian,  philologist,  and  critic. 

Capodistria  (ka-p6-des'tre-a).  A  town  in  Kiis- 
tenland,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  an  island 
8  miles  south  of  Triest.  It  has  a  cathedral  and 
salt-works.  Population(1890),commune,10,706. 

Capo  d'Istria(ka'p6  des'tr6-a),or  Capodistrias 
(ka-p6-des'tre-as),  Augustin.  Bom  1778 :  died 
in  (jbrfu.  May,  1857.  A  brother  of  Giovanni 
Capo  d'Istria,  provisional  president  of  Greece 
1831-32. 

Capo  d'Istria,  or  Capodistrias,  Count  Gio- 
vanni Anton.  Born  at  Corfu,  Feb.  11,  1776: 
killed  at  Nauplia,  Greece,  Oct.  9, 1831.  Presi- 
dent of  Greece.  He  entered  the  Russian  service  in 
1809,  represented  Russia  in  the  Congress  of  Vienna  from 
1814  to  1815,  and  was  Russian  secrefairy  of  foreign  affairs 
from  1816  to  1822.  Dismissed  from  the  Russian  service, 
he  nSvoted  himself  to  the  cause  of  Greek  independence ; 
was  elected  president  of  Greece  through  the  influence  of 
the  Russian  party  in  1827 ;  and  served  from  1828  to  1831, 
when  he  was  assassinated  by  the  brothers  Constantine  and 
George  Mavromichalis. 

Cappadoeia  (kap-a-do'shia).  [Gr.  KainradoKla.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  a  country  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Asia  Minor,  lying  west  of  the  Euphra- 
tes, north  of  CiUeia,  and  east  of  Lycaonia ;  in 
a  wider  sense,  the  territory  in  Asia  Minor  be- 
tween the  lower  Halys  and  Euphrates,  and 
the  Taurus  and  the  Euxine :  an  elevated  table- 
land intersected  by  mountain-chains.  It  con- 
stituted under  the  Persians  two  satrapies,  afterward  two 
independent  monarchies :  Cappadoeia  on  the  Pontus,  later 
called  Pontus ;  and  Cappadoeia  near  the  Taurus,  called 
Great  Cappadoeia,  the  later  Cappadoeia  in  a  narrower 
sense.  In  17  A.  D.  Cappadoeia  became  a  Roman  province. 
It  had  then  only  four  cities :  Mazaca,  near  Mount  Argeeus, 
tlie  residence  of  the  Cappadocian  kings,  later  called  Bu- 
sebia^  and  by  the  Romans  Csesarea,  the  episcopal  see  of 
St.  Basil  (modern  Kaisariyeh) ;  Tyana ;  Garsaura,  the  later 
Archelais ;  and  Ariaratheia.  Of  its  other  cities  may  be 
mentioned  Samosata,  Myssa,  and  Nazianzus,  the  birth- 
places or  seats  of  celebrated  ecclesiastics. 

Cappel  (kap'pel).  A  village  in  Switzerland. 
See  Kappel. 

Capperonnier  (kap-ron-ya'),  Claude.  Bom  at 
Montdidier,  France,  May  1, 1671 :  died  at  Paris, 


Gapperonnier 

■July  24, 1744.  A  French  classical  scholar.  He 
wrote  "  Trait*  de  I'ancienne  prononciation  de  la  langue 
grecque"  (1703),  etc.;  and  edited  Quintilian  (1726). 

"Capponi  (kap-po'ne),  Gino,  Marchese.  Born  at 
Florence,  Sept.  14,  1792:  died  at  Florence,  Feb. 
3,  1876.  A  noted  Florentine  historian,  states- 
man, and  scholar,  prime  minister  of  Tuscany 
1848.  He  wrote  "Storia  deUa  repubbUca  di 
Firenze"  (1875),  etc. 

*Capraja  (ka-pra'ya) .  An  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea,  belonging  to  the  province  of  Ge- 
noa, Italy,  situated  northeast  of  Corsica,  inlat. 
43°  2'  N.,  long.  9°  50'  B.  It  was  anciently  called 
'Capraria. 

Caprara,  Giovanni  Battista.  Bom  at  Bolo- 
gna, Italy,  May  29, 1733:  died  at  Paris,  June  21, 
1810.  An  Italian  cardinal  and  diplomatist, 
bishop  of  Milan.  He  negotiated  the  concordat 
at  Paris  in  1801. 

Ciaprarola  (ka-pra-ro'la).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Rome,  Italy,  situated  31  miles  north  of 
Rome.  It  contains  the  Famese  palace.  Pop- 
ulation, 5,000. 

Caprera  (ka-pra'ra),  or  Cabrera  (ka-bra'ra). 
An  island  north  of  Sardinia,  belonging  to  the 
province  of  Sassari,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  41° 
14'  N.,  long.  9°  28'  E.  It  was  the  usual  resi- 
dence of  Garibaldi  in  1854-82. 

Capri  (ka'pre).  A  small  island  of  Italy,  off  the 
coast  of  Campania,  19  miles  south  of  Naples : 
the  ancient  (Japrse.  it  is  a  favorite  resort 'lor  tour- 
ists and  artists  oo  account  of  its  picturesque  and  bold 
scenery.  Among  the  points  of  interest  are  the  towns  of 
Capri  and  Anacapri,  the  Blue  Grotto,  and  the  Villa  di 
Tiberio.  It  was  the  favorite  residence  of  Augustus,  and  is 
especially  famous  as  the  abode  of  Tiberius  in  the  last  half 
of  his  reign  and  the  scene  of  his  licentious  orgies.  Highest 
point,  Monte  Solaro  (1,920  feet).    Population,  about  4,900. 

<!apricornus  (kap-ri-k6r'nus).  [L.,  'goat- 
horned.']  An  ancient  zodiacal  constellation 
between  Sagittarius  and  Aquarius ;  also,  one  of 
the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac,  the  winter  sol- 
stice. It  is  represented  on  ancient  monuments  by  the 
"figure  of  a  goat,  or  a  figure  having  the  fore  part  like  a 
goat  and  the  bind  part  lilie  a  fish.    Its  symbol  is  y^. 

Caprivi  (ka-pre've)  de  Oaprara  de  Montecu- 
COli,  Georg  Leo  von.  Bom  at  Charlottenburg, 
Feb.  24, 1831 :  died  Feb.  6, 1899.  Anoted  German 
statesman,  chancellor  of  the  empire  1890-94.  He 
■was  educated  at  the  Werdersche  Gymnasium  at  Berlin.and 
April  1,  1849,  entered  the  Kaiser-Franz-Grenadier  regi- 
inent,  becoming  second  lieutenant  Sept,  19,  1850.  He  en- 
tered the  military  academy  and  became  first  lieutenant  in 
1859,  and  in  1861  captain  in  the  general  staff.  He  rose 
Tapidly  in  rank,  and  in  1883  was  made  chief  of  the  ad- 
miralty, and  accomplished  important  results  in  the  reor- 
rganization  of  the  German  navy.  For  his  efficiency  In  this 
service  he  was  promoted  by  Emperor  William  II.  (July  10, 
1888)  to  be  commanding  general  of  the  10th  army  corps  in 
Hannover,  and  later  was  made  general  of  infantry.  On 
the  fall  of  Bismarck  (March  20,  1890),  Caprivi  succeeded 
him  as  imperial  chancellor,  president  of  the  Prussian  min- 
istry, and  imperial  minister  of  foreign  affairs.  He  secured 
Heligoland  from  England  in  exchange  for  German  claims 
in  Zanzibar  and  Witu  July,  1890,  strengthened  the  colonial 
policy,  renewed  the  Triple  Alliance  June,  1891,  and  con- 
cluded important  commercial  treaties.  He  was  made  a 
count  Dec.  18, 1891.  He  resigned  the  presidency  of  the 
Prussian  ministry  in  March,  1892,  and  retired  from  the 
imperial  chancellorship  and  the  ministry  of  foreign  af- 
fairs Oct.  26,  1894. 

'Captain.  1 .  An  English  line-of -battle  ship  of  72 
guns.  She  served  in  the  Mediterranean  squadron  of  Lord 
Hood  before  Corsica  in  1794-95 ;  was  flag-ship  of  Commo- 
dore Nelson  in  1796 ;  served  in  the  battle  off  Cape  St. Vin- 
cent, Feb.  14,  1797;  and  was  burned  March  22, 1813. 
3.  One  of  the  earliest  English  armored  turret- 
ahips,  launched  March  29,  1869.  she  had  an  all- 
Tound  water-line  belt  10  and  7  inches  thick,  low  free- 
board, and  two  turrets  on  the  upper  deck  120  feet  apart. 
■Tonnage,  4,272.  She  foundered  off  Cape  Finisterre  with 
■600  men,  Sept.  6, 1870. 

Captain,  The.  1.  A  play  by  Fletcher  and  an- 
other, produced  about  1613,  printed  in  the  folio 
of  1647.  Fleay  suggests  Jonson;  Bullen  thinks 
there  are  traces  of  Middleton's  hand.—  2.  A 
l)ragging,  coarse  ruffian  in  Middleton's  play 
"  The  Phoenix." 

Captain,  The  Copper.    See  Perez,  Michael. 

Captain  Jack.    See  Jack. 

Captain  Right.    See  Bight. 

Captain  Rock,    See  Bock. 

Capua  (kap'ii-a).  An  ancient  city  of  Campa- 
nia, Italy,  17  miles  north  of  Naples,  famous  for 
its  wealth  and  luxury,  it  was  founded  by  the  Etrus- 
<!ans,  was  taken  by  the  Samnites  in  423  B.  0.,  and  came  un- 
Kler  Roman  rule  about  340  B.  0.  It  opened  its  gates  to 
Hannibal  in  216  E.  0.  (whose  army  wintered  there  216-215). 
In  211  B.  0.  it  was  retaken  by  the  Romans,  and  severely 
jjunished.  It  afterward  flourished  until  sacked  by  Gen- 
leric  in  466  A.  D.  It  was  destroyed  by  the  Saracens  in 
840  and  its  inhabitants  colonized  modern  Capua.  Its  site 
is  occupied  by  the  village  of  Santa  Maria  di  Capua 'Vetere. 
It  contains  the  ruins  of  a  triumphal  arch  and  of  a  Soman 
amphitheater  which  dates  from  the  early  empire.  In 
the  early  middle  ages  it  was  fortified  as  a  citadel,  and 
lias  suffered  from  sieges.    It  was  an  imposing  monument^ 


214 

mach  resembling  the  Soman  Colosseum,  and  nearly  as 
large.  The  axes  of  the  enter  ellipse  are  667  and  468  feet ; 
of  the  arena,  250  and  160  feet. 

Capua  (ka'po-a).  A  town  in  Italy,  on  the  Vol- 
turno,  situated  2  miles  north  of  ancient  Capua, 
on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Casilinum.  It  was 
colonized  from  ancient  Capua  in  the  9th  century.  It  has 
a  cathedral,  and  a  museum  with  antiquities.  Csesar  Borgia 
attacked  it  in  1601.  Near  it  is  the  battle-field  of  the  Vol- 
turno,  1860.  It  was  taken  by  the  Piedmontese,  Nov., 
1860.    Population,  12,000. 

Capuchins  (kap'u-chinz).  A  mendicant  order 
of  Franciscan  monks,  founded  in  Italy  in  1528 
by  Matteo  di  Bassi,  and  named  from  the  long 
pointed  capouch  or  cowl  which  is  the  distin- 
guishing mark  of  their  dress.  According  to  the 
statutes  of  the  order,  drawn  up  in  1529,  the  monks  were 
to  live  by  begging ;  they  were  not  to  use  gold  or  silver  or 
silk  in  the  decoration  of  their  altars,  and  the  chalices  were 
to  be  of  pewter.  The  Capuchins  are  most  numerous  in 
Austria.  In  the  United  States  they  have  convents  in  the 
dioceses  of  Green  Bay,  Milwaukee,  Leavenworth,  and  New 
York.    See  Franciscans. 

Capuchin  (kap'u-chin).  The.  A  play  byFoote, 
produced  in  1776.  it  was  an  alteration  of  the  notori- 
ous "Trip  to  Calais,"  which  was  stopped  by  the  public 
censor. 

Capucius(ka-pu'shius).  In Shakspere's  "Henry 
VIII.,"  an  ambassador  from  Charles  V. 

Capulet  (kap'u-let).  In  Shakspere's  "Romeo 
and  Juliet,"  a"  coarse,  jo-vial  old  man  -with  a 
passionate  temper,  the  father  of  Juliet.  The 
expression  "the  tomb  of  the  Capulets  "  is  not  in  Shak- 
spere ;  it  occurs  in  Burke's  letter  to  Matthew  Smith— 
and  as  "the  family  vault"  "of  all  the  Capulets"  in  his 
"Reflections  on  the  Bevobition  in  France,"  III.  349. 

Capuletti  ed  i  Montecchi  (ka-po-let'te  ed  e 
mon-tek'ke),  I.  [It., '  The  Capulets  and  Monta- 
gues.'] -An  opera  by  Bellini,  first  produced  in 
Venice  in  1830:  a  musical  version  of  "Romeo 
and  Juliet." 

Caquetios  (ka-ka-te'os),  or  Caq.uesios.  -An  In- 
dian tribe  which,  at  the  beginning  of  the  16th 
century,  occupied  the  coast  of  Venezuela  from 
La  Guayra  to  Lake  Maracaybo,  together  with 
the  neighboring  islands.  They  received  the  first 
Spanish  explorers  as  friends,  but  were  soon  enslaved  and 
carried  away,  and  by  1545  none  was  left  on  the  coasts. 
There  were  other  Indians  of  the  same  name  and  probably 
of  the  same  race  In  the  highlands  south  of  Coro,  and  on 
the  llanos  to  the  rivers  Sarar^  and  Apur6. 

Carabas  (kar'a-bas).  Marquis  of.  The  master 
for  whom  "fuss  in  Boots"  performs  such 
prodigies  in  Perrault's  tale  "Le  Chat  Bott6" 
("Puss  in  Boots").  The  nameis  used  proverbially 
for  a  pretentious  aristocrat  who  refuses  to  march  with  his 
age.  The  Marquis  of  Carabas  in  Bisraeli's  ""Vivian  Grey" 
is  intended  for  the  Marquis  of  Clanricarde. 

Carabaya,    See  Caravaya. 

CarabODO  (ka-ra-bo'bo).  A  state  in  Venezuela, 
bordering  on  the  Caribbean  Sea.  Its  capital  is 
Valencia.  Area,  2,984  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  198,021. 

Carabobo.  A  plain  south  of  Valencia,  Vene- 
zuela, in  the  same  valley.  Here,  on  May  28, 1814, 
Bolivar  with  6,000  men  defeated  the  Spanish  captain-gen- 
eral Cajigal  with  6,000  men.  On  June  24,  1821,  Bolivar 
won  a  second  victory  on  the  same  plain  over  the  Spanish 
army  of  La  Torre.  This  was  the  last  Spanish  force  of  con- 
sequence in  Venezuela,  and  the  victory  secured  the  inde- 
pendence of  northwestern  South  America. 

Caracalla  (kar-a-kal'a),  or  Caracallus  (kar-a- 
kal'us)  (Marcus  Auifelius  Antoninus,  origi- 
nally Bassianus).  [Caracalla,  a  nickname 
fiven  him  on  account  of  the  long  Gaulish 
ooded  coat  or  tunic  which  he  introduced.] 
Bom  at  Lyons,  April  4  or  6, 188  A.  D. :  died  near 
Edessa,  Mesopotamia,  April  8,  217  a.  d.  Em- 
peror of  Rome,  son  of  Septimius  Severus. 
Having  become  joint  emperor  of  Rome  with  his  brother 
Geta  in  211,  he  murdered  the  latter  with  many  of  his 
friends,  including  the  jurist  Papinian,  and  made  himself 
sole  emperor  in  212.  He  extended  by  the  C(maUtutio  An- 
toniana  the  full  citizenship  to  all  free  inhabitants  of  the 
empire,  in  order  to  increase  the  produce  of  the  succession 
duty  of  five  per  cent,  which  Augustus  had  imposed  on 
the  property  of  citizens.  He  was  murdered  on  a  plunder- 
ing expedition  against  the  Parthians. 

It  had  hitherto  been  the  peculiar  felicity  of  the  Ro- 
mans, and  in  the  worst  of  times  the  consolation,  that  the 
virtue  of  the  emperors  was  active,  and  their  vice  indo- 
lent. Augustus,  Trajan,  Hadrian,  and  Marcus  visited 
their  extensive  dominions  in  person,  and  their  progress 
was  marked  by  acts  of  wisdom  and  beneficence.  The 
tyranny  of  Tiberius,  Nero,  and  Domitian,  who  resided 
almost  constantly  at  Rome,  or  in  the  adjacent  villas,  was 
confined  to  the  senatorial  and  equestrian  orders.  But 
Caracalla  was  i^e  common  enemy  of  mankind.  He  left 
the  capital  (and  he  never  returned  to  it)  about  a  year  after 
the  murder  of  Geta.  The  rest  of  his  reign  was  spent 
in  the  several  provinces  of  the  empire,  particularly  those 
of  the  east,  and  every  province  was  by  turns  the  scene  of 
his  rapine  and  cruelty.      Oibbon,  Decline  and  Fall,  L  160. 

Caracalla,  Baths  of.   See  Baths  of  Caracalla. 

Caracar4s(ka-ra-ka-ras').  [6Tiarany,*hawks.'] 
A  horde  of  South  American  Indians,  of  the 
Tupi-Giiarany  race,  who,  in  the  16th  century, 
lived  on  the  western  side  of  the  river  Faiand, 


Caravaggio 

about  lat.  32°  S.  later  they  retreated  northward 
into  the  Chaco  region,  and  became  extinct,  or  were  amal- 
gamated with  other  tribes. 

Caracas  (ka-ra'kas).  An  Indian  tribe  of  Vene- 
zuela, which  formerly  occupied  the  valleys 
about  the  present  city  of  Caracas.  They  had 
large  villages,  and  appear  to  have  been  agriculturists, 
with  some  skill  in  weaving  hammocks,  making  gold  orna- 
ments, etc.  They  kept  up  a  long  and  brave  resistance 
to  the  wldtes.  As  a  tribe  they  were  probably  destroyed 
before  the  end  of  the  16th  century. 

Caracas  (ka-ra'kas).  The  capital  of  Venezuela 
and  of  the  federal  district,  situated  in  lat.  10° 
32'  N.,  long.  67°  4'  W.,  near  the  coast,  it  is  an 
important  commercial  center,  and  contains  a  cathedral 
and  university.  It  was  founded  in  1667,  and  destroyed  by 
an  earthquake  in  1812.  Its  seaport  is  La  Guayra.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  72,429. 

Caracas,  Province  of.  A  colonial  province 
which  embraced  approximately  the  present 
states  of  Miranda,  Zamora,  Venezuela,  and  Cara- 
bobo. The  oaptain-generalcy  of  Venezuela,  formed  in 
1751,  was  commonly  called  Caracas,  from  the  capital,  Just 
as  New  Spain  was  c^ed  Mexico. 

Caracci.    See  Carracci. 

Caraccioli  (ka-ra'cho-le),  Francesco.  Bom  at 
Naples  about  1748 :  hanged  near  Naples,  1799. 
A  Neapolitan  admiral,  commander  of  the  navy 
of  the  Parthenopean  Republic,  1799,  condemned 
to  death  by  order  of  the  junta. 

Caractacus  (ka-rak'ta-kus),  or  Caradoc  (kar'- 
a-dok).  Flourished  about  50  a.  d.  A  British 
king,  son  of  Cunobelin,  king  of  the  Trinobantes. 
His  capital  was  Camulodunum  (Colchester).  He  was  chief 
of  the  Catuvellauni  (which  see),  and  resisted  the  Romans 
(under  Aulus  Plautius,  Ostorius  Scapula,  and,  for  a  short 
time,  the  emperor  Claudius)  for  about  nine  years.  Finally 
defeated,  he  took  refuge  among  the  Brigantes,  but  was 
delivered  by  Cartismandua,  their  queen,  to  the  Romans, 
and  was  sent  to  Rome.  Claudius  granted  him  his  life  and 
his  family. 

Caractacus.  1.  A  tragedy  by  J.  E.  Planchfi, 
an  alteration  of  Fletcher's  "Bonduca."  It  was 
produced  in  1837. — 2.  A  tragedy  by  William 
Mason,  published  in  1759. 

Caract4res  de  Th^ophraste,  Les.  See  Za 
Bruyire. 

Caraculiambo (ka-ra-ko-le-am'bo).  Amythieal 

afiant  whom  Don  Quixote  proposes  to  conquer. 
aradoc  (kar'a-dok).  See  Caractacus. 
Caradoc,  or  Cradock.  A  knight  of  the  Round 
Table,  in  the  Arthurian  cycle  of  romance.  He 
had  the  only  chaste  wife  in  the  court.  The  story  of  the 
magic  mantle  which  she  alone  could  wear  is  told  in  "  The 
Boy  and  the  Mantle  "  (which  see). 

Carafa  (ka-ra'fa),  Michele.  Bom  at  Naples, 
Nov.  28,  1785:  died  at  Paris,  July  26,  1872.  .An 
Italian  composer  of  operas,  author  of  "Le  Soli- 
taire" (1822),  "MasanieUo"  (1827),  etc. 

Caraj&S  (ka-ra-zhas').  A  tribe  of  Indians 
dwelling  in  the  vicinity  of  the  river  Araguaya, 
in  the  states  of  Goyaz  and  Matto  Grosso,  Brazil. 
They  number  at  least  several  thousand,  are  uncivilized, 
but  friendly  to  the  whites.  They  speak  a  language  very 
different  from  the  dialects  of  the  suirounding  tribes.  The 
Caraj4s  live  in  villages,  and  are  agricultnrist«  and  fisher- 
men. The  Carajais,  Javahais,  and  Chimbioas  are  branch 
tribes  in  the  same  region. 

Caraman.    See  Karaman. 

Caramania.    See  Karamania. 

Caramurd.    See  Alvares,  Diogo. 

Caramurli  (ka-ra-mo-ro').  The  nickname  gi'ven 
to  a  political  party  in  Brazil  which,  after  the 
abdication  of  the  emperor  Pedro  I.  in  1831, 
sought  to  secure  his  restoration.  The  name,  if 
not  virtually  adopted  by  the  party,  became  their  common 
designation,  and  is  used  by  historians.  After  the  death 
of  the  ex-emperor  most  of  the  members  of  the  Caramurli 
party  joined  the  conservatives. 

Carathis  (kar'a-this).  The  mother  of  Vathek, 
in  Beokford's  "Vathek,"  an  adept  in  judicial 
astrology. 

Carausius  (ka-ra'gi-us),  Marcus  Aurelius  Va- 
lerius.   Died  293  A.  D.    A  Roman  insurgent. 

He  was  a  Meuapian  or  Belgo-German  by  birth,  and  in  his 
youth  is  said  to  have  been  a  pilot.  In 286  he  distinguished 
himself  in  the  campaign  of  the  Augustus Maximian  against 
the  revolted  Bagaudse  in  Gaul,  and  was  about  this  period 
intrusted  with  the  enterprise  of  suppressing  the  Frankish 
and  Saxon  pirates  who  ravaged  the  coasts  of  Britain  and 
GauL  Suspected  of  acting  in  collusion  with  the  pirates, 
orders  were  issued  for  his  execution,  whereupon  he  made 
himself  master  of  Britain  and  part  of  Gaul  in  287,  and  as- 
sumed the  title  of  Augustus.  He  was  recognized  as  a 
colleague  in  the  government  of  the  empire  by  the  Au- 
gusti  Maximian  and  Diocletian  in  290.  On  the  appoint- 
ment of  Galerius  and  Constantius  Chlorus  as  Csesars  in 
292,  the  latter  undertook  a  campaign  against  Carausius, 
who  was  assassinated  in  the  following  year  by  his  chief 
minister,  Allectus. 

Caravaca  (ka-ra-va'ka).  A  to'wn  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Murcia,  Spain,  situated  on  the  river 
Caravaca  in  lat.  38°  4'  N.,  long.  1°  53'  W, 
Population  (1887),  15,053. 

Caravaggio  (ka-ra-vad'jo).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Bergamo,  Italy,  situated  22  miles 
east  of  Milan.    Population,  6,000. 


Oaravagglo,  da 
Oaravaggio,  da.  See  Caldara,  PoUdoro. 
Oaravagglo,  da  (Michelangelo  Amerigtai  or 
Mengni).  Born  at  Caravaggio,  near  Milan, 
1569:  died  near  Porto  Ereole,  Italy,  1609.  An 
Italian  painter  belonging  to  the  natuialistio 
school.  His  most  noted  work  is  the  "  Entombment  of 
Christ "  (La  the  Vatican).  After  painting  many  important 
pictures  in  Kome,  he  fled  to  Naples  to  escape  justice  for 
the  homicide  of  a  companion. 

Caravaya  (ka-ra-va'ya),  or  Oarabaya  (ka-ra- 
ba'ya).  [A  corruption  of  Collahuaya,  the  Qui- 
ohua  name.]  A  province  of  eastern  Peru,  in 
the  department  of  Pimo.  Gold  was  discovered 
there  about  1643,  and  for  a  century  the  mines  of  this  re- 
gion were  famous.  Its  towns,  especially  Sandia,  San  6a- 
ban,  and  San  Juan  del  Oro,  were  important.  In  1767  they 
were  all  destroyed  by  the  Chuncho  Indians,  not  a  Spaniard 
being  left  east  of  the  Andes.  The  region  is  now  almost 
unknown,  being  frequented  only  by  cinchona-collectors. 
Area,  12,000  square  miles. 

Caravellas  (ka-ra-va'las).  A  seaport  in  the 
state  of  Bahia,  Brazil,  in  lat.  17°  43'  S.,  long. 
39°  14'  W.    Population,  about  5,000. 

Oarbajal  (ka-Ba-nal'),  or  Oarvajal  (kar-va- 
Hai'),  Francisco.  Bom  in  Aravalo,  1464 :  died 
near  Cuzco,  Peru,  April  10,  1548.  A  Spanish 
soldier  in  South  America,  in  1628  he  went  to 
Mexico,  and  in  1536  Cortes  sent  him  with  others  to  aid 
Pizarro  in  Peru.  As  fleld-marshal  under  Vaca  de  Castro, 
he  directed  the  battle  of  Chupas,  where  the  younger  Al- 
magro  was  overthrown.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
struggle  of  Gonzalo  Pizairo  against  Gasca,  was  captured 
at  the  battle  of  Sacsahnana  April  9,  1648,  and  condemned 
to  death. 

Oarberry  Hill  (kar'ber-i  hil).  A  place  near 
Musselburgh,  Mid-Lothian,  Scotland.  Here,  in 
June,  1667,  Lord  Home  dispersed  Bothwell's  forces,  and 
took  prisoner  Mary  Queen  of  Scots. 

Carbonari  (kar-bo-na'ri) .    [It. ,  pi.  of  carion<wo, 
from  L.  carhonarms,  a  charcoal-burner,  a  col- 
lier.]   A  secret  society  formed  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples  during  the  reign  of  Murat  (1808-15) 
by  republicans  and  others  dissatisfied  with  the 
French  rule.    They  were  originally  refugees  among  the 
mountains  of  the  Abruzzi  provinces,  and  took  their  name 
from  the  mountain  charcoal-burners.    Their  aim  was  to 
free  their  country  from  foreign  domination.    After  having 
aided  the  Austrians  in  the  expulsion  of  the  French,  the 
organization  spread  over  all  Italy  as  the  champions  of  the 
National  Liberal  cause  against  the  reactionary  govern- 
ments.   At  one  time  the  Carbonari  numbered  several  hun- 
dred thousand  adherents.    They  were  concerned  in  the 
various  revolutions  of  the  times  until  crushed  out  by  the 
Austrian  power  in  Italy.     About  1820  they  spread  Into 
E'rance,  and  played  an  important  part  in  French  politics 
until  the  revolution  of  1830. 
Oarbondale  (kar'bon-dal).    A  city  in  Lacka- 
wanna County,  northeastern  Pennsylvania,  sit- 
uated 15  miles  northeast  of  Seranton.    It  is 
thecenter  of  richcoal-flelds.  Population  (1900), 
13,536. 
Carcajente,  or  Oarcagente  (kar-ka-neu'te).  A 
town    in  the   province    of   Valencia,   Spain, 
situated  on  the  river  Jucar  25  miles  south- 
southwest  of  "Valencia.    It  has  linen,  woolen, 
and  silk   manufactures.     Population  (1887), 
12,503. 
Carcassonne  (kSr-ka-son').    The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Aude,  Prance,  situated  on  the 
Aude  in  lat.  43°  13'  N.,  long.  2°  20'  E. :  the 
ancient  Carcaso.    it  consists  of  two  parts,  the  Upper 
Town  (la  cit^)  and  the  lower  Town.    The  Upper  Town, 
now  practically  abandoned  for  the  more  convenient  site 
below,  is  in  its  entirety  one  of  the  most  remarkable  monu- 
ments of  the  middle  ages  existing.    In  plan  it  is  square, 
About  a  mile  in  circuit,  inclosed  by  two  lines  of  walls  with 
flity-f  our  towers,  all  of  admirable  masonry,  and  retaining 
in  their  approaches,  their  gates,  battlements,  etc.,  all  the 
defensive  (^vices  evolved  by  medieval  military  engineers. 
Part  of  the  inner  walls  and  towers  dates  from  the  Visi- 
gothic  rule  in  the  6th  century ;  the  greater  portion  is  of 
the  12th  century,  and  the  remainder  of  the  reign  of  St. 
lK>uis.    On  one  side  rises  a  powerful  castle  or  citadel. 
The  battlemented  Church  of  St.  Nazaire  has  a  Komanesque 
nave,  and  a  very  light  and  beautiful  Pointed  choir,  with 
splendid  glass.    This  unique  fortress  was  thoroughly  re- 
stored by  Napoleon  III.    It  was  a  Roman  town,  and  was 
ruled  later  by  the  West  Goths.    It  was  an  Albigensian 
stronghold,  and  was  sacked  by  the  Blaftk  Prince  in  1355. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  28,235. 
Car-cay.    The  most  northeasterly  ramification 
of  the  Sierra  Madre,  lying  due  west  from  Cor- 
ralitos  in  Chihuahua.    It  is  a  rugged  and  wild 
chain,  difficult  of  access. 
Carchemish  (kar'kem-ish).    The  ancient  capi- 
tal of  the  Hittites.     it  was  formerly  identified  with 
Circessium  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  a  fortified  place 
near  where  the  Chaboras  empties  Into  the  Euphrates. 
Later  excavations  brought   out  its  identity  with  the 
Gargamls  ol  the  Assyrian  Inscriptions  (Egyptian  Ouarga- 
meshd),  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Euphrates  north- 
west of  the  river  Sajur,  and  now  represented  by  the  ruins  of 
Jerablfis.    The  city  is  mentioned  in  the  annals  of  Tiglath- 
PUeser  L,  1110  B.  0.    Shalmaneser  II.,  in  868,  and  Sargon, 
in  717  subjected  this  capital  of  the  Hittites,  and  placed 
an  Assyrian  governor  in  it.    In  605  B.  0.  the  battle  be- 
tween Nebuchadnezzar  and  Necho  of  Egypt  took  place 
under  its  walls  (Jer.  xlvi.  2,  2  Chron.  xxxv.  20),  m  which 
Egypt  was  thoroughly  defeated  by  western  Asia. 


215 

To  Mr.  Skene,  tor  many  years  the  English  consul  at 
Aleppo,  is  due  the  credit  of  first  discovering  the  true  site 
of  the  old  Hittite  capital  rCarchemish].  On  the  western 
bank  of  the  Euphrates,  midway  between  Birejik  and  the 
mouth  of  the  Sajur,  rises  an  artificial  mound  of  earth, 
under  which  ruins  and  sculptured  blocks  of  stone  had 
been  found  from  time  to  time.  It  was  known  as  Jerablfis, 
or  Ealaat  JerablOs,  "  the  fortress  of  JerablQs."  sometimes 
wrongly  written  Jerabls ;  and  in  the  name  of  Jerablds 
Mr.  Skene  had  no  difiiculty  in  recognising  an  Arab  cor- 
ruption of  Hierapolis.  In  the  Bx>man  age  the  name  of 
Hierapolis  or  "Holy  City"  had  been  transferred  to  its 
neighbour  Membij,  which  inherited  the  traditions  and 
religious  fame  of  the  older  Carohemish;  but  when  the 
triumph  of  Christianity  in  Syria  brought  with  it  the  fall 
of  the  great  temple  of  Membij,  the  name  disappeared 
from  the  later  city,  and  was  remembered  only  in  connec- 
tion with  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Carohemish. 

Sayee,  Hittites,  p.  98. 

Cardale  (kar'dal),  John  Bate.  Bom  at  London, 
Nov.  7, 1802:  died  at  London,  July  18, 1877.  An 
English  lawyer,  first  apostle  of  the  Catholic 
Apostolic  Church  (Irvingites),  and  author  of  nu- 
merous (anonymous)  controversial  andreligious 
works. 

Cardan,    See  Cardano. 

Cardano  (kar-da'uo),  or  Cardan  (kar'dan),  Gi- 
rolamo.  Born  at  Pa  via,  Italy,  Sept.  24,  1501: 
died  at  Eome,  Sept.  21, 1576.  A  noted  Italian 
physician,  mathematician,  philosopher,  and  as- 
trologer, natural  son  of  Facio  Cardan,  a  Milan- 
ese jurist. 

Cardanus.    See  €ardano. 

Cardenas  (kar'da-nas).  A  seaport  in  northern 
Cluba,  situated  25  miles  east  of  Matanzas.  It 
exports  sugar.  An  engagement  occurred  here 
May  11,  1898,  between  the  Spanish  shore 
batteries  and  gunboats  and  several  United 
States  vessels.     Population  (1899),  21,940. 

Cardenio  (Sp.  pron.  kar-da'ne-o).  An  intel- 
lectual madman,  crazed  by  disappointed  love, 
with  lucid  intervals,  in  an  episode  of  Cervan- 
tes's  ' '  Don  Quixote."  He  is  introduced  in  Col- 
man's  "Mountaineers"  as  Octavian,  and  also 
in  D'Urf^'s  "Don  Quixote." 

Cardenio,  The  History  of.  A  play  entered 
on  the  "Stationers'  Register"  in  1653  as  by 
"  Fletcher  and  Shakspere.  it  is  said  to  be  identified 
with  the  lost  play  'Cardano'  or  '  Gardenia,'  acted  at  court 
in  1613."  Late  seventeenth-century  entries  in  the  "Sta^ 
tioners'  Register  "  carry  no  authority  as  far  as  Shakspere 
is  concerned.    Sullen,  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Cardiff  (kar'dif).  A  seaport  in  (Glamorganshire, 
Wales,  situated  on  the  Taff,  near  its  mouth,  in 
lat.  51°  28'  N.,  long.  3°  10'  W.  It  is  noted  for  its 
export  of  coal  and  iron,  and  contains  large  docks  and  a 
noted  castle.  It  has  greatly  increased  in  late  years.  It 
was  the  place  of  imprisonment  of  Robert  of  Normandy, 
1106-34.    Population  (1891),  128,849. 

Cardigan  (kar'di-gan).  A  seaport  and  the  chief 
town  of  Cardiganshire,  Wales,  situated  on  the 
Teifi  in  lat.  52°  6'  N.,  long.  4°  39'  W.  It  is 
called  Aberteifi  by  the  Welsh.  Population 
(1891),  3,447. 

Cardigan,  Earl  of.  See  Brudenel,  James  Thomas. 

Cardigan  Bay.  An  arm  of  St.  George's  Chan- 
nel, on  the  western  coast  of  Wales. 

Cardiganshire  (kar'di-gan-shir),  or  Cardigan. 
A  county  in  South  Wales,  lying  between  Meri- 
oneth on  the  north,  Montgomery,  Radnor,  and 
Brecknock  on  the  east,  Carmarthen  and  Pem- 
broke on  the  south,  and  Cardigan  Bay  on  the 
west.  Its  surface  is  mountainous.  Area,  693 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  62,596. 

Cardim  (kar-deng'),  Fernao.  Born  at  Vienna 
do  Alvito,  -Alemtejo,  1540 :  died  at  Bahia,  Bra- 
zil, Jan.  27,  1625.  A  Port'ijpiese  Jesuit,  pro- 
vincial of  Brazil  1604-08.  He  wrote  a  narra- 
tive of  his  travels,  first  published  at  Lisbon  in 
1847. 

Cardinal  (kSr-de-nal'),  Pierre.  Bom  at  the 
beginning  of  the  13th  century:  died  about 
1305.  A  French  troubadour,  especially  noted 
for  his  satirical  powers:  "the  Juvenal  of  the 
Proven9als."    Sismondi. 

Cardinal  College.    See  Christ  Church. 

Cardis,  or  Eardis  (kar'dis),  Treaty  of.  A 
treaty  of  peace  concluded  at  Cardis,  an  estate 
on  the  borders  of  Livonia  and  Esthonia,  be- 
tween Russia  and  Sweden,  in  1661.  Russia  re- 
stored Dorpat  and  other  places. 

Cardona  (kar-do'na).  A  fortified  town  in  the 
province  of  Barcelona,  Spain,  in  lat.  41°  55'  N., 
long.  1°  38'  E.  There  is  a  remarkable  hill  of 
rock-salt  in  the  vicinity. 

Oardonnel  (kar-don'el),  Adam  de.  Died  at 
Westminster,  Feb.  22,  1719.  The  secretary 
and  friend  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  ex- 
pelled from  the  House  of  Commons  foroorrap- 

.  tion,  Feb.  19,  1712. 

Cardross  (kar'dros).  A  town  in  Dumbarton, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Clyde  3  miles  north- 


Carey,  Henry 

west  of  Dumbarton.  Robert  Bruce  died  there. 
June  7,  1329.  ' 

Carducci  (kar-do'cM),  Giosuft.  Born  at  Baldi- 
eastello,  Tuscany,  July  27,  1836.  A  noted 
Italian  poet,  since  1861  professor  of  Italian 
literature  at  the  University  of  Bologna. 

Carducho  (kar-dS'oho),  or  Carducci  (kar-do'- 
che),Vincenzo.  Bom  at  Florence,  1568  ( 1560  ?) : 
died  at  Madrid,  Spain,  about  1638.  An  Italian 
painter,  patronized  by  Philip  m.  and  Philip 
IV.  of  Spain.  His  chief  works  axe  in  Spain. 
He  wrote  "De  las  exeelencias  de  la  pintura," 
etc.  (1633).  ^ 

Cardnel,    See  Cardoile. 

Oardwell  (kard'wel),  Edward.  Bom  at  Black- 
bum,  Lancashire,  1787:  died  at  Oxford,  Eng- 
land, May  23, 1861.  An  English  clergyman  and 
church  historian.  He  was  appointed  select  preacher 
to  the  University  of  Oxford  in  1823,  Camden  professor  of 
ancient  history  in  1826,  and  principal  of  St.  Alban  Hall  in 
1831.  He  wrote  "Documentary  Annals  of  the  Reformed 
Church  of  England  "  (1839),  etc. 

Oardwell,  Edward,  Viscount  Cardwell.  Bom 
at  Liverpool,  July  24,  1813 :  died  at  Torquay, 
Feb.  15, 1886.  An  English  statesman,  nephew 
of  Edward  Cardwell.  He  was  president  of  the  Board 
of  Trade  1862-66,  secretary  for  Ireland  1869-61,  chan- 
cellor of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  1861-64,  colonial  secre- 
tary 1864-66,  and  secretary  for  war  1868-74. 

Careless  (kar'les).  l.  The  friend  of  Mellef out 
in  Congreve's  "Double  Dealer":  a  gay  gallant 
who  makes  love  to  Lady  Pliant. — 2.  A  suitor 
of  Lady  Dainty  in  Gibber's  "Double  Gallant." 
"A  fellow  that 's  wise  enough  to  be  but  half  in  love,  and 
makes  his  whole  life  a  studied  idleness." 
3.  The  friend  of  Charles  Surface  in  Sheridan's 
' '  School  for  Scandal."  it  is  he  who  says  of  the  por- 
trait of  Sir  Oliver  in  the  auction  scene  :  "An  unforgiving 
eye,  and  a  damned  disinheriting  countenance." 

Careless,  Colonel.  The  gay,  light-headed  lover 
of  Ruth  in  Sir  R.  Howard's  play  "The  Com- 
mittee." The  play  was  slightly  altered  and  produced 
by  T.  Knight  as  "The  Honest  Thieves."  Careless  is  the 
same  in  both  plays. 

Careless  Husband,  The.  A  brilliant  comedy 
by  Gibber,  produced  in  1704,  printed  in  1705. 
See  Easy,  Sir  Charles. 

Careless  Lovers,  The.  A  comedy  by  Ravens- 
croft,  produced  in  1673. 

Carelia.    See  Karelia. 

Carlme  (ka-ram'),  Marie  Antoine.  Bom  at 
Paris,  June  8,  1784 :  died  there,  Jan.  12,  1833. 
A  celebrated  French  cook.  He  wrote  "  Le  p^ 
tissierpittoresque"  (1815),  etc. 

Carew  (ka-ro'),  Bamfylde  Moore.  Bom  at 
Biekley,  near  Tiverton,  in  July,  1693:  died  per- 
haps in  1770.  A  noted  English  vagabond.  He 
ran  away  from  school,  joined  a  band  of  gipsies,  and  was 
eventually  chosen  king  or  chief  of  the  gipsies.  Con- 
victed of  vagrancy,  he  was  transported  to  Maryland, 
whence  he  escaped  and  returned  to  England.  Be  is  said 
to  have  accompanied  the  Pretender  to  Carhsle  and  Derby. 

Carew,  George.  Born  in  England,  May  29, 
1555:  died  at  London,  March  27, 1629.  An  Eng- 
lish soldier  and  statesman,  son  of  George  Carew, 
dean  of  Windsor,  created  Baron  Carew  June  4, 
1605,  and  Earl  of  Totnes  Feb.  5,  1626.  He  served 
in  Ireland  from  1574 ;  became  sheriif  of  Carlow  1683,  and 
master  of  ordnance  in  Ireland  1688 ;  was  appointed  lieu- 
tenant-general of  ordnance  in  England  1592 ;  and  played 
an  infiuential  part  in  Ireland  (in  various  offices)  from  1699 
until  1603,  especially  during  the  rebellion  of  the  Earl  of 
Tyrone.  He  left  a  valuable  collection  of  letters  and  manu- 
scripts relating  to  such  affairs. 

Carew,  Bichard.  Bom  at  East  Antony,  Corn- 
wall, July  17,  1555:  died  there,  Nov.  6,  1620. 
An  English  poet  and  antiquarian,  high  sheriff 
of  Cornwall  1586,  and  member  of  Parliament : 
author  of  the  "  Survey  of  Cornwall"  (1602),  etc. 

Carew,  Thomas.  Bom  about  1598 :  died,  prob- 
ably at  London,  about  1639.  An  English  poet, 
son  of  Sir  Matthew  Carew  (died  1618).  He  studied 
(but  was  not  graduated)  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford, 
and  afterward  led  an  idle  and  wandering  life,  serving  for 
a  time  as  secretary  to  Sir  Dudley  Carleton,  ambaasador  at 
Venice,  Turin,  and  the  States,  and  later  about  the  court 
of  Charles  I.  He  wrote  "Coelum  Britannicum,"  a  mask 
(performed  at  Whitehall,  Feb.  18, 1634),  and  various  smaller 
pieces. 

Carey  (ka'ri),  George  Saville:  pseudonym 
Paul  Tell-Truth.  Born  1743:  died  at  Lon- 
don, 1807.  An  English  poet,  son  of  Henry 
Carey.  He  was  a  printer  by  trade,  and  for  a  time  an 
actor.  He  wrote  "The  Inoculator,"  a  comedy  (published 
1766),  "Liberty  Chastized,  or  Patriotism  in  Chains'* 
(1768),  "The  Nut-Brown  Maid"  (1770),  "Shakespeare's 
Jubilee,  a  Masque " (1769),  "The  Old  Women  Weather- 
wise,  an  Interlude"  (1770),  "Balnea,  or  History  of  all  the 
Popular  Watering-places  of  England  "  (1799),  etc. 

Carey,  Henry.  Born  near  the  end  of  the  17th 
century:  died  at  London  (probably  by  his  own 
hand),  Oct.  4, 1743.  An  English  poet  and  com- 
poser of  musical  farces,  ille^timate  son  of 
George  Saville,  marquis  of  Halifax.  He  was  the 
reputed  author  of  "  God  Save  the  King,"  and  author  of  the 


Carey,  Henry 

baUad  "  Sally  in  our  AUey,"  "Namby-Pamby,"  "The  Con- 
/fioo?''.^^^  <*"''^?  1^1^>'  "Hanging  and  Marriage,"  a  farce 
(1722),  "Poems"  (1727X  "Chrononhotonthologos,"  a  bur- 
lesque (acted  Feb.  22,  1734),  "A  Musical  Century,  or  a 
hundred  English  Ballads,"  etc. 

Carey,  Henry  Charles.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
Dec.  15,  1793:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Oct.  13, 
1879.  An  American  political  economist,  son 
of  Matthew  Carey,  noted  as  an  advocate  of 
protection.  His  chief  works  are  "  An  Essay  on  the 
Bate  of  Wages '  (1835),  expanded  in  "Principles  of  Politi- 
cal Economy"  (1837-40),  "Credit  System  in  I'rance,  Great 
Britain,  and  the  United  States"  (1838),  "The  Past  the 
Present,  and  the  Future'  (1848),  "  Harmony  of  Interests  " 
(1852),  'The  Slave  Trade,''  etc.  (1853),  "Principles  of  So- 
cial Science  " (1858-69),  "Unity  of  Law"  (1873). 

Carey,  James.  Bom  at  Dublin,  1845:  assassi- 
nated July  29, 1883.  An  Irish  political  assassin. 
He  was  a  bricklayer  and  builder  by  trade,  and  a  town 
councilor  of  Dublin  (1882).  He  became  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  Irish  "  Invincibles  "  In  1881,  and  was  an  accomplice 
in  the  assassination  of  Mr.  T.  H.  Burke  and  lord  Fred- 
erick Cavendish  in  Phoenix  Park.  He  was  arrested  Jan. 
13, 1883,  and  turned  Queen's  evidence.  In  order  to  escape 
thevengeanceof  the  "Invincibles"  he  was  secretly  shipped 
for  the  Cape  on  the  Kintauns  Castle,  Jidy  6, 1883,  under 
the  name  of  Power ;  but  his  plan  of  escape  was  discovered, 
and  he  was  followed  on  board  the  ship  by  Patrick  O'Don- 
nell,  who  shot  him  before  the  vessel  reached  its  destination. 

Carey,  Mathew.  Bom  at  Dublin,  Jan.  28, 
1760:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Sept.  16, 1839.  An 
Irish-American  publicist  and  bookseller,  the 
son  of  a  Dublin  baker.  He  made  the  acquaintance 
of  Franklin  in  1779,  established  "  The  Volunteer's  .Tour- 
nal  "  in  1783,  and  was  prosecuted  and  imprisoned,  as  the 
proprietor  of  that  paper,  in  1784.  In  the  same  year  he 
emigrated  to  Philadelphia,  and  with  the  financial  aid  of 
Lafayette  established  "The  Pennsylvania  Herald"  (first 
number  Jan.  25,  1785);  later  he  became  connected  with 
tixe  "Columbia  Magazine'  and  the  "American  Museum," 
and  conducted  an  extensive  publishing  business.  He 
wrote  "  Essays  on  Political  Economy  "  (1822),  "  letters  on 
the  Colonization  Society,"  "Female  "Wages  and  Female 
Oppression  "  (1835),  etc. 

Carey,  William.  Bom  at  Paulerspury,  North- 
amptonshire, Aug.  17,  1761:  died  at  Seram- 
pore;  India,  June  9, 1834.  An  English  Oriental- 
ist, and  missionary  in  British  India  from  1794. 
He  was  the  author  of  grammars  of  Mahratta  (1805),  San- 
skrit (1808),  Panjibl  (1812),  Telinga  (1814),  dictionaries  of 
Mahratta  (1810),  Bengali  (1818),  etc. 

Carfax  (kar'faks).  [From  ML.  quadrifurcus, 
having  four  forks.]  In  Oxford,  England,  the 
.iunetion  of  Cornma.rket  street.  Queen  street, 
St.  Aldgate's,  and  High  street. 

Oargill  (kar-gil'),  Donald.  Born  at  Rattray, 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  about  1619 :  executed  at 
Edinburgh,  July  27, 1681.  A  Scotch  Covenanting 
preacher,  condemned  to  death  for  high  treason. 

Carheil  (ka-ray'),  Etienne  de.  Died  after  1721. 
A  French  Jesuit,  missionary  among  the  Hurons 
and  Iroquois  in  Canada. 

Caria  (ka'ri-a).  In  ancient  geography,  a  divi- 
sion of  Asia  Minor,  lying  between  Lydia  on  the 
north,  Phrygia  and  Lycia  on  the  east,  and 
the  ^gesm  Sea  on  the  south  and  west.  The  Me- 
ander, a  noted  river,  flows  tiu-ough  it.  Its  chief  towns 
were  Miletus,  Halicarnassus,  and  Cnidus.  The  early  in- 
habitants were  Hamitic,  and  the  Greeks  formed  colonies 
on  the  coasts.    Its  princes  became  tributary  to  Persia. 

Caria  was  anciently  the  whole  country  from  Caunus  on 
the  south  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mseanderon  the  west  coast. 
1  r,  extended  inland  at  least  as  far  as  Cai'ura,  near  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Lycus  with  the  Maeander.  The  chain  of  Cad- 
mus (Baba  Dagh)  formed,  apparently,  its  eastern  boun- 
dary. In  process  of  time  the  greater  part  of  the  coast  was 
occupied  by  the  Greeks.  The  peninsula  of  Cnidus,  with 
the  tract  above  it  known  as  the  Bybassian  Chersonese, 
was  colonised  by  Dorians,  as  was  the  southern  shore  of  the 
Ceramic  Gulf,  from  Myndus  to  Ceraraus.  More  to  the 
north  the  coast  was  seized  upon  by  the  Ionian  Greeks, 
who  seem  to  have  possessed  tliemselves  of  the  entire  sea- 
board from  the  Hermus  to  the  furthest  recess  of  the  Sinus 
lassius.  Still  the  Carians  retained  some  portions  of  the 
coast,  and  were  able  to  furnish  to  the  navy  of  Xerxes  a 
fleet  of  seventy  ships.  Eawhnson,  Herod.,  I.  383. 

Cariaco  (ka-re-a'ko).  A  seaport  town  in  north- 
eastern Venezuela,  situated  at  the  head  of  the 
Gulf  of  Cariaco,  in  lat  10°  30'  N.,  long.  63° 
41'  W.  It  is  also  called  San  Felipe  de  Austria. 
Population,  about  7,000. 

Caribana  (ba-ri-ba'na).  The  name  given  on 
some  maps  of  the  16th  century  to  Guiana,  or  the 
region  between  the  Amazon  and  the  Orinoco, 
sometimes  including  a  portion  of  Venezuela. 
It  was  evidently  derived  from  the  Carib  Indians  who  in- 
habited these  coasts. 

Caribbean  Sea  (kar-i-be'an  se).  An  arm  of  the 
Atlantic  lying  between  tfie  Greater  Antilles  on 
the  north,  Caribbee  islands  on  the  east,  South 
America  on  the  south,  and  Yucatan  and  Cen- 
tral America  on  the  west.  It  is  connected 
with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  the  Yucatan  channel. 

Oaribbees  (kar'i-bez),  or  Caribbee  Islands. 
[From  the  Spanish  Caribe,  a  Carib.]  A  general 
name  for  the  chain  of  islands  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  forming  a  portion 
of  the  West  Indies. 


216 

Caribs  (kar'ibz).  [From  Caribd  or  Carind,  the 
name  which  they  gave  to  themselves,  meaning 
'people.']  A  powerful  and  warlike  tribe  of 
Indians  who,  at  the  time  of  the  conquest,  oc- 
cupied portions  of  Guiana  and  the  lower  Ori- 
noco and  had  conquered  the  Windward  or  Carib- 
bee islands  from  the  Arawaks.  There  was  little 
tribal  union,  and  the  authority  of  the  chiefs  was  nominal. 
At  the  time  of  the  conquest  they  practised  agriculture. 
Columbus  first  encountered  these  Indians  at  Guadeloupe, 
and  had  a  battle  with  them  at  Santa  Cruz  (1493).  The 
Spanish  courts  condemned  them  to  slavery,  but  they  were 
little  molested,  probably  because  they  could  not  be  forced 
to  work.  The  French  and  English  occupations  of  the 
Caribbee  islands  led  to  long  wars  with  these  Indians: 
their  last  stronghold  was  in  St.  Vincent,  where  some  of 
them  became  mixed  with  fugitive  negro  slaves,  giving 
rise  to  the  race  called  "black  Caribs."  After  a  bloody  war 
with  the  English,  the  surviving  Caribs,  to  the  number  of 
5,000,  were  transported  from  St.  Vincent,  to  the  island  of 
Ruatan,  neai-  the  coast  of  Honduras  (1796).  Thence  they 
passed  over  to  Honduras  and  ^tTicaragua,  where  their  de- 
scendants, mostly  "  black  Caribs,"  now  live,  A  few  were 
allowed  to  return  to  St.  Vincent  where  they  have  a  reser- 
vation, and  there  are  a  few  more  in  other  islands.  Some 
thousands  remain  ina  semi-wild  state  in  Guiana  and  Ven- 
ezuela. In  French  Guiana  they  are  called  Galibis.  The 
name  Carib  was  applied  by  the  Spaniards  to  any  Indians 
whom  they  regarded  as  cannibals  or  very  savage.  The 
word  cannibal  or  canibal,  in  various  languages,  Is  a  corrup- 
tion of  Caribd. 

Carignan  (ka-ren-yon').  A  •village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardennes,  France,  12  miles  south- 
east of  Sedan.  The  French  were  repulsed  here  by  the 
Prussians,  Aug.  31, 1870. 

Carigliano  (ka-ren-ya'no).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Po 
11  miles  south  of  Turin.    It  manufactures  silk. 

Carijds  (ka-re-zhos').  A  tribe  of  Indians  of 
the  Tupi  race,  formerly  inhabiting  the  coast 
region  of  southern  Brazil,  in  what  is  now  the 
state  of  Santa  Catharina. 

Carilef  (kar'i-lef),  William  de,  Saint.  Died 
Jan.  2,  1096.  An  English  ecclesiastic  and 
statesman,  made  bishop  of  Durham  by  William 
the  Conqueror  in  1080.  He  was  influential  in  eccle- 
siastical and  civil  affairs  (especially  as  an  antagonist  of 
Lanfranc  and  Anselm)  during  the  reigns  of  William  I.  and 
William  II.,  and  took  an  important  part  in  the  l)uilding  of 
the  cathedral  uf  Durham. 

Carillo  (ka-rel'yo),  Braulio.  Born  at  Cartago, 
1800:  murdered  at  San  Miguel,  Salvador,  1845. 
A  Costa  Eioan  statesman.  He  was  president  of 
Costa  Kioa  1835-37,  and  again  lS38-April,  1842,  when  he 
was  overthrown  and  banished  by  Morazan. 

Carimata,orKarimata(ka-re-ma'ta), Islands. 
A  group  of  small  islands  lying  west  of  Borneo, 
in  lat.  1°  30'  S.,  long.  108°  50'  E.  They  are 
under  Dutch  rule. 

Carimata,  or  Karimata,  Strait.  A  strait  be- 
tween the  islands  of  Borneo  and  Billiton. 

Carino  (ka-re'no).  1.  In  Guarini's  "Pastor 
Fido,"  a  courtier.  He  contrasts  the  corruption  of  the 
town  with  the  Arcadian  simplicity  of  the  other  characters. 
2.  The  father  of  Zenocia  in  Fletcher  and  Mas- 
singer's  "  Custom  of  the  Country." 

Cannola  (ka-re-no'la).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Caserta,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  41°  12' 
N.,  lon^.  13°  58'  E. 

Carinthia  (ka-rin'thi-a).  [G.  Kdrnten;  from 
L.  Garni  (wHich  see).']  A  erownland  of  the 
Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary.  It  is 
bounded  by  Salzburg  and  Styria  on  the  north,  Styria  on  the 
east,  Carniola,  Kiistenland,  and  Italy  on  the  south,  and  the 
Tyrol  on  the  west.  It  is  very  mountainous,  containing  the 
Carnic  and  Noric  Alps,  and  is  traversed  from  west  to  east 
by  the  Drave.  Its  capital  is  Klagenfurt.  It  has  10  repre- 
sentatives in  the  Austrian  Ueichsrat,  and  a  Landtag  of  37 
members.  About  70  per  cent,  of  the'inhabitants  are  Ger- 
mans, about  30  per  cent.  Slovenes ;  the  great  majority  are 
Koman  Catholic.  Carinthia  was  a  part  of  the  ancient  Nori- 
cura.  It  was  colonized  by  Slavs,  and  was  part  of  Charles 
the  Great's  empire.  It  became  a  mark  and  a  duchy.  Styria 
was  separated  from  it  in  1180.  It  was  acquired  by  Bohe- 
mia in  1269,  united  with  GOrz  in  1286,  and  acquired  by 
Austria  in  1335.  In  1849  it  became  a  erownland.  Area, 
4,006  square  miles.    Population  (1890),  361,008. 

Carinus  (ka-n'nus),  Marcus  Aurelius.  Died 
near  Margum,  in  Moesia,  285  a.  d.  Roman 
emperor  283-285,  elder  son  of  Cams.  He  was 
appointed  governor  of  the  western  provinces,  with  tlie 
titles  of  Cajsar  and  Imperator,  on  the  departure  of  his 
father  and  brother  (Nuraerianus)  in  282  on  an  expedition 
against  the  Persians,  in  the  course  of  which  Carus  died 
(283),  leaving  the  two  brothers  joint  emperors.  Nume- 
rianus  died  soon  after,  and  the  army  of  Asia  proclaimed 
Diocletian  emperor.  A  decisive  battle  was  fought  in  285 
near  Margum,  in  Moesia,  in  which  Carinus  was  victorious. 
He  was,  however,  killed  in  the  moment  of  triumph  by  his 
own  officers. 

Caripunas  (ka-re-p6'nas).  [In  Tupi,  'white 
men  of  the  water.']  A  horde  of  Brazilian  In- 
dians on  the  river  Madeira,  especially  about 
the  rapids.  They  are  hunters  and  fishermen,  wan- 
dering in  the  forests,  and  often  attacking  travelers.  In 
number  they  probably  do  not  exceed,  at  present,  one 
or  two  thousand.  The  Caripunas  are  exceptionally  light- 
colored  for  Indians,  hardly  darker  than  many  Europeans. 
Their  language  bears  little  relation  to  that  of  surround- 


Carlisle 

Ing  tribes.  They  call  themselves  Mannu.  The  name 
Caripuna  has  been  applied  to  other  wandering  hordes  in 
various  parts  of  the  Amazon  valley. 

Cariris.    See  Kiriris. 

Carisbrooke  (kar'is-bruk).  A  village  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  England,  1  mile  south  of  New- 
port.   It  is  noted  lor  its  ruined  castle. 

Carisbrooke  Castle.  An  ancient  castle  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  England,  the  place  of  captivity 
of  Charles  I. ,  1647-48.  it  is  of  Saxon  foundation ; 
but  of  the  existing  remains  the  keep  is  Norman,  most  of 
the  towers  and  main  walls  are  of  the  13th  century,  and 
the  outworks  and  chief  residential  buildings  were  added 
or  remodeled  under  Queen  Elizabeth.  The  castle  is  now 
ruinous,  but  extensive  and  exceedingly  picturesque,  with 
ivy-clad  towers  and  ramparts. 

Carker  (kar'ker),  James.  The  manager  in  the 
offices  of  Dombey  and  Son,  in  Dickens's  novel 
of  that  name.  He  is  "  sly  of  manner,  sharp  of  tooth, 
soft  of  foo^  watchful  of  eye,  oily  of  tongue,  cruel  of 
heart,  nice  of  habit."  He  induces  Edith,  the  second  wife 
of  Dombey,  to  elope  with  him,  to  revenge  herself  on  her 
husband.  He  is  killed  while  trying  to  escape  from  Dom- 
bey, having  been  deceived  and  balked  by  Edith. 

Carl  (karl).  [G.  Carl,  Karl,  MHG.  Karl,  Karel, 
OHG.  Charal,  Charel,  ML.  Caroliis,  Karolus, 
Karulus,  Karlus,  OF.  Charles,  whence  ME.  and 
E.  Charles;  from  OHG.  charal,  charel,  MHG. 
Icarl,  a  man.]    See  Charles. 

Carlee.    See  Karli. 

Carlell(kar-lel'),  LodO'wick.  An  English  dram- 
atist of  the  first  half  of  the  17th  century.  He 
was  the  reputed  author  of  "  The  Deserving  Favourite,"  a 
tragicomedy  (1629),  "  Arviragus  and  Philicia, '  a  tragi- 
comedy (1639),  "  The  Passionate  lovei' "  (1656),  "  ^he  Fool 
would  be  a  Favourite,  or  the  Discreet  Lover"  (1657),  "Os- 
mund, the  Great  Turk,"  a  tragedy  (1657),  "Heraclius, 
Emperor  of  the  East "(1664),  and  "The  Spartan  Ladies" 
(lost). 

Carlen  (kar-lau'),  Madame  (Emilia  Smith 
Flygare).  Born  at  Stromstad,  Sweden,  Aug. 
8,  1807:  died  at  Stockholm,  Feb.  5,  1892.  A 
Swedish  novelist.  Her  works  include  "Waldemar 
Klein"  (1838),  "Gustav  lindorm"  (1839),  "Eosen  pi 
Tisteldn  "  (1842),  etc. 

Carlen,  Johan  Gabriel.  Born  in  Westgotland, 
Sweden,  July  9, 1814:  died  at  Stockholm,  July 
6,  1875.  A  Swedish  poet  and  author,  second 
husband  of  Madame  Carl6n.  Hewrote  "Eomanser 
ur  Svenska  Volklifvet"  (1846,  "Komances  of  Swedish 
Life  "),  etc. 

Carleton  (karl'ton),  George.  Lived  in  the 
first  half  of  the  18th  century.  An  English 
officer,  a  captain  of  artillery :  author  of  the 
"Military  Memoirs,  1672-1713,"  often  regarded 
as  the  work  of  Defoe. 

Carleton,  Guy.  Born  at  Strabane,  Ireland, 
Sept.  3,  1724 :  died  at  Stubbings,  near  Maiden- 
head, Nov.  10,  1808.  An  English  soldier  and 
administrator,  created  Baron  Dorchester  Aug. 
21,  1786.  He  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  June  18, 
1757 :  took  part  in  the  siege  of  Louisburg ;  was  wounded 
(then  colonel)  at  the  capture  of  Quebec;  served  at  the 
siege  of  Belleisle  1761,  and  at  the  siege  of  Havana  1762 ; 
was  appointed  lieutenant-governor  of  Quebec  Sept.  24, 
1766,  and  governor  Jan.  10,  1775;  took  command  of  the 
British  troops  in  Canada;  defended  Quebec  successfully 
against  the  American  forces,  Dec,  1775,  -May,  1776 ;  cap- 
tured Crown  Point,  Oct.,  1776  ;  was  made  lieutenant-gen- 
eral Aug.,  1777 ;  succeeded  Sir  Henry  Clinton  as  com- 
mander-in-chief in  America,  Feb.  23,  1782,  arriving  in 
New  York  May  5,  and  evacuating  the  city  Nov.  25, 1783  ; 
and  was  again  appointed  governor  of  Quebec,  April  11, 
1786.    He  resigned  the  governorship  in  1796. 

Carleton,  William.  Bom  at  Prillisk,  Tyrone, 
Ireland,  1794:  died  at  Dublin,  Jan.  30,  1869. 
An  Irish  novelist,  a  delineator  of  Irish  charac- 
ter and  life.  He  wrote  "Traits  and  Stories  of  the 
Irish  Peasantry " (1830),  "Tales  of  Ireland"  (1834),  "Far- 
doroughga  the  Miser"  (1839),  "Valentine  M'Clutchy" 
(1845),  etc. 

Carli  (kar'le),  or  Carli-Eubbi  (-reb'be),  Count 
Giovanni  Binaldo.  Born  at  Capodistria, 
near  Triest,  April  11,  1720:  died  at  Milan, 
Feb.  22,  1795.  An  Italian  political  economist 
and  antiquary.  His  chief  works  are  "Delle  monete 
e  deir  istituzione  delle  zeccl.e  d'ltalia"  (1760-60),  "Delle 
autichit^  italiche  "  (1788-91),  "  Lettere  Americano  "  (1780- 
1781),  etc. 

Carlino  (kar-le'no),  Carlo  Antonio  Berti- 
nazzi.  Born  at  Turin,  1713:  died  at  Paris, 
Sept.  7,  1783.    An  Italian  pantomimist  and  im- 

J)rovisator. 
arlisle,  Earls  of.  See  Howard. 
Carlisle  (kar-lil' ) .  [Formerly  also  Carlile,  Car- 
lyle,  Garleil,  ME.  Carlile,  Karlile,  British  Caer 
Luel,  from  caer,  city,  and  Luel,  from  LL.  iMgu- 
vallum,  Ltimvallium,  or  Luguballia,  the  Roman 
name.]  The  capital  of  Cumberland,  England, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Caldew,  Peteril, 
and  Eden,  in  lat.  54°  54'  N.,  long.  2°  55'  W. 
It  is  an  important  railway  center,  and  has  manufactures 
of  iron  and  cotton.  It  contains  a  cathedral  and  castle, 
and  near  it  is  the  end  of  the  Roman  wall.  The  cathedral, 
as  it  now  stands,  is  almost  wholly  of  the  14th  century. 
The  Norman  nave  was  burned  in  the  13th  century,  except 
the  two  bays  nearest  the  transept,  which  have  since  con- 


Carlisle 

rtltnted  ttie  entire  nave.  The  fine  choir  is  in  the  Deeo- 
rated  s(yle,  with  a  remarkably  large  and  handsome  Per- 
pendicular eaat  window  (60  by  30  feet).  The  atalls  are 
of  the  15th  century,  with  contemporaneous  paintings  on 
their  backs.  It  was  an  important  Roman  town  :  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  Danes  about  875 ;  and  was  rebuUt  by  William 
n.  Bruce  besieged  it  unsuccessfully  in  1316,  and  it  was 
ttie  place  ol  imprisonment  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  in  1568. 
It  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Parliamentarians  in 
1646,  and  by  the  Young  Pretender  in  1745.  Population 
(1891),  89,176. 
Carlisle.  The  capital  of  Cumberland  County, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  17  miles  west-southwest 
of  Harrisburg.  it  is  the  seat  of  Dickinson  College,  and 
was  bombarded  by  the  Confederates  July  1,  1863.  Popu- 
latiou  (1900),  9,626. 

Carlisle  (kar-ia'),  John  Griffin.  Born  in  Ken- 
ton County,  Ky.,  Sept.  5,  1835.  An  American 
statesman.  His  family  came  from  near  Culpeper  in 
Virginia.  In  1865  he  went  to  Covington,  Kentucky,  to  study 
law,  supporting  himself  as  a  teacher  in  the  public  schools. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1858,  and  in  1866  entered 
the  State  senate  of  Kentucky.  He  served  his  term,  and 
was  reelected,  but  resigned.  In  1876  he  was  elected  to 
the  45th  Congress,  and  remained  in  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives until  his  promotion  to  the  Senate  in  1890  as 
successor  to  Senator  Beck.  He  was  speaker  of  the  House 
1883-89.  He  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  treasury  by 
President  Cleveland,  March  4,  1898. 

Oarlists  (kar'lists),  The.  In  Spanish  history, 
the  partizans  of  the  pretender  Don  Carlos,  bro- 
ther of  Ferdinand  VII.,  and  subsequent  claim- 
ants under  his  title.  Ferdinand  repealed  in  1829  the 
Salic  law  of  succession,  introduced  by  Philip  V.  in  1713, 
in  accordance  with  which  females  could  inherit  the  throne 
only  in  case  of  the  total  extinction  of  the  male  line ;  and 
by  a  decree  of  March,  1830,  established  the  old  Castilian 
law,  in  accordance  with  which  the  daughters  and  grand- 
daughters of  the  king  take  precedence  of  his  brothers  and 
nephews.  Ferdinand  died  Sept.  29,  1838,  without  male 
issue,  and  the  throne  descended  to  his  minor  daughter 
Isabella  Maria  II.,  who  was  placed  under  the  regency  of 
her  mother  Donna  Maria  Christina.  Carlos,  who  was  heir 
presumptive  to  the  throne  under  the  Salic  law,  refused  to 
recognize  the  pragmatic  sanction,  and  inaugurated,  with 
the  aid  of  the  Clericals  or  Absolutists,  a  civil  war  which 
lasted  from  1833  to  1340.  (See  Cristinos.)  He  resigned 
his  claim  in  1846  to  his  son  Don  Carlos,  Duke  of  Monte- 
molin,  who  entered  Spain  with  3,000  men  in  1860,  but  was 
defeated  at  Tortosa,  and  made  prisoner.  His  claim  de- 
scended to  his  nephew  Don  Carlos  (III.),  who,  after  sev- 
eral short-lived  risings  in  his  name,  headed  a  formidable 
insurrection  from  1873  to  1876. 

Carlo  Buffone.    See  Buffone. 

Carlo  Khan  (kar'16  kan).  A  nickname  given 
to  Charles  James  Fox,  occasioned  by  the  intro- 
duction of  his  India  bill  into  Parliament  in  1783. 

Carlos  (kar'los).  [See  OfearZes.]  1.  The  treach- 
erous younger  brother  of  Biron  in  Southeme's 
glay  "Isabella." — 2.  An  apathetic  pedant  in 
ibber's  comedy  "Love  Makes  a  Man."  He  is 
transformed  by  love  into  an  enthusiastic  and 
manly  fellow. 

Carlos  (kar'los),  Don.  Bom  at  Valladolid, 
Spain,  July  8,  1545 :  died  at  Madrid,  July  24, 
1568.  Eldest  son  of  Philip  11.  of  Spain  and 
Maria  of  Portugal.  He  received  the  homage  of  the 
estates  'of  Castile  as  crown  prince  in  1660.  In  1567, 
angered  by  the  appointment  of  the  Duke  of  Alva  to  the 
governorship  of  the  Netherlands,  he  struck  at  the  duke 
with  a  poniard  in  the  presence  of  the  king.  Having 
laid  plans  to  escape  from  Spain,  he  was  apprehended  by 
his  father,  Jan.  18, 1568,  and  a  commission  was  appointed 
to  investigate  his  conduct.  He  died  in  prison  a  few 
months  after,  the  manner  of  his  death  being  involved 
in  mystery.  Tragedies  with  Don  Carlos  as  subject  have 
been  written  by  Otway  (1676),  De  Campistron  (1683),  De 
Ch^nier  (1789),  Schiller  (1787),  and  others.    See  Don  Carlos. 

Carlos,  Don  (Carlos  Maria  Jose  Isidoro  de 
Bourbon).  Bom  March  29, 1788:  died  at  Tri- 
est,  Austria-Hungary,  March  10,  1855.  A  pre- 
tender to  the  throne  of  Spain,  second  son  of 
Charles  IV.,  and  brother  of  Ferdinand  VII. 
He  was  in  1808  compelled  by  Napoleon  to  renounce,  with 
his  brother,  the  right  to  the  Spanish  succession,  and  was 
detained  with  his  brother  at  Valenijay  till  1814.  He  be- 
came after  the  restoration  heir  presumptive  to  the  throne, 
but  was  deprived  of  this  position  by  the  abolition  of  the 
Salic  law  through  the  pragmatic  sanction  of  March  29, 
1830,  and  by  the  birth  of  the  infanta  Maria  Isabella,  Oct. 
10  1830.  On  the  death  of  Ferdinand,  Sept.  29,  1833,  he 
was  proclaimed  king  by  the  clerical  party,  and  was  rec- 
ognized by  the  pretender  Dom  Miguel  of  Portugal.  Re- 
sistance being  made  hopeless  by  the  Quadruple  Treaty, 
concluded  at  London,  April  22, 1834,  between  Spain,  Portu- 
gal, England,  and  France,  for  the  purpose  of  expelling  the 
two  pretenders  from  the  Spanish  peninsula,  he  embarked 
for  England  June  1, 1834.  He  returned  to  Spain,  however, 
and  appeared  at  the  headquarters  of  the  Absolutist  or 
Carlist  insurgents  in  Navarre,  July  10, 1834,  but  was  forced 
by  the  capture  of  his  army  by  General  Espartero  to  seek 
refuge  across  the  French  border,  Sept.  14, 1839.  He  re- 
signed his  claims  to  his  son  Don  Carlos,  May  18, 1845, 
and  assumed  the  title  of  Count  de  Molina. 

Carlos,  Don  (Carlos  Luis  Fernando  de  Bour- 
bon). Bom  at  Madrid,  Jan.  31,  1818:  died 
at  Triest,  Austria-Hungary,  Jan.  13,  1861.  E1-- 
dest  son  of  Don  Carios  (1788-1855),  called  Count 
of  Montemolin,  pretender  to  the  throne  1845- 
1861.  He  headed  an  unsuccessful risingin  1860. 

Carlos.  Don  (Carlos  Maria  de  los  Dolores 
Juan  Isidoro  Jos6  Francisco,  Duke  of  Ma- 


217 

drid).  Bom  March  30, 1848.  Apretender  to  the 
Spanish  throne,  nephew  of  Don  Carlos  (1818- 
1861),  and  son  of  Don  Juan,  who  abdicated  in 
his  favor  Oct.  3, 1868.  His  standard  was  raised  in 
the  north  of  Spain,  April  21, 1872,  and  he  himself  entered 
Spain  July  15, 1873.  The  war  was  carried  on  with  some 
measure  of  success  till  after  the  fall  of  the  republic  and 
the  proclamation  of  Alfonso  XII.  Tolosa,  the  last  Car- 
list  stronghold,  fell  in  Jan.,  1876.  Since  the  death  of  Al- 
fonso XII.  Don  Carlos  has  not  prosecuted  his  claims  in 
the  field. 

Carlos,  Don.  The  principal  character  in  Cor- 
neiUe's  comedy  "Don  Sanche  d'Aragon."  He 
is  really  Don  Sanche,  the  heir  to  the  throne. 

Carlos,  Don.  The  extravagant  and  profligate 
husband  of  Victoria  in  Mrs.  Cowley's  comedy 
"A  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Husband."  She  strikes 
a  bold  stroke  and  regains  him. 

Carlota  (kar-16'ta).    See  Charlotte. 

Carlota  Joag.uina  (kar-lo'ta  zho-a-ke'na)  of 
Bourbon.  Born  at  Madrid,  April  25,  1775: 
died  near  Lisbon,  1830.  A  queen  of  Portugal, 
daughter  of  Charles  IV.  of  Spain,  she  married 
in  1790  Joao,  infante  of  Portugal,  afterward  Joio  VI.  In 
1807  she  fled  with  the  royal  family  of  Portugal  to  Brazil, 
and  remained  there  until  1821,  She  encouraged  the  in- 
trigues of  her  favorite  son,  Dom  Miguel,  who  in  1828 
usurped  the  crown. 

Carlovingian(kar-lo-vin'ji-an)  Cycle.  A  group 
of  medieval  poems  (iealing  with  the  exploits  of 
Charles  the  Great  and  his  nobles. 

Carlovingians.    See  CaroUngians. 

Carlovitz,  or  Carlowitz,    See  Karlowitz. 

Car  low  (kar'16).  An  inland  county  in  Leinster, 
Ireland.  It  is  an  important  dairy  country. 
Area,  349  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
40,936. 

Carlow,  Ir.  Catherlogh  (kath'6r-16eh).  The 
capital  of  the  county  of  Carlow,  Ireland,  sit- 
uated on  the  Barrow  in  lat.  52°  51'  N.,  long.  6° 
56'  W.  It  was  taken  by  the  Parliamentarians  in  1650^ 
and  was  the  scene  of  an  insurgent  defeat  in  1798.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  6,619. 

Carlowitz  (kar'lo-vits),  Peace  of.  A  peace 
concluded  Jan.  26, 1699,  for  twenty-five  years, 
between  Austria,  Poland,  Eussia,  Venice,  and 
Turkey,  by  the  mediation  of  England  and  the 
Netherlands.  Austria  received  the  portion  of  Hungary 
between  the  Danube  and  Theiss,  and  was  allowed  to  ap- 
propriate Transylvania ;  Russia  received  Azofl ;  Poland  re- 
gained Podolia  and  the  Ukraine;  and  Venice  retained  the 
Morea. 

The  treaty  of  Carlowitz  is  memorable,  not  only  on  ac- 
count of  the  magnitude  of  the  territorial  change  which  it 
ratified ;  not  only  because  it  marks  the  period  when  men 
ceased  to  dread  the  Ottoman  Empire  as  an  aggressive 
power ;  but,  also,  because  It  was  then  that  the  Porte  and 
Eussia  took  part,  for  the  first  time,  in  a  general  European 
Congress ;  and  because,  by  admitting  to  that  congress  the 
representatives  of  England  and  Holland,  neither  of  which 
states  was  a  party  to  the  war,  both  the  Sultan  and  the 
Czar  thus  admitted  the  prin>^iple  of  intervention  of  the 
European  powers,  one  with  another,  for  the  sake  of  the 
general  good.    Creasy,  Hist,  of  the  Ottoman  Turks,  p.  319. 

Carlsbad.    See  Karlsbad. 

Carlsburg.    See  Karlshurg. 

Carlscrona.    See  Karlskrona. 

Carlshamn.    See  Karlshamn. 

Carlson  (karl'son),  Fredrik  Ferdinand.  Bom 
in  Upland,  Svv'eden,  June  13,  1811:  died  at 
Stockholm,  March  18,  1887.  A  Swedish  histo- 
rian and  politician.  He  was  minister  of  eccle- 
siastical affairs  1863-70  and  1875-78. 

Carlsruhe,    See  Karlsruhe. 

Carlstad.    See  Karlstad. 

Carlstadt.    See  Karlstadt. 

Carlton  (karl'ton),  The.  A  London  club  es- 
tablished in  1832.  It  is  a  political  club,  strictly  Con- 
servative, founded  by  the  Duke  of  Wellington.  It  held  its 
first  meeting  in  1831.  Its  present  house  is  at  94  Pall  Mall, 
S.W. 

Carlton  House.  A  house  formerly  standing  in 
what  is  now  Carlton  House  Terrace,  London. 
It  was  built  for  Henry  Boyle,  Lord  Carlton,  in  1709,  and  in 
1732  was  occupied  by  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  afterward 
by  the  prince  regent  (George  IV.).  It  was  removed  in 
1827  to  make  room  for  Waterloo  Place. 

Carluke  (kar'lok).  A  mining  town  in  Lanark- 
shire, Scotland,  southeast  of  Glasgow. 

Carlyle  (kar-lil'),  Alexander.  Bom  at  Pres- 
tonpans,  Scotland,  Jan.  26,  1722 :  died  at  In- 
veresk,  near  Edinburgh,  Aug.  25,  1805.  A 
Scotch  clergyman,  minister  at  Inveresk  from 
1748  until  his  death.  He  wrote  an  "Autobiography" 
(edited  by  John  Hill  Burton,  1860),  some  political  and 
other  pamphlets,  etc.  He  was  a  man  of  genial  character, 
and  the  intimate  friend  of  Hume,  Smollett,  and  other 
Scottish  men  of  letters.  His  patronage  of  the  theater  was 
a  cause  of  scandal  in  the  Scottish  Church. 

Carlyle,  Jane  Baillie  Welsh.  Bom  at  Had- 
dington, Scotland,  July  14,  1801 :  died  while 
driving  in  Hyde  Park,  London,  April  21, 1866. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  John  Welsh,  a  sur- 
geon of  Haddington,  and  was  noted  for  her 


Carmel 

wit  and  beauty,  she  married  Thomas  Carlyle,  at 
Templand,  Oct.  17,  1826.  Her  letters  and  memorials  were 
edited  by  J.  A.  Froude  in  1883. 

Carlyle,  John  Aitken.  Bom  at  Eoelefechan, 
Dumfriesshire,  July  7, 1801 :  died  at  Dumfries, 
Dee.  15,  1879.  A  Scottish  physician,  younger 
brother  of  Thomas  Carlyle.  From  1831  to  1843  he 
was  traveling  physician,  first  to  Lady  Clare,  and  then  to 
the  Duke  of  Buccleuch.  In  1862  he  married,  and  after 
the  death  of  his  wife  (1854)  resided  in  Edinburgh.  He 
published  a  translation  of  Dante's  "Inferno  "  (1849) 

Carlyle,  Joseph  Dacre.  Bom  at  Carlisle, 
England,  1759 :  died  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 
England,  April  12,  1804.  An  English  Oriental- 
ist. He  was  a  graduate  of  Cambridge  University,  pro- 
fessor of  Arabic  in  1796,  and  chancellor  of  Carlisle  in  1793. 
He  published  "Specimens  of  Arabic  Poetry"  (1796^ 
"Poems,  suggested  chiefiy  by  scenes  in  Asia  Minor, 
Syria,  and  Greece  "  (1806). 

Carlyle,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Ecclef echan,  Dum- 
friesshire, Dec.  4,  1795 :  died  at  Chelsea,  Lou- 
don, Feb.  4,  1881.  A  celebrated  Scottish  es- 
sayist and  historian.  He  was  educated  at  Annan 
Grammar  School  and  Edinburgh  University  (which  he 
entered  in  the  fall  of  1809) ;  became  mathematical  tutor 
at  Annan  in  1814,  and  schoolmaster  at  Kirkcaldy,  with  Ir- 
ving, in  1816 ;  removed  to  Edinburgh,  Dec,  1819,  to  study 
law,  supporting  himself  by  giving  lessons  in  mathemat- 
ics and  by  writing  for  encyclopedias ;  became  tutor  of 
Charles  and  Arthur  Duller  in  the  spring  ol  1822 ;  visited 
London  and  Paris  1824-26 ;  married  Jane  Baillie  Welsh, 
Oct.  17,  1826,  and  resided  at  Comely  Bank,  Edinburgh  ; 
removed  May,  1828,  to  Craigenputtoch,  where  he  remained 
until  1834 ;  and  settled  at  6  (now  24)  Cheyne  Row,  Chelsea, 
June  10, 1834.  He  was  elected  rector  of  Edinburgh  Univer- 
sity, delivering  the  usual  address,  April  2,  1866 ;  and  in  , 
1874  he  received  the  Prussian  Order  of  Merit.  He  pub- 
lished a  large  number  of  essays  and  brief  articles,  a 
"Life  of  Schiller  "  (in  the  "  London  Magazine  "  1823-24, 
and  separately  1825),  a  translation  of  Goethe's  "WUhelm 
Meister  "  (1824),  a  translation  of  Legendre's  "Elements  of 
Geometry  and  Trigonometry  "  (1824),  "  Specimens  of  Ger- 
man Romance "  (1827),  "Sartor  Kesartus"  (in  "Fraser's 
Magazine  "  1833-34,  and  separately,  Boston,  1836 ;  English 
ed.  1838),  "The  French  Revolution "  (1837),  "Chartism" 
(1839),  "Heroes  and  Hero-worship"  (1841),  "Past  and 
Present "  (1843), "  Oliver  Cromwell's  Letters  and  Speeches  " 
(1846),  "Latter-day  Pamphlets"  (1860),  "Life  of  John 
Sterling  "  (1861),  "  History  of  Frederick  the  Great "  (1858- 
1866).  His  complete  works  were  pubUshed,  1872-74,  in 
thirty-seven  volumes ;  "People's  Edition,"  1871.  " Remi- 
niscences," edited  by  Froude  (1881).  Life  by  Froude, 
"  Thomas  Carlyle  :  A  History  of  the  First  Forty  Years  of 
his  Life  "  (1882). 

Carmagnola  (kar-man-yo'la).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mella 
15  miles  south-southeast  of  Turin.  It  was  the 
birthplace  of  Bussonc,  associated  with  the  "Carmagnole  " 
according  to  one  version  of  its  origin. 

Carmagnola,  originally  Francesco  Bussone. 

Bom  at  Carmagnola,  Italy,  about  1390:  executed 
at  Venice,  May  5, 1432.  An  Italian  condottiere, 
in  the  service  of  Milan  and  Venice. 
Carmagnole  (kar-ma-nyol'),  La.  A  song  and 
dance  popular  during  the  French  Revolution. 
It  rivaled  "  Qa  ira."  The  tune  originated  in  Provence, 
and  was  probably  a  country-dance  tune.  It  was  adapted 
to  a  patriotic  song  written  in  Aug.  or  Sept.,  1792.  The 
original  song  was  military  only,  and  not  the  bloody  "  Cai-- 
magnole  des  Royalistes  "  of  1793.  The  last  lines  of  the 
stanzas  in  all  the  versions,  however,  were 
"Dansonsla  Carmagnole, 

Vivele  son,  vive  le  son  I 
Dansons  la  Carmagnole, 

Vive  le  son  du  canon ! " 

Carmania  (kar-ma'ni-a).  The  ancient  name 
of  a  region  in  southern  Persia,  now  called  Kir- 
man. 

Carmarthen.or  Caermarthen  (kar-mar'Tnen). 
The  capital  of  Carmarthenshire,  Wales,  situ- 
ated on  the  Towy  in  lat.  51°  51'  N.,  long.  4° 
22'  W. :  said  to  be  the  Roman  Maridunum. 
Population  (1891),  10,338. 

Carmarthenshire  (kar  -  mar 'THen- shir).  A 
county  of  South  Wales,  bounded  by  Cardigan 
on  the  north,  Brecknock  and  Glamorgan  on 
the  east,  Carmarthen  Bay  on  the  south,  and 
Pembroke  on  the  west.  Area,  929  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  130,574. 

Carmel  (kar'mel).  [Heb.,  'park'  (?).]  1.  A 
mountain-ridge  in  Palestine  which  branches  off 
from  the  mountains  of  Samaria,  and  stretches 
in  a  long  line  to  the  northwest  toward  the 
Mediterranean,  it  fell  within  the  lot  of  the  tribe  of 
Asher,  and  is  frequently  mentioned  in  the  Old  Testament, 
It  was  the  scene  of  many  of  the  deeds  of  the  two  great 
prophets  Elijah  and  Elisha.  The  mountain  is  formed  of 
hard  gray  limestone  with  nodules  and  veins  of  flint, 
abounds  in  caves,  and  is  covered  with  a  rich  vegetation. 
The  highest  part  of  the  mountain,  its  northwestern  end, 
rises  1,742  feet  above  the  sea.  Its  grottoes  were  the 
abodes  of  Christian  hermits  from  the  early  times  of  Chris- 
tianity. In  1207  they  were  organized  into  the  order  of 
Carmelites,  and  their  monastery  is  situated  480  feet  above 
the  sea,  where  the  mountain  slopes  down  to  a  promontory 
in  the  direction  of  the  sea. 

2.  A  city  in  the  mountains  of  Judah  (Josh.  xv. 
55).  The  modern  ruins  of  Kurmul  are  situated 
about  seven  miles  below  Hebron,  in  a  slightly 
southeast  direction. 


Oarmen 

Carmen  (tar'men).  l.  A  story  by  Prosper 
M6rim6e,  published  in  1847.  —  2.  An  opera 
(words  by  Meilhao  and  Hal6vy)  founded  on 
M^rim^e's  story,  with  music  by  Bizet,  first  pro- 
duced at  the  Op6ra  Comique,  March  3, 1875. 

Carmen  Seculare  (kar'men  sek-u-la're).  [L., 
'  secular  hymn.']  A  hymn  composed  by  Horace 
on  the  occasion  of  the  "  Secular  Games,"  17  B.  c. 

Carmen  Sylva  (kar'men  sU'va).  The  pseu- 
donym of  Queen  Elizabeth  of  Rumania. 

Carmontel,  or  Carmontelle  (kar-mdn-tel') 
(Louis  Carrogis).  Bom  at  Paris,  Aug.  25, 1717: 
died  there,  Dec.  26, 1806.  A  French  dramatist, 
author  of  "Proverbes  dramatiques"  (1768- 
1811),  "Theatre  de  campagne"  (1775). 

Carnac  (kar-nak').  [ML.  Carnacus,  prob.  from 
"Camus,  sing,  of  Carni,  name  of  a  GaUo-Ligu- 
rian  tribe.]  1.  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Morbihan,  France,  situated  18  miles  southeast 
of  Lorient.  it  is  famous  lor  its  ancient  remains,  in- 
cluding tlie  menliirs,  or  prehistoric  upright  stones,  com- 
posing tliree  groups  arranged  in  rows  or  avenues,  and 
numbering  in  all  about  1,000.  The  stones  are  unworked 
blocks  of  granite,  hoary  with  lichens,  set  in  the  ground 
at  their  smaller  euds,  and  some  of  them  l6  feet  high. 
The  object  of  these  remarkable  monuments  is  unknown  : 
they  were  not  sepulchral.  Many  tumuli,  dolmens,  and 
other  similar  monuments  exist  in  the  neighborhood, 
abounding  in  remains  of  the  age  of  polished  stone.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  2,901. 
2.  See  Karnak. 

Carnarvon,  or  Caernarvon  (kar-nar'von).  The 
chief  town  of  Carnarvonshire,  Wales :  a  sea- 

fort  and  watering-place,  it  Is  situated  on  the  Menal 
trait,  in  lat.  63°  9'  N.,  long.  4°  17'  W.  It  is  near  the  Ko- 
man  station  Segontium,  and  contains  a  castle,  one  of  the 
greatest  of  surviving  medieval  strongholds.  It  was  found- 
ed by  Edward  L  toward  the  end  of  the  ISth  century.  Its 
battlemented  towers  are  polygonal,  each  surmounted  by 
a  slender  turret  of  similar  form.  The  castle  has  been  in 
part  restored,  and  contains  some  public  offices.  Fopula- 
f  ion  (1891),  9,804. 

Carnarvon,  Earl  of.    See  Bonner  and  Herbert. 

Carnarvonshire  (kar-nar'von-shir).  A  county 
in  North  Wales,  lying  between  Beaumaris  Bay 
on  the  north,  Denbigh  on  the  east,  Merioneth 
and  Cardigan  Bay  on  the  south,  and  the  Menai 
Strait  and  Irish  Sea  on  the  west,  its  surface  is 
mountainous,  as  it  contains  the  Snowdon  range.  It  has 
rich  mineral  deposits,  particularly  slate.  Area,  677  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  118,226. 

Camatic,  or  Earnatic  (kar-nat'ik).  The.  A 
name  formerly  given  to  a  country  on  the  east- 
ern coast  of  British.  India,  extendmg  from  Cape 
Comorin  to  about  lat.  16°  N.  it  is  now  included 
in  the  governorship  of  Madras.  It  was  governed  in  the 
18th  century  by  the  nawab  at  Arcot,  who  was  vassal  to 
the  Nizam  of  Hyderabad.  It  passed  under  British  admin- 
istration about  1801 ;  the  last  nawab  died  in  1863. 

Carnaval  de  Venise  (kar-na-val'  d6  ve-nez')- 
[P.,  'Carnival  of  Venice.']  A  popular  air 
heard  by  Paganini  in  Venice,  which  he  embroi- 
dered with  a  series  of  burlesque  variations,  and 
which  became  a  favorite  all  over  the  world. 
Ambroise  Thomas  Introduced  the  air  in  the  overture  to 
his  opera  to  which  he  gave  the  same  name,  and  which  he 
produced  Dec.  9, 1863. 

Came  (kar-na')i  Louis  Marcien,  Comte  de. 
Born  at  Quimper,  France,  Feb.  17,  1804:  died 
at  Quimper,  Feb.  12,  1876.  A  French  publicist. 
His  works  include  ":!fitudes  sur  I'histoire  du  gouverne- 
ment  repr^sentatif  en  Trance  de  1789  k  1848  "(1866),  etc. 

Carneades  (kar-ne'a-dez).  Born  at  Cyrene 
about  213  B.  c. :  died' 129  b.  c.  A  Greek  skep- 
tical philosopher  and  rhetorician,  called  the 
fovmder  of  the  third  or  New  Academy. 

Carnegie  (kar-ne'gi),  Andrew.  Bom  at  Dun- 
fermline, Scotland,  Nov.  25,  1837.  A  Scotch- 
American  steel-manufacturer.  His  father  was  a 
weaver.  In  1848  he  emigrated  to  the  United  States,  went 
to  Pittsburg,  acquired  wealth  by  various  speculative  op- 
erations, and  established  Iron  and  steel  works  which  have 
become  the  largest  in  the  world.  Hehas  written  "Bound 
the  World  ■■  (1884),  "Triumphamt  Democracy  "  (1888),  etc. 

Carneia  (kar-ne'ya).  [Gr.  Kd/Dve«r.]  A  Spartan 
festival,  lasting  9  days,  in  the  month  of  August. 
The  Cameian  festival  fell  in  the  Spartan  month  Cameius, 
the  Athenian  Metageitnion,  corresponding  nearly  to  our 
August.  It  was  held  in  honour  of  Apollo  Carneius,  a  deity 
worshipped  from  very  ancient  times  in  the  Peloponnese, 
especially  at  Amyclse.  Muller  (Orchom.,  p.  327)  supposes 
this  worship  to  have  been  brought  to  Amyolse  from 
Thebes  by  the  MglAse.  It  appears  certainly  to  have  been 
anterior  to  the  Dorian  conquest  (Dorians,  vol.  i.  pp.  373- 
376  E.  T.V  The  Spartan  festival  is  said  to  have  been  in- 
stituted B.  0.  676  (Athen.  xiv.  p.  636,  E.;  Euseb.  Chron. 
Can.  pars  i.  c.  33).  It  was  of  a  warlike  character,  like  the 
Athenian  Boedromia.     Bawlineon,  Herod., IT.  167,  note. 

Carneiro  de  Campos  (kar-na're  de  kam'pos), 
Jos6  JoacLUim,  Marquis  of  Caravellas.  Bom 
at  Bahia.  March  4, 1768 :  died  at  Eio  de  Janeiro, 
Sept.  8,  1836.  A  Brazilian  statesman.  He  vras 
one  of  three  regents  chosen  in  April,  1831,  to  govern  dur- 
ing the  minori^  of  Pedro  II.  ,,     TT 

Carneiro  LeSiO  (kar-na'ro  la -an  ),  Honono 
HermetO.    Bom  at  Jaeahy,  Minas  Geraes,  Jan. 


218 

11, 1801:  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Sept.  3,  1856. 
A  Brazilian  statesman.  He  was  minister  of  justice 
Sept.,  1832,-March,  1833 ;  prime  minister  from  Jan.  20, 
1843,  to  Feb.,  1844 ;  president  successively  of  Eio  de  Ja- 
neiro and  Pernambuco ;  envoy  to  the  Platine  States ;  and 
again  prime  ministerfrom  Dec.  5, 1864,  until  his  death.  He 
was  marquis  of  ParanA  from  Dec,  1854. 

Carni  (kar'ni).  In  ancient  history,  an  Alpine 
tribe  (probably  Celtic)  inhabiting  the  moun- 
tainous region  between  Venetia  and  Noricum: 
conquered  by  the  Roman  Soaurus,  115  b.  c. 

Carnic  Alps  (kar'nik  alps).  [L.  Camicus,  Gr. 
KapvtKdQ,  from  Carni.']  A  division  of  the  Alps  in 
northeastern  Italy,  and  in  Carinthia  and  Tyrol. 

Carnicer  (kar-ue-thar'),  Kamon.  Born  at  Tar- 
rega,  in  Lerida,  Spain,  Oct.  24,  1789:  died  at 
Madrid,  March  17,  1855.  A  Spanish  composer 
of  operas,  songs,  and  church  music.  His  best 
opera  is  "El  Colon"  (1831). 

Carnifez  Ferry  (kar'ni-feks  fer'i).  A  place 
near  Gauley  River,  Nicholas  County,  West  Vir- 
ginia. Here,  Sept.  10, 1861,  the  Fedetals  under  Eose- 
crans  repulsed  the  Confederates  under  Floyd. 

Carniola  (kar-ni-6'la).  [G.  Krain.l  A  crown- 
land  of  the  Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hun- 
gary. It  is  bounded  by  Carinthia  and  Styria  on  the 
north,  Croatia  on  the  east,  Croatia,  Flume,  and  Kusten- 
land  on  the  south,  and  Eiistenland  on  the  west.  Its  sur- 
face is  mountainous,  traversed  by  the  Julian  and  Carnic 
Alps,  and  the  Save  valley  Mes  in  the  north.  It  has  mines 
of  coal,  quicksilver,  iron,  and  manganese.  It  has  11 
representatives  in  the  Austrian  Eeichsrat,  and  a  Landtag 
of  37  members.  Its  capital  is  Laibach.  The  prevailing 
religion  is  Koman  Catholic.  The  vast  majority  of  the  in- 
habitants are  Slovenes,  with  some  thousands  of  Germans 
and  Croats.  It  was  comprised  in  the  ancient  Noricum 
and  Pannonia.  Colonized  by  Slovenes  and  conquered  by 
Charles  the  Great.  It  was  a  medieval  mark  and  duchy, 
and  has  been  ruled  by  the  house  of  Hapsburg  since  1282. 
It  was  a  part  of  the  Illyrian  provinces  under  Napoleon, 
and  was  restored  to  Austria  in  1814.  It  became  a  crown- 
land  in  1849.  Area,  3,866  square  miles.  Popnlation(1890), 
498,958. 

Carnot  (kar-no'),  Lazare  Hippolyte.  Bom 
at  St.  ()mer.  Prance,  April  6,  1801:  died  at 
Paris,  March  16,  1888.  A  French  politician 
and  publicist,  son  of  Lazare  Nicolas  Margue- 
rite Camot.  He  was  minister  of  public  instruction 
1848,  was  member  of  the  Corps  L^gislatif  1863-69,  and  be- 
came life  senator  in  1876. 

Carnot,  Lassare  Nicolas  Marguerite.    Bom 

at  Nolay,  Burgundy,  France,  May  13,  1753: 
died  at  Magdeburg,  Prussia,  Aug.  3,  1823.  A 
celebrated  French  statesman,  strategist,  and 
man  of  science.  He  was  a  deputy  to  the  Legislative 
Assembly  in  1791,  and  to  the  Convention  1792,  and  served 
with  great  distinction  as  war  minister  1793-95,  his  suc- 
cessful labors  winning  him  the  popular  title  of  "organ- 
izer of  victory. "  He  was  a  member  of  the  Directory  1796- 
1797;  tribune  1802-07;  governor  of  Antwerp  1814;  and  min- 
ister of  the  interior  under  Napoleon,  1815.  He  wrote 
"  Sur  la  m^taphysique  du  calcul  infinitesimal "  (1797),  etc. 

Carnot,  Marie  Frangois  Sadi,  Bom  at  Li- 
moges, Aug.  11,  1837 :  died  at  Lyons,  June  24, 
1894.  A  French  statesman,  son  of  Lazare 
Hippolyte  Carnot.  He  became  prefect  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine-Inf^rieure  and  member  of  the  National  As- 
sembly in  1871 ;  was  elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies 
in  1876 ;  became  under  secretary  of  state  in  the  depart- 
ment of  public  works,  Aug.  26, 1878 ;  and  minister  of  pub- 
lic works  under  Ferry  Sept.  23, 1880.  He  was  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  Chamber  1883-84 ;  minister  of  finance  1885-86 ; 
and  was  elected  president  of  the  republic  Dec.  3, 1887. 
He  was  assassinated  by  an  anarchist. 

Carnot,  Nicolas  Leonard  Sadi.  Bom  at 
Paris,  June  1,  1796 :  died  there,  Aug.  24,  1832. 
A  noted  French  physicist.  His  most  noted  work  is 
"K^flexions  sur  la  puissance  motrlce  du  feu  et  les  ma- 
chines propres  h  developper  cette  puissance"  (1824),  fa- 
mous in  the  history  of  modern  physics. 

Carnutes  (kar-nii'tez),  or  Carnuti  (-U).  An 
ancient  tribe  of  central  Gaul,  living  in  the 
vicinity  of  Orleans  and  Chartres.  They  were 
at  war  with  Csesar  52-51  B.  c. 

Car  of  Juggernaut.    See  Juggernaut. 

Carolan  (kar'9-lan),  Turlogh.  Born  at  New- 
town, near  Nobber,  Westmeath,  Ireland,  about 
1670:  died  March  25,  1738.  An  Irish  itinerant 
minstrel. 

Carolina  (kar-o-li'na).  [Pern,  of  ML.  Carolus, 
Charles.  See ' CaroMne.]  See  North  Carolina 
and  South  Carolina. 

Carolina  Maria  (ka-ro-le'na  ma-re'a),  Queen 
of  Naples.  Bom  at  Vienna,  Aug.  13,  1752: 
died  at  Schonbrunn,  near  Vienna,  Sept.  8, 
1814.  A  daughter  of  Francis  I.,  emperor  of 
Germany,  and  wife  of  Ferdinand  IV.  of  Naples. 
She  caused  Acton's  appointment  as  prime  min- 
ister in  1784. 

Caroline  (kar'o-lin),  Amelia  Elizabeth.  [NL.. 
Carolina:  see' Carolina.']  Bom  May  17,  1768: 
died  Aug.  7, 1821.  Queen  of  George  IV.  of  Eng- 
land, and  second  daughter  of  Charles  William 
Ferdinand,  duke  of  Brunswick,  and  Augusta, 
sister  of  George  HI.     She  married  George,  then 


Carpathus 

prince  of  Wales,  April  8,  1795 ;  was  abandoned  by  the 
prince  in  1796  (a  formal  separation) ;  lived  in  retirement 
until  1813 ;  traveled  abroad  1813-20 ;  returned  to  England 
Junes,  1820 ;  and  was  accused  of  adultery  and  tried  before 
the  House  of  Lords,  Aug. ,  1820.  The  trial  was  abandoned 
Nov.  10, 1820.  Her  domestic  troubles  and  trial  played  an 
important  part  in  English  politics.  Throughout  she  had 
strong  popular  support. 
Caroline  Matilda.  Bom  at  London,  July  22, 
1751:  died  at  Alle,  Germany,  May  11,  1775. 
Queen  of  Denmark  and  Norway,  wife  of  Chris- 
tian Vn.,  and  youngest  child  of  Frederick, 
prince  of  Wales.  She  was  married  Nov.  8, 1766 ;  be- 
came involved  In  an  amour  with  Struensee,  court  physi- 
cian (later  created,  through  her  infiuence  and  the  imbecility 
of  the  king,  a  count  and  raised  to  the  most  influential  po- 
sition in  the  state),  and  in  various  political  complications ; 
and  was  arrested  with  Struensee  and  others  on  the  night 
of  Jan.  16-17, 1772,  and  banished. 

Caroline,  wilnelmina.  Bom  March  l,  1683: 
died  Nov.  20, 1737.  Queen  of  Great  Britain  and 
belaud,  wife  of  George  H.,  and  daughter  of 
John  Frederick,  margrave  of  Brandenburg- 
Ansbach.  she  married  George,  then  electoral  prince 
of  Hanover,  Sept.  2, 1706 ;  went  to  England  on  the  acces- 
sion of  George  I. ;  ascended  the  throne  June  11,  1727 ; 
took  an  active  part  in  politics,  and  was  a  firm  supporter 
of  Walpole ;  and  several  times  acted  as  regent  during  the 
absence  of  the  king.  Her  bitter  hostility  toward  her 
eldest  son,  Frederick,  prince  of  Wales,  was  notorious. 
She  is  introduced  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  "The  Heart  of 
Mid-Lothian,"  where  Jeanie  Deans  has  an  interview  with 
her  at  Kichmond. 

Carolines  (kar'a-linz),  or  Caroline  Islands. 

An  archipelago  in  the  Pacific,  in  lat.  3°-ll° 
N. ,  long.  137°-163°  E.  The  name  includes  usually  the 
Pelew  Islands.  The  chief  islands  are  Yap,  Ponape,  Strong 
Island,  Babel-thouap,  and  Konk.  Its  inhabitants  are  Poly- 
nesians. The  dispute  between  Spain  and  Germany  in  1885 
regarding  Yap  was  settled  in  favor  of  Spain.  Purchased 
by  Germany  in  1899. 

Carolingia,  or  Earolingia  (kar-o-lin'ji-S).  A 
name  given  to  the  western  kingdom  of  the 
Pranks,  the  nucleus  of  the  modem  Prance. 

Carolingians  (kar-o-lin'ji-anz),  or  Carlovin- 
gians  (kar-16-vin'ji-anz).  [P.  Carlovingiens, 
G.  Karolinger.]  A  royal  house  descended  from 
Prankish  lords  in  Austrasia  in  the  7th  cen- 
tury. It  furnished  the  2d  dynasty  of  French  kings 
(751-987),  a  dynasty  of  German  emperors  and  kings  (7£2- 
911),  and  a  dynasty  of  Italian  sovereigns  (774-961). 

Carolus  Duran.    See  Duran. 

Caron,  or  Carron  (ka-ron'),  Franciscus.  Bom 
in  Holland,  of  French  parents:  died  1674.  A 
navigator.  He  went  to  Japan  in  his  youth,  became 
a  member  of  the  Dutch  Council  of  the  Indies,  was  ap- 

Sointed  director-general  of  the  French  commerce  in  India 
y  Colbert  in  1666,  and  was  drowned  near  Lisbon  in  1674 
as  he  was  returning  to  France  from  the  East.  Author  of 
a  "  Description  of  Japan"  (Dutch),  1636. 

Caron  (ka-r6n'),  Eend  fdouard.  Bom  in  ste. 
Anne,  Cfite  de  Beaupr6,  Canada,  1800:  diedDec. 
13, 1876.  A  Canadian  politician  and  jurist.  He 
becam  e  judge  of  the  Court  of  Queen's  Bench  in  1853,  served 
as  commissioner  for  codifying  the  laws  of  Lower  Canada 
in  1857,  and  was  appointed  lieutenant-governor  of  the 
province  of  Quebec  in  February,  1873,  which  post  he  re- 
tained until  his  death. 

Career.    See  Karur. 

Carouge  (ka-rozh').  A  town  in  the  canton  of 
Geneva,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Arve  ad- 
joining Geneva.    Population  (1888),  5,703. 

Carpaccio  (kar-pa'cho),  Vittore.  Bom  in  Is- 
tria,  1450  (?) :  died  after  1522.  ■  A  Venetian 
painter.  Little  is  known  of  his  life.  He  was  a  pnpil 
of  the  elder  Vivarini,  and  afterward  of  Gentile  Bellini 
He  is  reported  to  have  accompanied  Bellini  to  Constanti- 
nople, to  which  experience  may  be  attributed  his  fondness 
for  Oriental  costumes  in  his  pictures.  The  great  series  of 
subjects  from  the  life  of  St.  Ursula,  in  the  academy  at 
Venice,  gives  the  best  as  well  as  the  most  favorable  con- 
ception of  his  work  executed  after  1490.  The  series  of 
pictures  in  San  Giorgio  degli  Schiavoni  which  Enskin 
has  made  so  prominent  was  painted  by  the  order  of  the 
Hospice  of  St.  George,  1502-08. 

Carpani  (kar-pa'ne),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Vil- 
lalbese,  near  Milan,  Jan.  28, 1752 :  died  at  Vien- 
na, Jan.  22, 1825.  An  Italian  librettist  and  mu- 
sical writer.  He  published  "La  Haydine"  (a 
work  on  Haydn,  1812). 

Carpathian  (kar-pa'thi-an)  Mountains.  [G. 
Karpaten.  L.  *Carpates"  (^r.  KapTrdrrig  (Ptol- 
emy).] A  mountain  system  in  central  Europe. 
It  extends  from  Presburg  in  Austria-Hungary  in  a  semi- 
circle, separating  Hungary  and  Transylvania  on  one  side 
from  Moravia,  Silesia,  Gallcia,  Bukowina,  and  Eumaniaon 
the  other.  Its  chief  divisions  are  the  West  Carpathians 
(or  Beskiden),  the  Central  Carpathians  (containing  the 
TAtra  Mountains,  Gerlsdorfer  Spitze  — 8,737  feet).  East 
Carpathians  ((istbeskiden),  and  Transylvanian  Alps  (Ne- 
goi,  8,320  feet).    It  is  noted  for  mineral  wealth. 

Carpathian  Sea,  L.  Carpathium  Mare  (kar- 
pa  thi-umma're).  The  ancient  name  for  a  small 
part  of  the  .3jgean  Sea  lying  north  of  Carpathus. 

Carpathus  (kar'pa-thus),or  Karpathos  (-thos). 
[Gr.  KdpiroBog.]  "An  island  in  Qie  .SIgean  Sea 
southwest  of  Rhodes  :  the  modem  Skarpanto 
or  Karpathos.  it  belongs  to  Turkey.  In  ancient 
times  it  was  under  Ebodian  rule.    Length,  32  miles. 


Carpeauz 


219 


C&rpeauz  (kar-p6'),  Jean  Baptiste.    Bom  at    Sept.  26, 1679:  died  at  Liibeok,  Germany,  April 
Valenciennes,  France,  May  11,  1827:  died  at    7,1767.    A  German  theologian, 
the  Castle  of  B6oon,  near  Asniferes,  Oct.  11,  OarquinCkar-ken').    Atribe  of  North  American 


1875.  A  noted  French  sculptor.  He  studied  first 
at  the  licole  d' Architecture  of  Valenciennes,  and  later 
went  to  Paris  where  he  remained  until  1844.  He  was  as- 
sociated with  Chapu  and  Charles  Oarnier,  and  was  a  pupil 
of  ftude  and  Duret.  In  1853  he  made  the  bas-relief  of 
the  "  Submission  of  Abd-el-Kadir  "  (which  secured  for  him 
tbe'lnterest  of  Napoleon  in.)  for  the  pavilion  de  Rohan 
du  Louvre ;  Sept.  9, 1854,  he  won  the  grand  prix  de  Rome 
with  "Hector  and  Astyanaz."  Host  of  his  works  are  in 
Paris. 

Carpentaria  (kar-pen-ta'ri-a),  Grulf  of.  A  gulf 
■which  indents  the  northern  coast  of  Australia, 
west  of  Cape  York  peninsula.  Width,  300-400 
miles.  Named  (1644)  for  Captain  Pieter  Car- 
penter. 

Carpenter  (kar'pen-tfer),  Lant.  Born  at  Kid- 
derminster, Sept.  2, 1780:  drowned  off  the  Ital- 
ian coast  (probably  washed  overboard),  April 
5, 1840.  An  English  Unitarian  clergyman,  pas- 
tor at  Exeter  1805-17,  and  subsequently  at 
Bristol.  He  wrote  an  "Introduction  to  the  Geography 
of  the  New  Testament"  (1806),  a  "Harmony,  a  synoptical 
arrangement  of  the  Gospels"  (l835),  etc. 

Carpenter,  Mary.  Bom  at  Exeter,  April  3, 
1807:  died  at  Bristol,  June  14,  1877.  An  Eng- 
lish philanthropist  and  writer,  eldest  child  of 
Eev.  Lant  Carpenter,  and  sister  of  'William 
Benjamin  Carpenter,    she  founded  a  girls' school  at 


Indians.  They  formerly  lived  south  of  Car 
quinez  Straits,  California,  and  eastward  to  the 
mouth  of  San  Joaquin  River.  See  Costanoan. 
Carr  (kar),  or  Ker,  Robert.  Died  July,  1645. 
A  British  politician,  of  Scotch  birth,  created 
Viscount  Eochester  March  25, 1611,  and  Earl  of 
Somerset  Nov.  3,  1613.  He  came  to  England  as  a 
page  of  James  I.;  became  a  favorite  of  the  king;  was     ^^^^^  oauia 

"  the  first  Scotchman  promoted  by  James  to  a  seat  in  the  f«a™J°nt7t°o-'ji,i       mi,,  „„,,+i, .„„  j:„+«;„i  „f  * ™. 
English  House  of  Lords";  feU  in  love  with  Lady  Essex  »^arriCK(J£ar  lie).     Ihe  southern  distnctofAyr- 

■ ...  -  shire,  Scotland.     It  is  south  of  the  Doon. 

Carrick,  Earl  of.    See  Brxice,  Robert  de. 


Carron 

Lebrun.  He  made  numerous  joumeys  to  theOrient,  dur- 
ing one  of  which  he  executed  a  series  of  sketches  from  the 
Parthenon,  then  (Nov.,  1674)  in  a  good  state  of  preserva- 
tion. These  drawings,  preserved  in  the  Biblioth^ne  Na- 
tionale  in  Paris,  have  been  invaluable  to  students  of  Greek 
art.  Carrey  also  assisted  Lebrun  in  his  great  compositions. 
Carrhse  (kar'e).  In  ancient  geography,  a  town 
in  Mesopotamia,  in lat.  36°  52'  N.,  long.  39°  2'E. 
It  is  usually  identifiedwith  the  scriptural  Haran,  or  Harran. 
Near  here,  53  B.  0.,  the  Roman  trmmvir  Crassus  suffered 
a  decisive  defeat  at  the  hands  of  the  Parthians,  by  whom 
he  was  shortly  after  killed  in  an  interview  with  one  of 
their  satraps. 


who,  with  the  aid  of  the  king,  procured  a  divorce  from 

her  husband  and  married  Carr  (then  Earl  of  Somerset),  Dec.    ^ ^ 

26, 1613;  was  implicated  in  the  poisoning  by  Lady  Essex  ^arrip^^i'(»rlnla"|■k!^T-it-f«r'o^^B^ 
of  Su'  Thomas  Overbury,  who  h^  at  first  promoted  their  yarriCJSiergUS  (Kar  IK  ler  gus) 


intrigue,  but  later  opposed  their  marriage ;  and  was  tried 
and  condemned  to  death  in  1616,  but  was  finally  pardoned. 
The  prosecution  was  conducted  by  Bacon  as  attorney- 
general. 

Carr,  Sir  Bobert.  Bom  in  Northumberland, 
England:  died  at  Bristol, England,  June  1, 1667. 
A  British  commissioner  in  New  England  in 
1664.  With  NiooUs  he  took  New  Amsterdam 
from  the  Dutch  (1664),  and  named  it  New  York. 

Carracci  (kar-ra'che),  or  Qaracci  (ka-ra'ohe), 
Agostino.  Bom  at  Bologna,  Italy,  Aug.  16, 
1558 :  died  at  Parma,  Italy,  March  22,  1602. 
An  Italian  engraver  and  painter  of  the  Bo- 
lognese  school^  brother  of  Annibale  Carracci. 


Bristol  in  1829 ;  established  various  societies  and  schools  Oarracci,  Annibale.     Born  at  Bologna,  Nov.  3, 


for  the  poor,  and  reformatories ;  visited  India  1866-67,  to 
study  the  education  of  Indian  women  1868-69,  when  slie 
took  charge  of  a  female  noimal  school  at  Bombay  1869-70, 
and  for  the  last  time  1875-76 ;  and  visited  the  United 
States  and  Canada  in  1873,  speaking  on  prison  reform. 

Carpenter,  Matthew  Hale.  Bom  at  More-, 
town,  Vt.,  Dee.  22,  1824:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  Feb.  24,  1881.    An  American  politician 


A  seaport  in 
Ulster,  Ireland,  situated  on  Belfast  Lough  9 
miles  northeast  of  Belfast,  it  forms  a  county 
(with  the  adjacent  districts,  inclosed  by  Antrim).  The 
leading  industries  are  fisheries  and  cheese  manufacture. 
William  III.  landed  here  in  1690,  and  it  was  captured  by 
the  French  in  1760.  The  castle,  a  splendid  Norman  for- 
tress, was  built  by  De  Courcy  in  1178,  and  is  now  occupied 
by  a  royal  garrison.  It  stands  on  a  rock,  with  water  on 
three  sides.  The  entrance  is  by  a  gateway  flanked  by 
semicircular  towers  and  defended  by  portcullis  and  other 
medieval  devices.  The  donjon  is  an  enormous  square 
tower  of  five  stories.  Population  (1891),  8,923. 
Carrick's  Ford.  A  ^ace  on  the  Cheat  River, 
in  Tucker  County,  West  Virginia.  Here,  July 
14,  1861,  the  Federals  under  Morris  defeated  the  Confed- 
erates under  Garnett. 

Carrier.    See  Takulli. 


1560:  died  at  Rome,  July  15, 1609.    An  Italian  Carrier  (kar-ya'),  Jean  Baptiste.    Bom  at  Yo- 

■  "     ~  "  '      '  let,  near  Aurillae,  Prance,  1756 :  guillotined  at 

Paris,  Dec.  16,  1794.    A  French  revolutionist, 

deputy  to  the  Convention  in  1792,  notorious  for 

his  cruelty  in  the  revolutionary  tribunal  at 

Nantes  1793-94. 

±j,  v.,  x-cw.  u-z*  J.U4JJ.,    .n-u  .ciuicj. Auc«4x  ^v±iuii^i.«Ai    iiuuuviuu  111 uuijuuuLiug  Liic  auauciiij  au  jjuiwgiio.  l./arriere(kar-yar  ),jyLoriuZ.  i50rnJVLarctio,IoI/: 

and  lawyer.  United  States  senator  from  Wis-  Carracci,  Lodovico.    Born  at  Bologna,  Italy,    died  Jan.  19, 1895.   A  German  philosopher  and 

—       ,  -„ —  „.  .     ..  — ,.   ,     ,  ..^  ,  -.-r       ,„  ■.,.,«     writer  on  esthetics,  professor  of  philosophy  a;t 

Giessen. 


painter  of  the  Bolognese  school,  a  pupil  of  his 
cousin  Lodovico  Carracci.  in  1580  he  went  to  Par- 
ma to  study  the  works  of  Correggio,  and  in  1600  deco- 
rated the  ceiling  of  a  gallery  in  the  Farnese  palace,  which 
was  declared  by  Poussin  to  excel  all  other  works  but 
those  of  Raphael.  He  was  associated  with  his  cousin 
Lodovico  in  conducting  the  academy  at  Bologna. 


oonsin  1869-75  and  1879-81 
Carpenter,  William  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Exe- 
ter, Oct.  29,  1813:  died  at  London,  Nov.  19, 
1885.  A  noted  English  naturalist,  eldest  son 
of  Rev.  Lant  Carpenter.  He  studied  medicine  at 
University  College,  London,  and  at  the  Edinburgh  Medi- 
cal School,  graduating  at  the  latter  institution  ;  became 
Fullerian  professor  of  physiology  at  the  Koyal  Institution 
(1844),  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  (1844),  prof  esaorot  foren- 
sic medicine  at  University  College,  lecturer  on  geology 


April  2i;  1555:  died  at  Bologna,  Nov.  13, 1619, 
An  Italian  painter,  founder  of  the  Bolognese 
school,  noted  as  a  teacher.    The  best  pupils  of  Carries  (kar-ias'),  Jean.  Born  about  1856 :  djed 


his  school  were  Domeniehino  and  Guido.  His 
chief  works  are  at  Bologna. 
Carrara  (kar-ra'ra).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Massa-e-Carrara,  Italy,  in  lat.  44°  5'  N., 
long.  10°  6'  E.  It  is  famous  for  the  neighbor- 
ing quarries  of  marble.  Population,  11,000. 
/arrasco  (ka-ras'ko;  Sp.  pron.  kar-ras'k( , 
Samson,  Sp.  Sanson.  A  bachelor  or  licenti- 
ate in  Cervantes's  "Don  Quixote,"  who  played 
practical  jokes. 

Born  at  Ali- 


(1861-69),  and  registrar  of  the  University  of  London  (1856- 
1879).  He  took  part  as  naturalist  in  several  expeditions 
for  deep-sea  exploration — in  the  Lightning  (1868),  between 
the  north  of  Ireland  and  the  FarBe  Islands ;  in  the  Porcu- 
pine (1869-70) ;  in  the  Shearwater  (1871),  between  Great  {Jarratala  (kar-ra-ta-la'),  Jos6. 

Britain  and  Portugal;  and  in  the  Challenger  (1872-76).    He  *"*'*"'"-      ^--    -■"-     ■  -- 

published  numerous  papers  on  physiological  and  zoologi- 
cal topics,  including  "The  Principles  of  General  and  Com- 
parative Physiology"  (1839:  "Comparative  Physiology" 
separately  published  1864),  "A  Popular  Cyclopedia  of 
Science  "  (1843),  "Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Fora- 
minifera"(1862),  "The  Microscope  and  its  Revelations " 
(1866),  "The  Principles  of  Mental  Physiology"  (1874),  etc. 

Carpentras  fkar-pon-trSs').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vaucluse,  southeastem  Prance 
(the_ ancient  Caiyentoractej,j,n_the^ river  An-  ^--f~^^r:^g7;j;--^^^l-T^^,^  ^t  Paris,  1819 


July  1,1894.  A  noted  French  sculptor.  He  first 
exhibited  in  the  Salon  of  1892 :  on  the  opening  day  he  re- 
ceived the  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  He  was  the  dis- 
coverer of  a  stoneware  in  which  many  of  his  best  eflects 
were  produced. 

Carrillo  de  Mendoza  y  Pimentel  (kar-rel'yo 
da  men-do'tha  e  pe-men-tel'),  Diego,  Count 
of  Priego  and  Marquis  of  Gelves.  Bom  about 
1560 :  died  after  1627.  A  Spanish  general  and 
administrator,  the  second  son  of  the  Marquis 
of  Tavara.  He  was  viceroy  of  New  Spain  (Mexico)  from 
Sept.  21, 162L  In  1623  he  had  a  quarrel  with  the  arch- 
bishop on  questions  of  jurisdiction :  this  resulted  in  the 
triumph  of  the  archbishop,  and  the  viceroy  was  deposed 
and  imprisoned  by  the  audience  Jan.,  1624.  He  returned 
to  Spain  in  1626. 

Boe  Prim/rose,  Sir  Archibald 


cante,  Dec.  14,  1781:  died  at  Madrid,  1854.    A 

Spanish  general.    In  1815  he  went  with  Morillo  to 

Venezuela,  passed  thence  to  Peru,  and  fought  against  the 

revolutionists  there,  1819-24,  attaining  the  rank  of  field-    _        .      ^        »       j 

marshal.    In  1833  he  commanded  the  forces  in  Tarragona  Camngton,  LOrd, 

against  the  Carlists,  and  shortly  after  he  fought  against     (1617-97). 

them  in  Biscay.    In  March,  1835,  he  was  made  captain-    _        .       .  ,,       /.       j.      \    T«i„T,-_j    ni.-t«4.A 

general  of  Estremadura,  and  he  subsequently  held  the  Oamngton    (kar'mg-ton),  KlChard    ChriStO- 

same  office  in  Valencia,  Murcia,  and  Old  Castile.    In  1840     pher.    Bom  at  Chelsea,  England,  May  2b,  18 Jb : 

he  was  named  senator  and  minister  of  war,  and  his  rank     ^jg^  ^j^  Churt,  Surrey,  Nov.  27, 1875.  An  English 


was  raised  to  lleutenant-generaL 


zon  15  miles  northeast  of  Avignon. 


astronomer.    He  was  noted  for  his  observations  of  the 


operas.    He  collaborated  with  Jules  Barbier 
after  1849. 

Carrel  (ka-rel'),  Nicolas  Armand.    Bom  at 
Rouen,  Prance,  May  8, 1800 :  died  at  St.  Mand6,  „  ^„„    ,„ 

near  Paris,  Jul'y  24, 1836.    A  French  journaUst    hYe?,g"eojNovi«, 
and  republican  leader.    He  was  editor  of  the  "  Na-  V'arrizg  inaians, 
tional"  at  Paris,  1830-36,  and  was  mortally  wounded  in  a 
duel  July  22, 1836. 


many  antiquities.    Population  (1891),  9.778. 

Carpi  (kar'pe).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Mo- 
dena,  Italy,  situated  10  miles  noi-th-northwest 
of  Modena.  Its  cathedral  was  built  by  Peruzzi  in  1620, 
and  is  interesting  as  based  on  Bramante'a  design  for  St. 
Peter's.  A  fragment  in  the  sanctuary,  with  some  ounous 
sculpture,  belongs  to  the  original  cathedral  of  the  nth 
century.    Population,  6,000. 

Carpi     A  village  in  the  province  of  Verona, 

Itafy,"  situated  on  the  Adige  28  miles  southeast    ^  _ 

of  Verona.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  victory  of  Carreno  de  Miranda  (kar-ra'nyo  dame-ran  - 
Prince  Eugene  over  the  French  under  Catinat  ^a),  Juan.  Bom  at  Avil6s,  in  Asturias,  Spam, 
in  1701  March25, 1614:  died  at  Madrid,  Sept.,  1685.  A 

Carpini  (kar-pe'ne),  Giovanni  Piano.    Bom    Spanish  painter,  chiefly  of  portraits  and  reli- 
at  Plan  dei  Carpini,  near  Perugia,  about  1200.     gious  compositions.  ,  ,       t,         4. 

An  Italian  Franciscan,  papal  legate  to  the  Oarrera  (kar-ra'ra),  Jos§  Miguel  de.  Born  at 
Khan  of  Tatary  1245-47.  He  wrote  "Liber  Santiago,  Oct.  15,  1785:  died  at  Mendoza,  in 
Tartarorum"  (ed.  by  d'Avezac  1838) 

Carpio  Bernardo  del.  See  Bernardo  del  Carpio. 

Carpocrates  (kar-pok'ra-tez),  or  Carppcras 
(kar'po-kras).  Lived  probably  m  the  reign  ot 
Hadrian  (117-138  A.  D.).  A  celebrated  Alex- 
andrian Gnostic.    See  CarpocmUans. 

Carpocratians  (kar-po-kra'shianz).  A  sect  of 
Gnostics  of  the  2d  century,  foUowers  of  Car- 
pocrates or  Carpocras  of  Alexandria. 

Oarnzov  (karp'tsof  ,  Benedict.   Born  at  Bmn- 

XPburg  Ger^manyrOct.  2|  156|^ /^ed^at  Wit^ 
tenberg,  Germany,  Nov.  26,  1624.     A  notea 

cSovSedict.  BomatWittenberg,Ger- 
ml?v  liay  27,  1595:  died  at  Leipsie  Aug.  30, 
1666  A  German  jurist,  son  of  Benedict  Carp- 
He  w^oMefinitiones  forenses"  ^638), 


minor  planets,  fixed  stars,  and  the  sun,  made  ohiefiy  at  his 

uiou.   uiioio,  u  LLUD  ^.,  j.^.-.     "  -— private  observatoiy  at  Bed  Hill,  near  Eeigate,  Surrey. 

tist  and  librettist  for  vaudevilles  and  comic  (Jarrion  (kar-re-6n'),  Oeronimo. 


died  there,  June  27,  1872.    A  French  drama- 


the  Argentine,  Sept.  4,  1821.  A  Chilean  revo 
lutionist.  In  1811,  with  his  brothers,  Juan  Jos6  a,nd 
Luis  he  headed  .the  revolt  against  the  Spaniards  which 
had  already  broken  out,  and  became  the  first  president  of 
Chile.  He  was  deposed  in  favor  of  O'Higgras  m  1813,  and 
though  the  rivals  joined  forces  in  1814,  they  were  defeated 
bv  the  Spaniards  at  the  battle  of  Rancagua  (Oct.  2  1814), 
clrrera  fled  to  Buenos  Ayres,  and  in  1816  went  to  the 
United  States.  He  returned  m  1816,  but  was  forbidden  to 
proceed  to  Chile.  Driven  in  1821  to  take  refuge  among 
the  Indians,  he  was  betrayed  by  his  own  men  and  shot  as 

Oarrera,  Rafael.     Bom  in  Guatemala  City, 
1815 :  died  there,  April  4, 1865.    A  Guatemalan 


An  Eouado- 
rian  politician,  elected  president  of  the  re- 
public Aug.  4,  1865.  In  Jan.,  1866,  he  joined  with 
Chile  and  Peru  in  the  defensive  alliance  against  Spain. 
After  being  subjected  to  a  vote  of  censure  by  Congress, 
he  resigned  Nov.,  1867. 

Jarrizo  Indians.    See  Comeerudo. 

Carroll  (kar'ol),Charles,"of  Carrollton."  Bom 
at  AnnapoUs"  Md.,  Sept.  20, 1737:  died  at  Bal- 
timore, Nov.  14,  1832.  An  American  patriot, 
a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
He  was  United  States  senator  from  Maryland 
1789-91. 

Carroll,  John,  Born  at  Upper  Marlborough, 
Md.,  Jan.  8,  1735:  died  at  Georgetown,  D.  C, 
Dec.  3,  1815.  An  American  archbishop  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church.  He  was  educated  in  Bel- 
gium ;  was  ordained  priest  in  1769 ;  and  was  professor  ot 
moral  philosophy  in  St.  Omer  and  Li^ge  1769-71.  In  1771 
he  was  admitted  to  the  Society  of  Jesus;  and  on  the  sup- 
pression of  that  society  on  the  Continent  in  1773  he  went 
to  England,  and  came  to  America  in  1774.  With  Charles 
Carroll,  Samuel  Chase,  and  Benjamin  Franklin  he  was  sent 
by  the  Continental  Congress  on  a  political  mission  to 
Canada  (1776).  In  1784,  at  the  request  of  Franklin,  he 
was  appointed  superior  of  clergy  in  the  United  States. 
In  1790  he  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Baltimore,  and  in 
1808  was  created  archbishop  of  Baltimore.  He  founded 
6eorgetownCollege(1788-91).  Amonghis  writings  are'  An 
Address  to  the  Roman  Catholics  of  the  United  States  of 
America,"  "  A  Concise  View  of  the  Principal  Points  of  Con- 
troversy between  theProtestantandRoman  Churches,  etc. 
-■  "       •       A  pseudonym  of  Charles  Lut- 


ffj'  „(^Lnnv«Tfirum  criminalium"  (1635),  etc.  Oarrey  (ka-ra'),  Jacques. 
oZTzov,B^ed^aott^^-   Born atDre^'den,  "i646 :Ved  1726.    A  French  pamter,  a  pupil  of 


revolutionist  of  mixed  white  and  Indian  blood_  _ 

He  joined  the  revolt  against  the  Federal  party  of  Central  QarroU,  LcWlS. 
America  in  1S37,  became  commander  of  the  Guatemalan     widge  Dodgson. 

iirr^relfctt5!lnT?n«;"i^^^^^^^^^^^ 

forlife,andpractically,dictator._      ^^^^   ^^  ^^^^^^^   Oa^oTfkar'^n)" "r A^rl^er  in  Stirhngshire 

■"     "    Scotland,  wiich  flows  into  the  Firth  of  Forth 


Carron 

10  miles  southeast  of  Stirling.  At  one  time  it 
■was  the  northern  boundary  of  the  Roman  Em- 
pire.— 2.  A  village  on  the  river  Carron,  9  miles 
southeast  of  Stirling,  it  is  noted  for  its  iron-works : 
the  first  carronades  were  cast  here  in  1779. 

Carrousel,  Arc  du.  See  Arc  de  Ti-iompke  du 
Carrousel. 

Carrousel  (kar-6-zel'),Place  du.  [F.  carrousel, 
a  tilt  or  tilting-match,  It.  earoseUo,  from  garo- 
sello,  a  festival  or  tournament.]  The  space 
extending  along  the  eastern  court  of  the  Tui- 
leries,  and  inclosed  by  the  buUdings  of  the  Old 
and  New  Louvre,  it-was  originally  the  space  be- 
tween the  eastern  facade  of  the  luileries  and  the  enceinte 
of  Charles  V.,  which  was  laid  out  about  1600  as  a  garden 
called  the  "Parterre  de  Mademoiselle"  in  honor  of  Made- 
moiselle Montpensier,  who  then  lived  in  the  Tuilerles. 
In  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  a  great  carrousel  or  tU^  which 
surpassed  aU  previous  ones,  was  held  here  June  5  and  8, 
1662,  and  the  place  was  called  Place  du  Carrousel,  and 
has  since  kept  that  name.  All  sorts  of  knightly  games 
were  played  by  the  king,  his  guests,  and  courtiers,  in  cos- 
tumes of  all  nations.  As  late  as  1850  the  space  between 
the  old  city  fosse  asd  the  Louvre  was  still  occupied  by 
streets  and  houses.  When  the  northern  gallery  was  built 
between  the  two  palaces  (the  Old  and  New  Louvre  ?),  under 
Kapoleon  III.,  the  entire  space  was  cleared,  and  is  now 
called  Place  du  Carrousel. 

Carruthers  (ka-ro'therz),  Robert.  Bom  at 
Dumfries,  Nov.  5, 1799 :  died  at  Inverness,  May 
26, 1878.  A  Scottish  journalist  and  man  of  let- 
ters, editor  and  proprietor  of  the  "  Inverness 
Courier."  He  was  the  biographer  and  editor  of  Pope, 
and  the  compiler,  with  Kobert  Chambers,  of  "  Chambers's 
Cyclopedia  of  English  Literature,"  etc. 

Garse  of  Gowrie.    See  Gowrie. 

Carson  (kar'son),  Christopher,  usually  called 
"  Kit"  Carson.  Born  in  Madison  County,  Ky., 
Dec.  24,  1809:  died  at  Port  Lynn,  Col.,  May  23, 
1868.  An  American  trapper,  guide,  soldier,  and 
Indian  agent  in  New  Mexico. 

Carson  City.  The  capital  of  Nevada,  situated 
in  lat.  39°  10'  N.,  long.  119°  46'  W.  There  are 
gold-  and  silver-mines  in  the  vicinity.  Popula- 
tion (1900)   2,100. 

Carstares  (kiir-starz ' ),  William.  Born  at  Cath- 
cart,  near  Glasgow,  Feb.  11, 1649 :  died  Deo.  28, 
1715.  A  noted  Scottish  Presbyterian  divine. 
He  was  chaplain  to  William,  prince  of  Orange,  1686, 
royal  chaplain  1688-1716,  principal  of  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  1703,  and  four  times  moderator  of  the  as- 
sembly. 

Cartagena,  orCarthagena  (kar-ta-  (tha)  je'na ; 
Sp.  pron.  kar-ta-Ha'na) .  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Mureia,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean in  lat.  37°  36'  N.,  long.  0°  56'  W. :  the 
ancient  Carthago  Nova.  There  are  mines  of  copper, 
lead,  etc.,  in  the  neighborhood.  It  has  a  cathedral,  and 
an  excellent  harbor.  It  exports  barilla.  It  was  colonized 
by  the  Carthaginians,  and  captured  by  Scipio  Africanus 
in  209  E.  0.  It  was  taken  by  the  British  and  retaken  by 
Berwick  in  1708.  It  was  held  by  the  Intransigentists 
1873-74.     Population   (1897),  86,245. 

Cartagena.  A  seaport  city  of  Colombia,  capi- 
tal of  the  department  of  Bolivar,  on  a  low  island 
between  the  Caribbean  Sea  and  the  Bay  of  Car- 
tagena. It  was  founded  in  1533  by  Pedro  de  Heredia,  and 
was  long  the  principal  port  and  stronghold  of  this  part  of 
Spanish  America.  Several  times  taken  and  sacked  by  cor- 
sairs, it  was  fortified  in  the  18th  century  at  an  expense  of 
$59,000,000,  and  in  1741  resisted  the  attack  of  Vernon.  It 
was  the  first  Hew  Granadan  city  to  declare  for  indepen- 
dence, and  in  1815  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  after  a  four 
months'  siege  in  which  nearly  all  the  garrison  and  inhabi- 
tants perished :  for  this  it  received  the  title  of  the  "  Heroic 
City."^  Population  (1892),  12,000. 

Cartagena  de  las  Indias  (kar-ta-na'na  da  las 
en'de-as).  [Sp.,  'Cartagena  of  the  Indies.'] 
The  name  used,  during  the  colonial  period, 
for  the  city  of  Cartagena  in  New  Granada,  now 
in  Colombia,  to  distinguish  it  from  Cartagena 
in  Spain. 

Cartage  (kar-ta'go).  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Cauca,  Republic  of  Colombia,  in  lat.  4°  50' 
N.,  long.  76°  10'  W.    Pop.  (1897),  about  14,000. 

Cartage,  A  town  in  Costa  Eica,  Central  Amer- 
ica, situated  13  miles  east-southeast  of  San 
3oa6.  It  is  frequently  visited  by  earthquakes. 
Population  (1888),  4,575. 

Cartaphilus.    See  Wandering  Jew._ 

Cartas  de  Indias  (kar'tas  da  en'de-as).  A  col- 
lection of  letters  from  early  Spanish  explorers, 
published  by  the  Spanish  government  at  Ma- 
drid, 1877.  Some  of  those  firom  Columbus,  Ves- 
pucci, and  others  are  given  in  facsimile. 

C^rte  (kart),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Clifton-upon- 
Dunsmoor,  "Warwickshire,  England,  April, 
1686:  died  near  Abingdon,  England,  April  2, 
1754.  An  English  scholar  and  historian.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  "  Life  of  James,  Duke  of  Ormonde  "  (1736), 
an  important  history  of  England  to  1654  (1747-55),  etc. 
He  was  a  strong  Jacobite. 

Cartel  (kar-tel')  Combination.  In  German 
politics,  the  temporary  union  in  the  Reichstag 
about  1887  of  the  members  of  the  German  Con- 


220 


Cams,  Earl  Gustav 


The  Roman  name  of 


servative.  National  Liberal,  and  Imperialist  Carthago  Nova  (no'va) 
parties.  Cartagena,  Spain. 

Carter  (kar'ter),  Elizabeth.  Bom  at  Deal,  Dec.  Oartier  (kar-tya').  Sir  George  Etienne, 


Bom 


16, 1717 :  died  at  London,  Feb.  19, 1806.  An  Eng- 
lish poet,  translator,  and  miscellaneous  writer. 
She  is  best  known  for  her  friendship  for  Dr.  Johnson, 
which  lasted  for  fifty  years.  Her  letters  to  Mrs.  Vesey, 
Mrs.  Montagu,  and  Miss  Catharine  Talbot  were  collected 
and  printed  in  seven  volumes  1809-17.  _„  _  „ 

Carter,  Franklin."  Bom  at  Wa,terbury,  Conn.,  Qsjit^SiTT^^'-tjiKsaxwaBar'^^  Maio" 


at  St.  Antoine,  Lower  Canada,  Sept.  6,  1814: 
died  at  London,  May  20,  1873.  A  French-Ca- 
nadian lawyer  and  politician.  He  became  provin- 
cial secretary  in  1856 ;  attorney-general  for  Lower  Canada 
In  1856 ;  and  premier  in  1868.  He  was  the  author  of  "  O 
Canada,  mon  pays,  mes  amours  "  and  other  popular  songs. 


Sept.  30, 1837.  An  American  educator.  He 
graduated  from  Williams  College  in  1862.  From  1865  to 
1868  he  was  professor  of  Latin  and  French  at  Williams, 
from  1868  to  1872  of  Latin  only.  From  1872  to  1881  he  was 
professor  of  German  at  Yale  College.  He  was  president 
of  Williams  College  1881-1901. 

Carter,  Henry.  The  original  name  of  Frank 
Leslie,  changed  by  act  of  the  legislature  in  1849. 
See  Leslie,  Frank. 

Carteret  (kar't6r-et).  Sir  George.  Bom  at  St. 
Ouen,  Jersey,  between  1609-17:  died  Jan.^  1680. 
-An  English  sailor  and  royalist  politician,  a 
nephew  of  Sir  Philip  de  Carteret.  He  became  cap- 
tain in  the  navy  in  1633,  and  comptroller  of  the  navy  in  1639 ; 
supported  actively  the  royalist  cause,  and  was  appointed 
by  the  king  lieutenant-governor  of  Jersey  (from  which  he 
expelled  the  Parliamentary  governor)  and  vice-admiral 
(Dec.  13, 1644);  was  granted  by  Charles  II.  "acertain  island 
and  adjacent  islets  in  America  in  perpetual  inheritance, 
to  be  called  New  Jersey  " ;  surrendered  Dec.  12, 1651,  and 
went  to  France  and  obtained  a  command  in  the  French 
navy;  was  imprisoned  in  the  Bastille Aug.-Dec,  1657; 
returned  to  England  at  the  Kestoration ;  was  treasurer  of 


France,  Dec.  31, 1494 :  died  after  1552.  A  cele- 
brated French  navigator.  He  made  three  voyages 
to  Canada.  In  the  first  (1534)  he  explored  the  Gulf  of  St 
Lawrence ;  in  the  second  (1535)  he  sailed  up  the  St.  Law- 
rence to  Montreal ;  and  m  the  third  (1541-42)  he  made 
an  unsuccessful  attempt  at  colonization  in  Canada. 

Cartismandua  (kar-tis-man'du-a).  A  queen  of 
the  Brigantes  in  the  t^me  of  Claudius.  She  fa- 
vored the  Romans,  and  was  forced  to  seek  an 
asylum  in  their  camp. 

Cartoons  of  Baphael,  Drawings  executed  in 
1515-16,  for  Leo  X.,  to  be  reproduced  in 
Flemish  tapestry.  They  were  long  in  Hampton  Court 
Palace,  and  are  now  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum, 
London.  One  of  the  two  sets  of  tapestries  made  from 
them  is  in  the  Vatican,  the  other  in  the  Old  Museum, 
Berlin.  The  cartoons  are  seven  in  number:  Christ's 
Charge  to  Peter,  Death  of  Ananias,  Peter  and  John  Heal- 
ing the  Cripple,  Paul  and  Barnabas  at  Lystra,  Elymas 
Struck  Blind,  Paul  Preaching  at  Athens,  The  Draught 
of  Fishes.  In  composition  and  vigor  of  drawing  they  are 
among  B-aphael's  best  works. 


the  navy  1661-67;  and  was  suspended  from  the  House  of  CartoUChO    (kar-tosh '  ),    LouiS    Dominiaue. 


Commons  for  mismanagement  of  the  funds  of  the  navy, 
Dec.  10, 1669.  He  was  one  of  the  original  proprietors  of 
Carolina,  and,  with  Lord  Berkeley,  was  granted  the  land 
between  the  Hudson  and  the  Delaware,  named  in  his 
honor  New  Jersey. 

Carteret,  John,  Lord.  Bom  April  22,  1690 : 
died  at  Bath,  Jan.  2, 1763.  An  English  states- 
man, son  of  the  first  Baron  Carteret.    He  became 


Bom  at  Paris  about  1693:  broken  on  the 
wheel  at  Chatelet,  France,  Nov.  28,  1721.  A 
celebrated  Parisian  robber.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
wine  merchant  and  was  stolen  by  gipsies,  from  whom  he- 
learned  rascality.  He  established  himself  in  Paris,  and 
after  a  short  period  of  service  in  the  army  formed  a 
famous  band  of  robbers.    His  history  was  extremely  pop- 

-      ular,  and  was  the  foundation  of  various  plays. 

Baron  Carteret  Sept.  22, 1695,  and  Earl  Granville  (through  rior-tT.n-i<rli-f  /•^K..f'm^■^  xi.1.n«r..i  -Dn™.  „+ 
the  death  of  his  mother)  Oct  18, 1744.  He  was  appointed  Hr  ^^S'^tT  (J^rt  "t),  Edmund.  Bom  at 
ambassador  extraordinary  to  Sweden  in  1719;  mediated    Mainliam,Nottingham,England,  April  24, 1743: 


a  peace  between  Sweden,  Prussia,  and  Hanover  in  1720 , 
attended  as  ambassador  extraordinary  the  congresses  of 
Brunswick  and  Cambray  in  1720 ;  was  appointed  secretary 
of  state  for  the  southern  province  under  Walpole,  March 
5,  1721 ;  became  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  April  3,  1724, 
retiring  1730 ;  was  an  active  opponent  of  Walpole,  moving 
Feb.  13, 1741,  in  the  House  of  Lords,  that  the  king  be  re- 
quested to  remove  him  from  his  ''presence  and  counsels 
for  ever " ;  became  secretary  of  state  for  the  northern 
province  Feb.  12, 1742,  under  Lord  Wilmington;  resigned 
Nov.  24,  1744 ;  and  attempted  unsuccessfully  to  form  a 
ministry  Feb.,  1746. 

Carteret,  Philip.  Died  at  Southampton,  Eng- 
land, July  21,  1796.  An  English  rear-admiral 
and  explorer  in  the  southern  hemisphere.  He  was 
lieutenant  of  the  Dolphin  in  Byron's  expedition,  1764-66 ; 
commanded  the  Swallow  in  the  expedition  under  Wallis 
to  the  southern  hemisphere,  1766-69 ;  and  discovered  Pit- 
cairn  Island  (July  2,  1767),  Osnaburg,  Gower's  Island, 
Simpson's  Island,  Carteret's  Island,  Wallis's  Island,  and 
others.  His  "  Journal "  was  published  in  Hawkesworth's 
"Voyages  "(1773). 

Carteret,  Sir  Philip  de.  Bom  on  the  island 
of  Jersey,  Feb.,  1584:  died  in  Jersey,  Aug.  28, 
1643.  An  English  royalist,  seigneur  of  St.  (5uen, 
.lersey,  and  of  Sark,  and  lieutenant-governor 


died  at  Hastings,  England,  Oct.  30,  1823.  An 
English  clergyman  and  mechanician,  the  re- 
puted inventor  of  the  power-loom.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  University  College,  Oxford,  and  became  a  fellow 
of  Magdalen  College  in  1764,  curate  of  Brampton,  and 
rector  of  Goadby  Marwood,  Leicestershire,  in  1799.  In 
1784,  during  a  visit  to  Arkwright's  cotton-mills  at  Crom- 
ford,  the  idea  of  a  weaving-machine,  according  to  the  ac- 
count given  by  him,  occurred  to  him.  His  first  patent 
was  taken  out  April  4, 1785,  and  this  was  foUowed  by 
others,  on  improvements,  on  Oct  30,  1786,  and  Aug.  1^ 
1787.  He  also  patented  (1789)  a  wool-carding  machine, 
and  (1797)  a  steam-engine  in  which  alcohol  was  used,  and 
assisted  Kobert  Fulton  in  his  experiments  with  steam- 
boats. He  was  the  brother  of  John  Cartwright 
Oartwright,  John.  Bom  at  Mamham,  Not- 
tingham, England,  Sept.  17,  1740:  died  at 
London,  Sept.  23,  1824.  An  English  radical 
politician  and  publicist,  sumamed  "the  Father 
of  Reform,"  an  advocate  of  parliamentary  re- 
form and  of  the  abolition  of  slavery:  brother 
of  Edmund  Cartwright.  He  was  the  author  of  "A 
Letter  to  Edmund  Burke,  controverting  the  Principles  of 
American  Government  laid  down  in  his  lately  published 
Speech  on  American  Taxation  "(mS),  and  of  other  politi- 
cal pamphlets. 


Of  Jersey,  which  he  held  for  the  king  until  Cartwright,  Peter.  Bom  in  Amherst  County, 
his  death.  Va.,  Sept.  1, 1785 :  died  at  Pleasant  Plains,  111. 
OartesiUS.  See  ^escarto.  Sept.  25,  1872.  An  American  circuit  preacher 
Carthage  (kar  thaj).  [L.  Carthago,  Phen.  Kar-  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
thada^M,  New  Town  as  opposed  to  the  mother  Cartwright,  Thomas.  Bom  in  Heri;fordshire, 
city  Tyre,  or  to  the  older  colony  of  Utica  (from  England,  1535 :  died  at  Warwick,  Dec.  27, 1603! 
Phen.  afoe,  old)  which  was  situated  to  the  north-  A  celebrated  EngUsh  Puritan  clergyman,  con- 
east,  about  17  miles  from  Carthage.]    An  an-  troversialist,  and  scholar 

cient  city  and  state  in  northern  Africa,  situated  Cartwright,  Thomas.    Bom  at  Northampton, 

??o^«,  ^'T^ri'l^'±f:j'J;j,lrj-  ^IPLl',^^*:  died  at  Dublin,  April  15,  ?689 


10°  18'  E.,  a  few  miles  northeast  of  modern 
Tunis,  and  not  far  from  Utica.  it  was  founded 
by  Phenicians  in  the  middle  of  the  9th  century  (1).  It  was 
a  great  commercial  and  colonizing  center  as  early  as  the 
6th  century  B.  0.,  and  was  one  of  the  largest  cities  of  anti- 
quity. It  had  two  harbors,  a  naval  and  a  mercantile.  Its 
first  treaty  with  Rome  was  made  in  609  B.  c.  It  was  de- 
feated at  Himera  in  Sicily  in  480,  and  overthrew  Selinus 
and  other  Sicilian  cities  about  400.  It  was  the  rival  of 
Syracuse  under  Dionysius,  Agathocles,  etc.  At  the  height 
of  its  power  it  had  possessions  in  Sicily,  Corsica,  Sardinia, 
northern  Africa,  and  Spain.  Its  wars  with  Bome  have  the 
following  dates :  First  Punic  War,  264-241 ;  Second  Punic 
War,  218-201 ;  Third  Punic  War,  149-146.  It  was  recolo- 
nized  as  a  Soman  city  by  Caius  Gracchus  and  successfully 
by  Augustus  in  29  (!)  B.  0. ;  was  taken  by  the  Yandals  in 
439  A.  D. ;  and  was  retaken  by  Belisarius  in  633.  It  was 
an  important  center  of  Latin  Christianity.  The  Saracens 
destroyed  it  about  697.    At  present  some  cisterns,  broken 


An  English  prelate,  prebendary  of  Wells  and 
of  Durham,  dean  of  Ripon,  and  (1686)  bishop 
of  Chester. 

Cartwright,  William.  Born  at  Northway, 
near  Tewkesbury,  England,  Sept.,  1611:  died 
at  OxCord,  England,  Nov.  29,  1643.  An  Eng- 
lish divine  and  dramatist.  He  was  the  son  of  an 
innkeeper  at  Cirencester,  a  student  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  a  member  of  the  Council  of  War  in  1642,  and 
junior  proctor  of  the  university  in  1643.  He  wrote  "The 
Ordinary,"  "The  Koyal  Slave,  a  Tragi-Comedy,"  "The 
Lady-Errant,  a  Tragi-Comedy,"  and  "The  Siege,  or  Love's  - 
Convert "  etc.    His  plays  and  poems  were  collected  in  1651. 

Carupano  (ka-ro'pa-no).  A  seaport  in  the 
state  of  Bermudez,  Venezuela,  in  lat.  10°  40' 
N.,  long.  63°  18'  W.    Population,  12,000. 


;  aooui  oa/.    At presenL  some  cisterns,  oroKen  /i_  ',_  /Y^-f  ..  \    t   -i"      ^T*tT W  t 

arohes'of  an  aqueduct  and  the  Eoman  Catholic  monastery  tiarUS  (Ka  ros),  JullUS  Vl£tor.     Bom  at  Leip- 
o£  St  Louis  mark  the  site  of  the  former  rival  of  Home.  See     SIC,  Aug.  25,  1823:  died  there,  March  10,  19()3. 

Punic    WO/rS.  ^     r,ni-nA    /Iln«».« M-\ :_A        ^,  .        ..  _ 

Carthage.  The  capital  of  Jasper  County, 
southwestern  Missouri.  Near  here,  July  6,  1861, 
was  fought  the  battle  between  the  Federals  (1,500)  under 
Sigel  and  the  Confederates  (3,600-5,000)  under  Governor 
Jackson.    Population  (1900),  9,416. 

Carthagena.    See  Cartagena. 
Carthago  (kar-tha'go).    The  Roman  name  of 
(Darthage. 


A  noted  German  zoologist.  He  was  custodian  oflthe 
Museum  of  Comparative  Anatomyat  Oxford  (1849-51),pro- 
fessor  of  comparative  anatomy  at  Leipsic  (1863-1903),  and 
Professor  Wyville  Thomson's  substitute  at  Edinburgh 
(1873-74).  His  works  include  "  Zur  nahem  Kenntnis  des 
Generationswechsels"  (1849),  "System  der  tierischen 
Morphologic  "  (1863),  "Icones  zootoraicce"  (1867),  etc 

Carus,  Karl  Gustav.  Bom  at  Leipsic,  Jan. 
3,  1789:  died  at  Dresden,  July  28,  1869.  A 
German  physiologist    and   psychologist.     His. 


Carus,  Earl  Gnstav 


221 


Casiri 


-works  Include  "LetabuchderZootomie"  (1818),  "Grand-  Oasabianca  (ka-za-byan'ka),  Louis.    Bom  at  London,  July  12,  1614.     A  famous    classical 

l^i),^-ki!r''^n''mX.^^^i^  "idS-Tis^?;,'    Bastia,  Corsica  about  1755:  kiUed  off  Abukir,  scholar  and  Protestant  theologian,  of  French 

''Vorlesttngeniiber  Psyohologie"  0S31)  "Psyche  etc"     -tigypt,  Aug.  1,  179B.      A  J!  rench  naval  ofacer.  (Gascon)  ongm.     He  was  professor  of  Greek  at  Ge- 

V       /I        J       >  In  company  with  his  son  (Qiacomo  Jooante  Casablanca)  neva  1682-96,  and  of  languages  at  Montpellier  1696-1600 ; 

he  perished  with  his  ship,  L'Orient,  at  the  battle  of  the  librarian  to  the  king,  in  Paris,  1601-10 ;   and  from  that 
Nile.   This  event  is  the  subject  of  a  poem  by  Mis.  Hemans.  —  .  •     ...  .  ._         . 


(1851). 

tJarus  (ka'rus),  Marcus  Aurelius.    Bom  in 
Narona,  Dalmatia,  about  222:  died  near  Ctesi-  «„_„   j.  ri„„+.„„+„„{„„  ja  i„„  t^j,-«„  n  ••/  ■• 
ghon,M'esopotamik,283.  Emperor  of  Rome  282-  C^se>,l°?^v,^*i5°".  t  t^J'^^^t^lT 


He  was  prefect  of  the  Pretorian  Guard  under  Pro- 
bus,  and  was  elevated  to  the  throne  by  the  soldiers  on 
the  murder  of  Probus  at  Sirmlum.  He  was  killed  (accord- 
ing to  one  account  by  lightning)  on  an  expedition  against 
th^  Parthians,  as  he  was  about  to  push  his  conquests 
across  the  Tigris. 

Carvalho  (kar-varyij)  Paes  de  Andrade  (piz 
de  an-dra'de),  Manuel  de.  Bom  about  1795: 
died  in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  June  18, 1855.  A  Bra- 
zilian politician.  He  was  elected  temporarypresident 
of  Pemambucc  Dec,  1823,  and  during  the  succeeding  year 
headed  a  revolt  against  the  emperor  Pedro  I.,  proclaiming 
(July  2, 1824)  a  republic  with  the  name  of  the  Contedera- 
gao  do  Equador.  The  revolt  was  put  down  in  October, 
and  Oarvalho  escaped  to  England.  He  returned  to  Brazil, 
and  was  a  senator  from  1836. 

Oarvell  (kar'vel),  Nicholas.  Died  1566.  An 
English  poet,  reputed  author  of  two  poems  in 
the  "Mirror  for  Magistrates." 

Carver  (kar'v6r),  John.  Bom  in  England, 
about  1575:  died  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  April, 
1621.  One  of  the  leaders  of  the  "Pilgrim 
Fathers,"  and  first  governor  of  Plymouth  Col- 
ony, 1620-21.  He  took  refuge  In  Holland  about  1608, 
was  deacon  in  Kobinson's  church  at  Leyden,  and  was 
agent  tor  the  Puritan  emigrants  to  New  England. 

Carver,  Jonathan.  Bom  at  Stillwater,  Conn., 
1732:   died  at  London,  Jan.    31,    1780.     An 


da  kon-tra-ta-the-on'  da  las  en'de-az),  or  Coun- 
cil of  Seville.  [Sp.,  '  house  of  commerce  with 
the  Indies,'  Consejo  de  Sevilla.']  An  office  es- 
tablished at  Seville  in  1503  for  the  regulation 
of  commerce  with  the  Indies,  it  maintained  the 
strict  Spanish  monopoly  of  American  commerce  which  was 
one  of  the  principal  causes  of  complaint  In  the  colonies. 


time  until  his  death  a  prebendary  of  Canterbury  and  a 
pensioner  of  King  James.  He  published  commentaries 
on  Athenseus,  Theophraatus  (with  a  Latin  translation), 
Suetonius,  etc.,  and  "  Ephemerides,"  a  Journal  of  hia 
studies. 

Casaubon,  M6ric.  Bom  at  Geneva,  Aug.  14, 
1599 :  died  at  Oxford,  England,  July  14,  1671. 
A  divine  and  classical  scholar,  son  of  Isaac 
Casaubon,  resident  la  England  after  1611.  He 
published  a  large  number  of  works,  of  which  the  most  im- 
portant is  an  edition  of  his  father's  "Ephemerides." 


Casa  d'oro  (ka'sa  do'ro).  [It., 'house  of  gold.'] 
A  Venetian  medieval  (14th  century)  palace,  it  Casbin.  See  Kasbm. 
has  been  marred  by  restoration.  It  has  three  stories,  di-  Qasca  (kas'ka),  PubliUS  Servilius.  Died  after 
vided  vertically  into  two  divisions.  The  left-hand  divi-  40  r  n  Clji'a  nf  the,  aasavaina  nt  Tnlina  Pojoar- 
sion  has  in  the  lowest  story  five  open  arches,  the  middle  *f .  ?;  °- ,  ^^^  JT  ^  assassms  01  Julius  L«sar 
one  round,  and  in  the  two  upper  ones  most  rich  and  (44  3.  C),  and  the  Iirst  ot  them  to  Strike  a  blow, 
graceful  foliated  arcades  set  between  larger  arches.  The  Cascade  Mountains.  A  range  of  moimtains  in 
right-hand  division  consists  of  ornamented  paneling,  also     Oregon,  Washington,   and  British   Columbia, 


set  between  decorated  arches.     Above  there  is  a  pictu- 
resque cresting  in  marble.    To  beauty  of  form  this  facade 
adds  great  and  diversified  charm  of  color  in  its  Incrusted 
and  Inlaid  marbles. 
Casa   G-rande  (ka'sa  gran'da).     [Sp.,   'great 


nearly  parallel  to  the  Pacific,  it  is  connected  with 
the  Sierra  Nevada  on  the  south.  It  contains  many  ex- 
tinct volcanoes.  Among  its  chief  peaks  are  Mounts  Pitt^ 
Scott,  Three  Sisters,  Jelferson,  Hood,  Baker,  St.  Helen's, 
and  Tacoma  (or  Bainier),  the  highest  (14,444  feet). 


^i?'''^-\  k"^  °/.r  ancient  Pima  village  on  Oascate  delle  Marmore.  or  Palls  of  the  Ve- 
the  south  bank  of  the  (Jila  River,  in  Arizona,    Jiao,    See  Marmore. 

Casco  Bay  (kas'kd  ba).  A  bay  on  the  south- 
ern coast  of  Maine,  extending  from  Cape  Eliz- 
abeth, near  Portland,  northeastward  for  about 
20  miles.    It  abounds  in  islands. 

A  comedy  of  intrigue, 


80  miles  northwest  of  Tucson.     Its  aborigi- 
nal name  is  Sivano-Ki  ('house  of  Sivano'). 
Casa  Guidi  (ka'sa  gwe'de)  Windows.    A 
poem  by  Mrs.  Browning,  published  in  1851. 

Named  from  the  Casa  Guidi,  a  house  in  Korence  where  n         s     ai4-«-_j    ipiio 
the  authoress  resided  during  the  composition  of  the  poem.  ^^^%,^^''V_    ??_  '  .  Jr:' 


Aieric1i!'rsoTdiOT""aM''t^rveler,'''e^loier  of  Casale  (ka-za'le)    or   Casale    Monferrato 
the  region  beyond  the  Mississippi.    To  find  a    (mon-fer-ra'to),    A  town  m  the  ^royinee  of 
northern  passage  to  the  Pacific,  he  started  from  Boston, 
June,  1766,  explored  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  and 


proceeded  as  far  west  as  the  sources  of  the  St,  Pierre,  re- 
turning In  1768.  In  1769  he  went  to  England.  He  pub- 
lished "  Travels  to  the  Interior  Parts  of  North  America," 
including  an  account  of  the  manners,  customs,  languages, 
etc.,  of  the  Indians  (1778),  "A  Treatise  on  the  Cultivation 


by  Ben  Jonson,  acted  by  1599,  based  on  two 
piajs  by  Plautus,  the ' '  Aulularia  "  and  the ' '  Cap- 
Alessandria,  Italy,  situated  on  the  to  38  miles  J^^-         ....       ,,..,     _,,  ...     .  ., 
eastof  Turin..    ll'was  the  old  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Oaserta  (ka-ser  ta      The  capital  of  the  proy- 


of  the  Tobacco-plant"  (1779),  etc. 
Carvilius  (kar-vil'i-us),  Spurius.     A  Roman 
freedman,  noted  as  one  of  the  first  to  open  a 


ince  of  Caserta,  Italy,  17  miles  north-northeast 
of  Naples.  It  contains  a  royal  palace,  begun  1762  in 
emulation  of  Versailles  and  La  Granja,  and  one  of  the 
finest  palaces  in  Europe.  The  plan  is  a  rectangle ;  the 
facade  is  780  feet  long  and  126  high,  with  two  stories  and 
an  attic  above  a  basement.  Population  (1891),  estimated, 
commune,  36,000. 

Caserta,    A  province  in  Campania,  Italy:  the 
former  Terra  di  Lavoro.    Area,  2,033  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  734,884. 
See  Las  Cases. 


Monferrato.  It  has  a  cathedral,  founded  in  the  8th  cen 
tuiy  by  the  Lombards.  Population,  17,000. 
Casalmaggiore  (ka  -  zal '  mad  -  jo '  re).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Cremona,  Italy,  situated  on 
the  Po  22  miles  southeast  of  Cremona.  Here 
Francesco  Sforza  defeated  the  Venetians  in 

^ ^  1448. 

public  school  at  Rome,  and  as  the  arranger  of  Casamanza  (ka-za-man'za),  or  Casamance 
the  Roman  alphabet.    See  the  extract.  (ka-za-mohs').    A  river  in  Senegambia,  "West 

K  disappeared  from  use  at  a  very  early  date,  being  rep-    Africa,  which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  60  Cases,  Las, 
resented  by  C  instead.    Later,  when  the  need  appeared    miles  south  of  the  Gambia.  basnan.     Hee  ^asnan.  .       .  „.. 

for  a  distinction  between  the  smooth  (tenuis)  and  mid-  QasaS   (ka'sas),  Bartolome  de  laS.     Bom  at  Oashel  (kash  el).  A  town  in  the  county  of  lip- 
die  (media)  gutturals,  _the  freedman  of^Sp.  CarvUius,  cos.     Seville,  1474:  died  at  Madrid,  July,  1566.     A    perary,Ireland,inlat.52°31'N.,long.  7°53' W. 

,  noloViTato^   na  a  rlfiffinrlfir     The  " rook  of  Cashel " is  a  limestone  formation,  about  30O 

Spanish  iJomimcan,  oeiebratea  as  a  aetenaer  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^_  ^^  j^^  summit  are  the  ruins  of  a  Gothic 
of  the  Indians  agamst  their  Spanish  conquer-  cathedral  (12th  century),  castle,  abbey,  chapel,  and  round 
ors.    He  went  to  Hispaniola  in  1602,  accompanied  Velas-     tower. 

quez  during  the  conquest  of  Cuba,  and  became  a  curate  Oashgar.     See  Kashgar. 
there.    In  1614  he  began  to  preach  against  the  system  of  CashlbOS.     Same  as  Cachibos. 
Indian  slavery;  and  in  1515  went  to  Spam  to  intercede  «"„!:„ ""' 
for  the  Indians  with  Ferdinand.    By  Cardinal  Ximenes  Vasnmere. 
he  was  named  "Protector  of  the  Indians,"  with  consider- 
able powers,  and  returned  to  Hispaniola  in  1616.    He 
again  visited  Spain  to  urge  his  views  on  Charles  V. ;  at- 
tempted to  plant  a  colony  on  the  coast  of  Guman^,  which 
was  destroyed  by  the  Indians  (1621);  took  the  Domin- 
ican habit  at  Santo  Domingo  (1622),  and  remained  In  re- 
tirement lor  eight  years  ;  and  finally  returned  to  Spain. 
From  1644  to  1547  he  was  bishop  ol  Chiapa  in  Mexico. 


620/234  and  626/228,  invented  the  sign  G  by  slightly  alter- 
ing the  C,  and  put  it  in  the  place  of  the  almost  unneces- 
sary and  little  used  Z,  which  was  only  restored  (together 
■with  Y)  in  the  time  of  Cicero,  and  was  then  placed  at  the 
end  of  the  alphabet.  Thus  the  alphabet  of  Carvilius  like- 
wise consisted  of  twenty-one  letters. 
Teuffel  and  Sehwabe,  Hist.  Horn.  Lit.  (tr.by  G.  C.W.Warr), 

Carvin  (kar-van').  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  situ- 
ated 11  miles  south-southwest  of  Lille.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  8,000. 

Cary  (ka'ri),  Alice.  Bom  near  Cinoinnatj, 
Ohio,  April  20,  1820:  died  at  New  York,  Feb. 
12,  1871.  An  American  author.  Her  works  in- 
clude poems,  novels,  sketches  of  Western  life,  "Clover- 
nnnt  Vsm(-Ts''  (•1861-53),  "Clovernook  ChUdren  "  (1854). 

Died  Sept.,  1633.    An  Eng- 


See  Kashmir. 

Casilear  (kas'i-ler),  John  W.  Born  at  New 
York,  June  25, 1811:  died  at  Saratoga  Springs, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  18, 1893.  A  landscape-painter.  He 
began  to  study  engraving  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  and  in  1831 
was  an  engraver  of  bank-notes.  In  1840  and  1857  he  went  to 
Europe  to  study  oil-painting. '  He  was  elected  a  member 
ol  the  National  Academy  of  Design  in  1851. 


Cary,  Sir  Henry. 


He  published  "  Breuissima  relacion  de  la  destruycion  de  CaSllinUIU  (kaS-l-U  num).     see  VapiM. 

las  Indias  "  ("Destruction  of  the  Indias,"  Seville,  1662),  Oaslmir  (kas'i-mer)  I,     [G.  Kasimir,  Pol.  Kazi- 

"Historiade  las  Indias"  (published  1876,  but  well  known     „jjer.?  ]     Died  Nov.  28,  1058.     King  of  Poland 

v.,       ,   r.  before  ^manuscript  copies),  etc.         ^     ^^     .        .     1040-58,  suinamed  "  The  Peaceful "  and  "  The 

lish  'statesman,  son  of  Sir  Edward  Caiy  of  Oasas  Orandes  (ka  sas  gran  des).  ^p.,  great  jjo^^b  ^^  ^^  4,^^  ^o^  „£  Mieoislas  n.  and  Bixa,  a 
Berkhamstead  and  Aldenham,  Hertfordshire,  houses.']  An  extensive  ruin  in  northwestern  german  princess.  On  the  death  of  his  father  (1034)  hu 
created  Viscount  Falkland  in    the    Scottish    Sonora,  about  120  miles  south  of  the  United    mother  became  regent,  but  was  obliged  to  flee  from  an  out- 

^.    States  boundarv  line  in  New  Mexico.     The  set-     breakof  national  hatred,  aroused  by  the  favoritism  which 

Born    at   Gibraltar,     tlement  appears  t5  have  been  consideraWe,  and  to  h^^^     she  displayed  toward  her  countrymen. 


peerage,  Nov.  10,  1620, 
Gary,  Henry  Francis, 


oontained'as  many  as  4,000  souls  at  least.     The  edifices 
were  ol  large  adobe  with  very  thick  walls  and  as  many  as 


^___^ ,  He  was  recalled 

1040,  frorn'Oermany,  where  he  was  living  in  retirement  de- 


voted to  religious  exercises.    He  restored  Cliristlanity, 


Dec' 6,  1772:   died  at  London,  Aug.  14,  1844.     „p,.^„j.^.„„^„„„„  „.,„,„,,„,„„„_._„„ „_^  „  „  .,...-., 

An  EngUsh  poet  and  scholar,  chiefly  known     rourandpe^hapsflve  stories.' The  pottery  accompanying     !*'«"^";f  °  ^^^S^to  loS°^^^^^^^ 

,-,  _  P iTx J!  T»«-«+,.       Ti-.,  „4..,j5„j  ««■  ni...;af     Ai !-„««/!  nil +i.a  o..+?fonfo  flhnw  fln  QfivaTip.R  TTi  ciilture     aQQed  Masovia  aud  Jircsiau  10 1'DiauQ.    iieiscauea    me 


as  the  translator  of  Dante.  He  studied  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford ;  became  vicar  of  Abbot's  Bromley,  Staf- 
fordshire in  1796 ;  removed  to  the  living  of  Kingsbury, 
Warwickshire  in  1800;  became  reader  at  Berkeley  Chapel, 
London  in  1807 ;  and  was  appointed  assistant  keeper  of 
printed  books  at  the  British  MTuseum  in  1826,  resigning  in 
1837.  His  translation  of  the  "Inferno"  rf  Dante  was 
published  in  1805,  and  the  whole  was  completed  m  1812. 
Cary,   Lucius,  Viscount  Falkland.     Born   at 


theruins'and  Sthearttfacisshowan  advance  in"cul"ture     ^'^'J^^^^    .  d„i„„j  .. 

beyond  the  Indians  of  New  Mexico.    Concerning  its  in-     restorer  ol  Poland.      ,,„.,.,-.       .  ,-.aA      tt: 

habitants  nothing  is  known,  except  that  they  had  diaap-  Oasimir  II.    Bom  1138 :  died  May  4, 1194.    Kmg 


peared  long  previous  to  the  discovery  ol  the  ruins  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1660.  At  that  time  the  site  was  occupied 
by  a  tribe  called  Sumas,  which  has  since  disappeared 
also  A  mile  south  ot  the  ruins  there  is  a  village  ol  Mex- 
ican inhabitants  numbering  about  1,000  souls.  The  name 
Casas  Grandes  is  also  given  to  various  similar  rums  m 
northern  Mexico. 


Bur^rd,   Oxfordshire,   England,  about  1610 :  «  °  A.  (ka-sa'te),  Gaetano.      Bom  at  Lesmo, 
1 -n.j  _i  .n,«  *.,=.+ lio+Mo  r.f  Mnwhiirv.  Sent.  20.  VSb*"  )?■"  °",V°A' r/nZ™  „    Ti/r„«/.T,  7    1009      Ati 


killed  at  the  first  battle  of  Newbury,  Sept.  20, 
1643  An  English  politician  and  litterateur. 
He  was  a  member  of  Parliament  in  1640,  and  secretary  of 
state  in  1641.  He  sided  with  the  Eoyahsts  in  1642. 
Carv  Phoebe.  Born  near  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
Sept.  4, 1824:  died  at  Newport,  R.  L,  July  31, 
1871.  An  American  author,  sister  of  Alice 
Carv.  She  wrote  "Poems  of  Faith,  Hope,  and  Love" 
(1868),  ete.,  and  was  the  author  of  the  hymn  "OneSweetly 
Solemn  Thought."  .    ,   ,, 

Casa  (ka'sa),  Giovanni  della, 
geUo,  near  Florence,   ^"   " 


Italy,  1838 :  died  at  Como,  March  7,  1902.  An 
Italian  soldier  and  African  explorer.  In  1879  tlie 
Italian  Society  for  Commercial  Exploration  sent  hini  to 
the  basin  of  the  Bahr-elGhazal,  where  he  arrived  in  1880. 
After  exploring  the  country  of  the  Nyam-Nyam  and  the 
Monbutto  he  joined  Emin  Pasha  and  Dr.  Junker  m  1883. 
In  1886  Kabrega,to  whom  Emin  had  sent  him  on  "  misaon, 
detained  him  in  semi-captivity.  Stanley  «  am™!,  i"  1889, 
set  him  free.  His  reports  were  published  m  Bolletmo 
della  Societk  d'Esplorarione "  (1883-88).  His  "  Dieci 
"   ■■  appeared  inJ891.    .„ j___j       -r 


Born  at  Mu-  ^^-^tt"- 
George  Eliot's 


Born  at  Mu-  nTMTihon'"(ka-s¥''bon),  Rev.  Edward, 
June  28,  1503:  died  at  *^!f^,!!;°°•JJ,^„^#^fMidcLlemarch,"  the  husband  of 


of  Poland  1177-94,  sumamed  "  The  Just."  He 
organised  the  Polish  senate,  which  consisted  ol  bishops, 
pEdatineSj  and  castellans,  and  introduced  laws  protecting 
the  peasants  against  the  nobles. 

Casimir  III.  Bom  1309:  died  Nov.  8,  1370. 
King  of  Poland  1333-70,  sumamed  "The 
Great,"  son  of  Vladislav  Lokietek.  He  promul- 
gated a  double  code  ol  laws  for  Great  and  Little  Poland  in 
1347,  projected  the  University  ot  Cracow  in  1364,  and  made 
conquests  in  Silesia,  Russia,  and  Lithuania,  Among  his 
mistresses  was  a  Jewess,  Esther,  who  is  supposed  to  have 
secured  the  humane  protection  which,  at  tliis  time,  was 
accorded  to  her  people  in  Poland. 

Casimir  IV.  Born  Nov.  29, 1427:  died  at  Grodno, 
Poland,  June  7, 1492.  King  of  Poland  1447-92, 
brother  of  Wladislaw  III.  He  carried  on  a  war  of 
fourteen  years  against  the  Teutonic  knights,  which  was 
terminated  in  1466  by  the  peace  ot  Thorn,  and  which  gave 
Poland  possession  of  West  Prussia,  with  suzerainty  over 
East  Prussia. 

Casimir-Perier,  Jean.    See  Pfy-Ur. 


lom^,  Nov.  14    1556.     An  ItaUan  poet  and    S3eaBrookrshera;:ries^ in  the  belief  that  gf^jEf  ^P^'/liVer  ^^'- at  Tripoli, 

^ttTukeT:  authof  of  "G^^^^^^^^  0^^^' (ka«o^ •   F.   pron.  ka-zo-b6n'),    t,I^S^^^?^^^^lL^^'^V^.'^^^ 

^^■ir,..^^^a    IR.'SR    1752).     His   coilectea  worKS  i»as<iuoou_  v^-"  ="'„"..    i__   ^r_  ^^  i^ro.  ,ijd  „+    »!,«„-.  .,™h,v„.v„<,Ti»nn  er.,-iiri!iieTiais"n7fio-7ov 


etiquette,  1558,  1752) 
were  published  in  1707, 


Isaac. 


Born  at  Geneva  Feb.  18, 1559:  died  at     theca  arabico-hispana  escurialensis"  (1760-70). 


Casius 

Oasius  (ka'si-us).  [L.  CasitiS  mons,  Gr.  Kaaiov 
6pog;  now  Ml  Kas.']  The  ancient  name  of  the 
mountainous  region  south  of  Antioeh.  See  the 
extract. 

The  monntain  region  varied  In  its  elevation  from  about 
5,000  feet  in  the  north,  where  it  was  known  as  Casius  and 
Bargylus,  to  above  9,000  teet  in  the  south,  where  Lebanon 
culminates  in  the  snowy  peak  of  MakmeL 

RawHnson,  Phoenicia,  p.  4. 

Caslon  (kas'lon),  William.  Bom  at  Cradley, 
Worcestershire,  1692:  died  at  Bethnal  Green, 
Jan.  23, 1766.  A  London  type-founder,  famous 
for  his  skill  as  a  type-eutter.  He  established  an 
important  business  which  was  carried  on  in  partnership 
with  his  son  William,  ^nd  alter  his  death  by  the  latter 
alone. 

Caspar  (kas'par).  A  huntsman  who  sells  him- 
self to  Zimeel,  the  black  huntsman,  in  Weber's 
opera  "Der  Freisehiitz." 

Caspar  Hauser.    See  Hauser,  Kaspar. 

Caspe  (kas'pe).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Saragossa,  Spain,  situated  on  the  river  Guada- 
lupe in  lat.  41°  13'  N.,  long.  0°  5'  W.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  8,439. 

Caspian  Sea  (kas'pi-an  se).  [L.  Mare  Caspium, 
or  Mare  Syrcanium,  Gr.  Kaawia  BaAoaaa,  Kaa- 
TTiov  nihiyoc;  from  L.  Caspii,  Gr.  'Kaairuii,  dwell- 
ers on  the  coast.]  A  salt  inland  sea  on  the 
boundary  between  Europe  and  Asia,  bounded 
by  Russian  territory  on  the  west,  north,  and 
east,  and  by  Persia  on  the  south,  it  is  the  largest 
inland  sea  in  the  world.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the 
Volga,  Ural,  Kuma,  Emba,  Terek,  Kur,  Atrek,  and  Sefld. 
It  has  no  outlet  There  is  a  Kussian  fleet  upon  it,  and 
steamers  connecting  with  the  Transcaspian  Bailway.  It 
is  83  feet  below  the  level  of  the  Black  Sea.  Length,  680 
mUes.  Greatest  width,  about  270  miles.  Area,  about 
169,000  square  miles. 

CascLuets  (kas'kets).  A  group  of  dangerous 
rooks  in  the  English  Channel,  8  miles  west  of 
Alderney.  They  are  the  traditional  scene  of 
the  shipwreck  of  Prince  William  iu  1120. 

Cass  (kas),  Lewis.  Born  at  Exeter,  N.  H., 
Oct.  9,  1782 :  died  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  June  17, 
1866.  An  American  statesman  and  soldier. 
He  served  in  the  war  of  1812-13.  He  was  governor  of 
Michigan  Territory  1813-31,  secretary  of  war  1831-36,  min- 
ister to  France  1836-42,  United  States  senator  1846-48, 
Democratic  candidate  for  President  1848,  United  States 
senator  1849-57,  and  secretaiy  of  state  1857-60.  He  wrote 
"Inquiry  respecting  the  History,  etc.,  of  the  Indians" 
(1823). 

Cassaba.    See  Kassaba. 

Cassagnac.    See  Granier  de  Cassagnac. 

Cassander  (ka-san'der).  [Gr.  'Kaaaavdpoq.'] 
Born  about  354  b.  c.  :  died  297.  The  son  of 
Antipater.  He  became  chiliarcb  in  321 ;  waged  war 
with  Alexander's  successors  after  319 ;  and  received  Mace- 
donia and  Greece  after  the  battle  of  Ipsus,  301. 

Cassandra  (ka-san'dra).  or  Alexandra  (al-eg- 
zan'dra).  [Gr.  Kaaaavopa,  F.  Cassandre.2  In 
Greek  legend,  a  prophetess,  the  daughter  of 
Priam  and  Hecuba.  By  command  of  Apollo  (whose 
advances  she  had  repelled),  her  predictions,  though  true, 
were  always  discredited.  She  was  enslaved  by  Agamem- 
non after  the  fall  of  Troy. 

Cassandra.  The  westernmost  peninsula  of 
Chalcidioe :  the  ancient  Pallene. 

Cassandra  (ka-san'dra),  Gulf  of.  The  modern 
name  of  the  Toronaic  Gulf. 

Cassandre  (ka-son'dr).  [F.,  'Cassandra.']  A 
romance  by  La  Calpren&de. 

Cassange,  or  Kasanji.    See  Mlangala. 

Cassano  (kas-sa'no).  1.  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bari,  Italy,  18  miles  southwest  of  Bari. 
— 3.  A  town  in  the  province  of  MUan,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Adda  16  miles  east-northeast 
of  Milan.  Here,  Aug.  16, 1705,  the  I^ench  under  Ven- 
ddme  defeated  the  Imperialists  under  Prince  Eugene; 
and  April  27, 1799,  the  Austrians  and  Russians  under  Suva- 
Toa  defeated  the  French  under  Moreau. 
3.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Cosenza,  Italy,  in 
lat.  39°  47'  N.,  long.  16°  19'  E.  It  has  sulphur- 
baths.    Population,  7,000. 

Cassel,  or  Kassel  (kas'sel).  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Fulda  in  lat.  51°  18'  N.,  long.  9°  29'  E. . 
the  Eoman  Castellum  Menapiorum,  Chasella. 
It  consists  of  the  Altstadt,  the  Ober-Neustadti  and  the  Un- 
ter-Keustadt.  It  contains  a  noted  picture-gallery  and  the 
electoral  palace.  Near  it  are  the  palace  and  park  of  Wil- 
helmshohe.  It  was  the  ancient  capital  of  electoral  Hesse, 
and  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  pf  Westphalia  1S07-13. 
Population  (1900),  commune,  106,001. 

Cassel  (ka-sel').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Nord,  Prance,  20  miles  south  of  Dunkirk:  the 
Eoman  Castellum  Morinorum.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  3,931. 

Cassel,  Battles  of.  Victories  gained  at  Cassel, 
Prance :  (a)  By  Eobert  the  Priesian  over  Philip 
of  France  in  1071.  (6)  By  Philip  VI.  of  France 
over  the  Flemings  in  1328.  (c)  By  the  French 
aver  the  Prince  of  Orange  in  1677. 

Cassia  gens  (kash'ia  jenz).    In  ancient  Eome, 


222 

a  clan  or  house,  originally  patrician,  afterward 
plebeian,  its  family  names  under  the  republic  were 
tionginus,  Hemina,  Parmensis,  Savilla,  Sabaco,  Varus, 
and  Viscellinus. 

Gassianus  (kas-l-a'nus),  called  Johannes  Mas- 
siliensis  ("of  MassUia"),  or  Eremita  ("the 
eremite").  Born  about  360  a.  d.:  died  after 
433  (about  448  ?) .  A  recluse  and  Semi-Pelagian 
theologian.  He  founded  the  monastery  of  St.  Victor, 
near  Marseilles,  and  was  a  diligent  promoter  of  monasti- 
cism. 

Cassibelaunus.    See  Cassivellaunus. 

Cassini  (It.  pron.  kas-se'ne ;  F.  pron.  ka-se-ne'), 
Giovanni  Domenico,  Bom  at  Perinaldo,  near 
Nice,  June  8, 1625:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  14, 1712. 
An  Italian  astronomer,  director  of  the  obser- 
vatory at  Paris.  He  discovered  toxa  satellites 
of  Saturn  1671,  1672,  1684  (two). 

Cassini,  Jacques.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  18, 1677: 
died  at  Thury,  in  Prance,  April  16,  1756.  A 
French  astronomer,  son  of  Giovanni  Domenico 
Cassini  whom  he  succeeded  as  director  of  the 
observatory  at  Paris  in  1712.  He  is  chiefly  known 
by  his  labors  in  relation  to  the  determination  of  the  figure 
of  the  earth. 

Cassini,  Jacqiues  Dominiaue,  Comte  de.  Born 
at  Paris,  June  30,  1748:  died  at  Paris  (?),  Oct. 
18,  1845.  A  French  astronomer,  son  of  Cassini 
de  Thury  whom  he  succeeded  as  director  of  the 
observatory  at  Paris  in  1784.  He  resigned  in 
1793.  He  completed  his  father's  map  of  Prance 
(1793). 

Cassini  de  Thury  (de  tu-re'),  C6sar  Frangois. 
Born  at  Paris,  June  17, 1714:  died  Sept.  4, 1784. 
A  French  astronomer,  son  of  Jacques  Cassini 
whom  he  succeeded  as  director  of  the  observa- 
tory at  Paris  in  1756.  He  commenced  a  topo- 
graphical map  of  Prance,  which  was  completed 
by  his  son. 

Cassino  (kas-se'no),  formerly  San  Grermano 
(san  jer-ma'no).  A  town  iu  the  province  of 
Caserta,  Italy,  about  45  miles  northwest  of  Na- 

Sles,  on  the  Kapido  near  the  site  of  the  Eoman 
asinum.   It  has  a  ruined  amphitheater.    Pop- 
ulation, 6,000. 

Cassino,  Monte.    See  Monte  Cassino. 

Cassio  (kash'io),  Michael.     The  lieutenant  of 

OtheUo  in  Shakspere's  tragedy  "Othello":  a 

somewhat  weak  but  honorable  man,  caused  by  the  device 

of  lago  to  be  the  object  of  Othello's  jealousy.    See  logo. 

Cassiodorus  (kas"i-9-d6'rus),  Magnus  Aure- 
lius.  Born  at  Soyllaceum,  southern  Italy,  about 
468 :  died  at  Viviers,  in  Calabria,  about  560. 
An  Italian  statesman  and  historian.  He  was  an 
administrative  officer  under  Odoaoer  Theodoric.and  his 
successors,  and  became  a  monk  at  Viviers  about  638.  His 
state  papers  and  works  were  published  by  Garet  (1679). 

Cassiopeia  (kas^'i-o-p^'ya),  or  Cassiepeia  (kas"- 

i-e-pe'ya).  [Git.  Kaaacdireia  ot  KaaaieTrsta.']  1. 
In  classical  mythology,  the  wife  of  Cepheus,  an 
Ethiopian  king,  and  mother  of  Andromeda. 
She  was  transferred  to  the  heavens  as  a  con- 
stellation.— 2.  A  beautiful  ciroumpolar  con- 
stellation, supposed  to  represent  the  wife  of 
Cepheus  seated  in  a  chair  and  holding  up  both 
arms.  It  contains  thirty  stars  brighter  than  the  sixth 
magnitude,  and  is  always  found  opposite  the  Great  Bear 
on  the  other  side  of  the  pole-star.  In  this  constellation 
appeared  in  1572  a  temporary  star  brighter  than  Venus  at 
its  brightest. 

Cassiquiare  (kas-se-ke-a'ra),  or  Cassiquiari 
(-re),  or  Casiquiare.  Ariver  in  southern  Ven- 
ezuela. It  diverges  from  the  Orinoco  20  miles  west  of 
Esmeralda,  and  joins  the  Bio  Negro  in  lat.  2°  N.,  long. 
67°  40"  W.,  thus  connecting  the  Orinoco  system  with  that 
of  the  Amazon.  The  cuixeut  is  from  the  Orinoco  to  the 
Negro.    Length,  about  190  miles. 

Cassiterides  (kas-i-ter'i-dez).  [Gr.  Kaaairepi- 
deg,  from  KaaaiTepog,  tin.]  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, the  "tin  islands,"  generally  identified  with 
the  SoiUy  Islands.  By  Elton  they  are  identified 
with  the  islands  near  Vigo  in  Spain. 

Cassius,  Dion.    See  Dion  Cassius. 

Cassius  Longinus  (kash'ius  lon-ji'nus),  Caius. 
Died  near  PhiUppi,  Macedonia,  42  b.  c.  A 
Roman  general  and  politician.  He  was  distin- 
guished in  the  Parthian  war  68-61 ;  was  the  leading  con- 
spirator against  Julius  Gsesar  in  44 ;  commanded  in  Syria 
and  Asia  44-42 ;  and  was  defeated  by  Antony  at  Philippi 
iu  42  and  killed  himseU. 

Cassius  Parmensis  (kash'ius  par -men 'sis), 
Titus.  Bom  at  Parma,  Italy  (whence  his  sur- 
name) :  executed  at  Athens,  by  order  of  Octa- 
vius,  about  30  b.  c.  A  Roman  poet,  one  of  the 
conspirators  against  Julius  Csesar. 

Cassivellaunus  (kas'i-ve-14'nus).  Flourished 
about  50  B.  0.  A  British  prince,  ruler  of  the 
CatuveUauni  (occupying,  approximately,  mod- 
ern Hertfordshire,  Buckinghamshire,  and  Berk- 
shire), a  local  conqueror  and  opponent  of  the 
Romans,  conquered  by  Ctesar. 


Castellamare  di  Stabia 

Castagnette  (kas-tan-yef).  Captain.  In  Ernest 
L'Bpine's  novel  of  the  same  name  (1862),  a 
character  remarkable  for  having  an  artificial 
stomach. 

Castagno  (kas-tan'yo),  Andrea  or  Andrino 
del.  Born  in  the  environs  of  Florence,  1390: 
died  of  the  plague  at  Florence,  Aug.  19,  1457. 
A  Florentine  painter.  In  1454  he  was  called  to  Eome 
by  Pope  Nicholas  V.  to  take  part  in  the  decoration  of  the 
stanze  of  the  Vatican.  He  was  a  draftsman  rather  than 
a  painter,  and  bis  work  is  characterized  by  a  certain  bru- 
tality of  style. 

Castahana.    See  Comanche. 
Castaigne  (kas-tan'),  Andr^.    A  contemporary 
French  painter,  bom  at  Angoulgme.   He  is  es- 
pecially noted  as  an  illustrator. 
Oastaldi  (kas-tal'de),  Fanifilo.    An  Italian 
printer  and  physician  of  the  middle  of  the  15th 
century,  supposed  by  some  Italians  to  have 
been  the  inventor  of  printing. 
Castalia  (kas-ta'li-a).    [Gr.  KoffraXin.]    An  an- 
cient fountain  on  tlie  slope  of  Mount  Parnassus, 
Greece,  sacred  to  the  Muses  and  ApoUo. 

The  Castalian  spring  may  be  distinctly  recognized,  from 
this  passage  and  the  description  of  Pausanius  (X,  viiL 
Sec.  5),  in  the  modern  fountain  of  Aio  JinnL  It  lies  at 
the  base  of  the  precipices  of  Parnassus  on  the  right  of 
the  road  by  which  alone  Delphi  can  be  approached  from 
the  east,  at  tlie  mouth  of  a  ravine  which  separates  the  two 
great  Delphian  peaks.  Rawlimon,  Herod.,  IV.  291. 

Castalides  (kas-tal'i-dez).  [L., 'Castalia.']  A 
poetical  name  for  the  Muses. 

Castaly  (kas'ta-li).  An  English  form  of  Cas- 
talia. 

Castanheda  (kas-tan-ya'da),  Fernao  Lopes 
de.  Bom  at  Santarem  about  1500:  died  at 
Coimbra,  March  23,  1559.  A  Portuguese  his- 
torian. In  1628  he  went  with  his  father  to  India,  where 
he  resided  20  years.  His  "  Historia  do  descobrimento  e 
conquista  da  India  pelos  Portuguezes"  appeared  in  parts 
from  1651  to  1561  (incomplete). 

Castanos  (kas-tan'yos),  Francisco  Xavier  de, 

Duke  of  Baylen.  Bom  at  Madrid  (?),  April 
22,  1756:  died  at  Madrid,  Sept.  24,  1852.  A 
Spanish  general.  He  defeated  the  French  at  Baylen 
July,  1808,  was  defeated  by  them  at  Tudela  Nov.,  1808, 
and  served  with  distinction  under  Wellington  at  Vitto- 
ria  1813.  He  became  the  guardian  of  Queen  Isabella  in 
1843. 

Castara  (kas-ta'ra).  A  collection  of  poems 
la  praise  of  Lucy  Herbert,  issued  anonymously 
by  Wmiam  Habington  in  1634.  He  had  mar- 
ried her  between  1630  and  1633. 

Caste.     A  play  by  T.  W.  Eobertson  (1867). 

Casteggio  (kas-ted'jo).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pavia,  northern  Italy,  12  miles  south  of 
Pavia.  Near  here  were  fought  the  two  battles  of  Mon- 
tebello  (180O  and  1859),  which  see. 

Castelar  (kas-ta-lar' ),  EmiliO.  Bom  at  Cadiz, 
Spain,  Sept.  8,  1832 :  died  at  San  Pedro  de  Pi- 
natar,  Murcia,  May  25,  1899.  A  noted  Spanish 
statesman,  orator,  and  author.  He  fled  from  Spain 
after  the  rising  of  1866 ;  became  a  republican  leader  in  1868 ; 
and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  1873,  and  president 
of  the  executive  Sept.,  1873,-Jan.,  1874.  Hisworks  include 
"  La  civilizacion  en  los  cinco  primeros  siglos  del  cristian- 
ismo"  (1865),  "Cuestiones  pollticas,  etc."  (1870),  "Discur- 
sos  parlamentarios  "  (1871),  "  Historia  del  movimiento  re- 
publicano"  (1875),  etc. 

Castel  del  Monte  (kas-tel'  del  mon'te).  A 
town  in  Italy,  19  miles  east  of  Aquila.  It  con- 
tains a  castle,  a  hunting-seat  of  the  emperor  Frederick 
II.,  one  of  the  most  splendid  medieval  monuments  in 
Italy.  The  plan  is  octagonal,  with  8  hexagonal  towers 
of  line  masonry.  The  windows  are  pointed  and  round- 
arched  ;  the  ribs  of  the  vaulted  halls  are  received  by  triple 
vaulting-shafts  of  marble. 

Castelfidardo  (kas-teFfe-dar'do).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Ancona,  Italy,  10  miles  south  of 
Ancona.  Near  here,  Sept.  18, 1860,  the  Italians  under 
Cialdini  defeated  the  papal  troops  under  Lamorici^re. 

Castelfranco  (kas-teFfran'ko).  Atowninthe 
province  of  Treviso,  Italy,  northwest  of  Venice. 
Here,  Nov.  23, 1805,  the  French  under  St.  Cyr  defeated  the 
Austrians  under  Prince  Hohan. 

Castell  (kas'tel),  Edmund.  Bom  at  East  Hat^ 
ley,  Cambridgeshire,  England,  1606:  died  at 
Higham  Gobion,  in  Bedfordshire,  1685.  A  noted 
English  Orientalist,  canon  of  Canterbury  and 
professor  of  Arabic  at  Cambridge.  His  chief 
work  is  a  "  Lexicon  heptaglotton,  Hebraicum,  Chaldai- 
cum,  Syriacum,  Samaritanum,  .^thiopicum,  Arabicum 
conjunctim  et  Persicum  separatim  "  (1669). 

Castellammare  del  Golfo  (kas-tel"la-ma're  del 
gol'fo).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Trapani, 
Sicily,  on  the  Gulf  of  Castellammare  27  miles 
west-southwfest  of  Palermo.  It  was  formerly 
the  seaport  of  Selesta.    Population,  14,000. 

Castellammare  di  Stabia  (kas-tel''''la-ma're  de 
sta'be-a).  A  city  in  Italy,  situated  on  the  Bay 
of  Naples  15  miles  southeast  of  Naples,  near 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Stabiee  (which  see),  it 
is  noted  as  a  watering-place.  Near  here,  1799,  the  French 
under  General  Macdonald  defeated  the  Anglo-Neapolitan 
army.    Population  (1881),  22,207 ;  of  commune,  33,102. 


Oastellanos 

Oastellanos  (kSs-tel-ya'nos),  Juan  de.  Bom 
at  Seville  early  in  the  16th  century.  A  Spanish 
ourate  and  poet.  He  passed  most  of  his  life  at  Tunja, 
Hew  Oranada.  He  wrote  "Elegiaa  de  varones  ilustres 
de  las  Indias,"  a  Tersifled  account  of  the  exploits  of 
early  Spanish  conquerors  in  America.  It  has  considerable 
poetical  and  historical  value.  (Part  I.,  Madrid  1589 ;  re- 
printed with  parts  II.  and  III.  in  the  "Biblioteca  de  Au- 
tores  Bspafloles,"  Madrid,  1847  to  1860.) 

Oastelli  (kas-tel'le),  or  Gastello  (kas-tel'lo), 
Bernardo.  Bom  near  fienoa,  Italy,  1557 :  died 
1629.    A  Genoese  painter. 

Oastelli,  Ignaz  Franz.  Bom  at  Vienna,  March 
6, 1781 :  died  at  Vienna,  Feb.  5, 1862.  An  Aus- 
trian dramatist,  poet,  and  journalist. 

Oastelli,  or  Gastello,  Valeric.  Bom  at  Genoa, 
Italy,  1625:  died  at  Genoa,  1659.  A  Genoese 
painter,  particularly  of  battle-scenes':  son  of 
Bernardo  Oastelli. 

Oastello  (kas-tel'lo),  Giovanni  Battista,  sur- 
named  II  Bergamasco.  Born  at  Bergamo, 
Italy,  about  1500:  died  at  Madrid  about  1570. 
An  Italian  historical  painter. 

Castellon  (kas-tel-yon ' ).  A  province  in  Va- 
lencia, eastern  Spain,  lying  between  Teruel  and 
Tarragona  on  the  north,  the  Mediterranean  on 
the  east,  Valencia  on  the  south,  and  Teruel  on 
the  west.  Area,  2,446  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  292,437. 

Oastellon,  Francisco.  Bom  about  1815 :  died 
Sept.  2,  1855.  A  Niearaguan  revolutionist.  In 
1863  he  headed  a  revolt  of  the  liberal  party  at  Leon,  was 
defeated,  andfled  to  Honduras,  but  returned  in  June,  1864, 
assumed  the  title  of  "provisional  director,"  and  for  a  time 
reduced  the  government  of  President  Chamorro  to  the  city 
of  Granada.  It  was  by  his  invitation  that  Walker  came 
from  the  United  States  ostensibly  to  aid  the  liberals.  In 
the  midst  of  these  struggles  Castellon  died  of  cholera. 

Oastellon  de  la  Plana.  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Castellon,  situated  4  miles  from 
the  coast,  in  lat.  39°  57'  N.,  long.  0°  5'  W. 
It  is  in  a  fertile  plain  (la  Plana).  Population, 
(1887),  25,193. 

Castelnau  (kas-tel-no'),  Francis,  Count.  Born 
at  London,  1812 :  died  at  Melbourne,  Australia, 
Feb.  4,  1880.  A  French  traveler.  He  visited  the 
Canadian  lakes,  the  United  States,  and  Mexico,  1837-41, 
In  1843  he  went  to  South  America  as  chief  of  a  gov- 
ernment scientific  expedition  which  explored  central  and 
western  Brazil,  Bolivia,  Peru,  and  the  Amazon.  He  re- 
turned to  France  in  1847,  and  was  subsequently  consul 
at  Bahia,  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  Singapore,  and  consul- 
general  at  Melbourne.  He  published  "Expedition  dans 
les  parties  centrales  de  I'Amlrique  du  sud  "  (Paris,  6  vols. 
8vo,  1850-51 :  the  last  volume,  on  Bolivia,  by  his  assistant^ 
M.  Weddell;  ap  atlas  and  scientific  supplements  were 
published  later). 

Castelnau,  Michel  de,  Sieur  de  la  Mauvissi6re. 
Bom  at  Mauvissifere,  Touraine,  France,  about 
1520 :  died  at  Joinville,  Haute-Marne,  Prance, 
1592.  A  French  diplomatist.  He  was  ambassador 
to  England  1674-84;  and  wrote  "Mtooires"for  the  per- 
iod 1669-70  (published  1621). 

Castelnaudary  (kas-tel-no-da-re').  A  town  in 
the  department  of  Aude,  France,  31  miles 
southeast  of  Toulouse,  an  important  trading 
center  on  the  canal  of  Languedoc.  It  suffered 
during  the  Albigensian  crusade  in  the  18th  century,  and 
was  burned  by  the  Black  Prince  in  1365.  Near  it,  on  Sept. 
1,  1632,  the  royalists  under  Schomberg  defeated  the  Duke 
of  Montmorency.  Population  (1891),  10,069. 
OastelnuOTO  .(kas"tel-no-6'v6).  A  seaport  in 
Dalmatia,  on  the  Bocche  di  Cattaro  13  miles 
northwest  of  Cattaro. 

Oastel Sarrasin  (kas-tel'  sar-ra-zan').  Atown 
in  the  department  of  Tarn-et-Garonne,  France, 
13  miles  west  of  Montauban.  It  has  a  noted 
church.  Population  (1891),  commune,  7,772. 
Castiglione  (kas-tel-yo'ne).  Count  Carlo  Ot- 
tavio.  Born  at  Milan,  1784:  died  at  Genoa, 
April  10,  1849.  An  Italian  philologist  and  an- 
tiquary. He  was  the  coadjutor  of  Mai  in  the 
editing  of  the  Gothic  version  of  the  Scriptures, 
1819—39 

Castiglione,  Giovanni  Benedetto,  called  II 
Grechetto,  and  Benedetto.  Bom  at  Genoa, 
Italy,  1616:  died  at  Mantua,  Italy,  1670.  An 
Italian  painter  (particularly  of  ammal  life)  and 
etcher.  ,       ^_,     .,      ,.,, 

Castiglione  delle  Stiviere  (kas-tel-yo  ne  del  - 
le  ste-ve-a're).  A  town  in  the  province  ot 
Mantua,  Italy,  22  miles  northwest  of  Mantua. 
Here  Aug  6,  1796,  the  French  Under  Bonaparte  defeated 
the  Austnans  under  Wurmser;  Augereau  received  after- 
ward  the  title  of  Duo  de  Castiglione.  Population  of  com- 
mune, 5.261.  ..       ,,  ..     ,_,     _,       „ — 

Oastigfione  Fiorentino  (kas-tel-yo  ne  fe-o-ren- 
t«'n6).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Arezzo, 
Italy,  10  miles  south  of  Arezzo:  noted  for  silk- 

Castile "(kas-tel').  [Sp.  CastUla,¥.Casmie,U. 
CasUglia,  G.  CastUien:  so  named  from  the 
number  of  its  frontier  castles.-]  An  old  kmg- 
dom  of  Spain,  in  the  northern  and  central  part 


223 

of  the  peninsula.  Castile  proper  comprised  Old  Cas- 
tile, containing  the  modem  provinces  of  Santander  Bur- 
gos, Palencia,  ValladoUd,  logrofio,  Segovia,  Soria,  and 
Avila;  and  New  Castile,  south  of  Old  Castile  containing 
the  modern  provinces  of  Madrid,  Toledo,  GuadalaiarsL 
Cuenca,  and  Ciudad  Real.  It  fell  under  Moorish  rule  ■ 
was  governed  by  counts  under  the  supremacy  of  Asturias 
and  Leon ;  and  was  annexed  by  Sancho  of  Navarre  (1026- 
1035),  who  gave  Castile  to  his  son  Ferdinand  I.  in  1033.  Leon 
was  united  to  Castile  in  1037,  separated  in  1066,  and  re- 
united  under  Alfonso  VI.  in  1072,  who  also  annexed  Ga- 
licia.  Afterward  Castile  and  Leon  were  separated,  but 
were  finally  reunited  under  Ferdinand  III.  in  1230,  who 
conquered  large  parts  of  southern  Spain,  Seville,  Cor- 
dova, etc.,  from  the  Moors.  Other  noted  kings  were  Al- 
fonso X.  and  Pedro  the  Cruel.  Isabella  of  Castile  married 
Ferdinand  of  Aragon  in  1469,  and  became  queen  of  Cas- 
tile in  1474.  Ferdinand  became  king  of  Aragon  in  1479, 
and  thenceforth  Castile  and  Aragon  were  united.  See 
Spain. 

Castile,  New.  [Sp.  Castilla  la  Nueva."]  See 
Castile. 

Castile,  Old.  [Sp.  CasUlla  la  Fieja.'i  See 
Castile. 

Castilla  (kas-tel'ya),  Eamon.  Bom  at  Tara- 
paed,,Aug.30,1796:diednearthatplace,May30, 
1867.  A  Peruvian  general  and  statesman.  He 
joined  the  patriots  in  1821 ;  was  exiled  in  1836,  but  re- 
turned in  1838;  and  was  president  of  Peru  1846-61.  In 
1854  he  headed  the  insurgents  in  southern  Peru ;  took 
the  title  of  provisional  president,  June  1, 1851 ;  decreed 
the  emancipation  of  slaves  and  the  abolition  of  Indian 
tribute;  defeated  Echeniqurt's  army  at  La  Palma,  near 
Lima,  Jan.  5, 1855 ;  and  was  regularly  reelected  president 
for  four  years,  July  14,  1865. 

Castilla  del  Oro  (kas-tel'ya  del  o'ro),  or  Cas- 
tilia  del  Oro.  ['  Golden  Castile.']  A  name 
first  applied  by  Columbus  to  the  northern  coast 
of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  which  he  visited  in 
1502.  In  1508  it  was  officially  made  the  name  of  a  prov- 
ince ceded  to  Nicuesa,  extending  from  Cape  Graciasd  Dies, 
now  in  Honduras,  to  the  Gulf  of  Darien,  the  inland  extent 
being  unknown.  By  the  failure  of  Ojeda(1610),  the  north- 
ern coast  of  South  America  from  the  Gulf  of  Darien  to 
Cape  de  la  Vela  was  added  to  it.  Early  maps  often  use 
the  name  Castilla  del  Oro  for  this  latter  region,  embracing 
what  is  now  northern  Colombia  to  the  exclusion  of  the 
isthmus ;  and  this  mistake  has  been  adopted  by  Helps 
and  other  modern  authors,  who  distinguished  the 
original  Castilla  del  Oro  as  Castilla  Nueva,  or  New 
Castile. 

Castillejo  (kas-tel-ya'Ho),  Oristoval  de.  Bom 

at  Ciudad  Rodrigo,  Spain,  about  1494:  died  at 
Vienna,  June  12,  1556.  A  Spanish  poet.  He 
was  secretary  to  Don  Ferdinand,  brother  of  the  emperor 
Charles  V.,  for  upward  of  thirty  years. 

CastillejOS  (kas-tel-ya'Hos).  A  place  in  north- 
ern Morocco.  Near  here,  Jan.  1, 1860,  the  Moors  were 
defeated  by  General  Prim,  who  received  as  a  reward  the 
title  of  Marquis  of  Castillejos. 

Castillo  (kas-tel'yo),  Bernal  Diaz  del.    See 

JDiai2  del  Castillo,  Bernal. 

Castillo,  Diego  Bnriqiuez  de.  Bom  at  Segovia, 
Spain:  lived  about  1475.  A  Spanish  chronicler, 
author  of  "Annals  of  the  Reign  of  Henry  IV., 
1454r-74"  (published  1787). 

Castillon-sur-Dordogne  (kas-te-y6n'sur-dor- 
dony').  A  town  in  the  department  of  Gironde, 
France,  situated  on  the  Dordogne  26  miles 
east  of  Bordeaux.  Here,  in  1453,  the  French  defeated 
the  English  under  Talbot  (the  last  battle  of  the  Hundred 
Years*  War). 

Oastillos  (kas-tel'yos),  los  ties.  [Sp.,  'the 
three  castles.']  A  mountain  cluster  in  north- 
ern Chihuahua,  to  which  the  Apache  chief  Vio- 
torio  retreated  in  the  fall  of  1880,  and  where  he 
and  his  band  were  exterminated  by  the  Mexi- 
can troops  under  Colonel  Terrazas. 

Castine  (kas-ten').  A  port  of  entry  and  water- 
ing-place in  Hancock  Coimty,  Maine,  situated 
on  Penobscot  Bay  30  miles  south  of  Bangor. 
Population  (1890),  987. 

Castine  (kas-ten'),  or  Oastin  (kas-tan'),  Vin- 
cent, Baron  de.  Born  at  Oleron,  France,  in 
1650:  died  there  about  1722.  A  French  soldier. 
He  went  to  Canada  in  1665,  and  established  a  trading 
house  at  Penobscot  (Castine)  in  1687,  where  he  married 
the  daughter  of  the  Penobscot  chief.  He  captured  Pema- 
quid  at  the  head  ot  200  Indians  in  1696.  In  1706  he  as- 
sisted in  defending  Port  Royal,  and  was  wounded  there  in 
1707.  His  son,  who  succeeded  him  as  commander  of  the 
Penobscots,  was  taken  as  a  prisoner  to  Boston  in  1721. 

Castle  (kas'l),  The.  Specifically,  Dublin  Castle, 
especially  as  the  seat  of  government. 

Castle  of  Asia.    See  Dardanelles. 

Castlebar  (kas-1-bar').  The  capital  of  County 
Mayo,  Ireland,  in  lat.  53°  52'  N.,  long.  9°  18' 
"W.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  and  Irish  Aug.  27, 1798,  in 
the  battle  called  "the  Race  of  Castlebar,"  in  which  Gen- 
erals Lake  and  Hutchinson,  with  2,000  Irish  militia,  a  large 
body  of  yeomanry,  and  LordEoden's  f  encibles,  were  routed, 
Aug.  26, 1798,  by  General  Humbert,  with  about  1,000  Irish 
insurgents  and  800  French  troops,  the  latter  of  whom  had 
landed  at  Killala,  Aug.  17.  Humbert  took  14  guns  and 
200  prisoners.    Low,  Diet.  Eng.  Hist. 

Castle  Dangerous.  A  tale  by  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
published  in  1831. 

Oiastle  Douglas.     A  town  in  Kirkcudbright, 


Castriota 

Scotland,  17  miles  southwest  of  Dumfries.  Pot)= 
ulation  (1891),  2,870. 

Castleford  (kas'1-ford).  A  town  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Aire  9  miles  southeast  of  Leeds.    Population 

Castle  Garden.  A  circular  building  situated 
on  the  Battery  New  York,  it  was  buut  in  isos  as 
a  fort,  and  was  called  Fort  Clmton.  In  1822  it  was  granted 
to  the  State.  It  was  tor  some  years  used  as  an  opera-house 
(Jenny  Lind  first  sang  there),  and  civic  receptions  were 
held  there.  From  1865  tiU  1891  it  was  used  as  a  place  of 
reception  for  immigrants,  but  the  immigrant  station  has 
been  transferred  to  the  Barge  Office,  and  thence  to  EUis 
Island,  and  the  building  is  now  in  possession  of  the  munici- 
pal government,  and  has  been  converted  into  an  aquarium 

Castlemain,  Countess  of.  See  VHUers,  Bar- 
bara. 

Oastlemain,  Earl  of.    See  Palmer,  Roger. 

Castlemaine  (kas'1-man).  A  borough  in  the 
gold  region  of  Victoria,  Australia,  75  miles 
northwest  of  Melbourne.    Population  (1891), 

Castle  of  Europe.    See  Dardanelles. 

Castle  of  Indolence,  The.    A  poem  by  James 

Thomson,  published  in  1748. 
Castle  of  Otranto  (6-tran'to).     A  romance  by 

Horace  Walpole,  published  in  1765. 
Castle  Rackrent.    A  story  by  Miss  Edge  worth, 

published  in  1800.    in  it  the  trials  and  difficulties  of 

landlord  and  tenant  are  described  with  sympathy  and 

dramatic  force. 

Castlereagh  (kas-l-ra').  Viscount.  See  Stew- 
art, Bobert. 

Castle  of  Sant'  Angelo.    See  Sunt'  Angela. 
Castle  of  the  Seven  Towers.  See  the  extract. 

As  the  eye  passes  St.  Stef  ano  an  imposing  block  of  gray 
walls  and  feudal-looking  battlements  comes  into  the  vi- 
sion. This  is  the  Castle  of  the  Seven  Towers,  where  it  was 
the  usual  custom  of  the  Porte  to  incarcerate  the  minister 
of  a  foreign  power  upon  declaration  of  war. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  261. 

Castle  Spectre,  The.  A  play  by  "Monk" 
Lewis,  produced  in  1797. 

Oastleton  (kas'1-ton).  A  town  in  the  Peak, 
Derbyshire,  England,  12  miles  west  of  Shef- 
field.   It  is  the  site  of  Peveril  Castle. 

Castletown  (kas'1-toun).  A  town  in  the  Isle  of 
Man,  on  the  southern  coast,  the  former  capital 
of  the  island.    It  contains  Castle  Rushen. 

Castlewood  (kas'l-wud).  Colonel  Francis  Es- 
mond, Lord.  The  second  Lord  Castlewood 
in  Thackeray's  novel  "Henry  Esmond,"  the 
father  of  Beatrix  and  Francis.  He  is  a  drunken 
sensualist  who  ill-treats  and  insults  his  wife,  spoils  his 
children,  gambles  away  his  property,  and  is  killed  in  a 
duel. 

Castlewood,  Lady.  The  mother  of  Beatrix 
Esmond,  and  wife  of  the  second  Lord  Castle- 
wood, in  Thackeray's  "Henry  Esmond."  She 
afterward  marries  Henry  Esmond. 

Castor  (kas'tgr).  [Gr.  Kdarup.]  In  Greek  and 
Roman  mythology,  the  twin  brother  of  PoUux, 
regarded  as  the  son  of  Zeus  and  Leda,  wife  of 
Tyndareus,  king  of  Sparta,  or  of  Tyndareus 
and  Leda :  noted  for  his  skill  in  the  management 
of  horses.  According  to  one  version  of  the  legend,  Zeus 
assumed  the  form  ot  a  swan.  Two  eggs  were  produced  by 
Leda  from  one  of  which  came  Castor  and  Clytsemnestra, 
from  the  other  Pollux  and  Helen.  The  Dioscuri  (Castor 
and  Pollux)  were  the  heroes  of  many  adventures,  and  were 
worshiped  as  divinities,  particularly  by  Dorians  and  at 
Rome.  They  were  placed  in  the  heavens  as  a  constella- 
tion.  See  also  Dwecuri. 

Castor  (kas'tor).  [L.,  from  Gr.  K&arap,  a 
beaver:  a  word  of  Eastern  origin.]  Among 
French  Canadians,  one  of  the  party  which  called 
itself  the  National  party,  the  beaver  being  the 
national  emblem  of  Canada. 

Castor  and  Pollux  (kas'tor  and  pol'uks).  The 
constellation  of  the  Twiiis,  or  Gemini;  also, 
the  zodiacal  sign  named  from  that  constella- 
tion, although  the  latter  has  moved  completely 
out  of  the  former.  Castor,  a  Geminomm,  is  a  green- 
ish star  of  the  magnitude  1.6,  the  more  northerly  of  the 
two  that  lie  near  together  in  the  head  of  the  Twins.  Pol- 
lux, 3  Geminomm,  is  a  very  yellow  star  of  the  magnitude 
1.2,  the  more  southerly  ot  the  same  pair. 

Castor  and  Pollux,  House  of.   See  Pompeii. 

Castores.    See  Dioscuri. 

Oastren  (kas-tren'),  Matthias  Alexander. 

Bom  at  Tervola,  near  TomeS,,  Finland,  Dec.  2, 
1813:  died  at  Helsingfors,  Finland,  May  7, 
1852.  A  Finnish  philologist  and  traveler  in 
Lapland,  northern  Russia,  and  Siberia.  He 
published  a  Swedish  translation  of  the  "Ka- 
levala"  (1841),  etc. 

Castres  (kas'tr).  A  city  in  the  department  of 
Tarn,  France,  on  the  river  Agout  39  miles  east 
of  Toulouse.  It  has  a  cathedral,  a  college,  and  impor- 
tant manufactures  of  textiles.  It  was  an  Albigensian  and 
later  a  Huguenot  stronghold.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 27,609. 

Castriota,  or  Oastriot,  George.  SeeScanderbeg. 


Castro,  Alfonso  y 

Castro  (kas'tro),  Alfonso  y.  Born  at  Zamora, 
Spain,  1495:  died  at  Brussels,  Feb.  11, 1558.  A 
celebrated  Franciscan  theologian  and  preacher. 
He  preached  at  Bruges  and  Salamanca;  represented  the 
Spanish  church  at  the  first  session  of  the  Council  o( 
Trent ;  was  one  of  the  chaplains  ol  Charles  V. ;  accom- 
panied Philip  II.  to  England  in  1564  as  counselor  and 
spiritual  director,  and  opposed  the  extreme  measures  of 
the  English  Catholics,  strenuously  condemning  the  burn- 
ing of  heretics ;  and  was  appointed  archbishop  of  Compos- 
tella  1567.  His  most  noted  work  is  his  treatise  "  Adversus 
Hsereces"  (Paris,  1634). 
Castro, OristdvalVaca  de.  See  Vacade  Castro. 
Castro,  Guillen  de.  Born  at  Valencia,  Spain, 
1569 :  died  at  Madrid,  July  28, 1631.  A  Spanish 
dramatist.  His  chief  play  is  "Las  Mocedades 
del  Cid." 
Castro,  Ines  de.  Killed  at  Coimbra,  1355.  The 
favorite  of  Pedro,  son  of  Alfonso  IV.  of  Portu- 
gal. He  married  her  after  the  death  of  his  wife.  She 
was  murdered  by  order  of  Alfonso,  to  prevent  the  conse- 
quences of  an  unequal  union.  Her  tragical  story  has 
been  celebrated  by  novelists  and  poets,  but  her  character 
has  been  much  softened. 
Castro,  Joao  de.  Bom  at  Lisbon,  Feb.  7, 1500 : 
died  at  Ormuz,  Persia,  June  6,  1548.  A  Por- 
tuguese naval  commander,  governor  in  India 
in  1545. 

Castro,  Dr.  Jos6  Maria.  Bom  Sept.  1, 1818:  died 
April  4,  1893.  A  Costa  Rican  statesman,  vice- 
president  of  Costa  Eica  in  1846,  and  president 
1847-49.  He  was  again  president  from  1866  to  Nov.,  1868, 
when  he  was  overturned  by  Jimenez. 
Castro,  Lope  Garcia  de.  Governor  and  cap- 
tain-general of  Peru  Sept.,  1564,- Nov.,  1569. 
Castro,  Manuel  Fernandez  de.  See  Fernan- 
dez de  Castro,  Manuel. 
Castro,  Paolo  de  (Latinized  Paulus  Cas- 
trensis).  Died  at  Padua,  Italy,  about  1441. 
An  Italian  student  of  civil  and  canon  law,  pro- 
fessor suooessively  in  Florence,  Bologna,  Fer- 
rara,  and  Padua. 
Castro  del  Rio  (kas'tro  del  re'6).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Cordova,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
river  Guadajoz  22  miles  southeast  of  Cordova. 
Population  (1887),  11,290. 
Castrogiovanni  (kas"tro-j6-van'ne).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Caltanissetta,  Sicily,  in  lat. 
37°  33'  N.,  long.  14°  17'  E.:  the  ancient  Enna 
or  Henna.  It  is  situated  on  a  height  in  the  center  of 
the  island.  It  has  a  cathedral,  castle,  and  ruined  citadel, 
and  was  anciently  a  seat  of  the  worship  of  Demeter.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Saracens  in  the  9th  century,  and  by  the 
Normans  in  the  Uth  century.  (See  Mnna.)  Population, 
18,000. 
Castro  Marim  (kas'tro  ma-reu').  A  town  in 
Algarve,  Portugal,  on  the  Guadiana  opposite 
the  Spanish  Ayamonte.  The  Castle  of  the  Templars  is 
a  great  triple  medieval  stronghold  crowning  a  mighty  rock. 
The  middle  fortress  has  a  quadrangular  court  with  massive 
walls  and  covered  way,  and  a  huge  square  keep. 
Castroreale  (kas"tro-ra-a'le).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Messina,  Sicily,  22  miles  southwest 
of  Messina.  Population  (1881),  commune,  8810. 
Castro  y  Figueroa  Salazar  (kas'tro  e  fe-ga- 
ro'a  sa-la-thar'),  Pedro  de.  Said  to  have  been 
a  native  of  Spanish  America:  died  in  the  city 
of  Mexico,  Aug.  22,  1741.  A  Spanish  soldier 
and  administrator,  Duke  of  La  Conquista  and 
Marquis  of  Gracia  Real.  From  Aug.  17,  1740, 
until  his  death  he  was  viceroy  of  Mexico. 
Caswell  (kaz'wel),  Richard.  Bom  in  Mary- 
land, Aug.  3,  1729:  died  in  North  Carolina, 
Nov.,  1789.  An  American  Revolutionary  poli- 
tician and  soldier,  governor  of  North  Carolina 
1777-79  and  1784r-87. 
Cat  (kat),  Christopher.  Flourished  1703-33. 
The  keeper  of  a  tavern,  "The  Cat  and  Fiddle," 
in  Shire  Lane  near  Temple  Bar,  London.  He 
is  noted  as  the  entertainer  of  the  Kit-Cat  Club 
(which  see). 
Catacombs  of  Borne.  Catacombs  in  Rome 
lying  for  the  most  part  within  a  circle  of  3 
miles  from  the  modern  walls.  The  length  of  the 
galleries  is  estimated  at  about  600  miles,  the  greater  part 
of  which  is  still  unexplored.  The  vast  network  of  subter- 
ranean passages  and  chambers  is  now  held  to  have  been 
formed,  chiefly  between  the  2d  and  the  6th  century,  ex- 
pressly for  the  burial  of  Christians.  Many  of  the  chambers 
were  later  used  as  chapels.  The  Catacombs  are  the  source 
of  many  sculptures,  paintings,  and  inscriptions  of  high 
importance  in  Cliristian  arohteology. 
Catalan  (kat'a-lan).  [Cat.  Catalan,  Sp.  Cata- 
lano:  see  Catalonia.']  A  Romance  language 
spoken  in  Catalonia,  and  closely  allied  to  Span- 
ish, from  which  it  differs  chiefly  in  its  consonant 
combinations  and  terminations,  a  result  of  the 
loss  of  vowels. 

Catalani  (kii-ta-la'ne),  Angelica.  Bom  at 
Sinigaglia,  Italy,  in  Oct.,  1779 :  died  of  cholera 
at  Paris,  June  12,  1849.  An  Italian  singer. 
She  made  her  first  appearance  in  1796,  at  Venice,  and  had 
a  successful  career  of  thirty  years.  She  married  M.  Vala- 
othgae  of  the  French  embassy  when  in  Portugal  in  1804. 


Catharine  de'  Bicci 

rim,  Katherine;  ME.  Katherine,  Katerin,  ¥. 
Catherine;  Sp.  Catarina,  Pg.  Catharina,  It.  Cat- 
erina,  LL .  Catharina,  LGr.  Kadaptvri,  from  Ka6ap6g, 
clear,  pure.]  According  to  tradition,  a  martyr 
of  the  primitive  church,  tortured  on  the  wheel 
and  beheaded  at  Alexandria  by  order  of  the  em- 
peror Maximian,  Nov.  25,  307.  According  to  some 
accounts  the  torture  was  prevented  by  a  miracle.  The 
wheel  became  her  symbol.  She  is  commemorated  on 
Nov.  25.  ,  ^ 

Catharine    (kath'a-rin)    I.,    or  Catherine 

(kath'e-rin).  Born  at  Jakobstadt,  Courland, 
Russia"  April  15,  1679  (?) :  died  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, May  17,  1727.  Empress  of  Russia,  she 
married  Peter  the  Great  in  1707 ;  was  acknowledged  as  his 
wife  in  1712 ;  was  crowned  as  his  empress  in  1724 ;  and 
reigned  1726-27.  She  was  of  obscure  origin ;  was  brought 
up  in  the  family  of  a  Protestant  minister  at  Marienburg, 
named  Gliick ;  married  a  Swedish  dragoon ;  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  Russians  at  the  capture  of  Marienburg,  Aug 
23,  1702 ;  and  eventually  became  the  serf  of  Prince  Men- 
shikoff,  in  whose  house  she  attracted  the  attention  of 
Peter  the  Grea^  who  made  her  his  mistress  in  1703.  She 
rescued  him,  by  bribing  the  Turkish  grand  vizu-,  in  1711, 
from  a  dangerous  position  on  the  Prnth,  when  vpith  an 
army  of  38,000  men  he  was  surrounded  by  200,000  Turks. 
During  her  reign  she  was  led  ohiefiy  by  the  influence  of 
Menshikoff.  She  founded  the  Kussian  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences, and  fitted  out  the  naval  exploring  expedition  un- 
der Bering. 

Catharine  II.,  or  Catherine.  Bom  at  Stettin, 
Prussia,  May  2,  1729 :  died  at  St.  Petersburg, 
Nov.  17,  1796.  Empress  of  Russia  1762-96, 
daughter  of  the  Prince  of  Anhalt-Zerbst.  she 
marned  in  1745  the  empress  Elizabeth's  nephew,  who  as- 
cended the  throne  Jan.  6,  1762,  as  Peter  III.  With  the 
assistance  of  her  paramour  Gregory  Orloff,  the  hetman 
Bazumovski,  Count  Panin,  and  Princess  Dashkolf,  she 
brought  about  the  deposition  of  Peter  (who  was  put  to 
death  in  prison),  and  usurped  the  throne  in  July,  1762. 
She  participated  in  the  partitions  of  Poland  1772, 1793,  and 
1795 ;  concluded  with  the  Turks  in  1774  the  peace  of  Kut- 
chuk-Eainardji,  by  which  Russia  acquired  Kinbum,  Azov, 
Yenikale,  Eertch,  and  both  Eabardas ;  and  in  1792  signed 
the  peace  of  Jassy,  by  which  Russia  acquired  Otchakov  and 
the  counts  between  the  Bug  and  Dniester ;  and  incorpo- 
rated Courland  in  1795.  She  improved  the  administration 
of  the  empire,  introduced  a  new  code  of  laws,  and  en- 
couraged art  and  literature.  She  has  been  called  '*the 
Semiramis  of  the  North,"and  Voltaire  said,  with  reference 
to  her,  "Light  now  comes  from  the  North." 

No  sovereign  since  Ivau  the  Terrible  had  extended  the 
frontiers  of  the  Empire  by  such  vast  conquests.    She  had 
given  Russia  for  boundaries  the  Niemen,  the  Dniester, 
_    ,  and  the  Black  Sea.    Bambavd,  History  of  Russia,  11.  127. 

the  top.    The  lowest  range  of  seats  is  divided  by  radial   __.  ^^   ^i       .  j>  a  r^  i, 

stairways  into  9  cunei;  the  middle  range  has  12  tiers  Catharine,  or  Catherine,  Of  Aragon,  Queen  of 
of  seats.    The  diameter  is  317  feet    Population  (1901),     England.     Born  at  Alcald  de  Henares,  Spain, 


224 

Catalauni  (kat-a-l&'ni),  or  Catelauni  (kat-e- 
13,'ni).  An  ancient  people  of  Belgica  Seeunda. 
Their  name  survives  in  the  modern  Chftlons. 

Catalaunian  Fields  (kat-a-13,'ni-an  feldz).  [L. 
Campi  Catalaunid.]  A  plain  near  Ch&lons-sur- 
Marne,  famous  for  the  victory  (451  A.  D.)  of 
Aetius  and  the  Gothic  king  Theodorie  I.  over 
Attila.     See  Chdlons. 

Catalaunian  Plain.    See  Catalaunian  Melds. 

Catalogue  of  Women.    See  Eoias. 

Catalonia  (kat-a-16'ni-a).  [F.  Catalogne,  Sp. 
CatalvMa,  Pg.  Cdtalunhd,  ML.  Catalonia,  earlier 
*(?otfeote»M,from(?o*W,  Goths,  and.4/aMJ,  Alans, 
by  whom  it  was  occupied  in  the  5th  century.] 
A  former  province  in  northeastern  Spain,  com- 
prisingthe  present  provinces  of  Lerida,Gerona, 
Barcelona,  and  Tarragona,  its  surface  is  mountain- 
ous, and  it  is  the  leading  agricultural  and  manufacturing 
district  of  Spain.  The  language  is  Catalan.  It  is  the  an- 
cient Hispania  Tarraconensis.  It  was  overrun  by  the  Alani, 
Goths,  and  (the  southern  part)  by  the  Saracens.  It  formed 
part  of  the  Spanish  mark,  and  was  united  to  Aragon  in  1137. 
It  has  been  the  scene  in  modern  history  of  various  insur- 
rections. In  1714  it  was  conquered  after  a  long  struggle  by 
Philip  v.,  and  deprived  of  its  constitution. 

Catamarca  (ka-ta-mar'ka).  1.  AnAndine  prov- 
ince in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  Argen- 
tine Republic,  lying  east  of  Chile  and  north  of 
Rioja.  It  produces  copper,  cotton,  etc.  Area, 
31,500  square  miles.  Population  (1895),  90,187. 
—  2.  The  capital  of  this  province,  in  lat.  28° 
28'  S.,  long.  66°  17'  W.    Population,  7,500. 

Catamareno.    See  Calchaquis. 

Catania  (ka-ta'ne-a).  A  province  of  Sicily, 
Italy.  It  includes  Mount  Etna.  Area,  1,917 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  641,000. 

Catania.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Catania,  Sicily,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Catania 
in  lat.  37°  28'  N.,long.  15°  4'  E.:  the  ancient 
Catana.  It  is  at  the  toot  of  Mount  Etna,  in  the  fertile 
plain  of  Catania.  It  has  commerce  in  sulphur,  grain,  wine, 
cotton,  etc.,  and  manufactures  of  silk,  cotton,  etc.  It  con- 
tains a  cathedral,  university,  Benedictine  monastery,  and 
notable  antiquities.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Bellini  It 
was  founded  by  Chalcidians  from  Naxos  about  730  B.  c; 
submitted  to  Rome  in  263  B.  0.,  becoming  an  important 
Roman  town  ;  and  was  devastated  by  lava  streams  in  121 
B.  c,  and  by  earthquakes  in  1169  and  1693.  It  contains  an 
ancient  theater,  with  Roman  superstructure  on  Greek 
foundations.  The  cavea  is  semicircular,  facing  south ;  it 
has  two  horizontal  dividing  passages,  and  an  arcade  at 


commune,  149,*295. 
Catanzaro  (ka-tan-dza'ro).     1.  A  province  in 

Calabria,  Italy:  formerly  called  Calabria  Ul- 

teriore  II.    Area,  2,030  square  miles.    Popula- 
tion (1891),  457,660.-2.   The  capital  of  this 

province,  situated  in  lat.  38°  55'  N.,  long.  16° 

39'  E.    It  has  a  castle,  cathedral,  and  museum, 

and  some  manufactures.     Population  (1891), 

commune,  30,000. 
CatarinaOomaro(ka-ta-re'na  kor-na'ro).    An  .  -,   . ,      .  i,  t»  i  d  •  i. 

opera  by  Donizetti,  first  produced  at  Naples  in  Catharine,  or  Catherine,  Of  BolOgna,  baint. 

1844.     This  was  his  last  opera.  Bom  at  Bologna,  Italy,  Sept.  8,  1413:  died  at 


Dec.  15  or  16,  1485:  died  at  Kimbolton,  Hunt- 
ingdon, England,  Jan.  7,  1536..  A  queen  of 
England.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella  of  Spain ;  married  Arthur,  prince  of  Wales,  in 
1501 ;  married  Hemy  VIII.  in  1509 ;  and  became  the  mother 
of  Mary  (who  subsequently  ascended  the  throne  of  Eng- 
land) in  1516.  About  1527  Henry,  who  was  infatuated 
with  Anne  Boleyn,  began  to  take  measures  to  secure  a 
divorce ;  and  in  1633,  application  having  been  made  in 
vain  to  the  Pope,  the  marriage  was  declared  void  by  Cran- 
mer,  archbishop  of  Canterbury. 


1844.     This  was  his  last  opera, 

Catawba  (ka-t^'ba),  or  Gh:eat  Catawba.     A 

river  in  North  anil  South  Carolina,  called  the 

Wateree  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course,  which 


Bologna,  March  9, 1463.  An  Italian  saint,  lady 
of  honor  to  Margaret  d'Este,  and  later  abbess 
of  the  Clarisses.    Canonized  in  1492. 


unites  with  the  Congaree  to  form  the  Santee  Catharine,  or  Catherine,  of  Bra,ganza.    Born 

-  ~  -      ■•       ~ at  the  castle  of  Villa  Vi§osa,  in  the  province  of 

Alemtejo,  Portugal,  Nov.  25,  1638:  died  in 
Portugal,  Dec.  31,  1705.  A  daughter  of  John, 
duke  of  Braganza,  wife  of  Charles  H.  of  Eng- 
land, whom  she  married  May  31,  1662. 
Catharine,  or  Catherine,  of  Genoa,  Saint 
(Catharine  Fieschi),  Bom  at  Genoa,  Italy, 
1447 :  died  at  Genoa,  Sept.  14, 1510.  An  Italian 
nun,  famous  for  her  charitable  deeds  during  a 
visitation  of  the  plague.  Canonized  1737. 
Catharine,  or  Catherine,  de'  Medici  (de  ma'- 
de-che).  Born  at  Florence,  1519 :  died  at  Blois, 
France,  Jan.  5, 1589.  Queen  of  France,  regent 
during  the  minority  of  Charles  IX.,  1560-63. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  duke  of  Ur- 
bino.  She  married  in  1533  the  Duke  of  Orleans  (^enry 
II.,  1647-59),  by  whom  she  became  the  mother  of  Francis 
n.  (1569-60),  Charles  IX.  (1560-74),  and  Henry  HI.  (1574- 
1589).  During  her  regency,  by  the  policy  of  attempting 
to  hold  the  balance  of  power  between  the  Huguenots  and 
the  Catholic  party  of  the  Guises,  in  accordance  with  which 
she  intrigued  alternately  with  both  parties,  she  precipi- 
tated in  1662  the  so-called  Wars  of  the  Huguenots,  which, 
with  interruptions,  devastated  France  until  1696 ;  and,  on 
the  occasion  of  the  marriage  of  her  daughter  Marguerite 
of  Valois  with  Henry  of  Navarre,  prevailed  upon  Charles 
to  give  the  order  for  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew, 
Aug.  24,  1672.  She  is  said  to  have  plunged  her  children 
into  licentiousness  and  dissipation,  in  order,  by  unfitting 
them  for  mental  exertion,  to  retain  her  ascendancy  over 
them  ;  and  had  till  her  death  an  important  though  some- 
times concealed  share  in  the  intrigues  and  part^  contests 
which  distracted  France. 

Catharine,  or  Catherine,  de'  Bicci  (da,  re'che), 
Saint.  Bom  at  Florence,  1522:  died  Feb.  2, 
1589.    An  Italian  saint.    She  took  the  veil  among  the 


31  miles  southeast  of  Columbia.  Total  length, 
about  300  miles. 

Catawbas.    See  Kataba. 

Cateau-Cambr^sis  (ka-to'kon-bra-ze'),  Le.  A 
manufacturing  town  in  the  department  of  Nord, 
France,  18  miles  south  of  Valenciennes:  Latin, 
Castrum  Cameracense.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  Mor- 
tier.  Here,  April  17, 1794,  the  Austrians  under  the  Prince 
of  Coburg,  3.na,  April  26,  under  Schwartzenberg,  defeated 
the  French.    Population  (1891),  commune,  10,544. 

Cateau-Cambresis,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  be- 
tween France,  England,  and  Spain,  April  2-3, 
1559.  France  retained  Calais.  France  and  Spain  re- 
stored most  of  their  conquests. 

Catel  (ka-tel'),  Franz.  Bom  at  Berlin,  Feb. 
22,  1778:  died  at  Rome,  Dec.  19,  1856.  A  Ger- 
man painter,  distinguished  especially  for  land- 
scapes. 

Catesby  (kats'bi),  Mark.  Bom  in  London  (?) 
about  1679 :  died  in  London,  Dec.  23, 1749.  An 
English  naturalist.  He  made  in  1712  a  voyage  to  Vir- 
ginia, whence  he  returned  in  1719  with  a  rich  collection 
of  plants.  He  made  a  second  voyage  to  America  in  1722, 
explored  the  lower  part  of  South  Carolina,  lived  some 
time  among  the  Indians  at  Fort  Moore  on  the  Savannah 
River, made  excursions  into  Georgia andFlorida,  and  after 
a  visit  to  the  Bahama  Islands  returned  to  England  in  1726. 
He  published  "The  Natural  History  of  Carolina,  Florida, 
and  the  Bahama  Islands"  (1731-43),  "Hortus  Britanno- 
Americanus,  or  a  Collection  of  85  Curious  Trees  and 
Shrubs,  the  Production  of  North  America,  adapted  to  the 
Climate  and  Soil  of  Great  Britain"  (1737),  "On  the  Mi- 
gration of  Birds  "  (1747),  etc  s 

Catha.    See  Comanche. 

Catharine,  or  Catherine,  Saint.  [Also  Katha- 


Catharine  de'  Ricci 

Dominican  nuns  at  Prato,  Tuscany,  in  1535,  and  was  made 
perpetuaJ  prioress  at  tlie  age  of  twenty-flve.  She  was 
canonized  in  1746  and  is  commemorated  on  the  13th  of 
February. 

Catharine,  or  Catherine,  of  Siena,  Saintl 
Bom  at  Siena,  Italy,  March  25,  1347:  died  at 
Borne,  April  29, 1380.  An  Italian  saint,  sheas- 
samed  the  habit  of  the  third  order  of  St.  Dominic  in  1365, 
and  obtained  so  great  a  fame  for  sanctity  that  she  was 
enabled  to  mediate  a  peace  between  the  Florentines  and 
Pope  Urban  VI.  in  1378.  She  was  canonized  In  1461,  and 
is  commemorated  on  April  30. 

Catharine,  or  Catherine,  of  Sweden,  Saint. 
Born  1331 :  died  in  Sw^eden,  March  24, 1381.  A 
Swedish  saint.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Saint 
Birgitta,  whom  she  succeeded  as  abbess  of 
Wadstena, 

Catharine  of  France,  or  of  Valois.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Oct.  27, 1401 :  died  at  Bermoudsey,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  3, 1438.  A  queen  of  England,  daugh- 
ter of  Charles  VI.  of  France,  and  wife  of  Henry 
V.  of  England,  whom  she  married  in  1420.  She 
married  Owen  Tudor  about  1425  (?). 

Catharine  Archipelago.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  Aleutian  Islands. 

Catharine  Howard.    See  Howard,  Catharine. 

Catharine  Parr.    See  Parr,  Catharine. 

Cathay  (ka-tha')._  The  name  given  by  Marco 
Polo  to  a  region  in  eastern  Asia,  supposed  to 
be  northern  China,  it  was  one  of  the  countries  which 
Columbus  expected  to  reach  by  sailing  westward,  and 
more  tban  once  he  believed  that  he  was  near  it. 

The  Persian  name  Cathay,  and  its  Russian  form  of  Eitai, 
is  of  modern  origin ;  it  is  altered  from  KUtah,  the  race 
which  ruled  northern  China  in  the  tenth  century,  and  is 
quite  unknown  to  the  pewle  it  designates. 

WiUimm,  Middle  Kingdom,  I.  4. 

Cathcart  (kath-kart'))  Sir  George.  Born  at 
London,  May  12,  1794:  killed  at  Inkerman, 
Crimea,  Nov.  5,  1854.  A  British  general,  third 
son  of  the  first  Earl  Cathcart.  He  served  in  the 
campaigns  of  1813-15,  being  in  all  the  important  battles ; 
was  appointed  governor  and  commander-in-chief  at  the 
Cape,  Jan.,  1862;  ended  the  Kafito  war  1852-53;  and  in 
1854  was  sent  as  commander  of  the  fourth  division  to  the 
Crimea,  with  a  dormant  commission  to  supersede  Lord 
Kaglan  in  case  of  accident  to  the  latter.  He  wrote  "  Com- 
mentaries "  (1850)  on  the  war  in  liussia  and  Germany  in 
1812  and  1813. 

Cathcart,  William  Shaw.  Bom  at  Peter- 
sham, Sept.  17,  1755:  died  at  Cartside,  near 
Olasgow,  June  16, 1843.  A  British  general  and 
■diplomatist,  tenth  Baron  Cathcart  in  the  Scot- 
tish peerage,  created  Viscount  (Nov.  3,  1807) 
and  Earl  (July  16,  1814)  Cathcart  in  the  peer- 
age of  the  United  Kingdom.  He  served  in  the 
Eevolutionary  War  1777-80,  and  at  the  bombardment  of 
Copenhagen  1807.    He  was.  ambassador  to  Russia  1812-14. 

Cathedral  (ka-the'dral),  The.  A  poem  by 
James  Eussell  Lowell,  published  in  1869. 

Cathelineau  (kat-le-no');  Jacques.  Born  at 
Pin-en-Mauges,  Maine-et-Loire,  France,  Jan. 
5,  1759:  died  at  St.  Florent,  France,  July  11, 
1793.  A  French  royalist,  leader  of  the  Ven- 
deans  in  1793. 

Catherine.    See  Catharine  and  Katharine. 

Cathlamet  (kath-la'met),  or  Katlamat.  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians.  Their  former 
habitat  was  Oregon  and  Washington  on  both  sides  of  the 
Columbia  River,  near  its  mouth.    See  Chinookan. 

Cathlapooya.    See  Calapooya. 

Catholicon  Anglicum.  An  English-Latin  dic- 
tionary, compiled  about  1483,  it  was  edited  by  Mr. 
Sidney  J.  H;  Herrtage  for  the  Early  English  Text  Society 
in  1881.  He  believes  it  to  have  been  compiled  in  the 
East  Riding  of  Yorkshire.  The  name  "  Catholicon  "  was 
first  used  for  such  a  work  in  a  Latin  grammar  and  dic- 
tionary written  by  Giovanni  dei  Balbi,  a  Genoese  monk, 
frequently  called  Jannensis.  It  was  finished  in  1286,  and 
the  first  edition  was  printed  by  Gutenberg  in  1460. 

Catholic  Majesty.  Atitleofthekings  of  Spain, 
assumed  at  times  after  the  Council  of  Toledo, 
and  permanently  since  the  time  of  Ferdinand, 
"the  Catholic"  1474-1516. 

Cathos  (ka-tos').  A  female  character  in  Mo- 
lifire's ' '  Las  Prficieuses  Eidicules,"  who  assumes 
the  name  Aminte.  She  affects  the  fashionable  senti- 
mentality of  les  pr^oieuses,  and  is  finally  taken  in  by  a 
valet  who  adopts  the  same  style  with  greater  success. 

Catilina  (kat-i-li'na),  E.  Catiline  (kat'i-lin), 
Lucius  Sergius.  Bom  about  108  b.  c.  :  killed 
at  Fsesulffi,  Italy,  62  B.  C.  A  Roman  politician 
and  conspirator.  He  was  of  an  ancient  but  impov- 
erished patrician  family.  As  a  partizan  of  Sulla  he  ren- 
dered himself  infamous  by  his  complicity  in  the  horrors 
of  the  proscription,  destroying  with  his  own  hand  his 
brother-in-law,  Q.  Ceecilius.  He  was  pretor  in  68,  and 
governor  of  Africa  in  67.  After  an  abortive  attempt,  m 
conjunction  with  P.  Autronius,  to  murder  the  consuls 
elect  for  66,  with  a  view  t»  seizing  the  fasces,  and  ^tec 
an  unsuccessful  candidacy  in  the  consular  elections  of  64, 
he  organized  a  widespread  conspiracy  gainst  the  repub- 
lic, whose  object  is  said  to  have  been  the  cancellation  of 
debts,  the  proscription  of  the  wealthJ^  and  the  distobu- 
tion  4mong  the  conspiratKirs  of  all  oflices  of  honor  and 
emolument  It  was  defeated  by  the  vigdance  and  elo- 
C— 15 


225 

quence  of  Cicero,  who  was  then  consul.  The  rebellion 
having  broken  out  in  Etruria,  Oct.  27,  Cicero  pronounced 
in  the  senate,  Nov.  8,  his  first  oration  against  Catiline 
which  caused  the  latter  to  leave  the  city.  On  Nov.  9  Cio^ 
ero  delivered  in  the  Forum  his  second  Catilinian  oration 
in  which  he  acquainted  the  people  with  the  events  in  the 
senate  and  the  departure  of  Catiline  from  Rome.  On  Dec. 
3  documentary  evidence  of  the  conspiracy  was  obtained 
from  an  embassy  of  Allobroges,  which  had  been  tampered 
with  by  the  Catilinarians ;  and  in  the  evening  Cicero  de- 
livered in  the  Forum  his  third  oration,  in  which  he  ac- 
quainted the  people  with  the  events  of  the  day  and 
the  seizure  of  the  conspirators  left  in  Rome.  On  Dec.  5 
Cicero  delivered  in  the  senate  his  fourth  oration,  which 
was  followed  by  the  execution  In  prison  of  Lentulus, 
Cethegus,  Statilius,  and  Galinius.  Meanwhile  Catiline 
had  assumed  command  of  the  revolutionary  force,  which 
amounted  to  about  two  legions,  but  was  overtaken  by  the 
army  of  the  senate  as  he  was  attempting  to  escape  into 
Gaul,  and  was  defeated  and  slain  In  the  battle  which  en- 
sued. 

Catiline's  Conspiracies.  1.  A  play  by  Ste- 
phen Gosson,  written  before  1579.  It  was  acted, 
but  not  printed.— 2.  A  tragedy  by  Robert  Wil- 
son and  Henry  Chettle,  perhaps  a  revised  ver- 

■  sion  of  Gosson's  play  (1598,  Henslow). 

Catiline's  Conspiracy.  A  tragedy  by  Ben  Jon- 
son,  produced  in  1611.  Catiline  is  made  inhu- 
manly ferocious  in  this  play. 

Cat  Island  (kat  i'land),  or  San  Salvador  (san 
sal-va-dor').  An  island  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  Bahama  group.  West  Indies,  long  iden- 
tified with  Guanahani,  Columbus's  first  landfall. 

Catley  (kat'li),  Ann.  Born  near  Tower  Hill, 
London,  in  1745:  died  at  Baling,  Deo.  14, 1789. 
An  English  singer.  She  was  the  daughterof  a  hackney- 
coachman.  In  1762  she  appeared  at  Vauxhall,  andfrom  this 
time  her  beauty  and  voice  made  her  not  only  successful 
but  notorious.  In  1784  she  made  her  last  appearance, 
having  then  become  the  wife  of  Major-General  Francis 
Lascelles.  The  ladies  eagerly  copied  her  dress,  and  to 
be  "Catleyfied"  was  to  be  dressed  becomingly. 

Catlln  (kat'lin),  George.  Bom  at  Wilkesbarre, 
Pa.,  June  26,  1796:  died  at  Jersey  City,  N.  J., 
Dec.  23,  1872.  An  American  artist,  and  trav- 
eler among  the  North  American  Indians  and  in 
Europe.  His  chief  work  is  "Illustrations  of  the  Man- 
ners.  Customs,  and  Condition  of  the  North  American  In- 
dians "  (1841).  He  painted  more  than  600  portraits  of 
Indians  from  life,  a  unique  and  valuable  collection,  now 
in  the  United  States  National  Museum  at  Washington. 

Catmandoo.    See  Ehatmandu. 

Oat  Nation.    See  Erie. 

Cato  (ka'to).  A  tragedy  by  Addison,  produced 
at  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  London,  1713. 

Cato.    A  pseudonym  of  Alexander  Hamilton. 

Cato  Major.    See  De  Senectute. 

Cato,  Marcus  Porcius,  sumamed  Uticensis 
(from  Utica,  the  place  of  his  death).  Bom  at 
Rome,  95  B.  c. :  committed  suicide  at  Utica, 
North  Africa,  46  B.  c.  A  Roman  patriot  and 
Stoic  philosopher,  great-grandson  of  Cato  the 
Censor.  He  fought  under  Gellius  Publicola  against 
Spartacus  in  72,  served  as  military  tribune  In  Macedonia 
in  67,  and  was  questor  in  65,  tribune  of  the  people  in  62, 
and  pretor  in  64.  He  supported  Cicero  against  the  Cati- 
linarians, and  sided  with  Pompey  against  Csesar  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  civil  war  in  49.  After  the  battle  of  Phar- 
salia  he  retired  to  TTtica,  where  he  put  himself  to  death 
on  receiving  intelligence  of  the  victory  of  Ceesar  at  Thap- 
sus. 

Cato,  Marcus  Porcius,  surnamed  "The  Cen- 
sor," and  Prisons.  Bom  at  Tusculum,  Italy, 
234  B.  C. :  died  149  B.  C.  A  Roman  statesman, 
general,  and  writer.  He  was  questor  under  Scipio 
in  204 ;  consul  in  195  ;  served  in  Spain  in  194,  and  against 
Antiochus  in  191 ;  was  censor  in  184 ;  and  was  ambassador 
to  Carthage  in  160.  He  sought  to  restore  the  integrity 
of  morals  and  the  simplicity  of  manners  prevalent  in  the 
early  days  of  the  republic,  and  was  one  of  the  chief  insti- 
gators of  the  third  Punic  war,  in  his  effort  to  incite  to 
which  he  for  years  closed  every  speech  in  the  senate  with 
the  words,  "  Ceterum  censeo  Carthaginem  esse  delendam." 
He  wrote  "De  re  rustica"  (ed.  Keil,  1882),  and  "Origines" 
(extant  in  fragments). 

Cato  Street  Conspiracy,or  Thistlewood  Con- 
spiracy, In  British  history,  a  conspiracy  un- 
der the  lead  of  Arthur  Thistlewood,  which  aimed 
to  assassinate  Castlereagh  and  other  ministers. 
The  plot  was  discovered  Feb.  23, 1820,  at  the  rendezvous, 
Cato  street,  near  Edgeware  road,  London. 

Cats  (kats),  Jakob.  Born  at  Brouwershaven, 
Holland,  1577 :  died  1660.  A  Dutch  poet.  He 
studied  at  Leyden  and  Orleans,  where  he  received  a  doc- 
tor's degree,  and  was  subsequently  advocate  in  The  Hague 
and  in  Middelburg.  In  1636  he  was  made  pensionary  of 
Holland.  He  died  on  his  estate  near  Scheveningen. 
Father  Cats,"  as  he  was  affectionately  called,  was  for 
■  "       His  "Hou- 

van 

^_^     ^   _  _  and 

New~Time"")  in  1632,  " Trouringli "  (■' Wedding  Ring")  in 

Catskill  (kats'kil).  A  town  in  Greene  County, 
New  York,  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Hudson,  30  miles  south  of  Albany.  Population 
(1900),  village,  5,484. 

Catskill  Mountains.  A  group  of  mountains 
in  southeastern  New  York,  west  of  the  Hudson, 


Caucasians 

in  Greene,  Ulster,  and  Delaware  counties,  be- 
longing to  the  Appalachian  system.  They  are 
noted  for  picturesque  scenery,  and  contain  many  fre- 
quented summer  resorts.  Among  the  chief  summits  are 
Slide  Mountain  (the  highest  point,  4,205  feet)  Kaaterskill 
High  Peak  (Mount  Lincoln),  Overlook  Mountain  Hunter 
Mountain.    Also  called  Katzberga,  etc.  ' 

Catskin's  Garland,  or  The  Wandering 
Young  Gentlewoman.  A  ballad,  the  English 
form  in  which  the  story  of  "  Cinderella"  is  pre- 
served. The  heroine  is  made  a  scullery-maid 
and  reduced  to  dress  in  catskins. 

Cattack.    See  Cuttack. 

Cattako.    See  Comanche. 

Cattaro  (kat'ta-ro),  Slav.  Kotor  or  Kotur.  A 
seaport  in  Dalmatia,  situated  on  the  Bocehe  di 
Cattaro  in  lat.  42°  25'  N.,  long.  18°  46'  E.: 
probably  the  Roman  Ascriviam.  it  is  famous  for 
its  picturesque  situation.  It  has  a  cathedral,  and  is 
strongly  fortified.  It  was  ceded  finally  to  Austria,  1814. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  5,435. 

Cattegat,  or  Kattegat  (kat'e-gat).  A  sea  pas- 
sage which  separates  Sweden  from  Jutland, 
and  connects  the  Skager  Rack  with  the  Baltic 
through  the  Sound  and  the  (Jreat  and  Little 
Belts.  Length,  about  150  miles.  Greatest 
breadth,  85  miles. 

Cattermole  (kat'er-mol),  George.  Bom  at 
Dickleboroiigh,  Norfolk,  England,  Aug.  8, 
1800 :  died  at  Clapham,  near  London,  July  24, 
1868.  An  English  painter,  one  of  the  earliest 
English  water-colorists.  He  illustrated  the 
"  Waverley  Novels."  His  subjects  were  chiefly 
medieval. 

Catti.    See  Cham. 

Oattywar,  or  Kattywar.    See  KatUawar. 

Catullus  (ka-tul'us).  Caius  Valerius.  Bom 
at  Verona,  Italy,  87  (?)  b.  c.  :  died  about  54  b.  c. 
A  celebrated  Roman  poet.  Concerning  his  personal 
history  little  is  known,  except  that  he  came  to  Rome  at  an 
early  age ;  that  he  enjoyed  the  society  of  the  most  cele- 
brated men  of  his  day,  including  Cicero,  Csesar,  and  Pollio, 
and  that  he  was  probably  possessed  of  a  moderate  inde- 
pendence, although  vicious  and  expensive  habits  reduced 
him  to  pecuniary  difiiculties.  He  is  remarkable  for  the 
versatility  of  his  genius,  for  the  liveliness  of  his  concep- 
tion, and  for  his  felicity  of  expression.  According  to  Apu- 
leins  the  real  name  of  Lesbia,  who  forms  the  theme  of 
most  of  his  amatory  poems,  was  Clodia ;  and  some  critics 
have,  though  apparently  erroneously,  identified  her  with 
the  sister  of  tlie  demagogue  Clodlus  slain  by  Milo.  His 
extant  works  are  116  poems,  lyric,  epigrammatic,  elegiac, 
etc. 

Catulus  (kat'u-lus),  Caius  Lutatius.  A  Roman 

general.  He  was  chosen  consul  for  the  year  242  B.  c. 
When  he  entered  oflice  the  first  Punic  war  had  been  waged 
since  264 ;  and  the  senate,  discouraged  by  numerous  losses, 
had  abandoned  the  war  at  sea.  He  obtained  command  of 
a  fleet  built  by  wealthy  patriots  at  Rome,  and  241  gained 
the  decisive  victory  at  the  .^gadian  Islands  which  resulted 
in  a  favorable  treaty  of  peace. 

Catulus,  Quintus  Lutatius.  Bom  about  152 
B.  c:  died  87  B.  c.  A  Roman  general.  He  was 
consul  with  Marius  102  B.  c,  and  was  associated  with  him 
in  the  victory  over  the  Cimbri,  at  Vercellse,  in  101  E.  c. 
He  joined  Sulla  in  the  civil  war,  and,  having  in  conse- 
quence been  proscribed  by  Marius,  committed  suicide 
87  B.  0. 

Catulus,  Quintus  Lutatius.  Died  60  b.  c. 
A  Roman  politician,  son  of  Quintus  Lutatius 
Catulus.  He  was  consul  78  B.  c,  and  censor  66  B.  c. 
He  was  a  strong  supporter  of  Cicero  against  the  Catili- 
narian  conspiracy,  63  B.  C. 

Caturiges  (ka-tU'ri-jez).  [L.  (Csesar)  Caturiges, 
Gr.  (Ptolemy)  Kardvpiyeg,  (Strabo)  Kardpfyeg} 
pi.  of  Caturix,  lit. '  war-chief.']  A  Celtic  tribe 
which  dwelt  among  the  Cottian  Alps. 

Catuvellauni  (kat-ii-vel-la'ni).  An  ancient 
British  people  who  lived  in  the  region  of 
Hereford  and  Bedford,  west  of  the  Trinoban- 
tes  and  Iceni.  The  Gatuvellaunian  state  was  a  cen- 
tral kingdom  formed,  or  greatly  extended,  by  the  con- 
quests of  Cassivellaunus.  There  are  various  forms  of 
the  name. 

Caub  (koub).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Hesse- 
Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine  above 
Oberwesel.  The  passage  of  the  Rhine  was 
effected  here  by  Bliicher,  Jan.  1,  1814. 

Cauca  (kou'ka).  The  largest  department  of  Co- 
lombia, forming  the  western  and  southern  part. 
Capital,  Popayan.  Area,  257,462  square  miles. 
Population  (estimated,  1892),  700,000.  Portions 
are  claimed  by  Brazil  and  Ecuador. 

Cauca.  A  river  in  Colombia,  between  the  cen- 
tral and  western  Cordilleras  of  the  Andes,  join- 
ing the  river  Magdalena  about  lat.  9°  N. 
Length,  over  600  miles. 

Caucasia  (ka-ka'sia).  A  general  name  for  the 
(Caucasus  region. 

Caucasians  (kft-ka'gianz  or  k&-kash'ianz). 
[ML.  Caucasiani  (L.  Cducasii),  from  Gr.  Kavm- 
oof.]  In  Blumenbach's  ethnological  system, 
the  highest  type  of  the  human  family,  including 
nearly  aU  Europeans,  the  Circassians,  Armenif 


Caucasians 


226 


jins,  Persians,  Hindus,  Jews,  etc.    He  gave  this  Caumont  (k6-m6i'))  AJdrick  Isidore  Ferdi- 

'' "■  '  ■  nand.    Bom  at  St.  Vincent-Cramesnil,  Seine- 

Inffirieure,  France,  May  15,  1825.  A  Erench 
jurist  and  political  economist.  His  chief  work 
is  "  Dictionnaire  umversel  de  droit  commercial 
maritime"  (1855-69) 


name  to  the  race  because  be  regarded  a  skull  he  had  ob 
tained  from  the  Caucasus  as  the  standard  of  the  human 
type. 
Caucasus  (k&'ka-sus).  A  general  government 
of  the  Russian  empire,  lying  north  of  Persia 
and  Asiatic  Turkey,  east  of  the  Black  Sea,  and 
west  of  the  Caspian,  it  comprises  the  northern 
Caucasus,  including  the  governments  or  provinces  of  Stav- 
ropol, Kuban,  and  lerek ;  and  Transcaucasia,  Including 


northern  CaUDlont,  Arcissc  dc.  Bom  at  Bayeux,  Prance, 


Aug.  28.  '1802 :  died  at  Caen,  France,  April  15, 
1873.    A  French  arohseologist. 
Daghestan,  K'utais,  Tiflis,  iBaku,  Yelissavetpol,' Ears,  and  CaUSSade  (ko-sad').  A  town  in  the  department 
Eriyan.    Its  chief  cities  are  Tiflis  and  Vladikavkaz.    Old     of    Tarn-et-Garonne,  France,  13  miles  north- 
divisions  were  Georgia,  Mingrelia,  Imeritla,  Svanetia,  etc.  J.aii^  ou  vjiaiuuiitJ,   J.a.o,iiv/v/,    J.  

The  inhabitants  are  Russians,  Armenians,  Tatars,  Geor-     east  of  Montauban.   It  was  a  Huguenot  strong- 
gians,  Mingrelians,  Imeritians,  Ossets,  many  mountaineer     hold.     Population  (1891),  commune,  3,747. 
tribes,  etc.    The  chief  naturalfeatures  of  the  region  are  (Jaugggg  (tos).  The.      [F.chaux,  limestone.']     A 
the  Caucasus  Mountains  and  the  rivers  Kur,  Kion,  Kuban,     ^^^^  ^f  limestone  plateaus  in  the  department 


of  Lozfere  and  the  vicinity,  southern  France, 
near  the  head  waters  of  the  Tarn, 
submitted  in  1864     Russian  Armenia  was  annexed  in  OaUSSiU  de   Perceval   (ko-san'  de  pers-val'), 

Armand  Pierre.    Bom  at  Pans,  Jan.  13^  1795 


and  Terek.  Georgia  was  annexed  in  1801.  The  Russian  war 
of  subjugation  of  the  mountain  tribes  continued  many 
years.    Sbamyl  was  subdued  in  1869.    The  Tcherkesses 
submitted  in  1864.    Russian  Armeni 
1878.    Area,  182,457  square  miles.    Pop.  (1897),  9,723,653. 

Caucasus.  [F.  Cmwase,  G.  Kaukasus.']  A 
mountain  system  in  Kussia,  lietween  the  Black 
and  Caspian  seas,  extending  southeast  and 
northwest,  often  taken  as  the  conventional 
boundary  between  Europe  and  Asia.  The  chief 
summits  axe  Elbruz  (18,526  feet)  and  Kazbek.  There  are 
numerous  passes,  some  of  them  reaching  an  elevation  of 
10,000-11,000  feet.  The  glaciers  rival  those  of  the  Alps, 
but  lakes  are  almost  entirely  wanting.  Length  of  the  sys- 
tem, about  800  miles ;  greatest  width,  about  120  miles.  It 


died  at  Paris,  Jan.  15, 1871.  A  French  Oriental- 
ist and  historian,  a  traveler  in  Syria,  and  (1822) 
professor  of  Arabic  at  the  College  of  Prance.' 
He  was  a  son  of  J.  J.  A.  Caussin  de  Perceval.  He  wrote 
"Essais  sur  I'histoire  des  Arabes"  (1847),  etc. 

Caussin  de  Perceval,  Jean  Jacaues  Antoine. 

Bom  at  Montdidier,  France,  June  24, 1759 : 
died  July  29,  1835.  A  French  Orientalist  and 
historian.  His  best-known  works  are  transla- 
has  been  very  important  historically  as  a  barrier  to  migra-  «„„„  fi-rvm  Oi-apIt  anil  Arnhif 
tions.  "It  has  also  preserved  .  .  .  fragments  of  the  rfi°  I-  ^^ft^lM  f  PS.!-,"^!!  A  .1,o,„„+»,^„  +>.<> 
different  peoples  who  from  time  to  time  have  passed  by  CaustlC  (kSs  tlk),  COlOnCl.  A  Character  in  the 
1^  or  who  have  been  driven  by  conquest  into  it  from  the  "  Lounger,"  a  periodical  published  by  Henry 
lower  country.'-     Bryce,  Transcaucasia  and  Ararat,  p.  51.     Mackenzie  1785-86. 

Cauchy  (ko-she'),  Augustin  Louis.  Bom  at  Cauterets  (kot-ra').  A  watering-place  in  the 
Paris,  Aug.  21,  1789:  died  at  Paris,  May  23,  department  of  Hautes-Pyr6n6es,  France,  28 
1857.  A  celebrated  French  mathematician  and  miles  southwest  of  Tarbes.  Elevation,  3,055 
poet.  His  works  include  a  memoir, "  Sur  la  th^orle  dea  feet.  It  has  hot  sulphur  springs. 
StVd[St;;?°(il26V' sJn;SSi:n^^^^^^^  caution  (U'shon),  Bfos.  a  character  mWych- 
risidus,  etc."  (1827),  etc. 
Caudebec  (kod-bek').    A  town  in  the  depart- 


erley's  "Gentleman  Dancing-Master." 


Cavendish,  Thomas 

Cavalieri  (kS-va-le-a're),  or  Cavalleri,  Buona- 
ventura.     Bom  at  Milan,  1598:   died  at  Bo- 

.logna,  Italy,  Dee.  3, 1647.  An  Italian  mathe- 
matician, celebrated  as  the  inventor  of  the 
geometrical  "method  of  indivisibles."  His  chief 
work  Is  "Geometria  indivisibilium  continuorum  nova 
quadam  ratione  promota." 

Cavall  (ka-val')-    King  Arthur's  dog. 

Cavalleria  Busticana  (ka-val-la-re'a  rus-te- 
ka'na).  [It., 'rustic  gallantry.']  An  opera  by 
Mascagni,  first  played  in  Bome  May  18,  1890. 

Cavalli  (ka-val'le),  Pietro  Francesco  (origi- 
nally Caletti-Brunl).  Bom  at  Crema,  Italy, 
1599  or  1600:  died  at  Venice,  Jan.  14,  1676. 
An  Italian  composer,  organist,  and  chapel-mas- 
ter. He  began  to  compose  operas  in  1637,  and  continued  to 
produce  them  for  32  years.  Among  them  are  "Giasone" 
(1655), "Serse"  (1660),  " Ercole  amante  "  (1662).  Heisnow 
considered  to  nave  been  the  inventor  of  the  "Da  Capo," 
which  was  long  attributed  to  ScarlattL 

Cavan  (kav'an)  1.  A  county  in  Ulster,  Ire- 
land, lying  "between  Fermanagh  and  Mon- 
aghan  on  the  north,  Monaghan  and  Meath  on 
the  east,  Meath,  Westmeath,  and  Longford  on 
the  south,  and  Longford  and  Leitrim  on  the 
west.  Area,  746  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  111,917.—  2.  The  capital  of  the  county 
of  Cavan,  in  lat.  54°  N.,  long.  7°  22'  W. 

Cave  (kav),  Edward.  Bom  at  Newton,  'War- 
wickshire, England,  Feb.  27, 1691:  diedatLon^ 
don,  Jan.  10,  1754.  A  noted  English  printer 
and  bookseller,  in  1731  he  started  a  printing-office  at 
London  under  the  name  of  "R.  Newton,"  and  founded  the 
"  Gentleman's  Magazine,"  which  he  edited  under  the  pseu-- 
donym  "Sylvanus  Urban,  Gent."  He  began  in  1732  the- 
publication  of  regular  reports  of  parliamentary  debates,, 
based  on  the  memory  of  reporters  who  had  listened  to  the: 
speeches,  and  put  in  proper  literary  shape  by  William- 
Guthrie  and,  after  him,  for  several  years,  by  Dr.  Johnson. 
This  publication  of  these  reports  brought  upon  liim  thfr 
censure  of  Parliament. 


ment  of  Seine-Inf6rieure,  France,  on  the  Seine 
20  miles  west-northwest  of  Kouen :  the  ancient 
capital  of  the  Pays  de  Caux.    It  contains  a 


Cautionary  To-WHS.    A  name  given  to  the  four  Cave,  The.    See  Jdullam,  Cave  of. 


towns  in  the  Netherlands — Briel,  Flushing,  Wal 
cheren,  Rammekens — held  1585-1616  by  Eng- 

noted  church  of  the  15th  century.    Population  Oautley  (kat'h),  Sir  l-roby  Thomas.    Bom  at    pi  ,,...,, 

(1891)   commune,  2,386.  Stratfprd   St.  Mary's,  Suffolk,  1802:   died  at  Cavea.U  (ka-vo') 

Caudei)ec-Ifes-Elbeuf.(k6d-bek'la-zel-bef').    A        '     ' 
manufacturing  town  iii  the  department  of  Seine- 
Infdrieure,  Prance,  near  Elbeuf  on  the  Seine, 
south  of  Rouen.    Population  (1891),  commune. 


Sydenham,  near  London,  Jan.  25,  1871.  An 
English  colonel  of  engineers  in  India,  and  pa- 
leontologist. He  was  especially  noted  as  the  superin- 
tendent of  the  construction  of  the  Ganges  canal,  1843-54. 
He  explored  as  a  geologist  the  Sivalik  range,  making 


Cave,  William.  Bom  at  Pickwell,  Leicester- 
shire, England,  1637:  died  at  Windsor,  Eng- 
land, July  4, 1713.  A  noted  English  divine  and 
"latnstic  scholar. 

[F.,  'small  (wine)  cellar.']  A 
Parisian  literary  and  convivial  club,  founded  in 
1729,  dissolved  in  1739,  and  refounded  in  1806 
and  1834:  named  from  a  tavern  "Caveau." 

Cavedoni  (ka-va-do'ne),  Celestino.  Bom  at 
Levizzano  Bangone,  near  Modena,  Italy,  May 
18,  1795:  died  at  Modena,  Nov.  26,  1865.  An 
Italian  arohseologist  and  numismatist. 

Cavelier  (ka-ve-lya'),  Pierre  Jules.  Bom  Aug. 

30, 1814 :  died  Jan.  28, 1894.   A  French  sculptor. 

His  chief  works  are  "Penelope"  (1849),  "Truth,"  "Ab^- 

lard,"  "  Cornelia  "  (all  at  Paris),  etc. 

-•  -     -     „>«_,T-  -        ' 


10,434.  large  collections  of   fossils  which  he  presented  to  the 

Oaudi  (ka-o-de').     [Origin  unknown.]    A  deity    British  Museum.  He  published  numerous  papers  on  scien- 

of  the  Tehuas  or  Taos  of  New  Mexico,  whose    '«"  (chiefly  paleontoiogical)  topics.  ' 

worship  played  a  part  in  the  incantations  that  Oauvery,  or  Cavery.    SeeKdven. 

preceded  the  uprising  of  the  Pueblos  in  1680.     Caux,  Marchioness  de.  _  See  Path  Adehna. 
Cfe,udine  Forks  (ka'din  fdrks),  L.  Furculse  Caux  (ko).    A  territory  in  Normandy,  France, 

Caudinae  (fer'ku-le  ksl-di'ne).    Two  passes  in    comprised  in  the  department  of  beine-ln±6n-  Oavendish(kav'n-dish  orkan'dish).   The  name 

the  mountains  of  ancient  Samnium,  Italy,  lead-    euro,  and  situated  north  of  the  beme,  Ijordering    ^^^^  ^j^j^j^  Heniv  Jones  wrote  on  whist,  etc. 

ing  to  an  inclosed  valley,  identified  with  the    the  English  Channel.    Its  chief  town  is  Caude-  -  --__.;_..._.. 

Val  d'Arpaja(?),  or  probably  with  the  valley  of  Jjec.  .  .  , 

the  IscleV    Here.  321  b.  c,  the  Romans  under  the  Oava  (ka'va  ,  La.     A  town  in  the  Pro^^ce  of 

consuls  Sp.  P.  Albinus  and  T.  Veturius  were  forced  to    Salerno,  Italy,  26  miles  southeast  ot  JNaples. 
•      ■     ■■      -        •■  '     "     ■■         The  Benedictine  abbey  of  La  Trlnitk  contains  a  remarka- 

ble collection  of  parcliments,  paper  MSS.,  etc.    The  town 
is  a  favorite  pleasure-resort.    Population,  6,000. 


surrender  to  the  Samnites  under  Pontius.  The  Romans 
were  forced  to  swear  to  a  treaty  of  peace,  and  to  give  600 
Roman  equites  as  hostages,  while  the  whole  Roman  army 


was  sent  under  the  yoke.    The  P^man  senate  refused  to  «.„  „    Clrii -van-vak'^     El^onore    Louis 
approve  the  treaty,  and  delivered  the  consuls  to  the  Sam-  Ca^flgnaC    (Ka -van  yaK  ),    Jtiieonore    ^OUIS 


approve  the  treaty,  and  delivered 
nites,  who  refused  to  accept  them: 

Caudle's  Curtain  Lectures,  Mrs.    A  series  of 
lectures  (by  Douglas  Jerrold)  inflicted  by  Mrs 


Godefroy.  Bom  at  Paris,  1801:  died  at  Paris, 
May  5, 1845.  A  French  journalist  and  republi- 
can politician,  son  of  J.  B.  Cavaignae.    He  was 


Caudle  upon  Mr.  Caudle  after  they  had  gone  to    prominent  in  the  events  of  1830, 1832,  and  1834. 

r  ,     ,K ^.1 J i._..T.5'_=_ui.  rfavaignac,  Eugene  Louis.  Bomat  Pans,  Oct. 

15,  1802:  died  at  Ournes,  near  P16e,  Sarthe, 


bed  and  the  curtains  were  drawn  for  the  night.  (Javaignac,  Eugene  Louis.  Bomat  Paris,  Oct. 

Caudry  (ko-dre').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Nord,  France,  17  miles  south-southwest  of 
Valenciennes.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
8,045. 

Caulaincourt  fko-lan-kor'),  Armand  Augus- 
tin Louis  de,  Duke  of  Vicenza.    Bom  at  Cau- 


Cavendish,  Lord  Frederick  Charles.    Bom 

at  Eastbourne,  Nov.  30, 1836 :  died  May  6, 1882. 
The  second  son  of  William  Cavendish,  seventh 
Duke  of  Devonshire.  He  was  private  secretary  to 
Lord  Granville  1859-64 ;  member  of  Parliament  1865-82 ; 
private  secretary  to  Mr.  Gladstone,  July,  1872,  to  Aug.,  1873; 
financial  secretary  of  the  treasury  1880-82 ;  and  successor  to- 
W.  G.  Forster,  as  chief  secretary  to  the  lord  lieutenant  of  Ire- 
land, May,  1882.  He  was  assassinated  with  Under-Secretary- 
Burke  while  they  were  walking  in  Phoenix  Park,  Dublin. 

Cavendish,  Georgiana.  Born  June  9,  1757: 
died  at  London,  March  30, 1806.  Eldest  daugh- 
ter of  the  first  Earl  Spencer,  and  wife  of  the 
lif  th  Duke  of  Devonshire,famous  for  her  beauty, 
wit,  and  social  influence. 


of  J.  B.  Cavaignae.  He  served  in  Algeria  1832-48 . 
was  governor  of  Algeria  in  1848 ;  became  minister  of  war, 
May,  1848 ;  suppressed  the  insurrection  at  Paris  as  mili- 
tary dictator,  June  23-26 ;  was  chief  of  the  executive,  June- 
Dec,  1848 ;  and  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  presi- 

laincourt,  So'mme,  France,  Dee.  9,  1772:  died  Cavaignae,  Jean  Baptiste.   Bom  at  Gourdon, 


France,  Oct.  28,  1857.    A  French  general,  son  ^^Z'a^^il^^l^^TS.^  „.  vr=„,  n„f  in  i7^i 
„f  J  Ti'  r!=™^«,.     TT.  .....A  in  AT™ri«.  iRSi-js  •  Cavendish,  Honrv.,  Bom  at  Nice,  Oct.  10, 1/ 31: 


at  Paris,  Feb.  19,  1827.  A  French  diplomatist 
and  general.  He  was  ambassador  to  Russia  1807-11, 
and  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1813-14  and  1816. 

Oaulfeild  (kai'feld),  James.  Bom  at  Dublin, 
Aug.  18,  1728:  died  Aug.  4,  1799.  An  Irish 
statesman,  fourth  Viscount  and  first  Earl  of 
Charlemont. 

Caulfield.  James.  Bom  Feb.  11, 1764:  died  at  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London,  April  22, 1826 


Lot,  France,  1762 :  died  at  Bmssels,  March  24, 
1829.    A  French  revolutionist,  deputy  to  the 
Convention  in  1792. 
Cavaillon  (ka-va-y6n')-    A  town  injthe  depart- 


died  at  London,  "March  10  (Diet.  Nat.  Biog.), 
1810.  A  celebrated  English  chemist  and  physi- 
cist, eldest  son  of  Lord  Charles  Cavendish, 
third  son  of  the  second  Duke  of  Devonshire. 
He  studied  at  Cambridge  1760-68,  but  did  not  take  his 
degree.  He  discovered  nitric  acid,  and  was  the  first  who,, 
by  inductive  experiments,  combined  oxygen  and  hydro- 
gen into  water.  He  published  numerous  scientific  papers, 
including  "Experiments  on  Air,  by  Henry  Cavendish,  Esq.  ,"■ 
in  the  "  Philosophical  Transactions  "  of  the  Royal  Society, 
of  which  he  became  a  member  in  1760. 


ment  of  Vaueluse,  France,  on  the  Durance  12  (javendish,  Spencer  Compton.    Born  July  23 


miles  southeast  of  Avignon:  the  ancient  Ca- 
bellio.  It  contains  a  medieval  cathedral,  and  the  re- 
mains of  an  ancient  triumphal  arch.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  9,077. 


An  English  print-seller  and  writer,  especially  Cavalcanti  (ka-val-kan'te),  Guide.     Born  at 


noted  as  a  collector  of  engraved  portraits. 
Oaulier  (ko-lya'),  Madeleine.  Died  July  24, 
1712.  A  French  peasant  girl  noted  for  bravery 
during  the  siege  of  Lille.  On  Sept.  8, 1708,  she  car- 
ried an  imnortant  order  from  the  Duke  of  Burgundy  to 
Marshal  Boufllers,  commander  of  the  besieged  army.    She 


Florence  about  1240 :  died  at  Florence,  Aug., 
1300.    A  Florentine  poet  and  philosopher,  a 

friend  of  Dante.  

Cavalese  (ka-va-la'se).  The  chief  place  m  the 
Fiemme  valley,  southern  Tyrol,  south-south- 
east of  Botzen. 


1833.  Eighth  Duke  of  Devonshire :  known  till 
his  father's  death,  Dec.  21, 1891,  by  the  courtesy 
title  of  Marquis  of  Hartington.  He  was  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  entered  Parliament  as 
a  member  for  North  Lancashire  in  1857.  He  has  held  vari  - 
ous  oflices  in  the  Liberal  ministries  of  his  time,  and  from 
1875  to  1880  was  leader  of  his  parly  in  the  House  ot  Com- 
mons. The  position  of  prime  minister  was  offered  to  hin^ 
by  the  Queen  in  1880,  but  was  declined.  Since  the  seces- 
sion of  Lil)erals caused  by  Mr.  Gladstone's  Home  Rule  BiU 
In  1886,  he  has  tjeen  the  recognized  leader  of  the  Liberal 
Unionist  party.    Lord  president  of  the  council  1895-1903. 


was  permitted  as  a  reward,  to  enlist  in  a  regiment  of  dra-  r,        ^.j.  (ka-Yk-lya,'),  Jea,n.    Born  at  Ribaute,  Cavondish,  Thomas.     Born  in  the  parish  of 
spoons,  and  fell  in  the  battle  of  Denam.  .      .    .  Oavaiier^Ka-va^iya  ;^oed.ii.  ^^ ^^^^  ^^ ,     ^^^^^  ^^    Martin,  Suffolk,  England,   about 

1555 :  died  at  sea  in  the  South  Auantic,  June, 
1592.  A  noted  English  navigator  and  free- 
booter.   In  1586  he  commanded  a  ship  in  the  fleet  o£ 


goons,  and  fell  in  the ^ 

Caulonia (ka-16'ni-a).  [Gr.  Kav?.6voi  KawAuwa.] 
An  ancient  Aehfean  tovm,  probably  on  the  site 
of  modem  Cast«lvetere,  Calabria,  Italy,  in  lat. 
38°  27'  N.,  long.  16°  25'  E. 


near  Anduze,  Gajd,  Prance,  between  1679-81 : 
died  at  Chelsea,  near  London,  May,  1740.  A 
French  general,  leader  of  the  Catoisardsin  the 
C^vennes  1702-04. 


Cavendish,  Thomas 

Bichard  Grenville,  sent  by  Ealeigh  to  Virginia.  On  July 
21, 1686,  he  sailed  from  Plymouth  with  three  small  vessels, 
the  Desire^  the  Content,  and  the  Hugh  Gallant  (which 
was  sunk  m  the  Pacific);  touched  at  Africa  and  Brazil; 
passed  the  Strait  of  Magellan,  Jan.,  1587 ;  ravaged  the 
shores  of  Spanish  South  America  and  Mexico,  taking  many 
vessels;  and  on  Nov.  14,  1687,  captured  a  ship  from  the 
Philippines  with  an  immense  booty.  He  then  crossed  the 
Pacific,  and  returned  by  way  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
reaching  England  Sept.  10,  1688.  This  was  the  second 
circumnavigation  of  the  world.  Cavendish  undertook  a 
similar  voyage  in  1591  with  five  ships ;  but,  after'enduring 
great  hardships,  he  was  unable  to  pass  the  Strait  of  Ma- 
gellan. His  sliips  were  scattered,  and  he  died  while  at- 
tempting to  return.  Only  a  few  of  his  crew  ever  reached 
England. 

Cavendish,  Sir  William.  Bom  at  Cavendish, 
Suffolk,  about  1505:  died  Oct.  25,  1557.  An 
Englisn  politician,  treasurer  of  the  royal 
chamber  under  Henry  VIII.,  Edward  VI.,  and 
Mary.  He  was  a  younger  brother  of  George 
Cavendish,  biographer  of  Wolsey. 

Cavendish,  William.  Born  1592:  died  Dec. 
25,  1676.  An  English  statesman  and  writer, 
created  earl  of  Newcastle  March  7,  1628,  and 
duke  of  Newcastle  March  16, 1665.  He  was  gov- 
ernor of  the  Prince  of  Wales  1638-41 ;  rendered  important 
military  services  to  the  Royalist  cause  during  the  civil  war ; 
fought  as  a  volunteer  at  Marston  Moor ;  and  left  England 
in  1644,  returning  at  the  Restoration.  He  wrote  poems, 
several  plays,  and  two  works  on  horsemanship  entitled 
"La  m^thode  et  invention  nouvelle  de  dresser  las  che- 
vaux  "  (Antwerp,  1657),  and  "  A  New  Method  and  Extraor- 
dinary Invention  to  dress  Horses  and  work  them,  according 
to  Nature,  etc."  (1667).    He  was  a  skilful  horse-trainer. 

Cavendish,  William,  Died  March  3,  1626. 
Second  son  of  Sir  William  Cavendish  by  his 
third  wife  (afterward  Countess  of  Shrewsbury), 
created  first  earl  of  Devonshire  Aug.  2,  1618. 

Cavendish,  William.  Bom  Jan.  25, 1640:  died 
at  London,  Aug.  18,  1707.  An  English  noble- 
man, eldest  son  of  the  third  Earl  of  Devon- 
shire (died  1684),  created  first  duke  of  Devon- 
shire and  marquis  of  Hartington  May  12, 1694. 
He  erected  Chatsworth  (1687-1706),  the  famous 
seat  of  the  dukes  of  Devonshire. 

Cavendish,  William,  Bom  1720:  died  at  Spa, 
Oct.  3,  1764.  An  English  statesman,  fourth 
Duke  of  Devonshire,  lord  lieutenant  and  gov- 
ernor-general of  Ireland  1755  (as  Marquis  of 
Hartington  until  Dec.  5,  when  he  succeeded 
to  the  dukedom),  and  prime  minister  Nov., 
1756,-May,  1757. 

Cavendish  College,  A  college  of  Cambridge 
University,  founded  in  1873,  opened  in  1876, 
and  reconstituted  in  1888. 

Cave  of  Adullam,    See  Adullam. 

Cave  of  Machpelah,     See  Machpelah. 

Cave  of  Mammon,  The  dwelling-place  of 
Mammon,  described  in  the  second  book  of 
Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene." 

Cave  of  Trophonius.    See  Trophonius. 

Cave  of  the  Winds.  A  recess  behind  the  falls 
of  Niagara,  between  them  and  the  wall  of  rock : 
often  visited  by  tourists. 

Caverne  de  rHomme  Mort.  [F., '  cave  of  the 
dead  man.']     See  the  extract. 

For  the  determination  of  the  characteristics  of  this  Ibe- 
rian or  Aquitanian  race  no  more  typical  sepulchre  can  be 
selected  than  the  celebrated  Caverne  de  1'  Homme  Mort  in 
the  Department  of  the  Loztoe. ...  In  this  cave  some  fifty 
persons  must  have  been  interred,  and  in  fifteen  cases  the 
skeletons  have  been  so  well  preserved  as  to  admit  of  ac- 
curate measiu-ement,  and  even  of  the  determination  of 
the  sex.  Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  04. 

Cavery,  or  Oauvery.  See  Kdveri. 
Caviana  (ka-ve-a'na),  or  Oavianna  (ka-ve- 
a'na).  An  uninhabited  delta  island  in  Brazil, 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  under  the 
equator,  in  long.  50°  W.  Length,  50  miles. 
Caviedes  (ka-ve-a'^Has),  Eloi  Temistocles. 
Born  at  Raneagua,  1849.  A  Chilian  journalist 
and  author.  Among  his  works  are  "  Viva  San  Juan  1 " 
a  novel,  and  "  Las  Islas  de  Juan  Fernandez,  "the  result  of  a 
voyage  made  in  1883. 

Cavit6  (ka-ve-ta'),  A  fortified  town  of  the 
island  of  Luzon,  in  the  Philippines,  situated 
on  the  Bay  of  Manila  about  10  miles  southwest 
of  the  city  of  Manila.  Near  it  a  Spanish  fleet 
was  defeated  by  a  United  States  squadron  un- 
der Commodore  (Admiral)  Dewey,  May  1, 1898. 
CavouT.  Count  di  (Oamillo  Benso).  Bom  at 
Turin,  Aug.  10,  1810:  died  at  Turin,  June  6, 
1861.  A  celebrated  Italian  statesman.  He  en- 
tered the  Sardinian  Parliament  in  1848 ;  was  a  member  of 
D'AzegUo'B  cabinet  1860-52;  became  prune  mmister  m 
1852 :  joined  the  alliance  of  the  western  powers  and  Tur- 
key igainst  Kassia  in  1865  ;  sent  in  the  same  year  a  con- 
tingent of  15,000  Sardinian  troops  under  La  Marmora  to 
the  Crimea;  represented  Sardinia  a'tl^e  Congress  of 
Paris  in  1866;  formed  an  alliance  with  Napoleon  III. 
against  Austria  at  Plombiferes  in  1868;  c/™!*  o°.  ^^.'^ 
toe  assistance  of  the  French,  a  successful  war  against 
Austria  in  1869,  and  in  the  same  year  resigned  the  pr^ 
miersMp,  dissatisfied  with  the  terms  of  Pfce  imposed 
by  Napoleon  at  VUlafranca.    He  resumed  the  premier- 


227 

ship  in  1860  ;  secretly  supported  the  expedition  of  Gari- 
baldi against  Sicily  in  the  same  year ;  and  achieved  the 
unification  of  Italy,  except  Venice  and  the  Patrimonium 
Petri,  under  the  scepter  of  Victor  Emmanuel  in  1861. 

Cawdor  (ka'dor),  or  Calder  (kal'dSr).  A  par- 
ish in  Nairn  and  Inverness,  Scotland,  5  miles 
southwest  of  Nairn.  Cawdor  Castle  is  the  tra- 
ditional scene  of  the  murder  of  Duncan  bv 
Macbeth,  1040. 

Cawdor,  Thane  of.  In  Shakspere's  "Mac- 
beth," "  a  prosperous  gentleman"  whose  rank 
was  promised  to  Macbeth  by  the  witches.  He 
was  executed  by  order  of  Duncan  for  treason.  He  died 
nobly :  "nothing  in  his  life  became  him  like  the  leaving 
it,"  Steevens  remarks  that  his  behavior  corresponds  in 
almost  every  circumstance  with  that  of  the  unfortunate 
Earl  Of  Essex  beheaded  by  Elizabeth.  "  Such  an  allusion 
could  not  fail  of  having  tlie  desired  effect  on  an  audience 
many  of  whom  were  eye-witnesses  to  the  severity  of  that 
justice."  The  Thaae  of  Cawdor  does  not  appear  upon  the 
stage  at  all,  but  Macbeth  succeeds  to  his  office. 

Cawnpore  (kftn-por'),  or  Cawnpur  (kftn-pSr'). 
A  district  in  the  Allahabad  (uvision.  North- 
western Provinces,  British  India.  Area,  2,363 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  1,209,695. 

Cawnpore,  or  Cawnpur,  A  city  in  the  North- 
western Provinces,  British  Inia,  situated  on 
the  Ganges  in  lat.  26°  28'  N.,  long.  80°  30'  E. 
It  is  an  important  military  station.  Here,  in  the  Sepoy 
mutiny  (June  and  July,  1857),  the  Europeans  (many  women 
and  children)  were  massacred  by  the  mutineers  under 
Nana  Sahib.  Population  (1891),  including  cantonment, 
188,712. 

Caxamarca.     See  Cmamarca. 

Caxton  (kaks'ton),  Fisistratus.  The  princi- 
pal character  in  "  The  Caxtons,"  by  Bulwer. 
Under  this  name  Bulwer  Lytton  wrote  "My 
Novel"  (the  sequel  to ' '  The  Caxtons  ")  and  other 
works. 

Cazton,  William.  Bom  in  Kent  about  1422 : 
died  at  Westminster,  1491.  The  first  English 
printer.  He  was  first  apprenticed  to  a  London  mercer, 
Robert  Large  (Lord  Mayor  of  London'  1439-40),  and  after 
his  master's  death  (1441)  went  to  Bruges,  where  he  served 
out  the  remainder  of  his  apprenticeship  (1446),  and  then 
established  himself  as  a  mercer,  becoming  about  1466  gov- 
ernor of  the  English  Association  of  Merchant  Adventurers 
in  that  city.  In  1469  he  began  to  translate  into  English 
the  "  Recueil  des  Histoires  de  Troye  "  (completed  in  1471 
in  Ghent  and  Cologne),  and  to  supply  the  great  demand  for 
copies  of  the  book  set  himself  to  learn  the  art  of  printing. 
The  "  Recueil, "  the  first  printed  English  book,  probably  ap- 
peared in  1474,  and  may  have  been  printed  either  at  Cologne 
or  at  the  press  of  Colard  Mansion  in  Bruges.  In  1476  he 
completed  and  had  printed  (by  Mansion  ?)  a  translation  of 
a  French  version  of  the  "Ludus  Soaochorum"of  J.  deCes- 
solis,  under  the  title  "The  Game  and  Playe  of  the  Chesse  " 
—  the  second  printed  English  book.  He  left  Bruges  in  1476, 
and  set  up  his  press  in  Westminster  (the  exact  site  is  un- 
certaii;),  from  that  time  until  his  death  being  constantly 
engaged  in  translating  and  printing  with  several  assis- 
tants, among  whom  was  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  his  successor. 

Caxtons  (kaks'tgnz).  The.  A  novel  by  Bulwer 
Lytton,  first  published  anonymously  in ' '  Black- 
wood's Magazine"  in  1848,  in  book  form  in 
1850. 

Cayamb^  (ka-yam-ba').  A  volcano  inEcuador. 
Height,  19,187  feet  (Whymper). 

Cayap6s  (ka-ya-p6s').  A  tribe  of  Indians  of 
central  Brazil,  living  about  the  head  waters 
of  the  river  Araguaya,  westward  in  Matte 
Grosso  and  southward  in  Sao  Paulo.  During  the 
18th  century  they  often  attacked  travelers  on  the  way  to 
Cuyab^.  A  few  thousand  at  most  remain  in  a  wild  state. 
By  their  language  they  are  classed,  doubtfully,  with  the 
Botocudos. 

Gaycos.    See  Caicos. 

Cayenne  (ka-y en'  or  ki-en').  A  seaport  and 
the  capital  of  French  Guiana,  situated  on  the 
island'of  Cayenne  in  lat.  4°  56'  N.,  long.  52° 
20'  W.  Political  prisoners  have  been  banished  there  at 
several  periods  in  French  history,  but  at  present  only  col- 
ored convicts  are  sent.    Population,  about  10,000. 

Cayenne,  A  name  often  .given  to  French 
(Juiana. 

Cayes  (ka),  or  Aux  Cayes  (6  ka),  or  Les  Oayes 
(la  ka).  A  seaport  on  the  southern  coast  of 
Haiti,  in  lat.  18°  25'  N.,  long.  78°  30'  W.  Popu- 
lation, estimated,  8,000. 

Cayla  (ka-la'),  Comtesse  du  (Zo6  Victoire. 
Talon).  Bom  at  Boullay-Thierry,  near  Dreux, 
France,  Aug.  5,  1785:  died  at  St.  Ouen,  near 
Paris,  March  19,  1852.  A  favorite  of  Louis 
XVin.  of  France.  After  his  death  (1824)  she 
became  a  patroness  of  agriculture  and  industry. 

Cayley  (ka'li),  Arthur.  Bom  Aug.  16,  1821 : 
died  Jan.  26, 1895.  A  noted  English  mathemati- 
cian. He  was  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
In  1842,  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1849,  and  became  Sadle- 
rian  professor  of  pure  mathematics  in  the  University  of 
Cambridge  in  1863.  „,  t,  ^ 

Cayley,  Charles  Bagot.  Bom  near  St.  Peters- 
burg, July  9,  1823:  died  at  London,  Deo.  6, 
1883.  An  English  poet,  brother  of  Arthur  Cay- 
ley the  mathematician,  known  chiefly  as  a 
translator  of  Dante. 

Caylus  (ka-liis').    A  town  in  the  department 


Ceballos  Cort6s  y  Calderon 

of  Tam-et-Garonne,  southern  Prance,  24  miles 
northeast  of  Montauban.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  4,265. 

Caylus,  Marquise  de  (Marthe  Marguerite  de 
VlUette),  Bom  in  Poitou,  France,  1673 :  died 
April  15, 1729.  A  French  court  lady  and  author. 
She  was  the  niece  of  Madame  de  Maintenon,  under  whose 
protection  she  was  educated  at  the  court  of  Louis  XIV., 
and  married,  1686,  the  Marquis  de  Caylus,  who  died  1704. 
She  left  a  work,  much  admired  for  its  naiveti  and  beauty 
of  style,  which  was  edited  by  Voltaire,  1770,  under  the 
title  "Souvenirs  de  Madame  de  Caylus." 

Caylus,  Comte  de  (Anne  Claude  Philippe  de 
Tubitoes),  Bom  at  Paris,  Oct.  31, 1692:  died 
at  Paris,  Sept.  5,  1765.  A  French  arehseolo- 
gist,  son  of  the  Marquise  de  Caylus. 

Caymans  (ki-manz').  [From  cayman,  alliga- 
tor: 'Alligator  Islands.']  Three  islands  in  Sie 
Caribbean  Sea,  northwest  of  Jamaica,  to  which 
they  belong.  Grand  Cayman,  the  largest,  is  situated  in 
lat.  19°  20'  N.,  long.  81°  20'  W.  Area  of  group,  226  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  4,919. 

Cayster  (ka-is'tfer),  or  Caystrus  (ka-is'trus). 
In  ancient  geography,  a  river  in  Lydia,  Asia 
Minor,  which  flows  into  the  .^gean  Sea  35  miles 
south-southeast  of  Smyrna:  now  called  Kut- 
shuk  Mendere  (Little  Meander).  Length,  over 
100  miles. 

Cayuga  (ka-yo'ga).  [PI.,  also  Cayugas.2  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians.  The  name  is 
derived  from  that  which  they  gave  themselves,  "  Gw^-u- 
gweh-o-n6,"  'people  of  the  mucky  land,"  referring  to  the 
marsh  at  the  foot  of  Cayuga  Lake.  The  French  name  was 
Qoiogouen  and  the  Huron  Ouiouenronnon,  both  corrupted 
from  the  true  tribal  name.  This  tribe  was  the  smallest 
of  the  Iroquois  Confederacy.  They  are  now  distributed 
between  Indian  Territory,  .Wisconsin,  and  Ontario,  Can- 
ada, and  their  total  number  is  about  1,300.    See  Iroquois. 

Cayuga  Lake  (ka-y  a  'ga  lak) .  A  lake  in  central 
New  York,  lat.  42°  25''-42°  55'  N.,  long.  76°  45' 
W.  Its  outlet  is  through  the  Cayuga,  Seneca,  and  Oswego 
rivers  into  Lake  Ontario.  Length,  38  miles.  Average 
width,  2  miles.    The  chief  town  on  it  is  Ithaca. 

Cayuse  (ka-yos'),  or  Caillouz  (ka-lyo'  or  ka- 
yo'), or  Willetpoo  (wU-et-p6').  [PI.,  also  Ca- 
yuses.J  The  leading  tribe  of  the  Waiilatpuan 
stock  of  North  American  Indians.  Their  former 
habitat  was  the  region  between  the  Des  Chutes  River  and 
the  Blue  Mountains,  Oregon,  and  also  parts  of  Klikitat 
and  Yakima  counties,  Washington,  south  of  the  Yakima 
River.  There  are  415  individuals  presumably  of  Cayuse 
blood  on  the  Umatilla  reservation.    See  Waiilatpuan. 

Cazales  (ka-za-las'),  Jacques  Antoine  Marie 
de.  Born  at  Grenade,  Haute-Garonne,  France, 
Feb.  1,  1758:  died  at  Engaliu,  Gers,  France, 
Nov.  24, 1805.  A  French  politician  and  orator, 
royalist  advocate  in  the  National  Assembly  of 
1789. 

Cazembe  (ka-zem'be).  A  country  in  central 
Africa,  north  of  Lake  Bangweolo :  so  called 
from  the  title  of  the  ruler.  It  is  included  in 
the  British  South  Africa  Company's  territory. 

Cazenovia  (kaz-e-no'vi-a).  A  town  and  village 
in  Madison  County,  New  York,  18  miles  south- 
east of  Syracuse.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  Methodist  sem- 
inary.   Population  (1900),  village,  1,819;  town,  3,830. 

Cazin    (ka-zan'),   Jean   Charles.     Bom  at 

Samer,  Pas-de-Calais,  1841:  died  at  Nice,  March 
27,  1901.  A  French  painter.  He  studied  with  Lecoq 
de  Boisbaudran,  and  afterward  with  the  Pi-eraphaelite 
school  in  England.  Among  his  pictures  are  "  La  fuite  en 
Egypte"  (1877),  "Le  voyage  de  Tobie"  (1878),  etc. 
Cazotte  (ka-zof),  Jacques,  Born  at  Dijon, 
France,  Oct.  17,  1719:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  25, 
1792.  A  French  man  of  letters.  His  works  include 
"Olivier"  (1763),  "Le  diable  amoureux"  (1771),  "Le  lord 
impromptu"  (1772),  etc.  He  was  arrested  by  the  revolu- 
tionary tribunal  and  guillotined. 

Ccapac  Yupanqui,    See  Capac  Tupangnd. 

Ceaada,  Saint.    See  Chad. 

CearS,  (se-a-ra').  A  state  in  eastern  Brazil, 
lying  between  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  north, 
Eio  Grande  do  Norte  andParahyba  on  the  east, 
Pernambuco  on  the  south,  and  Piauhy  on  the 
west.  Area,  40,253  square  miles.  Population 
(1888),  about  950,000. 

Ceawlin  (ke-ou'lin).*  Died  593.  A  king  of  the 
West  Saxons,  son  of  Cynric  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  560.  He  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Beran- 
byig  (Barbury  Hill,  near  Marlborough)  in  666;  fought 
and  defeated  iEthelberht,  king  of  Kent,  at  Wimbledon  in 
568 ;  defeated  three  British  kings  at  Deorham  in  677 ;  was 
defeated  in  683  by  the  Britons ;  and  in  691  was  driven 
from  his  throne  by  a  popular  revolt. 

Ceballos  (tha-bal'yos),  Juan  Bautista.  Born 
in  Durango,  1811 :  died  after  1854.  A  Mexican 
jurist.  He  was  a  member  of  Congress,  and  in  1852  was 
made  president  of  the  Supreme  Court.  On  the  resigna- 
tion of  Arista  he  was  chosen  president  ad  interim  of 
Mexico,  Jan.  6, 1863,  and  was  given  extraordinary  powers 
for  three  months,  but  resigned  on  Feb.  7. 

Ceballos  Cortes  y  Calderon  (tha-bal'yos  kor- 
tas'  e  kal-da-ron'),  Pedro  de:  often  written 
Zevallos.  Bom  at  Cadiz,  June  29,  1715 :  died 
at  Cordova,  Dec.  26, 1778.    A  Spanish  general. 


Ceballos  Cort6s  y  Calderon 

In  1766  he  was  made  governor  of  Buenos  Ayres  ;  forced 
the  surrender  of  the  Portuguese  fort  at  Colonia  de 
Sacramento,  taking  26  English  vessels,  Nov.  2,  1762 ;  re- 
turned to  Spain  in  1767;  was  appointed  first  viceroy  of 
Buenos  Ayres  in  1776;  took  Santa  Catharina  from  the 
Portuguese,  Feb.,  1777;  retook  and  destroyed  the  Colonia 
de  Sacramento,  which  had  reverted  to  the  Portuguese  by 
the  peace  of  1763 ;  and  returned  to  Spain  in  1778. 

Cebalrai  (se-bal'ra-e).  [Ai.  halh  al-rdi,  the 
shepherd's  dog.]  The  fourth-magnitiide  star 
/3  Serpentis,  in  the  head  of  the  creatm-e. 

Cebes  (se'bez).  [Gr.  K^/S^f.]  Lived  at  Thebes, 
Boeotia,  5th  century  b.  c.  A  Greek  philoso- 
pher, a  friend  and  pupil  of  Socrates.  He  is  one 
of  the  interlocutors  in  Plato's  "Phtedo."  Three  works 
■were  ascribed  to  him,  one  of  which,  HiVaJ  ("The  Pic- 
ture "),  is  a  philosophical  explanation  of  a  table  symboli- 
cally representing  the  dangers  and  vicissitudes  of  life. 

Cebola.    See  Z«Mi. 

Cebollita  (tha-bol-ye'ta).  [Sp.,'Uttle  onion.'] 
A  ranch  in  central  New  Mexico,  south  of  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  Railroad.  Some  of  the  most 
interesting  ancient  ruins  in  the  Southwest  are  found  in 
the  valley  in  which  the  ranch  is  situated. 

Gebrian  y  Agustin  (sa-bre-an'  e  a-gos-ten'), 
Pedro  ae,  Count  of  Puenclara,  Grandee  of 
Spain,  etc.  A  Spanish  administrator  of  the 
18th  century.  From  Nov.  3, 1742,  to  July  9, 1746,  he  was 
viceroy  of  New  Spain  (Mexico).  Subsequently  he  was 
Spanish  ambassador  to  Vienna. 

Cebli  (se-bo'),  or  ZebTi  (ze-bo';  Sp.  pron.,  in 
both  spellings,  tha-bo').  An  island  in  the  Phil- 
ippines, in  lat.  9°  30'-ll°  N.,  long.  123°-124° 
E.  Length,  135  miles.  Area  of  province  (in- 
cluding adjacent  islands),  1,813  square  miles. 

Cecil  (ses'il  or  sis'il),  Bobert.  Bom  at 
Westminster  (?)  about  1563:  died  at  Marl- 
borough, May  24,  1612.  An  English  states- 
man, son  of  William  Cecil,  Lord  Burghley,  by 
his  second  wife  (Mildred,  daughter  of  Sir  An- 
thony Cooke),  created  earl  of  Salisbury  May  4, 
1605. 

Cecil,  Lord  Bobert.   See  Salisbury,  Marquis  of. 

Cecil,  Thomas.  Bom  May  5,  1542 :  died  Feb. 
7,  1622.  An  English  nobleman,  eldest  son  of 
William  Cecil,  Lord  Burghley,  by  his  first  wife, 
created  first  earl  of  Exeter  May  4,  1605. 

Cecil,  William.  Bom  at  Bourn,  Lincolnshire, 
Sept.  13,  1520 :  died  at  London,  Aug.  4,  1598. 
Acelebrated  English  statesman,  son  of  Richard 
Cecil  of  Burleigh,  Northamptonshire,  created 
baron  of  Burghley  Feb.  25,  1571.  He  studied 
at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  1535-41,  but  did  not  take 
a  degree ;  was  entered  as  a  student  at  Gray's  Inn,  May, 
1.541 ;  married  Mary  Cheke  (died  Feb.  22, 1544),  sister  of 
John  Cheke,  the  celebrated  scholar,  May  5, 1542 ;  and  took 
as  his  second  wife  Mildred,  daughter  of  Sir  Anthony 
Cooke,  Dec.  21, 1645.  In  Nov.,  1547,  he  entered  Parlia- 
ment, and  in  the  same  year  became  secretary  to  Somerset, 
who  was  then  protector ;  and  when  his  patron  fell  (1648) 
was  committed  to  the  Tower,  where  he  remained  for  two 
months.  He  was  appointed  a  secretary  of  state,  Sept.  5, 
1560,  and  for  the  rest  of  his  life  occupied  a  position  of 
great  influence  successively  under  Edward  VI.,  Mary, 
and  Elizabeth.  It  was  as  chief  minister  to  Elizabeth  for 
forty  years  that  he  won  his  great  fame. 

Cecilia  (se-sil'i-a).  A  novel  by  Madame  d'Ar- 
blay,  published'in  1782. 

Cecilia,  Saint.  Died  at  Rome,  230.  A  Christian 
martyr.  According  to  the  legend,  she  was  compelled, 
in  spite  of  avow  of  celibacy,  to  marry  a  young  nobleman, 
Valerian.  She  succeeded  in  converting  him  to  her  views 
and  also  to  Christianity,  for  which  they  suffered  death. 
She  has  generally  been  considered  the  patron  saint  of 
music,  particularly  church  music,  and  is  represented  in 
art  as  singing  and  playing  on  some  musical  instrument, 
or  as  listening  to  the  music  of  an  angel  who  has  been 
drawn  from  heaven  by  her  harmony.  Dryden  alludes  to 
this  in  his  "Ode  for  St.  Cecilia's  Day."  Her  story  is  also 
told  by  Chaucer  in  the  Second  Nun's  Tale,  oneof  the  "Can- 
terbury Tales."  In  the  Roman  and  Anglican  calendars 
her  feast  is  celebrated  on  Nov.  22. 

Cecilia,  Saint.  One  of  the  finest  paintings  of 
Raphael,  in  the  Accademia  at  Bologna,  Italy. 
The  beautiful  figure  of  the  saint,  richly  clad,  occupies  the 
middle  of  the  picture ;  she  listens  entranced  to  the  heav- 
enly choir  of  angels  above  her,  while  discarded  earthly 
musical  instruments  lie  at  her  feet. 

Cecilia,  Saint.  A  painting  by  Rubens,  in  the 
Old  Museum  at  Berlin.  The  saint  is  playing  on  a' 
harpsichord  and  singing,  attended  by  four  angels.  It  is 
in  reality  a  portrait  of  the  painter's  second  wife,  Hafene 
Fourment. 

Cecilia,  Story  of  Saint.  Five  celebrated  fi-es- 
eos  by  Domenichino,  in  San  Luigi  dei  Fran- 
oesi,  Rome.  The  subjects  are  the  saint  distributing 
her  clotnes  among  the  poor,  her  contempt  for  idols,  her 
martyrdom,  her  reception  of  the  martyr's  crown,  and  her 
assumption.  There  are  no  better  examples  of  Domeni- 
chino's  somewhat  cold  and  academical  style. 

Cecropia  (se-kro'pi-a).  The  widow  of  the 
younger  brother  of  King  Basilius  in  Sidney's 
romance  "Arcadia." 

Cecrops  (se'krops).  [Gr.  K^k/joi/;.]  In  Athe- 
nian tradition,  the  first  king  of  Athens,  and  the 
introducer  of  civilization  into  Greece.  He  was 
at  first  regarded  as  autochthonous,  and  as  a  being  whose 


228 

upper  halt  was  human  and  the  lower  half  a  dragon ;  later 
he  was  represented  to  be  of  Egyptian  origin. 

Cedar  Creek  (se'dar  krek).  A  stream  in  the 
Shenandoah  Valley,  Virginia,  which  joins  the 
Shenandoah  4  miles  from  Strasburg.  Here,  Oct. 
19, 1864,  the  Confederates  under  Early  surprised  the  Fed- 
erals under  Wright;  Later  in  the  day  the  Confederates 
were  defeated  by  Sheridan.  Loss  of  the  Federals,  5,996 ;  of 
the  Confederates,  4,200.   See  Sheridan  and  Sheridan  sRide. 

Cedar  Falls  (se'dar  falz).  A  city  in  Black 
Hawk  County,  Iowa,  situated  on  the  Cedar 
River  99  miles  west  of  Dubuque,  Population 
(1900),  5,319. 

Cedar  Keys  (se'dar  kez).  A  seaport  in  Levy 
County,  Florida,  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  in  lat. 
29°  7'  N.,  long.  83°  2'  W.  It  is  on  Way  Key  and 
Atsena  Otil  Key.  It  has  a  trade  in  sponges,  fish,  turtles, 
etc. 

Cedar  Mountain  (se'dar  moun'tan).  A  hiU 
2  miles  west  of  Mitoiell's  Station,  Culpeper 
County,  Virginia.  Here,  Aug.  9, 1862,  the  Confeder- 
ates (20,000-26,000)  under  "Stonewall"  Jackson  defeated 
part  of  Pope's  army  (7,500)  under  Banks.  Loss  of  the 
Confederates,  1,307  ;  of  the  Federals,  1,400. 

Cedar  Bapids  (se'dar  rap'idz).  A  city  in  Linn 
County,  eastern  Iowa,  situated  on  the  Red  Ce- 
dar River  in  lat.  41°  58'  N.,  long.  91°  43'  W. 
It  is  a  railway,  trading,  and  manufacturing  cen- 
ter.   Population  (1900),  25,656., 

Cedd  (ked),  or  Cedda  (ked'da).  Saint.  Bom 
in  Northumbria :  died  Oct.  2S,  664.  An  Eng- 
lish missionary  saint,  bishop  of  the  East  Sax- 
ons. 

Cedmon.    See  Csedmon. 

Cedric  of  Botherwood  (ked'rik  gv  roTH'6r- 
wiid),  or  Cedric  the  Saxon.  The  guardian  of 
Rowena  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  "Ivan- 
hoe." 

Gedron.     See  Kedron. 

Cefalll  (cha-fa-lo').  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Palermo,  Sicily,  in  lat.  38°  1'  N.,  long.  14°  4' 
E. :  the  ancient  Cephaloedium  or  (Jephaloedis. 
It  has  a  cathedral  and  a  ruined  castle.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Arabs  in  the  9th  century.  The  cathedral,  founded 
in  1131  by  King  Roger,  is  one  of  the  finest  of  Sicilian  monu- 
ments. The  front,  of  Norman  character,  has  a  triple  porch 
between  two  four-tiered  towers,  a  beautiful  sculptured 
portal,  and  pointed  arcades  with  tooth-molding.  The 
nave  has  cylindrical  columns  and  wooden  roof ;  the  aisles 
are  vaulted.  Choir  and  apse  are  lined  with  magnificent 
mosaics  on  gold  ground ;  the  semidome  of  the  apse  is  oc- 
cupied by  a  colossal  half-figure  of  the  Saviour.  On  the 
north  side  of  the  cathedral  there  is  a  beautiful  cloister  of 
the  type  of  that  at  Monreale.    Population,  12,000. 

Celadon  (sel'a-don).  1.  A  witty,  inconstant 
gallant  in  Dryden's  play"  Secret  Love,  or  The 
Maiden  Queen;"  He  marries  the  flirt  Florimel,  with 
the  understanding  that  they  may  each  have  theirx)wn  way 
after  marriage. 

2.  The  lover  of  the  beautiful  Astr^e  (Astrea) 
in  D'Urf^'s  romance  "  Astr6e."  His  is  one  of 
the  stock  names  for  a  lover  in  the  French  dra- 
ma.—  3.  A  sort  of  generic  name  in  pastoral 
poetry  for  a  rustic  lover,  as  Chloe  is  for  his  mis- 
tress.— 4.  A  character  in  Thomson's  "  Seasons." 

Oelaenae  (se-le'ne).  [Gi.KeAaivai.'}  An  ancient 
city  of  Phrygia,  once  of  great  size  and  impor- 
tance. It  became  a  royal  residence  in  the 
time  of  Xerxes. 

The  site  of  CeleensB,  unknown  until  within  these  few 
years,  has  been  determinately  fixed  by  Mr,  Hamilton 
(Asia  Minor,  vol.  i.,  pp.  498-600).  It  is  the  modern  Dee- 
nair  (lat.  38"  3',  long.  30°  20').  This  town,  which  abounds 
in  remains  of  high  antiquity,  is  situated  near  the  source 
of  the  southern  or  main  stream  of  the  Mseander,  and  in 
all  respects  corresponds  to  the  accounts  left  of  the  an- 
cient Oelseaa.  RawUnson,  Herod,,  IV.  28,  note. 

Celeeno  (se-le'no).  [Gr.  KeTMiv^."]  In  clas- 
sical mythology,  one  of  the  Harpies  (see  Har- 
pies) ;  also,  a  Pleiad,  a  daughter  of  Atlas  and 
Pleione. 

Celaeno.  [L.  Celseno,  Gr.  Ke/uuv6,  one  of  the 
daughters  of  Atlas  and  Pleione.]  The  6J-mag- 
nitude  star  16  Pleiadum,  barely  visible  with 
the  naked  eye. 

Celakovsky.    See  Czelakowshy. 

Celano,  Lake  of.    See  Fudno. 

Celebes  (sel'e-bes).  [Prom  the  name  of  a  na- 
tive people.]  The  third  in  size  of  the  East 
India  Islands,  situated  east  of  Borneo,  about 
lat.  l°45'-5°45'  S.,  long.  118°  45'-125°  E. :  a 
Dutch  possession.  It  is  very  uregular  in  shape,  with 
four  large  peninsulas.  Its  chief  export  is  coffee.  The 
principal  tribes  are  the  Bugis,  Macassars,  and  Alfuras. 
Menado  is  the  seat  of  the  Duteh  resident.  Celebes  was 
discovered  by  the  Portuguese  in  the  16th  century ;  they 
were  expelled  by  the  Dutch  in  1660.  Area,  71,470  square 
miles.    Population,  estimated,  1,500,000. 

Celeste  (sa-lesf)  (Celeste-Elliott),  Madame. 
Bom  at  Paris,  1814  (?) :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  12, 
1882.  An  actress  and  noted  dancer,  she  began 
her  professional  career,  in  the  latter  capacity,  at  the  Bow- 
ery Theater,  New  York,  Oct,  1827,  and  afterward  danced 
and  acted  chiefly  in  London,  visiting  America  a  second 
time  1834-37. 


Cellini 

Celestial  Empire,  The.  In  western  countries, 
a  popular  name  for  the  Chinese  empire,  translat- 
ing the  Chinese  "Tien  Chao"  ('Heavenly  Dy- 
nasty '). 

Celestials  (se-les'tialz),  The.  The  Chinese: 
from  "the  Celestial  "Empire"  (which  see). 

Celestina  (Sp.  tha-les-te'na).  A  Spanish _prose 
drama  in  twenty-one  acts,  or  parts,  origmally 
called  "  The  Tragicomedy  of  Calisto  and  Meli- 
boea."  Though,  from  its  length  and  structure.  It  can 
never  have  been  represented,  its  dramatic  spirit  and 
movement  have  left  U'aces  that  are  not  to  be  mistaken  of 
their  influence  on  the  national  drama  ever  since. 

The  flrst  act,  which  is  much  the  longest,  was  probably 
written  by  Eodrigo  Cota,  of  Toledo,  and  in  that  case  we 
may  safely  assume  that  it  was  produced  about  1480. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  235. 

Celestine  (sel'es-tin)  I.,  or  Coelestine  (sel'es- 
tin),  Saint.  Died  at  Rome,  432.  Bishop  of 
Rome  422-432.  He  convoked  the  Council  of  Ephesus, 
which  in  431  condemned  the  heresy  of  Nestorius,  and  is 
said  by  some  to  have  sent  St.  Patrick  to  Ireland  and  Fal- 
ladius  to  Scotland,  although  it  is  not  clear  that  either  of 
these  missionaries  had  any  connection  with  Rome.  He  is 
commemorated  on  April  6. 

Celestine  II.,  or  Coelestine  (Ghiido  di  Cas- 

tello).  Died  at  Rome,  March,  1144.  Pope  1143- 
1144.  He  absolved  Louis  VII.  of  France. 
Celestine  III.,  or  Ccelestine  (Giacinto  Or- 
sini).  Born  about  1106:  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  8, 
1198.  Pope  1191-98.  He  crowned  Henry  VI.  of 
Germany  in  1191,  and  confirmed  the  Teutonic  Order  in 
1192. 

Celestine  IV.  (Goffredo  Castiglione).  Died 
Oct.  10, 1241.  Pope,  elected  Sept.  22, 1241.  He 
reigned  only  18  days. 

Celestine  v.,  Saint  (Pietro  di  Murrhone). 

Born  in  central  Italy  about  1215 :  died  at  the 
castle  Fumone,  in  the  Campagna,  Italy,  May 
19,  1296.  He  founded  the  order  of  the  Celestines  about 
1254,  and  was  elected  pope,  at  the  age  of  eighty,  July, 
1294.  Being  unfitted  for  this  exalted  station  by  his  pre- 
vious life  as  a  hermit  and  consequent  ignorance  of  the 
world,  he  abdicated,  Dec,  1294,  and  was  imprisoned  at 
Fumone  by  Boniface  VIII.,  who  feared  that,  if  left  at 
liberty,  he  might  become  the  occasion  of  schism. 
Celia  (se'li-a).  [Pern,  of  L.  CeiiMS.]  1.  A  char- 
acter in  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene," mother  of 
Faith,  Hope,  and  Charity.  She  lived  in  the 
hospice  called  Holiness. —  3.  In  Shakspere's 
comedy  "As  you  Like  it,"the  cousin  and  de- 
voted friend  of  RosaUnd,  and  daughter  of  the 
usurping  Duke  Frederick.  *  she  masquerades  with 
Rosalind  m  the  forest  of  Arden,  in  the  disguise  of  Aliena, 


3.  A  straightforward,  affectionate  English  girl, 
with  no  squeamishness,  in  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher's  play  "The  Humorous  Lieutenant," 
made  love  to  by  both  Antigonus  and  his  sou 
Demetrius.  She  disguises  as  Enanthe. — 4.  The 
wife  of  Corvinoin  Jonson's  "  Volpone." — 5.  A 
very  young  girl  in  Whitehead's  "School  for 
Lovers."  The  part  was  written  for  Mrs.  Gibber, 
then  over  fifty  years  old. 

C61im6ne  (sa-le-man').  1.  An  artificial,  coquet- 
tish, but  charming  and  sparkling  fine  lady  in 
Moli^re's  comedy  "Le  Misanthrope."  she  makes 
Acaste  and  Clltandre  both  believe  she  loves  them,  but 
finally  consents  to  marry  the  "Misanthrope,"  Alceste, 
though  declining  to  seclude  herself  from  the  world  with 
him,  whereupon  he  rejects  her.  Her  name  is  applied  pro- 
verbially to  a  coquette. 

2.  A  character  in  MoliSre's  "Les  Pr6oieuses 
Ridicules,"  who  has  nothing  to  say. 

Cellamare  (ohel-la-ma're).  Prince  of  (Antonio 
Giudice.Duke  of  Giovenazza).  Bom  at  Naples, 
1657:  died  at  Seville,  Spain,  May  16, 1733.  A 
Spanish  general  and  diplomatist,  ambassador 
to  France  1715-18. 

Celle  (tsel'le).  A  city  in  the  province  of  Han- 
nover, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Aller  22  miles 
northeast  of  Hannover.  It  has  an  ancient  ducal 
castle.    Population  (1890),  commune,  18,901. 

Cellini  (chel-le'ne),  Benvenuto.  Born  at  Flor- 
ence, Italy,  Nov.  10,  1500:  died  Feb.  13,  1571. 
A  famous  Italian  sculptor  and  worker  in  gold 
and  silver.  He  studied  with  Michelangdo  Eandlnelli, 
father  of  the  sculptor  Bandinelli,  and  Marcone  the  gold- 
smith. From  1516-17  he  worked  in  Pisa.  In  1617  he  re- 
turned to  Florence,  where  he  met  Torregiano  (see  Tmre- 
giano),  who  tried  to  secure  him  for  his  work  in  England. 
Benvenuto's  loyalbr  to  Michelangelo,  however,  prevented 
the  engagement.  From  1523-40  he  was  in  Rome,  occupied 
entirely  with  his  work  as  goldsmith.  In  May,  1527,  oo- 
curned  the  siege  and  sack  of  Rome  by  the  troops  of  the 
Constable  de  Bourbon,  in  which  Cellini  assisted  in  the  de- 
fense of  the  Castle  of  St.  Angelo,  and  claimed  to  have  killed 
Bourbon  and  wounded  the  Prince  of  Orange.  At  the  in- 
stigation of  Pier  Luigi  Famese,  bastard  of  Paul  III.,  he 
was  imprisoned  in  the  Castle  of  St  Angelo,  Oct,  1538. 
The  account  of  his  escape,  Dec,  1639,  is  the  greatest  mar- 
vel of  his  marvelous  autobiography.  From  1640^  he 
sojourned  in  France  at  the  court  of  Francis  I.  He  had 
his  atelier  in  the  Petit  Nesle.  (See  PetU  NeOe.)  At  this 
time  his  flrst  attempts  at  sculpture  were  made,  the  chief 
being  the  Nymph  of  Fontainebleau.    From  1544  to  his 


Cellini 

death  in  1671  he  Berved  Coelmo  I.  and  the  Medici  family 
in  Florence.  His  story  of  the  casting  of  the  Perseus  of 
the  Loggia  del  Lanzi  at  this  time  has  played  a  great  r61e 
in  literature.  His  autobiography,  one  of  the  most  famous 
of  Italian  classics,  circulated  in  MS.  until  it  was  printed 
in  1730.  It  was  translated  into  German  by  Goethe.  The 
latest  English  translation  is  by  J.  A.  Symonds 

Celman,  Miguel  Juarez.    See  Juarez  Celman. 

Celsius  (sel'si-us  or  sel'shiua),  Anders.  Born 
at  Upsala,  Sweden,  Nov.  27,  1701:  died  at"Up- 
sala,  April  25,  1744.  A  Swedish  astronomer, 
nephew  of  Olaf  Celsius,  professor  of  astronomy 
at  Upsala.  He  introduced,  about  1742,  the 
centigrade  or  Celsius  thermometer. 

Celsius,  Olaf.  Bom  July  19,  1670:  died  at 
Upsala,  Sweden,  June  24,  1756.  A  Swedish 
hotanist,  uncle  of  Anders  Celsius.  He.  was  pro- 
fessor of  theology  and  Oriental  language  in  the  University 
of  Upsala,  and  rendered  himself  famous  by  his  researches 
in  regard  to  the  plants  mentioned  in  the  Scriptures.  He 
was  the  instructor  and  patron  of  LiunEeus.  , 

Celsius,  Olaf.  Bom  at  Upsala,  Sweden,  Dec. 
15,  1716:  died  at  Lund,  Sweden,  Feb.  15, 1794. 
A  Swedish  historian,  son  of  Olaf  Celsius  (1670- 
1756).  He  became  professor  of  history  in  the  University 
of  Upsala  in  1747,  and  bishop  of  Lund  in  1777.  He  wrote 
a  history  of  Gustavus  I.  (1746-63),  and  a  history  of  Eric 
XIV.  (1774).    He  was  ennobled  m  1766. 

Celsus  (sel'sus).  Lived  in  the  2d  (?)  century 
A.  D.  A  Platonist  philosopher.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  famous  treatise  against  Christianity,  'AArjeijs 
Adyo!  ("  True  Discourse  "),  the  substance  of  which  is  pre- 
served in  the  "Contra  Celsum  "  by  Origen. 

Celsus,  Aulus  (or  Aurelius)  Cornelius.  Lived 
in  the  first  half  of  the  1st  century  a.  d.  A 
Eoman  writer,  author  of  a  comprehensive  en- 
cyclopedia treating  of  farming,  medicine,  mil- 
itary art,  oratory,  jurisprudence,  and  philos- 
ophy. "Of  this  only  the  eight  books  de  medlolna  have 
come  down  to  us,  being  b.  6-13  of  the  complete  work,  the 
only  one  of  this  kind  in  the  good  age  of  Eoman  literature. 
In  those  Celsus  gives  an  account  of  tlie  whole  medical 
system  of  the  time,  writing  as  a  layman  and  following 
chiefly  Hippokrates  and  Asklepiades,  with  sound  judg- 
m  ent  and  in  simple,  pure  diction.  The  parts  dealing  with 
surgery  are  especially  valuable ;  next  to  these  the  diag- 
nosis of  internal  maladies. "  Teufel  and  Sehwabe,  Hist,  of 
Kom.  Lit  (tr.  by  Warr),  IL  22. 

Celsus,  or  Cellach  (kel'laoh).  Saint.  Born 
1079 :  died  at  Ardpatrick,  Munster,  Ireland, 
April  1,  1129.  An  Irish  ecclesiastic,  archbishop 
of  Armagh  after  1104. 

Celtiberi.    See  Celtibena. 

Celtiberia  (sel-ti-be'ri-a).  [Prom  the  CelUberi. 
See  the  def.]  In  'ancient  geography,  a  region 
in  Spain  corresponding  to  the  modern  south- 
western Aiagon  and  the  greater  part  of  Soria, 
Cuenca,  and  Burgos :  in  an  extended  application 
nearly  identical  with  Hispania  Citerior.  TheCel- 
tiberi  (Celtiberians)  were  thought  to  be  a  mixture  of  the 
indigenous  Iberians  and  invading  Celts  from  Gaul  (whence 
their  name).  They  offered  a  vigorous  resistance  to  Home, 
and  were  finally  subdued  after  72  B.  0.  Among  their  chief 
towns  were  Numantia  and  Segobriga. 

Celtica  (sel'ti-ka).  The  central  division  of 
Transalpine  Gaul,  according  to  the  threefold 
division  of  the  Gauls  by  Julius  Csesar  (Gauls 
or  Celts,  Aquitanians,  Belgians).  It  coincided 
with  the  province  of  Lugdunensis,  except  that  it  ex- 
tended southwestward  to  the  Garonne. 

Celts,  or  Kelts  (selts,  kelts).  [L.  Celtx,  from 
Gr,  Ki?.Tm,  a  name  at  first  vaguely  applied  to  a 
■Westem  people,  afterward  the  regular  desig- 
nation of  the  Celtic  race.  Origin  unknown.] 
The  peoples  which  speak  languages  akin  to 
those  of  Wales,  Ireland,  the  Highlands  of  Scot- 
land, and  Brittany,  and  constitute  a  branch  or 
principal  division  of  the  Indo-European  fami- 
lies. Formerly  these  peoples  occupied,  partly  or  wholly, 
France,  Spain,  northern  Italy,  the  western  parts  of  Ger- 
many, and  the  British  islands.  Of  the  remaining  Celtic 
languages  and  peoples  there  are  two  chief  divisions,  viz., 
the  Gadhelic,  comprising  the  Highlanders  of  Scotland, 
the  Irish,  and  the  Manx,  and  the  Cymric,  comprising  the 
Welsh  and  Bretons ;  the  Cornish,  of  Cornwall,  related  to 
the  latter,  is  only  recently  extinct. 

Amalgamation  of  race  has  since  been  effected  to  a  cer- 
tain extent ;  but  still  in  many  parts  of  Wales,  Scotland, 
and  Ireland  the  mass  of  the  population  is  mainly  or  en- 
tirelv  Celtic.  Four  Celtic  dialects  —  the  Manx,  the  Gaelic, 
the  Erse,  and  the  Welsh-  are  spoken  in  our  country ;  and 
the  pure  Celtic  type  survives  alike  in  the  Bretons,  the 
Welih,  the  native  Irish,  the  people  of  the  Isle  of  Man, 
and  tlie  Scottish  Highlanders,  of  whom  the  two  former 
represent  the  Cimbrio,  and  the  three  latter  the  non-Cim- 
bric  branch  of  the  nation.  Jtawhmon,  Herod.,  III.  186. 
The  Celts  appear  to  have  crossed  to  Britain  from  Belgic 
Gaul  In  the  neolithic  age  a  race  indistinguishable  from 
that  of  the  British  round  barrows  occupied  Bdgmm^  ^^ 

Cemetery  Ridge,  A  low  ridge  near  Gettys- 
burg, celebrated  in  the  battle  of  that  name. 

Oempoala  (tham-p6-a'la).  An  ancient  town  of 
theT?otonao  Indians  of  Mexico,  not  far  from 
the  present  site  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  a  little  back 
from  the  coast.  It  is  described  as  a  city  of  28,0W  in- 
habitants,  with  many  palaces  and  temples;  but  these  ac- 


229 

counts  are  probably  exaggerated.  In  1519  the  Cempoalans 
gave  Cortes  a  friendly  reception,  and  some  of  then-  chiefs 
marched  with  him  to  Mexico.  The  inhabitants  were  re- 
moved to  a  mission  village  near  Jalapa  about  1600,  and 
the  original  site  of  Cempoala  is  now  uncertain,  though 
there  is  a  village  with  the  same  name.  Also  written  Cem- 
poaila,  Cempoai,  Cennpohual,  or  ZumpvM. 
Cenci  (chen'che),  Beatrice.  Born  at  Rome, 
Feb.  12, 1577:  executed  at  Rome,  Sept.  11, 1599. 
The  daughter  of  Francesco  Cenci,  a  Eoman 
nobleman,  and  Ersilia  Santa-Croce.  Her  father, 
a  dissipated  and  passionate  man,  treated  his  family  with 
such  severity  that  his  second  wife  Lucrezia  Petroni,  his 
eldest  son  Giacomo,  Beatrice,  and  the  two  younger  sons 
Bernardo  and  Paolo,  procured  his  murder  at  the  palace 
of  Petrella  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  Sept.  9, 1698.  For 
this  crime  Lucrezia,  Giacomo,  and  Beatrice  were  hanged 
at  Eome,  Sept.  11, 1699,  and  Bernardo  was  condemned  to 
the  galleys  for  life,  being,  however,  pardoned  March  20, 
1606.  Paolo  died  shortly  after  the  murder.  At  the  trial 
Beatrice's  counsel,  in  order  to  justify  the  murder,  accused 
Francesco,  apparently  without  foundation,  of  having  at- 
tempted the  commission  of  incest  upon  his  client,  which 
has  placed  her  in  the  light  of  a  martyr.  Her  tragic  end 
and  her  patrician  birth  have  made  her  a  favorite  theme 
in  poetry  and  art.  She  has  been  made  the  subject  of  a 
tragedy  by  Shelley,  "  The  Cenci "  (1819),  and  of  a  painting 
by  Guide  Reni,  in  the  Barberini  palace.  Some. 

Ceneda.    See  Vittorio. 

Cenimagni  (sen-i-mag'ni).  [L.  (CsBsar).]  A 
Celtic  people  located  by  Csesar  in  the  eastern 
coast  region  of  Britain,  north  of  the  Thames. 

Ceuis,  Mont.    See  Mont  Cents. 

Cenomani  (sen-o-ma'ni).  [L.  (Caesar)  Ceno- 
mani,  Gr.  (Polybius)  Kevo/idvo*.]  A  Celtic  peo- 
ple, a  part  of  the  army  of  Bellovesus,  who  with 
his  sanction  crossed  the  Alps  under  a  legendary 
leader,  Etitovius,  and  settled  north  of  the  Po 
about  Brescia  and  Verona  according  to  the  de- 
tailed account  of  Livy.  They  were  a  branch  of  the 
Aulerci.  Their  original  seat  in  Gaul,  where  they  are 
called  Aulerci  Cenomani,  was  on  the  Sarthe  near  Le 
Mans.  The  Aulerci  were  included  among  the  tribes  con- 
stituting the  Armorici. 

Centaur.    See  Genixiurus. 

Cen'taurus  (sen-tft'rus).  [L.,  'the  Centaur.'] 
An  ancient  southern  constellation,  situated  be- 
tween Argo  and  Scorpio,  pictured  to  represent 
a  centaur  holding  a  Bacchic  wand,  its  brightest 
star,  a  Centauri,  is  the  third  brightest  in  the  heavens, 
being  a  quarter  of  a  magnitude  brighter  than  Arcturus. 
It  is  of  a  reddish  color.  Its  second  star,  ^,  a  white  star, 
is  about  as  bright  as  Betelgeuze,  and  is  reckoned  the 
eleventh  in  the  heavens  in  order  of  brightness.  The  two 
stars  are  situated  near  each  other  on  the  parallel  of  60° 
south,  a  little  east  of  the  Southern  Cross,  Centaurus  has, 
besides,  two  stars  of  the  second  magnitude  and  seven  of 
the  thu'd,  and  is  a  splendid  constellation. 

Centla  (sant'la).  An  ancient  town  situated 
near  the  present  Frontera,  in  Tabasco,  south- 
ern Mexico :  scene  of  the  first  victory  of  Cort6s, 
1519. 

Centlivre  (sent-liv'er  or  sent-le'v6r),  Susan- 
nah. Bom  in  Ireland  (?),  of  English  parents, 
about  1667:  died  at  London,  Dec.  1,  1723.  An 
English  actress  and  dramatist,  she  is  said  to  have 
been  the  daughter  of  a  Mr.  Freeman,  of  Lincolnshire, 
who  removed  to  Ireland  shortly  before  her  birth.  About 
1706  she  married  Joseph  Centlivre,  chief  cook  to  Queen 
Anne  and  George  I.  Among  her  numerous  plays  are 
"The  Platonic  Lady"  (acted •  1706),  "The  Busybody" 
(acted  1709),  "A  Gotham  Election"  (published  1716:  2d 
ed.,  1737,  entitled  "Humours  of  Elections"),  "A  Bold 
Stroke  for  a  Wife"  (acted  1718). 

Cent  Nouvelles  Nouvelles  (son  no-vel'  no- 
vel'). [P., 'onehimdred  newtalos.']  An  old 
French  collection  of  tales,  first  printed  in  folio, 
by  V6rard,  without  date,  from  a  manuscript  of 
the  year  1456.    Dunlop. 

The  Cent  Nouvelles  Nouvelles  are  to  all  intents  and 
purposes  prose  fabliaux.  They  have  the  full  licence  of 
that  class  of  composition,  its  sparkling  fun,  its  truth  to 
the  conditions  of  ordinary  human  life.  Many  of  them  are 
taken  from  the  work  of  the  Italian  novelists,  but  all  are 
handled  in  a  thoroughly  original  manner.  The  style  is 
perhaps  the  best  of  all  the  late  mediseval  prose  works, 
being  clear,  precise,  and  definite  without  the  least  ap- 
pearance of  baldness  or  dryness. 

Saintebury,  French  Lit.,  p.  148. 

Cento  (chen'to).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Perrara,  Italy,  situated  near  the  Reno  17  miles 
north  of  Bologna.    Population,  5,000. 

Centoatl  (then-to-iitl').  lu  Mexican  (Nahuatl) 
mythology,  the  goddess  (according  to  some  au- 
thorities a  god)  of  maize,  and  consequently  of 
agriculture.  Her  principal  feast  was  in  the  fourth 
Mexican  month  (April-May),  and  she  was  also  honored  m 
the  eleventh  month  (Sept.).  She  was  one  of  the  patrons 
of  childbirth.  The  offerings  made  to  her  were  generally 
grain  and  fruits.  Some  authorities  identify  this  goddess 
with  Cihuatcoatl,  Tiazoltcotl,  etc.  Also  written  CinteoU, 
CenteuU,  Tzinteutl.  _ 

Centones  Homerici  (sen-to'nez  ho-mer  1-si). 
See  the  extract. 

Even  the  life  of  Christ  was  put  together  in  Homeric 
hexameters,  called  Centones  Homerici,  which  were  at- 
tributed to  the  Empress  Eudocia,  and  thought  worthy  of 
being  printed  by  Aldus  (1601),  and  Stephens  (1668),  but 
apparently  as  Christian  literature.  ,  t-i    t  -,=0 

Mahafy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  1. 153. 


Cephalus 

Cento  Novelle  Antiche  (chen'to  no-vel'le  an- 
te'ke).  [It.,  '  one  hundred  old  tales.']  A  col- 
lection of  tales  from  ancient  and  medieval 
history,  the  romances  of  chivalry,  and  the  fabli- 
aux of  the  trouvferes,  made  m  Italy  about  the 
end  of  the  13th  century. 

Central  Africa,  British.  The  British  sphere 
of  influence  north  of  the  Zambesi.  The  total 
area  is  about  500,000  square  miles;  the  total 
native  population,  about  3,000,000. 

Central  Ajnerica,  A  name  applied  collectively 
to  the  five  republics  of  Guatemala,  Hondu- 
ras, Salvador,  Nicaragua,  and  Costa  Rica. 

Central  India  Agency,  The  ofacial  name  for 
a  collection  of  native  states  in  India,  under  the 
control  of  Great  Britain,  situated  between 
Rajputana  and  the  Northwestern  Provinces  on 
the  north,  and  the  Central  Provinces  on  the 
south.  Chief  states,  Gwalior,  Indur,  Bhopal, 
Rewa.  Area,  77,808  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  10,318,812. 

Centralists  (sen'tral-ists).  [Sp.  Gentralistas.1 
A  political  party  in  Mexico  which  began  in 
1823,  was  reorganized  in  1837,  and  has  ever 
since  been  prominent.  The  Centralists  favor  a 
single  centralized  republican  government,  and  are  op- 
posed by  tjje  Federalists,  who  desire  autonomy  of  the 
states.  The  struggles  for  ascendancy  of  these  two  parties 
have  caused  most  of  the  civil  wars  which  have  desolated 
Mexico.  Temporarily  each  of  the  parties  or  branches  of 
them  have  been  known  by  other  names.  Santa  Anna 
was  long  the  leading  spirit  of  the  Centralists.  Centralist 
and  Federalist  parties  have  been  prominent  in. the  affairs 
of  other  Spanish-American  countries,  notably  Argentina, 
Venezuela,  and  Central  America,  but  they  are  commonly 
distinguished  by  other  names. 

Central  Park,  The  principal  park  in  New 
York,  extending  from  59th  street  to  110th  street, 
and  from  Fifth  avenue  to  Eighth  avenue.  It  was 
designed  by  Olmsted  and  Vaux,  and  contains,  besides  nu- 
merous drives,  the  Mall,  the  Croton  Beservolrs,  Cleopatra's 
Needle  (the  Obelisk),  the  Metropolitan  Art  jtluseum,  etc. 
Length,  2^  miles.    Area,  840  acres. 

Central  Provinces.  A  chief-eommigsionership 
of  British  India,  lat.  18°-24°  N.,  long.  77°-84°  E. 
It  contains  four  divisions  :  Nagpur,  iabalpur,  Nerbudda, 
and  Chatisgarh.  Its  chief  town  is  Nagpur.  Area,  86,601 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  10,784,294.  Connected 
with  the  Central  Provinces  are  15  vassal  states :  Bastar, 
Bamra,  Patna,  etc.  Area,  29,435  square  mUes.  Popular 
tion  (1891),  2,160,611. 

Centuripe  (chen-to're-pe),  or  Centorbi  (ehen- 
tor'be).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Catania, 
Sicily,  20  miles  northwest  of  Catania:  the  an- 
cient Centuripse.  it  has  Roman  antiquities.  It  was 
destroyed  by  the  emperor  Frederick  II.  in  1233.  Popu- 
lation, 8,000. 

Century  'White.  A  nickname  given  to  John 
White  (1590-1645),  from  his  work  "First 
Century  of  Scandalous  Malignant  Priests, 
etc." 

Cenii  (sa-no').  The  name  given  about  1515  to 
a  region  on  the  northern  coast  of  South  Amer- 
ica, about  midway  between  Darien  and  Carta- 
gena. Enciso,  sent  from  Darien  to  conquer  it  (1515), 
tried  to  treat  with  the  Indians,  but  afterward  ravaged 
their  country.  A  second  expedition,  sent  soon  after,  under 
Becerra,  was  entirely  destroyed  by  the  natives. 

Ceos  (se'os),  or  Kea  (ka'a).  [Gr.  K^uc  or  Ki'a.] 
An  island  of  the  Cyclades,  situated  in  the 
.(Egeau  Sea  13  miles  southeast  of  Attica :  the 
modem  Zea,  or  Tzia.  It  formerly  contained 
four  cities,  and  was  the  birthplace  of  Simon- 
ides  and  Bacchylides.    It  belongs  to  Greece. 

Ceos.    The  capital  of  the  island  of  Ceos. 

Cenwalh  (kan'walch).  Lived  about  643-672. 
Son  of  Cynegils,  whom  he  succeeded  as  king  of 
the  West  Saxons  in  643. 

Cepeda  (tha-pa'THa),  Diego.  Bom  at  Torde- 
siilas  about  1495:  died  at  Valladolid,  1549  or 
1550.  A  Spanish  judge.  He  was oidor  of  the  Canary 
Islands,  and  subsequently  one  of  the  royal  audience  which 
accompanied  the  viceroy  Blasco  .Nufiez  Vela  to  Peru 
(1544).  There  he  led  the  judges  in  their  opposition  to 
yela,  imprisoned  him,  joined  Gonzalo  Pizarro,  and  took 
part  in  the  battle  of  Anaquito,  where  the  viceroy  was  killed 
(Jan.  18, 1646).  Foreseeing  Pizarro's  defeat,  he  deserted 
him  on  the  battle-fleld  of  Sacsahuana  (April  8, 1648),  was 
sent  to  be  tried  in  Spain,  and,  it  is  said,  poisoned  himself 
in  prison. 

Cephalonia  (sef-a-16'ni-a),  ancient  Cephalle- 
nia  (sef-a-le'ni-a),  modem  Gr.  Kephailenia. 
[Gr.  K£(liaX7>.rivia  or  Kc^a/lj/via.]  One  of  the  Ionian 
Islands,  west  of  Greece,  forming  a  nomarehy  of 
Greece,  its  surface  is  mountainous.  Its  capital  is  Ar- 
gostoli.  The  island  was  called  by  Homer  Same  or  Samos. 
It  became  subject  to  Rome  in  189b.  0.,  and  later  came 
under  Byzantine,  Venetian,  and  Turkish  rule,  and  a  Biit- 
ish  protectorate.  Area,  265  sqnare  miles.  Length,  30 
miles.    Population  (1896),  70,077. 

Cephalus  (sef 'a-lus).  [Gr.  K^^aAoc]  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  son  of  Deion  and  Diomede,  and 
the  husband  of  Prooris  or  Procne  whom  he  ac- 
cidentally slew  while  hunting. 


Cephas 

Cephas  (se'fas).  [Aram., '  a  rook' ;  6r.  K^^ac] 
A  surname  given  by  Christ  to  Simon :  rendered 
in  Greek  Xlhpoc  ( '  a  rock ') ,  in  Latin  Petrus,  and 
in  English  Peter. 

Cepheus  (se'fus).  [Gr.  K;?0£{if.]  1.  A  king  of 
Ethiopia,  son  of  Belus,  husband  of  Cassiopeia, 
and  father  of  Andromeda.— 3.  One  of  the  Ar- 
gonauts. 

Cepheus.  One  of  the  ancient  northern  constel- 
lations, preceding  Cassiopeia,  it  is  figured  to  rep- 
resent  the  Ethiopian  king  Cepheus  wearing  a  tiara  and 
having  his  arms  somewhat  extended.  Its  brightest  stars 
are  ot  the  third  magnitude. 

Cephissus  (se-fls'us).  [Gr.  'K^icgoq.']  In  an- 
cient  geography:  (a)  A  river  in  Phoois  and 
BoBotia,  Greece,  flowing  into  Lake  Copais  (To- 
polias).  (6)  A  river  in  Attica,  Greece,  flowing 
through  the  plain  of  Athens  into  the  Saronie 
Gulf,  (c)  A  river  of  Attica,  Greece,  flowing 
through  the  plain  of  Eleusis  into  the  Gulf  of 
Eleusis. 

CeraccM  (cha-rak'ke),  Giuseppe.  Bom  in  Cor- 
sica about  1760:  executed  at  Paris,  Jan.  30  (?), 
1801.  An  Italian  sculptor,  conspirator  against 
the  life  of  Napoleon  1800. 

Ceram  (se-ram' ;  P^.  prou.  se-ran'),  or  Zeram, 
or  Serang,  or  Oeiram  (Pg.  pron.  sa-ran'). 
An  island  of  the  Moluccas,  East  Indies,  lat.  3°- 
3°  30'  S.,  long.  128°-131°  E.  its  inhabitants  are 
Malays  and  Alturas.  It  is  under  Dutch  sovereignty. 
Area,  6,605  square  miles.    Population,  about  100,000. 

Geramicus  (ser-a-mi'kus).  [Gr.  Kepo^ef/cdf.] 
A  large  area  on  the  northwest  side  of  ancient 
Athens :  so  named  from  the  early  gathering  in 
it  of  the  potters,  who  still  affect  it,  attracted 
by  the  presence  of  water  and  excellent  clay. 
It  was  divided  into  two  parts ;  the  Inner  Geramicus,  within 
the  walls,  traversed  by  the  Dromos  street  from  the  Dipylon 
Gate,  and  including  the  Agora ;  and  the  Outer  Geramicus, 
continuing  the  first  division  outside  of  tlie  walls.  The 
Outer  Geramicus  became  a  favorite  place  of  burial  for  the 
Athenians,  and  here  were  interred  those  honored  with  a 
public  funeral.  The  tombs  were  ranged  beside  and  near 
the  various  roads  which  radiated  from  the  Dipylon  Gate. 
Little  trace  of  them  remains,  except  of  the  unique  group 
upon  and  near  the  inception  of  the  Sacred  Way  to  Eleusis : 
a  group  which  was  preserved  by  being  buried  in  86  B.  0. 
in  the  siege-agger  of  Sulla,  and  contains  historical  and 
plastic  memorials  of  very  nigh  value,  among  them  the 
sculptured  monument  of  Dexileos,  who  fell  before  Goriuth 
in  393  B.  0.,  and  tombs  of  Euphrosyne,  Hegeso,  Ariation, 
Demetria,  and  Famphile. 

OeraunianMoiintains(se-ra'ni-anmoun'tanz). 
[Gr.  TO  Kspaiivia  bpij,  L.  Ceraumi  monies.^  lii 
ancient  geography :  (a)  a  range  of  mountains 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Caucasus  system: 
exact  position  undetermined.  (6)  A  chain  of 
mountains  in  northwestern  Epirus,  terminating 
in  the  promontory  Aoroceraunia  (which  see). 

Cerberus  (s6r'be-rus).  [Gr.  KipBepog.'i  In 
Greek  mythology,  the  watch-dog  at  the  entrance 
to  the  infernal  regions,  offspring  of  Typhaon 
and  Echidna:  usually  represented  with  three 
heads,  a  serpent's  tail,  and  a  mane  of  serpents' 
heads. 

Cercinitis  (s6r-si-ni'tis).  [Gr.  'Keprnving  Xifivri.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  the  lake  or  enlargement 
of  the  river  Strymon  (in  Macedonia),  near  its 
mouth :  the  modem  Takinos. 

Gercops  (sfer'kops).  [Gr.  Ke^km^.]  1.  An  an- 
cient Greek  Orphic  poet,  said  to  have  been  the 
author  of  a  poem,  "The  Descent  into  Hades," 
also  attributed  to  Prodicus  of  Samos  and  others. 
—  2.  A  Greek  poet  of  Miletus,  a  contemporary 
of  Hesiod.  To  him  a  jKiemon  thewarot^gimins,  king 
of  the  Dorians,  against  the  Lapitha)  (also  attributed  to 
Hesiod),  is  by  some  assigned. 

Gerda  (ther'da),  Tom&s  Aatonio  Manrigue 
de  la,  Count  of  Paredes  and  Marquis  of  La 
Lagima.  Born  about  1620 :  died  1688.  A  Span- 
ish administrator.  He  was  a  member  of  the  royal 
council,  and  from  1680  to  1686  viceroy  of  New  Spain  (Mex- 
ico). During  his  term  the  bucaneers  sacked  Vera  Gruz 
(May,  1683),  and  committed  other  ravages. 

Gerda  Sandoval  Silva  y  Mendoza,  Gaspar 

de  la.  Born  about  1630:  died  1697.  A  Span- 
ish administrator,  in  1688  he  was  created  count  of 
Galve  and  made  viceroy  of  Mexico,  holding  the  office  from 
Nov.,  1688,  to  July,  1696.  He  sent  expeditions  against  the 
French  of  Santo  Domingo  and  Louisiana,  1690-91,  and  in 
169*  Pensaoola,  Florida,  was  founded  by  his  orders.  He 
returned  to  Spain  in  May,  1696. 

Gerdagne  (ser-dany'),  Sp.  La  Gerdana  (ther- 
dan'ya).  An  ancient  countship  on  both  sides 
of  the  eastern  Pyrenees.  Part  of  it  is  now  in  the 
department  of  Pyr^n^es-Orientalea  in  France,  and  part  Is 
In  Spain.  It  followed  in  the  later  middle  ages  the  for- 
tunes of  Gatalonia,  and  then  of  Aragon.  It  was  released 
from  homage  to  France  in  1258,  was  acquired  by  France 
in  1462,  and  was  restored  to  Aragon  in  1493.  The  part  to 
the  north  of  the  Pyrenees  was  ceded  to  France  in  1669. 

Gerdic  (kSr'dik).  Died  534.  A  Saxon  ealdor- 
man  who  founded  a  settlement  on  the  coast 
of  Hampshire,  England,  in  495  a.  d.,  assumed 


230 


Gesnola 


the  title  of  Eng  of  the  West  Saxons  in  519, 
and  became  ancestor  of  the  English  royal  line. 
He  defeated  the  Britons  at  Charford  in  519 ;  was  himself 


to  Mexico  by  Jalapa.     The  pass  was  carried  by 
the  American  forces,  after  a  severe  battle,  April 

^  .   .  .  .  ,  -   17-18,  1847. 

defeated  at  Mount  Badon,  or  Badbury,  in  Dorsetshire,  in  fJorrnT.arirn^tlifir'rnlar'jro)     TSti    'wiilBmn-n-n 
620 ;  and  conquered  the  Isle  of  Wight  in  530.  H  "  n    a  5    ^     ^      i^    ^    ^T,*-^;'      ^  ' 

Po-i./Hnof«^j /i,A_'.q-i  „  i-  jN     mi,  n  i.r.      tain.']  A  department  in  northeastern  Uruguay. 

v^c?o?v  of  rl^fll  ^  r^™^--  ^^^  s°«°e  of  the    Capital,  Melo.  Area,  5,840  square  miles.  Pop! 
Sll  q  •  ,1,^1  w^l^^fi  r^S  ^r^  f'l^'^^^    ulation'(1891),  about  28,000.  ^ 

in^519.  usually  Identified  with  Charford  (which  Qertaldo  (cher-tal'do).    A  town  in  the  prov- 

inee  of  Florence,  Italy,  17  miles  southwest  of 
Florence.     It  is  the  place  of  the  birth  and 
death  of  Boccaccio. 
jn  see;.  Gertosa  (cher-to'sa).    [It.,  'Carthusian  Monas- 

ff°  f^?,„^®f!  tery.-"]  A  former  Carthusian  monastery  at 
Pa  via,  Italy,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  splen- 
did existing.  The  church,  founded  in  1396,  contains 
the  tomb  of  Gian  Galeazzo  Viaconti. 

Cervantes  Saavedra  (sfer-van'tez;  Sp.  pron. 
ther-van'tes  sa-a-va'dra),  Mi£[uel  de.  Born  at 
Alcalii  de  Henares,  about  20  miles  from  Madrid, 
Oct.  9  (?),  1547 :  died  at  Madrid,  April  23, 1616.  A 
celebrated  Spanish  poet  and  novelist.  His  pa- 
rents were  poor,  but  of  a  noble  family.  It  is  conjectured 
that  he  was  educated  at  Alcaic  and  at  the  University  of 
Salamanca :  little  is  known  of  hia  early  years,  however,  ex- 
cept that  he  wrote  verses  when  very  young.  In  1670  he 
served  as  chamberlain  in  the  household  of  Monsieur  Aqua- 
viva  (who  was  afterward  cardinal)  in  Home.  He  soon  left 
Boine  and  volunteered  as  a  common  soldier  in  the  expe- 
dition commanded  by  Don  John  of  Austria  and  organized 
by  the  Pope  and  the  state  of  Venice  against  the  Turks. 
In  1671  he  was  severely  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Lepanto, 
losing  the  use  of  his  left  hand  and  arm  for  life.  He  was 
honorably  discharged  in  1576.  He  was  captured  In  re- 
turning to  Spain  and  passed  five  years  in  slavery  in  Algiers, 
but  was  finally  ransomed  by  his  family  and  by  "  religious 
charity  "  in  1580.'  Being  depressed  by  adversity  and  witli- 
out  means  or  friends,  he  reenlisted  and  served  in  Portugal 
and  the  Azores.  In  1584  he  had  returned  and  was  mar- 
ried. After  this  he  lived  much  at  Madrid,  where  he  began 
to  earn  his  living  by  authorship,  at  first  by  writing  plays. 
In  1688  he  went  to  Seville,  where  he  lived,  with  some  inter- 
ruptions, until  about  1598.  Here  he  was  extremely  poor, 
and  was  even  imprisoned  as  being  indebted  to  tlie  govern- 
ment. After  this  there  is  a  tradition  that  he  was  sent  by 
the  grand  prior  of  the  Order  of  St.  John  in  La  Mancha  to 
collect  rents  due  the  monastery  in  Argamasilla.  The  debt- 
ors persecuted  and  imprisoned  him,  and  It  is  said  that 
here,  in  indignation  and  in  prison,  he  began  to  write  "Don 
Quixote."  In  1603  he  went  to  Valladolid,  where  he  lived 
poorly  as  a  sort  of  general  agent  and  amanuensis.  Here 
he  prei)ared  the  first  part  of  "  Don  Quixote "  for  tlie  press, 
and  printed  it  at  Madrid  in  1605 ;  here  he  returned  in 
1606.  In  1615  he  published  the  second  part  of  "Don 
Quixote."  There  was  then  a  difference  between  the  Eng- 
lish calendar  and  the  Spanish  of  ten  days ;  hence  he  did 
not,  as  has  been  asserted,  die  on  the  same  day  with  Shak- 
spere (though  on  the  same  date).  His  chief  work  is  "Don 
Quixote "  (1605  and  1616).  Among  his  other  worlis  are 
"Galatea,  an  Eclogue"  (1584),  "Novelas  Exemplares" 
( "  Twelve  Instructive  or  Moral  Tales, "  1613) ,  and  ' '  Viage 
del  Parnaso  "  ("  Journey  to  Parnassus,"  1614).  "  Persiles 
and  Sigismunda,  a  Northern  Homance,"  was  published 
by  his  widow  in  1617.  He  wrote  "  twenty  or  thirty  plays  " 
according  to  his  own  account,  some  of  wliich  are  pre- 
served ;  but  his  genius  did  not  lie  in  that  direction.  See 
Don  Quixote. 

Cervera  Y  Topete  (thar-va'ra  e  to-pa'ta), 
Fascual,  Count  de  Jerez  and  Marquis  de 
Santa  Ava.  Bom  about  1833,  in  the  province 
of  Cadiz.  A  Spanish  vice-admiral.  He  entered 
the  naval  academy  at  San  Fernando  in  1861,  and  served  in 
Morocco,  and  in  the  Guban  rebellion  1868-78.  He  was  re- 
called from  Guba  to  hold  the  office  of  minister  of  marine. 
On  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with  the  XJnited  Stateshe  sailed 
from  the  Cape  Verde  Islands  with  four  cruisers  and  three 
torpedo-boat  destroyers  April  29, 1898,  entered  the  harbor 
of  Santiago  de  Cuba  May  19,  and  lost  his  entire  fleet  off 
that  port  July  3,  in  an  attempt  to  force  his  way  through 
Admiral  Sampson's  blockading  squadron. 

Cervin,  Mont.    See  Matterhorn. 


see). 

Gerdo  (s6r'd6).  Bom  in  Syria:  lived  about 
137  a.  d.  a  Gnostic  teacher,  founder  of  a  sect 
named  from  him  Cerdonians  (which  see). 

Cerdonians  (ser-do'ni-anz).    A  Gnostic 

of  the  2d  century,  named  from  its  founder 
Cerdo.  They  held  that  there  were  two  first  causes,  one 
good  (the  unknown  father  of  Jesus  Christ)  and  one  evil 
(the  Creator  revealed  in  the  law  and  the  prophets),  and 
that  one  was  not  subject  or  inferior  to  the  other. 

Geres  (se'rez).  1.  In  old  Italian  mythology, 
the  goddess  of  grain  and  harvest,  later  identi- 
fied by  the  Romans  with  the  Greek  Demeter. 
8ee  Demeter. —  3.  An  asteroid  (No.  1)  discov- 
ered by  Piazzi  at  Palermo  Jan.  1,  1801. 

Geres.  An  antique  statue  in  black  and  white 
marble,  in  the  Glyptothek  at  Munich.  The  head, 
arms,  and  feet  are  white ;  the  very  thin  draperies  are  in 
polished  black  marble. 

Ceret  (sa-ra').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Pyr6n6es-Orientales,  France,  situated  on  the 
Tech  17  miles  southwest  of  Perpignan.  it  was 
the  scene  of  a  Spanish  victory  over  the  wench  April  20, 

1793,  and  of  a  French  victory  over  the  Spanish  April  30, 

1794.  Population  (I^IX  commune,  3,828. 
Geridwen.  In  Welsh  fairy  lore,  a  deity,  de- 
graded into  a  sorceress,  who  presides  over  a 
mystical  caldron,  and  has  a  fight  in  which 
she  and  her  foe  assume  different  shapes  at 
pleasure. 

Cerignola  (cha-ren-yo'la).  Atown  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Foggia,  Italy,  in  lat.  41°  16'  N.,  long. 
15°  53'  E.  Here,  April  28, 1503,  the  Spanish  army  (about 
6,300)  under  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova  defeated  the  French 
(6,000)  under  the  Duo  de  Nemours.  Loss  of  French,  3,000- 
4,000.     Population,  22,000. 

Gerigo  (cher-e'go),  modern  Gr.  Kytherion. 
One  of  the  Ionian  islands,  situated  8-10  miles 
south  of  Laconia,  Greece :  the  ancient  Cythera. 
It  contained  a  shrine  of  Aphrodite.  Area,  107 
square  miles. 

Cerimon  (ser'i-mon).  A  physician  of  Ephesus 
who  saves  the  life  of  Thaisa,  in  Shakspere's 
"  Pericles." 

Cerinthians  (sf-rin'thi-anz).  A  sect  of  early 
heretics,  followers  of  Cerinthus. 

GerinthUS  (sf-rin'thus).  Born  in  Egypt :  lived 
probably  in  the  latter  part  of  the  1st  century 
A.  D.  A  Gnostic  teacher,  founder  of  the  hereti- 
cal sect  of  the  Cerinthians  or  Merinthians. 

Cerinthus  was  the  first,  of  whose  tenets  we  have  any 
distinct  statement,  who,  admitting  the  truth  of  Cliris- 
tianity,  attempted  to  incorporate  with  it  foreign  and  Ori- 
ental tenets.  Cerinthus  was  of  Jewish  descent,  and  edu- 
cated in  the  Judaeo-Platonic  school  of  Alexandria.  His 
system  was  a  singular  and  apparently  incongruous  fusion 
of  Jewish,  Cliristian,  and  Oriental  notions.  He  did  nol^ 
like  Simon  or  Menander,-  invest  himself  in  a  sacred  and 
mysterious  character,  though  he  pretended  to  angelic 
revelations.  Like  all  the  Orientals,  his  imagination  was 
haunted  with  the  notion  of  the  malignity  of  matter ;  and 
his  object  seems  to  have  been  to  keep  both  the  primal 
Being  and  the  Christ  uninfected  withlts  contagion.  The 
Creator  of  the  material  world,  therefore,  was  a  secondary 
being,—  an  angel  or  angels ;  as  Cerinthus  seems  to  have 
adhered  to  the  Jewish,  and  did  not  adopt  the  Oriental 
language.  M^man,  Hist,  of  Glu:istianity,  II.  59. 


06risoles  (sa-re-z61').  It.  Geresole  (cher-e-z6'-  Cesari  (cha'sa-re),  Antonio.    Bom  at  Verona, 


le).  A  village  in  Piedmont,  Italy,  13  miles 
northwest  of  Alba.  Here,  April  14, 1544,  the  French 
under  the  Due  d'Enghien  defeated  the  Imperialists  and 
Spaniards  under  the  Marquis  of  Guasto.  Loss  of  the  Im- 
perialist army,  about  12,000. 


Italy,  Jan.  16,  1760 :  died  at  Ravenna,  Italy) 
Oct.  1,  1828.  An  Italian  philologist.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  new  edition  of  "  Vooabolario  della  Crus- 
ca"  (1806-09),  "BeUezze  di  Dante"  (1824-2^,  translations 
of  Terence  (1816)  and  of  Cicero's  Epistles  (1826-31),  etc. 

A  Guatemalan  gen-  Cesari,  Giuseppe:  eaUedllOavaliered'Arpi- 
no,  and  II  Giuseppino.  Born  at  Rome  about 
1570:   died  at  Rome  about  1640.    An  Italian 

eainter.    His  chief  works  are  frescos  at  the 
apitol,  Rome. 


Gerna  (ther'na),  Vicente, 

oral.     He  was  elected  president  of  Guatemala,  assuming 
the  office  May  24, 1865 ;  was  reelected  in  1869,  and  held 
the  office  until  June  29, 1871,  when  he  was  defeated  and 
overthrovra  by  Barrios. 
Gerne  (ser'ne)     In  ancient  geography  an  isl-  Oesarotti  (ohe-sa-rot'te),  MelcMore.    Bom  at 
and_we_st  of  A.frica,  discovered  and  colomzed    p„fl„„.  t.^^.  Mav  15.  mO :  diTwnV.  4  lins 


by  the  Carthaginian  Hanno :  perhaps  the  mod- 
em Ajguin. 

Ceroiueira  e  Silva,  Ignacio  Accioli  de.  See 
AcdoU. 

Cerro  de  Pasco  (ther'ro  da  pas'ko),  or  Pasco. 
The  capital  of  the  department  of  Junin,  Peru, 
in  lat.  10°  55'  S.,  long.  76°  W. :  14,280  feet 
above  the  sea.  it  owes  its  existence  to  the  celebrated 
silver-mines  of  the  vicinity,  long  among  tlie  most  produo- 


Padua,  Italy,  May  15,  1730 :  died  Nov.  4, 1808. 
An  Italian  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer. 
His  works  include  a  translation  of  Ossian  (1763),  "  Sagglo 
sulla  filosofla  delle  lingue"  (1786),  eto. 
Cesena  (ohe-sa'na).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Forli,  Italy,  20  miles  south  of  Ravenna :  the  an- 
cient CsBsena.  it  has  a  cathedral,  an  interesting  brick 
structure  of  the  14th  century,  following  the  type  of  the 
cathedral  of  Florenca  It  contains  sculptures  of  unusual 
excellence,  of  the  school  of  Donatello,  especially  a  St.  John 
and  a  St.  Leonard.    Population,  11,000. 


Xru'r^^'""'^"'^™^"^^*-  ^"^"^^"""^^^^  CekVola  (ch7s-no'll)Tco^^^^^^ 


Cerro  Gordo  (ser'ro  gor'do;  Sp.  pron.  ther'ro 
gor'do).  [Sp.,  'big  mountain.']  A  pass  by 
the  side  of  the  Rio  del  Plan,  between  Vera  Cruz 
and  Jalapa,  state  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  through 
which  passes  the  principal  road  from  the  coast 


Bom  at  Rivarolo,  near  Turin,  July  29, 1832.  An 
Italian- American  arehEeologist.  He  was  appointed 
TTnited  States  consul  at  Cyprus,  and  while  occupying  this 
post  undertook  a  series  of  excavations,  which  resulted 
in  the  discovery  of  a  large  number  of  antiquities.  The 
collection  was  purchased  in  1873  by  the  Metropolitar 


Cesnola 

Museum  (New  York),  of  which  he  became  director  in  1879. 
Author  ot  "Cyprus :  its  Ancient  Cities,  I'ombs,  and  Tem- 
ples"  (1877),  and  "The  MetropoUtan  Museum  of  Art" 
Jl882).    See  Cyprus. 

C^spedes  (thas'pe-THas  or  sas'pe-THas),  Carlos 
Manuel  de.  Bom  at  Bayamo,  April  18, 1819: 
died  March  22,  1874.  A  Cuban  revolutionist. 
In  1868  he  headed  an  armed  revolt  which  spread  until 
nearly  the  whole  island,  except  the  coast  towns,  had  de- 
clared against  the  Spaniards.  A  congress  of  the  revolu- 
tionists declared  Cuba  independent,  and  elected  C^spe- 
des  president  (1869).  Driven  at  last  to  the  mountains, 
G^spedes  was  snot  while  resisting  capture, 

Cdspedes,  Pablo  de.  Born  at  Cordova,  Spaiji, 
1538 :  died  at  Cordova,  July  26, 1608.  A  Span- 
ish painter,  poet,  sculptor,  and  architect,  noted 
as  a  colorist.  Fragments  of  his  poem  ' '  Arte  de 
la  pintura"  were  published  in  16^. 

Cetewayo.    See  Cettiwayo. 

Oethegus  (se-the'gus),  Marcus  Cornelius. 
Died  196  b.  o.  A  Roman  general.  He  was  curule 
edile  213,  pretor  211,  censor  209,  and  consul  204.  In 
the  next  year  he  commanded  as  proconsul  in  Cisalpine 
Oaul,  wher&  with  the  aid  ot  the  pretor  Quintilius  Varus, 
be  defeated  the  Carthaginian  general  Mago,  brother  of 
HannibaL 

Cetinje,  or  Cetigne.    See  Cettinje. 

Cette  (set).  A  seaport  in  the  department  of 
H^rauit,  Fraiice,  situated  on  a  tongue  of  land 
between  the  Mediterranean  and  the  ifitang  de 
Thau,  in  lat.  43°  25'  N.,  long.  3°  41'  E.  it  is  an 
important  commercial  center.  It  exports  wines,  brandies, 
and  salt.  Its  port  was  founded  in  the  17th  century.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  36,611. 

Cettinje  (chet-ten'ya),  or  Cetinje,  orOettigno 
(ehet-ten'yo),  or  Cetigne  (ehe-ten'ya),  or 
Cettin  (tset-ten'),  or  Zetinje.  The  capital  of 
Montenegro,  lat.  42°  26'  N.,  long.  18°  59'  E.  It 
contains  the  palace  and  some  institutions. 
Population,  about  2,000. 

Cettiwayo  (set-i-wa'yo),  or  Ketshwayo  (ka- 
ohwa'yo).  A  Zulu  chief,  elected  at  TJlundi  in 
1873.  In  1878  he  rebelled  against  British  suzerainty.  In 
the  war  which  followed  a  British  regiment  was  annihi- 
lated by  the  Zulus  at  Isandula,  1879 ;  but  General  Wolse- 
ley  defeated  and  captured  Cettiwayo  the  same  year.  Until 
1882  Cettiwayo  was  held  captive  in  Cape  Colony.  Owing 
to  the  efforts  of  a  party  which  had  formed  in  his  favor 
among  friends  of  the  Zulus  in  South  Africa  and  in  Great 
Britain,  he  was  transferred  to  England,  where  he  was 
lionized.  England  tried  to  reinstate  him  as  king  of  the 
Zulus,  but  he  had  lost  his  prestige.  Beset  on  all  sides  by 
hostile  chiefs,  he  had  to  seeJc  refuge  in  British  territory. 
More  captive  than  tree,  he  was  Isept  at  Ekove  until  1884, 
when  he  died. 

CetUS  (se'tus).  [L.,' whale.']  A  southern  con- 
stellation, the  "Whale,  in  advance  of  Orion. 
It  was  anciently  pictured  as  some  kind  of  marine  animal, 
possibly  a  seal. 

.euta  (su'ta;  Sp.  pron.  tha'8-ta),  Moorish 
Sebta.  [Prom  Ar.  septa,  seven :  from  its  Ro- 
man name  ad  Septem  Fratres.']  A  fortified 
town  belonging  to  Spain,  situated  on  the  north- 
ern coast  of  Morocco,  opposite  Gibraltar,  in 
lat.  35°  54'  N.,  long.  5°  17'  W.  it  is  amilitary  and 
penal  station,  and  is  built  on  the  ancient  Abyla,  one  of  the 
range  "Septem  fratres."  It  was  taken  byBelisarius  in 
634,  by  the  West  Goths  in  618,  by  the  Arabs  about  709, 
and  from  the  Moors  by  Portugal  in  1415.  It  passed  to 
Spain  in  1680. 

Cevallos  (tharval'yos),  Pedro Fermin.  Bom  at 
Ambato  about  1814.  An  Ecuadorian  historian . 
He  is  a  lawyer,  has  held  high  judicial  posts,  and  was  sen- 
ator in  1867.  His  most  important  work  is  "flesiimea  de 
la  historia  del  Ecuador,"  In  5  volumes.  _    .  „ 

Cevedale  (che-ve-da'le),  Monte,  or  Zufall 
(tso'f  al),  or  Fiirkelen  (fur'ke-len).  A  peak  of 
the  Ortler  Alps,  on  the  borders  of  Tyrol  and 
Italy.  Height,  12,378  feet. 
O^vennes  (sa-ven').  A  former  province  of 
France,  in  the  northeastempart  of  Languedoc. 
C6vennes,  Les.  [Gtr.  rb  Ki/i/ievov  bpog  (Strabo), 
L.  Gehenna  mons:  a  Celtic  name.]  A  moun- 
tain-chain in  southern  France.  The  C^vennes 
proper  extend  from  the  Canal-du-Midi  northward,  molud- 
ing  the  mountains  of  Vlvarais,  or  northern  Cayennes,  to 
the  Canal-du-Centre,  department  of  SaOneet-Lou'e.  They 
separate  the  basins  of  the  Loire  and  Garonne  from  those 
of  the  KhOne  and  Sadne,  and  are  contmued  northward  by 
the  mountains  of  Lyonnais  and  Charolais  to  the  plateau  of 
Langres.  They  are  celebrated  as  a  stronghold  of  the  Prot- 
estants and  Camisards.  The  highest  peak  is  Mezenc  (6,760 
feet).  Mont  Pilat,  northern  Cayennes,  is  4,705  feet  high. 
Ceylon  (se-lon'  or  si-Ion').  [F.  Ceylan,  ancient 
laprohane :  from  the  Pali  Silam  for  Sthalam,  the 
land  of  the  Sinhalas  (the  Aryan  inhabitants  of 
Ceylon).]  An  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  a 
crown  colony  of  Great  Britain,  south  of  Hindu- 
stan, from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  OfUlt  ot 
Manaar  and  Palk  Strait.  It  is  mountainous  in  the 
south,  and  produces  coffee,  cinchona  bark.tea,  cinna- 
mon, cacao,  etc.  It  Is  celebrated  for  precious  stones. 
The  chTef  towns  are  Colombo,  GaUe,  Trincom^ee.  Kandy, 
md  Jaffna.  The  leading  races  are  Slnghales^  Kandy- 
ans^  Tamils,  Moormen,  and  Veddahs.  It  is  r"leii  by  a 
governor  and  executive  and  legidatlve  councils.  In  an- 
St  times  it  was  governed  by  different  native  d^»f'^- 
The  Portueuese  took  possession  of  it  in  the  16th  oentu^. 
U  was  conquered  b/ the  Dutch  about  1658,  and  by  the 


Ce 


231 

British  1795-96,  and  was  formally  ceded  to  Great  Britain 
in  1802.  The  last  king  of  Eandy  was  deposed  in  1815. 
Area,  25,338  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  3,008,466. 

Oeyx  (se'iks).  [Gr.K^wf.]  The  sou  of  Heospho- 
ros,  or  the  Morning  Star,  and  the  nymph  Phi- 
lonis :  the  husband  of  Alcyone  or  Halkyone, 
daughter  of  the  Thessalian  .^olus.  The  pair 
were  arrogant  enough  to  style  themselves  Zeus  and  Hera, 
and  were  accordingly  changed  respectively  by  Zeus  Into 
birds  of  the  same  name,  a  diver  and  a  Itingfisher.  Another 
story  confused  Ceyx  with  a  king  ot  Trachis,  and  dwelt  on 
the  tender  love  of  the  pair  for  each  other.  Ceyx  is 
drowned  at  sea,  and  Alcyone  finds  his  body  cast  upon 
his  native  shore.  The  gods  take  pity  on  her  grief,  and 
change  the  husband  and  wife  into  kingfishers  (alcyones), 
whose  affection  for  each  other  in  the  pairing  season  was 
proverbial.  (Sejr/ert,  Diet,  of  Classical  Antiquities,  p.  127.) 
Their  story  is  told  in  Chaucer's  "  Death  of  Blanche."  It  is 
conjectured  that  it  was  an  independent  production  af- 
terward abridged  and  inserted  as  an  episode  in  "The 
Death  of  Blanche."  Of  the  original  nothing  is  in  exis- 
tence. 

Chablais  (sha-bla').  A  former  province  of 
Savoy,  since  1860  the  arrondissement  of  Tho- 
non,  department  of  Haute-Savoie,.  France. 

Chablis  (sha-ble').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Yonne,  France,  11  miles  east  of  Auxerre, 
noted  for  the  wines  produced  in  its  vicinity. 

Chabot  (sha-bo').  Admiral  of  France.  A 
tragedy  by  Chapman  and  Shirley,  licensed  in 
1635,  printed  in  1639. 

Chabot,  Frangois.  Bom  at  St.-Geniez,  Avey- 
ron,  Prance,  1759 :  guillotined  at  Paris,  April 
5, 1794.  A  French  revolutionist,  a  member  of 
the  Convention  in  1792. 

Chabot,  Philippe  de,  Comte  de  Charny  et  de 
Busanjois.  Bom  about  1480:  died  June  1, 
1543.  A  French  general,  admiral  of  France. 
He  successfully  defended  Marseilles  against  the  Imperi- 
alists in  1624,  was  made  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Pavia  in 
1625,  and  on  his  release  was  appointed  admiral  to  succeed 
Bonnivet,  who  was  killed  in  the  action.  He  was  sent  to 
Italy  in  1529  to  negotiate  the  ratification  of  the  treaty  of 
Cambrai  by  Charles  Y.  In  1535  he  had  the  chief  com- 
mand of  the  war  against  the  Duke  of  Savoy,  in  the  course 
of  which  he  conquered  parts  of  Savoy  and  Piedmont,  but 
incurred  censure  for  not  having  properly  followed  up  his 
victories.  He  was  in  1541  convicted  of  fraud  against  the 
national  treasury,  on  charges  preferred  by  the  constable 
Montmorency,  but  was  pardoned  by  the  king.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  the  first  to  suggest  tlie  colonization  of  Can- 
ada.   Also  called  Admiral  de  Brion. 

Chabrias  (ka'bri-as).  [Gr.  Xajipia;.']  Killed 
near  (3hios,  357  B.  c.  An  Athenian  general. 
Being  in  388  sent  to  the  assistance  of  Evagoras  of  Cyprus 
against  the  Persians,  he  landed  on  the  way  in  .^ina, 
and  gained  by  an  ambuscade  a  decisive  victory  over  the 
Spartan  general  Gorgopas,  who  fell  in  battle.  In  378,  in 
a  campaign  against  Agesilaus,  he  acquired  great  celebrity 
by  the  adoption  of  a  new  manceuver,  which  consisted  in 
receiving  the  enemy's  attack  with  spears  presented  and 
shields  resting  on  one  knee.  In  376  he  gained  a  decisive 
naval  victory  over  the  Lacedsemonians  at  Naxos:  On  the 
outbreak  of  the  Social  War,  357_,  he  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  Athenian  fleet,  which  cooperated  with  the 
army  under  Chares.  He  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Chios 
iu  the  same  year. 

Chabrillan  (sha-bre-yon'),  Comtesse  de  More- 
ton  de  (Celeste  V6nard).  sumamed  Moga- 
dor.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dec.  27, 1824.  A  French 
actress  and  writer  of  novels,  operettas,  vaude- 
villes, etc. 

Chaca  (oha'ka),  Canon  de.  A  long  gorge  or 
valley  in  western  New  Mexico,  now  deserted, 
but  containing  large  and  well-preserved  ancient 
ruins.  The  Pueblo  Bonito,  Pueblo  del  Arroyo,  ete.,  are 
among  the  most  interesting  specimens  of  ancient  Indian 
architecture  i^nown  in  the  Southwest. 

Chacabuco  (cha-ka-bo'ko).  A  pass  in  the  trans- 
verse spur  of  the  Andes,  on  the  northern  side 
of  the  plain  of  Santiago,  Chile.  During  the  war 
for  independence.  General  San  Martin's  army,  which  had 
marched  over  tie  Andes,  found  thispass  strongly  defended 
by  the  Spaniards  under  Maroto.  It  was  carried  by  a  bay- 
onet charge  led  by  General  O'Higgins,  Feb.  12, 1817,  thus 
opening  the  way  for  the  patriots  to  Santiago. 

Chacatos,    See  Choctaw. 

Chachapoyas  (cha-cha-po'yas).  1.  A  region 
of  ancient  Peru,  nearly  corresponding  to  the 
present  department ,  of  Amazonas.  The  inhabi- 
tants were  noted  for  their  warlike  spirit  and  intelligence ; 
they  were  conquered  by  the  Incas  after  a  long  war.  Alonso 
de  Alvarado  was  sent  by  Pizarro  to  reduce  this  district  in 
1686,  and  was  made  governor  of  it. 

2.  A  province  of  Peru,  in  the  department  of 
Amazonas.  Capital,  Chachapoyas.  Previous  to 
1832  it  was  much  larger.  Chachapoyas  borders  on  the 
gorge  of  the  Upper  Maraflon,  and  the  surface  is  much 
broken.  Area,  about  4,800  square  miles.  Population, 
about  20,000. 

3.  A  city  of  northem  Peru,  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  the  same  name,  in  the  department  of 
Amazonas,  and  episcopal  city  of  the  diocese  of 
Chachapoyas.  It  was  founded  in  1540  by  Alonso  de 
Alvarado,  who  called  it  Ciudad  de  la  Frontera.  Population, 
about  5,000.  ,  ,,,.., 

Chac-Mool,Chaak-Mool,orChackmool(shak- 

mol').  A  traditional  chief  or  "king"  of  the 
Maya  Indians  of  Yucatan.  The  name  was  given  by 
le  Plongeon  to  a  statue  discovered  by  him  in  1876  at  the 


Chagres 

ruined  city  of  Chichen-Itza  in  eastern  Yucatan,  and  sup- 
posed to  represent  this  chief ;  but  archaeologists  are  not 
in  accord  as  to  this  identity,  and  the  statue  is  of  Mexican 
rather  than  of  Yucatec  type.  It  was  appropriated  by  the 
Mexican  government,  and  is  now  in  the  National  Museum 
at  Mexico. 

Ohaco  (eha'ko),  or  Chacu  (oha'kS),  Gran. 
[Prom  the  Quiehua  chacu,  the  animals  driven 
together  by  a  cordon  of  hunters:  in  allusion  to 
the  numerous  Indian  tribes  of  this  region.] 
A  vast  tract  of  land  in  South  America,  extend- 
ing from  the  Paraguay  to  the  Bolivian  high- 
lands, between  lat.  20°  and  29°  S.  it  is  a  low  plain, 
generally  open,  with  a  few  isolated  hiUs,  and  portions  are 
flooded  every  year ;  the  great  rivers  Pilcomayo  and  Ber- 
mejo  pass  through  it  to  the  Paraguay.  The  Chaco  region 
is  divided  between  Argentina,  Paraguay,  and  Bolivia;  the 
greater  part  is  very  imperfectly  known,  and  inhabited 
only  by  savage  tribes  of  Indians.  Since  1870  considerable 
settlements  have  been  made  In  the  Argentine  Chaco.  In 
the  17th  century  the  name  Chaco  included  the  plains  as 
far  north  as  lat.  16°  S. 

Chacon  y  Castellon  (oha-kon'  e  kas-tel-yon'), 
Luis.  Bom  at  Havana,  Cuba,  about  1670 :  died 
there  in  1716.  A  Cuban  soldier.  From  1699  until 
his  death  he  was  governor  of  the  Morro  Castle  at  Havana, 
and  during  this  time  he  was  thrice  ad  interim  captain- 
general  of  tho  island  (Dec,  1702,  to  May  13, 1706 ;  July  8, 
1707,  to  Jan.  18, 1708 ;  and  Feb.  18, 1711,  to  Feb.  4, 1713). 
In  1707  he  led  an  expedition  against  the  English  colonies 
in  Carolina. 

Chaco  Stock.     See  Guaycuru  Stoole. 

Chactaws.    See  Choctaws. 

Chad  (chad),  or  Ceadda  (kead'da).  Saint. 
Died  March  2,  672.  An  English  ecclesiastic, 
a  Northumbrian  bjr  birth,  educated  at  Lindis- 
farne  under  St.  Aidan.  He  was  made  abbot  of 
Lastingham  in  Deira  (664),  bishop  of  York,  and  later  of 
Mercia.    He  established  the  latter  see  at  Lichfleld. 

Chad  (chad).  IF.  Tchad,  G.T$chad.:i  A  fresh- 
water lake  in  the  Sudan,  central  Africa,  about 
lat.  12°  30'-14°  30'  N.  it  has  no  outlet.  Its  chief 
tributary  is  the  Shari.  Length,  about  140  miles.  It  has 
been  explored  by  Nachtigal,  Baxth,  and  others.  Also 
written  Tsad. 

Chadband  (chad'band),  Kev.  Mr.  A  fat  and 
hypocritical  minister,  much  given  to  platitudes, 
iu  Charles  Dickens's  "Bleak  House."  He  is  "in 
the  ministry,"  but  is  *'  attached  to  no  particular  denomi- 
nation." He  has  "  a  general  appearance  of  having  a  good 
deal  of  train-oil  in  his  system." 

Chadbourne  (chad'bem),  Paul  Ansel.    Bom 

at  North  Berwick,  Maine,  Oct.  21,  1823:  died 
at  New  York,  Feb.  23, 1883.  An  American  edu- 
cator. He  was  the  first  president  of  the  Massachusetts 
Agricultural  College  at  Amherst  in  1867 ;  president  of  the 
University  of  Wisconsin  1867-70 ;  president  of  Williams 
College  1872-81 ;  and  again  president  of  the  Agricultural 
College  in  1882.  He  wrote  "  Natural  Theology  "  (1867),  etc. 

Chaderton  (chad'er-ton),  Laurence.  Born  at 
Lees  Hall,  Oldham,  Lancashire,  about  1536: 
died  at  Cambridge,  Nov.  13, 1640.  An  English 
Puritan  divine,  a  graduate  of  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  and  first  master  of  Emmanuel  Col- 
lege, 1584-1622.  He  served  on  the  Cambridge 
committee  for  drawing  up  the  authorized  ver- 
sion of  the  Bible. 

Chad's  Ford  (ehadz  ford).    See  Brandywme. 

Chsreas  and  Callirrhoe  (ke're-as  and  ka-Ur'- 
o-e).  An  old  Greek  romance  by  Chariton 
Aphrodisiensis,  only  a  part  of  which  is  extant. 
Chariton  of  Apbrodisias  is  the  feigned  name  ot  the 
erotic  novelist  to  whom  we  owe  the  romance  of  Chsereas 
and  Callirrhoe.  He  pretends  to  have  been  the  secretary 
of  Athenagoias,  who  is  mentioned  by  Thucydides  as  a 
Syracusan  orator,  the  opponent  of  Hermocrates ;  and  the 
daughter  ot  the  latter  is  the  heroine  of  the  piece.  The 
romance  is  less  known  by  its  merits  than  by  the  very 
elaborate  commentary  of  which  D'Orville  made  it  the 
vehicle  and  excuse.  The  age  of  the  author  is  not  ascer- 
tained, but  it  seems  to  us,  from  internal  evidence,  that  it 
belongs  to  the  same  school  as  the  romance  of  Achilles 
Tatius,  and  was  perhaps  suggested  by  it.  We  have  a  re- 
vival in  the  tomb,  with  happier  results  than  that  of  Juliet, 
and  the  usual  intervention  of  robbers. 
Z.  0.  XiiUer,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  360. 

{(fioruddion.) 

Chseronea  (ker-o-ne'a),  or  Chseroneia  (ker-o- 
ne'ya).  [Gr.  Xatpuvcfa.]  In  ancient  geography, 
a  town  in  western  Bceotia,  Greece,  in  lat.  38° 
29'  N.,  long.  22°  50'  E.  it  was  the  birthplace  of 
Plutarch.  Here,  338  B.  c,  Philip  of  Macedon  defeated 
the  Boeotians  and  Athenians ;  and  in  86  B.  o.  Sulla,  wlHi 
30,000-40,000  men,  defeated  the  army  of  Mithridates  (about 
110,000)  under  Archelaus. 

Ohaflfee  (chafe),  Adna  Romanza.  Bom  atOr- 
well,  O.,  April'14,  1842.  An  American  general. 
He  entered  the  army  as  a  private  July  22, 1861 ;  served  in 
the  Civil  and  Spanish-American  wars;  was  assigned  to 
the  command  of  the  United  States  forces  for  the  relief  of 
the  United  States  legation  at  Peking,  June  24, 1900,  and 
entered  the  city  Aug.  14.  He  was  nominated  major-gen- 
eral Feb.  5, 1901. 

Chagres  (cha'gres).  1.  A  river  in  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama,  Colombia,  which  flows  into  the 
Caribbean  Sea  at  the  town  of  Chagres.  The 
line  of  the  (incomplete)  Panama  Canal  follows 
the  valley  of  the  Chagres.—  2.  A  seaport  in 
Colombia,  12  miles  southwest  of  Aspinwall. 


Chahta 

Chahta.     See  Choctaw. 

Chaill6-Long  (sha-ya'16n),  Charles.  Bom  at 
PriQcess  Anne,  Somerset  County,  Md.,  July  2, 
1842.  An  American  soldier.  He  served  as  a  volunteer 
in  the  American  Civil  War,  attaining  the  rank  of  captain ; 
and  in  1869  received  an  appointment  as  lieutenant-colonel 
in  theEgyptian  army.  He  was  made  chief  of  staff  to  General 
Gordon  in  187i,  and  in  the  same  year  was  employed  on  a 
diplomatic  and  geographical  mission  to  the  interior  of  Af- 
rica. He  resigned  his  commission  in  the  Egyptian  service 
in  1877,  and  in  1887  was  appointed  United  States  consul- 
general  and  secretary  of  legation  in  Corea.  He  has  pub- 
lished "  Central  Africa  "  (1876)  and  "  The  Three  Prophets 
—  Chinese  Gordon,  the  Mahdi,  and  Arabi  Pasha"  (1884). 

Chaimas,  oi  Chaymas  (cM'maz).  An  Indian 
tribe  of  eastern  Venezuela,  between  the  Cu- 
manS  coast  and  the  Orinoco.  They  are  of  the  Carib 
stock,  and  were  formerly  numerous  and  powerful,  resisting 
the  Spanish  invaders  with  great  bravery.  In  the  16th  and 
17th  centuries  most  of  the  survivors  were  gathered  into 
mission  villages,  and  their  descendants  are  now  mingled 
with  other  tribes. 

Chaitanya  (chi-tan'ya).  Born  at  Nadiya,  in 
Bengal,  1485 :  died  1527.  The  founder  of  a  sect 
of  Vaishnavas  found  in  Bengal.  His  first  principle 
was  that  all  the  faithful  worshipers  of  Krishna  (Vishnu) 
were  to  be  treated  as  equals.  Caste  was  to  be  subordi- 
nated to  faith  in  Krishna.  "The  mercy  of  God,"  said 
Chaitanya,  "regards  neither  tribe  nor  family."  While  the 
Vedic  hymns  and  Brahmanas  rely  on  works  (karma),  and 
the  Upanishads  on  abstract  meditation  and  divine  know- 
ledge, as  the  path  to  blessedness,  Chaitanya  found  it  in 
intense  devotion,  displayed  by  complete  union  of  the 
spirit  with  Krishna.  He  disappeared  mysteriously  in  1627, 
at  the  age  of  forty-two.  His  followers  came  to  regard 
him  as  Krishna  incarnate,  and  his  disciples  Advaita  and 
!Nityananda  as  manifestations  of  portions  of  the  same 
deity,  These  tliree  leaders  are  therefore  called  the  three 
great  lords  (Prabhus).  They  form  the  triad  of  this  phase 
of  Yaishnavism. 

Chaka  (cha'ka).    See  Zulu. 

Chalceaon  (kal-se'don).  [Gr.  Xahajdav.']  In 
ancient  geography,  a  town  in  Bithynia,  situated 
on  the  Bosporus  opposite  Byzantium.  It  was 
founded  by  Megarian  colonists  about  685  B.  0.  The  fourth 
ecumeniCEU  council,  at  which  Eutychianism  was  con- 
demned, was  held  there  in  461  A.  D.  It  was  convoked  by 
the  emperor  Marcianus,  and  was  attended  by  630  bishops 
(mostly  from  the  Orient),  the  legates  of  Pope  Leo  I.,  and 
the  commissioners  of  the  emperor.  It  assembled  origi- 
nally at  NicasSL  in  Sept.,  451,  but  wa^  on  account  of  its 
turbulence  transferred  to  Chalcedon  in  order  that  the  im- 
perial court  and  senate  might  attend  in  person.  It  con- 
demned the  Hobber  Council  (Butyohian)  of  Ephesus  (449), 
and  adopted  an.orthodox  confession  of  faith. 

Chalkedon  was  called  the  city  of  the  blind,  because  its 
founders  passed  by  the  then  unoccupied  site  of  Byzan- 
tium. Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  277. 

Chalchihuitlicue  (ehal"che-we-tle'kwe).  ['Pet- 
ticoat of  blue-stones.']  In  Mexican  (Nahuatl) 
mythology,  the  goddess  of  water,  and  the  wife 
or  companion  of  Tlaloc.  She  had  many  other 
names. 

Chalcidice  (kal-sid'i-se).  [Gr.  Xa2,Kidiiai.2  In 
ancient  geography,  the  chief  peninsula  of 
Macedonia,  terminating  in  the  three  smaller 
peninsulas  of  Pallene,  Sithonia,  and  Acte,  pro- 
jecting into  the  .iEgean  Sea.  It  was  settled  by 
Euboeans  about  the  7th  century  B.  c.  Its  chief 
town  was  Olynthus. 

OhalcidiUS  (kal-sid'i-us).  Lived  in  the  6th  (or 
4th J)  century  a.  b.  A  Platonic  philosopher, 
author  of  a  Latin  translation  of  and  commen- 
tary on  the  first  part  of  Plato's  "  Timseus." 

Chalcis  (kal'sis).  [Gr.XaAmc.]  The  chief  town 
of  Euboea,  Greece,  situated  on  the  Euripus  34 
miles  north  of  Athens :  the  modern  Egripo,  or 
Negropont.  it  was  subdued  by  Athens  In  506  b.  o., 
and  was  an  important  trading  and  colonizing  center. 
Population  (1889),  commune,  15,713. 

Chalcis  had  been  one  of  the  most  important  cities  in 
Greece  It  was  said  to  have  been  originally  a  colony  from 
Athens  (Strab.  x.  p.  651),  but  shortly  acquired  complete 
independence.  In  a  war  which  it  had  maintained  with 
Eretria,  some  considerable  time  before  this,  all  Greece 
had  been  concerned  on  the  one  side  or  the  other  (Thucyd. 
t  15,  and  infra,  ch.  99).  Few  cities  sent  out  so  many  or 
such  distant  colonies.  The  whole  peninsula  situated  be- 
tween the  Thermaic  and  Strymonic  gulfs  acquired  the 
name  of  ChalcidioS,  from  the  number  of  Chalcidean  set- 
tlements (Thucyd.  passim).  Seriphus,  Peparethus,  and 
others  ot  the  Cyclades,  were  Chalcidean  (Seym.  Chius,  1. 
685)  In  Italy  and  Sicily,  the  colonies  of  Chalcis  exceeded 
In  number  those  of  any  other  state.  Saxos,  Leontini, 
Catana,  ZanclS,  Hhegium,  and  Cuma  were  among  them. 
Bmolmson,  Herod.,  III.  275,  note. 

Chalco  (ohal'ko).  A  village  of  Mexico,  on  the 
east  side  of  Lake  Chalco,  about  20  miles  south- 
east of  Mexico  City.  Before  the  Spanish  conquest 
Chalco  was  one  of  the  most  Important  pueblos  of  the 
Mexican  valley. 

Ohalcondyles  (kal-kon'di-lez),  or  Cnalcocon- 
dyles  (kal-ko-kon'di-lez),  or  Chalcondylas 
(kal-kon'di-las),  Demetrius.  Bom  at  Athens 
about  1424  (1428?):  died  at  MUan,  1511.  A 
Greek  grammarian,  teacher  of  Greek  in  Peru- 
gia, Eome,  and  elsewhere  in  Italy,  and  in  Flor- 
ence. He  wrote  a  Greek  grammar  entitled  "Erotemata  " 
(1493^,  and  edited  Homer  (1488),  Isocrates  (1493),  and 
Suidas  (1499). 


232 

Ohalcondyles,  Laonicus  or  Nicolas.    Born  at 

Athens :  died  about  1464.  A  Byzantine  histo- 
rian, ambassador  of  John  VII.  Palffiologus  to 
the  Sultan  Murad  11.  during  the  siege  of  Con- 
stantinople in  1446.  He  wrote  a  historyof  the 
Byzantine  empire  1297-1462  (ed.  by  Bekker 
1843). 

Chaldea  (kal-de'a).  [In  the  Old  Testament 
Kasdim,  in  the  Assyrian  inscriptions  Kalctu  for 
Kashdu  (by  the  phonetic  law  of  the  change  of 
a  sibilant  before  a  dental  to  I).  The  etymol- 
ogy of  the  name  is  still  uncertain:  some  sug- 
gest the  Assyrian  stem  haSddv,,  to  conquer,  so 
that  it  would  mean  '  the  country  of  the  con- 
querors.'] In  the  older  inscriptions,  middle 
Babylonia,  the  tract  south  of  the  city  of  Baby- 
lon in  the  direction  toward  the  Persian  Gulf: 
other  portions  of  the  country  were  designated 
Akkad,  Sumir,  etc.  Later  the  name  Kaldn  (like 
"Land  of  Kasdim  "in  Jer.  xxiv.  5,  Ezek.  xii.  13)  was  ex- 
tended to  the  whole  country  of  Babylonia,  i.  e.  the  terri- 
tory bounded  on  the  north  by  Assyria,  on  the  south  by  the 
Syrian  desert  and  the  Persian  Gulf,  on  the  east  by  Elam, 
and  on  the  west  by  Syria.  It  is  not  certain  to  which  family 
of  men  the  Chaldeans  belonged,  but  some  have  supposed 
that  they  were  a  mixed  race  composed  of  Babylonians  and 
Kassites  or  Cossseans. 

Chaldean  Empire.    The  Babylonian  Empire. 

Chaleurs  (sha-16rz'),  or  Ohaleur  (sha-ler'), 
Bay  of.  [F.  chaleur,  heat:  named  by  J.  Car- 
tier  (1584)  from  its  warmth.]  An  inlet  of  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  lying  between  Quebec  on 
the  north  and  New  Brunswick  on  the  south. 

.  Length,  90  miles.    Greatest  width,  20  miles. 

Cha>lgrove  (chal'grov).  A  village  in  Oxford- 
shire, England,  7  miles  southeast  of  Oxford. 
Here,  June  18, 1643,  Prince  Bupert  defeated  the  Parlia- 
mentarians.   Hampden  was  mortally  wounded. 

Chalkis.    See  Chalcis. 

Chalkley  (ohak'U),  Thomas.  Bom  at  London, 
March  3,  1675:  died  in  Tortola,  West  Indies, 
Sept.  4, 1741 .  An  itinerant  preacher  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Friends.  He  visited  the  American  colonies 
in  1698, 1700, 1710,  and  a  few  years  before  his  death  es- 
tablished a  residence  near  Philadelphia. 

Chalkstone  (chak'ston).  Lord.  A  character 
in  Garrick's  play  "Lethe"  which  he  himself 
made  famous. 

Ohallcuchima  (chal-ko-che'ma),  or  Chalicu- 
chima  (cha-le-ko-che'ma).  APeruvian  Indian, 
said  to  have  been  a  native  of  Quito  and  uncle 
of  Atahualpa.  He  was  one  of  that  Inca's  generals  in 
the  war  with  Huascar,  and  after  Atahualpa  had  been  im- 
prisoned by  the  Spaniards,  Challcuchima  was  induced  to 
visit  him  at  Cajamarca.  He  was  seized,  kept  a  captive 
during  the  subsequent  march  of  the  Spaniards,  and  finally 
burned  alive  near  Cuzco  on  the  charge  that  he  was  incit- 
ing an  Indian  insurrection  (!N'ov.,  1533). 

Challemel-Lacour  (shal-mel'la-k6r'),  Paul 
Amaud.  Bom  at  Avranohes,  France,  May  19, 
1827 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  26, 1896.  A  French 
publicist  and  politician.  He  was  a  deputy  1872, 
senator  1876,  ambassador  to  England  1880-82,  and  minis- 
ter of  foreign  affairs  1883 ;  was  reelected  senator  in  1886 ; 
and  became  president  of  the  Senate  in  1893. 

Challenger  Expedition.  A  British  scientific 
expedition,  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  Wyville 
Thomson,  for  the  exploration  of  the  deep  sea, 
undertaken  on  board  her  Majesty's  ship  ChaK 
lenger,  1872-76. 

Challis  (chal'is),  James.  Bom  at  Braintree, 
Essex,  Dec.  12,  1803 :  died  at  Cambridge,  Dee. 
3, 1882.  An  English  astronomer  and  physicist, 
Plumian  professor  of  astronomy  (1836),  and  di- 
rector of  the  observatory  (until  1861)  at  Cam- 
bridge University. 

Challoner  (chal'on-6r),  Bichard.  Bom  at 
Lewes,  Sussex,  Sept.  29, 1691:  died  at  London, 
Jan.  12,  1781.  An  English  Eoman  Catholic 
divine,  made  bishop  of  Debra  in  1740,  and 
vicar  apostolic  of  London  in  1758.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  English  College  at  Douai,  and  was  professor 
of  philosophy  there  1713-20,  and  vice-president  and  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  1720-30,  returning  to  London  in  the 
latter  year.  He  published  alarge  number  of  polemical  and 
theological  works,  including  "The  Rheuns  New  Testar 
ment  and  the  Douay  Bible,  with  Annotations  "  (1749-50). 
His  version  of  the  Douay  Bible  is  substantially  that  since 
used  by  English-speaking  Catholics. 

Chalmers  (eha'm^rz),  Alexander.  Bom  at 
Aberdeen,  Scotland,  March  29,  1759:  died  at 
London,  Deo.  10, 1834.  A  Scottish  biographer, 
editor,  and  miscellaneous  writer.  Heisbestknown 
as  the  editor  of  the  "General  Biographical  Dictionary" 

g 812-14),  based  on  the  "New  and  General  Biographical 
ictionary  "  of  Tooke,  Narea,  and  Beloe. 
Chalmers,  George.  Bom  at  Fochabers,  Elgin- 
shire, Scotland,  1742:  died  at  London,  May  31, 
1825  A  British  historian  and  antiquary,  author 
of  "Caledonia"  (1807-24),  "Life  of  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots"  (1818),  and  numerous  other  works. 
Chalmers,  Thomas.  Born  at  East  Anstmther, 
Pifeshire,  Scotland,  March  17,  1780 :  died  at 


Chamberlain,  Joseph 

Momingside,  near  Edinburgh,  May  31, 1847.  A 
celebrated  Scottish  divine  and  author.  He  was- 
minister  at  Glasgow  181B-23;  professor  of  moral  philoso- 
phy at  St.  Andrews  1828-28,  and  of  divinity  at  Edinburgh 
1828-43;  and  leader  in  the  secession  of  1843  from  the 
Church  of  Scotland.  He  wrote  "Discourses  on  Astron- 
omy "(1817X  "Political  Economy " (1832),  "Natural  The- 
ology "  (1823),  "  Institutes  of  Theology  "  (1847-49),  etc. 
Chalone  (oha-lo'na).  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  They  formerly  resided  at  and  near  San 
Antonio  and  San  Miguel  missions,  California,  where  they 
numbered  about  2,600  in  the  latter  part  of  the  last  century, 
but  only  12  families  were  identified  in  1889.  From  these 
and  from  the  Eumsen  were  taken  one  half  of  the  neophytes 
of  Soledad  mission,  about  which  the  Chalone  had  been 
set^ed  in  seven  villages.    See  Salinan. 

Chaloner  (chal'on-6r).  Sir  Thomas.  Born  at 
London,  1521:  died  there,  Oct.  14,  1565.  An 
English  statesman  and  writer.  He  was  ambassador 
to  t^e  court  of  the  emperor  Ferdinand,  1558 ;  later  to  Pliilip 
n.  at  Courtray ;  and  to  Spain,  1861.-  He  translated  into- 
English  the  homilies  of  St.  John  Cluysostom  (1544),  Eras- 
mus's "  Praise  of  Folie  "  (1549),  etc. 

Chaloner,  Sir  Thomas.  Bom  1561 :  died  Nov, 
17, 1615.  An  English  naturalist,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding. He  wrote  "A  Short  Discourse  of  the  most  rare 
Vertue  of  Nitre  "  (1S84).  He  opened  the  first  alum-mines 
in  England,  at  Belman  Bank,  Guisborough,  about  1600. 

Chaloner,  Thomas.  Born  at  Steeple  Claydon, 
Buckinghamshire,  1595:  died  at  Middelburg, 
Zeeland,  1661.  A  regicide,  third  son  of  the 
younger  Sir  Thomas  Chaloner.  He  acted  as  one 
of  the  judges  of  Charles  I.,  1648,  and  was  prominent  in 
Parliament  until  the  Eestoration,  when  he  fled  to  the 
Low  Countries. 

Ch3ilons-SUr-Marne  (sha-16n's1ir-mam').  The 
capital  of  the  department  of  Mame,  Prance, 
situated  on  the  Marne  in  lat.  48°  58'  N.,  long. 
4°  21'  E. :  the  ancient  Catalaunum  (whence  the 
modern  name)  or  Durocatalaunum.  It  is  the  seat 
of  a  bishopric.  It  exports  champagne,  and  was  formerly 
famous  for  its  woolen  cloth.  According  to  tradition  the 
great  battle  in  451,  in  which  Aetius  defeated  Attila  and  his 
Huns,  took  place  near  Ch&lons :  "but  there  is  good  reason 
to  think  that  it  was  fought  fifty  miles  distant  from  Ch&- 
lons-sur-Mame,  and  that  it  would  be  more  correctly  named 
the  battle  of  Troyes,  or,  to  speak  with  complete  accuracy, 
the  battle  of  MSry-sur-Seine "  (flodgkin).  The  camp  of 
ChMons  was  established  in  the  neighborhood  by  Napoleon 
III.  in  1857,  and  is  now  used  for  manoeuvers.  The  town 
was  taken  by  the  Allies  in  1814  and  1815,  and  by  the  Ger- 
mans in  1870.  The  cathedral  of  Ch&lons  is  an  interesting 
monument^  chiefly  of  the  13th  century,  with  effective  and 
lofty  interior.  The  west  front  is  of  the  17th  century.  The 
fagade  of  the  north  transept^  with  its  sculptured  and  cano- 
pied portal,  has  much  beauty,  and  the  tracery  and  but- 
tresses are  admirable.  Population  (1891),  commune,  25,863. 

Ch3,lon-SUr-Sadne  (sha-ldn'siir-son').  A  city 
in  the  department  of  Sa6ne-et-Loire,  Prance, 
situated  on  the  Sadne  in  lat.  46°  48'  N.,  long. 
4°  52'  E. :  the  ancient  Cabillonum  or  Caballinum. 
It  is  an  important  commercial  and  manufacturing  center, 
and  has  an  ancient  cathedral  (of  St.  Vincent).  It  was  the 
seat  of  important  church  councils  in  the  early  middle 
ages.  Later  it  was  the  capital  of  the  county  of  ChMonnais. 
Population  (1891),  24,686.    Also  ChManiimr.Sadne. 

Chains  (sha-liis'),  or  Chaluz.  A  village  in  the 
department  of  Haute-Vienne,  France,  20  miles 
southwest  of  Limoges.  Richard  I.  of  England 
was  mortally  wounded  at  the  siege  of  its  castle 
in  1199. 

ChalybSiUS  (6ha-le-ba'8s),-Heinrich  Moritz. 
Bom  at  Pf affroda,  Saxony,  July  3,  1796 :  died 
at  Dresden,  Sept.  22,  1862.  A  German  philo- 
sophical writer,  professor  at  Kiel  (1839). 

Ohalybes  (kal'i-bez).  [Gr.  yLaTiv^eQ.^  In  an- 
cient history:  (a)  A  people  in  Pontus,  near  the 
Black  Sea,  noted  as  workers  in  iron.  (6)  A 
people  living  near  the  head  waters  of  the  Eu- 
phrates. 

Cham  (kam),  pseudonym  of  Comte  Ain6d6e 
de  Noe  (a-ma-da'  d6  no-a').  [P.  for  'Ham.'] 
Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  26,  1819:  died  at  Paris, 
Sept.  5,  1879.  A  French  caricaturist,  noted 
for  his  illustrations  in  "Charivari,"  etc. 

Chamavi  (kar-ma'vi).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Chamavi, 
Gr.  (Ptolemy)  Ka/iauo/.]  A  Germ&n  tribe,  ac- 
cording to  Tacitus  originally  in  the  Ehine  re- 
gion north  of  the  Lippe,  but  later  further  east- 
ward, adjoining  the  Bmcteri.  Julian,  in  the  4th 
century,  found  them  again  on  the  lower  Khine,  and  drove 
them  back  from  the  western  side  to  the  territory  after- 
ward called  Hamaland.  They  were  ultimately  merged  in 
the  Franks. 

Ohamba  (cham'ba).  A  feudatory  state  in 
British  India,  in  lat.  32°  30'  N.,  long.  76°  E., 
under  the  control  of  the  Panjab  government. 
Population  (1891),  124,032. 

Chambal  (ehum-bul').  A  river  in  central  India 
which  rises  in  the  Vindhya  Mountains,  and 
flows  northeast  into  the  Jumna  below  Etawah. 
Length,  650  miles. 

Chamberlain  (cham'b6r-lan),  Joseph.  Bom 
at  London,  July,  1836.  An  Ei^lish  Eadioal  poli- 
tician, since  1886  a  leader  of  the  Liberal  Union- 
ists.  He  was  mayor  of  Birmingham  1873-76 ;  was  returned 


Chamberlain,  Joseph 

to  Parliament  from  Birminaham  in  1876 ;  was  preBident  of 
the  Board  of  Trade  1880-85  ;  was  president  of  the  Local 
Government  Board  1886,  and  colonial  secretary  1896-1903. 

flthamberlain,  Joshua  Lawrence.  Bom  at 
Bangor,  Maine,  Sept.  8,  1828.  An  American 
educator,  soldier,  and  politician.  He  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Army  of  tne  Potomac  1862-66 ;  was  gov- 
ernor of  Maine  1867-70 ;  and  president  of  Bowdoin  Col- 
lege 1871-83. 

Ohamberlayne  (cham'b6r-lan),  Edward.  Bom 
at  Odington,  Gloucestershire,  Dec.  13,  1616: 
died  at  Chelsea,  May,  1703.  An  English  writer. 
He  was  a  graduate  of  Oxford  (B.  A.  1638,  M.  A.  1641), 
tutor  of  Henry  Fitzroy,  illegitimate  son  of  Charles  II., 
and  also  to  Prince  George  of  Denmark,  and  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Bayal  Society.  He  was  the  author  of 
"Anglise  Notitise,  or  the  Present  State  of  England"  (1669, 
anonymous :  the  21st  ed.,  1708,  bears  the  title  "  Magnse 
Bi'itanniss  notitia,  or,  etc."),  a  handbook  of  English  so- 
ciety and  politics,  "England's  Wants  "  (1667),  etc. 

Chamberlayne,  John.  Bom  about  1666:  died 
1723.  Ayounger  sou  of  Edward  Chamberlayne. 
He  continued  his  father's  -'Magnee  Britannise  notitia," 
translated  Brandt's  "History  of  the  Keformation  in  the 
Low  Countries,"  etc. 

Chamberlen  (eham'bSr-len),  Hugh.  Bom  at 
London  about  1630:  died  after  Nov.,  1720.  An 
English  physician  (physician  in  ordinary  to 
the  king,  1673),  celebrated  as  the  projector  of 
a  financial  scheme  designed  "to  make  Eng- 
land rich  and  happy,"  based  on  the  issue  of  a 
large  quantity  of  bank-notes  on  the  security  of 
landed  property. 

Chambers  (cham'b6rz),  Ephraim,  Bom  at 
Kendal,  England,  about  1680  (?) :  died  at  Lon- 
don, May  15,  1740.  An  English  writer,  com- 
piler of  a  "Cyclopaedia,  an  Universal  Dictionary 
of  Arts  and  Sciences"  (1728),  the  first  of  its 
kind  in  English. 

Chambers,  Bobert.  Bom  at  Peebles,  Scotland, 
July  10,  1802:  died  at  St.  Andrews,  March  17, 
1871.  A  Scottish  publisher  (at  Edinburgh) 
and  writer.  He  was  the  author  of  "Illustrations  of 
the  Author  of  Waverley "  (1822),  "  Traditions  of  Edin- 
burgh "  (1823),  "  Walks  in  Edinburgh  "  (1826).  "  History  of 
the  Rebellion  of  1745"  (1828),  "Biographical  Dictionai-y 
of  Eminent  Scotsmen"  (1832-34),  "Book  of  Days"  (1862- 
1864),  "Vestiges  of  the  Natural  History  of  Creation" 
(1844:  anonymous),  etc.  The  last-named  work,  the  au- 
thorship of  which  was  not  discovered  until  1884,  was  an 
exposition  of  a  theory  of  development,  and  quickly  be- 
came famous  through  both  the  criticism  and  the  praise 
which  its  heterodox  views  aroused.  He  was  joint  editor 
of  "Chambers's  Journal,"  and  a  member  of  the  publishing 
firm  of  W.  and  E.  Chambers. 

Chambers,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Stockholm, 
1726:  died  at  London,  March  8, 1796.  A  British 
architect.  He  rebuilt  Somerset  House  in  London,  1775. 
He  wrote  "A  Treatise  of  Civil  Architecture"  (1759). 

Chambers,  William.  Born  at  Peebles,  Scot- 
land, April  16,  1800:  died  at  Edinburgh,  May 
20,  1883.  A  Scottish  publisher  (head  of  the 
firm  of  W.  and  R.  Chambers)  and  writer,  brother 
of  Robert  Chambers.  He  wrote  "  Things  as  they 
are  in  America"  (1864),  "History  of  Peebles"  (1864),  etc. 

Chambersburg  (cham'berz-berg).  A  borough, 
capital  of  PrankUn  County,  Pennsylvania,  49 
miles  southwest  of  Harrisburg.  it  was  burned  by 
the  Confederates  July  30, 1864.    Population  (1900),  8,864. 

Chambertin  (shon-ber-tan').  A  vineyard  in 
the  commune  of  Gevrey,  8  miles  south-south- 
west of  Dijon,  France.  _  It  gives  its  name  t6 
a  noted  red  Burgundy  wine. 

Chamber?  (shon-ba-re').  [It.  damheri.']  The 
capital  of  the  department  of  Savoie,  France,  in 
lat  45°  34'  N.,  long.  5°  53'  E.  it  was  the  capital  of 
the  department  of  Mont  Blanc  1792-1815,  and  passed  with 
Savoy  from  Sardinia  to  France  in  1860.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  20,922.  .  . 

Chambezi  (cham-be'zi).  A  nver  in  central 
Afriea,rising  as  the  Chasi,  and  continuing  (south 
and  west  of  Lake  Bangweolo)  as  the  Luapula  — 
the  head  waters  of  the  Kongo. 

Chambord  (shon-bor').  A  village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loir-et-Cher,  France,  11  miles  east 
of  Blois.  It  contains  a  famous  chateau,  built  by  Fran- 
cois I  a  large  structure  illustrating  the  application  of 
feenaissanoe  principles  to  a  French  medieval  type.  The 
most  striking  feature  is  the  six  huge  cylindrical,  cone- 
roofed  towers,  60  feet  in  diameter,  with  decorated  dor- 
mer-windows and  high  chimneys.  The  central  tower 
contains  a  remarkable  double  spir^  stau-,  so  devised  that 
two  sets  of  persons  may  ascend  and  descend  at  the  same 
time  without  meeting;  this  f»wer  is  surmounted  by  an 
openwork  lantern.  The  chateau  contains  440  rooms,  and 
the  stables  can  receive  1,200  hraaes.  .    _,       ,        _ 

Chlmbord.  Comte  de  (Henri  Charles  Fer- 
dinand ffitarie  Dieudonn^  d'Artois,  Due  de 
Bordeaux).  Born  at  Paris,  Sept.  29  1820:  died 
at  Frohsdorf,  near  Vienna,  Aug.  24,  1883.  A 
French  Legitimist  prince,  son  of  the  Due  de 
Berry,  and  grandson  of  Charles  X.,  styled  Due 
de  Bordeaux  before  1830,  and  sometimes  called 
"Henri  V." 


233 

given  to  the  French  Chamber  of  Deputies, 
1815-16,  noted  for  its  reactionary  measures. 

Chambres  Ardentes  (shon'br  zar-dout').  [F., 
'  Fiery  Chambers.']  Extraordinary  French  tri- 
bunals sometimes  convened  under  the  old  mon- 
archy for  the  trial  of  cases  of  malversation,  etc. 

Chambure  (shon-biir'),  Auguste  Lepelletier  Champ  de  Mars.  [F., '  field  of  March.']  In 
de.  Bom  at  Vitteaux,  Burgundy,  France,  early  French  institutional  history,  an  annual 
March  31, 1789:  died  at  Paris,  Aly  12, 1832.  A  political  and  military  assembly,  held  in  March. 
French  officer,  sumamed  "  Le  Diable"  on  ae-  i^^  *""?*?.'  ™e|Mng.  was  changed  to  May  in  the  8th  cen- 
COunt  of  his  audacious  bravery.  turyj^dthereafterthese  assemblies  were  called  "Champs 

Chameleon  (ka-me'le-on).  The.  A  constella-  Ohampeaux  (shou-p6'),  Guillanme  de  Latin- 
tion  invented  by  Bayer,  situated  beneath  the    ized    Campellensis.     Born   at   Champeaux, 


Champollion  Figeac,  Jean  Jacques 

of  the  Seine,  now  used  for  military  exercises. 
It  has  been  the  scene  of  battles  and  historical  episodes 
from  the  9th  century,  and  of  festivals,  pageants,  exhibitions 
(of  1867, 1878),  etc.  Here  occurred,  July  14, 1790,  the  "  f tte 
de  la  federation  " ;  July  17, 1791,  an  attempt  at  insurrection 
("massacres  du  Champ-de-Mars  ") ;  and  June  8,  1794,  the 
"  fSte  h,  I'Etre  supreme." 


feet  of  the  Centaur. 

Chamfort  (shon-for'),  or  Ohampfort,  S§bas- 
tien  Boch  Nicolas.  Bom  in  Auvergne,France, 
about  1741:  died  at  Paris,  April  13,  1794.  A 
French  litterateur,  author  of  "filoge  de  Mo- 
U^re"  (1769),  the  plays  "Le  marchand  de 
Smyme"  (1770),"Mustapha  etZ6angir"  (1776), 
etc. 

Chamisso  (sha-mes'so),  Adelbert  von.  Bom 
at  the  castle  of  Boneourt,  in  Champagne,  Jan. 
30  (27?),  1781:  died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  21,  1838. 
A  German  author  and  poet.  He  was  of  an  old 
French  family.  In  1796  his  parents,  who  had  left  France 
in  1790,  went  to  Berlin,  where  he  became  a  page  of  the 
queen.  In  1798  he  entered  the  Prussian  army,  from 
which  he,  however,  retired  in  1808.  In  1816  he  accom- 
panied as  naturalist  the  exploring  expedition  of  Count 
Komantsof!  in  a  journey  around  the  world.  He  was  subse- 
quently custodian  of  the  botanical  collections  in  Berlin. 
His  most  celebrated  prose  work,  "  Peter  Schlemihls  wun- 
derbare  Geschichte"  T'The  Wonderful  History  of  Peter 


near  Melun,  France,  toward  the  end  of  the  11th 
oentuiy:  died  1121.  A  noted  French  scholas- 
tic philosopher,  an  opponent  of  Abelard,  who 
was  his  pupil. 

Ohampfleury(shon-fl6-re'),pseudonym of  Jules 
Fleury-Husson.  Bom  at  Laon,  France,  Sept. 
10, 1821 :  died  at  Sfevres,  Deo.  5, 1889.  A  French 
novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer.  His  works  in- 
clude "  Cliien-Callou  "  (1847),  "Les  bourgeois  de  Molin- 
ohart"  (1864),  "Histoire  de  la  caricature  "  (1866),  etc. 

Champigny  (shon-pen-ye').  A  village  situated 
on  the  Mame  5  miles  east-southeast  of  Paris. 
Here,  Nov.  30  and  Dec.  2, 1870,  occurred  battles  between 
the  Germans  and  the  French  under  Ducrot,  Loss  of  the 
Germans,  over  5,000 ;  of  the  French,  10,000  to  12,000. 

Champion  (cham'pi-on),  The.  A  journal  which 
first  appeared  in  1739',  edited  by  Henry  Fielding 
and  a  man  named  Ralph,  it  is  based  on  the  model 
of  the  "Spectator"  and  "Tatler."  Two  volumes  of  the 
paper  were  republished  in  1741.    It  ridiculed  the  Jacobite 


uciuaic  tjcsciiicute      t  '.Llie  vvuuuciiui  xiiat<urjr   ui  x^cLci       nartv 

Schlemihl"),  appeared  in  1814.  His  poetry  comprises  rniaTntiioti'c!  TTill  (•phsTn'rii  rmv  hill  A  locnlitv 
popular  songs,  ballads,  and  romances.  In  the  last  class  y"«gfPl°*l  S  nUi  teuam  pi-onz  nu).  Alocaiity 
are  included  the  long  poems  "Salas  y  Gomez,"  "Matteo  m  Hmds  (jounty,  Mississippi,  west  of  Jackson. 
Falcone,"  "Die  Retraite"("  The  Retreat").  His  collected  Here,  May  16,  1363,  the  Federals  (32,000)  under  Grant  de- 
works  appeared  first  at  Leipsic,  1886-49,  in  six  volumes.  feated  the  Confederates  (about  25,000)  under  Pemberton. 
Chamonix  (sha-mo-ne'),  or  Chamouni  (sha-  Loss  of  pederals,  2  467;  of  Confederates,  4,300.  Alsocalled 
mo-ne'),orChamounyAvalleyinthe  depart-  ni^}^°J-^^!.f\^T^-  -a  -.v,  ,y.  .  a 
ment  of  Haute-Sa^il^  France,  at  the  foot  of  ^^^^^P??^^*^^^^^?^*-^^^?!,*^!*)',?,*^^^^^ 
Mont  Blanc,  watered  by  the  Arve.    Itisacele-    T  ^     ^Fa'  ^        Alexandria  (5th  cen- 

brated  resort  for  tourists,  an^  the  starting-point  for  ex-  ^■^)^  PO.t^d  as  an  opponent  of  Nestonamsm. 
cursions  to  Mont  Blanc,  the  Mer-de-Glace,  Montanvert,  Uhamplam  (Sham-plan  ;  ± .  pron.  shon-plan  ), 
Fieg^re,  Martigny,  etc.    Its  center  is  the  village  of  Cha-     Samuel   de.      Born   at   Brouage,    Saintonge, 
monix.   Length  of  valley,  12  miles^_  Elevation,  3,445  feet.     France,  15?7:  died  at  Quebec,  Dee.  25,  1635. 


It  was  explored  by  Pococke  and  "Wyndhara  in  1743,  and 
later  by  Saussure  and  others. 

Chamont.  A  rough  and  extremely  fiery  young 
soldier  of  fortune,  the  brother  of  Monimia, 
"the  orphan,"  in  Otway's  tragedy  of  that  name. 

Chamorro  (cha-mor'ro),  FrutO.  Bom  in  Gua- 
temala about  1810 :  died  near  (jranada,  March 
12, 1855.  A  Nicaraguan  statesman.  From  April, 
1853,  until  his  death  he  was  president  of  Nicaragua, 
During  a  part  of  this  time  his  rule  was  limited  to  Granada, 
where  he  was  besieged  by  revolutionists. 

Champa  (cham'pa).  A  city  in  -Anga,  the  pres- 
ent Bhagalpur  or  near  it.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
founded  by  Champa,  a  descendant  of  Yayati ;  but  was 
named  rather  from  its  abundant  champa  or  champaka 
trees  {Michelia  Champaka),  whence  it  was  also  called 
MSlini,  'garlanded, 'from  its  being  surrounded  with  cham- 
psdca  trees  as  with  a  garland  ivwla). 

Champagne   (shon-pany'),  or  Champaigne 

(shon-pany'),  Philippe  de.  Bom  at  Brussels, 
May  26,  1602:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  12,  1674.  A 
painter  of  the  Flemish  school.  His  best  works 
are  at  Paris,  Vincennes,  and  Vienna. 
Champagne  (sham-pan' ;  F  pron.  shon-pany'). 
An  ancient  government  of  France.  It  was 
bounded  by  Belgium  on  the  north,  Lorraine  on  the  east, 
Franohe-Comte  onthe  southeast.  Burgundy  on  the  south, 
and  Orieanais,  Ile-de-France,  and  Picardy  on  the  west. 
It  is  celebrated  for  its  wines.    Its  chief  city  is  Troyes.    It 


A  French  navigator  and  explorer.  He  made  ex- 
plorations in  Canada  and  New  England  1603-07,  founded 
Quebec  1608,  and  discovered  Lake  Ghamplain  1609.  He 
wrote  "  Des  sauvages  "  (1603),  "  Voyages  "  (1613, 1619, 1632). 
Complete  works  published  1870. 

•Samuel  de  Ghamplain  has  been  fitly  called  the  Father 
of  New  France.  In  him  were  embodied  her  religious  zeal 
and  romantic  spirit  of  adventure.  Before  the  close  of  his 
career,  purged  of  heresy,  she  took  the  posture  which  she 
held  to  the  day  of  her  death — in  one  hand  the  crucifix,  in 
the  other  the  sword.  His  life,  full  of  significance,  is  the 
true  beginning  of  her  eventful  history. 

Parkinan,  Pioneers  of  France,  p.  165. 

Champlain  (sham-plan').  Lake.  [Named  for 
Samuel  de  Champlain.]  A  lake  between  Ver- 
mont and  New  York,  extending  from  White- 
hall, New  York,  to  St.  John's,  Canada.  Its  outlet 
is  the  Richelieu  or  Sorel  River  (into  the  St.  Lawrence),  and 
it  is  connected  with  the  Hudson  by  a  canaL  It  was  dis- 
covered by  Samuel  de  Champlain  in  1609.  On  Oct.  11, 1776, 
a  British  flotilla  defeated  the  Americans  under  Arnold. 
Sept.  11, 1814,  an  American  squadron  consisting  of  14  ves- 
sels of  all  classes,  carrying  86  guns  and  about  850  men, 
under  the  command  of  Captain  Macdonough,  defeated  a 
British  force  consisting  of  16  vessels  of  all  classes,  carry- 
ing 95  guns  and  about  1,000  men,  under  the  command  of 
Captain  Downie,  which  supported  an  invasion  of  N  ew  York 
by  Sir  George  Prevost.  A  precipitate  retreat  of  the  land 
force  succeeded  the  battle.  Length,  about  110  miles. 
Width,  in  the  northern  pai-t,  10  to  12  miles.  Elevation 
,  — ,        ^       1     .,,        -„    i  -,.  above  sea-level,  lOlleet. 

formed  the  modern  departments  of  Marne,  Haute-Marne,  rihomnlin  CchaTrm'liTi'*  TnmooTift  BorTi  .Tiitip 
Aube,  Ardennes,  parts  of  Aisne,  Yonne,  Seine-et-Marne,  St  i?fi  .i-  5^^  ?  ik  ^lo  a  ■P°™''."°® 
and  Mouse.  In  the  middle  ages  it  was  a  countship  and  9,  1811 :  died  March  15,  1882.  An  American 
one  of  the  great  fiefs  of  France.  Some  of  its  counts  were  clergyman  and  teacher,  president  of  Colby 
noted  as  poets.    Its  heiress  married  Philip  the  Fair  in     University  (Waterville,  Maine)  1857-72. 

iM^FraM^inTsef'^'"^™''""''^^^^''''''^"™'^         Champmesl6  (shon-ma-la'),  Charles  Ohevil- 


Champagny  (shon-pan-ye'),  FranQois  Joseph 
Nomp^re  de.    Bomat  Vienna,  Sept.  10, 1804: 

died  Mav  4,  1882.    A  French  publicist,  son  of  _^™8"^^°-,  __     .    _,  j       t>  4. 

the  first^Duc  de  Cadore.    His  chief  work  is  Champmes,16,_Manepesma,res  de..    Born  at 
L'Histoire  des  C^sars"  (1841-43). 


let,  Sieurde.  Bom  at  Paris,  1645:  died  there, 
April  22,  1701.  A  French  dramatic  author  and 
comedian. 


Rouen  in  1641  (1644?):  died  at  Auteuil,  May 
15, 1698.  A  French  actress,  the  wife  of  Charles 
ChampmesW. 


This  French  lady  was  the  original  Hermione,  Berenice, 
Monimia,  and  Phedre.  These  were  written  expressly  for 
her  by  Racine,  who  trained  her  exactly  as  Rochester  did 
Elizabeth  Barry, — to  some  glory  on  the  stage,  and  to  some 
infamy  off  it.  Baran,  Eng.  Stage,  I.  111. 


3,531  square  miles.     Population,  1,500,000. 
Champ-de-Mars  (shon'de-mars').    [F.,'fieldof 
j.io»jxi  .  T„ .   „„_„i,i-  /ahnfi'br  au-tre-va'bl).    Mars ' :  L.  Campus  Martins.']    A  large  square  m 
^'^^I^KcSvSe  Ch&/]     A  nLknaVe    the  quarter  Gr^enelle  of  Paris,  on  the  left  bank 


Champagny,  Jean  Baptiste  Nompfere  de,  first 
Due  de  Cadore.  Born  at  Roanne,  Loire,  France, 
Aug.  4,  1756:  died  at  Paris,  July  3,  1834.  A 
French  politician  and  diplomat.  He  was  imbassa- 
dor  at  Vienna  1801-04,  minister  of  the  interior  ^804-07, 
and  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1807-11. 

Champagny,  Louis  Alix  Nompdre  tte,  second  „..„.       ™.  ,  ■, 

Due  de  Cadore.  Bom  Jan.  12,  1796:  died  at  Ohampneys  (ehamp'niz),  William  Weldon. 
Boulogne,  France,  Jan.  27,  1870.  A  French  Bom  at  London,  April  6,  1807 :  died  at  Lich- 
politician,  son  of  the  first  Due  de  Cadore.  He  field,  Feb.  4,  1875.  An  English  clergyman  and 
was  ambassador  at  Rome  in  1861.       _     .  writer,  a  graduate  of  Oxf  ord  (Brasenose  Col- 

Champaran  (chum-pa-run').    A  district  in  the    lege),  appointed  dean  of  Lichfield  Nov.,  1868. 
Patna  division,  Behar,  British  India.    Area,  Champollion  (sham-pol'i-on;    F.  pron.   shon- 

"        ^      '-^^—  It:"""""  pol-y6n')  Figeac,  Jean  Jacques.    Bom  at 

Figeac,  Lot,  Prance,  Oct.  5, 1778:  died  at  Fon- 
tainebleau,   France,   May  9,   1867.     A  noted 


French  archseologist,  brother  of  J.  F.  Champol- 


OhampoUion  Figeac,  Jean  Jacques 

lion.  He  wrote  "AntiquiWs  de  Grenoble  "  (1807),  "An- 
nates desLagides"  (1819),  "Paliographie  universelle,  etc." 
(1839-41),  "  he  palais  de  Fontainebleau  "  (1867),  etc. 

Cnampollion,  Jean  Francois.  Born  at  Fi- 
geac, Lot,  France,  Dec.  23,  1790 :  died  at  Paris, 
March  4,  1832.  A  celebrated  French  Oriental- 
ist, the  discoverer  of  the  key  to  the  Egyptian 
hieroglyphic  inscriptions  (1822).  His  chief  works 
are  "  Precis  du  systtm  elii6roglyphique"(1824), '  'Grammaire 
egyptienne"  (1836-41),  "  Dictionnaire  ^gyptien  "  (1841-44), 
"Monuments  de  I'Egypte  et  de  la  Nubie  *(1836-45). 

Champs-Elys^es (shon'za-le-za').  [F.,'EIysian 
Fields.']  An  avenue,  and  the  gardens  surround- 
ing it,  in  Paris,  extending  from  the  Place  de 
la  Concorde  IJ  miles  to  the  Place  de  I'fitoile, 
celebrated  as  a  place  of  public  resort.  It  was 
acquired  by  the  crown  m  1616,  and  ceded  to 
the  city  in  1828. 

CJhamunda  (cha-mon'da).  In  Hindu  mythol- 
ogy, an  emanation  of  the  goddess  Durga,  said 
to  have  been  so  named  by  Durga  on  account  of 
her  destruction  of  the  two  demons  Chanda  and 
Munda. 

Chanak  Ealessi  (cha-nak'  ka-les-se').  A  town 
in  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the  Dardanelles.  Pop- 
ulation, 6,000  (f). 

Chanakya  (eha'na-kya).  A  celebrated  Brah- 
man (the  Machiavelli"  of  India)  who  took  a 
leading  part  in  the  overthrow  of  the  Nanda  dy- 
nasty of  Magadha,  and  the  elevation  of  Chan- 
dragupta  to  their  throne,  in  315  b.  c.  a  work  upon 
morals  and  politics  called  "Chanakyasutra"  is  ascribed  to 
him.  He  is  the  chief  character  in  the  drama  "  Hudrarak- 
shasa"  (which  see).  Other  names  of  Chanakya  are  Vlsh- 
nugupta  and  Eantilya. 

Ohanca  (chan'ka).  Dr.  (believed  to  have  been 
Diego  Alvarez  Chanca).  A  Spanish  physi- 
cian, native  of  Seville,  who  accompanied  Co- 
lumbus on  his  second  voyage  in  1493.  He  wrote 
a  letter  to  the  cathedral  chapter  of  Seville,  giving  an 
account  of  what  he  saw,  and  this  is  one  of  the  main  his- 
torical authorities  for  the  voyage.  Nothing  Is  known  of 
his  previous  or  subsequent  life. 

Chancas  (chEln'k3,z).  An  ancient  Indian  nation 
of  Peru,  of  the  Quichua  race,  who  occupied 
the  valleys  of  the  Andes  between  the  Apuri- 
mac  and  the  Mautaro.  About  the  year  1400  their 
king,  Csavalca,  made  war  on  the  Incas  of  Cuzco,  but  was 
defeated  in  two  great  battles  near  Cuzco  by  Pachacutec 
YupanquL  The  survivors  fled  eastward  to  the  Upper 
Amazonian  plains,  where  some  of  the  modern  tribes  may 
be  their  descendants.  A  number  of  the  Peruvian  ruins 
are  ascribed  to  the  Chancas. 

dhancellor  (chan'sel-or),  Bichard.  Died  Nov. 
10, 1556.  An  English  navigator.  He  accompanied 
Koger  Bodenham  on  a  journey  to  Candia  and  Chio  in  1560. 
In  1553  he  became  captain  of  the  Edward  Eonaventure  and 
pilot-general  of  the  expedition  which  set  out  in  that  year 
under  the  command  of  Sir  Hugh  Willoughby  in  search  of 
A  northeast  passage  to  India.  Becoming  separated  from 
the  other  ships  of  the  expedition  in  a  gale  off  the  Lofoden 
Islands,  he  pushed  on  alone  into  the  White  Sea,  whence 
he  made  his  way  overland  to  Moscow.  He  obtained  valu- 
able trade  concessions  from  the  Russian  court  in  behalf  of 
the  English,  which  led  to  the  organization  of  the  Muscovy 
Company  on  his  return  to  England  in  1554.  He  made  a  sec- 
ond visit  to  Moscow  in  1666,  and  was  shipwrecked  off  Pits- 
ligo,  on  the  coast  of  Aberdeenshire,  on  the  return  voyage. 
A  narrative  of  his  first  visit  to  Moscow,  written  by  Clement 
Adams,  was  published  in  Hakluyt's  " Navigations, "  and 
is  the  first  considerable  account  of  the  Bussian  people  in 
the  English  language. 

Chancellorsville  (chan'sel-orz-vil).  A  post- 
office  in  Spottsylvania  County,  Va.,  55  miles 
northwest  of  Richmond.  Here,  May  2-4, 1863,  the 
Confederates  (about  66,000)  under  Lee  defeated  the  Fed- 
erals (182,000)  under  Hooker.  Loss  of  the  I'ederals,  16,030 ; 
of  the  Confederates,  12,281  (including  "  Stonewall "  Jack- 
son). 

Ohancery  Lane  (chan'se-ri  lan).  A  street  in 
London  leading  from  Fleet  street  to  Holborn, 
and  passing  by  the  Inns  of  Court. 

Chances  (enan'sez).  The.  A  comedy  by  John 
Fletcher,  it  was  published  in  1647,  but  had  been  played 
before  1626.  The  plot  is  from  "La  Seflora  Cornelia,"  a 
novel  by  Cervantes.  The  Duke  of  Buckingham  produced 
an  alteration  of  it  in  1682,  and  Garrick  brought  out  a  sec- 
ond alteration  in  1773.  In  1821  a  musical  drama  founded 
on  it,  called  "Don  John,  or  the  Two  Violettas,"  was  pro- 
duced.   The  original  play  had  two  Constantias. 

Ohanda  (chan'da).  In  Hindu  mytholo^,  a 
name  of  the  goddess  Durga,  applied  especially 
to  her  incarnation  for  the  purpose  of  destroy- 
ing the  demon  Mahisha.  This  exploit,  which  is 
treated  in  a  section  of  the  Markandeyapurana,  is  particu- 
larly celebrated  in  Bengal  at  the  Durgapuja,  or  festival 
held  in  honor  of  the  goddess  toward  the  close  of  the  year 
(about  Oct.  to  Nov.). 

Chanda  (chan'da).  l.  A  district  in  the  Nagp^ur 
division  of  the  Central  Provinces,  British  India, 
lat.  20°  N.,  long.  79°-80°  B.  Area,  10,785  square 
miles. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  Chanda  district, 
in  lat.  19°  57'  N.,  long.  79°  15'  E. 

Chandemagor  (ehan-d6r-na-gor').  A  town  and 
territory  in  Hindustan,  situated  on  the  Hugli 
20  miles  north  of  Calcutta.  It  was  a  possession  of 
the  French,  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Pondicherryj  was 


234 

taken  by  the  English  in  1757, 1793,  etc. ;  and  was  ceded 
finally  to  France  in  1816.  Area,  3J  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1888),  26,396. 

Chandipatha  (ohan-de-pat'ha).  [Skt.,  'read- 
ing or  text  regarding  Chancii.']  A  poem  of 
seven  hundred  verses,  forming  an  episode  of 
the  Markandeyapurana.  It  celebrates  Durga's 
victories  over  the  Asuras,  and  is  read  daily  in 
the  temple  of  that  goddess. 

Chandler  (chand'ler),  Zachariah.  Bom  at 
Bedford,  N.  H.,  Dec.  10, 1813:  died  at  Chicago, 
Nov.  1, 1879.  An  American  politician.  He  wSs 
United  States  senator  from  Michigan  1857-75 
and  1879,  and  secretary  of  the  interior  1875-77. 

Chandos  (chan'dos),  Sir  John.  Died  at  Mor- 
temer,  Prance,  Jan.  1,  1370.  An  English  sol- 
dier. He  served  at  the  siege  of  Cambrai,  at  Cr^oy,  and 
at  Poitiers  (where  he  saved  the  life  of  the  Black  Prince) ; 
was  appointed  regent  and  lieutenant  of  the  £ing  of  Eng- 
land in  France  about  1361,  and  constable  of  Guienne  in 
1362 ;  commanded  the  English  forces  at  the  battle  of  Au- 
ray  (Oct.  6,  1364),  and,  with  John  of  Gaunt,  the  English 
advance-guard  at  Navarette  'April  3,  1367);  was  made 
seneschal  of  Poitiers  1369 ;  and  died  from  the  effects  of  a 
wound  received  in  an  engagement  at  Lussac,  Dec.  81, 1369. 

Chandra  (chau'dra).  [Skt.]  The  moon,  either 
as  a  planet  or  as  a  deity ;  hence,  any  eminent  or 
illustrious  person  (the  moon  being  regarded  as 
the  most  beautiful  of  planets). 

Chandragupta  (chan-dra-gop'ta).  [Skt.,  'the 
moon-protected.']  A  name  identified  by  Sir 
William  Jones  with  the  "Sandrokottos"  or 
"  Sandrokyptos "  of  the  Greek  historians  of 
Alexander.    See  Sandrocottos. 

Chandrakanta  (chan-dra-kan'ta).  [Skt., 
'lovely  as  the  moon.']  A  fabulous  gem,  the 
moon-stone,  supposed  to  be  formed  from  the 
congelation  of  the  rays  of  the  moon,  and  to  dis- 
solve under  the  influence  of  its  light. 

Chandur  (chan-dor'),  or  Chandor  (chan-dor'). 
A  fortified  town  in  Bombay,  British  India,  in 
lat.  20°  20'  N.,  long.  74°  10'  E.  It  was  ceded 
to  the  British  in  1818. 

Chanis  (cha-nas').  A  South  American  Indian 
tribe  which  formerly  occupied  the  western  side 
of  the  river  Paraguay,  about  lat.  17°  S.  They 
were  probably  the  same  as  the  modem  Guanas  (which 
see).    There  was  another  tribe  of  this  name  in  Uruguay. 

Changarnier  (shon-gar-nya'),  Nicolas  Anne 
Th^Udole.  Born  at  Autun,  France,  April  26, 
1793 :  died  at  Parib,  Feb.  14,  1877.  A  French 
general.  He  was  distinguished  in  Algeria  1830-48 ;  was 
in  command  in  Paris  1848-51 ;  was  banished  for  his  opposi- 
tion to  Louis  Napoleon  in  1852 ;  and  was  with  Bazaine  in 
Metz,  Oct.,  1870.  He  became  a  deputy  in  1871,  and  a  life 
senator  in  1875. 

Chang-Chau  (chang'chou').  A  city  in  the 
province  of  FuMen,  China,  35  miles  west  of 
Amoy.  It  is  an  important  center  of  the  silk 
trade. 

Chang-Chau,  A  city  in  the 'province  of  Ki- 
angsu,  China,  60  miles  southeast  of  Nanking. 

Change  Alley  (ehanj  al'i).  An  alley  in 
Cornhill,  London,  formerly  Exchange  Alley, 
leading  into  Lombard  street.  "It  was  the  chief 
centre  of  the  money  transactions  of  the  lastcentury,  when 
the  Stock  Exchange  was  held  here  at  'Jonathan's  Coffee 
House.'  It  was  the  great  scene  of  action  in  the  South 
Sea  Bubble  of  1720,  hy  which  so  many  thousands  of  credu- 
lous persons  were  ruined.  Another  coffee  house  in  this 
alley  which  played  a  great  part  in  the  same  time  of  excite- 
ment was '  Garraway's,'  so  called  from  Garway,  its  original 
Sroprietor.  It  was  here  that  tea  was  first  sold  in  Lon- 
on."    Hare,  London,  I.  362. 

Changeling  (chanj'ling),  The.  A  play  by 
Middleton  and  William  Eowley,  acted  as  early 
as  1623. 

Changes  (chan'gos).  A  tribe  of  Indians  which, 
it  is  believed,  once  occupied  most  of  the  valleys 
of  the  Peruvian  coast.  According  to  tradition  they 
were  driven  southward  by  the  invasion  of  the  Chimus,  and 
subsequently  of  the  Incas,  and  took  refuge  on  the  desert 
coasts  between  lat.  22°  and  23'  S.  There  some  of  their 
descendants  remain,  but  their  language  is  lost.  They 
are  a  dwaii  race,  seldom  exceeding  five  feet  in  height,  and 
they  now  live  entirely  on  fish,  crustaceans,  and  seals. 
They  are  hospitable,  and  have  never  resisted  the  whites. 

Changsha  (ehang-sha').  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Hunan,  China,  on  the  river  Siang. 

Channel,  The.    See  English  Channel. 

Channellslands.  A  group  of  islands  in  the  Eng- 
lish Channel,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  7-30 
miles  from  the  coast  of  Normandy,  France,  near 
the  Bay  of  St.  Malo.  They  comprise  Jersey,  Guernsey, 
Aldemey,  Sark,  and  a  number  of  islets.  They  are  noted 
for  their  picturesque  scenery  and  mild  climate,  and  for 
their  breeds  of  cattle.  The  prevailing  language  is  old 
Norman  French.  They  came  imder  Norman  rule  early  in 
the  10th  century,  and  were  Norman  and  English  after  1066. 
They  are  the  only  part  of  Normandy  which  remained  to  the 
English  after  1204.  Area,  75  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  92,272. 

Channing  (chan'ing),  Edward  Tyrrel.    Bom 

at  Newport,  E.  I.,  Dec.  12,  1790:  died  at  Cam- 
bridge,  Mass.,  Feb.  8,   1856.    An  American 


Chapeau  de  Faille 

scholar,  brother  of  William  Ellery  Chamiing 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  "North 
American  Keview  "  in  1815. 
Channing,  William  Ellery.  Born  at  Newport, 
K.  I.,  April  7,  1780:  died  at  Bennington,  Vt., 
Oct.  2, 1842.  An  American  clergyman,  writei-, 
and  philanthropist,  one  of  the  chief  founders 
of  American  Unitarianism.  He  became  pastor  of 
the  Federal  Street  Church,  Boston,  in  1803.  His  complete 
works  were  published  in  1848. 

Channing,  William  Ellery.  Born  Nov.  29, 
1818 :  died  Dec.  23,  1901.  An  American  poet, 
journalist,  and  general  writer,  nephew  of  Wil- 
liam Ellery  Channing  (1780-1842). 

Chanson  de  Geste  (shon-s6n'  ds  zhest').  [F., 
'song  of  heroic  deeds.']  The  name  given  to 
epic  or  narrative  poems  which  first  appeared 
in  Prance  about  the  beginning  of  the  11th  cen- 
tury. Nearly  all  the  best  date  from  the  12th  century. 
The  technical  definition  of  a  chanson  de  geste  is  "a  nar- 
rative poem,  dealing  with  a  subject  connected  with  French 
history,  written  in  verses  of  ten  or  twelve  syllables,  which 
verses  are  arranged  in  stanzas  of  arbitrary  length,  each 
stanza  possessing  a  distinguishing  assonance  or  rhyme  in 
the  last  syllable  of  each  line. "  Saintibury,  French  Lit. ,  IL 

Chanson  de  Roland  (shon-s6n'  de  ro-lon'),  or 
de  Boncevaux  (d6  rdns-vo').  [P.,  'song  of 
Roland,  or  of  RoncevJtux.']  A  French  epic 
poem,  or  chanson  de  geste,  ascribed  to  TM- 
roulde  or  Turoldus,  a  Norman  trouvfere  (11th 
century  ?).  It  was  first  published  as  a  whole  by  M.  F. 
Michel  in  1837.  TheOxfordMS.  givesitsearliestform.  The 
text  of  this  MS.  is  probably  that  of  the  end  of  the  11th 
centuiy ;  the  date  of  the  MS.  probably  the  middle  of  the 
12th.  It  contains  about  4,000  lines,  and  is  the  story  of  the 
death  of  Belaud  with  the  peers  of  Charlemagne  at  Konce- 
vaux  or  Boncesvalles,  and  Charlemagne's  vengeance. 

Chant  du  D6part  (shon  du  da-par').  [P., '  song 
of  departure.']  A  popular  French  military  song 
by  Marie  Joseph  (Jh6nier. 

Chantabon  (shan-ta-bnn').  A  city  in  Siam, 
situated  near  the  Gulf  of  Siam  150  miles  south- 
east of  Bangkok.  Population  (estimated),  30,- 
000. 

Chantal  (shon-tai'),  Jeanne  Frangoise  Fr6- 
miot,  Baronne  de.  Bom  at  Dijon,  France,  Jan. 
23, 1572:  died  at  Moulins,  France,  Dec.  13, 1641. 
A  French  devotee,  founder  of  the  Order  of  the 
Visitation  at  Anneoy  in  1610. 

Chanticleer  (chan'ti-kler).  [Also  aceom.  chant- 
it-clear  (fi.  Jonson),  ME.  chanieclere,  chaunte- 
cleer,  OP.  Chantecler,  the  name  of  the  cock  in 
the  epic  of  Renart  (Reynard  the  Fox);  from 
chanter,  sing,  and  cler,  clear :  so  called  from  the 
clearness  or  loudness  of  his  voice  in  crowing.] 
1.  The  cock  in"Reinecke  Fuchs." — 2.  The 
cock  who  is  the  hero  of  the  Nun's  Priest's  Tale 
in  Chaucer's  "Canterbury  Tales." 

Chantilly  (shon-te-ye').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Oise,  France,  23  miles  north-northeast 
of  Paris.  It  has  noted  lace  manufactures,  is  the  place 
of  the  races  of  the  French  Jockey  Club,  and  contains  a 
Renaissance  castle,  formerly  the  property  of  the  family 
Montmorency,  later  of  the  family  Cond6,  of  the  Due  d'Au- 
male,  and  now  (by  gift  of  the  Due  d'Aumale)  of  the  French 
Institute.  It  was  rebuilt  by'a  Montmorency  in  the  16th 
century,  and  transformed  into  a  magnificent  palace  by  the 
Great  Cond6  in  the  17th.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
4,231. 

Chantilly  (shan- til' i).  A  village  in  Fairfax 
County,  Virginia,  20  miles  west  of  Washington. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a  battle,  Sept.  1, 1862,  between  the  Con- 
federates under  Jackson,  and  a  part  of  Pope's  army  under 
Eeno,  Stevens,  and  Kearny  (the  two  latter  were  killed). 
Loss  of  the  Federals,  1,300 ;  of  the  Confederates,  800. 

Chantry  (ohan'tri).  Sir  Francis  Legatt.  Bom 
near  Norton,  Derbyshire,  April  7,  1781:  died 
Nov.  25,  1842.  A  noted  English  sculptor  and 
portrait-painter.  He  is  known  chiefiy  for  his  portrait 
sculpture,  his  Bitters  including  many  of  the  most  distin- 
guished men  of  his  time.  The  greater  part  of  his  property 
was  left  to  the  Boyal  Academy  to  make  provision  for  its 
president  and  to  establish  a  fund  for  the  purchase  of  the 
most  valuable  work  in  sculpture  and  paintiug  executed  in 
Great  Britain  by  artists  of  any  nation. 

Chanzy  (shon-ze'),  Antoine  Eugene  Alfred. 

Bom  at  Nouart,  Ardennes,  France.  March  18, 
1823:  died  at  Chaions-sur-Marne,  Irance,  Jan. 
4,  1883.  A  French  general.  He  became  comman- 
der of  division  In  Oct.,  1870,  and  of  the  2d  Army  of  the 
Loire  in  Dec,  1870 ;  was  distinguished  in  the  battles  near 
Orleans,  Dec,  1870  ;  was  defeated  at  Le  Mans,  Jan.  10-12, 
1871 ;  and  became  governor-general  of  Algeria  in  1873. 

Chaos  (sha'os)  or  Bird  Islands  (berdi'landz). 
A  group  of  small  islands  in  Algoa  Bay  J'  Cape 
Colony,  South  Africa. 

Chapala  (cha-pa'la).  A  lake  situated  chiefly 
in  the  state  of  Jalisco,  Mexico,  in  lat.  20°  30' 
N.,  long,  about  102°-103°  W.  Area,  over  1,300 
square  miles. 

Chapeau  de  Faille  (sha-p6'  d6  pay').  [P., 
'  straw  hat.']  A  noted  painting  by  Rubens,  in 
the  National  Gallery,  London,  it  is  a  half-length 
portrait  of  a  young  girl  robed  in  black  velvet  and  crimp 


Chapeau  de  Faille 

son,  and  wearing  a  broad-brimmed  plamed  hat  which 
shades  the  (ace  completely,  yet  without  ohscucing  its 
brilliant  color. 

Chapelain  (sbap-lan'))  Jean.  Born  at  Paris, 
Dee.  4,  1595:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  22,  1674.  A 
French  poet  and  litterateur,  one  of  the  first 
members  of  the  French  Academy,  and  influen- 
tial in  determining  the  character  of  its  labors : 
author  of  "La  Pucelle"  (1656). 

Chapel  Hill  (ehap'el  hil).  A  town  in  Orange 
County,  North  Carolina,  25  miles  west-north- 
west of  Raleigh.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  University 
of  North  Carolina  (founded  1789).  Population 
(1900),  1,099. 

Ohaplin  (ohap'lin),  Charles.  Bom  at  Les  An- 
delys,  Eure,  Prance,  June  8, 1825:  died  at  Paris, 
Jan.  30,  1891.  A  painter  and  engraver,  of  Eng- 
lish parentage,  naturalized  in  France.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  Drolling.  Be  obtained  a  medal  of  the  second 
class  in  1852,  and  a  medal  in  1866. 

Chaplin,  Jeremiah.  Bom  at  Rowley,  Mass., 
Jan.  2,  1776 :  died  at  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  May  7, 
1841.  An  American  Baptist  clergyman  and 
educator,  first  president  of  Waterville  College 
(Maine),  1821-33. 

Chapman  (chap 'man),  George.  Bom  near 
Hitchin,  Hertfordshire,  about  1559:  died  at 
London,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Giles-in-the-Fields, 
May  12, 1634.  An  English  poet  and  dramatist, 
chiefly  celebrated  for  his  translation  of  Homer. 
He  is  said  to  have  studied  at  Oxford  and  afterward  at 
Cambridge.  He  lived  in  straitened  circumstances,  but 
"Was  intimate  with  Jonson,  Fletcher,  and  other  great  men 
of  the  time.  Among  his  dramatic  works  are  "The  Blind 
Beggar  of  Alexandria"  (printed  in  1SQ8),  "AH  Fools" 
(produced  in  1598,  printed  in  1605),  "  Eastward  Ho  ' 
with  Jonson  and  Marston  (printed  1605),  "The  Gentleman 
Usher"  (1606),  "Monsieur  dOlive"  (1606),  "Bussy  d'Am- 
bois "  (1607),  "  The  Revenge  of  Bussy  d'Ambois "'  (1613), 
'•  The  Conspiracy  and  Tragedy  of  Charles,  Duke  of  Byron  " 
(1608),  '-May  Day"  (1611),  "The  Widow's  Tears"  (1612), 
'•Osesar  and.  Pompey"  (1631),  "Alphonsus,  Emperor  of 
Oermany"  (publishedin  1664,  after  his  death),  "The  Ball" 
with  Shirley  (1639),  "Tragedy  of  Chabot,  Admiral  of 
France"  with  Shirley  (1639).  He  completed  Marlowe's 
fragment  of  "Hero  and  Leander"  in  1698.  The  first  part 
of  his  translation  of  the  Iliad  was  published  in  1598 ;  the 
whole  was  not  issued  before  1609  (entered  on  the  "  Sta- 
tioners' Register  "  in  1611).  The  translation  of  the  Odys- 
sey was  entered  on  the  "Stationers'  Register"  in  1614. 
Finally,  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  were  issued  together  with 
the  date  1616  on  Chapman's  portrait  prefixed.  About  1624 
he  issued  his  translation  ol  the  "Batrachomyomachia' 
(•'  Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice"). 

Onapman,  John  Gadsby.  Bom  at  Alexandria , 
Va.,  in  1808:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  July  6, 
1890.  An  American  painter,  etcher,  and  wood- 
engraver.  He  was  elected  national  academi- 
cian in  1836,  and  lived  jin  Rome  1848-90. 

Chappe  d'Auteroche  (shap  dot-rosh'),  Jean. 
.Born  at  Mauriac,  Cantal,  France,  March  2, 
1722:  died  at  San  Lucar,  California,  Aug.  1, 
1769.  A  French  astronomer.  He  observed  the  tran- 
sit of  Venus  at  Tobolsk  in  1761  ("Voyage  en  Sib^rie," 
1768),  and  went  to  California  in  1769  to  observe  another 
transit  ("Voyage  de  la  Calif omie,"  1772),  but  died  soon 
after  his  arrival. 

Chaptal  (shap-tal'),  Jean  Antoine,  Comte  de 
Chanteloup.  Born  at  Nogaret,  Loz&re,  France, 
June  5,  1756:  died  at  Paris,  July  30, 1832.  A 
noted  French  chemist  and  politician,  minis- 
ter of  the  interior  1800-04.  He  wrote  "Le  per- 
fectionnement  des  arts  chimiques  en  France"  (1800), 
•'  Chimie  appllquee  aux  arts  "  (1806),  etc. 

Chapter  Coffee  House.  A  London  coffee-Eouse 
situated  at  the  comer  of  Chapter-house  Court, 
on  the  south  side  of  Paternoster  Row,  noted  in 
the  18th  century  as  the  resort  of  men  of  letters. 
It  was  famous  for  itspunch,  pamphlets,  and  good  supply 
of  newspapers.  It  was  closed  as  a  coffee-house  in  1854, 
and  then  altered  to  a  tavern.    Tinibs. 

Ohapu  (cha-po'  or  sha-p8').  A  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Che-Kiang,  China,  situated  on  the 
estuary  of  the  Tsien-tang  55  miles  northwest 
of  Ningpo:  the  port  of  Hang-chow.  It  has  an 
important  trade,  especially  with  Japan.  The  heights 
were  stormed  by  the  Britisli  May  18, 1842. 

Chapultepec  (oha-pol-te-pek')-  [Nahuatl, 
'  hill  of  the  grasshoppers.']  A  rocky  eminence 
about  3  miles  southwest  of  the  city  of  Mexico. 
About  1245,  when  It  was  surrounded  by  swamps,  it  was 
occupied  by  the  Aztecs,  and  subsequently  an  aqueduct 
from  the  hUl  furnished  water  to  Mexico.  It  is  said  by 
some  historians  that  the  Aztec  monarchs  had  a  summer 
residence  at  Chapultepec,  but  this  has  been  denied  by 
recent  Investigators,  like  all  places  strong  m  position 
and  in  natural  resources,  it  was  the  site  of  some  kind  of 
worship,  but  no  buildings  of  any  kind  were  erected  there 
previous  to  the  16th  century.  At  the  foot  of  the  hill  and 
in  the  park  there  are  some  interesting  vestiges  of  roek- 
carvlngs,  which  date  from  the  first  decennium  of  the  16th 
oentuiT?  About  1785  the  viceroy  of  Mexico,  Galvez,  began 
the  erection  of  a  palace  on  the  Chapultepec  hill.  This 
■was  made  in  the  form  of  a  fort  or  castle,  and  was,  in  fact, 
intended  for  a  stronghold  as  well  as  a  summer  residence. 
The  building  remained  unfinished  until  after  the  revolu- 
tion Under  the  republic  a  portion  was  used  for  a  mili- 
tary' school,  and  the  National  Astronomic^  Observatoiy 
wai  erected  on  the  hiU.    During  the  war  with  the  United 


235 


Charlemagne  Cycle  of  Romances 


states  the  castle  was  stormed  by  General  Pillow,  Sept. 
18, 1847.  The  emperor  Maximilian  made  Chapultepec  his 
principal  palace,  and  it  is  now  occupied  as  a  summer  resi- 
dence of  the  president,  portions  being  still  reserved  for' 
the  military  school  and  observatory.  The  hill  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  beautiful  park,  a  favorite  resort  of  the 
Mexicans. 


republic.  He  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  a  force  of 
insurgents  in  1793 ;  gained  a  number  of  victories  over  the 
republicans  1793-94 ;  signed  a  treaty  of  peace,  Feb.  16, 
1795,  which  he  soon  violated ;  suffered  a  decisive  defeat 
at  St.  Cyr,  March  25,  1796;  and,  being  taken  prisoner 
shortly  after,  was  executed  at  Kantes. 

Chara  (ka'ra).   [L.]   Properly,  the  name  of  the  ^1^'^^^  ^^^^fl'^f^LA '^^^''^  ^v!^  ^T^^^ 

southern  of  the  two  dogs  in  the  constellation    ^lf^^^iT-^^t}:°^^''^r'^k'^hTP^''^^^t 

of  Canes  Venatici,  but  llso  used  as  the  name    an^eit^tlf^^rd  '^"""^"^^^  ""'^  '^^ 

Gl^l^X^^F^^l^'lir^rZ- ,^....  cSe  of  thetght  Brigade.   A  poem  by 

%'5l|Vrom1^eram^t^M^^  ^^ISSJ^-J ^*!L*,S  ^^^^rlLll^j}^^. 

possibly  the  modem  Gruatos  (which  see) .]    The 


'Battle  of  Aginoourt."    It  commemorates  the 


-name  given  in  maps  of  the  i6th  and  17th  cei-  cSclt^(&?-^- ^""^ 
tunes  to  a  great  lake  near  the  center  of  South    dorus's  Mvel ' 


f>:rn.„?./„f  «°7i:  Chariclea  (kar-i-kle'a).  The  heroine  of  &lio. 
America,re>esentedastheturTe:ftheK  Slir ^' "^*'"^"""  See  T;..,««Z«. 
%'SI:Jt^i^Zl^7Z'!Z^^T^^^S^it''Z  Charing  Cross  (char'ing  kr6s) 

Charaes  marshes  or  flood-plains.  Probably  the  story  of  the 
lake  originated  with  them,  but  some  suppose  that  it  re- 
ferred to  one  of  the  small  lakes  which  communicate  with 


the  Paraguay  onthewestern  side,betweenlat.l7°andl9''30'. 
The  Charaes  marshes  cover  80,000  square  miles,  and  are 
now  uninhabited. 

Charalois  (cha-ra-lwa')-  In  Massinger  and 
Field's  "Fatal  Dowry,"  a  character  of  dignity 
and  noble  daring. 

Charasiah  (cha-ra-se-ab').  A  place  in  Afghan- 
istan^ 10-12  miles  south  of  Kabul.     Here,  Oct. 


„  ,      A  cross  in 

memory  of  Queen  Eleanor,  erected  by  Edward  I., 
IJ  miles  west-southwest  of  St.  Paul's,  London. 
It  was  demolished  by  the  Long  Parliament  in  1647,  and 
restored  by  the  South  Eastern  Railway  Company  in  1865. 
In  traveling  northward  to  join  her  husband  in  Scotland, 
Eleanor  was  seized  with  a  fever  at  Hardeby,  near  Grantham 
in  Lincolnshire,  and  died  there  Nov.  29, 1290.  Edward  I. 
followed  her  corpse  in  person  during  a  thirteen  days' 
progress  from  Grantham  to  Westminster  Abbey;  and 
wherever  the  royal  bier  rested,  at  the  end  of  each  stage, 
a  memorial  cross  was  erected.  Thirteen  of  these  monu- 
ments once  existed :  those  of  Northampton  and  Waltham 
still  remain. 


6,  1879,  the  British  under  General  Baker  de-  r<'ho».in+oai.  ^-iirn^^^n-  >nv,»     a a.,„; 

ffiptpHth^  Af£ri,»T,»  S?arioteer  or  Wagoner,  The.  ^ee  Amiga. 


Charis  (ka'ris).  [Gr.  Xd/xf,  L.  Gratia,  E. 
Grace."]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  personifica- 
tion of  grace  and  beauty:  also  regarded  as  a 
triad,  the  three  Charites.     See  Graces. 

In  the  Iliad  Charis  is  the  name  given  to  the  spouse  of 
Hephiestus  (383) :  in  the  Odyssey,  according  to  a  certain 
portion  of  it,  it  is  Aphrodite.  Moreover  Charis  seems  in 
the  latter  poem  to  have  multiplied  into  Charites  (known 
also  to  the  Iliad,  267),  and  these  have  further  subsided 
into  handmaids  to  Aphrodite  (Od.  564  and  194).  It  would 
therefore  appear  that  Hepheestus  in  the  Iliad  had  mar- 
ried one  who  was  the  handmaid  to  his  Odyssean  wife,  and 
the  Chorizontes  thought  the  relation  was  an  awkward 
one.  Geddes,  Problems  of  the  Homeric  Poems,  p.  64. 


feated  the  Afghans, 

Charbar.    See  Chuhar. 

Charcas  (char'kas).  An  Indian  tribe  of  south- 
ern Bolivia,  principally  in  the  highlands  of 
Chuquisaca.  They  are  a  branch  of  the  Aymari  or 
Colla  stock,  and  like  other  tribes  of  the  family  are  now 
partially  civilized  and  Christianized. 

Charcas  (char'kas).  A  portion  of  the  old  vice- 
royalty  of  Peru,  nearly  corresponding  to  the 
modem  Bolivia,  it  was  formed  into  an  audiencia  in 
1559,  with  four  auditors  or  judges,  who  resided  at  Chu- 
quisaca and  were  responsible  to  the  viceroy  at  Lima. 
The  desert  of  Atacama,  with  its  ports,  was  included  in 
Charcas,  and  it  extended  eastward  to  Paraguay  and  south- 
ward to  Tucuman.  In  1776  it  was  annexed  as  a  province  _,  ••/•t..  -/-^TJl.•l.  cs  i 
to  the  new  viceroyalty  of  Buenos  Ayres.  Charcas  was  i/IiariSl  (cha-re  ze),  Juaan  Den  OOlOmon.  A 
also  called  Upper  Peru.  Jewish  poet  who  lived  in  the  13th  century  in 

Charcot  (shar-ko'),  Jean  Martin.  Bom  at-  Spain.  Among  his  works  most  known  are  his  so  Maka- 
Pavla  TVTn-ir  PQ  ^9f>'\  ■  i\\ei\  Aiio'  Ifi  IRQ^  A  matunderthe  title  of  "Tachkemoni"  ("Wisdom  Town "), 
i-aris,  JNOV.^y,  l».iD.  aiea  Aug.  id,  laad.  a  a  Hebrew  counterpart  to  the  Arabic  poems  of  Hariri, 
noted  Drench  physician.  Hewasparticularlynoted  (Jjiaritg  (gM-re-ta'),  La.  A  town  in  the  de- 
fer his  treatment  of  nervous  and  mental  diseases  and  for  nartmfiTit  of  Nifivrfi  FrBncr  sitimtpH  nn  tlifi 
his  experiments  in  hypnotism  and  mental  suggestion  at  Partmeni  oiiNievre,  prance,  situatea  on  me 
the  Salpetri^re,  where  he  founded  a  clinic  for  nervous  Loire  15  miles  north-northwest  of  Nevers. 
diseases  in  1880.  He  published  a  number  of  works  on  the  Popidation  (1891),  commune,  5,443. 
diseases  of  old  age,  insanity,  hysteria,  etc.  ChariteS  (kar'i-tez).     See  Charis  and  Graces. 

Chardin,  Jean  Eaptiste  Sim§on.  Bom  at  Chariton  (char'i-ton).  A  river  in  southern 
Paris,  Nov.  2,  1699:  died  there,  Dec.  6,  1779.  Iowa  and  northern' Missouri,  which  joins  the 
A  French  painter,  famous  for  his  work  in  still  Missouri  60  miles  northwest  of  Jefferson  City, 
life.    He  was  admitted  to  the  Academy  in  1728.     Length,  about  200  miles. 

Charente  (sha-ronf).  1.  A  river  in  westem  Chariton  of  Aphrodisias  (kar'i-ton  ov  af-ro- 
France  which  flows  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay  14  dis'i-as).  [Gr.  Xapiruv.]  Probably  the  as- 
miles  south  of  La  Roehelle.  Length,  over  200  "  sumednameof  the  Greek  author  of  the  romance 
miles. —  3.  A  department  of  western  France,  "  Chsereas  and  Callirrhoe"  (which  see).  Called 
lying  between  Deux-Sfevres  and  Vienne  on  the  Aphrodisiensis  (of  Aphrodisias). 
north.  Haute- Vienne  on  the  east,  Dordogne  on  Charlatan  (shar-la-ton'),  Le.  A  novel  by  Bal- 
the  east  and  south,  and  Chareute-Inf6rieure    zac,  written  in  1830, 

on  the  south  and  west,     it  is  formed  chiefly  from  Charlemagne  (ohar'le-man ;    F.   pron.  sharl- 
the  ancient  Angoumois.    It  exports  brandy  (cognac),  etc.     many'),  or  Charlos  the  Great,     [G.  Karl  der 


Capital,  Angoulgme.    Area,  2,294  square  miles.    Popula- 
tion (1891),  360,269. 

Charente-Inferieure  (sha-ronf  an-fa-re-6r'). 
A  department  in  westem  France,  lying  be- 
tween Vendue  and  Deux-S&vres  on  the  north, 
Charente  and  Dordogne  on  the  east,  Gironde 
on  the  south,  and  the  river  Gironde  and  the 
Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  west,  it  is  nearly  identical  with 
the  ancient  Saintonge  and  Aunis.  Capital,  La  Roehelle. 
Area,  2,635  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  466,202. 

Charenton-le-Pont  (sha-ron-t6h'le-p6n').  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Seine,  France,  sit- 
uated on  the  Marne  IJ  miles  southeast  of 
Paris.    Population  (1891),  commune,  15,306, 


Grosse,  It.  Carlo  Magna,  ML.  Carolus  Magnus.'] 
Born  at  LiSge  (Ingelheim,  Aachen  (?),  Salzburg 
(Bavaria)?),  April  3, 742  or  747:  died  at  Aachen, 
Germany,  Jan.  28,  814.  A  great  king  of  the 
Franks  and  emperor  of  the  Romans.  He  was  the 
son  of  Pepin  the  Short,  king  of  the  Franks,  on  whose 
death  in  768  he  acceded  to  the  throne  conjointly  with  a 
brother  E.arlman.  He  usurped  the  entire  government  on 
the  death  of  the  latter  in  771.  In  772  he  began  a  war 
against  the  Saxons,  the  most  notable  events  of  which 
were  the  storming  of  Eresburg,  the  destruction  of  the 
Irminsul,  the  May-field  at  Paderbom  (777),  and  the  sub- 
mission of  the  Saxon  leader  Wittekind  (786),  and  which  re- 
sulted in  804  in  the  complete  subjugation  and  Christian- 
ization  of  Saxony.    In  773,  at  the  instance  of  the  Pope,  he 


Chares(ka'rez).  [Gr.Xapw.]  DiedatSig6um(?),.  g^'^a^^.^'u^^ieTtL^pli^S^Tw^aVth^^^^^^^ 
in  Troas,  before  324  b.  C.     An  Athenian  gen-    S?^  occupied  the  Pentapohs  and  was  threatening  Rome. 

oral,  prominent  in  the  wars  from  367-338  b.  c. 
Chares.  Bom  at  Lindus,  Rhodes:  lived  about 
290-280  B.  C.  A  Rhodian  sculptor,  a  pupil  of 
Lysippus  (see  Lysippus),  and  sculptor  of  the 
Colossus  of  Rhodes :  the  founder  of  the  Rhodian 
school.  The  Colossus  of  Rhodes  was  made  to  com- 
memorate the  successful  defense  of  that  place  against 
Demetrius  Poliorcetes  in  304  B.  0.  It  required  12  years 
for  its  completion,  and  cost  $470,000.  It  was  probably 
finished  before  280  B.  0.  It  represented  the  Rhodian  sun- 
god,  Helios ;  was  over  105  feet  high ;  and  was  considered 
one  of  'the  seven  wonders  of  the  Old  Worid.  Its  artistic 
qualities  are  unknown.  It  is  said  to  have  been  made 
from  the  engines  of  war  which  Demetrius  was  obliged 

Charettrde  la  Oontrie  (sha-ref  de  la  k6n-  Charlemagne, 


He  captured  the  Lombard  capital,  Pavia,  in  774,  and  the 
same  year  incorporated  the  kingdom  of  the  Lombards 
with  that  of  the  Franks.  In  778  he  made  an  expedition 
against  the  Arabs  in  Spain,  which  terminated  in  the  de- 
struction of  the  Frankish  rear-guard  under  Roland  at 
Roncevaux.  He  subdued  Bavaria  in  788 ;  conquered  the 
Avars  791-796 ;  was  crowned  emperor  at  St.  Peter's,  Dec. 
26,  800 ;  and  in  808-810  defeated  the  Danes,  whom  he  com- 
pelled to  retire  behind  the  Eider.  His  kingdom,  for  the 
protection  of  which  he  erected  in  the  border  districts  the 
so-called  marks  or  margravates,  extended  at  the  close  of 
his  reign  from  the  Ebro  to  the  Raab,  and  from  the  Eider 
to  the  Garigliano.  He  resided  chiefly  at  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
and  by  his  patronage  of  letters  attracted  to  his  court 
the  scholars  Eginhard,  Paul  Warnetried,  and  Alcuin,  the 
last-mentioned  of  whom  wrote  an  account  of  his  life  en- 
titled "Vita  Caroli  Magni." 

A  tragedy  in  five  acts  by  Le- 


tri')    Francois  Athanase.    Bom  at  Couff6,    mereier,  first  played  at  the  Theatre  Fran9ais, 
Loire-Inf6rieure,  France,  April  21,  1763 :  died    June  27,  1816.  ^     ^      ^^  ,        . 

at  Nantes  France,  March  29,  1796.    A  leader  Charlemagne  Cycle  of  Romances.    A  series 
of  the  Ven'dean  insurgents  against  the  French    of  medieval  romances  having  Charlemagne  or 


Charlemagne  Cycle  of  Bomances 

some  one  of  his  twelve  peers  or  paladins  as  a 
center.  The  Frankish  heroic  ballads  were  reduced  to 
writing  by  the  order  of  Charlemagne,  and  from  these  simi- 
lar ballads  were  written  about  himself  and  liis  warriors. 
These  chaneons  de  geste  were  arranged  as  cyclic  poems 
in  the  ISth  century,  and  may  be  divided  into  three  groups : 
the  "Geste  of  the  King"  (Charlemagne),  the  "Geste  of 
Provence  or  of  Garin  de  Mbntglane,"  and  the  "  Geste  of 
Boon  or  Doolin  of  Mayence.'"  These  are  all  composed  of 
many  parts,  but  may  be  described,  as  a  whole,  as  a  mythi- 
cal history  of  Charlemagne,  his  peers,  and  the  wars  they 
undertook.  The  names  and  number  of  the  peers  vary, 
but  Roland  and  Oliver  are  included  in  each  of  the  series. 
About  890  a  monk  of  St.  Gall  wrote  a  chronicle  called ' '  De 
Qestis  Earoli  Magni,"  and  another  was  written  by  Bene- 
dict, a  monk  of  St.  Andr^  in  968.  "  The  Pseudo-Chronicle 
of  Turpin  "  was  constructed  from  the  chansons :  it  was 
written  in  Latin  by  various  hands  from  1000  to  1160,  and 
was  believed  to  be  a  genuine  history.  The  first  prose  ver- 
sion of  Carolingian  romance  was  the  "Reali  di  Francia  " 
("  Princes  of  France  "),  written  in  Tuscan,  early  in  the  14th 
century.  The  first  printed  French  prose  version  of  the 
cycle  was  that  of  Bagnyon,  1478.  It  became  very  popular. 
The  chronicle  of  Turpin,  however,  was  reduced  to  prose 
early  in  the  13th  century.  Among  these  romances  are 
"Fierabras,"  "Garin  de  Montglane"  ("Guerin  de  Mont- 
glave"),  "Galien  le  Rhetor^,"  "Milles  et  Amys"  ("Amiles 
et  Amys"'),  "Ogier  le  Danois  '  "Doon  or  Doolin  of  May- 
ence," "Quatre  Filz  Aymon  ('Four  Sons  of  Aymon'), 
"Maugisd'Aigremont,"  "Huon  of  Bordeaux,"  and  others 
of  widely  differing  dates. 
Charlemont  ^sharl-m6n')-  -A-  fortress  on  the 
Belgian  frontier,  near  G-ivet, Ardennes,  France. 
See  Givet. 
Charlemont,  Viscount  and  Earl  of.     See 

Caulfield. 
Charleroi  (shar-16-rwa').  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Sam- 
bre  31  miles  south  of  Brussels,  it  is  the  center 
of  a  coal-  and  iron-mining  district,  and  has  manufactures 
of  iron,  glass,  etc.  It  is  one  of  the  most  important  indus- 
trial towns  in  Belgium.  It  was  fortified  by  Vauban.  In 
1794  it  was  captured  by  the  French.  Population  (1893), 
22,062. 
Charles  (charlz)  I.  [L.  Carolus,  F.  Charles,  It. 
CarlOj&p.Fg.  Carlos, G.Karl.  SeeCaW.]  Bom 
at  Dunfermline,  Scotland,  Nov.  19,  1600 :  died 
at  London,  Jan.  30,  1649.  A  king  of  England, 
second  son  of  James  I.  He  became  prince  of 
Wales  in  1616,  and  in  1623,  accompanied  by  the  Duke  of 
Buckingham, 'presented  in  person  an  ineffectual  suit  at 
the  court  of  Madrid  for  the  hand  of  the  infanta  Maria. . 
He  acceded  to  the  throne  on  the  death  of  his  father  in 
1625,  and  in  the  same  year  married  Henrietta  Maria  of 
France.  He  retained  in  office  the  Duke  of  Buckingham, 
his  father's  unpopular  minister,  in  consequence  of  which 
he  became  involved  in  a  dispute  with  Parliament  amount- 
ing in  substance  to  a  question  of  sovereignty.  He  granted 
the  Petition  of  Right,  June  7, 1628.  On  the  assassination 
of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  in  August  following,  he 
made  Laud  and  Wentworth  his  chief  advisers.  He  gov- 
erned without  Parliament  from  1629  to  1640,  meeting  the 
expenses  of  government  by  forced  loans,  poundage  and 
tonnage,  ship-money,  and  other  extraordinary  means  of 
revenue.  His  ecclesiastical  policy,  which  looked,  among 
other  things,  to  the  introduction  of  the  Episcopal  liturgy 
In  Scotland,  provoked  the  adoption  by  the  Scots  of  the 
Solemn  League  and  Covenant,  Feb.  28, 1638,  and  the  out- 
break of  a  civil  war, which  terminated  without  a  battle' 
in  the  Pacification  of  Dunse  or  Berwick,  June  18,  1639. 
The  war  having  broken  out  anew  in  1640,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  summon  Parliament,  which  met  Nov.  3,  1640. 
This  Parliament,  the  so-called  long  Parliament,  impeached 
Laud  and  Wentworth  (who  had  been  created  Earl  of 
Strafford),  and  proceeded  to  the  redress  of  grievances. 
The  House  of  Commons  having  ordered  the  publication 
of  the  Grand  Remonstrance,  Dec.  14, 1641,  he  replied  by 
impeaching  and  attempting  to  arrest  (Jan.  4, 1642)  five  of 
the  Parliamentary  leaders,  failing  in  which  he  left  Lon- 
don, Jan.  10,  1642.  He  raised  the  royal  standard  at  Not- 
tingham, Aug.  22, 1642 ;  suffered  a  decisive  defeat  at  the 
hands  of  the  Parliamentary  forces  under  Fairfax  at  Nase- 
by,  June  14,  1646 ;  delivered  himself  to  the  Scottish  army 
at  Newark,  May  5, 1646 ;  was  surrendered  to  Parliament, 
Jan.  30, 1647 ;  was  tried  for  treason,  Jan.  20-27, 1649,  and 
was  executed  at  Whitehall.  See  Stuart. 
Charles  II.  Bom  at  St.  James's  Palace,  Lon- 
don, May  29, 1630 :  died  at  St.  James's,  Feb.  6, 
1685.  A  king  of  England,  son  of  Charles  L 
He  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Royalist  forces 
in  the  western  counties  of  England  in  the  civU  war,  and 
after  the  decisive  victory  of  the  Parliamentary  army  at 
Naseby  left  England  March  2, 1646,  living  during  his  exile 
chiefly  in  France  and  Holland.  He  was  proclaimed  king 
at  Edinburgh  Feb.  6, 1649 ;  arrived  in  the  Firth  of  Cro- 
marty June  16, 1660 ;  was  crowned  at  Scone  Jan.  1, 1651 ; 
was  totally  defeated  by  Cromwell  at  Worcester  Sept.  3, 
1651-  and  escaped,  after  numerous  adventures,  to  Fecamp, 
Normandy,  Oct.  16, 1661.  Owing  to  the  influence  of  Gen- 
eral Monk,  he  was  proclaimed  king  at  Westminster  May 
8  1660 ;  entered  London  May  29, 1660 ;  and  was  crowned 
April  23, 166L  He  married  Catherine  of  Braganza  May 
20  1662.  He  assented  at  his  restoration  to  the  abolition 
of' the  feudal  rights  of  knight  service,  wardship,  and  pur- 
veyance, in  consideration  of  a  yearly  income  to  the  crown 
of  dei,200,000.  and  to  an  act  of  indemnity  for  all  political 
offenses  committed  between  Jan.  1,  1637,  and  June  24, 
1660,  from  the  operation  of  which  act,  however,  the  regi- 
cides were  excluded.  „  „       ^,      , 

Charles  I.,  sumamed  "  The  Great."  See  Charle- 
magne. ,  ,,  „  J 
Charles  (charlz ;  P.  pron.  sharl)  II.,  sumamed 
"The  Bald"  (F.  le  Chauve,  &.  derKahle).  Born 
at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  June  13,  823:  died 
near  Mont  Cenis,  Alps,  Oct.  6,  877.  King  of 
Prance  and  emperor  of  the  Romans,  younger 


236 

son  of  Louis  le  D6bonnaire :  as  king  of  France, 
reckoned  as  Charles  I.  Louis  died  in  840,  after  di- 
viding his  empire  among  his  sons  Lothaire,  Louis,  and 
Charles,  the  last  of  whom  received  all  of  France  lying 
west  of  the  Rhdne.  Lothaire  having  claimed  the  preemi- 
nence, his  brothers  united  against  him,  defeated  him  at 
Fontenay  June  25, 841,  and  compelled  him  to  accept  the 
treaty  ol  Verdun,  concluded  in  Aug.,  843.  In  876,  on 
the  death  of  Louis  II.  of  Italy  without  issue,  Charles  in- 
vaded Italy,  and  after  defeating  the  army  of  his  brother 
Louis,  the  rightful  heir  of  Louis  II.,  was  crowned  emperor 
by  Pope  John  VIII.  at  Rome  Dec.  25, 875.  '  During  his 
reign  France  was  ravaged  by  the  Normans,  who  sacked 
Bordeaux,  Tours,  Rouen,  Orllans,  and  other  cities,  includ- 
ing some  quarters  of  Paris. 
Charles  III.,  sumamed  "The  Fat"  (F.  le 
Gros  G.  der  Dicke).  Bom  839:  died  at  Nei- 
dingen,  Swabia,  Jan.  13,  888.  King  of  France 
and  emperor  of  the  Romans,  son  of  Louis  the 
German :  as  king  of  France,  reckoned  as  Charles 
11.  Louis  died  876,  after  dividing  his  kingdom  among 
his  sons  Carloman,  Louis,  and  Charles.  His  brothers  dy- 
ing without  lawful  issue,  Charles  inherited  their  portions. 
He  was  crowned  emperor  in  881,  and  in  886  became  king 
or  regent  of  France,  whose  heir,  Charles  the  Simple,  was  a 
minor.  In  Sept.,  886,  he  concluded  a  humiliating  treaty 
with  the  Northmen  at  Paris.  He  was  deposed  by  ArnuU 
of  Carinthia  in  S87. 

Charles  III.,  sumamed  "  The  Simple"  (P.  le 
Simple,  or  le  Sot).  Bom  Sept.  17,  879:  died  at 
P6ronne,  France,  Oct.  7, 929.  A  king  of  France, 
son  of  Louis  ' '  the  Stammerer."  He  was  crowned 
in  893  by  his  partizans  in  opposition  to  Eudes,  who  had 
been  elected  king  by  the  nobles  in  888  during  hisminority ; 
and  on  the  death  of  the  latter  in  898  became  sole  king. 
In  911  he  ceded  Noimandy  to  Rollo. 
Charles  IV.,  sumamed  "The  Fair"  (P.  le 
Bel).  Bom  1294:  died  at  Vineennes,  near 
Paris,  1328.  A  king  of  France,  youngest  son 
of  Philip  "the  Fair."  He  reigned  1322-28.  His  sister 
Isabella  was  married  to  Edward  II.  of  England,  with  whom 
he  was  at  war  concerning  the  homage  for  the  duchy  of 
Guienne.  Isabella  having  been  sent  to  France  to  nego- 
tiate the  question,  he  permitted  her  to  perfect  prepara- 
tions for  the  dethronement  of  Edward, 
Charles  V.,  sumamed  "The  Wise"  (P.  le 
Sage).  Born  at  Vineennes,  near  Paris,  Jan.  21, 
1837 :  died  at  Vineennes,  Sept.  16,  1380.  King 
of  France,  son  of  John  II.  He  reigned  1364-80.  He 
was  lieutenant-general  or  regent  of  France,  1356-60,  dur- 
'  ing  the  captivity  of  his  father  in  England.  During  his 
reign  France  recovered  nearly  all  the  territory  that  had 
been  conquered  by  Edward  III.,  except  Calais  and  Bor- 
deaux. He  was  a  patron  of  learning,  and  founded  the 
Royal  Library  ol  Paris. 
Charles  VI.,  sumamed  "The  Well-Beloved" 
(F.le  Bien-Aim^).  Born  at  Paris,  Dee.  3.  1368: 
died  at  Paris,  Oct.  21, 1422.  King  of  France, 
son  of  Charles  V.  He  reigned  1380-1422.  Being  a 
minor  at  his  accession,  the  regency  was  conducted  by  his 
uncles  the  dukes  of  Anjou,  Burgundy,  and  Berry.  He  de- 
feated the  Flemings  under  Philip  van  Artevelde  at  Rose- 
becque  Nov.  27, 1382.  In  1388  he  assumed  the  govern- 
ment. Becoming  deranged  in  1392,  a  dispute  for  power 
arose  between  the  Duke  of  Burgundy  and  the  Duke  of  Or- 
leans, the  king's  brother.  The  ascendancy  was  gained  by 
the  former,  who  died  1404.  His  son  Jean  procured  the 
murder  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans  (1407),  which  provoked  civil 
war,  the  so-called  war  of  the  Burgundians  and  Armagnacs. 
Henry  V.  of  England  invaded  the  country,  and  Oct.  25, 
1416,  defeated  the  French  at  Agincourt.  Supported  by 
Queen  Isabella,  the  Burgundians  concluded  at  Troyes 
May  21, 1420,  a  treaty  with  Henry  V.,  according  to  which  he 
was  to  be  king  of  France  on  the  death  of  Charles. 
Charles  VTI.,  sumamed  "The  Victorious" (F. 
le  Victorieux).  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb.  22,  1403: 
died  at  Mehun-sur-Y6vre,nearBourges, Prance, 
July  22, 1461.  King  of  Prance,  son  of  Charles 
VI.  He  reigned  1422-61.  At  his  accession  he  found  a 
rival  in  Henry  VI.  of  England,  who  claimed  the  throne  by 
virtue  of  the  treaty  of  Troyes  (see  the  preceding  article). 
The  English  were  masters  of  the  country  north  of  the 
Loire,  including  the  capital,  and  in  1428  invested  Orleans, 
which  was  delivered  by  Joan  of  Arc  in  1429.  He  was 
crowned  at  Rheims  in  1429,  and  entered  Paris  in  1437.  He 
effected  a  reconciliation  between  the  Armagnac  and  Bur- 
gundian  factions,  and  regained  all  of  France  from  the 
English,  except  Calais. 

Charles  VIII.  Born  at  Amboise,  Prance,  June 
.30, 1470 :  died  at  Amboise,  April  7, 1498.  King 
*of  France,  son  of  Louis  XI.  He  reigned  1483-98. 
He  invaded  Italy  in  1494  with  a  view  to  conquering  Na- 
pies,  which  he  entered  1495.  Ferdinand  of  Aragon, 
Maximilian,  and  the  Italian  powers  having  united  against 
him,  he  left  the  Duke  of  Montpensier  with  a  strong  force 
in  Naples  and  returned  to  France  with  the  remainder  of 
his  army,  defeating  on  the  way  the  numerically  superior 
allies  at  Fomuovo,  July  6, 1496.  The  French  were  soon 
after  expelled  from  Naples  by  the  Spaniards. 
Charles  IX.  Bom  at  St.  Germain-en-Laye, 
near  Paris,  June  27,  1550:  died  at  Vineennes, 
near  Paris,  May  30, 1574.  King  of  France,  the 
second  son  of  Henry  II.  He  reigned  1660-74."  Being 
a  minor  at  his  accession,  he  was  placed  under  the  regency 
of  his  mother,  Catharine  de'  Medici.  He  was  declared 
of  age  in  1663,  but  the  policy  of  the  government  contin- 
ued to  be  dictated  by  his  mother,  under  whose  influence 
he  consented  to  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  Aug.  24, 
1672 

Charles  X.  Bom  at  Versailles,  France,  Oct.  9, 
1757:  died  at  Gorz,  Austria,  Nov.  6, 1836.  King 
of  France  1824-30,  younger  brother  of  Louis 


Charles  I.  or  VII. 

XVIII.  He  received  at  birth  the  name  of  Charles  Philippe 
and  the  title  of  Comte  d'Artois.  He  joined  the  royalist 
emigration  of  1789.  In  1796,  having  obtained  ships  and 
men  from  England,  he  commanded  an  expedition  which 
was  to  land  on  the  coast  of  Brittany  and  join  the  Vendean 
chief  Charette,  but  which  resulted  in  failure  through  the 
cowardice  of  its  leader,  who  did  not  venture  to  attempt  a 
landing.  He  entered  Paris  with  the  Allies  in  April,  1814, 
and  Sept.  16,  1824,  succeeded  his  brother  Louis  XVIII. 
His  government,  whose  policy  was  dictated  by  the  eccle- 
siastical party,  became  extremely  unpopular.  After  the 
defeat  of  the  ministries  of  VillMe  and  Martignac  the  king- 
formed  an  extreme  royalist  ministry  under  the  Prince 
de  Polignac,  Aug.  8,  1829.  The  Chamber  of  Deputiea 
voted  in  March,  1830,  an  address  hostile  to  the  ministers, 
who,  appealing  to  the  country,  were  defeated.  Kesolvine 
on  a  coup  d'etat,  the  king  and  ministry  issued,  July  2^ 
1830,  a  body  of  ordinances  which  restricted  the  freedom 
of  the  press,  established  a  new  mode  of  election,  and  de- 
clared the  recent  elections  illegal.  As  a  consequence  the 
so-called  July  revolution,  which  lasted  from  July  27-29, 
broke  out,  in  the  course  of  which  Charles  was  expellea 
from  the  throne. 

Charles  IV.  Bom  at  Prague,  Bohemia,  May  14, 
1316:  died  at  Prague,  Nov.  29, 1378.  Emperor 
of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  son  of  John  of 
Luxemburg,  king  of  Bohemia.  He  reigned 
1347-78,  and  published  the  Golden  Bull  (whick 
see) in  1356. 

Charles  V.  Bom  at  Ghent,  Flanders,  Feb.  24, 
1500:  died  at  Yuste,  near  Placencia,  Estrema- 
dura,  Spain,  Sept.  21, 1558.  Emperor  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire,  pe  was  the  son  of  Philip  of  Bur- 
gundy by  Joanna,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  and. 
was  the  grandson  of  the  emperor  Maximilian  I.  He  be- 
came king  of  Spain  (as  Charles  I.)  in  1516,  was  elected- 
emperor  in  1619,  and  was  crowned  at  Aix-la-Chapelle  in. 
1620.  He  attended  the  diet  at  Worms  1621,  defeated 
Francis  I.  at  Pavia  1525,  concluded  (with  him)  the  peace 
of  Cambray  1629,  held  the  diet  at  Augsburg  1630,  conquered 
Tunis  1635,  made  a  fruitless  invasion  of  Provence  in  1636- 
1537,  conducted  an  unsuccessful  expedition  against  Al- 
giers in  1641,  concluded  with  Francis  I.  of  France  the- 
peace  of  Crespy  in  1544,  defeated  the  forces  of  the  Smal- 
kaldic  League  at  Miihlberg  in  1647,  was  attacked  by  Mau- 
rice of  Saxony  1551,  and  forced  to  conclude  the  convention 
of  Passau  in  1652,  and  concluded  with  the  Protestants  the- 
peace  of  Augsburg  in  1665.  He  abdicated  the  government 
of  the  Netherlands  (1565)  and  of  Spain  (1656)  in  favor  of 
his  son,  Philip  II.,  and  that  of  Germany  (1666)  in  favor  of 
his  brother,  Ferdinand  I.,  to  whom  atthe  beginning  of  his- 
reign  he  had  relinquished  the  sole  sovereignty  over  the 
hereditary  Austrian  dominions,  and  who  had  inaugurated 
Hapsburg  rule  in  Bohemia  and  Hungary.  In  the  reign  of 
Charles  V.  the  Spaniards  conquered  Mexico  and  Peru. 
He  subsequently  lived  in  the  monastery  of  Yuste  in 
Spain.  The  portraits  of  this  emperor  are :  (a)  A  portrait 
by  Titian  (1648),  in  the  Old  Pinakothek  at  Munich,  (by 
A  famous  portrait  by  Titian  (1633),  in  the  Royal  Museum 
at  Madrid,  (c)  An  equestrian  portrait  by  Titian,  in  the 
Royal  Museum  at  Madrid.  This  is  held  by  many  to  be 
the  finest  portrait  ever  painted,  (d)  A  portrait  by  Titian, 
in  the  Koyal  Museum  at  Madrid.  The  emperor  is  por- 
trayed in  his  privacy,  with  the  marks  of  illness  and  care 
on  his  face. 

Charles  VI.  Bom  Oct.  1, 1685 :  died  at  Vienna^ 
Oct.  20,  1740.  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman 
Empire,  son  of  Leopold  I.  He  reigned  1711-40.  He 
issued  his  pragmatic  sanction  (which  see)  in  1713,  and 
was  pretender  to  the  throne  of  Spain  (as  Charles  III. :  see- 
Spanish  Succession,  War  ttf)  1700-14. 

Charles  VII.  (Karl  Albrecht).  Bom  at  Bms- 
sels,  Aug.  6,  1697:  died  at  Munich,  Jan.  20, 
1745.  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  son 
of  Maximilian  Emmanuel,  elector  of  Bavaria, 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1726.  a  claimant  of  the. 
Austrian  inheritance,  he  participated  in  the  War  of  the 
Austrian  Succession,  which  broke  out  in  1740,  was  pro- 
claimed king  of  Bohemia  in  1741,  and  was  crowned  em- 
peror in  1742.    He  died  during  the  war. 

Charles  I.  Bom  April  20,  1839.  King  of  Ru- 
mania, son  of  the  Prince  of  HohenzoUem.  He 
was  elected  prince  of  Rumania  in  '1866,  and. 
proclaimed  king  in  1881. 

Charles  I,,  king  of  Spain.  See  Charles  V.,  em- 
peror. 

Charles  II.  Bom  Nov.  6,  1661:  died  Nov.  1, 
1700.  King  of  Spain,  son  of  PhiUp  XV.  He 
reigned  1666-1700.  He  was  the  last  of  the  Hapsburg  line 
in  Spain,  and  his  death  was  the  signal  for  the  outbreak  of 
the  so-called  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession.  See  Spanish 
SvccessUm,  War  of. 

Charles  III.  Bom  Jan.  20,  1716:  died  at  Ma- 
drid,'Dec.l4, 1788.  King  of  Spain,  second  son  of 
Philip  V.  He  was  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies  1736-69,  and 
king  of  Spain  1769-88.  He  sided  with  France  in  the 
Seven  Years'  War  and  in  the  American  war  of  indepen- 
dence. In  1767  he  expelled  the  Jesuits  from  Spain  and 
all  its  dependencies. 

Charles  IV.  Bom  at  Naples,  Nov.  12,  1748: 
died  in  Italy,  Jan.  19, 1819.  King  of  Spain,  son 
of  Charles  HI.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1788. 
He  was  completely  under  the  influence  of  his  wife,  Maria 
Louisa  Theresa  of  Parma,  who  in  1792  elevated  her  favor- 
ite Godoy  to  the  post  of  prime  minister.  A  revolution 
having  been  provoked  by  the  incompetence  of  the  minis- 
ter. Napoleon  embraced  the  opportunity  to  expel  in  1808 
the  house  of  Bourbon  from  Spain. 

Charles  I.  or  VII.  (Swerkerson).  Died  1167 
(1168?).  King  of  Sweden.  He  succeeded  his  father,. 
Swerker  I. ,  as  king  of  Gothland  in  1165,  and  in  1161  assumed 
the  government  of  Sweden  also.    The  primacr  of  Upsala- 


Charles  I.  or  VII. 

Vfts  established  In  his  reign  (1164).  Although  the  first 
wstorioal  Swedish  king  ol  the  name  of  Charles,  he  is  com- 
monly styled  the  seventh,  in  accordance  with  the  Swedish 
chronicler  Johan  Magnus,  who  inserts  six  mythical  kings 
of  that  name  before  him. 

Charles  VIII.  (Knutsson).  Bom  1409:  died 
1470.  King  of  Sweden,  elected  in  1448.  He  was 
occupied  In  almost  continuous  warfare  against  the  Danes, 
by  whom  he  was  twice  expelled  from  the  government. 

Charles  IX.  Born  Oct.  4,  1550:  died  at  Nyko- 
ping,  Sweden,  Oct.  30, 1611.  TTiTig  of  Sweden, 
fourth  son  of  Gustavua  Vasa.  He  reigned 
1604-11. 

Charles  X.  Gustavus.  Born  at  Nykoping, 
Sweden,  Nov.  8,  1622:  died  at  Gothenbiu-g, 
Sweden,  Feb.  13,  1660.  King  of  Sweden,  a 
cousin  of  Queen  Christina.  He  reigned  1654-eo; 
defeated  the  Poles  near  Warsaw  in  1666;  invaded  Den- 
mark in  1658 ;  and  unsuccessfully  besieged  Copenhagen 
1658-59. 

Charles  XI.  Bom  Nov.  24,  1655:  died  at 
Stockholm,  April  5, 1697.  King  of  Sweden,  son 
of  Charles  X.:  reigned  1660-97. 

Charles  XII.  Bom  at  Stockholm,  June  27, 
1682:  killed  at  Frederikshald,  Norway,  Dec] 
11, 1718.  A  celebrated  king  of  Sweden,  son  of 
Charles  XI.  He  reigned  1697-1718 ;  invaded  Denmark 
in  170C ;  defeated  the  Bussians  at  Narva,  Nov.  30, 1700 ;  de- 
feated the  Saxons  and  Poles  1701-06;  was  defeated  by 
Peter  the  Great  at  Pultowa,  July  8,  1709 ;  escaped  into 
Turkey,  1709 ;  and  returned  to  Sweden  in  1714. 

Charles  XIII.  Bom  Oct.  7, 1748 :  died  Feb.  5, 
1818.  King  of  Sweden  (1809-18)  and  Norway, 
second  son  of  Adolphus  Frederick.  He  took  part 
in  the  revolution  of  1772 ;  was  regent  1792-96 ;  and  became 
king  of  Norway  in  1814. 

Charles  XIv.  John  (originally  Jean  Baptiste 
Jules  Bemadotte),  Born  at  Pau,  France, 
Jan.  26, 1764:  died  at  Stockholm,  March  8, 1844. 
King  of  Sweden  and  Norway  1818-44.  He  was  a 
French  general  1794-1809 ;  was  French  minister  of  war  in 
1799 ;  became  a  marshal  of  France  in  1804 ;  served  with 
distinction  at  Austerlitz  in  1805 ;  was  elected  crown 
prince  of  Sweden  in  1810 ;  and  commanded  the  "  army  of 
the  North  "  against  Napoleon  in  1813.  j 

Charles  XV.  Born  at  Stockholm,  May  3, 1826 : 
died  at  Malmo,  Sweden,  Sept.  18,  1872.  King 
of  Sweden  and  Norway,  son  of  Oscar  I.  He 
reigned  1859-72. 

Charles  I.  Frederick  Alexander.  Bom  at- 
Stuttgart,  "Wurtemberg,  March  6,  1823 :  died 
Oct.  6, 1891.  Kingof  Wurtembei^.  He  succeeded 
his  father  (William  I.)  in  1864.  He  sided  with  Austria  in 
1866,  and  with  Prussia  1870-71.  He  joined  the  new  Ger- 
man Empire  in  1871. 

Charles  I.  (of  Anjou).  Bom  1220 :  died  at  Fog- 
gia,  Italy,  1285.  King  of  Naples  and  Sicily, 
brother  of  Louis  IX.  of  France.  At  the  invitation 
of  the  Pope  he  attacked  Manfred,  king  of  Naples,  who  was 
defeated  and"  slain  in  the  battle  of  Benevento,  Feb.  26, 
1266,  and  ascended  his  throne.  He  defeated  and  captured 
on  Lago  di  Celano,  between  Scuroola  and  Tagliacozzo,  Aug. 
23,  1268  Conradin,  who  claimed  Naples  as  the  son  and 
heir  of  'Conrad  IV.  His  tyranny  and  extortion  provoked 
a  rebellion  in  Sicily  (see  SieUian  Venters)  in  1282,  which 
cost  him  that  island. 

Charles  III.  (of  Durazzo).  Bom  1345:  died 
at  Buda,  Hungary,  1386,  A  king  of  Naples. 
Instigated  by  Pope  Urban  VI.,  he  attacked  Joanna  I., 
queen  of  Naples,  whom  he  put  to  death,  and  whose  throne 
he  ascended  1382.  He  was  chosen  king  of  Hungary  1385, 
and  was  killed  at  Buda  in  the  following  year. 

Charles  II.,  sumamed  "  The  Bad"  (F.  le  Maw- 
vais).  Born  1332:  died  1387.  King  of  Navarre 
1349-87.  „  ^,     . 

Charles,  Archduke  of  Austria.  Born  at  Flor- 
ence, Sept.  5,  1771:  died  April  30,  1847.  An 
Austrian  general,  third  son  oi  the  German  em- 
peror Leopold  II.  He  was  distinguished  as  com- 
mander of  the  Khiue  armies,  1796  and  1799;  defeated  Mas- 
B^na  at  Caldiero  in  1806 ;  defeated  Napoleon  at  Aspern, 
May,  1809 ;  and  was  defeated  by  him  at  Wagram,  July  6-6, 

Charles,  G.  Karl  Theodor  Maximilian  Au- 
gust Prince  of  Bavaria.  Bom  at  Munich, 
July  7,  1795:  died  near  Tegemsee,  Bavaria, 
Aug.  16, 1875.  A  Bavarian  general,  son  of  King 
Maximilian  I.  He  was  commander  of  the  Ba- 
varian contingent  in  1866.     .,,„,„,    ,    .    , 

Charles  sumamed  '"iheBoW {V.UTim&rmre). 
Born  at  Dijon,  France,  Nov.  10,  1433:  killed  at 
Nancy,  France,  Jan.  5,  1477.  i>uke  of  Bur- 
ffundv  1467-77,  son  of  Philip  the  Good.  He  was 
failed  at  first  Comte  de  Charolais.  He  conquered  Lor- 
raine in  1475 ;  and  was  defeated  by  the  Swiss  at  Grandson 
March  3,  and  at  Morat  June  22, 1476,  and  at  Nancy  Jan.  6, 

Ch^^les  v.,  Leopold.  Bom  at  Vienna,  April 
5,  1643:  died  atl^els,  Austria,  April  18,  1690. 
An  Austrian  general,  titular  duke  of  Lorraine. 
He  was  distinguished  at  'the  relief  of  Vienna  in  1683,  and 
defeated  the  Turks  at  HarsAny  (or _MoM,cs)in  1687. 

Charles,  Mrs.  Andrew  (Elizabeth  Rundle). 
Born  about  1826 :  died  March  29, 1896.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist  and  general  writer.  Her  works  include 
i-cEroS  of  theScSanberg-CottaFamily"  (1863),  "Dary 


237 

of  Mrs.  Kitty  Trevylyan  "  (1864),  "  Draytons  and  Dave- 
nants"  (1866),  "Winifred  Bertram"  (1866),  "Against  the 
Stream  "  (1873),  "  Lapsed  but  not  Lost "  (1881),  etc. 

Charles.  A  wrestler  in  Shakspere's  "As  vou 
Like  it." 

Charles.  A  river  in  Worcester,  Middlesex,  and 
Norfolk  counties,  Massachusetts,  which  flows 
into  Boston  Harbor  at  Boston  (separating  Cam- 
bridge).   Length,  about  75  miles. 

Charles  Albert.  Bom  Oct.,  1798:  died  at 
Oporto,  Portugal,  July  28,  1849.  King  of  Sar- 
dinia 1831-49.  He  put  himself  at  the  head  of  the 
movement  for  Italian  independence  in  1848,  was  defeated 
by  the  Austrians  at  Custozza  in  the  same  year,  and  abdi- 
cated after  his  decisive  defeat  at  Novara,  March  23,  1849. 

Charles  Augustus.  Bom  Sept.  3, 1757:  died 
at  Graditz,  near  Torgau,  Prussia,  June  14, 
1828.  Grand  Duke  of  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. 
He  succeeded  to  the  dukedom  in  1775 ;  belonged  to  the 
cotitederacy  of  the  Bhine  1806-13  ;  and  was  created  grand 
duke  in  1815.  He  formed  the  friendship  of  Goethe  in  1776. 

Charles  de  Blois  (sh9,rl  de  blwa),  or  de  Ch3r 
tillon  (d6  sha-te-y6n').  Killed  at  the  battle 
of  Auray,  1364.  Duke  of  Brittany,  nephew  of 
Philip  VI.  of  Prance,  and  claimant  to  the 
duchy  of  Brittany. 

Charles  Edward  Louis  Philip  Casimir, 
sumamed  "  The  Young  Pretender."  Born  at 
Rome,  Dec.  31,  1720 :  died  at  Eome,  Jan.  31, 
1788.  The  eldest  son  of  the  Chevalier  de  St. 
George  (called  James  III.  by  his  Jacobite  par- 
tizaus)  and  Princess  Clementine,  daughter  of 
Prince  James  Sobieski.  He  sailed  for  Scotland 
July  13,  1746,  to  head  an  insurrection  for  the  recovery 
of  the  British  crown  for  his  father,  and  landed  in  the 
Hebrides  Aug.  2.  The  Highlanders  fiocked  to  his  stan- 
dard, and  he  marched  to  Edinburgh,  defeated  the  forces 
sent  against  him  at  Prestonpans,  captured  Carlisle,  and 
marched  upon  London ;  but  after  reaching  Derby  he  was 
forced  to  retreat,  and  was  utterly  routed  at  CuUoden, 
April  16, 1746. 

Charles  Emmanuel  I.j  sumamed  "  The  Great." 
Born  at  Kivoli,  Italy,  Jan.  12,  1562 :  died  at 
Savigliano,  Piedmont,  July  26,  1630.  Duke  of 
Savoy  1580-1630.    He  acquired  Saluzzoin  1601. 

Charles  Emmanuel  I.  (Charles  Emmanuel  III., 
Duke  of  Savoy).  Born  at  Turin,  April  27, 1701 : 
died  Feb.  19,  1773.  King  of  Sardinia  1730-73 : 
as  Duke  of  Savoy,  Charles  Emmanuel  HI.  He 
defeated  the  Austrians  at  Guastalla,  1734. 

Charles  Emmanuel  II.  Bom  May  24, 1751 : 
died  at  Rome,  Oct.  6, 1819.  King  of  Sardinia. 
He  ascended  the  throne  Oct.  16, 1796,  and  abdi- 
cated June  4, 1802. 

Charles  Grandison  (charlz  gran'di-son),  Sir. 
A  novel  by  Samuel  Richardson,  published  in 
1753.    See  Grandison,  Sir  Charles. 

Charles  Martel  (mar-tel')  ("The  Hammer"). 
Bom  about  690:  died  at  Quierzy-sur-Oise, 
France,  Oct.  22,  741.  Duke  of  Austrasia,  son 
of  P6pin  d'H6ristal.  He  became  mayor  of  the  pal- 
ace in  719,  and  defeated  the  Saracens  between  Poitiers  and 
Tours  in  732. 

Charles  Robert.  King  of  Hungary  from  about 
1309  till  1342.  He  belonged  to  the  house  of 
Anjou. 

Charles  City  Cross  Roads.  See  Frayser's  Farm. 

Charleston  (charlz'tgn).  A  seaport,  capital 
of  Charleston  County,'  South  Carolina,  situated 
on  a  peninsula  between  the  Ashley  and  Cooper 
rivers,  in  lat.  82°  46'  N.,  long.  79°  56'  W. 
Jt  has  a  large  harbor  (defended  by  Forts  Sumter,  Moul- 
trie, and  Castle  Pinckney),  and  is  one  of  the  chief  com- 
merci^  cities  of  the  South.  It  exports  cotton,  rice, 
phosphate,  navalstores,  fertilizers,  etc.  It  was  founded 
in  1680.  A  British  attack  on  Sullivan's  Island  was  re- 
pulsed by  Moultrie  June  28, 1776.  It  was  unsuccessfully 
attacked  in  1779,  and  was  besieged  by  Clinton  and  taken  in 
May,  1780.  Charleston  was  the  center  of  the  nullifica- 
tion movement  of  1832-33.  It  was  the  place  of  meeting  of 
the  Democratic  National  Convention  of  1860.  The  Seces- 
sion Ordinance  was  passed  here  Dec.  20, 1860,  and  the  bom- 
bardment of  Fort  Sumter,  April  12, 1861,  by  the  Confeder- 
ates began  the  Civil  War.  (See  Fort  Sumter.)  The  town 
was  evacuated  by  the  Confederates  Feb.  17, 1866.  It  was 
visited  by  an  eaithquake  Aug.  31, 1886.  Population  (1900), 
66,807. 

Charleston,  sometimes  called  Kanawha  (ka- 
n&'wa).  The  capital  of  West  Virginia  and  of 
Kanawha  County,  situated  on  the  Great  Ka- 
nawha River  44  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  has 
extensive  salt-works  and  coal-mines.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  11,099. 

CharlestOAWn  (charlz'toun).  A  former  city, 
now  the  Charlestown  district  of  Boston,  sepa- 
rated from  Boston  by  the  Charles  River.  It 
contains  the  State  prison,  a  United  States  navy-yard,  and 
Bunker  Hill  monument.  It  was  settled  in  1629,  was  burned 
by  the  British  June  17, 1775,  and  was  incorporated  with 
Boston  in  1874. 

Charles  Town.  The  capital  of  Jefferson  Coun- 
ty, West  Virginia,  8  miles  southwest  of  Har- 
per's Ferry,  and  53  miles  northwest  of  Wash- 
ington. John  Brown  was  executed  here .  Dec. 
2,  1859.    Population  (1900),  2,392. 


Charlottesville 

Charleville  (shar-le-vel').  A  manufacturing 
town  in  the  department  of  Ardennes,  France, 
situated  on  the  Mouse  1  mile  north  of  M6- 
zi6res,  and  practically  a  part  of  that  town. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  17,390. 

Charlevoix  (shar-le-vwa'),  Pierre  Francois 
Xavier  de.  Bom  at  Saint  Quentin,  France, 
Oct.  29,  1682:  died  at  La  Flfeehe,  Prance,  Feb. 
1, 1761.  A  French  Jesuit  missionary  and  his- 
torian. In  1720  he  visited  the  missions  of  Canada, 
where  he  traveled  extensive^.  Descending  the  Missis- 
sippi in  1721,  he  went  from  Louisiana  to  Santo  Domingo, 
returning  to  France  in  Dec,  1722.  He  subsequently  trav- 
eled in  Italy.  His  "  Histoire  de  la  Nouvelle  France  "  con- 
tains the  account  of  his  voyages  and  a  history  of  the  Cana- 
dian and  Louisiana  missions.  He  also  wrote  well-known 
historical  works  on  Santo  Domingo,  Paraguay,  and  Japan. 

Charlies  (char'Uz).  A  nickname  given  to  the 
night-watchmen  of  London  about  1640,  from 
King  CharlesI.,who  improved  the  police  system. 

Charlieu  (shar-ly6').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loire,  France,  41  miles  northwest  of 
Lyons.    Population  (1891),  commime,  5,247. 

Charlotte  (shar'lot).  [F.  Charlotte,  It.  Carlotta, 
Sp.  Pg.  Carlota,  G.  Charlotte;  from  Charles.} 
1.  In  Fielding's  "Mock  Doctor,"  the  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  Jasper,  who  pretends  to  be  dumb  to 
avoid  a  marriage  with  Dapper.  Her  prototype 
in  Molifere's  "MMecin  Malgr6  Lui'''is  called 
Luciude. — 2.  In  Bickerstaffe's  "Hypocrite,"  a 
lively,  giddy  girl  who  finally  marries  Damley, 
though  she .  has  been  promised  to  Cantwell 
the  Hypocrite.  In  Molifere's  "  Tartufe,"  from 
which  the  play  is  taken,  she  is  called  Mari- 
anne.— 3.  The  domestic  and  simple  wife  of 
Albert,  and  the  object  of  the  affections  of  Wer- 
ther,  in  Goethe's  "  Sorrows  of  Werther."  She 
is  the  portrait  of  a  person  named  Lbtte  Buff, 
and  is  also  called  Lotte  in  the  novel. —  4.  In 
Cibber's  comedy  "The  Refusal,  or  The  La- 
dies' Philosophy,"  the  daughter  of  Sir  Gilbert 
Wrangle  and  sister  of  Sophronia,  coTirted  by 
Frankly,  with  whom  she  is  in  love. 

Charlotte  (Marie  Charlotte  Am61ie  Auguste 
Victoire  Clementine  Leopoldine).  Bom  at 
Laeken,  near  Brussels,  June  7, 1840.  Empress 
of  Mexico.  She  is  the  only  daughter  of  Leopold  I. 
of  Belgium,  and  Louise,  princess  of  Orleans ;  and  married, 
July  27, 1867,  Maximilian,  archduke  of  Austria,  whom,  on 
his  acceptance  of  the  imperial  crown  (1864),  she  accom- 
panied to  Mexico.  She  was  sent  by  Maximilian  in  1866 
to  Napoleon  III.  and  Pius  IX.  to  secure  assistance  against 
the  republicans.  Failing  in  her  mission,  and  foreseeing 
the  fall  of  her  husband,  she  became  hopelessly  insane,  and 
has  been  confined  since  1879  in  the  care  of  her  family  near 
Brussels. 

Charlotte.  The  capital  of  Mecklenburg  Coun- 
ty, North  Carolina,  in  lat.  35°  12'  N.,  long.  80° 
52'  W.  The  "Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence" (which  see)  was  passed  here, 
May,  1775.    Population  (1900),  18,091. 

Charlotte  Amalie  (shar-lof  a-ma'lye).  The 
seaport  of  the  island  of  St.  Ttomas,  in  the 
West  Indies.     Population,  about  10,000. 

Charlotte,  Aunt.  A  pseudonym  of  Mary  Char- 
lotte Yonge. 

Charlotte  Augusta,  Princess.  Bom  at  Carl- 
ton House,  London,  Jan.  7,  1796:  died  at 
Claremont,  Surrey,  England,  Nov.  5,  1817. 
Only  daughter  of  George  IV.  and  Caroline  of 
Brunswick,  wife  of  Prince  Leopold  of  Saxe- 
Coburg  (later  King  of  the  Belgians),  whom 
she  married  May  2,  1816. 

Charlotte  Elizabeth,  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs. 
Charlotte  Elizabeth  (Brown  Phelan)  Tonna. 

Charlotte  Sophia.  Bom  1744:  died  at  Kew, 
Nov.  17,  1818.  Youngest  daughter  of  Charles 
Lewis,  brother  of  Frederic,  duke  of  Mecklen- 
burg-Strelitz,  and  wife  of  George  HI.  of  England. 

Charlottenburg  (shar-lof  ten-boro).  [Named 
from  Sophia  Charlotte,  wife  of  Frederick  I.] 
A  city  in  the  province  of  Brandenburg,  Prus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Spree  3  miles  west  of  Berlin. 
It  is  a  municipality,  but  is  practically  a  part  of  Berlin. 
It  contains  a  royal  palace,  the  mausoleum  of  the  recent 
Hohenzollerns,  a  technical  high  school,  and  a  royal  porce- 
lain factory.  The  royal  palace  is  an  extensive  group  of 
buildings  built  in  1699  and  later.  The  total  frontage 
reaches  1,650  feet.  The  central  part  is  surmounted  by 
an  impressive  dome,  and  the  interior  is  decorated  in  the 
Louis  XV.  style.  The  apartments  of  Queen  Louise  are  in 
the  Louis  XvL  style.  Connected  with  the  palace  is  the 
mausoleum,  with  Doric  interior,  in  which  are  buried  Fred- 
erick William  III.  and  Queen  Louise,  and  the  emperor 
William  I.  and  empress  Augusta.  The  altar-tombs  of  the 
first  two,  with  recumbent  figures  by  Bauch,  are  justly  ad- 
mired. Thecityisonthesiteof  the  earlier  Lletzow.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  189,290. 

Charlottesville  (shar'lots-vil).  A  city  in  Al- 
bemarle County,  Virginia,  65  miles  northwest 
of  Richmond:  the  seat  of  the  University  of 
Virginia.  (See  Virginia,  University  of.)  Popu- 
lation (1900),  6,449. 


Chailottetown 

Oharlottetown  (shar'lot-toun).  A  seaport 
and  the  capital  of  Prince  Edward  Island, 
Canada,  in  lat.  46°  14'  N.,  long.  63°  7'  W. 
Population  (1901),  12,080. 

Charmian  (char  mi-an).  Cleopatra's  favorite 
waiting-woman  in  Shakspere's  "Antony  and 
Cleopatra."  She  Mils  herself  after  Cleopatra's 
death. 

Charmides  (kar'mi-dez).  [Gr.  Xapjiidm.']  A 
dialogue  of  Plato,  the  narration  by  Socrates 
of  a  conversation  on  the  subject  of  temper- 
ance (moderation  or  practical  -wisdom)  be- 
tween himself,  Charmides  (a  beautiful  youth 
renowned  for  his  moderation),  Critias,  and 
Chserephon,  which  took  place  in  Athens  at  the 
Palaestra  of  Taureas,  near  the  porch  of  the 
King  Archon,  immediately  after  the  battle  of 
Potidsea,  from  which  Socrates  had  just  re- 
turned. Charmides  was  an  Athenian,  son  of  Glaucon, 
cousin  of  Critias,  and  uncle  of  Plato. 

Charmouth.  (chSr'mouth).  A  vUlage  on  the 
coast  of  Dorsetshire,  England,  2  miles  north- 
east of  Lyme  Regis. '  It  is  usaaUy  identified  with 
Carrum,  the  scene  of  a  victory  of  the  Danes  over  Egbert  in 
833.  iEthelwulf  was  defeated  here  by  the  Banes  in  840  or 
842(?). 

Chamock  (char'nok),  Stephen.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, 1628:  died  at  London,  July  27,  1680.  An 
English  nonconformist  clergyman,  a  graduate 
of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge:  author  of 
"A  Treatise  on  the  Excellence  and  Attributes 
of  God,"  etc. 

Charuwood  Forest  (eharn'wud  for'est).  A 
forest  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Leicester- 
shire, England.  , 

Charolais,  or  Charollais  (sha-ro-la').  A  for- 
mer county  of  Prance,  in  the  department  of 
Sa6ne-et-Loire. 

Charolais,  Comte  de.    See  Charles  the  Bold. 

CharoUes  (sha-rol')-  A  town  in  the  depai-t- 
ment  of  Sa6ne-et-Loire,  France,  in  lat.  46° 
26'  N.,  long.  4°  18'  E.  It  was  the  ancient 
capital  of  Charolais.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 3,246. 

Charon  (ka'ron).  [Gr.  Xdpuv.'}  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  "ferryman,  a  son  of  Erebus,  who 
transported  the  souls  of  the  dead  (whose  bod- 
ies had  been  buried)  over  the  rivers  of  the 
lower  world.  His  fee  was  an  obolus  or  danace,  and 
this  coin  was  placed  for  him  in  the  mouth  of  the  dead 
previous  to  buriaL 

CUiarondaS  (ka-ron'das).  [Gr.  Xapi)vdag.2  Born 
at  Catana,  Sicily:  Uved  about  500  b.  c.  A 
Sicilian  lawgiver  who  legislated  for  the  cities 
of  Chalcidian  origin  in  Sicily  and  Italy. 

Charon's  staircase.    See  the  extract. 

At  the  middle  point  of  the  [Greek]  stage,  some  steps  — 
known  as  "Charon's  staircase,"  because  the  ghost  some- 
times comes  up  by  them  — lead  down  into  what  we  should 
call  the  pit.  The  Greeks  call  it  the  orchestra  or  dancing- 
place.  Jebb,  Gr.  tit.,  p.  76. 

Charras  (sha-ra'),  Jean  Baptiste  Adolphe. 

Born  at  Pfalzburg,  Lorraine,  Jan.  7, 1810:  died 
at  Basel,  Switzerland,  Jan.  23,  1865.  A  noted 
French  military  writer.  His  chief  work  is  a 
"Histoire  de  la  campagne  de  1815"  (1857). 

Charri^re  (sha-ryar'),  Madame  de  Saint-Hya- 
cinthe  de  (Isabelle  Agn^s  Van  Tuyll).  Bom 
at  XJtrecht,  Netherlands,  1746 :  died  near  Neu- 
ehatel,  Switzerland,  Dec.  27,  1805.  A  French 
authoress  who  wrote  under  the  pseudonym 
Abb6  de  la  Tour.  Her  chief  works  are  "Let- 
tres  neufehateloises"  (1784),  "CaUste,  on  let- 
tres  Sorites  de  Lausanne"  (1786). 

Charron  (sha-r8n'),  Pierre.  Bom  at  Paris, 
1541 :  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  16, 1603.  A  noted 
French  philosopher  and  Eoman  Catholic  theo- 
logian. His  works  include  "  Trait6  des  trois 
v6rit6s"  (1594), "  Trait6  de  la  sagesse"  (1601), 
etc. 

Charruas  (oha-ro'as).  The  name  usually  given 
to  a  numerous  race  of  Indians  who,  in  the  16th 
century,  occupied  the  region  on  both  sides  of 
the  river  Uruguay,  ranging  to  the  Parang  and 
the  southern  coast.  The  Bohanes,  Minuanes,  Yaros, 
and  Guenoas  were  subtribes :  but  all  these  names  are 
sometimes  applied  to  the  whole  group.  The  Charruas 
were  a  dark  race,  apparently  allied  to  the  Chaco  tribes. 
They  were  wandering  hunters  and  robbers,  very  savage 
and  treacherous,  and  waged  a  destructive  war  on  the 
Spaniards.  Soils,  the  discoverer  of  the  Plata,  was  killed 
by  them.  They  fought  principally  with  the  bolas  or 
weighted  lasso;  later  they  became  skilful  horsemen. 
About  1760  they  were  partly  subdued  and  formed  into 
villages.  The  modem  Gauchos  of  Uruguay  have  much 
Chamia  blood,  and  portions  of  the  race  remain  in  a  nearly 
pure  state.  They  are  much  employed  as  soldiers  and 
herdsmen.  _        .       „       ,.  ^      ^ 

Charter,  The  Great,    See  Magna  Charta. 
Charterhouse    (char't6r-hous).    [A  corruption 
of  Chartreuse;  orig.  the  name  of  a  village  m 


238 

France  (ML.  Cartusia),  near  the  seat  of  the  orig. 
monastery  of  the  order,  called  distinctively  La 
Crrande  Chartreuse.']  A  Carthusian  monastery 
(later  a,  hospital,  and  a  school  for  boys)  in  Lon- 
don, founded  in  1371  by  Sir  Walter  Manny  and 
the  Bishop  of  Northburgh.  At  the  dissolution  the 
Charter  House  was  given  by  Henry  VIII.  to  Sir  Thomas 
Audley,  and  passed  through  various  hands  to  Sir  Thomas 
Sutton,  who  in  16U  endowed  it  as  a  charity  under  the  name 
of  the  Hospital  of  St.  James.  This  foundation  long  ex- 
isted as  a  hospital  for  decayed  gentlemen  and  a  school  for 
boys.  The  school  was  transferred  to  Godalming,  Surrey, 
in  1872,  and  the  premises  are  now  occupied  by  the  school 
of  the  Merchant  Taylors'  Company.  The  buildings  are  for 
the  most  part  of  the  early  16th  century,  and  the  great  hall 
is  one  of  the  finest  architectural  interiors  of  that  time.  The 
great  staircase,  great  chamber,  chape],  and  cloister  are 
also  of  much  interest. 

Charter  Oak,  The.  A  tree  celebrated  in  Amer- 
ican (legendary)  history,  which  formerly  stood 
in  Hartford,  Connecticut.  According  to  tradition, 
when  Governor  Andros  came  to  Hartford  in  1687  to  demand 
of  the  Assembly  the  surrender  of  the  colonial  charter, 
the  debate  in  that  body  over  the  governor's  demand  was 
prolonged  beyond  daylight^  when  suddenly  the  lights 
were  extinguished,  and  in  the  darkness  a  patriot,  Captain 
Wadsworth,  escaped  with  the  charter  and  hid  it  in  a  hol- 
low oak.  There  is,  however,  no  contemporary  record  of 
this  event.  The  Charter  Oak  was  overthrown  by  a  storm 
in  1856. 

Chartier  (shar-tya'),  Alain,  Born  at  Bayeux, 
France,  about  1392:  died  about  1430  or  1433 
(Gaston  Paris).  A  famous  French  poet  and 
man  of  letters.  He  wrote  "Le  quadrilogue  invec- 
tlf,"  "L'Esp^rance,"  "La  belle  dame  sans  mercy,"  and 
numerous  other  works.  His  poetry  consists  mainly  of  al- 
legorical and  controversial  love-poems  and  moral  verse. 
He  is  best  known  by  the-story  that  Margaret  of  Scotland 
stooped  and  kissed  his  lips  while  he  lay  asleep,  to  the 
astonishment  of  the  attendants,  for  the  poetry  and  virtu- 
ous sentiments  that  had  issued  from  them. 

Chartists  (char'tists).  A  body  of  political  re- 
formers (chiefly  worMng-men)  that  sprang  up 
in  England  about  the  year  1838.  The  Chartists  ad- 
vocated as  their  leading  principles  universal  suffrage,  the 
abolition  of  the  proper^  qualification  for  a  seat  in  Parlia- 
ment, annual  parliaments,  equal  representation,  payment 
of  members  of  Parliament,  and  vote  by  baUot,  all  of  which 
they  demanded  as  constituting  the  "people's  charter." 
The  members  of  the  extreme  section  of  the  party,  which 
favored  an  appeal  to  arms  or  popular  risings  if  the  charter 
could  not  be  obtained  by  legitimate  means,  were  called 
"physical-force  men."  The  Chartists  disappeared  as  a 
party  after  1849.    Also  Charterists. 

Charton  (shar-t6n'),  Edouard  Thomas.  Bom 

at  Sens,  Tonne,  France,  May  11,  1807 :  died  at 
Paris,  Feb.  28, 1890.  A  French  author.  He  was 
elected  to  the  Constituent  Assembly  in  1848,  and  to  the 
I^ational  Assembly  at  Bordeaux  and  Versailles  in  1871, 
and  became  a  senator  in  1878.  He  founded  the  "  Magasin 
Pittoresque"  (1833),  the  "Illustration"  (1853),  and  "Le 
Tour  du  Monde  "  (1860).  Author  of  "Les  voyageurs  an- 
ciena  et  modernes  "  (1855-67),  etc. 

Chartres  (shartr).  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure-et-Loir,  Prance,  on  the  Eure 
48  miles  southwest  of  Paris :  the  ancient  Au- 
tricum,  later  Camutum.  It  has  a  large  trade  in 
grain,  and  is  famous  for  its  cathedral,  one  of  the  great 
churches  of  the  world,  built  in  the  12th  and  13th  centu- 
ries, and  notable  for  both  beauty  and  solidity.  The  old- 
est part  is  the  west  front,  with  three  admirably  sculp- 
tured portals,  and  south  tower  and  spire  considered  the 
finest  of  their  type.  The  elegant  and  ornate  north  spire 
is  much  later.  The  great  triple  porches  of  the  transepts, 
covered  with  sculpture,  are  matchless.  The  interior  is 
simple,  but  of  most  impressive  dignity.  Over  160  of  the 
great  windows  retain  their  13th-century  glass,  forming  a 
display  of  jeweled  color  unequaled  elsewhere.  Other 
remarkable  features  are  the  rose  of  the  west  front,  and 
the  series  of  sculptures  of  the  lite  of  Christ  and  of  the 
Virgin,  framed  in  the  richest  Flamboyant  tracery,  which 
adorns  the  exterior  of  the  choir-screen.  Chartres  was  the 
capital  of  the  Carnutes,  and  a  center  of  Druid  worship.  It 
was  the  capital  of  the  county  and  later  duchy  of  Chartres 
and  capital  of  Beauce.  Henry  IV.  was  crowned  here  Idng 
of  France  in  1B94.  It  was  taken  by  the  Germans,  Oct, 
1870.    Population  (1891),  commune,  28,108. 

Chartres,  County  of.  An  ancient  district  in 
northern  France,  comprised  in  the  govern- 
ment of  OrWanais,  and  partly  corresponding 
to  the  department  of  Enre-et-Loir.  Capital, 
Chartres.  It  was  united  to  Champagne  1125-52,  and 
was  purchased  by  St.  louis  in  1234.  It  was  afterward  a 
duchy  and  a  royal  appanage. 

Chartres  (shartr).  Due  de  (Robert  Philippe 
Louis  Eugfene  Ferdinand  d'0rl6ans).    Bom 

at  Paris,  Nov.  9,  1840.  A  French  prince, 
younger  brother  of  the  Comte  de  Paris,  and 
grandson  of  Louis  Philippe.  He  served  in  the 
Italian  army  1859,  and  on  General  McClellan's  staff  1861- 
1862.  After  the  revolution  of  Sept.  4, 1870,  he  returned 
incognito  to  France,  served  under  an  assumed  name  in 
General  Chanzy's  army,  and  in  1871,  when  the  National 
Assembly  revoked  the  law  banishing  the  OrWans  family, 
was  appointed  major.  He  became  colonel  in  1878,  and 
was  in  command  of  the  12th  Chasseurs,  stationed  at 
Bouen,  when  by  the  decree  of  Feb.  24,  1883,  he  was  sus- 
pended from  the  active  list :  by  the  law  of  June  23, 1886, 
he  was  expelled  from  the  army.  He  married  Fran^oise 
Marie  Am61ie  of  OrKans,  June  11, 1863,  and  has  issue  two 
daughters  and  two  sons,  Prince  Henri  Philippe  Marie  and 
Prince  Jean  Pierre  Cltoent  Marie  (bom  at  Paris,  Sept.  4, 
1874). 


Chass6 

Chartreuse  (shar-trez').  La  Grande.     The 

leading  Carthusian  monastei'y,  situated  13 
miles  northeast  of  Grenoble,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Is6re,  France.  It  was  founded  by  St. 
Bruno  about  1084.  It  gives  name  to  the  li- 
queur Chartreuse,  manufactured  there. 

Chartreuse  de  Farme  (shar-trfiz'  d6  parm). 
La.  A  hovel  by  Stendhal  (Beyle),  pubUshed 
in  1839. 

Charudes.    See  Harudes. 

Charybdis  (ka-rib'dis).  [Gr.  Xdpw/Sdjf.]  In 
Gree"k  mythology,  a  sea-monster  which  three 
times  a  day  sucks  in  the  sea  and  discharges  it 
again  in  a  terrible  whirlpool:  depicted  as  a 
maiden  above,  but  ending  below  in  the  body  of 
afish  begirt  with  hideous  do^s.  Opposite  her  was  the 
other  monster  Scylla.  In  later  times  they  were  placed 
in  the  Straits  of  Messina,  Scylla  being  identified  with  a 
projecting  rock  on  the  Italian  side.  The  name  of  Charyb- 
dis is  derived  by  some  from  Semitic  ^urobed,  'hole  of  per- 
dition, abyss.' 

Charyllis  (ka-ril'is).  In  Spenser's  "Colin 
Clout  's  Come  Home  Again,"  a  character  in- 
tended for  Lady  Anne  Compton,  one  of  the  six 
daughters  of  Sir  John  Spenser  of  Althorpe, 

Chasdai  ben  Isaac  ben  Shaphrut  (chas-di' 
beni'zakbenshap-rot').  A  Jewish  statesman 
and  physician  in  Cordova,  Spain,  915-970,  body 
physician  and  minister  of  finance  under  the 
cahfs  Abd-er-Eahman HI.  and Al-Hakim.  He  wa» 
appointed  by  them  Nasi  (prince,  head)  over  the  Jews  in 
the  califate.  He  was  a  generous  promoter  of  literature, 
and  translated  the  botanical  work  of  Dioscorides  from 
Latin  into  Arabic.  His  correspondence  with  Joseph,  the 
Jewish  Idng  of  the  Elhazar  kingdom,  near  the  Caspian 
Sea,  is  extant. 

Chase  (chas),  Philander.  Bom  at  Cornish,. 
N.  H.,  Dec.  14, 1775:  died  at  Eobin's  Nest,  Bl., 
Sept.  20, 1852.  An  American  missionary  bishop- 
of  the  Episcopal  Church,  one  of  the  founders 
of  Kenyon  College,  Ohio,  and  Jubilee  College, 
Illinois. 

Chase,  Salmon  Portland.  Born  at  Cornish, 
N.  H.,  Jan.  13, 1808:  died  at  New  York^  May 
7,  1873.  An  American  statesman  and  jurist, 
nephew  of  Philander  Chase.  He  was  United  states 
senator  from  Ohio  1849-55;  governor  of  Ohio  1856-60; 
secretary  of  the  treasury  1861-64;  and  chief  justice  o£ 

•the  Supreme  Court  1864-73. 

Chase,  Samuel.  Bom  in  Somerset  County, 
Maryland,  April  17,  1741:  died  June  19,  1811. 
An  American  jurist,  a  signer  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence.  He  was  appointed  associate: 
justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1796 ;  was  impeached  for 
misdemeanor  1804 ;  and  was  acquitted  1805. 

Chase,  William  Merritt.  Bom  at  Franklin, 
Ind.,  Nov.  1,  1849.  An  American  painter  of 
portraits,  still  life,  and  landscapes.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  the  schools  of  the  National  Academy  of  New 
York.  In  1871  he  went  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  had  some 
success  as  a  portrait-painter,  and  in  1872  to  Germany, 
where  he  studied  under  Piloty  at  Munich,  returning  to 
New  York  in  1878.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Natioual 
Academy,  has  beeu  president  of  tlie  Society  of  American 
Artists,  and  tlie  recipient  of  many  honors  at  home  and 
abroad. 

Chasidim  (6ha-se'dim),  or  Assideans.  [Heb., 
'pious  ones,  pietists.']  A  party  which  aros© 
among  the  Jews  during  the  period  of  the  Macca- 
bean  struggles,  its  object  was  the  defense  and  main- 
tenance of  the  Jewish  law  in  all  its  particulars  against  the 
encroachments  of  Greek  customs  Hellenism).  It  is  not 
improbable  that  they  were  the  forerunners  of  the  Essenes. 
^In  modern  times  a  similar  sect  has  spread  among  the 
'Jews  of  eastern  Europe  and  the  Orient,  which  is  supposed 
to  have  originated  with  a  cei-tain  Israel  Baal  Shem  in  the 
18th  century.  They  strive  after  a  closer  communion  with 
God  by  means  of  the  Kabbalah  ('mysticism')  and  the 
mediation  of  a  rabbi  or  zaddik  ('just  man')  whom  they 
believe  to  be  a  special  favorite  of  God,  and  to  be  endowed 
with  the  power  of  performing  miracles  by  prayer. 

Chasles  (shai),  Michel.  Bom  at  fipemon, 
Eure-et-Loir,  Prance,  Nov.  15,  1793:  died  at 
Paris,  Dec.  19,1880.  AcelebratedPrenchgeom- 
eter,  professor  at  the  ificole  Polytechnique,  and 
later  at  the  Sorbonne .  He  was  the  author  of  "  Aper^u 
historique  sur  I'origine  et  le  d^veloppement  des  m^thodes 
en  g^om^trie,  etc."  (1837),  "Traite  de  gtomStrie  sup£- 
rieure"  (1852),  "Traits  des  sections  ooniques"  (1865), 
"Eapport  sur  les  pro^^s  de  la  gtom^trie  "(1870),  etc.  He 
was  the  victim  of  a  literary  forgery  (by  Ir&ne  Lucas)  in 
1867,  being  persuaded  of  the  genuineness  of  a  large  num- 
ber of  forged  letters  of  Pascal,  Dante,  Shakspere,  and 
others.  On  those  of  Pascal  he  made  a  report  to  the 
Academy. 

Chasles,  Victor  EuphSmion  Philar6te.   Bom 

at  Mainvilliers,  near  Chartres,  France,  Oct.  8, 
1798 :  died  at  Venioe,  July  18, 1873.  A  French 
literary  critic,  novelist,  and  general  writer. 
His  essays  have  been  collected  in  eleven  vol- 
umes, under  the  title  "ifitudes  de  UttSrature 
compar6e." 

Chass6  (shas-sa'),  Da'Tid  Hendrik,  Baron. 
Bom  at  Thiol,  Netherlands,  March  18,  1765: 
died  at  Breda,  Netherlands,  May  2,  1849.  A 
Dutch  general.    He  was  distinguished  in  the  French 


Chass^ 

service  in  the  FeninBular  campaign,  and  in  the  Dntch  ser- 
vice at  Waterloo  in  1815,  and  at  Antwerp  1830-32.  From 
his  predilection  lor  attacliing  with  the  bayonet,  he  was 
nicknamed  by  the  soldiers  "General  Bayonet." 

Chasseloup-Laubat  (shas-W  lo-ba'),  Fran- 
cois, Marquis  de.  Bom  at  St.  Sornln,  Cha- 
rente-Inf^rieure,  France,  Aug.  18, 1754:  died  at 
Paris,  Oct.  10,  1833.  A  Prencli  military  engi- 
neer, distinguished  in  the  campaigns  from 
1792-1812. 

Chasseloup-Laubat,  Justin  Prudent,  Mar- 
quis de.  Born  at  Paris,  1802:  died  at  Paris, 
Dec.  17, 1863.  A  French  general  and  pohtioian, 
son  of  Frangois  de  Chasseloup-Laubat. 

Chasseloup-Laubat,  Justin  Napoleon  Sam- 
uel Prosper,  Comte  de.  Born  at  Alessandria, 
Italy,  March  29, 1805 :  died  at  Versailles,  March , 
1873.  A  French  politician,  son  of  Francois  de 
Chasseloup-Laubat,  minister  of  marine'  and  the 
colonies  1859-67. 

Ohassepot  (shas-p6'),  Antoine  Alphonse. 
Born  at  Mutzig,  Alsace,  May  4, 1833.  A  French 
mechanic,  inventor  of  the  Chassepot  rifle, 
adopted  for  the  French  army  in  1868. 

Chasta  Costa  (cha'sta  kos'tS.).  A  tribe  of  the 
Paciflc  division  of  the  Athapascan  stock  of 
North  American  Indians.  They  formerly  lived  in 
about  36  villages  along  the  upper  Kogue  Eiver,  Oregon, 
and  are  now  on  the  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.  Their 
dialect  differs  but  slightly  Irom  that  of  the  Tutu  and 
other  tribes  on  the  lower  Bogue  River.    See  Athapaecan. 

Chaste  Maid  in  Cheapside,  A.  A  play  by 
Middleton,  acted  about  Dec.  25,  1612  (Fleay), 
printed  in  1630. 

Cmastel,  Jean.    See  Chdtel,  Jean. 

Chastelain  (shat-lan'),  or  Chastellain, 
Georges.  Bom  near  Alost,  Flanders,  about 
1405 :  died  at  Valenciennes  (?),  Feb.  or  March, 
1475.  A  Flemish  chronicler  and  poet,  author 
of  "Chronique  des  dues  de  Burgoyne,"  etc. 
His  collected  works  were  edited  by  Kervyn  de 
Lettenhove,  1863-66. 

Chastelard(shat-lar'),  Pierre  deBoscosel  de. 
Bom  in  Dauphin^,  France,  about  1540:  exe- 
cuted at  the  Tolbooth,  Edinburgh,  1563.  A 
French  poet  at  the  court  of  Francis  II.  and 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  a  descendant  of  the 
Chevalier  Bayard.  He  was  a  page  in  the  household 
of  the  constable  Montmorency,  and  afterward  in  that  of 
Marshal  Damvllle.  When  Mary  went  to  Scotland  after 
the  death  of  her  husband,  in  1661,  Chastelard  followed 
her  in  the  train  of  DamviUe  who  escorted  her.  He  was 
violently  in  love  with  her,  and  she  amused  herself  with 
him  and  his  amorous  verses.  He  went  back  to  France, 
but  returned  in  lti63.  His  love  for  her  was  not  without 
encouragement.  He  was  twice  discovered  in  her  bed- 
chamber ;  she  pardoned  him  the  ih?st  offense,  but  for  the 
second  sacrificed  him  mercilessly  to  public  opinion,  and 
he  was  taken  to  the  Tolbooth  and  hung. 

Chastelard.  Atragedyby  Svyinbume, published 
in  1865. 

Chasteler  (shat-la'),  Jean  Gabriel  Joseph 
Albert,  Marquis  du.  Born  at  Malbais,  near 
Mons,  Belgium,  Jan.  22,  1763:  died  at  Venice, 
May.  7,  1825.  An  Austrian  general,  distin- 
guished at  Wattignies  1793,  in  Italy  1799,  and 
in  the  Tyrol  1800,  1805,  and  1809. 

Chastellain.    See  Chastdain. 

Chastellux  (shat-lii'),  Frangois  Jean,  Mar- 
quis de.  Born  at  Paris,  1734:  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  28,  1788.  A  French  general  and  author. 
He  served  in  the  Seven  Years'  and  American  Revolutionary 
wars.  His  chief  works  are  "De  la  faicit^  publique" 
(1772),  "Voyages  dans  I'Am^riQue  Septentrionale " (1786). 

Chat,  Nation  du,  SeeHrie. 
Chateaubriand  (sha-to-bre-on'),  Frangois 
Eene  AugUSte,  Vicomte  de.  Born  at  St.  Male, 
France,  Sept.  14, 1768:  died  at  Paris,  July  4, 
1848.  A  celebrated  French  author  and  states- 
man. He  entered  the  army  in  1786 ;  traveled  in  America 
1791-92  •  served  in  the  royalist  army  at  Thionville  in  Sep- 
tember 'l792 ;  and  subsequently  emigrated  to  England, 
where  in  1797  he  published  "  Essai  historique,  politique 
et  moral  sur  les  revolutions  anoiennes  et  modernes,  etc' 
He  returned  to  France  in  1800,  and,  having  been  converted 
bv  the  death  of  his  mother  from  infidelity  to  the  Roman 
Catholic  faith,  published  in  1802  a  brilliant  eulogy  of 
Christianity,  entitled  "Le  g^nie  du  ohristianisme. '  In 
1803  he  was  appointed  by  Napoleon  Bonaparte  secretary 
of  legation  at  Rome,  and  m  Nov.  of  the  same  year 
minister  to  the  republic  of  Valais,  a  post  which  he  re- 
signed  on  the  execution  of  the  Duke  of  Enghien  m  1804.  In 
1814  he  supported  the  Bourbons  in  a  pamphlet  entitled  "  De 
Buonaparte  et  des  Bourbons."  He  was  created  a  peer  of 
France  in  1815,  was  ambassador  at  London  in  1822,  and 
was  minister  of  foreign  aflaks  1823-24.  Besides  hose 
already  mentioned,  his  chief  works  are  "Atala  (1801), 
"Ren6"  (1802),  "Les  martyrs"  (1809),  "Itintou-e  de  Pans 
ii  Jerusalem  "(1811),  "lesNatchez"  (1826), "  les  aventures 
du  dernier  des  Abencerages"  (1826),  and  "M^moires 
d'outre-tombe  "  (1849-50). 

Chateaubriant  (sha-to-bre-on').  A  town  in 
the  department  of  Loire-Inf^rieure,  France,  on 
the  ChSre  35  miles  north-northeast  of  Nantes. 
It  has  a  castle.    An  edict  against  the  Protestants,  by 


239 

Henry  II.,  was  issued  here  in  1661.  Population  (1891\ 
commune,  6,623. 

Chateaubriant,  Comtesse  de  (Francoise  de 
Foix).  Born  about  1490 :  died  at  Chateaubri- 
ant, France,  Oct.  16, 1537.  A  mistress  of  Fran- 
cis I.,  king  of  France. 

Chateau-Cllinon  (sha-t6'she-n6n').  A  town  in 
the  department  of  Nifevre,  France,  20  miles 
west-northwest  of  Autun. 

Chateau  de  Meillant  (sha-to'  d6  ma-yon')-  A 
castle  at  St.  Amand  Montrond,  France,  now  a 
seat  of  the  Due  de  Mortemart.  it  is  of  very  ancient 
foundation,  but  received  its  present  great  development  in 
the  florid  Pointed  style  at  the  end  of  the  15th  and  the  be- 
ginning of  the  16th  century.  It  resembles  the  Maison  de 
Jacques  CcBUr  at  Bouiges  in  its  many  towers,  its  high 
roofs  and  dormers,  and  its  most  picturesque  and  ornate 
court.  The  interior  Is  richly  fitted  out  and  decorated  in 
the  style  of  the  architecture. 

Chateaudun  (sha-to-duii').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Bure-et-Loir,  France,  situated  on 
the  Loir  30  miles  west-northwest  of  Orleans: 
the  Eoman  Castrodunum.  it  contains  a  castle  of  the 
former  counts  of  Dunois.  It  was  stormed  and  burned  by 
the  Germans  in  1870.    Population  (1891),  commune,  7,147. 

Chateau  Gaillard  (sha-to'  ga-yar').  A  cele- 
brated ruin  near  Les  Andelys,  Euie,  France, 
on  a  clifif  300  feet  above  the  Seme,  it  was  built 
in  1197  by  Richard  Ccem-  de  Lion,  and  was  taken  by  Philip 
Augustus  of  France  in  1204.  The  castle  proper  represents 
in  plan  a  circle  of  waved  outline,  of  very  massive  masonry. 
Outside  rise  flanking  towers,  and  on  the  river  side  of  the 
circle  stands  the  huge  cylindrical  donjon,  with  walls  16 
feet  thick. 

Chateau-Gontier  (sha-t6'g6n-tya').  A  town  in 
the  department  of  Mayenne,  Prance,  situated 
on  the  Mayenne  in  lat.  47°  50'  N.,  long.  0°  42' 
W.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  Vendean  victory,  Oct. 
27,  1793.    Population  (1891),  commune,  7,281. 

Chateauguay  (sha7t6-ga'),  Sieur  de.  See  ie- 
moyne,  Antoine. 

Chateaulin  (sha-to-lan').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Finistfere,  France,  14  miles  north 
of  Quimper,  on  the  Aune.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  3,677. 

Chateaurenault  (sha-t6-r6-n6 ' ) .  A  to wn  in  the 
department  of  Indre-et-Loire,  Prance,  19  miles 
northeast  of  Tours.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 4,397. 

Chateauroux  (sha-t5-to').  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Indre,  France,  situated  on  the 
Indre  in  lat.  46°  50'  N.,  long.  1°  42'  E.  it  has 
manufactures  of  coarse  cloth,  woolen  goods,  etc.  It  con- 
tains the  Church  of  St.  Andrew.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 23,924. 

Chateauroux,  Duchesse  de  (Marie  Anne  de 
Mailly,  Marquise  de  la  Tournelle).  Bom  Oct. , 
1717:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  8,  1744.  A  mistress 
of  Loui^  XV.,  1742-44. 

Chateau-Thierry  (sha-to'tj^ar-re').  [L.  Cas- 
trum  Tkeodorici.]  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Aisne,  France,  situated  on  the  Mame  50 
miles  east  by  north  of  Paris,  in  1666  it  was  raised 
to  a  duchy  by  Charles  IX.  It  contains  a  ruined  castle, 
built  by  Charles  Martel  (?).  It  was  the  birthplace  of  La 
Fontaine.  Here,  Feb.  12, 1814,  Napoleon  defeated  the  Rus- 
sians and  Prussians.     Population  (1891),  commune,  6,863. 

Chatel  (sha-tel'),  Ferdinand  Toussaiat  Fran- 
cois. Born  at  (jannat,  Allier,  Prance,  Jan.  9, 
1795 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  13,  1857.  A  French 
religious  reformer.  He  wrote  "Profession  de 
foi  de  l'6glise  catholique  fran5aise"  (1831),  etc. 

Chatel,  or  Chastel  (sha-tel'),  Jean.  Bom 
about  1575:  executed  at  Paris,  Dee.  29,  1594. 
A  French  fanatic  who  attempted  to  assassinate 
Henry  IV.,  Dec.  27,  1594. 

Chatelain  (shat-lan'),  Heli.  Bom  at  Morat, 
Switzerland,  1859.  A  Swiss-American  Afriean- 
ist.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1883,  and  went  to 
Angola  in  1884  as  missionary  linguist.  He  became  phi- 
lologist of  a  United  States  scientific  expedition  to  West 
Africa  in  1889,  and  United  States  commercial  agent  in  1891. 
He  has  published  "Grammatioa  do  Kimbundu"  (1889), 
"Grundzuge  des  Kimbundu"  (1890),  "Folk-tales  of  An- 
gol.-/' (1894),  etc. 

Chatelain  de  Coucy  et  de  la  dame  de  Fayel, 
Histoire  du.  A  French  romance,  of  which  the 
personages  were  real,  written  about  the  begin- 
ning of  the  13thcentury.  It  was  published  with 
a  modern  version  in  1829  by  M.  Crapelet.    See 


Chatelet  (shat-la'),  Le  Grand.  [F., '  the  great 
fort.']  An  ancient  fortress  in  Paris,  situated 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Seine,  on  the  present 
Place  du  Chatelet,  used  for  a  prison  and  for 
courts  of  justice  until  1802,  when  it  was  de- 
stroyed. Its  origin  is  very  obscure.  It  was  at  first 
simply  a  tower  commanding  the  northern  approach  to  the 
city.  There  was  probably  a  wooden  tower  here  as  early  as 
885  The  earliest  mention  is  in  a  charter  of  Louis  le 
Jeune  in  1147.  The  Chatelet  was  the  city  prison  of  Paris 
in  the  medieval  and  Renaissance  periods,  and  was  one  of 
the  most  terrible  prisons  of  the  Old  World.  The  prisoners 
were  generally  of  the  more  or  less  helpless  class  of  city 


Chaucer,  Geoffrey 

malefactors,  but  occasionally  persons  of  a  better  class  were 
confined  in  it. 

Chatelet,  Le  Petit.  [F.,'thelittlefort.']  An 
ancient  fortress  in  Paris,  situated  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Seine,  near  the  H6tel-Dieu,  used 
for  a  prison.    It  was  destroyed  in  1782. 

Chatelet,  Marquise  du.    See  Du  Chdtelet. 

Chatellerault  (sha-tel-ro').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vienne,  France,  situated  on  the 
Vienne  19  miles  northeast  of  Poitiers:  the 
medieval  Castrum  Heraldi.  it  is  noted  for  it» 
manufactures  of  cutlery  and  flrearms.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  22,522. 

Chatham  (chat'am).  A  town  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land, adjoining  lloohester  on  the  Medway,  25 
miles  east-southeast  of  London,  it  is  one  of  the 
chief  military  stations  and  naval  arsenals  in  England,  and 
is  strongly  fortified  (by  the  "Chatham  Lines  ").  Its  royal 
dockyard  (founded  by  Queen  Elizabeth)  contains  exten- 
sive docks,  wharves,  mills,  etc.  It  contains  also  extensive 
barracks  for  infantry,  artillery,  and  engineers.  It  was 
attacked  by  the  Dutch  fleet  under  De  Ruyter  in  1667. 
Population  (1891),  31,711. 

Chatham,  A  town  in  Kent  County,  Ontario, 
Canada,  situated  on  the  Thames  45  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Detroit.    Population  (1901),  9, 068. 

Chatham,  Earl  of.    See  FUt. 

Chatham  Islands.  A  group  of  islands  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  about  lat.  44°  S.,  long.  176°  W., 
connected  politically  with  New  Zealand.  The 
chief  islands  are  Chatham,  or  Wairikaori,  and  Pitt.  They 
were  discovered  by  Lieutenant  Broughton  in  the  English 
ship  Chatham  in  1791.  Area,  376  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, about  400. 

Chatillon  (sha-te-y6u').  In  Shakspere's  "King 
John,"  an  ambassador  from  France. 

Chatillon-SUr-Seine  (sha-te-^6n'siir-san').  A 
town  in  the  department  of  (jote-d'Or,  Prance, 
situated  on  the  Seine  44  miles  northwest  of 
Dijon.  It  was  an  important  town  in  the  middle  ages. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  Marmont.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  6,127. 

Chatillon-sur-Seine,  Congress  or  Conference 

of.  An  unsuccessful  conference  of  the  Allies, 
Feb.  5-March,  1814.  The  Allies  offered  Napoleon, 
through  his  envoy,  Caulaincourt;  the  possession  of  France 
with  the  boundaries  of  1791.  The  negotiations  came  to- 
nothing  in  consequence  of  the  attitude  of  Napoleon. 

Chatimacha.    See  CMtimachan. 

Chat  Moss  (chat  m6s).  A  peat  bog  in  Lanea- 
shire,  England,  between  Manchester  and  Liver- 
pool. A  railway  was  built  across  it  by  George  Stephen- 
son, 1828-30.    Area,  about  6,000  acres. 

Chatrian  (sha-tre-yon'),  Alexandre.  See  jBrcifc- 
mann-  Chatrian. 

Chatsworth  (chats'w6rth).  The  seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Devonshire,  situated  on  the  Derwent 
about  3J  miles  northeast  of  Bakewell,  Derby- 
shire, England.  This  imposing  Renaissance  palace, 
50O  feet  long,  was  begun  in  1688.  The  interior  is  lavishly 
adorned  with  painting  and  sculpture,  and  contains  a  splen- 
did collection  of  drawings  by  the  old  masters,  some  flne 
old  and  modern  paintings,  a  Venus  by  Thorwaldsen,  and 
Canova's  Napoleon,  Madame  L^titia,  and  Endymion.  The 
formal  gardens  are  famous.  They  contain  elaborate  foun- 
tains and  fine  conservatories. 

Chattahoochee  (chat-a-ho'che).  A  river  in 
Georgia  which  forms  part  of  its  western  boun- 
dary, and  unites  with  the  Flint  to  form  the 
Appalaehioola  at  the  southwestern  extremity 
of  the  State.  Length,  over  500  miles.  It  is 
navigable  to  Columbus  (over  200  miles). 

Chattanooga  (ehat-a-no'ga).  The  capital  of 
Hamilton  County,  Tennessee,  situated  on  the 
Tennessee  Eiver  in  lat.  35°  4'  N.,  long.  85° 
19'  W.  It  is  an  important  railway  and  commercial 
center,  with  trade  in  lumber  and  grain,  and  manufactures 
of  iron,  steel,  machinery,  cotton,  etc-  .  It  was  a  strategic 
point  in  the  Civil  War.    Population  (1900) ,  30,154. 

Chattanooga,  Battle  of.  A  series  of  engage- 
ments near  Chattanooga,  Nov.  23-25, 1863.  The 
Federals  (about  60,000)  under  Grant  defeated  the  Con- 
federates (40,00O-£0,000)  under  Bragg.  Loss  of  Federals, 
6,616 ;  of  Confederates,  8,684  (6,142  prisoners).  See  further 
under  Lookout  Mountain  and  Missionary  Rmge. 

Chatterton  (chat'er-ton),  Thomas.  Bom  at 
Bristol,  England,  Nov.  20,  1752:  committed 
suicide  at  London,  Aug.  25,  1770.  An  English 
poet,  famous  for  his  precocity  and  for  his  liter- 
ary impostures.    See  Bowley  Poems. 

Chatti  (kat'i),  or  Oatti  (kat'i).  [L.  (Tacitus) 
Chatti,  6r.  (Strabo)  Xo.ttoi.']  A  German  tribe,  a 
branch  of  the  Suevi,  first  mentioned  by  Strabo. 
They  originally  occupied  the  Taunus  region  north  of  the 
Main,  but  were  assigned  by  Drusus  to  the  old  territory  of 
the  Sugambri  further  northward,  back  from  the  Rhine,  in 
the  region  about  the  Fulda  and  the  middle  Weser.  They 
took  part  in  the  rising  under  Civilis,  and  were  afterward, 
down  into  the  3d  century,  in  frequent  confiict  with  the 
Romans.  They  were  one  of  the  most  powerful  of  the 
German  inland  tribes.  Two  minor  tribes  of  the  Chatti, 
the  Batavi  and  the  Canninefates,  were  ultimately  merged 
in  the  Salic  Franks.  Those  left  behind  m  the  old  territory 
became,  finally,  the  Hessians,  a  name  which  appears  early 
in  the  8th  century. 

Chaucer  (chft'ser),  Geoffrey.  [ME.  Chaucer,  ht. 
'  Shoemaker,'  from  OP.  chaucier,  ML.  calcearius. 


Chaucer,  Geoffrey 

calciarius,  a  shoemaker,  from  L.  calcetis,  caldtis, 
a  shoe.]  Bom  at  London  about  1340:  died  at 
London,  Oct.  25,  1400.  A  celebrated  English 
poet.  Hewasthe  sonof  awell-to-doliondonvintner,  John 
Chaucer.  He  was  liberally  educated,  but  there  is  no  cer- 
tain evidence  that  he  was  a  student  at  either  Oxford  or 
Cambridge.  In  the  year  1857  he  is  twice  mentioned  as 
being  in  the  service  of  Prince  Lionel,  the  second  son  of 
Edward  III.  In  1359  he  was  with  the  king's  army  in  Brit- 
tany, where  hewas  taken  prisoner.  According  to  his  own 
statement,  in  1386,  he  bore  arras  for  twenty-seven  years. 
In  1367  he  is  described  as  a  valet  of  the  king's  household 
("  dilectus  valettus  noster  ").  About  this  time  it  is  thought 
that  he  married  Philippa  Eoet,  the  eldest  daughter  of  Sir 
Payne  Koet,  the  king  at  arms  for  Guienne,  and  a  native  of 
Uainault,  who  came  to  England  in  the  train  of  Queen  Phi- 
lippa probably  in  1328.  (Morley.)  By  1374  Chaucer  had  been 
raised  to  a  higher  rank,  sent  on  royal  embassies  to  Italy, 
etc.,  and  called  "Esquire "in official  records.  Hewas  also 
made  comptroller  of  the  customs  of  wools,  skins,  and  tanned 
hides  in  Ix)ndon,  and  received  other  grants,  missions,  and 
pensions.  John  of  Gaunt^  the  younger  brother  of  Prince 
Lionel,  became  the  patron  of  Chaucer:  in  1396  married 
lor  his  third  wife  Catherine  Swinford,  a  widow,  who  had 
been  his  mistress,  and  who  was  the  sister  of  Chaucer's  wife. 
I'rom  1374  to  1386  Chaucer  lived  in  the  Gate-house  of  Aid- 
gate.  In  1378  he  was  sent  again  to  Italy,  after  which  he  was 
apparently  closely  confined  by  his  business  to  London  till 
1386,  when  he  was  allowed  to  have  a  deputy  in  the  office  of 
comptroller  of  customs  of  wool,  etc.  In  1386  he  was  elected 
knight  of  the  shire  for  Kent,  but  was  dismissed  from  all 
his  various  offices  and  became  poor  before  the  end  of  the 
jear.  By  1399,  however,  he  had,  through  the  patronage  of 
Henry  IV.,  the  recently  crowned  son  of  John  of  Gaunt,  a 
sufficient  income,  and  took  a  fifty-three  years'  lease  of 
a  house  on  the  spot  in  Westminster  where  Henry  YII.'s 
chapel  now  stands:  here,  however,  he  lived  less  than  a 
year.  Among  his  works  are  —  Genuine  works  before 
1380;  "Troilus  and  Cressida,"  "The  Translation  of  Boe- 
thius  on  the  Consolation  of  Philosophy,"  "The  Dream  of 
Chaucer"  (about  1369),  "The  Assembly  of  Fowls,"  "Of 
^ueen  Anelida  and  False  Arcite,"  "The  House  of  fame," 
"Chaucer's  A,  B.  C,  called  La  Prifere  de  nostre  Dame." — 
Oenuine  works  after  1380 :  "The  Canterbury  Tales,"  "The 
Legend  of  Good  Women,"  "The  Conclusions  of  the  Astro- 
labe "  "The  Complaint  of  Mars,"  "Good  Counsel  of  Chau- 
■cer,  "Lenvoye  to  Scogan,"  "Chaucer  unto  his  Empty 
Purse,"  "Chaucer's  Words  unto  his  own  Scrivener." — 
Genuine  works,  dates  unknown :  "  The  Complaint  of  Mars," 
"  The  Complaint  of  Venus"  (a  translation — Skeat),  "The 
Former  Age,"  "  How  Pity  is  Dead  and  Buried  in  a  Gentle 
Heart"—  Doubtful  works :  "The  Bomaunt  of  the  Rose," 
■"Orison  to  the  Holy  Virgin,"  "An  Amorous  Complaint" 
—  Spurious  works :  "A  Goodly  Ballade  of  Chaucer,"  "The 
Flower  of  Courtesy,  with  a  Ballade,"  "La  Belle  Dame  sans 
Mercy,"  "  The  Assembly  of  Ladies,"  "A  Praise  of  Women," 
"The  Testament  of  Love,"  "The  Lamentation  of  Mary 
Magdalen,"  "The  Remedy  of  Love,"  "A  Ballade  in  Com- 
mendation of  our  Lady,"  "The  Plowman's  Tale,"  "Balade 
4e  hon  Consail,"  "Against  Women  Unconstant,"  "The 
Craft  ot  Lovers,  a  Ballade,"  "The  Ten  Commandments 
of  Love," "The  Nine  Ladies  Worthy,"  "Alone  Walking," 
"Jacke  Upland,"  "The  Tale  of  Gamelin,"  "The  Prologue, 
or  the  Merry  Adventures  of  the  Pardoner  and  Tapster  at 
the  Inn  at  Canterbury,"  "The  Merchant's  Second  Tale,  or 
the  History  of  Beryn,"  "The  Testament  and  Complaint  of 
Cressida"  (by  Robert  Henryson,  about  1490),  "The  Com- 
plaint ot  the  Black  Knight"  (by  Lydgate,  first  half  of  the 
16th  century),  "  The  Cuckoo  and  the  Nightingale  "  (about 
1400,  perhaps,  but  uncertain),  "The  Letter  of  Cupid"  (by 
Occleve,  1402),  "The  Court  of  Love  "  (about  1500^  "Chau- 
cer's Dream,"  "The  Isle  of  Ladies''  (about  1460),  and 
"The  Flower  and  the  Leaf"  (about  1420).  Lounsbury. 
Chaucer,  Thomas.  Bornaboutl367:  diedMarch 
14,  1434.  An  English  statesman,  probably  eld- 
est sou  of  Geoffrey  Chaucer.  He  was  chief  butler 
of  Richard  II.,  constable  of  Wallingford  Castle,  steward 
of  the  honors  of  Wallingford  and  St  Valery  and  of  the 
Chiltern  Hundreds,  successor  of  Geoffrey  Chaucer  as  for- 
ester ot  North  Petherton  Park,  Somersetshire,  and  mem- 
ber of  Parliament  1400-31.  He  was  chosen  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons  in  1407, 1410,  1411,  and  1414.  He  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Agincourt. 

Chaucer  of  France,  The.  A  name  given  to 
Clement  Marot. 

Chaucer's  Dream.  1.  A  name  once  given  to 
"  The  Book  of  the  Duchess,"  in  which  the  poet, 
relates  his  dream. —  2.  The  title  of  an  inde- 
pendent poem,  first  printed  by  Thomas  Speght 
in  the  1597  edition  of  the  works  of  Chaucer. 
He  prefixed  to  it  a  note  saying :  "That  which  heretofore 
hath  gone  under  the  name  o£  his  Dreame,  is  the  Book  of 
the  Duchesse  :  on  the  death  of  Blanche,  Duchesse  of  Lan- 
caster." 

There  is  no  extant  MS.  of  this  poem  earlier  than  one  at 
Long]  eat  of  about  1660.  If  the  poem  be  Chaucer's,  it  is  in 
a  late  copy,  with  corruptions  of  the  text,  and  was  an  early 
work  of  his.    1  leave  its  authenticity  in  question. 

Morley,  Eng.  Writers,  V.  166. 

Chaucer  Society,  The.  A  society  founded  by 
Mr.  Pumivall  in  1867  for  the  purpose  of  fur- 
nishing to  scholars  material  (manuscripts, 
early  texts,  etc.)  relating  to  Chaucer  which 
was  not  accessible  to  the  public,  and  of  facili- 
tating collation. 

Chauci  (ka'si).  [L.  (Pliny)  Chauci,  Gr.  (Strabo) 
XaiiKoi.']  A  German  tribe,  first  mentioned  by 
Strabo,  in  the  region  along  the  North  Sea,  on 
both  sides  of  the  Weser  from  the  Ems  to  the 
Elbe.  Pliny  divides  them  into  "greater"  and  "lesser." 
They  were  brought  by  Drusns  and  Tiberius  into  subjec- 
tion to  the  Romans.  The  name  disappears  early  in  the  5th 
century.     They  were  ultimately  merged  in  the  Saxons. 

Chaudes-Aigues    (shod-zag').     A   watering- 


240 

place  in  the  department  of  Cantal,  Prance,  lat. 
44°  50'  N.,  long.  3°  B. :  the  Roman  Calentes 
Aqu8B.    It  is  noted  for  its  hot  springs. 

Chaudi6re(sh6-dyar').  [P. j' caldron.']  Ariver 
in  Quebec,  Canada,  which  joins  the  St.  Lawrence 
7  miles  above  Quebec.  Length,  about  120  miles. 

Chaudi^re  Falls.  1.  A  cataract  in  the  Chau- 
di^re  River,  near  its  mouth.  Height,  about  100 
feet. —  2.  A  cataract  in  the  Ottawa  River,  near 
Ottawa.    Height,  about  40  feet. 

Chaudi^re  Lake.  An  expanson  of  the  Ottawa 
River,  on  which  Ottawa  is  situated. 

Chauffeurs  (sho-fer'),  or  Garrotteurs  (ga-ro- 
ter').  [P., 'burners' or 'garroters.']  A  band 
of  French  brigands,  organized  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Johann  Biiekler,  sumamed  "  Sehinder- 
hannes,"  which  during  the  Reign  of  Terror  in- 
fested the  forests  of  Arg&res,  near  Chartres,  and 
which  was  dispersed  by  the  consulate  in  1803 : 
so  called  from  the  practice  of  garroting  their 
victims,  or  of  burning  {chauffer)  their  feet  to 
make  them  reveal  their  treasures. 

Chauliac  (sho-lyak'),  or  Cauliac  (ko-lyak'), 
or  Chaulieu  (sh6-ly6'),  Gui  de.  Lived  in  the 
second  half  of  the  14th  century.  A  French 
surgeon,  physician  at  Lyons  and  later  at  Avi- 
gnon. He  wrote  a  noted  treatise  on  surgery,  long  an 
authority,  "Inventorium,  sivecollectorium partis  chirur- 
gicalis  medicinie  "  (published  1489  or  1490).  He  has  left 
a  description  of  the  great  plague  of  1348. 

Chaulieu  (sho-lye'),  Guillaume  Am&ye  de. 

Bom  at  Pontenay,  Eure,  Prance,  1639:  died 
at  Paris,  June  27,  1720.  A  French  poet  and 
ecclesiastic,  a  member  of  the  libertine  society 
of  the  Temple  (and  called  the  "Anacreon  of 
the  Temple").  Hewas  the  author  of  light  verses  of  an 
occasional  character.  His  work  is  closely  associated  with 
that  of  the  Marquis  de  la  Fare. 

Chaumette(sho-met'),  Pierre  Gaspard.  Born 
at  Nevers,  Prance,  May  24,  1763:  guillotined 
at  Paris,  April  13,  1794.  A  French  revolu- 
tionist, appointed  attorney  of  the  commune 
of  Paris  in  1792. 

Chaumi^re  (sho-myar')  Indienne,  La.  [P., 
'The  Indian  Cottage.']  A  philosophical  tale 
by  Bemardin  de  St.  Pierre  (1791). 

Chaumonot  (sho-mo-no'),  Pierre  Marie  Jo- 
seph, Born  near  ChMillon-sur-Seine,  Prance, 
1611:  died  at  Lorette,  near  Quebec,  Canada, 
Feb.  21,  1693.  A  French  Jesuit  missionary 
among  the  Indians  of  Canada.  He  arrived  at  (Que- 
bec 1639,  and  resided  among  the  Hurons  until  they  were 
dispersed  by  the  Iroquois  about  1650. '  He  left  a  grammar 
of  the  Huron  language,  which  was  published  by  the  Lit- 
erary and  Historical  Society  of  Quebec  in  1836. 

Chaumont  (sh6-m6h').  The  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Haute-Mame,  Prance,  situated  be- 
tween the  Marne  and  Suize  in  lat.  48°  7'  N., 
long.  5°  7'  E.  It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  Bassigny. 
A  treaty  was  made  here  between  the  Allies,  March  9, 1814. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  13,280. 

Chaumont,  Treaty  of.  An  offensive  and  de- 
fensive alliance  against  Napoleon  I. ,  concluded 
here  between  Austria,  Great  Britain,  Prussia, 
and  Russia,  March  9,  1814. 

Chauncy,  or  Chaunc^  (chSn'si  or  chan'si), 
Charles.  Bom  in  Hertfordshire,  England, 
1592:  died  Feb.  19,  1672.  The  second  presi- 
dent of  Harvard  College.  After  having  held  a  pro- 
fessorate first  of  Hebrew,  then  of  Greek,  in  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  he  became  vicar  of  Ware  in  1627.  He 
emigrated  to  New  England  in  1638,  became  a  pastor  in 
Scituate,  Massachusetts,  about  1641,  and  president  of 
Harvard  College  in  1654. 

Chauncey,  Isaac.  Bom  at  Black  Rock,  Conn., 
Feb.  20,  1772:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Jan. 
27,  1840.  An  American  naval  oficer.  He  served 
under  Commodores  Preble  and  Rodgers  in  the  war  with 
Tripoli  1804-05,  became  captain  in  1806,  and  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  naval  forces  on  the  northern  lakes  (ex- 
cept Champlain)  in  1812.  He  carried  General  Dearborn's 
army  to  York  (Toronto)  in  April,  1813,  and  in  October  de- 
feated an  English  fleet  of  seven  vessels,  capturing  five, 
on  Lake  Ontario. 

Chauny  (sho-ne').  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  department  of  Aisne,  France,  situated  on 
the  Oise  18  miles  west  of  Laon.  There  are  noted 
glass  manufactures  at  St.  Gobain,  in  the  neighborhood. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  9,816. 

Ohaussard  (sho-sar'),  Pierre  Jean  Baptiste. 
Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  8,  1766 :  died  at  Pans,  Jan. 
9,  1823.  A  French  poet  and  miscellaneous 
writer.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  French  Revolu- 
tion, whose  theories  he  advocated  in  the  public  prints 
under  the  pen-name  of  Publicola. 

Chautau(iua  (sha-ta'kwa).  A  village  and  sum- 
mer resort  situated  on'  Chautauqua  Lake,  in 
western  New  York:  noted  as  the  seat,  since 
1874,  of  the  Chautauqua  Assembly.  Popula- 
tion, town  (1900),  3,590. 

Chautauqua  Lake.  A  lake  in  western  New 
York,  8  miles  from  Lake  Erie,    its  outlet,  Cone- 


Cheapside 

wango  Creek,  empties  into  Alleghany  River.  Length,  18 
miles.    Height  above  sea-level,  1,290  feet. 

Chautau(iua  Literary  and  Scientiiic  Circle. 

An  association  for  the  purpose  of  promoting 
home  reading  and  study,  founded  in  1878  by 
Bishop  John  H.Vincent  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church.  It  was  an  outgrowth  of  the  Chau- 
tauqua summer  assemblies.  Its  organ  is  "  The 
Chautauquan." 

Chauveau  (sh6-v6'),  Pierre  Joseph  Olivier. 
Bom  at  Quebec,  May  30, 1820 :  died  there,  April 
4,  1890.  A  Canadian  politician  and  man  of 
letters,  premier  of  Quebec  1867-73.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  novel,  "Charles  Guerin"  (1853),  etc. 

Chauveau-Lagarde  (sho-vo'la-gard'),  Claude 
Francois  de.  Bom  at  Chartres,  Prance,  Jan. 
21, 1756:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  28, 1841.  A  French 
advocate,  noted  as  the  defender  of  Miranda, 
Marie  Antoinette,  Charlotte  Corday,  and  Bris- 
sot. 

Chauvenet  (sho-ve-na'),  William.  Bom  at 
MiLford,  Pa.,  May' 24,  1819:  died  at  St.  Paul, 
Minn.,  Dee.  13, 1870.  An  American  mathema- 
tician, professor  in  the  United  States  Naval 
Academy  1845-59. 

Chaux-de-Fonds  (sh6-d6-f6n'),  La,  A  town  in 
the  canton  of  NeuehS,tel,  Switzerland,  situated 
in  a  valley  of  the  Jura  10  miles  northwest  of 
Neuch&tel.  It  has  manufactures  of  watches 
and  clocks.    Population  (1888),  25,835. 

Cha'vantes  (sha-van'tes).  An  Indian  tribe  of 
Brazil,  occupying  most  of  the  northern  part  of 
the  state  of  (Joyaz,  between  the  rivers  Tocan- 
tins  and  Araguaya.  They  were  formerly  very  pow- 
erful, and  are  still  numerous,  having  several  large  Til- 
lages. Very  savage  and  warlike,  they  have  only  recently 
admitted  some  intercourse  with  the  whites :  for  years 
they  were  the  terror  of  the  neighboring  settlements  and 
of  travelers.  These  Indians  are  generally  classed  with 
the  Crens  or  Botocudo  stock,  believed  to  be  the  most  an- 
cient  in  BraziL 

Cha'ves  (sha'ves).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Traz-os-Montes,  Portugal,  in  lat.  41°  45'  N., 
long.  7°  33'  "W. :  the  Roman  Aqu»  Plavite.  It 
containshot  saline  springs.  Population  (1878), 
6,524. 

Chaves  (cha'ves),  Francisco  de.  A  Spanish 
knight  who  went  to  America  and  was  with  Pi- 
zarro  in  the  conquest  of  Peru  (1532-38).  He  was 
one  of  those  who  protested  against  the  death  of  Atahualpa. 
Subsequently  he  became  one  of  Pizarro's  most  trusted 
captains,  and  about  1539  was  sent  to  settle  Conchucas. 
He  was  assassinated  with  Pizarro  at  Lima,  June  26, 1541. 

Chaves  (sha'ves).  Marquis  de  (Manoel  de 
Silveira  Pinto  de  FonsecsL  Count  of  Ama- 
rante).  Born  at  ViUareal  in  Portugal :  died  at 
Lisbon,  March  7, 1830.  A  Portuguese  general 
and  absolutist  politician  (1823-28). 

Chaves  (cha'ves),  Nuflo  de.  Bom  at  Truxlllo, 
Estremadura,  about  1510:  died  in  the  Gran 
Chaco,  1568.  A  Spanish  soldier.  He  went  with 
Oabeza  de  Vaca  to  Paraguay,  marching  overland  from  the 
Brazilian  coast  to  Asuncion,  1541-42;  took  part  in  the 
deposition  of  Cabeza  de  Vaca ;  and  thereafter  was  a  lead- 
ing and  very  turbulent  spirit  in  the  affairs  of  Paraguay. 

Chazars  (cba'zarz),  or  Khazars,  Kingdom  of 
the.  A  Turanian  power  in  southern  Russia  in 
the  first  half  of  the  middle  ages,  it  extended  at 
its  greatest  expansion  from  the  Caspian  and  lower  Volga 
westward  to  the  Dnieper.  It  was  at  Its  height  in  the  9th 
century.  For  a  time  the  kings  of  this  people  professed 
Judaism,  their  subjects  following  them.  It  is  thought  by 
some  that  the  modern  Jews  of  southern  Russia  are  their 
descendants. 

Chazelles  (sha-zel'),  Jean  Mathieu  de.  Born 
at  Lyons,  France,  July  24, 1657 :  died  at  Paris, 
Jan.  16, 1710.  A  French  mathematician,  astron- 
omer, and  chartographer,  professor  of  hydrog- 
raphy at  Marseilles. 

Cheadle  (ehe'dl).  A  to'?m  in  Cheshire;  England, 
5  miles  south  of  Manchester.  Population  (1891), 
8,252. 

Cheapside  (chep'sid).  [ME.  ehepe,  market.] 
The  central,  east-and-west  thoroughfare  of  the 
City  of  London,  originally  a  large  open  com- 
mon in  the  course  of  Watling  street  where  the 
markets  and  public  assemblies  were  held.  Bif. 
f  erent  kinds  of  wares  were  sold  separately,  and  the  names 
were  perpetuated  in  the  streets  which  were  built  up 
where  the  old  booths  had  stood.  In  the  middle  ages 
Chepe  was  the  great  street  of  the  retail  trade.  It  was 
built  with  the  finest  houses  in  the  city,  and  well  supplied 
with  churches,  the  principal  one  being  St  Mary  le  Bow, 
so  called  from  its  great  vault  or  bow,  on  the  south  side. 
On  the  south  side  also  was  the  stone  gallery  from  which 
royalty  reviewed  the  tournaments  which  were  held  here. 
There  were  two  crosses  in  Chepe :  the  principal  one  was 
erected  by  Edward  I.  to  mark  the  resting-place  ot  his 
queen,  Eleanor  of  Castile.  (See  Charing  CroisT)  The  high- 
way ran  through  the  more  southern  portion  of  the  market- 
place, and  became  known  as  Cheapside.  Before  the  fire 
in  1660  it  was  twice  as  wide  as  the  present  street,  and  was 
lined  with  houses  five  stories  high,  each  story  projecting 
over  the  one  below,  and  with  high  gables.  Cheapside  ia 
69  feet  above  tide-water. 


Cheatham 

Cheatham  (ohe'tam),  Benjamin  Franklin. 
Born  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Oct.  20,  1820 :  died 
there,  Sept.  4,  1886.  A  Confederate  major- 
general.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  war ;  entered  the 
Confederate  army  In  1861,  and  lought  at  Belmont,  Shlloh, 
Cbickamauga,  Chattanooga,  and  elsewhere. 

Cheat  Biver  (ehet  riv'er).  A  river  in  West 
Virginia  which  joins  the  Monongahela  52  miles 
south  of  Pittsljurg.  Total  length,  about  150 
miles. 

Cheats  (chets),  The.  A  comedy  by  John  "Wil- 
son, written  in  1662.  This  play  was  temporarily  sup- 
pressed, it  is  thought  on  account  ot  its  ridicule  of  some 
prominent  nonconformist  in  the  part  ot  Scruple. 

Cheats  of  Scapin  (chets  ov  ska-pan'),  The.  A 
farce  by  Otway,  acted  in  1677.  It  was  taken 
from  Moli^re's  "Les  Fourbenes  de  Scapin." 

Ohebar  (ke'bar).  Mentioned  in  Ezek.  i.  3  as 
a  river  in  the  "  land  of  the  Chaldeans,"  on  the 
banks  of  which  the  Jewish  exiles  lived.  The 
river  or  canal  is  as  yet  not  identified  with  any  of  the  nu- 
merous canals  of  Babylonia  mentioned  in  the  cuneiform 
inscriptions.  The  view,  held  formerly,  that  it  was  the 
same  as  Habor,  a  river  which  joins  the  Euphrates  near 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Circessium,  is  now,  for  philological 
and  geographical  reasons,  generally  abandoned. 

Cheddar  Cliffs  (ched'^r  klifz).  A  picturesque 
group  of  limestone  cliffs  in  the  Mendip  Hills, 
Somersetshire,  England,  near  Wells.  Height, 
500  feet. 

Chedorlaomer  (kg-ddr-la-d'm^r).  A  kin^  of 
Elam  who,  according  to  Gen.  xiv.,  in  the  time 
of  Abraham,  with  his  three  tributary  kings 
Amraphel  of  Shinar  (Shumir  of  the  inscrip- 
tions), Arioeh  of  EUasar  (Larsa),  and  Tidal  of 
Goyim,  invaded  Palestine  and  subdued  the 
five  kings  of  Siddim  (around  the  Dead  Sea). 
For  twelve  years  they  remained  in  subjection ;  in  the 
thirteenth  year  they  rebelled,  whereupon  Chedorlaomer 
came  again  with  his  three  allies  and  defeated  the  five 
kings,  pillaging  the  whole  country  and  carrying  away 
with  him  Lot,  the  nephew  of  Abraham.  According  to 
the  Assyrian  monuments,  Elamite  kings  conquered  Baby- 
Ionia  and  reigned  over  it  during  the  period  between 
2300  and  2076  B.  C.  Among  the  Elamite  kings  mentioned 
are  Eudur-Mabuk  and  Kudur-Ifahundu.  The  first  calls 
himself  "conqueror  of  the  "Westland."  Chedorlaomer, 
or,  as  the  name  would  have  been  read  in  the  ancient  Ela- 
mite language,  Eudur-Lagamar,  may  be  put  about  2000 
B.  C.  Lagamar  is,  as  ascertained  by  the  Assyrian  inscrip- 
tions, the  name  ol  an  Elamite  deity,  and  Eudur  probably 
means  'servant.' 

Chddotel  (sha-do-tel').  Lived  about  1600. 
A  French  navigator  and  explorer  in  Canada. 
Having  been  selected  to  guide  the  expedition  of  the 
Marquis  de  la  Boche  to  New  France,  he  landed,  in  1598, 
fifty  men  on  Sable  Island,  whom  on  his  return  from  an 
exploring  expedition  along  the  coast  of  Acadia  he  was 
compelled  by  stress  of  weather  to  abandon.  He  was 
sent  to  their  rescue  by  the  Fai'liament  of  Bouen  in  1605, 
but  recovered  only  twelve  men,  all  that  survived. 

Cheduba  (ohed'uba).  An  island  in  the  Bay 
of  Bengal,  west  of  Arakan,  British  India,  in 
lat.  18°  50'  N.,  long.  93°  40'  E.  It  was  taken 
from  the  Burmese  in  1824.  Area,  240  square 
miles. 

Cheeryble  (cher'i-bl),  Frank.  The  nephew  of 
Charles  and  Edwin  Cheeryble  in  Charles  Dick- 
ens's novel  "  Nicholas  Niekleby."  He  marries 
Kate  Niekleby. 

Cheeryble  Brothers,  The  (Charles  and  Ed- 
win). Twin  brothers,  merchants,  in  Charles 
Dickens's  story ' '  Nicholas  Niekleby."  They  are 
liberal,  simple-minded,  and  noble-hearted,  and  are  friends 
and  patrons  of  Nicholas  Niekleby.  The  originals  of  these 
characters  are  said  to  have  been  the  Grant  brothers,  cot- 
ton-spinners, near  Manchester. 

Chefoo.    See  Chifu. 

Ohefren.    See  Khafra. 

CheggS  (ehegz),  Mr.  A  market-gardener  in 
Charles  Dickens's  "  Old  Curiosity  Shop,"  the 
successful  rival  of  Dick  Swiveller  ia  the  affec- 
tions of  Sophy  Wackles. 

ChehallS  (ohe-ha'liz),  or  TsihallS.  A  collec- 
tive name  applied  to  several  tribes  of  the 
Salishan  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
living  on  Chehalis  Eiver  and  Shoalwater  Bay, 
Washington.  They  now  number  135,  and  are 
on  the  Puyallup  reservation,  Washington.   See 


Oheke  (chek).  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Cambndge, 
England,  June  16, 1514:  died  at  London,  Sept. 
13, 1557.  A  noted  English  Greek  scholar,  tutor 
to  Edward  VI.  He  studied  at  Cambridge  (St.  John's 
College):  was  professor  of  Greek  there  1540-51;  was 
appointed  tutor  to  Frince  Edward  1644 ;  was  knighted 
1662 ;  and  became  a  chamberlain  of  the  exchequer  Aug., 
1652,  and  a  secretary  of  state  .Tune,  1653.  He  was  a  zeal- 
ous Protestant  and  partizan  of  lady  Jane  Grey,  and  on 
Mary's  accession  was  accused  of  treason  and  committed 
to  the  Tower,  July  27, 1553;  but  was  pardoned  Sept.  13, 
1554,  and  permitted  to  travel  abroad.  In  1656  he  was 
arrested  nSar  Antwerp,  brought  to  England  and  again 
thrown  into  the  Tower,  where  he  was  mduced  to  renounce 
his  Protestant  beliefs.  He  wrote  numerous  works  in 
Latin  and  English. 
C— 16 


241 

Che-kiane  (che-kySng').  A  maritime  prov- 
ince of  China,  lying  between  Kiang-su  on  the 
north,  the  China  Sea  on  the  east,  Fu-kien  on 
the  south,  and  Ngan-hul  and  Kiang-si  on  the 
west.  Capital,  Hang-chau ;  treaty  port,  Ning-po.  The 
chief  foreign  export  is  silk.  Area,  39,150  square  miles. 
Population  (1896),  about  11,848,000. 

Chelamela  (chel-a-me'ia).  A  former  division  or 
band  of  the  Kalapooian  stock  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians,  probably  on  Long  Tom  creek, 
Oregon.  .Also  La-malk,  and  Long  Tom  Indians. 
See  Kalapooian. 

Chelard  (she-iar'),  Hippolvte  Andr6  Jean 
Bstptiste.  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb.  1,  1789:  died 
at  Weimar,  Germany,  Feb.  12, 1861.  A  French 
composer,  author  of  the  operas  "Macbeth" 
(1827 :  text  by  Eouget  de  Lisle),  "  Hermanns- 
schlacht"(1835),  etc. 

Oh61iff,  or  Ohdlif.    See  SheUff. 

Chelius  (cha'le-(3s),  Maximilian  Joseph  von. 
Bom  at  Mannheim,  Baden,  Jan.  16,  1794:  died 
at  Heidelberg,  Baden,  Aug.  17,  1876.  A  noted 
German  surgeon.  He  wrote  "Handbuch  der 
Chirurgie"  (1822),  etc. 

Chelles  (shel),  Jean  de.  A  French  architect 
and  sculptor.  He  constructed  in  1257  the  south- 
ern portal  of  Notre  Dame  de  Paris  as  it  exists 
to-day. 

Chelmsford  (chemz'ford).  The  capital  of  Es- 
sex, England,  situated  on  the  Cihelmer  28  miles 
northeastof London.   Population  (1891),  11,008. 

Chelmsford,  Baron.    See  Thesiger. 

Chelouels.    See  Nachi. 

Chelsea  (chel'si).  [Formerly  CheUey,  Chelchith, 
ME.  Chelchith,  AS.  Celehyth,  also,  as  the  name 
of  another  place,  Cealehyth,  lit.  '  CJhalkport.'] 
A  borough  (municipal)  of  London,  situated 
north  of  the  Thames,  3  miles  southwest  of  St. 
Paul's.  It  has  been  the  residence  of  many  celebrated 
people,  including  More,  Elizabeth,  Steele,  Swift,  Walpole, 
Bossetti,  George  Eliot,  and  Carlyle.  It  contains  the 
Chelsea  Hospital  for  invalid  soldiers,  designed  by  Wren, 
built  1682-90.     Population  (1891),  96,272. 

Chelsea.  A  city  in  Suffolk  County,  Massachu- 
setts, 3  miles  northeast  of  Boston,  separated 
from  Charlestown  by  the  Mystic  River,  it  has 
manufactures  of  tiles,  pottery,  etc.  It  was  settled  as  Win- 
nisimmet  in  1630,  was  separated  from  Boston  In  1738,  and 
was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1867.  Population  (1900), 
34,072. 

Chelsea  Village.  A  part  of  New  York:  a  sec- 
tion, originally  the  farm  of  Clement  C.  Moore, 
lying  on  the  west  side  of  the  city.  Chelsea  Square, 
lying  between  Ninth  and  Tenth  avenues  and  20th  and 
21st  streets,  still  marks  part  of  its  site.  The  General 
Theological  Seminary  occupies  the  square. 

Cheltenham  (ohelt'n-am).  A  watering-place 
in  Gloucestershire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Chelt  8  miles  northeast  of  (Gloucester,  it  con- 
tains Cheltenham  College  and  other  educational  institu- 
tions. Mineral  springs  were  discovered  there  in  1716.  It 
has  been  a  fashionable  resort  since  the  visit  of  George  XH. 
in  1788.    Population  (1891),  42,914. 

Chelukamanche.    See  Lahmmt. 

Chelyuskin,  Cape.    See  Severo. 

Chemakum.    See  Chimakum. 

Chemawawa.    See  Chemehuevi. 

Chemehuevi  (shem-a-hwa've).  The  southern- 
most of  the  Piute  tribes  of  North  American 
Indians.  Its  habitat  formerly  was  west  of  the  great 
bend  of  the  Bio  Colorado  in  Nevada  and  California,  and 
on  the  east  bank  of  that  river  in  Arizona,  between  Bill 
Williams  Fork  and  the  Needles.  They  are  now  attached 
to  the  Colorado  Biver  Indian  agency,  Arizona,  and  num- 
ber about  100.  (See  Piute.)  Their  own  name  is  Tontowas. 
Also  Cliemawawa,  Chimihuahua,  Qenigueh,  Jetdgmeh, 
SymojuevCf  Teniquech. 

Chemill^  (she-me-ya').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Maine-et-Loire,  France,  20  miles  south- 
west of  Angers.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
4,467. 

Chemnitz  (chem'nits).  A  city  in  the  district 
of  Zwickau,  kingdom  of  Saxony,  situated  on 
the  Chemnitz  in  lat.  50°  50'  N.,  long.  12°  55'  E. 
It  is  the  chief  manufacturing  city  in  Saxony,  and  one  of 
the  most  important  in  Germany.  It  exports  its  manufac- 
tured goods  largely  to  the  United  States.  Its  manufac- 
tures include  gloves,  stockings,  machinery,  cottons,  and 
woolens.  It  was  a  free  imperial  city  13th-17th  centuries. 
Population  (1900),  206,684. 

Chemnitz,  Bogislav  Philipp  von.    Bom  at 

Stettin,  (Jermany,  May  9,  1605:  died  at  Hall- 
stad,  Sweden,  May  17,  1678.  A  German  histo- 
rian, councilor  and  historiographer  of  Christina 
of  Sweden.  He  was  a  grandson  of  Martin  Chemnitz. 
He  wrote  "De  ratione  status  in  imperio  nostro  Eomano- 
Germanico,  etc."  (1640),  "Der  kBnigliche  schwedische  m 
Deutschland  gefiihrte  Krieg  "  (1648). 

Chemnitz,  or  Kemnitz,  Martin.  Bom  at  Treu- 
enbrietzen,  Brandenburg,  Germany,  Nov.  9, 
1522 :  died  at  Bmnswiok,  Germany,  April  8, 1586. 
A  noted  German  Lutheran  theologian,  super- 
intendent at  Brunswick  after  1567.    He  wrote 


Chenonceaux 

"  Theologis  Jesuitarum  prsecipua  capita  "  (1562)  "  Examen 
concilil  Trideiitini "  (1566-73),  "Loci  Theologici "  (1691),  etc. 

Chenmitzer  (ehem'nit-s6r),  Ivan  Ivanovitch. 
Bom  in  Archangel,  Jan.  16  (N.  S.),  1745:  died 
at  Smyrna,  March  20, 1784.  A  Russian  fabulist : 
fables  published  1778-81  (ed  by  Grot  1873). 

Chemosh  (ke'mosh).  The  principal  deity,  or 
Baal,  of  the  Moabites.  in  Judges  xl  24  Chemosh  also 
appears  as  the  national  god  of  Ammon.  Under  Solomon 
his  worship  was  introduced  in  Judah.  but  was  abolished 
by  Josiah  (1  Ki.  xi.  7,  2  Ki.  xxiii.  13). 

Chemsian.    See  TsimsMan. 

Chemulpo(che-mul'po).  A  treatyport  of  Korea, 
near  Seoul.  It  is  the  most  important  of  the 
treaty  ports. 

Chenab,  or  Chinab  (che-n&b').  The  central 
river  of  the  Panjab,  British  India,  which  unites 
with  the  Sutlej  to  form  the  Panjnad  (an  eastern 
afSuent  of  the  Indus),  in  lat-  29°  25'  N.,  long, 
71°  5'  E.    Length,  about  750  miles. 

Chenango  (she-nang'go).  A  tributary  of  the 
Susquehanna,  which  it  joins  at  Binghamton, 
New  York.    Length,  about  100  miles. 

Chenavard  (she-na-var'),  Paul  Joseph.  Bom 
Dec.  9, 1808 :  died  April  12, 1895.  A  French  his- 
torical painter,  a  pupil  of  Delacroix  and  Ing-es. 
He  executed  a  series  of  cartoons  for  the  Pan- 
theon in  Paris. 

Chgnedoll6  (shan-do-la'),  Charles  Julien 
Pioult  de.  Bom  at  Vire  in  1769 :  died  1833. 
A  French  poet. 

ChSnedoll6  was  in  production,  if  not  in  publication,  for 
he  published  late  in  life,  a  precursor  of  Lamartine,  much 
of  whose  style  and  manner  may  be  found  in  him. 

SainUbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  403. 

Ch@n6e  (sha-na').  A  manufacturing  suburb  of 
Li6ge,  Belgium,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Vesdre  and  Ourthe.    Population  (1890),  7,043. 

Cheneyix  (chen'e-viks),  Bichard.  Bom  in  Ire- 
land (of  French  parentage),  1774:  died  April 
5,  1830.  A  chemist,  mineralogist,  and  man  of 
letters,  fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  1801,  and 
Copley  medalist  1803.  Besides  numerous  scientiflo 
papers,  he  wrote  "Mantuan  Bevels  "(a  comedy),  "Henry 
the  Seventh  "  (a  tragedy),  and  poems. 

Ch6nier  (sha-nya'),  Andrd  Marie  de.  Bom  at 

Constantinople,  Oct.  30,  1762:  guillotined  at 
Paris,  July  25, 1794.  A  celebrated  French  poet, 
son  of  Louis  Ch^nier.  According  to  Sainte-Beuve 
he  is  the  greatest  writer  in  French  classic  verse  since  the 
days  of  Baclne  and  Boileau.  He  went  to  the  College  de  Na- 
varre in  France ;  was  in  the  army  in  1782  ;  in  Switzerland 
and  Italy  1783-84;  in  Paris  1784-87;  secretary  to  the  French 
embassy  in  London  till  1790  ;  and  finally  reverted  to  liter- 
ary occupations  and  studies  in  Paris.  Only  two  poetical 
compositions  of  Oh^nier  were  published  during  bis  life- 
time, "Le  jeu  de  paume  £l  David  peintre  "  (suggested  b^ 
the  great  painter's  "Sermeiit  du  jeu  de  paume"),  and 
"Hymne  aux  soldats  de  Ch&teauvieux."  His  pamphlet 
directed  against  the  Jacobin  club,  "  Avis  an  peuple  fran- 
9ais  sur  ses  v^ritables  ennemis,"  brought  him  a  medal  of 
recognition  from  Stanislaus,  king  of  Poland.  Ch^nier^B 
plain  words  in  political  matters  led  to  his  inscription  on 
the  exile  list,  but  he  seems  to  have  been  of  assistance  to 
Malesherbes  in  preparing  the  defense  of  Louis  XYI.,  and 
to  the  king  himself  in  preparing  the  latter's  appeal  to  the 
people.  March  7,  1794,  he  was  accused  of  sheltering  a 
political  criminal,  and  was  sent  to  prison.  On  the  7th  Ther- 
midor  he  was  one  of  twenty-four  guillotined  on  a  charge 
of  prison  conspiracy.  "La  jeune  captive  "  was  published 
Jan.  9, 1795,  in  the  "D&ade  philosophiQue,"with  reprints 
in  "  L  Ahnanach  des  muses  "  and  "  Le  magasin  encyclop^ 
dique."  *'La  jeune  Tarentine"  came  out  in  the  "Mer- 
cure"  of  March  22,  1801.  In  a  note  to  Ch&teaubriand's 
"66nie  du  christianisme "  several  passages  were  quoted 
from  the  "Elegies."  Other  fragments  were  Inserted  by 
FayoUe  in  his  "Melanges  litt^raires"  (1816).  The  first 
complete  edition  of  Ch^nler's  works  was  made  by  Latouche 
in  1819,  the  second  by  D.  C.  Bobert,  the  third  and  fourth 
again  by  Latouche  in  1833  and  1839  respectively.  Becq 
de  Fouqui^res  published  the  first  critical  edition  in  1862, 
and  the  second  in  1872.  An  indifferent  edition  was  given 
by  Gabriel  de  Chtoier  in  1874.  Becq  de  Fouqui^res  pointed 
out  its  shortcomings  in  his  "Documents  nouveaux  sur 
AndrS  Chfinier"  (1875).  He  also  published  in  1881  a  re- 
vised and  enlarged  edition  of  Ch^nier's  "  CEuvres  en 
prose,"  based  on  the  version  of  Hugo  and  Lacroix  in  1840 ; 
and  finally  gave  the  results  of  his  latest  research  in  his 
"Lettres  critiques  d'Andr^  Ch^nier  "  (1881). 

ChSnier,  Louis  de.  Bom  at  Montfort,  France, 
1723 :  died  at  Paris,  May  25,  1796.  A  French 
histo];ian.  He  resided  at  Constantinople  for  many  years, 
and  was  consul-general  there  until  1764.  His  works  in- 
clude "Eecherches  historiques  sur  les  Maures  et  Thistoire 
de  I'empire  de  Maroc "  (1787),  "B^volutions  de  I'empire 
Ottoman,  etc."  (1789),  etc. 

Ch^nier,  Marie  Joseph  de.  Bom  at  Constan- 
tinople, Aug.  28,  1764:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  10, 
1811.  A  French  poet,  son  of  Louis  Chfinier. 
He  wrote  the  tragedy  "Charles  IX."  (1789),  the  song 
"Chant  du  depart,"  "Tibfere,"  etc.  His  complete  works 
were  published  1824-26. 

Ohenonceaux(she-n6n-s6').  AviUageinthe de- 
partment of  Indre-et-Loire,  France,  situated 
on  the  Cher  19  miles  southeast  of  Tours.  It  is 
famous  for  the  castle  built  under  Francois  I.  in  a  grace- 
ful Benaissance  style,  to  which  picturesqueness  is  added 
by  the  introduction  of  medieval  round,  cone-roofed  tow- 
ers.   The  beautiful  chapel  has  fine  glass,  and  the  old  fur^ 


Cheuonceauz 

niture  and  ornament  of  the  interior  remain  in  great  part. 
A  unique  feature  is  the  bridge  over  the  Cher,  covered 
with  a  range  of  buildings. 

Chenooks.    See  Chinooks. 

Cheops  (ke'ops).     [6r.  Ximp.']     See  Ehufu. 

Ohepenafa  (che-pe'na-fa).  [PL]  The  Mary 
Biver  Indians,  or  Marysville  Indians,  a  band  of 
the  Lakmiut  division  of  the  Kilapooiau  stock  of 
North  American  Indians.  They  formerly  lived  on 
the  forks  of  St.  Mary  creek,  near  CorvaUis,  Oregon,  and 
are  now  on  Grande  Ronde  reservation.  They  numbered 
28  in  1890.    See  Lakmiut. 

Chephren.    See  Khafra. 

Chepman  (chep'man),  Walter.  Bom  about 
1473:  died  about  1538.  A  printer  and  mer- 
chant of  Edinburgh,  the  earliest  Scottish  printer 
with  the  exception  of  Andrew  Myllar. 

Chepstow  (chep'sto).  A  town  in  Monmouth- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Wye  13  miles 
northwest  of  Bristol,  it  contains  the  ruins  of  Chep- 
stow Castle,  a  fortress  of  the  13th  and  14th  centuries,  with 
high  walls  and  massive  cylindrical  towers.  There  are 
four  interior  courts.    Population  (1891),  3,378. 

Cher  (shar).  A  river  of  Prance  which  joins 
the  Loire  near  Tours.  Length,  215  miles ;  navi- 
gable 74  miles. 

Cher.  A  department  of  France,  lying  between 
Loiret  on  the  north,  Nifevre  on  the  east,  Allier 
and  Creuse  on  the  south,  and  Indre  and  Loir-_ 
et-Cher  on  the  west.  Capital^  Bourges.  It  is  a' 
leading  industrial  department,  and  is  formed  from  parts 
of  Berry  and  the  Bourbonnais.  Area,  2,780  square  mUes. 
Population  (1891),  369,276. 

Cherasco  (ka-ras'ko).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Cuneo,  Italy,  near  the  junction  of  the  Stura 
and  Tanaro,  30  miles  south  of  Turin. 

Cherasco,  Axmistice  of.  An  armistice  con- 
cluded between  Napoleon  and  Victor  Amadeus 
III.  of  Sardinia,  April  29,  1796.  A  definite 
peace  followed.  May  15,  1796,  making  great 
concessions  to  France. 

Cherasco,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  of  peace,  signed 
April  6,  1631,  which  confirmed  the  treaty  of 
Eatisbon,  concluded  between  Richelieu  and 
Ferdinand  II.  in  1630.  The  latter  invested  the  Duke 
of  Nevers  with  Mantua  and  Montferrat.  Savoy  received 
concessions.  The  treaty  ended  the  war  of  the  Mantuan 
Succession. 

Cherbourg  (sher'berg;  P.  pron.  shar-bor').  A 
seaport  in  tiie  department  of  Manche,  France, 
situated  on  the  English  Channel  in  lat.  49°  39' 
N. ,  long.  1°  38'  W.  It  is  the  third  naval  port  of  France, 
and  is  a  strong  fortress.  It  has  a  roadstead  protected  by  a 
long  dike,  a  commercial  harbor  and  a  naval  harbor,and  con- 
tains extensive  docks,  an  arsenal,  andnaval  establishments 
His  the  Roman  Ooriallum,  Csesaris  burgum.  After  various 
English  occupations  it  was  permanenjly  held  by  France 
from  1450.  It  was  planned  as  a  naval  station  by  Vauban,  and 
the  works  were  encouraged  by  Napoleon  I.  and  completed 
by  Napoleon  III.  The  fortifications  were  destroyed  by  the 
English  in  17B8.-    Population  (1891),  commune,  38^564. 

Cherbuliez  (shar-bii-lya'),  Antoine  Elis6e. 

Born  at  Geneva,  July  29, 1797 :  died  at  Zurich, 
Switzerland,  March  14,  1869.  A  Swiss  politi- 
cal economist,  author  of  "L'lJtilitaire,"  etc. 
Cherbuliez  (shar-bii-lya'),  Charles  Victor. 
Born  at  (Jeneva,  July  19,  1829 :  died  at  Combs, 
near  Melun,  July  1,  1899.  A  French  novelist 
and  critic.  He  began  life  as  a  teacher,  but  resigned  his 
professorship  and  traveled  extensively  in  the  East.  On  his 
return  he  published  in  the  form  of  a  novel  the  result  of  his 
studies  in  archaeology.  The  first  edition  was  called  "A 
propos  d'un  cheval "  (1860),  and  the  second  "  Un  cheval 
de  Phidias  "(1864).  Two  otherworks  of  a  similar  character, 
"Le  prince  Vitale"  (1864)  and  "le  grand  oeuvre"  (1867), 
embody  his  views  on  the  origin,  transformation,  and  des- 
tiny of  this  globe.  In  the  "Revue  des  Deux  Moudes" 
he  published  a  long  series  of  novels,  including  "  Le  comte 
Kostia  "  (1863),  "Paule  M^rfi  "  (1864),"  Le  roman  d'  une  hon- 
nSte  lemme " (1864),  "Prosper  Randoce"(1868),  "L'A ven- 
ture de  Ladislas  Bolski"  (1869),  "La  revanche  de  Joseph 
Noirel"  (1872),  "Meta  Holdenis"  (1873),  "Le  flanc6  de 
Mile.  Saint-Maur"  (1876),  "Samuel  Brohl  et  Cie"  (1877), 
'■  L"Id6e  de  Jean  T«terol"  (1878),  "Amours  fragiles"  (1880), 
"  Noirs  et  rouges  "  (1881),  "  La  f  erme  du  Choquart  '  (1883), 
"  Olivier  Maugant "  (1885),  "  La  b6te  "  (1887),  "  La  vocation 
du  Comte  Ghislain  "  (1888), ' '  Une  gageure  "  (1890).  Among 
his  productions  in  most  recent  years  are  "  L'Art  et  la  na- 
ture" ("Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,"  1891)  and  "Le  secret 
du  pr^cepteur  "  (ibid.,  1892-93).  Both  over  his  own  name 
and  under  the  nom  de  plume  of  G.  Valbert,  Cherbuliez 
also  contributed  to  the  same  review  several  papers  on 
foreign  politics  and  historical  literature.  These  articles 
have  been  collected  in  part  and  published  as  "  L'Alle- 
magne  politique  depuis  la  paixde  Prague"  (1870),  "L'Es- 
pagne  politique  "  (1874), "  Hommes  et  choses  d'AHemagne  " 
(1877)  "Hommes  et  choses  du  temps  present"  (1883),  and 
"Proflls  Grangers"  (1889).  His  art  criticisms  in  the 
"Temps"  give  an  account  of  the  annual  art  exhibit  in 
Paris,  the  Salon  of  1872.  They  have  been  published  sep- 
arately under  the  title  "Etudes  de  litt^rature  et  d'art" 
(1873).  Two  novels  of  Cherbuliez  have  been  dramatized, 
"Samuel  Brohl"  (1879)  and  "L'Aventure  de  Ladislas 
Bolsld  "  (1879),  but  neither  scored  as  a  play  the  success 
attained  in  the  original  form.  Cherbuliez  was  a  distant 
relative  of  J.  J.  Rousseau.  He  took  out  papers  as  a 
Frenchman  after  1870.  He  was  elected  into  the  French 
Academy  Deo.  8,  1881. 
Oherchel,  or  Cherchell  (sher-shel').  A  seaport 
in  the  department  of  Algiers,  Algeria,  situated 


242 

on  the  Mediterranean  54  miles  west  by  south 
of  Algiers.  Pwulation  (1891),  commune,  8,786. 
Cherentes,  or  Xerentes  (sha-ren'taz).  An  In- 
dian tribe  of  Brazil,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
river  Tocantins,  in  (joyaz,  southern  Maranhao, 
and  portions  of  Piauhy  and  Bahia.  They  are 
closely  allied  to  the  Chavantes  (which  see),  and  are  evi- 
dently an  offspring  of  that  tribe.  Like  them,  they  are 
very  savage  and  warlike.  Their  numbers  are  now  greatly 
reduced. 

Ch6ri  (sha-re'),  Rose  (Rose  Marie  Cizos). 

Bom  at  Etampes,  France,  Oct.  27, 1824:  died  at 
Passy,  near  Paris,  Sept.  22, 1861.  A  celebrated 
French  comedian,  she  ih-st  appeared  at  the  Gymnase 
March  30,  1842.  In  1846  the  rdle  of  Clarisse  Harlowe 
placed  her  in  the  first  rank  of  her  profession.  In  May, 
1847,  she  married  M.  Lemoine  Montigny,  but  continued 
to  play  under  the  pame  of  Rose  Ch^ri. 

Cheribon,  or  Sheribon  (sher'i-bon).  A  sea- 
port on  the  northern  coast  of  Java,  Dutch  East 
Indies,  lat.  6°  45'  S.,  long.  108°  35'  E.  Popula- 
tion, estimated  at  11,000. 

Cherokee  (cher-6-ke'),  native  Tsalakl.  [PL, 
also  Cherokees.']  An  important  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians.  The  name  means  'upland  field,' 
the  tribe  being  peculiarly  upland :  they  may  have  so  desig- 
nated themselves  to  their  first  European  visitors.  They 
are  probably  the  people  known  traditionally  to  the  Dela- 
wares  as  Talligewi,  a  powerful  body  which  once  occupied 
the  valleys  of  the  Ohio  and  Allegheny  rivers,  and  afterward 
was  driven  south  by  the  Delawares  and  Iroquois.  When 
first  known  to  Europeans  their  center  was  in  the  southern 
Alleghanies,  and  they  occupied  the  mountains  of  southern 
Virginia,  North  and  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  and 
Tennessee.  Their  chief  settlements  were  on  the  head 
waters  of  the  Savannah  and  Tennessee  rivers,  and  were  re- 
spectively called  Elati  Tsalakl,  or  Lower  Cherokee,  and 
Atali  Tsalaki,  or  Upper  Cherokee,  speaking  two  diflEerent 
dialects.  As  the  white  settlements  pressed  upon  them 
they  retreated  westward,  until  by  the  treaty  of  1835  they 
sold  all  their  remainihg  country,  and  the  main  body  re- 
moved to  a  tract  assigned  to  them  west  of  the  Mississippi. 
A  considerable  number  remained  behind,  and,  gradually 
concentrating  in  western  Korth  Carolina,  are  now  known 
as  the  eastern  band  of  Cherokees,  numbering  about  2,000. 
Those  in  the  Indian  Territory  number  about  17,000.  Botii 
divisions  have  a  large  admixture  of  foreign  blood.  See 
Iroquoian. 

Cherry  (eher'i).  [A  nickname  of  C7jfl;r%.]  1. 
The  daughter  of  the  landlord  Boniface  in  Far- 
quhar's  "'Beaux'  Stratagem." — 2.  The  nick- 
name of  Charity  Pecksniff  in  Dickens's ' '  Martin 
Chuzzlewit." 

Chersiphron  (ker'si-fron).  [(Jr.  Xepo/^pui'.] 
Born  at  Cnossus,  Crete:  flourished  about  576 
B.  c.  The  first  architect  of  the  Aitemision  at 
Ephesus.  He  was  associated  with  his  son  Metagenes, 
and  with  Theodorus.  The  Artemision  was  one  hundred 
and  twenty  years  in  building,  and  was  finished  about  456 
B.  0.  This  building  was  later  destroyed  by  fire,  and  rebuilt 
about  the  time  of  Alexander  by  Dinocrates. 

Cherso  (ker'so).  1.  An  island  in  the  Adriatic 
Sea,  belongingto  Kiistenland,  Austria-Hungary, 
inlat.  44°40'-45°  10'  N.,  long.  14° 30'  E.  Length, 
40  miles. — 2.  The  chief  town  on  the  Island  of 
Cherso.    Population  (1890),  commune,  8,280. 

Cherson.    See  Kherson. 

Chersonesus  (k6r-so-ne'sus),  or  Chersonese 
(ker'so-nes  or  -nez).  [Gr.  x^P'^^i"!'^";,  a  penin- 
sula.] '  The  Greek  name  for  a  peninsula,  it  was 
specifically  applied  to  the  following:  (a)  Chersonesus 
Aurea,  the  modern  peninsula  of  Malacca.  (&)  Chersone- 
sus Cimbrica,  the  modem  peninsula  of  Jutland  (Den- 
mark), (c)  Chersonesus  Taurica  or  Scythica,  the  modern 
Crimea  (Russia),  {d)  Chersonesus  Thracica,  the  modern 
peninsula  of  Gallipoli,  between  the  Hellespont  and  tlie 
Gulf  ol  Melas. 

Chertsey  (ohes'i  or  chert'si).  [AS.  Certes  eg, 
Ceortes  ig  or  eg,  Ceort's  island.]  A  town  in  Sur- 
rey, England,  situated  on  the  Thames  22  miles 
southwest  of  London,  it  was  the  ancient  capital  of 
the  South  Saxons.  It  contained  a  Benedictine  monastery 
founded  in  the  7th  century. 

Cherub,  The.    See  Wilfer,  Bella. 

Cherubin  de  la  Eonda  (sha-rii-ban'  de  la  r6n'- 
da),  Don.  The  Bachelor  of  Salamanca  (which 
see)  in  Le  Sage's  novel  of  that  name. 

In  this  work  [Le  Sage's  "The  Bachelor  of  Salamanca"], 
Don  Cherubim,  the  Bachelor  of  Salamanca,  is  placed  in  all 
different  situations  ot  life  —  a  plan  which  gives  scope  to 
the  author  for  satire  as  various  as  the  classes  of  men 
with  whom  his  hero  at  different  times  associates.  The 
first  part,  in  which  he  appears  as  a  tutor,  is  by  much  the 
most  novel  and  entertaining. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  II.  478. 

Chdrubin  (sha-rii-ban').  A  page  in  "  Le  Man- 
age de  Figaro,"  by  Beaumarchais.  Timid  before 
the  Countess  Almaviva,  he  is  extremely  forward  with  Su- 
zanne. In  "La  Mfere  Coupable"  he  has  overcome  this 
weakness,  and  is  proved  to  be  the  rival  of  Almaviva,  the 
father  of  his  supposed  son  Leon,  and  the  cause  of  the 
"guilty  mother's"  tears. 

Cherubini  (ka-ro-be'ne),  Maria  Luigi  Carlo 
Zenobio  Salvatore,  Born  at  Florence,  Sept. 
14,  1760:  died  at  Paris,  March  15,  1842.  A 
celebrated  Italian  composer.  He  studied  under 
Sarti  at  Bologna,  and  finally  established  himself  in  Paris 
in  1788.    His  works  include  the  operas  "  Armida"  (1782), 


Chester 

"LaFintaPrincipeasa"(1785),  "Ifigenia  in  Aulide"(1787)t 
"Demophon"  (1788),  "Lodoiska"  (1791),  "M^d^e"(1797), 
"Les  deux  JournSes"  ("Der  WassertrSger,"  1800),  "Fa- 
niska  "  (1806),  "  All  Baba  "  (originally  ' '  Koukourgi "  (1793), 
produced  in  1833),  "Requiem  in  C"  (1817),  "Requiem  in 
D "  (1836).  He  also  wrote  many  motets,  masses,  string- 
quartets,  one-act  operas,  etc. 

Cherusci  (ke-rus'i).  [L.  (Ceesar)  Cherusci,  Gr. 
(Strabo)  XTjpovmot.']  A  (jerman  tribe,  in  the 
time  of  Caesar  dwelling  about  the  middle  Weser 
in  territory  extending  as  far  east  as  the  Elbe. 
They  were  subjugated  to  the  Romans  by  Drusus  and  Ti- 
berius, but  rose  against  Varus  under  the  leadership  of 
their  own  countryman,  Arminius.  In  the  time  of  Taci- 
tus they  had  sunk  into  comparative  unimportance.  The 
name  disappears  early  in  the  5th  century.  They  ultimately 
became  a  constituent  part  of  the  Saxons. 

Chervin  (sher-van'),  Nicolas.  Bom  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ehdne,  France,  Oct.  6,  1783 :  died 
atBourbonne-les-Bains,  Haute-Marne,  France, 
1843.  A  French  physician.  He  is  noted  for  re- 
searches in  regard  to  yellow  fever,  on  which  he  published 
several  monographs.  He  also  wrote  "  Recherches  m^dico- 
phUosophiques  sur  les  causes  de  la  polygamic  dans  les 
pays  chauds"  (1812). 

Cherwell  (cher'wel).  A  small  river  in  Eng- 
land, which  joins  the  Thames  at  Oxford. 

Chesapeake  (ches'a-pek).  The.  -An  American 
frigate  of  38  guns,  built  at  Norfolk,  Virginia,  in 
1799.  During  the  campaign  of  1812  she  cruised  in  South 
American  waters.  In  May,  1813,  she  returned  to  Boston, 
and  was  placed  under  the  command  ol  Captain  James 
Lawrence.  The  ship  was  repaired  and  remanned  under 
his  direction,  but  he  was  obliged  to  make  up  his  crew  of 
very  unsatisfactory  material.  The  British  frigate  Shan- 
non, thirty-eight  guns  rating,  commanded  by  Captain 
Philip  Vere  Broke,  was  at  this  time  cruising  off  Boston 
harbor.  Broke  had  brought  his  ship  to  a  high  state  of 
efficiency.  On  June  1,  1813,  the  Chesapeake  sailed  out  of 
Boston  harbor,  the  Shannon  being  in  sight-in  the  offing. 
The  battle  occurred  six  leagues  east  of  Boston  light.  Im- 
mediately after  opening  fire  both  ships  fell  aboard,  and 
Captain  Lawrence  was  mortally  wounded.  He  was  car- 
ried below  exclaiming  "  Don't  give  up  the  ship ! "  Cap- 
tain Broke  boarded  the  Chesapeake,  and  at  6.05  P.  M., 
fifteen  minutes  after  the  first  gun  was  fired,  her  flag  was 
struck. 

Chesapeake  Bay  (ches'a-pek  ba).  .An  inlet  of 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  in  Virginia  and  Maryland. 
It  enters  the  Atlantic  between  capes  Charles  and  Henry. 
Its  chief  affluents  are  the  Susquehanna,  Patapsco,  Poto- 
mac, York,  Rappahannock,  and  James.  It  was  first  ex- 
plored by  Captain  John  Smith  in  1608.  Length,  about  200 
miles.    Breadth,  4-40  miles. 

Chesebro  (chez'bro),  Caroline.  Born  at  Can- 
andaigua,  N.  Y.,  March  30,  1825:  died  at  Pier- 
mont,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  16,  1873.  .An  American 
novelist,  author  of  "Dreamland  by  Daylight" 
(1851),  etc. 

Cheselden  (ches'el-den),  William.  Bom  at 
Somerby,  Leioestersliire,  Oct.  19,  1688:  died 
at  Bath,  April  10,  1752.  A  noted  English  sur- 
geon. He  was  celebrated  for  his  "lateral  operation  for 
the  stone  "  and  for  operations  upon  the  eye.  He  wrote 
•'  The  Anatomy  of  the  Human  Body  "  (1713),  "  Treatise  on 
the  High  Operation  for  the  Stone  "  (1723),  "  Osteographia, 
or  the  Anatomy  of  the  Bones"  (1733).  A  short  paper 
(Phil.  Trans.,  XXXV.  447)  upon  the  case  of  a  boy  who  was 
born  blind  and  was  couched  at  about  thirteen  years  of 
age  has  been  much  quoted  by  psychologists. 

Chesham  (ehesh'am) .  A  town  in  Buckingham- 
shire, England,  28  miles  northwest  of  London. 
Population  (1891),  8,018. 

Cheshire  (chesh'ir),  or  Chester  (ches'tfer),  A 
maritime  county  in  western  England,  lying 
between  Lancashire  on  the  north,  Yorkshire 
on  the  northeast,  Derby  and  Stafford  on  the 
east,  Stafford  and  Shropshire  on  the  south, 
and  Wales  and  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  west.  Its 
surface  is  generally  level,  and  its  leading  pursuit  is  dairy- 
farming.  The  chief  city  is  Chester.  It  was  made  a  county 
palatine  by  William  the  Conqueror.  The  palatinate  court 
was  abolished  in  1830.  Area,  1,027  square  mUes.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  730,058. 

Chesil  Bank  (ohes'il  bangk).  A  long  bar  on 
the  English  coast  between  Portland  and  Brid 
port. 

Cheskaya,  Gulf  of.    See  Tcheskaya. 

Chesne,  Andr§  du.    See  Duchesne,  Andr4. 

Chesney  (ches'ni),  Francis  Rawdon.  Bom 
at  Annalong,  County  Down,  Ireland,  March  16, 
1789:  died  at  Mourne,  County  Down,  Jan.  30, 
1872.  A  British  general  and  engineer.  He  ex- 
amined the  isthmus  of  Suez  in  1830,  and  demonstrated 
the  feasibility  of  a  canal  across  it  (his  report  serving  later 
as  the  starting-point  of  De  Lesseps) ,  explored  the  valley 
ol  the  Euphrates  in  1831 ;  and  later  (1835-36)  established 
an  overland  route  to  India.  He  commanded  the  artillery 
at  the  station  at  Hongkong,  China,  1843-47.  He  published 
an  account  of  the  "  Expedition  for  the  Survey  of  the  Rivera 
Euphrates  and  Tigris  "  (1860),  etc. 

Chester  (ehes't6r).  [Prom  L.  eastra,  camp. 
It  was  the  camp  of  the  20th  legion.]  The  cap- 
ital of  Cheshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Dee 
15  mUes  south-southeast  of  Liverpool:  the  Ro- 
man Deva  and  Castra,  and  the  Celtic  Caer- 

'  leon.  It  has  an  extensive  trade  in  cheese,  etc.  It  con- 
tains many  Roman  antiquities,  and  is  notably  medieval 
in  appearance.  It  has  a  cathedral  whicli  presents  every 
variety  of  English  medieval  architecture,  from  the  Nor. 


Chester 

man  to  the  last  Perpendicular.  It  has  recently  been  well 
restored.  The  exterior  is  marked  by  its  fine  ranges  of 
windows  and  its  square  central  tower.  The  interior  is 
very  eflective,  the  various  architectural  styles  grouping  in 
such  manner  as  to  contrast  agreeably.  The  nave  has  mod- 
ern tan-vaulting  in  oak.  The  south  transept  is  as  large 
as  the  choir,  while  the  Norman  north  transept  is  very 
small.  The  choir  is  of  the  18th  century ;  its  16th-century 
stalls  are  elaborately  canopied  and  pinnacled.  The  Lady 
chapel  is  an  excellent  example  of  Early  English.  The 
dimensions  of  the  cathedral  are  365  by  76  feet ;  length  of 
transepts,  200 ;  height  of  vaulting,  78.  The  cloister  is  Per- 
pendicular ;  the  rectangular  chapter-house  and  tlie  refec- 
tory are  Early  English.  Chester  was  an  important  Roman 
military  station,  was  destroyed  by  .Slthelf  rith  of  Northum- 
bria  in  607,  and  was  rebuilt  by  jEthelflaed.  It  surren- 
dered to  William  the  Conqueror  in  1070,  was  long  be- 
sieged by  the  Parliamentarians,  and  was  taken  by  them  in 
1646.    Population  (1891),  37,105. 

The  name  of  Chester  alone  proves  its  Roman  antiquity  ; 
it  also  proves  its  importance,  as  having  come  to  be  known 
as  the  city  or  the  camvp  emphatically.  Still  i^he  name  is  ' 
historically  a  contraction.  The  Roman  Deva  became  in 
later  times  the  Qmitas  Legi(mwm,  the  Caerlleon  of  the 
Welsh,  the  Legeceaster  (in  several  different  spellings)  of 
the  English.  Both  names,  it  will  be  seen,  Welsh  and 
English,  translate  CivitaB  Legionit/m,  the  two  tongues, 
according  to  their  several  habits,  placing  the  qualifying 
word  first  in  the  English  name  and  last  in  the  Welsh. 
And  here  we  have  to  distinguish  our  Caerlleon,  our  Lege- 
ceaster,  from  other  places  which  might  easily  be  con- 
founded with  them.  The  name  of  Caerlleon  on  the  Dee 
is  simply  the  same  as  Caerlleon  on  the  Usk,  and  Welsh 
writers  naturally  apeak  of  Chester  as  Caerlleon. 

E.  A.  Fre&man,  Eng.  Towns  and  Districts,  p.  231. 

Chester.  A  city  in  Delaware  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, situated  on  the  Delaware  12  miles  south- 
west of  Philadelphia,  it  has  important  manufac- 
tures of  cottons  and  woolens,  and  is  especially  noted  for 
its  shipyards.  It  was  settled  by  Swedes  in  1643.  Popu- 
lation (1000),  33,988. 

Chester,  Battle  of.  A  battle  in  which  ^thel- 
frith  of  Northumbria  defeated  (613  [607?])  the 
Cymry  of  Strathclyde  xuider  Broomael,  prince 
of  Powys.  As  a  result  he  annexed  Chester  and  the 
surrounding  district,  thus  sundering  the  Cymry  of  Strath- 
clyde from  those  of  Wales.  A  thousand  Cymric  monks, 
who  prayed  on  the  field  of  battle  for  their  countrymen, 
were  killed  by  the  ordei  of  .aithelfrith. 

Chester,  Joseph  Lemuel.  Born  at  Norwich, 
Conn,,  April  30,  1821:  died  at  London,  May  26, 
1882.  A  noted  American  genealogist,  resident 
in  England  after  1858.  He  engaged  in  various  occu- 
pations (teacher,  clerk,  commissioner  of  deeds,  journal- 
ist), and  was  aide-de-camp  with  the  rank  of  colonel  to 
the  governor  of  Pennsylvania  (1866-58).  His  genealogi- 
cal work  was  begun  in  England,  "yet  when  he  died  he 
had  no  superior  as  a  genealogist  among  English-speaking 
people'-  (£>M!«.  Nat.  Biog.).  He  compiled  the  "Matricu- 
lations at  the  University  of  Oxford,"  "The  Marriage,  Bap- 
tismal, and  Burial  Registers  of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Peter, 
Westminster"  (1876),  etc. 

Chesterfield  (ches'tfer-f eld) .  A  manufacturing 
town  in  Derby  shire  jEngland,  situated  on  the 
rivers  Bother  and  Hipper  11  jniles  south  of 
Sheffield.     Population  (1891),  13,242. 

Chesterfield,  Earl  of.    See  stanhope. 

Chesterfield  Inlet.  An  arm  of  Hudson  Bay 
in  British  America,  about  lat.  64°  N.,  long.  91°- 
97°  W.  Length,  200  miles.  Greatest  breadth, 
about  25  miles. 

Chester-le-Street  (ehes't6r-le-stret).  A  town 
in  Durham,  England,  6  miles  north  of  Durham : 
the  Roman  Conderoum,  and  later  Cuneceastre. 

Chester  Plays,  The.  A  "collection  of  mys- 
teries" founded  upon  "scriptural  subjects," 
formerly  represented  by  the  gilds  of  Chester 
at  "Whitsuntide.  They  were  twenty-four  in  number, 
and  were  played  during  three  days. 

According  to  the  proclamation  for  the  holding  of  these 
plays  made  in  the  year  1633,  they  were  devised  "  of  old 
time  by  one  Sir  Henry  Francis,  some  time  monk  of  this 
monastery  dissolved,"  .  .  .  "which  plays  were  (in  the 
14th  century)  devised  to  the  honor  of  God  by  John  Arn- 
wav  .  to  be  brought  forth,  declared  and  played,"  etc. 
.  .  A  note,  written  in  a  later  hand,  adds  to  the  MS.  copy 
of  tiiis  proclamation  written  at  the  end  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  that  Sir  John  Arnway  was  mayor  of  Chester  in 
1327-8  at  which  time  these  plays  were  written  by  Randal 
HisEenet,  a  monk  of  Chester  Abbey,  and  played  openly 
in  Whitsun  week.  Randal  Higgenet  is  one  of  the  cor- 
ruptions of  the  name  of  Randulph  qr  Ralph  Higden,  au- 
thor of  the  "Polychronicon."  .  .  .  There  are  several  MSS. 
of  the  Chester  Mysteries,  none  early.  A  MS.  belonging 
to  the  Duke  of  Devonshire  is  dated  1681.  A  MS.  once 
possessed  by  Mr  Heber  was  dated  1692.  The  two  MSS. 
in  the  British  Museum  are  dated  1600  and  1607;  that  at 
Oxford  is  dated  1604.  A  specimen  of  these  Chester  Mys- 
teries was  printed  in  1818  by  Mr.  Markland  for  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Roxburghe  Club  and  in  1831  these  and  other 
Mysteries,  then  unpublished,  were  described  by  Mr.  Col- 
lier in  his  "  History  of  Dramatic  Literature  ;  but  the  only 
complete  publication  of  them  has  been  that  made  for  the 
Shakespe£:e  Society  in  1843,  when  they  were  edited  by 

Mr.  Thomas  Wright.  , .  ,_  ^.r  .»       tit  m  oa 

Morley,  English  Writers,  IV.  79-86. 

Chestes.     See  Sastean. 

Chetco  (chet'ko).  A  tribe  of  the  Paeifle  divi- 
sion of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians.  They  formerly  lived  in  nine  villages 
along  Chetco  River  and  a  tributary  in  Oregon,  and  are  now 
on  the  Sileta  reservation,  Oregon.    See  Athapascan. 

Chetemaclia.    See  Chitimachan. 


243 

Chetlessentun.    See  Tcetlestcan. 

Ohettle  (ohet'l),  Henry.  Died  about  1607. 
All  English  dramatist  and  pamphleteer,  son  of 
a  dyer  of  London,  and  a  stationer  by  trade. 
He  was  the  author  or  joiut  author  of  a  large 
number  of  plays. 

Ohetwood  (chet'wud),  William  Rufus.  Died 
March  3,  1766.  An  English  dramatist,  book- 
seller, and  prompter  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  "  General  History  of  the  Stage  " 
(1749),  several  dramatic  pieces,  etc. 

Chevalier  (she-va-lya'),  Michel.  Bom  at  Li- 
moges, Prance,  Jan.  13, 1806:  died  at  Montpel- 
lier.  Prance,  Nov.  28,  1879.  A  noted  French 
political  economist.  His  works  include  "Lettres 
sur  I'Am^rique  du  Nord"  (1836),  "Des  int^r^ts  mat^riels 
en  France"  (1838),  "Cours  d'^conomie  politique"  (1842- 
1860),  " Essais de politique industrielle " (1843),  "La liberty 
aux  Etats-Unis,"  several  works  on  Mexico,  etc. 


Chiapas 

ground."  This  version  is  in  a  manuscript  in  the  Ashmo- 
lean  Collection  at  Oxford.  It  was  printed  by  Thomas 
Hearne,  in  the  year  1719,  in  his  preface  to  an  edition  of 
William  of  Newbury's  "Chronicle."  Its  date  seems  to  be 
about  1600,  and  if  not  the  original,  it  is  much  nearer  to 
the  original  than  the  version  given  in  Percy's  "Reliques.' 
— Note.]  The  battle  of  Otterbum  is  an  incident  minutely 
described  by  Froissart,  but  there  is  no  record  whatever  of 
any  similar  battle  that  ai-ose  out  of  a  Hunting  on  the 
Cheviots.  Morley,  English  Writers,  VI.  233. 

Cheyenne  (shi-en').  [PL,  also  Cheyennes ;  from 
a  Siouan  word  meaning  'enemies.']  A  tribe 
of  North  American  IniSans  that  claim  lands 
watered  by  the  north  and  south  forks  of  the 
PI  atte  River.  About  1800  they  lived  in  the  Black  Hills 
and  on  the  Cheyenne  River  of  Dakota.  They  are  divided 
into  Northern  or  Upper  Cheyennes,  now  on  the  Tongue 
River  reservation  in  eastern  Montana,  and  Southern  Chey- 
ennes,  at  the  Cheyenne  and  Arapaho  agency,  Indian  Ter- 
ritory. Others  are  at  Pine  Ridge  agency.  South  Dakota, 
and  altogether  they  number  3,026.    See  Algonguian. 


Chevalier  k  I'ifipee  (she-va-lya'  a  la-pa'),  Le.  Cheyenne,  or  Sheyenne,  or  Shyenne.  A  river 
A  French  romance  of  the  12th  century,  erro-  in  North  Dakota  which  joins  the  Eeij  River  of 
neously  ascribed  to  Chrestien  de  Troyes.  the  North  12  miles  north  of  Fargo.    Length, 

Chevalier  au  Cygne  (she-va-lya'  6  seny'),  Le.     about  350  miles. 
[P., '  The  Knight  of  the  Swan.']    The  title  of  a  Cheyenne.    The  capital  of  Wyoming,  situated 
group  of  chansons  the  members  of  which  bear    in  lat.  41°  7'  N.,  long.  104°  50'  W.    It  is  an  im- 


the  separate  headings  "Antioche,"  "Les  Ch6 
tifs,"  "LesEnfances  de  Godefroy,"  etc.  "Antio- 
che,"the  first  of  these,  which  describes  the  exploits  of  the 
Christian  host,  first  in  attacking  and  then  in  defending 
that  city,  is  one  of  the  finest  of  the  chansons,  and  is  prob- 
ably in  its  original  form  not  much  later  than  the  events  it 
describes,  being  written  by  an  eye-witness.  Saintsbury, 
French  Lit.,  p.  20. 

Chevalier  de  Maison-Rouge  (she-va-lya'  de 
ma-z6n'r6zh'),  Le.  [P.,  'The  Knight  of  the 
Red  House.']  A  historical  novel  by  Alexandre 
DumaSj  published  in  1846. 

Chevalier  de  Saint  George  (she-va-lya'  de 
sail  zhorzh).  A  title  assumed  by  James  Stuart, 
the  Old  Pretender. 

Chevalier  d'Harmental  (she-va'lya  dar-mon- 
tal'),  Le.  A  romance  by  Alexandre  Dumas, 
published  in  1843.  He  wrote  in  collaboration  with 
Auguste  Maquet,  and  these  two  authors  produced  a  play 
in  1849  with  the  same  title.  D'Harmental  is  the  type  of 
exaggerated  honor. 


portant  station  on  the  Union  Pacific  and  other  railroads, 
and  the  headquarters  of  large  cattle  companies.  Its  ele- 
vation above  sea-level  is  6,000  feet.  Population  (1900), 
14,087. 

Cheyne  (ehan),  George.  Born  at  Methliek, 
Aberdeenshire,  1671 :  died  at  Bath,  April  13, 
1743.  A  noted  British  physician.  He  wrote  "A 
New  Theory  of  Fevers  "  (1702), ' '  Observations  on  the  Gout " 
(1720),  "The  English  Malady,  Hypochondria"  (1733),  etc. 
He  began  and  carried  on  the  practice  of  his  profession  in 
London. 

Ch6zy  (sha-ze'),  Antoine  Leonard  de.    Born 

at  Neuilly,  France,  Jan.  15, 1773 :  died  at  Paris, 
Aug.  81,  1832.  A  noted  French  Orientalist, 
author  of  various  translations  from  Persian 
and  Sanskrit,  etc. 

Ch&y,  Mme.  de  (Wilhelmine  Christiane  von 
Klencke).  Bom  at  Berhn,  Jan.  26,  1783:  died 
near  Geneva,  1856.  A  German  poet  and  nov- 
elist, wife  of  A.  L.  de  Ch6zy,  and  granddaugh- 
ter of  Karschin. 


21,  1806:  died  at  Vienna,  March  14,  1865.  A 
German  novelist  and  general  writer,  son  of 
A.  L.  de  Ch6zy. 


Oheverel  (shev'e-rel).  Sir  Christopher  and  oh&y,  Wilhelm  von.    Bom  at  Paris,  March 
Lady.      Two   of  the  principal  characters  m     —    ----      -.    -     .  ^-.  -.-      ...   -'~~- 

George  Eliot's  novel  "  Mr.  Gilfil's  Love-Story." 

Cheverus(shev'e-rus;  P.pron.she-vriis'),Jean    ^  ^  u.o  vjiici.v 

Louis  Anne  Madeleine  Lefebvre  de.    Born  Chhandogya  (chan-do'gya).  In  Sanskrit  litera- 
at  Mayenne,  France,  Jan.   28,  1768:  died  a,t    ture,anTJpanishad(which"see)oftheSamaveda, 
Bordeaux,  Prance,  July  19,  1836.    A  French    —     '         ^        -      ■■    ■    ■  -  '  -    ■■      -■      - 
prelate,  first  Roman  Catholic  bishop  of  Boston, 
Mass.,  1808,  archbishop  of  Bordeaux  1827,  and 
cardinal  1836. 

Cheves  (chevz ),  Langdon.  Bom  at  Rocky  River, 
S.  C,  Sept.  17,  1776:  died  at  Columbia,  S.  C, 
June  25, 1857.  An  American  politician.  He  en- 
tered the  House  of  Representatives  in  1811,  was  speaker 
1814-16,  and  was  president  of  the  National  Bank  1819-22. 

Cheveux  Eeleves.    See  Ottawa. 

Cheviot  Hills  (chev'i-ot,  or  chiv'i-pt,  hilz).   A 

mountain-range  in  Northumberland,  England, 

and  in  Roxburghshire,  Scotland.    The  highest 

peak  is  Cheviot  Hill  (2, 676  feet).    Length,  36  miles.   These 

hills  are  celebrated  in  history  and  romance. 

Chevreul  (she-vrel'),  Michel  Eu^tae.  Born 
at  Angers,  France,  Aug.  31, 1786:  died  at  Paris, 
April  9,  1889.  A  celebrated  French  chemist. 
He  was  chemist  at  the  Gobelins  factory  1824-89,  and  pro- 
fessor at  the  Museum  of  Natural  History  1830-83.  His 
scientific  works  are  numerous  and  important. 

Chevrense  (she-vriiz'),  Duchesse  de  (Marie 


The  name  means  literally  '  relating  to  the  chhandogas ' 
(meter-singers),  chanters  of  the  Samaveda,  and  so  (as  noun) 
their  doctrine.  Its  object  is  to  explain  the  various  mean- 
ings which  the  sacred  syllable  Om  (which  see)  may  as- 
sume in  the  mind  of  the  devotee  till  at  last  the  highest  is 
reached,  viz..  Brahman  the  Absolute. 
Chhatisgarh  (chut -tes- gar').  A  division  of 
the  Central  Provinces,  British  India,  situated 
about  lat.  20°-23°  N.,  long.  81°-83°  E.  Area, 
24,204  square  miles.  Population  (1881),  3,115,- 
997. 

Chiahrera  (ke-a-bra'ra),  Gahriello.  Bom  at 
Savona,  Italy,  June  8,  1552:  died  at  Savona, 
Oct.  14,  1637.  An  Italian  lyric  poet. 
Chiaja  (ke-a'ya),  La.  [It.  chiaja,  a  dial.  form,= 
Sicilian  chiazza  for  piazza,  place,  plaza.]  A 
fashionable  drive  in  modern  Naples,  extending 
about  a  mile  along  the  coast  between  the  open 
ViUa  Nazionale  (a  pubUe  park)  and  hotels  and 
other  handsome  buildings  on  the  other  side.  It 
begins  at  the  Largo  Vittoria.  Its  full  name  is 
i-  ..«  ,       <■    -r,       -r,-     -^^^    T   1    i /-,  the "  Riviera  di  Chiaja." 

de  Rohan).  Born  Dec^  1600:  died  at  Gagny  o]iiana  (ke-a'na).  A  river  in  Tuscany,  Italy, 
near  Pans,  Aug.  12,  1679.  A  French  pohtical  j^  jg  conducted  by  engineering  works  partly 
intriguer.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Hercnle  de  Rohan,  j^^g  ^j^g  Arno,  partly  into  the  Tiber, 
duo  de  Montbazon,  and  was  the  wife  first  of  Chailes  riT,{o„~  -ir-i  Ai  The.  IottoI  o-nH  ^^■,^i+f„l  -n-oUo-n^ 
d' Albert,  due  de  Luynes,  and,  after  his  death,  of  the  Due  Chiana,  V  al  dl.  Ihe  level  and  truittul  valley 
de  Chevrense.    She  was  one  of  the  most  formidable  ene-     01  tiie  Chiana,  near  (..niusi. 

mies  at  court  of  Cardinal  Richelieu,  by  whom  she  was,  OManti  (ke-an'te).     A  mountain  group  near 
however,  eyentuaUyforcedto  leave  France    On  the  death     g^  ^  j         j^    gj^gg    jj^me   to    celebrated 

of  Louis  XIII.  she  returned,  but  was  coldly  received  by         .        '  •'  ° 

the  queen  regent,  Anne  of  Austria.    Having  acted  in    JP?-^^-  /.      mt     4.■^^      js -n     ..  i       ^  j 

concert  with  Cardinal  de  Retz  against  Mazarln,  she  was  a  Chiapa,  BlShOp  Of,      ine  title  01  Bartolome  de 
second  time  sent  into  exile.  las  Casas,  1544t^7.    It  is  of  ten  used  in  speaking 

Chevy  Chase  (ehev'i  chas).     A  famous  old    gf  i^^_ 

English  ballad  which  recounts  the  incidents  of  Chiapanecs  (che-a-pa-neks'),  or  Chapanecs 
the  battle  of  Otterburn,  though  not  with  the     (cM-pa-neks'),  orChapas(cha'pas).     [Proba- 


exactness  of  the  Scotch  ballad  "The  Battle  of 
Otterbum,"  which  is  historical.  The  name  is 
variously  explained. 

In  the  warfare  against  English  settlements  in  France 
such  a  raid  was  called  by  the  French  alUes  of  Scotland  a 
chivauchie,  and,  by  a  common  process,  that  name  was 
corrupted  into  Chevy  Chase.  It  lives  yet  among  school- 
boys as  a  "  chivy."  Now,  since  there  are  in  Northumber- 
land Cheviot  Hills  as  well  as  an  Otterburn,  Chevy  Chase 
was  interpreted  into  the  Hunting  of  the  Cheviot.  The 
old  ballad  of  the  "Battle  of  Otterburn,"  or  "Chevy 
Chase"— the  battle  of  the  chemucMe  which  was  its  cause 
—  was  therefore  recast  as,  "The  Hunting  of  the  Cheviot," 
always  with  some  confused  sense  of  identity  between  one 
incident  and  the  other.  [In  the  oldest  extant  version  of 
"Chevy  Chase,"  the  name  means  "  the  Cheviot  hunting- 


bly  from  chapa,  their  name  for  the  red  macaw, 
which  was  the  totem  or  emblem  of  the  tribe.] 
A  race  of  Indians  formerly  powerful  in  that 
part  of  southern  Mexico  which  now  forms  the 
state  of  Chiapas.  They  had  considerable  and  well- 
built  towns,  practised  agriculture,  had  made  some  ad- 
vances in  mechanic  arts,  and  understood  picture-writing. 
The  Chiapanecs  were  never  conquered  by  the  Aztecs,  but 
were  easily  reduced  by  the  Spaniards.  Remains  of  the 
tribe  exist  in  central  Chiapas,  and  still  speak  their  own 
language.  The  Mangues  of  Nicaragua  and  the  Guetares 
of  Costa  Rica  seem  to  be  ancient  offshoots  of  this  race. 
Chiapas  (che-a'pas).  The  southeasternmost 
state  of  Mexico,  lying  between  Tabasco  on  the 
north,  Guatemala  on  the  east,  the  Gulf  of  Te- 


Chiapas 

huantepeo  on  the  south,  and  Vera  Cruz  and 
Oaxaea  on  the  west.  The  limits  with  Guatemala  are 
disputed.  Chiapas  contains  antiquities  (at  Palenque,  etc.). 
Capital,  Tuxtla  Gutierrez.  Area  (claimed,  1894),  29,726 
square  miles.    Population  (1895),  313,678. 

CMaramonte  (ke-a-ra-mon'te).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Syracuse,  Sicily,  30  miles  west  of 
SjTaouse.    Population,  9,000. 

Cniari  (ke-a're).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Brescia,  northern  Italy,  14  miles  west  of  Bres- 
cia. Here,  Sept.  1, 170],  Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy  defeated 
the  French  and  Spaniards  under  ViUeroi.  Population, 
6,000. 

CMavari  (ke-a'va-re).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  &enoa,  Italy,  21  miles  southeast  of 
Genoa.    It  has  varied  manufactures. 

Chiavenna  (ke-a-ven'na).  {li.  Clavenna,G. 
Cldven  or  Clefen.']  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Sondrio,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mera  at  the  en- 
trance to  the  Val  Bregaglia,  in  lat.  46°  19'  N., 
long.  9°  24'  E.  It  is  at  the  junction  of  the 
routes  over  the  Splugen  and  Maloya. 

Ghibchacum.    See  BocMca. 

Chibchas  (eheb'ohas),  or  MlU'SCas  (mo-es'kas). 
A  tribe  of  South  American  mdians  which,  pre- 
vious to  the  conquest,  occupied  the  highlands 
east  of  the  Magdalena,  from  the  head  waters 
of  that  river  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  de  Merida. 
They  were  powerful  and  had  attained  some  degree  of  civ- 
ilization, living  in  large  towns  and  obeying  fixed  though 
unwritten  laws.  They  were  skilful  weavers,  potters,  and 
goldsmiths,  and  practised  agriculture,  planting  maize, 
quinoa,  potatoes,  and  cotton.  Their  chiefs  were  heredi- 
tary in  the  female  line,  had  absolute  power,  and  were 
treated  with  great  ceremony.  The  Chibchas  believed  in 
a  Supreme  Being,  but  worshiped  the  sun,  stars,  and  other 
natural  objects.  In  1537,  while  they  were  engaged  in  a 
civil  war,  the  Spaniards  under  Quesada  reached  their 
country.  They  were  quickly  conquered,  and  those  who 
survived  enslavement  and  persecution  adopted  the  Span- 
ish language  and  customs.  Their  descendants,  mixed  with 
European  blood,  form  a  large  part  of  the  present  popula- 
tion of  Colombia.  The  word  Chibcha,  applied  to  this 
tribe,  is  properly  the  name  of  their  language.  They  called 
themselves  Muysca,  i.  e.  'men.' 

Cbibokwe,  or  Ba-Chibokwe  (ba-ohe-bd'kwe). 
See  KioTco. 

CMcaca.    See  CMcasa. 

Chicacole.    See  dcacole. 

Chicago  (shi-ka'go).  A  city  of  Cook  County, 
Illinois,  situated  on  Lake  Michigan  in  lat.  41° 
50'  N.,  long.  87°  37'  W.  It  is  the  lai-gest  city  in  the 
State,  and  the  second  city  in  the  United  States.  Its  chief 
quarters  are  the  North,  South,  and  West  Sides.  It  has  a 
vast  commerce  by  many  railroads  and  by  the  lake,  and 
exports  wheals  meat,  manufactured  goods,  etc.  It  has 
manufactures  of  lumber,  iron,  steel,  furniture,  clothing, 
tobacco,  liquors,  agricultural  implements,  leather,  etc. 
Among  its  largest  industries  are  beef-packing  and  pork- 
packing.  It  is  the  seat  of  Chicago  University,  and  of  sev- 
eral theological  seminaries  and  other  institutions,  and  has 
important  libraries  and  art  collections.  The  site  was  vis- 
ited by  Marquette  in  1673.  Fort  Dearborn  was  built  in 
1804,  evacuated  in  1812,  and  rebuilt  in  1816.  Chicago  was 
incorporated  as  a  city  in  1837.  Two  thousand  one  hun- 
dred acres  were  burned,  with  aloss  of  over  $190,000,000  (?),  in 
the  great  fire  of  Oct.  8-10, 1871.  Owing  to  its  position  it  has 
been  the  place  of  meeting  of  many  national  political  con- 
ventions. It  was  the  scene  of  an  anarchist  liot  (Old  Hay- 
market)  May  4,  1886.  The  most  important  recent  event 
in  its  history  was  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  in 
1893,  lasting  from  May  1  to  Oct.  80.  Population  (1900), 
1,698,575. 

Chicago,  University  of.  An  institution  of 
learning  in  Chicago,  situated  between  56th  and 
59thstreets.  It  has  an  endowment  of  $6,000,000 
(contributed  by  Mr.  J.  D.  Rockefeller  and 
others).  Ithas about4,500  students, 350instruc- 
tors,  and  a  librarjf  of  about  350,000  volumes. 

Chicaneau  (she-kS-no').  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  the  comedy  "Les  Plaideurs,"  by 
Racine.  He  is  a  tradesman  with  a  mania  for  going  to  law, 
and  is  the  type  of  the  captions,  litigious  plaintiff,  as  his 
name  implies. 

Chicasa  (ehik'a-sa),  or  Ohickesaw(ohik'e-sa). 
[PI.,  also  CMckesaws.']  A  large  tribe  or  sub- 
division of  North  American  Indians,  chiefly  of 
Mississippi.  In  the  18th  century  their  villages  were 
about  Pontotoc  County,  and  their  main  landing-place  on 
the  Mississippi  River  was  at  the  present  site  of  Memphis, 
Tennessee,  from  which  there  was  a  trail  160  miles  long 
to  their  villages.  They  now  number  about  8,600,  and  are 
at  the  Union  agency,  Indian  Territory.  Also  Chicaca, 
CMcaho,  CMckeaw,  Chickascm.    See  Muskhogean, 

Chichele  (ehich'e-le),  orChicheley(ohich'e-li), 
Henry.  Bom  at  Higham  Ferrers,  Northamp- 
ton, England,  about  1362:  died  at  Canterbury, 
England,  April  12,  1443.  An  EngUsh  prelate, 
appointed  archbishop  of  Canterbury  Feb.  19, 
1414.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Oxford,  and  founded 
All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  1437. 

CUchen-Itza  (che-chan'et'za),  or  Chichen. 
A  ruined  city  of  northern  Yucatan,  18  miles 
southwest  of  V  alladolid.  Some  of  the  remains  indi- 
cate very  large  buildings  with  elaborate  sculptures,  wall- 
paintings,  and  hieroglyphics.  There  is  a  pyramid  660  feet 
square  and  still  70  feet  high.  The  Chichen-Itza  ruins  are 
coanected  with  ancient  Maya  traditions.    They  have  been 


244 

known  since  the  conquest,  and  have  been  studied  in  mod- 
ern times  by  Chamay,  Le  Plongeon,  and  other  archffiolo- 
gists.  Xe  Plongeon  discovered  there  the  remarkable 
statue  which  he  called  Chac-mool  (which  see). 
Chichester  (chich'es-t6r).  [L.  Cissse  Castrum, 
AS.  Cissanceaster :  the  Roman  Regnum,  de- 
stroyed in  the  5th  century  by  Ella,  and  restored 
by  his  son,  Cissa,  king  of  Sussex,  from  whom 
it  was  named.]  A  city  in  Sussex,  England,  14 
miles  northeast  of  Portsmouth,  it  contains  a  noted 
cathedral,  for  the  most  part  a  Norman  building  of  the  12th 
and  13th  centuries,  showing  many  details,  as  the  paired 
lancets  surmounted  by  quatrefoils  of  the  central  tower, 
which  might  have  been  transported  bodily  from  Normandy. 
The  tall,  slender  spire  awkwardly  placed  on  this  tower  is 
later.  The  interior  has  double  aisles  and  narrow  nave, 
and  very  beautiful  carved  choir-stalls.  There  are  Perpen- 
dicular cloisters,  and  a  late,  detached  bell-tower.  The 
dimensions  are  410  by  91  feet ;  width  of  transepts,  131 ; 
height  of  nave,  62.  The  town  was  refounded  by  Cissa  in 
the  6th  century.    Population  (1891),  7,842. 

Chichester,  Arthur.  Bom  at  Rawleigh,  near 
Barnstable,  England,  May,  1563 :  died  Feb.  19, 
1625.  An  English  soldier  and  statesman,  sec- 
ond sou  of  Sir  John  Chichester  of  Rawleigh, 
made  Lord  Chichester  of  Belfast,  in  the  Irish 
peerage,  Feb.  23, 1613.  Hewas  appointed  governor  of 
Carrickf ergus  and  sergeant-major  general  of  the  English 
army  in  Ireland,  and  was  lord  deputy  of  Ireland  &om 
Feb.  3, 1606,  to  Nov.  29, 1614.  After  his  recall  he  was  ap- 
pointed lord  treasurer  of  Ireland. 

Chicherache  (ME.  chech-e-vach'j  mod.  F. 
shesh-vash').  [ME.,  as  if  from  an  (JP.  *chiche- 
vache,  lean  cow  (from  chiche,  poor,  lean,  and 
vache  (L.  vacca),  a  cow);  but  this  is  a  per- 
version of  the  OP.  form  chicheface,  chinche- 
face  (also  ehinehefache,  simulating  vache,  a 
cow),  lit. '  ugly  face.']  A  fabled  beast  which  de- 
voured patient  and  submissive  wives.  Thefable, 
of  Old  French  origin,  became  a  favorite  with  Middle  Eng- 
lish writers,  who  made  the  beast  a  lean  cow  (see  etymolo- 
gy), and  ascribed  her  leanness  to  the  scarcity  of  her  pecu- 
liar diet.  They  added  another  beast  named  Bicome  (By- 
come)  (literally,  'two-homed^,  who  lived  only  on  patient 
and  submissive  husbands,  and  was  In  consejiuence  always 
fat.  Lydgate  wrote  a  poem  called  "Bycorne  and  Chlche- 
vache." 

Chichilticale  (che-chel-te-ka'le).  [Acorruption 
of  the  Nahuatl  chichiltie-calU,  red  house.]  A 
name  given  by  the  Mexican  Indians  who  fol- 
lowed Pray  Marcos  of  Nizza  to  New  Mexico  in 
1539  and  Coronado  in  1540,  to  a  ruined  structure 
built  of  red  earth  or  clay,  near  the  banks  of  the 
Gila.  It  has  been  supposed  that  it  was  the  Casa  Grande, 
but  in  all  probability  it  was  some  ancient  ruin  near  the 
site  of  new  Fort  Grant,  in  Arizona,  along  the  slopes  of 
Mount  Graham. 

Chichimecs  (che-che-maks'),  or  Chichimecas, 
or  ChichimecOS.  [Nahuatl  of  Mexico :  deriva- 
tion doubtful,  but  possibly  from  chiehiltic,  red, 
and  mecayotl,  generation.]  An  ancient  term 
used  to  designate  indiscriminately  wild  and  dan- 
gerous tribes  of  Indians.  It  was  also  an  honorific 
title,  any  warrior  who  distinguished  himself  by  particular 
ferocity  being  termed  a  chichvmecaU.  The  name  has  re- 
mained in  American  Spanish.  Misunderstood  folk-lore 
has  given  rise  to  the  belief  In  the  Immigration  Into  Mexico 
of  a  numerous  tribe  of  barbarians  under  this  name  at 
some  very  ancient  time. 

Chick  (chik),  Mrs.  Louisa.  Mr.  Dombey's  sis- 
ter in  Charles  Dickens's  "Dombey  and  Son," 
a  weak  and  self-satisfied  woman  who  urged 
the  fading  Mis.  Dombey  to  "make  an  effort." 

Chickahominy  (chik-a-hom'i-ni).  A  river  in 
Virginia  which  joins  the  James  about  40  miles 
southeastof Richmond.  Length,  about75miles. 
Near  it  were  fought  the  battles  of  Fair  Oaks,  Mechanics- 
vUle,  Gaines's  Mm,  Savage's  Station,  and  Frayser's  Farm, 
1862 ;  and  Cold  Harbor,  1864.  See  Fair  Oaks,  Seven  Dayi 
Battles^  Cold  Harbor. 

Chickahominy,  Battles  of  the.  See  Seven 
Day^  Battles,  Fair  Oaks. 

Chickamauga  (chik-a-mS,'ga).  A  small  river 
which  joins  the  Tennessee  about  7  miles  above 
Chattanooga.  Near  it,  Sept.  19,  20, 1863,  the  Confeder- 
ates (about  60,000)  under  Bragg  defeated  the  Federals 
(56,000-60,000)  under  Bosecrans.  Loss  of  the  Federals, 
16,861 ;  of  the  Confederates,  17,804. 

Chickamauga,  Eock  of.  A  name  given  to  Gen- 
eral Thomas,  commander  of  the  Federal  left 
wing  at  Chickamauga,  for  his  stubborn  defense 
of  his  position  in  that  battle. 

Chickasaws.    See  CMcasa. 

Chickasaw  BlufEs  (chik'a-sa  blufs),  or  Bayou 
(bi'6).  A  place  near  Vicksburg,  Mississippi. 
Here,  Dec.  29, 1862,  the  Federals  under  Sherman  were  re- 
pulsed by  the  Confederates,  loss  of  the  Federals,  1,929 ; 
of  the  Confederates,  207. 

Chickenstalker  (chik'en-sta,-ker),  Mrs.  An 
old  shopkeeper  in  Dickens's  story  "The 
Chimes.'^ 

Chickesa'W.    See  Chicasa. 

Chicksaw.    See  Chicasa. 

Chickweed.     See  Smallweed,  Bartholomew. 

Chiclana  (che-kla'na).    A  town  in  the  province 


Childebert 

of  Cadiz,  Spain,  12  miles  southeast  of  Cadiz. 
Population  (1887),  12,348. 

CMcomecoatl  (ohe-ko-me-ko-Stl').  ['  Sevenser- 
pents.']  In  Mexican  (Nahuatl)  mymology,  the 
goddess  of  abundance  and  provisions.  By  some 
she  has  been  identified  with  Centoatl,  the  goddess  of 
maize :  both  were  worshiped  at  the  period  of  sowing,  and 
offerings  of  fruits  and  aeeda  were  made  to  them. 

Chicomoztoc  (che-ko-moth-tok').  [Nahuatl, 
lit.  '  seven  caves.']  A  mythical  place  where 
the  various  branches  of  the  Nahuatl  tribe 
are  said  to  have  come  out  of  the  center  of 
the  earth,  or  to  have  separated.  The  tradition 
is  not  quite  clear  in  regard  to  the  real  mythological  sig- 
nlflcance  of  the  spot. 

Chicopee  (ohik'o-pe).  A  city  of  Hampden 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Chicopee  River  with  the  Connecticut, 
4  miles  north  of  Springfield.  Ithas  manufactures 
of  cotton  goods,  arms,  cutlery,  etc.  Population  (1900), 
19,167. 

Chiemsee  (dhem'za).  The  largest  lake  in  Ba- 
varia, 40  miles  southeast  of  Munich,  noted  for 
its  fish.  Its  outlet  is  the  Alz  (into  the  Inn,  thence  to 
the  Danube),    length,  7^  miles. 

Chieri  (ke-a're).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Turin,  Italy,  8  miles  southeast  of  Turin:  the 
ancient  Carea.  It  has  a  noted  Gothic  church. 
It  was  a  medieval  republic.   Population,  9,000. 

Chieti  (ke-a'te).  1.  A  province  of  eastern 
Italy,  formerly  called  Abruzzo  Citeriore.  Area, 
1,138  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  348,805. 
— 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Chieti, 
Italy,  in  lat.  42°  20'  N.,  long.  14°  10'  E.:  the 
ancient  Teate  Marrucinorum.  The  order  of  the 
Teatines  was  founded  here  in  the  16th  century. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  25,000. 

Chiffinch  (chif'flnch),  Master  Thomas.  A 
drinking  and  intriguing  minister  to  the  plea- 
sures of  King  Charles,  in  Scott's  novel  "Pev- 
eril  of  the  Peak." 

Chi-fu,  or  Chefoo  (ohe-fo'),  native  Ten-tai.  A 
seaport  town  in  the  province  of  Shan-tung, 
China,  in  lat.  37°  32'  N.,  long.  121°  22'  E.  It 
is  a  distributing  center  of  foreign  manufactured  goods, 
and  exports  straw  braid,  pulse,  and  silk.  A  convention 
between  C7hlna  and  Great  Britain  was  signed  here  In  1876. 
Population,  32,600. 

Chigi,  Fabio.    See  Alexander  VII.,  Pope. 

Chignecto  Bay  (shig-nek'to  ba).  An  arm  at 
the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 

Chirwell  (chig'wel).  A  parish  in  the  county 
of  Essex,_England,  northeast  of  London. 

Chihuahua  (che-wa'wa).     1.  A  stste  of  north- 
ern Mexico,  lying  between  New  Mexico  and 
Texas  on  the  north,  Coahuila  on  the  east,  Du- 
rango  on  the  south,  and  Sonera  and  Sinaloa  on 
the  west,    it  is  traversed  by  the  Sierra  Madre,  and  is 
rich  in  mineral  wealth,  especially  sliver.     Area,  89,278 
square  miles.    Population  (1896),  266,831. 
3.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Chihuahua,  in  lat. 
28°  40'  N.,  long.  106°  30'  W.   It  was  founded  in  1706. 
It  contains  a  cathedral.    Population  (1895),  18,621. 

Chikishliar  (ohe-kesh-lyar').  A  port  in  the 
Transcaspian  Territory  of  Russia,  situated  on 
the  southeastern  shore  of  the  Caspian  near  the 
Persian  frontier. 

ChilSiU  Bal&m  (ehe-lan'  ba-lam'),  or  Chil&m 
Bal&m.  A  priest  of  the  Maya  Indians  of  Yuca- 
tan, who  is  supposed  to  have  died  about  1430. 
He  is  reputed  author  of  several  Maya  writings  which  have 
come  down  to  us  and  are  known  as  the  books  of  Chii&n 
Baldm,  and  it  is  said  that  he  foretold  the  coming  of  the 
Spaniards.  Many  of  the  narrative  songs  still  found  among 
the  Indians  are  also  attributed  to  him. 

Chilcat  (ehirkat)  orChilcats (-katz).  Atribe of 
North  American  Indian  s.  Their  habitat  is  on  ChUcat 
Kiver  and  Bay  and  Chilcoot  River,  in  Alaska,  extending 
into  British  Columbia.   They  number  988.    See  Koluschan. 

Child  (child),  Francis  James.  Bom  at  Bos- 
ton, 1825:  died  Sept.  11,  1896.  An  American 
scholar.  He  was  educated  at  Harvard  College,  and  was 
professor  of  rhetoric  and  oratory  there  from  1851  till  1876, 
when  he  became  professor  of  English  literature.  His 
most  important  work  Is  an  edition  of  "English  and  Scot- 
tish Ballads  "  which  he  first  brought  out  in  1857-69  In  8 
volumes. 

Child,  Mrs.  (Lydia  Maria  Francis).  Bom  at 
Medford,  Mass.,  Feb.  11,  1802;  died  at  Way-  ' 
land,  Mass.,  Oct.  20, 1880.  An  American  writer, 
noted  as  a  supporter  of  the  abolition  move- 
ment. She  was  editor  of  the  "  National  Anti-Slaveiy 
Standard"  1840-43,  and  assistant  editor  till  1844.  Her 
works  include  "  The  Rebels  "  (1822),  "  The  American  Fru- 
gal HousewUe"  (1829,  a  S3d  ed.  in  1856),  "Flowers  far 
Children"  (1844r-46),  "looking  toward  Sunset"  (1864), 
"Miria,  a  Romance  of  the  Republic  "  (1867),  etc.,  besides 
her  "  Appeal  for  that  Class  of  Americans  called  Africans  " 
(1833),  which  created  much  comment. 

Chil(lebert  (oMrde-bfert;  F.  pron.  shel-de-bar') 
I.  Born  about  495 :  died  558.  Son  of  Clovis, 
king  of  the  Franks,  whom  he  succeeded  (as 
king  of  Paris)  in  511.  He  inherited  (524)  part  of  the 
dominions  of  his  brother  Chlodomir  of  Orleans,  and  Id 


Chlldebert 

conjunction  with  hia  brother  Clothaire  I.  of  Soissons  and 
his  nephew  Theudebert  L  of  Austraaia  conquered  part  of 
Burgundy  In  634  and  part  of  Provence  in  636. 
Chlldebert  II.  Bom  570:  died  596.  Son  of 
Sigebert  I.  of  Austrasia  by  the  West-Gothio 
princess  Brunehaut.  Having  remained  under  the 
regency  of  his  mother,  67B-685,  he  attempted,  on  reach- 
ing liis  majority,  to  deprive  the  young  son  of  Fredegunde 
of  N eustria,  Clothaire  II.,  of  his  Idngdom,  but  was  himself 
signally  defeated  by  Fredegunde. 

GMlde  Harold  s  Pilgrimage  (child  har'qldz 
pU'gri-maj).  A  poem  by  Lord  Byron,  of  wfiioh 
the  first  and  second  cantos  were  published  in 
1811,  the  third  in  1816,  and  the  fourth  in  1817. 

Chllderic  (ehil'de-rik :  F.  pron.  shel-de-rek')  I. 
Died  481.  Father  of  Clovis,  and  Frankish  king 
from  about  458.  He  sustained  friendly  relations  with 
the  Romans,  who  assisted  him  gainst  the  West  Goths, 
the  Alamanni,  and  the  Saxons.  His  tomb  was  discovered 
at  Toumai  in  1653,  and  contained,  among  other  things, 
his  seal-ring  and  a  number  of  gold  bees,  which  latter  had 
presumably  served  to  ornament  his  mantle,  and  which 
suggested  to  Napoleon  I.  the  adoption  of  the  bee  as  an 
imperial  emblem. 

Childe  Roland.     See  Roland. 

Childers,  Flying.     See  Flying  Childers. 

CMlders,  Hugh  Culling  Eardley.  Bom  at 
London,  June  25, 1827:  died  Jan.  29, 1896.  An 
English  politician.  He  was  first  lord  of  the  admiralty 
1868-71,  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  lancaster  1872-73,  sec- 
retary for  war  1880-82,  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  1882- 
1885,  and  home  secretary  in  1886. 

Childers  (ohird6rz),Robert  Caesar.  Bom  1838: 
died  July  25, 1876.  An  English  OrientaHst,  au- 
thor of  *' Pali-English  Dictionary"  (1875),  etc. 

Child  of  Nature,  The.  A  play  by  Mrs.  Inch- 
bald,  produced  at  Covent  Garden  ISTov.  28, 1788. 
It  is  taken  from  Madame  de  Oenlis. 

Child  of  the  Sea.  The  legendary  Amadis  de 
Gaul,  who,  being  illegitimate,  was  set  adrift 
upon  the  sea  in  his  cradle  by  his  mother  to 
hide  her  shame. 

Children  (chil'dren),  John  George.  Bom  at 
Tunbridge,  England,  May  18, 1777:  died  at  Hal- 
stead  Place,  Kent,  Jan.  1,  1852.  An  English 
physicist  and  naturalist,  best  known  for  his 
experiments  in  electricity.  He  was  a  secretary  of 
the  Eoyal  Society  1826-27  and  1830-37,  and  was  librarian 
in  the  department  of  antiquities  in  the  British  Museum 
1816-40. 

Children  in  the  Wood,  or  Babes  in  the  Wood. 

An  old  English  ballad,  of  unknown  authorship, 
preserved  In  Eltson's,  Percy's,  and  other  col- 
lections. The  ballad  was  entered  in  the  "  Stationers' 
Kegister  "  in  1695.  In  1601  a  play  was  published  "  of  a 
young  child  murthered  in  a  wood  by  two  ruffins  with  the 
consent  of  hisunkle."  The  plot  of  this  play  was  undoubt- 
edly derived  from  the  Italian,  and  the  ballad  may  have 
been  produced  from  the  same  source.    Child. 

Children  of  the  Mist.  A  band  of  Highland 
outlaws  in  Scott's  "Legend  of  Montrose." 
There  is  a  famous  picture  with  this  title  by 
Landseer. 

Childs  (childz),  George  William.  Bom  at 
Baltimore,  Md.,  May  12,  1829 :  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, Feb.  3, 1894.  An  American  publisher 
and  philanthropist.  Publisher  of  the  "Public 
Ledger  "in  Philadelphia  1864r-94. 
Chile  (chil'e;  8p.  pron.  che'li),  or  Chili  (ehil'i;. 
[Probably  from  the  Quichua  chiri,  cold.]  A 
republic  of  South  America,  capital  Santiago, 
lying  between  Peru  on  the  north,  Bolivia  and 
the  Argentine  Republic  on  the  east,  and  the 
Pacific  Ocean  on  the  south  and  west,  it  has 
23  provinceg :  Aconcagua,  Antof agasta,  Arauco,  Atacama, 
Biobio,  Cautin,  Chiloe,  Colchagua,  Concepcion,  Coquimbo, 
Curicd,  Linares,  Llanquihue,  Malleco,  Maule,  Nuble, 
O'Higgins,  Santiago,  Tacna,  Talca,  Tarapac4,  Valdivla, 
and  Valparaiso,  and  one  territory,  Magallanes.  It  lies 
between  the  crest  of  the  Andes  on  the  east  and  the  Paci- 
fic on  the  west;  in  the  northern  part  portions  east  of 
the  western  Andes  are  included.  The  mountains  ram- 
'  ify,  connecting  with  a  lower  coast-chain,  and  includ- 
ing  extensive  plains  and  valleys.  It  exports  niter,  copper, 
silver,  wool,  wheat,  etc.  The  government  is  a  republic 
ander  a  president  and  Congress  (Senate  and  Chamber  of 
Deputies).  The  prevailing  religion  is  Eoman  Catholic. 
The  language  is  Spanish,  and  the  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
of  Spanish  descent.  The  name  Chile  was  applied  by  the 
natives  only  to  the  valley  of  Aconcagua,  including  Qui- 
lota ;  it  was  extended  by  the  Spaniards  to  all  their  con- 
quests south  of  the  Atacama  desert.  During  the  17th 
century  the  government  of  Chile  included  considerable 
tracts  east  of  the  Andes.  After  the  revolution  conquests 
were  extended  south  into  Patagonia,  and  by  treaty  with 
Argentina  the  region  was  divided  between  the  two  coun- 
tries, the  boundary  being  the  Andes.  Chile  acquired 
Atacama  and  a  portion  of  southern  Peru  by  the  war  of 
1879-83,  waged  against  Peru  and  Bolivia.  It  was  invaded 
by  Almagro  in  163S;  and  was  first  settled  by  Valdivia 
in  1541.  Long  wars  with  the  Araucanians  followed. 
Independence  was  finally  declared  Feb.  12, 1818.  Area, 
290,829  square  miles.  Population  (1896),  2,712,146. 
Chi-li  (che-le).  A  province  of  northern  China, 
lying  between  Mongolia  on  the  north,  the  Gulf 
of  Chi-li  and  Shan-tung  on  the  east,  Shan-tung 
and  Ho-nan  on  the  south,  and  Shan-si  on  the 
west.    Chief  cities,  Peking,  Tientsin.    Area, 


245 

58,949  square  miles.  Population  (1896),  about 
29,400,000. 

Chi-li,  Gulf  of.    See  Pe-ehi-U. 

Chilianwalla.    See  Chillianwalla. 

Chilka  (chil'ka),  Lake.  A  lagoon  of  India,  in 
Orissa,  near  the  Bay  of  Bengal. 

Chilian  (ohel-ySn').  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Nuble,  Chile,  about  lat.  36°  35' S.,  long. 
72°  10'  W.  There  are  mineral  springs  in  the 
vicinity.    Population  (1892)  about  25,000. 

Chillianwalla,  or  Chilianwalla  (chil''''i-an- 
wal'a).  A  town  in  the  Panjab,  British  In(£a, 
near'the  river  Jhelum,  in  lat.  32°  45'  N.,  long. 
73°  35'  E.  Here,  Jan.,  1849,  a  battle  occurred  between 
the  British  army  (about  16,000),  under  Lord  Gough,  and  the 
Sikhs  (about  23,000).  It  was  technically  a  British  victory. 
Loss  of  the  British  force,  2,400. 

Chillicothe  (ohil-i-koth'e).  A  city  and  the 
county-seat  of  Ross  County,  southern  OMo, 
situated  on  the  Scioto  45  miles  south  of  Co- 
lumbus. It  was  the  State  capital  until  1810. 
Population  (1900),  12,976. 

Chillingham  (chil'ing-am).  A  village  in  the 
northern  part  of  Northimiberland,  England, 
11  miles  northwest  of  Alnwick. 

Chillingworth  (ohU'ing-wferth),  Roger.  The 
injurea  and  malicious  husband  of  Hester 
Prynne  in  Hawthorne's  romance  "The  Soar- 
let  Letter." 

Chillingworth,  William.  Bom  at  Oxford, 
England,  Oct.,  1602:  died  at  Chichester,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  30, 1644.  A  noted  English  divine  and 
controversialist.  He  was  graduated  at  Oxford  (B.  A. 
1620),  became  a  fellow  of  Trinity  College  1628,  was  con- 
verted to  Bomanism  about  1630,  returned  to  Protestant- 
ism 1634,  was  made  a  chancellor  of  Salisbury  1638,  and 
became  a  member  of  the  Koyalist  army.  He  was  captured 
by  Waller  at  Arundel  Castle,  Dec.  9, 1643.  The  most  fa- 
mous of  his  works  is  "The  Keligion  of  Protestants,  a  Safe 
Way  to  Salvation,  etc."  (1637). 

Chillip  (ohU'ip),  Mr.  A  mild  and  gentle  little 
doctor  who  attendedMrs.Copperfield,  in  Charles 
Dickens's  "David  Copperfield." 

Chillon  (she-y6n').  A  castle  in  Vaud,  Switzer- 
land, at  the  e  astern  end  of  Lake  Geneva,  it  cov- 
ers an  isolated  rock  on  the  edge  of  the  lake,  and  is  a 
very  picturesque  combination  of  semicircular  and  square 
towers  and  machicolated  curtains  grouped  about  a  higher 
central  tower.  It  is  famous  in  literature  and  song  (Byron), 
especially  as  the  prison  of  Bonnivard  (1530-36),  a  defender 
of  Swiss  liberties  against  the  Duke  of  Savoy  in  the  16th 
century.  The  castle  is  of  very  early  foundation,  though, 
as  it  now  stands,  essentially  of  the  13th  century.  Some  of 
the  rooms  preserve  curious  wooden  ceilings,  and  the  mas- 
sive ribbed  vaulting  of  the  two-aisled  dungeon-crypt  is 
impressive.  It  was  taken  by  the  Bernese  in  1536,  and  was 
used  for  a  state  prison  in  the  18th  century,  and  later  as  an 
arsenal. 

Chllmari  (chil-ma're),  Hindustani  Chalamari 
(ehal-a-ma're) .  A  town  in  the  district  of  Rung- 
pur,  Bengal,  British  India,  in  lat.  25°  25'  N., 
long.  89°  40'  E.,  on  the  Brahmaputra.  It  is  the 
seat  of  a  religious  and  commercial  festival. 

Ohilo^  (che-16-a').  1.  A  southern  province 
of  Chile,  including  the  island  of  Chilo6  and 
the  islands  to  lat.  47°  S.  Area,  3,995  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  79,514.—  2.  An  is- 
land in  the  province  of  Chilo6,  west  of  the 
mainland,  discovered  by  the  Spaniards  in  1558. 
Length,  120  miles.  Greatest  width,  40  miles. 
The  chief  town  of  island  and  province  is  An- 
cud,  or  San  Carlos. 

Chilon  (M'lon),  or  Chile  (ki'lo).  [Gr.  X€i?i,av, 
Xlhjv.']  Lived  in  the  first  part  of  the  6th  cen- 
tury B.  c.  A  Spartan,  one  of  the  "  Seven 
Sages"  of  Greece,  He  was  ephoreponymos  at  Sparta 
556  B.  0.,  and  is  said  to  have  died  of  joy  caused  by  the  vic- 
tory of  his  son  in  boxing  at  the  Olympic  games. 

Chllperic  (ohil'pe-rik)  I.  Died  584.  King  of 
Neustria  561-584.  He  murdered  his  second  wife,  the 
West-Gothic  princess  Galeswintha,  sister  of  Brunehaut  of 
Austrasia,  in  order  to  marry  his  mistress  Fredegunde, 
thereby  bringing  on  a  war  with  the  husband  of  Brunehaut, 
his  brother  Sigebert  I.  of  Austrasia. 

Chiltem  Hills  (chil'tern  hilz).  A  range  of  low 
chalk  hills  in  Oxfordshire,  Bucks,  Hertfordshire, 
and  Bedfordshire,  England. 

Chiltern  Hundreds  (chil'tSmhuu'dredz).  The 
three  himdreds  of  Stoke,  Desborough,  and  Bo- 
denham,  in  Buckinghamshire.  The  stewardship  of 
the  Chiltem  Hundreds  (originally  an  office  charged  with 
the  suppression  of  the  robbers  who  infested  the  Chiltern 
Hills)  is  a  nominal  office,  conferred  upon  a  member  of 
Parliament  who  wishes  to  resign  his  seat,  such  resignation 
being  impossible  unless  the  member  is  disqualifled  by  the 
acceptance  of  a  place  of  honor  and  profit  under  the  crown, 
or  by  some  other  cause.  The  place  is  in  the  gift  of  the 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer. 

Chilula  (chU'o-la).  A  division  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians.  They  formerly  lived  in  Humboldt 
County,  California,  but  were  removed  to  the  Hnpa  reser- 
vation and  absorbed.    See  Weitspekan. 

Chimaera  (ka-me'ra).  [Gr.  Xi/iajjoa.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  fire-breathing  monster  of  divine 


Chimihuahua 

origin  (according  to  Hesiod,  a  daughter  of  Ty- 
phaon  and  Echidna),  having  the  fore  part  that 
of  a  lion,  the  middle  that  of  a  goat,  and  the  hind 
part  that  of  a  dragon :  also  represented  as  having 
three  heads— a  lion's,  a  goat's,  and  a  dragon's. 
It  was  often  shown  in  art  as  having  a  goat's  head  in  the 
middle  of  the  back  and  a  dragon's  head  at  the  end  of  the 
taiL    It  dwelt  in  Lycia,  and  was  slain  by  Bellerophon. 

Chimakuan  (ohim-a-ko'an).  A  linguistic  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  embracing  the 
Chimakum  (from  which  it  is  named)  and  Qui- 
leute  tribes,  it  formerly  occupied  the  western  coast 
of  Puget  Sound,  from  Port  Townsend  to  Port  Ludlow,  and 
a  small  area  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  Washington,  thirty 
miles  below  Cape  Flattery,  about  Quileute  lliver.  They 
are  the  remnant  of  a  once  powerful  body  which  occupied 
the  entire  coast  region  from  Port  Townsend  to  the  Qui- 
leute country  on  the  Pacific,  the  Salishan  tribes  separating 
the  two  Chimakuan  branches  being  intruders.  They  are 
now  confined  to  reservations  in  Washington,  and  number 
about  300. 

Chimakum  (chim'a-kum),  more  correctly 
Tsemakum  (tsem'a-kum).  A  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  which  formerly  occupied 
the  coast  of  Puget  Sound,  "Washington,  from 
Port  Townsend  to  Port  Ludlow.  Their  wars  with 
their  Salishan  neighbors  early  reduced  their  number,  and 
in  1853  they  amounted  to  only  90  souls,  living  in  about 
15  lodges :  subsequently  placed  on  the  Skokomisli  reser- 
vation, Washington.  They  are  now  practically  extinct. 
See  Chimakuan, 

Chimalakwe  (ohi-mal'a-kwa).  A  tribe  of 
North  American  Indians  formerly  living  on  New 
River,  a  tributary  of  the  Trinity,  California. 
It  was  once  a  comparatively  populous  tribe,  but  cliiefly 
through  constant  aggression  by  the  Hnpa,  who  exacted  an 
annual  tribute,  was  overpowered  and  as  a  tribe  became 
extinct.    See  Chimarikan. 

Chimalpain  Quautlehuanitzfn  (ohe-mal-pin' 
kwa-o-tle-wa-ne-tsen'),  Juan  Bautista  de 
San  Anton  Munon.  Lived  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  16th  century.  A  Mexican  Indian,  a  de- 
scendant of  the  chiefs  of  Ameoameoa.  He  was 
educated  by  the  Franciscans,  and  taught  in  their  college 
of  Santiago  Tlatelolco.  He  wrote  several  works  on  ancient 
Aztec  history,  and  is  said  to  have  written  one  on  the  con- 
quest :  these  are  known  only  in  manuscript.  The  "His- 
toria  de  las  Conquistas  de  Hema^o  Cortes,"  at^buted  to 
him,  is  merely  a  translation  of  Gotoara. 

Chimalpopoca  (ehe-mal-p6-p6'ka).  The  third 
rxiler  of  ancient  Mexico,  from  1417  to  1428,  or 
according  to  other  chronologies  foom  1410  to 
1422.  He  was  the  brother  of  his  predecessor,  Huitzili- 
huitl.  He  interfered  in  a  quarrel  of  rival  Tepanec  chiefs, 
was  seized  by  one  of  them,  Maxtla,  and  committed  suicide 
while  in  confinement. 

Chimanos.    See  Jwmanas. 

Chimarikan  (chim-a-re'kan).  A  linguistic 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  comprising 
the  Chimariko  and  Chimalakwe  tribes,  former- 
ly living  on  Trinity  and  New  rivers.  Trinity 
County,  California.  They  were  once  comparatively 
numerous,  but  constant  oppression  by  the  Hupa  Indians, 
as  well  as  by  the  early  white  settlers,  has  resulted  in  their 
extinction  as  tribes. 

Chimariko  (chim-a-re'ko).  A  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  which  formerly  inhabited 
the  banks  of  Trinity  River,  California,  from 
Burnt  Ranch  northward  to  the  junction  of  the 
north  and  south  forks.  It  was  reduced  to  about  six 
individuals  in  1876,  and  is  now  probably  extinct.  See 
Chimarikan. 

Chimay  (she-ma').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hainaut,  Belgium,  32  miles  southeast  of  Mons. 
Place  of  Froissart's  death.  Population  (1890), 
3,808. 

Chimay,  Frincesse  de  (Jeanne  Marie  Ignace 
Ther^se  de  Cabarrus).  Born  at  Saragossa, 
Spain,  July  31, 1773:  died  at  Brussels,  Belgium, 
Jan.  15,  1835.  The  daughter  of  the  Comte  de 
Cabarrus,  married  at  an  early  age  to  the  Marquis 
de  Fontenay,  who  obtained  a  divorce  from  her 
in  1793.  In  the  same  year  she  made  the  acquaintance 
at  Bordeaux  of  Tallien,  whom  she  married,  and  on  whose 
career  in  the  Convention  she  exercised  a  profound  infiu- 
ence.  Having  procured  a  divorce  from  Tallien  in  1802,  she 
married  in  1805  the  Comte  de  Caraman,  who  subsequently 
became  prince  of  Chimay. 

Chimay;  Principality  of.  A  small  principal- 
ity in  Hainault.  It  passed  in  1804  to  the 
present  possessors  (French  family  De  Riquet 
de  Caraman). 

Chimborazo  (ehim-bo-ra'zo;  Sp.  pron.  chem- 
bo-ra'tho).  A  province  of  western  Ecuador. 
Population,  122,300. 

Chimborazo.  One  of  the  highest  mountains  of 
the  Andes,  situated  in  Ecuador  in  lat.  1°  30' 
S. ,  long.  79°  W.  It  was  nearly  ascended  by  Humboldt 
in  1802,  and  was  ascended  by  Whymper  in  1880.  Height 
(Whymper),  20,498  feet;  height  above  the  plain  of  Quito, 
about  12,000  feet. 

Chim^ne  (she-man').  The  faithful  daughter  of 
Don  Gomfes  in  CorneUle's  tragedy  "  The  Cid." 

Chimes,  The.  Dickens's  Christmas  story  for 
1844. 

Chimihuahua.    See  Chemehuevi. 


Ohimniesyan 

Chinunesyail  (ohim'ma-se-an).  [From  the 
name  of  the  Ts'emsian  tribe,  signifying  '  on  the 
Kai&n  (Skeena)  river.']  A  linguistic  stock  of 
North  American  Indians  inliabiting  the  region 
of  the  Nasse  and  Skeena  rivers,  British  Colum- 
bia, and  nearly  all  the  Pacific  islands  near  the 
coast  between  lat.  52°  15'  and  55°  N.  it  embraces 
the  Nasqa  and  Ts'emsian  or  Isimshian  divisions,  which 
comprise  a  number  of  tribes.  The  estimated  number  is 
6,000.  In  1887  about  1,000  removed  to  Annette  Island,  60 
miles  north  of  the  southern  boundary  of  Alaska,  where  they 
are  making  rapid  progress  in  civilization. 
Ghimsian.  See  Tsimshian. 
Chiuiu  (ehe'mo),  also  as  pi.  CMmus.  [Prom 
the  title  of  their  sovereign.]  An  ancient  civi- 
lized nation  of  the  Peruvian  coast-valleys,  be- 
tween lat.  3°  and  11°  S.  They  were  entirely  distinct 
from  the  Incas  in  language,  architecture,  and  customs.  Ac- 
cording to  tradition  they  came  from  beyond  sea^  and  drove 
out  the  savages  who  had  occupied  this  region. 
Chimu.  The  name  given  by  arohseologists,  to 
the  ruins  of  the  capital  and  chief  city  of  the 
Chimu  people,  on  the  sea-shore  about  4  miles 
north  of  Truxillo,  Peru.  The  remains  cover  a  space 
15  miles  long  and  5  or  6  broad,  and  embrace  the  walls  of 
vast  palaces  and  temples,  some  of  them  ornamented  with 
arabesque  work  and  paintings.  An  aqueduct  many  miles 
long  supplied  the  city  with  water,  which  was  received  in 
large  reservoirs.  There  are  several  sepulchral  mounds 
from  which  many  objects  of  interest  have  been  obtained. 
China (ohi'na).  [P. CM»e,Sp.Pg. China,lt. Cina, 
ML .  China,  Sina,  Ar.Sin;  in  Gr. ,  asthe  name  of  the 
people,  Slvai,  Qlvai  (Ptolemy),  a  name  of  uniden- 
tified Eastern  origin.  Another  name  known  to 
the  ancients  was  L.  Serica,  Gr.  StipiK^  (Ptolemy), 
from  L.  Seres,  Gtr.  S^pec,  the  people.  In  later 
times  Cathay  {Kitai).  Chinese  designations, 
Chung  Kwoh  ('Middle  Kingdom'),  Chung  Hwa 
Kwoh  ('Middle  Flowery  Kingdom'),  etc.]  The 
most  important  division  of  the  Chinese  empire, 
extending  from  about  lat.  18°  N.  to  Mongolia 
and  Manchuria  on  the  north,  it  comprises  18 
provinces :  Chihli,  Shantung,  Shansi,  Shensi,  Kansu,  Ho- 
nan,  Anhwei,  Kiangsu,  Chekiang,  Fuhkien,  Kiangsi,  Hu- 
peh,  Hunan,  Sz'chuen,  Kweichow,  Yunnan,  Kwangsi, 
Kwangtung.  The  capital  is  Peking.  The  surface,  except 
in  part  in  the  northeast,  is  largely  mountainous,  with 
many  of  the  summits  attaining  an  elevation  of  10,000- 
11,000  feet.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Peiho,  HWangho, 
Yangtsz*  Kiang,  Min,  and  Pearl.  The  leading  products 
are  rice,  tea,  silk,  cotton,  sugar,  pulse,  cereals,  tobacco, 
coal,  iron,  copper,  etc.  The  chief  exports  are  tea,  silk, 
straw  goods,  porcelain,  etc.  The  government  is  adminis- 
tered by  viceroys  of  provinces,  who  report  to  the  central 
autocratic  power  at  Peking.  The  principal  religions  are 
Sinism,  Buddhism,  and  Taoism:  the  philosophical  system 
known  as  Confucianism  is  sometimes  erroneously  classed 
with  them.  The  Chinese  assign  a  fabulously  early  origin 
to  their  nation.  Among  the  semi-mythical  kings  is  Fuhi. 
From  about  the  era  of  Confucius  (in  the  6th  century  B.  o.) 
the  dates  become  more  trustworthy.  In  theSd  century  B.  c. 
was  the  Tsin  dynasty  which  built  the  Great  Wall.  To  it 
succeeded  the  Han  dynasty  when  the  empire  was  consoli- 
dated. Buddhism  was  introduced  in  the  1st  century  A.  B. 
Soon  after  the  empire  became  disorganized,  but  was  again 
consolidated  about  600.  There  followed  a  brilliant  period, 
especially  in  literature,  interrupted  by  Tatar  attacks. 
Jenghlz  Khan  occupied  the  northern  portion  of  the  em- 
pire in  1216,  and  the  Mongol  dynasty  was  fully  established 
by  Hublai  Khan  in  1280.  The  Ming  dynasty  followed  in 
1368.  In  the  16th  century  Portugal  obtained  a  foothold  at 
Macao.  The  present  Manchu  dynasty  of  Tsiug  acceded  in 
16i4.  The  empire  attained  a  westward  extension  in  the 
18th  century.  The  Opium  War  with  Great  Britain  began 
in  1840,  and  ended  in  1842  with  the  cession  of  Hong-Kong 
and  the  opening  of  certain  treaty  ports :  ports  were  opened 
to  France  and  the  United  States  in  1844.  The  Taiping 
rebellion  (which  see)  broke  out  in  1850,  and  was  suppressed 
in  1864.  Meanwhile  Anglo-French  wars  in  1856-58  and 
1859-60  resulted  in  the  victory  of  the  allies.  China  ceded 
the  Amur  country  to  Hussia  in  1858.  In  1881  she  recov- 
ered Kuldja  from  Russia.  War  with  France  1884-86  ter- 
minated in  favor  of  the  French.  In  1894  disturbances  in 
Korea,  whither  Chinese  and  Japanese  troops  were  de- 
spatched, led  to  the  seizure  of  the  Korean  government  by 
Japan  and  a  war  (declared  July  31)  between  that  country 
and  China  in  which  the  latter  was  completely  defeated 
on  land  and  sea.  A  treaty  of  peace,  which  included  the 
payment  of  a  heavy  Indemnity  by  China,  the  cession  of 
Formosa,  the  independence  of  Korea,  and  other  conces- 
sions, was  signed  April  16,  1895.  Toward  the  end  of  1899 
an  uprising  headed  by  the  Boxers  (which  see)  against  na- 
tive Christians  and  foreigners  began,  which  resulted,  in 
June,  1900,  in  an  attack  upon  the  foreign  legations  in^ 
Peking,  and  the  murder  of  the  Japanese  secretary  of  le-' 
gation  and  the  German  minister,  Baron  von  Ketteler. 
The  legations  were  besieged  and  cut  off  from  communi- 
cation with  the  outside  world.  Their  relief  was  at  once 
undertaken  by  their  governments.  The  first  expedition 
under  Admiral  Seymour  (June  10-26)  from  Tientsin  was 
unsuccessful,  and  a  second  one  was  organized.  The  Taku 
forts  were  taken  June  17;  Tientsin  was  recaptured  July 
14 ;  and  Peking  was  captured  Aug.  14.  Area  of  China 
proper,  estimated,  1,600,000  square  miles;  with  the  terri- 
tory of  Sin-Tsiang,  sometimes  recognized  as  a  19th  prov- 
ince, about  2,100,000  square  miles ;  population,  348,000,- 
000.  Area  of  the  whole  empire,  4,218,401  square  miles ; 
population  (1896),  estimated,  428,908,206. 
Ohinalaph.  (she-na-laf ').  The  ancient  name  of 
the  Sheliff. 

Chinandega  (che-nan-da'ga).  A  town  in 
Nicaragua,  Central  America,  situated  about  20 
miles  northwest  of  Leon,  jpopulation  (1889), 
8,000. 


246 

OMnantecs  (ehe-nan-teks'),  or  OMnantlas 

(ehe-nant'las).  An  ancient  tribe  of  Mexican, 
Indians  who  at  the  time  of  the  conquest  occu- 
pied the  Sierra  Madre  Mountains,  about  200 
miles  southeast  of  Mexico  City.  They  had  little 
civilization,  but  were  bold  warriors,  using  long  lances 
tipped  with  obridian  or  copper.  They  had  been  con- 
quered by  the  Aztecs,  and,  anxious  to  avenge  theirwrongs, 
they  sent  two  thousand  warriors  to  aid  Cortes  in  the  siege 
of  Mexico.  The  Chinantecs  are  now  amalgamated  with 
other  tribes.  Their  language,  which  was  very  harsh  and 
guttural,  has  been  preserved  only  in  the  "  Boctrina  "  of  the 
missionary  Barreda,  published  in  1730. 

Chinantla  (ohe-nant'la).  The  ancient  name 
for  the  mountainous  region  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  present  state  of  Oajaca,  Mexico, 
occupied  by  the  Chinanteo  Indians. 

China  Sea  (chi'na  se).  That  part  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean  which  is  included  between  China,  Indo- 
China,  Bornfeo,  the  Philippines,  and  Formosa. 
Its  chief  indentations  are  the  gulfs  of  Siam  and  Tongking. 
It  is  noted  for  its  typhoons,  and  notorious  for  piracy. 
Sometimes  the  name  is  used  to  include  also  the  Yellow 
Sea. 

Chincha  Islands  (ohia'chii  or,  as  Sp.,  ohen'cha 
i'landz).  Three  small  islands  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lima,  Peru,  in  lat.  13°  40'  S.,  long. 
76°  20'  W.,  12  miles  from  Pisco,  long  noted  for 
their  guano  deposits,  now  exhausted. 

ChiucEas  (chen'chaz).  An  ancient  people  of 
Peru  who  occupied  the  coast  valleys  south  of 
the  Chimu  people,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  present 
site  of  Lima.  They  were  of  Quichua  origin,  and  had 
attained  a  considerable  degree  of  civilization  before  they 
were  conquered  by  the  Inca  Tupac  Yupanqui,  about  1460. 
Their  renowned  temples  of  E,imac  and  Pachacamac 
(which  see)  were  preserved  by  the  conquerors  and  held 
in  great  veneration.  The  cemeteries  of  the  Chiucfaas  were 
of  vast  extent,  the  dead  being  buried  in  a  sitting  position 
in  baskets  or  sacks.  Owing  to  the  dryness  of  the  climate 
these  bodies  were  naturally  desiccated :  many  have  been 
exhumed,  and  are  the  so-called  "Peruvian  mummies  "  of 
the  museums. 

Chinchaycocha  (ohen-chi-ko'cha),  or  Laguna 
de  Junin  or  Beyes,  A  lake  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Junin,  Peru,  in  lat.  10°  50'  S.,  long. 
75°  40'  "W. 

Chinchay-suyu  (ohen-chi-so'yo),  or  Chincha- 
suyu  (ohen-cha-s6'yo).  A  great  jjrovinee  of 
the  Inca  empire  of  Peru,  comprising  the  re- 
gion north  of  Cuzco,  including  eventually  Quito 
and  the  region  of  the  Upper  Maranon. 

Chlnchero  (ohenT-oha'ro).  A  village  about  15 
miles  north  of  Cuzco,  Peru.  It  was  an  ancient 
country-seat  of  the  Incas,  and  Vira-Cocha  built  a  palace 
there.  The  walls  of  this,  with  the  surrounding  buildings, 
remain  in  an  almost  perfect  state. 

Chinchew,  or  Chinchu,  or  Chincheu  (chin- 
chu').  1.  A  name  given  to  the  city  of  Chang- 
chau,  in  Fu-kien,  China,  50  miles  northeast  of 
Amoy :  formerly  an  important  port,  and  prob- 
ably identical  with  the  medieval  Zaitiln  or  Zay- 
ton. —  3.  A  name  given  by  the  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  (and  formerly  by  the  English)  to 
Chang-chau  (which  see),  southwest  of  Amoy. 

Chincnilla  (ohen-ehel'ya).  Atown  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Albacete,  Spain,  lat.  38°  54'  N.,  long. 
1°  43'  W. 

Chinchon  (chen-chon').  A  small  town  in  Spain, 
southeast  of  Madrid. 

Chinchon,  Count  of.  Viceroy  of  Peru.  See 
Cabrera  JBobadilla  Cerda  y  Mendoza. 

Chinchon  (chen-chon').  Ana,  Countess  of. 
Born  at  Astorga,  Castile,  in  1576 :  died  at  Car- 
tagena, Dec,  1639.  A  Spanish  lady,  daughter 
of  the  eighth  Marquis  of  Astcga.  She  married 
Don  liuis  de  Velasco,  marquis  of  Salinas,  twice  viceroy  of 
Mexico  and  once  of  Peru ;  and,  after  his  death,  Don  Luis 
Geronymo  de  Cabrera,  count  of  Chinchon,  who  was  aj)- 
pointed  viceroy  of  Peru  in  1629.  During  her  second  resi- 
dence in  Lima  she  was  attacked  with  a  tertian  ague,  and 
was  cured  by  some  powdered  Peruvian  bark  which  had 
been  sent  to  her  physician  by  the  corregidor  of  Loxa,  Don 
Juan  Lopez  de  Canizares.  When  the  countess  embarked 
for  Spain  she  carried  a  quantity  of  the  bark  with  her. 
She  died  on  the  voyage,  at  Cartagena,  Dec,  1639,  but  it 
was  through  her  cure  that  the  cinchona  bark  was  first  in- 
troduced into  Europe.  In  honor  of  her  Linneeus  named  the 
genus  of  quinine-bearing  pla,nts  Cinchona,  or,  as  it  should 
have  been  written,  Chinchona. 

Chindwara  (chiud-wa'ra).  1.  A  district  in 
the  Nerbudda  division  of  the  Central  Provinces, 
British  India,  situated  about  lat.  22°  N.,  long. 
79°  E.  Area,  4,630  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  407,494.-2.  The  chief  town  of  the 
district  of  Clhindwara.  _ 

Chinese  (chi-nes'  or  -nez').  [From  China  and 
-ese;  =  P.  chinois  =  Sp.  ohino  =  Pg.  chinee  =  G. 
chinesisch,  etc.]  1.  sing,  and  ^L  (plural  also 
formerly  CMneses).  A  native  or  natives  of 
China ;  specifically,  a  member  or  members  of 
the  principal  indigenous  race  of  China  proper, 
as  distinguished  from  other  Mougqloids,  such 
as  the  Manohus,  the  present  ruling  race  in  the 
Chinese  empire. — 2.  The  language  of  China. 


Chinsura 

It  is  a  monosyllabic  tongue,  and  on  this  ground  is  gener- 
ally classed  with  the  other  languages  of  the  same  character 
in  southeastern  Asia,  in  Further  India  and  the  Himalayas, 
as  constituting  the  monosyllabic  family.  It  exists  in  many 
dialects,  of  which  the  so-called  Mandarin  is  the  leading 
and  official  one.  It  is  composed  of  only  about  600  words, 
as  we  should  distinguish  them  in  writing,  all  of  them 
ending  in  a  vowel-sound  or  in  a  nasal,  although  some  of  the 
dialects  still  retain  final  mutes,  lost  in  Mandarin.  This 
small  body  of  words,  however,  is  raised  to  1,600  by  differ- 
ences of  the  tone  of  tterance,  as  rising,  falling,  even, 
abrupt,  and  so  on.  The  language  is  without  inflection,  and 
even  without  distinction  of  parts  of  speech ;  but  words  are 
classed  as  "full"  or  "empty,"  according  as  they  are  used 
with  their  full  meaning  or  as  auxiliaries  In  forming 
phrases :  like  our  will  and  have  in  "  I  mil  it,"  "  they  have 
it,"  on  the  one  hand,  and  in  "theywiU  have  seen  it,"  on 
the  other.  Chinese  records  go  back  to  about  2000  B.  c,  and 
the  literature  is  immense  and  varied.  The  mode  of 
writing  is  by  signs  that  represent  each  a  single  word  in 
one  of  its  senses  or  in  a  certain  set  of  senses.  'The  signs 
are  of  ideographic  or  hieroglyphic  origin ;  but  the  greater 
part  of  them  at  present  are  compound,  and  many  contain 
a  phonetic  element  along  with  an  ideographic.  They  num- 
ber in  the  dictionaries  about  40,000 ;  but  only  the  smaller 
part  of  these  are  in  current  and  familiar  use.  They  are 
written  in  perpendicular  columns,  and  the  columns  follow 
one  another  from  right  to  left.  The  language  and  mode 
of  writing  havebeen  carried  to  the  neighboring  nations  that 
have  received  their  culture  from  China,  especially  Japan, 
Corea,  and  Annam,  and  have  been  more  or  less  borrowed 
or  adopted  by  such  nations. 

Chinese  Empire.  An  empire  of  Asia,  bounded 
by  Asiatic  Russia  on  the  north,  the  Pacific  on 
the  east,  Tongking  and  India  on  the  south,  and 
the  Pamirs  and  Asiatic  Eussiaon  the  west. 
It  includes  China  proper,  or  the  eighteen  provinces,  and 
Its  dependencies,  Manchuria,  Mongolia,  Tibet,  Eastern 
Turkestan,  and  Dzungaria.  The  Independence  of  Korea 
is  now  acknowledged.    See  China. 

Chinese  Gordon.    See  Gordon. 

Chinese  Tatary.  A  name  given  vaguely  to  a 
vast  region  in  the  northern  and  northwestern 
parts  of  the  Chinese  empire,  including  Mongo- 
lia, Dzungaria,  Eastern  Turkestan:  sometimes 
restricted  to  Eastern  Turkestan. 

Chinese  Turkestan.  A  dependency  of  China, 
sometimes  called  Little  Bokhara,  or  East  Tur- 
kestan (which  see). 

Ching-hai  (ching-hi'),  or  Chin-hae  (ohin-hi'). 
A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Chekiang,  China, 
12  miles  northeast  of  Ningpo.  It  was  taken  by 
the  English  in  1841. 

Chingiz  Khan.     See  Jenghiz  Klian. 

Chingleput  (ching-gle-puf),  or  Ohengalpatt. 
1.  A  district  of  India,  in  Madras. — 2.  The 
chief  town  of  the  district,  situated  35  miles 
southwest  of  Madras.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1761,  by  Clive  in  1762,  and  was  besieged  by  Hyder  All 
1780-81. 

Ching^  River.    See  Xing4. 

Chin-kiang  (chin-ke-ang').  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Kiangsu,  China,  in  lat.  32°  10'  N.,  long, 
119°  28'  E.,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Grand  Canal  with  the  Yangtsz'.    It  is  a  treaty 

fort.  It  was  taken  by  the  English  July  21, 
842.     Population,  135,000. 

Chingtu(ching-to').  Thecapitalof  the  province 
of  Szeohuen,  China,  situated  on  the  river  Min- 
Kiang. 

Chin-India.    See  Indo-China. 

Chinon  (she-n6n').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Indre-et-Loire,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Vi- 
enne  26  miles  southwest  of  Tours.  It  contains  a 
ruined  castle,  a  royal  residence  from  the  12th  century  to 
the  reign  of  Henry  I V.  The  remains  occupy  a  large  rock- 
platform.  The  exterior  walls  are  ruinous,  except  the  high 
towers.  The  royal  apartments  are  chiefly  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury, and  include  armory,  kitchen  and  other  commons, 
the  king's  room,  the  great  hall,  where  Charles  VII.  first 
saw  Jeanne  d'Aro,  etc.  The  great  keep  is  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury. Chinon  haa  a  considerable  trade.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  6,119. 

Chinook  (ehi-nfik'),  or  Tchinnk,  or  Tsinuk. 

[PI.,  also  Chinoolcs.']  The  principal  tribe  of 
the  Lower  Chinook  division  of  North  American 
Indians.  Its  former  habitat  was  from  Gray's  Bay,  Wash- 
ington, on  the  north  shore  of  Columbia  Itiver  to  its  laoutii, 
and  the  strip  of  coast  northward  as  far  as  and  including 
Shoalwater  Bay.  There  were  100  left  in  1857.  There  still 
remain  three  or  four  families  about  six  mUes  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia-    See  ChinooJcan. 

Chinookan  (chi-niik'an).  [Prom  Chinook  and 
-a«.]  A  linguistic  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,  named  after  the  Chinook,  the  leading 
tribe.  Their  former  habitat  was  Oregon  and  Washing- 
ton, on  both  sides  of  the  Columbia  River  from  the  Dalles, 
about  200  miles  from  its  mouth,  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
along  the  coast  in  both  directions,  northward  nearly  to 
the  northern  extremity  of  Shoalwater  Bay,  Washington, 
and  southward  to  about  Tillamook  Head,  Oregon,  20  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  Biver.  The  stock  is  di- 
vided into  Upper  and  Lower  Chinook.  The  principal 
tribes  remaining  are  the  Artsmilsh,  Chinook,  and  Clatsop 
of  the  Lower  Chinook;  and  the  Cathlamet,  Clackama, 
Wasco,  and  Watlala  of  the  Upper  Chinook.  They  number 
between  600  and  600,  and  are  now  chiefly  on  reservations 
in  Oregon  and  Washington, 

Chinsura  (ohin-so'ra).  Atown  in  Bengal,  Brit- 
ish India,  situated  on  the  Hugli  24  miles  north 


ChinBura 

of  Calcutta:  the  seat  of  Hugli  College,  it  was 
settled  by  the  Dutch  In  1666,  and  ceded  to  the  English  in 
1824     It  18  now  included  In  Hugll  (which  see). 

Chintamani  (ohin-ta'ma-ni).  In  Sanskrit  folk- 
lore, a  "thought  jewel":  a  jewel  that  possesses 
the  magic  power  of  securing  that  to  which  the 
possessor  has  directed  his  thoughts ;  the  philoso- 
pher's stone.  The  word  appears  in  the  names 
of  a  number  of  manuals  and  commentaries. 
See  AiMdJiana-ehintamani. 

Chioggia  (ke-od'ja),  or  Chiozza  (ke-ot'sa).  A 
seaport  in  the  province  of  Venice,  Italy,  situ- 
ated on  the  island  of  Chioggia,  in  the  Gulf  of 
Venice,  15  miles  south  of  ■\^nice.  It  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Genoese  in  1379.  They  were  de- 
feated in  1380  by  the  Venetians.  Population, 
20;000. 

Chios  (H'os),  or  Scio  (si'o  or  she'6).  [Turk. 
iSaki-Adassi.']  An  island  in  the  .^gean  Sea, 
west  of  Asia  Minor,  in  lat.  38°  20'  N.,  long. 
26°  E. ,  formerly  celebrated  for  its  wines  and 
flgs.  It  terms  part  of  the  vilayet  Jesairi-Bahri-Sefld, 
Turkey.  It  was  settled  by  loniaqs ;  joined  the  Athenian 
Confederation  about  477  I3.  0. ;  revolted  412 ;  came  under 
Eoman  dominion  in  the  2d  century  B.  0. ;  and  was  con- 
quered by  the  Genoese  in  the  14th  century,  and  by  the 
Turks  in  the  16tb  century.  It  was  the  scene  of  massacres 
by  the  Turks  in  1822,  and  was  visited  by  earthquakes  in 
1881  and  1882.  Length,  32  miles.  Breadth,  8-18  miles. 
Population,  about  36,000. 

Chios,  or  Kastro.  The  chief  town  of  the  island 
of  Chios,  situated  on  the  east  coast,  it  is  one  of 
the  places  which  claimed  to  be  the  birthplace  of  Homer. 
It  was  nearly  destroyed  by  earthquakes  in  1881. 

Chippawa  (chip'a-wa),  or  Chippewa  (ohip'e- 
wa).  A  manufacturing  village  in  Welland 
County,  Ontario,  Canada,  21  miles  northwest 
of  Buffalo.  Here,  July  5,  1814,  the  Americans  (1,900) 
under  the  immediate  command  of  Scott  defeated  the 
British  (2,100)  under  Riall.  Loss  of  the  Americans,  335 ; 
of  the  British,  503. 

Chippendale  (chip'en-dal),  Thomas.  Plour- 
ished  about  1760.  A  noted  English  furniture- 
maker.  His  business  was  carried  on  in  London. 
His  work  is  heavier  in  design  and  less  tasteful 
than  that  of  Sheraton  and  other  later  cabinet- 
makers. 

Chippenham  (chip'n-am).  Atown  in  Wiltshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Avon  12  miles  north- 
east of  Bath.  It  has  trade  in  grain  and  cheese, 
and  manufactures  cloth,  etc.  Population  (1891), 
4,618. 

Chippewa.     See  Ojibwa. 

Chippewa  (chip'e-wa),  or  Ojibway  (o-jib'wa). 
A  river  of  Wisconsin  which  joins  the  Missis- 
sippi 64  miles  southeast  of  St.  Paul.  Length, 
over  200  miles,   i 

Chippewa  Falls  (chip'e-wa  f  aiz).  A  lumber  city 
in  Chippewa  County,  western  Wisconsin,  situ- 
ated on  Chippewa  River.     Pop.  (1900),  8,094. 

Chippeways.     See  Ojibwa. 

Chipping  Wycombe.    See  Wycombe. 

ChioLuimula  (ohe-ke-mo'la).  The  capital  of  a 
department  of  the  same  name  in  Guatemala, 
Central  America,  situated  62  miles  northeast 
of  Guatemala.    Population  (1893),  est.,  12,562. 

Chiquimula  Isthmus.  The  narrow  portion  of 
Central  America,  between  the  Bay  of  Honduras 
and  the  Pacific.  I 

Chiguinqiuira  (che-ken-ke-ra').  Atown  in  the 
state  of  Boyaod,,  Colombia,  north  of  Bogotd. 
It  is  noted  for  a  shrine  of  the  Virgin  which  has  been 
visited  by  80,000 pilgrims  in  one  year.  Population,  about 
12,000. 

Ohiquitos  (che-ke'tos).  [Sp.,' little.'  The  first 
whites  who  visited  their  country  observed  that 
the  houses  had  very  low  doors,  and  erroneously 
supposed  that  these  Indians  were  below  the 
medium  size  (hence  the  name).]  A  numerous 
race  of  Indians  in  northeastern  Bolivia,  on 
the  lowlands  bordering  the  afSuents  of  the 
Madeira  and  the  Paraguay.  They  were  gathered 
into  mission  villages  in  the  17th  century,  and  were  readily 
civilized  The  Chiquitos  spoke  a  peculiar  language,  and 
were  a  gentle  race,  practising  agriculture.  They  were 
divided  into  a  great  number  of  subtribes,  and  had  no 
general  chief.  Other  tribes  were  joined  to  them  in  the 
mission  villages,  and  adopted  their  language.  The  de- 
scendants of  all  these  are  the  modern  Chiquitos  of  the 
same  region,  numbering  about  20,000.  Most  of  them 
still  speak  their  own  language. 

Chiricahui  (che-re-ka'we).  [Opata,  properly 
Chihut-cahuijturkey-mountam;  tvomchihui,  tur- 
key, and  cahui,  mountain.]  A  mountain-range 
of  southeastern  Arizona,  south  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railroad.  Duringthewars  with  the  Apaches, 
and  earlier,  the  Chiricahui  were  the  refuge  and  strong- 
hold of  some  of  the  wildest  bands,  and  they  gave  their 
name  to  that  band  of  the  tribe  which  has  become  famous 
in  the  outbreaks  since  1880.    See  Apaches.        _ 

Chirigiianos  (she-re-gwa'nos),  or  Xiriguanos, 
or  Siriguanos,  or  Ohirihuanos  (she-re-wa- 
nos').    An  Indian  tribe  of  Bohvia,  of  the  Tupi 


247 


Chocos 


stock.  They  inhabited  the  lowlands  and  valleys  south  o'  Cases  on  Practice  and  Pleading,  with  Notes  "  (1820-23)^ 
and  ea«t  of  the  present  site  of  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra,  and  "  0°  Commercial  Contracts  "  (1823),  "  A  Treatise  on  Medi- 
were  partially  conquered  by  the  Incas  of  Peru  about  1450.     "^  Jurisprudence  '  (1834),  etc. 

In  1672  they  repulsed  an  Invasion  of  the  Spaniards  under  ChiUSa  San  Michele  (ke-6'sa  san  me-ka'le). 
the  viceroy  Toledo.  They  were  Christianized  in  the  18th  A  village  11  miles  northeast  of  TiitHti  Ttnlv 
century,  and  their  descendants,  to  the  number  of  16,000  f  IT  „„n„T+^I  S^T^®^  ,  ?^  S^'  ,,  ?! 
or  more,  inhabit  the  eastern  highlands  of  Bolivia,  in  the  formerly  called  the  "Gates  of  Lombardy."  It 
provinces  of  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra  and  Chuquisaca.  has  a  noted  Benedictine  abbey. 

Chiriciui  (che-re-ke').    A  lagoon  on  the  north-  Chiusi  (ke-o'se).    A  tovra  in  the  province  of 
em  coast  of  the  isthmus  of  Panama,  west  of    Siena,  Italy^in  lat.  43°  2'  N.,  long.  11°  57'  E.: 


AspinwaU, 

Chiron,  or  Cheiron  (ki'ron).  [Gr.  Xeipmi.'] 
In  Greek  mythology,  a  centaur,  son  of  Kronos 
and  Philyra.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Apollo  and  Artemis, 
the  friend  and  protector  of  Peleus,  and  the  instructor  of 
Achilles.  He  was  renowned  for  his  wisdom  and  skill  in 
medicine,  hunting,  music,  and  prophecy.  He  dwelt  on 
Mount  Pelion,  and  on  his  death  was  placed  by  Zeus  among 
the  stars. 

Chiron.  A  son  of  Tamora,  queen  of  the  Goths, 
in  Shakspere's  (?)  "  Titus  Audronicus." 

Chisedec.     See  Montagnais. 

Chiselhurst  (chiz'l-herst).  A  village  in  Kent, 
England,  9  miles  south  of  London.  It  was 
the  residence  of  Napoleon  III.  1871-73,  and  of 
Eugenie  until  1880. 

Chisleu  (kis-lii').  The  ninth  month  of  the  He- 
brew year,  corresponding  to  November-Decem- 
ber, mentioned  in  Zach.  vii.  1 ;  Neh.  i.  1 ;  1  Mac. 
■   54  and  iv.  59;  2  Mae.  i.  9, 18,  x.  5. 


the  ancient  Clusium  (whence  the  modem  name), 
originally  Camars.  it  has  a  cathedral  and  a  museum 
of  Etruscan  antiquities.  It  contains  an  Etruscan  necrop- 
olis, of  great  extent  and  variety,  remarkable  especially 
for  its  architectural  monuments,  which  are  cut  from  the 
rock,  tier  over  tier,  in  the  form  of  houses  with  beams  and 
rafters.  One  tomb  has  a  circular  chamber  25  feet  in  di- 
ameter, with  a  massive  column  in  the  middle.  Many 
tombs  consist  of  several  chambers,  and  some  are  painted 
with  curious  friezes  representing  games,  dancing,  a  feast, 
etc.  Many  painted  vases,  mirrors,  bronzes,  etc.,  have  been 
found.  The  town  was  one  of  the  twelve  confederated 
Etruscan  cities,  and  the  residence  of  Lars  Porsenna. 

Chivasso  (ke-vas's6).  A  town  ia  the  province 
of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Po  15  miles 
northeast  of  Turin.  Its  fortifications  were  de- 
stroyed by  the  French  in  1804. 

Chivery  (chiv'e-ri),  John,  "  The  sentimental 
son  of  a  turnkey"  in  Charles  Dickens's  "Little 
Dorrit."  He  passed  his  time  in  composing  heartbreak- 
ing epitaphs.  He  was  very  weak  and  small,  but  "great 
of  soul,  poetical,  expansive,  faithful,"  and  in  love  with 
Little  Dorrit, 


I.  54  and  iv.  59;  2  Mae.  i.  9, 18,  x.  5.  In  Assyro- 
Babylonian,  from  which  the  Hebrew  names  of  the  months 
are  derived,  it  is  .ffisKiMM  or  CAisiei)  (K.  v.).    Thenameis  rjliin  J«s  CpMSrl'TiS'*  P.rnHt.  T'lnroTia  PrioilnVh 

Chiswick  (chiz'ik).     A  suburb  of  London,  in 

Middlesex,  situated  on  the  Thames  6  miles  west 

of  Charing  Cross.    Population  (1891),  21,964. 
Chiswick  House.     A  villa  belonging  to  the 

Duke    of  Devonshire,  situated  at  Chiswick.  Chloe 

Pox  died  here  in  1806,  and  Canning  in  1827. 
Chitimachan   (shet-i-mash'an).      [Choctaw, 

'  they  possess  cooking-vessels.']    A  linguistic 

stock  of  North  American  Indians,  represented 

by  the  Shetimasha,  a  once  populous  and  pow- 


Bom  at  Wittenberg,  Prussia,  Nov.  30,  1756: 
died  at  Breslau,  Prussia,  April  4, 1827.  A  Ger- 
man physicist,  noted  for  his  discoveries  in 
acoustics.  His  works  include  "  Entdeckungen  (iber 
die  Theorie  des  Klanges"  (1802),  "DieAkustik"  (1802X 
"  Uber  Eeuermeteore  "  (1819),  etc. 

(klo'e).  [Gr.  'K'k6ri,  the  verdant  or 
blooming.]  1.  A  country  maiden  in  love 
with  Daphnis,  in  the  Greek  romance  "Daphnis 
and  Chloe,"  written  in  the  4th  or  5th  century. 
—  2.  Ashepherdess  in  Sidney's  "Arcadia." — 3. 
The  ambitious  wife  of  an  honest,  commonplace 


erf ul  tribe  which  inhabited  the  shores  of  Grand  citizen  in  Ben  Jonson's  comed,y  "The  Poet- 

or  Chetimashes  Lake,  and  bayous  Plaquemine  aster." — 4.  A  wanton  shepherdess  in  Fletcher's 

and  Lafourche,  Louisiana.    In  1718,  after  a  treaty  "  Faithful  Shepherdess,"  intended  as  a  con- 

with  the  French,  by  whom  they  were  overcome,  they  re-  trast  to  the  chaste  Clorin. 

moved  to  the  mouth  of  Bayou  Lafourche  on  the  Missis-  Ohlopicki  (chlo-pits'ke),  J6zef.     Born  in  Ga- 

Bippi,  near  the  present  Donaldsonville,  where  their  vil-    i;„j„*^Vt~„i,  0,1    v?-?!  .  ^J„.i\t7?t,„„„„  c +   on 

lage  still  existed  in  1784.    The  remnants  o(  the  tribe,  lipja,  March  24, 1771:  died  at  Cracow,  Sept.  30, 
about  60  half-breeds,  are  now  on  Bayou  Plaquemine  and 
at  Charenton,  St.  Maury's  parish,  on  the  southern  shore  of 
Bayou  Ttehe. 

Ohitradurg  (chit-ra-dorg'),  or  Ohitteldrug 


1854.  A  Polish  general.  He  fought  on  the  side  of 
the  French  in  the  Napoleonic  wars,  and  joined  the  Eussian 
service  in  1816,  but  resigned  in  1818.  He  acted  as  dicta- 
tor Dec.  5,  1830,-Jan.  23,  1831,  in  the  revolution  which 
broke  out  at  Warsaw  Nov.  29, 1830.    Having  resigned  in 


V  u"7  i  1  J  ■•  i\  mli.,  „„„:t.,i  „*  +i,„  /Hn^™„+  „*  broke  out  at  Warsaw  JNov.  za,  1830.  uavmg  resigneo  in 
(chlt-tel-drog').  The  capital  of  the  district  of  deference  to  the  opposition  aroused  by  his  lolicy"  which 
Chitradurg,  in  Maisur,  British  India,  in   lat.    sought  to  attain  the  objects  of  the  revolution  by  diplo- 


14°  13'  N.7'long.  76°  23'  E.  It  contains  a  re- 
markable rock-fortress.  It  was  besieged  by 
Hyder  Ali  in  1776,  and  taken  by  him  in  1779. 

Chitrakuta  (chit-ra-ko'ta).  ['Bright  peak.'] 
A  hill  and  district,'  the  modern  Chitrakote  or 
Chataroot,  in  lat.  25°  12'  N.,  long.  80°  47'  E. 
It  was  the  first  habitation  of  Kama  and  Lakshmana  in 
their  exile  after  leaving  Ayodhya,  and,  as  the  holiest  spot 
of  the  worshipers  of  Bama,  was  crowded  with  temples 
and  shrines. 

Chitral  (ehit-ral').     1.  A  small  state  under  the 


macy  rather  than  by  war,  he  fought  with  distinction 
against  the  Russians  until  wounded  in  Feb.,  1831. 
ChloriS  (klo'ris).  [Gr.  XXujOi'f:  x^^P^^j  P^le, 
pallid.]  1.  In  Greek  mythology,  the  goddess 
of  flowers,  wife  of  Zephyrus :  identified  with 
the  Roman  Flora.—  2.  In  Greek  legend,  a  daugh- 
ter of  Amphion  and  Niobe,  who  with  her  bro- 
ther Amyolas  escaped  when  the  other  children 
of  Niobe  were  slain  by  Apollo  and  Artemis. 
In  her  terror  she  turned  perfectly  white  (whence  her 
Another  name  for  her  was  Meliboea. 


name), 
'supremacy  of  Cashmere,   about  lat.  36°  N.,  Chlothar.    See  Ciotoire.  „  .^   _      ,  „ 

long.  72°  E.—  2.  A  town  in  the  state,  on  the  Chnuelnickl(6hinyel-nit|  ke),  Bogdan.^^Born 
Kunar  (or  Kashgar)  River.  ~'  '     "   '         ""   ^"^  ""'    "  """" 

Ghittagong  (ohit-ta-gong').  1.  A  division  in 
eastern  Bengal,  British  India.  Area,  12,118 
square  miles.  Population  (1881),  3,574,048.— 
2.  A  district  in  the  Ghittagong  division,  in  lat. 
21°-23°  N.,  long.  91°  30'-92°  E.     Area,  2,563 


1593 :  died  Aiig.  25,  1657.     A  Cossack  hetman 

of  Polish  descent,  leader  of  the  Cossack  revolt 

about  1648. 

Choate  (ohot),  Rufus.    Bom  at  Essex,  Mass., 

Oct.  1, 1799 :  died  at  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  July 

_    _  13,1859.  A  distinguished  American  lawyer,  ora- 

square  miles'."  l>otiulati"on'  ( 1891),  i;29b;i67.—    tor,  and  statesman.  He  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
°1    .       '"'"="■      ,   K  .    ,.  ,        ^  f  ±1'   Ai-i.L in  laiQ  maa  ndmittHrl  to  the  bar  in  1823.  was  elected  a 


3.  A  seaport  and  chief  town  of  the  Chittagong 
district,  situated  on  the  Kamafuli  in  lat.  22° 
20'  N.,  long.  91°  50'  E.  It  has  considerable 
trade.  Also  called  Islamabad.  Population 
(1891),  24,069 


1819,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1823,  was  elected  a 
representative  to  Congress  from  Massachusetts  in  1830, 
and  was  reelected  in  1832,  but  resigned  his  seat  in  1884. 
In  1841  he  became  the  successor  in  the  Senate  of  Daniel 
Webster,  who  accepted  the  office  of  secretary  of  state 
under  President  Harrison.  He  remained  in  the  Senate 
until  1845,  when  "Webster  was  reelected. 
See  Shoshoko. 


Chittagong  Hill  Tracts.  A  district  in  the  Chit-  ^j^  „j,.„.is 
tagong  division,  Bengal,  British  India  east  of  gj^    j^         '  g^^  shoshoni. 
the  Chittagong  district.     Area,  5,419  square  ^^  ^  (cho-ko').     A  province  of  the  Spanish 


miles.    Population  (1891),  107,286, 

Chittenden  (ehit'en-den),  Martin.  Born  at 
Salisbury,  Conn.,  Starch  12,' 1766:  died  atWil- 
liston,  Vt.,  Sept.  5,  1840.  An  American  poli- 
tician, governor  of  Vermont  1813-15.  He  was 
a  son  of  Thomas  Chittenden. 

Chittenden,  Thomas.  Bom  at  East  Guilford, 
Conn.,  Jan.  6,  1730:  died  at  Williston,  Vt., 
Aug.  25,  1797.  An  American  politician,  gov- 
ernor of  Vermont  1790-97. 

Chittim  (kit'im).    See  Kittim. 

Chitty  (chit'i),  Joseph.  Born  1776:  died  at 
London,  Feb.  17, 1841.  A  noted  Enghsh  legal 
writer  and  special  pleader.  His  works  include 
"  A  Treatise  on  Bills  of  Exchange  "  (1799),  "A  Treatise  on 
the  Law  of  Nations  "  (1812),  "  A  Treatise  on  Criminal  Law 
(1816),  "A  treatise  on  Commercial  Law    (1818),    Beports 


viceroyalty  of  New  Granada,  embracing  the 
Atrato  valley  and  the  region  westward  to  the 
Pacific.  It  forms  a  portion  of  the  present  de- 
partment of  Cauca. 

Chocolate,  Paso  de.    See  Paso  de  Chocolate. 

Chocolatiere,  La  Belle.  The  portrait  by  Jean 
fitienne  Liotard  of  Annette  Beldauf ,  a  servant 
in  a  Vienna  cafd.  She  married  the  Prince  of 
Dietrichstein.  The  picture  is  in  the  Dresden 
gallery. 

Chocorua  (cho-kor'S-a).  One  of  the  principal 
outlying  peaks  of  the'White  Mountains  inNew 
Hampshire,  north  of  Lake  Winnepesaukee , 
Height,  3,508  feet. 

Chocos  (cho-kos').  A  race  of  South  American 
Indians  in  western  Colombia.  They  were  formerly 


Ohocos 

scattered  over  the  region  from  the  isthmus  of  Panama 
southward  probably  to  lat.  4°  N.,  occupying  the  Pacific 
coast,  the  Atrato  vaUey,  and  extending  eastward  in  some 
places  to  the  Cauoa.  It  is  probable  that  other  and  more 
warliJie  tribes  were  interspersed  over  the  same  region. 
They  were  divided  into  many  small  tribes,  and  their  houses, 
instead  of  bemg  gathered  into  villages,  were  often  scat, 
tered  singly  through  the  forests.  It  is  said  that  in  the 
"^^^^t^  "  valley  they  lived  in  trees.  The  descendants 
of  the  Chocos  are  either  civilized  or  lead  a  miserable  ex- 
istence In  the  marshy  forests. 

Choctaw  (ohok'ta,),  or  Chacatos,  or  Chactaws, 
or  Onanta.  A  large  tribe  or  division  of  North 
American  Indians,  whose  chief  habitat  in  his- 
toric times  was  the  middle  and  north  of  Missis- 
sippi. They  were  engaged  on  both  sides  in  the  French 
and  English  contests  ending  with  1763.  They  compressed 
the  heads  of  male  infants,  whence  the  term  "Hatheads  "  or 
"Tfites  plates,"  used  for  them  by  early  writers  (not  to  be 
confounded  with  the  Flatheads  of  the  Salishan  stock). 
Their  present  lands  are  in  the  southeast  angle  of  Indian 
Territory.  They  number  about  18,000 :  9,996  of  them  are 
stated  to  be  of  pure  blood.    See  Muskhogean. 

Choczin.    See  ChoUn. 

Chodzko  (dhodz'ko),  Alexander.  Bom  July 
11,  1804:  died  Dec.  20,  1891.  A  Polish  poet, 
Orientalist,  and  Slavic  scholar.  His  works  in- 
clude "G-rammairepersane"  (1852),  translations 
from  the  Persian  and  Old  Slavic,  etc. 

Chodzko,  Leonard  Jacob.  Bom  at  Oborek, 
near  Wilna,  Russia,  Nov.  6, 1800:  died  at  Poi- 
tiers, France,  March  12,  1871.  A  Polish  his- 
torian, author  of  "  La  Pologne  historique,  Ut- 
t6raire,  etc."  (1835-37),  etc. 

Choephori  (ko-ef  o-ri ),  The.  [Gr.  Xori<ji6poi,  per- 
sons ofEering  ;);oai,'or  libations,  to  the  dead.]  A 
tragedy  of  2Eschylus :  so  named  from  the  cho- 
rus bearing  vessels  with  offerings  to  the  tomb 
of  Agamemnon,  in  it  Orestes  returns  to  Argos  to 
avenge  the  murder  of  his  father  Agamemnon,  and  slays 
his  mother  Clytemnestra  and  her  paramour  ^gisthus. 

Choerilus  (ker'i-lus).  [Gr.  XojptXof  or  XoipiTi^ 
^f.]  1.  An  Athenian  tragic  poet,  a  contem- 
porary of  .^iSchylus. — 2.  A  Samian  poet  of  the 
oth  century  B.  c. 

Ghcerilus  (of  Samos  also),  a  younger  contemporaiy  of 
Herodotus,  and  said  by  Plutarch  to  have  been  intimate 
with  Lysander,  is  remarkable  for  having  attempted  a  great 
novelty— to  relate  in  the  epic  form  the  very  subject  with 
which  Herodotus  founded  Greek  history.  His  Perseis  sang 
the  struggle  of  Hellenedom  with  Persia. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  liit.,  I.  U7. 

Choi.    See  Khoi. 

Choiseul  (shwa-zfel'),  06sar,  Duo  de,  Sieur  du 
Plessis-Praslin.  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb.  12,  1598: 
died  at  Paris,  Dee.  23, 1675.  A  French  general. 
He  distinguished  himself  at  the  siege  of  La  Bochelle  1628, 
served  in  Piedmont  1636-45,  became  marshal  1646,  and 
gained  the  decisive  victory  of  Trancheron  over  the  Span- 
iards 1648.  He  commanded  the  royal  forces  in  the  war 
of  the  Fronde,  and  defeated  Turenne  at  Kethel  in  1650. 
He  was  created  duke  1663.  Also  Isnown  as  Marshal  du 
Plessis. 

Choiseul,  or  Choiseul-Amboise,  Etienne 
PranQais,  Due  de.  Bom  June  28,  1719:  died 
at  Paris,  May  7,  1785.  A  French  statesman. 
He  entered  the  army  in  his  youth,  and  in  1769  obtained 
the  rank  of  lieutenant-general.  Through  the  influence  of 
Madame  de  Pompadour,  mistress  of  Louis  XV.,  he  was  ap- 
pointed ambassador  to  Kome  in  1766.  Some  months  after 
this  appointment  he  succeeded  the  Abb6  Bernis  as  ambas- 
sador to  Vienna.  In  Nov.,  1758,  he  was  appointed  min- 
ister and  created  Due  de  Choiseul  (having  hitherto  been 
known  as  Comte  de  Stainville).  On  his  accession  to  office 
he  continued  the  alliance  of  France  with  Maria  Theresa 
of  Austria  in  the  Seven  Years'  War.  He  sought  to  prose- 
cute hostilities  against  England  with  vigor  in  Europe,  to 
the  neglect  of  the  proper  defense  of  the  colonies :  a  policy 
which  resulted  in  the  loss  of  Canada  and  Cape  Breton 
Island  to  England,  and  of  Louisiana  to  Spain,  at  the  peace 
of  Paris  in  1763.  He  negotiated  the  "  Family  Compact " 
between  the  Bourbon  sovereigns  of  France,  Spain,  and  the 
Two  Sicilies  in  1761,  and  in  1764  expelled  the  Jesuits  from 
F^nce.  He  was  dismissed  from  office  in  1770  through  the 
influence  of  the  king's  new  mistress,  Madame  du  Barry. 

Choiseul-Gouffier,  Comte  de  (Marie  Gabriel 
Florent  Anguste  de  Choiseul-Gouffier). 
Born  at  Paris,  Sept.  27, 1752;  died  at  Aachen, 
Germany,  June  20, 1817.  A  French  diplomatist 
and  archseologist.  His  chief  work  is  "Voyage 
nittoresque  de  la  Grfece"  (1782,  new  ed.  1841). 
Ghoiseul-f  raslin  (-pra-lan'),  Comte  Horace 
Eugene  Antoine  de.    Bom  Feb.  23, 1837.    A 

French  statesman.  He  was  elected  representative 
of  Seine-et-Mame  to  the  National  Assembly  Feb.,  1871 ; 
the  same  year,  in  March,  he  was  sent  to  Italy  as  minister 
plenipotentiary,  where  he  remained  till  November,  He  is 
a  republican,  and  supported  Thiers.  In  18S0  he  was  sec- 
retary of  state  in  the  ministry  of  foreign  affairs.  He  has 
been  several  times  reelected  to  the  legislature,  and  in  1887 
was  sent  on  a  botanical  mission  to  Ceylon  and  the  United 
States. 

ChoisT  (shwa-ze'),  Francois   Timol^on  de. 

Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  16, 1644:  died  Oct.  2, 1724. 
A  French  ecclesiastic  and  litterateur.  His  works 
include  "Histoire  de  France  sous  les  r^gnes  de  Saint  Louis, 
de  PhUippe  de  Valois,  ete."  (1750X  "Histoire  de  madame 
la  comtesse  des  Barres"(1735),  "M^mohres  pour  servir  a 
l-histolre  de  Louis  XIV."  (1727),  etc. 


248 

Choisy-le-Boi  (shwa-ze '16-rwa').  A  suburb  of 
Paris^  situated  on  the  Seine  7i  miles  south  of 
the  city.    Population  (1891),  commune,  8,449. 

Choke  (chok),  General  Cyms.  In  Dickens's 
"Martin  Chuzzlewit,"  an  American,  "one  of 
the  most  remarkable  men  in  the  country,"  en- 
countered by  Martin  Chuzzlewit. 

Choleric  Man,  The.  A  play  by  Kichard  Cum- 
berland, produced  in  1774. 

Choles  (cho'les).  A  tribe  of  American  Indians 
of  the  Maya  stock,  formerly  very  numerous 
in  southeastern  Guatemala.  After  the  Spanish  con- 
guest  they  abandoned  their  homes,  and  led  a  wandering 
life  in  the  mountains  and  forests.  In  the  17th  century 
some  of  them  were  induced  to  live  in  mission  villages,  and 
they  gradually  became  amalgamated  with  the  Spanish- 
speaking  population.  Some  Indians  called  Choles,  proba- 
bly of  the  same  stock,  now  live  in  Chiapas,  Mexico. 

Cholet  (sho-la').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Maine-et-Loire,  France,  33  miles  southwest  of 
Angers.  It  has  considerable  trade  in  cattle,  and  manu- 
factures of  cotton  and  linen.  It  was  the  scene  of  various 
conflicts  in  the  Vendean  wars,  including  a  Veudean  defeat, 
Oct.  17, 1793.    Population  (1891),  commune,  16,89L 

ChoUup  (chol'up),  Major  Hannibal.  In  Dick- 
ens's "  Martin  Chuzzlewit,"  an  American,  a 
worshiper  of  freedom,  lynch-law,  and  slavery. 

Cholmondeley  (ehum'li),  George.  Died  May 
7, 1733.  The  second  Earl  of  Cholmondeley,  an 
English  general  and  poet. 

CholoTone  ^ch6-16-v6'ne),  or  Tcholovone.  The 
northern  division  of  the  Mariposan  stock  of 
North  American  Indians,  formerly  on  lower 
San  Joaquin  Eiver,  California.    See  Mariposan. 

Cholula  (cho-lo'la).  [Nahuatl  of  central  Mexi- 
co, probably.]  A  considerable  Indian' town  of 
Mexico,  inhabited,  at  the  time  of  the  conquest, 
by  an  independent  tribe  of  Nahuatl  Indians. 
It  lies  about  60  miles  southeast  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  about 
16  miles  from  the  foot  of  the  great  volcano  on  the  east^ 
and,  in  a  direct  line,  6  or  6  miles  west  of  the  city  of  Pue- 
bla.  The  town  of  Cholula  had,  in  1894,  6,765  inhabi- 
tants, and  the  surrounding  villages  contain  nearly  five 
times,  that  number.  All  those  villages  except  two  are 
modem.  Previous  to  the  16th  century  Cholula  had  a 
population  of  not  over  26,000  souls,  and  these  were  con- 
gregated in  the  central  settlement.  The  tall  mound,  er- 
roneously called  the  "Pyramid  of  Cholula,"  was  probably 
a  veiy  ancient  settlement  erected  on  an  artificial  basis  of 
sun-dried  brick,  with  a  second  platform  of  lesser  extent 
and  greater  elevation,  and  a  central  mound,  the  average 
elevation  of  which  is  now  170  feet.  Of  the  fate  of  this 
prehistoric  settlement  there  are  not  even  definite  tradi- 
tions. There  are,  besides  the  great  mound,  several  other 
sites  of  ruins  in  and  around  Cholula.  The  average  eleva- 
tion of  the  district  above  the  sea^level  is  7,000  feet. 

Chonos  Archipelago  (cho'nos  ar-ki-pel'a-go). 
A  group  of  about  120  islands  on  the  coast  of 
Chile,  between  lats.  44°  and  47°  S. 

Chons.    See  Ehons. 

Chontales  (chou-ta'les).  A  department  of 
Nicaragua,  Central  America,  east  of  Lake  Ni- 
caragua, noted  for  its  mineral  wealth. 

Chontals  (chon-talz'),  or  Chontallis  (chon-tal'- 
yes),  or  Chontales  (ehon-ta'les).  [Nahuatl, 
'strangers/  'foreigners.']  The  name  given  in 
southern  Mexico,  Guatemala,  and  Nicaragua 
to  various  Indian  tribes  which  are  not  ethni- 
cally related,  but  were  originally  distinguished 
by  the  Nahuatls  as  different  from  themselves. 
Most  of  them  are  now  known  to  ethnologists  by 
other  names. 

Chopin  (sho-pan'),  Fr6d6ric  Francois.  Born 
at  Zelazowa-Wola,  near  Warsaw,  Poland,  March 
1,  1809 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  17,  1849.  A  cele- 
brated Polish  composer  and  pianist.  His  father 
was  French,  his  mother  a  Pole.  His  earUest  compositions 
were  dances,  mazurkas,  polonaises,  etc.  At  nineteen  he 
was  a  finished  virtuoso.  His  masters  were  a  Bohemian, 
Zwyny,  and  Eisner,  the  director  of  the  School  of  Music  at 
Warsaw.  He  began  at  this  age,  with  his  two  concertos 
and  some  smaller  works,  to  give  concerts  in  Vienna,  Mu- 
nich, and  Paris.  In  the  latter  place  he  settled.  In  1837 
began  his  romantic  connection  with  George  Sand.  In  1838 
she  took  him  to  Majorca  for  his  health,  and  nursed  him 
there.  She  depicted  him  as  "Prince  Karol "  in  her  novel 
"Lucrezia  Floriani,"  as  a  "high-flown,  consumptive,  and 
exasperating  nuisance. "  She  left  him  after  a  friendship  of 
eight  years,  and  he  lived  in  retirement,  giving  lessons  and 
composing.  His  works  include  two  concertos  for  piano 
and  orchestra,  and  27  etudes,  62  mazurkas,  and  many  pre- 
ludes, nocturnes,  rondos,  etc.,  and  16  Polish  songs.    Grove. 

Choptank  (chop'tangk).  A  river  and  estuary 
in  eastern  Maryland  which  flows  into  Chesa- 
peake Bay  about  25  miles  southeast  of  Annap- 
olis. Length,  about  100  miles.  It  is  navigable 
for  45  miles. 

Chopiiimish  (cho-pun'ish),  or  Nimapu  (nim'- 
a-po),or  Nez  Perc6(na  per-sa'),orShahaptan 
i^sha-hap'tan),  or  Sahaptin  (sa-hap'tin).  The 
leading  tribe  of  the  Shahaptian  stock  of  North 
American  Indians.  Their  former  habitat  (in  1804) 
was  western  Idaho,  northeastern  Oregon,  and  southeast- 
em  Washington,  on  the  lower  Snake  Eiver  and  its  tributa- 
ries. They  crossed  the  Bocky  Mountains  to  the  head  waters 
of  the  Missouri.  Of  late  years  the  Nez  PercS  ('  pierced 
nose ')  have  not  pierced  the  nose  for  ornamental  purposes. 


Chowanoc 

These  are  the  people  of  Chief  Joseph,  who,  during  the  Nei 
Perc^  war,  ordered  his  men  not  to  molest  any  white  non- 
combatants,  including  women  and  children  as  well  as  men. 
The  Chopunnish  on  the  Nez  Perc^  reservation,  Idaho^ 
number  1,616.    See  Shahaptian  and  Tushepaw. 

Choragic  Monument  of  Lysicrates.    See  Ly- 

sicrates. 

Chorazin  (kd-ra'zin).  In  New  Testament  ge- 
ography, a  city  of  Palestine,  situated  near  the 
northwestern  shore  of  the  Sea  of  Galilee,  2i 
miles  north  of  Tel  Hum :  the  modern  Kerazeh. 

Choris  (oho'ris),  Ludwig.  Born  at  Yekaterino- 
slaff,  Bussia,  March  22,  1795:  murdered  near 
Jalapa,  Mexico,  March  22,  1828.  A  Russian 
traveler  and  painter.  He  illustrated  the  works  "  Voy- 
age pittoresgue  autour  du  monde"  (1821-23),  "Vues  et 
paysages  des  regions  ^guinoxiales  "  (1826). 

Cfhorizontes  (ko-ri-zon'tez).  [Gr.  Xo/o^foiTEf, 
the  separators.]  The  separatists,  a  party  among 
the  older  critics  who  maintained  that  the  Iliad 
and  Odyssey  were  by  different  authors  and  be- 
longed to  different  ages. 

Chorley  (ch6r'li).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
Lancashire,  England,  8  miles  southeast  of  Pres- 
ton.   Population  0891),  23,082. 

Chorley  (ch6r'li),  Hen^  Fothergill.  Bom  at 
BlacMey  Hurst,  near  Billinge,  Lancashire,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  15,  1808:  died  at  London,  Feb.  16, 
1872.  An  English  journalist,  novelist,  drama- 
tist, and  poet,  musical  critic  and  reviewer  for 
the  London  "Athenseum."  His  works  include 
"Modern  German  Music"  (1864),  and  "Thirty  Years' 
Musical  Becollectlons  "  (1862) ;  also  a  number  of  unsuccess- 
ful novels,  including  "Koccabella,"  which  was  published 
under  the  pseudonym  "Paul  Bell,"  and  several  dramas, 
among  them  "Old  Love  and  New  Fortune." 

Choron  (sh6-r6n'),  Alexandre  Etienne.   Bom 

at  Caen,  France,  Oct.  21,  1771 :  died  at  Paris, 
June  29,  1834.  A  French  musical  writer, 
teacher,  and  composer.  He  wrote  "  Principes 
de  composition  des  6coles  d'ltalie"  (1808),  etc. 

Chorrillos  (chor-rel'yos).  A  coast  city  and 
noted  watering-place  of  Peru,  30  miles  south- 
east of  Lima.  Here  the  Peruvians  under  Iglesias  and 
Caceres  were  defeated  by  theChilians  Jan.  13, 1881,  Iglesias 
surrendering  with  6,000  men.    Population,  about  3,000. 

Chort  (ch6rt).  [Ar.]  The  third-magnitude  star 
6  Centauri. 

Chosroes.    See  Khusrau. 

Ohota  (cho'ta),  or  Ohutia,  Nagpur  (chS'te-a 
nag-por').  A  division  in  Bengal,  British  India, 
lying  south  of  Behar.  Area,  26,966  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  4,628,792. 

Chota,  or  Chutia,  Magpur  Tributary  States. 
A  collective  name  for  the  seven  states  Udai- 
pur,  Sirguja,  Gangpur,  BonM,  Koria,  Chang 
and  Bhakar,  situated  west  of  the  Chota  Nagpur 
division.  Area,  16,054  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  883,359  (chiefly  aboriginal  tribes). 

Chotin  (cho-ten'),  or  Chocim  (cho'chim),  or 
Khotin  (cho-ten').  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Bessarabia,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Dniester  in  lat.  48°  33'  N.,  long.  26°  28'  E. 
The  Turks  were  defeated  here  by  the  Poles  in  1621  and 
1673,  and  by  the  Russians  in  1739  and  1769.  Population. 
20,070. 

Chotusitz  (eho'to-zits),  Czech.  Chotusice.  A 
village  near  Czaslau,  Bohemia,  45  miles  south- 
east of  Prague.  Here,  May  17,  1742,  the  Prussians 
under  Frederick  the  Great  defeated  the  Austrians  under 
Charles  of  Lorraine.    Also  called  battle  of  Czaslau. 

Chotzim.    See  Chotin. 

Chouans  (sho'anz ;  F.  pron.  sh6-on').  [Per- 
haps from  Jeaii  Cottereau,  called  Chouan,  one 
of  their  leaders :  Chouan  being  a  corruption  of 
chat-huant,  a  screech-owl.]  During  the  French 
Revolution,  a  name  given  to  the  royalist  insur- 
gents of  Brittany. 

Chouans,  Les.  A  novel  by  Balzac,  published  in 
1829 :  properly  "  Le  dernier  Chouan."  It  has 
been  dramatized. 

Chouman.    See  Comanche. 

Chouteau  (sh6-t6'),  Auguste.  Bom  at  New 
Orleans,  1739:  died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Feb. 
24,  1829.  One  of  the  founders  of  St.  Louis. 
With  his  brother  Pierre,  he  Joined  in  August,  1763,  the 
expedition  of  LaolMe  to  establish  the  fur-trade  in  the 
region  watered  by  the  Missouri  and  Its  tributaries ;  and 
was  in  command  of  a  party  which,  Feb.  15, 1764,  began 
the  establishment  of  a  trading-post  called  St.  Louis  on 
the  site  of  the  present  city  of  that  name  in  Missouri 

Chouteau,  Pierre.  Born  at  New  Orleans,  1749 : 
died  a,t  St.  Louis,  Mo .,  July  9, 1849.  An  Ameri- 
can pioneer.  He  was  associated  with  his  brother,  Au- 
guste Chouteau,  in  the  founding  of  St.  Louis  in  1764. 

Chouteau,  Pierre.  Born  at  St.  Louis,  Jan. 
19,  1789 :  died  at  St.  Louis,  Sept.  8, 1865.  An 
American  fur-trader,  son  of  Pierre  Chouteau. 

Chowanoc  (oho-wan'ok).  [Algonquian, '  South- 
landers.']  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians 
formerly  on  the  Chowan  River  in  northeast- 
em  North  Carolina.    When  first  known,  1B84-S6,  they 


Chowanoc 

wore  the  leading  tribe  in  that  region.  They  Joined  in  the 
Tuacarora  outbrealc  in  1711,  and  afterward  the  survivors, 
about  240  in  number,  were  settled  on  a  small  reservation 
on  Bennett's  creek.    Also  Chowanoclc.    See  Iropioian. 

Ohrestien  (kra-te-ai'),  Florent.  Bom  at  Or- 
leans, France,  1541:  died  at  Venddme,  Prance, 
1596.  A  French  satirist,  composer  of  Latin 
verse,  and  one  of  the  authors  of  the  "Satyre 
M6nipp6e  "  (which  see). 

Ohrestien,  or  Chretien,  de  Troyes  (de  trwii). 
Born  at  Troyes  (f),  France,  about  1140-50: 
died  before  1191  (f).  A  noted  French  poet 
(trouvfere)  attached  to  the  courts  of  Hainault 
and  Champagne  and  of  Philip  of  Alsace,  count 
of  Flanders.  Little  is  known  of  his  life  beyond  the 
fact  that  he  was  under  the  patronage  of  Hary,  daughter 
of  King  Louis  VII.,  who  was  married  in  1164  to  Henry  I., 
count  of  Champagne.  He  was  among  the  first  trouv^res 
to  write  after  the  model  set  by  the  troubadours  in  southern 
France,  and  in  his  Arthurian  legends  he  set  forth  the  theo- 
lies  of  love  as  accepted  by  the  noble  ladies  of  his  day.  His 
extant  Arthurian  works  are  "  Le  Chevalier  h  la  Charrette," 
taken  from  a  prose  "  Lancelot  du  Lac  "  (concluded  by  Geof- 
frey de  Ligny,  or  Godefroy  de  LagnyX  "Le  Chevalier  au 
Lyon  ■■  (attributed  by  the  Abb6  de  la  Rue  to  Waoe),  "Erec 
and  Enide  "  (the  same  legend  that  Tennyson  used  in  the 
"Idylls  of  the  King"),  "Le  roman  de  Clig^s  or  Cliget,'' 
<•  Percevale ''  (a  work  continued  by  successive  versifiers  to 
the  extent  of  some  fifty  thousand  lines,  and  probably  repre- 
senting in  part  a  work  of  Bobert  de  Borron).  He  also  trans- 
lated UTid,  and  wrote  a  poem  on  "  William  the  Conqueror. " 

ChriemMld.    See  KriemMld. 

Christ  (krist).  [L.  Christus,  Gr.  Xpiarde  (4  Xpia- 
rdQ,  the  Anointed).]  The  Anointed  One,  the 
Greek  translation  of  Messiah  (Hebrew  mdH"}}) : 
a  title  of  Jesus  of  Nazareth. 

Christabel  (kris'ta-bel).  1.  The  daughter  of 
the  king  who  secretly  betrothed  herself  to  Sir 
Cauline,  in  the  old  ballad  of  that  name.  The  king 
discovered  it,  and  Sir  Cauline  performed  prodigies  of  valor 
to  win  her  He  was  at  length  killed  while  freeing  her 
from  the  soidan,  and  she  "  burste  her  gentle  hearte  in 
twayne" 

2.  The  heroine  of  Coleridge's  poem  of  that 
name,  published  in  1816.  The  gentle  and  pious 
daughter  of  Sir  Leoline,  she  is  induced  by  a  powerful 
SpeU  to  bring  into  her  father's  castle  the  enchantress  who 
calls  herself  the  Lady  Geraldine. 

Christ  k  la  Faille.  [F.,  'of  the  straw.']  A 
painting  by  Eubeus,  in  the  Museum  of  Ant- 
werp, Belgium.  It  represents  the  dead  Christ  lying 
on  a  stone  bench  covered  with  straw,  supported  by  Joseph 
ot  Arimathea,  with  the  Virgin,  St.  John,  and  the  Magda- 
len grieving.  On  the  side  panels  are  St.  John  the  Apostle 
and  a  Virgin  and  Child. 

Christ  among  the  !Doctors.  A  highly  esteemed 
painting  by  Ingres,  in  the  Mus6e  Municipal  at 
Montauban,  France. 

Christ  bearing  the  Cross.  A  celebrated  statue 
by  Michelangelo,  in  Santa  Maria  sopra  Minerva, 
Bome. 

Christchurch  (krist 'chSroh).  A  seaport  in 
Hampshire,  England,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Avon  and  Stour,  20  miles  southeast  of 
Southampton.  It  contains  a  priory  church. 
Population  (1891),  3,994. 

Christchurch.  A  city  in  New  Zealand,  situated 
in  the  county  of  Selwyn,  South  Island,  in  lat. 
43°  35'  8.,  long.  172°  35'  E.  Its  haven  is  Port 
Lyttelton.  Population  (1891),  with  suburbs, 
47,846.  ^  ^    , 

Christ  Church.  One  of  the  largest  andmost  fash- 
ionable colleges  of  Oxford  University,  founded 
in  1525  by  Cardinal  Wolsey  as  Cardinal  College, 
remodeled  as  King  Henry  VIII.'s  College  in 
1532.  and  ref  ounded  as  Christ  Church  by  Henry 
Vllf .  in  1546.  The  fine  Pei-pendioular  gateway  to  the 
great  ouadrangle  ("Tom  Quad"),  which  is  the  largest  in 
Oxford,  opens  beneath  the  Tom  Tower,  whose  upper  stage 
was  built  by  Wren  in  1682.  On  the  south  side  of  the  quad- 
rangle is  the  beautiful  Perpendicular  hail,  116  by  40  feet, 
and  60  high  to  the  carved  oak  ceiling.  It  possesses  many 
fine  old  and  modern  portraits. 

Christ  Crucified  between  the  Two  Thieves. 

A  famous  fresco  by  Fra  Angelico,  in  the  Con- 
vent of  San  Marco,  Florence.  The  mourning  spec- 
tators include  the  most  prominent  figures  of  the  church, 
and  particularly  of  the  order  of  St.  Dominic. 

Christ,  Entombment  of.  A  noted  painting  by 
Titian,  in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Christian  (kris'tian).  [L.  Christianus,  Gr.  Xpia- 
Tiavdu  F.  Chresiien,  ChrSUen,  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Cns- 
tiano  Q.  Dan.  Christian.']  The  hero  of  Bun- 
yan's  "  Pilgrim's  Progress  "  (which  see). 

Christian  (kris'tian)  I.  Bom  1426 :  died  at 
Copenhagen.  May  Si,  1481.  King  of  Denmark, 
the  founder  of  the  house  of  Oldenburg  m  Den- 
mark. He  was  a  son  of  Theodoric,  count  of  Oldenburg, 
and  Hedvrtg,  heiress  of  Schleswig  and  Holstein.  He  was 
elected  in  1448  to  succeed  Cfiristopher  III.,  who  had  died 
the  same  year  without  issue,  anS  was  crowned  king  of 
Sorway  in  1480.  He  took  possession  of  the  government 
of  Sweden  in  1457,  but  was  expelled  from  the  country  by 
Sten  Sture  ?n  1470.  He  was  elected  duke  of  Schleswig 
Md  count  of  Holstein  1460,  and  founded  the  University  of 
Copenhagen  June  i.  UTS. 


249 

Christian  11.  Bom  at  Nyborg,  Denmark,  July 
2,  1481 :  died  at  Kalluudborg,  Denmark,  Jan. 
25, 1559.  King  of  Denmark  and  Norway  1518-23, 
sumamed  "  The  Cmel,"  son  of  John  whom. he 
succeeded.  He  married  Isabella,  sister  of  the  emperor 
Charles  V.,  In  1615.  He  conquered  Sweden  in  1620  •  but 
by  his  massacre  of  the  Swedish  nobility  at  Stockholm  the 
same  year  provoked  an  uprising  under  Guatavus  Vasa 
which  resulted  in  the  liberation  of  Sweden.  He  was  de- 
posed in  1523,  and  driven  out  of  Denmark.  He  made  a 
descent  on  Norway  in  1631,  but  was  captured  in  1632  and 
detained  in  prison  till  his  death. 

Christian  III.  Bom  1502:  died  at  Kolding, 
Denmark,  Jan.  1,  1559.  King  of  Denmark  and 
Norway  1534-59.  He  introduced  the  Reformation  into 
Denmark  and  Norway,destroyed  the  influence  of  the  Hanse 
towns  in  his  dominions,  and  reduced  Norway  to  aprovinoe. 

Christian  IV.  Bom  at  Frederiksborg,  Den- 
mark, April  12, 1577:  died  at  Copenhagen,  Feb. 
28,  1648.  King  of  Denmark  and  Norway  1588- 
1648,  son  of  Frederick  II.  He  carried  on  a  success- 
ful war  against  Sweden  1611-13.  As  duke  of  Holstein  he 
was  invited  in  1825,  in  the  I'hirty  Years'  War,  to  take  the 
lead  in  the  rising  of  the  Protestants  in  northern  Germany. 
He  was  defeated  by  Tilly  at  Lutter  am  Barenberge,  in 
Brunswick,  Aug.,  1626,  and  forced  to  accept  the  peace  of 
Liibeck  May,  1629.  In  a  second  war  with  Sweden,  begun 
1643,  and  concluded  Aug.,  1645,  by  the  peace  of  Bromse- 
bro,  he  lost  the  Norwegian  districts  of  Jemtland  and  Her- 
]eland,  and  the  islands  of  Gothland  and  Osel,  and  was 
forced  to  make  other  important  concessions.  He  pro- 
moted commerce  and  enterprise,  founded  the  Danish  set- 
tlement at  Tranquebar  in  the  East  Indies,  and  by  his 
courage  and  magnanimity  acquired  in  a  high  degree  the 
favor  of  his  subj  ects.  The  well-known  ballad  "  King  Kris- 
tian  stood  by  the  lofty  Mast"  commemorates  his  heroism 
in  the  sea-fight  with  the  Swedes  before  Kiel,  July,  1644. 

Christian  V.  Bom  April  15,  1646:  died  at 
Copenhagen,  Aug.  25, 1699.  King  of  Denmark 
and  Norway  1675-99.  sou  of  Frederick  III.  He 
carried  on  an  unsuccessful  war  against  Sweden  1676-79, 
and  published  in  1683  a  code  which  bears  his  name. 

Christian  VI.  Born  Nov.  30, 1699  :  died  Aug. 
6,  1746.  King  of  Denmark  and  Norway  1730- 
1746,  son  of  Frederick  IV.  He  was  completely  under 
the  infiuence  of  his  wife,  Sophie  Magdalene  of  Branden- 
burg-Kulmbach,  who  squandered  his  revenue  in  magnifi- 
cent building  operations,  including  the  palace  of  Chris- 
tiansborg. 

Christian  VII.  Bom  at  Copenhagen,  Jan.  29, 
1749 :  died  at  Eendsburg,  Holstein,  March  13, 
1808.  King  of  Denmark  and  Norway  1766- 
1808,  and  Duke  of  Schleswig-Holstein :  son  of 
Frederick  V.  by  Louisa,  daughter  of  George  II. 
of  England.  Christian's  reason  having  become  im- 
paired as  a  consequence  of  dissipation,  the  royal  physi- 
cian in  ordinary,  Struensee,  supported  by  the  queen, 
Caroline  Matilda,  sister  of  George  III.  of  England,  ob- 
tained, through  his  appointment  in  1770  as  prime  minis- 
ter, the  paramount  infiuence  in  the  government.  Stru- 
ensee was  deprived  of  power  Jan.  17,  1772,  and  put  to 
death  (while  the  queen  was  banished)  by  the  queen-dow- 
ager and  the  minister  Ove  Hbegh-Guldberg.  The  crown 
prince  Frederick  assumed  the  government  April  14, 1784, 
and  had  himself  declared  regent. 

Christian  VIII.  Bom  at  Copenhagen,  Sept. 
18,  1786  :  died  at  Copenhagen,  Jan.  20,  1848. 
King  of  Denmark  1839-48,  and  Duke  of  Schles- 
wig-Holstein and  Lauenburg :  eldest  sou  of 
Frederick,  stepbrother  of  Christian  VH.  He 
was  governor  of  Norway  when  the  peace  of  Kiel,  con- 
cluded Jan.  14,  1814,  which  ceded  Ndrway  to  Sweden,  was 
repudiated  by  the  Norwegians,  Jan.  28,  1814.  He  came 
forward  as  the  champion  of  the  national  independence, 
collected  an  army  of  12,000  men,  convened  a  diet  at  Eids- 
wold  April  10,  which  adopted  a  constitution  May  17,  and 
was  proclaimed  king  of  Norway  under  the  title  of  Chris- 
tian I.  May  19, 1814.  Unable,  however,  to  maintain  his 
position  against  the  Swedes,  supported  by  the  allied 
powers,  he  concluded  a  truce  at  Moss  Aug.  14,  and  relin- 
quished the  crown  Oct.  10,  1814.  He  issued  a  proclama- 
tion July  8, 1846,  in  which  he  declared  Schleswig  and 
Holstein  to  be  indissolubly  united  to  Denmark. 

Christian  IX.  Bom  near  Schleswig,  April  8, 
1818.  King  of  Denmark,  fourth  son  of  Fred- 
erick, duke  of  Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg- 
Gliicksburg.  He  succeeded  Frederick  VIL  Nov.  16, 
1863.  He  proclaimed  himself  sovereign  of  Schleswig  and 
Holstein,  the  succession  to  which  duchies  was  claimed  by 
Prince  liederick  of  Sonderburg-Augustenburg,  who  was 
supported  by  the  inhabitants,  and  on  Nov.  18, 1863,  he  rati- 
fied a  constitution  incorporating  Schleswig  with  Denmark. 
The  Schleswig-Holstein  dispute  finally  involved  him  in  a 
war  with  Prussia  and  Austria,  whose  forces  invaded 
Schleswig  Feb.  1,  1864,  and  after  an  obstinate  resistance 
occupied  Jutland.  By  the  treaty  of  Oct.  30, 1864,  Christian 
formally  renounced  all  claims  to  Schleswig,  Holstein,  and 
Lauenburg.  He  has  issue  Crown  Prince  Frederick  (born 
June  3, 1843)  s  Alexandra,  queen  of  England  (born  Dec.  1, 
1844);  George  I.,  king  of  Greece  (born  Dec.  24, 1845)-  Dag- 
mar,  dowager  empress  of  Kussia  (born  Nov.  26,  18471; 
Thyra,  duchess  of  Cumberland  (born  Sept.  29,  1853); 
Prince  Waldemar  (bom  Oct.  27, 1868). 

Christian,  Died  at  Tusculum,  Italy,  Aug.  25, 
1183.  A  German  prelate,  made  archbishop  of 
Mainz  Sept.,  1165,  general  of  Frederick  Bar- 
barossa  in  Italy  1167-83. 

Christian,  Edward.  Died  at  Cambridge,  Eng- 
land, March  29,  1823.  An  English  jurist,  pro- 
fessor of  laws  at  Downing  College,  Cambridge, 
and  chief  justice  of  the  Isle  of  Ely. 


Christison 

Christian,  Fletcher.  Lived  in  the  last  half  of 
the  18th  century.  Master's  mate  and  leader 
of  the  mutineers  of  the  Bounty,  younger  bro- 
ther of  Edward  Christian.  See  Bounty.  After  the 
ship  reached  Tahiti,  what  became  of  Christian  is  not 
known :  according  to  Adams,  the  surviving  mutineer 
found  on  Pitcairn  Island,  he  was  murdered  by  the  Tahi- 
tians.  It  IS  possible  that  he  escaped  and  returned  to 
England. 

Christiana  (kris-ti-an'a).  [Fern,  of  Christian.'i 
The  wite  of  Christian,  and  the  chief  female 
character  in  the  second  part  of  Bunyan's  "Pil- 
grim's Progress."  She  also  left  the  City  of  De- 
struction after  Christian's  flight. 

Christian  Cicero.  An  epithet  given  to  Lactan- 
tius. 

Christian  Hero,  The.  A  work  by  Eiohard 
Steele^  published  in  1701. 

Christiania  (kris-te-a'n§-a).  [Named  from 
Christian  IV.  of  Denmark.]  The  capital  of 
Norway,  and  the  chief  seaport  and  city  of  the 
country,  situated  on  Christiania  Fjord  in  lat. 
59°  55'  N.,  long.  10°  44'  E.  it  has  a  large  foreign 
and  coasting  trade,  and  exports  lumber,  fish,  etc.  It  is 
the  seat  of  a  university.  It  takes  the  place  of  the  old 
medieval  and  commercial  town  Oslo,  and  was  founded 
by  Christian  IV.  in  1624.    Population  (1900) ,  227,626. 

Christiania.  A  diocese  (stift)  in  southeastern 
Norway. 

Christiania  Fjord  (kris-te-a'ne-a  fydrd).  An 
arm  of  the  sea  on  the  southern  coast  of  Nor- 
way, south  of  Christiania.  It  is  very  pictu- 
resque.   Length,  about  50  miles. 

Christian  of  Troyes.    See  Ohrestien  de  Troyes. 

Christiansand  (kris'te-an-sand).  A  diocese 
(stift)  in  southern  Norway. 

Christiansand.  [Named  from  Christian  IV.  of 
Denmark.]  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  the 
diocese  of  Christiansand,  situated  on  Chris- 
tiansand Fjord  in  lat.  58°  10'  N.,  long.  7°  58'  E. 
It  has  a  good  harbor  and  a  large  trade,  and  contains  a 
cathedral.  It  was  founded  by  Christian  IV.  Population 
(1891),  12,541. 

Christian  Seneca.  An  epithet  given  to  Joseph 
Hall  (1574-1656). 

Christianstad  (kris'te-an-stad).  A  leen  at  the 
southern  extremity  of  Sweden.  Area,  2,507 
square  miles.     Population  (1893),  218,752. 

Christianstad.  [Named  from  Christian  IV.  of 
Denmark.  ]  The  capital  of  the  Isen  of  Christian- 
stad, Sweden,  situated  near  the  Baltic  in  lat. 
56°  N.,  long.  14°  12'  E.  its  seaport  is  Ahus.  It  was 
founded  by  (Jhristian  IV.  of  Denmark.  Population  (1890), 
10,670. 

Christiansted  (kris'te-an-sted),  or  Bassin 
(bas'sin).  A  seaport  of  the  island  of  Santa 
Cruz,  West  Indies,  situated  in  lat.  17°  45'  N., 
long.  64°  41'  W.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Danisii 
governor-general.     Population,  about  5,000. 

Christiansund  (kris'te-an-sSnd) .  A  seaport  in 
the  amt  of  Romsdal,  Norway,  built  on  four 
islands  in  lat.  63°  10'  N.,  long.  7°  45'  E.  It 
exports  fish.     Population  (1891),  10,130. 

Christian  Vergil.  -An  epithet  given  to  Marco 
Girolamo  Vida  (14901-1566). 

Christias  (kris'ti-as).  An  epic  poem  on  the 
life  of  Christ,  written  in  Latin  (1535)  by  Marco 
Girolamo  Vida. 

Christie  (kris'ti),  Alexander.  Bom  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1807:  died  May  5,  1860.  A  Scottish 
painter,  elected  an  associate  of  the  Koyal  Scot- 
tish Academy  in  1848. 

Christina  (kris-te'na).  Bom  at  Stockholm,  Dee. 
18, 1626:  died  at  Rome,  April  19, 1689.  Queen 
of  Sweden,  daughter  of  Gustavus  II.  Adolphus, 
whom  she  succeeded  in  1632  under  a  regency 
composed  of  the  five  chief  officers  of  the  crown. 
She  assumed  the  government  in  1644,  terminated  by  the 
treaty  of  Brbmsebro  in  1646  the  war  which  had  been 
waged  against  Denmark  since  1643,  and  contrary  to  the 
advice  of  Oxenstierna  hastened  the  conclusion  of  peace  in 
Germany.  Having  in  1649  secured  the  election  of  her 
cousin  Charles  Gustavus  as  her  successor,  she  abdicated 
the  throne  in  1654,  and  shortly  after  embraced  the  Boman 
Catholic  faith.  She  eventually  settled  in  Bx)me,  where 
she  patronized  men  of  letters  and  science,  and  collected 
a  library  which  was  purchased  after  her  death  by  Pope 
Alexander  VIII. 

Christina,  Maria.    See  Maria  Christina. 

Christine  de  Pisanr  (kres-ten'  de  pe-zon'). 
Born  at  Venice  about  1363:  died  after  1431. 
A  writer  of  Italian  parentage  (daughter  of 
Thomas  de  Pisan,  councilor  of  the  Venetian 
republic  and  astrologer  of  Charles  V.),  edu- 
cated in  Paris.  She  wrote  "Le  livre  des  faicts  et 
bonnes  moeurs  de  Charles  V.,"  and  many  poems. 

Christines.    See  Cristinos. 

Christison  (kris'ti-son).  Sir  Robert.  Bom  July 
18, 1797:  died  Jan.  23, 1882.  A  noted  Scottish 
physician.  He  was  professor  ot  medical  jurisprudence 
at  Edinburgh  1822-32,  and  of  materia  medica  and  thera- 
peutics 1832-77.    He  received  a  baronetcy  in  1871. 


Christmas  Carol,  The 

Christmas  Carol,  The.  A  Christmas  tale  by 
Charles  Diekens,  which  appeared  in  1843. 

Christmas  Island  (kris'mas  i'land).  l.  A 
small  island  in  the  Pacific,  in'lat.l^  57'N.,long. 
157°  28'  W.  It  is  a  British  possession.— 2.  A 
small  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  about  lat.  10° 
31'  S. ,  long.  105°  33'  B.  It  is  a  British  possession. 

Ohristophe,  or  Cristophe  (kree-tof ),  Henri. 
Born  Oct.  6,  1767 :  died  Oct.  8,  1820.  A  negro 
of  Haiti.  He  took  part  in  the  revolution  of  1790,  and 
became  the  most  trusted  general  of  ToussaintLouverture, 
serving  against  the  French.  Subsequently  he  commanded 
under  Dessalines  in  the  black  republic  of  northern  Haiti, 
and  succeeded  him  in  1806.  War  with  Potion  followed 
duriug  several  years.  In  1811  Christophe  was  proclaimed 
king  of  Haiti,  and  was  crowned  June  2  as  Henri  I.  His 
wars  with  ^he  republic  of  the  south,  and  rebellions  caused 
by  his  tyranny,  brought  about  his  downfall.  Attacked  by 
the  rebels,  he  shot  himself  at  Port  au  Prince. 

Christopher  (kris'to-fer),  Saint.  [L.  Christo- 
phorus,  Gr.  Xpiarofipog,  Christ-bearer ;  It.  Cris- 
toforo,  P.  Christophe,  Sp.  Cristdval,  Pg.  Chris- 
tovSo,  Gr.  Christoph.]  A  martyr  of  the  3d  cen- 
tury. He  is  said  to  have  lived  in  Syria,  and  to  have 
been  of  prodigious  height  and  strength.  As  a  penance 
lor  having  been  a  servant  of  the  devU,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  the  task  of  carrying  pilgrims  across  a  river  where 
there  was  no  bridge.  Christ  came  to  the  river  one  day  in 
the  form  of  a  child  and  asked  to  be  carried  over,  but  his 
weight  grew  heavier  and  heavier  till  his  bearer  was  nearly 
broken  down  in  the  midst  of  the  stream.  When  they 
reached  the  shore,  "  Marvel  not,"  said  the  child,  "  for  with 
^  me  thou  hast  borne  the  sins  of  all  the  world."  Christo- 
pher is  usually  represented  as  bearing  the  infant  Christ 
and  leaning  upon  a  great  staff.  The  Roman  and  Angli- 
can churches  celebrate  his  festival  on  July  25 ;  the  Greek 
Church  on  May  9. 

Christopulos  (kris-top'6-los),  Athanasios. 
Born  at  Kastoria,  European  Turkey,  1772 :  died 
in  WallacMa,  Jan.  29, 1847.  A  Greek  lyric  poet. 
His  lyrics  were  published  in  Paris  1833  and  1841. 

Christ's  College  (krists  kol'ej).  A  college  of 
the  University  of  Cambridge,  England,  founded 
in  1505  by  Margaret,  countess  of  Eiehmond. 
The  Tudor  arms  remain  over  the-  gateway,  but  the  build- 
ings were  renovated  in  the  18th  century.  The  gardens 
are  celebrated  for  their  beauty. 

Christ's  Hospital.  Acelebrated  school,  former- 
lyin Newgate  street,London, known  as  theBlue 
Coat  School  from  the  ancient  dress  of  the  schol- 
ars, which  is  still  retained,  it  was  founded  by  Ed- 
ward VI.  on  the  site  of  the  monastery  of  Gray  Friars,  given 
by  Henry  VIII.  to  the  city  near  the  endofhisreiCTiforthe 
relief  of  the  poor.  The  school  was  moved  to  Horsham, 
Sussex,  in  1902. 

Christy  (kris'ti),  Henry.  Born  at  Kingston  on 
the  Thames,  July  26,  1810 :  died  at  La  Palisse, 
France,  May  4,  1865.  An  English  ethnologist, 
noted  especially  for  his  exploration  of  the 
caves  in  the  valley  of  the  V6z6re,  in  southern 
France.  He  began  the  preparation  of  a  work  containing 
the  results  of  his  investigations,  which  was  completed, 
after  his  death,  by  M.  Lartet  and  Professor  Eupert-Jones, 
nnder  the  title  "Reliquiae  Aquitanicss:  being  Contribu- 
tions to  the  Archaeology  and  Palaeontology  of  P^rigord  and 
the  adjacent  Provinces  of  SouthernFrance." 

Chrodegang  (kro'de-gang),  or  Godegrand 

(go'de-grand),  Saint.  Died  at  Metz,  March  6, 
766.  A  bishop  of  Metz.  He  was  a  native  of  Hasba- 
nia  (Belgian  limburg),  and  was  descended  from  a  distin- 
guished family  among  the  Ripuarian  Franks.  He  was  ap- 
pointed bishop  of  Metz  by  Pepin  the  Short  in  742,  con- 
ducted the  Pope  on  a  journey  from  Rome  to  Gaul  in  753, 
and  in  764  brought  from  Rome  the  relics  which  had  been 
presented  by  the  Pope  to  the  churches  and  monasteries  of 
GauL  He  is  the  author  of  the  "Vita  Canonica,"  a  rule 
borrowed  in  part  from  that  of  St.  Benedict,  and  of  which 
there  are  two  versions — an  older  one  intended  for  the 
cathedral  of  Metz,  and  a  more  recent  one,  intended  for  the 
church  in  general. 
Chronicle  of  Pares.  An  important  Greek  his- 
torical inscription  found  in  the  island  of  Paros, 
and  now  preserved  among  the  Arundelian  mar- 
bles at  Oxford.  It  extended  originally  from  the  mythi- 
cal reign  of  Cecrops,  king  of  Athens,  taken  as  B.  0. 1682, 
to  the  archonship  of  Diogenetus,  B.O.  264;  but  the  end  is 
now  lost,  and  the  surviving  part  extends  only  to  B.  o.  366. 
The  chronicle  embraces  an  outline  of  Greek  history,  with 
especial  attention  to  festivals,  poetry,  and  music.  Politi- 
cal and  military  events  are  less  cai'efully  recorded,  many 
of  importance  being  omitted  entirely. 

Chronicle  of  the  Cid.    See  Cid. 

Chronicle  of  the  Kings  of  England  from  the 
Time  of  the  Romans'  Government  unto  the 
Death  of  King  James.  The  prtaoipal  work  of 
Sir  Richard  Baker.  It  was  published  in  1643,  and  its 
popularity  is  attested  by  its  many  editions,  a  ninth  ap- 
pearing in  1696.  It  was  continued  by  another  to  the  time 
of  George  I.,  and  issued  in  1730. 

Chronicles  (kron'i-klz).  Two  books  of  the 
Old  Testament,  supplementary  to  the  books  of 
Kings.  They  formed  originally  one  book,  the  diviMon 
into  two  having  been  made  for  convenience  in  the  LXX. 
The  name  Chtmioa  (Bng.  Chronicles),  which  is  given  in 
some  copies  of  the  Vulgate,  appears  to  date  from  Jerome. 
In  the  IiXX  they  are  called  irapaXemoixeva.  (  omitted 
things "),  and  in  the  Hebrew  "Journals  "  or  diaries.  Ihey 
probably  consist  of  materials  which  may  have  been  m  part 
collected  by  Ezra,  and  were  revised  about  the  second  half 
of  the  4th  century  B.  0.  by  another,  probably  a  Levite. 


250 

Chronicles  of  the  Canongate.  [See  Canon- 
gate.']    A  collection  of  stories  by  Sir  Walter 

Scott.  The  first  series,  published  in  1827,  includes  "The 
Highland  Widow,"  "Two  Drovers,"  and  "The  Surgeon's 
Daughter."  The  second  series  ("  The  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  ") 
was  published  in  1828.  The  tales  are  supposed  to  be  nar- 
rated by  Mr.  Chrystal  Crof  tangry,  to  whom  they  are  told  by 
Mrs.  Baliol. 

Chronicles  of  the  Schonherg-Cotta  Family 

(sh6n'b&^-kot'ta  fam'i-li).  A  historical  novel 
by  Mrs.  Oharles.'publislied  in  1863. 

ChrononhotontUOlogOS  (kro-non"h6-ton-thol'- 
o-gos).  A  burlesque  by  Henry  Carey,  "the 
most  tragical  tragedy  ever  yet  tragedized,"  first 
performed  in  1734.  it  was  imitated  to  some  degree 
from  Fielding's  play  "Tom  Thumb."  Chrononhotonthol- 
ogos  is  the  King  of  Queerummania.  His  name  is  occa- 
sionally used  as  a  nickname  for  any  particularly  bombastic 
and  inflated  talker.    See  AldiJ>oront6phoscop?iomio, 

Chrudim  (ohro'dim).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Chrudinka  in  lat.  49°  57'  N.,  long. 
15°  47'  E.     Population  (1890),  12,128. 

Chrysal  (kris'al),  or  the  Adventures  of  a 
Gxunea.  A  novel  by  Charles  Johnstone,  pub- 
lished in  1760.  Chrysal  is  an  elementary  spirit  whose 
abode  is  in  a  piece  of  gold  converted  into  a  guinea.  In 
that  form  the  spirit  passes  from  man  to  man,  and  takes 
accurate  note  of  the  different  scenes  of  which  it  becomes 
a  witness.    Tuckerman,  Hist,  of  Eng.  Prose  Fict.,  p.  240. 

Chrysalde  (kre-zald').  A  character  in  Mollere's 
comedy  "L'ficole  des  femmes." 

Chrysale  (kre-zal').  A  good,  stupid  citizen  of 
the  middle  class,  the  husband  of  Philaminte, 
in  Molifere's  comedy  "Les  femmes  savantes." 
See  Philaminte. 

Clu^saor  (kri-sa'6r  or  kris'a-6r).  [Gr.  Xpu- 
ffdup.]  1.  In  classical  myttology,  a  son  of 
Poseidon  and  Medusa,  and  father  (by  Callir- 
rhoe)  of  the  three-headed  Geryones  and  Echid- 
na. He  sprang  forth  from  the  head  of  Medusa 
when  Perseus  cut  it  off. — 2.  The  sword  of 
Artegal,  in  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene." 

Chryseis  (Im-se'is).  [Gr.  Xpuffi?!?.]  In  Ho- 
meric legend,  Astynome,  the  daughter  of  Chry- 
ses,  seized  as  a  slave  by  Agamemnon,  when 
the  king  refused  to  give  her  up,  Chryses  prayed  to  Apollo 
for  vengeance,  and  the  god  sent  a  plague  upon  the  camp 
of  the  Greeks,  which  was  not  stayed  until  the  maiden  was 
taken  back  to  her  father  by  Odysseus. 

Chryses  (kri'sez).  [Gr.  XpOo^f.]  In  Homeric 
legend,  a  priest  of  Apollo  at  Chrysa. 

Chrysippus(kri-sip'us).  [Gr.  XpfajOTTrof.]  Born 
at  Soli,  Cilieia,  280  b.  c.  :  died  at  Athens,  207 
B.  c.  A  Greek  Stoic  philosopher,  a  disciple  of 
Cleanthes.  He  invented  the  logical  argument  called 
sorites,  and  was,  next  to  Zeno,  the  most  eminent  philoso- 
pher of  his  sect.  He  is  said  to  have  died  from  an  im- 
moderate fit  of  laughter  on  seeing  an  ass  eating  some  figs 
destined  for  his  own  supper.  "'Give  him  a  bumper  of 
wine,*  he  cried  to  the  old  woman  who  attended  him,  and 
was  so  amused  by  the  incident  that  he  sank  under  the  ex- 
haustion of  his  own  merriment."  K.  0.  Midler,  Hist,  of 
the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  27.    (Donaldson.) 

Chrysoloras  (kris-o-16*ras),  Manuel.  [Gr. 
Mavov^Ti.  6  XpvaSXupag.']  Born  at  Constantino- 
ple (?)  about  1355:  died  at  Constance,  Ger- 
many, April  15,  1415.  A  celebrated  Greek 
scholar,  teacher  of  Greek  in  Italy.  Many  distin- 
guished scholars  were  his  pupils.  He  wrote  "Erotemata 
sive  Qusestiones,"  one  of  the  first  Greek  grammars  used  in 
Italy. 

Chrysopolis  (kri-sop'o-Us).  [Gr.  XpvadnoliQ, 
golden  city.]  An  ancient  town  on  the  site  of 
the  modem  Scutari,  in  Asia  Minor. 

Chrysostom  (kris'gs-tom  or  kris-os'tom).  Saint 
John.  [Gr.  ;);piJ(T(i(rTo/iof,  golden-mouthed.] 
Born  at  Autioch,  Syria,  probably  in  347  a.  d.  : 
died  near  Comana,  Cappadocia,  Sept.  4,  407. 
A  celebrated  father  of  the  Greek  Church.  He 
was  preacher  and  prelate  at  Antioch,  was  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople 398-404,  and  was  exiled  to  Cappadocia  404- 
407.  The  chief  editions  of  his  works  are  the  "Benedic- 
tine" (13  vols.  fol.  1718),  and  that  of  the  Abb6  Migne  (13 
vols.  1863).  He  is  commemorated  in  the  Greek  Church  on 
Jan.  27  and  Nov.  13,  in  the  Roman  Church  on  Jan.  27. 

The  last  of  the  great  Christian  sophists  who  came  forth 
from  the  schools  of  heathen  rhetoric  was  John,  the  son  of 
SecunduB,  a  general  in  the  imperial  army,swho  is  gener- 
ally known  by  the  surname  Chrysostomus,  given  to  him, 
as  to  the  eminent  sophist  Dio  Cocceianus,  on  account  of 
his  golden  eloquence.  He  was  born  at  Antioch,  about 
A.  D.  347,  and  was  taught  rhetoric  in  his  native  city  by 
Libanius,  who  would  gladly  have  established  him  in  his 
school  as  his  assistant  and  successor,  if  Chrysostom  had 
not  been  drawn  away  from  secular  pursuits  by  his  reli- 
gious convictions. 

K.  0.  MUUer,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  IIL  341. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Chrysostome  (kris'os-tom).  A  character  in 
Cervantes's  "Don  (juixote,"  a  learned  man 
who  died  for  love. 

Chrzano'wski(chzha-nov'ske), Adalbert.  Born 
in  the  waywodeship  of  Cracow,  1788:  died  at 
Paris,  March  5,  1861.  A  Polish  general  in  the 
revolution  of  1830-31.    He  was  commander  of 


Chupas 

the  Sardinian  army  in  the  Novara  oanipaign, 
1849. 
Chuana  (chwa'na).  A  Bantu  nation  o£  South 
Africa,  embracing  many  tribes,  and  occupying 
not  only  British  Beehuanaland,  but  part  of 
the  Transvaal.  The  language  is  called  Se-chuana,  and 
differs  but  dialectally  from  Se-Suto.  The  Bechuana  are 
darker,  less  tall  and  brave,  but  more  progressive  than  the 
Zulus.  They  build  round  houses  with  verandas,  and  wear 
a  kaross.  The  western  Bechuana  are  rather  pastoral 
than  agricultural.  The  principal  eastern  tribes  are  the 
Basuto,  Bartlaka,  Ba-Mapela,  Ba-Pedi ;  the  western  are 
the  Ba-Hlapi,  Ba-TlaroCKuruman),  Ba-Rolong  (Maf  eking), 
Ba-Ngwaketsi  and  Ba-Kuena  (Molopolole),  Ba-Mangwato, 
between  Ngami  and  Limpopo  (Khama's  people). 

Chuapa  (cho-a'pa),  or  Choapa  (cho-a'pa).  A 
river  in  Chile  which  separates  Coquimbo  from 
Aconcagua,  flowing  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  100 
miles  north  of  Valparaiso.    Length,  120  miles. 

Chubar  (cho-bar'),  or   Charbar   (char-bar'). 

1.  A  bay  on  the  southern  coast  of  Persia;  in 
lat.  25°  20'  N.,  long.  60°  30'  E.— 2.  A  port  on 
the  Bay  of  Chubar. 

Chubb  (chub),  Thomas.  Bom  at  East  Ham- 
ham,  near  Salisbury,  England,  Sept.  29,  1679: 
died  at  Salisbury,  Feb.  8,  1747.  A  mechanic 
apprenticed  to  a  glove-maker,  and  later  assis- 
tant to  a  tallow-chandler  of  Salisbury,  noted 
as  a  deistical  writer,  of  his  various  controversial 
tracts  the  best-known  is  that  entitled  "  The  True  Gospel 
of  Jesus  Christ  Asserted  "  (1788). 

Chuchacas.    See  Keresan. 

Chucuito,  or  Chucuyto,  or  ChucLuito(oh6-kwe'- 
to) .  A  town  in  southern  Peru,  situated  on  Lake 
Titioaca  15  miles  southeast  of  Puno.  Under  the 
Incas  this  was  the  most  important  town  of  the  Collao,  and 
ancient  ruins  still  exist  near  it.  Population,  estimated  at 
5,000. 

Chudleigh  (chud'le).  A  town  in  Devonshire, 
England,  8  miles  southwest  of  Exeter. 

Chudleigh,  Cape.  A  cape  at  the  entrance  of 
Hudson  Strait,  on  the  northern  coast  of  Labra- 
dor. 

Chuffey  (chuf 'i).  The  superannuated  clerk  who 
saves  the  life  of  old  iuithony  Chuzzlewit  in 
Dickens's  "Martin  Chuzzlewit." 

Chukiang  (ch6-ke-ang').  Same  as  Pearl  Biver, 
in  China. 

Chumaia  (cho-mi'a).  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  living  in  Eden  valley  and  on  the 
Middle  Eel  River,  California.     See  TuMan. 

Chumands.    See  Jumanas.  ■ 

Ohumashan  (cho'mash-an).  A  linguistic  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  it  embraces  a  num- 
ber of  coast  tribes  formerly  residing  at  and  about  the 
seats  of  the  missions  of  San  Buenaventura,  Santa  Bar- 
bara, Santa  Eez,  Purissima,  and  San  Luis  Obispo,  Cali- 
fornia, and  also  upon  the  islands  of  Santa  Rosa  and  Santa 
Cruz,  and  such  other  of  the  Santa  Barbara  islands  as  were 
permanently  inhabited.  Only  about  40  individuals  of  the 
once  populous  stock  survived  in  1884 :  of  these  about  20 
live  near  the  outskirts  of  San  Buenaventura.  Chumash, 
from  which  the  stock  name  is  derived,  is  the  native  name 
of  the  Santa  Rosa  islanders. 

Chumawa  (eHo-m§,'wa).  An  almost  extinct 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians.  See  Palaih- 
nihan. 

Chumbaba.    See  Khmnbaba. 

Chumbul  (ehum-bul').    See  Chamial. 

Chun  (tchen),  Karl.  Bom  Oct.  1,  1852.  A 
German  zoologist. 

Ohunar  (chun-ar'),  or  Chunarghur  (chun- 
ar'ger).  A  fortified  town  in  the  district  of  Mir- 
zapuT,  Northwestern  Provinces,  British  India, 
situated  on  the  Ganges  19  miles  southwest  of 
Benares,  it  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1763.  The 
treaty  of  Chunar  between  Hastings  and  the  Nabob  of 
Oudh  was  concluded  in  1781. 

Chunchos  (chon'chos).  1.  A  tribe  of  Indians 
in  eastern  Peru  and  northern  Bolivia,  about 
the  head  waters  of  the  Madre  de  Dies  and  Hual- 
laga.  They  have  retained  their  independence,  and  are 
implacable  enemies  of  the  whites.  Their  language  is  lit- 
tle known,  but  is  said  to  be  the  same  as  that  of  the  neigh- 
boring Antis  or  Campas,  with  whom  some  writers  identify 
them. 

2.  The  name  given  by  Tsohudi  to  one  of  the 
three  great  aboriginal  races  which  he  supposed 
to  have  inhabited  Peru  from  very  ancient  times. 
The  others  were  the  Quichuas  and  AymarSs.  By  this 
classification  the  name  would  include  not  only  the  Chun- 
chos proper,  but  a  great  number  of  savage  tribes,  priuci- 
paUy  east  of  the  Andes. 

Chungking  (chung-keng').  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Szeohuen,  China,  at  the  junction  of  the 
KiaUng  with  the  Yangtsz'. 

Chungu  (ch6n'g8),orBa-ChungU  (ba-ch6n'g6), 
A  Bantu  tribe  settled  on  the  highland  between 
Lakes  Nyassa  and  Tanganyika,  central  Africa. 

Chupas  (chb'pas).  An  elevated  plain  west  of 
Guamanga  (now  Ayaeueho),  Peru,  about  mid- 
way between  Cuzoo  and  Lima.  Here  the  younger 
Almagro  was  finally  beaten  by  the  royalist  forces  under 
Vaca  de  Castro,  Sept.  16,  1S42.    See  Almagro,  Diego  de. 


Chupra 

Ohupra  (chup'ra).  The  capital  of  the  district 
of  Saran,  Behar,  British  India,  situated  near 
the  junction  of  the  Gogra  and  Granges  in  lat. 
25°  46'  N.,  long.  84°  40'  E.  Population  (1891), 
57,352. 

Ohuquisaca  (ohS-ke-sa'ka).  A  southeastern  de- 
partment of  Bolivia.  Area,  39, 871  square  miles. 
Population  (1893),  estimated,  286,710. 

Chuauisaca  (city).    See  Sucre. 

Chuquito.    See  Chucmto. 

Clmr  (6h8r).    See  Coire. 

Church  (ch6roh),  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Duxbury, 
Mass.,  1639 :  died  at  Little  Compton,  R.  I.,  Jan. 
17, 1718.  An  American  soldier.  He  took  part  in 
King  Philip's  war,  including  the  swamp  fight  with  the  Nar- 
lagansetts,  Deo.  19, 1676,  and  was  in  command  of  the  party 
which  huntedKing  Philip  to  death  Aug.  12, 1676.  Under  his 
direction  and  from  his  notes  his  son  Thomas  compiled 
"  Entertaining  Passages  relating  to  Philip's  War  "  <1716). 

Church,  Frederick  Edwin.  Bom  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  May  4,  1826:  died  at  New  York,  April 
7,  1900.  A  noted  American  landscape-painter, 
a  pupil  of  Thomas  Cole.  His  best-known  worlds  are 
"Niagara  Palis  from  the  Canadian  Shore"  (1867:  in  tl  r 
Corcoran  Gallery,  Washington),  "The  Heart  of  the  Au 
des"  (1859),  "  Cotopaxi"  (1862),  etc. 

Church,  Frederick  Stuart.  Bom  at  Grand 
Rapids,  Mich.,  1841.    An  American  painter. 

Church,  Sir  Richard.  Bom  in  the  county  of 
Cork,  Ireland,  1784:  died  at  Athens,  Greece, 
March  20,  1873.  A  British  soldier,  long  a 
military  commander  and  official  in  the  Greek 
service.  He  served  as  ensign  in  the  Egyptian  campaign 
of  1801 ;  became  captain  in  the  Corsican  Bangers  1306 ; 
was  present  at  the  battle  of  Maida,  and  took  part  in  the 
defense  of  Capri  and  (as  assistant  quartermaster-general) 
in  various  actions  in  the  Ionian  Islands;  and  was  ap- 
pointed lieutenant-colonel  of  a  Greek  infantry  regiment 
in  1812.  When  the  Greek  revolution  began,  he  joined  the 
insurgents  (March  7, 1827),  and  possessed  great  influence 
as  a  leader  of  the  movement  and  as  a  military  commander. 
He  also  took  part  in  the  revolution  of  1843.  In  that  year 
he  was  appointed  senator,  and  in  1854  general  in  the 
Greek  army. 

Church,  Sanford  Elias.  Bom  at  Milf ord,  N.  Y., 
April  18, 1815 :  died  at  Albion,  N.  Y.,  May  14, 
1880.  An  American  jurist  and.  politician.  He 
was  lieutenant-governor  of  New  York  1851-54,  and  chief 
justice  of  the  State  Court  of  Appeals  1871-80. 

Churchill  (cherch'il),  .Arabella.  Born  1648: 
died  1730.  Eldest  daughter  of  Sir  Winston 
Churchill  of  Wootton  Bassett,  Wiltshire,  and 
elder  sister  of  John  Churchill,  duke  of  Marl- 
borough :  a  mistress  of  James  II. 
Churchill,  Charles.  Bom  at  Westminster, 
Feb.,  1731 :  died  on  a  visit  to  Boulogne,  Nov. 
4.  1764.  An  English  poet,  son  of  Charles 
CfhurchiH,  rector  or  Rainham,  Essex.  He  was  or- 
dained a  priest  in  1756,  and  became  curate  at  Kaiuham,  and 
in  1768  of  St.  John's,  Westminster ;  was  for  a  time  a  teacher 
in  various  schools ;  was  separated  from  his  wife  (Feb., 
1761)i  with  whom  he  had  contracted  a  Fleet  marris^e  at 
the  age  of  seventeen ;  and  thereafter  devoted  himself  to 
literature,  becoming  famous  as  a  satirist  through  his  "  Ros- 
clad"(1761)(which3ee).  He  also  published  "TheApology: 
addressed  to  the  Critical  Eeviewers " (1761),  "Night:  an 
Epistle  to  Robert  Lloyd"  (1762X  "The  Ghost,"  in  which 
Johnson  is  ridiculed  in  connection  with  the  Cock  Lane 
ghost  (1762-63),  "The  Prophecy  of  Famine:  a  Scots  Pas- 
torsd  "  (1763),  "  The  Duellist,"  an  assault  on  the  enemies 
of  Wilkes  (1763),  "The  Author  "(1763),  "  Gotham,"  a  poet- 
ical statement  of  his  political  opinions  (1764),  "The  Candi- 
date "  (1784),  etc.  He  was  a  friend  of  WUkes,  and  a  co- 
laborer  with  him  on  the  "North  Briton." 
Churchill,  John,  first  Duke  of  Marlborough. 
Bom  at  Ashe,  Musbuiy,  Devonshire,  probably 
June  24, 1650 :  died  near  Windsor,  June  16, 1722. 
A  famous  English  general  and  statesman.  He 
served  for  a  time  as  page  of  honor  to  the  Duke  of  York 
(afterward  James  II.),  and  in  1667  obtained  a  commission 
as  ensign  in  the  Foot  Guards.  He  served  under  Monmouth 
in  the  French  army  in  Flanders  in  1672  and  subsequently, 
and  commanded  under  Feversham  at  Sedgemoor  in  1685. 
He  joined  William  of  Orange  in  Nov.,  1688,  was  made  earl  of 
Marlborough  in  1689,  served  on  the  Continent  and  in  Ire- 
land 1689-91,  and  in  1692  was  removed  from  his  offices  and 
imprisoned  for  complicity  in  Jacobite  intrigues.  He  was 
restored  to  favor  by  William  III.  in  1698,  and  was  ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief  in  Holland  in  1701,  and  cap- 
tain-general of  all  the  British  forces  inl702.  During  the  War 
of  the  Spanish  Succession,  which  broke  out  in  1701,  he 
was,  with  Eugene  of  Savoy  and  Heinsius,  pensionary  of 
Holland,  a  leading  spirit  of  the  grand  alliance  of  the 
naval  powers  and  the  emperor  against  France.  He  con- 
ducted a  successful  campaign  against  the  French  in  1702, 
was  created  duke  of  Marlborough  m  1702,  shared  with 
Eugene  the  victory  of  Blenheim  in  1704,  defeated  Villeroi 
at  BamiUles  in  1706,  and  in  conjunction  with  Eugene 
gained  the  victories  of  Oudenarde  in  1708  and  Malplaquet 
in  1709.  He  was  deprived  of  his  command  in  1711,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  fall  of  the  Whig  ministry  and  the  acces- 
sion to  power  of  the  Tories.  See  lite  by  Coxe  (3  vols. 
1818-19). 

Churchill,  Eandolph  Henry  Spencer  (called 
Lord  Randolph  (Siurchill).  Bom  Feb.  13, 
1849 :  died  at  London,  Jan.  24,  1895.  An  Eng- 
lish politician,  second  son  of  the  sixth  Duke 
of  Marlborough .    He  entered  Parliament  in  1874.    He 


251 

was  Conservative  member  of  Parliament  for  Woodstock 
1874-86,  when  he  was  returned  for  South  Paddington.  He 
was  reelected  for  South  Paddington  in  1886  and  in  1892, 
was  secretary  for  India  in  Lord  Salisbury's  first  ministry 
(June,  1886,-January,  1886),  and  in  Salisbury's  second  min- 
istry was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  and  leader  of  the 
House  of  Commons  from  July  to  December,  1886.  He 
married  Miss  Jerome  of  New  York  in  1874. 

ChurchiU.  A  river  in  British  America  which 
flows  through  various  lakes  into  Hudson  Bay, 
about  lat.  58°  40'  N.,  long.  95°  W.  Length, 
about  700  miles.  Also  called  Missinnippi,  Eng- 
lish, and  Bea/eer, 

Church  Island  (Utah).     See  Antelope  Island. 

Churchyard  (cherch'yard),  Thomas.  Bom  at 
Shrewsbury,  England,  about  1520 :  died  April, 
1604.  An  English  poet  and  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter, and  soldier.  He  was  the  author  of  numerous 
tracts  and  broadsides,  "  The  Worthines  of  Wales,"  a  poem 
(1587),  "  The  legend  of  Shore's  Wife  "  (m  the  1663  edition 
of  Baldwin's  "Mirror  for  Magistrates  '),  his  best-known 
poem,  "  Churchyard's  Challenge, "  a  collection  of  prose  and 
verse  (1693),  etc.  As  a  soldier  he  served  in  Scotland,  Ire- 
land, the  Low  Countries,  France,  and  elsewhere. 

Thomas  Churchyard  was  an  inferior  sort  of  Gascoigne, 
who  led  a  much  longer  if  less  eventful  life.  He  was 
about  the  Court  for  the  greater  part  of  the  century,  and 
had  a  habit  of  calling  his  little  books,  which  were  numer- 
ous, and  written  both  in  verse  and  prose,  by  alliterative 
titles  playing  on  his  own  name  such  as  "Churchyard's 
Chips,  "Churclyrard's  Choice,"  and  so  forth.  Hewasaper- 
son  of  no  great  literary  power,  and  chiefly  noteworthv  be- 
cause of  his  long  life  after  contributing  to  Tottel's  "mis- 
cellany, "which  makes  him  a  link  between  the  old  literature 
and  the  new.    SaintsJmry,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  13. 

Churruas.    Same  as  Charruas. 

Churubusco  (che-rS-bos'ko).  A  village  about 
5  miles  south  of  the  city  of  Mexico.  During  the 
Mexican  war,  Aug.  20,  1847  (after  the  battle  of  Contreras, 
which  see),  about  8,000  United  States  troops  under  Scott 
defeated  there  a  force  of  20,000-25,000  Mexicans  under 
Santa  Anna.  An  old  convent  in  the  village,  garrisoned  by 
about  800  Mexican  troops  under  General  Pedro  Maria 
Anaya,  was  attacked  by  about  6,000  United  States  soldiers 
under  Generals  Twiggs,  Smith,  and  Worth.  The  strong 
convent  walls  served  as  a  fortress,  and  it  was  only  carried 
after  a  severe  battle,  the  ammunition  of  the  defenders 
being  exhausted.  The  losses  were  :  United  States,  1,053 ; 
Mexico,  about  7,000  (including  the  battle  of  Contreras^ 

Ghurwalden  (6h8r'val-den).  A  town,  noted  as 
a  health-resort,  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerland, 5  miles  south  of  Coire. 

Chusan  (cho-san').  The  largest  island  of  the 
Chusau  group,  situated  in  the  China  Sea  in 
lat.  30°  10'  N.,  long.  122°  10'  B.  It  was  taken 
by  the  English  in  1840  and  1860.  Capital, 
Ting-hai. 

Chusan  Archipelago.  The  group  of  islands  of 
which  Chusan  is  the  chief. 

Ohutia.Nagpur.    See  Chota  Nagpur. 

Ohutterpur  (chut-ter-p6r'),  or  Chattrpur 
(chat-tr-por').  A  city  in  Bundelkhand,  British 
India,  in  lat.  24°  52'  N.,  long.  79°  38'  E. 

Chuuichupa  (cho-we-ch6'pa).  [Opata.]  The 
wild  and  scarcely  explored  region  of  the  sources 
of  the  Yaqui  River  in  the  Sierra  Madre,  near 
the  confines  of  Souora  and  Chihuahua,  Mexico, 

Chuzzlewit  (chuz'l-wit),  Anthony.  The  shrewd 
and  cunning  father  of  Jonas,  in  Charles  Dick- 
ens's "Martin  Chuzzlewit." 

Chuzzlewit,  Jonas.  An  unscrupulous,  selfish, 
and  overreaching  f eUow,  the  cousin  of  Martin. 
and  son  of  Anthony  Chuzzlewit,  in  Charles 
Dickens's  "  Martin  Chuzzlewit."  His  slyness, 
selfish  ignora,nce,  and  brutality  finally  culmi- 
nate in  murder. 

Chuzzlewit,  Martin.  The  grandfather  of  Mar- 
tin Chuzzlewit,  in  Charles  Dickens's  novel  of 
that  name. 

Chuzzlewit,  Martin.  A  young  architect,  the 
principal  character  in  Charles  Dickens's  novel 
of  that  name.  At  first  dissipated,  by  dint  of  many 
hard  knacks  from  fortune,  especially  in  his  dreary  Ameri- 
can adventures  with  Mark  Tapley  in  search  of  wealth,  he 
reforms  and  becomes  the  heir  of  his  rich  grandfather. 

Chuzzle'wit,  Mrs.  Jonas.   See  Pecksniff. 

Chyavana  (chya-va'na).  In  Sanskrit  mythol- 
ogy, a  Rishi  whom,  when  old,  the  Ashvinsmade 
again  a  youth.  This  germ,  all  that  is  found  in  the 
Rigveda,  is  variously  developed  in  stories  of  Chyavana 
(the  later  form  for  the  earlier  Chyavana)  in  the  Shata- 
patha  Brahmana  and  the  Mahabharata,  a  motive  of  which 
is  to  explain  how  the  Ashvins  came  to  share  libations  of 
soma.  ,.  r^      i_ 

Cialdini  (chal-de'ne),  Enrico,  Duke  of  Gaeta. 
Born  at  Castelvetro,  Modena,  Italy,  Aug.  8, 
1811 :  died  at  Leghorn,  Sept.  8, 1892.  An  Ital- 
ian general,  politician,  and  diplomatist.  He 
served  with  distinction  in  the  campaigns  of 
1860-61,  and  was  ambassador  to  France  1876- 
1879  and  1880-81.  ,      .  „ 

Oianca(the-an'tha), Andres de.  A Spamsh law- 
yer, a  native  of  Penafiel  in  the  diocese  of  Pa- 
lencia.  He  went  with  Gasca  to  Peru  in  1646,  was 
made  a  member  of  the  audience  there,  and  was  one  of  the 


Cicacole 

judges  who  condemned  Gonzalo  Pizarro  and  Carvajal  to 
death.  From  Jan.,  1650,  to  Sept.,  1661,  he  governed  Peru 
as  president  of  the  audience. 

CibalsB  (sib'a-le),  or  Cibalis  (-lis).  In  ancient 
geography,  a  town  in  Pannonia,  near  the  mod- 
em Esseg  in  Slavonia.  Here,  in  314,  Constan- 
tine  defeated  Lieinius. 

Cibao  (se-ba'6).  [Probably  from  the  Indian 
word  dba,  a  stone  or  rock.]  A  mountainous 
region  in  the  central  part  of  the  island  of  Santo 
Domingo.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  it  was  included 
in  the  provmce  of  Ma^uana,  governed  by  Caonabo.  The 
Indians  told  Columbus  that  gold  was  found  there,  and  he 
supposed  it  to  be  the  Cipango  (Japan)  of  Marco  Polo. 
Ojeda  entered  this  region  in  March,  1494,  and  a  consider- 
able amount  of  gold  was  obtained  there. 

Gibber  (sib'er),  or  Cibert  (se'bsrt),  Caius  Ga- 
briel. Born  at  Flensborg,  in  Holstein,  1630 : 
died  at  London,  1700.  A  Danish  sculptor,  resi- 
dent in  England,  the  father  of  Colley  Gibber. 

Cibber,  Colley.  Born  at  London,  Nov.  6, 1671 : 
died  there,  Dec.  12,  1757.  An  English  actor 
and  dramatist,  son  of  the  sculptor  C.  G.  Cibber 
by  his  second  wife,  Jane  Colley.  He  began  his 
career  as  an  actor  about  1690,  his  first  recorded  appearance 
being  in  1691  at  the  Theatre  Royal,  and  subsequently 
played  a  large  number  of  parts,  of  many  of  which  he  was 
the  original.  Among  his  plays  are  "Love's  Last  Shift" 
(1694),  "She  Would  and  She  Would  Not"  fl702),  "The 
Careless  Husband"  (acted  1704),  "The  Double  Gallant" 
(1707),  "  The  Provoked  Husband  "  (1728),  "  The  Non-Juror  " 
(actedl717),  etc.  He  altered  and  adapted  "Richard  III." 
and  "King  Lear,"  and  other  plays,  the  former  keeping  tiie  , 
stage  for  a  century.  In  1730  he  was  appointed  poet 
laureate.  Pope  attacked  him  under  the  name  of  "Dul- 
ness"  m  the  "Dunciad"  (1741).  Hia  "Apology  for  his 
Life  "  was  published  in  1740. 

Gibber,  Mrs.  (Susannah  Maria  Ame).  Bom 
at  London,  Feb.,  1714 :  died  at  Westminster, 
Jan.  30,  1766.  A  noted  English  actress  and 
singer,  wife  of  Theophilus  Cibber  and  sister  of 
Thomas  Ame.  Her  first  appearance  was  at  the  Hay- 
market  in  1732,  in  the  opera  "Amelia  "  by  Lump^,  and  her 
reputation  was  for  several  years  chiefly  founded  upon  her 
singing.  In  1736  she  made  her  d^but  as  a  tragic  actress  in 
the  part  of  Zarah,  in  Hill's  version  of  Voltaire's  "Zaire," 
and  rapidly  became  famous. 

Gibber,  Theophilus.  Bom  Nov.  26, 1703 :  per- 
ished in  a  shipwreck  in  the  Irish  Channel,  Oct., 
1758.  An  English  actor  and  dramatist,  son  of 
Colley  Cibber.  He  wrote  "The  Lover  "  (1730),  "Patie 
and  Peggy,  or  the  Fair  Foundling  "  (1730),  "  The  Harlot's 
Progress,  or  the  Ridotto  al  Fresco  "  (1733),  "  The  Auction  "  ' 
(1767),etc.  Hepublishedanalterationof "Henry VI."  In 
April,  1734,  he  married  Susannah  Maria  Arne,  afterward 
famous  as  an  actress.  She  abandoned  him  a  few  years 
later.    Cibber  was  a  man  of  unsavory  reputation. 

Gibobe  (se-bo-ba').  [Tehua  of  northem  New 
Mexico.]  A  mythical  place,  probably  some 
spring  or  lagoon  in  southern  Colorado,  where, 
according  to  the  traditions  of  the  Tehuas,  their 
ancestors  issued  from  the  interior  of  the  earth 
to  begin  their  wanderings  over  its  surface.  It 
is  the  mythical  cradle  of  the  tribe. 

Cibola  (se'bo-la).  [Origiti  unknown.]  The 
name  given  by  Fray  Marcos  of  Nizza  to  the 
cluster  of  villages  occupied  by  the  Zuni  tribe  in 
1539.  He  heard  the  word  in  Sonora,  and  it  may 
have  been  a  corruption  of  Shiruma,  the  Zuni 
name  for  the  range  held  by  that  tribe. 

Cibot  (se-bo'),  Frangois  Barth^lemy  Michel 
£douard.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  11, 1799 :  died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  10,  1877.  A  French  painter, 
noted  especiallyfor  historical  subjects  and  land- 
scapes. 

Cibot,  Pierre  Martial.  Born  at  Limoges, 
France,  1727 :  died  at  Peking,  China,  Aug.  8, 
1780.  A  French  Jesuit,  missionary  in  China. 
He  was  the  author  of  many  dissertations  and  treatises, 
comprised  in  the  "  M^moires  concernant  I'histoire  des  let- 
tres,  sciences  et  arts  de  la  Chine." 

Gibrario  (ehe-bra're-6).  Count  Giovanni  An- 
tonio Luigi.  Bom  at  Turin,  Feb.  23,  1802: 
died  at  Sale,  Brescia,  Italy,  Oct.  1,  1870.  An 
Italian  jurist,  historian,  and  politician,  cabinet 
minister  1852-56.  He  wrote  "  Storia  deUa  monarchia  di 
Savoia"  (1840-47),  "Origini  e  progressi  delle  instituzioni 
della  monarchia  di  Savoia"  (1854-65),  "DeUa  economia 
politica  del  Medio  Evo  "  (1842),  etc. 

Gibyra  (sib'i-ra).  [Gr.  Ki^vpa.']  An  ancient 
town  of  Phrygia,  Asia  Minor,  the  modern  Khor- 
zum:  called  Cihyra  Magna,  to  distinguish  it 
from  a  smaller  town  of  the  same  name  in 
Pamphylia.  its  ruins  comprise  an  odeum,  175  feet  in 
diameter,  with  thirteen  tiers  of  seats  visible  aboveground. 
The  front  wall  is  noteworthy,  and  is  practically  complete : 
it  has  five  arched  doorways  between  two  square  ones. 
There  is  also  an  ancient  theater  of  some  size  and  consid- 
erable interest,  and  a  stadium,  in  part  excavated  from  a 
hillside.  There  are  twenty-one  tiers  of  seats  in  marble, 
which  remain  in  place  around  the  curved  end.  There  was 
a  monumental  entrance,  consisting  of  three  lofty  arches. 

Cicacole  (sik-a-kol'),  or  Ghicacole(chik-a-k6r). 
A  town  in  the  district  of  Ganjam,  Madras, 
British  India,  situated  on  the  NagavuUi  in  lat. 
18°  20'  N.,  long.  83°  52'  E. 


Cicely  Homespun 

Cicely  Homespun.    See  Homespun. 

Cicero.  A  surname  given  to  Johann,  elector 
of  Brandenburg  1486-99,  on  account  of  his  elo- 
quence. 

Cicero  (sis'e-ro),  Marcus  TuUius.  Bom  at  Ar- 
plnum,  Italy,  Jan.  3,  106  B.  c. :  assassinated 
near  PormisB,  Italy,  Deo.  7,  43  b.  c.  A  cele- 
brated Eoman  orator,  philosopher,  and  states- 
man. He  served  In  the  Social  War  in  89 ;  traveled  in 
Greece  and  Asia  79-77 ;  was  questor  in  Sicily  in  75 ;  ac- 
cused Verres  in  70 ;  was  edile  in  69 ;  pretor  66 ;  and  as 
consul  suppressed  Catiline's  conspiracy  in  63.  He  was 
banislied  in  68,  living  in  Thessalonica,  and  was  recalled 
in  B7.  He  was  proconsul  of  Cilicia  61-60;  joined  the 
Pompeians  in  49 ;  lived  at  Brundisium,  Sept.,  48,-Sept., 
47;  pronounced  the  Philippics  against  Antony  44-43; 
and  was  proscribed  by  the  Second  Triumvirate  and  slain 
in  43.  Of  his  orations  57  are  extant  (with  fragments 
of  20  more),  including  "Against  Verres"  (six  speeches,  70 
B.  0. ;  five  of  these  were  never  delivered),  "Against  Cati- 
line "  (four  speeches,  63  B.  c.  :  see  CatUiTie),  "  For  Archias  " 
(62  B.C.),"  Against  Piso  "  (55  B.  0.  X  "  For  Milo  "  (52  B.  c), 
"For  Marcellus"(46  B.  c),  and  "Philippics"  (which  see). 
His  other  works  include  "Ehetorica,"  "De  oratore,"  "De 
republica,"  "De  legibus,"  "De  finibus  bonorum  et  malo- 
rum,"  "Tusculanse  disputationes,"  "De  natura  deorum," 
"Cato major,"  "De  divinatione,"  "Lselius,"  "De  offlciis" 
(see  these  titles),  etc.  There  are,  besides,  four  collections 
of  his  correspondence.  He  also  wrote  poetry,  including 
an  epic  on  Marius. 

Cicero,  Quintus  Tullius.  Born  about  102  b.  c.  : 
killed  43  b.  c.  A  Boman  commander,  younger 
brother  of  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero,  distinguished 
in  Gaul  in  54. 

Cicero's  younger  brother,  Quintus  (a.  652/102-711/43), 
toolf  much  interest  in  literature,  especially  in  poetry, 
and  seems  to  have  resembled  his  brother  in  facility  of 
composition,  but  he  never  attained  any  distinction.  He 
nndertooli  an  annalistic  work,  and  translated  tragedies  of 
Sopbokles  and  the  like.  We  possess  by  him  the  Com- 
mentariolum  petitionis,  a  missive  addressed  to  his  brother 
Marcus,  composed  early  in  690/64,  and  a  few  letters. 

Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist.  Bom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  6.  C.  W. 

[Warr),  I.  324. 

Cicogna  (che-kon'ya),  Emmanuele  Antonio. 

Bom  at  Venice,  Jan.  17,  1789:  died  at  Venice, 
Feb.  22, 1868.  An  Italian  historian  and  arehee- 
ologist.  He  wrote  "Delle  inscrizioni  Vene- 
ziane"  (1824-53),  etc. 

Cicognara  (ehe-kon-ya'ra),  Count  Leopoldo. 
Born  at  Perrara,  Italy,  Nov.  17^  1767:  died  at 
Venice,  March  5, 1834.  An  Italian  antiquarian 
and  diplomatist,  author  of  "Storia  della  sonl- 
tura"  (1813-18),  etc. 

Cid  (sid;  Sp.  pron.  theTH),  The:  called  also  El 
Campeador  (kam-pe-a-dor')  (Ruy  or  Bodrigo 
Diaz  de  Bivar).  {Cid,  Sp.,  representing  Ar. 
Seyyid,  master:  el  Campeador,  Sp.,  the  cham- 
pion or  challenger.]  Born  at  the  castle  of 
Bivar,  near  Burgos,  Spain,  about  1040:  died 
at  Valencia,  Spain,  July,  1()99.  The  principal 
national  hero  of  Spain,  famous  for  his  exploits 
in  the  wars  with  the  Moors. 

The  title  of  Cid,  by  which  he  is  almost  always  known, 
is  often  said  to  have  come  to  him  from  the  remarkable 
circumstance  that  five  Moorish  kings  or  chiefs  acknow- 
ledged him  in  one  battle  as  their  Seid,  or  their  lord  and 
conqueror;  and  the  title  of  Campeador,  or  Champion, 
by  which  he  is  hardly  less  known,  though  it  is  commonly 
assumed  to  have  been  given  to  him  as  a  leader  of  the 
armies  of  Sancho  the  Second,  has  long  since  been  used 
almost  exclusively  as  a  mere  popular  expression  of  the 
admiration  of  his  countrymen  for  his  exploits  against  the 
Moors.  At  any  rate,  from  a  very  early  period  he  has  been 
called  El  Cid  Campeadm;  or  The  Lord  Champion. 

Tickrwr,  Span.  Lit.,  1. 12. 

In  this  critical  age  we  are  frequently  obliged  to  aban- 
don with  regret  the  most  charming  traditions  of  our 
childhood's  histories ;  and  the  Cid  has  not  been  spared. 
A  special  book  has  been  written  by  an  eminent  Orientalist 
to  prove  that  the  redoubtable  Challenger  was  by  no 
means  the  hero  he  was  supposed  to  be:  that  he  was 
treacherous  and  cruel,  a  violator  of  altars,  and  a  breaker 
of  his  own  good  faith.  Professor  Dozy  maintains  that  the 
romantic  history  of  the  Cid  is  a  tissue  of  inventions,  and 
he  has  written  an  account  of  "the  real  Cid"  to  counteract 
these  misleading  narratives.  He  founds  his  criticisms 
mainly  on  the  Arabic  historians,  in  whom,  despite  their 
national  and  religious  bias,  he  places  as  blind  a  reliance 
as  less  learned  people  have  placed  in  the  Chronicle  of  the 
Cid.  Yet  it  is  surprising  how  trifling  are  the  differences 
that  can  be  detected  between  his  "  real  Cid  "  and  that  ro- 
mantic Chronicle  of  the  Cid,  the  substance  of  which  was 
compiled  by  Alfonso  the  Learned  only  half  a  century 
after  the  Cid'a  death,  and  which  Robert  Southey  trans- 
lated into  English  in  1805  with  such  skill  and  charm  of 
style  that  his  version  has  ever  since  been  almost  as  much 
a  classic  as  the  original.  Every  one  can  separate  for  him- 
self the  obviously  legendary  incidents  in  the  delightful 
old  Chronicle  without  any  assistance  from  the  Arabic 
historians,  who  deal  chiefly  with  one  period  alone  of  the 
Cid's  career ;  and  the  best  popular  account  of  the  hero,  in 
discriminating  hands  and  with  due  allowances,  is  still 
Southey's  fascinating  Chronicle.  The  Cid  of  the  Chron- 
icle is  not  at  all  the  same  as  the  Cid  of  the  Komances; 
and  while  we  cheerfully  abandon  the  latter  immaculate 
personage,  we  may  still  believe  in  the  former. 

Poote,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  192. 

Cid,  Romances  of  the.  1.  A  Spanish  poem 
("JPoema  del  Cid")  composed  by  an  unknown 
author  about  1200.     it  consists  of  more  than  3,000 


252 

lines,  and  is  a  bold  and  spirited  exhibition  of  national 
peculiarities  in  the  chivalrous  times  of  Spain.     It  was 

grinted  first  by  Sanchez  in  the  first  volume  of  his  "Poesias 
astellanas  Anteriores  al  Siglo  XV."  (Madrid,  1779-90). 
Tichnm: 

8.  An  old  poetical  Spanish  chronicle  ("Cronica 
Bimada  de  las  Cosas  de  Espana")>  nearly  the 
whole  of  which  is  devoted  to  the  history  of  the 
Cid.  It  is  later  than  the  "Foema  del  Cid,"  and  was  first 
published  by  Michel  in  the  "  Jahrbiicher  der  literatur," 
VoL  CXV.,  at  Vienna  in  1846.  Both  these  poems  seem 
built  up  from  older  ballads. 

3.  The  "Chronicle  of  the  Cid," date  unknown, 
printed  in  1512,  the  same  in  substance  with  the 
history  of  the  Cid  in  the  "General  Chronicle  of 
the  History  of  Spain"  composed  and  compiled 
by  Alfonso  the  Wise  about  1260.— 4.  A  Spanish 
tragedy  ( "  Las  mocedades  del  Cid  Campeador  ") 
by  Guillen  de  Castro.  It  appeared  in  1618. —  5. 
A  French  tragedy  ("Le  Cid")  by  Pierre  Cor- 
neille,  represented  in  1636. 

Cid  Hamet  Benengeli,  See  Benengeli,  Cid 
Hamet. 

Cieneguilla  (the-a-na-gel'ya).  [Sp.,  'little 
marsh.']  A  place  12  miles  west  or  west-south- 
west of  Santa  P^,  in  New  Mexico.  Near  it  are 
the  ruins  of  an  important  ancient  pueblo  of  the 
Tanos. 

CienfuegOS  (the-en-fwa'gos).  A  seaport  on 
the  southern  coast  of  Cuba,  in  lat.  22°  12'  N., 
long.  80°  35'  W.  it  exports  molasses,  sugar,  etc.  On 
May  11,  1898,  a  fight  occurred  here  between  American 
vessels  and  Spanish  troops  while  men  of  the  former  were 
cutting  cables.    Population  (1899),  30,038. 

CienfuegOS,  Nicasio  Alvarez  de.     Bom  at 

Madrid,  Dee.  14,  1764:  died  at  Orthez,  France, 
July,  1809.  A  Spanish  poet  and  dramatist. 
His  poems  were  published  in  1798. 
CienfuegOS  y  Jovellanos  (the-en-fwa'gos  § 
Ho-vel-ya'nos),  Jos6,  Bom  at  Gigon,  Asturias, 
Spain,  1768:  died  at  Madrid,  1825.  A  Spanish 
general.  He  was  a  cadet  in  1777,  served  In  the  French 
wars,  and  from  AprU,  1816,  to  the  end  of  1819  was  cap- 
tain-general of  Cuba.  In  1822  he  was  minister  of  war,  and 
at  the  time  of  his  death  councilor  of  war  and  lieutenant- 
general  and  director-general  of  artillery. 

Cieza  (the-a'tha).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Muroia,, Spain,  near  the  Segura  north- 
west of  Murcia. 

Cieza  de  Leon  (the-a'tha  da  la-6n'),  Pedro  de. 
Bom  at  Llerena,  Spain,  1518 :  died  at  Seville, 
1560.  A  Spanish  soldier,  author  of  the  "Co- 
r6nica  del  Perii."  From  about  1534  to  1552  he  was 
with  the  Spanish  ai-mies  in  America,  serving  in  New 
Granada  and  Peru  and  traveling  extensively.  His  "Co- 
rdnica,"  or  history,  of  Peru  was  commenced  in  1541,  and 
consisted  of  four  parts.  Part  1,  a  general  description  of 
the  country,  was  published  in  1653 ;  and  part  2,  with  a  por- 
tion of  part  3,  in  modem  times  ;  other  portions  are  known 
in  MS.,  but  several  books  are  lost.  Cieza  de  Leon  is  one 
of  the  best  authorities  on  the  early  history  of  Peru  and  the 
customs  of  the  Incas. 

Cignani  (ohen-ya'ne).  Count  Carlo.  Bom  at 
Bologna,  Italy,  May  15,  1628:  died  at  Porli, 
Italy,  Sept.  6,  1719.  An  Italian  painter  of  the 
Bolognese  school.  His  chief  work  is  an  "As- 
sumption of  the  Virgin,"  painted  in  the  cupola 
of  the  cathedral  at  Porli. 

Cignaroli  (ohen-ya-ro'le),  (Hovanni  Bettino. 
Bom  at  Salo,  near  Verona,  Italy,  1706:  died  at 
Verona,  Deo.  1,  1770.  An  Italian  painter  of 
the  Venetian  school.  In  1769  he  became  di- 
rector of  the  Academy  at  Verona. 

Ciguay  (se-gwi'),  or  Higuey  (e-gway ' ).  The  In- 
dian name  for  a  portion  of  the  eastern  part  of 
the  island  of  Santo  Domingo,  bordering  on  Sa- 
mandi  Bay.  it  was  first  visited  by  Columbus  in  1493. 
The  natives  were  warlike,  and  resisted  the  Spaniards  for 
some  years. 

Cihuacohuatl  (se-wa''k6-wa'tl).  p^ahuatl, 
'  snake-woman.']  1.  In  Mexican  (Nahuatl) 
mythology,  Tonantzin  ('our  mother'),  the  first 
mother  of  mankin,d,  who  begat  twins,  male  and 
female,  from. which  sprang  the  human  race. 
According  to  SE^agun  she  was  the  goddess  of  adverse 
things — poverty,  toil,  sickness,  etc.— and  the  patroness  of 
medicine  and  abortion.  Also  written"  CihMtttcoaM,  Cioa- 
coatl,  CivaeoaU,  etc. 

2.  The  title  of  the  Mexican  civil  head  chief,  it 
has  lately  been  suggested  that  his  title  may  have  been 
CihmirCoaU,  which  would  signify '  twin  woman.  ■  The  civil 
head  of  the  Mexican  tribe  was  elective  as  well  as  the  war 
chief,  and  had,  like  the  latter,  religious  functions  con- 
nected  with  his  administrative  duties. 

Cilicia  (si-lish'ia).  [Gr.  Kihida.l  In  ancient 
geography,  a  province  in  southeastern  Asia 
Minor,  separated  by  the  Taurus  from  Lyeaonia 
and  Cappadocia  on  the  north,  and  by  the  Ama- 
nus  from  Syria  on  the  east,  and  extending  to- 
ward the  sea.  During  the  Syrian  period  many  Greeks 
and  Jews  settled  in  Cilicia.  It  was  repeatedly  Invaded  by 
the  Assyrian  kings,  and  was  successively  under  Persian, 
Macedonian,  Syrian,  and  Roman  dominion.  The  dreaded 
Cilician  pirates  were  subdued  by  Pompey  67  a  0.  The 
capital  was  Tarsus. 


Cimmerian  Eospoms 

Cilli  (tsil'le),  Slovenian  Celje.  A  town  in 
Styria,  Austria-Hungary,  on  the  Sann  in  lat. 
46°  14'  N.,  long.  15°  15'  E. :  the  Roman  Claudia 
Celeja,  founded  by  Claudius.  It  is  a  summer  re- 
sort. It  was  governed  by  counts  in  the  later 
middle  ages.    Population  (1890),  6,264. 

Cimabue  (ehe-ma-bo'a),  Giovanni.  Born  at 
Florence,  1240:  died  there,  about  1302.  Anoted 
Italian  painter,  called  "  The  Father  of  Modern 
Painting."  He  is  mentioned  as  a  forerunner  of  Giotto 
by  Dante,  who  thereby  gives  occasion  to  his  own  anony- 
mous commentator,  writing  in  1334,  to  make  some  re- 
marks upon  Cimabue's  fame  and  ambition,  quoted  by 
Vasari.  Cimabue  practised  painting  on  wall-panels  and 
mosaics.  The  works  accredited  to  him  are  simply  as- 
sumed by  Vasari  without  corroborating  testimony.  They 
consist  of :  (a)  Several  large  Madonnas  on  panels  with  gold 
grounds,  "rhe  most  celebrated  is  that  in  the  chapel  of 
the  Rucellai  family  in  Santa  Maria  Novella  in  Florence. 
There  is  another  in  the  Louvre,  and  another  in  the  Ao- 
cademia  at  Florence.  They  are  effective  from  their  mild 
solemnity  and  simple  color,  which  is  lively  and  clear  in 
the  fiesh-tints.  (6)  Frescos  in  the  Church  of  San  Fran- 
cisco d'Assisi,  quite  similar  to  the  panels,  but  slighter  and 
more  decorative,  (c)  Mosaics  in  the  apse  of  the  cathe- 
dral of  Fisa,  the  only  work  well  authenticated  as  his  by 
original  documents,  and  probably  his  last. 

Cima  di  Jazzi  (ohe'ma  de  yat'se).  A  moun- 
tain of  the  Valais  Alps,  on  the  border  of  Italy, 
east  of  Zermatt.    Height,  12,526  feet. 

Cimarosa  (ehe-ma-ro'sa),  Domenico.  Bom  at 
Aversa,  near  Naples,  Dee.  17,  1749:  died  at 
Venice,  Jan.  11, 1801.  An  Italian  composer  of 
opera.  His  chief  opera  is  "H  matrimonio  se- 
greto"  ("  The  Secret  Marriage,"  1792). 

(Smarron  (se-ma-ron').  [Sp.,  'wild.']  A  name 
given  to  the  Canadian  Eiver  in  northern  New 
Mexico  (Kio  Cimarron). 

Cimarrones  (the-ma-ro'nes).  [Sp.  Cimarron, 
untamed;  whence  ultimately  E.  maroon,  ma- 
rooner.']  Aname  given  in  the  Spanish  colonies 
of  America  to  fugitive  slaves;  in  particular, 
the  bands  of  fugitive  negroes  who  collected  on 
the  isthmus  of  Panama  about  the  middle  of  the 
16th  century.  They  numbered  many  hundred,  built 
walled  towns,  attacked  the  Spanish  settlements,  robbed 
treasure-trains,  and  made  their  name  a  terror  in  all  parts 
of  the  isthmus.  Under  their  chief  or  "king,"  Bayano, 
they  resisted  the  forces  of  Pedro  de  TJrsua  for  two  years, 
but  were  at  length  obliged  to-submit.  They  soon  revolt- 
ed. In  1572  they  joined  forces  with  the  English  adventurer 
Drake,  and  for  many  years  they  aided  the  bucaneers  in 
their  descents  on  the  isthmus.    Finally  they  became  amal- 

d;amated  with  the  Indian  tribes. 
imbebasie.    See  Ndonga. 

Cimbri(sim'bii).  [L.,  Gr.  K(/j/3poj.]  An  ancient 
people  of  central  Europe,  of  uncertain  local 
habitation  and  ethnographical  position.  They 
pushed  into  the  Roman  provinces  in  113  B.  c,  and  in  com- 
pany with  the  Teutons  and  Gauls  engaged  with  and  de- 
feated Homan  armies  in  southern  Gaul  and  elsewhere  (the 
most  notable  defeat  being  that  of  Ccepio  and  MaUius  in 
105  B.  0.)  until  101  B.  0.,  when  they  were  defeated  and 
virtually  exterminated  by  Marius  on  the  Randian  fields  in 
northern  Italy.  The  peninsula  of  Jutland  was  named  from 
them  the  Cimbrie  Chersonese^ 

Cinuuarians.    See  Cimmerians. 

Cimmeria  (si-me'ri-a).  [Gr.  Ktfi/iEpia.']  The 
country  of  the  Cimmerians  (which  see),  fabled 
to  be  a  place  of  perpetual  darkness. 

.^schylus  places  Cimmeria  in  close  proximity  to  the 
Pains  Mseotis  and  the  Bosphorus ;  and  here  in  the  time 
of  Herodotus  were  still  existing  a  number  of  names  re- 
calling the  tact  of  the  former  settlement  in  these  regions 
of  the  Cimmerian  nation.        Sawlinson,  Herod.,  TTT,  179, 

Cimmerian  Bosporus  (si-me'ri-an  bos'po-ms). 
The  strait  between  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Sea 
of  AzoS.  The  Crimean  side  was  colonized  by  a  Greek 
expedition  from  Miletus  in  438  B.  C.  It  fiouriBhed  until 
absorbed  in  the  dominions  of  Mithridates,  and  for  some 
centuries  afterward  experienced  vicissitudes  of  hardship 
and  prosperity.  Relations  which  became  intimate  were 
early  established  with  Athens,  which  sent  her  oil,  jewelry, 
and  works  of  industrial  art  in  return  for  Crimean  wheat. 
The  chief  city  was  Panticapseum,  the  modern  Kertch,  the 
center  of  the  highly  important  archseological  discoveries 
which  have  been  yielded  by  this  region  as  well  as  by  the 
territory  around  it.  The  first  systematic  excavations  were 
made  in  1816.  Since  1832  explorations  have  been  regularly 
conducted  by  the  imperial  government,  and  their  results, 
rich  in  Greek  industrial  antiquities,  are  in  the  Hermitage 
Museum  in  St.  Petersburg.  The  architectural  remains 
are  scanty,  perhaps  the  chief  of  them  being  the  fine  revet- 
ment, in  quarry-faced  ashler  with  margin-draft,  of  the  so- 
called  Tumulus  of  the  Czar  at  Kertch.  The  sculpture 
found,  too,  is  scanty  in  quantity,  late  in  date,  and  poor  in 
style.  The  great  archseological  wealth  of  the  region  lies 
in  its  abundant  burial  tumuli  and  catacombs.  It  was  the 
practice  of  the  ancient  inhabitants  to  bury  with  their  dead 
a  large  part  of  their  possessions ;  hence  the  remarkable 
harvest  of  jewelry,  vases,  implements,  and  even  textile 
fabrics  and  a  pair  of  woman's  leather  boots,  found  in  these 
graves.  Little  or  nothing  discovered  is  older  than  the  4th 
century  B.  0. ;  the  finest  specimens  of  jewelry  and  pottery 
are  Athenian,  and  include  some  of  the  most  beautiful 
work  known  in  their  classes.  Many  of  the  vases  are  dec- 
orated in  brilliant  polychrome ;  others  have  gilded  orna- 
ment, and  others  bear  figures  in  relief.  The  work  of  local 
manufacture  is  inferior  in  style,  thoagh  much  of  it  is 
very  beautiful,  and  with  the  advance  of  time  Scythian  in- 
fluence increases.  Some  of  the  tomb-chambers  bear  inte^ 
esting  mural  paintings. 


Cimmerians 

Oiuunerians  (si-me'ri-anz),  or  Cimmarians  (si- 
ma  n-anz).  [Gr.  ■Kiu.'iiipmi.-i  A  people  dwell- 
ing north  of  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Sea  of  Azoff 
(modem  South  Russia),  known  already  to  Ho- 
Sl'lv  Herodotus  speaks  ol  "Cimmerian  cities/'and  says 
that  the  strait  which  nnitea  the  Azofl  Sea  to  the  Blaolc  Sea 
was  called  Cimmerian  Bosporm.  In  the  7th  century, 
pressed  by  the  Scythians,  the  Cimmerians  invaded  the 
kingdom  of  Lydia  in  Asia  Minor,  and  were  merged,  as  it 
seems,  in  other  nations.  Their  invasion  of  lydia  under 
King  Gyges  is  mentioned  in  the  annals  of  Bsarhaddon 
(68»-668  B.  0.)  and  Asnrbanipal  (668-626),  where  they  are 
called  Biimr.  The  Armenians  call  Cappadocia  Gamir, 
which  is  probably  a  reminiscence  of  the  Cimmerian  inva- 
sion in  Lydia  and  Asia  Minor.  Their  name  has  also  sur- 
vived in  the  modern  Crimea.  In  the  Old  Testament  they 
are  mentioned  by  the  name  of  Gomer  (Gen.  x.  2).  Also 
KivmienaTis. 

Cimmerii  (si-me'ri-i).    See  Cimmerians. 

Oimon  (si'mon).  [Gr.  K<//6w.]  Died  at  Citium, 
Cyprus,  449  B.C.  A  celebrated  Athenian  com- 
mander, son  of  Miltiades.  He  defeated  the  Persians 
on  sea  and  land  by  the  Eurymedon  in  466,  reduced  Thasos 
in  463,  and  was  ostracized  about  459-454  (?). 

Cimon.  Bom  at  Cleonse,  in  Chalcidice.  A  Greek 
painter,  famous  in  antiquity.  He  is  mentioned 
in  two  epigrams  of  Simonides. 

Cinaloa.    See  Sinaloa. 

Cincinnati  (sin-si-na'ti).  [Originally  called 
Losdntwille  (said  to  be  from  i(ieking)  os 
('mouth')  anti  ('opposite')  ville,  'town  oppo- 
site the  mouth  of  the  LicMng') ;  later  named 
from  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati.]  The  capital 
of  Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  on.  the  Ohio  in  lat. 
39°  6'  N.,  long.  84°  27'  W. :  the  second  city  of 
Ohio  and  largest  of  the  Ohio  valley,  surnamed 
"  The  Queen  City."  it  has  an  extensive  trade  by 
railroad  and  river.  Among  its  leading  industries  are 
pork-packing,  manufactures  of  iron,  furniture,  malt 
liquors  and  distilled  liquors.  It  has  a  large  trade  in  grain 
and  tobacco.  Its  suburbs  are  Covington  and  Newport  (in 
Kentucky).  It  was  founded  in  1788,  and  incorporated  as 
a  city  In  1814.    Population  (1900),  325,902. 

Cincinnati,  Society  of  the.  An  association 
founded  by  the  regular  officers  of  the  Conti- 
nental army  at  the  quarters  of  Baron  Steuben 
on  the  Hudson  River,  in  1783.  its  name,  derived 
from  the  Aoman  dictator  L.  Quinctius  Cincinnatus,  was 
adopted  in  allusion  to  the  approaching  change  from  mili- 
tary to  civil  pursuits.  Its  chief  immediate  objects  were 
to  raise  a  fund  for  the  relief  of  the  widows  and  orphans  of 
those  who  fell  in  the  Kevolutionary  War,  and  to  promote  a 
closer  political  union  between  the  States.  Its  members 
were  to  consist  of  the  officers  of  the  Continental  army  and 
of  their  eldest  male  descendants,  in  failure  of  which  col- 
lateral descendants  were  to  be  eligible  for  membership.  It 
was  divided  into  State  societies,  including  a  branch  so- 
ciety in  France.  It  met  with  considerable  opposition  on 
account  of  its  alleged  aristocratic  tendencies.  Its  first 
president  was  George  Washington,  who  was  succeeded  by 
Hamilton  and  the  Pinckneys.  Of  its  State  societies  six 
survive.  The  branch  society  in  France,  which  was  organ- 
ized under  the  most  favorable  auspices,  was  dispersed  by 
the  revolution  of  1792. 

Cincinnatus (sln-si-na'tus),  Lucius  Quinctius. 
Bom  about  519  b.  c.  A  Roman  legendary  hero. 
He  was  consul  sufiectus  460,  and  distinguished  himself  as 
an  opponent  of  the  plebeians  in  the  struggle  between  them 
and  the  patricians,  462-464.  In  458  a  Boman  army  under 
L.  Minucius  having  been  surrounded  by  the  ^quians  in 
a  defile  of  Mount  Algidus,  he  was  named  dictator  by  the 
senate,  whose  deputies,  despatched  to  inform  him  of  his 
appointment,  found  him  digging  in  the  field  on  his  farm 
beyond  the  Tiber.  He  gained  a  complete  victory  over 
the  .^quians,  and  laid  down  the  dictatorship  after  the 
lapse  of  only  sixteen  days.  In  439,  at  the  age  of  eighty, 
be  was  appointed  dictator  to  oppose  the  traitor  Spurius 
Melius,  who  was  defeated  and  sl^in.  The  details  of  his 
story  vary. 

Cinco  de  Mayo  (then'ko  da  ma'yo).  Battle  of 
the.  [Sp.,  'fifth  of  May.']  The  name  given 
by  Mexicans  to  an  action  fought  May  5,  1862, 
before  Puebla,  in  which  the  French  under 
General  Lorencez  were  defeated  by  the  Mexi- 
cans. This  battle  did  not  prevent  the  establishment 
ol  an  empire  two  years  later,  but  it  was  regarded  as  a 
great  national  triumph,  and  the  anniversary  is  still  cele- 
brated. 

Cinderella  (sin-de-rel'a).  [F.  Cendrillon,  G. 
Aschenbrodel  or  AschenpilttelJ]  In  a  noted  fairy 
tale,abeautifulgirlwhoactsashouseholddrudge 
to  her  stepmother  and  sisters.  The  prince  of  the 
country  falls  in  love  with  her  at  a  ball  which  she  attends 
dressed  by  her  fairy  godmother  in  magic  finery  which  will 
vanish  at  midnight.  Fleeing  from  the  palace  as  the  clock 
strikes,  she  loses  one  tiny  glass  slipper,  by  means  of  which, 
as  it  would  fit  no  one  else,  the  prince  finds  and  marries 
her.  In  the  German  version,  instead  of  the  fairy  god- 
mother two  white  doves  befriend  her,  and  her  golden 
slipper  is  caught,  as  she  runs  from  the  palace,  by  pitch 
spread,  by  order  of  the  prince,  on  the  staircase.  The  story 
is  of  very  ancient,  probably  Eastern,  origin.  It  is  men- 
tioned in  German  literature  in  the  16th  century,  and  a 
simUar  legend  is  told  in  Egypt  of  Rhodopis  and  Paammeti- 
chus.  In  France,  Perrault  and  Madame  d  Aunoy  include 
it  in  their  "Fairy  Tales"  as  "Cendrillon"  and  Finette 
Cendroi,"  and  Grimm  also  gives  it  in  his  ''Household 
Tales."  There  are  many  English  versions,  and  it  is  found 
in  various  forms  in  almost  every  language  m  Europe.  The 
glass  slipper  of  the  English  version  should  be  af  ur  slipper, 
the  misSe  arising  in  the  translation  of  vmr  ('fur  )  as  if 
»erreC  glass"). 


253 

Oinea3(sin'e-as).  [Gr.KtweocO  Died,  probably 
In  Sicily,  about  277  B.  c.  A  Thessalian  politi- 
cian in  the  service  of  Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus : 
ambassador  to  Rome  after  the  battle  of  Hera- 
clea,  280. 

Cinna  (sin'a),  or  La  CMmence  d'Auguste  (la 
kla-mons'  do-giist').  A  tragedy  by  P.  Comeille, 
produced  in  1640.  An  anonymous  tragedy  called 
"Cinna's  Conspiracy"  was  taken  from  this  and  played  at 
Drury  Lane  in  1713.    Defoe  attributed  it  to  Gibber. 

Cinna,  Lucius  Cornelius.  1.  Slain  in  a  mutiny 
at  Brundisium,  Italy,  84  B.  o.  A  Roman  gen- 
eral and  statesman,  celebrated  as  a  leader  of" 
the  popular  party  and  an  opponent  of  Sulla. 
He  was  consul  with  Octavius  in  87,  with  Marius  in  86, 
and  with  Carbo  85-84. 

2.  A  son  of  the  preceding,  pretor  in  44  b.  c, 
and  brother-in-law  of  Csesar.  Though  he  did 
not  join  the  conspirators  against  Csesar,  he  ap- 

_proved  of  their  act. 

Cinna,  Caius  Helvius.  A  Roman  poet,  a  friend 
of  Catullus.  On  the  occasion  of  the  funeral  of  Julius 
Csesar  he  was  slain  by  the  populace,  who  mistook  him  for 
Lucius  Cornelius  Cinna. 

Cinnamon  (sin'a-mon).  Land  of.  [Sp.  JHerra 
de  Canelo.l  A  name  given  by  the  early  Span- 
ish conquerors  of  Peru  to  a  region  east  of  the 
Andes,  in  the  forest-covered  plains  about  the 
Napo,  where  there  were  trees  with  aromatic 
bark.  Gonzalo  Pizarro  led  an  expedition  into  it  in  1541;  and 
returned  after  two  years  of  terrible  suffering.  Orellana, 
deserting  him  there,  became  the  discoverer  of  the  Ama- 
zon. The  first  settlements  were  made  in  1552,  but  the  re- 
gion is  still  a  wilderness. 

Clnnamus,  or  Cinamus,  or  Sinnamus  (sin'a- 
mus),  Joannes.  [Gr.  Kiwafwg,  or  Kiva/iof.] 
Lived  in  the  12th  century.  A  distinguished 
i^zantine  historian,  a  notary  of  the  emperor 
Manuel  Comnenus.  He  was  the  author  of  a  history 
of  the  period  1118-76,  covering  the  reign  of  Manuel  (to  the 
end  of  the  siege  of  Iconium)  and  that  of  his  father  Calo- 
Johannes. 

Cino  da  PistQJa  (che'no  da  pes-to'ya),  origi- 
nally Guittoncino  Sinibaldi.  Bom  at  Pis- 
toja,  Italy,  1270:  died  at  Pistoja,  Dee.  24, 1336. 
An  Italian  jurist  and  poet,  author  of  a  com- 
mentary on  the  Justinian  Code,  "Rime" 
(published  1864),  etc. 

Cing-Mars,  ou  une  Conjuration  sous  Louis 
XIII.  1.  A  historical  novel  by  De  Vigny  (pub- 
lished 1826).  founded  on  the  life  of  Cinq- 
Mars. —  2.  An  opera  by  Gounod,  first  produced 
at  Paris,  April  5,  1877. 

CinoL-Mars  (san-mar'),  Marauis  de  (Henri 
Coiffier  de  Iluz6).  Bom  162(T:  died  at  Lyons, 
Prance,  Sept.  12,  1642.  A  French  courtier. 
He  was  at  the  age  of  eighteen  introduced  to  the  court 
by  Eichelieu,  and,  gaining  the  favor  of  Louis  ZIII.,  rose 
quickly  to  the  posts  of  grand  master  of  the  wardrobe  and 
grand  master  of  the.horse.  Kichelien  having  refused  to 
countenance  his  claim  to  a  seat  in  the  royal  council  and 
his  aspiration  to  the  hand  of  Maria  de  Gonzaga,  princess 
of  Mantua,  Cinq-Mars  formed  a  conspiracy  against  the 
cardinal,  in  the  course  of  which  he  entered  into  treason- 
able communication  with  Spain;  and  with  his  fellow- 
conspirator,  the  youthful  De  Thou,  was  beheaded  at  Lyons. 

Cinque  Ports  (singk  ports).  [F.,' Five  Ports.'] 
A  collective  name  for  the  five  English  channel 
ports :  Hastings,  Romney,  Hythe,  Dover,  Sand- 
wich. Winchelsea  and  Kye  were  added  later.  They 
furnished  the  chief  naval  contingent  until  the  time  of 
Henry  VII.  Most  of  their  especial  privileges  have  been 
abolished.    They  are  governed  by  a  lord  warden. 

Clnthia.    See  Cynthia. 

Cinthio.    See  Giraldi,  Giovanni. 

Cintra  (sen'tra).  A  town  in  the  district  of 
Lisbon,  Portugal,  15  miles  northwest  of  Lis- 
bon. It  contains :  (a)  The  Cork  ConveM,  founded  by  the 
viceroy  of  India,  Dom  Joao  de  Castro.  It  consists  of  about 
twenty  cells,  each  about  five  feet  square,  which  as  well  as 
the  refectory  are  in  part  excavated  from  the  rock,  and  are 
lined  with  cork  to  exclude  dampness,  (fi)  A  Moorish 
Castle,  an  extensive  fortification  on  the  hill  above  the 
town,  inclosing  a  ruined  mosque  with  traces  of  ornament 
in  color,  and  a  so-called  bath,  a  curious  vaulted  reservoir 
50  feet  long.  The  inclosed  space  is  now  a  royal  park  and 
garden,  (c)  The  Palace  of  the  Pena,  on  the  summit  of  the 
high,  steep  hill,  originally  a  conventj  but  given  the  as- 
pect of  a  medieval  castle  when  remodeled  as  a  royal  resi- 
dence. The  interesting  monastic  cloister  and  chapel  re- 
main; the  carved  reredos  in  alabaster  is  beautiful.  (<J) 
The  Royal  Palace,  founded  by  the  Moors,  altered  and 
added  to  later,  and  finished  about  1500.  The  exteriorpre- 
sents  a  picturesque  combination  of  Moorish  and  Pointed 
features,  and  is  especially  characterized  by  the  two  enor- 
mous conical  chimneys  of  the  kitchens.  There  are  some 
interesting  rooms,  in  which  historic  scenes  have  been  en- 
acted. 

Cintra,  Convention  of.  A  convention  con- 
cluded Aug.  30,  1808,  between  the  French  un- 
der Junot  and  the  English.  By  its  provisions 
the  French  evacuated  Portugal,  and  were  con- 
veyed to  France  in  English  vessels. 

Oinyumuh.    See  Tusayan. 

Cione,  Andrea  di.    See  Orcagna. 

Ciotat  (se-6-ta'),  La.    A  seaport  in  the  depart- 


Cirencester 

ment  of  Bouches-du-Rh6ne,  France,  situated  on 
the  Mediterranean  15  miles  southeast  of  Mar- 
seilles.   Population  (1891),  commune,  12,223. 

Cipango  (si-pang'go),  or  Zumpango  (zum- 
pang'go).  The  name  given  in  Marco  Polo's 
narrative  to  an  island  or  islands  east  of  Asia, 
supposed  to  be  the  modern  Japan.  (Columbus 
imagined  that  the  West  Indies  were  outlying 
portions  of  it. 

Cipas,  Kingdom  of.   New  Granada.  BeeiZipas. 

Cipias  (tse'pe-as).  A  former  Indian  tribe  of 
eastern  Arizona,  its  exact  location  is  unknown  as 
yet,  but  the  name  is  mentioned  by  Spanish  authors  in  the 
17th  and  18th  centuries.  The  Zuflis  also  have  traditions 
concerning  the  Cipias,  and  call  them  Tzipiakwe.  The 
tribe  is  doubtless  extinct. 

Circars  (s6r-karz').  Northern.  A  non-official 
designation  for  five  ancient  circars  (districts) 
in  the  northern  part  of  Madras,  British  India, 
in  lat.  16°-20°  N; 

Circassia  (ser-kash'ia),  [F.  Circassie,  NL.  Oir- 
cassia,  G.  Tscherkessien;  Russ.  Zemh/a  Cherlce- 
sov,  Circassian  land ;  Cherkes,  a  Circassian.]  A 
region  in  the  Caucasus,  Russia,  lying  between 
the  river  Kuban  on  the  north,  the  land  of  the 
Lesghians  on  the  east,  Mingrelia  on  the  south, 
and  the  Black  Sea  ou  the  west,  it  includes  Great 
and  Little  Kabarda,  the  oountries  of  the  Abkhasians  and 
Tsherkessians  (Circassians).  It  was  incorporated  with 
Hussia  in  1829.  The  Circassians  emigrated  in  large  num- 
bers about  1864. 

Circe  (ser'se).  [Gr.  Kip/ci?.]  1.  In  Greek  my- 
thology, an  enchantress,  daughter  of  Helios  by 
Perse,  living  in  the  island  of  iEsea.  Odysseus  in 
his  wanderings  came  to  her  home,  and  was  induced  to  re- 
main a  year  with  her.  She  metamorphosed  some  of  big 
companions  into  swine.  Before  she  would  let  him  depart 
she  sent  him  to  the  lower  world  to  consult  the  seer  Teire- 
sias. 

3.  An  asteroid  (No.  34)  discovered  by  Chaoor- 
nac  at  Paris  April  6,  1855. 

Circeii  (ser-se'yi).  [Gr.  Kipmim.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  town  of  Latium,  Italy,  situated 
near  the  sea  57  miles  southeast  of  Rome.  It 
belonged  to  the  Latin  League  340  b.  c. 

Circeio  (cher-cha'yo).  A  promontory  or  iso- 
lated rock  on  the  western  coast  of  Italy,  near 
Terraoina:  the  ancient  Circeius  Mons,  or  Cir- 
cteum  Promontorium.  It  was  a  frequented  resort  in 
ancient  times.  It  has  some  antiquities  of  the  Boman 
town  Circeii,  and  abounds  in  grottoes. 

Circleville  (ser'kl-vil).  A  city  and  the  county- 
seat  of  Pickaway  County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the 
Scioto  26  miles  south  of  Columbus.  It  is  on  the 
site  of  an  aboriginal  circular  fortification  (whence  the 
name).    Population  (1900),  6,991. 

Oircumcellions  (ste-kum-sel'ionz).  [Prom  L. 
circum,  around,  and  eella,  cell.]  A  party  of 
Donatists  in  northern  Africa,  chiefly  peasants, 
in  the  4th  and  5th  centuries:  so  called  because 
they  wandered  about  in  bands  from  place  to 
place.  They  persistently  courted  death,  wantonly  in- 
sulting pagans,  and  challenging  all  they  met  to  kill  them, 
looking  upon  such  a  death  as  martyrdom.  They  supported 
themselves  by  plunder,  and  committed  so  many  acts  of 
violence,  aggravated  by  their  religious  differences  from 
the  orthodox,  that  soldiery  often  had  to  be  employed 
against  them.  They  were  not  entirely  extinct  till  about 
the  close  of  the  5th  century. 

Circumlocution  0£B.ce.  The  name  by  which 
Dickens  in  "Little  Dorrit"  satirizes  the  red 
tape  of  the  pubUc-office  system  in  England. 

Circus  Mazimus  (ser'kus  mak'si-mus).  The 
great  Roman  circus  which  occupied  the  hol- 
low between  the  Palatine  and  the  Aventine 
hills.  According  to  tradition,  the  site  was  already  used 
for  athletic  exhibitions  and  provided  with  wooden  seats 
under  Tarquinius  Priscus.  Under  C»sar  and  Augustus  it 
was  first  largely  built  of  stone,  and  splendidly  adorned. 
The  present  obelisks  of  the  Piazza  del  Popolo  and  of  the 
Lateran  ornamented  its  spina.  It  was  rebuilt  by  Nero, 
and  again  by  Domitian  and  Trajan,  and  in  its  final  form  is 
said  to  have  accommodated  385,000  spectators.  The  site 
is  for  the  most  part  covered  with  modern  structures,  and 
the  remains  are  scanty.  Some  of  the  vaulted  substructions 
which  upheld  the  seats  survive,  and  there  are  considera- 
ble ruins  about  Santa  Maria  in  Cosmedin  of  the  carcei'es, 
or  pens,  from  which  the  racers  were  started.  The  length 
of  the  arena  was  2,200  feet. 

Circus  of  Eomulus  or  Maxentius.  A  Roman 
circus  built  in  311  a.  d.,  the  most  perfect  an- 
cient circus  surviving,  it  is  1,680  feet  long  and  260 
wide.  The  outer  wall  remains  almost  complete,  and  the 
central  spina,  892  feet  long,  can  be  traced  throughout. 
At  the  west  end,  between  two  towers,  are  the  chief  en- 
trance and  twelve  pens  (carceres)  for  competing  chariots; 
the  east  end  is  semicircular. 

Cirencester  (sis'e-ter),  or  Cicester.  [ME.  Cire- 
cestre,  Circestre,  Ciceter,  etc.,  AS.  Cirenceaster, 
Cyrenceaster,  Cyrnceaster,  from  *Cyren,  L.  Cori- 
neum,  and  ceaster,  city.]  A  town  in  Glouces- 
tershjje,  England,  situated  on  the  river  Chum 
16  miles  southeast  of  Gloucester:  the  Roman 
Corineum  or  Durocornovium.  It  has  a  large 
trade  in  wool.    Population  (1891),  7,441. 


Cirey 

Oirey  (se-ra').  A  chateau  on  the  borders  of 
Champagne  and  Lorraine,  which  Voltaire  fitted 
up  in  1734,  and  where  he  lived  with  Madame 
du  Chatelet  and,  occasionally,  her  husband. 

Oirrha  (sir'a).  In  ancient  geography,  the  sea- 
port of  Crissa  (with  which  it  is  often  con- 
founded), in  Phocis,  Greece.  It  was  destroyed 
on  account  of  sacrilege  in  the  Sacred  War  about 
585  B.  0. 

Oirta  (ser'ta).  [Gr.  Kipra;  Phen.,  'the  city.'] 
An  ancient  city  of  the  Massylii,  in  Numidia, 
Africa,  in  lat.  36°  21'  N.,  long.  6°  35'  B.,  noted 
as  a  fortress :  the  modern  Constantine  (which 
see).    It  was  restored  by  Constantine  the  Great. 

Cisalpine  Bepublic.  [L.  Cisalpimis,  from  ds, 
on  triis  side,  and  Alpes,  Alps,  adj.  Alpinus, 
Alpine.]  The  state  formed  by  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte in  northern  Italy  in  1797,  including  the 
previously  formed  Cispadane  and  Transpadane 
republics,  south  and  north  of  the  Po,  with  Milan 
for  its  capital.  It  was  abolished  in  1799,  restored  in 
1800,  and  in  1802  was  reconstituted  as  the  Italian  Repub- 
lic. 

Cisleitbania  (ais'-li-tha'ni-a  or  sis-li-ta'ne-a), 
or  the  Cisleithan  Division.  A  name  given 
popularly  (not  officially)  to  those  crownlands 
of  Austria-Hungary  which  are  represented  in 
the  Austrian  Eeiohsrat:  so  named  from  the 
river  Leitha,  part  of  the  boundary  between 
Austria  and  Hungary,  it  comprises  Lower  Austria, 
Upper  Austria,  Salzburg,  Styria,  Carinthia,  Camiola,  Kiis- 
tenland,  Tyrol  and  Vorarlberg,  Bohemia,  Moravia,  Sile- 
sia, Galicia,  Bukowina,  Dalmatia.  Population  (1890),  23,- 
895,413. 

Cisneros  (thes-na'ros),  Diego.  A  Spanish 
Geronymite  friar  who  went  to  Lima,  Peru, 
about  1785,  and  resided  there  until  his  death  in 
1812.  He  had  been  confessor  of  the  princess  Maria  Luisa 
(afterward  queen),  and  her  influence  gave  him  the  pro- 
tection of  tile  viceroys.  While  attending  to  the  business 
of  his  order  he  opened  a  MnA  of  bookstore,  a  small  circle 
of  advanced  thinkers  gathered  about  him,  and  after  en- 
countering great  opposition  they  succeeded  in  introducing 
marked  reforms  in  the  universities  and  schools,  and  in 
gfving  greater  liberty  to  the  press.  They  constantly  op- 
posed the  Inquisition.  Fray  Diego's  library,  bequeathed 
to  the  university,  became  the  nucleus  of  the  magnificent 
public  library  of  Lima. 

Cisneros  y  Latorre,  Baltazar  Hidalgo  de. 

See  Hidalgo  de  Cisneros  y  Latorre. 

Cispadane  (sis-pa'dan)  Republic.  [PromL. 
cis,  on  this  side,  and  Padus,  the  river  Po,  adj. 
Padanus.'\  A  republic  formed  in  1796  by  Napo- 
leon Bonaparte  out  of  the  dominions  of  Bolo- 
gna, Perrara,  Modena,  and  Eeggio,  audmodeled 
on  that  of  France.  In  1797  it  was  merged  with 
the  Transpadane  Eepublic  in  the  new  Cisal- 
pine Republic. 

Cisplatine  (sis-pla'tin)  Province.  [Sp.Pg.Pro- 
vinda  Oisplatina.']  The  official  name  of  Uru- 
guay during  the  last  five  years  of  its  union 
with  Brazil  (1828  to  1828).  Before  and  after  this 
time  it  was  sometimes  called  the  Cisplatine  State  (Estado 
Cisplatino).    See  Estado  Oriental, 

Cissey(se-sa'),  Ernest  Louis  Octave  Courtot 
de.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  23,  1811:  died  at  Paris, 
June  15,  1882.  A  French  general  and  politi- 
cian. He  served  with  distinction  in  Algeria,  in  the  Cri- 
mea, in  the  Franco-German  war,  and  in  the  war  against 
the  Commune,  1871.  He  was  minister  of  war  1871-73  and 
1874-76.  • 

CiS-Sutlej  (sis-sut'lej)  States.  A  name  former- 
ly given  to  a  territorial  division  of  British  India, 
south  of  the  Sutlej.  The  states  are  now  incor- 
porated in  the  Panjab. 

Citania  (se-ta'ne-a).  A  prehistoric  village  near 
Braga,  in  the  province  of  Douro,  Portugal.  It 
is  probably  Celtic,  and  has  recently  been  excavated.  There 
are  a  number  of  circular  buildings,  with  granite  walls, 
about  20  feet  in  diameter,  and  some  of  rectangular  plan. 
Streets  and  buildings  are  paved,  and  roofing  tiles  abound. 
The  circular  structures  had  conical  roofs.  Two  buildings 
have  been  restored  as  specimens. 

Citeaux  (se-to').  A  village  in  the  department 
of  C&te-d'Or,  Prance,  12  miles  south  of  Dijon. 
It  is  celebrated  for  its  abbey,  founded  1098, 
the  headquarters  formerly  of  the  Cistercian 
order. 

Citlieeron  (si-the'ron).  [Gr.  Y.idaip&v.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  range  of  mountains  separat- 
ing Boeotia  from  Megaris  and  Attica,  it  was  cel- 
ebrated in  Greek  legend,  and  was  sacred  to  Zeus  and  to 
Dionysus.    Itis  now  called  £to(ea. 

Citizen,  The.  A  farce  by  Arthur  Murphy 
( 1763). 

Citizen  King.  [F.  S,oi  dtoyen.']  A  name  of 
Louis  Philippe,  king  of  the  French,  who  affected 
popularity. 

Citizen  of  Geneva.  An  occasional  epithet  of 
J.  J.  Rousseau. 

Citizen  of  the  World,  The.  The  signature  of 
OUver  Goldsmith  in  "  Letters  from  a  Chinese 


254 

philosopher  residing  in  London  to  his  friends 
in  the  East,"  published  in  1762. 

Citlahua,  or  Citlahuatzin.    See  CuitlaMa. 

Cittadella  (chet-ta-del'la).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Padua,  northern  Italy,  situated  on 
the  Brentalla  16  miles  north-northwest  of  Pa- 
dua.   It  has  a  cathedral. 

Citt^  della  Pieve  (chet-ta'  del'la  pe-a've). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Perugia,  Italy,  in 
lat.  42°  57'  N.,  long.  12°  E. :  the  birthplace  of 
Perugino.    It  has  a  cathedral. 

OittS,  di  Castello  (chet-ta'  de  kas-tel'lo).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Perugia,  Italjr,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tiber  26  miles  north  of  Perugia.  It  is 
on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Tifemum  Tiberinum,  destroyed 
by  Totilain  the  6th  century  A.  D.  It  has  a  cathedral,  com- 
munal palace,  and  picture-gallery.    Population,  6,000. 

Cittaducale  (chet-ta-do-ka'le).  A  small  town 
in  the  province  of  Aquila,  Italy,  in  lat.  42°  24' 
N.,  long.  12°  58'  E, 


Civil  War,  American 

mont  and  Fletcher's  "Knight  of  the  Burning 
Pestle"  by  Elkanah  Settle. 

City  Wit,  The,  or  the  Woman  wears  the 
Breeches.  A  comedy  by  R.  Brome,  played 
about  1632,  published  in  1653  by  A.  Brome. 

Ciudad  Bolivar.  The  official  name  of  Angos- 
tura (which  see). 

Ciudad  de  la  Frontera  (the-o-TnaTH'  da  la 
fron-ta'ra).  [Sp.,' city  of  the  frontier.']  The 
ancient  name  of  the  city  of  Chaehapoyas,  Peru. 

Ciudad  de  los  Beyes  (the-o-THaTH'  da  los  ra'- 
yes).  [Sp.,  'city  of  the  kings.']  The  name 
given  by  Pizarro  to  the  capital  of  Peru,  founded 
by  him  in  1535.  It  waslong  the  ofilcial  appellation,  but 
was  gradually  supplanted  by  the  name  Lima,  and  was  sel- 
dom used  after  the  17th  century. 

Ciudadela  (the-o-tha-tha'la).  A  town  in  Min- 
orca, Balearic  Islands,  Spain:  the  former  capi- 
tal. It  contains  a  cathedral,  of  the  14th  century,  consist- 
ing of  a  single  Pointed  nave,  lofty  and  spacious  though 
dark,  with  a  square  tower  crowned  by  an  octagonal  spire. 


formerly  the  capital. 
City  Gallant,  The.    See  Green's  Tu  Quogue. 
City  Heiress,  The.    A  play  by  Mrs.  Aphra 

Behn,  copied  from  Middleton's  "A  Mad  World, 

My  Masters,"  produced  in  1682. 
City  Madam,  The.    A  comedy  by  Massinger, 

licensed  in  1632,  printed  in  1658.     it  still  keeps 

the  stage  in  a  modern  version  entitled  "Kiches."   Fleay 

thinks  that  Jonson  wrote  it.    Giilord  mentions  an  old 

comedy  known  as  "  The  Cure  of  Pride." 

City  Match,  The.  A  comedy  by  Jasper  Mayne, 
produced  in  1639. 

City  Night-Cap,  The.  A  play  by  Robert  Dav- 
enport, printed  in  1661.  It  was  adapted  by 
Mrs.  Behn  as  "  The  Amorous  Prince  "in  1671. 

City  of  a  Hundred  Towers.    Pavia,  Italy. 

City  of  Brotherly  Love.  A  nickname  of  Phil- 
adelphia, Pennsylvania  (named  from  Philadel- 
phia in  Asia  Minor;  (Jr.  ^Aa6i7jl>ua,  city  of 
Philadelphus,  but  taken  as  ^i^ade^ia,  brotherly 
love). 

City  of  Churches.  Brooklyn,  New  York:  so 
called  on  account  of  the  large  number  of  its 
churches. 

City  of  Destruction.  In  Bunyan's  "  Pilgrim's 
Progress,"  the  starting-point  of  Christian  in 
his  journey. 

City  of  Dreadful  Night,  The.  A  poem  by 
James  Thomson,  published  first  in  the  "Na- 
tional Reformer"  in  1874.  The  title  was  given  also 
to  a  volume  of  stories  by  Kudyard  Kipling,  one  of  which 
gives  its  name  to  the  book. 

City  of  Blms.  New  Haven,  Connecticut :  so 
named  from  the  numerous  elms  which  shade 

City  of  God,  Of  the,  L.  De  Civitatfe  Dei.    A 

celebrated  work  by  St.  Augustine,  written  413- 
426,  and  treating  of  the  Christian  church. 

City  of  Magnificent  Distances.  A  name  some- 
times given  to  Washington,  District  of  Colum- 
bia, on  account  of  its  wide  ^venues  and  fine 
vistas. 

City  of  Oaks.    Raleigh,  North  Carolina. 

City  of  Palaces,  The.    Calcutta. 

City  of  the  Blind.    See  the  extract. 

Chalkedon  was  called  the  city  of  the  blind,  because  its 
founders  passed  by  the  then  unoccupied  site  of  Byzan- 
tium. Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  IIL  277. 

City  of  the  Plague.  A  poem  by  John  Wilson, 
published  in  1816. 

City  of  the  Prophet.  Medina^  Arabia,  to  which 
Mohammed  fled  from  Mecca  m  622. 

City  of  the  Straits.  Detroit,  Michigan:  so 
named  from  its  geographical  situation. 

City  of  the  Sun.    Baalbeo  (which  see). 

City  of  the  Violated  Treaty.  Limerick,  Ire- 
land: so  named  on  account  of  the  frequent  in- 
fringements of  the  "Pacification  of  Limerick," 
concluded  at  Limerick  in  1691. 

City  of  the  Violet  Crown.  An  epithet  applied 
to  Athens,  the  violet  being  the  symbol  of  that 
city. 

City  of  Victory.    Cairo,  Egypt. 

City  Point  (sit'i  point) .  A  village  in  Virginia, 
situated  at  the  jimction  of  the  Appomattox 
with  the  James,  22  miles  southeast  of  Rich- 
mond. It  was  a  base  of  supplies  and  opera- 
tions in  the  Civil  War. 

A  comedy 


lisco,  Mexico.     Population  (1894),  23,205. 

Ciudad  Real  (the-o-THawH'  ra-al').  [Sp., 'royal 
city.']  1.  A  province  in  southern  Spain,  lying 
between  Toledo  on  the  north,  Cuenca.  and  Alba- 
cete  on  the  east,  Jaen  and  Cordova  on  the  south, 
and  Badajoz  on  the  west.  It  corresponds  nearly  to 
the  ancient  La  Mancha.  It  is  rich  in  metals.  Area,  7,840 
square  miles.  Population  (1887),  292,291. 
3.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Ciudad  Real, 
in  lat.  38°  58'  N.,  long.  3°  58'  W.  Here, March27, 
1809,  the  French  under  S6bastiani  defeated  the  Spaniards 
under  Urbino.    Population  (1887),  14,702. 

Ciudad  Beal.  A  city  in  Mexico.  See  San 
Cristohal. 

Ciudad  Bodrigo  (the-S-snaTH'  roTH-re'go).  A 
town  and  fortress  in  the  province  of  Salaman- 
ca, western  Spain,  situated  on  the  Agueda  48 
miles  southwest  of  Salamanca,  it  has  a  cathe- 
dral, founded  in  1190,  which  retains  much  excellent  early 
Pointed  work  with  Romanesque  decorative  sculpture. 
The  vaulting  is  in  part  domical,  with  ogives.  The  pic- 
turesque cloister  is  of  18th-century  architecture  on  one 
side,  and  Flamboyant  on  the  others.  It  was  taken  by  the 
English  in  1706,  by  the  French  in  1707,  and  by  the  French 
(under  Mass^na)  July,  1810.  It  was  invested  by  Welling- 
ton Jan.  8,  1812,  and  stormed  Jan.  19, 1812.  (Wellington 
was  created  by  Spain  duke  of  Ciudad  Bodrigo.)  Popula- 
tion (1887),  8,330. 

Civiale  (se-vyal'),  Jean,  Bom  at  Thifizac,  Can- 
tal,  Prance,  July,  1792 :  died  at  Paris,  June  13, 
1867.  A  French  surgeon,  the  discoverer  of  the 
operation  of  lithotrity.  He  wrote  "  De  la  litho- 
tritie"  (1827),  etc. 

Civilis  (si-vi'lis),  Claudius.  A  leader  of  the 
Batavian  revolt  against  Rome  69-70  a.  d.  He 
was  defeated  by  Cerealis  in  70. 

Civilistas  (the-ve-les'tas).  The  name  given  in 
Peru  to  those  who  oppose  the  union  of  military 
and  civil  power  in  the  chief  magistrate  and 
generally  object  to  the  election  of  army  officers 
to  the  presidency.  Since  i860  the  Civilistas  have  be- 
come a  well-defined  political  party.  They  call  their  oppo- 
nents Militaristas  or  Militares. 

Civil  War,  The.  The  war  between  Charles  I. 
of  England  and  the  party  of  Parliament." 

Civil  War,  American,  or  The  War  of  Seces- 
sion. A  civil  war  in  the  United  States,  1861-65. 
Its  chief  causes  were  the  antislavery  agitation  and  the 
development  of  the  doctrine  of  State  sovereignty.  The 
former  bad  been  gaining  force  since  the  Missouri(5ompro- 
mise,  and  especially  since  the  Wilmot  proviso,  the  Mexican 
war,  the  Omnibus  BUI,  and  the  Kansas-Nebraska  trouble 
(see  these  titles).  The  latter  found  expression  in  the  Ken- 
tucky resolutions,  nullification,  and  especially  in  the  teach- 
ings of  Calhoun.  The  immediate  occasion  of  the  war  was 
the  election  of  Lincoln  In  1860.  which  was  followed  by 
the  secession  of  11  States  (see  Confederate  States).  Lead- 
ing events  — In  1861:  Fort  Sumter  fired  on  (April  12); 
surrender  of  Fort  Sumter  (April  13) ;  President  Lincoln's 
call  for  volunteers  (April  16) ;  battles  of  BullKun  (July  21) 
and  Wilson's  Creek  (Aug.  10) ;  seizure  of  Mason  and  Sli- 
dell— "the  Trent  affair"  (Nov.  8).— In  1862:  Battle  of 
Mill  Spring  (Jan.  19) ;  capture  of  Fort  Henry  (Feb.  6) ; 
battle  and  capture  of  Fort  Donelson  (Feb.  13-16)  ;  battle 
of  the  Monitor  and  Merrimac  (March  9)  ;  capture  of  New- 
bem  (March  14) ;  battle  of  Shiloh  (April  6,  7) ,  siege  of 
Yorktown  (April-May) ;  passage  of  the  New  Orleans  forts 
(April  24) :  battles  of  Williamsburg  (May  5)  and  Fair  Oaks 
(May  31,  Jane  1) ;  Seven  Days'  Battles  —  Mechanicsville, 
Gaines's  Mill,  Frayser's  Farm,  Malvern  (June  26-July  1) ; 
battles  of  Cedar  Mountain  (Aug.  9),  (2d)  Bull  Bun  (Aug. 
80),  Chantilly  (Sept.  1),  South  Mountain  (Sept.  14),  Antie- 
tam  (Sept.  17),  lukafSept.  19),  Corinth  (Oct.  4),  Fredericks- 
burg (Dec.  13),  and  Murfreesboro  (Dec.  31-Jan.  2, 1863).— 
In  1863 :  Emancipation  Proclamation  (Jan.  1) ;  battle  of 
Chancellorsville  (May  l-« ;  Vicksburg  campaign— battles 
of  Grand  Gulf  (April  29,  May  3),  Raymond  (May  12),  Jack- 
son (May  14),  and  Champion's  Hill  (May  16),  and  Uie  tall 


City  Politiques  (sit'i  pol-i-teks'), 

by  Oowne  (1683)  in  which  the  Whigs  are  ridi-  _  , ^  _  _  __ ____^ ^  ^ ^ 

culed,  and  Shaftesbury,  Gates,  and  Sir  William  Chickamauga  (Sept.  19, 20),  and  Chattanooga  (Nov.  23-26)! 

Jones  are  exhibited,  the  last  in  the  character  -in  l864:JtettleBof  the  WUdemess  and  Spottsylvanla 

^f^„,t^ii«o      ronoB+o  OTTOS  tbfi  first  fidition  (May  6-7,  etc.) ;  batfles  of  Sherman's  advance  in  northern 

of  Bartohne.     deneste  gives  tne  nrsi  edition  }3eorgia(May  and  June);  battle  of  Cold  Harbor  (June  l-3); 

as  1888.  defeat  of  the  Alabama  fay  the  Kearsarge  (June  19) ;  battles 

City  Bamble,  The.    A  play  adapted  from  Beau-  of  Atlanta  (July  20, 22) ;  naval  victory  at  Mobile  (Aug.  6) ; 


CiTil  War,  American 


255 


A  village  in  the  depart- 


surrenaer  ol  Lee'a  army  at  Appomattox  (April  9) :  surren- 
SS'' °V°.S^.^,"'^  armyfAprU  26);  and  the  surrender  of 
Kirby  Smith  (May  26).  The  theater  of  the  war  was  mainly 
in  the  Southern  and  border  States.  The  Federal  army 
numbered  about  1,000,000  at  the  close  of  the  war,  and 
the  number  of  Confederates  enrolled  during  the  war  was 
probably  about  the  same.    The  Federal  losses  amounted 


Claretie 

wrote  "Poems  descriptive  of  Rural  Lite  and  Scenery- 
(1820),  "The  Village  Minstrel "(1821),  " HVi<,r,i,a..j'»  r>..i„%. 


.-      _  -  X /,    Shepherd's  Calen- 

ar    (1827),  and  "  The  Rural  Muse  "  (1836). 

Clare,  Richard  de,  or  Richard  Strongbow, 

Died  1176.  The  second  Earl  of  Pembroke  and 
Strignl.  In  May,  1170,  he  went  to  Ireland  with  a  strong 
force  to  aid  Dermot,  king  of  Leinster,  who  had  been 
driven  from  his  kingdom,  and  captured  Waterford  and 
DubUn.  He  married  Eva,  daughter  of  Dermot,  and  be- 
came governor  of  Ireland  in  U7a. 


ment  of  Aube,  France,  situated  on  the  river 
Aube  32  miles  southeast  of  Troyes.  it  is  cele- 
brated for  its  Cistercian  abbey,  whose  first  abbot  was  St 
Bernard,  1115.  The  abbey  buildings  are  now  used  for  a 
prison. 

Clallam  (War am).    A  tribe  of  North  American 

Indians  formerly  living  on  the  south  side  of  Clare,  Richard  de.    Born  Aug.  4,  1222:  died 
Puget  Sound,  Washington,  and  on  the  southern    ^^ear  Canterbury,  July  15,  1262.    A  powerful 
end  of  Vancouver  Island.    They  now  number  351    English  noble,  eighth  Earl  of  Clare,  also'  Earl 
A  play  by  Deliker  and     l'""-^  ^Pj  are  on  the  Puyallup  reservation,  Washington,    of  Hertford  and  Earl  of  Gloucester 

See  ScUulmn.  glare  College.     A  college  ol  the  University  of 

,-.--,.,._.,    „„.„„„„.j     -"=  i'=<:=>-""-  „.   „„„„-;,,..— ,;--,-• ^^    ^         ^  Cambridge,  founded  as  University  Hall  in  1326, 

nym  of    Six  Henry   Russell   in  the    London  ^^^™?cy  (klam-se  ).    A  town  in  the  department    and  refounded  (as  Clare  Hall)  in  1359  bv  Eliza- 
"Ti,r,o=«  ns49^Q^  ofNi&vre.F™,T,P.BQ,-t„ot.ortat.+>,a-i,-,r,«f;^^  «*+!,„     beth  de  Clare   (or  de  Burgh)      The  college 


those  of  the  Confederates  to  about 


to  about  360,000 
300,000. 

Civil  Wars  in  France, 

Drayton  (1598). 
Civis  (siv'js).    [L.,  'a  citizen.'] 


'  Times  "  (1842^9) 
Oivita  Castellana  (che-ve-ta'  kas-tel-la'na). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Rome,  Italy,  27  miles 


of  Ni6  vre,  France,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Beuvrou  with  the  Yonne,  in  lat.  47°  28'  N.,  long. 
3°  81'  E.  Population  (1891),  commune,  5,318 
Olamet.    See  Klamath. 


north  of  Rome,  on  the  site  of  the  Etruscan  city  J^lamet.    See  Klamath. 
Falerii.  Clandestine  Marriage,  The.    A  play  by  Gar- 

Civita,  di  Penne.    See  Penne.  "ok  and  Colman,  produced  Feb.  20,  1766.    it 

°v^1'ke^lw^It°'oWln^-f°'l'l^  ^•'H-^';f'     ^oL'^tVli^^r^.^e^^ZXl^^i.  "^""^  ^"^ 
vek  ke-a).     [it., 'old  town.']    A  seaport  m  the  pig  „ /i,i„„\  im -d         /o  -j.  Vl    ■««■ 

province  of  Rome,  Italy,  on  the  Mediterranean    j^/lfi  ?7n?.^'^^f  ^V  Bom  at  Seituate,  Mass., 

in  lat.  42°  9'  N.,  long.  11°  48'  E. :  the  ancient    7Y767     -    •      ^      New  Haven,  Conn.,  Jan. 

Centum  CeUse,  or  Portus  Trajani.     its  port  was      ' 

constructed  by  Trajan.    It  was  destroyed  by  the^Saracens 

in  the  9th  century.    Population,  9,000. 

0ivitelladelTronto(ehe-ve-tel'ladeltron't6). 
A  small  town  in  the  province  of  Teramo,  Italy, 
8  miles  northwest  of  Teramo.  It  was  the  last 
place  to  surrender  to  the  Italians  in  1861. 


An  American  clergyman  and  educator, 
president  (rector)  of  Tale  College  1740-66.  He 
was  pastor  at  Windham,  Connecticut,  1726-40. 
Clapar6de^(kla-pa-rad'),  Jean  Louis  Ren6 


buildings  were  begun  in  1638. 

Clare  Island.  A  small  island  on  the  west  coast 
of  Ireland,  it  lies  at  the  entrance  of  Clew  Bay,  and 
forms  part  of  the  county  of  Mayo. 

Claremont  (klar'mont).  A  manufacturing 
town  in  Sullivan  County,  New  Hampshire,  situ- 
ated on  the  Connecticut  River  45  miles  north- 
west of  Concord.     Population  (1900),  6,498. 

Claremont.  A  palace  at  Esher,  Surrey,  Eng- 
land, about  14  miles  southwest  of.  London,  buUt 
by  Lord  Clive  in  1768.  it  was  the  residence  of  Prince 
Leopold  of  Saxe-Coburg  (later  king  of  the  Belgians)  and 
Princess  Charlotte,  and  of  Louis  Philippe  1848-60. 


Antoine  Edouard.    Bom  at  Geneva,  April  Clarence  (klar'ens),  Dukes  of.    [}I[E.  Clarence, 

nA    iQon.   ^..j   _^  o.__       ^ _„      from'OF.  CTarekce;  said  to  befrom  the  MGr. 

-  K/^opCTTfa  (It.  (77iiare»2a,  a  once  important  port 

Clackama  (klak'a-ma).     A  large  tribe  of  the  Clapham  (klap'am).    A  southwestern  suburb     in  Peloponnesus,  which  gave  his  ducal  title  to 

" "■  -  —      -      ■  .4T  _._.-,_        ..      .    ,         ., the  eldest  son  of  the  Prince  of  Achaia),  and  to 

have  come  into  England  through  Philippa,  wife 
of  Edward  HI.  It  was  first  given  to  Lionel, 
third  son  of  Edward  III.     {Chambers.)']     See 

Clapisson  (kla-pe-s6n'),  Antoine  Louis.  Bom  cTSce'^Pitzrov"'' oZoUhe  tiseudonvms  of 

19  S?S^|Plfi;  i'l';±lf.L^^^^^^ 


Upper  Chinook  division  of  North  American 
Indians.  They  formerly  resided  in  eleven  villages  on 
and  about  a  river  of  the  same  name,  an  eastern  branch  of 
the  Willamette,  in  Clackamas  County,  Oregon.  There  are 
59  of  this  tribe  at  Grande  Ronde  agency,  Oregon.  See 
Chinookan.  • 

Clackmannan (klak-man'an).  1.  The  smallest 
county  of  Scotland,  situated  north  of  the  Forth 
and  south  of  Perthshire.  Area,  48  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  28,432.-3.  The  county-seat  of 
the  county  of  Clackmannan,  situated  7  miles 
east  of  Stirling. 

Claes  (klaz),  Balthazar.  A  philosopher  in 
Balzac's  novel  "La  recherche  de  I'absolu." 
He  gives  up  his  life  to  a  search  for  the  philosopher's 
stone,  and  is  the  victim  of  his  devotion  to  science. 


of  London,  situated  on  the  south  side  of  the 
Thames  about4milesfrom  Westminster  Bridge. 
Its  houses  surround  a  common  about  220  acres  in  extent, 
once  a  favorite  location  for  fairs  which  were  abolished  in 
1873.     Walford. 


A  French  composer  of  operas,  songs^ 
andromances.  Hisworks  include  the  operas  "laPro- 
mise"  (1864),  "La  Fanchonnette "  (1866),  "Madame  Gr^- 
goire"  (1861),  etc. 

Clapperton  (klap'er-ton),  Hugh.  Born  at  An- 
nan,_  Scotland,  1788:  died  at  Sakkatu,  Africa, 
April  13,  1827.  An  African  traveler.  He  was  a 
lieutenant  in  £he  navy  when  Dr.  Oudney  and  Denham 
started,  in  1822,  on  their  exploration  of  the  Sudan.  He 
accompanied  them,  and  returned  with  Denham  in  1824. 
In  the  same  year,  as  commander,  he  proceeded,  with  Lan- 
der and  three  other  assistants,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Niger, 
and  explored  its  course  up  to  Sakkatu.  The  "Journal " 
of  this  expedition  was  published  in  1829. 

Clara  (klar'a).  [L.  clara,  bright,  illustrious; 
It.  Ckiara,  Sp.  Pg.  Clara,  F.  Claire.]  1.  The 
Hyacintheof  MoMre's  "Fourberiesde  Seapin" 
in  Otway's  "Cheats  of  Seapin."— 2.  The  lover 
of  Ferdinand  in  Sheridan's  "Duenna." 


ClahoCLUaht.    See  Tlaokwiaht. 

Claiborne  (kla'bdm),  or  Clayborne,  William. 

Born  in  Westmoreland,  England,  1589  (?) :  died 

in  Virginia,  1676  (?).    An  American  colonial 

politician.     He  emigrated  to  Virginia  in  1621,  and  in 

1626  became  secretary  of  state  for  the  colony.    As  the 

agent  of  Cloberry  and  Company  of  London,  he  established 

a  trading-post  in  Kent  Island  in  1631.    The  trading-post 

became  the  nucleus  of  a  flourishing  settlement,  which  in 

1632  sent  a  burgess  to  the  General  Assembly  of  Virginia. 

It  was  later  (1634)  claimed  by  Leonard  Calvert,  governor  Clara,  Saint.    The  founder  of  the  order  of  Cla- 

of  Maryland,  as  a  part  of  that  colony,  and  was  long  a  sub-    risses  (which  see). 

ject  of  disputes  resulting  in  some  bloodshed.    Ontheexe-  -"  

cution  of  Charles  I.,  Maryland  and  Virginia  proclaimed 
Charles  II.,  whereupon  Claiborne,  at  his  own  request,  was 
in  1661  appointed  by  Parliament  member  of  a  commission 
to  reduce  those  colonies.  The  commissioners  reached 
Virginia  at  the  head  of  an  English  expedition  in  March, 

1662,  overthrew  the  Cavalier  government,  and  established  „V"  "","'' ^"V-  /-u      s 
a  Roundhead  government  with  Richard  Bennet  as  gov-  ClarChen  (Mar  cnen) 
ernor  and  Claiborne  as  secretary  of  state.    In  1658,  how- 
ever, the  province  was  restored  to  Lord  Baltimore  by  the 
commonwealth. 


Clarac  (kla-rak'),  Charles  Othon  Fr6d6ric 
Jean  Baptiste,  Comte  de.  Bom  at  Paris, 
June  16, 1777:  died  1847.  A  French  antiquary 
and  artist,  author  of  "Mus6e  de  sculpture  an- 
tique et  modeme  "  (1826-55),  etc. 
/larchen  (klar'chen).  [G.,  dim.  of  Clara.]  A 
simple  cottage  girl  in  Goethe's  tragedy  "Eg- 
mont,"  in  love  with  that  hero.  She  takes  poison 
when  he  dies. 


Claiborne,  Wimam  Charles  Cole.    Born  in  q^^^^  (^Igj.). '  A  maritime  county  of  Munster, 


Sussex  County,  Virginia,  1775:  died  at  New 
Orleans,  Nov.  23, 1817.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  governor  of  Mississippi  Territory  1802-04,  of  the 
territory  of  Orleans  1804-12,  and  of  the  State  of  Louisiana 
1812-16.    He  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  in 

1816,  but  died  before  taking  his  seat.  ,         •   tj_   i       *•      o       mv.      ii  j  ti- 77 

Olairac  (kla-rak').    A  town  in  the  department  Clare,  Earls  of.    See  Fitzgihlon  and  Holies. 
of  Lot-et-Garonne,  France,   situated  on  the  Clare,  Ada.    Bom  at  Charieston,  S.  C,  1836: 
Lot  56  miles  southeast  of  Bordeaux.    Population    died  at  New  York,  March  4,  1874.     The  pseu- 


Ireland,  lying  between  Galway  on  the  north. 
Tipperary  on  the  east.  Limerick  on  the  southj 
and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  west.    The  county 
town  is  Snuis.     Area,  1,294  square  miles. 
(1891),  124,483. 


donym  and  stage  name  of  Jane  McElhenney, 

an  actress  and  writer. 
Clare,  Ada.    The  friend  and  charge  of  Esther 

Summerson    in    Charles    Dickens's     "Bleak 

House."    She  marries  Richard  Carstone. 

the  extraordinary  precocity  of  his  genius.    At  six  years  Clare,  Lady  Clare  de.     An  English  heiress  in 

"1  fSL^LfJ!^^.  t'i^:^,^^iTJ^i\'iSrr^)^^^t    Si'- ^alt«''  ?1ott's  Poe"'  "Marmion,"  to  oMain  Clarendon  Press, 


(1891),  commune,  3,662. . 

01airaut,orClairault(kla-ro'),Alexis  Claude, 
Born  at  Paris,  May  13,  1713:  died  at  Paris, 
May  17,  1765.  A  celebrated  French  mathe- 
matician.    He  was  famous  both  for  the  strength  and 


Clarence  Strait.  A  channel  between  Alaska 
and  Prince  of  Wales  Island.    Length,  100  miles. 

Clarendon  (klar'en-don),  Earls  of.  See  Hyde 
and  Villiers. 

Clarendon.  A  hunting-lodge  near  Salisbury. 
England,  which  gave  its  name  to  the  Constitu- 
tions of  Clarendon.  See  Clarendon,  Constitu- 
tions of. 

Clarendon,  Assize  of.  An  English  ordinance 
issued  in  1166  (12  Hen.  H.),  which  introduced, 
changes  in  the  administration  of  justice. 

Clarendon,  Constitutions  of.  Ordinances 
adopted  at  the  CoimoU  of  Clarendon  in  1164,  with 
a  view  to  fixing  the  limits  between  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  civil  and  ecclesiastical  courts,  and  to' 
abolishing  abuses  due  to  the  encroachments  of 
the  Vatican.  They  provide  that  "disputes  about  ad- 
vowsons  and  presentations .  shall  be  tried  by  the  King's 
Court ;  that  criminous  clerks  shall  be  tried  by  the  king's 
courts,  unless  the  justice  sends  the  case  to  the  ecclesi- 
astical courts,  and  clerks  thus  convicted  shall  be  punished 
as  laymen  ;  that  no  clergyman  shall  quit  the  re^im  with- 
out the  consent  of  the  kmg ;  that  appeals  from  ecclesias- 
tical courts  shall  go  to  the  king,  and,  unless  he  consents 
that  they  shall  go  further,  the  disputes  are  to  be  termi- 
nated by  his  order  in  the  court  of  the  archbishop ;  that 
no  tenant-in-chief  or  minister  of  the  king  shall  be  excom- 
municated without  the  consent  of  the  king ;  that  clergy 
shall  hold  their  lands  as  tenants-in-cbief,  and  penform  ^1 
duties  and  attend  the  King's  Court  with  the  other  tenants- 
in-chief  ;  that  elections  of  archbishops,  bishops,  and  abbots 
shall  take  placebyorderof  the  king  in  the  King's  Chapel, 
and  that  the  man  elected  shall  do  homage  for  his  lands 
before  he  is  consecrated ;  and  that  sons  of  villeins  shall 
not  be  consecrated  without  the  consent  of  their  lords  " 
(Acland  and  Ransome,  Eng,  Polit.  History,  p.  24). 

Population  Clarendon,  Council  of.  A  council  held  in  1164. 

It  was  occasioned  by  tlie  opposition  of  Thomas  Becket  to 
the  ecclesiastical  policy  of  Henry  II.,  and  comprised  the 
king,  the  archbishops  of  Canterbury  and  York,  eleven 
bishops,  forty  of  the  higher  nobility,  andnumerous  barons. 
It  enacted  the  so-called  Constitutions  of  Clarendon,  "a 
sort  of  code  or  concordat,  in  sixteen  chapters,  which  in- 
cluded not  merely  a  system  of  definite  rules  to'  regulate 
the  disposal  of  the  criminal  clergy  "  (the  principal  point 
at  issue),  "  but  a  method  of  proceeding  by  which  all  quar- 
rels that  arose  between  the  clergy  and  laity  might  be  sat- 
isfactorily heard  and  determined  "  {Stubbs,  Early  Planta^ 


■  -U  t  -™„i».  nt  trooivo  horpTri  hpforp  the  Ai-adptnv  '^'■^  .i cii-oi  kj^^v/uu  o  i/uoiu  i.j.c»iuiiv/ij,  -u  w«™.**  v/iaiBiiuou  xTBss.  A  printing  establishment 
of%cfentes'a  paper  on^ceCnc™^^^^^^^  whose  hand  Marmion  ruins  her  lover,  Ralph  in  Oxford,  England,  in  wHch  the  university 
covered ;  and  at  eighteen  he  became  a  member  of  the  de  Wilton.  has  the  preponderating  influence.  It  was  founded 
Academy.  Among  his  best-known  works  is  his  analytical  Clare,  Elizabeth  de.  Died  Nov.  4, 1360.  The  partly  with  profits  from  the  copyright  of  Clarendon's 
study  of  the  problem  "of  the  three  bodies,  and  the^ap-  jjj^^  daughter  of  Gilbert  de  Clare,  ninth  Earl  "History  of  the  RebeUion."  _ 
°" of  Clare.  ShewasmaiTiedthreetimes-flrsttoJohnde  Olarens(kla-ron').  A.  village  in  the  canton  of 

Burgh,  son  of  the  second  Earl  of  Ulster,  and  after  his     Vaud,  Switzerland,  situated   on  Lake  Geneva 

death  to  Theobald,  Lord  Verdon,  and  again  to  Robert 

Damory,  baron  of  Annoy.    She  was  the  founder  of  Clare 

College,  Cambridge  (originally  University  Hall). 

Clare,  John.     Bom   at  Helpstone    near  Pe-  Qlaretie  (klar-te'),  Arstoe  Amaud,  called 

terborough,  England,  July  13,  1793:   died  at     t„i«„     tj „j.tjJ! „  -ci,„^„„  t-i„„'q  TaAn 

Northampton,  England,  May  20,  1864.  An 
English  poet,  son  of  a  poor  laborer:  sumamed 
"The  Northamptonshire  Peasant  Poet."    He 


plication  of  its  results  to  the  study  of  the  moon  and  of 
Halley's  comet.  He  also  wrote  "Recherohes  sur  les 
courbes  k  double  courbure  "  (1731),  "Th^orie  de  la  figure 
de  la  terre  "  (1743),  "  TMorie  de  la  lune,  etc.  (1762),  "  Re- 
cherches  siir  les  comfetes  des  ann^es  1631,  1607,  1682  et 
1759"  (1760),  etc. 

Olairfait.    See  CUrfayt. 
Clairon  (kla-rdn')_,  Claire  Hr 


)olyte  Jos^phe 
Legiis  de  Latude,  called  Mile.  Bom  near 
Cond6,  in  Hainault,  1723:  died  at  Pans,  Jan. 
18.  1803.    A  celebrated  French  actress.    Origi- 


near  its  eastern  extremity,  northwest  of  Mon- 

treux.    It  is  famous  as  the  scene  of  Rousseau's 

'  Nouvelle  H^loise." 


Jules.  Born  at  Limoges,  Prance,  Dec.  3, 1840. 
A  French  novelist  and  journalist.  He  was  in  turn 
war  correspondent  and  dramatic  critic,  and  was  appointed 
dii-ector  of  the  Th6&tre  Frangais  on  the  death  of  M. 


Claretie 

5?"?1;  .^*  "*' '"""  correspondent  of  the  "Eappel "  and 
aie  "Opinion  Katlonale  "  In  1870-71,  and  wrote  several 
books  on  the  war.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Academy 
S"  iM„"'!  ''orks  include  "TJn  assassin,"  or  " Robert 
SJ^-  y?°V>  "  Monsieur  le  Ministre  "  (1882),  "  Le  Prince 
Zilah- a884),  "Pnyjoli "  (1890),  and  other  Tolumes. 

Clan  (kla're),  Giovanni  Carlo  Maria.    Bom 

at  Pisa,  Italy,  1669:  died  probably  about  1745. 
An  Italian  composer.  His  chief  work  is  a  col- 
lection of  vocal  duets  and  trios  (1720). 

Clari,  An  opera  by  Hal6vy,  first  produced  at 
Paris,  Dec.  9, 1828. 

Clari,  the  Maid  of  Milan.  An  opera  by  Sir 
Henry  Bishop,  brought  out  May  8,  1823.  in  it 
"Home,  Sweet  Home"  (words  by  John  Howard  Payne) 
was  first  introduced. 

Claribel  (klar'i-bel).  [L.  clanis,  bright,  and  heU 
lus,  fair.]_  In  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene,"  the 
chosen  bride  of  Phaon.  she  is  traduced  by  Philemon. 
Phaon  slays  her,  and,  finding  how  he  has  been  deceived, 
poisons  Philemon,    ii.  i. 

Claribel,  Sir.  In  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene," 
one  of  four  knights  who  had  a  fray  about  the 
false  Florimel.  Britomart  fights  with  them,  and 
the  combat  is  "stinted"  by  Prince  Arthur, 
iv.  9. 

Clarice  (klar'is ;  F.  pron.  kla-res' ;  It.  pron.  kla- 
re'che).  [F.  for  Clarissa.^  The  sister  of  Huou 
of  Bordeaux  in  the  early  French  and  Italian  ro- 
mances.   She  marries  Binaldo. 

Clariden  (kla-re'den),  or  Glariden  (gla-),  Pass. 
A  glacier  pass  in  the  Swiss  Alps,  leading  from 
the  Maderaner  Thai  to  Staehelberg  in  Glarus. 
Elevation,  9,843  feet. 

Claridiana  (kla-rid-i-an'a).  1.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal characters  in  "The  Mirror  of  blight- 
hood."  After  much  turmoil  and  fighting  she  marries  the 
Knight  of  the  Sun  who  was  also  loved  by  "the  fair  Linda- 
brides." 

2.  The  enchanted  queen  in  Mendoza's  Spanish 
play  "  Querer  Por  Solo  Querer  "  ( "  To  Love  for 
Love's  Sake"),  translated  by  Sir  Kichard  Fau- 
shawe. 

Claridoro  (klar-i-do'ro).  The  rival  of  Felisbravo 
in  Mendoza's  Spanish  play  "Querer  Por  Solo 
Querer"  ("  To  Love  for  Love's  Sake"),  trans- 
lated by  Sir  Bichard  Fanshawe. 

Clarin  (klar'in),  or  Clarinda  (kla-rin'da).  The 
trusted  handmaid  of  Queen  Eadigund  in  Spen- 
ser's "Faerie  Queene,"  v.  5.  She  betrays  her 
mistress,  seeking  to  divide  her  from  Artegal. 

Clarinda  (kla-rin'da).  1.  Waiting- woman  to 
Carniola  in  Massinger's  play  "The  Maid  of 
Honour." — 2.  In  Fletcher's  "Lover's  Pro- 
gress," the  adroit  and  imscrupulous  waiting- 
woman  of  CaUsta. — 3.  In  Thomas  Shadwell's 
comedy  "  The  Virtuoso,"  a  niece  of  the  Virtu- 
oso, in  love  with  Longvil. —  4.  The  principal 
female  character  in  Mrs.  Centlivre's  play  "  The 
Beau's  Duel,"  in  love  with  Colonel  Manly. — 
5.  The  niece  of  Sir  Solomon  SadUfe  in  Gibber's 
comedy  "The  Double  Gallant."  She  "blows 
cold  and  hot "  upon  the  passion  of  Clerimont. 

Clarington  (klar'ing-ton).  Sir  Arthur.  Aprof- 
ligate,  heartless,  and  avaricious  wretch  in 
"The  Witch  of  Edmonton,"  by  Dekker,  Ford, 
and  others. 

Clarissa  (kla-ris'a).  The  wife  of  Gripe  the 
money-scrivener  iix  Vanbrugh's  comedy  "The 
Confederacy."  She  is  a  sparkling,  luxurious 
woman  with  a  great  admiration  for  the  nobility 
and  gentry. 

Clarissa  Harlowe  (kla-ris'a  har'16).  A  novel 
by  Samuel  Richardson  (published  1748) :  so 
called  from  the  name  of  its  heroine. 

Clarisses  (Ma-res'),  Les.  A  religious  sister- 
hood of  the  order  of  Sainte-Claire,  founded  in 
1212. 

Clark  (klark),Abraham.  [The  surnames  Clark, 
Clarke,  Clerk,  Clerke  are  from  dark,  clerk,  a 
learned  man,  a  writer,  a  reader.]  Bom  at 
Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  Feb.  15,  1726:  died  at 
Eahway,  N.  J.,  Sept.  15,  1794.  An  American 
patriot,  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration 
of  independence. 

Clark,  Alvan.  Bom  at  Ashfield,  Mass.,  March 
8, 1808:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Aug.  19, 1887. 
An  American  optician,  famous  as  a  manufac- 
turer of  telescopes  (at  Cambridge,  Massachu- 
setts). He  was  originally  an  engraver  and  portrait-paint- 
er. The  firm  of  Alvan  Clark  and  Sons  was  founded  in 
1846  He  made  telescopes  for  the  University  of  Mississippi 
(object-glass  18*  inches :  finally  purchased  by  the  Univer- 
sity of  Chicago),  the  University  of  Virginia  (26  inches), 
the  United  States  Naval  Observatory  at  Washington  (26 
inches),  the  observatory  at  Pulkowa  (30  inches),  the  Lick 
Observatory  (36  inches),  and  others.        „„    ,„„      ,.    , 

Clark,  Sir  Andrew.  Born  Oct.  28,  1826:  died 
Nov.  6,  1893  -An  eminent  Scotch  physician. 
He  resided  in  London. 

Clark,  or  Clarke,  George  Rogers.   Bom  m 


256 

Albemarle  County,  Va.,  Nov.  19,  1752:  died  at 
Locust  Grove,  near  Louisville,  Ky.,  Feb.  13, 
1818.  An  American  general  in  the  wars  against 
the  Indians  1777-82. 

Clark,  Sir  James.  Bom  at  Cullen,  Banffshire, 
Scotland,  Dec.  14,  1788:  died  at  BagshotPark, 
England,  June  29,  1870.  A  British  physician. 
He  was  physician  in  ordinary  to  the  queen  from  1837.  He 


Classis 

cies,  Nord,  France,  Oct.  17,  1765:  died  at  Neu- 
viller,  France,  Oct.  28,  1818.  A  marshal  of 
France,  minister  of  war  1815-17, 
Clarke,  H;de.  Bom  at  London,  Dec.  14, 1815 : 
died  there,  March  1, 1895.  An  English  engineei- 
and  philologist.  His  works  include  "ANewandCom- 
prehensive  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language"  (18S3),  and 
numerous  philological  and  ethnological  treatises. 


wrote  "The  Influence  of  Climate  in  the  Prevention  and  Clarke,  JamOS  Freeman.     Bom  at  Hanover, 


Cure  of  Chronic  Diseases  "  (1829),  "Treatise  on  Pulmonary 
Consumption  "  (1835X  etc. 

Clark,  Lewis  Gaylord.    Bom  at  Otiseo,  N.  Y., 

1810:  diedatPiermont,N.Y.,  Nov.3,1873.  An 

American  journalist.     He  was  editor  of  the 

"Knickerbocker  Magazine  "  1834-59. 
Clark,  Rev.  T.    The  pseudonym  of  John  Gait. 
Clark  University.     A  non-sectarian  institu-     oss*),  "Orthodoxy,  its  Truths  and  Errors"  (I866),  "Ten 

tion  opened  at  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  in    Great  Ileligions"(l871),  etc. 

1887.    It  was  named  for  Jonas  park,  its  founder,  and  is  (Jlarke,  John.    Bom  in  Bedfordshire,  England, 

Intended  rather  for  the  promotion  of  research  than  for  ^_I    o'lcTin.  j:.j  „j.  -nt i   -o    t      a_2:i  on 

ordinary  collegiate  education. 


N.  H.,  April  4,  1810:  died  at  Jamaica  Plain, 
Mass.,  Jime  8,  1888.  An  American  Unitarian 
clergyman,  theologian,  and  miscellaneous  au- 
thor. He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1829,  preached  at 
l/ouisville,  Kentucky,  1833-40,  and  founded  at  Boston  in 
1841  the  Church  of  the  Disciples,  of  which  he  was  pastor 
until  his  death.  His  works  include  "Christian  Doctrine 
of  Forgiveness " (1852),  "Christian  Doctrine  of  Prayer" 


Clark,  or  Clarke,  William.  Bom  in  Virginia, 
Aug.  1,  1770 :  died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Sept.  1, 
1838.  An  American  commander  and  explorer, 
brother  of  G.  R.  Clark.  He  was  associated  with 
Lewis  in  the  command  of  an  exploring  expedition  from  St. 


Oct.  8,  1609:  died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  April  20, 
1676.  An  English  physician,  one  of  the  foun- 
ders of  Rhode  Island.  He  was  driven  from  Massa- 
chusetts in  1638,  and  was  one  of  the  purchasers  of  Aquid- 
neck  (Rhode  Island)  from  the  Indians.  In  1639  he  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  Newport,  where  he  became  pastor 
of  the  Baptist  church  founded  in  1644. 


Louis  to  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia,  1804-06.  He  was  gov-  Clarke,  John  Sleeper  (real  name  John  Clarke 
ernor  of  Missouri  Territory  1813-21,  and  was  Buperinten-     "'  '       ~  —  ...  ,.,.,._ 

dent  of  Indian  afiairs  in  St.  Louis  till  his  death. 

Clark,  William  George.  Bom  March,  1821: 
died  at  York,  England,  Nov.  6, 1878.  An  Eng- 
lish scholar,  a  gi-aduate  of  Cambridge,  and  fel- 
low and  tutor  of  Trinity  College.  He  was  the  edi- 
tor, with  Mr.  Glover  (VoL  I.)  and  Mr.  Aldis  Wright,  of  the 
"Cambridge"  Shakspere  (1863-66),  and,  with  Mr.  Wright, 
of  the  '^Globe  "  Shakspere,  and  author  of  works  of  travel 
("Gazpacho,"  "The  Peloponnesus,"  etc.)  and  of  poems, 
"A  Scale  of  Lyrics,"  etc. 

Clark,  William  Tiemey.  Bom  at  Bristol, 
England,  Aug.  23,  1783:  died  Sept.  22,  1852. 
A  noted  English  civil  engineer.     He  was  the 


Sleeper).  Born  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  Sept.  3, 
1833 :  died  at  Surbiton-on-Thames,  England, 
Sept.  25,  1899.  An  American  comedian.  He 
made  his  first  appearance  in  Boston  in  1861.  He  married 
Asia,  daughter  of  Junius  Booth,  in  1859.  In  1864  he  un- 
dertook the  management  of  the  Winter  Garden  Theater 
with  William  Stuart  and  Edwin  Booth  :  tliis  he  gave  up 
in  1867.  In  1863,  with  Edwin  Booth,  he  bought  the  Walnut 
Street  Theater  in  Philadelphia.  In  1866  they  obtained 
the  lease  of  the  Boston  Theater.  In  Oct.,  18<S7,  he  ap- 
peared in  London,  where,  with  brief  interruptions,  he 
remained.  In  1872  he  became  proprietor  of  the  Charing 
Cross  Theater,  afterward  managing  the  Haymarket.  His 
Doctor  Pangloss,  OUapod,  Major  Wellington  de  Boots,  and 
Saleiq  Scudder  were  successfuL 


builder  of  the  old  Hammersmith  suspension-bridge  (taken  Clarke,  MacDonald.     Born  at  New  London, 


down  1885),  and  of  the  suspension-bridge  over  the  Danube, 
uniting  Pest  and  Buda  (built  1839-49). 

Clark,  Willis  Gaylord.  Born  &t  Otiseo,  N.  Y., 
1810 :  died  June  12,  1841.  An  American  poet 
and  journalist,  twin  brother  of  L.  G.  Clark.  He 
wrote ' '  OUapodiana  "  for  the ' '  Knickerbocker  " 
(pubHshed  1844). 

Clarke  (Mark),  Adam.  Bom  at  Moybeg,  Lon- 
donderry County,  Ireland,  about  1762:  died  at 
London,  Aug.  26,  1832.  An  eminent  British 
Wesleyan  clergyman  and  biblical  scholar.  He 
wrote  "Commentafy  on  the  Holy  Bible"  (1810-26),  etc. 
]E^om  1803  to  1818  he  was  occupied  in  editing  £ymer's 
"Foedera." 


Conn.,  June  18, 1798 :  died  at  New  York,  March 
5,  1842.  An  American  poet,  called,  on  account 
of  his  eccentricities,  "  The  Mad  Poet."  a  num- 
ber of  collections  of  his  poems  have  been  published,  in- 
cluding "A  Review  of  the  Eve  of  Eternity,  and  other 
Poems  "  (1820),  "The  Elixir  of  Moonshine,  by  the  Mad  Poet" 
(1822),  "The  Gossip"  (1826),  "Poetic  Sketches"  (1826), 
"The  Belles  of  Broadway"  (1833),  and  "Poems"  (1836). 

Clarke,  Marcus  Andrew  Hyslop.    Bom  at 

Kensington,  London,  April  24,  1846:  died  at 
Melbourne,  Australia,  Aug.  2, 1881.  An  Austra- 
lian journalist  and  novelist.  He  went  to  Victoria 
in  1863.  His  principal  work,  a  novel,  "For  the  Term  of 
his  Natural  Life,"  was  published  in  1874. 


Clarke,  Sir  Alured.    Bom  about  1745 :  died  at  <'i?'^H  ^air  Anne.    Born  at  London  in  1776 


Llangollen,  Wales,  Sept.  16, 1832.  An  English 
soldier,  appointed  field-marshal  on  the  acces- 
sion of  William  IV.  He  served  as  lieutenant-colonel 
under  Howe  in  New  York  1776;  succeeded  John  Bur- 
goyne  as  master-general  of  the  Hessian  troops ;  was  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  Jamaica  1782-90;  was  stationed  at 
Quebec  1791-93 ;  went  to  India  in  1795 ;  took  part  in  the 


died  at  Boulogne,  June  21,  1852.  An  English 
woman  of  obscure  origin,  mistress  of  the  Duke 
of  York.  She  became  notorious  from  the  public  scandals 
which  grew  out  of  her  connection  with  the  duke.  She 
wrote  "  The  Bival  Princes  "  (the  dukes  of  York  and  Kent). 
She  was  condemned  to  nine  months'  imprisonment  for 
libel  in  1813.    After  1815  she  lived  in  Paris. 


capture  of  Cape  Colony  in  Sept.  of  the  same  year ;  and  Clarke,  Samuel.     Bom  at  Norwich,  England, 


succeeded  Sir  itobert  Abercromby  as  commander-in-chief 
in  India  May  17, 1798. 

Clarke,  Charles  Cowden.  Bom  at  Enfield, 
near  London,  Dec.  15,  1787:  died  at  Genoa, 
Italy,  March  13,  1877.  An  English  man  of  let- 
ters, publisher  (a  partner  of  Alfred  NoveUo) 
and  lecturer  on  Shakspere  and  other  dramatic 

Soets.  He  married  Mary  Victoria,  daughter  of  Vincent 
bvello,  July  5, 1828.  He  began  to  lecture  on  Shakspere, 
Chaucer,  and  other  poets  and  dramatists  in  1834,  and  con- 
tinued this  career  until  1856.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Tales 
from  Chaucer "(1833),  "Kichesof  Chaucer  " (1835),  "Shak- 
speare  Characters "  (1863),  "Molifere  Characters  "(1865), 
etc.,  and  joint  author  with  ills  wife  of  the  "  Shakspeare 
Key :  unlocking  the  treasures  of  his  style,"  etc.  (1879),  edi- 
tions of  Shakspere,  "KecoUections  of  Writers  "(1878),  etc.    m      1     i    T>.  <«.•      1     •    «     1      ...      «  . 

Clarke,  Mrs.  (Mary  Victoria  NoveUo.  usually  Clarke  s  River,  or  Clarke  s  Fork  of  the  Colum- 


Oct.  11,  1675:  died  at  London,  May  17,  1729! 
A  celebrated  English  divine  and  metaphysical 
writer,  son  of  an  alderman  of  Norwich.  He  was 
a  graduate  of  Cambridge  (Caius  College),  and  was  succes- 
sively rector  of  Drayton,  near  Norwich ;  of  St  Bennet's, 
London,  in  1706 ;  and  of  St.  James's,  Westminster,  in  170ft 
He  was  also  one  of  the  chaplains  of  Queen  Anne.  His  most 
celebrated  work  is  his  "  Boyle  Lectures "  (1704-05),  pub- 
Hshed as  "A  Discourse  concerning  the  Being  and  Attri- 
butes of  God,  the  Obligations  of  Natural  Beligion,  and  the 
Truth  and  Certainty  of  the  Christian  Sevelation,  in  answer 
to  Mr.  Hobbes,  Spinoza,  etc."  His  metaphysical  argu- 
ment for  the  existence  of  God  is  especially  famous,  andhe 
also  holds  a  high  place  in  the  history  of  the  science  of 
ethics. 

Clarke,  William.    See  Clark. 


known  as  Mrs.  Cowden  Clarke).  'Bom  at 
London,  June  22,  1809:  died  at  Genoa,  Jan. 
12, 1898.  An  English  Shaksperian  scholar  and 
author,  wife  of  C.  C.  Clarke.  She  published  "The 
Complete  Concordance  to  Shakspere  "  (1846),  which  was 
compiled  during  the  assiduous  labor  of  sixteen  years  (it 


biaRiver.  [NamedforCaptain William  Clarke.] 
A  river  in  Montana,  Idaho,  and  Washington, 
formed  by  the  Bitter  Root  and  Flathead  nvers 
near  the  Horse  Plain,  Montana.  It  joins  the 
Columbia  in  lat.  49°  3'  N.  Total  length,  in- 
cluding head  stream,  about  700  miles. 


?.^\^  "?,'•  ;S°'T  J*'!,.''?'''^'  °?  'S?  ^°-™^^/?2ixP''.^^?'  Clarke-Whitfield.    See  Whitfield. 

"The  Girlhood  of  Shakspere's  Heroines"  (1850),  "The  fii„_i,„„_  /mk.,i,/<.™\    irr,-— ,««      -b^ j.  tit- 

Iron  Cousin,"  a  novel  (1854X  "  Memorial  Sonnets  '  (1888),  ClarkSOn  (Mark  son ),  IhomaS.     Bom  at  WlS- 


and  other  works. 

Clarke,  Edward  Daniel.  Born  at  Willingdon, 
Sussex,  England,  June  5,  1769:  died  at  Lon- 
don, March  9,  1822.  An  English  traveler  and 
mineralogist,  appointed- professor  of  mineral- 
ogy at  Cambridge  in  1808,  and  librarian  in 
1817.  His  works  include  "  Travels  in  Various  Countries  ClassiS  (klas'is), 
of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa"  (1810-23),  and  numerous 
scientific  papers.  He  made  important  collections  of  min- 
erals (purchased  by  the  University  of  Cambridge),  manu- 
scripts, coins,  etc.  He  brought  to  England  the  so-called 
"  Ceres,"  a  colossal  statue  (a  cistophorus),  found  at  Eleu- 
sis  by  Wheler  in  1676,  and  now  in  the  Fitzwilliam  Museum. 

Clarke,  Henri  Jacques  Guillaume,  Comte 
d'Hunebourg,  Duo  de  Feltre.    Bom  at  Landre- 


beaoh,  Cambridgeshire,  England,  March  28, 
1760:  died  at  Plajrford  Hall,  near  Ipswich, 
England,  Sept.  26, 1846.  An  English  abolition- 
ist, occupied  as  pamphleteer  and  agitator  1786- 
1794.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  the  Aholition  of 
the  Slave  Trade"  (1808),  etc. 

[L.]     See  the  quotation. 


The  town  of  Bavenna  was  already  three  miles  distant 
from  the  sea  (no  doubt  owing  to  a  previous  alteration  of 
the  coast  line),  but  he  [Augustus]  improved  the  then  exist- 
ing harbour,  to  which  he  gave  the  appropriate  name  of 
Classis,  and  connected  it  with  the  old  town  by  a  causeway, 
about  which  clustered  another  intermediate  town  called 
Camrea.  Classis,  then,  in  the  days  of  the  Soman  em- 
perors, was  a  busy  port  and  arsenal— Wapping  and  Chat- 


Classis 

ham  combined— capable  of  affording  anchorage  to  250 
TCBsels,  resounding  with  all  the  noises  of  men  "whose  cry 
is  ill  their  ships."  Gto  to  it  now,  and  you  find  one  of  the 
loneliest  of  all  lonely  moors,  not  a  house,  scarcely  a  cot- 
tage in  sight :  only  the  glorious  church  of  San  Apollinare 
in  Classe,  which,  reared  in  the  sixth  century  by  command 
of  Justinian,  still  stands,  though  the  bases  of  its  columns 
are  green  with  damp,  yet  rich  in  tlie  unfaded  beauty  of 
its  mosaics.  Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  485. 

Clatsop  (klat'sop).  A  tribe  of  the  Lower  Chi- 
nook division  of  North  Ameriean  Indians. 
They  formerly  lived  at  Cape  Adams,  on  the  south  side  of 
Columbia  Elver,  Oregon,  up  that  river  to  Tongue  Point, 

and  southward,  along  the  Pacific  coast,  nearly  to  Tillamook     

Head,  Oregon.    There  are  still  a  few  survivors  residing  riin„J4,,a    TT 
about  six  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  Eiver  "■'''•'"Ills    ■"••"■• 


257 

amiable  disposition,  his  accession  was  signalized  by  acts  of 
clemency  and  justice,  which,  however,  under  the  influence 
of  his  third  wife,  the  Infamous  Valeria  Messalina,  and  his 
favorites,  thefreedmen  Narcissus,  Pallas,  and  others,  were 
subsequently  obscured  by  cruelty  and  bloodshed.  He  vis- 
ited Britain  in  43.  In  49,  after  the  execution  of  Messalina, 
who,  during  his  absence  at  Ostia,  had  contracted  a  public 
marriage  with  Caius  Silus,  he  married  his  niece  Agrip- 
pina  the  younger.  She  persuaded  him  to  set  aside  his  own 
son  Britannicus,  and  to  adopt  her  son  by  a  former  mar- 
riage, L.  Domitius,  as  his  successor.  Eepenting  of  this 
step  soon  after,  he  was  poisoned  by  Agrippina,  and  L, 
Domitius  ascended  the  throne  under  the  name  of  Nero. 
The  famous  Claudian  aqueduct  in  Borne  is  named  for 
him. 


in  Oregon,  and  also  a  few  on  the  Orande  Bonde  reserva- 
tion in  the  same  State.  See  Chinookan. 
Claude  (kiad;  F.  pron.  Mod),  Jean.  [F.  Claude, 
from  li.  Claudiiis.'i  Born  at  La  Sauvetat,  near 
Agen,  France,  1619 :  died  at  The  Hague,  Nether- 
lands, Jan.  13, 1687.  A  celebrated  French  Prot- 
estant clergyman  and  controversialist.  He  was 
pastor  of  La  Treyne,  then  at  Saint- ASrique,  and  then  at 
Kimes  where  he  was  also  professor  of  theology,  and  in  1661 


(Marcus  Aurelius  Claudius, 
sumamed  Gotnicus).    Born  in  Dardauia  or 


was  prohibited  from  exercising  his  ecclesiastical  functions,  ni      j-'  «       •  j     «  /lii. 

In  1862  he  was  appointed  pastor  and  professor  of  theology  OlauOlUS,     AppiUS,    sumamed    UseCUS    (  the 

at  -Mnntonhan     K,lf.  w«,tt  ciilonon/loH   in  1  AAA         TTa  r^at-WoA  t^        Blind'),      Dicd  aftOr  280   B.  C.      A  ROman  StatOS- 


at  Montauban,  but  was  suspended  in  1666.  He  retired  to 
Holland  on  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  His 
chief  work  is  a  "Defense  de  la  reformation  "  (1673). 

Claude  d' Abbeville  (klod  dab-vel').  Died  at 
Rouen,  1616.  A  French  Capuchin,  a  native  of 
Abbeville.  From  1612  to  1614  hewas  a  missionary  in  the 
French  colony  of  Maranhao,  in  Brazil.  His  "Histoire  de 
la  mission  des  p6res  Capucins  en  I'lsle  de  Mai'agnah" 
(Paris,  1614)  is  of  great  historical  and  ethnological  value. 
It  is  now  very  rare.  There  is  a  modern  Portuguese  trans- 
lation (Maranhilo,  1874). 

Claude  Lorrain  (kl&d  lo-ran'j  F.  pron.  klod  lo- 
rau')  (real  name,  Claude  Qel6e  or  Gell6e). 
Bom  at  Chamagne,  Vosges,  Prance,  1600 :  died 
at  Rome,  Nov.  21,  1682.  A  celebrated  French 
landscape-painter.  Taken  in  1613  to  Borne  by  a  rela- 
tive, he  went  thence  to  Naples,  where  he  spent  two  years  as 


Olazomense 

lutionary  politician  and  financier,  French  min- 
ister of  finance  in  1792.  He  was  identified  with  the 
Girondins,  and  on  their  fall  was  accused  and  arrested  and 
brought  before  the  Bevolutionary  tribunaL  He  commit- 
ted suicide  in  prison. 

Clavigero  (kla-ve-Ha'ro),  Francisco  Xavier 
(Saverio).  Bom  at  Vera  Cruz,  1731 :  died  at  Bo- 
logna, Italy,  1787.  AMexioan  Jesuit  historian. 
He  taught  rhetoric  and  philosophy  in  the  principal  Jesuit 
colleges  of  Mexico,  and  after  the  expulsion  of  his  order 
(1787)  founded  an  academy  at  Bologna.  His  "Storia  An- 
tica  del  Messico"  (Cesena,  1780)  includes  the  Aztec  period 
of  Mexican  history  and  the  conquest,  and  had  an  immediate 
and  wide  success.  It  was  translated  into  various  lan- 
guages.   His  "  Storia  della  California  "  was  published  after 

his  death  (Venice,  1789). 

niyria,  214:  died  at' Sirmium,  Pannonia,  270  Clavigo  (kla-ve'go).  A  tragedy  by  Goethe,  pub- 
A.  D.  Emperor  of  Rome  268-270.  He  defeated  lished  June  1, 1774.  See  Clavijo  y  Fajardo,  Josi. 
the  Alamanni  in  northern  Italy  in  268,  and  de-  Clavijo,  Don.  An  accomplished  cavalier  in 
feated  the  Goths  near  Naissus,  Moesia,  in  269.  "Don  Quixote,"  who  was  metamorphosed  into  a 
Claudius.  1.  The  Eng  of  Denmark  and  uncle  crocodile  and  was  disenchanted  by  Don  Quixote, 
of  Hamlet  in  Shakspere's  tragedy  " Hamlet." —  Clavijo,  Buy  Gonzalez  de.  Bom  at  Madrid: 
2.  Aservantof  Brutus  in  Shakspere's  "Julius  died  at  Madrid,  1412.  A  Spanish  diplomat 
CsBsar."  and   traveler  in  the  Orient,  ambassador  of 

Henry  IH.  of  Castile  to  Tamerlane  1403-06. 
He  wrote  "Historia  del  gran  Tamerlan  6  Itin- 
erario,"  etc.  (printed  1582). 
Clavijo  y  Fajardo  (kla-ve'no  e  fa-nar'do), 
Jos^.  Bom  in  the  Canary  Islands  about 
1730 :  died  at  Madrid,  1806.  A  Spanish  offi- 
cial (curator  of  the  royal  archives),  journalist, 
and  translator  of  Buffon.  He  is  known  chiefly 
from  his  quarrel  (1764)  with  Beaumarchais  on  account 
of  the  latter's  sister.  He  was  forced  to  sign  an  acknow- 
ledgment of  wrong-doing  which  cost  him  his  honor  and 
his  of&cial  position. 


man.  He  was  censor  312-308,  and  consul  307  and  296. 
He  commenced  the  Appian  Way  and  completed  the  Ap- 
pian  aqueduct.  From  him  Boman  jurisprudence,  oratory, 
grammar,  and  Latin  prose  date  their  beginning.  He 
,abolished  the  limitation  of  the  full  right  of  citizensliip  to 
landed  proprietors. 

Claudius  (klou'de-6s),  Matthias.  Bom  in 
Reinfeld,  in  Holstein,  Aug.  15,  1740:  died  at 
Hamburg,  Jan.  21,  1815.  A  German  poet. 
He  studied  at  Jena,  and  settled  afterward  in  Wandsbeck, 
near  Altona,  where,  under  the  name  of  Asmus,  he  pub 


He  was  made  the  subject  of  a  tra- 
gedy by  Goethe.     See  Bea/wmm'chciw. 

was  the  auth6r"of  numerous  lyrics,  some  oTwhich  ha™  ClavilefiO  (kla-ve-lan'yo).  El  AligCTO.      [8p., 
become  genuine  folk-songs.    A  collection  of  his  works     'tnewingedpin-(orpeg-) timber.'J  Ihewooden 


with  the  title  "Asmus  omnia  sua  secum  portans,  Oder 
Sammtliche  Werke  des  Wandsbecker  Boten  "  appeared  at 
Hamburg  1776-1812. 


_      -        .    'peg  .     . 
horse  used  by  Don  Quixote.    It  vras  managed 
by  a  wooden  pin  in  its  forehead. 
Clay  (kla),  Cassius  Marcellus,  Bom  at  White- 
hall, Madison  Co. ,  Ky. ,  Oct.  19, 1810:  died  there, 
July  22, 1903.    An  American  politician,  son  of 
General  Green  Clay.  He  was  an  antislavery  advocate, 
and  United  States  minister  to  Bussia  1861-62  and  1863-69. 
a.     He  was  a  Spaniard  by  birth,  was  a  pupU  of  Qjg^y  Clement  Claibome.     Bom  in  Madison 
Felix  of  TJrgel,  and  was  appomted  bishop  of  Turin  by     p**' <!1    aIp     IftlQ  •  rfied^^        HnntRville  Ala 
Louis  le  D6bonnau:e  in  820.    He  denied  that  the  monastic     County,  Ala.,  1819 .  aiea  near  imntsvilie,  Ala., 
vow  possessed  any  peculiar  merit,  that  Borne  was  the    Jan.  3, 1882.    An  American  politician.    Hewas 
special  seat  of  penitence  and  absolution,  and  that  any    United  States  senator  from  Alabama  1854-61, 
special  power  of  loosing  and  binding  had  been  given  to         ^     Confederate  senator  and  secret  agent. 
Peter,  and  rejected  the  worship  of  images  and  relics.  ^i"„  /i;     "      T>^r^  ,„  Powlm+aTi  Pnnnt^   V« 
Author  of  "Apologeticum  atque  Eescriptum  adversus  Clay,  GTCen.     Born  in  I'owhatan  County,  Va., 
Theutmirum  Abbatem,"  no  copy  of  which  is  now  known    Aug.  14,  1757 :  died  Oct.  31,  1826.     An  Amen- 
to  exist.  can  general.    He  defended  Fort  Meigs  against 

rflniX't  Cklo-daM    Antoine  Prancois  Jean    Claudius  Pulclier(kia'di-uspul'k6r),Appius.    a  British  force  in  1813. 

Bom  at  ]>ons  FranS  Aul  12  iX:  died  at    Med  m  Euboea,  46  b.  c.    A  ftoman  politician,  Clay,  Henry.,   Bom  in  Hanover  County,  near 
isorn  at  ijyonSj  JJrance,  Aug.  i^,  xiyi    aieu  ai,    ^_^^,^^  „<,  ^^^  Hfim»„non,<,  r.lo^i„»  Eiolimond,Ta.,  April  12,  1777:  died  at  Wash- 

ington, D.  C,  June  29,  1852.    A  celebrated 


a  pupil  of  Godfrey.  Wal^a  painter  from  Cologne.  From  QlaudiuS  CraSSUS  (klft'di-UB  kras'us),  AppiUS. 
1619  to  1625  he  lived  m  Home,  working  as  an  apprentice  *'.  tj„,„__  f,„T.«ii1  flficemvir  451-449  B  r 
and  valet  to  Agostino  Tassi,  who  was  employed  by  the  J^  Woman  consul,  aecemvix  40i-4M:»  B.  c. 
Cardinal  di  Montalto  to  decorate  his  palace.    Alter  this  ClaUdlUS  I^^OrO.     bee  JSero. 

be  returned  to  Lorraine  by  Venice  and  the  Tyrol.  At  OlaudiUS  of  Turin.  Died  839.  A  bishop  of 
Nancy  he  found  employment  in  decorating  the  Chapelle  Ttuin 
des  Cannes,  for  Duke  Charles  ni.,  with  figures  and  archi- 
tectural ornaments,  until  the  middle  of  the  year  1627, 
when  he  returned  to  Bome  to  remain  for  the  rest  of  his 
life.  By  1634  Claude  had  become  a  celebrity  in  Bome,  and 
had  painted  many  pictures.  The  "  Liber  Veritatis,"  a  col- 
lection of  two  hundred  outline  drawings  of  his  paintings 
(later  engraved  and  published)  was  begun  about  1634  and 
finished  March  2S,  1675.  The  "  Claude  Lorrain  mirror  "  is 
so  called  from  the  fancied  similarity  of  its  effects  to  his 
pictures. 

Claudel 

Born  at  Livons,  uranoe,  Aug.  la,  uvi :  aieu  ai,    :^"""  ~  ""~ — i „,    ,. 

London,Dec.27,1867.   i  French  photographer,    brother  of  the  demagogue  ^odius. 
resident  in  London  after  1829 :   noted  for  his  Olaus  (klaz),  Santa.    See  mcholas,  Saint. 


apparatus  and  processes, 
Claudia  (kia'di-a).     [L.,  fem.  of  Claudius.']    A 

common  Roman  female  name. 
Claudia  gens  (kia'di-a  jenz).   In  ancient  Rome, 


Mirepoix,  Ari6ge,  France,  Deo.  12,  1772 :  died 
at  Seoourieu,  near  Toulouse,  France,  April  21, 
1842.  A  marshal  of  France.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  Napoleonic  wars,  especially  in  Spain  1810- 
1813,  and  was  governor-general  of  Algeria  1835-37. 


a  plebeian  and  patrician  clan  or  house.    The  oTausen  (klou'zen),"  Henrik  Nikolai.     Bom 

— .^_-.i._   r<i....i:i   ™,o™  r,t  SohinB  nnuin.    and   came  tO      _.    -.r :v,„     -r>«-.-„„™l,      A«^1    09     TTQS.    /HoH    of 


patrician  Claudil  were  of  Sabine  origin,  and  came 
Bome  504  B.  0.  Their  surnames  were  Csecus,  Caudex, 
Centho,  Crassus,  Pulcher,  Eegillensis,  and  Sabinus.  The 
snmamea  of  the  plebeian  Claudil  were  Asellus,  Canina, 
Centumalus,  Cicero,  Flamen,  and  Marcellus. 

Claudian  (kia'di-an).     See  Claudianus. 

Claudianus  (kia-di-a'nus),  Claudius.  Bom  at 
Alexandria,  Egypt,  probably  about  365  A.  d.: 
died  about  408  (?).  A  noted  Latin  ^oet.   Hewas 


Se  pancg^^st  of^  S^tiliSo:  Th^odosiliX  'SonoriuT  a"nd  OlauseWitZ  (klou'ze-vits)    1 
othera.    He  wrote  panegyrics,  epithalamia,   "De  raptu     Burg,  Prussia,  June  1,  17HU 


at  Maribb,  Denmark,  April  22,  1793:  died  at 
Copenhagen,  March  28,  1877.  A  Danish  theo- 
logian. He  was  professor  of  theology  at  Copenhagen 
1822-76,  and  state  councilor  1848-51.  His  works  include 
"Katholicismens  og  Protestantismens  Kirkeforfatning 
Lire  og  Eitus"  (1825,  "Church  Organization,  Doctrine,  and 
Bitual  of  Catholicism  and  Protestantism"),  etc. 

Clausenburg.    See  Klausenburg. 

—  Karl  von.  Bom  at 

died  at  Breslau, 


American  statesman  and  orator.  He  was  United 
States  senator  from  Kentucky  1806-07  and  1810-11 ;  was 
member  of  Congress  from  Kentucky  1811-21  and  182S-25 
(serving  as  speaker  1811-14,  1815-20,  and  1823-26) ;  was 
peace  commissioner  at  Ghent  in  1814  ;  was  candidate  for 
the  Presidency  in  1824 ;  was  secretary  of  state  1825-29 ;  was 
United  States  senator  1831-42  and  1849-62 ;  was  Whig  can- 
didate for  the  Presidency  in  1832  and  1844 ;  was  the  chief  de- 
signer of  the  "  Missouri  Compromise  "  of  1820,  and  of  the 
compromise  of  1860 ;  and  was  the  author  of  the  compro- 
mise tariff  of  1833.  Complete  works,  with  biography, 
edited  by  Colton  (1857). 

Clay,  James.  Born  at  London,  1805:  died  at 
Brighton,  England,  1873.  An  English  author- 
ity on  whist,  author  of  "A  Treatise  on  the 
Game  of  Whist  by  J.  C,"  affixed  to  Baldwin's 
"Laws  of  Short  Whist"  (1864).  He  was  a 
member  of  Parliament  from  1847  until  1873. 


Proserpinse,"  etc.  t    t. 

Claudia  Quinta  (kU'di-a  kwin'ta) .  In  Roman 
legend,  a  woman,  probably  the  sister  of  Appius 
Claudius  Pulcher.     in  206  b.  o.,  when  the  ship  con 


vevine  the  image  of  Cybele  stuck  fast  in  a  shallow  at  the     len,   etc.).                         ,..>,,.-,.      ti  i 

month  of  the  Tiber  and  the  soothsayers  announced  that  OlaUSiUS  (klou'ze-Os),Rudolf  JullUSEmanUel, 
only  a  chaste  woman  could  move  it,  she  cleared  herself     -  ■  —  -     ^-  t. :.   t._   o  looo 


Prussia,  Nov.  16,  1831.    A  Prussian  ofBcer  and  Clayborne,  William.    See  Claiborne. 
military  writer.     He  wrote  "Ubersicht  desFeldzugs  Clay  Cross  (kla  kr6s).    A  coal-  and  iron-mm 
von  18i3,"  etc.  (1814),  "HinterlasseneWerke  "(1832-37,  in-  -----  — 

eluding  "  Vom  Kriege,"  "  Der  Feldzug  von  1796  in  Ital- 


from  an  accusation  of  incontmency  by  stepping  forward 
from  among  the  matrons  who  had  accompanied  Scipio  to 
receive  the  image,  and  towing  the  vessel  to  Bome. 
Claudio  (km'di-6).  1.  -A- young  Florentine  m 
love  with  Hero,  in  Shakspere's  ''Much  Ado 
about  Nothing."   He  fallstoo  easily  mto  belief 


Bom  at  KosUn.Pomerania,  Prussia,  Jan.  2, 1822: 
died  at  Bonn,  Aug.  24, 1888.    A  celebrated  Gor- 


ing center  in  Derbyshire,  England,  about  4 
miles  south  of  Chesterfield. 
Claypole  (kla'pol),  Noah.  Mr.  Sowerberry's 
apprentice,  a  charity  boy  and  afterward  a  thief, 
a  character  in  Charles  Dickens's ' '  Oliver  Twist." 
He  marries  Charlotte,  Mrs.  Sowerberry's  ser- 


man  physicist.  He  became  professor  of  physics  in  the    yant. 

University  of  Bonn  m  1869,  a  post  wliich  heretoined  until  „,  (Klas),  Paul  JcaU.     Bom  at  Bmges,  Bel 

his  death.    Author  of  "Die  mechanische  Wametheorie     "^tftfl^^jTJ'nn^Q-ta.Air.A  „+   ■D™,„=„i=  '■b'^x. 


(2d  ed.  1876-91),  "  tjber  das  Wesen  der  Warme  "  (1857),  and 
"Die  PotentiaUunktion  und  das  Potential"  (1869). 


Bom  at  Pulham, 


gium,  Nov.  27,  1819:  died  at  Bmssels,  Feb. 

uuLLi.  j.w>.-.—  .     -  ^L^^.,~~ -  ^>  1900.    A  Belgian  marine-painter,  pupil  of 

fn  Her?s  dTslTonor.— '3.  The  lover 'of  Juliet  in  oiausthal,"  or"Klausthai  (ilous'tal).    A  town    Gudin. 
Shakspere's  "Measure  for  Measure.      According    j^  ^^^  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  Clayton  (kla  ton), 
to  an  old  law,.newly put  in^foro^hejs  ahout^tobe^         .^  the  Harz  Mountains  44  miles  southeast  of    England,  1693:_died 

Hannover,    it  is  noted  for  its  silver-  and  lead-mines, 

and  is  the  seat  of  the  mining  authorities  of  the  region. 

Population  (1890),  commune,  8,736.  ^  r^  ■,, 

Claveret  (klav-ra'),  Jean.    Bom  at  Orleans, 

1590:  died  1666.  A  French  poet,  chiefly  notable 

as  an  adversary  and  would-be  rival  of  Comeille. 

He  wrote  a  "Lettre  centre  le  sieur  CorneiUe, 

Lntonia,  the  daugnier  oi  marc  An-    soi-disant  auteur  du  Cid^'  etc.  a^„i„™ 

tonv    Being  feeble  In  mtad  and  bodyfhe  was  excluded  Claverhouse.  John  Graham  of.   See  GraMm, 


outed  for  his'intercourse  with  her,  though  he  considers 
himself  her  husband.    He  is  saved  by  his  sister  Isabella. 

Claudius  (kU'di-us)  I.  (Tiberius  Claudius 
Drusus  Nero  Germanicus).  [L.,  'lame';  It. 
Sp.  Claudw,  F.  CUude.]  Born  at  Lugdunum, 
Gaul,  Aug.  1,  10  B.  C. :  died  54  a.  d.  Emperor 
of  Rome  41-54.  He  was  the  grandson  of  Tiberius 
aku«usNeroandLlvia,whoaft^MdmamedAAi|ustus, 
and  Mn  of  Drusus  and  Antonia,  the  daughter  of  Marc  An- 


ho'nOT'ofa'consulship  was  bestowed  on- hun  in  37  byhis  Qlaviftre  (kla-vyar'),  Etienue.    Bom  at  Gene- 

C— 17 


John. 

^  in  Virginia,  Dec.  15, 1773. 

An°  English-American  botanist.  The  genus 
Claytoma  was  named  in  his  honor. 
Clayton,  John  Middleton.  Bom  at  Dagsbor- 
ough,  S]issex  County,  Del.,  July  24,  1796:  died 
at  Dover,  Del.,  Nov.  9,  1856.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  United  States  senator  from  Dela- 
ware 1829-37, 1846-49,  and  1861-66.  As  secretary  of  state, 
1849-60,  he  negotiated  the  Bulwer-Clayton  treaty. 

Clayton-Bulwer  Treaty.    See  Bulwer-Clayton 

Treaty. 
Clazomenae  (kla-zom'e-ne).     [Gr.  KAofo/iej-oi.] 

An  ancient  Ionian  city  of  Asia  Minor,  situated 


Clazomens 

about  20  miles  southwest  of  Smyrna,  near  the 
modern  Vurla.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Anax- 
agoras. 

Ollante  (kla-onf).  [P.]  1.  The  lover  of  An- 
g^lique  inMolifere's  "Malade  Imaginaire."— 2. 
The  brother-in-law  of  Orgon,  and  brother  of 
Ebnire,  in  Molifere's  ' '  Tartuf  e."  He  is  as  genu- 
inely good  as  Tartuf  e  is  hypocritieal. — 3.  The 
son  of  Harpagon  in  Molifere's  "I/Avare."  He 
is  in  love  vrith  Mariane. 

Oleanthe  (kle-an'the).  The  sister  of  Siphax 
in  Fletcher's  "Mad  Lover." 

Cleailt]ies(kle-an'thez).  [Gr.  K;U<iv%.]  Bom 
at  Assos,  Asia  Minor,  about  300  B.C. :  died  at 
Athens  about  220.  A  Greek  Stoic  philosopher, 
a  disciple  and  the  successor  of  Zeno. 

Cleanthes.  1.  The  friend  of  Cleomenes,  and 
captain  of  Ptolemy's  guard,  in  Dryden's  tragedy 
"Cleomenes." — 2.  The  son  of  Leonides  in 
"The  Old  Law,"  a  play  by  Massinger,  Middle- 
ton,  and  Rowley:  a  model  of  filial  piety  and 
tenderness. 

Cleanthis  (kle-an'this).  A  waiting-woman  to 
Alcmena,  and  wife  of  Sosia,  in  Moli^re's  "Am- 
phitryon." 

Clear  (kler),  Cape.  The  southernmost  point 
of  Ireland,  situated  on  the  island  of  Clear  in 
lat.  51°  26'  N.,  long.  9°  29'  "W. 

ClearcIlUS  (kle-ar'kus).  [Gr.  KTiiapxoc^  Born 
at  Sparta:  executed  by  Artaxerxes,  401  b.  c. 
A  Lacedaemonian  general.  He  fought  under  Min- 
darus  at  the  battle  of  Cyzicus  410.  In  408  his  tyrannous 
conduct  as  barmost  during  the  siege  of  Byzantium  by  the 
Athenians  led  to  the  surrender  of  the  city  by  the  inhabi- 
tants dui-ing  his  absence  in  Asia,  whither  he  had  gone  to 
collect  a  force  to  raise  the  siege.  In  406  he  fought  under 
Callicratidas  at  the  battle  of  Arginusse.  After  the  Pelo- 
ponnesian  war  he  persuaded  the  ephor  to  send  him  as 
general  to  Thrace  to  protect  the  Greeks  against  the  na- 
tive's ;  and,  having  proceeded  thither  in  spite  of  an  order 
for  his  recall  which  overtook  him  on  the  way,  was  con- 
demned to  death.  Defeated  by  a  force  sent  against  him 
under  Panthoides,  he  fled  to  Cyrus  the  Younger,  under 
whom  he  commanded  a  body  of  Greek  mercenaries  in  the 
expedition  against  Artaxerxe^  401,  After  the  battle  of 
Gunaxa,  in  which  Cyrus  waa  killed,  he  was  treacherously 
seized,  with  four  other  Grecian  generals,  by  Tissaphernes 
at  a  conference,  and  sent  to  Artaxerxes,  who  ordered  them 
to  be  put  to  death.  The  surviving  Greeks,  however,  hav- 
ing chosen  new  generals,  accomplished  the  famous  retreat 
known  as  the  "Betreat  of  the  Ten  Thousand."  SeeXeno- 
phon,  ATuibaeU, 

Cleaveland.    See  Cleveland. 

Cleaveland  (klev'land),  Parker.  Born  at 
Rowley,  Mass.,  Jan"  15,  1780 :  died  at  Bruns- 
wick, Maine,  Oct.  15,  1858.  An  American 
mineralogist.  He  was  professor  in  Bowdoin  College 
(Maine)  1805-68.  He  wrote  "Mineralogy  and  Geology" 
(1816),  etc. 

Cleaver  (kle'v^r),  Fanny.  A  deformed  little 
dolls'  dressmaker,  called  "Jenny  Wren,"  in 
Charles  Dickens's  "Our  Mutual  Friend."  "My 
back 's  bad  and  my  legs  are  queer,"  is  her  frequent  excuse, 
and  she  always  describes  herself  with  dignity  as  "the 
person  of  the  house." 

Cleef  (klaf ),  Jan  van.  Bom  at  Venlo,  Nether- 
lands, 1646:  died  at  Ghent,  Belgium,  Dec.  18, 
1716.     A  Flemish  painter. 

Cleef  (klaf),  or  Cleve,  Joost  or  Joas  van.  Born 
at  Antwerp  about  1479:  died  about  1550.  A 
Flemish  portrait-painter,  surnamed  "Zotte" 
( ' crazy').     He  died  insane. 

Cleishbotham  (klesh'boTH-am),  Jedediah. 
The  assumed  compiler  of  the  "Tales  of  My 
Landlord,"  by  "Walter  Scott.  A  "  Peter  Pat- 
tieson"  is  credited  with  the  authorship. 

Cleisthenes  (klis'the-nez),  or  Clisthenes  (klis'- 
the-nez).  [Gr.  K/le«70£v)/f.]  An  Athenian  poli- 
tician, son  of  Megaeles,  and  grandson  of  Cleis- 
thenes  of  Sieyon.  He  developed  in  a  democratic 
spirit  the  constitution  of  Solon  (adopted  694  B.  c.)  by  sub- 
stituting ten  new  for  four  old  tribes,  with  a  view  to  break- 
ing up  the  influence  of  the  land-owning  aristocracy,  the 
new  tribes  being  composed  not  of  contiguous  demes  or 
local  communities,  but  of  demes  scattered  about  the 
country  and  interspersed  with  those  of  other  tribes.  He 
was  expelled  in  607  by  Isagoras,  leader  of  the  aristocratic 
party,  aided  by  a  Spartan  army  under  Cleomenes ;  but 
was  recalled  in  the  same  year  by  the  populace,  which 
compelled  the  Spartans  to  withdraw  and  sent  Isagoras 
into  exile.  He  is  said  to  have  established  the  ostracism, 
or  power  of  the  sovereign  popular  assembly  to  decree, 
without  process  of  law,  by  means  of  a  secret  ballot,  the 
banishment  of  any  citizen  who  endangered  the  public 
liberty. 

Oleland  (kle'land),  John.  Bom  1709:  died 
Jan.  23,  1789.  "  An  English  writer.  He  was  the 
author  of  the  notorious  novel  "Fanny  Hill,  or  the 
Memoirs  of  a  Woman  of  Pleasure"  (1748-50),  and  "Me- 
moirs of  a  Coxcomb"  (1751).  He  was  consul  at  Smyrna, 
and  in  1736  was  in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Company 
at  Bombay.  In  the  latter-  part  of  his  life  he  wrote  for 
the  stage  and  also  dabbled  in  philology. 

Clelia  (kle'li-a),  or  Civile  (kla-le').  A  romance 
by  Mademoiselle  de  Seud^ry,  published  in  1656, 
named  from  its  heroine. 


258 

Cllmenceau  (kla-mon-so'),  Eugene.    Bom  at 

Mouilleron-en-Pareds,  Vendue;  France,  Sept. 
28,1841.  A  French  radical  politician.  He  studied 
medicine  in  Paris,  entered  the  National  Assembly  in  1871, 
became  president  of  the  municipal  council  of  Paris  in 
1876,  and  was  elected  t6  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1876. 
In  1887  he  declined  an  invitation  to  form  a  ministry.  He 
suffered  in  the  general  wreck  of  French  politicians  caused 
by  the  Panama  scandal  in  1892,  and  failed  of  reelection  in 
1893. 

Clemens  (klem'enz),  Samuel  Lan^ome: 
pseudonym  Mark  Twain.  Born  at  Florida, 
Mo. ,  Nov.  30,1835.  Anoted  American  humorist. 
He  was  apprenticed  to  a  printer  at  the  age  of  thirteen; 
became  a  pilot  on  the  Mississippi  in  1867 ;  went  to  Ne- 
vada in  1861,  and  became  city  editor  of  the  "Enterprise" 
in  Virginia  City  in  1862;  removed  to  San  Francisco  in 
1865 ;  visited  the  Sandwich  Islands  in  1866 ;  and  traveled 
in  Europe  and  the  East  in  1867.  He  resides  in  Hartford, 
Connecticut.  In  1884  he  established  at  New  York  the 
publishing-house  of  C.  L.  Webster  and  Co.  His  works  in- 
clude "The  Innocents  Abroad'  (1869),  "Roughing  It" 
(1872),  "A  Tramp  Abroad" (1880),  "Jumping  Frog,  etc." 
(1867),  "The  Gilded  Age,"  conjointly  with  C.  D.  Warner 
(1873 :  this  has  been  successfully  dramatized),  "Adven- 
tures of  Tom  Sawyer  "  (1876), ' '  Adventures  of  Huckleberry 
Finn" (1884),  "A  Yankee  at  the  Court  of  King  Arthur" 
(1889),  ''Pudd'nhead  WUson  "(1893-94  (serially)  and  1895), 
"  Personal  Recollections  of  Joan  of  Arc  "(1896),  "Follow- 
ing the  Equator  "  (1897). 

Clement  (klem'ent)  I.,  Saint:  also  called 
Clemens  Bomanus  (kle'menz  ro-ma'nus) 
('the  Roman').  [L.  Clemens,  merciful,  mild; 
It.  Sp.  Clemente,  F.  CUment,  G.  Clemens,'] 
Lived  in  the  1st  century  A.  D. :  died  probably 
about  100. .  A  bishop  of  Rome :  according  to  the 
common  tradition,  the  third  bishop  of  Rome 
after  St.  Peter.  Nothing  is  known  with  certainty 
concerning  his  personal  history,  except  that  he  was  a 
prominent  presbyter  of  the  Christian  congregation  at 
Rome  immediately  after  the  apostolical  age.  He  is  by 
some  identified  with  the  Clement  mentioned  by  Paul  in 
Phil.  iv.  3  as  his  fellow-laborer,  by  others  with  the  con- 
sul Flavins  Clemens  who  was  put  to  death  by  Domitian 
on  a  charge  of  atheism.  Tradition  has  reckoned  him 
among  the  martyrs;  but  according  to  Eusebius  and 
Jerome,  he  died  a  natural  death  in  the  third  year  of  the 
reign  of  Trajan.  Numerous  writings,  most  of  which  are 
evidently  spurious,  have  been  atlributed  to. him.  The  ■ 
most  celebrated  among  these  are  two  "Epistles  to  the 
Corinthians,"  which  were  held  in  the  greatest  esteem  by 
the  early  Christians.  They  disappeared  from  the  Western 
Church  after  the  5th  century,  and  were  rediscovered  in  the 
Codex  Alexandrinus  (a  present  from  Cyrillus  Lucarls  to 
Charles  I.)  by  Patricias  Junius  (Patrick  Young),  who 
published  them  at  Oxford  in  1633.  Another  MS.  was  dis- 
covered by  Philotheos  Bryennios  in  the  convent  library 
of  the  patriarch  of  Jerusalem,  and  published  in  1875. 

Clement  II.  (Suidgar).  Died  at  Pesaro,  Italy, 
Oct.  9,  1047.     Pope  1046-47. 

Clement  III.  (Guibert).  DiedatRaveima,Italy, 
1100.  An  archbishop  of  Ravenna,  elected  pope 
(antipope),  through  the  influence  of  the  emperor 
Henry  IV.,  in  1080.  After  having  been  expelled  from 
Rome,  he  made  his  submission  to  Paschal  II.  in  1099. 

Clement  III.  (Paolo  Scolari).   Bom  at  Rome. 

Died  March,  1191.  Pope  1187-91.  He  preached 
the  third  Crusade  against  the  Saracens,  who  under  SEdadln 
had  retaken  Jerusalem,  Oct.  3, 1187. 

Clement  IV.  (G-uy  Foulciues).  BomatSt.Gilles 
on  the  Rh6ne,  France :  died  at  Viterbo,  Italy, 
Nov.  29,  1268.  Pope  1265-68.  He  held  a  high  po- 
sition at  the  court  of  Louis  IX,  when  the  death  of  his  wife 
led  him  to  enter  the  church.  He  became  bishop  of  Puy 
1256,  archbishop  of  Narbonne  1259,  cardinal  1262,  and  was 
on  a  journey  to  England  as  papal  legate  when  he  was  ele- 
vated to  the  see  of  Rome,  1265.  He  favored  Charles  of 
Anjou  in  his  conquest  of  Naples,  which  was  ruled  by  Man- 
fred, the  illegitimate  son  of  the  emperor  Frederick  II., 
and  which  had  been  granted  to  Charles  by  the  preceding 
pontiff.  Urban  IV. 

Clement  V.  (Bertrand  d'Agoust).  Bom  near 
Bordeaux,  France,  about  1264:  died  at  Roque- 
maure,  in  Languedoe,  France,  April  20,  1314. 
Pope  1305-14.  He  was  elected  through  the  influence 
of  Philip  the  Fair  of  France,  to  please  whom  he  removed 
the  papal  residence  to  Avignon  in  1309,  and  dissolved  the 
order  of  Templars  in  1312. 

Clement  VI.  (Pierre  Roger).  Bom  near  Li- 
moges, France,  1292:  died  atVilleneuve  d' Avi- 
gnon, France,  Dec,  1352.  Pope  1342-52.  He 
established  the  jubilee  for  every  fifty  years,  and  purchased 
Avignon  in  1348.  During  his  pontificate  Cola  di  Rienzl 
attempted  to  reestablish  the  republic  at  Rome. 

Clement  VII.  (Count  Robert  of  Geneva).  Born 
about  1342 :  died  at  Avignon,  Sept.,  1394.  An 
antipope  elected  1378  in  opposition  to  Urban 
VI. 

Clement  VII.  (Giulio  de'  Medici).  Born  at 
Florence  about  1475:  died  at  Rome,  Sept.,  1534. 
Pope  1523-34.  He  was  the  illegitimate  son  of  G  iuliano 
de'  Medici,  and  cousin  of  Leo  X.  He  entered  into  a  league 
with  France,  Venetia,  and  Milan  against  the  emperor 
Charles  V.,  and  in  1627  Rome  was  stormed  and  sacked  by 
the  troops  of  the  constable  de  Bourbon  and  Clement  made 
prisoner.  He  was  released  and  fled  to  Orvieto  Dec.  9, 
1527,  but  concluded  a  peace  with  Charles'  in  1629,  and 
crowned  him  emperor  at  Bologna  m  1530.  He  forbade 
(1534)  the  divorce  of  Henry  VIII.  of  England  from  Catha. 
rine  of  Aragon. 


Clement's  Inn 

Clement  VIII.  (.ffigidius  Nunos).  Antipope 
1424r-29.  He  resigned  in  1429,  thus  terminat- 
ing the  great  Western  schism. 

Clement  VIII.  (Ippolito  Aldobrandlni).  Bom 
at  Fano,  Italy,  1536:  died  March  5, 1605.  Pope 
1592-1605.  He  absolved  Henry  IV.  of  France  in 
1595,  and  ordered  a  revised  edition  (the  "  Clem- 
entine") of  the  Vulgate  in  1592. 

Clement  IX.  (Giuho  Rospigliosi).  Bom  at 
Pistoja,  Italy,  1600 :  died  Dec.  9,  1669.  Pope 
1667-69.  He  mediated  in  1668  the  peace  of  Alz-Ia-Cha- 
pelle  between  Louis  XIV.  and  Spain,  and  the  "  Pax  Cle- 
mentina," which  brought  the  Jansenist  controversy  to  a 
temporiuy  conclusion. 

Clement  X.  (Emilio  Altieri).  Bom  at  Rome, 
July  13, 1590 :  died  July  22, 1676.  Pope  1670-76. 
He  was  eighty  years  old  at  his  election,  and  was  completely 
under  the  influence  of  his  relative  Cardinal  Faluzzi.  Dur- 
ing his  pontificate  commenced  the  controversy  with  Louis 
XIV.  concerning  the  enjoyment^  during  vacancy,  of  epis- 
copal revenues  and  benefices,  and  the  right  of  appoint- 
ment to  such  vacancies.' 

Clement  XI.  (Giovanni  Francesco  Albani). 

Born  at  Pesaro,  Italy,  July  22, 1649:  died  March 
19,  1721.  Pope  1700-21.  He  was  at  war  with  the 
emperor  JosephX  1708-09,  and  published  bulls  directed 
against  the  Jansenists :  "  Vineam  Domini "  (1706)  and  "  Uni- 
genitus  "  (1713). 

Clement  XII.  (Lorenzo  Corsini).  Bom  1652: 
died  Feb.  6,  1740.  Pope  1730-40,  He  con- 
demned the  Freemasons  in  1738. 

Clement  XIII.  (Carlo  della  Torre  di  Rezzoni- 
co).  Bom  at  Venice,  March,  1693:  died  Feb., 
1769.  Pope  1758-69.  He  was  elected  through  the 
influence  of  the  Jesuits  in  whose  favor  he  issued  a  bull  on 
their  expulsion  from  Portugal  and  France.  In  1768  the 
French  seized  Avignon,  and  the  Neapolitans  Benevento. 

Clement  XIV.  (Giovanni  Vincenzo  Antonio 
Ganganelli).  Bom  at  St.  Arcangelo,  near 
Rimini,  Italy,  Oct.  31, 1705:  died  Sept.  22, 1774. 
Pope  1769-74.  He  suppressed  the  order  of  Jesuits  by 
the  brief  "Dominus  ac  Redemptor  noster"  (1778),  and 
founded  the  Clementine  Museum  at  the  Vatican. 

Clement  (kla-mon'),  FranQois.  Bom  at  B^ze, 
nearDijon,  France,  1714:  died  March,  1793.  A 
French  historian,  a  Benedictine  of  Saint-Maur. 
He  compiled  from  the  tables  of  Maurice  d'Antine  the  im- 
portant chronological  work  "L'Art  de  v^rifler  les  dates 
des  faits  historiques  depuis  la  naissance  de  Jesus-Christ" 
(new  revised  and  improved  edition  1784-87). 

Clement,  Jacques,  called  Clemens  non  Papa 

to  distinguish  him  from  Pope  Clement  VlL 
Died  before  1558.  A  once  celebrated  Flemish 
composer,  principally  of  sacred  music:  chief 
chapel-master  to  the  emperor  Charles  V. 

Clement,  Jacciues.  Bom  at  Sorbon,  Ardennes, 
France,  about  1565 :  killed  at  St.  Cloud,  Prance, 
Aug.  1, 1589.  Afanaticalmonkwhoassassinated 
Henry  IH.,  with  the  consent  and  aid  of  his  re- 
ligious superior  and  other  members  of  the 
"League,"  Aug.  1,  1589.  He  was  slain  on  the 
spot,  and  was  honored  as  a  martyr  by  the 
church. 

Clement,  Jean  Pierre.  Bom  at  Draguignau,  ' 
Var,  France,  June  2,  1809 :  died  at  Paris,  Nov. 
8,  1870.  AFrenohpolitical  economist  and  his- 
torian, member  of  the  French  Institute.  His 
works  include  "  Histoire  de  la  vie  et  de  I'administration 
de  Colbert"  (1846),  "Le  gouvernement  de  Louis  XIV." 
(1848),  "Jacques  Coeur  et  Charles  VII."  (1853)i  etc. 

Clement,  Justice.  A  city  magistrate  in  Ben 
Jonson's  "Every  Man  in  his  Humour." 

Clement  (kla'ment),  Knut  Jungbohn.  Bom 
in  Amrum,  Schleswig,  Dec.  4, 1803 :  died  at  Ber- 
gen, N.  J.,  Oct.  7,  1873.  A  Danish  historian, 
resident  in  the  United  States  after  1866.  He 
wrote  "Die  nordgermanische  Welt"  (1840), 
"Die  Lebens-  und Leidensgeschichte  der  Frie- 
seu"  (1845),  etc. 

Clement  (klem'ent)  of  Alexandria  (Titus 
Flavins  Clemens).  Bom,  probably  at  Athens, 
about  150  A.  D. :  died  in  Palestine  about  220. 
A  father  of  the  primitive  church,  head  of  the 
catechetical  school  at  Alexandria  190-203,  and 
one  of  the  most  noted  of  the  founders  of  the 
Alexandrian  school  of  theology. 

Clement  of  Rome.  See  Clement  I.,  Bishop  of 
Rome. 

Clementi  (kla-men'te),  Muzio,  Bom  at  Rome, 
1752;  died  at  Evesham,  March  9,  1832.  An 
Italian  pianist  and  composer,  resident  in 
England  after  1770.  His  principal  work  is  a 
series  of  piano  studies,  "  Gradus  ad  Pamas- 
sum"  (1817). 

Clementina  (klem-en-te'nS,),  Lady.  An  Italian 
lady  passionately  in  love  with  Sir  Charles  Gran- 
dison,  in  Richardson's  novel  of  that  na,me.  when 
she  fears  that  her  relatives  will  separate  her  from  him, 
she  takes  the  decided  step  of  going  mad.  Sir  Charles,  how- 
ever, marries  Miss  Byron. 

Clement's  Inn.  An  inn  of  court  in  London, 
situated  at  the  entrance  of  Wych  street,  at  the 


Clement's  Inn 

west  of  the  New  Law  Courts,  it  was  formerly  in- 
tenaea  lor  the  use  of  patients  who  came  to  use  the  wa- 
ters of  St  Clement's  Well,  which  was  near.  Dugdale 
speaks  of  It  as  being  in  existence  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
II.  as  an  inn  of  chancery.  Shakspere  speaks  of  it  as  the 
home  of  "  Master  Shallow." 
Olennell  (klen'el),  Luke.  Bom  at  Ulgham, 
near  Morpeth,  Northumberland,  England,  April 
8, 1781 :  died  Feb.  9, 1840.  An  English  painter 
and  wood-engraver,  an  apprentice  and  pupil  of 
Thomas  Bewick.  His  best-known  painting  is  the 
Waterloo  Charge."  For  many  years  before  his  death  he 
was  insane. 

Cleobis  (kle'o-bis).     [&r.  KAiojSif.]    See  Biton. 

01eobulus(kle-6-bu'lus).  [Gr.  KXed^ouAof.]  Born 
at  Lindus,  Rhodes :  died  probably  after  560  b.  c. 
One  of  the  seven  sages  of  Greece,  the  reputed 
author  of  various  riddles  and  songs. 

Oleofas  (kle'o-fas),  Don.  A  high-spirited  Span- 
ish student  in  Le  Sage's  novel  "Le  diable  boi- 
teux."  Asmodeus  exhibits  to  him  the  fortunes  of  the 
inmates  of  the  houses  of  Madrid  by  unroofing  them.  See 
Asmodeus  and  Diable  boitewi,  Le. 

ClSomad^s  (kla-6-ma-das'),  Adventures  of. 

An  early  French  poem  (about  the  end  of  the 
13th  century),  also  known  as  "Le  cheval  de 
fust"  ('the Wooden  Horse'),  byAdenfes  le  Roi. 
Its  central  incident  is  the  introduction  of  a  wooden  horse, 
like  that  in  the  "Arabian  Ifights,"whichtransportsits  rider 
whithersoever  he  wishes  to  go.  The  poem,  notwithstand- 
ing its  length  (20,000  linesX  enjoyed  very  great  popularity. 
Cleombrotus  (kle-om'bro-tus)  I.  [Gr.  KUdfippo- 
rof.]  Killed  at  Leuctra,  371  b.  c.  A  king  of 
Sparta  380-871.  -He  waged  war  with  the  The- 
bans,  and  was  defeated  by  them  at  Leuctra. 
Cleomedes  (kle-o-me'dez).  [Gr.  KXeoii^driQ.]  A 
Greek  astronomer  whose  birthplace,  residence, 
and  era  are  unknown.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  astron- 
omy and  cosmography,  entitled  "  The  Circular  Theory  of 
the  Heavenly  Bodies,"  in  which  he  maintains  that  the 
earth  is  spherical,  that  the  number  of  the  fixed  stars  is 
infinite,  and  that  the  moon's  rotation  on  its  axis  is  per- 
formed in  the  same  time  as  its  synodical  revolution  about 
the  earth.  His  treatise  contains  also  the  first  notice  of 
the  theory  of  atmospherical  refraction. 
Oleomenes  (kle-om'e-nez)  I.  [Gr.  KKeoiiivrig.'] 
King  of  Sparta  from 'about  519-491  b.  c.  He  ex- 
pelled Hippias  from  Athens  in  510. 
Oleomenes  III.  King, of  Sparta  236-220  B.C. 
He  abolished  the  ephorate  225,  waged  war  with  the  Acheean 
League  and  Macedonia  225-221,  and  was  defeated  at  Sel- 
lasia  221. 
Oleomenes.      A  Sicilian  noble  in  Shakspere's 

"  Winter's  Tale." 

Oleomenes,  or  The  Spartan  Hero.  A  play  by 
Dryden.  Part  of  the  fifth  act  is  by  Southerne. 
It  was  acted  in  1692. 

Oleon  (kle'on).  [Gr.  KUov.-\  Killed  at  Am- 
phipolis,  Macedon,  422  b.  c.  .Aa  Athenian  dem- 
agogue. Coming  forward  shortly  after  the  death  of 
Pericles  as  leader  of  the  democratic  party,  he  violently  op- 
posed Nicias,  the  head  of  the  aristocratic  party,  who  ad- 
vocated peace  with  Sparta  and  the  conclusion  of  the  Pelo- 
ponnesian  war.  Having  conducted  a  successful  expedition 
against  the  Spartans  at  Pylos  in  425,  he  was  in  422  intrusted 
with  ttie  command  of  an  expedition  destined  to  act  against 
Brasidas  in  Chalcidice.  He  was  defeated  by  the  latter  at 
Amphipolis,  and  fell  in  the  tlight.  He  was  satirized  by 
Aristophanes  in  the  "Kniglits"  (425),  and  in  other  .plays. 
Oleon,  In  Shakspere's  "  Pericles,"  the  governor 
of  Tharsus,  burned  to  death  to  revenge  the 
supposed  murder  of  Marina. 
Cleonte  (kla-&nt').  The  lover  of  Lucille  in 
Molifere's  comedy  "  Le  bourgeois  gentilhomme." 
01eopatra(kle-9-pa'tra).  [Gr.K^eoTrdrpa.]  Born 
at  Alexandria,  Egypt,  69  b.  c.  :  died  at  Alexan- 
dria, 30  B.  C.  The  last  queen  of  Egypt,  daugh- 
ter of  Ptolemy  Auletes.  She  was  joint  ruler  with 
her  brother  Ptolemy  from  61  to  49,  when  she  was  ex- 
pelled by  him.  Her  reinstatement  in  48  by  C»sar  gave 
rise  to  war  between  Csesar  and  Ptolemy.  The  latter  was 
defeated  and  killed,  and  his  younger  brother  was  elevated 
to  the  throne  in  his  stead.  Cleopatra  lived  with  Caesar 
at  Rome  from  46  to  44,  and  had  by  him  a  son,  Csesarion, 
who  was  afterward  put  to  death  by  Ootavianus.  She  re- 
turned to  Egypt  on  the  murder  of  Csesar,  and  in  the  civil 
war  which  ensued  sided  with  the  Triumvirate.  Antony 
having  been  appointed  ruler  of  Asia  and  the  East,  she 
visited  him  at  Tarsus  in  41,  making  a  voyage  of  extraordi- 
nary splendor  and  magniiioence  up  the  Cydnus.  She 
gained  by  her  charms  a  complete  ascendancy  over  him. 
On  her  account  he  divorced  his  wife  Octavia,  the  sister  of 
Octavianus,  in  32.  Octavianus  declared  war  against  her 
in  31.  The  fleet  of  Antony  and  Cleopatra  was  defeated  in 
the  same  year  at  the  battle  of  Aotium,  which  was  decided 
by  the  flight  of  Cleopatra,  who  was  followed  by  Antony. 
After  the  death  of  Antony,  who  killed  himself  on  hearing 
a  false  report  of  her  death,  she  poisoned  herself  to  avoid 
being  exhibited  in  Eome  at  the  triumph  of  Octavianus. 
According  to  the  popular  belief,  she  applied  to  her  bosom 
an  asp  that  had  been  secretly  conveyed  to  her  in  a  basket 
of  figs.  She  had  three  children  by  Antony.  Besides  ex- 
traordinary charms  of  person,  she  possessed  an  active  and 
cultivated  mind,  and  is  said  to  have  been  able  to  converse 
in  seven  languages.  Shakspere's  portrait  of  her  m  his 
"Antony  and  Cleopatra"  is  one  of  the  most  extraordinary 
of  his  creations. 

If  Cleopatra's  death  had  been  caused  by  any  serpent,  the 
small  viper  would  rather  have  been  chosen  than  the  large 
asp  ■  but  the  story  is  disproved  by  her  having  decked  her- 


259 

self  in  "the  royal  ornaments,"  and  being  found  dead 
'■  without  any  mark  of  suspicion  of  poison  on  her  body." 
Death  from  a  serpent's  bite  could  not  have  been  mistaken  • 
and  her  vanity  would  not  have  allowed  her  to  choose  one 
which  would  have  disfigured  her  in  so  frightful  a  manner. 
Other  poisons  were  well  understood  and  easy  of  access 
and  no  boy  would  have  ventured  to  carry  an  asp  in  a  bas- 
ket of  figs,  some  of  which  he  even  offered  to  the  guards 
as  he  passed ;  and  Plutarch  (Vit.  Anton.)  shows  that  the 
story  of  the  asp  was  doubted.  Nor  is  the  statue  carried 
in  Augustus'  triumph  which  had  an  asp  upon  it  any  proof 
of  his  belief  in  it,  since  that  snake  was  the  emblem  of 
Egyptian  royalty;  the  statue  (or  the  crown)  of  Cleopatra 
could  not  have  been  without  one,  and  this  was  probably 
the  origin  of  the  whole  story.    [G.  W.] 

RawlvMon,  Herod.,  II.  123,  note. 

Cleopatra's  Needles.  A  pair  of  Egyptian  obe- 
lisks of  pink  granite  which  were  transported- 
from  Heliopolis  to  Alexandria  in  the  eighteenth 
year  of  Augustus.  One  of  them  was  taken  to  London 
and  set  up  on  the  Thames  embankment  in  1878,  and  the 
other  was  soon  after  brought  to  New  York  and  erected  in 
Central  Park.  The  latter  is  67  feet  high  to  its  sharp  apex, 
and  7  feet  7  inches  in  diameter  at  the  base.  It  stands  on 
a  massive  cube  of  granite,  on  which  it  is  supported  by  four 
great  bronze  crabs,  imitating  the  ancient  originals.  It 
is  covered  on  aU  its  faces  with  deeply  incised  hieroglyphs, 
which  present  the  names  of  Thothmes  III.,  Eameses  II., 
and  Seti  IL  (16th-14th  centuries  B.  0.). 

Cliopitre  (kla-6-pa'tr).  A  play  by  Sardou 
(with  Moreau) .  ,  It  was  written  for  Sarah  Bern- 
hardt, and  produced  in  1890. 

Cleopnon  (kle'6-fon).  [Gr.  'KUofav.']  Died  405 
B.  c.  An  Athenian  demagogue,  said  to  have 
been  of  Thracian  origin .  He  opposed  the  oligarchical 
party,  and  successfully  used  his  influence  to  prevent  peace 
with  Sparta  after  the  battles  of  Cyzicus  (410),  Arginusse 
(406),  and  .ffigospotami  (406).  He  was  put  to  death  in 
405  by  the  Athenian  council. 

Cleopolis  (kle-op'o-lis),  A  name  given  by 
Spenser  in  his  "Faerie  (^ueene"  to  the  city  of 
London. 

Clerc,  Jean  Le.    See  Le  Clere,  Jean. 

Clerc  (klar),  Laurent.  Bom  at  La  Balme, 
Isfere,  France,  Dec.  26, 1785  :  died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  July  18,  1869.  A  deaf-mute,  one  of  the 
founders,  with  Gallaudet,  of  the  asylum  for 
the  deaf  and  dumb  at  Hartford  in  1817. 

Olerfayt  (kler-fa'),  or  Clalrfait,  Comte  de 
(Francois  S6bastien  Charles  Joseph  de 
Croix).  Bom  at  Bruille,  Hainaut,  Low  Coun- 
tries, Oct.  14,  1733:  died  at  Vienna,  July  19, 
1798.  An  Austrian  general.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  Turkish  war  1788-91,  and  at  Aldenhoven  and 
Neerwinden  1793,  and  defeated  Jourdan  at  Htichst  Oct. 
U,  1796. 

Clerlcis  Laicos  (kler'i-sis  la'i-kos).  The  open- 
ing words  of  a  bull  published  by  Pope  Boniface 
VIII.  Feb.25,1296.  it  forbade  the  clergy  to  pay  taxes 
on  church  property  without  the  consent  of  the  Holy  See. 
It  was  abrogated  by  Clement  V.  in  1311. 

ClerigO  (kla're-go).  [Sp.,  'clergyman.']  The 
name  by  which  BartolomI  de  las  Casas  speaks 
of  himself  in  his  writings.  The  term  is  often 
applied  to  him  by  Spanish  and  English  histo- 
rians. 

Olerimond  (kler'i-mond).  The  sister  of  Fer- 
ragus  the  giant  in  "  Valentine  and  Orson."  She 
marries  Valentine. 

Clerimont  (kler'i-mont).  1.  A  gay  friend  of 
Sir  Dauphine  in  Ben  Jonson's  "Epicosne,  or  the 
Silent  Woman." — 2.  The  lover  of  Clarinda  in 
Gibber's  comedy  "  The  Double  Gallant."  He 
assists  Atall  and  Careless  in  their  schemes. 

Clerk  (klark),  John.  [For  the  surname  Clerk, 
see  Clarlc.']  Born  at  Penicuik,  Scotland,  Dee. 
10,  1728 :  died  at  Eldin,  near  Edinburgh,  May 
10,  1812.  A  Scottish  merchant  of  Edinburgh. 
He  was  the  author  of  an  "Essay  on  Naval  Tactics  "  (1790 : 
second  and  third  parts  1797)  which  gave  rise  to  a  heated 
controversy,  due  to  the  claim  of  the  author,  supported  by 
Professor  Playfair  and  others,  that  his  plans  (which  were 
circulated  in  manuscript  before  publication)  had  been 
adopted  by  Admiral  Rodney  at  Dominica,  April  12, 1782. 

Clerke  (klark),  Charles.  Bom  1741 :  died  in 
Kamchatka,  Aug.  22,  1779.  A  British  navi- 
gator. He  served  with  Cook,  and  commanded 
the  squadron  after  Cook's  death  in  1779. 

Olerken-well  (kler'ken-wel).  ['Clerks' well'; 
L.  fons  clericorum :  so  called  because  it  was  a 
place  of  assembly  of  the  parish  clerks  of  Lon- 
don.] A  district  in  London  lying  north  of  the 
city  proper,  it  formerly  bore  an  evil  reputation.  Clerk- 
enweU  Green  was  in  the  17th  century  surrounded  by  fine 
mansions,  and,  among  many  other  noted  men,  Isaac  Wal- 
ton lived  there.    Population  of  civil  parish  (1891),  65,886. 

Clerk-Maxwell  (klark-maks'wel);  James. 
Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  13, 1831 :  died  Nov.  5, 
1879.  A  celebrated  Scotch  physicist.  He  was 
professor  of  natural  philosophy  in  Marischal  College, 
Aberdeen,  1866-60 ;  was  professor  of  physics  and  astron- 
omy in  King's  College,  London,  1860-66 ;  and  became  pro- 
fessor of  experimental  physics  in  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge in  1871.  His  works  include  "Essay  on  the  Stability 
of  Motion  of  Saturn's  Rings"  (1867),  "Theory  of  Heat" 
(1871),  "Electricity  and  Magnetism'  (1873),  "Matter  and 
Motion"  (1876),  etc. 


Cleveland,  John 

Clerk's  Tale,  The.  A  tale  told  by  the  Oxford 
student  in  Chaucer's  "Canterbury  Tales."  It 
is  founded  upon  Boccaccio's  story  of  Griselda 
(which  see). 

Clermont  (kler-mon').  A  former  county  in 
France,  in  the  government  of  lle-de-France.  It 
was  situated  north  of  Paris.  Capital,  Cler- 
mont-en-Beauvoisis. 

Clermont,  Council  of.  A  council  (1095)  con- 
vened by  Pope  Urban  II.  at  Clermont-Ferrand. 
It  was  attended  by  4  archbishops,  225  bishops,  and  an  im- 
mense number  of  lower  clergy  and  laity.  It  proclaimed 
the  first  Crusade,  forbade  the  investiture  of  bishops  by 
the  laity  and  the  assumption  of  feudal  obligations  to  lay- 
men by  the  clergy,  and  excommunicated  Philip  I.  of 
Trance,  who  had  repudiated  his  queen  Bertha,  daughter 
of  Robert  the  Friesian,  and  espoused  Bertrada,  the  wife  of 
Fulk  of  Anjou. 

Clermont,  The.  The  steamboat  used  by  Rob- 
ert Fulton  on  his  first  trip  from  New  York  to 
Albany  in  1807,  in  the  beginning  of  steam  navi- 
gation. 

Clermont  d'Ambois.    See  Ambois,  d'. 

Olermont-de-l'Dise  (kler-m6n'de-lwaz'),  or 
Olermont-en-Beauvoisis  (-on-bo-vwa-ze').  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Oise,  Prance,  35 
miles  north  of  Paris,  it  is  noted  for  its  ancient 
hdtel  de  ville,  also  for  its  castle,  and  Church  of  St.  Samson. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  6,617. 

Clermont-Ferrand  (kler-m6n'fe-ron'),  or 
Clermont.  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Puy-de-D6me,  France,  in  lat.  45°  46'  N.,  long. 
3°  6'  E. :  the  Gallic  Augustonemetum  (later 
Averni),  the  chief  town  of  the  region  after 
the  overthrow  of  Gergovia.  The  first  Crusade  was 
preached  here  at  the  council  in  1096.  The  town  was  the 
birthplace  of  Gregory  of  Tours  (?),  Pascal,  and  Delille.  It 
contains  a  museum,  a  university,  the  Church  of  N6tre- 
Dame-du-Port  (Romanesque),  and  a  Gothic  cathedral  of 
the  13th  century,  built  in  a  pure  Northern  style.  The 
north  portal  bears  excellent  sculptures,  and  both  tran- 
septs possess  fine  roses.  The  vaulting  of  the  nave  is  over 
100  feet  high,  and  the  glass  is  of  great  beauty.  Popula- 
tion (1901),  62,017. 

Clermont-L'H§rault  (kler-m6n'la-r6'),  or 
Clermont-de-Lod^ve  (-d6-l6-dav').  A  town  in 
the  department  of  H6rault,  in  southern  France, 
23  miles  west  of  Montpellier.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  5,079. 

Olery  (kla-re'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom  at  Jardy, 
near  Versailles,  France,  May  11, 1759 :  died  at 
Hietzing,  near  Vienna,  May  27,  1809.  An  at- 
tendant of  Louis  XVI.  in  his  captivity,  1792- 
1793.     He  published  a  "  Journal"  (1798). 

CMsinger  (kla-zau-zha'),  Jean  Baptiste  Au- 
guste.  Born  at  Besanfon,  Prance,  Oct.  22, 
1814:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  7,  1883.  A  French 
sculptor.  His  works  include  "  Girl  Bitten  by 
a  Serpent"  (1847),  "Cleopatra  before  Csesar" 
(1869),  etc. 

Clevedon  (klev'don).  A  watering-place  iu 
Somersetshire,  England,  west  of  Bristol  on  the 
Bristol  Channel.    Population  (1891),  5,418. 

Cleveland  (klev'land).  A  mountainous  district 
in  the  northeastern  part  of  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, noted  principally  for  its  iron-mines  and 
foundries. 

Cleveland.  A  lake  port,  capital  of  Cuyahoga 
County,  Ohio,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Cuyahoga  River  and  on  Lake  Erie  in  lat.  41° 
31'  N.,  long.  81°  42'  W.  It  is  the  largest  city  in  the 
State,  a  great  railroad  and  steamboat  center,  and  the 
seat  of  Adelbert  College  and  of  the  Case  School.  Its  chief 
export  is  coal,  and  it  lias  large  iron  and  steel  manufactures 
and  oil-refineries.  It  was  settled  in  1796,  and  was  incor- 
porated as  a  city  in  1836.    Population  (1900),  381,768. 

Cleveland,  Captain  Clement.  The  pirate  in 
Scott's  novel  of  that  name. 

Cleveland,  Charles  Dexter.  Bom  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  Dec.  3,  1802:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Aug.  18, 1869.  An  American  author  and  edu- 
cator. He  published  a  "Compendium  of  Eng- 
lish Literature"  (1850),  a  "Compendium  of 
American  Literature  "  (1858),  etc. 

Cleveland,  Duchess  of.  See  FUUers,  Barbara. 

Cleveland,  (Stephen)  G-rover.  Bom  at  Cald- 
well, N.  J.,  March  18, 1837.  An  American  states- 
man. President  of  the  United  States  1885-89 
and  1893-97.  He  studied  law  in  Buffalo,  and  in  1869 
was  admitted  to  the  bar ;  was  assistant  district  attorney  of 
Erie  County  1863-66 ;  was  defeated  for  district  attorney  in 
1866 ;  was  sheriff  of  Erie  County  1871-74 ;  was  Democratic 
mayor  of  Buffalo  in  1882  ;  was  elected  as  Democratic  can- 
didate for  governor  of  New  York  in  1882 ;  served  as  gov- 
ernor 1883-84 ;  was  elected  President  of  the  United  States 
in  1884;  served  as  President  1885-89 ;  advocated  a  reduc- 
tion of  the  tariff  in  his  message  to  Congress  in  Dec,  1887 ; 
was  defeated  as  Democratic  candidate  for  the  presidency 
in  1888 ;  was  reelected  President  in  1892  ;  and  in  1893  con- 
vened an  extra  session  of  Congress,  which  repealed  the 
purchasing  clause  of  the  so-called  Sherman  Silver  Bill. 

Cleveland,  John.  Born  at  Loughborough,  Lei- 
cestershire, June,  1613 :  died  April  29,  1658. 
An  English  poet,  an  active  Royalist  during  the 


Cleveland,  John 
civil  war,  and  a  satirist  of  the  Parliamentary 

Earty.  He  was  graduated  (B.A.)  at  Christ's  College, 
ambndge,  in  1631,  and  was  elected  tellow  of  St.  John's 
College  m  1634.  He  joined  the  Eoyalist  army  at  Oxford, 
and  was  made  judge-advocate,  remaining  with  the  garri- 
sonot  Newark  untilits  surrender.  In  1655  he  was  arrested 
and  imprisoned  at  Yarmouth,  but  was  soon  released  by 
order  of  Cromwell.    His  poems  were  collected  in  1661. 

Clevenger  (klev'en-jer),  Shobal  Vail.  Bom  at 

Middletown,  Ohio,  1812:  died  at  sea,  Sept.  23, 
1843  An  American  sculptor. 
Cleves  (klevz).  [P.  Cl^es,  D.  Kleef,  G.  Sieve.'] 
An  ancient  duchy  of  Germany,  lying  along  the 
lower  Ehine  below  Cologne,  it  was  united  with 
Mark  about  1400,  and  soon  after  raised  to  a  duchy.  Cleves, 
Julich,  ana  Berg  were  united  in  1521.  The  extinction  of 
the  Cleves  line  in  1609,  and  the  outbreak  of  the  "Contest 
ot  the  Julich  Succession,"  resulted  in  1666  in  the  cession 
ot  Cleves,  with  Mark,  ia  Brandenburg.  In  1801  the  part 
OD  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  and  in  1803  and  1806  the 
other  portions,  were  ceded  to  France  by  Prussia.  After  the 
downfall  of  Napoleon,  the  duchy,  with  the  exception  of 
lands  bordering  on  the  Maas  and  some  districts  toward  the 
north,  was  restored  to  Prussia,  and  now  forms  part  of  the 
circle  ot  Dusseldorf . 

Cleves.  \Gi.Kleee,'D.Kleef,'F.Cl^es.'i  A  town 
in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  in  lat.  51°  47'  N., 
long.  6°  9'  E.,  near  the  Dutch  frontier,  it  has  a 
chalybeate  spring,  and  contains  the  former  palace  of 
Schwanenburg  and  a  collegiate  church.  It  was  formerly 
the  capital  of  the  ancient  duchy  of  Cleves.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  10,409. 

Cloves,  Frincesse  de.    See  Pnncesse  de  Clh)es. 

Clew  Bay  (klo  ba).  A  small  inlet  of  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean,  on  the  western  coast  of  Ireland,  in 
County  Mayo. 

Clichy-la-Garenne  (kle-she'la-ga-ren').  A 
manufacturing  suburb  of  Paris,  situated  on  the 
Seine  1  mile  north  of  the  fortifications.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  30,698. 

Clifford  (klif'ord),  George.  Bom  at  Brougham 
Castle,  Westmoreland,  Aug.  8,  1558:  died  at 
London,  Oct.  30,  1605.  An  English  naval  com- 
mander, third  Earl  of  Cumberland.  He  fitted 
out  and  commanded  a  number  of  bucaneering  expeditions 
against  the  Spaniards  in  South  America,  the  largest  of 
which  consisted  of  twenty  ships  and  was  undertaken  in 
1698.  This  expedition  plundered  San  Juan  de  Puerto  Eioo 
in  June,  but  failed  to  intercept  the  annual  Spanish  treasure 
fleet,  and  returned  to  England  In  Oct.,  1598. 

Clifford,  Paul.    See  Paul  Clifford. 

Clifford,  Bosamond,  surnamed  "The  Fair." 
Died  about  1176.  A  daughter  of  Walter  de 
Clifford  (son  of  Richard  Fitz  Ponce,  ancestor 
of  the  great  Clifford  family),  and  mistress  of 
Henry  U.  of  England,  she  appears  to  have  been 
publicly  acknowledged  by  Henry  as  his  mistress  about 
1175,  and  on  her  death  was  interred  in  Godstow  nunnery. 
It  is  said  that  Hugh,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  who  visited 
Godstow  in  1191,  was  offended  at  the  sight  of  her  richly 
adorned  tomb  in  the  middle  of  the  church  choir  before 
the  altar,  and  caused  its  removal,  probably  to  the  chapter- 
house. According  to  a  popular  legend,  which  has  no 
foundation  in  fact,  Henry  built  a  labyrinth  or  maze  to 
conceal  her  from  Queen  Eleanor,  who  discovered  her  by 
means  of  a  silken  clue  and  put  her  to  death.  She  is  com- 
monly, though  erroneously,  stated  to  have  been  the 
mother  of  William  Longsword  and  Geoffrey,  archbishop 
of  York. 

Clifford,  Thomas.  Born  at  Ugbrooke,  near  Exe- 
ter, England,  Aug.  1,  1630:  died  Sept„  1673. 
An  English  politician,  created  first  Lord  Clifford 
of  Chudleigh  April  22,  1672.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  "Cabal"  1667-73.    See  Cabal. 

Clifford,  Sir  Thomas.  The  lover  of  Julia  in 
Sheridan  Knowles's  play  "  The  Hunchback." 

Clifford,  William  Kingdon.  Born  at  Exeter, 
England,  May  4, 1845 :  died  at  Madeira,  March 
3,  1879.  A  noted  English  mathematician  and 
philosophical  writer.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge ;  fellow  of  Trinity  1868-71 ;  and  pro- 
fessor of  applied  mathematics  at  University  College,  Lon- 
don, 1871.  His  works  include  "Lectures  and  Essays  "  (1879 : 
ed.  by  F.  Pollock  and  L.  Stephen),  "Mathematical  Frag- 
nients"  (1881),  "Mathematical  Papers"  (1882:  ed.  by  K. 
Tucker),  "Common  Sense  of  the  Exact  Sciences"  (1885: 
ed.  and  in  part  written  by  K.  Pearson),  and  "  Elements  of 
Dynamics. ' 

eUfford  Pyncheon.  See  Fyncheon,  Clifford. 
lifford's  Inn.  One  of  the  inns  of  chancery 
in  London,  named  from  Robert  de  Clifford  of 
the  time  of  Edward  II.  it  was  originally  alaw  school, 
and  was  first  used  for  this  purpose  in  the  18th  year  of 
Edward  IIL     Waifard. 

Clifton  (klif'ton).  A  watering-place  and  suburb 
of  Bristol,  Gloucestershire,  England,  situated 
on  the  Avon  1  mile  west  of  Bristol.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  its  hot  mineral  springs. 

Clifton  Springs  (klif'ton  springz).  A  village 
and  health-resort  in  Ontario  County,  New  York, 
3&miles  west  of  Auburn.  It  contains  medicinal 
sjurings  and  a  water-cure  establishment. 

Cum,  or  Clym  (klim),  of  the  Clough.  A  cele- 
brated archer  often  mentioned  in  the  legends 
of  Eobin  Hood. 

Clinch  (clinch).  A  river  of  southwestern  Vir- 
ginia and  eastern  Tennessee,   it  unites  with  the 


260 

Holston  to  form  the  Tennessee  at  Kingston,  Tennessee. 
Length,  about  260  miles. 

Clincher  (klin'cher).  A  character  in  Parquhar's 
comedy  "The  Constant  Couple,"  also  in  "Sir 
Harry  Wildair,"  its  sequel:  a  pert  London  pren- 
tice turned  beau,  and  affecting  travel. 

Clinias  (klin'i-as).  [Gr.  K?i.eiviag.]  1.  Killed 
at  the  battle  of  Coronea  447  b.  c.  An  Athe- 
nian commander,  father  of  Alcibiades,  distin- 
guished at  Artemisium  480. —  2.  Lived  about 
400  B.  c.  A  Tarentine  noted  as  a  Pythagorean 
philosopher  and  friend  of  Plato. 

Clink  (klingk),  The.  A  prison  which  was  sit- 
uated at  one  end  of  Bankside,  London,  it  be- 
longed to  the  "Liberty  of  the  Clink,"  a  part  of  the  manor 
of  Southwark  not  included  in  the  grant  to  the  city  of  Lon- 
don and  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Bishop  of  Winches- 
ter. The  prison  was  for  the  delinquents  of  this  manor.  It 
was  burned  down  in  the  riots  of  1780. 

Clinker  (kling'k^r),  Humphrey.  A  workhouse 
boy  in  Smollett's  "  Humphrey  Clinker."  He 
turns  out  to  be  a  natural  son  of  Mr.  Bramble,  into  whose 
service  he  has  entered. 

Clint  (klint),  Alfred,  Bom  at  Loudon,  March 
22, 1807 :  died  at  London,  March  22, 1883.  An 
English  marine-painter,  son  of  George  Clint. 

Clint,  George.  Bom  at  London,  April  12, 
1770 :  died  at  London,  May  10, 1854.  An  Eng- 
lish portrait-painter  and  engraver,  son  of  a 
London  hair-dresser.  He  was  elected  an  asso- 
ciate of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1821,  and  re- 
signed in  1836. 

Clinton.  A  city  in  Clinton  County,  Iowa,  situ- 
ated on  the  Mississippi  River  29  miles  north- 
east of  Davenport.  It  has  an  extensive  lum- 
ber trade.    Population  (1900),  22,698. 

Clinton.  A  manufacturing  town  in  Worcester 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Nashua 
River  33  miles  west  of  Boston.  Population 
(1900),  13,667. 

Clinton.  A  village  in  Oneida  County,  New 
York,  8  miles  southwest  of  Utioa :  the  seat  of 
Hamilton  College.     Population  (1900),  1,340. 

Clinton  (klin'ton),  De  Witt.  Bom  at  Little 
Britain,  Orange  (bounty,  N.  Y.,  March  2,  1769: 
died  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  11, 1828.  An  Ameri- 
can lawyer  and  statesman,  son  of  James  Clin- 
ton (1736-1812).  He  was  United  States  senator  from 
New  York  1802 ;  mayor  of  New  York  1803-07, 1809-10, 
and  1811-15,  and  lieutenant-governor  1811-13 ;  candidate 
for  President  1812 ;  and  governor  1817-23  and  1825-28. 
He  was  the  chief  promoter  of  the  Brie  Canal  (constructed 
1817-25). 

Clinton,  Edward  Fiennes  de.  Bom  1512: 
died  Jan.  16,  1585.  The  ninth  Lord  Clinton 
and  Saye,  created  earl  of  Lincoln  May  4, 1572. 
As  a  royal  ward  he  was  married,  about  1630,  to  Elizabeth 
Blount,  widow  of  Gilbert,  Lord  Talboys,  and  mistress  of 
Hemy  VIII.  He  served  in  the  naval  expedition  to  Scot- 
land in  1544 ;  commanded  the  fleet  sent  to  Scotland  in 
1547  ;  was  appointed  governor  of  Boulogne ;  and  became 
lord  high  admiral  May  14, 1560,  an  oflice  which  he  held, 
with  an  interruption  at  the  beginning  of  Mary's  reign, 
until  his  death.  In  1657  he  commanded,  with  the  Earl 
of  Pembroke,  the  English  contingent  sent  to  the  support 
of  the  Spaniards  at  St.  Quentin. 

Clinton,  George.  Died  July  10,  1761.  An  Eng- 
lish admiral  and  colonial  governor,  second  son 
of  the  sixth  Earl  of  Lincoln.  He  was  governor 
of  Newfoundland  1732-41,  and  of  New  York 
1741-51. 

Clinton,  George.  Born  at  Little  Britain,  Ulster 
County,  N.  Y.,  July  26, 1739:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  April  20,  1812.  An  American 
statesman  andgeneral,  son  of  Charles  Clinton 
(1690-1773).  He  was  governor  of  New  York 
1777-95  and  1801-04,andVice-President  1805-12. 

Clinton,  Sir  Henry.  Bom  about  1738 :  died  at 
Gibraltar,  Dec.  23,  1795.  An  English  general. 
He  entered  the  British  army  in  1761 ;  arrived  with  Gener- 
als Howe  and  Burgoyne  at  Boston  in  May,  1775 ;  fought  at 
the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  in  June,  1775 ;  participated  in 
the  battle  of  Long  Island  in  Aug.,  1776;  stormed  Forts 
Clinton  and  Montgomery  in  Oct.,  1777 ;  succeeded  Howe 
as  commander-in-chief  in  1778 ;  captured  Charleston  in 
May,  1780 ;  and  resigned  his  command  to  Sir  Guy  Carleton 
in  1782. 

Clinton,  Henry Fynes.  Bom  at  Gamston,  Not- 
tinghamshire, Jan.  14,  1781 :  died  at  Welwyn, 
Oct.  24, 1852.  An  English  classical  scholar  and 
chronologist.  He  was  graduated  at  Oxford  (Christ 
Church)  1803,  and  was  a  member  of  Parliament  1806-26. 
He  wrote  "  Fasti  Hellenic! "  and  "  Fasti  Eomani,"  standard 
works  on  the  civil  and  literary  chronology  of  Greece  and 
of  Home  and  Constantinople.  He  also  prepared  an  epit- 
ome of  the  chronology  of  Greece,  and  one  of  that  of  Kome 
(published  posthumously). 

Clinton,  James.  Bom  in  Ulster  County,  N.  Y., 
Aug.  9, 1736:  died  at  Little  Britain,  N.  Y.,  Dec. 
22, 1812.  An  American  general,  son  of  Charles 
Clinton  (1690-1773).  He  defended  Fort  CUnton  un- 
successfully in  Oct,  1777,  against  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  and 
took  part  in  Sullivan's  expedition  against  the  Indians  in 
1779. 

Clio  (kli'o).  [Gr.  K/l««i,  from  kMiciv,  Meiv,  cele- 


Clive.  Robert 

brate.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  Muse  of  his- 
tory :  usually  represented  in  a  sitting  attitude, 
holding  an  open  roll  of  papyrus. 

CUo.  A  pseudonym  of  Addison,  formed  from 
his  signatures  "C,"  "L.,"  "L,"and  "0."in 
the  "  Spectator":  perhaps  the  initials  of  Chel- 
sea, London,  Islington,  and  the  "  Office." 

Clissa,  or  EUssa  (klis'sa).  A  fortified  village 
and  strategic  point  in  Dalmatia,  Austria-Hun- 
gary, 8  miles  northeast  of  Spalato.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  3,775. 

Clissau.    See  Klissow. 

Clissold  (klis'old),  Augustus.  Born  near 
Stroud,  Gloucestershire,  about  1797:  died  at 
Tunbridge  Wells,  England,  Oct.  30,  1882.  A 
clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England,  identified 
after  1840  (when  he  withdrew  from  the  minis- 
try) with  Swedenborgianism.  He  translated  Swe- 
denborg's  "Principia  Eerum  Naturalium,"  and  published 
numerous  works  in  support  of  his  doctrines. 

Clisson  (kles-sdn').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Loire-Inf6rieure,  Prance,  situated  on  the 
S6vre  16  miles  southeast  of  Nantes.  It  has 
a  ruined  castle.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
2,916. 

Cusson,  Oli'vier  de.  Bom  in  Bretagne  about 
1332 :  died  at  Josselin,  in  Bretagne,  April  24, 
1407.  A  constable  of  France.  He  became  com- 
panion In  arms  of  Du  Guesclin  In  1370,  and  constable  in  1380, 
and  commanded  the  vanguard  at  the  battle  of  Bosbecq. 
He  was  eventually  deprived  of  his  honors,  but  left  a  repu- 
tation for  great  military  ability.     , 

Olitandre  ou  I'innocence  d61ivrde  (kle-ton'dr 
o  le-no-sons '  da-le-vra ' ).  A  tragicomedy  by 
P.  Comeille,  produced  in  1630.  The.name  Cli- 
tandre  (who  is  the  lover  in  this  play)  is  frequently  given 
to  the  lover  in  old  French  comedy. 

Clitandre  (kle-ton'dr).  1.  .A.  man  of  sense  and 
spirit  who  makes  fun  of  the  "pedants"  in  Mo- 
lifire's  "Les  femmes  savantes,"  and  loves  Hen- 
riette.  —  2. -The  lover  of  Ang61ique  in  Moli^re's 
comedy  "George  Dandin." — 3.  In  Molidre's 
play  "Le  misanthrope,"  a  delightful  marquis,  a 
lover  of  C61im&ne.  — 4.  The  lover  of  Luoinde 
in  MoliSre's  "L' Amour  m6decin."  He  pretends 
to  be  a  doctor  to  cure  her. 

Clitheroe  (klith'e-ro).  A  municipal  and  par- 
liamentary borough  in  Lancashire,  England, 
situated  on  the  Eibble  28  miles  north  of  Man- 
chester. It  has  cotton  manufactures,  print- 
works, etc.    Population  (1891),  10,815. 

Clitomachus  (kli-tom'a-kus),  originally  Has- 
drubal  (has'drS-bal).  [Gr.  KTt^iTdiiaxoq.]  Bom 
before  186  B.  c. :  died  after  111  b.  c.  A  Cartha- 
ginian philosopher.  He  settled  at  Athens  before  146, 
and  succeeded  Carneades  as  leader  of  the  New  Academy 
in  129. 

Cliton  (kle-t6u').  The  valet  of  Dorante  in  Cor- 
neille's  "Le  menteur"  and  its  sequel:  a  witty, 
intelligent  rascal. 

Clitophon.     See  Leucippe.  . 

Clitor  (kli'tor).  [Gr.  KAetrU|0.]  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a  city  of  Arcadia,  Greece,  in  lat.  37" 
54'  N.,  long.  22°  7'  E. 

Clitumnus  (kli-tum'nus).  A  river  of  Umbria, 
Italy,  afSuent  of  the  Tinia:  the  modem  CU- 
tumno.  It  is  celebrated  (especially  through  the 
descriptions  of  the  younger  Pliny)  for  its  sanc- 
tity and  beauty. 

ClitUS,  or  Cleitus  (kli'tus)  (Gr.  K^lcirof),  sur- 
named Melas  (Gr.  UkTMi)  ('the  Black ').  Died 
at  Maracanda,  Sogdiana,  328  B.  c.  A  Macedo- 
nian general,  a  friend  of  Alexander,  whose  lite 
he  saved  at  Grauicus  in  334,  and  by  whom  he 
was  slain  in  a  drunken  brawl  at  a  banquet. 

Clitus.  In  Shakspere's  "Julius  Cfesar,"  a  ser- 
vant of  Brutus. 

Clive  (kliv),  Mrs.  (Caroline  Meysey-Wigley). 
Born  at  Loudon,  June  24,  1801 :  died  (from  ac- 
cidental burning)  at  Whitfield  in  Hereford- 
shire, July  13,  1873.  An  English  writer,  au- 
thor of  "Paul  Ferroll,"  a  sensational  novel, 
and  other  stories  and  poems. 

Clive,  Catherine  or  Kitty  (Catherine  Baftor). 
Bom  in  1711 :  died  at  London,  Dec.  6, 1785.  An 
actress,  the  daughter  of  an  Irish  gentleman, 
William  Rafter.  After  a  youth  of  obscurity  and  pov- 
erty she  came  to  the  notice  of  CoUey  Cibber,  who  was 
manager  of  Drury  Lane  Theatre.  He  gave  her  a  position 
in  1727,  and  by  1731  she  had  established  a  reputation  as  a 
comic  actress.  She.  retired  from  the  stage  on  April  24, 
1769.  She  was  in  Garrick's  company  from  1746.  She  early 
married  George  Clive,  a  barrister,  but  they  separated  by 
mutual  consent.  Her  forte  was  rattling  comedy  and  op- 
eratic farce.  After  her  retirement  from  the  stage  she 
lived  for  many  years  in  a  house  which  Walpole  gave  her, 
near  Strawberry  Hill,  and  which  he  called  Cliveden.  She 
wrote  some  small  dramatic  sketches,  only  one  of  which 
"The  Eehearsal,  or  Boys  in  Petticoats,"  was  printed  (176^ 

Clive,  Bobert,  Baron  Clive  of  Plassey.  Born 
at  Styche,  Shropshire,  England,  Sept.  29, 1725  i 


Clive,  Robert 

committed  suicide  at  London,  Nov.  22,  1774. 
An  English  general  and  statesman.  He  was  the 
son  ol  an  impoTerished  country  squire,  and  In  1743  was 
appointed  a  writer  in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany at  Madras.  War  having  brolten  out  between  the 
French  and  the  British  In  India  in  1744,  he  applied  for 
and  obtained  an  ensign's  commission  in  the  company's 
service  in  1747,  and  in  1748  (the  closing  year  of  the 
war)  served  under  Admiral  Bosoawen  at  the  unsuccess- 
ful siege  of  Pondioherry.  During  a  second  war  with 
the  French  (1761-64)  he  captured  Arcot,  and  suooess- 
lully  defended  it  against  a  largely  superior  force  of 
French  and  natives  under  Kaja  Sahib.  He  visited  Eng- 
land 176S-56,  when  he  returned  to  India  as  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Fort  St.  David.  In  1766  he  conmianded  an 
expedition  against  Sur4]  ud  Dowli^,  nawab  of  Bengal,  to 
avenge  the  tragedy  of  the  Black  Hole  at  Calcutta.  He 
defeated  the  nawab  near  Calcutta  (1767),  and,  after  a 
short  interval  of  peace,  inflicted  upon  him  a  decisive  de- 
feat at  Flassey  June  23, 1767,  whereupon  he  deposed  the 
nawab  and  elevated  Mir  Jaffier  to  the  throne.  He  was 
appointed  governor  of  Bengal  in  1768 ;  defeated  the  Dutch 
near  Chinsura  in  1769 ;  and,  owing  to  ill  health,  returned 
to  England  in  1760,  in  which  year  he  was  raised  to  the 
Irish  peerage  as  Baron  Clive  of  Plassey.  He  was  governor 
of  Bengal  a  second  time  1765-67,  when  he  resigned  on 
account  of  the  broken-down  condition  of  his  health.  His 
official  conduct  subsequently  became  the  subject  of  par- 
liamentary inquiry,  which  resulted  practically  in  his  favor 
in  1773. 
Cloaca  Maxima  (klo-a'ka  mak'si-ma).  [L., 
'  the  largest  drain.']  The  chief  drain  of  ancient 
Borne,  built  by  Tarquinius  Prisons  about  600 
B.  C,  and  still  serving  its  purpose.  The  outlet  on 
the  Tiber  is  an  arch  12  feet  high  with  three  concentric 
tiers  of  massive  voussoirs,  admirably  fitted  without  ce- 
ment 

Clodion  (kl6-dy6n'),  Claude  Michel.    Bom 

at  Nancy,  France,  Dec.  20,  1738:  died  March 

29,  1814.    A  French  sculptor. 
Clodius  (kld'di-us).    Another  form  of  Claudius 

(which  see). 
Clodpate  (klod'pat).  Justice.    A  coarse  rustic 

justice  in  Shad  well's  comedy  "Epsom  Wells." 

He  is  public-spirited,  but  a  hater  of  London. 
Cloe.    See  Chloe. 
Cloelia  (kle'li-a).    In  Boman  legend,  a  maiden 

of  Eome,  delivered  as  a  hostage  to  Porsena 

508  (?)  B.  c.    She  escaped  by  swimming  across 

the  Tiber. 
Cloelia  (kle'li-a),  or  Cluilia,  gens  (kia-il'i-a 

jenz).    In  ancient  Bome,  a  patrician  clan  or 

house  of  Alban  origin,  said  to  have  derived  its 

name  from  Clolius,  a  companion  of  .^Eneas. 

According  to  tradition,  the  last  king  of  Alba  was  C. 

Cluilius  or  Cloelius,  who  led  an  army  against  Some  in  the 

reign  of  lullus  Hostilius. 

Clofesho.  [AS.  Clofes  ho  or  lioo,  appar. '  Clof 's 
Point.']  In  early  English  history,  the  meeting- 
place  of  several  ecclesiastical  councils  in  the 
8th  and  9th  centuries :  identical  perhaps  with 
Cliff,  in  Kent. 

Cloghei  (kloch'^r).  A  village  in  Tyrone,  Ire- 
land, 52  miles  southwest  of  Belfast,  it  has  a 
cathedral,  and  was  formerly  the  seat  of  one  of  the  earliest 
Irish  bishoprics. 

Cloister  and  the  Hearth,  The.  A  historical 
novel  by  Charles  Eeade,  published  in  1861.  The 
hero  is  the  supposed  father  of  Erasmus,  and 
the  scenes  are  mainly  in  Holland  and  Italy. 

Clonfert  (klon-ferf).  A  town  in  County  Gal- 
way,  Ireland,  42  miles  east  of  Galway,  formerly 
the  seat  of  one  of  the  earliest  Irish  bishoprics. 

Olonmel  (klon-mel').  [Ir.,'vale  of  honey.']  A 
municipal  and  parliamentary  borough  in  Coun- 
ties Waterford  and  Tipperary,  Ireland,  situated 
on  the  Suir  25  miles  northwest  of  Waterford. 
It  is  noted  as  the  birthplace  of  Sterne  and  Lady  Bless- 
ington.    Population  (1891),  8,480. 

Clontart  (klon-tarf)-  A  small  eastern  suburb 
of  Dublin,  Ireland.  Here,  April  23, 1014,  Brian  Bo- 
rohma,  king  of  Ireland,  defeated  the  Danes  and  the  rebels 
of  Leinster.  _         _      ^ .  ^     _ 

Clootz,  or  Cloots  (klots),  Jean  Baptiste,  Baron. 
Born  at  Val-de-Grace,  near  Cleves,  Prussia, 
June  24,  1755 :  guillotined  at  Paris,  March  24, 
1794,  A  French  revolutionary  enthusiast  who 
assumed  the  name  "  Anacharsis"  and  the  title 
"orator  of  the  human  race."  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Convention  in  1792.  See  Anacharsis. 

Cloridano  (klo-re-da'no).  The  friend  of  Medoro 
in  Ariosto's ' '  Orlando  Furioso."  They  venture  into 
the  fleld  of  battle  to  find  among  the  heaps  of  slain  the 
body  of  their  lord.  .  .        ,      , 

Cloiinda  (klo-rin'da).  An  Amazonian  leader 
in  the  "Jerusalem  Selivered"  of  Tasso.  she  is 
of  acknowledged  prowess  in  the  Infidel  army,  and  is  be- 
loved by  Tancred,  but  cares  only  for  the  glories  of  war. 
Tancred  kiUs  her  unwittingly  in  a  night  attack,  and  gives 
her  Christian  baptism  before  she  expires. 

Cloris  (klo'ris).  A  character  in  Buckingham's 
farce  ^'  The  Eehearsal."  She  drowns  herself 
because  Prince  Prettyman  marries  old  Joan. 

Closse  (klos),  Raphael  Lambert.  Bom  near 
Tours,  Prance,  about  1620 :  died  at  Montreal, 
Canada,  Feb.  6, 1662.    A  French  soldier  in  the 


261 

Indian  wars  in  Canada.  He  came  out  with  Maison- 
neuve,  governor  of  Montreal,  in  1642,  and  became  sergeant- 
major  of  the  garrison  and  notary  public.  He  was  acting 
governor  of  Montreal  during  the  absence  of  Maisonneuve 
in  1665^nd  was  invested  with  the  fief  of  St.  Lambeth  in 
1668.    He  was  killed  in  a  skirmish  with  the  Iroquois. 

Closterman  (klos'ter-man),  John  (G-.  Johann 
Klostermann).  Bom  at  Osnabrtiek, Hannover, 
1656 :  died  at  London,  1713.  A  German  portrait- 
painter,  resident  in  England  after  1681. 

Oloster-Seven  (klos't6r-sev'n),  or  Kloster- 
Zeven  (klos'ter-tsa'ven).  Convention  of.  A 
compact  concluded  at  Zeven  (a  village  in  Han- 
nover, Prussia,  24  miles  northeast  of  Bremen), 
Sept.  8,  1757,  between  the  Duke  of  Cumber- 
land and  the  Duo  de  Bichelieu,  the  French 
commander.  By  its  terms  the  Hanoverian 
army  was  dispersed. 

Clot  (kld),'Antoine  BarthSlemy,  known  as 
Clot  Bey.  Bom  at  Grenoble,  France,  Nov. 
7,  1793:  died  at  Marseilles,  Aug.  28,  1868.  A 
French  physician,  chief  physician  to  Mehemet 
AH  in  Egypt  1822-49.  He  wrote  "De  la  peste 
observ^e  en  figypte  "  (1840),  etc. 

Clotaire  (klo-tar')  I.  G.  Chlothar  (chlo'tar). 
Bom  497 :  died  561.  King  of  the  Pranks,  fourth 
son  of  Clovis  I.  On  the  death  of  Clovis  in  511,  his  em- 
pire was  divided  among  his  sons,  Theodoric  receiving 
Austrasia,  Clodomir  Orl&ns,  Childebert  Paris,  and  Clotaire 
Soissons.  Clotaire  succeeded,  partly  by  violence,  partly 
by  inheritance,  in  reuniting  the  dominions  of  his  father, 
over  which  he  ruled  658-561.    Also  Clothaire. 

Clotaire  II.,  G.  Chlothar.  Bom  584:  died  at 
Paris,  628.  King  of  the  Franks,  son  of  Chil- 
peric  I.,  of  Soissons,  and  Fredegonda.  He  was 
four  months  old  on  the  death  of  his  father  in  684.  The 
regency  was  conducted  by  his  mother,  who  became  in- 
volved in  a  protracted  war  with  Brunehilde  of  Austrasia 
and  Burgundy.  The  latter  was,  in  613,  betrayed  by  the 
nobles  of  Burgundy  into  the  hands  of  Clotaire,  who  put 
her  to  death,  and  possessed  himself  of  her  dominions, 
thus  reuniting  under  his  sway  the  empire  of  Clovis. 

Cloten  (klo'ten).  In  Shakspere's  "Cymbe- 
line,"  the  queen's  son  by  a  former  husband. 
He  is  rejected  by  Imogen.  In  the  earlier  part  of  the  play 
(written  later)  he  is  a  foolish  and  malicious  braggart;  but 
in  the  fourth  act,  which  belongs  to  an  earlier  version,  he 
is  not  deficient  in  manliness. 

Clotho  (klo'tho).  [Gr.  K/lu9<i,  the  spinner, 
from  K^68eiv,  spin.]  In  Greek  mythology,  that 
one  of  the  three  Moirai  or  Fates  who  spins  the 
thread  of  life.    See  Fates. 

Clotilda  (klo-til'da).  Saint,  G.  Chlothilde 
(ohlo-tel'de).  Born  about  475 :  died  at  Tours, 
Prance,  545.  Queen  of  the  Pranks,  daughter 
of  Chilperic,  long  of  the  Burgundians.  Her 
father,  mother,  and  two  brothers  were  murdered  by  her 
uncle  Oundebald,  joint  Idng  of  the  Burgundians,  by 
whom  she  was  educated  in  the  Christian  faith.  She  mar- 
ried, 493,  Clovis  I.,  king  of  the  Franks,  whose  conversion 
from  paganism  is  said  to  have  been  accomplished  chiefly 
through  her  instrumentality.  The  B/Oman  Church  com- 
memorates her  on  June  3. 

Clotilda.  Died  531.  Daughter  of  St.  Clotilda. 
She  married  Amalarie,  king  of  the  Visigoths. 

Clotilde,  Sainte.  A  church  in  Paris,  in  the 
Pointed  style  of  the  14th  century,  begun  in  1846. 
It  has  lofty  pierced  spires.  The  fa; aue  has  three  large 
sculptured  doorways,  and  the  interior  is  effective,  and 
possesses  good  sculptures  and  paintings.  The  church 
measures  330  by  106  feet,  and  86  from  vault  to  pavement. 

Cloud  (kl8).  Saint.  Clodvald  or  Chlodvald, 
youngest  son  of  Clodomir,  the  son  of  Clovis. 
He  became  a  monk.    See  Saint  Cloud. 

Cloudeslie,  William  of.    See  William. 

Clouds  (kloudz).  The.  [L.  Nubes,  Gr.  at  Ne^eAai.] 
A  famous  comedy  by  Aristophanes,  strepsiades 
(*  Turncoat ')  sends  his  spendthrift  son  Pheidippides  to  the 
phrontistery  ('thinking-shop')  of  Socrates,  who  appears 
as  a  sophist,  to  be  reformed  by  training  in  rhetoric. 
Pheidippides  refuses  to  go ;  so  Strepsiades  goes  himself, 
and  finds  Socrates  swinging  in  a  basket  observing  the  sun 
and  ether.  Socrates  summons  the  Clouds,  his  new  deities, 
and  undertakes  to  make  a  sophist  of  him  and  free  him 
from  the  religion  of  his  fathers.  Unfortunate  results  of 
his  new  knowledge  show  Strepsiades  his  error,  and  he 
abandons  Socrates  and  sets  the  phrontistery  on  fire. 

Clouet  (kl6-a'),  Francois,  commonly  called 
Janet.  Born  at  Tours  about  1500 :  diedl571  (?). 
A  French  painter,  son  and  pupil  of  Jean  Clouet 
(1485  ?-1542?).  He  received  letters  of  naturaliza- 
tion from  Francis  I.  in  1541  when  he  succeeded  his  father 
as  painter  to  the  king,  and  he  held  the  same  oflce  under 
Henry  II.  and  Charles  IX.  His  works  include  a  portrait 
of  the  dauphin  Francois  at  Antwerp  (1624),  a  full-length 
portrait  of  Henry  11.  in  the  louvre  (about  1558),  and  a  por- 
trait of  Elizabeth  of  Austria  in  the  Louvre  (about  1670). 

Clough  (kluf),  Arthur  Hugh.  Bom  at  Liver- 
pool, Jan.  1,  1819:  died  at  Florence,  Nov.  13, 
1861.  An  English  poet  and  author.  He  went  to 
Eugby  in  1829,  and  was  much  infiuenced  by  Arnold,  with 
whom  he  was  a  favorite.  In  1837  he  went  to  Oxford ; 
accepted  the  headship  of  University  Hall,  London,  in  1849 ; 
in  1862  came  to  America;  and  in  1864  was  married  in 
England  to  the  daughter  of  Samuel  Smith  of  Combe 
House,  Surrey.  In  1869  his  health  began  to  fail.  Among 
his  works  are  "The  Bothie  of  Tober-na-Vuolich    (origi- 


Clwyd 

nally  Toper-na-Fuosich,  1848),  "Ambarvalia,"  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Thomas  Burbidge  (1849),  with  other  poems,  etc. 

Clout,  Colin.    See  CoUn  Chut. 

Clove  and  Orange.  An  inseparable  pair  of 
coxcombs  in  Jonson's  "  Every  Man  out  of  his 
Humour."  Orange  is  the  more  humorous  of  the  two ; 
his  small  portion  of  juice  being  squeezed  out.  Clove  serves 
to  stick  him  with  commendations. 

Clovelly  (kl9-vel'i).  A  village  in  Devonshire, 
England,  on  Barnstable  Bay  16  mUes  south- 
west of  Barnstable.  It  is  noted  for  its  pictu- 
resque appearance  and  the  beauty  of  its  en- 
virons. 

Cloveshoo.    See  Clofesho. 

Clovio  (kl6've-6),  Griulio,  sumamed  Macedo. 
Born  at  Grizana,  in  Croatia,  1498:  died  at 
Bome,  1578.    An  Italian  miniaturist. 

Clovis  (klo'vis)  I.,  G.  Chlodvrig  (chlod'vio). 
[LL.  Clovis,  a  reduced  form  (I/udovicus  being 
a  fuller  form)  of  OHG.  Chlodowig,  Chlodwig, 
Hlodwig,  G.  Ludwig  (whence  also  P.  Louis,  E. 
Lewis)!}  Born  about  465:  died  at  Paris,  511. 
The  founder  of  the  Merovingian  line  of  Prank- 
ish kings.  He  succeeded  his  father  Childeric  as  king  of 
the  Salic  Franks  in  481 ;  defeated  Syagrius  near  Soissons 
in  486 ;  married  the  Christian  princess  Clotilda  in  493 ; 
defeated  the  Alamanni  (not,  as  is  wrongly  stated,  at  Tolbi- 
acum  or  ZtUpich)  in  496 ;  was  baptized  by  Remigius  the 
same  year,  in  fulfilment,  it  is  said,  of  a  vow  made  at  this 
battle ;  defeated  the  Burgundians  in  600 ;  fixed  his  court 
at  Paris  507 ;  and  defeated  the  West  Gotlis  at  Voulon  near 
Poitiers,  in  507. 

Clowes  (klouz),  John.  Bom  at  Manchester, 
England,  Oct.  31,  1743:  died  at  Leamington, 
England,  May  29,  1831.  A  clergyman  of  the 
Church  of  England,  rector  of  St.  John's  Church, 
Manchester,  and  an  influential  supporter  of 
Swedenbor^anism.  He  translated  Sweden- 
berg's  treatise  "On  the  Worship  and  Love  of 
God"  (1816). 

Cloyne  (kloin).  A  small  town  in  the  county  of 
Cork,  Ireland,  15  miles  east  of  Cork.  It  was 
formerly  an  episcopal  see,  of  which  Bishop 
Berkeley  was  one  of  the  incumbents. 

Club,  The.  A  body  of  malcontents  in  the  Scot- 
tish Parliament  1689-90.  Its  chief  members 
were  Montgomery,  Boss,  and  Annandale. 

Clugny.    See  Clumy. 

Clumsy  (klum'zi).  Sir  Tunbelly.  A  country 
gentleman  in  Vanbrugh's  play  "  The  Belapse  " : 
a  coarse,  unwieldy  boor,  the  father  of  Miss 
Hoyden.  He  is  retained  in  Sheridan's  ' '  Trip  to 
Scarborough,"  an  adaptation  of ' '  The  Belapse." 

Clunch  (klunch).  The  husband  of  Old  Madge 
in  Peele's  "Old  Wives'  Tale."  He  leads  home 
three  lost  travelers,  and  she  tells  them  a  tale. 

Cluny,  or  Clugny  (klii-ne').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Sa&ne-et-Loire,  France,  11 
miles  northwest  of  M^con.  It  is  celebrated  for  its 
Benedictine  abbey,  founded  in  the  10th  century,  and 
from  which  the  monks  were  expelled  in  1789.  The  abbey 
church,  now  in  ruins,  was  once  the  greatest  in  Europ^ 
and  was  surpassed  among  cathedrals  only  by  the  old  St. 
Peter's,  which  was  larger  by  a  few  feet.  It  was  of  mas- 
sive and  imposing  Romanesque,  with  seven  towers,  double 
aisles,  and  double  transepts.  It  was  wrecked  in  the 
Revolution,  and  now  only  one  south  transept,  with  ita 
great  tower,  remains,  with  two  rich  chapels.  Some  of 
the  other  abbey  buildings  have  been  remodeled  and 
used  for  other  purposes.  A  normal  school  was  founded 
here  in  1865.    Population  (1891),  commune,  4,073. 

Cluny,  Hdtel  de.  A  former  palace  of  the  ab- 
bots of  Cluny,  situated  on  the  Boulevard  St.- 
Michel,  Paris,  it  was  built  in  the  16th  century  on  a 
part  of  the  Palais  des  Thermes,  and  became  the  property 
of  the  state  in  1843:  a  museum  of  medieval  antiquities, 
called  the  "MusSe  de  I'Hdtel  de  Cluny,"  was  placed  on 
exhibition  in  1844. 

Cluseret  (klu-ze-ra'),  Gustave  Paul.    Bom 

1823 :  died  1900.  -  A  French  officer  and  com- 
munist. He  served  on  General  McClellan's  staff  in 
1862,  becoming  a  brigadier-general ;  edited  the  "  Sew 
Nation"  in  New  York  1864;  was  war  minister  of  the 
Commune  in  Paris  April  4-30, 1871 ;  fled  to  England  and 
Mexico ;  was  condemned  to  death  by  a  military  tribunal 
in  1872 ;  and  was  amnestied  and  returned  to  Paris  in  1880, 

Cluses  (kluz).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Savoie,  France,  situated  on  the  Arve 
24  mil  fig  southeast  of  Geneva.  Population 
(1891),  2,126. 

Clusium  (klo'shium).  The  Eoman  name  of 
Chiusi. 

Clutterbuck(klut'6r-buk),  Captain  Cuthbert. 
The  name  under  which  Scott  assumed  to  edit 
"The  Monastery,"  "The  Abbot,"  and  "The 
Fortunes  of  Nigel." 

Cluver  (klo'ver),  or  Cluverius  (*kl6-ve'ri-us), 
Philipp.  'BornatDantzic,Germany,1580:  died 
at  Leyden,  Netherlands,  1623.  A  noted  German 
geographer.  He  wrote  "Introductio  in  universam  geo- 
graphiani,"  etc.  (1629),  and  other  works. 

Clwyd  (klo'id).  A  small  river  in  North  Wales 
which  flows  into  the  Irish  Sea  at  Bhyl,  north 
of  St.  Asaph. 


Clyde 

Clyde  (klid).  A  river  in  Scotland  which  is 
merged  in  the  Firth  of  Clyde  near  Greenock. 
It  forms  four  falls  near  Lanark.  Length,  96 
miles ;  navigable  to  Grlasgow. 

Clyde,  Baron.    See  Campbell,  Colin. 

Clyde,  Firtll  of.  The  estuary  formed  by  the 
nver  Clyde  below  Greenock  (below  Glasgow 
according  to  some)  and  by  Loch  Long,  it  enters 
me  Irish  Sea  between  the  Mull  of  Kintyre  and  Kirkcolm 
Point.  It  has  many  watering-places  and  ship-building 
yards  on  its  banks,  and  contains  the  islands  of  Bute, 
Arran,  etc.    Its  greatest  width  is  37  miles. 

Clymene  (klim'e-ne).  [Gr.  KAv/i^v)/.]  1.  In 
Greek  mythology,  daughter  of  Oceanus  and 
Tethys,  wife  of  lapetus,  and  mother  of  Atlas 
and  Prometheus.— 2.  Planetoid  104. 

Clymer  (kH'mfer),  George.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, 1739:  died  at  Morrisville,  Bucks  County, 
Pa.,  Jan.  23,  1813.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence, and  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention 
1787. 

Clym  of  the  Clough.    See  dim. 

Clytemnestra,  or  Olytsenmestra  (klit-em- 
nes'tra).  [Gr.  K/lvrai/iv^ffrpo.]  In  Greek  legend, 
the  daughter  of  Tyndareus  and  Leda,  and  wife 
of  Agamemnon.  She  was  seduced  by  -Sgisthus  dur- 
ing the  absence  of  her  husband  as  leader  of  the  expedi- 
tion against  Troy.  According  to  the  version  of  the  legend 
most  commonly  adopted  by  the  tragic  poets,  she  slew  her 
husband  in  the  bath  on  his  return  from  Troy,  partly  to 
avoid  the  consequences  of  her  adultery  and  partly  from 
jealousy  of  Cassandra,  daughter  of  Priam,  whom  at  the 
taking  of  Troy  Agamemnon  had  received  as  his  prize,  and 
by  whom  he  had  two  sons.  She  and  her  paramour  were 
in  turn  put  to  death  by  her  son  Orestes. 

Clytie  (kli'tf),  or  Olytia  (klish'i-a).  [Gr. 
KTwrii/.']  In  classical  mythology,  a  nymph  be- 
loved by  Apollo,  and  metamorphosed  into  a 
heliotrope. 

Onidus  (ni'duB).  [Gr.  Kv/dof.]  An  ancient  city 
of  Caria,  Asia  Minor,  situated  on  the  coast  in 
lat.  36°  40'  N.,  long.  27°  20'  B.  it  was  settled  by 
the  LacedEemonians,  and  was  a  seat  of  worship  of  Aphro- 
dite. On  its  site  are,  among  other  ruins,  those  of  an  ancient 
theater.  The  cavea  is  400  feet  in  diameter,  with  36  tiers 
of  seats  divided  by  2  preclnctions,  and  survives  almost 
perfect.  There  are  considerable  remains  of  the  stage 
structure.  Near  here,  in  S94  B.  o.,  the  Athenians  under 
Oonon  defeated  the  Lacedsemonians. 

Cnosus,  or  Gnosns  (no'sus),  later  CnosSUS,  or 
GnOSSUS  (nos'us).  [Gr.  Kvaadg,  Tvuaog,  Tvua- 
adg.'i  The  ancient  capital  of  Crete,  in  lat.  35° 
20'  N.,  long.  25°  9'  E.,  celebrated  in  the  legends 
of  Zeus,  Minos,  Dsedalus,  and  others :  the  mod- 
em Makro  Teikho. 

Cnut  (knot).    See  Canute. 

Coahuila  (ko-a-we'la),  or  Coaiuila  de  Sara- 
goza  (da  sa-ra-go'tha).  A  state  in  northern 
Mexico,  lying  between  Texas  on  the  north, 
Texas,  Tamaulipas,  and  Nuevo  Leon  on  the 
east,  San  Luis  PotosI  and  Zaeatecas  on  the 
south,  and  Chihuahua  and  Durango  on  the  west. 
Capital,  Saltillo.  Area,  59,296  square  miles. 
Population  (1895),  235,638, 

Coahuiltecan  (ko-a-wel'ta-kan),  or  Tejano 

■  (ta-Ha'no) .  A  linguistic  stock  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians.  It  occupied  the  valley  of  the  lower 
Kio  Grande  in  Texas,  and  in  Coahuila  (from  which  it 
was  named),  Kuevo  Leon,  and  Tamaulipas'in  Mexico.  It 
formerly  comprised  about  25  tribes,  but  all  are  extinct 
save  the  Comecrudo,  Cotoname,  and  Fakawa.  These  are 
represented  by  a  score  or  more  individuals,  mainly  Come- 
crudo, only  a  few  of  whom  speak  their  native  tongue. 

Coalbrookdale  (kol'bruk-dal).  A  coal-  and 
.iron-producing  region  in  Shropshire,  England, 
near  the  Severn. 

Coalitions  against  France,  during  the  Napo- 
leonic period.  They  were  the  following :  The 
first  (1793-97)  consisted  of  England  and  all  the  Continental 
powers  except  Russia,  Sweden,  and  Denmark.  Bonaparte 
won  the  battles  of  Millesimo,  Mondovi,  Lodi,  Arcole,  etc., 
and  dictated  the  peace  of  Campo-Formio,  Oct.  17, 1797. 
The  second  (1799-1801)  consisted  of  Kussia,  Austria,  Eng- 
land, Portugal,  Naples,  and  Turkey.  Bonaparte  won  the 
battles  of  Montebello  and  Marengo ;  and  Moreau,  those  of 
Hdchst^dt,  Hohenlinden,  and  Traun,  Peace  was  con- 
cluded at  Lun^ville  Feb.  9, 1801.  The  third  (1806)  con- 
sisted of  England,  Austria,  Russia,  Sweden,  and  Naples 
against  France.  Napoleon  won  the  battle  of  Auster- 
lltz,  and  dictated  the  peace  of  Presburg  Dec.  26,  1805. 
The  fourth  (1806-1807)  consisted  of  Prussia,  Russia,  Eng- 
land, and  Sweden.  Napoleon  won  the  battles  of  Jena  and 
Auerst^dt,  Eylau,  and  Friedland,  and  dictated  the  peace 
of  Tilsit^  July,  1807.  The  fifth  (1809)  consisted  of  Austria 
and  England,  which  latter  country  furnished  a  subsidy 
of  100,000,000  francs.  Napoleon  was  defeated  at  the  battle 
of  Aspern  and  Essling,  gained  the  victory  of  Wagram, 
and  dictated  the  peace  of  Vienna,  Oct.  14,  1809.  The 
sixth  (181S-15)  consisted  of  Russia,  Sweden,  Austria,  Eng- 
land, and  Prussia.  Napoleon  lost  the  decisive  battles  of 
Leipsic  and  Waterloo. 

Ooan  (ko'an),  Titus.  Bom  at  Killingworth, 
Conn.,  Feb.  1,  1801:  died  at  Hilo,  Hawaii, 
Dee.  1,  1882.  An  American  missionary  in  Ha- 
waii 1835-82.  ^  ^  ,     „  .  .. 

Coanaco  (ko-a-na'ko),  or  Coanacatzin  (ko-a- 


262 

na-kat-sen').  Bom  about  1495 :  died  after  1521. 
An  Aztec  chief,  son  of  Nezahualpilli,  lord  of 
Tezeuco,  and  brother  of  Cacama,  who  was 
seized  by  Cortes  in  1520.  Cort^s  put  another  bro- 
ther, Cuicuitzcatl,  in  Cacama's  place,  but  Coanaco  claimed 
the  chieftainship  of  Tezeuco,  and  after  the  rwehe  triate 
he  was  upheld  by  the  Mexican  sovereigns.  He  seized 
and  massacred  a  body  of  Spaniards  who  were  passing 
through  Tezcucan  territory,  but  on  the  approach  of  Cortes 
(Dec,  1620)  he  fled  to  Mexico,  where  he  assisted  in  the  de- 
fense.   He  was  captured  with  Quatemotzin,  Aug.  13, 1621. 

Coanza  (ko-an'za),  orKuanza  (kwan'zS).  A 
river  in  western"  Africa  which  flows  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  in  lat.  9°  15'  S.  Length,  about 
600  miles. 

Coarf,  or  Coary  (ko-a-re').  A  river  of  Brazil 
which  joins  the  Amazon  from  the  south  in 
about  long.  63°  30'  W. 

Coast  Bange  (kost  ranj),  or  Coast  Mountains 

(kost  moun'tanz).  1.  A  series  of  mountaiii- 
chains  extending  nearly  through  the  western 
part  of  California,  nearly  parallel  with  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean.  Width,  30-40  miles.  The  highest 
peak  is  Moimt  San  Bernardino  (11,500  feet). — 
2.  A  range  of  low  mountains  in  northwestern 
Oregon,  parallel  with  the  Pacific  Ocean. — 3. 
The  mountains  of  southeastern  Brazil,  border- 
ing on  the  Atlantic  (Pg.  Serra  do  Mar). 

Coatbridge  (kot'brij).  A  town  in  Lanarkshire, 
Scotland,  9  miles  east  of  Glasgow.  Its  lead- 
ing industry  is  iron  manufacture.  Population, 
(1891),  29,996. 

Coatlan.    See  Coatlicue. 

Coatlioue  (ko-a-tle'kwe),  Cohuatlicue,  or  Co- 
atlantona.  ['Serpent  petticoat.']  In  Mexican 
(Nahuatl)  mythology,  the  mother  of  Huitzilo- 
pochtli.  She  was  a  woman  of  Tulla  who,  seeing  a  feathery 
white  ball  float  down  from  the  sky,  hid  it  in  her  bosom ; 
shortly  after  she  gave  birth  to  the  war-god,  fully  grown 
and  armed,  who  attacked  the  enemies  of  his  mother. 
According  to  another  legend,  Coatlicue  was  the  wife  of 
MixcoatL  The  flower-dealers  of  Mexico  annually  made 
offerings  of  the  early  spring  flowers  to  this  goddess,  or  to 
another  of  the  same  name.  Also  written  Coatlycuef  Coat- 
lyace,  CoaUan,  CoaUardonan,  etc. 

Coatzacoalcos  (ko-at-sa-ko-al'kos),  or  Goatza- 
coalcos  (go-at-sa-ko-al'kos).  A  river  in  the 
isthmus  of  Tehuantepee,  Mexico,  which  flows 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  in  lat.  18°  8'  N.,  long. 
94°  20'  W.    Length,  about  150  miles. 

Cob  (kob),  Oliver.  -An  illiterate  water-carrier 
in  Ben  Jonson's  play  "Every  Man  in  his  Hu- 
mour." Before  water  &om  the  New  River  was  brought 
into  London  the  city  was  chiefly  supplied  from  conduits, 
generally  erected  by  rich  citizens.  Water  was  carried 
from  these  by  men  called  "tankard-bearers,"  and  sold. 
Cob  was  one  of 'these,  and  gave  a  sort  of  notoriety  to  his 
class  from  his  positionln  Jonson's  play. 

Coban  (ko-ban').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Alta  Verapaz,  Guatemala,  in  lat.  15°  45' 
N.,  long.  90°  15'  W.    Population  (1889),  18,000. 

Cobb  (kob),  Howell.  Bom  at  Cherry  HUl,.  Ga., 
Sept.  7,  1815 :  died  at  New  York,  Oct.  9,  1868. 
An  American  politician.  He  was  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Georgia  1843-51  and  1855-67  (speaker  1849-51), , 
governor  of  Georgia  1861-63,  secretary  of  the  treasui-y 
1867-60,  and  president  of  the  Confederate  Congress  1861-62. 

Cobb,  James.  Bornin  1756:  died  in  1818.  An 
English  playwright,  author  of  numerous  come- 
dies, operas,  etc. 

Cobb,  Sylvanus.  Bom  at  Norway,  Maine,  July, 
1799:  died  at  East  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  31, 
1866.  -An  American  Universalist  clergyman 
and  writer.  He  became  in  1838  editor  of  the  "  Christian 
Freeman,"  which  position  he  occupied  upward  of  twenty 
years.  Author  of  "The  New  Testament,  with  Explana- 
tory Notes  "  (1864),  etc. 

Cobb,  Sylvanus,  Jr.  Bom  at  "Waterville, 
Maine,  1823:  died  at  Hyde  Park,  Mass.,  July 
20,  1887.  An  American  miscellaneous  writer, 
son  of  Sylvanus  Cobb.  He  wrote  "The  King's 
Talisman"  (1861),  "The  Patriot  Cruiser"  (1859),  "Ben 
Hamed  "  (1864),  etc. 

Cobbe  (kobj,  Frances  Power,  Bom  at  Dublin, 
Dee.  4, 1822 :  died  April  5, 1904.  .An  English  au- 
thor and  philanthropist.  She  wrote  "  An  Essay  on 
Intuitive  Morals "(1856-57),  "Broken  Lights" (1864),  "Dar- 
winism in  Morals, andOther  Essays"  (1872) ,"  The  Hopes  of 
the  Human  Race"  (1874),  "The  Moral  Aspects  of  Vivisec- 
tion" (1876),  "TheDutiesofWomen"  (1880),  "TheScientiflo 
Spirit  of  the  Age"  (1888),  "Autobiography"  (1894),  etc. 

Cobbett  (kob'et),  William.  Bom  at  Farnham, 
Surrey,  England,  March  9, 1762 :  died  near  Farn- 
ham, June  18, 1835.  A  noted  English  political 
writer.  He  was  the  son  of  a  peasant,  obtained  a  meager 
education,  enlisted  in  the  army  about  1783,  obtained  his 
discharge  about  1791,  and  in  1792  emigrated  to  America. 
From  1797  to  1799  he  published  at  Philadelphia  "  Porcu- 
pine's Gazette,"  a  Federalist  daily  newspaper.  He  returned 
to  England  in  1800.  In  January,  1802,  he  began  at  London 
the  publication  of  "Cobbett's  Weekly  Political  Register," 
which,  with  trifling  interruptions,  was  continued  until  his 
death  ;  and  in  1808  began  to  publish  the  "  Parliamentary 
Debates,"  which  in  1812  passed  into  the  hands  of  T.  0. 


Cocadrille 

Hansard.  He  at  first  supported  the  government,  but 
about  1804  joined  the  opposition,  with  the  result  that  he 
was  several  times  fined  for  libel,  and  in  1810  sentenced 
to  imprisonment  for  two  years.  He  was  elected  to  Parlia 
ment  as  member  for  Oldham  in  1832,  and  again  in  1834, 
Autlior  of  "Porcupine's  Work8"(1801-02),  "A  Grammar  of 
the  English  Language  "  (1818),  a  grammar  and  a  diction  • 
ary  of  the  French  language,  "Cottage  Economy"  (1S21), 
"The  Emigrant's  Guide  "  (1828),  "Advice  to  Young  Men 
and,  incidentally,  to  Young  Women"  (1830),  etc. 

Cobbler  of  Preston,  The.  A  musical  farce  by 
Charles  Johnson,  founded  on  the  adventures  of 
Christopher  Sly  in  Shakspere's  "Taming  of  the 
Shrew."     It  was  first  acted  in  1716,  and  altered  and  pro- 

"  duced  with  music  in  1817.  Another  was  produced  by 
Christopher  Bullock  at  about  the  same  time. 

Cobbold  (kob'old),  Thomas  Spencer.    Bom 

at  Ipswich,  England,  in  1828:  died  at  London, 
March  20,  1886.  An  English  naturalist,  noted 
especially  for  his  studies  of  worms  parasitic  on 
man  and  animals.  He  was  appointed  lecturer  on 
botany  at  St.  Mary's  Hospital,  London,  1867 ;  on  zoBlogy  at 
the  Middlesex  Hospital,  1861 ;  and  on  geology  at  the  Brit- 
ish Museum,  1868.  In  1873  he  became  prof^sor  of  hot 
any,  and  later  of  helminthology,  at  the  Royal  Veterinary 
College. 

Cobden  (kob'den),  Bichard.    Bom  at  Hey- 

shott,  near  Midhurst,  Sussex,  England,  June 
3,  1804:  died  at  London,  April  2,  1865.  An 
English  statesman  and  political  economist,  es- 
pecially noted  as  an  advocate  of  free  trade  and 
of  peace,  and  as  the  chief  supporter  of  the 
Anti-Com-Law  League  1839-46.  He  began,  in  part- 
nership with  others,  the  business  of  calico-printing  in 
1831 ;  entered  Parliament  in  1841 ;  visited  the  United 
States  in  1864 ;  and  negotiated  an  important  commercial 
treaty  between  England  and  France  1869-60.  During  the 
Civil  War  in  the  United  States  he  was  a  supporter  of  the 
cause  of  the  North.  His  "Political  Writings  "  were  pub- 
lished in  1867;  his  "Speeches  on  Questions  of  Public 
Policy  "  (ed.  Bright  and  Rogers)  in  1870. 

Cobden  Club.  An  association  for  the  promul- 
gation of  free-trade  doctrines,  founded  in  Lon- 
don in  1866. 

Cobham  (kob'am),  Eleanor.  Died  1443  (?). 
The  second  'wiie  of  Humphrey,  duke  of  Glou- 
cester. She  had  dealings  with  Roger  Bolingbroke,  who 
professed  the  black  art,  and  was  tried  for  a  conspiracy  to 
kill  the  king  by  magic,  that  her  husband  might  have  the 
crown.  She  was  imprisoned  and  sentenced  to  perambu- 
late the  streets  for  three  days  bareheaded  with  a  burning 
taper  In  her  hand.  She  was  afterward  imprisoned  in 
Chester  Castle,  Kenilworth,  and  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  is 
said  to  have  remained  in  Peel  Castle  till  her  deaUi.  She 
is  referred  to  in  Shakspere's  2  Henry  VI.  ii.  3. 

Cobham,  Lord.  See  Brooke,  Henry,  and  Old- 
castle,  Sir  John. 

Cobi  (ko'be).    See  GoU. 

Cobija  (ko-be'na),  or  Puerto  Lamar  (pwer'to 
la-mar').  A  seaport  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  iu 
lat.  22°  34'  S.,  long.  70°  17'  "W.  It  was  formerly 
the  capital  of  the  Bolivian  province  of  Atacama,  but  has 
been  held  by  Chile  since  1879. 

Coblenz,  or  Koblenz,  or  Coblentz  (ko'blents). 
[L.^dCom^Me»fcs,referrnig  to  the  junction  here 
of  the  Ehine  and  Moselle.]  The  capital  of  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Ehine,  at  its  junction  with  the  Mo- 
selle, in  lat.  50°  22'  N.,  long.  7°  35'  E.  it  has  an 
important  trade  in  wine,  manufactures,  and  champagne. 
It  is  a  strong  fortress,  and  contains  the  Church  of  St. 
Castor,  a  palace,  and  several  flne  promenades  and  bridges. 
It  was  a  Roman  station,  and  later  a  fort,  and  suffered  in 
the  Thirty  Years'  War  and  in  the  wars  of  Louis  XIV.  For 
a  few  years  it  was  the  residence  of  the  Elector  of  Treves, 
before  its  occupation  by  the  French  in  1794.  It  became  a 
rendezvous  of  the  French  ^migr^s  in  1792,  and  was  granted 
to  Prussia  in  1815.    Population  (1890),  commune,  32,664. 

Cobourg,  or  Coburg  (ko'bferg).  A  lake  port  in 
Northumberland  County,  Ontario,  Canada,  sit- 
uated on  Lake  Ontario  65  mUes  east-northeast 
of  Toronto.  It  is  the  seat  of  Victoria  College 
(Wesleyan).    Population  (1901),  4,239. 

Cbburg  (ko'bSrg),  G.  Koburg  (ko^bBro).  [F. 
Cobourg.']  1.  Aduchy  of  Germany,  nowforming 
with  Gotha  the  state  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. — 
2.  A  city  in  the  duchy,  and  alternately  'with 
Gotha  its  capital,  situated  in  the  valley  of  the 
Itz,  in  lat.  5(5°  15'  N.,  long.  10°  58'  E.  It  is  noted 
for  Its  old  castle  (at  one  time  the  residence  of  Luther),  and 
the  palace  of  Ehrenburg.    Population  (1890),  17,106. 

Coburg,  or  Saxe-Coburg(zaks-k6'b6rG), Prince 
of  (Friedrich  Josias).  Bom  1737:  died  Feb., 
1815.  An  Austrian  general.  He  commanded  against 
the  Turks  in  1789,  and  against  the  French  1793-94,  was 
victorious  at  Neerwinden  in  1798,  and  was  defeated  at 
Fleurus  1794. 

Coburg  Peninsula.  A  peninsula  in  the  north- 
em  part  of  Australia,  west  of  the  Gulf  of  Car- 
pentaria. 

Cobweb  (kob'web).  A  fairy  in  Shakspere's 
"Midsummer  Night's  Dream." 

Cocadrille  (ko'ka-dril).  [One  of  the  early 
forms  of  crocodilei^  A  fabulous  monster  found 
in  the  island  of  Silha,  according  to  Sir  John 
Mandeville.  He  describes  it  as  ha-^ing  four 
feet  and  short  thighs,  and  great  nails  Uke  talons. 


Cocaigne,  The  Land  of 

Cocaigne,  The  Land  of.    See  Cockaigne. 

Cocamas  (ko-ka'mas).  An  Indian  tribe  of 
eastern  Peru.  They  live  mainly  on  the  southern 
side  of  the  Amazon,  near  the  Irontiers  of  Brazil.  By  lan- 
guage and  customs  they  appear  to  be  of  the  great  Tupi 
race,  probably  with  some  admixture  of  other  tribes.  They 
are  agricultural,  have  long  been  on  friendly  terms  with 
the  whites,  and  are  rapidly  becoming  amalgamated  with 
the  semi-civilized  country  population. 

Cocanada  (ko-ka-na'da).  A  seaport  in  tlie  Q-o- 
davery  district,  Madras,  British.  India,  in  lat. 
17°  1'  N.,  long.  82°  17'  B. 
.  Oocceians  (kok-se'anz).  The  followers  of  John 
Cooceius  or  K;oeh"(1603-69),  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Leyden,  Holland,  who  founded  the 
so-called  "  Federal"  school  of  theology.  He  be- 
lieved that  the  whole  history  of  the  Christian  church  to 
all  time  was  prefigured  in  the  Old  Testament,  and  so  op- 
posed the  Voetlans. 

Oocceius  (kok-tsa'y8s),  Johannes  (originally 
Eoch  or  Koken).  Bom  at  Bremen,  Aug.  9, 
1603 :  died  at  Leyden,  Netherlands,  Nov.  5, 1669. 
A  Dutch  Hebraist  and  theologian.  He  became 
professor  of  biblical  philology  at  the  Academy  of  Bremen 
in  1629,  professor  at  the  University  of  Franeker  in  1636, 
and  professor  of  dogmatics  at  Leyden  in  16B0.  He  wrote 
"Lexicon  et  commentarlua  sermonis  Heb.  et  Chald.  Vet. 
Test."  (1669),  "Summadoctrinse"  (1648),  etc. 

With  all  its  defects,  the  Federal  theology  of  Cocceius  is 
the  moat  important  attempt,  in  the  older  f  rotestant  the- 
ology, to  do  justice  to  the  historical  development  of  reve- 
lation. W.  R.  STnith,  Prophets  of  Israel,  p.  375. 

Coccia  (kot'cha).  Carlo.  Bom  at  Naples, 
April  14,  1789  :  died  at  Novara,  Italy,  April 
13,  1873.  An  Italian  composer  of  operas,  can- 
tatas, and  masses.  He  visited  London  in  1820,  where 
he  was  an  operatic  conductor  and  also  professor  of  com- 
position at  the  Itoyal  Academy,  returning  to  Italy  in 
1828.    He  again  visited  England  in  1835. 

Cochabamba  (ko-cha-bam'ba).  1.  A  central 
department  of  Bolivia.  Area,  21,333  square 
miles.  Population  (1893),  est.,  360,220.-2. 
The  capital  of  this  department,  in  lat.  17°  25' 
S.,  long.  66°  10'  W.    Population^  about  25,000. 

Oochem  (ko'ohem).  A  town  in  the  Bhiue 
Proyinoe,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Moselle  25 
miles  southwest  of  Coblenz.     It  has  a  castle. 

Cocherel  (kosh-rel').  A  hamlet  12  miles  east 
of  Evreux,  Prance.  Here  in  1364  the  French 
under  Bertrand  du  Guesolin  defeated  the  forces 

,  of  England  and  Navarre. 

'Oochet  (ko-sha'),  Jean  Benolt  D6sir6.  Born 
at  Sanvie,  near  Havre,  France,  March  7,  1812 : 
died  at  Kouen,  Prance,  June  1, 1875.  A  French 
archsBologist,  best  known  from  his  explorations 
in  Normandy. 

Cochimi  (ko-ohe-me').  A  tribe  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians.  They  inhabited  a  region  in 
Lower  California  from  26°  to  about  31°  N.  lat. 
See  Yuman. 

Cochin  (ko-shan'),  Charles  Nicolas.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Feb.  22,  1715:  died  at  Paris,  April  29, 
1790.  A  French  engraver  and  art  critic.  He 
wrote  "Voyage  d'ltalie"  (1758),  etc. 

Cochin,  Pierre  Suzanne  Augustin.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Dec.  12, 1823 :  died  at  Versailles,  France, 
March  15,  1872.  A  French  publicist  and  econ- 
omist. 

Cochin  (ko-chen' or  ko'ohin).  1.  A  feudatory 
state  under  the  protection  of  Madias,  British 
India,  situated  about  lat.  10°  30'  N.,  long.  76° 
30'  E.  Area,  1,362  squarfe  miles.  Population 
(1891),  722,906. — 2.  A  seaport  in  the  Malabar 
district,  Madras,  British  India,  in  lat.  9°  58'  N., 
long.  76°  14'  B.  it  was  settled  by  the  Portuguese  in 
1503,  and  was  held  by  the  Dutch  from  1663  to  1796. 

Cochin  China  (ko'chin  chi'na).  A  name  some- 
times used  vaguely  as  nearly  identical  with 
Annam,  properly  restricted  to  the  eastern  or 
maritime  part  of  Annam. 

Cochin  China,  French  or  Lower.  A  French 
colony  lying  between  Cambodia  and  Annam 
on  the  north,  the  China  Sea  on  the  southeast, 
and  the  Gulf  of  Siam  on  the  west.  It  includes  the 
delta  of  the  Mekong.  It  was  ceded  to  France  in  1862 
(province  of  Vinh-Long  1883).  Its  chief  product  is  rice. 
Capital,  Saigon.  Area,  23,082  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  2,084,453. 

Cochitemi.    See  CocMti. 

Cochitf  (ko-ehe-te').  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  inhabiting  a  pueblo  of  the  same 
name  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Eio  Grrande, 
27  miles  southwest  of  Sante  F6,  New  Mexico. 
The  inhabitants  formerly  successively  occupied  the  Po- 
trero  de  las  Vacaa,  the  Potrero  San  Miguel,  the  now  ruined 
pueblo  of  Cuapa,  and  the  Potrero  Viejo.  Number,  268. 
Coohitl  is  the  aboriginal  name  of  the  pueblo.  The  tribe 
has  also  been  called  Cochitemi,  Coehitmo.    See  Keresan. 

€ochitino.    See  CoeMU. 

•Cochituate  (ko-chit'ii-at).  Lake.  A  small  lake 
in  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  17  miles 
west  of  Boston.  It  is  one  of  the  sources  of  Bos- 
ton's water-supply. 


263 

Cochlaens  (ko-kle'us),  Johannes  (Dobenek). 

Bom  at  Wendelstein,  near  Nuremberg,  1479 : 
died  at  Breslau,  Jan.  10,  1552.  A  German  Ro- 
man Catholic  theologian  and  controversialist. 
He  became  secretary  to  Duke  George  of  Saxony  in  1528, 
and  canon  at  Breslau  in  1539.  He  was  associated  at  the 
diet  of  Augsburg  (1530)  with  Bck,  Faber,  and  Wimpina  in 
the  composition  of  the  Betutation  of  the  Augsburg  Con- 
fession ;  and,  on  the  death  of  Bck,  was  regarded  as  the 
leading  opponent  of  the  Beformation. 

Cochrane  (kok'ran),  John   Dundas.     Bom 

1780:  died  at  Valencia,  Venezuela,  Aug.  12, 
1825.  A  British  traveler  in  Eussia  and  Siberia 
1820-23.  He  wrote  a  "Narrative  of  a  Pedes- 
trian Journey  through  Eussia  and  Siberian 
Tartary"  (1824). 

Cochrane,  Thomas.  Born  at  Anusfield,  in 
Lanarkshire,  Dec.  14,  1775:  died  at  Kensing- 
ton, England,  Oct.  31,  1860.  A  Scottish  noble 
(tenth  Earl  of  Dundonald)  and  British  naval 
commander.  He  was  appointed  vice-admiral  Nov.  23, 
1841,  admiral  March  21,  1851,  and  rear-admiral  of  the 
United  Kingdom  Oct.  23, 1864.  On  May  6,  1801,  in  the 
Speedy,  a  small  and  poorly  armed  vessel  with  54  men,  he 
captured  the  Spanish  frigate  Elgamo  of  600  tons  and  319 
men.  He  entered  Parliament  in  1806.  On  April  11, 1809, 
he  attacked  a  French  fleet  in  Aix  roads,  and  destroyed 
four  of  the  enemy's  vessels.  In  Feb.,  1814,  Cochrane  was 
accused  of  complicity  in  originating  a  fraudulent  report 
of  Napoleon's  death  for  speculative  purposes,  and,  though 
he  claimed  to  be  entirely  innocent,  was  imprisoned  for 
a  year,  fined,  and  expelled  from  the  navy  and  from  the 
House  of  Commons.  His  constituents  stood  by  him,  and 
at  once  returned  him  again  to  Parliament.  Accepting  an 
invitation  to  organize  the  infant  navy  of  Chile,  he  reached 
Valparaiso  Nov.  ,1818.  During  the  subsequent  campaigns, 
with  only  one  frigate  and  a  few  old  vessels,  he  managed  to 
neutralize  the  powerful  Spanish  squadron ;  took  Valdi- 
via  in  Feb.,  1820 ;  transported  San  Martin's  army  to  Peru  ; 
blockaded  Callao,  and  performed  the  feat  of  cutting  out  a 
Spanish  frigate  from  under  the  guns  of  the  castle  (Nov. 
5, 1820),  and  contributed  greatly  to  the  capture  of  Lima, 
Owing  to  quarrels  with  San  Martin  and  the  Chilian  au- 
thorities, he  left  their  service,  and  from  March,  1823,  to 
1825  commanded  the  Brazilian  navy ;  during  this  time  he 
recovered  Bahia  and  Maranhao  from  the  Portuguese.  Ac- 
cused of  insubordination,  he  resigned.  In  1827  and  1828 
he  commanded  the  Greek  navy,  but  accomplished  nothing. 
In  1832  he  was  virtually  exonerated  from  the  charges  on 
which  he  had  been  imprisoned  in  1814,  and  was  restored 
to  the  Order  of  the  Bath  and  to  his  rank  in  the  British 
navy. 

Cochut  (ko-shii'),  Andr^.  Bom  at  Paris,  1812 : 
died  there,  Jan.  18,  1890.    A  French  publicist. 

Cock,  The.  A  famous  tavern  in  Fleet  street, 
London,  opposite  the  Temple.  It  stQl  retains  dec- 
orations of  the  period  of  the  early  part  of  the  17th  century. 
Tennyson  has  immortalized  it  in  his  "Will  Waterproof's 
Lyrical  Monologue." 

Cock  and  the  Fox,  The.  A  version  of  Chau- 
cer's "Nun's  Priest's  Tale,"  by  Dryden. 

Cockaigne,  Cocagne  (ko-kan').  [Also  Cock- 
ayne, etc.,  in  yarious  archaic  forms,  after  ME. 
Cockaigne,  cokaygne,  cockagne,  coka/yne,  cocaigne, 
etc.,  from  OP.  cocaigne,  cokaigne,  coguaigne,  co- 
caingne,  quoguaingne,  P.  cocagne  (=  Sp.  cuca&a, 
=  Pg.  cucanha  =  It.  cocagnq,  cucagna,  now 
cuccagna),  profit,  advantage,  abundance,  a  time 
of  abundance ;  pays  de  cocagne.  Land  of  Co- 
cagne (It.  "  Cocagna,  as  we  say,  Lubberland  " ; 
"  Cucagna,  the  epicures  or  gluttons  home,  the 
land  of  all  delights:  so  taken  in  moekerie" — 
Florio) ;  ML.  Cocania,  an  imaginary  country  of 
luxury  and  idleness;  prob.  Tit.  'Cake-land.' 
Usually  associated  with  cockney,  but  there  is 
no  original  connection.]  A  fabled  land  of 
perfect  happiness  and  luxury,  intended  to  rid- 
icule the  stories  of  the  mythical  Avalon,  an 
isle  in  the  west,  prevalent  in  medieval  times. 
Its  houses  were  built  of  good  things  to  eat ;  roast  geese 
went  slowly  down  the  streets,  turning  themselves  and  in- 
viting the  passers-by  to  eat  them ;  buttered  larks  fell  in 
profusion ;  the  shingles  of  the  houses  even  were  of  cake ; 
and  the  rivers  ran  wine.  The  English  poets  of  the  16th 
century  called  it  Lubberland. 

Cockburn  (ko'bern).  Sir  Alexander  James 
Edmund.  BomDec.  24, 1802:  died  at  London, 
Nov.  21, 1880.  A  noted  British  jurist  of  Scotch 
descent,  lord  chief  justice  of  England.  He  was 
graduated  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  became  a 
fellow  in  1829 ;  entered  Parliament  as  a  Liberal  in  1847 ; 
was  attorney-general  1851-Feb. ,  1852,  and  again  Deo. ,  1852,- 
Nov.,  1866  ;  and  became  chief  justice  of  the  Common  Pleas 
in  1866,  and  lord  chief  justice  of  England  June  24, 1869. 
As  the  representative  of  the  British  government  at  the 
Alabama  arbitration  at  Geneva,  he  dissented  from  the 
award,  holding  that  in  the  case  of  the  Florida  and  that  of 
the  Shenandoah  the  responsibility  of  his  government  had 
not  been  proved. 

Cockburn,  Mrs.  (Alicia,  or  Alison,  Ruther- 
ford). Bom  at  Pairnalee,  Selkirkshire,  about 
1712:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  22,  1794.  A 
Scottish  lyric  poet,  author  of  "The  Flowers  of 
the  Forest"  ("I've  Seen  the  Smiling  of  Fortune 
Beguiling"),  and  other  songs. 

Cockburn,  Mrs.  (Catherine  Trotter).  Bom 
at  London,  Aug.  16,  1679:  died  May  11,  1749. 
An  English  dramatist  and  philosophical  writer, 


Cocoa-tree  Club 

wife  (1708)  of  Patrick  Cockburn,  a  clergyman. 
She  wrote  "Agnes  de  Castro  "  (acted  1696),  "Fatal  Friend- 
ship "  (acted  1698),  "  Love  at  a  Loss,"  a  comedy  (1700),  and 
"Revolutions  of  Sweden  "  (acted  1706).  In  1702  she  pub- 
lished an  anonymous  defense  of  Locke's  philosophizing 
against  the  charge  of  materialism,  and  later  advocated  the 
ethical  views  of  Clarke. 

Cockburn,  Sir  George.  Born  at  London,  April 
22,  1772 :  died  at  Leamington,  England,  Aug. 
19,  1853.  An  English  admiral.  He  served  at 
the  reduction  of  Martinique  in  1809,  and  assisted 
at  the  capture  of  Washington  in  1814. 

Cockburn,  Henry  Thomas,  Lord.  Born  at 
Edinburgh  (?),  Oct.  26,  1779:  died  at  Bonaly, 
near  Edinburgh,  AprU  26,  1854.  A  Scottish 
jurist,  appointed  a  judge  of  the  Court  of  Ses- 
sion in  1834,  and  a  lord  of  judiciary  in  1837. 
His  autobiography  ("Memorials  of  his  Time  ") 
was  published  in  1856. 

Cocker  (kok'er),  Edward.  Bom  probably  in 
Northamptonshire,  England,  1631:  died  1675. 
An  English  engraver  and  teacher  of  writing  and 
arithmetic,  and  collector  of  manuscripts.  He 
was  the  author  of  various  works  on  calligraphy,  arithme- 
tic ("Tutor  to  Arithmetic"  (1664),  "Compleat  Arithme- 
tician "  (before  1669),  "Arithmetic,"  edited  by  John  Hawk- 
ins (1678),  etc.),  etc.  The  supposition  that  the  famous 
arithmetic  is  a  forgery  by  Hawkins  has  been  abandoned. 

Cockeram(kok'ram),  Henry.  Flourished  about 
the  middle  of  tlie  17th  century.  An  English 
scholar  (of  whose  life  nothing  is  known),  au- 
thor of  the  first  published  dictionary  of  the  Eng- 
lish language.  The  book  is  entitled  "The  English 
Dictionaxie,  or  a  New  Interpreter  of  Hard  English  Words' 
(1623  ? ;  2d  ed.  1626 ;  12th  ed.,  revised  and  enlarged  by  an- 
other's hand,  1670). 

Cockerell  (kok'6r-el),  Charles  Robert.    Bom 

at  London,  April  28, 1788 :  died  at  Loudon,  Sept. 
17, 1863.  A  noted  English  architect.  He  became 
architect  of  the  Bank  of  England  in  1833,  and  was  professor 
of  architecture  in  the  Koyal  Academy  1840-97.  He  com- 
pleted the  Hanover  Chapel  in  Kegent  street  in  1825,  built 
the  Taylor  Buildings  at  Oxford  1841-42,  and  designed  nu- 
merous other  public  and  private  buildings.  Author  of 
"Ancient  Sculptures  in  Lincoln  Cathedral"  (1848),  "Ico- 
nography of  the  West  Front  of  Wells  Cathedral  "(1861),  "  A 
Descriptive  Account  of  the  Sculptiu'es  of  the  West  Front 
of  Wells  Cathedral "  (1862),  etc. 

Cockermouth  (kok'6r-mouth).  A  town  and 
parliamentary  borough  in  Cumberland,  Eng- 
land, situated  at  the  coniluenee  of  the  Cooker 
and  Derwent,  25  miles  southwest  of  Carlisle. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  Wordsworth.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  5,464. 

Cock  Lane  G-host.  A  noted  imposture  perpe- 
trated in  1762  in  Cook  Lane,  Smithfield,  Lon- 
don, by  a  man  nained  Parsons  and  his  daughter 
(eleven  years  old) .  Knockings  and  other  strange  noises 
were  heard,  and  a  "luminous  lady,"  supposed  to  be  the 
ghost  of  a  Mrs.  Kent,  was  seen.  Dr.  Johnson,  among 
others,  visited  the  house,  and  was  maliciously  attacked 
for  his  credulity  by  Churchill  in  his  long  poem  "The 
Ghost."    Parsons  was  pilloried. 

Cockledemoy  (kok'1-de-moi).  An  adroit  and 
amusing  trickster  in  Marston's  play  "The 
Dutch  Couitezi.n." 

Cockloft  (kok'ldft),  Pindar.  The  pseudonym 
of  William  Irving  in  "  Salmagundi." 

Cockney  School,  The.  A  name  derisively 
given  by  some  English  critics  to  a  set  of  writers 
including  Hazlitt,  Shelley,  Keats,  Leigh  Hunt, 
and  others.  Leigh  Hunt  was  the  shining  light 
of  this  coterie. 

Cockpit  (kok'pit).  The.  1.  A  London  theater 
which  stood  in  a  narrow  court,  called  Pitt  Place, 
formerly  Cockpit  alley,  running  out  of  Drury 
Lane.  It  was  erected  about  1616,  but  pulled  down  by 
a  mob  in  1617.  A  second  theater  was  built  here,  called 
the  Phoenix.  This  again  gave  place  to  the  Drury  Lane 
Theatre. 
2.  See  the  extract. 

The  Master  of  the  Kolls  was  at  that  time  the  presiding 
Judge  of  Appeal  at  the  Privy  Council,  which  was  com- 
monly spoken  of  as  "  the  Cockpit,"  because  it  sat  on  the 
site  of  the  old  Cockpit  at  Whitehall. 

GrevUle,  Memoirs,  II.  70,  note. 

Cockwood  (kok'wud).  Lady.  In  Btherege's 
comedy  "She  Would  if  She  Could,"  a  female 
Tartufe  who  hides  a  disgraceful  intrigue  under 
a  great  pretense  of  religious  devotion. 

Codes  (ko'klez),  Horatius.  A  Boman  legen- 
dary hero  who  with  SpTirius  Lartius  and  Titus 
Herminius  defended  the  Sublician  bridge  at 
Rome  against  the  entire  Etruscan  army  under 
Lars  Porsena  (508?  B.  c). 

Coco  (ko'ko).  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians.    See  Attaoapan. 

Cocoa-tree  Club.  A  noted  London  club  which 
was  the  Tory  Cocoa-tree  Chocolate-house  of 
(Jueen  Anne's  reign,  at  64  St.  James  street. 
It  was  converted  into  a  gaming-house  and  a  club,  proba- 
bly before  1746,  when  the  house  was  the  headquarters  ol 
the  Jacobite  party,  and  the  resort  of  the  wits  of  the  time.. 
Tvmbs. 


Coco-Maricopas 

Coco-Maricopas.    See  Maricopas. 

Gocopa  (ko'ko-pa).  [PI.,  also  Coeopaa.']  A 
tribe  of  North  Ainerican  Indians.  They  live  in 
Lower  California  from  the  mouth  of  the  (Colorado  Biver  to 
near  the  Gila.    See  Yumart. 

Cocos.    See  Keeling  Islands. 

Cocospera  (ko-ko-spa'ra).  [Prom  the  Pima: 
'place  of  the  dogs.']  A  peak  in  Sonora,  Mexico, 
forming  a  part  of  one  of  the  western  ramifica- 
tions of  the  Sierra  Madre. 

Coca  Imaginaire,  Le.    See  Sganarelle. 

CocytllS  (ko-si'tus).  [Gr.  Kumrnif,  from  /aoitm-dg, 
wailing.]  1.  A  river  in  Epirus,  a  tributary  of 
the  Acheron :  the  modern  Vuvos. —  2.  In  clas- 
sical mythology,  a  river  of  Hades,  a  tributary 
of  the  Acheron. 

Godazzi  (kd-dat'se),  Agustin.  Born  at  Lugo, 
near  Perrara,  Italy,  1792 :  died  in  Colombia,  1859. 
An  engineer  and  geographer  in  the  northern 
part  of  South  America.  He  published  at  Paris 
in  1841  "Eesumen  de  la  Geografia  de  Vene- 
zuela." 

Goddington  (kod'ing-ton),  William.  Bom  in 
Lincolnshire,  England,  1601 :  died  in  Bhode 
Island,  Nov.  1,  1678.  An  English  colonist  in 
America,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  colony  of 
Rhode  Island  in  1638,  and  its  governor  1640-47, 
1648-49,  and  1674-76. 

Code  Frederic  (kod  fra-da-rek')-  A  codification 
of  the  laws  of  Prussia  made  by  Frederick  the 
Great  in  1751. 

Code  Napoleon  (kod  na-p6-la-6n').  A  compi- 
lation 01  the  laws  of  Prance  made  under  the 
auspices  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  first  consul 
and  emperor,  promulgated  1804-10.  it  is  founded 
on  the  civil  law,  and  has  been  largely  copied  in  other 
countries  where  the  civil  law  prevails. 

Code  Noir  (kod  nwar).  [P., 'black  code.']  An 
edict  of  Louis  XIV.  of  Prance  in  1685,  regu- 
lating the  West  Indian  colonies  and  the  con- 
dition and  treatment  of  negro  slaves  and  freed 
negroes. 

Code  of  1650.  A  code  of  laws  compiled  for  the 
colony  of  Connecticut  by  Eoger  Ludlow :  some- 
times called  Ludlow's  Code. 

Code  of  Justinian,  Theodosius.  See  JusUnian, 
Theodosius. 

Godlin  (kod'lin),  Tom.  A  cynical  exhibitor  of 
a  Puneh-and-Judy  show,  in  Charles  Dickens's 
"Old  Curiosity  Shop." 

Godogno  (ko-do'nyo).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Milan,  Italy,  32  miles  southeast  of  MUan. 
It  is  the  chief  market  for  Parmesan  cheese. 
Population,  9,000. 

Gouington  (kod'ring-tpn).  Sir  Edward.  Bom 
April  27, 1770:  died  at  London,  April  28,  1851. 
A  noted  English  admiral.  He  tookpart  in  the  battle 
of  Trafalgar,  Oct.  21, 1805,  as  commander  of  the  Orion ; 
was  with  Cochrane  in  Chesapeake  Bay  and  at  New  Orleans 
in  1314;  became  vice-admiral  1821,  and  admiral  of  the 
blue  18S7 ;  and  commanded  the  allied  fleet  at  Navarino 
Oct  20,  1827. 

Codrington,  Sir  Henry  John.  Born  1808:  died 
Aug.  4, 1877.  A  British  admiral,  third  son  of 
Admiral  Sir  Edward  Codrington.  He  took  part» 
as  commander  of  the  Talbot,  in  the  bombardment  of  Acre, 
Nov.  4,  1840 ;  became  a  rear-admiral  in  1857 ;  was  admiral 
superintendent  at  Malta  1858-63 ;  and  was  appointed  ad- 
miral in  1867,  and  admiral  of  the  fleet  1£77. 

Codrington,  Sir  William  John.  Bom  Nov.  26, 
1804:  died  at  Heokfield,  Hampshire,  Aug.  4, 
1884.  A  British  general,  second  son  of  Admiral 
Sir  Edward  Codrington.  He  served  in  the  Crimean 
war,  commanding  a  brigade  at  the  battle  of  the  Alma, 
and  a  division  at  Inkerman,  and  succeeded  Sir  James 
Simpson  as  commander-in-chief  in  the  Crimea,  Nov.  11, 
1855,  returning  to  England  in  1856,  when  he  was  appointed 
lieutenant-general  and  general  in  1863.  He  entered  Parlia- 
ment in  1867,  and  was  governor  of  Gibraltar  1869-65. 

Codrus  (ko'drus).  [Gr.  Kdd/jof.]  The  last  king 
of  Athens:  reigned  (according  to  tradition) 
about  1068  B.  o. 

Cody  (ko'di),  William  Frederick.  Bom  in 
Scott  County,Iowa,  Peb.26, 1845.  A  government 
scout.  He  became  known  as ' '  Buffalo  Bill "  from  the  fact 
that  he  contracted  with  the  Kansas  Pacific  Kailway  to 
supply  its  laborers  with  buffalo  meat :  in  eighteen  months 
he  killed  4,280  buffaloes.  In  1872  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Nebraska  legislature.  In  1883  he  organized  the 
"  Wild  West,"  an  exhibition  of  life  on  the  frontier. 

Coehoom  (ko'hom),  or  Cohorn  (ko'hom), 
Menno  van.  Bom  near  Leeuwarden,  Pries- 
land,  1641:  died  at  The  Hague,  Netherlands, 
March  17,  1704.  A  Dutch  military  engineer, 
called  the  Dutch  Vanhom,  inventor  of  the 
coehom  1674.  He  wrote  "Nieuwe  Vesting- 
bouw"  ("New  Portifleation,"  1685). 

Goel.    See  Cole,  King. 

Calebs  (se'lebz)  in  Search  of  a  Wife.  A 
novel  by  Hannah  More,  published  in  1809. 
The  name  is  often  applied  to  any  bachelor  de- 
sicous  of  marrying. 


264 

Coelestin.    See  Celestine. 

Coelestius  (se-Ies'tius).  A  collaborator  of  Pela- 
gius :  a  native  of  Ireland  (Bretagne  1).  He  was 
condemned  as  a  heretic  by  a  council  at  Carthage  in  412, 
but  was  acquitted  by  Pope  Zosimus  in  417.  He  is  said  to 
have  been  ordained  presbyter  at  Ephesus  some  time  be- 
tween 412  and  417. 

Ccele-Syria,  or  Cele-Syria  (se'le-sir'i-a).  [Gr. 
KoiAt?  Sup/o,  Hollow  Syria.]  A  valley  in  Syria, 
lying  between  the  Libanus  and  the  Anti-Li- 
banus,  and  watered  by  the  Leontes  and  the 
Orontes. 

Coelho  (ko-el'yi?),  Duarte  de  Albuqueroiue, 
Count  of  Pemambuoo  and  Marquis  of  Basto. 
Born  at  Lisbon,  Dec.  22,  1591:  died  at  Madrid, 
Sept.  24,  1658.  The  eldest  son  of  Jorge  de 
Albuquerque  Coelho.  in  1627  he  was  made  gover- 
nor of  Femambuco,  a  position  which  he  had,  by  feudal 
law,  inherited  from  his  father.  He  was  driven  out  by  the 
Dutch  invasion  of  1630,  and  in  1630  went  to  Spain,  resid- 
ing at  Madrid,  where  he  published  his  ''Memorias  diarias 
de  la  gueixa  del  Brazil "  in  1654. 

Coelho,  Gon^alo.  A  Portuguese  navigator 
who,  in  1^8,  commanded  a  ship  on  the  coast 
of  Senegambia.  It  has  been  supposed  that  he  had 
charge  of  the  expedition  of  1501  to  explore  the  coast  of 
Brazil,  but  of  this  there  is  no  proof.  It  seems  certain, 
however,  that  he  commanded  the  six  caravels  which  left 
Lisbon  June  10,  1503,  to  seek  a  route  to  the  Moluccas 
around  the  southern  end  of  Brazil,  then  supposed  to  be 
an  island.  One  of  his  ships  was  wrecked;  two  others, 
one  of  them  having  Amerigo  Yespucci  for  commander  or 
pilot,  separated  from  Coelho  and  returned  to  Lisbon  in 
June,  1504.  Coelho  himself  explored  as  far,  at  least,  as 
Aio  de  Janeiro,  and  only  returned  in  1606.  Nothing  fur- 
ther is  known  of  him. 

Coelho,  Jorge  de  Albuquerque.  Bom  at  Olin- 
da,  Pemambuco,  April  23, 1539 :  died,  probably 
at  Lisbon,  some  time  after  1596.  A  Portuguese 
soldier,  second  son  of  Duarte  Coelho  Pereira. 
From  1660  to  1565  he  was  commander  of  the  Portuguese 
forces  in  Pemambuco,  under  his  brother,  the  second  dona- 
tario ;  he  was  captured  by  French  corsairs  in  1565 ;  was 
captured  by  the  Moors  in  Africa  at  the  disastrous  battle 
of  Alcacer-Quivir  (Aug.  4,  1678) ;  and  on  the  death  of  his 
brother  inherited  the  captaincy  of  Pemambuco. 

Coelho  de  Albuquerque  (ko-el'yo  de  al-bo- 
ker'ke),  Duarte.  Born  at  Olinda,  Pemam- 
buco, 1537:  died  in  Pez,  Africa,  about  1579. 
The  eldest  son  of  Duarte  Coelho  Pereira.  He 
inherited  the  captaincy  of  Pemambuco  in  1654,  and  gov- 
erned it  personally  from  1560  to  1672.  Keturning  to  Por- 
tugal, he  followed  Dom  Sebastiao  to  Africa,  was  taken 
prisoner  by  the  Moors,  and  died  in  captivity. 

Coelho  Pereira,  Duarte.  Bom  about  1485: 
died  at  Olinda,  Pemambuco,  Aug.  7,  1554.  A 
Portuguese  soldier.  He  was  the  first  to  reach  Cochin 
China,  and  was  sent  as-'an  ambassador  to  Slam  and  China. 
In  1530  he  was  sent  to  the  coast  of  Brazil,  where  he  de- 
stroyed a  French  trading  establishment.  In  April,  1534, 
the  new  captaincy  of  Pemambuco  was  granted  to  him 
and  his  heirs  in  perpetuity,  and  he  speedily  made  it  the 
most  flourishing  colony  in  Brazil.  Olinda,  his  capital, 
was  founded  in  1636. 

Co^lica  (se'li-ka).  A  collection  of  short  poems 
of  different  lengths,  by  Pulke  Greville  (Lord 
Brooke).  It  appeared  in  a  folio  volume  con- 
taining other  poems  in  1633. 

Ooello  (ko-el'yo),  Alonso  Sanchez.  Bom  at 
Benifayro,  near  Valencia,  Spain^  about  1520(?) : 
died  at  Madrid,  1590.    A  Spanish  painter,  es- 

d)ecially  noted  for  his  portraits. 
oello,  Claudio.    Bom  at  Madrid,  1621:  died 
at  Madrid,  April  20,  1693.    A  Spanish  histori- 
cal painter. 

Coen  (kon),  Jan  Pieterszoon.  Bbm  at  Hoorn, 
Netherlands,  Jan.  8,  1587:  died  at  Batavia, 
Java,  Sept.  20,  1629.  A  Dutch  of&cial,  gover- 
nor-general of  the  Dutch  East  Indies  1618-23. 
He  founded  Batavia  in  1619. 

Coeur  (ker),  Jacques.  Bom  at  Bourges,  Prance, 
about  1400:  died  in  Chios,  Nov.  25,  1456.  A 
noted  Prench  financier,  and  merchant  in  the 
Levant.  He  had  charge  of  the  coinage  and  financial 
affairs  of  the  state  from  about  1430,  and  effected  important 
reforms.  He  was  imprisoned  1451-56  on  the  false  charge 
of  having  poisoned  Agn^s  SoreL 

Coeur  d'Al@ne  (ker  da-lan').  [P.,' awl-heart.'] 
An  Indian  tribe  living  chiefly  in  northern  Idaho. 
They  give  name  to  a  lake,  river,  and  range  of  mountains 
in  northern  Idaho.  In  1892  they  numbered  427.  See  Sa- 
liehan.    Their  name  for  themselves  is  SkUxwUK 

Coeur  de  Lion  (ker  d6  le-6n').  [P.,  'lion's 
heart,'  'lion-hearted.']  A  surname  given  on 
account  of  their  valor  to  Richard  I.  of  England 
and  Louis  Vni.  of  Prance. 

Coffee-House  Politician,  The.  A  comedy  by 
Henry  Fielding,  published  in  1730. 

Coffin  (kof'in),  Sir  Isaac.  Bom  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  May  16, 1759:  died  in  England,  July  23, 
1839.  A  British  sailor,  appointed  vice-admiral 
in  1808,  and  admiral  June  4,  1814.  He  entered 
the  navy  in  1773,  and  became  commander  in  1781.  In 
1788  he  was  accused  of  signing  a  false  muster,  tried  by 
court-martial,  found  guilty,  and  dismissed  from  the  navy, 
but  was  reinstated. 


Coimbatore 

Cofto,  James  Henry.  Bom  at  Northampton, 
Mass.,  Sept.  6,  1806:  died  at  Easton,  Pa.,  Peb. 
6, 1873.  An  American  mathematician  and  me- 
teorologist, professor  of  mathematics  and  as- 
tronomy at  Lafayette  College,  Easton.  He  wrote 
"  Winds  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere  "  (1863),  and  other 
meteorological  works,  "  Elements  of  Conic  Sections  "  and 
"Analytical  Geometry  "  (1849),  etc. 

Coffin,  Long  Tom.  A  sailor  in  Cooper's  novel 
"The  Pilot." 

Cogalniceanu  (ko-gul-nich-a-an'),  Michael. 
Bom  Sept.  6, 1817 :  died  at  Paris,  July  1,  1891. 
A  Rumanian  statesman  and  historian.  He  was' 
president  of  the  cabinet  1863-68,  minister  of  the  interior 
1868-70,  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1877-78,  minister  of  the 
interior  1879-80,  and  Rumanian  ambassador  at  Paris  1880- 
1881.  He  wrote  "Histoire  de  la  Valachie  et  de  la  Mol- 
davie  "  (1837),  etc. 

Coghetti  (ko-get'te),  Francesco.  Bom  at 
Bergamo,  Italy,  Oct.  4,  1804:  died  at  Rome, 
Apnl  21,  1875.  An  Italian  painter.  His  best- 
known  works  are  the  frescos  in  the  basilica  in 
Savona. 

Cogia  Hassan  Alhabbal  (ko'gya  has'san  S:l- 
hab'bal).  A  story,  in  "  The  Arabian  Nights' 
Entertainments,"  of  a  poor  rope-maker  who 
finds  a  diamond  in  a  large  fish,  and  becomes 
rich. 

Cogia  Houssam  (hos'sam).  The  captain  of  the 
thieves  in  "All  Baba  and  the  Porty  Thieves," 
in  "The  Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments," 
who,  under  this  name,  wins  the  confidence  of 
-Ali  Baba's  son. 

Cognac  (kon-yak').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Chareute,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Charente 
23  miles  west  of  AngoulSme :  the  ancient  Con- 
date  (in  the  middle  ages  Coniaous,  later  Coi- 
gnac).  It  is  the  center  of  the  brandy  trade  of  the  region. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  17,392. 

Cognac,  Holy  League  of.  A  league  concluded 
May  22, 1526,  between  Pope  Clement  VH.,  Fran- 
cis I.  of  Prance,  MUan,  and  Venice,  against  the 
emperor  Charles  V.  Henry  VIII.  was  m  sympathy 
with  the  league,  which  is  also  styled  the  Clementine 
League. 

Cogniard  (kon-yar'),  Hippolyte.  Bom  Nov. 
20,  1807:  died  Feb.  6, 1882.  A  French  theatri- 
cal director  and  writer  of  vaudevilles. 

Cogniard,  Theodore.  Bom  April  30, 1806 :  die^ 
Mly  14,  1872.  A  Prench  theatrical  director 
and  writer  of  vaudevilles  in  conjunction  with 
his  brother  Hippolyte. 

CogoletO  (ko-go-la'to).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Genoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  coast  15  miles 
west  of  Genoa.  It  is  sometimes  claimed  as  the 
birthplace  of  Columbus. 

Cogolludo  (ko-gol-yo'Do),  Diego  Lopez  de. 
A  Spanish  Franciscan  who  lived  in  Yucatan 
in  the  second  quarter  of  the  17th  century.  His 
"  Historia  de  Yucathan  "  (f ol. ,  Madrid,  1688)  is  a  chief  au- 
thority on  the  history  of  that  country  down  to  1656.  A 
second  edition  bears  the  title  "Los  tres  siglos  de  la  domi- 
nacion  espaflola  en  Yucatan"  (2  vols.,  Campeche  and 
Merida,  1842-46). 

Cogswell  (kogz'wel),  Joseph  Green.    Bom  at 

Ipswich,  Mass.,  Sept.  27,  1786:  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  Nov.  26,  1871.  An  American 
scholar.  He  was  professor  of  mineralogy  and  geology 
at  Harvard  1820-23 ;  founded,  with  George  Bancroft  the 
Round  Hill  School  at  Northampton,  Massachusetts,  in. 
1823;  edited  the  "New  York  Review";  was  appointed 
superintendent  of  the  Astor  Library,  New  York,  in  1848 ; 
and  resigned  as  superintendent  in  1861,  and  as  trustee  in 
1364. 

Cohasset  (ko-has'et).  A  town  and  simimer 
resort  in  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts,  situ- 
ated on  Massachusetts  Bay  15  miles  southeast 
of  Boston.  Minot's  Ledge  lighthouse  lies  1  mile  ott 
the  coast  at  this  point.    Population  (1900),  2,769. 

Cohn  (kon),  Ferdinand  Julius.  Bom  Jan.  24, 
1828 :  died  June  25,  1898.  A  noted  German 
botanist,  professor  of  botany  at  Breslau. 

Cohnheim  (kon'him),  Julius  Friedrich.  Bom 
at  Demmin,  Pomerania,  Prussia,  July  20,  1839 : 
died  at  Leipsic,  Aug.  14,  1884.  A  German  pa- 
thologist, noted  especially  for  discoveries  in 
regard  to  pus-eorpuscles.  He  became  professor  of 
pathology  and  pathological  anatomy  at  Kiel  in  1868,  at 
Breslau  in  1872,  and  at  Leipsic  in  1878. 

Cohoes  (ko-hoz').  A  city  in  Albany  County, 
New  York,  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Mohawk  with  the  Hudson,  8  miles  north  of 
Albany.  It  has  rolling-mills  and  manufactures  of  ho- 
siery and  underwear.  Its  water-power  is  derived  from 
the  Cohoes  Falls,  70  leet  in  height.  Population  (1900), 
23,910. 

Coila  (koi'la) :  Latinized  from  Kyle.  A  region 
in  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  celebrated  in  Burns's 
poems. 

Coimbatore  (ko-im-ba-tor'),  or  Koimbatur 
(-tor').  1.  Adistrict  in  Madras, British  India, 
situated  about  lat.  10°  30'-12°  N.,  long.  77°- 


Coimbatore  265 

''^1^'  -^®*'  7,860  square  miles.  Population  Colban  (kol'ban),  Madame  (Adolfine  Marie 
(1891),  2,004,839.-2.  The  capital  of  this  dis-  Schmidt).  Born  Dee.  18,  1814:  died  March 
triot,  situated  on  the  river  Noyel  in  lat.  10°  27,  1884.  A  Norwegian  novelist.  Her  works  in- 
59'  N.,  long.  77°  E.  Population  (1891),  46,383.  elude  "Tre  NoveUer"  (1878),  "Tre  nye  NoTeUer"(l876), 
Ooimbra  (ko-em'bra).  The  capital  of  the  dis-  J'^,'^ '«™'"  08"),  "Cleopatra"  (1880),  etc. 
triot  of  Coimbra,  in  Beira,  Portugal,  situated  S°S®£FVi  ?f  l^",l**7-  «  ^.  ^  r. 
(near  the  ancient  Conimbrioa)  on  the  Mon-  Colbert  (kol-bar'),  Jesui  Bajtiste.    Bom  at 


lards, 
nation. 


Cole,  John  William 

In  1692  he  was  elected  toqui  or  war-chief  of  the 
He  was  killed  in  an  unsuccessful  attack  on  Coya. 
Coldbath  Fields  (kold'bath  feldz).  A  part 
of  Middlesex  from  which  the  great  Coldbath 
Fields  prison  took  its  name.  The  original  house  of 
correction  here  was  built  in  the  reign  of  James  I  It 
was  overcrowded  and  was  closed  in  1886. 


dego  in  lat.  40°  12'  K.,  long.  8°  25'  W.  it  la 
the  seat  of  the  only  university  in  Portugal,  transferred 
here  in  1308  from  Lisbon  (where  it  was  founded  in  1290), 
and  was  the  scene  of  the  murder  of  Inea  de  Castro  in 
1856.  It  contains  the  Convent  of  Santa  Cruz,  with  the 
tombs  of  Alfonso  Henriques  and  Sancho  I.,  an  old  and  a 
new  cathedral,  and  a  fine  library  building  connected  with 
the  university.    Population  (1890),  est.,  17,329. 

Coimbra.  A  Brazilian  frontier  fort  and  settle- 
ment on  the  river  Paraguay  in  lat.  19°  55'  S. 
It  was  founded  in  1775,  repulsed  an  attack  of  the  Span- 
lards  in  1801,  and  was  taken  by  the  Paraguayans  in  Dec, 
1864. 

Coin  (ko-en').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Malaga,  Spain,  20  miles  west  of  Malaga.  Pop- 
ulation (1887),  9,825. 

Coire  (kwar),  Gr.  Chur  (chor).  [It.  Coira,  Ro- 
Uaansh  Ctiera.']  The  capital  of  the  canton  of 
Orisons,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Plessur, 
near  the  Rhine,  in  lat.  46°  51'  N.,  long.  9°  31'  E. : 
the  Roman  Curia  Rhsstorum.  it  is  a  very  old  town, 
and  contains  a  cathedral,  an  episcopal  palace,  and  some 
Boman  antiquities.  The  cathedral  is  a  venerable  struc- 
ture, in  parts  as  old  as  the  8th  century,  with  a  still  older 
crypt    Population  (1888),  9,380. 

Cojutepec  (ko-no-te-pek'),  or  Cojutepeaue 
(ko-Ho-te-pa'ki).  A  town  in  San  Salvador, 
Central  America,  10  miles  northeast  of  San 
Salvador.    Population,  about  10,000. 

Cokayne  (ko-kan'),  Thomas.  Born  at  Maple- 
ton,  Derbyshire,  Jan.  21,  1587 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, 1638.  An  English  lexicographer,  author 
of  an  English-Greek  lexicon  containing  deriva- 
tions and  definitions  of  "  all  the  words  in  the 
New  Testament"  (1658).  He  was  educated  at  Ox- 
ford (Corpus  Christ!  College),  but  did  not  take  a  degree. 
During  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  lived  in  London 
under  the  name  of  Browne. 


Rheims,  Prance,  Aug.  29,  1619 :  died  at  Paris,  Col  de  Balme  (kol  d6  balm).    A  notably  pio- 
"""  "■">""      '       .IT,,.,  turesque  Alpine  pass  on  the  route  between 

Chamonix  in  France  and  Martigny  in  Switzer- 
land. Elevation,  7,225  feet. 
Colden  (kol 'den),  Cadwallader.  Bom  at 
Dunse,  Scotland,  Feb.  17,  1688 :  died  on  Long 
Island,  N.  Y. ,  Sept.  28,  1776.  A  Scotch- Ameri- 
can physician,  botanist,  mathematician,  and 
politician,  lieutenant-governor  of  New  York 
1761-76.  He  introduced  the  Linnean  system  into  Amer- 
ica, and  furnished  Linnseus  (who  named  the  genus  Coldenia 
for  him)  with  descriptions  of  several  hundred  American 
plants.  He  wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Five  Indian  Nations 
of  Canada"  (1727),  and  several  medical  works. 

Colden,  Cadwallader  David.  Bom  near 
Flushing^  Long  Island,  April  4,  1769:  died  at 
Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  Feb.  7,  1834.    An  American 


Sept.  6,  1683.  A  noted  French  statesman.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  merchant  of  Rheims,  entered  the  service 
of  Cardinal  Mazarin  in  1648,  and  in  1661,  on  the  death  of 
Mazarin,  was  appointed  by  Louis  XIV.  minister  of  finance, 
a  post  which  he  held  until  his  death.  He  introduced  ex- 
tensive fiscal  reforms,  as  a  result  of  which  the  income 
of  the  government  was  neai'ly  trebled ;  and  encouraged 
commerce  and  the  industries  by  imposing  a  protective 
tariff,  by  the  building  of  canals,  and  by  the  planting  of 
colonies.  He  founded  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions  (1663), 
the  Academy  of  Sciences  (1666),  and  other  institutions  for 
the  promotion  of  art  and  science. 

Colbert,  Jean  Baptiste,  Marquis  de  Seignelay. 
Bom  at  Paris,  1651:  died  Nov.  3,  1690.  A 
French  official,  minister  of  marine :  son  of  J. 
B.  Colbert. 

Colbome  (kdl'bom).  Sir  John.    Born  at  Lynd- 


\r     r^  ^     \.-"     «  ,    tA"  ,-^Vo    J-  J  \rft,         Jersey  City,  jn.  J.,  i'eb.  7,  1834 

hurst,  Hampshire,  Feb.  16,  1778 :  died  at  Tor-    j^^yer  and  politician,  grandson  of  C.  Colden. 

2p^^;»?T°    r-H^f        '     f.\  f^!    Col  de  Tenda  (kol  d6  ten'da).    A  pass  in  the 

general.    He  entered  the  army  in  1794;  served  under     moiiTitains  of  TinrthwBstPi-Ti  Ttnlv  tipht-  Francfi 
Wellington  In  Portugal,  France,  and  Spain  1809-14 ;  fought    mountains  01  nortn  western  Italy,  near  J)  rauce, 
with  distinction  at  the  battle  of  Waterloo  in  1815 ;  was  ap-    •>"  miles  northeast  or  Monaco.    It  is  often  taken  as 
pointed  lieutenant-governor  of  Guernsey  in  1826 ;  and  in     the  boundary  between  the  Maritime  Alps"  and  the  Apen- 
1830  became  lieutenan1>governor  of  Upper  Canada,  a  post     nines.    Elevation,  6,196  feet. 

which  he  resigned  on  being  promoted  to  lieutenant-general  Qold  HarbOUr  (kold  har'bor).    [Also  Cole-Har- 

hour;  corruptea.  Coal  Barbour. i  Avery  ancient 


in  1838.  He  returned  to  England  in  1839,  after  having  in 
the  mean  time  quelled  the  Canadian  rebellion,  and  in  the 
same  year  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Lord  Seaton  of 
Seaton  in  Devonshire.  He  was  promoted  general  in  1864, 
was  commander  of  the  forces]  in  Ireland  1855-60,  and  was 
created  field-marshal  in  1860. 

Colbrand  (kol'brand),  or  Coldbrand  (kold'- 
brand).  A  Danish  giant,  slain  by  Guy  of  War- 
wick. There  is  some  slight  foundation  of  fact 
in  this  legend.    See  Guy  of  Warwick. 

Colburn  (k61'b6m),  Warren.  Bom  at  Ded- 
ham,  Mass.,  March  1,  1793:  died  at  Lowell, 
Sept.  15,  1833.    An  American  mathe- 


Mass.,  Sept.  15,  1833 
^  ,       .  .,        .   .     „,.,.-,._,.         J     -m,        matician,  best  known  as  a  writer  on  arithmetic. 
Coke  (kok,  originally  kuk),  Sir  Edward.   [The  Colburn.  Zerah.    Born  at  Cabot,  Vt.,  Sept.  1, 
surname  Coke  is  another  form  (archaic  sjpell-    ^qq^.  ^jg^  ^^^  Norwich,  Vt.,  March  2, 1840.    An 


ing)  of  Cook,  orig.  designating  a  cook.]  Born 
at  Mileham,  Norfolk,  England,  Feb.  1,  1552 : 
died  at  Stoke  Pogis,  Sept.  3,  1634.  A  noted 
English  jurist.  He  was  speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons 1592-93,  attorney-general  1693-94,  chief  justice  of 
the  Common  Pleas  1606,  and  chief  justice  of  the  King's 
Bench  1613.  He  came  into  conflict  with  the  king  and 
Bacon  on  matters  touching  the  royal  prerogative,  espe- 
cially  the  right  of  granting  commendams,  and  was  re- 
moved from  the  bench  Nov.  15,  1616.  Among  the  noted 
cases  which  he  conducted  as  prosecutor  are  those  of  Es- 
sex and  Southampton  in  1601,  of  Sii'  Walter  Kaleigh  in 
1603  (in  which  he  disgraced  himself  by  the  brutality  of 
bis  language),  and  of  the  gunpowder  plotters  in  1605.  In 
the  later  part  of  his  life  he  rendered  notable  service,  in 
Parliament,  to  the  cause  of  English  freedom,  his  last 
Important  speech  being  a  direct  attack  on  Buckingham. 
His  chief  works  are  his  "Reports"  (1600-15)  and  his 
"Institutes,"  which  consist  of  a  reprint  and  translation 


American,  celebrated  during  his  boyhood  as  an 
arithmetical  prodigy. 

Colby  (kol'bi)  University.  An  institution  of 
learning  situated  at  Waterville,  Maine,  it  was 
organized  in  1820,  and  previous  to  1867  was  called  Water- 
ville College.    It  is  under  the  control  of  the  Baptists. 

Colcampata  (kol-kam-pa'ta).    [Quiohua,  Her- 


building  in  the  parish  of  Allhallows  the  Less, 
near  the  Thames,  stow  gives  a  long  accoimt  of  the 
various  merchant  princes  and  great  men  through  whose 
hands  it  passed  till  it  came  to  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  who 
in  1563  changed  its  name  to  Shrewsbury  House ;  the  next 
earl  "  took  it  down,  and  in  place  thereof  bullded  a  number 
of  small  tenements,  now  letten  out  for  great  rents  to  peo- 
ple of  all  sorts."  It  was  at  this  time  a  sanctuary  for 
debtors,  gamesters,  etc. ;  hence  the  phrase  "To  take  sanc- 
tuary in  Cold  Harbour." 

Cold  Harbor.  A  place  in  Hanover  County, 
Virginia,  9  miles  east-northeast  of  Richmond, 
situated  near  the  Chickahominy.  It  was  the  scene 
of  two  battles  during  the  Civil  War :  the  first,  fought  June 
27,  1862,  is  better  known  as  the  battle  of  Gaines's  Mill 
(which  see) ;  the  second  was  fought  June  3, 1864,  and  the 
Confederates  (50,000-69,000)  under  Lee  defeated  the  Fed- 
erals (150,000)  under  Grant.  Losses  (June  1-12):  of  Fed- 
erals, 14,931 ;  of  Confederates,  1,700. 

Coldingham  (kol' ding-am).  A  village  of  Ber- 
wickshire, Scotland,  lO'miles  northwest  of  Ber- 
wick. It  contained  a  famous  priory,  burned  by 
the  Danes  about  870. 


there  as  a  signal  that  the  season  of  planting  had  com- 
menced, and  there  he  plucked  the  first  ears  of  the  har- 
vest. These  ceremonies  were  celebrated  by  festivals. 
The  Colcampata  palace  was  at  the  base  of  the  terraces, 
and  portions  of  it  remain  in  a  good  state  of  preservation. 
ofLittieton's"  Tenures"  with  a  commentary  (popularly  (Jolchestor  (kol'ches-ter).  A  town  in  Essex, 
known  as  "Coke  upon  Littleton");  the  text  of  various     TCnffla,Tid.  situated  on  the  ~  "       '     ' 


race  of'the  Canaries.']    A  series  of  artificial  Coldstream  (kold'strem).     A  small  tpvm  in 
terraces  at  the  foot  of  the  Sacsahuaman  hill,    Berwickshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  Tweed 
north  of  and  overlooking  the  city  of  Cuzco,     12  miles  southwest  of  Berwick. 
Pem.    Under  the  Inca  sovereigns  they  were  a  sort  of  Coldstroam  Guards.     A  regiment  of  British 
sacred  garden :  every  j^ear  the  Inca  hiniseU  broke  the  soil    foot-guards,  first  enrolled  by  General  Monk  at 


„„„..„ '■  upon ,, 

statutes  from  Magna  Charta  to  the  time  of  James  I.,  with 
a  commentary ;  a  treatise  on  criminal  law ;  and  a  treatise 
on  the  jurisdiction  of  the  different  law-couits. 

Coke,  Thomas.  Born  at  Brecon,  South  Wales, 
Sept.  9,  1747:  died  at  sea.  May  2,  1814.  A 
British  preacher  and  missionary,  first  bishop 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  (1784).  He 
wrote  a  "  Commentary  on  the  Holy  Scriptures" 
(1807),  "History  of  the  West  Indies"  (1808), 
etc. 

Coke,  Thomas  William,  Bom  May  4, 1752: 
died  at  Longford  Hall,  Derbyshire,  June  30, 
1842.  An  English  nobleman  and  Whig  poli- 
tician, created  earl  of  Leicester  of  Holkham 
and  Viscount  Coke  Aug.  12,  1837.  He  was  the 
son  of  Thomas  Wenman,  and  assumed  the  name  Coke 
on  succeeding  to  the  estate  of  his  maternal  uncle, 
Thomas  Coke,  earl  of  Leicester.  He  is  best  known  for 
his  improvements  in  agriculture  on  his  estates  about 
Holkham,  Norfolk,  especially  in  the  breeds  of  cattle, 
sheep,  and  pigs. 


England,  situated  on  the  Colne  in  lat.  51°  54 
N.,  long.  0°  54'  E. :  the  Roman  Camulodunum, 


Coldstream  1659-60. 
Coldstream  (kold'strem).  Lady  Catharine. 

A  Scottish  woman  of  quality  in  Foote's  play 

' '  The  Maid  of  Bath  " :  a  shrewd  old  woman  who 

tries  her  hand  at  match-making. 
Coldstream,  Sir  Charles.    A  languid  man  of 

fashion  in  Mathews's  farce  "  Used  Up." 


and  the  Anglo-Saxon  Colneceaster.    It  has  long  (3olt[iiBonhonmie(koldttbo-nom').  [F.,'good- 
.,  .,_-=!        »„^.v,.      .„j       »„,„.  ™„„„    jjjj^jjig  jjggjj.  ,-j    1.  One  of  the  chief  passes  over 

the  Vosges  Mountains  on  the  frontier  of  France 
and  Alsace  southwest  of  Markirch.  Elevation, 
3,084  feet. — 2.  A  pass  in  the  Alps,  south  of 
Mont  Blanc,  on  the  route  between  Chamonix  and 
Courmayeur  (in  Italy).    Elevation,  7,680  feet. 


been  famous  for  its  oyster-fishery,  and  contains  many 
Boman  antiquities,  including  Boman  walls.  It  has  a 
castle  and  the  ruins  of  St.  Botolph's  Priory  and  of  a  Bene- 
dictine monastery.  The  castle  is  the  most  powerful  Nor- 
man military  structure  in  England.  The  dimensions  of 
the  keep  are  168  by  126  feet,  and  its  walls  vary  in  thickness 
from  11  to  30  feet.  In  one  portion  of  the  walls  appears 
Boman  herring-bone  work  in  brick.    The  chapel  is  now  a 


museum  of  Boman  antiquities.  Camulodunum  wastheear-  Ool  du  Mont-ISOran  (kol  dii  m6nt-ez-ron'). 
liest  Roman  colony  in  Britain,  and  was  destroyed  by  the    j^  pg^gg  jn  the  southeastern  Alps,  between  the 

.^  .      ,,  ,  ■      Jlilevation,  a.Ooo  teet. 
th?/tiS^.tLlio'dTn"u'rtSrca^l^o'f' {L-'tlsS  Coldwater(kold^ 

princes  after  they  had  submitted  to  the  Romans,  and  the  County,  in  southern  Michigan,  situated  on  Cold- 
first  Roman  city  in  the  island  which  was  honoured  with  water  River  in  lat.  41°  57  N.,  long.  85°  W. 
the  rank  of  a  colonia.    History  speaks  of  its  temples  and    Population  (1900),  6,216. 

public  buildings ;  and  if,  at  an  early  period  of  its  history,  „  ,^  ,, -,,  /VL----  'gon,  at  Portsmouth.  Eng- 
ft  was  exposed  to  attack  without  walls  of_  defence,  that  Oole  (koi),  G«orgej__  ^«om  at  ±-onsmoutn^^J!.ng^ 


waiit  was'so  welT  supplied  at  a  subsequent  period,  that  land,  1810 :  died  at  London,  Sept.  7,  1883, 

the  ponderous  masonry  of  its  walls  has  endured  to  the  English  landscape-painter, 

present  day,  and  ought  never  to  have  allowed  anybody  to  „  .      „.    gg„_^      ggrn  ^t  Bath,  July  15,  1808: 

hesU^e  in  placing  the  site  of  this  anci^-jt  cUy -^  %■  Oole^  ^tSln,  AprU  18,  1882'.     L  English 

si;sl^s,i^srhf— Lt^trefiSsa^'wfi^'uf^  co^  seeAmt,ckaries.  .    °«iti^  .^i^fstcS?;  srircUSe^'o^V^^^^^ 

SllS^^u^SiowSs  to  take  from  K^^^  Oolchis   (kol'kis).      [Gr.  Ko^;^/C;].  I", ancient     postage  in  1833,  edited  the  "Jomrnal  of  Design';  1849-62, 


Cokes  (koks),  Bartholomew.  A  foolish  young 
squire  in  Jonson'soomedy"Bartholomew  Fair." 


verge 
Ity,  his 

paqqIv    \ 

ment  tha'tofiers,  his  incapacity  . 

one  of  two  events  at  a  tune,  with  his  anxious  fears  that 
the  other  will  escape  him,  joined  to  the  usual  ooncom- 
Jtants  of  foUy,  selfishness,  cunning,  and  occasional  fits 

°*  °ffi/^<f?Notes  to  Jonson  (Bartholomew  Fair),  II.  210. 
Colada  (ko-la'THa).    [Sp.]    The  second  sword 

of  the  Cid. 
Colapur.    See  KolMpur. 


Minffrelia     It  was  the  legendary  land  of  Medea  and  Summerly,"  "Ttfe  Home  Treasury"  (1843-44)   "Pleasure 

irSfurTiH"^  ■""''"""  ^'''  """'"^  "'  l^t^oL^^^^'^^i^i'^i^^n^T^. 

Colour  (kol'kor).     Born  in  Araucania  about  Cole,  John  William :  pseudonym  John  Wil- 

1555:  died  at  Santa  Cmz  de  Coya,  1598.    An  liam  Oalcraft.      -An  English  miscellaneous 

Araucanian  Indian  of  Chile,  grandson  of  the  writer.    He  has  written  "Russia  and  the  Russians" 

celebrated  chief  Caupolican.     Hewas  cacique  of  (1854),"  Life  and  Theatrical  Times  of  Charles  Kean"  (i860), 

Angol  and  one  of  the  most  determined  foes  of  the  Span-  and  "The  Bride  of  Lammermoor,"  a  drama. 


Cole,  King 

Cole,  King.    See  King  Cole. 

Cole,'  Mrs.  A  character  played  by  Foots  in  his 
comedy  "The  Mirror,"  a  procuress  whose  pre- 
tended reformation  was  intended  as  a  slur  on 
the  Methodists,  she  refers  to  her Iriend  Dr.  Squintum, 
which  gave  great  ofEense,  as  he  was  at  once  identified  with 
George  Whitefleld.  She  was  a  real  person,  a  "Mother 
Douglass." 

Cole,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Bolton-le-Moors,  Lan- 
cashire, England,  Feb.  1, 1801 :  died  at  Catskill, 
N.  Y.,  Feb.  11, 1848.  A  noted  American  land- 
scape-painter. He  came  with  his  father  to  the  United 
States  in  1819,  settled  in  Ohio,  and  in  1825  removed  to  New 
York.  He  aspired  to  be  a  painter  of  large  historical,  or  ra- 
ther allegorical,  landscapes ;  and  some  of  his  productions  in 
this  line  (as,  for  instance,  those  in  the  New  York  Histori- 
cal Society's  rooms)  will  always  secure  him  a  respectable 
place  among  the  followers  of  the  old  school.  He  was  a 
great  lover  of  the  Catskills  and  White  Mountains. 

Cole,  Timothjr.  Bom  at  London,  April  6, 1852. 
A  noted  American  wood-engraver,  and  leader  of 
the  new  school  of  wood-engraving.  His  most  im- 
portant work  is  "  Old  Italian  Masters,"  begun  in  1883,  pub- 
lished in  1892  (text  by  W.  J.  StUlman). 

Cole,  Vicat.  Bom  1833 :  died  April  6, 1893.  An 
English  landscape-painter. 

Cole,  William.  Born  at  Little  Abingtou,  Cam- 
bridgeshire, Aug.  3,  1714 :  died  at  Milton,  near 
Cambridge,  Dec.  16, 1782.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  antiquary,  an  authority  on  the  anti- 
quities of  Cambridge  and  Cambridgeshire.  His 
manuscripts  are  in  the  British  Museum. 

Colebrooke  (kol'bruk),  Henry  Thomas.  Bom 
at  London,  June  15,  1765 :  died  at  London, 
March  10,  1837.  An  English  Orientalist,  bele- 
brated  as  the  pioneer  of  the  modem  study  of 
Sanskrit. 

Coleman  (korman),  Lyman.  Bom  at  Middle- 
field,  Mass.,  June  14, 1796 :  died  at  Easton,  Pa., 
March  16, 1882.  An  American  educator  and  theo- 
logical writer,  professor  of  Latin  and  Greek  at 
Lafayette  College  1861-68,  and  of  Latin  1868-82. 

Colenso  (ko-len'so),  John  William.  Bom  at 
St.  Austell,  Cornwall,  Jan.  24,  1814:  died  at 
Durban,  Natal,  June  20,  1883.  An  English  di- 
vine, appointed  bishop  of  Natal  in  1853.  He  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  and  was  tutor  in  St.  John's  Col- 
lege 1842-46.  From  that  date  until  18S3  he  was  vicar 
of  Forncett  St  Mary  in  Norfolk.  He  published  elemen- 
tary treatises  on  arithmetic  and  algebra,  volumes  of  ser- 
mons, works  on  the  Zulu  language,  a  "Commentary  on 
St.  Paul's  Epistle  to  the  Romans  "  (1861),  "The  Penta- 
teuch and  Book  of  Joshua  Critically  Examined  "(1862-79), 
etc.  His  writings  on  the  Old  Testament,  in  which  he  took 
very  advanced  critical  ground,  awakened  great  and  bitter 
opposition ;  he  was  excommunicated  by  Bishop  Gray,  met- 
ropolitan of  Cape  Town  (a  proceeding  afterward  declared 
to  be  null  and  void),  and  was  subjected  to  attacks  from 
many  quarters. 

Coleone,  Bartolommeo.    See'Colleoni. 

Colepeper  (k61'pep''6r),  John.  Died  in  Eng- 
land, June  11,  1660.  An  English  royalist  poli- 
tician, first  Lord  Colepeper,  son  of  Sir  John 
Colepeper  of  Wigsell,  Sussex.  He  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Long  Farliament  in  1640 ;  took  part  in  the  pro- 
ceedings against  Straflord ;  supported  the  episcopacy  and 
opposed  the  Scottish  demand  for  religious  union ;  became 
a  privy  councilor  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  Jan. 
2, 1642  ;  and  was  thenceforth  an  influential  adviser  of  the 
king.  He  followed  Charles  to  York ;  fought  at  the  battle 
of  Edgehill ;  became  master  of  the  rolls  Jan.  28, 1643 ;  and 
accompanied  the  Prince  of  Wales  (Charles  II.)  to  France 
in  1646.  He  remained  until  his  death  a  councilor  and 
active  supporter  of  the  prince. 

Colepepper,  Captain  John.  A  bully  and  mur- 
derer in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  "  Fortunes  of  Nigel." 
He  is  sometimes  known  as  Peppercul. 
Coleraine  (kol-ran').  A  municipal  borough  in 
County  Londonderry,  Ireland,  situated  on  the 
Bann  in  lat.  55°  8'  N.,  long.  6°  41'  W.  It  is 
noted  for  its  linen  manufactures.  Population 
(1891),  6,845. 
Coleridge  (kol'rij),  Derwent.  Bom  at  Kes- 
wick, England,  Sept.  14,  1800 :  died  at  Torquay, 
April  2, 1883.  An  English  clergyman  and  edu- 
cator, son  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge.  He  was 
master  of  the  grammar-school  at  Helston,  Cornwall,  1825- 
1840;  principal  of  St.  Mark's  College,  Chelsea,  1841-64; 
and  rector  of  Hanwell  1864-80. 
Coleridge,  Hartley.  Born  at  Clevedon,  Somer- 
setshire, Sept.  19,  1796 :  died  at  Kydal,  West- 
moreland, Jan.  6,  1849.  An  English  poet  and 
man  of  letters,  son  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge. 
He  published ' '  Biographia  borealis  "  (1833),  republished  as 
"Worthies  of  Yorkshire  and  Lancashire"  (1836),  and  an 
edition  of  Massinger  and  Ford  (1840),  etc.  His  poetical 
and  prose  remains  were  edited  by  his  brother  Derwent 
Coleridge  in  1861.  His  life  was  one  of  misfortune,  due  to 
an  exceptionally  sensitive,  shy,  and  ineffectual  character. 

Coleridge,  Henry  Nelson.  Born  at  Ottery  St. 
Mary,  England,  Oct.  25,  1798:  died  Jan.  26, 
1843.  An  English  lawyer  and  man  of  letters, 
nephew  of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge,  and  hus- 
band of  Sara  Coleridge.  He  became  his  uncle's  lit- 
erary executor,  and  edited  several  of  his  works,  besides 
publishing  his  "Table  Talk." 


266 

Coleridge,  Herbert,  Bom  at  Hampstead,  Eng- 
land, Oct.  7,  1830:  died  at  London,  April  23, 
1861.  An  English  lawyer  and  philologist,  son 
of  Henry  Nelson  Coleridge,  and  grandson  of 
Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge.  He  was  one  of  the  origi- 
nal promoters  and  practicafly  the  first  general  editor  of 
the  dictionary  at  first  designed  by  the  Philological  Society 
to  supply  the  deficiencies  of  Johnson's  and  Kichardson's, 
but  which  in  the  hands  of  later  editors  has  developed  into 
the  "New English  Dictionary,  on  Historical  Principles," 
in  process  of  publication  since  1884. 

Coleridge,  John  Duke,  Baron  Coleridge.  Born 
Dec.  3,  1820 :  died  June  14,  1894.  An  English 
jurist,  son  of  Sir  John  Taylor  Coleridge.  He 
became  chief  justice  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  in 
1873,  and  lord  chief  justice  of  England  in  1880. 

Coleridge,  Sir  John  Taylor.  Bom  at  Tiverton, 
England,  1790 :  died  at  Ottery  St.  Mary,  Feb. 
11, 1876.  An  English  jurist,  nephew  of  Samuel 
Taylor  Coleridge,  justice  of  the  King's  Bench 
1835-58.  He  edited  Blackstone's  "Commen- 
taries" (1825). 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor.  Bom  at  Ottery  St. 
Mary,  iJevonshire,  England,  Oct.  21,  1772 :  died 
at  Highgate,  London,  July  25, 1834.  An  Eng- 
lish poet,  philosopher,  and  literary  critic.  He 
studied,  with  a  short  interruption,  at  Cambridge  1791-94, 
when  he  left  without  a  degree.  Soon  after  this  he  formed, 
with  Southey,  George  Burnett,  and  others,  the  project  of 
establishing  a  comr^nlsti6  society  on  the  Susquehanna 
River,  a  scheme  which  was  never  executed  owiqg  to  want 
of  funds.  He  married  Sara  Fricker,  the  sister  of  Southey's 
wife,  in  1795 ;  and  in  the  same  year  settled  at  Bristol, 
where  the  first  volume  of  his  poems  was  published  in  1796. 
He  began  in  1796  the  publication  of  a  weekly  periodical, 
entitled  "The  Watchman,"  of  which  only  ten  numbers 
appeared.  In  1798  he  published,  in  conjunction  with 
Wordsworth,  the  "LyricalBallads,"  contributing  the  "An- 
cient Mariner,"  the  "  Nightingale,"  and  two  scenes  from 
"  Osorio  "  (afterward  "Remorse '0.  In  1798  he  accepted  an 
annuity  of  £150  from  the  brothers  Josiah  and  Thoinas 
Wedgwood,  and  in  the  same  year  went  to  Germany,  where 
he  studied  physiology  and  philosophy  some  months  at  the 
University  of  Gottingen.  He  returned  to  England  in  1799, 
and  in  1800  settled  at  Keswick,  the  home  of  Southey  and 
Wordsworth.  He  was  secretary  to  the  governor  of  Malta 
1804-05.  Subsequently,  owing  to  domestic  difficulties, 
aggravated  by  his  habit  of  taking  opium,  he  separated 
from  his  wife  and  went  to  London,  where  he  lectured  to 
fashionable  audiences  on  Shakspere,  the  fine  arts,  and 
cognate  subjects.  In  1816  he  became  the  guest  of  Mr. 
Gillman,  a  physician  of  London,  in  whose  house  he  spent 
the  rest  of  his  life.  Among  his  works  are  "Remorse,  a 
Tri^edy"  (1813),  "Christabel"  (1816),  "Biographia  Lite- 
raria"  (1817),  "Aids  to  Reflection  in  the  Formation  of  a 
Manly  Character  "  (1825),  etc.  "  Literary  Remains  "  edited 
by  H.  N.  Coleridge  (1836-39),  complete  works  edited  by 
Shedd  (1858-64). 

Coleridge,  Sara.  Bom  at  Greta  Hall,  near 
Keswick,  England,  Deo.  22,  1802 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, May  3, 1852.  An  English  writer,  daughter 
of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge,  and  wife  (1829)  of 
Henry  Nelson  Coleridge.  She  is  best  known 
as  the  editor,  after  her  husband's  death,  of  her 
father's  writings. 

Coles  (kolz),  Co'Vtmer  Phipps.  Born  1819:  lost 
at  sea,  Sept.  7,  1870.  An  English  naval  officer 
who  served  with  distinotioii  at  Sebastopol  in 
1854.  He  gave  much  attention  to  the  construction  of 
turreted  ships,  and  claimed  to  be  the  originator  (a  claim 
disproved  in  favor  of  Ericsson  and  others)  of  the  monitor 
type  of  iron-clad  ships.  He  lost  his  life  by  the  capsizing 
of  the  Captain  (a  ship  of  this  class  constructed  under  his 
own  supervision)  in  a  gale  off  Cape  Finisterre,  in  which 
523  persons  were  drowned. 

Coles,  Edward.  Born  in  Albemarle  County, 
Va.,  Dec.  15,  1786:  died  at  Philadelphia,  July 
7,  1868.  An  American  politician,  governor  of 
Illinois  1823-26.  He  prevented,  after  a  bitter  and  pro- 
tracted struggle,  the  pro-slavery  party  from  obtaining 
control  of  the  State.  * 

Coles,  Elisha.  Bom  at  Wolverhampton,  Eng- 
land, about  1640 :  died  at  Galway,  Ireland,  Dec. 
20,  1680.  An  English  school-teacher,  stenog- 
rapher, and  lexicographer.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
work  on  shorthand  (1674),  "An  English  Dictionary,  ex- 
plaining the  difficult  terms  that  are  used  in  divinity,  etc." 
(1676:  and  several  subsequent  editions),  "A  Dictionary, 
English-Latin  and  Latin-English  "  (1677 :  and  several  later 
editions),  etc. 

Colet  (kol'et),  John.  Bom  at  London,  1466: 
died  at  London,  Sept.  16,  1519.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish theologian  and  classical  scholar,  dean  of 
St.  Paul's  (1505),  and  founder  of  St.  Paul's 
School  (1512).  Hewastheintimatetriendof  Erasmus 
and  More,  and  one  of  the  chief  promoters  of  the  "new 
learning"  and  indirectly  of  the  Reformation. 

Colet  (ko-la'),  Madame  (Louise  R6voil).  Bom 
at  Aix,  France,  Sept.  15,  1810 :  died  at  Paris, 
March  8,  1876.  A  French  poet,  novelist,  and 
general  writer.  Her  works  include  "Lea  fleurs  du 
midi"  (1837),  "Lui,  roman  contemporaln "  (1859),  "Les 
devotes  du  grand  monde  "  (1873),  etc. 

Colfax  (kol'faks),  Schuyler.  Bom  at  New 
York,  March  23, 1823:  died  at  Mankato,  Minn., 
Jan.  13,  1885.  An  American  statesman,  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  States  1869-73.  He  was 
member  (Republican)  of  Congress  from  Indiana  1855-69, 


Coll6,  Charles 

and  speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  1863-89.  Ho 
was  implicated  in  the  Credit  Mobilier  scandal  in  1873, 
but  denied  the  truth  of  the  charges  brought  against  him. 

Colico  (kol'e-ko).  A  town  in  northern  Italy, 
on  Lake  Como,  situated  near  its  northern  ex- 
tremity 27  miles  northeast  of  Como. 

Coligny,  or  Coligni  (ko-len-ye'  or  ko-len'ye), 
Gaspard  de.  Born  at  Ch&tillon-sur-Lomg, 
France,  Feb.  16, 1517:  kUled  at  Paris,  Aug.  24, 
1572.  A  celebrated  French  general  and  Hugue- 
not leader,  son  of  Gaspard  de  Coligny,  marshal 
of  France.  He  was  presented  at  the  court  of  Francis  L 
by  his  uncle  the  constable  Anne  de  Montmorency  In  1637, 
was  knighted  by  Cond6  on  the  field  of  C^risolles  In  1644, 
became  admiral  of  France  in  165^  and  was  taken  prisoner 
of  war  by  the  Spaniards  at  St.  Quentin  in  1667.  On  his  re- 
turn to  France  he  openly  embraced  Calvinism,  and,  taking 
advantage  of  his  official  position,  made  several  attempts 
to  establish  colonies  in  America  as  places  of  refuge  for 
the  Huguenots,  including  the  expedition  of  Jean  Rihault 
in  1662  and  that  of  Laudonnifere  in  1664.  Civil  war  having 
broken  out  in  1562,  he  was  chosen  second  in  command  of 
the  Huguenot  forces.  The  murder  of  the  Prince  of  Cond£ 
after  the  battle  of  Jarnac  (1669)  placed  him  at  the  head  of 
the  Huguenot  party  until  superseded  by  Henry  of  Navarre, 
in  whose  name  he  fought  the  disastrous  battle  of  Mon- 
contour  the  same  year.  His  victory  over  the  Catholics  at 
Amay-le-Duc  June  27, 1670,  however,  resulted  in  the  peace 
of  St.  Germain,  concluded  Aug.  8, 1670.  On  the  occasion  of 
the  marriage  of  Henry  of  Navarre  with  Margaret  of  Valois, 
sister  of  Charles  IX. ,  he  visited  Paris,  where,  although 
treated  with  apparent  cordiality  by  the  king,  he  was  mur- 
dered in  his  chamber  in  the  presence  of  the  Duke  of  Guise, 
falling  as  the  first  victim  of  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew. 

Colima(ko-le'ma).  1.  A  state  in  Mexico,  lying 
between  Jalisco  on  the  north,  Michoacan  on 
the  east,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west. 
Area,  2,704  square  miles.  Population  (1895), 
55,677. — 3.  The  capital  of  this  state,  in  lat. 
19°  12'  N.,  long.  103°  40'  W.  Population  (1895), 
19,305. — 3.  A  volcano  in  the  state  of  Jalisco, 
Mexico,  situated  about  40  miles  northeast  of 
the  city  of  Colima.  It  was  in  eruption  in  1869,  in 
1881,  and  since  1890.  Height,  about  12,750  feet. 
—  4.  A  nevado,  or  snowy  mountain,  on  the  boun- 
dary of  Colima  and  Jalisco.  Height,  14, 364  feet. 

Colimas  (ko-le'mSz).  [PI.]  iui  Indian  tribe 
of  New  Granada,  which  lived  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Magdalena  River  and  in  the  vaUey  of  the 
Rio  Negro  northwest  of  the  present  site  of 
Bogota.  They  had  little  civilization,  but  built  fixed 
villages.  The  Colimas,  at  the  time  of  the  conquest,  were 
in  alliance  with  the  Musos,  Faniqnitas,  and  other  tribes 
against  their  common  enemies,  the  Chibchas :  probably 
these  tribes  were  etlmologically  related.  They  resisted 
the  Spaniards  fiercely,  and  were  soon  destroyed. 

CoUn  Clout  (kol'in  klout).  A  poem  by  Skel- 
ton:  a  satire  against  the  clergy  of  his  time. 

Colin  Clout 's  Come  Home  Again.  A  poem  by 
Edmund  Spenser,  published  1595.  Spenser  took 
the  name  from  Skelton,  and  called  himself  Colin  Clout  in 
all  his  poems.  Colin  Clout  is  also  a  character  in  Gay's 
pastoral  "  The  Shepherd's  Week." 

Colins  (ko-lan'),  Alexander.  Bom  at  Mechlin, 
Belgium,  1526 :  died  at  Innsbruck,  Tyrol,  Aug. 
17, 1612.  A  Flemish  sculptor.  His  best  works 
are  at  InnBbruck  (mausoleum  of  Maximilian 
I.,  etc.).  His  works  in  wood  and  in  ivory  are 
also  noted. 

Coll  (kol).  An  island  of  the  Inner  Hebrides, 
Argyllshire,  Scotland,  lying  west  of  Mull. 
Length,  13  miles. 

CoUa  (kol'ya).  [From  the  Indian  tribe  of  the 
same  name.]  A  province  of  the  Inoa  empire 
of  Peru,  lying  south  of  Cuzco,  and  embracing  a 
portion  of  the  Titicaca  basin.  It  corresponded 
to  the  modem  CoUao  (which  see). 

CoUamer  (kol'a-mSn),  Jacob.  Bom  at  Troy, 
N.  Y.,  1792:  died  at  Woodstock,  Vt.,  Nov.  9, 
1865.  An  American  politician,  postmaster- 
general  1849-50,  and  United  States  senator 
&om  Vermont  1855-65. 

Collao  (kol-ya'6).  A  region  in  southern  Peru, 
embracing  the  Peruvian  portion  of  the  Titi- 
caca basin.  The  name  is  also  extended  to  adjacent 
parts  of  Bolivia.  The  Collao  consists  of  elevated  plains 
and  hilly  lands,  nowhere  less  than  1^000  feet  above  the  sea. 
It  is  limited  on  the  east  and  west  by  two  great  chains  of 
the  Andean  system,  and  northward  the  VilcaSota  cross- 
range  separates  it  from  the  basin  of  Cuzco.  The  greater 
part  of  the  Peruvian  department  of  Puno  is  included  in 
the  CoUao. 

Collappohyea.    See  Calapooya. 

Collas  (kol'yaz).    An  Indian  tribe  of  Bolivia, 

now  known  as  AymarAs  (which  see). 
CoUa-suyu  (kol'ya-so'yo).     ['Region  of  the 

CoUa.']    A  name  given  by  the  Incas  to  the 

southern  quarter  of  their  empire,  embracing  the 

highlands  of  Bolivia,  and  Peru  south  of  Cuzco. 
CoUe  (kol'le).    A  small  town  in  Tuscany,  Italy, 

situated  northwest  of  Siena. 
CoUe  (ko-la'),  Charles.    Bom  at  Paris,  1709: 

died  there,  Nov.  3, 1783.    A  French  song-writer 

and  dramatist. 


CoUe,  Bafaello  dal 

Oolle  (kol'le),  Bafaello  dal,  or  Rafaellino 
aal.  Born  at  or  near  San  Sepolcro,  Tuscany, 
about  1490:  died  about  1540  (J).  An  Italian 
painter,  pupil  of  Raphael  (whence  his  surname 
Bafaellino). 

Colleen  Bawn  (kol'enban),The,or  The  Brides 
of  Garry-Owen. .  A  play  by  Dion  Bouoicault, 
tounded  on  Gerald  CfrifSn's  novel  "The  Col- 
legiaus."_  it  was  flrat  played  on  Sept.  10, 1860.  A  novel 
with  this  title  was  published  in  1861.    See  CoUegiana,  The. 

College  de  France  (ko-lazh'  d6  frons),  or  Col- 
lege Boyal.  An  institution  of  learning  founded 
by  Francis  I.  in  1529.  it  was  designed  to  promote 
the  more  advanced  tendencies  of  the  time,  and  to  coun- 
teract the  scholasticism  of  the  university.  It  at  first  con- 
sisted of  four  chairs  for  instruction  in  Greek  and  Hebrew. 
Later  were  added  medicine,  mathematics,  philosophy  (in 
the  reign  of  Henry  II.),  eloquence,  botany,  Arabic  (Henry 
III.),  and  Syriao  (Louis  2ail.).  In  1789  there  were  18 
cliairs ;  in  1835  there  were  24  chairs.  There  are  about  40 
at  the  present  time.  The  College  Eoyal,  or  College  de 
France,  was  at  first  dependent  upon  the  university  for 
lecture-rooms.  In  1610  a  new  building  was  commenced, 
which  has  been  finished  in  the  present  century. 

College  Mazarin  (ko-lazh'  ma-za-ran').  A  col- 
lege in  Paris,  founded  by  Mazarin,  March  6, 
1661.  He  endowed  it,  and  gave  it  his  library  of  49,000 
volumes.  The  building  was  erected  on  the  site  of  the 
Tour  de  Nesle  by  the  architect  Le  Vau,  and  was  finished 
in  1672.  In  1674  the  new  college  was  incorporated  in  the 
university.  Its  object  was  the  gratuitous  instruction  and 
sustenance  of  sixty  sons  of  gentlemen  living  in  the  four 
newly  acquired  provinces,  Piguerol,  Alsace,  La  Flandre, 
and  Soussillon ;  hence  its  name  "College  des  Quatre  Na- 
tions "  ('College  of  the  Four  Kations'). 

College  of  the  Four  Nations.    See  College 

Mazarin. 

College  of  William  and  Mary.  See  William 
.  and  Mary  College. 

Collegians  (ko-le'ji-anz).  The.  A  novel  by 
•  Gerald  GrifB.ii,   issued  anonymously  in  1829. 

In  1861  an  edition  was  produced,  illustrated  by  Phiz,  and 

called  "The  Colleen  Bawn,  or  The  Collegian's  Wife."  See 

Colleen  Bawn. 

CoUegiants  (ko-le'ji-ants).  A  sect  founded  near 
Leyden,  Holland,  in  1'619,  the  societies  of  which 
are  called  colleges.  The  sect  spread  rapidly  in  the 
Netherlands,  and  is  still  maintained  there  and  In  Hanover. 

Colleoni  (kol-la-6'ne),  or  Coleone  (ko-la-o'ne), 
Bartolommeo.  Born  at  Solza,  near  Bergamo, 
1400 :  died  Nov.  4,  1475.  A  noted  Italian  mer- 
cenary commander,  the  foremost  tactician  and 
disciplinarian  of  the  15th  century.  He  was  of  an 
ancient  and  noble  family  which  exercised  a  minor  sover- 
eignty over  the  province  of  Bergamo.  He  served  in  his 
youth  under  the  principal  condokieH,  or  mercenary  gen- 
erals, of  the  time ;  and  in  wars  between  Milan  and  Venice 
followed  his  advantage  by  serving  either  side  at  discre- 
tion. The  Visconti  of  Milan  cast  him  into  prison,  and 
the  Council  of  Ten  at  Venice  conspired  for  his  assassina- 
tion. In  1454  he  finally  became  generalissimo  of  the  land 
forces  of  Venice,  and  retained  this  post  until  his  death. 
He  was  a  patron  of  the  arts.  The  most  notable  works 
which  celebrate  his  greatness  are  the  statue  by  Verrocchio 
and  Leopardi  in  Venice,  the  best  equestrian  statue  in  ex- 
istence (see  Verrocchio  and  Leo^pardi)  ;  the  castle  of  Mal- 
paga,  near  Bergamo,  with  its  frescos ;  and  the  Colleoni 
chapel  in  the  Alta  Citta  at  Bergamo,  with  the  tombs  of 
Bartolommeo  and  his  daughter  Medea.  The  statue  by  Ver- 
rocchio stands  before  San  Giovanni  e  Paolo  in  Venice.  It 
was  cast  in  1496,  and  is  the  second  equestrian  statue  of  the 
Italian  Renaissance.  It  characterizes  with  striking  nat- 
uralism the  haughty  and  formidable  mercenary  soldier. 
The  rich  marble  pedestal  has  Corinthian  columns  and  en- 
1j  A  hi  9.1m  V  G 

Collet  (kol'et),  John.  Bom  at  London  about 
i725:  died  at  Chelsea,  Aug.  6, 1780.  An  Eng- 
lish painter,  chiefly  of  humorous  scenes  from 
low  life. 

Colleton  (kol'e-ton),  James.  Governor  of 
South  Carolina  1686-90.  He  received  with  his  ap- 
pointment the  dignity  of  landgrave  and  48,000  acres  of 
land.  He  attempted  in  vain  to  enforce  the  recognition 
of  Locke's  constitution  by  the  colonial  parliament.  He 
was  deposed  and  banished  by  the  colonists  on  the  procla- 
mation of  William  and  Mary,  1690. 

OoUetta  (kol-let'ta),  Pietro.  Bom  at  Naples, 
Jan.  23, 1775:  died  at  Florence,  Nov.  11,  1833. 
A  Neapolitan  general.  He  was  made  intendant  of 
Calabria  by  Murat  in  1808,  obtained  the  rank  of  general 
in  1812,  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  constitutional  party 
under  the  Bourbons,  and  on  the  outbreak  of  the  revolu- 
tion of  1820  was  sent  as  viceroy  to  Sicily.  He  was  named 
minister  of  war  in  Feb.,  1821,  but  was  banished  through 
Austrian  intervention  and  retired  to  Florence,  He  wrote 
"Storia  del  reame  di  Kapoli  1734-1826"  (1834). 

CoUiberts  (kol-e-bar'}.  A  despised  race  for- 
merly existing  in  several  parts  of  France,  after- 
ward chiefly  found  in  Poitou,  where  they  lived 
in  boats  on  the  rivers,  but  now  nearly  extinct. 

Collier  (kol'y6r),  Arthur.  Bom  at  Langford 
Magna,  Wiltshire,  Oct.  12,  1680:  died  there, 
1732.  An  English  clergyman  and  metaphysi- 
cal writer,  rector  of  Langford  after  1704.  His 
chief  work  is  his  "Clavis  ITniversalis,  or  a  New  Inquiry 
into  Truth,  being  a  Demonstration  of  the  Non-existence 
or  Impossibility  of  an  External  World  "  (1713^  in  which 
he  propounds  a  subjective  idealism  closely  resembling 
that  of  Berkeley. 


267 

Collier,  Jeremy.  Born  at  Stow-cum-Qui,  Cam- 
bridgeshire, Sept.  23,  1650:  died  at  London, 
April  26,  1726.  An  English  nonjuring  cler- 
gyman, celebrated  as  a  controversialist.  He 
was  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1673,  was  rector  of  Amp- 
ton  in  Suffolk  1679-85,  and  removed  to  London  in  the  lat- 
ter year,  where  he  was  for  some  time  lecturer  at  Gray's 
Inn.  A  political  pamphlet  in  which  he  maintained  that  the 
withdrawal  of  the  king  was  not  an  abdication,  and  that 
the  throne  was  not  vacant,  caused  his  imprisonment  for  a 
short  time  in  Newgate  in  1688,  and  in  1692  he  was  again 
imprisoned,  for  political  reasons.  In  1696  he,  with  two 
other  nonjuring  clergymen,  attended  Sir  John  Friend 
and  Sir  William  Parkyns  (who  were  condemned  to  death 
as  conspirators  against  the  life  ol  William)  to  the  scaffold 
and  absolved  them,  and,  having  concealed  himself  to  avoid 
arrest,  was  outlawed  (July  2).  He  wrote  a  large  number 
of  controversial  pamphlets,  a  "Historical,  Geographical, 
Genealogical,  and  Poetical  Dictionary  "  (1701-21),  a  learned 
"Ecclesiastical  History  of  Great  Britain  .  .  .  to  the  End 
of  the  Reign  of  Charles  IL"  (1708-14),  and  the  famous 
"Short  View  of  the  Immorality  and  Profaneness  of  the 
English  Stage "  (1698).  The  last  work  was  a  vigorous  at- 
tack upon  the  coarseness  of  the  contemporary  theater, 
and  produced  a  great  impression,  forcing  from  Dryden  a 
confession  of  fault  and  a  declaration  of  repentance,  and 
unwilling  recognition  from  other  dramatists,  and  initiating 
a  reformation. 

Collier,  John  Payne.  Bom  at  London,  Jan. 
11,  1789:  died  at  Maidenhead,  Sept.  17,  1883. 
An  English  journalist,  lawyer,  and  Shakspe- 
rian  critic.  He  was  a  reporter  for  the  "Times"  1809- 
1821,  and  parliamentary  reporter,  dramatic  and  literary 
critic,  and  editorial  writer  for  the  "Morning  Chronicle" 
1821-47.  In  1847  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  royal 
commission  on  the  British  Museum,  and  continued  in 
that  office  until  1850,  when  he  returned  to  Maidenhead. 
He  published  a  new  edition  of  Dodsley's  "Old  Plays" 
(1825-27),  a  "History  of  English  Dramatic  Poetry  and 
Annals  of  the  Stage  "  (1831),  an  edition  of  Shakspere  (1842- 
1844),  "Shakespeare's  Library  "  (1844),  "ABookeof  Rox- 
burghe  Ballads "  (1847),  "Extracts  from  the  Registers  of 
the  Stationers'  Company"  (18^-49),  "The  Dramatic 
Works  of  Thomas  Hey  wood "  (1850-51),  "  The  Works  of 
Edmund  Spenser " (1862),  a  "Biographical  and  Critical 
Account  of  the  Rarest  fiooks  in  the  English  Language  " 
(1866),  "  An  Old  Man's  Diary— Forty  Years  Ago  "  (1871-72), 
an  edition  of  Shakspere  (1875-78).  His  able  and  useful 
work  on  the  older  English  literature  is  marred  and  brought 
under  general  suspicion  by  a  series  of  literary  frauds 
which  he  committed,  of  which  the  most  notable  is  his  use 
and  defense  of  spurious  annotations  "  by  a  seventeenth 
century  hand  "  which  he  professed  to  have  found  on  the 
margin  of  a  copy  of  the  second  folio  Shakspere  originally 
belonging  to  one  "  Thomas  Perkins,"  and  since  known  as 
the  "Perkins  Folio." 

CoUine  Gate  (kol'in  gat).  [L.  iporta  colUna.'] 
A  gate  at  the  northeastern  extremity  of  ancient 
Kome.  Near  here,  Nov.,  82  b.  c,  Sulla  defeated 
the  Samnites  under  Pontius. 

CoUingwood  (kol'ing-wud),  Cuthbert.  Bom 
at  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  Sept.  26,  1750 :  died  at 
sea  near  Port  Mahon,  Balearic  Islands,  March 
7,  1810.  A  noted  English  admiral,  created 
Lord  CoUingwood  in  1805.  He  was  appointed  lieu- 
tenant for  his  services,  with  a  party  of  seamen,  at  the 
battle  of  Bunker  Sill ;  was  promoted  to  commander  (suc- 
ceeding Nelson)  in  1779  ;  served  with  distinction  in  com- 
mand of  the  Excellent  in  the  battle  off  Cape  St.  Vincent 
Feb.  14,  1797 ;  became  rear-admiral  in  1799,  with  a  com- 
mand in  the  Channel  fleet,  and  vice-admiral  in  1804 ;  was 
second  in  command  at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar;  and  on 
Nelson's  death,  in  that  action,  succeeded  to  the  chief 
command. 

CoUingwood.  A  lake  port  in  Simcoe  County, 
Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  Georgian  Bay, 
Lake  Huron,  72  miles  northwest  of  Toronto. 
Population  (1901),  5,755. 

CoUingwood.  A  northeastern  suburb  of  Mel- 
bourne, Australia. 

Collins  (kol'inz),  Anthony.  Bom  at  Heston  or 
Isleworth,  near  London,  June  21,  1676:  died 
at  London,  Dec.  13,  1729.  A  noted  English 
deist,  a  disciple  and  friend  of  John  Locke. 
He  published  "An  Essay  Concerning  the  Use  of  Rea- 
son" (1707),  "Priestcraft  in  Perfection"  (1709),  a  "Dis- 
course on  FreethinMng"  (1713X  "A  Philosophical  En- 
quiry Concerning  Human  Liberty  "  (1715),  "A  Discourse 
on  the  Grounds  and  Reasons  of  the  Christian  Religion  " 
(1724),  etc. 

Collins,  Charles  AUston.  Bom  at  Hamp- 
stead,  near  London,  Jan.  25,  1828:  died  at 
London,  April  9, 1873.  An  English  painter  (of 
the  Preraphaelite  school)  and  writer,  brother 
of  William  Wilkie  Collins.  He  married  the 
younger  daughter  of  Charles  Dickens. 

Collins,  John.  Born  at  Bath,  England,  about 
1742 :  died  at  Birmingham,  England,  May  2, 
1808.   -An  English  actor  and  poet. 

Collins,  Mortimer,  Born  at  Plymouth,  Eng- 
land, June  29,  1827:  died  at  Knowl  Hill,  Berk- 
shire, July  28, 1876.  An  English  novelist,  poet, 
and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  was  mathematical 
master  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  College,  Guernsey,  1860  (?)-56, 
and  after  1862  was  occupied  with  literary  work  at  his 
residence  at  Knowl  Hill.  He  published  "Idyls  and 
Rhymes"  (1865),  "Sweet  Anne  Page"  (1868),  "Ihe  Inn 
of  Strange  Meetings,  and  Other  Poems  "  (1871),  "The  Se- 
cret of  Long  Life  "  (1871),  etc. 

Collins,  Bev.  Mr.     A  character  in  Jane  Aus- 


OoUyer,  Eobert 

ten's  novel  "Pride  and  Prejudice."  He  is  a 
self -conceited  toady. 

Collins,  William.  Bom  at  Chichester,  Eng- 
lan(L  Dec.  25,  1721 :  died  there,  June  12,  1759. 
An  English  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  a  hatter  who 
was  twice  mayor  of  Chichester ;  studied  at  Winchester 
and  at  Oxford,  where  he  was  graduated  B.  A.  Nov.  18 
1743 ;  and  about  1745  went  to  London  to  follow  literature 
as  a  profession.  The  later  years  of  his  life  were  ob- 
scured by  insanity.  He  published  "Persian  Eclogues  ' 
(1742 :  republished  as  "  Oriental  Eclogues  "  1767)  "  Odes  " 
(1746),  etc.  His  works  have  been  edited  by  J.  Lanehorne 
(1765),  Mrs.  Barbauld  (1797),  A.  Dyce  (1827),  and  others. 

Collins,  William.  Born  at  London,  Sept.  8, 
1788  :  died  at  London,  Feb.  17,  1847.  A  noted 
English  landscape  and  figure  painter,  father  of 
William  Wilkie  Collins. 

Collins,  WilUam  Wilkie.  Bom  at  London, 
Jan.  8,  1824 :  died  there,  Sept.  23,  1889.  An 
English  novelist,  son  of  William  Collins  (1788- 
1847):  author  of  "  The  Dead  Secret "  (1857), 
"The  Woman  in  White  "  (1860),  "No  Name" 
(1862),  "Armadale"  (1866),  "  The  Moonstone  " 
(1868),  "  The  New  Magdalen"  (1873),  "Man  and 
Wife"  (1870),  etc.  "No  Thoroughfare,"  in 
collaboration  with  Charles  Dickens,  appeared 
as  a  Christmas  story  in  1867. 

CoUinson  (kol'in-sqn),  James.  Bom  at  Mans- 
field, Nottinghamshire,  about  1825  :  died  April, 
1881.  An  English  painter,  one  of  the  original 
members  of  the  Preraphaelite  Brotherhood, 
which  he  abandoned  about  1850.  His  work 
was  unimportant. 

CoUinson,  Peter.  Bom  in  Westmoreland  (f), 
England,  Jan.  14,  1694:  died  in  Essex,  Eng- 
land, Aug.  11,  1768.  An  English  botanist  and 
natural  philosopher. 

Collioure  (ko-lyor').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Pyr6n6es-Orientales,  France,  sitiiated 
on  the  Mediterranean  15  miles  southeast  of  Per- 
pignan.  It  has  a  castle  and  considerable  trade 
in  cork.     Population  (1891),  commune,  3,411. 

Colin  (kfeln),  Georg  Friedrioh  Wilibald  Fer- 
dinand 'Von.  Born  at  Orlinghausen,  Lippe, 
Germany,  1766 :  died  at  Berlin,  May  31,  1820. 
A  German  publicist.  His  works  include  "  Ver- 
traute  Briefe,"  etc.  (1807-09),  "  Neue  Feuer- 
brande  "  (1807-08),  etc. 

CoUombet  (ko-16n-ba'),  Francois  Z6non.  Bom 
at  Sieges,  Jura,  France,  March  28, 1808 :  died  at 
Lyons,  Oct.  16,  1853.  A  French  Roman  Catho- 
lic historian  and  litterateur.  He  wrote  "  His- 
toire  de  St.  J^rdme "  (1844),  and  many  other 
historical  and  critical  works. 

CoUop  Monday  (kol'op  mun'da).  The  day 
before  Shrove  Tuesday:  named  from  the  cus- 
tom of  eating  collops  of  salted  meat  and  eggs 
on  that  day. 

CoUoredo  (kol-lo-ra'do),  Budolf  von.  Bom 
Nov.  2,  1585  :  died  Jan.  24, 1657.  An  Austrian 
general  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War.  As  fleld-mar- 
shal  of  the  imperial  army  he  successfully  defended  Prague 
against  the  Swedes  in  1648. 

CoUoredo-Mansfeld  (kol-lo-ra'do-mans'feld), 
Hieronymus,  Count  ■von.  Bom  at  Wetzlar, 
Germany,  March  30,  1775;  died  at  Vienna, 
July  23,  1822.  An  Austrian  general,  distin- 
guished in  the  campaign  of  1813. 

OoUoredo-Mels  fmels)  und  Wallsee  (vai'sa), 
Count  Joseph  Maria  von.  Bom  at  Regens- 
burg,  Bavaria,  Sept.  11,  1735:  died  Nov.  26, 
1818.  An  Austrian  general.  He  fought  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  Seven  Years'  War,  and  was  minister  of 
state  and  conference,  and  director  of  the  council  of  war 
1805-09. 

CoUot-d'Herbois  (ko-l6'der-bwa'),  Jean  Mar 
rie.  Bom  at  Paris  about  1750:  died  in  Cay- 
enne, South  -America,  Jan.  8,  1796.  A  French 
actor  and  revolutionist,  notorious  for  his  bru- 
tality. He  was  deputy  to  the  Convention  in  1792,  and  a 
member  of  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  in  1793.  In  Nov., 

1793,  he  was  sent  with  Fouch6  as  judge  to  Lyons,  by  Robes- 
pierre, and  executed  his  commission  with  great  cruelty. 
An  unsuccessful  attempt  upon  his  life  was  made  May  23, 

1794.  Having  become  hostile  to  Robespierre,  he  joined  the 
successful  conspiracy  against  him  (9  Thermidor),  but  was 
nevertheless  expelled  from  the  Convention  (April,  1795) 
and  transported.  He  published  "Almanach  du  p^re  Ge- 
rard" (1792). 

CoUyer  (kol'yer),  Joseph.  Bom  at  London, 
Sept.  14,  1748:  died  Dec.  24,  1827.  A  noted 
English  engraver,  member  of  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy, and  engraver  to  Queen  Charlotte. 

CoUyer,  Bobert.  Bom  at  Keighley,  Yorkshire, 
England,  Dee.  8, 1823.  .An  American  Unita- 
rian clergyman.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a  blacksmith 
about  1837 ;  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1850 ;  set- 
tled at  Shoemakertown,  Pennsylvania,  where  he  followed 
thetrade  of  ahammer-maker ;  joined  the  Unitarian  Church 
in  1869 ;  became  a  missionary  to  Chicago,  where  in  1860  he 
founded  the  Unity  Church ;  and  in  1879  became  pastor  of 
the  Church  of  the  Messiah  in  New  York  city.  He  wrote  "  Na- 
ture and  Life"  (1866),  "The  Life  that  Now  is"  (1871),  etc. 


Colman,  George 

Colman  (kol'man),  George,  the  elder.  Bom 
at  Florence,  Italy,  1732 :  died  at  Paddington, 
London,  Aug.  14, 1794.  An  English  dramatist. 
Hia  father,  who  was  envoy  at  the  court  of  Tuscany,  died  in 
1733,  and  his  mother  then  brought  him  to  London.  Wil- 
liam Pulteney.afterward  Earl  of  Bath,  undertook  the  charge 
of  him  and  sent  him  to  Westminster  School.  He  went  to 
Oriord,  where  he  was  graduated  from  Christ  Church  in  1766, 
and,  having  been  previously  entered  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  the  same  year.  An  intimacy  with 
Garrick  and  a  natural  taste  for  literature  interfered  with 
his  legal  work,  and  he  produced  a  number  of  plays  (at  first 
anonymously)  with  the  assistance  of  Garrick,  who  played 
in  them.  In  connection  with  the  latter  he  wrote  "The 
Clandestine  Marriage,"and  a  coolness  arose  between  them 
as  to  Garrick's  part  in  the  cast.  In  1767,  having  received 
two  accessions  of  fortune,  he  bought  a  fourth  share  in  the 
Covent  Garden  Theatre.  This  completely  alienated  Gar- 
rick, and  annoyed  his  friends,  who  wished  him  to  continue 
in  the  law.  He  became  acting  manager.  In  1774  he  re- 
signed the  management,  and  in  1776,  having  been  recon- 
ciled to  Garrick,  he  bought  the  Haymarket  Theatre  from 
Foote.  In  1785  he  had  a  stroke  of  paralysis,  and  finally  grew 
so  feeble  in  mind  that  he  was  put  under  restraint  at  Pad- 
dington, where  he  died.  He  brought  out  alterations  of 
many  old  plays,  most  of  which  were  successful.  Among 
his  own  plays  are  "  Polly  Honeycomb  "  (1760),  "  The  Jeal- 
ous Wife"  (1761),  "The  Clandestine  Marriage"  (with Gar- 
rick, in  1776).  In  1778  he  brought  out  an  edition  of 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher.  His  dramatic  and  miscellaneous 
works  have  never  been  completely  collected. 

Colman,  George,  the  younger.  Bom  Oct.  21, 
1762 :  died  at  London,  Oct.  26, 1836.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatist,  son  of  G.  Colman  the  elder.  He 
took  charge  of  the  Haymarket  when  his  father's  health 
failed,  but  he  became  involved  in  pecuniary  difficulties 
and  was  obliged  to  live  within  the  rules  of  the  King's 
Bench.  He  was  released  by  George  I  V.,who  appointed  him 
lieutenant  of  the  Yeomen  of  the  Guard,  a  dignity  which  he 
sold.  The  lord  chamberlain  made  him  examiner  of  plays, 
in  which  position  he  was  extremely  illiberal.  Among  his 
best-known  plays  are  "  The  Poor  Gentleman  "  (1802),  "John 
Bull"(1805),  "The  Helr-at-Law"(1808).  He  also  wrote  a 
good  deal  of  popular  humorous  poetry,  including  "My 
Nightgown  and  Slippers  "  (1797),  "  Broad  Grins  "  (1802),  and 
"Poetical  Vagaries"  (1812).  He  frequently  wrote  under 
the  name  of  "Arthur  Grifflnhoofe." 

Colman,  Samuel.  Born  at  Portland,  Maine, 
1832.  An  American  landscape-painter,  a  pupil 
of  A.  B.  Durand. 

Colmar  (kol-mar'),  or  Kolmar  (kol'mar).  The 
capital  of  the  district  of  Upper  Alsace,  Alsace- 
Lorraine,  situated  on  the  Lauch  39  miles  south- 
west of  Strasburg.  it  contains  a  museum  (formerly  a 
Dominican  monastery),  and  has  large  manufactures  of  cot* 
ton.  It  was  formerly  a  free  imperial  city ;  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1673 ;  was  ceded  to  them  in  1678 ;  and  in  the 
Bevolution  was  made  the  capital  of  the  department  of 
Haut-Rhin.  In  1871  it  again  became  a  German  city.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  commune,  30,399. 

Colne  (koln).  A  town  in  Lancashire,  England, 
26  miles  north  of  Manchester.  It  formerly  manu- 
factured woolen  goods,  an  industry  whicli  has  given  place 
to  cotton  manufacture.  Population  (1891),  including  Mars- 
den,  16,774. 

Colney  Hatch  (kol'ni  hach).  A  village  in  Mid- 
dlesex, about  6  miles  north  of  London,  in  which 
is  the  Colney  Hatch  Lunatic  Asylum,  founded 
in  1851. 

Colocolo  (ko-lo-ko'lo).  Born  about  1490 :  killed 
in  the  battle  of  Quiapo,  1560  (according  to 
some  authorities,  he  died  about  1570).  An 
Araucanian  chief  of  southern  Chile,  celebrated 
in  the  "Araucana  "  of  Ercilla.  Probably  Ercil- 
la's  verses  gave  him  undue  prominence. 

Colocotronis.    See  Kolokotronis. 

Cologna-Veneta  (ko-lon'ya-va-na'ta).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Verona,  Italy,  20  miles  south- 
east of  Verona. 

Cologne  (ko-16n'),  Gr.  Koln  (kfeln).  1.  The  capi- 
tal 6f  the  government  district  of  Cologne,  situ- 
ated on  the  west  bank  of  the  Ehine  in  lat.  50° 
57'  N.,  long.  6°  57'  E.:  the  Eoman  Colonia 
Agrippina.  It  is  the  largest  city  of  the  Ehine  Province, 
a  fortress  of  the  first  class,  the  center  of  the  Ehine  trade, 
and  one  of  the  principal  commercial  places  in  Germany. 
It  has  manufactures  of  eau  de  Cologne,  sugar,  tobacco, 
eto.  The  principal  objects  of  interest  are,  besides  the 
cathedral  (see  below),  the  Eingstrasse,  the  Iron  Bridge, 
the  Municipal  and  Archiepiscopal  Museums,  the  Museum 
of  Industrial  Art,  the  Eathaus  (Hansa-Saal :  see  below), 
the  monument  of  Frederick  William  III.,  and  the  churches 
of  the  Minorites,  Gross  St.  Martin,  St.  Maria  im  Capitol,  St. 
George,  St.  Severin,  St.  Peter,  St  Cecilia,  Apostles,  St. 
Pantaloon,  St.  Gereon,  St.  Ursula  (see  below),  St.  An- 
dreas, Jesuits,  and  St.  Cunibert.  The  cathedra],  one  of 
the  great  buildings  of  the  world,  was  begun  in  1248  on 
the  site  of  an  earlier  church,  and  was  completed  only 
In  1880,  after  being  wholly  neglected  from  the  15th  cen- 
tury until  1823.  Its  design  was  Inspired  by  the  cathe- 
dral of  Amiens,  and  all  that  is  best  in  its  architecture  is 
French,  while  the  less  admirable  features  are  indige- 
nous. The  cathedral  has  double  aisles,  with  polygonal 
chevet,  projecting  transepts,  and  two  enormous  towers 
and  spires  at  the  west  end.  These,  with  the  f  apade,  have 
been  completed  according  to  the  original  design  of  the 
14th  century,  which  still  exists.  The  towers  and  spires 
are  so  huge  as  to  dwarf  the  vast  cathedral.  The  facade 
has  three  great  gabled  portals  filled  with  sculpture,  and 
two  tiers  of  huge  canopied  and  traceried  windows,  to 
which  the  towers  add  two  more  stages  beneath  the 
springing  of  the  spires.  The  effect  is  somewhat  mechan- 
ical and  inferior  to  the  best  French  f a9ades.    The  tran- 


268 

sept-tafades  are  of  modern  design,  with  rich  tracery  and 
arcading,  and  triple  portals,  sculptured  and  canopied. 
The  upper  part  is  too  narrow,  and  its  elaborate  tracery 
does  not  fill  the  place  of  the  great  roses  of  French  churches. 
The  interior  is  exceedingly  impressive :  it  is  notable  for  its 
splendid  glass,  much  of  it  modem,  but  much  of  the  13th, 
14th,  16th,  and  16th  centuries.  The  fine  choir-stalls  are 
of  the  16th  centuiy.  The  canopied  statues  supported  on 
consoles  on  the  pillars  of  the  nave  are  architecturally  a 
defect.  The  choir-chapels  are  of  great  beauty,  and  con- 
tain some  admirable  paintings  and  sculptures.  The  ca- 
thedral is  468  feet  long ;  its  area,  91,464  square  feet.  The 
nave  is  48  feet  wide  and  146  high.  The  western  spires 
measure  612  feet,  and  were,  until  the  completion  of  the 


Colorado 

tal  of  Ceylon,  situated  on  the  western  coast  in 
lat.  6°  55'  N.,  long.  79°  55'E.  it  was  fortified  by 
the  Portuguese  in  1617,  was  taken  from  them  by  the 
Duteh  In  166^  was  ceded  to  the  British  in  1796,  and  is  now 
an  important  coaling-station.    Population  (1891),  126,926. 

Colon  (ko-lon').    See  Aspinwall. 

Colonel  Ohabert  (ko-lo-nel'  sha-bar'),  Le.  A 
story  by  Balzac,  written  in  1832. 

Colonel  Jack,  History  of.  A  tale  by  Defoe, 
published  in  1722.  The  hero  is  a  pickpocket 
who  winds  up  his  checkered  career  as  a  virtu- 


ous Virginia  planter, 
cathedral  of  Ulm,  the  loftiest  existing.    The  Eathaus,  Colonia.  or  Colonia  del  SacramCntO  (ko-lo'- 
or  town  hall,..s  an  mterestmg  monument  built  between    ^-_^  ^^j'  gak-ra-men'to).  A  seaport  in  Uruguay, 

situated  on  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  opposite  Buenos 
...       Ayres. 
tower  and  low  spire  are  of  the  16th.    The  Eenaissance  Oolonia  Agrippina  (ko-lo'ni-S  ag-ri-pi'na).  See 
portico,  in  two  arcaded  stages  with  engaged  Connthian  *'"•'>"""'■"*»**'*'■'""' ^  ..     o       jr       ../ 


the  14th  and  16th  centuries  on  Eoman  foundations. 
The  main  structure  is  of  the  14th  century,  battlemented, 
with  high  roof  and  traceried  windows ;  the  picturesque 


columns,  is  an  admirable  example  of  the  local  architectural  ^  ,    ",      ..         —      -  x 
development.    The  great  Hansa-Saal  is  adorned  with  good  ColonizatlOn    Society. 
statues  of  medieval  heroes,  and  with  the  emblazoned  arms     sation  Society. 
of  patricians,  burgomasters,  and  gilds.    The  Church  of  r'nlnnno    ^Vn  1nT1'Tln^ 

St.  Ursula  is  a  very  early  foundation  in  honor  of  the  11,000  UOWmna  J.ito-iun  "a;.  „-....„„    r^-„„„ 

martyred  virgins,  but  often  remodeled.  The  simple  Pointed     southeastern  extremity  Of  Attica,  trreece 
choir  has  recently  been  restored  to  its  original  form.  There     ancient  Sunium. 
arecuriousoldpaintingsof  the  legend  of  the  virgins;  and  Oolonna   (ko-lon'na),   FabiO,  L.    FabiUS   Co- 
in the  treasury,  whose.walls  are  covered  with  elaborate     immia_    ^om  at  Naples,  1567:    died  at  Na- 


See  American  Coloni- 

A  promontory  at  the 
~  the 


patterns  formed  of  the  bones  of  the  virgins,  are  preserved 
the  beautiful  Eomanesque  shrine  of  St.  Ursula,  and  a  great 
number  of  other  reliquaries  in  the  form  of  female  heads  and 
busts.  Cologne  was  an  ancient  town  of  the  Ubii,  Oppidum 
Ubiorumt  and  a  Eoman  colony  founded  by  Agrippina  in  61 
or  50  A.  D.  Later  it  belonged  to  the  Frankish  empire, 
and  in  the  13th  century  became  a  Hanseatic  town,  and  one 
of  the  principal  commercial  centers  in  Germany.    It  was 


Illation  (1900),  commune,  372,229. 
3.  A  government  district  in  the  Khine  Prov- 
ince, Prassia.    Population  (1890),  826,827. 
Cologne,  Electorate  of.  A  former  arehbishop- 


pl'es  about  1640-50.  A  Neapolitan  scholar  and 
botanist,  author  of  various  botanical  works. 
He  is  considered  the  creator  of  genera  in  botany. 
Colonna,  Fabrizio.  Died  at  Naples,  1520.  An 
Italian  military  leader,  lord  high  constable  of 
Naples. 

"  ■  • ).  Bom  1535:  died 
commander,  duke  of 
Paliano.  He  commanded  the  papal  contingent  in  1571 
at  the  battle  of  Lepanto,  in  which  the  allied  Spanish,  Ve- 
netian, and  papal  fieets  under  Don  John  of  Austria  gained 
a  decisive  victory  over  the  Turks.  He  was  viceroy  of 
Sicily  when  he  died. 


ric  and  electorate  of  the  German  Empire.  It  ex-  Oolonna,  Prospero.  Born  1452 :  died  1523.  An 
tended  mainly  along  the  left  bank  of  thel&hme.  north  Italian  general.  He  commanded  the  united  imperiaj 
rhii^^fL  L^»1°P™.  ^LT,*'.??hf  f "  r*"?!?? °?T  ?^  and  papallorces  in  Lombardy  against  Francis  1.  of  Aance 
fnii in  w..?n^fl  '^IP^^^filfJtl^^^V y^'-'P^jic"  1621,  and  in  conjunction  with  Georg von Freundsberg  de- 
in  1180,  was  confirmed oneof  the  seven  electorates  m  1366,  ,  f^^  Marshal  Lautrec  at  Bicoque  1622. 
and  was  secularized  m  1801.  In  1801  the  portion  on  the  ""•™"  j"'"="<"  ^.o-^-oi- »-  ^.^ui^io  ^^.^^ 
left  bank  of  the  Ehine  became  French  territory ;  that  on  Oolonna,  VittOlia.  Bom  at  Marino,  near 
Hie  right  bank  passed  in  1803  to  Hesse-parmstadt,  etc.    Rome,  1490:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  25,  1547.     A 


The  larger  part  was  granted  to  Prussia  1814-15. 
Cologne,  Three  Kings  of.  In  medieval  legend, 
the  three  magi  who  followed  the  Star  of  Bethle- 
hem from  the  East  to  lay  gifts  before  the  infant 
Jesus.  Their  names  were  Gaspar,  Melchior,and  Balthazar. 
It  is  claimed  that  their  bones  are  deposited  in  Cologne 
Cathedral.  "The  three  days  after  New  Year's  day  bear 
their  names  in  the  calendar,  and  their  memory  is  pre- 
served in  the  feast  of  the  three  holy  Kings — the  Epi- 
phany."   Chambers, 

Colomb  (ko-ldu'),  or  Columb,  Michel.    Bom 

at  Saint-Paul-de-L6on,  in  Bretagne,  about  1440 : 
died  1512.  The  first  great  sculptor  of  the  French 
Renaissance.  At  a  very  early  age  he  went  to  Dijon.  He 
settled  at  Tours  1460-61.  In  1472  he  received  from  Louis 
XI.  an  order  for  a  bas-relief  destined  for  the  Abbaye  of 


celebrated  Italian  poet,  she  was  the  daughter  of 
Fabrizio  Colonna,  grand  constable  of  Naples,  by  his  mar- 
riage with  Agnesina  di  Montefeltro,  daughter  of  Federi- 
go,  duke  of  Urbino.  She  was  betrothed  when  four  years 
old  to  a  boy  of  the  same  age,  the  only  son  of  the  Marchese 
di  Pescara.  In  their  nineteenth  year  they  were  married 
at  Ischia.  Pescara  died  in  Nov.,  1525.  His  wife  survived 
him  twenty-two  years,  spent  partly  at  Ischia,  in  convents 
at  Orvieto  and  Viterbo,  and,  finally,  in  semi-monastic  se- 
clusion at  Eome.  She  was  the  center  of  a  group  of  cele- 
brated men  of  letters  and  artists,  of  whom  the  foremost 
was  Michelangelo.  Her  poems  consisted  mainly  of  sonnets 
to  the  memory  of  her  husband,  or  on  sacred  and  moral 
subjects.  Michelangelo  preserved  a  large  number  of 
them,  and  composed  several  madrigals  and  sonnets  under 
her  infinence.  Vittoria  is  the  only  woman  who  is  known 
to  have  touched  the  heart  of  the  gr^at  sculptor. 


Saint-Michel-en-l'Herme,  destroyed  in  1569.  His  most  Colonsay  (kol'on-sa).  An  island  of  the  Inner 
important  work  is  the  tomb  of  Francis  11.,  due  de  Bre-  Hebrides,  in  the  county  of  Argyllshire,  Scot- 
tague,  andhis  wife.  Marguerite  de^Foo,^begun^aboutjW2    ^^^^^  situated  west  of  Jura  and  north  of  Islay- 


It  is  noted  for  its  ecclesiastical  antiquities. 
Length,  8  miles. 


by  the  order  of  Anne,  queen  < 

in  1607.    It  is  now  in  the  cathedral  of  Nantes. 
Colomba  (ko-16n'ba).    A  story  by  Prosper  M.6-  _  ^^ 

rim6e,  published  in  1830.  Colonus  (ko-16'nus),  The  White  Hill  of,  or 

Colombey(ko-16n-ba').    A  place  in  Lorraine  4i    Kolonos  Hippies  (ko-16'nos  hip'i-os).    A  site 

miles  east  of  Metz.    Near  it  occurred  the  battle  of    about  1-J  miles  northwest  of  Athens,  north  of 


the  Academy  on  the  banks  of  the  Cephissns.  It 
is  the  birthplace  of  Sophocles,  and  is  immonalized  by  his 
descriptiouinthe  "(EdipusatColonus."  Upon  the  hill  now 
stand  the  tombs  of  two  noted  archaeologists,  Ottfried 
Miiller  and  Charles  Lenormant. 


Colombey-Nouilly,  Aug.  14,  1870,  in  which  the  Germans 
under  Steinmetz  checked  the  French  under  Bazaine.  The 
German  loss  was  4,906 ;  that  of  the  French,  3,608.  Also 
called  battle  of  Courcelles,  and  of  Borny. 

Colombia  (ko-lom'be-a).  The  name  was  first 
given  in  1811  to  what  is  now  Venezuela.  It  was  Colorado  (kol-o-ra'do).  [Named  from  the  Col- 
^^'llnLftolhe  »S™t^n^en"S,1flw  oj^do  River,]"  One  of  the  United  States  of 
Granada,  and  Quito,  and  was  dropped  when  the  union  was  JNorth  America,  lying  between  Wyoming  and 
dissolved.  Later  the  old  region  of  New  Granada  renewed  Nebraska  on  the  north,  Nebraska  and  Kan- 
thename.  „  .,  ,    sas  on  the  east,  Oklahoma  and  New  Mexico  on 

Colombia,    Republic    of.      [Formerly    Umted    the  south,  and  Utah  on  the  west,    it  is  traversed 
States  of  Colomlna,  bg.  Jistaaos  Umaos  ae  Co-    by  the  Eocky  Mountains  in  the  center  and  west,  the  foot- 


lombia;  named  after  Columbus  (It.  Colombo).'] 
A  republic  of  South  America,  lying  between 
Panama  and  the  Caribbean  Sea  on  the  north, 
Venezuela  and  Brazil  on  the  east,  Ecuador  on 
the  south,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  Andes,  and  is  rich  In  agricultural  and 
mineral  products.  Its  chiei:  rivers  are  the  Magdaleua  and 
the  affluents  of  the  Amazon  and  Orinoco.  Among  its 
chief  products  are  gold,  silver,  and  coffee.  The  prevailing 
language  is  Spanish,  and  the  prevailing  religion  Roman 
Catholic.  It  is  divided  into  eight  departments:  Antioquia, 
Bolivar,  Boyac4,  Cauca,  Cundinamarca,  Magdalena,  San- 
tander,  Tolima.  Its  capital  is  Bogoti.  The  government 
is  republican,  the  executive  power  being  vested  in  a  presi- 
dent, and  the  legislative  in  a  senate  and  chamber  of  rep- 


hills  of  which  descend  to  the  eastern  "Great  Plains." 
Many  of  the  highest  and  best-known  summits  of  the 
Eocky  Mountains  (Pike's  Peak,  Long's  Peak,  Sierra  Blanca, 
Mountain  of  the  Holy  Cross)  are  in  this  State,  which  is 
also  rifted  by  deep  cafions  (Arkansas,  Gunnison,  Mancos). 
Its  leading  industries  are  mining  (gold,  silver,  lead,  ete.) 
and  stock-raising,  and  it  is  noted  as  a  health-resort.  In 
the  production  of  silver  and  lead  it  ranks  as  the  first  State 
of  the  Union.  It  has  58  counties,  sends  2  senators  and  3 
representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  6  electoral  votes. 
Capital,  Denver.  Its  territory  formed  part  of  the  Louisi- 
ana purchase  and  part  of  the  country  acquired  from  Mex- 
ico. Gold  was  discovered  in  1858 ;  the  Territory  was  or- 
ganized in  1861.  and  was  admitted  as  a  State  in  1876. 
Galled  the  Centennial  State.  Area,  103,926  square  miles. 
Population  (1900),  639,700. 


resentatives.    The  Spanish  power  was  established  here  Qolorado.  Sp.  Rio  ColoradO.      fSp.,  'colored' 
in  the  first  half  of  theWth  century,  and  independence  was     (;_  ^   red^  'rivfr.']     1.  A  river  formed  by  the 


proclaimed  in  1811.  In  1819  this  territory,  with  Venezuela 
and  Ecuador,  formed  the  Eepublic  of  Colombia,  from 
which  Venezuela  and  Ecuador  withdrew  in  1831.  In  1831 
the  republic  of  New  Granada  was  founded,  in  1863  the 
name  "  United  States  of  Colombia"  was  adopted,  and  in 
1886  the  present  constitution  was  formed.  Area,  473,202 
square  miles.  Population  (1881),  estimated,  3,593,600. 
Colombo  (ko-lom'bo).    A  seaport  and  the  capi- 


union  of  the  Grand  and  Green  rivers  in  south- 
eastern Utah.  It  fiows  thi-ough  Utah  and  Arizona, 
and  separates  Arizona  from  Nevada  and  California.  It 
empties  into  the  Gulf  of  California,  in  Lower  Califor- 
nia, about  lat.  32^  N.  It  is  famous  for  its  cafions,  of 
which  the  most  celebrated,  the  Grand  Cafion,  situated 
in  the  middle  course  of  the  river,  and  explored  by  the 


Colorado 

Powell  niTTey  expedition  In  1869,  has  walla  from  4,000  to 
6,600  feet  in  height.  Length  (from  source  of  Green  River), 
abont  2,000  miles ;  navigable  to  Callville,  612  miles.  Also 
called  Colorado  of  the  West. 

2.  A  river  in  Texas  which  flows  into  Mata- 
gorda Bay  near  Matagorda.  Length,  about  900 
miles;  navigable,  except  in  summer,  to  Austin. 
Called  the  Eastern  Colorado. — 3.  A  river  in  the 
Argentine  Republic  which  flows  into  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  about  lat.  39°  50'  S.,  long.  62°  10' 
W.    Length,  about  620  miles. 

Colorado  Springs  (kol-o-ra'do  springz).  The 
capital  of  El  Paso  County,  Colorado,  situated 
64  miles  south  of  Denver,  it  is  a  place  of  summer 
resort,  near  the  foot  of  Pike's  Peak.  Population  (1900), 
21.085. 

Colorados  (ko-lo-ra'dos).  [Sp., 'the  Beds.'] 
A  political  party  of  Uruguay.    See  Blancos. 

OolossaB(ko-los'e).  [Gr.  KoAoOTai.]  In  ancient 
geograjphy)  a  city  in  southwestern  Phrygia, 
Asia  Minor,  situated  on  the  Lycus.  It  was  the 
seat  of  a  primitive  Christian  church. 

Colosseum  (kol-o-se'um),  or  Flavian  Amphi- 
theater. [L.  Colosseum :  said  to  be  named  from 
the  colossal  statue  of  Nero  which  stood  near  it 
in  the  Via  Sacra.]  An  amphitheater  in  Bome, 
begun  by  Vespasian  (T.  Plavius  Sabinus)  in  72 
A.  D.,  and  for  400  years  the  seat  of  gladiatorial 
shows.  The  axes  of  this  chief  of  amphitheaters  are  617 
and  612  feet ;  of  the  arena,  282  and  177  feet  The  exterior 
was  ornamented  with  four  tiers  of  engaged  columns  with 
their  entablatures,  the  lowest  three  inclosing  arches,  and 
the  highest  walled  up,  with  square  windows  in  every  sec- 
ond intercolumnlation.  The  material  of  the  interior  is 
stone,  of  the  inuer  passages  and  vaults  largely  brick  and 
concrete.  The  interior  was  faced  with  marble.  In  the 
substructions  there  is  a  most  elaborate  system  of  chambers, 
passages,  dens,  and  drains.  Despite  the  enormous  mass 
of  the  existing  ruin,  it  is  estimated  that  two  thirds  have 
been  carried  away  in  the  middle  ages  and  later  as  build- 
ing-material. 

Colossus  of  Bhodes.    See  Chares  ofLindus. 

Colot  (ko-16'),  Laurent.  Bom  near  Troyes, 
France:  lived  about  1550.  A  French  court 
surgeon  in  the  reign  of  Henry  11.  (1547-59), 
noted  as  a  lithotomist. 

ColcLUhoun  (ko-hon'),  Patrick.  Bom  at  Dum- 
barton, Scotland,  March  14, 1745 :  died  at  Lou- 
don, April  25,  1820.  A  London  police  magis- 
trate and  writer  on  economic  Subjects.  From 
about  1780  to  1766  he  lived  in  Vtginia,  was  lord  provost 
of  Glasgow  1782-83,  and  from  1789  resided  in  London, 
where  he  became  (1792)  a  police  magistrate.  He  pub- 
lished a  "Treatise  on  the  Police  of  the  Metropolis,"  etc. 
(1795),  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Population,  Wealth,  Power, 
and  Besources  of  the  British  Empire  in  every  Quarter  of 
the  World"  (1814),  and  other  works  treating  especially 
of  the  condition  and  relief  of  the  poor. 

Colt  (kolt),  Samuel.  Bom  at  Hartford,  Conn., 
July  19, 1814:  died  at  Hartford,  Jan.  10,  1862. 
An  American  inventor.  He  patented  the  revolver 
in  1835,  and  established  a  noted  manufactory  of  arms  at 
Hartford  in  1852.  ,         ^    ,   ,         ■„ 

Colton  (kol'ton),  Charles  Caleb,  Bom  at 
Salisbury,  Ei^land,  about  1780 :  died  at  Fon- 
tainebleau,  April  28, 1832.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  writer.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Cambridge 
(King's  College),  and  rector  of  Kew  and  Petersham.  He 
led  an  eccentric  life,  and  committed  suicide  in  preference 
to  undergoing  a  surgical  operation.  He  published  "Lacon, 
or  many  things  in  few  words,  addressed  to  those  who 
think  "  iEl820-22),  etc. 

Colton,  Walter.  Bom  at  Rutland,  Vt.,  May  9, 
1797 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  Jan.  22, 1851.  An 
American  clergyman  and  writer  of  voyages, 
author  of  "  Ship  and  Shore"  (1835),  etc. 

Columba  (ko-lum'ba).  Saint.  Bom  at  Gartan, 
Donegal,  Ireland,  Beo.  7,  521:  died  at  lona, 
Scotland,  June  9,  597.  A  Celtic  missionary  m 
Scotland,  sumamed  "the  Apostle  of  Caledo- 
nia," the  founder  of  the  monastery  of  lona 
(about  565).       .      ..„-.      „ 

Columba  Noachl  (ko-lum  ba  no-a  ki).  [L., 
'  Noah's  Dove.']  A  constellation  in  the  south- 
ern hemisphere,  close  to  the  hind  feet  of  Canis 
Maior.  It  contains,  according  to  Gould,  115  stars  visi- 
ble to  the  naked  eye ;  but  only  3  are  promment.  It  was 
proposed  by  Bartsch  in  1624. 

Columbanus  (kol-um-ba'nus),  or  Oolumban 
(ko-lum'ban),  Saint.  Bom  in  Leinster,  Ire- 
laid,  about  543:  died  at  Bobbio,  Italy,  Nov. 
21  615.  An  Irish  missionary  m  France,  bwit- 
yfiT-land  and  Italy.  He  founded  the  monastery  of 
luxeua(Votge^)about  590-595,  and  thatof  Bobbio  (Italy). 

Columbia  (ko-lum'bi-a).  [NL.,  from  Colum- 
6««  1  1  A  poetical  name  of  the  United  States, 
or  of  the  New  World.-3.  See  ColomUa., 

Columbia,  or  Oregon  (or'e-gon).  -^  "^fr  in 
North  America,  the  second  in  size  on  the  Pacific 

and  &e  River.    Ithas  very  important  saliion-flshenes. 


269 

Length,  1,200-1,400  miles.  It  is  navigable  to  the  Cascades 
(165  miles),from  the  Cascades  to  the  Dalles  (about  50  milesX 
and  above  the  Dalles  for  small  vessels.  It  was  discovered 
in  1792  by  Captain  Robert  Gray,  and  was  explored  by 
Lewis  and  Clark  1804-06. 

Columbia.  1.  A  city  in  Boone  County,  Mis- 
souri, 27  miles  northwest  of  Jefferson  City.  It 
is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  Missouri.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  6,651. 

2.  A  borough  in  Lancaster  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, situated  on  the  Susquehanna  River  24 
miles  southeast  of  Harrisburg.  it  is  an  important 
lumber-market  and  seat  of  manufactures.  Population 
(1900),  12,316. 

3.  The  capital  of  South  Carolina,  in  Richland 
County,  situated  on  the  Congaree  River  in  lat. 
34°  N. ,  long.  81°  2'  W.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  South  Carolina  (founded  in  1804),  became  the  State 
capital  in  1790,  and  was  burned  about  the  time  of  its  occu- 
pation by  the  Federals,  Feb.  17, 1865.  Population  (1900), 
21,108. 

4.  The  capital  of  Maury  County,  Tennessee, 
situated  on  the  Duck  River  42  miles  southwest 
of  NashviUe.    Population  (1900),  6,052. 

Columbia.  An  American  sloop  yacht,  the  suc- 
cessful defender  of  the  America's  cup  in  1899 
against  the  Shamrock,  and  again  in  1901  against 
Shamrock  II.  Her  dimensions  are :  length  on 
water-line,  89  feet  74  inches;  length  over  all, 
131  feet  4  inches ;  beam,  24  feet  2  inches. 

Columbia,  Eritish.    See  BriUsh  Columbia. 

Columbia,  District  of.  See  District  of  Colum- 
bia. 

Columbian  University.  A  university  in  Wash- 
ington, District  of  Columbia,  incorporated  by 
Congress  in  1819.  It  consists  of  a  college  department^ 
law,  medical,  dental,  and  graduate  departments,  and  the 
Corcoran  Scientific  SchooL 

Columbia  University.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing in  the  city  of  New  York,  it  comprises  an  aca- 
demic  department,  a  law  school,  a  medical  school  (the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons),  a  school  of  mines,  a  school 
of  political  science,  a  graduate  department,  and  a  depart- 
ment of  architecture.  It  was  originally  founded  as  King's 
College  in  1754,  and  the  name  Columbia  was  adopted  in 
1784.  The  law  school  was  opened  in  1858.  Its  main  li- 
brary contains  about  250,000  volumes.  It  has  about  300 
instructors  and  2,200  students. 

Columbine  (kol'um-bin).  A  conventional  char- 
aeterinoldltalian  comedy,  firstappearingabout 
1560 :  the  daughter  of  Pantaloon,  or  sometimes 
her  coquettish  maid-servant.  She  was  the  ob- 
ject of  Harlequin's  adoration,  and  so  appears  in 
English  pantomime. 

Columbretes(k6-16m-bra'tes).  Agroupof  small 
volcanic  rocks  in  the  Mediterranean,  east  of 
Spain,  in  lat.  39°  54'  N.,  long.  0°  43'  E. 

Columbus  (ko-lum'bus),  Bartholomew,  Sp. 
Bartolomeo  Colon.  Bom  probably  in  Genoa 
about  1445 :  died  at  Santo  Domingo,  May,  1515. 
A  brother  of  Christopher  Columbus.  He  was 
with  Bartolomeu  Diaz  on  the  West  African  coast  1486-87, 
and  went  to  England  in  1488  to  interest  Heniy  YII.  in  his 
brother's  project.  He  returned  to  Spain  in  1493,  after  the 
admiral  had  sailed  on  his  second  voyage,  but  followed 
him  in  command  of  a  supply  fleet,  arriving  at  Isabella 
in  June,1493.  The  admiral  madehim  adelantado,  andfrom 
1496  to  1498  he  governed  the  island  during  his  brother's 
absence;  founded  Santo  Domingo  1496;  subdued  an  Indian 
revolt ;  marched  to  Xaragud  in  1497 ;  and  in  1498  had  the 
first  trouble  with  Roldan.  In  1500  Bobadilla  sent  him  a 
prisoner  to  Spain,  where  he  was  released  with  the  ad- 
miral. He  was  with  his  brother  on  the  fourth  voyage, 
1602-04,  and  was  the  leader  where  active  work  was  re- 
quired. In  the  struggle  with  Porras  at  Jamaica  he  was 
wounded.  After  the  admiral's  death  he  seems  to  have 
been  in  Rome,  and  in  1509  he  accompanied  Diego  Colum- 
bus to  Bispaniola,  where  he  held  important  and  lucrative 
offices. 

Columbus,  Christopher.  [It.  Cristoforo  po- 
lombo,  Sp.  Cristdval  Colon,  P.  Christophe  Co- 
lomb,  L.  ChristopJiorus  Coluinbus.'\  Born  at  or 
near  Genoa,  Italy,  probably  in  1446 :  died  at 
Valladolid,  Spain,  May  20  or  21  (O.  S.),  1506. 
The  discoverer  of  America.  His  parents  were  wool- 
combers,  but  he  was  fairly  well  educated,  and  early  began 
to  follow  the  sea.  In  1473  (?)  he  went  to  Portugal,  where 
he  married  and  had  a  son,  Diego;  he  also  lived  m  the 
island  of  Porto  Santo,  near  Madeha.  It  is  probable  that 
he  joined  in  some  of  the  Portuguese  explorations  on  the 
African  coast;  and  there  is  some  doubtful  evidence  of 
a  voyage  made  to  Iceland.  Impressed  with  the  idea, 
founded  on  the  known  rotundity  of  the  earth,  that  Asia 
might  be  reached  by  sailing  westward,  he  proposed  to 
the  Portuguese  Iting  to  make  an  expedition  in  that  direc- 
tion. Failing,  he  went  to  Spain  (1484?)  and  offered  the 
enterprise  to  Ferdinand  and  Isabella.  He  was  repeatedly 
put  off  with  promises  or  rebuffed  by  adverse  reports  of 
those  set  to  inquire  into  the  scheme,  and  Uved  in  poverty. 
His  brother  was  sent  to  ask  aid  of  Henry  VII.  of  England 
(1488),  and  Columbus  himself  was  about  passing  to  France 
when  he  obtained  a  personal  interview  with  the  sovereims 
at  Granada.  The  excessive  grants  and  honors  which  he 
demanded  in  case  of  success  led  to  a  refusal ;  but  as  he  was 
about  leaving  Granada  his  friends  made  a  last  effort  with 
the  queen,  he  was  recalled,  and  on  April  17, 1492,  the  king 
and  queen  signed  a  paper  in  which  all  the  demands  of 
Columbus  were  agreed  to.  He  was  made,  for  himself  and 
heirs,  admiral  in  (01  the  regions  which  he  might  discover. 


Columbus,  Diego 

and  viceroy  in  countries  acquired  by  him  for  Spain,  with 
full  powers  and  a  generous  share  of  the  revenues.  Partly 
with  royal  aid,  partly  with  the  help  of  the  Pinzons,  mer- 
chants of  Palos,  three  small  vessels  were  fitted  out,  the 
Santa  Maria  as  flagship,  and  the  Nifia  and  Pinta,  com- 
manded respectively  by  Vicente  Yaflez  Pinzon  and  Martin 
Alonzo  Pinzon.  With  these  and  120  (or  90?)  men  Co- 
lumbus left  Palos  Aug.  3,  1492.  He  touched  at  the 
Canaries,  thence  steered  west,  and  on  Oct  12  (0  S.),  1492, 
or  Oct.  22  (N.  S.),  discovered  the  island  of  Guanahani  or 
San  Salvador,  one  of  the  Bahamas,  but  which  one  is  un- 
certain. He  landed  and  took  possession  for  Castile,  had 
some  intercourse  with  the  natives,  and  sailed  on,  discov- 
ering various  islands  and  coasting  part  of  the  northern 
Bide  of  Cuba  (Oct.  26-Deo.  22),  and  Haiti  or  Hispaniola, 
everywhere  treating  amicably  with  the  natives,  and  ob- 
taining small  quantities  of  gold  and  island  products.  All 
these  lands,  he  supposed,  were  outlying  parts  of  Asia. 
The  Santa  Maria  was  wrecked  on  the  Haitian  coast,  and 
he  left  there  a  colony  of  40  men,  building  a  fort  called 
La  Navldad  in  the  land  of  a  friendly  chief.  On  Jan.  4, 
1493,  he  started  to  return  in  the  mfta.  He  narrowly  es- 
caped wreck  in  severe  storms,  parted  company  with  the 
Pinta,  touched  at  the  Azores  and  in  Portugal,  where  he 
was  called  to  see  the  king;  and  finally  reached  Palos, 
March  15  (0.  S.X  1493.  Called  to  court,  he  was  received 
with  great  honor,  his  privileges  confirmed,  and  ample 
means  given  for  a  new  expedition.  Ho  again  embarked 
at  Palos,  Sept.  25,  1493,  with  17  vessels  and  1,600  men; 
discovered  Dominica  Nov.  8;  landed  on  several  of  the 
Caribbee  islands  and  had  encounters  with  the  Caribs; 
coasted  Porto  Rico ;  and  on  Nov.  27  reached  the  harbor 
of  La  Navidad.  He  found  that  his  colony  had  all  been 
killed  by  hostile  Indians.  On  a  new  site,  farther  east^  he 
founded  Isabella  (Dec),  the  first  European  town  in  the 
New  World.  After  some  explorations  in  the  interior  he 
made  an  expedition  westward  (April,  1494),  in  which  he 
coasted  the  south  side  of  Cuba  (supposed  by  him  to  be  a 
peninsula  of  Asia),  and  after  discovering  Jamaica  re- 
turned to  Isabella,  Sept.  29, 1494.  Ill  treatment  by  the 
Spaniards  caused  an  insurrection  of  the  Indians,  but  Co- 
lumbus defeated  them  in  a  great  battle  on  the  Vega 
Real,  April  25, 1495.  Shortly  before  he  had  proposed  a 
plan  for  enslaving  hostile  Indians,  for  which  he  has  been 
much  blamed.  There  was  much  suffering  and  discontent 
among  the  colonists,  and  some  of  them  went  to  Spain  to 
make  complaints ;  they  were  supported  by  Bishop  Fon- 
seca,  an  enemy  of  Columbus,  who  was  at  the  head  of  co- 
lonial affairs;  and  in  1495  Juan  Aguado  was  sent  as  a 
royal  commissioner  to  Espaflola.  He  collected  complaints 
against  the  admiral,  who,  fearing  the  effect  of  the  repori^ 
returned  to  Spain  at  the  same  time  with  Aguado  (Marcl^ 
1496)^  leaving  his  brothers  in  charge.  He  was  well  re- 
ceived by  the  sovereigns,  and  the  charges  dismissed. 
After  much  delay  he  started  on  a  third  voyage  (May  30, 
.1498),  in  which  he  kept  farther  south,  discovered  Trinidad 
(July  31),  and  the  lowlands  at  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco 
(Aug.  IX  this  being,  in  all  probability,  the  first  discovery 
of  the  continent  of  South  America :  the  Cabots  had  al- 
ready seen  North  America,  With  much  diificulty  lie  passed 
the  two  straits  between  Trinidad  and  the  mainland,  and 
was  convinced  that  the  turbid  water  came  from  a  con- 
tinental (Asiatic)  river.  In  a  report  at  this  time  he  argues 
that  the  earth  is  pear-shaped  and  the  highest  land  at  the 
head  of  this  river,  where  also  is  the  terrestrial  paradise ; 
this,  and  some  other  later  reports,  have  been  supposed  to 
indicate  temporary  aberration  of  mind,  caused  by  sick- 
ness. On  Aug.  30  he  reached  Santo  Domingo,  which  had 
been  founded  during  his  absence.  Some  of  the  colonists, 
under  Roldan,  had  rebelled,  and  Columbus  was  forced  to 
make  a  disgraceful  peace  with  them.  Disorders  con- 
tinued, and  on  Aug.  24,  1500,  Francisco  de  Bobadilla  ar- 
rived as  royal  commissioner.  He  deposed  Columbus  and 
his  brothers  and  sent  them  in  chains  to  Spain  (Oct.,  1500); 
they  were  at  once  released,  but  Columbus  could  not  ob- 
tain a  reinstatement  in  his  dignities ;  and  only  after 
much  delay  he  obtained  four  caravels  for  a  final  explora- 
tion, in  which,  it  appears,  he  intended  to  circumnavi- 
gate the  globe.  Leaving  Spain  May,  1502,  he  touched  at 
Santo  Domingo,  thence  sailed  to  Central  America,  discov- 
ering Honduras  July  30,  and  coasting  to  the  Isthmus  of 
Panama,  seeldng  for  a  passage  westward.  After  en- 
counters with  the  Indians  and  a  vain  attempt  to  plant  a 
colony  (Feb.,  1503),  he  returned  to  Jamaica.  There  his 
ships,  worm-eaten  and  storm-beaten,  gave  out,  and  he  and 
his  men  remained  on  the  island,  enduring  great  suifer- 
ings :  some  rebelled,  and  were  subdued  after  a  hard  fight. 
A  canoe  sent  out  reached  Espaflola,  and  at  length  (June, 
1504)  ships  were  sent  to  take  them  off.  Columbus 
reached  Spain  Nov.  7, 1504.  Queen  Isabella,  who  had  al- 
ways befriended  him,  died  soon  after.  His  repeated  peti- 
tions for  reinstatement  had  no  efifect,  and  he  passed  his 
remaining  days  in  poverty  and  neglect.  He  never  knew 
that  the  regions  discovered  by  him  constituted  a  new 
continent,  always  supposing  them  to  be  portions  of  Asia. 

Columbus,  Diego,  It.  Giacomo  Colombo:  by 

Latin  writers  called  Jacobus.  Probably  bom 
at  Genoa  about  1450:  date  and  place  of  death 
unknown.  A  brother  of  Christopher  Columbus, 
who  accompanied  him  in  the  second  voyage 
(1493),  and  was  at  times  left  in  command  at 
Isabella  or  Santo  Domingo.  Eewas  sent  to  Spain 
with  his  brothers  in  150O,  and  about  that  time  became 
a  priest.  In  1609  he  accompanied  his  nephew  to  Santo 
Domingo,  and  probably  died  soon  after. 

Columbus,  Sp.  Colon,  Diego.  Bom  probably 
at  Lisbon  about  1476:  died  at  Montalvan,  near 
Toledo,  Feb.  23,  1526.  A  son  of  Christopher 
Columbus.  In  1492  Queen  Isabella  made  him  a  page 
at  the  Spanish  court,  where  he  remained  until  after  his 
father's  death.  He  was  confirmed  in  1509  as  admiral  of 
the  Indies  and  governor  of  Hispaniola,  but  without  the 
title  of  viceroy.  He  arrived  at  Santo  Domingo,  July  10^ 
1509 ;  but  the  conflicting  claims  of  jurisdiction,  and  dis- 
satisfaction with  his  rule,  soon  made  the  position  an  un- 
easy one.  Velasquez,  whom  he  sent  to  conquer  Cuba  in 
1.511,  virtually  threw  off  his  authority ;  the  establishment 
of  a  royal  audience  at  Santo  Domingo  restricted  his  pow- 
er;  and  though,  in  a  visit  to  Spain,  he  obtained  new  f  avora 


Colunibus,  Diego 


S520),  he  was  finally  cailed  back  by  the  Gonncil  o(  the 
idles  in  1523  to  answer  charges  against  him.  His  wife 
was  left  in  charge  of  the  government ;  but  Diego  followed 
the  court,  vainly  seeking  redress,  until  his  deatlu 

Columbus,  Ferdinand,  Sp.  Ferdinando  Co- 
lon, Born  in  Cordova,  Aug.  15,  1488:  died 
at  Seville,  July  12,  1539.  An  lUegitimate  son 
of  Christopher  Columbus  and  Dona  Beatrix 
Henriquez,  a  lady  of  Cordova.  He  was  made  page 
of  Queen  Isabella  in  1498 ;  was  with  his  father  on  the 
fourth  voyage,  1502-04 ;  and  by  the  admiral's  wiU  received 
an  ample  income,  afterward  increased  by  royal  grants. 
He  amassed  a  library  of  over  20,000  volumes,  which 
passed  by  will  to  the  cathedral  chapter  of  Seville,  where 
it  was  known  as  the  "  Colombiua  " :  only  about  4,000  vol- 
umes remain.  A  history  of  the  Indies  by  him  is  lost,  as 
is  the  original  Spanish  of  his  biography  of  his  father, 
which  was  used  by  Lea  Casas. 

Columbus,  Sp.  Colon  (ko-lon'),  Luis.  Bom  at 
Santo  Domingo,  1521  or  1522 :  died  in  Oran, 
Africa,  Feb.  3, 1572.  A  son  of  Diego  and  grand- 
son of  Christopher  Columbus.  In  1636  he  gave  up 
all  claims  to  the  Utle  of  viceroy,  receiving  in  return  the 
island  of  Jamaica  in  flef ,  a  large  pension,  lands  in  Veragua, 
and  the  titles  of  Duke  of  Veragua  and  Marquis  of  Jamaica. 
He  was  captain-general  of  Hispaniola  1540-51.  He  was 
Imprisoned  in  1659  for  having  three  wives,  and  in  1565 
banished  to  Oran.  For  descent  of  the  titles,  see  Vera- 
gua, Dukes  of, 

Columbus.  1.  The  capital  of  Ohio,  and  of 
Franklin  County,  situated  on  the  Scioto  Eiver 
in  lat.  39°  57'  N.,  long.  83°  3'  W.  it  is  an  unpor- 
tant  railway  center  and  manufacturing  place,  and  is  re- 
markable for  its  State  Capitol  and  other  public  buildings. 
It  was  made  the  State  capital  in  1816.  Population  (1900). 
125,660. 

3.  The  capital  of  Muscogee  County,  Greorgia, 
situated  on  the  Chattahoochee  Kiver  in  lat.  32° 
28'  N.,  long.  85°  5'  W.  It  has  manufactures  of 
iron  and  steel.  Population  (1900),  17,614.-3. 
The  capital  of  Bartholomew  County  in  southern 
central  Indiana.     Population   (1900),  8,130. — 

4.  A  city  in  western  Kentucky,  situated  on 
the  Mississippi  Eiver  16  miles  south  of  Cairo. 
It  was  a  strategic  point  of  the  Confederates  in 
1861-62. — 5.  The  county-seat  of  Lowndes  Coun- 
ty, eastern  Mississippi,  situated  on  the  Tom- 
bigbee  River  in  lat.  33°  31'  N.,  long.  88°  28'  "W. 
Population  (1900),  6,484. 

Columella  (kol-u-mel'la),  Lucius  Junius  Mo- 
deratus.  Bom  at  Cadiz,  Spain:  lived  about 
40  A.  D.  A  Boman  writer  on  agriculture.  He 
wrote  **  De  re  rustica,"  in  twelve  books  (edited  by  Schnei- 
der in  the  "  Scriptores  rei  rusticse,"  1794),  and  an  earlier 
work  on  the  same  subject,  of  which  one  book,  "De  Arbo- 
ribus,''  is  extant. 

Column  of  July,  F.  Colonne  de  Jnillet  (ko- 
lon'  de  zhiie-ya').  A  monument  in  Paris, 
France,  erected  on  the  site  of  the  Bastille  in 
1840,  in  honor  of  the  citizens  killed  in  the  at- 
tacks on  the  royal  government  in  1830.  It  is  a 
Corinthian  column  of  bronze,  13  feet  in  diameter,  rising 
from  a  square  base  and  marble  substructure,  and  capped 
by  a  gilded  statue  of  the  winged  Genius  of  Liberty.  Its 
total  height  is  164  feet. 

Column  of  Marcus  Aurelius,  or  Antonine 
Column.  A  monument  in  the  Piazza  Colonna, 
Rome,  erected  in  174  a.  d.  in  honor  of  the  cam- 
paigns against  the  Marcomanni.  It  reproduces 
the  type  of  the  Column  of  Trajan,  and  consists  of  aKoman 
Doric  column  of  marble  raised  on  a  square  pedestal,  the 
total  height,  without  the  statue  of  St.  Paul  of  Sixtus  V., 
being  123  feet.  The  shaft  is  sculptured  in  a  spiral  of  20 
turns,  with  reliefs  of  the  wars  it  commemorates. 

Column  of  the  Congress,  F.  Colonne  du  Con- 
grfes  (ko-lon'  dii  k6n-gra').  A  monument 
erected  in  Brussels,  Belgium,  in  commemora- 
tion of  the  Belgian  constitutional  congress  of 
1831.  It  is  a  Roman  Doric  column  147  feet  high,  on  the 
summit  of  which  stands  a  statue  of  Leopold  I.  Beliefs 
on  the  pedestal  represent  the  Belgian  provinces.  At  the 
angles  stand  four  female  figures  in  bronze,  personifying 
types  of  liberty. 

Column  of  Trajan.  A  monument  in  Rome, 
dedicated  in  114  a.  d.  in  honor  of  the  emperor. 
It  is  a  Eoman  Doric  column  of  marble,  on  a  square  base- 
ment, the  total  height,  exclusive  of  the  present  statue  of 
8t,  Peter,  being  127*  feet  The  base  bears  reliefs  of  war- 
like trophies  and  an  inscription ;  the  entire  shaft  is  occu- 
pied by  vigorous  and  lifelike  reliefs  ascending  in  a  spiral, 
representing  Trajan's  campaigns.  The  reliefs  contain 
about  2,500  human  figures,  besides  those  of  animals  and 
inanimate  objects. 

Column  of  Vendome  (von-dom'),  F.  Colonne 
Vendome.  A  monument  in  the  Place  Ven- 
ddme,  Paris,  France,  it  is  a  Eoman  Doric  column 
of  masonry  incased  in  bronze,  in  design  imitating  the 
Column  of  Trajan  at  Kome,  and  was  erected  by  Napoleon  I. 
in  honor  of  his  victories  over  the  Russians  and  Austrians 
in  1805.  The  shaft  is  encircled  with  reliefs  referring  to 
the  campaigns  in  question,  ascending  in  a  spiral,  the 
height  of  the  figures  being  3  feet.  The  column  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  figure  of  the  emperor.  Itsheight  is  142  feet, 
and  its  diameter  13  feet.  It  was  overthrown  by  the  Com- 
mune in  1871,  but  was  restored  in  1875. 

Columns  of  Hercules.    See  Fillars  ofEercules. 
Columns  of  St.  Mark  and  St.  Theodore.  Two 

columns  in  Venice,  situated  at  the  end  of  the 


270 

Piazzetta  toward  the  Grand  Canal.  The  massive 
plain  cylindrical  shafts  are  of  granite,  the  western  pink, 
the  eastern  gray,  resting  on  spreading,  stepped  bases. 
The  capitals  are  ascribed  to  a  Lombard  architect.  The 
figure  of  St.  Theodore,  with  his  crocodile,  was  erected  on 
ihe  western  column  in'  1329.  The  eastern  column  bears 
the  famous  winged  lion  of  St.  Mark,  in  bronze,  with  eyes 
inlaid  in  precious  stones.  The  existing  Hon  is  of  the  16th 
century. 

Colville  (kor'vil).  A  name,  of  European  ori- 
gin, applied  to  a  Salishan  tribe  formerly  dwell- 
ing near  Kettle  Falls  on  the  upper  Columbia 
Eiver,  near  the  Canadian  boundary.  The  tribe 
now  numbers  247  persons,  dwelling  on  the  Puyallup  reser- 
vation, Washington.     See  Salishan. 

Oolwell  (kol'wel),  Stephen.  Born  in  Brooke 
County,  West  Va.,  March  25,  1800:  died  at 
Philadelphia,  Jan.  15,  1871.  An  American 
merchant,  economist,  and  general  writer.  He 
wrote  "Ways  and  Means  of  Payment"  (1859), 
etc. 

Coma  Berenices  (ko'ma  ber-e-ni'sez).  [L., 
'hair  of  Berenice.'  See  iBereniee.']  An  ancient 
asterism  (though  not  one  of  the  48  constella- 
tions of  Hipparchus)i  situated  north  of  Virgo 
and  between  Bootes  and  Leo,  and  supposed  to 
represent  the  famous  amber  hair  of  Berenice, 
the  wife  of  Ptolemy  Euergetes. 

Comacchio  (ko-mak'ke-6).  A  town  in  thf 
province  of  Ferrara,  Italy,  situated  near  the 
Adriatic  29  miles  southeast  of  Ferrara.  Popu- 
lation, 7,000. 

Comana  (ko-ma'na).  [Gr.  to  'KSjmva.']  1.  In 
ancient  geography,  a  oity  of  Cappadocia,  Asia 
Minor,  situated  on  the  river  Sarus.  It  was  noted 
for  its  temple  to  Ma,  the  moon-goddess.  Also  called 
Chryse  ('the  Golden'). 

2.  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of  Pontus,  Asia 
Minor,  situated  about  lat.  40°  20'  N.,  long.  36° 
50'  E.  It  was  perhaps  a  colony  of  the  Cappadocian  city, 
and  it  was  sacred  to  the  same  goddess.  The  modern  Gu- 
menek  is  on  its  site. 

Comanche  (ko-man'che),  or  Camanche  (ka- 
man'che).  [PI.,  also  Comanches.]  A  tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  well  known  for  their 
martial  character.  According  to  tradition  and  lin- 
guistic evidence  they  were  formerly  neighbors  of  the 
Shoshoni  in  Wyoming.  In  1724  they  were  on  upper  Kan- 
sas Kiver,  and  later  were  south  of  Red  River,  Texas,  this 
southward  extension  doubtless  being  due  to  pressure  by 
Siouan  tribes.  Then'  later  territory  was  the  extensive 
plains  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  eastward  into  Indian 
Territory  and  Texas  as  far  as  long.  97°,  although  they 
raided  the  country  from  Kansas  southward  as  far  as  Du- 
rango,  Mexico  (a  distance  of  800  miles).  They  agreed  to 
go  upon  a  reservation  in  1868,  at  which  date  they  num- 
bered about  2,600,  The  Comanche  now  on  the  Kiowa,  Co- 
manche, and  Wichita  reservation,  Oklahoma,  number  153. 
Their  own  name  is  -flTilwn,  '  people.'  CoTnaiwhe,  a  name  of 
unknown  signification,  was  first  applied  by  the  Spanish 
Mexicans,  while  tlie  French  form,  PadoiKa,  is  adapted 
from  their  Sioux  name.  They  also  have  been  known  as 
Choumarif  Comande,  Eawmains,  Neum,  Padouca,  and  Pa- 
duca.    See  Shoshonean. 

Comande.    See  Comanche. 

Comayagua  (ko-ma-ya'gwa).  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Comayagua,  Honduras,  situated 
on  the  river  Humaya  in  lat.  14°  28'  N.,  long. 
87°  39'  W.  It  was  the  capital  of  Honduras  until  1880. 
Population,  about  6,000.  In  colonial  times  it  had  18,000 
inhabitants,  but  it  was  burned  in  1827,  and  has  never  fully 
recovered. 

Combaconum.    See  Kumbhakonam. 

Combe  (kom),  Andrew.  Bom  at  Edinburgh, 
Oct.  27,  1797:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Aug.  9, 1847. 
A  Scottish  physician  and  writer  on  physiology 
and  phrenology.  He  founded,  with  his  brother  George 
Combe  and  others,  the  "Phrenological  Magazine  "  (1823), 
of  which  he  remained  proprietor  until  1837. 

Combe,  George.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Oct.  21, 
1788:  died  at  Moor  Park,  Famham,  England, 
Aug.  14,  1858.  A  Scottish  phrenologist :  chief 
work  "An  Essay  on  the  Constitution  of  Man" 
(1828). 

Combe,  William.  Bom  at  Bristol,  England, 
1741:  died  at  Lambeth,  June  19,  1823.  An 
English  writer,  author  of  "Dr.  Syntax."  He 
was  the  godson  (or  natural  son)  of  a  London  alderman; 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  Oxford  (where,  however,  he  did 
not  take  a  degree) ;  entered  the  law ;  led  for  some  time 
the  life  of  an  adventurer,  being  successively  a  soldier,  a 
waiter,  a  lieutenant,  and  a  cook ;  and  for  the  last  43  years 
of  his  life  resided  within  the  rules  of  the  King's  Bench 
debtors'  prison.  He  published  a  large  number  of  works, 
including  "  The  Diaboliad,  a  poem  dedicated  to  the  worst 
man  (Simon,  Lord  Irnham)  in  His  Majesty's  Dominions  " 
(1776),  "  The  Devil  upon  Two  Sticks  In  England  "  (1790). 
"'The  Tour  of  Dr.  Syntax  in  search  of  the  Picturesque" 
(a  poem  first  published  in  the  "Poetical  Magazine,"  and 
republished  1812X  etc. 

Comberback,  Silas  Tomkyns.  The  name 
under  which  Coleridge  enlisted  in  the  15th  Dra- 
goons. 

Combermere,  Viscount.    See  Cotton. 

Comecrudo  (ko-ma-kro'do).  A  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  which  live  on  the  lower  Rio 
Grande  at  Las  Prietas,  Tamaulipas,  Mexico. 


Comines 

01  the  25  survivors  in  1886  but  seven  spoke  their  native 
tongue.  The  name  is  said  to  signify  'raw  eaters'  (Sp. 
come-erado),  in  alluBion  to  their  practice  of  cannibalism. 
Also  called  Carrizos.    See  Coahuiltecan. 

Com^die  Fran^aise  (ko-ma-de'  fron-saz'),  La. 
The  official  name  of  the  Th^&tre  Franyais.  The 
ComSdie  Franoaise  practically  had  its  beginnmg  in  the 
Ih^fltre  de  I'BOtel  Bouigogne,  established  in  1562  and 
made  th^&tre  royal  under  Henry  III.  in  1688 :  it  was  fol. 
lowed  by  the  Th^&tre  du  Marais  in  1600.  A  few  years  after- 
ward the  company  of  Molitoe  was  established  in  the  great 
hall  of  the  H6tel  Bourbon.  In  1660  the  H6tel  Bourbon  was 
torn  down,  and  in  1661  Molitre  was  transferred  to  the 
theater  of  the  Palais  Royal.  In  1673  Molifere  died ;  his 
company  was  disbanded  and  went  to  the  Ih^Ure  Gu^n£- 
gaud.  In  1680  there  were  three  companies  in  Paris — that 
of  the  Hdtel  Bourgogne,  that  of  the  Marais,  and  the  com- 
pany of  Molifere  in  the  Theatre  Gu^nSgaud :  the  two  latter 
were  amalgamated  Oct.  21, 1680,  and  the  Com^die  Fran- 
caise  organized  by  lettre  de  cachet  of  Louis  XIV.  as 
"L'H6tel  des  Com^diens  du  Roi  entretenus  par  Sa  Ma- 
jesty." The  Com^die  Franfaise  migrated  frequently.  In 
1689  it  had  its  home  in  the  Rue  des  Fosses  St  Germain 
des  Pr^s  (Rue  de  I'Ancienne  Com^die):  it  was  here  and  in 
this  year  that  it  first  took  the  title  of  Com^die  Franoaise. 
In  1770  it  removed  to  the  Tuileries,  and  in  1782  the  com- 
pany played  in  what  is  now  the  Odeon.  It  was  suppressed 
in  the  Revolution  in  1793,  and  reconstituted  by  Napoleon, 
then  first  consul,  and  established  in  the  Thd^tre  Frangais. 
See  Th^dtre  Francis. 

Com^die  Humaine  (ko-ma-de'  ii-man').  La. 
A  collection  of  Balzac's  novels,  arranged  and 
connected  with  laborious  classification  by  him- 
self to  form  what  he  called  a  "complete  soci- 
ety," the  same  persons  and  their  relatives  ap- 
pearing and  reappearing.  "Each  novel  is  in  fact 
a  page  ofthe  great  work,  which  would  be  incomplete  with- 
out it."  It  is  a  picture  of  the  manners  and  morals  of 
his  own  time. 

Comedy  of  Errors,  The.  A  play  by  Shak- 
spere,  acted  at  Gray's  Inn,  Dec.  28,  1594.  its 
real  title  is  "  Errors. "  ft  is  thought  that  another  version 
not  entirely  by  Shakspere  was  acted  about  1590.  The  origi- 
nal plot  was  probably  suggested  by  Plautus's  "Menffichmi" 
and  "  Amphitryon,'  and  more  directly  by  the  "  History  of 
Error  "  acted  by  the  chapel  children  in  1576.  (Pleay.) 
The  plot  consists  in  the  extraordinary  series  of  mistakes 
arising  from  the  likeness  between  twin  brothers,  both 
named  Antipholus,  and  the  likeness  between  their  two 
servants,  named  Dromio. 

Comely  Bank  (kum'H  bangk).  See  the  extract. 

The  Carlyles,  at  the  period  of  Thomas's  famous  visit  to 
Jeffrey  in  <3eorge  Street,  "were  living  at  Comely  Bank,  in 
one  of  a  row  of  two-storied,  uninteresting  houses,  calling 
themselves  "  villa  residences,"  at  the  northwest  of  Edin- 
burgh, quite  out  of  town  even  now,  and  facing  a  green 
called  Stockbridge  Public  Park.  Carlyle's  cottage  is 
numbered  21. 

Hutton,  Literary  Landmarks  of  Edinburgh,  p.  65. 

Comenius  (ko-me'ni-us)  (originally  Eomen- 
sky),  Johann  Amos.  Born  at  Nivnitz  or, 
more  probably,  at  Ungariseh-Brod,  Moravia, 
March  28,  1592:  died  in  Holland,  Nov.  15, 1670. 
A  noted  Czechic  theologian  and  educational 
reformer.  He  studied  theology  at  Herborn  and  Heidel- 
berg, and  in  1618  became  pastor  of  a  congregation  of 
Moravian  Bretlu*en  at  Fulnek.  ExpeUed  by  an  imperial 
mandate  of  1621,  which  banished  all  Protestant  pastors 
from  Bohemia,  he  eventually  settled  at  Lissa,  Poland, 
where  he  supported  himself  by  teaching.  In  1642  he 
went  to  Sweden,  where,  at  the  invitation  of  the  chancel- 
lor Axel  Oxenstjerna,  he  prepared  a  plan  for  the  improve- 
ment of  the  educational  system  of  the  country.  lie  was 
in  1648  elected  bishop  of  the  Moravian  Church  at  Lissa, 
where,  with  an  interruption  of  four  years  spent  at  S^ros- 
Patak,  Hungary,  he  remained  until  1657,  when  Lissa  was 
pillaged  and  burned  by  the  Poles,  He  subsequently  set- 
tled at  Amsterdam.  Among  his  works  are  "  Janua  lin- 
guarum  reserata,"  "Orbis  pictus,"  and  "Didactica  magna 
sen  omnes  omnia  docendi  artiflcium." 

Comical  Gallant,  The,  or  the  Amours  of  Sir 
John  Falstaff.  An  alteration  of  "  The  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor  "  by  John  Dennis,  played  in 
1702. 

Comical  Lovers,  The,  or  Marriage  h  la 
Mode.  A  comedy  by  Cibber,  produced  and 
printed  in  1707.  it  is  made  from  the  comic  scenes  of 
Dryden's  "  Secret  Love  "  and  "  Marriage  k  la  Mode." 

Comical  Bevenge,  The,  or  Love  in  a  Tub. 

A  comedy  by  Sir  George  Etheredge,  produced  in 
16(34.     It  was  published  in  the  same  year. 

Comines,  or  Commines  (ko-men' ) .  A  town  on 
the  Lys  10  miles  north  of  Lille,  situated  partly 
in  the  department  of  Nord,  France,  and  partly 
in  West  Flanders,  Belgium.  Population  (1891), 
7,422. 

Comines,  or  Commines,  or  Comynes,  Philippe 
de.  Bom  at  Comines,  near  Lille,  Prance  (or  at 
Renesoure,  near  Hazebrouck),  about  1445 :  died 
at  -Argenton,  Deux-S^vres,  France,  Oct.  18. 
1511.  A  noted  French  statesman  and  historian. 
He  entered  the  service  of  Charles  the  Bold,  and  then  went 
over  to  Louis  XI.,  in  whose  household  he  rose  to  the  dig- 
nity of  confidant  and  counselor.  In  1486  he  was  arrested 
for  political  reasons  and  imprisoned  for  over  two  years. 
At  the  command  of  Charles  VIII.  he  was  arrested  again 
later  on,  and  exiled  for  ten  years.  After  serving  his  time, 
he  returned  to  court  only  to  fall  into  disgrace.  FinaUy  he 
retired  into  private  life  and  wrote  his  "MSmoires,"  The 
"Cronique  et  hystoire  faicte  et  composSe  par  messire 
Philippe  de  Comines  "  (Paris,  1624)  was  written  from  1488 
to  1493,    It  deals  with  the  history  of  France  between  1464, 


Oomines  271 

■when  Comlnes  came  to  the  court  of  Charles  the  Bold,  Conmena,  Anna.     See  Anna  Comnena. 

Mid  1483,  the  date  ot  the  death  of  Louis  XI.    The  sequel,  OomnCnUS  (kom-ne'niis),  HoUSe  of  (The  Com- 

"Croniquesduroy  Charles  huytlesme" (Pans,  1628),  was     _.„..       rj.W,    Trx„„„^JS      A,f  ill7,iir.,,„  °tS 


written  later  than  1197,  and  contains  notes  on  the  wars 
waged  by  Charles  VIII.  between  1494  and  1498.  Complete 
editions  nave  been  made  by  Denis  Sauvage  (1652),  Gode- 
froy  (1649),  Lenglet-Dufresnoy  (1747),  Mademoiselle  Du- 
pont  (1840-47),  and  B.  Chantelauze  (1881). 
Comitan  (ko-me-tan'),  or  Comitlan  (ko-met- 
lan').  A  town  in  the  state  of  Chiapas,  south- 
ern. Mexico,  in  lat.  16°  5'  N.,  long.  92°  25'  W. 
Population  (1889),  7,000. 

Oomlt6  des  Etudes  du  Haut  Congo.  See  In- 
ternational African  Association. 

Oomitilim  (ko-mish'ium).  [L.,' place  of  assem- 
bly.'] A  paved  area  in  ancient  Kome,  hetween 
the  northeastern  side  of  the  Forum  Komanum 
and  the  Curia,  where  the  Comitia  Curiata,  or 
assembly  of  the  patricians,  met,  and  where  the 
most  important  legal  eases  were  tried,  it  was 
surrounded  with  a  barrier  by  TuUus  Hostilius.  On  the 
Comitium  stood  the  original  rostra^  or  official  speakers' 
platform,  and  close  to  It  was  the  grsecoetaeis,  the  platform 
provided  for  foreign  envoys. 

Oommagene  (kom-a-je'ne).  [Gr.Ko/i/iayTiv^.']  In 
ancient  geography,'  a  district  in  northern  Syria, 
between  the  Euphrates  on  the  east  and  Cilicia 


neni).  [MGr.  K6/j.v?ivog.']  An  illustrious  By- 
zantine family,  probably  of  Italian  origin,  which 
acquired  historical  importance  in  the  10th  cen- 
tury, and  from  which  descended  six  emperors 
of  the  Bast,  all  the  emperors  of  Trebizond,  and 
many  statesmen,  generals,  and  authors.  See 
Alexius  I.,  Alexius  II.,  Andronicus  I.,  Isaac  I., 
Manuel  I.,  and.  Anna  Comnena. 
Como  (ko'mo).  [F.  Cdme,  It.  Como,  L.  Comum.'] 
1.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Como,  Italy, 
situated  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  Lake 
of  Como,  25  miles  north-northwest  of  Milan,  it 
is  picturesquely  situated,  has  a  noted  cathedral,  and  man- 
ufactures silk.  The  cathedral,  one  of  the  finest  in  northern 
Italy,  was  begun  in  1396  in  an  excellent  Pomted  style,  con- 
tinued in  that  of  the  early  Benaissance,  and  completed  in 
the  more  ornate  Benaissance  of  the  16th  century.  The 
front  has  round-arched  doors,  a  fine  rose,  delicate  sculp- 
ture, and  rich  pinnacles.  The  Benaissance  north  doorway 
is  notable.  The  nave  is  Pointed,  with  good  vaulting ;  the 
circular  choir  is  classical.  There  are  many  beautiful  fres- 
cos, by  Quini  and  Ferrari.    It  was  the  birthplace  of  the  Compton  (komp'tou),  Hsnrv.     Born  at  Comp 

elder  Pliny,  the  younger  Pliny,  and  Volta.    Population  *-"  -     -^  .^-^   "  .  ,    ,  ."       ,.    ,   ^ 

(1891),  commune,  35,000. 

3.  A  province  in  Lbmbardy,  Italy,  bordering 
on  Switzerland.  Area,  1,091  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  555,682. 


Comus 

Complaint  of  Venus,  The.  Apoem  by  Chaucer, 
translated  by  Mm  late  in  life  from  the  French 
of  GraimsOD.  it  is  made  up  of  three  independent  bal- 
lades :  the  title  was  given  by  the  copyists  as  a  counterpart 
to  the  "Complaint  of  Mars,"  to  which  it  Is  appended. 

Complaint  to  Ms  Purse.  A  poem  by  Chaucer, 
attributed  to  Oecleve.  It  was  printed  before 
the  1532  edition. 

Complaint  to  Pity.  Apoem  byChaueer,  printed 
before  1532,  and  probably  written  about  1367. 
Skeat. 

Coim)lete  Angler,  The.  A  celebrated  work 
by  Izaak  Walton,  published  in  1653. 

Oompostela.    See  Santiago  de  Compostella. 

Compostela  (kom-pos-ta'la),  Diego  Evelino 
de.  Born  at  Santiago  de  Oompostela,  1635: 
died  at  Havana,  Cuba,  Aug.  27, 1704.  A  Span- 
ish prelate.  He  taught  theology  in  the  University  of 
Valladolid,  and  was  vicar  of  various  parishes  in  Spain. 
In  1685  he  was  named  bishop  of  Cuba  and  Florida,  a  posi- 
tion which  he  held  until  his  death. 

Compromise  of  1850.    See  Omnibus  Bill. 


on  the  west.    It  was  at  one  time  tributary  to  the  As- 
syrian empire,  and  was  an  independent  kingdom  from  .  „-+»-  ,.n  ,■,.,-■• 
65  B.  0.-17  A.  D.    It  is  called  Kumnmh  in  the  Assyrian  ComO,  Lake  Of,  It.  LagO  dl  ComO   (la'go  de 
cuneiform  inscriptions.                                                     ko'mo),  P.  Lac  de  Cdme  (lak  de  kom),  &.  Co- 
Oommander  of  the  Faithful.     [Ax.  Emir-al-    mersee(k6'mer-za).    A  lake  of  northern  Italy, 

near  the  Swiss  border :  the  Eoman  Laous  Larius. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  river  Adda,  and  is  famous  for  its 
beauty.  It  is  surrounded  by  mountains,  and  its  shores 
are  bordered  with  villas.  At  Eellaggio  it  is  divided  into 
the  Lake  of  Como  (proper)  and  the  Lake  of  Lecco.  Length, 
^  30  miles.    Greatest  width,  2J  miles.    Depth,  1,330  feet, 

read  at  the  memorial  exercises  at  Cambridge  Oomonfort  (ko-mon-forf),  Ignacio.    Bom  at 

Puebla,  March  12, 1812 :  died  near  Guanajuato, 
Nov.  13, 1863.  A  Mexican  soldier  and  states- 
man. He  joined  the  revolt  against  Santa  Anna,  April, 
1854 ;  was  secretary  of  war  under  Alvarez,  Oct.,  1856, 
and  on  the  retirement  of  that  leader  became  acting  presi- 
dent ;  under  the  constitution  of  Feb.,  1857,  was  elected 
constitutional  president,  assuming  ofQce  Dec.  1, 1857.  As 
acting  president  he  crushed  a  series  of  revolts  led  by  the 


mu"mlnln.'\    A  title  of  the  califs,  first  assumed 
by  Omar  634-644. 

Commemoration  Ode.  An  ode  by  James  Bus- 
sell  Lowell  in  memory  of  the  members  of  Har- 
vard College  who  had  served  in  the  Civil  War, 


in  1865. 

Commendation  of  Our  Lady.  A  ballade  once 
attributed  to  Chaucer,  but  erroneously,  it  is  not 
written  in  ballade  form.  Tyrwhltt  thinks  there  is  evidence 
that  Lydgate  may  have  written  it. 

Commentaries,  Osesar's.    See  Csesar,  Julius. 

Commercy  (krf-mer-se').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meuse,  Prance,  situated  on  the 
Meuse  20  miles  east  of  Bar-le-Duc.  It  has  a 
castle.    Population  (1891),  commune,  7,483. 

Commissary  (kom'i-sa-ri).  The.  A  comedy  by 
Poote,  produced  in  1765. 

Committee  (kg-mit'e),  The, 
B.  Howard,  printed  in  1665.  .  .    . 

in  1662.     It  was  revised  by  T.  Knight  and  produced  as 
"The  Honest  Thieves  "  in  1797. 

Commode  (ko-mod').  A  play  by  Thomas  Cor- 
neille,  played  for  Louis  XIV.  at  the  Louvre  in 
1659. 

Commodian.     See  Commodianus. 

Commodianus  (ko-mo-di-a'nus).  A  Christian 
poet  of  the  first  half  of  the  3d  century.  Two 
poems  by  him  are  extant,  "  Instructiones  LXXX  adversus 
gentium  deos,"  and  "  Carmen. Apologeticum,"  a  defense 
of  Christianity. 

Cominodus  (kom'6-dus),  Lucius  JElius  Au- 
relius  (also  Marcus  Antoninus).  Born  at 
Lanuvium,  Italy,  Aug.  31,  161  A.  D.:  killed 
at  Eome,  Dec.  31, 192.  Emperor  of  Borne  180- 
192,  son  of  Marcus  Aurelius  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded. He  bought  peace  of  the  Germans  at  the  price 
of  a  tribute,  and,  intrusting  the  direction  of  the  govem- 
ment,to  favorites  (Perennis,  Oleander,  Lsetus,  and  Bclec- 
tus),  abandoned  himself  to  dissipation  and  cruelty.  He 
put  to  death  his  wife  Crispina  and  nearly  all  the  public 
men  who  had  risen  to  eminence  under  his  father,  is  said 
to  have  appeared  as  a  gladiator  in  the  amphitheater  over 
seven  hundred  times  against  defenseless  opponents,  and 
to  have  claimed  divine  honors,  appearing  in  public  as 
Hercules  and  demanding  to  be  worshiped  as  such.     '''■ 


ton  Wynyates,  Warwickshire,  1632;  died  at 
Pulham,  near  London,  July  7,  1713.  An  Eng- 
lish prelate,  bishop  of  London,  and  youngest 
son  of  Spencer  Compton,  second  earl  of  North- 
ampton. He  studied  at  Oxford  (Queen's  College)  and 
at  Cambridge ;  was  installed  canon  of  Christ  Church  in 
1669  ;  became  bishop  of  Oxford  in  1674,  and  bishop  of 
London  in  1675  ;  and  was  charged  with  the  education  of 
Mary  and  Anne  (later  queens),  daughters  of  James,  duke 
of  York  (James  II.).  After  the  accession  of  James  he  was 
tried  before  Lord  Chancellor  Jeffreys,  as  head  of  the  high 
court  of  ecclesiastical  commission,  for  disobeying  the 
king  (in  refusing  to  suspend  John  Sharp,  dean  of  Nor- 
wich), and  suspended  from  the  exercise  of  his  episcopal 
functions ;  but  was  reinstated  in  1688.  He  was  a  vigorous 
opponent  of  Catholicism  and  an  influential  supporter  of 
William  III. 
Compton,  Spencer.  Born  May,  1601 :  killed 
in  the  battle  of  Hoptou  Heath,  March  19, 1643. 
The  second  Earl  of  Northampton,  a  partizan 
of  Charles  I.  in  his  struggle  with  Parliament. 
He  served  actively  in  the  king's  army,  commanding  the  roy- 
alist forces  at  Hopton  Heath,  where  he  was  slain. 

churoh'and  conservative  parties.    Soon  after  his  regular  ComptOU,  SponCOr.       Born  a,bout  1673:    died 


election  he  tacitly  encouraged  the  project  of  a  dictator- 
ship ;  was  deposed  after  hard  fighting,  and  fled  the  coun- 
try In  Feb.,  1868.  He  returned  in  1862,  took  a  prominent 
part  against  the  French  invasion,  and  was  killed  by  irreg- 
ular troops  or  bandits, 
A  comedy  by  Sir  Oomorin  (kom'g-rin),  Cape.  The  southern  ex- 
Evelyn  saw  it  played  tremity  of  peninsular  India,  situated  in  lat. 
8°  5' N.,  long.  77°  30' E. 

Comorn.    See  Komorn. 

Comoro  (kom'o-ro)  Islands,  or  Comores.  A 
group  of  small  islands  in  the  Mozambique  Chan- 
nel, in  lat.  11°- 13°  S. ,  long.  43°-45°  E.  The  chief 
islands  are  Great  Comoro,  Anjuan  (Johanna),  Mohilla, 
and  Mayotte  (the  last  a  French  possession).  All  the  isl- 
ands were  taken  under  French  protection  in  1888.  The 
population  is  partly  Arab,  partly  Malagasy.  Population, 
about  60,000. 

Compagnia  della  Oalza  (kom-pan-ye'a  del'la 
kal'tsa).  [It., 'Company  of  the  Stocking':  so 
named  from  a  particular  stocking  which  the 
members  wore.]  A  society  which  existed  in 
Italy  during  the  15th  and  16th  centuries,  for 
the  production  of  public  and  private  entertain- 
ments, as  games,  feasts,  and  theatrical  repre- 
sentations. In  the  course  of  time  this  society  be- 
came divided  into  different  fraternities,  as  the  Compagnia 
del  Floridi,  Sempitemi,  etc.,  each  of  which  was  governed 
by  particular  laws  and  oflacers,  and  the  members  distin- 
guished by  a  certain  habit.  Dunlop^  Hist.  Prose  Fiction, 
II.  229. 

Company  (kum'pa-ni),  John,  A  nickname  for 
the  East  India  Company,  originating  in  India. 


He 


was  strangled  by  the  athlete  Narcissus,  who  was  intra-  OompaSS  (kum'pas).     A  soldier  and  scholar  in 
j3.,^^^  4.,*-^  >,.-e  Diaar.incv-!innT<t.ninnt  bv  consmrators.  chief  YV"*!'^"*'  \      .       -r..   /         ,.™,       ,,  .  .      T  _  J,_-  » 


duced  into  his  sleeping-apartment  by  conspirators,  chief 
of  whom  was  the  emperor's  mistress,  Marcia. 

Common  (kotn'on),  Dol.  In  Ben  Jonson's  com- 
edy "The  Alchemist,"  the  mistress  of  Subtle. 

Common  Sense.  A  pamphlet  by  Thomas  Paine, 
published  in  Philadelphia  Jan.  1,  1776.  It  advo- 
cated entire  separation  from  England,  and  its  arguments 
fell  in  with  the  prevailing  current  of  feeling,  and  swept 
waverers  along  with  it.  It  is  described  by  Washington  as 
"working  a  powerful  change  in  the  minds  of  many  men 
(Works,  m.  276). 

Commonwealth  of  England,  The.  The  des- 
ignation applied  officially  to  the  form  of  gov- 
ernment existing  in  England  from  the  abolition 


Ben  Jonson's  comedy  "The  Magnetic  Lady," 
one  well  read  in  Men  and  Manners." 


July  2, 1743.  An  English  politician,  third  son 
of  the  third  Earl  of  Northampton,  created  Vis- 
count Pevensey  and  earl  of  Wilmington  in 
1730.  He  was  chosen  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons 
March  17, 1715,  and  reelected  Oct.  9, 1722.  In  Feb.,  1742, 
he  was  appointed  first  lord  of  the  treasury. 
Comtat  d' Avignon  (k6u-ta'  da-ven-y6u')  and 
Oomtat-Venaissin (-ve-na-sah').  Twoancient 
territories  of  southern  France,  lying  between 
Dauphin^  on  the  north,  Provence  on  the  east, 
the  Durance  on  the  south,  and  the  Bhdne  on  the 
west.  They  were  ceded  to  the  popes  in  the  13th  century, 
and  were  united  to  France  in  1791.  They  correspond  nearly 
to  the  department  of  Vauolnse. 

Oomte  (k6nt),  Isidore  Auguste  Marie  Fran- 
cois Xavier.  Bom  at  Montpellier,  Prance, 
Jan.  19, 1798 :  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  5, 1857.  A  cele- 
brated French  philosopher,  founder  of  positiv- 
ism. He  studied  two  years  at  the  Ecole  Polytechnique 
in  Paris  (having  been  admitted  in  1814),  and  about  1818 
became  the  friend  and  disciple  of  Saint-Simon,  whose 
doctrines  he  undertook  to  expound  in  a  work  entitled 
"Syst^me  de  politique  positive"  in  1822.  This  friend- 
ship terminated  in  ,a  complete  estrangement  in  1824.  He 
was  tutor  at  the  Ecole  Polytechnique  1832-61.  His  chief 
works  are  "  Cours  de  philosophie  positive  "  (1830-42),  and 
"Cat^chisme  positiviste"  (1852). 

Comte  de  Boursoufle  (kdht  ds  bor-so'fl),  Le. 
A  comedy  by  Voltaire,  first  produced  as ' '  Quand 
est-ce  qu'on  me  marie  ?  "  It  was  privately  played  for 
the  first  time  under  that  title  at  the  Ch&teau  de  Cirey  in 
1734,  and  again  in  1747  at  the  Ch&teau  d'Anet.  It  was  pro- 
duced at  the  OdSon  as  "le  Comte  de  Boursoufle"  in  1862 
as  a  posthumous  play  of  Voltaire.  It  was  really  made  from 
the  broader  parts  of  Vanbrugh's  "  Relapse."  The  Comte 
de  Boursoufle  is  a  Gallicized  Lord  Foppington. 


Compifegne  (k6h-pyany').    A  town  in  the  de-  q^      ^     Monte-Oristo  (k6nt  de  mdn'te- 
partment  of  Oise,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Oise  *<"'""°    ""?-  ■"  ""  .  .      s-         -      - 
45  miles  northeast  of  Paris :  the  ancient  Com- 


of  the  monarchv  in  Feb.,  1649,  after  the  execu-  Complaint  of  Mars.  A  poem  by  Chaucer,  writ 

tion  of  Charles  1,  till  the  establishment  of  the    *° "^-^i"  °**'"-  '"^^"    ^*  ■••  "■■"  "'  -f-'-'.^'^i'-^ 

protectorate  under  Cromwell  in  Dec,  1653,  but 
often  loosely  used  of  the  whole  interval  from 
the  death  of  Charles  L  to  the  restoration  of 
Charles  II.  in  May,  1660.  During  the  former  period, 
or  that  of  the  real  commonwealth,  the  government  was 
1  Council  of  State,  composed  of  members  of  the 


kres'to),  Le.    A  novel  by  Alexandre  Dumas, 
published  in  1844 ;  so  named  from  its  hero, 
pendium.  it  was  noted  as  a  favorite  royal  residence,  and  Of,™*-  Qrv  (k6nt  6-re' ) ,  Le.     An  opera  by  Bos- 
its  chief  buUdIng  is  the  royal  palace,  a  large  structure  ^^^^^fJfJiS}-^^,  a„..;v.„'"°   ■n<>l«=^-^«.P^,■i=nT,^ 
founded  in  Merovingian  times  and  rebuilt  in  the  reign 
of  Louis  XV.  and  later.    The  interior  is  especially  note- 
worthy for  the  furniture  and  decoration  of  the  apartments 
fitted  out  under  Napoleon  I.,  and  contains  a  collection  of 
modern  paintings.    At  Compifegne,  in  1430,  Joan  of  Arc 
was  taken  prisoner.    The  town  has  been  the  seat  of  sev- 
eral councils.    Population  (1891),  commune,  14,498. 


ten  probably  after  1380.  it  is  full  of  astronomical 
allusions,  and  contains  the  story  of  "the  broche  "  which 
Vulcan  wrought  at  Thebes.  It  is  supposed  to  be  sung  on 
St.  Valentine's  day  by  a  bird.   A"Complaintof  Venus"has 


sini  (words  by  Scribe  and  Delestre-Poirson), 
produced  in  French  at  Paris  Aug.  20,  1828,  and 
in  Italian  at  London  Feb.  28, 1829,  and  in  French 
June  20,  1849.  Both  words  and  music  were  adapta- 
tions of  works  by  the  same  authors  written  some  years 
before. 

Comtesse  d'Escarbagnas  (k6h-tes'  des-kar- 
ban-yas'),La.  AeomedybyMolifere, firstplayed 
for  the  king  at  Saint-Germain  in  1691.  The  next 
year  it  was  played  in  Paris  on  Feb.  2.  It  is  a  study  of 
provincial  manners. 


Hoteo'fComZnranS'HTsrortod;  was  abolished.  Complaint  of  Philomone,  The      A  poem  by 
Communes  Seven.    See  Sette  Comuni.  George  Gascoigne,  begun  m  1562,  but  not  com- 

Communes;  Thirteen.    See  Tredid  Comuni.      pleted  until  1576. 


been  appended  to  it.    The 'latter  is  of  a  totally  different  QomteSSe  de  Kudolstadt  (k6h-tes'   d6  ru-dol- 
character,  and  is  a  translation  from  the  French  of  Sir  Otes     gtat' )   La      A  novel  bv  George  Sand,  a  sequel 
de  Graunson  (Shirley):    It  is  probable  that  the  Venus  m     ^''^^^  /i' t^,*  lo  "  rjublished  in  184-1 
both  poems  refers  to  the  princess  Isabel  of  Spain.  to     Oonsuelo,    puDlisneain  iot±. 

-    ■    ■      ■-  —  '  -     ^  -  Comus  (ko'mus).     [Gr.  K(j^of.]     In  later  cUs- 

sical  mj'thology,  the  god  of  mirth,  represented 

as  a  winged  youth. 


Comus 

Comus.  A  mask  by  Milton,  presented  at  Ludlow 
Castle  Sept.  29, 1634,  before  the  Earl  of  Bridge- 
water.  It  was  printed  iu  1637,  and  in  his  works  in  1645. 
Milton  is  said  to  be  indebted  to  Fletcher's  "faitUul 
Shepherdess  "  for  the  lyrical  portions,  and  lor  its  central 
situation  to  Peele's  "Old  Wives'  Tale."  George  Colman 
the  elder  produced  an  alteration  ol  it  at  Covent  Garden 
in  1773. 

Comyn  (kum'in),  Alexander.  Died  in  1289. 
The  second  Earl  of  Buchan,  constable  of  Scot- 
land. 

Oomyn,  John,  the  elder.  Died  about  1300.  A 
Scottisn  noble,  lord  of  Badenoch,  and  claimant 
to  the  Scottish  throne. 

Oomyn,  John.  Died  1306.  A  Scottish  noble 
and  claimant  to  the  throne,  sou  of  John  Comyn 
the  elder :  surnamed  "  The  Eed."  He  was  mur- 
dered by  Robert  Bruce. 

Conachar  (kon'a-dhar).  The  son  of  the  chief 
of  Clan  Quhele  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  "Pair  Maid 
of  Perth."  After  becoming  the  chief  himself 
he  realized  that  he  was  a  coward,  and  killed 
himself  in  despair. 

Conaire  (ko-nar').     See  the  extract. 

A  description  of  Cormac's  person,  on  the  occasion  of  his 
entering  a  great  assembly  in  state,  tells  us  that  the  equal 
of  his  form  had  never  been  seen,  except  that  of  Conaire 
the  Great,  of  Conchobar  son  of  Nessa,  or  of  Aengas  son 
ot  the  Dagda.  It  is  remarkable  that  the  ancient  writer 
should  mention  these  three,  as  they  are  adumbrations 
of  the  same  god  as  Cormac.  Thus  I  may  here  say,  with- 
out anticipating  the  remarks  to  be  presently  made  on  the 
Aengus  to  whom  1  have  alluded,  that  he  was  the  constant 
aider  and  protector  of  the  sun-hero  Biarmait,  while  Co- 
naire was  the  subject  of  one  of  the  most  famous  epic  sto- 
ries in  Irish  literature.  The  plot  centers  in  Conaire's 
tn^ic  death,  which  is  brought  about  by  the  fairies  of 
Urinn,  through  the  instrumentality  of  outlaws  coming 
from  the  sea  and  following  the  lead  of  a  sort  of  Cyclops 
called  Ingc^l,  said  to  have  been  a  big,  rough,  horrid  mon- 
ster with  only  one  eye,  which  was,  however,  wider  than  an 
oz-hide,  blacker  than  the  back  of  a  beetle,  and  provided 
with  no  less  than  three  pupils.  The  death  of  Conaire  at 
his  hands  is  one  of  the  Celtic  renderings  of  the  story  which 
in  its  Greek  form  describes  the  treatment  of  Zeus  by  Ty- 
pho.  Shys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  135. 

Conant  (kd'nant),  Mrs.  (Hannah  Chaplin). 
Bom  at  Danvers,  Mass. ,  iu  1809 :  died  at  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  Feb.  18, 1865.  An  American  writer, 
wife  of  T.  J.  Conant.  Her  chief  work  is  a 
"History  of  the  English  Bible"  (1856). 

Conant,  Thomas  Jefferson.  Bom  at  Brandon, 
Vt.,  Dec.  13,  1802:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  T., 
April  30,  1891.  An  American  Baptist  clergy- 
man and  biblical  critic.  He  translated  Gesenius'B 
Hebrew  grammar  (1839),  and  published  annotated  versions 
of  "Job '■  (1867),  "Matthew"  (I860),  " Genesis" (1868, 1873); 
"New  Testament,  Common  Version  revised"  (1871),  "His- 
torical Books  of  the  Old  Testament  "(1384),  etc. 

Concan,  or  Konkan  (kon'kan),  North  and 
South.  A  maritime  region  of  Bombay,  Brit- 
ish India,  it  extends  from  Goa  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Dauian,  along  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  covers  the  modern 
districts  of  Thauah  and  Itatnagul 

Concarneau  (kdn-kar-no').  A  seaport  iu  the 
department  of  FinistSre,  France,  12  miles 
southeast  of  Quimper.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 5^991. 

Concepcion  (kon-sep'shon;  Sp.  pron.  kon-thep- 
the-6n' ).  1 .  A  province'of  Chile,  situated  about 
lat.  37°  S.  Its  principal  product  is  wheat. 
Area,  3,535  square  miles.  Popidatiou  (1891), 
223,850. — 3.  The  capital  of  the  above  province, 
situated  on  the  river  Biobio  in  lat.  36°  50'  S., 
long.  73°  6'  W.  It  is  an  important  trading  place, 
through  its  seaport,  Talcahuano.  It  has  been  several  times 
destroyed  by  earthquakes.    Population  (1885),  24,000. 

3i  A  town  in  Paraguay.    Population,  9,953. 

Concepdon  del  XTroguay  (del  8-r8-gwi').  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Bntre  Bios,  Argentine 
Republic.    Population,  10,000. 

Conceptistas  (kon-thep-tes'tas).  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

At  that  time,  and  very  much  under  the  leading  influ- 
ence of  Ledesma,  there  was  a  well-known  party  in  Spanish 
literature  called  the  "Conceptistas";  —  a  sect  composed, 
in  a  considerable  degree,  ol  mystics,  who  expressed 
themselves  in  metaphors  and  puns,  alike  in  the  pulpit 
and  in  poetry,  and  whose  influence  was  so  extensive  that 
traces  of  it  may  be  found  in  many  of  the  principal  writers 
of  the  time,  including  Quevedo  and  Lope  de  Vega.  Of 
this  school  of  the  Conceptistas,  though  Quevedo  was  the 
more  brilliant  master,  Ledesma  was  the  original  head. 

TidknoT,  Span.  Lit,  III.  15. 

Concha  (kon'cha),  JosiGutierrez  de  la.  Bom 
at  C6rdoba,  Argentina,  June  4,  1809 :  died  at 
Madrid,  Spain,  Nov.  5,  1895.  A  Spanish  gen- 
eral and  statesman.  He  went  to  Spain  while  still 
a  chad,  entered  the  army,  and  attained  the  grade  ol  mar- 
shal. He  was  captain-general  of  the  Basque  Provinces 
1843-46,  iiaee  times  captain-general  of  Cuba  (1849-62, 
18S4-69,  and  1874-76),  was  made  senator  in  1860,  minister 
to  Prance  1862,  minister  of  war  1863,  and  was  president 
of  the  senate  1864-68.  In  Sept.,  1868,  Queen  Isabella,  then 
in  France,  appointed  him  president  of  the  conncfl,  with 
full  powers,  but  he  was  immediately  forced  to  resign  by 
the  revolution  which  overthrew  the  monarchy. 


272 

Concha,  Manuel  de  la,  Marques  de  Duero. 
Born  at  C6rdoba,  Argentina,  April  25,  1808: 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Muro,  Spain,  June  28, 
1874.  A  Spanish  general,  brother  of  Jos6  de  la 
Concha. 

Conchagua,  Gulf  of.    Same  as  Fonseca,  Gulf  of. 

Conchobar  (kon-cho'bar).    See  the  extract. 

In  another  cycle  of  stories,  which  may  be  called  XJlto- 
nian,  the  Celtic  Zeus  finds  bis  representative  in  Concho- 
bar mac  Kessa,  or  Conor  son  of  Nessa,  king  of  Ulster. 
...  As  in  Cormac's  case,  a  highly  coloured  picture  is 
drawn  of  his  reign,  which  the  Euhemerists  s}'nchronize 
with  the  time  of  Christ,  boldly  fixing  the  Ultonian  king's 
death  on  the  day  of  the  crucifixion. 

lihye,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  136. 

Conchos  (kon'ehos).  [Sp.,  'Shell  river' (?); 
from  concha,  shell  (t).]  A  river  which  rises  in 
southern  Chihuahua  and  empties  into  the  Eio 
Grande  from  the  south,  opposite  Presidio  del 
Norte  in  Texas.  The  name  was  given  to  the  river  on 
account  of  the  many  shells  found  on  its  shores.  The  tribe 
ol  Conchos  afterward  derived  its  name  from  the  stream. 

Conchos  (kon'ehos).  [So  called  from  the  Bio 
Conchos.']  A  roving  Indian  tribe  of  southern 
Chihuahua  and  in  part  of  Coahuila,  Mexico,  of 
a  low  degree  of  culture.  As  atribe  it  has  disappeared, 
as  has  also  the  language,  almost  totally.  The  Conchos 
were  converted,  in  the  beginning  ol  the  17th  century,  by 
Fray  Alonzo  de  la  Oliva.  They  were  first  met  with  about 
1564  by  Francisco  de  Ibarra.  They  were  always  of  a  mild 
and  tractable  disposition. 

Conciergerie  (k6n-syerzh-re'),  La.  The  old 
prison  of  the  Palais  de  Justice  in  Paris.  When 
the  palace,  which  was  originally  fortified,  was  inhabited 
by  the  kings  of  France,  the  part  of  the  building  contain- 
ing the  home  of  the  concierge  of  the  palace  received  this 
name.  Distinguished  personages  occupied  this  oifice, 
which.  In  1348,  was  called  the  "eoncierge-baiUL"  It  ex- 
isted till  the  Kevolution,  and  was  one  of  great  responsibil- 
ity. Among  other  things,  the  concierge  had  charge  of  all 
royal  prisoners.  The  Conciergerie  became  widely  known 
during  the  !Reign  of  Terror.  Three  hundred  and  twenty- 
eight  prisoners  were  butchered  there  in  one  week.  The 
cell  occupied  by  Marie  Antoinette  was  destroyed  by  the 
Communists  in  1871,  but  the  prison  still  exists. 

Concini,  Concino.    See  Ancre,  Marquis  d'. 

Concord  (kong'kord).  1.  The  capital  of  New 
Hampshire,  situated  on  the  Merrimao  in  lat. 
43°  13'  N.,  long.  71°  30'  W.  It  has  manufactures 
of  wagons,  harnesses,  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  granite, 
leather,  etc.  From  1733  to  1765  it  was  called  Kumford.  It 
became  a  city  in  1853.  Population  (1900),  19,632. 
2.  A  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massachu- 
setts, situated  on  the  Concord  Eiver  17  miles 
northwest  of  Boston,  it  was  the  residence  of  Emer- 
son, Hawthorne,  Thoreau,  and  other  men  of  letters.  The 
bridge  over  Concord  River  was  the  scene,  April  19,  1776, 
of  an  engagement  between  British  and  Provincial  troops 
in  the  War  ol  Independence.  (See  Concord,  Battle  of,  and 
Lexingtcm.)  Concord  was  the  center  ol  the  "Tran- 
scendental "  movement  about  1835-40,  and  later  the  seat  ot 
the  "Concord  School  of  Philosophy."  Population  (1900), 
6,662. 

Concord  (Mass.),  Battle  of.  One  of  the  open- 
ing skirmishes  of  the  American  War  of  Inde- 
pendence. A  body  of  800  British  soldiers  under  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel Smith  and  Major  Pitcairn,  detailed  to 
destroy  military  stores  at  Concord,  met  here.  On  April 
19, 1775,  alter  a  slight  engagement  at  Lexington  (which 
see),  an  armed  lorce  of  300  Provincial  troops  under 
CV)lonel  Barrett  and  Major  Buttrick.  After  a  brisk  fusil- 
lade, in  which  several  on  both  sides  were  killed  and 
wounded,  the  British  retreated  toward  Boston  by  way  of 
Lexington,  being  harassed  by  the  Provincials  on  the  road 
till  the  retreat  became  a  rout. 

Concord,  Temple  of.    See  GirgenU. 

Concordat  of  1801,  The.  An  agreement  con- 
cluded July  15,  1801,  between  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte (then  first  consul)  and  Pius  VH.  it  rees- 
tablished the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  France,  and 
granted  to  the  government  the  right  of  appointing  arch- 
bishops and  bishops,  who  were  to  be  confirmed  by  the 
Pope.    It  went  int^  operation  on  April  8, 1802. 

Concordat  of  1855,  The.  An  agreement  con- 
cluded at  Vienna,  Aug.  18, 1855,  between  Fran- 
cis Joseph  of  Austria  and  Pius  IX.  it  gave  the 
clergy  control  of  public  instruction,  and  placed  cases  of  the 
canon  law,  especially  maiTiage  affairs,  under  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  ecclesiastical  courts.  It  was  abrogated  in  July,  1370. 

Concordat  of  Francis  I.,  The.  A  convention 
concluded  iu  1516  between  Francis  I.  of  France 
and  Leo  X.  It  replaced  the  pragmatic  sanction  of 
Bourges,  a  modification  of  the  reformatory  decrees  of  the 
Council  of  Basel,  which  had  been  adopted  at  the  Assembly 
of  Bourges  in  1438,  but  which  had  never  been  recognized 
by  the  Pope.  It  reestablished  the  annats,  referred  the 
coma  mafirta  to  Rome,  and  gave  to  the  king  the  right  of 
nominating  bishops. 

Concordat  of  Worms,  The.  A  convention 
concluded  in  1122  between  the  emperor  Henry 
"V.  and  Calixtus  H.  The  main  point  at  issue  between 
the  emperors  and  the  popes,  the  matter  of  the  election  of 
bishops  and  abbots,  was  settled  in  favor  of  the  spiritual 
power,  the  concordat  providing  that  the  investiture  should 
be  conferred,  not  with  the  ring  and  staff,  but  with  the 
scepter.  It  was  provided  that  the  election  should  take 
place  in  the  presence  of  the  emperor  or  his  representa- 
tives; that  investiture  by  the  emperor  should  precede 
consecration ;  and  that  ecclesiastics  holding  secular  bene- 
fices should  perform  feudal  services.    This  instrument 


Oond6,  Frincesse  de 

put  an  end  to  the  contest  regarding  inveBtiture  between 
the  emperor  and  the  Pope,  and  became  a  fundamental 
ordinance  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

Concordia  (kon-k6r'di-a).  In  Roman  mythol- 
ogy, the  goddess  of  concord.  There  were  sev- 
eral temples  to  her  in  Rome. 

Concordia,  Marquis  de  la.    See  Alascal. 

Condamine,  Charles  Marie  de  la.  See  La 
Condamine. 

Cond6  (k6n-da'),  or  Cond^-sur-Noireau  (k6n 
da'siir-nwa-ro').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Calvados,  Normandy,  France,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Noireau  and  Drouance  25 
miles  southwest  of  Caen.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  6,764. 

Cond6,  or  Cond^-sur-l'Escaut  (k6n-da'sur-les- 
ko').  A  town  in  the  department  of  Nord, 
France,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Hayne 
and  Schelde  8  miles  north  of  Valenciennes,  it 
gave  name  to  the  princes  of  Cond^,  and  was  noted  for  its 
many  sieges.    Population  (1891),  commune,  4,772. 

Cond^,  Prince  de  (Henri  I.  de  Bourbon). 

Bom  at  Fert6-sous-Jouarre,  Deo.  7,  1552: 
poisoned  at  St.-Jean-d'Ang61y,  France,  March  ■ 
5,  1588.  A  French  Protestant  leader,  son  of 
the  first  Prince  de  Cond6. 
Cond6,  Prince  de  (Henri  II.  de  Bourbon). 
Born  at  St.-Jean-d'Ang^ly,  France,  Sept.  1, 
1588:  died  at  Paris,  Dec,  1646.  Son  of  Henri 
I.,  prince  de  Cond6,  and  father  of  "  The  Great 
Cond€."  He  headed  a  revolt  against  the  regency  dur- 
ing the  minority  of  Louis  XIII.,  in  consequence  of  which 
he  was  imprisoned  three  years  at  Vincennes.  He  subse- 
quently became  a  partisan  of  Richelieu. 

Cond6,  Prince  de  (Henri  Jules  de  Bourbon). 

Born  at  Paris,  July  29,  1643:  died  at  Paris, 
April  1, 1709.  Only  son  of  ' '  The  Great  Condfi." 
He  served  with  distinction  at  the  siege  of  Toumay  in  1667, 
and  in  1674  participated  in  the  battle  of  Seneffe,  on  which 
occasion  he  is  said  to  have  saved  his  father's  life. 

Conde  (kou'da),  Jos6  Antonio,  Bom  at  Para- 
leja,  Cuenea,  about  1765 :  died  at  Madrid,  Oct. 
20, 1820.  A  Spanish  Orientalist  and  historian. 
He  studied  at  the  University  of  Alcd&,  and  obtained  a 
subordinate  position  in  the  Royal  Library.  Having  in 
1808  identified  himself  with  the  French  party,  he  was 
soon  after  promoted  to  librarian  in  chief  by  Joseph  Bona- 
parte. He  was  exiled  on  the  departure  of  the  French, 
but  returned  in  1818  or  1819.  His  chief  work  is  "  Historia 
de  la  dominacion  de  los  Arabes  en  Espafia  "  (1820-21). 

Cond§  (kdn-da'),  first  Prince  de  (Louis  I.  de 
Bourbon).  Bom  at  Venddme,  May  7,  1530: 
died  March  13,1569.  AFrench  general,  younger 
brother  of  Antoine  de  Bourbon,  Mng  of  Na- 
varre. He  was  one  of  the  leaders  in  the  conspiracy 
of  Amboise,  the  object  of  which  was  to  remove  Francis 
II.  from  the  influence  ol  the  Guises.  At  the  accession  of 
Charles  IX.  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Picardy  by 
Catherine  de'  Medici.  On  the  massacre  of  the  Huguenon 
at  Vassy  by  the  Duke  ot  Guise  in  1562,  he  placed  himself 
at  the  head  of  a  Huguenot  army,  with  the  result  that  he 
was,  after  some  preliminary  successes,  captured  at  the 
battle  of  Dreux,  being,  however,  liberated  in  1563  by  the 
treaty  of  Amboise.  He  was  captured  at  the  battle  of 
Jamac,  when,  after  having  surrendered  his  sword,  Kfe  was 
treacherously  shot  by  a  Catholic  otScer. 

CondS,  Prince  de  (Louis  II.  de  Bourbon), 

called  "The  Great  Cond6."  Bom  at  Paris,  Sept. 
8,  1621 :  died  at  Fontainebleau,  Prance,  Dec. 
11,  1686.  A  celebrated  French  geueralLcalled 
during  the  lifetime  of  his  father  (Henri  H.)  the 
Due  d'Enghien.  He  defeated  the  Spaniards  at  Rocrol 
May  19, 1643,  the  Imperialists  at  Mordlingen  Aug.  3, 1645, 
and  the  Spaniards  at  Lens  Aug.  20, 1648.  In  the  war  of  tho 
Fronde  he  was  at  first  loyal  to  the  regency,  but  subse- 
quently joined  the  Fronde.  He  defeated  the  army  of  the 
court  at  Bltaeau  April  7, 1662,  obtained  In  the  same  year  the 
chief  command  of  the  Spanish  army  in  the  war  against 
France,  was  condemned  as  a  traitor  by  the  Parliament  of 
Paris,  but  was  pardoned  and  restored  to  his  dignities  by 
the  treaty  of  the  Pyrenees  in  1659.  He  conquered  Franche- 
Comt«  in  1668,  fought  a  drawn  battle  with  the  Prince  of 
Orange  at  SeneSe  in  1674,  and  succeeded  Turenne  as  com- 
mander of  the  army  of  the  Rhine  in  1676. 

CondS,  Prince  de  (Louis  Joseph  de  Bour- 
bon). Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  9,  1736:  died  at 
Paris,  May  13,  1818.  A  French  general,  son 
of  Louis  Henri,  duke  of  Bourbon.  He  entered 
the  army  at  the  beginning  of  the  Seven  Years'  War,  be- 
came lieutenant-general  in  1758,  and  won  a  victoiy  at 
Johannisberg  in  1762.  During  the  popular  agitation 
which  preceded  the  French  Revolution  he  strenuously 
opposed  all  measures  designed  to  limit  the  privileges  of 
the  nobility  and  the  clergy.  He  emigrated  in  1789,  and 
organized  a  corps  ol  emigrants,  with  which  he  joined  tke 
Austrian  army  in  1792.  After  the  peace  of  Campo-For- 
mio  in  1797  he  served  with  his  corps  in  the  Russian  army 
until  the  withdrawal  of  Paul  I.  from  the  coalition  against 
France  in  180O,  when  he  reentered  the  Austrian  service. 
Compelled  by  the  peace  of  Lun^ville  to  disband  his  corps 
he  retired  to  England,  whence  he  returned  to  France  on 
the  restoration  in  1814.  Author  of  V  Essai  sur  la  vie  dn 
grand  Cond^  "  (1806). 

Cond£,  Princesse  de  (Louise  Adelaide  de 
Bourbon).  Bom  at  Chantilly,  France,  Oct. 
5, 1757 :  died  at  Paris,  March  10, 1824.  Daugh- 
ter of  Louis  Joseph  de  Bourbon  (1736-1818). 


Cond6,  Frincesse  de 

She  became  abbess  of  Kemiremont  in  1786,  emigratecl  at 
the  beginning  of  the  French  Revolution,  and  in  1815  re- 
turned to  Paris,  where  she  subsequently  founded  the  re- 
ligious order  of  "  I'adoration  perp^tuelle." 

Conde  Alarcos  (kon'da  a-iar'kos).  An  old 
Spanish  ballad  of  unknown  authorship.  Bowring 
and  Lockhart  translated  it,  and  Disraeli  wrote  a  tragedy 
with  this  subject  and  title  in  1839. 

Condell  (kun'del),  Henry.  Died  at  Fulham, 
England,  Dec,  1627.  An  English  actor,  and 
one  of  the  two  ^editors  of  the  first  folio  edition 
of  Shakspere's  plays.  He  was  a  member  of  the  lord 
chamberlain's  company  of  players,  to  which  Shakspere 
and  Burbage  also  belonged,  and  became  a  partner  with 
the  Burbages  in  the  Globe  Theatre  in  1599.  He  is  men- 
tioned in  Shakspere's  will. 

Oondell,  Henry.  Bom  in  1757 :  died  at  Bat- 
tersea,  June  24,  1824.  An  English  violinist 
and  composer.  He  wrote  overtures,  glees,  incidental 
music  for  plays,  and  set  various  musical  farces.  His  glee 
"  Loud  Blowe  the  Wynds  "  took  the  prize  at  the  Catch 
Club  in  1811. 

Oonder  (kon'der),  Josiah.  Born  at  London, 
Sept.  17,  1789 :  died  at  London,  Dec.  27,  1855. 
An  English  bookseller  and  writer.  He  edited 
"  The  Modern  Traveler"  (1825-29),  etc. 

Oondillac  (kdn-de-yak'),  Etienne  Bonnot  de. 

Born  at  Grenoble,  Prance,  Sept.  30, 1715 :  died 
nearBeaugency,  France,  Aug.  3, 1780.  A  noted 
French  philosopher,  a  leading  advocate  of 
sensualism.  His  works  include  "Essai  sur  I'origine 
des  connaissances  humaines"  (1746),  "Traits  des  sys- 
tftmes"  (1749),  "Traits  des  sensations"  (1764),  "Cours 
d'Studes  (1769),  "Le  commerce  et  le  gouvemement" 
(1776),  "Lalogique"  (1781X  "Langue  des  calculs"  (1798). 

Condom  (k6n-d6n').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment ot  Gers,  France,  situated  on  the  Baise 
in  lat.  43°  57'  N.,  long.  0°  22'  E.  It  has 
a  Gothic  cathedral.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 7,405. 

CondorcanoLUi,  Jos6  Gabriel.  See  Tupac  Amaru. 

Oondorcet  (k6n-dor-sa'),  MarcLuis  de  (Marie 
Jean  Antoine  Nicolas  Caritat).  Born  at 
Bibemont,  near  St.  Quentin,  France,  Sept.  17, 
1743:  died  at  BouJg-la-Reine,nearParis,March 
28,  1794.  A  celebrated  French  philosopher 
and  mathematician.  He  was  a  deputy  to  the  Legis- 
lative Assembly  in  1791,  and  its  president  1792,  and  a 
deputy  to  the  Convention  in  1792,  where  he  sided  with  the 
Girondists.  After  the  fall  of  the  latter  he  was  accused 
(Oct.  3i  1793)  with  Brissot,  and  went  into  hiding  in  Paris 
for  eight  months  to  save  liis  life.  He  found  shelter  with 
a  Madame  Vernet  He  then  left  the  city,  but  was  arrest- 
ed at  Clamart,  near  Bourg-la-Reine,  and  imprisoned.  The 
next  morning  he  was  found  dead,  probably  from  poison. 
He  contributed  to  the  "  EncyclopSdie,"  and  wrote  "Bs- 
quisse  d  un  tableau  historique  des  progr^s  de  I'esprit 
humain  '"  (1794),  and  various  mathematical  works. 

Conduitt  (kun'dit),  John.  Bom  at  London, 
1688:  died  there,  May  23,  1737.  An  English 
financier  and  economist,  the  successor  of  Sir 
Isaac  Newton  as  master  of  the  mint  (1727),  and 
his  nephew  by  marriage. 

Conecte,  or  Connecte  (ko-nekf),  Thomas. 
Burned  at  Eome,  1434.  A  French  Carmelite 
monk,  famous  as  a  preacher  of  moral  reforms 
among  the  clergy  and  laity.  He  was  put  to 
death  on  a  charge  of  heresy. 

Conestoga  (kon-es-to'ga).  [PL,  also  Conesto- 
gas;  'people  of  the  forked  root-poles.']  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians  formerly  liv- 
ing in  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland,  on  the  lower 
Susquehanna  Eiver  and  at  the  head  of  Chesa- 
peake Bay.  In  1675  they  held  land  on  the  eastern  bank 
of  the  Potomac  River  in  Maryland.  They  were  close  allies 
of  the  Dutch  and  Swedes,  but  less  constant  to  the  English 
of  Maryland.  The  Iroquois,  warring  continuously  with 
them,  pressed  them  about  1675  against  the  tribes  to  the 
south  and  west,  and  involved  them  in  war  with  Maryland 
and  Virginia,  when  they  abandoned  their  country  and 
fled  to  the  Roanoke,  but  were  forced  to  submit  to  the  Iro- 
quois and  return  to  the  Susquehanna.    See  Imquoian. 

Conewango  Creek  (kon-e-wong'go  krek).  A 
stream  in  western  New  York  and  Pennsylvania. 
It  is  the  outlet  of  Chautauqua  Lake,  and  joins  the  Alle- 
gheny River  at  Warren,  Pennsylvania. 

Coney  Island  (ko'ni  i'land).  A  seaside  resort 
at  the  southwestern  extremity  of  Long  Island, 
10  miles  south  of  New  York,  it  comprises  the 
Manhattan,  Brighton,  and  West  End  beaches,  and  has 
been  developed  since  1874. 

Oonfederacao  do  Equador  (kon-fe-de-ra-san' 
do  a-kwador').  [Pg., '  League  of  the  Equator.'] 
The  name  given  to  a  political  league  formed 
at  Pernambuoo,  Brazil,  in  1824,  with  the  object 
of  throwing  off  allegiance  to  the  emperor,  and 
establishing  a  republic.  The  revolt  was  moclaimed 
by  Manuel  de  Carvalho  Paes  de  Andrade  and  his  associ- 
ateron  July  2, 1824.  Rio  Grande  do  Norte  Ceari,  and 
Parahyba  adhered  to  it,  and  Carvalho  was  made  actmg 
president.  The  revolutionists  were  conquered  after  some 
fighting  In  Oct.,  1824.  .  ,,  .      .. 

Confederacibn  Oentro-Americana  . (ton-fa - 
THa-ra-the-6n'  then'tro-a-ma-re-ka  na).  [Hp., 
•Central-American  Confederation.']  A  political 

0.— 18 


273 

league  formed  at  Chinandega,  Nicaragua,  July 
27,  1842,  by  the  delegates  of  Nicaragua,  Hon- 
duras, and  Salvador,  it  was  the  result  of  an  attempt 
to  reunite  the  states  of  the  Central  American  Republic, 
which  had  lately  been  dissolved.  The  scheme  was  to  form 
a  confederation  of  the  states,  with  an  executive  officer 
called  a  supreme  delegate,  assisted  by  a  delegate  from 
each  state.  The  plan  was  rejected  by  Guatemala;  and 
though  the  confederacy  installed  a  government,  it  was  so 
little  regarded  by  the  states  that  it  never  had  any  political 
effect.  After  a  year  or  two  it  was  discontinued.  This 
abortive  attempt  is  often  called  the  "Paoto  de  Chinan- 
dega." 
Confederacy,  The.  A  comedy  by  Sir  John 
Vanbrugh,  produced  Oct.  30, 1705.  it  is  a  play  of 
contrivance  and  intrigue,  and  is  said  to  be  adapted  from 
Dancourt's  "Modish  Citizens  "("Bourgeois  k  la  mode"). 

Confederate  States  of  America.  A  confed- 
eracy of  eleven  States  which  seceded  from  the 
United  States  in  1860  and  1861  and  formed  a 
government.  The  legislative  power  was  vested  in  a 
senate  of  26  members,  2  from  each  State  (Kentucky  and 
Missouri  being  represented),  and  a  representative  house 
of  106  members.  Among  the  leading  events  in  its  history 
were  the  passage  of  ordinances  of  secession  by  South 
Carolina,  Dec.  20,  1860 ;  Mississippi,  Jan.  9, 1861;  Florida, 
Jan.  10 ;  Alabama,  Jan.  11 ;  Georgia,  Jan.  19 ;  Louisiana, 
Jan.  26 ;  Texas,  Feb.  1 ;  meeting  of  provisional  congress, 
Montgomery,  Alabama,  Feb.  4 ;  adoption  of  provisional 
constitution,  Feb.  8;  inauguration  of  provisional  Presi- 
dent Jefferson  Davis  and  Vice-President  Alexander  H. 
Stephens,  Feb.  18, 1861 :  adoption  of  a  permanent  consti- 
tution, March  11 ;  bombardment  and  occupation  of  Fort 
Sumter,  April  12-14 ;  passage  of  secession  ordinances  by 
Virginia,  April  17 ;  Arkansas,  May  7 ;  Tennessee,  May  6 ; 
passage  of  secession  ordinances  by  North  Carolina,  May 
20 ;  removal  of  the  capital  to  Richmond,  July  20 ;  election 
of  Davis  and  Stephens  as  president  and  vice-president  for 
six  years,  Nov.  6,  1861,  and  their  inauguration  Feb.  22, 
1862 ;  final  adjournment  of  congress,  March  18, 1865 ;  oc- 
cupation of  Richmond  by  the  Federals,  April  3 ;  surrender 
of  Lee's  army,  April  9, 1865 ;  surrender  of  Johnston's  army, 
April  26, 1865.  The  eleven  seceding  States  were  readmit- 
ted to  the  Union  from  1866  to  1870.    Compare  Civil  War. 

Confederation,  Articles  of.  In  United  States 
history,  the  compact  or  constitution  adopted  by 
the  Continental  Congress  in  1777,  and  ratified 
by  the  separate  colonies  within  the  next  four 
years.  The  government  formed  under  this  compact, 
which  went  into  effect  on  March  1,  1781,  was  without  an 
executive  and  judiciary,  consisting  simply  of  a  congress 
of  one  house,  in  which  each  State  had  one  vote.  It  was 
empowered  to  declare  war  and  peace,  make  treaties  with 
foreign  powers,  direct  the  land  and  naval  forces  in  time 
of  war,  make  requisitions  upon  the  separate  States  for  their 
quota  of  the  money  necessary  for  national  expenses,  regu- 
late the  value  of  coin,  control  the  postal  service,  etc.  As 
it  had  no  power  to  enforce  its  laws  upon  the  States,  it  soon 
fell  into  contempt,  and  on  March  4, 1789,  expired  by  limi- 
tation under  the  provisions  of  the  present  Constitution. 

Confession  d'un  Enfant  du  Si^cle,  La.    [F., 

'  The  Confession  of  a  Child  of  the  Century.'] 
A  prose  work  by  Alfred  de  Musset,  published 
in  1836.  In  it  he  says  he  endeavors  to  show  how  he 
suffered  for  three  years  from  the  malady  of  the  age — 
doubt,  disillusion,  skepticism,  and  debauchery — and.to 
point  out  to  others  a  way  of  escape. 

Confessions  of  an  English  Opium-Eater.    A 

partly  autobiographical  work  by  De  Quinoey, 
published  in  1821. 
Confessions  of  Saint  Augustine,  The.    The 

memoirs  of  Saint  Augustine,  -written  by  him- 
self. They  are  divided  into  13  books ;  the  first  10  treat 
of  the  bad  actions  of  his  life,  of  his  conversion,  of  the 
love  of  pleasure,  of  glory,  and  of  science.  The  last  3  are 
an  interpretation  of  the  beginning  of  the  book  of  Genesis. 
Confessions,  Les,  An  autobiographical  work 
by  Jean  Jacques  Kousseau.  it  is  in  12  volumes, 
6  of  which  were  written  at  Wootton,  England,  1766-67, 
and  6  at  Dauphin^  and  at  Trye,  France,  1768-70.  It  was 
his  intention  that  they  should  not  be  published  till  1800, 
as  the  person  s  alluded  to  in  them  were  living ;  but  those  in 
charge  of  the  MS.  published  the  first  6  volumes  in  1781- 
1782.  In  1788  a  new  edition  appeared,containingthewhole. 

Confines,  Audience  of  the.  [Sp.^Mdierecia  de  los 
Confines.']  The  supreme  Spanish  court  of  Cen- 
tral America.  It  was  established  in  1642,  andhelditsflrst 
sitting  at  Qracias  i.  Dios  in  1645 ;  the  seat  was  changed 
to  Guatemala  in  1649,  transferred  to  Panama  In  1664,  and 
returned  in  1570  to  Guatemala,  where  it  remained  until  the 
revolution.  Its  jurisdiction  at  first  embraced  Chiapas, 
Yucatan,  all  ot  Central  America,  and  the  isthmus;  at 
the  end  of  the  16th  century  the  isthmal  portion  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  new  audience  of  Panama.  The  Audience  of 
the  Confines  frequently  appointed  temporary  governors. 
It  is  often  spoken  of  as  the  "Audience  of  Guatemala. 

Conflans-rArchev§Clue  (k6n-flon'larsh-vak  ). 
A  village  situated  3  miles  southeast  of  Pans. 
Here,  in  1466,  Louis  XI.  signed  a  treaty  making  certain  con- 
cessions to  the  leaders  of  the  "  League  of  the  Public  Good. 

Conflans  (k6n-flon'),  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  con- 
cluded in  Oct.,  1465,  between  Louis  XL  ot 
France  and  the  dukes  of  Bourbon,  Bnttany, 
and  Burgundy,  according  to  which  Normmdy 
was  ceded  to  the  Duke  of  Berry,  and  the  "War 
of  the  Public  Good  "  ended.  It  was  confirmed 
by  the  treaty  of  P^ronne,  1468.      .     ,  ,  „ 

Confucius  (kon-fii'shius).  [Latinized  form  of 
Chin.  K'ung-fiirtzu  (last  syllable  is  also  written 
-tse,  -tee,  etc.), '  Kung  the  philosopher.']  Born 
in  the  principality  of  Lu  (the  modern  province 


Conkling 

of  Shantung),  China,  550  or  551  B.  c. :  died  478 
B.  C.  A  celebrated  Chinese  phUosopher.  He 
was  descended  from  an  illustrious  but  impoverished  family, 
and  in  his  youth  was  successively  keeper  ot  stores  and 
superintendent  of  parks  and  herds  to  the  chief  of  the  dis- 
trict in  which  he  lived.  In  his  twenty-second  year  he  be- 
came a  teacher,  and  in  his  fifty-second  was  made  chief 
magistrate  of  the  city  of  Chnng-tu.  He  was  subsequently 
appointed  minister  of  crime  by  the  Marquis  of  Lu,  but  in 
his  fifty-sixth  year  retired  from  ofllce  in  consequence  of 
the  intrigues  of  a  neighboring  prince.  After  thirteen 
years  of  travel  he  returned  in  483  to  Lu,  where  he  spent 
the  rest  of  his  life  in  completing  his  literary  undertak- 
ings  and  in  teaching.  Among  the  numerous  works  at- 
tributed to  him,  the  most  notable  are  the  "Chun-Tsew' 
and  the  "Four  Books." 

Congaree  (kong-ga-re').  A  river  in  South 
Carolina,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Broad 
and  Saluda  rivers  at  Columbia.  It  unites  with 
the  Wateree  to  form  the  Santee. 

Conger  (kon'ger),  Edwin  Hurd.  Born  in  Enox 
Co.,  Ill.,Mari3i7, 1843.  An  American  politician 
and  diplomat.  He  was  a  Republican  member  of  Con- 
gress 1885-91,  and  minister  to  Brazil  1891-93,  and  Was 
again  appointed  minister  to  Brazil  1897,  but  was  trans- 
ferred to  China  1898.  He  was  in  Peking  during  the  siege 
of  the  legations,  and  conducted  the  negotiations  on  the 
part  of  the  United  States  after  the  capture  of  the  city  by 
the  allies  (Aug.  14, 1900). 

Congleton  (kong'gl-tgn).  A  mimicipal  borough 
in  Cheshire,  England,  situated  on  the  river 
Dane  21  miles  south  of  Manchester.  Its  lead- 
ing industry  is  the  manufacture  of  silk.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  10,744. 

Congleton,  Baron.  See  Parnell,  Henry  Brooke. 

Congo.     See  Kongo,  and  Kongo  State. 

Congo,  or  Congo  Grande.    See  Sao  Salvador. 

Congo  Frangais  (k6n-g6'  fron-sa').  See  Kongo, 
French. 

Congreve  (kong'grev),  Sichard.  Bom  at 
Leamington,  England,  Sept.  4,  1818:  died  at 
Hampstead,  England,  July  5,  1899.  An  Eng- 
lish essayist  and  philosophical  writer. 

Congreve,  William.  Bom  at  Bardsey,  near 
Leeds,  England,  1670  (baptized  Feb.  10):  died 
at  London,  Jan.  19,  1729.  An  English  drama- 
tist, one  of  the  greatest  writers  of  comedy. 
Soon  after  his  birth  his  parents  removed  to  Ireland,  where 
his  father  became  commander  of  the  garrison  at  Youghal 
and  also  a^ent  of  the  Earl  of  Cork.  He  was  educated  at  a 
school  in  Kilkenny  (where  Swift  was  one  of  his  school- 
fellows) and  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  After  a  brief 
period  devoted  to  the  study  of  law,,  he  applied  himself 
chiefly  to  literature  until  about  1700,  but  after  this  year 
wrote  little  or  nothing.  He  filled  several  unimportant  of- 
fices— that  of  commissioner  for  licensing  hackney-coaches, 
from  July,  1696,  to  Oct.,  1707;  that  of  commissioner  of 
wine  licenses  from  Dec,  1706,  to  Dec,  1714 ;  and  that  of 
secretary  for  Jamaica  from  1714.  His  plays  include  "The 
Old  Bachelor"  (acted  Jan.,  1693),  "The  Double  Dealer" 
(Nov.,  1693),  "Love  for  Love"  (April,  1696),  "The  Mourn- 
ing Bride  "(1697),  and  "The  Way  of  the  World  "(1700).  Be- 
sides his  plays  he  wrote  a  novel  (his  first  literary  work) 
entitled  "Incognita,  or  Love  and  Duty  reconciled";  a 
reply  to  Jeremy  Collier's  attack  upon  him  in  his  work  on 
the  immorality  of  the  stage,  called  "  Amendments  of  Mr. 
Collier's  False  and  Imperfect  Citations  " ;  and  a  few  pro- 
logues and  unimportant  operas.  The  first  collected  edition 
of  his  works  was  published  by  him  inl710.  He  is  celebrated 
especially  for  the  brilliancy  of  his  style  and  the  wit  and 
vigor  of  his  dialogues.  His  work  is  marred  by  the  almost 
total  absence  of  fine  moral  feeling,  as  well  as  by  the 
coarseness  common  in  his  day. 

Congreve,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Woolwich, 
England,  May  20,  1772:  died  at  Toulouse, 
France,  May  16,  1828.  An  English  engineer, 
best  known  as  the  inventor  of  the  Congreve 
rocket.  He  was  appointed,  April,  1814,  comptroller  of 
the  royal  laboratory  at  Woolwich,  in  which  office  he  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  Lieutenant-General  Sir  William  Con- 
greve. He  published  a  number  ot  works  on  economical 
and  technological  topics. 

Coni.    See  Cuneo. 

Conihos  (ko-ne'bos).  A  tribe  of  Indians  in 
eastern  Peru,  inhabiting  a  region -on  the  mid- 
dle course  of  the  river  Ucayale. 

Coningsburgh,  Thane  of.    See  Athelstane. 

Coningsby  (kon'ingz-bi).  A  political  novel  by 
Benjamin  Disraeli,  published  ui  1844. 

Conington  (ko'ning-ton),  John.  Bom  at  Bos- 
ton, England,  Aug.  10,  1825:  died  there,  Oct. 
23, 1869.  An  English  classical  scholar,  a  gradu- 
ate of  Oxford,  where  he  became,  in  1854,  pro- 
fessor of  the  Latin  language  and  literature. 
He  published  an  edition  and  translation  of  the  "Agamem- 
non "  of  .a!schylus(1848),  an  edition  of  the  "  Choephori"  of 
.Slschylus  (1867),  a  translation,  in  verse,  ot  the  "Odes  of 
Horace  "  (1863),  a  translation  in  ballad  meter  of  Vergil's 
".ffineid  "  (1866),  an  edition  of  Vergil,  etc. 

Coniston  (kon'is-ton)  Lake.    A  lake  in  Lan- 

"  cashire,  England,  one  of  the  system  of  the  Eng- 
lish lake  district,  6  miles  southwest  of  Amble- 
side.   Length,  5^  miles. 

Coniston  Old  Man.  A  mountain  near  the  head 
of  Coniston  Lake.    Height,  2,575  feet. 

Conkling  (kongk'ling),  Boscoe.  Bom  at  Al 
bany,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  30,  1829:  died  at  New  York 
April  18,  1888.    An  American  politician.    He 


Conkling 

was  member  ot  Congress  (Eepublioani  from  New  York 
1850-63  and  1865-67,  and  was  United  States  senator  from 
New  York  1867-81,  when  he  resigned  in  consequence  ot  a 
dispute  with  President  Garfleld  concerning  the  Federal 
patronage  in  the  State  ol  New  York,  which  he  and  his  col- 
league, Thomas  C.  Piatt,  claimed  the  right  to  control.  The 
President  having  appointed  William  H.  Robertson,  an  op- 
ponent of  Conkling,  to  the  coUectorship  of  the  port  ot  New 
York,  the  latter  opposed  the  confirmation  ot  the  appoint- 
ment by  the  Senate,  on  the  ground  that  he  and  his  col- 
league had  not  been  consulted  by  the  President  as  to  the 
disposition  of  the  coUectorship.  On  the  confirmation  ot 
the  appointment,  both  he  and  his  colleague  resigned  their 
seats  with  a  view  to  administering  a  rebuke  to  the  Presi- 
dent by  securing  a  prompt  reelection,  but  were  defeated 
by  Warner  Miller  and  Elbrldge  G.  tapham. 

Conn.  The  Shaughraun  in  Dion  Boucioault'a 
play  of  that  name:  a  gay,  careless  good-for- 
nothing. 

Conn  (kon),  Lough.  A  lake  in  County  Mayo, 
Ireland. 

Connaught  (kon'at).  Pi.Connachf]  Thewest- 
emmost  province  of  Ireland,  lying  between  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  north  and  west,  Ulster 
and  Leinster  on  the  east,  and  Munster  on  the 
sonth.  It  comprises  the  counties  Galway,  Mayo,  Sligo, 
BoBoommon,  and  Leitrim.  It  ceased  to  be  a  kingdom  and 
was  divided  into  counties  in  1690.  Population  (1891), 
724,774. 

Oonnecticut  (ko-net'i-kut).  A  State  in  New 
England,  and  one  of  the  13  original  States  of  the 
American  Union,  lying  between  Massachusetts 
on  the  north,  Rhode  Island  on  the  east,  Long 
Island  Sound  on  the  south,  and  New  York  on 
the  west.  It  la  divided  into  8  counties,  and  has  i 
representatives,  2  senators,  and  7  electoral  votes.  Its  sur- 
face is  hiUy.  Its  chief  rivers  are  the  Thames,  Connecti- 
cut, and  Housatonic,  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut  being 
Its  most  fertile  region.  Its  chief  agricultural  products  are 
cereals  and  tobacco,  and  its  leading  manufactures  are  hard- 
ware, firearms,  silks,  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  and  clocks. 
The  capital  is  Hartford.  It  was  settled  by  the  Dutch  at 
Hartford  in  1633,  and  by  Massachusetts  colonists  in  the 
Connecticut  valley  in  1633-36.  Separate  English  colonies 
were  formed  at  Saybrook  between  1636  and  1644,  and  at 
New  Haven  in  1638.  Charles  n.  granted  a  charter  to  the 
Connecticut  and  New  Haven  colonies  in  1662,  and  their 
union  was  soon  after  completed.  The  present  constitu- 
tion was  adopted  in  1818.  The  Pequot  war  occurred  in 
1637.  The  State  is  often  nicknamed  the  "Nutmeg  State," 
from  an  alleged  custom  ot  its  merchants  of  manufacturing 
nutmegs  out  of  wood ;  also  called  the  "  Land  of  Steady 
Habits,"  from  the  stringency  of  the  so-called  '*  Blue  Laws," 
which  enjoined  a  rigid  code  of  morals  on  its  inhabitants. 
Area,  4,990  square  miles.    Population  (1900),  908,420. 

Connecticut  Birer,  [lud.  Quonektaoat,  long 
river.]  A  river  of  New  England,  which  rises 
in  northern  New  Hampshire,  separates  Ver- 
mont from  New  Hampslure,  flows  through  Mas- 
sachusetts and  Connecticut,  and  empties  into 
Long  Island  Sound  at  Saybrook,  in  lat.  41°  16' 
N.,  long.  72°  21'  W.  On  it  are  situated  Northampton, 
Hoiyoke,  Springfield,  Hartford,  and  Middletown.  Length, 
about  600  miles ;  navigable  for  small  vessels  to  Hartford. 

Connellsville  (kon'elz-vil).  A  borough  of  Fay- 
ette County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the 
Toughiogheny  River  58  miles  southeast  of  Pitts- 
burg. It  is  noted  for  its  coke  manufacture. 
Population  (1900),  7,160. 

Connemara  (kon-e-ma'ra).  A  district  in  the 
western  part  of  Galway,  Ireland,  noted  for  its 
picturesque  scenery. 

Conner  (kon'6r),  David.  Bom  at  Harrisburg, 
Pa.,  about  1792:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
March  20,  1856.  An  American  naval  com- 
mander. He  served  in  the  War  of  1812  and  in 
the  Mexican  war. 

Connoisseur  (kon-i-sur'  or  -s6r ' ) ,  The.  A  peri- 
odical begun  on  Jan.  31,  1754,  by  George  Col- 
man  the  elder  and  Bonnell  Thornton,  and 
continued  weekly  for  three  years,  in  this  peri- 
odical in  1766  appeared  the  first  publications  of  William 
Cowper.    His  first  paper  was  on  "Keeping  a  Secret." 

Connor  (koifor),  or  O'Connor  (6-kon'pr),  Ber- 
nard. Born  in  the  county  of  Kerry,  Ireland, 
about  1666:  died  at  London,  Oct.,  1698.  An 
Irish  physician  and  historian.  He  was  the  author 
of  "  Dissertationes  Medlco-Physicse  "  (1695),  "  Evangelium 
Medici,"  etc.  (1697)  (written  to  prove  that  the  miracles  of 
Christ  and  Ms  apostles  can  be  explained  on,  natural 
grounds),  a  "  History  of  Poland  "  (1698),  etc.  He  received 
his  technical  education  in  France,  was  appointed  physi- 
cian to  King  John  Sobieskl,  lectured  on  contemporary 
medical  discoveries  at  Oxford,  and  acquired  a  high  repu- 
tation as  a  practitioner. 

Gonnubio  (kon-no'be-6).  [It.,  '  marriage.']  In 
Sardinian  politics,  the  union  of  the  left-center 
faction  (under  Rattazzi),  in  the  chamber,  with 
the  right-center  (imder  (favour),  about  1852. 

Conolfy(kon'ol-i),  John.  Born  at  Market  Raseu, 
Lincomshire,"England,  May  27,  1794:  died  at 
Hanwell,  near  London,  March  5, 1866.  An  Eng- 
lish physician.  He  was  professor  of  the  practice  of 
medicine  in  University  College,  London,  1828-30,  and  di- 
rector of  the  insane  asylum  at  Hanwell  1839-44,  where  he 
introduced  the  principle  of  "  non-restraint "  (i.  e.,  the  aban- 
donment of  restraint  by  strait-waistcoats  and  the  like) 
in  the  care  ot  the  patients.  His  humanitarian  labors  were 
widely  infiuential. 


274 

Conon  (ko'non).  [Gr.  KMx^.']  Died,  probably 
in  Cyprus,  after  392  B.  c.  An  Athenian  com- 
mander. He  served  in  the  Peloponnesian  war,  defeated 
the  Spartan  fieet  oft  Cnidus  in  394,  and  restored  the  forti- 
fications of  Athens  and  the  Pirteua  in  393. 

Gonoy  (ko'noi).  A  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  first  known  as  Piscataway,  living  in 
1634  on  the  Piscataway  River  in  Maryland.  Its 
name  is  derived  from  a  word  meaning  'long.' 
See  Algonguian. 

Conqueror  (kong'k6r-qr),  The.  A  popular  siir- 
name  of  WUliam  I.  of  England. 

Conquest  (kong'kwest),  Mrs.  A  character  in 
Cibber's  comedy  "Love's  Last  Stake." 

Conquest  of  Granada,  The.  1.  The  second 
title  of  "Almanzor  and  Almahyde"  by  Dryden, 
by  which  it  is  usually  known. — 2.  A  chronicle 
by  Washington  Irving,  published  in  1829. 

Conquista,  La,  Duke  of.  See  Castro  y  Mgueroa 
Salazar,  Pedro  de. 

Conrad  (kon'rad)  L  [ML.  Gomradus,  from 
OH(J.  Kuonrat,  Chuonrat,  It.  Con/rado,  Corrado, 
Sp.  Con/rado,  d.  Konrad,  AS.  Cev/red:  'bold  in 
counsel.']  DiedDec.23,  918.  King  of  Germany 
911-918.  On  the  extinction  of  the  Carolingian  house  in 
Germany  with  the  death  of  Louis  the  Child  in  911,  the 
election  fell  upon  Conrad,  duke  ot  Franconia.  During  his 
reign  the  country  was  invaded  by  the  Danes,  Slavs,  and 
Magyars,  and  he  was  constantly  at  war  with  his  own  sub- 
jects in  a  vain  endeavor  to  enforce  the  recognition  of  his 
sovereignty,  especially  from  Henry,  duke  of  Saxony,  sou 
of  Otto  the  Illustrious. 

Conrad  IL  Died  at  Utrecht,  June  4,  1039. 
King  of  Germany  1024r-39,  and  Roman  emperor, 
called  "The  Salian":  founder  of  the  Pranco- 
niau  or  Salian  dynasty.  He  marched  into  Italy 
1026,  brought  the  rebellious  cities  ot  Pavia  and  Bavenna 
to  submission,  and  was  crowned  emperor  at  Home  1027. 
He  put  down  a  rebellion  of  his  stepson  Ernst,  duke  of 
Swabia,  1025-30,  made  an  inroad  ujto  Hungary  1030,  re- 
gained Lusatia  from  the  Poles  1031,  and  made  himself 
master  of  Burgundy  (i.  «.,  the  kingdom  of  Aries)  1033-34. 
He  marched  into  Italy  a  second  time  1036,  but  was  com- 
pelled by  the  successful  opposition  of  Milan  to  acknow- 
ledge by  the  constitution  of  May  28, 1037,  the  hereditary 
character  of  all  Italian  fiefs,  whether  held  immediately 
ot  the  crown  or  not. 

Conrad  III.  Bom  1093:  died  at  Bamberg, 
Germany,  Feb.  15,  1152.  King  of  Germany 
1138-52,  founder  of  the  Hohenstaufen  dynasty. 
He  was  elected  in  an  irregular  manner  by  the  party  op- 
posed to  the  house  of  Saxony,  which  gave  rise  to  a  war 
with  the  rival  candidate  Henry  the  Proud,  duke  ot  Saxony 
and  Bavaria.  The  war  was  continued  after  Henry's  death 
(1139)  by  his  brother  Welt  VI.,  whence  arose  the  party 
names  of  the  Ghibellines  (Italian  corruption  of  the  name 
of  the  Hohenstaufen  castle  Waiblingen)  and  the  Welts  or 
Guelphs.  Conrad  defeated  Welt  at  Weinsberg  in  1140,  and 
took  part  (1147-49)  in  the  second  Crusade. 

Conrad  IV.  Bom  at  Audria,  Italy,  April  25  (or 
27),  1228 :  died  at  Lavello,  Italy,  May  21,  1254. 
King  of  Germany,  second  son  of  Frederick  II. 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1250.  The  imperial  crown 
was  contested  by  William,  count  of  Holland,  who  main- 
tained himself  by  the  aid  of  the  Guelphs.  In  1261  Conrad 
undertook  an  expedition  into  Italy  to  enforce  his  right  ot 
succession  to  the  crown  of  the  Two  Sicilies.  He  is  said  to 
have  died  of  poison,  leaving  his  infant  son  Conradin  as  the 
last  heir  of  his  race.  The  throne  was  occupied  as  regent 
by  his  illegitimate  brother  Manfred.    See  Maiifred. 

Conrad  (kon'rad).  Earl  Emanuel.    Bom  at 

Berlin,  March  30,  1810 :  died  at  Cologne,  July 
12,  1873.  A  German  architectural  painter  and 
aquarellist.  His  chief  work  is  the  "  Cathedral 
of  Cologne  "  (in  the  Vatican). 
Conrad,  Marquis  of  (Tyre  and  ?)  Montferrat. 
Died  at  Tyre,  April  28,  1192.  A  famous  Cru- 
sader. He  successfully  defended  Tyre  against  Saladln 
in  1187 ;  married  Isabella,  a  younger  daughter  ot  Amajric 
I.  ot  Jerusalem,  in  1190 ;  and  at  the  time  ot  his  death  by 
the  hand  of  an  assassin  had  just  been  elected  king  of 
Jerusalem. 

Conrad  (kon'rad),  Robert  Taylor.  Bom  at 
Philadelphia,  June  10,  1810 :  died  at  Philadel- 
phia, June  27,  1858.  An  American  jurist  and 
dramatist.  He  published  the  tragedy  of ' '  Ayl- 
mere  "  in  1852. 

Conrad,  Timothy  Abbott.  Bom  in  New  Jer- 
sey, 1803 :  died  at  Trenton,  N.  J.,  Aug.  8, 1877. 
An  American  paleontologist.  He  was  paleontolo- 
gist ot  the  New  York  Geological  Survey  1838-41.  His  works 
include  "Fossil  Shells  ot  the  Tertiary  Formations  of 
North  America"  (1832),  "Paleontology  of  the  State  ot 
New  York"  (1888-40). 

Conrade  (kon'rad).  A  follower  of  Don  John 
in  Shakspere's  "Much  Ado  about  Nothing": 
the  bastard  brother  of  Don  Pedro. 

Conradin  (kon'ra-den)  (Conrad  V.).  Bom  near 
Landshut,  Germany,  March  25, 1252 :  beheaded 
at  Naples,  Oct.  29,  1268.  Duke  of  Suabia,  son 
of  Conrad  IV.,  and  last  of  the  Hohenstaufen. 
In  1268  he  failed  in  an  attempt  to  recover  the  Two  Sici- 
lies from  the  usurper  Charles  of  Anjou ;  was  captured  at 
Tagliacozzo ;  and  was  executed. 

Conrart  (kon-rar'),  Valentin.  Bom  at  Paris, 
1603 :  died  Sept.  23, 1675.   A  French  Utt^rateur, 


Constable,  Henry 

one  of  the  founders  of  the  French  Academy,  of 
which  he  was  secretary  1634-75. 

Conring  (kon'ring),  Hermann.  Bom  at  Nor- 
den.  East  Friesland,  Nov.  9,  1606:  died  at 
BCelmstedt,  Brunswick,  Dec.  12, 1681.  A  German 
physician,  scholar,  writer  on  jurisprudence, 
and  miscellaneous  author.  He  became  professor  of 
natural  philosophy  at  Helmstedt  1632,  of  medicine  1636, 
and  later  of  politics.  In  1660  he  became  privy  councilor 
of  the  Duke  ot  Brunswick.  He  was  (1658)  private  physi- 
cian of  Charles  X.  Gustavusof  Sweden.  He  wrote  "De 
origine  juris  Germanici "  (1643)^  "Exercitationes  de  repub- 
lica  Germanica  "  (1676X  etc. 

Consalvi  (kon-sal've),  Ercole.  Bom  at  Rome, 
June  8,  1757 :  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  24,  1824.  A 
Roman  cardinal  and  statesman.  He  was  secretary 
of  state  to  Pius  VII.  1800-06  and  1814-23,  and  concluded  a 
concordat  with  Napoleon  in  1801. 

Conscience  (k6n-syons'),  Hendrik.  Bom  at 
Antwerp,  Dec.  3,  1812 :  died  at  Brussels,  Sept. 
10,1883.  A  Flemish  novelist.  He  was  first  a  teacher, 
then  entered  the  army  as  a  volunteer.  In  1845  he  became 
professor  at  the  University  of  Ghent,  and  in  1868  custodian 
of  the  Wiertz  Museum  in  Brussels,  In  1837  appeared  his 
first  novel  (the  first,  also,  in  modern  Flemish),  "In't  Won- 
derjaer  1566"  ("In  the  Year  of  Marvels  1666").  It  was 
followed,  the  same  year,  by  "Phantazy,"  a  volume  of 
short  stories,  and  in  1838  by  the  novel  "De  leenw  van 
Ylaanderen"  ("The  Lion  of  Flanders").  In  1841  he  was 
made  secretary  of  the  Academy  of  Arts  at  Antwerp,  which 
position  he  held  until  1854.  In  1857  he  became  a  civil 
ofilcial  in  Courtray.  His  most  celebrated  works  are  sto- 
ries of  Flemish  life.  Among  them  are  "Hoe  men  schilder 
wordt"  ("How  One  becomes  a  Painter,"  1843),  "De  arme 
edelman"  ("  The  Poor  Nobleman,"  1851),  "Het  geluk  van 
ryk  te  zyn ''("  The  Good  Fortune  to  be  Eich,"  1855).  More 
recent  are,  among  others,  "De  burgemeester  ran  Luik" 
("  The  Burgomaster  of  Liege  "),  "De  junge  Dokter  "  ("The 
Young  Doctor"),  "Benjamin  van  Tlaanderen,"  the  last 
from  1880.        

Conscience  Whigs.  A  faction  of  the  Whig 
party  in  Massachusetts  who  were  opposed  to 
the  Cotton  Whigs  on  the  slavery  question, 
about  1850. 

Conscious  Lovers,  The.    A  comedy  by  Steele, 

Sroduoed  in  1722.     it  was  taken  from  Terence's  "An- 
na."   In  this  play  Steele  attempted  to  free  the  stage 
from  its  indecencies. 

Consensus  Genevensis  (kon-sen'sus  jen-e- 
ven'sis).  A  confession  of  faith,  drawn  up  ty 
Calvin,  which  was  dedicated  by  the  pastors  of 
Geneva  to  the  syndics  and  council  of  the  city, 
Jan.  1,  1552.  It  was  occasioned  by  Calvin's  dispute 
with  Bolsec,  who  denied  the  doctrine  ot  reprobation,  and 
was  designed  to  unite  the  Swiss  churches  on  the  subject 
of  predestination,  but  tailed  to  acquire  symbolical  author- 
ity outside  Geneva. 

Consensus  Tigurinus  (kon-sen'sus  tig-u-ri'- 
nus).  A  confession  of  faith  drawn  up  in  1549 
at  Zurich  (L.  Tigurium)  by  Calvin,  in  concert 
with  Bullinger  and  the  pastors  of  Zurich,  for 
the  purpose  of  Tinitiug  the  Swiss  churches  on 
the  doctrine  of  the  Lord's  Supper.  It  was  pub- 
lished in  1551,  and  was  adopted  by  all  the  Re- 
formed cantons  except  Bern. 

Conservative  Club,  The.  A  London  political 
club  established  in  1840.  The  number  of  mem- 
bers is  1,200. 

Conservative  Party,  The.    See  Tories. 

Consid6rant  (k6n-se-da-ron'),  Victor.  Bom 
Oct.  12,  1808 :  died  Dec.  27j  1893.  A  French 
socialist,  a  disciple  of  Fourier.  He  was  accused 
of  high  treason  in  1849,  and  fled  to  Belgium ;  from  there  he 
went  to  Texas,  where  (alter  returning  once  to  Brussels) 
he  sought  to  establish  a  socialistic  society  near  San  Anto- 
nio. He  returned  to  France  in  1869.  His  worics  include 
"La  destin^e  sociale"  (1834-38),  etc. 

Consolato  del  Mare  (kon-sd-la'to  del  m^'re). 
[It. ,  lit. '  consulate  of  the  sea.']  A  code  of  mar- 
itime law,  supposed  to  be  a  compilation  of  the 
law  and  trading  customs  of  various  Italian 
cities,  as  Venice,  Genoa,  Pisa,  and  Amalfi, 
together  with  those  of  the  cities  with  which 
they  traded,  as  Barcelona,  Marseilles,  etc.  its 
precise  date  is  unknown,  but  a  Spanish  edition  of  it  was 
published  at  Barcelona  at  the  end  of  the  13th  or  the  be- 
ginning of  the  14th  century.  It  has  formed  the  basis  of 
most  of  the  subsequent  compilations  of  maritime  law. 

Constable  (kun'sta-bl),  Archibald.  Bom  at 
Cambee,  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  Feb.  24,  1774: 
died  at  Edinburgh,  July  21,  1827.  A  noted 
Scottish  publisher,  foimder  of  the  "Edinburgh 
Review"  (1802),  and  publisher  of  most  of  the 
works  of  Sir  Walter  Scott  from  1805  until  he 
became  bankrupt  in  1826.  The  failure  of  Constable 
and  Co.,  with  that  of  James  Ballantyne  and  Co.,  printers, 
involved  Scott  in  a  loss  of  £120,000.  He  edited  the  "Chron- 
icle of  Fit e,being  the  Diary  of  John  Lamont  ot  Newton  from 
1649  to  1672  "(1810),  and  wrote  a"  Memoir  of  George  Heriot " 

Constable,  Henry,  Bom  at  Newark,  England, 
1562 :  died  at  Lifege,  Belgium,  Oct.  9, 1613.  An 
English  poet,  son  of  Sir  Robert  (jonstable  of 
Newark.  He  was  graduated  at  Cambridge  (St.  John's 
(College)  in  1680 ;  became  a  Itoman  Catholic ;  and  for  the 
greater  part  of  his  later  life  resided  in  Paris  occupied  with 
political  affairs,  and  especially  with  schemes  for  promot- 
ing the  interests  of  Catholicism.    In  1603  he  came  to  Lon- 


Constable,  Henry 

don,  and  was  for  a  short  time  confined  in  the  Tower.  He 
published  m  1692  a  ooUection  of  23  sonnets  entitled  "Di- 
ana:  the  Praises  ol  his  Mistress  in  oertaine  sweete  Son- 
nets by  H.  C. 

Constable,  John.  Bom  at  East  Bergholt,  in 
Suffolk,  England,  June  11, 1776:  died  at  Loudon, 
March  30,  1837.  A  noted  English  landscape- 
painter.  His  father  was  a  mUler.  In  1799  he  became 
a  student  at  the  Eoyal  Academy ;  in  1802  exhibited  his 
first  picture;  in  1819  became  an  associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy ;  and  in  1829  became  a  royal  academician.  He 
was  thoroughly  English :  no  foreign  master  influenced 
him,  and  rustic  life  furnished  his  inspiration  and  material. 
He  obtained  little  recognition  in  his  own  country  during 
his  lifetime,  but  was  highly  appreciated  in  France,  where 
his  work  produced  a  notable  effect. 

Constance  (kou'stans).  [ME.  Custance,  OP. 
Oustanee,  P.  Constance,  Sp.  Costema,  Costanza, 
Pg.  Constanda,  It.  Costanza,  G-.  Constanze,  L. 
Constantia,  lit.  'constancy.']  1.  M  Chaucer's 
"Man  of  Law's  Tale,"  the  unjustly  accused 
daughter  of  the  Roman  emperor.  She  is  cleared 
and  married  to  King  Alia. —  2.  In  Shakspere's 
"King  John,"  the  mother  of  Arthur,  duke  of 
Bretagne. — 3.  The  Northern  Lass,  in  Brome's' 
play  of  that  name. — 4.  The  daughter  of  None- 
such, in  love  with  Loveby,  in  Dryden's  play 
"The  Wild  Gallant."— 5.  The  daughter  of 
Fondlove  in  Sheridan  Knowles's  comedy  "The 
Love  Chase."  Her  love-affair  with  Wildrake  is 
not  unlike  that  of  Benedick  and  Beatrice. — 6. 
The  daughter  of  the  Provost  of  Bruges,  in  G. 
W.  Lovell's  play  of  that  name.  She  goes  mad 
and  dies  when  legally  proved  to  be  a  serf. 

Constance,  or  Custance,  Dame  Christian.  A 
rich  and  beautiful  widow  in  Udall's  play  "  Ralph 
Roister  Doister." 

Constance  ^e  Beverley.    See  Beverley. 

Constance.  The  soutneastemiuost  district  of 
Baden.  Area,  1,609  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  281,770. 

Constance,  G.  Konstanz  (kon'stants),  some- 
times Kostnitz  (kost'nits).  A  city  of  Baden, 
situated  on  Lake  Constance,  at  its  outlet  into 
the  Untersee  arm,  in  lat.  47°  38'  N.,  long.  9° 
11''  E.  It  is  noted  for  its  cathedral  and  its  merchants' 
hall  (Kanf haus).  The  cathedral  was  founded  in  the  11th, 
but  rebuilt  early  in  the  16th  century.  The  conspicuous 
tower  and  spire  are  modem.  The  doors  of  the  chief  en- 
trance bear  remarkable  carvings  of  the  life  of  Christ  in  20 
oaken  panels  dating  from  1470.  The  richly  sculptured 
stalls  are  of  the  same  date.  There  are  other  interesting 
sculptures,  and  a  handsome  fragment  of  the  cloister.  In 
the  6th  century  Constance  became  the  seat  of  a  bishopric, 
which  was  suppressed  in  1802.  It  was  an  imperial  city 
in  the  middle  ages,  but  was  annexed  to  Austria  about 
1648,  and  was  ceded  to  Baden  in  1806.  Here  Huss  (1415) 
and  .Jerome  of  Prague  (1416)  died  at  the  stake.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  16,235. 

Constance,  Council  of.  An  important  council 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  held  1414-18. 
Its  objects  were  the  healing  of  the  papal  schism,  the  sup- 
pression of  the  Bohemian  heresy,  and  the  reformation  of 
the  choich.  It  condemned  to  death  Huss  in  1415,  and 
Jerome  of  Prague  in  1416,  and  elected  Martin  V.  as  pope  in 
1417. 

Constance,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  of  peace  con- 
cluded between  Frederick  Barbarossa  and  the 
Lombard  League  in  1183,  at  the  expiration  of 
the  truce  established  after  the  defeat  of  the  em- 
peror at  Legnano  in  1176.  Frederick  renounced  all 
the  regalian  rights  which  he  claimed  in  the  cities  of  the 
League,  including  those  of  levying  war,  erecting  fortifica- 
tions, and  administering  civil  and  criminal  justice.  The 
cities  acknowledged  the  overlordship  of  the  emperor, 
which  carried  with  it  the  obligation  to  furnish  the  cus- 
tomary tributes  of  provision  during  his  residence  in  Italy, 
to  suffer  the  chief  magistrates  in  every  city  to  receive  the 
investiture  of  office  from  an  imperial  legate,  and  to  ac- 
cept In  every  city  an  imperial  judge  of  appeal  in  civil 
causes. 

Constance,  Lake  of,  G.  Bodensee  (bo'den-za). 
A  lake  lying  between  Switzerland,  Baden, 
Wiirtemberg,  Bavaria,  and  Vorarlberg:  the 
Latin  Brigantinus  Lacus.  The  northwestern  nar- 
rowed arm  is  frequently  known  as  the  Uberlingersee ;  the 
western  arm  is  called  the  Untersee  or  Zellersee.  It  is 
traversed  by  the  Ehine.  length,  40  miles;  greatest 
breadth,  6-8  miles.  Area,  208  square  miles.  Elevation 
above  sea-level,  1,306  feet.    Depth,  960  feet 

Constancio  (k6n-stdu'se-o),  Francisco  Solano. 
Bom  at  Lisbon,  1777 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  21, 
1846.  A  Portuguese  physician  and  author. 
He  traveled  extensively  in  Europe  and  North  America; 
was  diplomatic  agent  of  Portugal  in  Paris  1820 ;  and  was 
minister  to  Washington  1822-29.  Subsequently  he  resided 
in  Paris,  (jonstanoio's  works  are  now  little  esteemed. 
The  best-known  are  his  "Novo  diccionario  oritico,  e  ety- 
mologico  da  lingua  Portugueza"  (1836  and  1844)  and 
"Historia  do  Brasil"  (2  vols.  1839). 

Constans  (kon'stanz)  I.,  Flavins  Julius. 
Bom  about  320:  died  near  niiberis  (Helena), 
Gaul,  350.  Roman  emperor,  youngest  of  the 
three  sons  of  Constantine  the  Great  and 
Pausta.  He  received,  in  the  division  of  the  empire  in 
837,  Italy,  Africa,  and  western  Illyricum.  In  340,  hav- 
ing successfully  resisted  the  invasion  of  his  brother  Con- 


275 

stantine,  who  fell  in  battle,  he  made  himself  master  of  the 
whole  West.  In  360  Magnentius  usurped  the  throne,  and 
Constans  was  slain  by  his  emissaries. 

Constans  II.,  Flavins  Heraclius  (originally 
Heraclius).  Bom  Nov.  7,  630 :  killed  at  Syra- 
cuse, July  15,  668.  Emperor  of  the  East  641- 
668,  son  of  Constantine  III.  In  his  reign  the  Sara- 
cens conquered  Khodes,  and  the  Lombards  most  of  the 
Byzantine  dominions  in  northern  Italy.  He  favored  the 
Monothelites,  and,  in  order  to  put  an  end  to  the  contro- 
versy between  them  and  the  orthodox,  issued  an  edict 
which,  forbade  all  religious  discussion. 

Constans.  The  grandfather  of  King  Arthur, 
celebrated  in  the  Arthurian  romances. 

Constant  (kpn'stant).  The  lover  of  Lady  Bmte 
in  Vanbrugh's  comedy  "  The  Provoked  Wife." 

Constant  (k6n-ston'),  Jean  Joseph  Benjamin. 
Bom  at  Paris,  June  10, 1845:  died  there,  May  26, 
1902.  AFrenohpainter.  HestudiedunderCabanelat 
the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts,  and  in  1869  exhibited  his  firstpic- 
ture, "  Hamlet  et  leEoi,"  at  the  Salon.  He  exhibited  "Trop 
tard"(1870),  "Samson  et  Delilah"  (1872),  "Bouchersmaures 
k  Tanger"(1873),  "Carrefour  ii  Tanger"  (1874),  "  Mohamed 
II.,  le  29  Mai,  1453"  (1878),  "Favorite  de  I'^mir"  (1879), 
"La  vengeance  du  ch^rif  "  (1885),  "  Victrix"  (1890),  etc. 

Constant  de  Bebecaue,  Henri  Benjamin. 

Bom  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  Oct.  25, 1767 : 
died  at  Paris,  Dec.  8, 1830.  A  French  political 
writer,  orator,  and  politician.  He  settled  in  1795 
at  Paris  as  the  protege  of  Madame  de  Stael,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Tribunate  1799-1802,  when  he  was  banished 
by  Napoleon  Bonaparte.  He  returned  in  1814,  but  accepted 
office  under  Napoleon  during  the  Hundred  Days,  with  the 
result  that  on  the  return  of  the  Bourbons  he  was  again 
compelled  to  go  into  exile,  whence  he  returned  in  1816. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  1819-30. 
His  chief  works  are  "Cours  de  politique  constltution- 
nelle"  (1818-20)  and  "De  la  religion  consid^r^e  dans  sa 
source,  sa  forme  et  son  d^veloppement "  (1823-26). 

Constantina  (kon-stan-te'na).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Seville,  Spain.  Population  (1887), 
11,953. 

Constantino  (kon'stan-tin)  I.  (Flavins  Vale- 
rius AureliusConstantinus),  surnamed  "The 
Great."  Bom  probably  at  Naissus  (Nissa), 
Upper  Moesia,  in  Feb.,  272  a.  d.  :  died  at  Nico- 
media,  Bithyuia,  May  22, 337.  Roman  emperor. 
He  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  Augustus  Constantius  Chlorus 
by  his  first  wife  Helena,  and  was  appointed  Csesar  at  the 
death  of  his  father  in  306.  About  308  he  was  recognized 
as  Augustus  by  the  Augustus  Maximian,  whose  daughter 
Fausta  he  married  (his  first  wife  having  died).  In  310 
(309?)  he  put  to  death  Maximian,  who  was  implicated  in  a 
plot  to  excite  a  rebellion  among  his  subjects.  He  de- 
feated in  312,  near  Eome,  the  Augustus  Maxentius,  who 
was  kiUed  in  the  pursuit.  Before  this  battle,  according  to 
tradition,  the  signjof  a  cross  appeared  in  the  heavens,  with 
the  inscription,  "  In  hoc  signo  vinces,"  which  induced  him 
to  adopt  the  labarum  as  his  standard.  In  323  he  became 
sole  Augustus  by  a  decisive  victory  at  Chrysopolis  (Scu- 
tari) over  his  colleague  Licinius,  who  subsequently  sur- 
rendered and  was  treacherously  murdered.  He  caused 
Christianity  to  be  recognized  by  the  state,  convened  the 
Council  of  Nice  in  326,  and  in  330  inaugurated  Constanti- 
nople as  the  capital  of  the  Boman  Empire.  In  324  he  put 
to  death  his  eldest  son  Crispus  for  high  treason.  According 
to  a  tradition,  which  appears  to  be  without  historical  foun- 
dation, Crispus  was  the  victim  of  an  intrigue  on  the  part 
of  his  stepmother  Fausta,  who  was  suif  ocated  in  a  bath  as 
soon  as  Constantine  discovered  the  innocence  of  Crispus. 

Constantino  II.  (Flavins  Claudius  Constan- 

tinus).  Born  at  Aries,  Gaul,  Aug.  7, 312 :  killed 
near  Aquileia,  Italy,  340.  Emperor  of  Rome, 
second  son  of  Constantine  the  Great.  He  received, 
in  the  division  of  the  empire  in  337  between  the  three  sons 
of  Constantine,  Gaul,  Britain,  Spain,  and  part  of  Africa. 
Being  dissatisiled  with  his  share,  he  invaded  the  domin- 
ions of  his  brother  Constans,  but  was  defeated  and  killed 
at  Aquileia  in  340. 

Constantino  IV.  (Flavins  Constantinus), 
surnamed  Pogonatus  (' the  Bearded').  Died 
685.  Emperor  of  the  Bast  668-685,  son  of  Con- 
stans n.  He  repulsed  (by  means  of  the  recently  Invented 
Greek  fire)  the  Saracens  before  Constantinople  672-679,  and 
assembled  in  680  the  sixth  general  councU  at  Constanti- 
nople, by  which  the  Monothelites  were  condemned  and 
peace  restored  to  the  church. 

Constantino  V^  surnamed  Oopronymus(ko- 
pron'i-mus).  Born  at  Constantinople,  719: 
died  off  Selymbria,  Thrace,  Sept.  14,  775. 
Emperor  of  the  East  741-775,  son  of  Leo  IH. 
He  defeated  in  743  Artavasdes,  who  had  usurped  the  gov- 
ernment, and  assembled  a  council  in  764  which  condemned 
the  worship  of  images. 

Constantine  VI.  (Flavins  Constantinus). 
Bom  771:  killed  at  Constantinople  about  797. 
Byzantine  emperor  780-797,  the  last  of  the  Isau- 
rian  emperors.  He  was  the  son  of  Leo  IV.,  whom  he 
succeeded  under  the  regency  of  his  mother  Irene.  During 
his  reign  a  council  held  at  Nicsea  in  787  restored  the  wor- 
ship of  images.  He  was  put  to  death  by  order  of  his  mother, 
who  usurped  the  government. 

Constantino  VII.,  surnamedPorphyrogenitus 

(pdr-'fl-ro-jen'i-tus)  ('bom  in  the  purple'). 
Bom  905':  poisoned  Nov.  15,  959.  Byzantine 
emperor,  son  of  Leo  VI.  whom  he  succeeded 
911.  The  government  was  usurped  in  919  by  Bomanus 
Leoapenus,who  administered  it— Constantine  bemg  nomi- 
nally his  colleague— till  944,  when  he  was  deposed  by  his 
own  son,  and  Constantine  became  sole  ruler.  He  was 
noted  for  humanity  and  for  his  success  in  arms,  chiefly 


Constantinople 

against  the  Arabs  in  Syria.  He  was  poisoned  by  his  son 
and  succBssor,  Romanus  II.  He  was  a  liberal  patron  of 
learning,  and  himself  holds  a  high  rank  in  literature  as 
the  autlior  of  a  treatise  on  the  government  and  one  on 
the  themes  or  provinces  of  the  empire  ("De  adminis- 
trando  imperio   and  "  De  thematibus  "),  and  other  works. 

Constantino  XIII.  Palseologus.  [Gr.  6  nahii.6- 
Aoyoi.']  Bom  1394:  died  May  29,  1453.  By- 
zantine emperor  1448-53,  the  last  emperor  of 
Constantinople.  He  was  killed  at  the  taking 
of  the  city  by  Mohammed  II. 

Constantine  I.  Died  879.  A  king  of  Scotland 
(north  of  the  Forth  and  Clyde),  reigning  at 
Scone  after  863. 

Constantino  II.  Died  952.  A  king  of  Scot- 
land (north  of  the  Forth  and  Clyde)  from  900 
to  943,  when  he  resigned  the  throne  to  Malcolm, 
grandson  of  Constantine  I. 

Constantine Nikolayevitch  (son  of  Nicholas). 
Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  Sept.  21,  1827:  died 
Jan.  24,  1892.  Grand  Duke  of  Russia,  younger 
brother  of  the  czar  Alexander  H.  He  com- 
manded the  fleet  in  the  Baltic  1854-55,  and 
was  governor  of  Poland  1862-63. 

Constantino  Pavlovitch  (son  of  Paul).  Bom 
at  St.  Petersburg,  May  8, 1779:  died  at  Vitebsk, 
Russia,  June  27,  1831.  A  grand  duke  of  Rus- 
sia, younger  brother  of  the  czar  Alexander  L 
He  served  with  distinction  under  Suvaiofl  in  Italy  in 
1799,  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Ansterlitz  1806,  accom- 
panied Alexander  I.  in  the  campaigns  of  1812-14,  and  was 
appointed  commander-in-chief  in  Poland  in  1816.  He 
married  in  1820  a  Polish  lady,  the  Countess  Johanna 
Grudzinska,  having  obtained  a  divorce  from  his  flrst  wife, 
the  Princess  Juliana  of  Saxe-Coburg ;  and  renounced  his 
right  of  succession  to  the  Russian  throne  Jan.  26, 1822. 
His  strict  military  rule  provoked  an  insurrection  in  Poland 
(Nov.  29, 1830).  In  the  war  which  followed  he  played  a 
subordinate  part,  and  retired  to  Vitebsk,  where  he  died 
of  cholera, 

Constantino  (k6n-st&n-ten').  The  eastern- 
most department  of  Algeria,  lying  between  the 
Mediterranean  on  the  north,  Ttmis  on  the  east, 
and  Algiers  on  the  west.  Area,  73,929  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  1,714,539. 

Constantino.  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Constantine,  Algeria,  situated  in  lat.  36°  21' 
N.,  long.  6°  35'  E. :  the  ancient  Cirta.  The  sea- 
port for  its  foreign  trade  is  Philippeville.  Constantine  is 
a  great  trading  center,  especially  for  grain.  It  was  re- 
built by  Constantine,  and  was  captured  by  the  French 
1837.    Population  (1891),  commune,  46,681. 

Constantinople  (kon-stan-ti-no'pl),  Turk. 
Stambul  (stam-bol'),  or  Istambul  (is-tam- 
boi').  [Gr.  'KurvaTavrivov  ird/lff,  city  of  Constan- 
tine ;  Turk.  Constantinieh ;  the  ordinary  Turkish 
name  is  Stambul  or  Istambul,  a  corruption  of 
the  Greek  eic  ttjv  trdltv,  'into  the  city.']  The 
capital  of  the  Ottoman  empire,  situated  in  Eu- 
ropean Turkey  in  lat.  41°  N.,  long.  28°  59'  E., 
on  the  Bosporus,  the  Golden  Horn,  and  the 
Sea  of  Marmora.  It  is  the  chief  commercial  center 
of  the  Levant,  and  since  1888  has  had  railroad  connection 
with  the  rest  of  Europe.  It  contains  the  sultan's  palace 
(seraglio),  and  is  noted  for  its  mosques  (see  below).  Its 
chief  sections  are  Pera,  Galata,  Stambul  (or  Constantino- 
ple proper),  and  Scutari  (the  latter  celebrated  in  history 
for  its  military  hospitals  during  the  Crimean  war).  In  330 
A.  D.  Constantine  the  Great  made  Byzantium  (see  Byzan- 
tium) the  capital  of  the  Roman  Empire,  and  the  city  was 
henceforth  called  Constantinople.  From  395  (Constanti- 
nople was  the  capital  of  the  Byzantine  (Eastern)  Empire. 
It  was  repeatedly  besieged  by  the  Saracens ;  and  was  tSken 
by  the  Latins  in  1203  and  1204,  by  Michael  Palssologus  in 
1261,  and  by  the  Turks  May  29, 1463.  Tchemgan  Serai, 
the  chief  of  the  imperial  ,palaces,  finished  in  1867  by  Ab- 
dul-Aziz in  the  style  of  the  new  Turkish  Renaissance.  It 
is  a  building  of  great  size,  of  marble,  of  a  luxury  and  mag- 
nificence in  its  interior  decoration  and  arrangement 
which  are  unexcelled  in  Europe,  and  almost  surpass  be- 
lief. Its  chief  facade,  about  2,400  feet  long,  is  mirrored  in 
the  Bosporus.  See  also  Bajazet,  Mosque  of;  IreTie,  Church 
of  St.;  Reservmr  of  the  1,001  Columns;  Sophia,  Church  of 
Sania  ;  Sulevman,  Mosque  of.  Population  (1886),  873,666 ; 
with  suburbs,  upward  of  1,000,000. 

The  dominion  of  the  Old  Rome  had  come  of  itself;  its 
dominion  was  the  effect,  not  of  any  settled  plan,  but  of  the 
silent  working  of  historical  causes.  The  first  chief  who 
fenced  in  the  Palatine  with  a  wall  did  not  dream  that  his 
hill-fortress  would  become  the  head  of  the  world.  He  did 
not  dream  that  it  would  become  the  head  of  Italy,  or  even 
thehead of Latium.  Buttheprincewhofencedinthe New 
Borne,  the  prince  who  bade  Byzantium  grow  into  Constan- 
tinople, did  design  that  his  younger  Rome  should  fulfil  the 
mission  that  had  passed  away  from  the  elder  Rome.  He  de- 
signed that  it  should  fulfil  it  more  thoroughly  than  Milan, 
or  Trier,  or  Nikomedeia  could  fulfil  it.  And  his  will  has 
been  carried  out.  He  called  into  being  a  city  which,  while 
othef  cities  have  risen  and  fallen,  has  for  fifteen  hundred 
years,  in  whatever  hands,  remained  the  seat  of  Imperial 
rule ;  a  city  which,  as  long  as  Europe  and  Asia,  as  long  as 
land  and  sea,  keep  their  places,  must  remain  the  seat  of 
Imperial  rule.  The  other  capitals  of  Europe  seem  by  her 
side  things  of  yesterday,  creations  of  accident.  Some 
chance  a  few  centuries  back  made  them  seats  of  govern- 
ment till  some  other  chance  may  cease  to  make  them  seats 
of  government.  But  the  city  of  Constantine  abides,  and 
must  abide.  Over  and  over  again  has  the  possession  of 
that  city  prolonged  the  duration  of  powers  whici)  must 
otherwise  have  crumbled  away.    In  the  hands  of  Roman, 


Constantinople 

Frank,  Greek,  and  Turk,  her  Imperial  mission  has  never 
left  her.  The  eternity  of  the  elder  Rome  is  the  eternity 
of  a  moral  influence ;  the  eternity  of  the  younger  Rome  is 
the  eternity  of  a  city  and  fortress  fixed  on  a  spot  which 
nature  itself  had  destined  to  be  the  seat  of  the  empire  of 
two  worlds.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  251. 

Constantinople,  Conference  of.  A  conference 
of  the  six  great  powers  and  Turkey  for  the 
purpose  of  preventing  war  between  Turkey  and 
I  Russia,  which  was  championing  the  cause  of 
the  Christian  insurgents  in  the  Balkan  Penin- 
sula. The  conference  was  formally  opened  Dec.  23, 1876, 
after  a  preliminary  conference  between  the  great  powers 
^Deo.  H-21).  The  powers  demanded  of  the  Porte  admin- 
istrative autonomy  under  Christian  governors  for  Bosnia, 
Herzegovina,  and  Bulgaria ;  and  proposed  the  erection  of 
an  international  commission  with  power  to  enforce  by 
arms  the  decisions  of  the  conference.  These  demands 
were  rejected' by  the  Turks  Jan.  18, 1877,  whereupon  the 
conference  dissolved,  Jan.  20. 

Constantinople,  Councils  of.    These  councils 

include :  (o)  The  second  ecumenical  council,  convened 
here  by  the  emperor  Theodosius  381  A.  D.  Its  chief  obi  ect 
was  the  settlement  of  the  Arian  difficulties.  (6)  The  fifth 
ecumenical  council,  convened  by  Justinian  B63.  Its  obj  ect 
was  the  condemnation  of  the  "  three  chapters."  (c)  The 
sixth  ecumenical  council,  held  680-681.  Its  object  was 
the  condemnation  of  the  Monotbelites.  (d)  The  eighth 
ecumenical  council,  held  869.  Its  object  was  the  condem- 
nation of  Fhotius. 

Constantius  (kon-stan'shius)  I.,  Flavius  Va- 
lerius, surnamed  Chlorus  ('the  Pale').  Born 
probably  250  a.  d.  :  died  at  York,  England,  July 
25,  306.  Emperor  of  Kome,  father  of  Constan- 
tine  the  Great.  March  1,  292,  the  joint  emperors,  or 
Augusti,  Diocletian  and  Maximlan  associated  with  them- 
selves Constantius  Chlorus  and  Galerius  as  junior  part- 
ners under  the  title  of  Caesars.  Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain 
were  allotted  to  the  former,  who  was  required  to  repu- 
diate his  wife  Helena  and  many  Theodora,  the  daughter 
of  Maximlan.  After  the  abdication  of  Diocletian  and 
Maximian  in  305,  he  ruled  as  Augustus,  or  joint  emperor, 
with  Galerius  until  his  death  In  Britain  while  on  an  expe- 
dition against  the  Picts. 

Constantius  II.,  Flavins  Julius.    Bom  at 

Sirmium,  Pannonia,  Aug.  6,  317 :  died  at  Mop- 
soerene,  Cilioia,  Nov.  3, 361.  Roman  emperor, 
third  son  of  Constantine  the  Great  (second  sou 
by  his  second  wife  Pausta).  The  will  of  Constan- 
tine the  Great  divided  the  empire  among  his  three  sons 
Constantino,  Constantius,  and  Constans  under  the  title  of 
Augusti,  and  his  nephews  Dalmatius  and  Hannibalianus 
under  the  titles  of  Csesar  and  ^obilissimus,  respectively. 
On  the  death  of  Constantine  in  337 Constantius  ordered,  or 
permitted,  the  murder  of  Dalmatius  and  Hannibalianus, 
and  the  empire  was  redivided  between  himself  and  his 
brothers.  Constantine  received  Gaul,  Spain,  Britain,  and 
part  of  Africa ;  Constantius  Thrace,  Macedonia,  Greece, 
the  Asiatic  provinces,  and  Egypt;  and  Constans  Italy, 
western  Illyricum,  and  the  rest  of  Africa,  In  340  Con- 
stans repelled  an  invasion  of  Constantine,  who  fell  in 
battle,  and  made  himself  master  of  the  west;  but  was 
himself  deposed  and  slain  in  350  by  the  usurper  Magnen- 
tius.  Constantius  made  war  in  351  on  the  latter,  whom 
he  defeated  at  Mursa,  on  the  Drave,  in  351,  and  in  Gaul  in 
353,  after  which  he  was  master  of  the  whole  empire.  He  ap- 
pointed his  cousin  Julian  Csesar  and  commander  in  Gaul 
356,  and  visited  Rome  357.  He  favored  the  Arians,  and 
banished  the  orthodox  bishops.  He  died  w.hile  marching 
to  attack  Julian,  who  had  been  proclaimed  emperor  by 
his  soldiers. 

Constant  Maid.The.  A playby  Shirley,  printed 
in  1640  (reprinted  in  1667  with  the  second  title 
"Love  will  find  out  the  Way"). 

Constanza  (kon-stan'za).  A  gay  and  sportive 
girl,  in  Middleton's  "Spanish  Gipsy,"  who  fol- 
lows her  father  into  exile  disguised  as  a  gipsy, 
Pretiosa :  a  sort  of  Rosalind. 

Constellation.  A  vessel  of  the  United  States 
navy.  She  was  built  in  1798,  and  under  command  of  Com- 
modore TiTixton  in  1799  captured  the  French  Insurgente. 

Constituept  Assembly.  See  Na tional Assembly. 

Constitution  (kou-su-tii'shon)  (Old  Iron- 
sides). An  American  frigate  of  1,576  tons  and 
44  guns  rating  (actual  armament  32  long  24- 
pouuders  and  20  32-pounder  carronades),  built 
at  Boston  in  1797.  The  United  States  and  President 
were  sister  ships  of  the  same  rating.  Her  first  commander 
was  Captain  Isaac  Hull.  At  the  declaration  of  war,  June 
18, 181^  the  Constitution  was  at  Annapolis,  July  17  she 
fell  in  with  a  squadron  composed  of  Shannon  (38  guns), 
Africa  (64),  .Solus  (32),  Belvidera  (36),  and  Guerri^re  (38), 
commanded  by  Commodore  Philip  Vere  Broke.  Her  es- 
cape from  this  fleet,  in  a  chase  which  lasted  three  days  in 
an  almost  dead  calm,  is  considered  one  of  the  greatest 
feats  of  seamanship  of  the  war.  Aug.  19, 1812,  in  lat.  41° 
41'  N.,  long.  66"  48'  W.,  she  fought  the  Guerrifere.  The 
battle  lasted  from  5  to  7  P.  M.,  when  the  Guerrifere  surren- 
dered and  was  burned.  The  Constitution  returned  to 
Boston ;  Captain  Hull  resigned,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Captain  Bainbrldge  of  the  Constellation.  She  sailed  from 
Boston  Oct.  26,  1812,  and  Dec.  29  fell  in  with  the  frigate 
Java  (38  guns),  Captain  Lambert,  off  the  coast  of  Brazil  in 
lat  13°  6'  S.,  long.  31"  W.  The  battle  lasted  from  2  to 
5  P.  M.,  when  the  Java  surrendered.  Feb.  20, 1815,  she 
fought  and  captured  the  Cyane  and  Levant  (20  and  18gans). 
Sept.,  1830,  it  was  proposed  by  the  secretary  of  the  navy  to 
dismantle  the  ship  and  sell  her.  This  excited  much  public 
indignation,  which  found  expression  in  the  poem  "Old  Iron- 
sides, "by  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes^  Sept.  15, 1830.  She 
was  afterward  used  as  a  school-ship,  later  for  a  receiving- 
ship  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,and  in  1897  was  taken  to  Boston. 

Constitution  Hill,    An  elevation  near  Buck- 


276 

ingham  Palace,  London.  Three  attempts  upon  the 
life  of  Queen  Victoria  have  been  made  here  by  insane  or 
idiotic  persons  in  1840,  1842,  and  1849.    Hare. 

Constitution  of  the  United  States.  See  Fed- 
eral Constitution. 

Consuelo  (kon-so-a'16;  P.  pron.  k6n-sii-a'16). 
A  novel  by  George  Sand,  published  in  1842. 

Consulate,  The.  In  Prench  history,  the  gov- 
ernment which  existed  Nov.  9,  1799,-May  18, 
1804.  Napoleon  was  First  Consul,  and  his  associates 
were  Cambac^r^s  and  Lebrun.    See  Napoteom 

Contarini,  Gaspare.  Born  at  Venice  Oct.  16, 
1483:  died  at  Bologna,  Italy,  Aug.  24, 1542.  An 
Italian  cardinal  (1535),  bishop  of  Bologna,  and 
diplomatist.  He  was  papal  legate  at  the  Diet  of  Ratis- 
bon,  where  he  endeavored  to  effect  a  reconciliation  be- 
tween the  Protestants  and  Catholics. 

Contarini,  Giovanni.  Bom  at  Venice,  1549: 
died  there,  1605.  A  Venetian  painter.  He 
went  to  Vienna  in  1580,  where  he  practised  por- 
trait-painting. 

Contarini  Fleming.  A  psychological  romance 
by  Benjamin  Disraeli,  published  ia  1832. 

Contention  between  the  two  Famous  Houses 
of  York  and  Lancaster.  See  Henry  VI.,  sec- 
ond and  third  parts. 

Conte  Dry  (kon'te  6're),  II.    See  Comte  Ory. 

Contes  Drolatiq,ues  (k6iit  dro-la-tek').  [P., 
'  Humorous  Tales.']  A  collection  of  stories  by 
Balzac,  written  in  the  manner  and  orthography 
of  the  16th  century.  They  are  extremely  broad,  in 
the  style  of  Rabelais,  being  "written  for  the  diversion 
of  the  Pantagruelists  and  no  others."  They  came  out  in 
three  parts,  in  1832, 1833,  and  1837. 

Conti  (k6n-te).  Prince  de  (Armand  de  Bour- 
bon). Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  11,  1629 :  died  at 
P6z6uas,  Prance,  Peb.  21,  1666.  Younger 
brother  of  "The  Great  Cond6,"  and  founder  of 
the  house  of  Conti.  He  took  part  in  the  wars  of  the 
Fronde,  at  first  with  the  "oldEronde  "  against  his  brother, 
and  later  with  the  "young  Fronde"  in  company  with  his 
brother,  with  whom  he  was  arrested  in  1650.  He  was 
finally  reconciled  to  the  court,  and  married  a  niece  of 
Cardinal  Mazarin.  In  the  Spanish  war  (1654)  he  captured 
Yillafranca  andPuycerda,  and  in  1657  commanded  unsuc- 
cessfully in  Italy.  He  was  a  man  of  weak  character,  en- 
tirely under  the  control  of  his  sister,  the  Duchesse  de 
Longueville. 

Conti,  Prince  de  (Frangois  Louis  de  Bour- 
bon). Bom  at  Paris,  April  30, 1664:  died  Peb. 
22, 1709.  A  distinguished  Prench  general,  son 
of  the  Prince  de  Conti  (1629-66). 

Continental  Congress.  A  legislative  body 
representing  the  colonies  of  North  America. 
What  is  known  as  the  first  Continental  Congress,  with 
delegates  from  all  the  colonies  but  Georgia,  met  in  Phila- 
delphia Sept.  6, 1774,  and  lasted  until  Oct.  26, 1774 ;  the 
second,  in  which  all  were  represented,  met  in  Philadelphia 
May  10, 1775,  and  adjourned  Dec.  12,  l776 ;  the  third  met 
in  Baltimore  Dec.  20, 1776,  and  lasted  until  the  Articles  of 
Confederation  went  into  operation  March  1,  1781.  The 
Congress  declared  independence,  carried  on  ttie  war,  and 
in  many  respects  governed  the  country. 

Continental  Divide.    See  Dwicle. 

Contrat  Social  (k6n-tra'  so-se-al')-  [P., 'Social 
Contract.']  A  political  work  by  J.  J.  Rous- 
seau, published  in  1762.  The  Influence  of  this  book 
on  the  literature  and  life  of  the  period  was  remarkable. 
Its  theories  were  at  the  foundation  of  Jacobin  politics. 

Contreras  (kon-tra'ras).  A  hamlet  of  Mexico, 
about  8  miles  southwest  of  the  city  of  Mexico. 
Here,  Aug;.  19-20,  1847,  the  Americans  under 
Scott  defeated  the  Mexicans.  See,  further, 
Churubusco. 

Contreras,  Pedro  Moya  de.  See  Moya  y  Con- 
treras. 

Contreras, Bodrigo  de.  Bom  at  Segovia  about 
1495:  died,  probably  in  Peru,  after  1557.  A 
Spanish  cavalier  who  married  the  daughter  of 
Pedrarias,  and  in  1531  was  appointed  governor 
of  Nicaragua.  He  sent,  an  expedition  which  explored 
Lake  Nicaragua  and  its  outlet,  and  reached  Nombre  de 
Dios  by  that  route.  There  the  men  were  seized  by  the 
governor,  Robles,  who  tried  to  appropriate  the  region  dis- 
covered, but  was  driven  out.  Subsequently  Contreras  got 
into  disputes  with  the  bishop  and  with  the  Audience  of 
the  Confines.  Charges  were  made  against  him,  and  his 
enc(miievda8  were  confiscated  (1549).  After  vainly  seek- 
ing redress  in  Spain,  he  went  to  Peru. 

Contrexlville  (k6n-treg-zarvel').  A  watering- 
place  in  the  department  of  Vosges,  Prance,  26 
miles  west  of  Spinal. 

Convention,  Th6.  See  National  Convention, 
Tlie. 

Conway  (kon'wa),  or  Aberconway  (ab'6r-kon- 
wa).  A  town  in  Carnarvonshire,  North  Wales, 
situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Craway,  37  miles 
southwest  of  Liverpool.  It  is  noted  for  its  wall  and 
castle,  a  highly  picturesque  fortress  with  an  admirable 
group  of  8  cylindrical  towers,  built  in  1284  by  Edward  I. 
The  towers  were  originally  surmounted  hy  cylindrical  tur- 
rets, four  of  which  survive.  The  banqueting-hall  was  a 
fine  room  130  feet  long.  Queen  Eleanor's  oratory  possesses 
a  graceful  oriel-window.    Population  (1891X  8,467. 


Cook,  Edward  Dutton 

Conway.  1.  A  small  river  in  North  Wales 
which  flows  into  Beaumaris  Bay.  It  is  noted 
for  its  scenery. — 2.  A  township  in  Carroll 
County,  New  Hampshire,  situated  on  the  Saco 
56  miles  northeast  of  Concord.  It  contains  the 
summer  resort  of  North  Conway.  Population 
(1900),  3,154. 

Conway,  Frederick  B.  Bom  at  Clifton,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  10, 1819 :  died  at  Manchester,  Mass., 
Sept.  7, 1874.  An  English  actor.  He  first  appeared 
on  the  American  stage  as  Charles  Surface  in  1850.  In  1862 
he  married  Miss  Crocker,  a  sister  of  Mrs.  D.  P.  Bowers. 

Conway,  Henry  Seymour.  Bom  1721:  died  at 
London,  Oct.  12,  1795.  An  English  soldier  and 
Whig  politician,  second  son  of  the  first  Lord 
Conway,  brother  of  Prancis  Seymour  Conway, 
marquis  of  Hertford,  and  cousin  of  Horace 
Walpole.  He  early  entered  the  army ;  was  a  member  of 
Parliament  1741-S4 ;  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Fontenoy 
as  aide-de-camp  to  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  and  in  the 
battle  of  Culloden;  became  secretary  to  the  lord  lieuten- 
ant of  Ireland  (Lord  Hartington)  1754  ;  was  promoted  ma- 
jor-general 1766  ;  commanded  the  unsuccessful  expedition 
against  Rochefort  1767 ;  became  secretary  of  state  under 
Rockingham  1766 ;  moved  the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act 
Feb. ,  1766 ;  retained  his  office  under  the  Earl  of  Chatham ; 
resigned  Jan.,  1768,  and  was  appointed  fleld^marshal  Oct. 
12, 1793.  He  was  a  vigorous  opponent  of  the  policy  of  the 
British  government  toward  the  American  colonies. 
Conway,  Hugh,  The  pseudonym  of  Frederick 
John  Pargus. 

Conway,  Moncure  Daniel.  Born  in  Stafford 
County,  Va.,  March  17,  1832.  An  American 
clergyman  and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  became 
a  Methodist  minister  In  1850,  but  subsequently  joined  the 
Unitarian  denomination,  and  was  for  a  time  pastor  of  a 
Uniterian  church  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 
He  was  minister  of  the  South  Place  Religious  Society  In 
London  1863-84.  Author  of  "  The  Rejected  Stone"  (1861^ 
"Testimonies  concerning  Slavery"  (1864X  "The  Earth- 
ward Pilgrimage  "  (1870), "  Christianity  "  (1876), "  Idols  and 
Ideals  "  (1877), "  Demonology  and  Devil-Lore  "  (1878), "  Tho- 
mas Carlyle  "  (1881),  etc. 

Conway,  Thomas.  Bom  in  Ireland,  Feb.  27, 
1733 :  died  about  1800.  A  general  in  the  Ameri- 
can service  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  He  in- 
trigued with  members  of  the  board  of  war  and  other  influ- 
ential persons  1777-78  to  have  Washington  superseded  by 
Gates— the  so-called  "  Conway  Cabal."  He  was  afterward 
made  governor  of  .Pondicherry  and  the  French  settlements 
in  Hindustaji. 

Conway  Cabal.  See  under  Conway,  Thomas. 
Conybeare  (kun'i-bar),  John.  Born  at  Pinhoe, 
near  Exeter,  England,  Jan.  31,  1692:  died  at 
Bath,  England,  My  31,  1755.  An  English  di- 
vine, bishop  of  Bristol.  He  wrote  a  noted  polemical 
work,  "A  Defence  of  Revealed  Religion  "  (1732),  directed 
against  Tindal. 

Conybeare,  John  Josias.  Born  atLondon,  June, 
1779 :  died!  at  Blackheath,  near  London,  June 
10, 1824.  An  English  divine,  scholar,  and  scien- 
tific writer.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Oxford,  where  he  be- 
came professor  of  Anglo-Saxon  in  1807,  and  professor  of 
poetiy  in  1812.  He  was  also  vicar  of  Batheaston  in  Somer- 
setshire. His  works  include  papers  on  chemistry  and 
geology,  and  "  Illustrations  of  Anglo-Saxon  Poetiy,"  edited 
after  his  death  by  his  brother  William. 

Conybeare,  William  Daniel.  Bom  at  London, 
June  7,  1787 :  died  at  Itchenstoke,  near  Ports- 
mouth, Aug.  12, 1857.  An  English  geologist  and 
divine,  younger  brother  of  J.  J.  Conybeare,  ap- 
pointed dean  of  LlandafE  In  1844.  He  published 
notable  papers  on  various  geological  and  pale- 
ontologieal  topics. 

Cony-Catcher  (ko'ni-  or  kun'i-kach'^r),  Cuth- 
bert.  The  pseudonym  under  which  was  written, 
in  1592,  "The  Defence  of  Conny-Catohing," 
an  attack  on  Robert  Greene  and  his  several 
books  on  "Conny-catehing,"  etc.  It  is  thought 
that  Greene  himself  wrote  it. 

Conyngton  (kon'ing-ton),  Richard.  Died  1330. 
An  English  schoolman,  a  graduate  of  Oxford, 
chosen  in  1310  provincial  of  the  Franciscan 
order  in  England.  His  best-known  work  is  a 
commentary  on  the  "Sentences"  of  Peter  Lom- 
bard. 

Cooch  Behar.    See  Ktich  Behar. 

Cook  (kuk),  Charles.  Bom  at  London,  May 
31,  1787:  died  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  Feb. 
21, 1858.  AuEnglish clergyman,  oneof  the  foun- 
ders of  Methodism  in  France  and  Switzerland. 

Cook,  Clarence  Chatham.  Bom  at  Dorchester, 
Mass.,  Sept.  8, 1828 :  died  at  Fishkill  Landing, 
N.  Y.,  June  2,  1900.  An  American  ioumal- 
ist  and  writer  on  art.  He  also  wrote  "  The  Central 
Park"  (1868),  the  text  of  a  heliotype  reproduction  of 
Durer's"Life  of  the  Virgin"  (1874),  "The  House  Beau- 
tiful"  (1878),  and  edited,  with  notes,  the  translation  of 
Ltlbke's  "History  of  Art,   7th  German  edition  (1878). 

Cook,  Edward  Dutton.  Bom  at  London,  Jan. 
30,  1829:  died  there,  Sept.  11,  1883.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist  and  general  writer,  dramatic 
critic  for  the  "Pall  Mall  Gazette"  and  the 
"World,"  and  contributor  to  the  first  two  vol- 


Cook,  Edward  Dntton 

umes  of  the  "Dictionary  of  National  Biogra- 
phy." He  published  "Paul  Foster's  Daughter"  (1861), 
^'The  Trials  ot  the  Tredgolds  "  (1864),  and  various  other 
novels  and  works  on  the  stage. 

Cook,  Eliza.  Bom  at  London  about  1818:  died 
at  Thornton  Hill,  Wimbledon,  Sept.  23,  1889. 
An  English  poet.  She  wrote  lor  various  English 
periodicals,  and  in  1840  published  "Melaia,  and  other 
Poems. '•  In  1849  she  began  to  publish  "Eliza  Cooks 
Journal,*'  intended  to  advance  mental  culture.  Among 
her  books  are  "Jottings  from  my  Journal"  (1880)  and 
"New  Echoes''  C1864) ;  and  among  her  single  poems  are 
"  The  Old  Arm-Chair,"  "  O  why  does  the  white  man  follow 
my  path?"  "  The  Old  Farm  Gate,"  "  Old  Songs,"  etc. 

Cook,  Jamos.  Bom  at  Marton,  Yorkshire,  Oct. 
27, 1728:  killed  in  Hawaii,  I'eb.  14,  1779.  A 
celebrated  English  navigator,  the  son  of  a 
■Yorkshire  farm-laborer.  He  entered  the  navy  as 
able  seaman  in  1765 ;  was  appointed  master  of  the  Mer- 
cury in  1789,  and  sailed  for  America,  where  he  was  oc- 
cupied in  surveying  the  channel  of  the  St.  Laivrence; 
and  became  marine  surveyor  ot  the  coast  of  Newfound- 
land and  Labrador  In  1763.  In  May,  1768,  he  was  ap- 
pointed lieutenant  and  placed  in  command  of  the  En- 
deavour which  carried  a  party  of  scientists  to  Tahiti  to 
observe  the  transit  of  Venus.  During  this  voyage,  which 
lasted  from  Aug.  25, 1768,  to  June  12,  1771,  New  Zealand 
was  explored,  and  the  east  coast  of  Australia.  Cook  was 
raised  to  the  rank  of  commander  Aug.,  1771,  and  on  July 
13, 1772,  started  with  two  ships,  the  Resolution  (which  he 
commanded)  and  the  Adventure,  on  another  voyage  of  ex- 
ploration in  the  Pacific,  which  lasted  (for  the  Resolution) 
until  July  29,  177^  and  during  which  an  attempt  was 
made  to  discover  the  reported  great  southern  continent, 
and  New  Caledonia  was  discovered.  On  Aug.  9, 1776,  he 
became  captain,  and  on  July  12, 1776,  began  his  last  voy- 
age with  the  Besolution  (which  he  again  commanded), 
and  the  Discovery  under  Captain  Charles  Clerke.  The 
object  of  the  expedition  was  to  discover  a  passage  from 
the  Pacific  round  the  north  of  America.  During  his 
northward  voyage  the  Sandwich  Islands  were  rediscovered 
(1778),  and  shortly  after  his  return  to  them  (Jan.,  1779)  he 
was  murdered  by  the  natives  in  revenge  for  a  fiogging 
administered  to  one  of  them  for  thieving. 

Cook,  Mount.  The  highest  peak  in  New  Zea- 
land, situated  on  the  western  side  of  South 
Island.  It  was  first  ascended  in  1882.  Height, 
12,360  feet. 

Cooke  (knk),  Edward  William.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, March  27,  1811:  died  near  Ttinbridge 
Wells,  Jan.  4, 1880.  An  English  marine-painter. 

Cooke,  George  Frederick.  Bom  at  Westmin- 
ster, England,  April  17,  1756:  died  at  New 
"Sork,  Sept.  26,  1811.  An  English  actor.  He 
first  appeared  on  the  stage  in  1776  at  Brentford.  His 
principal  parts  were  Eichard  III.,  lago,  and  Shylock,  Sir 
Biles  Overreach,  Sir  Archy  McSarcasm,  and  Sir  Pertinax 
McSycophant. 

Cooke,  Hesiod.    A  nickname  of  Thomas  Cooke. 

Cooke,  John  Esten.  Bom  at  Winchester,  Va., 
Nov.  3, 1830 :  died  in  Clarke  Comity,  Va.,  Sept. 
27,1886.  An  American  novelist.  He  wrote  stories 
of  Virginia  life,  among  which  are  "  Leather  Stocking  and 
Silk"  (1864),  "The  Virginia  Comedians"  (1854),  "Henry 
St.  John,  Gentleman  "  (1859),  "Surrey  of  Eagle's,  Nest' 
(1866),  "Fairfax"  (1868),  "Vu-ginia  Bohemians"  (1879), 
"  Virginia :  a  History  of  the  People  "  (1833).  He  also  wrote 
the  life  of  Stonewall  Jackson  (1863)  and  of  General  K.  E. 
Lee  (lb71),  besides  a  number  o<  stories,  sketches,  and 


Cooke,  Josiah  Parsons.  Born  at  Boston,  Mass. , 
Oct.  12,  1827:  died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  Sept.  3, 
1894.  A  distinguished  American  chemist,  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  at  Harvard  from  1850.  He 
published  "  Elements  of  Chemical  Physics  "  (I860), "  First 
Principles  of  Chemical  Philosophy"  <1S68),  "The  New 
Chemistry  "  (1872 :  revised  1884),  "  Chemical  and  Physical 
Researches  "  (1881),  etc. 

Cooke,  Rose  Terry.  Bom  at  West  Hartford, 
Feb.  17,  1827:  died  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  July 
18,  1892.  An  American  author.  She  married 
Bollln  H.  Cooke  in  1873.  Among  her  works  are  "Poems 
by  Rose  Terry"  (I860),  "Somebody's  Neighbors"  (1881), 
"  Steadfast,"  a  novel  (1889),  "Poems  by  Rose  Terry  Cooke, 
complete"  (1888).  Her  most  characteristic  short  stories 
were  those  of  New  England  rural  life. 

Cooke,  Thomas.  Born  at  Braintree,  Essex, 
Deo.  16,  1703:  died  at  Lambeth,  Dec.  20, 1756. 
Aa  English  writer,  best  known  as  the  author 
of  a  translation  of  Hesiod  (from  which  he  ob- 
tained the  nickname  of  "Hesiod  Cooke").  He 
also  published  translations  of  Terence  and  other  Latin 
and  Greek  authors,  a  poem  entitled  "The  Battle  ot  the 
Poets"  (which,  with  some  criticisms  of  Pope's  Greek, 
brought  down  upon  him  the  wrath  ot  that  poet,  who  ridi- 
culed him  in  the  "Dunciad"),  and  various  dramatic 
works.  He  succeeded  Amhnrst  in  the  editorship  of  "The 
Craftsman." 

Cooke,  Thomas  Potter,  Bom  at  London,  April 
23,  1786:  died  at  London,  April  10,  1864.  An 
English  actor,  noted  for  his  performance  of 
Long  Tom  Coffin  in  the  "Pilot,"  and  WiUiam 
in  "Black-Eyed  Susan."  ^  -.^  ^,. 

Cooke  Thomas  Simpson.  Bom  at  Dublin, 
1782:  died  at  London,  Feb.  26, 1848.  A  musi- 
cal composer  and  singer.  He  was  the  principal 
tenor  at  the  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  and  took  entire  charge 
of  the  music  there  in  1821.  Among  the  many  works  he 
composed  or  adapted,  "Love's  RitorneUa,"  a  song  from 
"The  Brig^d,"  is  his  best-known  composition. 


277 

Cooke,  Sir  William  Fothergill.  Born  at  Eal- 
ing, Middlesex,  1806:  died  June  25,  1879.  An 
English  electrician,  the  associate  of  Wheat- 
stone  from  1887  till  1848  in  perfecting  the  elec- 
tric telegraph. 

Cook  Islands  (kuk  i'landz),  or  Hervey  Isl- 
ands (her'vi  i'landz).  "An  archipelago  in  the 
South  Pacific,  in  lat.  18°-22°  S.,  long.  157°- 
163°  W.  The  group,  consisting  ot  6  principal  islands, 
was  discovered  by  Captain  Cook  in  1773,  and  was  annexed 
by  Great  Britain  in  1888.  The  natives  have  been  con- 
verted to  Christianity  since  1823.  The  chief  island  is 
Raratonga,  with  a  population  of  3,000. 

Cookkoo-oose.    See  Kuscm. 

Cook's  Peak  (kuks  pek).    A  prominent  peak, 

,8,330  feet  high,  in  Grant  County,  New  Mexico, 
north  of  Deming. 

Cook's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's  "Canter- 
bury Tales."  It  is  an  unfinished  poem,  and  a  spurious 
ending  was  added  to  it  in  the  folio  of  1687.  This  ending 
consisted  of  only  12  lines,  and  was  rejected  by  Urry  or  his 
successors.  He  added,  however,  "  The  Tale  of  Gamelin," 
whichfoUowed  "The  Cook's  Tale,"  and  has  been  generally 
asserted  to  be  also  told  by  the  cook :  this  is  not  now  con- 
sidered to  be  by  Chaucer.  (See  Oamdyn.)  The  cook  was 
Roger  or  Hodge  of  Ware,  who  went  with  the  pilgrims  and 
was  the  only  man  save  the  miller  who  became  drunk  on 
the  way.  The  story  of  "  The  Cook's  Tale  "  is  that  of  Perkin 
Revelour,  an  idle,  riotous  London  prentice. 

Cook  Strait  (kuk  str|,t).  A  sea  passage  sepa- 
rating the  North  Island  from  the  South  Island, 
New  Zealand.  It  was  discovered  by  Captain 
Cook  in  1769.    Greatest  width,  80  miles. 

Cool  as  a  Cucumber.  A  farce  by  William 
Blanchard  Jerrold,  first  played  in  1851. 

Oooley  (ko'li),  Thomas  Mclntyre.  Bom  at 
Attica,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  6, 1824 :  died  Sept.  12, 1898. 
A  noted  jurist.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1846; 
became  professor  of  law  in  the  University  of  Michigan  in 
1869 ;  was  In  1864  elected  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  State  to  fill  a  vacancy ;  was  chief  justice  1868-69  ;  was 
reelected  for  a  full  term  of  eight  years  in  1869 ;  retired 
from  the  bench  in  1886 ;  became  professor  of  constitutional 
and  administrative  law  in  the  tiniversity  of  Michigan  in 
1881,  and  subsequently  became  professor  of  American  his- 
tory, lectureron  constitutional  law,  and  dean  of  the  School 
of  Political  Science.  He  was  chairman  of  the  United  States 
Commissioners  of  Interstate  Commerce.  His  chief  works 
are  "A  Treatise  on  the  Constitutional  Limitations  which 
rest  upon  the  Legislative  Power  ot  the  States  of  the  Ameri- 
can Union  "  (1868),  "A  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Taxation  " 
(1876),  "A  Treatise  upon  Wrongs  and  their  Remedies" 
(Vol.  I.,  1878),  and  "The  General  Principles  of  Constitu- 
tional Law  in  the  United  States  "  (1880). 

Oooley,  William  Desborough.  Died  at  Lon- 
don, March  1,  1883.  An  English  geographer, 
author  of  various  works  on  the  history  of  geo- 
graphical discovery,  especially  in  Africa. 

Coolidge  (ko'Iij),  Susan.  A  pseudonym  of  Sa- 
rah Chauneey  Woolsey. 

Coomassie.    See  Kmnassi. 

Cooper  (ks'per  or  kiip'er),  Anthony  Ashley. 
Born  at  Wimborne  St.  Giles,  Dorsetshire,  July 
22,1621:  died  at  Amsterdam,  Jan.  21,  1683.  A 
noted  English  statesman,  son  of  Sir  John  Cooper 
of  Rockbome,  Hampshire,  created  Baron  Ash- 
ley in  1661,  and  first  earl  of  Shaftesbury  and 
Baron  Cooper  of  Pawlet  in  1672.  At  first  he  sup- 
ported the  cause  of  Charles  I.,  but  in  1644  went  over  to 
the  Parliamentary  side,  was  appointed  field-marshal  with 
the  command  of  a  brigade  of  horse  and  foot  Aug.  3, 1644, 
and  took  an  active  psirt  in  the  struggle,  capturing  Corfe 
Castle  April,  1646.  He  was  an  adherent  of  Cromwell  in 
the  parliaments  of  1653  and  1654,  but  soon  broke  with  him 
and  remained  an  active  supporter  of  the  Parliamentary 
cause,  opposing  Lambert  andFleetwood  and  aiding  Monk. 
After  the  Restoration  he  continued  to  take  a  prominent 
part  in  political  affairs.  He  wasamemberof  the  "  Cabal," 
and  became  lord  chancellor  Nov.  17,  1672,  but  was  dis- 
missed from  office  Nov.  9, 1673.  From  that  time  he  was 
the  leader  of  the  Parliamentary  opposition  to  the  court 
party,  and  a  prominent  supporter  of  the  anti-Catholic 
agitation.  He  was  arrested  on  a  charge  of  high  treason, 
andacquitted.  Laterhe  joined  the  Monmouth  conspiracy, 
and  fled  the  country.  He  was  active  in  colonial  affairs, 
and  was  one  of  the  nine  to  whom  Carolina  was  granted, 
March  24,  1663.  It  was  at  his  suggestion  that  Locke 
drew  up  a  constitution  for  that  colony  (1669). 

Cooper,  Anthony  Ashley.  Born  at  London, 
Feb.  26,  1671:  died  at  Naples,  Feb.  15,  1718. 
An  English  moralist,  third  earl  of  Shaftesbury: 
author  of  "  Characteristics  of  Men,  Manners, 
Opinions,  and  Times"  (1711).  in  this  are  included 
a  "Letter  concerning  Enthusiasm,"  "Sensus  Communis  : 
an  Essay  concerning  Wit  and  Humour,"  "An  Enquiry  con- 
cerning Virtue,"  ete.      ...  „  ^  x       j 

Cooper,  Anthony  Ashley.  Born  at  London, 
April  28,  1801 :  died  at  Folkestone,  Kent,  Oct. 
1,1885.  AnotedEnglishphUanthropist,  seventh 
earl  of  Shaftesbury.  He  entered  Parliament  as  Lord 
Ashley  hi  1826,  and  succeeded  to  the  earldom  on  the  death 
ot  his  father  in  1861.  He  was  a  promoter  ot  many  philan- 
thropic projects,  and  was  president  of  the  Bntish  and 
Foreign  Bible  Society^the  Evangelical  AUiance,  etc. 

Cooper,  Charles  Henry.  Bom  at  Great  Mar- 
low,  Bucks,  England,  March  20,  1808:  died 
March  21,  1866.  An  English  biographer  and 
antiquary,  a  lawyer  by  profession,  resident  in 
Cambridge.    His  chief  work  is  "Athens  Cantabrigi- 


Coote,  Sir  Eyre 

enses  "  (1858-61),  consisting  of  biographies  of  noted  per- 
sons who  were  educated  or  incorporated  at  Cambridge 
University. 

Cooper,  James  Fenimore.  Bom  at  Burling- 
ton, N.  J.,  Sept.  15, 1789 :  died  at  Cooperstown, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  14,  1851.  An  American  novelist. 
He  was  the  son  of  WUliam  Cooper,  who  in  1788  founded 
the  settlement  of  Cooperstown  on  Otsego  Lake,  removing 
thither  with  his  family  in  1790.  In  1803  he  entered  Yale 
College,  where  he  remained  three  years.  He  became  a 
midshipman  in  the  navy  in  1808,  married  Susan  De  Lanoey 
in  1811,  and  in  the  same  year  resigned  his  commission  in 
the  navy.  In  1821  he  published  anonymously  a  novel,  en- 
titled "Precaution,"  which  attracted  some  attention.  In 
1821  he  published  "The  Spy,"  which  met  with  a  success 
unprecedented  in  American  literature.  His  chief  novels 
are  "The  Spy"  (1821),  "The Pioneers"  (1828),  "The Pilot" 
(1823),  "The  Last  of  the  Mohicans "(1826),  "ThePrairie" 
(1827),  "The  Pathfinder"  (1840),  and  "The  Deerslayer" 
(1841). 

Cooper,  John.  Bom  at  Bath  before  1810 :  died 
at  Tunbridge  Wells,  July  13, 1870.  An  English 
actor. 

Cooper,  Peter.  Bom  at  New  York,  Feb.  12, 1791: 
died  at  New  York,  April  4, 1883.  An  American 
inventor,  manufacturer,  and  philanthropist. 
He  was  the  son  ot  a  hatter,  obtained  a  meager  education,  . 
and  learned  the  trade  of  a  carriage-maker.  He  conducted 
with  success  various  commercial  and  industrial  enter- 
prises, including  the  establishment  of  the  Canton  Iron 
Works  at  Canton,  Maryland,  in  1830,  which  resulted  in 
the  accumulation  of  a  fortune.  In  1876  he  was  Greenback 
candidate  for  President.  He  is,  however,  chiefly  known 
as  the  founder  of  the  Cooper  Union  (which  see),  the  corner- 
stone of  which  was  laid  in  1854,  and  which  was  completed 
five  years  later. 

Cooper,  Samuel.  Bom  at  London,  1609:  died 
there.  May  5, 1672.  A  noted  English  miniatu- 
rist, called  by  Walpole  "  Vandyek  in  little." 
He  was  a  pupil  of  his  uncle  John  Hoskins. 

Cooper,  Susan  Fenimore.  Bom  1813:  died 
Dec.  31,  1894.  An  American  writer,  daughter 
of  J.  F.  Cooper. 

Cooper,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Leicester,  England, 
March  20, 1805:  died  at  Lincoln,  July  15, 1892. 
An  English  chartist,  skeptic,  poet,  and  author. 
He  lectured  on  political  and  historical  subjects,  and  in 
1869  he  became  a  Baptist  preacher.  He  wrote  "  The  Pur- 
gatory of  Suicides  "  (1845),  his  autobiography  in  1882,  etc. 

Cooper,  Thomas  Sidney.  Bom  at  Canterbury, 
England,  Sept.  26,  1803:  died  there,  Feb.  7, 1902. 
An  English  painter  of  animals  and  landscapes. 

Cooper,  Thomas  Thornville.  Bom  at  Bish- 
opwearmouth,  England,  Sept.  18,  1839 :  died 
at  Bamo,  Burma,  April  24,  1878.  An  English 
traveler  in  Australia,  India,  China,  and  Tibet. 
He  was  murdered  by  a  Sepoy  of  his  guard. 

Cooper.  A  river  in  South  Carolina,  uniting 
with  the  Ashley  at  Charleston  to  form  Charles- 
ton harbor.    Length,  about  40  miles. 

Cooper's  Hill.  A  poem  by  Sir  John  Denham, 
first  published  in  1642,  and  published  in  its 
final  form  in  1665.  Pope,  who  imitated  Denham, 
also  vrrote  in  praise  ot  "  Cooper's  HiU "  in  his  poem 
"  Windsor  Forest." 

Cooperstown  (ko'p6rz-toun  or  knp'erz-toun). 
A  village  and  summer  resort  in  Otsego  County, 
central  New  York,  situated  on  Otsego  Lake  62 
miles  west  of  Albany.  It  was  founded  by  the 
father  of  J.  F.  Cooper.  Population  (1900),  2,368. 

Cooper  Union.  An  institution  in  New  York 
city,  founded  by  Peter  Cooper  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  working-classes  of  New  York, 
opened  in  1859.  The  plan  of  education  provides  for 
free  schools,  reading-rooms,  lecture-courses,  art  galleries 
and  collections.    Also  called  Cooper  Institute. 

Coorg.    See  Kurg. 

Coornhert  (kom'hert).  Dirk  Volkerszoon. 
Bom  at  Amsterdam,  1522:  died  at  Gouda,  1590. 
A  Dutch  author  and  poet.  After  1540  he  lived  in 
Haarlem  as  an  engraver  and  etcher,  and  became  (1561) 
there  notary  and  secretary  to  the  burgomaster.  Agamst 
religious  freedom,  the  great  question  of  the  day,  he  wroto  a 
vast  number  of  tracts  and  pamphlets,  many  of  which  have, 
besides,  a  political  character.  In  this  connection  he  was 
in  1667  imprisoned  and  then  banished:  several  times 
afterward  he  was  forced  to  flee.  He  finally  settled  in 
Gouda.  His  principal  prose  work,  "Zedekunst,  dat  is  Wel- 
levens  Kunst "  ("  Ethics,  that  is  the  Art  of  Well  Living  "), 
appeared  in  1586.  Among  his  poetical  works  are  "  Abra- 
hams Uytgang"  ("The  Death  ot  Abraham"),  "Comedie 
van  de  Blinde  van  Jericho  "("  Comedy  of  the  Blind  Man 
of  Jericho  ").  In  his  prose  writings,  particularly,  he  may 
be  said  to  have  established,  with  Marnlx  de  St.  Aldegonde, 
the  literary  language  of  Holland. 

Coos.    See  Kusan. 

Coosa.    See  Creek. 

Coosa  (ko'sa).  A  river  in  Georgia  and  Ala- 
bama, formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Ooste- 
naula  and  Etowah  at  Rome,  Georgia.  It  unites 
with  the  Tallapoosa  to  form  the  Alabama  8  miles  north 
of  Montgomery.    Length,  about  350  miles. 

Coosadi.    See  Koasati. 

Cooshatties.    See  Koasati. 

Cootanie.     See  Eitunahan. 

Coote  (kot),  Sir  Eyre.  Bom  at  Ash  HUl, County 
Limerick,  Ireland,  1726 :  died  at  Madras,  April 


Ooote,  Sir  Eyre 


278 


26, 1783.     A  British  general,  distingviished  for  Copenhagen,  Battle  Of.  A  victory  gained  near 

•LI :_.-•__  T    ,.        _  Copenhagen  by  the  Britisli  fleet  under  Nelson 

over  the  Danish  fleet,  April  2,  1801. 
Copernicus  (ko-per'ni-kus).  [A  Latinized  form 
of  Eoppernigk',  Kopernik. ]  Born  at  Thorn,  Prus- 
sia, Feb.  19,  1473 :  died  at  Frauenburg,  Prus- 
sia, May  24,  1543.  The  founder  of  modern 
astronomy.  He  was  probably  ol  German  descent  He 
entered  the  University  of  Cracow  in  1491,  studied  law 
at  Bologna  1495-1500,  was  appointed  canon  of  the  chap- 
ter of  Frauenburg  in  1497,  lectured  on  astronomy  at 
Ilome  in  ISOO,  studied  medicine  at  Padua  about  1501, 
and  became  doctor  decretorum  at  Feirara  in  1503.  The 
rest  of  his  life  was  spent  chiefly  at  Frauenburg  in  the  per- 
formance of  his  duties  as  canon  and  in  the  practice  of 
medicine.  He  published  in  1543  an  exposition  of  his 
system  of  astronomy,  which  has  since  received  the  name 
of  the  Copernican,  in  a  treatise  entitled  "  De  orbium  OCB- 
lestium  revolutionibus" 


his  services  in  India.  He  went  to  India  in  1754 
was  present  at  the  capture  of  Calcutta  in  1766,  and  las  a 
captain)  at  the  battle  of  Plassey ;  and  was  appointed  lieu- 
tenant-colonel in  Jan.,  1759.  In  this  year  hetools  command 
of  the  troops  in  the  Madras  Presidency,  defeated  the 
French  under  lally  at  Wandewash  Jan.  22, 1760,  and  cap- 
tured Pondicherry  Jan.,  1761,  putting  an  end  to  the  French 
power  in  India.  From  1762  till  1769  he  resided  in  Eng- 
land, returning  to  India  in  the  latter  year  as  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  Madras  Presidency,  an  office  which  he  re- 
signed in  1770,  again  returning  to  England.  He  was 
appointed  commander-in-chief  in  India  in  April,  and  pro- 
moted lieutenant-general  in  Aug.,  1777.  In  March,  1779, 
he  assumed  command  in  Calcutta,  and  on  July  1,  1781, 
at  Porto  Novo,  with  a  force  consisting  of  2,000  Europeans 
and  6,000  Sepoys,  defeated  Hyder  All  with  an  army  of 
40,000  men. 

Coote,  Sir  Eyre.    Bom  1762 :  died  about  1824. 
A  British  soldier,  nephew  of  Sir  Eyre  Coote 


Coote,  Bichard.  Bom  Ibdb:  diedat  JNew  );ork,  region.  Population  (1891),  about  12,00( 
March  5, 1701.  An  EngUshofacial,  created  first  Qopiggton  (kop'lz-ton),  Edward.  Be 
earl  of  Bellamont,  in  the  peerage  of  Ireland,    OfEwell,  Devonshire','  England,  Feb.  2, 


the  noted  general  in  India.  He  served  as  ensign  Cophetua  (ko-fet'ti-a).  In  ballad  poetry,  a 
in  the  battle  of  Brooldyn  and  in  other  campaigns  of  the  legendary  African  Tsms  who  wooed  and  mar- 
Revolutionary  War  until  the  surrender  of  Yorktown;  be-  Tifid  PfiTiplnnlimi  a  beffffar  maid  The  ballad  is 
came  major-general  and  commander  of  Dover  in  1798;    "^'^      j  ■    ?P      .  '..nSfEIr-.     ^  Vio.  ,i„?„,?=  «^»i 

ilM;tFr*^nrhVn'!7l^8"?7lrv1^^^^^^^^^  g^o^h^^  \^  Se^d  L^^SspeJ^  (^^  ^X  JhfL^?! 

Be?X  lU  andirthe  EgS'tLn^arpams'l^^anl    ?|->°f„??ioTm  o^tt/S^ct  '^'°"^"°  '"  ""  ""*■ 
wasappointecilieutenant-generalandlieutenaut-governor    t™.a='i°"P°5™°\™^™°J«%.^    „^..,       .    ^, 
and  c5mmander-in.chief  of  the  island  of  Jamaica  in  1805.  Copiap6    (ko-pe-a-po  )•      The    capital    of    the 
He  was  dismissed  from  the  army  on  a  charge  of  indecent    province  of  Atacama,  Chile,  in  lat.  27°  23    S., 
conduct.  long.  70°  22'  W.     It  is  the  center  of  a  mining 

Coote,  Bichard.    Bom  1636 :  died  at  New  York,    region.     Population  (1891)^  about  12,000. 

~     ■     ■         ■" '         '      Bom    at 

„„„  -         ^ .  --„ .1776: 

Nov.  2,  1689.  He  was  appointed  colonial  governor  of 
Kew  England  in  1695,  with  a  special  mission  to  suppress 
piracy.  He,  with  others,  fitted  out  the  Adventure  for  Cap- 
tain Sidd,  who  was  given  special  powers  to  arrest  pirates. 
Eidd's  own  piratical  acts  led  Bellamont  to  arrest  him  at 
Boston,  where  he  had  come  under  a  promise  of  safety,  and 
send  bim  to  England  for  trial.    See  Kidd. 

Copacabana  (ko-pa-ka-Ba'na).     A  peninsula   ^igj^»  n82i^   etc 
in  the  southern  part  of  Lake  Titicaca,  crossed  Oopley  (kop'li),  Sir  Godfrey.    Died  at  London 
by  the  boundary  line  between  Peru  and  Bolma.  V^iy^g'.     in  English  baronet,  donator  of  a 

It  IS  trapezoidal  in  form,  high  and  rocky,  and  ]oined  to    T^    a    T  jyinna-     +™„+  f n.„  ^>^„„^  a„„i„i„ 

the  mainland  by  a  very  narrow  isthmus.  Its  area  may  be  f  imd  »*  £100  "  m  trust  for  the  Eoyal  Society 
60  square  miles.  Copacabana  was  a  sacred  place  of  the  of  London  for  improvmg  natural  knowledge. ' 
Incas,  connected  with  some  x)f  their  earliest  traditions,  The  first  award  was  made  in  1731,  the  second  in  1734.  In 
and  contains  many  interesting  ruins  of  temples  and  other  1736  the  bequest  was  converted  into  a  gold  medal  to  be 
buildings.  In  modern  times  it  has  been  celebrated  for  awarded  annually, 
its  chapel  with  a  supposed  miraculous  painting  of  the  OopleV    Jolui   Singleton.      Born   at  Boston, 

JTirgln,  which  is  yearly  visited  by  thousands  of  pUgrims.     Mags.,  July  3,  1737 :  died  at  London,  Sept.  9, 


died  near  Chepstow,  England,  Oct.  14,  1849. 
An  English  prelate  and  author,  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  poetry  at  Oxford  in  1802,  and  bishop 
of  LlandafE  and  dean  of  St.  Paul's  in  1828.  He 
wrote  "  Prselectiones"  (1813),  "  Enquiry  into 
the  Doctrines  of   Necessity  and  Predestina- 


Copau  (ko-pan').  An  ancient  ruined  city  of 
northwestern  Honduras,  on  the  Gopan  River. 
The  remains  are  of  unknown  antiquity  and  very  exten- 
sive, stretching  for  about  two  miles  along  the  river.  The 
buildings  are  of  stone,  embracing  a  temple  over  600  feet 
long,  with  many  sculptured  figures.  The  Copan  ruins 
take  their  name  from  a  modern  town  to  the  east  of  them. 
This  was  an  Indian  stronghold,  and  was  taken  after  a  fierce 
struggle  by  the  Spaniards  under  Hernando  de  Chaves  in 

Oope,  tidward  Prinker.    Bom  at  Philadelphia,  he  went  to  Europe,  passing  through  London  to  Rome, 

July  28,  1840 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  April  12,  and  visited  Germany,  the  Netherlands,  and  Paris,  return- 

1897.    A  noted  American  biologist  and  paleon-  ine  *»  I^ondon  at  the  end  of  the  year  1775,  where  he  estab- 

tolooist  TirnfAKcnrnf  <»<.Al«<T',T,-^tT,o  TTr,i™,.J;+„  lished  himself.  In  1776  he  exhibited  a  conversation  or  por- 

loiogist,  protessor  ot  geology  m  the  University  ^^^11  group.    In  1777  he  was  made  associate  of  the  Royal 

01  Irennsylvania.    He  was  professor  of  natural  sci-  Academy,  and  in  1779  a  full  member.    One  of  his  most 

ences  in  Haverford  College  1864r-67,  and  subsequently  important  works  is  the  "Death  of  Lord  Chatham," for 

became  paleontologist  to  the  United  States  Geological  which  he  refused  1,500  guineas,  and  exhibited  it  privately. 

Survey.    He  discovered  a  very  large  number  of  species  of  n«Ti1ow     TnTin    $!iTiir1pi-.nTi        Botti  at  Rniton 
extinct  and  recent  vertebrati..    His  works  incliide  "Sv.  y.<>P16y,  ,Jonn  _  EJingieTiOn.       isoru  at  COStOU, 


1815.  A  noted  Anglo-American  painter  of 
portraits  and  historical  pieces.  His  parents  (Rich- 
ard Copley  and  Mary  Singleton)  were  natives  of  Ireland 
of  English  origin.  His  birth  took  place  immediately 
after  the  arrival  of  his  parents  in  America.  He  began, 
with  very  little  instruction,  to  paint  portraits.  While 
still  in  Boston  he  sent  works  (among  them  the  "Boy 
with  Squirrel")  to  the  exhibition  of  the  Society  of  Ar- 
tists in  London,  and  in  1767  was  made  a  member  of  that 
society  at  the  suggestion  of  Benjamin  West.    In  1774 


--  His  works  include  "Sy- 
nopsis of  the  Extinct  Cetacea  of  the  United  States  "  (1867- 
1868),  "  Systematic  Arrangement  of  the  Extinct  Batrachia, 
Reptilia,  and  Aves  of  North  America  "  (1869-70), ' '  Relation 
of  Man  to  Tertiary  Mammalia"  (1876),  "Origin  of  the  Fit- 
test," etc.,  besides  numerous  elaborate  memoirs  on  the 
extinct  vertebrates  of  North  America,  principally  of  the 
Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  deposits. 
Copehan  (ko-pa'han).  [From  kapai,  stream  or 
river.]  A  linguistic  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,embracingthe  Patwin  and  Wintu  tribes 


Massr,May  21,  1772:  died  in  England,  Oct. 
12,  1863.  A  distinguished  English  jurist  and 
statesman,  son  of  J.  S.  Copley  (1737-1815), 
created  Baron  Lyndhurst  in  1827.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Cambridge  University  (Trinity  College),  became 
a  "  traveling  fellow  "  of  the  universily,  and  visited  the 
United  States  in  1795-96.  He  rose  rapidly  at  the  bar,  en- 
tered Parliament  in  1818,  became  solicitor-general  June, 
1819,  was  attorney-general  1824-26,  and  was  lord  chan- 
cellor  1827-30,  1834,  and  1841-45. 

(which  see),  withlheir  numerous  branches,  in  Copmanliurst,  The  Clerk  of.    Friar  Tuck,  in 


California.  Its  habitat  extended  from  Mount  Shasta 
to  Suisun  and  San  Pablo  bays,  being  bounded  on  the  east 
by  the  Sacramento  and  lower  Pitt  river-valleys,  and  on 
the  west  by  an  irregular  line  extending  from  San  Pablo 
Bay  to  Clear  Creek,  John's  Peak,  the  coast-range,  and  the 
head  waters  of  the  Trinity  and  Elamath  rivers. 

Copeland  (kop'land),  Balph.  Born  at  Wood- 
plumpton,  Lancashire,  1837.  A  British  astron- 
omer, professor  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh 
and  astronomer  royal  to  Scotland. 

Copenhagen  (ko-pen-ha'gen).  [Dan.  Kjoben- 
havn,  G.  Kopenhag'en,  F.  Copenhague:  'cheap- 
haven,'  i.e.'  trade-harbor.'  Sir  George  Stephens 


the  Eobin  Hood  stories. 
3opp6e  (ko-pa'),  Frangois  Edouard  Joachim 
(called  Frangois).  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  12, 1842. 
A  French  writer.  He  made  his  reputation  first  as  a 
poet,  afterward  writing  for  the  stage.  He  was  made  in 
1878  archiviste  of  the  Com^die  Franijaise,  and  was  elected 
to  the  Academy  in  1884.  He  was  made  officer  of  the  Le- 
gion of  Honor  in  1888.  He  has  published  a  number  of 
volumes  of  poems,  prose  sketches,  and  romances.  Among 
his  plays  are  "Le  passant"  (1869),  "Fais  ce  que  dois" 
(1871),  "Le  luthier  de  Cr^mone"  (187p,  "La  guerre  de 
cent  ans"  (with  M.  d'Artois,  1878),  "Madame  de  Main- 
tenon"  (1881),  "Les  Jacobites"  (1886),  etc.  He  has  col- 
lected his  plays  in  4  volumes,  1873-86. 


uses  the  Eng.  form  CAeopfagrftauere.]  The  capital  Copp6e,  Henry.    Bom  Oct.,  1821:  died  March 


of  Denmark,  situated  on  the  island  of  Zealand 
and  the  adjoiningisland  of  Amager,  on  the  strait 
of  the  Sound  and  the  Kalvebodstrand,  in  lat.  55° 
41'  N.,  long.  12°  35'  E. :  the  Roman  Hafnia. 
It  is  the  commercial  center  of  Denmark.  It  has  a  large 
trade  in  grain,  wool,  butter,  leather,  etc.,  and  some  manu- 
factures of  machinery,  porcelain,  etc.  It  contains  the 
Royal  Picture-gallery,  Christianborg  Palace  (Royal  Libra- 
ry), the  National  Theater,  the  Thorwaldsen  Museum,  the 
Prinsens  Palais  (with  the  Museum  of  Northern  Antiqui- 
ties, Ethnographical  Museum,  etc.),  the  Vor  Fruekirke, 


22  18^5.  An  educator  and  author.  He  was 
assistant  professor  of  geography,  history,  and  ethics  at 
West  Point  1860-55 ;  professor  of  English  literature  in  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  1855-66 ;  president  of  Lehigh 
University  1866-76,  when  he  exchanged  this  position  for 
the  chair  of  history.  He  was  made  a  regent  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  in  1874,  and  published  "Elements  of 
Logic  "  (1867),  "  Elements  of  Rhetoric  "  (1859) ,  "  Lectui-es 
on  English  Literature  "  (1872).  He  also  published  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Conquest  of  Spain  by  the  Arab-Moors"  (1881), 
besides  various  works  on  military  drill,  etc. 
Copper  Captain,  The.    See  Peres,  Michael 


and' the  University.    The  city  was  founded  in  the  12th   --i-r — ^^■t-i^   ■  .,       a       -rt       j  ri  -c  7j 

century,  and  became  the  capital  in  1443.    It  developed  Copperfield,  DaVld.     See  JJavzd  Copperfleld. 

greatly  in  the  17th  century,  but  sntfered  from  the  battle  Qopper  Indians.     See  Ahtena. 

of  the  North  in  1801.    It  was  bombarded  by  the  English  finnnprmiTip  (kon'er-min).     A  river  in  British 

underCathcartSept.2-6,1807.    Population(1901),378,236;   '^PPP5^""J^°.''^"J'„    „Y^J^ 

with  suburbs,  476,806. 


America  which  flows  into  an  inlet  of  the  Arctic 


CocLuimbo 

Ocean  in  lat.  67°  40'  N.,  long.  115°  30'  W. 
Length,  about  300  miles. 

Copper  Eiver  (Alaska).    See  Atna  Biver. 

Coppet  (ko-pa' ).  A  village  in  the  canton  of 
Vaud,  Switzerland,  situated  on  Lake  Geneva 
9  miles  north  of  Geneva.  It  was  the  residence 
of  Necker  and  of  Madame  de  Stael. 

Coptic  (kop'tik).  [NL.  CopMcus,  ML.  Cophti, 
Copts.]  The  language  of  the  Copts,  descended 
from  the  ancient  Egyptian  (of  the  Hamitie 
family  of  languages),  and  used  in  Egypt  till 
within  the  last  two  centuries,  but  now  super- 
seded as  a  living  language  by  Arabic.  The  two 
chief  dialects  are  the  Memphitic  and  Thebaic.  It  is  still 
the  liturgical  language  of  the  Coptic  (Egyptian  Monophy- 
site)  Chureh,  but  the  lections  are  read  in  Arabic  as  well  as 
Coptic. 

The  ancient  Egyptian  language  was  nothing  but  Coptic 
written  In  hieroglyphs,  or  rather  Coptic  was  but  the  lan- 
guage of  the  Pharaohs  transcribed  in  Greek  characters. 
Mariette,  Outlines,  p.  167. 

CoptOS  (kop'tos).  [Gr.  Kom-Sc  or  Kon-T<5.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a  city  of  Egypt,  situated  on 
the  Nile  in  lat.  26°  N. :  the  modem  Kobt  or 
Keft. 

Copts  (kopts).  [Also  written  CopM  (ML.  CophU, 
pi.);  vernacular  KuM,  Kubti,  Ai.  Qobt,  Kibti. 
Origin  uncertain:  variously  referred  to  Gr. 
MyvwToc,  Egypt;  or  to  Gr.  Konriif,  Kom-ii,  mod. 
Kobt  or  Keft,  an  ancient  town  of  Egypt,  near 
Thebes:  or  to  Gr.  'laKu^'m/c,  Jacobite.]  The 
native  Egyptians;  the  Egyptian  Christians,  es- 
pecially those  of  the  sect  of  Monophysites.  The 
Copts  are  descen^mts  of  the  ancient  Egyptians,  and  for- 
merly spoke  the  Coptic  language.  After  the  Council  of 
Chalcedon  (A.  D.  451)  the  majority  of  Egyptian  Christians 
separated  from  the  orthodox  church,  and  have  ever  since 
had  their  own  succession  of  patriarchs.  Their  number  is 
now  very  small.  The  Abyssinian  or  Ethiopic  Church  is  a 
part  of  the  Coptic  communion,  and  its  abuna  or  metran  is 
always  chosen  and  consecrated  by  the  Coptic  patriarch. 

Coguelin  (kok-lan'),  Benolt  Constant.    Bom 

at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  Jan.  23,  1841.  A  noted 
French  actor.  He  made  his  first  appearance  at  the 
Theatre  Fran?ais  in  1860,  and  became  sooi^taire  in  1864. 
His  greatest  success  has  been  in  French  classic  comedy. 
He  is  also  celebrated  as  a  reciter  of  poetry.  He  has  pub- 
lished various  works  in  relation  to  poetry  and  the  dramatic  ' 
art :  "  L'Art  et  le  oom^dien  "  (1880),  "  Molifere  et  le  mis- 
anthrope" (1881),  "L*es  comediens  par  un  com^dien" 
(1882),  "  Tartuf e  "  (1884),  "  L'Art  de  dire  le  monologue  " 
(1884 :  with  his  brother),  etc. 

Coquelin,  Ernest  Alexandre  HonorS.    Bom 

at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  May  16, 1848.  A  French 
actor,  brO|ther  of  Benoit  Constant  Coguelin. 
He  made  his  debut  at  the  Od^on,  but  in  1868  joined  iiis 
brother  at  the  Francais,  and  was  made  soci^taire  in  1879. 
He  plays  nearly  all  the  comic  parts  in  the  older  plays,  and 
in  modern  comedy  such  parts  as  Fr6d6ric  in  "L'Ami 
Fritz,"  and  Ulrich  in  "  Le  sphinx."  He  has  written,  under 
the  name  of  Pirouette  as  well  as  his  own,  various  mono- 
logues or  books  on  the  subject  of  monologues,  as  "Le 
monologue  moderue  "  (1881),  "  la  vie  humoristique  "  (1883), 
"Pirouette"  (1888),  etc. 
Coquelin,  Jean.  Bom  Dee.  1, 1865.  A  French 
actor,  son  of  Benolt  Constant  CoqueUn.  He  has 
adopted  his  father's  idles,  making  his  first  appearance  at 
the  Com^die  Fran9aise  Nov.  20, 1890. 

Coquerel  (kok-rel'),  Athanase  Josu6.  Bom  at 

Amsterdam,  June  16,  1820:  died  at  Fismes, 
Marne,  France,  July  24, 1875.  A  French  Prot- 
estant clergyman,  and  theological  and  histprical 
writer,  sonof  A.L.C.  Coquerel.  He  wrote  "Jean 
Calas  et  sa  famiUe"  (1858),  "Libres  etudes" 
(1867),  etc. 

Coquerel,  Athanase  Laurent  Charles.  Bom 
at  Paris,  Aug.  27,  1795:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  10, 
1868.  A  French  Protestant  clergyman  (in  Jer- 
sey, Amsterdam,  Leyden,  Utrecht,  and  Paris) 
and  theological  writer.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Con- 
stituent and  Legislative  assemblies  (1848-49).  He  wrote 
"  Biographic  sacr6e,"etc.  (1825-26), "  Orthodoxie  modeme  " 
(1842),  "Cliri8tologie"(1868),  etc. 

CooLuerel,  Charles  Augustin.  Bom  at  Paris, 
April  17,  1797 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  1,  1851.  A 
French  theological  writer,  brother  of  A.  L.  C. 
Coquerel.  He  wrote  "L'Histoire  des  6glises 
du  desert,  etc."  (1841),  etc. 

Coques,  or  Oocx  (kok),  Gonzales.  Bom  at 
Antwei^,  1614 :  died  at  Antwerp,  April  18, 1684. 
A  Flemish  portrait-painter,  noted  for  Ms  family 
groups. 

CoquiUart  (ko-ke-yar'),  Guillaume.  Bom  in 
Champagne,  France:  died  about  1490.  APrench 
poet,  author  of  "  Les  droits  nouveaux,"  in  octo- 
syllabic verse,  and  other  poems.  Complete 
works  published  1847. 

Coquimbo  (ko-kem'bo).  1.  A  province  of 
northern  Chile,  lying  between  Atacama  on  the 
north,  Argentine  Confederation  on  the  east, 
Aconcagua  on  the  south,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean 
on  the  west.  Its  chief  .product  is  copper. 
Area,  12,905  square  miles.    Population  (1891), 


Coquimbo 

191,901. — 2.  The  seaport  of  La  Serena  (capital 
of  the  province  of  Coquimbo),  in  lat.  29°  56'  S., 
long.  71°  20'  W.     Population  (1885),  8,440. 

Oor  Garoli  (k6r  kar'o-li).  [NL.,  'the  heart 
of  Charles.']  Ayellowish  star  of  the  third  mag- 
nitude, below  and  behind  the  tail  of  the  Great 
Bear,  designated  by  Flamsteed  as  12  Canum 
Venaticorum,  but  treated  as  a  constellation  on 
the  globe  of  Senex  (London,  1740),  and  by  some 
other  English  astronomers. 

Oor  Hydrae  (k6r  H'dre).  [L.,'the  heart  of 
Hydra.']  A  star  of  the  second  magnitude,  in 
the  southern  constellation  Hydra. 

Oor  Leonis  (k6r  le-o'nis).  [L., '  the  heart  of  the 
lion.']  Another  name  for  Regulus,  a  star  of 
the  first  magnitude  in  the  constellation  Leo. 

Cor  Scorpionis  (k6r  sk6r-pi-6'nis).  [L., 'the 
heart  of  the  scorpion.']  Another  name  for  An- 
tares,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the  zodi- 
acal constellation  Scorpio. 

Cora  (ko'ra).  In  Sheridan's  "  Pizarro,"  the  wife 
of  Alonzo','  the  commander  of  Ataliba's  troops. 

Cora.    See  Cori. 

Cora  (ko'ra).  [PI.,  also  Coras.']  A  division 
of  the  Piman  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
embracing  the  Cora  proper  and  a  number  of 
lesser  tribes.  They  Inhabit  the  territory  contiguous  to 
the  Rio  de  San  Fedro,  extending  from  the  Kio  Grande  de 
Santiago  to  lat.  23°,  and  long.  104°  to  105°  W.  (except  a 
small  area  occupied  by  the  Huichola),  in  the  Sierra  de' 
Nayarit,  Jalisco,  Mexico.  Although  hostile,  they  are  agri- 
culturists.    Estimated  number,  20,000.    See  Piman. 

Coral  Sea  (kor'al  se).  That  part  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean  extendinig  from  Australia  to  the  New 
Hebrides. 

Coram  (ko'ram),  Thomas,  Bom  at  Lyme 
Kegis,  England,  about  1668:  died  at  London, 
March  29,  1751.  An  English  philanthropist. 
He  established  the  hospital  for  foundlings  in 
London  in  1740. 

Corambis  (ko-ram'bis).  The  name  of  Polonius 
in  the  first  qiiarto  Hamlet  (1603).  In  the  German 
play  ("  Fratricide  Punished  ")  supposed  to  be  the  ground- 
work of  the  1603  quarto,  it  is  spelled  Corambus. 

Coranine.    See  Coree. 

Coray  (ko-ra'),  Adamautios.  Born  at  Smyrna, 
April  7,  1748:  died  at  Paris,  April  6,  1833.  A 
noted  Greek  scholar.  He  endeavored  to  bring  about 
the  political  regeneration  of  Greece  by  means  of  educa- 
tion ;  and  with  this  object  in  view  published  excellent 
editions  of  the  Greek  authors,  which  have  been  collected 
in  the  "BibliothSque  hell6nlque,"  1805-26. 

Corazon  (ko-ra-thon').  [Sp., 'heart.']  Amoun- 
tain  in  the  Andes  of  Ecuador,  15,871  feet  high 
(Whymper). 

The  mountain  Corazon  has  received  its  name  from  a  re- 
semblance it  is  supposed  to  have  to  a  heart.  It  is  a  prom- 
inent object  from  Machachi,  placed  almost  exactly  mid- 
way between  Atacazo  and  Illlniza. 

Whympeir,  Travels  amongst  the  Great  Andes  of  the 

[Equator,  p.  108. 

Corbeil  (kor-bay').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Essonne  and  Seine  17  miles  south 
of  Paris.  It  has  a  large  trade.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  8,184. 

Corbenic.  In  the  "  Romance  of  the  Graal,"  the 
castle  built  as  a  shrine  for  the  Holy  Graal  by 
the  leper  king  Galafres  after  he  has  been  con- 
verted and  christened  Alphasan. 

Corbet  (k6r'bet),  Bichard.  Bom  at  Elwell, 
Surrey,  1582:  died  at  Norwich,  England,  July 
28, 1635.  An  English  prelate  and  poet,  elected 
bishop  of  Oxford  in  1624,  and  translated  to  the 
see  of  Norwich  in  1682.  He  was  an  intimate  fiiend 
of  Ben  Jonson,  and  was  noted  for  his  convivial  habits.  The 
first  collected  edition  of  his  poems  was  published  in  1647 ; 
some  of  them  were  published  separately  in  1648,  under 
the  title  "Poetica  Stromata." 

Oorbett  (kdr'bet),  Boston.  Bom  at  London, 
1832.  The  slayer  |of  the  assassin  of  Abraham 
Lincoln.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1839,  and  took 
the  name  of  "Boston"  from  the  city  in  which  he  was  bap- 
tized. He  enlisted  In  the  12th  regiment  of  New  York  State 
militia,  and  later  was  a  sergeant  in  the  16th  New  York 
cavalry.  In  disobedience  of  orders,  he  fired  upon  John 
Wilkes  Booth  at  the  time  of  his  capture  (April  26, 1866), 
and  killed  him.  For  this  he  was  court-martialed.  He 
afterward  became  insane,  and  was  confined  in  an  asylum 
in  Kansas. 

Corbie  (kor-be').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Somme,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Somme  10 
miles  east  of  Amiens.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 4,782.  _  ^         .,  X      ^ 

Oorbould  (kdr'bold),  Henry.  Bom  at  London, 
Aug.  11,  1787:  died  at  Eobertsbridge,  Sussex, 
Dec .  9,  1844.  An  English  landscape-  and  min- 
iature-painter and  book-illustrator,  son  of  Rich- 
ard Corbould.  . 

Oorbould,  Bichard.  Bom  at  London,  April 
18,  1757:  died  at  London,  July  26,  1831.  An 
English  painter  and  book-illustrator. 


279 

Corcoran  Art  G-allery.  An  art  gallery  at 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  established 
and  endowed  by  William  Wilson  CJorcoran.  it 
was  conveyed  to  a  board  of  trustees  for  the  benefit  of  the 
public  In  1869,  and  contains  a  ooUection  of  bronzes,  casts, 
and  statues,  and  a  gallery  of  paintings. 

Corcyra  (kor-si'ra).  [Gr.  KipKvpa  (Herod. 
Thuc),  or  KdpKvpa  (Strabo).]  The  ancient 
name  for  Corfu. 

Cordara  (kor-da'ra),  Giulio  Cesare.  Bom  at 
Alessandria,  Italy,  Dec.  17, 1704:  died  at  Ales- 
sandria, May  6,  1785.  An  Italian  poet,  and 
historiographer  of  the  Jesuits. 

Cordatus  (k6r-da'tus).  A  character  in  Jon- 
son's  comedy  "Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour" 
who  with  Mitis  performs  the  part  of  a  critic  with 
explanation  and  comment,  always  present  on 
the  scene,  but  standing  aside. 

Corday  d'Armans  (kor-da'  dar-mon'),  Marie 
Anne  Charlotte  (best  known  as  Charlotte 
Corday).  Bom  at  St.  Saturuin,  Orne,  Prance, 
July  27,  1768:  died  at  Paris,  July  17,  1793.  A 
French  heroine.  She  was  of  noble  birth ;  was  edu- 
cated in  a  convent  at  Caen ;  and,  influenced  by  the  writ- 
ings of  the  pMlosophea,  especially  Voltaire  and  the  Abb^ 
Baynal,  embraced  the  principles  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion. Filled  with  horror  at  the  excesses  of  the  Reign  of 
Terror,  she  repaired  to  Paris  July  1,  1793;  and  July  13, 
1793,  having  gained  admission  to  the  chamber  of  Marat, 
the  most  bloodthirsty  of  the  Terrorists,  stabbed  him  to 
death  while  In  his  bath.  She  was  tried  by  the  Revolu- 
tionary tribunal,  and  was  sent  to  the  guillotine. 

Cordelia  (k6r-de'lia).  [P.  CordHie.2  The 
youngest  daughter  of  King  Lear  in  Shakspere's 
tragedy  of  that  name.  She  offends  hun  by  the  lack 
of  violence  in  her  protestations  of  love  for  him,  and  he 
disinherits  her.  When,  however,  he  is  ill-treated,  mad- 
dened, and  turned  out  by  his  elder  daughters,  to  whom 
he  had  given  everything,  she  comes  with  an  army  to 
dethrone  them,  but  Is  taken  captive,  and  is  killed  in 
prison.  Lear  In  a  last  outburst  kills  the  slave  who  hung 
her,  and  dies  upon  her  body. 

Cordes  (kord).  A  small  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Tarn,  Prance,  15  miles  northwest  of 
Albi.  It  has  interesting  medieval  ramparts 
and  buildings. 

Cordifere  (kor-dyar' ),  La  Belle.  [P. , '  The  Beau- 
tiful Rope-maker.']  A  surname  of  Louise  Lab6 
(see  Labi),  wife  of  one  Perrin,  a  rope-maker. 

Cordilleras  (k6r-dil-ya'raz).  [Sp.  Cordillera, 
a  chain  or  ridge  of  mountains,  formerly  also  a 
long,  straight,  elevated  tract  of  land.]  A  name 
applied  to  various  portions  of  the  central 
mountain  systems  of  America,  as  the  Cordil- 
leras of  Mexico,  of  Central  America,  of  the 
United  States  (Rocky  Mountains),  and  of  South 
America  (Andes) .  it  was  first  given  to  the  ranges  of 
the  Andes  ("las  Cordilleras  de  los  Andes,"  the  chains  of 
the  Andes),  then  to  the  continuation  of  these  ranges  Into 
Mexico  and  further  north.  For  convenience,  it  is  now 
agreed  among  physical  geographers  to  call  the  complex 

■  of  ranges  embraced  between  and  including  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  then-  extension 
north  into  British  Columbia,  the  CordiUeras;  those  ranges 
occupying  a  similar  continental  position  in  South  America 
are  called  simply  the  Andes.  The  entire  western  moun- 
tain side  of  the  continent  of  North  America  is  called  the 
Cordilleran  region.  In  its  broadest  part  it  has  a  develop- 
ment of  a  thousand  miles  east  and  west,  and  embraces, 
besides  the  Rooky  Mountains  and  the  Sierra,  a  large  num- 
ber of  subordinate  mountain-chains,  some  of  which  are 
little,  if  at  all,  inferior  to  such  chains  as  the  Pyrenees  in 
length  and  elevation. 

In  course  of  time  it  became  apparent  that  the  two 
"parallel  Cordilleras,"  which  according  to  geographers 
are  the  great  feature  of  the  country,  do  not  exist.  The 
axis  of  the  Andes  of  Ecuador,  part  of  the  backbone  of 
South  America,  runs  nearly  north  and  south ;  and  towards 
the  western  edge  of  the  main  chain  there  is  a  sequence 
of  peaks  more  or  less  In  a  line  with  each  other.  On  the 
east  of  these  summits  there  is  a  succession  of  basins,  of 
different  dimensions  and  at  various  elevations,  and  the 
nearest  mountains  on  the  eastern  side  occur  at  irregular 
distances.  There  is  no  such  thing  as  one  great  valley  in 
the  interior  of  Ecuador.  The  mountains  Pasochoa  and 
Buminahtti  are  the  only  two  -widcTilie  parallel  to  the  others 
on  the  western  side.  The  main  chain  of  the  Andes  was 
created  by  upheaval  at  some  remote  date,  but  no  one  can  say 
when  this  movement  occurred,  or  whether  it  was  an  affair 
of  a  year  or  was  spread  over  thousands  of  years.  All  of 
the  Great  Andes  of  the  Equator  rise  out  of,  or  upon  and 
above,  the  main  chain. 

Whymp^i  Great  Andes  of  the  Equator,  p.  335. 

C6rdoba  (kor'do-Ba).  1.  A  province  in  the 
Argentine  Republic,  situated  about  lat.  29° 
30'-35°  S.,  long.  62°-66°  W.  Area,  60,000  square 
miles.  Population  (1895),  351,745.-2.  The 
capital  of  the  above  province,  situated  on  the 
Primero  in  lat.  31°  24'  S.,  long.  64°  13'  26"  W. 
(observatory),  it  is  an  important  commercial  center, 
and  the  seat  of  a  university  and  national  observatory. 
Population  (1887),  35,771.  „^^  ^  ,,  .  .^ 
3.  A  town  in  the  state  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  55 
miles  west  of  Vera  Cruz.     Population,  6,000. 

Cdrdoba,  or  Cordova,  Francisco  Hernandez 
(or  Fernandez)  de.  Date  of  birth  unknown: 
died  at  Santo  Espiritu,  Cuba,  May  or  June, 
1517.    A  Spanish  soldier  and  explorer.    He  went 


Coree 

to  Cuba  with  Velasquez  in  1511,  acquired  wealth  there, 
and  In  Feb.,  1517,  commanded  an  expedition  of  3  ves- 
sels with  110  men,  fitted  out  as  a  private  speculation. 
Sailing  westward,  he  discovered  Yucatan,  followed  the 
coast  around  to  beyond  Campeche,  and  noticed  many  signs 
of  a  higher  civilization  than  had  before  been  found  In 
America.  At  Champotan  Crfrdoba  was  severely  wounded 
in  a  fight  with  the  Indians.  He  crossed  over  to  Florida, 
thence  returned  to  Cuba,  and  died  of  his  wounds  shortly 
after. 

Cordova  (kor'do-va),  officially  Cordoba  (kor'- 
do-Ba).  [P.  Cordoue.]  1.  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Cordova,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Guadalquivir  in  lat.  37°  52'  N.,  long.  4°  50' 
W. :  the  Punic  Karta-tuba,  and  the  Roman 
Corduba  or  Patricia,  it  is  famous  for  Its  manufac- 
tures of  leather  and  of  silverware.  It  contains  many 
Moorish  antiquities,  and  Is  celebrated  for  Its  cathedral. 
(See  below.)  It  was  rebuilt  after  Its  partial  destruction 
by  Csesar,  and  colonized.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Seneca, 
Iiucan,  and  Averroes,  and  from  756  to  1031  was  the  capital 
of  the  western  callfate.  It  was  the  most  famous  center 
of  learning  and  literature  In  western  Europe  in  the  middle 
ages,  and  had  about  1,000,000  inhabitants.  It  was  taken 
by  Ferdinand  III.  of  Castile  in  1236,  and  was  stormed  by 
the  French  under  Dupont  in  1808.  The  cathedral,  the  old 
mosque  of  Abd-er-Rahman  I.,  was  begun  In  the  8th  cen- 
tury, and  finished  in  1001.  In  plan  it  Is  nearly  square, 
with  18  ranges  of  columns,  many  of  them  antique,  sup- 
porting low  horseshoe-arcades,  above  which  a  second  tier 
of  arches  carries  the  modernized  vaulting.  The  original 
Moorish  mlhrab  and  its  successor  remain,  and  present 
wonderful  examples  of  decoration  in  sculpture  and  mosaic. 
In  the  middle  of  the  mosque  a  rich  Renaissance  choir  was 
built  in  1526,  but  the  interpolation  is  lost  In  the  vastness 
of  the  structiu-e.  There  are  many  admirable  Moorish 
doors,  and  other  f  eatmes,  all  together  making  this  remark- 
able building  one  of  the  finest  existing  specimens  of  Mo- 
hammedan architecture.  The  beautiful  Court  of  Oranges, 
on  the  north,  forms  the  cloister  of  the  cathedral.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  66,614. 

2.  A  province  in  Andalusia,  Spain.  Area, 
5,190  square  miles.  Population  (1887),  420,714. 
— 3.  See  Cdrdoba. 

Cordova,  Diego  Fernandez  de.  See  Fernan- 
dez de  Cordova. 

Cordova,  Francisco  Hernandez  de.  Bom 
about  1475 :  died  at  Leon,  Nicaragua,  March, 
1526.  A  Spanish  soldier  and  explorer,  in  1614 
he  went  to  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  with  Pedrarias,  and 
in  1524  was  sent  by  him  to  take  possession  of  Nicaragua  in 
defiance  of  the  rights  of  the  cQscoverer,  Gil  Gonzalez  de 
Avlla.  Cordova  founded  Granada,  Leon,  and  other  towns, 
explored  the  lake,  and  found  its  outlet.  He  sent  his  lieu- 
tenant, Hernando  de  Soto,  against  Gil  Gonzalez  in  Hon- 
duras ;  but  on  the  arrival  of  Cortes  in  Honduras  sought 
to  transfer  his  allegiance  to  him,  and  subsequently  tried 
to  set  up  an  Independent  government.  Pedrarias,  hear- 
ing of  the  defection,  came  to  Nicaragua,  seized  Cordova, 
and  had  him  beheaded. 

Cordova,  Gonsalvo  Hernandez  de.    Bom  at 

Montilla,  near  Cordova,  Spain,  March  16,  1453 : 
died  at  Granada,  Spain,  Dec.  2,  1515.  A  cele- 
brated Spanish  general,  surnamed  "  The  Great 
Captain."  He  served  with  distinction  in  the  wars  against 
Portugal  and  the  Moors,  and  conducted  the  negotia- 
tions which  finally  resulted  In  the  union  of  Granada  with 
Castile.  In  1496  he  expelled  the  French  from  Naples,  for 
which  service  he  was  created  duke  of  Sant*Angelo  by 
Ferdinand  II.  He  conquered  Ostia  for  the  Pope  In  1497, 
and  1602-fl3  defended  Barletta  against  the  French,  whom 
he  defeated  at  Cerlgnola  and  on  the  Garigliano  in  1603. 

Cordova,  Jorge.  Born  at  La  Paz,  1822 :  died 
there,  Oct.  23,  1861.  A  Bolivian  revolutionist. 
He  was  an  ignorant  soldier  who  acquired  some  importance 
by  his  marriage  with  the  daughter  of  President  Belzii. 
The  revolutionists  who  drove  out  BelzQ  in  1855  proclaimed 
Cordova  in  his  place,  and  he  held  the  position  until  1858, 
when  he  was  defiosed  by  another  outbreak.  His  rule  was 
humane,  but  he  showed  little  energy.  He  was  shot  dur- 
ing the  disorders  of  1861. 

Cordova,  Pedro  de.  Born  in  1483 :  died  at 
Santo  Domingo,  June  28, 1525.  A  Spanish  Do- 
minican, vicar  of  the  first  colony  of  his  order  in 
Hispaniola  in  1510.  He  and  his  companions  preached 
against  Indian  slavery  in  1511,  and  in  1612  Cordova  went 
to  Spain  to  meet  the  junta  which  was  employed  in  fram- 
ing new  laws  with  relation  to  the  services  of  the  Indians. 
In  1613  he  sent  a  missionary  colony  to  the  coast  of  Vene- 
zuela, and  when  the  missionaries  were  killed  in  1515,  Cor- 
dova went  himself  to  establish  another  colony.  He  was 
a  friend  of  Las  Casas. 

Cordova  y  Figueroa  (kor'do-va  e  fe-ga-ro'a), 
Pedro  de.  Bom  at  Concepcion,  1692:  died 
there,  probably  after  1770.  AChileanhistorian. 
He  was  a  soldier,  served  in  Araucania,  and  was  alcalde  of 
Concepcion  about  1740.  His ' '  Historia  de  ChUe  "  includes 
the  conquest  and  settlement  to  1717,  and  was  the  most 
complete  history  of  the  country  up  to  its  date.  The 
manuscript  was  preserved  at  Madrid,  and  it  was  first  pub- 
lished from  a  copy  in  the  "Coleccion  de  Historladores  de 
Chile." 

Corea.    See  Korea. 

Coreal  (ko-ra-al'),  Francisco.  The  name  ap- 
pended to  the  "Voyage  auxIndesOceidentales," 
published  in  Paris  1727.  The  author  claimed  to 
have  been  born  In  Cartagena  in  1648,  and  to  have  traveled 
over  nearly  all  of  Spanish  and  Portuguese  America.  The 
work  is  generally  believed  to  be  fictitious. 

Coree  (ko're).  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians formerly  occupying  the  peninsula  south 
of  the  Neuse  River,  North  Carolina.    The  name 


Coree 

probably  means  '  they  are  separate.'  They  joined  in  the 
outbreak  of  17H,  and  the  survivors  were  settled  in  Hyde 
County,  North  Carolina,  until  they  became  extinct.  Also 
called  Coranine,    See  Iroquoian. 

Gorelli  (ko-rel'i),  Marie.  Born  in  England  in 
1864.  A  British  novelist.  She  is  of  Italian  and 
Scotch  parentage,  and  was  adopted  in  her  infancy  by 
Charles  Maokay,  the  poet.  She  has  written  "  ARomance 
of  Two  Worlds"  (1886),  "Thelma"  (1887),  "Ardath" 
(1889),  "Barabbas"  (1893),  "The  Mighty  Atom"  (1896), 
"The  Master  Christian"  (1900),  etc, 

Corentyn  (ko-reu-tin').  [Corantijnot  the  Dutch 
colonists.]  A  river  of  South  America  which 
separates  British  and  Dutch  Guiana.  It  flows 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  in  lat.  6°  N.,  long.  57°  W.  Length, 
44)0  miles ;  navigable  150  miles. 

Corfe  Castle  (k6rf  kas'l).  A  castle  in  Dorset, 
England,  18  ntiiles  east  of  Dorchester.  It  was 
the  scene  of  the  murder  of  Edward  the  Martyr 
in  979. 

Corfinium  (k6r-fin'i-um) .  In  aneientgeography, 
a  town  in  central  Italy,  near  the  modern  Sol- 
mona.  it  was  the  capital  of  the  Peligni,  and  of  the  con- 
Jederates  in  the  Social  War  (90-88  B.  o.). 

Corfu  (kor-fo')-  1.  A  nomarehy  of  Greece, 
comprising  Corfu,  Paxo,  etc.  Area,  288 
square  miles.  Population  (1896),  94,686. — 3. 
The  northernmost  and  largest  of  the  Ionian 
Islands,  situated  west  of  Albania:  the  ancient 
Coreyra  or  Kerkyra.  Its  surface  is  mountainous, 
and  its  principal  exports  are  olives  and  wine.  Length, 
40  miles.  Greatest  breadth,  20  miles. 
3.  A  seaport,  capital  of  Corfu,  on  the  eastern 
coast  in  lat.  39°  37'  N.,  long.  19°  56'  E.:  the 
ancient  Coreyra  or  Kerkyra.  it  has  steam  commu- 
nication with  Mediterranean  ports.  Corfu  was  colonized 
by  Corinth  in  734  B.  c.  It  defeated  Corinth,  in  the  first 
recorded  naval  battle,  in  666  B.  0. ;  was  an  ally  of  Athens 
in  the  Feloponnesian  war;  was  conquered  by  Borne  in 
229  B.  c,  and  came  under  Venetian  rule  in  1386.  The 
island  formed  part  of  the  Ionian  Republic  from  1815  to 
1S64.  The  town  was  defended  by  the  Venetians  against 
the  Turks  in  1716.    Population  (1889),  commune,  28,372. 

Cori  (ko're).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Borne, 
Italy,  situated  30  miles  southeast  of  Borne :  the 
ancient  Cora,  it  contains  many  Roman  antiquities, 
including  Corinthian  columns,  fragments  of  walls,  and  a 
temple  of  Hercules,  so  called,  a  Roman-Doric  structure 
of  the  time  of  Sulla,  of  unusual  grace  and  artistic  feeling. 
The  entire  prostyle  portico  (prostasis)  of  4  by  3  columns 
remains,  with  its  entablature  and  low  pediment.  The 
shafts,  with  20  flutes,  have  a  height  of  7  diameters  with- 
out base  or  capital ;  triglyphs  occupy  the  angles  of  the 
frieze,  in  Greek  fashion.  The  doorway  of  the  cella  is 
richly  framed  and  ornamented. 

Cbrin  (ko'rin).  A  shepherd  in  Shakspere'e 
comedy  "As  you  Like  it." 

Corineus.    See  Gogmagog. 

Cormiuin  (ko-rin'i-um).  An  important  town 
in  ancient  Britain:  the  modem  CSrencester. 

Corinna  (ko-rin'a).  [Gt.  Kdpjwo.]  Bom  at 
Tauagra,  Boeotia,  (jrreeoe :  lived  in  the  first  part 
of  the  5th  century  B.  o.  A  Greek  lyric  poet, 
sometimes  called  a  Theban  from  her  long  resi- 
dence in  Thebes.  She  was  a  contemporary  and  in- 
structor of  Pindar,  from  whom  she  is  said  to  have  won 
the  prize  five  times  at  the  public  games.  A  few  frag- 
ments of  herpoems  have  been  preserved.  "There  were 
three  of  the  name  of  Corinna,  all  skilled  in  letters.  One 
was  of  Thebes,  one  of  Thespis,  and  the  third  of  Corinth. 
The  last  lived  at  the  time,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been 
the  favourite,  of  Ovid ;  but  the  most  famous  was  she  who, 
in  a  trial  of  poetry,  conquered  the  great  poet  Pindar.  Her 
glory  seems  to  have  been  fully  established  by  the  public 
memorial  of  her  picture  exhibited  in  her  native  city,  and 
adorned  with  a  symbol  of  her  victory.  Pausanias,  who 
saw  it,  supposes  her  to  have  been  one  of  the  handsomest 
women  of  her  age.  Time  has  left  us  only  a  few  scraps, 
of  Corinna's  poetry."    Orlando  Furioso,  bk.  Xi,  note. 

Corinna,  A  name  given  by  Dryden  to  Mrs. 
Thomas  with  whom  he  had  a  correspondence. 
She  fell  into  distress  and  became  one  of  Curll's 
authors,  furnishing  him  with  a  fictitious  ac- 
count of  Dryden's  funeral. 

Corinne  ou  I'ltalie  (ko-ren'  <5  le-ta-le').  [P., 
'  Corinne  or  Italy.']  A  novel  by  Madame  de 
Stael,  published  in  1807. 

Corinth  (kor'inth).  [Gr.  K6piv0og,  L.  Corin- 
fhus.'}  A  city  of  Greece,  situated  near  the 
Isthmus  and  Gulf  of  Corinth  in  lat.  37°  54'  N., 
long.  22°  52'  E.:  the  modern  Gortho.  It  was 
originally  called  Ephyre  (Et^upij),  and  was  noted  in  ancient 
times  as  a  center  of  commerce,  literature,  and  art.  It 
was  founded  about  1350  B.  c. ;  was  conquered  by  the  Dori- 
ans in  the  11th  century ;  colonized  Coreyra  and  Syracuse 
in  734 ;  prospered  under  the  tyrant  Periander  about  600'; 
sided  with  Sparta  in  the  Peloponnesian  war  against 
Athens,  and  later  (395-387)  engaged  in  the  "Corinthian 
war  "  against  Sparta ;  was  defeated  by  Sparta  in  394  ;  was 
held  by  the  Macedonians  until  243,  when  it  joined  the 
Acheean  League,  of  which  it  was  the  capital;  was  captured. 
Backed,  and  numed  by  the  Romans,  under  Mummius,  in 
146 ;  and  was  rebuilt  by  Julius  Caesar  in  46  B.  c.  In  modem 
times  it  has  been  taken  and  retaken  by  Turks  and  Vene- 
tians, was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1868,  and  was 
rebuilt  on  a  site  3  miles  distant  (New  Corinth).  Popula- 
tion (1889),  commune,  11,160. 

Corinth.  A  city  in  northeastern  Mississip- 
pi, 90  mUes  east  by  south  of  Memphis,    it  was 


280 

an  Important  strategic  point  in  the  Civil  War,  and  was  be- 
sieged by  the  Federals  under  Halleck  May,  1862,  and 
evacuated  by  the  Confederates  under  Beauregard  May  29. 
Here,  Oct.  8,  4,  the  Federals  (over  20,000)  under  Rosecrans 
defeated  the  Confederates  (28,000)  under  Van  Dom  and 
Price.  Reported  loss  of  the  Federals,  2,520 ;  of  the  Con- 
federates, 4,838.    Population  (1900),  3,661. 

Corinth,  Ghllf  of.    See  Lepanto,  Gulf  of. 

Corinth,  Isthmus  of.  An  isthmus  which 
connects  the  Morea  with  central  Greece. 
It  is  now  pierced  by  a  canal.  Width,  4-8 
miles. 

Corinthia  (ko-rin'thi-a).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a  division  of  Greece,  lying  between  the 
Gulf  of  Corinth  on  the  north,  Megaris  on  the 
northeast,  the  Saronio  Gulf  on  the  east,  Argo- 
lis  on  the  south,  and  Argolis  and  Sicyonia  on 
the  west. 

Corinthians  (ko-rin'thi-anz),  First  and  Second 
Epistles  to  tie.  Epistles  of  Paul,  of  which 
the  first  was  composed  at  Ephesus  in  the  spring 
of  57,  and  the  second  at  some  place  in  Mace- 
donia in  the  summer  or  autumn  of  the  same 
year. 

Coriolanus  (k6"ri-6-la'nus),  the  surname  of 
Cnseus  (less  correctly  Caius)  Marcius.  Lived 
in  the  first  half  of  the  5th  century  b.  o.  A 
Soman  legendary  hero,  represented  as  the 
champion  of  the  patricians,  and  afterward  as 
leader  of  the  Volseians  against  Eome.  He  was 
the  conqueror  of  the  Volscian  CorioU  (whence 
his  surname). 

Coriolanus.  1,  A  tragedy  by  Shakspere,  pro- 
duced probably  in  1608,  and  founded  on  North's 
"Plutarch."  In  the  play  the  mother  of  Caius  (Cnaius) 
Marcius  Coriolanus  is  Volumnia,  not  Veturia,  and  his  wife 
is  Virgilia,  not  Volumnia  as  in  the  originaL  tlohn  Dennis 
produced  a  play  in  1705  founded  on  "  Coriolanus,"  which 
he  caUed  "The  Invader  of  his  Country,  or  the  Fatal  Re- 
sentment." 

2.  A  tragedy  by  James  Thomson,  left  in  man- 
uscript by  him,  brought  upon  the  stage  by  Sir 
George  Littleton.  It  was  published  in  1748  or 
1749. 

Corioli  (ko-ri'o-li).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
city  of  Latium,  Italy,  it  gave  name  to  Coriolanus, 
by  whom  it  was  conquered  493  (?)  B.  0.  Its  exact  site  is 
unknown,  but  is  probably  at  Monte-Giov^  near  Ariccia. 

Corisca.  In  Guarini's  "  Pastor  Fido,"  a  woman 
ruined  by  town  life,  contrasted  with  the  Arca- 
dian maidens. 

Ooritavi  (ko-ri-ta'vi),  or  Coritani  (ko-ri-ta'- 
ni).  An  ancient  British  tribe  which  occupied 
territory  that  included  the  modern  Lincoln 
and  Leicester. 

Strabo  also,  speaking  of  the  Coritavi,  a  British  tribe  in 
Lincolnshire,  after  mentioning  their  yellow  hair,  says, 
"to  show  how  tall  they  are,  I  saw  myself  some  of  their 
young  men  at  Rome,  and  they  were  taller  by  six  inches 
than  any  one  else  in  the  city,"      /.  Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  76. 

Cork  (kdrk).  1.  The  southernmost  county  of 
Munster,  Ireland.  It  lies  between  Limerick  on  the 
north,  Tipperaiy  on  the  northeast,  Waterf ord  on  the  east, 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  south,  and  Kerry  on  the  west. 
It  is  the  largest  county  of  Ireland,  having  an  area  of  2,890 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  438,432. 

3.  A  city,  capital  of  the  above  county,  situated 
on  the  LeCjUear  its  mouth,  in  lat.  51°  54'  N., 
long.  8°  28'  W.  Its  lower  port  is  Queenstown.  It  is 
the  third  city  in  Ireland,  exports  butter,  live  stock,  provi- 
sions, leather,  etc.,  and  is  the  seat  of  Queen's  College.  It 
was  founded  about  600 ;  was  f ortifled  by  the  Danes ;  was 
surrendered  by  its  king  to  Henry  11.  in  1172 ;  and  was  be- 
sieged and  taken  by  Cromwell  in  1649,  and  by  Marlborough 
in  1690.    Population  (1901) ,  99,693. 

Cork,  Earls  of.    See  Boyle. 

Corleone  (kor-la-o'ne).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Palermo,  Sicily,  21  miles  south  of  Pa- 
lermo.   Population,  15,000. 

Corliss  (kSr'lis),  George  Henry.  Bom  at  Eas- 
tbn,  N.  T.,  July  2,  1817:  died  at  Providence, 
R.  I.,  Feb.  21, 1888.  An  American  inventor  and 
manufacturer,  noted  as  a  designer  of  steam- 
engines.  He  first  patented  improvements  in 
engines  in  1849. 

Cormac  (kdr'mak).  Bom  836:  died  908.  A 
king  of  Cashel,  Ireland,  who  reigned  900-908. 
He  perished  in  a  battle  on  the  site  of  the  present  BaUy- 
moon,  in  the  latter  year.  A  glossary  of  Irish  words  called 
"  Sanas  Chormaic,"  "  the  most  venerable  monument  of  the 
literature  of  Munster  and  the  earliest  Irish  dictionary," 
is  attributed  to  him. 

The  oldest  extant  fragment  of  the  glossary  is  in  the 
"Book  of  Leinster,"  a  manuscript  of  about  A.  D.  120O,  and 
the  oldest  complete  manuscript  (Royal  Irish  Academy, 
H.  and  S.  No.  224,  s.  3167)  is  of  the  15th  century.  Some 
Irish  writers  state  that  the  glossary  was  part  of  a  large 
work  known  as  "Saltair  Chaisil."  This  has  been  gener- 
ally attributed  to  Cormac,  but  there  are  no  safe  grounds 
for  believing  it  to  Be  his,  or  indeed  for  regarding  it  as 
anything  but  an  ancient  collection  of  transcripts  such  as 
the  existing  "  Lehor  na  Huidri."  The  'tSanas  Chormaic  " 
was  first  printed  by  Whitley  Stokes  in  1862. 

mc.N(a.Biog.,-S11.221. 

Cormac  Mac  Art.    Died  260.    A  king  of  Ire- 


Cornelius 

land  218-254,  grandson  of  Conn  of  the  Hun. 
died  Battles. 

Cormenin  (kor-m^-nan'),  Vicomte  de  (Louis 
Marie  de  la  Haye),  Bom  at  Paris,  Jan.  6, 
1788 :  died  at  Paris,  May  6, 1868.  A  noted  French 
jurist  and  political  writer.  He  was  the  author  of 
numerous  books  and  pamphlets,  including  "  Questions  de 
droit  administratif  "  (1822),  "Etudes  sur  les  orateurs  par- 
lementaires  "  (1838),  etc. 

Cormontaigne  (kor-m6n-tany),  Louis  de.  Born 
1695:  died  in  Lorraine,  Oct.  20, 1752.  A  French 
military  engineer.  His  works  were  published 
1806-09. 

Cornaro  (kor-na'ro),  Caterina.  Bom  at  Venice, 
1454 :  died  at  Venice,  July  5, 1510.  Queen  of 
Cyprus.  She  married  in  1472  James  of  Lusignan,  king 
of  Cyprus,  on  whose  death  in  1473  she  succeeded  to  the 
throne.  She  abdicated  in  favor  of  the  Republic  of  Venice 
in  1489. 

Cornaro,  Caterina,  at  Venice.  A  sumptuous 
painting  by  Hans  Makart,  in  the  National  Gal- 
lery at  Berlin.  The  Queen  of  Cyprus,  enthroned,  re- 
ceives the  homage  of  Venetian  patricians.  There  is  evi- 
dent aim  to  reproduce  Titian's  grouping  and  splendor  of 
color. 

Cornbury,  Viscount.    See  Hyde. 

Corneille  (kor-nay'),  Pierre.  Bom  at  Bouen, 
June  6, 1606 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  1, 1684.  A  oele- 
bratedFrenehdramatist.  Hewas  graduated withhigh 
honors  from  the  Jesuit  College  of  his  native  city,  studied 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  June  18, 1624.  His  first 
comedy,  "M^lite,"  was  intrusted  to  a  comedian  who  putit 
on  the  stage  between  1628  and  1630,  and  scored  a  marked 
success.  Corneille  immediately  wrote  a  second  play,  "Cli- 
tandre,"this  time  a  tragicomedy  of  most  extravagant  and 
absurd  nature,  produced  about  1631  or  1632.  Thereupon  he 
made  a  return  to  pure  comedy  with  "La  veuve"  (1633),  "La 
galerie  du  palais  (1633),  "  La  suivante  "  (1634), "  La  place 
royale  "  (1634^  and  "  L'lUusion  comique "  (1636).  This 
series  was  interrupted  by  the  tragedy  "Mii&e"  (1635),  bar- 
ring which  Corneille  passes  at  once  from  simple  comedy 
to  sublime  tragedy.  "  Le  Cid,"  appearing  toward  the  close 
of  1636  or  the  beginning  of  1637,  marks  a  new  era  in  the 
history  of  the  French  stage.  This  mastei-piece  failed,  nev- 
ertheless, to  secure  universal  recognition,  and  was  the 
cause  of  the  famous  "  querelle  du  Cid  raised  by  the  French 
Academy.  The  year  1640  witnessed  the  production  of  two 
new  tragedies,  "  Horace  "  and  "Cinna."  "  Polyeucte," fre- 
quently looked  upon  as  Gomeille's  greatest  work,  was 
produced  in  1642.  "La  mort  de  Pomp^e  "  and  CorneiUe's 
finest  comedy,  "Le  menteur,"  appeared  in  1642,"  Thtodore  " 
and  "La  suite  du  menteur"  in  1646,  and  "Itodogune"  in 
1646.  Corneille  issued  "  H^raclius  "  in  1647,  "Andromfede  " 
and  "  Don  Sanche  d'Aragon  "  in  1650,  "  NicomMe  "  in  1651, 
and  "  Pertharite  "  in  1653.  This  last  play  was  not  a  success, 
and  Corneille  ceased  to  write  for  the  stage  for  six  or  seven 
years,  concentrating  his  energies  on  rendering  "L'lmi- 
tation  de  JSsus-Christ "  into  verse  (1661-66).  In  1669  he 
was  induced  to  return  to  the  old  work,  and  brought  out 
*'(Edipe,"  "La  toison  d'or,"  and  "Sertorius"  (1662),  "So- 
phonisbe  "  (1663),  and  "  Othon  "  (1664).  His  works  during 
the  latter  part  of  his  life  deserve  mention  simply  for  the 
name  of  their  author:  they  are  "Ag^silas"  (1666),  "At- 
tila  "  (1667),  "  Tite  et  B^rSnice  "  (1670),  "  PulchSrie  ''(1672), 
and  "Surena"(1674).  Corneille  ranks  with  Descartes  as 
the  first  to  free  the  Frenchlaoguage  and  thought  from  the 
restrictions  due  to  Greek  and  Latin  influences. 

Corneille,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Bouen,  Aug.  20, 
1625:  diedatLesAndelys,Dec.8,1709.  AFrench 
dramatist  and  miscellaneous  writer,  younger 
brother  of  Pierre  Corneille.  His  plays  (which  num. 
berover40)  include "Ariane" (1672),  "Lefestiude Pierre" 
(1673),  "Le  comte  d'Bssex"  (1678),  etc. 

Cornelia  (k6r-ne'lia).  [L.,  fern,  of  Cornelius; 
It.  Cornelia,  F.  CornHie,  G.  Cornelia.l  Lived 
in  the  2d  century  b.  o.  A  Boman  matron, 
daughter  of  the  elder  Scipio  Africanus,  wife 
of  Tiberius  Sempronius  Gracchus,  and  mother 
of  the  tribunes  Tiberius  and  Caius  Gracchus : 
celebrated  for  her  accomplishments  and  vir- 
tues. 

Cornelia  gens  (k6r-ne'li-a  jenz).  A  celebrated 
patrician  and  plebeian  clan  or  house  in  an- 
cient Rome.  The  patrician  family  names  previous 
to  the  empire  were  Arvina,  Blasio,  (jethegus,  Cinna,  Cos- 
sus,  Dolabella,  Lentulus,  Maluginensis,  Mammula,Meren- 
da,  Merula,  Ruflnus,  Scapula,  Scipio,  Sisenna,  and  SuUa. 
The  plebeian  family  names  were  Balbus  and  Gallus. 

Cornelian  Laws,  L.  Leges  Cornelias  (le'jez 
kor-ne'li-e).  The  body  of  laws  introduced  at 
Rome  by  the  dictator  L.  Cornelius  Sulla  about 
80  B.  c,  with  a  view  to  restoring  the  aristo- 
cratic form  of  government,  whose  integrity  had 
been  destroyed  by  the  democratic  legislation 
of  the  Gracchi  and  of  Marius. 

Cornelius  (k6r-ne'lius).  [L.;  It.Sp.Pg. CorneZio, 
F.  Cornelius,  G.  Cornelius.']  A  Boman  centurion, 
stationed  at  Ceesarea,  whom  Peter,  in  conse- 
quence of  a  special  revelation,  received  into 
the  communion  of  the  Christian  church  direct- 
ly by  baptism,  without  circumcision  (Acts  x.). 

Cornelius.  Born  at  Bome :  died  at  Civitfi, 
Vecchia,  253.  Elected  bishop  in  March,  251,  to 
succeed  Fabianus.  The  Novatians  having  refused  to 
recognize  his  election,  and  having  chosen  their  leader  No- 
vatianus  in  his  stead,  Cornelius  convened  a  council  at 
Rome  in  261,  which  confirmed  his  election.  He  was  bai> 
ished  by  the  emperor  Gallus  to  Civitk  Vecchia,  where, 
according  to  some  (late)  accounts,  he  suffered  martyrdom. 


Cornelius 

Cornelius.  1.  A  courtier  in  Shakspere's  tra- 
gedy "Hamlet."— 2.  A  physician  in  Sliak- 
spere's  play  "  Cymbeline."—  3.  The  friend  of 
Fauatus  in  Marlowe's  play  •"  Dr.  Faustus." 

Cornelius  (kor-ua'le-os),  Karl  Adolf.  Bom  at 
Wiirzburg,  Bavaria,  March  12, 1819.  A  German 
historian.  He  became  professor  of  history  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Bonn  in  1864,  and  in  the  University  of  Munich 
in  1856.  His  works  include  "Geschichte  des  miinsterisohen 
Aufruhrs"  (1855-60),  "Kurfurst  Moritz  von  Sachsen  ge- 
geniiber  der  FiiistenverschwSrung  im  Jahre  1560-51" 
(1867),  etc. 

Cornelius  Nepos.    See  Mpos. 
Cornelius,  Peter  von.     Bom  at  DUsseldorf, 
Prussia,  Sept.  23,  1783  :  died  at  Berlin,  March 

6,  1867.  A  German  painter,  leader  of  the  new 
school  of  German  art.  He  worlsed  in  Eome  1811-19, 
and  in  the  latter  year  took  charge  of  the  academy  at 
DUsseldorf.  From  1825-41  he  labored  chiefly  at  Munich, 
and  after  1841  at  Berlin.  His  chief  works  are  frescos  in  the 
Olyptothek  and  Ludwigskirche  in  Munich,  and  cartoons 
tor  the  Campo  Santo  in  Berlin. 

Cornell  (k6r-ner),  Ezra.  Bom  at  Westchester 
Landing,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  11,  1807 :  died  at  Ithaca, 
N.  Y.,  Dec.  9,  1874.  An  American  philanthro- 
pist. He  followed  the  occupation  of'mechanic  and 
miller  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  1823-41,  and  subsequently  amassed 
a  fortune,  chiefly  as  a  contractor  for  the  erection  of  tele- 
graph lines.  He  was  a  member  of  the  State  Assembly  in 
1862  and  1863,  and  was  a  member  of  the  State  Senate  1864- 

1867.  He  is  chiefly  known  as  the  founder  of  Cornell  Uni- 
versity (which  see). 

Cornell  University.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing situated  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  its  curriculum  com- 
prises courses  in  arts,  literature,  philosophy,  science,  agri- 
culture, civil  and  mechanical  engineering,  history,  political 
science,  etc.,  and  extended  graduate  courses.  It  was 
founded  by  Ezra  Cornell  (see  above),  and  was  opened  in 

1868.  Its  library  contains  about  212,000  volumes. 

Cornelys  (kor-na'lis),  Theresa.  Born  at  Venice 
in  1723 :  died  in  the  Fleet  Prison,  Aug.  19, 1797. 
A  noted  manager  of  public  assemblies  in  Car- 
lisle House,  London.  At  one  time  she  had  the  di- 
rection of  all  the  theaters  in  the  Austrian  Netherlands. 
Besides  the  management  of  balls,  concerts,  and  masquer- 
ades, she  also  sang.  She  fell  into  obscurity  after  a  noto- 
rious life,  and  under  the  name  of  Mrs.  Smith  sold  ass's 
milk  at  Eni^htsbridge  tor  some  time  before  her  death. 
Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Corneto  (kor-na'to),  or  Cometo-Tarquinia. 

A  town  in  the  province  of  Eome,  Italy,  44 
miles  northwest  of  Rome,  it  contains  a  castle, 
palace,,  and  many  Etruscan  and  Roman  antiquities.  Re- 
markable Etruscan  tombs  and  the  site  of  the  old  city  of 
Tarquinii  are  in  the  vicinity.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  bishop. 
Population,  4,000. 

Cornliert,  Dirk.    See  Coornhert. 

Oomhill  (k6m'hil).  One  of  the  principal  Lon- 
don streets,  once  a  corn-market.  "  The  two  great 
ornaments  ol  mediseval  Cornhill  were  the  Tun,  a  round- 
bouse  or  temporary  prison,  and  the  Standard,  a  water 
conduit,  and  point  of  measurement*'  (the  latter  was  in 
use  in  the  second  year  of  Henry  V.). 

Corniani  (kor-ne-a'ne),  Count  Giovanni  Bat- 
tista.  Born  at  Orzi-Nuovi,  near  Brescia, 
Italy,  Feb.  28,  1742:  died  at  Orzi-Nuovi,  Nov. 

7,  1813.  An  Italian  literary  historian  and 
poet.  His  chief  work  is  "  I  secoli  della  lettera- 
tura  itaUana"  (1804^13). 

Cornictae  (kor-nesh'),  La,  It.  Cornice  (kor- 
ne'che).  ['The  cornice.']  A  celebrated  coast- 
road  along  the  Riviera  of  France  and  Italy  from 
Nice  to  Genoa. 

Comimont  (kor-ne-m6n').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vosges,  France,  22  miles  south- 
east of  ifipinal.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
4,821. 

Corning  (k6r'iiing).  A  city  in  Steuben  County, 
New  York,  situated  on  the  Chemung  River 
13  miles  west  of  Elmira.  Population  (1900), 
11,061. 

Corn-Law  Rhymer.  Ebenezer  Elliott,  author 
of  "  Corn-Law  Rhymes." 

Corn-Laws,  The.  In  English  history,  a  series 
of  laws,  extending  from  1436  to  1842,  regulating 
the  home  and  foreign  grain-trade  of  England. 
Until  the  repeal  of  the  corn-laws,  the  grain-trade,  both 
export  and  import^  was  the  subject  of  elaborate  and 
varying  legislation,  which  consisted  in  levying  protective 
or  prohibitory  duties,  or  in  imposing  restrictive  conditions, 
or  in  granting  government  bounties  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  exportation.  After  a  prolonged  agitation  for  the 
repeal  of  the  cgrn-laws  by  the  Anti-Corn-Law  League  (or- 
ganized in  1839),  Parliament  in  1846,  under  the  ministry 
of  Sir  Robert  Peel,  passed  an  act  for  a  large  immediate 
reduction  of  the  duty  on  imported  grain,  and  providing 
tor  a  merely  nominal  duly  after  1849,  which  was  subse- 
quently entirely  removed. 

Como,  Monte.    See  Gran  Sasso  d'ltalia. 

Cornouaille  (kor-no-ay').  A  part  of  Brittany, 
France,  in  the  vicinity  of  Quimper.  • 

Oornu  (kor-nii'),  S^^bastien  Melchior.  Bom 
at  Lyons,  France,  1804:  died  at  Longpont, 
Seine-et-Oise,  France,  Oct.,  1870.  A  French 
painter,  a  pupil  of  Ingres.  , 

Cfomutus  (k6r-nii'tus),  or  Phurnutus,  Lucius 


281 

Annseus.  Bom  at  Leptis,  Libya :  died  after  68 
A.  D.  A  Roman  Stoic  philosopher,  and  com- 
mentator on  Aristotle. 

Cornwall  (kdm'wai).  [ME;  Cornwale,  Corn- 
wayle,  AS.  Cornwealas,  Cornwall,  prop,  the 
name  of  its  inhabitants,  from  Corn-,  repr.  a 
Celtic  name,  and  wealas,  foreigners,  i.  e.  Celts 
(hence  Wales).]  1.  The  southwestern  county 
of  England,  lying  between  Devonshire  on  the 
east  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  north,  west,  and 
south.  Its  chief  industries  are  mining  (tin,  copper, 
china-clay)  and  fishing  (principally  for  pilchards).  It  con- 
tains many  antiquities.  It  was  conquered  from  the  Brit- 
ons by  the  West  Saxons  from  the  8th  to  the  10th  century, 

■  andwasmadeaduchyandappanageof  the  princes  of  Wales 
in  1337.  In  early  times  it  was  called  West  Wales.  Area, 
including  the  Scilly  Islands,  1,357  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  322,571. 

2.  Aport  of  entryInOntario,Canada,  situated  on 
the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  the  frontier  of  New 
York,about  lat.45°N.  Population(1901),  6,704. 

Cornwall.  The  husband  of  Regan  in  Shak- 
spere's  tragedy  "King  Lear":  a  "gloomy,  la- 
conic, and  powerful "  man,  inflexible  in  his  de- 
cisions. 

Cornwall,  Barry.    See  Procter,  Bryan  Waller. 

Cornwallj  Earl  of.    See  Plantagenet. 

Cornwallis  (k6rn-wol'is),  Caroline  Frances. 
Bom  in  1786:  died  at  Lidwells,  in  Kent,  Jan. 

'  8,  1858.  An  English  writer,  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam Cornwallis,  rector  of  Wittersham  and  El- 
ham  in  Kent.  She  wrote  "Philosophical  Theories  and 
Philosophical  Experience,  by  a  Pariah"  (1842),  and  other 
works  in  the  series  entitled  ''Small  Books  on  Great  Sub- 
jects."   Her  "Letters"  were  published  in  1864. 

Cornwallis,  Charles.  Born  at  London,  Dec. 
31,  1738 :  died  at  Ghazipur,  British  India,  Oct. 
5, 1805.  An  English  soldier  and  statesman,  the 
second  Earl  Cornwallis,  created  Marquis  Corn- 

.  wallis  Aug.  15,  1792.  He  entered  the  army  in  1756 ; 
took  part  in  the  battles  of  Minden,  Vellinghausen,  Wil- 
helmstadt,  and  others  (1758-62^ ;  was  elected  member  of 
Parliament  in  Jan. ,  1760,  and  entered  the  House  of  Lords  in 
June,  1763,  where  he  acted  with  the  Whigs ;  and  was  chief 
justice  in  eyre  south  of  the  Trent  1766-69.  In  1775  he  was 
promoted  major-general,  and  in  Feb.,  1776,  was  sent  with 
seven  regiments  to  reinforce  the  English  army  in  America. 
He  joined  Sir  William  Howe  at  Halifax,  and  served  under 
him  in  the  campaign  on  Long  Island  and  about  New  York. 
In  Sept.,  1777,  he  gained  the  battle  of  Brandywine  and 
occupied  Philadelphia,  and  in  April,  1778,  was  promoted 
lieutenant-general  and  appointed  second  in  command  to 
Sir  Henry  Clinton,  then  commander-in-chief  in  America. 
At  Camden,  Aug.  16, 1780,  he  defeated  General  Gates ;  won 
the  battle  of  Guilford  Court  House  March  15,  1781;  and 
surrendered  to  Washington  at  Yorktown  Oct.  19, 1781.  He 
was  appointed  governor-general  of  India  and  commander- 
in-chief  in  Feb.,  1786;  waged  successful  war  with  Tippu 
Saib  1791-92 ;  and  resigned  his  offices  in  1793  and  returned 
to  England.  In  1795  he  was  appointed  master-general  of 
the  ordnance,  with  a  seat  in  the  cabinet ;  and  was  viceroy 
and  commander-in-chief  in  Ireland  from  May,  1798,  till  his 
resignation,  Feb.,  1801,  suppressing  the  rebellion  of  the 
former  year.  The  treaty  of  Amiens  was  negotiated  by  him 
in  1802,  and  in  1805  he  again  went  to  India  as  governor- 
general  and  commander-in-chief. 

Cornwall-on-the-Hudson  (k6ru'wai  -  on  -  sne- 
hud'sqn).  A  town  and  summer  resort  in  Or- 
ange County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Hud- 
son north  of  West  Point. 

Coro,  or  Santa  Aiia  de  Coro  (san'ta  an'ya  da 
ko'ro).  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Falcon, 
Venezuela,  situated  near  the  Bay  of  Coro  in 
lat.  11°  27'  N. ,  long.  69°  48'  W.  It  was  founded 
in  1527,  and  until  1576  was  the  capital  of  the 
province  of  Venezuela.  Population  (1892), 
about  9,000. 

Coroados  (k6-ro-a'd§s).  The  name  given tosev- 
eral  different  Indian  hordes  in  Brazil,  (a)  A  wan- 
dering tribe  in  western  Sao  Paulo,  Parani,  and  Bio  Grande 
do  Sul.  They  were  formerly  numerous  and  powerful,  but 
are  now  reduced  to  a  few  thousands.  Until  very  recently 
they  have  kept  up  a  predatory  war  with  the  whites.  The 
name  in  this  case  is  Portuguese,  meaning  'tonsured,' and 
refers  to  their  custom  of  removing  the  hair  from  the  top 
of  the  head,  leaving  a  ring  around  the  crown.    (6)  A  tribe 

.  of  Matto  Grosso,  living  mainly  on  the  Upper  Sao  Lourenfo 
River.  They  are  probably  the  remains  of  the  powerful 
tribe  known  in  the  18th  century  as  CoroAs  or  Acro4s,  the 
name  having  been  corrupted  to  its  present  form.  These 
Indians,  now  reduced  to  a  few  hundreds,  have  fixed  vil- 
lages and  practise  agriculture.  They  have  frequently 
raided  the  settlements  of  Matto  Grosso,  but  in  1887  made 
peace  with  the  whites,  (c)  A  horde  on  the  Parahyba 
River,  allied  to  the  Puris. 

Coromandel  Coast  (kor-o-man'del  kost).  A 
name  applied  to  that  part  of  the  eastern  sea- 
board of  the  Indian  peninsula  which  lies  be- 
tween Calimere  Point  (lat.  10°  17'  N.)  and  the 
mouths  of  the  Krishna  (15°  45'  N.). 

Corombona  (ko-rom-bo'na),  Vittoria.  The 
"white  devil  "in  Webster's  tragedy  of  that 
name.  Having  fascinated  the  Duke  of  Bracchiano,  she 
renounces  everything  for  pleasure.  At  her  instigation  he 
procures  the  deaths  of  her  husband  and  the  duchess. 
She  is  brought  before  the  Tribunal  and  arraigned  for  these 
murders,  but  her  guilt  is  not  proved,  and  she  retires  to 
a  house  of  Convertites  from  which  Bracchiano  secretly 


Corpus  Christi  College 

takes  her  and  marries  her.  He  is  shortly  poisoned  by  the 
emissaries  of  the  Great  Duke,  and  she  is  stabbed  by  her 
brother  Flamineo  in  revenge  for  Bracchiano's  failure  to 
advance  him,  he  having  instigated  his  sister  to  her  course 
of  conduct  to  that  end.  The  trial  scene  is  one  of  great 
power.  "Step  by  step, like  a  soldier  brought  to  bay  with 
his  back  against  a  wall,  she  defends  herself,  refuting  and 
defying  advocates  and  judges,  incapable  of  blenching  or 
quailmg,  clear  in  mind,  ready  in  word,  amid  insults  and 
proofs,  even  menaced  with  death  on  the  scaffold. "  Taine 
English  Literature,  1. 286. 

Corona  (ko-ro'na),  De.  [L.,  'on  the  crown'; 
Gr.  Tzepl  J.TEfavov.']  An  oration  by  Demosthe- 
nes, delivered  330  B.  0.     See  Demosthenes. 

Corona  Australis  (kg-ro'ua  sts-tra'lis).  [L., 
'  the  southern  crown.']  An'  ancient  southern 
constellation,  about  the  knee  of  Sagittarius, 
represented  by  a  garland. 

Corona  Borealis  (ko-ro'na  bo-re-a'lis).  [L., 
'the  northern  crown.']  An  ancient  northern 
constellation,  between  Hercules  and  Bootes, 
represented  by  a  garland  and  two  streamers. 

Coronado  (ko-ro-na'THo),  Carolina.  Bom  at 
Almendralejo,  Badajoz,  Spain,  1823.  A  Span- 
ish poet  and  novelist.  She  married  Horatio 
J.  Perry,  an  American,  about  1840. 

Coronado,  Francisco  Vasquez  de.  Bom  at 
Salamanca  about  1500:  died  in  Mexico  after 
1542.  A  Spanish  soldier.  Probably  he  went  to 
Mexico  in  1535  with  the  viceroy  Mendoza,  who  in  1639  ap- 
pointed him  governor  of  Nueva  Galicia.  In  1640  he  headed 
an  expedition  to  the  north  in  search  of  Cibola  and  the 
Seven  Cities,  penetrating  to  what  is  now  New  Mexico, 
and  perhaps  to  Kansas.  He  returned  with  only  a  remnant 
of  his  force. 

Coronado,  Juan  Vasquez  de.  Bom  at  Sala- 
manca about  1525 :  drowned  at  sea,  Oct.,  1565. 
A  Spanish  administrator.  He  went  to  Guatemala 
in  1550 ;  was  made  alcalde  mayor  of  San  Salvador  and 
Honduras  and,  later,  of  Nicaragua,  and  in  1662  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  same  office  in  Costa  Rica.  He  explored 
the  whole  country,  and  founded  Cartage  in  1663.  In  1664 
he  went  to  Spain,  where,  in  recognition  of  his  work,  he 
was  named  hereditary  captain-general  of  Costa  Eica.  He 
was  shipwrecked  and  drowned  while  returning. 

Coronation  (kor-o-na'shon).  The.  A  play,  li- 
censed 1635  as  by  Shirley,  and  claimed  by  him 
as  his  own  in  a  list  of  his  plays  published  by 
him  in  1652.  On  the  title-page  of  its  first  edition, 
printed  1640,  itwaa  attributed  to  Fletcher,  and  is  included 
in  the  earlier  editions  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  works. 
(Ward.)  There  is  no  reason  for  supposing  that  Fletcher 
had  any  hand  in  it.    Sullen, 

Coronation  Gulf.  An  inlet  of  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
in  British  America,  south  of  Wollaston  Land 
and  west  of  Kent  Peninsula. 

Coronea  (kor-o-ne'a).  [Gr.  Kop6veia.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  small  town  in  Boeotia, 
Greece,  situated  west  of  Lake  Copais.  It  was 
famous  for  two  battles,  in  one  of  which  (447  B.  c.)  the 
Bceotians  defeated  the  Athenians,  and  in  the  other  (394 
B.  c.)  the  Spartans  under  Agesilaus  defeated  the  Thebans 
and  other  allied  Greeks. 

Coronelli  (ko-ro-nel'le),  Marco  Vincenzo. 

Bom  at  Ravenna,  Aug.  10,  1650 :  died  at  Ven- 
ice, Dec,  1718.  An  Italian  ecclesiastic  and 
geographer,  eosmographer  of  the  Venetian  Re- 
public, professor  of  geography  at  Venice,  and 
general  of  the  Minorite  order.  He  published  a 
large  number  of  maps  and  geographical  works,  andfounded 
the  Accademia  degli  Argonauti. 

Corot  (ko-ro'),  Jean  Baptiste  Camille.    Bom 

at  Paris,  July  28,  1796:  died  there,  Feb.  22, 
1875.  A  celebrated  French  landscape-painter. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Michallon  and  Bertin.  He  first  ex- 
hibited at  the  Salon  of  1827  ("  Vue  prise  k  Narni,"  "La 
Campagne  de  Rome  ").  Among  his  most  remarkable  pic- 
tures are  "  Vue  dTtalie  "  (1834),  "  Souvenir  des  environs  de 
Florence  "  (1839),  "La  danse  des  nymphes"  (1851),  "Le 
Christ  au  Jardin  des  Oliviers  "  (1849),  "  Soleil  couchant 
dans  le  Tyrol"  (1850),  "Matin,"  "Soiree"  (1865),  "Soleil 
couchant"  (1857),  "Dante  et  Virgil"  (1860),  "Orph^e," 
"Le  repos''  (1861),  "La  solitude"  Cime),  "Pastorale" 
(1873),  "  Biblis  "  and  "  Plaisirs  du  soir  "  (1876),  etc. 

Corporal,  The  Little.  [F.  Le  Petit  Caporal.l 
A  nickname  of  Napoleon  I. 

Corporal  Trim.    See  Trim. 

Corporal  Violet.  [P.  Caporal  la  Violette.']  A 
nickname  of  Napoleon  I.  The  name  was  given  by 
his  friends  in  France  while  he  was  in  exile,  signifying 
their  hope  that  he  would  return  with  the  violets  in  the 
spring.  He  was  also  called  "Papa  la  Violette"  ("Papa 
Violet"). 

Corpus  Christi (k&r'pus  kris'te).  [L.,  'body  of 
Christ.']  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  Nueces 
County,  Texas,  situated  on  Corpus  Christi  Bay 
in  lat.  27°  49'  N.,  long.  97°  21'  W.  Population 
(1900),  4,703. 

Corpus  Christi  College,  l .  A  college  of  Cam- 
bridge University,  founded  in  1352  by  a  com- 
bination of  the  gilds  of  Corpus  Christi  and  the 
Blessed  Virgin  Mary.  A  part  of  the  original 
buildings  remains.  Also  called  Benet  College. 
— 2.  A  college  of  Oxford  University,  founded 
in  1516  by  Richard  Pox,  bishop  of  Winchester. 
Its  statutes  were  issued  in  1517. 


Corpus  Christi  Day 

Corpus  Ohristi  Day.  A  festival  of  the  Eoman 
Church  in  honor  of  the  Consecrated  Host, 
founded  by  Pope  Urban  IV.  in  1264.  it  is  held 
on  the  Thursday  alter  Trinity  Sunday.  It  is  still  in  the 
English  calendar.  Religious  plays  were  (ormerly  per- 
formed in  the  streets  by  crafts  or  trade  companies  on 
Corpus  Christi  Day  in  England  and  also  on  the  Continent. 
Lope  de  Vega  raised  them  to  a  high  level  in  Spain.  A 
Corpus  Christi  gild  was  formed  in  1408  in  York  to  cele- 
brate the  day  with  a  procession,  but  this  had  nothing  to 
do  with  the  performance  of  the  plays.  See  Coventry  Plays 
and  York  Plays. 

Corpus  Juris  (kor'pus  jo'ris).  [L.,  'the  body 
of  the  law.']     See  the  extract. 

In  the  East  Justinian  created  the  so-called  Corpus  iurla. 
This  consists  of  two  principal  parts,  the  law  o£  the  Jurists 
(ius  vetus)  and  the  Imperial  law  (ius  principale),  the 
latter  of  which  was  first  executed  (a.  628  sq. ;  revised  and 
remodelled  version  a.  534).  A  commission  was  appointed 
for  this  purpose,  the  chief  member  being  Tribonianus 
(546).  The  constitutions  of  the  Emperors  were  again 
sifted  from  the  extant  collections  and  from  the  addi- 
tions thereto,  abridged  and  united  in  the  twelve  books 
of  the  Codex  lustinianus.  The  extracts  from  the  ius  vetus 
were  arranged  in  50  books  called  Digesta,  a.  630-633.  On 
the  basis  of  the  new  legislation  a  new  manual  was  like- 
wise elaborated  by  Tribonian,  Theophilos  and  Dorotheos, 
the  four  books  of  Institutiones,  chiefly  after  Gains.  To 
these  collections  of  Justinian  were  added  subsequent  or- 
dinances, Novelise,  in  several  private  collections,  from  a. 
S33  to  about  the  end  of  the  century,  mostly  in  Greek. 
Though  Justinian,  in  causing  these  collections  to  be  made, 
besides  the  craving  to  immortalise  his  name,  was  gov- 
erned by  the  autocratic  idea  of  establishing  mechanical 
uniformity,  foreclosing  controversies  among  the  lawyers 
and  debarring  the  judge  from  the  exercise  of  his  individ- 
ual opinion,  still  it  was  he  who  rescued  the  treasures  of 
ancient  jurisprudence,  otherwise  doomed  to  destruction, 
rendered  possible  an  historical  treatment  of  Roman  law 
by  his  Digest,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  all  further  de- 
velopment of  that  law. 

Teufel  and  Schwaie,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr), 

[IL  642. 

Corral  (kor-ral'),  Poinciano.  Bom  in  Costa 
Kica  about  1810 :  died  at  Granada,  Nicaragua, 
Nov.  8, 1855.  A  Central  American  general.  He 
defeated  CasteUon  early  in  1856,  and  Walker  in  June  of 
that  year.  In  October  he  gave  in  his  adherence  to  Walker 
and  Rivas,  and  was  made  minister  of  war ;  but  he  was  de- 
tected in  a  correspondence  with  the  legitimist  leaders, 
accused  by  Walker,  tried,  and  shot. 

Correa  da  Serra  (kor-ra'a  da  ser'ra),  Jos6 
Francisco.  Bom  at  Serpa,  Portugal,  June  6, 
1750 :  died  at  Caldas  da  Eainha,  Portugal,  Sept. 
11,  1823.  A  Portuguese  naturalist,  historian, 
and  politician.  He  edited  the  first  three  vol- 
umes of  the  "Collec5ao  de  livros  ineditos  da 
historia  Portugueza"  (1790-1816). 

Correggio  (kor-red'jo),  Antonio  AUegri  da. 
Born  at  Correggio,  near  Modena,  Italy,  1494: 
died  there,  March  5,  1534.  A  famous  Italian 
painter  of  the  Lombard  school,  probably  a  pu- 
pil of  Francesco  Bianchi  at  Modena.  His  life  was 
passed  within  the  confines  of  Lombardy,  in  Correggio, 
jSfodena,  and  Parma.  It  is  more  than  doubtful  whether 
he  ever  visited  Rome.  "In  facility  of  handling,  in  abso- 
lute mastery  of  the  difficulties  of  foreshortening,  in  the 
management  of  light  and  shade  as  distributed  over  vast 
spaces  and  affecting  multitudes  of  figures,  this  great  mas- 
ter has  no  rival."   Perkins. 

CoiT^ze  (kor-raz').  A  department  of  Prance, 
lying  between  Haute-Vienne  and  Creuse  on  the 
north,  Puy-de-D6me  and  Cantal  on  the  east, 
Lot  on  the  south,  and  Dordogne  on  the  west. 
It  formed  part  of  the  ancient  Limousin.  Cap- 
ital, Tulle.  Area,  2,265  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  328,119. 

Oorrib  (kor'rib).  Lough.  The  second  largest 
lake  in  Ireland,  situated  in  the  comities  of 
Galway  and  Mayo.  It  receives  the  waters  of 
Lough  Mask,  and  has  its  outlet  in  the  Corrib 
Kiver. 

CorricMe  (kor-rieh'i).  A  moor  situated  west 
of  Aberdeen,  Scotland.  It  was  the  scene  of  a 
victory  of  the  Earl  of  Moray  over  the  Earl  of 
Huntly  in  1562. 

Oorrientes  (kor-re-en'tes).  1.  A  province  of 
the  Argentine  Kepublic,  lying  south  of  Para- 
guay and  west  of  Brazil  and  tJruguay.  Area, 
32,000  square  miles.  Population  (1890),  about 
220,000. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  above  province, 
situated  on  the  Parani,  in  lat.  27°  29'  8.,  long. 
58°49'W.  It  has  some  river  trade.  Pounded 
in  1588.     Population  (1889),  14,000. 

Corrievrekin  (kor-i-vrek'in),  or  Coryvreckan 
(-an).  A  dangerous  whirlpool  or  sound  be- 
tween Jura  and  Scarba,  off  the  coast  of  Argyll- 
shire, Scotland. 

Corril  (kor'il),  Daniel.  Bom  1777:  died  at 
Madras,  India,  Feb.  5,  1837.  An  English  mis- 
sionary in  India,  appointed  archdeacon  of  Cal- 
cutta in  1823,  and  first  bishop  of  Madras  la 
1835.  He  went  to  India  as  an  army  chaplain  in  1806, 
and  from  the  first  added  the  labors  of  a  missionary  to  his 
official  duties.    He  founded  several  missions. 

Corry  (kor'i)     A  city  of  Erie  County,  Pennsyl- 


282 

vania,  situated  26  miles  southeast  of  Erie.  It 
has  been  developed  since  1861  by  the  discovery 
of  petroleum.    Population  (1900),  5,369. 

Corsair  (kor'sar).  The.  A  poem  by  Byron,  pub- 
lished in  1814. 

Corsairs.  [FromPg.  corsa,  a  course  or  cruise.] 
Sea-robbers,  chiefly  from  the  Barbary  coast, 
who  infested  the  Mediterranean  for  many  cen- 
turies. 

£^om  the  days  when  Barbarossa  defied  the  whole 
strength  of  the  Emperor  Charles  V.,  to  the  early  part  of 
the  present  century,  when  prizes  were  taken  by  Algerine 
rovers  under  the  guns,  so  to  say,  of  all  the  fleets  of  Europe, 
the  Corsairs  were  masters  of  the  narrow  seas,  and  dictated 
their  own  terms  to  all  comers.  Nothing  but  the  creation 
of  the  large  standing  navies  of  the  present  age  crippled 
them ;  nothing  less  than  the  conquest  of  their  too  con- 
venient coasts  could  have  thoroughly  suppressed  them. 
During  these  three  centuries  they  levied  blackmail  upon 
all  who  had  any  trading  interest  in  the  Mediterranean. 
The  Venetians,  <jrenoese,  Pisans  in  older  days,  the  Eng- 
lish, French,  Dutch,  Danish,  Swedish,  and  American  Gov- 
ernments in  modern  times,  purchased  security  by  the  pay- 
ment of  a  regular  tribute,  or  by  the  periodical  presenta- 
tion of  costly  gifts.  The  penalty  of  resistance  was  too  well 
known  to  need  exemplification.  Thousands  of  Christian 
slaves  in  the  bagnios  at  Algiers  bore  witness  to  the  conse- 
quences of  an  independent  policy.  So  long  as  the  nations 
of  Europe  continued  to  quarrel  among  themselves,  instead 
of  presenting  a  united  line  of  battle  to  the  enemy,  such 
humiliations  had  to  be  endured ;  so  long  as  a  Corsair  raid 
upon  Spain  suited  the  policy  of  France ;  so  long  as  the 
Dutch,  in  their  jealousy  of  other  states,  could  declare  that 
Algiers  was  necessary  to  them,  there  was  no  chance  of  the 
plague  subsiding ;  and  it  was  not  till  the  close  of  the  great 
Napoleonic  wars  that  the  Powers  agreed,  at  the  Congress 
of  Aix  la  Chapelle  in  1818,  to  act  together,  and  do  away 
with  the  scourge  of  Christendom.  And  even  then  little 
was  accomplished  till  France  combined  territorial  ag- 
grandizement with  the  rdle  of  a  civilizing  influence. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Barbary  Corsairs,  p.  3. 

Corse  (kfirs),  John  Murray.  Bom  at  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.,  April  25,  1835:  died  at  Winchester, 
April  27,  1893.  An  American  general.  He 
entered  West  Point  in  1863,  but  left  before  graduating, 
and  studied  law.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he 
entered  the  Union  army  as  a  major  of  volunteers.  He 
commanded  a  division  at  Memphis ;  was  commissioned 
brigadier-general  in  1863 ;  served  in  the  Chattanooga  cam- 
paign; participated  in  the  battles  of  Chickamauga  and 
Missionary  Ridge ;  "held  the  fort"  at  Allatoona,  against 
a  largely  superior  force  of  the  enemy,  Oct.  5, 1864 ;  was 
made  brevet  major-general  in  1864 ;  and  commanded  a 
division  in  Sherman's  march  to  the  sea.  He  was  collector 
of  internal  revenue  at  Chicago  1867-69,  and  was  subse- 
quently postmaster  of  Boston. 

Cor  Serpentis  (k6r  ser-pen'tis).  [L.  (NL.), 
'the  heart  of  the  serpent':  cor  =.E.  heart.'] 
The  second-magnitude  star  a  Serpentis,  more 
often  called  Urmkalhai. 

Corsica  (k6r'si-ka).  [F.  Corse.]  An  island  in 
the  Mediterranean,  forming  a  department  of 
France:  the  Greek  Cyrnus  (Kipvof).  it  Is  sepa- 
rated from  Sardinia  to  the  south  by  the  Strait  of  Bonifacio, 
and  lies  about  50  miles  S.W.  of  Tuscany.  Its  surface  is 
mouutainous,  its  highest  summit  being  Monte  Rotondo. 
It  exports  wine,  olive-oil,  timber,  etc.  The  capital  is 
Ajaccio,  and  the  chief  town  Bastia.  The  language  is 
Italian.  It  was  acquired  by  the  Romans  at  the  end  of  the 
first  Punic  war,  and  was  held  successively  by  the  Vandals, 
Goths,  Franks,  Saracens,  and  Pisans,  and  from  the  14th 
century  by  the  Genoese.  It  was  acquired  by  France  in 
1768.  The  revolt  of  the  Corsican  Paoli  in  1793  placed  Cor- 
sica under  British  rule ;  but  it  was  regained  by  France 
in  1796.  It  is  noted  for  its  vendettas.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  Napoleon  I.  length,  114  miles.  Width,  62  miles. 
Area,  3,377  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  288,696. 

Corsican  Brothers,  The.  A  translation  by 
Boucicault  of  a  popular  French  play,  "Les 
fr^res  corses."  The  plot  turns  on  the  mys- 
terious sympathy  between  Louis  and  Fabian 
dei  Pranchi,  who  are  twin  brothers. 

CorSO  (kor'so).  One  of  the  principal  streets  of 
Rome.  It  extends  for  nearly  a  mile  from  the  Piazza  del 
Popolo,  and  is  the  chief  scene  of  the  annual  carnival. 

Corssen  (kors'sen),  "Wilhelm  Paid.  Bom  at 
Bremen,  Germany,  Jan.  20, 1820:  died  atLich- 
terfelde,  near  Berlin,  June  18,  1875.  A  Ger- 
man philologist.  Hisworks  include  "'DberAussprache, 
Vokalismus,  und  Betonung  der  lateinischen  Sprache" 
(1858-69),  "Kritische  Beitrage  zur  lateinischen  Formen- 
lehre"  (1863),  etc. 

Cort  (kort),  Cornells.  Born  at  Hoorn,  Nether- 
lands, after  1530:  died  at  Rome,  1578,  A 
Dutch  engraver.  His  works  include  noted  en- 
gravings after  Titian,  Raphael,  and  other 
masters. 

Cort  (kdrt),  Henry.  Bom  at  Lancaster,  Eng- 
land, 1740:  died  1800.  An  English  iron-master, 
called  the  "father  of  the  iron-trade."  He  was 
the  inventor  of  the  process  of  "puddling,"  and  of  the 
"puddle-rolls"  used  to  draw  out  the  puddled  ball  of  iron 
into  bars. 

Corte  (kor'te).  A  town  in  Corsica,  35  miles 
northeast  of  Ajaccio.  It  was  the  headquarters 
of  Paoli's  government  in  the  18th  century. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  5,029. 

Cortenuova  (kor-te-no-o'va).  A  village  in  the 
province  of  Bergamo,  Italy,  about  32  miles 


CortSs,  Sea  of 

east  of  Milan.  Here,  in  1237,  the  emperor 
Frederick  II.  defeated  the  Lombards. 

Cortereal  (kor-ta-ra-al'),  G-aspar.  Bom  about 
1450.  A  Portuguese  navigator.  He  explored 
Labrador  and  Newfoundland  in  1600,  and  ill  1601  under- 
took a  second  voyage  to  the  same  regions,  in  the  course  ot 
which  he  died. 

Cortes  (kor'tes).  [Sp., 'courts.']  1.  The  na- 
tional assembly  or  legislature  of  Spain,  con- 
sisting of  a  senate  and  chamber  of  deputies. 
The  Senate  is  composed  of  not  over  360  members,  one  half 
princes  of  the  blood,  grandees,  and  certain  ex-offlcio  and 
nominated  members,  and  one  halt  elected.  The  Chamber 
of  Deputies  is  composed  of  members  in  tlie  proportion  of 
one  for  every  60,000  inhabitants,  elected  for  five  years. 
2.  The  parliament  or  legislature  of  Portugal. 
By  the  decree  of  1895  it  consists  of  an  upper  house  of  90 
lite  peers,  the  princes  of  the  blood  royal,  and  the  12  bishops 
of  the  continental  dioceses ;  and  a  lower  house  of  146  depu- 
ties, elected  by  the  people  for  4  years. 

Cortfis  (kor-tas'),  or  Cortez  (kdr'tez).  Her- 
nando, or  Hernan,  or  Fernando.    Bom  at 

MedelUn,  Estremadura,  Spain,  1485:  died  at 
Castille,io  de  la  Cuesta,  near  Seville,  Deo.  2, 
1547.  A  famous  Spanish  soldier,  the  conqueror 
of  Mexico.  In  1604  he  went  to  Espaaola,  and  in  1611  to 
Cuba  where  he  married.  In  1618  Velasquez  gave  him 
command  of  12  vessels  and  508  soldiers,  destined  to  follow 
up  Grijalva's  Mexican  discoveries.  Suspecting  disloyalty, 
Velasquez  wished  to  recall  him  at  the  last  moment,  but 
Cortes  evaded  him  and  finally  left  Cuba  Feb.  18, 1619. 
Rounding  Yucatan,  he  had  conflicts  with  the  Indians  of 
Tabasco ;  landed  and  founded  Vera  Cruz  in  April ;  and  in 
Aug.  began  his  march  to  Mexico  City,  notwithstanding  the 
remonstrances  of  the  messengers  of  Montezuma,  the  chief 
or  "emperor"  of  that  city.  Montezuma  did  not  directly 
resist  him,  but  he  had  to  fight  several  severe  battles  (Sept.) 
with  the  independent  Tlascalans,  who  eventually  joined 
him  with  a  large  force.  At  Cholula  (Oct.)  he  massacred  a 
great  number  of  natives  as  a  punishment  for  a  real  or  sup- 
posed conspiracy,  and  on  Nov.  8  marched  over  the  lake 
causeways  into  Mexico,  Montezuma  coming  out  to  meet 
him.  The  Spaniards  were  hospitably  lodged,  and  received 
rich  presents ;  but  on  the  rumor  of  an  uprising  Cortis  seized 
and  held  Montezuma  as  a  hostage,  Velasquez  having  sent 
Panfllo  de  Narvaez  in  pursuit  of  Cortes,  the  latter  left  160 
men  under  Alvarado,  made  a  rapid  march,  defeated  and 
captured  Narvaez  at  Cempoala  May  28,  1620,  and  enlisted 
most  of  his  men.  On  his  return  he  found  the  Spaniards 
closely  besieged  by  the  Mexicans,  who  had  at  last  risen  in 
arms.  Cortes  and  his  men  were  allowed  to  march  in,  but 
the  fight  was  at  once  resumed.  The  captive  Montezuma 
was  killed  by  a  shower  of  stones  while  attempting  to  par- 
ley ;  and  on  the  night  of  June  30  the  Spaniards  tried  to  leave 
the  city  secretly.  They  were  discovered,  and  lost  half  their 
force,  and  most  of  the  treasure  they  had  collected,  in  a 
fierce  battle  on  one  ot  the  causeways  ;  still  hotly  pursued, 
they  fought  another  great  battle  at  Otumba  July  7,  finally 
escaping  into  Tlascala.  Here  Cortes  reorganized  his  army, 
receiving  many  Indian  allies  :  and,  aided  by  ships  which 
he  built  on  the  lakes,  began  tlie  siege  of  Mexico  in  May, 
1521.  Under  Guatemotzin  the  city  was  desperately  de- 
fended, and  most  of  it  was  leveled  with  the  ground  before 
it  was  taken :  Guatemotzin  was  captured  Aug.  13,  1621. 
After  this  success,  Cortes  was  empowered  by  the  emperor 
to  conquer  all  of  New  Spain,  and  in  1623  he  was  made 
governor.  Mexico  was  rebuilt.  Expeditious  were  sent  in 
various  directions,  and  navigation  of  the  Pacific  com- 
menced. To  settle  disorders  in  Honduras,  Cortes  marched 
overland  to  that  region  (Oct.,  1524,  to  April,  1526),  enduring 
terrible  suit erings.  During  this  long  absence  his  enemies 
gained  power :  he  was  deposed  from  the  governorship 
July,  1626,  and  in  1628  went  to  Spain  to  seek  redress.  Charles 
V.  received  him  with  high  honor :  he  was  made  marquis 
of  the  Valley  of  Oaxaca  (Mexico)  and  military  captain-gen- 
eral of  New  Spain,  but  was  not  restored  to  the  governor- 
ship. His  first  wife  having  died,  he  married  a  lady  of  noble 
birth,  and  in  1530  returned  to  Mexico,  where  he  lived  in 
great  splendor  on  the  vast  estates  granted  to  him.  But 
the  machinations  of  his  enemies  continued ;  his  explora- 
tions ot  the  west  coast  (1533-39)  were  greatly  hampered ; 
and  in  1540  he  againwent  to  Spain  to  seek  redress.  In  1541 
he  was  with  the  emperor  in  the  Algerine  campaign. 
Charles  refused  or  put  off  his  demands,  and,  despairing  of 
redress,  Cortes  was  about  going  back  to  Mexico,  when  he 
died.  His  honors,  by  failure  of  the  direct  line  with  his 
great-grandson,  have  passed  to  the  dukes  of  Terranova  and 
Monteleone,  in  Sicily;  his  Mexican  estates  have  several 
times  been  sequestrated,  but  portions  are  now  held  by  the 
heirs. 

Cort6s,  Jos6  Domingo.  Bom  about  1830:  died 
1884.  A  CJhilean  author.  He  was  long  a  journalist, 
subsequently  attach^  at  Brussels,  and  finally  government 
director  of  libraries  in  Bolivia.  Among  his  numerous 
biographical  and  historical  works  are  Uie  "Diccionario 
biogr&fico  Americano,"  "Poetas  Americanos,"  "Historia 
de  Bolivia,"  and  "  Estadistica  bibliogrdflca  de  Bolivia." 

Cortes,  Martin.  Born  in  Mexico,  1532:  died 
in  Spain,  Aug,  13,  1589.  The  legitimate  son 
of  Hernando  Cort6s.  He  went  to  Spain  in  1640,  was 
liberally  educated,  followed  the  court  ot  Philip  11.  to 
Flanders  and  England,  and  served  with  distinction  in  the 
army.  He  inherited  the  title  of  Marques  del  Valle,  and 
most  of  the  Mexican  estates  were  restored  to  him.  In 
1562  he  went  to  Mexico,  where  he  lived  in  great  splendor 
until  July,  1566,  when  he  was  accused  of  conspiring  with 
the  brothers  Avila  to  make  himself  king.    (See  AvUa, 

■  Alon20  de.)  He  was  sent  to  Spain,  but  was  exonerated 
after  several  years.  His  illegitimate  brother,  of  the  same 
name,  was  involved  in  the  accusation  and  horribly  tor- 
tured. 

Cort6s,  Sea  of.  A  name  given,  in  maps  and 
books  of  the  16th  century,  to  the  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia, in  honor  of  Hernando  Cortds,  one  of  its 
first  explorers. 


Corteze,  II 

Oorteze  (kor-ta'ze),  II.  [It., '  The  Courteous.'] 
A  famous  Italian  book  of  maimers,  written  by 
Baldassare  Castiglione.  It  was  translated  into 
English  in  1561  by  Sir  Thomas  Hoby. 

Cortina  (kor-te'nS).  The  chief  place  in  the 
Val  Ampezzo,  southern  Tyrol,  near  the  Italian 
frontier. 

Cortland  (kort'land).  The  capital  of  Cortland 
County,  New  York,  32  miles  south  of  Syracuse. 
Population  (1900),  9,014. 

Cortona  (kdr-to'na).  [L. :  Gr.  K6pTm>a.;\  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Arezzo,  Italy,  50 
miles  southeast  of  Florence,  it  is  noted  lor  its 
Etruscan  and  other  antiquities,  and  its  ancient  walls.  It 
has  a  cathedra],  and  was  the  birthplace  of  Luca  Signo- 
relli.  It  was  one  of  the  twelve  confederate  Etruscan 
cities. 

Coruna,  Conde  de  la.  See  Mendoza,  Lorenzo 
Suarez  de. 

Corunna  (ka-run'a),  Sp.  La  Conina  (la  ko- 
ron'ya).  [F.  La  Corogne.^  A  province  in 
Galicia,  Spain,  lying  between  the  Atlantic  on 
the  north  and  west,  Lugo  on  the  east,  and 
Pontevedra  on  the  south.  Axea,  3,079  square 
miles.    Population  (1887),  613,792. 

Corunna,  or  Corona,  La,  OE.  "  The  Gfiojne." 
A  seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of  Corun- 
na, situated  in  lat.  48°  23'  N.,  long.  8°  25'  W.: 
the  Boman  Brigantium  (in  the  middle  ages 
Coronium).  Itexportscattle.peat,  sardines,  etc.  It  was 
the  aailing-port  of  the  Armada  in  1588;  was  talsen  by 
Drake  in  1689;  and  was  the  scene,  Jan.  16, 1809,  of  the 
battle  ol  Corunna,  In  which  14,000  British  troops  under 
Sir  John  Moore,  on  tbeir'retreat  before  the  French,  de- 
feated 20,000  of  the  enemy  under  Soult.  The  British 
commander  was  killed,  but  the  defeat  of  the  French 
army  secured  the  retreat  of  his  army.  Population  (1887), 
37,261. 

Oorvei,  or  Corvey  (kor'vi).  An  old  and  cele- 
brated G-erman  Benedictine  abbey  about  l-J 
miles  from  Hoxter  on  the  Weser.  it  was  founded 
in  the  reign  of  liOUis  the  Pious,  813,  by  his  uncles  Adelhard 
and  Wala.  Its  first  occupants  were-  monks  from  Oorbie 
(whence  the  name  Corbeia  Nova)  in  Picardy. 

Corvin-Wiersbitzki  (kor '  ven- vers  -bit  'ske), 
otto  Jlilius  Bemhard.  Bom  at  Gumbinnen, 
Prussia,  Oct.  12,  1812:  died  at  Wiesbaden, 
March  2, 1886.  A  German  politician,  journal- 
ist, and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  published 
"Illustrirte  Weltgeschichte "  (1844r-51),  etc. 

Corvino  (kdr-ve'no).  A  merchant,  the  hus- 
band of  Celia,  in  Ben  Jonson's  comedy  "  Vol- 
pone":  a  mixture  "of  wittol,  fool,  and  knave." 
Out  of  pure  covetousness  he  falls  into  Mosea's 
plot  to  give  his  wife  up  to  Volpone. 

Cbrvinus,  Matthias.  See  Matthias  L  Corvinus. 

Corvlsart-DesmaretS  (kor-ve-zar'da-ma-ra'). 
Baron  Jean  Nicolas  de.  Bom  at  Drficourt, 
Ardennes,  France,  Feb.  15, 1755 :  died  at  Cour- 
bevoie.  near  Paris,  Sept.  18,  1821.  A  noted 
French  physician.  He  wrote  "  Essai  sur  les 
maladies  du  coeur,  etc."  (1808),  etc. 

Corvus  (k6r'vus).  [L., 'a  raven.']  An  ancient 
southern  constellation,  the  Raven.  It  presents 
a  characteristic  configuration  of  four  stars  of  the 
second  or  third  magnitude. 

Corvus,  Marcus  Valerius.    See  Valerius. 

Corwin  (kdr'win),  Thomas.  Bom  in  Bourbon 
County,  Ky.,  July  29, 1794:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  O.,  Deo.  18, 1865.  An  American  statesman 
and  orator.  He  entered  Congress  In  1831.  He  was 
governor  of  Ohio  1840-42,  United  States  senator  from 
Ohio  1846-60,  secretary  of  the  treasury  1860-63,  member 
ol  Congress  1859-61,  ahd  United  States  minister  to  Mexico 
1861-64. 

Coryate,  or  Co^at  (kdr'yat),  Thomas.  Bom 
at  Odoombe,  Somerset,  about  1577:  died  at 
Surat,  India,  Dec,  1617.  An  English  traveler. 
He  made  a  journey  through  France,  Savoy,  Italy,  Swit- 
zerland, and  other  countries  of  the  Continent  in  1608,  an 
account  of  which  was  published  in  1611  under  the  title 
"  Coryat's  Crudities. "  In  1612  he  started  on  a  tour  of  the 
Eastj  and  visited  Palestine,  Persia,  and  India,  in  which 
last-named  country  he  fell  a  victim  to  disease. 

Corybantes  (kor-i-ban'tez).  The  priests  of  the 
goddess  Bhea  in  Phrygia,  whose  worship  they 
celebrated  by  orgiastic  dances. 

Corydon  (kor'i-don).  1.  A  shepherd  in  Ver- 
gil's seventh  eclogue,  andin  Theocritus;  hence, 
a  conventional  natue  in  pastoral  poetry  for  a 
shepherd  or  a  rustic  swain.— 2.  A  shepherd  in 
Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene,"  in  love  with  Pas- 
torella.— 3.  A  shoemaker  of  Constantinople,  in 
Scott's  "Count  Robert  of  Paris."— 4.  A  shep- 
herd in  Spenser's  "Colin  Clout." 

Corygaum.  A  place  south  of  Poena,  India,  the 
scene  of  a  British  victory  over  the  Mahrattas 
in  1818. 

Coryvreckan,     See  Corrievrehm. 

Cos' or  KOS  (kos).  [Gr  KSf,  K.5«f  mod.  Gr. 
K(irw ;  It.  Stanko,  StancUo.^  An  island  m  the 
.aigean  Sea,  belonging  to  Turkey,  situated  west 


283 

of  Asia  Minor  in  lat.  36°  50'  N.,  long.  27°  5'  E. 
It  is  celebrated  as  the  birthplace  of  Apelles,  Ptolemy 
Philadelphus,  and  Hippocrates,  and  also  for  its  vineyards. 
Area,  about  96  square  miles.  Population,  about  20,000. 
Oosa  (ko'sa),  Juan  de  la.  Date  of  birth  un- 
known :  died  near  the  Bay  of  Cartagena,  Nov., 
1509.  A  Spanish  navigator,  one  of  the  most 
skilful  of  luB  time.  He  was  with  Columbus  in  the 
voyage  of  1493  and  during  the  exploration  of  Cuba,  and 
he  made  at  least  Ave  voyages  to  the  northern  coast  of 
South  America:  viz.,  with  Ojeda,  May,  1499,  to  June, 
1600;  with  Bastidas,  Oct.,  1600,  to  Sept.,  1502;  in  com- 
mand of  successful  expeditions  in  search  of  gold,  etc., 
1504  to  1506,  and  1507  to  1508 ;  and  finally  with  Ojeda  in 
1609,  when  he  was  kiUed  by  the  Indians.  Of  La  Cosa's 
charts  two  or  three  have  come  down  to  us.  His  map  of 
the  New  World,  made  in  1500,  Is  the  oldest  known.  It  is 
now  the  property  of  the  Spanish  government. 

Gosigiiina  (ko-se-gwe'na).  A  volcano  at  the 
extreme  western  end  of  Nicaragua,  situated  on 
a  peninsula  between  the  Gulf  of  Ponseoa  and 

.  the  Pacific,  it  is  less  than  4,000  feet  high,  but  is  re- 
markable for  one  of  the  most  violent  eruptions  ever  re- 
corded. This  began  on  Jan.  20,  1836,  and  lasted  three 
days :  the  cloud  of  ashes  darkened  the  country  for  a  dis- 
tance of  from  50  to  100  miles  from  the  crater ;  near  the 
base  they  lay  several  feet  thick,  and  were  carried  by  the 
wind  to  Jamaica,  Oajaca  in  Mexico,  and  Bogota  in  Co- 
lombia. The  explosions  are  said  to  have  been  heard  in 
Mexico  City. 

Cosenza  (ko-sen'dza).  1.  A  province  in  Ca- 
labria, Italy.  Also  called  Calabria  Citeriore. 
Area,  2,568  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
464,510. —  2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Cosenza,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  39°  19'  N.,  long. 
16°  18'  E. :  the  ancient  Consentia.  it  contains  a 
cathedral.  The  city  suffers  severely  from  earthquakes. 
Alaric  died  near  here  in  410.  Population  (1891X  commune, 
20,000. 

Cosette  (ko-sef).  In  Victor  Hugo's  "Les  Mi- 
s^rables,"  the  daughter  of  Fantine,  adopted  by 
Jean  Valjean.  Her  name  is  given  to  the  sec- 
ond part  of  the  story. 

Cosin  (kuz'in),  John.  Bom  at  Norwich,  Eng- 
land, Nov.  30,  1594:  died  at  London,  Jan.  15, 
1672.  A  noted  English  divine  and  writer.  He 
was  appointed  master  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  in  1636, 
vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge  University  in  1639,  dean  of 
Peterborough  in  1640,  and  bishop  of  Durham  in  1660.  He 
was  a  churchman  of  the  school  of  Laud,  and  an  active 
Boyalist  during  the  civil  war;  and  in  1644  was  obliged  to 
retire  to  Paris,  where  he  became  chaplain  to  the  house- 
hold of  Queen  Henrietta  Maria.  After  the  Restoration  he 
returned  to  England,  and  rose  to  a  position  of  great  influ- 
ence in  the  church. 

Cosmas  (kos'mas)  and  Damian  (da'mi-an). 
Saints.  Two  martyrs  famous  in  the  Eastern 
Church.  They  worked  as  physicians  and  missionaries. 
They  were  martyred  in  Cilicia  under  Diocletian.  A  basil- 
ica was  built  in  their  honor  at  Constantinople  by  Justin- 
ian, and  one  at  B/Ome  by  Felix  U. 

Cosmas,  surnamed  Indicopleustes,  [Gr.  Koff- 
fiag  lvocKOTT?i€vaTri(  ('the  Indian  voyager').] 
Lived  in  the  6th  century  a.  d.  An  Egyp- 
tian monk  and  traveler,  author  of  a  work  on 
geography  and  theology,  "  Topographia  Chris- 
tiana." 

Cosmati  (kos-ma'te).  A  family  or  school  of 
sculptors  in  Rome  who  originated  the  scheme 
of  decorated  architecture  called  "Cosma- 
tesque"  about  the  middle  of  the  12th  century. 
It  flourished  for  more  than  160  years.  The  beauty  of 
the  work  depends  mainly  upon  the  skilful  combination  of 
mosaics,  disks  of  porphyry,  and  many-colored  marbles 
found  among  the  ruins  of  Kome.  The  principal  members 
of  the  family  were  Piero,  Odericus,  Giovanni,  Adeodatus, 
and  Pasquale.  Examples  of  their  work  are  the  Duomo  of 
Civita  Castellana,  the  cloisters  of  San  Paolo,  and  the  por- 
tico and  pulpit  of  San  Lorenzo. 

Cosmo.    See  Medici. 

Cosmos  (koz'mos).  [Gr.  KSa/wg,  order.]  A 
"physical  description  of  the  universe"  by 
Alexander  von  Humboldt,  published  1845-58. 

Cosmos  Club.  A  club  in  Washington,  D.  C, 
composed  chiefly  of  scientific  men,  organized 
in  1878.  The  club  is  located  at  the  southeast  comer  of 
Lafayette  Place  and  H  street,  in  the  house  formerly  occu- 
pied by  Dolly  Madison. 

Cossa  (kos'sa),  Luigi.  Bom  1831 :  died  1896. 
An  Italian  political  economist,  professor  of  his 
science  at  Pavia  from  1858. 

Cossacks  (kos'aks).  [Said  to  be  of  Tatar  ori- 
gin. ]  A  military  people  inhabiting  the  steppes 
of  Russia  along  the  lower  Don  and  about  the 
Dnieper,  and  in  lesser  numbers  iu  eastern  Rus- 
sia, Caucasia,  Siberia,  and  elsewhere.  Their 
origin  is  uncertain,  but  their  nucleus  is  supposed  to  have 
consisted  of  refugees  from  the  ancient  limits  of  Russia, 
forced  by  hostile  invasion  to  the  adoption  of  a  military 
organization  or  order,  which  grew  Into  a  more  or  less  free 
tribal  existence.  Their  independent  spirit  has  led  to 
numerous  unsuccessful  revolts,  ending  in  their  subjec- 
tion, although  they  retain  various  privileges.  As  light 
cavalry  they  form  an  element  in  the  Kussian  army  very 
valuable  in  skirmishing  operations  and  in  the  protection 
of  the  frontiers  of  the  empire. 

Cossacks,  The.  A  novel  by  L.  Tolstoi,  published 
1852.    It  was  translated  into  English  in  1878. 


Oostello,  Dudley 

Cossacks,  Province  of  the  Don.    See  Don 

Cossacks,  Province  of  the. 

Coss6  (ko-sa'),  Charles  de  (Comte  de  Brissac). 
Born  iu  Anjou,  France,  about  1505:  died  at 
Paris,  Dec.  31,  1563.  A  marshal  of  France. 
He  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Naples  in  1528,  served 
against  the  English  and  Imperialists  in  Champagne  and 
Flanders  1644-46,  and  became  grand  master  of  the  artil- 
lery in  1647,  and  marshal  of  France  in  1660. 

Cosseans  (ko-se'anz).  A  wild  and  warlike 
people  formerly  inhabiting  the  Zagros  Moun- 
tains northeast  of  Babylon.  They  are  mentioned 
by  Polybius,  Diodorus  Siculus,  Strabo,  and  others,  and 
are  probably  identical  with  the  Easm  or  EasiH  of  the 
cuneiform  inscriptions.  About  the  year  1600  B.  o.  they 
invaded  Babylonia,  ruling  the  count^  for  several  centu- 
ries ;  and  as  late  as  the  time  of  Sennacherib  (706-681) 
an  expedition  against  them  is  recorded.  Possibly  they, 
and  not  the  Ethiopians,  are  meant  by  Cuih  (to  be  read 
Cash)  in  many  passages  of  the  Old  Testament :  e.  g..  Gen. 
X.  7,  8,  where,  among  the  descendants  of  "Cush,"  Nim- 
rod  and  the  founders  of  other  Semitic  tribes  appear. 

Cossimbazar  (kos"sim-ba-zar').  A  former  im- 
portant city  of  India,  near  Murshidabad. 

COSSOVO.    See  Kosovo. 

CossutiUS  (ko-su'shius).  A  Roman  architect 
who,  under  Antiochus  Epiphanes  (175  to  164), 
built  a  large  part  of  the  temple  of  Zeus  at 
Athens,  begun  in  the  time  of  Pisistratus  and 
finished  in  that  of  Hadrian. 

Costa  (kos'ta),  Claudio  Manuel  da.  Bom 
at  Carmo,  Minas  Geraes,  June  6,  1729 :  died  at 
Villa  Rica  (now  Ouro  Preto),  1789.  A  Brazil- 
ian poet.  He  was  a  lawyer  in  Villa  Bica.  In  1789  he 
was  arrested  for  taking  part  in  the  conspiracy  of  Ti- 
radentes,  and  a  few  days  after  he  committed  suicide  in 
prison.  His  name  was  declared  infamous  and  his  goods 
were  confiscated,  but  his  sonnets  and  songs,  published 
long  after  his  death,  have  placed  him  in  the  first  rank 
among  Portuguese  poets. 

Costa,  Sir  Michael.  Bom  at  Naples,  Feb.  4, 
1810 :  died  at  West  Brighton,  England,  April 
29,  1884.  A  noted  musician,  'composer  of 
operas,  oratorios,  ballets,  etc.,  and  musical 
director.  He  wrote  the  oratorios  "  Eli "  (1855),  "  Naa- 
man  "  (1864),  etc.  The  greater  part  of  his  life  was  spent 
in  England. 

Costa  Cabral  (kos'ta  ka-bral'),  Antonio  Ber- 
nardo da,  Duke  of  Thomar.  Boru/at  Pornos 
de  Algodres,  Beira,  Portugal,  May  9, 1803 :  died 
at  San  Juan  de  Flor,  Sept.  1,  1889.  A  Portu- 
guese statesman.  He  was  minister  of  justice  and  ec- 
clesiastical affairs  1839-42,  and  of  the  interior  1842-46.  In 
the  latter  year  he  was  overthrown  by  a  popular  uprising 
against  his  tyranny  and  misgovemment.  He  was  prime 
minister  again  1849-51. 

Costa  Carvalho  (kos'ta  kar-val'yo),  Jos6  da. 
Bom  at  Penha,  Bahia,  Feb.  7,  1796:  died  at 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  Sept.  18,  1860.  A  Brazilian 
statesman.  He  was  a  member  of  the  constituent  as- 
sembly of  1822,  and  deputy  in  several  successive  parlia- 
ments. At  first  an  ardent  liberal,  he  went  over  to  the 
conservatives  in  1838.  He  was  senator  from  1839,  and  or- 
ganized the  conservative  cabinet  of  1848.  This  ministiy 
is  remarkable  in  South  American  history  as  having  directed 
the  war  which  ended  in  the  downfall  of  Rosas.  Costa  Car- 
valho was  successively  named  baron,  viscount,  and  mar- 
quis of  Monte  Alegre. 

Costanoan  (kos-ta'no-an).  [From  Sp.  costano, 
coastman.]  A  linguistic  stock  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians,  whose  territory  extended  from 
the  Golden  Gate,  California,  to  a  point  below 
Monterey  Bay,  and  thence  to  the  mountains 
in  the  vicinity  of  Soledad  Mission,  its  eastern 
boundary  followed  an  irregular  line  from  the  southern 
end  of  Salinas  Valley  to  Uilroy  Hot  Springs  and  the  upper 
waters  of  Conestimba  Creek ;  thence  along  the  San'  Joa- 
quin to  its  mouth.  The  northern  boundary  was  formed 
by  Suisun  Bay,  Carquinez  Straits,  San  Pablo  and  San 
Francisco  bays,  and  the  Golden  Gate.  Prior  to  the  Span- 
ish mission  period  the  stock  was  numerous,  consisting  of 
the  Ahwaste,  Altahmo,  Aulintac,  Carquin,  Mutsnn,  01- 
hone,  Bomonan,  Bumsen,  Thamien,  and  Tulomo  tribes. 
There  were  about  30  survivors  at  Santa  Cruz  and  Mon- 
terey in  1888. 

Costard  (kos'tard).  A  character  in  Shakspere's 
"Love's  Labour  's  Lost,"  a  clownish  peasant. 

Costa  Rica  (kos'ta  re'ka).  [Sp.,  'the  rich  coast.'] 
The  southernmost  of  the  republics  of  Central 
America,  bounded  by  Nicaragua  on  the  north, 
the  Caribbean  Sea  on  the  east,  Colombia  on  the 
south,  and  the  Pacific  on  the  west  and  south- 
west. Capital,  San  Jos6.  The  surface  is  generally 
mountainous,  and  the  chief  export  is  coif  ee.  The  language 
is  Spanish ;  the  religion  is  Roman  Catholic ;  and  the  gov- 
ernment is  republican,  the  executive  being  a  president 
and  congress  consisting  of  a  single  house.  Costa  Riea 
was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1502.  Diego  de  Nicuesa 
failed  in  an  attempt  to  colonize  it  in  1509.  The  first  set- 
tlement was  made  by  Francisco  Hernandez  in  1523,  and 
the  country  was  conquered  1526-65.  Independence  was 
declared  in  1821,  and  the  territory  formed  part  of  the 
federal  republic  of  Central  America  from  1823  to  1839. 
Area  (official),  22,996  or,  by  planimetric  calculation,  20,873 
square  miles.    Population  (1892),  243,205. 

Costello  (kos-tel'o),  Dudley.  Born  in  Sussex, 
England,  1803:  died  at  London,  Sept.  30,  1865. 
A  British  soldier,  novelist,  journalist,  and  mis- 


Costello,  Dudley 

oellaneous  writer.  He  wrote  "A  Tour  through  the 
Valley  of  the  Meuse,  with  the  Legends  of  the  Walloon 
Country  and  the  Ardennes  "  (1845),  '=  Piedmont  and  Italy, 
from  the  Alps  to  the  Tiber  "  (1859-61),  etc.  He  served  as 
ensign  in  the  West  Indies,  retiring  on  half  pay  in  1828 ; 
later  he  was  foreign  correspondent  of  the  "Morning  Her- 
ald "  and  the  "  Daily  News. " 
Costello,  Louise  Stuart.  Born  in  Ireland,  1799 : 
died  at  Boulogne,  April  24,  1870.  A  British 
writer  and  miniature-painter,  sister  of  Dudley 
Costello.  She  wrote  "  Songs  of  a  Stranger  "  (182B),  "A 
Summer  among  the  Bocages  and  Vines"  (1840),  "Gabri- 
elle,  or  Pictures  of  a  Keign  "  (1843),  "  The  Eose  Garden  of 
Persia"  (1845),  etc 

Coster,  or  Koster  (kos'ter), Laurens  Janszoon. 
[Laurens  son  of  Jan,  suruamed  (D.)  Koster, 
the  sexton.]  A  citizen  of  Haarlem  who,  ac- 
cording to  Hadrianus  Junius  in  his  "Batavia" 
(1588),  invented  the  art  of  printing  with  mov- 
able types  about  1440  (?).  The  claims  of  Coster 
(whose  Identity  is  uncertain)  to  the  discovery  have  been 
maintained  with  great  confidence  by  the  Dutch  and  in 
other  quarters,  but  are  probably  invalid.  See  Gutenberg. 
There  is  no  mention  of  Coster  aa  a  printer  earlier  than 
the  year  1560,  when  it  was  placed  on  a  pedigree  then  made 
for  Gerrit  Thomaszoon,  one  of  Coster's  descendants,  who 
had  kept  an  inn  in  the  house  declared  to  be  the  birthplace 
of  the  art  of  printing.  Here  it  is  said  of  an  ancestor  who 
was  Coster's  son-in-law,  Thomas  Pieterzoon,  that  "his 
second  wife  was  Lourens  Janszoon  Coster's  daughter,  who 
brought  the  first  print  into  the  world  in  the  year  1446." 
The  figure  6  in  that  entry  has  been  partially  rubbed  out 
and  transformed  into  0.  Observation  of  this  fact  caused 
Dr.  Van  der  Linde  to  make  particular  search  in  the  archives 
of  the  town  and  church  of  Haarlem,  and  he  found,  extend- 
ing over  the  years  from  1441,  entries  of  payments  to  Lou- 
rens Janszoon  Coster  (son  of  a  Jan  Coster  who  died  in 
1436),  for  oil  and  soap,  and  for  the  tallow  candles  burnt 
during  each  year  in  the  Town  HalL  After  1447,  Lourens 
Janszoon  Coster,  haying  given  up  his  business  as  a  tallow 
chandler  to  his  sister,  Ghertruit,  Jan  Coster's  daughter, 
turned  tavern-keeper.  He  was  paid  in  1451  for  wine  sent 
to  the  burgomaster ;  in  1454  he  was  credited  with  seven- 
teen guilders  for  "a  dinner  offered  to  the  Co«nt  of  Ooster- 
vant,  on  the  8th  day  ol  October,  1453,  at  Lou  Coster's";  in 
1475  Lourens  Janszoon  Coster  paid  a  fine  for  buyten  drinck- 
en  (drink  off  the  premises) ;  and  the  last  entry  is  that  in 
1483  he  paid  f  erry-toU  for  his  goods  when  he  left  the  town. 
The  books  of  an  old  Haarlem  dining  association,  the  Holy 
Christmas  Corporation,  represent  Lourens,  the  son  of  Jan 
Coster,  inheriting  a  chair  in  the  Corporation  from  his 
father  in  1436,  and  having  given  up  the  chair  in  1484,  with 
due  appearance  in  1497  of  Gerrit  Thomaszoon,  who  re- 
tained also  the  -inn,  as  a  successor  to  this  festive  inheri- 
tance. Lourens  Janszoon  Coster,  the  man  first  credited  in 
Qerrit  Thomaszoon's  pedigree  with  the  invention  of  print- 
ing, was,  therefore,  first  a  chandler,  then  a  prosperous 
tavern-keeper ;  the  wine  vessels  cast  out  of  his  types  were 
the  old  pewter  flagons  proper  to  the  tavern ;  and  this  man 
has  been  wrongly  confounded  with  Lourens  Janszoon, 
whose  name  was  not  Coster,  but  who  was  a  rich  wine 
merchant  and  innkeeper,  town  councillor,  sheriff,  trea- 
surer and  governor  of  the  Hospital,  who  died  in  1439. 

Marley,  English  Writers,  VI.  279. 

Costigan  (kos'ti-gan),  Captain.  In  Thacke- 
ray's "  Peudeunis,"  a  rakish,  shabby-genteel  old 
ex-army  officer. 

Costigan,  Emily  or  Milly.  In  Thackeray's 
novel  "  Pendennis,"  a  commonplace  but  beau- 
tiful and  industrious  actress  in  the  provincial 
theater,  with  whom  Arthur  Pendennis  falls  in 
love.  She  is  twenty-six,  he  eighteen.  Her 
stage  name  is  Fotheringay. 

Cosway  (kos'wa),  Richard.  Bom  at  Tiverton, 
Devonshire,  1740 :  died  at  London,  July  4, 1821. 
An  English  artist,  especially  noted  as  a  minia- 
ture-painter. He  resided  during  the  greater  part  of 
his  life  in  London,  where  he  was  very  successful  in  the 
practice  of  his  art,  gaining  especially  the  patronage  of 
people  of  fashion, 

Cota  (ko'ta),  Bodrigo  Cola  de  (Maquaoiue). 

Bom  at  Toledo,  Spain :  lived  in  the  15th  cen- 
tury. A  Spanish  poet.  He  was  the  reputed  author 
of  the  first  act  of  the  romantic  drama  "Celestina"(1480), 
of  the  satire  "  Coplas  de  Mingo  Revulgo,"  and  of  a  "  Dia- 
log© entre  el  Amor  y  un  viejo." 

Cotabanama(ko-ta-ba-na'ma),orCotubanama 
(ko-to-ba-na'mS).  Died  at  Santo  Domingo, 
1504.  An  Indian  cacique  of  Higuey,  the  east- 
em  province  of  Haiti.  He  rose  against  the  Span- 
iards in  1502,  and  again  in  1504.  Finally  defeated,  he  took 
refuge  in  a  cave  in  the  island  of  Saona,  was  discovered, 
taken  to  Santo  Domingo,  and  hanged. 

Cote-d'Or  (kot'dor').  A  department  in  Bur- 
gundy, Prance,  lying  between  Aube  on  the 
north,  Haute-Marne  on  the  northeast,  Haute- 
Sadne  and  Jura  on  the  east,  Sa6ne-et-LoLre  on 
the  south,  and  Yonne  and  Ni6vre  on  the  west. 
It  is  especially  noted  for  its  wines,  the  vineyards  producing 
which  are  largely  situated  in  the  C6te-d'0r  Mountains,  a 
range  (height,  about  2,000  feet)  which  forms  a  link  in  the 
chain  of  elevations  connecting  the  Cayennes  with  the 
Vosges.  Capita],  Dijon.  Area,  3,383  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  376,866. 

Cotelier  (kot-lya'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at 
Nlmes,  1629:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  12, 1686.  An 
eminent  French  Hellenist.  He  was  professor  of 
Greek  in  the  Eoyal  College  of  Paris  1676-86,  and  was  the 
author  of  "Monumenta  Eoclesia  Grsecse"  (1677-86). 

Ootentin  (ko-ton-tan')-  All  ancient  territory 
in  Normandy,  France,  forming  the  larger  part 


284  Cottonian  Library 

of  the  department  of  Manehe.    its  capital  was  Cou-     founded  the  "Horen"  (1795),  and  the  "Allgememe  Zei. 
tances.    It  was  settled  by  the  Normans  and  annexed  to     '"P?"  (f'^g),  at  Augsbim._ 

Normandy  apparently  in  the  reign  of  the  second  Duke  of  Cottar  S  Saturday  Nlgbt.     A  poem  by  Robert 
Normandy  (WiUiam  Longsword).  Burns,  first  published  in  a  volume  of  poems  in 

Cotes  (kots),  Roger.  Born  at  Burbage,  Leioes-    1786. 
tershire,  England,  July  10,  1682:  died  at  Cam-  Cottbus.    See  Kotthvs. 

bridge,  England,  June  5, 1716.  A  noted  English  Cottenham,  Earl  of.    See  Pepys,  Charles  Chris- 
mathematician.      He  was  a  graduate  of  Cambridge     topher. 

Srln'd  n'kS'rifnSr^.';,  tC^tf„^?;iS>  "^rir;  Cottereau(kot-ra'),  Jean  caUed  JeanChouan. 

Bom  at  St.  Berthevm,  Mayenne,  France,  Oct. 


only  and  natural  philosophy  at  that  university.  He  was  a 
friend  of  Newton,  and  aided  him  in  preparing  the  edition 
of  the  "  Principia"  which  appeared  in  1713,  for  which  he 
also  wrote  the  preface.  Their  correspondence  was  pub- 
lished in  1850.  He  published  only  one  scientific  treatise 
("Logometria")  during  his  life:  his  papers  were  edited 
by  Robert  Smith  and  published  in  1722. 

C6tes-du-Nord  (kot'du-nor').     A  department  ^^^^^^^^^"-l^'J'Jil^^^^J^^W^.  Kisteau), 
in  Bi;ittany,  France,  lying  between  the  EngUsh     ^"'"^  ^^"'""^  ^^  ^^™'-  ''""'  «*>"«■'•'«■  Antr.  a.'i 


30,  1757:  killed  near  Laval,  France,  July  29, 
1794.  Leader  of  the  insurgent  royalists  (Chou- 
ans)  in  Brittany  and  the  neighboring  regions 
in  1793-94. 


Born  March  22,  1770:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  25, 
1807.    A  French  novelist.    Her  best-known  work  is 

east,  Morbihan  on  the  south,  and  Finistfere  on  rl^Il!^'^\°ll'' ^ft'io^t^^T^^^^         ^    ■  v 
the  west.    Tt^  i»»di.»  inH„«w«  .„  fh„  „;..-„„  „f  9.?***^'     .?:"^V  A  nickname  given  to  Frederick 

the  Great  by  Voltaire. 

Cottle  (kot'l),  Amos  Simon.    Bom  in  Glouces- 
tershire, England,  about  1768 :  died  at  London, 
Sept.  28, 1800.  An  English  writer,  elder  brother 
of  Joseph  Cottle.  He  wrote  "  Icelandic  Poetry,  or  the 
^  o      -     Edda  of  Saemund  translated  into  English  Verse "  (1797), 

lexicographer,  author  of  a  French-English°dic-     ™'*  °"'^''  Poe™s. 
tionary,  still  important  in  the  study  of  English  Cottle,  Joseph.  Born  1770 :  died  at  Bristol,  June 
and  French  philology,  first  published  in  1611    7,  1853.     An  English  bookseller  ^nd  poet,  a 


Channel  on  the  north,  Ille-et-Vilaine  on  the 


the  west.  Its  leading  industries  are  the  raising  of 
horses  and  cattle,  fishing,  and  the  production  of  hemp  and 
flax.  Capital,  St.  Brieuc.  Area,  2,659  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  618,652. 

Coteswold.    See  Cotswold. 
Cotgrave  (kot'grav),  Randle.    Bom  in  Che- 
shire, England :  died  about^l634.    An  English 


(second  edition  in  1632,  with  an  English-French 
dictionary  by  Robert  Sherwood:  other  editions, 
revised  and  enlarged  by  James  Howell,  in  1650, 
1660,  and  1673).  He  studied  at  Cambridge  (St.  John's 
College),  and  later  became  secretaiy  to  William  Cecil, 
Lord  Burghley. 

Cothen.    See  Kotlien. 

Cotin  (ko-tau'),  Charles.  Born  at  Paris,  1604: 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.,  1682.  A  French  preacher 
and  author.  He  was  councilor  and  almoner  to  the 
king,  and  became  a  member  of  the  French  Academy  May 
3, 1656.  Having  incurred  the  enmity  of  Boileau  by  criti- 
cizing with  great  asperity,  at  the  H6tel  de  Bambouillet, 
some  of  his  early  productions,  he  was  exposed  to  ridicule 
by  the  latter  and  by  Molifere,  who  satirized  him  in  "Les 
femmes  savantes"  under  the  character  of  Trissotin.  Au- 
thor of  "Poesies  chr^tiennes"  (1657). 

Cotman  (kot'man),  John  Sell.  Bom  at  Nor- 
wich, England,  May  16,  1782:  died  at  London, 
July  24,  1842.  An  English  landscape-painter 
and  etcher,  best  known  from  his  architectural 
drawings.  He  published  "Specimens  of  Norman  and 
Gothic  Architecture  in  the  County  of  Norfolk"  (1817 :  60 
plates),  "A  Series  of  Etchings  illustrative  of  the  Archi- 
tectural Antiquities  of  Norfolk"  (1818:  60  plates),  etc. 
He  also  executed  the  plates  for  Dawson  Turner's  "  Archi- 
tectural Antiquities  of  Normandy  "  (1822). 

Cotoname  (ko-to-na'ma).    A  former  tribe  of 


friend  of  Coleridge,  Southey,  and  Wordsworth, 
and  the  publisher  of  several  of  their  works. 
His  poetry  ("Malvern  Hills"  (1798),  "John  the  Baptist" 
(1801),  "Alfred"  (1801),  "The  Fall  of  Cambria"  (1809), 
"Messiah  "  (1815)),  which  was  of  inferior  quality,  is  now 
known  chiefly  as  an  object  of  Byron's  sarcasm.  He  also 
wrote  "Early  KecoUections,  chiefly  relating  to  Samuel 
Taylor  Coleridge  "  (1837). 

Cotton  (kot'n),  Bartholomew  de.  An  English 
historian,  a  monk  of  Norwich.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  "  Historia  Anglicana  "  in  three  books,  of  which  the 
first  is  taken  literally  from  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  the  sec- 
ond (taken  in  part  from  Henry  of  Huntingdon)  comprises 
the  history  of  England  from  449  to  1298,  while  the  third 
is  an  abstract  and  continuation  of  the  "De  gestis  pontifi- 
cum  "  of  William  of  Malmesbury.    Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Cotton,  Charles.  Bom  at  Beresford,  Stafford- 
shire, England,  April  28,1630:  died  at  Westmin- 
ster, Feb.,  1687.  AnEnglish  poet, best  known  as 
the  translator  of  Montaigne's  "Essays"  (1685). 
He  published  anonymously  "ScaiTOnides,  or  the  First 
Book  of  Virgil  Travestie  "  (1664 :  reprinted  with  the  fourth 
book  in  1670),  a  translation  of  Corneille's  "Horace  "  (1671), 
"A  Voyage  to  Ireland  in  Burlesque,'  a  poem  (1670),  a 
translation  of  Gerard's  "  Life  of  the  Duke  of  Espemon  " 
(1670)  and  of  the  "Commentaries  of  De  Montluc,  Marshal 
of  France  "  (1674),  a  "second  part"  (on  fly-flshing)  to  the 
fifth  edition  of  Walton's  "Complete  Angler"  (1676),  etc. 
A  collection  of  his  poems  was  published  in  1689. 


North   American   Indians,  living   above  the  H°"^''.'^'°H^^^.^'lrf«*ii'.^±.?n^^^.T 


mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande  on  both  sides  of  the 
present  Texas-Mexico  border.  The  few  survivors 
now  reside  at  La  Noria  Eancheria,  Hidalgo  County,  Texas, 
and  at  Las  Prietas  in  TamauUpas,  Mexico.  See  Coahuil- 
tecan. 

Cotopaxi  (ko-to-paks' i;  Sp.  pron.  ko-to-pa'- 
He) .  A  volcano  in  the  Andes,  situated  45  miles 
southeast  of  Quito,  Ecuador.  It  is  the  highest 
active  volcano  known,  and  was  first  ascended  by  Reiss  in 
1872,  and  later  by  Stiibel  in  1873,  and  Whymper  in  1880. 
Noted  eruptions  occurred  in  1633, 1698,  1738,  1744,  1768, 
1865, 1877,  and  later.  Jleight  (Whymper),  19,618  feet. 

Cotrone  (ko-tro'na).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Catanzaro,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Ionian  Sea 
in  lat.  39°  8'  N.,  long.  17°  9'  E. :  the  ancient 
Croton  or  Crotona.  It  contains  an  old  castle.  It  was 
colonized  by  Achseans  about  710  B.  c,  and  became  one  of 
the  most  important  cities  of  Magna  Grsecia,  noted  for  its 
devotion  to  athletic  sports,  and  at  one  time  the  seat  of  the 
Pythagorean  school.  The  Crotoniats  destroyed  the  city 
of  Sybaris  in  510  E.  0.,  but  were  defeated  by  the  Locrians 
at  the  river  Sagras  about  480  B.  c,  and  later  fell  to  Syra- 
cuse.   Crotona  was  colonized  by  the  Romans  194  B.  c. 

Cotswold  (kots'wold),  or  Coteswold  (kots'- 
wold),  Hills.  A  range  of  hills  in  the  northern 
part  of  Gloucestershire,  England,  extending 
southwest  and  northeast.  Highest  point, 
Cleeve  Hill,  1,184  feet. 

Cotswold  lion.    A  sheep. 

Cotta  (kot'ta),  Bemhard  von.  Bom  at  Zill- 
bach,  Germany,  Oct.  24,  1808:  died  at  Frei- 
berg, Saxony,  Sept.  14,  1879.  A  German  geol- 
ogist, professor  at  the  School  of  Mines  in 
Freiberg  1842—74.  His  works  include  "Geognostische 
Wanderungen"  (1836-38),  "Geologic  der  Gegenwart" 
(1866),  "Der  Altai"  (1871),  etc. 


ter,  England,  Oct.  29, 1813:  drowned  at  Koosh- 
tea,  India,  Oct.  6,  1866.  An  English  educator 
and  prelate,  bishop  of  Calcutta  1858-66.  He  was 
appointed  in  1837  assistant  master  at  Rugby,  and  as  such 
flguresin  "Tom  Brown's  School-days." 

Cotton,  John.  Bom  at  Derby,  England,  Dec.  4, 
1585 :  died  at  Boston,  Mass.j  Dee.  23, 1652.  A 
Puritan  clergyman  who  emigrated  from  Eng- 
land and  settled  in  Boston  in  1633,  sometimes 
called  "the  Patriarch  of  New  England."  He 
drew  up,  at  the  request  of  the  General  Court,  an  abstract 
of  the  laws  of  Moses,  entitled  "Moses,  bis  Judicials," 
which  he  handed  to  the  court  in  October,  1636 ;  and  is  said 
to  have  introduced  in  New  England  the  practice  of  keep- 
ing the  Sabbath  from  Saturday  evening  to  that  of  Sunday. 

Cotton,  Sir  Robert  Bruce.  Born  at  Denton, 
Huntington,  England,  Jan.  22,  1571:  died  May 
6, 1631.  A  noted  EngUsh  antiquary,  a  gradu- 
ate of  Cambridge  (Jesus  College)  in  1585,  famous 
as  the  founder  of  the  Cottonian  Library,  now  in 
the  British  Museum.  He  was  an  ardent  coUector  of 
manuscripts  in  many  languages,  coins,  and  antiquities 
of  all  kinds,  and  his  library  was  consulted  and  his  aid  ob- 
tained by  Bacon,  Jonson,  Speed,  Camden,  and  many  other 
men  of  learning  of  that  day.  His  coUection  of  original 
documents  became  so  great  as  to-be  regarded  as  a  source  of 
danger  to  the  government,  and  after  he  had  fallen  into 
disfavor  at  court,  on  political  grounds,  an  opportunity 
was  found  of  placing  his  library  under  seal  (1629),  and  he 
never  regained  possession  of  it.  His  son,  Sir  Thomas 
Cotton,  succeeded  in  obtaining  it,  and  it  remained  in  the 
family  (though  open  to  the  use  of  scholars  and,  In  1700, 
of  the  public)  until  1707,  when  it  was  purchased  by  the 
nation.  Itwas  kept  at  various  places,  suffering  consider- 
able damage  by  fire  Oct.  23,  1731,  until  the  founding  of 
the  British  Museum  (1753),  when  it  was  transferred  to  that 
institution.  Cotton  was  knighted  in  1603,  and  created  a 
baronet  in  1611. 


Cotta,  Johann  rriedrich.    Born  at  Tubingen,  Cotton,  Sir  Stapleton,  first  Viscount  Comber- 
Wiirtemberg,  Mayl2,  1/01:  died  at  Tubingen,    mere.  BorninDenbighshire,Wales,Nov.,1773 

died  at  Clifton,  England,  Feb.  21,  1865.     A 
British  general,  distinguished  in  India,  and  in 


Dec.  31, 1779.  A  German  theologian,  professor 
of  theology  and  history  at  Tiibingen  1739-79. 
His  chief  work  is  "  Entwurf  einer  ausfiihrlichen  £irchen- 
historie  des  Neuen  Testaments"  (1768-73). 

Cotta,  Johann  Friedrich,  Baron  Cottendorf. 
Born  at  Stuttgart,  Wfirtemberg,  April  27, 1764: 
died  at  Stuttgart,  Deo.  29,  1832.    A  German 
publisher,  the  friend  and  publisher  of  Goe-  Cottonian  Library, 
the,  Schiller,  and  other  celebrated  writers.    He    Bruce. 


the  Peninsular  war,  especially  at  Salamanca 
1812.  He  was  governor  of  Barbados,  and  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  Leeward  Islands  1817-20,  commander-in- 
chief  in  Ireland  1822-26,  and  commander-in-chief  in  India 
1825-30.    He  captured  Bhartpur  in  1826. 

See  Cotton,  Sir  Robert 


Cotys 

Ootya  (ko'tis),  or  Cotytto  (ko-tit'6).  [Gr.  Kii- 
Twf,  KoTOTTii.]  In  Greek  mytliology,  a  Thraeian 
goddess.  Her  festival,  the  Cotyttia,was  riotous 
and,lat6r,lieentious.  It  was  celebrated  on  hills. 

Ootys.  [Gr.  Kiirwf.]  King  of  Thrace  382-358 
B.  0.    He  was  an  enemy  of  the  Athenians. 

Couch  fkouoh),  Richard  Quillar.  Born  at  Pol- 
perro,  Cornwall,  England,  March  14, 1816 :  died 
at  Penzance,  England,  May  8,  1863.  An  Eng- 
lish naturalist. 

Coucy  fko-se'),  Raoul  or  Renaud  de,  known 
as  the  Chlitelain  de  Coucy  (see  Coucy-le-CM- 
teau).  A  chevalier  and  French  poet  who  is 
said  to  have  perished  about  1200  in  a  combat 
with  the  Saracens.  He  is  the  hero  ol  a  popular  le- 
gend to  the  effect  that  when  dying  he  ordered  his  heart 
to  he  sent  to  Ms  mistress,  the  Lady  of  Fayel,  whose  hus- 
band intercepted  it  and  forced  her  to  eat  it.  She  made  a 
vow  never  to  eat  again,  and  died  of  starvation.  See  Chdte- 
lain  de  Coucy. 

Coucy-le-Ch§/teau  (ko-se'16-sha-t6').  A  vil- 
lage in  the  department  of  Aisne,"  France,  15 
miles  southwest  of  Laon.  It  is  noted  for  the 
ruins  of  its  feudal  castle. 

Cones  (kouz),  Elliott.  Born  at  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  Sept.  9,  1842:  died  Deo.  25,  18S9..  A 
noted  American  ornithologist  and  biologist. 
His  worlfs  include  "Key  to  North  American  Birds'"  (1st 
ed.  1872),  "Field  Ornitholosy"  (1874),  "Check-List  of 
North  American  Birds  "  (1882),  etc.  He  contributed  the 
definitions  of  biological  and  zoological  terms  to  "The  Cen- 
tury Dictionary"  (1889-91),  and  edited  Lewis  and  Clark's 
travels,  with  extended  notes  (1893). 

Coulanges  (ks-louzh'),  NumaDenisFustel  de. 
Born  at  Paris,  March  18,  1830.  A  French  his- 
torical writer.  His  works  include  "La  cits  antique" 
(1864),  "Histoire  des  institutions  politiques  de  I'ancienne 
France  "  (1876). 

Coulin  (ka'lin).  A  giant  in  Spenser's  "Faerie 
Queene." 

Coulmiers  (kol-mya').  A  village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loiret,  France,  13  miles  north- 
west of  Orl^ains.  Here,  Nov.  9,  1870,  the  French 
(80,000)  under  Aurelle  de  Baladines  defeated  the  first 
Bavarian  army  corps  (16,000)  under  General  Von  derTann. 
The  loss  of  the  French  was  1,500 ;  that  of  the  Bavarians 
about  l,i!00. 

Coulomb  (ke-lon'),  Charles  Augustin  de. 

Bom  at  AngoulSme,  France,  June  11,  1736: 
died  at  Paris,  Aug.  23, 1806.  A  French  physi- 
cist, noted  for  experiments  on  friction  and  re- 
searches in  electricity  and  magnetism.  He 
invented  the  torsion  balance. 

Coulommiers  (ko-lom-mya')-  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Seine-et-Marne,  France,  situated 
.on  the  Grand  Morin  33  miles  east  of  Paris. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  6,158. 

Council  Bluffs  (koun'sil  blufs).  The  capital 
of  Pottawattamie  County,  Iowa,  situated  on 
the  Missouri  Biver  opposite  Omaha.  It  is  an 
important  railway  and  trading  center.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  25,802. 

Council  of  Ancients.  In  French  history,  the 
upper  chamber  of  the  French  legislature 
(Corps  L^gislatif)  under  the  constitution  of 
1795,  consisting  of  250  members,  each  at  least 
forty  years  old. 

Council  of  Basel.    See  Basel,  Cpmcil  of. 

Council  of  Blood,  The.  In  the  history  of  the 
Netherlands,  a  court  established  by  the  Duke 
of  Alva  to  suppress  the  popular  agitation 
against  the  religious  and  political  tyranny  of 
Philip  II.  It  held  its  first  session  Sept.  20,  1567,  and 
put  to  death  1,800  persons  in  less  than  three  months,  the 
counts  of  Egmont  and  of  Hoom  being  among  its  victims 
>  '  (1668). 

Yet  strange  to  say,  this  tremendous  court .  -.  .  had  not 
been  provided  with  even  a  nominal  authority  from  any 
source  whatever.  The  King  had  granted  it  no  letters 
patent  or  charter,  nor  had  even  the  Duke  of  Alva  thought 
it  worth  while  to  grant  any  commissions,  either  in  his  own 
name  or  as  Captain-General,  to  any  of  the  members  com- 
posing the  board.  The  Blood-Council  was  merely  an  m- 
formal  club,  of  which  the  Duke  was  perpetual  president, 
while  the  other  members  were  all  appointed  by  himself. 
Motley,  Dutch  Bepublio. 

Council  of  Carthage,  Chalcedon,  etc.  See 
Carthage,  Chalcedon,  etc. 

Council  of  Five  Hundred.  In  French  his- 
tory, during  the  government  of  the  Directory 
(1795-99),  an  assembly  of  500  members,  form- 
ing the  second  branch  of  the  legislative  body, 
the  first  branch  being  the  Council  of  Ancients. 

Council  of  Seville.    See  Casa  de  Contratadon. 

Council  of  State.  [F.  Conseil  d'JBtat.}  In 
France,  an  advisory  body  existing  from  ea,rly 
times,  but  developed  especially  under  Philip 
IV.  (1285-1314)  and  his  sons.  It  was  often  modi- 
fled,  particularly  in  1497,  and  in  1630  under  Kiohelieu,  and 
played  an  important  part  during  the  first  empire.  Under 
the  present  republican  government  it  comprises  the  min- 
isters and  about  90  other  members,  part  of  whom  are 
nominated  by  the  president,  and  the  remainder  are 
elected  by  the  Legislative  Assembly.    Its  chief  duties  are 


285 


Court  Mantel 


to  give  advice  upon  various  administrative  matters  and    near  V6retz,  Indre-et-Loire.  Prance    Auff   18. 
legislative  measures.  looc      »  t7i„„_.i_  i-r_i,_    .  ,     '  ,       "  . '  ;■'"&:/-"> 

Council  of  Ten.     In  the  ancient  republic  of 

Venice,  a  secret  tribunal  instituted  in  1310  and 

continuing  down  to  the  overthrow  of  the  re- 
public in  1797.     It  was  composed  at  first  of  10  and 

later  of  17  members,  and  exercised  unlimited  power  in 

the  supervision  of  internal  and  external  affairs,  often 

with  great  rigor  and  oppressiveness. 
Council  of  the   Indies.     A  body  created  in 

1511,  by  King  Ferdinand,  for  the  regulation 

of  Spanish  colonial  affairs.    Its  powers  were  con- 
firmed and  enlarged  by  Charles  Y.  and  his  successors 

until  they  covered  every  branch  of  administration.    It 

nominated  and  removed  viceroys  and  governors,  bishops 

and  archbishops ;  made  or  approved  all  laws  relating  to 

the  colonies,  appointed  the  audiences,  which  were  the 

supreme  courts  in  all  criminal  affairs,  and  was  itself  the 

last  court  of  appeal  in  civil  cases ;  regulated  the  condition 

of  the  Indians ;  and,  in  fact,  represented  the  crown  in  all 

matters  relating  to  America  and  the  Bast  Indies.    Its  seat, 

after  the  first  few  years,  was  in  Madrid. 
Counter,  The.    The  name  anciently  given  to 

two  prisons  under  the  rule  of  the  sheriffs  of 

London,  one  in  the  Poultry  and  one  in  Wood 

street.     There  was  another  in  Southwark  which  had 

the  same  name.    This  name  was  formerly  a  frequent  sub- 
ject of  jokes  and  puns.    Baret,  in  the  "Alvearie"  (1573), 

speaks  of  one  who  had  been  imprisoned  as  singing  "  his 

counter-tenor,"  and  there  are  various  similar  allusions  in 

the  17th-century  dramatists. 
Count  Fathom.    See  Ferdinand. 
Count  Julian.    A  tragedy  by  Walter  Savage 

Landor,  published  in  1812. 


1825.  A  French  Hellenist  and  political  writer. 
He  studied  at  the  Artillery  School  in  Chalons,  and  served 
in  the  army  1792-1809.  In  the  latter  year  he  went  to  Italy, 
and  in  1812  returned  to  France  and  lived  upon  his  estate 
at  VSretz.  He  edited  Longus  in  1810,  and  published 
"Pamphlets  des  Pamphlets^'  (1824),  etc.  His  collected 
works  were  published  in  1834. 

Courland  (kor'laud),  G.  Kurland  (kSr'iand). 
[F.  Courlande.2  A  government  of  Russia,  the 
southernmost  of  the  Baltic  provinces,  it  is 
bounded  by  the  Gulf  of  Riga  and  Livonia  (separated  by  the 
Diina)  on  the  north,  Vitebsk  (separated  by  the  Diina)  on 
the  east,  Kovno  on  the  south,  and  the  Baltic  on  the  west. 
Its  surface  is  mostly  level,  and  abounds  in  lakes,  but  in 
parts  is  hilly.  Three  fourths  of  the  inhabitants  are  Letts, 
but  the  land  proprietors  are  mainly  German.  The  pre- 
vailing religion  is  Protestant.  Courland  came  under  the 
control  of  the  Teutonic  Order  in  the  middle  of  the  ISth 
century ;  became  a  hereditary  duchy  and  fief  of  Poland 
in  1661  or  1662;  and  passed  to  Russia  in  1796.  It  is 
being  Russified  like  the  other  Baltic  provinces.  Cap- 
ital, Mitau.  Area,  10,536  square  miles.  Population 
693,300. 


On  the  western  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Riga  and  on  the 
Baltic,  the  Korses,  who  give  their  name  to  Courland,  are 
to  be  found.  Bambaiid,  Russia,  I.  28. 

Courmayeur  (kor-ma-yfer'),  or  Cormajeur. 
[It.  Cormaggiore.'i  A  village  in  northwestern 
Italy,  near  the  foot  of  Mont  Blanc. 
Cours  (k6r).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Eh6ne,  Prance,  33  miles  northwest  of  Lyons. 
It  manufactures  cloth.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 5,994. 

His  [Landor's]  first  dramatic  eflor^  made  after  a  stormy  Course  of  Time,  The.     A  reUgious  poem  by 
and  Ill-regulated  experience  of   fifteen  years,  was  the     r.v"  f  p.if.v   ™iW;=l,o/l  In  1R97 
gloomy  but  magnificent  tragedy  of  "  Count  Julian  "  [1812].  ^°  ^^lfP^l°^'  ?^"^}^'\^°-  ™  }*^'^l-„ 
LikeShelley's"Cenci,"Byron's"Mantred,"andColeridge's  Oourt  (kort).     In  Shakspere's  "Henry  V.,"  a 
adaptation  of  "  WaUenstein,"  it  is  a  dramatic  poem  rather     soldier  in  the  king's  army. 

than  a  stage  drama  of  the  available  kind.  Comparedwith  Ortiirt.  (korl  A-ntninp  Tinm  at,  Villptipiivp-rlA 
kindred  productions  of  the  time,  however,  it  stands  like  Vgurt  (Kor),  AntOine.  iiom  at  Villeneuve-de- 
the  "Prometheus  "among  classic  plays ;  aid  as  an  expo-  Berg,  ArdSohe,  France,  May  17,  1696:  died  at 
sitlon  of  dramatic  force,  a  conception  of  the  highest  man-  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  June  15,1760.  A  French 
hood  in  the  most  heroic  and  mournful  attitude,—  as  a  Protestant  clergyman,  the  chief  restorer  of  the 
presentment  of  impassioned  language,  pathetic  sentiment,     Reformed  Church  in  France 

and  stern  resolve, — it  is  an  impressive  and  undying  poem.  ^ ._n  .^  -  ./*..       .  _     ~       n      j,       .     -nr 

aedman,  Vict.  Poetl,  p.  41.  Courtall  (kort'W).   A  man  of  gallantry  m  Mrs. 

Count  Robert  of  Paris.   A  novel  by  Sir  Walter    Rowley's  comedy  "  The  Belle's  Stratagem^^ 
SpX  niiblished  fr,  1831.    Th«  ..,,n/i,  i»id  in  the  Ocmrt    and    City.    A  comedy  adapted   from 

Steele's  "  Tender  Husband"  and  Mrs.  Frances 


Scott,  published  in  1831.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the 
11th  century,  when  Godfrey  of  Bouillon  was  before  Con- 
stantinople at  the  head  of  the  Crusaders.  Count  Robert 
was  a  French  Crusader,  one  of  the  most  famous  and  reck- 
less of  the  period. 

Country  Girl,  The.     1.  A  comedy  attributed    produeedin  1632,  printid  in  1653, 
to  Antony  Brewer,  produced  m  1647.     John  rL,,,-*  j«- nAi,aH«  ftK,..,q&  .,>,5i,_io 
Leanerd  reprinted  it  in  1677,  under  the  title  of 
"  Country  Innocence,"  as  his  own. —  3.  An  al 


Sheridan's  "  Discovery,"  produced  by  Eichard 
Brinsley  Peake. 
Court  Beggar,  The.  A  play  by  Eichard  Brome, 


Court  de]  Gebelin  (kor  d6  zhab-lan'),  Antoine. 
Born  at  Nlmes,  France,  1725 :  died  at  Paris, 
May  10, 1784.    A  noted  French  scholar,  son  of 


^^■f'^Sl  of  Wypherley's  comedy  "The  Country  Antoine  Cou^^t.    His  works  include  «Le  monde  primi- 

Wife  "  by  Garrick,  who  produced  it  m  17fab.  tif  analyst  et  compart  aveo  le  monde  moderne  "  (1776-84), 

Country  House,  The.    A  comedy  by  Vanbrugh,  "Affaires  de  I'Aneleterre  et  de  I'Am^rique  "  {1776),  "  Let- 

nroduced  in  1705.     It  was  translated  from  the  tee  sur  le  magnltisme  animal"  (1783),  "Histoire  natu- 

'&«„»,n'u  nf  n„v,nn„T.+  relle  de  la  parole,  on  grammaire  universeUe,"  etc. 

cSrVLa^sseTorTheCustomoftheManor.  S^JS^f ffi2' S^eMgs   ^Cs^gHsh 

^lL^X?i±L^tfcg^r'ard°^S?si^cl^s^^  ^ 

tomoftheCountry,"andMiddleton's"AMad  World,  my  Couitenay,    marquis   of    Exeter  and    earl   of 

Masters."     John  Philip  Kemble  used  it  in  his  "Farm  Devonshire.    He  was  committed  to  the  Tower  with  his 

House  "(1789),  and  Kendriok  in  "The  Lady  of  the  Manor.  father  (see  Henry  Courtenay)  in  1638,  attainted  in  1639, 

Country  Party.     In  English  history,  a  politi-  and  released  and  restored  in  blood  in  1563.    Later  he  be- 

oal  party,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  which  op-  came  an  aspirant  for  the  hand  of  Queen  Mary  and  on 

^„„„/i    +!,»    /.«„,.f    o?,,q    c^r^-^at-hi^c^  wlfh    +ha  her  choosing  Philip  II.  turned  his  attention  to  the  Piin- 

posed  the   oourt   and   sympathizea  witH  tne  ^^^g  Elizabeth.    He  was  suspected  of  complicity  in 

nonconformists.     It  developed  into  the  Peti-  Wyatfs  rebellion,  and  was   again  sent  to  the  Tower 

tioners,  and  later  into  the  Whig  party.  (1564),  but  was  released  on  parole  and  exiled. 

Country  Wife,  The.  AcomedybyWycherley,  Courtenay,  Henry.  Bom  about  1496:  beheaded 

produced  in  1673.     it  was  taken  from  MoliSre's  on  Tower  Hill,  Dec.  9, 1538.    A.n  English  noble, 


"  L'feole  des  maris  "  and  "  i,':^cole  des  f  emmes  "  ("  School 
for  Husbands,"  "  School  for  Wives  "). 

Country  Wit,  The.  A  comedy  by  Crowne,  pro- 
duced in  1675.  The  plot  was  partly  from, Mo- 
lifere's  "  Le  Sieilien." 

Coupar- Angus  (ko'par-ang'gus).  A  town  in 
Perthshire  and  Forfarshire,  Scotland,  situated 
northeast  of  Perth. 

Coupler  (kup'ler) ,  Mrs.  A  match-maker  or  go- 
between  in  Vanbrugh's  play  "The  Eelapse," 
and  in  Sheridan's  "  Trip  to  Scarborough." 

Courbet  (kor-ba'),  Gustave.    Born  at  Omans, 
Doubs,  Prance,  June  10,  1819:  died  at  La  Tour  Oourtes  OreiUes. 
de  Peilz,  Vaud,  Switzerland,  Dec.  31,  1877.    A    tawa. 

celebratedPrenchpainter,  chief  of  the  realists.  Courtly  (kort'li)^  Charles, 
He  studied  theology  at  Besan9on,  but  abandoned  It  for  the  oault's  comedy  "London  A 
study  of  art,  which  he  pursued  at  Paris  under  Steuben 
and  Hesse.  He  was  especially  influenced  by  the  Flemish 
and  Venetian  masters.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Com- 
mune in  1871,  and  directed  the  destruction  of  the  column  in 
the  Place  Vend6me.    On  the  fall  of  the  Commune  he  was 


earl  of  Devonshire  and  marquis  of  Exeter.  He 
was  arrested  on  a  charge  of  treason  in  Nov.,  1538,  tried, 
condemned,  and  executed. 
Courtenay,  William.  Bom  at  Exeter,  Eng- 
land, about  1342:  died  at  Maidstone,  Kent, 
July  31, 1396.  An  English  prelate,  archbishop 
of  Canterbury  1381-96,  fourth  son  of  Hugh 
Courtenay,  earl  of  Devon,  and  Margaret  Bohun, 
daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Hereford.  He  studied  at 
Oxford,  became  chancellor  of  the  university  in  1867,  was 
consecrated  bishop  of  Hereford  in  1370,  and  was  translated 
to  the  see  of  London  in  1376.  He  was  an  opponent  of 
Lollardism  and  the  prosecutor  of  Wyclif .    See  Wycl^f. 

[P.,  '  short  ears.']     See  Ot- 


In  Dion  Bouci- 
omedy  "London  Assurance,"  a  fash- 
ionable young  man  about  town.  He  is  the  son  of 
Sir  Harcourt  Courtly,  who  persists  in  believing  him  a 
studious,  retiring  boy.  Charles  succeeds  in  securing  the 
heart  and  hand  of  the  heiress  who  has  been  promised  to 


imprisoned  for  six  months,  and  in  1876  was  condemned  to  p'"^  '^^''^'^-  „,•_  tt.  ^pn„Tt      Tn  Dion  Bouoicault's 
pafthe  cost  of  reerecting  the  column.  .  UOUrtly,  bir  mrCOUrC.     in  ijion  jsouoioauit  s 

Oourbevoie  (kor-be-vwa').  A  town  m  the  de-  comedy  "London  Assurance,"  an  elderly  top 
partment  of  Seine,  France,  situated  on  the  devoted  to  fashion,  and  betrothed  to  a  young 
Seine  li  miles  northwest  of  the  fortifications  heiress,  Grace  Harkaway,  who  finally  rejects 
of  Paris.    Population  (1891),  17,597.  _  '^™^^"'^  marries  his  son  Ckarles. 

Oourcelles  (k8r-sel')-  A  village  of  Lorraine,  Courtly,  Sir  James.  In  Mrs.  Centlivre's  corn- 
situated  near  Metz.  For  battle  of  Courcelles,  edy  "The  Basset-Table,"  a  gay,  airy,  witty,  and 
see  Colombey.  inconstant  gentleman,  devoted  to  gammg. 

Courier  de  M^re  (kS-rya'  de  ma-ra'),  Paul  Courtly  Nice,  Sir.    See  Sir  Courtly  Nice. 
Louis,  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  4, 1772:  assassinated  Court  Mantel.    See  Boy  and  the  Mantle. 


Courtney  Melmoth 

Courtney  Melmoth.    See  Melmoth,  Cowtney. 
Court  of  Lions.    A  celebrated  court  in  the  Al- 
hambra.    See  tbe  extract. 

FerbapB  the  most  celebrated  portion  of  the  entire  palace 
[Alhambra]  is  the  Court  ol  the  Lions,  which  occupies  a 
space  somewhat  smaller  than  that  of  the  Court  of  the 
Myrtles.  One  hundred  and  twenty-eight  white  marble 
columns,  arranged  by  threes  and  fours  in  symmetrical 
fashion,  support  galleries  which  rise  to  no  very  lofty 
height;  but  the  extreme  gracefulness  and  elegance  of 
their  varied  capitals,  the  delicate  traceries,  the  remnants 
of  gold  and  colour,  ttie  raised  orange-shaped  cupolas,  the 
graceful  minarets,  the  innumerable  arches,  beautiful  in 
their  labyrinthine  design,  the  empty  basin  into  which  the 
twelve  stiif  and  unnatural  "lions  "  once  poured  their  con- 
stant streams  of  cooling  waters,  the  alabaster  reservoir, 
constitute  a  whole  that  poetry  and  romance  have  lauded 
even  to  extravagance.     Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  227. 

Court  of  Love,  The.  A  poem  attributed  to 
Chaucer  by  Stowe,  and  inserted  in  the  1561  edi- 
tion, but  believed  to  be  of  later  origin. 

Courtois  (kor-twa'),  Jacques,  It.  Jacopo  Cor- 
tege: called  le  BQurguignon,  It.  II  Borgo- 
gnone.  Born  at  St.  Hippolyte,  Doubs,  Prance, 
1621:  died  at  Rome,  Nov.  14,  1676.  A  French 
battle-painter.  In  1655  he  became  a  lay  bro- 
ther of  the  Jesuit  order,  and  thereafter  painted 
sacred  subjects.  , 

Courtois,  Gustave  Claude  Etienne.  Bom  at 
Pusey,  Haute-Sa6ne,  France,  March  18,  1852. 
A  French  painter,  especially  of  portraits:  a 
pupil  of  G6r6me.  He  obtained  the  second  grand  prix 
de  £ome  in  1877,  and  a  gold  medal  and  the  decoration  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor  at  the  exposition  of  1889. 

Court  Party.  In  EngUsh  history,  a  political 
party,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  11.,  which  sup- 
ported the  policy  of  the  court.  Its  successor 
•was  the  party  of  the  Abhorrers,  and  later  the 
Tories. 

Courtrai,  or  Oourtray  (kor-tra'),  Flem.  Kort- 
ryk  (kort'iik).  A  city  in  the  province  of  West 
Flanders,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Lys  in  lat. 
50°  49'  N.,  long.  3°  15'  E. :  the  ancient  Corto- 
riacum.  it  manufactures  linen,  lace,  etc.,  and  contains 
a  noted  town  hall  (finished  in  1528)  and  the  Church  of 
Notre  Dame.  Here,  July  11,  1302,  20,000  Flemings  de- 
feated 47,000  French  under  Kobert  of  Artois  in  the  "Bat- 
tle of  the  Spurs. "  It  has  several  times  been  taken  by  the 
French.    Population  (1893),  31,319. 

Court  Secret,  The.  A  play  by  Shirley,  printed 
in  1653,  not  acted  till  after  the  Eestoration. 

Courtship  of  Miles  Standish.  A  poem  by 
Longfellow,  published  in  1858.  See  Standish, 
Miles. 

Court  Theatre,  The.  A  theater  in  Sloane 
Square,  London,  it  was  opened  in  Jan.,  1871,  for  the 
lighter  order  of  dramas.  The  building,  which  was  origi- 
nally erected  in  1818  as  a  chapel,  replaced  an  older  theater. 

Cousin  (ko-zan'),  Jean.  Born  at  Soucy,  near 
Sens,  1501:  died  at  Sens  about  1590.  AFreneh 
painter,  engraver,  and  sculptor,  noted  espe- 
cially for  his  paintings  on  glass  and  minia- 
tures. 

Cousin,  Victor.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  28,  1792 : 
died  at  Cannes,  Prance,  Jan.  13, 1867.  A  noted 
French  philosopher  and  statesman.  He  began 
lecturing  at  the  Sorbonne  in  1815 ;  traveled  in  Germany 
in  1817;  was  deprived  of  his  position  at  the  Sorbonne  for 
political  reasons  in  1820;  traveled  again  in  Germany  in 
1824,  and  was  arrested  at  Dresden  and  imprisoned  for  a 
short  time  at  Berlin;  regained  his  position  in  1828;  and 
became  a  member  of  the  Council  of  Public  Instruction  in 
1830,  and  minister  of  public  instruction  in  1840.  As  a 
philosopher  he  was  at  fii-st  a  follower  of  the  Scottish  psy- 
chological school,  but  later  under  German  influences  de- 
veloped a  kind  of  eclecticism.  His  works  include  "Frag- 
ments philosophiques  "  (1826-28),  "Cours  d'histoire  de  la 
philosophie  "  (1827-40), "  Cours  d'histoire  de  la  philosophie 
modeme"  (1841),  "Cours  d'histoire  de  la  philosophie  mo- 
rale au  XVIII'  sifecle"  (1840-41),  "Du  vrai,  du  beau,  et  du 
bien  "  (1854), "  Des  pensees  de  Pascal "  (1842), "  Madame  de 
Longueville"  (1853),  "Histoire  g^n^rale  de  la  philoso- 
phie"  (1864),  etc. 

Cousine  Bette,  La.  A  novel  by  Balzac.  See 
Baleac. 

Cousin  Michael  (kuz'n  mi'kel)  or  Michel.  A 
nickname  for  the  German  people. 

Cousin-Montauban  (ko-zan'm6nt-6-bon').  See 
Palikao,  Comte  de. 

Cousin  Pons  (ko-zan'  p6ns),  Le.  A  novel  by 
Balzac.    See  Balzac. 

Cousins  (kuz'nz),  Samuel.  Bom  at  Exeter, 
England,  May  9, 1801:  died  at  London,  May  7, 
1887.    An  English  mezzotint  engraver. 

Coussemaker  (kes-ma-kSr'),  Charles  Bdmond 
Henri  de.  Bom  at  Bailleul,  Nord,  Prance, 
April  19, 1805 :  died  at  LiUe,  Pi-anoe,  Jan.  11, 
1876.  A  French  magistrate,  and  writer  on  the 
history  of  music.  His  works  include  "Histoire  de 
I'harmonie  au  moyen  4ge  "  (1852),  "Chants  populaires  des 
Hamands  de  France  "  (1856),  "L'Art  harmonique  au  XII« 
et  XIIIo  siJiCles"  (1865),  etc. 

Coustou  (kos-to'),  Guillaume.  Bom  at  Lyons, 
April  25, 1677:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  20, 1746.  A 
French  sculptor,  younger  brother  of  Nicholas 


286 

Coustou.  He  won  the  grand  prix  de  sculpture  in  1697, 
and  was  sent  to  Borne.  He  became  celebrated  for  his  bold 
and  independent  style.  Among  his  works  are  the  alle- 
gorical figiu-es  of  the  Ocean  and  the  Mediterranean  at 
Marly,  the  colossal  statue  of  the  Khdne  at  Lyons,  those 
of  Bacchus,  Minerva.  Hercules,  andPalla5,and  agreat  num- 
ber of  bas-reliefs.  His  son  Guillaume  Coustou  (bom  1716 : 
died  July  13, 1777)  was  also  a  sculptor  of  note. 

Coustou,  Nicholas.  Bom  at  Lyons,  Jan.  9, 
1658:  died  at  Paris,  May  1,  1733.  A  French 
sculptor.  He  learned  the  rudiments  of  his  art  from  his 
father,  a  wood-carver,  and  at  eighteen  entered  the  atelier 
of  Coyzevox,  then  president  of  the  Academy  of  Painting 
and  Sculpture  in  Paris.  He  won  the  grand  prix  de  sculp- 
ture in  1682,  and  went  to  Kome.  Among  his  works  are  a 
Descent  from  the  Cross,  at  Notre  Dame ;  the  colossal  Seine 
and  Marne,  in  the  Tuileries  Gardens;  and  many  statues  in 
the  Tuileries  and  Versailles.  He  became  a  member  of 
the  Academy  in  1683. 

Coutances  (kS-tons').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Manehe, France,  40  miles  south  of  Cher- 
bourg: the  Eoman  Constamtia  (whence  the 
name) .  it  has  a  noted  cathedral, one  of  the  chief  churches 
of  Normandy.  The  front  is  fine,  with  large  recessed 
portal,  great  traceried  window  opening  on  the  nave, 
graceful  arcades  and  rosettes,  and  the  tall  spires  charac- 
teristic of  Normandy.  There  is  a  high  central  tower  and 
lantern.  The  interior  is  beautifully  proportioned,  and 
the  vistas  formed  by  the  openings  of  the  choir-chapels 
are  highly  picturesque.  The  vaulting  and  decorative  ar- 
cadlng  are  notably  good.  Coutances  was  the  ancient  cap- 
ital of  Cotentin,  and  suffered  in  the  Norman,  English,  and 
religious  wars.    Population  (1891),  commune,  8,145. 

Couthon  (kS-ton'),  Georges.  Bom  at  Greet, 
near  Clermont,  France,  1756 :  guillotined  at 
Paris,  July  28, 1794.  A  French  revolutionist. 
He  was  deputy  to  the  Legislative  Assembly  in  1791,  and 
to  the  Convention  in  1702,  and  was  one  of  the  Triumvi- 
rate with  Robespierre  and  Saint-Just.  The  three  were 
executed  at  the  same  time. 

Coutras  (ko-tra').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Grironde,  France,  on  the  Dronne  25  miles 
east  of  Bordeaux.  Here,  Oct.  20, 1587,  a  victory  was 
gained  by  Henry  of  Navarre  over  the  Leaguers.  It  con- 
tained a  noted  castle,  now  destroyed.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  4,231. 

Coutts  (kots),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Edinburgh, 
Sept.  7,  1753  :  died  at  London,  Feb.  24,  1822. 
An  English  banker,  the  founder,  with  his 
brother  James,  of  the  London  banking-house  of 
Coutts  and  Co.  He  was  the  son  of  Lord  Provost  John 
Coutts  of  Edinburgh.  His  third  daughter,  Sophia,  mar- 
ried Sir  Francis  Burdett. 

Couture  (ko-tiir'),  Thomas.  Born  at  Senlis, 
France,  Dec.  21,  1815:  died  near  Paris,  March 
30,  1879.  A  noted  French  painter,  a  pupil  of 
Gros  and  Delaroche.  He  won  the  second  grand  prix 
de  Borne  in  1837.  He  first  exhibited  in  the  Salon  in  1840 
("  Jeune  Ven^tien  apr^s  une  orgie  ").  Among  his  works 
are  "L'Enfant  prodigue,"  "Une  veuve,"  "Le  retour  des 
champs"  (1843),  " Le  trouvfere "  (1844),  "Joconde"(1847X 
etc.  His  chief  work  is  "  Les  Komains  de  la  decadence  " 
(1847). 

Covent  Garden  (kuv'ent  gar'den).  [For  CoTir- 
vent  Garden."]  A  space  in  London,  between 
the  Strand  and  Longacre,  which  as  early  as 
1222  was  the  convent  garden  belonging  to  the 
monks  of  St.  Peter,  "Westminster.  It  was  origi- 
nally called  Frere  Pye  Garden.  {Hare.)  At  the  Dissolu- 
tion it  was  granted  with  neighboring  properties,  by  Ed- 
ward VI.,  to  Edward,  duke  of  Somerset.  After  his  at- 
tainder in  1652  it  went  to  John,  earl  of  Bedford.  The 
square  was  laid  out  for  Francis,  earl  of  Bedford,  and 
partly  built  by  Inigo  Jones,  whose  church,  St  Paul's,  Cov- 
ent Garden,  still  remains.  The  holdings  of  the  Bedfords 
in  this  neighborhood  were  enormous.  At  one  time  its 
coffee-houses  and  taverns  became  the  fashionable  loung- 
ing-places  for  the  authors,  wits,  and  noted  men  of  the 
kingdom.  Dryden,  Otway,  Steele,  Fielding,  Peg  Wofflng- 
ton,  Kitty  CUve,  Samuel  Foote,  Booth,  Garrick,  and  others 
were  among  its  frequenters.    See  Cwent  Qojrdffn  Market. 

Covent  Garden  Journal.  A  biweekly  peri- 
odical issued  in  Jan.,  1752,  by  Henry  Fielding, 
under  the  name  of  "  Sir  Alexander  Draweansir, 
Knight,  Censor  of  Great  Britain."  It  was  dis- 
continued before  the  end  of  the  year. 

Covent  Garden  Market.  A  vegetable,  fruit, 
and  flower  market  held  in  Covent  Garden. 
The  space  began  to  be  used  for  this  purpose  early  in  the 
17th  century  by  the  venders  from  the  villages  near  by. 
The  market  finally  grew  into  a  recognized  institution, 
hut  till  1828  it  was  an  unsightly  assemblage  of  sheds  and 
stalls.  About  that  time  the  Duke  of  Bedford  erected  the 
present  buildings.  In  1859  a  flower-market  covered  with 
glass  was  built  on  the  south  side  of  the  opera-house. 

Covent  Garden  Theatre.  A  theater  in  Bow 
street,  Covent  Garden,  built  by  John  Kich,  the 
famous  harlequin  of  Lincoln's  Inn  Theatre,  in 
1731.  It  was  opened,  under  the  dormant  ijatent  granted 
by  Charles  II.  to  Sir  William  Davenant,  with  Congreve's 
comedy  "  The  Way  of  the  World,"  Dec.  7, 1732.  There  was 
no  first  appearance  at  this  house  of  any  importance  until 
that  of  Peg  Wofangton  in  "  The  Eecruiting  Officer,"  Nov. 
8, 1740.  In  1746  GsSrick  played  here.  During  Rich's  man- 
agement pantomime  reigned  supreme.  Rich  died  in  1761, 
leaving  the  theater  to  his  son-in-law  John  Beard  the  vo- 
calist. In  1767  it  was  sold  to  George  Colman  the  elder, 
Harris,  Rutherford,  and  Powell  for  «60,000.  On  March  16, 
1773,  Goldsmith's  play  "  She  Stoops  to  Conquer "  was 
brought  out  here.  In  1774  Harris  undertook  the  manag:e- 
ment  alone.  In  1803  .John  Kemble  bought  a  one-sixth 
sluu'e  in  the  patent-right  from  Harris  for  £22,000,  and 


Coviello 

became  manager.  In  Sept.,  1808,  the  house  was  burned. 
Eight  months  later  it  was  rebuilt,  according  to  the  design 
of  Smirke  the  architect^  in  imitation  of  the  Parthenon  (the 
pediment  by  Flaxman),  at  a  cost  of  iE300,000.  John  Philip 
£emble  was  still  manager.  On  account  of  the  great  expense 
of  the  undertaMngEemble  raised  the  price  of  admission  and 
built  an  extra  row  of  boxes  which  he  leased  for  £12,000  (?). 
This  brought  about  the  famousO.  P.  (old  price)  riots,  which 
lasted  sixty -one  days  and  resulted  in  a  general  reduction. 
On  June  29,  1817,  John  Kemble  was  followed  by  Charles 
Kemble.  In  1822  the  theater  was  thrown  into  chancery. 
In  1847  it  commenced  a  new  career  as  "The Royal  Italian 
Opera  House,"  but  on  March  4, 1866,  it  was  burned  down. 
It  was  rebuilt  and  the  present  bouse  opened  May  15, 
1858. 

Coventry  (kuv'en-tri).  A  city  in  Warwickshire, 
England,  17  miles  southeast  of  Birmingham. 
It  has  manufactures  of  bicycles,  tricycles,  watches,  and 
ribbons,  and  was  formerly  celebrated  for  its  woolens  ("Cov- 
entry true  blues  ").  Its  chief  buildings  are  the  churches  of 
St.  Michael,  the  Trinity,  and  St.  John,  Christchurch,  and 
St.  Mary's  Guildhall.  According  to  legend  it  obtained  its 
municipal  rights  from  Leofric  about  1044  by  the  ride  of 
Godiva.  (See  (Jodraa.)  It  was  formerly  celebrated  for  the 
Coventry  mystery  plays.    Population  (1901),  69,978. 

Coventry,  John.  Pseudonym  of  John  William- 
son Palmer. 

Coventry  Plays.  A  series  of  forty-two  religious 
plays  acted  at  Coventry  from  an  early  date  till 
about  1591.  The  first  mention  of  them  is  in  1416.  These 
plays  were  some  of  them  written  in  1468,  but  the  title  is 
thought  to  be  of  later  date.  This  title  terms  the  plays 
"  Ludus  Coventrise  8.  Ludus  Corpus  Christi,"  and  Corpus 
Christi  plays  were  performed  at  Coventry  in  the  16th  and 
16th  centuries.  Clerical  authorship  is  suspected  in  many 
of  them,  from  the  style  of  writing  employed.  {Ward.)  They 
are  far  more  regular  in  form  than  the  Chester  plays  (doubt- 
less written  for  tradesmen  by  tradesmen),  and  theirversi- 
fication  and  diction  much  better.  They  are  to  be  classed 
among  the  mysteries,  although  they  contain  one  element 
of  the  moralities. 

Sir  William  Dugdale,  in  his  "History  of  Warwickshire," 
printed  in  1666,  speaks  of  the  Coventry  plays  as  "being 
acted  with  mighty  state  and  reverence  by  the  friars  of  this 
house,  who  hs^  theatres  for  the  several  scenes,  very  large 
and  high,  placed  upon  wheels  and  drawn  to  all  the  emi- 
nent parts  of  the  city,"  and  he  referred  to  the  Cotton  MS. 
for  authority  as  to  the  nature  of  their  plays.  The  series 
known  as  the  "  Coventry  Mysteries  "  may  possibly  have  be- 
longed to  the  Coventry  Grey  Friars,  and  the  Grey  Friars 
may  have  acted  in  the  streets  one  set  of  Mysteries,  the 
Guilds  another, though  the  practical  difficulties  in  the  way 
of  believing  that  they  did  so  are  considerable.  Certain  it 
is  that  the  plays  now  called  "Coventry  Mysteries  "  are  not 
those  which  were  acted  by  the  Guilds  of  Coventry. 

Marley,  English  Writers,  IV.  114. 

Coverdale  (kuv'er-dal),  Miles.  Bom  in  the 
North  Kiding  of  YorksMre  in  1488 :  died  in  Feb., 
1568.  The  first  translator  of  the  whole  Bible 
into  English.  He  studied  at  Cambridge,  was  ordained 
priest  in  1614  at  Norwich,  and  joined  the  Austin  friars  at 
Cambridge.  About  1526  he  assumed  the  habit  of  a  secular 
priest,  and,  leaving  the  convent,  devoted  himself  to  evan- 
gelical preaching.  In  1531  he  took  his  degree  as  bachelor 
of  canon  law  at  Cambridge.  He  was  probably  on  the 
Continent  the  greater  part  of  the  time  until  1535.  In  this 
year  his  translation  of  the  Bible  from  Dutch  and  Latin-  ap- 
peared with  a  dedication  to  Henry  VIII.  In  1538  he  was  sent 
by  Cromwell  to  Paris  to  superintend  a  new  English  edition 
of  the  Bible.  This  was  known  as  "The  Great  Bible."  A 
second  "  Great  Bible,"  known  as  "  Cramner's  Bible  "  (1540)^ 
was  also  edited  by  him.  He  returned  from  Paris  in  1639, 
but  in  1540,  on  the  execution  of  Cromwell,  he  was  obliged 
to  leave  England,  and  shortly  after  married  Elizabeth 
Macheson.  This  repudiation  of  the  celibacy  of  the  priest- 
hood identified  him  with  the  Reformers.  He  lived  at  Tii- 
bingen  for  a  short  time,  and  was  made  doctor  of  divinity. 
From  1643  to  1547  he  lived  at  Bergzabern  (Deux-Ponts)  as 
Lutheran  minister  and  schoolmaster.  In  1648  he  returned 
to  England,and  was  appointed  chaplain  to  the  king  through 
Cranmer's  infiuence.  In  1551  he  was  appointed  bishop  of 
Exeter,  of  which  office  he  was  deprived  in  1563  and  went 
again  to  Bergzabern.  It  has  been  said  that  he  assisted  in 
preparing  the  Geneva  Bible.  In  1659  we  find  him  again  in 
England.  In  1563  he  received  from  Cambridge  the  degree 
of  doctorof  divinity,  and  obtained  thelivingof  St.  Magnus," 
near  London  Bridge.  In  1566  he  resigned  this  office  on  ac- 
count of  His  objection  to  the  enforced  strict  observance  of 
the  liturgy.  He  continued  preaching,  however,  and  was 
followed  by  crowds. 

Coverdale,  Miles.  The  relator  of  events  in 
Hawthorne's  "BlithedaleBomance":  a  charac- 
ter which  has  many  points  of  inteUeetual  af- 
finity with  Hawthorne  himself. 

Coverley  (kuv'6r-li),  Sir  Roger  de.  The  chief 
character  in  the  club  professing  to  write  the 
"Spectator":  an  English  country  gentleman. 
He  was  sketched  by  Steele  and  developed  by 
Addison. 

Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  is  not  to  be  described  by  any  pen 
but  that  of  Addison.  He  exhibits,  joined  to  a  perfect 
simplicity,  the  qualities  of  a  just,  honest,  useful  man, 
and  delightful  companion.  .  .  .  Addison  dwelt  with  ten- 
derness on  every  detail  regarding  him,  and  flnaUy  described 
Sir  Roger's  death  to  prevent  any  less  reverential  pen  from 
trifling  with  his  hero. 

Tudkemum,  Hist  of  Prose  Fiction,  p.  182. 

Covielle  (ko-ve-el').  The  valet  of  C16onte  in 
Moli&re's  comedy  "Le  bourgeois  gentil- 
homme."  His  subtle  inventions  win  the  hand 
of  Lucille  for  his  master. 

Coviello  (ko-ve-el'lo).  The  conventional  clown 
in  old  Italian  comedy. 


Covilham 

Oovilliam,  or  Covilhao  (ko-vel-yai'),  Pedro 
de.  Bom  at  Covilhao,  Portugal,  about  1450: 
died  in  Abyssinia  about  1540  (f).  A  Portu- 
guese navigator.  He  was  sent  by  John  II.  of  Portu- 
gal to  Asia,  in  1487,  in  search  ol  the  legendary  Preater 
John.  Having  visited  the  principal  towns  of  Abyssinia 
and  Malabar,  and  sent  home  a  report  of  his  journey,  he 
presented  himself  in  U90  at  the  court  of  Alexander, 
prince  of  Abyssinia,  who  treated  him  with  great  kindness, 
but  constrained  him  to  remain  in  the  country.  His  re- 
port is  said  to  have  been  of  use  to  Vasco  da  Gama  in  the 
discovery  of  the  route  to  India  round  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope. 

OovUhao  (ko-vel-yaii').  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Beira,  Portugal,  in  lat.  40°  19'  N.,  long. 
7°  31'  W.  It  is  noted  for  its  oloth  manufactures. 
Population  (1890),  17,562. 

Covington  (kuv'ing-ton).  A  city  in  Kenton 
County,  Kentucky,  situated  on  the  Ohio  Eiver, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Licking,  opposite  Cincin- 
nati. It  has  manufactures  of  iron,  tobacco,  etc.,  and 
is  connected  by  a  suspension-bridge  with  Cincinnati, 
Population  (1900),  42,938. 

Cowell  (kou'el),  Edward  Byles.  Born  Jan.  23, 
1826 :  died  Feb.  9,  1903.  An  English  Sanskrit 
scholar,  appointed  professor  at  the  Presidency 
College,  Calcutta,  in  1864,  and  Sanskrit  pro- 
fessor at  Cambridge,  England,  in  1867. 

Cowell,  John.  Bom  at  Emsborough,  Devon- 
shire, England,  1554 :  died  at  Cambridge,  Eng- 
land, Oct.  11,  1611.  An  English  jurist.  He  was 
reglus  professor  of  civil  law  at  Cambridge  1694-1611, 
master  of  Trinity  Hall  in  1698,  and  vice-chancellor  of  the 
university  in  1603  and  1604.  He  was  the  author  of  a  legal 
dictionary  entitled  "The  Interpreter,  a  booke  containing 
the  signification  of  words  .  .  .  mentioned  in  the  Law- 
writers  or  statutes,  etc."  (1607).  Certain  passages  in  the 
book  offended  both  the  Commons  and  the  king ;  the 
author  was  summoned  before  the  council  in  1610,  and  his 
dictionary  was  burned  by  the  common  hangman. 

■  Under  the  heading  "King"  Cowell  wrote:  "He  is 
above  the  law  by  his  absolute  power,  and  though  for  the 
better  and  equal  course  in  making  laws,  he  do  admit  the 
Three  Estates  unto  Council,  yet  this  in  divers  learned 
men's  opinions  is  not  of  constraint,  but  of  his  own  benig- 
nity, or  by  reason  of  the  promise  made  upon  oath  at  the 
time  of  his  coronation." 

Acland  and  Ransome,  Eng.  Folit.  Hist.,  p.  84. 

Cowell,  Joseph  Leathley.  Bom  near  Tor- 
quay, Aug.  7,  1792:  died  near  London,  Nov. 
13,1863.  An  English  actor.  His  real  name  was  Wit- 
chett.  He  painted  portraits,  and  was  a  clever  and  popular 
actor.  He  published  an  amusing  autobiography  in  1844. 
His  daughter  Sidney  Prances  (Mrs.  H.  L.  Bateman)  was 
the  mother  of  Kate  Bateman. 

Cowes,  East  and  West.  See  Bast  Cowes  and 
West  Cowes. 

Cowgate  (kou'gat).  The.  A  noted  and  once 
fashionable  street  in  Edinburgh  Old  Town. 
The  suburb  with  this  name,  situated  on  the  southern  side 
of  the  city  in  a  valley,  through  which  the  street  runs,  was 
first  inclosed  within  the  walls  in  1613. 

Cowlchiu  (kou'we-ehin).  A  name  given  col- 
lectively to  those  Salishan  tribes  which  for- 
merly occupied  the  southeastern  side  of  Van- 
couver Island,  the  opposite  mainland,  and  the 
intervening  islands,  all  speaking  nearly  related 
dialects.  '  They  are  now  on  the  Cowichin  res- 
ervation, tinder  the  Eraser  River  agency,  Brit- 
ish Columbia.     See  Salishan. 

Cowley  (kou'li,  formerly  ko'li)^  Abraham. 
Bom  at  London,  1618 :  died  at  Chertsey,  Sur- 
rey, July  28,  1667.  "An  English  poet,  seventh 
ana  posthumous  child  of  Thomas  Cowley,  a  sta- 
tioner. He  studied  at  Westminster  and  at  Cambridge 
(B.  A.  1639,  M.  A.  1642) ;  retired  to  Oxford  (St.  John's  Col- 
lege) in  1643 ;  identified  himself  with  the  Royalists,  and 
followed  the  queen  to  France  in  1646,  where  he  remained 
in  the  service  of  the  exiled  court  until  1666 ;  returned  to 
England  in  the  latter  year;  and  finally  settled  (1666)  at 
Chertsey.  He  enjoyed  during  his  lifetime  a  high  reputa- 
tion as  a  poet,  which  rapidly  declined  after  his  death. 
The  first  collected  edition  of  his  works  appeared  in  1668. 

Cowley,  Richard.  See  Wellesley,  Marquis  of 
(seeond  Earl  of  Mornington). 

Cowley,  Mrs.  (Hannah  Parkhouse).  Bom  at 
Tiverton,  Devonshire,  1743:  died  there,  March 
11  1809.  An  English  poet  and  dramatist, 
daughter  of  a  bookseller  of  Tiverton,  and  wife 
of  a  captain  in  the  service  of  the  East  India 
Company.  She  was  the  author  of  "The  Runaway" 
raoted  Feb..  1776),  "The  Belle's  Stratagem"  (acted  Feb., 
1780)  "A  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Husband"  (acted  Feb.,  1783), 
etc  Under  the  pseudonym  "Anna  MatUda,  which  has 
become  a  synonym  for  sentimentality,  she  carried  on  a 
poetical  cowespondenoe  in  the  '  Worid  with  Bobert 
Serry,  who  adopted  the  signature  "Delia  Crusca. 

Cowlitz  (kou'Uts).  A  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians  which  formerly  lived  on  Cowlitz  Kiver, 
at  its  mouth,  and  on  the  Columbia  Eiver,  Wash- 
ington. They  were  confederated  in  1863  with  the  Up- 
per Chehalis,  their  total  number  than  being  about  160. 
See  SalisMn.  ,         .      .„  •      a _* 

Cowpens  (kou'penz).  A  village  in  Spartan- 
burg County,  northwestern  South  Carohna,  8 
miles  northeast  of  Spartanburg.  Here,  Jan.  17, 
1781,  the  Americans  (abouf  1,000)  under  Morgan  defeated 


Coziunel 

■The  loss  of  the  Americans  OoX,  Samusl  Sulllvan.     Bom  at  ZanesviUe, 
"^^-  Ohio,  Sept.  30, 1824:  died  at  New  York,  Sept. 

10,  1889.  An  American  politician  and  diplo- 
matist. He  became  editor  of  the  Columbus,  Ohio, 
*  *  Statesman  "  in  1858,  and  gained  the  sobriquet  of  "  Sunset " 
Cox  by  an  extremely  rhetorical  description  of  a  sunset 
which  he  printed  in  that  journal.  He  was  a  Democratic 
member  of  Congress  from  Ohio  1857-66;  from  New  York 
city  1869-73  and  1875-85  ;  was  United  States  minister  to 
Turkey  1886-86 ;  was,  on  his  return  to  New  York,  elected 
to  Congress  to  fill  a  vacancy;  and  was  reelected  in  1888. 
Author  of  "A  Buckeye  Abroad  "  (1862),  "  Eight  Yeiws  in 
Congress  "  (1865),  "  Three  Decades  of  Federal  Legislation  " 
(1886),  etc. 


287 

1,100  British  under  Tarleton 

was  72  ;  that  of  the  British,  800-900. 

Oowper  (kS'per  or  kou'per),  Edward.  Bom  in 
1790:  died  at  Kensington,  Oct.  17,  1852.  An 
English  inventor  of  various  important  improve- 
ments in  printing  processes,  including  the  sys- 
tem of  iuking-roUers  and  (with  Applegath)  the 
four-cylinder  printing-machine.  He  became 
professor  of  mechanics  at  King's  College,  Lon- 
don. 

Oowper,  William.  Died  Oct.  10, 1723.  An  Eng- 
lish statesman  and  jurist,  created  Baron  Cowper     ^^^   ^^ 

of  Wingham,  Kent,  Nov.  9,  1706,  and  Viscount  rit.^"j.r'^,  n„«^;„  ,-i,„i,/„;;\  „„n™:_  ■»«•■  -u  i 
Fordwiohe  and  Earl  Cowper  March  18,  1718.  °^?,?,'®,V°M«.°hi^®  1  nw  pl'Xi^=^!&^^^ 
He  entered  Parliament  in  1695 ;  focame  lord  keeper  and  ?0™  ,^*  ^Z'  d'  ^  lYno  ^*  i?,^'  ^^ '  ^^^  ^* 
privy  councilor  in  1705;  served  on  the  commission  which  Mechlin,  March  5,  1592.  A  JJ'lemish  pamter. 
drew  up  the  Act  of  Union  m  1706 ;  became  the  first  lord  His  best-known  work  is  a  copy  of  the  "Adoration  of  the 
high  chancellor  of  Great  Britain  May  4, 1707 ;  presided  at  Lamb"  by  the  brothers  Van  Eyck. 
the  trial  of  Dr.  Sacheverell  in  1710 ;  resigned  his  oface  in  OoXCOmb  (koks'kom).  The.  A  play  by  Bean- 
Sept.,^17iq ;  was  reappointed  in,Sept._,1714j  and  again  re.     j^^^t,   Fletcher,  and  Kowley  (?),  produced  in 

1612  and  published  in  1647. 
See  the  extract. 

The  Noah  of  the  Mexican  tribes  was  Coxcox,  who,  with 
his  wife  Xochiquetzal,  alone  escaped  the  deluge.  They 
took  refuge  in  the  hollow  trunk  of  a  cypress  (ahuehnete), 
which  floated  upon  the  water,  and  stopped  at  last  on  top 
of  a  mountain  of  Culhuacan.  They  had  many  children, 
but  all  of  them  were  dumb.  The  Great  Spirit  took  pity 
on  them,  and  sent  a  dove,  who  hastened  to  teach  them  to 
speak.  Fifteen  of  the  children  succeeded  in  grasping  the 
power  of  speech,  and  from  these  the  Toltecs  and  A]Etecs 
are  descended.  HalCf  Story  of  Mexico,  p.  22. 


signed  in  1718.    He  was  a  member  of  the  Eoyal  Society. 
Cowper,  William.    Bom  at  Great  Berkhamp-  _ 
stead,  Hertfordshire,  Nov.  15,  1731:  died  at  Coxcox. 
East  Dereham,  Norfolk,  April  25, 1800.    A  cele- 
brated Ei^lish  poet,  son  of  John  Cowper,  D.  D. , 
rector  of  Great  Berkhampstead.  Hewas  educated 
at  Westminster  School,  where  he  remained  from  his  tenth 
to  his  eighteenth  year,  was  entered  at  the  Middle  Temple 
in  April,  1748,  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  June,  1764. 
In  1759  he  was  appointed  a  commissioner  of  bankrupts. 
He  early  showed  symptoms  of  melancholia,  and  in  1763 
anxiety  with  regard  to  his  fitness  to  fill  an  office  which 
had  been  offered  him  brought  on  an  attack  of  suicidal 
mania  which  necessitated  a  temporary  confinement  in  a  Coxe(koks),  Arthur  Cleveland.  Bornat  Mend- 
private  asylum  at  St.  Albans.    In  June,  1765,  he  removed    ham,  N.  J.,  May  lOj  1818 :  died  July  20, 1896.  An 


to  Huntingdon,  remaining  there,  in  the  family  of  the  Rev. 
Morley  Unwin,  until  1767,  when,  Unwin  having  died,  he 
removed  with  Mrs.  Unwin  to  Olney  in  Buckinghamshire, 
where  he  lived  until  Nov.,  1786,  removing  then  to  Weston, 
a  neighboring  village.  He  was  subject  to  repeated  attacks 
of  mental  disease;  which  showed  itself,  as  at  first,  in  a 
tendency  to  suicide  and  religious  melancholy,  and  in  his 


American  clergyman  of  the  Protestant  Episco- 
pal Church.  He  became  assistant  bishop  of  western 
New  York  in  1863,  bishop  in  1865.  Author  of  "  Saul,  a  Mys- 
tery, and  Other  Poems"  (1846),  "Hallowe'en,  a  Romaunt, 
with  Lays  Meditative  and  Devotional ''(1869i  "TheLadye 
Chaoe"  (1878), ' '  Institutes  of  Christian  History  "  (1887),  etc. 


later  years  became  a  permanent  condition  of  insanity.  Coxe  (koks),  Tench.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
He  published  "Anti-Thelyphthori^"  a  reply  to  a  defense  jj  22,  1755:  died  at  Philadelphia,  July  17, 
of   polygamy  so  named  (1781),   "Poems     (1782),   "The     ,„„^        !       .  .  ,...     ,     ^  •  i'   it 

Task,''with'"Tirocinium,''"Joiin  Gilpin,"  and  an  "Epis-  1824.  An  American  political  economist.  He 
tie  to  Joseph  Hill"  (1786),  "Homer's  Iliad  and  Odyssey"     wrote  "View  of  the  United  States"  (1794),  etc. 

(1791),  "The  Power  of  Grace  Illustrated,"  a  translation  of  (JOXe    William,     Born   at   Loudon,  March  7, 

J'^oi,*^!^^°^7''^i^'*^,^?h^^m,^^WZ\^'^n?la^  1747":  died  at  Bemerton,  WUtshire,  England, 
(1798),  and  sixty-seven  of  the  "Olney  Hymns     (1779).      ,         -^  -,0^0     a     t?      v  t.    i  f  a     • 

After  his  death  appeared  "Poems,"  chiefiy  from  the     June  16, 1828.  An  English  clergyman,  historian. 


French  of  Madame  Guyon  (1801),  a  translation  of  the 
Latin  and  Italian  poems  of  Milton  ^808),  an  edition  of 
Milton  (1810),  and  some  early  poems  (1826). 

Cox  (koks),  David,  [The  surname  Cox  or  Coxe 
is  another  spelling  of  Cocks,  a  patronymic  (gen- 
itive) form  of  Cook.']  Born  near  Birmingham, 
England,  April  29,1783:  diedatHarborneHeath, 
near  Birmingham,  June  7,1859.  A  noted  English 
landscape-painter,  son  of  a  Birmingham  black- 
smith. Among  his  best- known  pictures  are  "Washing 
Day  "  (1843), "  The  Vale  of  Clwyd  "  (1846),  "  Peace  and  War  " 
(1846),  "Going  to  the  Hay-field,"  "The  Challenge"  (1863), 
"The  Summit  of  the  Mountain "(1853),  ete. 

Cox,  Sir  George  William.  Bom  at  Benares  in 
1827  :  died  at  Walmer,  Kent,  Feb.  9, 1902.  An 
English  clergyman  and  historian.  His  works  in- 
clude "  Life  of  St.  Boniface  "  (1853) , ' '  Tales  from  Greek  My- 
thology" (1861),  "A  Manual  of  Mythology,  etc."  (1867), 
The  Mythology  of  the  Aryan  Nations  "  (1870) , '  'A  History 


and  biographer.  He  was  appointed  rector  of  Bemer- 
ton in  1788,  of  Stomton  in  1800,  and  of  Fovant,  Wiltshire, 
in  1811,  and  archdeacon  of  Wiltshire  in  1804.  He  wrote 
"  A  History  of  the  House  of  Austria"  (1807),  "Memoirs  of 
Sir  Robert  Walpole"  (1798),  etc. 

Coyne  (koin),  Joseph  Stirling.    Bom  at  Birr, 

King's  County,  Ireland,  1803 :  died  at  London, 
July  18,  1868.  An  Irish  humorist  and  play- 
wright, author  of  a  number  of  successful  farces 
and  other  works. 

Coyotero  (ko-yo-te'ro).  [So  called  from  their 
eating  the  coyote,  or  prairie  wolf.]  1 .  The  Pinal 
Coyotero,  or  Tonto  Apache. — 2.  One  of  the 
four  subtribes  of  the  Gileno,  or  Gila  Apache : 
also  called  Sierra  Blanca  Apache,  or  White 
Mountain  Apache,  from  their  habitat.  These 
Coyotero  are  a  mountain  tribe,  dwelling  southeast  of  the 
Pinal  Coyotero,  and  beyond  the  Gila  River.    See  Oitetlo. 


of  6reece"(1874),"AGeneral  Historyof  Greece  fromthe  Coypel  (kwa-pel'),  AntOine.      Bom  at  Paris, 
EarliestPeriodtotheDeathof  AlexandertheGreat"(1876),     April  11,  1661:  died  at  Paris,  Jan..!,  1722.     A 
"  History  of  the  Establishment  of  British  Rule  in. India  "    pjenoh  nainter,  son  of  Noel  Coypel. 
(1881), "  Introduction  to  the  Science  of  Comparative  My-  -^l",    Vil,o-lIo     An+nina       -R^™    ot   -Po,.;., 

thoiogy  and  Folk  Lore "(1881),  "Life  of  Bishop  coienso"  Coypel,  Charles  Antoine.     Bom  at  Pai^iS, 

(1888).     With  Brande  he  published  "A  Dictionary  of  June  11,  1694:  died  June  14,  1752.     A  French 

Science  and  Literature  "  (1862-72).  painter,  son  of  Antoine  Coypel. 

Cox,  Jacob  Dolson.  Born  at  Montreal,  Canada,  (foypel,  Noel.    Bom  at  Paris,  Dee.  25,  1628: 

Oct.  27,  1827 :  died  at  Magnoha,  Mass.,  Aug.  ^^g^  ^t  Paris,  Deo.  21, 1707.    A  French  painter, 


4,  1900.  An  American  general  and  politician 
He  served  in  West  Virginia  1861-62,  at  Antietam  in  1862, 
and  in  Georgia  and  Tennessee  in  1864.  He  was  governor 
of  Ohio  1866^8,  and  secretaiy  of  the  interior  1869-70. 
Cox,  Eenyon.  Bom  at  Warren,  Ohio,  Oct.  27, 
1856.      An  American  painter,  son  of  General 


an  imitator  of  Poussin.    His  best-known  work  is  the 
"Martyrdom  of  St.  James,"  in  Notre  Dame,  Paris. 

Coypel,  Noel  Nicolas.  Bom  at  Paris,  Nov.  18, 
1692:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  14,  1734.  A  French 
painter,  stepbrother  of  Antoine  Coypel. 


JacobD.Cox.   He  studied  three  years  at  the  McMicken  CoySOVOX   (kwas-voks'),   AntoinO.     Bom   at 


Art  School  in  Cincinnati.  In  1876  he  went  to  the  Academy 
of  Fine  Arts  in  Philadelphia,  and  in  1877  to  Paris,  where 
he  studied  first  under  Carolus  Dnran,  and  later  under  Ca- 
banel  and  G6r6me,  in  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts,  where  he 
remained  about  three  years.  In  1883  he  established  himself 
in  New  York. 
Cox,  Richard.    Bom  at  Whaddon,  Buckingham 


Lyons,  Sept.  29,  1640 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  10, 
1720.  A  French  sculptor  of  Spanish  origin. 
He  went  to  Paris  and  entered  the  atelier  of  Lerambert, 
the  celebrated  sculptor,  painter,  and  poet.  He  copied 
many  antiques  in  marble,  among  them  the  Venus  di 
Medici  and  the  Castor  and  Pollux.  In  1667  he  was  called 
to  Strasburg  to  execute  the  decorations  of  the  palace 


shire,  England,  1500 :   died  July  22,  losl.     An  of  the  Cardinal  Prince  de  Furstenberg.    He  returned  to 

Enelish  prelate,   appointed  bishop  of  Ely  in  Paris  in  1671,  where  he  enjoyed  the  personal  friendship 

iKKQ  ^          *        1  r      t*i,o  A„f««f  th»  iTinatlpsand  of  Louis  XIV.,  who  gave  him  large  Commissions  at  Ver- 

^^^-  ,^l^-^,^''^''i^^^^l^^!tii%^^'^iA^m^"  sallies,  then  in  process  of  construction.    In  1687  he  made 

of  Paul's  Epistle  to  the  Romans  for  the    Bishops  Bible.  ^^^  ^^^^^^  ^j  ^^^  ^^y_  ^^  ^^^  g^^^j  ^^  y^^ .  ^■^^  ^^ 

Cox,  Samuel  Hanson.    Bom  at  Kanway,  i>l.  J.,  equestrian  statue  of  the  king  for  the  city  of  Eennes  in 

Aug.  25,  1793 :  died  at  Bronxville,  Westchester  Bretagne.    in  1701  he  made  the  two  winged  horses  for 

ComitvNY    Oct.  2.  1881.    An  American  Pres-  the  entrance  to  the  Tuileries  gardens.    Among  his  works 

L<ounty,J.N.i.,^/t.u.  ^,  ioaj..    ^^          j,-„iai'r.ho  are  portrait-statues  (Cond6  at  ChantiUy,  the  Dauphine 

byterian  clergyman.    He  ™s  ordained  in  1817 ,  be-  ^^  p^^      j  gavoie  as  Diane  Chasseresse,  the  kneeling 

came  pastor  of  the  Spring  Street  Church  m  New  York  in  ±°^™"J5  LoiSs  XIV.  at  Notre  Dame),  the  tomb  of  Ma^- 

1821,  a^nd  of  the  Laight  Street  Churchin  If^  ;^^d  pr°f  «ssor  iJ^^f^-^L  Eglise  de^  Quatre  Nations  and  the  monument 

of  pastoral  theology  at  Auburn  in  1834.   f^^°^^,%^^^'^^  to  Colbert  at  SainfcEustache. 

pastorof  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  m  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  ,,        /        .      n     im,. 

He  was  professor  of  ecclesiastical  history  for  many  years  Cozeners    (kuz    n-erz),    Ine. 

in  the  Union  Theo'     "    '  "    -' ^-  "^  '-  "*"'"     "  '  "-  '^ '-'•  "-  ■""' 

from  active  service ,  -  -         ^  - 

and  lectured.     He  favored  the  antislavery  movement, 


^^_^  ^^ ^„„ „.  _  ..         ,  ,,    A  comedy  by 

'Theoiogicai'semlnaty.    In  1852  he  retired  "gamuel  Foote,  produced  in  1774.    See  Aircastle. 

ervice  inthe  church,  but  frequently  preached  n-,_„jj,el  (ko-thS-mal').    An  island  9  miles  east 

thoVhnot-i'ts  eS^eL^rXil^eV^nftooflsr^Tco^;  ofX  coist  of  Yucatin.    It  is  U  miles  long  by  7 

r™."!?.  °°l'i!,!rL'l?!f  "S*,"  t„%.?;°  Snnthem  ouestion.  wide,  low  and  flat,  and  bordered  by  reefs.     When  discov- 


servative  position  with  regard  to  the  Southern  question 
He  was  a  fine  and  powerful  orator. 


ered  by  Grijalva  (1618)  and  visited  by  Cortes  (1619),  it  was 


Cozumel 

inhabited  by  Maya  Indians,  and  remains  of  their  temples 
and  houses  still  exist.  At  present  the  island  has  no  per- 
manent inhabitants. 

Oozzens  (kuz'nz),  Frederick  Swartwout. 
Born  at  New  York,  March  5,  1818:  died  at 
Brooklyn,  Dee.  23,  1869.  An  American  mis- 
cellaneous writer.  He  was  for  many  years  a  wine- 
merchant  in  New  York  city,  and  published  in  connection 
with  his  business  a  trade  paper  called  "  The  Wine  Press." 
He  wrote  the  "Sparrowgrass  Papers"  (1856). 

Crab  (krab).  The  crusty  guardian  of  the  for- 
tune of  Buck  in  Foote's  comedy  "  The  Eng- 
lishman returned  from  Paris." 

Crab.  The  dog  of  Launce  in  Shakspere's  ' '  Mer- 
chant of  Venice." 

Crabb  (krab),  George.  Bom  at  Palgrave,  Suf- 
folk, Deo.  8, 1778 :  died  at  Hammersmith,  near 
London,  Dec.  4, 1851.  An  English  lawyer  and 
legal  and  miscellaneous  writer,  best  known  as 
the  author  of  a  "  Dictionary  of  English  Syno- 
nymes"  (1816), 

Crabbe  (krab),  George.  Bom  at  Aldebnrgh, 
Suffolk,  Dee.  24,  1754:  died  at  Trowbridge, 
England,  Feb.  3, 1832.  An  English  poet.  After 
having  failed  as  a  surgeon  in  his  native  town,  he  re- 
moved in  1780  to  Iiondon,  where,  through  the  patronage  of 
Burke,  he  was  rescued  from  extreme  poverty  and  enabled 
to  publish  "The  Library"  and  other  works,  which  gave 
him  an  established  position  in  literature.  He  was  for  a 
□umber  of  years  chaplain  to  the  Duke  of  Rutland,  and  in 
1789  became  rector  of  Huston  and  AUington.  His  chief 
works  are  "The  Library"  (1781),  "The  Village"  (1783), 
"The  Newspaper"  (1786),  "The  Parish  Register"  (1807), 
and  '■  Tales  of  the  Hall "  (1819). 

Crabeth  (kra'bet).  Dirk.  Bom  at  GoTida,  Ne- 
therlands: died  about  1601.  A  Dutch  painter 
on  glass. 

Orabeth,  Wouter.  Bom  at  Gouda,  Nether- 
lands :  died  about  1581.  A  Dutch  painter  on 
glass,  brother  of  Dirk  Crabeth. 

Crabshaw  (krab'shS,),  Timothy.  In  Smollett's 
"Sir  Laiincelot  Greaves,"  a  whipper-in,  plow- 
man, and  carter,  selected  as  a  squire  by  Sir 
Launcelot  when  on  his  knight-errant  expedi- 
tion. He  rode  a  vicious  cart-horse  named 
Gilbert. 

Crabtree  (krab'tre).  A  mischief-maker  in  Sheri- 
dan's comedy  "The  School  for  Scandal." 

Crabtree,  Oadwallader.  A  cynical  deaf  old 
man,  a  friend  of  Peregrine  Pickle,  in  Smollett's 
novel  of  that  name. 

Cracow  (kra'ko).  [Pol.  Krakdw,  G.  Krdkau, 
F.  Cracovi^,  ML.  Cracovia;  from  Kralc^ls(,^): 
see  below.]  The  second  city  of  Galicia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Eudowa  and  Vistula  in  lat.  50°  4'  N.,  long.  19° 
56'  E.,  at  the  head  of  navigation  of  the  Vistula. 
It  is  an  important  commercial  center  and  a  fortress  of  the 
first  class.  It  contains  a  noted  castle,  cathedral  (see 
below),  university,  the  Church  of  St.  Mary,  Franciscan 
and  Dominican  churches,  the  Tuchhaus  (cloth-hall),  and 
the  Czartoryski  Museum.  Near  here  is  the  Kosciuszko 
Hill.  The  city  issaidtohave  been  founded  by  the  mythi- 
cal Elrakus.  It  was  the  capital  of  Poland  ttom  1320  to 
about  1609,  and  the  place  of  coronation  of  her  kings  till 
the  18th  century.  It  was  captured  by  the  Bohemians  in 
1039,  by  the  Mongols  in  1241,  by  the  Swedes  in  1658  and 
1702,  and  by  the  Russians  in  1768.  It  came  to  Austria  in 
the  last  partition  of  Poland  in  1795.  It  was  a  part  of  the 
duchy  of  Warsaw.  By  the  Congress  of  Vienna  it  was 
made  the  capital  of  the  Republic  of  Cracow.  On  the  in- 
surrection of  1846  it  was  annexed  to  Austria.  The  cathe- 
dral, consecrated  in  1369,  is  the  burial-place  of  the  kings 
and  national  heroes  of  Poland.  The  chapels  contain  a 
number  of  magnificent  monuments  and  notable  sculp- 
tures, among  them  a  Christ  Blessing,  by  Thorwaldsen, 
In  the  middle  of  the  church  is  the  silver  shrine  of  St. 
Stanislaus,  supported  by  angels.  There  is  a  Romanesque 
crypt.    Population  (1900),  91,323. 

Craddock  (krad'ok),  Charles  Egbert.     The 

pseudonym  of  Miss  Mary  N.  Murfree. 

Cradle  of  Liberty.    See  Faneml  Sail. 

Cradock  (krad'ok).  Sir,  A  knight  in  the  Ar- 
thurian legends:  the  only  one  in  the  whole 
court  whose  wife  was  chaste.  See  Boy  and  the 
Mantle. 

Craft  of  Lovers,  The.  A  poem  attributed  to 
Chaucer  by  Stowe,  but  now  denied  to  be  his. 

Crafts  (krafts),  Samuel  Chandler,  Bom  at 
Woodstock,  Vt.,  Oct.  6,  1768:  died  at  Crafts- 
bury,  Vt.,  Nov,  19,  1853.  An  American  politi- 
cian, governor  of  Vermont  1828-31. 

Crafts,  William,  Bom  at  Charleston,  S.  C, 
Jan.  24, 1787 :  died  at  Lebanon  Springs,  N.  Y., 
Sept.  23, 1826.    An  American  lawyer  and  poet. 

Craftsma/H  (krfi,fts'man),  The.  A  political 
periodical,  originated'in  1726  by  Nicholas  Am- 
hurst  under  the  signature  of  "Caleb  D'Anvers 
of  Gray's  Inn."  Bolingbroke  and  Pulteney  joined 
their  forces  to  his,  and  it  gained  a  high  reputation  and 
proved  a  very  powerful  organ  of  the  opposition  to  Sir 
Robert  Walpole. 

Craig,  Isa.    See  Knox,  Isa  C. 

Craig  (krag),  John.  Bom  about  1512:  died 
1600.    A  Scottish  reformer,  friend  and  succes- 


288 

sor  of  Knox.  He  at  first  refused  to  publish  the  banns 
between  Queen  Mary  and  Bothwell,  but  finally  consented. 
Craig,  Sir  Thomas.  Bom  1538 :  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, Feb.  26,  1608.  A  Scottish  jurist  and 
Latin  poet.  He  was  the  author  of  a  treatise  on  feudal 
law,  "Jus  feudale"  (1603),  still  a  standard  authority  in 
Scotland. 

Craigengelt  (kra-gen-gelt'V  Captain.  An  ad- 
venturer in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  "  The 
Bride  of  Lammermoor."  He  is  the  friend  of 
Prank  Hayston,  and  the  enemy  of  the  Master 
of  Eavenswood. 

Craigenputtock  (kra-gen-put'och).  A  farm 
about  15  miles  from  Dumfries,  Scotland,  which 
for  some  yearp  was  the  home  of  Thomas  Car- 
lyle.  It  belonged  to  Mrs.  Carlyle  before  her  marriage, 
and  in  May,  1828,  they  first  went  there  to  live,  leaving  it 
and  returning  from  time  to  time.  Here  much  of  Carlyle's 
most  brilliant  work  was  done. 

Craik  (krak),  George  Lillie,  Bom  at  Kenno- 
way,  Pifeshire,  Scotland,  in  1798:  died  at  Bel- 
fast, June  25,  1866.  A  Scottish  historian  and 
general  writer,  appointed  professor  of  English 
literature  and  history  at  Queen's  College,  Bel- 
fast, in  1849.  Authorofa"Compendious History ofEng- 
lish  Literature  and  of  the  English  Language  "  (1861),  etc. 

Craik,  Georgiana  Marian  (Mrs.  A.  W,  May). 
Born  at  London,  April,  1831:  died  at  St. 
Leonard's,  Nov.  1,  1895.  An  English  novelist, 
daughter  of  the  above.  Her  works  include  "River- 
stone" (1867),  "Lost  and  Won"  (1859),  "Winifred's  Woo- 
ing "  (1862X  "Mildred"  (1868),  "Sylvia's  Choice"  (1874), 
"Hilary's  Love-Story"  (1880),  " Godfrey Helstone" (1884), 
"Patience  Holt"  (1891),  etc. 

Craik,  James.  Bom  in  Scotland,  1731:  died  in 
Fairfax  County,  Va.,  Feb.  6, 1814.  A  Scottish- 
American  physician.  He  accompanied  Washington 
In  the  expedition  against  the  French  and  Indians  in  1764 ; 
served  as  physician  under  General  Braddock  in  1766 ;  en- 
tered the  medical  service  of  the  Continental  army  1776  ; 
and  became  the  family  physician  of  Washington,  whom 
he  attended  in  his  last  illness.  On  his  authority  rests  the 
anecdote  of  the  Indian  chief  who,  at  Braddock's  defeat, 
discharged  his  rifle  fifteen  times  at  Washington  without 
effect,  and  who  years  after  made  a  long  journey  to  see  the 
man  whom  he  supposed  to  enjoy  a  charmed  existence. 

Craik,  Mrs.  (Dinah  Maria  Mulock),  usually 
known  as  Miss  Mulock.  Born  at  Stoke-upon- 
Trent,  England,  1826:  died  at  Shortlands,Kent, 
Oct.  12,  1887.  An  English  novelist  and  poet. 
She  was  the  author  of  "The  Ogilvies  "  (1849),  "The  Head 
of  the  Family  "  (1861),  "Agatha's  Husband  "  (1852),  "John 
Halifax,  Gentleman'"  (1857),  "A  Life  for  a  Life"  (1869), 
"A  Noble  Life"  (1866),  "A  Brave  Lady "(1870),  "Han- 
nah" (1871),  etc.  She  published  a  velum-  of  poems 
in  1859,  and  "  Thirty  Tears'  Poems  "  in  1881,  besides  many 
children's  books,  fairy  tales,  etc.  She  married  George 
Lillie  Craik,  Jr.,  in  1865. 

Crail  (kral).  A  seaport  of  Fifeshire,  Scotland, 
situated  on  the  North  Sea  31  miles  northeast  of 
Edinburgh.  In  medieval  times  it  was  a  royal 
residence. 

Crailsheim  (knls'Mm).  A  town  in  Wiirtem- 
be^,  situated  on  the  Jagst  48  miles  northeast 
of  Stuttgart. 

Cramer  (kra'mer),  Johann  Andreas.  Bom  at 
Johstadt,  Saxony,  Jan.  27,  1723:  died  at  Kiel, 
Holstein,  June  12,  1788.  A  German  religious 
poet  and  pulpit  orator.  His  collected  poems 
were  published  1782-83,  and  his  posthumous 
poems  1791. 

Cramer,  John  Baptist.  Bom  at  Mannheim, 
Baden,  Feb.  24,  1771:  died  at  London,  April 
16,  1858.  A  composer  and  distinguished  pian- 
ist, son  of  Wilhelm  Cramer :  author  of  studies 
for  the  piano,  etc. 

Cramer,  Karl  Friedrich.  Born  at  QuedlLn- 
burg,  Prussia,  March  7,  1752:  died  at  Kiel, 
Holstein,  Deo.  8,  1807.  A  German  writer,  son 
of  Johann  Andreas  Cramer. 

Cramer,  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Mannheim,  1745 : 
died  at  London,  Oct.  5j  1799.  A  distinguished 
German  violinist,  resident  in  London  after 
1772. 

Crampel  (kron-pel'),  Paul.  Bom  in  Prance, 
1863 :  died  April,  1891.  An  African  explorer. 
He  began  his  African  career  in  1886,  under  S.  de  Brazza. 
In  1888-89  he  made  a  successful  journey  from  Madiville, 
on  the  Ogowe  River,  through  the  Fan  country  to  Corisco 
Bay.  In  1890  the  Comity  de  I'Afrique  Francaise  sent  him 
to  Lake  Chad  in  order  to  connect  the  French  Sahara  with 
the  French  Kongo.  At  the  head  of  30  Senegalese  soldiers 
and  260  carelers,  and  assisted  by  3  Europeans,  he  left  Stan- 
ley Pool  on  Aug.  16, 1890.  From  Bangi,  the  last  European 
post  on  the  Mobangi  River,  he  marched  northward  as  far 
as  El  Kuti,  between  lat.  9°  and  10"  N.  Here  he  was  aban- 
doned by  most  of  his  carriers,  and  while  attempting  to 
force  his  way  to  the  north  fell  a  victim  to  the  fanaticism 
of  the  Senoussi  Moslems.  Of  his  white  companions,  one 
died,  one  was  killed,  and  only  one,  N^bout^  escaped  to  the 
coast. 

Crampton's  Gap  (kramp'tonz  gap).  A  pass 
in  the  South  Mountain,  Maryland.  See  South 
Mountain. 

Cranach,  or  Kranach  (kran'ak  or  kra'naoh), 


Cranstoun 

or  Kronach  (kron'ak  or  kro'nadh),  Lucas. 
Born  at  Kronach,  near  Bamberg,  (jermany, 
1472:  died  at  Weimar,  Germany,  Oct.  16, 1553. 
A  noted  German  painter  and  engraver.  He  be- 
came in  1604  court  painter  to  the  elector  Frederick  the 
Wise,  of  Saxony.  He  was  elected  burgomaster  of  Witten- 
berg in  1637  and  in  1640.  His  best-known  works  are  altar- 
pieces  in  Weimar,  Wittenberg,  and  elsewhere. 

Cranach,  Lucas,  the  younger.  Bom  at  Witten- 
berg, Germany,  Oct.  4,  1515 :  died  at  Weimar, 
Jan.  25, 1586.  A  German  painter,  son  of  Lucas 
Cranach  (1472-1553). 

Cranbrook  (kran'bruk).  A  town  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land. 

Cranbrook,  Earl  of.      See  Hardy,  Oathome. 

Cranch  (kranch),  Christopher  Fearse.  Bom 
at  Alexandria,  Va.,  March  8,  1813:  died  at 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  Jan.  20, 1892.  An  American 
landscape-painter,  poet,  and  translator,  son  of 
William  Cranch.  He  entered  the  ministry,  but  re- 
tired in  1842  to  devote  himself  to  art.  Among  his  more 
noted  pictures  are  "  October  Afternoon  "  (1867),  "Venice  " 
(1870),  "Venetian  Fishing-boats"  (1871).  He  published 
"Poems"  (1844),  "The  Bird  and  the  Bell,  etc."  (1876), 
"Ariel  and  Caliban"  (1887),  etc.,  and  prose  tales  for 
children,  which  he  illustrated. 

Cranch,  William.  Bom  at  Weymouth,  Mass., 
July  17, 1769 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  (J.,  Sept. 
1,  1855.  An  American  jurist,  chief  justice  of 
the  Circuit  Court  for  the  District  of  Columbia 
1805-55. 

Crane  (kran),  Ichabod,  A  country  schoolmas- 
ter in  Irving's  ' '  Legend  of  Sleepy  Hollow,"  He 
is  the  lover  of  Caterina  van  Tassel,  ana  is  frightened  out  of 
'the  country-side  and  the  way  of  his  rival  by  his  adventure 
with  the  latter  disguised  as  the  Headless  Horseman. 
"The  cognomen  of  Crane  was  not  inapplicable  to  his  per- 
son. He  was  tall,  but  exceedingly  lank,  with  narrow 
shoulders,  long  arms  and  legs,  hands  that  dangled  a  mile 
out  of  his  sleeves,  feet  that  might  have  served  for  shovels, 
and  his  whole  frame  most  loosely  hung  together.  His 
head  was  small,  and  fiat  at  top,  with  huge  ears,  large  green 
glassy  eyes,  and  a  large  snipe  nose,  so  that  it  looked  like 
a  weathercock,  perched  upon  his  spindle  neck,  to  tell 
which  way  the  wind  blew.  To  see  him  striding  along  the 
profile  of  a  hill  on  a  windy  day,  with  his  clothes  bagging 
and  fiutterlng  about  him,  one  might  have  mistaken  him 
for  the  genius  of 'famine  descending  upon  the  earth,  or 
some  scarecrow  eloped  from  a  corn-field."  Washington 
Irving,  The  Sketch-Book  (Sleepy  Hollow). 

Crane,  Walter.  Bom  at  Liverpool,  1845.  An 
English  genre-painter,  best  known  'by  his  illus- 
trations for  children's  books,  fairy  tales,  etc. 

Cranganore  (kran -ga- nor').  A  port  on  the 
Malabar  coast,  British  India,  in  lat.  10°  14'  N., 
long.  76°  10'  E.  It  was  early  held  by  the  Portuguese, 
and  later  by  the  Dutch  (16th-18th  centuries).  It  is  the 
traditional  scene  of  the  labors  of  St.  Thomas. 

Cranmer  (kran'mer),  Thomas.  Bom  at  As- 
lacton,  Nottinghamshire,  July  2,  1489 :  died  at 
Oxford,  March  21, 1556.  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury. He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  B.  A.  in  1612  and  that  of  M.  A.  in  1616.  In  1629 
he  obtained  the  favor  of  Henry  VIII.  by  proposing  that,  in 
order  to  avoid  the  necessity  of  an  appeal  to  Rome,  the 
question  of  the  king's  marriage  with  Catharine  of  Aragon 
should  be  referred  to  the  universities.  He  was  appointed 
chaplain  to  the  king,  and  in  1530  accompanied  the  Earl  of 
Wiltshire  on  a  mission  to  the  Pope  in  reference  to  the  di- 
vorce. In  1532  he  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  the  emperor  in 
Germany,  and  in  the  same  year  infringed  the  rule  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  by  marrying  a  niece  of  Osiander. 
He  was  appointed  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1533,  and 
in  the  same  year  pronounced  the  marriage  of  Henry  with 
Catharine  of  Aragon  invalid.  He  abjured  his  allegiance 
to  Rome  in  1536,  became  a  member  of  the  regency  for 
Edward  VI.  in  1647,  and  in  1648  was  head  of  the  commis- 
sion which  composed  the  first  English  prayer-book.  He 
invited  a  number  of  distinguished  foreign  Protestants  to 
settle  in  England,  including  Peter  Martyr,  Ochino,  Bucer, 
and  Alasco  the  Pole.  He  was  induced  by  Edward  VI.  in 
1663  to  sign  the  patent  which  settled  the  crown  on  Lady 
Jane  Grey  to  the  exclusion  of  Mary  and  Elizabeth,  and 
was  in  conse<inence  committed  to  the  Tower  for  treason 
on  the  accession  of  Mary.  He  was  subsequently  tried  for 
heresy,  and  in  spite  of  numerous  recantations  (which  he 
repudiated  at  his  execution)  was  sentenced  to  the  stake. 

CrannOU,  or  Cranon  (kran'on).  [Gr  'Kpavvim, 
'K.paviiv.']  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  in  Thes- 
saly,  Greece,  about  10  miles  southwest  of  La- 
rissa  (exact  site  not  known).  Here,  322  B.  c, 
Antipater  defeated  the  confederated  Greeks. 

Cranon  (called  also  Ephyra)  was  a  city  in  the  part  of 
Thessaly  known  as  Pelasgiotis  (Hecat.  Fr.  112 ;  Steph. 
Byz.  ad  voc).  It  stood  in  a  fertile  plain,  remarkable  alike 
for  its  cereal  crops  (Liv.  xlii.  64,  66)  and  for  its  pasturage 
(Theocr.  xvi.  38).  Its  exact  site  cannot  well  be  fixed ;  hut 
the  plain  in  which  it  stood  is  undoubtedly  that  which  lies 
south  of  the  low  ridge  between  Larissa  and  Fersala  (Phar- 
salla),  watered  by  the  Enipeus,  or  Apidanus  (Feraaliti). 
RawUnion,  Herod.,  III.  604,  note. 

Crans.    See  G4s. 

Cranston  (kranz'ton),  Jolm.    Died  March  12, 

1680.    Govemor  of  Ehode  Island  1678-80. 
Cranston,  Samuel.    Died  1727.    Governor  of 

Ehode  Island  1698-1727 :  son  of  John  Cranston. 
Cranstoun  (kranz'ton),  Henry.    A  character 

in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  poem  "The  Lay  of  the 

Last  Minstrel."     He  personates  wniiam  of  Deloraine 


Cranstoun 

In  the  trial  by  combat,  and,  winning,  reconciles  the  Lady 
of  Branksome,  his  hereditary  foe,  to  his  marriage  with  her 
daughter  Margaret. 
Grantor  (krau'tor).  [Gr.  KpavTop.]  Born  at 
Soli,  Cilicia :  lived  about  325  B.  c.  A  philoso- 
pher of  the  Old  Academy,  the  first  commenta- 
tor on  Plato.  He  wrote  a  treatise  "On  Grief,"  from 
which  Cicero  borrowed  extensively  in  his  "Tusculan  Dis- 
putations." 

Oranworth,  Baron.    See  Bolfe, 

Cranz,  or  Krantz  (krantsX  David.  Bom  1723 : 
died  at  Gnadenfrei,  Silesia,  June  6,  1777.  A 
German  Moravian  historian.  He  became  secretary 
to  Count  Zinzendorf  in  1747,  was  afterward  sent  on  a 
mission  to  Greenland,  whence  he  returned  1782,  and  in 
1766  was  appointed  pastor  at  Kixdorf,  near  Berlin.  He 
wrote  "Historie  von  Gronland"  (1765),  and  "Alte  und 
neue  Briider-Historie  oder  kurze  Gescuichte  der  evan- 
gelischen  Brtider-Uhitat "  (1771). 

Craon  (kron).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Mayenne,  Prance,  18  miles  southwest  of  Laval. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  4,434. 

Oraonne  (kra-on').  A  village  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aisne,  France,  13  miles  southeast  of 
Laon.  Here,  March  7, 1814,  Napoleon  checked 
the  allied  army  under  Bliicher  and  Wintziu- 
gerode. 

Cirapaud  (kra-po'),  Jean  or  Johnny.  [P.  a-a- 
pawd,  toad.]     A  nickname  for  a  Frenchman. 

Crashaw  (krash'ft),  Bichard.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, 1616  (1612,  Grosart) :  died  1649.  An  Eng- 
lish poet.  He  was  educated  at  Charter  House  and  at 
Cambridge,  where  in  1637  he  became  a  fellow  of  Peter- 
house.  He  was,  however,  deprived  of  his  fellowship  for 
not  taking  the  covenant  in  1644,  and  was  driven  out  of  the 
country.  He  went  to  Home,  having  joined  the  Roman 
Church.  A  canonry  at  Loretto  was  procured  for  him  in 
1649.  There  were  suspicions  that  he  was  poisoned.  He 
belonged  to  the  anti-Furitan  school  which  included  Her- 
rick,  Carew,  and  Herbert.  His  Secular  and  religious 
poems  were  collected  and  published  as  "Steps  to  the 
Temple  "  and  "  The  Delights  of  the  Muses  "  in  1646.  His 
latest  religious  poems  were  published  in  1652  and  called 
"Carmen  Deo  Nostro." 

Orassus  (kras'us),  Lucius  Licinius.  Bom  140 
B.  C. :  died  91 B.  C.  A  Roman  orator  and  states- 
man. He  was  consul  in  95,  and  censor  in  92. 
He  is  one  of  the  chief  speakers  in  Cicero's 
"De  Oratore." 

Orassus  Dives  (di'vez),  Marcus  Licinius. 
Born  probably  about  105  b.  c.  :  died  53  b.  c. 
A  Roman  general  and  statesman.  He  served 
under  Sulla  in  the  civil  war  with  Marius,  and  profited  by 
the  liberality  of  his  chief,  and  by  the  opportunities  which 
the  war  offered  for  speculations  in  confiscated  property, 
to  amass  a  colossal  fortune,  which  he  utilized  to  further 
his  political  ambition.  He  suppressed  the  servile  insur- 
rection under  Spartacus  in  71,  was  elected  consul  with 
Pompey  in  70,  was  censor  in  65,  formed  with  Caesar  and 
Pompey  the  lirat  Triumvirate  in  60,  was  elected  consul 
with  Pompey  in  55,  obtained  (for  five  years)  the  province 
of  Syria  in  54,  and  in  53  undertook  an  expedition  against 
the  Parthians,  in  the  course  of  which  he  suffered  a  terrible 
defeat  at  Carrhce  in  Mesopotamia.  He  was  treacherously 
killed  in  an  interview  with  a  Persian  satrap. 

dratchit  (krach'it),  Bob.  Scrooge's  poor  clerk 
in  Charles  Dickens's  "Christmas  Carol":  a 
cheerful,  unselfish  fellow,  the  father  of  "  Tiny 
Tim." 

Oratchit,  Tim:  known  as  "  Tiny  Tim.."  A  lit- 
tle cripple  in  Dickens's  "Christmas  Carol." 

Crater  (kra'tfer).  [L.,'avase';  from Gr.  Kpar^p.] 
An  ancient  southern  constellation,  south  of  Leo 
and  Virgo.  It  is  supposed  to  represent  a  vase 
with  two  handles  and  a  base. 

Crater,  The.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  published  in 
1847. 

Orater  Lake.  A  small  lake  in  Oregon,  situated 
in  the  midst  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  it  is 
remarkable  for  its  wall  of  perpendicular  rock  (1,000-2,000 
feet  high).  With  the  adjoining  district  it  is  included  in 
the  Oregon  National  Park. 

Craterus  (krat'e-rus).  [Gr.  KpaTep6c.'\  Killed 
in  Cappadocia,"321  B.  c.  A  Macedonian  gen- 
eral. He  served  with  distinction  under  Alexander  the 
Great,  and  was  co-ruler  with  Antipater  in  the  government 
of  Macedonia,  Greece,  etc.,  323-321. 

Crates  (kra'tez).  [Gr.  KpoTw.]  1.  An  Athe- 
nian comic  poet  who  flourished  about  440  b.  c. 
He  was  said  to  have  first  been  an  actor  in  the 
plays  of  Cratinus.— 2.  An  Athenian  (flourished 
about  270  b.  c),  the  pupil  and  successor  of 
Polemo  in  the  Academy.  The  friendship  of  the  two 
was  famous  in  antiquity,  and  they  were  said  to  have  been 
buried  in  the  same  tomb. 

3.  Bom  at  Mallus  in  Cilicia :  lived  about  150 
b.  c.  a  Greek  grammarian,  founder  of  the 
Pergamene  school  of  grammar.  His  chief 
work  is  a  commentary  on  Homer,  of  which  a 
few  fragments  remain.— 4.  Bom  in  Thebes: 
lived  about  320  B.  c.    A  Greek  Cynic  philoso- 

'  pher,  a  disciple  of  Diogenes. 

C&atinus  (kra-ti'nus).     [Gr.  Kporlvof.]    A  fa- 
mous Athenian  comic  poet  (about  520-423  b.  c). 
He  exhibited  twenty-one  plays,  and  was  victor  nine  times 
triumphing  once  over  Aristophanes.   He  was     the  real 
C— 19 


289 

originator— the  iEschylus— of  political  comedy"  (Jfa- 
hafl/).  The  titles  and  many  fragments  of  his  plays  have 
survived. 

Cratippus  (kra-tip'us).  [Gr.  KpdmnroQ.'\  1. 
Lived  about  400  b.  c.  A  Greek  historian,  the 
continuator  of  the  history  of  Thucydides. — 
2.  Lived  about  45  b.  o.  A  Peripatetic  philoso- 
pher of  Mytilene.  He  was  the  friend  and  instructor 
of  Cicero,  who  accounted  him  one  of  the  first  philosophers 
of  the  Peripatetic  school.  He  accompanied  Pompey  in  his 
Sight  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  and  endeavored  to 

,  comfort  and  rouse  him  by  engaging  him  in  philosophical 
discourse.  He  opened  a  school  at  Athens  about  48  B.  c, 
which  was  attended  by  many  eminent  Komans,  including 
Brutus  during  his  stay  in  Athens  after  .the  murder  of 
Csesar.  He  is  thought  to  have  written  a  work  on  divina- 
tion. 

OrBitylus  (krat'i-lus).  [Gr.  KparvTiog.']  A  Greek 
philosopher,  an  elder  contemporary  of  Plato. 
He  was  a  disciple  of  Heracleitus.  Plato  introduces  him 
as  the  principal  speaker  in  one  of  his  dialogues  (the  *  'Craty- 
lus  "). 

Craufurd  (kr4'f6rd),  Quintin.  Born  at  Kil- 
winnook,  Scotland,  Sept.  22,  1743:  died  at 
Paris,  Nov.  23, 1819.  A  Scottish  essayist,  long 
in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Company,  and 
after  1780  (except  1791-1802)  resident  in  Paris. 
In  the  early  days  of  the  Revolution  he  was  a  friend  of  the 
French  royal  family,  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  their 
attempt  to  escape  from  Paris.  He  wrote  "  Sketches  re- 
lating chiefiy  to  the  History,  Keligion,  Learning,  and  Man- 
ners of  the  Hindoos  "  (1790),  "  Secret  History  of  the  King 
of  France,  and  his  Escape  from  Paris  in  June,  1791"  (first 
published  in  1886),  "Essais  sur  la  littSrature  franpaise, 
etc."  (1803),  etc. 

Craufurd,  Robert.  Bom  May  5, 1764 :  died  at 
Ciudad  Rodrigo,  Jan.  24,  1812.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish general.  He  served  in  India  1790-92,  on  the  Con- 
tinent with  the  Austrians  until  1797,  with  Suvaroff  in 
Switzerland  in  1799,  in  South  America  in  1807,  and  in  the 
siege  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo  during  the  Peninsular  campaign. 
He  died  from  a  wound  received  while  leading  the  assault 
upon  a  breach. 

Cravant  (kra-von'),  or  Crevant  (kre-von'). 
A  village  in  the  department  of  Yonne,  France, 
10  miles  southeast  of  Auxerre.  Here,  1423,  the 
allied  English  and  Burgundians  under  the  Earl  of  Salis- 
bmy  defeated  the  allied  French  and  Scotch. 

Craven,  Countess  of.    See  Berkeley,  Elizabeth. 
Craven.     A  district  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire. 
Crawford   (kra'ford),  Edmund   Thornton. 

Born  at  Cowden,  near  Dalkeith,  Scotland,  1806 : 
died  at  Lasswade,  Scotland,  Sept.  27, 1885.  A 
noted  Scotch  painter  of  landscapes  andmarines. 

Crawford,  Francis  Marion.  Born  at  Lucca, 
Italy,  Aug.  2, 1854.  An  American  novelist,  son 
of  Thomas  Crawford  the  sculptor.  He  studied  at 
Cambridge,  England,  and  later  at  Heidelberg  and  Rome. 
In  1879  he  went  to  India  and  edited  the  Allahabad  "  In- 
dian Herald."  He  returned  to  America  in  1880,  and  has 
since  lived  chiefiy  in  Italy.  His  novels  include  "Mr. 
Isaacs  "  (1882), "  Dr.  CSaudius  "  (1883), "  To  Leeward  "  (1883), 
"A  Roman  Singer  "(1884),  "An  American  Politician  "(1884), 
"Zoroaster"  (1885),  "A  Tale  of  a  Lonely  Parish"  (1886), 
" Saracinesca^'  (1887),  "Marzio's  Crucifix"  (1887).  "Paul 
Patofl"  (1887),  "With  the  Immortals"  (1888),  "Greif en- 
stein"  (1889),  "Sanf  Ilario  "  (1889),  "A  Cigarette-Maker's 
Romance  "  (1890), "  The  Witch  of  Prague  "  (1891),  "Khaled  " 
(1891), "  The  Three  Fates  " (1892),  "The  Ralstons  "  (189M, etc. 

Crawford,  Nathaniel  Macon.  Born  near  Lex- 
ington, Ga.,  March  22, 1811 :  died  near  Atlanta, 
Ga. ,  Oct.  27,  1871.  An  American  Baptist  cler- 
gyman and  educator. 

Crawford,  Thomas.  Bom  at  New  York,  March 
22,  1814:  died  at  London,  Oct.  16,  1857.  An 
American  sculptor.  His  works  include  "Armed  Lib- 
erty," bronze  doors  (all  in  Washington) ;  Beethoven,  bust 
of  Josiah  Quincy,  "Orpheus"  (all  in  Boston);  Washington 
(in  Richmond),  etc. 

Crawford,  William  Harris.  Bom  in  Nelson 
County,  Va.,  Feb.  24,  1772:  died  in  Elbert 
(bounty, Ga.,  Sept.  15,1834.  AnAmerican states- 
man. He  was  United  States  senator  from  Georgia  1807-13, 
minister  to  France  1813-15,  secretary  of  war  1815-16,  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury  1816-26,  and  candidate  for  the  presi- 
dency 1824. 

Crawford  Notch.  A  pass  in  the  White  Moxm- 
tains,  southwest  of  the  Presidential  Range. 

Crawfordsville  (kra'fordz-vil).  A  city  and 
the  county-seat  of  Montgomery  County,  Indi- 
ana, 44  miles  northwest  of  Indianapolis:  the 
seat  of  Wabash  College  (Presbyterian).  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  6,649. 

Crawfurd  (kra'ferd),  John.  Bom  in  Islay, 
Scotland,  Aug.  13,  1783 :  died  at  London,  May 
11, 1868.  A  British  Orientalist  and  ethnologist. 
His  chief  work  is  a  "History  of  the  Indian 
Archipelago"  (1820). 

Crawley  (krft'li).  The  name  of  a  well-known 
family  in  Thackeray's  novel  "Vanity  Fair." 
Sir  Pitt  Crawley,  the  head  of  the  family,  is  a  rich  but  sor- 
did old  man,  fond  of  low  society :  to  his  house  Becky 
Sharp  goes  as  governess.  She  makes  herself  so  attractive 
that  he  offers  to  marry  her,  when  she  is  obliged  to  ac- 
knowledge her  secret  marriage  with  Rawdon  Crawley, 
his  youngest  son.    The  latter  is  a  blackleg  and  a  gambler, 


Credit  Mobilier 

but  is  fond  of  his  wife  and  has  a  certain  honor  of  his  own. 
Mr.  Pitt  Crawley  is  a  prig  with  "hay-colored  whiskers 
and  straw-colored  hair."  "  He  was  called  Miss  Crawley 
at  Eton,  where  his  younger  brother  Kawdon  used  to  lick 
him  violently."  The  second  Lady  Crawley,  a  pale  and 
apathetic  woman,  is  a  contrast  to  her  sister-in-law,  the 
little  eager,  active,  black-eyed  Mrs.  Bute  Crawley.  The 
Rev.  Bute  Crawley  is  a  "tall,  stately,  jolly,  shovel-hatted 
man,"  ahorse-racing  parson  whose  wife  writes  his  sermons 
for  him.  Miss  Crawley,  the  sister  of  Sir  Pitt  and  the  Eev 
Bute,  is  a  kind  and  selfish,  worldly  and  generous  old 
woman,  "who  had  a  balance  at  her  banker's  which  would 
have  made  her  beloved  anywhere." 

Crayer  (kri'ySr),  Gaspar  de.  Bom  at  Ant- 
werp, Nov.  18,  1584:  died  at  Ghent,  Jan.  27, 
1669.  A  Flemish  painter.  His  best-known 
works  are  "St.  Catharine"  in  Ghent,  and  Ma- 
donnas in  Munich,  Vieima,  etc. 

Crayford  (kra'ford).  ■  A  village  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land, about  13  miles  southeast  of  London.  It 
is  usually  identified  with  Creocanford,  where 
in  457  (?)  Hengist  defeated  the  Britons. 

Crayon  (kra'on),  Geoffrey,  Gent.  The  pseu- 
donym of  Washington  Irving  in  his  "Sketoh- 
Book,"  etc. 

Crazy  Castle.  Thenickname  of  Skelton  Castle, 
the  house  in  Yorkshire  of  John  HaU  Stevenson, 
who  wrote  a  series  of  broad  stories  which  he 
called  "Crazy  Tales."  Stevenson  was  the  kinsman 
of  Sterne,  and  the  Eugenius  of  "Tristram  Shandy."  "  One 
part  of  Crazy  Castle  has  had  effects  which  will  last  as  long 
as  English  literature.  It  had  a  library  richly  stored  in  old 
folio  learning,  and  also  in  the  amatory  reading  of  other 
days.  Every  page  of  'Tristram  Shandy'  bears  traces  of 
both  elements."    Bagekot,  Lit.  Studies,  II.  117. 

Creakle  (kre'kl),  Mr.  In  Charles  Dickens's 
' '  David  Copperfield,"  the  principal  of  the  school 
at  Salem  Mouse  where  David  Copperfield  was 
sent :  a  m^n  of  fiery  temper  who  could  speak 
only  in  a  whisper. 

Creasy  (kre'si).  Sir  Edward  Shepherd.  Bom 
at  Bexley,  Kent,  England,  Sept.  12,  1812:  died 
at  Loudon,  Jan.  27,  1878.  An  English  histo- 
rian. His  works  include  "Fifteen  Decisive  Battles  of 
the  World  "  (1852),  "Rise  and  Progress  of  the  English 
Constitution'  (1866),  "History  of  the  Ottoman  Turks" 
(1866),  etc. 

Creation  (kre-a'shgu).  The.  1.  A  poem  by 
Blaokmore,  p'ublisH'ed  in  1712. — 2.  An  oratorio 
by  Haydn,  produced  at  Vienna  1798. 

Cr6billon  (kra-be-y6n'),  Claude  Prosper  Jo- 
lyot  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  14, 1707:  died  at 
Paris,  April  12,  1777.  A  French  novelist,  sou 
of  P.  J.  de  Cr6billon. 

Crebillon,  Prosper  Jolyot  de.  Born  at  Dijon, 
France,  Jan.  13,  1674:  died  at  Paris,  June  17, 
1762.  A  noted  French  tragic  poet.  He  lived  long 
in  neglect  and  want,  was  appointed  censor  in  1736,  and  re- 
ceived a  place  in  the  Royal  Library  in  1745.  In  1731  he 
became  a  member  of  the  Academy.  His  plays  include 
"La  mort  des  enfants  de  Brutus,"  "Idomen^e"  (1705), 
"Atr^e  et  Thyeste"  (1707\  "Rhadamiste  et  Z^nobie" 
(1711),  "Electre"  (1709),  "Xerxes"  (1714),  "SSmiramis" 
(1717),  "Pyrrhus"  (1726),  "Catilina"  (1749),  and  "Le  Tri- 
umvirat"  (1753).  Another  play,  "Cromwell,"  was  not 
completed. 

Cr6cy  (kra-se),  or  Oressy  (kres'i).  A  village 
in  the  department  of  Somme,  northern  France, 
30  miles  northwest  of  Amiens.  Here,  Aug.  26, 1346, 
the  English  under  Edward  III.  (about  30,000-40,000)  de- 
feated the  French  army  under  Philip  VI.  (about  80,000). 
The  loss  of  the  French  was  about  30,000. 

Credi  (kra'de),  Lorenzo  di.  Bom  at  Florence, 
Italy,  1459:  died  at  Florence,  Jan.  12,  1537. 
A  Florentine  painter.  He  was  originally  a  gold- 
smith, but  turned  to  painting,  which  he  studied  under  A. 
Verrocchio.  His  most  noted  painting  is  a  Nativity,  in  the 
academy  at  Florence. 

Crediton  (kre'di-ton).  A  town  in  Devonshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Creedy  8  miles  north- 
west of  Exeter.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  St. 
Boniface.    Population  (1891),  4,207. 

Credit  Mobilier  (kred'it  mo-be'lier;  F.  pron. 
kra-de'  mo-be-lya').  [!'.,  lit.'  'personal  credit' : 
credit,  credit;  mobilier,  personal  (of  property), 
from  moftite,  movable.]  1.  In  French  history,  a 
banking  corporation  formed  in  1852,  under  the 
name  of  the  "  Sooi6t6  G6n6rale  du  Credit  Mo- 
bilier," with  a  capital  of  60,000,000  francs,  for 
the  placing  of  loans,  handling  the  stocks  of 
all  other  companies,  and  the  transaction  of  a 
general  banking  business.  It  engaged  in  very  ex- 
tensive transactions,  buying,  selling,  and  loaning  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  bring  into  one  organized  whole  all  the 
stocks  and  credit  of  France,  and  was  apparently  in  a  most 
prosperous  condition  until  it  proposed  to  issue  bonds  to 
the  amount  of  240,000,000  francs.  This  ainonnt  of  paper 
currency  frightened  financiers,  and  the  government  for- 
bade its  issue.  From  this  time  the  company  rapidly  de- 
clined, and  closed  its  affairs  in  1867,  with  great  loss  to  all 
but  its  proprietors. 

2.  In  United  States  history,  a  similar  corpora- 
tion chartered  in  Pennsylvania  in  1863  with  a 
capital  of  $2,500,000.  in  1867,  after  passing  into  new 
hands,and  increasing  its  stockto  $3, 760, O0O,it  became  a  new 
company  for  the  building  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad. 


Credit  Mobilier 

For  a  few  years  it  paid  large  dividends,  and  its  stocit  rose 
in  value.  In  a  trial  in  Pennsylvania  in  1872  as  to  the 
ownership  of  some  stock,  it  was  shown  that  certain  con- 
gressmen secretly  possessed  stock,  and  both  houses  of 
the  Congress  that  met  in  December  of  that  year  ap- 
pointed committees  of  investigation.  The  Senate  com- 
mittee recommended  the  expulsion  of  one  member,  but 
the  Senate  did  nothing.  The  House  committee  recom- 
mended the  expulsion  of  two  of  its  members,  but  the 
House,  instead,  passed  resolutions  of  censure. 

Credner  (krad'ner),  Hermann.  Born  atGotha, 
Oct.  1,  1841.  A  noted  German  geologist,  pro- 
fessor at  Leipsic  from  1870.  He  traveled  in  North 
America  1864-68.  Among  his  scientiHc  publications  the 
most  notable  are  those  relating  to  glacial  problems. 

Credulous  (kred'u-lus),  Justice,  and  Mrs, 


290 

69  A.  D. ;  and  flourished  in  the  middle  ages.  The  cathedral 
was  begun  in  1107.  The  front,  in  alternate  courses  of 
red  and  white  marble,  has  a  fine  doorway,  with  columns 
resting  on  lions ;  the  north  transept  has  a  similar  porch. 
The  interior  is  rich  in  good  frescos.  The  Lombard  bap- 
tistery is  octagonal,  with  arcaded  interior  and  an  octagonal 
font  of  red  marble.    Population  (1891),  commune,  38,000. 

Cremorne  Gardens.   A  former  place  of  amuse- 
ment in  London,  Situated  near  Battersea  Bridge 


Creuznach 

is  here  still  Briseida,  or  rather  Briseis.  From  Ouido  the 
story  passed  to  Boccaccio,  who  seems  himself  to  be  re- 
sponsible for  the  character  of  Pandarus,  and  from  Boccac- 
cio to  Chaucer.  "  LoUius,"  alluded  to  by  Chancer,  is  be- 
lieved to  be  a  misnomer. 

SaimUbury,  note  in  Dryden's  Troilns  and  Cressida  (Scott's 

[ed.,  revised  1884). 

Cressid,  or  Creseide,  Testament  of,  and  its  con- 
tinuation The  Complaint  of  Creseide.  Poems 
by  Robert  Henryson,  attributed  by  Stowe  (1561) 
to  Chaucer. 

In  Mid- 


north  of  the  Thames.    They  were  closed  in  1877, 

Crens(kranz),  orGuerens(gwa-ranz').    [Boto-     ,       ,.  x    x    j 

cudo,  '  old  ones,'  'ancients.']    The  name  given  Cressingham  (kres  rng-am),  Lady, 

by  Von  Martins  to  the  extensive  group  of  Bra-    dleton's  play  "Anything  for  a  (juiet  Life,"  a 

zilian  Indians  to  which  the  Botocudos  belong,    whimsical  and  attractive  woman  whose  caprices 

.    .  .  See  Botocudos.    Some  ethnologists  call  them  Tapu-    are  accounted  for  by  her  desire  to  reconcile  her 

Bridget  (brij'et).    An  ignorant,  good-natured     yos,  a  name  given  to  them  by  the  Tupis.    All  the  tribes    husband  and  stepson  and  to  benefit  them  both. 

pair  in  Sheridan's  farce  "  St.  Patrick's  Day."     of  the  Crens  stock  are  savages  of  a  low  grade.    Among  r|j.ggg^ell/]£i.es'wel).  Sir  CreSSWell.     Born  at 

Newcastle,  England,  1794:    died  at  London, 
July  29, 1863.    An  English  jurist,  first  judge  of 
the  English  Divorce  Court  (1858). 
Cressy.    See  Cr^cy. 

Crest  (krest).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Dr6me,  southeastern  Prance,  situated  on  the 
Drome  15  miles  southeast  of  Valence.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  5,569. 

Creston  (kres'ton).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
Union  County,  Iowa.  ^opulationJ1900),  7,752. 


They  are  fooled  by  the  scheming  lieutenant  who  marries 
their  daughter  Lauretta.  Mrs.  Bridget  is  a  kind  of  Mrs. 
Ualaprop.  She  speaks  of  a  soldier  ''  like  a  colossus,  with 
one  leg  at  New  York  and  the  other  at  Chelsea  Hospital " 
(St.  Patrick's  Day,  i.  2). 

Cree  (kre),  or  Cristineaux,  or  Knistineauz. 

An  important  tribe  of  North  American  Indians, 
who  live  principally  in  Manitoba  and  Assini- 
boia,  between  Red  River  and  Lake  Winnipeg 
and  the  Saskatchewan  River.  See  Algonquian. 

Creech  (krech),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Blandford, 
Dorsetshire,  England,  1659:  committed  suicide, 
June,  1700.  An  English  writer,  translator  of 
"Lucretius"  (1682). 

Creed,  Nicene.     See  Nicene  Creed. 

Creed,  The  Apostles'.    See  Apostles'  Creed. 

Creedmoor  (kred'mor).     A  village  in  Queen's 


the  more  important  ones,  besides  the  Botocudos,  are  the 
Carahds,  Cayap6s,  Chavantes,  Cherentes,  and  G6s.  The 
stock  is  believed  to  be  the  most  ancient  in  Brazil,  and  it 
has  been  connected  with  the  human  remains  found  in 
caverns  with  the  bones  of  extinct  animals. 

Creole  State.    The  State  of  Louisiana. 

Creon  (kre'on).  [Gr.  Kpeav.']  1.  In  Greek 
legend,  a  king  of  Corinth,  father  of  Glance 
or  Creusa,  the  wife  of  Jason. — 2.  A  king  of 
Thebes,  contemporary  with  CEdipus. 

Cr 6py-en-Laonnais  (kra -pe'on-la-o-na'),  or 


Prance,  6  miles  northwest  of  Laon.  Here  was 
signed,  Sept.  18,  1544,  a  treaty  of  peace  between  Francis 
I.  of  France  and  the  emperor  Charles  V.  The  former 
renounced  claims  to  Lombardy,  Naples,  and  the  suzerainty 
of  Flanders  and  Artois;  the  latter  renounced  claims  to 
Burgundy. 


County,  New  York,  situated  on  Long  Island  13  Orescent  City.    New  Orleans:  so  named  from 


miles  "east  of  New  York  city.  It  contains  the 
rifle-range  of  the  National  Rifle  Association. 
Creek,  or  Kreek  (krek).  [PL,  also  CVeefo.] 
A  powerful  confederacy  of  North  American 
Indians  which  in  historic  times  occupied  the 
greater  part  of  Alabama  and  Georgia.  The  con- 
federacy seems  to  have  existed  in  1540,  and  to  have  then 


its  position  on  a  bend  of  the  Mississippi  River. 
Crescentini  (kre-shen-te'ne),  Girolamo.  Bom 
at  Urbania,  near  Urbino,  Italy,  1769 :  died  at 
Naples,  April  24,  1846.  A  celebrated  Italian 
singer  (mezzo-soprano)  and  composer,  profes- 
sor at  the  Royal  College  of  Music  at  Naples 
from  1816, 


embraced  at  least  the  following  named  tribes  :  Abika  CreSCentiuS  (kres-seu'shius),  or  CoUCiuS  (sen' 


(or  Coosa),  Okfiiski,  Kasi'hta,  and  Kawita;  afterward  the 
Alibamu,  Hitchiti,  KoasAti,  Taskigi,  Yuohi,  and  Yimasi. 
During  the  18th  century  the  only  important  conflict  be- 

.tween  the  settlers  and  these  tribes  was  with  the  Y&masi, 
which  was  instigated  by  the  Spaniards ;  but  the  Creek 
war  in  1813-14  was  serious,  and  resulted  in  the  cession  to 
the  United  States  of  the  greater  part  of  the  Creek  land. 
Between  1835  and  1843  occurred  the  Seminole  war,  which 
was  very  costly  in  life  and  money  to  the  United  States 
government  The  Creek  "Nation"  now  holds  lands  in 
Indian  Territory,  and  is  well  organized.  The  population, 
which  contains  many  of  mixed  blood,  is  14,000.  Also 
called  MaskoJd,  MuskoH,  Mascoge&y  Mobilian,  See  Muekho- 
gean. 

Crefeld,  or  Krefeld  (kra'feld).  A  city  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  12  miles  northwest  of 
Diisseldorf, 


It  has  a  royal  textile  academy,  is  the 

chief  seat  of  the  velvet  and  silk  manufacture  of  Germany, 

and  exports  its  fabrics  largely  to  Great  Britain,  the  United  CreSCOnzi    (kre-shen'dze),    PietrO.       Born    at 

States,  etc.    It  was  acquired  by  Prussia  from  the  house     T>ni„,™o   Ttalv   1230-  died  at  Boloana.  1307  (?). 

of  Nassau  in  1702.    Here,  on  June  23, 1758,  Ferdinand  of     ^°^°^^1  ^^^^^' .!^^"  '  "^"  .      ^^      °      't^^L   it 

Brunswig  defeated  the  French  unde^  the  Count  of  Cler-     An  Itahan  wnter  on   agneulture,   author   of 

mont.    Population  (1900),  commune,  106,928.  "Opus  ruralium  commodorum"  (1471),  one  ot 

Creil   (kray).     A  town  in  the   department  of    the  first  of  printed  books,  etc. 

Oise,  France,  situated  on  the  Oise  30  miles  Crescimbeni    (kre-shem-ba  ne), 

north  of  Pans.     Population  (1891),  commune, 

8,183. 
Orelle  (krel'le),  August  Leopold.    Born  at 

Eiohwerder,  near  Wriezen,  Prussia,  March  11, 

1780 :  died  at  Berlin,  Oct.  6,  1855.    A  German 

mathematician  and  engineer. 


Crespy.  Avillage  in  the  department  of  Aisne,   Qreswick  (kres'wik),  Thomas.    Bom  at  Shef- 

m o  _.;i i-u 4.  .*  T —     „  field,England,Peb.  5, 1811:  diedatBayswater, 

London,  Dec.  28,  1869.  An  English  landscape- 
painter.  His  subjects  were  chiefly  English  ru- 
ral scenery. 

Crete  (kret).  It.  Oandia  (kan'di-a ;  It.  pron. 
kan'de-a).  [Gr.  Kp^7,  LL-  Creta,¥.  Candia; 
mod.  Gt.  Kriti,  Turk.  Kirit.']  An  island  in  the 
Mediterranean,  situated  southeast  of  Greece 
and  southwest  of  Asia  Minor.  It  is  a  part  of  the 
Turkish  empire,  but  since  December,  1898,  has  been  ad- 
ministered by  a  High  Commissioner  for  the  four  powers 
France,  Great  Britain,  Italy,  and  Russia.  Its  surface  is 
mostly  mountainous,  and  it  produces  wheat,  fruit,  wool, 
and  wine.  The  chief  towns  are  Ehania  and  Megalo  Kas- 
tron.  Its  inhabitants  are  mainly  of  Greek  descent.  Crete 
was  connected  with  legends  of  Zeus  and  Minos,  and  was 
celebrated  in  antiquity  for  its  laws.  It  was  subdued  by 
the  Romans  under  Metellus  in  67  B.  0. ;  conquered  by 
Saracens  823;  and  later  was  a  part  of  the  Byzantine  em- 
pire. It  was  ceded  to  Venice  in  1204.  Its  conquest  by 
the  Turks  was  completed  in  1669.  Its  people  took  part  in 
the  Greek  war  of  independence.  The  government  was  ad- 
ministered by  Egypt  from  1830  to  1840.  The  island  has 
been  the  scene  of  many  revolts.  In  1896-97  an  effort  was 
made  by  a  part  of  the  population,  aided  by  Greek  troops, 
to  free  the  island  from  Turkish  rule  and  annex  it  to  Greece. 
This  was  opposed  by  the  great  powers,  who  established  a 
pacific  blockade  of  the  island.  As  a  result  of  defeat  in 
the  Greco-Turkish  war,  the  Greeks  were  obliged  to  with- 
draw. Length,  165  miles.  Greatest  width,  35  miles. 
Area,  3,326  square  miles.  Population,  294,192. 
Cretin  (kra-tan'),  Guillaume.  A  French  poet 
who  lived  in  the  reigns  of  Charles  VIII. ,  Louis 
XII.,  and  Francis  I. 

But  the  leader  of  the  whole  was  Guillaume  Cretin  (birth 
and  death  dates  uncertain),  whom  his  contemporaries  ex- 
tolled in  the  most  extravagant  fashion,  and  whom  a  single 
satirical  stroke  of  Rabelais  has  made  a  laughing-stock  for 
some  three  hundred  and  fifty  years.  The  rondeau  ascribed 
to  Raminagrobis,  the  "  vleux  poete  f  rauQais  "  of  Fantagmel, 
is  Cretin's,  and  the  name  and  character  have  stuck.  Cre- 
tin was  not  worse  than  his  fellows ;  but  when  even  such 
a  man  as*  Marot  could  call  him  a  po^te  souverain,  Rabelais 
no  doubt  felt  it  time  to  protest  in  his  own  way. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  166. 

Creusa  (kre-u'sa).     In  classical  legend,  the 
daughter  of  Priam,  and  wife  of  .^neas. 


shius).  Died  998.  A  leader  of  the  popular  fac- 
tion at  Rome.  Having  obtained  the  dignity  of  consul 
980,  he  usurped  the  government,  and  announced  bis  in- 
tention of  restoring  the  ancient  republic.  He  opposed 
Pope  Gregory  V.,  who  was  elected  through  the  influence 
of  the  emperor  Otto  III.,  and,  supported  by  the  Byzan- 
tine court,  put  forward  John  XVI.  as  antipope.  He  was 
defeated  by  Otto  at  St.  Angelo,  April  29,  998,  and  put  to 
death.  According  to  the  legend  Crescentius  was  revenged 
by  his  widow  Stephania  or  Theodora,  who,  having  suc- 
ceeded in  gaining  the  confidence  and  the  love  of  the  em- 
peror, put  him  to  death  by  poison. 

There  he  (the  emperor)  put  the  rebel  Crescentius,  in 
whom  modern  enthusiasm  has  seen  a  patriotic  republi- 
can who,  reviving  the  institutions  of  Alberic,  had  ruled  as 
consul  or  senator,  sometimes  entitling  himself  Emperor. 
Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire. 


Crema  (kra'ma). 


Giovanni 
Mario.  Born  at  Macerata,  Italy,  Oct.  9,  1663: 
died  March  8, 1728.  An  Italian  poet  and  liter- 
ary historian,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  "  Ar- 
cadian Academy  "  (1690):  author  of  "  L'Istoria 
della  volgar  poesia"  (1698),  etc. 

CresDi  (kres'pe),  Giovanni  'Battista,  called  „     -     ,-,  ^  ^      iaj       , ^    ^       ^   ^ 

.    II  Cerano  (from    his  birthplace),     ^om    at  Creuse  (krfez).      1.    A  department  of  central 
n  tne  province  ot    J^  ^«    piedmont,  Italy,  1557:  died  at  Milan,    ^'^^'^^'}y;^  between  Lidre  and  Cher  on  the 
,^      ;    ,,,.,         _         the  Serio  24  miles  ioi  Italian  paintw.    His  best  works  are    north,  Allier  and  Puy-de-Dome  on  the  east, 

southeast  of  Milan.    It  has  a  cathedral  and  an  ancient     •_,  Tir;i__  Correze  on  the  south,  and  Haute-Vienne  on  the 

castle.    It  was  besieged  and  destroyed  by  Frederick  Bar-  rtf;,fl,    pi„.--,__  Marin     surnamed  Lo  Sna-     '^^st.     It  was  formed  from  the  ancient  Haute-Marche 
barossalnlieo.    Population,  8,000.  Crespi,  GlUSeppe  Maria,  surnajnea  ^0  wpa      and  smaU  portions  of  Limousin,  BourbonnaiB,Poitou,  and 

Cremera  (krem'e-ra).     In  ancient  geography,  a    gnuolO  ('the  bpaniara  ).     Jiom  at  Boiogna,     jg^^j^    capital,  GuSret.    Area,  2,1B0  square  mUes.    Pop- 
small  river  of  fitriiria  which  joins  the  Tiber    Italy,  1665 :  died  at  Bologna,  July  16, 1747.  An    Ration  (1891),  284,660.  ,.,...      ,,. 
a  few  mUes  north  of  Rome.   It  is  the  traditional    Italian  painter.                .-„.,,.,      2.  A  river  in  central  France  which  joins  the 

-  Crespo  (kres'po),  Joaquin.    Bom  m  Miranda    Vienne. 

about  1845 :  died  April  17, 1898.  A  Venezuelan  Creusot,  or  Creuzot  (kr6-z6'),  Le,  A  town  in 
politician.  He  succeeded  Guzman  Blanco  as  president  the  department  of  Sa6ne-et-Loire,  France,  13 
fiieingelectedashiscandidate)Feb.20,1882,toKeb.20,l886.  miles  southeast  of  Autun.  It  is  the  seat  of  Schnei- 
In  1892  he  headed  a  revolt  against  Palacio,  occupied  Cara-  ger  andCc's  iron-works,  and  has  other  extensive  manuf  ao- 
cas  Oct.  7,1892,and  soon  after  was  elected  president.  Anew  turesof  oast-iron,  steel,  manufactured  iron,  locomotives, 
constitution  was  adopted  June,  1893,  and  under  it  Crespo  etc.  Population  (1891X  commune,  28,635. 
was  inaugurated  president  for  four  years,  March  14, 1894.  Qreutz.Count  Gustaf  PMUp.  Bom  in  Finland, 
Crespy  (kra-pe')     See  Cr^r|»-i«03«-  173I:  iied  OcHo,  1785    T Swedish  politiciai 

Cressid   (kres 'id),    or    OreSSlda    (kres   i-d^  .     andpoet.    He  was  appointed  ambassador  to  Madrid  iu 

The  mythical  daughter  of  a  Trojan  priest  Oal '^  •  ■•  -^^  -       -.    _    .      . 

ehas,  whose  infidelities  make  her  name  a  by- 
word for  faithlessness.  See  Troilus  and  Cres- 
sida. 


scene  of  the  defeat  of  the  Pabii  in  477  (?)  B.  c. 

Cr6mieuz  (kra-my6');  Isaac  Adolphe.  Bom 
at  Nimes,  France,  April  30,  1796:  died  at 
Passy,  Paris,  Feb.  10,  1880.  A  French  jurist 
and  politician,  of  Hebrew  descent,  minister  of 
justice  1848  and  1870-71.  He  was  appointed 
life  senator  in  1875. 

CremnitZ.     See  Kremnitz. 

Cremona  (kre-mo'na;  It.  pron.  kra-mo'na). 
1.  A  province  of  Lombardy,  Italy,  bordering 
on  the  Po.  It  has  manufactures  of  silk.  Ai-ea, 
686  square  miles.  Population  (1881),  302,138. 
3  The  capital  of  the  above  province,  situ- 
ated on  the  Po  in  lat.  45°  8'  N.,  long.  10°  1'  E. 
It  contains  a  cathedral  (see  below),  the  Palazzo  Pubblico, 
and  the'  Torrazzo,  the  highest  tower  in  northern  Italy  (396 
feet).  It  has  important  silk  manufactures,  and  has  long 
been  celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of  violins  and  vio- 
las in  which  the  Amati  family,  Stradivarius,  and  others, 
from  the  16th  to  the  18th  century,  achieved  repu- 
tation. In  the  16th  century  it  had  a  school  of  art.  It 
is  an  ancient  Gallic  town;  was  colonized  by  the  Ro- 
mans about  219  B.  0. ;  was  destroyed  by  Vespasian's  troops 


As  far  as  can  be  made  out,  the  invention  of  Cressid 
(called  by  him,  and  for  some  time  afterwards,  Briseida, 
and  so  identified  with  Homer's  Briseis)  belongs  to  Benoist 
de  Ste.  More,  a  trouvfere  ot  the  twelfth  century,  who  wrote 
a  Roman  de  Troie  of  great  length,  as  well  as  a  verse  chroni- 
cle ot  Normandy.  The  story  is  told  by  Benoist  in  no  small 
detail,  and  the  character  of  Briseida  (which  Dryden  has 
entirely  spoilt  by  making  her  faithful)  is  well  indicated. 
After  Benoist,  Guido  delle  Colonne  reproduced  the  story 


1763,  and  three  years  later  was  transferred  to  Paris,  where 
he  became  intimate  with  Franklin,  with  whom  lie  con- 
cluded a  treaty  of  commerce  between  Sweden  and  the 
United  States  April  3, 1783. 

Creuzer  (kroit'zer),  Georg  Friedrich.  Born  at 
Marburg,  Prussia,  March  10, 1771 :  died  at  Hei- 
delberg, Baden,  Feb.  16, 1858.  A  German  philol- 
ogist and  arohsBologist,  appointed  professor  of 
philologyat  Marburg  in  1802,  and  at  Heidelberg 
in  1807.  He  founded  the  Philological  Seminary  at  Heidel- 
berg in  1807.  His  chief  work  is  "  Symbolik  und  Mytholo- 
gie  der  alten  VOlker,  besonders  der'  Griechen  "  (1810-12). 


inaverypopularLatinwork,theHistoriaTrojana.  Cressid  CreUZnach.     See  Kreuznocli. 


Creuzot,  Le 

Oreuzot,  Le.    See  Creusot. 

Or6Tant-8ur-Yonne  (kra-von'siir-yon'),  Battle 
of=    See  Cravant. 

Orevaux  (kre-v6'),  Jules  Nicolas.  Bom  at 
Lorquin,  Lorraine,  April  1,  1847 :  died  in  the 
Gran  Chaoo,  Bolivia,  April  24, 1882.  A  French 
surgeon  and  traveler,  in  1876,  being  8tatIoned  in 
French  Ouiana,  he  began  explorations  in  the  interior,  twice 
crossing  to  the  Amazon ;  later  he  explored  tlie  Japur& 
branch  of  the  Amazon,  and  traveled  on  the  Orinoco.  In 
1881  he  left  Buenos  Ayrea  with  a  number  of  companions, 
having  planned  an  extended  trip  through  the  center  of 
South  America ;  but  while  ascending  the  river  Pilcomayo 
all  the  company  but  two  were  killed  by  the  Indians.  The 
results  of  his  explorations  have  been  published  in  the 
'*  Tour  du  monde, "  and  in  the  "proceedings "  of  various  sci- 
entific societies. 

Crfeveoceux  (krav-kfer').  A  former  fort  near 
Herzogenbnsoh,  Netherlands,  situated  at  the 

junction  of  the  Dieze  and  Meuse. 

Cr6vecoeur,  Hector  Saint-John  de.  Bom 
at  Caen,  Prance,  1731 :  died  near  Paris,  1813. 
A  French  agriculturist.  He  emigrated  to  America 
In  17B4,  and  settled  on  a  farm  near  New  York.  In  1780, 
while  about  to  sail  for  Europe,  he  was  arrested  at  New 
York  by  the  British  on  the  suspicion  of  being  a  spy,  and 
was  detained  several  months.  Returning  from  Europe 
in  1783,  he  was  for  many  years  French  consul  at  New  York, 
and  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  Washington  and  Franklin. 
He  wrote  "Lettres  d'un  cultivateur  am^ricain"  (1784), 
and  "  Voyage  dans  la  haute  Fennsylvanie  et  dans  I'^tat  de 
New  York  "(1801). 

Orftvecoeur,  Philippe  de.  Died  at  La  Bresle, 
near  Lyons,  France,  1494.  A  French  general. 
He  commanded  the  French  at  the  battle  of  Guinegate 
(1479),  in  which  he  was  defeated  by  Maximilian  of  Austria 
with  a  large  force  of  Flemings ;  and  became  marshal  of 
France  in  1492. 

Cr6vier  (kra-vya'),  Jean  Baptiste  Louis. 
Bom  at  Paris,  1693 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  1, 1765. 
A  French  historian  and  man  of  letters.  He  con- 
tinned  Eollin's  "Hiatoire  romaine,"  and  wrote  "Histoire 
des  empereurs  jusqu'k  Gonstantin"  (1750-56),  "Eh^to- 
rique  fran^aise  "  (1765),  etc. 

Crevillente  (kra-vel-yen'ta).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Alicante,  Spain,  18  miles  south- 
west of  Alicante.    Population  (1887),  9,972. 

Crewe  (kro).  A  town  m  CJbieshire,  England,  31 
miles  southeast  of  Liverpool,  it  is  an  important 
railway  center,  and  the  seat  of  manufactures  of  railway 
rolling-stock,  etc.    Population  (1891),  28,761. 

Crewler  (kro'16r).  The  name  of  a  family  in 
Dickens's  "David  Copperfield."  The  Rev.  Hor- 
ace Crewler  is  a  poor  clergyman  with  a  large  family,  and 
a  wife  who  has  lost  the  use  of  her  legs— when  anything 
annoys  or  excites  her  it  goes  to  her  legs  directly.  Sophy, 
the  fourth  daughter,  is  an  unselfish  girl  who  finally  mar- 
ries Tommy  Traddles. 

Creyton  (kra'ton),  Paul.  A  pseudonym  of 
J.  T.  Trowbridge. 

Cribb  (krib),  Tom.  Bom  at  Hanham,  Glouces- 
tershire, England,  July  8, 1781 :  died  at  Wool- 
wich, May  11,  1848.  An  English  champion 
pugilist,  known  as  "the  Black  Diamond"  (from 
nis  occupation  as  a  coal-porter). 

Cricca  (krek'ka).  In  Tomkis's  comedy  "Al- 
bumazar,"  the  honest  servant  of  Pandolfo. 

Crichanis  (kre-sha-nas')-  An  Indian  tribe  of 
the  state  of  Amazonas,  Brazil,  north  of  the 
Amazon,  near  the  Rio  Branco.  They  are  of  Carib 
stock.  As  a  result  of  their  recent  struggles  with  the  Bra- 
zilian frontier  settlements,  they  have  been  almost  exter- 
minated. 

Crichton  (kri'ton),  James  (styled  "The  Ad- 
mirable Crichton").  Bom  in  Scotland,  Aug. 
19, 1560 :  killed  at  Mantua,  Italy,  July  3, 1583  (?). 
A  Scottish  scholar  and  ad«renturer,  celebrated 
for  his  extraordinary  accomplishments,  and 
attainments  in  the  languages,  sciences,  and 
arts.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  started  upon  his  travels 
on  the  Continent.  He  was  then  the  reputed  master  of 
twelve  languages.  He  enlisted  in  the  French  army  about 
1577.  In  1579  he  resigned  and  went  to  Italy.  Here  many 
debates  both  public  and  private  were  arranged  for  hmi, 
in  all  of  which  he  was  victorious  except  with  Mazzoni. 
He  wrote  Latin  odes  and  verses  with  ease,  and  his  skill  as 
a  swordsman  was  highly  lauded.  In  1581  he  disputed 
with  the  professors  of  the  university  at  Padua  on  their 
interpretation  of  Aristotle.  A  misadventure  led  to  his 
being  denounced  as  a  charlatan,  whereupon  he  oliallenged 
the  university,  offering  to  confute  their  Aristotehan  in- 
terpretations and  to  expose  their  errors  in  mathematics. 
The  disputation  lasted  four  days,  and  Crichton  was  com- 
pletely successful.  He  won  his  first  laurels  in  Mantua  by 
killing  in  a  duel  a  far-famed  swordsman.  His  death  took 
place  there  in  a  midnight  street  attack.  Crichton  is  said 
to  have  recognized  the  leader  of  the  brawlers  as  his  pupil, 
the  son  of  the  Duke  of  Mantua,  and  having  drawn  his 
sword  upon  him  to  have  offered  it  to  him  by  the  handle; 
whereupon  the  prince  seized  it  and  stabbed  him  to  the 
heart.    Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Crichton,  The.  A  London  artistic,  scientific, 
and  literary  club,  established  in  1872. 

Crichton,   The  Admirable.     See   CncMon, 

CrSt  on  the  Hearth,  The.  A  tale  by  <3harles 
Dickens,  published  in  1845.  The  singing-match 
between  a  tea-kettle  and  a  cricket  on  a  earners  hearth- 


291 

stone,  in  which  the  latter  comes  out  ahead,  gives  its  name 
to  the  book.  "To  have  a  cricket  on  the  hearth  is  the 
luckiest  thing  in  the  world." 

Crieff  (kref ).  A  town  in  Perthshire,  Scotland, 
16  miles  west  of  Perth.  Population  (1891). 
4,90L  " 

Crillon  (kre-y6n'),  Louis  des  Balbes  de  Ber- 
ton  de.  Born  at  Murs,  Provence,  France,  1541: 
died  at  Avignon,  France,  Deo.  2, 1615.  A  cele- 
brated French  general,  called  "L'Homme  sans 
peur"  ('the  fearless').  He  fought  against  the  Hu- 
guenots in  the  civil  wars,  taking  part  in  the  battles  of 
Rouen,  Dreux,  St.  Denis,  Jarnac,  Moncontour,  and  St. 
Jean  d'Ang^y ;  served  as  a  Knight  of  Malta  under  Don 
John  of  Austria  at  Lepanto  in  1671 ;  and  held  a  high  com- 
mand in  the  army  of  Henry  III.  during  the  war  of  the 
League  1580-89.  After  the  death  of  Henry  III.  he  entered 
the  service  of  Henry  IV.,  under  whom  he  fought  at  the 
battle  of  Ivry  in  1590,  and  from  whom  he  received  the 
title  "le  brave  des  braves." 

Crillon-Mahon  (kre-y6n'ma-6n'),  Louis  des 
Balbes  de  Berton,  Due  de.  Born  1718 :  died  at 
Madrid,  1796.  A  French  general.  He  served  with 
distinction  at  Fontenoy  1745,  and  in  the  Seven  Years' 
War.  Later  he  passed  into  the  Spanish  service,  conquered 
Minorca  1782,  and  was  made  captain  of  the  Spanish  armies 
and  duke  of  Mahon.  His  *'Memoires"were  published  in 
1791. 

Crimea  (kri-me'a).  [Kuss.  Krym  or  Krim,  F. 
Crim4e.']  A  peninsula  in  the  government  of 
Taurida,  southern  Russia,  nearly  surrounded 
by  the  Black  Sea  and  Sea  of  AzofE :  the  ancient 
Taurica  Chersonesus.  in  the  northern  portion  its 
surface  is  a  plain,  but  south  of  the  river  Salgliir  it  is 
mountainous.  Its  inhabitants  are  principally  Russians 
and  Tatars.  Capital,  Simferopol.  Its  ancient  inhabitants 
were  the  Cimmerians,  afterward  called  Taurians.  It  was 
the  seat  of  the  kingdom  of  Bosporus  (which  see),  and 
was  frequently  overrun  in  the  middle  ages.  It  became  a 
dependency  of  Turkey  in  1475,  was  annexed  to  Russia  in 
1783,  and  in  1854-55  was  the  scene  of  the  Crimean  war 
(which  see).    Area,  9,928  square  miles. 

Crime  and  Punishment.  A  novel  by  Dostoyev- 
sky,  published  in  1866. 

Crimean  War.  A  war  waged  1853-56  between 
Russia  and  the  allied  forces  of  Turkey,  Prance, 
Great  Britain,  and  Sardinia.  It  arose  through  the 
demand  on  the  part  of  Russia  for  a  protectorate  over  the 
Greek  subjects  of  the  sultan.  Among  its  leading  events 
are :  battle  of  Sinope  1853 ;  Russian  occupation  of  the 
Danubian  principalities  1854 ;  battle  of  the  Alma  Sept,  20, 
1854;  beginning  of  the  siege  of  Sebastopol  Oct.,  1854; 
battle  of  Balaklava  Oct.  26 ;  battle  of  Inkerman  Nov.  5 ; 
attacks  on  Sebastopol  June,  1865 ;  battle  of  Tchernaya 
Aug.  16 ;  storming  the  Malakofl  Sept.  8 ;  fall  of  Sebastopol 
Sept.  11 ;  and  the  capture  of  Kars  by  the  Russians  Nov. 
28, 1856.  The  war  was  closed,  and  its  issues  decided,  by 
the  treaty  of  Paris  (which  see),  March  30, 1866. 

Crimisus  (kri-mi'sus),  or  CrimissUS  (kri-mis'- 
us).  In  ancient  geography,  a  river  in  western 
Sicily,  probably  near  Segesta.  Here,  339  b.  o.,  Ti- 
moleon  with  11,000  men  defeated  70,000  Carthaginians. 

Crimmitschau,  or  Crimmitzschau  (krim'mit- 
shou).  A  manufacturing  town  in  Saxony,  sit- 
uated on  the  Pleisse  36  miles  south  of  Leipsic. 
Its  leading  industries  are  spinning  and  weav- 
ing.   Population  (1890),  19,972. 

Crinan  (Inre'nan)  Canal.  A  canal  through  the 
peninsula  of  Argyllshire,  Scotland,  connecting 
Loch  Fyne  with  the  ocean.    Length,  9  miles. 

Cringle,  Tom.    See  Scott,  Michael. 

Cringle  (kring'gl),  Tom.  The  pseudonjon  of 
William  Walker,  in  his  works  on  Australia, 

Cripple  Creek  (krip'l  krek).  A  mining  town 
in  Bl  Paso  County,  Colorado,  about  30  miles 
southwest  of  Colorado  Springs,  at  the  base  of 
Pike's  Peak.    Population,  (1900),  10,147. 

Cripple  of  Fenchurch.  See  Fair  Maid  of  the 
Exchange. 

Cripplegate  (krip'l-gat),  or  Crepel-gate.    An 

old  London  gate .  it  was  the  fourth  from  the  western 
end  of  the  wall.  The  original  gate  was  probably  built  by 
King  Alfred  when  he  restored  the  walls,  886  A.  D.  Stow 
says  that  in  1010,  when  the  body  of  Edmund  the  Martyr, 
king  of  the  East  Angles,  was  borne  through  this  gate,  many 
lame  persons  who  were  congregated  there  to  beg  rose  up- 
right and  were  cured  by  its  miraculous  influence.  The 
postern  was  afterward  a  prison  for  debtors  and  common 
trespassers.  It  was  rebuilt  in  1244  and  in  1491,  and  in  the 
fifteenth  year  of  Charles  II.  it  was  repaired  and  a  foot-pos- 
tern made.  The  rooms  over  the  gate  were  used  by  the 
city  water-bailiff.  Cripplegate  was  pulled  down  m  1760. 
Crish  Kringle.  See  CrissKingle. 
Crisp  (krisp),  Charles  Frederick.  BomatShef- 
field,England,  Jan.  29, 1845 :  died  at  Atlanta,  Ga. , 
Oct.  23,1896.  An  American  politician.  He  served 
as  a  lieutenant  in  the  Confederate  army  in  the  Civil  War ; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1866;  was  appointed  solicitor- 
general  of  the  southwestern  judicial  district  m  1872 ;  was 
reappointed  for  a  term  of  four  years  in  1873 ;  was  appointed 
judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  the  same  district  m  1877 ; 
was  elected  by  the  general  assembly  to  the  same  office  m 
1878 ;  was  reelected  judge  for  a  term  of  four  years  in  1880 ; 
resigned  in  1882 ;  was  a  Democratic  representative  from 
Geo^iafromtheForty-eighth  through  theFifty^hirdCon. 
gress ;  and  was  speaker  of  the  House  m  the  Fifty-second 
and  Fifty-third  Congresses.  . 

CriSBi  (kris'pe),  Francesco.  Born  at  Kibera, 
Sicily,  Oct.  4,  1819 :  died  at  Naples,  Aug.  11, 


Critias 

^^^i;«  ^  «,"f^'i^S  statesman .  He  studied  law,  and 
m  1846  settled  at  Naples.  He  served  as  a  major  under 
Garibaldi  at  Calataflmi  in  1860  ;  was  returned  by  Palermo 
*?  tS^  5,1^'  Italian  Parliament  in  1861 ;  became  president 
of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  m  1876 ;  was  minister  of  the 
mterior  1877-78;  and  was  prime  minister  1887-91,  and 
agaiu  1o9o-9d. 

Crispin  (kris'pin),  Saint.  [L.  Crispinus,  Cris- 
pianus,  having  curly  hair ;  F.  Crispin,  Crepin, 
It.  Crispino,  Crispo,  Sp.  Cnspo.]  A  (Jhristian 
martyr,  a  member  of  a  noble  Roman  family, 
who  with  his  brother  Crispinianus  fled  to  Sois- 
sous  and  took  up  the  trade  of  a  shoemaker.  He 
is  said  to  have  been  so  desirous  of  helping  the  poor  that  he 
stole  leather  to  make  shoes  for  them.  He  was  put  to  death 
about  287  by  being  thrown  into  a  caldron  of  melted  lead. 
He  is  the  patron  saint  of  shoemakers.  His  day  in  the  Roman 
and  Anglican  churches  is  Oct  25. 

Crispin  (kris'pin;  F.  pron.  kres-pan').  An  im- 
pudent, boasting,  and  witty  valet,  a  ready  assis- 
tant in  the  love-affairs  of  his  master :  a  conven- 
tion al  character  in  French  comedy,  introduced 
apparently  from  the  Italian  comedy  by  Poirson 
about  1654.  if  Poirson  was  not  creator  of  the  charac- 
ter, he  played  it  remarkably,  and  Jiis  costume  has  come 
down  to  this  time.. 

Crispin,  Gilbert.  Died  about  1117.  An  Eng- 
lish scholar  and  prelate,  abbot  of  Westminster. 
Two  of  his  works  have  survived,  "Vita  Herluini,"  the 
chief  authority  for  the  early  history  of  Bee,  and  "Dispu- 
tatio  Judeei  cum  Christiano,"  a  dialogue  between  a  Jew 
and  the  author. 

Crispin,  Rival  de  son  Maitre.  A  comedy  by 
Le  Sage,  produced  in  1707. 

Crispineila  (kris-pi-nel'a).  In  Marston's  play 
"The  Dutch  Courtezan'j"  a  sparkling,  lively 
girl,  the  opposite  of  her  sister  Beatrice. 

Little  Crispineila  (though  even  less  choice  in  her  lan- 
guage than  Shakspere's  Beatrice)  is  one  of  the  most 
sparkling  figures  of  Elisabethan  comedy,  and  in  adequate 
hands  would  prove  a  source  of  genuine  delight  to  any 
audience.  Ward. 

Crisjpino  e  la  Comare  (kres-pe'no  a  la  ko- 
ma're).  [It., 'The  Shoemaker  and  the  Fairy 
Godmother.']  A  comic  opera  by  Luigi  Rieci, 
first  produced  at  Venice  in  1850.  Federico  Rioci 
assisted  his  brother  in  its  composition.  The  words  are  by 
Piave. 

Crispinus  (kris-pi'nus).  In  Ben  Jonson's 
"Poetaster,"  a  bad  poet  who  gives  its  title  to 
the  play.  He  is  intended  for  Marsten,  with  whom  Jon- 
son  had  a  quarrel  at  the  time.  "He  is  represented  as  a 
coarse-minded,  ill-conditioned  fellow,  albeit  of  gentle  pa- 
rentage, who,  like  the  bore  encountered  by  Horace  in  the 
Via  Sacra,  is  prepared  to  adopt  the  meanest  stratagems 
in  order  to  gain  admittance  to  the  society  of  courtiers 
and  wits."    SvZlen. 

Crispus  (kris'pus),  Flavius  Julius.  Died  326 
A.  D.  Eldest  son  of  Constantino  the  Great  and 
Minervina.  He  was  made  Csesar  in  317,  and  consul  in 
318.  He  distinguished  himself  in  a  campaign  against 
the  Franks  and  in  the  war  against  Liclnius,  over  whom 
he  gained  a  great  naval  victory  in  the  Hellespont  in  323. 
He  was  put  to  death  by  his  father  on  a  charge  of  high 
treason. 

Crissa  (kris'a),  or  Crisa  (kii'sa).  or  Cirrha 
(sir'a).  [Gr"  Kptaaa,  'K.piaa,  Kippa."]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  city  of  Phcfois,  Greece,  sit- 
uated southwest  of  Delphi,  it  was  styled  by  Ho- 
mer "the  divine."  It  is  often  confounded  with  its  port, 
Cirrha. 

Criss  Single  (kris'  Mng'gl).  [Also  Eriss  Ein- 
gle,  Kriss  Kringle;  corrupt  forms  of  *Christ- 
Mndel  (cf .  criss-cross  for  Christ-cross),  from  the 
G.  *Christ-Tdndel  or  *Christ-'kindlein  or  Christ- 
kindchen,  the  little  Christ-child,  dim.  of  Christ- 
Mnd,  the  Christ-child.]    The  Christ-child. 

Cristineauz  (kres-ti-no').    See  Cree. 

Cristinos  (kres-te'nos).  In  Spanish  history, 
the  partizans  of  Donna  Maria  Christina  (Sp. 
Cristina),  regent  for  her  daughter  Isabella  Ma- 
ria n.  183'W:0.  Ferdinand  VII.,  who  married  Chris- 
tina in  1829,  repealed  the  Salic  law  of  succession,  intro- 
duced by  Philip  Y.  1713,  in  accordance  with  which  females 
could  inherit  the  throne  only  in  case  of  the  total  extinction 
of  the  male  line ;  and  by  a  decree  of  March,  1830,  called 
the  pragmatic  sanction,  established  the  old  Castilian  law 
In  accordance  with  which  the  daughters  and  granddaugh- 
ters of  the  king  take  precedence  of  his  brothers  and  neph- 
ews. The  pragmatic  sanction  was  not  [recognized  by  the 
king's  brother,  Don  Carlos,  who,  supported  by  the  clericals 
or  absolutists,  began  a  civil  war  on  the  death  of  Ferdinand, 
1833.    See  Carlists. 

Cristobal  Col6n  (kris-to'bal  ko-lon').  A  Span- 
ish armored  cruiser,  bought  from  the  Italian 
government,  of  6,840  tons  displacement  and  a 
trial  speed  of  20  knots,  in  the  battle  of  Santiago, 
July  3, 1898,  under  Captain  Bmilio  Diaz  Moreu,  it  was  the 
last  Spanish  ship  to  surrender,  being  forced  ashore  by  the 
Brooklyn  and  the  Oregon  at  Bio  Tarquino. 

Crites  (kn'tez).  [Gr.  Kpn^g,  a  judge.]  A  man 
of  "straight  judgment  and  a  strong  mind,"  m 
Jonson's  play  "  Cynthia's  Revels."  He  is  supposed 
to  have  been  designed  by  Jonson  as  a  picture  of  himself. 

Critias  (krit'i-as).  [Gr.  K/Djn'af.]  An  Athe- 
nian orator  and  politician,  a  pupil  of  Socrates, 


Critias 


292 


Cromarty 


Croats.  CroaUabelongedingreatparttotheRomanprov  Hf etod  in  1662,  and  was  dean  of  the  Cha^l  K"^ 
ince  oJ  Pannonia.  It  was  overrun  by  the  East  Goths ;  was  1668-70.  His  e^ief  .work  is  The  Satea  ITutn,  or  the 
conquered  by  Justinian ;  was  overrun  by  the  Avars ;  and  True  State  of  the  Prmutive  Church  (1676). 
was  settled  bythe  Croats  in  the  7th  century.  The  region  (Jroft,  William.  Bora  at  Nether  Jiatington, 
was  at  first  called  Chrobatia.  The  dukes  rose  to  consid-  Warwickshire,  England,  1678 ;  died  at  London, 
erable  power  in  the  10th  century,  and  about  the  middle  ,  -.^  1707  An  Wno'lisili  r>nTnTioRfir  of  snprpH 
of  the  nth  century  the  ruler  figures  as  king  of  Croatia  Aug.  14, 1727.  An  lingUsh  composer  Ot  sacrea 
and  Dalmatia.  The  country  was  annexed  by  Hungary  in  musie.  His  collection  ot  antiiems,  Musica 
1091.    The  Hapsburgs,  as  kings  of  Hungary,  began  to  rule    Sacra,"  was  published  1724. 

m  1627,  but  their  dominion  was  long  contested  by  the  OrnftanerV  (krof  tang-gri),   ChrVStal.     The 
Turks.    The  ban  of  Croatia,  Count  Jellachich,  was  in  re-  V™^^"Biy    Vf^"         «»„&„  ^'  rhToniclfiR  of  thfi 
bellion  against  Hungary  iSs^a    (See  Croatia  and  Sla-    imaginary  author  ot  bcott  B     Chronicles  ot  the 
1663.    it  is  an  allegory  on  hum£n  life,  and  gives  us  the     ™««.  .below,  ^niJeUaolmh.)  Canongate.»_    He  gives   his  autobiography  in 

adventures  ot  Critilus,  a  noble  Spaniard,  wrecked  on  the  Oroatia,  lutkisll.     The  northwestern  division   some  of  the  introductory  chapters, 
desert  island  of  oalnt  Helena,  where  he  finds  a  solitary     of  Bosnia  (which  see).  CrOghan  (kro'gan),  GeOrge.    Bom  near  LouiS- 

savage  who  knows  nothing  about  himself,  except  that  he  Croatia  and  Slavonia  (sla-v6'ni-a).    A  land   viUe,  Ky.,  Nov."l5.  1791:  died  at  New  Orleans, 
has  been  nursed  by  a  wild  beast. .  After  much  commnni-     ^f  the  Hungarian  division  of  the  Austro-Hun-   Jan.   8,  ^849.     An    American  officer,   distin- 

garian  monarchy.    It  comprises  Croatia  and  Slavonia,   guished  at  the  defense  of  Ports  Meigs  and 
and  in  it  is  incorporated  the  chief  part  of  the  former  mill-    Stephenson,  1813. 

tary  frontier.  Capital,  Agram.  Its  inhabitants  are  chiefly  CroisiC  (krwa-zek'},  Le.  A  seaport  and  water- 
Slavs  of  the  Serbo-Croatian  race.  Theirreligion  is  mainly  y*'"*''"'  v;  !r  °j„.:' JT„„„+  „f  t  „i^a  Tr,fimo,„.a 
Roman  Catholic  and  Greek.  It  sends  3  delegates  to  the  ing-placeinthe  department  of  Loire-Inf§rieure, 
upper  house  and  40  delegates  to  the  lower  house  of  Prance,  16  miles  west  ot  bt.  Nazaire.  Fopu- 
the""  -      -   -  -    .  -  -  _.      .^      .  ,  .  -   ._- 


and  one  of  the  thirty  tyrants  (404  b.  c.)  :  noted 
for  his  dissolute  life,  rapacity,  and  cruelty.  He 
perished  in  the  battle  of  Munychia.  Plato  introduces 
him  in  a  dialogue  (a  fragment)  which  bears  his  name. 

Critic  (krit'ik).  The.  A  farce  by  Richard 
Brinsley  Sheridan,  produced  Oct.  30,  1779.  It 
is  an  imitation  of  Buckingham's  "Rehearsal." 

Criticon  (krit'i-kon).    See  the  extract. 

,  The  most  remarkable  work  of  Gracian,  however,  is  his 
*'  Crltioon,'  published  in  three  parts,  between  1660  and 


cation  in  dumb  show,  they  are  able  to  understand  each 
other  in  Spanish,  and,  being  taken  from  the  island,  travel 
together  through  the  world,  talking  often  of  the  leading 
men  ot  their  time  in  Spain,  but  holding  intercourse  more 
with  allegoiical  personages  than  with  one  another. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  III.  222. 

Criticns.    See  Crites. 

Critique  de  L'Ecole  des  femmes  (kre-tek'  d6 

la-kol'  da  fam).    A  brilliant  short  play  by  Mo- 

lifere,  acted  in  1663.     It  introduces  contempo- 
rary society  criticizing  his ' '  ficole  des  femmes." 
Critique  of  Pure  Reason.    [G.  Kritik  der  reinen    

Vernunft.]    A  famous  philosophical  work  by  Crockett  (krok'et),  David, 

Kant,  published  in  1781.    A  second  and  revised  edi-  "  "  "~    — 

tion  appeared  in  1787:  the  later  editions  are  reprints  of  this. 

The  changes  introduced  in  the  second  edition  have  been 

the  occasion  ot  much  discussion  among  German  philoso- 
phers, many  maintaining  that  they  fihowan  essential  alterar 

tion  ot  Kant's  doctrines.  Kant  himself,  however,  declared 

that  they  were  made  solely  to  secure  greater  clearness. 
CrltO  (kri'to).     [Gr.  Kpirwv.]     Lived  about  400 

B.  c.     .An  Athenian,  a  friend  and  follower  of 

Socrates.     He  is  a  prominent  character  in  the 

dialogue  by  Plato  named  for  him. 
Critolaus  (krit-o-la'us).     [Gr.  KpirdXaog.']     1. 

Died  146  B.  c.    An  Aehsean  demagogue,  last 

strategas  of  the  Achseau  League,  defeated  by 


Hungarian  Reichstag,  and  has  a  Diet  (Landtag)  of  90  lation  (1891),  commune,  2,418. 
members.  It  was  separated  from  Hungary  and  made  a  q  ^  (^^wa),  CarlOS  FraUCisCO  de,  Marques  de 
ited  to  Hungary  ra  1868.  ^^^.^v  ^^^^^^  mig^  jj^  Flanders,  1699:  died  at 
Valencia,  1786.  A  Spanish  general  and  adminis- 
trator. He  served  with  distinction  in  the  army ;  was 
commandant  at  Ceuta  and  Puerto  de  Santa  Maria,  captain- 
general  of  Galicia,  and  viceroy  of  New  Spain  (Mexico) 
from  Aug.,  1766,  to  Sept.,  1771.  His  administration  was 
able  and  prosperous.  In  1770  he  was  advanced  to  the 
rank  ot  captain-general  in  the  army.  After  his  return 
from  Mexico  he  was  made  viceroy  of  Valencia,  an  office 
which  he  held  until  his  death. 


crownland  in  1849,  but  was  reun: 
Area,  16,773  square  miles.    Population  (1890),  2,186,410. 
Croats  (kro'atz).    [See  Croatia.]   The  Slavonic 
race  which  inhabits  Croatia,  and  from  which  it 
takes  its  name. 

Born  at  Lime- 
stone, Tenn.,  Au^.'  17,  1786:  killed  at  Port 
Alamo,  San  Antonio  de  Bexar,  Texas,  March  6, 
1836.  An  American  pioneer,  hunter,  and  politi- 
cian. He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Tennessee-,  .  m  j  _  j-  t>  „  «*  t:ii«  ■Eii«^.q««« 
1827-31, 1833-36,  and  served  in  the  Texan  war.  He  pub-  OrOlX,  TeodorO  dO.  Born  at  Lille,  Flanders, 
lished  his  autobiography  in  1834.    He  was  a  fine  shot  and    about  1730 :  died  at  Madnd,  April  8,  1791. 


an  eccentric  humoris.t,  and  the  story  is  told  of  his  having 
treeda  coon  which, wlien  he  recognized  Crockett,  called  out 
to  him :  "  Don't  shoot,  colonel ;  I'll  come  down,  as  I  know 
I'm  a  gone  coon.'*  This  story  was  originally  told  of  a 
Captain  Scott  who  was  a  famous  shot  (Scheie  de  Vere). 
Hotten  in  his  Slang  Dictionary  says  that  the  phrase  ori- 
ginated in  the  tact  that  **in  the  American  war"  a  spy 
dressed  in  racoon-skins  took  refuge  in  a  tree  and  ad- 
dressed an  jEnglish  rifleman  in  the  same  words. 


Metellus  at  Soarphea  in  146. — 2.   A  Greek  Crockett,  Samuel  Kutherford.   Bom  at  Little 


Peripatetic  philosopher  of  the  2d  century  B.  0. 
Crittenden  (krit'n-den),  George  Bibb.    Bom 

at  Russellville,  Ky.,  March  20,  1812:  died  at 
Danville,  Ky.,  Nov.  27,  1880.  An  American 
major-general,  son  of  J.  J.  Crittenden.  He  served 
throughout  the  Mexican  war.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War  he  joined  the  Confederate  service  with  the  rank 
01  brigadier-general,  and  was  shortly  promoted  major- 
general.  He  was  placed  in  command  of  southeastern 
Kentucky  and  a  part  of  eastern  Tennessee  in  Nov.,  1861. 
Be  was  defeated  at  Mill  Springs,  Jan.  19, 1862. 

Crittenden,  John  Jordan.    Born  in  Woodford 
""       Sept.  10,  1787 :  died  near  Frank- 


Duchrae,  near  New  Galloway,  Scotland,  in  1859. 
A  Scotch  Presbyterian  minister  and  novelist. 
He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh  University  and  at  the  New 
Theological  College,  Edinburgh ;  and  was  minister  of  the 
Free  Church  at  Penicuick  from  1886  until  he  resigned  his 
charge  to  devote  himself  to  authorship.  His  principal 
works  are  "The  Stickit  Minister"  (1893),  "The  Raiders" 
(1894),  "The  Lilac  Sunbonnet"  (1894),  "Mad  Sir  Uchtred 
of  the  Hills  "  (1894), "  Play- Actress  "  (1S94), "  The  Men  of  the 
Moss-Hags"  (1896),  "Bog-Myrtle  and  Peat"  (1896),  "The 
Gray  Man "(1896),  "Sweetheart  Travellers"  (1896),  "Cleg 
Kelly"  (1896),  "A  Galloway  Herd"  (1896),  "Lad's  Love" 
(1897).  His  first  book  was  published  as  "Dulee  Cor:  the 
Poems  ot  Ford  Bereton." 


foTfef  JuV"26:-1863:"  An  AmericrnVom^  Oroc^^^^^^ 

eian.  He  graduated  at  William  and  Mary  College  in 
1807,  and  was  subsequently  admitted  to  the  bar.  He 
served  in  the  War  of  1812 ;  was  a  member  of  the  State 
Bouse  of  Representatives  in  1816;  was  United  States 
senator  from  Kentucky  1817-19,  1836-41;  was  attorney- 
general  under  Harrison  and  Tyler  March  6-Sept.  13, 1841; 
was  United  States  senator  1842-48 ;  was  governor  of  Ken- 
tucky 1848-60  -,  was  attorney -general  under  President  Fill- 
more 1860-63 ;  was  United  States  senator  1866-61 ;  and  was 
membei  of  Congress  (Unionist)  1861-63, 


Crittenden,  Thomas  Leonidas.  Bom  at  Bus- 
sellville,  Ky..  May,  1819:  died  at  Annandale, 
Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  23,  1893.  An  Ameri- 
can general,  son  of  J.  J.  Crittenden.  He  served 
in  the  Mexican  war ;  became  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers in  the  Union  army  Oct.  27, 1861 ;  commanded  a  di- 


elub-house  at  No.  50  on  the  west  side  of  St, 
James  street,  London,  opposite  White's.  It 
was  built  by  William  Crockford,  originally  a  fishmonger, 
in  1827.  He  is  said  to  have  made  a  large  fortune  by  gam- 
bling. He  died  May  24, 1844,  but  the  house  was  reopened 
hi  1849  for  the  Military,  Naval,  and  Country  Service 
Club.  It  was  closed  a^in  in  1861.  It  was  for  several 
years  a  dining- house,  " 
Devonshire  Club. 

Crocodile  (krok'a-dil),  Lady  Kitty.  In  Poote's 


duchess  was  sufficient  to  stop  the  production  of  the  play, 

_  „  .         .  See  Trip  to  Calais. 

visionatthebattleOf  ShilohApril6and7, 1862;waspro-  ri„npni1i1otiolis    fkrok''''6-di-lon'6-lis).     [Gr 
moted  major-general  July  17, 1862;  commanded  a  corps  H?°'^"4V,*'P°"?, ,}  „,.tt  ^f  "'    3llL  1      1      At- 
at  the  battles  of  Stone  River  Dec.  31, 1862,-Jan.  3, 1868,    KpoKoScaoiv  7r6?ug,  city  ot  crocodiles. J     1.  Ar- 
and  Chickamauga  Sept.  19-20,  1863;  and  was  brevetted    sinoe.^3.  Athribis,  m  ancient  Jigypt. 
brigadier-general  March  2, 1867.  CrceSUS(kre'sus).  [Gr.KpoZffof.]  AkingofLydia 

Crittenden  Compromise.    A  measure  urged    gonof  Alyatteswhomhesueeeededin  560b.  c, 

in  the  United  States  Senate  by  John  J.  Crit-    -      '    ■      "  " "-"- =~^^—=— 

tenden  1860-61,  providing  for  the  regstablish- 
ment  of  the  slave-line  of  86°  30'  N.,  and  for  the 
enforcing  of  the  fugitive-slave  laws, 


Croagh  Patrick  (kro'ach  pat'rik),  or  Reek. 
A  mountain  near  Westport,  County  Mayo,  Ire- 
land, noted  in  the  story  of  St.  Patrick. 

Croaker  (kro'kfer),  Mr.  and  Mrs.  A  strongly 
contrasted  pair  in  Goldsmith's  "The  Good-Na- 
tured  Man."  He  is  gifted  In  saying  sadly  the  most 
cutting  things ;  she  is  both  merry  and  spiteful. 

Croaker  and  Co.  The  pseudonym  under  which 
Joseph  Rodman  Drake  and  Pitz-Greene  Hal- 
leok  wrote  the  "Croaker  Pieces"  in  the  New 
York  "Evening  Post,"  1819.    ' 

Croatia  (kro-a'shia).     [P.  Croatie,  Qr.Kroatien, 


Russ.  Eroatsiya,  etc.;  from  Croat,  ¥.  Croats,  Croft  (krSft), Herbert.   Born  at  Great  Thame, 


G.  Kroate.l  A  titular  kingdom  in  Austria-Hun- 
gary, which  with  Slavonia  forms  a  separate  divi- 
sion in  the  Hungarian  part  of  the  monarchy,  it 
is  hounded  by  Carniola,  Styria,  and  Hungary  (separated  by 
the  Drave)  on  the  north,  by  Slavonia  and  Bosnia  on  the  east, 
by  Bosnia  and  Dalmatia  on  the  south,  and  by  the  Adriatic, 
Flume,  and  Carniola  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
Save  and  by  prolongations  of  the  Alps.  Its  soil  is  produc- 
tive    Capital,  Agram.    The  inhabitants  are  principally 


Spanish  soldier.  Fi-om  1766  to  1771  he  served  in 
Mexico  under  his  brother,  the  Viceroy  de  Croix,  as  com- 
mandant of  the  interior  provinces  and  of  Sonora.  From 
April,  1784,  to  March,  1790,  he  was  viceroy  of  Peru,  and  is 
known  as  an  upright,  kind-hearted,  and  religious  ruler. 
He  instituted  various  reforms  in  the  laws  affecting  the 
Indians. 

Croizette  (krwa-zef),  Sophie  Alexandrine 
Croisette,  called.  Born  March  19, 1847:  died 
March  19,  1901.  A  noted  French  actress.  She 
was  admitted  to  the  Conservatoire  in  1867,  and  made  her 
d^but  in  1869.  In  1873  she  was  made  an  associate  of  the 
Com^die  Frangaise,  of  which  she  was  the  ^eurtA  premUre. 
In  1881  she  retired  from  the  stage,  and  m  1886  married 
an  American  banker  named  Stern. 

Croke  (kruk),  or  Crocus  (kro'kus),  Bichard. 
Bom  at  London,  probably  in  1489 :  died  there, 
Aug.,  1558.  An  English  scholar  and  diplo- 
matist. He  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Cambridge  in 
1510 ;  studied  Greek  under  Grocyn  at  Oxford,  and  under 
Hieronymus  Aleander  at  Paris  (about  1513) ;  lectured  on 
Greek  at  Louvain,  Cologne  (about  1616),  and  Leipsic(1615- 
1517) ;  began  to  lecture  on  Greek  at  Cambridge  in  1618 ;  was 
ordained  priest  in  1519 ;  was  fellow  of  St.  John's  College  in 
1523 ;  was  sent  in  1529  by  Cranmer  to  Italy  to  collect  the 
opinion  of  Italian  canonists  in  reference  to  the  king's 
divorce ;  became  rector  of  Long  Buckby,  Northampton, 
shire,  in  1531;  and  was  subdean  of  King's  College,  Oxford, 
1532-45.  His  most  notable  publications  are  an  edition  01 
Ausonius  (1516),  and  a  translation  of  the  fourth  book  of 
Theodore  Gaza's  Greek  grammar  (1616). 

The  Wellington,"  and  is  now  the  Crokor  (kro'ker),  JohnWilSOn.  Born  in  Gal- 
way,  Ireland,  Dee.  20,  1780:  died  at  Hampton, 
near  London,  Aug.  10,  1857.  A  British  poli- 
tician and  general  writer,  leading  contributor 
to  the  "Quarterly  Review"  after  1809:  editor 
of  BosweU's  "Life  of  Johnson"  (1831). 
The  mfiuence  of  the  Crokor,  Thomas  Crofton.  Bom  at  Cork,  Ire- 
'  '  '"  '  '  land,  Jan.  15,  1798:  died  at  London,  Aug.  8, 
1854.  An  Irish  antiquary.  He  wrote  "Researches 
in  the  South  of  Ireland  "  (1824),  "The  Fairy  legends  and  , 
Traditions  of  the  South  of  Ireland  "  (1826X  "The  Adven- 
tures of  Barney  Mahonev ''  (1862),  etc. 

Croly  (kro'li),  Da'via  GoocUnan.  Bom  at  New 
York,  Nov.  3,  1829:  died  there,  April  29,  1889. 
A  journalist.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  Recon- 
struction" (1868),  a  "Primer  of  Positivism" 
(1876),  etc. 

Croly,  George.  Bom  at  Dublin,  Aug.,  1780 
( 1785  ?) :  died  at  London,  Nov.  24, 1860.  An  Irish 
divine,  poet,  novelist,  and  miscellaneous  writer. 
His  chief  novel  is  "Salathiel"  (1827),  principal  poem, 
"  Paris  in  1816  "  (1817),  "Catiline,"  a  tragedy  (1822),  "  Mars- 
ton,"  a  romance  (1846),  "Life  and  Times  of  George  IV." 
(1830). 

Croly,  Jane  Cunningham.  Bom  at  Market 
Harborough,  England,  Dec.  19,  1831:  died  at 
New  York,  Deo.  23,  1901.  A  writer  under  the 
name  of  "  Jennie  June,"  well  known  for  her  ef- 
forts for  the  advancement  of  women,  she  called 
together  the  Woman's  Congress  in  New  York  in  1856,  and 
in  1868  founded  "  Sorosis,"  and  was  its  president  1868-70 
and  1876-86.    She  mariied  David  Goodman  Croly  in  1867. 

Cromarty  (krom'SiT-ti).  1.  A  county  or  north- 
em  Scotland,  comprising  Cromarty  proper, 
siiniated  south  of  Cfromarty  Firth,  and  10  de- 
tached portions  in  Ross-shire,  with  which  it  is 
united  for  most  purposes.  Area,  estimated, 
345  square  miles. — 2.  Chief  town  of  the  above 
county,  situated  on  Cromarty  Firth  16  miles 
northeast  of  Inverness.  Population(1891),l,308. 


"Trip  to  Calais,"  a  hypocritical,  intriguing 
woman  of  quality,  intended  to  satirize  the  no- 
torious Duchess  of  Kingston,  whose  trial  for 
bigamy  was  just  coming  on 


He  subjugated  the  Ionian,  .^olian,  and  other  neighboring 
peoples,  and  at  the  close  of  his  reign  ruled  over  the  region 
extending  from  the  northern  and  western  coasts  of  Asia 
Minor  to  the  Halys  on  the  east  and  the  Taurus  on  the 
south.  According  to  Herodotus,  he  was  visited  at  the 
height  of  his  power  by  Solon,  to  whom  he  exhibited  his 
innumerable  treasures,  and  who,  when  pressed  to  ac- 
knowledge him  as  the  happiest  of  mortals,  answered, 
"Account  no  man  happy  before  his  death."  Deceived  by 
a  response  of  the  oracle  at  Delphi  to  the  effect  that,  it  he 
marched  against  the  Persians,  he  would  overthrow  a  great 
empire,  he  made  war  in  646  upon  Cyrus,  by  whom  he  was 
defeated  in  the  same  year  near  Sardis  and  taken  prisoner. 
He  was,  according  to  Herodotus,  doomed  to  be  burned 
alive  but  as  he  stood  upon  the  pyre  he  recalled  the  words 
of  Solon,  and  exclaimed  "Solon!  Solon!  Solon!'"  De- 
sired by  Cyrus  to  state  upon  whom  he  was  calling,  he  re» 
lated  the  story  of  Solon,  which  moved  Cyrus  to  counter- 
mand the  order  for  his  execution,  and  to  bestow  upon  him 
distinguished  marks  of  favor. 


Oxfordshire,  Oct.  18, 1603 :  died  at  Hereford, 
May  18, 1691.  Bishop  of  Hereford.  He  was  origi- 
nally intended  for  the  Roman  Catholic  priesthood,  but 
eventually  took  holy  orders  in  the  Church  of  England, 
having  obtained  the  degree  of  B.  D.  at  Oxford  in  1636.  He 
became  chaplain  to  Charles  I.  about  1640,  canon  of  Windsor 
in  1641  and  dean  of  Hereford  in  1644 ;  was  deprived  of  his 
preferments  during  the  Rebellion  (which  were  restored  to 
him  on  the  accession  of  Charles  II.),  became  bishop  of 


Cromarty  Tirth 

Oromarty  Firth  (f  ferth) .    An  inlet  of  the  North 

Sea,  connecting  with  Moray  Firth,  and  nearly 

surrounded  by  Cromarty  and  Boss. 

Crome  (krom),  John.  Bom  at  Norwich,  Eng- 
land, Dee.  22,  1768:  died  there,  April  22,  1821. 
A  noted  English  landscape-painter.  He  was  the 
son  of  a  poor  weaver,  and  began  life  as  a  doctor's  assis- 
tant, and  apprentice  to  a  coach-  and  sign-painter.  He 
early  began  to  study  painting  directly  from  nature  in  the 
environs  of  his  native  town  ;  later  found  an  opportunity 
to  study  drawing ;  and  obtained  entrance  to  a  neigh- 
boring collection  of  paintings,  where  he  found  some  good 
Flemish  pictures.  In  1803  he  created  the  Norwich  Society 
of  Arts.  At  the  annual  exhibitions  of  this  society  he  ex- 
hibited many  of  his  works,  rarely  sending  them  to  the 
Boyal  Academy  at  London.  His  pupils  and  associates, 
among  whom  were  Stark  and  Cotman,  acquired  distinction, 
and  formed  with  him  the  "  school  of  Norwich." 

Cromer,  Lord.     See  Baring,  Evelyn. 

Crompton  (kromp'ton),  Samuel.  Born  at  Pir- 
wood,  near  Bolton,  England,  Deo.  3, 1753 :  died 
at  Hall-in-the-Wood,  near  Bolton,  June  26, 1827. 
An  English  mechanic,  inventor  of  the  spinning- 
mule  in  1779. 

Cromwell (krum'wel  orkrom'wel).  Adramaby 
Victor  Hugo,  published  in  1827.  This  was  his 
first  dramatic  venture,  and  was  not  intended 
to  be  acted. 

Cromwell,  Henry.  Bom  at  Huntingdon,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  20, 1628 :  died  at  Soham,  (^mbridge- 
shire,  England,  March  23,  1674.  A  younger  son 
of  Oliver  Cromwell,  lord  deputy  in  Ireland  1655- 
1657,  and  lord  lieutenant  1657-59. 

Cromwell,  Oliver.  Bom  at  Huntingdon,  Eng- 
land, April  25,1599:  died  at  Whitehall,  Lon- 
don, Sept.  3, 1658.  Lord  Protector  of  the  Com- 
monwealth of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland. 
He  studied  at  Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  1616-17, 
was  elected  member  of  Parliament  for  Huntingdon  in 
16i8,  and  in  1640  was  returned  by  Cambridge  to  the  Short 
and  Long  Parliaments.  He  was  appointed  captain  of 
Parliamentary  horse  in  1642,  and  colonel  in  1643.  In 
1643,  by  enlisting  only  men  of  religion,  chiefly  Indepen- 
dents, he  organized  a  model  regiment  which,  on  account 
of  its  invincible  courage,  came  to  be  known  as  the  Iron- 
sides. He  fought  with  distinction  at  Marston  Moor  July 
2,  1644,  and  at  the  second  battle  of  Newbury  Oct.  27, 
1644 ;  was  promoted  to  lieutenant-general,  on  the  reorgani- 
zation (after  plans  furnished  by  him)  of  the  army,  in  June, 
1645  ;  commanded  the  right  wing  of  the  Parliamentary 
army  at  Naseby  June  14,  1645,  and  took  Easing  House 
Oct.  14,  1645.  On  the  rupture  in  1647  between  the  army, 
which  was  controlled  by  the  Independents,  and  Parlia- 
ment, which  was  controlled  by  the  Presbyterians,  he  sided 
with  the  army,  and  supported  the  measures  by  which 
the  Independents  obtained  control  of  Parliament.  He 
suppressed  an  insurrection  in  Wales  in  1648,  defeated  the 
Scotch  royalists  at  Preston  Aug.  17-19,  1648,  and,  as  a 
member  of  the  High  Court,  signed  the  death-warrant 
of  Charles  I.  in  Jan.,  1649.  On  the  establishment  of  the 
Commonwealth  in  1649  he  obtained,  by  virtue  of  his  posi- 
tion as  leader  of  the  Independents  and  ruling  spirit  in  the 
army,  the  actual  control  of  the  government.  He  under- 
took an  expedition  against  Ireland  Aug.  15, 1649 ;  stormed 
nrogheda  Sept.  10, 1649 ;  was  appointed  captain-general 
and  commander-in-chief  of  all  the  forces  of  the  Common- 
wealth June  26,  1660;  defeated  the  Scotch  royalists  at 
Dunbar  Sept.  3,  1660,  and  at  Worcester  Sept.  3,  1651; 
expelled  the  Eump  Parliament  April  20,  1663 ;  and  was 
appointed  by  the  council  of  officers  Lord  Protector  of 
the  Commonwealth  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland. 
His  protectorate  was  marked  by  religious  toleration,  by 
advantageous  commercial  treaties  with  foreign  nations, 
and  by  successful  wars  with  the  Dutch,  with  Algiers, 
Tunis,  and  Tripoli,  and  the  Spaniards.  See  Carlyle's 
"Letters  and  Speeches  of  Oliver  Cromwell,"  Foster's 
"Life  of  Cromwell,"  and  Guiizot's  "History  of  the  Revo- 
lution "  and  "History  of  England  under  Cromwell." 

Cromwell,  Richard.  Bom  at  Huntingdon, 
England,  Oct.  4,  1626 :  died  at  Cheshunt,  near 
London,  July  12,  1712.  Son  of  Oliver  Crom- 
well, whom  he  succeeded  as  Lord  Protector 
Sept.,  1658.    He  resigned  May,  1659. 

Cromwell,  Thomas,  Earl  of  Essex.  Bom  prob- 
ably about  1485 :  died  at  London,  July  28, 1540. 
An  English  statesman,  the  son  of  a  blacksmith. 
He  served  in  his  youth  in  the  French  army  in  Italy,  and 
after  his  return  to  England  became  a  lawyer.  He  was 
appointed  collector  of  the  revenues  of  the  see  of  York  by 
Wolsey  in  1514 ;  became  a  member  of  Parliament  m  1523 ; 
was  appointed  privy  councilor  by  Henry  VIIL  in  1631 ; 
and  was  made  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in  1633.  In 
1535  he  was  appointed  vicar-general  of  the  kmg  to  carry 
into  effect  the  Act  of  Supremacy,  in  which  capacity  he 
beoan  in  1536  the  suppression  of  the  monasteries  and  the 
confiscation  of  their  property.  He  becanie  lord  privy 
seal  in  l.'i36,  and  lord  high  chamberlain  of  England  in 
1639,  and  was  created  earl  of  Essex  in  1640.  In  1539  he 
negotiated  the  marriage  of  Henry  VIII.  with  Anne  of 
Cleves,  which  took  place  in  Jan.,  1640.  Having  fallen 
under  the  king's  displeasure,  partly  on  account  of  his 
advocacy  of  this  marriage,  he  was  attainted  by  ParUa- 
ment  and  beheaded  on  the  charge  of  treason. 

Cromwell,  The  Life  and  Death  of  Thomas, 
Lord.  An  anonymous  play,  printed  m  Ibid, 
at  one  time  attributed  to  Shakspere.  I*  was 
entered  on  the  Stationers'  Begister  m  1602. 

Cromwell  Surveying  the  Body  of  Charles 
L  in  its  Coffin.  A  masterpiece  of  Paul  Dela^ 
roche,  in  the  Mus6e  at  Nimes,  Prance.     _ 

Cronaca  (kron'a-ka),   Simone   Pollajuolo. 


293 


Crowe,  Captain 


eellor  of  the  University  of  New  York  1870-81;  was  a 
member  of  the  American  committee  for  the  revision  of 
the  New  Testament ;  and  was  one  of  the  chief  instru- 
ments in  effecting  the  organization  (1877)  of  the  Society 
for  the  Prevention  of  Crime,  of  which  he  became  presi- 
dent. 


Born  at  Florence,  1457:  died  1508.  An  Italian 
architect,  sumamed"Il  Cronaca"  ('the  chroni- 
cler') from  his  habit  of  story-telling.  On  account 
of  some  misdemeanor  he  was  obliged  to  flee  from  Flor- 
ence to  Eome,  where  he  busied  himself  with  the  antique     „„„„ 

monuments.    Returning  to  Florence,  he  completed  the  n       \       :^  rt        /i      j\  -nr      rn        •i.     _      .     . 
Strozzi  Palace,  begun  by  Benedetto  da  Majano.    His  mas-  CrOSlaUd  (kros  land) ,  Mrs.  (Camilla  ToulmiU). 
terpiece  (1604)  is  the  Church  of  San  Bartolommeo  In  San    Born  at  London,  June  9, 1812 :  died  at  Dulwioh, 
Miniato,  which  was  much  admired  by  Michelangelo.    He    Feb.  16,  1895.     An  English  poet  and  writer 
also  built  the  great  hall  of  the  Palazzo  Vecchio.     Hebe,  n.naa   drrAq)     Mrs     CMnrTi'    Atin    r.,.  lUToi.)^. 
came  a  disciple  of  Savonarola.  l-roSS  (Kros;,   Mrs.   (Mary  Ann,_  or  Marian, 

Cronholm(kron'holm),  Abraham  Peter.  Bom   Evans)  |^  pseudonym  George  Elipt.    Born  ai 


Arbury  Farm  (Chilvers  Coton),  Warwickshire, 
England,  Nov.  22,  1819:  died  at  4  Cheyne 
Walk,  Chelsea,  London,  Dec.  22, 1880.  A  cele- 
brated English  novelist.  She  was  educated  at  Nun- 
eaton and  Coventry.  In  1841  she  moved  with  her  father 
(Robert  Evans,  agent  for  Mr.  Fi'ancis  Newdigate  of  Arbury 
Hall)  to  Coventry.  In  1861  she  became  assistant  editor  of 
"  The  Westminster  Review,"  and  retained  that  position  till 
""*     She  lived  with  George  Henry  Lewes  from  1854  until 


1863.  _  .  

his  death  in  1878,  a  connection  which  they  regarded  as  a 
marriage.  On  May  6, 1880,  she  married  John  Walter  Cross 
under  the  name  of  Mary  Ann  Evans  Lewes.  She  died 
within  the  year,  and  was  burled  by  the  side  of  George 
Henry  Lewes  in  Highgate  Cemetery.  She  published 
(anonymously  at  firs^  afterward  under  her  real  name) 
a  translation  of  Strauss's  "Life  of  Jesus  "  (1846),  "The  Es- 
sence of  Christianity  "  (translated  from  Feuerbach  "  by 
Marian  Evans"  in  1854),  and,  under  the  pseudonym  ol 
George  Eliof,  "Scenes  of  Clerical  Life"  (1858),  "Adam 
Bede"  (1869X  "The  Mill  on  the  Floss"  (1860),  "SUas 
Marner,  the  Weaver  of  Eaveloe"  (1861),,  "  Romola " 
(1862-^3),  "Felix  Holt  the  Radical"  (1866),  "The  Spanish 
Gypsy"  (a  poem,  1868),  "Agatha"  (a  poem,  1869),  "Mid- 
dlemarch,  a  study  of  Provincial  Life"  (1871-72),  "The 
Legend  of  Jubal,  and  Other  Poems"  (1874),  "Daniel 
Deronda"  (1876),  "Impressions  of  Theophrastus  Such" 
(1879).  After  herdeath  in  1883,  a  poem,  "How  Usa  loved 
the  King,"  was  published,  and  "Essays  and  Leaves  from 
a  Note-book  "  in  1884.  Her  life  was  written  by  her  hus- 
band, John  Walter  Cross,  and  published  in  1884. 


at  Landskrona,  Sweden,  Oct.  22, 1809 :  died  at 
Stockholm,  May  27, 1879.  A  Swedish  historian. 
His  chief  work  is  "Sveriges  Historia  under 
Q-ustaf  H.  Adolfs  regering"  (1857-72). 

Cronstadt.    See  Kronstadt. 

Cronus  (kro'nus),  or  Cronos  (-uos).  [(Jr. 
Kpiivof.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a  Titan,  son  of 
Uranus  and  Ge.  At  the  instigation  of  his  mother, 
he  emasculated  his  father  for'  having  thrown  the  Cy- 
clopes (who  were  likewise  the  children  of  Uranus  and 
Ge)  into  Tartarus.  He  thereupon  usurped  the  govern- 
ment of  the  world,  which  had  hitherto  belonged  to  his 
father,  but  was  in  turn  dethroned  by  Zeus.  He  was  the 
husband  of  Rhea,  by  whom  he  became  the  father  of  Hestia, 
Demeter,  Hera,  Hades,  Poseidon,  and  Zeus.  He  was  iden- 
tified with  Saturnus  by  the  Romans. 

Croo-boys  or  Croo-men.    See  Krv.. 

Crook  (kruk),  George.  Born  near  Dayton,  Ohio, 
Sept.  8,  1828 :  died  at  Chicago,  111.,  March  21, 
1890.  An  American  soldier.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1862,  and  entered  the  regular  army,  in  which  he 
attained  the  rank  of  major-general  April  6, 1888.  Sept. 
13, 1861,  he  was  appointed  to  a  colonelcy  in  the  volunteer 
service,  in  which  he  rose  to  the  brevet  rank  of  major- 
general  July  18, 1864  ;  he  was  mustered  out  Jan.  15, 1866. 
He  commanded  the  national  forces  in  West  Virginia  in 
July  and  Aug.,  1864 ;  was  in  the  engagements  at  Snicker's 

Ferry  July  19,  and  Kernstown  July  24 ;  cooperated  with  _  oi-t».'l      j»      t.^        -r.  t;,« 

General  Sheridan  in  the  Shenandoah  valley  from  Aug.  ^^rOSS,  oirJilcnardASShetOn.  BomatBedScar, 
till  Deo.  of  the  same  year ;  was  in  the  battles  at  Ber-  Lancashire,  England,  May  30, 1823.  An  Eng- 
ryville,  Opequan,  Fisher's  Hill,  Strasburg,  and  Ced^  lish  politician, home,seoretary  1874^80  and  1885- 
Creek;  and  commanded  the  cavalry  of  the  Army  of  the  naa«  oon,.o+„™  «*  o(.„fo  *«.»  Ti/i;„  loaa  „„,^  ■\„^a 
Potomac  March  2e-April  9, 1865.  After  the  war  he  did  1886,  secretary  of  state  for  India  1886,  and  lord 
duty  among  the  hostile  Indians  in  Idaho  and  Arizona,  pnvy  seal  1895-.  He  was  raised  to  the  peerage 
After  the  massacre  of  General  Custer's  command  he  pur-    as  viscount  in  1886. 

sued  the  Sioux  to  Slim  Buttes,  Dakota,  where  he  defeated  CroSSO  (krds),  AndieW.     Bom  at  Broomfield, 
them.    In  1886  he  conducted  the  campaign  against  the    a„™p.„Bt   FriD-lntirl    Ttitib  17   1784-  diprl  thprn 
Apaches  under  Geronimo,  whom  he  brought  to  a  stand    ?°™®,r^?J'=l'^i     S'     ^^$  \'  I  •   •'  tliea  mere, 
near  San  Bernardino,  Mexico,  but  resigned  his  command    July  b,  1800.     An  Jlinglish.  electrician,  noted  tor 
before  the  conclusion  of  hostilities.  his  experiments  in  electro-crystallisation. 

Crooked  Island  (kruk'ed  i'land).  An  island  CrOSS  Keys  (kr6s  kez).  A  place  in  Booking- 
of  the  Bahamas,  south  of  Wailing  Island.  ham  County,  Virginia,  20  miles  northeast  of 

Crookes(kruks),  Sir  William.  BomatLondon,    Staunton.     Here,  June  8, 1862,  a  battle  took  place  be- 
June  17,  1832.     A  noted  English  chemist  and   t^ff"  ?^°'l^'"'X™y>*T*  %T^  under  Ewell,  and  the 
•1       •„.'i      _     ,.  J,  j.^  ,?.        .     ,„„        J   .       Federals  (about  18,000)  under  Fremont.    The  loss  of  the 

physicist.     He  discovered  thulium  in  1861,  and  in-    Federals  Vas  626 ;  that  of  the  Confederates,  287. 

vented  the  radiometer  m  1874.    He  founded  the  "Chemi- «,,,    ,.,„,„.,    tij™!-       r> „4.  n„^» 

cal  News"  in  1869,  has  edited  the  "Quarterly  Journal  of  CroSWCll  <kroz  wel),  EdWlU.  Born  at  Cats- 
Science"  since  1864,  and  has  published  "Select  Methods  kUl,  N.  Y.,  May  29,  1797:  died  at  Prmceton, 
of  Chemical  Analysis"  (1880),  etc.    Knighted  June,  1897.     N.  J.^  June  13,  1871.     An  American  journalist 

Crooks  (kruks),   George   Richard.      Bom   at   and  politician.    He  was  editor  of  the' Albany  Argua" 
Philadelphia,  Feb.  3,  1822:  died  at  Madison,    1823-54,  and  a  member  of  the  "Albany  Regency.'' 
N.  J.,  Feb.  20,  1897.     An  American  journalist  CrOSWell,  Harry.     Born  at  West  Hartford, 
and  Methodist  clergyman.    He  published  with   Conn.,  June   16,  1778:   died  at  New  Haven, 
Schem  a  "Latin-English  Lexicon"  (1858).  Conn.,  March  13,  1858.    An  American  Feder- 

Croppies  (krop'iz).  A  name  given  to  the  re-  alist,  journalist,  and  clergyman,  uncle  of  Edwin 
publican  party  in  Ireland  in  1798,  who  wore    Croswell. 

their  hair  cropped  in  imitation  of  the  French  Crotch  (kroch),  William.  Bom  at  Norwich, 
revolutionists.  {Ledky.)  The  name  was  ap-  England,  July  5,  1775:  died  at  Taunton,  Eng- 
plied  to  the  Boundheads  in  1642.  land,  Dec.  29,  1847.    An  English  composer,  or- 

Oropredy  Bridge.  A  locality  near  Banbury,  ganist  of  St  John's  College,  Oxford,  and  pro- 
England,  the  scene  of  a  Boyalist  defeat  of  the  fessor  of  music  in  the  university,  and  later 
Parliamentarians  under  Waller,  June  29,  1644.    (1822)prineipalof  the  Boyal  Academy  of  Music. 

Oropsey  (krop'si),  Jasper  Francis.  Bom  Feb.  CJrotchet  Castle  (kroch'et  kas'l).    A  novel  by 
18,  1823:  died  June  22,  1900.     An  American   Thomas  Love  Peacock,  published  in  1831. 
landscape-painter,  a  pupil  of  Edward  Maury.  Orbton  (kro'ton),  or  Crotona  (kro-to'na).    [Gr. 
He  entered  the  National  Academy  in  1851.  Kpiirtiv.]    The  ancient  name  of  Cotrona  (which 

Croquemitaine(kr6k-me-tan').   {^rom  oroquer,    gge).    There  is  a  Greek  temple  of  Hera  Lakinia  (Juno  of 

to  eat,  crunch.]     A  French  legendary  monster  -     -  

with  which  nurses  frighten  children.  L'Epine  in 
1863  published  a  "L^gende  de  Croquemitaine,"  a  romance 
relating  to  the  adventures  of  a  certain  Mitaine,  a  god- 
daughter of  Charlemagne. 

Crosby  Hall  or  Place.  -Au  ancient  house  in 
Bishopsgate  street,  London.    The  site  was  leased 


the  Lakinian  promontory)  at  the  extremity  of  Capo  della 
Colonna.  This  famous  shrine  has  been  greatly  damaged  by 
vandalism  and  earthquakes,  but  its  platform  of  masonry 
and  the  results  of  excavations  supply  dataforapartial  res- 
toration. It  was  of  the  5th  century  B.  0.,  Doric,  hexaatyle, 
with  14  columns  on  the  flanks,  and  an  interior  range  of 
4  columns  befoiie  the  pronaos.  Some  of  the  marble  pedi- 
ment-sculptures  have  been  found. 


from  Alice  Ashfleld,  prioress  of  St.  Helen's,  in  1466  by  Sir  Oroton.     A  river  of   southeastern  New  York 


John  Crosby,  a  grocer  and  lord  mayor.  He  built  the 
beautiful  Gothic  palace  of  which  the  banqueting-hall,  the 
throne-room  and  council-room  still  remain  in  Bishopsgate 
within.  The  hall  is  now  used  as  an  eating-house,  and 
is  famous  for  its  beautiful  wooden  roof.  The  mansion 
covered  a  large  part  of  what  is  now  Crosby  Place  or 


which  joins  the  Hudson  32  miles  north  of  New 
York  city,  which  it  supplies  with  water  through 
the  Croton  aqueduct  (the  old  one  was  opened 
for  use  in  1842 :  the  new  (and  chief)  one  was 


covered  a  large  part  of  what  is  now  urosny  i-iaoe  or    oomnleted  in  1890). 

Square.     Richard  of  Gloucester  lived  here  at  the  death    t-ompiBt-eu  in  -'°°">  t>{„„-  a^     -r,,™  «f 

of  Edward  IV.,  and  here  held  his  levees  before  his  usurpa-  CrOUSaZ  (kro-za'),  Jean  Pierre  dO.  Born  at 
tion  of  the  crown.  It  was  afterward  bought  by  Sir  Thomas  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  April  Id,  IDOd:  aiea 
More,  who  wrote  here  the  "Utopia"  and  the  "Life  of  March  22, 1748.  A  Swiss  philosopher  and  math- 
Richard  III  •■  Crosby  Hall  is  the  central  feature  of  Shak-  ^jj^atieian.  His  chief  work  is  a  treatise  on  logic  (1712 : 
Z^^l^Ci:  l!1foro^^S?'v'i^t'w'SSdwl?l!  seve^later  emtions).  He  was  a  voluminous  but  not  an 
ing-housesstiU  existing  in  London.  It  was  restored  in  1836,     important  miter.  a^^  r^,„.^ 

after  having  been  used  for  various  purposes.  CrOW,  or  Raven,  ilie.     oee  (jOrvus. 

Crosby  (kroz'bi),  Howard.  Bom  at  New  Orowdero  (krou-de'ro).  [A  humorous  name, 
York  Feb.  27, 1826 :  died  there,  March  29, 1891.  from  crowd,  a  fiddle.]  A  character  m  Butlers 
An  American  Presbyterian  clergyman.  Hewas  "Hudibras»:afiddler,andtheleaderofthemob. 
graduated  at  the  University  of  New  Tork  in  1844 ;  be-  CroWO  (kro),  Captain.  A  whimsical,  impatient 
came  professor  of  Greek  there  about  1861 ;  was  professor  merchant  captain  in  Smollett's  "  Sir  Launcelot 
of  Greek  in  Rutgers  College,  NewBrunswiok,  New  Jersey,     f,  ,,     *„  insists  UDOn  being  a  knight  er- 

1859-63;  was  pastor  of  the  Fourtt  Avenue  Presbytman     trreaves.       .ae  msisis  uiiun  uomg  a  j..    g 
Church  at  New  York  from  1863  until  his  death ;  was  chan-    rant  wittL  tne  latter. 


Orowe,  Eyre  Evans 

Crowe,  Eyre  Evans.  Born  at  Eedbridge,  South- 
ampton, March  20, 1799 :  died  at  London,  Feb. 
25,  1868.  An  English  journalist,  historian,  and 
novelist.  His  chief  work  is  a  "History  of 
France"  (5  vols.  1858-68). 

Crowe,  Mrs.  (Catharine  Ann  Stevens).  Bom 
at  Borough  Green,  Kent^  England,  about  1800 : 
died  in  1876.  An  English  writer,  principally 
known  by  her  writings  on  the  supernatural: 
author  of  "Night  Side  of  Nature"  (1848), 
"  Spiritualism  and  the  Age  we  Live  in"  (1859), 
and  several  novels. 

Crowe,  Mrs.    See  Bateman,  Kate  Josephine. 

Crowe,  William.  Bom  at  Midgeham,  Berk- 
shire, England,  in  1745:  died  at  Bath,  Feb.  9, 
1829.  An  English  clergyman  and  poet.  He  was 
eccentric,  but  a  popular  preacher.  He  wrote  "Lewes- 
don  Hlli;  (1788),  "A  Treatise  on  English  Versification" 
(1827),  and  published  several  volumes  of  sermons  and  ora- 
tions, etc. 

Crowfield  (kro'feld),  Christopher.  An  occa- 
sional pseudonym  of  Mrs.  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe. 

Crowley  (kro'li),  or  Crole,  or  Croleus,  Robert. 

Bom  in  (jloueestershire,  1518  (?) :  died  at  Lon- 
don, June  18, 1588.  An  English  author,  printer, 
and  divine.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  embraced  the 
doctrines  of  the  Keformation,  and  about  1549  set  up  a 
printing-press  at  Ely  Kents,  Holborn,  which  he  conducted 
three  years.  He  was  archdeacon  of  Hereford  1569-67,  and 
vicar  of  St.  Lawrence  Jewry,  London,  1576-78.  His  typo- 
graphical fame  rests  chiefly  on  three  impressions  which 
he  made  in  1560  of  the  "Vision  of  Piers  Plowman."  His 
most  notable  works  are  "  An  Informacion  and  Peticion 
agaynst  the  Oppressours  of  the  Pore  Commons  of  this 
Kealme  "  (1648),  "  The  Voyce  of  the  Laste  Trumpet,  etc." 
(1649),  "The  Way  to  Wealth,  etc."  (1650),  "Pleasure  and 
Payne,  Heaven  and  Hell ;  Bemember  these  Foure,  and  all 
shall  be  Well "  (1561X  and  "  One  and  Ihyrtye  Epigrammes  " 
(1650). 
Crown,  Oration  on  the.  [Grr.  izepl  are^ivm;  L. 
de  corona.'\  The  most  celebrated  oration  of 
Demosthenes,  delivered  in  330  B.  c.  ctesiphon  had 
proposed  that  Demosthenes  should  be  publicly  crowned 
with  a  golden  crown,  as  a  reward  for  public  services  ren- 
dered alter  the  battle  of  Ghseronea,  and  for  this  was  in- 
dicted by  .^schines  as  the  proposer  of  an  illegal  act.  In 
the  oration  Demosthenes  defended  his  own  acts  and  char- 
acter, and  attacked  ^schines,  who  was  defeated. 

Crown  Diamonds.  The  English  version  of 
Auber's  "Les  Diamants  de  la  Couronue"  (1844). 

Crown  Point  (kroun  point).  A  town  in  Essex 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain  90  miles  north  of  Albany.  It  was  strongly 
fortified  in  the  last  century,  was  abandoned  by  the  French 
In  1769,  and  was  taken  from  the  British  by  the  Americans 
under  Warner,  May,  1775.  Population  (1900),  2,112. 

Crowne  (kroun),  John.  Died  in  1703  (?).  An 
English  dramatist.  Among  other  plays  he  wrote 
"The  Country  Wit "  (1675), "  City  Politiques  "  (played  about 
1683),  "Sir  Courtly  Nice,  or  It  Cannot  be"  (1685),  "The 
Married  Beau,  etc."  (1694),  etc.  Some  of  his  plays  held 
the  stage  for  a  century. 

Crowquill  (kro'kwil),  Alfred.  The  pseudonym 
of  Alfred  Henry  Forrester,  an  English  humor- 
ist and  artist.  Charles  Robert  Forrester,  his 
brother,  also  used  it  1826-44.    See  Forrester. 

Crows.    See  Absaroka. 

Crowther  ( kro'TH^r ),  Samuel  Adjai.  Bom 
inYomba:  died  in  1891.  The  first  negro  bishop 
of  the  Church  of  England.  He  was  carried  oflf  and 
sold  into  slavery  in  1821.  With  many  others  he  was  freed 
by  a  British  man-of-war  in  1822,  and  landed  at  Sierra 
Leone,  where  he  attended  school  and  soon  distinguished 
bimselt.  His  higher  education  he  received  in  England. 
He  accompanied  the  first  and  second  Niger  expeditions, 
and  published  an  account  of  the  latter.  In  1864  he  was  or- 
dained "  Bishop  of  the  Niger,"  and  proved  himself  worthy 
of  the  office.  His  books  in  and  on  the  Niger  languages 
give  him  a  prominent  place  among  African  linguists. 

Croydon  (kroi'don).  [In  Doomsday  Croindene, 
chalk  hill.]  A  suburb  of  London,  iu  Surrey, 
England,  10  miles  south  of  Loudon.  It  has  a 
ruined  palace  of  the  archbishops  of  Canterbury, 
used  by  them  from  the  Conquest  until  1757. 
Population  (1901),  133,885. 

Croyland  (kroi'land),  or  Crowland  (kro'land). 
A  town  in  the'  southern  part  of  Lincolnshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Welland  8  mUes  north- 
east of  Peterborough.  It  contains  the  ruins  of 
a  famous  abbey  founded  by  .^thelbald  of  Mercia 
in  the  8th  century. 

Croysado  (kroi-sa'do),  The  Great.  In  Butler's 
"  Hudibras,"  a  character  intended  for  Lord 

Crucifixion,  The.  Of  the  paintings  of  this  sub- 
ject the  following  are  among  the  most  notable : 
(a)  A  large  painting  oy  Lncas  Cranaoh  in  the  Stadtkirche 
at  Weimar,  Germany.  It  contains  portraits  of  the  artist 
and  of  Luther  and  Melanchthon  on  the  right,  and  on  the 
left  Christ  overcomes  Satan  in  the  form  of  a  Protean  mon- 
ster 0>)  A  small  painting  by  Albert  Durer  (1506),  in  the 
museum  at  Dresden,  (c)  An  impressive  painting  by  Man- 
tegna  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  Christ  is  between  the  two 
thieves  ■  St  John  and  the  holy  women  wait  in  grief  on 
the  left'  and  a  body  of  soldiers  cast  lots  for  the  garment 
on  the  right.    This  picture  is  part  of  the  predella  of  the 


294 

altarpiece  of  San  Zenone,  Verona ;  two  other  parts  are  in 
the  Mua^e  at  Tours,  (d)  A  noted  painting  by  Van  Dyck, 
in  St.  Michael's,  at  Ghent,  Belgium.  A  mounted  soldier 
holds  out  the  sponge  to  Christ  with  his  spear ;  St.  John 
and  the  Marys  are  grouped  below,  and  angels  appear 
above,  (e)  A  painting  called  "Le  coup  de  lanoe,"by  Eubens, 
in  the  museum  at  Antwerp,  Belgium.  The  time  is  even- 
ing ;  the  three  crosses  stand  side  by  side  on  Mount  Cal- 
vary. Christ  is  already  dead,  and  a  mounted  soldier  is 
piercing  his  side  with  a  spear.  The  three  Marys  and  St. 
John  are  grouped  at  the  foot  of  the  cross.  This  is  said  to 
be  the  most  carefully  finished  painting  executed  by  Ru- 
bens. (/)  A  fresco  of  Perugino,  in  the  chapter-house  of 
Santa  Maria  Maddalena  dei  Pazzi,  Florence.  It  is  divided 
into  three  parts  by  architectural  framework.  In  the  cen- 
tral part,  beneath  the  crucified  Christ,  are  the  two  Marys ; 
on  the  right  are  Sts.  John  and  Bernard ;  on  the  left  is  an 
impressive  figure  of  the  Virgin,  with  St.  Benedict,  (a)  A 
painting  by  Tintoret,  in  the  Scuola  di  San  £occo,  at  Ven- 
ice.   It  is  this  painter's  masterpiece. 

Cruciger  (krot'sia-er),  or  Creuziger  (kroit'sio- 
er),  or  Creutzinger  (kroit'sing-er),  Kaspar. 
Born  at  Leipsic,  Jan.  1,  1504:  died  at  Witten- 
berg, Germany,  Nov.  16, 1548.  A  G-ei-man  Prot- 
estant theologian,  a  co-worker  with  Luther  in 
the  translation  of  the  Bible.  He  became  a  preacher 
at  Wittenberg  in  1528,  and  professor  of  philosophy  (later 
of  theology)  in  the  university.  ' 

Cruden  (kro'den),  Alexander.  Bom  at  Aber- 
deen, Scotland,  May  31, 1701 :  died  at  London, 
Nov.  1, 1770.  A  London  bookseller,  author  of  a 
famous  "Concordance  of  the  Holy  Scriptures  " 
(1737).  He  was  eccentric  to  the  verge  of  insanity.  He 
believed  himself  to  have  been  specially  appointed  by  God 
to  correct  the  morals  of  the  British  nation,  and  accord- 
ingly assumed  the  title  of  "Alexander  the  Corrector" 
(probably  suggested  to  him  by  his  work  as  corrector  of  the 
press). 

Crudor  (kro'd6r),  Sir.  In  Spenser's  "Faerie 
Queene,"  a  knight  who  insists  that  Briana  shall 
supply  him  with  enough  hair,  consisting  of  la- 
dies' curls  and  knights'  beards,  to  purfle  his 
cloak  before  he  will  marry  her.  Sir  Calidore 
overthrows  him,  and  her  raid  on  the  passers-by 
is  stopped. 

Cruel  Brother,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Sir  William 
Davenant,  printed  in  1630. 

Cruel  Gift,  The.    A  tragedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre, 

d produced  in  1716. 
ruikshank  (kruk'shank),  George.  Bom  at 
London,  Sept.  27,  1792:  died  Feb.  1,  1878.  A 
noted  English  artist  and  caricaturist.  He  was 
the  son  of  Isaac  Cruikshank,  who  was  also  a  caricaturist. 
He  began  his  career  as  an  illustrator  of  children's  books, 
and  his  satirical  genius  first  found  expression  in  "The 
Scourg^  "  a  periodical  published  between  1811-16.  At  this 
time  his  caricatures  were  in  the  style  of  Gillray,  but 
about  1819  he  began  to  illustrate  books  and  developed  a 
style  of  his  own.  Among  his  caricatures  those  of  Napoleon, 
the  impostures  of  Joanna  Southcott,  the  corn-laws,  the 
domestic  infelicities  of  the  regent  and  his  wife,  etc.,  are 
noted.  In  1827  William  Hone  issued  a  collection  of  Cruik- 
shank's  caricatures  in  connection  with  the  latter  scandal, 
which  he  called  "Facetiie  and  Miscellanies."  Some  of 
his  best  illustrations  were  for  Scott  and  for  a  translation 
of  German  fairy  tales.  In  1823  he  issued  his  designs  for 
Chamisso's  "Peter  Schlemihl."  His  arrangement  with 
Dickens  began  with  "Sketches  by  Boz"  in  1836.  He  de- 
signed also  for  Bichard  Bentley  (1837-43)  and  Harrison 
Ainsworth  (1836-44).  "  The  Bottle  "(eight  plates,  1847)  and 
"The  Drunkard's  Children  "  (eight  plates,  1848)  were  the 
first  products  of  his  satirical  crusade  against  drunkenness. 
He  continued  to  produce  etchings,  etc.,  in  rapid  and  bril- 
liant succession  till  his  eighty-third  year:  three  years 
after  this  he  died.  He  wrote  variouspamphlets  and  squibs 
and  started  several  magazines  of  his  own,  and  in  his  later 
years  undertook  to  paint  in  oils.  His  most  ceHebrated 
effort  in  this  line  is  a  large  picture  called  "The  Wor- 
ship of  Bacchus,  or  the  Drinking  Customs  of  Society" 
(1862).    The  painting  is  in  the  National  Gallery. 

Cruikshank,  (Isaac)  Robert.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  27,  1789:  died  March  13,  1856.  An 
English  caricaturist  and  miniature-painter, 
elder  brother  of  George  Cruikshank. 

Crv^shank,  William  Cumberland.  Bom  at 
Edinburgh  in  1745 :  died  at  London,  June  27, 
1800.  A  Scottish  anatomist.  He  wrote  "Anat- 
omy of  the  Absorbent  Vessels"  (1786),  etc. 

Cruillas,  Marqiuis  of.   See  Monserrat,  Joaquin. 

Crummies  (krum'lz),  Vincent.  In  Charles 
Dickens's  "Nicholas  Nickleby,"  an  eccentric 
actor  and  manager  in  a  cheap  theatrical  com- 
pany. He  ia  the  father  of  two  boys  and  a  girl,  also  in 
the  profession :  the  last  is  the  "  infant  phenomenon." 

Cruncher  (knm'cher),  Jerry.  Man  of  all  work 
at  Tellson's  banking-house,  who  spent  his 
nights  as  a  "resurrection  man  " ;  a  character  in 
Charles  Dickens's  "  Tale  of  Two  Cities." 

Crupp  (krap),  Mrs.  Iu  Charles  Dickens's  "Da- 
vid Coppemeld,"  David's  landlady.  She  is  af- 
flicted with  "spazzums." 

Crusades,  The.  In  medieval  history,  a  number 
of  expeditions  undertaken  by  the  Christians  of 
Europe  for  the  recovery  of  the  Holy  Land  from 
the  Mohammedans.  The  crusading  spirit  was  aroused 
throughout  Europe  in  1095  by  the  preaching  of  the  monk 
Peter  the  Hermit,  who  with  Walter  the  Penniless  set  out 
in  1096  with  an  Immense  rabble,  which  was  for  the  most 
part  destroyed  on  the  way.    The  first  Crusade,  properly 


Cruz  y  Goyeneche 

BO  called,  under  Godfrey  of  Bouillon,  1096-99,  resulted  In 
the  capture  of  Jerusalem  and  the  establislunent  of  a 
Christian  kingdom  in  Palestine  ;  the  second,  1147-49^ 
preached  by  St.  Bernard,  was  unsuccessful ;  the  third, 
1189-92,  led  by  the  princes  Frederick  Barbarossa  of  Ger- 
many,  Richard  the  Lion-hearted  of  England,  and  Philip 
Augustus  of  France,  failed  to  recover  Jerusalem,  which 
the  Mussulmans  had  taken  in  1187 ;  the  fourth,  1202-04, 
ended  in  the  establishment  of  a  Latin  empire  at  Constan- 
tinople, under  Count  Baldwin  of  Flanders ;  the  fifth,  1228- 
1229,  under  the  emperor  Frederick  II.,  the  sixth,  1248-60, 
under  St.  Louis  (Louis  IX.  of  France),  and  the  seventh 
and  last,  1270-72,  also  under  St.  Louis,  were  all  unsuccess. 
fuL  There  were  other  expeditions  called  crusades,  In- 
cluding, in  1212,  "the  children's  crusade,"  iu  which  many 
thousands  perished  by  shipwreck  or  were  enslaved. 

Crus6  (krii-sa').  Christian  Frederic.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  1794 :  died  at  New  York,  Oct.  5, 
1865.  An  American  Episcopalian  clergyman 
and  scholar.  He  translated  Eusebius's  "Ec- 
clesiastical History"  (1833). 

Crusenstolpe  (kro'zen-stol-pe),  Magnus  Ja- 
kob. Bom  at  JSnkoping,  Sweden,  March  11, 
1795:  died  at  Stockholm,  Jan.  18,  1865.  A 
Swedish  publicist,  historical  writer,  and  nov- 
elist. His  works  include  the  historical  novel 
"Morianen"  (1840-44),  etc. 

Crusius  (kro'ze-os),  Christian  August.  Bom 
at  Leuna,  near  Merseburg,  Prussia,  Jan.  10, 
1715:  died  at  Leipsic,  Oct.  18, 1775.  A  German 
philosopher  and  theologian,  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Leipsic.  He  was  noted  as  an  oppo- 
nent of  the  Wolfian  school. 

Crusoe,  Bobinson.    See  Bobinson  Crusoe. 

Crustumerium  (krus-tu-me'ri-um).  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  of  L'atium,  Italy,  situated  a 
few  miles  northeast  of  Kome. 

Cruveilhier  (kril-va-ya'),  Jean.  Born  at 
Limoges,  France,  Feb.  9,  1791:  died  at  Jus- 
sac,  Haute-Vienne,  France,  March  6,  1874.  A 
French  physician  and  anatomist.  His  chief 
work  is  "Anatomie  pathologique  du  corps  hu- 
main"  (1828-42). 

CruvelU  (kro-vel'le)  (Orliwell),  Sophie.  Bom 
at  Bielefeld,  Prussia,  March  12,  1826.  A  Ger- 
man singer.  Her  family  was  originally  Italian.  She 
was  successful  in  Vienna,  and  later  in  Paris  and  London. 
In  1864  she  appeared  at  the  Grand  Opera  in  Paris,  and 
won  much  applause  in  Verdi's  "Sicilian  Vespers,"  which 
was  written  for  her.  In  1866  she  married  Baron  Vigier, 
and  left  the  stage. 

Crux  (kruks).  [L.,  'a  cross.']  The  Southern 
Cross,  the  most  celebrated  constellation  of 
the  southern  heavens,  it  was  erected  into  a  con- 
stellation by  Royer  in  1679,  but  was  often  spoken  of  as  a 
cross  before ;  there  even  seems  to  be  an  obscure  allusion 
to  if  in  Dante.  It  is  situated  south  of  the  western  part 
of  Centaurus,  east  of  the  keel  of  Argo.  It  is  a  smaU 
constellation  of  four  chief  stars  arranged  in  the  form  of 
a  cross.  Its  brightest  star,  the  southernmost,  is  of  about 
the  first  magnitude ;  the  eastern,  half  a  magnitude  fainter ; 
the  northern,  of  about  the  second  magnitude ;  and  the 
western,  of  the  third  magnitude  and  faint  The  constel- 
lation owes  its  striking  effect  to  its  compression :  for  it 
subtends  only  about  6°  from  north  to  south,  and  still  less 
from  east  to  west.  It  looks  more  like  a  kite  than  a  cross. 
All  four  stars  are  white  except  the  northernmost,  which 
is  of  a  clear  orange-color.  It  contains  a  fifth  star  of  the 
fourth  magnitude,  which  is  very  red. 

Cruz  (kroth),  Jos^  Maria  de  la.  Bom  at  Con- 
cepcion,  April  21,  1801:  died  near  the  same 
place,  Nov.  23,  1875.  A  Chilian  general.  As  a 
boy  he  was  a  cadet  in  the  revolutionary  army,  serving  in 
most  of  the  campaigns.  He  rapidly  rose  in  rank ;  became 
general  of  division  in  1839 ;  was  twice  minister  of  war  and 
marine;  was  chief  of  staff  in  the  jPeruvian  campaign  of 
1838,  and  held  various  other  important  positions.  In 
1851  he  was  the  liberal  candidate  for  president,  but  his 
opponent.  General  Montt,  was  elected.  General  Cruz  then 
headed  a  revolt  in  the  southern  provinces,  but  was  finally 
defeated  at  the  battle  of  Lonoomilla,  Dec.  8,  1861.  He 
was  pardoned,  and  thereafter  lived  in  retirement  on  his 
estate. 

Cruz,  Juana  In6s  de  la.  Bom  at  Mexico,  Nov. 
12,  1651:  died  at  Mexico,  April  17,  1695.  A 
Mexican  poet,  a  nun  of  the  Convent  of  San  G6- 
rouimo :  sometimes  called  "  The  Tenth  Muse." 

Cruz,  Bamon  de  la.  Bom  at  Madrid,  1731: 
died  after  1791.  A  Spanish  dramatist.  His 
chief  works  are  farces. 

Cruz,  San  Juan  de  la.  Bom  at  Fontiveros, 
Old  Castile,  Spain,  1542 :  died  at  Ubeda,  Spain, 
Dec.  14,  1591.     A  Spanish  mystical  poet  and 

g rose-writer.     He  belonged  to  the  Carmelite  order, 
e  became  prior  at  Granada,  and  later  vicar-provlnoial 
for  Andalusia. 

Cruz  y  Goyeneche  (kreth  e  go-ya-na'ohe), 
Luis  de  la.  Bom  at  Concepcion,  Aug.  25, 
1768:  died  Oct.  14,1828.  A  (ftiiUau  general. 
During  the  colonial  period  he  held  important  civil  oBices, 
and  in  1806  made,  at  his  own  expense,  an  exploration  of 
the  Andes.  His  report  of  this  joiuney  was  published  in 
the  Angclis  collection  at  Buenos  Ayres  in  1836.  He  was 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  revolution  of  1810,  and  com- 
manded a  division  of  the  patriot  army,  but  was  captured 
and  imprisoned  until  released  by  the  victories  or  1817. 
Subsequently  he  was  commandant  at  Talca,  and,  during 
the  absence  of  O'Higgins,  acting  president  of  Chile  ■  took 
part  in  the  Peruvian  campaign,  and  received  the  title  of 


Cruz  y  Goyeneclie 

grand  marshal  from  Peru  ;  was  a  member  of  the  constit- 
uent congress  of  Chile  in  1826,  and  was  minister  of  marine 
at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Cry  of  the  CMldren,  The.  A  poem  by  Mrs. 
Brownii^. 

Crystal  Palace.  A  building  of  iron  and  glass, 
erected  in  Hyde  Park,  London,  for  the  great 
exhibition  of  1851,  and  regreeted  at  Syden- 
ham, near  London,  1852-53,  opened  1854.  itwas 
designed  by  Sir  Joseph  Paxton,  and  is  used  for  popular 
concerts  and  other  entertainments,  as  well  as  a .  perma- 
nent exhibition  of  the  art  and  culture  of  various  nations. 
The  nave  is  1,608  feet  long,  the  central  transept  390  by 
120  feet,  and  175  high,  and  the  south  transept  312  feet 
long.  A  corresponding  north  transept  was  burned  in 
1866.  The  great  nave,  adorned  with  plants  and  statues, 
presents  a  unique  vista.  On  either  side  are  ranged 
courts,  in  which  are  reproduced  the  architecture  and 
sculpture  of  diflerent  civilizations.  In  1853  a  similar 
but  much  smaller  building  called  the  Crystal  Palace  was 
erected  for  the  World  s  Fair  in  New  York,  on  Sixth  Ave- 
nue between  40th  and  42d  streets.  The  ground  is  now  a 
public  park. 

Csaba  (ohob'o),  Hung.  B6k6s-Osaba  (ba'kash- 
chob'o).  A  town  in  the  county  of  B6k6s,  Hun- 
gary, in  lat.  46°  41'  N.,  long.  21°  8'  E.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  34,243. 

Osokonai  (oho'ko-noi),  Vitfiz  Mih41y.  Bom 
at  Debreczin,  Hungary,  Nov.  17,  1773:  died 
there,  Jan.  28,  1805.  A  Hungarian  poet.  His 
works  include  "Magyar-Musa"  (1797),  "Dorottya,"amock- 
heroic  poem  (1804),  "Anacreontic  Poems  "  (l803),  etc. 

Csoma  (cho'mo),  Alexander,  Hung.  Osoma, 
Sindor.  Bom  at  Koros,  Transylvania,  April 
4,  1784:  died  at  DarjiUng,  in  the  Himalayas, 
April  11, 1842.  A  Hungarian  traveler  and  phi- 
lologist. He  began  his  travels  in  central  Asia  in  1820; 
and  resided  in  Eanam,  Tibet,  1827-30.  In  1831  he  went 
to  Calcutta.  He  published  a  "Tibetan-English  Diction- 
ary" (1834),  a  "Grammar  of  the  Tibetan  Language" 
(1834),  etc. 

Ctesias  (te'shias).  [Gr.  Kri^mof.]  Born  at 
Cnidus,  (jaria,  Asia  Minor:  died  after  898  b.  c. 
A  Greek  historian,  physician  at  the  court  of 
Artaxerxes  Mnemon.  He  wrote  a  history  of  Persia 
(nepo-iKa)  in  24  books,  fragments  of  which  are  extant,  and 
a  treatise  on  India  ('IvSiica),  parts  of  which  also  survive. 
There  are  meager  abridgments  of  both  works  by  Photius. 

Ctesias,  an  abstract  of  whose  works  is  preserved  by 
Fhotius,  is  very  frequently  quoted  by  ancient  authors. 
He  was  a  Greek  physician  who  accompanied  the  expedi- 
tion led  against  Artaxerxes  by  his  brother,  the  younger 
Cyrus.  Though  a  few  years  younger,  he  waa  contempo- 
rary with  Herodotus :  his  testimony  therefore  brings  the 
series  of  evidences  up  to  the  very  time  of  our  author. 
Ctesias,  having  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  Persians  at 
the  battle  of  Cunaxa,  was  detained  at  the  court  of  Arta- 
xerxes, as  physician,  during  seventeen  years;  and  it  seems 
that,  with  the  hope  of  recommending  himself  to  the  favour 
of  "  the  great  king,"  and  of  obtaining  his  own  freedom,  he 
undertook  to  compose  a  history  of  Persia,  with  the  ex- 
press and  avowed  design  of  impeaching  the  authority  of 
Herodotus,  whom,  in  no  very  courteous  terms,  he  accuses 
of  many  falsifications.  The  jealousy  and  malice  of  a  lit- 
tle mind  are  apparent  in  these  accusations.  Nothing  can 
be  much  more  inane  than  the  fragments  that  are  pre- 
served of  this  author's  two  works  — his  History  of  Persia 
and  his  Indian  History ;  yet,  though  possessing  little  in- 
trinsic value,  they  serve  an  important  purpose  in  furnish- 
ing very  explicit  evidence  of  the  genuineness  and  gen- 
eral authenticity  of  the  work  which  Ctesias  laboured  to 
depreciate.  If  the  account  given  by  Herodotus  of  Per- 
sian affairs  liad  been  altogether  untrue,  his  rival  wanted 
neither  the  will  nor  the  means  to  expose  the  imposition. 
But  while,  like  Plutarch,  he  cavils  at  minor  points,  he 
leaves  the  substance  of  the  narrative  uncontradicted. 

Taylor,  Hist.  Anc.  Books,  p.  287. 

Ctesibius  (te-sib'i-us).  [Gr.  KTTjaipwg.']  Born 
at  Alexandria :  lived  ;probably  about  250  b.  c. 
An  Alexan,drian  physicist  noted  for  his  me- 
chanical inventions.  He  is  said  to  have  invented  a 
clepsydra,  a  hydraulic  organ,  and  other  mechanical  con- 
trivances, and  to  have  first  applied  the  expansive  force 
of  air  as  a  motive  power. 

Ctesiphon  (tes'i-fon).  [Gr.  Kr^(r«0(!w.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  city  of  Mesopotamia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tigris,  opposite  Seleucia,  20  miles 
southeast  of  Bagdad.  Itwas  one  of  the  chief  cities  of 
the  Parthian  and  later  Persian  kingdoms.  Its  site  is  now 
occupied  by  ruins. 

What  encouragement  the  arts  found  from  his  [Chos- 
roes  I.]  patronage  we  may  learn  from  the  remains  of  the 
great  palace  he  erected  at  Ctesii)hon.  .  .  .  The  central 
arch  of  this  wonderful  structure  is  85  feet  high,  72  feet 
wide,  and  115  feet  deep.  Although  nothing  now  exists  of 
this  palace  but  the  faflade,  we  may  judge  from  this  what 
must  have  been  the  size  and  beauty  of  the  structure  be- 
fore it  had  been  destroyed  by  time  and  war. 

Benjcmdn,  Story  of  Persia,  p.  231. 

Ctesiphon.  [Gr.  Kr?(T«^t>v.]  Lived  in  the  4th 
century  B.  C.  An  Athenian  who  proposed  that 
Demosthenes  should  be  honored  with  a  crown, 
and  for  this  was  prosecuted  by  .^sehines  and 
defended  by  Demosthenes.  See  Crovm,  Oration 
on  the. 

Guaray  (kwa-ri').  [Tigua  name  of  central  New 
Jdexico.]  A  village  (pueblo)  of  Tigua  Indians, 
situated  in  Valencia  County,  New  Mexico,  on 
the  southern  edge  of  the  salt-basin  of  the  Man- 
zaao.    It  was  abandoned  in  1672  on  account  of  the  hos- 


295 

tility  of  the  Apaches.  The  ruins  of  a  lai-ge  church  of  stone 
stand  by  the  side  of  those  of  the  village.  The  Mission  of 
Guaray  was  founded  about  1640. 

Cuauhtemoc.     See  Ouatemotzm. 

Cuba  (ku'ba;  Sp.  pron.  ko'ba).  [Of  native 
origin.  See  Cuhanacan.~\  An  island  (the  lar- 
gest in  the  "West  Indies)  situated  ia  lat.  19° 
50'-23°  10'  N.,  long.  74°  7'-84°  58'  W.,  north 
of  the  (I!aribbean  Sea  and  southeast  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.  It  is  separated  from  Florida  on  the  north 
by  the  Strait  of  Florida,  from  Haiti  on  the  east  by  the 
Windward  Passage,  and  from  Yucatan  on  the  west  by  the 
Channel  of  Yucatan.  It  is  traversed  from  east  to  west  by 
mountains.  Its  leading  industries  are  the  raising  of  sugar 
and  tobacco.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  of  Spanish  and 
African  descent ;  the  established  religion  is  Roman  Catho- 
lic, and  the  prevailing  language  is  Spanish.  From  its  dis- 
covery until  1898  it  belonged  to  Spain,  forming  with  its 
dependencies  a  captaincy-general,  and  sending,  after  1878, 
deputies  to  the  Spanish  Cortes.  Capital,  Havana.  It  was 
discovered  by  Columbus  in  October,  1492  (and  named  by 
him  Juana) ;  was  conquered  by  the  Spaniards  in  1511 ;  was 
held  by  the  English  1762-63 ;  was  the  object  of  various 
.filibustering  expeditions  from  1849 ;  and  was  the  scene  of 
rebellions  1868-78  and  1895-98.  In  1898  it  was  freed  from 
Spanish  domination  by  the  act  of  the  United  States.  See 
Spanish^ American  War.  It  was  proclaimed  a  republic 
May  20,  1902.  Slavery  was  abolished  in  1880.  Length, 
760  miles.    Average  width,  60  miles.    Area,  44,000  square 

,  miles.    Popiilation  (1899),  1,672,797. 

Cabanacan  (ko-ba-na-kan').  Aregion,  orpos- 
sibly  a  village,  in  the  interior  of  Cuba:  so  called 
by  the  Lucayan  Indians  who  were  with  Colum- 
bus when  he  discovered  the  island.  From  the  simi- 
larity of  sounds,  Columbus,  supposing  himself  to  be  on  the 
coast  of  Asia,  imagined  that  this  must  be  the  city  of  Ku- 
blai  Khan,  the  Tatar  sovereign  spoken  of  by  Marco  Polo. 

Cubango  (ko-baug'go),  or  Tonke  (ton'ke).  A 
river  in  southern  Africa  which  flows  into  Lake 
Ngami. 

Cubas,  Antonio  Garcia.    See  Garcia  Cubas. 

Cubillo  (ko-Bel'yo),  Alvaro  de  Aragon.  A 
Spanish  dramatic  poet,  born  in  Grenada  toward 
the  end  of  the  16th  century.  He  was  a  volumi- 
nous writer  and  successful  dramatist. 

Cuchan  (ko-chau').  A  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  living  in  California  near  and  above  the 
junction  of  the  Gila  Eiver  with  the  Colorado. 
The  number  attached  to  the  Mission  agency  in  California 
is  997,  and  at  the  San  Carlos  agency  in  Arizona  291.  Also 
called  Yuma  or  Umah.    See  Yuman. 

Cuckoo  and  the  Nightingale,  The.  A  poem 
which  appeared  in  the  printed  editions  of  Chau- 
cer of  the  16th  century,  when  first  printed  it 
had  following  it  a  ballade  with  an  envoy.  There  is  no- 
thing to  indicate  that  they  are  by  the  same  person.  Tyr- 
whitt,  who  considered  the  poem  Chaucer's,  could  not 
accept  the  ballade.  The  weight  of  evidence  is  against 
Chaucer's  authorship  of  the  poem.  In  the  Bodleian  MS. 
it  is  called  "The  Boke  of  Cupide  God  of  Love";  another 
MS.  is  headed  "Liber  Cupidinis."  It  is  based  on  a  pop- 
ular superstition  that  he  will  be  happy  in  love  during 
the  year  who  hears  the  nightingale  before  he  hears  the 
cuckoo. 

Cucuta  (ko'ko-ta),  San  Jos6  de.  A  town  in 
Santander,  Colombia,  situated  about  lat.  7°  30' 
N.,  near  the  frontier  of  Venezuela.  Popula- 
tion (1892),  about  9,000. 

Ouddalore  (kud-da-16r'),  or  GudaluT.  A  sea- 
port in  Madras,  British  India,  situated  on  the 
Bay  of  Bengal,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ponnar,  in 
lat.  11°  44'  N.,  long.  79°  45' E.  it  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1758,  by  the  English  in  1760,  and  retaken 
by  the  French  in  1782 ;  was  the  scene  of  a  repulse  of  the 
English  in  1783 ;  and  was  finally  acquired  by  the  English 
in  1795. 

Cuddapah.    See  Kadapa. 

Cuddy  (kud'i).  1.  A  shepherd  with  whom 
Colin  Clout  conducts  his  arguments  in  Spen- 
ser's "  Shepherd's  Calendar." —  2.  A  shepherd 
in  love  with  Buxoma  in  Gay's  "  Shepherd's 
Week." — 3.  The  name  given  to  an  ass  or  a 
donkey. 

Cudlip  (kud'lip)  Mrs.  (Annie  Thomas).  Bom 
at  Aldborough,  Suffolk,  England,  Oct.  25, 1838. 
An  English  novelist,  she  married,  1867,  the  Eev. 
Pender  Hodge  Cudlip,  then  curate  of  Yealmpton,  later 
vicar  of  Sparkwell,  Devonshire.  Her  first  novel,  "The 
Cross  of  Honour,"  appeared  in  1863. 

Cudworth  (kud'werth),  Balph.  Born  at  Aller, 
Somerset,  England,  1617:  died  at  Cambridge, 
England,  June  26,  1688.  An  English  philoso- 
pher and  divine.  He  became  in  1645  regius  professor 
of  Hebrew  at  Cambridge,  a  position  which  he  retained 
until  his  death.  His  chief  works  are  "  True  Intellectual 
System  of  the  Universe"  (1678),  "Treatise  concerning 
Eternal  and  Immutable  Morality ''  (1731). 

Ouenca  (kwan'ka).  1.  A  province  in  New 
Castile,  Spain,  lying  between  Guadalajara  on 
the  north,  Teruel  and  Valencia  on  the  east, 
Albaeete  on  the  south,  Ciudad  Real  and  To- 
ledo on  the  west,  and  Madrid  on  the  northwest. 
Area,  6,725  square  miles.  Population  (1887), 
242,024.-2.  The  capital  of  the  above  province, 
situated  on  the  Juear  in  lat.  40°  4'  N.,  long. 
2°  14'  W.  It  has  a  celebrated  cathedral,  and  was  for- 
merly the  sf at  of  silver  manufactures,  and  noted  in  lit- 


Culenborg 

erature.  It  was  sacked  by  the  Carlists  in  1874.  Most  of 
the  interior  of  the  cathedral  is  of  early-Pointed  architec- 
ture, with  finely  sculptured  capitals,  two  rose-windows 
in  the  transepts,  and  much  good  glass.  The  chapels  and 
furniture  are  of  Renaissance  work.  Jasper  of  great  beauty 
and  variety  is  profusely  used  for  ornament.  Population 
(1887),  9,747. 

3.  The  capital  of  Azuay,  Ecuador,  situated  in 
lat.  2°  50'  S. ,  long.  79°  10'  W.  It  contains  a  ca- 
thedral. Properly  Santa  Ana  de  Cuenca.  Pop- 
ulation (1892),  about  25,000. 
Cuernavaca  (kwer-na-va'ka).  The  capital  of 
the  state  of  Morelos,  Mexico,  47  miles  south  of 
the  city  of  Mexico,  it  was  an  ancient  Indian  town, 
waa  captured  by  Cortes  before  the  siege  of  Mexico,  and 
became  his  favorite  residence.  The  emperor  Maximilian 
had  a  country-seat  here.    Population  (1895),  8,664. 

Cueva,  Francisco  Fernandez  de  la.  Bee  Fer- 
nandez de  la  Cueva. 

Cueva  Henriauez  Arias  de  Saavedra  (kwa'va 
en-re'keth  a're-as  da  sa-a-va'Dra),  Baltazar 
de  la.  Count  of  Castellar  and  Marquis  of  Mala- 
gon.  Born  at  Madrid,  1626 :  died  there,  April  3, 
1686.  A  younger  sou  of  the  seventh  Duke  of 
Albuquerque.  His  titles  came  to  him  by  marriage. 
He  held  various  important  posts,  was  ambassador  to  Ger- 
many, councilor  of  state  and  afterward  of  the  Indies  and 
from  Aug.,  1674,  to  July,  1678,  viceroy  of  Peru,  Chile,  and 
Tierra  Firme.  His  rule  was  prosperous,  and  he  remitted 
large  surplus  revenues  to  Spain ;  but  an  attempt  to  relax 
the  commercial  monopolies  caused  an  outcry  against  him. 
He  was  ordered  to  turn  over  the  government  to  the  Bishop 
of  Lima,  and  was  held  in  light  captivity  during  nearly  two 
years  while  the  charges  against  him  were  tried.  In  the 
end  he  was  exonerated,  returned  to  Spain,  and  resumed 
his  seat  in  the  Indian  council  until  his  death. 

Cueva  (kwa'va),  Juan  de  la.  Bom  at  Seville, 
Spain,  about  1550 :  died  about  1608.  A  Spanish 
poet.  His  works  include  "Primera  parte  de  las  come- 
dias  y  tragedias"  (1683-88)^  "La  conquista  de  la  B^tica  " 
(1603),  "EJemplarpoetico"'(1606). 

Cuevas  de  Vera  (kwa'vas  da  va'ra).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Abneria,  Spain.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  20,027. 

Cufa  (ko'fa).  In  medieval  history,  a  city  on 
the  Euphrates,  near  Ctesiphon:  a  leading  city 
of  the  califate  in  the  7th  and  8th  centuries. 

Cuffey.    A  name  given  to  negroes. 


Cugerni.    See  Gugemi. 
Cuicatlan   (kwe-kat-lau'). 


A  river  in  south- 
em  Mexico,  in  the  state  of  Oajaca;  the  Rio 
Grande  de  Cuicatlan. 

Cuicatecos  (kwe-ka-ta'kos).  [From  Nahuatl 
Cuicatl,  the  dance.]  A  native  tribe  of  the  pres- 
ent state  of  Oajaca  in  Mexico.  They  speak  a 
language  distinct  from  the  Nahuatl. 

Cuitlahuatzin  (kwet-la-wat-zen'),  or  Citla- 
huatzin.  Bom  about  1470:  died  at  Mexico, 
Sept.  or  Oct.,  1520.  A  younger  brother  of 
Montezumall.,  the  Aztec  sovereign.  After  Monte- 
zuma had  been  seized  by  the  Spaniards  (1520),  Cuitlahuat- 
zin was  for  a  time  in  their  power.  He  was  released,  and 
immediately  organized  an  attack  on  the  Spanish  quarters, 
in  which  Montezuma  himself  was  killed.  Cuitlahuatzin 
directed  the  Aztec  forces  during  the  Spanish  retreat,  and 
soon  after  was  elected  sovereign  in  Montezuma's  place. 
He  died  of  a  pestilence  a  few  weeks  after. 

Cujacius  (ku-ja'shius)  (JacQLues  de  Cujas). 

Born  at  Toulouse,  France,  1522:  died  at  Bour- 
ges^  France,  Oct.  4, 1590.  A  celebrated  French 
jurist.  He  studied  under  Arnaud  Ferrier  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Toulouse,  where  in  1547  he  began  a  course  of 
instruction  on  the  Institutes  of  Justinian.  In  1555  he 
was  called  to  the  University  of  Bourges,  whence  he  re- 
moved to  Valence  in  1557.  After  several  changes  he 
returned  in  1577  to  Bourges,  where  he  passed  the  rest  of 
his  life.  He  wrote  commentaries  on  the  Institutes  of 
Justinian,  the  Pandects  and  Decretals,  including  emen- 
dations of  the  text  of  legal  and  other  manuscripts,  under 
the  title  of  "  Observationes  et  emendationes."  An  incom- 
plete collection  of  his  writings,  edited  by  himself,  was 
published  in  1577.  The  first  complete  edition  was  pab- 
lished  by  Fabrot  in  1658. 

Cugas  (kii-zhas'),  Jacques  de.     See  Cvjaoius. 

Oujavla  (kn-ja'vi-a).  A  division  of  the  ancient 
kingdom  of  Polani,  situated  north  and  east  of 
Great  Poland  and  west  of  Masovia.  it  lies  on 
both  sides  of  the  Vistula,  south  and  west  of  Thorn.  It 
belongs  partly  to  Prussia  and  partly  to  Russian  Poland. 
It  was  annexed  to  the  kingdom  of  Poland  early  in  the 
14th  century. 

Culdee  (kul'de).  [Prom  ML.  Giildei,  pi.,  also  in 
accom.  form  Colidei,  as  if  '  worshipers  of  God. ' 
(from  L.  colere,  worship,  and  deus,  a  god) ;  also, 
more  exactly,  Keldei,  Keledei,  from  Ir.  eeilede 
(=  Gael,  cuilteach),  a  Culdee,  appar.  from  ceiU, 
servant,  and  De,  of  God,  gen.  of  Dia,  God.]  A 
member  of  a  fraternity  of  priests,  constituting 
an  irregular  monastic  order,  existing  in  Scot- 
land, and  in  smaller  numbers  in  Ireland  and 
"Wales,  from  the  9th  or  10th  to  the  14th  or  15th 
century. 

Culebra  (ko-la'bra).  [Sp., '  snake.']  A  valley 
in  northern  New  Mexico,  near  the  confines  of 
Colorado ;  also,  the  surrounding  mountains. 

Culenborg,    See  Kuilenburg. 


Ouliacan 

Cnliacan  (kS-le-a-kan')-  The  capital  of  the 
state  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico,  situated  on  the  river 
of  the  same  name,  in  lat.  24°  50'  N.,  long.  107° 
20'  W.,  on  the  site  of  the  Aztec  city  Huoicol- 
huacan.    Population  (1895),  14,205. 

Cullen  (kul'en).  A  town  in  Banffshire,  Soot- 
land,  situated  on  Moray  Firth. 

Cullen,  Paul.  Bom  in  County  Kildare,  Ireland, 
April  27,  1803 :  died  at  Dublin,  Oct.  24,  1878. 
An  Irish  prelate,  appointed  archbishop  of  Ar- 
magh in  1849,  of  Dublin  in  1852,  and  cardinal 
priest  in  1866. 

Cullen,  William.  Bom  at  Hamilton,  Scotland, 
April  15,  1710 :  died  near  Edinburgh,  Feb.  5, 
1790.    A  Scottish  physician  and  chemist. 

Cullera  (kbl-ya'ra).  A  port  in  the  province  of 
Valencia,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Juear  23 
miles  south-southeast  of  Valencia.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  11,713. 

Culloden  (ku-16'den),  or  Drummossie  (drum- 
mos'i).  Moor.  A'moor  about  5  miles  east  of 
Inverness,  Scotland.  Here,  April  16  (0.  S.),  27  (N.  S.), 
1746,  the  Eoyallsts  (about  10,000)  under  the  Duke  of  Cumber- 
land defeated  the  Highlanders  (about  6,000)  under  Charles 
Edward,  the  Young  Pretender. 

CuUum  (kul'um),  George  Washington.    Bom 

at  New  York,  Feb.  25,  1809 :  died  there,  Feb. 
28,  1892.  An.  American  soldier  and  military 
writer.  He  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  Mili- 
tary Academy  in  1833,  and  entered  the  engineer  corps ; 
was  employed  in  a  number  of  engineering  operations  dur- 
ing the  Civil  War,  including  the  fortification  of  Nash- 
Tifie,  Xenn.,  in  1864;  and  was  superintendent  of  the 
United  States  Military  Academy  Sept.  8, 1864,  to  Aug.  28, 
1866.  He  was  brevetted  major-general  March  13,  1865. 
He  published  "  Biographical  Register  of  the  Officers  and 
Graduates  of  the  United  States  MUitary  Academy  at  West 
Point  "(1868). 

Cully  (kul'i),  Sir  Nicholas,  A  foolish,  gulli- 
ble knight  in  Etherege's  comedy  "The  Comi- 
cal Eevenge,  or  Love  in  a  Tub." 

Culm,    See  Kulm. 

Culpeper  (kul'pep-er),  John,  A  colonial  poU- 
tieian.  He  headed  an  insurrection  in  North  Carolina  in 
1678,  which  deposed  the  president  and  deputies  of  the  pro- 
prietaries, and  established  a  new  government, 

Culpeper,  or  Colepeper,  Lord  Thomas.  Died 
in  England  in.  1719.  A  colonial  governor  of 
Virginia.  In  conjunction  with  Lord  Arlington  he  re- 
ceived in  1673  from  Charles  II.  a  grant  of  the  colony  of 
Virginia,  of  which  he  acted  as  governor  1680-83. 

Culpeper,  or  Fairfax.  The  capital  of  Culpeper 
County,  Virginia,  62  miles  west-southwest  of 
Washington.    Population  (1900),  1,618. 

Culprit  Fay,  The.  A  poem  by  Joseph  Eodman 
Drake,  written  in  1816.  It  relates  the  adven- 
tures of  a  fairy  who  expiates  his  sin  in  loving  a 
mortal  maid. 

Culross  (kul-ros').  A  village  in  Perthshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Firth  of  Forth  near 
Dunfermline. 

Cumse  (ku'me).  [Gr.  Kvfiy,  Kov/mi..'\  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  on  the  coast  of  Campania, 
Italy,  10  miles  west  of  Naples,  it  was  founded  by 
a  Greek  colony  from  Cyme,  in  Euboea,  about  1000  B.  c, 
was  one  of  the  chief  Greek  cities  of  Italy  until  the  5th  cen- 
tury B.  0.,  and  became  a  Roman  municipium  in  338  B.  C.  It 
contained  the  cavern  of  the  "Cumsean  Sibyl,"  and  has 
some  remnants  of  antiquity,  including  a  Roman  amphi- 
theater, imperfectly  excavated,  but  displaying  21  tiers  of 
seats.  The  axes  of  the  greater  ellipse  are  315  and  255  feet, 
ol  the  arena  240  and  180  feet.  Its  inhabitants  founded 
Naples  and  Pozzuoli. 

The  very  precise  statement  of  Eusebius,  who  assigns  the 
foundation  of  Cumae  to  the  year  1050  B.C.,  cannot  perhaps 
be  accepted  as  historical,  but  there  is  no  reason  for  dis- 
trusting the  tradition  recorded  by  Strabo  that  Cumae  was 
the  earUest  Greek  settlement  in  either  Sicily  or  Italy. 

I.  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  133. 

Cuman4  (ks-ma-na'),  or  Santa  Ines  de  Cu- 
jaajli,  (san'ta  e-nes'  da  k8-ma-na').  A  seaport 
in  Bermudez,  Venezuela,  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Manzanares,  in  lat.  10°  27'  N.,  long. 
64°  11'  W.  It  was  founded  by  missionaries  in  1512, 
abandoned  and  refounded  by  Gonzalez  Ocampo  in  1520 
(as  Toledo  la  Nueva),  and  is  the  oldest  European  city  in 
South  America.  It  has  suffered  greatly  from  earthquakes. 
Population  (1891),  12,057. 

Oumanas  (ko-ma-nas'),  Cumanagotos  (kb-ma- 
na-go'toz),  or  Cumanacotos,  An  Indian  tribe 
of  northern  Venezuela,  dwelling  to  the  west  of 
Cumand.  They  formerly  occupied  several  hundred 
miles  of  the  coast,  including  Cuman4,  and  extended  inland 
among  the  mountains.  Much  of  the  earlier  history  of 
Teneznela  consists  of  the  efforts  of  the  missionaries  to 
civilize  these  Indians,  and  then:  struggles  with  the  Spanish 
slave-hunters.  The  Cumanas  were  related  by  language  to 
the  Carib  stock,  had  fixed  villages,  practised  agriculture, 
and  were  bold  and  skilful  warriors.  Most  of  them  are 
now  civilized,  and  have  been  merged  in  the  country  popu- 
lation of  Venezuela.  .„...., 

Cumania  (ku-ma'ni-a),  or  Eumania  (ko-ma'- 
ni-a),  Great.  A  district  in  Hungary,  beyond 
the'Theiss,now  included  in  the  county  Jazygien- 
Gioss-Kumanien-Szolnok. 


296 

Cumania,  Little.  A  district  of  Hungary,  this 
side  the  Theiss,  comprising  several  detached 
divisions,  now  included  in  the  county  Pest- 
Pilis-S61t-Klein-Kimi  anion. 

Cumans  (ku'manz).  A  TJgrio  tribe  which  in- 
vaded Hungary  in  the  11th  (?)  century,  it  was 
subdued  and  Christianized  by  the  Hungarians  in  the  13th 
century,  and  is  now  Magyarized. 

Cumberland  (kum'b&r-iand).  1.  A  county  in 
northwestern  England,  lying  between  Solway 
Firth  and  Scotland  on  the  north,  Northumber- 
land and  Durham  on  the  east,  Westmoreland 
and  Lancashire  on  the  southeast  and  south, 
and  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  west,  its  surface  is  moun- 
tainous in  the  southwest  and  east,  and  low  in  the  north. 
The  southwestern  district  is  celebrated  for  its  picturesque 
scenery  (Lakes  Ullswater,  Bassenthwaite,  Derwentwater, 
Thlrlmere,  etc.).  It  has  mines  of  lead,  iron,  coal,  plumbago, 
and  other  minerals.  Capital,  Carlisle.  Area,  1,515  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  266,650. 

2.  The  capital  of  Alleghany  County,  Maryland, 
situated  on  the  Potomac  in  lat.  39°  39'  N., 
long.  78°  47'  W.  The  Cumberland  coal  region  lies 
to  the  west.  The  city  has  some  trade,  and  manufactures 
of  iron  and  glass.    Population  (1900) ,  17,128. 

3.  A  southern  tributary  of  the  Ohio.  It  rises  in 
the  Cumberland  Mountains,  in  eastern  Kentucky,  flows 
through  Kentucky  and  Middle  Tennessee,  reenters  Ken- 
tucky, and  joins  the  Ohio  at  Smithland,  43  miles  east  of 
Cairo.  Length,  600-650  miles;  navigable  to  NashviUe 
(nearly  200  miles). 

Cumberland,  Army  of  the.    A  Union  army  in 

the  American  Civil  War.  It  was  organized  in  1861 
by  Don  Carlos  Buell,  commander  of  the  department  of  the 
Ohio,  and  was  originally  known  as  the  Army  of  the  Ohio. 
On  tlie  erection  of  the  department  of  the  Cumberland,  Oct. 
24, 1862,  under  the  command  of  W.  S.  Rosecrans,  it  was 
transferred  to  that  department,  and  was  renamed  the  Army 
of  the  Cumberland.  Rosecrans  relieved  Buell  of  the  com- 
mand of  the  army  at  Louisville,  Kentucky,  Oct  30, 1862 ; 
took  up  his  headquarters  In  Nashville,  Tennessee,  in  Nov. , 
1862 ;  defeated  Bragg  at  Stone  River,  Dec.  31-Jan.  3, 1862- 
1863  (which  gave  him  possession  of  Murfreesboro) ;  drove 
Bragg  from  Middle  Tennessee  in  a  nine  days'  campaign 
around  TuUahoma,  June  24- July  3, 1863 ;  and  was  defeated 
by  Bragg  at  Chickamauga,  Sept.  19-20, 1863.  The  depart- 
ment of  the  Cumberland  was  made  part  of  the  military 
division  of  the  Mississippi,  under  command  of  General 
Grant,  in  Oct.,  1863,  when  Rosecrans  was  relieved  of  com- 
mand by  George  H.  Thomas,  and  the  Army  of  the  Cum- 
berland ceased  to  be  an  independent  command. 

Cumberland,  Duke  of.  See  Ernst  August,  King 
of  Hannover. 
Cumberland,  Duke  of,  William  Augustus. 

Born  at  London,  April  15,  1721:  died  at  Wind- 
sor, England,  Oct.  31,  1765.  An  English  gen- 
eral, younger  son  of  George  II.  He  fought  at  Det. 
tingen  in  1743 ;  commanded  at  Tontenoy  in  1745,  and  at 
Culloden  in  1746 ;  was  defeated  at  Lawfeld  in  1747,  and  at 
Hastenbeck  in  1757 ;  and  concluded  the  Convention  of 
Closter-Seven  in  1767. 

Cumberland,  Prince  of.  The  title  formerly 
bestowed  on  the  successor  to  the  crown  of  Scot- 
land when  declared  in  the  king's  lifetime.  The 
crown  was  originally  not  hereditary.  The  title  is  given  to 
Malcolm  In  "  Macbeth"  by  his  father  Duncan. 

Cumberland,  Richard.  Born  at  London,  July 
15,  1631:  died  at  Peterborough,  England,  Oct. 
9,  1718.  An  English  divine  and  moral  philoso- 
pher. His  chief  work  is  "  De  legibus  naturse," 
etc.  (1672). 

Cumberland,  Richard.  Bom  at  Cambridge, 
England,  Feb.  19,  1732:  died  at  Tunbridge 
Wells,  May  7,  1811.  An  English  dramatist, 
great-grandson  of  Eichard  Cumberland.  His 
plays  include  "  The  Brothers  "  (1769),  "  The  West-Indian  " 
0771),  "The  Fashionable  Lover " (1772),  "The  Wheel  of 
Fortune  "  (1795),  etc. 

Cumberland,  The.  A  United  states  sloop  of  30 
guns.  She  was  sunk  by  the  Confederate  iron-clad  ram 
Menimac  (Virginia)  on  March  8,  1862,  off  Newport  News, 
Hampton  Roads,  Virginia.  She  went  down  with  all  on 
board  and  her  colors  flying,  and  most  of  her  crew  perished. 
Her  commander  was  Lieutenant  George  U.  Monis. 

Cumberland  Gap.  A  pass  in  the  Cumberland 
Mountains,  situated  on  the  border  between 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  45  miles  northeast  of 
Knoxville.  It  was  an  important  strategic  point 
in  the  Civil  War.    Elevation,  1,665  feet. 

Cumberland  Mountains.  A  range  in  the  Ap- 
palachian system,  separating  Kentucky  from 
Virginia,  and  extending  southwesterly  through 
eastern  Tennessee.  Width,  about  50  miles. 
The  region  is  rich  in  minerals. 

Cumberland  Peninsula.  The  eastern  part  of 
BafBn  Land,  in  the  Arctic  regions,  bordering 
on  Davis  Strait. 

Cumbrae,  or  Cumbray  (kum-bra'),  Great  and 
Little.  Two  islands  belonging  to  Buteshire, 
Scotland,  situated  in  the  Firth  of  Clyde  south- 
east of  Bute. 

Cumbre  Pass.    See  VspalUta  Pass. 

Cumbria  (kum'bri-a) .  In  early  British  history, 
the  Cymric  lands  between  the  Clyde  and  the 
Eibble,  in  the  west  of  the  island;  or,  the  south- 
ern portion  of  that  region. 


Cunningham 

Cumming  (kum'ing),  John.  Born  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, Scotland,  Nov.  10, 1807 :  died  at  London, 

•  July  5, 1881.  A  Scottish  clergyman  and  writer. 
His  works  include  "Apocalyptic  Sketches"  (1849),  "The 
Great  Tribulation  "(1859), "  Destiny  of  Nations  "(1864),  etc. 

Cumming,  Boualeyn  George  Gordon,    Bom 

March  15,  1820 :  died  at  Port  Augustus,  Inver- 
ness, Scotland,  March  24,  1866.  A  Scottish 
traveler  and  sportsman,  surnamed  "the  Lion- 
hunter."  He  lived  in  South  Africa  1843-48,  and  wrote 
"Five  Years  of  a  Hunter's  Life  in  the  Far  Interior  of  South 
Africa  "  (1850). 

Cummins  (kum'inz),  George  David,  Bom  near 
Smyrna,  Del.,  Dec.  11,  1822:  died  at  Luther- 
ville,  Md.,  June  26, 1876.  An  American  clergy- 
man. He  left  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  1873, 
and  became  the  first  bishop  of  the  Reformed  Episcopal 
Church. 

Cummins,  Maria  Susanna.  Bom  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  April  9,  1827:  died  at  Dorchester,  Bos- 
ton, Oct.  1,  1866.  An  American  novelist.  She 
wrote  "The  Lamplighter"  (1853),  etc. 

Cumnock  (kum'nok ;  local  pron.  kum'nek).  Old, 
A  town  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland. 

Cumnor  Hall  (kum'nor  h8,l).  An  old  manor- 
house  in  the  environs  of  Oxford,  now  in  ruins. 
Scott  made  it  famous  as  Cumnor  Place  in  "  Kenllworth." 
W.  J.  Meiclde  wrote  a  ballad  called  "Cumnor  Hall,  "which 
is  a  lament  for  Amy  Robsart. 

Cunard  (ku-nard').  Sir  Samuel.  Bom  at  Hali- 
fax, Nova  Scotia,  1787 :  died  at  London,  April 
28,  1865.  A  civil  engineer  and  merchant, 
founder  of  the  Cunard  line  of  steamships.  The 
first  voyage  was  made  by  the  Britannia  from  Liverpool 
to  Boston,  J'uly  4-19, 1840.  Cunard  was  made  a  baronet 
in  1859. 

Cnnaxa  (ku-nak'sa).  [Gr.  Kotoafo.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  place  near  the  Euphrates,  prob- 
ably about  75  miles  northwest  of  Babylon. 
Here,  401  B.  c,  a  battle  took  place  between  Artaxerxes, 
king  of  Persia  (with  400,000-1,000,000  men),  and  Cyrus 
the  younger  (with  100,000  Asiatics  aided  by  18,000  Greeks). 
Cyrus  was  defeated  and  slain ;  the  Greek  contingent  was 
successful.    See  Anabam. 

Cunctator  (kungk-ta'tor).  [L.,  'the  delayer.'] 
A  surname  of  Quintus'Fabius  Maximus,  given 
him  on  account  of  his  cautious  military  tactics 
against  Hannibal. 

Cundinamarca  (kon-de-na-mar'ka).  A  depart- 
ment in  the  eastern  central  part  of  Colombia.. 
Its  capital  is  Bogota.  Area,  79,678  square  miles. 
Population  (1892),  595,000.  •• 

Cundwah.     See  Khandica. 

CunegO  (ko-na'go),  Domenico.  Bom  at  Verona, 
Italy,  1727 :  died  at  Eome  in  1794.  An  Italian 
engraver.  His  most  noted  work  is  an  engraving  of 
Michelangelo's  "Last  Judgment." 

Ounegond  (G.  Kunigunde),  Saint.  Died  March 
3, 1038.  Wife  of  the  emperor  Henry  II.  According 
to  the  legend  she  disproved  a  charge  of  conjugal  infidelity 
by  passing  unhurt  through  an  ordeal  of  Are.  After  the 
death  of  her  husband  in  1024  she  retired  to  the  cloister  of 
Kauf  ungen,  near  Cassel. 

Cun^gonde  (ku-na-g6ud').  In  Voltaire's  novel 
"  Candide,"  the  priestess  of  Candide. 

Cunene  (ko-na'ne).  A  river  in  western  Africa 
which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  north  of  Cape 
Frio.     Length,  about  600  miles  (?). 

Cuneo  (ko-na'o).  A  province  in  Piedmont, 
Italy.  Area,  2,882  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  653,632. 

Cuneo,  or  Coni  (ko'ne).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Cuneo,  Italy,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Gesso  and  Stura  in  lat.  44°  24'  N., 
long.  7°  32'  E.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
29.000, 

Cunha  Barbosa  (kon'ya  bar-bo'za),  Januario, 
Bom  at  Eio  de  Janeiro,  July  10, 1780:  died  there, 
Feb.  22,  1846.  A  Brazilian  priest,  author,  and 
politician.  He  was  a  renowned  pulpit  orator,  and  taught 
philosophy  with  success.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest 
advocates  of  Brazilian  independence ;  was  several  times 
chosen  deputy;  edited  thegovernment  journal;  wasdlrec- 
tor  of  the  national  library,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Institute  Hlstorico  e  Geographlco ;  and  was  widely  known 
as  a  journalist  andapoet,  generally  in  the  satirical  vein.  His 
best-known  poems  are  "  Nicteroy  "  and  ' '  Garimpeiros. " 

Cunha  Mattos  (kon'ya  mat'tijs),  Baymundo 
Jos6  da.  Born  at  Faro,  Algarve,  Portugal, 
Nov.  2, 1776:  died  at  Eio  de  Janeiro,  March  2, 
1839.  A  Portuguese-BrazUian  soldier  and  au- 
thor. He  joined  an  artillery  regiment  in  1790 ;  served 
under  General  Forbes  in  the  Roussillon  campaign ;  was 
stationed  on  the  island  of  Sao  Thom^,  near  the  African 
coast,  1798-1816 ;  and  went  to  Brazil  in  1817.  He  became 
field-marshal  in  1834.  He  published  accounts  of  his  travels 
in  Brazil ;  historical  works  on  Sao  Thom^,  Minas  Geraes, 
and  Goyaz ;  a  digest  of  military  law ;  an  account  of  the 
attack  and  defense  of  the  city  of  Porto ;  and  many  papers 
and  maps,  all  of  great  value.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Brazilian  Instituto  Hlstorico  e  Geographico. 

Cunningham  (kun'ing-am),  or  Cunninghame. 
The  northern  division  of  Ayrshire,  Scotland, 
north  of  the  Irvine. 


Cunnmgham,  Sir  Alexander 

Ounningham  (kun'ing-am),  Sir  Alexander. 
Bom  Jan.  23,  1814:  died  Nov.  28,  1893.  An 
English  military  engineer  and  archseologist, 
son  of  Allan  Cunningham.  He  served  in  India 
1834-85.  Hi8  works  include  "  An  Essay  on  the  Arian  Or- 
der of  Arcliitecture  "  (1846),  "  Ladak,  Physical,  Statistical, 
and  Historical "  (1846),  "Book  of  Indian  Eras"  (1883),  etc. 

Ounmngham,  Allan.  Bom  at  Keir,  Dum- 
friesshire, Scotland,  Dec.  7,  1784 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  30,  1842.  A  Scottish  poet  and  gen- 
eral writer.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a  stone-mason ; 
went  to  Ijondon  in  1810,  and  became  a  reporter  and  a  writer 
on  the  "  Literary  Gazette  " ;  and  in  1814  became  secretary 
to  the  sculptor  Chantrey,  a  position  which  he  retained 
until  his  death.  He  wrote  "Traditional  Tales  of  the 
Peasantry  " (1822),  "The  Songs  of  Scotland,  Ancient  and 
Modern"  (1826),  "Lives  ol  the  Most  Eminent  British 
Painters,  Sculptors,  and  Architects"  (1829-33),  several 
romances,  etc. 

Cunningham,  Peter.  Bom  at  London,  April 
1, 1816:  died  at  St.  Albans,  England,  May  18, 
1869.  An  English  antiquary  and  litterateur, 
son  of  Allan  Cunningham.  Hevh'ote  a  "Handbook 
of  London"  (1849),  and  edited  the  works  of  Drummond, 
Goldsmith,  etc. 

Cunningham,  William.  Bom  at  Hamilton, 
Scotland,  Oct.  2, 1805 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Dec. 
14, 1861.  A  Scottish  clergyman  and  theologian, 
I  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Free  Church.  He  be- 
came professor  of  theology  in  the  Free  Church  College  in 
1843,  professor  of  church  history  in  1845,  and  principal  in 
1847.    He  wrote  ' '  Historic  Th  eology  "  (1862),  etc. 

Cunobeline   (kii'no-be-lin),  or  Cunohellnus 

(-li'nus).  A  semi-mythical  king  of  the  Silures, 
the  father  of  Caractacus.  He  is  often  confused  with 
Cymheline,  whose  adventures  are  related  by  Shakspere, 
who  borrowed  the  name  from  Holinshed. 

Cuntisuyu  (kon'te-so'yo),  or  Conde-suyu 
(kon'de-so'yS).  The  western  quarter  of  the  Inca 
empire  of  Peru,  extending  from  Cuzco  west  and 
southwest  to  the  coast,  it  derived  its  name  from 
Cunti,  a  small  region  just  west  of  Cuzco,  which  was  early 
conquered  by  the  Incas. 

Cup  (kup).  The.  A  poetical  drama  by  Lord 
Tennyson,  brought  out  at  the  Lyceum  Theatre, 
London,  in  1881. 

Cupar  (ks'par),  or  Cupar-Fife  (-fif ).  A  town 
in  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  Eden  27 
miles  north  of  Edinburgh.  Population  (1891), 
4,656. 

Cupid  (ku'pid).  [L.  Cupido,  a  personification 
of  cupido  (cupidin-),  desire,  passion,  from  cu- 
pefe,  desire.]  In  Koman  mythology,  the  god 
of  love,  identified  with  the  Greek  Eros,  the  son 
of  Hermes  (Mercury)  and  Aphrodite  (Venus). 
He  is  generally  represented  as  a  beautiful  hoy  with  wings, 
carrying  a  bow  and  a  quiver  of  an-ows,  and  is  often  spoken 
of  as  blind  or  blindfolded.  The  name  is  often  given  in 
art  to  figures  of  children,  with  or  without  wings,  intro- 
duced, sometimes  in  considerable  number,  as  a  motive  of 
decoration,  and  with  little  or  no  mythological  allusion. 

Cupid,  The  Letter  of.  A  poem  by  Hoccleve 
(Occleve)  dated  1402,  two  years  after  Chaucer's 
death:  attributed  in  the  1532  edition  to  Chau- 
cer. 

Cupid  and  Psyche  (si'ke).  An  episode  in  the 
' '  Golden  Ass  "  of  Apuleius.  The  beauty  of  Psyche, 
the  youngest  of  three  daughters  of  a  certain  king,  and  the 
homage  paid  to  it,  aiouse  the  wrath  of  Venus,  who  com- 
mands Cupid  to  avenge  her.  In  the  attempt  he  falls  in 
love  with  Psyche ;  she  is  borne  to  a  lovely  valley  where 
every  night  Cupid,  always  invisible,  visits  her  and  com- 
mands her  not  to  attempt  to  see  him.  Urged  by  her  sis- 
ters and  by  her  own  curiosity,  she  violates  this  command, 
and  is  abandoned  by  the  god.  After  toilsome  wanderings 
in  search  of  her  lover,  and  many  sufferings,  she  is  endowed 
with  immortality  by  Jupiter  and  united  to  Cupid  forever. 

Whatever  may  be  the  concealed  meaning  of  the  alle- 
gory, the  story  of  Cupid  and  Psyche  is  certainly  a  beautiful 
fiction.  Of  this,  the  number  of  translations  and  imita- 
tions may  be  considered  as  a  proof.  Mr.  Hose,  in  the 
notes  to  his  version  of  Partenopex  de  Blois,  has  pointed 
out  its  striking  resemblance  to  that  romance,  as  also 
to  the  Three  Calendars,  and  to  one  of  the  Persian  Tales. 
The  prohibition  of  Cupid,  and  the  transgression  of  Psyche, 
has  suggested  the  Serpentin  Vert  of  Mad.  d'Aulnoy ;  in- 
deed the  labours  to  which  Psyche  is  subjected  seem  to 
be  the  origin  of  all  fairy  tales,  particularly  Gracieuse  et 
Percinet.  The  whole  story  has  also  been  beautifully  versi- 
fied by  Marino  in  his  poem  I'Adone.  Cupid  is  introduced 
in  the  fourth  book  relating  it  for  the  amusement  of  Adonis, 
and  he  tells  it  in  such  a  manner  as  to  form  the  most  pleas- 
ing episode  of  that  delightful  poem.  I  need  not  mention 
the  well-known  imitation  by  Fontaine,  nor  the  drama  of 
Psyche,  which  was  performed  with  the  utmost  magnifi- 
cence at  Paris  in  1670,  and  is  usually  published  in  the 
works  of  Molifere,  but  was  in  fact  the  effort  of  the  united 
genius  of  that  author,  Comeille,  Quinault,  and  Lulli.  Nor 
have  the  fine  arts  less  contributed  to  the  embellishment 
of  this  fable:  the  marriage  of  Cupid  and  Psyche  has  fur- 
nished Raphael  with  a  series  of  paintings  which  are 
among  the  finest  of  his  works,  and  which  adorn  the  walls 
of  the  Famese  Palace  in  the  vicinity  of  Rome. 

Durdop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  110. 

Cupid  and  Psyche.  An  antique  copy  in  mar- 
ble, in  the  Capitol,  Eome,  of  a  Greek  original 
of  Hellenistic  date,  representing  a  boy  and  a 
girl  embracing.  Cupid  is  nude.  Psyche  draped 
from  the  hips  down. 


297 

Cupid  in  Waiting.  A  comedy  by  William 
Blanchard  Jerrold,  produced  Jxily  17,  1871. 

Cupid's  Kevenge.  A  play  by  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  it  was  acted  in  1612,  and  published  in  1615. 
It  was  attributed,  but  wrongly,  to  Fletcher  alone.  Fleay 
thinks  that  N.  Field  also  assisted  in  it.  It  resembles  Sid- 
ney's "Arcadia"  in  some  respects. 

Oura  (ko'ra),  Ciudad  de  or  Villa  de.    A  town 

in  northern  Venezuela,  southwest  of  Caracas. 

Curagao  (ko-ra-sa'o),  or  Curazao,  or  Curagoa 

(ko-ra-s6'a).  1.  An  island  of  the  Dutch  West 
Indies,  situated  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  north  of 
Venezuela,  in  lat.  12°  20'  N.,  long.  69°  W.  it 
exports  salt,  and  gives  its  name  to  a  liqueur.  It  was 
settled  by  the  Spaniards  in  1527,  and  was  taken  by  the 
Dutch  in  1634.  Area,  210  square  miles.  Population  (1892), 
27,264. 

3.  A  Dutch  colony,  comprising  all  the.  Dutch 
Antilles.  Capital, Willemstad.  Area, 438  square 
miles.    Population  (1890),  45,162. 

Curan  (kur'an).  In  Shakspere's  "King Lear," 
a  courtier. 

Curate  of  Los  Palacios  (los  pa-la'the-os).  The 
Spanish  historian  Andres  Bemaldez. 

Curci  (kor'che).  Carlo  Maria.  Born  at  Na- 
ples, Sept.  4,  1809:  died  at  Villa  Careggi,  near 
Florence,  June  8,  1891.  A  Eoman  Catholic 
theologian  and  writer  on  church  polities.  He 
entered  the  order  of  the  Jesuits  in  1826,  and  was  editor  of 
the  "Civiltk  cattolica"  1860-S3.  He  was  in  1877  expelled 
from  his  order  on  account  of  his  opposition  to  the  policy 
of  the  Pope  toward  the  Italian  government.  He  subse- 
quently recanted,  however,  and  was  restored  to  member- 
ship in  the  order.  He  published  "  Lezioni  esegetiche  e 
morali  sopra  i  quattro  evangeli "  (1874-76),  "  II  moderno 
dissidio  tra  la  Chiesa  e  I'ltalia  "  (1877),  "La  nuova  Italia 
ed  i  vecchi  zelanti "  (1881),  etc. 

Cure  de  Meudon  (ktt-ra'  de  me-d6n'),  Le.  A 
name  often  given  to  Rabelais.  He  had  a  charge 
at  Meudon  in  his  later  years. 

Cure  for  a  Cuckold.  A  play  by  Webster,  as- 
sisted by  Rowley,  published  in  1661.  ( Ward.) 
Fleay  thinks  it  was  probably  by  Middleton  and 
Rowley, 

Cures  (ku'rez).  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of 
the  Sabines,  24  miles  northeast  of  Rome,  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  modern  Correse :  a  legendary 
city  of  Numa  and  Tatius. 

Curetes  (ku-re'tez).  In  Greek  mythology,  at- 
tendants of  Zeus,  properly  in  Crete:  often 
wrongly  identified  with  the  (Jorybantes,  the  Ca- 
biri,  etc. 

Cureton  (kur'ton),  William.  Born  at  West- 
bury,  Shropshire,  England,  1808:  died  June 
17,  1864.  An  English  Orientalist.  He  was  ap- 
pointed to  a  position  in  the  Bodleian  Library  in  1834 ;  un- 
dertook the  cataloguing  of  Arabic  books  and  MSS.  in  the 
British  Museum  in  1837  (the  first  part  of  the  catalogue 
appeared  in  1846) ;  and  became  chaplain  to  the  queen  in 
1847,  and  canon  ol  Westminster  and  pastor  of  St.  Marga- 
ret's in  1849.  He  is  best  known  from  his  work  in  classify- 
ing and,  in  part,  editing  the  important  collection  of  Syriac 
MSS.  obtained  by  the  British  Museum  from  the  monas- 
teries of  Mtria  1841-43.  His  most  important  discovery 
was  a  MS.  of  the  "Epistles  of  Ignatius  to  Polyoarp," 
which  he  edited  in  1845.  He  also  discovered  'parts  ol  a 
Syriac  version  of  the  gospels,  differing  from  the  Peshito 
version,  and  now  known  as  the  "  Curetonian  Gospels." 

Curiatii  (ku-ri-a'shi-i).  In  Roman  legend, 
three  brothers  from  Alba  Longa,  who  fought 
against  the  three  Horatii.     See  Soratii. 

Ouricanclia(ko-re-kan'oha),orOoricancha(ko- 
re-kan'cha).  [Quichua,  '  court  of  gold.']  The 
great  temple  called  the  Temple  of  the  Sun,  at 
Cuzoo,  Peru.  According  to  tradition  it  was  founded 
by  Manco  Capac.  It  was  probably  used  as  a  palace  by 
the  earlier  Incas,  and  was  later  turned  into  a  temple. 
The  great  monarch  Inca  Yupanqui  adorned  the  interior 
with  gold.  The  temple  opened  on  a  large  square :  it  was 
290  feet  long  by  62  feet  broad,  and  included  the  principal 
temple,  various  minor  rooms,  and  the  garden  ol  golden 
flowers.  The  interior  was  partly  lined  with  thin  gold. 
An  elliptical  gold  plate  on  the  wall  was  an  emblem  of 
the  deity,  and  it  was  flanked  by  gold  and  silver  plates 
representing  the  sun  and  moon.  The  roof  was  an  elab- 
orate thatch.  The  temple  was  partly  despoiled  by  order 
of  Atahiialpa  to  satisfy  the  Spanish  demand  tor  gold;  the 
Spaniards  completed  its  destruction,  and  the  church  and 
convent  of  Santo  Domingo  were  built  on  the  site.  Por- 
tions of  the  original  walls  are  still  visible,  forming  part 
of  the  convent  structure. 

Curico  (ko-re-ko').  1.  A  province  of  Chile, 
south  of  Colchagua.  Area,  2,913  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  104,909.-3.  The  capital  of 
the  above  province.  Population  (1891),  about 
13,000.  .  ,     .„.  , 

Curio  (ku'ri-o),  Caius  Scribonius.  1.  Died 
53  B.  C.  A  Eoman  general  and  politician. 
He  was  the  first  Roman  general  to  reach  the  Danube  in 
Moesia,  about  73  B.  0. 

3.  Killed  at  Utica,  Africa,  49  b.  c.  Son  of 
Caius  Scribonius  Curio:  a  partizan  of  Caesar  in 
the  civil  war. 

Curio  A  gentleman  in  attendance  on  the 
Duke  of  fllyria,  in  Shakspere's  "Twelfth 
Night." 


Curtana 
Curiosities  of  Literature,  The.    A  work  by 

Isaac  D'lsraeli.  it  was  issued  anonymously,  the  first 
volume  in  1791,  a  second  in  1793,  a  third  in  1817,  a  fourth 
and  fifth  in  1823,  and  a  sixth  and  last  in  1824. 

Curious  Impertinent,  The.    An  episode  in 

Cervantes's  "  Don  Quixote."  Crowne  wrote  a  play, 
"The  Married  Beau,  or  The  Curious  Impertinent,'^ the 
plot  of  which  is  taken  from  this. 

Curium  (ku'ri-um).  [Gr.  KoipMK.]  An  ancient 
city  of  Cypras,  west  of  the  river  Lycus,  said  to 
have  been  founded  by  the  Argives.  its  ruins  con- 
tain a  Phenician  temple,  remarkable  especially  for  its 
crypt  of  four  rock-hewn  chambers,  about  23  feet  in  diam- 
eter, connected  by  doors  and  a  gallery.  The  objects  in 
gold  and  silver  constituting  the  ■'  Treasure  of  Curium," 
in  the  Metropolitan  Museum,  New  York,  were  found  in 
these  chambers. 

Curius  Dentatus,  Manius.    See  Dentatus. 

OurlKkerl),  Edmund.  Bom  in  1675:  died  at 
London,  Dec.  11,  1747.  A  notorious  London 
bookseller.  He  lived  by  pfratical  publishing,  and  he 
achieved  a  reputation  for  issuing  obscene  literature  which 
was  the  origin  of  the  word  Curllicism.  In  1716  he  had  a 
quarrel  with  Pope,  who  pilloried  him  in  the  "Dunoiad." 
He  published  a  number  of  standard  works,  however ;  but 
of  his  biographies  Arbuthnot  said  they  had  added  a  new 
terror  to  death. 

Curragh  (kur'rach  or  kur'ra),  or  The  Curra^h 
of  Eildare  (kil-dar').  A  plain  in  County  El- 
dare,  Ireland,  27  miles  southwest  of  Dublin,  it 
is  the  property  of  the  crown,  and  is  the  seat  of  a  military 
camp  and  of  a  celebrated  race-course. 

Ourran  (kur'an),  John  Philpot.  Born  at 
Newmarket,  County  Cork,  Ireland,  July  24, 
1750 :  died  at  Brompton,  near  London,  Oct.  14, 
1817.  A  noted  Irish  orator.  He  studied  at  Trin- 
ity College,  Dublin,  and  at  the  Middle  Temple,  London, 
and  in  1775  was  admitted  to  the  Irish  bar.  In  1783  he 
entered  the  Irish  Parliament,  where  he  joined  the  oppo- 
sition, of  which  Grattan  was  the  leader.  When  the  gov- 
ernment instituted  its  bloody  series  of  prosecutions 
against  the  leaders  of  the  Irish  insurrection  ol  1798,  he 
appeared  for  the  prisoners  in  nearly  every  case,  and  con- 
ducted the  defense  with  extraordinary  boldness  and  abil- 
ity. He  was  master  of  the  rolls  in  Ireland  1806-14,  when 
he  retired  to  private  life.  See  "  Life  of  Curran,"  by  his 
son,  W.  H.  Curran  (1819) ;  "  Curran  and  his  Contempora- 
ries," by  Charles  Phillips  (1818) ;  and  "  Curran's  Speeches  " 
(1806). 

Current  Biver  (kur'ent  riv'6r).  A  river  in 
southeastern  Missouri  which  joins  the  Black 
River  near  Pocahontas,  Randolph  County, 
northeastern  Arkansas.  Length,  over  200 
miles. 

Currer  Bell.    See  Bell,  Currer. 

Currie  (kui'i),  James.  Bom  at  Kirkpatrick- 
Fleming,  Dumfriesshire,  Scotland,  May  31, 1756 : 
died  at  Sidmouth,  England,  Aug.  31,  1805.  A 
Scottish  physician.  He  wrote  "  Medical  Reports  on 
the  Effects  of  Water,"  etc.  (1797-1806),  and  edited  Bums's 
works  (1800). 

Cursa  (ker'sa).  [Ar.  al-kursa,  the  chair  or 
throne.]  The  third-magnitude  star  /3  Eridani, 
situated  at  the  beginning  of  the  river,  very 
near  Orion. 

Curse  of  Kehama,  The.  A  poem  by  Southey, 
first  published  in  1810. 

Curse  of  Scotland,  The.  The  name  given  to 
the  nine  of  diamonds  in  playing-cards.  There 
are  vaiious  explanations  of  the  name :  a  probable  one  traces 
it  to  the  groups  of  nine  lozenges  in  the  coat  of  arms  of  the 
Dalrymple  family,  one  of  the  members  of  which,  the  Mas- 
ter (afterward  Earl)  of  Stair,  played  an  important  part  in 
the  massacre  of  Glencoe. 

Cursor,  Papirius.    See  Fapirius  Cursor. 

Cursor  Mundi  (ker'sor  mun'di).  [L.,  'the 
runner  or  courier  of  the  world' ;  translated  in 
one  ME.  MS. '  the  Cursuro  the  world,' in  another 
'the  Cours  of  the  werlde.'  The  last  expresses 
the  real  intention  of  the  title.]  A  poem 
written  about  1320,  and  founded  on  Csedmon's 
paraphrase  of  Genesis.  It  ran  through  the  course 
of  the  world  from  the  creation  to  doomsday.  The  whole 
poem  has  been  printed  by  the  Early  English  Text  Society 
(ed.  by  Dr.  Richard  Morris). 

Curtain  (kfer'tan).  The.  A  London  playhouse 
established  in'Shoreditoh  in  1576.  it  is  thought 
that  Shakspere  acted  here  in  his  own  plays.  It  remained 
open  until  the  accession  of  Charles  I.,  after  which  the 
drama  gave  way  to  exhibitions  of  athletic  feats.  It  is 
said  that  it  was  called  The  Curtain  because  here  the  green 
curtain  was  first  used;  in  1678  Aubrey  calls  it  "The 
Green  Curtain."  The  name  is  still  maintained  in  "Cur- 
tain Road."  The  Church  of  St.  James  stands  near  the 
site,  and  a  stained-glass  window  was  placed  at  its  west 
end  in  1886  to  commemorate  the  association  with  Shak- 
spere. 

Curtain  Lectures.    See  Caudle. 

Curtana  (ker-ta'na),  Courtain  (kor-tan'),  or 
Ourtein  (ker-tan').  [L.  curtus,  broken,  short-, 
ened.]  The  name  originally  given  to  the  sword 
of  Eoland,  of  which,  according  to  the  tradition, 
the  point  was  broken  off  in  testing  it.  The  name 
is  also  given  to  the  pointless  sword  carried  before  the 
kings  of  England  at  their  coronation,  and  emblematically 
considered  as  the  sword  of  mercy.  It  is  also  called  the 
sword  of  Edward  the  Confessor. 


Curtatone 

Curtatone  (kSr-ta-to'ne).  A  village  in  the 
province  of  Mantua,  Italy,  4  miles  west  of 
Mantua.  Here,  May  29,  1848,  about  19,000  Austrians 
under  Eadetzky  defeated  6,000-6,000  Italians. 

Curtin  (ker'tin) ,  Andrew  Gregg.  Born  atBelle- 
fonte,  Pa.,  April  22,  1817:  died  Oct.  7,  1894. 
An  American  politician,  governor  of  Pennsyl- 
vania 1861-67,  minister  to  Russia  1869-72,  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  1881-87. 

Curtis  (ker'tis).  [The  name  Curtis,  also  Cur- 
tiss,  Curtice,  represents  ME.  curteis,  courteis, 
now  courteous.']  A  character  in  Shakspere's 
comedy  "  The  Taming  of  the  Shrew."  This  part 
was  originally  described  in  the  dramatis  personae  as  a 
serving-man,  but  it  is  now  played  as  an  old  woman,  the 
housekeeper  ol  Petruchio. 

Curtis,  Benjamin  Bobbins.  Bom  at  Water- 
town,  Mass.,  Nov.  4,  1809:  died  at  Newport, 
K.  I.,  Sept.  15,  1874.  An  American  jurist,  as- 
sociate justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court  1851-57:  brother  of  G.  T.  Curtis.  He  pub- 
lished "Ueports  of  Cases  in  the  Circuit  Courts  of  the  U.  S. " 
g854),  "Decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court,"  "Digest  of  the 
eoisions  of  the  Supreme  Court"  (to  1854),  etc. 

Curtis,  Gteorge  Ticknor.  Bom  at  Watertown, 
Mass.,  Nov.  28, 1812 :  died  at  New  York,  March 
28,  1894.  An  American  lawyer  and  legal  wri- 
ter. His  works  include  "The  Law  of  Copyright"  (1847), 
"The  law  of  Patents"  (1849,  4th  ed.  1873), "Life  of  Daniel 
Webster  "  (1865-68),  "Last  Years  of  Daniel  Webster  "  (1878), 
"  A  History  of  the  Origin,  Formation,  and  Adoption  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States"  (1856-58),  "Constitu- 
tional History  of  the  United  States,"  etc.  (1892,  Vol.  I). 

Curtis,  George  William.  Born  at  Providence, 
E.  I.,  Feb.  24,  1824:  died  on  Staten  Island, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  31,  1892.  A  noted  American  jour- 
nalist, orator,  publicist,  and  author.  He  lived  In 
the  community  at  Brook  Farm.remaining  there  IS  months ; 
traveled  abroad  1846-50 ;  on  his  return  in  the  latter  year 
became  connected  with  the  New  York  "Tribune";  was 
connected  with  "Putnam's  Monthly"  1852-57;  and  be- 
came editor  of  the  "Easy  Chair"  ("Harper's  Magazine") 
in  1854,  and  in  1863  of  "  Harper's  Weekly  "  (founded  1857). 
He  was  an  influential  advocate  of  civil-service  reform.  In 
1871  he  was  appointed  by  Grant  one  of  the  commissioners 
■to  draw  up  rules  for  the  regulation  of  the  civil  service, 
but  resigned  on  account  of  differences  with  the  President. 
He  was  president  of  the  New  York  State  Civil  Service 
League  in  1880,  and  of  the  National  Civil  Service  Reform 
league  from  its  foundation  until  his  death.  He  wrote 
"Nile  Notes  ol  a  Howadji"  (1851),  "  Howadji  in  Syria" 
(1852),  "Lotus-Eating"  (1852),  "Potiphar  Papers"  (1853), 
"Prue  and  I "(1856),  "Trumps"  (1862),  "From  the  Easy 
Chair"  (1891),  "Washington  Irving"  (1891). 

Ourtise  (kor-tes').  The  little  hound  in  the  tale 
of  "Keineoke  Fuchs." 

Curtius  (kor'tse-os),  Ernst.  Born  at  Lubeck, 
Germany,  Sept.  2,  1814 :  died  July  12,  1896.  A 
noted  German  arehseologist  and  historian,  pro- 
fessor in  the  University  of  Berlin  from  1863. 
His  works  include  "  Peloponnesos  "  (1851-52),  "  Griechiscbe 
Geschichte"  (1867-67,  English  translation  by  Ward  1868- 
1873),  "Die  lonier  vor  der  ionischen  Wanderung"  (1856), 
"  Attisohe  Studien  "  (1863-64),  etc. 

Curtius,  Georg.  Bom  at  Lubeek.  Germany, 
April  16,  1820:  died  at  Hermsdorr,  Germany, 
Aug.  12,  1885.  A  German  philologist,  brother 
of  Ernst  Curtius,  professor  of  classical  philol- 
ogy at  Leipsie  from  1862.  He  wrote  "Grieohische 
Schulgrammatik "  (1852),  "Grundzuge  der  griechisohen 
Etymologie"  (1858-62),  etc. 

Curtius  (k6r'shi-us),  MarcUS.  A  Roman  legen- 
dary hero.  In  362  b.  o.,  a  chasm  having  been  formed 
in  the  Forum  by  an  earthquake,  the  soothsayers  announced 
that  it  could  be  closed  only  by  the  sacrifice  of  Rome's 
greatest  treasure.  The  people  were  at  a  loss  to  interpret 
the  oracle  when  Marcus  Curtius,  a  noble  youth,  stepped 
forward  and,  declaring  that  the  state  possessed  no  greater 
•treasure  than  a  brave  citizen  in  arms,  leaped,  mounted  on 
his  steed  and  in  full  armor,  into  the  chasm,  which  closed 
after  liim. 

Curtius  RufuS,  QuintUS.  A  Roman  historian, 
of  the  time  of  Claudius,  author  of  a  history  of 
Alexander  the  Great. 

Cunipira  (k8-r6-pe'ra).  The  name  given  by 
Brazilian  Indians  of  the  Tupi  race  to  a  mythi- 
cal being,  generally  described  as  a  dwarfish 
man  having  his  feet  turned  backward.  He  is 
said  to  wander  in  the  woods,  where  he  kills  and  devours 
persons  who  are  lost.  The  hunter  who  finds  his  tracks 
and  tries  to  run  away  from  him  is  deceived  by  the  direc- 
tion of  the  footprints,  and  hastens  to  his  own  destruction. 
The  Curupira  myth  is  found  in  all  parts  of  Brazil,  is  very 
ancient  and  is  connected  with  many  goblin  tales,  some 
of  which  have  been  published. 

CurvettO  (k6r-vet'6).  An  old  libertine,  affecting 
youth,  in  Middleton's  play  "Blurt,  Master  Con- 
stable."   He  is  the  butt  of  many  practical  jokes. 

Curwen  (k6r' wen),  John.  Bom  at  Heekmond- 
wike,  Yorkshire,  England,  Nov.  14,  1816:  died 
at  Heaton  Mersey,  near  Manchester,  England, 
May  26,  1880.  An  English  teacher  of  singing 
by  the  tonio  sol-fa  system. 

Gurzola  (kor'dz6-la).  1.  An  island  of  the 
Adriatic  Sea,  belonging  to  Dalmatia,  situated 
near  lat.  43°  N.  Length,  about  30  miles.— 2. 
The  chief  town  of  the  above  island,  situated  in 


298 

lat.  42°  56'  N.,  long.  17°  10'  E.    It  contains  a 

cathedral.   Population  (1890),  commune,  6,097. 

Curzon  (ker'zon),  George  Nathaniel.    Bom 

at  Kedleston,  England,  Jan.  11,  1859.  An 
English  statesman  and  publicist.  He  was  under- 
secretary of  state  tor  India  1891-92 ;  under-secretary  for 
foreign  affairs  1896-98;  was  Viceroy  of  India  1898- 
1904  and  was  created  Baron  Curzon  of  Kedleston  in 
1898.  He  has  written  "Russia  in  Central  Asia,"  "  Persia 
and  the  Persian  Question,"  and  "Problems  of  the  Far 
East." 

Cusa.    See  Alexander  John,  Prince  of  Rumania. 

Cusa  (ku'za),  or  Cusanus  (ku-za'nus),  Niko- 

laus  (origiuaUy  Nikolas  Chrj^ffs  or  Krebs). 

Bom  at  Kues,  near  Trier,  Germany,  1401 :  died 
at  Todi,  Umbria,  Italy,  Aug.  11, 1464.  A  noted 
ecclesiastic  and  philosophical  writer,  appointed 
cardinal  in  1448.  His  chief  philosophical  work 
is  "De  doota  ignorantia." 

Cush  (kush).  [Gr.  Xovg.]  In  the  Old  Testa- 
ment :  (a)  The  eldest  son  of  Ham.  (&)  A  geographical 
and  ethnographical  termusuallyrendered  Ethiopia  in  the 
Vulgate  and  Septuagint.  Cush  corresponded  probably 
to  Upper  Egypt  and  northern  Nubia,  including,  perhaps, 
part  of  Abyssinia  and  southern  Arabia.    Also  Kitsh. 

The  southern  zone  is  described  before  the  middle. 
"The  sons  of  Ham,"  it  is  said,  "were  Cush,  and  Mizraim, 
and  Phut,  and  Canaan."  Cush  embraces  not  only  the 
Ethiopia  of  the  classical  geographers,  but  also  the  south- 
western coast  of  Arabia  and  the  opposite  coast  of  Africa 
as  well.  It  thus  corresponds  to  the  land  of  Pun  of  the 
Egyptian  monuments,  as  well  as  to  Kesh  or  Ethiopia.  It 
was  inhabited  for  the  most  part  by  a  white  race  whose 
physical  characteristics  connect  them  with  the  Egyptians 
[p.  61].  .  .  .  The  name  Cush  was  of  Egyptian  origin. 
Kash  vaguely  denoted  the  country  which  lay  between  the 
First  Cataract  and  the  mountains  of  Abyssinia,  and  from 
the  reign  of  Thothmes  I.  to  the  fall  ol  the  Twentieth 
Egyptian  Dynasty  the  eldest  son  of  the  Egyptian  monarch 
bore  the  title  ol  "Royal  Son"  or  Prince  of  Kash.  In  the 
reign  of  Meneptah,  the  Pharaoh  of  the  Exodus,  one  of 
these  Princes  ol  Kash  had  the  name  ol  Mes,  and  may  thus 
have  originated  the  Jewish  legend  reported  by  Josephus, 
according  to  which  Moses,  the  adopted  son  of  an  Egyp- 
tian princess,  conquered  the  land  ol  Cush  [p.  143].  .  .  . 
Kas  or  Cush  was  thus,  properly  speaking,  the  region 
known  as  Ethiopia  to  the  geographers  of  Greece  and 
Rome.  But  it  was  only  by  degrees  that  the  name  came  to 
cover  so  wide  an  extent  of  country.  At  the  outset  it  de- 
noted only  a  small  district  on  the  southern  side  of  the 
Second  Cataract.  Sayce,  Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  144. 

Gushing  (kush'ing),  Caleb.  Bom  at  Salis- 
bury, Mass.,  Jan.  17,  1800:  died  at  Newbury- 
port,  Mass.,  Jan.  2,  1879.  An  American  jurist, 
politician,  and  diplomatist.  He  was  member  of 
Congress  from  Massachusetts  1835-43,  United  States  com- 
missioner to  China  1843-44,  colonel  and  brigadier-general 
in  the  Mexican  war  1847,  attorney-general  1853-57,  counsel 
before  the  tribunal  of  arbitration  in  Geneva  1871-72,  and 
minister  to  Spain  1874-77. 

Cushing,  Luther  Steams.  Bom  at  Lunen- 
burg, Mass.,  June  22,  1803 :  died  at  Boston, 
June  22,  1856.  An  American  lawyer.  His  best- 
known  works  are  "Rules  of  Proceeding  and  Debate  in 
Deliberative  Assemblies"  (1844:  known  as  "Cushing's 
Manual"),  and  "law  and  Practice  of  legislative  Assem- 
blies "(1855). 

Cushing,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Boston,  Mass., 
March  24,  1725 :  died  Feb.  28,  1788.  An  Amer- 
ican politician,  speaker  of  the  Massachusetts 
House  of  Representatives  1763,  and  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Massachusetts  1779-88. 

Cushing,  William.  Bom  at  Scituate,  Mass., 
March  1, 1732 :  died  at  Scituate,  Sept.  13, 1810. 
An  American  jurist,  appointed  associate  jus- 
tice of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in  1789. 

Gushing,  William  Barker.  Born  in  Wiscon- 
sin, Nov.,  1842 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
Dec.  17,  1874.  An  American  naval  officer, 
noted  on  account  of  his  exploit  in  blowing  up 
the  Confederate  iron-clad  ram  Albemarle  at 
Plymouth,  North  Carolina,  on  the  night  of  Oct. 
27,  1864.    See  Albemarle. 

Cushites  (kish'its).  The  descendants  of  Cush; 
the  inhabitants  of  Cush.  in  Gen.  x.  6,  Cush  appears 
as  the  first  son  of  Ham,  while  in  verse  7  Dedan  and  Seba, 
Arabic  tribes,  are  enumerated  among  the  descendants  of 
Cush,  and  in  verse  8  Nimrod,  who  is  represented  as  the 
founder  ol  the  Babylonian  kingdom,  appears  as  the  son  of 
Cush.  There  are  evidently  two  kinds  of  Cushites  in  the 
Old  Testament,  either  two  different  races,  or  at  least  differ- 
ent settlements.  The  first  are  identical  with  the  Eash, 
Kish,  or  Keeh  of  the  Egyptian  monuments,  a  name  desig- 
nating a  reddish  or  reddish-brownish  people  living  be- 
tween Egypt  and  Abyssinia,  and  between  the  Nile  and  the 
sea  :  in  the  Assyrian  inscriptions  called  Ktmi  or  MUuchu. 
The  Greek  name  Ethiopia  comprised  originally  the  dark- 
colored  peoples  of  the  southern  countries  of  Africa  and  Asia 
at  large ;  later  it  was  confined  to  the  Nile  territory  south  of 
Egypt  The  other  division  of  the  Cushites  is  to  be  looked 
for  in  the  Bast  and  is  perhaps  identical  with  the  KaMu.  or 
/Tom  of  the  inscriptions.    See  Cosaeans. 

Cushman  (kiish'man),  Charlotte  Saunders. 

Bom  in  Boston,  Juty  23,  1816 :  .died  in  Boston, 
Feb.  8, 1876.    An  American  actress.   She  first  ap- 

S eared  at  New  Orleans,  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  as  lady  Mae- 
eth.  She  acted  with  Macready  in  New  York  1842-43,  and 
in  Boston  in  1844.    She  played  at  the  Princess's  Theatre  In 


Cuthah 

London  in  the  autumn  of  1844,  and  in  1845  was  very  suc- 
cessful as  Bianca.  In  December,  1846,  she  appeared  as 
Romeo  at  the  Haymarket,  her  sister  Susan  playing  Juliet. 
She  reappeared  in  America,  Oct.  8, 1849,  at  the  old  Broad- 
way Theater,  New  York,  as  Mrs.  Haller.  Her  principal 
characters  were  Romeo,  Wolsey,  Hamlet,  and  Claude 
Melnotte.  In  1862  she  announced  her  intention  of  retir- 
ing from  the  stage,  but  occasionally  acted  until  her  last 
illness.  Meg  Merrilies  and  Nancy  Sykes  were  her  strong- 
est melodramatic  parts. 

Cushman,  Robert.  Born  in  England  about 
1580:  died  in  England,  1625.  An  English 
merchant,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Plymouth 
colony. 

Gusis  (ku'sis).  A  fabulous  country  in  Sir  John 
Mandeville's  "Voiage  and  Travaile."  The  peo- 
ple of  this  country  have  but  one  foot,  so  large  that  it  casts 
a  shadow  over  the  whole  body  when  used  as  a  protection 
from  the  sun,  and  with  this  one  loot  they  make  wonderful 


Gust  (kust),  Robert  Needham.  Bom  at  Coek- 
ayne-Hatley,  Bedfordshire,  England,  1821.  A 
noted  Orientalist  and  Africanist.  He  entered  the 
civil  service  ol  India  in  1843,  and  retired  in  1869.  Since 
that  date  he  has  resided  in  London.  His  principal  works 
are  "Sketch  ol  the  Modern  Languages  ol  the  East  In- 
dies "(1878),  "Linguistic  and  Oriental  Essays " (1880-81), 
' '  Sketch  ol  the  Modern  Languages  of  Africa  "  (1883), "  Notes 
on  Missionary  Subjects  "  (1887),  "  Africa  Rediviva  "  (1891). 

Custance.    See  Constance. 

Custer  (kus'tfer),  George  Armstrong.  Bom  at 
New  Eumley,  Ohio,  Dec.  5, 1839:  died  in  Mon- 
tana, June  25, 1876.  An  American  soldier.  He 
was  graduated  at  West  Point  m  1861,  and  was  assigned  to 
duty  aa  lieutenant  in  the  United  States  cavalry.  He  led 
a  brigade  of  volunteers  in  the  battle  of  Gettysburg  July 
1-3, 1863 ;  was  appointed  to  the  command  ol  a  division  of 
cavalry  in  the  volunteer  service  Sept.  30, 1864,  and  took 
part  in  the  Richmond  campaign  in  1864,  in  the  Shenan- 
doah campaign  from  1864-65,  and  in  the  pursuit  of  Lee's 
army  after  the  evacuation  ol  Richmond  in  1866.  He  was 
mustered  oat  ol  the  volunteer  service,  with  the  rank  of 
major-general,  in  1866,  and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed 
lieutenant-colonel,  with  the  brevet  rank  of  major-general, 
in  the  regular  army.  He  commanded  an  exploring  expe- 
dition to  the  Black  HUls  in  1874.  He  led  with  his  regi- 
ment General  Terry's  column  in  the  expedition  against 
the  Sioux  Indians  in  1876.  Coming  upon  a  large  Indian 
encampment  on  the  Little  Big  Bom  River,  Montana,  he 
divided  his  regiment  into  several  detachments,  one  ol 
which  under  Major  Reno  was  ordered  to  attack  the  enemy 
in  the  rear,  while  he  himself  advanced  with  five  compa- 
nies in  front.  Major  Reno  was  driven  back,  and  the  In- 
dians concentrated  upon  Custer,  who  was  killed  together 
with  his  whole  force. 

Custine  (kiis-ten'),  Adam  Philippe  de,  Count. 
Bom  at  Metz,  Feb.  4, 1740:  guillotined  at  Paris, 
Aug.  28,  1793.  A  noted  French  soldier.  He 
fou^t  under  Soubise  in  the  Seven  Years'  War,  and  was 
quartermaster-general  ol  the  French  lorces  in  America 
1778-83,  being  present  at  the  surrender  of  Yorktown,  Vir- 
ginia, 1781.  He  was  deputed  to  the  States-General  in  1789, 
and  m  1792  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  an  army. 
He  took  Spires  Sept.  29,  and  Mainz  Oct.  21,  1792;  but 
failing  in  the  campaign  of  1793  to  relieve  Mainz,  which 
had  been  recaptured  by  the  Allies,  he  was  executed  on  the 
charge  of  conspiring  to  effect  a  counter-revolution. 

Custine,  Marquis  Astolphe  de.  Bom  at  Nieder- 
willer  (Meurthe),  Prance,  March  18, 1790 :  died 
near  Pau,  France,  Sept.  29,  1857.  A  French 
writer  and  traveler,  grandson  of  Adam  P.  de 
Custine.  He  wrote  "M6moires  et  voyages," 
etc.  (1830),  "La  Russie  en  1839"  (1843),  etc. 

Custis  (kus'tis),  George  Washington  Farke. 
Bom  at  Mount  Airy,  Md.,  April  30,  1781:  died 
at  Arlington  House,  Fairfax  County,  Virginia, 
Oct.  10,  1857.  An  American  writer,  adopted 
son  of  George  Washington. 

Custom  of  the  Coimtry,  The.  A  play  by 
Fletcher  and  Massinger,  produced  before  1628 
and  printed  in  1647.  It  is  partly  from  a  story  of  Cer- 
vantes and  partly  from  a  story  in  Clntbio's  "Hecatom- 
mithi."  "Love  makes  a  Man,"  by  Gibber,  and  "Clountry 
Lasses,"  by  Charles  Johnson,  were  partly  taken  from  it. 

Custom  of  the  Country,  The.    A  play  by  Mrs. 

Centlivre,  produced  in  1715.  it  was  originally  a 
farce  called  "A  Bickerstaff's  Burial,"  said,  doubtfully,  to 
be  founded  on  one  of  Sinbad's  voyages. 

Custozza  (kos-tod'za),  or  Custoza  (kSs-tot'sa). 
A  village  in  the  province  of  Verona,  Italy,  11 
miles  southwest  of  Verona,  it  was  the  scene  of 
two  battles :  (1)  On  July  25,  1848,  the  Austrians  (about 
33,000)  under  Radetzky  defeated  the  Sardinians  (about 
25,000)  under  King  Charles  Albert.  (2)  On  June  24, 1866, 
the  Austrians  (75,000?)  under  the  archduke  Albert  de- 
feated the  Italians  (130,000?)  under  Victor  Emmanuel. 

Custrin.    See  Kiistrin. 

Cutch.    See  Kachh. 

Cutch  Gundava.    See  Kachh  Gunda/oa. 

Gu'fchah  (ku'tha).  A  city  in  Babylonia  whence 
Shalmaneser  tV.  (727-722  B.  c.)  brought  colo- 
nists into  Samaria  (2  Ki.  xvii.  24).  These  Cutheans, 
mingling  with  other  peoples,  became  the  progenitors  ol 
the  Samaritaqs.  In  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  the  city  is 
often  mentioned  under  the  name  of  Kutu.  It  was  situated 
a  little  to  the  east  of  Babylon,  and  is  now  represented  by 
the  ruins  of  Tel  Ibrahim.  The  statement  (2  Ki.  xvii.  30) 
that  the  principal  god  of  the  Cutheans  was  Nergal  (the 
god  ol  war)  is  confirmed  by  the  inscriptions.  Nebuchad- 
nezzar (604-561)  records  that  he  restored  the  temple  ol 
Nergal  in  the  city  ol  Cuthah. 


Cuthbert 

Guthbert  (kuth'b^rt),  Saint.  Died  at  Fame, 
Northumbria,  March  20,  687.  A  noted  English 
monk.  He  was  prior  of  Melrose  about  664,  and 
later  of  Lindisfame,  and  bishop  of  Lindisf ame 
685-687. 

Cutler  (kut'ler),  Manasseh.  Bom  at  Kill- 
ingly,  Conn.,  May  13,  1742 :  died  at  Hamilton, 
Mass.,  July  28,  1823.  An  American  botanist 
and  Congregational  clergyman,  one  of  the 
founders  of  Marietta,  Ohio,  in  1788. 

Cutler,  Timothy.  Bom  at  Charlestown,  Mass., 
about  1684 :  died  at  Boston,  Aug.  17,  1765.  An 
American  clergyman,  president  of  Yale  Col- 
lege 1719-22. 

Cutpurse  (kut'pers),  Moll.  The  nickname  of 
a  notorious  woman  (real  name  Mary  Frith) 
who  was  born  in  London  in  1589  according  to 
her  life  published  anonymously  in  London 
1662,  but  according  to  Malone  in  1584.  she  was 
a  riotous  "  tidet,  pickpocket,  bully,  prostitute,  procuress, 
fortune-teller,  receiver  of  stolen  goods,  and  forger  of 
writings,"  and  nearly  always  wore  a  man's  dress.  She  is 
said  to  have  been  the  first  woman  who  used  tobacco.  She 
was  introduced  by  Mlddleton  and  Dekker  as  the  chief 
personage  (but  in  reformed  character)  in  their  play  "  The 
Bearing  Girl."  Meld  also  introduces  her  in  his  play 
"Amends  for  Ladies." 

Outtack  (kut-tak'),  or  Oattack,  or  Eatak.   1. 

A  district  in  the  Orissa  division,  Bengal,  Brit- 
ish India,  bounded  on  the  east  and  southeast 
by  the  Bav  of  Bengal.  Area,  3,633  square 
mHes.  Population  (1891),  1,937,671.-3.  The 
capital  of  the  above  district,  situated  on  the 
river  Mahanadi  in  lat.  20°  26'  N.,  long.  85°  55' 
E.  It  was  taken  from  the  Mahrattas  by  the 
British  ia  1803. 

Cutter  of  Coleman  Street,  The.  A  play 
by  Abraham  Cowley,  performed  in  1661  and 
printed  in  1663.  This  comedy  was  originally  called 
"The  Guardian,"  and  was  written  for  the  enterteinment 
of  Prince  Charles  as  he  passed  through  Cambridge  in  1641. 

Cuttle  (kut'l),  Captain  Edward,  in  Dick- 
ens's "Dombey  and  Son,"  "a  kind-hearted, 
salt-looking  "  old  retired  sailor  with  a  hook  in 
place  of  his  right  hand.  He  is  a  friend  of  Sol  Gills, 
the  ships'  instrument-maker.  One  of  his  favorite  expres- 
sions is  "  When  found,  make  a  note  on." 

Cuvier  (kU-vya'),  Frdd^ric.  Bom  at  Mont- 
b^liard,  Doubs,  France,  June  27,  1773:  died 
at  Strasburg,  July  25,  1838.  A  French  naturallat, 
brother  of  Georges.  He  became  director  of  the  menage- 
rie of  the  Jardin  des  Hantes  in  1804,  and  in  1827  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  comparative  anatomy  at  the  Jardin  des 
Plantes.  He  wrote  "  Des  dents  des  mammif ^res,  consid- 
erfes  comme  caracteres  zoologiques  "  (1826),  and  (in  co- 
operation with  Geoflroy  St.  HUaire)  "Histoire  naturelle 
des  mammif  feres  "  (1819-39). 

Cuvier,  Baron  Georges  Leopold  Chretien 
Fr^d6ric  Dagobert.  Bom  at  Montb^Iiard, 
Doubs,  France,  Aug.  23,  1769 :  died  at  Paris, 
May  13,  1832.  A  celebrated  French  natural- 
ist, the  founder  of  the  science  of  comparative 
anatomy.  He  was  educated  at  the  gymnasium  at  Mont- 
b^liard  and  the  Academia  Carolina  at  Stuttgart ;  was  tu- 
tor in  the  family  of  the  Comte  d'Hericy  1788-84 ;  became 
assistant  professor  of  comparative  anatomy  at  the  MusSe. 
d'Histoire  Naturelle  in  1795,  member  of  the  National  In- 
stitute in  179^  professor  of  natural  history  in  the  College 
de  France  in  18(X),  perpetual  secretary  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences  in  1803,  and  councilor  of  the  Imperial  University 
in  1808;  was  appointed  councilor  of  state  by  Napoleon  in 
1814;  was  admitted  to  the  French  Academy  in  1818 ;  was 
president  of  the  Committee  of  the  Interior  1819-32;  received 
the  title  of  baron  in  1820 ;  was  appointed  superintendent 
of  the  Faculty  of  Protestant  Theology  in  1822;  was  made 
grand  officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  in  1826 ;  and  was  cre- 
ated a  peer  of  France  in  1831.  His  chief  works  are  "  Le 
rfegne  animal"  ("The  Animal  Kingdom,"  1817),  "Anatomie 
compar^e"  (1800-06),  "Recherohes  sur  les  ossements  fos- 
siles  "  (1812),  "Histoire  naturelle  des  poissons,"  conjointly 
with  Valenciennes  (1828-49).  Cuvier  was  a  persistent 
opponent  of  the  evolutionary  doctrines  advanced  by 
Lamarck  and  Geoffrey  Saint-Hilaire. 

Cuxhaven,or  Kuxhaven  (kuks-ha'vn ;  G.  pron. 
koks'ha-fen).  A  seaport  in  the  state  of  Ham- 
burg, Germany,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Elbe  57  miles  northwest  of  Hamburg,  it  is  now 
united  with  Ritzebuttel.  It  is  a  sea,.bathing  resort,  and 
contains  a  castle. 

Cuyaba  (kwe-ya-ba'),  or  Cuiabft.  1.  A  river 
in  western  Brazil  which  joins  the  Paraguay, 
through  the  Sao  Louren^o,  about  lat.  18°  S. 
It  is  navigable  to  the  town  of  Guyabd.—  3.  The 
capital  of  the  province  of  Matto  Grosso,  Bra- 
zil, situated  on  the  river  Cuyabd.  Population 
(1892),  about  20,000. 

Cuyahoga  (M-a-ho'ga).  A  river  in  northern 
Ohio  which  flows  into  Lake  Erie  at  Cleveland. 
Length,  80-90  miles.  ,     v      rm,        * 

Cuyamungge  (kwe-ya-mung'ge).  [Tehua  of 
northern  New  Mexico,  signifying  'the  village 
of  the  rolling  stone.']  An  Indian  pueblo  of 
the  Tehuas,  15  miles  north  of  Santa  F6,  on  the 
banks  of  the  stream  of  Tezuque.  It  was  aban- 
doned in  1696,  and  Is  now  a  ruin.    A  severe  engagement 


299 

was  fought  near  the  place,  in  1694,  between  the  Span- 
iards and  the  Tehua  Indians  who  had  risen  against  Diego 
de  Vargas. 

Cuyo  (ko'yo).  A  region  of  Spanish  South 
America,  situated  east  of  the  Andes,  and  ex- 
tending from  about  lat.  23°  to  35°  3'  S.,  and 
eastward,  in  parts,  to  long.  63°  W.  it  was  origmaUy 
settled  from  Chile,  and  remained  a  province  of  that  cap- 
tain-generalcy  until  1776,  when  it  was  united  to  the  new 
viceroyalty  of  Buenos  Ayres.  The  limits  were  never  defi- 
nitely ilxed,  and  the  name  is  now  obsolete. 

Cuyp,  or  Kuyp  (koip),  Albert.  Born  at  Dort, 
Netherlands,  1605 :  died  at  Dort,  1691.  A  Dutch 
landscape-painter. 

Cuyp,  Jakob  Gerrits.  Born  1575 .-  died  1651. 
A  Dutch  painter,  father  of  Albert  Cuyp. 

Cuza.    See  Alexander  John,  Prince  of  Eumania. 

Cuzco  (koz'ko).  [(^uichua,  'navel'  or  'center,' 
a  name  first  given  to  the  city.]  1 .  Adepartment 
of  Peru.  Area,  13,500  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 238,445.  —  S.  The  capital  of  the  above 
department,  situated  in  lat.  13°  31'  S.,  long. 
72°  5'  W.,  about  11,380  feet  above  sea-level. 
It  contains  a  cathedral,  several  convents,  etc.  It  was 
founded,  according  to  tradition,  by  Manco  Capac  in  the 
11th  century ;  was  the  capital  of  the  empire  of  the  Incas ; 
and  was  noted  for  its  Temple  of  the  Sun  (see  Curican' 
cha)  and  the  so-called  fortress  of  the  Incas  (see  Sac- 
sahuana).  It  was  entered  by  Pizarro  Nov.  15, 1533,  and 
was  besieged  and  partly  burned  by  Manco  Inca  in  1586. 
Population  (estimated,  1889),  22,000. 

Cyaxares  (si-aks'a-rez).  Kiug  of  the  Medes 
625-584  B.C.  In  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  his  name 
is  Uvakehatara.  He  may  be  considered  as  the  founder  of 
Media's  power  and  greatness.  After  repelling  the  hordes 
of  the  Scythian  invasion,  he  captured  (60S  B.  c),  in  alliance 
with  Nabopolassar,  viceroy  of  Babylonia,  Nineveh,  and 
destroyed  the  Assyrian  empire.  Toward  the  west  Cyaxa- 
res conquered  Armenia,  and  thus  extended  his  dominion 
as  far  as  the  river  Halys  in  Asia  Minor.  He  even  at- 
tempted the  conquest  of  Lydia  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Halys,  but  had  to  desist  on  account  of  an  eclipse  which 
took  place  during  the  battle  (586). 

Cybele  (sib'e-le),  or  Bhea  (re'a).  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  wife  of  Cronos  (Satumus),  and 
mother  of  the  Olympian  gods :  hence  called 
the  "Great  Mother  of  the  Gods."  The  original 
home  of  her  worship  was  Phrygia  (Asia  Minor).  Her  priests 
were  called  Corybantes,  and  her  festivals  were  celebrated 
with  wild  dances  and  orgiastic  excesses  amid  the  resound- 
ing music  of  drums  and  cymbals.  She  was  conceived  as 
traversing  the  mountains  in  a  chariot  drawn  by  Uons. 
From  Asia  her  worship  came  to  Greece,  and  during  the 
second  Punic  war  in  264  B.  c.  it  was  introduced  into  Rome, 
where  the  Megalesia,  later  also  the  Taurobolia  and  Crio- 
bolia,  were  celebrated  in  her  honor.  The  oak,  pine,  and 
lion  were  sacred  to  her.  She  is  usually  represented  en- 
throned between  lions,  with  a  diadem  on  her  head  and  a 
small  drum  or  cymbal,  the  instrument  used  in  her  rites,  in 
her  hand.    See  also  Atys. 

Cyclades  (sik'la-dez).  [Gr.  KmAddef,  from  kv- 
KAof,  a  circle.]  "A  group  of  islands  belonging  to 
Greece,  situated  in  the  iEgean  Sea :  so  called 
from  the  belief  that  they  formed  a  ring  about 
Delos.  Among  the  better  known  islands  are  Andros, 
lenos,  Ceos,  Syros,  Naxos,  Pares,  etc.  They  now  form, 
with  neighboring  islands,  the  nomarchy  of  Cyclades. 
Capital,  Hermopolis.  Area,  923  square  miles.  Population 
(1889),  131,608. 

Cyclic  poets,  The.  The  authors  of  Greek  epic 
poems,  composed  between  800  B.  c.  and  550  B.C., 
relating  to  the  Trojan  war  and  the  war  against, 
Thebes.  See  Epic  oycle.  Among  these  poems  are 
"Cypria"("The  Cyprian  Lays"),  "^thlopis"  ("The  Lay 
of  .Ethiopia"),  "The  Sack  of  Troy,"  "The  Little  Iliad," 
"Nostoi"  ("'Ihe  Homeward  Voyages"),  "Telegonia" 
("The  Lay  of  Telegonus")  (all  belonging  to  the  Trojan 
cycle;^  and  the  "Thebais  "  and  the  "Epigoni "  (belonging 
to  the  Theban  cycle).  A  few  fragments  of  these  poems 
are  extant. 

Cyclops  (si'klops),  or  Cyclopes  (si-kl6'pez). 
[Gr.  pi.  Km/kjn-Ef,  the  round-eyed.  ]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a  race  of  one-eyed  giants,  represented 
in  the  Homeric  oycle  of  legends  as  Sicilian 
shepherds.     See  Polyphemus. 

Cydippe.    See  Acontivs. 

Cy(lnus  (sid'nus).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
river  of  Cilioia,  Asia  Minor,  which  flows  into 
the  Mediterranean  Sea  about  12  miles  south 
of  Tarsus :  now  called  Tersus. 

Cydonia  (si-do'ni-a).  [Gr.  Kvdavia  or  Kvdoyvig.'] 
in  ancient  geography,  a  city  on  the  northwest- 
em  coast  of  Crete,  near  the  site  of  the  modern 
Canea  (which  see). 

Cygnus(sig'nus).  [L.,' the  Swan.']  Anancient 
northern  constellation  representing  a  bird 
called  a  swan  by  Ovid  and  others,  and  now 
always  so  considered. 

Cymbeline  (sim'be-lin).     A  drama  by  Shak- 

•spere,produced  probably  about  1609  or  1610 :  so 
called  from  one  of  the  chief  characters,  a  semi- 
mythical  king  (Cunobeline)  in  Britain.  Part  of 
the  play  was  no  doubt  derived  from  Holinshed ;  the  part 
relating  to  lachimo  is  in  Boccaccio's  "Decameron."  It 
was  first  published  in  the  folio  of  1623.  Garrick  pro- 
duced his  alteration  in  1762. 

Cymocles.     See  Pyrocles. 


Cynthus 

Cymry,  or  Kymry  (kim'ri).  [W.  Cymry,  pi.  o£ 
Cymro,  a  Welshman  ;  ef.  Cymru,  ML.  Cambria, 
Wales.  The  origin  of  the  name  is  unknown : 
some  connect  it  with  W.  cymmer,  a  confluence 
of  waters ;  of.  aber,  inver-.']  The  name  given 
to  themselves  by  the  Welsh,  in  its  wider  applica- 
tion the  term  is  often  applied  to  that  division  of  the  Celtic 
race  which  is  more  nearly  akin  with  the  Welsh,  including 
also  the  Cornishmen  and  the  Bretons  or  Armoricans  as 
distinguished  from  the  Gadhelic  division.  Also  written 
Cymiri,  Cwmry. 

Oynaegirus  (siu-e-ji'rus).  [Gr.  Kwaiywpos'.]  An 
Athenian  soldier,  brother  of  .ffisohylus.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  battle  of  Marathon  490  b.  c,  in 
which,  according  to  Homer,  he  pursued  the  Persians  to 
the  sea,  and,  having  seized  one  of  their  triremes  to  pre- 
vent its  putting  off,  fell  with  his  right  hand  severed. 
Later  writers  add  that,  having  lost  both  his  hands,  he 
seized  the  vessel  with  his  teeth. 

Oynewulf  (kin'e-wulf).  Lived  probably  in 
the  8th  century  A.  D.  A  Northumbrian  (?)  poet. 
He  was  a  scop  or  bard,  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  he 
wasapriest.  He  was  the  author  of  "Elene,"  "Juliana," 
"Cris^"  "Riddles,"  perhaps  of  "Phoenix,"  "Guthlac"; 
and  the  reputed  author  of  the  "Wanderer,"  etc.  EvCn 
"  Beowolf  "  has  been  credited  to  him. 

Cynewulf  the  poet  was  unknown  until  the  runes  were 
read  by  which  he  had  worked  his  name  into  his  poem  of 
"  Elene."  Those  runes  were  first  read  in  the  year  1840  by 
two  independent  workers — by  Jacob  Grimm  in  his  edition 
of  "Andreas  "  and  "  Elene,"  and  by  John  Mitchell  Kemble 
in  his  essay  upon  Anglo-Saxon  Runes,  published  that  year 
in  the  "ArchsBologia."  Each  discoverer  of  the  name  en- 
deavored to  find  who  Cynewulf  was,  and  when  he  lived. 
Grimm  placed  him  in  the  8th  century.  Eemble  placed 
him  in  the  end  of  the  10th  century  and  the  beginning  of 
the  nth,  by  suggesting  that  he  was  the  Cynewulf  who  was 
Abbot  of  Peterborough  between  the  years  992  and  1006, 
who  succeeded  Aelteage  as  Bishop  of  Winchester  in  the 
year  1006.  Marley,  English  Writers,  IL  206. 

Cynics  (sin'iks).  [See  Cynosarges.']  A  sect  of 
Greek  philosophers  founded  by  Antisthenes 
of  Athens  (bom  about  444  B.  c),  who  sought 
to  develoj)  the  ethical  teachings  of  Socrates, 
whose  pupil  he  was.  The  chief  doctrines  of  the  Cynics 
were  that  virtue  is  the  only  good,  that  the  essence  of  vir- 
tue is  self-control,  and  that  pleasure  is  an  evil  if  sought 
for  its  own  sake.  They  were  accordingly  characterized 
by  an  ostentatious  contempt  of  riches,  art,  science,  and 
amusements.  The  most  famous  Cynic  was  Diogenes  of 
Sinope,  a  pupU  of  Antisthenes,  who  carried  the  doctrines 
of  the  school  to  an  extreme  and  ridiculous  asceticism,  and 
is  improbably  said  to  have  slept  in  a  tub  which  he  carried 
about  with  him. 

Cynosarges  (si-no-sar'jez).  A  gymnasium  of 
very  early  foundation  in  ancient  Athens,  com- 
bined with  a  sanctuary  of  Hercules,  and  pos- 
sessing a  grove.  The  philosopher  Antisthenes  taught 
here,  and  his  school  was  hence  called  the  Cynic,  The 
Cynosarges  lay  somewhat  high  up  on  the  southern  slope 
of  Lycabettus ;  its  site  is  now  occupied  by  the  Monastery 
of  the  Asomatdn  and  the  British  and  American  schools  of 
archseology. 

Cynoscephalae  (sin-os-sef'a-le).  [Gr.  Kmbg 
Keipahii,  dog's  heads.]  Heights  in  Thessaly, 
Greece,  10-20  miles  southeast  of  Larissa.  Here, 
364  B.  0.,  the  Thebans  under  Pelopidas  defeated  Alexander 
of  Pherae ;  and  in  197  B.  c.  the  Romans  under  Flamininus 
defeated  Philip  V.  of  Macedon. 

Cynosura  (si-no-sii'ra).  [Gr.  Kvvoaovpd,  dog's 
taU.]  1.  In  Greek  mythology,  a  nymph  of 
Ida,  and  nurse  of  Zeus,  metamorphosed  into 
the  constellation  Ursa  Minor. —  2.  The  con- 
stellation of  the  Little  Bear,  containing  the 
star  which  is  now,  but  was  not  then,  the  pole- 
star  (which  forms  the  tip  of  the  tail),  and  thus 
often  the  object  to  which  the  eyes  of  mariners 
were  directed. 

Cynthia  (sin'thi-a).  l.  One  of  the  names  of 
Artemis  or  Diana,  the  moon-goddess,  derived 
from  Mount  Cynthus  in  Delos,  her  birthplace. 
Thename  is  given  in  Spenser's  "Colin  Clout 's  Come  Home 
Again  "  and  in  Fletcher's  "  Purple  Island  "  to  a  sort  of 
personification  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  Raleigh  also  sang 
her  praises  as  Cynthia  in  his  poem  of  that  name,  of  which 
we  have  only  a  few  books.  Ben  Jonson,  under  the  same 
name,  flatters  her  in  "Cynthia's  Revels." 
2.  In  Congreve's  "  Double  Dealer,''  a  flippant 
flne  lady,  the  daughter  of  Lord  and  Lady  Pli- 
ant, in  love  with  Mellef  ont. 

Cynthiana  (sin-thi-a'na).  The  county-seat  of 
Harrison  County,  Kentucky,  situated  on  the 
South  Licking  Eiver  48  miles  south  of  Cincin- 
nati. It  was  the  scene  of  engagements  in  Morgan's 
raids  in  1862  and  1864.    Population  (1890),  3,016. 

Cynthia's  Bevels,  or  The  Fountain  of  Self- 
Love.  A  "oomicall  satyre"  by  Ben  Jonson, 
acted  by  the  Children  of  the  Queen's  Chapel  in 
1600.  It  was  printed  in  quarto  in  1601  (Bullen), 
in  folio  in  1616,  the  latter  with  large  additions. 

Cynthius  (sin'thi-us).  An  epithet  of  Apollo, 
the  sun-god,  as  the  moon-goddess  is  called 
Cynthia. 

Cynthus  (sin'thus).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
mountain  in  Delos,  from  which  are  derived 
Cynthia  and  Cynthius,  the  surnames,  respec- 
tively, of  Artemis  and  Apollo. 


Cynuxia 

Cynuria(Bi-nii'ri-a).  [Gr.  Kwoupia.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  district  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
Peloponnesus,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Argolis. 
It  probably  corresponded  to  the  region  near  the 
modem  Astros. 

Cynuria,  or  Cynosuria,  as  it  is  called  by  Tliuoydides  (iv. 
56  and  v.  41),  was  the  border  territoiy  between  Sparta  and 
Argos  upon  the  coast.  It  was  a  small  tract  consisting  of 
a  single  valley  (that  of  Luku)  and  of  the  adjoining  hUls ; 
but  it  was  of  great  importance,  as  commanding  the  passes 
which  formed  the  natural  communication  between  the 
two  countries.  Hence  it  was  tor  so  long  a  time  an  object 
of  contention  between  them.  Rome  finally  adjudged  it  to 
Argolis.  SawUmon,  Herod.,  IV.  313,  note. 

Cyparissns  (sip-a-ris'us).  [Gr.  KvTrdpiaao^.']  In 
Greek  mythology,  a  youth,  a  son  of  Telephus. 
He  accidentally  killed  his  favorite  stag,  and  was  so  over- 
come with  grief  that  ApoUo  metamorphosed  liim  into  a 
cypress. 

Oypria  (sip'ri-a),  or  Cyprian  Lays  (sip'ri-an 
laz).  One  of  the  poems  of  the  Trojan  cycle, 
anciently  attributed  to  Homer,  and  later  to 
Stasinus,  or  Hegesias,  or  Hegesimis :  so  named 
either  from  the  home  of  the  author  (Cyprus),  or 
because  it  celebrated  the  Cyprian  Aphrodite. 
It  served  as  an  introduction  to  the  Hiad,  relating  the 
first  nine  years  of  the  siege  of  Troy. 

Cyprian  (sip'ri-an),  Saint  (Thascius  Oaecilius 
Cyprianus).  [L.  Cyprianus,  of  Cyprus.]  Be- 
headed at  Carthage,  Sept.  14,  258.  An  ecclesi- 
astic and  martyr  of  the  African  Church,  elected 
bishop  of  Carthage  in  24S.  He  was  converted  to 
Christianity  at  an  advanced  age.  His  festival  was  origi- 
nally kept  on  Holy  Cross  Day,  and  was  transferred  to  Sept. 
16.  The  present  English  calendar  gives  him  Sept.  26, 
which  was  at  one  time  also  given  to  another  Saint  Cyprian 
of  Antioch,  the  magician. 

Cyprus  (si'prus).  [Gr.  Kiwpog,  F.  Chypre,  G. 
Cypern,  It.  Cipro,  Turk.  Kibris.']  One  of  the 
largest  islands  of  the  Mediterranean,  situated 
in  its  eastern  comer,  south  of  Cilicia,  with  the 
range  of  the  Lebanon  on  the  east  and  that  of 
Taurus  on  the  north.  Its  name  is  supposed  to  be  de- 
rived from  its  rich  mines  of  copper  (Gr.  kvttpo?).  It  was 
celebrated  in  antiquity  as  the  birthplace  and  favorite 
abode  of  Aphrodite,  and  was  famous  for  its  beauty  and 
wealth,  but  also  for  its  licentiousness.  It  was  early  settled 
by  Fhenicians,  who  were  followed  by  Greeks.  Its  princi- 
pal cities  were  Paphos  on  the  western  coast  (a  center  of  the 
cult  of  Aphrodite),  Salamis  on  the  eastern,  Cition  on  the 
southeastern,  and  Amathus  on  the  southern.  In  the  center 
of  the  island  were  the  Phenician  mining  cities  Tamassus 
and  Idallum,  with  the  celebrated  grove  of  Aphrodite.  For 
a  time  Cyprus  was  tributary  to  Assyria.  Its  name  in  the 
cuneiform  inscriptions  is  Yatnan,  and  Sargon  (722-705  B.  0.) 
relates  that  seven  kings  from  this  island  (probably  the 
chiefs  of  the  Phenician  colonies)  brought  him  costly  gifts 
and  "kissed  his  feet,"  i.  e.  acknowledged  his  sovereignty. 
He  in  turn  presented  them  with  a  marble  stele  containing 
afull-length  sculptured  portrait  of  himself,  and  an  inscrip- 
tion commemorating  his  principal  deeds.  This  monument 
was  found  in  1846,  well  preserved,  near  Lamaka(the  an- 
cient Cition),  and  is  at  present  in  the  Royal  Museum  of 
Berlin.  Cyprus  was  in  succession  subject  to  Persia,  Mace- 
don,  and  Egypt,  and  in  67  B.  0.  became  a  Roman  province. 
In  the  middle  ages  it  belonged  alternately  to  the  Byzantine 
empire  and  the  Saracens,  and  from  1192  formed  a  kingdom 
ruled  by  the  house  of  Lnsignan.  In  1489  CaterinaCornaro 
transferred  the  sovereignty  to  Venice.  In  1571  it  was  taken 
bytheTurks.  Cyprusisadministered  by  England, according 
to  a  convention  between  Turkey  and  England  in  1878.  Its 
chief  officer  is  a  high  commissioner,  and  there  is  partial 
self-government.  Capital,  Nicosia.  Area,  3, 684  square  miles. 
Population (1891),  209,286.  In  1869  Lang  discovered  a  bilin- 
gual Inscription,  in  Cypriote  and  Phenician  writing,  which 
pupplied  the  key  to  the  ancient  Cypriote  alphabet.  Opinions 
on  the  source  and  origin  of  this  ancient  alphabet,  which  is 
syllabic,  are  divided.  Dr.  Deeke,  for  instance,  derives  it 
from  the  Assyro-Babylonian  cuneiform  alphabet,  which  is 
also  syllabic ;  while  Prof  essorSayce,  followed  by  W.  Wright, 
would  see  its  ultimate  source  in  the  supposed  Hittite  hie- 
roglyphic inscriptions  found  throughout  Asia  Minor.  (See 
Hittitee.)  Cyprus  is  frequently  mentioned  in  the  New 
Testament  (Acts  iv.  36,  xiii.  4),  and  is  often  referred  to  in 
the  Old  Testament  by  the  name  of  Chlttim  (which  see).  A 
large  number  of  antiquities  were  unearthed  there  by  Gen- 
eral dl  Cesnola,  which  are  now  in  the  Metropolitan  Mu- 
seum, New  York.  His  explorations  have  been  the  subject 
of  much  discussion  and  skepticism. 

Oypselus  (sip'se-lus).  [Gr.  Kinpe/lof.]  A  tyrant 
of  Corinth  about  655-625  b.  c. 

Cyrenaica  (sir-e-na'i-ka),  or  Pentapolis  (pen- 
tap'o-lis).  In  ancient  geography,  a  country  in 
northern  Africa,  lying  between  the  Mediterra- 
nean on  the  north,  Marmarica  on  the  east, 
the  desert  on  the  south,  and  Syrtis- Major  on  the 
west.  It  corresponded  nearly  to  the  modem  Barca,  ^nd 
was  noted  for  its  fertility.  It  was  settled  by  Theri.  ns 
about  631 B.  0. ;  was  subject  to  Egypt  from  321 E.  0. ;  formed 
with  Crete  a  Roman  province  in  67  B.  0. ;  and  was  ruined  by 
invasions  of  Persians  and  Saracens  in  the  7th  century  A.  D, 

Cjrrenaics  (si-re-na'iks).  [Prom  Kvp^vii,  Cy- 
rene.]  A  school  of  Greek  hedonistic  philoso- 
phers, founded  by  Aristippus  of  Cyrene,  a,  dis- 
ciple of  Socrates. 

Cyrene  (si-re'ne).  [GrT.Kvp^."]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a  nymph,  mother  of  Aristffius. 

Cyrene.  [Gr.  Kup^.]  In  ancient  geography, 
the  principal  city  of  Cyrenaica,  situated  about 
10  miles  from  the  Mediterranean,  in  lat.  32°  45' 


300 

N.,  long.  21°  50'  E.  it  was  founded  by  Therians, 
under  Battns,  about  631  B.  o.  (see  Cyrenaica),  and  was  a 
seat  of  Greek  learning  and  culture.  The  modern  Qhrennali, 
on  its  site,  contains  many  antiquities.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  Aristippus,  Eratosthenes,  and  other  celebrated 
men. 

Cyril  (sir'il).  Saint,  of  Alexandria.  [L.  Cyril- 
lus,  Gr.  KtipuAoc,  lordly.]  Born  at  Alexandria : 
died  at  Alexandria,  June,  444.  An  ecclesiastic 
and  theologian.  He  succeeded  his  uncle  Theophllus 
as  archbishop  of  Alexandria  In  412.  Animated  by  an  in- 
temperate zeal  for  the  cause  of  orthodoxy,  he  despoiled 
the  Novatians  of  their  church  property,  and  expelled  the 
Jews  from  the  city.  He  is  said  to  have  instigated  his 
monks  to  murder  the  pagan  philosopher  Hypatla  (415  i). 
He  began  in  428  to  oppose  the  doctrines  of  Neetorius,  and 
In  431  presided  over  the  Council  of  Ephesus,  at  which 
Nestorius  was  condemned  as  a  heretic.  Hig  works,  chiefly 
controversial,  were  edited  by  Aubert  In  1638.  He  Is  com- 
memorated as  a  saint  in  the  Greek,  R<>man,  and  Anglican 
churches  on  Jan.  28. 

Cyril,  Saint,  of  Jerusalem.  Bom  at  or  near  Jeru- 
salem about  315 :  died  about  386.  An  ecclesiastic 
and  orthodox  controversialist.  He  succeeded  Maxl- 
mus  as  bishop  of  Jerusalem  in  350.  He  carried  on  a  contro- 
versy with  Acacius,  an  Arian  bishop  of  Csesarea,  who  pro- 
cured his  deposition  in  357.  After  various  changes  of 
fortune,  he  was  finally  restored  in  381.  His  works,  which 
consist  chiefly  of  catechetical  lectures,  were  edited  by 
Toutt^e  in  1720. 

Cyril,  Saint  (or  Constantine).  Bom  at  Thes- 
salonica  about  820 :  died  Feb.  14,  869  (?).  A 
scholar  and  prelate,  sumamed  "the  Apostle 
of  the  Slavs."  He  engaged  with  his  brother  Methodius 
in  missionary  labors  among  the  Moravians,  Bulgarians, 

■  and  other  Slavic  nations.  He  Introduced  the  "  Cyrillic  " 
alphabet  into  the  Old  Slavic  language. 

Cyril  Lucar  (Oyrillus  Lucaris).     Bom  in 

Crete,  1572 :  strangled  at  Constantinople,  1638. 
A  reforming  prelate  of  the  Greek  Church.  He 
became  patriarch  of  Constantinople  in  1621,  and  sent  the 
"Codex  Alexandrinus"  to  England  In  1628. 

Cyro^sedia  (si'''ro-pe-di'a).  The.  [Gr.  Kipm 
TraiSeta,  the  education  oil  Cyrus.]  A  work  of 
Xenophon,  in  eight  books,  describing  the  edu- 
cation of  Cyrus,  the  founder  of  the  Persian 
empire,  his  great  deeds,  and  his  dying  advice  to 
his  sons  and  ministers. 

Education  of  Cyrus  [Cyropsedia],  a  very  diffuse  polit- 
ical novel,  In  which  he  sets  forth  his  Ideal  picture  as  a 
biography  of  the  older  and  greater  Cyrus,  in  opposition  to 
the  dreams  of  Plato  and  other  theoretical  politicians  of 
the  day.  This  work,  which  is  the  longest  and  most  am- 
bitious of  Xenophon's  writings,  but  consequently  the  most 
tedious  and  the  least  read,  seems  to  be  our  earliest  speci- 
men of  a  romance  in  Greek  prose  literature. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  II.  280. 

Cyrrhestica  (si-res'ti-ka).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  region  in  northern  Syria,  west  of  the 
Euphrates  and  south  of  Commagene. 

Cyrus  (si'rus).  [Gr.  Kvpoq;  in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment Koresh;  in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions 
Kurash,  Kurshu;  OPers.  Kuros.']  Died  529  b.  c. 
The  founder  of  the  Persian  empire,  called 
"The  Great."  His  birth  and  early  youth  are  sur- 
rounded by  myths  and  legends  (see  Mandane).  The  in- 
formation obtained  from  the  inscriptions,  among  them  a 
cylinder  of  Cyrus  himself  discovered  In  the  ruins  of  Baby- 
Jon  and  Sepharvalm  (Slppara),  combined  with  the  accounts 
of  the  Greek  historians  (Herodotus,  Xenophon,  and  Ctesl- 
phon),  may  be  summarized  as  follows :  He  calls  himself 
on  his  cylinder  son  of  Cambyses,  grandson  of  Cyrus  and 
great-grandson  of  Shishplsh  (Theispes),  "Kings  of  An- 
shan."  Anshan  is  evidently  Identical  with  Anzan,  the  plain 
of  Susa,  and  stends  for  Elam,  which  was  conquered  by 
Theispes,  the  son  of  Achmmenes,  founder  of  the  dynasty. 
In  549  Cyrus,  after  conquering  Ecbatana,  dethroned  Asty- 
ages,  king  of  Media,  and  united  Media  with  Persia.  He 
then  directed  his  arms  against  the  Lydlan  kingdom  of 
Crossus  (who  made  an  offensive  and  defensive  alliance 
with  Nabonldus,  king  of  Babylonia,  and  Amasls,  king  of 
Egypt),  defeated  him,  and  captured  the  capital  Sardis. 
The  ensuing  years  Cyrus  used  for  consolidating  his  power 
in  the  conquered  countries.  In  538  he  marched  with  a 
great  army  into  Babylonia.  Sepharvalm  (Slppara)  was 
captured  without  fighting;  Nabonldus,  who  defended  It, 
fled;  and  two  days  afterward  Babylon  Itself,  which  was 
held  by  Nabonldus's  son  Belshazzar,  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  conqueror,  likewise  "  without  battle  and  fight,"  as  he 
records.  According  to  Eusebius,  Nabonldus  after  the  fall 
of  Babylon  fortified  himself  in  Borslppa;  the  city  was  be- 
sieged by  Cyrus;  and  after  it  had  capitulated  he  treated  It 
and  Nabonldus  himself  with  mercy,  allowing  the  latter  to 
make  his  residence  in  Carmanla.  It  la  certain  that  he 
showed  great  generosity  and  consideration  to  the  con- 
quered capital  (Babylon),  sparing  its  inhabitants  and  their 
religious  feelings :  he  even  represented  himself  as  having 
been  called  by  Merodach  (Marduk),  the  god  of  the  city,  to 
avenge  bis  n^lect  at  the  bands  of  the  precedhig  kings. 
Cyrus's  attitude  to  the  Jewish  exiles  In  Babylonia  is  known 
from  the  Old  Testament  (Ezra  L).  He  permitted  them  to 
return  to  their  own  country,  rebuild  Jerusalem,  and  re. 
store  the  temple,  and  even  returned  to  them  the  vessels 
of  the  temple  which  were  carried  away  by  Nebuchadnez- 
zar. His  doatb,  like  his  birth,  Is  somewhat  shrouded  in 
legend.  The  most  common  view  Is  that  he  fell  In  battle 
with  the  Messagetes  on  the  river  Jaxartes. 

There  is  much  reason  to  believe  that  the  tomb  of  Cyras 
still  exists  at  Murg-Aub,  the  ancient  Pasargadse.  On  a 
square  base,  composed  of  immense  blocks  of  beautiful 
white  marble,  rising  in  steps,  stands  a  structure  so  closely 
resembling  the  description  of  Aman,  that  it  seems  scarcely 


Czechs 

possible  to  doubt  its  being  the  tomb  which  in  Alexander's 
time  contained  the  body  of  Cyrus.  It  is  a  quadrangular 
house,  or  rather  chamber,  built  of  buge  blocks  of  marble, 

5  feet  thick,  which  are  shaped  at  the  top  Into  a  sloping 
roof.  Internally  the  chamber  Is  10  feet  long,  7  wide,  and 
8  bigh.  There  are  holes  In  the  marble  floor,  which  seem 
to  have  admitted  the  fastenings  of  a  sarcophagus.  The 
tomb  stands  In  an  area  marked  out  by  pillars,  whereon 
occurs  repeatedly  the  inscription  (written  both  in  Persian 
and  in  the  so-called  Median),  "I  am  Cyrus  the  king,  the 
Achsemenian."  Rawlinson,  Herod.,  I.  333,  note. 

Cyrus,  sumamed  "The  Younger."  I)ied40lB.  o. 
Son  of  Darius  Nothus,  king  of  Persia,  and  Pa- 
rysatis.  He  sought  to  overthrow  his  brother  Artaxerxes, 
attacked  him  with  the  aid  of  the  ten  thousand  Greeks  (see 
Anabctsis),  and  perished  on  the  battle-field  of  Cunaxa. 

Cyrus,  Le  Repos  de.    See  Bepos. 

Cyrus,  Les  Voyages  de.    See  Voyages, 

Cytherea  (sith-e-re'a),  or  Cythera  (si-the'ra). 
[Gr.  Ki£epeia,  VLvdiifii,  from  Kiid^pa,  Cythera.] 
In  classical  mythology,  surnames  of  Aphrodite, 
from  the  island  of  Cythera,  or  from  Cythera  in 
Crete. 

Cythna  (sith'na).     A  character  in  Shelley's 

djoem  "The  Revolt  of  Islam." 
yzicus  (siz'i-kus),  or  Cyzicum  (-kum).  [Gr. 
Kdfj/cof.]  In  ancient  geography,  the  peninsula 
projecting  from  Mysia,  Asia  Minor,  into  the 
Sea  of  Marmora ;  also,  the  Grreek  town  on  its 
isthmus.  Among  Its  ruins  are :  (a)  A  Roman  amphi- 
theater of  the  2d  century  A.  D.  The  ruins  still  rise  to  a 
height  of  65  feet,  built  of  rubble  faced  with  rusticated 
masonry  in  granite.  There  are  32  arched  entrances  in  the 
lower  story.  The  longer  axis  of  the  ellipse  is  326  feet 
(b)  A  temple  of  Hadrian,  dedicated  A.  D.  167,  and  greatly 
admired  in  antiquity.    It  was  a  Corinthian  perlpteros  of 

6  by  15  columns,  of  white  marble.  The  cella  was  small, 
without  pronaos  or  opisthodomos ;  there  were  4  Interior 
rows  of  columns  In  front,  and  2  behind.  The  temple 
measured  112  by  301  feet;  the  cella  70  by  140.  The  col- 
umns  were  7  feet  In  base-diameter  and  70  high  (the  high- 
est of  any  classical  temple).  The  pediments  and  the  cella 
were  richly  adorned,  (c)  An  ancient  theater,  apparently 
contemporaneous  with  the  amphitheater,  in  part  built  up 
of  rough  masoruTT  and  faced  with  marble.  The  diameter 
Is  328  feet. 

Czacki  (ohats'ke),  Tadeusz.  Born  at  Poryck, 
Volhynla,  Poland,  Aug.  28, 1765:  died  at  Dubno, 
Volhynia,  Feb.  8,  1818.  A  Polish  writer,  and 
promoter  of  education  in  Poland.  His  chief 
work  is  one  on  the  laws  of  Lithuania  and  Po- 
land (1800). 

Czajkowski  (ohi-kov'ske),  Michal,  Born 
1808 :  died  1886.  A  Polish  novelist,  and  gen- 
eral in  the  Turkish  service.  His  works  include 
"Wemyhora"  (1838),  and  other  novels  of 
Ukranian  and  (!!ossack  life. 

Czarniecki  (charn-yets'ke),  or  Ozarnecki, 
Stefan.  Bom  in  Poland,  1599 :  died  at  Soko- 
lowka,  Volhyniaj,  Poland,  1665.  A  Polish  gen- 
eral, distinguished  in  the  war  against  the- 
Swedes  1655-58,  and  in  that  against  the  Rus- 
sians and  Cossacks  1660-65. 

Czars  of  Eussia,  The.  The  first  independent 
Russian  prince  to  assume  the  title  of  czar  was 
Ivan  IV.,  "the  Terrible,"  who  was  crovraed 
czar  of  Moscow  in  1547.  The  foUowing  rulers  oj 
Russia  have  borne  the  title  czar  or  czarina :  Ivan  IV., 
1533-84;  FeodorL,  1684-98;  Boris,  1598-1605;  Basil,  1606- 
1613 ;  Michael  (Romanoff),  161»-45 ;  Alexis,  1645-76 ;  Feo- 
dor,  1676-82 ;  Ivan  V.  and  Peter  I.,  1682-89 ;  Peter  I.,  1689- 
1725;  Catharine  I.,  1726-27;  Peter  II.,  1727-30;  Anne, 
1730-40;  Ivan  VI.,  1740-41;  EUzabeth,  1741-62;  Peter 
III.,  Catharine  II.,  1762-96;  Paul  I.,  1796-1801;  Alexan. 
der  1.,  1801-26 ;  Nicholas  I. ,  1825-65 ;  Alexander  11.,  1855- 
1881 ;  Alexander  III.,  1881-94 ;  Nicholas  II.,  1894-. 

Czartoryski  (ehar-to-ris'ke),  Prince  Adam 
Casimir.  Bom  about  1734:  died  at  Sieniawa, 
Galicia,  Austria,  March  19,  1828.  A  Polish 
politician  and  general,  a  candidate  for  the- 
Polish  throne  in  1768. 

Czartoryski,  Prince  Adam  George.  Bom  at 
Warsaw,  Jan.  14,  1770 :  died  at  Montf  ermeil, 
near  Paris,  July  16,  1861.  A  Polish  general 
and  politician,  son  of  A.  C.  Czartoryski.  He  was 
In  the  Russian  ministry  of  foreign  affairs  1802-05,  and  was 
president  of  the  Polish  provisional  government  In  1830, 
and  of  the  national  government  in  1831. 

Czartoryski,  Princess  Isabella  (Countess  of 
Flemming).  Bom  at  Warsaw  about  1746: 
died  at  Wysock,  Galicia,  Austria,  Jime  17, 
1835.  A  Polish  writer  and  patriot,  wife  of  A. 
C.  Czartoryski. 

Czaslau  (chas'lou).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  44  miles  southeast  of 
Prague.    For  battle  of  Czaslau,  see  Chotusitz. 

Czechs  (checha  or  cheks).  [Also  written  Cseeh^. 
Tsech,  Tschedh  (prop.,  according  to  the  orig., 
*Chelch),  from  Bohem.  (Czech)  Chekh  (the  first 
letter  being  cfe  (also  written  c),pron.  ch,  and  the- 
last  kh,  pron.  eh)  =  Russ.  ChekM  =  Slov.  Cheh 
=  Upper  Serbian  Chekh,  Lower  Sorbian  Tsekh 
(whence  Hung.  Cseh),  a  Czech.]  The  member? 
of  the  most  westerly  branch  of  the  great  Slavic; 
famUy  of  races,  the  term  inolading  the  Bohe~ 


Czechs 

mians,  or  Czechs  proper,  the  Moravians,  and  the 
Slovaks.  They  number  nearly  7,000,000,  and 
live  chiefly  in  Bohemia,  Moravia,  and  northern 
Hungary. 

Czegled  (tse'glad),  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Pest,  Hungary,  43  miles  southeast  of  Buda- 
pest.    Population  (1890),  27,548. 

Ozelakowski,  or  Celakovsky  (ohe-ia-kov'ske), 
Frantisek  Ladislav.  Bom  at  Strakonitz,  Bo- 
hemia, March  7,  1799 :  died  at  Prague,  Aug.  5, 
1852.  A  Bohemian  poet  and  philologist.  He 
published  "Centifolia"  (1840),  collection  of 
Slavic  folk-songs  (1822-27),  etc. 

Gzenstocliowa  (chens-to-cho'va).  [Euss. 
Tschenstochow,  Gr.  Czenstoehau.']  A  town  in 
the  government  of  Piotrkow,  Poland,  situated 
on  the  Warta  in  lat.  50°  50'  N.,  long.  19°  5'  E. 
It  has  a  noted  monastery.  It  was  successfully  defended 
against  the  Swedes  in  1665.    Population  (1890),  27,082. 


301 

Czermak  (cher'mak),  Jaroslaw.  Born  at 
Prague,  Bohemia,  Aug.  1, 1831 :  died  at  Paris, 
April  23,  1878.  A  Bohemian  historical  painter, 
brother  of  J.  N.  Czermak.  His  best-known 
works  are  paintings  of  life  in  Montenegro  and 
Herzegovina. 

Czermak,  Johann  Nepomuk.  Born  at  Prague, 
Bohemia,  June  17, 1828 :  died  at  Leipsie,  Sept. 
16, 1873.  A  noted  Bohemian  physiologist.  He 
introduced  the  use  of  the  laryngoscope. 

Ozernowitz  (cher'no-vits),  or  Czernowice 
(cher-no-vit'se).  The  capital  of  Bukowina, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Pruth,  in  lat. 
48°  17'  N.,  long.  25°  57'  E.  it  has  considerable 
trade  and  manufactures,  and  contains  a  university,  archi- 
episcopal  palace,  and  Greek  cathedral.  Population  (1900), 
67,622. 

Czerny  (cher'ne),  George,  or  Kara  George 
("Black  George"),  originally  George  Petro- 


Czuczor 

vitch.  Born  in  Servia  about  1776 :  murdered 
near  Semendria,  Servia,  July,  1817.  The  Ser- 
vian leader  in  the  rising  against  the  Turks 
1804  :  driven  from  Servia  in  1813. 

Czerny,  Karl.  Bom  at  Vienna,  Feb.  21, 1791 : 
died  at  Vienna,  July  15,  1857.  An  Austrian 
pianist  and  composer. 

Czolgosz  (chul'gosh),  Leon  F.  Bom  at  Detroit 
in  1873:  executed  at  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  Get.  29, 
1901.  An  American  assassin,  of  Polish  origin. 
Influenced  by  anarchistic  teaching,  he  shot  President 
McKinley  in  the  Temple  of  Music  of  the  Pan-American 
Exposition  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  6, 1901. 

Czuczor  (tso'tsor),  Gergely.  Born  at  And6d, 
Neutra,  Hungary,  Dec.  17,  1800 :  died  at  Pest, 
Sept.  9,  1866.  A  Hungarian  poet  and  lexicog- 
rapher. His  best-known  poems  are  "Battle 
of 'Augsburg"  (1824),  and  "Diet  of  Arad" 
(1828). 


abaiba  (da-bi'ba),  orDabay- 
be  (da-bi'ba),  or  Davaive 
(da-Ti'va),  or  Abibe  (a-be'- 
be).  A  name  given  in  the 
early  part  of  the  16th  eentury 
to  a  region  south  of  the  Isth- 
mus of  Panama,  somewhere 
in  the  yieinity  of  the  Atrato 
Kiver.  It  was  probably  the  appel- 
lation of  a  chief,  or  his  title,  transferred  by  the  Spaniards 
to  the  territory  over  which  *he  ruled.  According  to  re- 
ports Dabaiba  contained  a  temple  lined  with  gold,  where 
human  sacrifices  were  made.  Balboa  vainly  searched  for 
this  temple  in  1612  and  1616,  and  it  was  long  an  object 
of  the  Spanish  expeditions. 
Dabbat  (dab'bat).  [Ar.  ddVbatu  'l-ard,  the  rep- 
tile of  the  earth.]  In  Mohammedan  belief ,  "a 
monster  who  shall  arise  in  the  last  day,  and 
shall  cry  unto  the  people  of  the  earth  that  man- 
kind have  not  befieved  iu  the  revelations  of 
God."  According  to  the  traditions  he  will  be  the  third 
sign  of  the  coming  resurrection,  and  will  come  forth  from 
the  mountain  of  8uf  ah.  Hughes,  Diet,  of  Islam. 
Dabib  (da'be).  [Ar.  sa' d-alr§dbih,  the  slayer's 
lucky  star:  "Fortuna  maetantis"  of  niugh 
Beigh.]  The  third-magnitude  star  /3  Capri- 
oorni.  Originally  the  Arabs  applied  the  name 
to  the  two  stars  a  and  p. 

Dablon  (da-bl6u'),  Claude.  Bom  at  Dieppe, 
Prance,  1618:  died  at  Quebec,  Sept.  20,  1697. 
A  French  Jesuit  missionary.  He  arrived  in  New 
France  in  1655,  accompanied  Druillettes  in  1661,  was  with 
Marquette  on  Lake  Superior  in  1668,  and  was  appointed 
superior  of  the  missions  of  the  Upper  Lakes  in  1670.  He 
edited  the  "  Relation  "  of  1671-72,  and  compiled  an  ac- 
count of  Marquette's  journey  (published  in  the  "Discov- 
ery and  Exploration  of  the  Mississippi  Valley, "  by  John 
Gilmary  Shea,  1853). 
Dacca  (dak'a),  or  Dbaka  (dha'ta).  1.  A  divi- 
sion in  eastern  Bengal,  British  India.  Area, 
15,000  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  9,844,- 
127. —  2.  A  district  in  the  above  division.  Area, 
2,797s(iuare miles.  Population(1891),2, 420,656. 
— 3.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Dacca,  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Buriganga  in  lat.  23°  44'  N., 
long.  90°  22'  E.  It  was  formerly  of  great  importance, 
being  for  many  years  thechiefcityofBengal.  Itwasnoted 
for  its  muslin,  manufactures.  Population  (1891),  82,321. 
Sachstein  (daeh'sttn).  One  of  the  chief  peaks 
of  the  North  Limestone  Alps,  in  the  Salzkam- 
mergut,  Austria-Hungary,  about  18  miles  south 
of  Isohl.  Height,  9,830  feet.  It  is  one  of  the 
highest  peata  of  this  group. 
Bacia  (da'shi-a).  pj.  Vaeia,  Gr.  Aoieia;  from 
Dam,  Gr.  Aanoi,  Mkoi,  Aaoi,  the  inhabitants.] 

1.  A  province  of  the  Eoman  Empire,  lying 
between  the  Carpathian  Mountains  on  the 
north,  the  Theiss  on  the  west,  the  Danube 
on  the  south,  and  the  Dniester  on  the  east. 
It  corresponded  to  modem  Bumania,  Transylvania,  part 
of  Hungary,  and  perhaps  also  Bukowina.  The  inhabi- 
tants were  the  Getse  or  Daci.  It  was  Invaded  by  Alex- 
ander the  Great  in  335  B.  0.,  by  Lysimachus  about  292 
B.  0.,  and  its  people  defeated  the  generals  of  Domitian 
81-96  A.  D.  It  was  conquered  by  Trajan  in  101  and  suc- 
ceeding years,  and  made  a  Roman  province.  It  was  aban- 
doned by  the  Romans  in  the  reign  of  Aurelian,  270-276. 

Trajan  now  formed  the  lands  between  the  Theiss  and  the 
Banub^  the  Dniester  and  the  Carpathian  Mountains,  into 
the  Roman  province  of  Dacia.  The  last  province  to  be 
won  waa  the  first  to  be  given  up ;  for  Aurelian  withdrew 
from  it,  and  transferred  its  name  to  the  Moeslan  land  im- 
mediately south  of  the  Danube. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  70. 

Cut  off,  as  it  has  been  for  so  many  ages,  from  all  Roman 
influences,  forming,  as  it  has  done,  one  of  the  great  high- 
ways of  barbarian  migration,  a  large  part  of  Dacia,  namely 
the  modem  Rouman  principality,  still  keeps  its  Roman 
language  no  less  than  Spain  and  GauL  In  one  way  the 
land  is  to  this  day  more  Roman  than  Spain  or  Gaul,  as  its 
people  still  call  themselves  by  the  Roman  name. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  71. 

2.  A  dioeese  in  the  northern  part  of  the  later 
Boman  prefecture  of  Ulyricum  (Servia  and 
western  Bulgaria). 

Dacier  (da-sya'),  Andrl.  Bom  at  Castres, 
France,  Apnl  6,  1651:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  18, 
1722.  A  French  classical  scholar  and  acade- 
mician. He  translated  (for  the  use  of  the 
Dauphin)  Valerius  Flaocus,  Horace,  Epicte- 
tns,  Aristotle's  "  Poetics,"  etc. 


Dacier,  Madame  (Anne  Tannegny-Lefdvre). 

Bom  at  Saumur,  Prance,  March,  1654 :  died  at 
Paris,  Aug.  17, 1720.  A  French  classical  scholar, 
wife  of  Andr6  Dacier.  She  translated  the  Hiad, 
(1699),  the  Odyssey  (1708),  and  other  Greek 
and  Latin  classics. 
Da  Costa  (da  kos'ta),  Izaak.  Bom  at  Am- 
sterdam, Jan.  14, 1798:  died  at  Leydeu,  Neth- 
erlands, April  28,  1860.  A  Dutch  poet  and 
Protestant  theologian.  His  works  include  "  Prome- 
theus "  (1820),  "Poezii"  (1821-22),  "reestliederen"(1828), 
"Hagar"  (1810),  and  various  historical  and  theological 
treatises. 

Dacota.    See  Dakota. 

Dacre,  Lord.    See  Mennes. 

Dacres  (da'ksrz).  Sir  Kichard  James,  Bom 
1799 :  died  at  Brighton,  England,  Deo.  6, 1886. 
A  British  field-marshal.  He  served  in  the  Crimean 
war,  commanding  the  royal  horse-artillery  at  the  battle 
of  the  Alma,  and  the  artillery  at  the  battle  of  Balaklava. 

Dacres,  Sir  Sidney  Colpoys.  Bom  at  Totnes, 
Devon,  Jan.  9,  1805 :  died  at  Brighton,  March 
8,  1884.  A  British  admiral.  He  entered  the  navy 
in  1817 ;  became  a  captain  in  1840 ;  commanded  the  Sans 
Pareil  in  the  operations  before  Sebastopol,  including  the 
bombardment  of  Oct  17, 1854;  was  placed  in  charge  of 
the  port  of  Balaklava  Oct.  27, 1854 ;  and  was  appointed 
captain  of  the  fleet  in  the  Mediterranean  in  1859,  com- 
mander-in-chief in  the  Channel  in  1863,  first  sea  lord  in 
1868,  and  admiral  in  1870. 

Dactyls  (dak'tUz),  or  Dactyli  (dak'ti-li),  or 
Daktyloi  (-loi).  [Gr.  AAktvTmc.'}  In  classical 
mythology,  supernatural  and  magical  beings 
living  on  Mount  Ida  in  Phrygia,  the  discover- 
ers of  iron  and  copper  and  of  the  art  of  work- 
ing them.  They  were  transferred,  in  the  legends,  to 
Mount  Ida  in  Crete,  and  were  there  identified  with  the 
Curetes,  C!orybauteB,  etc.  Their  number,  originally  three, 
was  increased,  in  various  accounts  of  them,  to  ten,  and 
even  to  one  hundred. 

Dadu.     See  Bamman. 

D8Bdallls(de'da-lus  or  ded'a-lus).  [Gr.  AaMo^f.] 
In  Greek  legenS,  an  Athenian,  son  of  Motion  and 
grandson  of  Ereehtheus.  He  was  regarded  as  the  per- 
sonification of  all  handicrafts  and  of  art^  and  as  such  was 
worshiped  by  artists'  gilds  in  various  places,  especially  in 
Attica,  and  was  a  central  figure  in  various  myths.  He 
was  said  to  have  made  various  improvements  in  the  fine 
arts,  including  architecture,  and  to  have  invented  many 
mechanical  appliances,  as  the  ax,  the  awl,  and  the  bevel. 
For  the  murder  of  his  nephew  Tales,  of  whose  inventive 
skill  he  was  jealous,  he  was  driven  to  Crete,  where  he  con- 
structed the  famous  labyrinth,  in  which  he,  with  his  son 
Icarus,  was  confined  for  furnishing  the  clue  of  it  to  Ari- 
adne. (In  another  legend  a  different  account  of  his  im- 
prisonment is  given.)  Escaping,  he  and  Icarus  fied  over 
sea  on  wings  of  wax  which  he  had  made.  Icarus  soared 
too  near  the  sun,  his  wings  melted,  and  he.  fell  into  the 
sea,  which  was  called  for  him  the  Icaiian.  Many  archaic 
wooden  images  were,  in  historic  times,  believed  to  be  the 
work  of  Deedalus. 

Dsegsastan,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained  in 
603  by  the  Northumbrian  king  .aithelfrith  over 
the  Scots  under  Aidan,  near  the  river  Tees  (?). 

Daendels  (dan'dels),  Herman  Willem.  Bom 
at  Hattem,  Gelderland,  Netherlands,  Oct.  21, 
1762:  died  on  the  Gold  Coast,  Africa,  May  2, 
1818.  A  Dutch  general,  and  governor-general 
of  the  Dutch  East  Indies  1808-11.  He  took  part 
in  the  revolutionary  agitation  in  the  Netherlands  in  1787, 
and  was  obliged  to  seek  refuge  in  France.  In  1793  he 
aided  Dumouriez  in  the  expedition  against  Holland,  as 
colonel  of  a  body  of  foreign  volunteers ;  and  in  1794  served 
with  Pichegru  as  general  of  brigade.  After  this  campaign 
he  entered  the  service  of  the  Batavian  Republic  as  lieu- 
tenant-general, and  in  1799  commanded  a  division  in  the 
successful  resistance  to  the  Anglo-Russian  invasion.  In 
1806  he  entered  the  service  of  the  King  of  Holland,  and 
was  made  marshal  in  1807.  He  served  also  in  the  Russian 
campaign  in  1812,  and  in  1814  was  made  governor  of  the 
Dutch  colonies  on  the  Gold  Coast. 

Dafirab  (da-fe'ra).  [Ar.  al-daftrah,  the  tuft  of 
hair  at  the  end'of  an  animal's  tail.]  A  rarely 
used  name  for  the  star  ;3  Leonis,  usually  known 
as  Denebola. 

Da  Gama,  Vasco.    See  Gama,  Vasco  da. 

Daggerwood,  Sylvester.  See  Sylvester  Dag- 
gerwood. 

Daggett  (dag'et),  David.  Bom  at  Attlebor- 
ough,  Mass.,  Dec.  31, 1764:  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  April  12,  1851.  An  American  jurist, 
United  States  senator  from  Connecticut  1813- 
1819. 

302 


Daggett,  ITaphtali.  Bom  at  Attleborough, 
Mass.,  Sept.  8, 1727:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Nov.  25,  WSO.  An  American  clergyman,  presi- 
dent ^ro  tempore  of  Tale  College  1766-67. 

Daghestan  (da-ges-tan').  .  [Turk.,  'mountain- 
land.']  A  province  of  the  Caucasus,  Russia, 
bordering  on  the  Caspian  Sea.  The  chief  town  is 
Derbent.  It  submitted  to  Russia  in  1859,  and  was  the 
scene  of  an  insurrection  1877-78.  Area,  11,332  square  miles. 
Population  (1892),  609,380. 

Dagnan-Bouveret  (dan-yon'bov-ra'),  Pas- 
cale  Adoh>be  Jean.  Bom  at  Paris,  Jan.  7, 
1852.  A  French  painter,  a  pupil  of  G6r6me.' 
He  obtained  the  second  grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1876.  His 
pictures  first  appeared  in  the  Salon  in  1877.  He  has  ob- 
tained several  medals,  one  of  the  first  class  in  1880. 

Dago  (da'go).  [Said  to  be  a  corruption  by 
American  and  English  sailors  of  the  frequent 
Sp.  name  Diego  (=  E.  JacJc,  James,  tdt.  LL. 
Jacobus):  applied  from  its  frequency  to  the 
whole  class  of  Spaniards.]  Originally,  one 
bom  of  Spanish  parents,  especially  in  Loui- 
siana: used  as  a  proper  name,  and  now  ex- 
tended to  Spaniards,  Portuguese,  and  Italians 
in  general.     [U.  S.] 

Dago  (da'go).  An  island  in  the  Baltic,  near  the 
southern  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  be- 
longing to  Esthonia,  Bussia. 

Dagobert  (dag'o-bert;  F.  pron.  da-go-bar') 
I.  Bom  about  '602:  died  638.  King  of  the 
Franks,  son  of  Clotaire  H.,  by  whom  he  was 
appointed  king  of  Austrasia  in  622,  and  whom 
he  succeeded  as  king  of  the  Franks  in  628. 
He  founded  the  abbey  of  St.  Denis,  and  reduced  to  writ- 
ing the  customary  laws  of  the  barbarian  tribes  in  his 
kingdom.  During  his  reign  the  empire  of  the  Franks 
attained  a  wide  extent,  namely,  from  the  Weser  to  the 
Pyrenees,  and  from  the  Western  Ocean  to  the  frontiers  of 
Bohemia. 

Dagobert,  Chanson  du  roi.  [P., '  Song  of  King 
Dagobert.']  A  popular  French  song  concern- 
ing King  Dagobert  I.  and  his  favorite  counsel- 
or, SainJ;  Eloi.  it  was  in  existence  before  the  revolu- 
tion of  1789.  It  is  a  satirical  series  of  couplets  sung  to  a 
hunting  chorus,  and  has  been  modified  to  suit  various 
political  epochs.  In  1814  it  became  immensely  popular 
on  account  of  l^e  verses  against  Napoleon  and  the  Rus* 
sian  campaign.  It  was  forbidden  by  the  police,  but  was 
revived  on  the  return  of  the  Bourbons.  Every  other 
stanza  begins  "Le  bon  roi  Dagobert." 

Dagon  (da'gon).  A  deity  mentioned  in  the 
Old  Testament  as  the  national  god  of  the 
Philistines,  and  as  worshiped  especially  in  Gaza 
and  Ashdod  (Judges  xvi.  23,  and  1  Sam.  v.). 
The  name  is  usually  derived  from  Hebrew  dag  (fishX  and 
it  is  assumed  that  Dagon  was  depicted  as  half  man  and 
half  fish,  and  had  his  female  counterpart  in  Derketo,  who 
was  worshiped  in  Ashkelon  (Ascalon).  1  Sam.  v.  4  would 
seem  to  favor  this  view.  On  the  other  hand,  Assyro-Baby- 
lonian  mythology  also  knows  a  divinity  Dagan ;  but  there 
he  is,  etymologically  at  least,  not  connected  with  the 
fish,  as  the  Assyrian  word  for  fish  is  not  dag  but  nun ; 
the  meaning  of  the  name  Dagan  has  not  as  yet  been  de- 
termined. At  the  same  time  the  Babylonian  historian 
Berosus  gives  an  account  of  such  a  being,  half  man  and 
half  fish,  under  the  name  Cannes,  who  in  the  beginning  of 
history  emerged  at  intervals  from  the  sea  and  taught  the 
Babylonians  civilization.  This  Cannes  of  Berosus  is  iden- 
tified by  some  scholars  with  Ea  of  the  Assyro-Babylonian 
pantheon,  the  god  of  the  ocean ;  and  is  conceived  as  a 
human  figure  with  the  skin  of  a  fish  on  his  shoulders  as 
a  garment,  a  representation  of  which  is  often  met  on  the 
early  monuments.  In  Phenicia  the  name  of  the  god 
was  connected  with  dagan,  corn,  and  is  accordingly  ren- 
dered into  Greek  in  the  fragments  of  Philo  Byblius  by 
ffiToff.  Dagon  was  then  considered  as  the  god  of  agricul- 
ture, a  function  which  is  also  emphasized  in  the  Cannes 
of  Berosus. 

Dagonet  (dag'o-net),  orDagnenet  (dag'e-net), 
Sir.  In  Arthurian  romances,  the  fool  o'f  King 
Arthur,  who  "loved  him  passing  well  and 
made  him  knight  with  his  own  hands."  He  was 
buffeted  and  knocked  about  a  good  deal,  and  is  frequently 
alluded  to  by  the  dramatists  of  Shakspere's  time  and 
later. 

Daguerre  (da-gar'),  Lonis  Jacques  Mandd. 

Bom  at  Cormeilles,  Seine-et-Oise,  Nov.  18, 
1789:  died  at  Petit-Brie-sur-Mame,  July  12, 
1851.  A  French  painter,  and  inventor  (with 
Nifepce)  of  the  daguerreotype  process.  He  was 
at  first  in  the  internal  revenue  service,  then  devoted  him- 
self to  scene-painting,  in  which  he  attained  celebrity, 
and  in  182^  with  Bouton,  opened  the  Diorama  in  Paris 


Daguerre 

fbnrned  1839).  In  the  successful  study  of  the  problem  of 
obtaining  permanent  pictures  by  the  action  of  sunlight 
be  was  anticipated  by  NioSphore  Ni^poe,  who  began  his 
Investigations  in  1814,  and  communicated  some  of  his  re- 
sults to  Daguerre,  who  was  then  occupied  with  the  sub- 
ject, in  1826 :  the  two  worked  together  from  1829  until 
Niepoe's  death  in  1833.  Daguerre's  perfected  process  was 
commimicated  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences  by  Ai&go,  Jan. 

D'Aguesseau.    See  Aguesseau. 

Dahak.    See  AzM  liahalca. 

Dahl  (dal),  Conrad.  Bom  near  Trondhjem, 
Norway,  June  24,  1843.  A  Norwegian  poet 
and  novelist,  pastor  in  Bergen  after  1873.  He 
is  best  known  for  his  representation  of  Norwe- 
gian peasant  life. 

Dahl,  Johann  Kristeu  Clausen.  Bom  at 
Bergen,  Norway,  Feb.  24,  1788  :  died  at  Dres- 
den, Oct.  14,  1857.  A  Norwegian  landscape- 
painter. 

Dahl,  Michael.  Bom  at  Stockholm,  Sweden, 
in  1656:  died  at  London,  Oct.  20,  1743.  A 
Swedish  portrait-painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  the 
Danish  painter  Klooker,  and  in  1888  settled  at  London, 
where  he  acquired  an  extensive  patronage  among  the  no- 
bility and  at  court.  He  painted  the  portraits  of  the  prin- 
cess (afterward  queen)  Anne  and  Prince  George,  the  por- 
trait of  Charles  XI.  of  Sweden  at  Windsor,  and  the  series 
of  portraits  of  admirals  at  Hampton  Court. 

Dahl,  Vladimir  Ivanovitch:  pseudonym  Ko- 
sak  Luganski.  Bom  at  St.  Petersburg,  1801 : 
died  at  Moscow,  Nov.  3^  1872.  A  Russian  nov- 
elist, philologist,  and  litterateur.  He  published 
a  " Dictionary  of  the  Living  Russian  Tongue" 
(1861-66),  etc. 

Dahlak,  or  Dahlac  (da-lak'),  or  Dahalak 
(da-ha-lak').  [Ar.  &%'.]  A  group  of  islands 
in  the  Red  Sea,  o£E  the  seaport  of  Massowa, 
now  belonging  to  Italy. 

Dahlbom  (dal'bom),  Anders  Gustaf.  Bom  at 
Forssa,  East  Gothland,  Sweden,  March  3, 1806  : 
died  at  Lund,  Sweden,  May  3, 1859.  A  Swedish 
entomologist.  His  chief  work  is  "  Hymenop- 
tera  europrea  praeeipue  borealia"  (1845). 

Dahlgren  (dal'gren),  John  Adolf.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  Nov.  13,  1809 :  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  July  12,  1870.  A  noted  American 
rear-admiral.  He  became  lieutenant  in  1837,  and  was 
assigned  to  ordnance  duty  at  Washington  in  1847.  While 
there  he  introduced  important  improvements  in  the  naval 
armament,  including  a  gun  of  his  own  invention,  which 
bears  his  name.  He  became  commander  in  1856 ;  made 
In  1857  an  experimental  cruise  with  the  sloop  of  war 
Plymouth,  to  test  the  practicability  of  employing  his 
eleven-inch  gun  at  sea ;  resumed  command  of  the  ord- 
nance department  at  Washington  in  1858  ;  was  made  chief 
of  the  bureau  of  ordnance  .Tuly  18,  1862  ;  became  rear- 
admiral  Feb.  7,  1863 ;  and  in  July  following  was  placed 
in  command  of  the  South  Atlantic  blockading  squadron. 
He  conducted  the  naval  operations  in  Charleston  harbor 
which  began  July  10, 1863,  and  ended  Sept.  7, 1863,  in  the 
course  of  which,  in  cooperation  with  the  land  forces  un- 
der General  Gillmore,  he  took  Morris  Island  and  Fort 
Wagner,  and  silenced  Fort  Sumter,  but  failed  to  capture 
Charleston.  He  led  a  successful  expedition  up  the  St. 
John's  Eiver  in  Feb.,  1864,  to  aid  in  throwing  a  military 
force  into  Florida,  cottperated  with  Sherman  in  the  cap- 
ture of  Savannah  Dec.  21,  and  entered  Charleston  with 
General  Schimmelpfennig  on  its  evacuation  in  Feb.,  1865. 
He  published  various  technical  works. 

Dahlgren  (dal'gren),  Karl  Fredrik.  Bom  at 
Stens-Bruk,  near  Norrkoping,  Sweden,  June 
20,  1791:  died  at  Stockholm,  May  2,  1844.  A 
Swedish  poet,  novelist,  and  humorist.  His 
complete  works  were  published  1847-52. 

Dahlinann  (dal'man),  Friedrich  Christoph. 
Bom  at  Wismar,  Meeklenburg-Schwerin,  May 
13, 1785 :  died  at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Dee.  5,  1860. 
A  noted  German  historian  and  statesman,  ap- 
pointed professor  at  Kiel  in  1812,  at  Gottingen 
in  1829,  and  at  Bonn  in  1842.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  National  Assembly  at  Frankfort  1848-49.  His  works 
Include  "  Quellenkunde  der  deutschen  Geschichte  "  (1830), 
"Geschichte  von  Danemark"  (1840-43),  "  Geschichte  der 
englischen  Revolution "  (1844),  "Geschichte  der  franzb- 
sischen  Revolution  "  (1845),  etc. 

Dahlstjerna  (dal-sher'na),  Giinno  Eurelius. 
Born  at  Ohr,  Dalsland,  Sweden,  Sept.  7,  1661: 
died  in  Pomerania,  Sept.  7,  1709.  A  Swedish 
poet.  His  best-known  work  is  "  Kungaskald" 
(1697),  a  heroic  poem  on  Charles  Xn.  and  Peter 
the  Great. 

Dahn  (dan),  Felix.  Bom  at  Hamburg,  Feb. 
9,  1834.  A  German  historian  and  poet.  He 
studied  history  and  jurisprudence  at  Munich  and  Berlin. 
In  1867  he  became  decent  in  the  faculty  of  law  at  the 
University  of  Munich,  and  in  1862  was  made  professor. 
The  succeeding  year  he  went  in  the  same  capacity  to 
Wurzburg.  In  1872  he  became  professor  of  law  at  the 
University  of  KBnigsberg,  and  in  1888  at  Breslau.  His  most 
Important  works  are,  in  history,  "Die  Konige  der  Germa- 
nen  "  ("The  Kings  of  the  Germans,"  1861-72, 6  vols.),  "Ur- 
geschichte  der  germanischen  und  romanischen  Volker" 
("  Primitive  History  of  the  Germanic  and  Romance  Peo- 
ples," 1878  following) ;  inlaw,  "DieVemunftimRecht" 
("Reason  in  law,"  1879).  A  volume  of  poems,  "Ge- 
dichte,"  appeared  in  1857,  and  a  second  collection  m  1873 ; 
"Balladen  und  Lieder  " ("Ballads  and  Songs ")  in  1878.  He 


303 

is  the  author  of  several  romances ;  the  principal  one, 
"Der  Kampf  um  Rom"  ("The  Struggle  for  Rome"),  ap- 
peared in  1876,  in  four  volumes;  "  Odhins  Trost "  ("  Odin's 
Consolation  ")  in  1880.  He  has  written,  also,  a  number  of 
dramas,  among  them  "  Markgraf  Rudeger  von  Bechela- 
ren  -  a875). 

Dahua  (dan'na),  or  Dehna  (das'na).  A  large 
unexplored  desert  in  southern  central  Arabia, 
extending  from  Nejd  to  Hadramaut. 

Dahomey  (da-ho'mi).  A  French  dependency 
in  West  Africa,  capital  Porto  Novo,  extending 
from  the  Slave  Coast  inland  to  the  French  mili- 
tary territories.  On  the  west  it  borders  on  the  Togo ; 
on  the  east,  on  Lagos  and  northern  Nigeria.  The  French 
occupied  the  coast  in  1851,  and  in  1894  annexed  the  whole 
kingdom  of  Dahomey.  Until  1900  the  kingdom  of  Abomey 
was  allowed  to  exist,  but  in  that  year  the  king  was  seized 
and  exiled  to  the  Kongo.  The  colony  is  administered  by 
a  governor  with  an  administrative  council.  The  land  is 
low  and  unhealthy.  The  chief  export  is  palm-oil.  The 
Dahomeyans  are  intelligent,  active,  and  polite.  The  heca- 
tombs of  human  victims  for  which  they  are  notorious  are 
due  to  their  superstition  rather  than  to  their  crudty.  The 
Dahomeyans  are  alsocalled  Fon.  Their  language  is  closely 
allied  to  Ewe.  Area,  60,000  square  miles.  Population, 
about  1,000,000. 

Dahra  (da'ra).  A  mountainous  region  in  north- 
em  Algeria,  situated  about  lat.  36°  15'  N.,  long. 
0°-l°  E.  In  its  caverns  about  500-600  Kabyles  were 
suffocated  by  order  of  the  French  commander  Colonel 
Paissier  in  1846. 

Daidalos.    See  Drndalns. 

Daill^  (da-ya').  Latinized  Dallseus  (da-le'us), 
Jean.  Bom  at  Ch&tellerault,  France,  Jan.  6, 
1594:  died  at  Charenton,  near  Paris,  April 
15,  1670.  A  French  Protestant  divine  and  con- 
troversialist, a  voluminous  writer.  His  chief  work 
is  "  Traits  de  I'emploi  des  saint»  p^res  pour  le  jugement 
des  dlff^rends  qui  sont  aujourd'hul  en  la  religion  "  (1632 : 
Latin  trans.  1656). 

Daily  Courant,  The.  The  first  British  daily 
paper.     It  was  begun  March  11,  1702. 

Daimbert  (dan-bar'),  or  Dagobert  (da-go-bar'). 
Died  in  Sicily,  1107.  First  Latin  patriarch  of 
Jerusalem.  He  became  archbishop  of  Pisa  in  1092,  and 
commanded  the  Pisan  and  Genoese  army  in  the  first  Cru- 
sade. He  was  elected  patriarch  of  Jerusalem  in  1099. 

Daimiel  (dl-me-el').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Ciudad  Real,  Spain,  situated  20  miles  north- 
east of  Ciudad  Real.    Population  (1887),  11,508. 

Daimio  (di'myo).  [Chino-Jap.,  '  great  name.'] 
The  title  of  the  chief  feudal  barons  or  territo- 
rial nobles  of  Japan,  vassals  of  the  mikado: 
distinguished  from  shomio  ('little  name'), 
the  title  given  to  the  hatamoto,  or  vassals  of 
the  shogun.  Though  exercising  independent  author- 
ity in  their  own  domains,  the  daimios  acknowledged  the 
mikado  as  the  legitimate  ruler  of  the  whole  country. 
During  the  Tokugawa  shogunate  (1603-1868)  the  daimios 
gradually  became  subject  to  the  shoguns,  who  compelled 
them  to  live  in  Yedo,  with  their  families  and  a  certain 
number  of  their  retainers,  for  six  months  of  every  year, 
and  on  their  departure  for  their  own  provinces  to  leave 
their  families  as  hostages.  The  number  of  daimios  dif- 
fered at  different  times,  according  to  the  fortunes  of  war 
and  the  caprice  of  the  shoguns.  Just  before  the  abolition 
of  the  shogunate  there  were  255,  arranged  in  five  classes, 
with  incomes  ranging  from  10,000  to  1, 027,000  koku  of  rice 
per  annum.  In  1871  the  daimios  surrendered  their  lands 
and  privileges  to  the  mikado,  who  granted  pensions  pro- 
portioned to  their  respective  revenues,  and  relieved  them 
of  the  support  of  the  samurai,  their  military  retainers. 
These  pensions  have  since  been  commuted  into  active 
bonds,  redeemable  by  government  within  thirty  years  from 
date  of  issue.  The  title  has  been  abolished,  and  that  of 
kuwazoku  bestowed  upon  court  and  territorial  nobles 
alike. 

Dainty  (dan'ti),  Lady.  A  fashionable,  frivo- 
lous fine  lady  in  Cibber's  comedy  "  The  Double 
Gallant."  "Dogs,  doctors,  and  monkeys  are 
her  favorites."    She  is  courted  by  Careless. 

Daircell,  or  Taircell,  or  Moiling.  Died  696.  An 

Irish  saint.  According  to  an  Irish  account  of  his  life, 
he  was  the  illegitimate  son  of  Faelan,  a  farmer  atLuachair 
(now  Slieve  Lougher),  near  Castle  Island,  Kerry.  His 
mother,  when  she  found  herself  about  to  give  birth  to  a 
child,  fled  to  the  wilderness,  where  she  was  prevented 
from  strangling  her  new-born  babe  only  by  a  dove  sent 
from  heaven,  which  flapped  its  wings  in  her  face.  He 
was  educated  by  St.  Brendan  of  Clonfert,  who  gave  him 
the  name  of  Daircell  ('  gathering  '),iin  allusion  to  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  dove  "gathered  "  him  to  her  with  her 
wings.  ()nce,  when  collecting  alms  for  St.  Brendan's 
Church,  he  was  attacked  by  a  band  of  robbers,  who  threat- 
ened to  kill  him.  He  made  his  escape  by  making  three 
leaps,  in  which  he  passed  over  the  whole  of  Lougher  and 
landed  in  the  third  inclosure  of  the  church,  whereupon 
he  received  the  name  of  Moiling  (from  Huge,  leaps)  of 
Lougher.  He  founded  the  church  of  Tech  Moiling,  or  St. 
Mullens,  at  Boss  Broc  (7),  and  is  the  reputed  author  of  a 
Latin  manuscript  of  the  four  gospels,  preserved  in  Trmity 
College,  Dublin. 

Daisy  (da'zi),  Solomon.  The  bell-ringer  of 
Chigwell,  in  Charles  Dickens's  "Bamaby 
Rudge":  a  msty  little  fellow  who  seems  all 
eyes.- 

Daisy  Miller  (da'zi  mil'er).  A  novel  by 
Henry  James,  published  in  1878. 

Daitya  (dit'ya).  ['  Son  of  Diti.']  In  Hindu 
mythology,  a  "race  of  demons  and  giants  who 


Dalecarlia 

warred  with  the  gods  and  interfered  with  sacri- 
fices; Titans. 

Dajo  (da-jo'),  [PI.]  A  Nigritic  tribe  of  the 
eastern  Sudan,  southeast  of  the  Kuka,  with 
whom  they  have  some  remote  affinity. 

Dakiki,  Abu  Mansur  Muhammad.  Lived 
about  1000  A.  D.  A  Persian  poet,  from  Tus 
or  Bokhara,  author  of  many  odes  and  sonnets. 
Dakiki  had  completed  a  thousand  distichs  of  the  Book  of 
Kings  when  he  was  murdered.  Firdusi  represents  him  as 
appearing  to  him  in  a  dream,  and  asking  him  to  incorpo- 
rate in  nis  work  the  fragment.  To  Dakiki  Firdusi  ascribed 
the  portion  of  the  Shahnamah  relating  to  Gushtasp  and 
Zartusht  (Zoroaster). 

Dakota  (da-ko'ta).  [Prom  the  Dakota  Indians.] 
A  former  territory  of  the  United  States.  See 
North  Dakota  and  South  Dakota. 

Dakota  (da-ko'ta).  [Pi.,  also  Dakotas:  'con- 
federated.'] A  division  of  the  Siouan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  composed  of  the 
Dakota  proper  and  the  Assiniboin.  Their  former 
habitat  was  in  Montana  and  the  adjacent  part  of  the 
Northwest  Territory  of  British  North  America,  as  well  as 
in  North  and  South  Dakota  and  Minnesota.  The  Dakota 
proper,  or  Sioux,  were  originally  in  seven  gentes,  whence 
the  name  by  which  they  sometimes  call  themselves,  Otoeti 
Cakowin  ('The  Seven  Council-flres').  These  seven  gen- 
tes have  become  the  primary  divisions  of  the  Dakota,  and 
areasfoUows;  Mdewakantonwan,Waqpekute, Sisitonwan, 
Waqpetonwan,  Ihafiktonwau,  Ihanktonwanna,  and  Titon. 
wan.  The  Mdewakantonwan  were  the  original  Isanyati 
or  Santee,  but  at  present  the  Waqpekute  also  are  called  by 
that  name.  These  original  divisions  have  developed  into 
at  least  126,  excluding  those  of  the  Waqpekute,  which  have 
not  been  acquired.  The  present  number  of  the  Dakota  is 
28,449,  and  the  Assiniboin  number  3,008.  (See  Siouan.)  Also 
Ddkotah. 

Dalayrac  (da-la-rak'),  Nicolas.  Bom  at  Muret, 
Haute-Garonne,  France,  June  13,  1753:  died 
at  Paris,  Nov.  27,  1809.  A  noted  French  com- 
poser of  comic  operas.  His  works  include  "  Le 
petit  souper"  (1781),  "Le  corsaure"(1783),  "Nina  "  (1786), 
"  Le  poete  et  le  musicien  "  (1809),  etc. 

Dalbeattie  (dal-be'te).  A  town  in  Kirkcud- 
bright, Scotland,  situated  13  miles  southwest 
of  Dumfries.    Population  (1891),  3,149. 

Dalberg  (dal'bero),  Emmerich  Joseph.  Bom 
at  Mainz,  Hesse,  May  30,  1773 :  died  at  Herns- 
heim,  near  Worms,  April  27,  1833.  A  peer  of 
Prance,  son  of  Baron  Wolfgang  Heribert  Dal- 
berg. He  was  created  duke  of  Dalberg  by  Na- 
poleon in  1810,  and  peer  by  Louis  XVHI.  in  1815. 

Dalberg,  Earl  Theodor  Anton  Maria  von. 
Born  at  Hernsheim,  near  Worms,  Hesse,  Feb. 
8,  1744:  died  at  Ratisbon,  Bavaria,  Feb.  10, 
1817.  A  German  prince,  prelate,  and  littera- 
teur, last  archbishop-elector  of  Mainz.  He  was 
prince-primate  of  the  Confederation  of  the 
Rhine  1806-13. 

Dalby  (dai'bi),  Isaac.  Bom  in  Gloucester- 
shire, England,  1744:  died  at  Farnham,  Surrey, 
England,  Feb.  3,  1824.  An  English  mathema- 
tician, employed  in  the  survey  of  England  after 
1791. 

Dale  (dal) ,  David.  Bom  at  Ste  warton,  Ayrshire, 
Jan.  6,  1739 :  died  at  Glasgow,  March  17,  1806. 
A  Scottish  philanthropist.  He  was  the  founder 
and  first  proprietor  of  the  Lanark  mills,  since  made 
famous  by  their  connection  with  his  son-in-law,  the 
socialist  Robert  Owen.  About  1770  he  retired  from  the 
established  church  of  Scotland,  and  founded  a  new  com- 
munion on  congregational  principles,  known  as  the  Old 
Independents,  of  which  he  was  chief  pastor.  He  was 
noted  as  a  munificent  benefactor  of  the  poor. 

Dale  (dal),  Richard.  Bom  near  Norfolk,  Va., 
Nov.  6,  1756:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.,  1826. 
An  American  commodore.  He  served  as  first  lieu- 
tenant under  Paul  Jones  on  the  Bon  Homme  Richard 
in  the  battle  with  the  Serapis,  Sept.  23, 1779,  and  com- 
manded a  squadron  in  the  Mediterranean  1801-02,  during 
the  hostilities  with  Tripoli 

Dale,  Robert  William.  Bom  Dec  l,  1829:  died 
March  13,  1895.  An  English  Congregational 
clergyman  and  author.  He  became  associate  pastor 
of  the  Congregational  Church  at  Carr's  Lane,  Birmingham, 
in  1868,  and  sole  pastor  in  1859.  He  was  for  a  number  of 
years  editor  of  the  "  Congregationalist,"  and  was  chair- 
man of  the  Congregational  Union  of  England  and  Wales 
1868-69.  In  1877  he  delivered  at  Yale  College  a  series  of 
lectures  on  preaching  (the  first  Englishman  appointed  to 
the  Lyman  Beecher  Lectureship).  He  has  written  "  The 
Jewish  Temple  and  the  Christian  Church "  (1863),  "Ser- 
mons on  the  Ten  Commandments"  (1871),  and  "The 
Atonement "  (1874),  etc. 

Dale,  Sir  Thomas.  Died  at  Masulipatam,  Brit- 
ish India,  1619.  A  colonial  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia. He  became  marshal  of  Virginia  in  1609,  and  in 
1611  succeeded  De  la  Warr  as  governor,  being  relieved  by 
Sir  Thomas  Gates  in  the  same  year.  He  was  governor 
a  second  time  1614-16,  when  he  returned  to  England, 
taking  with  him  Thomas  Rolfe  and  Eolfe's  wife  Poca- 
hontas. His  administrations,  which  were  characterized 
by  great  severity,  were  attended  by  order  and  prosperity. 

Dalecarlia  (da-le-kar'le-a),  Sw.  Dalarna  (da'- 
lar-na).  A  former  province  of  Sweden,  corre- 
sponding to  the  laen  of  Kopparberg  or  Fahlun. 
Its  surface  is  mountainous.  Its  people  took  the  leading 
part  in  the  independence  movement  under  Gustavus  Vasa. 


Dal-Elf 

Bal-Elf  (dal'elf ).  A  river  formed  by  the  union 
of  the  Oster  and  Wester  Dal-Elf,  which  flows 
into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  58  miles  north  of  Up- 
sala.     Length,  about  250  miles. 

D'Alembert.    See  Alembert. 

Salgarno  (dal-gar'no),  George.  Bom  at  Aber- 
deen, Scotland,  about  1627:  died  at  Oxford, 
England,  Aug.  28,  1687.  A  British  scholar  and 
writer,  inventor  of  a  deaf-mute  alphabet.  He 
wrote  "Deaf  and  Dumb  Man's  Tutor"  (1680), 
etc. 

Dalgarno,  Lord,  A  malevolent  young  man  in 
Sir  Walter  Scott's  "Fortunes  of  Nigel."  He  is 
the  secret  enemy  of  Nigel  and  tlie  favorite  of  Prince 


304 


Dalyell 


1864.    An  American  statesman,  son  of  Alex-  liydrographer  to  the  admiralty  in  179^AuthOT^^^^ 

.       T  T\  n  —  „....,,  X  i  count  of  Discoveries  in  the  South  Pacuic  Ocean  before 

anaer  James  Dallas.    He  was  United  States  senator  j-g, ..  (1767),  ••  Historical  Collection  of  South  Sea  Voy- 

from  Pennsylvania  1831-33,  minister  to  Russia  1837-39,  nees"  (1770-71)  eto 

to "iTuS^d^s'^i^*  "■''**'* ®'*''°^**^*'  *'"'"''^*^'  Dalr^P¥>  §^';'%^0A„^°'.^?'ii^!;  ^°^^^^ 
Dallas,  Robert  Charles.    Born  at  Kingston, 


Jamaica,  1754:  died  at  Ste.-Adresse,  Nor- 
mandy, Nov.  20,  1824.  A  British  author.  He 
was  educated  in  England ;  returned,  on  coming  of  age,  to 
Jamaica  to  take  possession  of  the  estates  left  him  by  his 
father ;  and  eventually  settled  in  England.  He  is  noted 
chiefly  for  his  intimacy  with  Byron,  to  whom  he  gave  lit- 
erary advice,  and  for  whom  he  acted  as  agent  in  dealings 
with  publishers.  He  wrote  "Recollections  of  the  Life  of 
Lord  Byron  from  the  year  1808  to  the  end  of  1814,"  which 

v..«  =v,>,i.,v  ^„^^j  „•  ^..B"'  »"-  «"-  -».«i-™  ^^  ixujvo     was  edited  by  his  son  A.  R.  0.  Dallas  in  1824  0. 

Charles.   Havingheartlessly betrayed  theLadyHermione,  DalleS  (dalz).      [F.  daJZe,  a  flagstone,  slab.]     A 


he  is  compelled  by  the  king  to  do  her  justice, 
leaving  court  in  disguise,  he  is  murdered. 

Dalgetty  (dal'get-i).  Captain  Dugald.  A  sol- 
dier of  fortune  in  Scott's  "Legend  of  Mon- 
trose." He  has  been  a  divinity  student  in  his  youth, 
and  is  now  a  mercenary.  He  is  courageous,  and  not  un- 
trustworthy if  well  paid.  The  original  is  said  to  have 
been  a  man  named  Munro  who  belonged  to  a  band  of 
Scotch  and  English  auxiliaries  in  Swinemiinde  (1630). 

Dalbousie  (dal-hou'zi).  Earls  of.    See  Ramsay. 

Dallas  (da'le-as).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Almeria,  southern  Spain,  situated  west  of  Al- 
meria.    Population  (1887),  6,254. 

Dalida  (dal'i-da).     See  the  extract. 


succession  of  rapids  in  the  Columbia  Eiver, 
near  the  city  of  The  Dalles :  also  the  neighboring 
heights  (see  the  quotation).  "The  Dalles,-  on  the 
eastern  side  of  the  [Cascade]  range,  [have]  an  eleva- 
tion of  only  about  100  feet.  At  the  Dalles  — so  named 
on  account  of  the  great,  broad,  flat  plates  or  sheets  of 
lava  which  are  there  well  exhibited  on  and  near  the  river — 
is  the  beginning,  In  this  direction,  of  the  volcanic  plateau 
of  the  Columbia."  (J.  D.  Whitney,  inEncyc.  Brit.,  XXIII. 
800.)  Dalles  is  also  the  name  for  cascades  in  the  Wis- 
consin River,  and  in  the  St.  Louis  River  in  Minnesota. 

Dalles,  The.  A  city,  capital  of  Wasco  County, 
Oregon,  situated  near  the  Dalles  or  cataract  o£ 
the  Columbia,  72  miles  east  of  Portland, 


Pop- 
ulation (1900),  3,542. 
The  Dalila  of  the  Book  of  Judges  is  throughout  "Dalila"  Dalling  and  Bulwer,  Baron.     See  Bulwer. 
intheVulgate,but_i,s-Dal.d_a..mChauoer,and"DaMa^^  jj3^11j^|ygj.(^^j,^j_g^'j^j^^^ 


Jan.  10,  1873.    An  Italian  poet,  noveUst,  and 
political  agitator.     His   "NoVelle  vecchie  e 
nuove"  were  published  in  1869. 
tatoi,"  which  he  issued  anonymously  17^4.    This  was  Dalmatia(dal-ma'shi-^).  [G.DalmaUen.F.Dal- 

-Fill  1  mim/l    >!«     *<  nfn  vili-oT«    mm     TT-mHlroi* '      *  * '  T'nrni  rrnt.o    annnr.  ,  ■      -t  t  t  •!'  t     j.»j.     t  t    •  i  ■ 

matte.]  A  crowruand  and  titular  Jiingdom  in 
the  Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary,  it 
is  bounded  by  Croatia  on  the  north,  Bosnia,  Herzegovina, 
and  Montenegro  on  the  east,  and  by  the  Adriatic  on  the 
south  and  west.  Its  surface  is  mountainous,  and  many 
islands  lie  along  the  coast.  The  leading  occupations  of  its 
inhabitants  are  fishing,  seafaring,  ship-building,  raising 
live  stock,  and  the  production  of  wine  and  olives.  Capital, 
Zara.    It  sendsllmembers  to  the  Austrian  Reichsrat,  and 


'Dalida"  in  Chaucer,  and 
the  form  used  iu  Wyclif 's  Bible.  Chaucer  uses 
"Dalida"  in  the  "Monk's  Tale"  and  in  "The  Book  of  the 
Duchess."  It  is  not,  perhaps,  without  significance  that 
"  Dalida"  waa  the  form  used  in  "  The  Court  of  Love." 

Morley,  Eng.  Writers,  V.  305. 

Dalin  (da'lin),  Olof  von.  Bom  at  Vinberga,  in 
Halland,  Sweden,  Aug.  29, 1708:  died  at  Drott- 
ningholm,  Aug.  12,  1763.  A  Swedish  histo- 
rian and  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman.  He 
studied  at  Lund,  and  subsequently  entered  one  of  the 
public  offices  in  Stockholm.  He  began  his  literary  career 
hy  the  publication  of  a  weekly  journal,  "Den  Svenska 
Argus  "  ("The  Swedish  Argus  "),  modeled  after  the  " Spec- 
tatoi,"  which  he  issued  anonymously  1733-34.  This  was 
followed  by  "Tankar  om  Kritiker"  ("Thoughts  about 
Critics  "),  and,  after  his  return  from  a  tour  tlirough  Ger- 
many and  Fiance,  by  the  satiric  prose  allegory  "Sagan 
om  Hasten  "("The  Story  of  the  Horse"),  and  the  satiric 
poem  "Aprilverk  om  var  herrliga  tid"  ("April-work  of 
Our  Glorious  Time  ").  A  didactic  epos,"  SvenskaEriheten," 
appeared  in  1742.  In  1751  he  was  made  tutor  to  the 
crown  prince,  and  ennobled.  In  1753  he  was  made  privy 
councilor.  In  1756,  suspected  of  being  concerned  in  the 
revolution  of  that  year,  he  was  banished  the  court,  but 
returned  in  1761.  During  this  period  he  was  engaged 
upon  his  principal  work,  "Svea  RikesHistoria"  ("History 
of  the  Kingdom  of  Sweden  "),  which  extends  down  to  the 
end  of  the  reign  of  Charles  IX.  His  collected  literary 
works,  ".Samlade  Vitterhetsarbeten,"  appeared  in  1767,  in 
6  vols.;  "Svea  Rikes  Historia,"  in  4  vols.,  1747-62. 

Dalkeith  (dal-keth').  A  town  in  the  county 
of  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  situated  between  the 
north  and  south  Es'k,  6^  miles  southeast  of 
Edinburgh.  Dalkeith  Palace  (the  residence  of  the 
Duke  of  Buccleuch)  is  in  the  vicinity.  Population  (1891), 
7,035. 

Dall  (dal),  William  Healey.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  Aug.  21, 1845.  An  American  naturalist. 
He  took  part  in  the  international  telegraph  expedition  in 
186.'i;  waa  assistant  to  the  United  States  Coast  Survey 
1871-80 ;  and  was  paleontologist  to  the  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey  1884-86.  His  works  include  "Alaska  and 
its  Resources"  (1870),  "Scientiflo  Results  of  the  Explora- 
tion of  Alaska  by  the  Parties  under  the  Charge  of  W.  H. 
Dall"  (1876),  eto. 

Dallseus.    See  DailU,  Jean. 

Dallas  (dal'as).  1 .  A  village  inPaulding  County, 
northwestern  Georgia,  situated  30  miles  north- 
west of  Atlanta.  Near  here,  at  New  Hope  Church, 
Pickett's  Mill,  Pumpkin  Vine  Creek,  etc.,  there  was  con- 
tinued fighting  between  the  Eederals  under  Sherman  and 
the  Confederates  under  Johnston,  May  25-29,  1864. 
2.  The  capital  of  Dallas  County,  in  northern 
Texas,  situated  on  the  Trinity  River,  it  has 
increased  very  rapidly,  and  is  a  railroad  center,  with 
important  trade  and  manufactures.     Population  (1900), 

Dallas  (dal'as),  Alexander  James.  Bom  in 
Jamaica,  June  21, 1759:  died  at  Trenton,  N.  J., 
Jan.  16, 1817.  An  American  statesman,  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury  1814-16.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
Scottish  physician  resident  in  Jamaica.  Having  studied 
law  in  England,  he  emigrated  from  Jamaica  to  Philadel- 
phia in  1783 ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1785  ;  served  for 
a  number  of  years  as  secretary  of  the  commonwealth  of 
Pennsylvania;  was  attorney  for  the  eastern  district  of 
Pennsylvania  1801-14 ;  and  was  secretaay  of  the  United 


at  Loxten,  near  Versmold,  Westphalia,  Sept.  6, 
1830:  died  Deo.  30^  1883.  A  (Jerman  optician. 
He  came  to  England  m  1851;  became  a  manufacturer  of 
telescopes  at  London  in  1859 ;  waa  elected  a  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society  in  1861;  and  patented  a  single 
wide-angle  photographic  lens  in  1864.  Author  of  "On 
the  Choice  and  Use  of  Photographic  Lenses." 


Edinburgh,  Oct.  28,  1726:  died  Nov.  29,  1792. 
An  eminent  Scottish  judge  and  author.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  Utrecht ;  was  admitted  to  the 
Scottish  bar  in  1748 ;  was  raised  to  the  bench  of  the  Court 
of  Session  with  the  title  of  Lord  HaUes  in  1766 ;  and  in 
1776  became  a  judge  of  the  justiciary  or  criminal  court. 
His  most  notable  works  are  "An  Inquiry  into  the  Secon- 
dary Causes  which  Mr.  Gibbon  has  assigned  to  the  Rapid 
Growth  of  Christianity  "  (1786),  and  "  Annals  of  Scotland  " 
(from  Malcolm  Canmore  to  Robert  I.,  1776 :  continued  to 
the  accession  of  the  house  of  Stuart,  1779). 

Dalrymple,  Sir  James,  first  Viscount  stair. 
Bom  in  Carriok,  in  May,  1619 :  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, Nov.  25,  1695.  A  Scottish  lawyer  and 
statesman.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow  and  Edin- 
burgh ;  became  professor  of  logic,  morals,  and  politics  in 
the  University  of  Glasgow  in  1641;  was  admitted  to  the 
Scottish  bar  in  1648 ;  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  Court 
of  Sessions  by  Cromwell  in  1657;  was  reappointed  by 
Charles  II.  in  1661 ;  became  president  of  the  court  in  1670 ; 
was  admitted  to  the  Scottish  Parliament  in  1672 ;  fled  in 
1682  to  Holland  to  avoid  the  consequences  of  refusing  to 
take  the  test  oath ;  supported  William  of  Orange  in  1688 ; 
was  created  Viscount  Stair,  Lord  Glenluce  and  Stranraer,  in 
1690.  His  chief  work  is  "  Institutions  of  the  Law  of  Scot- 
land "(1681). 

Dalrymple,  Sir  John,  first  Earl  of  Stair.  Born 
in  1648 :  died  Jan.  8,  1707.  A  Scottish  lawyer 
and  statesman,  son  of  Sir  James  Dalrymple. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  Scottish  bar  in  1672 ;  was  appoint- 
ed king's  advocate  by  James  II.  in  1685 ;  supported  in 
1688  the  cause  of  William  of  Orange,  whose  chief  adviser 
in  Scottish  affairs  he  became  ;  was  sworn  privy  councilor 
under  Queen  Anne  in  1702 ;  and  was  created  earl  of  Stair 
in  1703.  He  is  noted  chiefly  for  his  connection  with  the 
massacre  of  the  Macdonalds  of  Glencoe,  which  was  under- 
taken by  his  advice  in  1692. 


Ti  tf  fs  Jseot  Photographic  Lenses.  Dalrymple,  John,  second  Earl  of  Stair.     Born 

Dall  Ongaro  (dal  ong  ga-ro)  Francesc^  Bom      ^  Edint^urgh,  Jul'y  20, 1673 :  died  there.  May  9, 

atMansue,  Treviso,  Italy,  1808 :  died  at  Naples,     .^,^_    j,  R^„i(..„j,'„„  '    „,  „nd  dinlomatist.    He 


1747.  A  Scottish  general  and  diplomatist.  He 
was  educated  at  Leyden ;  is  said  to  have  served  in  various 
subordinate  grades  throughout  the  wars  of  William  m. 
in  Flanders ;  became  aide-de-camp  to  the  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough in  1703 ;  commanded  a  brigade  at  the  siege  of 
Lille  and  at  the  battle  of  Malplaquet ;  was  commissioned 
general  in  1712 ;  was  appointed  minister  plenipotentiary 
to  Paris  in  1715 ;  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  ambassador  in 
1719 ;  was  recalled  in  1720 ;  was  created  field-marshal  in 
1742 ;  and  was  made  general  of  the  marines  in  1746.  He 
is  noted  chiefly  for  the  princely  style  in  which  he  sup- 
ported his  mission  at  Paris,  and  for  the  comprehensive 
and  invaluable  information  which  he  remitted  in  his  de- 
spatches concerning  the  secret  intrigues  of  the  French 
court  and  of  the  friends  of  the  Pretender. 


has  a  Diet  of  43  members.  The  prevaiUng  religion  is  Dalsland  (dals'land).  A  district  in  the  laen  of 
lZ'^<So^i^\Jk'i&''^^^X°l^^n^^^ll^l  f f^^o^^g'  Sweden,  situated  on  the  Norwegian 
Dalmatia  formed  part  of  the  Pvoman  diocese  of  Illyrioum.     Irontier.    ,  ,        ^        „,  „  _^  , 

It  was  overrun  by  the  Goths  and  Avars,  and  in  the  7th  Dalton  (dal'ton).  The  county-seat  of  Whit- 
oentuiybjr  the  Slavs.    A  Croatian  kingdom  of  Dalmatia     field  County,  "northwestern  Georgia,  situated 


Soots  from  Ireland  in  498.     The  Dalriad  Scots  and 
Picts  were  united  in  one  kingdom  by  Kenneth  MacAlpin 
„  _____     about  846. 

STs'tKls;ST"8i4^iddi8ch'afinr(iii5^i6ralS)thefuno-  Dairy  (dal-ri').  A  small  town  in  Ayrshire, 
tions  of  secretary  of  war.  During  his  administration  of  geotland,  situated  on  the  Gamock  21  miles 
the  treasury  department  a  new  national  bank  was  incor-     gov,t.i,.„rest  of  Glasgow. 

porated  (April  3,  1816),  consistent  with  recommendations  t^„, J^„i'  /,,„,  -irn'ril )  Alpicander  Bom  at 
submitted  by  him  to  Congress.  He  published  "Reports  Dalrjrmple  (dal-nm  pi),  Aiexanoer.  J^"™  ac 
of  cZes  ruled  and  adjudged  by  the  Courts  of  the  United  New  Hailes,  near  Edinburgh,  July  24,  1737: 
States  and  of  Pennsylvania,  before  and  smce  the  Revolu-  ^jg^  j^jjg  j^g  X808.  A  Scottish  hydrographer. 
tiou"  (1790-1807),  "Features  of  Jay's  Treaty  U796),  and  ^e  became  a  writer  in  the  East  India  Company's  ser- 
"liposition  of  the  Causes  and  Character  of  the  War  of  ^j^^  j^^  ^^^^^  ^^^^  jj,  yj^2  was  appointed  to  the  command 
1812-15."  .-r.^.,    ji    i_.         of  the  London,  with  instructions  to  open  the  trade  with 

Dallas  George  Mifflin.    Bom  at  rmladelphia,      gui„     ^e  returned  to  England  in  1765,  arid  was  appointed 
July  10    1792-  died  at  Philadelphia,  Dec.  31,      hydrographer  to  the  East  India  Company  in  1779,  and 


existed  in' the  11th  century.    From  the  llth  century  Dal 

matia  fluctuated  between  Hungary  and  Venice  until  finally 

the  greater  part  became  Venetian.     By  the  treaty  of 

Campo-Formio  in  1797  it  was  given  to  Austria ;  in  1805  it 

was  ceded  to  France,  and  wasretroceded  to  Austria  in  1814. 

It  was  the  scene  of  insurrections  1869-70,  and  in  1881. 

Area,  4,940  square  miles.    Population  (1890),  627,426. 
The  earlier  Ulyrian  war  is  recorded  in  the  second  book 

of  Polybios.    Appian  has  a  'special  book  on  the  Illyrian 

wars.    In  him  (chap,  xi.)  we  get  our  first  notice  of  Dalma- 
tia as  such :  the  name  is  not  to  be  found  in  Polybios. 

There  is  also  a  shorter  notice  in  Strabo. 

Fre&man,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  SO,  note. 
Dalou  (da-lo'),  Jules.    Bom  at  Paris,  Dec.  31, 

1838:  diedthere, April  15, 1902.  APrenohsculp-  . 

tor.    He  studied  under Duret  at  the  :!6eole  des  Beaux  Arts,  DaltOn^  «'°'l^' 

and  assisted  Carpeaux.    He  sent  his  first  work  to  the  Salon 

in  1867.    On  account  of  complicity  with  the  Commune  in 

1871  he  was  obliged  to  leave  Paris,  and  went  to  London, 

wliere  he  was  appointed  professor  of  sculpture  at  South 

Kensington.  He  returned  to  Paris,  and  was  associated  with 

Aub^  (see  Aubi)  in  competition  for  the  monument  to  the 

Constitutional  Assembly.     Their  scheme  was  unsuccess- 

f  ul,but  Dalou's  sketch  for  a  relief  upon  thedesign  attracted 

the  attention  of  Gambetta  and  Turquet,  and  was  developed 

into  iihe  great  bas-relief  of  Mirabeau  and  De  Dreux-Brez6 

in  the  National  Assembly,  which  won  the  medal  of  honor 

in  the  Salon  of  1883.    It  was  accompanied  by  another  bas- 
relief  called  "  Le  triomphe  de  la  rSpubliqu'e,"  now  in  the 

Hotel  de  Ville.    His  project  of  the  monument  to  the  re- 
public in  the  Place  de  la  R^publique  won  the  second  prize, 

and  was  ordered  by  the  state  for  La  Place  des  Nations. 
Dalriada.     1.  A  former  name  for  a  district  in 

the  northem  part  of  Antrim,  Ireland,  now  called  t  x.    «  n    -d         ^r^x.  ,      ;>    j  ,, 

"The  Koute"— 3.   A  former  name  for  that  Dalton,  John  Call.  Bom  at  Chelmsford,  Mass., 

part  of  Argyllshire,  Scotland,  settled  by  Dalriad    Feb.  2,  1825:  died  at  New  York  city,  Feb.  12, 


28  miles  southeast  of  Chattanooga.  Near  here, 
May  9, 1864,  an  engagement  took  place  between  part  of 
Sherman's  army  and  the  Confederates.  Population  (1900), 
4,315. 
Dalton,  John.  Bom  at  Dean  (?),  Cumberland, 
in  1709:  died  at  Worcester,  July  22, 1763.  An 
English  poet  and  divine.  He  took  the  degree  of 
B.  A.  at  Oxford  in  1730,  and  that  of  M.  A.  in  1734 ;  was 
appointed  a  canon  of  Worcester  cathedral  in  1748,  and 
about  the  same  time  obtained  the  rectory  of  St.  Mary-at- 
Hill,  London.  His  most  notable  work  is  an  adaptation  of 
Milton's  "Comus"  for  the  stage,  which  was  published  in 
1738,  under  the  title  "Comus,  a  Mask,  now  adapted  to  the 
Stage,  as  altered  from  Milton's  Mask." 
Dalton,  John.  Bom  at  Baglesfield,  Cumber- 
land, Sept.  6,  1766:  died  July  27,  1844.  An 
English  chemist  and  natural  philosopher.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  poor  weaver;  acquired  an  education 
chiefly  by  private  study ;  began  to  teach  in  1778 ;  was  in 
1793  appointed  professor  of  mathematics  and  natural 
philosophy  in  New  College,  Manchester  (which  was  re- 
moved to  York  in  1799) ;  became  a  member  of  the  Liter- 
ary and  Philosophical  Society  of  Manchester  in  1794 ;  was 
elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1822 ;  and  was 
chosen  corresponding  member  of  the  Paris  Academy  of 
Sciences  in  1816,  and  foreign  associate  in  1830.  He  per- 
fected  about  1804  the  atomic  theory,  which  he  propounded 
in  1810  in  a  work  entitled  "A  New  System  of  (jhemical 
Philosophy."  He  suffered  from  color-blindness,  aiid  on 
Oct.  31, 1794,  read  a  paper  before  the  Manchester  Literary 
and  Philosophical  Society,  in  which  he  gives  the  earliest 
account  of  that  peculiarity,  which  is  known  from  him  as 
Daltonism. 


1889.  An  American  physiologist.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  physiology  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons in  New  York  city  1855-83,  and  was  emeritusi  pro- 
fessor and  president  of  the  college  from  1888  until  his 
death.  He  wrote  a  "Treatise  on  Human  Physiology" 
(1859),  a  "  Treatise  on  Physiology  and  Hygiene  "  (1868),  eto. 

Dalyell(dal-yel'),orDalzell(dal-zel'),Thomas. 
Bom  about  1599 :  died  Aug.  23, 1685.  A  British 
general.  He  participated  in  the  Royalist  rebellion  in  the 
highlands  of  Scotland  in  1654 ;  entered  the  Russian  service 
abou  1 1655;  returned  toEngland  on  the  invitation  of  Charles 
II.  in  1665;  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  in  Scotland 
in  1666 ;  was  sworn  a  privy  councilor  in  1667;  entered  Parlia- 
ment in  1678 ;  and  in  1681  was  commissioned  to  enroll  the 
celebrated  regiment  of  the  Scots  Greys. 


Dalzel 

Dalzel  (dal-zel'),  Andrew.  Bom  at  Kirkliston, 
Linlithgowshire,  Oct.  6,  1742:  died  Dec.  8, 
1806.  A  Scottish  classical  scholar.  He  Btadied 
at  the  University  of  Edinburgh ;  was  for  some  years  tutor 
In  the  Lauderdale  family;  was  appointed  professor  of  Greek 
in  Edinburgh  aniversity  in  1772;  assisted  In  the  founding 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh  in  1788;  and  became 
principal  clerk  to  the  General  Assembly  in  1789.  Author 
of  "  'A.vaKiKTa '  EK\ip/t,Ka  r/triTova  slve  Collectanea  Grseca  Mi- 
nora "  (1789), "  'A.va\eicTa  'EhXrivLKa  ixtiiova  slve  Collectanea 
Grseca  Majora"  (1806X  etc. 

Daman  (da-man'),  Pg.  Damao  (da'man).  A 
seaport  and  settlement  belonging  to  Portugal, 
situated  on  the  western  coast  of  India  80  miles 
north  of  Bombay,  it  was  acquired  by  Portugal  in 
W68.    Population,  with  Diu,  etc.  (1887),  77,464. 

Daman.  A  region  on  the  border  of  British 
India  and  Afghanistan,  situated  between  the 
Indus  and  the  Suliman  Mountains. 

Damara  (da-ma'rS.).  [Pem.  dual  of  Hottentot 
daman  (a  term  of  abuse).]  The  name  of  two 
tribes  of  (Jerman  Southwest  Africa.  The  Cattle- 
Daraara  are  the  same  as  the  Herero  (which  see).  The 
Hill-Damara,  who  are  subject  to  the  Hottentots  and  have 
adopted  their  language,  differ  from  them  in  race.  Some 
say  they  are  Bushmen,  but  they  seem  to  be  Bantu,  and 
related  to  the  Ovambo.  See  Khoikhoin^  and  Qerirmn 
Smithwest  Africa. 

Damaraland  (da-ma'r^-land).  A  region  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  German  dependency 
of  German  Southwest  Africa  (which  see),  its 
recent  name  is  German  (Deutsch)  Damaraland.  The  Brit- 
ish officials  withdrew  from  the  territory  in  1880,  except 
from  Walflsoh  Bay,  and  it  was  annexed  by  Germany  in 
1884. 

Damascenus,  Joannes,  See  John  of  Damascus. 

Damascenus,  Nicolaus,  See  Nicholas  of  Da- 
mascus. 

Damascius  (da-mash'i-us).  [Gr.  i^aix&aiuoq.']  A 
Neoplatonist  of  the  6th  century  a.  d.  when 
the  school  of  philosophy  at  Athens  was  closed  by  the  em- 
peror Justinian  in  529,  he,  with  other  Neoplatonlsts,  emi- 
grated to  Persia. 

Damascus  (da-mas'kus).  [Heb.Daraeieg,  Assyr. 
Dimasqu,  At"  DimUq  or  Esh  Shdm,  F.  Xforoos.] 
Formerly  the  capital  and  most  important  city 
of  Syria,  situated  in  the  fertile  valley  of  Coele- 
Syria,  east  of  the  Anti-Lebanon,  on  the  edge 
of  the  desert.  On  account  of  its  beautiful  fertile  sur- 
roundings, its  lofty  position,  and  its  richness  in  fresh 
water,  Damascus  has  been  praised  in  antiquity  and  in 
modern  times  as  the  "paradise  of  the  earth,"  "the  eye 
of  the  desert,"  and  "  the  pearl  of  the  Orient."  Originally 
a  Hittlte  city,  it  became  the  capital  of  Syria,  and  a  great 
part  of  the  countiy  was  called  by  its  name.  (For  its  his- 
tory, see  Aram.)  In  modem  times  it  became  prominent 
by  the  massacre  of  Christians  in  1860.  It  retained  a  certain 
impor^nce  through  all  the  periods  of  history,  and  is  even 
now  the  seat  of  the  Turkish  wall  (governor),  and  baa  a 

•  population  of  between  100,000  and  160,000.  In  the  Old 
Testament  the  name  of  Damascus  occurs  as  early  as  the 
history  of  Abraham  (Gen.  xiv.  16,  xv.  2).  After  the  time  of 
David,  Damascus  often  came  into  sharp  collision  with 
Israel.  In  the  New  Testament  Damascus  Is  known  es- 
pecially from  the  history  of  Paul  (Acts  ix.). 

Damaskios.    See  Damasdus. 

Damasus  (dam'a-sus)  I.,  Saint.  Born  prob- 
ably about  306"  (304?):  died  384.  Bishop  of 
liome  366-384.  His  election  was  contested  by  the 
deacon  Ursinus,  who  was  expelled  by  force  of  arms.  He 
opposed  Arianism,  which  was  condemned  in  two  synods 
at  Borne,  one  in  368  and  another  in  370.  He  is  commemo- 
rated as  a  saint  on  Dec.  11. 

Damaun.    See  Daman. 

DamayantL  [Skt.]  The  wife  of  Nala,  and  the 
heroine  of  the  tale  of  Nala  and  Damayanti,  an 
episode  of  the  Mahabharata.    See  Naia. 

Dambach  (dam 'bach).  A  small  town  in 
Alsace,  situated  25  miles  southwest  of  Stras- 
burg. 

D'Amboise.    See  Amioise. 

Dambolo  (dam-bo'lo),  or  Dambul  (dSm-bSl'). 
A  village  in  Ceylon,  situated  about  40  miles 
northwest  of  Kandy.  It  is  noted  for  Buddhistic 
cave-temples.  ,     ,>   , 

Dame  aux  Camillas  (dam  o  ka-ma-lya  ),  La. 
[F.,  'Lady  of  the  Camellias.']  A  novel  by 
Alexandre  Pumas  the  younger,  published  in 
1848,  and  dramatized  by  hinj  in  1852.  The  Eng- 
lish version  of  the  play  is  called  "Camille,"  and  that  is 
the  name  of  the  heroine.  The  original  French  character 
is  Marguerite  Qautier. 

Dame  Blanche  (dam  blonsh).  La.  [F.,  'The 
White  Lady.']  A  comic  opera  by  Boieldieu 
(libretto  by  Scribe),  first  produced  at  Paris 
Dec.  10,  1825.  It  was  played  in  English  as 
"The  White  Maid,"  Jan.  2,  1827. 

DameDurden.    SeeDurden. 

Damer  (da'mer),  Anne  Seymour.  Born  m 
1749 :  died  May  28, 1828.  An  English  sculptor, 
daughter  of  Henry  Seymour  Conway.  She  mar- 
ried  John  Damer  to  1767.  She  executed  to  1785  two  heads, 
one  of  the  river  Thames  and  the  other  of  the  nver  Isis,  for 
a  bridge  at  Henley,  near  her  father's  house  at  Park  Place, 
which  have  been  much  admired.  She  also  produced  a 
statue  of  Georee  III.  and  a  bust  ol  Nelson. 

Dametas.    See  Dammtas. 

C— 20 


305 

Damian,    See  Cosmos. 

Damian  (da'mi-an).  1.  A  youth  in  Chaucer's 
"Merchant's  Tale"  in  the  "Canterbury  Tales." 
He  languishes  for  and  obtains  the  love  of  May, 
the  young  wife  of  old  January. — 2.  A  young 
squire  in  Scott's  "Ivanhoe,"  an  aspirant  for 
the  holy  Order  of  Templars. 

Damianus  (da-mi-a'nus),  Peter  (Pietro  Dami- 
ani  or  Damiano).  Bom  at  Eavemia,  Italy, 
1007:  died  at  Faenza,  Italy,  Feb.  23,  1072.  A 
Boman  Catholic  ecclesiastic,  in  1035  he  became 
a  hermit  at  Fonte  Avellano,  near  Gnbbio,  to  TJmbria,  and 
was  soon  head  of  all  the  surrounding  hermits  and  monks. 
He  was  noted  for  his  asceticism,  and  established  a  system 
of  self-flagellation  which  was  later  extended  among  the 
monastic  orders  and  the  Flagellants.  He  was  also  influ- 
ential as  a  reformer,  condemning  simony  and  marriage  of 
the  clergy.  He  was  made  bishop  of  Ostia  and  cardinal  to 
1058,  and  was  the  adviser  and  censor  of  a  number  of  popes. 
His  works  include  epistles,  sermons,  lives  of  saints,  ascetic 
tracts,  and  poems. 

Damien  (da-my an' )  de  Veuster,  Joseph.  Bom 
in  Belgium,  Jan.  3,  1840.  A  Boman  Catholic 
missionary  who  devoted  his  life  to  the  welfare 
of  the  lepers  in  the  government  hospital  on  the 
island  of  Molokai,  Hawaii.  He  fell  a  victim  to 
the  disease  April  15,  1889. 

Damiens  (da-myan'),  Robert  Frangois.  Born 
near  Arras,  France,  1715:  executed  at  Paris, 
March  28,  1757.  A  man  of  low  character,  who 
had  been  both  a  soldier  and  a  domestic  servant, 
who  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  upon  the  life 
of  Louis  XV.,  Jan.  5,  1757.  Damiens  approached 
the  king  at  Versailles,  as  he  was  entering  his  carriage,  and 
succeeded  in  stabbing  him.  The  punishment  inflicted 
upon  him  was  most  brutal.  His  right  hand  was  burned  in 
a  slow  fire ;  his  flesh  was  torn  with  pincers  and  burned 
with  melted  lead ;  resin,  wax,  and  oil  were  poured  upon 
the  wounds ;  and  he  was  torn  to  pieces  by  four  horses. 

Damietta  (dam-i-et'ta).  [Ar.  Damidt.']  A  city 
of  Lower  Egypt,  situated  between  the  Damietta 
branch  of  the  Nile  and  Lake  Menzaleh,  7  miles 
from  its  mouth,  near  the  ancient  Tamiathis.  It 
was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Crusaders  in  1218-19,  and 
in  1249.    Population  (1897),  31,516. 

Damietta  branch.  The  chief  eastern  mouth 
of  the  Nile. 

Damiotti  (It.  pron.  da-me-ot'te),  Dr.  An  Ital- 
ian charlatan  who  exhibits  the  magic  mirror 
in  Scott's  "Aunt  Margaret's  Mirror." 

Damiri  (da-me're),  or  Demiri  (de-me're),  Ke- 
mal  al-din  Mohammed  ibn  Isa.  Bom  at 
Cairo,  1341:  died  at  Cairo,  1405.  An  Arabian 
jurist  and  naturalist,  author  of  a  "Life  of 
Animals." 

Damiron  (da-me-r&n'),  Jean  Philibert.  Bom 
at  Belleville,  Rhdne,  France,  May  10, 1794:  died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  11, 1862.  A  French  writer  on  phi- 
losophy, professor  of  the  histoiy  of  philosophy 
in  the  Faculty  des  Lettres,  Paris.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  "  Essai  sur  lliistoire  de  la  philosophie  en  France  au 
XIXe  slide  "  (1828),  "  Cours  de  philosophie  "  (1831), "  Essai 
sur  ITiistoire  de  la  philosophie  en  France  au  XVlIs  si^ 
cle  "  (1846),  etc. 

Damis  (da-mes').  An  impetuous  youth  in  Mo- 
li^re's  play  "  Tartufe,"  the  son  of  Orgon. 

Damkina  (dam-M'na).  [Akkad.,  'lady  of  the 
earth.']  In  Assyro-Babylonian  mythology,  wife 
of  Ea,  the  god  of  the  ocean,  whose  center  of  wor- 
ship was  in  Bridu  (modem  Abu  Shah-rein),  in 
Damascius  Dauke. 

Damnation  de  Faust  (dam-na-sy6n'  d6  foust). 
La.  An  opera  or  dramatic  stoiy  in  four  parts 
by  Berlioz,  first  produced  at  Paris  in  1846. 

Damocles  (dam'o-klez).  [Gr.  Aa/uo/cJl^f.]  1. 
Lived  in  the  flrst'half  of  the  4th  century  B.  c. 
A  Syracusan,  a  courtier  of  Dionysius  the  elder. 
Cicero  relates  that  Damocles,  having  extolled  the  good 
fortune  of  Dionysius,  was  invited  by  the  tyrant  to  taste 
this  royal  felicity,  and  that,  in  the  midst  of  a  splendid 
banquet  and  all  the  luxury  of  the  court,  on  looking  up  he 
beheld  above  his  head  a  sword  suspended  by  a  stogie 
horse-hair. 

2.  The  king  of  Arcadia  fax  Greene's  "Arcadia." 
See  SephesUa. 

Damoda  (da-mo'da),  or  Damuda  (da-mo'da). 
A  river  of  Bengal,  India,  which  joins  the  Hugli 
below  Calcutta.    Length,  about  350  miles. 

Damoetas  (da-me'tas).  [Gr.  Aa/wkac']  A 
herdsman  in  Theocritus  and  Vergil ;  hence,  in 
pastoral  poetry,  a  rustic,  sir  Philip  Sidney  intro- 
duces in  his  "Arcadia"  a  foolish  country  clown  by  that 
name,  which  afterward  seems  to  have  become  proverbial 
for  folly. 

Damon  (da'mon).  [Gr.  Ad/juv.]  1.  Lived m  the 
first  half  of  tie  4th  century  b.  c.  A  Pythago- 
rean of  Syracuse,  celebrated  for  his  friendship 

'  with  Pythias  (or  Phintias),  a  member  of  the 
same  sec^.  Pythias  plotted  against  the  life  of  Diony- 
sins  I.  of  Syracuse,  and  was  condemned  to  die.  As  Pythias 
wished  to  arrange  his  aflah-s,  Damon  offered  to  plMe  him- 
self in  the  tyrant's  hands  as  his  substitute,  a,nd  to  die 
in  his  stead  should  he  not  return  on  the  appointed  day. 
At  the  last  moment  Pythias  came  back,  and  DiSnysius 


Dan 

was  scstruck  by  the  fidelity  of  the  friends  that  he  vat- 
doned  the  offender,  and  begged  to  be  admitted  toto  theii 
fellowship. 

2.  A  goatherd  in  Verb's  Eclogues;  hence,  in 
pastoral  poetry,  a  rustic. 

Damon  and  Phillida  (fil'i-da).  A  pastoral 
farce  by  Cibber,  produced  in'  1729,  and  pub- 
lished anonymously  the  same  year. 

Damon  and  Pithias  (pith'i-as).  A  play  by 
Richard  Edwards,  printed  in  1571.  Its  main 
subject  is  tragic,  but  it  calls  itself  a  comedy. 
Ward. 

Damon  and  Pythias  (pith'i-as).  A  tragedy 
by  John  Banim  and  Bichard  Lalor  Sheil,  pro- 
duced in  1821. 

Damoreau  (da-mo-ro'),  Madame  (Laure  Cin- 
thie  Montalant:  also  known  as  Mademoiselle 
Cinti,  and  Cinti-Damoreau).  Bom  at  Paris, 
Feb.  6, 1801:  died  at  Ohantilly,  France,  in  1863. 
A  noted  French  singer.  In  1819  she  made  her  first 
appearance  as  Cherubino  in  "Le  Nozze  di  Figaro  "  to  Paris. 
In  1822  she  appeared  in  London,  and  in  1826  at  the  Grand 
Op^ra,  Paris.  From  this  time  she  sang  both  to  Europe 
and  the  United  States  with  assured  success  until  1866, 
when  she  retired  from  the  stage.  In  1834  she  was  made 
professor  of  singing  at  the  Conservatoire,  Paris. 

Damour.    See  Tamyras. 

Dampier  (dam'per),  William.  Bom  at  East 
Coker,  Somerset,  England,  June^  1652 :  died  at 
London,  March,  1715.  An  English  freebooter, 
explorer,  and  author.  His  seafaring  life  began  in 
1668,  and  until  1691  he  led  a  life  of  the  wildest  adventure^  . 
generally  as  a  sailor  on  various  piratical  cruises  on  the 
western  coast  of  America  and  elsewhere.  During  this 
time  he  circumnavigated  the  globe.  In  1697  hepublished 
his  "  Voyage  round  the  World,"  and  this  was  supplement- 
ed by  a  second  volume  of  travels  in  1699.  In  1699  he  was 
given  command  of  a  ship  in  which  he  again  went  round 
the  world,  exploring  the  coasts  of  Australia  and  New 
Guinea.  He  started  again  on  a  privateering  cruise  with 
two  ships  in  1708,  but  accomplished  little,  and  his  com- 
pany was  broken  up;  he  reached  England,  altera  third 
circumnavigation,  1707.  Subsequently  he  was  pilot  of 
the  privateer  Duke,  and  again  went  round  the  world. 
Besides  his  travels  he  published  a  well-known  "  Discourse 
on  the  Winds."    The  followtog  were  named  for  him : 

Dampier  Archipelago.  A  group  of  small  isl- 
ands situated  northwest  of  Australia,  about  lat. 
20°  30'  S.,  long.  116°-117°  B. 

Dampier  Island.  A  small  island  off  the  north- 
east coast  of  Papua. 

Dampier  Land.  A  maritime  district  in  west 
Australia,  in  lat.  17°-18°  S. 

Dampier  Strait.  1.  A  strait  on  the  northwest 
of  Papua,  separating  that  island  from  Wai- 
giu. —  2.  A  strait  on  the  northeast  of  Papna, 
separating  Papua  from  New  Britain. 

Dampierre  (don-pyar'),  Auguste  Henri  Marie 
Picot,  Marquis  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  19, 
1756:  died  nearVicogne,  Nord,  France,  May 
9, 1793.  A  French  revolutionary  general,  dis- 
tinguished in  the  campaigns  of  1792-93. 

Damply  (dam'pli),  Widow.  A  character  in 
Garrick's  play  "  The  Male  Coquette." 

Damrosch  (dam'rosh),  Leopold.  Bom  at  Po- 
sen,  Prussia,  Oct.  22,  1832 :  died  at  New  York, 
Feb.  15,  1885.  A  noted  conductor,  solo  violin- 
ist, and  composer.  He  settled  in  New  York  in  1871, 
and  was  instrumental  in  the  establishment  of  German 
opera  at  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House,  New  Tork.  He 
was  its  director,  as  well  as  ol  the  Oratorio  and  Symphony 
societies  and  the  Arion,  until  his  death. 

Damrosch,  Walter.  Bom  at  Breslau,  Prussia, 
Jan.  30,  1862.  Musician,  son  of  the  above. 
He  has  been  director  of  the  Oratorio  Society  and  (until 
1898)  of  the  Symphony  Society,  and  an  operatic  conductor. 

Damsel  of  Brittany.  A  surname  of  Eleanor 
of  Brittany,  niece  of  King  John  of  England,  and 
sister  of  Arthur,  count  of  Brittany.  She  was 
imprisoned  by  John,  and  died  1241. 

D'Ajnville  (dam'vil).  The  Atheist  in  Cyidl 
Toumeur's  play  "  The  Atheist's  Tragedy." 

Dan  (dan).  [Heb.,' judge.']  1.  A  son  of  Jacob 
by  Bilhah.  Gen.  xxx.  6. — 2.  A  Hebrew  tribe. 
The  portion  allotted  to  the  Danites,  as  described  in  Josh, 
xix.,  was  the  small  but  fertile  hilly  tract  west  of  Benjap 
min  and  northwest  of  Judah  to  the  sea,  includtog  the 
cities  of  Japho,  Ekron,  Gathrimmon,  etc.  But  though  the 
tribe  of  Dan  was  originally  one  of  the  strongest  numeri- 
cally, counting  62,000  to  64,000,  it  was  not  equal  to  the 
task  of  expelling  the  Ammonites,  and  later  the  Philistines,  , 
from  that  territory,  and  only  for  a  time  prevailed  with  the 
help  of  Ephraim  and  Judah.  In  consequence  of  this,  part 
of  the  tribe  migrated  to  the  extreme  north  of  the  coun- 
try, and  conquered  the  city  of  Laish,  henceforth  called  Dan 
(see  below).  That  part  which  remained  in  the  south, 
from  which  the  hero  Samson  descended,  disappeared  from 
history,  and  seems  to  have  been  absorbed,  by  the  tribe  of 
Judah. 

3.  The  city  formerly  called  Laish,  and  named 
Dan  after  its  capture  by  the  Danites.  it  is  sit- 
uated on  the  slopes  of  Hermon,  not  far  from  the  modem 
Banias  (still  called  Tel-el-Kadi,  'hill  of  the  Judge'),  and 
is  often  mentioned  in  the  Old  Testament  as  the  most 
northern  landmark  of  Palestine,  in  the  formula  "  from 
Dan  to  Beersheba."  It  oontatoed  a  sanctuary  with  an 
image  the  exact  nature  of  which  is  not  known.    At  the 


Dan 

division  of  the  kingdom  Jeroboam  put  up  there  one  of  the 
"calves."  It  is  first  mentioned  in  Gen.  xiv.  14  as  the 
place  at  which  Chedorlaomer,  king  of  Elam,  and  his  four 
allies  were  overthrown  and  defeated  by  Abraham.  The 
occurrence  in  this  account  of  the  name  which  was  given  to 
the  place  many  centuries  later  is  variously  explained.  If 
the  Dan  of  Gen.  xlv.  is  identical  with  that  of  Judges  xviii., 
and  if  the  account  of  Gen.  xiv.  is  authentic,  the  name  Dan 
may  have  been  later  inserted  in  the  MS.  for  Laish,  when 
the  latter  was  superseded  by  the  former. 

Dan.  A  river  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina 
■wMoh  unites  with  the  Staimtou  at  Clarksville, 
Va. ,  to  form  the  Roanoke.  Length,  about  200  miles.' 

Dana  (da'na),  Charles  Anderson.  Born  at 
Hinsdale,  N.H.,  Aug.  8,  1819:  died  at  West  Is- 
land, near  Grlen  Cove,  L.  I.,  Oct.  17, 1897.  An 
American  journalist  and  man  of  letters.  He  was 
one  of  the  leaders  in  the  Brook  Farm  Association  in  1842 ; 
was  connected  with  the  New  York '  *  Tribune  "  1847-62 ;  was 
assistant  secretary  of  war  1863-64 ;  and  became  editor  of 
the  New  York  "  Sun  "  in  1868.  He  published  '■  Househfjld 
Book  of  Poetry  "  (1867),  etc,  and  edited,  with  Kipley,  the 
"  American  CjclopsBdja." 

Dana,  Edward  Salisbury.  Bom  at  New  Ha- 
ven, Conn.,  Nov.  16,  1849.  An  American  min- 
eralogist and  physicist,  son  of  J.  D.  Dana.  He 
was  assistant  professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  Yale  Uni- 
versity until  1890,  when  he  became  professor  of  physics. 

Dana,  Francis.  Born  at  Charlestown,  Mass., 
June  13, 1743 :  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  April 
25, 1811.  An  American  jurist,  diplomatist,  and 
politician,  son  of  Eichard  Dana.  He  was  min- 
ister to  Russia  1781-88,  and  chief  justice  of 
Massachusetts  1791-1806. 

Dana,  James  Dwight.  Bom  at  Utica,  N. Y. ,  Feh . 
12,1813:  diedatNewHaven,Conn.,Aprill4,1895. 
A  noted  geologist  and  mineralogist,  professor  at 
Yale  from  1845.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1833 ;  trav- 
eled in  the  Mediterranean  as  mathematical  instructor  of 
midshipmenintheUnitedStatesnavy  1833-35;  was  assistant 
to  Professor  Silliman  at  Yale  1836-38 ;  and  took  part  in  the 
Wilkes  exploring  expedition  1838-42.  His  important  "  Re- 
ports" of  the  expedition  (on  geology,  corals,  and  crusta^ 
ceans)  were  published  1846-54.  His  works  include  "Sys- 
tem of  Mineralogy  "  (1837),  "Manual  of  Geology  "  (1863), 
"  Text  Book  of  Geology  for  Schools  and  Academies  "  (1864), 
"Corals  and  Coral  Islands"  (1872),  "Characteristics  of 
Volcanoes  "  (1890),  etc. 

Dana,  Bichard.  Bom  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
July  7, 1700:  died  May  17,  1772.  An  American 
lawyer  and  patriot.  He  was  a  prominent  member  of 
the  Boston  bar,  and,  as  a  supporter  of  the  popular  cause, 
frequently  presided  over  the  Boston  town  meetings  be- 
tween 1763  and  1772,  and  otherwise  took  a  prominent  part 
in  the  movements  which  preceded  the  Bevolution. 

Dana,  Richard  Henry.  Bom  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Nov.  15,  1787:  died  at  Boston,  Feb.  2, 
1879.  An  American  poet  and  essayist,  son  of 
Francis  Dana.  He  studied  at  Harvard  1804-07  (ex- 
pelled in  the  latter  year) ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1811 ;  was  associate  editor  of  the  "  North  American  Re- 
view "  1818-20 ;  and  conducted  the  serial  "  The  Idle  Man  " 
1821-22.  He  published  *'  Buccaneer,  and  Other  Poems  " 
(1827),  etc.,  and  wrote  ten  lectures  on  the  characters  of 
Shakspere  and  delivered  them  in  1839-40.  He  published 
his  collected  works  in  prose  and  verse  in  1850. 

Dana,  Bichard  Henry.  Bom  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Aug.  1,  1815  :  died  at  Rome,  Italy,  Jan. 
6,  1882.  An  American  jurist,  politician, .  and 
author,  son  of  R.  H.  Dana  (1787-1879).  In  1834 
he  shipped  before  the  mast  for  a  voyage  on  the  Pacific  to 
restore  his  health.  From  this  voyage  came  "  Two  Years 
Before  the  Mast"  (1840).  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Free-Soil  party  1848.  Among  his  other  works  are 
"  The  Seamen's  Friend  "  (1841),  and  an  edition  of  Wheat- 
on's  "Elements  of  International  Law  "(1866). 

Dana,  Samuel  Luther.  Bom  at  Amherst, 
N.  H.,  July  11,  1795:  died  at  Lowell,  Mass., 
March  11,  1868.  An  American  chemist  and 
agricultural  writer;  He  was  employed  as  chemist  to 
the  Merriraac  Print  Works  at  Lowell  upward  of  thirty 
years,  and  invented  a  new  method  of  bleaching  cotton, 
which  was  generally  adopted. 

DanaS  (dan'a-e).  [Gr.  Aavdr/.']  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  daughter  of  Aorisius  of  Argos,  and 
mother  of  Perseus  by  Zeus,  who  visited  her, 
while  she  was  shut  up  in  a  brazen  tower  by  her 
father,  in  the  form  01  a  shower  of  gold,  she  was 
shut  up  with  her  child  in  a  chest,  thrown  into  the  sea, 
and  carried  by  the  waves  to  the  island  of  Seriphos,  From 
various  difficulties  she  was  in  the  end  rescued  by  Perseus 
and  brought  back  to  Greece.  Many  of  the  representa- 
tions of  her  in  art  are  famous.  Among  them  are  :  (a)  A 
painting  by  Eembrandt,  in  the  Hermitage  Museum,  St. 
Petersburg.  Danae  lies,  undraped,  on  a  bed  covered  with 
green  silk ;  her  unloosed  girdle  has  fallen  to  the  floor. 
An  old  woman  is  in  attendance  behind  the  curtains.  (6) 
A  painting  by  Correggio,  in  the  Palazzo  Borghese,  Rome. 
She  reclines  smiling  on  her  couch,  while  Cupid  before  her 
holds  out  a  fold  of  the  drapery  over  her  knees  to  catch 
the  golden  shower,  (c)  A  masterpiece  of  Titian  in  the 
Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  Danae  reclines  on  a  couch 
while  the  golden  shower  falls  upon  her.  (d)  A  painting 
by  Titian,  in  the  Imperial  Gallery  at  Vienna.  Danae  lies, 
nude,  on  a  cushioned  couch;  the  golden  rain  falls  from 
a  cloud  over  her,  in  which  the  face  and  hand  of  Jupiter 
appear.  An  old  woman  seeks  to  catch  some  of  the  shower 
in  a  dish. 

Danai  (dan'a-i),  or  Danaoi  (-oi).  [Gr.  Aavaoi.l 
In  ancient  (jreek  history,  the  Argives :  used  by 


306 
Homer  to  denote  the  Greeks  generally.     See 


Danaides  (da-na'i-dez).  [Gr.  Aavatdsg.']  In 
Greek  legend,  the  fifty  daughters  of  Danaus, 
by  whose  command  they  slew  their  husbands. 
According  to  later  writers,  they  were  con- 
demned in  Hades  to  pour  water  into  sieves. 
See  Danatis. 

Danakil  (da-na-kel').  A  Hamitic  tribe  of  the 
Ethiopian  branch,  settled  in  the  arid  region  be- 
tween Abyssinia,  Massowa,  and  Obock.  They 
claim  to  be  Arabs  and  Mohammedans,  but  are  really  pa- 
gan.   Their  native  name  is  Afar.    Also  called  DanJccUi. 

Danakil,  Country  of  the.  A  region  in  east- 
em  Africa,  lying  between  the  Red  Sea  on  the 
east  and  Abyssinia  on  the  west:  also  called 
Afar  country. 

Danaus  (d^n'a-us).  [Gr.  Aavaiif.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a  sou  "of  Belus  and  grandson  of  Posei- 
don, the  founder  of  Argos,  and  ancestor  of  the 
Danai.     He  was  the  brother  of  iEgyptus. 

Danbury  (dan'bu-ri).  A  city  in  Fairfield  County, 
Connecticut,  52  miles  northeast  of  New  York. 
It  is  noted  for  its  hat  manufactures.  It  was  burned  by 
the  British  in  1777.    Population  (1900),  16,537. 

Danby  (dan'bi),  Francis.  Born  at  Wexford  (?), 
Ireland,  Nov.  16,  1793 :  died  at  Exmouth,  Eng- 
land, Feb.,  1861.  An  English  historical  and 
landscape  painter. 

Dance  (dans),  George.  1700-68.  An  English 
architect,  designer  of  the  Mansion  House,  Lon- 
don, in  1739. 

Dance,  George.  Bom  about  1740 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  14,  1825.  An  English  architect  and 
artist,  son  of  George  Dance.  He  designed  New- 
gate Prison,  London,  in  1770. 

Dance,  Nathaniel.  Born  1734 :  died  at  Cam- 
borough  House,  near  Winchester,  England,  Oct. 
15,  1811.  An  English  painter,  son  of  George 
Dance  (died  17681. 

Dance  of  Death,  Dance  of  Macaber  (ma-ka'- 
ber).  [P.  Danse  Macabre,  L.  Chorea  Macka- 
hseorum.']  Originally,  a  kind  of  morality  or  al- 
legorical representation  intended  to  remind  the 
living  of  the  power  of  death.  It  originated  in  the 
14th  century  in  Germany,  and  consisted  of  dialogues  be- 
tween Death  and  a  number  of  typical  followers,  which 

,were  acted  in  or  near  churches  by  the  religious  orders. 
Soon  after  it  was  repeated  in  France.  It  became  extraor- 
dinarily popular,  and  was  treated  in  every  passible  way, 
in  pictures,  bas-reliefs,  tapestry,  etc.  Death  is  made 
grotesque  and  a  sort  of  "  horrid  Harlequin,"  a  skeleton 
dancer  or  musician  playing  for  dancing,  leading  all  man- 
kind. A  dramatic  poem  which  grew  out  of  this  was 
imitated  in  Spain  in  1400 as  "La  Danza  General  de  los 
Muertos."  In  1425  the  French,  having  illustrated  each 
verse,  had  the  whole  series  painted  on  the  wall  of  the 
churchyard  of  the  Monastery  of  the  Innocents,  where  they 
acted  the  drama.  In  1430  the  poem  and  pictures  were 
produced  in  London,  and  not  long  after  at  Salisbury  (1460), 
Wortley  Hall  in  Gloucestershire,  and  other  places.  In 
Germany  it  attained  its  greatest  populaalty.  The  drama 
was  acted  until  about  the  middle  of  the  15th  century, 
when  the  pictures  became  the  main  point  of  interest. 
There  is  a  picture  of  tills  kind  in  the  Marienkirche  at 
Lilbeck,  and  one  was  on  the  cloister  wall  of  Klingenthal, 
a  convent  at  Basel,  both  of  the  14th  century :  the  latter 
disappeared  in  1805.  One  in  the  Campo  Santo  at  Pisa  is 
ascribed  to  Orcagna.  In  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  a  pro- 
cessional Dance  of  Death  was  painted  around  the  cloisters 
of  old  St.  Paul's  in  London.  Holbein  has  left  fifty-three 
sketches  for  engraving,  the  originals  of  which  are  in  St. 
Petersburg:  these  he  called  "Imagines  Mortis";  they 
are,  however,  independent,  and  do  not  represent  a  dance. 
Lydgate  wrote  a  metrical  translation  of  the  poem  for  the 
chapter  of  St.  Paul's,  to  be  placed  under  the  pictures  in 
the  cloister.  Various  explanations  of  the  name  Macaber 
or  Macabre  have  been  given. 

The  name  "  Macabre  "  probably  arose  from  the  associa- 
tion of  this  subject  wffch  a  painting  that  illustrated  a 
thirteenth-century  legend  of  the  lesson  given  by  certain 
hideous  speetres  of  Death  to  three  noble  youths  when 
hunting  in  a  forest.  They  afterwards  arrived  at  the  cell 
of  St.  Maoarius,  an  Egyptian  anchorite,  who  was  shown 
in  a  painting  by  Andrew  Orgagna  presenting  them  with 
one  hand  a  label  of  admonition  on  the  vainglory  of  lite, 
and  with  the  other  hand  pointing  to  three  open  coifins. 
In  one  coffin  is  a  skeleton,  in  one  a  king. 

Marley.,  English  Writers,  VI.  109. 

Dancourt  (don-kor'),  (Florent  Carton).  Bom 
at  Fontainebleau,  France,  Nov.  1, 1661 :  died  at 
Courcelles-le-Eoi,  Berry,  France,  Dee.  6,  1725. 
A  French  comedian  and  playwright.  His  plays 
deal  almost  exclusively  with  the  middle  class.  Among 
them  are  "Le  chevalier  4  la  mode"  (1687),  "Les  bour- 
geoises de  quality"  (1700),  "Les  trois  cousins  "  (1700). 

Dandie  Dinmont.    See  Dinmont,  Dandie. 

Dandin,  George.    See  George  Dandin. 

Dandin  (don-dan'),  Perrin.  A  name  given  to 
an  ignorant  and  preposterous  judge  in  Racine's 
"Les  plaideurs"  and  in  La  Fontaine's  "Fa- 
bles," taken  from  Rabelais's  "Perrin  Dendin." 

Dandolo  (dan'do-lo),  Andrea.  Boml3l0:  died 
Oct.  7, 1354.  Doge  of  Venice  1343-54.  He  joined 
in  1343  the  Crusade  proclaimed  by  CJlement  VI.  against  the 
Turks,  which  ended  in  a  peace  advantageous  to  Venice  in 


Daniel 

1346.  He  waged  almost  continuous  war  with  Genoa  1348- 
1364.  He  wrote  "Chronicon  Venetum,"  a  Latin  chronicle 
of  Venice,  which  terminates  with  the  year  1339. 

Dandolo,  Enrico.  Born  at  Venice  about  1108: 
died  at  Constantinople,  June  14, 1205.  Doge  of 
Venice  1192-1205.  He  was  the  leader  of  the  Vene- 
tians and  Crusaders  in  the  capture  of  Constantinople 
1203  and  1204.  He  went  as  ambassador  to  the  Byzantine 
court  in  1173,  and  was  blinded  by  order  of  the  emperor 
ManueL 

Dandolo,  Count  Vincenzo.  Bom  at  Venice, 
Oct.  26,  1758:  died  there,  Dec.  13,  1819.  An 
Italian  chemist  and  economist.  He  wrote  "  Fonda- 
menti  della  fisico-chimica"  (1796),  "Discorsi  suUa  pasto- 
rizia,  etc."  (1806),  etc. 

Dane  (dan),  Nathan.  Bom  at  Ipswich,  Mass., 
Dec.  27, 1752:  died  at  Beverley,  Mass.,  Feb.  15, 
1835.  An  American  jurist.  He  drafted  the  ordi- 
nance relating  to  the  government  of  the  territory  north- 
west of  the  Ohio  1786-87,  and  published  "Abridgment  and 
Digest  of  American  Law  "  (1823-29). 

Danelagh,  or  Danelaw  (dan'ia).  [Also  Dane- 
lagh, Danelage,  etc.,  after  ME.  or  ML.  transcrip- 
tions of  the  AS. ;  AS.  Dena  lagu,  law  of  the 
Danes:  Dena,  gen.  of  Dene,  the  Danes;  lagu, 
law.]  That  part  of  England  where  the  Danish 
influence  was  paramount  during  the  9th  and 
10th  centuries.  It  corresponded  to  the  modem  shires 
York,  Lincoln,  Nottingham,  Derby,  Leicester,  Rutland, 
Norfolk,  Suffolk,  Essex,  Cambridge,  Huntingdon,  North- 
ampton, Buckingham,  Bedford,  and  Herts. 

Danes  (danz).  [From  ME.  Dane  (after  MTi, 
Dani,  etc.),  Dene,  from  AS.  Dene,  pi.,  =D. 
Deen  =  Qc.  Dane,  etc.,  =Icel.  Danir,  pl.,=Dan. 
Dane,  pi.  Daner,  also  Dan-slc=%w.  Dan-sk;  first 
in  LL.  Dani,  pi. ;  idt.  origin  unknown.]  The 
natives  of  Denmark.  They  were  first  described 
early  in  the  6th  century  as  on  the  western  coast  of  the  Cim- 
brian  peninsula,  in  territory  formerly  occupied  by  the 
Heruli,  whither,  according  to  Jordanes,  they  had  come 
from  Scandinavia.  The  Old  Danish  language  is  preserved 
in  numerous  runic  inscriptions,  the  oldest  of  which  date- 
from  the  Viking  age  (700-1050),  and  in  literature  from  the- 
13th  century.  Three  principal  dialectic  groups  are  dis- 
tinguished, which  are  typically  represented  by  the  dialects- 
of  Scania  in  southern  Sweden,  Zealand,  and  Jutland.  The 
Zealand  dialect  became  the  literary  form  at  about  the  time 
of  the  Reformation,  from  which  period  modem  Danish, 
dates. 

Danewerk   (dan'e-verk),  Dan.  Dannevirke. 

['Danes' work.']  An  ancient  intreuchment  or 
wall  erected  by  King  Gfittrik  in  the  9th  cen- 
tury as  a  protection  of  Denmark  against  inva- 
sion from  the  south.  It  extended  from  the  Schlel 
to  the  Treene.  It  was  strengthened  in  the  10th  century 
and  later,  and  was  captured  £rom  the  Danes  by  the  Prus- 
sians April  23, 1848. 

Dangeau  (don-zho'),  Philippe  de  Courcillon, 

Marquis  de.  A  French  soldier,  aide-de-camp- 
to  Louis  xiv.  whom  he  attended  in  all  his 
campaigns.  He  wrote  a  voluminous  journal,  covering 
the  period  from  1684  to  1720,  and  giving  in  minute  detau 
the  occurrences  and  the  etiquette  of  the  court  of  Louis. 
Dangle  (dang'gl).  An  amateur  critic,  in  Sheri- 
dan's farce  "  The  Critic,"  whose  peculiarities- 
are  agreeably  described  by  his  wife  in  the  first 
scene:  supposed  to  be  a  satire  on  Thomas 
Vaughan,  a  playwright. 

And  what  have  you  to  do  with  the  theatre,  Mr.  Dangle?' 
Why  should  you  affect  the  character  of  a  critic?  I  have 
no  patience  with  you  1  Haven't  you  made  yourself  the  ■ 
jest  of  all  your  acquaintance  by  your  interference  in  mat- 
ters where  you  have  no  business?  Are  not  you  called  a- 
theatrical  quidnunc,  and  a  mock  Mtecenas  to  second-hand 
authors?  Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i 

Danican  (da-ne-kon'),  Frangois  Andrfi,  usual- 
ly known  as  Philidor.  Born  at  Dreux,  France, 
Sept.  7,  1726:  died  at  London,  Aug.  31,  1795. 
A  noted  French  chess-player  and  musical  com- 
poser, author  of  "Analyse  du  jeu  des  6checs" 
(1777). 

Daniel  (dan'yel).  [Heb.,  'my  judge  is  God.'] 
One  of  the  prophets  of  the  6ld  Testament. 
According  to  the  hook  which  bears  his  name,  he  (prob- 
ably being  of  royal  or  noble  descent)  was  carried  on  cap- 
tive to  Babylon  in  the  third  year  of  JehoiaJdm  (606  B.  0.), 
and  with  three  other  Israelltish  youths  of  noble  blood, 
Hananlah,  Mishael,  and  Azariali,  was  instructed  in  the  lan- 
guage and  learning  of  the  Babylonians  and  educated  for 
the  king's  service.  They  refrained  from  defiling  them- 
selves by  partaking  of  the  food  of  the  king.  Daniel  was 
especially  gifted  with  "understanding  in  all  visions  and 
dreams,"  and  successfully  exercised  this  gift  by  interpret- 
ing disquieting  dreams  of  Nebuchadnezzar,  and  the  mys- 
terious writing  on  the  wall  which  disturbed  the  revelry 
of  Belshazzar  (Dan.  v.  5).  At  the  accession  of  Darius  he 
was  made  "one  of  the  three  presidents"  of  the  empire. 
He  was  divinely  delivered  from  the  lions'  den  into  which 
he  was  thrown  for  refusing  to  obey  a  decree  of  ijie  king 
forbidding  any  one  to  ask  a  petition  of  God  or  man  for 
thirty  days  except  the  king.  He  was  still  prosperous  un- 
der Cyrus.  In  the  thu-d  year  of  Cyrus  he  saw  the  vision 
on  the  bank  of  the  Tigris,  and  this  is  the  last  notice  about 
him  in  the  Old  Testament.  He  is  referred  to  by  Ezeklel 
as  a  pattern  of  righteousness  and  wisdom.  In  addition  to 
his  Hebrew  name,  a  Babylonian  one,  Beltesha^zar  (which 
see),  was  given  him.  Legends  about  him  grew  up,  as  in 
the  apocryphal  additions  to  the  biblical  book  which  bears 
his  name,  "Bel  and  the  Dragon,"  the  story  of  Susanna  and 


Daniel 

Daniel,  etc.  According  to  Mohammedan  tradition,  Daniel 
returned  to  Palestine,  where  he  held  the  government  of 
Syria,  and  finally  died  at  Susa,  where  his  tomb  is  still 
shown,  and  is  visited  by  crowds  of  pilgrims. 
Daniel,  Book  of.  A  book  which  in  the  English 
Bible,  as  iu  all  other  translations,  follows  Eze- 
ki  el  as  the  fourth  of  the  greater  prophets,  while  ia 
the  original  Hebrew  Bible  it  has  its  place  in  the 
third  division  of  the  Canon,  the  Hagiographa. 
It  is  generally  divided  Into  two  parts.  The  first,  chapters 
1.-V1.,  contains  historical  incidents ;  the  second,  chapters 
vlL-xli.,  visions.  Chapters  11.  4-vil.,  inclusive,  are  written 
in  Aramaic :  the  rest  in  Hebrew.  The  authenticity  and 
historical  character  of  the  book  were  early  CEdled  in  ques- 
tion. Porphyry,  in  his  discourses  against  the  Christians, 
and  most  modern  critics  relegate  the  bools  in  its  present 
shape,  on  historical  and  linguistic  grounds,  to  the  period 
of  the  persecutions  ot  Antiochus  Epiphanes  (about  167 
B.  0.).  The  writer  exhibits  a  familiarity  with  the  history 
ot  that  period,  while  his  historical  references  to  the  time 
in  which  Daniel  is  supposed  to  have  lived  are  vague  and 
in  many  instances  Incorrect :  as,  for  instance,  that  Nebu- 
chadnezzar was  the  father  of  Belshazzar,  that  the  latter  was 
the  last  Babylonian  king,  and  that  Darius,  and  not  Cyrus, 
was  the  successor  ot  Nabonldus  in  the  rule  over  Babylonia. 
The  language  of  the  book  Contains  numerous  Persian  and 
Greek  words  which  point  to  a  time  when  these  empires 
had  long  been  established.  The  object  of  the  author  may 
have  been  to  encourage  his  people  to  constancy  and  faith- 
fulness in  the  desperate  struggle  for  their  country  and 
faith,  showing  them  how  the  constancy  and  fidelity  of 
Daniel  and  his  three  companions  were  rewarded,  and  re- 
vealing to  them  the  glorious  future  which  Is  to  follow 
their  present  sufferings.  This,  however,  does  not  exclude 
a  historical  basis  of  the  narratives  contained  In  the  book ; 
and  it  is  not  impossible  that  a  Daniel  similar  to  the  one 
described  in  the  book  not  only  existed  during  the  exile, 
but  that  also  some  written  materials  w  ere  extant  from  him, 
which  the  author  of  the  2d  century  cast,  together  with  the 
traditions,  into  a  literary  form,  with  a  special  view  to  the 
circumstances  of  his  own  time. 

Daniel  (dan-yel'),  Arnaud.    See  the  extract. 

Of  the  troubadours  themselves  none  is  mentioned  with 
higher  praise  than  Arnaut  Daniel.  Petrarch  calls  him 
gran  maestro  d*a/more,  the  "  great  master  of  love,  whose 
novel  and  beautiful  style  still  (1.  e.  about  the  middle  of 
the  fourteenth  centuiy)  does  honor  to  his  country  " ;  and 
Dante,  in  his  philological  and  metrical  treatise  "De  vul- 
garl  eloquio,"  declares  himself  Indebted  to  Arnaut  for  the 
structure  of  several  of  his  stanzas.  The  "  sestlna,"  for  in- 
stance, a  poem  of  six  verses  in  which  the  final  words  of 
the  first  stanza  appear  in  Inverted  order  in  all  the  others, 
is  an  Invention  of  this  troubadour  adopted  by  Dante  and 
Petrarch,  and,  most  likely  through  the  medium  of  French 
models,  by  Mr.  Swinburne.    Hueffer,  Troubadours,  p.  46. 

Daniel,  Gabriel.  Bom  at  Rouen,  France,  Feb. 
8, 1649 :  died  at  Paris,  June  23, 1728.  A  French 
Jesuit  historian  and  theologian,  author  of  a 
famous  "Histoire  de  France  "(1713),  etc. 

Daniel  (da'ne-el),  Hermann  Adalbert.  Bom 
at  Kothen,  G-ermany,  Nov.  18,  1812:  died  at 
Leipsic,  Sept.  13, 1871.  A  German  geographer 
and  theologian.  He  wrote  "Thesaurus  hym- 
nologicus"  (1841-56),  "Lehrbuoh  der  Geogra- 

_phie"  (1845),  etc. 

Daniel  (dan'yel),  Samuel.  Bom'  probably 
near  Taunton,  Somerset,  England,  1562 :  died 
at  Beekington,  Somerset,  Oct.  14,  1619.  An 
English  poet  and  historian,  author  of  "Books 
of  the  Civil  Wars"  (1595-1609),  "Musophilus  " 
(1599),  etc.;  in  prose,  "History  of  England" 
(1612).  Calledby  William  Browne  "  The  Well- 
languaged  D." 

Daniel  Deronda  (dan'yel  de-ron'da).  A  novel 
by  George  Eliot,  it  appeared  in  eight  monthly  parts, 
beginning  in  February,  1876,  and  as  a  whole  in  1877.  The 
hook  imfolds  the  author's  conceptions  of  social  growth, 
the  strength  of  tradition,  and  the  Impelling  force  of  na- 
tionality.   See  Deronda. 

Daniell  (dan'yej),  John  Frederick.  Bom  at 
London,  March  12,  1790:  died  at  London, 
March  13,  1845.  An  English  physicist  and 
chemist,  inventor  of  a  hygrometer  (about  1820). 
His  works  include  "Meteorological  Essays"  (1823),  "In- 
troduction to  Chemic4  Philosophy  "  (1839),  etc. 

Daniell,  Samuel.  Bom  at  London  in  1775 
(1777  ?) :  died  in  Ceylon,  Dec,  1811.  An  Eng- 
lish artist  and  traveler,  brother  of  William 
Daniell. 

Daniell,  Thomas.  Bom  1749 :  died  at  London, 
March  19,  1840.  An  English  landscape-painter 
and  engraver,  best  known  by  his  illustrations 
of  works  on  Eastern  subjects. 

Danish  War,  The.  See  SchJemigSolstein  War, 
The 

Danites  (dan'its).  1.  The  members  of  the  He- 
brew tribe  of  Dan.  SeeKam.— 3.  Themembers 
of  a  secret  organization  in  the  Mormon  Church, 
who  are  sworn  to  support  the  heads  of  the 
church  in  everything  that  they  say  or  do,  whe- 
ther right  or  wrong.  •      _,       T,  .    -KT 

Dannat  (dan'at),  William  T.  Bom  at  New 
York  in  1853.  An  American  figure-pamter. 
He  studied  at  Munich  and  Florence,  and  with  MunJsacsy 
ft  S;  aad  received  the  third-class  medal  at  Pans  m 

Dannecker  (dan'nek-er),  Johann  Heinrich 
von.    Bom  at  Waldenbuch,  near  Stuttgart, 


307 

Oct.  15,  1758:  died  there,  Dee.  8,  1841.  A  Ger- 
man sculptor.  In  1T71  he  entered  the  Karlsschule  at 
Stuttgart,  where  he  was  associated  with  Schiller.  He  de- 
signed at  an  early  age  some  statues  of  children  and  cary- 
atides which  still  adorn  the  chilteau  of  Stuttgart  and 
Hohenheim.  Appointed  court  sculptor  (1780)  to  Duke 
Charles  of  Wiirtemberg,  he  went  to  Paris,  where  he 
studied  with  Pajou.  In  1785  he  went  to  Rome,  where  he 
met  Canova,  Goethe,  and  Herder.  His  statue  of  Ceres 
and  Bacchus  procured  him  admission  to  the  academies  of 
MUan  and  Bologna.  On  his  return  to  Stuttgart  (1790),  he 
was  appointed  professor  at  the  academy.  His  most  fa- 
mous work  is  a  statue  of  Ariadne  on  a  panther.  Among 
his  other  works  are  a  statue  ot  Sappho,  a  bustot  Schiller, 
a  bust  of  Gluck  (1809),  etc. 

Dannemora,  or  Danemora  (da-ne-mo'ra).  A 
small  parish  in  the  laen  of  Upsala,  Sweden, 
situated  28  miles  northeast  of  Upsala.  It  is 
celebrated  for  its  iron-mines  (the  best  in  Swe- 
den). 

Dannemora  (dan-e-mo'ra).    A  town  in  Clinton 


Danville 

was  one  of  his  contemporaries  and  neighbors  at  Florence, 
"went  to  the  University  (studio)  at  Bologna  and  then  at 
Paris,  and  in  other  parts  of  the  world."  Boccaccio,  a  little 
later  in  point  of  time,  mentions  incidentally  that  Dante 
visited  England  as  well  as  France  ;  and  Giovanni  da  Se- 
ravalle,  Bishop  of  Fermo,  writing  in  U16,  states  posi- 
tively that  Dante  studied  the  liberal  arts  at  Padua  and 
Bologna,  and  theology  at  Oxford  and  Paris.  Some  mdi- 
rect  evidence  in  support  of  this  may  be  found  in  the  "  Di- 
vina  Commedia,"  which  contains  a  description  of  the  coast 
of  Flanders,  an  allusion  to  Westminster  Abbey,  and  sev- 
eral scattered  notices  of  English  affairs.  A  close  resem- 
blance has  also  been  traced  between  some  of  Dante's 
opinions  and  those  of  Roger  Bacon,  the  great  English 
philosopher.  The  date  of  Dante's  undoubted  sojourn  at 
Paris  must  be  placed  either  between  the  years  1287  and 
1289,  or  between  1308  and  1314.  Lyte,  Oxford,  p.  89. 

Dant&s  (don-tas'),  Edmond.  The  Count  of 
Monte  Cristo,  in  Dumas's  novel  of  that  name. 
He  appears,  for  the  furtherance  of  his  re- 
venge, as  Lord  Wilmore  and  the  Abb6  Busoni. 


County,  northeastem  N'ew  York,  situated  12  ^.^^^\S^^o'}%7^^^°,:    ^''^",  at  Perugia: 


miles  west  of  Plattsbuig.     It  is  the  seat  of 
Clinton  State  prison.   Population  (1900),  3,720. 

Dannevirke,  Dannewerk.    See  Danewerh. 

Dansville  (danz'vil).     A  village  in  Livingston 


died  May  24, 1576.  An  Italian  goldsmith,  sculp- 
tor, military  architect,  and  poet.  He  made  the 
"Decapitation  of  St.  John"  over  the  door  of  the  baptis- 
terjr  at  Florence,  and  the  statue  of  Pope  Julius  IIL  at  Pe- 
rugia. 


County,  western  New  York,  situated  63  miles  Danton  (don-t6n'),  Georges  Jacques.    Bom  at 


southeast  of  Buffalo.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  water- 
cure  estabKshmeut.     Population  (1900),  3,633. 

Dantan  (don-ton'),  Antoine  Laurent.  Bom  at 
St.  Cloud,  Dee.  8, 1798 :  died  there,  May  31, 1878. 
A  French  sculptor,  a  pupil  of  Bosio. 

Dantan,  Jean  Pierre,  Born  at  Paris,  Dec, 
1800:  died  at  Baden-Baden,  Sept.,  1869.  A 
French  sculptor,  brother  of  A.  L.  Dantan,  noted 
especially  forgrotesque  busts 


Arcis-sur-Aube,  France,  Oct.  28,  1759 :  guillo- 
tined at  Paris,  April  5,  1794.  A  celebrated 
French  revolutionist.  He  was  the  leader  of  the 
attack  on  the  Tuileries,  Aug.  10,  1792;  was  minister 
of  justice  in  Aug. ;  was  implicated  in  the  "  September 
massacres";  moved  the  formation  of  the  Revolutionary 
tribunal  March,  1793 ;  and  was  a  member  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Public  Safety  Aprfl-Sept.,  1793.  He  overthrew 
Hubert  and  his  party  with  the  aid  of  Robespierre,  and  was 
in  turn  overthrown  by  the  latter.  He  was  an  orator  of 
great  power. 


^■S^^t  ^T^wf/>!;  '^f^^}i^\^\  ^°^f  Dan  Tucker  (dan  tuk'er).    A  negro  song  with 

Bom  m  Bahia  about  1825 :  died  Jan.  15,  1894.  ^he  refrain  "Out  o'  de  way,  ole  Dan  Tucker" : 

A  Brazilian  politician  of  the  liberal  party.  i ^  +        f     f    aa-nta\n  Danipl  TimlrAr  nf  Vir 

He  was  senator  tfom  1879,  minister  of  justice  in  1880,  and  ^^"f  ^°  reter  to  l..aptain  l^aniel  i  ucter  ot  Vir- 

of  the  interior  in  1882,  and  prime  minister  from  June  6,  ginia,_second  governor  ot  Bermuda. 

1884,  to  May  7, 1885.    He  brought  forward  a  bUl  for  eman-  DantzlC,  or  Dantsic  (dant'sik).       [Gr.  Dangig, 

cipation,  which,  though  lost  at  the  time,  led  to  complete  Pol.  Gdansk,  L.  Gedanum.'\     A  seaport,  capital 


abolition  of  slavery  three  years  later, 
Dante  (dan'te;  It.  pron.  dan'te)  (originally  Du- 
rante) Alighieri.  Bom  at  Florence  in  May, 
1265:  died  at  Ravenna^  Italy,  Sept.  14,  1321. 
A  celebrated  Italian  poet.  His  father,  Allghiero 
degli  Alighieri,  was  of  an  ancient  family.  (The  name 
is  also  spelled  Aldigeri,  Alaghleri,  Allgerl,  Alleghlerl.) 
He  was  a  jurisconsult^  and  a  member  of  the  Guelph 
party.  After  Its  defeat  at  the  battle  of  Montaperti,  he 
went  into  exile.  Dante,  as  he  was  called  after  the  Floren- 
tine fashion  of  abbreviation,  was,  however,  born  in  Flor- 
ence. In  the  ninth  year  of  his  age  he  first  saw  Beatrice 
Portlnarl,  then  only  eight  years  old,  who  inspired  him 
with  that  romantic  passion,  or  as  some  think  impersonal 
and  platonic  love,  which  he  narrates  in  the  "  Vita  Nuova  " 
and  the  "Divina  Commedia."  Beatrice  was  married  in 
1287  to  Messer  Simone  de'  Bardl,  and  died  shortly  after,  at 
the  age  ot  twenty-four.  Dante  expresses  no  disappoint- 
ment at  her  marriage,  and  seems  to  have  had  no  desire  for 
any  intimate  relation  with  her.  About  two  years  after 
her  death  he  married  Gemma  Donatt    He  became  pas- 


of  the  province  of  West  Prussia,  Prussia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Vistula  3  miles  from  its  mouth,  and 
on  the  Mottlau  and  Eadaune,  in  lat.  54°  21'  N., 
long.  18°  39'  E.  It  contains  the  Altstadt,  Rechtstadt, 
Vorstadt,  Niederstadt,  Langgarten,  and  the  Speicher  Isl- 
and, and  is  a  strong  fortress.  It  is  one  ot  the  principal 
ports  ot  Germany,  and  next  to  Odessa  has  the  largest  grain- 
trade  iu  Europe.  Its  chief  buildings  are  the  Rathaus, 
the  Exchange  (Artushot  or  Junkerhof)  the  Church  ot  St. 
Mary,  and  a  Franciscan  monastery  (with  a  museum).  It 
was  the  capital  ot  the  duchy  of  Pommerellen.  The  town 
is  mentioned  as  early  as  997.  It  passed  to  the  Teutonic 
Order  about  1310,  and  for  a  time  was  a  Hanseatic  city. 
It  came  under  the  supremacy  of  Poland  in  1466,  but  re- 
tained a  large  amount  of  Independence.  By  the  second 
partition  of  Poland  it  passed  to  Prussia  in  1793.  It  was 
besieged  and  taken  by  the  French  under  Let ebvre  In  1807 ; 
was  made  a  commonwealth  in  1807 ;  was  besieged  by  the 
Allies  in  1813,  and  taken  (1814)  after  an  eleven  months' 
siege.  It  was  restored  to  Prussia  In  1814.  Population 
(1900),  commune,  140,539. 


slonately  absorbed  in  the  love  of  countey,  and  at  the  age  Danube  (dan'iib).      [G.  Donau,  Hung.   Duna, 


of  twenty-four  fought  on  the  side  of  the  Guelphs  at  the 
battle  of  Campaldlno.  He  was  intrusted  with  several 
foreign  missions,  and  became  an  important  factor  in  the 
Florentine  government.  His  political  ideas  changed  grad- 
ually, and  from  being  an  ardent  Guelph  and  Florentine 
he  became  "the  flrstltalian,"  as  has  been  said;  conceived 
a  plan  of  general  organization  for  the  advancement  ot 
Italy ;  and  endeavored  to  reconcile  the  Guelphs  and  Ghibel- 
llnes.  On  the  16th  of  June,  1300,  Dante  was  elected  one 
of  the  priors  of  Florence.  'She  struggles  and  riots  of  the 
Bianchi  and  Neri  resulted  in  the  destruction  of  halt  of 
Florence,  Dante's  house  being  pillaged  and  destroyed  in 
his  absence  at  Rome,  to  which  city  the  Bianchi  had  sent 
him  on  an  embassy.  The  Neri  succeeded  in  establishing 
a  government  of  their  own,  and  passed  a  sentence  of  tem- 
porary banishment  against  him  in  1302.  He  succeeded 
in  obtaining  aid  from  various  courts,  especially  from  Delia 


L.  DanwDivs,  later  Danubius,  Gr.  Aavoiipco^.'] 
The  largest  river  of  Europe  next  to  the  Volga, 
formed  by  the  union  of  tiie  Breg  and  Brigaeh 
near  Donauesehingen  in  southern  Baden:  the 
Roman  Danubius,  or  (in  its  lower  course)  Ister. 
It  flows  through  WUrtemberg,  Bavaria,  and  Austria-Hun- 
gary; separates  Austria-Hungary  and  Rumania  on  the 
north  from  Servla  and  Bulgaria  on  the  south ;  and  empties 
"into  the  Black  Sea  by  three  principal  mouths,  about  ]at. 
44°  60'-46'  26'  N.  Navigable  to  Ulm.  Its  chief  tributaries 
are,on  the  right  bank,  the  lUer,  Lech,  Isar,  Inn,  Enns,  Baab, 
Drave,  Save,  Morava,  andTlmok;  on  the  left  bank,  the 
Altmiihl,  Naab,  Regen,  March,  Waag,  Gran,  Theiss,  Temes, 
Schyl,  Aluta,  Arjish,  Yalomitza,  Sereth,  and  Pruth.  Area 
ot  basin,  about  300,000  square  miles.    Length,  1, 770  miles. 


scaia,  lord  of  Verona,  his  friend,  who  was  the  chief  of  Danube  Navigation  Commissiou,  Interna- 


tional. A  commission  appointed  by  the  treaty 
of  Paris  in  1856,  and  several  times  continued. 
It  has  great  authority  over  the  Danube  mouths,  in  con- 
structing engineering  works,  making  local  regulations, 
etc.,  and  to  a  less  extentover  the  Danube  as  far  up  as  the 
Iron  Gates. 


the  Ghibellines.  In  1303  an  unsuccessful  attempt  was 
made  to  take  possession  ot  Florence,  and,  humiliated  by 
his  exile  and  failures,  Dante  withdrew  from  a  public  ca- 
reer, and  passed  the  rest  of  his  life  in  wandering  from  one 
city  to  another,  watching,  and  endeavoring  to  guide,  the 
course  of  events  from  various  retreats.    Finally,  in  1320, 

he  went  to  Ravenna,  and  on  his  retui'n  from  a  mission  to  .^         ,.         ,-,       _,,  .       x  „  .      .      ,.j..  mi_ 

Venice  tell  iU,  and/ being  worn  out  by  failure  and  dis-  DaUUbiaU  (da-nu'bi-an)  PrinClJ]alltieS.     The 
appointment,  died  at  the  age  ot  fifty-six  years.     He     former  principalities  of  Moldavia  and  Walla- 
spent  the  years  from  1304  to  1306  in  study,  and  all  his     ^^^     ^^^  forming  the  kingdom  of  Rumania, 
works  except  the  "Vita  Nuova   were  written  in  solitaiy  _,.    '  /^„„'„|t,.\    r.affh      The  Tiamn   as. 

exile.  His  chief  work  is  the  "Divina  Commedia  "(which  iJ  An'VerS  (aan  yerz;,  oaiep.  ine  name  as- 
see).  The  "Vita  Nuova"  i?  practically  the  history  of  his  sumed  by  Nicholas  Amhnrst  as  editor  ot  "The 
love' tor  Beatrice.  It  was  probably  finished  in  1307.  The  Craftsman"  (1726)  in  connection  with  Pulteney 
"Convito,"  or  Banquet,  is  almost  a  continuation  of  the     ,^^^  Bolinebroke. 

"Vita  Nuova."  It  gives  much  information  ahout  his  life,  „^.„„  /Inn  'vpt/I  A  town  in  Es«ifix  Conntv 
and  throws  light  on  the  "Divina  Commedia."  These  mnvers  (Oan  verz).  A  towniu  Jissexuounty, 
were  written  in  Italian.  "  De  vulgari  eloquio  sive  idio-  Massachusetts,  situated  10  miles  northeast  ot 
mate"  is  a  Latin  treatise  on  the  Italian  language  or  vul-  Boston.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  State  insane  asy- 
gar  idiom.    It  was  begun  in  1304,  and  is  alluded  to  m  the    ,  Ponulation  (1900),  8,542. 

"Convito"  "DemonM:chia,"atreatisecontainmgDantes  J;??^-     .^.opi"^"""  VJ^^"";)  o,««^. 
creed Ti  Ghlbeffine,  was  bitten  between  1310  and  1S14.  D' AttVllle.     See  Anmlle. 

There  is  a  famous  portrait  of  the  poet  as  a  young  man,  DanviUo  (dan'vil).  The  name  of  several  towns 
by  Giotto,  on  the  wall  of  the  Bargello  in  Florence.  It  was  in  the  United  States,  (a)  A  city  and  the  county-seat 
injured  by  tune  and  vandalism,  and  has  been  loo  mucn  ^j  vermilion  County,  Illinois,  situated  on  the  Vermilion 
restored ;  fortunately,  a  tracing  of  it  was  made  Deiore  inis  jg^^^^  ^^  j^^_  ^  ^,  jj_^  ^^^^  ^,  gg,  ^  j^  j^  ^  railway  and 
by  an  Englishman,  and  this  tracing  has  been  puDUsnea  Dy  ooal-mining  center.  Population  (1900),  16,364.  (6)  The 
the  Arundel  Society.  It  and  a  death-masK  are  me  omy  cnnty.geat  ot  Boyle  County,  central  Kentucky,  39  miles 
authentic  likenesses  ot  Dante.  south  of  Frankfort.    Population  (19,00),  4,285.    (c)  Ahoi- 

Thern  are  fair  erounds  for  believing  that  he  [Dante]    ough  and  the  county-seat  of  Montour  County,  Pennsyl- 
himsdf  vTsited  oS      Villani  states  that  Dante,  who    vanla,  situated  on  the  north  branch  of  the  Susquehanna 


Danville 

S.^.'J®'* '""■"'  ^  Harrisburg.  It  is  noted  for  ita  iron 
manufactures.  Population  (1900),  8,042.  (d)  A  city  in 
Rttsylyania  County,  Virginli.  situated  on  the  Dan  to  lat. 

W  rti.Ji;'ni™^i  ^*  ?"y-  ■  *•>«  "enter  o'  a  tobacco-grow- 
ing district     Population  (1900),  16,620. 

Danzig,    See  Dantzic. 

Daphns  (daf  ne)  (town).    See  Daphne,  2. 

Daphne  (daf'ne).  [Gr.  Ad^w?,  the  laurel.]  1. 
In  Greek  mythology,  a  nymph,  daughter  of  the 
nver-godPeueius,  or,  in  other  accounts,  of  La- 
don,  an  Arcadian.  Her  lover  Leucippus  pursued 
her  in  woman's  clothing,  and  was  killed  by  the  nymphs 
at  the  instigation  of  Apollo.  When  the  god  in  turn  pur- 
sued her,  she  entreated  that  she  might  be  transformed 
mto  the  bay-tree,  and  he  granted  her  petition. 

2.  The  first  Italian  opera,  as  distinguished 
from  a  musical  drama,  it  was  produced  by  the  So- 
ciety  of  the  Alterati  in  Florence,  in'  a  private  house,  in 
1596.  The  musiofvas  by  Giulio  Caccini  and  Jaoopo  Peri 
(who  both  invented  recitative),  the  words  by  Ottavio  Rl- 
H199J?*:  Opitz  made  a  German  translation  of  the  text, 
and  Heinrich  Schtitz  wrote  new  music  for  it.  This  was 
the  first  German  opera,  anti  was  produced  April  13,  1627, 
at  Torgau,  at  the  court  of  the  elector  John  George  I. 

3.  An  asteroid  (No.  41)  discovered  by  Gold- 
schmidt  at  Paris,  May  22,  1856. 

Daphne,  l.  In  ancient  geography,  a  famous 
grove  and  sanctuary  of  Apollo,  situated  about 
5  miles  sputhwest  of  Antioch,  Syria.  It  was 
established  by  Seleucus  Nicator. — 2.  A  town 
in  ancient  Egypt,  about  25  miles  from  Pelu- 
sium:  the  Tahpenes  of  the  Bible,  and  the 
modem  Tel  Defenneh.  Its  site  has  recently 
been  explored.    Also  Daphnse. 

Daphni,  Convent  of.    See  Athens  (Greece). 

Daphnis  (daf'nis).  [Gr.  Aa^wf.]  l.Iu  Greek 
rCiythology,  a  shepherd,  son  of  Mercury  and  a 
Sicilian  nymph.  He  was  protected  by  Diana,  and  loved 
the  chase.  Pan  gave  him  lessons  in  singing  and  on  the 
flute,  and  the  Muses  endowed  him  with  a  love  of  poetry, 
and  he  is  said  to  have  originated  bucolic  poetry.  He  was 
turned  into  a  stone  according  to  one  legend;  according  to 
another  his  eyes  were  torn  out  by  a  nymph  for  his  infi- 
delity to  her,  and  he  threw  himself  in  despair  into  the 
sea.  In  ancient  pastoral  poetry  his'  name  was  frequently 
given  to  shepherds. 

2.  A  gentle  shepherd  in  Beaumont  and  Fletch- 
er's play  "The  Faithful  Shepherdess."— 3. 
An  idjrl  by  Gesner  (1756). 

Daphnis  and  Chloe  (klo'e).  A  Greek  pastoral 
romance  attributed  to  Longus  (4th  or  5th  cen- 
tury A.  D.),  a  Greek  sophist,  it  recounts  the  loves 
and  pastoral  life  of  Daphnis,  foster-son  of  Lamon,  a  goat- 
herd, and  Chloe,  foster- daughter  of  Dryas,  a  shepherd. 
The  manuscript  of  Mont-Cassin,  taken  to  Florence,  does 
not  name  the  author.  It  is  known  principally  through 
the  French  version  of  Amyot  (1559),  revised  by  Courier. 
It  has  been  translated  and  imitated  in  all  European 
languages.  Tasso's  "Aminta,"  Montemayor's  "Diana," 
d'UrfS's  "Sireine,"  St.  Pierre's  "Paul  and  Virginia,"  and 
Allan  £,amsay's  "  Gentle  Shepherd"  are  founded  on  it. 

Da  Fonte  (da  pon'te),  Lorenzo.  Born  at  Ce- 
neda,  near  Venice,  March  10, 1749 :  died  at  New 
York,  Aug.  17, 1838.  An  Italian  librettist  and 
author.  He  wrote  the  words  to  Mozart's  "  Fi- 
garo "  and  "Don  Giovanni." 
Japper  (dap'6r).  In  Ben  Jonson's  comedy  "  The 
Alchemist,"  a  greedy  and  credulous  lawyer's 
clerk  who  desires  a  "fly  "  (a  spirit  or  familiar) 
of  the  Alchemist  to  enable  him  to  cheat  at 
horse-races  by  giving  him  prior  information. 

Dapperwit.  A  vain,  foolish,  and  boastful  rakje 
in  Wycherley's  "Love  in  a  Wood." 

Dappes  (dap),  Valine  des.  A  small  valley  in 
the  Jura,  canton  of  VaiiS,  Switzerland.  It  was 
a  subject  of  dispute  between  France  and  Swit- 
zerland 1815-62. 

Dapple  (dap'l).  The  name  of  Sanoho  Panza's 
ass  in  Cervantes's  romance  "Don  (Quixote." 

Darab  (da'rab),  or  Darabgherd(da-rab-gerd'), 
or  Darabjird  (da-rab-jerd').  A  city  in  the 
province  of  Farsistan,  Persia,  in  lat.  28°  55'  N., 
long.  54°  25'  E.  It  is  sometimes  identified  with 
the  ancient  PasargadsB. 

Daras  (da'ras).  An  ancient  town  of  Mesopo- 
tamia, situated  near  Nisibis.  It  was  a  frontier 
post  of  the  Eastern  Empire  against  Persia  in 
the  6th  century  A.  D. 

Darbhangah  (da-ban'ga),  or  Durbunga  (dur- 
bun'ga).  1.  A  district  in  Bengal,  British  In- 
dia, intersected  by  lat.  26°  N.,  long.  86°  E. 
Area,  3,335  square  miles.  Population  (1881), 
2,633,447. —  2.  The  capital  of  the  above  district. 
Population  (1891),  73,561. 

D'Axblay,  Madame.    See  Arblay. 

Darboy  (dar-bwa'),  Georges.  Born  at  Fayl- 
Billot,  Haute-Marne,  France,  Jan.  16,  lgl3: 
shot  at  Paris,  May  24, 1871.  A  French  prelate, 
archbishop  of  Paris  1863-71.  He  was  arrested 
and  assassinated  by  the  Communists. 

Darby  (dar'bi),  John  Nelson.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Nov.  18,1800:  died  at  Bournemouth,  Hants, 
England,  April  28,  1882.    An  English  theologi- 


if^ 


308 

oal  writer,  for  a  time  a  minister  of  the  Church 
of  England:'  one  of  the  foimders  of  the  Ply- 
mouth Brethren,  or  Darbyites.  See  Plymouth 
Brethren. 
Darby  and  Joan.  A  married  .pair  who  are  said 
to  have  lived  in  the  18th  century  in  the  West 
Eiding  of  Yorkshire,  noted  traditionally  for 
their  long  and  happy  married  life.  There  is  a 
ballad  on  the  subject  called  "The  Happy  Old  Couple," 
supposed  to  have  been  written  by  Henry  Woodfall,  though 
it  has  been  attributed  to  Prior.  A  poem  "Dobson  and 
Joan,"  by  "Mr.  B.,"  is  published  with  Prior's  poems. 

Dare,  Jeanne.    See  Joan  of  Arc. 

Darcet  (dar-sa'),  Jean.  Born  Sept.  7,  1725: 
died  at  Paris,  Feb.  13,  1801.  A  French  chem- 
ist, director  of  the  manufactory  at  SSvres. 

Darcet,  Jean  Pierre  Joseph.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Aug.  31,  1777:  died  Aug.  2,  1844.  A  French 
chemist,  son  of  the  preceding.  He  effected 
improvements  in  the  manufacture  of  powder. 

Darcy  (dar'si),  Mr.  The  lover  of  Elizabeth 
Bennet,  in  Miss  Austen's  "Pride  and  Preju- 
dice."   See  Bennet. 

Dardanelles  (dar-da-nelz').  A  strait  connect- 
ing the  Sea  of  Marmora  with  the  .^gean  Sea, 
and  separating  the  peninsula  of  Gallipoli  from 
Asia  Minor:  the  ancient  Hellespont.  It  is  de- 
fended by  castles  at  Tchanak-Ealessi  (known  as  the  Castle 
of  Asia :  see  extract  below),  Kilid-£ahr  (known  as  the  Cas- 
tle of  Europe),  and  at  the  .^gean  entrance.  It  was  crossed 
by  Zerxes  in  480  B.  c,  and  by  Alexander  the  Great  in  334B.  c. 
The  passage  was  forced  by  the  British  fleet  under  Admiral 
Duckworth  in  1807.  It  was  closed  against  foreign  men-of- 
war  by  stipulations  of  1841, 1856, 1871,  and  1878,  but  was 
passed  by  a  British  fleet  in  Feb.  ,1878,  to.protect  Constanti- 
nople from  the  Kussians.  In  1891  an  agreement  between 
Bussia  and  the  Porte  was  reached,  by  which  the  ships  of  the 
so-called  volunteer  fleet  of  Hussia,  bearing  the  flag  of  the 
merchant  marine,  are  allowed  free  passage  of  the  Darda^ 
nelles;butwhen  they  carry  convictsorsoldier8,notice  of  this 
fact  must  be  given  to  the  Porte.  Length,  about  45  miles. 
Average  width,3to4miles;  narrowest  polntyaboutli  miles. 
About  IJ  m.  below  the  western  point  of  that  bay  [Maito 
(Madytus)]  are  the  famous  Castles  of  the  Dardanelles.  The 
castles.  Chanak-kdtesit  the  earthenware  castle,  from  a  cel- 
ebrated manufacture,  or  SiiltanieTi-kaiesi,  on  the  Asiatic 
side  [known  as  the  Castle  of  Asia],  and  KhUid-bahri,  or 
Khilidi-bahar  (the  lock  of  the  sea),  on  the  European  shore 
[known  as  the  Castle  of  Etirope],  are  called  by  the  Turks 
Boghaz-hissarlari,  and  by  the  Franks  the  Old  Castles  of 
Anatolia  and  Koumelia.  Ckaimk-lcalesit  commonly  called 
Dardanelles,  is  a  town  of  2,000  houses,  on  a  flat  point  op- 
posite the  European  fort.  KkUid-bdhri  is  built  on  the 
side  of  a  projecting  hill,  audits  castle  is  of  less  importance 
than  that  of  Chanak-kalesi.  The  equipment  of  the  forts 
both  on  the  European  and  Asiatic  sides  has  recently  been 
entirely  reorganized.  On  the  Asiatic  side  the  fort  of  Sul- 
tanieh  has  been  armed  with  Krupp  guns,  which  will  com- 
mand a  large  section  of  the  Straits  both  above  and  below 
the  town.  Some  distance  below  the  town  a  40-ton  Exupp 
gun  has  been  mounted  behind  earthworks.  Above  the 
town  are  also  batteries,  one  of  which  on  the  Kajara  Bour- 
nou  point  has  a  heavy  Krupp  gun.  On  the  European  side 
the  fort  of  EhUid-bahri,  situated  at  the  foot  of  a  steep 
hill,  has  15  large  Krupp  guns,  and  both  above  and  below 
it  are  newly-constructed  earthworks  heavily  armed.  The 
barrow  of  Hecuba,  or  Cynossema,  where  the  Athenians 
erected  a  trophy  after  their  victory  towards  the  end  of  the 
Peloponnesian  war  (Thucydides,  viii.),  is,  or  was,  close  to 
the  European  castle^ 

Murray,  Handbook  for  Turkey,  etc., 'p.  128  (ed.  1878). 

Dardani  (dar'da-ni).  [Gr.  MpSavoi.']  1.  An  an- 
cient Illyrian  people  of  the  southern  highland 
of  Moesia.  They  became  subject  to  the  Mace- 
donians under  the  Antigoni,  and  later  to  the 
Romans. —  3.  The  inhabitants  of  Dardanla  (1), 
mentioned  in  the  Diad. 

Dardania  (dar-da'ni-a),  or  Dardanice.  [Gr. 
AapSavia,  from  the  Dardani.]  1.  In  ancient 
geography,  a  territory  in  Mysia,  with  tmcertain 
boundaries.  It  is  mentioned,  indefinitely,  in 
the  Iliad. — 3.  A  district  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  Moesia.  It  was  made  a  province  by  Dio- 
cletian, 

Dardanius  (dar-da'ni-us).  Servant  to  Brutus 
in  Shakspere's  tragedy  "Julius  Csesar." 

Dardanus  (dar'da-nus).  [Gr.  AdpSavog.']  In 
Greek  legends,  a  son  of  Zeus  and  Electra,  and 
mythical  ancestor  of  the  Trojans. 

Dardanus,  or  Dardanmu  (-num).  [Qr.  AdpSavog 
or  Adpdavov.']  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of 
Mysia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  on  the  Hellespont 
about  9  miles  southwest  of  Abydos. 

Darden  (dar'den),  Miles.  Bom  in  North  Caro- 
lina, 1798:  dieii  in  Henderson  County,  Tenn., 
Jan.  23, 1857.  An  American  noted  for  his  size. 
His  height  was  7  feet  6  inches,  and  his  weight 
(at  death)  about  1,000  pounds. 

Dardistan  (dar-dis-tan').  ['Land  of  the  Dardu,' 
an  Aryanrace.]  A  region  in  central  Asia.  (See 
the  quotation.)  Also  Jahistan  ('land  of  the  reb- 
els'). 

Dardistan  appears  to  be  simply  a  convenient  but  some- 
what misleading  name  employed  by  our  geographers  to 
express  a  large  tract  inhabited  by  different  Ai^an  races 
of  somewhat  similar  type.  It  includes  the  districts  of 
Astor  and  Gilgit,  .  .  .  the  little  kingdoms  of  Hunza  and 


Darius  I. 

Nagar,  Yasin,  the  independent  republics  of  the  Indus  ml- 
ley,  and  other  countries  south  of  the  Hindu  Koosh. 

E.  F.  Knight,  Where  Three  Empires  Meet,  p.  268. 

Daredevil  (dar'dev'l).  The  Atheist  in  Otway's 
comedy  of  that  name.  He  is  a  cowardly,  boastingfel- 
low,  who  when  in  danger  forgets  his  principles  and  says 
"  two  dozen  paternosters  within  a  half  hour." 

Dares  (da'rez).  [Gr.  AdptjQ.']  A  priest  of  He- 
phsBstus  in  Troy,  mentioned  in  the  Iliad.  The 
authorship  of  a  lost  work  on  the  fall  of  Troy,  a  pretended 
Latin  translation  of  which  was  written  about  the  6th  (?) 
century  A.  n.  was  attributed  to  him  in  antiquity. 

Dar-es-Salaam  (dar-es-sa-lam').  The  capital 
of  German  East  Africa,  it  has  an  excellent  har- 
bor, but  is  unhealthy.  It  rivals  Bagamoyo  as  a  meeting- 
place  of  the  caravans  from  the  lake  region.  It  was  c«ded 
by  the  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  to  the  German  East  African  Com- 
pany in  1885. 

Dareste  de  la  Chavanne  (dar-resf  d6  la  sha- 
van' ) ,  Antoine  Elisabeth  Cleophas.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Oct.  25,  1820:  died  at  Lucenay-les-Aix, 
France,  April  6, 1882.  A  French  historian,  au- 
thor of  "Histoire  de  France"  (1865-73),  etc. 

Dar-fertit  (dar-fer-tef).  A  region  in  central 
AJErica,  south  of  Darfur. 

Darfur  (dar'for),  or  Darfor  (dar'for).  A  coun- 
try in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Sudan,  Africa, 
situated  about  lat.  8°-16°  N.,  long.  22°-28°  E. 
It  is  inhabited  by  negroes  and  Arabs,  and  the  religion 
is  Mohammedan.  Its  chief  towns  are  El-Fasher  and 
Kobeh.  It  was  conquered  and  annexed  to  Egypt  in  1874, 
but  revolted  in  1882.  Area,  estimated,  175,000  square 
miles.  Population,  variously  estimated  from  1,600,000  to 
4,000,000. 

Darfur  appears  to  have  reasserted  its  independence. . . . 

The  greater  part  of  .  .  .  Darfur  is  included  within  the 

sphere  of  influence  of  the  British  East  African  Company. 

Statesman's  Tear-Book,  1893,  p.  320. 

Dargaud  (dar-go'),  Jean  Marie.  Bom  at  Pa- 
ray  le-Monial,  Sa&ne-et-Loire,  France,  Feb.  22, 
1800:  died  Jan.  5,  1866.  A  French  historian 
and  litterateur.  His  chief  work  is  a  "Histoire 
de  la  liberty  religieuse  en  France"  (1859). 

Dariel  Pass  (da-re-el'  pas).  The  chief  pass  in 
the  Caucasus  Mountains,  situated  in  the  central 
part  of  the  chain,  it  is  traversed  by  a  military  road, 
the  route  between  Tiflis  and  'Vladikavkaz.  It  is  probably 
the  ancient  Caucasian  or  Iberian  Gates.  Elevation,  about 
8,000  feet. 

Darien  (da'ri-en).  A  seaport  in  Mcintosh 
County,  Georgia,  situated  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Altamaha  River  in  lat.  31°  22'  N.,  long.  81° 
26'  W.  It  exports  lumber.  Population  (1900), 
1,739. 

Darien,  Colony  of.  An  unsuccessful  Scottish 
settlement  on  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  founded 
by  William  Paterson.  it  was  chartered  by  the  Scot- 
tish Parliament  in  1695;  the  enterprise  was  begun  In  1698; 
and  the  settlement  was  abandoned  in  1700. 

Darien  (da'ri-en ;  Sp.  pron.  da-re-en').  Gulf  of. 
A  branch  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  lying  north  of 
the  republic  of  Colombia  and  east  of  the  Isth- 
mus of  Panama.    See  Urabd. 

Darien,  Isthmus  of.    See  Panama,  Isthmus  of. 

The  name  is  also  used,  in  a  restricted  sense,  for  that  por- 
tion of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  (or  Darien)  which  forms  a 
narrow  neck  between  the  GuU  of  Darien  and  the  Gulf  of 
San  MigueL 

Darinel  (dar'i-nel).  A  comic  shepherd,  a  char- 
acter introduced  into  "  Florisel  de  Niquea,"  the 
tenth  book  of  "Amadis  de  Gaul."  He  strongly 
excited  the  rage  of  Cervantes. 

Darius  (da-n'us)  I.  [Gr.  Aapeloc;  in  the  Old 
Testament  Daryavesh;  in  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions Daryavush  or  Daryamush;  OPers.  Da- 
rayavush.']  Son  of  Hystaspes,  and  fifth  in  the 
descent  from  Aehssmenes.  He  succeeded  Cambyses 
on  the  Persian  throne  621^486,  after  defeating  the  Magian 
Gaumata,  who  claimed  to  be  Bardiya  (the  Greek  Smerdis), 
brother  of  Cambyses.  A  record  of  his  reign  is  given  by 
himself  in  the  long  trilingual  inscriptions  of  Behistun 
(which  see).  Besides  the  revolt  in  Persia  itself,  caused 
by  the  impostor  Gaumata,  he  had  to  suppress  two  upris- 
ings in  Babylonia,  led  by  Nidintu-Bel  and  Arachu,  who 
gave  themselves  out  for  Nebuchadnezzar,  son  of  Naboni- 
dus:  in  consequence  of  these  uprisings  he  caused  the 
fortifications  of  Babylon  to  be  torn  down.  The  other 
countries  also  fell  away  in  turn,  but  at  last  were  brought 
to  submission.  After  restoring  order  in  the  empire  he 
turned  his  attention  to  reorganization  and  reforms  of  the 
administration.  He  divided  the  whole  land  int«  twen^ 
satrapies,  introduced  regular  taxation  and  uniformity  of 
coinage,  constructed  roads,  and  founded  a  kind  of  postal 
system  by  placing  stations  and  relays  with  saddled  horses 
at  regular  intervals  on  the  road  between  Susa  and  Sardis. 
To  the  capitals  Susa  in  Elam,  Ecbatana  in  Media,  and 
Babylon,  he  added  Persepolis  in  Persia  proper,  which  was 
destroyed  by  Alexander  the  Great,  but  of  which  imposing 
ruins  have  survived.  On  account  of  his  attention  to  trade 
and  industry  he  was  called  "the  Huckster."  His  expedi- 
tion over  the  Bosporus' and  Danube  into  Scytbia  was  un- 
successful. Toward  the  East  he  extended  his  supremacy 
to  the  Indus,  and  compelled  North  Africa  to  pay  him  trib- 
ute. Under  him  began  also  the  great  struggle  between 
Persia  and  Greece  (battle  of  Marathon  in  490).  His  tomb 
is  hewn  in  the  rook  at  a  place  called  Nakk8M-Rustem,near 
Persepolis,  and  is  adorned  with  sculptures  and  inscrip- 
tions complementing  those  of  Behistun.    Darius  I.  is  re- 


Darius  I. 

ferred  to  in  the  Old  Testament  in  connection  witli  the 
bnllding  of  the  temple  ot  Zerubbabel.  In  the  second  year 
of  his  reign  he  allowed  the  resumption  of  the  building, 
and  in  the  sixth  it  was  completed  (Ezra.  vi.  16). 

Darius  II.,  sumamed  Notnus.  [Gr.  v66og,  a 
bastard.]    Persian  king  425  (424)-405  (404)  B.C. 

Darius  III.,  snrnamed  Oodomannus.  The  last 
king  of  Persia,  336-330  b.  o.,  whien  he  was  de- 
throned by  Alexander  the  Great. 

Darjiling,  orDarjeeling(dar-iel'ing).  1.  Adis- 
trict  in  the  Rajshahi  division,  Bengal,  British 
India,  situated  about  lat.  27°  N.,  long.  88°-89° 
E.  Area,  1,164  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
223,314. — 3.  A  town  and  sanatorium  in  the 
above  district,  situated  in  lat.  27°  3'  N.,  long. 
88°  19'  E.  It  is  the  chief  health-station  in  Ben- 
gal.   Elevation,  7,000  feet. 

Dark  and  Bloody  Ground,  The.  An  alleged 
translation  of  the  Indian  word  Kentucky,  and  a 
name  given  to  that  State  in  allusion  to  its  early 
associations  with  Indian  warfare. 

Dark  Continent,  The.    Africa. 

Dark  Lady,  The.  A  woman,  mentioned  in 
Shakspere's  later  sonnets,  who  has  been 
thought  to  be  Mary  Pitton,  a  maid  of  honor  (in 
1595)  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  she  was  the  mistress 
ot  William  Herbert,  earl  of  Pembroke,  who  is  celebrated 
in  the  earlier  sonnets.  Others  hare  suggested  Penelope, 
Lady  £ich. 

Darlaston  (dar'las-tqn).  A  town  in  Stafford- 
shire, England,  4  miles  southeast  of  Wolver- 
hampton. It  is  noted  for  its  iron  manufac- 
tures.    Population  (1891),  14,422. 

Darley  (dar'li),  Felix  Octavius  Oarr.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  June  28,  1822 :  died  at  Claymont, 
Del.,  March  27,  1888.  An  American  artist, 
noted  as  an  illustrator.  He  illustrated  Judd's 
novel  "Margaret"  (1856),  and  the  works  of 
Dickens,  Cooper,  Irving,  etc. 

Darley  Arabian,  The.  One  of  the  three  East- 
ern stallions  from  which  all  horses  in  the  stud- 
book  trace  descent.  See  Byerly  Turk  and  Go- 
dolphin  Bard.  He  was  imported  about  1700  by  a  Mr. 
Darley,  of  Yorkshire,  through  his  brother,  an  English 
agent  in  the  Levant.  He  was  brought  from  Aleppo, 
which  has  always  been  the  point  of  export  for  full- 
blooded  Arab  horses,  and  was  probably  Keheilen  (the 
Arab  equivalent  of  "thoroughbred,"  applied  to  all  horses 
bred  in  Al  Khamish,  or  the  five  great  strains).  He  was 
the  sire  ot  Flying  Childers  and  Bartlett's  Childers,  the 
sire  of  Squirt,  the  sire  of  Marske,  the  sire  of  Eclipse,  the 
founder  of  the  chief  male  line  of  thoroughbreds. 

Darling  (dar'ling),  Grace.  Born  at  Bambor- 
ough,  Northumberland,  England,  Nov.  24, 1815: 
died  Oct.  20,  1842.  An  English  heroine  who 
rescued  nine  persons  from  the  wreck  of  the 
"  Forfarshire  "  steamer  near  Longstone  light- 
house, Fame  Islands,  Sept.  7,  1838. 

Darling.  1.  A  river  in  Australia  which  rises 
in  southeastern  Queensland,  flows  through  New 
South  Wales,  and  joins  the  Murray  in  lat.  34°  5' 
S  ,  long.  141°  53'  E.  Also  called  Calewatta  and 
Barwan.  Length,  about  1,100  miles ;  naviga- 
ble about  400  (?)  miles. —  2.  A  range  of  low 
mountains  in  western  Australia,  running  paral- 
lel to  the  coast. 

Darlington  (dar'ling-ton),  William.  Born  at 
Birmingham,  Pa.,  April  28,  1782:  died  at  West 
Chester,  Pa.,  April  23,  1863.  An  American 
botanist  and  politician.  He  was  elected  to  Congress 
as  a  Democrat  in  1816,  and  again  in  1819  and  in  1821.  He 
wrote  '■  Flora  Cestrica  "  (1837),  etc. 

Darlington.  A  town  in  Durham,  England,  sit- 
uated on  the  Skeme  18  miles  south  of  Durham. 
It  has  manufactures  of  woolens  and  carpets,  and  was  the 
terminus  of  the  Stockton  and  Darhngton  Railway,  the 
oldest  railway  in  the  world  (opened  in  182S).  Population 
(1891),  38,060.  ,~  ,.     ,  T, 

Darmesteter  (dar-me-ste-tar'),  James.  Born 
March  28,  1849:  died  Oct.  19,  1894.  A  noted 
French  Orientalist,  professor  of  Iranian  lan- 
guages and  literature  at  the  College  de  Prance 
from  1885.  He  was  the  author  of  numerous 
works  on  Oriental  subjects. 

Darmstadt  (dftrm'stat).  The  capital  of  the 
grand  duchy  of  Hesse,  Germany,  situated  m 
the  province  of  Starkenburg,  16  miles  south  of 
Frankf  ort-on-the-Main .  It  has  some  trade  and  man- 
ufactures, and  contains  a  castle  (with  a  large  library,  pio- 
tnre-eallery,  and  collections),  and  a  statue  and  column 
of  Louis  I.  It  passed  to  Hesse  in  1479,  became  the  capi- 
tal in  1667,  and  greatly  developed  under  the  grand  duke 
Louis  I.    Population  (1890),  commune,  65,883. 

Darn6tal  (dar-na-tal').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine-Inf^rieure,  France,  situated  on 
the  Aubette  2i  miles  east  of  Eouen.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  6,460.  „^       ^x    t, 

Darnley  (dam'li).  Lord  (Henry  Stuart).  Born 
in  England,  1541  (1546  ?) :  killed  near  Edinburgh, 
Feb  9-10, 1567.  The  second  husband  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots.  He  was  the  son  of  the  Earl  of  Lennox, 
and  was  cousin-german  to  Mary,  whom  he  married  July  29, 
1665     He  was  toeated  at  first  with  much  kmdness  by  the 


309 

queen,  who  promised  to  induce  the  Scottish  Parliament 
to  grant  him  a  crown  matrimonial ;  but  eventually  alien- 
ated her  affections  by  his  stupidity,  insolence,  and  profli- 
gacy, and  especially  by  his  participation  in  the  murder 
of  her  favorite,  the  Italian  secretary  Eizzio  (March  9, 1666). 
While  convalescent  from  an  attack  ot  the  smallpox  he 
was  removed  to  a  solitary  house  called  the  Kirk  of  Field, 
near  Edinburgh,  which  was  blown  up  with  gunpowder  by 
the  Earl  of  BothweU,  apparently  with  the  queen's  know- 
ledge, on  the  night  of  Feb.  9-10, 1667. 

Daroca  (da-ro'ka).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saragossa,  Spain. 

Dar  Eunga  (dar  rSn'ga).  A  negro  kingdom  and 
vassal  state  of  Wadai,  in  central  Afnca,  situ- 
ated south  of  Wadai,  about  lat.  10°  N. 

Darshana  (dar'sha-na).  In  Hindu  philosophy, 
' '  demonstration ."  The  Shaddarshanaa,  or  six  demon- 
strations, are  the  six  schools  of  Hindu  philosophy.  These 
are  the  Nyaya,  Yaisheshika,  Sankhya,  Yoga,  Purvamima- 
riaa,  CJttaramimarisa, 

Dart  (dart).  A  river  of  Devonshire,  England, 
about  35  miles  long,  rising  in  Dartmoor  andflow- 
ing  into  the  English  Channel.  Dartmouth  is  on 
its  estuary. 

Dartford  (dart'fprd).  A  manufacturing  town 
in  Kent,  Euglanii,  situated  on  the  Darent  15 
miles  southeast  of  London.  Wat  Tyler's  re- 
bellion commenced  here  in  1381.  Population 
(1891),  11,962. 

Dartle  (dar'tl),  Bosa,  In  Charles  Dickens's 
"David  Copperfield,"  Mrs.  Steerforth's  excit- 
able companion,  in  love  with  Steerf orth.  She 
has  a  soar  on  her  face,  caused  by  Steerf  orth  in 
his  youth. 

Dartmoor  (dart'mor) .    A  granitic  moorland  re- 

fiou  in  Devonshire,  England,  situated  north  of 
lymouth.  it  abounds  in  British  antiquities,  and  is  the 
seat  of  a  military  prison  (opened  in  1809)  where  American 
seamen  were  detained  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  where  French 
prisoners  of  warwere  confined  during  the  wars  with  Napo- 
leon, Mevation,  about  1,600  feet  above  sea-level.  Length, 
23  miles.  Breadth,  15  miles. 
Dartmouth  (dart'muth),  A  seaport  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  situated  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Dart  into  the  English  Channel,  26  miles  south  of 
Exeter.  It  was  an  important  seaport  in  the 
middle  ages.  Population  (1891),  6,038. 
Dartmouth  College.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing situated  at  Hanover,  New  Hampshire, 
founded  by  Eleazer  Wheelock.  it  was  chartered 
1769,  and  opened  1770.  It  has  about  700  students  and  60 
instructors,  and  a  library  of  85,000  volnmes  and  20,000 
pamphlets.    It  is  non-sectarian.    See  Legge,  VttUa/m. 

Dartmouth  College,  Case  of.  In  the  history 
of  American  jurisprudence,  a  case  which  de- 
rives great  importance  from  its  bearing  on 
the  law  of  corporations.  It  originated  in  a  dispute 
between  the  president  and  trustees  of  Dartmouth  College. 
The  former,  having  been  removed  from  office  by  the  lat- 
ter, appealed  to  the  legislature  of  Kew  Hampshire,  which 
passed  a  bill  amending  the  charter  of  the  college,  where- 
by a  new  corporation  was  created  under  the  title  of 
Dartmouth  University,  the  property  of  the  college  being 
vested  in  the  new  corporation.  The  college  trustees 
brought  action  in  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  in  1817  to 
recover  the  property.  The  case  came  by  appeal  before 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  which  in  1819 
rendered  a  decision  in  favor  of  the  trustees.  The  deci- 
sion held  that  a  charter  is  a  contract  between  the  State 
and  the  corporation  created  by  the  charter,  and  that,  as 
the  States  are  prohibited  by  the  Constitution  from  pass- 
ing any  laws  impairing  the  obligations  ot  contracts,  char- 
ters are  unalterable  except  by  consent  of  the  corpora- 
tions created  by  them.  The  plaintiffs  were  represented  by 
Daniel  Webster. 

Daru(da-ru'),Comte  Napoleon.  Born  at  Paris, 
June  11,  1807:  died  there,  Feb.  19,  1890.  A 
French  politician,  son  of  P.  A.  Dam.  He  was 
vice-president  ot  the  Legislative  Assembly  IS50-61,  and 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  1870. 

Daru,  Comte  Pierre  Antoine  Noel  Bruno. 
Born  at  Montpellier,  Prance,  Jan.  12,  1767 : 
died  at  Becheville,  near  Meulan,  France,  Sept. 

•5,  1829.  A  French  statesman  and  historian. 
He  was,  although  an  adherent  of  the  principles  of  the 
French,  Eevolution,  detained  in  prison  1793-94 ;  became 
intendant-general  of  the  army  ot  the  Danube  about  1796  ; 
became  councilor  of  state  about  1806 ;  became  minister  of 
state  in  ISll ;  and  became  a  member  of  the  Chamber  of 
Peers  in  1819.  His  chief  work  is  "Histoire  de  la  rdpub- 
lique  de  Venise"  (1819-21). 

Darwar.    See  Dharwar. 

Darwen.    See  Over  Darwen. 

Darwin  (dar'win),  Charles  Robert.    Bom  at 

Shrewsbury,  England,  Feb.  12,  1809:  died  at 
Down,  Kent,  April  19, 1882.  A  celebrated  Eng- 
lish naturalist,,  founder  of  the  "Darwinian" 
theory  of  evolution.  He  was  the  grandson  ot  Eras- 
mus Darwin :  studied  at  Edinburgh  and  Cambridge ;  was 
naturalist  to  H.  M.  S.  Beagle,  Captain  Fitz  Hoy,  ona  voy- 
age of  exploration  around  the  world  1831-36;  married  his 
cousin  Emma  Wedgwood  in  1839 ;  and  in  1842  took  up  his 
residence  in  the  secluded  village  of  Down,  in  Kent,  where 
he  devoted  himself  to  a  lite  ot  study  and  soientifle  re- 
search. He  published  in  1859  his  chief  work.  On  the 
Origin  of  Species  by  Means  of  Natural  Selection,  or  the 
Preservation  of  Favored  Races  in  the  Struggle  for  Llf e,_  m 
which  he  propounded  his  theory  of  biological  evolution, 
called  the  "darwinian  theory."   He  also  wrote  "Narrative 


Daubeny 

of  the  Surveying  Voyages  of  H.  M.  S.  Adventure  and  Bea. 
gle  "  (published  as  VoL  III.  ot  the  reports  of  Captains  Fiti 
Eoy  and  King,  1839;  second  edition,  "Journal  of  Ee- 
searches  into  the  Natural  History  and  Geology  of  the  Coun- 
tries visited  during  the  Voyage  of  H.  M.  S.  Beagle,"  1845: 
thh'd,  "A  Naturalist's  Voyage,"  1860),  "Zoology  of  the 
Voyage  of  H.  M.  S.  Beagle"  (1840-43,  edited  by  Darwin), 
"The  Structure  and  Distribution  ot  Coral  Keef  s  "<flrst  part 
of  "  The  Geology  of  the.  Voyage  of  the  Beagle,"  1842), 
"Geological  Observations  on  the  Volcanic  Islands  visited, 
etc. "(second part  of  the  "Geology,  etc.,"  1844), "Geological 
Observations  on  South  America"  (third  part  of  the  "Ge- 
ology, etc.,"  1846),  "On  the  Various  Contrivances  by  which 
Orchids  are  fertilized  by  Insects,  etc."  (1862),  "  The  Move- 
ments and  Habits  of  Climbing  Plants  "  (1865),  *The  Vari- 
ation of  Animals  and  Plants  under  Domestication  "  (1868), 
"The  Descent  of  Man,  and  Selection  in  Eelation  to  Sex" 
(1871),  "The  Expression  of  the  Emotions  in  Man  and  Ani- 
mals"(1872),  "Insectivorous Plants "(1876),  "TheEflfects 
of  Cross  and  Self  Fertilization  in  the  Vegetable  Kingdom  " 
(1876),  "Different  Forms  of  Flowers"  (1877),  "The  Power 
ot  Movement  in  Plants  "  (1880),  "  The  Formation  of  Vege- 
table Mould  through  the  Action  of  Worms,  with  Observa, 
tions  on  their  Habits  "  (1881),  and  a  number  of  monographs, 
etc. 
Darwin,  Erasmus.  Bom  at  Elston,  Notting- 
ham, England,  Dec.  12,  1731 :  died  at  Derby, 
England,  April  18,  1802.  An  English  natu- 
ralist, and  poet,  grandfather  of  Charles  Dar- 
win. He  wrote  the  poem  ' '  The  Botanic  Garden  "  in  1781 ; 
the  second  part,  "Loves  of  the  Plants,"  appeared  in  1789 ; 
the  first  part,  "The  Economy  ot  Vegetation,"  appeared  in 
1792.  This  was  satirized  in  the  "Anti-Jacobin,"  by  Canning, 
In  the  "Loves  ot  the  Triangles."  In  1794-96  he  published 
"Zoonomia,  or  the  Laws  of  Organic  Life,"  and  in  1799  "Phy- 
tologia,  or  the  PhUosophy  of  Agriculture  and  Gardening." 

Darwin,  Mount.  One  of  the  chief  peaks  in 
Tierra  del  Fuego,  in  King  Charles's  South 
Land.    Height,  6,800  feet. 

Dasent  (da'sent),  Sir  George  Webbe.    Bom 

in  St.  Vincent,  W.  I.,  1820 :  died  near  Ascot, 
Berks,  June  11,  1896.  An  English  lawyer  and 
author,  best  known  as  a  student  of  Scandinavian 
literature :  from  1845-70  he  was  one  of  the  as- 
sistant editors  of  the  London  "Times."  He 
published  a  translation  ot  "  The  Prose  or  Younger  Edda  " 
(1842),  "Popular  Tales  from  the  Norse"(1859),  "Saga  of 
Burnt  Njal"  (1861),  "  The  Vikings  of  the  Baltic"  (1875). 

Dash  (dash).  La  Comtesse.  The  pseudonym  of 
Gabrielle  Anne  de  Cistemes  de  Coutiras,  Mar- 
quise de  Saint-Mars.     See  Saint-Mars. 

Dashakumaracharita.  [Skt.,  'the  adventures 
of  the  ten  princes.']  A  book  of  stories  by 
Dandin. 

Dasharatha  (da-sha-ra'-tha).  In  Hiudu  my- 
thology, a  prince  of  the  Solar  race,  son  of  Aja, 
a  descendant  of  Ikshwaku  and  king  of  Ayo- 
dhya.  Of  his  three  wives,  Kaushalya  bore  Kama,  Kaikeyi 
Bharata,  and  Sumitra  Lakshmana  and  Shatrughna.  Eama 
partook  of  half  the  nature  of  Vishnu,  Bharata  of  a  quarter, 
and  the  other  two  shared  the  remaining  fourth. 

Dashur  (da-shor' ).  A  locality  in  Egypt,  situated 
west  of  the  Nile  and  directly  south  of  the  Great 
Pyramids.  It  is  noted  for  its  pyramids,  two  of  stone 
and  two  of  unbumed  brick.  The  northernmost,  of  stone, 
is  of  remarkable  size,  measuring  about  700  feet  square, 
originally  720,  and  342^  feet  high,  now  326.  There  is  a 
series  of  three  chambers  beneath  it.  The  sides  of  the  other 
stone  pyramid  are  built  in  two  angles,  like  a  curb-roof. 
Most  of  the  exterior  casing  ot  this  pyramid  remains,  and 
the  interior  chamber  beneath  it  is  80  feet  high. 

Dashwood  (dash'wud),  Elinor  and  Marianne. 

Two  sisters  in  Miss  Austen's  novel  "Sense 
and  Sensibility."  Elinor  represents  "  Sense," 
as  opposed  to  Marianne's  "  Sensibility,"  or  ex- 
aggerated sentiment. 

D'Asumar  (da-sli-mar'),  Count.  A  character 
in  Le  Sage's  "Gil  Bias." 

Datchery  (daeh'er-i),  Dick.  Amysterious  per- 
son with  white  hair  and  a  military  air  who  ap- 
pears inexplicably  in  Cloisterham,  in  Charles 
Dickens's  "Mystery  of  Edwin  Drood." 

Dathan  (da'than).  In  Old  Testament  history, 
a  Eeubenite  chieftain,  son  of  Eliab,  who  joined, 
the  conspiracy  of  Korah. 

Datis  (da'tis).  [Gr.  Aanf.]  A  Median  general 
who,  with  Artaphernes,  commanded  the  army 
of  Darius  which  was  defeated  at  Marathon. 

Datiya  (da'te-ya),  or  Datia  (da'te-a).  A  town 
in  the  Bundelkhand,  British  India,  in  lat.  25° 40' 
N.,  long.  78°  28'  E.    Population,  about  45,000. 

Daub  (doup),  Karl.  Born  at  Cassel,  Germany, 
March  20,  1765:  died  at  Heidelberg,  Baden, 
Nov.  22,  1836.  A  German  Protestant  theolo- 
gian, professor  of  theology  at  Heidelberg  from 
1795.  His  works  include  "Lehrbuch  der  Kateohetik" 
(1801),  "Theologumena"(1806),  "Diedogmatische  Theolo- 
gie  jetziger  Zeit"  (1833),  etc. 

Daubenton  (d6-bon-t6h'),  Louis  Jean  Marie. 

Born  at  Montbard,  C6te-d'0r,  France,  May  29, 
1716 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  31, 1799  (Jan.  1, 1800  ?) . 
A  noted  French  naturalist.  He  was  the  collabora- 
tor of  Builon  in  the  first  part  of  his  "Histoire  naturelle," 
and  author  of  numerous  scientific  treatises  and  mono- 
graphs. 

Daubeny  (dob'ne  or  da'be-ni),  Charles  Giles 
Bridle.     Bom  at   Stratton,  Gloucestershire, 


310 

published  a  small  volume  of  verses  in  1823.  In  1832 
Honors  was  condemned  to  six  months'  imprisonment  lor 
a  lithograph  disrespectful  to  Louis  Philippe.  He  subse- 
quently joined  "Charivari,"  founded  by  Philipon.  He  be- 
came completely  blind  between  1850  and  1860. 


Daubeny 

England,  Feb.  11, 1795:  died  Deo.  13, 1867.  An 
English  geologist  and  chemist :  chief  work, ' '  De- 
scription of  Volcanoes"  (1826). 

D'Aubigni,    See  Merle  d'AuUgne.  _  

D'Aubignl,  Theodore  Agrippa.    See  AvMgnS.  Daun  (doun)7  Count  Leopold  Joseph  Maria 
Daubignjr^  (^^■^^^■yi'^i-yll^'rles   Frangpis.    von.    Born  at  Vienna,  Sept.  24,  1705:  died  at 

Vienna,  Feb.  5,  1766.  A  noted  Austrian  field- 
marshal.  He  was  distinguished  in  the  Turkish  war 
1737-39,  and  in  the  Silesian  wars  1741-42, 1744-45;  defeated 
Frederick  the  Great  at  Kolin  in  1757,  and  at  Hochkirch  in 
1758 ;  captured  Fink's  army  at  Maxen  in  1769 ;  and  was  de- 
feated by  Frederick  at  Torgau  in  1760. 

Daunou  (do -no'),  Pierre  Claude  Frangois. 
Born  at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  France,  Aug.  18, 1761: 
died  at  Paris,  June  20, 1840.  A  French  historian 
and  politieian.  He  was  deputy  to  the  Convention  1792- 
1795,  first  president  of  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  ,1795, 
and  a  member  of  the  Tribunate  J800-02.  His  chief  work  is 
Cours  d'^tudes  historiques"  (1839-49). 


Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  15,  1817 :  died  there,  Feb. 
19, 1878.  A  celebrated  French  landscape-paint- 
er, a  pupil  of  Paul  Delaroche.  in  1838  he  made 
his  d^but  at  the  Salon  with  a  view  of  ITotre  Dame  and  the 
Isle  St.  Louis,  and  was  continuously  represented  in  the 
Salons,  except  those  of  1842-46.  At  the  Salon  of  1850-51 
he  exhibited  "The  Washerwomen  of  the  River  Oullins," 
"  The  Vintage,"  and  other  works,  which  created  a  sensa- 
tion among  artists  and  connoisseurs.  He  also  painted 
"  The  Harvest "  (1851-57),  "  The  Lake  of  Gylieu  "  (1862-53), 
"The  Sluice  of  Optevoz " (1856),  "The  Graves  of  Viller- 
Tille  "  (1859), ' '  The  Banks  of  the  Oiae "  (1859),  etc.  July  15, 
1869,  he  was  made  chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 

DAubusson.    See  Aubusson. 


Daudet  (do-da'),  Aljionse.    Bom  at  Mmes,  Dauphine  (da'fin),  Sir  Eugene.    In  Ben  Jon- 


May  13,  1840 :  died  at  Paris,  Deo.  16,  1897.  A 
French  humorist  and  novelist.  He  went  to  school 
at  Lyons,  and  then  served  a  tutorship  for  two  years.  In 
1867  he  settled  in  Paris,  and  published  shortly  afterward 


son's  comedy  "Epiccsne,  orthe  Silent  Woman,' 
the  lively  and  ingenious  nephew  of  Morose.  He 
concocts  the  plot  by  which  a  portion  of  his  uncle's  money 
is  given  to  him  and  his  debts  are  paid.    See  Epicome. 


a  collection  of  poems,  "Les  amoureuses."    The  "Figaro"  Dauphin6  (do-fe-na'),  E.  DauphiUV  (d§,'fi-ni). 

nnhn.hPrf  hi»  ipcniint  of  a  tutor's  hardsMns. "  Les  eneiix    (-jj]^_  BelpMnatus;  from  daupMn,  Pr.  dalfiu,  a 

dolphin.  The  lords  of  the  province  bore  three 
dolphins  on  their  crest.]  An  ancient  prov- 
ince of  France,  bounded  by  the  Eh&ne  on  the 
west  andnorth,  by  Savoy  on  the  north,  Piedmont 
on  the  east,  Provence  on  the  south,  and  Comtat- 
Venaissin  on  the  southwest.  Itsterritoryformedthe 
departments  Isfere,  Dr6me,  and  Hautes- AJpes.  Its  capital 
was  Grenoble.  Its  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  In 
the  middle  ages  it  belonged  to  the  kingdom  of  Aries. 
Later  the  counts  of  Vienne  became  prominent,  and  in  1349 
it  was  sold  to  France,  but  guarded  some  of  its  libertierifor 
many  years.    From  it  is  derived  the  title  of  the  dauphin. 


published  his  account  of  a  tutor's  hardships^  *'  Les  gueux 
de  province."  A  series  of  papers  contributed  to  the  same 
journal  came  out  in  book  form  as  "Le  chaperon  rouge  '■ 
(1861).  Asecond  collection  of  poems,  "La  double  conver- 
sion, was  published  in  1859.  Daudet  wrote  his  "lettres 
sur  Paris"  to  "Le  Petit  Moniteur"  under  the  nom  de 
plume  of  Jehan  de  I'lsle  in  1866.  His  "  Lettres  de  mon 
moulin,"  signed  with  the  name  Gaston-Marie,  were  ad- 
dressed to  "  L'Ev^nement "  in  1866.  Daudet's  publications 
include  "Le  petit  chose"  (1868),  "Lettres  k  un  absent" 
(1871),  "  Les  aventures  prodigieuses  de  Tartarin  de  Taras- 
""" '    (1872),  "Les  petits  Hobinsons  des  caves"  jC1872), 


"  Oontes  du  lundi  "(1873),"  Cont«s  et  r^cits  "(1873),  "Robert 

Helmont "  (1874),  "Lesfemmes  d'artistes  "  (1874),  "From  ont 

jeune  et  Elsler  aln^ '  (1874),  "Jack"  (1876),  "Le  nabab" 

(1877),  "Les  rois  en  exil"  (1879),  "Contes  choisis,  la  fantal-  Daura  (dou'ra) .     See  Hausa. 

sie  etl'histoire" (1879),  "Numa  Koumestan" (1881),  "Les  t»_,,_„4.      q„o  rtnmt 

eigognes"  (1883),  "L'Evangaiste"  (1883),  "Sapho'' (1884),  i^S'^raTi.     pee  i/yrat.  ,,....,>,      a 

"Tartarin  sur  lea  Alpes "  (1886),  "  La  belle  Nivernaise"  Dauna  (da-o're-a),  or  Dadr  (da-OT  ).  A  region 
(1886),  "Trente  ans  de  Paris  "(1887),  "L'lmmortel"'  (1888),  in  Trans-Baikal,  Siberia,  situated  southeast  of 
"  Port  Tarasoon  "  (1890).    Either  unassisted  or  in  collabo-    Lake  Baikal  on  the  Chinese  frontier. 

J^a'Zg"i:^£•|h'elr'o^rn^ft?tfe.°Tn''Mkfm'l^^rte^ 

brought  out  "La  demifere  idole"  (l862),  "Les  absents"  Baeza,  Castile,  about  10U5  :  died  at  Kiobamba, 

(1863),  "L'CEillet  Wane"  (1864),  "Le  frere  aln6"(1868),  near  Quito,  after  1561.  A  Spanish  soldier.  Hewent 

"  L' ArMsienne  "  (1872),  "  Lise  Tavernler  "  (1872),  and  finally  to  Peru  with  the  viceroy  Mendoza  in  1551,  was  coixegidor 

"  La  lutte  pour  la  vie,"  based  on  his  novel  "  L'lmmortel. '  of  Cuzco  in  1563,  and  was  expelled  from  the  city  by  Giron 

Daudet,  liOUiS  Marie  Ernest.     BomatNlmes,  and  his  followers.  He  took  part  in  the  campaign  against  Gi- 
Franoe,  May  31,  1837.     A  French  journalist, 
historian,  and  novelist,  brother  of  Alphonse 
Daudet.     He  wrote  "Histoire  des  conspirations  royal- 


ron,  and  in  1666  was  made  justicia  mayor  of  Quito,  subdued 
the  Canaris  Indians  in  1657,  and  from  1558  to  1561  was  gover- 
nor of  Quij6s,  or  the  Land  of  Cinnamon,  on  the  river  ^aho. 
He  founded  there  Baeza,  Archidona,  and  other  towns. 


istes  du  Midi,"  etc.  (1881),  "Histoire  de  la  restauratlon "  Davenant  (dav'e-nant),  Charles.     Born  1656: 


(1882),  "  Histoire  de  l'6migration"  (1886-89),  etc.  Among 
his  numerous  novels  are  "Th^r^se"  (1869),  "Fleur  de 
p^oh6"  (1872),  "Daniel  de  Kerfons"  (1878),  "Dolores" 
(1879), "  Mtroqufi  "  (1882),  "  Gisfele  Rubens  "  (1887),  etc. 

Daudin  (do-dan'),  Frangois  Marie.  Born  at 
Paris,  March  25,  1774:  died  at  Paris,  1804.  A 
noted  French  naturalist,  author  of  numerous 
works  on  the  various  branches  of  zoology. 

Daughter  (d^'ter).  The.  A  play  in  verse  by 
J.  Sheridan  Knowles,  produced  in  1836. 

Daughter  of  the  Regiment,  The.    See  Mile  du 


died  Nov.  6,  1714.  An  English  writer  on  po- 
litical economy,  son  of  Sir  William  Davenant. 
Davenant,  or  D'Avenant,  Sir  William.  Born 
at  Oxford,  England,  Feb.,  1606:  died  at  Lon- 
don, April  7, 1668.  An  English  poet  and  dram- 
atist. Oldys  is  chiefly  responsible  for  the  story  that 
Dkvenant  was  the  son  of  Shakspere,  which  seems  to  rest 
mainly  on  the  fact  that  the  latter  used  the  inn  of  John 
Davenant  (the  father  of  William)  at  Oxford  on  his  jour- 
neys to  and  from  Warwickshire.  About  1620  Davenant 
became  page  to  the  Duchess  of  Richmond,  and  then  to 
Fulke  Greville,  Lord  Brooke.  In  1628,  after  the  murder  of 
Greville,  he  began  to  write  plays,  etc.  In  163S  he  was  made 
poet  laureate.  About  this  time  he  had  a  severe  illness 
which  resulted  in  the  loss  of  his  nose,  a  fact  frequently 
adverted  toby  the  witty  writers  of  the  time.  He  was  man- 
ager of  Drnry  Lane  Theatre  for  a  time  but,  becoming  im- 
plicated in  the  various  intrigues  of  the  civil  war,  he  fled 
to  France.  Returning  in  1643,  he  was  knighted  at  the 
siege  of  Gloucester.  He  was  imprisoned  for  two  years  in 
the  Tower  for  political  offenses,  and  expected  to  be  hanged. 
While  there  he  published  "Gondibert "  (1651).  This  epic 
poem  consisted  of  fifteen  hundred  four-line  stanzas.  After 
uie  Restoration  he  was  in  favor  at  court,  and  continued  to 
write  till  his  death.  Among  his  plays  are  "Albovine," 
published  in  1629,  "The  Cruel  Brother "(1630),  "The  Just 
Italian "  (1630),  "The  Wits"  (1636),  "The  Unfortunate 
Lovers " (1643),  "The  Siege  of  Rhodes "  (1656),  " Love  and 
Honor"  (1649),  "Law  against  Lovers"  (played  in  1662), 
"The  Rivals  (played  in  1664),  etc.  He  produced  altera- 
tions of  "  The  Tempest "  (with  Dryden,  1667)  and  of  "Mac- 
beth" (printed  1674)  and  "Julius  Caesar." 


Daughters  of  the  American  Bevolution.    A 

patriotic  society  organized  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  Oct.  11,  1890.  Any  woman  is  eligible  for  mem- 
bership who  is  descended  from  a  man  or  woman,  of  rec- 
ognized patriotism,  who  rendered  material  aid  to  the 
cause  of  independence. 

Daughters  of  the  Bevolution.  A  patriotic 
society  organized  in  New  York  city,  Aug.  20, 
1891.  Membership  is  restricted  to  women  who  are  lineal 
descendants  of  an  ancestor  who  was  in  actual  military  or 
naval  service  under  any  of  the  thirteen  colonies  or  States, 
or  of  the  Continental  Congress ;  or  are  descendants  of  one 
who  signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  or  of  an  of- 
ficial who  actually  assisted  in  establishing  American  in- 
dependence and  became  liable  to  conviction  of  treason 
against  the  government  of  Great  Britain. 

Daulatabad.    See  Dowletabad.  _^ ^ 

Daulatshah  (dou-lat-sha').  A  Persian  writer  j)averiport"(d'av'"en-p6rt).' '  A  city  and  the 
of  the  15th  century,  author  of  the  biography  of  county-seat  of  Scott  County,  Iowa,  situated  on 
the  celebrated  poets  of  Persia.  the  Mississippi  in  lat.  41°  30'  N.,  long.  90°  38' 

Daulis(da'lis).  [Gr.  Aat)/lif.]  In  ancient  geogra-  -w  opposite  Kook  Island.  It  is  an  important 
phy,  a  city  of  Phocis,  Greece,  situated  12  miles  distributing  center.  Population  (1900),  35,254. 
east  of  Delphi,  it  was  the  scene  of  the  mythof  Tereus,  Davenport,  Johu.  Born  at  Coventry,  England, 
Philomela,  and  Procne.  .   ti      i  about  1598 :  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  March  13, 

Daumas  (do-mas  ),  Melchior  Joseph  Eugene,  iqjq  j^  Puritan  clergyman  who  emigrated  to 
Bom  Sept.  4, 1803 :  died  near  Bordeaux,  France,  Boston  in  1637.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
May  6,  1871.  A  French  general  and  diplomat,  ^j^g  -^^^  Haven  colony  in  1638. 
and  writer  on  Algeria.  He  was  consul  in  Algeria  noventrv  (dav'en-tri :  commonly  dan'tri).  A 
1837-39,  and  was  occupied  with  important  administrative  ■^'*''^.*«.Ti  .,„"„+  '_t,;_„  TflTiirlnTifl  12  inilps 
duties  during  the  struggle  with  Abd-el-Kadir.  He  wrote  town  1?  Northamptonshire,  imgland,!--  miles 
"Le  Sahara  alg(5rien,"  etc.  (1846),  "  Les  chevaux  du  Sahara  west  of  Northampton.  Population  (i»yi),d,Uda. 
et  les  moeurs  du  desert "  (5th  ed.  1858),  etc.  D' Avezac.     See  Avezac. 

Daumer  (dou'mer),  Georg  Friedrich.  Born  at  David  (da'vid).  [Heb.,  'beloved  one.']  The  sec- 
Nuremberg,  Bavaria,  March  5,  1800:  died  at  ondkingof  Israel,1055-1015B.c.:bornatBethle- 
Wiirzburg,  Bavaria,  Deo.  13,  1875.  A  German  hem,  as  the  seventh  and  youngest  son  of  Jesse  of 
Boet  and  philosophical  writer.  the  tribe  of  Judah.  Aboutthe  age  of  18, while  stiUshep- 

T»aiimier  (do-mva'1    Honor^      Bom   at  Mar-    herd  of  his  father's  flocks,  he  was  secretly  anointed  king  of 

Daumier  (QO  Wa  ;,  nonore.     uom  ai  mar  ^^^  ^  g^^^j^,  ^g  came  into  close  per- 

seiUeS,  Feb.  20,  1808:  died  Deb.  11,   IH/y.     A     so„alrelationwith  Saul  the  king,butincurredhisbitteren- 
Frenoh  caricaturist.    His  father  was  a  glazier  who     ,„ity.   The  Philistine  giant  Goliath  was  slain  by  David  in 


Da-vid  II. 

single  combat.  His  successes  and  the  praises  accorded 
to  him  by  the  people  aroused  the  suspicion  and  the  Jeal- 
ousy of  Saul  (whose  daughter  Michal  be  married)^  which 
subsequently  turned  into  deadly  hatred,  so  that  he  was 
often  in  jeopardy  of  his  life.  He  first  sought  refuge  with 
Samuel,  then  with  the  priests  in  Nob,  which  resulted  in 
their  massacre  by  Saul,  and  was  finally  driven  to  seek 
safety  with  the  enemies  of  his  people,  the  Philistines. 
There  rallied  around  him  "men  who  were  in  distress,  in 
debt,  and  discontented. "  At  the  head  of  these  freebooters 
or  outlaws  he  undertook  many  expeditions  and  fought 
many  skirmishes,  which  made  him  increasingly  popular 
with  the  people.  All  this  time  he  was  pursued  by  Saul, 
whose  mind  became  more  and  more  darkened :  twice  the 
king  came  into  his  power,  but  because  of  his  awe  of  the 
"  anointed  of  the  Lord  "  he  did  not  avail  himself  of  these 
opportunities  (1  Sam.  xxiv.  4  «.,  xxvi.  7  fl.).  He  was  com- 
pelled  to  become  the  vassal  of  the  Philistine  king  Achish 
of  Gath,  who  gave  him  for  his  support  Ziklag  on  the  fron- 
tier of  Philistia.  From  here  he  undertook  expeditions 
against  the  nomadic  tribes  oi  the  border,  while  Achish 
believed  that  they  were  directed  against  Israel  (1  Sam. 
xxvli.).  The  Philistines  gathered  a  large  army  against 
IsraeL  In  the  battle  of  Gilboa  (which  see)  Saul  and  his 
host  lost  their  lives.  To  David,  who  was  then  about  thirty 
years  old,  the  crown  now  fell.  For  seven  and  a  half  years 
his  reign  was  limited  to  Judah,  with  his  seat  at  Hebron, 
while  the  other  tribes  were  under  the  scepter  of  Ishbo- 
sheth,  son  of  Saul,  residing  in  Mahanaim,  east  of  the  Jor- 
dan. Ishbosheth,  however,  was  murdered,  and  all  the 
tribes  recognized  David  as  king :  over  thewholeof  Israel  he 
reigned  for  thirty-three  years.  He  removed  his  residence 
from  Hebron  to  Jerusalem,  which  he  took  from  the  Jebu- 
sites,  and  there  established  himself  in  the  "city  of  David," 
the  oldest  quarter  of  Jerusalem,  on  Mount  Zion.  Here  also 
the  temporary  sanctuary  was  put  up  (2  Sam.  vi.),  which 
made  the  city  the  political  and  religious  center  of  the  na- 
tion, and  gave  to  David's  reign  a  genuine  royal  character. 
Through  a  series  of  successful  wars  against  the  Philis- 
tines, Ammonites,  Moabites,  Edomites,  Syrians,  Amale- 
kites,  etc.,  and  by  the  introduction  of  a  regular  adminis- 
tration and  organization  of  court  and  army,  he  became  the 
realfounder  of  the  monarchical  governmentof  Israel.  The 
constitution  of  the  tribes  remained  intactjbut  the  military 
organization  was  a  national  one.  Each  tribe  sent  a_  con- 
tingent of  men  (over  twenty  years  of  age)  to  the  national 
army,  which  stood  under  one  commander-in-chief,  Joab, 
David's  nephew.  The  body-guard  was  formed,  it  seems, 
of  foreigners,  the  Cherethites  and  Feletbites  (supposed  to 
be  Philistines).  The  nucleus  of  the  army  consisted  of  the 
band  of  heroes  (ffAborim)  who  rallied  about  David  while 
he  was  still  an  exile.  The  king  presided  over  judicial 
cases,  and  was  surrounded  by  a  regular  staff  of  military 
and  administrative  counselors  and  officers.  David  was  also 
the  actual  founder  of  a  sanctifying,  divine  worship,  refining 
and  enriching  it  by  the  influence  of  music  and  psalmody. 
The  last  period  of  his  reign  was  much  darkened  by  national 
misfortunes  and  domestic  rebellions  —  the  rebellion  of  his 
son  Absalom,  the  uprising  of  Sheba  ben  Bishi'i,  a  drought 
and  famine  lasting  three  years,  and  a  pestilence  induced 
by  the  counting  of  the  people.  Even  in  his  last  days, 
when  he  was  prostrated  with  the  infirmities  of  age,  his 
son  Adonijah  attempted  to  secure  the  succession  to  which 
David  had  appointed  Solomon.  This  rebellion,  however, 
like  all  the  others,  was  successfully  r^ressed,  and  David 
died  peacefully  at  the  age  of  seventy.  He  became  the  ideal 
king  of  Israel,  the  pattern  and  standard  by  which  all  suc- 
ceeding rulers  were  measured,  the  prototype  of  the  last 
perfect  ruler,  the  Messiah,  who  is  sometimes  simply  called 
David.  As  regards  the  Psalms,  modern  criticism  denies 
him  the  authorship  of  many  psalms  bearing  in  the  bibli- 
cal Book  of  Psalms  the  superscription  "of  David."  But 
there  is  no  reason  for  entirely  disconnecting  David  from 
this  kind  of  Hebrew  poetry.  The  probability  is  that  not 
only  did  the  psalm-poetry  develop  and  flourish  under  hia 
favor,  but  also  that  he  himself  composed  many  hymns. 
David,  or  De'Wi,  Saint.  Died  in  601.  The  pa- 
tron saint  of  Wales.  He  was  bishop  of  Menevia  (after' 
ward  called  St.  David's),  where  he  founded  a  monastery. 
According  to  an  account  which  has  no  historical  founda- 
tion, he  was  appointed  metropolitan  archbishop  of  Wales 
at  a  synod  held  at  Brefl.  He  is  commemorated  as  a  saint 
on  the  1st  of  March. 

Da'vid.  1 .  A  colossal  statue  by  Michelangelo,  in 
the  Aeoademia,  Florence.  The  youthful  hero  stands 
in  a  position  of  repose,  holding  his  sling  in  his  left  hand 
and  a  pebble  in  the  right.  The  form  is  still  undeveloped 
and  boyish,  but  full  of  power. 

2.  A  statue  by  Donatello,  in  the  Bargello, 
Florence.  David  stands  resting,  nude,  with  his  shep- 
herd's hat  on  his  head,  and  his  left  foot  resting  on  the 
helmeted  head  of  Goliath,  whose  sword  he  still  holds. 

David.  The  name  given  to  Charlemagne  by 
Alouin  in  the  learned  academy  establiSied  at 
the  former's  court.     See  Flaccus. 

David  I.  DiedatCarlisle,England,May24,1153. 
King  of  Scotland,  son  of  Malcolm  (Janmore.  He 
succeeded  his  brother  Edgar  as  earl  or  prince  of  Cumbria 
in  1107,  and  ascended  the  throne  of  Scotland  on  the  death 
of  Alexander  I.  in  1124.  He  refused  to  recognize  Stephen 
as  king  of  England,  and  invaded  that  coun&y  in  support 
of  the  claim  of  Mathilda  who  was  his  niece,  but  was  sig- 
nallydef  eated  at  the  Battle  of  the  Standard  at  Cutton  Moor, 
near  Northallerton,  Aug.  22, 1138. 

David  II.  Bom  at  Dunfermline,  Scotland, 
March  5,  1324:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Feb.  22,1371. 
King  of  Scotland,  son  of  Robert  Bruce  whom 
he  succeeded  in  1329  under  the  regency  of  the 
Earl  of  Moray.  The  incompetent  Earl  of  Mar  having 
succeeded  to  the  regency  on  the  death  of  Moray  in  1382, 
the  kingdom  was  invaded  by  Edward  Baliol,  who  seized 
the  throne  with  the  assistance  of  Edward  III,  of  England. 
David  took  refuge  in  France  1334-41,  when  he  was  restored 
by  the  successes  of  his  adherents  Sir  Alexander  Murray  of 
Bothwell,  Robert  the  steward  of  Scotland,  and  Sir  William 
the  knight  of  Liddesdale.  Be  invaded  England  in  1346, 
was  defeated  and  captured  at  Neville's  Cross,  Oct.  17  of  that 
year,  and  was  detained  in  captivity  until  1367. 


David 

David.  A  small  town  in  the  United  States  of 
Colombia,  situated  on  the  Isthmus  of  Panama, 
near  the  Pacific  coast  and  the  frontier  of  Costa 
Biea. 

David  (da-ved'),  F61icien  C6sar.  Bom  at  Ca- 
denet,  Vauoluse,  Prance,  April  13,  1810 :  died 
at  St.  Germain,  near  Paris,  Aug.  29,  1876.  A 
French  composer.  He  early  became  a  disciple  of  St. 
Simon  and  of  Enfaotln.  In  1833  he  went  to  the  Bast.  He 
remauied  in  obscurity  till  1844,  when  he  brought  out  his 
chief  work,  a  choral  symphony,  "Le  desert." 

David  (da'ved),  Ferdinand,  Bom  at  Hamburg, 
Jan.  19, 1810:  died  near  Klosters,  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerland, July  18, 1873.  A  noted  German  violin- 
ist, teacher,  and  composer,  leader  of  the  band  at 
the  Gewandhaus,  Leipsic,  1836-73.  Among  his 
pupils  were  Joachim  and  Wilhelmj. 

David  (da-ved'),  Jacques  Louis.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Aug.  31,  1748:  died  at  Brussels,  Dec. 
29, 1825.  A  historical  painter,  pupil  of  Bou- 
cher and  Vien,  and  founder  of  the  French  clas- 
sical school.  He  was  educated  at  the  College  des 
^uatre  Nations.  In  1775  he  won  the  grand  prix  de  Rome 
after  three  unsuccessful  attempts,  and  remained  in  Kome 
until  1780,  when  he  returned  to  Paris,  and  was  elected 
associate  member  of  the  Academy  (full  member  in  1783). 
The  first  picture  composed  under  the  influence  of  his  clas- 
sical ideas  was  '*Belisarius."  He  was  made  court  painter 
to  Louis  XVI.,  and  in  1784  painted  for  him  the  "  Eoratii. " 
He  entered  heartily  into  the  Bevolution ;  was  associated 
with  Robespierre ;  and  voted  for  the  death  of  the  king. 
After  Robespierre's  downfall  he  was  imprisoned  for  seven 
months.  On  his  release  he  painted  the  "  Rape  of  the 
Sabines.''    Ifapoleon  made  him  court  painter. 

David,  Pierre  Jean,  called  David  d' Angers. 

Born  at  Angers,  France,  March  12,  1789 :  died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  5, 1856.  A  French  sculptor. .  He 
executed  works  for  the  Pantheon  (Paris). 

David,  Toussaint  Bernard,  or  £meric-David. 

Bom  at  Aix,  in  Provence,  Aug.  20,  1755 :  died 
at  Paris,  April  2,  1839.  A  noted  French  ar- 
chsBologist.  He  became  "docteur  eu  droit"  at  Aix  in 
1775,  ana  went  to  Paris  to  complete  his  studies  in  juris- 
pi'udence.  A  prolonged  visit  to  Italy  developed  a  taste 
for  the  arts.  He  occupied  himself  with  law,  business, 
and  archseological  studies  until  the  Revolution,  when  he 
escaped  death  by  flight  (1798).  After  the  9th  Thermidor 
he  returned  to  Paris,  and  in  1800  won  the  first  prize  of  the 
•  Institute  with  his  essay  on  the  causes  of  the  perfection  of 
sculpture  in  antiquity.  On  April  11, 1816,  he  was  elected 
member  of  the  Institute.  On  Oct.  14, 1825,  he  was  called 
to  take  part  in  the  continuation  of  "  L'Histoire  lltt^raire 
de  France."  His  principal  works  are  "Recherche  sur 
I'art  statuaire,  consid&^  chez  les  anciens  et  les  mo- 
dernes  "  (Memoirs  of  1800),  "  Discours  historique  sur  la 
peinture  modeme,"  "Discours  historique  sur  la  gravure 
en  bois,"  "Discours  historique  sur  la  sculpture frantaise," 
"  Histoire  de  la  peinture  au  moyen  ftge,"  etc. 

David  Copperfleld  (da'vid  kop'er-feld).  A 
novel  by  Charles  Dickens,  it  came  out  in  twenty 
monthly  parts,  the  first  of  which  appeared  in  May,  1849. 
It  was  Dickens's  favorite  work :  in  it  he  portrayed  in 
many  important  scenes  his  own  history,  llie  character 
from  whom  the  book  takes  its  name  is  a  timid  boy  re- 
duced to  stupidity  and  finally  to  desperation  by  a  cruel 
stepfather,  Mr.  Murdstone,  by  whom  also  his  mother,  a 
weak,  affectionate  woman,  is  crashed.  He  is  sent  at  ten 
years  of  age  to  a  warehouse  in  London,  and  employed  in 
rough  work  at  a  trifling  salary.  Unable  to  bear  this  life, 
he  runs  away  to  his  father's  aunt.  Miss  Betsey  Trotwood, 
an  eccentric  but  kind-hearted  woman,  who  adopts  him. 
He  becomes  an  author,  and  marries  a  childish,  affection- 
ate little  woman,  Dora  Spenlow,  whom  he  calls  his  "child 
wife."     After  her  death  he  marries  Agnes  Wickfield. 

Davideis  (da-vid'  e-is ) .  An  epic  poem  by  Cow- 
•  ley,  on  the  subject  of  David,  king  of  the  He- 
brews, published  in  1656. 

David  Elginbrod.  A  novel  by  George  Mac- 
donald,  published  in  1863. 

David  G-arrick  (gar'ik) .  A  play  translated  by 
T.  W.  Robertson  from  a  French  play,  "Sulli- 
van," in  1864.      __  ^.„.       _.        „ 

Davids(da'vidz ),  Thomas  WiUiamEliys.  Bom 

at  Colchester,  England,  May  12, 1843.  An  Eng- 
lish lawyer  and  Orientalist.  He  studied  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Breslau ;  was  appointed  writer  in  the  Ceylon  civU 
service  in  1866-  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1877 ;  and  be- 
clTeldUor  of  the  journal  of  the  Pali  Text  Society  (1883), 
and  professor  of  PaU  and  Buddhist  literature  ui  University 
College,  London.  Author  of  "  On  1;he  Ancient  Coins  and 
MpMnres  of  Ceylon  "  (1874), " Buddhism :  being  a  Sketch  of 
t^fLiferdTeSingsof(3kutaraatheBuddha''(1877),etc. 

Davidson,  Harry.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
March  25,  1858.  An  American  wood-engraver. 
Among  his  principal  works  are  "Israel  (after  Kenyon 
Cox),  "Canterbury  Cathedral"  (Pennell),  "The  Golden 
Gate"  (Cliicago  Exposition,  after  Castaigne),  "An  Old 
Mill "  (Castaigne). 

Davidson(da'vid-son),LucretiaMaria.Bornat 

Plattsbuig,  N.  Y.,  gept.  27, 1808 :  died  at  Platts- 
burg,  Aiig.  27, 1825.  An  American  poet.  "Amir 
Khan  and  other  poems  "  was  published  m  1829. 

Davidson.  Margaret  Miller.  Born  at  Platts- 
burg,  N.  Y.,  March  26,  1823 :  died  at  Saratoga, 
N  Y  Nov.  25,  1838.  An  American  poet,  sis- 
ter of  Lucretia  Maria  Davidson.  The  works  of 
the  two  sisters  were  published  m  1850. 

Davidson,  Samuel.    Born  near  Ballymena,  Ire- 


311 

land,  1807:  died  April  1,  1898.  An  English 
biblical  scholar,  author  of  "Introduction  to 
the  New  Testament"  (1848-51). 

Davidson,  William,  Bom  in  Lancaster  Coun- 
ty, Pa.,  1746:  killed  at  Cowan's  Ford,  Mecklen- 
burg County,  N.  C,  Feb.  1, 1781.  An  Ajnerican 
brigadier-general  in  the  Eevolution.  He  was  de- 
tached by  General  Greene  to  interrupt  the  passage  of  Corn- 
wallis  across  the  Catawba,  Jan.  31, 1781,  and  fell  in  the 
engagement  on  the  following  day. 

Davies  (da' viz),  Charles.  Bom  at  Washing- 
ton, Litchfield  County,  Conn.,  Jan.  22,  1798: 
died  at  FishMU  Landing,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  18, 1876. 
An  American  mathematician,  author  of  a  series 
of  mathematical  text-books.  Professor  at  Co- 
lumbia College  1857-65. 

Davies,  John,  Bom  at  Hereford,  1565  (?) :  died 
at  London,  1618  (buried  July  6).  An  English 
writing-master  and  poet.  He  was  said  to  be  a  skil- 
ful penman,  and  some  specimens  of  his  work  are  pre- 
served. Among  his  works  are  "  Mirum  in  Modum,"  etc. 
(1602),  " Microcosmos,"  etc.  Q603),  "The  Wittes  Pilgrim- 
age" and  "  The  Scourge  of  Folly "  (1610  or  1611X  "  Wit's 
Bedlam  "  (lam 

Davies,  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Tisbury,  "Wiltshire, 
1569  (baptized  April  16) :  died  Dec.  8, 1626.  An 
English  poet.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1595,  dis- 
barred in  1598,  and  readmitted  in  1601.  In  that  year  he 
was  returned  to  Parliament  for  Corfe  Castle.  In  1603  he 
was  made  solicitor-general  for  Ireland,  and  in  1606  suc- 
ceeded to  the  position  of  attorney-general  lor  Ireland.  In 
1614  he  was  member  of  Parliament  for  Newcastle-under- 
Lyme.  For  the  last  ten  years  of  his  life  he  was  a  sergeant- 
at-law  in  England.  He  was  made  chief  justice  in  1626, 
but  died  before  taking  possession  of  the  office.  Among 
his  works  are  "Orchestra"  (on  dancing,  1696X  "Nosce 
Teipsum"  (1599),  "Hymns  to  Astr»a"  (1699),  acrostics  to 
Queen  Elizabeth. 

Davies,  Samuel.  Bom  in  New  Castle  County, 
Del.,  Nov.  3,  1724:  died  at  Princeton,  N.  J., 
Feb.  4,  1761.  An  American  Presbyterian  cler- 
gyman, president  of  the  College  of  New  Jersey 
(Princeton)  1759-61. 

Davies,  Thomas,  Bom  about  1712:  died  at 
London,  May  5, 1785.  An  English  bookseller. 
He  tried  acting  from  time  to  time,  but  without  success. 
He  introduced  Boswell  to  Johnson  in  1763 :  the  latter  was 
particularly  kind  to  him.  He  republished  a  number  of 
old  authors,  including  William  Browne,  Sir  John  Davies, 
Lillo,  and  Massinger.  In  1785  he  published  his  "  Dramatic 
Miscellanies.'-' 

Daviess  (da'vis),  Joseph  Hamilton.  Bom  in 
Bedford  County,  Va.,  March  4, 1774:  died  near 
Tippecanoe,  Ind.,  Nov.  8, 1811.  An  American 
lawyer,  mortally  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Tip- 
pecanoe, Nov.  7,  1811. 

Davila  (da've-la),  Enrico  Caterino.  Bom 
near  Padua,  Italy,  Oct.  30,  1576:  killed  near 
Verona,  Italy,  Aug.  8, 1631.  An  Italian  soldier 
and  historian.  His  ancestors,  from  1464,  bore  the  title 
of  Constable  of  Cyprus ;  and  from  this  island  his  father 
was  driven  when  it  was  captured  by  the  Turks.  Davila, 
when  seven  years  of  age,  was  taken  to  France,  became  a 
page  of  Catharine  de'  Medici,  and  later  fought  in  the  civil 
wars  until  the  peace  of  1598.  He  was  appointed  governor 
of  Crema  in  1698,  and  on  his  way  to  that  place  in  1631  was 
assassinated  by  a  man  with  whom  he  had  had  a  dispute 
about  post-horses.  His  chief  work  is  "  Storia  delle  guerre 
civili  di  Francia"  (1630). 

Davila  y  Padilla  (da've-la  e  pa-THel'ya), 
Agustin,  Born  at  Mexico,  1562 :  died  at  Santo 
Domingo,  1604.  A  Mexican  prelate  and  histo- 
rian. He  was  prior  of  the  Dominican  cotivent  at  Puebla 
de  los  Angeles,  and  a  celebrated  lecturer  on  theology. 
From  1599  until  his  death  he  was  bishop  of  Santo  Domingo. 
His  principal  work,  "Historia  de  la  provincia  de  Santiago 
de  Mejico,  is  a  history  of  his  order  in  Mexico  and  Florida, 
with  much  of  general  interest.  First  published  at  Madrid 
1596,  it  was  republished  at  Valladolid  1634,  with  the  title 
"  Varia  historia  de  la  Nueva  Espana  y  Florida." 

Davin  (da-van'),  F^lix.  A  pseudonym  i^ed  by 
Balzac  in  the  introduction  to  the  "Etudes 
philosophiques." 

Da  Vinci,  Leonardo.    See  Vinoi,  Leonardo  da. 

Davis  (da'vis),  Charles  Henry,  Bom  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  Jan.  16,  1807:  died  atWashmgton, 
D.  C,  Feb.  18,  1877.  An  American  naval  offi- 
cer. He  entered  the  navy  in  1823,  obtained  the  rank  of 
commander  in  1864,  and  served  as  chief  of  staff  and  cap- 
tain of  the  fleet  in  the  expedition  under  Dupont  which 
captured  Port  Royal,  South  Carolina,  in  1861.  Having  m 
the  mean  time  been  placed  in  command  of  the  Mississippi 
gunboat  flotilla,  he  gained  a  victory  over  a  Confederate 
fleet  off  Fort  Pillow^  May  10, 1862,  and  another,  June  6, 
1862,  before  Memphis,  whose  surrender  he  received  on 
the  same  day.  He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  rear-ad- 
miral Feb.  7, 1863.  He  wrote  "  The  Coast  Survey  of  the 
United  States  "  (1849),  and  "Narrative  of  the  North  Polar 
Expedition  of  the  U.  8.  S.  Polaris"  (1876). 

Davis,  David.  Bom  in  Cecil  County,  Md., 
March  9, 1815 :  died  at  Bloomington,  111.,  June 
26  1886.  An  American  statesman  and  jurist. 
He  was  associate  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court  1862-77,  United  States  senator  from  lUmois  1877- 
1S83,  and  acting  Vice-President  1881-83.  _ 

Davis,  Edwin  Hamilton,  Born  m  Boss  Coun- 
ty, Oiio,  Jan.  22, 1811 :  died  at  New  York,  May 
15,  1888.    An  American  physician  and  arch^- 


Davout 

ologist.  His  works  include  "Monuments  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley"  (in  "Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Know- 
ledge," 1848),  etc. 

Davis,  Garret,  Bom  at  Mount  Stirling,  Ky., 
Sept.  10,  1801:  died  at  Paris,  Ky.,  Sept.  22, 
1872.  An  American  politician.  United  States 
senator  from  Kentucky  1861-72. 

Davis,  Henry,  Bom  at  East  Hampton,  N.  Y., 
Sept.  15,  1771 :  died  at  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  March 
8,  1852.  An  American  clergyman  and  educa- 
tor, president  of  Middlebury  College  1809-17, 
and  of  Hamilton  College  1817-33. 

Davis,  Henry  Winter,  Bom  at  Annapolis, 
Md.,  Aug.  16,  1817:  died  at  Baltimore,  Md., 
Dec.  30,  1865.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
a  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Maryland  1866- 
1861  and  1863-66.  Author  of  "  The  War  of  (Jnnuzd  and 
Ahriman  in  the  Nineteenth  Century  "  (1862). 

Davis,  Jefferson.  Bom  in  Christian  County, 
Ky.,  June  3,  1808:  died  at  New  Orleans,  La., 
Dec.  6,  1889.  An  American  statesman.  He 
graduated  afWest  Point  in  1828 ;  was  Democratic  member 
of  Congress  from  Mississippi  1846-46 ;  served  in  the  Mex- 
ican war  1846-47 ;  was  United  States  senator  from  Mis- 
sissippi 1847-61 ;  was  secretary  of  war  1853-57  ;  was  United 
States  senator  1857-61 ;  resigned  his  seat  Jan.  21, 1861 ; 
was  inaugurated  provisional  president  of  the  Confederacy 
Feb.  18,  1861,  and  president  Feb.  22,  1862 ;  was  arrested 
near  Irwinsville,  Georgia,  May  10, 1865 ;  was  imprisoned  in 
Fortress  Monroe,  Virginia,  1866-67 ;  and  was  amnestied 
1868.  He  wrote  "Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Confederate  Gov- 
ernment "(1881). 

Davis,  Jefferson  C.  Bom  in  Clarke  County, 
Ind.,  March  2,  1828:  died  Nov.  30,  1879.  A 
Union  general  in  the  American  Civil  War.  He 
served  in  the  Mexican  war  1846-47 ;  was  stationed  at  Fort 
Sumter  when  it  was  bombarded  by  the  Confederates  April 
12-13, 1861 ;  commanded  a  division  at  Pea  Ridge  March 
7-8,  1862,  at  Stone  River  Dec.  31,  1862,-Jan.  3, 1863,  and 
at  Chickamauga  Sept.  19-20,  1863;  and  led  a  corps  in 
Sherman's  march  to  the  sea  in  1864. 

Davis,  or  Davys,  John,  Born  at  Sandridge, 
Devonshire,  England,  about  1550  :  kiUed  in  the 
Strait  of  Malacca,  Dec.  29,  1605.  An  English 
navigator.  He  commanded  expeditions  in  search  of  the 
northwest  passage  in  1686, 1686,  and  1687,  on  the  first  of 
which  he  discovered  Davis  Strait.  He  discovered  the  Falk- 
land Islands  In  1592.  He  took  service  in  1604  as  pilot  in  the 
Tiger,  Captain  Sir  Edward  Michelbome,  destined  for  a  voy- 
age to  the  East  Indies,  on  which  he  was  killed  by  Japa- 
nese pirates. 

Davis,  John,  Bom  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  Jan. 
25,  1761:  died  at  Boston,  Jan.  14,  1847.  An 
American  jurist.  He  was  appointed  comptroller  of 
the  United  States  treasury  in  1796,  and  in  1801  became 
judge  of  the  United  States  District  Court  in  Massacha- 
setts.  He  was  the  youngest  member  in  the  convention 
of  1789  which  adopted  the  Federal  constitution,  and  sur- 
vived all  the  other  members, 

Da'vis,  John  Chandler  Bancroft.     Bom  at 

Worcester,  Mass.,  Dec.  29,  1822.  An  Ameri- 
can jurist  and  diplomatist.  He  was  agent  of  the 
United  States  at  the  Geneva  tribunal  1871-72,  and  min- 
ister to  Germany  1874-77. 

Da'vis,  Sir  John  Francis,  Bom  at  London, 
1795 :  died  near  Bristol,  Nov.  13, 1890.  An  Eng- 
lish diplomatist,  and  writer  on  China,  author 
of  "The  Chinese"  (1836),  etc. 

Davis,  Richard  Harding.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, April  18,  1864.  An  American  journalist 
and  author.  He  has  written  "Gallegher,  and  Other 
Stories"  <1891X  "Van  Bibber  and  Others"  (1892),  "The 
West  from  a  Car  Window"  (1892),  "Exiles,  and  Other 
Stories"  (1894),  "Our  English  Cousins"  (1894),  "Rulers 
of  the  Mediterranean  "  (1894),  "  Princess  Aline  "  (1895), 
"Cinderella,  and  Other  Stories"  (1896),  "Three  Gringos 
in  Venezuela  and  Central  America  "  (1896),  "  Soldiers  of 
Fortune"  (1897),  etc. 

Davis,  Thomas  Osborne.  Bom  at  Mallow, 
Oct.  14,  1814:  died  at  Dublin,  Sept.  16,  1845. 
An  Irish  poet  and  politician.  He  graduated  at 
Trinity  College  in  1836 ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1838 ; 
became  joint  editor  with  John  Dillon  of  the  "Dublin 
Morning  Register  "  inil841 ;  and  founded,  with  Duffy  and 
Dillon,  the  "  Nation  "  in  1842.  He  joined  m  1839  the  Re- 
peal Association,  within  which  organization  he  founded 
the  party  of  Young  Ireland  in  opposition  to  O'Connell's 
leadership.  His  poems,  collected  after  his  death,  form  a 
volume  of  Duffy's  "Library  of  Ireland"  for  1846. 

Davison  (da'vi-son),  William,  Died  about 
1608.  A  British  diplomatist.  As  a  secretary  of  state 
he  procured  Elizabeth  s  signature  to  the  death-warrant  of 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots  in  1587. 

Davis  strait  (da'vis  strat).  An  arm  of  the  At- 
lantic, separating  Greenland  from  Cumberland 
Peninsula,  and  connecting  Baffin  Bay  with  the 
Atlantic.  Width  in  the  narrowest  part,  about 
200  miles.  Named  forits  discoverer,  John  Davis. 

D'Avolos  (dav'o-los).  In  Ford's  "Love's  Sacri- 
fice," the  duke's  secretary  (modeled  on  Shak- 
spere's  lago),  a  spy  and  "pander  to  the  bad 
passions  of  others." 

Davos  (da'vSs).  An  Alpine  valley  in  the  can- 
ton of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  15  miles  south- 
east of  Coire.  Its  chief  place  is  Davos-Platz, 
a  noted  health-resort  having  an  elevation  of 
5,000  feet. 

Davout    (da-v6')    (often   erroneously  written 


Davoiit 

Davoust),  Louis  Nicolas,  Due  d'Auerstadt 
and  Prinee  d'Bokmiihl.  Bom  at  Annoux, 
Yonue,  France,  May  10,  1770 :  died  at  Paris, 
June  1,  1823.  A  noted  French  marslial.  He 
was  a  lieutenant  in  a  cavalry  regiment  in  1-788 ;  served 
as  chief  of  battalion  under  Bumouriez  1792-93 ;  was  brig- 
adier-general in  the  army  of  the  Moselle  ;  fought  under 
Fichegru  and  Moreau  in  the  army  of  the  Ehiue  ;  went  to 
Egypt  and  fought  with  distinction,  especially  at  Abulcir ; 
was  made  general  of  division  in  1804 ;  and  fought  at  Aus- 
terlitz  (1806),  Auerstadt  (1806),  Eckmiihl,  Wagram  (1809), 
and  in  the  Russian  campaign  (1812).  He  was  minister  of 
war  during  the  "Hundred  Days"  in  1815.  He  became 
dulie  of  Auerstadt  in  1808,  and  prince  of  Eckmiihl  in  1809. 

Davus_  (da'vus).  A  conventional  name  for  a 
slave  in  Latin  comedies. 

Davy  (da'vi),  Sir  Humphry.  Bom  at  Pen- 
zance, Cornwall,  England,  Deo.  17,  1778 :  died 
at  Geneva,  May  29, 1829.  A  celebrated  English 
chemist.  He  was  the  son  of  a  wood-carver  at  Penzance, 
studied  at  the  Penzance  grammar-school,  and  finished  his 
education  under  the  Eev.  Dr.  Cardew  at  Truro.  In  1795  he 
was  apprenticed  to  John  Bingham  Borlase,  a  prominent 
Burgeon  at  Penzance.  He  was  appointed  an  assistant  in 
the  laboratory  of  Beddoes's  Pneumatic  Institution  at  Bris- 
tol in  1798 ;  became  assistant  lecturer  in  chemistry  at  the 
Soyal  Institution,  London,  In  1801;  was  promoted  profes- 
sor in  1802  ;  was  made  director  of  the  laboratory  in  1805 ; 
discovered  the  decomposition  of  the  fixed  allcalis  in  1807 ; 
was  knighted  in  1812 ;  resigned  his  professorship  at  the 
Royal  Institution  in  1813;  invented  the  safety-lamp  in 
1815 ;  w'as  created  a  baronet  in  1818 ;  and  was  elected  presi- 
dent, of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  1820.  His  chief  works  are 
"Elements  of  Chemical  PMlosophy"  (1812),  and  "Ele- 
ments  of  Agricultural  Chemistry  "  (1813). 

Davy  Jones.    See  Jones,  Davy. 

Daw  (d4).  Sir  David,  A  foolish  baronet  in 
Cumberland's  "Wheel  of  Fortune." 

Daw,  Sir  John.  In  Ben  Jonson's  comedy 
"Ejjicoene,  or  The  Silent  Woman,"  a  cowardly, 
foolish  coxcomb. 

Dawes  (daz),  Henry  Laurens,  Bom  at  Cum- 
mington,  Mass.,  Oct.  30, 1816:  died  at  Pittsfield, 
Mass.,  Feb.  5,  1903.  An  American  politician, 
member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1857- 
1873,  and  Republican  U.  S.  senator  1875-93. 

Dawes,  William  Rutter.  Bom  at  London, 
March  19,  1799:  died  at  Haddenham,  Bucks, 
Feb.  15, 1868.  An  English  astronomer.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Charter  House  school  1811-13 ;  settled  as  a 
surgeon  at  Liverpool  in  1826 ;  was  for  a  time  pastor  of  an 
independent  congregation  at  Ormskirk,  Lancashire;  had 
charge  (1839-44)  of  the  observatory  at  South  Villa,  Regent's 
Park,  London,  belonging  to  George  Bishop ;  fitted  up  an 
observatory  at  Camden  Lodge,  near  Cranbrook,  Kent,  in 
1846  ;  and  discovered  fifteen  new  double  stars  1840-59. 

Dawison  (da've-son),  Bogumil.  Bom  at  War- 
saw, May  15,  1818 :  died  near  Dresden,  Feb.  1, 
1872.  A  Polish  actor,  of  Hebrew  descent.  He 
first  appeared  in  America  in  1866.  He  at  one  time  played 
Othello  to  Edwin  Booth's  lago.  He  played  both  tragic 
and  comic  parts. 

Dawkins  (d^'kinz),  John.  A  young  pickpocket 
in  the  employ  of  Fagin,  in  Charles  Dickens's 
"Oliver  Twist":  caUed  "the  Artful  Dodger" 
from  his  eipettness. 

Dawkins,  William  Boyd.  Bom  at  Butting- 
ton,  Welshpool,  Montgomeryshire,  Wales,  Dec. 
26, 1838.  An  English  geologist  and  paleontolo- 
gist, author  of  "Cave-Hunting"  (1874),  "Early 
Man  in  Britain"  (1880),  etc. 

Dawlish  (d^'lish  J.  A  watering-place  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  English  Channel 
10  miles  south  of  Exeter.      Pop.  (1891),  4,210. 

Dawson  (d3.'sgn).  Amining  city  of  Yukon,  Can- 
ada, situated  on  the  Yukon  Eiver,  near  the 
Klondike  gold-fields.  Population  (1901),  9,142. 

Dawson  (dA'son),  Bully.  A  notorious  London 
sharper,  a  contemporary  of  Etherege,  living 
in  the  17th  century. 

Dawson,  Captain  James.  A  young  volunteer 
officer,  of  good  family,  in  the  service  of  the 
Young  Pretender.  He  was  hanged,  drawn,  and  quar- 
tered, and  his  heart  burned,  July  30,  1746,  for  treason. 
His  betrothed  wife  was  present,  and,  when  all  was  oyer, 
died  in  the  arms  of  a  friend.  Shenstone  made  this  the 
subject  of  a  ballad,  "Jemmy  Dawson." 

Dawson,  Sir  John  William.  Bom  at  Piotou, 
Nova  Scotia,  Oct.,  1820 :  died  at  Montreal,  Nov. 
19, 1899.  A  Canadian  geologist  and  naturalist. 
He  was  principal  of  McGill  College  and  Uni- 
versity 1855-93.  His  works  include  "Acadian 
Geology"  (1855),  etc. 

Dax  (daks).  A  town  in  t?ae  department  of 
Landes,  France,  situated  on  the  Adour  in  lat. 
43°  44'  N.,  long.  1°  3'  W. :  the  Roman  Aquse 
TarbeilicsB,  or  AquEe.  it  is  a  noted  watering-place 
and  winter  resort,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  hot  baths.  It 
was  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Tarbelli ;  was  conquered  by 
the  Goths,  Franks,  Vascons,  Charlemagne,  the  Normans, 
and  the  Saracens,  and  in  the  later  middle  ages  was  held 
by  the  English.    Population  (1891),  commune,  10,240. 

Day  (da),  Henry  Noble.  Bom  at  Washington, 
Conn.,  Aug.  4,  1808:  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conii.,  Jan.  12,  1890.  An  American  educator 
and  philosophical  writer.    He  became  professor  of 


312 

sacred  rhetoric  in  Western  Reserve  College  in  1840,  and 
president  of  the  Ohio  Female  College  in  1854,  and  re- 
moved to  New  Haven  in  1864.  He  was  a  nephew  of  Jere- 
miah Day.  His  works  include  "logic"  (1867),  "Ethics" 
(1876),  "Ontology  "  (1878),  etc 

Day,  Jeremiah.  Bom  at  New  Preston,  Conn., 
Aug.  3, 1773 :  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Aug. 
22,  1867.  An  American  mathematician,  presi- 
dent of  Yale  College  1817-46.  He  published 
an  "Algebra"  (1814),  "Navigation  and  Sur- 
veying" (1817),  etc. 

Day,  John.  Lived  about  1600.  An  English 
dramatist  and  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge, 
and  from  1598  collaborated  with  Eaughton,  Chettle, 
Dekker,  and  others  in  numerous  plays,  all  of  which  re- 
mained unprinted  except  "  The  Blind  Beggar  of  Bethnal 
Green."  His  chief  work  is  "  The  Parliament  of  Bees  "  (1607). 

Day,  Mr.  In  Sir  K.  Howard's  play  "  The  Com- 
mittee," the  chairman  of  the  committee,  a  kind 
of  Tartufe,  under  the  thumb  of  his  wife. 

Day,  or  Daye,  Stephen.  Born  at  London  about 
1610 :  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Dec.  22,  1668. 
A  pioneer  of  printing  in  New  England.  He  was 
one  of  three  pressmen  engaged  in  1638  by  the  Rev.  Joseph 
Glover  to  operate  a  printing  press  wliich  he  was  about  to 
introduce  into  the  colony  of  Massachusetts.  Glover  died 
on  the  voyage.  The  press  was  set  up  in  the  house  of  Rev. 
Henry  Dunster,  first  president  of  Harvard  College.  The 
first  book  printed  in  the  British-American  colonies  was 
issued  from  it  in  1640 ;  "  The  whole  Booke  of  Psalmes,  faith- 
fully translated  into  English  metre."  See  Bay  Psalm  Book. 

Day,  Thomas.  Bom  at  London,  June  22, 1748 : 
died  Sept.  28,  1789.  An  English  author.  He  was 
educateo^at  Oxford  and  the  Middle  Temple,  and  in  1776 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  Having  inherited  a  competent 
fortune,  he  did  not  seek  practice,  but  devoted  himself  to 
literature  and  to  the  study  of  philosophy.  He  married 
Miss  Esther  Milnes  in  1778,  and  in  1781  settled  on  a  farm  at 
Anningsley,  Surrey,  where  he  wrote  his  chief  work,  "His- 
tory of  Sandford  and  Merton  "  (1783-89). 

Dayr-el-Bahari.    See  Der-el-Bahri. 

Dayton  (da'ton).  1.  A  city  and  the  county- 
seat  of  Montgomery  County,  Ohio,  situated  on 
the  Great  Miami  Biver  48  miles  northeast  of 
Cincinnati.  It  has  manufactures  of  railway- 
oars,  paper,  stoves,  etc.  Population  (1900), 
85,333.-3.  A  city  in  Rhea  County,  East  Ten- 
nessee.   Population  (1900),  2,004. 

Dayton,  Blias.  Bom  at  Elizabethtown,  N.  J., 
July,  1737:  died  at  Elizabethtown,  July  17, 
1807.  An  American  revolutionary  officer.  He 
served  throughout  the  War  of  the  Revolution,  and  partici- 
pated in  the  battles  of  Springfield,  Monmouth,  Brandy- 
wine,  and  Yorktown.  After  the  war  he  was  mademajoiv 
general  of  militia  in  New  Jersey,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  Continental  Congress  1787-88. 

Dayton,  Jonathan.  Bom  at  Elizabethtown, 
N.  J.,  Oct.  16,  1760:  died  at  Elizabethtown, 
Oct.  9,  1824.  An  American  politician,  son  of 
Elias  Dayton.  He  was  speaker  of  the  national  House 
of  Representatives  1796-99,  and  United  States  senator  from 
New  Jersey  1799-1S05. 

Dayton,  William  Lewis.  Bom  at  Basking- 
ridge,  N.  J.,  Feb.  17, 1807 :  died  at  Paris,  France, 
Dec.  1,  1864.  An  American  jurist  and  states- 
man, nephew  of  Jonathan  Dayton.  He  was  asso- 
ciate judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  Jersey  1838-42, 
United  States  senator  from  New  Jersey  1842-61,  Republican 
candidate  for  Vice-President  1S66,  and  minister  to  France 
1861-64. 

Daza  (da'za).    A  tribe  of  the  Sahara. 

Daza  (da'tha),  Hilarion.  Bom  at  Sucre  about 
1838.  A  Bolivian  general  and  politician.  His 
f  ather'sname,  which  lie  dropped,  was  Grossolt  From  1868  he 
took  part  in  various  revolutionary  disturbances  until  May, 
1876,  when  he  was  proclaimed  president  of  Bolivia.  Owing 
to  the  seizure  of  Atacama  he  declared  war  on  Chile,  March  1, 
1879,  and  in  April  join  ed  the  Peruvian  forces  at  Tacna ;  but 
his  incompetence  and  cowardice  led  to  a  mutiny  of  the 
troops  (Dec.  27, 1879),  and  this  was  quicldy  followed  by  a 
revolution  at  La  Paz,  by  which  Campero  was  declared  presi- 
dent.   He  was  killed  by  a  Bolivian  mob  March  1, 1894. 

Dazzle  (daz'l).  In  Dion  Boucicault's  comedy 
"  London  Assurance,"  a  man  who  lives  by  his 
wits,  and  cleverly  contrives  to  be  an  invited 
guest  at  OakHalljthe  home  of  Squire  Harkaway. 

Deacon  (de'kn),  Thomas.  Bom  in  1697 :  died 
at  Manchester,  Feb.  10, 1753.  An  English  phy- 
sician and  noniuring  bishop.  He  became  a  priest 
in  1716,  setHed  at  Manchester  as  a  physician  in  1719  or 
1720,  and  about  1733  was  consecrated  a  nonj  uring  bishop  by 
Bishop  Archibald  Campbell.  He  published  "The  Doctrine 
of  the  Church  of  Rome  concerning  Purgatory  proved  to  be 
contrary  to  Catholic  Tradition  "  (1718),  "  A  Full,  True,  and 
Comprehensive  View  of  Christianity"  (1747),  etc. 

Dead  Heart,  The.  A  play  by  Watts  Phillips, 
produced  in  1859.  It  was  revised  by  Walter 
Herries  Pollock  for  Henry  Irving  in  1889. 

Dead  Sea  (ded  se).  [LL.  Mare  Mortuum,  Ar. 
Bahr-Lut,  F.  Mer  Morte,  G.  Todtes-Meer.^  A 
salt  lake  in  Palestine,  situated  16  miles  south- 
east of  Jemsalem  in  the  ancient  "Vale  of  Sid- 
dim":  the  Lacus  Asphaltites  of  the  ancients, 
and  the  Sea  of  the  Plain  or  of  th#  Arabah,  Salt 
Sea,  or  East  Sea  of  the  Scriptures,  its  waters 
are  intensely  salt,  and  of  great  specific  gravity.  Its  prin- 
cipal tributary  is  the  Jordan,  but  it  has  no  outlet,  and  its 


Deane,  Charles 

surface  is  1,292  feet  below  the  level  of  the  Mediterranean. 
Length,  46  maes.  Width,  6  to  91  miles.  Depth  varies  from 
1,300  feet  to  3  or  4  feet  in  the  snalloweBt  section. 
Dead  Souls.  A  novel  by  Gogol,  which  appeared 
in  1841.  He  began  to  write  It  in  1837,  and  left  it  unfin- 
ished, destroying  the  concluding  portions  in  a  fit  of  reli- 
gious mania.  A  certain  Dr.  Zahartchenko,  of  Eieff,  pub- 
lished in  1857  a  continuation  of  it.  An  English  transla- 
tion, entitled  "  Tchitohikoff's  Journeys,  or  Dead  Souls,"  by 
Isabel  F.  Hapgood,  was  published  in  New  York  in  1886. 

At  the  time  of  serfdom  a  Russian  proprietor's  fortune 
was  not  valued  according  to  the  extent  of  his  lands,  but 
according  to  the  number  of  male  serfs  which  were  held 
upon  them.  These  serfs  were  called  "souls.'  .  .  .  The 
proprietor  paid  the  capitation  tax  for  all  the  souls  on  his 
domain ;  but  as  the  census  was  rarely  taken  it  happened 
that  he  had  long  to  pay  for  dead  serfs,  until  a  new  official 
revision  struck  them  out  from  among  the  number  of  the 
living.  It  is  easy  to  see  what  these  dead  souls  must  have 
cost  a  proprietor  whose  lands  had  been  visited  by  famine, 
.  .  .  and  his  interest  in  getting  rid  of  them  will  De  expli- 
cable. What  seems  more  surprising  is  that  there  were 
people  ready  to  purchase  them. 

Dujmy,  Great  Masters  of  Russian  Literature  (trans.),p.  84. 

Tchitchikofl,  the  hero  of  the  book,  an  ambitious  and  evil, 
minded  rascal,  made  this  proposition  to  himself :  "I  will 
visit  the  most  remote  comers  of  Russia,  and  ask  the  good 
people  to  deduct  from  the  nimiber  on  their  lists  evet^  serf 
who  has  died  since  the  last  census  was  taken.  They  will  be 
only  too  glad,  as  It  will  be  to  their  interest  to  yield  up  to  me 
a  fictitious  property,  and  get  rid  of  paying  the  tax  upon  it. 
I  shall  have  my  purchase  registered  in  due  form,  and  no 
tribunal  will  imagine  that  I  require  it  to  legalize  a  sale  of 
dead  men.  When  I  have  obtained  the  names  of  some  thou- 
sands of  serfs,  I  shall  carry  my  deeds  to  some  bank  in  St. 
Petersburg  or  Moscow,  and  raise  a  large  sum  on  them. 
Then  I  shaU  be  a  rich  man,  and  in  condition  to  buy  real 
peasants  in  flesh  and  blood." 

De  VoffUdj  Russian  Novelists  (trans.),  p.  75. 

Deadwood  (ded'wud).  A  city,  and  the  county- 
seat  of  Lawrence  County,  South  Dakota,  sit- 
uated in  the  Black  Hills  in  lat.  44°  21'  N., 
long.  103°  43'  W.  It  is  an  important  trading  center 
and  mining  town,  gold  and  silver  havingbeen  discovered  in 
the  vicinity  in  1874.    Population  (1900),  3,498. 

Dese  Matres  (de'e  ma'trez).  [L.,  Ut.  'god- 
desses mothers.']     See  the  extract. 

We  now  come  to  a  class  of  divinities  which  have  a  pecu- 
liar interest  in  connection  with  the  early  history  of  our 
island,  the  deities  of  the  auxiliary  races  who  formed  so 
important  an  element  of  its  population.  Among  these 
we  must  place,  first,  a  class  of  deities  commonly  known  by 
the  title  of  the  dees  matres.  Altars  and  inscriptions  to 
these  deities  are  very  numerous  in  Belgic  Gaul  and  Ger- 
many, and  more  especially  along  the  banks  of  the  Rhine, 
where  they  are  often  called  matrons  instead  of  matres^ 
and  they  seem  to  have  belonged  to  the  Teutonic  race. 
Not  more  than  one  altar  to  these  deities  has,  I  believe, 
been  found  in  Italy,  and  we  do  not  trace  them  in  the 
classic  writers.  When  the  deie  matres  are  figured  on  the 
altars  or  other  monuments,  they  are  always  represented 
as  three  females,  seated,  with  baskets  or  bowls  of  fruit 
on  their  knees,  which  were  probably  emblematical  of  the 
plenty  which  they  were  believed  to  distribute  to  mankind. 

Wright,  Celt,  p.  281. 

De&k  (da'ak),  Ferencz.  Bom  at  Soitor,  Zala, 
Hungary,  Oct.  17, 1803:  died  at  Budapest,  Jan. 
29,  1876.  A  Hungarian  statesman.  He  entered 
the  Reichstag  in  1832 ;  was  minister  of  justice  in  1848;  and 
was  the  chief  Instrument  in  the  construction  of  the  Aus- 
tro-Hungarian  monarchy  on  the  dualistlc  basis  in  1867. 

Deal  (del).  A  seaport  and  sea-bathing  resort 
in  Kent,  England,  situated  on  the  Downs  8 
miles,  northeast  of  Dover.  It  was  formerly  one  of 
the  Cinque  Ports,  and  contains  Deal  Castle.  Near  here 
Julius  Csesar  is  supposed  to  have  made  his  first  landing 
in  56  E.  0.    Population  (1891),  8,898. 

De  Amicis  (de  a-me'ches),  Bdmondo.  Bom  at  . 
Oueglia,  Italy,  Oct.  21, 1846.  An  Italian  writer 
of  travels.  He  entered  the  Italian  army  in  1866,  and 
fought  at  the  battle  of  Custozza  in  1866.  After  the  cap- 
ture of  R«me  in  1870  by  the  troops  of  Victor  Emmanuel, 
he  retired  from  the  army  in  order  to  devote  himself  to  lit- 
erature. His  works  Include  "  Ricordi  di  Londra  "  (18741 
"L'Olanda"  (1874),  "Marocco"  (1876),  "Constantinople* 
^1877),  "Pagine  sparse  "(1877),  "Ricordi  di  Parigi,"  etc. 

De  Amicitia  (de  am-i-sish'ia),  or  Lselius  (le'li- 
us).  [L.,' on  friendship.']  Atreatise  by  Cicero, 
in  the  form  of  a  conversation  between  Lselius 
and  his  sons-in-law,  C.  Fannius  and  Q.  Mucins 
Sctevola,  devoted  to  the  praise  of  friendship. 

Dean  (den),  Amos.  Bom  at  Barnard,  Vt.,  Jan. 
16,  1803:  died  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  26,  1868. 
An  American  jurist.  He  became  chancellor  and  pro- 
fessor of  history  in  the  University  of  Iowa  in  185B.  He 
has  published  "Medical  Jurisprudence"  (1854),  "Bryant 
and  Stratton's  Commercial  Law  "  ^1861),  etc. 

Dean,  Forest  of.  A  forest  in  Gloucestershire, 
England,  situated  between  the  lower  Wye  and 
the  Severn,  southwest  of  Gloucester,  it  is  in  part 
a  crownland,  and  is  noted  for  its  production  of  coal  and 
iron.    Its  chief  trees  are  oaks  and  beeches. 

Dean,  Julia.  Born  July  22, 1830 :  died  at  New 
York,  March  6, 1868.  An  American  actress,  she 
first  appeared  at  the  Bowery  Theater  as  Julia  in  "  The 
Hunchback."  She  was  the  original  Norma  in  Epes  Sar- 
gent's "  Priestess,"  and  also  the  original  Leonor  in  Boker's 
tragedy  "  Leonor  de  Guzman."  She  married  Dr.  Hayne  in 
1355,  from  whom  she  was  divorced. 

Deane  (den),  Charles.  Born  at  Biddeford, 
Maine,  Nov.  10, 1813:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
Nov.  13, 1889.    An  American  historical  student. 


Deane,  Charles 

After  havlDg  been  a  merchant  in  Boston  for  many  years, 
he  retired  from  business  in  1864,  and  settled  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.  He  collected  a  valuable  library  of  books  relating 
to  early  New  England  history,  and  edited  "Bradford's  His- 
tory of  Plymouth  Plantation"  (1856X  "Wingfleld's  Dis- 
i  othe: 


313 

of  Jabin,  prophesied  for  him  success,  and  sang  a  famous 
song  of  triumph  after  the  victory  (Judges  v.).  Thissongis 
considered  by  critics  to  be  one  of  the  most  ancient  pieces 
in  the  Old  Testament. 


course  ofVirginia  "  £1860),  and  other  h'istorical"(iocuments. 

Deane,  Henry.  Died  at  Lambeth,  Feb.  15, 1503. 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  He  was  chief  of  the  Eng- 
lish commissioners  who  concluded  themarriage  treaty  be- 
tween Margaret,  daughter  of  Henry  VII.  of  England,  and 
James  IV.  of  Scotland,  in  1502. 

Deane,  Lucy.    In  George  Eliot's  novel  "  The  Deborah.    A  German  drama  by  S.  H.  Mosen- 
Mill  on  the  Floss,"  a  pretty,  amiable  girl,  the    thai,  the  original  of  "Leah." 


But  the  priestess  of  Artemis  still  continued  to  be  called 
"a bee,"  reminding  us  that  Deborah  or  "Bee"  was  the 
name  of  one  of  the  greatest  of  the  prophetesses  of  ancient 
Israel;  and  the  goddess  herself  continued  to  be  depicted 
under  the  same  form  as  that  which  had  belonged  to  her 
in  Hittite  days.  Sayce,  Hittites,  p.  79. 


cousin  and  rival  of  Maggie  TuUiver. 

Deane,  Bichard.  Bom  in  I6IO :  died  June  3, 
1653.  An  English  admiral,  and  one  of  the  regi- 
cides. 

Deane,  Silas.  Bom  at  Groton,  Conn.,  Dec.  24, 
1737:  died  at  Deal,  England,  Aug.  23, 1789.  An 
American  statesman  and  diplomatist.  He  was 
a  delegate  from  Connecticut  to  the  Continental  Congress 
1774-76,  and  was  sent  to  Prance  as  a  secret  financial  and 
political  agent  in  1776.  Having  made  unauthorized  prom- 
ises to  induce  French  ofBcers  to  join  the  American  service, 
he  was  recalled  by  Congress  in  1777. 

Dean  of  St.  Patrick's  (Dublin).  Specifically, 
Jonathan  Swift.    "      "   ■  "■ 


Declus 

22,  1820.  An  American  naval  ofScer,  son  of 
Stephen  Decatur.  He  entered  the  navy  as  a  midship- 
man m  1798,  and  became  a  lieutenant  in  1799.  He  gained 
distinction  m  the  Trlpolitan  war  by  surprising  and  burning 
m  the  harbor  of  Tripoli,  Feb.  16,  1804,  the  frigate  Phil^ 
delphia,  which  had  been  captured  by  the  enemy  For  this 
exploit  he  was  promoted  captain,  his  commission  being 
made  to  date  from  Feb.  15, 1804.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
war  of  1812  he  commanded  the  frigate  United  States,  which 
captured  the  British  frigate  Macedonian  Oct.  25,  1812. 
Attempting,  Jan.  15, 1816,  to  leave  the  port  of  New  York 
•which  was  blockaded  by  the  British,  his  vessel  the  Presi- 
dent, -was  pursued  by  four  British  vessels,  and  after  a  sharp 
engagement  with  the  Endymion  compelled  to  surrender 
He  commanded  m  1815  the  expedition  against  the  Dey  of 
Algiers,  who  was  forced  to  renounce  all  claims  to  tribute 
from  the  United  States.  He  was  killed  in  a  duel  with 
James  Barron.  , 

Decazes  (de-kaz'),  Elie,  Due.  Bom  at  St.  Mar- 
tin-de-Laye,  Gironde,  France,  Sept.  28,  1780: 
died  at  Deeazeville,  France,  Oct.  25,  1860.  A 
French  jurist  and  statesman.  He  became  mmister 
of  police  Sept.  24, 1815,  and  premier  and  mmister  of  the 
interior  in  1818.  He  resigned  in  1820,  and  became  ambassa- 
dor at  London.    He  was  raised  to  a  hereditary  dukedom 

in  the  same  year,  and  founded  Deeazeville  about  1827. 

fairs  and  a  noted  horse-market.    It  contains  a  Protestant  T\ana<,aa   T  n.ijn  nT.n-in..  "Di--..  A»__-..     t\ 
college,  and  in  1849  was  the  seat  of  the  Hungarian  revolu-  ■K?P_*_^®?>;J'°?"S /^"^t'^ifS  Elie  AmaniCU,  Due. 


De  Bow  (de  bo).  James  Dunwoody  Brown- 
son.  Bom  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  July  10, 1820  : 
died  at  Elizabeth^  N.  J.,  Feb.  27,  1867.  An 
American  journalist  and  statistician.  He  es- 
tablished "De  Bow's  Commercial  Review"  in 
New  Orleans  in  1846. 

Debreczin  (de'bret-sin),  Magyar  Debreczen. 
A  royal  free  city  situated  in  the  county  of 
Hajduken,  Hungary,  in  lat.  47°  32'  Nj,  long. 
21°  37'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  places  in  Hungary, 
and  an  important  commercial  center,  having  four  annual 


tionaiy  government.    Population  (1900),  75,006. 


Bom  at  Paris,  May  9, 1819:  died  at  his  Chateau 


desire  to  save  his  daughter  Effle's  life. 


"Lettres  sur  Herculaneum "  (1750),  "] 


Deans,  Effie  or  Euphemia.    In  Scott's  "Heart    surl'Italie,'' etc. 
of  Midlothian,"  a  beautiful  and  erring  girl,  the  5®  ^^<  "heodore.    See  Bry. 
half-sister  of  Jeanie  Deans,    she  is  tried  for  the  Decameron  (de-kam'e-ron). 


murder  of  her  illegitimate  child,  which  had  disappeared. 
She  will  make  no  confession,  and  is  sentenced  to  be 
hanged.  Through  the  efforts  of  her  sister  she  is  pardoned 
and  banished  for  fourteen  years.  She  flees  from  her  angry 
father,  and  her  lover,  Staunton,  marries  her.  She  is  edu- 
cated and  becomes  a  court  beauty,  and  finally,  after  ten 
years  of  social  success,  retires  from  the  world  on  account 
of  the  death  of  her  husband. 

Deans,  Jeanie.  The  heroine  of  Scott's  novel 
"The  Heart  of  Midlothian, "  the  half-sister  of 
Ef&e  Deans.  In  her  devotion  to  her  sister  she  walks  all 
the  way  to  London  to  obtain  pardon  for  Efiie  from  the 
queen.  Her  good  sense,  calm  heroism,  and  disinterested- 
ness move  the  Duke  of  Argyll  to  procure  her  the  desired 
interview,  which  is  successful. 

Dearborn  (der'bgm),  Henry.  Bom  at  Hamp- 
ton, N.H.,  Feb.  23,  1751:  died  at  Eoxbury,  Mass., 
June  6,  1829.  An  American  general  and  poli- 
tician. He  served  through  the  Revolution ;  was  secre- 
tary of  war  1801-09 ;  captured  York  (Toronto)  in  1813;  and 
was  minister  to  Portugal  in  1822-24. 

Dearborn,  Henry  Alexander  Scammell.  Bom 

at  Exeter,  N.  H.,  March  3,  1783:  died  at  Eox- 
bury, Mass.,  July  29, 1851.  An  American  poli- 
tician, son  of  Henry  Dearborn.  He  was  collector 
of  the  port  of  Boston  1812-29 ;  was  elected  to  the  Massa- 
chusetts legislature  in  1829 ;  became  a  State  senator  in 
1830 ;  was  in  1831  elected  to  Congress  -^here  he  served  one 
term;  and  was  made  adjutant-general .  t  Massachusetts  in 
1835,  from  which  post  he  was  removed  in  1843  for  having 
furnished  arms  to  Rhode  Island  during  Dorr's  rebellion. 
He  was  mayor  of  Roxbury  from  1847  until  his  death.  He 
wrote  "Internal  Improvements  and  Commerce  of  the 
West"  (180^ 

Death  of  Blanche 


[It.  II  Decame- 


Deans  (denz).  Douce  Dayie.    A  cow-feeder  m  Debrosses(de-bros'),  Charles.    Bom  at  Dijon,    ^^  Ctrave,  Gironde,  Sept.  16,  1886.    A  French 
Scott's  novel  "  The  Heart  of  Midlothian."   He    France,  Feb.  17,  1709 :  died  at  Paris,  May  17     statesman,  eldest  sou  of  £lie  Decazes.   He  was 
fa  the  father  of  Jeanie  and  Effle,  and  IS  distracted  between     1777       A   French  man  oi"  letterq      ^e  wrntn     minister  of  foreign  affairs  1873-77. 
his.religious  principles  as  an_ardent  Cameronlan  and  his     |//Il,„^  f'.L^??5..^f.^-°L^?,**?S|-„.  ^.^^es  DecazeviUe  (de-kaz-vel').     A  town  in  the  de- 

partment  of  Aveyron,  France,  in  lat.  44°  33' 
N.,  long.  2°  13'  E.     It  is  noted  for  iron  manu- 
factures, and  is  the  center  of  the  Aveyron 
coal-fields.  Population  (1891),  commune,  8,871. 
Deccan(dek'kan),orDekhan(dek'han).  [Hind. 
dakshin,  the  south.]     A  non-official  designa- 
tion for  the  peninsular  portion  of  India  lying 
south  of  the  river  Nerbudda,  between  the  Bay 
of  Bengal  on  the  east  and  the  Arabian  Sea  on 
the  west;  in  a  restricted  sense,  the  coimtry 
between  the  Nerbudda  on  the  north  and  the 
Krishna  on  the  south. 
Chaucer  adopted  the  notion  of  the  frame  in  wWch  he  has  DecebaluS  (de-seb'a-lus).     [Gr.  AeMaloc,  chief 
inclosed  his  tales,  and  the  eeneral  manner  of  his  stories.       "  i„-li„.    „  4^;j.i„  „i-t,„  '      "-"  iiT   t\  '  . 

or  King :   a  title  ot  honor  among  the  Dacians, 

borne  by  several  of  their  kings.]  Died  about 
106  A.  D.  A  Daeian  king,  at  war  with  the  Ro- 
mans in  the  reigns  of  Domitiau  and  Trajan. 
Deceleia  (des-e-le'ya).  [Gr.  Asi^Tism.}  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  city  and  strategic  point  in 
Attica,  Greece,  situated  14  miles  northeast  of 
Athens.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Laoedsemonians 
from  413  to  404  b.  c. 


rone;  from  Gr.  dem,  ten,  and  ^fiepa,  day.]  A 
famous  collection  of  100  tales,  by  Boccaccio, 
published  in  1353.  Of  these  tales  ten  are  represented 
as  told  each  day  for  ten  days,  near  Florence,  during  the 
plague  of  1348.  They  were  written  from  1344  to  1350,  and 
are  preceded  by  a  masterly  description  of  the  plague  at 
Florence.  They  range  from  the  pathetic  to  the  grossly 
licentious.  *'  There  are  few  works  which  have  had  an  equ£d 
influence  on  literature  with  the  Decameron  of  Boccaccio. 
Even  in  JSngland  its  effects  were  powerful.  From  it 
Chaucer  adopted  the  notion  of  the  frame  in  w 
inclosed  his  tales,  and  the  general  manner  of  his  stories, 
while  in  some  instances,  as  we  have  seen,  he  has  merely 
versified  the  novels  of  the  Italian.  In  1666,  William  Payn- 
ter  printed  many  of  Boccaccio's  stories  in  English,  in  his 
work  called  the  'Palace  of  Pleasure.'  This  first  translation 
contained  sixty  novels,  and  it  was  soon  followed  by  an- 
other volume,  comprehending  thirty^f  our  additional  tales. 
These  are  the  pages  of  which  Shak'spere  made  so  much 
use.  From  Burton's  *  Anatomy  of  Melancholy'  we  learn 
that  one  of  the  great  amusements  of  our  ancestors  was 
reading  Boccaccio  aloud,  an  entertainment  of  which  the  ef- 
fects were  speedily  visible  in  the  literature  of  the  country. " 
Sutdop,  Hist.  Prose  Fiction,  II.  148. 


day  from  the  French  fabliata:,  from  incidents  of  actual 
life,  or  from  whatever  source  was  open  to  the  author. 
Even  the  machinery  in  which  the  tales  are  set  came 
from  the  East,  and  had  existed  in  a  Latin  form  two  centu- 
ries before.  The  number  of  the  stories  also  was  per- 
haps determined  by  the  previous  existence  of  the  "Cento 
See  BooJc  of  the  Duchess.        NovelleAntiche."  Jlfor%,  English  Writers,  L  22. 

Death  of  Osesar.  A  painting  by  G6r6me  (1867),  Decamps  (de-kon' ),  Alexandre  Gabriel.  Bom 
in  the  gallery  of  J.  J.  Astor,  New  York.  Csssar's    at  Pans,  March  3,1803:  died  (as  the  result  of 


DecelSa  was  situated  on  the  mountain-range  north  of 
Athens  (Parnes),  within  sight  of  the  city,  from  which  it 
was  distant  120  stades,  or  about  14  miles.    The  road  from 
Athens  to  Oropus  and  Tanagra  passed  through  it. 
-    -3         ...       X      -,      .     -..-...--..  T, .  ..J  Itawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  471.  note, 

garden  with  a  ten-day  feast  of  story-tellmg,  presented^  ti       1   •        twt        /j  i-/  *\         * 

in  the  best  and  easiest,  though  nearly  the  first,  Italian  UeceleiaU  War  (des-e-le  yan  wSr).      A  name 
prose— among  Uieir  hundred  tales  the  choice  tales  of  the    frequently  given  to  the  third  or  final  stage  of 


The  seven  imaginary  ladies  and  three  gentlemen  whom 
Boccaccio  supposed  to  shut  out  the  horrors  of  the  great 
plague  of  Florence,  in  1348,  by  enjoying  themselves  in  a 


body  lies  at  the  foot  of  Pompey's  statue ;  the  conspirators, 
still  holding  their  daggers,  are  grouped  in  the  background, 
and  all  the  senators  but  one  have  fied  from  their  seats. 

Death  of  General  Wolfe,  The.  A  painting  by 
Sir  Benjamin  West  (1771),  in  Grosvenor  House, 


an  accident)  at  Fontainebleau,  Aug.  22,  1860. 
A  noted  French  painter,  a  pupil  of  Abel  de 
Pujol.      He  visited  Greece  and  the  coast  of  Asia  in  1827, 


the  Peloponnesian  war,  on  account  of  the  oc- 
cupation of  Deceleia. 
December  (de-sem'b6r).  [L.,'thetenthmonth.'] 
That  month  of  the  year  in  which  the  sun  touches 
the  tropic  of  Capricorn  at  the  winter  solstice, 
being  then  at  its  greatest  distance  south  of 
the  equator;  the  twelfth  and  last  month  ac- 
cording to  the  modem  mode  of  reckoning  time, 
having  thirty-one  days.  In  the  Eoman  cal- 
endar it  was  the  tenth  month,  reckoning  from 
March.    Abbreviated  Dec. 


subjects. 


London.    The  general  lies  on  the  ground  supported  and  De  OandoUe.     See  CandoUe. 


surrounded  by  soldiers,  one  of  whom  holds  the  union  jack. 
In  the  distance  a  soldier  runs  toward  the  group,  bearing  a 
captured  French  flag. 

Death  of  Marlowe,  The.    A  tragedy  by  E.  H. 
Home,  published  in  1837. 
Death's  Jest  Book,  or  The  Fool's  Tragedy. 

A  tragedy  by  T.  L.  Beddoes,  published  in  1850, 
the  year  after  the  author's  death,  it  is  the  true 
story  of  the  stabbing  of  a  duke  in  the  13th  century  by  his 
court  fool. 

Death  Valley  (deth  val'i),  or  Amargosa  Des- 
ert (a-mar'go-sa  dez'6rt).  A  desert  region  in 
Inyo  County,  eastern  California,  near  the  Ne- 
vada frontier,  lying  160  feet  below  the  sea-level. 

Deauville  (do-vel');  A  watering-place  in  the 
department  of  Calvados,  France,  adjoining 
Trouville. 

Debatable  Land.  A  region  on  the  border  of 
England  and  Scotland,  between  the  Esk  and 
Sark,  formerly  claimed  by  both  kingdoms. 

Debbitch  (deb'ich),  Deborah.  In  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  novel  "Peveril  of  the  Peak,"  the  gov- 
emante  of  AUoe  Bridgenorth.  She  was  co- 
quettish and  deceitful. 

Debit  and  dredit.    See  Soil  und  Sahen. 

Deborah (deb'o-rS,).  [Heb.,'abee.']  Aprophet- 
ess  and  judge  of  Israel,  she  lived  on  Mount  Bphraim, 
between  Ramah  and  Bethel.  She  summoned  Barak  to  de- 
liver the  tribes  under  her  jurisdiction  from  the  tyranny 


and  aU  his  later  work  exhibits  his  preference  for  Oriental  Dscemvirate  (de-sem'vi-rat).     In  Eoman  his- 

^^^^  ^j^g  commission  of  ten,  presided  over  by 
Appius  Claudius,  sent  about  450  b.  c.  to  Greece 
to  study  Greek  law  and  codify  the  Eoman  law. 
It  was  renewed  the  next  year,  and  drew  up  the  Twelve 
Tables  (which  see).  During  its  existence  it  superseded 
provisionally  the  regular  machinery  of  government,  and 
was  overthrown  on  account  of  its  tyranny  by  a  populaz 
insurrection.     See  Virginia. 

Deception  Island  (df-sep'shgn  i'land).  A  vol- 
canic island  in  the  South  Shetland  group,  south 
of  Cape  Horn. 

Dechamps  (de-shon'),  Adolphe.  Bom  at 
Melle,  Belgium,  June  17,  1807:  died  near  Ma- 
nage (near  Brussels),  July  19, 1875.  A  Belgian 
Catholic  statesman.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
second  chamber  1834,  governor  of  the  province  of  Luxem- 
burg 1841,  and  minister  of  public  works  1843,  and  was 
minister  of  foreign  aflfairs  1845^6. 

Dechamps,  Victor  Auguste.  Bom  at  Melle, 
Belgium,  Dee.  6,  1810 :  died  at  Mechlin,  Sept. 
28,  1883.  A  Belgian  Eedemptorist  and  Ultra- 
montane leader,  brother  of  Adolphe  Dechamps. 
He  became  bishop  of  Namur  in  1865,  archbishop  of  Mechlin 
in  1867,  and  cardinal  in  1875. 

De  Charms,  or  De  Charmes(desharmz),  Rich- 
ard. Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Oct.  17, 1796.  died 
at  Philadelphia,  March  20, 1864.  An  American 
Swedenborgian  clergyman  and  author. 

Decius  (de'shi-us),  Caius  Messius  Quintus 
Trajanus.  Bom  at  Bubalia,  Pannonia:  killed 
in  battle  with  the  Goths,  near  the  Danube, 


'DecapoliS  (de-kap'o-lis).  [Gr.  AeKaii-Slig,  the 
ten  cities.]  The  name  of  an  ancient  confed- 
eration of  cities  west  and  east  of  the  Jordan, 
inhabited  for  the  most  part  by  a  non-Jew- 
ish population  which  probably  enjoyed  certain 
privileges  and  franchises.  Pompey  put  them  un- 
der the  immediate  jurisdiction  of  the  governor  of  Syria. 
Among  the  cities  belonging  to  this  confederacy  are 
enumerated  Scythopolis  (Beth-Shean),  on  the  west  of  the 
Jordan;  on  the  east,  Hippos  on  the  Sea  of  Galilee,  Pella, 
Gadara,  Philadelphia  ^abboth-Ammon),  Canatha,  and 
Gerasa  (Galasa). 

Decatur  (de-ka'ter).  The  name  of  several  towns 
and  cities  in  the  United  States,  the  principal  of 
which  are :  (a)  A  city  in  Morgan  County,  northern 
Alabama,  situated  on  the  Tennessee  River.  Population 
(1900),  3,114.  (b)  The  county-seat  of  De  Kalb  County, 
Georgia,  situated  8  miles  northeast  of  Atlanta.  (For  battle 
of  July  20, 1864,  see  Peaehtree  Creek. )  Population  (1900), 
1,418.  (c)  A  city  and  the  county-seat  of  Macon  County, 
Illinois,  situated  on  the  Sangamon  River  38  miles  east  of 
Springfield.    Population  (1900),  20,764. 

Decatur,  Stephen.  Born  at  Newport,  E.  I., 
1751:  died  at  Frankford,  near  Philadelphia, 
Nov.  14,  1808.  An  American  naval  officer.  He 
was  placed  in  command  of  the  Delaware  in  179^  and 
afterward  commanded  a  squadron  on  the  Guadeloupe 
station.    He  was  discharged  in  1801. 

Decatur,  Stephen.  Bom  at  Sinnepuxent,  Md., 
Jan.  5, 1779 :  died  nearBladensburg,  Md.,  March 


Decius 

251  A.  D.  Emperor  of  Rome  249-251.  Having  been 
sent  by  the  emperor  Fhilippusto  restore  subordination  in 
the  revolted  army  of  Moeaia,  he  was  compelled  by  the 
army  to  assume  the  purple  and  march  against  Fhilippus, 
who  fell  in  battle  near  Yerona  in  249.  He  was  defeated 
and  slain  in  261,  near  Abricium,  by  the  Goths,  wlio  had  In- 
vaded his  dominions.  During  his  reign  a  bloody  persecu- 
tion of  the  Christians  took  place. 

DeciuB  Mus  (mus),  Publius.  1.  Killed  at  the 
battle  of  Vesuvius,  340  b.  c.  A  Roman  plebeian 
consul,  distinguished  in  the  first  Samnite  and 
Latin  wars. —  2.  Killed  at  the  battle  of  Senti- 
num,  295  B.  C.  A  Roman  consul,  son  of  Decius 
(died  340).— 3.  Killed  at  the  battle  of  Ascu- 
lum  (?),  279  B.  c.  A  Roman  consul,  son  of 
Deeius  (died  295). 

De  civitate  Dei  (de  siv-i-ta'te  de'i).  [L.,'on 
the  city  of  God.']  A  celebrated  treatise  by 
Augustine,  its  theme  is  the  permanence  of  the  City  of 
Gtod,  '•  which  abideth  forever  " :  a  thought  made  doubly 
impressive  by  the  overthrow  of  Eome,  the  "eternal  city," 
by  Alaric. 

Decize  (de-sez').  A  tovm  in  the  department  of 
Nifevre,  France,  situated  on  an  island  in  the 
Loire  18  miles  southeast  of  Nevers:,  the  an- 
cient Decetia.  It  has  a  ruined  chateau.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  4,977. 

Decken  (dek'ken),  Earl  Klaus  von  der.  Bom 
at  Kotzen,  Brandenburg,  Germany,  Aug.  8, 
1833:  died  1865.  An  African  explorer.  Until 
1880  ho  was  in  the  militaiy  service.  In  that  year  he  sailed 
from  Hamburg  to  East  Africa,  and  gave  the  rest  of  his 
lite  and  means  to  the  exploration  of  what  is  now  British 
East  Africa.  His  first  attempt  was  fruitless.  On  his  sec- 
ond expedition,  1861-62,  he  explored  Lake  Jipe  and  Kili- 
manjaro. In  1864  he  led  a  great  expedition  to  the  explo- 
ration of  the  Sabaki,  Tana,  and  .Tub  rivers.  On  the  lat- 
ter) he  and  almost  all  his  companions  were  killed  by  the 
Somalis.  His  material  was  published  in  "E.  K.  v.  der 
Decken's  B£isen  in  Ost-Afrika"  (1869-79).  His  collections 
were  given  to  the  National  Museum  of  Berlin. 

Decker,  Jeremias  de.    See  Dehker, 

Decker,  Thomas.    See  Deklcer. 

Declaration  of  Independence.  The  public 
act  by  which  the  Cfontinental  Congress  on 
July  4,  1776,  declared  the  American  colonies 
to  be  free  and  independent  of  Great  Britain. 
A  resolution  of  independence  was  offered  by  K.  H.  Lee, 
June  7, 1776.  The  committee  appointed  to  draft  the  dec- 
laration consisted  of  Jefferson,  Frankhn,  John  Adams, 
Roger  Sherman,  and  It.  B.  Livingston,  and  the  document 
was  written  for  the  most  part  by  Jefferson.  It  was  signed 
by  56  members. 

Declaration  of  Independence,  Mecklenburg. 

See  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Independence. 

Declaration  of  Right.  An  affirmation  of  the 
ancient  constitutional  rights  of  the  English 
nation,  prepared  by  the  convention  of  the 
Commons,  assented  to  by  the  Lords,  and  by 
William  and  Mary  (who  thereupon  were  de- 
clared king  and  queen,  Feb.  13),  in  Feb.,  1689. 
It  was  confirmed  by  Parliament  as  the  Bill  of 
Rights  in  Dec,  1689. 

D^Cle  (dakl),  Lionel.  A  French  traveler  and 
ethnological  collector.  Accompanied  by  Ph.  de  La- 
lalng,  he  started  in  July,  1891,  from  Mafeking,  Bechuana- 
land,  and  visited  Palapye,  Shesheke,  tailed  to  enter  the 
£a-rotse  country,  retiumed  to  Matebele  and  Mashona 
Land,  where  he  explored  the  subterranean  lakes  of 
Sinoya,  and  again  reached  the  Zambesi  on  his  way  to 
Nyassa,  1892.  Thence  he  proceeded  up  the  Shire  to 
Lakes  Nyassa  and  Tanganyika  (1893),  and  came  out  by 
Zanzibar  (1894). 

Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire.    A 

celebrated  history  by  Edward  Gibbon,  pub- 
lished 1776-88. 

De  consolatione  philosophise  (de  kon-so-la- 
shi-6'ne  fil-o-s6'fi-e).  [L.,  '  on  the  consola- 
tion of  philosophy.']  A  celebrated  Latin  work 
in  prose  and  verse,  written  by  Boethius  about 
525  A.  D.  It  was  translated  into  Anglo-Saxon  by  Alfred 
the  Great.  Chaucer  translated  it  into  English  prose  be- 
fore 1382.    Caxton  published  it  in  1480.    See  Boethius. 

Boethius  was  not  put  to  death  at  once,  but  was  kept 
nearly  a  year  in  prison.  After  his  condemnation  he  wrote 
that  famous  book,  "The Consolation  of  Philosophy, "  which 
is  the  only  one  of  all  his  works  that  still  finds  readers. 
It  is  not  exactly  a  literary  masterpiece,  but  as  a  book 
written  from  the  heart,  as  the  record  of  the  meditations 
by  which  a  brave  and  high-minded  man  consoled  him- 
self when,  fallen  suddenly  from  the  height  of  wealth  and 
power  to  the  lowest  abyss  of  misery,  he  was  looldng  for- 
ward to  an  ignominious  death,  it  has  a  deep  interest,  and 
will  always  be  counted  among  the  world's  classics.  It 
has  been  translated  into  every  language  in  Europe ;  and 
amongst  the  English  translators  have  been  King  Alfred, 
Chaucer,  and,  we  are  told,  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  183. 

Decumates  Agri  (dek-u-ma'tez  ag'ri).  [L., 
from  deeuma,  tithe:  tithe  lands.]  The  name 
given  by  the  Romans  to  the  lands  east  of  the 
Rhine  and  north  of  the  Danube.  About  the 
beginning  of  the  2d  century  a.  d.  they  were  in- 
corporated in  the  Roman  Empire  as  a  part  of 
RhiBtia. 

We  have  seen  that  the  history  of  Rome  in  her  western 
provinces  was,  from  an  early  stage  of  the  Empire,  a 
straggle  with  the  Teutonic  nations  on  the  Shine  and  the 


314 

Danube.  We  have  seen  that  all  attempts  at  serious  cou- 
quest  beyond  those  boundaries  came  to  nothing.  The 
Roman  possessions  beyond  the  two  great  rivers  were  mere 
outposts  for  the  better  security  of  the  land  within  the 
rivers.  The  district  beyond  them,  fenced  in  by  a  wall  and 
]£nown  as  the  Affri  Decumates,  was  hardly  more  than 
such  an  outlying  post  on  a  great  scale. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  84. 

Dedan  (de'dan).  [Heb.,  perhaps  'beloved,' 
'  darling.']  1.  A  son  of  Raamah,  son  of  Cush, 
son  of  Ham  (Gen.  x.  7),  and  his  descendants. 
—  2.  A  son  of  Jokshan,  grandson  of  Abraham 
and  Keturah  (Gen.  xxv.  3).  In  the  prophets  the 
Dedanites  are  referred  to  as  being  settled  now  in  Edom 
^Idumea),  now  on  the  Persian  Gulf.  Some  scholars  (Gesen- 
ius,  Winer)  infer  that  the  Cushite  Dedanites  and  those 
from  Keturah  were  in  some  way  amalgamated  by  in- 
termarriage, and  formed  a  widely  spread  trading  tribe. 
There  are  still  ruins  of  a  city  in  the  northern  Hedjas  (see 
Arabia)  bearing  the  name  of  Dedan. 

Dedham  (ded'am).  The  capital  of  Norfolk 
County,  Massaebusetts,  situated  10  miles  south- 
west of  Boston.    Population  (1900),  7,457. 

Dedlock  (ded'lok),  lady.  The  wife  of  Sir 
Leicester  Dedlock  in  Dickens's  novel  "Bleak 
House  ":  a  haughty  woman  of  fashion,  secretly 
consumed  with  terror,  shame,  and  remorse.  She 
has  an  illegitimate  child,  Esther  Summerson,  but  marries 
Sir  Leicester,  who  is  ignorant  of  her  history.  Her  secret 
becomes  known  to  Mr.  Tulkinghorn,  her  husband's  legal 
adviser,  who  tells  her  of  his  design  to  reveal  it  to  him. 
She  leaves  home  and  dies  from  exposure  and  remorse  at 
the  gate  of  the  graveyard  where  Captain  Hawdon,  the 
father  of  her  child,  is  buried. 

Dedlock,  Sir  Leicester.  An  extremely  cere- 
monious and  stately  old  baronet  in  Dickens's 
novel  "  Bleak  House."  He  Is  perfectly  honorable, 
but  prejudiced  to  the  most  unreasonable  degree,  with  a 
genuine  affection  and  admiration  for  Lady  Dedlock. 

Dee  (de).  [L.  Delia  (which  see).]  1.  A  river 
in  North  Wales  and  Cheshire,  flowing  past  Ches- 
ter into  the  Irish  Sea  northwest  of  Chester. 
Length,  90  miles. —  2.  A  river  in  Kincardine- 
shire and  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  flowing 
into  the  North  Sea  at  Aberdeen.  Length,  87 
miles. — 3.  A  river  in  Kirkcudbrightshire,  Scot- 
land, which  flows  into  the  Solway  Firth  at 
Kirkcudbright  Bay.    Length,  48  miles. 

Dee,  John.  Bom  at  London,  July  13, 1527:  died 
in  Dec,  1608.  An  English  mathematician  and 
astrologer.  He  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Cambridge 
in  1645 ;  was  appointed  one  of  the  foundation  fellows  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  1646 ;  lectured  on  the  Ele- 
ments of  Euclid  at  Paris  about  1660 ;  returned  to  England 
in  1551 ;  was  prosecuted  on  the  charge  of  magic  about  1655; 
gave  exhibitions  of  magic  at  the  courts  of  various  princes 
in  Poland  and  Bohemia  1683-.88 ;  and  was  appointed  warden 
of  Manchester  College  in  1595.  He  was  patronized  by 
Queen  Elizabeth,  who  received  instruction  from  him  in  as- 
trology in  1564.  According  to  the  "AthenBe  Cantabrigien- 
ses  "  he  wrote  79  works,  most  of  which  have  never  been 
printed.  His  most  notable  work  is  "  Monas  Hieroglyphlca  " 
(1564). 

Deeg,  or  Dig  (deg).  A  fortified  place  in  British 
India,  in  lat.  27°  25'  N.,  long.  77°  15'  E.  It  was 
captured  by  the  British  in  1804.  It  contains  a  palace 
built  by  Stoaj  Mull  toward  the  middle  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury. The  portion  completed  is  about  700  feet  square, 
and  is  traversed  by  a  garden  with  beautiful  architectural 
adornment.  The  north  pavilion  contains  a  fine  audience 
hall,  77  by  54J  feet,  divided  by  a  central  range  of  arches. 
An  adjoining  side  of  the  court  is  occupied  by  a  great  hall 
108  by  87  feet,  open  on  two  sides  and  including  four  ranges 
of  columns  with  arcades  edged  with  sharply  cut  cusps. 
The  cornices  are  particularly  noteworthy  :  they  are  wide- 
spreading,  often  double,  and  supported  by  very  richly 
sculptured  brackets. 

Deems  (demz),  Charles  Force.  Bom  at  Balti- 
more, Md.,  Dec.  4,  1820:  died  at  New  York 
city,  Nov.  18,  1893.  An  American  clergyman 
and  writer,  pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  Stran- 
gers in  New  York  city.  He  founded  the  Ameri- 
can Institute  of  Christian  Philosophy  in  1881. 

Deep  River  (dep  riv'6r).  A  river  of  North 
Carolina  which  unites  with  the  Haw  to  form 
the  Cape  Fear  River  26  miles  southwest  of 
Raleigh.    Length,  over  100  mUes. 

Deer  (der),  Old.  A  village  in  Aberdeenshire, 
Scotland,  about  30  miles  north  of  Aberdeen. 
It  is  noted  for  an  ancient  manuscript  (" Book  of  Deer") 
containing  St.  John's  gospel  and  parts  of  the  other  three, 
belonging  formerly  to  the  old  abbey,  and  now  in  the 
Cambridge  University  library. 

Deerfield  (der'f  eld).  A  town  in  Franklin  Coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Deerfield  River  with  the  Connecticut,  32 
miles  north  of  Springfield.  It  was  sacked  and 
burned  by  French  andTlndians  in  1704  ;  and  South  Deer- 
field was  the  scene  of  the  "  Bloody  Brook  massacre"  in 
1676.    Population  (1900),  1,909. 

Deerfield  River.    A  small  western  tributary  of 

the  Connecticut  in  Massachusetts. 
Deerslayer  (der'sla-'fer),  The.    A  novel  by 

Cooper,  published  in  1841.    (See  Leatherstock- 

ing.)    It  is  the  first  of  the  "  Leatherstocking 

Tales,"  though  published  last. 
D66s,  or  D6s  (da' ash  or  dash).    The  capital  of 

the  county  of  Szolnok-Doboka,  in  Transylvania, 


De  Forest 

Hungary,  situated  on  the  Szamos  32  miles  north, 
east  of  Klausenburg.    Population  (1890),  7,728. 

Defarge  (de-farzhO,  Ther^se.  In  Dickens's 
"Tale  of  Two  Cities,"  the  wife  of  Ernest  De- 
farge,  the  keeper  of  a  wine-shop :  a  type  of  the 
remorseless  women  of  the  St.  Antoine  quarter 
during  the  French  Revolution. 

Defence  of  Poesie,  The.  The  title  given  to  Sir 
PhUip  Sidney's  "Apologie  for  Poetrie"  when 
printed  for  the  second  time  in  the  third  edition 
of  the  "Arcadia"  in  1598. 

Defence  of  Poetry.  A  volume  in  verse  by  Isaac 
D'lsraeU,  published  in  1790 :  his  first  work. 

Defender  (de-fen'der).  A  sloop-yacht  built  at 
Bristol,  R.  i.,  by  the  Herreshoffs,  and  owned 
by  C.  Oliver  Iselin  and  others.  Her  length  on 
load  water-line  is  88.45  feet.  She  defeated 
Valkyrie  HI.  in  competition  for  the  America's 
cup,  Sept.,  1895.    See  Valkyrie  III. 

Defender  of  the  Faith.  [L.  Mdei  Defensor.^ 
A  title  conferred  in  1521  by  Pope  Leo  X.  upon 
Henry  VIH.  of  England,  in  recognition  of  the 
latter's  treatise  "Assertio  septem  saeramento- 
rum"  (1521),  retained  by  succeeding  English 
sovereigns. 

Defender  of  the  Faith  of  God.  A  title  as- 
sumed by  Abd-er-Rahman  in  929. 

Defenneh.    See  Tel  Defenneh. 

Defensa,  Partido  de  la.    See  JBlancos. 

Deffand,  or  Deffant  (def-fon'),  Marquise  du 
(Marie  de  Vichy-Chamrond).  Born  at  the 
Chateau  de  Chamrond,  France,  in  1697:  died 
at  Paris,  Sept.  24,  1780.  A  witty  and  cynical 
Frenchwoman,  a  leader  in  Parisian  literary  and 
philosophical  circles,  she  was  married  to  the  Marquis 
du  Deff  and  in  1718,  but  soon  separated  from  him  and  lived 
somewhat  notoriously.  In  1763  she  became  blind.  She 
is  noted  for  her  correspondence  with  Voltaire,  H^nault, 
Montesquieu,  Horace  Walpole,  and  other  great  men  of 
her  time. 

Defiance  (df-fi'ans).  A  city  and  the  county- 
seat  of  Defiance  County,  northwestern  Ohio, 
situated  on  the  Maumee  50  miles  southwest  of 
Toledo.     Population  (1900),  7,579. 

De  finibus  (bonorum  et  malorum)  (de  fin'i-bus). 
[L.,  'of  the  boundaries  (of  good  and  evil).'] 
A  treatise  in  five  books  by  Cicero,  in  the  form 
of  a  dialogue,  consisting  in  a  presentation  of 
the  doctrines  of  the  Greek  schools  concerning 
good  and  evU.    It  was  written  45  B.  c. 

De  Flores  (de  fio'rez).  In  Middleton's  play 
"  The  Changeling,"  an  ill-favored,  broken  gen- 
tleman in  the  service  of  Vermandero,  the  fa- 
ther of  Beatrice-Joanna.  He  loves  Beatrice,  who 
loathes  him.  Trusting  in  his  devotion  and  poverty,  she 
induces  him  to  murder  Alonzo  de  Pivacquo,  to  whom  her 
father  has  betrothed  her  though  she  loves  Alsemero.  In 
a  powerful  scene  he  declares  to  her  that  she  shall  never 
marry  Alsemero  unless  she  first  yields  to  him.  He  never 
relents,  and  after  killing  Beatrice  dies  triumphant,  by  his 
own  hand,  when  the  double  discovery  of  the  liaison  and 
murder  is  made.  "He  is  a  stady  worthy  to  be  classed 
with'  lago,  and  inferior  only  to  lago  in  their  class." 
Sainiebury. 

Defoe  (sometimes  written  De  Foe)  (de-fo'), 
Daniel.  Bom  at  London,  probably  in  1661: 
died  at  London,  April  26,  1731.  A  celebrated 
English  novelist  and  political  writer.  His  father, 
whose  name  originally  was  Foe,  was  a  butcher  in  St. 
Giles,  Cripplegate.  Daniel  changed  it  to  De  Foe,  or  Defoe, 
about  1703.  Little  is  known  of  his  early  life.  He  aban- 
doned the  idea  of  being  a  dissenting  ministor,  went  into 
business  in  1686,  and  in  1688  was  with  King  William's 
army.  He  traveled  a  good  deal  on  the  Continent.  In 
1692  he  became  bankrupt,  but  afterward  paid  his  debts. 
He  then  secured  a  position  as  secretary  to  a  pantile  fac- 
tory, and  was  accountant  to  the  commissioners  on  glass 
duties.  From  1698  he  distinguished  himself  as  a  pam. 
phleteer  in  favor  of  William  III.'s  policy.  His  ironical 
treatise  "The  Shortest  Way  with  the  Dissenters  "in  1708 
occasioned  his  arrest,  and  he  was  sentenced  to  be  fined,  to 
stand  three  times  in  the  pillory,  and  to  be  "imprisoned 
during  the  Queen's  pleasure."  During  this  imprisonment 
he  wrote  constantly,  and  began  his  "Review,"  a  newspaper 
issued  at  first  once,  afterward  twice,  and  ultimately  thrice, 
a  week.  It  was  published  from  Feb.  19, 1704,  to  June  11, 
1713.  During  this  time  he  also  wrote  about  eighty  other 
works.  In  1704  he  was  released  and  went  to  8t  Edmund's 
Bury  and  then  back  to  London,  where  he  took  a  prominent 
part  in  political  intrigue.  Finding  himself  generally  ob- 
jected to  as  a  time-server  and  turncoat,  he  made  an  apol- 
ogy, "An  Appeal  to  Honour  and  Justice"  (ITIS),  which 
did  not  remove  the  impression.  From  this  time  until  his 
death  he  wrote  industriously,"Eobinson  Crusoe "  appear- 
ing in  1719.  Among  hia  other  novels  are  "Life  and  Adven- 
tures of  Duncan  Campbell"  (1720),  "Captain  Singleton" 
(1720), "  The  Fortunes  and  Misfortunes  of  Moll  Flanders" 
(1722),  "Journal  of  the  Plague  Year"  (2d  ed.,  entitled 
"History  of  the  Plague,"  1722),"History  of  Colonel  Jack" 
(1722), "  Roxana  "  (1724X  etc.  Among  his  political  writings 
are  "The  True-Born  Englishman"  (1701),  "The  Shortest 
Way  with  the  Dissenters  "  (1703)," Political  History  of  the 
the  Devil"  (1726),  eto.  See  his  life  by  Minto  (1879),  In 
"English  Men  of  Letters"  series. 

De  Forest  (de  for'est),  John  William.  Bom 
at  Seymour,  Conn. ,  March  31, 1826.  An  Amer- 
ican novelist,  miscellaneous  writer,  and  soldier. 


De  Forest 

He  served  through  the  Civil  War  from  1861  to  1865,  in  the 
SouthweBt,  and  with  Sheridan  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley. 
He  received  the  brevet  rank  of  major.  From  1865  to 
1868  he  was  adjutant-general  of  the  veteran  reserve 
corps.  Among  ms  works  are  "  History  of  the  Indians  of 
Connecticutj"  etc.  (1853),  "Oriental  Acquaintance"  (1866), 
"Seaclifl"  (1859),  "Miss  Ravenel's  Conversion"  (1867), 
"The  Oddest  of  Courtships,"  etc.  (1881),  and  many  mili- 
tary sketches,  essays,  etc. 

Deformed  Transformed,  The.  A  drama  by 
Byron,  published  in  1824.  It  was  partly  founded 
on  Goethe's  "Faust." 

De  Gdrando,    See  Gerando. 

Deggendorf  (deg'gen-dorf).  A  town  in  Lower 
Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Danube  30  miles 
northwest  of  Passau.  It  has  long  been  cele- 
brated as  a  shrine  for  pilgrims.  Population 
(1890),  6,250. 

De  Grasse.    See  Grasse. 

De  Haas.    See  Saas. 

Dehn  (dan),  Siegfried  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Al- 
tona,  Germany,  Feb.  25,  1799:  died  at  Berlin, 
April  12,  1858.  A  German  musical  writer, 
librarian  of  the  musical  works  in  the  royal 
library  in  Berlin  1842-48. 

Dehra  Dun  (deh'ra  d6n).  A  district  in  the 
Mirat  division  of  the  Northwest  Provinces, 
British  India,  situated  about  lat.  30°-31°  N., 
long.  78°  E.  Area,  1,193  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  168,185. 

De  imitatione  Christi  (de  im-i-ta-shi-o'ne 
kris'ti).  A  religious  treatise  commonly  as- 
cribed to  Thomas  a  Kempis,  but  about  which 
there  has  been  much  controversy :  it  places  the 
rule  of  life  in  seclusion  and  renunciation,  other 
candidates  have  been  put  forward,  among  them  John  Ger- 
son,  the  famous  chancellor  of  the  University  of  Paris,  and 
an  unidentified  John  Qersen,  abbot  of  Vercelli  (supported 
by  the  Benedictines),  whose  name  appears  as  that  of  the 
author  in  one  manuscript.  For  Gerson  are  brought  forward 
a  number  of  early  MSS.  and  editions  in  I'rance  and  Italjr. 
"In  favour  of  Tliomas  a  Kempis  has  been  alleged  the  testi- 
mony of  many  early  editions  bearing  his  name,  including 
one  about  1471  which  appears  to  be  the  first,  as  well  as  a 
general  tradition  from  his  own  times,  extending  over  most 
of  Europe,  which  has  led  a  great  majority  (including  the 
Sorbonne  itself)  to  determine  the  cause  in  his  favour.  It 
is  also  said  that  a  manuscript  of  the  treatise  De  Imita- 
tione bears  these  words  at  the  conclusion:  'Finitus  et 
oompletus  per  manum  Thomso  de  Eempis,  1441";  and  that 
in  this  manuscript  are  so  many  erasures  and  alterations 
as  to  give  it  the  appearance  of  his  original  autograph. 
Against  Thomas  a  Kempis  it  is  urged  that  he  was  a  pro- 
fessed calligrapher  or  copyist  for  the  College  of  Deventer ; 
that  the  Chronicle  of  St.  Agnes,  a  contemporary  work, 
says  of  him :  Scripsit  Bibliam  nostram  totaliter,  et  multos 
alios  libros  pro  domo  et  pro  pretio ;  that  the  entry  above 
mentioned  is  more  like  that  of  a  transcriber  than  of  an 
author ;  that  the  same  clironicle  makes  no  mention  of  his 
having  written  the  treatise  De  Imitatione,  nor  does  it  ap- 
pear in  an  early  list  of  works  ascribed  to  him."  HaUa/m, 
Introd.  to  Lit  of  Europe,  II.  ii  §  63. 

Deimos  (di'mos).  [Gr.  Setfidg,  fear,  terror;  per- 
sonified in  the  lUad,  and  later  regarded  as  a 
son  of  Ares  (Mars).]  A  satellite  of  Mars,  re- 
volving about  its  primary  in  thirty  hours  and 
eighteen  minutes.  It  was  discovered  by  Pro- 
fessor Asaph  Hall,  of  Washington,  in  Aug. ,  1877. 

Deinokrates.    See  Dinocrates. 

Deioces  (de-i'6-sez).  [Gr.  A^^jiJki;?.]  Accord- 
ing to  Herodotus,  the  founder  of  the  Median 
dynasty  (about  709-656  B.  C),  and  the  buUder 
of  Ecbatana. 

Deiotarus  (de-i-ot'a-rus).  [Gr.  AfttrapocJ 
Died  about  40  B.  c.  A  tetrarch  and  king  of 
Galatia,  and  an  ally  of  the  Komans.  He  was 
defended  before  Csesar  by  Cicero  45  b.  c. 

Deiphobus  (de-if'6-bus).  [Gr.  A);(^o/3of.]  In 
classical  legends,  a  Trojan  warrior,  son  of 
Priam  and  Hecuba.  He  appears  in  Shakspere's 
"  Troilus  and  dressida." 

Deipnosophists  (ap-nos'6-fists).  [From  Gr. 
&emvoao<lnaTai,  DeipnosophistsB,  the  name  of  a 
work  of  AthensBus  (see  the  def.):  lit.  'the 
learned  men  at  dinner,'  from  Selirvov,  dinner, 
and  aoipioT^g,  a  learned  man.]     See  the  extract. 

The  Deipnosophists,  or  "learned  guests,"  of  Athenseus 
is  a  polyhistorical  work  chiefly  made  up  of  extracts  from 
books  m  the  library  of  Alexandria,  and  put  into  the  form 
of  a  dialogue,  or  series  of  dialogues,  supposed  to  have  been 
carried  on  in  the  house  of  a  learned  and  opulent  Roman 
named  Larensius  or  Laurentius,  during  an  entertainment 
prolonged  through  many  days.  The  guests  are  twenty. 
Sine  in  number,  and  not  only  draw  upon  their  memory 
for  quotations  suggested  by  incidents  of  the  feast,  but  are 
expected  by  their  entertainer  to  come  furnished  with  ex- 
cerots  from  the  best  authors,  which  are  produced  and 
read  when  the  occasion  offers.  This  machmery  enables 
Athenfflus  to  give  a  sort  of  framework  and  external  cohe- 
rency to  the  cIrefuUy  arrimged  contents  of  his  note  book ; 
but,  as  in  the  weU-known  English  books  called  the  Doc- 
tor" and  "the  Pursuits  of  M^rature,"  the  ventilation  of 
the  author's  learning  is  the  main  obj  ect  of  the  book.  1  he 
work  begins,  like  several  of  Plato's  dialogues,  with  a  con- 
vSlon  between  Athenseus  and  ? Jrie"*  of  his  one 
Timocrates,  to  whom  he  narrates  "the  discourses  of  the 
learned  mei,"  with  all  their  quotations  Md  extracts ,  and 
he  sometunes  interrupts  the  supposed  dialogue,  m  order 


315 

to  address  himself  directly  to  Timocrates.  Among  the 
supposed  guests  are  some  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  the 
day,  especially  Masurius  Sabinus,  a  descendant  of  the  great 
jurist  of  the  Augustan  age,  and  himself  one  of  the  leading 
lawyers  in  the  reign  of  Alexander  Severus ;  Ulpian,  whose 
death  is  supposed  to  take  place  soon  after  the  enter- 
tainment ;  and  Galen  of  Pergamum,  "  who  has  published 
so  many  writings  on  philosophy  and  medicine  as  to  sur- 
pass all  his  predecessors,  and  who  is  equal  in  style  to  any 
of  the  ancients."  These  "learned  guests"  pour  forth  an 
unbroken  stream  of  quotations  extending  through  fifteen 
books,  and  touching  on  every  subject  which  could  be 
suggested  by  a  banquet,  and  many  others  which  are 
brought  in  by  the  head  and  shoulders,  so  that  the  work  is 
a  complete  treasury  of  information  on  Greek  literature, 
especially  poetry,  natural  history,  medicine,  public  and 
social  usages,  philology  and  grammar.  The  authors  quoted 
by  Athenseus  are  about  800,  of  whom  about  700  would  have 


De  la  Bam6e 

second  part  is  dated  1630,  and  there  is  nothing  to  show 
that  Hiddleton  was  concerned  in  it.  "The  Seven  Deadly 
Sins  of  London  "  he  published  in  1606,  and  "  News  from 
Hell "  in  th  e  same  year.  He  also  wrote  "  Westward  Hoi" 
before  1605,  and  "  Northward  Ho  1 "  "  The  Bellman  of 
London"  (1608), "  Lanthome  and  Candlelight "  (the  second 
part  of  "The  Bellman"  1608),  "The  Gull's  Hornbook" 
(1609),  "The  Roaring  GW,"  with  Middleton  (1611),  "If 
it  be  not  Good  the  Devil  is  in  it"  (1612X  "The  Virgin 
Martyr,"  with  Maasinger  (1622),  "Match  Me  in  London" 
(published  1631).  "The  Sun's  Darling,"  with  Ford,  was 
published  in  1666  (the  lyrical  portions  are  thought  to  be 
Dekker's);  "The  Witch  of  Edmonton,"  with  Ford  and 
Rowley,  probably  written  in  1621,  published  in  1668 ;  and 
in  163'f  Dekker  republished  "Lanthome and  Candlelight" 
as  "English  Villainies":  this  was  the  lastofhisnumerous 
works,  the  most  important  of  which  have  been  mentioned, 
and  it  is  thought  that  he  died  shortly  after  its  publicsr 
tion.    Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Paul.    See  Kock, 


been  unknown  but  for  him ;  and  he  sometimes  gives  us 

as  many  as  50  quotations  from  one  author.    The  titles  of  De  Kock  (d6  kok), 

books  which  he  mentions  are  about  2,600,  and  he  tells     Pa^l  de 

us  himself  that  he  had  made  extracts  from  more  than  800  -pv.  »„  ui^Vn  r^A.  ta  vs„t,\    a;„  tt.—- _  im.._-- 

comedies  belonging  to  the  period  of  the  middle  comedy  "J^  la  JJeCne  (de  la  bash),  bir  Henry  Ihomas. 

only.    The  extent  to  which  thisone  book  has  contributed     Bom  near  London,  1796 :  died  at  London,  April 

to  repair  the  ravages  of  time,  and  especially  to  save  choice     13^   1855.     An   English   geologist.     He   wrote 

fragments  from  the  wreck  of  the  great  Alexandrian  Mu-     u  mi,„  fj-pnlocripnl  OhservBr  "  n  Riin    pto 

seum,  in  which  Athenseus  pursued  his  studies,  is  shown  by  _.   i    v     J-!^^?"V     I?n  ^      4™f'''  ^7'    „ 

the  test  to  which  Schweighaeuser  appeals,  namely,  that  Uelaborae  (de-la-bord  ),  Henri,  Vicomte.  Bom 

if  we  look  into  any  collection  of  the  fragments  of  Greek     at  Eennes,  May  2,  1811 :  died  at  Paris,  May  18, 


poets,  we  shall  see  how  large  a  proportion  is  due  to  the 
Deipnosophists. 

K.  0.  MiUler,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Ano.  Greece,  IIL  286. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Deira  (de'i-ra).  In  the  6th  century  a.  d.,  an 
Anglian  kingdom  in  the  present  Yorkshire, 
Englans],  extending  from  the  Humber  to  the 
Tees.  It  was  united  with  Bernicia  to  form  the  kingdom 
of  Northumbria  about  600,  and  was  later  created  an 
earldom. 

Deir-el-Bahari.    See  Der-el-Bahri. 

Dejanira  (dej-a-ni'ra),  or  Deianelra  (de-ya- 
ni'ra).  [Gv.  Ai^lavEipa.']  In  Greek  mythology, 
a  daughter  of  CEneus  and  Althsea,  sister  of 
Meleager  and  wife  of  Hercules. 


1899.  A  French  painter  and  writer  on  the  his- 
tory of  art.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Paul  Delaroche.  His 
principal  works  in  painting  are  "La  conversion  de  Saint- 
Augustine,"  and  "La  mort  de  Sainte  Monique  "  (1838). 
As  a  historian  he  published  numerous  and  notable  works, 
especially  on  the  Renaissance.  He  was  collaborator  with 
Charles  Blanc  on  the  "  Histoire  des  peintres  de  toutes  les 
6coles."  He  wrote  also  "  Lagravure  "  (1882),  "La  gravure 
en  Italic"  (1883),  and  "L  Academic  des  Beaux-Arts,  etc." 
(1891),  etc. 

Delacroix  (de-la -krwa'),  Ferdinand  Victor 
Eugene.  Bom  at  Charenton-St. -Maurice,  near 
Paris,  April  26,  1799 :  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  13, 
1863.  A  noted  French  painter,  a  leader  of  the 
"romantic"  school.  Among  his  works  are  "Dante 
et  Virgile "  (1822),  "Massacre  de  3cio"(1824),  "Femmes 
d' Alger"  (1834),  "Prise  de  Constantinople"  (1841). 


_   ___^_  She  inadver- 

tently (sauaesi  his  death  by  giving  him  the  blood-steeped 

shu^  of  Nessus  to  wear— the  latter  having  told  her  that  J)g  Jiacy.     See  Lacy. 
she  could  compel  the  love  of  any  one  wearing  it.    It  j\    j    „j.    Tni,o-nTioo      Srb  Laef 
burned  him  to  death,  and  she  killed  herseU  for  sorr^w^  ^l^^^' i^^ft^T^l)      An  i^Aet  ot  the 


Dejazet  (da-zha-za'),  Pauline  Virginie. 

at  Paris,  Aug.  30, 1798:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  1, 
1875.  A  celebrated  French  actress,  she  went 
on  the  stage  almost  fromher  cradle.  She  appeared  for  the 
last  time  Oct.  2, 1875. 

Dejean  (de-zhon'),  Pierre  Francois  Aim6 
Auguste,  Comte.  Bom  at  Amiens,  France, 
Augj  10,  1780 :  died  at  Paris,  March  18,  1845. 
A  French  soldier  and  entomologist.  He  served 
with  distinction  at  Ligny  and  Waterloo,  and  was  ap- 
pointed general  in  1810,  aide-de-camp  of  Napoleon  in 
1813,  and  general  of  division  in  1814.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  catalogue  of  his  collection  of  insects  (1821-33),  "His- 
toire gto^rale  des  coltoptferes  "  (1825-39X  etc. 

De  Kalb  (de  kalb).  Baron  Johann  (properly  Jo- 
kann  Kalb).  Bom  at  Huttendorf,  near  Bay- 
reuth,  Bavaria,  June  29,1721:  died  near  Camden, 
S.  C,  Aug.  19, 1780.  A  general  in  the  American 
Revolution .    He  entered  the  Iffrench  service  in  1743,  and 


Indian  Ocean,  on  the  southeastern  coast  of 
Africa,  about  lat.  26°  S.  It  was  discovered  by  the 
Portuguese  in  1498.  In  1823  the  natives  ceded  it  to  the 
Englishman  Owen ;  but  by  arbitration  of  President  Mac- 
Mahon  of  France  it  was  in  1875  awarded  to  Portugal.  It 
is  the  terminus  of  a  railway  connecting  the  Transvaal  with 
the  seaboard. 

Delambre  (de-loii'br),  Jean  Baptiste  Josepk. 

Bom  at  Amiens,  France,  Sept.  19, 1749 :  died 
at  Paris,  Aug.  19,  1822.  A  noted  French  as- 
tronomer, appointed  permanent  secretary  of 
the  Institute  in  1803,  and  professor  at  the  Col- 
lege de  France  in  1807.  His  works  include  "His- 
toire de  I'astronomie "  (1817-87),  "M^thodes  analytiques 
pour  la  determination  d'un  arc  du  mSridien"  (1799), 
"Base  du  systfeme  m^trique  decimal,  on  mesnre  de  I'arc 
du  m^ridien  compris  entre  les  parallfeles  de  Dunkerque  et 
Barcelone,  execufee  en  1792  et  anntes  suivantes  par  MM. 

i.,o.w;Lo.vx„^.    ii=^.^vw™...*v,.L..-..„.=.-.,..,.-...^.™,. M^chain  et  Delambre,  etc."  (1806-10),  etc. 

the  American  service  in  1777,  and  was  mortally  wounded  Deland    (de'land),    Mrs.    Margaretta   Wade 


at  Camden  Aug.  16, 1780.    He  was  a  peasant  by  birth. 

Dekker  (dek'er),  Eduard  Douwes:  pseudo- 
nym Muitatuli.  Bom  at  Amsterdam,  March 
2, 1820 :  died  at  Nieder-Ingelheim,  Feb.  19, 1887. 
A  Dutch  writer.  His  works  include  "Max  Havelaar" 
(1860),  and  other  works  on  the  Dutch  Indies. 

Dekker,  or  Decker  (dek'er),  Jer< 
Bom  at  Dort,  Netherlands,  about  1610:  died 
at  Amsterdam,  1666.    A  Dutch  p_oet,  author  of 


(Campbell).  Bom  at  Alleghany,  Pa.,  Feb, 
23,  1857.  An  American  writer.  Among  her 
works  are  "  The  Old  Garden  and  other  Verses" 
(1886)  and  "  John  Ward,  Preacher"  (1888),  and 
a  novel,  "Philip  and  his  Wife"  (1894). 
DTo'ke^^dek^lrV'jeremias  de  Delano  (de-lan').  Join  Thaddeus.  Bom  at 
P^^BfhJw«''k^?t'^mo^fdi^d    London,  Oct.  11, 1817:  dledNov  22  1879     An 

English  journalist,  son  of  W.  A.  P.  Delane: 
*■      <(T  ^f  A„^r'^iA„„«\,i-"  /•""p-oi-.o  „«  Aira      editor  of  the  London  "  Times"  1841-77. 
%Z^'  ffis  coLcted  wo4s^  wfreT^^^^        Delane,  William  Augustus  Frederick.  Bom 
"  ?79fi  collected  works  were  publisnea    ^bouti793:  died  at  Norwich,  England,  July  29, 

Dekker.  or  Decker,  Thomas.    Bom  at  Lon-  ^^'I^^^,^^^^  ^°™^^*^*'  '""'^''^^'^  °'  *^« 

don  abiut  1570  (?):  died  at  London  (?)  after  d-W  fdi  "a'ni)    Mrs    (Marv  Granville) 

Si  ,^  W:tV'Zslnir°Rowlet°et°c'  ^Bt^Iliy  k  moNfcUtorWi^f  ^ei ^^ 

Kfk?oU"'o?»e.''lflsX't'n?^c^1?'Htt  WindsorfApkl  15,' 1788.   Au  English  woman  of 

lowe's  Diary  in  1598:  in  Feb.  of  that  year  he  was  im-  literary  tastes.    She  first  married  Alexander  Pendarves, 

prisoned  in  the  Counter.    Between  1598  and  1602  he  wrote  

eight  plays  alone  and  many  others  in  collaboration.    In 
1602  he  published  "  Satiromastix,  or  the  Vntrussmg  of  the 

Humorous  Poet,"  a  satirical  attack  on  Ben  Jonson,  with  _,  _  .  ,-,  .    ^ 

whom  a  quarrel  had  broken  out  before  1600,  when  Jon-  the  queen  some  of  the  "paper  mosaic    for  which  she  was 

son  reflected  upon  him  in  "Every  Man  out  of  his  Hu-  f  amous,  and  became  a  great  favorite  with  the  royal  famUjr. 

mour  "  and  "  Cynthia's  Revels. "    In  1601  Jonson  attacked  She  left  six  volumes  of  autobiography  and  letters,  which 

Dekker  and  Marston  vigorously  in   "The  Poetaster."  contain  much  interesting  gossip  of  the  society  of  the  tune. 


and  afterward  became  the  wife  of  Patrick  DeUmy.  She  was 
the  friend  of  the  Duchess  of  Portland,  and  was  called  his 
"  dearest  Mrs.  Delany"  by  George  III.  He  gave  her  a  house 
in  Wmdsor,  and  a  pension  of  iBSOO  a  year.  She  presented  to 

"  for  which  she  was 


Satiromastix"  was  Dekker's  retort.    From  1613  to  1616  Delany,  Patrick.     Born  in  Ireland  about  1685: 
^^- '^'""■' -^'""^    died  at  Bath,  May  6, 1768.    A  popular  preacher, 


he  seems  to  have  been  imprisoned  in  the  King's  Bench 
prison.    He  wrote  many  pampMets  ridiculing  J;he^lcd- 


lies  of  the  times,  and  m  the  plays  written  with  others 
he  excelled  in  good  shop  scenes  and  those  laid  m  inns, 
taverns,  and  suburban  pleasure-houses.  He  also  had  a 
poetical  and  luxuriant  fancy.  He  wrote  alone  The 
Gentle  Craft "  (produced  in  1699 :  published  anonymously 
in  1600  as  "The  Shoemaker's  Holiday,  or  the  Gentle 
Craft"),  "Bear  a  Brain"  (1599),  "Old  Fortunatus  (1600), 
etc.;  and,  with  Chettle,  "TroUus  and  Cressida,__    Aga- 


afterward  dean  of  Down,  in  Ireland.  He  is 
noted  as  having  been  the  intimate  friend  of  Swift.  In  1757 
he  began  to  publish  apaper  called  the  "Humanist,"  advo- 
cating the  prevention  of  cruelty  to  animals.  He  wrote  a 
number  of  volumes  of  sermons, "  Reflections  on  Polygamy," 
etc.  (1738),  "The  Life  and  Reign  of  David,  King  of  Israel 
(1740-42),  "A  Humble  Apology  for  Christian  Orthodoxy 
(1761),  etc. 


:Sd  "The  stepmotK  Tragedy  "(1699);  vrith  De  la  Eamee  (d6  la  ra-ma'),  Louise:  pseudo- 


Chettle  and  Haughton,  "Patient  Grissel  (1699)  ;wia  Day 
and  Haughton,  "The  Spanish  Moor's  Tragedy  (1600> 
With  Webster  and  others  he  joined  m  1602  m  a  play  m 
two  parts  on  Lady  Jane  Grey,  which  probably  appeared 
as  °  The  Famous  History  of  Su-  Thomas  Wyat  in  1607.  The 
first  part  of  "The  Honest  Whore,'' etc.,  he  wrote  with 
Middleton  in  1604.    The  earliest  edition  known  of  the 


nym  Ouida.  Bom  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  Eng- 
land, in  1840.  An  English  novelist,  of  French 
extraction.  Her  works  include  "Strathmore"  (1866), 
"Chandos"  (1866),  "Idalia"  (1867),  "Tricotrin"  (1868), 
"  Pascarel "  (1873), "  Ariadne  "  (1880),  "Moths  "  (1880), "  Prm- 
cess  Napraxine"  (1884),  etc. 


De  la  Bive 

De  la  Bive.    See  La  Bive. 

Delaroche  (de-la-rosh'),  Paul  (Hippolyte). 
Born  at  Paris,  July  17, 1797 :  died  there,  Nov.  4, 
1856.  A  French  historical  and  portrait  painter. 
He  began  by  studying  landscape  under  Watelet,  which  he 
gave  up  for  history  alter  entering  the  studio  of  Baron  Gros, 
He  first  attracted  attention  by  his  picture  of  *' Joash  saved 
from  Death  by  Jehoshabeth  "  (1822).  He  received  the  gold 
medal  in  1824,  became  knight  ol  the  Legion  of  Honor  in 
1828,  officer  in  1834,  member  of  the  Institute  in  1832,  and 
professor  at  the  Academy  in  1833.  The  following  year  he 
went  to  Italy,  and  on  his  return  painted  the  famous  hemi- 
cycle  of  the  Ecole  dea  Beaux  Arts.  At  the  time  ol  his 
second  yisit  in  July,  1844,  he  was  made  a  member  ol  the 
Academy  ol  St.  Luke. 

Delarue  (de-ia-ru'),  Gervais,  Ahh€.  Bom  at 
Caen,  France,  1751:  died  1835.  A  French  his- 
torian and  antiquarian,  professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Caen.  He  wrote  "Essais  historlques surles 
bardes,  les  jongleurs  et  les  trouv^res  normands  et  anglo- 
normands  "  (1834),  etc. 

De  la  Bue,  Warren.  Bom  in  Guernsey,  Chan- 
nel Islands,  Jan.  18, 1815 :  died  at  London,  April 
22,  1889.  An  English  astronomer  and  physi- 
cist, best  known  for  the  application  of  pho- 
tographyto  astronomy.  He wasthe collaborator 
of  Balfour  Stewart  and  Loe wy  in  ' '  Researches 
on  Solar  Physics." 

Delaonay  (de-16-na'),  Charles  Eu^^ne.  Bom 
at  Lusigny,  Aube,  France,  April  9,  1816: 
drowned  near  Cherbovirg,  Prance,  Aug.  5, 1872. 
A  French  astronomer,  author  of  "TMorie  de 
la  lune"  (1860-67),  etc. 

Delaunay,  Le  Vicomte.  See  Girardin,  DelpMne 
de. 

De  Launay,  Mademoiselle.  See  Staal,  Ba- 
ronne  de. 

Delavime  (de-la-veny'),  Jean  Franpois  Casi- 
mir.  Bom  at  Havre,  Prance,  April  4,  1793: 
died  at  Lyons,  Prance,  Dec.  11, 1843.  A  French 
dramatist  and  poet.  He  began  his  studies  in  his  na- 
tive city,  and  completed  them  in  Paris.  As  early  as  1811 
he  attracted  the  attention  of  Kapoleon  Bonaparte  by  his 
"  Dithyrambe  sur  la  naissance  du  roi  de  Home."  He  com- 
peted twice,  but  without  success,  lor  prizes  ol  the  French 
Academy  ;  his  subjects  were  in  1813  "Charles  XII.  k  Nar- 
va," and  in  1815  *'  D6couverte  de  la  vaccine."  The  events 
connected  with  Napoleon's  downlall  led  Delavigne  to  write 
three  elegies,  "  Les  Mess^niennes."  Two  ol  these,  viz. 
"Waterloo"  and  "La  devastation  du  mus6e,"  were  sub- 
sequently published  with  an  article  "Sur  le  besoin  de 
s'unir  apr&s  le  depart  des  strangers,"  and  in  this  form 
they  widely  attracted  attention  and  lavor.  '*La  vie.et  la 
mort  de  Jeanne  d'Arc,"  "  Tyrt^e,"  "Le  voyageur,"  "  A  Na- 
poleon,' and  "Lord  Byron,"  were  well  received  in  1824. 
The  following  year  was  spent  in  Italy,  where  Delavigne 
wrote  the  "Nouvelles  Mess6niennes."  After  the  stormy 
days  of  the  revolution  ol  July,  1830,  he  composed  "La 
Parisienne,'*  set  to  music  by  Auber;  also  the  "Dies  irae 
de  Kosciusko"  and  "La  Varsovienne."  In  1843,  in  col- 
laboration with  his  brother  Germain,  Casimir  Delavigne 
wrote  the  libretto  to  Hal6vy's  opera  "Charles  VI."  His 
contributions  to  the  stage  include  the  "VSpres  siciliennes" 
(1819),"Le3  comediens"(1820),  "Le  paria"  (1821),  "L'ficole 
des  vieillards"  (1823),"Laprinces9e  Aur^lie"  (1828),"Ma- 
rino  laliero"  (1829),  "Louis  XL"  (1832),  "Les  enfants 
d'ildouard"  (1833),  "Don  Juan  d'Autriche"  (1836),  "Une 
lamille  au  temps  oe Luther" (1836), " La  popularity  (1838), 
"La  flUe  du  Cid"  (1839),  and  "Le  conseiUer  rapporteur" 
(1840).  He  was  elected  to  the  French  Academy  Feb.  24, 
1825.  His  works  were  edited  in  lull  by  his  brother  iu  1845, 
1855,  and  1863.  A  separate  reprint  of  his  poems  and  plays 
was  also  made  in  1863. 

Delaware  (del'a-war).  [PL,  also  Delawares.l 
A  division  of  the  North  American  Lidians, 
classed  as  a  tribe,  but  in  many  respects  a  con- 
federacy. They  formerly  occupied  the  valley  ol  the 
Delaware  Klver  in  Pennsylvania,  and  the  greater  part  ol 
New  Jersey  and  Delaware.  The  name  was  given  by  the 
English  Irom  the  river  where  they  were  found,  their  coun- 
cil-flre  being  near  the  site  of  Philadelphia.  They  call 
themselves  Lenni-Lenape  ('  original  men  or  'preeminent 
men ').  The  French  called  them  Loups  ('  wolves '),  Irom 
their  chief  totemic  division.  In  1726  theyrelused  to  join 
the  Iroquois  in  a  war  upon  the  English,  and  were  stigma- 
tized by  the  Iroquois  as  "women."  In  1742  and  later  they 
were  pressed  successively  to  the  Susquehanna  and  Ohio 
rivers,  afterward  to  Missouri  and  Arkansas.  Most  of  them 
are  now  in  the  Indian  Territory,  connected  with  the  Chero- 
kees.    Hieir  number  is  about  1,700.    See  Algonquian. 

Delaware  (del'a-war).  1.  One  of  the  Middle 
States,  and,  next  to  Ehode  Island,  the  smallest 
State  of  the  American  Union,  lying  between 
Pennsylvania  on  the  north,  Delaware  River  and 
Bay  (separating  it  from  New  Jersey)  and  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east,  and  Maryland  on 
the  south  and  west.  The  surface  is  generally  level, 
but  hilly  in  the  north.  The  leading  productions  are 
wheat,  Indian  corn,  and  fruit  (especially  peaches).  The 
State  is  divided  Into  three  counties ;  the  capital  is  Dover, 
and  the  chief  place  Wilmington.  It  sends  one  represen- 
tative and  two  senators  to  Congress,  and  has  3  electoral 
votes.  It  was  permanently  settled  by  Swedes  under  Peter 
ilinuit  in  1638 ;  passed  under  the  rule  ol  the  Dutch  in 
1655,  and  of  the  English  in  1664.  In  1682  it  became  united 
with  Pennsylvania ;  in  1703  it  received  a  separate  assem- 
bly, but  had  a  governor  In  common  with  Pennsylvania 
ontU  the  Keyolution.  It  is  one  ol  the  thirteen  original 
states  and  was  the  first  State  to  ratify  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution, Dec.  7,  1787.  It  was  a  slave  State,  but  sided 
with  the  Union  in  the  war  ol  1861-65.  Area,  2,050  square 
miles.    Population  (1900),  184,735. 


Delia  Crusca,  Accademia 

two  spacious  courts.  On  the  second  ol  these  laces  tho 
hall  ol  public  audience,  an  open  arcaded  structure  with 
scalloped  arches  and  coupled  columns  in  the  exterior 
range.  On  another  court,  toward  the  river,  is  the  hall  ol 
private  audience  (Dewan  i-Ehas),  similar  to  the  first,  but 
with  square  piers  to  its  arches  and  beautilul  inlaying  in 
colored  stones.  On  the  river  side  stands  also  the  Kung 
Hehal,  or  Painted  Hall,  an  admirable  structure,  which  in- 
cludes a  bath,  (c)  The  J4mi  Musjid,  or  Great  Mosque, 
built  by  Shah  Jehan  in  the  middle  ol  the  17th  century.  It 
is  very  laxge,  and  the  grouping  ol  the  three  lolty  monu- 
mental gates  and  the  kiosked  angle  towers  ol  its  court 
with  the  lolty  minarets,  the  great  entrance-arch,  and  the 
three  fine  bulbous  domes  of  the  sanctuary  produces  an 
unusually  impressive  architectural  effect.  The  court  is 
raised  on  a  high  basement,  and  is  surrounded  by  graceful 
open  arcades.  The  minarets  rise  Irom  the  ends  ol  the 
facade  ol  the  mosque  proper,  and  between  them  and  the 
central  arch  there  are  on  each  side  five  fine  arcades  sur- 
mounted by  paneling  in  red  sandstone  and  white  marble. 
Above  the  cornice  are  placed  a  range  ol  close-set,  round- 
^      „  1  -  ^  -NT        T  -       headed  battlements.    Population  (1891),  192,579. 

arates  Delaware  from  New  Jersey.    Its  entrance  tv.i,-, /jg'i;.K\      rOr.  AnAj'a.l     1.  A  name  given 
to  the  Atlantic,  between  Capes  May  and  Henlopen,  is  ■L'eiia  (.ae  n  a;.      L>^i.  e'<    "J    .■'^  .       ,        S.    , 
about  13  miles  in  width.    Length,  about  65  miles.    Great- 
est width,  about  25  miles. 
Delaware  Water  Gap.    A  village  and  sum- 
mer resort  in  Monroe  County,  Pennsylvania, 


316 

2.  A  river  of  the  United  States  which  rises  in 
Delaware  County,  New  York,  and  separates 
Pennsylvania  and  Delaware  on  the  west  from 
New  York  and  New  Jersey  on  the  east.  It  ex- 
pands into  Delaware  Bay  about  40  miles  below  Philadel- 
phia. On  its  banks  are  Trenton,  Easton,  Philadelphia, 
Camden,  Chester,  and  Wilmington.  Its  chiel  tributaries 
are  the  Lehigh  and  Schuylkill,  on  the  west.  Length,  360 
miles ;  navigable  lor  ocean  steamships  to  Philadelphia ; 
tidal  as  far  as  Trenton. 

3.  A  city  and  the  county-seat  of  Delaware 
County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Whetstone  (Olen- 
tangy)  River  23  miles  north  of  Columbus.  It 
is  the  seat  of  Ohio  Wesleyan  University.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  7,940. 

Delaware,  Lord.    See  Delawarr. 
Delaware  Bay.    -Aji  arm  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
and  estuary  of  the  Delaware  River,  which  sep- 


to  Artemis, 'irom  the  island  of  Delos,  her  birth- 
place. Similarly  Apollo,  the  sun-god,  was 
called  I>eHus.—2.  A  shepherdess  in  Vergil's 

^^^  ^™.^^v  ^^  ^„„„^ J,  ^  „„ J, ,„„.„,    Eclogues. 

65  miles  northwest  of  New  York.    Also,  the  name  Delian  Confederacy.  See  Delos,  Confederacy  of. 

ol  the  adjoining  gorge,  2  or  3  miles  in  length,  by  which  Delight  Of  Mankind.     -An  epithet  of  the  em- 

tlie  Delaware  River  passes  through  the  Eittatinny  Moun-     neror  Titus 

tain  (between  waUs  1,400  lectin  height).  Delilah  (de-li'lii).     [Heb., '  weak,"feeble';  (Jr. 

Delawarr,  or  Delaware,  Baron.  See  West.  Aa?ii^.i  A  woman  of  the  vaUey  of  Sorek,  mis- 
Delbriick  (del'briik),  Martin  Friedrich  Bu-    tress  of  Samson.    She  discovered  the  secret  of 

dolf,  BomatBerlin,  April  16, 1817:  died  there:   Samson's  strength,  and  betrayed  him  to  the 

Feb.  1, 1903.   A  Prussian  statesman.  He  entered     Philistines.     Judges  xvi. 

the  ministry  of  commerce  in  1848,  and  was  president  of   T>o1ina  ni-lSoliolp  Cfle-lSl'')  .TarnilPR      Bom  at 

the  chanceiT  of  the  North  German  Confederation  1867-70,   -UelUle,  or  Uensie  (ae  161  ;,  J  acaues.     f*"™  ^i 

and  ol  the  imperial  chancery  1871-76.  Aigueperse,  Puy-de-Dome    France,  June  22, 

Delectable    Mountains,  The.     A  range    of    1738:  died  at  Pans,  May  1,1813.    A  French  di- 

mountains  in  Bunyan's  "Pilgrim's  Process,"    dactic  poet  and  translator.    His  works  include 


from  which  a  view  of  the  Celestial  City  is  to  be 
had.  They  are  "Emmanuel's  Land,"  and  the  sheep 
that  leed  on  them  are  those  for  whom  he  died.  See 
Isa.  xxxiii.  16,  17. 

Del^mont  (de-la-m6n'),  G.  Delsberg  (dels'- 

berG).     A  small  town  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 

Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Some  18  miles 

southwest  of  Basel. 
Delescluze  (de-la-kluz'),  Louis  Charles.  Bom 

at  Dreux,  Prance,  Oct.  20,  1809:  killed  at  the 

barricades,  Paris,  May  28,  1871.     A  French 

journalist  and  political  agitator,  leader  of  the 

Commune  of  Paris  March-May,  1871. 
Delessert(de-le-sar'),  Baron  Benjamin.  "Bom  Deliniers-Br^mont,    See  lAniersyBremont. 

at  Lyons,  Feb.  14,  1773:  died  at  Paris,  March  Deliro  (de-le'ro).     A  character  in  Ben  Jonson's 

1,  1847.     A  French  naturalist  and  philanthro-    comedy  "Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour":  a 


'Les  jardins" (1780),  "La piti6" (1803), atrans- 
lation  of  Vergil's  Georgics  (1769),  etc. 

Jacques  Delille  and  his  extraordinary  popularity  lorm, 
perhaps,  the  greatest  satire  on  the  taate  ol  the  eigiiteenth 
century  in  France.  His  translation  of  the  Georgics  was 
supposed  to  make  him  the  equal  ol  Virgil,  and  brought 
him  not  merely  lame,  but  solid  reward.  His  principal 
work  was  the  poem  of  "Les  Jardins,"  which  he  loUowed 
up  with  others  ol  a  not  dissimilar  land.  Though  he  emi- 
grated he  did  not  lose  his  fame,  and  to  the  day  ol  his 
death  was  considered  to  be  the  first  poet  ol  France,  or  to 
share  that  honour  with  Lebrun-"Pindare."  Delille  has 
expiated  his  popularity  by  a  lull  hall  century  ol  contempt^ 
and  his  work  is,  indeed,  valueless  as  poetry. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit,  p.  398. 


pist.  He  was  a  member  ol  the  Chamber  of  Deputies 
1817-38,  and  contributed  largely  to  the  introduction  ol 
savings-banks  in  France.  He  was  a  collaborator  of  De 
Candolle  in  the  publication  ol  "Icones  selectse  planta- 
rum  "  (1820-46). 


good,  doting  citizen,  a  fellow  sincerely  in  love 
with  his  own  wife,  and  so  wrapt  with  a  conceit 
of  her  perfections  that  he  simply  holds  himself 
unworthy  of  her. 


■nplfsTiairpTi  Cdelfs-hii'ven"!  or  Delftshaven  Delisle  (de-lel';  often  Anglicized  to  de-lil'), 
(dims  hl'Vn?  A  seaport  irthelioK  GuiUaume.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  28, 1675 :  died 
South  Holland,"  Netherlands,  situated  on  the  there,  Jan.  25, 1726.  AFreneh  scientist,  one  of 
Maas  2  miles  southwest  of  Rotterdam,  of  t^e  founders  of  modern  geography.  _ 
which,  since  1886,it  has  formed  a-part.  Here,  Delisle,  J9seph  Nicolas.  Born  at  Pans,  Apr^ 
July  22, 1620,  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  embarked  for    *>  1688 :  died  at  Pans,  Sept.  11, 1768        ^-"-  -^ 


Southampton, 

Delft  (delft).    A  town  in  the  province  of  South 

Holland,  Netherlands,  situated  on  the  Sohie  5 

miles  southeast  of  The  Hague,    it  was  lormerly 


AFreneh 
astronomer,  brother  of  (juillaume  Delisle.  His 
works  include  "  M^moires  pour  servir  k  I'histoire  et  au 
progrfes  de  I'astronomie,"  etc.  (1738),  "M^moire  sur  les 
nouvelles  d^couvertes  au  nord  de  la  Mer  du  Sud  "  (1752), 
etc. 


celebrated  lor  the  manufacture  ol  pottery  and  porcelain.  DelitZSCh  (da'litsh).  A  town  in  the  province 
It  contains  some  interesting  buildings,  the  old  and  new  gf  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Lobber  12 
S^-^^SsfTdTh^elircforraisinl^Sn  ^il^^^t^i^of ^eipsic.   Population (1890), com- 

Silent  in  1684.    Population  (1894),  commune,  31,125.  mune,  »,y4y. 

1  A  division  Delitzsch,  Franz.  Bom  at  Leipsic,  Feb.  23, 
1813 :  died  there,  March  4, 1890.  A  noted  (Ger- 
man exegete  and  Hebraist.  He  became  prolessor 
"ot  theology  at  Eostock  in  1846,  at  Erlangen  in  1866,  and  at 
Leipsic  in  1867.  He  represented  strict  Lutheranism.  His 
numerous  works  include  commentaries  on  "Habakkuk" 
(1843),  "Genesis"  (1852),  "Hebrews"  (1857),  "Psahns" 
(1869-60),  "Job"  (1864),  etc.;  also  "Sakrament  des  wah- 
ren  Leibes  und  Blutes  Jesu  Christi "  (1844),  "  System  der 
biblischen  Psychologic  "  (1865),  etc. 


Delhi  (del'hi),  or  DehU  (da'le) 
in  the  Panjab,  British  India.  Area,  5,610  square 
miles.  Population,  1,907,984.-2.  A  district  in 
the  above  division.  Area,  1,276  square  miles. 
Population,  643,515.-3.  The  capital  of  the  di- 
vision and  district  of  Delhi,  situated  on  the 
Jumna  in  lat.  28°  40'  N.,  long.  77°  18'  E.  The 
city  ol  Indraprastha  (which  see)  is  said  (Mahabharata)  to 
have  been  built  near  the  site  ol  Delhi  in  the  15th  century 


Delhi  was  captured  by  Mohammed  ol  Glior  in  1193  DelitZSCh,  Friedrich.     Born  at  Erlangen,  Ba- 
.    ,-.._„,. ^^ ji.,  .«.iiT„     varia,  Sept.  3,  1850.    A  German  Assyriologist, 

son  of  Franz  Delitzsch,  appointed  professor  of 
Ass3rriology  at  Leipsic  in  1877,  at  Breslau  in 
1893,  and  at  Berlin  iu  1899.  His  works  include 
an  Assyrian  grammar,  etc. 


A.  D.,  and  a  lew  years  later  became  the  capital  ol  a  Mo- 
hammedan monarchy.  It  was  sacked  by  Timur.in  1398, 
and  captured  by  Baber  in  1626.  Delhi  became  the  cap- 
ital ol  the  Mogul  empire,  and  was  rebuilt  by  Shah  Jehan 
in  1638-68.    It  was  sacked  by  Nadir  Shah  in  1739,  and 

occupied  ijy  the  British  under  Lake  in  1803,  although  it      ^ ^ ^ 

continued  to  be  the  residence  ol  the  titular  Grand  Mogul  Dplinin  Cde'li-um'*  fOir  tJih.au  1  In  a,Ti(>ipTit 
down  to  1867.  It  was  captured  by  the  Sepoy  mutineers  -"euum  kue  ii  um;.  _  L^r.  uy/uow.j  jji  ancient 
May  ll!  1857,  and  was  besieged  in  June  by  the  British  geography,  a  place  m  Boeotia,  Greece,  situated 
and  retaken  Sept.  20, 1867.  Among  the  notable  structures  on  the  coast  24  miles  north  of  Athens.  Here, 
in  Delhi  are :  (a)  The  tomb  ol  Humayun  Shah,  completed  424  B.  C,  the  Boeotians  defeated  the  Athenians, 
byhissuccessor  Akbarm  the  second  hall  of  the  16th  cen-  -pjis  /Js,,.^  p/-,  A<i5./nr  1  A  sum  a  mo  nf 
tury.  The  plan  is  about  square  ;  the  tomb-chamber  is  ■"?"??  ^t  "  ^V' ,  .LVf '  -^''^'"f •-!  f-  Surname  Of 
octagonal,  with  great  canopied  portals  on  lour  ol  its  sides  ApoILo,  from  his  birthplace  in  Delos. 
and  smaller  octagonal  chambers  on  the  lour  others.  The  DeliuS  (da'le-os),  NikolauS.  Born  at  Bremen, 
central  space  is coyered by a^graoeluldorne^^ The deco^^^     Germany,  Sept.  19,  1813:  died  at  Bonn,  Nov. 

18,  1888.  A  German  philologist  and  Shakspe- 
rian  scholar,  professor  at  Bonn  1855-80 :  author 
of  a  critical  edition  of  Shakspere  (1854-61  and 

iFliifci^e"mii^tnti'oprns"n^^^^^^ 

hall  375  feet  long,  Irom  which  are  reached  In  succession     CniSCa, 


tion  is  much  simpler  than  that  ol  the  lator  Mogul  archi- 
tecture, consisting  chiefly  ol  keeled  arcades  ol  different 
sizes  Iramed  in  rectangular  panels.  (6)  The  palace  built 
by  Shah  Jehan  in  the  middle  ol  the  17th  century.  It 
has  been  called  the  most  splendid  ol  Oriental  palaces. 


Delia  Cruscan  School 

Delia  Cruscan  School  (del'a  krus'kan  skol). 
A  small  clique  of  English  poets  of  both  sexes 
who  originally  met  in  Florence  about  1785. 
Their  productions,  which  were  affected  and  sentimental, 
were  published  in  England  in  the  "World  "  and  the  "Ora- 
cle." They  were  attacked  by  Giflord  (1794-96)  in  "The 
Baviad"  and  "The  Mreviad"  (which  see).  Robert  Merry 
adopted  the  pseudonym  "Delia  Crusca,"  Mrs.  Hannah 
Cowley  "Anna  Matilda  "  (which  see),  and  Edward  Jeming- 
ham  "  The  Bard."  These,  with  Edward  Topham,  the  Eey. 
Charles  Este,  James  Boswell,  Mrs.  Piozzi,  and  others, 
formed  the  school.  They  took  their  name  from  the  Flor- 
entine Accademia  della  Crusca  (which  see). 

Dellys  (del-lez').  A  small  seaport  in  Algeria, 
situated  east  of  Algiers. 

Delmar  (del'mar),  Alexander,  Bom  at  New 
York,  Aug.  9,  1836.  An  American  political 
economist,  statistician,  and  mining  engineer. 
He  was  the  founder  of  the  "  Social  Science  Keview,"  and 
its  editor  from  1864-66.  In  1867  he  was  director  of  the 
Bureau  of  Statistics,  and  in  the  same  year  president  of  the 
Washington  Statistical  Society.  His  works  Include  "  Gold 
Money  and  Paper  Money  "  (1862), "  Essays  on  Political  Econ- 
omy "  0866),  "What  Is  Vree  Trade?  "  (1868),  "The  Resources, 
etc.,  of  Egypt"  (1874),  "  History  of  the  Precious  Metals" 
(1880),  "A  History  of  Money,  etc."  (1885),  etc. 

Delmonte  y  lejada  (dal-mon'ta  e  ta-Ha'da), 
Antonio.  Bom  at  Santiago  de  los  Caballeros, 
Santo  Domingo,  Sept.  29,  1783 :  died  at  Hava- 
na, Nov.  19,  1861.  A  Spanish-American  histo- 
rian. Driven  from  his  country  in  1804  by  the  revolution- 
ists, he  resided  in  Havana  after  1806,  practising  law  and 
occupying  several  government  positions.  The  first  vol- 
ume only  of  his  "  Historia  de  Santo  Domingo "  was  pub- 
lished in  Havana  1863. 

Delolme  (de-lolm'),  Jean  Louis.  Bom  at  Ge- 
neva, 1740:  died  in  Switzerland,  July  16,  1806. 
A  Swiss  constitutional  writer.  Having  offended 
the  Genevan  government  by  the  publication  of  a  pamphlet 
entitled  "Ezamen  des  trols  points  des  droits/'  he  emigrated 

'  to  England,  where  he  lived  many  years.  He  returned  to 
Switzerland  in  1776.  His  works  include  "Constitution  de 
I'Angleterre  "  (1771),  of  which  an  English  translation,  pre- 
pared by  himself,  appeared  in  1775  as  "  The  Constitution 
of  England." 

De  Long  (delong),  George  WasIiing;ton.  Bom 

at  New  York,  Aug.  22,  1844 :  died  in  Siberia, 
Oct.  30,  1881.  An  American  explorer.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  in  1865, 
and  obtained  the  rank  of  lieutenant  in  1869,  and  of  lieu- 
tenant-commander in  1879.  He  accompanied  Captain  D. 
L.  Braine  on  his  Arctic  expedition  in  1873.  Having  been 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Jeanette,  fitted  out  by 
James  Gordon  Benuetti  Jr.,  for  a  three  years'  voyage  of 
exploration  in  the  Arctic  waters,  and  placed  under  the 
authority  of  the  United  States  government,  he  sailed  from 
San  Francisco,  July  8, 1879,  and  proceeded  to  Cape  Serdze 
Kamen,  Siberia,  whence  he  steamed  northward  until  beset 
by  the  ice  in  about  71°  36'  N.,  75°  W.,  Sept.  5, 1879.  The 
vessel  drifted  to  the  northwest,  and  was  crushed  in  77° 
16'  N.,  156°  E.,  June  13,  1881.  With  fourteen  others  he 
reached  the  mouth  of  the  Lena,  Siberia,  where  the  whole 
party  perished  of  cold  and  starvation,  except  two  men 
sent  forward  to  obtain  relief.  His  body  and  those  of 
his  companions  were  discovered  March  23, 1882,  by  Chief 
Engineer  George  W.  Melville,  who  with  nine  companions 
had  been  detached  from  the  main  party  and  had  succeeded 
in  reaching  a  small  village  on  the  Lena. 

Deloraine  (del-6-ran'),  William  of.    In  Sir 

Walter  Scott's  poem  "Lay  of  the  Last  Min- 
strel," a  borderer  and  trusty  vassal  of  the 
Bucoleuch  family.  He  is  sent  by  the  Ladye  of  Brank- 
Bome  to  fetch  the  magic  book  from  the  tomb  of  Michael 
Scott,  the  wizard. 

Delord  (de-lor'),  Taxile.  Bom  at  Avignon, 
Prance,  Nov.  25,  1815:  died  at  Paris,  May  16, 
1877.  A  French  journalist,  historian,  and  poli- 
tician. His  chief  work  is  a  "  Histoire  du  second 
empire"  (1868-75). 

Delorme,  or  de  Lorme  (d6  lonfi),  Marion. 
Bom  near  Chftlons-sur-Mame,  France,  1611: 
said  to  have  died  at  Paris,  1650.  A  celebrated 
French  courtezan,  mistress  of  the  Marquis  de 
Cinq-Mars.  In  1660  she  was  ordered  to  be  arrested  by 
Mazarin  for  her  complicity  in  the  Fronde,  and  was  found 
dead  by  the  officers.  This,  however,  is  thought  to  have 
been  a  ruse.  She  is  even  said  to  have  lived  to  the  age  of 
137  years.  She  was  the  friend  of  Ninon  de  I'Enclos.  Victor 
Hugo  wrote  a  novel  with  her  name  as  title,  and  Bulwer 
introduces  her  in  his  play  "Bichelieu" ;  she  was  also  the 
subject  of  a  drama, "  Cinq-Mars  "  (1826),  by  Alfred  de  Vigny. 

De  rOnne  (de  lorm),  Philibert.  Bom  at  Lyons, 
1515 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  8,  1570.  A  noted 
French  architect.  He  was  court  architect  un- 
der Henry  U. 

Delos  (de'los),  modem  Gr.  Mikra  Dilos  ('lit- 
tle Delos').  [Grr-  ^V^oc-']  The  smallest  island 
of  the  Cyclades,  situated  in  the  ^gean  Sea  in 
lat.  37°  23'  N.,  long.  25°  18'  E.:  the  ancient 
Asteria  or  Ortygia.  According  to  Greek  legends  it 
was  originally  a  floating  island,  and  was  the  birthplace 
of  Apollo  and  Artemis.  It  was  the  seat  of  a  great  sanc- 
tuary in  honor  of  Apollo,  one  of  the  most  famous  religious 
foundations  of  antiquity.  From  i;he  time  of  Solon,  Athens 
sent  an  annual  embassy  to  the  Delian  festival.  (See  Ddos, 
Confederacy  of.)  In  454  B.  C.  the  sacred  treasure  of  Delos 
was  removed  to  the  Athenian  Acropolis.  The  island  was 
an  Athenian  dependency  down  to  the  Macedonian  period, 
when  it  became  semi-independent,  and  in  the  2d  century 
B.  0.  it  again  became  subject  to  Athens.  The  city  of  De- 
los was  made  a  free  port  by  the  Romans  and  developed 


317 

into  a  great  commercial  mart.  The  sanctuary  of  ApoUo 
has  been  excavated  by  the  French  school  at  Athens  since 
1873.  The  work  has  advanced  slowly,  and  is  not  yet 
complete ;  but  it  has  been  pursued  with  little  interrup- 
tion, and  ranks  as  one  of  the  chief  ach'Jevements  of  its 
kind.  The  buildings  described  lie  for  the  most  part  within 
the  inclosure  or  temenos  of  Apollo,  which  is  of  tiapezi- 
form  shape,  and  about  650  feet  to  a  side.  In  addition  to 
the  interesting  finds  of  architecture  and  sculpture,  epi- 
graphical  discoveries  of  the  highest  importance  have  been 
made,  bearing  upon  history  and  particularly  upon  the 
ceremonial  and  administration  of  the  sanctuary. 

Delos,  Confederacy  of.  A  Hellenic  league, 
formed  probably  about  477  b.  c,  with  its  politi- 
cal center  at  Athens  and  its  treasury  at  Delos 
(removed  later  to  Athens),  it  was  formed  by 
Athens  and  various  other  maritime  states  (^gina,  Me- 
gara,  Naxos,  Thasos,  Lesbos,  Chios,  Samos,  etc.).  Many  of 
them  were  soon  absorbed  by  Athens,  and  the  league  de- 
veloped into  an  Athenian  empire. 

Delpech  (del-pesh'),  Jacques  Mattbieu.  Bom 

at  Toulouse,  France,  about  1775 :  mirrdered  at 
MontpeUier,  France,  Oct.  29,  1832.  A  French 
surgeon,  author  of  "  Traits  de  I'orthomorphie  " 
(1828-29),  etc. 

Delphi  (del'fi),  modern  Kastri.  [Gr.  Ae;^o(.] 
In  ancient  geography,  a  town  in  Phoeis,  Greece, 
situated  6  miles  from  the  Corinthian  Gulf,  at 
the  foot  of  Mount  Parnassus:  the  seat  of  a 
world-renowned  oracle  of  Pythian  Apollo,  the 
most  famous  of  antiquity.  The  oracle  was  of  pre- 
historic foundation,  and  was  still  respected  when  silenced 
by  Theodosius  at  the  end  of  the  4th  century  A.  D.  Through 
the  gifts  of  states  and  individuals  who  sought  or  had  ob- 
tained the  aid  of  the  oracle,  the  Delphic  sanctuary  became 
enormously  rich,  not  only  in  architecture  and  works  of 
art,  but  in  the  precious  metals.  Its  treasures  of  the  last 
kind  were  plundered  in  antiquity,  and  Nero  and  other 
emperors  robbed  it  of  an  almost  incredible  number  of 
statues  and  other  art  works.  There  is,  however,  reason 
to  hope  that  much  in  the  way  of  sculpture,  architecture, 
and  historical  inscriptions  will  be  found  by  the  French 
official  excavators  who  began  work  in  1892.  But  little  ex- 
ploration had  before  been  possible,  because  the  village  of 
Kastri  covered  the  site  of  the  sanctuary.  The  village  has 
now  been  removed,  preparatory  to  the  French  exploration. 
Besides  the  splendid  temple  of  Apollo,  the  inclosure  of 
the  sanctuary  contained  a  theater,  the  council-house,  the 
Leache,  the  Portico  of  the  Athenians,  a  number  of  treasu- 
ries belonging  to  different  states,  and  almost  innumerable 
statues  and  other  votive  offerings.  Buildings  only  second 
in  importance  were  ranged  outside  of  the  inclosure. 

Dolphin  Classics.  [Prom  L.  delpMnus,  a  dol- 
phin (whence  F.  dauphin).']  Au  edition  of  the 
Latin  classics  prepared  by  order  of  Louis  XIV. 
for  the  use  of  the  Dauphin.  ("In  usum  Del- 
phini,"  'for  the  use  of  the  Dauphin'):  first 
works  published  in  1674  under  direction  of  Bos- 
suet  and  Huet.  They  are  sometimes  called 
"dauphins." 

DelpMnus  (del-fi'nus).  [L., 'a dolphin.']  One 
of  the  ancient  constellations,  representing  a 
dolphin.     It  is  situated  east  of  Aquila. 

Delpit  (del-pe'),  Albert.  Bom  at  New  Orleans, 
Jan.  30,  1849 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  4,  1893.  A 
French  dramatist,  journalist,  and  poet.  Among 
his  plays  are  "Jean  Nu-Pieds"(1875)  and  "Les  chevaliers 
de  la  patrie  "  (1873).  He  afterward  published  a  novel,  "Le 
fils  de  Coralie"  (which  was  successful  and  was  drama- 
tized 1879),  "Le  pfere  de  Martial"  (1881),  and  "La  mar- 
quise"  (1882),  "Passion^ment,"  a  comedy  (1889),  "Comme 
dans  la  vie    and  "Tons  les  deux"  (1890). 

Delsarte  (del-sarf),  Frangois  Alexandre 
Nicolas  Ch6ri.  Born  Dec.  19,  1811:  died 
July  19,  1871.  A  French  musician  and  teacher, 
noted  for  his  studies  of  the  art  of  oratorical, 
musical,  and  dramatic  expression. 

Delta  (del'ta).  Any  tract  of  land,  inclosed  by 
the  mouths  of  a  river,  in  shape  like  the  Greek 
letter  delta  (A) ;  specifically,  the  delta  of  the 
Nile. 

Herodotus  considers  the  Delta  to  end  at  Heliopolis  ffi. 
7),  which  brings  the  point  of  the  Delta  nearly  opposite  the 
present  Shoobra.  Here  the  river  separated  into  three 
branches,  the  Pelusiac  or  Bubastite  to  the  E.,  the  Canopic 
or  Heradeotic  to  the  W.,  and  the  Sebennytic,  which  ran 
between  them,  continuing  in  the  same  general  line  of  di- 
rection northward  which  the  Nile  had  up  to  this  point, 
and  piercing  the  Delta  through  its  centre.  The  Tanitic, 
which  ran  out  of  the  Sebennytic,  was  at  first  the  same  as 
theBusiiitic,  but  afterwards  received  the  name  of  Tanitic, 
from  the  city  of  Tanis  (now  San),  which  stood  on  its  east- 
em  bank ;  and  between  the  Tanitic  and  Pelusiac  branches 
was  the  isle  of  Myecphoris,  which  Herodotus  says  was  op- 
posite Bubastis  (11.  166).  The  Mendesian,  which  also  ran 
eastward  from  the  Sebennytic,  passed  by  the  modern 
town  of  Mansoorah,  and  thence  running  by  Mendes  (from 
which  it  was  called),  entered  the  sea  to  the  W.  of  the 
Tanitic.  The  Bolbitine  mouth  was  that  of  the  modem 
Rosetta  branch,  as  the  Bucolic  or  Phatmetic  was  that  of 
Damietta,  and  the  lower  parts  of  both  these  branches  were 
artificial,  or  made  by  the  hand  of  man ;  on  which  account, 
though  Herodotus 'mentions  seven,  he  confines  the  num- 
ber of  the  mouths  of  the  Nile  to  five.  These  two  artificial 
outlets  of  the  Nile  are  the  only  ones  now  remaining,  the 
others  having  either  disappeared,  or  being  dry  in  most 
places  during  the  summer.  j    tx  «..       ,. 

Rawlimm,  Herod.,  IL  26,  note. 

Deluc  (de-liik'),  Guillaume  Antoine.  Bom.  at 
Geneva,  1729 :  died  at  Geneva,  Jan.  26,  1812. 
A  Swiss  naturalist,  brother  of  J.  A.  Deluc. 


Demetrius 

Deluc,  Jean  Andr€.  Bom  at  Geneva,  Feb.  8, 
1727:  died  at  Windsor,  England,  Nov.  8,  1817. 
A  Swiss  geologist  and  physicist.  His  works  In- 
clude "Recherches  sur  les  modifications  de  ratmosphfere" 
(1772)  "Lettres  physiques  et  morales  sur  I'histoire  dela 
teixe "  (1778-80),  "Traits  a^mentaire  de  gfelogie " (1809), 
etc. 

Delyannis  (de-li-an'is),  or  Delijannis,  Theo- 
dore. Bom  at  Kalavryta,  in  the  Peloponnesus, 
in  1826.  A  Greek  statesman.  From  1863  he  was  fre- 
quently in  office  as  minister  of  foreign  affairs,  finance,  or 
the  interior.  He  represented  Greece  at  the  Congress  of 
Berlin,  and  obtained  an  extension  of  Greek  territory  on  the 
Thessalian  frontier.  He  has  been  premier  1885-86  1890-92 
1895-April,  1897. 

Demaratus  (dem-a-ra'tus).  [Gr.  A)7|U(iparof.] 
A  Spartan  king  of  the  Eurypontid  line,  who 
reigned  from  about  510  to  491  B,  c.  He  shared 
with  his  colleague  Cleomenes  the  command  of  the  army 
sent  in  510  to  assist  the  Athenians  in  expeUing  Hlppias. 
He  was  deposed  in  491  by  Cleomenes,  who  elevated  Leo- 
tychides  to  his  place.  The  lastyears  of  his  life  were  spent 
at  the  court  of  Xerxes,  whom  he  accompanied  on  the  ex- 
pedition against  Greece  in  481-480. 

Demas  (de'mas).  [Gr.  A)/|Uaf ,  perhaps  a  contrac- 
tion of  A^/i^piog,  Demetrius.]  A  companion, 
for  a  time,  of  St.  Paul.    See  2  Tim.  iv.  10,  11. 

Demavend  (dem-a-ve"nd'),  orDainavand(dam^ 
a-vand').  An  extinct  volcano,  the  highest 
mountain  of  the  Elburz  range ,  situated  in  north- 
ern Persia  about  50  miles  northeast  of  Teheran. 
Height,  18,200  feet,  or  19,400  (?)  feet. 

Dembea.    See  Tzana. 

Dembe  Wielke  (dem'be  ve-el'ke).  A  village  in 
Poland,  situated  on  the  Vistula  near  Warsaw. 
Here,  March  31, 1831,  the  Poles  under  Skrzynecki  defeated 
the  Russians  under  Diebitsch-Sabalkanski. 

Dembinski  (dem-bin'ske),  Henryk.  Bom  at 
or  near  Cracow,  May  3,  1791:  died  at  Paris, 
June  18,  1864.  A  Polish  general.  He  served  in 
the  Polish  revolution  1830-31;  conducted  a  celebrated  re- 
treat through  Lithuania  in  1831 ;  was  commander  of  the 
Hungarians  in  1849 ;  and  lost  the  battles  of  E&polna  and 
Temesv^r  in  1849. 

Demerara  (dem-6-ra'ra),  or  Demerary  (-ri).  1 . 
A  river  in  British  Guiana  which  flows  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  at  Georgetown.  Length,  about 
200  miles  ;  navigable  about  100  miles. — 3.  A 
county  of  British  Guiana,  formerly  a  separate 
colony. 

Demeter  (de-me't6r).  [L.,  from  Gr.  A^i/i^nip, 
Doric  Aa/iaTTip,  usually  explained  as  for  *  Tij/i^p, 
from  77,  =  Doric  da,  earth,  and  /i^)/p=E.  mother; 
but  the  identification  of  Sa,  which  is  foimd  in- 
dependently only  in  a  few  exclamatory  phrases, 
with  yij,  earth,  is  very  doubtful.]  m  ancient 
Greek  mythology,  the  goddess  of  vegetation 
and  of  useful  fruits,  protectress  of  social  order 
and  of  marriage:  one  of  the  great  Olympian 
deities.  She  is  usually  associated,  and  even  confounded, 
in  legend  and  in  cult,  with  her  daughter  Persephone 
(Proserpine)  or  £ora,  whose  rape  by  Hades  (Huto)  sym- 
bolizes some  of  the  most  profound  phases  of  Hellenic  mys- 
ticism. The  Romans  of  the  end  of  the  republic  and  of 
the  empire  assimilated  to  the  Hellenic  conception  of  De- 
meter  the  primitive  Italic  chthonian  divinity  Ceres.  ' 

Demeter  of  Cnidus.  A  Greek  statue  of  the 
school  of  Scopas,  now  in  the  British  Museum, 
London.    The  figure  is  seated,  fully  draped. 

Demetrius  (de-me'tri-us)  I,,  sumamed  Poli- 
orcetes  ('  Taker  of  Cities,'  or '  Besieger ').  [Gr. 
ArjiiTirpiog,  belonging  to  Demeter;  F.  D4m4trius, 
Sp.  Pg.  Demetrio.l  Bom  about  338  B.C.:  died 
at  Apamea,  Syria,  283  b.  c.  King  of  Macedonia 
294-287,  son  of  Antigonus.  He  liberated  Athens  and 
Megara  in  307,  defeated  Ptolemy  in  306,  unsuccessfully  be- 
sieged Rhodes  305-304,  and  was  defeated  at  Ipsus  in  301. 

Demetrius  II.  Died  about  229  B.  C.  King  of 
Macedonia,  son  of  Antigonus  Gonatas,  whom  he 
succeeded  about  239. 

Demetrius  I.,  sumamed  Soter  ('the  Savior'). 
Born  about  187  B.  c:  killed  about  150  b.  c. 
King  of  Syria  from  about  162  B.  c,  grandson 
of  Antioehus  the  Great. 

Demetrius  II.,  sumamed  Nicator.  Killed  at 
Tyre  about  125  b.  c.  King  of  Syria,  son  of 
Demetrius  I. 

Demetrius  III.  King  of  Syria  94-88  b.  C,  son 
of  Antioehus  Grypus. 

Demetrius  I.,  Euss.  Dmitri  or  Dimitri.  Killed 
at  Moscow,  May  17,  1606.  A  usurper  of  the 
throne  of  Eussia  1605-06,  usually  called  Pseudo- 
Demetrius. 

Demetrius  11.  Murdered  Dec.  11,  1610.  A 
usurper  of  the  throne  of  Eussia  160'7-10. 

Demetrius.  1.  In  Shakspere's  "Midsummer 
Night's  Dream,"  a  Grecian  gentleman,  in  love 
with  Hermia.— 2.  In  Shakspere's  (?)  "Titus 
Andronicus,"  a  son  of  Tamora,  queen  of  the 
Goths.— 3.  In  Shakspere's  "Antony  and  Cleo- 
patra," a  friend  of  Antony.— 4.  The  son  of 
the  king  in  Fletcher's  "Humorous  Lieuten- 
ant," in  love  with  Celia. 


Demetrius  Fannius 

Demetrius  Fannius.  In  Ben  Jonson's  play 
■'The  Poetaster,"  a  shifty  "dresser  of  plays 
about  the  town  here,"  intended  to  humiliate 
Thomas  Dekker,  with  whom  Jonson  had  a 
quarrel. 

Demetrius  Phalereus  ( '  of  Phaleras  ')•  Bom  at 
Phalerus,  Attica,  345  b.  c. :  died  in  Upper  Egypt, 
283.  An  Athenian  orator  and  politician.  He  en- 
tered public  life  about  325  as  a  supporter  of  FhocioQ,  and 
in  317  was  placed  by  Phocion's  successor,  Cassander,  at  the 
head  of  the  administration  of  Athens.  Expelled  from 
Athens  in  307  by  Demetrius  Poliorcetes,  he  retired  to  the 
court  of  Ptolemy  Lagi  at  Alexandria,  where  he  devoted 
himself  wholly  to  literary  pursuits.  He  was  exiled  by 
Ptolemy's  successor  to  Upper  Egypt,  where  he  is  said  to 
have  died  of  the  bite  of  a  snake. 

Demidoff,  or  Demidov  (dem'e-dof),  Akinfl. 

Died  about  1740.    A  Eussian  manufacturer, 

son  of  Kikita  Demidofi. 
Demidoff,  Prince  Anatol  Nikolaievitch.  Bom 

at  Moscow,  1812:  died  at  Paris,  April  29, 1870. 
A  Russian  noble  and  philanthropist,  sou  of  N. 
N.  Demidoff. 

Demidoff,  Nikita.  Bom  about  1665:  died  after 
1720.  A  Eussian  manufacturer,  founder  of  the 
family  of  Demidoff.  The  son  of  a  serf,  he  rose  into 
favor  under  Peter  the  Great  by  his  skill  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  arms.  He  established  the  first  iron-foundry  in 
Siberia  in  1699,  and  received  a  patent  of  nobility  in  1720. 

Demidoff,  Count  Nikolai  Nikititch.    Bom  at 

St.  Petersburg  about  1773 :  died  at  Florence, 
1828.     A  Eussian  capitalist. 

Demidoff,  Paul  Grigoryevitch.  Bom  at  Eeval, 
Eussia,  1738 :  died  at  Moscow,  1781.  A  Eussian 
scholar  and  patron  of  science. 

Demir-Hissar  (da-mer'his-sar').  ['Iron  Cas- 
tle.'] A  small  town  in  European  Turkey,  situ- 
ated about  50  miles  northeast  of  Salonika. 

Demme  (dem'me),  Hermann  Oliristopli  Gott- 
fried: -pseudonym  Karl  StiUe.  Bom  at 
Miihlhausen,  Thuringia,  Germany,  Sept.  7, 1760: 
died  at  Alteuburg,  Germany,  Dec.  26,  1822.  A 
German  poet  and  novelist,  author  of  "  Paohter 
Martin  uud  sein  Vater"  (1792-93),  etc. 

Demme,  Wilhelm  Ludwig.  Bom  at  Miihl- 
hausen, Thuringia,.  March  20,  1801:  died  at 
Wiirzburg,  Bavaria,  March  26, 1878.  A  German 
jurist,  son  of  H.  C.  G.  Demme.  He  wrote 
"BuehderVerbreehen"  (1851),  etc. 

Demmin  (dem'men).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Peeue 
in  lat.  53°  54'  N.,  long.  13°  E.  it  is  an  ancient 
Wendish  town,  and  was  frequently  taken  and  retaken  by 
Swedes  and  Germans  in  the  17th  century.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  10,852. 

Democedes  (dem-os'e-dez).  Bom  at  Crotona, 
Magna  Greeoia,  Italy:  lived  in  the  second  half 
of  the  6th  century  B.  C.     A  Greek  physician. 

Demochares  (de-mok'a-rez).  [Gr.  ATi/wxap^S.'] 
An  Athenian  orator,  nephew  of  Demosthei;ies. 
He  came  forward  in  322  B.  0.  as  an  orator  of  the  anti- 
Macedonian  party,  and  after  the  restoration  oiE  democracy 
by  Demetrius  Poliorcetes  in  307  became  the  leader  of  the 
popular  party.  He  was  several  times  expelled  by  the  anti- 
democratic party,  returning  the  last  time  in  287  or  286. 
He  was  sent  as  ambassador  ^to  Lysimachus  about  282,  and 
disappears  from  view  in  280. 

Democratic  party.  In  United  States  history, 
a  political  party  which  arose  about  1792.  it  was 
called  first  the  Republican,  later  the  Democratic-Repub- 
lican, and  afterward  simply  the  Democratic  party.  It  has 
opposed  a  strong  central  government,  and  has  generally 
favored  a  strict  construction  of  the  Constitution.  It  has 
controlled  the  executive  or  the  national  government  un- 
der the  following  administrations:  Jefferson's, Madison's, 
Monroe's,  Jackson's,  Van  Buren's,  Polk's,  Pierce's,  Bu- 
chanan's, and  Cleveland's.  Its  principal  founder  was  Jef- 
ferson, It  may  be  regarded  as  the  successor  of  the  Anti- 
Federalist  party. 

Democritus  (de-mok'ri-tus).  [Gr.  AtifidKpiTog.l 
Born  at  Abdera,  Thrace,  about  460  B.  c. :  died 
about  357  B.  o.  A  Greek  philosopher,  sumamed 
'The  Abderite"  and  "The  Laughing  Philoso- 
pher.*' He  inherited  an  ample  fortune,  which  enabled 
him  to  visit  the  chief  countries  of  Asia  and  Africa  in  pur- 
suit of  knowledge.  He  adopted  and  expanded  the  atomistic 
theory  of  Leuoippus,  which  he  expounded  in  a  number  of 
works,  fragments  only  of  which  are  extant.  He  is  said  to 
have  been  of  a  cheerful  disposition,  which  prompted  him 
to  laugh  at  the  follies  of  men  (hence  the  surname  "The 
Laughing  Philosopher  ").  According  to  tradition  he  put 
out  his  eyes  in  order  to  be  less  disturbed  in  his  philo- 
sophical speculations. 

Democritus  Junior.  The  pseudonym  under 
which  Eobert  Burton  published  his  "Anatomy 
of  Melancholy"  (1621). 

Demodocus  (de-mod'o-kus).  [Gr.  A/ifidSoKo^.l 
In  the  Odyssey,  a  famous  bard  who,  during  the 
stay  of  Ulysses  at  the  court  of  Alcinous,  de- 
lighted the  guests  by  recounting  the  feats  of 
the  Greeks  at  Troy  and  singing  the  amours  of 
Ares  and  Aphrodite. 

Demogeot  (dem-6-zho').  Jacciues  Claude. 
Bom  at  Paris,  July  5, 1808 :  died  there,  Jan. 
8  1894.    A  French  literary  historian  and  mis- 


318 


cellaneous  writer,  professor  at  the  Sorbonne. 
His  chief  work  is  a  "  Histoire  de  la  litt&ature 
fraucaise"  (1851). 

De  Moivre.    See  Moivre. 

Demonio  (de-mo'ne-o),  II.  [It.,  'TVe Demon.'] 
An  opera  by  Eubinstein,  words  by  Wiskowa- 
toff  from  Lermontoff's  poem.  It  was  produced 
at  St.  Petersburg  Jan.  25, 1875,  and  at  London 
June  21,  1881. 

De  Montfort  (de  mont'fort).  A  tragedy  by 
Joaima  BaiUie,  produoed'in  1800. 

De  Morgan  (de  mor'gan),  Augustus.  Born  at 
Madura,  Madras,  June  27, 1806:  diedatLondon, 
March  18,  1871.  A  noted  English  mathemati- 
cian and  logician.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge 
and  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  was  professor  of  mathematics  in 
London  University  1828-31,  and  in  University  College, 
London,  1836-^.  Author  of  "Elements  of  Arithmetic" 
(1831),  "Elementsof  Algebra"  (1835),  "  Elementsof  Trigo- 
nometry "  (1837),  "Essay  on  Probabilities  "  (1838),  "  Differ- 
ential and  Integral  Calculus "  (1842X  "rormal  Logic" 
(1847X  and  "Budget  of  Paradoxes  "  (1872). 

Demosthenes  (de-mos'thf-nez).  [Gr.  Ariiioc- 
divrjg.'l  Diedf  at  Syracuse, '413  B.  c.  An  Athe- 
nian general.  In  426  he  defended  Pylos  against  the 
Spartans,  and  made  the  dispositions  by  which  the  enemy 
was  forced  to  capitulate,  mhough  the  glory  of  the  ex- 
ploit was  claimed  by  Cleon,  who  relieved  him  in  the  com- 
mand. He  commanded  under  Nicias  in  the  unsuccessful 
expedition  against  Syracuse  in  413.  Having  been  cap- 
tured in  the  retreat,  he  was  put  to  death  by  order  of  the 
Syracusan  assembly. 

Demosthenes.  [Gr.  A^/iocBivt;^.']  Bom  at  PsB- 
ania,  Attica,  in  384  or  385  B.  c. :  died  in  322 
B.  c.  The  greatest  of  Greek  orators.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  the  pupil  of  the  orator  Isseus,  and  entered 
public  life  as  a  speaker  in  the  popular  assembly  in  355.  In 
352  he  delivered  the  iirst  of  a  splendid  series  of  orations 
directed  against  the  encroachment  of  Philip  of  Macedon, 
three  of  which  are  specifically  denominated  "Philippics." 
In  346  he  served  as  a  member  of  the  embassy  which  con- 
cluded with  Philip  the  so-called  peace  of  Philocrates. 
As  Philip  immediately  after  broke  this  treaty,  Demos- 
thenes came  forward  as  the  leader  of  the  patriotic  party 
in  opposition  to  the  Macedonian,  which  was  headed  by 
.^schines.  In  340  he  caused  a  fieet  to  be  sent  to  the  re- 
lief of  Byzantium,  which  was  besieged  by  Philip.  On  the 
outbreak  of  the  Amphictyonic  war,  he  persuaded  the 
Athenians  to  form  an  alliance  with  Thebes  against  Philip, 
who  defeated  the  allies  at  Chseronea  in  338,  and  usurped 
the  hegemony  of  Greece.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of 
the  unsuccessful  rising  which  took  place  on  the  death  of 
Philip  in  336 ;  was  exiled  by  the  Macedonian  party  in  324 ; 
was  recalled  by  the  patriotic  party  on  the  outbreak  of  a 
fresh  rising  at  the  death  of  Alexander  in  323 ;  and  on  the 
capture  of  Athens  by  Antipater  and  Craterus  in  322  fled 
to  Calauria,  near  Argolis,  where  he  took  poison  to  avoid 
capture..  His  chief  orations  are  three  "Philippics"  (351, 
344,  341),  three  "Olynthiacs"  (349,  349,  348j,  "On  the 
Peace  "  (346),  "  On  the  Embassy "'  (343),  "On  the  Aflairs  of 
the  Chersonese"  (341),  "On  the  Crown"  (830).  The  first 
printed  collective  edition  of  his  orations  is  that  published 
by  Aldus  at  Venice  in  1604.  The  best  modem  editions 
are  those  by  Bekker  (1823),  Sauppe  and  Baiter  (1841),  Din- 
dorf  (1846-61),  and  Whiston  (1869-68).  See  Schafer's 
"  Demosthenes  und  seine  Zeit "  (1866-68).  There  is  a  jior- 
trait-statue  of  Demosthenes,  one  of  the  finest  of  antiquity, 
in  the  Vatican,  Rome.  The  expression  of  the  close- 
bearded  face  is  anxious,  but  full  of  strength  and  high 
resolve.  I'he  position  is  easy,  the  clothing  a  full,  plainly 
draped  himation. 

Demotika,  or  Demotica  (de-mot'i-ka).  A 
town  in  Eumelia,  European  Turkey,  situated 
on  the  Maritza  23  miles  south  of  Adrianople. 
Population,  estimated,  8,000-10,000. 

Dempster  (demps'tfer),  Janet.  A  woman,  in 
George  Eliot's  novel  "Janet's  Eei)entance," 
who  IS  rescued.from  a  passion  for  drink  by  her 
friend  and  pastor.    * 

Dempster,  John.  Born  at  Florida,  Fulton 
County,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  2,  1794:  died  at  Evanston, 
111.,  Nov.  28,  1863.  An  American  Methodist 
clergyman,  founder  of  biblical  institutes  at 
Concord,  New  Hampshire,  and  Evanston,  Illi- 
nois. 

Dempster,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Cliftbog,  Aber- 
deenshire, Scotland,  Aug.  23,  1579  (?):  died 
near  Bologna,  Italy,  Sept.  6, 1625.  A  Scottish 
scholar.  He  was  educated  at  the  Jesuit  seminary  at 
Douay  and  at  the  University  of  Paris,  and  about  1619  was 
appointed  professor  of  humanities  in  the  University  of 
Bologna.  Author  of  "Historia  ecclesiastica  gentis  Sco- 
torum"(1627). 

Denain  (de-nan').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Nord,  France,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Selle  and  Schelde,  7  miles  southwest  of 
Valenciennes.  It  has  considerable  manufactures,  and 
there  are  coal-mines  in  the  neighborhood.  Here  the 
ITrench  under  Marshal  Villars  defeated  the  Allies  under 
Prince  Eugene,  July  24,  1712.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 18,268. 

De  natura  deorum  (de  na-tu'ra  de-6  mm). 
[L.,  'on  the  nature  of  the  gods.']  Dialogues 
by  Cicero,  in  three  books,  treating  of  the  exis- 
tence, nature,  and  providence  of  the  gods. 

Denbigh  (den'bi).  1.  A  maritime  county  of 
North  Wales,  lying  between  the  Irish  Sea  and 
Flint  on  the  north,  Flint,  Chester,  and  Salop 

'  on  the  east,  Montgomery  and  Merioneth  on  the 


Denis,  Saint 

south,  and  Merioneth  and  Carnarvon  on  the 
west.  It  is  rich  in  minerals,  [and  contains  prehistoric 
Roman  and  Celtic  antiquities.  Area,  664  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  117,960. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  above  county,  situated  on . 
the  Clwyd  22  miles  west  of  Chester.  It  has  a 
ruined  castle,  which  was  taken  by  the  Parlia- 
mentarians in  1645.  Population  (1891),  6,412. 
Denderah,  or  Dendera  (den'd6r-a).  A  town  in 
Upper  Egypt,  situated  on  the  Nile  in  lat.  26°  9' 
N.,  long.  32°  39'  E. :  the  ancient  Tentyra  or 
Tentyris.  it  is  celebrated  for  its  temple  of  Hathor, 
which,  notwithstanding  its  late  date  (it  was  begun  by  the 
nth  Ptolemy,  and  the  great  pronaoB  was  added  only 
under  Tiberius),  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  buildings 
in  Egypt,-owing  to  its  almost  perfect  preservation,  even 
to  the  roof.  The  imposing  hexastyle  pronaos  has  four 
ranges  of  Hathoric  columns;  on  its  ceiling  is  a  noted 
sculptured  zodiac,  combining  Egyptian  and  classical  ele- 
ments. Next  to  the  pronaos  is  a  hypostyle  hall  of  six  col- 
umns, from  "which  three  chambers  open  on  each  side,  and 
beyond  this  is  a  vestibule  before  a  large  hall  in  which 
stands  an  isolated  cella.  This  haU  is  surrounded  by  a 
series  of  chambers,  one  of  which  in  the  middle  of  the 
back  wall  contained  the  emblematic  sistrum  of  the  god- 
dess. The  whole  interior  surface  is  sculptured,  the  art, 
however,  being  inferior.  On  the  roof  there  is  a  small  six- 
chambered  temple  to  the  local  divinity  Osiris-An. 

On  the  celebrated  zodiac  of  Dendera,  the  date  of  which 
is  believed  to  be  about  700  E.  0.,  the  signs  of  the  zodiac  are 
exhibited  in  a  primitive  pictorial  form,  which  leaves  no 
doubt  as  to  their  significance.    Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  1. 7. 

Dendermonde  (den-der-m6n'de;),F.  Termonde 
(ter-m6nd').  A  fortified  town  in  the  province 
of  East  Flanders,  Belgium,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Dender  and  Schelde,  17  miles  north- 
west of  Brussels.  In  1687,  being  besieged  by  Louis 
XIV.,  the  town  was  defended  by  opening  its  sluices  and 
flooding  the  adjacent  country.  It  was  captured  by  Marl-, 
borough  in  1706,  and  by  the  French  in  1746.  Population 
(1890),  9,606. 

Dendin  (don-dan'),  Perrin.  An  ignorant  peas- 
ant, applied  to  as  a  judge,  in  Eabelais's  "Pan- 
tagruel."  His  method  was  to  let  people  fight  till  they 
were  tired  of  it — a  satire  on  lawyers  who  prefer  the  ruin 
of  their  client  to  the  slightest  concession.  He  loved  eating 
and  drinking,  and  settled  the  disputes  of  his  neighbors 
while  indulging  these  tastes. 

Deneb  (den'eb).  [Ar.  danab,  the  tail.]  A  word 
used  as  the  name  of  several  stars,  in  reference 
to  their  situation  in  the  constellation  to  which 
they  respectively  belong.  The  principal  are 
the  following:  (a)  Deneb  Algedl  (den'eb  al'js-de). 
[At.  al-jedi,  the  goat.]  The  third-magnitude  star  fi  Cap- 
rlcomL  (6)  Deneb  Algenubi  (den'eb  al-je-nu'be).  [Ar. 
al-jenl^,  the  southern.]  'nie  third-magnitude  star  ij 
Ceti,  at  the  root  of  the  monster's  tail,  (c)  Deneb-al-ObaD 
(den'eb-al-o-k£Lb').  [Ar.  dl-'oqdb,  the  eagle.]  The  third- 
magnitude  star  ^  Aquilae.  The  name  is  also  applied  to  e 
Aquilse,  close  by.  (cO  Deneb  al-Shemall  (den'eb  al-she- 
m&'le).  {Ar.  al-imuUi,  the  northern.]  The  fourth-mag- 
nitude st^  t  Ceti,  at  the  tip  of  the  northern  fluke  of  the 
monster's  taiL  (e)  Deneb  Cygni  (den' ebsig'ni).  [Ar.  and 
L.,  'the  tail  of  the  swan.*]  The  bright  second-magnitude 
star  a  Cygni,  otherwise  known  as  Arided.  (/)  Deneb 
Eaitos  (den'eb  ki'tos).  [Ar.  &t(08  is  an  Arabic  trans- 
literation of  the  Gr.  k^tos,  L.  Ceti,  of  the  whale.]  The 
third-magnitude  star  j3  Ceti,  at  the  tip  of  the  southern 
fluke  of  the  tail.    Otherwise  called  Diphdc. 

Denebola  (de  -neb '  o  -  la) .  [Ar.  ^anab  al-'asad, 
the  tail  of  t"he  lion.]  The  seeond-magnitTide 
star  13  Leonis,  also  sometimes  called  Dafirah  and 
Serpha. 

DenJiam  (den'am),  Dixon.  Born  at  London, 
Jan.  1, 1786 :  died  in  Sierra  Leone,  May  8, 1828. 
An  African  explorer.  As  a  British  ofaoer  he  took 
part  in  the  continental  wars  against  Napoleon  I.  In  1821 
he  was  sent  to  Africa  with  Dr.  Oudney  and  Clapperton. 
Erom  Tripoli  they  went  over  Murzuk  and  Fezzan  to  Lake 
Chad,  and  stayed  some  time  at  Kluka,  the  capital  of  Bornu. 
In  a  war  with  the  conquering  Eulbe,  Denham  was  taken 
prisoner,  but  contrived  to  escape.  After  exploring  the 
south  end  of  Lake  Chad,  he  accompanied  Clapperton  to 
Sokoto,  and  returned  in  1824.  He  died  in  1828  as  lieuten- 
ant-governor of  Si.erra  Leone. 

Denham,  Sir  John.  Bom  at  DubUu,  1615 :  died 
at  London,  in  March,  1669.  An  English  poet. 
He  took  up  arms  for  the  king  when  the  civS  war  began, 
and  was  made  governor  of  Famham  Castle,  from  which 
he  was  driven  and  sent  a  prisoner  to  London.  His  for- 
tunes varied,  but  revived  at  the  Restoration.  He  was 
falsely  accused  in  1667  of  murdering  his  wife  by  a  poi- 
soned cup  of  chocolate.  Author  of  "  The  Sophy  "  (a  tra- 
gedy, 1642),  "Cooper's Hm" (a poem,  1642),  "Cato Major" 
(from  Cicero,  1648),  etc. 

Denia  (da'ue-a).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Alicante,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean in  lat.  38°  50'  N.,  long.  0°  7'  E.  It 
exports  raisins.    Population  (1887),  11,591. 

Denina  (da-ne'na).  Carlo  Giovanni  Maria. 
Bom  at  Eevello,  near  Saluzzo,  Italy,  Feb.  28, 
1731:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  5,  1813.  An  Italian 
historian.  He  was  professor  at  Turin  and  later  at  Ber- 
lin, became  university  librarian  at  Turin  in  1800,  and  was 
imperial  librarian  at  Paris  after  1804.  He  vrrote  "Istoria 
delle  rivoluzioni  ditalia  "  (1769),  etc. 

Denis, or Denys (den'is; P.  de-ne'), Saint.  Apos- 
tle to  the  Gauls,  and  patron  saint  of  France, 
beheaded,  according  to  the  legends,  at  Paris, 
272  a.  D. 


Denis,  Jean  Ferdinand 

Denis  (de-ne'),  Jean  Ferdinand.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Aug.  13, 1798:  died  there,  Aug.  2, 1890.  AFrench 
author.  He  traveled  in  America  from  1S16  to  1821,  and 
subsequently  in  Spain  and  Portugal,  with  the  objeot  oJ 
studying  the  literature  of  those  countries.  After  1838  he 
was  prominently  connected  with  the  libraries  ol  Paris, 
especially  the  Sainte  Genevifeve,  of  which  he  became  con- 
servator in  1841,  and  administrator  in  1885.  He  wrote  nu- 
merous works,  historical  and  descriptive,  on  Brazil,  the 
Platine  States,  Guiana,  and  Portugal,  and  on  the  literature 
of  Portugal  and  Spain ;  also  a  great  number  of  biographi- 
cal and  historical  articles  for  various  encyclopedic  works, 
and  a  series  of  historical  novels. 

Denis,  Louise  (Mignot).  Bom  about  1710 :  died 
in  1790.  The  niece,  companion,  and  Mend  of 
Voltaire,  in  1738  she  married  M.  Denis,  who  died  in 
1744.  In  1754  she  returned  to  Voltaire's  house,  which  she 
kept  for  him  until  his  death  in  1778.  In  1779,  when  in 
her  seventieth  year,  she  married  a  Sieur  du  Vlvler,  who 
was  about  sixty.  She  wrote  several  works  and  a  play, 
"La  coquette  punie,"  but  her  literary  labors  are  forgotten 
in  the  memory  of  her  relation  to  Voltaire. 

Denis,  Saint,  Battle  of.    See  Saint-Dems. 
Denis  Duval  (den'is  dti-val').    An  unfinished 

novel  by  Thackeray,  published  in  1864,  after 

his  death. 

Denison  (den'i-son).  A  city  in  Grayson  County, 
northern  Texas,  in  lat.  33°  40'  N. ,  long.  96°  32'  W. 
It  has  a  large  trade.   Population  (1900),  11,807. 

Denizli  (den-iz-le'),  or  Denislii  (den-is-le').  A 
town  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  lat.  37°  45'  N.,  long. 
29°  10'  E. 

Denman  (den'man),  Thomas,  first  Baron  Den- 
man.  Bom  at  London,  Feb.  23,  1779 :  died  at 
Stoke  Albany,  Northampton,  England,  Sept. 
22,  1854.  A  noted  English  jurist.  He  defended 
Queen  Caroline  in  1820,  and  was  attorney-general  1830-32, 
and  lord  chief  justice  of  the  King's  Bench  1832-50. 

Denmark  (den 'mark).  [AS.  Denemearc,  P. 
Banemark,  Dan.  Danmark,  G-.  Da/nemark,  ieel. 
Danmorlc,  march,  or  boundary,  of  the  Danes.] 
A  kingdom  in  northern  Europe,  comprising  part 
of  the  peninsula  of  Jutland,  and  a  group  of  isl- 
ands of  which  the  principal  are  Zealand,  Fiinen, 
Laaland,  Bomholm,  Palster,  Langeland,  and 
Moen.  Its  surface  is  generally  level.  The  capital  Is 
Copenhagen.  The  government  is  a  constitutional  heredi- 
tary monarchy,  with  a  Rigsdag  composed  of  an  upper 
house  (landsthing)  of  66  members  and  a  lower  house 
(Folkething)  of  114  members.  The  established  religion  is 
Lutheran.  The  army  numbered  in  1901  (on  a  war  foot- 
ing) about  60,000.  Its  foreign  possessions  aie  the  Faroe 
Islands,  Iceland,  Greenland  south  of  latitude  73"  N., 
and  Santa  Cruz,  St.  Thomas,  and  St.  John,  islands  forming 
the  Danish  West  Indies.  In  the  early  middle  ages  it  was 
famous  as  the  home  of  pirates.  The  diiferent  kingdoms 
in'  Denmark  became  consolidated  into  one  in  the  9th 
century.  During  this  period  Christianity  was  intro- 
duced, being  confirmed  in  the  reign  of  Canute,  (died 
1035),  who  reigned  also  over  England  and  I^orway.  It 
was  separated  from  the  other  kingdoms  after  Canute's 
death.  Danish  conquests  extended  over  the  Baltic  Wends 
in  the  12th  and  13th  centuries,  and  for  short  periods  over 
Esthonia,  Itiigen,  and  various  German  districts.  Norway, 
Sweden,  and  Denmark  were  united  by  the  Union  of  Kalmar 
in  1397,  but  Sweden  was  finally  separated  from  Denmark  in 
1523.  Protestantism  was  introduced  in  the  middle  of  the 
16th  century,  and  the  country  took  part,  on  the  Protestant 
sid&  in  the  Thirty  Years*  War.  Dago,  Oael,  and  Goth- 
land were  lost  to  Sweden  in  1645,  as  were  also  the  Danish 
possessions  in  southern  Sweden  in  1658.  Absolute  power 
was  obtained  by  the  kings  in  1660.  Denmark  having  as- 
sumed a  position  of  armed  neutrality  with  respect  to  Eng- 
land, her  fleet  was  attacked  and  defeated  by  Nelson  in  1801, 
and  in  1807  the  British  bombarded  Copenhagen.  Norway 
was  ceded  to  Sweden  in  1814.  (For  the  relations  with  Schles- 
wig  and  Holsteiu,  see  those  names.)  The  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein  war  in  1864,  waged  unsuccessfully  by  Denmark  against 
Prnssia  and  Austria,  resulted  in  the  loss  of  Schleswig- 
Holstein  and  Lauenburg.  The  present  constitution  was 
adopted  in  1866,  and  recent  history  has  been  marked  by  a 
constitutional  struggle  between  the  government  and  the 
people.  Ai'ea,  including  the  Faroe  Islands,  15,289  square 
miles.  Pop.,  including  the  Faroe  Islands  (1901),  2,464,770. 

Dennewitz  (den'ne-vits).  A  village  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  41  miles 
southwest  of  Berlin.  Here  the  Prussians  under 
Biilow,  with  the  aid  of  Russians  and  Swedes  under  Berna- 
dotte,  defeated  the  French  army  under  Ney,  Sept.  6, 1813. 

Dennie  (den'i),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Boston,  Mass. , 
Aug.  30, 1768 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  Jan.  7, 1812. 
An  American  .-journalist :  edited  the  '  'Portfolio  " 
(m  Philadelphia)  1801-12. 

Dennis  (den'is).  1.  Servant  to  OUver  in  Shak- 
spere's  "As  you  Like  it." — 2.  A  hangman  in 
Dickens's  novel  "  Bamaby  Budge." 

Dennis,  John.  Bom  at  London,  1657:  died 
Jan.  6, 1734.  An  English  critic.  He  graduated  at 
Cambridge  with  the  degree  of  B.  A.  in  1679,  and  devoted 
himself  to  literature.  He  wrote  a  number  of  indiffer- 
ently successful  plays,  but  is  chiefly  remembered  as  a 
critic,  in  which  character  he  incurred  the  enmity  of  Pope, 
by  whom  he  was  ridiculed  in  the  "Dunciad."  Among 
the  coUective  editions  of  his  works  are  "Miscellanies  in 
Prose  and  Verse  "  (1693),  and  "  Works  "  (1702). 

Denon  (de-n6n'),  Baron  Domini(iue  Vivant. 

Bom  at  Chaion-sur-Sa6ne,  France,  Jan.  4, 
1747 :  died  at  Paris,  April  27,  1825.  A  French 
artist,  arch»ologist,  diplomatist,  and  adminis- 


319 

trator.  He  wrote  "  Voyage  dans  la  Basse  et  la  Haute- 
Egypte"  (1802),  "Monuments  des  arts  du  dessin,  etc." 
(1829). 

Dentatus  (den-ta'tus),  Manius  (or  Marcus) 
Curius.  Lived  in  the  first  part  of  the  8d 
century  b.  C.  A  Koman  tribune,  consul,  pre- 
tor,  and  censor,  celebrated  as  a  model  of  the 
early  Roman  virtues  of  simplicity,  frugality, 
and  patriotism.  He  defeated  Pjnrhus  in  275, 
and  the  Samnites  and  Lucanians  in  274. 

Dent  Blanche  (don  blonsh).  [P.,  'white 
tooth.']  A  mountain  in  the  Alps  of  Valais, 
Switzerland,  situated  north  of  the  Matterhom. 
Height,  14,318  feet. 

Dent  de  Jaman  (don  de  zha-mon').  A  moun- 
tain in  Vaud,  Switzerland,  situated  east  of  the 
Lake  of  (Geneva.    Height,  6,165  feet. 

Dent  de  Vaulion  (don  de  vo-ly6n').  A  peak  of 
the  Jura,  in  Switzerland,  18  miles  northwest 
of  Lausanne.    Height,  4,880  feet. 

Dent  du  Midi  (don  du  me-de').  [F.,  '  south 
tooth.']  A  mountain  in  the  canton  of  Valais, 
Switzerland,  situated  northwest  of  Martigny. 
Height,  10,750  feet. 

D'Entrecasteaux  Channel  (don-tr-kas-to' 
chau'el).  A  strait  between  Tasmania  and 
Bruui  Island  to  the  south. 

D'Entrecasteaux  Islands.  A  group  of  small 
islands  lying  east  of  Papua,  belonging  to  Great 
Britain. 

D'Entrecasteauz  Point.  A  cape  at  the  south- 
western extremity  of  Australia. 

Denver  (den'ver) .  The  capital  of  Colorado  and 
of  Arapahoe  County,  situated  on  the  South 
Platte  in  lat.  39°  47'  N.,  long.  105°  W.  It  is  an 
important  railway  and  commercial  center,  and  has  large 
smelting -works.  It  was  first  settled  in  1868-59,  and  has 
become  noted  for  its  dry  climate.  It  is  often  called  the 
"Queen  City  of  the  Plains."    Pop.  (1900),  133,869. 

Denzil  (den'zil),  Guy.  In  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
poem  "  Kokeby,"  the  chief  of  a  marauding  band 
made  up  from  both  Cavaliers  and  Roundheads. 

Deobana  (de'9-band).  A  town  in  the  North- 
west Provinces  of  British  India.  Population 
(1891),  19,250. 

DeOfaciis(deo-fish'i-is).  |X., 'of  duties.']  A 
treatise  in  three  books,  by  Cicero,  on  moral  obli- 
gations, written  about  44  B.  C.  "  The  moral  views 
are  those  of  a  practical  politician,  and  for  this  very  reason 
not  much  higher  than  the  conventional  Roman  stan- 
dard." ^ 

D'£on,  Chevalier.  See  Eon,  Charles  Genevidve, 
etc. 

Deoprag.    See  Devaprayaga. 

De  Oratore  (de  or-a-to're).  [L., '  of  the  orator.'] 
A  rhetorical  work  by  Cicero,  in  three  books, 
written  (55  B.  C.)  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue,  the 
principal  characters  being  L.  Crassus  and  M. 
Antoninus.  "The  work  is  farfrom  attaining  the  dra- 
matic art  of  a  Platonic  dialogue ;  nevertheless  it  ranks 
with  the  most  finished  productions  of  Cicero  on  account 
of  its  varied  contents  and  its  excellent  style." 

Deorham  (de-or'ham).  At  this  ^laee  (identi- 
fied with  Dereham,  Gloucestershire,  England) 
Ceawlin,  king  of  the  West  Saxons,  defeated  the 
Britons  in  577. 

Depazzi  (da-jad'ze).  A  character  in  Shirley's 
play  "  The  Humorous  Courtier." 

The  outrageously  idiotic  Depazzi,  whose  self-delusion 
endures  to  the  last  (after  he  has  been  offered  the  choice  of 
"four  or  five  several  deaths,"  not  one  of  which  he  can  be 
"got  to  accept"),  is  at  last  brought  to  saying  "I  forgive 
your  highness,  L"  Ward. 

Depew  (de-pu'),  Chauncey  Mitchell.  Born  at 
PeekskiU,  N.  Y.,  April  23, 1834.  An  American 
lawyer,  orator,  and  politician.  He  was  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1866 ;  was  a  member  of  the  New  York  Assembly 
1861-62 ;  was  secretary  of  state  for  New  York  1863-65  ;  and 
in  1869  became  counself  or  the  New  York  Central  Railroad, 
of  which  he  has  been  president  since  1886.  He  was  an 
unsuccessful  candidate  forthe  Republican  nomination  for 
President  in  1888.    Elected  senator  from  New  York  1899. 

De  Peyster  (de  pis'ter),  Abraham.    Bom  at 

New  Amsterdam  (New  York),  July  8, 1658 :  died 
at  New  York,  Aug.  10,  1728.  An  American 
merchant  and  of&cial,  sou  of  Johannes  De 
Peyster.  He  was  mayor  of  New  York  1691-96,  and 
afterward  became  chief  justice  of  the  province  and  presi- 
dent of  the  king's  council.  By  virtue  of  the  latter  post  he 
was  acting  governor  in  1701. 

De  Peyster,  Arent  Schuyler.  Bom  at  New 
York,  June  27, 1736 :  died  at  Dumfries,  Scotland, 
Nov.,  1832.  A  Royalist  officer,  grandson  of 
Abraham  De  Peyster.  He  commanded  at  Detroit, 
Mackinac,  and  various  places  in  Upper  Canada  during  the 
Revolutionary  War,  and  by  his  tact  and  conciliatory  mea- 
sures succeeded  in  detaching  the  Indians  of  the  Northwest 
from  the  colonists  and  allying  them  with  the  Bntisl^ 

De  Peyster,  Johannes.  Bom  at  Haarlem,  Hol- 
land: died  at  New  York  about  1685.  A  Dutch 
colonist  in  New  Amsterdam,  where  he  settled 
in  1640.  . 


Derbent 

De  Peyster,  John  Watts.  Bom  at  New  York, 
March  9,  1821.  An  American  military  and  his- 
torical Wliter.  His  works  include  a  "History  of  the 
Life  of  Leonard  Torstenson "  (1866),  "History  of  Carau- 
sius,  the  Dutch  Augustus  and  Emperor  of  Britain  "  (1868) 
and  "  The  Thirty  Years'  War :  With  Special  Reference  to 
the  Military  Operations  and  Influence  of  the  Swedes" 
(loa4). 


produced  at  Montpellier  in  1(554,  and  at  Paris 
in  1658.  It  was  not  printed  until  1663.  Many  authors 
have  adapted  and  rearranged  it.  The  subject  is  partly 
borrowed  from  "L'lnt^ress^"  of  Nicolo  Seochi. 

Deposition  from  the  Cross,  with  the  Virgin, 
the  Magdalen,  St.  John,  Joseph  of  Arimathea, 
and  Nicodemus.  '  A  painting  by  Pemgino,  in 
the  Accademia,  Florence.  The  expression  and  dif- 
ferentiation of  character  in  the  group  of  mourners  is  mas- 
terly.   The  painting  is  among  Perugiuo's  best 

Depping  (dep'ping),  Georges  Bernard.    Bom 

at  Miinster,  Germany,  May  11,  1784:  died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  5,  1853.  A  French  historian,  of 
German  parentage.  He  wrote  "Histoire  gfin^rale  de 
I'Espagne '  (1811),  "Histoire  du  commerce  entre  le  Levant 
et  I'Europe   (1832),  "Histoire  de  la Normandie " (1836),  etc. 

Depr^S.    See  Josquin  Desprez. 

Depretis  (da-pra'tes),  Agostino.  Born  atMez- 
zana-Corte-Bottaroni,  near  Stradella,  Italy, 
Jan.  31, 1813 :  died  there,  July  29, 1887.  An  Ital- 
ian statesman,  premier  1876-77,  1877-78,  1878- 
1879,  1881-86. 

De  Prie  (de  pre),  Jaques.  A  supposed  beggar 
in  Ben  Jonsou's  comedy  "  The  Case  is  Altered." 
He  is  a  mis^  and  is  in  reality  Melun,  steward  to  the  old 
Chamont.  He  somewhat  resembles  Shylock^  loving  both 
his  ducats  and  his  daughter. 

Deptford  (det'ford).  Formerly  a  town  in  Kent 
and  Surrey,  England,  now  a  borough  (munici- 
pal) of  London,  situated  on  the  south  bank  of 
the  Thames,  ^  miles  southeast  of  St.  Paul's : 
long  noted  for  its  dockyard,  which  was  closed 
in  1869. 

De  Quincey  (de  kwin'zi),  Thomas.  Bom  at 
Greenheys,  Manchester,  Aug.  15,  1785 :  died  at 
Edinburgh,  Dec.  8,  1859.  An  English  essayist 
and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  was  the  son  of 
Thomas  De  Quincey,  a  wealthy  merchant,  who  died  about 
1792.  He  was  sent  to  the  Manchester  grammar-school  in 
1801,  but  ran  away  in  the  following  year,  and,  after  a  pe- 
destrian tour  in  Wales,  lived  some  time  in  extreme  pov- 
erty^ in  London.  He  subsequently  studied  at  Oxford, 
without  taking  a  degree.  About  1808  he  made  the  ac- 
quaintance of  Coleridge  and  Wordsworth,  which  induced 
him  to  settle  at  Grasmere.  He  married  Margaret  Simp- 
son in  1816.  Some  years  later  he  lost  his  fortune,  and  in 
1821  went  to  London  in  search  of  literary  work.  During 
his  stay  at  Oxford  he  had  contracted  the  habit  of  opium- 
eating,  which  grew  upon  him  to  such  an  extent  that  at 
one  time  he  took  340  grains  daily,  and  which  eventually 
disabled  him  from  protracted  application  to  literary  work. 
In  1821  he  made  his  experience  with  this  drug  the  basis 
of  a  narrative,  entitled  "  Confessions  of  an  EngUsh  Opium- 
Eater,"  which  appeared  in  the  "London  Magazine,"  and 
which  established  his  reputation.  He  subsequently  wrote 
much  for  "  Blackwood's  Magazine  "  and  the  "Edinburgh 
Literary  Gazette,"  and  eventually  took  up  his  residence  at 
Edinburgh.  His  only  separate  publications  were  "Kloster- 
heim"  (1832),  and  "Logic  of  Political  Economy"  (1844). 
'Themostcomplete  edition  of  his  works  appeared  in  1852-65. 

Dera  Ghazi  ELhan  (der'a  gha-ze'  khan).  1.  A 
district  in  the  Derajat  division  of  the  Panjab, 
British  India,  west  of  the  Indus,  and  intersected 
by  lat.  30°  N.,  long.  70°  30'  E.  Area,  5,606 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  409,965.-2. 
The  chief  town  of  the  above  district,  on  the  In- 
dus in  lat.  30°  5'  N.,  long.  70?  51'  E.  Popula- 
tion, with  cantonment  (1891),  27,886. 

Dera  Ismail  Khan  (der'a  es-ma-el'  khan).  1. 
A  district  in  the  Derajat  division  of  the  Panjab, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  32°  N.,  long. 
71°  E.  Area,  9,440  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  486,201.-2.  The  chief  town  of  the  above 
district,  near  the  Indus  in  lat.  31°  49'  N.,  long. 
70°  55'  E.  Pop.,  with  cantonment  (1891),  26,884. 

Derajat  (der-a-jaf).  A  division  in  the  Panjab, 
British  India.  Area,  17,681  square  miles. 
Population  (1881),  1,137,572. 

Derayeh  (de-ri'e),  or  Deraiyeh.  A  ruined 
town  in  Nejd,  Arabia,  situated  about  lat.  24° 
40'  N.,  long.  46°  20'  E.  It  was  the  capital  of 
the  Wahabis  imtil  its  destruction  in  1818. 

Derbe  (der'be).  [Gr.  Aep^i?.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  town  of  Lycaonia,  Asia  Minor,  near 
the  border  of  CiUcia,  and  on  the  highway  from 
Cilicia  to  Iconium. 

Derbent  (der-benf),  or  Derbend  (der-bend'). 
A  seaport  in  Daghestan,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Caspian  Sea  in  lat.  42°  2'  N.,  long.  48°  16' 
E.  Near  here  commences  the  Derbent  wall  ("  Caucasian 
wall "  or  "  Alexander's  wall ").  The  town  was  taken  by 
the  Mongols  about  1220,  and  by  the  Russians  in  1722  and 
1796 ;  and  was  formally  Incorporated  with  Russia  in  1813. 
Population  (1891),  11,535. 


Derby 

Derby  (dfer'bi  or  dar'bi).  [Dan.  2)eom%.]  1. 
Derbyshire,  a  midland  county  of  England, 
lying  between  Cheshire  and  Yorkshire  on  the 
north,  Nottingham  and  Leicester  on  the  east, 
Leicester  on  the  south,  and  Cheshire  and  Staf- 
ford on  the  west,  it  is  noted  for  the  picturesque 
scenery  ol  the  highlands,  or  High  Peak  region.  It  con- 
tains  lead,  iron,  coal,  etc.  Area,  1,029  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  528,033. 

2.  The  capital  of  Derbyshire,  England,  situated 
on  the  Derwent  in  lat.  52°  56'  N.,  long.  1°  29' 
W.  It  has  manufactures  of  Bilk,  porcelain,  iron,  spar, 
cotton,  etc.  It  anciently  belonged  to  Peveril,  son  of  Wil- 
liam I.,  and  was  one  of  the  Five  Boroughs  of  the  Danes. 
It  was  the  southernmost  point  reached  by  the  Young 
Pretender  in  1745,  and  was  the  birthplace  of  Samuel  Kioh- 
ardson.  It  returns  two  members  to  Parliament  Popula- 
tion (1901),  106,786.  , 

3  (der'bi).  A  city  (from  1894)  in  New  Haven 
County,  Connecticut,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Naugatuckwith  the  Housatonic,  9  mUes 
west  of  New  Haven.  It  comprises  the  former 
towns  of  Derby  and  Birmingham.  Population, 
(1900),  7,930. 

Derby,  Earls  of.    See  Stanley. 

Derby  (der'bi),  Elias  Haskett.  Born  at  Salenl, 
Mass.,  Aug.  16,  1739:  died  at  Salem,  Sept.  8, 
1799.  An  American  merchant  in  the  India  and 
China  trade,  prominent  in  the  equipment  of  pri- 
vateers during  the  Revolutionary  War. 

Derby,  Elias  Haskett.  Bom  at  Salem,  Mass., 
Jan.  10,  1766:  died  at  Londonderry,  N.  H., 
Sept.  16,  1826.  An  American  merenant,  son 
of  E.  H.  Derby  (1739-89).  He  introduced  me- 
rino sheep  into  the  United  States. 

Derby,  EUas  Haskett.  Bom  at  Salem,  Mass., 
Sept.  24,  1803:  died  at  Boston,  March  30, 1880. 
An  American  lawyer  and  writer,  son  of  E.  H. 
Derby  (1766-1826). 

Derby,  George  Horatio :  pseudonym  John 
Fboeniz.  Bom  at  Dedham,  Mass.,  April  3, 
1823:  died  at  New  York,  May  15,  1861.  An 
American  soldier  and  humorist.  He  was  a  gradu- 
ate of  West  Point,  and  served  in  the  Mexican  war,  after 
which  he  had  various  positions  in  the  topographical  bu- 
reau at  Washington,  finally  becoming  a  captain  of  engi- 
neers and  having  charge  of  lighthouse  construction  on  the 
southern  coast.  Author  of  "Fhoeniziana"  (1855)  and 
"The  Squibob  Papers"  (1869). 

Derby,  Orville  Adelbert.  Bom  at  KeUoggs- 
vUle,  N.  Y.,  July  23, 1851.  An  American  geolo- 
^st.  He  was  graduated  at  Cornell  University,  and'  was 
instructor  there  1873-75;  made  short  visits  to  Brazil 
1870  and  1871;  and  in  1875  took  a  place  on  the  Brazilian 
geological  commission.  Since  that  time  he  has  been  en- 
gaged in  geological  and  geographical  work  in  Brazil,  act- 
ing on  various  commissions,  and  for  some  years  as  curator 
of  the  geological  department  of  the  national  museum. 
Since  1886  he  has  been  chief  of  the  geographical  and  geo- 
logical survey  of  sao  Paulp,  He  is  the  author  of  various 
papers  on  geology,  paleontology,  etc. 

Derby,  The.  A  race  for  three-year-olds  at  Ep- 
som, established  in  1780  by  the  Earl  of  Derby. 
The  first  Derby  was  won  by  Diomed,  the  property  of  Sir 
Charles  Bunbury;  afterward  sent  to  America.  "Derby 
Day"  is  the  last  Wednesday  of  May  (sometimes  the  first 
of  June).  It  is  the  great  Cockney  holiday,  and  300,000 
people  are  supposed  to  go  to  the  Derby  each  year.  The 
Derby  has  been  twice  won  by  fillies:  in  1801  by  Eleanor 
and  in  1867  by  Blink  Bonny,  each  of  which  also  won  the 
Oaks  of  her  year.  The  course  is  now  IJ  miles,  wide  at  the 
start  and  with  steep  ascent,  then  level  for  three  furlongs, 
descending  again  to  "Tattenham  Corner,"  where  it  turns 
and  goes  straight  home.  The  "2,000  guineas,"  the  Derby, 
and  the  St.  Leger  constitute  the  "  triple  crown,"  which  has 
been  won  by  five  horses.  West  Australian,  Gladiateur,  Lord 
Lyoi^,  Ormonde,  and  Common.    Rice. 

Dercetas  (d6r'se-tas).  A  friend  of  Antony  in 
Shakspere's  "Antony  and  Cleopatra." 

Derceto  (der-se'to).  [Gr.  AEp/cEr<5.]  The  prin- 
cipal Philistine  female  deity,  worshiped  es- 
pecially in  Asealon.  she  was  represented  in  the  form 
of  a  woman  terminating  in  a  fish,  and  is  considered  the 
female  counterpart  of  Dagon.  She  was  a  nature  goddess, 
the  principle  of  generation  and  fertility,  and  corresponds 
in  her  attributes  and  the  mode  of  her  worship  to  Ashtoreth 
(Astarte)  of  the  Canaanites  and  Syrians  (the  Assyro-Baby- 
lonian  Ishtar).    Also  Serketo.    See  Atargatis. 

Dereham  (der'am).  A  small  town  in  Norfolk, 
England,  16  miles  west  of  Norwich. 

Der-el-Bahri  (der-el-bah're),  or  Deir-el-Ba- 
hari  (dar-el-ba'ha-re).  A  locality  west  of 
Thebes,  Egypt,  near  the  western  bank  of  the 
Nile,  famous  for  its  ruins.  Among  the  ruins  is  a 
temple  built  by  Hatshepsn,  sister  of  Thothmes  II.  and  III. 
(about  1600  B.  c).  The  inclosure  is  preceded  by  a  dromos 
1,600  feet  long,  between  lines  of  sphinxes,  at  the  end  of 
which  rose  two  obelisks.  The  inner  court  is  entered  by  a 
fine  granite  pylon,  and  behind  it  is  the  temple  itself.  The 
plan  is  peculiar,  as  the  buildings  extend  up  the  slope  of 
the  mountain  in  stages  connected  byfiights  of  steps.  The 
masonry  Is  of  a  beautiful  flnelimestone,  and  the  sculptures 
are  of  great  importance,  representing  especially  sacrificial 
scenes,  military  triumphs  and  captives,  and  payment  of 
tribute.  A  number  of  the  inner  chambers  and  passages 
are  covered  with  pseudo-vaulting  of  stones  corbeled  out 
from  the  walls.  Here,  in  1881,  Maspero  made  by  chance 
a  remarkable  archeeological  discovery — that  of  a  number 


320 

of  mummies  of  the  Pharaohs,  Including  those  of  some  of 
the  most  famous  of  Egyptian  kings,  among  them  Thoth- 
mes II.  and  Thothmes  HI.,  the  conqueror  ol  Assyria, 
Seti  I.,  and  the  great  Kameses  II.,  the  "Pharaoh  of  the 
Oppression."  These  mummies  are  in  remarkable  preser- 
vation, and  supply  a  not  inadequate  picture  of  the  fea- 
tures of  the  sovereigns  in  life.  The  discovery  was  made 
through  a  quarrel  ol  some  Arabs,  who  had  found  a  pit 
near  the  Sheikh  Abd-el-Gournah  hill,  and  were  surrep- 
titiously removing  the  contents.  The  mummies  had  evi- 
dently been  brought  from  the  royal  tombs,  which  lie  at 
no  great  distance,  and  placed  in  tills  pit  lor  salety  during 
some  threatened  danger.  They  are  now  preserved  in  the 
Oizeh  Museum,  Cairo.  A  second  important  discovery  ol 
concealed  mummies  was  made  in  1891. 
De  Republica  (de  re-pti'bli-ka).  [L.,  '  of  the 
Republic.']  A  philosophical  political  treatise  in 
six  books,  by  (jicero,  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue 
between  Afrieanus  the  younger  (in  whose  gar- 
dens the  scene  is  laid),  C.  Lsalius,  and  others. 
The  theme  is  the  best  form  of  government  and  the  du^ 
ol  the  citizen.  It  was  written  about  64-^1  B,  0.  About 
one  third  ol  it  has  survived. 

De  rerum  natura  (de  re'rum  na-tii'ra).  [L., 
'  of  the  nature  of  things.']  A  didactic  poem 
by  Lucretius. 

Dereyeh.    See  Verayeh. 

Derflinger  (derf 'fling-er),  Georg  von.  Bom  at 
Neuhof  en.  Upper  Austria  JVIarch  10, 1606 :  died 
at  Gusow,  near  Kiistrin,  Prussia,  Feb.  4,  1695. 
A  Brandenburgian  general  in  the  Thirty  Years' 
War.  He  served  at  the  battles  ol  Warsaw  (1656)  and 
Fehrbellin  (1675),  and  in  the  campaign  against  the  Swedes 
1678-79. 

Derg  (dera).  Lough.  1.  An  expansion  of  the 
Shannon,  separating  Connaught  from  Mun- 
ster,  Ireland.  Length,  about  24  mUes. — 2.  A 
lake  in  County  Donegal,  Ulster,  Ireland,  6  miles 
east  of  Donegal,  it  contains  a  shrine,  St.  Patrick's 
Purgatory,  situated  at  first  on  Saint's  Island,  but  now  on 
Station  Island.    Length,  about  3  miles. 

Derham  (der'am),  William.  Bom  at  Stough- 
ton,  near  Worcester,  England,  Nov.  26,  1657: 
died  at  Upminster,  near  London,  April  5, 1735. 
An  English  divine  and  natural  philosopher. 
His  chief  works  are  "  Physico-Theology"  (1713), 
"Astro-Theology"  (1715), "  Christo-Theology  " 

Dermody  (der'mo-di),  Thomas.  Bom  at  En- 
nis,  County  Clare,  Ireland,  Jan.,  1775 :  died  at 
Sydenham,  near  London,  July  15,  1802.  An 
Irish  poet.  He  published  "Poems"  (1792),  "Poems, 
Moral  and  Descriptive"  (1800),  and  "Poems  on  Various 
Subjects "  (1802).  His  works  were  published  as  "  The 
Harp  ol  Erin"  in  1807. 

Dernier  Chouan  (der-nya'  sh6-on'),  Le.  [P., 
'  The  Last  Chouan.']  A  novel  by  Balzac,  pub- 
lished in  1829:  sometimes  called  "LesChou- 
ans." 

Deronda  (de-ron'da),  Daniel.  The  hero  of 
George  Eliot's  novel"" Daniel  Deronda."  He  is 
a  Hebrew,  and  when  he  discovers  his  panentage  he  resolves 
to  devote  his  whole  lile  to  restoring  the  Jewish  nation  to 
its  lost  political  position. 

DSroulede  (da-ro-lad'),  Paul.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Sept.  2,  1846.  A  noted  French  man  of  letters 
and  politician,  in  1882  he  organized  the  League  ol 
Patriots  (La  Ligue  des  Fatriotes),  which  had  many  ramifi- 
cations throughout  France.  In  1884,  when  Boulanger 
became  minister  ol  war,  he  endeavored  to  excite  leeling 
against  Germany,  and  lurthered  a  vigorous  loreign  policy. 
The  league  under  his  direction  gave  Boulanger  a  large 
majority  in  the  election  ol  Jan.  27,  1889,  and  alter  the 
condemnation  ol  the  latter  D^roul^de  was  elected  Boulan- 
gist  deputy. 

Derr  (der  or  dar),  or  Dehr.  A  town  in  Upper 
Egypt,  situated  on  the  Nile  about  lat.  22°  40' 
N.  It  is  noted  for  a  small  rook-temple  of 
Rameses  H. 

Derry.    See  Lonclonderry. 

De  Buyter.    See  Ruyter. 

Derwent  (dfer'went).  The  name  of  several  riv- 
ers, as  follows  :  (o)  A  river  ol  Cumberland,  England, 
which  flows  into  the  Irish  Sea  7  mUes  north  ol  Whitehaven. 
Length,  over  30  miles,  (b)  A  river  ol  Derbyshire,  England, 
which  joins  the  Trent  7  miles  southeast  ol  Derby.  It  is 
noted  lor  its  scenery.  Length,  about  60  miles,  (c)  A  river 
ol  Yorkshire,  England,  which  joins  the  Ouse  15  miles 
southeast  ol  York.  Length,  over  60  miles,  (d)  A  river  in 
Tasmania  which  rises  in  Lake  St.  Clair,  and  flows  into  the 
ocean  a  short  distance  below  Hobart.    Length,  130  miles. 

Derwentwater  (dfer'went-wfe'tfer).  One  of  the 
chief  lakes  in  the  Lake  District,  in  Cumberland, 
England,  lying  directly  south  of  Keswick.  It 
is  an  expansion  of  the  river  Derwent.  Length, 
3  miles. 

Derwentwater,  Earl  of.    See  BadcUffe. 

Derzhavin,  Gabriel  Bomanovitch.  Bom  at 
Kazan,  Russia,  July  14,  1743 :  died  at  Svanka, 
near  Novgorod,  Russia,  July  21  (N.  8.),  1816. 
A  Russian  lyrical  poet.  His  hest-known  poem  is 
"Ode  to  God"  (1784),  besides  which  he  wrote  "Felicia," 
"  Monody  on  Prince  Mestcherski,"  "The  Nobleman  ""  The 
Taking  of  Ismail,""The  Taking  of  Warsaw,"  etc.  His  col- 
lected works  were  published  1810-15. 

Desaguadero  (des-a-gwa-SHa'ro).    1.  A  river 


Descent  from  the  Cross 

in  Bolivia,  the  outlet  of  Lake  Titieaca,  whic^ 
flows  into  Lake  Aullagas  (with  no  outlet). 
Length,  190  miles. — 2.  A  plateau  in  southern 
Peru  and  western  Bolivia,  a  depression  between 
two  ranges  of  the  Andes.  It  includes  Lakes  AuUagas 
and  Titieaca.  Also  called  the  Titieaca  Basin,  or  Plateau 
of  Bolivia,  or  Altiplanicie.  It  is  the  highest  table-land  in 
the  world  except  mat  of  Tibet. 

Desaix  de  Veygoux  (de-sa'  de  va-g8')  (or  Voy- 

foux),  Louis  Charles  Antoine.  Bom  at 
t.-Hilaire-d'Ayat,  near  Riom,  Puy-de-D6me, 
Prance,  Aug.  17,  1768:  killed  at  Marengo, 
Italy,  June  14,  1800.  A  noted  French  general. 
He  served  in  the  battle  of  the  Pyramids  1798,  conquered 
Upper  Egypt  1798-99,  and  decided  the  victory  at  Marengo. 

Dfoaugiers  (da-z6-zhya').  Marc  Antoine 
Madeleine.  Born  at  Fr^jus,  Var,  France,  Nov. 
17,1772:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  9, 1827.  A^^eneh 
song-writer  and  author  of  vaudevilles. 

Desault  (de-z6'),  Pierre  Joseph.  Bom  at 
Magny-Vemais,  Haute-Sadne,  France,  Feb.  6, 
1744 :  died  at  Paris,  June  1,  1795.  A  French 
surgeon  and  anatomist. 

Desbarres  (da-bar'),  Joseph  Frederick  Walsh 
or  Wallet.  Bom  1722:  died  at  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia,  Oct.  24,  1824.  An  English  officer  and 
hydrographer.  He  published  "Atlantic  Nep- 
tune" (1777),  etc. 

Desbordes-Vahnore  (da-b6rd'val-m6r'),  Mar- 
celine  T6]icit6  Jos^phe.  Bom  at  Douai,  June 
20,  1786:  died  July  23,  1859.  A  French  poet 
and  singer,  she  married  the  actor  Francois  Prosper 
Lanchantin,  who  was  called  Valmore,  in  1817.  Her  poetry 
is  distinguished lorsweetness  and  pathos,  without  affecta- 
tion. Author  ol  "Elegies  et  romances"  (1818)  and  "El^ 
gies  et  poesies  nouvelles  "  (1824). 

Desborough  (dez'bur-6).  Colonel.  The  "bm- 
tally  ignorant "  brother-in-law  of  Cromwell  in 
Scott's  novel  "Woodstock." 

D'Escarbagnas,  Countess.  See  Comtesse  d'Es- 
carbagnas. 

Descartes  (da-kSxt'),  Ben6  (Latinized  Benatus 
Cartesius).  Bom  at  La  Haye,  Touraine, 
France,  March  31,  1596:  died  at  Stockholm, 
Feb.  11,  1650.  A  celebrated  French  philoso- 
pher, founder  of  Cartesianism  and  of  modem 
philosophy  in  general.  He  was  graduated  at  seven- 
teen Irom  the  Jesuit  college  ol  La  F16che,  spent  five 
years  in  Paris  (1613-18),  and  then  roamed  about  In  search 
ol  knowledge  in  Germany,  Italy,  Holland,  and  Poland. 
In  1628  he  attended  the  siege  ol  La  KocheUe  as  a  volun- 
teer. From  1629  to  1649  he  led  a  retired  lile  in  Holland, 
spreading  and  delending  his  philosophical  Ideas.  He 
finally  went  to  Stockholm  on  the  invitation  of  Queen 
Christina  ol  Sweden ;  five  months  later  he  died  there  ol 
pneumonia.  The  work  that  has  made  him  famous  as  a 
philosopher  is  a  short  treatise  entitled  "Discours  de  la 
m^Oiode "  (Leyden,  1637).  It  was  published  in  French 
together  with  three  essays  in  support  of  his  theories, 
"La  dioptrique,"  "Les  m^t^ores,"  and  "La  gfemetrie." 
In  it  he  revolutionized  the  science  of  thought  Descartes 
himself  published  during  his  lifetime  "Meditationes  de 
prima  philosophia  "  (Paris,  1641 ;  Amsterdam,  1642 ;  trans- 
lated into  French,  1647),  "Principia  philosophise"  (Am- 
sterdam, 1644),  "  Traits  des  passions  de  l'4me  "  (Amster- 
dam, 1649),  and  a  polemic  pamphlet  entitled  "Epistola 
Eenati  Descartes  ad  Gisbertnm  Voeitum"  (Amsterdam 
1643).  After  his  death  his  friends  published  his  "De 
I'homme  "  (1664),  "  Traits  de  la  formation  du  foetus"  (1664), 
"Le  monde  ou  traits  de  la  lumitoe  de  Descartes  •  (1664), 
"Lettres"  (1667-67),  and  "Opuscula  posthuma,  physica 
et  mathematica"  (Amsterdam,  1701).  Descartes  ranked 
among  the  foremost  mathematicians  of  his  day.  A  sei>- 
arate  reprint  was  made  of  his  geometry,  and  the  work 
itself  was  translated  into  Latin  in  1649,  and  reedited  in 
1669  with  notes  and  comments.  In  this  form  It  consti- 
tuted a  classic  standard  throughout  Europe,  and  pre- 
sented an  entirely  new  basis  for  the  study  of  algebra  and 
geometry. 

Descent  from  the  Cross.  1.  A  painting  by 
Sodoma  (Bazzi)  (1504),  in  the  Acoademia  at 
Siena,  Italy.  The  group  of  mourning  women  is  espe- 
cially admired  for  the  beauty  of  its  conception  and  exe- 
cution. 

2.  A  fine  painting  by  Gerard  David,  in  the 
Chapelle  du  Saint  Sang  at  Bmges,  Belgium. 
The  Virgin  and  Mary  Salome  are  grouped  with  St.  John 
about  the  body  of  Christ,  which  is  supported  by  Nicode- 
mus.  In  the  background  the  cross  is  seen.  The  Magda- 
len and  Joseph  ol  Arimathea  are  painted  on  the  wings. 

3.  A  noteworthy  painting  by  Cavazzola,  in  the 
Pinacoteca  at  Verona,  it  unites  the  natnraUsm 
ol  the  16th  century  with  the  freedom  ol  the  lollowing 
period.  With  its  companion  pieces,  the  "  Bearing  ol  the 
Cross  "  and  the  "  Agony  in  the  Garden,"  it  Is  the  painter'a 
masterpiece. 

4.  A  painting  by  Correggio,  in  the  Pinacoteca 
at  Parma,  Italy. — 5.  A  painting  by  Titian,  in 
the  Accademia,  Venice,  it  has  been  injured  by 
restoration,  but  shows  great  invention  and  power  ol  ex- 
pression. It  is  remarkable  as  having  been  painted  in 
Titian's  ninety-ninth  year  (1676),  the  year  ol  his  death. 
6.  A  painting  by  Rubens  (1614),  considered  his 
masterpiece,  in  Antwerp  cathedral,  Belgium. 
The  body  has  been  detached  and  Ts  being  lowered  By  men 
on  ladders ;  it  is  received  below  by  St.  John,  beside  whom 
kneel  Mary  Salome  and  the  Magdalen.  The  Virgin  stands 
behmd. 


DeschampB 

Deschamps  (da-shon'),  Eustache,  called  Mo- 
rel. Bom  at  Vertus,  Mame,  Prance,  in  the  first 
part  of  the  14th  century.  A  French  poet.  He 
was  the  autbor  bt  ballades  (1,176  In  number),  londeaux, 
Tirelals,  eta ;  ol  one  long  poem,  the  "Miroir  oe  mariage  "; 
and  ol  "  Art  de  dieter  "  (a  treatise  on  IVench  rhetoric  and 
prosody). 

Deschamps  de  Saint  Amand,  £mile.  Born 
at  Bourges,  Feb.  20, 1791 :  died  at  Versailles, 
April,  1871.    A  French  poet. 

Deschanel,  Emile  Augustin  Etienne  Martin. 

Born  Nov.  14,  1819:  died  Jan.  26,  1904. '  A 
French  writer  and  journalist.  In  1842  he  was 
made  professor  of  rhetoric  at  Bourges,  and  shortly  after 
occupied  the  same  chair  at  Paris.  Be  entered  journalism 
as  a  liberal,  and  was  imprisoned  and  exiled  in  1851.  He 
returned  in  1869,  and  became  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
"Journal  des  D^bats."  In  1876  he  was  elected  to  the 
chamber  as  a  republican,  and  in  1881  he  was  elected  a 
senator  for  life.  He  publisheda  number  ol  anthologies  with 
comments,  "  Les  courtisanes  grecques,"  "  Le  mal  qu'on  a 
dit  des  femmes,"  "  Le  bien  qu'on  a  dit  des  femmes,"  etc, 
(1856-68),  "la  vie  des  comediens"  (1860),  "Etudes  sur 
Aristophane"  (1867),  "Xepeupleet  la  bourgeoisie"  (1881), 
"  Benjamin  Franklin  "  (1882).  From  1882  to  1886  he  pub- 
lished his  lectures  at  the  College  de  France,  called  "Le 
romanticism  des  clasaiques,"  much  enlarged  and  revised. 

Seschapelles  (da-sha-pel').  Bom  1780:  died 
1847.  A  celebrated  whist-player.  He  published 
a  treatise  on  whist  in  1839. 

Descl^e  (da-kla'),  Aim^e  Olympe.  Bom  Nov. 
18, 1836 :  died  at  Paris,  March  9, 1874.  A  French 
actress.  She  excelled  in  the  modern  dramas 
"Frou-Frou,"  "Diane  de  liyt,"  etc. 

Desdemona  (dez-de-mo'na).  In  Shakspere's 
tragedy  "Othello,"  the  wife  of  Othello  the 
Moor,  and  the  daughter  of  Brabantio,  a  Vene- 
tian senator.  Othello  smothers  her  in  an  outburst  of 
rage  produced  by  a  belief  in  her  unfaithfulness,  carefully 
instilled  by  lago.  According  to  Malone,  the  first  woman 
(name  unknown)  who  appeared  in  any  regular  drama  per- 
formed the  part  of  Desdemona.  ' 

The  one  characteristic  >vhich  belongs  to  Desdemona, 
that  highest  charm  of  the  womanly  nature,  which  lago 
I  names  not,  because  he  knows  it  not  or  believes  not  in  it : 
namely,  her  humility,  her  harmless  ingenuousness,  her 
modesty  and  innocence.  The  mirror  of  this  soulhas  never 
been  darkened  by  the  breath  of  an  impure  thought ;  it  ab- 
hors her  to  speak  the  mere  word  of  sin  ;  her  name  is  clear 
and  "  fresh  as  Dian's  visage,"  The  genuineness  of  her  soul 
and  mind  culminates— and  this  is  the  highest  point  of 
her  nature— in  a  perfect  freedom  from  suspicion  too 
deeply  rooted  in  her  for  this  suspicious  world. 
Oervintts,  Shakespeare  Commen&ries  (tr.  by  F.  E.  Bunnett, 

[ed.  1880),  p.  616. 

Desden  con  el  desden,  El.  ['Disdain  met 
with  disdain.']  A  play  by  Moreto  (1618-69), 
the  idea  of  which  was  taken  from  Lope  de  Vega. 
It  is  not  known  when  it  was  first  produced,  but  it  is  still 
played,  and  is  one  of  the  four  classical  pieces  of  the  older 
Spanish  drama.  Under  the  title  of  "  Donna  Diana  "  it  is 
familiar  in  (Germany,  and  in  1864  Mr.  Westland  Marston 
produced  it  under  the  same  name  in  England,  his  version 
being  a  translation  of  Uiat  of  Schreyvogel.  Molifere's  ver- 
sion, "  La  princesse  d'Elide,"  was  a  failure.  Count  Carlo 
Oozzi  produced  it  in  Italian  as  "La  Frincipessa  Filosofla 
o  il  Contraveleno  "  ("  The  Philosophical  Princess  or  the 
Antidote  "). 

Desdichado  (des-di-cha'do).  ['Disinherited.'] 
In  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  "  Ivanhoe,"  the  de- 
vice assumed  by  Ivanhoe  in  the  tournament  at 
Ashby. 

De  senectute  (de  sen-ek-tu'te),  or  Cato  Major 
(ka'to  ma'jdr).  [L., 'on  old  age.']  A  short 
treatise  by  Cicero,  in  the  form  of  a  conversa- 
tion, devoted  to  the  praise  (in  the  person  of 
Cato  the  censor)  of  old  age.  It  was  written 
45  or  44  B.  c. 

Desenzano  (da-sen-za'no).  A  small  town  in 
northern  Italy,  situated  at  the  southern  end  of 
the  Lake  of  Garda,  16  miles  southeast  of  Brescia. 

Deseret  (dez-&-ret').  The  name  of  Utah  in  its 
earlier  history,  under  which  various  attempts 
were  made  to  gain  for  it  admittance  to  the 
Union. 

Desertas  (da-ser'tas),  Las.  A  group  of  small 
islands  in   the  Atlantic,   lying   southeast  of 

T^u  (^fi'i'T'fl, 

Deserted  Village,  The.  A  poem  by  Oliver 
Goldsmith,  begun  m  1768  and  published  in  1770. 
It  is  an  elegant  version  of  the  popular  declamation  of  the 
time  against  luxury  and  depopulation. 

Desfontaines  (da-f6n-tan'),  Ren6  Louiche. 
Born  at  Tremblay,  Ule-et-Vilaine,  France,  Feb. 
14, 1750 :  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  16, 1833.  A  French 
botanist.  His  chief  work  is  "  Flora  Atlantica  " 
(1798-1800). 

Deshoulidres  (da-zo-lyar'),  Madame  (Antoi- 
nette de  Ligier  de  la  Garde).  Born  at  Paris, 
Jan.  1, 1638 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  17, 1694.  One 
of  the  chief  female  poets  of  France,  author  of 
verse,  for  the  most  part  of  the  occasional  order 
(idyls,  odes,  elegiacs,  songs,  etc.),  and  two  un- 
successful tragedies. 

Desiderins  (des-l-de'ri-us).  The  last  king  of  the 
Lombards:  reigned  756-74. 

C  — 21 


321 

D£sirade  (da-ze-rad'),  La,  or  Deseada  (des- 
e-a'da).  An  island  of  the  French  West  Indies, 
situated  9  miles  east  of  Guadeloupe,  of  which 
it  is  a  dependency.  Area,  10  square  miles. 
Population  (1889),  1,398. 

Desjardins,  Catherine.  See  Villedieu,  Ma- 
dame de. 

Des  Moines  (de  moin).-  1.  A  river  in  Iowa 
which  rises  in  southwestern  Minnesota,  and 
joins  the  Mississippi  at  the  southeast  extremity 
of  Iowa,  4  miles  below  Keokuk.  Length,  from 
the  union  of  the  east  and  west  forks  (in  Humboldt  County, 
Iowa),  about  300  miles ;  total  length,  about  600  mUes ; 
navigable  to  the  city  of  Des  Moines. 
3.  The  capital  of  Iowa,  and  county-seat  of  Polk 
County,  situated  on  the  Des  Moines  Elver  in  lat . 
41°  86'  N.,  long.  93°  39'  W.  It  has  a  considerable 
trade,  and  is  a  center  of  extensive  and  varied  manufac- 
tures. It  became  the  State  capital  in  1857.  Population 
(1900),  62,139. 

Desmond,  Earls  and  Countesses  of.  B^eiMU- 
gerald. 

Desmoulins  (da-md-lan'),  Benoit  Camille. 
Bom  at  Guise,  Aisne,  France,  1760 :  guillotined 
at  Paris,  April  5,  1794.  A  celebrated  French 
revolutionist,  prominent  as  a  pamphleteer  and 
journalist.  In  1789  his  impassioned  harangues 
contributed  powerfully  to  the  popular  excite- 
ment which  culminated  in  the  storming  of  the 
Bastille.  He  was  a  deputy  to  the  Convention 
in  1792. 

Desnoyers  (da-nwa-ya').  Baron  Auguste  Gas- 
pard  Louis  Boucher.  Bom  at  Pans.  Dec.  20, 
1779:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.,  1857.  A  French 
engraver.  His  best-known  works  are  copies 
after  Baphael  ("La  belle  jardiniere"  and  the 
"  Transfiguration,"  etc.). 

Desolation  Island.    See  Kerguelen  Land. 

Desolation  Land  (des-o-la'shon  land),  or 
Desolation  Island.  Tie  norttwestemmost 
island  of  the  Tierra  del  Fuego  archipelago.  It 
has  belonged  to  Chile  since  1881. 

Desor  (da-z6r'),  £duard.  Bom  at  Friedrichs- 
dorf,  near  Homburg,  Prussia,  Feb.  11,  1811: 
died  at  Nice,  France,  Feb.  23,  1882.  A  Swiss 
geologist,  zoologist,  and  archssologist. 

De  Soto  (da  so'to),  Hernando.  See  Soto,  Her- 
nando de. 

Despair  (des-par'),  Giant.  A  giant  in  Bimyan's 
"Pilgrim's  Progress"  who  takes  Christian  and 
Hopeful  while  they  are  asleep  and  imprisons 
them  in  his  dungeons  in  Doubting  Castle. 

Despard  (des'pard),  Edward  Marcus.  Bom 
in  Queen's  County,  Ireland,  in  1751:  died  Feb. 
21,  1803.  An  Irish  conspirator.  He  entered  the 
army  in  1766,  obtained  the  rank  of  captain  about  1780,  and 
in  1784  was  appointed  superintendent  of  his  Majesty's 
affairs  in  the  Spanish  peninsula  of  Yucatan.  Having  been 
dismissed  from  this  office  on  a  frivolous  charge,  he  organ- 
ized a  conspiracy  against  the  government,  in  consequence 
of  which  he  was  arrested  Kov.  16,  1802,  and  hanged  at 
London. 

Despenser  (de-spen's6r),  Hugh  le.  Died  Aug. 
4, 1265.  A  justiciar  of  England.  He  first  appears 
in  1266,  when  he  was  Intrusted  with  Harestan  Castle,  Derby- 
shire. The  first  mention  of  him  as  justiciar  Is  found  in 
the  Fine  Bolls  in  1261.  He  joined  the  baronial  party  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  war  with  Henry  III.  in  1263,  and  fell 
in  the  battle  of  Evesham. 

Despenser,  Hugh  le.  Bom  about  1262:  died 
Oct.  27  (?),  1326.  An  English  court  favorite.  He 
was  the  graiidson  of  the  justiciar  Hugh  le  Despenser,  who 
fell  in  the  baronial  ranks  at  Evesham.  He  was  with  the 
king  in  Gascony  in  1294,  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Dun- 
bar in  1296,  accompanied  the  expedition  to  Flanders  in 
1297,  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  Pope  Clement  V.  at  Lyons 
in  1306,  and  was  created  earl  of  Winchester  In  1322.  On 
the  death  of  thefavorite  Piers  Gaveston  in  1312,  he  became 
the  leader  of  the  court  party  in  opposition  to  the  baronial, 
and  together  with  his  son  Hugh  le  Despenser  obtained  a 
complete  ascendancy  over  Edward  II.  The  unscrupulous 
manner  in  which  the  favorites  used  their  power  to  further 
schemes  of  self-aggrandizement  caused  them  to  be  ban- 
ished 1321-22,  and  brought  about  a  rising  of  the  barons 
under  Queen  Isabella  in  1326,  which  ended  in  the  deposi- 
tion of  the  king  and  the  execution  of  the  favorites.  The 
elder  Despenser  was  captured  at  the  surrender  of  Bnstol, 
where  he  was  tried  and  executed  on  the  charge  of  treason. 

Despenser,  Hugh  le.  Died  Nov.,  1326.  An  Eng- 
lish court  favorite,  son  of  Hugh  le  Despenser, 
earl  of  Winchester.  He  was  appointed  chamberlain 
to  Edward  II.  in  1313.  Originally  an  adherent  of  the  ba- 
ronial party,  he  joined  his  father  (whom  see)  in  the  sup- 
port of  the  king  about  1317,  and  obtained  in  an  especial 
degree  the  royal  favor.  He  was  banished  with  his  father 
in  1321,  returning  with  him  in  1322.  On  the  rising  of  the 
barons  under  Queen  Isabella  in  1326,  caused  by  the  inscH 
lence  and  self-seektag  of  himself  and  his  father,  he  fled 
with  Edward  from  London,  Oct.  2, 1326,  but  was  captured 
at  Llantrissaint  Nov.  16, 1326,  and  was  tried  and  executed 
on  the  charge  of  treason. 

Des  P&iers,  Bonaventure.    See  Beptameron. 

Des  Flaines  (da  plan),  or  Aux  Plaines  (o 
plan).  A  river  in  southeastem  Wisconsin  and 
northeastern  Illinois,  which  unites  with  the 


DetaiUe 

Kankakee  to  form  the  Illinois  40  mUes  south' 
west  of  Chicago.  Length,  about  150  miles. 
Despoblado  (daz-po-bla'do).  [Sp.,  'uninhab- 
ited.'] The  name  given  in  the  Andean  regions 
of  South  America  to  any  barren  plateau  which 
is  so  high  and  cold  as  to  be  practically  unin- 
habitable. Also  called  PiMa.  Specifically— (o)  In 
southern  Peru,  the  region  between  the  central  and  west- 
em  Cordilleras,  an  undulating  tract  from  14,000  to  18  000 
feet  high,  with  a  general  breadth  of  about  150  miles,  nar- 
rowing northwardand  extending  southward  on  the  borders 
of  Chile  and  Bolivia,  (i)  A  desert  plateau  in  southern 
Bolivia  (department  of  Potosl),  on  the  borders  of  Argen- 
tina. 

Desportes  (da-port'),  Philippe.  Bom  at  Char- 
tres,  1545 :  died  Oct.  5,  1606.  A  French  poet, 
ecclesiastic,  and  diplomatist,  a  disciple  of  Ron- 
sard,  sumamed  by  his  contemporaries  "the 
French  Tibullus." 

Dessaiz  (de-sa'),  Joseph  Marie.  Bom  at 
Thonon,  Haute-Savoie,  Prance,  Sept.  24,  1764: 
died  Oct.  26,  1834.  A  French  general  in  the 
Napoleonic  wars,  sumamed  by  Napoleon ' '  I/In- 
trSpide"  after  the  battle  of  Wagram  (1809). 

Dessalines  (de-sa-len'),  Jean  Jacques.  Bom 
at  Grande  Riviere,  1758:  died  near  Port-au- 
Prince,  Oct.  17, 1806.  A  negro  revolutionist  of 
Haiti.  He  was  a  slave,  joined  the  servile  insurrection 
of  1791,  rose  to  be  second  in  command  under  Toussaint 
Louverture,  and  fought  against  the  -mulattos ;  he  was 
notorious  for  savage  courage  and  cruelty.  In  1802  he  re- 
sisted Leclerc's  army  in  the  west,  but  finally  submitted. 
After  Toussaint  had  been  carried  to  France  he  headed 
another  revolt,  and,  aided  by  the  English,  drove  out  the 
French  (1803).  On  Jan.  1, 1804,  he  was  proclaimed  gover- 
nor-general of  Haiti  for  life,  and  on  June  16,  1805,  empe- 
ror, as  Jean  Jacques  I.  His  despotism  incited  hatred,  and 
he  was  eventually  waylaid  and  killed. 

Dessau  (des'sou).  The  capita!  of  Anhalt,  Ger- 
many, situated  on  the  Mulde  near  its  junction 
with  the  Elbe,  in  lat.  51°  50'  N.,  long.  12°  14' 
E.  It  contains  the  ducal  palace  (with  art  collections), 
several  other  art  collections,  and  the  Schlosskirche.  It 
was  founded  by  Albert  the  Bear,  and  was  the  birthplace 
of  Moses  Mendelssohn.    Population  (1890),  34,658. 

DessoUes,  or  DessoUe  (de-sol'),  Marquis  Jean 
Joseph  Paul  Augustin.  Bom  at  Aueh,  Gers, 
Prance,  Oct.  3,  1767:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  4, 
1828.  A  French  general  and  politician.  He 
served  with  distinction  under  Moreau  in  Italy  in  1799, 
in  Germany  in  1800,  and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
1818-19. 

De  Stael,  Madame.    See  Stasl,  de. 

D'Este.    See  Este,  d'. 

De  Stendhal.  The  pseudonym  of  Marie  Henri 
Beyle. 

Desterro  (daz-ter'ro),  or  Nossa  Senhora  do 
Desterro,  or  Santa  Catharina.  A  seaport 
and  the  capital  of  the  state  of  Santa  Catharina, 
Brazil,  situated  on  the  western  side  of  the  island 
of  Santa  Catharina,  in  lat.  27°  36'  S.,  long.  48° 
30'  W.    Population,  about  6,000. 

Destiny  (des'ti-ni).  A  novel  by  Miss  Ferrier, 
dedicated  to  Sir  Walter  Scott,  and  published 
anonymously  in  1831. 

Destouches  (da-tosh'),  Philippe  N^ricault. 
Bom  at  Tours.  France,  Aug.  22,  1680:  died 
near  Melun,  France,  July  4,  1754.  A  noted 
French  dramatist.  His  works  include  "Le  curieux 
impertinent"  (1710),  "Le  philosophe  mari^  "  (1727),  "Le 
glorieux  "  (1732)^  etc. 

Destouches  wrote  seventeen  comedies ;  and,  if  bulk  and 
general  merit  of  work  are  taken  together,  he  deserves  the 
first  place  among  the  comic  dramatists  of  the  century  in 
France.  Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  409. 

Destutt  de  Tracy  (de-stfif  ds  tra-se'),  Comte 
Alexandre  C6sar  Victor  Charles.  Born  at 
Paris,  Sept.  9,  1781:  died  at  Paray-le-Fr^sil, 
Allier,  France,  March  13, 1864.  A  French  offi- 
cer, politician,  and  writer :  son  of  Antoine 
Destutt. 

Destutt  de  Tracy,  Antoine  .Louis  Claude, 
Comte  de  Tracy.  Bom  at  Paris,  July  20, 
1754:  died  March  10,  1836.  A  French  philoso- 
pher, deputy  to  the  Constituent  Assembly  in 
1789.  His  chief  works  are  "i^ltoents  d'idSologie" 
(1801-16),  "Commentaire  sur  I'esprit  des  lois"  (1811  and 
1819). 

Desvres  (da'vr).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Pas-de-Calais,  France,  12  miles  east  of  Bou- 
logne.    Population  (1891),  commune,  4,801. 

DetaiUe  (de-tay'),  Jean  Baptiste  Edouard. 

Bom  at  Paris,  Oct.  5,  1848.  A  French  battle- 
painter.  During  the  Franco-Prussian  war  he  was  the 
secretary  of  General  Pajol,  and  later  of  General  Appert. 
Many  of  his  pictures  show  the  result  of  his  studies  from 
life  at  this  period.  Among  them  are  "  En  Eetraite  "  fl873), 
"Charge  du  Qeroe  cuirassiers  k  Morsbronn  "  (1874),  *'Le  re- 
giment qui  passe"  (1875),  "Salut  aux  blesses  "(1877),  "Le 
rSve"  (1888),  "Charge  du  1"  hussards"  (bought  for  the 
Luxembourg  in  1891).  Besides  some  minor  illustrations 
he  furnished  designs  in  1885-S8  for  a  book  containing  all 
the  types  and  uniforms  of  the  French  army. 


Detmold 

Detmold  (det'mold).  The  capital  of  Lippe,  Ger- 
many, situated  on  the  Werre  46  miles  south- 
west of  Hannover,  it  haa  a  Eesidenz-Schlosa  and  r. 
New  Palace,  and  is  the  birthplace  o{  jFreiligrath.  Three 
miles  southwest  is  the  Grotenburg  Oieight  1,160  feet)  with 
the  Hermanns  Denkmal.  See  Hermanns  Denbmal.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  9,733. 

Detmold,  Johann  Hermann.  Bom  at  Han- 
nover, Germany,  July  24,  1807:  died  there, 
March  17, 1856.  A  German  politician  and  satiri- 
cal writer.  He  was  elected  to  the  national  assembly 
in  1848,  and  in  1849  was  for  a  short  time  minister  of  justice 
and  of  the  interior.  He  wrote  "  Anleitung  zur  Kunstken- 
nerschaft"(1833),  "Ilandzeichnungen"(1843),  and  "Thaten 
und  Meinungen  des  Herrn  Plepmpier    (1849). 

De  Tocqueville.    See  Tocqueville. 

Detroit  (de-troif).  [From  F.  detroit,  strait.] 
A  port  of  entry  and  the  capital  of  "Wayne  Coun- 
ty, Michigan,  situated  on  the  Detroit  River  in 
lat.  42°  20'  N.,  long.  83°  5'  W.  It  is  the  first  city 
in  Michigan,  and  has  a  large  American  and  Canadian 
trade  in  grain,  wool,  copper,  pork,  etc.  Among  its  chief 
manufactures  are  car-wheels.  It  was  first  visited  by  the 
French  in  1610 ;  settled  by  them  under  Cadillac  in  1701 ; 
ceded  to  the  British  in  1763 ;  besieged  by  Pontiao  1763-64 ; 
ceded  to  the  United  States  in  1783,  but  not  occupied  until 
1796 ;  surrendered  by  Hull  to  the  British  in  1812  ;  and  re- 
covered by  the  United  States  in  1813.  It  was  the  State 
capital  from  1837  to  1847.  Pop.  (1900),  286,704. 

Detroit  Biver.  A  river  which  flows  from 
Lake  St.  Clair  into  Lake  Erie,  and  separates 
Michigan  from  the  province  of  Ontario,  Can- 
ada.   Length,  ahout  25  miles. 

Dettingen  (det'ting-en).  A  village  in  Lower 
Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  wie  Main  16 
miles  southeast  of  Frankfort.  Here,  June  27, 1743, 
the  Anglo-Oerman  army  under  George  II.  of  England  de- 
feated the  French  under  Noailles. 

Deucalion  (dfi-ka'li-on).  [Gr.  AcvKo^iov.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a  king  of  Phthia  in  Thessaly,  a 
son  of  Prometheus  and  Clymene,  who  with  his 
wife  Pyrrha  was  saved  from  a  deluge  sent  by 
Zeus.  On  the  advice  of  his  father  he  built  a  wooden 
chest  in  which  he  and  his  wife  were  saved.  After  float- 
ing for  nine  days  he  landed  on  Mount  Parnassus  and  sac- 
rificed to  Zeus.  To  renew  the  human  race,  destroyed  by 
the  deluge,  he  and  Pyrrha  were  directed  to  veil  their 
faces  and  throw  behind  them  the  bones  of  their  mother. 
Through  a  misunderstanding  they  threw  stones,  and  those 
thrown  by  Deucalion  became  men  and  those  thrown  by 
Pyrrha  women ;  and  with  these  Deucalion  founded  a  king- 
dom in  Locris. 

Deuteronomy  (dii-te-ron'o-mi).  [LGr.  dsvTspo- 
vd/iim,  the  second  law.]  The  fifth  and  last  hook 
of  the  Pentateuch,  containing  the  last  discourses 
of  Moses,  delivered  in  the  plain  of  Moab.  It  be- 
gins with  a  recapitulation  of  the  events  of  the  last  month 
of  the  forty  years'  wandering  of  the  Israelites  in  the  des- 
ert (i.-iv.  40) ;  then  follows  the  main  body  of  the  book,  set- 
ting forth  the  laws  which  were  to  regulate  the  Israelites 
when  they  should  become  settled  in  the  promised  land ; 
while  chapters  xxvi.-xxxiii.  contain  the  farewell  speeches 
of  Moses.  Deuteronomy  is  a  manual  of  religion  and  social 
ethics.  Compared  with  the  other  books  of  the  Pentateuch 
it  is  distinguished  by  a  warm,  oratorical  tone.  The  laws 
of  the  preceding  books  are  modified,  and  their  presenta- 
tion is  more  spiritual  and  ethical.  On  account  of  these 
differences  Deuteronomy  is  now  assigned  by  many  critics 
to  a  different  author  and  date  from  the  rest  of  the  Penta- 
teuch. Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  so-called  reformation 
of  King  Josiah  appears  to  carry  out  the  principles  of 
Deuteronomy,  it  is  concluded  that  "  the  book  of  the  law  " 
discovered  by  the  priest  Hilkiah  in  the  temple  in  622  B.  c, 
which  began  the  reformation  of  Josiah,  was  Deuteronomy. 
But  its  composition  must  certainly  have  originated  at  an 
earlier  date.  This  is  put  by  many  critics  in  the  reign  of 
Menaaseh,  698-643  B.  0. 

Deutsch  (doich),  Emmanuel  Oscar  Mena- 
hem.  Born  at  Neisse,  Prussia,  Oct.  28,  1829: 
died  at  Alexandria,  Egypt,  May  12,  1873.  A 
German  Orientalist,  of  Hebrew  descent,  assis- 
tant in  the  British  Museum  library. 

Deutsch-Brod  (doich'brot).  A  town  in  Bohe- 
mia, situated  on  the  Sazawa  60  miles  southeast 
of  Prague.   Population  (1890),  commune,  5,735. 

Deutsct-Krone  (doich'kro'ne).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  West  Prussia,  Prussia,  62  miles 
north  of  Posen.'   Population  (1890),  5,782. 

DeutZ  (doits).  A  town  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Rhine 
opposite  Cologne:  the  Roman  Divitia,  later 
(after  the  10th  century)  Tuitium.  Population 
(1890),  17,681. 

Deux  Amis  (de-za-me'),  Les.  [P.,  'the  two 
friends.']  A  play  by  Beaumarchais,  produced 
in  1770. 

Deux-Ponts  (de-p6n').  [F.,  'two  bridges.'] 
See  Zweibrucken. 

Deux-S6vres  (de-savr').  [F.,  'two  Sfevres': 
from  the  two  rivers  S6vre  Nantaise  and  Sevre 
Niortaise.]  A  department  of  France,  bounded 
by  Malne-et-Loire  on  the  north,  Vienne  on  the 
east,  Charente  and  Charente-Inffirieure  on  the 
south,  and  Vendue  on  the  west.  Capital,  Niort. 
It  was  formed  chiefiy  from  parts  of  Poitou,  Aunis,  and 
aaintonge.  Area,  2,317  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
364,282. 

I 


-      322 

Deva  (da'vS,).  [Skt.,  'heavenly,'  and,  as  a  sub- 
stantive, 'god.']  A  deity.  The  Devas  were 
later  reckoned  as  33 :  12  Adityas,  8  Vasus,  11 
Rudras,  and  2  Asvins. 

Deva  (de'va).  The  ancient  name  of  Chester 
(which  see),  and  also  of  the  Dee. 

D6va  (da'vo).  A  small  town  in  Transylvania, 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Maros  37  miles  south- 
west of  Karlsbiirg. 

Devanagari  (da-va-na'ga-re).  [Skt., 'of  the  city 
of  the  gods  or  Brahmans.']  The  mode  of  writ- 
ing Sanskrit  employed  in  Hindustan  proper,  and 
alone  adopted  by  European  scholars :  a  name  of 
doubtful  origin  and  value. 

Devaprayaga  (da-va-pra-ya'ga),  or  Deoprag 
(da-6-prag').  A  sacred  city  of  the  Hindus,  sit- 
uated in  Garhwal,  British  India,  in  lat.  30°  9' 
N.,  long.  78°  39'  E.,  where  the  Alaknanda  and 
Bhagirathi  unite  to  form  the  Ganges. 

Devarshis  (da-var'shiz).  [Skt.]  In  Hindu  re- 
ligion, Devarishis  or  sages  who  have  attained 
perfection  upon  earth,  and  have  been  exalted  as 
demigods  to  heaven. 

Devens  (dev'ens),  Charles.  Bom  at  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  April  4, 1820 :  died  at  Boston,  Jan. 
7,  1891.  An  American  jurist  and  general.  He 
served  with  distinction  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  1861- 
1865,  and  was  attorney-general  of  the  United  States  1877- 
1881. 

Deventer  (de'ven-ter),  or  Demter  (dem'ter). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Overyssel,  Nether- 
lands, situated  on  the  Yssel  22  miles  northeast 
of  Arnhem.  It  produces  "Deventer  honey- 
cakes,"  butter,  iron,  etc.  (See  the  extract.) 
Population  (1889),  22,293. 

A  proof  of  this  character  was  given  in  an  institution  of 
considerable  influenoe  both  upon  learning  and  religion, 
the  college  or  brotherhood  of  Deventer,  planned  by  Gerard 
Groot,  but  not  built  and  inhabited  till  1400,  fifteen  years 
after  his  death.  The  associates  of  this,  called  by  different 
names,  but  more  usually  Brethren  of  the  Life  in  Common 
{Oemaineslebens),  or  Good  Brethren  and  Sisters,  were  dis- 
persed in  different  parts  of  Germany  and  the  Low  Coun- 
tries, hut  with  their  head  college  at  Deventer.  They  bore 
an  evident  resemblance  to  the  modern  Moravians,  by  their 
strict  lives,  their  community  (at  least  a  partial  one)  of 
goods,  their  industry  in  manual  labour,  their  fervent  devo- 
tion, their  tendency  to  mysticism.       Hdllemi,  Lit.,  p.  75. 

De  Vere  (de  ver').  Sir  Aubrey,  Bom  at  Cur- 
ragh  Chase,  County  Limerick,  Ireland,  Aug.  28, 
1788:  died  there,  July  5,  1846.  An  Irish  poet. 
He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Sir  Vere  Hunt,  and  took  the  an- 
cestral name  of  De  Vere  in  1832  by  letters  patent  He  pub- 
lished "  Julian  the  Apostate  "  (1822),  "  The  Song  of  Faith," 
etc.  (1842),  "Mary  Tudor"  (1B47:  posthumously  pub- 
lished), etc. 

De  Vere,  Aubrey  Thomas.,  Bom  at  Curragh 
Chase,  County  Limerick,  Ireland,  Jan.  10, 1814 : 
died  there,  Jan.  20, 1902.  An  Irish  poet,  son  of 
Sir  Aubrey  De  Vere.  He  wi-ote  "  The  Waldenses," 
etc.  (1842),  poems  in  1843,  1863,  1857,  1861,  1864,  "Irish 
Odes^'  (1869),  "Alexander  the  Great "  (1874),  "  Legends  of 
the  Saxon  Saints  "  (1879),  etc.  His  prose  works  consist  of 
" English  Misrule  and  Irish  Misdeeds "  (1848),  "Pleas  for 
Secularization  "  (1867),  "The  Church  Establishment  of  Ire- 
land "  (1867),  etc.,  and  several  volumes  of  essays  (1887-89). 

De  Vere,  Maximilian  Scheie.  Born  near 
WexiS,  Sweden,  Nov.  1,  1820:  died  1898.  An 
American  philologist,  professor  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia.  He  published  "Comparative  Philol- 
ogy" (1853),  "Stray  Leaves  from  the  Book  of  Nature" 
(1866),  "Americanisms,"  etc.  (1871),  "  Komance  of  Amer- 
ican History  "  (1872) ,  a  number  of  translations  from  Spiel- 
hagen,  and  "  Myths  of  the  Rhine,"  translated  from  X.  B. 
Saintine  (1874). 

Devereux  (dev'e-r8).  A  novel  by  Bulwer,  pub- 
lished in  1829. 

Devereux,  Penelope.  A  lady  loved  by  Sir 
Philip  Sidney,  and  celebrated  by  him  under  the 
name  of  Stella.    See  Astrophel. 

Devereux,  Kobert,  second  Earl  of  Essex.  Bom 
at  Netherwood,  Herefordshire,  England,  Nov. 
10,  1567 :  beheaded  at  London,  Feb.  25,  1601. 
An  English  nobleman,  son  of  the  first  Earl  of 
Essex,  and  a  favorite  of  (Jueen  Elizabeth.  He 
was  appointed  in  1585  general  of  the  horse  to  the  expedi- 
tion sent  under  Leicester  to  the  aid  of  the  States-General. 
In  1687  he  attended  the  court  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  who  at 
this  time  began  to  show  him  immistakable  signs  of  atten- 
tion. He  married  the  widow  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney  in  1590, 
became  a  privy  councilor  in  1693,  commanded  the  land 
forces  in  the  expedition  against  Cadiz  in  1696,  was  ap- 
pointed earl  marshal  of  England  in  1697,  and  became 
chancellor  of  Cambridge  University  in  1698.  In  1699  he 
was  appointed  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  in  which  post 
he  aroused  the  queen's  anger  by  the  failure  of  his  opera- 
tions against  the  Irish  rebels.  He  returned  to  England  to 
lay  his  aefensebefore  thequeen  in  person,  and, faUiug  tore- 
gain  his  standing  at  court,  formed  a  conspiracy  to  compel 
her  by  force  of  arms  to  dismiss  his  enemies  in  the  council. 
He  was  arrested  and  executed  on  the  Charge  of  treason. 

Devereux,  Robert,  third  Earl  of  Essex.  Bom 
at  London,  1591 :  died  Sept.  14, 1646.  An  Eng- 
lish general,  son  of  the  second  Earl  of  Essex. 
He  was  appointed  general  of  the  Parliamentary  army  on 
the  outbreak  of  the  oivU  war  in  1642 ;  fought  the  Royalist 
forces  in  the  drawn  battle  of  Edgehill  in  1642 ;  captured 


Devil  upon  Two  Sticks,  The 

Reading,  relieved  Gloucester,  and  gained  the  first  battle 
of  Newbury  in  1643 ;  lost  his  army  in  the  unsuccessful 
campaign  in  Cornwall  in  1644  ;  and  resigned  his  command 
on  the  passage  of  the  SeU-Denying  Ordinance  in  1645. 

Devereux,  Walter,  first  Earl  of  Essex.  Born 
in  Carmarthenshire,  Wales,  probably  in  1541 : 
died  at  Dublin,  Sept.  22,  1576.  An  English 
nobleman .  He  raised  in  1669  a  troop  of  soldiers  to  assist 
in  suppressing  the  northern  rebellion  under  the  earls  of 
Northumbria  and  Westmoreland,  for  which  service  he  was 
created  earl  of  Essex  in  1672.  He  made  an  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  subdue  and  colonize  Ulster  1673-76. 

Deveron  (dev'e-ron).  A  river  in  Aberdeen- 
shire and  Banffsliire,  Scotland,  which  flows  into 
Moray  Firth  at  BanfE.    Length,  about  60  miles. 

Devi  (da've).  In  Hindu  mythology,  "  the  god- 
dess "  or  Mahadevi  ( '  the  great  goddess '),  wife  of 
the  god  Shiva  and  daughter  of  Himavat  (that  is, 
the  Himalaya  Mountains).  She  is  mentioned  under 
a  number  of  names  in  the  Mahabharata,  but  is  specially 
developed  in  the  Puranas.  As  the  Shakti  or  female  energy 
of  Shiva,  she  has  two  characters,  one  mild,  the  other 
fierce,  and  it  is  under  the  latter  that  she  is  especially  wor- 
shiped. She  has  various  names,  referring  to  her  various 
forms.  In  her  terrible  form  she  is  Durga  ('  the  macces. 
sible ').  It  is  in  this  character  that  bloody  sacrifices  are 
offered  to  her,  that  the  barbarities  of  the  Durgapuja  and 
Charakpuja  are  perpetrated,  and  that  the  orgies  of  the 
Tantrikas  are  held  in  her  honor. 

De  Vigny.    See  Vigny. 

Devil  (dev'l),  The.  A  noted  tavern  in  Fleet 
street,  London,  near  Temple  Bar.  The  Apollo 
Club  was  held  here.  It  was  presided  over  by  Ben  Jon- 
son.  Shakspere,  Beaumont,  Fletcher,  and  other  celebrities 
frequented  it.  The  tavern  has  been  absorbed  by  Child's 
Bank,  one  of  the  oldest  banks  in  London,  which  occupied 
the  next  house. 

Devil,  The  White.    See  White  Devil. 

Devil  and  his  Dam,  The.  See  Grim  the  Col- 
lier of  Groyden. 

Devil  is  an  Ass,  The.  A  comedy  by  Ben  Jon- 
son,  first  acted  in  1616.  Jonson  evidently  had  in 
mind  the  title  of  Dekker's  play  (published  1612)  "If  it 
be  not  Good  the  Devil  is  in  it " ;  the  devil  in  Jonson 's 
play  being  an  ass  in  comparison  to  the  characters  who 
buffet  and  completely  overreach  him. 

Devil  of  Dowgate,  The,  or  Usury  Put  to  Use. 

See  Mght- Walker,  The  (by  Fletcher). 
Devil  of  Edmonton.    See  Merry  Devil  of  Md^ 

monton.  • 

Deville,  Sainte-Claire.    See  Sainte-Claire  De- 

ville. 
Devil's  Bridge.  A  stone  bridge  over  the  Reuss, 

in  the  canton  of  Uri,  Switzerland,  on  the  St. 

Gotthard  Pass,  near  Andermatt.     It  was  partly 

destroyed  by  the  French  in  1799.     A  new  bridge  (near 

the  original  one)  was  built  1828-30. 

Devil's  Bridge,  or  Pont-y-Mynach  (pont-e- 
mun'aeh).  A  bridge  over  the  gorge  of  the 
Mynach,  near  Aberystwith,  in  Wales. 

Devil's  Dyke.  An  ancient  earthwork,  18  feet 
high  (of  prehistoric  date),  in  Cambridgeshire, 
England,  extending  from  Reach  to  Wood-Dit- 
ton.  There  is  another  natural ' '  Devil's  Dyke  " 
near  Brighton,  England. 

The  Devil's  Dyke,  as  this  barrier  is  called,  is  clearly  a 
work  of  defence  against  enemies  advancing  from  the 
Fens ;  and  as  a  defence  to  the  East  Anglians  it  was  of 
priceless  value,  for,  stretching  as  it  did  from  a  point 
where  the  country  became  fenny  and  impassable  to  a 
point  where  the  woods  equally  forbade  all  access,  it 
covered  the  only  entrance  to  the  country  they  had  won. 
But  if  the  dyke  be  the  work  of  the  conquerors  of  this  part 
of  the  coast,  its  purely  defensive  character  shows  that 
their  attack  was  at  an  end ;  and  that  it  was  rather  as  as- 
sailants than  as  a  prey  that  they  regarded  the  towns  of 
Central  Britain.  Oreen,  Making  of  England,  p.  61. 

Devil's  Lake.  A  lake  in  the  northeastern  part 
of  North  Dakota.    Length,  50  miles. 

Devil's  Law-Case,  The.  A  romantic  comedy 
by  Webster,  printed  in  1623. 

Devil's  Parliament.  [L.  Parliamentum  Dia- 
bolicum.l  A  nickname  given  to  the  English 
Parliament  which  met  at  Coventry,  England, 
in  1459.    It  attainted  the  leading  Yorkists. 

Devil's  Thoughts,  The.  A  short  poem  by  Cole- 
ridge and  Southey,  sometimes  known  as  "The 
Devil's  Walk." 

The  famous  "Devil's  Thoughts"  had  appeared  in  its 
first  form  on  6  Sept.  1799.  The  first  three  stanzas  of  four- 
teen were  by  Southey.  This  amusing  doggerel  was  re- 
printed in  Coleridge's  "Sibylline  Leaves"  (1817),  and  in 
his  collected  poems,  1829  and  1834,  with  due  staieinent  of 
Southey's  share.  It  was  imitated  by  Byron  and  claimed 
for  Person.  In  Southey's  poems  it  is  reprinted  with  many 
additional  stanzas,  including  some  referring  to  the  Person 
story.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog.,  XI.  308. 

Devil's  Wall.  A  popular  name  for  the  south- 
ern portion  of  the  Roman  fortification  called 
the  Pfahlgraben  (which  see). 

Devil  upon  Two  Sticks,  The.  A  comedy  by 
Foote,  first  plaved  May  30, 1768,  and  printed  in 
1778.  Foote  took  it  from  Le  Sage's  "Le  diable 
boiteux,"  and  himself  played  5ie  part  of  the 
devil.    See  Asmodeus. 


Devizes 

Devizes  (de--ra'zez).  [Formerly  also  De  Vies 
(whence  the  mistaken  forms  Tfee  Vies,  The  Vise, 
The  Vizes) ;  ME.  "Devises,  ML.  Bivisee,  orig.  Caa- 
trum  Dwisarum,  city  of  the  borders  (ML.  di- 
visie).'\  A  town  in  Wiltshire,  England,  27  miles 
southeast  of  Bristol.  It  has  a  trade  in  grain. 
Population  (1891),  6,426. 

Devon.    See  Devonshire. 

Devonport  (dev'on-port).  A  seaport  and  mu- 
nicipal and  parliamentary  borough  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  estuary  of  the 
Tamar,  known  as  the  Hamoaze,  2  miles  west 
of  Plymouth,  it  has  an  important  naval  arsenal,  and 
is  noted  for  its  dockyards.  Until  1824  it  was  called  Ply- 
mouth Dock.    Population  (1901),  69,674. 

Devonshire  (dev'on-shir),  or  Devon  (dev'on). 
[ML.  DevensoMre,  AS.  Defena  scir,  shire  of  "the 
I)evons(De/e»as),theinhabitants  of  the  region.] 
A  maritime  county  of  southwestern  England, 
lying  between  Bristol  Channel  on  the  west  and 
north,  Somerset  and  Dorset  on  the  northeast 
and  east,  the  English  Channel  on  the  south- 
east and  south,  and  Cornwall  on  the  west. 
Dartmoor  and  the  Vale  ol  Exeter  are  noted  natural  fea- 
tures. Its  chief  mineral  products  are  copper  and  tin,  and 
the  county  is  noted  for  its  cattle  and  cider.  Counl^  town, 
Exeter.  Area,  2,605  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
631,808. 

Devonshire,  Earl  and  Duke  of.  See  Blount, 
Courtenay,  Cavendish. 

Devonshire  Club.  A  Liberal  club  at  50  St. 
James  street,  London,  established  in  1875. 

Devonshire  House.  A  house  in  Piccadilly, 
London,  near  Berkeley  street,  it  is  the  residence 
of  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  and  was  for  more  than  a  cen- 
tury one  of  the  headctuarters  of  the  leaders  of  the  Whig 
party. 

Devrient  (dev-ryon'),  Gustav  Emil.  Bom 
at  Berlin,  Sept.  4, 1803:  died  at  Dresden,  Aug. 
7,  1872.  A  German  actor,  brother  of  K.  A. 
Devrient. 

Devrient,  Karl  August.  Born  at  Berlin,  April 
5,  1797:  died  at  Lauterberg,  ia  the  Harz,  Uer- 
many,  Aug.  3, 1872.  A  German  actor,  nephew 
of  Ludwig  Devrient. 

Devrient,  Ludwig.  Bom  at  Berlin,  Dec.  15, 
1784 :  died  at  Berlin,  Dec.  20, 1832.  A  noted  Ger- 
man actor. 

Devrient,  Philipp  Eduard.  Bom  at  Berlin, 
Aug.  11,  1801:  died  at  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  Oct. 
4,  1877.  A  German  actor,  dramatic  writer, 
and  playwright :  brother  of  Karl  August  Dev- 
rient. His  chief  work  is  a  "  Geschiohte  der 
deutschen  Sehauspielkunst"  (1848-74). 

Dewangiri  (da-wan-ge're),  or  Diwangiri  (de- 
wSn-ge're).  A  place  in  Bhutan,  situated  in 
lat.  26°  55'  N.,  long.  91°  20'  B.  it  was  the  scene 
of  engagements  between  the  Bhuti^s  and  English  troops 
in  1865. 

D'Ewes  (duz).  Sir  Simonds.  Bom  at  Coxden, 
Dorsetshire,  England,  Dee.  18,  1602:  died  at 
Stow  Langtoft  Hall,  Suffolk,  April  8, 1650.  An 
English  antiquary  and  chronicler.  He  colleoted 
journals  of  all  the  Parliaments  during  the  reign  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  (published  1682).  His  manuscripts  were  sold, 
after  his  death,  to  Sir  Robert  Harley  (afterward  Earl  of 
Oxford]^  and  are  now  in  the  British  Museum. 

De  Wette  (de  wet'te  or  vet'te),  Wilhelm  Mar> 
tin  Leberecht.  Bom  at  Ulla,  near  Weimar, 
Germany,  Jan.  12, 1780:  died  at  Basel,  Switzer- 
land, June  16,  1849.  A  celebrated  German 
Protestant  theologian  and  biblical  critic,  pro- 
fessor at  Heidelberg  1807-10,  at  BerUn  1810- 
1819,  and  at  Basel  1822-49.  His  chief  works  are 
"  BeitrSge  zur  Einleitung  in  das  Alte  Testament "  (1806-07), 
"Eommentar  iiber  die  Psalmen  "  (1811),  "  Lelirbuch  der 
hebrai'scb-judischen  ArchSologie  "  (1814),  "  tJber  Keligion 
und  Tbeologie"  (1815),  "lelirbuch  der  Christlichen  Dog- 
matik"(181»-16),  etc. 

Dewey  (du'i),  Chester.  Bom  at  Shefaeld, 
Mass.,  Oat.  25,  1784':  died  at  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
Dec.  15,  1867.  An  American  clergyman  and 
botanist. 

Dewey,  George.  Bom  at  Montpelier,  Vt., 
Dec.  26,  1837.  An  American  admiral.  He  was 
graduated  from  the  United  States  D'aval  Academy  in 
1858 ;  served  under  Farragut  as  lieutenant  on  the  Missis- 
sippi in  1862 ;  and  took  part  in  the  attack  on  Fort  Fisher 
1864-66.  He  was  promoted  lieutenant-commander  in 
March,  1866 ;  commander  in  1872;  captain  in  1884  ;  com- 
modore in  1896 ;  rear-admiral  in  1898 ;  and  admiral  in  1899. 
He  has  served  on  the  Lighthouse  Board,  and  has  been  chief 
of  the  Bureau  of  Equipment  and  president  of  the  Board 
of  Inspection  and  Survey.  Having  been  placed  in  com. 
mand  of  the  Asiatic  Station,  on  May  1, 1898,  a  few  days 
after  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with  Spain,  he  destroyed 
the  Spanish  fleet  off  Cavitd  in  the  Bay  of  Manila.  On 
Aug.  18  his  fleet  aided  the.  troops  under  General  Merritt 
tn  the  capture  of  Manila. 

Dewey,  Orville.  Bom  at  Sheffield,  Mass., 
March  28,  1794 :  died  at  Sheffield,  March  21, 
1882.    An  American  Unitarian  clergyman  and 


323 

■writer.  His  works  include  "Human  Nature  " 
"Human  Life,"  "Unitarian  Belief,"  etc. 

De  Winter  (de  via'ter),  Jan  Willem.  Bom 
in  Texel,  Netherlands,  1750 :  died  at  Paris,  June 
2,  1812.  A  Dutch  admiral,  commander  at  the 
battle  of  Camperdown,  Oct.  11,  1797. 

De  Witt  (de  vit'),  Cornelius.  Born  at  Dort, 
Netherlands,  1623:  murdered  at  The  Hague, 
Aug.  20,  1672.  A  Dutch  politician  and  naval 
officer^  brother  of  Jan  De  Witt. 

De  Witt,  Jan.  Born  at  Dort,  Netherlands, 
about  1625:  murdered  at  The  Hague,  Aug.  20, 
1672.  A  Dutch  statesman.  He  became  grand  pen- 
sionary of  Holland  in  166S;  terminated  the  war  with  Eng- 
land (which  had  broken  out  in  1652)  by  a  treaty  with 
Cromwell  in  1654 ;  CMried  on  a  war  with  England  1666-67 ; 
procured  the  passage  of  the  Perpetual  Edict  (directed 
against  the  house  of  Orange)  in  1667 ;  and  in  1668  nego- 
tiated with  England  and  Sweden  the  Triple  Alliance, 
which  frustrated  the  design  of  louis  XIV.  to  annex  the 
Spanish  Netherlands.  He  was  overtlirown  by  the  Orange 
party  in  1672,  and  with  his  brother  Cornelius  was  murdered 
at  The  Hague  by  an  infuriated  mob. 

Dewsbury  (duz'ber"i).  A  town  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Calder  8  miles  southwest  of  Leeds.  It  is  the 
center  of  the  shoddy  manufacture.  Population 
(1891),  29,847. 

Dezileus  (dek-sil'e-us).  Monument  of.  A  mon- 
ument on  the  Street  of  Tombs  at  Athens,  it  is 
a  beautiful  stele  bearing  in  relief  a  youthful  horseman 
who  has  ridden  down  an  enemy.  Dexileus  fell  before 
Corinth  in  394-393  B.  c. 

Dezippus  (deks-ip'us),  Publius  Herennius. 

[Gr.  A^TTTTOf.]  Died  about  280  a.  d.  A  Greek 
historian.  He  commanded  a  band  of  patriots  in  262 
against  the  Goths  or  Scythians  who  invaded  Greece  and 
captured  Athens.  He  wrote  an  account  of  this  invasion, 
entitled  SKudi/cd,  fragments  of  whicli  are  extant. 

Dexter  (deks't6r).  A  dark-bay  trotting  gelding 
with  white  legs  and  a  blaze,  by  Hambletonian 
(10) ,  dam  Clara, by  Seely's  Aineriean  Star.  June 
21, 1887,  he  won  the  fastest  trotting  record  in  2:17J,  and 
lost  it  to  Goldsmith's  Maid  (2:14)  in  1874. 

Dexter,  Henry  Martyn.  Bom  at  Plympton, 
Mass.,  Aug.  13,  1821 :  died  at  New  Bedford, 
Mass.,  Nov.  13, 1890.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional clergyman  and  historian,  editor  of  the 
"Congregationalist"  (at  Boston)  1851-66  and 
from  1867.  His  works  include  "The  Voice  of  the 
Bible,"  etc.  (1868),  "Congregationalism,"  etc.  (1865), 
"Church  Polity  of  the  Puritans,"  etc.  (1870),  "The  Con- 
gregationalism of  the  last  Three  Hundred  Years,"  etc. 
(1880 :  this  has  a  bibliography  of  over  7,000  titles),  "Com- 
mon Sense  as  to  Woman  Suffrage"  (1885).  "A  Bibliogra- 
phy of  the  Church  Struggle  in  England  during  the  Six- 
teenth Century"  and  "A  History  of  the  Old  Plymouth 
Colony"  were  in  preparation  at  his  death. 

Dexter,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Boston,  May  14,1761: 
died  at  Athens,  N.  Y.,  May  4, 1816.  An  Amer- 
ican jurist  and  politician,  secretary  of  war  in 
1800,  and  secretary  of  the  treasury  in  1801. 

Deyra  Dun.    See  Deh/ra  Dun. 

Dhalim  (THa'lim).  [Ar.  «aKm,  the  ostrich.  See 
Bezd.2  The  bright  third-magnitude  star  /3  Eri- 
dani:  the  brightest  in  that  part  of  the  constel- 
lation which  is  visible  in  Europe.  More  often 
called  Cursa  (which  see). 

Dhammapada  (dham-ma-pa'da).  [Pali,  'pre- 
cepts of  tke  law,'  or  '  steps  of  tli'e  law.']  A  por- 
tion of  the  Buddhist  Scriptures,  the  second  di- 
vision of  the  Khuddakanikaya,  or  Collection  of 
Short  Treatises.  It  is  translated  by  Max  Mtil- 
ler  in  the  "Sacred  Books  of  the  East,"  Vol.  X. 

Dhanvantari  (dhan-vau'ta-ri).  [Skt.]  1.  A 
Vedic  deity  to  whom  offerings  at  twilight  were 
made  in  the  northeast  quarter. —  3.  The  phy- 
sician of  thegodsi — 3.  Acelebratedphysioian, 
one  of  "  the  nine  gems  "  of  the  court  of  Vikrama. 

Dhar  (dhar).  1 .  A  native  state  in  Malwa,  Brit- 
ish India,  situated  about  lat.  22°  40'  N.,  long. 
75°  15'  E.  It  is  under  British  supervision.-^  3. 
The  capital  of  the  above  state.  Population, 
about  20,000. 

Dharmashastra.(dhar-ma-shas'tra).  [Skt.,  'a 
law-book.']  The  whole'body  of  "Hindu  law; 
more  especially,  the  laws  ascribed  to  Manu, 
Yajnavalkya,  and  other  inspired  sages.  These 
works  are  generally  in  three  parts :  (1)  aohara,  rules  of 
conduct ;  (2) vyavahara,  judicature ;  (3)  prayashchitta,  pen- 
ance. The  inspired  lawgivers  are  spoken  of  as  eighteen, 
butforty-two  are  mentioned.  Manu  andYajnavalkya  stand 
at  their  head.  A  general  collection  of  the  Dharmashas- 
tras  has  been  printed  at  Calcutta  by  Jivananda  under  the 
title  of  Dharmasbastrasangraha. 

Dharwar  (dhar'war),  or  Darwar  (dar'war),  or 
Dharwad  (dhar'wad).  1.  A  district  in  Bom- 
bay, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  15°  N., 
long.  75°  30'  E.  It  produces  cotton.— 3.  The 
chief  town  of  the  above  district,  situated  in 
lat.  15°  28'  N.,  long.  75°  4'  E.  It  was  taken  by 
Hyder  Ali  in  1778,  and  retaken  by  the  Mahrattas  and  Eng- 
lish in  1791.    Population,  about  30,000. 


Dial,  The 

Dhawalaghiri  (dha-wol-a-ghfer'e),  or  Dhwal- 
agiri  (dhwol-a-gher'e).  A  peak  of  the  Hima- 
layas, in  Nepal,  in  lat.  29°  10'  N.,  long.  82°  55' 
E.  Height,  26,826  feet.  It  was  once  supposed 
to  be  the  highest  mountain  in  the  world,  but 
now  takes  fourth  or  fifth  position. 

Dhegiha  (dha'ge-ha).  ['Autochthon.']  A  di- 
vision of  the  Siouan  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,  composed  of  five  tribes— the  Ponka, 
Omaha,  Kwapa,  Osage,  and  Kansa — number- 
ing 4,071.    See  Siouan. 

Dholpur  (dhol-p5r').  A  native  state  of  Rajpu- 
tana,  India,  under  British  supervision  and  a 
Jat  dynasty,  situated  about  lat.  26°  45'  N., 
long.  78°  E.  Area,  1,156  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  279,890. 

Dhritarashtra  (dhri-ta-rash'tra).  [Skt., 'whose 
kingdom  is  firm.']  Tlie  eldestson  of  Viohitra- 
virya  or  Vyasa,  and  brother  of  Pandu.  He  had 
by  Gandbari  a  hundred  sons,  of  whom  the  eldest  was  Dnryo- 
dhana.  Dhritarashtra  was  blind,  and  Pandu  was  affected 
with  a  disease  supposed  from  his  name,  "the  pale,"  to  be 
leprosy.  The  two  brothers  renounced  the  throne,  and  the 
great  war  recorded  in  the  Mahabharata  was  fought  be- 
tween their  sons,  one  party  being  called  Kauravas  from 
an  ancestor  Euru,  the  other  Pandavas  from  their  father 
Pandu.  J 

Dhurjati  (dhor-ja'te).  [Skt.,  'having  heavy, 
matted  locks.']    A  name  of  Rudra  or  Shiva. 

Dhyani  Buddha  (dhya'nibod'dha).  [Skt.  dhyd^ 
na,  FaMjhdna,  meditation.]  The  earlier  Buddhism 
teaches  that  above  the  worlds  of  the  gods  there  are  six- 
teen Brahmalokas, '  worlds  of  Brahma,'  one  above  another. 
Those  who  attain  on  earth  to  the  first,  second,  or  third 
dhyanas,  or  stages  of '  mystic  meditation,'  are  reborn  in  the 
lower  of  these  worlds,  three  being  assigned  to  each  stage  or 
dhyana.  Those  who  attain  the  fourth  enter  the  tenth  and 
eleventh  Brahmalokas.  The  remaining  five  are  assigned 
to  those  who  attain  to  the  third  path  on  earth,  and  who  will 
reach  Nirvana  in  the  new  existence,  the  third  path  being 
that  of  those  who  will  never  return  to  this  world,  in  whose 
hearts,  the  laat  remnants  of  sensuality  and  malevolence 
being  destroyed,  not  the  least  low  desire  for  one's  self,  or 
wrong  feeling  toward  others,  can  arise.  To  each  of  these 
five  groups  of  worlds  the  Great  Vehicle  assigns  a  special 
Buddha,  called  Dhyani  Buddha.  These  five  Buddhas  corre- 
spond to  the  last  four  Buddhas,  including  Gautama,  and 
the  future  Buddha,  Maitreya  (see  Bodhisattva).  Each  of 
these  human  Buddhas  has  his  corresponding  Bodhisattva 
and  Dhyani  Buddha,  the  latter  being  his  pure  and  glori- 
ous counterpart  in  the  mystic  world,  free  from  the  debas- 
ing conditions  of  the  material  life.  The  material  Buddha 
is  only  the  emanation  of  a  Dhyani  Buddha  living  in  the 
ethereal  mansions  of  mystic  trance. 

Diable,  Kobert  le.    See  Mobert,  etc. 

Diable  boiteux  (de-a'bl  bwa-t6'),  Le.  [F., 
'  The  Lame  Devil.']  A  satirical  romance  byLe 
Sage,  published  in  1707.  it  was  an  imitation  of  a 
Spanish  work  entitled  "El  diablo  coju^lo,"  written  by 
Luis  Velez  de  Guevara,  and  first  printed  in  1641,  and  of 
other  satires  (by  Cervantes  and  others)  long  current.  In 
Guevara's  production,  "  the  student  Don  Cleof as,  liaving 
accidentally  entered  the  abode  of  an  astrologer,  delivers 
from  a  glass  bottle,  in  which  he  had  been  confined  by  the 
conjurer,  the  devil  (diablo  cojuelo),  who  is  a  spirit  nearly 
of  the  same  description  as  the  Asmod^e  ("diable  boi- 
teux ")  of  Le  Sage,  and  who,  in  return  for  the  service  he 
had  received  from  the  scholar,  exhibits  to  him  the  inte- 
rior of  the  houses  of  Madrid."  (DuTilop,  Hist,  of  Prose 
Fict.,  II.  477.)  "  In  the  French  version  ...  an  additional 
human  interest  is  imparted  by  a  Are,  in  which  the  good- 
natured  and  grateful  demon  takes  the  shape  of  Cleofas 
in  rescuing  a  young  lady  of  high  birth,  and  thereby  secures 
for  his  liberator  a  prosperous  marriage."  (Saintabury^ 
French  Lit.)  The  whole  work  is  in  dialogue  form.  Foote 
took  from  it  his  play  "The  Devil  on  Two  Sticks."  The 
title  "  Le  diable  boiteux  "  has  been  given  to  a  number  of 
other  publications,  newspapers,  etc.     See  Aimodeue. 

Diablerets  (dyab-le-ra').  A  group  of  moun- 
tains in  Switzerland,  on  the  borders  of  Vaud, 
Valais,  and  Bern,  northeast  of  St.  Maurice. 
Highest  point,  10,650  feet. 

Diablintes  (di-a-blin'tez),  or  Diablindi  (-di). 
A  tribe  of  nortfiwestem  Gaul,  allies  of  the  Vc'- 
neti  against  Caesar  in  56  B.  c.  They  lived 
probably  near  Le  Mans. 

Diadochi  (di-ad'o-M).  [Gr.  i5(a(Jo;t:oj,successors.] 
The  Macedonian  generals  of  Alexander  the 
Great  who,  after  his  death  iu  323  b.  c,  divided 
his  empire, 

DiadumenoS  (dl-a-dii'me-nos).  [(ii.diadoi/ievog, 
binding  up  his  hair.]  An  athlete  binding  his 
brow  with  a  fillet,  a  good  Roman  reproduction 
of  a  famous  statue  by  Polyclitus,  found  at  Vai- 
son.  Prance,  and  now  in  the  British  Museum. 

Diafoirus  (de-a-fwa-riis').  The  name  of  the 
physician  in  MoliSre's  "Malade  imaginaire" 
to  whose  son  Thomas  Argan  wishes  to  betroth 
his  daughter  Ang^lique.  The  father  is  very 
comical,  and  the  son,  full  of  folly  and  erudi- 
tion, no  less  so. 

Diagoras  (di-ag'o-ras).  [Gr.  Aazydpof .]  Born  in 
Melos,  .^gean  Sea  :'lived  last  half  of  5th  century 
B.  c.  A  Greek  philosopher,  accused  by  the  Athe- 
nians of  impiety :  sumamed  "  The  Atheist." 

Dial,  The.  An  American  literary  quarterly  and 
organ  of  the  Transcendentalists  (published  at 


Dial.  The 

Boston),  edited  by  Margaret  Fuller,  assisted  by 
Kipley,  Emerson,  and  others,  1840-42,  and  by 
Emerson  1842-44. 

Dialogue  of  Death.  A  book  by  William  Bul- 
lein,  published  1564-65.  The  whole  title  is,  "  A  Dia^ 
logue  bothe  plefuBannte  and  pietifull,  wherein  is  a  goodly 
regimente  against  the  fever  PestUenoe,  with  a  consolaciou 
and  comfort  against  death." 

Diamantina  (de-a-man-te'na),  formerly  Tejuco 

(ta-zh8'ko).  A  town  in  the  state  of  Minas 
Geraes,  Brazil,  in  lat.  18°  25'  S.,  long.  43°  25' 
"W.  It  is  the  center  of  a  diamond  district,  dis- 
covered about  1728  and  now  little  worked. 
Population,  about  15,000. 

Diamantino  (de-a-man-te'ni?).  A  town  in  the 
state  of  Matto  Grosso,  Brazil,  situated  near  the 
head  waters  of  the  Paraguay,  in  lat.  14°  24'  S., 
long.  56°  7'  W.  It  is  the  center  of  an  abandoned 
diamond  district.    Population,  about  3,000. 

Diamond,  or  Dyamond  (di'a-mond).  One  of 
three  brothers,  sons  of  the  fairy  Agape,  in 
Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene."  When  he  is  slain 
by  Camballo,  his  strength  passes  into  his  sur- 
viving brothers. 

Diamond  Necklace  Affair,  The.  In  French 
history,  a  celebrated  episode'which  discredited 
the  court.  A  necklace  (valued  at  about  $300,000),  ori- 
ginally ordered  for  Madame  du  Barry,  was  1783-84  nego- 
tiated for  by  Cardinal  deKohan  through  an  intermediary, 
the  adventuress  Countess  de  Lamotte.  The  cardinal,  who 
hoped  to  gain  the  affection  of  Marie  Antoinette,  was  duped 
by  pretended  signatures  of  the  queen.  It  was  believed 
(probably  with  injustice)  that  the  queen  was  involved  in 
the  affair. 

Diamond  State,  The.    Delaware. 

Diana  (di-an'a  or  di-a'na).  An  ancient  Italian 
divinity,  goddess  of  the  moon,  protectress  of 
the  female  sex,  etc.,  later  identified  with  the 
Greek  Artemis. 

Diana.    See  Diana  Enamorada. 

Diana.  [F.Diawe.]  1.  A  character  in  D'Urf^'s 
"  Astrea,"  taken  from  the  "  Diana  Enamorada" 
of  Montemayor. — 2.  In  Shakspere's  "All's 
Well  that  Ends  Well,"  the  daughter  of  the 
Florentine  widow  with  whom  Helena  lodges. 
She  reconciles  Bertram  and  Helena  by  a 
stratagem. 

Diana,  or  Die,  Vernon.    See  Vernon. 

Diana,  Temple  of  (in  Ephesus).    See  Ephesm. 

Diana  and  Actaeon.  A  painting  by  Titian 
(1559),  in  Bridgewater  House,  London.  The  hun- 
ter and  his  dogs  come  suddenly  upon  the  startled  goddess 
and  her  nymphs  at  the  bath.  Biana  looks  angrily  at 
the  intruder,  but  has  not  yet  taken  action. 

Diana  and  Callisto.  A  painting  by  Titian,  in 
Bridgewater  House,  London.  The  goddess  sits  on 
a  bank  beside  a  stream,  and  at  her  command  several  of 
her  nymphs  hold  the  offending  CalliBto  forcibly,  while 
another  tears  away  her  drapery. 

Diana  Enamorada  (de-a'na  a-na-mo-ra'SEa). 
[Sp.,  'Diana  enamoured.']  The  chief  work  of 
Jorge  de  Montemayor:  an  important  pastoral 
romance,  the  most  popular  one  published  in 
Spain  since  "Amadisof  Gaul."  it  was  first  printed 
at  Valencia  in  1642.  It  was  left  unfinished,  but  in  1564 
Antonio  Perez  of  Salamanca  wrote  a  second  part.  In  the 
same  year  Gaspar  Gil  Polo  of  Valencia  wrote  another  con- 
tinuation. There  were  many  other  imitations.  Sir  Philip 
Sidney  translated  some  of  the  short  poems.  The  original 
work  was  modeled  to  a  degree  on  Sannazaro's  *  Arcadia." 

Diana  of  France,  Duchesse  de  Montmorency 
and  d'Angouleme.  Bom  at  Piedmont,  Italy, 
1538:  died  Jan.  3, 1619.  An  illegitimate  daugh- 
ter of  Henry  H.  of  France,  who  played  an  in- 
fluential part  in  French  polities.  Her  mother 
was  a  Piedmontese. 

Diana  of  Poitiers, Comtesse  de  Br6z6,  Duchesse 
de  Valentinois.  Bom  Sept.  3,  1499:  died  at 
Anet,  OrWanais,  Prance,  April  22,  1566.  A 
mistress  of  Henry  II.  of  Prance,  noted  for  her 
influence  at  the  French  coxirt.  she  was  a  member 
of  a  noble  family  of  Dauphin^,  and  married  (1512)  Louis 
de  BrSz^  grand  seneschal  of  Normandy,  who  died  in  163L 

Diana  of  Versailles.  Acelebrated Greek  statue 
in  the  Louvre,  Paris,  commonly  regarded  as 
a  companion  piece  to  the  Apollo  Belvedere, 
though  inferior  in  execution.  The  goddess  is  ad- 
vancing, clad  in  the  short  Dorian  tunic  and  himation 
girded  at  her  waist;  she  looks  toward  the  right,  as  with 
raised  arm  she  takes  an  arrow  from  her  quiver. 

Diana  with  her  Nymphs.  A  painting  by 
Domeniehino,  in  the  Palazzo  Borghese,  Rome. 
The  goddess  stands  in  the  middle,  with  bow  and  quiver ; 
one  nymph  has  just  transfixed  a  pigeon  raised  as  a  mark 
on  a  pole ;  others  bear  in  a  dead  stag.  There  is  great 
variety  in  the  attitudes  and  motives,  and  the  landscape 
background  is  pleasing. 

Dianora  and  Gilberto.  One  of  Boccaccio's 
tales,  the  fifth  novel  of  the  tenth  day  of  the 
Decameron.  Chaucer  took  his  "Franklyn's 
Tale  "from  this  story.  (Morley.)  S%&  Franklin's 
Tale. 


324 

Diarbekir  (de-ar-be-ker'),  or  Diarbekr  (de-Sr- 
bekr').  1.  A  vilayet  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the 
valleys  of  the  upper  Tigris  and  upper  Eu- 
phrates. Population  (1885),  471,462.-2.  The 
capital  of  the  above  vilayet,  situated  near  the 
Tigris  in  lat.  37°  56'  N.,  long.  40°  9'  E. :  also 
called  Xara  Amid:  the  ancient  Amida.  it  is 
a  trading  center,  and  has  manufactures  of  red  and  yellow 
morocco,  etc.  It  was  a  Bx>man  colony  about  230  A.  n.,  was 
sacked  by  Timur  near  the  end  of  the  14th  century,  and 
was  captured  by  the  Turks  in  1516.  Population,  estimated, 
about  40,000. 

Diary  of  an  Ennuy6e.  A  diary  by  Mrs.  Jame- 
son (Anna  Murphy),  published  in  1826. 

Diary  of  a  Late  Physician.  See  Passages  from 
the  Diary,  etc. 

Dias,  Antonio  GonQalves.  See  Gongalves  Dias. 

Dias  (de'as),  Bartholomeu.  Bom  about  1445: 
diedMay  12  (?),  1500.  APortuguese navigator. 
He  was  a  gentleman  of  the  royal  household,  and  in  1486 
was  made  commander  of  one  of  two  small  vessels  (Infante 
commanding  the  other)  destined  to  explore  the  coast  of 
Africa.  They  passed  Cape  Negro,  the  farthest  point  at- 
tained by  Diego  Cam ;  followed  the  coast  to  lat.  29°  S. ; 
thence  sailed  south  in  the  open  sea  for  thirteen  days,  suf- 
fering greatly  from  cold ;  turned  eastward  in  search  of 
land,  and,  not  finding  it,  bore  to  the  north,  striking  the 
coast  east  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  following  it  to  a 
point  beyond  Algoa  Bay.  The  sailors  refused  to  go  far- 
ther ;  and,  after  taking  possession  of  the  land  for  Portugal, 
they  returned  around  the  cape  and  reached  home  in  safety. 
Some  accounts  say  that  Dias  was  driven  beyond  the  cape 
by  a  storm  without  observing  it :  in  any  case,  he  and  his 
companions  were  the  first  to  double  the  south  end  of 
Africa.  In  1497  Dias  sailed  with  the  expedition  of  Gama, 
but  remained  trading  on  the  West  African  coast.  In  1600 
he  commanded  a  ship  in  Cabral's  fieet,  and  was  lost  in  a 
storm  after  leaving  the  Brazilian  coast. 

Diavolo,  Fra.    See  Fra  Diavolo. 

Diaz,  Bernal.    See  Diaz  del  Castillo. 

Diaz  (de'ath),  Porfirio.  Bom  in  Oaxaca,  Sept. 
15,  1830.  A  Mexican  general  and  statesman. 
He  served  as  a  soldier  in  the  war  with  the  United  States 
in  1847,  led  a  battalion  against  Santa  Anna  in  1864,  and 
in  1858  adhered  to  Juarez  and  the  liberal  party.  In  1861 
he  was  a  deputy,  but  soon  took  the  field  and  won  a  vic- 
tory over  the  reactionist  Marquez.  During  the  French 
invasion  he  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  defense,  was 
captured  at  Puebla,  May,  1863,  but  escaped,  and  headed 
the  army  of  resistance  in  Oaxaca.  Forced  to  surrender, 
Feb.,  1865,  he  again  escaped  and  raised  new  forces.  After 
the  withdrawal  of  the  French  army  he  rapidly  gained 
ground  against  Maximilian's  generals,  taking  Puebla  April 
2, 1867,  and  finally  entering  Mexico  June  21, 1867.  Soon 
after  he  was  a  candidate  for  the  presidency,  but  Juarez 
was  elected.  General  Diaz  kept  up  a  continual  opposition 
to  Juarez  and  his  successor,  Lerdo,  and  headed  several  re- 
volts. In  1876  he  finally  drove  Lerdo  out,  and  in  May, 
1877,  became  president  of  Mexico.  He  quickly  restored 
order  and  started  an  era  of  prosperity  for  the  country. 
Not  being  by  the  constitution  eligible  to  immediate  re- 
election, he  was  succeeded  by  his  friend  General  Gonzalez 
in  Dec,  1880.  He  was  again  elected  in  1884,  and  reelected  in 
1888, 1892,  1898,  and  1900,  the  constitution  having  been 
amended  to  permit  this. 

Diaz  de  Armendd,ris  (de'ath  da  lir-men-da'- 
res).  Lope,  Marquis  of  Cadereita.  Born  in 
Quito  about  1575 :  died,  probably  at  Badajoz, 
after  1641.  A  Spanish  naval  officer  and  ad- 
ministrator. He  commanded  various  fieets  from  1603  to 
1623.  He  was  ambassador  to  Germany  and  Spain,  major- 
domo  to  Queen  Isabel  de  Borbon,  and  viceroy  of  Mexico 
163&.40.    Subsequently  he  was  bishop  of  Badajoz. 

Diaz  de  la  Peua  (de'ath  da  la  pan'ya),  Nar- 
cisse.  Bom  at  Bordeaux,  Prance,  Aug.  20, 
1807:  died  at  Mentone,  Prance,  Nov.  19,  1876. 
A  noted  French  landscape  and  genre  painter 
of  the  Fontainebleau  school.  He  made  his  dSbut 
at  the  Salon  in  1831.  In  1844  he  obtained  a  medal  of  the 
third  class,  in  1846  one  of  the  second  class,  and  in  1848 
one  of  the  first  class.  He  became  a  chevalierof  the  Legion 
of  Honor  in  1861. 

Diaz  del  Castillo  (de'ath  del  kas-tel'yo),  Ber- 
nal. Born  at  Medina  del  Campo  about  1498 : 
died  in  Guatemala  about  1593.  A  Spanish  sol- 
dier and  author.  He  went  to  Darien  with  Fedrarias  in 
1514 :  thence  crossed  to  Cuba ;  was  with  C6rdoba  in  the 
discovery  of  Yucatan  in  1517,  and  with  Grijalva  in  1618 ; 
subsequently  joined  Cortes ;  served  through  the  conquest 
of  Mexico  1519-21;  and  went  to  Guatemala  with  Alvarado 
in  1524.  In  all  these  campaigns  he  was  a  common  soldier 
or  at  most  a  subaltern  officer.  Diaz  settled  in  Guatemala, 
at  Santiago  de  los  OabaUeros,  where  he  began  writing  his 
"  Historia  de  la  Conquista  de  Nueva  Espafia  "  in  1568.  It 
was  first  published  at  Madrid  in  1632,  and  has  remained  a 
standard  historical  authority  for  the  conquest  of  Mexico. 
The  literary  style  is  very  rough. 

Diaz  de  SoUs,  Juan.    See  SoUs. 

Dibdin  (dib'din),  Charles.  Bom  at  South- 
ampton, England,  March,  1745:  died  at  Lon- 
don, July  25,  1814.  An  English  song-writer 
and  composer,  especially  noted  for  sea^songs. 
He  went  on  the  stage  as  a  "singing  actor"  when  about 
fifteen  years  old,  and  soon  began  to  write  operas  and  other 
dramatic  pieces,  for  which  he  sometimes  wrote  the  words 
as  well  as  the  music,  and  in  which  he  also  played.  In 
1787  he  began  his  series  of  "table  entertainments,"  "of 
which  he  was  composer,  narrator,  singer,  and  accompany- 
1st."  Nearly  all  his  best  songs— "The  Flowing  Can," 
"Ben  Backstay,"  "Tom  Bowling,"  ete.  —were  written  by 
him  for  these  entertainments,  which  were  called  "The 


Dick  Tinto 

■Whim  of  the  Moment,"  "Oddities,"  "TheWagB,"  "The 
Quizzes,"  etc.  He  wrote  several  novels  and  "13ie  His- 
tory of  the  Stage"  (about  1800),  his  own  "Professional 
Life"  (1803),  poems,  eto.,  and  about  seventy  operas  and 
musical  dranlias. 

Dibdin,  Charles  Isaac  Mungo.  Bom  in  1768 : 
died  in  1833.  An  English  dramatist  and  song- 
writer, son  of  CJharles  Dibdin. 

Dibdin,  Thomas,  Bom  at  London,  March  21, 
1771 :  died  at  London,  Sept.  16, 1841.  An  Eng- 
lish  song-writer  and  dramatist,  son  of  Charles 
Dibdin. 

Dibdin,  Thomas  Frognall.  Bom  at  Calcutta, 
1776:  died  at  Kensington,  Nov.  18, 1847.  An 
English  bibliographer,  nephew  of  Charles  Dib- 
din. He  published  ''Bibliomania"  (1809-11). 
"Typographical  Antiquities  of  Great  Britain" 
(1810-19),  etc. 

Dibon  (di'bon).  1.  A  city  of  Moab  which  was 
fortified  by  the  Gadites  (Num.  xxxii.  3, 84),  but 
allotted  to  the  tribe  of  Keuben  (Josh.  xiii.  9, 17) : 
the  modem  Dhiban,  situated  east  of  the  Jordan 
and  north  of  the  Aroer .  In  1868  the  stele  of  the 
Moabite  king  Mesha  (2  Ki.  iii.  4)  was  discovered 
there. — 2.  A  place  in  southern  Judea,  toward 
Edom  (Neh.  xi.  25),  probably  identical  with 
Dimonah  of  Josh.  xv.  22. 

Dibong  (de-bong').  One  of  the  chief  head 
streams  of  the  Brahmaputra.  . 

Dibutades  (di-bii'ta-dez).  A  Greek  sculptor 
of  Sieyon,  the  reputed  inventor  of  work  in  re- 
lief. 

Dicsearchus(di-se-ar'kus).  [Gr.  Aticaiapxo;.']  A 
Greek  geographer,  historian,  and  philosopher 
of  the  4th  century  B.  c. :  a  disciple  of  Aristotle. 
Fragments  of  his  "Life  of  Hellas"  (an  account  of  the 
geography  and  political  and  social  liiCe  of  Greece)  have 
been  preserved. 

Dice  (di'se),  or  Dike  (dl'ke).  [Gr.  Ai'/c^.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  the  personification  of  justice, 
daughter  of  Zeus  and  Themis  (law). 

Dicey  (di'si),  Albert  Venn.  Bom  1835.  An 
English  jurist,  brother  of  Edward  Dicey.  He  was 
graduated  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  in  1858 ;  was  called 
to  the  bar  in  1863 ;  and  was  appointed  Yinerian  professor 
of  English  law  at  Oxford  in  1882.  He  has  published  "  Lec- 
tures Introductoiy  to  the  Study  of  the  Law  of  the  Consti- 
tution "  (1886),  ete. 

Dicey,  Edward.  Bom  at  Claybrook  Hall,  Lei- 
cestershire, England,  May,  1832.  An  English 
journalist.  He  was  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  1864 ;  was  called  to  the  bar  at  Gray's  Inn  in 
1865 ;  and  in  1870  became  editor  of  the  London  "  Ob- 
server." He  has  written  "Rome  in  1860  "(1861),  "Cavour: 
a  Memoir"  (1861),  "Six  Months  in  the  Federal  States" 
(1863), "  The  Sohleswig-Holstein  War  "  (1864),  "  The  Battle- 
Fields  of  1866"  (1866),  "England  and  Egypt  "(1881),  ete. 

Dichtung  und  Wahrheit  aus  Meinem  Leben. 
[G., '  poetry  and  truth  from  my  life.']  A  not 
entirely  trustworthy  autobiographical  history  of 
Goethe's  life,  from  his  birth  till  his  settlement 
at  Weimar.  The  first  five  books  appeared  in  1811,  the 
next  five  in  1812,  and  the  third  instalment  in  1814 ;  the  con- 
clusion appeared  after  Goethe's  death. 

Dick(dik),  Mr.  A  mildly  demented  gentleman, 
whose  real  name  is  Richard  Babley,  in  Dickens's 
"David  Copperfield." 

Dick,  Thomas.  Bom  near  Dundee,  Scotland, 
Nov.  24,  1774:  died  at  Droughty  Ferry,  near 
Dundee,  July,  1857.  A  Scottish  writer  on  as- 
tronomical and  religious  subjects.  He  pub- 
lished "The  Christian  Philosopher" (1823), etc. 

Dick  Amlet.    See  Amlet,  Dick. 

Dickens  (dik'enz),  Charles,  BomatLandport, 
near  Portsmouth,  England,  Feb.  7,  1812:  died 
at  Gadshill,  near  Eoehester,  England,  June  9, 
1870.  A  celebrated  English  novelist.  He  was  the 
son  of  John  Dickens,  who  served  as  a  clerk  in  the  navy  pay- 
ofiice  and  afterward  became  a  newspaper  reporter.  He  re- 
ceived an  elementary  education  in  private  schools,  served 
for  a  time  as  an  attorney's  clerk,  and  in  1835  became  re- 
porter for  the  "  London  Morning  Chronicle."  In  1833  he 
published  in  the  "Monthly  Magazine "  his  first  story,  en- 
titled "  A  Dinner  at  Poplar  Walk,"  which  proved  to  be  the 
beginning  of  a  series  of  papers  printed  collectively  as 
"Sketehes  by  Boz"  in  1836.  He  married  Catherine, 
daughter  of  George  Hogarth,  in  1836.  In  1838-87  he  pnb- 
Mshed  the  "  Pickwick  Papers, "  by  which  his  literary  repu- 
ation  was  established.  He  became  editor  of  "House- 
hold Words"  in  1849,  and  of  "All  the  Year  Eound"  in 
1859,  and  visited  America  in  1842  and  1867-68.  His  chief 
works  are  "  Pickwick  Papers  "  (1837),  "Oliver  Twist " 
(1838),  "Nicholas  Nickleby"  (1838-39),  "Master  Hum- 
phrey's Clock "  (including  "  Old  Curiosity  Shop  "  and  "  Bar- 
nabyRudge,"  1840-41),  "American  Notes"(1842),  "Christ- 
mas Carol"  (1843),  "Martin  Chuzzlewit "  (1848-44), 
"  Chimes  "  (1844),  "  Cricket  on  the  Hearth  "  (1845),  "  Dom- 
bey  and  Son"  (1846-48),  "David  Copperfield"  (1849-50) 
"Bleak  House''  (1862-68),  "Hard  Times"  (1864X  "Little 
Dorrit"  (1856-57),  "Tale  of  Two  Cities"  (U69),  "Uncom- 
mercial Traveler"  (1860),  "Great  Expectations"  (1860-61), 
"Our  Mutual  Friend''  (1864-65),  "Mystery  of  Edwin 
Drood " (1870,  unfinished).  See  his  "Life  "  by  John  For- 
Bter  (1871-74), "  Dickens  Dictionary,"  by  Pierce  (1S72), "  let- 
tors  of  Dickens"  (1880). 

Dick  Tinto.    See  Unto,  Dick. 


Dickinson,  Anna  Elizabeth 

Dickinson  (dit'in-son),  Anna  Elizabeth.  Bom 
at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Oct.  28, 1842.  An  Ameri- 
can lecturer  and  advocate  of  woman  suffrage, 
labor  reform,  etc.  she  lectured  during  the  CivQ  War 
on  war  issues,  and  afterward  generally  on  political  subjects, 
"Women's  Work  and  Wages,"  etc.  In  1876  she  went  on 
the  stage,  but  did  not  meet  with  success.  She  wrote  a  play, 
"  An  American  Girl "  (1880),  and  "What  Answer  ?  "  (a  novel, 
1868),  "A  Paying  Investment  "(1876),  "A  Bagged  Kegister 
ol  People,  Places,  and  Opinions  "  (1879). 

Dickinson,  Emily.  Bom  at  Amherst,  Mass., 
Dec.  10,  1830:  died  there,  May  15,  1886.  An 
American  poet,  she  was  the  daughter  of  Edward 
Dickinson,  treasurer  of  Amherst  College.  Her  life  was  one 
of  singular  seclusion.  Her  poems  were  published  in  1890 
and  in  1892,  and  her  letters  In  1894. 

Dickinson,  John.  Bom  at  Crosia,  Talbot 
County,  Md.,  Nov.  13,  1732:  died  at  Wilming- 
ton, Del.,  Feb.  14, 1808.  An  American  states- 
man. He  was  a  member  of  the  Colonial  Congress  of 
1765,  and  of  the  first  Continental  Congr^s  of  1774,  and 
president  of  Pennsylvania  1782-85.  He  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Federal  Convention  of  1787.  He  wrote  the  "  Fa^ 
bias "  letters  in  1788,  and  was  the  founder  of  Dickinson 
College. 

Dickinson  College.  An  institution  of  learning 
situated  at  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania,  founded  by 
John  Dickinson  in  1783.  Since  1833  it  has  been 
controlled  by  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

Dick's  Coffee  House.  An  old  coffee-bouse,  No. 
8  Fleet  street  (on  the  south  side,  near  Tem- 
ple Bar),  originally  "Richard's":  named  from 
Bichard  Tomer,  or  Turner,  to  whom  the  house 
was  let  in  1680.  The  coflfee-room  retains  its  old  panel- 
ing, and  the  staircase  its  original  balusters.  Eichard's,  as 
it  was  then  called,  was  frequented  by  Cowper  when  he 
lived  in  the  Temple.    Timbs. 

Dickson  (dik'son),  Samuel  Henry.    Bom  at 

Charleston,  S.  C,  Sept.  20, 1798:  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, March  31, 1872.  An  American  physi- 
cian and  medical  writer.  He  was  professor  of  the 
practice  of  medicine  in  Jefferson  Medici  College,  Fhila^ 
delphia,  from  1858  until  his  death.  .  He  wrote  "  Dengue : 
its  History,  Pathology,  and  Treatment"  (1826),  etc. 

Dicquemare  (dek-ijaar'),  Jacques  Frangois 
Abb6.  Born  at  Havre,  Prance,  March  7, 1733 : 
died  March  29,  1789.  A  French  naturalist  and 
astronomer,  professor  of  experimental  physios 
at  Havre.  He  invented  several  instruments 
used  in  astronomy  and  navigation. 

Dictum  of  Kenilworth.  An  award  made  be- 
tween Bang  Henry  HI.  and  the  Commons  in 
1266  during  the  siege  of  Kenilworth.  it  reestab- 
lished Henry^  authority ;  proclaimed  amnesty ;  annulled 
the  provisions  of  Oxford;  and  provided  that  the  king 
should  keep  the  charter  to  which  he  had  sworn. 

Dictys  (dSi'tis)  Cretensis  ('of  Crete')-  [Gr. 
Akrtjf .]  The  reputed  author  of  a  Latin  narrative 
of  the  Trojan  war,  entitled  "Ephemeris  Belli 
Trojani,"  the  introduction  to  which  represents 
him  as  a  follower  of  Idomeneus.  This  narrative  was 
one  of  the  chief  sources  from  which  the  heroic  legends 
of  Greece  passed  into  the  literature  of  the  middle  ages. 
It  was  probably  composed  by  Q.  Septimius  about  300  A.  D. 

Didache.    See  Teaching  of  the  Twelve  Apostles. 

Didapper  (di'dap-6r).  Beau,  In  Fielding's  "Jo- 
seph -Andrews,''  a  rich,  weak-minded  fop  with 
designs  on  Fanny. 

Diddler  (did'lfer),  Jeremy.  A  needy  sponge 
in  Kenney's  farce  "Eaising  the  Wind":  a  type 
of  the  swindler.  He  does  everything  at  other  people's 
expense,  particularly  dining.  He  devours  his  friends' 
food  and  borrows  their  money  with  amusing  nonchalance. 

Diderot  (de-dro'),  Denis.  Bom  at  Langres, 
Haute-Mame,  Prance,  Oct.  5,  1713:  died  at 
Paris,  July  31, 1784.  A  celebrated  French  phi- 
losopher and  writer.  His  father,  a  cutler  by  trade, 
gave  him  a  classical  education.  After  completing  his 
studies  in  Paris,  he  spent  two  years  in  a  law  office,  but 
devoted  most  of  his  time  to  Greek,  Latin,  mathematics, 
Italian,  and  English.  Thereby  he  incurred  his  father's 
displeasure,  and  was  cut  off  without  a  cent.  He  gave 
lessons  in  mathematics,  and,  when  at  the  lowest  ebb  of 
fortune  in  1743,  married.  His  literary  labors  date  from 
this  same  period.  In  1743  he  published  "  Histoire  de  la 
Grfece  "  (3  vols.),  translated  from  Temple  Stonyan ;  and  in 
1746-48  "Dictionnaire  universel  de  m^decine,  de  chimie, 
de  botanique,"  etc.  (6  vols.),  translated  with  the  aid  of 
three  collaborators  from  Eobert  James.  This  latter  pub- 
lication gave  him  the  idea  of  the  great  work,  in  which  he 
associated  with  himself  the  mathematician  d'Alembert, 
"L'Encyclop^die,"a  repository  of  the  results  of  scientific 
research  in  the  middle  of  the  18th  century.  The  publica- 
tion was  repeatedly  checked  in  its  progress,  and  was  car- 
ried over  more  than  twenty  years  (1761-72).  To  the  twen- 
ty-eight volumes  published  within  that  period  were  joined 
six  volumes  of  addenda  (1776-77),  and  two  volumes  of 
tables  (1780).  Diderot  received  financial  support  from 
Catherine  H.  of  Eussia,  who  bought  his  valuable  library 
but  left  hun  the  use  of  it  during  his  lifetime.  He  went 
to  St.  Petersburg  in  1773-74,  to  return  thanks  to  the 
"northern  Semframis."  Among  his  works  are  "Pensees 
phUosophiques"  (1746),  "Bijoux  indiscret5"(1748),  "IK- 
moire  sur  diflSrents  sujets  de  math^matiques  (1748), 
"Lettre  sur  les  aveugles  k  I'usage  de  oeux  qui  yoient 


amis deBourbonne" (1773),  "Voyage  en  Hollande    "Pro- 
jet  d'une  unlrersitd  pour  la  Eussie,"-  "  le  rfive  de  d  Alem- 


325 

bert,"  "  Jacques  le  fataliste,"  "Lareligieu8e,""LeNeveu 
de  Eameau,"  "Essai  sur  les  rfegnes  de  Claude  et  de  N6- 
ron  "  (1778  and  1782),  etc.  Diderot's  art  criticisms  in  the 
"  Salons  "  (1763-69)  are  of  superior  merit,  and  his  corre- 
spondence with  Mademoiselle  Volland  affords  the  best 
available  insight  into  the  character  of  the  writer  as  a  man. 

Diderot  ranks  in  point  of  originality  and  versatility  of 
thought  among  the  most  fertile  thinkers  of  Prance,  and 
in  point  of  felicity  and  idiosyncrasy  of  expression  among 
the  most  remarkable  of  her  writers. 

SairMmry,  I'rench  lit.,  p.  481. 

Didius  Salvius  Julianus  (did'i-us  sal'vi-us 
jo-li-a'nus),  Marcus,  called  later  Marcus 
Didius  Commodus  Severus  Julianus.  Died 
at  Eome,  June  1,  193  a.  d.  Emperor  of  Rome 
March-June,  193.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the 
army,  and  twice  held  the  consulship,  the  last  time  in  179. 
On  the  murder  of  the  emperor  Pertinax  by  the  pretorian 
guards  in  193,  the  guards  sold  the  imperial  dignity  to  Did- 
ius, who  had  as  his  competitor  Sulpitianus,  the  father-in- 
law  of  Pertinax.  His  elevation  was  not  recognized  by 
Septimius  Severus,  who  marched  with  an  army  against 
Eome,  whereupon  the  pretorian  guards  hastened  to  pur- 
chase the  favor  of  Severus  by  putting  the  emperor  to  death. 

Dido  (di'do).  [(Jr.  Ajdii.]  A  surname  of  the 
Phenician  goddess  of  the  moon  (Astarte),  who 
was  worshiped  as  the  protecting  deity  of  the 
citadel  of  Carthage.  The  goddess  was  in  later  tune 
confoimded  with  the  Tyrian  Elissa,  founder  of  Carthage. 
See  Elissa,  jEnM. 

Dido,  Queen  of  Carthage,  The  Tragedy  of. 

A  tragedy  by  Marlowe,  published  m  1594. 
Nashe  is  said  to  have  finished  it  after  Mar- 
lowe's death.  Dido  has  been  the  subject  of  many  plays 
in  English  and  in  JFrench  —  notably  by  Jodelle  in  1562,  La 
Grange  in  1676,  Hardy  in  1603,  Scud^ry  in  1636,  and  Franc 
de  Pompignan  in  1734.  Cristobal  de  Virnes,  a  Spanish 
poet  o£  the  15th  century,  and  Hetastasio  in  Italian,  also 
wrote  tragedies  on  the  subject.    See  DiAom. 

My  own  opinion  is,  that  the  play  is  in  the  main  by  Mar- 
lowe, and  that  IN'ashe's  work  lay  chiefly  in  completing  cer- 
tain scenes  which  Marlowe  had  sketched  in  the  rough. 

BiiUen,  Introd.  to  Marlowe's  Works,  p.  xlviL 

Dido  building  Carthage.  A  large  painting 
by  Turner,  in  the  National  Grallery,  London. 
The  scene  is  on  a  river-bank,  with  classical  buildings  in 
course  of  erection.  Dido  and  her  attendants  are  seen  on 
the  left. 

Didone  Abandonata  (de-dd'ne  a-ban-do-na'- 
ta).  [It.,  'Dido  Forsaken.']  A  tragedy  by 
Metastasio,  produced  in  Naples  in  1724:  his 
first  dramatic  work,  it  had  great  snccess,  and  is 
probably  the  best  modern  play  on  the  subject.  It  has 
been  set  to  music  by  more  than  forty  composers. 

Didot  (de-do'),  Ambroise  Firmin-.  Born  at 
Paris,  Dec.  7, 1790 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  22, 1876. 
A  French  publisher,  son  of  Firmin  Didot.  He 
published  with  his  brother  Hyacinthe  many  important 
works,including  "Bibliothfeque  des  auteurs  greos,""L'Uni- 
veiB  pittoresque,"  "  Nouvelle  biographie  gen6rale,"  etc. 

Didot,  Firmin.  Bom  at  Paris,  April  14, 1764: 
died  April  24, 1836.  A  noted  French  publisher, 
printer,  type-founder,  and  author :  brother  of 
Pierre  Didot. 

Didot,  FrauQOis.  Bom  at  Paris,  1689 :  died  Nov. 
2,  1757.  A  French  printer  and  bookseller, 
founder  of  the  firm  of  Didot  at  Paris  in  1713. 

Didot,  FrauQois  Ambroise.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Jan.  7,  1730:  died  July  10,  1804.  A  French 
printer  and  publishes,  son  of  Franpois  Didot, 
celebrated  for  improvements  in  type-iounding 
and  printing. 

Didot,  Henri.  Bom  1765:  died  1852.  A  French 
type-founder,  son  of  Pierre  Franjois  Didot: 
published  editions  in  microscopic  types. 

Didot,  Hyacinthe  Firmin-.  Born  at  Paris, 
March  11, 1794 :  died  at  Dandon,  Ome,  France, 
Aug.  7,  1880.  A  French  publisher,  brother  of 
Ambroise  PirminrDidot,  and  his  business  as- 
sociate after  1827. 

Didot,  Pierre.  Born  Jan.  25,  1761:  died  Deo. 
31,  1853.  A  French  publisher  and  printer, 
eldest  son  of  F.  A.  Didot.  He  published  ' '  Vir- 
gil" (1798),  "Horace"  (1799),  "Eacine"  (1801- 
1805),  and  other  classics. 

Didot,  Pierre  Francois.  Bom  at  Paris,  July 
9,  1732 :  died  Dec.  7,  1795.  A  French  printer, 
publisher,  and  paper-maker,  brother  of  F.  A. 
Didot. 

Didron  (de-dr6n'),  Adolphe  Napoleon.  Bom 
at  Hautvillers,  Mame,  Prance,  March  13, 1806: 
died  at  Paris,  Nov.  13, 1867.  A  French  archse- 
ologist,  author  of  "Manuel  d'ioonographie 
chr6tienne"  (1845),  etc. 

Didymus  (did'i-mus).  [Gr.  MSviuiq,  the  twin.] 
A  surname  of  the  apostle  Thomas. 

Didymus.  Lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  1st 
century  B.C.  An  Alexandrian  grammarian  and 
critic.  He  was  a  follower  of  the  school  of  Aristarchus, 
and  a  contemporary  of  Cicero  and  the  emperor  Augus- 
tus. His  works,  consisting  chiefly  of  compilations,  cov- 
ered a  great  variety  of  subjects,  and  were  estimated  by 
Seneca  at  four  thousand ;  none  of  them  is  extant. 

Didymus,  sumamed  "The  Blind."    Bom  308, 


Dies  Irs 

309,  or  314  a.  d.  :  died  394,  395,  or  399.  An  Alex- 
andrian scholar  and  theologian.  He  lost  his  sight 
in  childhood,  but  nevertheless  became  one  of  the  most 
learned  men  of  his  time.  He  was  a  teacher  in  the  cate- 
chetical school  of  Alexandria  upward  of  flfty  years,  and 
numbered  among  his  pupils  Jerome,  Palladius,  Ambrose 
of  Alexandria,  Evagrius,  and  Isidore  of  Pelusium.  He 
opposed  the  Arians  with  great  spirit,  but  supported  Ori- 
gen.  His  extant  works  include  a  treatise  on  the  Trinity, 
translated  into  Latin  by  Jerome. 

Die  (de).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Drdme, 
southeastern  Prance,  situated  on  the  Drfime  27 
miles  southeast  of  Valence :  the  ancient  Dea 
Vocontiorum.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
3^729.  ' 

Diebitsch  Sabalkanski  (de'bich  sa-bal-kau'- 
ske).  Count  Ivan  Ivanovitch  (originally 
Hans  Karl  Friedrich  Anton  von  Diebitsch 
und  Narden).  Bom  at  Grossleippe,  near  Bres- 
lau,  Prussia,  May  13,  1785 :  died  at  Kleezewo, 
near  Pultusk,  Poland,  June  10,  1831.  A  Rus- 
sian general.  He  served  with  distinction  at  Leipsic  in 
1813 ;  took  Tama  in  1828,  and  Silistria  in  1829 ;  crossed 
the  Balkans  in  1829  (hence  sumamed  "  Sabaljkanski," 
'Balkan-crosser'),  and  commanded  against  the  Poles  at 
Grochow  and  Ostrolenka  183L 

Diedenhofen  (de'den-ho-fen),  F.  Thionville 

(te-6n-ver).  A  fortified  town  in  Lorraine, 
Alsace-Lorraine,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Mo- 
selle 18  miles  north  of  Metz.  it  was  taken  by  the 
I'rench  in  1658  and  1643,  and  was  bombarded  and  taken 
by  the  Germans  Hov.  24,  1870.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 8,923. 

Diefenbach  (de'fen-bach),  Lorenz.  Bom  at 
Ostheim,  Hessen,  Germany,  July  29, 1806:  died 
at  Darmstadt,  March  28, 1883.  A  German  phi- 
lologist, ethnologist,  and  novelist,  librarian  at 
Frankfort  1865-76.  His  works  include  "Celtica" 
(1839-42),  "  Origines  Europsese  "  (1861),  "  Vergleichendes 
Worterbuch  der  gothischen  Sprache"  (1846-61),  "Vor- 
schule  der  Vdlkerkunde"  (1864),  the  novel  "Ein  Pilger 

-  und  seine  Genossen  "  (1851),  etc. 

Dieffenbach,  Johann  Friedrich.    Bom  at  K6- 

nigsberg,  Prussia,  Feb.  1,  l795 :  died  at  Berlin, 
Nov.  11,  1847.  A  German  surgeon,  professor 
at  Berlia  from  1832.  He  wrote  "Die  opera- 
tive Chirurgie"  (1844-48). 

Diego  (de-a'go).  [Sp.,  from  LL.  Jacobus,  Jacob, 
whence  idt.  E.  Jacob,  Jack,  and  James.']  A 
waggish  sexton  in  Fletcher  and  Massinger's 
' '  Spanish  Curate."  He  longs  for  a  less  he&hy 
parish  and  more  funerals. 

Diego,  Don.    See  Formal,  James. 

Diego  Garcia  (de-a'go  gar-se'a).  An  island 
of  the  Chagos  group,  in  the  Indian  Ocean. 

Diego  Suarez  (swa'ras).  A  French  colony  in 
the  northern  part  of  Madagascar,  on  the  Bay  of 
Diego  Suarez.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  governor. 
Populatioli,  about  5,000. 

Diegueno  (de-a-gwa'nyo).  A  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  dwelling  in  the  region  about 
San  Diego,  California.  They  number  555,  and 
are  under  the  Mission  agency,  California.  See 
Yuman. 

Diekirch  (de'kireh).  A  small  town  in  Luxem- 
burg, situated  on  the  Sure  18  miles  north  of 
Luxemburg. 

Diel  du  Parquet  (de-el'  dii  par-ka'),  Jacques. 
Born  in  Prance  about  1600:  died  at  Saint 
Pierre,  Martinique,  Jan.  3, 1658.  A  French  sol- 
dier and  administrator.  He  was  governor  of  Marti- 
nique from  1638,  formed  the  first  settlement  in  Grenada 
1651,  and  had  several  bloody  wars  with  the  Caribs. 

Dielman(derman),  Frederick.  Bom  at  Han- 
over, Germany,  Dec.  25, 1847.  AGerman- Amer- 
ican figure-painter.  Among  his  works  are  many 
etchings  and  illustrations. 

Dieppe  (de-ep').  [OF.  Dieppe,  prob.  from  an 
OLG.  form  represented  by  AS.  dype,  D.  diep, 
depth,  the  deep.]  A  seaport  in  the  department 
of  Sein6-Inf6rieure,  France,  situated  on  the 
English  Channel,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Arques, 
in  lat.  49°  56'  N.,  long.  1°  5'  E.  It  is  a  celebrated 
watering-place,  is  the  terminus  of  the  Dieppe-Newhaven 
channel  route,  and  contains  a  cattle  and  the  Church  of  St. 
Jacques.  It  has  some  trade,  especially  in  fish.  Toward 
the  close  of  the  middle  ages  it  had  a  large  commerce,  and 
sent  expeditions  to  Africa,  etc.  It  suffered  severely  in  the 
English  and  religious  wars ;  was  bombarded  by  the  English 
and  Dutch  July,  1694 ;  and  was  occupied  by  the  Germans 
in  1870-71.    Population  (1891),  commune,  22,771. 

Diersheim  (ders'him).  A  village  in  Baden, 
situated  near  the  Rhine  8  miles  northeast  of 
Strasburg.  Here,  April  20,  1797,  the  French 
under  Moreau  defeated  the  Austrians. 

Dies  Irae  (di'ez  i're).  [L.,  'day  of  wrath.']  A 
sequence  appointed  in  the  Roman  missal  to  be 
sung  between  the  Epistle  and  the  Gospel  in 
masses  for  the  dead :  named  from  its  first  words. 
It  waa  written  probably  by  Thomas  de  Celano,  the  friend 
of  Saint  Francis  of  Assisi,  and  is  a  hymn  in  liiple  rimed 
stanzas.  Its  subject  is  the  day  of  judgment.  The  transi- 
tion from  the  terror  of  the  day  of  wrath  (dies  irsB)  to 
hope  in  salvation  is  used  "  as  a  natural  preparation  to  the 


Dies  Irae 

concluding  prayer  for  eternal  rest."  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
translation  in  "The  Lay  ol  the  Last  Minstrel,"  beginning 
'•0  day  ol  wrath,  O  dreadful  day,"  is  well  known.  There 
have  been  numerous  versions  and  translations.  The  au- 
thor of  the  old  ecclesiastical  melody  to  which  it  is  sung 
is  not  known,  but  it  was  adapted  to  the  words  at  the  time 
they  were  written.  It  has  been  a  popular  subject  with 
modern  composers,  notably  Colonna,  Bassani,  Cherubinl, 
Berlioz,  VeriU,  and  Gounod  in  "  Mors  et  Vita."  It  is  also 
introduced  with  magnificent  effect  in  Mozart's  "Re- 
quiem." Grave. 

This  old  Latin  chant  was  accepted  by  the  Roman  Church 
as  one  of  the  sequentia  of  the  requiem,  before  the  year 
1386.  The  original  text  is  engraved  upon  a  marble  tablet 
in  the  Church  of  St.  Francesco  iu  Mantua.  The  present 
form  of  the  chant  is  supposed  to  have  been  given  by  Felix 
Hammerlin  (in  the  early  part  of  the  15th  century),  who 
omitted  the  former  opening  stanzas  and  added  some  others 
at  the  close.  In  this  form  it  has  appeared  in  the  Catholic 
missals  since  the  Council  of  Trent  The  chant  has  been 
translated  upwards  of  seventy  times  into  German,  and  fif- 
teen times  into  English.  One  of  the  closest  versions,  of 
the  few  in  which  the  feminine  rhymes  are  retained,  is 
that  of  Gen.  John  A.  Dix.  Taylor,  I^otes  to  Faust. 

Dieskau  (des'kou),  Lud^nrig  August.  Bom  in 
Saxony,  1701 :  died  near  Paris,  Sept.  8,  1767. 
A  German  general  in  the  French  service.  He 
became  brigadier-general  of  infantry  and  commander  of 
Brest  in  1748,  and  in  1765  was  sent  to  Canada  with  the  rank 
of  major-general  to  conduct  the  campaign  against  the  Eng- 
lish. With  1,200  Indians  and  Canadians  and  200  regulars 
he  undertook  an  expedition  against  Fort  Edward  in  1766. 
He  was  opposed  by  William  Johnson,  with  2,200  men,  en- 
camped on  Lake  George.  Having  ambushed  and  routed 
a  detachment  of  1,000  men  under  Colonel  Ephraim  Wil- 
liams^ he  was  himself  totally  defeated  and  captured  in 
the  ensuing  attack  on  the  British  cam;^. 

Diest  (dest).  A  fortified  town  in  the  province 
of  Brabant,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Demer  32 
miles  northeast  of  Brussels.  Population  (1890), 
8,531. 

Diesterweg  (des'ter-vea),  Friedrich  Adolf 
Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Siegen,  Westphalia,  Prus- 
sia, Oct.  29,  1790:  died  at  Berlin,  July  7, 1866. 
A  German  educator  and  writer  on  pedagogics. 
He  was  a  teacher  in  various  institutions  at 
Worms,  Frankfort,  Elberf  eld.  Mors,  and  Berlin. 

Diet  of  Augsburg,  Frankfort,  Nuremberg, 
etc.     See  Augsburg,  FranMort,  Nuremberg,  etc. 

Dieterici  (de-te-ret'se),  Friedrich.  Bom  at 
Berlin,  July  6,  1821 :  died  at  Charlottenburg, 
Aug.  18,  1903.  A  German  Orientalist  and 
philosophical  writer,  son  of  K.  P.  W.  Dieterici. 
He  published  "Chrestomathie  ottomane"  (1854),  and 
various  works  on  Arabic  philosophy  and  literature,  etc. 

IMeterlci,  Karl  Friedrich  Wilhelm.  Bom  at 
Berlin,  Au«.  23,  1790:  died  at  Berlin,  July  29, 
1859.  A  noted  German  statistician  and  politi- 
cal economist,  director  of  the  Prussian  bureau 
of  statistics  from  1844.  His  works  include  "Sta- 
tistische  Obersicht  der  wichtigsten  GegenstSnde,"  etc. 
(183S-67),  "Der  Volkswohlstand  im  preussischen  Staate" 
(1846),  etc. 

Dietrich(de'trieh),  Christian  Wilhelm  Ernst. 

[See  Theodoric.']  Bom  at  Weimar,  Germany, 
Oct.  30, 1712:  died  at  Dresden,  April  24  (23?), 
1774.  A  German  painter  and  engraver,  noted 
especially  for  landscapes. 
Dietrich  von  Bern  (fon  bem).  In  German 
legend,  Theodoric  the  Great,  king  of  the  East 
Goths,  whose  residence  was  at  Verona  (Bem). 
His  life  and  adventures  are  the  subject  of  the  Old  Norse 
Thidreks  saga,  "  Saga  Thidhreks  konungs  af  Bem,"  also 
called  the  Vilkina  saga,  whose  material  is  from  German 
sources,  and  is  an  element  in  various  Middle  High  German 
poems,  among  them  the  "Nlbelungenlied,"  "Biterolf," 
the  "Rosengarten,"  and  "Ermenrichs  Tod."  His  birth 
and  death  are  mysterious :  he  is  descended  from  a  spirit, 
and  disappears,  ultimately,  on  a  black  horse.  His  name 
is  still  preserved  in  popular  legends.  In  the  Lausitz  the 
"Wild  Huntsman,"  the  mythical  being  who  rides  in  furious 
haste  across  the  heavens  in  violent  storms,  is  called  Dietrich 
von  Bern.  The  name  is  also  given  to  "Knecht  Ruprecht." 
Many  large  buildings  in  different  parts  of  Italy,  among 
them  the  amphitheater  in  Verona  and  the  Castle  of  St. 
Angelo  in  Rome,  have  been  popularly  ascribed  to  him. 

Dietrichson  (de'trik-son),  Lorentz  Henrik 
Segelcke.  Bom  at  Bergen,  Norway,  Jan.  1, 
1834.  A  Norwegian  critic  and  poet,  professor 
of  the  history  of  art  at  the  University  of  Chris- 
tiania  from  1875.  His  works  include  "Omrids  af  den 
norske  Poesies  Hlstorie"  (1866-69,  "Outline  of  the  His- 
tory of  Norwegian  Poetry '%  etc. 

Dietz,  or  Diez  (dets).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Lahn  19  miles  east  of  Coblenz. 

Dietz,  Feodor.  Bom  at  Neunstetten,  Baden, 
May  29,  1813:  died  at  Gray,  Haute-Sa6ne, 
France,  Dee.  18, 1870.  A  German  historical  and 
battle  painter.  His  works  include  "Death  of 
Gustavus  Adolphus,"  "  Storming  of  Belgrade," 
etc.  „  ,  ^. 

Diez,  Friedrich  Christian.  Bom  at  Giessen, 
Hesse,  Germany,  March  15, 1794:  died  at  Bonn, 
Pmssia,  May  29, 1876.  A  noted  Germain  philol- 
ogist, the  founder  of  Bomance  philology :  pro- 
fessor at  Bonn  from  1823.    Among  his  works  are 


326 

"  Grammatik  der  romanischen  Sprachen  "  (1836-42),  "  Ety- 
mologisches'  Worterbuch  der  romanischen  Sprachen" 
(1853),  etc. 

Difaculty,  The  Hill.  A  hill  in  Bunyan's  "Pil- 
grim's Progress "  encountered  by  Christian  in 
his  journey  to  the  Celestial  Country. 

Digby  (dig'bi).  A  small  seaport,  and  seat  of  the 
hemng  fishery,  situated  in  Nova  Scotia  on  An- 
napolis basin,  17  miles  southwest  of  Annapolis. 

Digby,  Sir  Everard.  Bom  May  16, 1578 :  died 
Jan.  30,  1606.  An  English  conspirator.  He  in- 
herited large  estates  in  Rutland,  Leicestershire,  and  Lin- 
colnshire from  his  father,  Everard  Digby  of  Stoke  Dry, 
Rutland ;  and  in  1603  was  knighted  by  James  I.  He  was 
one  of  the  leading  conspirators  in  the  "  Gunpowder  Plot " 
(1605),  being  intrusted  with  the  task  of  preparing  for  a  ris- 
ing in  the  midland  counties  to  take  place  simultaneously 
,with  the  destruction  of  the  Parliament  house.  He  was 
apprehended  on  the  discovery  of  the  plot,  and  was  executed 
at  London. 

Digby,  Sir  Kenelm.  Bom  at  Gothnrst,  Bucks, 
England,  1603:  died  at  London,  June  11,  1665. 
An  English  natural  philosopher  and  student  of 
the  occult  sciences.  He  was  the  son  of  the  conspira- 
tor Sir  Everard  Digby ;  was  educated  in  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic faith  ;  was  in  1643  banished  from  England  as  an  ad- 
herent of  the  Royalist  cause;  and  subsequently  became 
chancellor  to  Queen  Henrietta  Maria,  which  post  he  re- 
tahied  after  the  Restoration,  Author  of  "Observations 
upon  Religio  Medici "  (1643),  "A  Treatise  of  the  Nature 
of  Bodies  "  (1644),  "A  Treatise  declaring  the  Operations 
and  Nature  of  Man's  Soul,"  etc.  (1644),  and  "  A  Discourse 
concerning  the  Vegetation  of  Plants  "  (1661). 

Digby,  Kenelm  Henry.  Bom  1800:  died 
March  22,  1880.  An  English  antiquarian.  He 
graduated,  with  the  degree  of  B.  A.,  at  Cambridge  in  1819, 
and  spent  most  of  his  subsequent  life  in  literary  pursuits 
at  London.  His  chief  works  are  "The  Broad  Stone  of 
Honour,  or  Rules  for  the  Gentlemen  of  England  "  (1822, 
anonymous ;  enlarged  edition,  with  second  title  omitted, 
1826-27),  and  "Mores  Catholici,  or  Ages  of  Faith"  (1831- 
1840). 

Digest  of  Justinian.     See  Corpus  Juris. 

Diggers.  [That  is, '  root-diggers, ' '  root-eaters.'] 
A  name  given  to  a  number  of  tribes  of  North 
American  Indians  in  CaUfomia,  Oregon,  Ida- 
ho, Utah,  Nevada,  and  Arizona,  which  speak 
widely  different  languages  and  comprise  a 
number  of  distinct  linguistic  stocks.  The  name 
Is  used  especially  to  designate  the  Bannock,  Piute,  and 
other  Shoshonean  tribes  known  to  use  roots  extensively 
for  food,  and  who  are  hence  "  diggers  "  (in  English) ;  but 
it  is  a  coincidence  that  the  terminal  syllables  dika  or  tika 
are  common  in  Shoshonean  band  and  tribal  names.  See 
SkosJioko. 

Digges  (digz),  Leonard.     Died  about  1571. 

An  English  mathematician.  He  was  the  son  of 
James  Digges  of  Digges  Gonrt,  in  the  parish  of  Barham, 
Kent;  studied  at  Oxford  without  taking  a  degree;  and  in- 
herited a  competent  fortune,  which  enabled  him  to  devote 
himself  to  scientific  pursuits.  His  chief  work  is  "A  Booke 
named  Tectonlcon,  briefly  showing  the  exact  measuring 
and  speedie  reckoning  aU  manner  of  land,  squares,  tim- 
ber, stone,  etc."  (1656). 

Digges,  Thomas.  Died  Aug.  24,  1595.  An 
English  mathematician,  son  of  Leonard  Dig- 

fes.  He  graduated,  with  the  degree  of  B.  A.,  at  Cam- 
ridge  in  1551 ;  became  a  member  of  Parliament  in  1572 ; 
and  was  muster-master-general  of  her  Majesty's  forces 
in  the  Low  Countries  1686-94.  His  works  include  "A 
Geometrical  Practice,  named  Pantometria **  (1571),  "A 
Prognostication  .  .  .  contayning  .  .  .  Rules  to  judge  the 
Weather  by  the  Sunne,  Moone,  Stars,"  etc.  (1678),  and 
"An  Aritbmeticall  Militare  Treatise,  named  Stratioticos  " 
(1579). 

Diggon  (dig'on).  [A  variant  of  JMccon,  dim. 
of  Dieh.']  A"  traveled  shepherd  in  Spenser's 
"  Shepherd's  Calendar." 

Diggory  (dig'g-ri).  A  loutish  servant  in  Gold- 
smith's comedy  "  She  Stoops  to  Conquer." 

Dighton  (di'ton).  A  town  in  Bristol  County, 
Massachusetts,  near  Taunton.  Near  it  is  the 
Dighton  Kock,with  an  inscription  formerly  (and 
erroneously)  attributed  to  the  Northmen. 

Digne  (deny).  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Basses-Alpes,  Prance,  situated  on  the  B16one 
in  lat.  44°  6'  N.,  long.  6°  13'  E. :  the  ancient 
Dinia.  It  contains  a  cathedral  and  a  church 
of  Notre  Dame.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
7,261. 

Dignity  and  Impudence.  A  painting  by  Sir 
Edwin  Landseer,  in  the  National  Gallery,  Lon- 
don. It  is  a  group  consisting  of  a  large,  solemn-looking 
bloodhound  and  a  pert  Scotch  terrier. 

Digoin  (de-gwaii'  )■  A.  tovra  in  the  department  of 
Sa6ne-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on  the  Loire 
35  nules  east  of  Moulins.  Population  (1891), 
eommime,  4,880. 

Dihong  (de-hong').  A  name  given  to  the  Brah- 
maputra in  its  middle  course. 

Dijon  (de-zh6n').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  C6te-d'0r,  France,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Ouohe  and  Sujon  in  lat.  47°  19' 
N.,  long.  5°  3'  E. :  the  Roman  Divio,  Dibio,  or 
CastrumDivionense  (whence  the  modem  name). 
It  is  an  important  fortified  town  and  the  emporium  for 
Burgundy  wines,  and  has  considerable  manufactures  and 


Dimetian  Code 

a  large  trade  in  grain,  etc  It  contains  a  cathedral  of  St. 
B^nign^  (see  belowX  the  chUTches  of  Notre  Dame  and  of  St. 
Michel,  an  old  ducal  palace  (now  the  h6tel  de  ville,  with 
an  important  museum),  a  palais  de  justice,  and  remnants 
of  the  castle  and  convent  of  Chartreuse.  In  early  histoi? 
it  was  a  Roman  camp,  and  it  was  burned  by  the  Saracens 
in  the  8th  century.  It  had  its  counts  and  was  the  capital 
of  Burgundy  from  the  12th  century  to  1477,  when  it  passed 
to  France.  It  was  besieged  by  the  Swiss  in  1613,  was 
occupied  (after  a  struggle)  by  the  Germans  from  Oct  31 
to  Dec.  27,  1870,  and  was  subsequently  defended  by  Gari- 
baldi against  the  Germans  in  Jan.,  1871.  The  cathedral 
is  of  moderate  size,  but  noteworthy  for  its  excellent  de- 
sign and  the  beauty  of  its  13th-century  tracery  and  orna- 
ment. The  west  front  has  a  good  porch  and  2  low  towers. 
Behind  it  are  the  ruins  of  a  curious  circular  church  of  the 
Templars.    Population  (1901),  70,428. 

Diksmuide.     See  Dixmude. 

Dilettanti  Society,  The.  A  London  society 
devoted  to  the  encouragement  of  a  taste  for  the 
fine  arts,  founded  in  1734. 

Dilke  (dilk),  Charles  Wentworth.  Bom  Dec. 
8, 1789 :  died  Aug.  10,  1864.  An  English  jom-- 
nalist,  editor  of  the  London  "Athenseum"  ( 1830- 
1846),  and  of  the  "  Daily  News  "  (1846-49).  He 
wrote  much  on  the  Letters  of  Junius. 

Dilke,  Sir  Charles  Wentworth.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  18, 1810 :  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  May 
10, 1869.  Son  of  C.  W.  Dilke :  promoter  of  the 
exhibition  of  1851,  commissioner  to  the  New 
York  exhibition  1853,  and  one  of  the  royal  com- 
missioners for  the  London  exhibition  1862.  He 
was  made  a  baronet  in  1862. 

Dilke,  Sir  Charles  Wentworth.  Bom  at  Chel- 
sea, near  London,  Sept.  4,  1843.  An  English 
politician  and  author,  son  of  Sir  C.  W.  Dilke. 
Be  graduated  at  the  head  of  the  law  tripos  at  Trinity  Hall, 
{Cambridge,  in  1866 ;  was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Middle 
Temple  in  1866  ;  was  elected  member  of  Parliament  for  the 
borough  of  Chelsea  in  1868 ;  was  appointed  under-secretary 
of  state  for  foreign  affairs  in  1880 ;  became  president  of  the 
Local  Government  Board  with  a  seat  in  the  cabinet  in  1882. 
He  lost  his  seat  in  Parliament  in  1886,  bnt  again  became  a 
member  in  1892.  He  has  published  "  Greater  Britain  :  a 
Record  of  Travel  in  Englisb-speaMog  Countries  during 
1866  and  1867"  (1868),  "Parliamentary  Reform"  (1879), 
"Present  Condition  of  European  Politics"  (1887),  "The 
British  Army  "  (1888), "  Problems  of  Greater  Britain  "  (1890). 

Dillenburg  (dil'len-bSra).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  41  miles 
northeast  of  Coblenz.  It  was  the  birthplace 
of  William  of  Orange. 

Dillenius  (dil-la'ne-es),  or  DlUen  (dil'len),  Jo- 
hann  Jakob.  Born  at  Darmstadt,  Germany, 
1687 :  died  at  Oxford,  England,  AprU  2,  1747. 
A  celebrated  German  botanist,  professor  at 
Oxford  from  1728.  He  wrote  "Catalogus  Plantarum 
Sponte  circa  Gissam  Nascentium  "  (1719),  "  Hortus  Eltha- 
mensis  "  (1732),  "  Historia  muscorum  "  (1741). 

Dillingen  (dil'ling-en).  A  town  in  Swabia  and 
Neuburg,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Danube  23 
miles  northwest  of  Augsburg.  It  was  formerly 
the  seat  of  a  university.'  Population  (1890), 
5,734. 

Dillmann  (dil'man).  Christian  Friedrich  Au- 
gust. Bom  April  25,  1823:  died  July  4,  1894. 
A  German  Orientalist  and  Protestant  theolo- 
gian, an  authority  on  the  Ethiopian  language 
and  literature  and  Old  Testament  criticism: 
professor  at  Berlin  from  1869.  His  works  Include 
a  grammar  (1867)  and  lexicon  (1866)  of  the  Ethiopian  lan- 
guage, commentaries  on  Job,  Genesis,  Exodus,  Leviticus, 
etc. 

Dillon  (dil'on),  Charles.  Bom  in  England  in 
1819:  died  there,  June  27,  1881.  An  English 
actor.  He  excelled  in  the  romantic  drama,  in 
such  parts  as  Belphegor. 

Dillon,  John.  Bom  1851.  An  Irish  politician, 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Irish  National  party. 
He  entered  Parliament  in  1880,  and  was  impris- 
oned 1881-82  and  again  in  1891. 

Dilman  (dil-man').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Azerbaijan  northwestern  Persia,  73  miles  west 
of  Tabriz.    Population,  estimated,  6,000  (t). 

Dilmun(dil-mon').  An  ancient  city  situated  on 
an  island,  or  rather  peninsula,  in  the  Persian 
Gulf,  now  included  in  the  lowlands  of  the  coast. 
Sargon  II.,  king  of  Assyria  722-705  B.  0.,  relates  on  his  mo- 
nolith, found  in  Cyprus,  that  he  received  from  Uperi,  king 
of  DUmun,  gifts  and  homage. 

Diman  (di'man),  Jeremiah  Lewis.  Bom  at 
Bristol,  E.  I.,  May  1, 1831  %  died  at  Providence, 
K.  L,  Feb.  3,  1881.  An  American  historical 
writer  and  Congregational clergymanjprof  essor 
of  history  at  Brown  University.  He  wrote 
"Theistio  Argument"  (1879),  "Orations  and 
Essays"  (published  1882). 

Dimanche  (de-moAsh'),  Monsieur.  [F.,  'Mr 
Sxmday.']  In  MoliSre's  "Don  Juan"  or  "Le 
festin  de  Pierre,"  a  tradesman  who  tries  to  col- 
lect money  due  him,  but  is  never  allowed  to 
even  ask  for  it,  being  constantly  inleirrupted. 

Dimetian  Code  (<^-me'shi-an  kod).  See  ex- 
tract on  following  page. 


Dimetian  Code 

The  custom  [that  the  youDgest  child  should  have  the 
dwelling-house  when  the  property  came  to  division]  ap- 
pears in  Wales  in  what  was  probably  its  most  primitive 
form.  According  to  the  laws  o(  Hoel  the  Good,  dating 
from  the  tenth  century  at  latest^  the  inheritancOjWas  to 
be  so  divided  that  the  homestead,  with  eight  acres  of  land 
and  the  best  implements  of  the  household,  should  fall  to 
the  youngest  son.  The  different  editions  of  these  laws  are 
contained  in  the  Dimetian  Code  for  South  Wales,  and  in 
the  Venedotian  Code  for  "Gwynnedd"  or  the  northern 
parts  of  the  principality. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  181. 

Dimitri  (de-me'tre),  or  Dmitri  (dme'tre).  The 
Russian  form  of  Demetrius  (which  see). 

Dimitri  Boudine  (de-me'tre  ro-den').  A  novel 
by  Turgenieff,  published  in  1855.  It  has  been 
translated  into  French,  German,  and  English. 
Dimitri  is  a  cosmopolitan  who  affects  to  scorn  Bussian 
habits.  He  is  the  victim  of  his  own  error,  and  his  disciples 
fall  away  from  him. 

Dimmesdale  (dimz'-dal),  Arthur.  A  Puritan 
clergyman  in  Hawthorne's  tale  "The  Scarlet 
Letter.''  He  has  a  delicately  sensitive  nature,  unable 
to  bear  the  strain  of  the  concealment  of  his  sin  with  Hester 
Prynne,  and  equally  unable  to  confess  it  and  bear  public 
obloquy. 

The  Puritan  clergyman,  reverenced  as  a  saint  by  all  his 
flock,  conscious  of  a  sin  which,  once  revealed,  will  crush 
him  to  the  earth,  watched  with  a  malignant  purpose  by 
the  husband  whom  he  has  injured,  unable  to  summon  up 
the  moral  courage  to  tear  off  the  veil  and  make  the  only 
atonement  in  his  power,  is  undoubtedly  a  striking  figure, 
powerfully  conceived  and  most  delicately  described. 

Leslie  Stephen,  Hours  in  a  Library,  p.  223. 

Dimoch,  or  Dymoch,  or  Dymoke,  or  Dituocke 
(dim'ok).  The  name  of  a  Lincolnshire  family 
which'  has  held  since  1377  the  feudal  office  of 
"champion of  England." 

Dimsdale  (dimz'dal),  Thomas.  Bom  in  Essex, 
England,  May  6,  1712:  died  in  Hertford,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  30,  1800.  An  English  physician, 
known  chiefly  as  an  advocate  of  inoculation  for 
the  smallpox.  He  took  up  the  practice  of  medicine  at 
Hertford,  and  in  1767  published  "  The  Present  Method  of 
Inoculation  for  the  Small  Pox,"  which  obtained  for  him  in 
1768  an  invitation  to  St.  Petersburg  to  inoculate  the  em- 
press Catherine  and  the  grand  duke  Paul. 

Dinah  (di'na),  [Heb.,  'judged'  or  'avenged.'] 
The  daughter  of  Jacob  by  Leah.  See  Gen.  xxx. , 
xxxiv. 

Dinah,  Aunt.  In  Sterne's  "  Tristram  Shandy,'' 
the  aunt  of  Walter  Shandy,  who  occupies  him- 
self with  schemes  for  spending  the  money  she 
leaves  him. 

Dinah  Morris.    See  Morris. 

Dinajpur  (de-naj-p6r');  or  Dinaf  epore  (de-naj- 
por').  1.  A  district  m  the  Kajshahi  division, 
Beagal,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  25°  30' 
N.,  long.  88°  30'  E.  Area,  4,118  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  1,555,835.-2.  The  capital  of 
the  above  district,  situated  in  lat.  25°  37'  N., 
long.  88°  32'  E.    Population  (1891),  12,204. 

Dinan  (de-non').  Atown  in  the  department  of 
C6tes-du-Nord,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Eance 
29  miles  northwest  of  Eennes.  It  was  defended 
against  the  English  by  Du  Guesclin  in  1359. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  10,444. 

Dinant.  la  Fletcher  and  Massinger's  "Little 
French  Lawyer,"  a  gentleman  who  formerly 
loved  and  stUl  pretends  to  love  Lamira.  _ 

Dinant  (de-non'  or  de-nSnt').  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Namur,  Belgium,  situated  on  the 
Mouse  14  miles  south  of  Namur.  it  is  fortified, 
and  was  formerly  noted  for  its  copper  and  brass  wares.  It 
was  sacked  by  the  Burgundians  in  1466,  and  by  the  French 
in  1664  and  1676.    Population  (1890),  7,048. 

Dinapur  (de-na-p5r').  A  town  in  the  district 
of  Patna,  Bengal,  British  India,  situated  on  the 
Ganges  5  miles  west  of  Patna.  it  is  an  important 
military  station,  and  was  the  scene  of  the  mutiny  of  the 
Sepoy  regiments  in  July,  1857.    Population  (1891),  44,419. 

Dinaric  Alps  (di-nar'ik  alps).  [Named  from 
Dinara,  the  highest  summit.]  A  name  given 
to  those  mountain-ranges  in  Dalmatia,  Bosnia, 
Herzegovina,  and  Croatia  which  are  clearly  a 
continuation  of  the  main  Alpine  system. 

Dinarzade.  The  sister  of  Scheherazade  in  "The 
Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments."  she  passes  the 
night  in  the  bridal  chamber,  and  asks  her  sister  daily,  just 
before  daybreak,  to  relate  for  the  last  time  one  of  her 
"agreeable  tales."    See  Scheherazade. 

Dindigal  (din -di- gal'),  or  Dindigul  (din-di- 
gul').  A  small  town  in  Madras,  British  India, 
in  lat.  10°  20'  N.,  long.  77°  57'  E. 

Dinding  Isles  Cdin-ding'  ilz).  An  administra- 
tive division  of  the  British  colony  of  Straits 
Settlements,  situated  on  the  western  side  of  the 
Malay  peninsula  about  lat.  4°  20'  N. 

Dindorf  (din'dorf),  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Leip- 
sio,  Jan.  2, 1802:  died  at  Leipsic,  Aug.  1,  1883. 
A  noted  German  classical  philologist.  He  was 
one  of  the  collaborators  in  the  revision  of  Stephanus  s  "  The- 
saurus linguffi  Grfficte"  (1831-66),  and  edited  "Demosthe- 
nes" (1846-51),  "PoetsB  scwnlci  Grseci  '  (1830),  etc. 


327 

Dindymene  (din-di-me'ne).  [Gr.  AivSv/iijiiTi,  of 
Dindymum.]  Cybele.  Also  called  "  the  Din- 
dymenian  mother." 

Dindymum (din'di-mum).  [Qr.  AivSv/iov.']  Inan- 
cient  geography,  a  moimtain  in  Galatia,  sacred 
to  Cybele. 

Dingelstedt  (dtng'el-stet),  Franz  von.  Bom 
at  Halsdorf,  Hesse,  Germany,  June  30,  1814: 
died  at  Vienna,  May  15, 1881.  A  German  poet, 
novelist,  and  theatrical  director.  His  works  in- 
clude "Lieder  eines  kosmopolitischen  Nachtwachters " 
(1841),  "  Nacht  und  Morgen  "  (1851),  the  tragedy  "  Das 
Hans  des  Bameveldt "  (1860),  the  novels  "  Unter  der 
Erde"(1840),  "Die  Amazone"a868),  etc. 

Dingwall  (ding'wM).  The  capital  of  Eoss- 
shire,  situated  on  Cromarty  Firth  11  miles 
northwest  of  Inverness.  Population  (1891), 
2,283. 

DiniaS'  and  Dercyllis  (din'i-as  and  der-sil'is). 
The  chief  characters  of  an  old  Greek  novel 
entitled  "  Of  the  incredible  Things  in  Thule." 

The  book  called  "Wonders  beyond  Thule"was  written  by 
one  Antonlus  Diogenes,  who  probably  lived  in  Syria  in  the 
2nd  century  before  Christ,  though  it  was  the  opinion  of 
Photius  that  the  work  was  written  soon  after  the  d^ath  of 
Alexander  the  Great.  It  was  current  as  late  aa  the  9th 
century,  when  its  twenty-four  volumes  were  summarised 
by  the  Patriarch  Photius,  who  compressed  the  works  of 
nearly  three  hundred  authors  into  one  volume  to  beguile 
the  tedium  of  a  residence  in  Bagdad.  Our  knowledge  of 
the  novel  is  gained  partly  from  this  epitome  and  partly 
from  the  f  rag^nenta  which  can  be  gathered  from  the  later 
classical  writings.  The  plot  turns  on  the  loves  and  adven- 
tures of  a  Syrian  maiden  and  Dinia^,  a  traveller  from  Ar- 
cadia, the  story  of  whose  lives  was  recorded  in  a  manu- 
script wliich  Alexander  the  Great  was  supposed  to  find  in 
their  tomb.  Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  78. 

Dinka  (din'ka).  A  great  Nigritic  tribe  dwell- 
ing on  both  sides  of  the  White  Nile  between 
6°  and  12°  north  latitude.  Their  territory  Is  a  vast 
and  fertile  plain  covering  60,000  square  miles.  They  differ 
from  the  Shilluk  and  Nuer  (with  whom  they  largely  inter- 
live,  but  whom  they  hate^  by  their  higher  stature,  promi- 
nent foreheads,  and  theur  black,  almost  bluish,  complex- 
ion. They  are  intelligent,  skilful  in  the  making  of  house- 
hold articles,  and  frugal.  Like  the  Shilluk,  they  are  both 
pastoral  and  agricultural.  Each  village  is  under  a  chief 
who  has  little  authority  and  recognizes  no  suzerain.  The 
Dinka  language  is  said  to  be  related  to  that  of  the  Bari, 
and  to  have  prefixes  like  the  Bantu  tongues. 

Dinkard  (den-kard' ).  [Pahlavi :.  properly  Dino- 
karto,  the  deeds  or  enactments  of  the  religion.] 
The  largest  and  most  important  Pahlavi  work 
in  existence,  containing  a  vast  amount  of  in- 
formation regarding  the  legends,  writings,  doc- 
trines, and  customs  of  the  Zoroastrian  religion. 
In  its  present  state  much  of  the  work  consists  of  a  descrip- 
tive catalogue  of  the  contents  of  the  original  compilation, 
Interspersed  with  extracts  in  detail.  The  date  of  its  lat- 
est revision  must  have  been  subsequent  to  the  Moham- 
medan conquest  of  Persia. 

Dinkelsbiihl  (dink'els-bul),  A  small  town  in 
Middle  Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the 
Wornitz  44  miles  southwest  of  Nuremberg.  It 
was  formerly  a  free  imperia!  city. 

Dinmont  (din'mont),  Dandie  (Andrew).  A 
Border  farmer  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel 
"Guy  Mannering":  the  grateful  friend  of 
Brown,  who  had  saved  his  life.  Sent  by  Meg  Mer- 
rilies,  he  protects  Brown  in  the  Portanferry  jaU,  ana  after 
their  escape  helps  him,  under  the  guidance  of  Meg,  to 
capture  Hatteraick.  He  is  the  owner  of  Mustard  and  Pep- 
per, the  progenitors  of  the  Dandie  Dinmont  terriers. 

According  to  Mr.  Shortreed,  this  good  man  [Willie  El- 
liot] of  Millbumholm  was  the  great  original  of  Dandle 
Dinmont.  As  he  seems  to  have  been  the  firstot  these  up- 
land sheep  farmers  that  Scott  ever  visited,  there  can  Be 
httle  doubt  that  he  sat  for  some  parts  of  that  inimitable 
portraiture ;  and  it  is  certain  that  the  James  Davidson 
who  carried  the  name  of  Dandie  to  his  grave  with  him,  and 
whose  thoroughbred  deathbed  scene  is  told  in  the  Notes 
to  Guy  Mannering,  was  first  pointed  out  to  Scott  by  Mr. 
Shortreed  himself,  several  years  after  the  novel  had  es- 
tablished the  man's  celebrity  all  over  the  Border ;  some 
accidentel  report  about  his  terriers,  and  their  odd  names, 
having  alone  been  turned  to  account  in  the  original  com- 
position of  the  tale.  But  I  have  the  best  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  the  kind  and  manly  character  of  Dandie,  the 
gentle  and  delicious  one  of  his  wife,  and  some  at  least  of 
the  most  picturesque  peculiarities  of  the  minage  at  Char- 
lieshope,  were  filled  up  from  Scott's  observation,  years 
after  this  period,  of  a  family  with  one  of  whose  members 
he  had,  through  the  best  part  of  his  life,  a  close  and  affec- 
tionate connexion.  To  those  who  were  familiar  with  him, 
I  have  perhaps  already  sufficiently  indicated  the  eariy 
home  of  his  dear  friend,  William  Laidlaw,  among  "  the 
braes  of  Yarrow."  Lockhart,  Life  of  Scott,  I.  117. 

Dinocrates  (di-nok'ra-tez).  [Gr.  hetvoKpa.TK.'] 
The  ablest  of  the  areliiteets  of  Alexander  the 
Great.  He  planned  the  new  city  of  Alexandria,  and  re- 
built the  Artemisium  of  Bphesus  after  its  destruction  by 
fire.  This  architect  appears  under  eight  different  names 
given  by  Brunn. 

Dinorah  (de-no 'ra).  The  original  Italian  title 
of  an  opera  by  Meyerbeer,  first  produced  at 
Paris  as  "Le  pardon  de  Ploermel,"  April  4, 
1859. 

Dinter  (din'ter),  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Borna, 
Saxony,  Feb.  29,  1760:  died  at  Konigsberg, 


Diodorus 

Pmssia,  May  29,  1831.  A  German  writer  on 
pedagogics,  professor  of  theology  at  KSnigs- 
berg  from  1822.  His  chief  work  is  the  "  Schul- 
lehrerbibel"  (1825-28). 

Dinwiddie  (din'wid-i),  Rolert.  Bom  in  Soot- 
land  about  1690 :  died  at  Clifton,  England, 
Aug.  1,  1770.      A  British  official,  lieutenant- 

.  governor  of  Virginia  1752-58.  shortly  after  his  ap- 
pomtment  he  transmitted  a  report  to  the  Board  of  Trade, 
recommending  tlie  annexation  of  the  Ohio  Valley  and  the 
erection  of  forts  to  secure  the  western  frontier  against  the 
French.  In  1763  he  despatched  George  Washington  to 
the  French  forts  on  the  Ohio  and  Allegheny  to  remon- 
strate with  their  commanders  lor  taking  possession  of 
British  territory,  and  was  subsequently  one  of  the  most 
strenuous  supporters  of  the  old  French  and  Indian  war. 

Diodes  (di'6-klez).  [Gr.  Aloiafjg.']  A  Syra- 
cusan  popular  leader,  the  reputed  (chief)  au- 
thor of  a  code  of  laws  named  for  him. 

Diodes  Oarystius  ('of  Carystus').  A  cele- 
brated Greek  physician  of  the  4th  century  B.C., 
bom  at  Carystus  in  Euboea. 

Diocletian  (di-o-kle'shian)  (Oaius  Anrelius 
Valerius  piod'etianus:  sumamed  Jovius). 
Born  at  Dioclea  (whence  his  name),  Dalmatia, 
245  A.  D.:  died  near  Salona,  Dalmatia,  313. 
Emperor  of  Eome.  He  entered  the  army  at  an  early 
age,  and,  although  of  obscure  origin,  rose  to  important 
commands  under  Probus,  Aurelian,  and  Carus.  On  the 
death  of  Numerianus,  joint  emperor  with  Carinus,  he  was 
proclaimed  emperor  by  the  army  at  Chalcedon  in  284, 
and  advanced  against  Carinus  who  was  Icilled  by  one  of 
his  own  officers.  In  286  he  adopted  Maximian  as  his 
colleague  in  the  government.  In  292  the  Joint  emperors 
appointed  Galerius  and  Constantius  Chlorus  as  their  asso- 
ciates. Diocletian  and  Maximian  retained  the  title  of 
Augusti,  while  Galerius  and  Constantius  were  denomi- 
nated Csesars.  Each  of  the  rulers  was  independent  in  the 
local  administration  of  his  province,  but  the  three  junior 
rulers  acknowledged  Diocletian  as  the  head  of  the  em- 
pire. The  empire  was  divided  among  them  as  foUows : 
Diocletian  received  Thrace,  Egypt,  Syria,  and  Asia,  with 
Micomedia  as  his  capital ;  Maximian,  Italy,  Africa,  Sicily, 
and  the  islands  of  the  Tyrrhenian  Sea,  with  Milan  as  his 
capital;  Galerius,  lUyricum  and  the  countries  of  the 
Danube,  with  Sirmium  as  his  capital ;  and  Constantius, 
Britain,  Gaul,  and  Spain,  with  Treves  as  his  capitaL 
Diocletian  subdued  a  revolt  in  Egypt  in  296;  Constantius 
restored  the  allegiance  of  Britain  in  the  same  year ;  and 
Galerius  forced  the  Persians  to  sue  for  peace  in  297.  In 
303  Diocletian,  persuaded,  it  is  said,  by  the  false  accusa- 
tions of  Galerius,  ordered  a  generalpersecution  of  the 

.  Christians  throughout  the  empire.  He  abdicated  in  305, 
compelling  Maximian  to  do  the  same,  and  retired  to  Sa- 
lona in  Dalmatia,  where  he  spent  his  remaining  years  in 
the  cultivation  of  his  gardens.  Diocletian  and  Maximian 
were  succeeded  as  Augusti  by  Galerius  and  Constantius, 
who  in  turn  appointed  Severus  and  Maximinus  Csesars. 

Diocletian  inaugurated . . .  the  period  of  the  Partnership 
Emperors.  Himself  borne  to  power  by  something  not 
very  unlike  a  mutiny  of  the  troops  on  the  Persian  fron- 
tier, he  nevertheless  represented  and  gave  voice  to  the 
passionate  longing  of  the  world  that  the  age  of  mutinies 
might  cease.  With  this  intention  he  remodelled  the  in- 
ternal constitution  of  the  state  and  moulded  it  into  a 
bureaucracy  so  strong,  so  stable,  so  wisely  organised,  that 
it  subsisted  virtually  the  same  for  more  than  a  thousand 
years,  and  by  its  endurance  prolonged  for  many  ages  the 
duration  of  the  Byzantine  Empire, 

Eodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  1. 16. 

Diodetian,  Baths  of.  Baths  in  ancient  Eome 
founded  by  Maximian  at  the  junction  of  the 
Quirinal  and  Viminal  hills,  and  dedicated  305- 
306  A.  D.  A  plan  was  made  by  Palladlo  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury, but  the  remains,  though  scattered  over  an  area  a  mile 
in  circuit,  are  now  very  scanty,  apart  from  the  splendid 
tepidarium,  now  the  Church  of  Sta.  Maria  degli  Angeli, 
and  one  of  the  domical  halls  which  occupied  the  angles, 
now  the  Church  of  San  Bernardo. 

Diodati  (de-o-da'te),  Domenico.  Bom  at  Na- 
ples, 1736:  died  at  Naples,  1801.  An  Italian 
archsBologist.  His  works  include  "De  Christo 
grsBce  loquente  exercitatio"  (1767),  etc. 

Diodati,  Giovanni.  Bom  at  Geneva,  June  6, 
1576:  died  at  Geneva,  Oct.  3,  1649.  A  Sviriiss 
Protestant  theologian,  professor  of  Hebrew 
and  later  of  theology  at  Geneva.  He  trans- 
lated the  Bible  into  Italian  (1607). 

Diodorus  (di-o-do'rus),  sumamed  Siculus  ('of 
Sicily').  [Gr.  Aiddapoq.']  Bom  at  Agyrium, 
Sicily :  lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  1st  cen- 
tury B.  c.  A  Greek  historian,  author  of  a 
history  in  40  books  entitled  a  "  Historical  Li- 
brary" {Bi^XioB^KTi).    See  the  extract. 

The  historical  library  of  Diodorus  consisted  of  forty 
books,  divided  into  three  great  sections.  The  first  of 
these  sections,  containing  the  mythical  period  down  to 
the  taking  of  Troy  (which  he  places  with  ApoUodorus 
408  years  before  the  commencement  of  the  Olympiads, 
i.  e.  in  B.  c.  1138) ,  occupies  the  first  six  books.  The  second 
section,  from  the  seventh  to  the  eighteenth  book,  con- 
tains a  chronological  histoiy  from  the  taking  of  Troy  to 
the  death  of  Alexander  the  Great.  The  third  period,  oc- 
cupying the  twenty-tliree  remaining  books,  carries  the 
history  down  to  the  British  expedition  of  Julius  Caesar. 
Of  these  forty  books,  we  have  only  a  portion  complete, 
namely  books  1-6,  containing  the  history  of  the  Egyptians, 
Assyrians,  jEthiopians,  and  Greeks;  and  books  11-20, 
containing  the  period  from  the  invasion  of  Xerxes  down 
to  the  year  B.  0.  302.    The  rest  of  the  work  is  either  lost 


Diodorus  328 

altogether,  or  represented  only  by  a  aeries  ol  fragments 
and  extracts,  of  which  the  most  considerable  refer  to 
boolis  30-40.  The  following  is  a  general  analysis  of  the 
remains  of  Diodorus :— Book  I.  On  Egypt;  its  mythology, 
geography,  and  history ;  its  laws,  literature,  and  customs ; 
and  the  Greeks  who  have  travelled  in  the  country.  H. 
The  legendary  history  of  Assyria,  from  Ninus  to  Sarda- 
napalus ;  the  Medes,  Chaldeans,  Indiana,  Scythians,  Hy- 
perboreans, Arabians,  with  an  account  of  the  island  of 
Ceylon.  III.  On  the  .Ethiopians,  and  other  nations  of 
Libya.  IV.  The  mythology  of  Greece.  V.  On  the  Greek 
islands,  and  the  Fhenician  settlements  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean He  also  treats  of  the  islands  of  the  Atlantic,  and 
of  Arabia  and  its  seas.  ZI.  From  the  invasion  of  Xerxes 
(01  75,  1)  down  to  the  war  of  Cyprus  (01.  82,  2),  with 
contemporary  notices  of  Sicily,  Egypt,  and  Borne.  XII. 
From  the  war  of  Cyprus  (01.  82,  S)  to  that  of  Syracuse 
(OL  91, 1),  with  notices  of  Sybaris,  of  Charondas,  and  Za- 
leucns,  and  the  Decemvirate  at  Borne.  XIII.  From  the 
war  between  Syracuse  and  Athens  (01.  91,  2)  down  to  that 
between  Syracuse  and  the  Carthaginians  (01. 93, 4).  XIV. 
From  the  time  of  the  thirty  tyrants  (01. 94, 1)  to  the  taking 
of  Bome  by  the  Gauls  (01.  98,  2).  XV.  From  the  war  be- 
tween Artaxerxes  and  Evagoraa  (01.  98,  3)  to  the  accession 
of  Philip  (OL  105,  2).    XVI.  Beign  of  Philip  of  Macedon. 

XVII,  Reign  of  Alexander  the  Great.    XVIII.  Successors  _..         _,  .  ,,    .  ,.  »       ,-,~i 

of  Alexander  down  to  the  domination  of  Agathocles  in  DlOn  ChrySOStomUS  (kn-sos'to-mus).     [Gr. 

Sicily  (OL  115,  3).     XIX  Events  in  Greece,  Sicily,  and     ■"■     -'-  "■     t,- —     -^ -"^ ■"'^■^ — '- 

Italy  down  to  the  battle  of  Himera  (OL  117,  2).  XX 
From  the  war  of  Agathocles  in  Sicily  (01.  117,  3)  down  to 
the  coalition  against  Antigonus  (01. 119,  3). 

K.  0.  UuUer,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  117. 

[(DoruUdson.) 


Dipsodes,  The 

oamassus,  Caria :  died  at  Rome  about  7  B.  o. 


The  great  work  of  Dion  Cassius  was  a  history  of  Bome 
.  .  .  from  the  foundation  of  the  city  to  the  year  A.  D.  229. 
Besides  this,  a  number  of  works,  now  lost  or  Incorporated 
in  his  history,  are  attributed  to  him  by  Suidas  and  others. 
The  history  consisted  of  eighty  books,  of  which  Books 
XXXVII.-LX  have  come  down  to  us  complete  or  nearly 
BO,  the  remainder  of  the  work  being  represented  by 
fragments  of  different  kinds.  In  the  10th  century,  when 
the  whole  work  was  in  existence,  excerpts  were  made 
from  it  by  the  order  of  Constantino  Porphyrogenitus, 
and  in  the  12th  century  Zonaras  undertook  an  abridg- 
ment of  the  first  20  books,  which,  with  those  from  the 
36th  book  to  the  end,  were  then  extant.  The  latter  part 
of  the  work,  from  the  36th  to  the  80th  book,  had  been 
abridged  in  the  nth  century  by  a  monk  named  Joannes  PiouVSiUS    PeiiegeteS    (per'^i-e-je'tez). 


Xiphilinus.  There  are  detached  fragments,  more  or  less 
considerable,  of  the  35th  and  36th  books,  referring  to  the 
campaign  of  Lucullus  against  Mithridates,  and  Pompey's 
war  witti  the  pirates.  On  the  other  hand,  there  are  many 
gaps  in  the  37th,  55th,  66th2  67th,  58th,  69th,  and  60th 
books.  The  work  was  contmued  down  to  the  time  of 
Constantine  the  Great  by  some  Christian  writer,  who  is 
supposed  to  have  been  Joannes  Antlochenus. 

K.  0.  MuUer,  Hist  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  251. 

[(DoncUdson.) 


Diogenes  (di-oj'e-nez).  [Gr.  Amyh^;.']  Born 
at  Sinope,  Asia  Minor,  about  412  b.  c.  :  died  at 
Corinth,  323.  A  Greek  Cynic  philosopher,  fa- 
mous for  his  eccentricities.  He  emigrated  to  Athens 
in  his  youth,  became  the  pupil  of  Antisthenes,  and  lived, 


Xpi;ff(ioTo/iOf.]  Born  at  Prusa,  Bithynia,  about 
50  A.  D. :  died  at  Rome  about  117.  A  Greek 
rhetorician  and  philosopher.  His  80  extant  ora- 
tions were  edited  by  Beiske  1784. 

Dione  (di-6'ne).    [Gr.  A«ii«/.]    1.  In  Greek  my- _.  ,,...,      ^      m     a  x  a/ 

tholo^,  a  female  Titan,  daughter  of  Oceanus  Dlonysus  (di-o-ni'sus).     IGi.Aidvm,^  or  Aidwv- 

and  Tethys,  and  mother  by  Zeus_of  Aphrodite,    ??f  l.^^S  .^^^°JSn*^difSn,  tfe 


A  Greek  rhetorician  and  historian,  author  of  a 
history  of  Rome  (Arehesologia). 

Dionysius  of  Halicamassus  (26  B.  C.X  in  his  Archesology, 
L  e.  Early  History,  of  Bome  to  264  B.  0.,  aimed  at  writing 
an  Introduction  to  Polybiua.  He  maintains,  on  fanciful 
grounds,  that  the  Bomans,  who  deserve  to  rule  the  world, 
are  no  "barbarians,"  but  of  Greek  descent.  We  have 
Books  I.-X.,  going  down  to  450  B.  C,  and  fragments  of 
Book  XL  He  did  a  better  work  in  his  rhetorical  writ- 
ings, and  above  all  in  his  excellent  essays  on  the  Greek 
orators.  JM,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  148. 

[Gr. 
liEpf^TTijf,  a  guiiJe,  cicerone,  or  showman:  so- 
named  from  the  title  of  his  book.  See  the  def .  ] 
Lived  about  the  4th  (Istt)  century  A.  D.  The 
author  of  a  geographical  poem,  "Periegesis"' 
(Gr.  Heptiryri'!'?  m  7W)  a  geographical  descrip- 
tion of  the  earth). 

Dionysius  the  Areopagite.  An  Athenian,  a 
member  of  the  Areopagus,  converted  by  St. 
Paul  about  50  A.  D.  He  was  the  reputed  author  of 
several  Greek  treatises  ("The  Celestial  Hierarchy,"  "The 
Ecclesiastical  Hierarchy,"  "Concerning  the  Names  of 
God,"  "Of  Mystical  Theology,"  "Epistles  "  and  a  Liturgy> 
which  appeared  in  the  6th  century  and  were  probably 
written  in  the  5th.  They  have  been  the  subject  of  mucL 
theological  and  critical  discussion. 


— 2.  A  pastoral  tragedy  by  John  Gay,  published 
in  1720.— 3.  The  fottrth  satellite  of  Saturn,  dis- 
covered by  Cassini,  March,  1684. 


according  to'  Seneca,  in  a  tub.     While  on  a  voyage  from  Dionysia   (di-o-nig'i-a).      [Gr.   Aforoma.]      An- 


Athens  to  ,£)gina,  he  was  captured  by  pirates  who  ex- 
posed him  lor  sale  on  the  slave-market  in  Crete.  When 
asked  what  business  he  understood,  he  replied,  "How  to 
command  men,"  and  requested  to  be  sold  to  some  one 
in  need  of  a  master.  He  was  purchased  by  Xeniades,  a 
wealthy  citizen  of  Corinth,  who  restored  him  to  liberty, 
and  in  whose  house  he  passed  his  old  age.  At  Goring 
he  was,  according  to  tradition,  visited  by  Alexander  the 
Great.  Alexander  inquired  whether  he  could  oblige  him 
in  any  way.  ••Yes,"  replied  Diogenes;  "stand  from  be- 
tween me  and  the  sun. 

Diogenes,  Antonius.  The  author  of  the  ro- 
mance "Dinias  and  DereylUs"  (which  see). 

Diogenes  Laertius  (la-6r'shi-us).  [The  sur- 
name KaipTMi  or  Aaeprieic  is  probably  from 
his  birthplace  (?)  Laerte  in  Cilioia.]  Lived 
probably  about  200  a.  d.  A  historian  and  bi- 
ographer, author  of  lives  of  the  Greek  philos- 
ophers in  10  books,  from  the  early  schools  to 
the  Epicureans.  His  work  is  chiefly  valued  as 
containing  information  preserved  nowhere  else. 

Diogenes  of  Apollonia,  Bom  at  ApoUonia, 
Crete :  lived  in  the  5th  century  B.  o.  A  Greek 
natural  philosopher,  a  pupil  of  Anaximenes. 

Diomed  (di'o-med).    See  Diomedes. 

Diomed,  A  chestnut  thoroughbred  horse,foaled 
in  1777,  by  Florizel,  dam  by  Spectator,  second 
dam  by  Blank,  third  dam  by  Childers.  Florizel 
by  Hero  traces  directly  to  Byerly  Turk.  Diomed  won 
the  first  Derby  in  1780,  and  died  In  1807.  He  was  the  sire 
of  Duroc,  sire  of  American  Eclipse,  also  the  sire  of  Sir 
Arcby,  sire  ol  Ilmoleon,  sire  of  Boston,  sire  of  Lexington. 

Diomed,  Villa  of.    See  Pompeii. 

Diomede  Islands  (di'o-med  I'landz).  A  group 
of  small  islands  in  Bering  Strait. 

Diomedes  (^-o-me'dez).  [Gr,  Aio/t^Sric.']  1. 
In  Greek  legend,  a  king  of  Argos,  and  one  of 
the  most  famous  of  the  Greek  warriors  at  the 
siege  of  Troy.  He  was  the  son  of  Tydeus  who  fell  in 
the  expedition  against  Thebes.  He  went  with  Sthenelus 
and  Euryalus  to  Troy  as  the  commander  of  a  fleet  of 


cient  Greek  festivals  in  honor  of  Dionysus.  Of 
these,  those  of  Athens  were  the  most  important,  and  are 
generally  held  to  have  been  four  in  number :  the  Lesser 
or  Rural  Dionysia,  the  Lensea,  the  Anthesteria,  and  the 
Greater  or  Gi^  Dionysia.  It  now  seems  proved,  how- 
ever, ttiat  the  Leneea  and  the  Anthesteria  were,  iu  historic 
times  at  least,  identical,  and  merely  interchangeable 
names  for  the  festival  which  centered  about  the  Leneeum, 
or  sanctuary  of  Dionysus  in  the  Marshes,  whose  shrine 

was  opened  on  only  one  day  in  the  year.    The  date  of  t\'^^„^^  /a-    -      -/    .-\ 
this  festival  was  from  the  11th  to  the  13th  of  Anthesterion  UlOnyza  (Ol-o-ni    za) 


Wine. 
He  was,  according  to  the  common  tradition,  the  son  of 
Zeus  and  Semele,  the  daughter  of  Cadmus  of  Thebes. 
Hera,  jealous  of  the  attention  which  Zeus  bestowed  on 
Semele,  persuaded  her  in  the  guise  of  a  friendly  old 
woman  to  request  him  to  approach  her  iu  the  same  ma- 
jesty in  which  he  approached  his  wife.  Zeus  appeared  in 
thunder  and  lightning,  with  the  result  that  Semele  in  her 
fright  gave  birth  to  Dionysus,  whom  Zeus  rescued  from 
the  flames  and  sewed  up  in  his  thigh  until  he  came  to- 
matnrity. .  He  was  brought  up  by  Ino  and  Athamas  at 
Orchomenos ;  spent  many  years  in  wandering  about  the 
earth,  introducing  the  cultivation  of  the  vine;  and  even- 
tually rose  Into  Olympus.  He  was  also  called,  both  by  the 
Greeks  and  the  Bomans,  Bacchus,  i.  e.  the  riotous  god, 
which  was  originally  a  surname  of  Dionysus. 

In  Shakspere's  "Peri- 


(about  March  2-4).    The  Lesser  Dionysia  were  a  wine-  cles,''  the  wife  of  Cleon,  governor  of  Tharsus, 

least  of  very  early  origin,  held  throughout  the  Attic  demes  ghe  attempts  the  murder  of  Marina,  and  with 

between  the  8th  and  11th  ol  Poseideon  (about  Deo.  19-22),  ^     husband  is  burned  to  death  in  revenge, 

accompanied  by  drmking,  boisterous  processions,  and  ",      ^-^kio^.^  iaui^A^ov^  i,^  vxcc«,/ii   u.    o,d   go. 

dramatic  performances,  of  which  those  at  the  PirtBUS  had  DlOpnantUS  (oi-O-tan   tus).      [Gr.  Aid^aVTog.] 

the  chief  reputation.    The  Greater  Dionysia  were  cele-  Lived  at  Alexandria,  probably  in  the  4th  cen- 

brated  in  Athens,  probably  from  the  9th  to  the  13th  of  turyA.  D.    A  Greek  mathematician,  reputedin- 

Elaphebohon  (about  March  28-Apnl2).    On  the  first  day  ■',         „    , . „.     „,  .    »  „„_-£.  iJ^tt  a_!*i, 

there  was  a  grand  procession  and  a  feast,  besides  a  choral  ventor  of  algebra.     His  chief  work  IS     Anth- 

dance  around  the  Altar  ol  the  Twelve  Gods  in  the  Agora ;  metica"  (edited  by  Permat,  1670). 

on  the  second  day  were  held  lyrical  contests  between  DiOSCOlides    (di"os-kor'i-dez),   FedaciUS    (pe- 

choruses  ol  boys  and  men;  and  on  the  last  three  days  da'shi-us)   or  Fedanius    (pe-da'ni-us).      [Gr, 


dramatic  contests  in  the  Dionysiac  theater. 
Dionysius  (di-0-nish'i -us),  sumamed  "The 
Elder."  [(Jr.  Aumvaio;,  from  Aidvvaog,  Diony- 
sus: the  name  has  become  Denis  (which  see).] 
Bom  about  430  B.  c:  died  at  Syracuse,  367. 
Tyrant  of  Syracuse.  He  contrived  in  405  to  have 
himself  appointed  sole  general  of  the  forces  of  the  re- 
public in  the  war  against  Carthage,  whereupon  he  sur- 
rounded himself  with  a  strong  body-guard  of  mercenaries 
and  usurped  the  government.  He  strengthened  his  posi- 
tion by  marrying  the  daughter  of  the  deceased  party 


leader  Hermocrates,  and  concluded  peace  with  Carthage 

in404.    He  declared  war  against  Carthage  in  397,  and  was  UlOSCUTUS   (oi-OS-ku   rus). 


Atoaicovpldiic,  sumamed  Ileddraof  or  HeSdvios.J 
Born  probably  at  Anazarba,  Cilicia:  lived  in 
the  Ist  or  2d  century  A.  D.  A  Greek  physician,, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  materia  medica. 
Dioscuri  (di-os-ku'ri).  [Gr.  AidoKovpot.']  Cas- 
tor and  Pollux,  according  to  Greek  legends 
the  song  of  Leda  and  Zeus,  or  of  Leda  and 
Tyndareus  (whence  their  patronymic  2)/ndari- 
dee),  and  brothers  of  Helen.  See  Castor  and 
Pollute. 

Died  at  Gangra, 


besieged  in  396  in  Syracuse  by  the  Carthaginians,  who 
were  compelled  by  pestilence  and  a  successful  sally  of  the 
Syracusans  to  raise  the  siege  after  an  investment  of  eleven 
months.  He  concluded  an  advantageous  peace  in  392.  He 
captured  Rhegium  in  387,  and  Croton  in  379,  which  gave 
him  a  commanding  influence  among  the  Itfdian  Greeks. 
His  power  and  influence  are  said  to  have  exceeded  those 
of  any  other  Greek  before  Alexander  the  Great  He  en- 
couraged letters,  invited  Plato  to  his  court,  and  himself  ,  _  ,.  , 
gained  the  chief  prize  at  the  Lensea  with  a  play  entitled  DlOSpOllS  (dl-os  po-lis). 
"  The  Ransom  of  Hector."                                                   Zeus.]     See  Lydda. 


Paphlagonia,  454.  Bishop  of  Alexandria  411 
451.  Having  sided  with  the  heretic  Eutyches  against 
Flavian,  bishop  of  Constantinople,  he  convoked  a  synod 
at  Ephesus  in  449,  which  sustained  the  former  and  con- 
demned the  latter.  This  synod,  over  which  he  presided,. 
was  conducted  with  so  much  violence  that  it  was  stigma- 
tized as  the  "Robber  Synod."  He  was  condemned  andt 
deposed  by  the  Ecumenical  Council  of  Chalcedon  in  451. 
[Gr.  A«imro^f,  city  of 


80  ships  carrying  warriors   from  Argos,  Kryns,  Her-  DJonysius,  sumamed  "The  Younger."    Bom  Diospolis.    Thebes  in  Egypt :  hence,  ZHosijoKfe- 

s'r; ^^;,"^a^T:d.^'ton°c^mTfr&a^sn^^  '    ■    "  -' 


He  was,  next  to  Achilles, 
Greeks  before   Troy,  and   fought  with  the  most  dis- 
tinguished among  the  Trojans,  including  Hector  and 
Mae&a, 
3.  A  legendary  Thraeian  king,  son  of  Ares. — 3, 

In  Sha    _       ^  "'         '      " 

attendant 


.  Theban  dynasty, 
Tyrant  of  Syracuse,  a  relative  of  Dion,  and  Diotima  (di-o-ti'mS,).  [Gr.  AioTifia.']  A  priest- 
son  of  Dionysius  the  Elder  whom  he  succeeded  ess  of  Mantinea,  the  reputed  teacher  of  Soc- 
in  367.  He  was  expelled  in  356,  restored  in  rates,  mentioned  in  Plato's  "Symposium."  She 
346,  and  finally  expelled  in  343.  is  probably  fictitious. 

Espere's  "Antony  and  Cleopatra,"  an  Dionysius,  Saint.    Bom  at  Alexandria  in  the  Diphda  (dif'da).     [Ar.  difda'  aUMnt,  the  see- 

io-t  of  Cleopatra.— 4.   In  Shaksperes    last  part  of  the  2d  century  a.  d.  :  died  at  Alex-    ond  frog,  the  star  Pomalhaut  being  the  first.] 

"  Troilus  and  Cressida,"  a  Grecian  commander,     andria,  265.    A  theologian,  called  "the  Great,-'    An  often  used  name  for  the  star  ji  Ceti.    Also 
Dion  (di'on).     [Gr.  Aiav.']    Bom  at  Syracuse,    bishop  of  Alexandria  about  247.    He  was  con-    called  Deneb  Kaitos. 

about  408  B.  0. :  assassinated  at  Syracuse,  354    verted  by  Origen.    Onlyfragments  of  his  works  Diphilus  (dif'i-lus).     [Gt.  AUjulog.']     Born  at 

or  353  B.  c.     A  Syraousan  philosopher,  a  dis-    remain.  Smope.    One  of  the  chief  Athenian  poets  of 

ciple  of  Plato.     He  expelled  Dionysius  the  DionysiUS,  Pg-  Diniz.    Bom  at  Lisbon,  Oct.    the  New  Comedy,  a  contemporary  of  Menander. 

Younger  from  Syracuse  in  356,  and  became    g^  1261 :  died  at  Santarem,  Portugal,  Jan.  7,    He  is  said  to  have  exhibited  a  hundred  plays.. 

ruler  of  the  city  in  355.  1325.    Kingof  Portugal  1279-1325.    He  founded    Fragments  of  his  works  are  extant. 

Dion    1.  A  Sicilian  noble  in  Shakspere's  "Win-    the  University^  of  Coimbra.  Diplomacy.     A  play  adapted  by  Bolton  and; 

ter's  Tale."— 2.  The  father  of  Euphrasia  in  Dionysius  ExigUUS  (eks-ig'u-us).    [L.,  'the    Savile  Rowe  from  Sardou's  "Dora,"  produced 

Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  "Philaster."  Little.']    Bom  in  Scythia:   Uved  in  the  6th    in  1878. 

Dion  Cassius  (kash'i-us),  sumamed  Oocceia-    century  a.  d.    A  monk  and  scholar  of  the  Dippei  (dip'pel),  Johann  Konrad.    Bom  at 

nus  ffrom  some  person  named  Cocceius  or    Western  Church  who,  in  his  "Cyclus  pascha-    Frankenstem,  near  Darmstadt,  Germany,  Aur 

Cocceianus,  perhaps  his  grandfather).     Bom    lis,"  introduced  the  enunciation  of  the  birt^^  

at  Nic»a,  Bithynia,  about  155  a.  d.  :  died  at    of  Christ  as  the  starting-pomt  of  modern  ohro- 

Nic»a,  after  m   '  A  celebrated  historian  of    nology,  thus   establishing   the    Ch^^^^ 

Bome.    He  was  consul  about  220  and  229,  and    Dionysian  era.    He  placed  the  birth  of  Chnst 

wrote  in  Greek  a  history  of  Rome  in  80  books,    from  three  to  s^  years  too  late. 

See  the  extract.  Dionysius  of  Halicamassus.    Bom  at  Hah- 


10,  1673 :  died  at  Berleburg,  Prussia,  April ! 
1734.  A  German  mystic  and  alchemist.  He 
invented  Dippel's  animal  oil,  and  discovered. 
Prussian  blue. 

Dipsodes(dip's6dz),The.  [Gr.dw/iii^, thirsty.} 
A  people  in  Rabelais's  "Gargautua  and  Panta* 


Dipsodes,  The 

gruel."  They  were  ruled  by  King  Anarohe,  and 
many  of  them  were  giants.  Pantagruel  sub- 
dued them. 

Dipylon  Gate  (dip^-lon  gat),  The,  [Gr.  d'mv- 
Aoc,  double-gated.]  The  chief  gateway  of  an- 
cient Athens,  traversing  the  walls  on  the  north- 
west side.  As  its  name  Indicates,  it  was  in  fact  a  double 
gate,  consisting  of  a  strongly  fortified  rectangular  court 
between  an  outer  and  an  inner  portaL  Each  portal  also 
was  double,'  having  two  doors,  each  UJ  feet  wide,  sepa- 
rated by  a  central  pier.    The  foundations  of  this  gate, 


329 


Dlxtnude 


alone  among  those  of  ancient  Athens,  survive  in  great  JQigraeli  (diz-ra'li  or  diz-re'li),  Benjamin, 
part,  and  from  It  toward  the  southwest  extends  a  beauti-  ■",i:tr'„/T^„„„„„,,fl„l,q      t,„,„   „<.  V"a^'^T^ 


tul  stretch  of  the  original  wall  of  Xheraistocles,  built  under 
Peloponnesian  menace  after  the  Greek  victories  over  the 
Persians  in  480  and  479  B.  0.  This  wall,  in  its  contrasted 
construction  of  admirably  fitted  blocks  and  rough  stones, 
confirms  literary  witness  to  the  haste  of  work  spurred  on 
by  emergency.  The  Dipylon  is  identical  with  the  Sacred 
Gate,  and  among  the  roads  diverging  from  it  is  the  Sacred 
Way  to  Eleusis.  It  was  long  held  that  an  opening  in  the 
wall  immediately  southwest  of  the  Dipylon  was  the  Sacred 
Gate,  but  D5rpfeld  has  shown  that  this  was  a  passage  for 
the  stream  which  he  identifies  as  the  Eridauus. 

Dixae  (di're).     The  Furies.     See  Furise. 

Dirce  (dfer'se).  [Gr.  A^p/c^.]  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, the  second  wife  of  IJycus,  put  to  death 
by  Amphion  and  Zethus,  sons  of  Antiope,  in 
revenge  for  her  ill  treatment  of  their  mother. 
See  Antiope.  she  was  bound  to  the  horns  of  a  bull  and 
dragged  to  death.  Her  execution  is  represented  in  the 
famous  group  "Farnese  Bull"  (which  see).  Her  body 
was  changed  by  Dionysus  into  a  well  on  Mount  Cithseron. 

Directory,  The.  The  body  of  five  men  who 
held  the  executive  power  in  Prance  from 
Nov.  1,  1795,  to  the  coup  d'6tat  of  1799  (lath 


Una.  It  extends  from  near  Norfolk  80  to  40  miles  south-  Dive  BouteUle  (dev  bo-tay').  La.     [F.,  'the 
— A     T* — ..=„„T.,.„T. J  ._^ .,       divine  bottle.']    An  oracle  to  which  Panurge  in 

"Eabelais"  makes  a  long  journey  in  order  to 
determine  whether  he  shall  marry.  The  otacle 
responds  with  one  word,  "  Trinq. "  The  Order  of  the  Dive 
Bouteille  was  instituted  in  France  in  the  16th  century  by 
the  most  "illustrious  drinkers"  in  honor  of  Eabelais,  and 
in  order  to  put  in  practice  their  "pantagruelism." 

Diver,  The.    A  poem  by  Schiller. 

Dives  (di'vez).     [L.,  'wealthy.']    See  Lazarus. 

Dives  (dev).  A  small  town  in  the  department 
of  Calvados,  France,  17  miles  southwest  of  Le 
Havre. 


ward.  It  contains  Lake  Drnmmond,  and  is  traversed  by 
the  Dismal  Swamp  canal,  which  connects  Chesapeake  Bay 
and  Albemarle  Sound.  Fart  of  the  swamp  has  been  re- 
claimed. 

Dismas  (dis'mas),  or  Desmas  (des'mas).  The 
legendary  name  of  the  penitent  thief  crucified 
with  Christ.  He  is  also  sometimes  known  as 
Demas  and  Dysmas. 

Disowned,  The.  A  novel  by  Bulwer  Lytton, 
published  in  1829. 


Earl  of  Beaconsfield.    Born  at  London,  Dec. 


It  was  formerly  a  seaport  of  some  importance. 


21,  1804:  died  at  London,  April  19,  1881.     An  Divide,  Continental.     The  elevated  ridge  or 
~       ■  '  ■  ■  ■  ■  "  "  water-parting  in  the  Eocky  Mountain  region  of 

the  United  States  which  separates  the  streams 
tributary  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  from  those  tribu- 
tary to  the  Atlantic ;  in  a  more  restricted  sense, 
a  portion  of  the  main  divide,  in  the  Yellowstone 
National  Park,  where  it  has  about  its  narrowest 
crest. 


English  statesman  and  novelist,  son  of  Isaac 
D'Israeli.  He  entered  the  House  of  Commons  in  1837, 
and  became  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Young  England 
party,  and  leader  of  the  Protectionist  Tories  against  Peel 
from  about  1845.  He  was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
and  leader  of  the  house  in  1852  and  1868-59;  became 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in  1866 ;  carried  the  Reform 
BUI  of  1867 ;  became  premier  in  1868 ;  resigned  in  1868 


was  premier  1874-80  ;  was  created  earl  of  Beaconsfield  in  Divlna    CoUUnedia   (de-ve'nS    kom-ma'de-a). 

['  Divine  Comedy.']  A  celebrated  epic  poem 
by  Dante,  in  3  parts — Inferno  (Hell),  Purga- 
torio  (Purgatory),  Paradise  (Paradise) — writ- 
ten during  the  period  1300-18.  it  has  been  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Cary,  Longfellow,  Norton,  and  others. 
Dante  called  it  a  comedy  only  because  the  ending  was 
not  tragical,  and  the  epithet  divine  was  given  to  it  in  ad- 
miration. 


1876  -,  and  was  plenipotentiary  at  the  Congress  of  Berlin 
in  1878.  His  administration  was  noted  for  its  aggressive 
foreign  policy  (in  regard  to  the  Eastern  Question,  India, 
and  South  Africa).  He  wrote  "  Vindication  of  the  British 
Constitution  "  (1835)  (the  theories  of  which  were  afterward 
expounded  in  "  Coningsby  "  and  "  Sybil "),  "  Vivian  Grey  " 
(1826:  second  part  in  1827),  "The  Young  Duke"  (1831), 
"Contarini  Fleming  "  (1832),  "  The  Wondrous  Tale  of  Al- 
roy"  (1833),  "Else  of  Iskander,"  "Eevolutionary  Epic" 
(18.34),  "Letters  of  Eunnymede"  (1836),  "  Venetia"  (1837), 
"Henrietta  Temple"  (1837),  "Tragedy of  Count  Alaroos" 
(1839),  "Conmgsby"  (1844),  "Sybil''  (1846),  "Tancred" 
(1847),  "Life  of  Lord  George  Bentinok"  (1852),  "Lotha^" 
(1870),  "Endymion"(1880). 


Brumaire,  Nov.  9).     it  succeeded  the  Convention.  D'Israeli,IsaaC.  Born  at  Enfield,  England,  May, 


During  this  period  occurred  the  campaigns  of  Napoleon 
in  Italy  and  Egypt,  and  other  campaigns  in  Germany, 
etc. ;  French  influence  became  powerful  in  Italy  and 
Switzerland  ;  the  treaty  of  Campo-Formio  was  concluded 
with  Austria ;  and  France  was  nearly  embroiled  in  a  war 
with  the  United  States.  The  personnel  of  the  Directory  was 
modified  by  a  coup  d'etat,  18th  Fructldor  (Sept.  4),  1797,  in 
which  the  republicans  triumphed  over  the  reactionaries. 
Toward  the  close  of  the  period  the  Directory  became  dis- 
credited by  defeats  in  Italy,  and  was  overthrown  by  Na- 
poleon and  succeeded  by  the  Consulate.  See  Brumaire. 
Dirschau  (der'shou),  Pol.  Szczewo(shchev'6). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  West  Prussia,  Prus- 


1766:  died  at  Bradenham  House,  Bucks,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  19, 1848.  An  English  miscellaneous 
writer.  His  chief  works  are  "  Curiosities  of  Literature  " 
(1791-1824,  6  vols.),  "Miscellanies"  (1796),  "Calamities  of 
Authors"  (1812),  "Quarrels  of  Authors "  (1814),  "Literary 
Character"  (1816),  "Charles  I."  (1828-31),  "Amenities  of 
Literature"  (1841). 

Diss  (dis).  A  town  in  Norfolk,  England,  22  miles 
north  of  Ipswich.     Population  (1891),  3,763. 

DistafBjia  (dis-ta-fi'na).  The  beloved  of  Bom- 
bastes  Furioso  in  Ehodes's  burlesque  opera  of 
that  name.    She  jilted  Bombastes  for  the  king. 


And  so  the  spiritual  sense  of  these  works  [the  "  Vita  Nu- 
ova  "  and  "  Convito  "]  proceeds  by  definite  steps  upward  to 
the  higher  mysteries  of  the  "Divina  Commedia.  Here, 
after  the  early  days  of  faith  and  love,  and  when,  after  the 
first  passage  of  emotions  of  youth  to  the  intellectual  en- 
joyments of  maturer  years,  enthusiasm  also  for  philosophy 
has  passed  away,  Dante,  or  the  Soul  of  Man  represented 
in  his  person,  passes  through  worldly  life  (the  wood  of  the 
first  canto  of  the  "Divine  Comedy  ")  into  sin,  and,  through 
God's  grace,  to  a  vision  of  his  misery— to  the  "  Hell."  But 
by  repentance  and  penance — "Purgatory" — themarks  of 
the  seven  deadly  sins  are  effaced  from  his  forehead,  and 
the  bright  vision  of  Beatrice,  Heavenly  Love,  whose  hand- 
maids are  the  seven  virtues,  admonishes  him  as  he  attains 
to  "Paradise."  There  Beatrice  the  Beatifier,  Love  that 
brings  the  Blessing,  is  his  guide  to  the  end  of  the  soul's 
course,  the  glory  of  the  very  presence  of  the.  Godhead, 
where  a  love  that  is  almighty  rule's  the  universe. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  III.  404. 


of 


sia  Situated  on  the  Vistula  19  rnilessouttieast  i,\?-^^^-^,y^"s\^r  T^e^S^f  jln^  s1^  Divine  Doctor,  The.    [L.  aoetor  Oivinus.^    A 
of  Dantzio.    It  has  anotable  lattice-work  iron  ^„Xd  because  on  that  day  the  women  who  have     surname  of  Euysbroeck. 

kept  the  Christmas  festival  till  Twelfth  Day  (the  Di-vine  Tragedy,  The.    A  poem  by  Longfellow, 
6th)  return  to  their  distaffs,  or  ordinary  work,     published  in  1871.  ,       ,      ^ , 

As  a  distaff  is  also  called  a  rook,  it  is  sometimes  Divitiacus  (div-i-ti  a-kus).    An  .aiduan  noble, 
-    --      -    ~  brother  of  DumnoriK.     He  was  an  ally  of  Kome,  and 

a  warm  personal  friend  of  Csesar.  He  was  the  guest  of 
Cicero  during  a  political  visit  to  Eome.  He  rendered  ser- 
vices to  Csesar  against  Ariovistus  and  against  the  Belgse. 
Through  his  intercession  Dumnorix's  treason  in  58  B.  0. 


bridge.    Population  (1890),  11,541, 
Dis  (dis).    In  Roman  mythology,  a  name 

Pluto,  and  hence  of  the  lower  world. 
Disco  (dis'ko).    An  island  belonging  to  Den^ 

r'?^nlT%^o^JJ,,T'lt^cT>ltZs  the  harbor  D^tant  Prospect  of  Eton  College,  Ode  on  a. 
land,  m  lat.  69°  30  N.  It  contains  tne  naroor  ^  ^  i^y  Thomas  Gray,  written  in  1742,  pub- 
of  Godhavn.  m^^  anonymously  by  Dodsley  in  1747. 

Disco  Bay.    ^^  °?  *^\1«^V         °^  ^'«^''-  Distich  (dis'tik),  fiick.     A  poet  and  satirist 
land,  southeast  of  Disco  Island  '^et  in  a  madhouse  by  Sir  Launcelot  Greaves, 

Discobolus  (dis-kob'o-lus).     [Gr-^f"™P^^.f'     in  SmoUett's  novel  of  that  name.     Pope  used 
thrower  of  the  discus.]     An  antique  copy,  m    ;i';,^"ature  in  "The  Guardian  " 
the  Vatican,  Eome,  of  a  famous  statue  by  My-  DtresTdMoTher,  The     A  tragedy  by  Am- 

Thi  a?tL^^/a^Sufjs^l^t\na'cT™^^^^^^^^ 

bang  shown  in  the  choice  and  expression  of  the  moment    from  Eacine's  "Andromaque." 

of  repose  when,  the  backward  motion  completed,  the  pow-  DigtreSSOS,  The.    A  play  by  Davenant,  thought 

erful  cast  forward  is  on  the  point  of  execution.  ^^  h&ve  been  the  same  as  "  The  Spanish  Lov- 

Discordia  (dis-k6r'di-a).  In  Eoman mythology,     ers,"  licensed  in  1639. 

the  goddess  of  dissension,  corresponding  to  the  jj'Istria  (des'trea),  Dora,  Countess.  The  pseu- 

Greek  Eris.  donym  of  Helene  Ghika,  Princess  Koltzoff  Mas- 

Discours  de  la  m^thode.    See  Descartes.  salsky. 

Discovery,  The.    1 .  A  small  ship  which,  under  District  of  Columbia  (ko-lum'bi-a).    The  f ed- 

command  of  Captain  George  Waymouth,  was  

sent  out  by  the  East  India  Company  to  "find 

the  passage  best  to  lye  towards  the  parts  or 

kingdom  of  Cataya  or  China,  or  the  backe 

side  of  America."      She  sailed  with  the   Godspeed 

from  the  Thames  May  2, 1602,  intending  to  make  the  coast 

of  Greenland :  but  the  voyage  had  no  important  result, 

though  Waymouth  probably  paved  the  way  for  Hudson  s 

discovery.    In  April,  1610,  the  latter  sailed  in  the  Dis- 

ooverv  and  entered  the  strait  which  bears  his  name  m 

^_    _  ■"  t:, i—  i„    A...*i.Df  li»  (.ntfired  TTiidann  Bav.      He 


was  pardoned  by  Csesar. 

Dix  (diks),  Dorothea  Ljmde.  Born  at  Hamp- 
den, Me.,  April  4, 1802 :  died  at  Trenton,  N.  J., 
July  19,  1887.  An  American  philanthropist, 
noted  for  her  exertions  in  behalf  of  paupers, 
the  insane,  and  prisoners.  She  published  sev- 
eral children's  books,  and  in  1845  "Prisons 
and  Prison  Discipline." 
Dix,  John  Adams.  Bom  at  Boscawen,  N.  H., 
July  24, 1798 :  died  at  New  York;  April  21, 1879. 
An  American  statesman  and  general.  He  was 
United  States  senator  from  New  York  1846-49 ;  was  sec- 
retary of  the  treasury  in  1861;  served  during  the  Civil 
War  1861-65  ;  was  minister  to  France  1866-69 ;  and  was 

„„„. ^    .  ...  governor  of  New  York  1873-75. 

eral  district  which  contains  the  national  capital  pjj|  Mount.  One  of  the  principal  summits  of 
of  the  United  States,  it  lies  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Adirondacks,  New  York.  Height,  4,916  feet, 
the  Potomac,  between  Maryland  and  Virginia,  and  con-  pj^ie  (dik'si).  A  popular  name  of  the  Southern 
tains,  besides  the  city  of  Washington,  with  Georgetown,  ■^,^'f  ^  .  the  AmeJ^canTlTiioTi  Sep  Thrie'x  Tjin/J 
various  villages.  It  is  under  the  control  of  the  Federal  btates  01  tne  American  union,  bee  A/»OTe;sz,a»a. 
Government  through  3  commissioners  appointed  by  the  DlXlO  S  Land,  bald  to  have  been  onginally  a 
President  and  confirmed  by  the  Senate.  ^  It  was  fonuedof    negro  name  for  New  York  or  Manhattan  Island, 


June.'  ■  Early  in  August  he  entered  Hudson  Bay. 
spent  three  months  in  exploring  it,  and  in  November  the 
vessel  was  frozen  in.  In  June  of  the  f oUowmg  year  she 
was  released,  and  shortly  after  a  mutiny  occurred.  Hud- 
son and  others  were  set  adrift,  and  were  never  again  seen 
The  Discovery  was  taken  home  by  thr  "   -"' 

two  years  after  this  she  was  again  sent  t,.,„„„„ 

with  the  Eesolution  under  command  of  Sir  Thomas 
Button  He  discovered  Nelson's  Eiver,  which  he  called 
Port  Nelson,  and  several  pointe.  In  1615  the  Discovery 
set  out  with  William  Baffin  and  Eobert  Bylot,  and  again 
in  1616  In  both  these  voyages  many  important  discov- 
'  eries  and  explorations  were  made.    See  Hudson,  Henry. 


cessions  made  by  Maryland  in  1788  and  Virginia  m  1789, 
comprising  100  square  miles.  It  was  organized  in  1790- 
1791,  and  the  seat  of  government  was  removed  thitlierin 
1800.  Washington  was  incorporated  in  1802.  The  Virgin- 
ian portion  (west  of  the  Potomac)  was  retroceded  in  1846. 
Territorial  government  was  established  in  1871,  a  provi- 
sional government  succeeded  in  1874,  and  the  present  form 
was  established  in  1878.  Area,  70  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  278,718.    See  Washington. 


L^%.?irX^SsVt^w°asTatn^S^to'?}irNS^^^^^^ 

(dit'marsh).  A  territory  m  western  Holstem, 
in  the  province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia, 
situated  between  the  Elbe  and  the  Eider.  It 
was  incorporated  in  Holstein  in  1559,  and  an- 

eries  and  exDioraiioub  wBio  I"""- ---•, ,"•      nexed  to  Prussia  in  1866. 

3.  One  of  the  steam-vessels  of  the  British  polar  pj^j  (di'ti).    In  Hindu  mythology,  the  name  ot 


expedition  (under  Captain  Sir  George  Nares) 
of  1875-76:  the  other  was  the  Alert. 
.Disentis,  or  Dissentis  (des'en-tis).  ,A  .village 
in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzeriand,  situated 
on  the  Further  Bhine  35  miles  southeast  of 


a  goddess  without  any  distinct  character.    The 
_.S.„  ,--  t 0.1  Kn  T.nr„ii!ir  BtvmnlotTV  from  AmU,  as  If 


name  Is  formed  by  popular  etymologyjfrom  Adi% 

that  were  .4-(Jt(i('not-Dir'-  - 

poetry  Diti  is  a  daughter 

The  race  of  Daityas,  or  in_, 

described  as  her  progeny  or  descendants. 


Lucerne.  ^lUs  not'ed  for  its  Benedictine  ab-  p"ittonTdit'oi)THu£iphrey.  Born  at  Salisbury, 
bey,  founded  about  614,  from  which  it  received  England,  May  29, 1675 :  died  Oct.  15, 1715.  An 
the  name  Muster  (L.  ilfonasten«m.)  English  mathematician.    He  wrote  "General  Laws 

DismaTlwamp,  Great.    A  morass  in  south-    S  We  and  Motion-  (1705),  "An  institution  of  Flux- 
eastern  Virginia  and  northeastern  North  Caro- 


ions  "  (1706),  etc. 


later  applied  to  the  South.  The  phrase  originated 
in  New  York  early  in  the  19th  century:  it  developed  into 
a  song,  or  rather  into  many  songs,  the  refrain  usually  con- 
taining the  word  "Dixie  "  or  "Dixie's  Land. "  In  the  South 
Dixie  is  regarded  as  meaning  the  Southern  States,  the 
word  being  supposed  to  be  derived  from  "Mason  and 
Dixon's  line,"  which  formerly  divided  the  free  and  slave 
States.  It  is  said  to  have  first  come  into  use  there  when 
Texas  joined  the  Union,  and  the  negroes  sang  of  it  as 
"  Dixie." 

In  the  populai'  mythology  of  New  York  City,  Dixie  was 
the  Negro's  paradise  on  earth  in  times  when  slavery  and 
the  slave-trade  were  flourishing  in  that  quarter.  Dixie 
owned  a  tract  of  laud  on  Manhattan  Island,  and  also  a 
large  number  of  slaves ;  and  his  slaves  increasing  faster 
than  his  land,  an  emigration  ensued,  such  as  has  taken 
place  in  Virginia  and  other  States.  Naturally,  the  Negroes 
who  left  it  for  distant  parts  looked  to  it  as  a  place  of  un- 
alloyed happiness,  and  it  was  the  "  old  Virginny  "  of  the 
Negroes  of  that  day.  Hence  Dixie  became  synonymous 
with  an  ideal  locality  combining  ineffable  happiness  and 
every  imaginable  requisite  of  earthly  beatitude. 

Bryant,  Songs  from  Dixie's  Land,  note. 

Dixmude  (de-miid'),  Plem.  Diksmuide.  A 
small  town  in  the  province  of  West  Flanders, 
Belgium,  situated  on  the  Yser  20  miles  south- 
west of  Bruges. 


Dixon,  George 

Dixon  (dik'son),  George,     Died  about  1800. 
All  English  navigator.    He  served  as  a  petty  officer  on 
the  KesolatioD  during  Cook's  last  vojage.    In  1785  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Queen  Charlotte  in  Na- 
I    tbaniel  Portlock's  e]:ploriiig  expedition  along  the  north- 
)    western  coast  of  America.    He  was  detached  for  the  pur- 
pose of  independent  exploration,  May  U,  1787,  and  shortly 
after  discovered  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,    He  pub- 
lished "  A  Voyage  round  the  World  "  (1789). 
Dixon,  William  Hepworth.    Bom  at  Newton- 
Heath,  Englandj  June  30j  1821 :  died  at  London, 
Dec.  27, 1879.    An  English  author  and  journal- 
ist, editor  of  the  "  Athenasum"  1853-69.  He  wrote 
"New  America"  (1867),  "Spiritual  Wives"  (1868),  "Free 
Russia  "  (1870),  "Her  Majesty's  Tower"  (1869-71),  etc. 

Dixon  Entrance.  A  sea  passage,  west  of  Brit- 
ish Columbia,  which  separates  Prince  of  Wales 
Island  from  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands. 

Dixville  Notch  (mks'vil  noch).  A  noted  ravine 
in  the  northern  part  of  New  Hampshire,  near 
Colebrooke. 

Dixwell  (diks'wel),  John.  Bom  1608:  died  at 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  March  18, 1689.  An  English 
regicide,  a  refugee  in  America  after  the  Res- 
toration. 

Dizful  (dez-fol'),  or  Desful  (des-fol').  A  city 
in  the  province  of  Khuzistan,  Persia,  situated 
on  the  river  Diz  in  lat.  32°  10'  N.,  long.  48° 
85'  E.     Population,  estimated,  30,000. 

Dizzy  (diz'i).  1.  A  character  in  Garrick's  play 
' '  The  Male  Coquette." —  2.  A  nickname  of  Ben- 
jamin Disraeli. 

Djinnestan,  or  Jinnestan  (jin-nes-tan').  The 
land  of  the  Djinns  or  Jinns  in  Persian  and 
Oriental  fairy  lore. 

Dmitri.    See  Dimitri. 

Dmitrieflf  (dme'tre-ef),  Ivan  Ivanovitch. 
Bom  in  the  government  of  Simbirsk,  Russia, 
Sept.  20  (N.  S.),  1760:  died  at  Moscow,  Oct. 
15  (N.  S.),  1837.  A  Russian  poet  and  politi- 
cian, minister  of  justice  1810-14.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  translation  of  La  Fontaine's  fables, 
etc. 

Dmitroff  (dme'trof).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Moscow,'Russia,  43  miles  north  of  Mos- 
cow.    Population,  9,298. 

Dmitrovsk  (dme'trovsk).  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Orel,  Russia,  in  lat.  52°  29'  N.,  long. 
35°  15'  E.     Population  (1888),  6,878. 

Dnieper  (ne'per;  Russ.  pron.  dnyep'er),  or 
Dniepr  (ue'pr).  A  river  of  Russia,  after  the 
Volga  and  Danube  the  largest  in  Europe:  the 
classical  Borysthenes,  and  the  later  classical 
Danapris,  the  Turkish  XJzi.  It  rises  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Smolensk,  and  flows  into  the  Black  Sea  by  the 
Dnieper  Liman,  east  of  Odessa.  Its  leading  tributaries 
are  the  Desna,  Soj,  Prlpet,  and  Berezina.  KieS  and  Yeka- 
terinoslaff  are  on  its  banks.  Length,  about  1,200  miles ; 
navigable  from  Dorogobush. 

Dniester  ;(nes'ter;  Buss.  pron.  dnyes'ter),  or 
Dniestr  (nes'tr).  A  river  in  Galicia  and  Rus- 
sia which  rises  in  the  Carpathian  Mountauis, 
and  flows  into  the  Black  Sea  30  miles  south- 
west of  Odessa:  the  ancient  Tyras  or  Danas- 
tris,  the  Turkish  Turla.  Length,  about  800 
miles.  Its  navigation  is  interrupted  at  the 
Yampol  rapids. 

Doab  (do-ab'),  or  Duab.  ['Two  rivers.']  In 
India,  a  name  given  to  a  tract  of  country  be- 
tween two  rivers,  it  is  applied  especially  to  the  region 
between  the  Ganges  and  the  Jumna,  of  great  fertility, 
about  600  miles  in  length. 

Doane  (don),  George  Washington.  Bom  at 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  May  27, 1799:  died  at  Burling- 
ton, N.  J.,  April  27, 1859.  An  American  bishop 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  He  pub- 
Hshed  "  Songs  by  the  Way"  (1824),  etc. 

Dobberan.    See  Doberan. 

Dobbin  (dob'in),  Major  William.  A  modest 
young  ofBoer  in  Thackeray's  novel  "Vanity 
Pair."  He  marries  Amelia  Sedley  after  the 
death  of  her  first  husband,  George  Osborne. 

Dobbins,  Humphrey.  A  rough  but  grateful 
servant  in  Colman's  comedy  "  The  Poor  Gentle- 
man.'' 

Dobell  (do-bel'),  Sydney  Thompson.  Bom  at 
Cranbrook,  Kent,  England,  April  5,  1824 :  died 
at  Nailsworth,  Gloucester,  Aug.  22,  1874.  An 
English  poet.  He  was  a  wine  merchant  at  Cheltenham 
from  1848  until  his  death.  His  works  (a  complete  edition 
of  which  appeared  in  1878-76)  include  "The  Roman" 
(1850),  "Balder"  (1854),  and  "England  in  Time  of  War" 
(1858).  ,         ,    ■        „ 

Dobeln  (dS'beln).  A  town  m  the  kingdom  of 
Saxony,  situated  on  the  Mulde  28  miles  west 
of  Dresden.    Population  (1890),  13,862. 

Doberan  (do'be-ran),  or  Dobberan  (dob'ber- 
an).  A  tovra  and  watering-place  in  the  grand 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  Germany, 
situated  near  the  Baltic  9  miles  west  of  Ros- 
tock. 


330 

Dobereiner  (d6'be-ri-ner),  Johann  Wolfgang. 

Born  near  Hof,  Bavaria,  Dec.  15,  1780 :  died 
at  Jena,  Germany,  March  24,  1849.  A  German 
chemist.  He  was  professor  of  chemistry,  pharmacy, 
and  technology  in  the  University  of  Jena  from  1810  untU 
his  death.  He  discovered  that  spongiform  platinum  has 
the  property  of  igniting  hydrogen.  Author  of  "Zur  pneu- 
matlschen  Chemie  "  (1821-26),  etc. 

Doboobie.    See  Alasco. 

Dobrentei   (de'bren-ta-e),  GS.bor.    Bom  at 

Nagyszollos,  Hungary,  Dec.  1,  1786:  died  near 
Budapest,  March  28,  1851.  A  Hungarian 
scholar  and  poet.  He  published  "Old  Monu- 
ments of  the  Magyar  Language"  (1838-42). 
Dobrizhoffer  (do'brits-hof-er),  Martin.  Bom 
at  Gratz,  in  Styria,  Sept.  7,  1717 :  died  at  Vi- 
enna, July  17,  1791.  A  Jesuit  missionary  and 
author.  From  1749  until  the  expulsion. of  the  Jesuits 
in  1767  he  resided  in  Paraguay,  and  seven  years  of  this 
period  were  passed  among  the  savage  Abipones  Indians. 
After  1767  he  resided  in  Vienna,  where  he  published  his 
Latin  ''Historia  de  Abiponibus  equestri "  in  1784.  A  Ger- 
man edition  appeared  in  the  same  year,  and  an  English 
translation  by  Sara  Coleridge  in  1822,  with  the  title  "An 
Account  of  the  Abipones"  (London,  3  vols.  8vo).  The 
book  is  of  great  ethnological  value. 

Dobrowsky  (do-brov'ske),  Joseph.  Bom  at 
Gyermet,  near  Raab,  Hungary,  Aug.  17,  1753: 
died  at  Briinn,  Moravia,  Jan.  6, 1829.  A  noted 
Hungarian  philologist,  the  founder  of  Slavic 
philology.  He  became  a  member  of  t4ie  order  of  Jesuits 
in  1772.  His  works  include  "  Geschichte  der  bbhmischen 
Sprache  und  altern  Literatur  "  (1792),  "  Institutiones  lin- 
guae slavicse  dialecti  veteris"  (1^22^  "Scriptores  rerum 
Bohemicarum  "  (1783-84),  etc. 

Dobrudja,  or  Dobrudscha  (do-bro'ja).  [Bulg. 
Doiritch.^  The  southeastern  portion  of  Ru- 
mania, bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Black  Sea, 
on  the  north  and  west  by  the  Danube,  and  on 
the  south  by  Bulgaria.  It  is  a  marsh  and  steppe  re- 
gion, and  is  traversed  by  the  ancient  wall  of  Trajan.  It 
was  occupied  temporarily  by  the  Russians  in  1828  and 
1854,  and  1^  the  French  in  1864,  and  was  incorporated  in 
Rumania  m  1878.  Area,  6,102  square  miles.  Population 
(1889),  199,711. 

Dobschau  (dob'shou),  or  Topschau  (top'shou), 
Hung.  Dobsina  (dob'she-no).  A  small  town  in 
the  county  of  Gomor,  Hungary,  in  lat.  48°  50' 
N.,  long.  20°  24'  E.,  noted  for  its  iee-cavem. 

Dobson  (dob'sgn),  Austin.  Bom  at  Plymouth, 
England,  Jan."  18,  1840.  An  English  poet.  He 
has  published  "Vignettes  in  Rhyme,"  etc.  (1873-80), 
"Proverbs  in  Porcelain"  <1877),  "Old  World  Idyls "(1883), 
"Thomas  Bewick,"  etc.  (1884),  "At  the  Sign  of  the  Lyre  " 
(1885),  "Ballade  of  Beau  Brocade,"  etc.  (1892).  He  has 
also  written  the  life  of  Sir  Richard  Steele  ("  English  Wor- 
thies," 1886),  "Oliver  Goldsmith  "("Great  Writers,  "1888), 
etc. 

Dobson,  William.  Bom  at  London,  1610 :  died 
at  Oxford,  1646.  An  English  portrait  and  his- 
torical painter,  a  pupil  and  imitator  of  Van  Dy  ck 
whom  he  succeededTas  painter  to  Charles  I.  He 
painted  the  portraits  of  Charles  I.,  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  Prince  Rupert,  and  various  courtiers. 

Doce  (do'sa),  Rio.  A  river  of  Brazil  which 
flows  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  in  lat.  19°  35'  S. 
Length,  over  600  miles ;  navigable  for  90  miles. 

Dockum.    See  Dokhum, 

Doctor,  The.  A  romance  by  Sonthey,  published 
in  1834,  in  7  volumes.  It  was  at  first  published  anony- 
mously, and  he  explicitly  denied  his  authorship.  In  it  he 
exhibits  his  vast  store  of  learning  in  a  rambling  manner. 

Doctor's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's  "  Can- 
terbury Tales,"  told  by  the  Doctor  of  Physic. 
The  Roman  story  of  Virginia  in  it  was  expanded  from  the 
same  story  in  the  "  Roman  de  la  Rose, "  though  the  account 
purports  to  be  direct  from  Livy.   See  Appius  and  Virginia, 

Doctor  Syntax.    See  Tour  of,  etc. 

Doctor  Dodipoll(dok'tor  dod'i-pol).  A  comedy 
the  author  of  wmch  is  unknown  (1600).  Dr. 
DodipoU  is  a  foolish,  doddering  creature. 

Doctor  of  Alcantara,  The.  An  opera  by  JuUus 
Eichberg,  produced  in  1802. 

Doctor  of  the  Incarnation.  A  title  bestowed 
on  Cyril  of  Alexandria. 

Dod  (dod) ,  Charles  Roger  Fhipps.  Bom  in  Ire- 
land, May  8, 1793:  died  Feb.  21, 1855.  Compiler 
of  the  "Parliamentary  Companion"  (1832-). 

Dodd  (dod),  James  William.  Bom  in  London 
about  1740:  died  1796.  An  English  actor.  He 
was  a  member  of  Garrick's  company,  and  was  especially 
successful  as  Sir  Andrew  Aguecheek  and  Abel  Drugger. 

Dodd  William.  Bom  at  Bourne,  Lincolnshire, 
England,  May  29, 1729 :  died  June  27, 1777.  An 
English  clergyman  and  author.  He  studied  at  Cam- 
bridge, was  ordained  deacon  in  1761,  and  was  appointed 
chaplain  to  the  king  in  1763.  In  1777  he  forged  the  name 
of  Lord  Chesterfield,  his  former  pupil,  to  a  bond  for 
£4,200,  and  in  spite  of  the  efforts  of  Dr.  Johnson  and  other 
influential  persons  was  executed  at  London.  He  wrote 
"  Beauties  of  Shakspere  "  (1752),  "  Thoughts  in  Prison  " 
(1777),  etc. 

Doddridge  (dod'rij),  Philip.  Bom  at  London, 
June  26, 1702 :  died  at  Lisbon,  Oct.  26, 1751.  An 
English  dissenting  clergyman.   He  was  pastor  of  an 


Dodwell,  Henry 

Independent  congregation  and  tutor  of  a  seminary  for  the 
education  of  dissenting  ministers  at  N^orthampton  from 
1739  until  his  death.  He  is  known  chiefly  as  the  author 
of  "  Rise  and  Progress  of  ReUgion  in  the  Soul "  (1760)  and 
"  The  Family  Expositor  "  (1739-66),  and  for  his  hymns. 
Doderlein  (de'der-lm),  Ludwig.  Bom  at  Jena, 
Germany,  Deo.  19, 1791 :  died  at  Brlangen,  Nov. 
9,  1863.  A  German  classical  philologist,  pro- 
fessor at  Erlangen  from  1819.  His  works  include 
"Lateinische  Synonymen  und  Etymologien"  (1826-38), 
"  Homerisohes  Glossarium  "  (1860-68X  editions  of  Tacitus, 
Horace,  and  the  Iliad,  etc. 

Dodge  (doj),  Mary  Abigail :  pseudonym  Gail 
Hamilton.  Born  at  Hamilton,  Mass.,  1830:  died 
at  Wenham,  Mass.,  Aug.  17, 1896.  An  American 
writer.  Her  works  include  "  Country  Living  and  Country 
Thmking  "  (1862),  "  Gala  Days  "  (1863),  "New  Atmosphere  " 
(1864),  "Woman's  Wrongs,  etc.  "(1868),  "Twelve  Miles  from 
a  Lemon  "  (1873),  "  Our  Common  School  System  "  (1880),  etc. 

Dodge,  Mrs.  (Mary  Elizabeth  Mapes).  Born 
at  New  York,  1838.  An  American  authoress, 
editor  of  the  "St.  Nicholas"  magazine  since 
1873.  She  has  written  "Hans  Brmker,  or  the  Silver 
Skates"  (1S65),  "Donald  and  Dorothy"  (1883),  "Along  the 
Way"  (poems,  1879),  etc. 

Dodge,  Theodore  Ayrault.  Bom  at  Pittsfleld, 
Mass.,  May  28, 1842.  An  American  soldier  and 
author.  He  served  through  the  Civil  War  and  in  the 
War  Department,  rising  to  the  rank  of  colonel.  He  is  now 
on  the  retired  list.  Among  his  works  are :  "Chancellors- 
ville"  (1881),  "Civil  War "(1883),  "AChatin  the  Saddle" 
(1885),  "Great  Captains"  (1889),  "Alexander"  (1890), 
"Hannibal"  (1891),  "Caesar"  (1893),  "Riders  of  Many 
Lands"  (1894),  "Gustavus  Adolphus"'  (1895). 

Dodge,  William  Earl.  Bom  at  Hartford,Conn., 
Sept.  4,  1805 :  died  at  New  York,  Feb.  9,  1883. 
An  American  merchant  and  philanthropist, 
noted  for  his  efforts  in  behalf  of  the  freedmen, 
temperance,  foreign  missions,  etc. 

Dodge  City  (doj  sit'i).  A  city  in  Ford  County, 
southwestern  Kansas,  situated  on  the  Arkansas 
River.    Population  (1900),  1,942. 

Dodger  (doj' er),The  Artful.  See  DawUns,Jo}m. 

Dodgson  (doj'son),  Charles  Lutwidge :  pseu- 
donymLe'WlsOarroU.  Bom  at  DaresbuiyjOie- 
shire,  Jan.  27,  1832:  died  at  Guildford,  Surrey, 
Jan.  14, 1898.  An  English  clergyman  and  writer, 
mathematical  lecturer  at  ChristChurch,  Oxford, 
1855-81.  He  wrote  "  A  Syllabus  of  Plane  and  Algebraical 
Geometry"  (1860),  "Guide  to  the  Mathematical  Student," 
etc.   (1864),   "Elementary  rTreatise   on   Determinants" 

S367),  "Euclid  and  his  Modem  Rivals"  (1879),  "  Curiosa 
athematica,"  etc.  (1888),  and  several  children's  books 
under  the  pseudonym  of  Lewis  Carroll :  "  Alice's  Adven- 
tures in  Wonderland"(1866X"Through  the  Looking  Glass," 
etc.  (1871),  "The  Hunting  of  the  Snark"(1876),  etc. 

Dodington  (dod'ing-ton),  George  Bubb  (later 
Baron  Melcombe).  Bom  in  Dorset,  England, 
1691 :  died  at  Hammersmith,  July  28, 1762.  An 
English  politician.  He  was  the  son  of  George  Bubb, 
but  adopted  the  name  of  Dodington  on  inheriting  an  estate 
in  1720  from  an  uncle  of  that  name.  In  1715  he  entered 
Parliament,  where  he  acquired  the  reputation  of  an  as- 
siduous place-hunter.  He  was  created  Baron  Melcombe 
of  Melcombe  Regis,  Dorsetshire,  in  1761.  He  patronized 
men  of  letters,  and  was  complimented  by  Edward  Young, 
Fielding,  and  Richard  Bentley.  He  left  a  diary  covering 
the  period  from  1749  to  1761,  which  was  published  in  1784. 

DodipoU.    See  Doctor  Dodwoll. 

Dodo  (do'do).  The  name  of  a  deity  (discovered 
on  the  Moabite  Stone)  who  is  supposed  to  have 
been  worshiped  by  the  ten  tribes  alongside  of 
Yahveh.  (Sayce.)  This  is,  however,  very  un- 
likely. 

Dodona  (do-do'na).  [Gr.  AaS6v^.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  of  Epirus,  probably  situated 
near  the  modem.  Mount  Olytzika,  southwest  of 
Janina.  It  was  the  seat  of  the  oldest  Greek 
oracle,  dedicated  to  Zeus. 

Dods  (dodz),  Meg.  The  landlady  of  the  inn, 
in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  "  St.  Ronan's  Well." 

Dodsley  (dodz'li),  Robert.  Born  probably  at 
Mansfield,  Nottingham,  England,  in  1703 :  died 
at  Durham,  England,  Sept.  25,  1764.  An  Eng- 
lish bookseller  and  author.  He  wrote  a  number  of 
plays,  poems,  songs,  and  other  works,  but  is  best  known 
for  his  "Select  Collection  of  Old  Plays,"  which  was  pub- 
lished in  1744  in  12  volumeB,beginning  with  a  morality  play 

Dodson  (dod'sgn).  The  family  name  of  the 
three  aunts  in  George  Eliot's  "Mill  on  the 
Floss,"  Aunt  Pullet,  Aunt  Glegg,  and  Aunt 
TuUiver.  Their  inherited  customs  and  peculiarities  are 
amusing,  and  are  always  referred  to  with  respect  by  the 
phrase  "No  Dodson  ever  did  "  so  and  so. 

Dodson  and  Fogg.  In  Charles  Dickens's ' '  Pick- 
wick Papers,"  the  legal  advisers  of  Mrs.  BardeU 
in  the  celebrated  breach-of-promise  case. 

Dod'well  (dod'wel),  Edward.  Bom  about  1767 : 
died  at  Rome,  May  14, 1832.  An  English  anti- 
quarian and  artist.  He  published  "Cilassioal  and 
Topographical  Tour  through  Greece"  (1819),  "Cyclopean 
or  Pelasgio  Remains  in  Greece  and  Italy  "  (1834),  etc. 

Dodwell,  Henry.  Bom  at  Dublin,  Oct.,  1641 : 
died  at  Shottesbrooke,  Berkshire,  England, 
June  7,  1711.    A  British  classical  scholar  and 


Dodwell,  Henry 

controversialist.  He  studied  at  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin ;  removed  to  London  in  1674 ;  and  was  Camden  professor 
of  history  at  Oxford  1688-91.  His  chief  work  is  "De  re- 
teribus  grtecorum  lomanorumque  cyclis  "  (1701). 
Doe  (do),  John.  The  name  of  tie  fictitious 
plaintiff  in  actions  of  ejectment.  See  Boe, 
Richard. 


331 


Domdaniel 


It  was  the  ancient  capital  of  Franche-Comt€,  resisted  the 
Trench  in  1479,  and  was  finally  ceded  to  R'ance  in  1678. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  14,253. 


Doeg(d6'eg).    [Heb., 'fearful.T    1.  The  chief  Dolet  (do-la'),  Etienne. 


of  the  herdsmen  of  Saul.  He  slew  fourscore 
and  five  priests  of  Nob. — 3.  In  the  second 
part  of  Dryden  and  Tate's  "Absalom  and 
Aohitophel,"  a  character  intended  to  represent 
Elkanah  Settle. 

Does  (dSs),  Jacobus  van  der.  Bom  at  Amster- 
dam, March  4,  1623 :  died  at  Sloten,  Nov.  17, 
1673.    A  Dutch  landscape  and  animal  painter. 

Dogali  (do-ga'le).  A  place  near  Massowah, 
eastern  Africa.  Here,  Jan.  26, 1887,  the  Italian  force 
under  Gend  was  defeated  and  nearly  destroyed  by  the 
Abyssinians  under  Has  Alula. 

Dogberry  (dog'ber-i).  An  absurd  constable  in 
Shakspere's  "Much  Ado  about  Nothing." 

Doge's  Palace.  The  palace  of  the  doges  of  Ven- 
ice. The  present  building  was  begun  by  Marino  Faliero 
in  1354,  but  only  the  south  and  west  f  aQades  retain  their 
characteristic  Pointed  architecture.  The  basement  is  a 
noble  and  massive  arcade  with  cylindrical  columns ;  above 
this  is  another  arcade,  with  twice  the  number  of  columns, 
and  graceful,  sharp-cusped  arches  with  a  range  of  quatre- 
foils  above  them.  The  upper  part  of  the  building  is  a 
square  mass,  with  later  enriched  balconies  in  the  middle 
of  each  facade,  broad  pointed  windows  irregularly  placed,  a 
line  of  small  circles  above,  and  flamed  battlements.  The 
superstructure  is  in  itself  too  heavy,  but  is  rendered  effec- 
tive by  the  color  of  its  diaper-work  of  pink  and  white  mar- 
ble. The  allegorical  and  biblical  sculptures  of  the  capitals 
of  the  lower  arcade  and  of  the  three  angles  of  the  palace 
are  famous.  The  great  entrance,  the  Porta  della  Carta,  the 
court,  and  the  Qiants'  Staircase  with  its  colossal  figures  of 
Mars  and  Neptune  are  excellent  works  of  the  Benaissance. 
The  halls  of  the  interior  are  adorned  with  the  masterpieces 
of  Tintoret,  Titian,  Paolo  Veronese,  and  other  great  Vene- 
tians. 

Doggerbank  (dog'6r-bangk).  A  sand-bank  in 
the  North  Sea,  in  about  lat.  54°-55°  30'  N.,  long, 


Dukkehjem")  by  Henrik  Ibsen,  produced  in 
London  in  1889.  The  original  play  was  brought 
D"oTe7La.^"6ne  of^the  fighest  mountains  of    out  ij  Christiania  about  1879. 
the  Jura,  situated  in  the  cSnton  of  Vaud,  near  ^^\\  Tearsheet.    See  Tearsheet.  _ 

-     -      '-   -      -       -     -      j^orthof  Geneva.  Dolly  S(dol  ^2)-    A  well-known  tavern  in  Pa- 
ternoster Eow,  London,  dating  from  the  time 
„  ,    „  ,,  of  Queen  Anne,  and  still  in  existence.   Wheeler. 

Bom  at  Orleans,  DoHy  Varden.    See  Varden. 


the  French  border, 
Height,  5,505  feet. 


France,  1509 :  hanged  and  then  burned  at  Paris! 
Aug.  3,  1546.  A  French  scholar  and  printer, 
condemned  as  a  heretic. 


Dolomieu  (do-lo-mye'),  D6odat  Guy  Sylvain 
TancrMe  Gratet  ae.  Bom  atDolomieu,l86re, 
Prance,  June  24,  1750:  died  at  Chateauneuf, 
Sa6ne-et-Loire,  Prance,  Nov.  26, 1801.  A  noted 
French  geologist  and  mineralogist.  His  works 
include  "Voyage  aux  iles  de  Lipari"  (1783),  "M^moires 
BUT  les  lies  Ponces  "  (1788),  "  Philosophic  min^ralogique  " 
(1802),  etc.    Dolomite  was  named  for  him. 

Dolomite  Mountains  (dol'o-mit  moun'tanz). 
{Polomite  (mineral),  from  the  geologist  i)oZo- 
TOJew.]  A  group  of  limestone  mountains  in  the 
Alps,  in  southern  Tyrol,  on  the  Italian  frontier. 
Highest  peak,  Marmolada  (11,045  feet). 
Saiiiuimyl'siea^Wi.,  p.  233.  Dolon-nor  (d6'lon-n6r'),or  Iiaina-iniao(la'ma- 

Dolgelly  (dol-geth'li).    The  chief  town  of  Mer-  S%°«t^;<,^  ?«+^i?o  Mongolia,  situated  north 

innfithsliiTPi  North  Walfi'!  aituated  onthe  Wnion  °*  Peking  m  lat.  42°  16    N.    It  is  renowned  for  its 

lonetnsmre,  in  ortn  w  aies,  situaiea  oncne  vv  nion  n,etal-work,  especially  for  copper,  iron,  and  bronze  statues 

m  lat.  52°  44' N.,  long.  3°  53    W.     Population  (of  divinities,  etc.),  and  other  works  of  art.    Population, 


AmoDg  these  latter  there  is  one  who  was  in  many  ways 
a  typical  representative  of  the  time.  liJtienne  Dolet  was 
bom  at  Orleans  in  1509,  lived  a  stormy  life  diversified  by 
many  quarrels,  literaxy  and  theological,  did  much  service 
to  literature  both  in  Latin  and  ftenoh,  and,  falling  out 
with  the  powers  that  were,  was  burnt  (having  first  been, 
as  a  matter  of  grace  and  m  consequence  of  a  previous 
recantation,  hanged)  in  the  Place  Maubert,  at  Paris,  on  his 
birthday,  August  8,  1644  [sic].  DoM  had  written  many 
Latin  speeches  and  tractates  in  the  Ciceronian  style — 
that  of  a  curious  section  of  humanists  who  entertained  an 
exclusive  and  exaggerated  devotion  to  Cicero. 


(1891),  2,467.  about  30,000. 

Dolgoruki  (dol-go-rb'ke),  Ivan  Alezeiovitch.  Dolopathos, 

Executed  at  Novgorod,  Russia,  Nov.  6, 1739.    A     ' 

Russian  noble,  accused  of  conspiracy  against 

the  Czarina  Anna. 
Dolgoruki,  Ivan  MikhailovLtcli.    Bom  April 

18,  1764:  died  Dec.  16,  1823.    A  Russian  poet, 


A.Freneh  romance  of  adventure, 
the  work  of  Herbers,  a  trouvSre  of  the  13th 
century.  He  says  that  he  translated  it  from  an  old 
Latin  manuscript  of  Dom  J^hans,  a  monk  of  the  Abbaye 
d'Hanteselve  or  Hanteseille.  The  subject  and  style  both 
show  Oriental  infiuence.  It  is  thought  that  it  is  a  form 
of  the  old  romance  "  The  Seven  Wise  Men." 


He  was  governor  of  Vladimir  from  1802-12.  The  jjolores  (do-lo'res).    A  river  in  Colorado  and 


first  edition  of  his  poetical  works  appeared  in 
1806. 

Dolgoruki,  Katharina  Michailowna,  Prin- 
cess Jurjeffskaya.  The  second  wife  (July  31, 
1880)  of  Alexander  II.,  emperor  of  Russia.  She 
published,  under  the  pseudonym  Victor  Lafert6,  "Alex- 
andre II.:  details  intuits  sur  sa  vie  intime  et  sa  mort" 
(1882). 


10-5°  E.    It  was  the  scene  of  an  indecisive  naval  battle  Dolgoruki,  Peter  Vladimirovitcll.     Born  at 
between  the  English  under  Sir  Hyde  Parker  and  the  Dutch     Moscow,  1807 :  died  at  Berne,  Switzerland,  Aug. 
inl781.    It  is  noted  for  its  extensive  and  valuable  fisheries.     17^1868.     A  Russian  writer,  exiled  on  account 
Dogeett  (dog'et),  Thomas.    Bom  at  Dublin:    of  his  work  "La  v^rit6  sur  la  Russie"  (1860). 
died  Oct.  (Sept.  21?  22?),  1721.    An  English  DoUalloUa  (dol-a-lol'a).  Queen.    The  wife  of 


Utah,  a  tributary  of  the  Grand  River.  It  fiows 
through  a  canon  3,000  feet  in  depth.  Length, 
about  250  miles. 

Dolores,  Grito  de.  [Sp.,  lit.  'cry  of  Dolores.'] 
The  first  signal  of  revolt  against  Spanish  rule 
in  Mexico,  and  hence  the  visible  beginning  of 
the  war  for  independence.  On  Sept.  16, 1810,  the 
parish  priest  of  Dolores,  in  Guanajuato,  Miguel  Hidalgo  y 
Costilla,  headed  a  band  which  freed  some  political  pris- 
oners. Hidalgo,  after  celebrating  mass  in  the  church, 
proclaimed  a  revolt :  the  raising  of  a  banner  was  greeted 
with  loud  shouts  against  the  government^  and  the  outbreak 
soon  assumed  formidable  proportions. 


actor.    He  was  before  the  public  from  1691  to  1713.    He    King  Arthur  and  mother  of  Huneamunca  in  Dolores  HidalgO,  formerly  Dolores.  A  city  in 


Fielding's  burlesque  "Tom  Thumb,"  altered  by 
O'Hara.  She  is  entirely  faultless,  except  that  she  is  a 
little  given  to  drink,  is  a  little  too  much  of  a  virago 
toward  her  husband,  and  is  in  love  with  Tom  Thumb. 


the  northern  part  of  the  state  of  Guanajuato, 
Mexico,  near  the  Rio  de  la  Laja.  Population 
(1889),  7,220.    See  Dolores,  Grito  de. 

Dolorous  Garde.    See  Joyeuse  Garde. 

Dolorous  Valley  (dol'o-rus  val'i).  See  the  ex- 
tract. 


established  in  1716  a  prize  m  the  Thames  rowing-match, 
given  every  year  on  the  1st  of  August.  It  was  an  orange- 
colored  livery  and  a-  badge,  and  was  given  in  honor  of 
George  I.  The  custom  is  still  kept  up  under  the  super- 
vision of  the  Fishmongers' Company.  „   ,,        ,,,,..   V       A  1M.  ■     ,-n      1 

Doearell  (dog'rel).    A  foolish  poet  in  Cowley's  Dollar  (dolar).   AsmalltowninClaekmannan- 

plfl^' The  Guardian."  He  was  omitted  in  "  The    shire,  Scotland,  11  miles  east  of  Stirling. 

Sutter  of  Coleman  Street,"  a  revision.  Dollar  Law  (dol'ar  1ft).     A  mountain  in  the 

D^|'ofMontargis.The.'  See  ^„...  ..  i.o»^    -^3;^^ J-^^' ^^pSsf  ^oV^^^ 

ataier.  e      \  •      i      heiffht 

mi, ^c   «™n=ltB  Gr-eenwich.  and  out  off  bv    of  the  North  Sea  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ems,  be-    p,t.  Cart, '<rBT.a,.Snain.  about  1717:  diedatGuate- 

tween  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia,  and 
the  province  of  Groningen,  Netherlands.  It  was 
formed  by  inundations  in  1277  and  subsequently.  Length, 
10  miles.    Breadth,  4-8  miles. 

Dollier  de  Casson  (dol-ya'  de  kas-s6n'),Fran- 
cois.  A  French  missionary  in  Canada.  He 
spent  a  winter  among  the  Nipissings  about  1668,  and  in 
1669  accompanied  La  Salle  on  an  exploring  e^edition  to 


Thames  opposite  Greenwich,  and  out  off  by 
the  canal  of  the  West  India  Docks. 

Dokkum,  or   Dockum  (dok'kSm).     A  small 
town  in  Priesland,  Netherlands,  in  lat.  53°  19 
N.,  long.  6°  E, 

Doko  (do'ko).    „„ 

Dol  (dol).  A  town  in  the  department  of  nie- 
et-Vilaine,  France,  14  miles  southeast  of  St. 
Malo.  Here,  in  1793,  the  Vendeans  repulsed  the  repub- 
licans It  has  a  cathedral  of  the  13th  century,  with  square 
chevet,  and  clustered  columns  some  of  whose  shafts  are 
detached.  There  is  some  good  glass,  mterestmg  details 
of  design,  sculpture  of  exceptional  delicacy  considering 
the  material  (granite),  and  two  fine  porches.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  4,814.  _   ,  ,.         _  ,. 

Dolabella  (dol-a-bel'a),  Publius  Cornelius. 

Bom  about  70  B.  C. :  died  at  Laodieea,  Asia 
Minor  43  B.  c.  A  Roman  patrician,  noted 
chieflv  as  the  son-in-law  of  Cicero.  Ruined  by 
his  profligate  habits,  he  sought  to  restore  his  fortunes  by 
Joining  the  standard  of  Cssar  in  the  civil  war.  He  com- 
manded Cfflsai's  fleet  in  the  Adriatic  in  49,  and  in  48  par- 


Edinburgh,  or  rather  its  Castle,  appears  also  under  the 

name  of  Castrum  Puellarum,  in  the  Charters,  and  of  the 

Castle  of  Maidens  and  Dolorous  Valley,  in  the  Komancea. 

Stuart  GlenniCf  Arthurian  Localities,  III.  1. 


at  Cartagena,  Spain,  about  1717 :  died  at  (Juate- 
mala  City,  Oct.  9, 1803.  A  Spanish  naval  officer 
and  administrator.  He  distinguished  himself  as  chief 
of  squadron  on  the  coasts  of  Spain  and  Italy ;  commanded 
fleets  in  the  West  Indies  during  the  war  with  England 
1778-80;  was  at  the  taking  of  Pensacola  1781,  and  the 
siege  of  Gibraltar  1783.  From  1786  to  1794  he  was  gover- 
nor of  Panama,  and  from  1794  to  1801  captain-general  of 
Guatemala. 


the  Ohio  River.    He  separated  from  the  expedition  in  the  Domat,  or  Daumat  (do-ma'),  Jean.     Bom  at 


same  year,  with  the  object  in  view  of  establishing  a  mis- 
sion among  the  Pottawattamies  who  inhabited  the  region 
of  the  upper  lakes ;  but,  finding  the  field  occupied  by 
the  Jesuits,  returned  to  the  Sulpician  seminary  at  Mon- 
treal. He  wrote  a  ' '  Histoire  de  Montreal. " 
DoUinger  (del'ling-er),  Ignaz.  Bom  at  Bam- 
berg, Bavaria,  May  24,  1770:  died  at  Munich, 
Jan.  14,  1841,  A  German  physiologist  and 
comparative  anatomist,  professor  successively 
at  Bamberg,  Wiirzburg,  Landshut,  and  Munich. 
He  wrote  "Grundzuge  der  Physiologie"  (1836),  "Werth 
und  Bedeutung  der  vergleichenden  Anatomie  '  (1814), 
etc. 


-pa- -J- »°ib-f-cts"^  in^4r^^^^^^^^^^^ 

Munich,  Jan.  10,  1890.  A  celebrated  German 
theologian,  son  of  Ignaz  D611inger,  a  leader  In 
the  "  Old  Catholic  "  movement.  He  published 
"Kirche  und  Kirchen,  Papstthum  und  Kirchenstaat" 
(1861),  "Papstfabeln  des  Mittelalters  "  (1863),  etc.,  and  op- 
posed decrees  of  the  Vatican  council  1869-70.  He  was 
excommunicated  1871.  .-,.    tt 

Dolliver  Romance,  The.  A  fragment  oy  Haw- 
thome,  the  beginning  of  which  was  published 
in  the  "Atlantic  Monthly"  July,  1864. 


consul8hin"atter  the  death  of  Csssar  in  44.     At  first  he 
acted  to  swport  of  the  senate,  but  was  aubsequenUy  m- 
fluenc^d  by  Cbery  to  join  the  party  of  Antony,    He  re- 
odved  from  Antony  the  province  of  Syria  as  his  procon- 
aSate  but  was  deflated  at  Laodieea  by  Cassms.    He  was, 
at  his  own  request,  kiUed  by  one  of  his  soldiers  m  order 
not  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy. 
Dolce  (dol'che),  Lodovico.     Bom  at  Venice 
about  1508:  died  at  Venice,  1568.    An  Italian 
poet  and  miscellaneous  and  voluminous  wnl 
He  was  by  profession  a  corrector  of  the  pr( 
and  died  in  great  poverty. 


ter. 
press. 


DX(rol"h%o/Dolce  (dol'che).  Carlo  or  Doliond  (dol'ond)    John.     Bom  a.  London 
DplCl  (dol  one;,  oTjjyiw^  ok^ikic.  Ai^a    .Inne  10.  1706  :  died  at  London,  Nov.  30,  1/61 


Carlino.  Bom  at  Florence,  May  25, 1616:  died 
there,  Jan.  17,  1686.  A  Florentine  painter  of 
religious  subjects,  a  pupil  of  Jacopo  Vignali. 

Dol  Common.    See  Common. 

Dole  (dol).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Jura, 
Prance,  situated  on  the  Doubs  27  miles  south- 
east of  Dijon:  the  ancient  Dola  Sequanorum. 


June  10,  1706  V  died  at  London,  Nov.  30,  1761. 
An  English  optician,  the  inventor  of  the  achro- 
matic telescope  (1757-58).         ,   ,„„.     ,.   ,    ^ 

DoUond,  Peter.  Bom  Feb.  24,  1730:  died  at 
Kensington,  July  2, 1820.  An  English  optician, 
son  of  John  DoUond. 

Doll's  House,  A.    A  translation  of  a  play  (    Et 


Clermont,  Auvergne,  France,  Nov.  30,  1625: 
died  at  Paris,  March  14, 1696.  A  French  jurist, 
author  of  "Les  lois  oiviles  dans  leur  ordre 
naturel"  (1689-97),  etc. 

Dombey  and  Son  (dom'bi  and  sim).  A  novel 
by  Dickens,  issued  in  numbers,  the  first  of 
which  appeared  in  Oct.,  1846.  it  was  brought 
out  in  one  volume  in  1848.  The  original  title  was  "  Deal- 
ings with  the  Firm  of  Dombey  and  Son,  Wholesale,  Re- 
tail, and  for  Exportation."  Mr.  Dombey,  the  father  of 
little  Paul  and  Florence,  is  a  cold,  unbending,  pompous 
merchant.  His  chief  ambition  is  to  perpetuate  the  flrm- 
name.  After  the  death  of  his  only  son.  little  Paul,  and 
the  loss  of  his  money,  however,  his  obstinacy  and  pride 
areabated.  Little  Paul,  the  "son  "in  the  title  of  the  firm, 
is  a  delicate  child  who  dies  young.  Florence,  his  devoted 
sister,  marries  Walter  Gay,  a  clerk  in  her  father's  bank. 
Edith  Dombey,  the  beautiful  and  scornful  second  wife  of 
Mr.  Dombey,  elopes  with  Carker,  his  manager. 

Dombrowski  (dom-brov'ske),  or  Dabrowski 
(da-brov'ske),  Jan  Henryk.  Bom  at  Pierszo- 
wioe,  near  Cracow,  Aug.-  29, 1755 :  died  at  Wina- 
Gora,  Posen,  Prussia,  June  6,  1818.  A  Polish 
general.  He  served  in  the  campaign  of  1792-94 ;  organ- 
ized the  Polish  legion  at  Milan  in  1796;  and  served  with 
distinction  at  Friedland  in  1807,  against,  the  Austrians  in 
1809,  and  in  the  campaigns  of  1812-13. 

Domdaniel  (dom-dan'yel).  In  the  continuation 
of  the  Arabian  Tales,  a  seminary  for  evil  ma- 
gicians founded  by  the  great  magician  Hal-il- 
Maugraby.  it  was  an  immense  cavern  "under  the 
roots  of  the  ocean  "  off  the  coast  of  Tunis,  the  resort  of 
evil  spirits  and  enchanters.  It  was  finally  destroyed. 
Southey  makes  its  destruction  the  theme  of  his  "Thalaba." 


Dome  de  CIiassefor§t 

Ddme  de  Chasseforit  (dom  de  shas-fo-ra'). 
The  central  point  of  the  Vanoise  range,  in 
the  Tarentaise  Alps,  in  southeastern  France. 
Height,  11,800  feet. 

Domenech  (dom-e-nek'),  Emmanuel  Henri 
Dieudonn6.  Bom  at  Lyons,  France,  Nov.  4, 
1825.  A  French  traveler  and  writer.  He  was 
an  honorary  canon  of  Montpellier,  with  the 
title  of  abb6. 

Domenichino  (do-men-e-ke'no),  Domenico 
Zampieri.  Bom  at  Bologna,  Italy,  Oct.  21, 
1581 :  died  at  Naples,  April  15, 1641.  A  noted 
Italian  painter.  Among  his  works  are  "Communion 
of  3t.  Jerome  " (in  the  Vatican),"  Martyrdom  of  St.  Agnes  " 
(in  Bologna),  "  Diana  and  her  Nymphs  "  (in  Rome),  "  Adam 
and  Eve,"  etc. 

Domesday  Book.    See  Doomsday  Boole. 

Domett  (dom'et),  Alfred.  Bom  at  Camber- 
well  Grove,  Surrey,  May  20, 1811:  died  Nov.  12, 
1887.  An  English  poet  and  colonial  statesman. 
He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and  called  to  the  bar  in 
1841.  In  IBAi  he  went  to  New  Zealand,  where  he  filled 
many  of  the  chief  offices  of  the  colony.  In  1871  he  re- 
turned to  England,  where  he  died.  He  was  the  intimate 
friend  of  Kobert  Browning,  who  writes  of  him  in  "War- 
ing" and  "The  Guardian  Angel."  Among  his  works  are 
volumes  of  poems  published  in  1833  and  1839.  His  "  Christ- 
mas Hymn"  appeared  in  ."Blackwood's  Magazine"  about 
that  time.  In  1872  he  published  "Ranolf  and  Amolia," 
and  In  1877  "Flotsam  and  Jetsam."  He  also  wrote  several 
official  publications  relating  to  New  Zealand. 

Domeyko  (do-ma'ko),  Ignatius.  Born  at 
Niedz viadka,  Lithuania,  July  31,  1802 :  died  at 
Santiago  de  Chile,  Jan.  23,  1889.  A  Polish 
scientist.  He  was  involved  in  the  Polish  revolt  of  1830 ; 
was  compelled  to  leave  the  country,  taking  refuge  in 
Paris  ;  and  was  for  several  years  engaged  in  mining  work 
in  Alsace.  On  invitation  of  the  government  of  Chile  he 
went  to  that  country  in  1838,  founded  a  school  of  chem- 
istry and  mineralogy  at  Coquimbo,  and  was  professor  at 
the  University  of  Santiago  from  1839,  and  rector  from  1867. 
Through  his  influence  improved  methods  of  mining  were 
introduced  into  Chile,  and  the  resources  of  the  country 
greatly  developed.  Besides  numerous  scientific  papers  and 
class-books,  he  wrote  "La  Araucania  y  sus  habitantes" 
(Santiago,  1845);  a  book  on  Chile  in  the  Polish  language ; 
etc. 

Domfront  (ddn-fr6n').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  {)rne,  France,  situated  on  the  Varenne 
20  miles  north  of  Mayenne.  It  has  a  ruined  castle, 
and  was  long  one  of  the  chief  Norman  strongholds.  It 
was  captured  by  "William  the  Conqueror  in  1048,  and  was 
often  besieged  In  the  English  and  religious  wars.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  4,932. 

Domingue  (do-mang'),  Michel.  A  Haitian 
general  and  politician,  of  African  race.  He  be- 
came president  of  the  repuolic  in  June,  1874,  and  after  a 
period  of  almost  unequaled  anarchy  and  tyranny  directed 
against  the  mulatto  party  was  forced  to  resign  in  1876. 

Dominic  (dom'i-nik),  Saint:  called  de  Guzman. 
Born  at  Calahorra,  Old  Castile,  Spain,  1170: 
died  at  Bologna,  Italy,  Aug.  6,  1221.  The 
founder  of  the  order  of  the  Dominicans.  He 
studied  at  the  University  of  Palencia,  and  in  1194  became 
a  canon  of  the  cathedral  at  Osma.  In  1204  he  removed 
to  Languedoc,  where  he  preached  with  much  vehemence 
against  the  Albigenses  and  founded  the  order  of  the  Do- 
minicans, which  received  the  papal  confirmation  in  1216. 
He  was  subsequently  appointed  iiMgister  eacH  palaiii  at 
Ilome. 

Dominica  (dom-i-ne'ka),  F.  La  Domiiiig.ue 

(dom-e-nek').  Anislandin  the  Lesser  Antilles, 
West  Indies,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  it  is 
situated  north  of  Martmique  and  south  of  Guadeloupe, 
and  is  intersected  by  lat.  15°  30'  N.,  long.  61°  25'  W.  Capi- 
tal, Roseau.  The  island,  which  is  of  volcanic  origin,  was 
discovered  by  Columbus  in  1493 ;  was  ceded  by  France  to 
England  in  1763 ;  but  was  occupied  by  France  1778-83  and 
later.  It  forma  part  of  the  colony  of  the  Leeward  Isl- 
ands. Its  chief  product  is  sugar.  Length,  29  miles. 
Breadth,  16  miles.  Area,  291  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  26,841. 

Dominican  Republic,  often,  but  incorrectly, 
called  Santo  Domingo  or  San  Domingo.  [Sp. 
RepiibUea  Dominicana.']  A  republic  occupying 
the  eastern  and  larger  part  of  the  i  sland  of  Santo 
Domingo,  or  Haiti,  in  theWest  Indies.  It  is  broken 
by  several  mountain-chains,  and  in  the  interior  there  are 
("elevated  plains  (especially  the  Vega  Real)  of  great  fertility 
and  beauty.  The  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  of  mixed 
Spanish,  Indian,  and  negro  blood,  with  some  of  pure  Afri- 
can descent,  and  coniparatively  few  whites.  Spanish  is 
the  common  language,  though  French  and  English  are 
spoken  in  the  coast  towns.  Roman  Catholicism  is  the 
state  religion,  but  other  cults  are  tolerated.  Agriculture, 
cattle-raising,  Tind  timber-cutting  are  almost  the  only  in- 
dustries. The  principal  exports  are  sugar,  coffee,  tobacco, 
hides,  and  cabinet  woods.'  The  republic  was  formed  in 
1844,  after  a  revolution  by  which  it  was  separated  from 
Haiti.  From  1861  to  18B5  it  was  held  by  Spain.  In  1869 
the  president  (Baez)  signed  with  President  Grant  a  treaty 
of  annexation  with  the  United  States,  which  the  Senate  at 
Washington  refused  to  ratify.  There  have  been  various 
wars  with  Haiti,  political  revolutions,  and  changes  of  the 
constitution.  By  the  present  amended  constitution  (adopt- 
ed  1887)  the  president  is  elected  for  four  yeai's  by  an  elec- 
toral college,  and  there  is  a  national  congress  of  24  mem- 
bers elected  by  restricted  sutfrage.  Capital,  Santo  Do- 
mingo. Area  (claimed),  18,045  square  miles.  Population 
(estimated,  1893),  417,000. 

Dominie  Sampson.    See  Sampson. 


332 

Dominis  (dom'e-nes),  Marco  Antonio  de. 

Born  in  the  island  of  Arbe,  Dalmatia,  1566: 
died  at  Rome,  Sept.,  1624.  An  Italian  theolo- 
gian and  natural  philosopher.  He  wrote  "  De 
republiea  eeclesiastica  "  (1617),  "  De  radiis  vi- 
sus  et  lueis  in  vitris  perspectivis  et  iride" 
(1611),  etc. 

Domino  Noir  (do-me-no'  nwar),  Le.  [F..  '  The 
Black  Domino.']  A  comic  opera  by  Auber, 
words  by  Scribe,  first  produced  in  Paris  in 
1837. 

Domitian  (do-mish'ian)  (Titus  Flavlus  Do- 
mitianus  Augustus).  Bom  at  Eome,  Oct. 
24,  51  A.  D. :  died  at  Rome,  Sept.  18,  96.  Ro- 
man emperor  81-96 :  the  second  son  of  Vespa- 
sian and  Flavia  Domitilla,  and  the  brother  of 
Titus  whom  he  succeeded.  He  undertook  a  cam- 
paign against  the  Chatti  in  S3,  in  the  course  of  which  he 
began  the  construction  of  a  boundary  wall  between  the 
Danube  and  the  Rhine.  This  wall  was  guarded  by  sol- 
diers settled  upon  public  lands  (ftgri  deeumates)  along 
its  course.  He  carried  on  unsuccessful  wars  against  the 
Dacians  under  Decebalus  86-90,  when  he  pui'chased  peace 
by  the  promise  of  a  yearly  tribute.  He  recalled  Agricola, 
whose  victories  in  Britain,  78-84,  aroused  his  jealousy. 
The  last  years  of  his  reign  were  sullied  by  cruelty  and 
tyranny.  He  was  murdered  by  the  freedman  Stephanus,  at 
the  instance  of  the  empress  Domitia  and  several  officers 
of  the  court,  who  were  in  fear  of  their  lives. 

Domitilla.  In  Shirley's  play  "  The  Royal  Mas- 
ter," a  girl  of  fifteen  years  who,  in  an  innocent 
delusion,  fixes  her  love  upon  the  king,  mistak- 
ing his  promise  to  provide  her  with  a  husband 
for  a  proof  of  personal  affection. 

Domitilla  (dom-i-til'a),  Flavia.  1.  The  first 
wife  of  Vespasian.  She  had  three  children, 
Titus,  Domitian,  and  Domitilla. — 2.  Wife  or 
niece  of  the  consul  Flavins  Clemens,  said  to 
have  been  banished  to  Pandataria  by  Domitian. 
She  is  regarded  as  a  saint  in  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic Church. 

Domleschg  (dom'leshk).  A  valley  along  the 
lower  part  of  the  Hinterrhein,  in  the  canton  of 
Grisons,  Switzerland,  south  of  Coire. 

Domo  d'Ossola  (do'mo  dos's6-la).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Novara,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
Toce  at  the  Italian  end  of  the  Simplon  Pass, 
near  the  Swiss  frontier.  Population,  about 
3,000. 

Domremy-la-Pucelle  (d6n-ra-me'la-pu-sel'), 
or  Domrenw'.  A  village  in  the  department 
of  Vosges,  France,  situated  on  the  Mouse  29 
miles  southwest  of  Nancy.  It  is  celebrated  as 
the  birthplace  of  Joan  of  Arc. 

Don  (don).  The  name  of  several  rivers,  the 
chief  of  which  are :  (a)  A  river  of  Russia  which  rises 
In  the  government  of  Tula  and  flows  into  the  Sea  of  Azoff 
In  lat.  47°  15'  N.,  long.  39°  20'  E. :  the  ancient  Tanais.  Its 
chief  tributary  is  the  Donetz.  Length,  about  1,100  miles ; 
navigable  for  about  700  miles,  (b)  A  river  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  which  joins  the  Ouse  IS 
miles  south  of  York.  Length,  55  miles ;  navigable  to 
Sheffield  (39  miles),  (c)  A  river  of  Aberdeenshire,  Scot- 
land, which  flows  into  the  North  Sea  1^  miles  north  of 
Aberdeen.    Length,  about  80  miles. 

Donaghadee  (don''''a-6ha-de').  A  seaport  in 
County  Down,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  North 
Channel  16  miles  northeast  of  Belfast. 

Donalbain (don'al-ban).  In  Shakspere's  "Mac- 
beth," son  of  Duncan,  king  of  Scotland. 

Donaldson  (don'ald-son),  James.  Bom  at 
Aberdeen,  Scotland,  April  26, 1831.  A  Scottish 
Hellenist.  He  became  principal  of  the  united  colleges 
of  St.  Salvator  and  St.  Leonard  in  the  University  of  St. 
Andrews  in  1886,  and  in  1890  principal  of  the  university. 
He  has  edited,  in  conjunction  with  Alexander  Roberts, 
"  The  Ante-Nicene  Christian  Library  "(1867-72),  and  is  the 
author  of  "Critical  History  of  Christian  Literature  and 
Doctrine  from  the  Death  of  the  Apostles  to  the  Nicene 
Council"  (1864-66). 

Donaldson,  John  William.  Bom  at  London, 
June  7, 1811:  died  at  London,  Feb.  10, 1861.  An 
English  classical  philologist  and  biblical  critic. 
His  works  include  "New  Cratylus"  (1839), 
"  Varronianus"  (1844),  "  Jashar"  (1854). 

Donaldson,  Thomas  Leverton.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  19, 1795 :  died  there,  Aug.  1, 1885.  An 
English  architect  and  author.  He  was  professor  of 
architecture  in  Univei'sity  College,  London,  1841-65,  and 
emeritus  professor  from  1865  until  his  death.  His  works 
include  "Pompeii "  (1827),  and  "  A  Collection  of  the  Most 
Approved  Examples  of  Doorways  from  Ancient  Buildings 
in  Greece  and  Italy"  (1833). 

Donar  (do'nar).    The  German  form  of  Thor. 

Donash ben  Labrath  (do-nash'  ben  lab-rath'). 
A  Jewish  grammarian  and  poet  of  the  10th 
century,  native  of  Bagdad.  He  lived  and  wrote  in 
Fez,  and  was  an  opponent  of  Menachem  ben  Saruk :  both 
of  them  may  be  considered  as  among  the  earliest  scien- 
tific Hebrew  grammarians.  Donash  was  the  first  to  apply 
the  Arabic  meter  to  Hebrew  verse. 

Donatello  (don-a-tel'lo)  (properly  Donate  di 
Niccolo  di  BettO  Bardi).  Bom  at  Florence 
about  1386:  died  at  Florence,  Dec.  13,  1466. 


Donatus,  .£lius 

A  Florentine  sculptor,  one  of  the  leading  re- 
storers of  sculpture  in  Italy.  His  work  may  be 
divided  into  three  periods :  (a)  That  of  realism  (1410-24). 
The  statues  of  the  Campanile  at  Florence  (including  the 
famous  Zuccone  and  Poggio),  the  St  John  of  the  National 
Museum,  and  the  bust  of  Niccolo  da  Uzzano,  characterize 
this  period.  (6)  That  (1425-33)  marked  by  the  partnership 
with  the  sculptor-architect  Michelozzo,  with  whose  assist- 
ance he  made  the  mausoleum  of  Pope  John  XXIII.  in  the 
baptistery  at  Florence,  that  of  Cardinal  Brancacci  at  Na- 
ples, and  that  of  Bartolommeo  Aragazzi  in  the  Duomo  at 
Montepulciano,  and  the  bas-reliefs  of  the  pulpit  at  Prato. 
(c)  That  (1433-66)  in  which  the  influence  of  antiquity  be. 
came  prominently  manifested,  as  shown  in  the  David  and 
the  Cupid  in  bronze  at  the  National  Museum  in  Florence, 
and  numerous  other  productions.  He  may  be  considered 
as  the  precursor  of  Michelangelo. 
Donatello.  A  character  in  Hawthorne's ' '  Mar- 
ble Faun,"  a  young  Tuscan  count  whose  like- 
ness to  the  statue  of  the  faun  by  Praxiteles 
fives  the  title  to  the  book.  He  is  rumored  to  be  a 
escendant  of  an  ancient  faun,  and  is  described  in  the 
opening  of  the  tale  as  possessed  only  of  the  happy,  spon- 
taneous life  of  Bu<?h  creatures.  He  impulsively  commits 
murder  for  the  sake  of  Miriam  whom  he  loves,  and  is 
awakened  to  the  higher  responsibilities  and  life  of  man  by 
his  remorse  and  his  passion. 

Donati  (do-na'te),  Giovanni  Battista.    Bom 

at  Pisa,  Italy,  Dec.  16,  1826 :  died  at  Florence, 
Sept.  19,  1873.  A  noted  Italian  astronomer. 
He  discovered  the  comet  named  for  him,  June 
2,  1858. 

Donation  of  Constantine.  Amedievalforgery, 
of  unknown  date  and  origin,  which  pretends  to 
be  an  imperial  edict  issued  by  Constantine  the 
Great  in  324  conferring  the  sovereignty  of  Italy 
and  the  West  on  the  papal  see.  it  was  probably 
composed  about  the  middle  of  the  8th  century.  "It  tells 
how  Constantine  the  Great,  cured  of  his  leprosy  by  the 
prayers  of  Sylvester,  resolved,  on  the  fourth  day  from  his 
baptism,  to  forsake  the  ancient  seat  for  a  new  capital  on 
the  Bosphorus,  lest  the  continuance  of  the  secular  gov- 
ernment should  cramp  the  freedom  of  the  spiritual,  and 
how  he  bestowed  therewith  upon  the  Pope  and  his  suc- 
cessors the  sovereignty  over  Italy  and  the  countries  of  the 
West.  But  this  is  not  all,  although  this  is  what  histo- 
rians, in  admiration  of  its  splendid  audacity,  have  chiefly 
dwelt  upon.  The  edict  proceeds  to  grant  to  the  Roman 
pontiff  and  his  clergy  a  series  of  dignities  and  privileges, 
all  of  them  enjoyed  by  the  Emperor  and  his  senate,  all  of 
them  shewing  the  same  desire  to  make  the  pontifical  a 
copy  of  the  imperial  office.  The  Pope  is  to  inhabit  the 
Lateran  palace,  to  wear  the  diadem,  the  collar,  the  purple 
cloak,  to  cany  the  sceptre,  and  to  be  attended  by  a  body 
of  chamberlains.  Similarly  his  clergy  are  to  ride  on  white 
horses,  and  receive  the  honours  and  immunities  of  the 
senate  and  patricians."  Sryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

Donatists  (don'a-tists).  [From  Donatus  the 
Great.]  An  early  Christian  sect  in  Africa 
which  originated  in  a  dispute  over  the  election 
of  Csecilian  to  the  see  of  Carthage,  a.  d.  311, 
occasioned  by  his  opposition  to  the  extreme 
reverence  paid  to  relics  of  martyrs  and  to  the 
sufferers  for  the  Christian  faith  called  confes- 
sors, and  by  the  rivalry  of  Secimdus,  primate  of 
Numidia.  Secundus  and  the  Numidian  bishops  de- 
clared Csecilian's  consecration  invalid  because  conferred 
by  Felix  of  Aptunga,  whom  they  charged  with  being  a 
traditor.  They  excommunicated  Ceecilian  and  his  party, 
and  made  one  Majorinus  bishop  in  opposition.  The  name 
Donatist  came  either  from  Donatus  of  Casse  Nigrae,  who 
headed  the  party  of  Majorinus  at  the  Lateran  Council  in 
313,  where  it  was  condemned,  or  (more  probably)  from 
Donatus  the  Great,  who  succeeded  Majorinus  in  315, 
and  under  whom  the  schism  became  fixed.  Repressed 
under  Constans,  the  Donatists  revived  under  the  favor  of 
Julian  the  Apostate.  Repressive  measures,  provoked  by 
their  frequent  acts  of  fanatical  violence,  were  resorted  to 
from  time  to  time.  These  measures,  internal  schisms, 
the  conciliatory  conduct  of  the  orthodox  clergy  at  a  con- 
ference held  at  Carthage  in  411,  and  the  arguments  of  St. 
Augustine  caused  many  to  abandon  Donatism,  and  the 
sect  became  insignificant,  though  not  entirely  extinct  till 
the"7th  century.  The  Donatist  party  held  that  it  con- 
stituted the  whole  and  only  true  church,  knd  that  the 
baptisms  and  ordinations  of  the  orthodox  clergy  were  in- 
valid, because  they  were  in  communion  with  traditors. 
They  therefore  rebaptized  and  reordained  converts  from 
Catholicism. 

Donatus  (do-na'tus).  Bishop  of  Casse  Nigrse 
during  the  Diocletian  persecution,  and  leader 
of  a  party  which  courted  martyrdom  with  fanat- 
ical enthusiasm,  and  regarded  with  horror  the 
"traditors,"  or  those  who  to  escape  their  per- 
secutors delivered  up  to  them  the  sacred  books. 
This  division  was  the  starting-point  of  the  Donatist 
schism,  though  the  party  was  named  from  Donatus  the 
Great. 

Donatus,  sumamed  "The  Great.''  Bishop  of 
Carthage  315,  elected  by  the  rigorists  or  op- 
ponents of  the  moderate  party  or  "traditors" 
(see  Donatists)  to  succeed  Majorinus  who 
had  been  elected  by  them  in  opposition  to 
Csecilian,  elected  by  the  moderates  and  de- 
posed by  the  rigorists  in  a  council  assembled 
at  Carthage.  It  was  for  this  Donatus  that  the 
Donatist  party  was  named. 

Donatus,  .Slius.  Lived  in  the  middle  of  the 
4th  century  A.  D.  A  Roman  grammarian  and 
rhetorician,    of  his  works  we  possess  a  Latin  grammar, 


Donatus,  ^lius 

Atb  grammatical"  a  commentary  on  TerencCj  and  the 
preface  and  Introduction  (with  other  fragments)  of  a  com- 
mentary on  Vergil. 

The  only  block-book  without  pictures  of  which  we  have 
any  knowledge  is  the  Donatus  [the  fuU  title  of  the  book 
is  Donatus  de  octibus  partibita  orationis,  or  Donatus  on 
the  Eight  Parts  of  Speech.  It  is  sometimes  designated 
as  Donatus  pro  jmerUis,  "Donatus  for  little  Boys"!  or 
Boys  Latin  Grammar.  It  received  its  name  from  its 
author,  Mlias  Donatus,  a  Koman  grammarian  of  the 
fourth  century,  and  one  of  the  instructors  of  St.  Jerome. 
The  block-book  is  but  an  abridgment  of  the  old  grammar : 
as  it  was  usually  printed  in  the  form  of  a  thin  quarto,  it 
could  with  propriety  be  classified  among  primers  rather 
than  with  books.  When  printed  in  the  largest  letters,  it 
occupied  but  thirty-four  pages ;  when  'letters  of  small 
size  were  used,  it  was  compressed  within  nine  pages. 

De  Vinne,  Invention  of  Printing,  p.  254. 

Donau  (do'nou).  The  German  name  of  the 
Danube  (which  see). 

Donaueschingen  (d6'nou-eBh"ing-en).  A  small 
town  in  the  Black  Forest,  in  Baden,  30  miles 
east  of  Freiburg,  situated  at  the  union  of  the 
Brigach  and  Brege.  It  contains  the  palace  of 
the  Prince  of  Fiirstenberg. 

Donaumoos  (do'nou-mos).  A  marshy  district 
in  Bavaria,  lying  south  of  the  Danube,  near 
Ingolstadt.  Formerly  called  Schrobenheimer 
Moos. 

Donauworth  (do'nou-vert).  A  small  town  in 
Swabia  and  Neuburg,  Bavaria,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Womitz  and  Danube,  25  miles 
north  of  Augsburg,  it  was  formerly  an  imperial  city ; 
was  outlawed  in  1607 ;  was  taken  by  Qustavua  Adolphus 
in  163^  and  by  Ferdinand  II.  in  1634 ;  and  was  incorpo- 
rated with  Bavaria  in  1714.  Here,  Oct  6, 1805,  the  French 
under  Soult  defeated  the  Austrians  under  Mack.  The 
battle-field  of  Blenheim  is  in  the  vicinity. 

Don  Benito  (don  ba-ne'to).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Badajoz,  Spain,  in  lat.  38°  55''N., 
long.  5°  52'  W.    Population  (1887),  16,287. 

Don  Carlos  (don  kar'los).  1.  A  tragedy  by 
Otway,  produced  in  1676.  The  story  is  taken  from 
the  A.oh6  de  St.  Keal,  and  the  j^ot  is  simpler  than  in 
Schiller's  play. 

I  think  we  should  be  justified  in  calling  "Don  Carlos"  the 
best  English  tragedy  in  rhyme;  by  one  leap  the  young 
Oxonian  sprang  ahead  of  the  veteran  Dryden,  who  there- 
upon began  to  "weary  of  bis  long-loved  mistress,  rhyme." 

Oosse. 

3.  A  play  by  Schiller,  completed  in  1787. — 3. 
An  opera  by  Costa,  words  by  Tarantini,  pro- 
duced in  London  June  20,  1844. — 4.  An  opera 
by  Verdi,  words  by.  M6ry  and  Du  Locle,  first 
produced  at  Paris  March  11,  1867. 
Doncaster  (dong'kas-tfer).  [AS.  Doneeesier, 
*Doneeeaster,  from  L.  Danum  and  AS.  ceaster, 
city.]  A  town  in  the  West  Riding  of  York- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Don:  the  ancient 
Danum,  and  the  Saxon  Donecester  (whence  the 
modem  name),  it  is  the  scene  of  the  St  Leger  and 
other  races  (in  September).    Population  (1891X  26,936. 

Don  C6aar  de  Bazan  (ddn  sa-zar'  d6  ba-zon'). 

1.  A  French  comedy  by  Dumanoir  and  Den- 
nery,  from  an  episode  in  Victor  Hugo's  play 
"  Euy  Bias,"  produced  in  1844.  The  comedy  is  also 
played  in  Englisb.  Don  C^sar  is  the  ruined  Count  of  Ga- 
rof  a :  he  assumes  the  nam  e  of  Zaf  ari,  and  retains  in  his  rags 
his  frank,  gay  nonchalance. 

2.  A  comic  opera  by  Massenet,  first  produced 
at  Paris  Nov.  30, 1872. 

Don  Cossacks  (don  kos'aks).  Province  of  the. 
A  government  in  southern  Kussia,  situated  in 
the  valley  of  the  lower  Don.  Cajjital,  Novo 
Tcherkask.  Area,  61,886  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  2,078,878. 

Donderberg  (don'der-b6rg),  or  Dunderberg 
(dun'der-berg).  [' Thunder  Mountain.']  The 
chief  mountain  at  the  southern  entrance  to  the 
Highlands  of  the  Hudson,  New  York,  opposite 
Peekskill.    Height,  1,090  feet. 

Donders  (don'ders),  Frans  Cornelis.  Bom  at 
Tilburg,  Netherlands,  May  27,  1818:  died  at 
Utrecht,  March  24,  1889.  A  Dutch  oculist. 
His  chief  work  is  "Anomalies  of  Accommodation  and  Re- 
fraction of  the  Eye  "  (published  by  the  Sydenham  Society, 
1866). 

Dondo  (don'do).  A  town  of  Angola,  West 
Africa,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Coanza 
River,  and  at  the  head  of  river  navigation,  a 
few  miles  from  Cassoalala,  a  station  of  the 
Loanda  Railroad,  it  is  the  terminus  of  several  cara- 
van roads,  and  the  principal  market  of  the  Cazengo  coffee. 
Population,  about  6,000. 

Dondra  Head  (don'dra  hed).  The  southem- 
most  cape  of  Ceylon. 

Donegal  (don'e-gai).  A  maritime  county  of 
Ulster,  Ireland,  lying  between  Lough  Foyle, 
Londonderry,  and  Tyrone  on  the  east,  Tyrone, 
Fermanagh,  Leitrim,  and  Donegal  Bay  on  the 
south,  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  north  and 
west.  Its  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  Capital, 
Idfford.  Area,  1,870  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
186,636. 


333 

Donegal  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on 
the  western  coast  of  Ireland,  in  lat.  54°  30'  N. 

Donelson  (don 'el -son),  Andrew  Jackson. 
Bom  near  NashvUle,  tenn.,  Aug.  25, 1800:  died 
at  Memphis,  Tenn.,  Jime  26, 1871.  An  Ameri- 
can diplomatist  and  politician.  He  was  rnited 
States  mmister  to  Prussia  1846-49,  and  was  the  unsuccessful 
candidate  of  the  American  party  for  Vice-President  in  1866. 

Donelson,  Fort.     See  Fort  Donelson. 

Donetz,  orDonez  (do-nets').  Ariver  in  Russia, 
the  chief  tributary  of  the  Don,  which  it  joins 
in  lat.  47°  35'  N.,  long.  41°  E.  Length,  about 
500-600  mUes. 

Dongan  (dong'gan),  Thomas  (afterward  Earl 
of  Limerick).  Born  at  Castletown,  County  KO- 
dare,  Ireland,  1634:  died  at  London,  Dec.  14, 
1715.    Colonial  governor  of  New  York  1683-88. 

Dongan  Charter.  A  charter  for  the  city  of 
New  York,  granted  by  Thomas  Dongan,  lieu- 
tenant-governor and  viee-admiral  of  New  York 
and  its  dependencies  under  James  H.  of  Eng- 
land, dated  April  27,  1686.  it  remained  in  force 
until  1730.  An  early  charter  of  the  city  of  Albany,  by  the 
same  authority,  is  known  by  the  same  name. 

Don  Erarcia  (don  gar-se'a).  A  tragedy  by  Al- 
fieri,  produced  in  1785.  It  is  drawn  from  the  history 
of  the  Medici  family.  Don  Garcia  was  one  of  the  sons  of 
Cosimo  I. 

Don  Garcie  de  Navarre  (d6  na-var').    A  play 

by  Molifere. 
[It]  may  be  called  Moli^re's  only  failure.    He  styles  it  a 

comidie  Mroique,  and  it  is  in  fact  a  kind  of  anticipation 

of  Racine's  manner,  but  applied  to  less  serious  subjects. 

The  play  is  monotonous  and  unrelieved  by  action. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  309. 
Don  Giovanni  (don  j6-van'ne).     An  opera  by 

Mozart,  first  produced  at  Prague  Oct.  29,  1787. 

The  words  were  by  Da  Ponte.    See  Don  Juan. 
Dongola  (dong'go-ia).    A  province  (mudiriyeh) 

of  Egypt,  in  Nubia.     It  was  captured  by  the  Mahdi, 

but  was  regained  by  the  Egyptian  army  under  General 

Kitchener,  March-Sept.,  1896. 

Dongola,  New,  native  Ordeh.  A  town  in 
Nubia,  situated  on  the  Nile,  in  lat.  19°  10'  N. 
It  was  built  about  1820,  and  is  the  capital  of  the  province 
of  Dongola.  It  was  abandoned  by  the  Anglo-Egyptian 
forces  to  the  Mahdists  in  1886,  and  was  recaptured  by 
the  Egyptian  army  under  General  Sir  Herbert  liLitchener, 
Sept.  23,  1896. 

Dongola,  Old.  A  ruined  town  of  Nubia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Nile  76  miles  southeast  of  New 
Dongola. 

Doniphan  (don'i-fan),  Alexander  William. 
Born  in  Mason  County,  Ky.,  July  9,  1808 :  died 
at  Richmond,  Mo.,  Aug.  8, 1887.  An  American 
officer  in  the  Mexican  war.  He  conducted  a 
regiment  of  Missourians  from  Valverde,  New 
Mexico,  to  Chihuahua,  Dec,  1846,-Mareh,  1847. 

Donizetti  (do-ne-dzet'te),  Gaetano.  Bom  at 
Bergamo,  Italy,  Nov.  25, 1797 :  died  at  Bergamo, 
April  8,  1848.  A  celebrated  Italian  operatic 
composer.  He  composed  about  66  operas,  among  which 
are  "Anna  Bolena"  (1830),  "L'Elisire  d'Amore"  (1832), 
"  Lucia  di  Lammermoor  "  (1836), "  Lucrezia  Borgia  "  (1834), 
"LaFavorita"(1840),  "La  Fille  du  Regiment,"  afterward 
"LaFigliadelReggimento"  (1840),  "LindadiOhamounix" 
(1842),  and  "  Don  Pasquale  "  (1843). 

Don  Juan  (don  jii'an ;  Sp.  pron,  don  Ho-au'). 
A  partly  legendary  character  of  Spanish  origin. 
Don  Juan  Tenorio,  who  lived  in  the  14th  century,  the  son 
of  an  illustrious  family  of  Seville,  killed  the  commandant 
Ulloa  after  having  seduced  his  daughter.  The  Franciscan 
monks,  wishing  to  put  an  end  to  the  debaucheries  of  Don 
Juan,  enticed  him  to  their  monastery  and  killed  him,  giv- 
ing out  that  the  statue  of  his  victim  (which  had  been 
erected  there),  incensed  at  an  insult  offered  him  (in  the 
plays  he  is  jeeringly  invited  to  supper),  had  come  down 
and  dragged  him  to  hell.  Both  Spanish  and  Italian  plays 
were  written  on  tlie  subject,  and  Dorimon  introduced  him 
to  the  French  stage.  Don  Juan  is  the  type  of  skeptical 
libertinism,  and  as  such  has  been  made  the  subject  of  the 
drama  "Elburladorde  Sevllla"("TheDeceiver  of  Seville"), 
by  Tellez  (Tirso  de  Molina)  (17th  century) ;  of  Moliire's 
comedy  "Don  Juan, ou  le  festin  de  Pierre"  (1665);  of 
Mozart's  opera  "Don  Giovanni "  (which  see);  of  Byron's 
poem  "Don  Juan  "  (1819-24) ;  of  (Jrabbe's  German  drama 
"  Don  Juan  und  Faust "  (1828) ;  and  of  works  by  Corneille, 
Shadwell,  Zamora,  Goldoni,  Gluck,  Dumas,  Zorilla,  etc. 

Don  Juan.  An  incomplete  poem  by  Byron, 
written  in  1818  and  published  1819-24. 

Don  Juan,  ouLe  Festin  de  Pierre  (16  fes-tan' 
de  pyar').  [F.:  see  the  del]  A  comedy  by 
Molidre,  first  played  in  1665.  in  1673  it  was  turned 
into  verse  by  Thomas  Corneille.  The  second  title  is  a 
mistake  of  Dorimon  who  first  introduced  Don  Juan  to  the 
French  stage  in  1658  in  a  play  called  "Le  festin  de  Pierre 
("  The  Feast  of  Pierre  "),  which  he  translated  from  the  Span- 
ish phrase ' '  El  convidado  depiedra"(le  convi^  de  pierre,  'the 
stone  guest,'  referring  to,  the  statue  of  the  commandant 
[see  Don  Juan]  whom  he  named  Pierre  to  explain  it). 
Molifere,  finding  the  title  established,  adopted  it. 

Donna  del  Lago  (don'na  del  la'go),  La.  [It., 
'  The  Lady  of  the  Lake.']  An  opera,  based  on 
Scott's  poem,  by  Rossini,  first  produced  at 
Naples  Oct.  4,  1819.  .  ,  ,,     t, 

Donndorf  (don'dorf).  Karl  Adolf.  Bom  at 
Weimar,  Germany,  Feb.  16,  1835.    A  German 


Don  Quixote 

sculptor,  professor  of  sculpture  at  the  art  school 
in  Stuttgart  from  1877. 

Donne  (don),  John.  Bom  at  London,  1573 :  died 
at  London,  March  31,  1631.  An  English  poet 
and  divine.  He  studied  at  Oxford  and  Lincoln's  Inn, 
and  in  1696  was  appointed  secretary  to  Sir  Thomas  Eger- 
ton,  keeper  of  the  great  seal,  which  office  he  lost  about 
1600  by  a  clandestine  marriage  with  the  lord  keeper's  niece. 
In  1610  he  published  a  work  entitled  "Pseudo-Martyr,'" 
which  procured  for  him  the  favor  of  James  I.,  who  per- 
suaded him  to  take  holy  orders  in  1616,  made  him  a  royal 
chaplain  in  the  same  year,  and  in  1621  appointed  him  to 
the  deanery  of  St.  Paul's.  Besides  his  poems,  a  collec- 
tive edition  of  which  appeared  in  1638,  and  his  theological 
writings,  the  most  notable  of  his  works  is  "  BiaSararo;. 
A  Declaration  of  thatParadoxe  or  Thesis,  That  Self-homi. 
cide  is  not  so  naturally  Sin,  that  it  may  never  be  other- 
wise," etc.  (1644). 

Donnelly  (don'el-i),  Ignatius.  Bom  at  Phila- 
delphia, Nov.  3, 1831:  died  at  Minneapolis,  Jan. 
1,  1901.  An  American  author  and  politician. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  in  1867  removed  to 
Minnesota,  where  he  was  elected  lieutenant-governor  in 
1859  and  in  1861.  He  was  a  Republican  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Minnesota  1863-69.  Anthorof"The  Great  Cryp- 
togram :  Francis  Bacon's  Cipher  in  the  so-called  Shake- 
spere Plays "(1887),  "Atlantis"  (1882),  "Ragnarok" (1888). 

Donner  (don'ner),  Georg  Raphael.    Bom  at 

Bssling,  Austria,  May  25, 1692:  died' at  Vienna. 
Feb.  15, 1741.  A  noted  Austrian  sculptor.  He 
entered  the  imperial  service  in  1724,  and  in  1729  that  of 
Prince  EsterhAzy.  His  greatest  works  are  the  fountain  on 
the  Mehlmarkt  and  the  fountain  of  Perseus  at  the  old 
town  hall,  Vienna. 

Donner  Lake  (don'6r  lak).  A  small  lake  in 
Nevada  County,  eastern  CaUfomia,  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada. 

Donnithorne  (don'i-thdrn),  Arthur,  In  George 
Eliot's  novel  "Adam  Bede,"  a  vain,  weak, 
good-natured  young  man,  whose  remorse  for 
Hetty's  ruin  lies  chiefly  in  his  chagrin  at  being 
found  out  and  losing  the  approbation  of  his  ac- 
quaintances. 

Donnybrook  (don'i-bruk).  Avillage  in  County 
Dublin,  Ireland,  li  miles  southeast  of  Dublin. 
It  was  formerly  famous  for  its  fair  (held  in  August),  pro- 
verbial for  its  good-humored  rioting,  established  under 
King  John  (1199-1216),  and  suppressed  in  1865. 

Donoso  (do-no'so),  Justo.  Bom  at  Santiago, 
1800:  died  at  La  Serena,  Feb.  22, 1868.  A  Chilean 
bishop.  Hewas  rector  of  a  theological  seminaiyin  Santi- 
ago, lecturer  at  the  university,  and  j  udge  of  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal court.  He  was  named  bishop  of  Ancud  in  1844,  and  was 
translated  to  the  see  of  La  Serena  in  1865.  His  works  on  ca- 
nonical law  are  authoritative  throughout  South  America. 

Donoso  Cort6s  (kor-tas'),  Juan  Francisco 
Maria  de  la  Salud,  Marquis  of  Valdegamas. 
Born  at  El-Valle,  Estremadura,  Spain,  May  6, 
1809:  died  at  Paris,  May  3,  1853.  A  Spanish 
politician,  diplomatist,  and  writer.  His  works 
include  "  Consideraciones  sobre  la  diplomacia" 
(1834),  "La  ley  electoral,  etc."  (1835),  etc. 

Donovan  (don'o-van),  Edward.  Died  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  1,  1837.  "  An  English  naturalist  con- 
cerning whose  personal  history  little  is  known 
except  that  he  was  in  early  life  possessed  of  a 
considerable  fortune,  which  enabled  him  to 
travel  and  make  collections  of  objects  in  natu- 
ral history.  His  chief  work  is  "General  Illus- 
trations of  Entomology." 

Don  Pasquale  (don  pas-kwa'le).  An  opera  by 
Donizetti,  first  produced  at  Paris  Jan.  4, 1843. 

Don  Quixote  (Sp.  pron.  don  ke-Ho'te;  E.  don 
kwiks'ot).  A  Spanish  romance  by  Cervantes, 
printed  at  Madrid  in  two  parts,  the  first  in  1605, 
the  second  iu  1615.  In  1614,  when  the  second  part 
was  nearly  completed,  an  impudent  attempt  to  malign  the 
character  of  Cervantes  was  made  by  Alonso  Fernandes  de 
Avellaneda  of  TordesUlas  (thought  to  be  a  pseudonym  of 
Luis  de  Aliaga),  who  produced  a  pretended  continuation 
of  the  first  part.  Translations  of  "Don  Quixote"  have 
appeared  in  every  European  language,  including  Turkish. 
The  principal  English  translations  are  those  of  Shelton 
(1612-20),  Motteux  (1719),  Jarvis  (1742),  Smollett  (1766), 
Bowie  (1781),  Ormsby  (1886),  Watts  (1888).  The  book  is 
named  from  its  hero,  Don  Quixote  de  la  Mancha,  a  Spanish 
country  gentleman,  who  is  so  imbued  with  tales  of  chivalry 
that  he  sets  forth  with  his  squire  Sancho  Panza  in  search  of 
knightly  adventure  with  very  amusing  results.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  work  Cervantes  announces  it  to  be  his  sole 
purpose  to  break  down  the  vogue  and  authority  of  books 
of  chivalry,  and  at  the  end  he  declares  anew  that  he  had 
"had  no  other  desire  than  to  render  abhorred  of  men  the 
false  and  absurd  stories  contained  in  books  of  chivalry," 
exulting  in  his  success  as  an  achievement  of  no  small  mo- 
ment.   See  Cervantes. 

These  two  [Don  Quixote  and  Sancho  PanzaJ  sally  forth 
from  their  native  village  in  search  of  adventures,  of  which 
the  excited  imagination  of  the  knight,  turning  windmills 
into  giants,  solitary  inns  into  castles,  and  galley-slaves 
into  oppressed  gentlemen,  finds  abundance,  wherever  he 
goes ;  while  the  esquire  translates  them  all  into  the  plain 
prose  of  truth  with  an  admirable  simplicity,  quite  uncon- 
scious of  its  own  humor,  and  rendered  the  more  striking 
by  its  contrast  with  the  lofty  and  courteous  dignity  and 
magnificent  illusions  of  the  superior  personage.  There 
could,  of  course,  be  but  one  consistent  termination  to  ad- 
ventures like  these.  The  knight  and  his  esquire  suffer  a 
series  of  ridiculous  discomfitures,  and  are  at  last  brought 


Don  Quixote 

home,  like  madmen,  to  their  native  village,  where  Cer- 
vantes leaves  them,  with  an  intimation  that  the  story  of 
their  adventures  is  by  no  means  ended. 

Tieknor,  Span.  Lit.,  IL  UL 

Don  Quixote  in  England.  A  comedy  by  Field- 
ing, produced  in  1734. 

Don  Saltero's  Coffee  House.  A  noted  liouse 
formerly  standing  in  Cheyne  Walk,  Chelsea, 
London,  it  contained  not  only  an  eating-house  but  a 
museum  of  natural  cariosities.  It  was  founded  by  John 
Salter  about  1690.    It  was  torn  down  in  1866.    Wcdfard. 

Don  Sanche  d'Aragon.     A  comedy  by  Cor- 

neille,  produced  in  1650.  it  was  partly  taken  from 
a  Spanish  play  "El  Falacio  confuso."  Don  Sanche,  the 
heir  to  the  throne  of  Aragon,  is  supposed  to  be  dead.    He 


334 

He  was  editor  of  "Notes  and  Queries  "  from  1869  until  his 
death.  His  works  include  "  Lives  of  the  Queens  of  Eng- 
land of  the  House  of  Hanover"  (1865),  and  "Their  Majes- 
ties' Servants"  (1864). 

Dorante  (do-ronf).  The  name  of  three  courtly 
and  witty  gallants,  somewhat  differing  in  char- 
acteristics, in  Moli&re's  comedies  "Le  bour- 
geois gentilhomme"  (where  he  is  a  count  en- 
amoured of  the  Marquise  Dorimfene),  "L'Ecole 
des  femmes,"  and  "Les  facheux." 

Dorante.  The  Liar  in  Corneille's  comedy  "  Le 
menteur."  He  surpasses  even  the  women  of  the  play 
in  dissimulation.  He  seems  to  lie  in  a  spirited  mannerf  or 
the  sake  of  lying,  not  from  self-interest.  In  the  sequel 
to  "  The  Liar  "  ("  Suite  du  menteur")  he  has  reformed. 


appears  as  Don  Carlos,  and  believes  himself  to  be  the  son  Dora    Biparia    (do'ra    re-pa're-a).      A   head 
of  a  fl8hennaa_  ,     ,       .        Stream  of  the  Po,  which  it  joins  near  Turin. 

Don  Bebastiano  (don  sa-bas-te-a'no).    -An  Dora  Spenlow.    ^e  Svenlow,  Dora. 
o^ra  by  Donizetti,  first  produced  at  Paris  in  Dorastusand  Fawnia.  Q^^Pandosto.  Dorastus 

»C        ,■■..,    ^  n..  ^  ™  is  the  original  of  Shakspere's  norizel  in  "  The  Winter's 

Doo  (d<5),  George  Thomas.     Bom  at  Chnst-    Taie." 
church,  Surrey,  England,  Jan.  6,  1800:  died  at  Dorat,  or  Daurat  (do-ra'),  Jean,  L.  Auratus. 
Sutton,  Surrey,  Nov.  13,  1886.    An  EngUsh  en-    Born  at   Limoges,  Prance,  about  1508:  died 

at  Paris,  Nov.  1,  1588.  A  French  poet  and 
scholar,  a  member  of  the  "  P16iade,"  called  by 
his  contemporaries  "the  modem  Pindar.''  He 
was  appointed  professor  of  Greek  in  the  Koyal 
College  in  1560. 
Dorax  (do'raks).  A  renegade  in  Dryden's  tra- 
gedy "Don  Sebastian":  a  noble  Portuguese, 
formerly  Don  .Alonzo  de  Sylvera,  governor  of 
Alcazar.  He  has  been  thought  to  be  the  best 
__  .,,  ,    .     „    „  of  Dryden's  tragic  characters. 

[Wntten  archaically  I)omes-  D'Orbigny,  Alcide.    See  Orhigny. 


graver  and  painter.  He  was  historical  engraver  in 
ordinary  to  William  IV.  1836-37,  and  to  Queen  Victoria  in 
1842.  His  first  published  engraving,  "  The  Duke  of  York," 
appeared  in'l824. 

Doolin,  or  Doon,  de  Mayence.  A  French 
chanson  de  geste  of  the  14th  century,  adapted 
as  a  prose  romance  in  the  15th  century.  It  was 
first  published  in  1501.  Alxlnger,  a  German  poet,  made 
in  1787  a  translation  in  the  form  of  an  epic  poem.  Doolin, 
or  Doon,  was  the  son  at  Guy  of  Mayence,  and  the  ancestor 
of  Ogier  the  Dane. 

Doomsday  Book, 


tZX<.t^'^Ri'^^Z^^j7^M  as  Dorcas  (d6r'kas).  [Gr.  rfo^f,  gazelle.]  In  the 
W  1  A  b"  ok  cLtSnfne  a^eest  fn  Latin  i  ^^^  Testament  (Acts  ix.  36),  a  woman  who 
of  the  results  of  a  census  or  survey  of  England  ^^'f^if  ,f  "I'lt^'^t^^^ %^o.»°f l^'jlf 'j 
undertaken  by  order  of  William  the  Conqueror,     ™^?*?  ^f  *^®  P°°T '  ^^^o^  a  Dorcas  Society,  a 

and  completed  in  1086.  it  consists  of  two  volume;  ^°^^^^l  ^°WSSlV^Jht  '^°Z^t>F^^^^\ 
in  veUum,  a  large  folio  containing  382  pages  and  a  quarto  ■''O^cas.     in   onaKspere  s       winiers    J.aie,     a 

containing  450.    They  form  a  valuable  record  of  the     shepherdess. 

ownership,  extent,  and  value  of  the  lands  of  England  (1)    DorcaS  Zeal.     See  Zeal. 

at  the  time  of  the  survey,  (2)  at  the  date  of  bestowal  Dorchestei  (dar'ohes-t6r).     [ME.  "DorcJiestre, 

AS.  Dornwara  ceaster,  city  of  the  people  of 
Dorset;  from  Dorn-ssete,  Dorssete,  Dorset.  See 
Dorset.']  The  chief  town  of  Dorset,  England, 
situated  on  the  Prome  in  lat.  50°  44'  N.,  long. 
2°  27'  W. :  the  ancient  Durnovaria.  The  remains 
of  a  Uoman  amphitheater  and  other  antiquities  are  in  the 
vicinity.  It  was  the  scene  of  Jeffreys's  "bloody  assize," 
1686.    Population  (1891),  7,946. 

Dorchester.  [ME.  Dorchestre,  Dorcestre,  AS. 
Dorceaster,  Dorce-ceaster,  Dorces  ceaster,  Dorca- 
ceaster  (ML.  reflex  Dwrocastrum).']  A  village 
in  Oxfordshire,  England,  situated  near  Oxford, 
important  in  the  early  middle  ages. 

Dorchester.  Formerly  a  town  of  Norfolk  Coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  situated  on  Massachusetts 
Bay  4  miles  south  of  Boston.  It  was  annexed 
to  Boston  in  1869. 

Dorchester,  Baron.    See  Carleton. 

Garonne  14 
miles  north  of  Bordeaux.  Length,  305  mUes ; 
navigable  for  steamships  to  Liboume. — 2.  A 
department  of  France,  lying  between  Haute- 
Vienne  on  the  north,  Clorrfize  and  Lot  on  the 
east,  Lot-et-Garonne  on  the  south,  and  Cha- 
rente,  Charente-Inf  6rieure,  and  Gironde  on  the 
west.  It  is  noted  for  its  production  of  minerals,  wines, 
and  truffles.  Capital,  P6rigueux.  It  corresponds  to  the 
former  P^rigord  and  parts  of  Limousin,  Angoumols,  and 
Saintonge.  Area,  3,646  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
478,471. 


when  they  had  been  granted  by  the  king,  and  (3)  at  the 
time  of  Edward  the  Confessor;  the  numbers  of  tenants 
and  dependents,  amount  of  live  stock,  etc.,  were  also  re- 
turned. The  book  was  long  kept  under  three  different 
locks  in  the  exchequer,  along  with  the  king's  seal,  but  is 
now  kept  in  the  Public  Itecord  Office.  In  1783  an  edi- 
tion, printed  from  types  made  for  the  purpose,  was  is- 
sued by  the  British  government.  The  counties  of  North- 
umberland, Cumberland,  Westmoreland,  and  Durham 
were  not  included  in  the  survey.  There  existed  also 
local  doomsday  books. 

Doon  (don).  A  river  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland, 
which  flows  through  Loch  Doon  and  falls  into 
the  Firth  of  Clyde  2  miles  south  of  Ayr.  It  is 
celebrated  in  the  poetry  of  Burns.  Length, 
about  30  miles. 


Doornick  (dor'nik).    The   Flemish  name  of 

Tournay,  Belgium,  whence  the  English  word 

dornidk.     See  Tov/rnay. 
Dor.     See  Bongo.  /j.    j-   /    -c  j 

Dora  (do'ra).     1.  A  j,lay  bv  Sardou,  produced  ^^'^^f^^^f  ^Ira^ee  wLichS  tl 

in  1877,  ana  played  fit  fingUsh  under  the  title    f;;ri®!l\^*!:r^L^?,t'l^°'?L„.v 

"  Diplomacy." —  2.  A  poem  by  Lord  Tennyson. 
Dora  Baltea  (do'ra  bal'ta-a).     A  tributary  of 

the  Po  in  Piedmonft,  Italy.     It  rises  in  the  Mont 

Blanc  group,  and  joins  the  Po  east  of  Turin.  Length,  about 

100  miles. 

Dora  d'Istria  (do'ra  des'tre-S,),  pseudonym  of 
Helene  Ghika,  Princess  Koltzofl  Massalsky. 
Born  at  Bukharest,  Bumania,  Feb.  3  (N.  S.), 
1828:  died  at  Florence,  Nov.  17, 1888.  A  Ruma- 
nian writer.     Among  her  works  are  "La  vie  monas- 


tique  dans  I'^glise  orientale"  (1866),  "La  Suisse  alle-  Dordrocht   (d6r'drecht),    or  Dort    (d6rt).     A 
mande"  (1866),  '.'Les  femmes  en  Orient"  (1860),  "Des     town  in  the  province  of  South  Holland,  Nether- 


femmes  par  une  femme  "  (1864),  etc. 

Dorado  (do-ra'do).  A  small  southern  constel- 
lation, created  by  Bayer,  north  of  the  great 
Magellanic  cloud. 

Dorado,  El.    See  El  Dorado. 

Dorak-el-Atik  (do'rak-el-a-tek').  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Khuzistan,  Persia,  situated 
about  lat.  30=  40'  N.,  long.  49° E.  Population, 
estimated,  6,000-12,000, 


lands,  sitilated  on  an  island  of  the  Maas  11 
miles  southeast  of  Rotterdam,  it  is  a  seaport, 
and  has  extensive  trade  in  timber.  It  contains  a  museum 
and  the  Groote  Eerk.  It  was  built  in  the  10th  century, 
and  is  reputed  to  be  the  oldest  city  in  the  Netherlands. 
Dordrecht  was  the  leading  Dutch  commercial  center  in 
the  middle  ages ;  the  independence  of  the  United  Prov- 
inces was  declared  here  in  1672 ;  it  waa  the  seat  of  the 
Synod  of  Dort  (which  see)  1618-19.  Population  (1889), 
commune,  32,376, 


Doralice(d6-ra-le'che).  1.  Atale,anoldformof  Dore,  Mont.    See  Mont  Dor e. 
the  Cinderella  story,  in  Straparola's  "Nights,"  Dor6  (do-ra'),  Paul  Gustave.    Bom  at  Stras- 

i.  4.—  3.  The  daughter  of  the  King  of  Granada  -biag,  Jan.  10, 1833:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  23, 1883. 

in  Ariosto's  "  Orlando  Furioso."   She  becomes  the  A  French  artist.    From  1848,  when  he  made  his  first 

wile  of  Mandrioardo,  but  is  also  loved  by  Kodomont,  to  aeries  of  sketches  for  the  "Journal  pour  Hire,"  he  exe- 

whom  she  had  been  betrothed.    After  the  death  of  Man-  cubeA  a  great  number  of  designs,  paintings,  and  statues, 

dricardo  she  is  willing  to  give  herself  to  his  victor  Eogero.  ^^^  jn  i86(  had  made  his  reputation.    In  1861  he  was  dec- 

3    An  opera  by  Mercadante,  first  produced  at  orated  with  the  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.   He  illus- 

Vienna  in  1824.— 4   (dor'a-lis).     The  wife  of  *™*"d  "nsnvrBB  de  Eabelais"  fl854\  "Ueenie  du  Juif 
Khodophilin  Dryden's  comedy  "  Marriage  si  la 
Mode,"  remarkable  for  her  brilliant  philosophy 
of  flirtation  in  the  last  act 

Doran  (do'ran),  John.  Bom  at  London,  March 
11,  1807 :  died  at  London,  Jan.  25,  1878.  An 
English  journalist  and  miscellaneous  writer. 


trated  "(Euvres  de  Eabelais"  (1854),  "Ligende  du  Juif 
errant"  (1866),  "Contes  dr61atiques  de  Balzac"  (1866), 
' '  Contes  de  Perrault "  (1861),  "  Essais  de  Montaigne  "  (1857), 
"  Voyage  aux  PyrSnSes  de  M.  Taine  "  (1869),  "  Dlvina  Com- 
media  de  Dante"  (1861),  "Don  Quichotte"  (1868),  "The 
Bible"  (1866-66),  "Fables  de  La  Fontaine"  (1867),  Tenny- 
son's poems  "Elaine  "and  "Vivien  "(1866-^5,  etc.  Among 
his  oil-paintings  are  "  Paolo  and  Francesca  da  Bimini," 
"Eebel  Angels  cast  down"  (1866X  "Gambling-Hall  at 


Dombirn 

Baden-Baden,"  "The  Neophyte"  (1868X  "The  Triumph 
of  Christianity,"  "  Christ  leaving  the  Prestorium,"  etc. 
Doria  (do're-a),  Andrea.  Bom  at  (Sneglia, 
Italy,  Nov.  30,  1468:  died  at  Genoa,  Nov. 
15,  1560.  A  celebrated  Genoese  admiral  and 
statesman.  He  was  styled  the  "Liberator  of  Genoa," 
which  be  freed  from  the  French  in  1528.  He  served  with 
distinction  against  the  Turks,  and  achieved  the  cap- 
ture of  Tunis  in  1635.  There  is  a  celebrated  portrait  of 
him,  by  Sebastiano  del  Piombo,  in  the  Palazzo  Doria, 
Rome. 

Doria  Palace.    See  Palazzo  Doria. 

Doricourt  (dor'i-kort).  A  brilliant  man  of  the 
world  in  Mrs.  Cowley's  comedy  "The  Belle's 
Stratagem."  His  wit,  humor,  and  courtliness  make 
him  the  fashion,  while  his  taste  tor  French  piquancy  ren- 
ders him  impervious  to  the  charm  of  English  beauty. 
See  Hardy,  Loetitia. 

Dorigen  (dor'i-gen).  In  Chaucer's  "Frank- 
lin's Tale,"  the  faithful  wife  of  Arviragus.  she 
was  beloved  by  Aurelius,  "a  lusty  squire,"  and  to  escape 
ids  importunity  said  she  would  never  listen  to  him  till 
all  the  rocks  on  the  sea-shore  were  removed.  He  having 
by  magic  removed  them,  Arviragus  sacrificed  her  to  her 
promise.  When  Aurelius  beheld  her  gentle  obedience  to 
her  husband's  overstrained  sense  of  honor,  he  gave  her 
back  her  word.  Chaucer  took  the  story  from  Boccaccio's 
"Dianora  and  Gilberto." 

Dorimant  (dor'i-mant).  In  Etherege's  comedy 
"  The  Man  of  Mode,  or  Sir  Foplin^  Flutter,"  a 
witty  and  fashionable  libertine,  intended  as 
a  portrait  of  the  Earl  of  Eochester. 

Dorimfene  (do-re-man').  1.  InMoli^re's  "Le 
cocu  imaginaire,"  the  wife  of  Sganarelle.  A  Do- 
rim&ne  is  also  introduced  in  a  later  play,  "  Le  mariage 
forc^,"  where  she  consents  to  marry  Sganarelle,  who  is 
much  older  than  she,  with  the  intention  of  deceiving  him, 
2.  A  lady  of  rank  in  MoUSre's  comedy  "Le 
bourgeois  gentilhomme,"  loved  by  Dorante. 

Dorinda  (do-rin'da).  1.  In  Guarini's  "  Pastor 
Fido,"  an  impulsive,  passionate  ^1.  Also 
Dorine. — 2.  The  sister  of  Miranda  in  Dryden 
and  Davenant's  version  of  "The  Tempest." 
Like  Miranda,  she  has  seen  no  man  but  her 
father. — 3.  In  Parquhar's  comedy  "  The  Beaux' 
Stratagem,"  the  daughter  of  Lady  Bountiful. 
She  falls  in  love  with  and  marries  Aimwell, 
whose  stratagem  to  win  a  rich  wife  thus  suc- 
ceeds. 

Dorine  (do-ren').  1.  See  Z)orm(ia,  1. —  2.  In 
Molidre's  comedy  "Tartufe,"  the  caustic  but 
faithful  waiting-woman  of  Marianne.  This 
name  was  given  in  the  old  French  theatrical 
nomenclature  to  an  intriguing  soubrette. 

Doris  (do 'ris).  [Gr.  Aupj'f.]  1.  In  classical  my- 
thology, the  daughter  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys. 
She  married  her  brother  Nereus,  and  her  fifty  daughters 
were  called  the  Nereides.  The  name  Doris  is  sometimes 
given  to  the  sea  by  the  poets,  as  by  Vergil. 
2.  An  asteroid  (No.  48)  discovered  by  Gold- 
schmidt  at  Paris,  Sept.  19,  1857. 

Doris.  [Gr.  Aopig.'j  In  ancient  geography :  (a) 
A  mountainous  territory  of  central  Greece, 
surrounded  by  Phocis,  Locris,  .^toUa,  and 
MaUs.  (6)  A  part  of  the  coast  of  Caria,  Asia 
Minor. 

Dorking  (ddr'Mng).  A  town  in  Surrey,  Eng- 
land, 22  miles  southwest  of  London.  It  is  famous 
for  its  breed  of  fowls,  and  is  the  scene  of  the  fictitious ' '  Bat- 
tle of  Dorking"  (which  see).    Population  (1891),  7,182. 

Dorking,  Battle  of.  ("  The  Battle  of  Dorking, 
or  Keminiscences  of  a  Volunteer.")  An  im- 
aginary narrative  of  an  invasion  and  conquest 
of  England  by  a  foreign  army,  written  by  Gen- 
eral Sir  George  T.  Chesney  in  1871.  it  called  at- 
tention to  the  need  of  an  improved  system  of  national 
defense,  and  attracted  much  notice. 

Dorl6ans,  or  D'Orlians  (dor-la-on'),  Louis. 
Bom  at  Paris,  1542:  died  at  Paris,  1629.  A 
French  poet  and  satirist,  in  1594  he  was  prose- 
cuted by  Henry  IV.,  and  fled  to  Antwerp,  remaining  in 
exile  nine  years. 

Dormitor  (dor-me-tor'),  or  Durmitor  (dor-me- 
tor').  The  highest  summit  in  the  mountains 
of  Montenegro.    Height,  8,294  feet. 

Dom(dom),ueinrichLud'wig  Edmund.  Bom 
at  KSnigsberg,  Prussia,  Nov.  14,  1804:  died  at 
Berlin,  Jan.  10, 1892.  A  German  operatic  com- 
poser, conductor  of  the  Eoyal  Opera  in  Berlin 
1847-68.  His  chief  opera  is  "  Die  Nibelungen" 
(1854). 

Dom,  Johann  Albrecht  Bernhard.  Born  at 
Scheuerfeld,  Coburg,  Germany,  May  11,  1805 : 
died  at  St.  Petersburg,  May  31,  1881.  A  Ger- 
man Orientalist,  professor  (1835),  and  later 
(1843)  chief  librarian  of  the  imperial  public 
library  at  St.  Petersburg.  His  works  include  "  His- 
tory of  the  Afghans  "  (1829-36),  "tjber  die  Sprache  der 
Afghanen"  (1840),  "  Chrestomathy  of  the  Pushtu  or  Af- 
ghan Language"  (1847),  "Caspla"  (1876),  etc. 

Dombirn  (dom'bem).  A  town  in  Vorarlberg, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  near  Lake  Con- 
stance 7  miles  south  of  Bregenz.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  10,678. 


Domer 

Dorner  (dor'ner),  Isaak  August.  Bom  at 
Neuhausen,  near  Tuttlingen,  Wiirtemberg, 
June  20,  1809:  died  at  Wiesbaden,  Prussia, 
July  9, 1884.  A  noted  German  Protestant  the- 
ologian, professor  at  Berlin  from  1861.  His  chief 
works  are  "  Entwickelungsgeschichte  der  Lehre  von  der 
Person  ChriBtl"  (1S89,  1845-66;  "History  of  the  Develop- 
ment of  the  Doctrine  of  the  Person  of  Christ,"  185^, 
"  Geschichte  der  protestantischen  Theologie  "  (1867), "  Sys- 
tem der  christlichen  Olaubenslehre  "  (1880-81). 

Dornoch  (d&r'no^h).    The  capital  of  the  county 


335 


Doubs 

died  Feb.  9  (N.  S.),  1881. 


A  Bussian 


was  released  under  a  general  amnesty  act  in  1847 ;  and 
was  restored  to  his  civil  rights  in  1861. 
Dorrego  (dor-ra'go),  Manuel.  Bom  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  1787 :  died  there,  Dec.  13, 1828.  An  Ar- 
gentine statesman,  in  Aug.,  1827,  he  was  elected 
governor  of  Buenos  Ayres.  His  efforts  to  establish  a  con- 
federation of  the  provinces  were  at  first  successful,  and 
the  war  with  Brazil  was  brought  to  a  close  (1828),  both 
countries  recognizing  the  independence  of  Uruguay.    The 

revolt  of  Lavalle  drove  Dorrego  from  Buenos  Ayres :  he  J)ot  (dot).     See  PeeryUngle,  Mrs. 
was  defeated  m  an  attempt  to  recover  the  city,  captured,  -n^ti.-^  ^.i« +i,K^'N      t     S  J:   i  i. 

and  shot  without  triaL  '  Dothan  (do-than  ).     In  Senpture  geography,  a 

place  in  Samaria,  Palestine,  situated  10  miles 
north  of  Sheehem. 
Dotheboys  Hall  (do'the-boiz  hai).    ['Do-thC' 


1822 : 

novelist  and  journalist.  He  was  arrested  for  par- 
ticipation in  a  conspiracy  in  1849  and  condemned  ti 
death.  His  sentence  was  commuted  to  exile,  and  he  was 
pardoned  on  the  accession  of  Alexander  II.  His  works 
Include  "The  Poor  People"  (1846),  "The  Degraded  and 
Insulted"  (1861),  "Memoirs  from  the  Hniige  of  Death." 
also  published  as  "Buried  Alive"  (his  memories  of  Si- 
beria, 1858),  "Crime  and  Punishment"  (1866),  etc. 


«*.  Sutherland  Scotland,  situated  on  DorQoeh  Dorrifortll  (dor'i-forth).    In  Mrs.  Inchbald's 

Firth  m  lat.  57°  53  N.    It  contains  a  cathedral,     u  gi      j^  ^^^       »  ^  s.oma.n  CathoHc  priest.   He 
DornrOSCnen    (dom   r6s-chen).       [G.,    'little     is  the  guardian  of  Miss  MUner  who  fails  in  love  with  Wm. 

thorn-rose.']       The   German    name    of    "The     He  becomes  the  Earl  of  Elmwood,  is  released  from  his 

Sleeping  Beauty"  (vrhioh  see).  ™ws,  and  marries  her. 

Dornton  (ddm'ton),  Harry.    The  son  of  Old  Dorrit  (dor'it),  Amy,  called  Little  Dorrit. 

Domton  in  Holoifoft's  "Road  to  Ruin."    His  ex-    "^,  pl^arles  Dickens's  "  Little  Dorrit,"  the  un- 


ploitB  give  the  name  to  the  play.  He  is  saved  from  ruin 
by  Sulky,  his  father's  friend. 

Domton,  Old.  A  fond,  confiding,  but  justly  of- 
fended father  in  Holcroft's  "  Road  to  Ruin." 

Dorogobush.  (do-ro-go-bosh').  A  town  in  the 
government  of  Smolensk,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Dnieper  in  lat.  54°  55'N.,  long.  33°  15'  E. 
Population,  8,486. 

Dorogoie,  or  Dorohoiu  (do-ro-ho'e).  A  town  in 
Moldavia,  Rumania,  situated  in  lat.  48°  N., 
long.  26°  22'  E.    Population  (1889-90),  9,313. 

Doron  (do'ron).  A  character  in  Greene's 
" Menaphon,"  which  Simpson,  in  his  "School 
of  Shakespeare,"  attempted  to  identify  with 
Shakspere. 

Dorotea  (do-ro-ta'S).  ['Dorothea.']  A  dra- 
matic prose  romance  bjr  Lope  de  Vega,  writ- 
ten in  his  youth,  but  revised  by  him  with  care, 
and  first  printed  in  1632.  He  calls  it  "the  most 
beloved  of  his  works."  The  career  of  the  hero  Fernando 
is  to  some  degree  autobiographical. 

Dorothea  (dor-6-the'a).  [Gp.  AapoBia,  gift  of 
God ;  P.  Dorothh,  It.  Sp.  Dorotea,  Pg.  Dorothea,  D  Orsay, 


selfish  daughter  of  the  debtor  William  Dorrit, 
born  in  prison. 

Dorrit,  William.  The  father  of  Little  Dorrit, 
in  Charles  Dickens's  story  of  that  name:  a 
weak,  selfish,  good-looking  man  confined  in  the 


boys  Hall';  implying  tfiat  the  boys  are  taken 
in  and  'done  for.']  The  Yorkshire  school  in 
Dickens's  "Nicholas  Nickleby,"  kept  by  Mr. 
Squeers,  in  which  Nicholas  served  a  short  time 
as  an  under-master.  The  exposure  of  the  methods  of 
schools  of  this  class  by  Dickens  led  to  the  reformation  or 
abolition  of  many  of  them. 

Dotterel  (dot't6r-el),  Mrs.  A  character  in  Gar- 
rick's  play  "  The  Male  Coquette." 


Marshalsea  prison  for  a  long  time  for  debt,  and  Douai,  or  Douay  (do-a').     [L.  Duacum.'\    A 


hence  called  "The  Father  of  the  Marshalsea." 
Dorr  Rebellion,  The.  in  United  States  history, 
a  revolutionary  movement  under  the  leadership 
of  T.  W.  Dorr  to  introduce  a  new  State  consti- 
tution in  Rhode  Island,  it  was  caused  by  dissatis- 
faction with  the  existing  fundamental  law  (a  charter 
granted  by  Charles  II.  in  1663),  which  placed  a  heavy 
property  qualiflcation  on  the  suffrage.  A  party,  the  so- 
called  Suffrage  party,  was  organized  under  the  leadership 
of  T.  W.  Dorr  in  1840.  It  held  a  mass-meeting  at  Provi- 
dence July  6, 1841,  and  authorized  the  calling  of  a  con- 
stitutional convention,  which  met  at  Providence  Oct.  4, 


town  in  the  department  of  Nord,' France,  sit- 
uated on  the  Scarpe  18  miles  south  of  Lille. 
It  is  an  important  fortress,  and  has  an  arsenal.  In  the 
middle  ages  it  belonged  to  the  counts  of  Flanders,  and 
after  1384  to  the  dukes  of  Burgundy.  It  formed  part  of 
the  Spanish  Netherlands  and  was  conquered  by  the  French 
in  1667.  It  contains  a  Roman  Catholic  university  founded 
by  Philip  II.  in  1662,  and  a  noted  seminary  for  English 
priests.  At  Douai  was  printed  the  English  version  of 
the  Bible  for  Roman  Catholics.  It  has  manufactories  of 
cotton,  linen,  lace,  paper,  leather,  embroideries,  delft- 
ware,  glass,  salt,  etc.,  and  contains  a  number  of  breweries 
and  distilleries.    Population  (1891),  commune,  29,909. 


Q:.  Dorothea.   Diminutive,  7)oZ  or  DoZZi/.]    1.  A 
virgin  martyr,    she  was  tortured  and  decapitated  in 
the  persecution  of  Diocletian.    Her  festival  is  celebrated 
Feb.  6  in  the  Roman  Church.    She  was  said  to  have  sent 
roses  and  apples  miraculously  from  paradise  to  a  doubt- 
ing spectator  of  her  martyrdom,  Theophilus,  who  jestingly 
asked  her  to  do  so.    He  was  converted  by  this  miracle, 
tortured,  and  afterward  decapitated.    Dorothea  was  intro- 
duced as  a  character  of  much  grace  and  tenderness  by 
Massinger  and  Dekker  in  "  The  Virgin  Martyr." 
3.  A  very  beautiful  and  unfortunate  woman  in 
anepisodeofCervantes's  "Don  Quixote."— 3.  _ 
The  principal  female  character  in  Goethe's  Dort,    See  Dordrecht. 
poem    "Hermann   und  Dorothea."— 4.    The  Dprt  (d6rt),  Synod  of. 
"peerless  Queen  of  Scots"  in  Greene's  play 
"  James  the  Fourth."    She  escapes  from  her  unfaith- 
ful husband  in  man's  attire.    War  is  made  on  account  of 
her  disappearance,  and  sh^  returns  and  gives  herself  up 
to  insure  peace  for  her  country. 
5.  In  Fletcher's  comedy  "Monsieur  Thomas," 


lStUSi'toX'^l"o*p\T,?/c°S%'l^^^^^  Douarnenez  (dwar-na')     A  seaport  m  the  de- 

jority  (?)  of  the  popular  vote.    A  government  with  Dorr  at    partment  of  FmistSre,  France,  21  miles  south- 
its  head  was  elected  under  this  constitution  April  18, 1842.  ^  "'"      ''    ''^'        J--^^     -^         ^-    --^-1 
It  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  seize  the  arsenal  at 
Providence  May  18, 1842,  and  was  dispersed  June  25, 1842. 
See  Orsay. 


Dorset '(d6r'set).  [ME.  Dorsete,  AS.  Dorseete, 
Dornssete,  prop,  the  name  of  the  inhabitants, 
from  dom-,  dor-,  W.  dwfr,  water,  and  ssete,  set- 
tlers.]    A  county  of  England,  lying  between 


east  of  Brest.  It  is  noted  for  its  sardine  fisheries. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  10,021. 

Douay.    See  Douai. 

Douay  (do-a'),  Charles  Abel.  Bom  at  Besan- 
con.  Prance,  March,  1809 :  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Weissenburg,  Aug.  4, 1870.  A  French  general, 
distinguished  at  the  storming  of  the  Malakoff 
in  1855,  and  at  Solferino  in  1859. 


Somerset  and  Wilts  on  the  north,  Hants  on  the  p^^ay,  F61ix  Charles.     Born  at  Besan^on, 

OQO+    t.lio  T?.Ti<»lia>i   riin.TiTinl   on   t.he  smith.   a.Ti(1  •»^""'J'>    *  >-"^  cT.    ^7,V!,  '■•■    :,    _j.  t»_    •_    •»«■_'    a' 


east,  the  English  Channel  on  the  south,  and 
Devonshire  and  Somerset  on  the  west.  It  is  trav- 
ersed by  chalk  downs,  and  is  noted  for  its  breed  of  sheep. 
It  contains  many  British  and  Roman  antiquities.  Area, 
988  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  194,517. 
Dorset,  Earl  of.    See  Sackville. 


France,  Aug.  24,  1816:  died  at  Paris,  May  4, 
1879.  A  French  general,  brother  of  Charles 
Abel  Douay,  distinguished  at  Sedan  in  1870,  and 
in  the  struggle  vrith  the  Communists  in  1871. 
Douban  (do-ban').  In  the  story  of  ' '  The  Greek 
King  and  Douban  the  Physician,"  in  "The 
Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments,"  a  physician 
who  cures  the  king  of  leprosy.  Believing  him  to 
be  a  traitor,  the  ting  orders  his  execution.  Douban  gives 
the  king  a  book,  assuring  him  that  his  head,  after  it  is  cut 
off,  will  answer  any  questions  if  he  will  first  read  a  certain 
line  on  the  sixth  page.  The  pages  are  poisoned,  and  the 
king,  moistening  hia  fingers  to  turn  them,  instantly  dies. 
Scott  introduces  a  royal  slave  and  physician  of  this  name 
-     -  I  ^j«  J./     ..    j\       A     -i    •    j-i,  ,.;    „„     in  "Count  Robert  of  Paris." 


a  bright,  affectionate  English  girl,  the  sister  of  ^^^^'^'f^tl 
iij^™S„„„  Tv,^^oo  _ft  ifoo  nnrn*en..  Uortmuntt  (dort 


An  assembly  of  the 

Reformed  Church  of  the  Netherlands,  with 
delegates  from  England  and  other  countries, 
convened  by  the  States-General  for  the  purpose 
of  deciding  the  Armiaian  controversy,  and  held 
at  Dort  (Dordrecht)  1618-19.  It  condemned  the 
doctrines  of  the  Arminians  or  Remonstrants. 


Dorothea.  A  vessel  which  was  sent  under  com- 
mand of  Captain  Buchan,  with  the  Trent  under 
Franklin,  in  1818,  on  an  expedition  to  the  Arc- 
tic regions. 

Dorothea  Brooke.    See  Broohe. 


scher  in'lat.  51°  31'  N.,  long.  7°  28'  B.    It  is  the 
center  of  a  mining  region,  and  has  manufactures  of  railway 
machinery,  etc.     It  was  mentioned  in  the  9th  century, 
and  was  a  free  imperial  city  and  Hanseatic  town,  and  the 
seat  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  Vehmgericht.    It  was  an- 
DorothrasTd6-r~6'the-us).  Lived  in  the  6th  cen-    n^^^-l  to  Prussia  in  1815.   Population  (1900)  wis. 
tury.    A  jiiri'st  in  Berytus,  Syria:  one  of  the  Dorus(do'ms).    \Gr.AapoQ.\  InGreekmyth^- 
i,uxy.    ji  jiiiioK  i"        J  ..J..  J    ...  ogy,  the  ancestor  of  the  Dorians,  generally  rep- 

resented as  the  son  of  Hellen  by  the  nymph 
Orseis. 
Dorus.     In  Sidney's  romance  "Arcadia,''  the 
name  under  which  Musidorus,  in  the  disguise  of 
a  shepherd,  pretends  to  love  Mopsa. 
Dorus,  Prince.    See  Prince  Dorus. 


tury.    A  jurist 

compilers  of  Justinian's  "  Digest." 

Dor6zsma  (do'rozh-mo),  or  Dorosma  (do'rosh- 
mo).  A  town  in  the  county  of  CsongrAd,  Hun- 
gary, 4  miles  northwest  of  Szegedin.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  12,325.         ,    ,    .       .  .     ,, 

Dorp  (dorp).  A  manufacturing  town  m  the 
Rhme  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Wup- 
Der  17  miles  northeast  of  Cologne :  united  Jan. 

?    1QQO    -mi+li  HnliTHrBTl  VOCHeroUB  auu.  laiuiiiui  sciva 

Dirpat  ^or';atVor  DSrpt  (dfirpt).     [Russ.     Thunder,  in  O'Keef e's  "WUd 
S,(mlJTurieff,  Esthonian  TartoMn.l    A  Dorylaeum  (dor-i-le'um)     [Gr 
city  in  the  government  of  Livonia,  Russia,    ancient  name  of  Eski-Shehr  ( 
situated  on  the  Bmbach  in  lat.  58°  24'  N.,  long. 
26°  42'  E.     It  is  noted  for  its  university  (founded  by 
Gustavus  Adolphus  in  1632),  which  contains  a  celebrated 
observatory  ancl  a  library  of  over  300,000  volumes     It 
was  conquered  by  the  Teutonic  Order  m  the  13th  century, 
and  in  the  14th  century  became  one  of  the  Hanse  towns. 
Population (1891),  31,314  Oargely  German).    ^  ^.  ^ 

Dorr  (d6r),  _Benjanun.  _  Bom  at  Salisbury, 


ham,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  26,  1893.  An  American  gen- 
eral. He  graduated  at  "West  Point  in  1842  ;  served  in  the 
Mexican  war;  was  appointed  brigadier-general  In  the 
Union  army  Feb.  3, 1862  ;  commanded  a  division  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Antietam,  Sept.  17, 1862  ;  and  was  made  major-gen. 
eral  of  volunteers  Sov.  29, 1862. 

Doubleday,  Edward.  Bom  at  Epping,  1811 : 
died  at  London,  Deo.  14,  1849.  An  English 
naturalist.  He  was  appointed  an  assistant  in  the  Brit- 
ish Museum  in  1839,  with  special  charge  of  the  collections 
of  butterflies  and  moths.  His  chief  work  is  "  On  the  Gen- 
era of  Diurnal  Lepidoptera." 

Double  Dealer,  The.  A  comedy  by  Congreve, 
produced  in  1693.    See  Maskwell. 


Dory  (do'ri),  John.    1 .  See  John  Dorif.— 3.  A  iJouble  Falsehood,  The.    A  play  published  by 


vociferous  and  faithful  servant  of  Sir  George 

Oats." 

_   r.  Aopii/loJOJ'.]    The 

ancient  name  of  Eski-Shehr  (which  see).  Here, 
July  1,  1097,  the  Crusaders  under  Bohemond,  Tancred, 
Robert  of  Normandy,  Godfrey  of  Bouillon,  and  others,  de- 
feated Soliman,  the  Turkish  sultan  of  loonium. 


Doryphorus.    „ 

Dositneans  (do-sith'e-anz).    A  Samaritan  sect, 
named  from  Dositheus,  a  false  Messiah,  who 


Theobald  in  1728  as  by  Shakspere.  it  is  founded 
on  the  story  of  Cardenio  in  "  Don  Quixote, "  and  is  thought 
to  have  been  very  probably  written  by  Shirley.     Ward. 

Double  Gallant,  The,  or  The  Sick  Lady's 
Cure.  A  comedy  produced  in  1707,  compiled 
by  CoUey  Cibber  from  Mrs.  Centlivre's  "Lovo 
at  a  Venture"  (which  owed  something  to 
Thomas  Corneille's  "Le  galant  double")  and 
Bumaby's  "The  Lady's  Visiting  Day"  and 
"The  Reformed  Wife." 


Mass.,  March  22,  1796:  died  at  Germantown,  DostMohammedKhan(d6stm6-ham  edkhan) 

Pa.,  Sept.  18,  1869.    An  American  clergyman    -  -      ■  — "    --"-""  ia«Q      At.,.^ 

of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.    He  was 

rector  of  Christ  Church,  Philadelphia,  from  1837  until  his 

death.    His  works  include  "The  History  of  a  Pocket 

Prayer-Book,  Written  by  Itsell,"  "A  Memoir  of  John 

Fanning  Watson,"  etc.  .   t^     .j 

Dorr,  Thomas  Wilson. ,  Bom  at  Providence, 
R.  I.,  Nov.  5,  1805:  died  there,  Dec.  27,  1854. 
An  American  politician.   He  was  a  member  of  the 


appeared  about  the  timfo*  Christ.  The  s^^^^^  Double  Marriage,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Fletcher, 
_though_smallinnumber^s,_e«8tedforseveral^c^ento«^^^      assisted  by  Massinger,  apparently  produced 

after  Burbage's   death,  which  took  place  In 
uyj.ii  auyj^^  ^. .  v .  --^-  ---.,  --7  -^  March,  1619.    It  was  printed  in  1647. 

Kabul.  He  ascended  the  throne  m  1826.  in  I8d9  tne  -p.  -i  ',^„^  rj  7),,j,f,  T  1  A  river  of  easi^ 
India  ffovemment  being  determined  to  chastise  him  on  1»0UDS  (tto).  \n.  JJUms.^  1.  A  river  oi  eahi^ 
inaia  governmem,,  uemg  u^ ^^^  ^,,_  ^^  ^^^  Rri«„h     gj.^  France  which  joms  the  Sa6ne  at  Verdun. 


assembly  of  EhoSe  Island  1833-37;  was  the  leader  of 
"Dorr's  rebellion  "(which  see);  was  elected  governor  by 
the  "Suffrage  party  " in  1842 ;  was  convicted  of  high  trea- 
son  and  sentenced  to  perpetual  imprisonment  m  1844; 


account  of  his  refusal  to  become  the  ally  of  the  British, 
sent  an  army  into  Afghanistan,  drove  him  from  his  throne, 
and  placed  Shah  Shujah  upon  it.  In  1841  an  insurrection 
broke  out  in  Kabul,  and  in  1842  the  British  army  was  mas- 
sacred  in  its  retreat.  This  was  followed  by  a  second  in- 
vasion by  the  British,  who  decided  to  reinstate  Dost  Mo- 
hammed (1842).    He  captured  Herat  from  the  Persians  m 

Dostoyevsky  (dos-to-yef 'ske),  Feodor  Mi- 
khailovitch.   Bom  at  Moscow,  Nov.  11  (JN .  to,). 


Length,  267  miles.— 3.  A  department  of  east- 
em  Prance,  lying  between  Haute-Sadne  and 
Haut-Rhia  on  the  north,  Svpitzerland  on  the 
east  and  south,  and  Jura  and  Haute-Sa6ne  on 
the  west,  it  is  traversed  by  the  Jura.  Capital,  Besan- 
con.  The  department  was  formed  from  part  of  the  ancient 
Franche-Comt4.  Area,  2,01S  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  303,081. 


Doubs,  Falls  of  the 

Doubs,  Falls  of  the.  [F.  Sant  du  Bouis."]  A 
noted  cataract  in  the  Doubs,  on  the  border  of 
France  and  Switzerland,  13  miles  northwest  of 
Neuch&tel.    Heirfit,  86  feet. 

Dovbtftll  Heir,  The.  A  romantic  comedy  by 
Shirley,  originally  produced  at  Dublin  under 
the  title  of  "Eosania,  or  Love's  Victory,"  and 
licensed  in  1640  under  that  name. 

Doubting  Castle.  The  abode  of  Giant  De- 
spair, in  Bunyan's  "Pil^m's  Progress,"  in 
which  he  locked  up  Christian  and  Hopeful. 

Douce  (dous),  Francis.  Bom  at  London,  1757: 
died  at  London,  March  30, 1834.  An  English  an- 
tiquarian. He  was  for  a  time  keeper  of  the  manuscripts 
ia  the  British  Museum,  in  which  capacity  he  took  part  in 
catologuing  the  Lansdowne  MS3. ,  and  in  revising  the  cata- 
logue of  Harleian  MS3,  Having  been  left  one  of  the  re- 
siduary legatees  of  the  sculptor  Nollekens  inl823,  he  came 
into  possession  of  a  competent  fortune,  which  enabled  him 
to  make  a  fine  collection  of  books,  manuscripts,  prints, 
and  coins.  This  collection  was  bequeathed  to  the  Bodleian 
Library.  His  chief  work  is  "  Illustrations  of  Shakspere  " 
(1807). 

Dougal(d5'gal).  A  wild,  shock-headed  follower 
of  Bob  Boy, "in  Scott's  novel  of  that  name. 

Doughty  (do'ti),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Phila- 
delphia, July  19, 1793:  died  at  New  York,  July 
24,  1856.    An  American  landscape-painter. 

Douglas  (dug'las).  A  tragedy  by  the  Eev. 
John  Home,  first  produced  in  Edinburgh  Dee. 
14, 1756.  It  is  partly  founded  on  a  Scottish 
ballad,  "Childe  Maurice."    See  Norval. 

"Douglas"  was  first  produced  upon  the  regular  stage 
on  the  14th  of  December,  1756,  at  the  Canongate  Theatre 
(of  which  there  is  no  sign  now),  in  Play-house  Close,  ZOO 
Canongate.  According  to  tradition,  however — and  very 
misty  tradition  — it  was  performed  privately  some  time 
before  at  the  lodgings  of  Mrs.  Sarah  Warde,  a  professional 
actress,  who  lived  in  Horse  Wynd,  near  the  foot  of  the 
Canongate,  and  with  the  following  most  astonishing  ama- 
teur cast :  Lord  Randolph,  Rev.  Dr.  Robertson  (principal 
of  the  University  of  Edinburgh) ;  Glenalvon,  Dr.  David 
Hume  (historian) ;  Old  Norval,  Rev.  Dr.  Carlyle  (minister 
of  Musselburgh) ;  Douglas,  Rev.  John  Home  (the  author 
of  the  tragedy) ;  Lady  Randolph,  Dr.  Ferguson  (professor 
of  moral  phUosophy  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh); 
Anna  (the  Mald\  Rev.  Dr.  Hugh  Blair  (minister  of  the 
High  Church  o<  Edinburgh).  Adam  Ferguson  as  Lady 
Randolph  and  Hugh  Blair  aa  Anna  must  have  added  an 
nuexpectedly  comic  element  to  the  tragedy.  It  is  not 
more  than  justice  to  say  that  Dugald  Stewart,  the  biog- 
rapher of  Principal  Robertson,  asserts  that  the  Randolph 
of  this  cast  "never  entered  a  play-house  in  his  life." 

Hutton,  Literary  Landmarks  of  Edinburgh,  p.  28. 

Douglas  (dug'las).  1.  A  seaport  and  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Isle  of  Man,  situated  on  the  eastern 
coast  in  lat.  54°  10'  N.,  long.  4°  27'  W.  It  is  a 
noted  watering-place.  Population  (1891),  19,- 
515. —  2.  A  village  in  Lanarkshire,  Scotland, 
8  miles  southwest  of  Lanark.  In  the  neighbor- 
hood are  St.  Bride's  Church  and  Douglas 
Castle. 

Douglas,  Archibald,  fourth  Earl  of  Douglas. 
Died  Aug.  17,  1424.  A  Scottish  nobleman, 
second  son  of  Archibald,  third  Earl  of  Doiiglas. 
He  was  captured  by  the  English  in  a  border  raid  in  U02, 
and  was  kept  a  prisoner  until  1408.  In  1423  he  commanded 
a  Scottish  army  sent  to  the  support  of  the  French  against 
the  English,  and  in  the  same  year  was  created  duke  of 
Touraine  by  Charles  VII.  of  France.  He  fell  in  the  battle 
of  Vemeuil,  in  France. 

Douglas,  Archibald,  fifth  Earl  of  Angus :  sur- 
named  "Bell  the  Cat."  Died  1514.  A  Scot- 
tish nobleman,  son  of  George,  fourth  Earl  of 
Angus.  He  was  one  of  the  disaffected  nobles  who  over- 
threw and  murdered  James  IIL's  favorite,  the  Earl  of 
Mar,  in  1482.  At  a  meeting  of  the  nobles  to  concert  a 
plan  of  attack  on  the  favorite.  Lord  Gray  compared  the 
meeting  to  that  of  the  mice  in  the  fable  who  proposed 
to  string  a  bell  round  the  cat's  neck,  and  asked,  with  refer- 
ence to  the  favorite,  "Who  will  bell  the  cat?"  Douglas 
answered,  "I  will  bell  the  cat"  (whence  his  surname). 
He  was  chancellor  of  the  kingdom  1493-98.  In  Scott's 
poem  "  Marmion  "  he  is  represented  as  entertaining  Mar- 
mion  and  Lady  dare  at  his  castle  by  command  of  the  king. 

Douglas,  Archibald,  sixth  Earl  of  Angus. 
Died  in  Jan.,  1557.  Grandson  of  the  fifth  earl. 
He  married  in  1514  Margaret,  widow  of  James  IV.  and 
sister  of  Henry  Vni.,  by  whom  he  had  Margaret,  countess 
of  Lennox,  the  mother  of  Damley. 

Douglas,  David.  Bom  at  Scone,  Scotland, 
1798:  killed  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  July  12, 
1834.  A  Scottish  botanist.  He  visited  the  United 
States  as  botanical  collector  for  the  Royal  Horticultural 
Society  in  1823,  and  subsequently  made  several  scientific 
journeys  in  America,  spending  the  years  1829-82  chiefly 
in  California.  He  contributed  a  number  of  papers  to  scien- 
tific journals. 

Douglas,  Ellen.  The  daughter  of  the  outlawed 
James  Douglas,  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  poem 
"The  Lady  of  the  Lake."  Going  to  Stirling  with 
the  signet  ring  given  her  by  the  Knight  of  Snowdon  (the 
king),  she  obtains  the  pardon  of  father  and  lover,  though 
the  generous  king  himself  had  loved  her  In  disguise. 

Douglas.  Gawain  or  Gavin.  Bom  about  1474: 
died  at  London  in  Sept. ,  1522.  A  Scottish  poet, 
younger  son  of  the  fifth  Earl  of  Angus.  He  ap- 
pears fo  have  studied  at  St.  Andrews  1489-94,  and  became 
bishop  of  Dunkeld  in  1516.    He  was  subsequently  ban- 


336 

ished  for  political  reasons,  and  was  well  received  at  the 
court  of  Henry  VIII.  of  England.  His  chief  work  is  a 
translation  of  the  .Sneid  into  Scottish  verse  (1613,  printed 
1553). 

Douglas,  George,  fourth  Earl  of  Angus.  Died 
1462.  A  Scottish  nobleman.  He  remained  loyal  to 
James  n.  in  a  rising  of  his  kinsmen  against  the  king,  and 
commanded  the  royal  forces  at  the  battle  of  Arkinholm 
May  1, 1465,  in  which  the  insurgents  were  defeated.  He 
received  as  a  reward  large  grants  of  land  from  the  confis- 
cated estates,  and  may  be  regarded  as  the  founder  of  the 
position  of  the  earls  of  Angus  as  border  chiefs. 

Douglas,  George.  In  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel 
"  The  Abbot,"  the  seneschal  of  Lochleven  Cas- 
tle during  his  father's  absence.  Falling  in  love 
with  his  prisoner,  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  he  aids  her  es- 
cape, ana  dies  at  the  battle  of  Langside. 

Douglas,  Sir  Howard.  Bom  at  Gosport,  Eng- 
land, July  1,  1776 :  died  at  Tunbridge  Wells, 
England,  Nov.,  1861.  An  English  general  and 
military  writer :  author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  Naval 
Gunnery"  (1819),  etc. 

Douglas,  Sir  James,  called  "The  Good  Sir 
James'.'  and  "  The  Black  Douglas."  Killed  in 
Spain,  probably  Aug.  25,  1330.  A  Scottish 
nobleman.  He  joined  the  standard  of  Bruce  in  1306, 
and  commanded  the  left  wing  of  the  Scottish  army  at  the 
battle  of  Bannockbum,  June  24,  1314.  In  accordance 
with  the  dying  request  of  Bruce,  he  set  out  on  a  journey 
to  the  Holy  Land,  carrying  with  him  Bruce's  heart  in- 
cased in  a  casket  of  gold.  Arrived  in  Spain,  he  offered  his 
services  to  Alfonso,  king  of  Castile  and  Leon,  against  the 
Saracens  of  Granada,  and  fell  in  battle. 

Douglas,  James,  second  Earl  of  Douglas.  Died 
in  1388.  A  Scottish  nobleman,  son  of  WiUiam, 
first  Earl  of  Douglas.  He  commanded  a  force  of 
300  horse  and  2,000  foot  which  ravaged  the  eastern  border 
in  1388,  and  probably  on  the  19th  of  Aug.  in  that  year 
(on  the  9th  according  to  the  English  chroniclers,  on  the 
15th  according  to  Froissart)  defeated  a  superior  force  of 
the  levy  of  the  northern  counties  under  Lord  Henry 
Percy  at  Otterbum,  himself  falling  at  the  moment  of  vic- 
tory. His  fame  is  celebrated  in  the  Scottish  ballad  "The 
Battle  of  Otterbum"  and  the  English  ballad  "Chevy 
Chase." 

Douglas,  James,  ninth  Earl  of  Douglas.  Died 
at  Lindores,  Scotland,  July  14, 1488.  Last  Earl 
of  Douglas.  He  headed  a  rebellion  against  James  II. 
of  Scotland  1462-55,  in  consequence  of  which  he  was  ban- 
ished and  deprived  of  his  estates. 

Douglas,  John.  Bom  at  Pittenweem,  Fife, 
Scotland,  July  14,  1721:  died  at  Salisbury, 
England,  May  18, 1807.  A  British  prelate  and 
general  writer.  He  was  appointed  bishop  of  Carlisle 
in  1787  (being  translated  to  Salisbury  in  1791)  and  dean  of 
Windsor  In  1788.  Among  his  works  are  "  Milton  vindi- 
cated from  the  Charge  of  Plagiarism  "  (1751X  and  a  book 
attacking  Hume's  argument  on  the  miracles,  entitled 
«  The  Criterion  "  (1752). 

Douglas,  Stephen  Arnold.  Bom  at  Brandon, 
Vt.,  April  23,  1813:  died  at  Chicago,  June  3, 
1861.  An  American  Democratic  pofltician.  He 
learned  the  trade  of  a  cabinet-maker,  but  afterward  stud- 
ied law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  was  elected  a 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Illinois  in  1841;  was  a 
member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  1843-47 ;  and  was  United 
States  senator  1847-61.  He  advanced  the  doctrine  of  pop- 
ular or  "squatter"  sovereignty  in  relation  to  slavery  In 
the  Territories,  and  reported  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill  in 
1854.  He  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  of  the  Democratic 
party  for  the  presidency  in  1860.  He  was  nicknamed  "The 
Little  Giant." 

Douglas,  Sir  William.  Killed  in  1353.  A 
Scottish  nobleman.  He  sided  with  David  II.  against 
Edward  Baliol,  and  obtained  as  a  reward  the  lordship 
of  Liddesdale,  whence  he  was  sumamed  "The  Knight  of 
Liddesdale."  He  was  killed  during  a  hunt  in  Ettrick  forest 
by  his  Idnsman  William,  lord  (afterward  earl)  of  Douglas. 

Douglas,  William,  first  Earl  of  Douglas.  Died 
in  1384.  A  Scottish  nobleman,  nephew  of ' '  the 
good  Sir  James."  He  was  trained  in  arms  in  France ; 
returned  to  Scotland  about  1348 ;  recovered  his  paternal 
estates  from  the  English;  conducted  numerous  raids  on 
the  English  border ;  was,  along  with  the  Earl  of  March,  ap- 
pointed warden  of  the  east  marches  about  1356 ;  and  was 
created  earl  of  Douglas  by  David  II.  in  1358. 

Douglas,  William,  eighth  Earl  of  Douglas. 
Died  in  1452.  A  Scottish  nobleman,  son  of 
James,  seventh  Earl  of  Douglas.  He  conspired 
against  .Tames  II.,  by  whom  he  was  decoyed  by  a  safe- 
conduct  to  Stirling  Castle  and  put  to  death. 

Douglass,  Da-^rid  Bates,  Bom  at  Pompton, 
N.  J.,  March  21, 1790 :  died  at  Geneva,  N.  Y., 
Oct.,  1849.  An  American  engineer.  He  was 
engaged  on  the  Croton  aqueduct  1833-36,  on 
Greenwood  cemetery  (Brooklyn)  1837-40. 

Douglass,  Frederick.  Bom  1817:  died  Feb. 
20,  1895.  A  noted  American  orator  and 
ioumalist.  He  was  the  son  of  a  negress  by  a  white  man, 
and  was  bom  a  slave  on  the  plantation  of  Colonel  Edward 
Llovd  Having  escaped  from  his  master  m  1838,  he  even- 
tuaUy'settled  A  New  Bedford,  Massachusetts  and  in  1841 
became  an  agent  of  the  Massachusetts  Anti-Slavery  Soci- 
ety, a  post  which  he  retained  four  years.  He  f<randed  in 
1847,  A  Rochester,  New  York,  "Fredenck  Donbass  a  Pa- 
per  '■  the  tiUe  of  which  was  changed  to  "  The  North  Star, 
and'  which  was  continued  a  number  of  years.  In  1870  he 
founded  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  "The  New 
National  Era,"  which  he  turned  over  to  his  sons  Lewis 
and  Frederick.  He  was  United  States  marshal  for  the 
District  of  Columbia  1876-81,  recorder  of  deeds  in  the 


Dover 

District  1881-86,  and  United  States  minister  to  Haiti  1880- 
1891.  He  also  published  "  The  Life  and  Times  of  Frederick 
Douglass,  from  1817  to  1882,  Written  by  Himself"  (1882). 

DouUens  (d8-16n').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Somme,  France,  situated  on  the  Authie  19 
miles  north  of  Amiens.  It  is  a  manufacturing 
town,  and  contains  a  citadel.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  4,631. 

Douloureuse  Garde.   [F-]   See  Joyeuse  Garde. 

Doune  (don).  A  village  in  Perthshire,  Scot- 
land, situated  on  the  Teith  7  miles  northwest  of 
Stirling.    It  contains  the  ruined  Doune  Castle. 

Dour  (dor).  A  manufacturing  town  in  the 
province  of  Hainault,  Belgium,  9  miles  south- 
west of  Mons.    Population  (1890),  10,603. 

Dourdan  (dor-don').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  25  miles  southwest  of 
Paris.  It  contains  a  church  and  a  ruined  castle. 
Population  (1891),  3,108. 

Douro.    See  Duero. 

Dousa  (dou'sa),  Janus:  Latinized  from  Jan 
Van  der  Does.  Bom  at  Noordwijk,  near  Ley- 
den,  Netherlands,  Dec.  6,  1545:  died  at  Noord- 
wijk, Oct.,  1604.  A  Dutch  scholar,  poet,  his- 
torian, and  patriot.  He  defended  Leyden  1674-75,  and 
became  first  curator  of  the  University  of  Leyden  in  1676. 
He  published  "Annals  of  Holland"  (1599)^  etc. 

Dousabel  (do'sa-bel),  or  Dowsabel  (dou'sa- 
bel).  [F.  douce  et  belle,  sweet  and  pretty.]  A 
common  name  for  a  rustic  sweetheart  in  old 
pastoral  poems. 

Dousterswivel  (d6s'ter-swiv-el),  Herman.  In 
Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  "The  Antiquary,"  a 
German  adventurer  who  tricks  Sir  Arthur 
Wardour  by  a  pretended  magical  discovery  of 
treasure,  and  is  himself  similarly  tricked  by 
Ochiltree.  The  nickname  Dousterswivel  was 
given  to  Spurzheim. 

Douvllle  (ao-vel'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom  at 
Hambie,  Manche,  France,  Feb.  15,  l'r94:  died  in 
Brazil  about  1837.  A  French  adventurer.  He 
published  In  1832  a  book  entitled  "Voyage  an  Congo  et 
dans  rint^rieur  de  I'Afrique  ^quinoziale,"  which  purport- 
ed to  be  an  account  of  explorations  made  by  himself  in 
central  Africa  between  1828  and  1830.  The  gold  medal  of 
the  Geographical  Society  at  Paris  was  awarded  to  him  for 
the  most  important  discovery  In  1830,  and  he  was  made 
secretary  of  the  society  for  1832,  It  was,  however,  shown 
that  the  "Voyage  "was  a  mere  fabrication  based  on  early 
Portuguese  expeditions. 

Douw,  or  Do'W  (dou),  Gerard.  Bom  at  Leyden, 
Netherlands,  April  7, 1613:  died  at  Leyden,Feb., 
1675.  A  noted  Dutch  painter  of  genre  scenes, 
a  pupil  of  Eembrandt.  His  best-known  work  is 
the  "Woman  Sick  of  the  Dropsy,"  at  the  Louvre. 

Dove  (dov).  A  river  in  England  which  forms 
part  of  the  boundary  between  Derby  and  Staf- 
ford, and  joins  the  Trent  3  miles  northeast  of 
Burton.  Length,  about  45  miles..  It  is  cele- 
brated in  the  writings  of  Izaak  Walton. 

Dove.  A  pinnace  of  about  50  tons,  one  of  the 
vessels  (the  other  being  the  Ark)  in  which  Lord 
Baltimore  sent  out  a  colony  of  "gentlemen  ad- 
venturers," including  his  brothers  George  and 
Leonard  Calvert,  to  Maryland  in  1633.  They 
landed  at  St.  Clement's  Island  in  the  Potomac 
in  1634. 

Dove,  Doctor.  The  chief  character  in  Southey's 
"Doctor." 

Dove,  Lady.  In  Cumberland's  play  "  The 
Brothers,"  a  termagant  and  the  nfiother  of  So- 
phia Dove,  who  is  the  principal  female  char- 
acter. 

Dove  (do'fe),  Heinrich  Wilhelm.  Bom  at 
Liegnitz,  Prussia,  Oct.  6,  1808 :  died  at  Berlin, 
April  4,  1879.  A  German  physicist,  professor 
at  Berlin  from  1829 :  noted  for  his  researches  in 
meteorology  and  electricity.  His  chief  works  are 
"Meteorologische  Untersuchungen "  (l837),  "tJber  die 
nicht-periodischen  Anderungen  der  Temperaturverteil- 
ung  "  (1840-59),  etc. 

Dove,  Bichard  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Berlin,  Feb. 
27,  1833.  A  German  canonist,  son  of  Heinrich 
Wilhelm  Dove:  professor  successively  at  Tu- 
bingen (1862),  Kiel  (1865),  and  GSttingen  (1868). 
He  was  elected  a  deputy  to  the  Eeichstag  in 
1871. 

Dovedale  (duv'dal).  The  picturesque  valley  of 
the  Dove  in  Derbyshire  and  Staffordshire,  Eng- 
land, northwest  of  Burton. 

Dover  (do'ver).  [ME.  Dover,  Dovere,  AS.  Dofre, 
Dofere,  F.  Douvres,  LL.  Duhris,  Dubrse;  perhaps 
from  W.  dwfr,  etc.,  water.]  1.  A  seaport  m 
Kent,  England,  situated  on  the  Strait  of  Dover 
in  lat.  51°  7'  N.,  long.  1°  18'  E.:  the  French 
Douvres,  and  the  Roman  Dubrse  or  Dubris.  it 
is  the  chief  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  a  favorite  health-resort 
and  sea-bathing  place,  and  the  terminus  of  packet-lines  to 
Calais  and  Ostend,  and  is  on  one  of  the  main  lines  between 
London  and  the  Continent.  Its  chief  points  of  interest 
include  Dover  Castle,  Shakespeare  Cliff,  and  the  Admiralty 


Dover 

Her.  It  was  burned  by  the  Nonnans  in  1066 ;  became  an 
Important  nafal  station ;  resisted  the  French  In  1216 ;  and 
fell  into  the  hands  ot  the  Parliamentarians  in  1642.  It  is 
strongly  lortifled.  Population  (1S91),  33,418. 
2.  The  capital  of  Delaware  and  ooimty-seat  of 
Kent  County,  situated  on  Jones  Creek  in  lat. 
39°  8'  N.,  long.  75°  32'  W,.  It  has  important 
fruit-preservingindustries.  Population  (1900), 
3,329. — 3.  A  city  and  the  county-seat  of  Straf- 
ford County,  New  Hampshire,  situated  on  the 
Cooheco  11  miles  northwest  of  Portsmouth,  it 
has  manufactures  oJ  prints,  cotton  and  woolen  goods, 
shoes,  etc.,  and  is  the  oldest  town  in  the  State,  having 
been  settled  in  1623.  Population  (1900),  13,207. 
4.  A  to  wn  in  Morris  County,  New  Jersey,  about 
32  miles  northwest  of  New  York.  Population 
(1900),  5,938. 

Dover,  Strait  of,  F.  Pas  de  Calais.  A  strait 
separating  England  from  France,  and  connect- 
ing the  English  Channel  with  the  North  Sea : 
the  Roman  Fretum  Grallieum,  or  Fretum  Oceani. 
"Width  at  Dover,  21  miles.  Steamers  cross  daily 
from  Dover  to  Calais  and  to  Ostend. 

Dover,  Treaty  of.  A  secret  treaty  concluded 
May  22, 1670,  at  Dover,  between  Charles  II.  and 
Louis  AIV.  The  former  was  to  aid  in  the  designs  of 
iFrance  against  Holland,  and  the  latter  was  to  furnish  sub- 
sidies and  troops.  The  province  of  Zealand  and  the  adja^ 
cent  islands  were  to  be  reserved  for  England.  Claarles  was 
to  receive  £200,000  a  year  if  he  declared  himself  a  Koman 
Catholic. 

Dovre  (do'vre),  or  Dovrefield  (do'vre-fyeld). 
A  spur  of  the  ScaudinavianMountains,  situated 
in  Norway  about  lat.  62°-63°  N.  It  separates 
northern  and  southern  Norway.  Highest  peak 
(Snehaettan),  7,570  feet. 

Dow,  Gerard.    See  Douw. 

Dow  (dou),  Lorenzo,  Bom  at  Coventry,  Conn. , 
Oct.  16,  1777:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Feb. 
2,  1834.  An  American  itinerant  preacher,  of 
the  Methodist  belief.  He  made  two  missionary  tours 
in  England  and  Ireland— one  in  1799  and  one  in  1805.  He 
was  noted  for  his  eccentricities  oJ  manner  and  dress.  His 
"Journal  and  Miscellaneous  Writings"  were  edited  by 
tTobn  Dowling  in  1836. 

Dow,  Neal.  Bom  at  Portland,  Maine,  March  20, 
1804 :  died  there,  Oct.  2,  1897.  An  American 
advocate  of  prohibition.  He  drafted  thS' noted 
"  Maine  (prohibitory)  Law  "  in  1851,  and  was  the  candidate 
of  the  Prohibition  party  for  President  in  1880. 

Dowden  (dou'den)  Edward.  Bom  at  Cork, 
Ireland,  May  3, 1843.  A  British  critic  and  poet, 
professor  of  the  English  language  and  literature 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  (where  he  studied), 
in  1889  first  Taylorian  lecturer  in  the  Taylor 
Institution,  Oxford.  He  has  published  "Shakspere, 
his  Mind  and  Art "  (1872),  "Poems  "  (1876), "  Studies  in  Lit- 
erature :  1789-1877 "'  (1878), ' '  Southey  "  (1879),  an  edition  of 
Shakspere's  sonnets  with  notes,  "  Shelley  "  (1886),  etc. 

Dowgate  (dou' gat).  The  original  water-gate 
of  the  city  of  London. 

It  was  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  WaUbrook  where  it 
enters  the  Thames,  and  just  under  the  great  Roman  cita- 
del.   The  Watiing  St.  or  Pretorian  way  crossed  the  river 
here  by  a  Traiectus  before  the  London  Bridge  was  built. 
Loftie,  History  of  London,  1884. 

Dowlatabad(dou-la-ta-bad'),  or  Daulatabad, 

A  city  and  fortress'in  Hyderabad,  India,  in  lat. 
19°  55'  N.,  long.  75°  14'  E. :  the  ancient  Deoghir 
or  Deoghur.  It  is  noted  for  its  strong  position 
on  an  isolated  rock. 

Dowler  (dou'ler).  Captain.  A  retired  miUtary 
man  in  Dickens's  "  Pickwick  Papers,"  noted  for 
his  bluster  and  brag,  and  his  extraordinarily 
fierce  and  disjointed  manner  of  talking. 

Down  (doun).  A  maritime  county  in  Ulster,  Ire- 
land, lying  between  Antrim  and  Belfast  Lough 
on  the  north,the  Irish  Sea  on  the  east  and  south- 
east, and  Armagh  on  the  west,  it  is  one  ot  the  lead- 
ing agricultural  counties.  Capital,  Downpatrick.  Area, 
957  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  267,069. 

Downes  (dounz),  John.  Born  at  Cahton,  Mass., 
1786  (1784  ?) :  died  at  Charlestown,  Mass.,  Aug. 
11  1855.  An  American  naval  commander.  He 
served  as  lieutenant  in  the  Essex  under  .Captain  Porter 
in  the  War  of  1812,  and  commanded  the  Epervier  in  the 
■war  against  Algiers.  In  1832  he  obtained  command  of  a 
squadron  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  bombarded  Quall^ 
Batoo,  on  the  coast  of  Sumatra,  in  retaliation  for  an  ou^ 
rage  committed  on  an  American  vessel.  He  commanded 
the  navy-yard  at  Boston  1887-42  and  1860-^2. 

Downing  (dou'ning),  Andrew  Jackson.  Bom 

at  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  Oct.,  1815 :  drowned  near 
Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  July  28,  1852.  An  American 
landscape-gardener  and  pomologist.  He  pub. 
lished  "  L'heory  and  Practice  of  Landscape  Gardening 
(1841),  "Cottage  Eesidences"  (1842),  "Jfruits  and  Fruit 
Trees  of  America "  (1846),  etc.      ■,  j, 

Downing,  Major  Jack.  The  pseudonym  of 
Seba  Smith,  in  his  letters  in  Yankee  dialect. 

Downing,  Sir  George.  Bom  probably  m  Aug., 
1623 :  died  in  1684.  An  English  soldier  and 
politician.  He  emigrated  with  his  parentsja  New  Eng- 
land in  1638,  but  subsequently  returned  to  England,  and 
in  1660  was  soout-master-general  of  Cromwell  s  army  m 


337 

Scotland,  He  was  appointed  resident  at  The  Hague  in 
1667,  in  which  office  he  was  retained  by  Charles  II.  on 
the  Restoration  in  1660.  He  was  created  a  bai'onet  in 
1663.  Downing  street,  Whitehall,  derives  its  name  from 
him. 

Downing,  Sir  George.  Bom  about  1684:  died 
in  Cambridgeshire,  June  10,  1749.  The  founder 
of  Downing  College :  grandson  of  Sir  George 
Downing  (d.  1684).  He  was  a  member  of  the  Parliar 
ments  of  1710  and  1713,  and  kept  his  seat  from  1722  until 
his  deatlL 

Downing  College.  A  college  in  Cambridge 
University,  England,  founded  by  the  will  of 
Sir  George  Downing  (dated  1717).  It  was  char- 
tered in  1800,  and  opened  in  1821. 

Downing  street,  A  street  in  the  west  end  of 
London,  leading  from  "Whitehall.  It  contains  the 
treasury  building  and  the  foreign  office  (hence  the  name 
Downing  street  has  come  to  be  used  f  orthe  administration). 

The  south  side  of  Downing  street  is  formed  bj[  the  mag- 
nificent pile  of  modern  Italian  buildings  by  Sir  Gilbert 
Scott,  erected  in  1868-73  to  include  the  Home  Office,  For- 
eign Office,  Colonial  Office,  and  East  India  Office. 

Hare,  London,  IE.  223. 

Downpatrick  (doun-pat'rik).  The  capital  of 
County  Down,  Ireland,  situated  near  Strang- 
ford  Lough  21  miles  southeast  of  Belfast.  It 
is  reputed  to  be  one  of  the  oldest  towns  of  Ire- 
land. 

Downright  (doun'rit).  A  rude  but  manly  and 
consistent  squire  in  Ben  Jousou's  comedy 
"Every  Man  in  his  Humour."  He  is  coura- 
geous, of  plain  words  and  plain  actions. 

Downs.    See  North  Downs  and  South  Downs. 

Downs,  Battle  of  the.  An  indecisive  battle 
between  the  English  and  Dutch  fleets,  in  the 
first  da,ys  of  June,  1666,  off  the  eastern  coast  of 
Kent.  The  English  were  commanded  by  Monk,  and  the 
Dutch  by  De  Euyter  and  Tromp.  It  is  sometimes  claimed 
as  an  English  victory. 

Downs,  The.  A  portion  of  the  North  Sea  east 
of  Kent,  England,  forming  a  roadstead  pro- 
tected by  Goodwin  Sands. 

Dowse  (dous),  Thomas,  Bom  at  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  Dec.  28,  1772 :  died  at  Cambridgeport, 
Mass.,  Nov.  4,  1856.  An  American  book-col- 
lector. He  bequeathed  his  collection  to  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society. 

Dowton  (dou'tqn),  William.  Bom  at  Exeter, 
1764:  died  at  Brixton,  Surrey,  1851.  An  Eng- 
lish actor.  He  made  his  first  appearance  in  1781,  and 
came  to  New  York  in  1836.  He  had  two  sons,  William  and 
Henry,  both  of  whom  became  actors.  The  former  after- 
ward became  a  brother  of  the  Charter  House,  and  died 
tbeie  at  tlie  ags  of  nearly  ninety. 

Doyen  (dwa-yan'),  Gabriel  Fran?ois,     [F. 

doyen  =  E.  dean;  L.  decanus.']  Born  at  Paris, 
1726:  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  June  5,  1806.  A 
French  painter,  a  pupil  of  Van  Loo. 

Doyle  (doil),  Sir  A.  Conan,  Bom  at  Edinburgh 
inl859.  AScottishnovelist  and  physician.  Among 
his  works  are ' '  Micah  Clarke, "  "  A  Study  in  Scarlet,"  "  The 
Adventures  of  Sherlock  Holmes  "  (two  series),  "  The  Ref- 
ugees," "The  White  Company,"  "The  Great  Boer  War." 

Doyle  (doil),  Kichard,  Bom  at  London,  1824: 
died  at  London,  Dec.  11, 1883.  An  English  ar- 
tist. He  was  a  regular  contributor  to  "Punch"  1841- 
1860.  Among  his  best-known  works  are  the  illustrations 
to  Thafikeray's  "  Newcomes  "  (1863-65),  and  a  series  of  elfin 
scenes  ent'itte<l  "  In  Fairy-Land"  (1870). 

Dozy  (do'ze),  Beinhart.  Bom  at  Leyden, 
Netherlands,  Feb.  21,  1820:  died  April  29, 
1883.  A  Dutch  Orientalist  and  historian,  pro- 
fessor of  history  at  Leyden  from  1850.  His 
works  include  "Histoire  des  Musulmans  d'Espagne,"  etc. 
(1861),  "  Recherches  sur  ITiistoire  et  la  litt^rature  d'Es- 
pagne pendant  le  moyen  age"  (1849),  "Supplement  aux 
dictionnaires  arabes  "  (1879-80),  etc. 

Drachenfels  (draoh'en-felz).  [G.,  'dragon's 
rock.']  The  steepest  of  the  Siebengebirge 
range  of  mountains,  situated  on  the  eastern 
bank  of  the  Rhine,  near  K6nigs  winter,  it  is  now 
ascended  by  a  mountain  railway.  In  its  side  is  the  Drach- 
enhijhle  (dragon's  cave),  where  lived  the  legendary  dragon 
slain  by  Siegfried.    Height,  1,066  feet. 

Drachmann  (drach'man),  Holger  Henrik  Her- 
holdt.  Bom  at  Copenhagen,  Oct.  9,  1846.  A 
Danish  poet  and  author.  From  1866  to  1870  he 
studied  art  in  Copenhagen,  and  began  his  career  as  a 
painter  of  marine  subjects.  In  1872  he  published  a  vol- 
ume of  poems.  This  was  followed  by  "Dsempede  Melo- 
dier"("  Repressed  Melodies,"  1875),  "  Sange  ved  Havet " 
("  Songs  by  the  Sea,"  1877),  "  Ranker  og  Eoser"  ("Vines 
and  Roses")  and  "Ungdom  i  Digt  og  Sang  ("Youth  in 
Poetry  and  Song,"  1879).  The  romantic  poems  "  Prindses- 
sen  og  det  halve  Kongerige  "  ("  The  Princess  and  Half  the 
Kingdom")  and  "Oesten  for  Sol  og  Vesten  for  Maane' 
(East  of  the  Sun  and  West  of  the  Moon")  appeared  1878 
and  1880  respectively.  In  prose  he  has  written,  among 
other  long  stories,  "  Kn  Overkomplet "  (1876),  "Tannhilu- 
ser"  (1877).  The  shorter  tales  "Ungt  Blod"  ("Young 
Blood  ")  and  "  Paa  Somands  Tro  og  Love  "  ("  On  a  Sailor  s 
Word  ")  appeared  in  1877  and  1878  respectively.  The  most 
popular  of  his  prose  works  is  the  series  of  sketches  "De- 
rovar  fra  Grsendsen  "  (" From  the  Frontier, "  1871).  A  trans- 
lation of  Byron's  "  Don  Juan  "  appeared  in  1881. 


Drake,  Sir  Francis 

Draco  (dra'ko),  or  Dracon  (dra'kon).     [Gr. 

Apd/ojv.]  Livedin  the  last  half  of  the  7th  century 
B.C.  An  Athenian  legislator.  He  formulated  the 
first  written  code  of  jaws  for  Athens  in  624  or  about  621 
B.  c.  On  account  of  the  number  of  offenses  to  which  it 
affixed  the  penalty  of  death,  Jiis  code  was  said  to  have  been 
written  in  blood. 
Draco.  [L.,' the  dragon.']  An  ancient  northern 
constellation.  The  figure  is  that  of  a  serpent  with 
several  small  coils.  It  appears  at  a  very  ancient  date  to 
have  had  wings  in  the  space  now  occupied  by  the  Little 
Bear. 

Dracontius  (dra-kon'shi-us),  Blossius  .Slmil- 
ius,  A  Christian  poet  of  the  5th  century,  an 
advocate  in  Carthage. 

One  of  the  most  gifted  African  poets  is  Blossius  *mi- 
lius  Dracontius  of  Carthage,  by  whom  we  possess  a  Chris- 
tian didactic  poem  "De  laudlbus  dei"  in  tiiree  books, 
short  epics  of  which  the  subjects  are  taken  either  from 
ancient  legends  ("Hylas,"  "EaptuB  Helente,"  "Medea") 
or  from  rhetorical  school  exercises  ("Verba  Herculia," 
"Deliberativa  Achillis,"  "  Controversia  de  statua  viri 
fortis  "),  two  epithalamia,  and  an  elegiac  poem  ("  Satis- 
f  actio  * )  in  which  the  author  asks  pardon  of  the  Vandal 
king  Gunthamund  (a.  484-496)  for  having  written  a  poem 
in  honour  of  one  of  his  enemies  instead  of  himself. 

Teuffd  and  Sehwabe,  Hist,  of  Eom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr), 

[II.  603. 

Draft  Biot,  A  riot  in  New  York  city,  July  13- 
16,  1863,  against  the  enforcement  of  the  draft 
for  the  Federal  army.  During  its  progress  several 
negroes  were  murdered  and  many  maltreated.  The  riot, 
which  cost  about  a  thousand  lives  and  the  destruction  of 
considerable  property,  was  finally  suppressed  by  the  police 
and  military. 

Dragon  of  Wantley,  The.  An  old  ballad,  pre- 
served by  Percy,  which  describes  the  victory 
over  this  dragon  (who  devoured  damsels, 
houses,  trees,  etc.)  by  More  of  More  Hall,  who 
provided  himself  with  armor  covered  with 
spikes.  It  is  a  parody  on  some  ancient  Ksempevise. 
In  a  key  appended  to  the  ballad  in  the  improved  edition  of 
the  "  Reliques,"  an  attempt  is  made  to  explain  it  as  an 
allego/y.  Henry  Carey  produced  a  burlesque  opera  with 
this  title,  Oct.  26, 1737 :  the  music  was  by  J.  F.  Lampe. 

Dragonades  (drag-o-nadz').  [Also  written 
Dragoonades ;  from  f'.  dragonnade,  from  dragon, 
a  dragoon :  from  the  use  of  dragoons  in  such  per- 
secutions.] A  form  of  persecution  inflicted  by 
the  government  of  Louis  XIV.  upon  the  French 
Protestants  in  the  period  preceding  the  revoca- 
tion of  the  edict  of  Nantes.  It  consisted  in  bil- 
leting troops  upon  the  inhabitants  as  a  means 
of  converting  them,  license  being  given  to  the 
soldiery  to  commit  all  manner  of  misdeeds. 

Dragontea  (dra-gon-ta'a).  La.  Apoem  by  Lope 
de  "Vega  on  the  subject  of  Sir  Francis  Drake's 
last  expedition  and  death. 

The  Dragontea,  however,  whose  ten  cantos  of  octave 
verse  are  devoted  to  the  expression  of  this  national  hatred, 
may  be  regarded  as  its  chief  monument.  It  is  a  strange 
poem.  It  begins  with  the  prayeri  of  Christianity,  in  the 
form  of  a  beautiful  woman,  who  presents  Spain,  Italy, 
and  America  in  the  court  of  Heaven,  and  prays  God  to 
protect  them  all  against  what  Lope  calls  "that  Protestant 
Scotch  pirate."  It  ends  with  rejoicings  in  Panam^  be- 
cause "the  Dragon,"  as  he  is  called  through  the  whole 
poem,  has  died,  poisoned  by  his  own  people,  and  with  the 
thanksgivings  of  Christianity  that  her  prayers  have  been 
heard,  and  that  "the  scarlet  lady  of  Babylon"  —  meaning 
Queen  Elizabeth — has  been  at  last  defeated. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  171. 

Dragnignan  (dra -gen-yon').  The  capital  of 
the  department  of  var,  France,  situated  in  lat. 
43°  33/  N.,  long.  6°  28'  E.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  9,816. 

DragUt  (dra'got),  or  Torghud  (tor'ghed).  Died 
at  Malta,  July  23, 1565.  A  Turkish  corsair.  He 
was  a  native  of  Asia  Minor,  and  became  a  lieutenant  of 
Kheyr-ed-Din,  on  whose  death  in  1546  he  became  governor 
of  Tripoli.  He  defeated  the  Spaniards  at  Gerbes  in  1560, 
and  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Malta. 

Drake  (drak),  Daniel.  Bornat Plaiufield,  N.  J., 
Oct.  20,  1785:  died  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Nov. 
5,1852.  An  American  physician.  He  published 
a  "Treatise  on  the  Principal  Diseases  of  tile  Interior 
Valley  of  North  America"  (1860-54),  etc. 

Drake,  Sir  Francis.  Born  probably  at  Tavis- 
tock, Devonshire,  about  1540:  died  off  Porto 
Bello,  Jan.  28,  1596  (O.  S.).  An  English  naval 
hero.  In  1567-68  hecommandedasmall  vessel,  oneoftwo 
which  escaped  from  the  destruction  of  §ir  John  Hawkins's 
fleet  by  the  Spanish.  He  visited  the  West  Indies  and  the 
Spanish  main  in  1670  and  1571,  and  became  convinced  that 
tlie  towns  there  would  fall  an  easy  prey  to  a  small  armed 
force.  Accordingly,  in  1572,  he  fitted  outwhat was  properly 
afreebooting  expedition,  England  being  then  at  peace  with 
Spain.  With  only -3  vessels  and  100  men  he  took  Nombre  de 
Dios  and  an  immense  treasure ;  but  he  was  badly  wounded 
in  the  attack,  and  his  men  abandoned  both  town  and  trea- 
sure. In  return  he  burned  a  Spanisli  vessel  at  Cartagena, 
captured  many  ships,  and  intercepted  a  train  loaded  witli 
silver  on  the  isthmus.  He  also  crossed  to  Panama,  and 
was  the  first  English  commander  who  saw  the  Pacific. 
From  his  return,  in  Aug.,  1673,  to  Sept.,  1576,  Drake  served 
under  the  Earl  of  Essex  in  Ireland.  In  Dec,  1577,  he 
started  on  another  freebooting  expedition,  in  which  he 
passed  the  Strait  of  Magellan,  obtained  an  immense  booty 
on  the  Pacific  coast  of  Spanish  America,  crossed  the  Pa- 


Drake,  Sir  Francis 

ciflc,  aud  returned  to  England  by  way  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  arriving  in  Sept.,  1680.  This  was  the  first  English 
ciroumnayigation  of  the  globe.  Queen  Elizabeth  knighted 
Drake  on  his  own  ship,  and  gave  him  important  com- 
mands. In  1584-85  he  was  a  member  of  Parliament. 
From  1586  to  1586  he  commanded  a  powerful  expedition  to 
the  West  Indies  and  the  Spanish  main,  in  which  he  took 
and  ransomed  Santo  Domingo  and  Cartagena,  ravaged  the 
coasts  of  Florida,  and  on  liis  way  back  brought  off  the 
remnant  of  the  English  Virginia  colony.  In  1687  he  made 
a  descent  on  the  coast  of  Spain,  and  destroyed  numerous 
unfinished  vessels  Intended  for  the  Spanish  Armada,  be- 
sides capturing  a  rich  Portuguese  East  Indiaman.  In 
July,  1588,  he  commanded  under  Lord  Howard  in  the 
combat  with  the  Spanish  Armada,  and  next  year  he  was 
one  of  the  commanders  in  a  descent  on  the  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  coasts,  which  proved  unsuccessful.  For  sev- 
eral years  thereafter  he  was  engaged  in  peaceful  pursuits, 
and  in  1593  was  again  elected  to  Parliament.  In  1595  he 
commanded  another  West  India  expedition,  which  met 
with  little  success,  and  in  which  both  he  and  Sir  John 
Hawluns  died. 

Drake  (dra'ke),  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Pyrmont, 
Waldeok,  Grermany,  June  23, 1805 :  died  at  Ber- 
lin, April  6,  1882.  A  noted  German  sculptor, 
best  known  from  Ms  portrait-statues  (Fred- 
erick William  III.  and  others). 

Drake  (drak),  Joseph  Rodman.  Bom  at  New 
York,  Aug.  7, 1795:  died  at  New  York,  Sept.  21, 
1820.  An  American  poet,  author  of  "The  Cul- 
prit Fay  "  (1816),  "  The  American  Flag"  (1819). 

Drake,  Nathan.  Born  at  York,  England,  1766 : 
died  at  Hadleigh,  Suffolk,  England,  June  7, 
1836.  An  English  physician  and  author.  He 
practised  medicine  at  Hadleigh,  in  Suffolk,  from  1792 
until  his  death.  His  most  notable  work  is  "Shakspere 
and  his  Times  "  (1817). 

Drake,  Samuel  Gardner.  Born  at  Pittsfield, 
N.  H.,  Oct.  11,  1798:  died  at  Boston,  June  14, 
1875.  An  American  antiquarian.  He  published 
"Book  of  the  Indians"  (1833),  "History  and  Antiquities 
of  Boston  "  (1856),  "  Early  History  of  New  England  "  (1864), 
"Annals  of  Witchcraft  in  the  United  States  "  (1869),  "  His- 
tory of  the  French  and  Indian  War  "  (1870),  etc. 

Drakenber^e  (dra'ken-ber-ge),  orDrakens- 
berg,  or  ELathlamba.  A  range  of  mountains 
in  South  Africa,  it  lies  partly  on  the  border  between 
Cape  Colony  and  Natal  on  one  side  and  Basutoland  and 
the  Orange  Free  State  on  the  other,  and  culminates  in 
Champagne  Castle  (10,367  feet)  and  Mont  aux  Sources 
(about  lljOOO  feet). 

Drakenborch  (dra'ken-boroh),  Arnold.  Bom 
at  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  Jan.  1,  1684:  died  a,t 
Utrecht,  Jan.  16,  1748.  A  Dutch  philologist. 
He  edited  "  SiUus  Italicus"  (1717),  "Livy" 
(1736-48),  etc. 

Drake's  Bay.  An  indentation  of  the  Pacific 
in  Marin  County,  California,  northwest  of  San 
Francisco. 

Drama  of  Exile,  A.  A  poem  by  Mrs.  Brown- 
ing, published  in  1844. 

Dramatic  Poesy,  Essay  of.  A  work  by  Dry- 
den  (1667),  written  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue 
between  four  friends:  Neander  (Dryden),  Lisi- 
deius  (Sedley),  Crites  (Sir  Eobert  Howard),  and 
Eugenius  (Bucldiurst:  or  Dorset,  according  to 
Prior). 

Drambui^  (dram'bSro).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  52  miles  east  of 
Stettin.    Population  (1890),  5,647. 

Drammen  (drarn'men).  A  seaport  in  the  amt 
of  Buskerud,  southern  Norway,  situated  on  the 
Drammens  Elv  22  miles  southwest  of  Ohris- 
tiania.  it  has  an  extensive  commerce,  its  principal  ex- 
port being  timber ;  and  it  has  manufactures  of  beer,  to- 
bacco, leather,  etc.  It  was  partly  destroyed  by  Are  in 
1866.    Population  (1891),  20,441. 

Drams  Elv  (dr^mz  elv),  or  Drammens  Elv 
(dram'menz  elv) .  A  river  in  southern  Norway, 
the  outlet  of  Lake  Tyrifjord.  It  flows  into 
the  Drammen  Fjord  at  Drammen.  Length,  163 
miles. 

Dranesville  (dranz'vil).  A  village  in  Fairfax 
County,  Virginia,  21  miles  northwest  of  Wash- 
ington. Here,Dec.  20,1861,partof  the  Armyof  the  Poto- 
mac under  Ord  defeated  the  Confederates  under  Stuart. 

Drangiana  (dran-ji-a'na),  or  Drangiane.  [Gr. 
Apayymi^.'i  In  ancient  geography,  a  region  in 
central  Asia,  in  the  modem  southwestern  Af- 
ghanistan and  eastern  Persia. 

Draper  (dra'p&r),  Henry.  Bom  in  Prince  Ed- 
ward County,  Va.,  March  7,  1837:  died  at  New 
York,  Nov.  20,  1882.  An  American  scientist, 
son  of  J.  W.  Draper,  especially  noted  for  his 
labors  in  celestial  photography. 

Draper,  John  William.  Bom  at  St.  Helen's, 
near  Liverpool,  England,  May  5, 1811 :  died  at 
Hastings-on-the-Hudson,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  4,  1882. 
A  chemist,  physiologist,  and  historian,  noted 
for  researches  in  spectrum  analysis,  photogra- 
phy, etc.  He  emigrated  to  America  in  1832 ;  graduated 
in  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania in  1836 ;  was  appointed  professor  of  chemistry  in 
the  University  of  New  York  in  1839;  and  was  president 
of  the  Medici  College  1860-73.    He  continued  to  lecture 


338 

at  the  university  until  1881.  He  wrote  "Text  Book  on 
Chemistry"  (1816),  and  on  "Natural  Philosophy"  (1847), 
"Human  Physiology  "  (1856), "History  of  the  Intellectual 
Development  of  Europe  "  (1862), ' '  History  of  the  American 
CivU  War"  (1867-70),  "Scientific  Memoirs"  (1878). 

Draper,  Lyman  Copeland.  Bom  at  Hamburg 
(now  Evans),  Erie  County,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  4, 1815: 
died  at  Madison,  Wis.,  Aug.  26, 1891.  An  Ameri- 
can antiquarian.  He  was  corresponding  secretary  of 
the  State  Historical  Society  at  Madison,  Wisconsin,  1853- 
1887,  with  the  exception  of  two  years  (1868-69),  when  he 
was  State  superintendent  of  instruction.  Editor  of  "  Col- 
lections of  the  State  Historical  Society"  (1863-87). 

Draper,  Sir  William.  Bom  at  Bristol,  Eng- 
land, 1721 :  died  at  Bath,  England,  Jan.  8, 1787. 
An  English  officer.  He  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  in  1740,  and  was  subsequently 
fellow  of  his  college.  In  L744  he  entered  the  army,  and 
in  1762  commanded,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  a 
successful  expedition  against  Manila.  He  published  in 
1769  a  letter,  dated  Jan.  26  of  that  year,  defending  the  Mar- 
quis of  Granby  against  the  aspersions  of  "Junius,"  which 
led  to  a  spirited  controversy.  He  was  promoted  major- 
general  in  1772.  The  correspondence  between  Draper  and 
"Junius  "  was  published  separately  under  the  title  of  "  The 
Political  Contest "  (1769). 

Drapier's  Letters.  A  series  of  letters  pub- 
lished in  1724  by  Dean  Swift,  under  the  pseu- 
donym M.  B.  Drapier.  They  were  directed  against 
the  acceptance  in  Ireland  of  a  copper  coinage  the  patent 
for  supplying  which  had  been  accorded  to  William  Wood, 
who  with  the  Duchess  of  Kendal,  the  king's  mistress 
(who  obtained  him  the  privilege),  was  to  divide  the  profit 
arising  from  the  difference  between  the  real  and  tlie 
nominal  value  of  the  halfpence  (about  40  per  cent.).  Owing 
to  the  public  excitement  raised  by  these  letters  the  patent 
was  canceled.  Wood  was  compensated  with  a  pension, 
and  Swift  gained  a  popularity  which  he  never  lost  till  his 
death.  A  large  reward  was  offered  at  the  time  for  the 
discovery  of  the  author. 

Draupadi  (drou'pa-de).  [Skt.]  Daughter  of 
Drupada,  king  of  Panehala,  and  'wife  of  the 
five  Pandu  princes.  She  plays  an  important 
part  in  the  story  of  the  Mahabharata. 

Drave  (dra've),  6.  Drau  (drou).  A  river  in 
Austria-Hungary:  the  ancient  Dravus.  It  rises 
in  Tyrol,  traverses  Carinthia  and  Styria,  forms  the  boun- 
dary between  Hungary  and  Croatia-Slavonia,  and  joins  the 
Danube  8  miles  ea£t  of  Essek.  Its  chief  tribut£u*y  is  the 
Mur.  Length,  465  miles ;  navigable  from  Villach  (about 
376  miles), 

Dravida  (dra'vi-da).  The  country  in  which 
the  Tamil  language  is  spoken,  extending  from 
Madras  to  Cape  Comorin. 

Drawcansir  (dr^'kan-sfer).  In  Buckingham's 
burlesque  "The  Rehearsal,"  a  boasting  and 
vainglorious  bully.  Almanzor,  Dryden's  favorite  hero, 
was  parodied  in  this  character.  The  name  has  become  a 
synonym  for  a  braggart. 

Dra'nrcansir,  Sir  Alexander.  Aname  assumed 
by  Fielding  in  conducting  the  "  Co  vent  Garden 
Journal"  in  1752. 

Drayton  (dra'ton),  Michael.  Bom  at  Harts- 
hill,  WarwicksMre,  England,  1563 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, 1631.  A  noted  English  poet.  He  was  buried 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  and  liis  epitaph  is  said  to  be  by 
Ben  Jonson.  His  chief  works  are  "  Mortimeriados  "  (1596 : 
this  afterward  appeared  with  many  alterations  as  "The 
Barons'  Wars,"  1603),  "England's  Heroical  Epistles  "  (1597), 
"Poems,  Lyric  and  Heroic"(1606,  containing  "TheBallad 
of  Agincourt"),  "Poly-Olbion"  (1618-22),  "Nymphidia" 
(162U  "The  Musea'  Elysium  "  (1630). 

Drayton,  William  Henry.  Bom  at  Drayton 
Hall,  on  the  Ashley  Eiver,  S.  C,  Sept.,  1742: 
died  at  Philadelphia,  Sept.  3, 1779.  An  Ameri- 
can patriot.  He  became  chief  justice  of  South  Carolina 
in  1776,  and  in  the  same  year  delivered  to  the  grand  jury 
a  charge  which  gave  great  impetus  to  the  cause  of  inde- 
pendence. He  was  a  member  of  the  Continental  Congress 
from  1778  until  his  death. 

Dream,  The.  A  short  poem  by  Lord  Byron, 
composed  at  Diodati  in  1816. 

Dream,  Chaucer's.  A  poem,  probably  spuri- 
ous, added  by  Speght  in  1598  to  his  edition  of 
Chaucer.  The  proper  title  is  "The  Isle  of  Ladies." 
(Not  the  same  as  "  The  Dream  of  Chaucer,"  which  is  genu- 
ine.) 

Dream  of  Chaucer,  The.  See  Chaucer's 
Dream. 

Dream  of  Eugene  Aram,  The.  A  poem  by 
Hood,  published  in  1829.     See  Aram,  Eugene. 

Dream  of  Fair  Women,  A.  A  poem  by  Lord 
Tennyson. 

Drebbel  (dreb'bel),  Oornelis  van.  Bom  at 
Alkmaar,  Netherlands,  1572 :  died  at  London, 
1634.  A  Dutch  natural  philosopher.  He  pub- 
lished "De  natura  elementorum"  (1621),  etc. 

Dred  (dred).  A  novel  by  Mrs.  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe,  published  in  1856.  it  shows  the  state  of 
alarm  and  misery  in  which  the  slave-owners  (as  well  as 
slaves)  lived.  Dred  is  a  runaway  negro  living  in  the  Dis- 
mal Swamp.  A  new  edition,  called  "Nma  Gordon,"  was 
published  in  1866. 

Dred  Scott  Case.  In  American  history,  a  cel- 
ebrated decision  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States,  which  derived  its  importance 
from  its  bearing  on  the  constitutionality  of  the 


Drew,  Mrs. 

Missouri  Compromise  of  1820.  Dred  Scott,  a  Mis- 
souri slave  who  had  been  taken  to  the  territory  covered 
by  the  Missouri  Compromise,  and  had  therefore  sued  for 
his  freedom,  was  sold  to  a  citizen  of  another  State.  He 
then  transferred  his  suit  from  the  State  to  the  Federal 
couits,  under  the  power  given  to  the  latter  to  try  suits  be- 
tween citizens  of  dilferent  States ;  and  the  case  came  by 
appeal  to  the  Supreme  Court.  The  decision  of  the  Su- 
preme Court,  which  was  published  in  1867,  put  Scott  out 
of  court  on  the  ground  that  a  slave,  or  the  descendant  of  a 
slave,  could  not  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  or  have 
any  standing  in  Federal  courts.  'J'lie  opinion  of  the  chief 
justice  also  attacked  the  validity  of  the  Missouri  Com- 
promise, on  the  ground  that  one  of  the  constitutional 
functions  of  Congress  was  the  protection  of  property ; 
that  slaves  were  recognized  by  the  Constitution  as  prop- 
erty ;  and  that  Congress  was  therefore  bound  to  protect 
slavery  in  the  Territories. 

Dreiherrnspitz  (dri'hem-spitz).  One  of  the 
chief  peaks  of  the  Hohe  Tauem,  Austrian  Alps, 
southwest  of  the  Gross- Venediger.  Height, 
11,480  feet. 

Drelincourt  (dre-lan-kSr'),  Charles.  Bom  at 
Sedan,  France,  July  10,  1595:  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.  3, 1669.  A  French  Protestant  clergyman. 
He  wrote  "Consolations  de  I'ame  fidfele  contra 
les  frayeurs  de  la  mort"  (1651),  etc. 

Drenthe,  or  Drente  (dren'te).  A  province  of 
the  Netherlands,  lying  between  Groningen  on 
the  north  and  northeast,  Prussia  on  the  east, 
Overyssel  on  the  south,  and  Friesland  and 
Overyssel  on  the  west.  Area,  1,030  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  134,027. 

Drepanum  (drep'a-num),  or  Drepana  (-na). 

[Gr.  TO  Apitravov,  ra  Apeirava.']  The  ancient 
name  of  Trapani  (which  see).  Here,  249  b.  c,  the 
Carthaginian  admiral  Adherbal  defeated  the  Homan  fleet 
under  Publius  Claudius. 
Dresden  (drez'den).  [F.  Dresde.']  The  capital 
of  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  situated  on  both 
sides  of  the  Elbe,  in  lat.  51°  3'  N.,  long,  13°  44' 
E.  It  comprises  the  Altstadt,  Friedrichstadt,  Neustadt, 
Antonstadt,  etc.  It  has  considerable  trade  by  the  Elbe, 
and  diversified  manufactures,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  art 
collections,  which  are  among  the  richest  in  the  worlds 
These  include  the  Museum  (containing  the  picture-gal- 
lery, engravings,  and  drawings),  the  Zwinger  (containing; 
the  mineraloglcal,  zoological,  and  ethnographical  collec- 
tions), the  Psdace  (with  the  Green  Vault :  which  see),  the 
Museum  Johanneum  (collection  of  porcelain  and  historicall 
museum),  and  the  Japanese  Palace  (collection  of  antiquities 
and  royal  library).  Dresden  was  an  ancient  Slavic  town, 
and  was  mentioned  as  early  as  1206.  It  became  the  resi- 
dence of  tlie  Saxon  sovereigns  in  1486,  and  was  greatly  de- 
veloped under  Augustus  II.  and  Augustus  III.  It  was 
bombarded  by  the  Prussians  in  1760,  and  was  occupied  by 
them  in  1866.  Here,  Aug.  26-27,  1813,  the  French  (about 
120,000)  under  Napoleon  defeated  the  Allies(about20U,000), 
under  Schwarzenberg.  Population  (1900),  with  suburbs, 
396,146. 

Dresden,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  concluded  Dec. 
25, 1745,  between  Prussia,  Austria,  and  Saxony, 
ending  the  second  Silesian  war.  Frederick  the 
Great  was  confirmed  in  the  possession  of  Silesia. 

Dreux  (dre).  An  ancient  county  in  northern 
France,  west  of  Paris,  whose  chief  town  was. 
Dreux :  united  to  the  crown  1551. 

Dreux.  A  town  in  the  department  of  Eure-et- 
Loir,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Blaise  45  miles, 
west  of  Paris :  the  Roman  Durocassis  or  Droese.. 
It  contains  a  ruined  castle,  hdtel  de  ville.  Church  of  St.. 
Pierre,  and  the  Chapelle  Soyale  (the  burial-place  of  the^ 
Orleans-  family).  The  chapel  was  completed  by  Louis. 
Philippe.  It  consists  of  a  dome  80  feet  high  and  43  in 
diameter,  surrounded  by  an  elaborately  pinnacled  and. 
traceried  screen  in  the  Pointed  style.  Tlie  interior  dis- 
plays superb  glass  and  magnificent  tombs,  with  statues  by 
the  best  sculptors  of  the  century.  It  was  formerly  the 
capital  of  the  county  of  Dreux.  It  was  besieged  and  taken, 
by  Henry  IV.  in  1693,  and  was  taken  by  the  Germans  Nov., 
1870.    Population  (1891),  commune,  9,364. 

Dreux,  Battle  of.  Dee.  19, 1562,  Montmorency- 
with  about  15,00()  men  defeated  an  equal  num- 
ber of  Huguenots  under  Cond6,  who  was  taken 
prisoner. 

Dre'W  (dru),  Daniel.  Bom  at  Carmel,  N.  Y. ,  in 
1788:  died  at  New  York,  Sept.  19,  1879.  An 
American  capitalist.  Hegavelargesumsto Methodist 
schools  and  colleges,  and  founded  the  Drew  Ladies'  Sem- 
inary at  Carmel,  and  the  Drew  Theological  Seminary  at 
Madison,  N.  J.  (1866).  The  latter  has  135  students,  8  in- 
structors, and  a  library  of  30,000  volumes. 

Drew,  John.  Born  at  Dublin,  Sept.  3,  1825: 
died  at  Philadelphia,,  May  21,  1862.  An  Irish- 
American  comedian.  He  made  his  fh-st  appearance 
in  1845  in  New  York,  and  in  1862  in  Philadelphia,  where 
he  became  a  great  favorita.  In  1863  he  became  (with  Wil- 
liam Wheatley)  manager  of  the  Arch  Street  Theater.  He 
played  in  England  in  1855,  in  California  in  1868,  in  Ausbra/- 
lia  in  1859,  and  made  his  last  appearance  in  1862. 

Drew,  John.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  1853.  An 
American  comedian,  son  of  John  Drew  (1825- 
1862).     He  is  successful  in  light  comedy. 

Drew,  Mrs.  (Louisa  Lane).  Bom  at  London, 
Jan.  10, 1820 :  died  at  Larchmont,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  31, 
1897.  The  wife  of  John  Drew  (1825-62).  She 
married  Henry  Hunt,  a  singer,  in  1836,  and  after  sepaiat- 
ing  from  him  married  George  MosBop,  an  Irish  actor,  wh* 
died  in  1849.    In  1860  she  sianied.  Jiohu,  Drew.    Slie  went 


Drew,  Mis. 

on  the  stage  very  young,  came  to  America  in  1828,  and  acted 
in  all  the  important  cities  in  the  country.  Inl861she  became 
sole  manager  of  the  Arch  Street  Theater  in  Philadelphia, 
Drew,  Samuel,  Bom  at  St.  Austell,  Cornwall, 
England,  March  3, 1765 :  died  at  Helston,  Com- 
■wall,  March  29,  1833.  An  English  Methodist 
clergyman  and  theologian.  He  wrote  "Essay  on 
the  Immateriality  and  Immortality  ol  the  Soul"  (1802), 
"  Essay  on  the  Identity  and  General  Besnrrectlon  of  the 
Body  "  (1809). 

Drexel  (dreks'el),  Anthony  Joseph.  Bom  at 
Philadelphia,  ]£*a.,  ia  1826:, died  at  Karlsbad, 
June  30,  1893.  An  American  banker,  son  oi 
Francis  Martin  Drexel.  He  founded  the  Drexel 
Institute  of  Art,  Science,  and  Industry  in  Philadelphia 
(1891). 

Drexel,  Francis  Martin.  Bom  at  Dombirn, 
Austrian  Tyrol,  April  7, 1792 :  died  June  5, 1863. 
A  banker.  He  founded  the  banking  house  of 
Drexel  and  Co.  at  Philadelphia  (1837). 

Dreyfus  (dra-flis'),  Alfred.  A  captain,  of  Jew- 
ish descent,  in  the  French  army.  He  was  con- 
victed (by  a  secret  military  tribunal)  in  1894  of  having 
divulged  state  secrets  to  a  foreign  power,  and  was  sen- 
tenced to  penal  servitude  for  life.  He  was  imprisoned  on 
Devil's  Island^  French  Quiana.  The  efforts  to  obtain  a 
revision  of  his  case  involved  men  prominent  in  all 
branches  of  the  government  service  and  agitated  France 
for  years.  He  was  accorded  a  second  trial  at  Bennes, 
Aug.  7-Sept.  9, 1899,  and  was  recondemiied  and  sentenced 
to  ten  years'  imprisonment,  but  was  pardoned. 

Dreyschock  (dri'shok),  Alexander.  Bom  at 
Zaok,  Bohemia,  Oct.  15,  1818 :  died  at  Venice, 
April  3, 1869.  A  pianist  and  composer,  profes- 
sor (from  1862)  of  the  pianoforte  at  the  con- 
servatory of  St.  Petersburg,  director  of  the 
imperial  school  of  theatrical  music,  and  court 
pianist. 

Dreyse  (dri'ze),  Johann  Nikolaus  von.  Bom 
at  SBmmerda.  Prussia,  Nov.  20, 1787 :  died  Deo. 
9,  1867.  A  (jerman  mechanician,  inventor  of 
the  muzzle-loading  needle-gun  (1827),  and  of  the 
breech-loader  (1836). 

Dribnrg  (dre'bijro).  A  watering-place  in  the 
province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  11  miles  east 
of  Paderboru. 

Driffield  (drif  eld),  or  Great  Driffield.  A  town 
in  Yorkshire,  England,  18  mUes  north  of  Hull. 
Population  (1891),  5,703. 

Driu  (dren).  A  river  in  Turkey  which  flows 
through  northern  Albania,  and  empties  into 
the  Adriatic  near  Alessio.  Length,  about  200 
■    miles. 

Drina  (dre'nS,).  A  river  which  rises  in  Monte- 
negro, flows  through  Bosnia  and  along  the 
Ser-yian-Bosnian  frontier,  and  joins  the  Save  at 
the  frontier  of  Servia,  Bosnia,  and  Slavonia. 
Length,  about  300  miles. 

Drisheen  City.  A  name  popularly  given  to  the 
city  of  Cork.  A  drisheen  is  an  article  of  food  made  of 
the  serum  of  the  blood  of  sheep  mixed  with  milk  and 
seasoned  with  pepper,  salt,  and  tansy.     Wheeler. 

Drogheda  (droch'e-da).  ['  The  bridge  over  the 
ford.']  A  seaport  iii  Leinster,  Ireland,  situ- 
ated on  the  Boyne  26  miles  north  of  Dublin. 
It  forma  with  the  surrounding  district  (9  square  miles)  a 
county.  "  Poynings's  law  "  (see  Drogheda,  Statute  of)  was 
passed  here  in  1494.  The  town  was  defended  against 
O'Neill  1641-42 ;  was  stormed  by  Cromwell  and  the  garrison 
massacred  Sept.,  1649;  and  surrendered  to  William  III. 
after  the  battle  of  the  Boyne  (which  see),  1690.  Population 
(1891),  11,873. 

Drogheda,  Statute  of.  A  statute  passed  by  the 
parliament  of  Drogheda,  Sept.  13,  1494,  com- 
monly called  Poynings's  Act  (or  Law),  from  the 
name  of  its  author,  the  lord  deputy  of  Ireland, 
Sir  Edward  Poynings.  it  enacted  that  no  Irish  par- 
liament should  be  held  without  the  consent  of  the  King  of 
England,  and  that  no  bill  could  be  brought  forward  in  an 
Irish  parliament  without  his  approval.  It  was  repealed 
in  1782. 

Drogio  (dro'ji-o).  A  name  given  by  Antonio 
Zeno  to  an  imaginary  country  said  to  be  south 
and  west  of  Bstotiland.  It  was  of  vast  extent,  and 
has  been  thought  to  include  Nova  Scotia  and  New  England. 

Drohobycz  (dro'ho-biich).  A  town  in  Galicia, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  in  lat.  49°  23'  N., 
long  23°  28'  E.  It  has  considerable  trade 
and  salt-works,     Population  (1890),  commune, 

17,916.  .    _ 

Droit-mch  (droit'ioh).  A  town  m  Worcester- 
shire, England,  6  miles  northeast  of  Worcester, 
famous  for  its  salt-springs.  Population  (1891), 
4,021. 

Drdme  ( drom).  A  department  of  France,  lymg 
between  Is6re  on  the  north,  IsSre  and  Hautes- 
Alpes  on  the  east,  Basses-Alpes  on  the  south- 
east, and  Vaueluse  on  the  south,  and  sepa- 
rated by  the  Eh6ne  from  ArdSche  on  the  west, 
its  chief  products  are  wine  and  silk.  Capital,  Valence. 
It  was  formed  from  portions  of  Dauphin^,  Provence,  and 
Comtat-Venaissin.  Area,  2,518  square  miles.  Popula, 
tion  (1891),  306,419. 

Dromio  of  Ephesus  and  Dromio  of  Syracuse. 


339 

In  Shakspere's  "Comedy  of  Errors," twin  bro- 
thers, servants  respectively  of  Antipholus  of 
Ephesus  and  Antipholus  of  Syracuse.  The  Dro- 
mio of  Ephesus  is  a  stupid  servant,  the  Dromio  of  Syra-/ 
cuse  a  witty  one.    See  Comedy  qf  Errors. 

Dromore  (dro'mor).  A  town  in  County  Down, 
Ireland,  on  the  Lagan  16  mUes  southwest  of 
Belfast.    It  has  a  cathedral. 

Drona  (dro'na).  ISkt.]  The  teacher  of  the  mil- 
itary art  to  the  Kaurava  and  Panda va  princes. 
In  the  great  war  of  the  Mahabharata  he  sided  with  the 
Kauravas,  and  after  the  death  of  Bhishma  became  their 
commander-in-chief. 

Drontheim.    See  Trondhjem. 

Drood,  Edwin.    See  Mystery  of  Edwin  Drood. 

Droste-HUlshoff,  Baroness  Annette  Elisa- 
beth von.  Born  at  HiUshofE,  near  Miinster, 
Prussia,  Jan.  10,  1797:  died  at  MSrsburg,  on 
Lake  Constance,  May  24,  1848.  A  (Jerman 
poet.  She  published  "Poems"  (1838,  etc.), 
"Das  ^eistliohe  Jahr"  (1852),  etc. 

Drottningholm  (drot'ning-holm).  ['Queen's 
Island.']  A  Swedish  royal  palace  near  Stock- 
holm, on  the  island  of  Lofo  in  Lake  Malar. 
It  was  built  for  Queen  Hedwig  Eleonora  (died  1715),  and 
was  improved  by  Oscar  I. 

Drouais  (dro-a'),  Jean  Germain.    Bom  at 

Paris,  Nov.  25,  1763:  died  at  Eome,  Feb.  13, 
1788.  A  French  historical  painter,  a  pupil  of 
Da-vid. 

Drouet  (drs-a'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom  at 
Saiute-Menehould,  Mame,  France,  Jan.  8, 1763 : 
died  at  M4con,  Prance,  April  11,  1824.  A 
French  revolutionist.  He  caused  the  arrest  of  Louis 
XVI.  at  Varennes  June  21,  1791,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  Convention  in  1792  and  of  the  Council  of  Five  Hun- 
dred in  1795. 

Drouet,  Jean  Baptiste,  Comte  d'Erlon.  Bom 
at  Rheims,  France,  July  29,  1765:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  25,  1844.  A  marshal  of  Prance, 
distinguished  in  the  Napoleonic  wars,  particu- 
larly at  Jena  1806,  and  Friedland  1807:  gov- 
ernor-general of  Algeria  1834-35. 

Drouyn  de  Lhuys  (dro-an'  de  lues'),  Edouard. 
Bom  at  Paris,  Nov.  19,  1805:  died  at  Paris, 
March  1, 1881.  A  French  diplomatist  and  pol- 
itician. He  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  Dec.  20, 
1848,- June  2, 1849;  Jan.  10-24, 1851;  July  28, 1852,- May 
3, 1856;  and  Oct.,  1862, -Sept.  1, 1866. 

Droysen  (droi'sen),  Johann  Gustav.     Bom 

at  Treptow,  Pomerania,  Prussia,  July  6,  1808 : 
died  at  Berlin,  June  19,  1884.  A  German  his- 
torian, professor  at  Berlin  from  1859.  His  works 
include  "Geschiohte  der  preussischen  Politik"  (1855-81), 
translations  of  ".^schylus"  (1832)  and  "Aristophanes" 
(1836),  "Geschichte  Alexanders  des  Orossen"  (1833), 
"Geschiohte  des  Hellenismus"  (1836-43),  etc. 

Droz  (dro),  Francois  Zavier  Joseph.    Bom 

at  Besan9on,  France,  Oct.  31,  1773:  died  at 
Paris,  Nov.  5,  1850.  A  French  moralist  and 
historian.  He  published  "  Histoire  du  r^gne  de  Louis 
XVI. "  (1839-42),  "De  la  philosophic  morale  "  (1823),  etc. 
Droz,  Gustave.  Bom  at  Paris,  June  9,  1832 : 
died  Oct.  31,  1895.  A  French  novelist.  His 
■works  include  "  Monsieur^  madame,  etb^b^  "(1866),  "Entre 
nous"  (1867),  "Lecahier  bleu  de  Mile.  Cibot"  (1867),  "Une 
femme  ggnante"  (1876),  "Tristesses  et  sourires"  (1884), 
"L'Enfant"  (1885),  etc. 

Droz,  Henri  Louis  Jacauet.  Bom  at  La  Chaux- 
de-Ponds,  Switzerland,  Oct.  13,  1752:  died  at 
Naples,  Nov.  18,  1791.  A  S-wiss  mechanician, 
son  of  Pierre  Jacquet  Droz. 

Droz,  Pierre  Jacquet.  Bom  at  La  Chaux-de- 
Fonds,  Switzerland,  July  28,  1721:  died  at 
Bienne,  Switzerland,  Nov.  28,  1790.  A  Swiss 
mechanician,  especially  noted  for  the  construc- 
tion of  a  ■writing  automaton. 

Druid  (dro'id).  Dr.  The  Welsh  tutor  of  Lord 
Abberville,in  Cumberland's  play '  'The  Fashion- 
able Lover." 

Druids  (dro'idz).  [Of  Old  Celtic  origin.]  1. 
The  priests  or  ministers  of  religion  among  the 
ancient  Celts  of  Gaul,  Britain,  and  Ireland. 
The  chief  seats  of  the  Druids  were  in  Wales,  Brittany, 
and  the  regions  around  the  modern  Dreux  and  Chartres 
in  France.  The  Druids  are  believed  to  have  possessed 
some  knowledge  of  geometry,  natural  philosophy,  etc. 
They  superintended  the  affairs  of  religion  and  morality, 
and  performed  the  office  of  judges.  The  oak  is  said  to 
have  represented  to  them  the  one  supreme  God,  and  the 
mistletoe  when  growing  upon  it  the  dependence  of  man 
upon  him ;  and  they  accordingly  held  these  in  the  high- 
est veneration,  oak-groves  being  their  places  of  worship. 
They  are  said  to  have  had  a  common  superior,  who  was 
elected  by  a  majority  of  votes  from  their  own  members, 
and  who  enjoyed  his  dignity  for  life.  The  Druids,  as  an 
order,  always  opposed  the  Komans,  but  were  ultimately 
exterminated  by  them.  . 

2.  The  members  of  a  society  called  the  United 
Ancient  Order  of  Druids,  founded  in  London, 
in  1781,  for  the  mutual  benefit  of  the  members, 
and  now  comprising  numerous  lodges,  called 
groves,  in  America,  Australia,  Germany,  and 
elsewhere. 


Druses 

Drumclog  (drum-klog'),  A  place  in  Lanark- 
shire, Sootkjid,  16  miles  south  by  east  of 
Glasgow.  Here,  June  1  (O.  S.),  1679,  the  Scot- 
tish Covenanters  defeated  the  Eoyalists. 

Drummer,  The,  or  the  Haunted  House.    A 

play  by  Addison.  It  was  first  played  in  March,  1716, 
and  not  known  to  be  Addison's  till  Steele  published  the 
fact,  after  the  author's  death.  Soran,  Eng.  Stage,  I.  231. 
Drummond  (drum'gnd),  James,  Eari  of  Perth. 
Bornin  1648:  diedat  St.Germain,France,March 
11, 1716.  A  Scottish  nobleman.  He  was  appointed 
chancellor  of  Scotland  by  Charles  II.  in  1684,  and  was  re. 
tained  in  office' on  the  accession  of  James  II.,  whose  chief 
agent  he  became  in  the  Boman  Catholic  administration 
of  Scotland.    He  was  banished  on  the  deposition  of  James. 

Drummond,  James,  Earl  of  Perth.  Bom  in 
1675 :  died  at  Paris  m  1720.  A  Scottish  noble- 
man, son  of  James  Drummond  (1648-1716),  earl 
of  Perth.  He  participated  in  the  Jacobite  rising  of 
1715-16  in  Scotland,  during  which  he  conducted  an  un- 
successful expedition  against  Edinburgh  Castle  and  led 
the  cavalry  at  the  battle  of  Sheriflmuir.  He  escaped 
from  Montrose  with  the  Pretender  in  1716. 

Drummond,  Henry.  Bom  Dec.  5,  1786:  died 
at  Albury,  Surrey,  Feb.  20,  1860.  An  English 
politician  and  general  'writer.  He  was  for  many 
years  partner  in  Drummond's  bank,  London;  was  member 
of  Parliament  for  Plympton  Earle,  Devon,  1810-13,  and  for 
■West  Surrey  from  1847  until  his  death ;  founded  the  pro- 
fessorship of  political  economy  at  Oxford  in  1826;  and  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Irvingite  Church,  in  which  he 
held  the  rank  of  apostle,  evangelist,  and  prophet.  Among 
his  works  are  "Condition  of  Agricultural  Classes  "  (1842) 
and  "  History  of  Noble  British  Families  "  0846). 

Drummond,  Henry.  Bom  at  Stirling,  Scot- 
land, 1851:  died  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  March 
11,  1897.  A  Scottish  clergyman  and  author. 
He  was  appointed  professor  of  natural  history  and  science 
m  the  Free  Church  College,  Glasgow,  in  1879.  He  has 
written  "  Natural  Law  in  the  Spiritual  World "  (1883). 
"Tropical  Africa "(1888),  etc. 

Drummond,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Edinburgh, 
Oct.  10,  1797 :  died  at  Dublin,  April  15,  1840. 
A  British  engineer,  inventor  of  the  Drummond 
light  (1825). 

Drummond,'William,  of  Ha'wthomden.  Bom 
at  Hawthomden,  near  Edinburgh,  Dee.  13, 
1585:  died  at  Hawthomden,  Dee.  4,  1649.  A 
Scottish  poet.  He  took  the  degree  of  M.  A.  at  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  in  1606.  and  studied  law  at 
Bourges  and  Paris  1607-08.  On  succeeding  his  father,  John 
Drummond,  as  laird  of  Hawthomden  In  1610,  he  retired 
to  hia  estate,  and  devoted  himself  to  literature  and  me- 
chanical experiments.  He  published  "  Tears  on  the  Death 
of  Meliades"  (1613X  "Poems "(1616),  "Notes  of  Ben  Jon- 
son's  Conversations,"  "Flowers  of  Zlon,"  and  "Cypress 
Grove  "  (1623). 

Drummond,  Sir  William,  Bom  in  Scotland 
about  1760:  died  at  Kome,  March  29, 1828.  A 
British  diplomatist  and  writer.  He  published 
"  Origines,  or  Remarks  on  the  Origin  of  several  Empires, 
States,  and  Cities"  (1824-29),  etc 

Drummond  Island.  The  westernmost  island 
of  the  Manitoulia  group  in  Lake  Huron.  It 
belongs  to  Chippewa  County,  Michigan. 

Drummond  Lake.  A  lake  ia  southeastern 
Virginia,  in  the  middle  of  the  Great  Dismal 
Swamp.  ' 

Drunken  Parliament,  The.  A  nickname  of 
the  Scottish  Parliament  which  met  in  1661. 

Drupada  (dro 'pa-da).  [Skt.]  The  King  of  Pan- 
chala,  father  of  Dtrishtadyumna  and  Krishna, 
called  Draupadi.  He  was  beheaded  on  the  fourteenth 
day  of  the  great  battle  by  Drona,  who  on  the  netb  day  was 
killed  by  Dhrlshtadyumna. 

Drury  (dro'ri)  Lane.  A  street  in  London,  near 
the  Strand,with  which  it  communicates  through 
Wych  street,  "it  is  one  of  the  great  arteries  of  the 
parish  of  St.  Clement  Danes,  an  aristocratic  part  of  Lon- 
don in  the  time  of  the  Stuarts.  It  takes  its  name  from 
Drury  House,  built  by  Sir  William  Drury  in  the  time  of 
Henry  VIII.    Near  the  entrance  of  Drui-y  Lane  from  the 

V  Strand,  on  the  left,  an  old  house,  now  a  Mission  House, 
still  exists,  which  stood  in  the  Lane  with  the  old  house  of 
the  Drurys',  before  the  street  was  built.  .  .  .  The  re- 
spectability of  Drury  Lane  began  to  wane  at  the  end  of 
the  seventeenth  century."    Hare,  London,  n.  94, 

Drury  Lane  Theatre.  One  of  the  principal 
theaters  of  London,  situated  on  Russell  street 
near  Drury  Lane,  it  was  opened  under  Killigrew's 
patent  1663 ;  rebuilt  by  Sir  Christopher  Wren  and  reopenecE 
in  1674 ;  and  reopened  1794  and  1812.   " 

brury's  Bluff  (dro'riz  bluf).  A  point  on  the 
James  River,  near  Fort  Darling,  8  miles  south 
of  Richmond,  Virginia.  Here,  May  16, 1864,  the  Con- 
federates under  Beauregard  repulsed  the  Federals  under 
Butler.  Loss  (May  12-16)  of  the  Federals,  3,012 ;  of  the 
Confederates,  ^600. 

Druses  (dro'zez).  [Turk.  X>r«;Sfi.]  Apeojjleand 
religious  sect  of  Syria,  living  chiefly  in  the 
mountain  regions  of  Lebanon  andAnti-Libanus 
and  the  district  of  Hauran.  The  only  name  they 
acknowledge  is  Unitarians  (MtmMdin) ;  that  by  which 
they' are  known  to  others  is  probably  from  Ismail  Darazi 
or  Durzi,  who  was  their  first  apostle  in  Syria.  They  are! 
fanatical  and  warlike,  and  have  had  bloody  conflicts  wltb 
their  neighbors  the  Alaronites. 


Drusilla 

Snisilla  (dro-sil'a).  l.  a  daughter  of  Ger- 
manicus  and  Agrippina,  and  sister  and  mistress 
of  Caligula.— 2.  The  daughter  of  Caligula  by 
his  wife  Csesonia.— 3.  A  daughter  of  Herod 
Agrippa  I.,  wife  first  of  Azizus,  king  of  Emesa, 
and  then  of  Felix,  procurator  of  Judea.  She 
is  mentioned  in  Acts  xxiv.  24. 

Drusilla,  Livia.  The  wife  of  Augustus  and 
mother  of  Tiberius. 

H^usius  (dr6's§-os),  Johannes  (Jan  van  der 
Dnescne).  Bom  at  Oudenarde,  Flanders, 
June  28,1550:  diedatFraneker,Friesland,Feb. 
12,  1616.    A  Butch  Orientalist  and  exegete. 

Drusus,  Arch  of.    See  Arch  ofDrusus. 

Prusus  (dro'sus)  Osesar.  Bom  about  10  B.  c: 
-died  23  A.  D.  Son  of  Tiberius  and  Vipsania.  He 
quelled  a  mutiny  of  the  legions  In  Pannonia  in  14 ;  was 
<consal  in  15 ;  was  appointed  governor  of  lUyricum  in  16 ; 
■was  consul  in  21 ;  and  in  22  was  invested  with  the  tribu- 
-Tucia  pote8la£,  whereby  he  was  declared  heir  apparent  to 
the  throne.  He  was  poisoned  by  the  favorite  Sejanus,  who 
aspired  to  the  succession, 

Drusus,  Marcus  Livius.  Died  probably  109  B.C. 
A  Boman  politician.  He  was  tribune  of  the  plebs  con- 
jointly with  Caius  Gracchus  in  122,  his  election  having  been 
procured  by  the  senate,  whose  members  were  alarmed  at 
the  democratic  innovations  of  the  latter.  In  collusion  with 
the  senate  he  opposed  his  veto  to  the  bills  brought  forward 
by  his  colleague,  and  introduced  Instead  bills  of  similar 
import,  but  making  more  extravagant  concessions,  which 
were  passed  by  the  senate.  He  was  consul  in  112,  and  while 
governor  of  Macedonia,  which  he  obtained  as  his  province, 
defeated  the  Thracian  Scordisci. 

Drusus,  Marcus  Livius.  Died  at  Kome,  91  b.  c. 
A  Koman  politician,  son  of  Marcus  Livius 
Drusus.  He  became  in  91  tribune  of  the  plebs,  whose 
favor  he  won  by  largesses  of  corn  and  by  the  introduction 
of  a  bill  providing  for  a  new  division  of  the  public  lands. 
This  bill,  together  with  another  which  restored  to  the 
-senate  the  places  on  the  juries  of  which  it  had  been  tie- 
prived  by  C.  Gracchus,  was  passed  by  the  comitiee,  but 
declared  null  and  void  by  the  senate.  He  was  assassinated 
as  he  was  about  to  bring  forward  a  proposal  to  bestow  the 
citizenship  on  the  Italians.  His  death  gave  the  signal  for 
the  outbreak  of  the  Social  War. 

IDrusus,  Nero  Claudius.  Bom  38  b.  c.  :  died 
in  Grermany,  9  B.  C.  A  Koman  general,  brother 
of  Tiberius.  He  was  the  son  of  Llvia  by  Tiberius  Clau- 
dius Nero,  and  was  born  shortly  after  the  marriage  of  his 
mother  with  the  emperor  Augustus.  He  was  adopted,  to- 
gether with  his  brother  Tiberius,  by  the  emperor ;  and  at 
An  early  age  married  Antonia,  the  daughter  of  Marcus 
Antonius.  He  subdued  a  revolt  in  Gaul  in  13,  and,  start- 
ing in  12  from  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  undertook  f our 
•campaigns  in  Germany  proper,  in  the  course  of  which  he 
fled  the  Aoman  armies  to  the  Weser  and  the  Elbe.  He  died 
on  the  way  back,  in  consequence  of  a  fall  from  his  horse. 

Dryander  (drfi-an'der),  Jonas.  Bom  in  Swe- 
den, 1748:  died  at  London,  Oct.  19,  1810.  A 
Swedish  botanist.  He  catalogued  the  library  of 
Sir  Joseph  Banks  1796-1800.    He  was  also  U- 

'  brarian  to  the  Eoyal  Society. 

Dryasdust  (dri'as-dust),  Rev.  Dr.  A  prosy 
person  who  is  supposed  to  write  the  introduc- 
tory letters  to  several  of  Scott's  novels.  He  also 
writes  the  conclusion  to  "  Redgauntlet."  The  name  was 
used  by  Carlyle  as  a  synonym  for  dreary  platitude  (espe- 
cially in  historical  writing). 

Drybob  (dri'bob).  In  Thomas  ShadweU's  com- 
edy "  TheHumourists,"  a  fantastic  coxcomb  and 
would-be  wit. 

3)ryburgh  (dri'bur-o)  Abbey.  A  highly  pic- 
turesque ruin  4  miles  southeast  of  Melrose, 
Scotland,  whose  fragments  exhibit  excellent 
i^^orman  and  Early  English  architectural  de- 
tails. In  the  south  aisle  is  the  tomb  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott. 

Dryden  (dri'deni,  John.  Bom  at  the  vicarage 
of  Aldwinkle"  All  Saints,  Northamptonshire, 
England,  Aug.  9  (?),  1631:  died  at  London,  May 
1,  1700.  A  celebrated  English  poet  and  dram- 
atist. He  was  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  1660.  In  1663  he  married  Lady  Elizabeth  How- 
ard, the  sister  of  his  friend  Sir  Robert  Howard.  Original- 
ly a  Parliamentarian,  he  went  over  to  the  Royalist  side, 
and  was  poet  laureate  and  historiographer  royal  1670-88. 
In  1679  he  had  a  quarrel  with  Rochester,  which  caused 
lim  to  be  cudgeled  in  the  street  by  masked  bravos.  The 
unsettled  state  of  public  feeling  after  the  Popish  plot, 
which  induced  him  to  write  his  series  of  satires  (of  which 
"Absalom  and  Achitophel"  was  the  first),  brought  down 
upon  him  a  storm  of  libels.  He  was  converted  to  Roman 
'Catholicism  in  1686,  but  his  sincerity  has  been  impugned. 
■  His  critical  writings  were  numerous  and  on  various  sub- 
jects. He  wrote  many  prologues,  epilogues,  and  dedica- 
tions, and  after  his  conversion  to  Roman  Catholicism  em- 
ployed his  pen  in  defense  of  his  faith.  His  chief  poems 
are  "  Heroic  Stanzas "  on  the  death  of  CromweU  (1668), 
"A3tr8eaRedux,"celebratingtheRestoration(1660),"Annus 
]llirabilis"(1867),  "Absalom  and  Achitophel " (1681 :  the 
.second  part  with  Tate,  1682),  "The  Medal"  (1682),  "Mac- 
Flecknoe"  (1682),  "Religio  Laici"  (1682),  "The  Hmd  and 


manzor   and   Almahide,  or  the  Conquest  of  Granada, 
"Aurengzebe,"  "All  for  Love,"  "Secret  love,  or  The  Maid- 
en Queen,"  "Sir  Martin  Mar-all,"  "  Don  Sebastian,"  "An 
Evening's  Love,  or  The  Mock  Astrologer,"  "  Marriage  k  la 
iMode,"  "The  Kind  Keeper,"  "Amboyna,"  "The  Spanish 


340 

Friar,"  "  Tyrannic  Love,"  and  others.  His  life  is  in  John- 
son's "  Lives  of  the  Poets."  His  works  wers  edited  by  Scott 
in  18  volumes  (1808). 

Dryfesdale  (drifz'dal),  Jasper.  In  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott's  novel  "The  Abbot,"  the  revenge- 
ful old  steward  at  Lochleven  Castle,  who  en- 
deavors to  poison  Queen  Mary  and  her  atten- 
dants. 

Dryope  (dri'o-pe).  [Gr.  ApuiSm?.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  shepherdess,  daughter  of  Dryops 
or  of  Eurytus.  She  was  the  playmate  of  the  Hama- 
dryads, and  was  changed  by  them  into  a  poplar.  By 
Apollo  she  was  the  mother  of  Amphissus. 

Dry  Tortugas  (dri  t6r-t6'gaz).  A  group  of  coral 
keys  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,about  lat.  24°  36'  N., 
long.  82°  54'  W.,  included  in  Monroe  County, 
Florida.  A  penal  station  was  established  on 
one  of  them,  at  Fort  Jefferson,  during  the  Civil 
War. 

Dualla  (de-al'a).  The  principal  tribe,  of  Bantu 
stock,  in  the  German  Kamerun,  West  Africa. 
Formerly  slave-dealers,  the  Dualla  are  still  given  to  trade, 
acting  as  middlemen  between  the  whites  on  the  coast  and 
the  natives  of  the  interior.  Owing  to  missionary  efforts 
there  are  several  native  churches ;  many  natives  can  read, 
and  a  few  have  acquired  wealth.  They  are  ruled  by  petty 
chiefs,  and  subj  ect  to  the  German  governor.  The  Ba-sa  and 
Ba-kume  are  neighbors  of  the  Dualla  in  the  Kamerun. 
See  Ka/merun. 

Dnane  (do-an'),  William.  Bom  near  Lake 
Champlain,  N.  Y.,  1760 :  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Nov.24,1835.  An  Americanjournalist  and  politi- 
cian. He  was  educated  in  Ireland,  and  lived  a  number  of 
yearsin  India  and  England.  He  returned  to  America  in  1795, 
andfrom  1798-1822  was  editor  of  the  "Aurora,"  published 
at  Philadelphia,  which  under  his  management  became 
the  leading  newspaper  of  the  Democratic  party.  He  pub- 
lished "A  Military  Dictionary  "  (1810),  "A  Visit  to  Colum- 
bia" (1826 :  the  record  of  a  trip  to  South  America  in  1822- 
1823X  etc. 

Duane,  William  John.  Bom  at  Clonmel,  Ire- 
land, May  9,  1780  :  died  at  Philadelphia,  Sept. 
26,  1865.  An  American  lawyer  and  politician, 
son  of  William  Duane.  He  was  appointed  secretary 
of  the  treasury  by  President  Jackson  in  1883,  but  was  dis- 
missed in  the  same  year  for  refusing  to  remove  the  gov- 
ernment deposits  from  the  United  States  Bank  without 
authority  from  Congress. 

Duarte  (dH-ar'te).  A  brave  but  vainglorious 
man  in  Fleteher_and  Massinger's  "Custom  of 
the  Country."  Cibber  introduces  him  in  a  somewhat 
modified  form  in  his  "Love  makes  a  Man,"  taken  from  the 
former  play. 

Duarte  Coelho.    See  Coelho. 

Duban  (dii-boh'),  JacOLUes  F61ix.  Born  at  Pa- 
ris, Oct.  14,  1797:  died  at  Bordeaux,  France, 
Dec.  20,  1870.  A  French  architect.  From 
1848-54  he  was  architect  of  the  Louvre. 

Du  Barry.    See  Barry. 

Du  Bartas.     See  Bartas. 

Du  Baudrier  (dil  bo-dre-a'),  Sieur.  A  pseudo- 
nym of  Swift  in  "  A  New  Journey  to  Paris  " 
(1711). 

Dubbhe,  or  Dubhe  (dSb'he).  [Ar.  duth,  a  bear.] 
The  bright  second-magnitude  star  a  TJrssB  Ma- 
joris,  the  northern  one  of  the  "  two  pointers  " 
in  the  constellation. 

Du  Bellay.     See  Bellay. 

Dublin  (dub'lin).  [Ir.  Dubli-linn,  blaek-^ool, 
orig.  the  name  of  that  part  of  the  river  LifEey 
on  which  the  city  now  stands.]  1.  A  maritime 
county  in  Leinster,  Ireland,  bounded  by  the 
Irish  Sea  on  the  east,  Wicklow  on  the  south, 
Meath  and  Kildare  on  the  west,  and  Meath  on 
the  northwest.  Area,  354  square  mUes.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  419,216.-3.  The  capital  of  Ire- 
land, situated  on  the  LifEey  at  its  entrance  into 
Dublin  Bay,  in  lat.  (of  observatory)  53°  23'  N., 
long.  6°  20'  W.  It  has  a  large  trade  ;  its  chief  manu- 
factures are  porter,  whisky,  and  poplin.  It  contains  Dublin 
Castle,  Trinity  College,  a  Roman  Catholic  University,  the 
Bank  of  Ireland  (formerly  the  Parliament  House),  the  Cus- 
tom House,  Phoenix  Park,  and  the  Four  Courts.  It  was 
probably  the  Eblana  of  Ptolemy.  It  was  seized  by  the 
Danes  In  the  9th  century,  and  was  taken  by  Strongbow  in 
1170.  Its  castle  was  commenced  in  1205.  A  massacre  of 
the  English  residents  occurred  oa  Black  Monday  in  1207. 
The  city  was  occupied  by  William  III.  in  1689.  It  was  the 
scene  of  a  conspiracy  in  1798,  of  Emmet's  insurrection 
in  1803,  and  of  the  Phoenix  Park  political  assassinations 
(see  Cavendish,  Lord  Frederick),  May  6, 1882.  Population 
(1901),  290,638;  with  suburbs,  373,179. 

Dublin,  University  of.    See  Trinity  College. 

Dublin  Bay.  Aninletofthe  Irish  Sea.  Length, 
about  8  miles. 

Dublin  Castle.  An  ancient  fortification  of  the 
13th  century,  in  the  city  of  Dublin.  It  is  now 
restored,  and  is  the  residence  of  the  viceroy. 

Dilbner  (diib'ner),  Friedrich.  Born  at  Hor- 
selgau,  near  Gotha,  Germany,  Deo.  20,  1802: 
died  at  Paris,  Oct.  13, 1867.  A  German  classi- 
cal philologist  and  critic.  He  was  professor  at  the 
gymnasium  in  Gotha  1826-31,  and  in  1832  went  to  Paris 
to  take  part  in  the  editing  of  Stephanus's  "  Thesaurus  lin- 
guee  Gnecse." 


Dubuisson 

Dubno  (d6b.'n6).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Volhynla,  Russia,  in  lat.  50°  25'  N.,  long.  25° 
47'  E.    Population,  7,482. 

Dubois  (dii-bwa'),  Baron  Antoine.  Bom  at 
Gramat,  Lot,  France,  1756:  died  at  Paris, 
March,  1837.  A  French  surgeon,  noted  as  an 
obstetrician.  He  accompanied  Napoleon  in 
the  Egyptian  campaign. 

Dubois,  Guillaume.  Bom  at  Brives-la-Gail- 
larde,  Corrfize,  France,  Sept.  6,  1656:  died  at 
Versailles,  France,  Aug.  10,  1723.  A  French 
cardinal  and  statesman.  He  was  councilor  of  state 
in  1715 ;  negotiated  the  triple  alliance  between  England, 
France,  and  Holland  in  1717 ;  and  was  prime  minister  in 
1722. 

Dubois,  Jacques,  Latinized  Sylvius.    Bom  at 

Amiens,  1478 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  13,  1555.  A 
French  physician,  professor  of  medicine  at  the 
Eoyal  College  (now  CoUSge  de  France).  His 
collected  works  were  published  in  1530. 
Dubois,  Jean  Antoine.  Bom  at  St.  Eamfeze, 
ArdSche,  France,  1765 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  7, 
1848.  A  French  missionary.  He  published  a  "De- 
scription  of  the  Character,  etc.,  of  the  People  of  India, 
etc."  (London,  1816),  "Pantehatantra,  on  les  cinq  ruses, 
fables  de  Wichnou-Sarma,  etc."  (1828). 

Dubois,  John.  Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  24,  1764: 
died  Dec.  20, 1842.  A  French- American  bishop 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  He  founded 
Mount  St.  Mary's  College,  Emmettsburg,  Mary- 
land, in  1809. 

Dubois,  Paul.  Bom  at  Nogent-sur-Seine, 
France,  July  18,  1829.  A  noted  French  sculp- 
tor. At  eight  years  of  age  he  entered  the  College  Louis- 
le-Grand  in  Paris.  After  leaving  college  he  took  up  the 
study  of  law,  which  he  abandoned  later  for  scnlptnre,  en- 
tering (1856)  the  studio  of  Toussaint.  In  1B59  he  went  to 
Rome.  In  1864  he  exhibited  a  bronze  statue  of  the  young 
John  the  Baptist.  His  most  noted  works  are  the  sculp- 
tures on  the  tomb  of  General  Lamorici^re  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  !N'antes.    He  is  also  a  successful  painter. 

Dubois,  Paul  Antoine.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dec 
7,  1795:  died  at  Paris,  Dec,  1871.  A  French 
obstetrician,  son  of  Antoine  Dubois. 

Du  Boisgobey.    See  Boisgdbey. 

Du  Bois-Beymond  (dii  bwa^-ra-mdn'),  £mil. 
Bom  at  Berlin,  Nov.  7,  1818:  died  there,  Dec 
26,  1896.  A  noted  German  physiolo^st.  He 
became  professor  of  physiology  in  the  University  of  Ber- 
lin in  1855,  and  in  1867  was  elected  perpetual  secretary 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Berlin.  He  is  best  known 
from  his  researches  and  discoveries  in  animal  electricity 
and  the  functions  of  the  nerves.  His  works  include  "Ud- 
tersuchungen  iiber  tierische  Elektricit&t"  (1848-60),  *  Ge- 
sammelte  Abhandlungen  zur  allgemeineu  Muskel-  und 
Nervenphysik  "  (1876-77),  etc. 

Dubos  (dii-bo'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom  at  Beau- 
vais,  France,  Dec,  1670:  died  at  Paris,  March 
23, 1742.  A  French  critic,  historian,  and  diplo- 
mat. His  works  include  "Reflexions  critiques  sur  la 
po^sie  et  lapeinture"  (1719),"HistoiTe  critique  de  I'^tab- 
lissement  de  la  monarchic  fran^aise  dans  les  Gaules" 
(1734),  etc. 

Dubosc  (dii-bosk').  In  "  The  Lyons  Mail"  (for- 
merly Stirling's  "The  Courier  of  Lyons"),  a 
brutal  highwayman  who  murders  the  courier 
and  robs  the  mail.  His  extraordinary  likeness  to 
the  mild  and  noble-minded  Lesurques  causes  the  latter  to 
he  arrested  for  the  crime.  Henry  Irving  has  been  success- 
ful in  the  dual  part,  playing  both  characters. 

Dubossary  (dS-bos-sa'ri).  A  tovm  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Kherson,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Dniester  in  lat.  47°  17'  N.,  long.  29°  10'  E.  Popu- 
lation, 9,697. 

Dubovka  (dS-bof'ka).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  SaratofE,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Volga 
in  lat.  49°  15'  N.,  long.  44°  50'  E.  Population, 
14  543. 

Dubray  (du-bra'),  Vital  Gabriel.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Feb.  27,  1818:  died  there,  Oct.  4,  1892. 
A  French  sculptor,  a  pupil  of  Ramey.  His  best- 
known  works  are  16  reliefs  in  bronze  for  the  memorial  to 
Joan  of  Arc  at  Orleans,  and  portraits  of  Napoleon  III., 
Josephine,  and  others. 

Dubs  (dobz),  Jakob.  Bom  at  AfEoltem,  near 
Zurich,  Switzerland,  July  26,  1822:  died  at 
Lausanne,  Switzerland,  Jan.  13, 1879.  A  Swiss 
statesman  and  jurist,  president  of  the  confed- 
eration in  1864. 

Dubufe  (du-biif'),  Claude  Marie.  Bom  at 
Paris  about  1790:  died  at  Paris,  April  21, 
1864.     A.  French  painter. 

Dubufe,  Edouard.  Bom  at  Paris,  March  30, 
1820:  died  at  Versailles,  Aug.  11,  1883.  A 
French  historical  and  portrait  painter,  son  of 
Claude  Marie  Dubufe.  •  He  was  a  pupil  of  his 
father  and  of  Delaroche. 

Dubufe,  Edouard  Marie  Gnillaume.  Born 
at  Paris,  May  16, 1853.  A  French  painter,  son 
of  i^douard  Dubufe. 

Dubuisson  (dii-biie-s6h'),  Paul  Ulrich.  Bom 
at  Laval,  France,  1746:  guillotined  at  Paris, 


Dubuisson 
March  23,  1794.  A  French  dramatist  of  infer- 
ior merit.  He  was  a  violent  revolutionist,  a 
follower  of  H6bert,  whose  fortunes  he  shared. 
Dubuque  (dS-buk').  The  county-seat  of  Du- 
buque  County,  Iowa,  situated  on  the  Missis- 
sippi in  lat.  42°  29'  N.,  long.  90°  44'  W.  it  is 
the  center  of  a  lead  dietrict,  and  an  important  commer- 
cial city,  with  a  large  trade  in  lumber  and  grain.  It  is 
the  oldest  place  in  the  State  (settled  1833).  Population 
(1900),  36,297. 

Due  (diik),  Joseph  Louis.  Born  at  Paris,  Oct. 
25,  1802:  died  Jan.  22,  1879.  A  French  archi- 
tect. His  chief  work  is  the  Palace  of  Justice 
in  Paris. 

Ducamp,  or  Du  Camp  (dii-kon'),  Maxime. 
Bom  at  Paris,  Feb.  8, 1822:  died  there,  Feb.  9, 
1894.  A  French  author,  joumalist,  traveler,  and 
artist.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  "Eevue  de  Paris  " 
(1851 :  suppressed  in  1868),  and  has  been  a  contributor  to 
the  "  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes. "  His  chief  work  is  *'  Paris : 
ses  organes,  ses  f  onctions,  sa  vie  "  (1869-76). 

Du  Oange  (dU  konzh'),  or  Ducange,  Sieur 
(Charles  du  Fresne  or  Dufresne).  Born  at 
Amiens,  France.  Deo.  18,  1610:  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  23,  1688.  A  noted  French  philologist  and 
historian.  He  published  "GHossai'ium  ad  scriptores 
mediee  et  infimse  latinitatis  "  (1678),  "  Glossarium  ad  scrip- 
tores  mediae  et  infimse  grsecitatis"  (1688),  "Histoire  de 
I'empire  de  Constantinople  sous  les  empereurs  fransais" 
(1657),  "  Historia  Byzantina  "  (1680),  etc. 

Ducange,  Victor  Henri  Josepli  Brahain.  Bom 

at  The  Hague,  Nov.  24,  1783:  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  15, 1833.  A  French  novelist  and  dramatist. 
His  works  include  "Agathe"  (1819),  "  Valentine  "  (1821 : 
an  attack  on  the  Boyslists  which  brought  a  six  months' 
imprisonment),  "  L^onide  "  (1823),  "  Marc  Loricot "  (1832), 
etc.    He  was  several  times  imprisoned. 

Ducarel  (dli-ka-rel'),  Aiidr6  Ooltee.  Bom  in 
Normandy,  France,  about  17l3:  died  at  Lon- 
don, May  29,  1785.  An  English  antiquarian. 
His  chief  work  is  "Anglo-Norman  Antiquities" 
(1754^67). 

Ducas  (do'kas),  Michael.  Lived  in  the  second 
half  of  the  15th  century.  A  Byzantine  his- 
torian. He  wrote  a  history  of  the  Byzantine  empire  for 
the  period  1841-1462  (first  printed  at  Paris  in  1649). 

Ducasse  (dii-kas'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at 
Bern  about  1640:  died  in  France,  July,  1715. 
A  French  naval  commander,  in  1691  he  was  made 
governor  of  the  French  colony  in  Santo  Domingo.  He 
attacked  and  laid  waste  the  English  settlements  in  Jamaica 
in  1694.  His  own  colony  was  ravaged  by  the  English  in 
1695,  and  in  1697  he  commanded  the  land  forces  in  the  ex- 
pedition which  sailed  from  Santo  Domingo  and  took  Car- 
tagena. In  Aug.,  1702,  he  fought  with  the  English  fleet  of 
Benbow  for  four  days,  Benbow  finally  retiring.  He  served 
in  Spain  during  the  War  of  Succession,  and  commanded 
the  naval  forces  in  the  attack  on  Barcelona  in  1714. 

Du  Casse,  Pierre  Emmanuel  Albert,  Baron. 
Born  atBourges,  1813:  died  at  Paris,  March  15, 
1893.  A  French  soldier  and  military  writer. 
He  was  placed  on  the  general  staff  in  1854,  and  for  a  time 
was  adjutant  to  Prince  J6r6me  Napoleon.  He  has  pub- 
lished numerous  works  on  military  affairs  and  on  French 
military  history. 

Ducato  (do-ka'to).  Cape.  A  cape  at  the  south- 
em  extremity  of  Santa  Maura,  Ionian  Islands, 
Greece. 

Duccio  di  Buoninsegna  (do'cho  de  bw6n-en- 
sen'ya).  A  Sienese  painter.  He  is  first  beard  of  in 
1282,  and  was  then  a  master  in  Siena.  His  famous  altar- 
piece  in  the  cathedral  of  Siena  was  begun  in  1308,  and  on 
its  completion  was  conveyed,  like  the  Eucellai  Madonna  of 
Cimabue,  from  the  workshop  to  the  church  in  solemn  pro- 
cession to  the  sound  of  bell  and  drum.  He  adheres  to  the 
Byzantine  types  and  motives,  but  enriches  them  by  more 
pleasing  proportions  and  better  executed  hands  and  feet. 

Du  Ghaillu  (dii  oha-yu'),  Paul  Belloni.    Bom 

at  Paris,  July  31, 1835 :  died  at  St.  Petersburg, 
April  30,  1903.  An  African  explorer,  son  of  a 
French  trader  of  Gabun,  West  Africa,  in  issi, 
when  quite  young,  he  made  some  exploratory  tours  around 
his  father's  trading  factory,  and  became  acquainted  with 
the  customs  of  the  Mpongwe.  In  1866  he  came  to  America, 
which  he  made  his  home.  Under  the  auspices  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  he  undertook  a 
botanic  and  zodlogic  exploration  of  the  Ogowe  basin.  This 
he  continued  successfully  for  four  years.  His  accounts  of 
the  gorillas  and  Oboiigo  dwarfs  were  contradicted  by  Gray 
and  Barth,  but  later  explorations  have  confirmed  them. 
In  1861  he  published  his  "  Explorations  and  Adventures 
in  Equatorial  Africa."  In  1863  he  started  on  a  second  ex- 
ploration^ he  visited  the  Ngunye  Palls  and  Ashango-land, 
and  returned  in  1866.  His  principal  works  are  "A  Journey 
to  Ashango-land"  (1867),  "My  Apingi  Kngdom  (1870), 
"  The  Country  of  tlie  Dwarfs  "  (1872),  The  Land  of  the 
Midnight  Sun  "  (1881) .  This  last  book  was  the  result  of 
a  several  years'  stay  in  Sweden  and  Lapland. 

Du  Oiatelet  (dii  chat-lS'),  Marquise  (Gabri- 
elle  Emilie  le  Tonnelier  de  Breteuil).  Bom 
at  Paris,  Dec.  17,  1706:  died  at  Lun6ville, 
France,  Aug.  10,  1749.  A  French  author  and 
scholar,  mistress  of  Voltaire. 

Duchesne  (dfi-shan'),  Aa6i6.  Bom  at  Ile-Bou- 
chard,  Touraine,  France,  1584:  died  May  30, 
1640.  A  noted  French  historian.  He  published 
numerous  works,  among  them  "  Historise  Francorum  scrip- 
tores  "(1636-49),  "HistoriBB  Normannorum  sonptores  an- 
tiqui"  (1819),  etc. 


341 

Duchesne,  Jean  Baptiste  Joseph.    Bom  at 

Gisors,  Euro,  France,  Dec.  8,  1770:  died  at 
Gisors,  March  25, 1856.  A  French  enamel  and 
miniature  painter. 

Duchesne JP6re.    See  HSbert,  Jacques  Rene. 

Duchess,  The.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs.  Mar- 
garet Argles  Hungerford. 

Duchess  of  Devonshire.  1.  A  portrait  by  Sir 
J.oshua  Reynolds,  at  Althorp  Park,  England. 
The  figure  is  shown  in  full  length,  wearing  a  plumed 
turban,  and  about  to  descend  a  flight  of  steps. 
8.  A  noted  portrait  by  Gainsborough,  stolen 
from  Agnew's  galleries,  London,  in  1876,  and 
recovered  in  1901.  The  duchess  is  represented  stand- 
ing in  a  garden  walk,  and  wearing  a  broad-brimmed 
plumed  hat. 

Duchess  of  Malfi,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Webster, 
played  about  1612,  printed  in  1623.  There  is  a 
dramatic  version  of  the  story  among  Lope  de  Vega's  works, 
and  it  forms  the  subject  of  one  of  Bandello's  "Novelle." 
It  is  Webster's  most  popular  play,  the  one  oftenest  read, 
and  the  most  original.  The  crime  for  wliich  the  duchess  is 
reduced  by  her  family  to  insanity  and  death  is  her  secret 
marriage  with  her  steward  whom  she  loved. 

This  refinement  of  a  noble  mind  by  suffering  is  the  key- 
note to  the  Duchess  of  MaXfy,  and  the  wretchedness  that 
comes  upon  her  only  illuminates  and  purifies  her  lovely 
character.  ...  In  Webster's  version  the  Duchess  is  ijre- 
sented  before  us  as  a  woman  of  supreme  rank  and  high 
spirit,  whose  power  of  mind  and  healthiness  of  purpose 
have  kept  her  uncontaminated  by  the  frivolous  conven- 
tionality of  a  court  life.  She  dares  to  act  for  herself ; 
though  a  sovereign,  she  does  not  forget  she  is  a  woman, 
and  sees  nothing  ignoble  in  the  faithful  love  of  a  subject. 
Oosee,  Seventeenth  Century  Studies,  p.  66. 

Bosnia.  ...  I'll  describe  her  [the  Duchess]. 
She's  sad,  as  one  long  us'd  to't,  and  she  seems 
Itather  to  welcome  the  end  of  misery, 
Than  shun  it ;  a  behaviour  so  noble. 
As  gives  a  majesty  to  adversity ; 
You  may  discern  the  shape  of  loveliness 
More  perfect  in  her  tears  than  in  her  smiles : 
She  will  muse  for  hours  together ;  and  her  silence, 
MethlnlcB,  expresseth  more  than  if  she  spake. 

Weister,  Duchess  of  Malfi. 

Ducis  (dii-se'),  Jean  Francois.  Bom  at  Ver- 
sailles, France,  Aug.  22,  1733:  died  at  Ver- 
sailles, March  31,  1816.  A  French  dramatic 
poet,  best  known  as  an  adapter  of  ' '  Hamlet " 
and  others  of  Shakspere's  plays  to  the  French 
stage.  His  best  original  work  is  "Abufar" 
(1795). 

Duckworth  (duk'werth).  Sir  John  Thomas. 
Born  at  Leatherhead,  Surrey,  England,  Feb. 
28,  1748:  died  at  Devonport,  England,  Aug. 
31,  1817.  An  English  admiral.  He  commanded  a 
vessel  under  Lord  Howe  in  the  action  with  the  French 
off  Ushant,  June  1,  1794 ;  was  appointed  rear-admiral  of 
the  white  in  1799 ;  was  made  commander-in-chief  at  Ja- 
maica in  1804  ;  directed  the  operations  which  led  to  the 
surrender  of  the  French  under  Bochambeau  in  Santo  Do- 
mingo ;  was  promoted  vice-admiral  in  1804 ;  defeated  a 
French  squadron  off  Santo  Domingo  Feb.  6, 1806 ;  was  pro- 
moted admiral  in  1810;  was  created  a  baronet  in  1813; 
and  was  commander-in-chief  at  Newfoundland  1810-13. 

Duclos  (dii-klo'),  Charles  Pinot.  Born  at 
Dinan,  Brittany,  France,  Feb.  12,  1704:  died 
at  Paris,  March  26, 1772.  A  noted  French  his- 
torian and  man  of  letters.  His  earliest  works  were 
romances,  among  them  "  Confessions  du  Comte  de  .  .  .  " 
(1742).  He  also  published  "  Considerations  sur  les  moeurs 
de  ce  si&cle  "  (1749),  "  M6moires  secrets  des  rfegnes  de 
Louis  XIV.  et  de  Louis  XV."  (1791),  etc.  As  secretary  of 
the  Academy  he  supervised  the  publication  of  its  cele- 
brated dictionary. 

Ducornet  (da-kor-na'),  Louis  C6sar  Joseph. 

Bom  at  Lille,  France,  Jan.  10,  1806:  died  at 
Paris,  April  27, 1856.  A  French  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  a  pupil  of  Gfirard.  He  was 
born  without  arms. 

Du  Croisy  (dii  krwa-se').  The  lover  in  Mo- 
lifere's  "Les  pr^eieuses  ridicules."  He  and  La 
Grange,  his  friend,  send  their  valets,  disguised  as  le  Mar- 
quis de  Mascarille  and  le  Vicomte  de  Jodelet,  to  make 
love  to  "  les  pr^oieuses  "  and  teach  them  that  fine  phrases 
do  not  make  a  gentleman. 

Ducrot  (dii-kro'),  Augusta  Alexandre.    Bom 

at  Nevers,  France,  Feb.  24,  1817 :  died  at  Ver- 
sailles, France,  Aug.  16,  1882.  A  French  gen- 
eral. He  received  command  of  the  1st  division  of  the 
1st  army  corps  under  MacMahon  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Franco-German  war  (1870),  and  served  at  the  battle  of 
VTOrth,  and  at  Sedan  where  he  was  taken  prisoner.  He 
went  to  Pont-k-Mousson  on  parole,  but  fled  to  Paris 
where  he  took  command  of  the  second  army.  He  made 
unsuccessful  sorties  Sept.  19,  Oct.  21,  and  Nov.  80-Dec.  4, 
1870,  and  Jan.  19, 1871  (battle  of  Mont  Yalirlen).  He  was 
given  command  of  the  8th  army  corps  by  Thiers  in  Sept., 
1872. 

Ducrotay  de  Blainville  (du-kro-ta'  de  blan- 
vel'),  Henri  Marie.  Bom  at  Arques,  near 
Dieppe,  France,  Sept.  12,  1778:  died  near 
Paris,  May  1,  1850.  A  French  naturalist.  He 
published  "Faune  frangaise"  (1821-30),  "De  I'organisa- 
tion  des  animaux  "  (1822),  "  Ost^ographie    (1839-49),  etc. 

Duddon  (dud'on).  A  small  river  on  the  border 
of  Cumberland  and  Lancashire,  England,  flow- 
ing into  the  Irish  Sea  20  miles  northwest  of 


Dudley  Diamond,  The 

Lancaster.    It  is  celebrated  in  the  poetry  of 
Wordsworth. 

Du  Deffand.    See  Deffand. 

Duderstadt  (do'der-stat).  A  small  tovra  in 
the  province  of  Hannover,  Prassia,  14  miles  east 
of  Gottingen. 

Dudevant  (dud-von'),  Mme.  (Armandine  Lu- 
cille Aurore  Dupin).    See  Sand,  George. 

Dudley  (dud'li).  A  town  in  Worcestershire^ 
England,  8  miles  west-northwest  of  Birming- 
ham. Noted  for  iron  manufactures.  Near  it  are  th& 
ruins  of  Dudley  Castle.    Population  (1891),  46,740. 

Dudley,  Arthur.  A  pseudonym  of  Madama 
Blaze  de  Bury. 

Dudley,  Benjamin  Winslow.  Bom  in  Spott- 
sylvania  County,  Va.,  AprU  12,  1785:  died  at 
Lexington,  Ky.,  Jan.  20,  1870.  An  American 
surgeon,  especially  noted  as  a  lithotomiet. 

Dudley,  Charles  Edward.  Bom  at  Johnson 
Hall,  StaflEordshire,England,May 23, 1780:  died 
at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  23,  1841.  An  Ameri- 
can politician.  United  States  senator  from  New 
York  1829-33.  Dudley  Observatory  (Albany) 
was  founded  by  his  widow. 

Dudley,  Sir  Edmund.  Bom  about  1462 :  exe- 
cuted at  London,  Aug.  18,  1510.  An  English 
politician.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford  and  at  Gray's 
Inn,  is  said  to  have  been  made  a  privy  councilor  at 
twenty-three,  and  was  chosen  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons  in  1504.  He  was  employed  as  a  fiscal  agent  by 
Henry  VII.,  and  incurred  popular  odium  by  the  rigor  with 
which  he  enforced  the  extortionate  claims  of  the  crown. 
On  the  death  of  Henry  VII.  in  1609,  he  was  beheaded  on 
the  charge  of  treason,  in  company  with  Sir  Kichard  Emp- 
son,  another  of  Henry  VII.'s  fiscal  agents. 

Dudley,  Lord  Guildford.  Executed  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  12, 1554.  Son  of  the  Duke  of  Northum- 
berland. He  married  Lady  Jane  Grey  May  21,  1663. 
He  was  implicated  in  his  father's  ill-starred  attempt  to 
place  Lady  Jane  on  the  throne  on  the  death  of  Edward 
VI.  (July  6, 1563),  and  was  executed  on  the  charge  of 
treason. 

Dudley,  John,  Duke  of  Northumberland  and 
Earl  of  Warwick.  Bom  1502:  beheaded  Aug- 
22,  1553.  An  English  politician  and  soldier,. 
son  of  Sir  Edmund  Dudley.  He  was  made  warden 
of  the  Scottish  marches  and  great  admiral  by  Henry  VIII. 
in  1542,  and  was  created  earl  of  Warwick  and  high  cham- 
berlain  of  England  on  the  accession  of  Edward  VI.  in 
1547.  In  1549  he  overthrew  the  protector  Somerset,  an(i 
assumed  the  chief  control  of  the  government.  He  was. 
created  duke  of  Northumberland  in  1651,  With  the  ob- 
ject in  view  of  transferring  the  crown  from  the  Tudors  to- 
his  own  family,  he  persuaded  Edward  VI.  to  grant  letters, 
patent  excluding  Edward's  sisters,  Mary  and  Elizabeth, 
from  the  succession  and  appointing  Edward's  cousin.  Lady 
Jane  Grey,  heir  presumptive  to  the  crown,  whereupon  he 
married  Lady  Jane  to  his  son,  Guildford  Dudley.  At  the 
death  of  Edward,  he  found  himself  unable  to  prevent  the 
accession  of  Mary,  and  was  executed  for  treason. 

Dudley,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Eoxbury,  Mass. ,  1647  : 
died  at  Roxbnry,  April  2,  1720.  An  American 
politician.  He  took  part  in  the  battle  with  the  Narra- 
gansetts  in  1675 ;  was  one  of  the  commissioners  for  the 
united  colonies  of  New  England  1677-81 ;  was  appointed 
president  of  New  England  in  1686 ;  was  appointed  chief 
justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1687 ;  was  chief  justice  of 
New  York  1690-93;  and  was  governor  of  Massachusetts. 
1702-16. 

Dudley,  Paul.  Bom  Sept.  3,  1675:  died  at 
Boxbury,  Mass.,  Jan.  21,  1751.  An  American 
jurist,  son  of  Joseph  Dudley.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1690,  and  studied  law  at  the  Temple  in  Lon- 
don. He  was  made  chief  justice  of  Massachusetts  ii> 
1746.  He  is  known  chiefiy  as  the  founder  of  the  Dudleian 
Lecture  at  Harvai-d  College,  for  the  erection  of  which  he 
bequeathed  £100. 

Dudley,  Robert,  Earl  of  Leicester.  Bom  June 
24, 1532  or  1533:  died  at  Cornbury,  Oxfordshire,. 
England,  Sept.  4,  1588.  An  English  courtier, 
politician,  and  general,  son  of  John  Dudley, 
duke  of  Northumberland.  He  participated  in  the 
attempt  of  his  father  and  brother  to  place  Lady  Jane 
Grey  on  the  throne  at  the  death  of  Edward  VI.  in  1663, 
and  was  in  consequence  sentenced  to  death  on  the  charge 
of  treason  in  1554,  but  was  pardoned  later  in  the  same 
year.  On  the  accession  in  1568  of  Elizabeth,  whose  affec- 
tions he  had  gained  during  the  ascendancy  of  his  father 
at  the  court  of  Edward  VI.,  he  became  her  chief  favorite, 
and  intrigued,  thougli  unsuccessfully,  to  obtain  the  consent 
of  the  great  nobles  to  a  marriage,  in  the  interest  of  which 
project  he  was  said  to  have  procured  the  murder  of  his 
wife  Lady  Amy  (1660).  He  was  created  earl  of  Leicester 
in  1564,  and  in  1575  entertained  Queen  Elizabeth  with 
great  magnificence  at  Kenilworth.  In  1585  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  the  English  army  sent  to  the 
aid  of  the  States-General  against  the  Spaniards,  but  was 
recalled  in  1687,  owing  to  incompetence.  He  was,  how- 
ever, restored  to  favor  on  his  return,  and  in  1688  was  ap- 
pointed lieutenant  and  captain-general  of  the  queen's 
armies  and  companies  to  resist  the  Spanish  Armada. 

Dudley,  Thomas,  Bom  at  Northampton,  Eng- 
land, 1576 :  died  at  Eoxbury,  Mass.,  July  31,. 
1652.  A  colonial  politician.  He  came  to  Mas- 
sachusetts as  deputy  governor  in  1630 :  governor 
1634-35,  1640-41,  1645-46,  1650-51. 

Dudley  Diamond,  The.  A  diamond  found  in 
Africa  in  1868,  and  bought  from  Nie  Kirk,  the' 


Dudley  Diamond,  The  342  Duluth. 

master  o£  the  man  who  found  it,  \>j  Hunt  and  Dufour,  Jean  Marie  L6on.  Born  at  St.-Sever,  Duiveland  (doi've-lant).  An  isltod,  properly 
BoskeU  for  £12,000.  The  Earl  ol  Dudley  bought  it  Landes,  France,  1782:  died  at  St.-Sever,  April  the  eastern  part  of  the  island  of  bchouwen,  in 
from  them  lor  £30,000.  It  ia  heart-shaped,  extremely  brU-    18  1865     A  French  entomologist.  the  province  of  Zealand,  JNetherlanOs. 

5^^""^/^'"^  ""**'""*'•  <'"8'°«Jly"''«8l'«d88J  D^our  Spitze  (dii-for'  spit'sl).    The  highest  DlIjardm(dii-zhar-dan'),F61ix.  BomatTours, 
Dudon  fdS^don)     A  knieht  in  Ariosto's  "Or-  _peak  of  Monte  Rosa  (which  see).  France,  Apnl  5, 1801:  died  at  Eennes,  France, 

lando  Furioso  "      ^ '^'^i^*  ^"^  ^<'^^°  ^     ^'    iJufoy  (du-foi').    An  impertineit  French  ser-    April  8,  1860.     A  French  naturalist,  professor 
arioso.  vant  in  Etherege's  comedy  "  The  Comical  Ke-    at  Eennes  from  1839.     He  is  best  known  from 

venge,  or  Love  in  a  Tub."     He  is  the  subject  ol    his  investigations  on  the  Infusoria. 

the  comical  revenge,  being  lastened  in  a  wooden  tub  with  Dujardin,  Karel.     Uom  at  AmsteMam  aoout 

holes  lor  the  head  and  arms  by  some  women,  as  a  pun-     1625 :  died  at  Venice,  Nov.  20,  1678.      A  Dutch 

ishment  lor  his  boasting  and  railing  against  their  sex.  ryainter. 

Dufr6noy  (dii-fra-nwa'),  Pierre  Armand.  jjutas. '  See  Bucas. 


Dudu  (do-do')-    In  Byron's  "Don  Juan,''  a  pen- 
sive beauty  of  seventeen. 
A  kind  ot  sleeping  Venus  seemed  Dudu.  vi.  42. 

Dudweiler  (dod'vi-ler).  A  commune  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  4  miles  north-north- 
east of  Saarbriioken.  Population  (1890),  12,236. 

Duel  after  the  Masquerade.  A  painting  by 
G6r6me,  now  in  the  Walters  collection  at  Bal- 
timore. The  duellists  and  their  seconds  have  come 
direct  trom  a  masked  ball :  one,  dressed  as  a  clown,  has 
been  severely  wounded,  and  his  adversary,  an  Indian, 
hurries  away,  attended  by  a  harlequin,  to  his  carriage. 

Duellist  (du'el-ist),  The.  A  comedy  by  Wil- 
liam Kenriok,  produced  in  1773.  Three  editions 
were  printed  in  the  same  year. 

Duellists,  The.  A  play  by  Douglas  Jerrold, 
"vmtten  in  1818.  it  was  rechristened  "  More  Fright- 
ened than  Hurt ";  was  played  at  the  Sadler's  Wells  Theatre, 
April  30,  1821;  was  afterward  translated  into  French, 
played  in  Paris,  retranslated  by  Mr.  Kenney,  and  played 
at  the  Olympic  as  "Fighting  by  Proxy."  It  contained 
much  sparkling  dialogue  and  a  good  plot  ol  the  low-com- 
edy kind.    Diet.  Nat,  Biog. 

Duenna  (dii-en'a).   The.    A    comedy  inter- 


Bom  at  Sevran,  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  Sept.  5,  p^^g  Humphrey's  Walk.     See  Hurmhrey 
1792:  died  at  Paris,  March  20,  1857.    A  noted  jjtj^q  of  Exeter  S  Daughter,  The.    The  rack, 


French  mineralogist  and  geologist.    He  was  the 

collaborator  ol  &ie  de  Beaumont  in  the  preparation  ol  a 

general  geological  map  ol  France  {published  1S41),  and 

author  ol  various  geological  monographs. 
Du  Fresne,    See  Du  Cange. 
Dufresnoy  (dii-fra-nwa'),  Charles  Alphonse. 

Born  at  Paris,  1611:    died  at  Villiers-le-Bel, 

near  Paris,  1665.    A  French  painter  and  poet, 

author  of  a  Latin  poem  "De  arte  graphica" 

(1668). 
Dufresny(dii-fra-ne'),  Charles  Riviere.  Born  Duke's  Mistress,  The, 

atParis,1654:diedthere,Oct.6,1724.  AFrench    produced  in  1636, 

dramatist,  a  descendant  of  "La  Belle  Jardi- 
niere," a  mistress  of  Henry  IV.    He  wrote  a 

number  of  comedies,  in  some  of  which  Eegnard 

collaborated, 


which  the  Duke  of  Exeter  introduced  as  an  en- 
gine of  torture  in  the  Tower  of  London  in  1447, 

Duke  of  Guise,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Dryden 
and  Lee,  published  in  1682.  it  was  an  attack  on 
Shaltesbury  and  Monmouth.  In  "The  Vindication," by 
Dryden  alone,  he  did  what  he  could  to  excuse  himself. 

Duke  of  Milan,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Massia- 
ger,  produced  in  1623.  It  is  a  variation  ol  the  theme 
of  Shakspere's  "  Othello."  The  duke  is  a  passionate,  weak 
man,  without  Othello's  noble  traits. 

A  play  by  Shirley, 


spersed  with  songs,  a  musical  melange  though  Dugdale  (dug'dal).  Sir  William.   Bom  at  Shu 


stoke,  Warwickshire,  England,  Sept.  12,  1605 
died  at  Shustoke,  Feb.  10,  1686.    A  noted  Eng- 
lish antiquary.     He  wrote  "Monastioon  Anglicanum" 
(1656-73),  "Antiquities  ol  Warwickshire  "  (1656),  "  Baronage 

ol  England "  (1675-76),  '"■  '  '  "'  "     '    '" 

(1668),  etc. 

Duguay-Trouin  (dU-ga-tro-an'),  Een6.    Bom 
at  St.-Malo,  France,  June  10,  1673:  died  at 


and  general.  From  1691  to  1697  he  commanded  a  pri- 
vateer, and  in  the  latter  year  entered  the  French  navy. 
Among  his  noted  deeds  were  the  capture  of  an  English 
convoy  in  1707,  and  the  capture  and  sack  ol  Eio  de  .laneiro, 
Sept.,  1711.  He  subsequently  served  with  the  army,  at- 
taining the  rank  ol  lieutenant-general. 

Du  Guesclin,  or  Duguesclin  (dii-^-klan') 


France,  about  1320:   died  at  ChS,teauneuf-de- 
Raudon,  Languedoo,  July  13, 1380.    A  French 


sometimes  called  an  opera,  by  Sheridan,  pro- 
dueed  in  1775  (?).  The  plot  was  taken  from  Wycher- 
ley'a  comedy  "The  Countiy  Wile."  Linley,  Sheridan's 
lather-in-law,  wrote  the  music  lor  the  songs.  It  was  acted 
75  times  in  one  season. 
Duer  (du'6r),  John.  Born  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Oct. 
7,  1782:  died  on  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  8, 
1858.  An  American  jurist.  He  published  "Law 
ol  Representations  in  Marine  Insurance"  (1845)^  "Law 
and  Practice  ol  Marine  Insurance"  (1845-46),  "Duer's 
Reports." 

Duer,  William  Alexander.  Bom  in  New  York, 
Sept.  8,  1780:  died  May  30,  1858.  An  Ameri- 
can jurist,  brother  of  John  Duer,  president  of 
Columbia  College  1829-42.  He  wrote  "  Consti- 
tutional Jurisprudence  of  the  United  States" 
(1856),  etc. 

Duero  (d5-a'ro),  Pg.  Douro  (d6'r§).  A  river 
in  Spain  and  northern  Portugal  which  rises  in 
the  province  of  Soria,  Spain,  forms  part  of  the 
boundary  between  the  two  countries,  and  flows 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  3  miles  west  of  Oporto : 
the  Roman  Durius  (whence  the  modem  name). 
Length,  about  500  miles;  navigable  90  miles.       _         „       .  _ 

Duessa(dii-es'sa).  [L.  (iMO, two,  and f em. -essa.]  Du  Halde  (iii  aid),  Jean  Baptiste.  Bora  at 
A  loathsome  old  woman,  in  Spenser's  "Faerie  Paris,  Feb.  1, 1674:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  18, 1743. 
Queene,"  who  under  the  guise  of  Pidessa,  a  A  French  Jesuit  and  geographer.  He  published 
young  and  beautiful  woman,  typifies  the  false-  "Description  gfog'aphique,  etc.,  de  la  Chine  etdela  Tar- 
hood  and  treachery  of  the  Church  of  Rome, 

In  book  T,  canto  38,  she  more  especially  represents  Mary  -x, „_„-„+  oV  titoI^  T^r.ov.no  1?oK  t;  17Q7.  fl4Qrl 
Queen  of  Scots  as  the  type  of  Komish  hostUity  to  EUz-  Born  at  bt.-Malo,  i'rance,  ieb.  5,  17»/ .  diea 
abeth.  She  deceives  and  nearly  ruins  the  Bed  Cross  at  Paris,  April  29,  1872.  A  French  matnema- 
Knight;  but  all  her  ignominy  and  loathsomeness  are  laid       ■   ■  "  ~.    - 

bare  by  Arthur  who  is  sent  by  Una  to  the  rescue.  She  is 
taken  from  Ariosto's  "Alcina,"  and  the  scene  where  the 
"false  Duessa"  is  stripped  ol  her  disguise  is  literally 
translated  Irom  the  "  Orlando  Furioso." 

Dufaure  (dii-for'),  Jules  Armand  Stanislas. 
Born  at  Saujon,  Charente-Iiif6rieure,  France, 
Dec.  4, 1798:  died  at  Paris,  June  28,  1881.    A 
French  statesman.     He  was  minister  ol  the  Interior    __.  .    .      ^ 
Oct  IS-Dec.  20,  1848,  and  June  2-Oct.  31, 1849 ;  minister  Duhr  (dSr), 
of  justice  Feb.  19, 1871,-May  24, 1873,  and  March  11,  1875,-     --       -   — 
Aug.  12, 1876 ;  and  premier  March  9-Deo.  2, 1876,  and  Sept 
14,  1877,-Feb.  1, 1879. 

Duff  (duf ),  Alexander.  Bom  at  Moulin,  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  April  25,  1806:  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, Feb.  12,  1878.  A  Scottish  missionary 
in  India,  belonging  to  the  Church  of  Scotland, 
later  to  the  Free  Church.  He  wrote  ' '  India  and 
India  Missions"  (1839),  etc. 

Dufferin  and  Ava  (duf'6r-in  and  a'va),  Mar- 
q^uis  of.  See  Blackwood,  Frederick  Temple  Ham- 
ilton. _  „ 

Duffy  (duf'i),  Sir  Charles  Gavan.  Bom  at 
Monaghan,  Ireland,  April  12, 1816 :  died  at  Nice, 
Feb .  9, 1903.   An  Irish  journalist  and  politician, 


Duke's  Motto,  The.  An  adaptation  of  Paul 
F6val's  play  "Le  bossu,"  by  John  Brougham, 
produced  in  1863.  Fechter  played  the  duke; 
Brougham,  Carrickfergus. 

Duke^  Theatre.  A  London  theater  which  was 
built  in  1660.  it  was  destroyed  in  1666  in  the  great 
Are,  and  rebuilt  in  1671  by  Sir  Christopher  Wren.  It  stood 
until  1720,  and  was  on  the  site  ol  the  Salisbury  Court 
Theatre. 

History  ol  St.  Paul's' Cathedral "  Dutinfield,  or  Duckinfield  (duk'in-feld).  A 
town  in  Cheshire,  England,  on  the  Tame  7  miles 
east  of  Manchester.  It  has  important  cotton 
manufactures.    Population  (1891),  17,408. 


Paris,  Sept.  27,  1736.    A  French  naval  ofaoer  jjulaure  (du-16r'),  /acftues  Antome.'  Bom  at 


Clermont-Ferrand,  France,  Sept.  3,  1755:  died 
at  Paris,  Aug.  19,  1835.  A  French  archseolo- 
gist  and  historical  writer,  a  member  of  the 
National  Convention.  He  published  "  Histoire 
civile,  physique  et  morale  de  Paris"  (1821-22), 
etc. 


Bertrand.      Bom    near    Rennes,    Brittany,  Dulcamara  (dol-ka-ma'ra).  Doctor.    A  char- 


latan  in  Donizetti's  opera  "  L'Elisir  d'Amore  " 
("  The  Elixir  of  Love  "). 


commander,  distinguished  in  tlie  campaigns  Duice  (dol'sa  or  dol'tha).     1.  A  river  in  the 

Argentine  Republic  which  rises  m  the  province 
of  Tucuman,  becomes  salty,  and  is  finally  lost 
in  the  salt-marshes  of  Lake  Porongos,  lat.  29° 
30'  S.,  long.  63°  W.  In  its  lower  course  it  is 
called  the  Saladillo. — 2.  A  gulf  on  the  Pacific 
coast  of  Costa  Rica,  Central  America. —  3.  A 
lake  in  Guatemala,  in  lat.  15°  25'  N.,  long.  89° 
15'  W.,  which  communicates  with  the  Bay  of 
Honduras  by  the  short  river  Duloe.  Length, 
about  30  miles.  Also  called  Golfo  Dulce  and 
LaJce  ledbal  or  Yzabal. 

Dulce  y  Garay  (dol'tha  §  ga-ri'),  Domingo, 
Marqms  of  Castell-Florit.  Born  at  Sot^s,  Lo- 
grono.  May  7,  1808 :  died  at  Am61ie-les-Bains, 
France,. Dec,  1869.  A  Spanish  general  and 
administrator.  He  took  part  in  the  Carllst  war,  and 
aided  the  revolution  ol  1854,  being  then  captain-general 
ol  Catalonia.  From  Dec,  1862,  to  May,  1866,  he  was  cap- 
tain-general of  Cuba,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
activity  in  suppressing  the  slave-trade.  He  was  again 
captain-general  ol  Cuba  in  June,  1869,  but  the  success  of 
the  insurrection  and  his  ill  health  lorced  him  to  resign. 


against  the  English  and  Pedro  the  Cruel.  He 
gained  the  battle  of  Cocherel,  May,  1364,  and  lost  that  ol 
Auray,  Sept ,  1364.  He  was  made  comte  de  Longueville  and 
marshal  of  fFormandy  in  1364,  and  constable  ol  France  in 


tarie  chinoise  "  (1735),  etc. 

29  ; 
tician,  author  of  "  Cours  d'analyse"  (1840-41), 
"Cours  de  m6canique"(1845),  "Des  m6thodes 
dans  les  sciences  du  raisonnement"  (1866-72). 

Duhamel  du  Monceau  (dii-a-mel'  dil  m6n-s6'), 
Henri  Louis.  Bom  at  Paris,  1700:  died  at 
Paris,  Aug.  12,  1781.  A  noted  French  author- 
ity on  botany  and  agriculture.  He  wrote  "  De 
la  physique  des  arbres  "  (1758),  etc. 

~         [Ar.  euhr  al-'asad,  the  back  of  the 


lion.]  -The third-magnitude  star(5Leonis,on the  Duicig^o  (dol-chen'yo).      [Turk.  Olaun,  Alba- 
mmpoftheammal^  Sometimes  caUed  Zo^^a.  ^„tanW?.]    A  seJport  i£  Montenegro,  situ- 


Diihring  (dii'ring),  Eugen  Karl, 
lin,  Jan.  12,  1833.  A  Grerman  political  econo- 
mist and  philosophical  writer,  a  disciple  of 
Henry  C.  Oarey.  He  has  published  "  Kritische 
Geschichte  der  Nationalokonomie  und  des  So- 
zialismus"  (1871),  etc. 


ated  on' the  Adriatic  Sea  in  lat.  41°  56'  N., 
long.  19°  12'  E.:  the  ancient  Olcinium.  Here  the 
Venetians  were  defeated  by  the  Turks  Aug.  4, 1718 ;  the 
place  was  stormed  by  the  Montenegrins  in  1878,  and  ceded 
by  Tiu'key  to  Montenegro  in  1880.  Population,  estimated, 
6,000. 


Duhshasana^  (doi^sha'sa-na),     [Skt., 'hard  to  D^^^^^ Jel  Toboso  (dul-£n'^a  del  to-bo'- 


rule.']  One  of  the  hundred  sons  of  Dhrita 
rashtra.  When  the  Pandavas  lost  their  wile  Draupadi 
in  gambling  with  Duryodhana,  Duhshasana  dragged  her  by 
the  hair  and  otherwise  ill-used  her ;  lor  this  Bhima  vowed 
he  would  drink  his  blood,  a  vow  perlormed  on  the  six- 


teenth day  ol  the  great  battle. 
He  aiderin"i842  inloundfngthe"Nation,'^anorganof  Dujda  (dwe'da).      A  precipitous  mountain  in  •n,,  tt-..^  ,,,,■,  iki-n  -nanial  »ro™o1„« 
the  Young  Ireland  party,  and  was  a  member  of  Parliament     southern  Venezuela,  situated  near  the  Orinoco  ■'^il*[l?*,^?}!lVlil=-H?'°i?.  i?^?y^i?^?'^ 


Sp.  pron.  d61-the-na'a  del  tb-Wso).'  The 
lady  beloved  by  Don  Quixote  in  Cervantes's 
romance.  Hep  real  name  was  Aldonza,  but  Don  Quix- 
ote was  of  opinion  that  Dnlcinea  was  more  uncommon 
and  romantic  (from  dulcet  sweet);  and,  as  she  was  bom 
at  Toboso,  he  made  her  a  great  lady  on  the  spot  with  the 
"del." 

Bom  in 


1862-56,  when  he  emigrated  to  Australia.    He  was  prime 


minister  ol  Victoria  1871-72.       Hc_  published  "  Guide  to     about  lat._  3°  20'  N.,  long.  66°  15'  W. 


Height, 

tlie^LandLaw  ofVictoria''(2ded.  1862), ''Younglreland:     about  8,500  feet.  t  •      j    ■      xt.      dj 

aFragmentolIrishHistory,1840-50"(1880),"rour Years  Duiljug  (dli-ll'l-us),  CaiUS.      Lived  m  the  3d 
ol  Irish  History,  1845-49  "  (1883),  etc.  century  B.  C.    A  Roman  general,  consul  in  260 

Dufour  (dii-for'),  Gruillaume  Henri.  Bom  at  ^^  He  defeated  the  Carthaginians  near  Mylse 
Constance,  Baden,  Sept.  15, 1787 :  died  at  Con-  jjj  260.  This  was  the  first  naval  success  gained 
famines,  near  Geneva,  July  14, 1875.    A  Swiss    -by  Rome. 

feneral,  chartographer,  and  military  vmter.  Duigbnrg  (dS'is-bore).  A  city  in  the  Rhine 
;e  suppressed  the  Sond^rbund  insurrection  in  W47;  province,  Pmssia,  near  the  Rhine  15  miles 
^m"a^K^Sfd('^ubffiri^«?y)'  VeTr^'-Sll  north  of  busseldorf:  the  Roman  Castrum.  Itis 
mo&M  sur  rartmerie  des  anciens  et  sur  ceUe  du  moyen  the  center  ol  an  important  coal  trade,^  and  has  manulac- 
age  "  (1840),  etc. 


tures.    Population  (1890),  24,779 ;  commune,  69,285. 


France  about  1645  (?) :  died  near  Lake  Superior, 
1709.  A  noted  pioneer.  He  came  to  Canada  about 
1670,  and  became  a  trader  and  a  leader  of  bushrangers. 
He  established  the  sites  ol  Detroit  and  Fort  William,  hdped 
in  the  Canadian  war  against  the  Senecas  1687,  and  against 
the  Iroquois  1689,  and  commanded  Fort  Frontenac  1695. 
Duluth  is  named  after  him. 

Duluth  (dii-lbth').  A  city  and  lake  port  in  St. 
Louis  County,  Minnesota,  situated  onlLake  Su- 
perior in  lat.  46°  48'  N.,  long.  92°  6'  W.:  the 
lake  terminus  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railway. 
It  has  an  extensive  trade  in  wheat,  and  consid- 
erable ship-building.  Population(1900),52,969. 


Dulwich 
Dulwich  (dul'ioh).  A  suburb  of  London,  situ- 
ated in  Surrey  5  miles  south  of  St.  Paul's,  it 
la  the  seat  of  Dulwich  College,  founded  by  Edward  AUeyn 
and  opened  in  1619.  The  college  contains  a  noted  picture- 
galleiy.    See  Alleyn. 

Dumain  (du-man').  A  French  lord  in  atten- 
dance on  the  King  of  Navarre,  in  Shakspere's 
"  Love'sLabour  's  Lost." 

Dumanoir  (dti-man-war'),  Philippe  Francois 
Finel.  Bom  in  Guadeloupe,  West  Indies,  July- 
Si,  1806:  died  at  Pau,  France,  Nov.  16, 1865.  A 
French  playwright,  noted  particularly  as  a 
writer  of  vaudevilles. 

Dumarsais  (du-mar-sa'),  C&ar  Ohesnau. 
Born  at  Marseilles,  France,  July  17, 1676:  died 
at  Paris,  June  11, 1756.  A  French  grammarian 
and  writer  on  philosophy,  author  of  "Traits 
des  tropes,"  etc. 

Dumas  (do-ma';  P.  pron.  du-ma'),  Alexandre 
Davy  de  la  Failleterie,  known  as  Alexandre 
Dumas  p6re.  Bom  at  Villers-Cotterets,  Aisne, 
Prance,  July  24, 1802 :  died  at  Puys,  near  Dieppe, 
Dec.  5, 1870.  A  noted  French  dramatic  author 
and  no  velist.  Hia  father,  General  Alexandre  de  la  Faille- 
telle  Dumas,  waa  the  natural  eon  of  the  Marqula  Alexandre 
Davy  de  la  Failleterie,  a  rich  colonist  of  Santo  Domingo, 
and  of  a  negress  whose  nam  e  was  Dumas.  He  came  to  Faris 
in  1823,  and  obtained  a  clerkahip  through  the  aasiatance  of 
GeneralFoy.  Oneof  hiaflrat  eaaayawaaan  ":fiKgie  sur  la 
mort  du  O^n^ral  Foy  "  (1825).  As  his  name  attracted  atten- 
tion, it  was  often  attached  to  books  with  which  he  himself 
had  had  either  very  little  or  nothing  to  do.  Both  indepen- 
dently and  in  collaboration  with  others,  Dumas  wrote  for 
the  stage  many  plays  which  are  collected  in  the  "  Th^tee  " 
(Bvolumea,  1834-36;  16  volumes,  1883-74).  He  took  an  active 
part  in  the  revolution  of  1830.  After  the  insurrection  of 
June,  1832,  he  traveled,  and  publiahed  a  number  of  books 
as  the  result  of  his  journeys.  He  published  three  col- 
lectiona  of  stones:  "Nouvelles  contemporaines "  (1826), 
"Souvenirs  d' Antony"  (1836),  and  "La  salle  d'armes" 
(1838).  His  novels  were  composed  either,  independently 
or  in  collaboration  with  others,  and  include  "Le  capi- 
taine  Faul "  (1838),  '  Aeti  "  (1839),  "  Aventures  de  John 
Davy"  (1840),  "Le  oapitaine  Famphile"  (1840),  "Maltre 
Adam  le  Calabraia"  (1840),  "Othon  I'archer"  (1840), 
"  Prax^de  "  (1811),  "  Aventures  de  Lyderic  "  (1842), 
"Georges"  (1843),  "A9canio"(1843),  "Le  chevalier d'Har- 
mental"  (1843),  " Fernando"  (1844),  "Amaury"  (1844), 
"Gabriel  Lambert"  (1844),  "Le  chateau  d'Eppstein" 
<1844),  "  Cficile  "  (1844),  "  Les  trois  monsguetaires  (1844  : 
with  its  sequels,  "Vingt  ans  aprfes"  (1845)  and  "Dix  ans 
plus  tard  on  le  vioomte  de  Bragelonne "  (1S48-60)),  "  Le 
comte  de  Monte-Cristo"  (1844-46),  "Les  fr^res  corses" 
(1845),  "Une  fllle  du  regent"  (1845),  "La  reine  Margot" 
(1846),  "  La  guerre  dea  femip.ea "  (1846-46),  "Le  chevalier 
de  Maison-Rouge "  (1846),  "La  dame  de  Monaoreau" 
<1846)  and  its  sequel  "Les  quarante-cinq "  (1848),  "Le 
mtard  de  Maul^on  "(1846),"  M^moire  d'un  m^decin  (1846- 
1848:  with  its  sequels  "Ange  Pltou"  (1853)  and  "La 
comtesse  de  Charny"  (1853-55)),  "Les  mille  et  un  fan- 
t6mea"  (1849),  "La  temme  au  collier  de  veloura"  (1861), 
"  Olympe  de  CSfevea"  (1862),  "Tin  Gil  Bias  en  Californie" 
((1852),  "laaac  Laquedem  (1852),  "Le  paateur  d'Ash- 
Dourn  "  (1853),  "El  salt^ador  (1863),  "Conscience  I'inno- 
cent"  (1853),  "  Catherine  Blum '"  (1864),  "Ingenue"  (1864), 
"Les  Mohicans  de  Paris"  (1854-68)  and  its  sequel  "Salva- 
tor  "  (1855-59),  "  Lea  compagnons  de  J^hu  "  (1857),  "  Lea 
louves  de  Maohecoul"  (1869),  "Madame  de  Chamblay" 

<1863),  "La  San  Felice"  (1864-65),  and  "  Lea  Blanca  et  les 
Bleua  "  (1867-68).  He  publiahed  alao  a  number  of  works 
embodying  personal  reminiscences  of  himself  and  of  his 
friends,  and  various  historical  studies. 

Dumas,  Alexandre,  known  as  Alexandre  Du- 
mas fils.  Born  at  Paris,  July  27,1824:  diedNov. 
27, 1895.  A  French  dramatic  author  and  novelist, 
son  of  Alexandre  Dumas.  Hia  flrat  poems,  publiahed 
in  "  La  Chronique  "  (1842),  appeared  later  as  "F^ch^s  de  j  eu- 
nesae  "(1847).  Two  other  coUectionaof  hia  youthful  writings 
were  given  out  at  a  later  date,  viz.,  "Th^rfese  "  (1875)  and 
"  Entr'actes  "  (1878-79).  Among  his  novels  are  "Aventures 
de  quatre  lemmes  et  d'un  perroquet"  (1847),  "C^sarine" 
<1848)  "La  dame  aux  camelias "  (1848),  "Le  docteur  Ser- 
van '' (1849),  "  Antonine  "  (1849),  "  Tristan  le  Boux"  flS49), 
"  Henri  de  Navarre  "  (1850),  "  Trois  hommes  forts  "  (I860), 
"Les  deux  Frondes " (1861),  "Diane  de  Lya"  (1851),  "Le 
regent  Muatel"  (1852),  "Conte3etnouvelles"(1863),  "Un 
cas  de  rupture"  (1854),  "La  dame  aux  perles"  (1864), 
"  L' Affaire  Cl^menceau,  m^moire  de  I'accua^  "  (1866),  etc. 
Hia  writings  for  the  stage  have  been  gathered  together  in 
an  edition  of  six  volumes  (1868-79),  and  reedited  in  1882- 
1886.  They  include  "La  dame  aux  Camillas  "(1862),"Diane 
de  Lya"  (1863X  "Le  demi-monde"  (1856),  "La  question 
d'argent"  (1857),  "Le  fils  naturel" (1858),  "Un  pfere  pro- 
digue"  (1859),  "L'Ami  des  femmes"  (1864),  "Lea  id^es 
de  Mme.  Aubray"  (1867),  "Une  viaite  de  noces"  (1871), 
"La  prinoesae  Georges  (1871),  "La  femme  de  Claude" 
0873),  "Mcnsieur'Alphonse"  (1873),  "L'Etrangfere"(1876), 
•'La  princesse  de  Bagdad"  (1881),  "Denlae"  (1885), 
"  Francillon  "  (1887).  Dumas  flls  has  also  adapted  or  col- 
laborated in."Le  marquis  de  Villemer  "  (1864),  "Le  sup- 
plice  d'une  femme"  (1865),  "HaoYse  Faranquet"  (1866), 
"Le  flUeul  de  Pompignac"  (1869),  "La  Jeunesae  de  Loula 
XIV."  (1874)i  "Les  Danicheff  "  (1876),  "La  oomtease  Eo- 
mani "  (1876),  and  '  Joseph  Balsamo  ''  (1878).  He  haa  alao 
published  ''Lettre  sur  les  choses  du  jour"  (1871), 
"  L'Homme-Femmei"  (1872),  "  Question  du  divorce  (1880), 
and  "Recherche  de  la  paternity  "  (1883).  He  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  French  Academy  Jan.  80, 1874. 

Dumas,  Alexandre  Davy  de  la  Failleterie. 

Bom  at  J^r^mie,  Santo  Domingo,  March  25, 
1762:  died  at  Villers-Cotterets,  Prance,  Feb. 
26,  1806.  A  French  general,  son  of  Marquis 
Alexandre  Davy  de  la  Failleterie  and  a  negress. 
He  was  distinguished  in  the  wars  of  the  Eevolutlon  and  of 


343 

the  Directory,  and  waa  called  by  Napoleon  "the  Hora- 
tius  Codes  of  the  TyroL"  He  commanded  the  French 
cavalry  in  the  Egyptian  expedition. 

Dumas^ean  Baptiste  Andr6.  Bom  at  Alais, 
Gard,  France,  July  14,  1800:  died  at  Cannes, 
Prance,  April  11, 1884.  A  distinguished  French 
chemist  and  physiologist,  professor  of  organic 
chemistry  in  the  Boole  de  M^deoine,  Paris 
(1834).  He  published  "  Traits  de  chimie  ap- 
plique aux  arts"  (1828-45),  and  various  other 
works. 

Dumas,  Comte  Matthieu.  Bom  at  Montpel- 
lier,  France,  Dec.  23,  1753 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct. 
16,  1837.  A  French  general  and  historian. 
He  wrote  "Precis  des  6v6nements  militaires" 
(1816-26),  etc. 

Du  Maurier  (dii  mo-rya'),  George  Louis  Fal- 
mella  Busson.  Bom  at  Paris,  March  6,  1834: 
died  at  London,  Oct.  8, 1896.  An  English  artist. 
He  was  educated  in  Faris,  and  came  to  England  at  the  age 
of  17,  studying  later  at  Paria  with  Gleyre.  He  was  noted 
for  his  illuatrations  in  "Punch"  and  other  periodicals. 
He  wrote  and  illuatrated  "Peter  Ibbetaen"  (1892), 
''Trilby"  (1894L  and  "The  Martian"  (1897). 

Dumbarton  (dum-bar'tgn).  1.  A  county  of 
Scotland,  bounded  by  Perthshire  on  the  north, 
Stirling  andLanark  on  the  east,  the  Clyde  on  the 
south,  and  Argyll  and  Loch  Long  on  the  west. 
Area,  241  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
98,014. —  2.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  Dum- 
barton, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Leven 
and  Clyde,  13  miles  northwest  of  Glasgow,  its 
moat  important  industry  is  the  building  of  iron  steamers. 
It  contains  a  celebrated  castle.    Population  (1891),  17,626. 

Dumbarton  Castle.  Acelebratedfortress  over- 
hanging the  river  Clyde  in  Scotland.  It  has 
been  called  the  Gibraltar  of  Scotland. 

Dumbiedikes  (dum-bi-dlks').  An  awkward 
Scottish  laird  in  Scott's  novel  "The  Heart  of 
Mid-Lothian."  He  wants  to  marry  Jeanie  Deans, 
but  on  being  refused  promptly  marries  another. 

Dumb  Ox,  Tie.  A  nickname  of  Thomas  Aqui- 
nas in  early  life. 

Dumdum  (dum'dum).  A  town  and  military  sta- 
tion 4}milesnortheast  of  Calcutta,  British  India. 

Dum6ril  (dii-ma-rel'),  Andr^  Marie  Constant. 
Born  at  Amiens,  France,  Jan.  1,  1774:  died  at 
Paris,  Aug.  2,  1860.  A  French  physician  and 
zoologist.  He  published  "Brp6tologie  g6n4i- 
rale"  (1835-51),  etc. 

Dum^ril,  Auguste  Henri  Andr^.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Nov.  30,  1812:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  12, 
1870.  A  French  naturalist,  son  of  Andr6  Marie 
Constant  Dum^ril.  He  wrote_"Histoire  natu- 
relle  des  poissons"  (1865-70),  etc. 

Dumfries  (dum-fres')-  Thecapitalof  Dumfries- 
shire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  Nith  in  lat.  55° 
5'  N.,  long.  3°  36'  W.  it  was  the  place  of  Burns's 
death.  It  has  manuf  actores  of  tweeds,  hosiery,  etc. ,  and  a 
large  trade  in  live  atock.  It  was  famous  in  early  border 
warfare.    Population  (1891),  17,821. 

Dumfries,  or  Dumfriesshire  (dum-fres'shir). 
A  county  of  southern  Scotland,  lying  between 
Lanark,  Peebles,  and  Selkirk  on  the  north, 
Roxburgh  on  the  northeast,  Cumberland  on  the 
southeast,  Solway  Firth  and  Kirkcudbright  on 
the  south,  and  Ayr  and  Kirkcudbright  on  the 
west.  It  contains  the  valleys  of  Eskdale  in  the  east, 
Annandale  in  the  center,  and  Nithsdale  in  the  west.  Its 
leading  occupation  is  the  rearing  of  live  stock.  Area,  1,063 
square  milea.    Population  (1891),  74,245. 

Dlimiclien  (dii'me-ohen),  Johannes.    Bom  at 

Weissholz,  Silesia,  Oct.  15, 1833 :  died  at  Stras- 
burg,  Feb.  7.  1894.  A  German  Egyptologist. 
He  was  appointed  profeasor  of  Egyptology  at  Straaburg 
in  1872,  and  published  "  Bauurkunde  der  Tempelanlagen 
von  Dendera"  (1866),  "Geographisohe  Insohrilten  alta- 
gyptiacher DenKmaier''(1866),  " Altagyptische Ealender- 
inschriften"  (1866),  "Historische  Inschriften  aitSgyp- 
tischer  DenkmSler '  (1867-68), "  Eesultate  einer  anf  Bef ehl 
8r.  Majest&t  des  Eonigs  Wilhelm  von  Preussen  1868  nach 
Agypten  geaendeteu  archaologiach-photographiachen  Ex- 
pedition "  (1871),  etc. 

Dummer  (dum'mfer),  Jeremiah.  Bom  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  about  1680:  died  at  Plaistow,  Eng- 
land, May  19, 1739.  An  American  scholar.  He 
was  agentf  or  Massachusetts  in  England  1710-21,  and  wrote 
"  Defence  of  the  New  England  Charters  "  (1728). 

Dumnorix  (dum'no-riks).  Killed  in  Gaul,  54 
B.  C.  A  chief  of  tlie  .ffidui,  brother  of  Divitia- 
cus. 

Dumont  (dii-mdn'),  Jean.  Died  at  Vienna, 
1726.  A  French  publicist  and  historical  writer, 
historiographer  to  the  Emperor.  He  published 
"Nouveau  voyage  au  Levant"  (1694),  "Mtooires  poli- 
tiques  pour  servir  ii  la  parfaite  intelligence  de  I'histoire 
de  la  paix  de  Kyawick  "  h699),  etc. 

Dumont,  Fierre  £tienne  Louis.    Bom  at 

Geneva,  July  18,  1759:  died  at  Milan,  Sept.  30, 
1829.  A  Swiss  scholar,  literary  coadjutor  of 
Mirabeau.  He  was  a  disciple  of  Bentham,  whose  sya- 
tem  he  expounded  in  "Traits  de  la  legislation"  (1802), 
"  Thforie  dea  peines  et  des  recompenses  "  (1811), "  Tactique 


Duncansby  Head 

des  asaembWea  legialativea  "  (1815),  "  Preuves  Judlciairea  * 
(1823),  "De  I'organisation  judlciaire,"  etc.  (1828). 

Dumont  d'Urville  (diir-vel'),  Jules  S6bastien 
C6sar.  Born  at  Cond6-sur-Noireau,  Calvados, 
France,  May  23, 1790:  killed  near  Paris,  May 
8,  1842.  A  French  navigator  and  rear-admiral. 
He  took  part  1819-20  in  an  expedition  to  the  Grecian 
archipelago  and  the  Black  Sea,  and  circumnavigated  the 
globe  as  commander  of  two  expeditions  ("Astrolabe," 
1826-29,  and  "ZeWe,"  1837-40).  He  wrote  narratives  of 
his  voyages. 

Dumouriez  (dU-mo-rya'),  Charles  Francois. 
Born  at  Cambrai,  France,  .Tan.  25, 1739 :  died  at 
Turville  Park,  near  Henley-on-Thames,  Eng- 
land, March  14,  1823.  A  celebrated  French  gen- 
eral. He  served  in  the  Seven  Years'  War ;  obtained  the 
rank  of  captain  in  1763 ;  served  as  quartermaster-general 
in  the  expedition  against  Corsica  in  1768 ;  waa  sent  by 
Choiaeul  to  Poland  on  a  aecret  miasion  in  1770;  and  was 
promoted  major-general  in  1788.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
French  Revolution  he  pronounced  in  favor  of  political  re- 
form without  abandoning  his  loyalty  to  the  court,  and  in 
1792  held  for  a  short  period  each  the  ministries  of  foreign 
affairs  and  of  war.  He  was  subsequently  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  north  as  lieutenant-general  under  Marshal 
Luckner,  and  in  conjunction  with  Eellermann  inflicted  a 
decisive  defeat  on  the  troops  oi  the  coalition  at  Valmy 
Sept.  20, 1792.  He  conducted  an  expedition  against  the 
Auatrian  Netherlands  1792-93,  in  the  courae  of  which  he 
gained  a  victory  over  the  Auatrians  at  Jemmapes  Nov.  6, 

1792,  but  was  signally  defeated  at  Neerwinden  March  18, 

1793.  Estranged  from  the  republican  par^  by  the  exe- 
cution of  the  king,  he  was  recalled  by  the  Convention, 
when  he  fled  to  the  Austrian  camp,  and  paaaed  the  rest  of 
hia  life  in  exile. 

Duna  (dii'na),  or  Southern  Dwina  (dve-na') : 
called  by  the  Eussians  the  Western  Dwina. 
[Euss.  Dvina,  Lettish  Daugawa.']  1.  A  river 
of  Eussia  which  rises  in  the  government  of 
Tver,  and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Riga  5  miles 
north  of  Eiga.  Length,  500-600  miles;  navi- 
gable only  for  small  vessels. — 2.  See  Dwina. 

Diina.    See  Dwina. 

Duna  (do'no).  The  Hungarian  name  of  the 
Danube. 

Diinaburg  (dii'na-bora).  A  city  and  fortress 
in  the  government  of  Vitebsk.  Eussia,  situated 
on  the  Diina  in  lat.  55°  54'  N.,  long.  26°  29'  E. 
It  waa  founded  by  Livonian  knights  in  the  13th  century, 
and  incorporated  in  Eussia  in  1772.  It  is  strongly  fortified. 
Population,  (1897),  72,231. 

Duna-Foldv&r  (dS'no-fSld'var).  A  town  in 
the  county  of  Tolna,  Hungary,  on  the  Danube 
48  miles  south  of  Budapest.  Population  (1890), 
12,364. 

Dunbar  (dun-bar' ).  A  seaport  in  Haddington- 
shire, Scotland,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Firth  of 
Forth,  27  miles  east  of  Edinburgh.  Ithas  a  mined 
castle,  celebrated  in  Scottish  history.  It  was  besieged  by 
the  English  in  1837.  Queen  Mary  was  abducted  thither 
by  Bothwell  in  1567.    Population  (1891),  3,646. 

Dunbar,  Agnes,  Countess  of.  Bom  1312  (?) : 
died  in  1369.  A  Scottish  heroine,  known  as 
"Black  Agnes"  from  her  dark  skin,  she  is  noted 
for  her  aucceasf ul  defense  of  Dunbar  Castle  in  1337-38. 

Dunbar,  Battle  of.  A  battle,  April  27, 1296, 
in  which  the  Scots  under  John  Baliol  were  de- 
feated by  the  English  under  Warrenne,  earl  of 
Surrey,  with  the  result  that  Baliol  resigned  the 
crown  of  Scotland,  and  that  the  government 
was  placed  in  the  hands  of  an  English  regent. 
This  name  is  also  given  to  the  battle  between  the  Parlia- 
mentary army  under  Cromwell  and  the  Scottish  Eoyalists 
under  Leslie,  which  waa  fought  near  Dunbar  Sept.  3, 1660, 
and  in  which  the  Scots  were  totally  defeated. 

Dunbar,  William.  Bom,  probably  in  East  Lo- 
thian, Scotland,  about  1460:  died  about  1525. 
A  Scottish  poet.  His  works  include  "The  Thistle  and 
the  Eoae  "(1503),  "  The  Golden  Targe, "  "  Dance  of  the  Seven 
Deadly  Sina,"  "Merle  and  Nightingale." 

Dunbarton.    See  Dumbarton. 

Dunblane  (dim-blan').  A  town  in  Perthshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Allan  5  miles  north 
of  Stirling.    It  has  a  noted  cathedral. 

Duncan  (dung'kan)  I.  King  of  Scotland. 
He  aucceeded  to  the  i)irone  about  1034,  and  was  assassi- 
nated by  Macbeth,  near  Elgin,  in  1040  or  1039.  He  ap- 
pears in  Shakspere's  "Macbeth." 

Duncan,  Adam,  first  Viscount  Camperdown. 
Bom  at  Dundee,  Scotland,  July  1^  1731:  died 
in  Scotland,  Aug.  4, 1804.  A  British  admiral. 
He  gained  the  victory  of  Camperdown  over  the 
Dutch  fleet,  Oct.  11,  1797. 

Duncan,  John,  Born  at  Giloomston,  near  Aber- 
deen, Scotland,  1796 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Feb. 
26, 1870.  A  Scottish  Hebraist  and  clergyman 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 

Duncan,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Kinelaven,  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  May  24,  1807:  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, May  25,  1845.  A  Scottish  historical 
and  portrait  painter.  Among  his  best-known  works 
are  "Charles  Edward  Asleep,"  "Charles  Edward  and  the 
Highlanders  entering  Edinbnrgh." 

Duncansby  Head  (dung'kanz-bi  hed).  The 
northeastern  extremity  of  Scotland,  near  John 
o*  Groat's  House. 


Dunciad,  The 

Dtmciad  (dun'si-ad),  The.  A  satirical  poem  by 
Alexander  Pope  (1728-41),  directed  against  vari- 
ous contemporary  writers.  The  goddess  of  dullnesa 
elects  Theobald  poet  laureate  of  that  realm.  Owing  to  a 
qnarrel  between  Gibber  and  Pope,  the  latter  substituted 
Gibber  for  Theobald  in  the  fourth  part,  published  in  1741. 
The  bestowal  of  the  laureateship  on  Gibber  may  have 
added  to  Pope's  venom. 

Duncker  (dSng'ker),  Karl.  Bom  at  Beriin, 
March  25,  1781:  died  at  Berlin,  July  15,  1869. 
A  German  publisher  in  Berlin. 

Duncker,  Max  Wolfgang.  Bom  at  Berlin, 
Oct.  15,  1811:  died  at  Ansbaoh,  July  21,  1886. 
A  German  historian,  son  of  Karl  Duncker.  He 
was  professor  at  Halle  1842-57,  and  at  Tubingen  1867-59. 
In  the  latter  year  he  entered  the  service  of  the  govern- 
ment. His  works  include  "  Origines  Germanicse  "  (1840), 
"Geschichte  des  Altertuma"  (1862-57:  5th  ed.  1878-83), 
etc. 

Dundalk  (dun-d&k').  A  seaport  in  County 
Louth,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  river  Castle- 
town, near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  54°  N.,  long.  6° 
24'  W.    Population  (1891),  12,449. 

Sir  John  de  Bermingham,  the  victor  of  Athenry,  push- 
ing northward  at  the  head  of  15,000  chosen  troops,  met 
the  younger  Bruce  at  Dundalk.  The  combat  was  hot, 
short,  and  decisive.  The  Scots  were  defeated,  Edward 
Bruce  himself  killed,  and  his  head  struck  off  and  sent  to 
London.  Lawless^  Story  of  Ireland,  p.  110. 

DundaS  (dun -das').  A  town  in  Wentworth 
County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  Burling- 
ton Bay  at  the  western  extremity  of  Lake  On- 
tario.   Population  (1901)  3,173. 

Dundas,  Henry,  first  Viscount  Melville.  Bom 
at  Ediaburgh,  April  28,  1742:  died  May  28, 
1811.  A  British  statesman.  He  was  lord  advocate 
of  Scotland  1775-83.  He  was  an  intimate  friend  and  trusted 
lieutenant  of  Fitt^  during  whose  first  administration  he 
was  home  secretary  (1791-94)  and  secretary  of  war  (1794- 
1801).  In  1802  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Viscount 
Melville  by  Addington ;  and  in  1804,  on  the  accession  of 
Pitt's  second  ministry,  was  appointed  first  lord  of  the  admi- 
ralty. He  was  impeached  in  1806  on  the  charge  of  ap- 
propriating public  money,  but  was  acquitted  by  the  House 
of  Lords.  During  the  impeachment  he  resigned  his  posi- 
tion in  the  cabinet. 

Dundas  Islands  (dun-das'  I'landz).  A  group 
of  islets  off  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa,  about 
lat.  1°  S. 

Dundas  Strait  (dun-das'  strat).  A  strait 
which  separates  Melville  Island  from  Coburg 
Peninsula  in  northern  Australia. 

Dundee  (dun-de').  A  seaport  in  Forfarshire, 
Scotland,  on  the  Firth  of  Tay  in  lat.  56°  27'  N., 
long.  2°  58'  W. :  the  third  city  in  Scotland. 
It  has  important  commerce  and  extensive  docks,  and  is 
the  center  of  the  British  linen  and  jute  manufacture.  It 
is  the  seat  of  a  university  college.  During  the  Uef  orma- 
tion  it  was  called  the  "  Scottish  Geneva."  Itwas  stormed 
by  the  Marquis  of  Montrose  in  1645,  and  by  Monk  in  1651. 
Population  (1901),  160,871. 

Dundee,  Viscount.    See  Graham. 

Dunderberg.    See  Donderberg. 

Dundonald,  Earl  of.    See  Cochrane. 

Dundreary  (dun-drer'i).  Lord.  •  An  indolent, 
foolish,  and  amusing  Englishman  in  Tom  Tay- 
lor's comedy  "Our  American  Cousin."  To  this 
part  originally  only  47  lines  were  given ;  but  E.  A.  Sothem, 
to  whom  it  was  assigned,  introduced  various  extrava- 
gances to  suit  himself.  He  became  famous  in  it,  and  the 
whole  play  hinged  on  it. 

Dundrennan  (dun-dren'an)  Abbey.  An  an- 
cient monastery  near  Kirkcudbright  in  Scot- 
land.   It  was  built  in  1140,  and  is  now  in  ruins. 

Dundnim  Bay  (dun'drum  ba).  A  bay  of  the 
Irish  Sea,  on  the  coast  of  the  County  Down, 
Ireland. 

Dunedin  (dun-e'din).  [See  Edinturgh.']  A 
poetical  name  of  Edinburgh. 

Dunedin.  A  seaport  of  the  South  Island,  New 
Zealand,  on  Otago  Harbor  in  lat.  45°  52'  S., 
long.  170°  33'  E.:  the  chief  commercial  city  of 
New  Zealand.  It  was  founded  in  1848.  (jold 
was  discovered  in  its  neighborhood  in  1861. 
Population  (1896),  22,815;  with  suburbs,  47,280. 

Dunes  (diinz).  Battle  of  ■fche.  A  victory  gained 
by  the  allied  French  and  English  under  Tu- 
renne  over  the  Spaniards,  on  the  sands  (dunes) 
near  Dunkirk,  June  4  (O.  S.),  1658. 

Dunfermline  (dun-f6rm'lin).  A  town  in  Fife- 
shire,  Scotland,  14  miles  northwest  of  Edin- 
burgh. It  has  a  noted  abbey  and  was  formerly  a  royal 
residence.  Here  Charles  II.  signed  the  Govenant  in  1650. 
Population  (1891),  19,647. 

Dunfermline.  Baron.    See  Abereromby. 

Dungannon  (dun-gan'gn).  A  town  in  Coimty 
Tyrone,  Ireland,  35  miles  west-southwest  of 
Belfast.  Itwas  the  ancient  seat  of  the  O'Neills. 

Dungarvan  (dun-gar'van).  A  town  in  County 
Waterford,  Ireland,  88  miles  northeast  of  Cork. 
Population  (1891),  5,263. 

Dungeness  (dunj-nes').  A  headland  at  the 
southern  extremity  of  Kent,  England,  south- 
east of  Bye. 


344 

Dungi  (dun-ge').  A  Babylonian  king  of  about 
the  27th  centmy  B.  0.  His  capital  was  in  Ur.  Many 
temples  are  extant  undertaken  by  him  and  his  father 
and  predecessor  Urgur,  who  called  themselves  "Kings  of 
Ur,  Kmgs  of  Shumir  (Shinar)  and  Akkad  (Acoad)." 

Dunglison  (dung^gU-son),  Koble^.    Bom  at 

Keswick,  England,  Jan.  4,  1798 :  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, April  1, 1869.  An  American  physician 
and  medical  writer,  author  of  "Dictionary  of 
Medical  Science  and  Literature  "  (1833). 

Dunkeld  (dun-keld').  A  town  ia  Perthshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Tay  13  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Perth.  It  was  a  seat  of  the  Guldees 
8th-12th  century.  The  cathedral,  built  in  the  14th  and 
15th  centuries,  is  roofless  except  the  choir,  which  has 
lately  been  restored  and  serves  as  the  parish  church. 
There  is  a  square  western  tower,  with  turrets. 

Dunkirk  (dun'kerk).  [F.I)unkerque,  Gr.DUnhir- 
chen,  church  on  the  dunes.]  A  seaport  in  the 
department  of  Nord,  France,  situated  on  the 
Strait  of  Dover  in  lat.  51°  2'  N.,  long.  2°  22' 
E.  It  is  an  important  fortress,  and  has  an  extensive 
trade.  It  was  founded  near  the  Ghurch  of  St.  Eloi,  by 
Baldwin,  count  of  Handers,  in  960 ;  was  burned  by  the 
English  in  1388 ;  belonged  successively  to  Flanders,  Bur- 
gundy, and  Spain ;  was  captured  from  the  Spaniards  by 
the  English  in  1540 ;  was  conquered  by  the  French  in  1658 
and  restored  to  Spain ;  was  besieged  and  taken  by  Cond6 
in  1646 ;  and  was  retaken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1652.  In 
consequence  of  the  battle  of  Dunkirk  or  the  Dunes,  it  was 
ceded  to  England  in  1658.  It  was  sold  by  Charles  II.  to 
France  in  1662,  and  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the 
Duke  of  York  in  1793.    Population  (1891),  39,498. 

Dunkirk.  A  city  and  lake  port  in  Chautauqua 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  Lake  Erie  35 
miles  southwest  of  Buffalo.  It  is  the  terminus 
of  a  division  of  the  Erie  Railway.  Population 
(1900),  11,616. 

Dunlap  (dun'lap),  William.  Bom  at  Perth 
Amboy,  N.  J.,  Feb.  19,  1766:  died  Sept.  28, 
1839.  An  American  painter  and  author.  He 
published  a  "History  of  the  American  Theatre"  (1832), 
"Arts  of  Design  in  the  United  States  "  (1834),  etc. 

Dun-le-Roi  ^dun'le-rwa'),  or  Dun-sur-Auron 
(dun.'siir-6-ron').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Cher,  France,  situated  on  the  Auron  17  miles 
southeast  of  Bourges.  It  has  manufactures  and 
coal-mines.  Population  (1891),  commune,  4,128. 

Dunloe  Cave.    See  Gap  ofDunloe. 

Dunmail  Kaise  (dun-mal'  raz).  A  pass  in  the 
Lake  District  of  England,  situated  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Westmoreland  and  Cumberland,  on  the 
route  between  Ambleside  and  Keswick.  Ele- 
vation, 780  feet. 

Dunmore  (dun-mor').  A  borough  in  Lacka- 
waunaCounty,Pennsylvauia,2mileseast-north- 
east  of  Seranton.     Population  (1900),  12,583. 

Dunmow  (dun'mou).  Great,  A  town  in  Essex, 
England,  situated  on  the  Chelmer  31  miles 
northeast  of  London :  famous  in  connection 
with  the  Dunmow  flitch  of  bacon  (which  see). 

Dunmow  Flitch,  The.  Aflitehof  bacon  award- 
ed to  any  married  pair  who  could  take  oath  at 
the  end  of  the  first  year  of  their  married  life 
that  there  had  not  only  been  no  jar  or  quarrel, 
but  that  neither  had  ever  wished  the  Imot  vn- 
tied.  The  custom  was  originated  in  Great  Dunmow,  Eng- 
land, by  Eobert  Fitzwalter,  in  1244.  The  flitch  of  bacon 
has  been  claimed  as  late  as  1876. 

Dunning  (dun'ing),  John,  Baron  Ashburton. 
Born  1731 :  died  1783.  An  English  lawyer  and 
politician,  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lan- 
caster in  1782. 

Dunnottar  Castle  (dun-not'tar  kas'l).  A  ru- 
ined castle  in  Kincardineshire,  Scotland,  situ- 
ated near  the  North  Sea  Xi  miles  south  of 
Stonehaven.  It  was  captured  by  Wallace  about 
1297. 

DunoiS  (dii-nwa'),  Jean,  Comte  deDunois:  sur- 
named  "The  Bastard  of  Orleans."  Bom  at 
Paris,  Nov.  23,  1402:  died  at  St.  Germain-en- 
Laye,  near  Paris,  Nov.  24, 1468.  A  natural  son 
of  Louis,  duke  of  Orleans,  and  Mariette  d'En- 
ghien,  celebrated  for  his  military  prowess  and 
his  gallantries.  He  defended  Orleans  1428-29,  con- 
quered Normandy  and  Guienne  from  the  English,  and 
joined  the  "League  of  the  Public  Good"  (1465).  He  is 
introduced  in  Scott's  "Quentin  Durward." 

Dunoon  (dun-on').  A  watering-place  in  Argyll- 
shire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  Firth  of  Clyde 
9  miles  west  of  Greenock.  Population  (1891), 
5,285. 

Dunrobin  Castle  (dun-rob'in  kas'l).  The  seat 
of  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  near  Golspie,  Scot- 
land. The  building  is  modem,  but  incorporates 
remains  of  an  11th-century  stronghold. 

Duns,  or  Dunse  (duns).  A  burgh  in  Berwick- 
shire, Scotland,  13  miles  west  of  Berwick. 
Population  (1891),  2,198. 

Dunsinane  (dun-si-nan'),  or  Dunsinnan  (dnn- 
sin'an).  One  of  the  Sidlaw  Hills  in  Perthshire, 
Scotland,  9  miles  northeast  of  Perth.    Height, 


Dupetit-Thouars,  Abel  Aubert 

1,012  feet.  Here,  1054,  Siward,  earl  of  North- 
umberland, defeated  Macbeth. 
Duns  Scotus(dunz  sko'tus),  Joannes,  sumamed 
Doctor  Subtilis.  Born  at  Dunse,  Scotland, 
about  1265  (?) :  died  at  Cologne,  Nov.  8, 1308  (f ). 
A  famous  scholastic.  He  was  the  founder  of  the 
scholastic  system  called  Scotism,  which  long  contended 
for  supremacy  among  the  schoolmen  with  the  system 
caUed  Thomism,  founded  by  Thomas  Aquinas.  Nothing 
is  known  with  certainty  concerning  his  personal  history. 
According  to  the  commonly  accepted  tradition,  he  was 
born  at  Duns  or  Dunse,  Berwickshire,  Scotland,  about 
1265 ;  was  a  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford ;  became  a 
Franciscan  friar ;  was  chosen  professor  of  theology  at  Ox- 
ford in  1301 ;  removed  in  1304  to  Paris,  where^  in  a  disputa- 
tion on  the  immaculate  conception  of  the  Virgin  Mary  he 
displayed  so  much  ingenuity  and  resource  as  to  win  the 
title  of  Doctor  Subtilis,  and  where  he  rose  to  the  position 
of  regent  of  the  university ;  and  died  at  Cologne,  Ger- 
many, Nov.  8, 1308,  while  on  a  mission  In  the  interest  of 
his  order.  His  name,  DunSt  DuTise,  Dunca,  came  to  be  used 
as  a  common  appellative, '  a  very  learned  man,'  and,  being 
applied  satirically  to  ignorant  and  stupid  persons,  gave 
rise  to  dunce  in  its  present  sense. 

Dunstable  (dun'sta-bl).  A  town  in  Bedford- 
shire, England,  33  miles  northwest  of  London, 
It  is  noted  for  manufactures  of  straw-plait  hats 
and  bonnets.    Population  (1891),  4,513. 

Dunstan  (dun'stan),  Saint.  Born  near  Glaston- 
bury, England,  924  or  925:  died  at  Canterbury, 
England,  May  19,  988.  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury. He  was  the  son  of  Heorstan,  a  West-Saxon  noble, 
and  was  brought  up  at  the  abbey  of  Glastonbury  and  at  the 
court  of  .iEthelstan,  by  whom  he  was  appointed  abbot  of 
Glastonbury  not  later  than  945.  He  became  the  chief  ad- 
viser of  Eadred  (reigned  946-965),  but  was  banished  by  Ead- 
red's  successor,  the  young  king  Eadwig,  whose  iU  will  he 
incurred  by  refusing  to  consent  to  a  marriage  between  him 
and  .Mfgitu:  and  by  rudely  bringing  him  back  to  the  ban- 
queting-hall  when,  at  his  coronation,  he  left  it  for  her 
society.  He  was  recalled  by  Eadwig's  successor,  Eadgar, 
by  whom  he  was  created  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  959 
and  restored  to  political  power.  He  retained  his  ii^uence 
at  court  during  the  reign  of  Eadward,  but  appears  to  have 
lost  it  on  the  accession  of  ^thelred  II.  in  978. 

Dunster  (dun'ster),  Henry.  Bom  in  Lanca- 
shire, England,  about  1612:  died  at  Scituate, 
Mass.,  Feb.  27,  1659.  The  first  president  of 
Harvard  College.  He  was  inaugurated  in  ld40, 
and  resigned  in  1654. 

Dunton  (dun'tgn),  John,  Bom  at  (3raf£ham, 
Huntingdonshire,  England,  May  4,  1659:  died 
1788.  An  English  bookseller  and  author.  He 
vrrote  "Life  and  Errors  of  John  Dunton  "  (1705X  ' '  Letters 
from  New  England  "  (published  1867),  etc. 

Diintzer  (diint'ser),  Johann  Heinrich  Jo- 
seph. Bom  at  Cologne,  July  12,  1818:  diea 
there,  Deo.  16,  1901.  A  German  literary  his- 
torian and  philologist,  librarian  of  the  public 
library  of  the  Catholic  College  of  Cologne  from 
1846.  He  published  numerous  critical  works  on  Goethe, 
"  Homer  und  der  epieche  CvoUis  "  (1839),  etc. 

Dupain  (dii-pah'),  Edmond  Louis.    Bom  at 

Bordeaux,  Jan.  18,  1847.  A  French  historical 
and  genre  painter,  a  pupil  of  Cabanel  and  Gu6. 
Dupanloup  (dti-pon-lo'J,  T&ix.  Antoine  Phi- 
libert.  Born  at  St.-P61ix,  near  Chamb^ry, 
France,  Jan.  8,  1802 :  died  Oct.  11,  1878.  A 
French  prelate.  He  was  made  bishop  of  Orleans  in 
1849;  was  elected  deputy  to  the  National  Assembly  in 
1871 ;  and  became  a  life  senator  in  1875. 

Du  Parquet,  Jacques  Diel.  See  i)ieZ  du  Par- 
quet. 

Dupaty  (dTi-j)a-te'),  Charles  Marguerite  Jean 
Baptiste  Mercier.  Bom  at  La  EocheUe, 
France,  May  9,  1746:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  17, 
1788.  A  French  jurist.  He  wrote  "  E6flexions 
historiques  surles  lois  criminelles"  (1788),  etc. 

Dupe  (diip),  Lady.  An  old  lady  in  Dryden's 
comedy  "  Sir  Martin  Mar-all." 

Duperrey  (dii-pe-ra'),  Louis  Isidor.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Cict.  21,  1786:  died  Sept.  10,  1865.  A 
French  naval  oflS.cer  and  scientist.  He  served  as 
hydrographer  in  the  Uranie,  under  De  Freycineli  who 
made  explorations  in  the  North  Pacific  1817-20;  and 
1822-26  commanded  a  scientific  expedition  to  Oceania  and 
South  America.  He  determined  the  positions  of  the 
magnetic  poles  and  the  figure  of  the  magnetic  equator. 
Author  of  the  volumes  on  hydrography  and  physical 
science  in  "  Voyage  autour  du  monde,  ex^cut^  par  ordre 
du  roi  sur  la  corvette  La  Goquille  pendant  les  ann^es 
1822,  1823,  1824,  et  1826  "  (1826-30). 

Duperron  (dti-pe-r6n'),  Jacques  Da'vy,  Bom 
at  St.-L6,  Prance,  Nov.  15, 1556:  died  at  Paris, 
Sept.  5, 1618.  A  French  cardinal,  instrumental 
in  converting  Henry  IV.  to  Catholicism. 

Dupes,  Day  of.  [F.  Journ6e  des  I)upes.'\  A 
name  given  to  Nov.  11, 1680,  when  the  enemies 
of  Richelieu  were  foiled  in  their  intrigues- 
against  him  with  the  king. 

Dupetit-Thouars  (diip-te't5-ar'),  Abel  Au- 
bert. Bom  at  Saumur,  France,  Aug.  3,  1798 : 
died  at  Paris,  March  17,  1864.  A  French  rear- 
admiral.  He  circumnavigated  the  globe  1837-39  and 
extended  a  French  protectorate  over  Tahiti  and  the  Mar- 
quesas Islands  in  1842,  and  over  the  entire  Society  etoud 
in  1843.  ' 


Dupetit-Thouars,  Louis  Marie  Aubert 

Dupetit-Thouars,  Louis  Marie  Aubert.  Born 
at  Boumois,  near  Saumur,  France,  Nov. '  5, 
1758 :  died  at  Paris,  May  11,  1831.  A  French 
botanist  and  traveler.  He  visited  Mauritius, 
Madagascar,  and  Reunion  1792-1802. 

Dupiii(du-pan'),  AndrS  Marie  Jean  Jacaues: 
called  "  The  Elder."  Bom  at  Varzy,  Nftyre, 
France,  Feb.  1,1783:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  10, 
1865.  A  French  lawyer  and  politician.  He 
was  president  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  1832-40,  and  of 
the  Legislative  Assembly  1849-61. 

Dupin,  Baron  Pierre  Charles  Francois.  Bom 

at  Varzy,  Ni&vre,  France,  Oct.  6, 1784:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  18, 1873.  A  French  political  econo- 
mist and  politician,  brother  of  A.  M.  J.  J. 
Dupin.  He  published  "Voyages  dans  la  Grande-Bre- 
tagne  "  (1820-24),  "  Forces  produotlves  des  nations  "  (1851), 
etc. 

Dupleix(du-plaks'),  Marquis  Joseph  FranQois. 

Bom  at  Landrecies,  Nord,  France,  Jan.  1, 
1697:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  10,  1764.  A  French 
general,  governor-general  of  the  French  East 
Indies  1742-54. 

Duplessis  (dii-ple-se'),  Georges  Victor  An- 
toine  Gratet-.  Bom  at  Chartres,  March  19, 
1834:  died  March  26,  1899.  A  French  critic 
and  historian  of  art,  custodian  of  the  depart- 
ment of  prints  in  the  National  Library.  He 
published  numerous  works. 

Duplessis-Momay.    See  Mornay. 

Duplin  (dup'lin),  or  Dupplin.  A  moor  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  7  miles  southwest  of 
Perth.  Here,  1332,  Edward  Baliol  defeated  the 
Scottish  Royalists  under  the  Earl  of  Mar. 

DuponQeau  (dti-pon'so;  F.  pron.  dii-pon-so'), 
Peter  Stephen,  Bom  at  Ile-de-E^,  France, 
June  3,  1760 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  April  1, 
1844.  A  French-American  lawyer  and  philolo- 
gist. He  published  "Memoir  on  the  Indian 
Languages  of  North  America"  (1835),  etc. 

Dupont  (du-p6n'),  or  Dupont  de  I'Eure  (dtt- 
p6n'  d6  l6r),  Jacques  Charles.'  Bom  at  Neu- 
bourg,  Euie,  Feb.  27, 1767:  died  on  his  estate, 
Eouge  Pierre,  Normandy,  March  3,  1855.  A 
French  politician.  He  became  president  of  the  im- 
perial court  at  Rouen  in  1811 ;  was  a  member  of  the  Cham- 
ber of  Deputies  1817-48;  was  minister  of  justice  about  six 
months  in  1830 ;  and  was  president  of  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment formed  in  Feb.,  1848. 

Dupont,  Pierre.  Born  at  Lyons,  France,  April 
23,  1821 :  died  at  St.  fitienne,  France,  July  25, 
1870.  A  French  lyrical  poet.  He  was  collaborator 
on  the  dictionary  of  the  Academy  1842-47.  His  works  in- 
clude "  Les  deux  anges  "  (1842 :  crowned  by  the  Academy), 
"Les  boeufs"(1846),  "Le  chant  des  nations,"  "Le  chant 
des  ouvriers,"  etc. 

Pierre  Dupont  .  .  .  seemed  at  one  time  likely  to  be  a 
poet  of  the  first  rank,  but  unfortunately  wasted  his  talent 
in  Bohemian  dawdling  and  disorder.  His  songs  were  the 
delight  of  the  young  generation  of  1848,  and  two  of  them, 
"  Le  Chant  des  Ouvriers  "  and  "Les  Boeufs,"  are  still  most 
remarkable  compositions.    Saintxbniiry,  French  Lit.,  p.  648. 

Dupont  (dn-pont'),  Samuel  Francis.  Born  at 
Bergen  Point,  N.  J.,  Sept.  27,  1803:  died  at 
Philadelphia,  June  23, 1865.  Ai  American  ad- 
miral, grandson  of  Du;pont  de  Nemours.  He 
entered  Sie  navy  as  a  midshipman  in  1815 ;  was  promoted 
commander  in  1842 ;  commanded  the  Cyane  during  the  war 
with  Mexico  ;  and  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  became 
president  of  a  board  convened  at  Washington  to  devise  a 
plan  of  naval  operations  against  the  Confederate  States. 
He  commanded  the  naval  expedition  which,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  a  land  army  under  General  Thomas  W.  Sher- 
man, captured  Port  Eoyal,  South  Carolina,  Nov.  7, 1861 ; 
was  promoted  rear-admiral  in  1862 ;  was  repulsed  in  an 
attack  on  Fort  Sumter,  April  7, 1863 ;  and  was  relieved 
of  his  command  July  5,  1863. 

Dupont  de  I'^tang  (du.-p6n'  de  la-ton'),  Comte 
Pierre.  Bom  at  Chabanais,  Charente,  France, 
July  14,  1765:  died  at  Paris,  March  7,  1840. 
A  French  general,  distinguished  at  Marengo 
and  other  battles,  especially  Friedland  (1807). 
He  capitulated  at  Baylen  in  1808. 

Dupont  de  Nemours  (du-p6n'  d6  ne-mor'), 
Pierre  Samuel.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dee.  14, 1739 : 
died  near  Wilmington,  Del.,  Aug.  6,  1817.  A 
French  political  economist  and  politician.  He 
assisted  Turgot  1774-76 ;  was  a  deputy  to  the  States-Gen- 
eral in  1789 ;  and  became  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Ancients  in  1795.  He  wrote  "Physiocratie,  on  constitution 
naturelle  du  gouvemement  le  plus  avantageux  au  genre 
hamain'  (1768),  "  Philosophic  del'univers  "(1796),  etc. 

Diippel  (dup'pel).  A  village  in  Schleswig, 
Prassia,  opposite  Sonderburg,  28  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Schleswig.  The  allied  German  troops 
were  defeated  here  by  the  Danes  May  28, 1848,  and  again  on 
June  6.  The  redoubts  were  stormed  by  the  Saxons  and 
Bavarians  April  13, 1849,  and  by  the  Prusstens  April  18,18^. 

Diippel,  Lines  of.  A  chain  of  Damsh  fortifi- 
cations west  of  Sonderburg  in  the  island  of 
Alsen.  They  were  stormed  by  the  Prussians 
April  18,  1864.  ^  ^      . 

Duprat  (du-pra'),  Antoine.    Born  at  Issoire, 

Puy-de-D6me,  France,  Jan.  17,  1463:  died  at 


345 

Eambouillet,  France,  July  8,  1535.  A  French 
cardinal  and  poUtieian.  He  became  chancel- 
lor and  prime  minister  in  1515. 
Duprat,  Pascal  Pierre.  Bom  at  Hagetmau, 
Landes,  Prance,  March  24,  1815:  died  Aug. 
17,  1885.  A  French  politician  and  journalist. 
He  took  part  in  the  February  revolution  in  1848 ;  founded, 
with  Lamennais,  "Le  peuple  constituant " ;  opposed  the 
coup  d'etat  in  1851,  and  was  arrested  and  obliged  to 
leave  France  j  edited  various  journals ;  was  a  member  of 
the  National  Assembly  in  1871,  and,  later,  of  the  Chamber 
of  Deputies ;  and  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Chile  in  1883, 
and  died  on  the  return  journey. 

Duprato  (dii-pra-to'),  Jules.  Bom  at  Nlmes 
in  1827 :  died  at  Paris,  May  19, 1892.  A  French 
composer.  He  gained  the  Koman  prize  in  1848,  and  be- 
came professor  of  harmony  at  the  Conservatoire  in  1866. 
Among  his  operas  are  "Les  trovatelles"  (1854),  "Pa- 
querettes"  (1866),  "Salvator  Rosa"  (1861),  "Le  cerisier" 
(1874),  etc. 

Dupray  (dii-pra'),  Louis  Henri.  Bom  at  Sedan, 
Nov.  3,  1841.  A  French  military  painter,  a 
pupil  of  Pils  and  L6on  Cogniet. 

lJupr6  (dii-pra'),  Giovanni.  Bom  at  Siena, 
Italy,  March  1, 1817 :  died  at  Florence,  Jan.  10, 
1882.  An  Italian  sculptor.  Among  his  works  are 
"Abel"  and  "Cain"  (Pitti  Palace,  Florence),  "Sappho," 
"  Giotto,"  the  Wellington  monument,  etc. 

Dupr6,  Jules.  Born  at  Nantes,  France,  April 
5,  1811:  died  at  L'Isle  Adam,  Oct.  6,  1889.  A 
noted  French  landscape-painter.  He  was  original- 
ly a  porcelain-painter  in  his  father's  manufactory.  At  the 
age  of  eighteen  he  went  to  Paris,  where  his  talent  was  at 
once  recognized.  In  1831  he  sent  his  first  picture  to  the 
Salon.  In  1833  he  went  to  England  and  also  to  Berry  with 
Jules  Andr^  and  Troyon.  In  1849  he  was  made  chevalier 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  and  officier  in  1870.  He  received 
a  second-class  medal  at  the  Exposition  Universelle  in  1867, 
a  second-class  medal  in  1883,  and  a  medal  of  honor  at  the 
Exposition  Universelle  in  1889.  He  spent  his  winters  in 
Paris  from  1876-82.  He  was  the  first  and  last  of  the  group 
of  Fontainebleau  artists  of  1830,  called  the  Romantic  or 
Natural  School  (Rousseau,  Delacroix,  Corot,  Diaz,  Millet, 
Troyon,  etc.).  His  studio  was  for  some  years  in  the  Abbey 
of  Saint  Pierre  in  the  forest  of  Fontainebleau,  and  after- 
ward in  L'Isle  Adam.  Several  of  his  pictures  are  in  the 
Luxembourg  Museum,  one  at  Lille,  and  a  number  are 
owned  in  the  United  States. 

Duprez  (dii-pra'),  Caroline  (Madame  Van  den 
Heuvel).  Bom  at  Florence,  1832 :  died  at  Pau, 
France,  April  17, 1875.  A  French  opera-singer, 
daughter  of  G-.  L.  Duprez. 

Duprez,  Gilbert  Louis.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  6, 
1806:  died  Sept.  23,  1896.  A  French  tenor 
singer  and  composer.  He  published  "L'Art 
du  chant"  (1845),  etc. 

Dupuis  (dii-piie'),  Adolphe.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Aug.  16,  1824:  died  at  Nemours,  Oct.  25, 1891. 
A  French  actor. 

Dupuis,  Charles  Francois.  Bom  at  Trle-le 
Chateau,  Oise,  France,  Oct.  16, 1742 :  died  at  Is- 
sur-Tille,  C6te-d'0r,  Prance,  Sept.  29,  1809.  A 
French  scholar  and  man  of  letters.  He  wrote 
"L'Origine  de  tous  les  cultes,  ou  la  religion 
universelle"  (1795),  etc. 

Dupuytren  (du-pii§-tran'),  Baron  Guillaume. 
Bom  at  Pierre-Buffi^re,  Haute-Vienne,  France, 
Oct.  6,  1777:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  8,  1835.  A 
noted  French  surgeon  and  anatomist. 

Duquesne  (dti-kan').  Marquis  Abraham.  Bom 
at  Dieppe,  France,  1610:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  2, 
1688.  A  French  naval  commander,  distin- 
guished in  the  wars  against  the  Spanish  and 
Dutch.  He  defeated  the  combined  Spanish  and  Dutch 
fleets  under  De  Ruyter  off  the  Sicilian  coast  April  22, 
1676. 

DuCLuesne,  Fort.  A  fort  formerly  on  the  site  of 
Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  erected  by  theFreneh 
in  1754.  It  was  taken  by  the  English  1758.  See 
Braddock. 

Duguesnoy  (dii-ka-nwa'),  Frangois,  or  Fran- 
Qois  Flamand.  Bom  at  Brussels,  1594 :  died  at 
Leghorn,  July  12, 1646.  A  Dutch  sculptor,  son 
of  an  excellent  sculptor  from  whom  he  received 
his  first  lessons.  At  an  early  age  he  made  the  figure  of 
Justice  on  the  portal  of  the  Chancellerie  at  Brussels,  and 
two  angels  for  the  door  of  the  Jesuit  church.  In  1619  he 
was  sent  by  the  archduke  Albert  to  study  in  Rome.  He 
is  especially  famous  for  the  children  which  he  executed 
in  marble  and  bronze,  but  more  frequently  in  ivory,  for 
drinking-cups,  etc.  The  sculpture  of  the  Baldaohino  at 
St.  Peter's  is  by  him.  His  friend  Le  Poussin  recommended 
him  to  Richelieu,  and  he  was  on  the  point  of  starting  for 
Paris  when  he  was  poisoned  by  his  brother  (JSrdme  Du- 
quesnoy,  born  1612  :  burned  for  unnatural  crime  Oct.  24, 
1654),  also  a  very  clever  sculptor. 

DuraDen  (do'ra  den).  A  small  glennear  St.  An- 
drews, Piteshire,  Scotland,  noted  for  the  num- 
ber of  the  fossil  fish  found  in  its  sandstone. 

Duran  (do -ran'),  AgUStin.  Bom  at  Madrid, 
Oct.  14, 1789 :  died  there,  Dec.  1, 1862.  A  Span- 
ish critic  and  litterateur.  He  wrote  "  Sobre  la  deca- 
dencia  del  teatro  espaflol"  (1828),  etc.,  and  edited  old 
Spanish  romances  and  comedies. 

Duran  (dii-ron'),  Carolus  (Charles  Auguste 
Emile  Durand).-  Bom  at  LiUe,  July  4, 1837. 


Durbin 

A  French  genre  and  portrait  painter,  a  pupil  of 
Souchon.  He  studied  in  Paris,  and  afterward  in  Italy 
and  Spain.  He  has  painted  portraits,  especially  of  women, 
with  great  success,  and  is  also  a  sculptor.  He  reoelvea 
medals  in  1866,  1869,  1870, 1878,  and  1879. 

Durance  (du-rons').  A  river  of  southeastern 
Europe  which  joins  the  Eh6ne  3  miles  south- 
west of  Avignon:  the  Roman  Druentia.  Length, 
224  miles. 

Durand  (du-rou'),  Madame  (Alice  Marie  Ce- 
leste Fleury):  pseudonym  Henry  Gr^ville. 
Bom  at  Paris,  Oct.  12,  1842:  died  at  Boulogne- 
sur-Mer,  May  26,  1902.    A  French  novelist. 

Durand  (du-rand'),  Asher  Brown.  Bom  at 
South  Orange,  N.  J.,  Aug.  21,  1796 :  died  there, 
Sept.  17, 1886.  An  American  landscape-painter 
and  engraver. 

Durandana  (do -ran- da 'na).  The  sword  of 
Roland  (Orlando).  It  is  also  called  Durandal, 
Burenda,  Durindana,  etc. 

He  (Roland)  had  fought  all' day  in  the  thickest  of  the 
fray,  dealing  deadly  blows  with  his  good  sword  Durenda; 
but  all  his  prowess  could  not  save  the  day.  So,  wounded 
to  death,  and  surrounded  by  the  bodies  of  his  friends,  he 
stretched  himself  on  the  ground,  and  prepared  to  yield  up 
his  soul.  But  first  he  drew  his  faithful  sword,  than  which 
he  would  sooner  have  spared  the  arm  that  wielded  it, 
and  saying,  "  O  sword  of  unparalleled  brightness,  excel- 
lent dimensions,  admirable  temper,  and  hUt  of  the  whit- 
est ivory,  decorated  with  a  splendid  cross  of  gold,  topped 
by  a  berylline  apple,  engraved  with  the  sacred  name  of 
God,  endued  with  keenness  and  every  other  virtue,  who 
now  shall  wield  thee  in  battle,  who  shall  caU  thee  master? 
He  that  possessed  thee  was  never  conquered,  never 
daunted  bythefoe ;  phantoms  never  appaUed  him.  Aided 
by  the  Almighty,  with  thee  did  he  destroy  the  Saracen^ 
exalt  the  faith  of  Christ,  and  win  consummate  glory.  O 
happy  sword,  keenest  of  the  keen,  never  was  one  like 
thee  ;  he  that  made  thee,  made  not  thy  fellow  1  Not  one 
escaped  with  life  from  thy  stroke."  And  lest  Durenda 
should  fall  into  the  hands  of  a  craven  or  an  infidel,  Roland 
smote  it  upon  a  block  of  stone  and  brake  it  in  twain. 
Then  he  blew  his  horn,  which  was  so  resonant  that  all 
other  horns  were  split  by  its  sound ;  and  now  he  blew  it 
with  all  his  might,  till  the  veins  of  his  neck  burst.  And 
the 

blast  of  that  dread  horn. 
On  Fontarabian  echoes  borne, 
reached  even  to  King  Charles's  ear  as  he  lay  encamped 
and  ignorant  of  the  disaster  that  had  befallen  the  rear- 
guard eight  miles  away.    Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  36. 

Durandarte  (do-ran-dar'te).  A  legendary 
Spanish  hero  whose  exploits  are  related  in 
old  Spanish  ballads  and  in  "Don  Quixote,"  H. 
23.  He  was  the  cousin  of  Montesinos,  and  was  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Roncesvalles.  One  of  the  ballads,  a  frag- 
ment, can  be  traced  to  the  "Cancionero"  of  1611,  and  one, 
"Durandarte,  Durandarte,"  to  the  old  "Cancioneros  Gene- 
rales,"    Ticknor. 

Durandus  (dii-ran'dus),  Gulielmus  (Guil- 
laume Durantis  or  Durand).    Bom  at  Pui- 

misson,  near  B6ziers,  France,  1237:  died  at 
Rome,  Nov.  1,  1296.  A  prelate  and  jurist, 
sumamed  "The  Speculator."  He  wrote  "Specu- 
lum jadioiale"(1474),  "Rationale  divinorum  ofliciorum" 
(1469),  etc. 

Durango  (do-ran'go).  1.  A  state  of  northern 
Mexico,  lyingbetween  Chihuahua  on  the  north, 
Coahuila  on  the  east,  Zac^tecas  on  the  south- 
east, Jalisco  on  the  south,  and  Sinaloa  on  the 
west.  Area,  37,600  square  miles.  Population 
(1895),  294,366.-2.  The  capital  of  the  state 
of  Durango,  situated  near  the  foot  of  the  Sierra 
Madre  Mountains.  Also  called  Victoria,  for- 
merly Cruadiana.  Population  (1895),  42,165. 
— 3.  A  small  town  in  the  province  of  Biscay, 
Spain,  14  miles  southeast  of  Bilbao.  It  is  a 
military  stronghold. 

Durante  (do-ran 'te),  Francesco.  Bom  at 
Frattamaggiore,  near  Naples,  March  15,  1684: 
died  at  Naples,  Aug.  13, 1755.  An  Italian  com- 
poser of  sacred  music.  In  1742  he  succeeded 
Porpora  at  the  Conservatory  of  Santa  Maria  di 
Loreto  at  Naples,  where  he  died. 

Durantis  (dii-ron-tes'),  Guillaume.  See  Bu- 
randus. 

Durazzo.  A  facetious  and  lively  old  man  in 
Massinger's  play  "The  Guardian."  He  is  the 
guardian  of  Caldoro. 

Durazzo  (do-rat'so).  [P.  Buras,  It.  Burazeo, 
Turk.  Bratsh,  Slav.  Bwrtz;  from  L.  Byrrha- 
cMum.J  A  seaport  in  the  vilayet  of  Scutari, 
European  Turkey,  situated  on  the  Adriatic  in 
lat.  41°  20'  N.,  long.  19°  26'  E.:  the  ancient 
Epidamnus,  later  Dyrrhachium.  It  was  founded  by 
Corcyreans  about  626  B.  c,  and  became  the  terminus  of  a 
great  Roman  road.  Caesar  was  repulsed  here  by  Pompey 
48  B.  c. ;  and  here  Robert  Guiscard  defeated  the  emperor 
Alexius  in  1081,  and  took  the  city  in  1082. 

Durban,  or  D'Urban  (der'ban).  A  town  in 
Natal,  South  Africa,  situated  near  Natal  Bay 
in  lat.  29°  52'  S.,  long.  31°  2'  E.  it  is  thetermmus 
of  the  railway  to  the  interior.    Population  (1891),  26,612. 

Durbin  (der'bin),  John  Price.  Bom  in  Bour- 
bon County,  Ky.,  1800:  died  at  Philadelphia, 


Diirbtn 

Oet.  18,  1876.  An  American  clergyman  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  president  of  Dick- 
inson College  1834r-45.  He  was  secretary  of  the 
Missionaiy  Society  ol  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
1850-72.  He  wrote  "Observations  in  Europe"  (1844), 
"  Observations  in  Egypt,  etc."  (1846). 

Durden  (der'den),  Dame.  A  notable  housemfe 
in  a  famous  English  song:  hence  the  nickname 

fiven  to  the  careful  and  conscientious  Esther 
ummerson  in  Dickens's  "Bleak  House." 

Durdles  (dSr'dlz),  Stony.  "A  stone-mason, 
chiefly  in  the  gravestone,  tomb,  and  monument 
way,  and  whoUy  of  their  color  from  head  to 
foot,"  in  Charles  Dickens's  "Mystery  of  Edwin 
Drood."  He  is  usually  drunk,  and  has  wonder- 
ful adventures  in  the  crypt  of  the  cathedral. 

Diiren  (dii'ren).  A  town  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Eoer  23  miles  south- 
west of  Cologne :  the  ancient  Marcodurum. 
It  has  manufactures  of  cloth,  iron,  paper,  etc.  It  was 
the  scene  of  a  victory  of  Civilis  over  the  TJbii  in  69  A.  D. ; 
and  was  the  seat  of  councils  and  assemblies  in  the  8th 
century.    Population  (1890),  21,551. 

Durenda.    See  Durandana. 

Diirer  (dti'rer),  Albrecht.  Bom  atNuremberg, 
Bavaria,  May  21,  1471:  died  there,  April  6, 
1528.  A  famous  (German  painter  and  engraver, 
the  founder  of  the  German  school.  He  was  the  son  of 
a  goldsmith  who  first  instructed  him  in  his  trade  and  then 
apprenticed  him  to  the  painter  Michael  Wolgemuth  for 
three  years  and  a  half,  after  which  (1490)  he  visited  Stras- 
burg,  Colmar,  Basel,  and  Venice  wliere  he  was  much  im- 
pressed by  the  works  of  Mantegna.  He  returned  in  1494 
and  married  Agnes  Frey.  He  probably  worked  in  the 
studio  of  Wolgemuth  until  1497,  when  he  removed  to  an 
atelier  of  his  own.  From  1505  to  1507  he  lived  in  Venice. 
Then  followed  his  most  active  years  in  Nuremberg.  From 
1512  he  worked  for  the  emperor  Maximilian,  who  made 
him  his  court  painter,  and  whom  he  attended  at  Augsburg 
in  1518  as  deputy  for  his  native  city  to  the  assembled  Diet. 
In  1521-22  he  visited  the  Netherlands.  He  attended  the 
coronation  of  Charles  V.  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  and  obtained 
the  appointment  of  court  painter  before  his  return  to 
Nuremberg,  where  he  continued  to  work  until  his  death. 
He  raay  be  regarded  as  the  inventor  of  etching.  As  a  de- 
signer of  woodcuts  and  an  engraver  he  ranks  higher  than 
as  a  painter.  His  woodcuts  number  nearly  200,  including 
"  The  Apocalypse"  (18  subjects),  "The  Greater  Passion" 
(12  subjects),  and  "  The  Lesser  Passion  "  (37  subjects).  His 
copperplates  number  over  100,  Including  "  Melancholia," 
"  Death  and  the  Devil, "  "  The  Little  Passion  "  (16  subjects), 
*'  St.  Jerome  in  his  Study,-"  etc.  Among  his  paintings  are 
'*  Adoration  of  the  Trinity  "  (Vienna),  "  Adam  and  Eve  " 
(Florence),  "  Four  Apostles  "  (Nuremberg),  etc.  He  wrote 
"Von  Menschlicher  Proportion"  (1528),  and  works  on 
"  Measurement "  (1525)  and  "  Foi-tification  "  (1527).  Diirer 
never  employed  fresco,  although  he  furnished  the  designs 
for  the  mural  decorations  of  the  city  hall  at  Nuremberg, 
the  "Calumny  of  Apelles"  and  the  "Triumph  of  Maxi- 
milian." 

D'XJrfe,  Honors.    See  Urfi,  D'. 

Durfee  (dfer'fe),  Job.  Bom  at  Tiverton,  R.  I., 
Sept.  20,  1790 :  died  there,  July  26,  1847.  An 
American  jurist  and  philosophical  writer,  chief 
justice  of  Rhode  Island  Supreme  Court  1835-47. 
He  wrote  "Panidea"  (1846),  etc. 

D'Urfey  (der'fi),  Thomas,  called  "Tom 
D'Urfey ."  Born  in  Devonshire,  England,  about 
1650  (?):  died  at  London,  1723.  An  English 
dramatist  and  humorous  poet.  His  songs  were 
published  as  "Pills  to  Purge  Melancholy" 
(1719-20). 

Durga  (dor'ga).  [Skt.,' the  inaccessible.']  In 
Hindu  mythology,  the  wife  of  Shiva.    See  Devi. 

Durham  (dur'am).  [ME.  Durem,  Duresme, 
altered  from  Dunholm,  AS.  Dunholm  (ML. 
reflex  Dunholmum,  Dunelmum,  Dunelmia),  hill- 
isle,  from  dun,  hill  (down),  and  holm,  island: 
applied  orig.  to  the  rooky  peninsula  on  which 
the  first  church  was  built.]  1.  A  county  in 
northern  England,  lying  between  Northumber- 
land on  the  north,  the  North  Sea  on  the  east,  and 
Westmoreland  and  Cumberland  on  the  west. 
It  is  separated  from  Yorkshire  by  the  Tees  on  the  south. 
It  is  mountainous  in  the  west,  is  rich  in  minerals,  particu- 
larly coal  and  lead,  and  is  noted  for  its  breed  of  cattle. 
It  was  a  county  palatine  until  1836.  Area,  1,012  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  1,016,669. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Durham,  situ- 
ated on  the  Wear  in  lat.  54°  46'  N.,  long.  1° 
35'  W.  It  contains  a  castle  founded  in  1072  by  William 
the  Conqueror,  and  rebuilt  by  Bishop  Hugh  of  Puiset  a 
hundred  years  later.  The  interior  possesses  many  fea- 
tures of  interest,  as  the  beautiful  Norman  arcade,  door, 
and  gallery,  the  Norman  chapel  beneath  the  14th-century 
keep,  the  refectory  of  the  14th  century,  and  a  17th-cen- 
tury carved  staircase  of  oak.  The  castle  is  now  occupied 
by  Durham  University.  The  cathedral  of  Durham  is  a 
monument  of  great  intrinsic  importance,  which  is  en- 
hanced by  its  imposing  position  on  the  brink  of  a  steep 
hill  above  the  river  Wear.  The  west  front  is  flanked  by 
two  massive  square  towers,  and  a  tower  of  similar  form 
rises  high  over  the  crossing.  The  present  church  was 
founded  at  the  end  of  the  11th  century,  and  was  practi- 
cally completed  by  the  middle  of  the  12th.  The  Lady 
chapel  or  Galilee  is  later,  and  the  curious  east  transept 
called  the  Nine  Altars,  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  the 
choir,  is  of  the  early  13th.  The  cloister  is  Perpendicular. 
The  Norman  Interior  is  exceedingly  impressive.  The 
piers  of  the  nave  are  alternately  cylindrical  and  square, 


346 

with  engaged  shafts ;  the  former  are  covered  with  zigzag 
and  other  line-patterns.  The  altar-screen  and  episcopal 
throne  are  of  the  14th  century,  the  stalls  of  the  17th. 
The  eastern  or  Nine  Altars  transept  is  architecturally 
beautiful,  and  is  very  skilfully  joined  to  the  older  work. 
The  Galilee  chapel,  projecting  in  front  of  the  western 
facade,  has  four  interior  walls  resting  on  round  chevron- 
molded  arches  which  spring  from  slender  clustered  col- 
umns, the  whole  supporting  the  roof  in  a  manner  rather 
Saracenic  than  Northern.  The  dimensions  of  the  cathe- 
dral are  610  by  80  feet,  length  of  transepts  170,  height  of 
vaulting  70,  of  central  tower  214.  The  old  monastic  build- 
ings are  still  almost  complete,  and  are  of  high  interest. 
Durham  was,  perhaps,  a  Eoman  station.  It  became  the 
seat  of  the  old  bishopric  of  Lindisfarne  in  995,  and  its 
bishops  were,  in, the  middle  ages,  nearly  independent 
rulers  over  the  palatinate  of  Durham.  Population  (1891)> 
14,863. 

3.  A  city  in  Durham  Coim.ty,  North  Carolina, 
northwest  of  Raleigh.  It  has  important  tobacco 
manufactures.     Population  (1900),  6,679. 

Durham,  Earl  of.    See  Lambton. 

Durham  Book,  The.    See  the  extract. 

The  Durham)  Gospels,  too,  known  as  St.  Cuthbert's  or 
the  Durham  Book,  belonging  to  the  close  of  the  seventh 
century,  have  Northumbrian  Saxon  glosses  of  the  age  of 
those  of  the  Bitual  upon  their  Latin  text. 

Marley,  English  Writers,  II.  175. 

Durham  Letter,  The.  A  letter  written  in  1850 
by  Lord  John  Russell  (premier)  to  the  Bishop 
of  Durham,  denouncing  the  newly  established 
Eoman  Catholic  hierarchy  in  England  and 
Wales,  and  the  ritualistic  tendencies  in  the 
Church  of  England. 

Durham  Station,  A  place  in  North  Carolina, 
29  miles  northwest  of  Raleigh.  Here,  April  26, 
1866,  the  Confederate  general  J.  E.  Johnston  surrendered 
with  29,924  men  to  General  W.  T.  Sherman. 

Durinda,  Durindana.    See  Durandana. 
Diiringsfeld  (dti'rings-feld),  Ida  von.    Bom  at 

Militsoh,  Silesia,  Prussia,  Nov.  12,  1815:  died 
at  Stuttgart,  Wiirtemberg,  Oct.  25, 1876.  A  Ger- 
man poet  and  novelist.  Her  works  include 
"  Skizzenaus  der  vornehmen  Welt"  (1842-45), 
"  Antonio  Poscarini  "  (1850),  etc. 

Ditrkheim  (dUrk'Mm).  A  town  in  the  Palat- 
inate, Bavaria,  13  miles  west  of  Mannheim.  It 
is  frequented  for  its  grape-cure  and  salt  baths. 
Population  (1890),  5,902. 

Durlach  (dor'ladh).  A  tovra  in  Baden,  situ- 
ated on  the  Pfinz  3  miles  east  of  Karlsruhe. 
It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  Baden-Durlaoh. 
Population  (1890),  7,999. 

Duroc  (dii-rok'),  Gerard  Christophe  Michel, 
Due  de  Priuli.  Bom  at  Pont-^-Mousson, 
near  Nancy,  Prance,  Oct.  25,  1772 :  killed  near 
Markersdorf ,  Saxony,  May  22,  1813.   A  French 

feneral  and  diplomatist.  He  became  in  1796  aide- 
e-camp  to  Bonaparte,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Egypt 
in  1798.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  overthrow 
of  the  Directory  in  1799,  and  was  employed  by  the  first 
consul  in  diplomatic  missions  to  Berlin,  St.  Petersburg, 
Stockholm,  and  Copenhagen.     He  accompanied  the  em- 

geror  in  the  campaigns  of  1805-06  and  1807,  and  was  killed 
y  his  side  near  Markersdorf.    He  was  the  favorite  oificer 
of  Napoleon. 

Durostorus  (dii-ros'to-rus),  or  Durostorum 
(-rum).     The  Roman  name  of  Silistria. 

Diirrenstein  (dur'ren-stin),  or  Dumstein 
(diim'stm),  or  Timstein  (tim'stin).  A  vil- 
lage in  Lower  Austria,  situated  on  the  Danube 
41  miles  west-northwest  of  Vienna.  Richard  I. 
of  England  was  imprisoned  in  its  castle  1192-93.  It  was 
the  scene  of  a  battle  between  the  Russians  and  the  French 
under  Mortier  in  1805. 

J)ur  Sharrukin  (d6r  shar-r6-ken').  [Assyr., 
'  fortress  of  Sargon.']  A  city  of  Assyria,  north- 
east of  Nineveh,  built  by  Sargon  II. :  the  mod- 
ern Khorsabad. 

Duruy  (dti-rue'),  Jean  Victor.  Bom  Sept.  11, 
1811:  died  Nov.  25,  1894.  A  French  historian 
and  statesman,  minister  of  public  instruction 
1863-69.  In  the  latter  year  he  became  senator.  His 
works  include  "Histoire  des  Remains,  etc."  (1848-44), 
"Histoire  de  France"  (1862), "Histoire  de  la  Grtee  an- 
cienne"  (1862),  "Histoire  niodeme"  (1863),  "Histoire  des 
Grecs"  (1887-89).  Several  of  his  works  form  part  of  the 
"Histoire  universelle  "  published  under  his  direction. 

Durvasas  (d6r'va-sas).  [Skt.,'ill-elothed.']  A 
sage  noted  for  irascibility.  Many  fell  under  his 
curse.  In  Kalidasa's  drama  he  curses  Shakuntala  for 
keepmg  him  waiting  at  the  door,  and  so  causes  the  sepa- 
ration between  her  and  King  Dushyanta. 

Durward  (d6r'ward),  Quentin.  A  young 
archer  of  the  Scottish  Guard  in  Scott's  novel 
"  Quentin  Durward."  After  many  adventures 
he  marries  Isabelle  de  Croye. 

Duryodhana  (d8r-yo'dha-na).  [Skt.,  'hard  to 
conquer.']  Eldest  son  of  Dhritarashtra,  and 
leader  of  the  Kaurava  princes  in  the  great  war 
of  the  Mahabharata.  Upon  the  death  of  his  brother 
Pandu,  Dhritarashtra  took  his  five  sons,  the  Fandava 

grinces,  to  his  own  conrt,  and  had  them  educated  with  his 
undred  sons.  Jealousies  sprang  up,  and  Duryodhana 
took  a  special  dislike  to  Bhima  from  his  skQl  in  the  use  of 
the  club.  He  poisoned  Bhima,  who  was  restored  to  life  by 
the  Nagas.    He  was  the  occasion  of  the  exile  of  the  Fan- 


Dutertre 

davas.  After  their  return  he  won  in  gambling  from  Yu. 
dhishthira  everything  he  had,  including  his  own  freedom 
and  that  of  his  brothers,  and  his  wife  Draupadi.  The  re- 
sult of  the  gambling  was  a  second  exile  of  thirteen  years. 
In  the  great  battle  he  fell  by  the  band  of  Bhima,  who  had 
vowed  to  break  his  thigh  in  consequence  of  the  insult  to 
Draupadi. 

Duse  (do'sa),  Eleanora.  Bom  at  Vigevano, 
1861.  An  Italian  tragedienne,  she  is  the  grand, 
daughter  of  Luigi  Duse  who  established  the  Garibaldi 
Theater  at  Padua.  She  began  to  play,  when  hardly  twelve 
years  old,  in  wandering  companies  and  minor  theaters, 
until  she  compelled  recognition  by  her  admirable  tragic 
genius  in  Naples.  She  played  in  the  United  States  1892-93. 
Juliet,  Francesca  da  Rimini,  Camille,  Fernande,  etc.,  are 
her  most  important  parts. 

Dushenka  (do'shen-ka).  A  romantic  poem 
by  Bogdanovitch,  published  in  1775. 

Dushrattu  (dssh-rat'tu),  or  Tushrattu  (tosh- 
rat'tu.).  A  king  of  Mitani  mentioned  in  the  Tel- 
el-Amarna  tablets.  From  his  diplomatic  correspon- 
dence with  the  Egyptian  king  Amenophis  III.  (of  the  ISth 
dynasty :  about  1500  B.  0.),  it  appears  that  there  existed  an 
old  friendship  between  Egypt  and  Mitani,  and  that  Amen- 
ophis had  married  Dushrattu's  daughter. 

Dushyanta  (d6sh-yan'ta).  [Skt.]  A  king  of 
the  lunar  race,  and  descendant  of  Puru  and 
husband  of  Shakuntala,  by  whom  he  had  a  son 
Bharata.  The  loves  of  Dushyanta  and  Shakuntala,  her 
separation  from  him,  and  her  restoration  through  the  dis- 
covery of  his  lost  ring  in  the  belly  of  a  flsh,  form  the  plot 
of  Kalidasa's  drama  "  Shakuntala." 

Dussek  (do'shek),  Johann  Ludwig.  Bdm  at 
Czaslau,  Bohemia,  Feb.  9,  1761:  died  at  St.- 
Germain-en-Laye,  near  Paris,  March  20,  1812. 
A  Bohemian  pianist  and  composer. 

Diisseldorf  (diis'sel-dorf).  1.  A  city  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  east  bank  of 
the  Rhine  in  lat.  51°  13'  N.,  long.  6°  46'  E.  it 
is  an  important  commercial  and  manufacturing  town,  and 
is  especially  noted  for  its  school  of  art  (landscape  and  re- 
ligious painting),  founded  in  1767,  and  developed  under 
Cornelius  and  Sohadow.  Its  famous  picture-gallery  was 
removed  to  Munich  in  1806.     It  contains  the  electoral 

Salace,  the  Church  of  St.  Lambert,  the  Church  of  St.  An- 
rew,  the  Kunsthalle,  and  a  Realschule.  It  is  the  birth- 
place of  Heine  and  Cornelius.  Dusseldori  belonged  to 
the  grand  duchy  of  Berg  in  Napoleonic  times.  It  was  an- 
nexed to  Prussia  in  1815.  Population  (1900),  213,767. 
3.  A  government  district  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Pmssia.     Population  (1890),  1,973,107. 

Dustwlck  (dust'wik),  Jonathan.  The  pseu- 
donym under  which  Tobias  George  Smollett 
wrote  "  The  Expedition  of  Humphrey  (blinker" 
(1794). 

Dutch  (dueh).  1.  The  Teutonic  or  Germanic 
race;  the  German  peoples  generally:  used  as 
plural,  (a)  The  Low  Germans,  particularly  the  people 
of  Holland,  or  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands ;  the  Dutch- 
men ;  the  Hollanders :  called  specifically  the  Low  Dutch: 
used  as  plural.  (&)  The  High  Germans ;  the  inhabitants  of 
Germany ;  the  Germans :  formerly  called  specifically  the 
High  Dutch:  used  as  plural. 

2.  The  Teutonic  or  Germanic  language,  in- 
cluding all  its  forms,  (a)  The  language  spoken  in 
the  Netherlands ;  the  Hollandish  language  (which  differs 
very  slightly  from  the  Flemish,  spoken  in  parts  of  the 
adjoining  kingdom  of  Belgium) :  called  distinctively  Lmo 
Dutch.  (6)  The  language  spoken  by  the  Germans ;  Ger- 
man; High  German:  formerly  and  still  occasionally  called 
distinctively  High  Dutch. 

Dutch  Courtezan,  The.  A  comedy  by  Mars- 
ton,  printed  in  1605. 

Dutch  East  India  Company.  See  Mast  India 
Company. 

Dutchman's  Fireside,  The.  A  novel  by  J.  K. 
Paulding,  published  in  1831. 

Dutch  West  India  Company.  A  commercial 
association  formed  in  the  Netherlands  in  1621. 
Among  other  important  grants  it  received  from  the  gov- 
ernment  the  exclusive  right  of  trading  with  a  large  part 
of  the  coasts  of  America  and  Africa,  planting  colonies, 
building  forts,  employing  soldiers  and  fleets,  and  making 
treaties,  as  well  as  attacking  the  colonies  and  commerce 
of  Spain  and  Portugal.  To  this  company  were  due  the 
extensive  colonies  of  the  Dutch  in  Brazil  (1626-64),  New 
Netherlands  (finally  given  up  in  1674),  the  West  Indies, 
Guiana,  and  the  Gold  Coast  of  Africa.  Its  powerful  fleets 
made  numerous  descents  on  the  coasts  of  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  America,  captured  ships,  and  obtained  an  im- 
mense amount  of  booty.  Owing  to  the  expense  of  its 
wars  and  the  loss  of  some  of  the  colonies,  the  company 
was  dissolved  in  1674.  A  new  one  was  formed  in  1675, 
and  existed  until  1791,  but  was  never  very  prosperous. 

Dutens  (dti-ton'),  Louis.  Bom  at  Tours, 
France,  Jan.  15, 1730:  died  at  London,  May  23, 
1812.  A  French  antiquary,  numismatist,  and 
miscellaneous  writer.  He  published  "Recherches 
sur  I'origine  des  dScouvertes  attributes  aux  modernes  " 
(1766),  "Mtooires  d'un  voyageur  qui  se  repose"  (1806X 
etc.,  and  edited  Leibnitz's  works  (1769). 

Dutertre  (dii-tar'tr),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at 
Calais,  1610 :  died  at  Paris,  1687.  A  French  Do- 
minican missionary  and  author.  He  served  In  the 
army  and  navy  before  joining  the  Dominicans  in  1635; 
from  1640  to  1667  most  of  his  time  was  spent  in  the 
French  Antilles,  where  he  witnessed  many  events  of  the 
Carib  wars.  His  "Histoire  g^n^rale  des  lies  Saint  Chris- 
tophe, de  la  Guadeloupe,  etc."  (1654)  was  enlarged  and 
republished  as  "Histoire  gtofirale  des  Antilles  Eabit^et 
par  les  Fraufais  "  (Paris,  1667-71,  4  vols.  4to). 


Dutrochet 

Datrochet  (dii-tr6-sha'),Ren6  Joachim  Henri. 

Bom  at  N6on,  Poitou,  France,  Nov.  14,  1776: 
died  at  Paris,  Feb.  4,  1847.  A  French  physi- 
ologist and  physicist.  He  wrote  "  Nouvelles  re- 
oherohes  sur  I'endosmose  et  I'exosmose"  (1828), 
ete. 

Dutteeah.     See  Datiya. 

Du'uzu.    See  Tammuz. 

Duval  (dii-val'),  Claude.  Bom  at  Domfront, 
Normandy,  in  1643 :  executed  at  Tybnm,  Jan. 
21, 1670.  A  noted  highwayman.  His  adven- 
tures form  the  subject  of  a  nimiber  of  novels 
and  baUads. 

Duval,  Jules.  Bom  at  Kodez,  Aveyron,  France, 
1813 :  killed  in  France,  Sept.  20, 1870.  A  French 
political  economist.  He  published  "Histoire  de 
I'fimigration  europ6enne,  asiatique  et  africaine 
au  XlX^me  siSole"  (1862),  etc. 

Duveneck  (du'ven-ek),  Frank.  Born  at  Covr 
in^on,  Ky.,  Oct."9, 1848.  An  American  flgure- 
pamter,  a  pupil  of  Dietz  and  of  the  Munich 
schools. 

Duvergier  de  Hauranne  (dil-ver-zhya'  de  5- 
ran'),  Jean.  Bom  at  Bayonne,  France,  1581: 
died  at  Paris,  Oct.  11, 1643.  A  French  Jansen- 
ist  theologian,  abb6  of  St.  Cyran.  He  became 
director  of  Port  Royal  in  1635. 

Duvergier  de  Hauranne,  Prosper.  Bom  at 
Eouen,  France,  Aug.  3,  1798 :  died  in  the  Cha- 
teau Herry,  near  Samerques,Cher,  France,  May 
19, 1881.  A  French  royaust  politician  and  pub- 
licist. He  was  ImpriBoned  by  Napoleon  in  1861,  and  ban- 
isbed  for  a  brief  period.  He  published  "  Histoire  dn  goa- 
vernement  parlementaire  en  France  "  (1867-72),  etc. 

Duverney  (dii-ver-na'),  Quioliard  Joseph. 
Born  Aug.  5,  1648:  died  Sept.  10,  1730.  A 
French  anatomist. 

Duvemois  (dii-ver-nwa'),  Clement.  Bom  at 
Paris,  April  6,  1836:  died  there,  July  8,  1879. 
A  French  politician  and  publicist. 

Duvernoy  (dtt-ver-nwa'),  Georges  Louis. 
Bom  at  Montb^liard,  France,  Aug.  6,  1777: 
died  at  Paris,  March  1,  1855.  A  French  natu- 
ralist, a  collaborator  of  Cuvier. 

Duveyrier  (dii-va-^a'),  Anne  Honors  Jo- 
seph: pseudonym  Melesville.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Nov.  13,  1787:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.,  1865.  A 
French  dramatist,  a  collaborator  of  Scribe  and 
others. 

Duveyrier,  Charles.  Bom  at  Paris,  April  12, 
1803:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  10,  1866.  A  French 
dramatic  author.  He  was  an  adherent  of  Saint- 
Simonism. 

Duveyrier,  Henri.  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb.  28. 1840 : 
kUled  himself  at  S6vres,  April  25, 1892.  An  Af- 
rican explorer  and  geographer.  He  made  a  prelim- 
inary tour  to  the  Sahara,  March-April,  1857,  and  published 
valuable  contributions  to  Berber  ethnology  and  linguis- 
tics (1869).  In  1858  he  undertook,  in  the  service  of  the 
French  government,  his  exploration  of  the  Sahara,  which 
lasted  until  1861.  He  did  much  to  extend  French  influ- 
ence. In  1874  he  made  another  expedition  to  the  south 
of  Tunis  J  in  1876  he  was  sent  on  a  political  mission  to 
Morocco.  Most  of  his  works  are  found  in  German  and 
French  scientific  journals.  His  principal  book  is  "Ex- 
ploration du  Sahara"  (1864). 

Duxbury  (duks'bu-ri).  A  town  in  Plymouth 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  coast 
31  miles  southeast  of  Boston.  It  is  the  terminus 
of  the  French  Atlantic  cable,  laid  from  Brest  in 
1869.    Population  (1900),  2,075. 

Duyckinck  (di'Mngk),  Evert  Augustus.  Bom 
at  New  York,  Nov.  23,  1816:  died  there,  Aug. 
13,  1878.  An  American  author.  He  published, 
conjointly  with  his  brother,  a  "Cyclopiedia  of  American 
Literature  "  (1866 :  supplement  1865). 

Duyckinck,  George  Long.  Born  at  New  York, 
Oct.  17,  1823:  died  there,  March  30,  1863.  An 
American  biographer  and  critic,  brother  of 
E.  A.  Duyckinok. 

Duyse  (doi'ze),  Prudens  van.  Bom  at  Den- 
dermonde,  Belgium,  Sept.  17,  1804:  died  at 
Ghent,  Belgium,  Nov.  13, 1859.  A  Flemish  poet 
and  essayist j  curator  of  the  archives  at  Ghent: 
poems  collected  in  "  Vaderlandsche  Poezy" 
(1840),  "Het  Klaverblad"  (1848),  etc. 

Dvofik  (dvor'zhak),  Antonin.  BomatMUd- 
hausen,  Bohemia,  Sept.  8, 1841:  died  at  Prague, 
Mav  1  1904.  A  Bohemian  composer.  In  1867  he 
joined  tiie  organ  school  at  Prague  In  1873  his  hymn  "Die 
PVhPii  dBB  Weissen  Berges"  ("  The  Hen's  of  the  White 
M^tSn-rto?  chorSnd  orchestra,  brought  Mrs  prom  - 
nenHy  before  the  pubUc.  He  soon  received  a  state  sti- 
l^d!  He  conduced  his  "Stabat  Mater"  m  London  m 
IMS  and  in  1884  at  the  Worcester  musical  festival.  He 
w^'d1?eotor  of  the  National  Conservatory  of  Music  in 
New  York  1892-96.  Among  his  works  are  the  operas 
"D^r  Ktoig  und  der  Kohler"  (produced  in  1874),  "Die 


347 

DickschSdel"  (1882),  "Wanda"  (1876),  "Der  Bauer  ein 
Schelm"  (1877),  "Dimitrij"  (1882).  These  were  all  pro- 
duced at  Prague.  He  also  wrote  a  series  of  pianoforte 
duets  "  Slavische  Tanze  "  (1878),  a  collection  of  vocal  duets 
"Kl&nge  aus  Mfihren,"  ** Ziegeunerlieder,"  etc.,  "The 
Spectre's  Bride,"  a  cantata  (1886) ,  "St.  Ludmila,"  an  orato- 
rio (1886),  "Requiem  Mass"  (1891),  a  symphony  entitled 
"  From  the  New  World  "  (produced  at  New  York  1898) ,  a 
number  of  symphonies  (No.  S  is  the  best-known),  concer- 
tos, string  quartets,  songs,impromptus,  intermezzos, cham- 
ber music,  etc.  He  introduced  two  original  Bohemian 
forms, the "Dumka"  (elegy)andthe  "Furiant"(ascherzo), 
in  his  symphonies  and  chamber  music. 

Dwamlsh  (dwa'mish).  A  name  properly  be- 
longing to  a  small  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians near  Seattle,Washington,  and  improperly 
given  collectively  to  a  number  of  distinct 
bands  in  the  neighborhood.     See  Salishan. 

Dwaraka  (dwa'ra-ka),  or  Dwarka  (dwar'ka), 
or  Jigat  (je-gaf).  A  town  in  Gujerat,  British 
India,  in  lat.  22°  16'  N.,  long.  68°  59'  E.,  cele- 
brated as  the  residence  of  Krishna,  and  a  sacred 
Hindu  city. 

Dweller  of  the  Threshold,  The.  In  Bulwer's 
"Zanoni,"  a  powerful  and  malignant  being. 

Whose  form  of  giant  mould 
No  mortal  eye  can  fixed  behold. 

Dwight  (dwit),  Harrison  Gray  Otis.    Bom  at 

Conway,  Mass.,  Nov.  22,  1803 :  killed  in  a  rail- 
road accident  in  Vermont,  Jan.  25,  1862.  An 
American  Congregational  clergyman,  mission- 
ary to  the  Armenians. 

Dwight,  John  Sullivan.  Bom  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  May  13,  1813:  died  at  Boston,  Sept., 
1893.    An  American  musical  critic,  editor  of 


Dzungaria 

built  on  piles ;  and  are  especially  noted  for  their  custom 
of  head-hunting. 

Dyamond,  or  Diamond.    See  Diamond. 

Dyce  (dis),  Alexander.  Bom  at  Edinburgh, 
June  30,  1798 :  died  at  London,  May  15,  1869. 
A  British  literary  critic  and  Shaksperian 
scholar.  He  took  the  degree  of  A.  B.  at  Oxford  in  1819, 
entered  the  ministry  about  1822,  abandoned  the  clerical 
profession  in  1826,  and  devoted  himself  to  literature.  He 
edited  a  number  of  English  classics,  including  Peele  (1828- 
1839),  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (1843-46),  and  Webster  (1830), 
but  is  chiefly  known  for  liis  edition  of  Shakspere  (1867). 

Dyce,  William.  Bom  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland, 
Sept.  19,  1806:  died  at  Streatham,  England, 
Feb.  14,  1864.  A  British  historical  painter, 
founder  of  the  Preraphaelite  movement  in  the 
English  school  of  painting.  He  graduated  with 
the  degree  of  A.M.  at  the  University  of  Aberdeen  in 
1822 ;  exhibited  his  flrst  picture,  "  Bacchus  nursed  by  the 
Nymphs  of  Nyssa,"  at  the  Royal  Academy,  London,  in 
1827 ;  painted  a  "Madonna  and  Child  "  in  the  Preraphael- 
ite style  of  painting  in  1828 ;  lived  as  a  portrait-painter  at 
Edinburgh  1830-37 ;  was  head-master  of  tlie  School  of  De- 
sign at  Somerset  House,  London,  1840-43 ;  was  appointed 
professor  of  fine  arts  in  King's  College,  London,  in  1844 ; 
and  painted  the  cartoon  "Baptism  of  Ethelbert"  for  the 
House  of  Lords  in  1846.  He  published  "Theory  of  the 
Fine  Arts"  (1844),  "The  National  Gallery,  its  Formation 
and  Management "  (1863),  etc. 

Dyer  (di'er).  Sir  Edward.  Died  in  1607.  An 
English  poet  and  courtier.  He  was  employed  in 
several  embassies  by  Queen  Elizabeth,  by  whom  he  was 
knighted  in  1696.  He  was  the  friend  of  Raleigh  and  Sidney, 
and  wrote  anumber  of  pastoral  odes  and  madrigals.  He  is 
known  chiefly  as  the  author  of  a  poem  descriptive  of  con- 
tentment, beginning  "My  mind  to  me  a  kingdom  is"  (set 
to  music  in  William  Byrd's  "Psalmes,  Sonets,  and  Songs," 
1688). 


'Dwight's  Journal  of  Music"  (published  in  Dyer,  George.  Bom  at  London,  March  15, 1755: 


Boston)  1852-81, 

Dwight,  Serene  Edwards.  Bom  at  Greenfield 
Hill,  Conn.,  May  18, 1786 ;  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Nov.  30,  1850.  An  American  Congregational 
clergyman  and  author,  son  of  Timothy  Dwight : 
president  of  Hamilton  College  1838-35.  He 
wrote  "The  Hebrew  Wife "(1836),  "Life  of  Edwards" 
(1830),  and  edited  Edwards's  works  (1829). 

Dwight,  Theodore.  Born  at  Northampton, 
Mass.,  Dec.  15,  1764 :  died  at  New  York,  June 
12,  1846.  An  American  journalist  and  poli- 
tician, brother  of  Timothy  Dwight.  He  served 
as  Federalist  representative  from  Connecticut  in  the  9th 


died  at  London,  March  2,  1841.  An  English 
scholar.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  University  in  1778, 
and  subsequentiy  became  pastor  of  a  dissenting  congrega- 
tion at  Cambridge.  Having  abandoned  the  clerical  pro- 
fession, he  settled  in  1792  at  London,  where  he  devoted 
himself  to  literature.  His  chief  works  are  ' '  History  of  the 
University  and  Colleges  of  Cambridge"  (1814)  and  "Privi- 
leges of  the  University  of  Cambridge  "  (1824). 

Dyer,  John.  Bom  at  Aberglasney,  Carmar- 
thenshire, Wales,  1700 :  died  July  24, 1758.  An 
English  poet.  He  became  vicar  of  Calthorp,  Leices- 
tershire, in  1741,  and  subsequently  held  several  livings  in 
Lincolnshire.  He  published  "  Grongar  Hill"  (1727),  "Ru- 
ins of  Rome  "  (1740),  "  The  Fleece  "  (1767). 


congress,  Dec.  1,1806,-Maroh  3, 1807;  was  secretary  of  the  Dyer,  or  Dyar,  Mrs.  Mary.  Died  at  Boston, 
Hartford  Convention  in  1814 ;  and  founded  about  1817  the  Mass.,  June  1, 1660.  A  (Juaker  fanatic.  She  was 
"New  York  Daily  Advertiser,"  with  which  he  was  con-  t^joe  banished  from  the  Massachusetts  colony  on  pain  of 
nected  until  1836.  death,  and,  as  she  persisted  in  returning,  was  hanged  on 

Dwight,  Theodore.    Bom  at  Hartford,  Conn.,     Boston  Common. 
March  3,  1796:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  Dyer,  Thomas  Henry.    Born  at  London,  May 
16,  1866.    -An  American  author,  son  of  Theo-    4  ^^^^'-  ^}^^  ^*  •^^*^'  ^^^-  ^^>  ^^^^-    ^^  ^^S- 
dore  Dwight.     He  wrote  a  "History  of  Con-    hsh  historian.    He  was  for  some  time  employed  as  a 
nonHoiit"  C^Sd.1^    ot/v  clerk  in  the  West  India  House,  and  eventually  devoted 

uecHCUi     uoai),  eiu  himself  wholly  to  Uterature.    He  wrote  "History  of  Mod- 

DWlgnt,   lleoaore    William,      aom  at  VaXS-     emEurone"(1861-64),  " a  History  of  the  city  of  Rome" 
Mil,  N.Y.,  July  18, 1822:  died  at  Clinton,  N.Y.,    (i865),  eti. 

June  29,  1892.  An  American  jurist.  He  was  Dyfed  (duv'ed).  The  old  British  name  of  the 
graduated  at  Hamilton  College,  Clinton,  New  York,  in  country  of  the  Dimetse,  a  region  in  the  south- 
1840,  and  was  professor  of  municipal  law  in  Columbia  Col-     .^ggt  ^f  'W'ales 

&sh^"VgSmen^ta?SI^:XS^^  Dying  Alexander..  A  head,  held  to  be  a  Greek 

Will  Case  "  (1864),  and  "Cases  extractedjrom  the  Report    original  of  Hellenistic  date,  very  remarkable 


of  the  Commissioners  of  Charities  in  England,  and  the 
Disposition  of  Property  for  Charitable  and  Public  Uses" 
(1864). 
Dwight,  Timothy.  Bom  at  Northampton, 
Mass.,  May  14,  1752:  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Jan.  11,  1817.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional divine,  educator,  and  author,  a  grand- 
son of  Jonathan  Edwards :  president  of  Yale 
College  1795-1817.  _He  wrote  "Theology  Explained 


for  the  intensity  of  its  expression  of  pain,  and 
of  admirable  execution. 

Dying  Gaul,  The,  formerly  called  The  Dying 
Gladiator.  A  celebrated  antique  statue  of 
the  Pergamene  school,  in  the  Capitoline  Mu- 
seum, Bome.  The  warrior,  nude,  sits  on  the  ground 
with  bowed  head,  supporting  himself  with  his  right  arm. 
The  statue  is  especiaUy  fine  in  the  mastery  of  anatomy 
displayed,  and  in  its  characterization  of  the  racial  type. 


and  DSended"  (1818),  "Travels  in  New  England  and  New  DymOUd  (di'mond),  Jonathan.  Bom  at  Exe- 
York  "  (1822)  eto.,  and  the  poems  "  Conquest  of  Canaan  ^gj.  England,  Ceo.  19,  1796 :  died  May  6,  1828. 
(1786)  and"  Greenfield  HUl"  (1794)  .  ,     „     ^       AnEngUsb  author.     He  followed  the  occupation  of  a 

Dwight,  Timothy.  Bom  at  JNorwicn,  Uonn.,  nnen-draper  at  Essex,  where  in  1826  he  founded  an  auxU- 
Nov.  16, 1828.  An  American  scholar,  grandson  iarysocietyofthePeaceSociefy.  His  chief  work  is  "Essays 
of  Timothy  Dwight  (1752-1817).    He  was  graduated  _on  the_  Principles  of  MoraUt^"  (1829). 

at  Yale  College  in  1849 ;  studied 

and  at  Bonn  and  Berlin  1866-68  ;b , 

literature  and  New  Testament  Greek  in  the  divinity  school 
at  Yale  in  1858 ;  was  appointed  president  of  Yale  College 


i-loiV).    He  was  graduated     on  me  jrrmcipiea  oi  jiioiauij>    ^1020;. 

led  divinity  at  Yale  1861-65  Dyvoke  (dii've-ke).  or  Duveke,  L.  Columbula 

3;  became  professor  of  sacred    (kol-um'bH-la).     T  Little  Dove.']    Born  at  Am- 


in  1886  (resigned  1899) ;  and  was  a  member  of  the  New 
Testament  Revision  Company.    He  has  published  "  The 
True  Ideal  of  an  American  University  "  (1872),  etc. 
Dwina  (dwe'na),  or  Dvina  (dve-na') :  called 
also  the  Northern  Dwina.    A  river  of  north 


sterdam,  1491:  died,  probably  by  poison,  1517. 
The  mistress  of  Christian  H.  of  Denmark.  Chris- 
tian  met  her  in  1607  at  Bergen,  where  her  mother  kept  a 
small  inn.  She  accompanied  him  to  Oslo  as  bis  mistress, 
a  relation  which  she  maintained  even  after  his  elevation 
to  the  throne  in  1513,  and  his  marriage  to  Isabella,  sister 
of  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  in  1516.  She  has  been  made  the 


em  Russia,  formed  by  the  union  of  the   Su-     subject  of  a  tragedy  by  Samsoe  ^8th  century),  and  of  va- 

khonaandWitchegda  in  the  government  of  Vo-    rious  novels  and  poans 

logda,  flowing  into  the  Dwinlsay  of  the  White  Dyrrhachium  (di-ra  ki-um).  The  Roman 

Sea  25  miles  below  Archangel.    Length,  includ-  ^,i„^"F^?f-?; „  .  v 

ing  the  Witchegda,  about  1,000  miles.  Dysart.(di  zart) 

Dwina,  Western  or  Southern.    See  Duna. 
Dyak  (di'ak).     [PL,  also  X>yafc.]    A  native 


A  seaport  in  Pifeshire,  Scot- 
land, situated  on  the  Firth  of  Forth  12  miles 
north-northeast    of   Edinburgh.      Population 


(1891),  3,022. 
In-stature;  arete7w'li=eSrd^^:^.'iyeSrUveinTuT;  dSK'  See  Sung<ma. 


race  ofBorneo,^usually  beloved  to^^^^^^  ^^,^^_    ,^^  ^^^ 


a  (a'a).    One  of  the  supreme  Eagle's  Nest.    A  celebrated  roek,  about  1,200    Monocaoy  Junction  July  9,  and  threatened  Washington 

gods     of    the     ASSyrO-BabylO-        J^--^—'       =     ^J  "         ""■  -     -  -      '-  T„l,,n       Tnnra../1thoor.H  nf   TiiI,Th<>.,snt  o  K»J„»<. ._ 

nians,  enumerated  in  the  first 
triad  of  the  12  great  gods. 
He  is  the  god  of  the  ocean  and  the 
subterranean  springs.  As  god  of 
the  people  he  is  also  "lord  of  pro- 
found wisdom "  and  counsel,  and 
patron  of  sciences  and  arts.     His 


wife  was  Damkina  ('  lady  of  the  earth'),  and  both  are  iden 
tified  with  Oaos  and  Dauke  of  Damascius.  Their  son  was 
Merodach  (Marduk).  The  city  of  Eridu  (modern  Abu  Shah- 
rein)  was  especially  sacred  to  him.  In  spite  of  his  promi- 
nent place  in  the  pantheon,  Ea  seems  not  to  have  held  an 
important  position  in  the  cult  of  the  Assyro-Babylonians. 

Ea-bani  (a-a-ba'ne).  One  of  the  heroes  in  the 
so-called  Izdubar  legends,  or  the  Babylonian 
Nimrod  epic.  He  is  depicted  as  a  bull-man  living  in 
the  desert  Enticed  by  sensual  pleasure,  he  comes  to  Erech 
(modern  Warka),  and  with  his  assistance  Izdubar  (or,  as 
his  name  is  now  read,  Gilgamesh)  slays  Khumbaba,  the 
Elamite  usurper  of  the  throne  of  Erech.  But  Ishtar,  in 
her  wrath  against  Izdubar  for  refusing  her  love,  causes 
him  to  be  stricken  with  a  dire  disease  and  his  friend  Ea- 
bani  to  die.  Izdubar  betakes  himself  to  his  aucestor  Pir- 
napishtim,  who  "at  the  mouth  of  the  rivers  lives  with  the 
gods,"  bj;  whom  he  is  cured  of  his  leprosy  and  also  en- 
dowed with  the  gift  of  immortality,  and  on  his  return  to 
Erech  implores  the  gods  for  the  restoration  of  Ea-bani  to 
life.  His  prayer  is  answered :  Ea^banl  returns  from  the 
nether  world,  and  relates  his  experiences  there, 

Eachard  (eeh'ard),  John.  Bom  in  Suffolk, 
1636  (t)":  died  at  Cambridge,  July  7, 1697.  An 
English  divine  and  satirical  writer.  He  was  chosen 
master  of  Catharine  Hall,  Cambridge  University,  in  1675, 
and  vice-chancellor  of  the  university  in  1679  and  1696. 
He  wrote  "  The  Grounds  and  Occasions  of  the  Contempt 
of  the  Clergy  and  Keligion  "  (1670 :  anonymous),  etc. 

Eadbald.    See  Mthelbald. 

Eadbert  (ed'bSrt),  or  Eadberht  (e-ad'b6reht), 
Saint.  Bishop  of  Lindisf  ame  688 :  the  successor 
of  Saint  Cuthbert. 

Eadburga  (ed'bfer-ga),  or  Eadburgh  (e-ad'- 
bordh).  Lived  about  8b0.  Daughter  of  Offa,  king 
of  Mercia,  and  wife  of  Brihtric  (Beorhtric),  king 
of  theWest  Saxons.  She  attempted  to  poison  a  favorite 
of  Brihtric,  but  the  cupwas  accidentally  drained  by  her  hus- 
band. She  fled  to  Charlemagne,  who  appointed  her  abbess 
of  a  nunnery,  a  post  from  which  she  was  later  dismissed  for 
Immorality.    She  died  a  beggar  in  the  streets  of  Pavia. 

Eadfrid(ed'frid),  or Eadfrith(e-ad 'frith).  Died 
721.    Bishop  of  Lindisfarne  698-721. 

Eadie  (e'di),  John.  Bom  at  Alva,  Stirling- 
shire, Scotland,  May  9, 1810 :  died  at  Glasgow, 
June  3,  1876.  A  Scottish  theologian  and  bibli- 
cal critic,  appointed  professor  of  biblical  liter- 
ature in  the  United  Secession  Divinity  Hall  1848. 
He  wrote  commentaries  on  Ephesians,  Colossians,  Philip- 
pians,  and  Galatlans  (1864-69),  "Bible  Cyclopsedia"(1848), 
**  The  English  Bible :  an  external  and  critical  History  of  va- 
rious English  Translations  of  Scripture,  etc."  (1876),  etc. 

Eadmer,  orEdmer(ed'mer).  Died  1124  (?).  An 
English  historian,  a  monk  of  Canterbury  and  a 
companion  and  intimate  friend  of  Anselm.  He 
was  the  author  of  the  * '  Historia  Novorum,"  and  of  lives  of 
Anselm,  Dunstan,  and  others. 

Eads  (edz),  James  Buchanan.  Bom  at  Law- 
rencebur^,  Ind.,  May  23, 1820:  died  at  Nassau, 
New  Providence,  Bahama  Islands,  March  8,1887. 
An  American  engineer.  He  designed  and  construct- 
ed a  number  of  United  States  ironclads  and  mortar-boats 
for  use  on  the  Mississippi  River  during  the  Civil  War ;  con- 
structed the  steel  arch  bridge  across  the  Mississippi  at  St. 
Louis  1867-74 ;  and  was  subsequently  employed  by  Con- 
gress in  deepening  and  rendering  permanent  the  channel 
of  the  Mississippi  by  means  of  jetties,  according  to  a  plan 
proposed  by  himself. 

Eadward.    See  Edward. 

Eadwine.    See  Edwin. 

Eaglehawk  (e'gl-h4k).  A  mining  town  in  Vic- 
toria, Australia,  about  100  miles  northwest  of 
Melbourne. 

Eagle  of  Brittany,  The.  A  sumame  of  Ber- 
trand  Du  Guesclin, 


-Allusions,  p.  155.  and'at  Fisher's  Hill  Sept.  22.    He  surprised  the  tJnion 

Ealinefe'linff').    AtowninMiddlBSBv  ■RTurloTid      'orces  at  Cedar  Creek  Oct.  19  in  the  absence  of  General 
Q  riVloo  J„=+  „*  Qi.   D     1?  -^'V   ~?       '  T??    S  '     Sheridan,  who  returned  in  time  to  rally  his  troops  and  gain 
9  miles  west  Ot  St.  Paul's,  London.     It  is  the     a  decisive  victory.    He  was  relieved  from  the  cSmmand  in 
birthplace  of  Huxley.  Population  (1891),  23,978.     the  valley  of  the  Shenandoah  in  1865.    A  uthor  of  "  A  Me- 
Ealred  of  Rievaux,     See  Ethelred.  ™°"^  <>'  '•'^  I'^'  ^^^  »*  '•'^  ^^  '<"  independence  in  the 

Eanies(amz),Enima.    Bom  at  Shanghai,  China,     Confederate  states  ■•(1867). 
1868.    An  American  soprano  singer,    she  made  Earn  (6m).    A  tributary  of  the  Tay  in  Soot- 
her first  appearance  as  Juliet  in  Gounod?  opera  "Romeo    land,  the  outlet  of  Loch  Earn, 
and  Julie^"  at  the  Grand  Opera  House,  Paris,  in  1889;  and  Earn,  Loch.      A   lake  in  western  Perthshire, 
maxned  Mr.  Jolmn  Story,  Aug.  1, 1891.  Scotland,  northeast  of  Loch  Katrine.     Length 

Eamuses.    See  Yarmsi.  ^  miles. 

Eanfled(en'fled),orEanflaed(e-an'flad).  Bom  Earth  (e'rth).  [Usually,  but  without  much 
April  17,  626.  Daughter  of  Eadwine,  king  of  probability,  referred  to  V  *ar,  plow.]  The 
Northumbria,  and  wife  of  Oswiu,  king  of  North-  terraqueous  globe  which  we  inhabit,  it  is  one  of 
umbria.  She  was  baptizedininfanoyby  Bishop  the  planets  of  fine  solar  system,  being  the  third  in  order 
Paulinus,  and  was  the  first  Northumbrian  to  re-  ''■°™  '•'^  ™°-  ™®  figure  of  the  earth  is  approximately 
pBi'vfi  tTiB  ritfi        '  *''**  "'  *°  ellipsoid  of  revolution  or  oblate  spheroid,  the 

i-civo  Liio  iiKt;.  ^^gg  ^j  which  measure  12,766,606  meters  and  12,713,042 

EardWUlf  (e-ard  wulf),  or  Eardulf  (6r'dulf).     meters,  or  7,926  statute  miles  and  1,041  yards  and  7,899 
Died  810.     King  of  Northumbria  7P6-810      He     ^'^tate  miles  and  1,023  yards,  respectively,  thus  making 
-       -  '  the  compression  1:293.    The  radius  of  the  earth,  consid- 

ered as  a  sphere,  is  3,958  miles.  The  mean  density  of  the 
whole  earth  is  6.6,  or  about  twice  that  of  the  crust,  and 
its  interior  is  probably  metallic.  The  earth  revolves 
upon  its  axis  in  one  sidereal  day,  which  is  3  minutes  and 
55.91  seconds  shorter  than  a  mean  solar  day.  Its  axis 
remains  nearly  parallel  to  itself,  but  has  a  large  but  slow 
gyration  which  produces  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes. 
The  whole  earth  revolves  about  the  sun  in  an  ellipse  in  one 
sidereal  year,  which  is  366  days,  6  hours,  9  minutes,  and 
9  seconds.  The  ecliptic,  or  plane  of  the  earth's  orbit,  is 
inclined  to  the  equator  by  23°  27'  12"  .68  mean  obliqui^ 
for  Jan.  0, 1890,  according  <o  Hansen.  The  earth  is  dis- 
tant from  the  sun  about  93,000,000  miles. 


was  driven  from  the  throne  in  808,  but  was  re- 
stored in  809. 
Earine  (e'rin).    In  Ben  Jonson's  play  "The  Sad 

Shepherd,"  a  beautiful  shepherdess,  beloved  by 

.^glamour. 
Earle  (erl),  John.    Bom  at  York,  England, 

about  1601 :  died  at  Oxford,  England,  Nov.  17, 

1665.    An  English  divine,  appointed  bishop  of 

Worcester  in  1662,  and  translated  to  the  see  of 

Salisbury  in  1663.    He  wrote  various  poems  ("  On  the 

Death  of  Beaumont,  1616,"  "Hortua  Mertonensis,  written 

while  a  fellow  of  Merton  College,  etc.)  and  "Microoos-  Ti     4.1.1      t>        j-        mi.  »       ,,      .. 

mographle,  oraPeeceof  the  World  Discovered  in  Essayes  tartnly  raradise,  The.     A  collection  of  nar- 

and  Characters"  (1628:  anonymous),  a  humorous  work    rative  poems   by  WiUiam   Morris,   published 

which  enjoyed  great  popularity.  1868-71. 

Earle,John.  Bom  at  Churehstow,  South  Devon,  Easdale"  or  Eisdale  (ez'dal).  An  island  in  the 

Jan.  29,  1824 :  died  at  Oxford,  Jan.  31, 1903.  An     Firth  of  Lorn,  west  of  Argyllshire,  Scotland, 

Enghsh  scholar.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1846 ;  be-     situated  11  miles  southwest  of   Oban:  noted 

came  a  fellow  of  Oriel  in  1848 ;  was  appointed  prof  essor  of 

Anglo-Saxon  in  1849  for  6  years ;  and  waa  college  tutor  in 

1862.  He  was  presented  to  the  rectory  of  Swanswick,  near 

Bath,  in  1857,  and  was  prebend  of  Wanstow  in  Wells  Ca- 
thedral in  1871  and  rural  dean  of  Bath  1873-77.    He  was 

reelected  professor  of  Anglo-Saxon  at  Oxford  in  1876,  the 

professorship  having  been  made  permanent.    Among  his 

works  are  "Two of  the  Saxon  Chronicles  Parallel "  (1865), 

"  The  Philology  of  the  English  Tongue  "  (1866),  "  Book  for 

the   Beginner  in  Anglo-Saxon"  (1866),  "English  Plant 

Names,  etc."  (1880),   "  Anglo-Saxon  Literature  "  (1884), 

"A  Hand  Book  to  the  Land  Charters,  etc."  (1888),  "  Eng- 
lish Prose,  etc."  (1890),  etc. 
Earle,  Pliny.    Born  at  Leicester,  Mass.,  Dec. 

17,  1762:  died  at  Leicester,  Nov.  19,  1832.    An 

American  inventor.    His  chief  invention  was 

a  machine  for  making  cards  for  cotton-  and 

wool-carding. 
Earle,  PUny.    Born  at  Leicester,  Mass.,  Dee. 

31,  1809:  died  at  Northampton,  Mass.,  May  18, 


for  slate  quarries. 
East  (est).  The.  1.  IntheBible,  the  countries 
southeast,  east,  and  northeast  of  PalestinOj  as 
Moab,  Ammon,  Arabia  Deserta,  Assyria,  etc. — 
2.  The  countries  comprised  in  the  Eastern  or 
Byzantine  empire. —  3.  In  church  history,  the 
church  in  the  Eastern  Empire  and  countries 
adjacent,  especially  those  on  the  east,  as  "  the 
West"  is  the  church  in  the  Western  Empire. — 

4.  One  of  the  four  great  prefectures  into  which 
the  Eoman  Empire  was  divided  in  its  later 
history.  It  comprised  the  dioceses  of  Asia,  Pontus, 
the  East,  and  Egypt,  and  the  diocese  of  Thrace  (from  the 
.^gean  to  the  Danube). 

5.  A  diocese  in  the  prefecture  of  the  East,  in 
the  later  Eoman  Empire.  It  was  somewhat 
more  comprehensive  than  Syria. —  6.  In  mod- 

..□An      A      A        •  u    -•  •  J       -J.  -  ern  use,  Asia :  the  Orient  (which  see). 

1892.    -An  American  physician  and  writer  on  tj-.a.   Ai„-„„   tj..j4.j„'u       a  -d  -a-  i,        1     i.      ^ 
the  treatment  of  the  insane,  son  of  Pliny  Earle  ^^^5^^"*'^ •  British.    A  British  protectorate 
(176^1  ooli).    He  was  appointed  professor  of  psychology 


Eagle  of  Divines,  The. 

Aquinas. 

Eagle  of  Meaux,  The. 
Eagle  Pass  (e'gl  pas) 


A  surname  of  Thomas 

A  surname  of  Bossuet. 
A  place  in  Maverick 


County,  southwestern  Texas,  on  the  Rio  Grande 
about  140  miles  southwest  of  San  Antonio. 
Here  the  Mexican  International  Railroad  meets 
the  Southern  Pacific. 


in  Berkshire  Medical  Institution  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  in 
1852,  and  was  superintendent  of  the  Massachusetts  State 
Hospital  for  the  Insane  1864-85,  when  he  retired.  Author 
of  "  A  Visit  to  Thirteen  Asylums  for  the  Insane  in  Europe  " 
(1839)  and  "The  Curability  of  Insanity"  (1887). 
Earle,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Leicester,  Mass.,  April 
21, 1796 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  July  14, 1849.  .An 
American  lawyer  and  writer,  son  of  Pliny  Earle. 
He  practised  his  profession  at  Philadelphia  many  years ; 
was  an  influential  member  of  the  State  constitutional 
convention  in  1837 ;  and  was  the  vice-presidential  candi- 
date of  the  liberty  party  in  1840. 

Earlom  (to'lom),  Richard.     Bom  at  London, 
1743:diedtliere,  Oot.9, 1822     '    "     "' 
zotint  engraver. 

Early  (er'li),  Jubal  Anderson.  Bom  in  Frank- 
lin County,  Va.,  Nov.  3,  1816 :  died  at  Lynch- 
burg, Va.,  March  2, 1894.  An  American  general. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1837,  and  served  as  a  lieu- 
tenant In  the  Florida  war  1837-88,  when  he  resigned  his 
commission  and  became  a  lawyer  in  Virginia.  In  the  war 
with  jyiexico  he  served  as  a  major  of  volunteers  1847-48. 
He  was  appointed  to  a  colonelcy  in  the  Confederate  ser- 
vice at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  and  commanded  a 
division  of  Lee's  army  at  Gettysburg  July  1-3, 1863.    Hav 


in  Africa,  fronting  on  the  Indian  Ocean  from 
the  equator  to  about  lat.  5°  S.  On  the  northeast 
and  north  it  is  bounded  by  the  Italian  protectorate  of 
Somaliland  and  the  Italian  possessions  in  Abyssinia  (ac- 
cording to  treaty  of  1891).  On  the  southwest  and  south 
it  is  separated  from  German  Eaat  Africa  by  Victoria 
Nyanza,  and  by  boundaries  settled  by  agreements  of  1886 
and  1890.  Westward  it  extends  to  the  Kongo  Free  State, 
and  northwestward  indefinitely.  After  the  surrender  of 
the  charter  of  the  East  Africa  Company  to  the  British  gov- 
ernment in  1896,  the  territory  was  divided  for  administra- 
tive pui-poses  into  the  East  Africa  Protectorate.the  Uganda 
Protectorate,  and  the  Protectorate  of  Zanzibar.  (See  Zan- 
zibar.) The  capital  is  Mombasa.  Area  of  Ibea  (the  part 
formerly  under  the  Imperial  British  East  Africa  Company) 

A     TT'      1-  1,  •  _?'"i  the  vague  "Hinterland,"  over  1,000,000  square  miles. 

An  English  mez-  East  Africa,  German.  A  German  dependency 
m  Africa,  acquired  in  1885-90,  and  administered 
"yn^P^.ippei'ial  governor.  On  the  north  it  borders 
on  British  East  Africa.  (See  above.)  It  fronts  on  the  In- 
dian Ocean.  Southward  it  is  bordered  by  Portuguese 
East  Africa  (line  settled  by  agreements  of  1886  and  1890X 
and  by  the  Nyassaland  Protectorate  (settled  by  treaty  with 
Great  Britain  1890).  Westward  it  borders  on  the  Kongo 
Free  State.  The  possessions  of  the  sultan  of  Zanzibar  on 
the  coast  were  purchased  by  the  Germans  in  1890  An  in- 
surrection in  1888-90  was  suppressed  by  Wissmanii  Area, 
about  380,000  square  miles.    Pop.  (19001,  est.,  8,000  000 


ing  been  ordered  to  flie  valley  of  the  Shenandoah  in  1864,  East  Africa,  Portuguese,     A  Portuguese  de- 
he  invaded  Maryland,  defeated  General  Lewis  Wallace  at    pendency  in  East  Africa,  formed  in  1891  out 

848 


East  Africa,  Portuguese 

of  the  colony  of  Mozambique  under  the  name 
of  Estado  d' Africa  Oriental,  it  is  administered  by 
a  commissioner.  It  is  bounded  north  by  German  East 
Africa,  south  and  west  by  the  British  possessions  and 
spheres  of  influence  (delimited  In  18B1),  and  by  the  Trans- 
vaal Colony.  It  fronts  on  the  Indian  Ocean.  Portuguese 
settlements  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa  began  early  in 
the  16th  century.  When  the  recent  partition  of  the  coun- 
try began,  Portugal  came  into  collision  with  Great  Brit- 
ain, but  the  rival  claims  were  adjusted  in  1891.  Area, 
301,000  square  miles.    Population,  about  3,120,000. 

East  Africa  Company,  British.  See  British 
East  Africa  Company,  Imperial. 

East  Africa  Company^  German.  A  German 
company  foundedTin  1885  for  the  exploitation 
of  the  German  Sphere  of  Influence  in  East 
Africa. 

East  Anglia  (est  ang'gli-a).  An  ancient  Eng- 
lish kingdom,  corresponding  to  the  modern  Nor- 
folk and  Suffolk.  Kedwald  was  its  first  historical  king 
(about  593-617) ;  its  last  under-king  was  Edmund  (killed 
870).  It  formed  later  a  part  of  the  Danelagh,  and  was  one 
of  the  tour  earldoms  of  Canute. 

East  Anglian.  A  general  term  for  the  dialects 
of  England  spoken  in  the  eastern  districts  (those 
northeast  of  London). 

Eastbourne  (est'bem).  A  watering-place  in 
Sussex,  England,  situated  on  the  English  Chan- 
nel 19  miles  east  of  Brighton.  It  is  strongly 
fortified.    Population  (1891),  34,977. 

East  Cape  (est  kap).  1.  A  cape  at  the  eastern 
extremity  of  Madagascar. —  2.  A  cape  at  the 
eastern  extremity  of  the  North  Island  of  New 
Zealand. — 3.  [Buss.  Vostokhni.']  A  cape  in 
Siberia,  the  easternmost  headland  in  Asia, 
projecting  into  Bering  Strait  in  lat,  66°  N., 
long.  169°  44'  W. 

Eastcheap  (est'chep).  [ME.  Estchepe,  Eastern 
Market.  See  Cheapside.}  Originally,  the  east- 
ern market-place  of  the  city  of  London,  located 
at  the  junction  of  Watling  street  and  Ermine 
street.  It  was  quite  large,  including  the  site  of  modem 
Billingsgate  and  Leadenhall  markets.  Eastcheap  is  now 
a  small  street  running  east  and  west  near  the  northern 
end  of  London  Bridge. 

East  Cowes  (est  kouz).  A  small  town  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  England,  opposite  West  Cowes. 
Near  it  is  the  royal  residence  of  Osborne. 

East  End  (est  end).  That  part  of  London 
which  lies  east  of  the  Bank,  including  a  large 
and  thickly  settled  region  noted  for  its  poverty. 

Easter  Island  (es'tfer  i'land).  An  island  in 
the  eastern  Pacific,  west  "of  Chile,  in  lat.  27° 
30'  8.,  long.  109°  30'  W.  It  is  noted  for  its 
gigantic  prehistoric  statues. 

Eastern  Archipelago.  See  Malay  Archipelago. 

Eastern  Empire  (es'tem  em'pir),  or  Byzan- 
tine Empire  (biz'an-tin  or  bi-zan'tin  em'pir), 
or  Qreek  Empire" (grek  em'pir):  also  called 
the  Lower  Empire.  The  eastern  division  of 
the  Boman  Empire,  and,  after  476,  the  Boman 
Empire  itself,  with  its  capital  at  Constantino- 
ple, and  with  greatly  varying  boundaries,  it  in- 
cluded at  its  greatest  extent  southeastern  Europe,  western 
Asia,  northern  Africa,  part  of  Italy,  and  various  islands. 
After  800  its  rival  in  the  West  was  the  Empire  of  the 
West,  and  the  Koman  Empire  of  the  German  nation. 
The  leading  facts  in  its  history  are :  foundation  of  Con- 
«tantinople  330  A.  s. ;  final  separation  of  the  Eastern  and 
Western  empires  on  the  death  of  Theodosius,  395 ;  reign 
of  Justinian,  527-566 ;  reign  of  Heracllus  (restoration  of 
the  Boman  power,  duel  with  Persia,  beginning  of  the 
Saracen  conquests),  610-641;  reign  of  Leo  the  Isauriau, 
717-741 ;  the  Macedonian  dynasty  (Basil  I.,  Constantine 
VII.,  Nicephorus  II.,  John  I.,  Basil  II.,  etc.),  867-1057; 
dynasty  of  Comnenus  (Alexius  I.,  Crusades,  Manuel  I., 
eto.X  1081-1185  ;  Isaac  II.  (Angelus),  1185-95 ;  fall  of  the 
emph'e  under  Alexius  III.,  conquest  of  Constantinople, 
and  division  of  the  empire  by  the  Venetians  and  Crusa- 
ders, 1203-04 ;  Latin  empire  at  Constantinople,  1206-61 ; 
the  Greek  empire  continued  at  Niceea,  1204-61 ;  the  Greek 
empire  at  Constantinople  reestablished  under  the  dy- 
nasty of  Palseologus,  1261 ;  overthrow  of  the  empire  un- 
der Constantine  XL,  and  capture  of  Constantinople  by 
the  Turks  under  Mahomet  n.,  1453. 

Eastern  Question,  The.  The  collective  name 
given  to  the  several  problems  or  complications 
in  the  international  polities  of  Europe  growing 
out  of  th6  presence  of  the  Turkish  power  in 
the  southeast. 

Eastern  Rumelia  (es'tern  r5-me'lia).  The 
southern  portion  of  Bulgaria,  it  lies  south  of  the 
Balkans,  and  south  and  east  of  Bulgaria  proper.  It  was 
formed  by  the  treaty  of  Berlin  (1878)  out  of  Turkish  ter- 
ritory, and  made  an  autonomous  province  with  a  Turk- 
ish-appointed governor-general.  By  the  revolution  of 
Sept.  17, 1885,  the  government  was  overthrown,  and  union 
with  Bulgaria  proclaimed.  The  new  arrangement  was 
recognized  by  Turkey  in  1886.  The  chief  city  is  Philip- 
popolis.  Area,  13,700  square  miles.  Population  (1888), 
960,441. 

Eastern  States.  A  popular  designation  of  the 
six  New  England  States :  Maine,  New  Hamp- 
shire, Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Ehode  Island, 
and  C/onnectieut. 

Eastern  Turkestan.    Same  as  East  Turkestan. 


349 

Eastern  War.    See  Crimean  War. 

East  Flanders.    See  Flanders,  East. 

East  Friesland  (est  frez'land).  A  region  in 
the  western  part  of  the  province  of  Hannover, 
Prussia :  formerly  a  principality,  it  included  ori- 
ginally  the  Dutch  province  of  Groningen,  and  northern 
Oldenburg.  It  passed  to  Prussia  in  1744,  to  Holland  in 
1807,  to  Hannover  in  1815,  and  to  Prussia  in  1866. 

East  Goths.    See  Ostrogoths. 

Easthampton  (est-hamp'ton).  A  manufactur- 
ing town  in  Hampshire  Coiintar,  Massachusetts, 
12  miles  north-northwest  of  Springfield.  It  is 
the  seat  of  Williston  Seminary.  Population 
(1890),  4,895;  (1895),  4,790. 

East  Hartlepool  (est  har'tl-pol).  A  seaport  in 
Durham,  England,  16  miles  east-southeast  of 
Durham.    Population  (1891),  21,521. 

East  India  Company.  The  name  of  various 
mercantile  associations  formed  in  different 
countries  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries  for  the 
purpose  of  conducting  under  the  auspices  of  the 
government  a  monopoly  of  the  trade  of  their  re- 
spective countries  with  the  East  Indies,  (a)  The 
Danish  East  India  Company  was  organized  in  1618 ;  was 
dissolved  in  1634 ;  was  reorganized  in  1670 ;  and  was  finally 
dissolved  in  1729,  when  its  possessions,  the  chief  of  which 
was  Tranquebar  on  the  Coromandel  coast,  were  ceded  to 
the  government.  (6)  The  Dutch  East  India  Company  was 
formed  by  the  union  of  several  smaller  trading  compa- 
nies March  20, 1602.  It  received  from  the  state  a  monopoly 
of  the  trade  on  the  further  side  of  the  Strait  of  Magellan 
and  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  including  the  right  to 
make  treaties  and  alliances  in  the  name  of  the  States- 
General,  to  establish  factories  and  forts,  and  to  employ  sol- 
diers. It  founded  Batavia  in  Java  on  the  site  of  a  native 
city  in  1619,  and  in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century  held 
the  principal  seats  of  commerce  throughout  the  Indian 
archipelago,  including  Ceylon,  Sumatra,  Java,  and  Bor- 
neo, and  had  flourishing  colonies  in  South  Africa.  It  was 
dissolved  and  its  territories  transferred  to  the  state  Sept. 
12,  1796.  (c)  The  English  East  India  Company,  com- 
posed originally  of  London  merchants,  was  incorporated 
by  Queen  Elizabeth  Dec,  31, 1600,  under  the  title  of  "The 
Governor  and  Company  of  Merchants  of  London  trading 
with  the  East  Indies."  It  obtained  from  the  court  of 
Delhi  in  1612  the  privilege  of  establishing  a  factory  at 
Surat,  which  continued  to  be  the  chief  British  station  in 
India  until  the  organization  of  Bombay.  In  1645  it  re- 
ceived permission  of  the  natives  to  erect  Fort  St.  George 
at  Madras.  In  1661  it  was  invested  by  Charles  II.  with 
authority  to  make  peace  and  war  with  infldel  powers, 
erect  forts,  acquire  territory,  and  exercise  civil  and  crimi- 
nal jurisdiction  in  its  settlements.  In  1668  it  obtained  a 
grant  of  the  island  of  Bombay,  which  formed  part  of  the 
dower  of  Catharine  of  Portugal,  In  1675  it  established  a 
factory  on  the  Hugli  in  Bengal,  which  led  to  the  founda- 
tion of  Calcutta.  In  1749  it  inaugurated,  by  the  expul- 
sion of  the  Bajah  of  Tanjore,  a  series  of  territorial  con- 
quests which  resulted  in  the  acquisition  and  organization 
of  British  India.  A  government  board  of  control  was 
established  by  Parliament  in  1784,  and  in  1868  the  com- 
pany relinquished  altogether  its  functions  of  government 
to  the  crown,  (d)  The  Trench  East  India  Company  was 
founded  by  Colbert  in  1664.  It  established  a  factory  at 
Surat  in  Aug.,  1676,  and  acquired  Pondicherry,  which  be- 
came the  capital  of  the  French  possessions  on  the  C!oro- 
mandel  coast.  It  was  dissolved  Aug.  13, 1769,  when  its 
territories  were  ceded  to  the  crown,  (e)  The  Swedish 
East  India  Company  was  formed  at  Gothenburg,  Sweden, 
in  1741,  and  was  reorganized  in  1806. 

East  India  United  Service  Club.  A  London 
club  established  in  1848.  The  club-house  is  at 
16  St.  James's  Square,  London. 

East  Indies.  [Formerly  sometimes  .Eos*  JndJas; 
so  called  in  distinction  from  the  newly  dis- 
covered countries  in  America,  supposed  at  first 
to  be  remoter  parts  of  India,  and  called  the 
West  Indies  or  West  Indias.  see  West  Indies.'] 
A  vague  collective  name  for  Hindustan,  Farther 
India,  and  the  Malay  Archipelago. 

Eastlake  (est'lak),  Sir  Charles  Lock.  Bom  at 
Plymouth,  England,  Nov.  17, 1793:  died  at  Pisa, 
Italy,  Dec.  23,  1865.  An  BngUsh  painter.  He 
lived  at  Eome  1816-30,  and  at  London  1830-65 ;  was  keeper 
of  the  National  Gallery  1843-47 ;  was  president  of  the  Koyal 
Academy  from  1850  until  his  death ;  and  was  knighted  in 
1860.  His  best  painting  is  "  Pilgrims  in  Sight  of  Kome  " 
(1828). 

East  Liverpool.  A  town  in  Columbiana  County, 
Ohio,  situated  on  the  Ohio  Biver  35  miles  north- 
west of  Pittsburg.  It  has  manufactures  of  pot- 
tery.   Population  (1900),  16,485. 

East  London.  A  seaport  in  Cape  Colony,  lat. 
33°  2'  S.,  long.  27°  55'  E.    Population,  6,858. 

East  Lothian.    Same  as  Haddingtonshire. 

East  Main.  A  portion  of  the  Northwest  Ter- 
ritories of  Canada,  lying  east  of  Hudson  Bay 
and  west  of  Labrador  proper. 

East  Main.  A  river  in  Canada  which  flows 
into  James  Bay.    Length,  about  400  miles. 

Eastman  (est'man),  Charles  Gamage.  Bom 
at  Pryeburg,  Maine,  June  1, 1816 :  died  at  Bur- 
lington, Vt. ,  1861.  An  American  poet  and  jom-- 
naUst.  He  was  for  many  years  proprietor  and  editor  of 
the  "Vermont Patriot, "published  at  Montpelier, Vermont 
In  1848  he  published  a  volume  of  poetry. 

Eastman,  Mrs.  (Mary  Henderson).  Bom  at 
Warrenton,  Va. ,  in  1817.  An  American  novel- 
ist, wife  of  Seth  Eastman.    Among  her  works  are 


Eaton,  Theophilus 

"  Dacotah  "  (1849), "  Romance  of  Indian  Life  "  (1862^  "Aunt 
Phillis's  Cabin  "  (1862),"  Tales  of  Fashionable  Life  "(186B)k 

Eastman,  Seth.  Bom  at  Brunswick,  Maine, 
Jan.  24, 1808:  died  at  Washington,  D.C. ,  Aug.  31, 
1875.  An  American  brigadier-general.  He  was 
employed  (1860-65)  in  the  bureau  of  the  commissioner  of 
Indian  aflairs  to  illustrate  the  work  entitled  "History, 
Condition,  and  Future  Prospects  of  the  Indian  Tribes  of 
the  United  States,"  published  by  order  of  Congress  1850- 
1867. 

East  New  York.  The  easternmost  district  of 
Brooklyn. 

Easton  (es'ton).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Lehigh  with  the  Dela- 
ware, 52  miles  north  of  Philadelphia.  It  has 
considerable  manufactures,  is  the  center  of  an  iron-ore 
region,  and  is  the  seat  of  Lafayette  College.  Population 
(1900),  25,288. 

Easton,  Nicholas.  Bom  in  England,  1593:  died 
at  Newport,  B.  I.,  Aug.  15,  1675.  A  colonial 
governor  of  Ehode  Island.  He  came  from  Wales  in 
1634,  and  resided  successively  at  Ipswich  (Massachu- 
setts), Newbury  (Massachusetts),  Hampton  (New  Hamp- 
shire), and  Newport  (Rhode  Island).  He  was  govenior 
of  the  united  colonies  of  Rhode  Island  and  Providence 
1650-52. 

East  Orange.  A  city  of  Essex  County,  New 
Jersey.     Population  (1900),  21,506. 

Eastport  (est'port).  A  seaport  in  Washington 
County,  Maine,  situated  on  Moose  Island  in 
Passamaquoddy  Bay,  in  lat.  44°  54'  N.,  long. 
66°  59'  W.  It  is  the  easternmost  town  of  the 
United  States.     Population  (1900),  5,311. 

East  Biver.  A  strait  between  New  York  and 
Brooklyn,  connecting  Long  Island  Sound  with 
N  ew  York  Bay.  Length  to  the  entrance  of  the  Harlem, 
9  miles ;  to  Fort  Schuyler,  16  miles.  Width  between  New 
York  and  Brooklyn,  ^  to  ^  mile. 

East  Biver  Bridge.    See  Brooklyn  Bridge. 

East  Saginaw.  A  city  in  Saginaw  County, 
Michigan,  situated  on  Saginaw  Biver.  it  i^  a 
center  of  the  lumber  and  salt  trade.  It  is  now  consoli- 
dated with  Saginaw  (which  see). 

East  Saint  Louis.  A  town  in  Saint  Clair 
County,  Illinois,  situated  on  the  Mississippi 
opposite  Saint  Louis.  Population  (1900), 
29,655. 

East  Saxons.    See  Saxons  ana  Essex. 

Eastern  Shore.  The  part  of  Maryland  which 
lies  east  of  Chesapeake  Bay. 

East  Turkestan  (also  known  formerly  as  Chi- 
nese Turkestan  or  Little  Bokhara).  A  de- 
pendency of  the  Chinese  empire  in  central 

Asia.  The  Thian-Shan  Mountains  separate  it  from  Asi- 
atic Russia :  Sungaria  lies  on  the  north ;  the  Kwen-Lun 
Mountains  separate  it  from  Tibet  and  Kashmir  on  the 
south;  and  the  Pamirs  and  Asiatic  Russia  are  on  the 
west.  The  chief  river  is  the  Tarim ;  the  chief  city,  Yar- 
kand.  It  forms  the  Chinese  Lu,  or  southern  circuit  of 
Hi.  Length,  about  1,250  miles.  Area,  431,800  square 
miles.    Population,  estimated,  680,000. 

Eastward  Ho !  A  comedy  written  chiefl.y  by 
Chapman  and  Marston,  with  contributions  by 
Jonson.  It  was  written  and  acted  during  the  winter 
of  1604-05,  and  was  entered  upon  the  Stationers'  Register 
Sept.  4, 1606.  The  authors  were  imprisoned  for  satirizing 
the  Scots  in,this  play,  and  sentenced  to  have  their  ears  and 
noses  split.  Jonson,  though  not  responsible  for  the  ob- 
noxious passages,  gave  himself  up  with  his  friends.  At  a 
feast  given  by  him  after  their  delivery,  his  mother  drank 
to  his  health  and  exhibited  a  package  of  "  lusty,  strong 
poison"  which,  had  the  sentence  of  mutilation  been  car- 
ried out,  she  was  to  "  have  mixt  in  the  prison  among  his 
drink,"  and  to  have  first  drunk  of  it  herself  (i<'feay).  The 
play  was  revived  in  1761  as  "The  Prentices,"  and  in  1775 
as  "  Old  City  Manners. " 

Easy  (e'zi),  Sir  Charles.  The  "  careless  hus- 
band "  in  Gibber's  comedy  of  that  name.  He  is 
dissolute  and  lazy,  but  not  entirely  vicious,  and  is  finally 
brought  back  to  the  path  of  virtue  by  Lady  Easy,  his  wife. 
She  makes  it  a  point  never  to  ruiSe  him  with  jealousy. 

Easy,  Midshipman.  See  Mr.  Midshipman  Easy. 

Eaton  (e'ton),  Daniel  Cady,  Bom  at  Fort 
Gratiot,  Mich.,  Sept.  12, 1834:  died  at  New  Ha- 
ven, June  29,  1895.  An  American  botanist, 
grandson  of  Amos  Eaton.  He  graduated  in  1857  at 
Yale  College,  in  which  institution  he  became  professor  of 
botany  in  1864.  He  published  "Ferns  of  the  Southwest" 
("United  States  Geological  Survey,"  Vol.  VI,  1878)  and 
'•  Ferns  of  North  America"  (1878-79). 

Eaton,  George  W .  Bom  at  Henderson,  Hun- 
tingdon County,  Pa.,  July  3,  1804:  died  at 
Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  3,  1872.  An  American 
educator  and  Baptist  clergyman.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  Madison  University  (Hamilton)  1866-68,  and  of 
Hamilton  Theological  Seminary  1861-71. 

Eaton,  Nathaniel.  Died  in  London  after  1660. 
The  first  head-master  of  Harvard  College.  He 
was  appointed  in  1637.  In  1639  he  was  fined  100  marks 
for  gross  brutality  to  one  of  his  ushers,  Nathaniel  Briscoe, 
whereupon  he  fled  to  Virginia,  leaving  debts  to  the 
amount  of  £1,000. 

Eaton,  Theophilus.  Died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Jan.  7,  1658.  First  governor  of  the 
colony  of  New  Haven.  He  came  in  1637  from  Lon- 
don to  Hew  England  with  John  Davenport,  whom  he  as- 


Eaton,  TheopMlus 

slated  in  the  purchase  of  Qainipiak  from  the  Indians  as  a 
site  for  the  colony  of  New  Haven,  which  was  planted  in 
1638.  In  1639  he  was  elected  governor  of  the  colony,  which 
post  he  retained  until  his  death. 

Eaton,  William.  Bom  at  Woodstock,  Conn., 
Feb.  23, 1764:  died  at  Brimfield,  Mass.,  June  1, 
1811.  Aa  American  officer  and  adventurer, 
consul  at  Tunis  1799-1803.  He  was  subsequently 
appointed  United  States  naval  agent  to  the  Barbaiy  states, 
and  during  the  Tripolitan  war  organized  a  movement 
among  the  natives  to  restore  Hamet,  the  brother  of  the 
reigning  pasha,  Yussuf  Caramalli.  With  the  assistance 
of  the  American  squadron  he  took  Derne  in  180B,  and  was 
about  to  march  on  Tripoli  when  peace  was  concluded 
between  the  United  States  and  the  reigning  bey. 

Eaton,  Wyatt.  Born  at  Philipsburg,  Canada, 
May  6, 1849 :  died  at  Newport,  E.  I. ,  June  7, 1896. 
An  American  figure  and  portrait  painter.  He 
studied  at  the  National  Academy  of  Design  in  New  York, 
and  with  G^rdme  in  Paris. 

Eau  Claire  (oklSr).  [F.,  'clear  water.']  A 
city  in  Eau  Claire  County,  Wisconsin,  situated 
on  the  Chippewa  Eiver  83  miles  east  by  south 
of  St.  Paul.  It  has  an  important  lumber  trade. 
Population  (1900),  17,517. 

Eauz  Bonnes  (o  bon).  [F.,' good  waters.']  A 
watering-place  in  the  department  of  Basses- 
Pyr6n6es,  France,  about  28  miles  south  of  Pau. 
It  is  noted  for  its  springs  (chlorid  of  sodium). 

Eauze  (6z).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Gers, 
France,  29  miles  northwest  of  Auch.  It  is  on 
the  site  of  the  BomanElusa.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  4,110. 

Ebal  (e'bal).  A  mountain  in  Palestine,  form- 
ing the  northern  side  of  the  fertile  valley  in 
which  lies  Nablus,  the  ancient  Shechem.  Mount 
Ebal  rises  to  the  height  of  2,986  feet(or,  according  to  some, 
3,077  feet).  From  Ebal  the  curse  for  disobedience  to  the 
law  was  pronounced,  the  blessing  for  obedience  being 
given  from  Mount  Gerizim,  which  lies  opposite  on  the 
south  of  the  valley.  Upon  Ebal  Joshua  erected  the  first 
altar  to  Jehovah  after  conquering  Canaan.  Its  modern 
Arabic  name  is  Jebel  Eslamiyah. 

Ebbsfleet  (ebz'flet).  A  hamlet  in  the  Isle  of 
Thanet,  Kent,  England,  3i  miles  west-south- 
west of  Bamsgate.  It  was  the  landing-place  of 
Hengist  and  Horsa  in  449,  and  of  St.  Augustine  in  697. 

Ebel  (a'bel),  Hermann  Wilhelm.  Bom  at 
Berlin,  May  10,  1820 :  died  at  Misdroi,  Pom- 
erania,  Prussia,  Aug.  19,  1875.  A  German 
philologist,  especially  distinguished  in  Celtic 
philology :  professor  at  Berlin  from  1872.  His 
chief  work  is  a  revision  of  Zeuss's  "Grammatica 
celtica"(1871). 

Ebeling  (a'bel-ing),  Adolf,  Bom  at  Hamburg, 
Oct.  24,  1827:  died  July  23,  1896.  A  German 
writer.  He  traveled  in  Brazil;  lived  in  Paris  as  a  teacher 
and  newspaper  correspondent  till  1870 ;  and  then  lived  suc- 
cessively in  Diisseldorf,  Cologne,  Metz,  Cairo,  and  Cologne. 
His  works  include  *'I^bende  Bilder  aus  dem  modernen 
Paris "  (1866-76),  "Bilder  aus  Cairo "  (1878),  etc. 

EbeUng,  Christoph  Daniel.  Bom  at  Garmis- 
sen,  near  Hildesheim,  Prussia,  Nov.  20,  1741: 
died  at  Hamburg,  June  30,  1817,  A  German 
geographer.  He  contributed  to  Btisching's 
"Erdbesohreibung"  the  volumes  on  America 
(1794^1816). 

Eoelsberg  (a'belz-bera),  orEbersberg  (a'berz- 
bero),  A  small  place  in  Upper  Austria,  on  the 
Traun  southeast  of  Linz,  where  the  French  in, 
May,  1809,  defeated  the  Austrians, 

Ebenezer  (eb-e-ne'z6r),  [Heb., '  stone  of  help.'] 
A  stone  set  up  by  Samuel,  after  a  defeat  of  the 
Philistines,  as  a  memorial  of  divine  aid. 

Eber.    See  Heber. 

Eberbach  (a'ber-badh).  A  small  town  in  Baden, 
on  the  Neokar  14  miles  east  of  Heidelberg. 

Eberhard  (a'ber-hart)  I.  Borii  Dee.  11,  1445: 
died  Feb,  24, 1496.  First  Duke  of  Wiirtemberg, 
1495,  He  consolidated  the  country,  framed  its 
constitution,  and  established  the  University  of 
Tubingen  (1477). 

Eberbard,  Christian  Angust  Gottlob.  Bom 
at  Belzig,  Prussia,  Jan.  12, 1769 :  died  at  Dres- 
den, May  13, 1845.  A  German  poet  and  prose- 
writer.  He  wrote  "  Hannchen  und  die  Kuchlein  "  (1822 : 
a  domestic  idyl),  "Der  erste  Mensch  und  die  Erde"  (1828), 
etc. 

Eberhard,  Johann  August,  Bom  at  Halber- 
stadt,  Prussia,  Aug.  31,  1739:  died  Jan.  6, 1809. 
A  German  philosopher,  professor  at  Halle  from 
1778.  He  published  "Neue  Apologia  des  Sok- 
rates"  (1772),  etc. 

Eberhard,  Konrad.  Bom  at  Hindelang,  Ba- 
varia, Nov.  25,  1768:  died  at  Munich,  March 
13, 1859.  A  German  sculptor.  His  most  nota- 
ble works  are  at  Munich. 

Eberl  (a'berl),  Anton.  Born  at  Vienna,  Jime 
13,  1766:  died  there,  March  11,  1807.  A  Ger- 
man pianist  and  composer. 

Eberle  (eb'er-le),  John.  Born  at  Hagerstown, 
Md,,  Dee.  10,  1787:  died  at  Lexington,  Ky,, 


'  350 

Feb,  2,  1838.  An  American  physician  and 
medical  writer, 

Ebers  (a'befs),  Carl  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Cas- 
sel,  March  20,  1770:  died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  9, 
1836.    A  German  musical  composer. 

Ebers,  Emil.  Bom  at  Breslau,  Dee,  14,  1807: 
died  at  Beuthen  on  the  Oder,  1884,  A  German 
painter. 

Ebers,  Georg.  Born  at  Berlin,  March  1, 1837  : 
died  at  Tutzing,  Bavaria,  Aug.  7,  1898.  A 
German  Egyptologist  and  novelist.  He  first 
studied  jurisprudence  at  Gbttingen,  then  Oriental  lan- 
guages and  archEBology  at  Berlin.  In  1865  he  became  do- 
cent  in  Egyptian  language  and  antiquities  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Jena ;  in  1870  he  was  called  to  Leipsic  as  professor 
in  the  same  field.  His  first  work,  "Agypten  und  die 
Biicher  Moses "(" Egypt  and  the  Books  of  Moses"),  ap- 
peared 1867-68.  In  1869-70  he  made  a  journey  to  Egypt, 
which  was  repeated  in  1872-73,  when  he  discovered  the 
so-called  "Papyrus  Ebers,"  published  in  1874  under  the 
title  "  Papyrus  E.,  ein  hieratisches  Handbuch  der  agyptis- 
chen  Medizin."  **Durch  Gosen  zum  Sinai"  ("Through 
Goshen  to  Sinai ")  appeared  in  1872 ;  "Agypten  in  Wort  und 
Bild  "  ("  Egypt  in  Word  and  Picture J^^  in  1878.  Among  his 
romances  are  "Eine  Elgyptiache  KOnigstochter "  ("An 
Egyptian  Princess,"  1864),  "  Uarda  "  (1877),  "Homo  Sura  " 
(1878),  "Die  Schwestem''  ("The  Sisters,"  1880),  "Der Kai- 
ser" ("The  Emperor,"  1881),  "Scrapie"  (1886i  "Die  Nil- 
braut "  (1887),  "  Joshua  "  (1889),  etc. 

Eberswalde  (a'berz-val-de).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  28  miles 
northeast  of  Berlin,    Population  (1890),  15,977. 

Ebert  (a'bert),Adolf.  Bom  at  Cassel, Prussia, 
June  1, 1820 :  died  July  1, 1890.  A  German  Bo- 
manoephilologist,professoratLeipsicfroml862. 

Ebert,  Friedrich  Adolf.  Bom  at  Taucha,  near 
Leipsie,  July  9,  1791:  died  at  Dresden,  Nov. 
13,  1834.  A  German  bibliographer.  He  was  li- 
brarian at  Wolf  enbiittel  (1823),  and  later  (1825)  at  Dresden. 
His  principal  work  is  an  "  Allgemeines  bibliographisches 
Lexikon  "  (1821-30). 

Ebert,  Karl  Egon  von.  Bom  at  Prague,  Bohe- 
mia, June  5, 1801 :  died  there,  Oct.  24, 1882.  A 
German  poet, 

Ebingen  (a'bing-en),  A  town  in  the  Black 
Forest  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  Population  (1890), 
6,864. 

Ebionites  (e'bi-gn-its),  [From  LL.  Ebionitse, 
pi.,  Gr.  'Ejiiun/aioc,  from  Heb.  'ebydnim  (pi.  of 
'ebydn),  lit.  'the  poor';  the  origin  of  the  appli- 
cation of  the  name  is  uncertain.]  A  party  of 
Judaizing  Christians  which  appeared  in  the 
church  as  early  as  the  2d  century,  and  disap- 
peared about  the  4th  century.  They  agreed  in  (a) 
the  recognition  of  Jesus  as  the  Messiah,  (b)  the  denial  of 
his  divinity,  (o)  belief  in  the  universal  obligation  of  the 
Mosaic  law,  and  (d)  rejection  of  Paul  and  his  writings. 
The  two  great  divisions  of  Ebionites  were  the  Pharisaic 
Ebionites,  who  emphasized  the  obligation  of  the  Mosaic 
law,  and  the  Essenic  Ebionites,  who  were  more  speculative 
and  leaned  toward  Gnosticism. 

Eblis  (eb'lis),  or  Iblis  (ib'lis).  In  Arabian  my- 
thology, the  chief  of  the  evil  spirits.  Beckford 
introduces  him  in  "  Vathek."    See  Agazel. 

His  person  was  that  of  a  young  man  whose  noble  and 
regular  features  seemed  to  have  been  tarnished  by  malig- 
nant vapours.  In  his  large  eyes  appeared  both  pride  and 
despair;  his  flowing  hair  retained  some  resemblance  to 
that  of  an  angel  of  light.  In  his  hand,  which  thunder  had 
blasted,  he  swayed  the  iron  sceptre  that  causes  the  mon- 
ster Ouranabad,  the  Afrits,  and  all  the  powers  of  the 
abyss  to  tremble.  Buskjord,  Vathek,  p.  192. 

Eblis,  Hall  of.    See  the  extract. 

In  the  midst  of  this  immense  hall,  a  vast  multitude  was 
incessantly  passing,  who  severally  kept  their  right  hands 
on  their  heiuts  [which  were  on  fli-e],  without  once  regard- 
ing anything  around  them.  They  had  all  the  livid  paleness 
of  death.  Their  eyes,  deep  sunk  in  their  sockets,  resem- 
bled those  phosphoric  meteors  that  glimmer  by  night  in 
places  of  interment.  Some  stalked  slowly  on,  absorbed  in 
profound  reverie;  some,  shrieking  with  agony,  ran  furiously 
about,  like  tigers  wounded  with  poisoned  arrows ;  whilst 
others,  grinding  their  teeth  in  rage,  foamed  along,  more 
frantic  than  the  wildest  maniac,  Baikfrni,  Vathek,  p.  191. 

Eboll  (a'bo-le).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Sa- 
lerno, Italy,  45  miles  east-southeast  of  Naples. 
Population  (1881),  9,089. 

Eboli,  Princess  of  (Anna  de  Mendoza).  Bom 

in  June,  1540:  died  at  Pastrana,  Spain,  Feb. 
2,  1592,  Daughter  of  Don  Diego  Hurtado  de 
Mendoza,  viceroy  of  Peru,  and  mistress  of 
Philip  II.  of  Spain,  she  married  in  1669  the  favorite 
B.ui  Gomez  de  Silva,  prince  of  Eboli.  While  mistress  of 
the  king  she  sustained  similar  relations  to  the  minister 
Antonio  Perez.  She  was,  in  consequence  of  a  political  in- 
trigue, betrayed  by  Escovedo,  the  secret  agent  at  the  court 
of  Don  John  of  Austria.  Escovedo  being  murdered  soon 
after  by  Perez,  she  was  suspected  of  complicity  in  the 
crime,  and  was  banished  from  court  in  1679.  She  figures 
as  one  of  the  characters  in  Schiller's  "Don  Carlos." 

Eboracum  (e-bor'arkum),or  Eburacum  (e-bur'- 
a-kum).    The  Eoman  name  of  York, 

Eburacum  is  the  spelling  given  in  the  Itinerary  of  An- 
toninus, in  Ptolemy,  and  in  the  geographer  of  Ravenna, 
while  an  inscription  formerly  found  in  York,  but  not  pre- 
served,-as  well  as  the  Eoman  historians  who  mention  this 
place,  call  It  Eboracum,    The  weight  of  authority,  how- 


Echidna 

ever,  seems  to  be  turned  in  favour  of  the  former  by  an  In- 
scription more  recently  discovered,  and  certainly  reading 
EBVE.  Wright,  Celt,  p.  128. 

Ebrard  (a'brart),  Johann  Heinrich  August. 

Bom  at  Erlangen,  Bavaria,  Jan.  18, 1818 :  died 
there,  July  23, 1888.  A  German  clergyman  of 
the  Eeformed  Church,  and  theological  and 
miscellaneous  writer. 

Ebro  (a'bro) .  [L,  Iberus,  F.  Ebre.']  A  river  in 
Spain  which  rises  in  the  province  of  Santander 
and  flows  into  the  Mediterranean  in  lat,  40°  42' 
N,,  long.  0°  51'  E.  Length,  about  440  miles, 
Saragossa  is  situated  on  it, 

Ecbatana  (ek-bat'a-na),  or  Agbatana  (ag- 
bat'a-na),  or  Achmetfia  (ak'me-tha).  [An- 
cient Persian  Hangmatdna  ;  in  Babylonian  in- 
scriptions Agamatanu  or  Agamtanu;  modern 
Hamaddn.']  The  capital  of  Media, built,  accord- 
ing to  fable,  by  Semiramis.  it  was  captured  and 
plundered  by  Cyrus  in  650  B.  0.,  and  was  used  by  the  Per- 
sian monarchs  as  a  summer  residence.  Alexander  the 
Great  spent  some  months  there  in  324  B.  0,  It  is  men- 
tioned in  the  Bible  (Ezra  vi.  2)  as  the  place  in  which  the 
decree  of  Cyrus  permitting  the  Jews  to  rebuild  the  temple 
was  found.  Hamad&n  is  one  of  the  most  important  cities 
of  modern  Persia. 

Eccard  (ek'kard),  Johannes.  Born  at  Miihl- 
hausen,  Thuringia,  in  1553 :  died  at  Berlin  in 
1611.  A  German  musician,  noted  as  a  com- 
poser of  church  music,  in  1589  he  was  made  kapeU- 
meister  to  the  margrave  of  Brandenburg  at  Konigsberg : 
in  1608  he  was  given  the  same  position  under  the  Eurf  iirst 
at  Berlin.    He  wrote  both  sacred  music  and  songs. 

Ecce  Homo  (ek'se  ho'mo).  [L,,  'behold,  the 
man!']  The  name  given  (from  the  words  of 
Pilate)  to  representations  of  Christ  with  the 
crown  of  thorns.  Among  the  best-known  paintings 
of  this  subject  is  one  by  Titian  (1648),  in  the  Imperial 
Gallery  at  Vienna.  Christ,  bleeding  and  crowned  with 
thorns,  is  led  out  from  the  palace  above  a  flight  of  steps 
by  soldiers.  Below  are  a  mocking  company  of  soldiers 
and  people,  in  which  a  portrait  of  the  sultan  Suliman  is 
conspicuous. 

Ecce  Homo :  A  Survey  of  the  Life  and  Work 
of  Jesus  Christ.  The  chief  work  of  Professor 
John  Eobert  Seeley  of  Cambridge,  England,  it 
was  first  published  anonymously  in  1865.  It  created  muclk 
excitement  among  various  Protestant  denominations,  and 
elicited  a  number  of  replies. 

Eccelino  da  Romano.  See  Ezzelino  da  Bo- 
mano. 

Ecclefechan  (ek-l-f  ech'an).  A  village  in  Dum- 
fries, Scotland,  13  miles  east  of  Dumfries.  It 
is  noted  as  the  birthplace  of  Thomas  Carlyle, 

Ecclemach.    See  Eslen. 

Ecclesfield  (ek'lz-feld),  A  manufacturing  town 
in  Yorkshire,  En^and,  near  Sheffield, 

Ecclesiastes,  or  The  JPreacher.  [Gr.  kmlrjai- 
oBTiKdQ,  a  member  of  the  ecclesia  {eKKX^aia),  an 
ecclesiast:  a  translation  of  Heb,  qoheleth."]  A 
book  of  the  Old  Testament,  commionly  ascribed 
to  Solomon,  but  probably  of  later  date. 

Eccleston  (ek'lz-ton),  Samuel.  Bom  in  Kent 
County,  Md,,  June  27,  1801:  died  at  George- 
town, D,  C,  April  21, 1851.  An  American  prel- 
ate of  the  Eoman  Catholic  Church,  He  became 
archbishop  of  Baltimore  in  1834, 

Ecclesiazusse  (ek-kle-zi-a-zu'se),  A  comedy  of 
Aristophanes,  exhibited  in  392  B.  c.  in  it  the 
women  meet  in  parliament  (whence  the  name),  and  de- 
cide to  take  control  of  the  state,  with  community  of  goods 
and  husbands.  The  play  is  inferior  in  literary  quality, 
and  is  marked  by  obscenity, 

Ecgberht.    See  Egbert. 

Ecneetee.    See  BitcMU. 

Echeloot  (e'che-lot).  A  tribe  of  the  Upper 
Chinook  division  of  North  American  Indians, 
first  encountered  by  Lewis  and  Clarke  near 
the  Dalles  of  the  Columbia  Eiver,  and  probably 
extinct.    See  ChinooJcan. 

Echenique  (a-eha-ne'ka),  Jos6  Bufino.  Bom 
at  Puno,  1808:  died  at  Arequipa,  Oct,  18,  1879. 
A  Peruvian  general  and  statesman.  He  served 
under  Santa  Cruz,  but  after  the  defeat  at  Yungay  (Jan., 
1839)  he  gave  his  allegiance  to  Gamarra.  In  1843  he  was 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  revolt  against  Vivanco.  He  waa 
elected  president  of  Peru  April  20,  1851.  Bievolts  against 
him,  beginning  in  1853,  resulted  in  his  defeat  by  Castillo 
and  exile,  Jan.,  1866.  He  returned  in  1862;  aided  in  the 
defense  of  Callao  in  1866 ;  and  was  again  a  presidential  can- 
didate in  1872. 

Echeverria  (a-eha-va-re'a),  Est6ban.  Bom 
in  Buenos  Ayres,  1809:  died  at  Montevideo, 
1851.  An  Argentine  poet.  He  published  lyrical 
poems  jind  others,  includmg  "La  Cautiva,"  "El  Angel 
Caido,"  and  "Elvira."    He  was  banished  by  the  dictator 


Echeverria,  Francisco  Javier,  Bom  in  Jalapa, 
July  25, 1797 :  died  at  Mexico,  Sept.  17, 1852.  A 
Mexican  financier.  He  was  secretary  of  the  treasury 
jn  1834,  again  in  1838,  and  finally  from  1839  to  1841.  In 
1839  he  succeeded  in  funding  the  Mexican  debt.  He  was 
acting  president  for  a  short  time  in  1841. 

Echidna  (e-kid'na),  [Gr.  "Exidva.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  monster  half  maiden,  half  ser- 


Echidna 

pent,  daughter  of  Chrysaor  and  Callirrhoe  (or  of 
Tartarus  andGe),  and  mother  of  the  ChimseraB, 
the  Sphinx,  Cerberus,  and  other  monsters.  She 
■was  slain  by  Argos  while  sleeping. 

Echinades  (e-kin'a-dez).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  group  of  islands  west  of  Acaruania  in  G-reeoe, 
situated  about  lat.  38°  25'  N.,  now  reunited,  in 
part,  to  the  mainland. 

Echo(ek'6).  [Gr.'H;t;(5.]  In  Greek  mythology, 
a  nymph  who  by  her  prattling  prevented  Hera 
from  surprising  her  husband  Zeus  in  the  com- 
pany of  the  nymphs.  The  goddess  puuished  her  by 
condemning  her  never  to  speak  first  and  never  to  be  silent 
when  any  one  else  spoke.  She  pined  away  to  a  bodiless 
voice  (echo)  (or  love  of  Narcissus. 

Echo  Oaiion  (ek'6  kan'yon).  A  remarkable 
oafion  in  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  in  northern 
Utah,  traversed  by  the  Union  Pacific  Eailroad. 

Echo  Lake.  The  name  of  various  small  sheets 
of  water.  («)  A  lake  in  New  Hampshire,  in  the  Fran- 
conia  Notch,  (o)  A  lake  near  North  Conway,  New  Hamp- 
shire. 

Echternach  (ech'ter-nadh).  A  town  in  Luxem- 
burg, on  the  Sure  18  miles  northeast  of  Lux- 
emburg. It  has  a  noted  abbey  church.  The  yearly 
religious  "dancing-procession,"  or  dance-teast,  held  at 
Whitsuntide,  is  celebrated.  It  originated  in  a  super- 
stitious effort  to  prevent  a  return  of  an  epidemic  of  St. 
Vitus's  dance  which  visited  the  place  in  the  8th  century. 

Echuca  (e-ch6'ka).  A  town  in  Victoria,  Aus- 
tralia, at  the  junction  of  the  Campaspe  and 
Murray. 

Ecija  (a'the-Ha).  A  city  in  the  province  of  Se- 
ville, Spain,  situated  on  the  Jenil  47  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Seville:  the  Roman  Astigi  or 
Augusta  Firma  in  Bsstica.  Population  (1887), 
23,615. 

Eck.(ek),  Johann  von  (originally  Maier  or 
Mayx).  Born  at  Bck,  Bavaria,  Nov.  13, 1486: 
died  at  Ingolstadt,  Bavaria,  Feb.  10,  1543.  A 
German  theologian,  one  of  the  most  active  op- 
ponents of  Luther  and  the  Reformation.  He  be- 
came  professor  of  theology  at  Ingolstadt  in  1510.  He  dis- 
puted at  Leipsic  with  Karlstadt  and  Luther  in  1619,  and 
procured  the  papal  bull  against  Luther  in  1520. 

Eckermann  (ek'er-man),  Johann  Peter.  Bom 

at  Winsen,  Hannover,  Sept.  21,  1792:  died  at 
Weimar,  Dec.  3,  1854.  A  German  writer,  a 
friend  and  literary  executor  of  Goethe.  He  is 
known  chiefly  from  his  "Gespraohe  mit  Goethe"  ("Con- 
versations with  Goethe,"  1836-i8). 

Eckersberg  (ek'erz-bera),  Christopher  Wil- 
helm.  Born  at  VarnSs,  near  Apenrade,  Sehles- 
wig,  Jan.  2, 1783:  died  at  Copenhagen,  July  22, 
1853.  A  Danish  historical,  portrait,  and  marine 
painter. 

Eckert  (ek'Srt),  Thomas  Thompson.  Born  at 
St.  Clairsville,  Ohio,  April  23, 1825.  An  Ameri- 
can telegraphist.  He  organized  the  military  telegraph 
service  of  the  United  States  in  1862 ;  was  brevetted  briga- 
dier-general in  1865 ;  was  assistant  secretary  of  war  1866- 
1867 ;  and  became  president  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
Telegraph  Company  in  1876,  president  of  the  American 
Union  Telegraph  Company  in  1880,  and  vice-president  and 
general  manager  of  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Com- 
pany in  1881,  and  president  in  1893. 

Eckford  (ek'ford),  Henry.  Bom  at  Irvine, 
Scotland,  March  12, 1775:  died  at  Constantino- 
ple, Nov.  12, 1832.  An  American  ship-builder. 
He  came  to  New  York  city  in  1796 ;  was  employed  by  the 
United  States  government  to  construct  ships  of  war  on 
the  Great  Lakes  diu-ing  the  War  of  1812 ;  was  appointed 
naval  constructor  in  the  United  States  navy-yard  at  Brook- 
lyn in  1820 ;  and  in  1831  became  chief  naval  constructor 
for  the  Ottoman  empire. 

Eckhardt  (ek'hart),  or  Eckart,  The  trusty. 

[G.  tier  treue  Eckhardt.']  An  old  man  in  Ger- 
man traditionary  lore,  in  the  legend  of  Fran 
Holle  or  Holde  (Venus).  He  appears  in  the  Mans- 
f  eld  country  on  the  evening  of  Maundy  Thursday  with  a 
white  staff  to  dave  the  people  from  the  furious  host  which 
travels  in  HoUe's  train.  His  duties  differ  in  different 
traditions.  Sometimes  he  isthe  companion  of  TannhSu- 
ser,  and  has  even  been  considered  to  be  the  same  person. 
He  is  also  said  to  be  in  the  service  of  Holle,  and  to  sit  out- 
side the  Venusberg  to  warn  passing  knights  of  the  dan- 
gers therein,  to  which  the  enamoured  Tannhauser  had 
abandoned  himself.  He  is  also  doomed  to  abide  at  the 
Venusberg  till  the  judgment.    _  ,        ,, 

Eckhart,  or  Eckart,  or  Eckardt:  generally 
styled  Meister.  Bom,  probably  at  Strasburg, 
about  1260:  died  about  1328.  The  founder  of 
German  mysticism.  He  was  accused  of  heresy  in  1327, 
but  denied  the  charge  and  appealed  to  the  Pope,  who  de- 
clared in  1329  (bull  "  In  Coena  Dommi,  March  27)  that 
Eckhart'3  doctnnes  were  partly  heretical. 

Eckmiihl  (ek'miil),  or  Eggmuhl.  A  viUage  of 
Lower  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Grosse  Laber 
13  miles  south-southeast  of  Batisbon.  Here, 
April  22,  1809,  Napoleon  defeated  the  Austrians  under 
the  archduke  Charles.  For  his  part  in  the  battle  Davout 
was  created  prince  of  Eckmiihl. 

Eclemach.    See  EsUn.  ■ 

Eclipse  (e-klips').     [So  named  because  he  was 

foaled  during  the  eclipse  of- 1764.]    A  famous 

race-horse,  a  descendant,  in  the  male  Ime,  ot 


351 

the  Darley  Arabian.  He  was  a  chestnut  horse  with 
a  blaze  and  one  white  leg.  American  Eclipse  was  an 
American  horse  foaled  in  1814. 
Eclympasteyre.  A  name  given  by  Chaucer  in 
"  The  Book  of  the  Duchess''  to  the  heir  of  Mor- 
pheus, the  god  of  sleep. 

"Morpheus,  and  Eclympasteyre 
That  was  the  god  of  slepes  heyre." 

It  is  supposed  to  be  a  name  of  his  own  invention.  Frois- 
sai't  uses  the  same  name  in  his  "  Paradis  d' Amour,"  but 
he  is  merely  copying  Chaucer.  Skeat 
Ecnomus  (ek'no-mus).  [Gr.  "Eicvo/io;.']  A  hill 
near  the  modem  Lieata,  southern  coast  of  Sicily. 
Here,  311  B.  c,  the  Carthaginians  defeated  the  Syracusan 
torant  Agathocles.  Near  here,  266  B.  o.,  the  Boman  fleet 
defeated  the  Carthaginians. 

]^cole  des  Femmes,  L'  (la-kol'  da  fam').  [F., 
'  The  School  of  Wives.']  A  comedy  by  Moliire, 
produced  Dec.  26,  1662. 

Ecole  des  Femmes,  Oritioue  de  1'.  [F., '  Cri- 
tique of  the  School  of  Wives.']  A  play  by 
MoliSre,  retorting  on  the  critics  of  his  play,  and 
particularly  the  critical  marquis,  his  favorite 
butt,  produced  June  1,  1663. 

Ecole  des  Maris,  L'  (la-kol'  da  ma-re').  [F., 
'  The  School  of  Husbands.']  A  comedy  by  Mo- 
li^re,  produced  in  1661.  SganareUe,  as  the  guardian 
of  a  young  girl,  is  the  hero  of  this  play,  the  plot  of  which 
is  partly  taken  from  Terence,  Boccaccio,  and  Lope  de  Vega. 

licole  Pol3rteclmique.  A  French  school  of 
technology,  founded  by  decree  of  the  Conven- 
tion, March  11, 1794.  From  its  origin  and  object  of  its 
foundation  it  was  devoted  to  instruction  in  purely  scien- 
tific and  technical  branches,  such  as  artillery,  military 
and  civil  engineering,  the  building  of  roads  and  bridges, 
ship-building,  etc.  There  were  at  first  360  students,  and 
the  coarse  was  3  years.  The  number  was  later  decreased 
to  200,  and  the  term  shortened  to  2  years.  After  gradua- 
tion the  students  choose  between  a  military  and  a  civil 
career.  The  military  students  go  to.  the  Ecole  d'Appli- 
cation  at  Fontainebleau  for  two  years,  after  which  they  en- 
ter the  army  as  lieutenants  of  artillery  or  engineers.  The 
others  enter  various  special  schpols  in  Paris,  such  as  the 
Ecole  des  Ponts  et  Chauss^es,  Ecole  Spdciale  des  Mines, 
Ecole  Oentrale  des  Arts  et  Manufactures,  etc. 

Economy  (e-kon'o-mi).  A  township'"17  miles 
northwest  of  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania :  the  seat 
of  a  community  of  Harmonists.  Population 
(1890),  1,029. 

^corcheurs  (a-kor-sh6r'),  Les.  Bands  of  armed 
adventurers  who,  favored  by  the  Hundred 
Years'  War,  ravaged  France  and  Belgium  in 
the  15th  century,beginning  about  1435.  Among 
their  leaders  were  Villandras  and  Crabannes  the  Bastard. 
They  were  called  Ecorcheurs,  or  flayers,  probably  because 
they  "  not  only  waylaid  and  plundered  their  victims,  but 
stripped  them  of  every  vestige  of  clothing,  leaving  them 
nothing  but  their  shirts." 

florins  (ak-ran'),  Barre  des.  The  highest  peak 
of  the  Pelvoux  range,  in  the  Alps  of  Dau- 
phin6,  France.     Height,  13,460  feet. 

Ecselen.    See  Eslen. 

Ecstatic  Doctor.    A  surname  of  Ruysbroeck. 

Ector  (ek'tor),  or  Hector,  Sir.  In  the  Arthur- 
ian romance,  a  faithful  knight  who  with  his  wife 
brought  up  the  infant  Arthur.  He  was  the 
father  of  Sir  Kay. 

Ector,  or  Hector,  de  Maris,  Sir.  In  Arthurian 
romance,  the  brother  of  Sir  Lancelot.  He  mourned 
his  death  with  a  bitter  lament,  and  afterward  went  with 
Sir  Bois  and  seven  other  knights  to  the  Holy  Laud,  where 
they  died  on  a  Good  Friday. 

Ecuador  (ek'wa-dor;  Sp.  pron.  a-kwa-dor'). 
[Sp.  Bepiiblica  del  Ecuador,  Republic  of  the 
Equator.]  A  rejjublic  of  South  America,  lying 
between  Colombia  on  the  north,  Peru  on  the 
south,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west.  East- 
ward its  claims-extend  to  the  confines  of  Brazil,  but  Co- 
lombia and  Peru  dispute  all  the  territory  to  the  eastern 
base  of  the  Andes.  At  present  (1902)  the  actual  jurisdic- 
tion of  Ecuador  extends  to  about  long.  73°  W. ,  on  the  river 
Napo,  and  does  not  include  any  part  of  the  Marafion  or 
upper  Amazon.  The  country  is  traversed  from  north  ;to 
south  by  the  Andes,  which  form  a  continuous  eastern 
range  and  a  roughly  parallel  but  much  broken  western 
range,  containing  some  of  the  highest  peaks  in  South  Amer- 
ica and  numerous  volcanoes.  Between  the  mountains  there 
are  several  high  table-lands  or  basins.  The  coast  regions 
and  those  east  of  the  mountains  are  low,  hot,  and  covered 
in  great  part  with  forest.  The  principal  products  and  ex- 
ports are  cacao,  hides,  sugar,  and  rubber.  The  inhabitants 
are  whites  (of  Spanish  descent),  Indians,  and  mixed  races. 
The  executive  is  vested  in  a  president  elected  for  i  years, 
and  congress  consists  of  2  chambers.  There  are  16  prov- 
inces besides  the  Galapagos  Islands..  The  Koman  Catho- 
lic is  the  state  religion,  and  the  only  one  tolerated.  Capi- 
tal, Quito.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest,  the  greater  part 
of  Ecuador  was  subject  to  the  Incas  of  Peru.  It  was  con- 
quered by  the  Spaniards  1533-34,  and  under  the  name  of 
Kingdom  of  Quito  was  a  presidency  attached  to  the  vice- 
royalty  of  Peru.  The  Spanish  rulers  being  expelled  with 
the  aid  of  Bolivar  1822-23,  the  country  was  united  to  the 
Colombian  Confederation  until  1830,  when  it  seceded  and 
adopted  its  present  name.  Since  then  it  has  suffered  great- 
ly from  political  revolutions.  Area  in  jurisdiction,  about 
166  000  square  miles ;  claimed,  275,964  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, about  1,260,000.  . 

Edam  (e'dam).     A  town  in  the  provmce  of 


Eden,  William 

North  Holland,  Netherlands,  situated  near  the 
Zuider  Zee  11  miles  northeast  of  Amsterdam. 
It  is  noted  for  its  cheese.  Population  (1891> 
6,424.  ^ 

Edda  (ed'a).  [ON.  Edda,  poetics.  Etymolo- 
gically  connected  with  ON.  6dhr,  poetry,  meter, 
mind,  soul.]  A  work  written  (in  prose  and 
verse)  by  Snorri  Sturluson  (born  1178:  died  by 
assassination  1241),  containing  the  old  mythol- 
ogy of  Scandinavia  and  the  old  rules  for  verse- 
making  ;  also,  a  eoUeotion  of  ancient  Icelandic 
poems.  The  name  Edda  (whether  given  by  Snorri  him- 
self is  not  known)  occurs  In  the  inscription  of  one  of  the 
manuscripts  of  the  work.  Snorri's  Edda  as  it  was  origi- 
nally written  consisted  of  three  parts :  the  Gylfaginning 
(delusion  of  Gylfl),  an  epitome  of  the  old  mythology; 
Skaldskaparmal  (art  of  poetry),  an  explanation  of  poetical 
expressions  and  periphrases ;  and  Hattatal  (list  of  meters), 
a  laudatory  poem  on  the  Norwegian  king  Hakon  Hakons- 
son,  and  Jarl  Skuli,  in  which  all  forms  of  verse  used  in  the 
old  poetry  are  exemplifled.  To  this  was  ultimately  added 
a  Formali  (preface),  and  the  Bragaroedhur  (sayings  of 
Bragi),  describing  the  origin  of  poetry,  and  in  some  manu- 
scripts Thulur,  or  a  rimed  glossary  of  synonyms,  lists  of 
poets,  etc.  The  work  was  intended  as  a  handbook  of 
poets.  In  the  year  1643  the  Icelandic  bishop  Brynjulf 
Sveinsson  discovered  a  collection  of  old  mythological 
poems  which  was  erroneously  ascribed  to  Ssemund  Sig- 
fusson  (born  1056 :  died  1133),  and  hence  called  from  him 
Seemundar  Edda  bins  Frodha,  the  Edda  of  Ssemund 
the  Learned.  The  poems  that  compose  this  Edda  are  of 
unknown  origin  and  authorship.  '  They  are  supposed  ta 
have  been  collected  about  the  middle  of  the  13tn  century, 
but  were  composed  at  widely  different  periods  down  from 
the  9th  century,  to  the  first  half  of  which  the  oldest  is  to' 
be  assigned ;  hence  the  name  now  given  to  this  collec- 
tion, the  Elder  or  Poetic  Edda,  in  distinction  from  the 
Younger  or  Prose  Edda  of  Snorri,  to  which  alone  th& 
name  Edda  legitimately  belonged.  The  Elder  Edda  is 
usually  considered  to  include  32  poems  (some  of  them 
fragmentary),  29  of  which  are  in  Brynjulf'a  MS.,  the  Co- 
dex Regius  of  the  Edda^nd  three  from  other  sources. 

Eddy,  Mrs.  (Mary  Baker  G.).  Bom  at  Bow, 
Concord,  N.  H.,  July  16,  1822.  The  founder 
of  Christian  Science.  She  began  to  teach  Christian 
Science  in  1867,  organized  the  first  Church  of  Christ,  Sci- 
entist, in  Boston,  in  1879,  was  ordained  its  pastor  in 
1881,  and  founded  the  Massachusetts  Metaphysical  Col- 
lege (chartered  1881).  Her  works  include  ''Science 
and  Health,  with  Key  to  the  Scriptures  "  (the  Christian 
Science  text-book ;  first  edition  1876),  "  Unity  of  Good  " 
(1887),  "No  and  Yes"  (1887),  '■  Eudimental  Divine  Sci- 
ence (1890),  "  Retrospection  and  Introspection  "  (1891), 
"  Manual  of  the  Mother  Church  "  (1896), "  Miscellaneous 
Writings"  (1896),  etc. 

Eddystone  (ed'i-ston)  Bocks.    ['Whirlpool 

rocks.']  A  reef  in  the  English  Channel,  south 
of  Cornwall,  in  lat.  50°  10'  49"  N.,  long.  4°  16' 
W.  On  them  a  famous  lighthouse  was  erected  1696-99, 
and  has  been  rebuilt  in  1706, 1766-69,  and  1879-82.  In  the 
present  structure  the  light  (169,600  candle-jiower)  is  13S 
feet  above  the  sea,  and  can  be  seen  for  17^  miles. 

Eden  (e'den).  [Traditionally  derived  from 
Heb.  'eden,  .delight,  pleasure,  probably  con- 
nected with  Babylonian  edin,u,  field  or  park.] 
In  biblical  history,  the  name  of  the  first  abode 
of  man,  in  the  midst  of  which  a  garden,  the 
garden  of  Eden  (the  "paradise"),  was  planted. 
The  position  of  Eden  is  described  in  Gen.  ii.  8  £f.  by  four 
rivers  that  go  out  from  it,  and  by  the  countries  they  sur- 
round or  pass  in  their  course.  Of  these  two,  the  Eupnrates- 
and, Tigris  (Hebrew  Perath  and  Hiddekel),  are  the  well- 
known  rivers  of  Mesopotamia ;  the  other  two,  Pishon  and 
Gihon,  have  been  identified  with  various  streams.  One  ot 
the  latest  hypotheses,  that  of  Friedricb  Belitzsch,  assumes 
that  the  narrator  in  Genesis  thought  Eden  located  near 
the  city  of  Babylon  and  meant  by  the  rivers  Pishon  and 
Gihon  twocanals;  healso  attemptstoidentifythecountries  , 
mentioned  in  this  passage  with  territories  in  that  region. 

Eden.  A  river  in  Westmoreland  and  Cumber- 
land, England,  which  flows  into  Solway  Firth 
8  miles  northwest  of  Carlisle. 

Eden,  George,  Earl  of  Auckland.  Born  near 
Beokenham,  Kent,  Aug.  25,  1784 :  died  Jan.  1, 
1849.  An.  English  statesman,  son  of  William 
Eden,  first  Lord  Auckland.  He  was  president  of 
the  Board  of  Trade  and  master  of  the  mint  in  Lord  Grey's 
cabinet  (1830-34),  first  lord  of  the  admiralty  1834  and  1836, 
and  governor-general  of  India  1836-42.  He  ordered  the- 
deposition  of  Dost  Mohammed  in  1838,  and  thus  com- 
menced the  Afghan  war.  He  was  created  earl  of  Auck- 
land in  1339. 

Eden,  Richard.  Bom  about  1521:  died  1576. 
An  English  translator.  He  studied  at  Cambridge ; 
held  a  position  in  the  treasury  1544-46 ;  was  private  secre- 
tary to  Sir  W.  Cecil  1562 ;  and  was  appointed  to  a  place  in 
the  English  treasury  of  Prince  Philip  of  Spain  in  1564,  a 
position  which  he  lost  soon  after,  owing  to  an  accusation 
of  heresy.  In  1562  he  entered  the  service  of  a  French 
nobleman,  with  whom  he  traveled  extensively.  Eden's 
name  as  a  translator  is  appended  to  many  books  on  geog- 
raphy, travels,  navigation,  etc.  Among  these  are  "A 
Treatyse  of  the  Newe  India'  (1663 ;  a  translation  of  part  of 

"  Munster's  "  Cosmographia  "),  which  is  the  first  intelligible 
description  in  English  of  America;  and  "Decades  of  the 
Newe  World"  (1665 :  mainly  a  translation  of  Peter  Martyr's 
work). 

Eden,  William.  Bom  April  3, 1744 :  died  May 
28,  1814,  The  first  Lord  Auckland,  son  of  Sir 
Robert  Eden  of  Winderstone  Hall,  Durham. 
He  entered  Parliament  in  1774  ;  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners sent  to  America  in  1778 ;  held  various  ofBces  in 
the  ministry ;  was  employed  to  negotiate  a  commercial 


Eden,  William 

treaty  and  other  agreements  with  France  1786-87 ;  and 
was  ambassador  to  Spam  and  to  Holland.  He  was  raised 
to  the  peerage  in  1789.  He  wrote  "  Principles  of  Penal 
Law  "  (1772),  "History  of  New  Holland  "  (1787),  etc. 
Edeuhall  (e'dn-hai).  Tke  seat  of  the  Mus- 
graves  of  Cumberland,  England,  near  Penrith. 
Eden  Hall,  Luck  of.  See  Luck  of  Eden  Ball. 
Edenkoben  (a-den-ko'ben).  A  town  in  the 
Palatinate,  Bavaria,  15  miles  west-southwest 
of  Spires.  Near  it  is  the  royal  villa  Ludwigs- 
hohe,  built  in  1846.  Population  (1890),  4,914. 
Eden  of  Germany.  An  epithet  of  Baden. 
Edessa  (e-des'sa),  or  MgSi  (e'je).  In  ancient 
geography,  the  early  capital  of  Macedonia,  rep- 
resented by  the  modern  Vodena,  47  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Saloniki. 
Edessa.  A  city  in  Mesopotamia,  in  the  vilayet 
of  Aleppo,  Turkey,  in  lat.  37°  13'  N.,  long.  38° 
25'  B. :  the  modern  TJrfa  or  Orfa.  its  ancient 
name  was  also  Antioohia  or  Callirrhoe.  It  became  the 
capital  of  an  independent  kingdom  in  137  B.  o.,  and  under 
Trajan  was  made  tributary  to  Borne.  In  the  4th  and  5th 
centuries  it  was  an  important  seat  of  Christian  learning. 
It  belonged  to  Mohammedan  powers,  except  in  the  11th 
century,  when  it  was  held  by  the  Byzantine  empire,  and 
in  1097-1144,  when  it  was  held  by  the  Crusaders  and.was  the 
capital  of  a  Latin  principality  of  Edessa.  It  was  sacked 
by  the  Turks  in  1147,  and  was  finally  possessed  by  them 
in  1637.  Population,  estimated,  40,000. 
Edfa  (ed'fo).  A  town  in  Upper  Egypt,  situated 
near  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile  in  lat.  24°  59'  N. : 
the  ancient  ApoUinopolis  Magna,  Coptic  Atbo. 
The  celebrated  temple  of  Edf u  is  the  most  perfect  exist- 
ing example  of  an  ancient  Egyptian  religious  edifice.  It 
was  founded  by  Ptolemy  Philopator  in  222  B.  0.  The  en- 
trance is  by  a  massive  double  pylon  250  feet  wide  and  115 
high,  from  which  the  strong  inclosing  wall  is  carried 
around  the  temple.  Within  the  pylon  lies  the  great  court 
with  its  peristyle  of  columns.  Behind  it  lies  the  hypostyle 
hall,  to  the  rear  of  which  is  a  second  hall  with  3  ranges 
of  4  columns,  from  which  opens  the  double  vestibule  of 
the  isolated  sanctuary,  on  the  passage  around  which  are 
placed,  as  usual,  a  number  of  small  chambers.  The  abun- 
dant sculptures,  though  in  style  mere  imitations  of  the 
older  Pharaonic  work,  are  from  their  subjects  both  intei> 
esting  and  instructive.  The  length  of  the  temple  is  450 
feet. 

Edgar  (ed'gar),  or  Eadgar.  Born  944:  died 
Jidy  8, 975.  "A  king  of  England,  son  of  Edmund 
(Eadmund)  and  .^Ugifu.  He  ascended  the  throne 
in  968  as  successor  to  his  brother  Eadwig  (Edwy).  He 
ruled  the  whole  nation  (West  Saxons,  Nortliumbrians.and 
Mercians),  and  his  quiet  reign  gained  for  him  the  surname 
"  The  Peaceful."  He  is  said  to  have  ceded  Lothian 
(northern  Bemicia)  to  Kenneth  of  Scotland. 
Edgar.    In  Shakspere's  "King  Lear,"  the  son 

of  the  Earl  of  (Jloster. 
Edgar.    See  Bavenswood,  Edgar. 
Edgar,  Sir  John.    A  pseudonym  of  Sir  Eichard 
Steele,  under  which  he  conducted  "The  Thea- 
tre" from  Jan.,  1720,  till  April,  1720. 
Edgar,  or  Eadgar,  iEtheling.    [AS.  xthelmg, 
the  prince.]     Bom  in  Hungary  before  1057: 
died  in  the  first  part  of  the  12th  century.     An 
English  prince,  grandson  of  Edmund  Ironside. 
Edgartovm  (ed'gar-toun).     The  chief  town  of 
Dukes  County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard  74  miles   south-southeast  of 
Boston.    It  is  a  summer  resort.     Population 
(1900),  1,209. 
Edgecote  (edj'kot).    A  place  in  Northampton- 
shire, England,  17  miles  southwest  of  North- 
ampton.    Here,  July  26,  1469,  the  insurgents 
«  under  Eobin  of  Redesdale  defeated  the  royal- 
ists under  the  Earl  of  Pembroke. 
Edgetaill  (ej'hil).    A  ridge  in  Warwickshire, 
England,  situated  12  miles  south  of  Warwick. 
Here,  Oct.  23, 1642,  was  fought  the  first  battle  of  the  civil 
war,  between  the  B,oyalists  under  Charles  I.  and  the  Par- 
liamentarians under  the  Earl  of  Essex :  result  indecisive. 

Edgeworth  (ej'wSrth),  Maria.  Bom  at  Black 
Bouiton,  Oxfordshire,  Jan.  1,  1767:  died  at 
Edgeworthstown,  Longford,  Ireland,  May  22, 
1849.  An  English  novelist,  daughter  of  Eichard 
Lovell  Edgeworth.  she  wrote,  in  conjunction  with 
her  father,  "  Essays  on  Practical  Education  "  (1798)  and 
an  "  Essay  on  Irish  Bulls  "  (1802).  Her  chief  independent 
works  are  "Castle  Rackrent"  (1800),  "Belinda"  (1801), 
"Moral  Tales"  (1801),  "Popular  Tales"  (1804),  "Tales  of 
fashionable  Life"  (1809-12),  "Leonora"  (1806),  "Patron- 
age" (1814),  "Ormond"  (18l7),  and  "Helen"  (1834). 

Edict  of  Nantes.    See  Nantes,  Edict  of. 

Edin.    A  poetical  name  of  Edinburgh. 

Edinburgb  (ed'n-bui-o),  or  Edinburghshire, 
or  Mid-Lothian.  A  county  of  Scotland,  lying 
'  between  the  Firth  of  Forth  on  the  north,  Had- 
dington, Berwick,  and  Roxburgh  on  the  east, 
Selkirk,  Peebles,  and  Lanark  on  the  south,  and^ 
Linlithgow  on  the  northwest.  Area,  362  square 
mUes.     Population  (1891),  434,276. 

Edinburgh  (ed'n-bur-o).  [Formerly  Ediribo- 
row,  Edinbro,  MB.  MdinburgTi,  Edenborow, 
earUer  Edmnesburch,  Edmnesburg,  AS.  "Edd- 
wines  burh,  Edwin's  castle.]  The  ancient  cap- 
ital of  Scotland,  in  the  county  of  Edinburgh, 
2  miles  south  of  the  Firth  of  Forth,  m  lat. 


352 


Edrei 


55°  57'  N.,  long.  3°  12' W.:  often  eaUed  "the  Edmund  (ed'mund),  or  Eadmund,  Saint.  [AS. 
modem  ornorthem  Athens,"  both  from  its  to-  Eadmund,  L.  Edmundus,  ¥.  Edmond,  It.  Ed- 
pographyandasaseatof  leaming.  See  Dune-  mondo,  Sp.  Pg.  Edmundo.2  ^o™  about  840: 
din.  It  is  noted  for  its  picturesaue  situation  on  ridges  kUled  by  the  Danes  870.  King  Of  Jiast  Angha 
near  Caiton  Hill  and  Arthur's  Seat.    It  is  the  seat  of  the     855-870. 

judicial  and  administrative  government  of  the  country,  ^dnmnd  Saint.  Bom  at  Abingdon,  England, 
and  an  important  publishing  and  Uterary  center.    It  con-     -^       gO,  probably  between  1170  and  1175 :  died 

tains  a  university,  castle,  Holyrood  Palace,  Scott  menu-     J^y'- f",  f  """"  J    ^^^ .  \„„uv.:„\.„^ 

ment,  St.  Giles's  Ciiurch,  the  Parliament  House  Qfith  the     at  Soisy,  Prance,  Nov.  lb,  IMi).     Archbishop 


Advocates'  Library),  the  Boyal  Institution,  the  National 
Gallery,  St.  Mary's  Cathedral,  and  various  charitable  and 
educational  institutions.  The  castle,  a  citadel  and  palace, 
occupies  a  high  rock  in  the  middle  of  the  city.  The 
exterior  has  been  greatly  modified,  but  much  in  the  in- 
terior remains  as  of  old,  including  some  of  the  royal 
apartments  and  the  Eomanesque  chapel.  Here  are  pre- 
served the  royal  regalia  of  Scotland.  The  Parliament 
House  is  now  occupied  by  the  Supreme  Law  Courts.  It 
is  a  large  Eenaissance  building,  with  porticos  of  Ionic 
columns  over  an  arcaded  and  rusticated  basement.  The 
great  hall  has  a  handsome  roof 
teresting  portraits  and  statues. 
Church)  was  founded  in  the  12th 

ent  structure  is  of  the  15th.  The  interior  has  high  nave- 
pillars  and  Pointed  arches.  The  transept  is  Norman,  with 
massive  piers  supporting  the  tower.  The  fine  recessed 
and  sculptured  west  doorway  is  modern.  St,  Mary's  Ca- 
thedral, the  masterpiece  of  Sir  Q.  Gilbert  Scott,  was  com- 
pleted 1879.  It  is  a  spacious  structure  in  the  Early  Eng- 
lish style,  with  an  imposing  central  spire  295  feet  high. 
Edinburgh  was  fortified  by  the  Northumbrian  king  Edwin 
(whence  its  name  Edwin's  Burgh)  about  617 ;  succeeded 
Perth  a^  the  capital  1437 ;  was  taken  and  sacked  by  the 
English  in  1544,  and  again  (by  Cromwell)  in  1650 ;  and  was 
occupied  by  the  Young  Pretender  in  1 745.   It  is  famous  in 

the  literary  history  of  the  last  half  of  the  18th  and  first  half  ,  -  j    x 

of  the  19th  century,  through  its  connection  with  Hume,  Edmund  II.,  or   Eadmund,    SUinamed   Iron- 


of  Canterbury.  He  was  the  son  of  one  Edward  or  Rei- 
nald  Rich,  studied  at  Oxford  and  Paris,  and  in  1233  was 
appointed  archbishop  of  Canterbury.  He  came  forward 
as  a  champion  of  the  national  church  against  papal  en- 
croachment ;  but,  finding  himself  unable  to  resist  the  ap- 
pointment of  300  Italians  to  as  many  English  benefices, 
abandoned  his  archiepiscopal  see  in  1240  and  took  refuge 
in  the  monastery  of  Pontigny,  in  France.  He  died  at  Soisy, 
whither  he  had  gone  for  the  benefit  of  his  health,  and  was 
canonized  in  1247.  He  is  also  called  Edmund  Bieh  and 
,  .     .        Edmund  of  PonUgny. 

The°cathedraust  G°ues°;  Edmuud  I.,  or  Eadmuud,  sumamed  Magnifi- 

i2th  century,  but  tlie  pres-     CUS   ('the    Magnificent').      Bom    about    922: 

~ killed  at  Pucklechurch,  (Jloucester,  England, 

May  26,  946.  King  of  the  West  Saxons  and 
Mercians.  He  was  the  son  of  Edward  the  Elder,  and  a 
brother  of  Athelstan  whom  he  succeeded  in  940.  He 
subdued  Cumbria  (946),  which  he  bestowed  on  Malcolm  I. 
of  Scotland.  He  was  killed  by  a  robber  named  Liofa 
while  keeping  the  feast  of  St.  Augustine  of  Canterbury  at 
Pucklechurch,  Gloucestershire.  The  robber  having  en- 
tered the  hall  unbidden,  the  king  ordered  a  cup-bearer  to 
remove  him,  and  when  the  robber  resisted  came  to  the 
cup-bearer's  relief.  In  the  struggle  that  ensued  he  was 
stabbed  to  death  with  a  dagger. 


Robertson,  Dugald  Stewart,  Adam  Smitli,  Burns,  Scott, 
Wilson,  the  "  Edinburgh  Review,"  etc.  Population  (1901) , 
316.479. 

Edinburgh,  Duke  of.    See  Alfred. 
Edinburgh,  University  of.    A  famous  seat  of 
learning,  founded  in  1582  by  James  VI.    It  com- 

? rises  the  faculties  of  arts,  divinity,  law,  and  medicine. 
ts  library  contains  over  200,000  volumes  and  8,000  manu- 
scripts. There  are  about  50  professors,  besides  lecturers, 
and  the  number  of  matriculated  students  is  about  2,800. 
Conjointly  with  the  University  of  St.  Andrews  it  sends  a 
member  to  Parliament.  The  large  university  building  is 
of  the  18th  century.  The  celebrated  medical  school  occu- 
pies a  magnificent  modern  Renaissance  building. 


side.  Born  probably  about  989 :  died,  prob- 
ably at  London,  Nov.  30,  1016.  King  of  the 
West  Saxons.  He  was  the  son  of  Bthelred  "the  Un- 
ready," whom  he  succeeded  in  April,  1016.  After  many 
victories  over  the  Danes,  he  was  defeated  in  a  bloody 
battle  at  Assandun  (Ashington)  in  Essex  by  Canute,  with 
whom  he  was  forced  to  divide  his  kingdom,  provision 
being  made,  it  is  said,  that  the  survivor  should  be  sole 
king.  He  retained  Wessex,  Essex,  East  Anglia,  and  Lon- 
don, while  Canute  received  Northumberland  and  Mercia. 
His  death,  which  was  probably  due  to  natural  causes,  has 
been  attributed  by  later  tradition  to  poison  administered 
by  Eadric  Streona  at  the  instance  of  Canute.  After  his 
death  Canute  took  possession  of  the  whole  kingdom. 


Edinburgh  Eeview.    A  literary  and  political  Edmund.    In  Shakspere's  "King  Lear,"  a  bas- 
review,  founded  at  Edinburgh  in  1802  by  Jef-    tard  son  of  the  Earl  of  Gloster. 
frey,  Sydney  Smith,  Brougham^  Homer,  and  Edmunds     (ed'mundz),    George     Franklin. 


others. 

A  knot  of  clever  lads  (Smith  was  31,  Jeffrey  29,  Brown 
24,  Homer  24,  and  Brougham  23)  met  in  the  third  (not,  as 
Smith  afterwards  said,  the  "  eighth  or  ninth  ")  storey  of 
a  house  in  Edinburgh,  and  started  the  journal  by  acclama- 
tion. Leslie  Stephen,,  Hours  in  a  Library,  III.  140. 

Edison  (ed'i-son),  Thomas  Alva."    Born  at 
Milan,  Ohio,  Feb.  11, 1847.  A  celebrated  Amer- 
ican inventor.    He  became  at  the  age  of  twelve  a  news-        „„,.,„..  ,,,,.„„,,,, 
boy  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Line  running  into  Detroit,  and  -Vy^'if  =    r  A^Tt    ss 
subsequently  a  telegraph  operator.    He  came  in  1871  to  isaonwe   (ea  O-nwa; 
New  York,  where  he  perfected  the  duplex  telegraph  (1872), 
and  invented  the  printing  telegraph  for  gold  and  stock 
quotations,  for  the  manufact'ire  of  which  latter  appliance 
he  established  a  workshop  at  Newark,  N.  J.    In  1876  he 
removed  to  Menlo  Park,  N.  J.,  and  later  to  West  Orange, 
N.  J.,  where  he  has  devoted  himself  to  inventing.  Among 


Bom  at  Richmond,  Vt. ,  Feb.  1, 1828.  An  Amer- 
ican statesman.  He  was  a  Republican  senator  from 
Vermont  to  Congress  1866-91 ;  was  a  member  of  the  Elec- 
toral Commission  in  1877;  and  was  acting  Vice-President 
1883-86.  He  is  the  author  of  the  Edmunds  Act  of  1S82 
for  the  suppression  of  polygamy  in  Utah,  and  of  an  act 
passed  in  1887  pertaining  to  the  same  subject. 
Edmunds,  John.  A  felon,  the  principal  char- 
acter of  the  tale  "The  Convict's  Eeturn,"  in 
Charles  Dickens's  "Pickwick  Papers." 

■  '      A  tribe  or  division  of 

North  Aineriean  Indians,  formerly  living  on 
Klamath  Eiver,  Siskiyou  County,  California, 
where  a  few  now  remain.  In  1851  it  had  24 
villages,  with  an  estimated  population  of  1,440. 
See  Sastean. 


his  inventions  are  his  system  of  duplex  telegraphy  (which  Edom  (e'dom),  or  Idumea  (id-U-me'S) .     THeb, 


he  subsequently  developed  into  quadruplex  and  sextuplex 
transmission),  the  carbon  telephone  transmitter,the  micro- 
tasimeter,  the  aerophone,  the  megaphone,  the  phonograph, 
and  the  incandescent  electric  lamp. 

EdistO  (ed'is-to).  A  river  in  South  Carolina, 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  north  and  the  south 
branch,  and  flowing  into  the  sea  by  two  chan- 
nels about  25  miles  southwest  of  Charleston. 
Length,  over  150  miles. 

Edith  (e'dith).  [ME.  Edith  (ML.  Editha),  AS. 
Eddgith.']  DiedatWinchester,Dec.l9,1075.  An 
Anglo-Saxon  queen.  She  was  the  daughter  of  God- 
wine,  earl  of  Wessex,  and  married  Edward  the  Confessor 
in  1046,  receiving  Winchester  and  Exeter  as  her  morning 
gift.  She  is  said  to  have  planned  the  murder  of  Gospatric, 
one  of  the  king's  thegns,  in  1064,  at  the  instigation  of  her 
brother  Tostig,  earl  of  Northumberland.  She  founded  a 
church  at  Wilton,  which  was  consecrated  in  1065;  and  on 
the  death  of  her  husband  retired  to  Winchester,  in  the 
quiet  possession  of  which  she  was  allowed  to  remain  by 
William  the  Conqueror. 

Edith.  1.  One  of  the  principal  characters  in 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  "Bloody  Brother."— 
2.  The  Maid  of  Lorn  in  Scott's  poem ' '  The  Lord 
of  the  Isles." 

Edith  Dombey.    See  Dombey. 

Ediya  (ed-e'ya).  The  black  tribes  which  in- 
habit the  island  Fernando  Po,  West  Africa. 
Physically  degenerate,  they  also  live  in  a  very  low  state  of 
culture.  They  speak  a  Bantu  language  which  is  related 
to  those  of  the  fronting  mainland  and  subdivides  itself 
into  a  number  of  dialects.  Some  authors  call  it  Feman- 
dian.    From  their  form  of  salutation,  the  Ediya  are  gen- 


";•     L"'^"-; 

'  reddish,' '  muddy.']  The  region  in  the  lowland 
south  of  the  Dead  Sea,  bounded  on  the  west  by 
the  desert  of  Paran,  and  on  the  northeast  by  the 
mountains  of  Moab :  the  modem  Wadi  el  Arabah 
and  the  surrounding  mountainous  country,  ex- 
tending southward  to  the  .^lanitie  Gulf,  and 
including  the  seaports  Elath  and  Eziongeber. 
The  most  important  cities  of  this  rugged  barren  territory 
were  Bozrah,  the  capital  Maon,  Pbunon,  and  Sela,  after- 
ward called  Petra,  from  which  the  whole  district  was 
named  Petrsea.  The  Edomites  were  descendants  of  Esau, 
the  brother  of  Jacob,  and  were,  therefore,  designated  as 
"brothers  of  Israel"  (Num.  xx.  14,  Deut.  ii.  4,  8),  but  be- 
came later  the  hereditary  enemies  of  Israel;  Saul  attacked 
them  (1  Sam.  xiv.  47)  and  subdued  them  (2  Sam.  viii.  13). 
After  the  division  of  the  Israelitish  kingdom  they  came 
under  the  supremacy  of  Judah,  but  made  frequent  and 
sometimes  successful  attempts  to  regain  their  indepen- 
dence. They  were  for  the  last  time  subjected  by  Uzziab 
about  the  middle  of  the  8th  century  B.  0.  Tiglath-Pile- 
ser  in.  made  (about  743)  Eaus  Malik,  king  of  Edom,  tribu- 
tary. Esarhaddon  (680-668)  mentions  £au&  Gabri  of  Edom 
among  the  tributaiy  kings.  In  the  time  of  Nebuchad- 
nezzar (604-661)  Edom,  still  ruled  by  a  king,  was  attacked 
by  the  Babylonians.  During  the  captivity  they  took  pos- 
session of  portions  of  .Tudea,  while  their  own  territory  was 
occupied  by  Arabic  tribes,  the  Nabathseans,  and  was  called, 
after  the  city  of  Petra,  Arabia  Petrsea.  The  Hasmonean 
king  John  Hyrcanus  took  Dora  and  Morissa  and  forced  the 
Idumeans  to  accept  Judaism  about  130  B.  c.  Afterward 
they  became  the  rulers  of  the  Jews  in  the  person  of  An- 
tipater  and  his  descendants  the  Herodians.  The  last  king 
of  this  race,  Herod  Agrippa  II.,  died  about  100  A.  D.,  but 
the  name  of  Idumea  vanishes  from  history  with  the  faU 
of  Judea. 


erally  known  by  the  name  of  Bubis.    Those  who  have  Edred,orEadred(ed'red).  DiedatProme,Eng- 

adopted  Christianity  are  making  progress  in  .c'viJi.atmn.  j^^^  ^^^_  ggg^  ^  ^^  ^^  England,  young- 
Edmonton  (ed'mon-ton).    A  viUage  m  Middle-    ^^^  ^'^^  ^^  Edward  the  Elder  andlEad^fu,  and 

sex,  England,  north  of  London.  brotherof  Edmund  L  whom  he  succeeded  in  946. 

Edmonton,  The  Devil  or  Merry  iieVll  Ot.    »ee     hIs  government  was  controUed  by  his  mother  and  Dun- 

Merry,  etc.  stan ;  his  reign  was  marked  by  revolts  in  Northnmbria. 

Edmonton,  The  Witch  of .    See  Witch,  eta.      Edrei  (ed' re- i).     [Heb., 'strong,'  'mighty.'] 


Edrei 


In  Old  Testament  history,  the  capital  of  Og, 
king  of  Bashan.  Near  it  Og  was  defeated  by  the  Israel- 
ites. The  city  was  with  the  territory  assigned  to  the  tribe 
of  Manasaeh. 

Edric  (ed'rik),  or  Eadrici  Put  to  death  by 
Canute,  1017.  An  English  nobleman,  ealdor- 
man  of  Mereia,  chief  adviser  of  .^thelred  the 
Unready. 

Edrisi.    See  Idrisi. 

£drisites.    See  IdHsites. 

Edward  (ed'ward),  sumamed  "The  Elder." 
[AS.  Eddweard'j  guardian  of  property,  L.  Ed- 
vardus,  F.  JSdouard,  It.  Eduardo,  Edoardo,  Odo" 
ardo,  Sp.  Eduardo,  Pg.  Eduardo,  Duarte,  G.  Edu- 
ard.l  Died  at  Famdon,  Northamptonshire,  in 
935.  King  of  the  West  Saxons,  son  of  Alfred 
the  Great  whom  he  succeeded  in  901.  He  de- 
feated his  cousin  Ethelwald,  who  disputed  his  title  to  the 
throne.  On  the  death  of  his  sister  Ethelfleda  (Elfleda),  the 
widow  of  ^thelred,  ealdorman  of  Mereia,  he  incorporated 
Meroia  (which had  long  acknowledged  the  overlordship  of 
the  West-Saxon  kings)  with  Wessex.  He  completed  the 
conquest  of  the  Danelafeh,  or  Five  Boroughs  of  the  Danes, 
conquered  Bast  Anglia  and  Essex,  and  received  the  sub- 
mission of  Strathclyde  and  all  the  Scots.  At  his  death  he 
ruled  Wessex,  Kent,  and  Sussex  by  inheritance ;  Mereia, 
Essex,  and  East  Anglia  by  conquest ;  and  Northumberland, 
Wales,  Scotland,  and  Steathclyde  as  overlord. 

Edward,  surnamed ' '  The  Martyr."  Bom  prob- 
ably in  963:  murdered  March  18,  979.  King 
of  the  West  Saxons,  son  of  Edgar  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  975.  He  was  elected  by  the  witan  through 
the  influence  of  Saint  Dunstan,  primate  of  England,  in  spite 
of  the  measures  taken  by  his  stepmother.  Elf  rida,  to  secure 
the  crown  for  her  son  ^thelred.  He  was  murdered  by  her 
order,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  stepbrother,  iEthelred  11.. 

Edward,  surnamed  "  The  Confessor,"  from  his 
reputed  sanctity.  Born  at  Islip,  Oxfordshire, 
about  1004 :  died  Jan.  5, 1066.  King  of  the  West 
Saxons,  son  of  .Slthelred  II.  and  Emma  of  Nor- 
mandy. He  lived  chieiiy  in  Normandy  during  the  Dan- 
ish supremacy,  and  was  elected  to  the  throne  of  his  fa- 
ther through  the  influence  of  Godwine,  earl  of  Wessex, 
on  the  death  of  Harthacnut,  in  1042.  He  married  Edgitha, 
daughter  of  Godwine,  in  1045.  He  died  without  issue,  and 
was  succeeded  by  his  wife's  brother  Harold,  whose  title  was 
disputed  by  William,  duke  of  Normandy.  Anotableevent 
of  his  reign  was  the  compilation,  in  1070,  of  the  so-called 
'  'Laws  of  Edward  the  Confessor.  "He  was  canonized  in  1161. 
Edward  I.,  surnamed  " Longshanks."  Born  at 
Westminster,  England,  June  17-18,  1239 :  died 
at  Burgh-on-the-Sands,  near  Carlisle,  England, 
July  7,  1307.  King  of  England  1272-1307.  He 
was  the  son  of  Henry  III.  and  Eleanor  of  Provence.  In 
1264  he  married  Eleanor  of  Castile.  He  took  an  active 
part  in  the  struggle  between  his  father  and  the  barons, 
inflicting  a  decisive  defeat  on  their  leader,  Simon  de  Mont- 
fort,  at  Evesham  in  1265.  He  engaged,  1270-72,  in  the 
seventh  Crusade,  and  was  returning  from  the  Holy  Land 
when  he  heard  of  his  accession  to  the  throne.  He  reached 
England  in  1274,  in  which  year  he  was  crowned.  In  1276 
he  began  the  conquest  of  Wales,  which  had  become  prac- 
tically independent  during  the  barons'  wars,  and  in  1284 
annexed  that  country  to  England.  He  expelled  the  Jews 
from  England  in  1290.  On  the  death  of  the  Maid  of  Nor- 
way, granddaughter  of  Alexander  III.  of  Scotland,  the  ^^_^^ 
Scottish  estates  were  unable  to  decide  between  the  two  W j  „_j  tt 
chief  claimants  to  the  throne,  Baliol  and  Bruce,  with  the  iiuwAiu  v , 
result  that  Edward  was  appointed  arbitrator.  He  decided 
in  favor]  of  Baliol,  whose  homage  he  received.  In  1294  he 
became  involved  in  a  war  with  France,  which  formed  an 
alliance  with  Scotland.  In  1296  he  defeated  the  Scots  at 
Dunbar,  compelled  Baliol  to  resign  the  crown,  carried  the 
Scotch  coronation-stone  to  London,  and  placed  Scotland 


353 

Bannockbum  (June  24).  The  exile  of  his  new  favorites, 
the  two  Despensers,  by  Parliament  in  1321  involved  him 
in  a  war  with  the  barons,  who  were  defeated  at  the  battle 
of  Eoroughbridge  in  1322.  In  1823,  after  an  unsuccessful 
invasion  of  Scotland,  he  concluded  a  peace  for  thirteen 
years  with  Bruce,  whose  assumption  of  the  royal  title  was 


Eeckhout 

acted  in  1590.  it  was  entered  on  the  Stationers'  Ee- 
gister  in  1595  ;  was  printed  anonymously  in  1596 ;  and  at 
one  time  was  attributed  to  Shakspere. 

Edward  IV.    A  play  by  Heywood,  printed  in 
1600. 


passed  oyer  in  silence.  His  queen,  Isabella,  having  in  1826  EdwardeS  (ed'wSrdz),  Sir  Herbert  Benjamin. 
beeusenttoFrancetonegotiatewithCharlesIV.concern-  T>m.„  at  Frorleslev  fihrn-niihWoV'ria^ar^T^fZ 
ing  the  English  tlefs  in  France,  intrigued  with  Roger  Mor-     f„°™„,„.   il°  j  ^.^f^^  tonropslure,  Jlmgland,  Nov. 


timer  and  other  disaffected  barons,  landed  in  England  in 
1326,  captured  Bristol,  executed  the  Despensers,  and  im- 
prisoned Edward,  who  was  deposed  by  Parliament  and 
murdered  in  Berkeley  Castle, 


12,  1819 :  died  at  Loudon,  Dee.  28,  1868.  An 
English  general  and  author,  distinguished  in 
the  Sikh  wars  in  India  1845-49.    He  published 

■Dj         J  TTT     T,  j-w   .3        TT.     1     J  -KT  "  A  YcaT  ou  thc  Puujab  Proutier "  (1851),  otc. 

^iQ^fc?i9"/,^-^^Tv,^^'?^r'^fT?'i^°I- Edwards  (ed'wardz),   Amelia    Blandford. 
13,  1312 :  die_d  atShene  (Eiehmond),  England,     Born  at  London  in  1831 :  died  at  Weston  Super 

Mare,  Somerset,  April  15,  1892.  An  English 
novelist,  miscellaneous  writer,  and  Egyptolo- 
gist. She  showed  talent  for  drawing  and  music,  and  in 
1853  began  to  write  for  periodicals,  and  devoted  herself 
from  1880  to  archaeological  studies.  In  1883  she  became 
the  honorary  secretary  of  the  Egyptian  exploration  fund. 
She  received  the  title  of  doctor  of  philosophy  from  Colum- 
bia College,  New  York,  and  lectured  on  the  antiquities  of 
Egypt,  etc.,  in  1889  and  in  succeeding  years  in  the  United 
States.  "A  Thousand  Miles  up  the  Nile"  (1877)  was  il- 
lustrated from  her  own  sketches.  Among  her  novels  are 
"Barbara's  History"  (1864),  "Lord  Brackenbury"  (1880), 
"Debenham's  Vow"  (1870),  "Half  a  Million  of  Money, 
"  Miss  Carew  "  (1865),  "  Hand  in  Glove,"  etc.  She  also 
wrote  "A  Summary  of  English  History"  (1866),  "An 
Abridgment  of  French  History "(1868),  "Pharaohs,  Fel- 
lahs, and  Explorers"  (1891),  etc., and  m  1866  published 
a  volume  of  ballads. 

Born  at  Westbury,  Wilt- 
died  at  Southampton,  July 
.15,  1800.  An  English  West  India  merchant 
and  historian.  He  lived  in  Jamaica  1760-92,  when  he 
returned  to  England.  He  established  a  bank  at  Southamp- 
ton, and  in  1796  was  elected  to  Parliament.  He  is  best 
known  for  his  "History  of  the  British  Colonies  in  the 
West  Indies,"  of  which  the  first  two  volumes  were  pub- 
lished in  1793 :  later  editions  are  greatly  enlarged,  the 
■  best  being  that  of  1819.  His  "  Historical  Survey  of  St. 
Domingo,"  first  published  in  1797,  is  generally  appended 
to  the  later  editions  of  the  "History." 


June  21,  1377.  King  of  England  1327-77.  He 
was  the  son  of  Edward  II.  and  Isabella  of  France.  On 
the  deposition  of  his  father,  he  was  proclaimed  king  un- 
der a  council,  of  regency,  the  actual  government  being 
exercised  by  the  queen  and  her  favorite,  Roger  Mortimer. 
He  married  Philippa  of  Hainault  in  1328,  and  in  the  same 
year  concluded  the  treaty  of  Northampton  with  the  Scots, 
in  which  Robert  Bruce  was  recognized  as  king.  In  1330  he 
took  the  government  into  his  own  hands,  securing  the  ex- 
ecution of  Mortimer  and  imprisoning  the  queen-mother. 
On  the  death  of  Bruce  in  1329,  Edward  Baliol  seized  the 
crown,  to  the  exclusion  of  Bruce's  infant  son  David.  Baliol 
did  homage  to  Edward,  and  a  revolt  of  the  nobles  drove 
him  across  the  border.  Edward  defeated  the  national  party 
at  Halidon  Hill  in  1333,  and  restored  Baliol.  In  1338  he 
became  involved  in  a  war  with  France(the  Hundred  Years' 
War),  whose  throne  he  claimed  in  right  of  his  mother. 
In  1346,  at  the  battle  of  Neville's  Cross,  his  army  defeated 
the  Scots  under  David  II.  (Bruce),  who  had  recovered  the 

Scottish  throne  in  1342 ;  the  Scots,  however,  succeeded  in  EdwardS  Bryan. 
maintaining-their  independence.  He  gained  with  his  son,  oliiT-a  M q'^  91  1 7^^ 
the  Black  Prince,  the  victory  of  Cr^cy  over  the  French  in  ?5" °i  f}^^^  '^.^'  '-t?^ 
1346,  and  reduced  Calais  in  1347,  while  the  Black  Prince 
gained  the  battle  of  Poitiers  in  1366.  In  1360  he  concluded 
with  the  French  the  peace  of  Bretigny,  by  which  he  re- 
nounced the  French  crown  and  Normandy,  Anjou,  Maine, 
and  Touraine,  in  return  for  the  cession  in  full  sovereignty 
to  England  of  Aqultaine,  Ponthieu,  Guisnes,  and  Calais. 
He  subsequently,  in  a  war  with  Charles  V.,  lost  all  his  pos- 
sessions in  France,  with  the  exception  of  Bordeaux,  Calais, 
and  Bayonne.  During  his  reign  occurred  several  visitar 
tions  of  the  "black  death"  (1348-49, 1361,  and  1369), 


Edward  IV.  Bom  at  Rouen,  Prance,  probably  Edwards,  George.  Born  at  Stratford,  Essex, 
April  29,  1441:  died  April  9,  1483.  King  of  England,  April  3,1693:  died  at  Plaistow,  near 
England  1461-83.  He  was  the  son  of  Richard,  duke  London,  July  23, 1773.  An  English  naturalist, 
of  York,  and  Cecily  NevlU,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  He  published  a  "  History  of  Birds "  (1745-51),  "Gleanings 
Westmoreland.  He  was  known  as  the  Earl  of  March  pre-  of  Natural  History  "  (1768-84  :  3  volumes  additional  to 
vious  to  his  accession,  and  played  a  prominent  part  in  the     the  "  History  "),  etc. 

struggle  of  his  house  (the  house  of  York)  with  that  of  EdwardS,  Henri  Milne.  See  MiUe  Edwards. 
Lancaster  for  the  possession  of  the  throne.  In  conjunc-  i!v"'"'i,"i°'  T„"riir "  %„„„  „(.  -r^„^^  to-;^^„„„ 
tion  with  the  Earls  of  Salisbury  and  Warwick  he  defeated  EdwardS,  Jonathan.  Born  at  J!.ast  Windsor, 
the  Lancastrians  under  Henry  VI.  at  Northampton  in  1460,  Conn.,  Oct.  5,  1703:  died  at  Princeton,  N.  J, 
and  took  the  king  prisoner.  His  father,  the  Duke  of  -'  " 
York,  was  defeated  and  killed  at  the  battle  of  Wakefield 
later  in  the  same  year,  whereupon  Edward  succeeded  to 


the  title,  defeated  the  Lancastrians  at  the  battle  of  Morti 
mer's  Cross  in  1461,  and  was  proclaimed  king  at  London 
March  i,  1461.  The  early  part  of  his  reign  was  dis- 
turbed by  constant  attempts  of  the  Lancastrians  to  re- 
gain the  throne.  In  1464  he  secretly  married  Elizabeth 
Grey,  daughter  of  Richard  Woodville,  Baron  Rivers,  and 
widow  of  Sir  John  Grey,  a  Lancastrian,  which  caused  a 
revolution  under  the  Earl  of  Warwick,  who  joined  forces 
with  the  Lancastrians  and  proclaimed  the  deposed  and 


March  22,  1758.  An  eminent  American  theo- 
logian and  metaphysician.  He  was  pastor  of  the 
Congregational  Church  at  Northampton,  Massachusetts, 
1727-50  ;  missionary  to  the  Indians  at  Stockbridge,  Massa- 
chusetts, 1761-58 ;  and  president  of  Princeton  College  in 
1758.  He  published  "A  Treatise  concerning  the  Religions 
Affections"  (1746),  "Qualifications  for  Full  Communion 
in  the  Visible  Church  "  (1749),  "An  Essay  on  the  Freedom 
of  the  Will "  (his  most  celebrated  work,  published  17^4), 
"Doctrine  of  Original  Sin  Defended"  (1768),  "History  of 
the  Redemption  "  (1772). 


captive  Henry  VI.  king.    Edward  suppressed  the  rising  EdwardS,  Jonathan,  called  "  The  Younger." 


in  the  battles  of  Barnet  (April  14, 1471)  and  Tewkesbury 
(May  4, 1471),  in  the  former  of  which  Warwick  was  slain. 
Idward  V.  Born  in  Westminster  Abbey,  Nov, 
2  or  3, 1470:  murdered  in  the  Tower  of  London 
in  1483.     King  of  England  April-June,  1483 


Born  at  Northampton,  Mass.,  May  26,  1745: 
died  at  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  1, 1801.  An 
American  Congregational  clergyman,  son  of 
Jonathan  Edwards.  He  was  president  of  Union 
College  (Schenectady)  1799-1801. 


under  an  English  regent  who  was  howeve^^^  Edward  VI.     Bom  at  Hampton  Court,   Eng- 


He  was  the  son  of  Edward  IV.  by  Elizabeth  Woodville.  -,,=j^     Tuoti-n        Rrvm     at    WfiistTismrni-nTi 
He  succeeded  to  the  throne  under  the  regency  of  his  tdWardS,    J^^Stm.^^  iSorn    at^.J^ps?^!™?™^' 
uncle  Richard,  duke  of  Gloucester,  who  secretly  put  him 
and  his  brother  to  death  and  usurped  tjie  government. 


the  patriot  Sir  WiUiam  WaUace  in  1297.  Edward  defeated 
the  Scots  under  Wallace  in  the  battle  of  Falkirk,  July  22, 
1298  In  1303  he  concluded  the  peace  of  Amiens  with 
France,  having  married  in  1299  Philip  IV. 's  sister,  Marga- 
ret Invading  Scotland  in  1303,  he  received  the  submission 
of  Bruce  and  in  1305  he  ordered  the  execution  of  Wallace, 
who  had  been  betrayed  to  the  English.  He  died  on  the 
wav  to  Scotland,  where  a  new  insurrection  had  placed 
Bruce  on  the  throne  in  1306.  Among  the  chief  internal 
events  of  his  reign  were  the  publication  of  the  first  stat- 
ute of  Winchester  in  1276 ;  the  separation  of  the  old  King  s 
Court  into  three  tribunals  (the  Court  of  Exchequer,  Court 
of  King's  Bench,  and  Court  of  Common  Pleas) ;  the  de- 
velonmlnt  of  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Royal  Council  (later 
the  Star  Chamber)  and  of  the  chancellor ;  the  publicataon 
of  the  statute  of  mortmain  in  1279,  and  the  statute  of  Win- 
chester in  1286 ;  and  the  summons  in  1296  of  the  first  per- 
fect Parliament. 
Edward  II.  Bom  at  Carnarvon,  Wales,  April 
25  1284:  murdered  at  Berkeley  Castle,  near 
(3-loucester,  England,  Sept.  21,  1327.  King  of 
England  1307-27.  He  was  the  fourth  son  of  Edward  I, 
hv  his  first  wife,  Eleanor  of  CastUe.  He  was  created  in 
1301  the  first  Prince  of  Wales.  On  his  accession  to  the 
throne  he  recalled  his  favorite,  Piers  Gaveston,  who  had  Edward  I 
been  banished  by  Edward  I.  He  married  Isabella  of  France  iiawara  X. 
in  1308     The  insolence  of  Gaveston  having  aroused  the         ■.'x.= v 


anger  of  the  barons,  the  favorite  was  banished  tteongh 
thSr  influence  in  1308,  only  to  be  shortly  recalled  by  the 
king.  In  1310,  in  consequence  of  the  incompetence  of 
Ediard,  who  was  completely  under  the  ascendancy  of 
Gaveston,  the  ■government  was  intrusted  by  the  barons  to 
21  ordainers,  who  procured  the  pMsage  of  the  ordinances 
It  the  Parliament  of  1311,  in  accordance  with  which  Gaves- 
ton was  exiled,  and  provisions  were  made  for  annual  Par- 
liaments and  fir  the  reform  of  administrative  abuses.  In 
13™  the  barons  brought  about  the  execution  of  Gaveston, 
who  had  been  recalled  by  the  kmg.  In  1311  Edward  was 
defeated  by  the  Scots  under  Robert  Bruce  at  the  battle  of 
C— 23 


land, 
Loni 

1553.  He  was  the  son  of  Henry  VIII.  by  his  third  queen, 
Jane  Seymour,  and  succeeded  to  the  throne  under  the  re- 
gency of  his  uncle,  the  Duke  of  Somerset,  who  was  sup- 
planted about  1660  by  the  Duke  of  Northumberland. 
During  his  reign  occurred  the  publication  of  the  42 
articles  of  religion  and  the  introduction  of  the  Book  of 
Common  Prayer.  Before  his  death  he  was  induced  by  the 
Duke  of  Northumberland  to  assign  the  crown  to  Lady 
Jane  Grey,  to  the  exclusion  of  Mary  and  Elizabeth. 

Edward  VII.  Bom  at  London,  Nov.  9,  1841. 
The  eldest  son  of  Victoria :  king  of  Great  Brit- 
ain and  Ireland  and  emperor  of  India  1901-. 

Edward,  Prince  of  Wales,  called  "The  Black 
Prince,"  Born  at  Woodstock,  England,  June 
15,  1330 :  died  at  Westminster,  England,  June 
8,  1376.  Son  of  Edward  III.  He  fought  with  dis- 
tinction at  Cr&y  in  1346 ;  gained  the  victory  of  Poitiers  in 
1366;  was  created  duke  of  Aquitaine  in  1363;  defeated 
the  Castilians  at  NavaiTete  in  1367 ;  and  stormed  Limoges 
in  1369. 

A  play  by  Peele,  printed  m  1593. 

,     marks  the  transition  from  the  Chronicle 
to  the  Histories  of  Shakspere. 

Ward,  Hist.  Dram.  Lit. 


Mass.,  April  25, 1787 :  died  at  Virginia  Springs, 
Va.,  July  23,  1853.  An  American  clergyman, 
author  of  various  tracts  on  temperance,  etc. 


1,  Oct.  12,  1537:  died  at  Greenwich,  near  j.^^a,rds,  Matilda  Barbara  Betham-.    Born 
.don,  July  6, 1553.    King  of  England  1547-    ^t  Westeraeld,  England,  1836.     An  English 

1  TT Al...  ...^-.  A«  TTn—«— ITTTT    \\rry\ia  VhivA  nnnitn  •! j.  _  J ..1J-.4-        ^n  . ..  . i th 


This  work  . 
Histories  .  . 


writer,  noted  as  a  novelist.  Forherworkson  France 
(editions  of  Arthur  Young's  "  Travels,'"  etc.)  she  waa  in 
1891  made  Ofttcier  de  I'lnstruction  Publique  de  France. 
Edwards,  Bichard.  Bom  in  Somersetshire, 
England,  about  1523:  died  Oct.  31,  1566.  An 
English  dramatist.  In  1661  he  was  appointed  mas- 
ter of  the  Children  of  the  Chapel.  He  wrote  a  drama  "  Da- 
mon and  Pythias "  (1671 :  reprinted  by  Dodsley),  and  a 
number  of  poems,  some  of  which  appeared  in  "The 
Paradyse  of  Daynty  Devises  "  (1576). 

Edwin  (ed'win),  or  Eadwine.  Bom  probably 
in  585:  died  in  633.  King  of  Northumbria  617- 
633,  son  of  Ejng  Ella  of  Deira.  He  was  the  fifth 
Bretwalda,  and  his  overlordship  extended  over  all  Teu- 
tonic Britain  except  Kent.  He  was  defeated  and  slain 
in  the  battle  of  Heathfleld  in  633  by  the  rebellious  Mer- 
cians under  Penda  in  alliance  with  Cadwallon  of  Wales. 
During  his  reign  Christianity  was  Introduced  into  North- 
umbria. 

Edwin  and  Angelina.  A  ballad  by  Oliver 
Goldsmith,  privately  printed  originally  for  the 
Countess  of  Northumberland.    The  ballad  was 


first  published  in  "  The  Vicar  of  Wakefield," 
and  is  also  called  "The  Hermit." 
Edward  II.  A  tragedy  by  Marlowe,  entered  on  Edwin  and  Emma.    A  ballad  by  Mallet,  writ- 

the  Stationers'  Register  July  6^  1593.  It  was  prob-    ten  in  1760. 

ably  written  about  1690,  but  was  not  published  till  1698,  Edwin  Drood.    See  Mystery  of  Edwin  Drood. 

afterMarlowe'sdea^th.  CharlesLamb  remarks  that   the  r^^^ 

S';j£SaU'e're"rcfSo^ek"in^^  Bo^Uout|38:  died  9%.    Son  of  Edmund  I. 

PHwnril  TTI      A  traeedv  attributed  to  Mar-    He  became  king  of  Wessex  955. 
lowe^  founded  on  Holinshed's    "  riirnnicle."  -Rfickhnnt  fek'hont).  or  Eckhot 


'Chronicle,"  Eeckhout  (ek'hont),  or  Eckhout,  Gerbrand 


EeckhovLt 

van  den.  Born  at  Amsterdam,  Aug.  19, 1621 : 
died  at  Amsterdam,  Sept.  22,  1674.  A  Dutch 
painter,  a  pupil  of  Kembrandt. 
Eecloo  (a-kl6').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
East  Flanders,  Belgium,  12  mUes  northwest  of 
Ghent.     Population  (1890),  11,642. 


354 

Duke  of  Bridgewater,  younger  son  of  the  first 
duke  by  his  second  wife.  He  is  notable  as  the  pro- 
jector of  a  canal  from  Worsley  to  Manchester  (the  first  in 
England,  throughout  its  course  entirely  independent  of  a 
natural  stream),  and  of  one  from  Manchester  to  Liver- 
pool. He  was  surnamed  "  The  Father  of  British  Inland 
Navigation.' 


Eflk  (ef'ik).    An  African  tribe  dwelling  around  Egerton,  Francis.    Born  at  London,  Jan.  1, 


the  estuary  of  the  Cross  and  Old  Kalabar  rivers 
in  West  Africa,  it  largely  consists  of  a  fusion  of  va- 
rious tribal  elements  brought  in  by  the  slave-trade.  The 
country  is  ruled  by  a  few  wealthy  native  freemen  and  mer- 
chants, styled  "kings,"  whose  extensive  trade  in  palm-oil 
is  dependent  on  the  labor  of  numerous  slave  subjects. 
Under  Scottish  Presbyterian  missionaries  the  Eflk  people 
have  made  encouraging  progress  in  Christianity  and  civ- 
ilization. The  mission  press  has  issued  a  considerable  lit- 
erature in  Eflk.  This  language  has  preserved  few  Bantu 
elements,  and  is  generally  classed  with  the  Kigritic  branch. 
Iboko  and  Ibiblo  are  its  principal  dialects.  Duketown,  one 
of  the  largest  native  settlements  of  the  West  Coast,  is  now 
the  capital  of  the  British  Oil  Rivers  Protectorate.    The 


1800:  died  there,  Feb.  18,  1857.  An  English 
politician  and  man  of  letters,  first  Earl  of  EUes- 
mere  (known  as  Francis  Leveson-Gower  until 
1833),  son  of  George  Granville  Leveson-Gower, 
marquis  of  Stafford  and  duke  of  Sutherland. 
He  was  a  member  of  Parliament  1822-46 ;  a  lord  of  the 
treasury  in  1827 ;  under-secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies 
in  1828 ;  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  1828-30 ;  and  secretary 
at  war  in  1830.  He  was  created  Viscount  Braokley  of 
Brackley  and  Earl  of  Ellesmere  of  EUesmere  in  1846 ;  and 
was  president  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society  in  1849,  and  o^ 
the Koyal  Geographical  Society  1854-55.  He  wrote  "Medir 
terranean  Sketches  "  (1843),  etc. 


neighboring  Creektown  is  also  an  important  place.    It  is  Egerton,  Francis  Henry,  eighth  Earl  of  Bridge- 
said  that  the  export  of  slaves  from  this  region  and  Bonny     J„j.„"    'S    "  AT°     11    ^■''7kRrA;^A„^■T>„^^  wfi. 


;  export  of  slaves  from  this  region  and  Bonny 
used  to  equal  that  of  all  the  rest  of  Upper  Guinea. 

Ega.    See  Teff^. 

!6galit6  (a-gal-i-ta')j  Philippe.   [F., '  equality.*] 


water.    Bom  Nov.  11, 1756:  died  at  Paris,  Feb. 
11,  1829.     An  English  nobleman  and  clergy- 
man, founder,  by  his  will,  of  the  "  Bridgewater 
mi.  -•        J--      j.-^--T,        1. -r.  -    ,  i.   -     Treatises"  (which  see). 

The  name  given  during  the  French  Revolution  Egerton,  Sir  Thomas,  Baron  Ellesmere  and 
to  Louis  Philippe  Joseph,  due  d'Orl^ans.    See    Viscount  Brackley.  Bom  in  Cheshire,  England, 

about  1540:  died  at  London,  March  15,  1617. 


E^an  (e'gan),  Pierce.  Born  at  London  1772  (?) : 
died  there,  Aug.  3,  1849.  An  English  writer 
on  sports.  He  was  the  author  of  a  monthly  serial, 
"  Boxiana :  or  Sketches  of  modem  Pugilism  "  (1818-24), 
'*  Life  in  London,"  a  serial  illustrated  by  George  and  Isaac 
R.  Cruikshank  (1821),  etc. 

Egan,  Pierce.  Bom  at  London,  1814:  died 
July  6,  1880.  An  English  novelist  and  artist, 
son  of  Pierce  Egan  the  elder.   He  wrote  "Wat 


An  English  jurist,  lord  chancellor  of  England 

1603-17. 
Egeus  (e-je'us).   The  father  of  Hermia  in  Shak- 

spere's  "  Midsummer  Night's  Dream." 
Egg  (eg),  Augustus  Leopold.  Bom  at  London, 

May  2,  1816 :  died  at  Algiers,  Algeria,  March 

26,  1863.    An  English  painter  of  historical  and 

genre  scenes. 


Tyie"-"  (i??P'  "^""1  J°''^^"  (18*2),  "The  Snake  in  the  ^ggg^  (eg'a).    A  town  in  Gando,  in  the  British 


Grass  "  (1868),  etc. 
Egana  (a-gan'ya),  Juan.  Born  at  Lima,  Peru, 
1769:  died  at  Santiago,  Chile,  April  13,  1836. 
A  Chilian  jurist,  statesman,  and  author.  He  took 
an  active  part  in  the  revolution  of  1810,  and  was  a  leading 
spirit  in  the  first  Chilian  congress ;  was  imprisoned  by  the 


Niger  Territories,  on  the  lower  Niger.    Popu- 
lation, 10,000-15,000  (?). 

Eggischhorn  ( eg'ish-hom) .  A  moimtain  in  the 
Alps,  near  the  head  of  the  Ehone  valley,  canton 
of  Yalais,  Switzerland.     Height,  9j625  feet. 


spint  in  the  first  Chilian  congress ;  was  imprisoned  by  the     "J-  v  (iid,ies,  wwiu^oxiauu.     xxcxgiiu,  €7-v^t.  j-cdu. 
Spaniards  in  1814  at  Juan  Fernandez;  waa  released  in  Eggleston  (eg'1-ston),  Edward.     Born  at  VB' 


1817  ;  and  shortly  after  was  again  a  member  of  the  Chilian 
congress.  Among  his  numerous  published  works  are 
"  Tnitados  juridicos,"  "  Descripcion  geologica  y  mineralo- 
gica de  Chile,"  "Memoriaspoliticas,"and  "Tratadodeed- 
ucacion. "   His  writings  have  been  collected  in  10  volumes. 

Egba  (eg'ba).  A  tribe  of  Yoruba.  See  Abeo- 
kuta. 

Egbert  (eg'bert).  [AS.  Ecgherhf]  Born  about 
775 :  died  837.  King  of  "Wessex  802-837.  He 
received  the  submission  of  Mercia  and  Northumberland 
in  827,  and  became  lord  of  all  England. 

Egbo  (eg'bo).  A  secret  society  among  the 
Efik  tribe  of  Old  Kalabar,  West  Africa.  The 
Egbo-men  form  the  aristocracy  and  rule  the  country. 
They  have  an  annual  festivity  in  which  an  ox  is  slaugh- 
tered and  allowed  to  putrefy  before  it  is  eaten.     The 


vay,  Ind.,  Dec.  10,  1837:  died  at  Joshua's  Eock, 
Lake  George,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  2,1902.  An  American 
author.  In  1866  lie  became  a  Methodist  preacher,  and 
was  editor  at  different  times  of  "The  Little  Corporal," 
"  The  Sunday  School  Teacher,"  the  New  York  "  Inde- 
pendent," "  Hearth  and  Home,"  etc.  In  1879  he  retired 
from  the  pastorate  of  the  Church  of  the  Christian  Endea- 
vor in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  devoted  himself  entirely  to 
literature.  His  chief  works  of  fiction  are  "  The  Hoosier 
Schoolmaster"  (1871X  "The  End  of  the  World"  (1872), 
"The  Mystery  of  Metropolisville  "  (1873),  "The  Circuit 
Rider"  (1874),  "Roxy"  (1878),  "The  Hoosier  School- 
boy" (1883),  "The  Graysons"  (1887),  "The  Faith  Doctor" 
(1891),  "  Duffels  "  (1893).  He  also  wrote  a  "  Household 
History  of  the  United  States  "  (1888),  a  "  History  of  the 
United  States  for  Schools  "  (1888),  and  a  "First  Book  of 
American  History." 


principal  participants  wear  masks  and  P^' tH^ir  bodies.  Eggmiihl.     See  EckmvM. 
Egede(a'ge-de),  Hans,  siunamed"  The  Apostle  j.|fi  (a'gilz-son),  Sveinbjorn.    Born  at 

t  ^^^Sf''A^■A  ■  ^"Sf^T^fr/S  ?«ir?'DP^'  fi^ri-l^ardril,  IceLnd,  179lllied  at  Beykja- 
31,1686:  died  m  the  island  of  Palster,  Den-  .^v  Iceland,  Aug.  17, 1852.  An  Icelandic  ptilol- 
mark,  Nov.  5, 1758.    A  Norwegian  missionary.     ^\'        „.    ' ,  .  8      >  "Lexicon  nolticum 

He  was  stationed  1721-36  among  the  Eskimos  of  Green-     OglSt.     U-iS  cmet  worK  is  a     IjeMOOn  poeticum 
land,  where  in  1721  he  founded  the  colony  of  Godthaab.     antiques  hnguro  septentnonaUs     (1854^bU). 
He  became  superintendent  of  the  Greenland  mission  in  Egiua.     See  ^gina. 
1740,  and  resided  many  years  at  Copenhagen.    He  wrote  ■p^SnTiaril       Sbb  FJryhnriJ 
several  works  on  the  history  of  Greenland.  liginnartt.     tseemmara. 

Egede,  Paul.     Bom  in  Vaagen,  Norway,  1708  :  Egirdir.     See  Mgerdir. 
died  at  Copenhagen,  1789.     A  Norwegian  mis-  Eglamore  (eg'la-mor),  or  Eglamour,  Sir,      * 


valiant  knight  and  heroic  champion  of  the 
Bound  Table,  in  the  Arthurian  cycle  of  ro- 
mances. There  is  a  popular  ballad  which  re- 
counts how  he  "slew  a  terrible  huge  great 
monstrous  dragon." 


Eglamour  (eg'la-mor).  In  Shakspere's  "  Two 
(fentlemen  of  Verona,"  the  agent  for  Sylvia's 
escape. 

Eglantine  (eg'lan-tin).  In  the  stoiy  of  "  Val- 
entine and  Orson,"  the  bride  of  Valentine  and 
daughter  of  King  Pepin. 

—  ■      ■•       -'    •■ In-Chauoer's"  Prioress's 


sionary,  son  of  Hans  Egede.  He  was  stationed  in 
Greenland  1734-40 ;  succeeded  his  father  as  superinten- 
dent of  the  Greenland  mission  ;  and  lived  many  years  in 
Copenhagen.  He  completed  a  translation,  begun  by  his 
father,  of  the  New  Testament  into  the  Eskimo  language. 
He  also  compiled  a  catechism  and  a  ritual  in  that  lan- 
guage. 

Eger  (a'ger).  A  river  in  Bohemia  which  joins 
the  Elbe  33  miles  northwest  of  Prague.  Length, 
160  miles. 

Eger.    [Bohem.  Cheb.'\    A  city  in  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Eger  in  lat.  50°  5'  N.,  long.  12°  22'  ^ 
E.     It  contains  a  castle,  built  by  Frederick  Barbarossa  Eglantine,  Madame, 
about  1180  on  a  rock  above  the  river,  and  long  an  imperi-     rW.i _  w  fi,g  rjrioress. 
al  and  royal  seat,  now  forming  an  imposing  ruin.     There        "  °'  ^  .   -.  , 
is  a  double  chapel,  Romanesque  in  the  lower  story  and                  Full  well  she  sang  the  service  divine,  > 
Pointed  above.    Eger  was  the  scene  of  Wallenstein's  mur-                  Entunfed  in  her  nose  lull  seemily. 
der  in  1634.    It  was  formerly  a  free  imperial  city  and  a                  And  French  she  spoke  luU  fair  and  f etisly, 
fortress.    Population  (1891),  18,668.                                                      After  the  school  of  Stratford-atte-Bow ; 

Eger  (in  Hungary).     See  Erlau.  ^°^  ^^^"^  °*  ^^  "^  *»  "^^  "°'"°'^- 

Egerdir  (eg-er-der'),  or  Egirdir.    A  lake  in  the  Eglinton,  Earl  of.    See  Montgomerie. 
vilayet  of  Konieh,  Asia  Minor,  in  lat.  38°  N.  Eglon  (eg'lon).    In  Old  Testament  history,  a 
Length,  about  30  miles.  ^jjg  ^f  Q^^  Moabites  who  captured  Jericho  and 

Egeri.    See  Igeri.  occupied  it  for  18  years,  during  which  he  op- 

Egeri,  Lake.    See  Ageri,  Lake.  pressed  the  Hebrews  and  obliged  them  to  pay 

Egeria,  or  JEgeria  (e-je'ri-a).     1.  In  Eoman    tribute.- 

mythology,  one  of  the  CamensB,  by  whom  Numa  •ggjmjj^lj  (gg'mont),  or  Egmond,  Lamoral, 
was  instracted  with  regard  to  the  forms  of  Co^nt  gf  Bgmont  and  Prince  of  G&vre.  Bom 
worship  he  was  to  introduce.—  2.  An  asteroid  g^^  La  Hamaide,  Hainaut,  Nov.  18,  1522:  died 
(No.  13)  discovered  at  Naples  by  De  Gasparis,  - ■  ™ 

Nov.  2,  1850.  ,„o.    J.  J 

Eeerton  (ej'6r-ton),  Francis.    Bom  1736 :  died 

at  London,  March  3, 1803.    The  third  and  last 


at  Brussels,  June  5,  1568.  A  Flemish  general 
and  popular  hero.  He  fought  under  Charles  V.  in 
Algiers,  Germany,  and  France,  and  led  the  cavalry  at  St. 
Quentin  in  1667,  and  at  Gravelines  in  1658.    He  was  for  a 


Egypt 

time  governor  of  Flanders  and  Artois,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  council  of  state  under  Margaret  of  Parma.  Al- 
though a  Catholic  and  a  courtier,  he  opposed  the  absolute 
government  which  Philip  II.  attempted  to  introduce  into 
the  Netherlands  under  cover  of  religion.  He  was  treach- 
erously seized  by  the  Duke  of  Alva  Sept.  9, 1667,  and  exe- 
cuted in  company  with  the  Count  of  Hoom. 

Egmont.    A  tragedy  by  Goethe,  published  1788. 

Egmont,  Mount.  An  extinct  volcano  in  the 
North  Island,  New  Zealand,  situated  about  lat. 
39°  16'  S.,  long.  174°  5'  E.  it  was  discovered  by 
Cook  Jan.  13,  1770,  and  named  in  honor  of  Count  Egmont. 
Height,  8,300  feet. 

Egremont  (eg'r-mont).  A  town  of  Cumber- 
land, England,  on  the  Eden  south  of  White- 
haven.    Population  (1891),  6,243. 

Eguiara  y  Eguren  (a-ge-a'ra  e  a-go-ran'), 
Juan  Jos6,  Bom  in  Mexico  City  about  1695 : 
died  there,  Jan.  29,  1763.  A  Mexican  author. 
He  took  orders,  and  was  professor  of  theology  and  rector 
of  the  University  of  Mexico.  His  most  important  work  is 
the  "BibliotecaMexicana,"abibliographical  dictionary,  of 
which  only  a  part  was  printed  (Mexico,  1765).  He  also  wrote 
numerous  philosophical  and  theological  treatises,  etc. 

Egypt  (e'jipt).  [Heb.  Mizraim,  Assyr.  Mugur, 
Ar.  Migr,  Coptic  Keme,  Gr.  Alyvirrog,  L.  Mgyptus, 
P.  Egypte,  G.  Agypten,  It.  Egitto.']  1.  A  country 
in  northeastern  Africa,  now  a  dependency  of 
Turkey,  famous  for  the  great  antiquity  and 
former  splendor  of  its  civifization.  It  is  bounded 
by  the  Mediterranean  on  the  north,  and  extends  south- 
ward, including  the  delta  and  the  valley  of  the  Nile,  to 
the  first  cataract  (lat.  24°  6'  N.).  On  the  east  it  is  bounded 
by  the  Gulf  of  Suez  and  the  Red  Sea,  and  on  the  west  by 
the  desert.  It  includes  also  the  Sinaitic  peninsula  and  a 
strip  on  the  western  coast  of  Arabia.  The  present  south- 
ern limit  of  its  possessions  is  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
second  cataract.  Egypt  proper  consists  practically  of  the 
delta  and  a  narrow  strip  on  each  side  of  the  Nile.  The 
soil  has  been  celebrated  for  its  productiveness,  due  to  the 
inundations  of  the  river,  and  it  was  long  the  granary  of 
Rome.  Modern  Egypt  has  14  mudiriyehs  or  provinces, 
with  Cairo  as  the  capital  and  Alexandria  as  the  seaport. 
The  government  is  a  hereditary  viceroyalty,  ruled  by  a  khe- 
dive,  subordinate  to  Turkey.  The  inhabitants  are  Egyp- 
tians (fellaheen,  town-people,  and  Bedawin),  Nubians, 
Abyssinians,  Levantines,  Turks,  negroes,  Armenians,  Jews, 
and  Europeans.  The  leading  religion  is  Mohammedan, 
but  there  are  many  Copts.  The  prevailing  language  is 
Arabic.  The  history  of  ancient  Egypt  was  given  by  Mane- 
tho  under  31  dynasties.  (See  ManeOto.)  These  dynasties 
are  thus  grouped  by  Mariette :  the  Ancient  Empire,  dynas- 
ties I.-XI. ;  the  Middle  Empire,  dynasties  XL-XVIII. ; 
the  New  Empire,  dynasties  XVIIl.-XXXI.  The  1st  dy- 
nasty was  founded  by  Menes  in  6004  B.  c,  according  to 
Mariette.  During  the  early  dynasties  Memphis  was  the 
center,  and  in  the  time  of  the  4th  occurred  the  buUding  of 
the  Pyramids  (about  4000  E.  0.— Mariette).  The  construc- 
tion of  Lake  Moeris  and  the  Labyrinth  are  assigned  to  the 
12th  dynasty.  Thebes  now  became  the  center,  and  later 
the  invasion  of  the  Hyksos  occurred  (in  the  15th  dynasty). 
After  a  period  of  confusion  and  obscurity  Egypt  was  united 
under  the  great  Theban  IBth  dynasty,  and  under  this  and 
the  19th  reached  its  highest  point  in  extent  and  in  the 
grandeur  of  its  monuments.  Among  the  great  sover- 
eigns were  Thothmes  III.,  Seti  I.,  and  RamesesII.  The 
"Pharaoh  of  the  Exodus"  has  frequently  been  identified 
with  Menephtah  of  the  19th  dynasty,  and  the  date  stated 
approximately  at  about  1300  B.  0.  With  the  next  dynasty 
began  the  decline.  There  were  some  revivals  of  power,  and 
in  the  7th  and  6th  centuries  Greek  settlements  began ;  but 
in  627  B.  0.  Egypt  was  conquered  by  Cambyses,  and  this 
Persian  dynasty  ranks  as  the  27th.  From  406  B.  0.  native 
rulers  again  held  power,  but  in  340  B.  o.  a  short-lived  Per^ 
sian  dynasty  (the  31st  and  last  of  Manetho)  began ;  this  was 
overthrown  in  332  B.  0.  by  -Al  ixander  the  Great.  After  his 
death  Egypt  was  ruled  by  his  general  Ptolemy  and  Ptole- 
my's successors  down  to  the  death  of  Cleopatra  (30  B.  c), 
when  Augustus  annexed  it  to  the  Roman  Empire.  Egypt 
was  an  important  center  ot  Christianity.  In  about  640  it 
was  conquered  by  the  Saracens,  and  formed  in  later  times 
part  of  the  Ommiad  and  Abbasside  empires.  The  Fatimites 
ruled  it  from  90ato  1171,  and  thereafter  the  Ayubites  until 
1260 :  to  these  succeeded  the  Mamelukes,  who  in  turn  were 
overthrown  by  the  Turks  under  Selim  I.  in  1617.  Egypt 
was  invaded  by  Bonaparte  in  1798,  but  the  French  were  ex- 
pelled in  1801.  In  1806  Mehemet  All  became  pasha,  and 
the  country  developed  greatly.  A  successful  war  with 
Turkey  was  cut  short  in  1840  by  the  intervention  of  the 
powers.  In  1869  the  Suez  Canal  was  opened.  From  1879 
France  and  England  exercised  a  joint  supervision  over  the 
khedive ;  but  a  native  revolt,  begun  under  Arabi  Pasha  in 
1881  and  suppressed  by  England  in  1882,  was  followed  in 
1883  by  the  abolition  of  the  joint  control,  and  the  appoint- 
ment ot  an  English  financial  adviser.  The  Mahdists  in 
the  Sudan  revolted  in  1881-85,  and  in  spite  of  the  resist- 
ance of  Gordon  at  Khartum  and  the  campaigns  of  Wolaeley 
and  others  the  provinces  south  of  the  second  cataract  were 
lost.  By  the  campaigns  of  1896-98  the  authority  of  the 
government  was  reestablished.  Area,  400,000  square 
miles.    Population  (1897),  9,734,405. 

.Mgyptus  was  in  old  times  the  name  of  the  Nile,  which 
was  so  called  by  Homer  (Odys.  Iv.  477 ;  xiv.  267) :  and  Strabo 
(xviL  p.  691)  says  the  same  was  the  opinion  of  Nearchus. 
Maneuio  pretends  that  the  country  received  the  name 
from  .SgyptuB,  a  surname  of  King  Sethos  (or  Sethi).  Aris- 
totle thinks  that  "^gypt  was  formerly  called  Thebes," 
and  Herodotus  states,  in  opposition  to  the  opinion  of 
the  "lonians,"  that  "Thebes  (i.  e.  the  Thebaid)  had  of 
old  the  name  of  Egypt."  And  if  this  is  not  confirmed  by 
the  monuments,  the  word  "Egypt"  was  at  all  events  con- 
nected with  Coptos,  a  city  of  ttie  Thebaid.  I1:om  Kebt, 
Koft,  or  Coptos,  the  modem  inhabitants  have  been  called 
Copts ;  its  ancient  name  in  hieroglyphics  was  Kwbt-hor  r 
and  Mr.  Poole  is  evidently  right  in  supposing  this  to  be 
the  same  as  the  Biblical  Caphtor.  He  thinks  the  name 
"  Egypt"  is  composed  of  AIa,"land,"  and  Vv-tttok  ;  and  is  to 


Egypt 

be  traced  in  the  Ai-Caphtor,  "land  (or  ooast>  of  Caphtor, "  in 
Jeremiah  (xlvii.  4).  The  word  Coptitio  is  found  in  a  Gnostic 
papyrus,  supposed  to  be  of  the  second  century  (see  notes 
on  ch.  83).  Egypt  is  said  to  have  been  called  originally 
Aetia,  and  the  Nile  Aetos  and  Sirls.  Upper  Egypt,  or  the 
Thebaid,  has  even  been  confounded  with,  and  called, 
Ethiopia :  perhaps  too  by  PUny  (vt  86 ;  see  notes  on  ch. 
110);  Hahum  (ilL  9)  calls  Ethiopia  and  Egypt  the  strength 
of  No  (Thebes) ;  and  Strabo  says  (i  p.  67)  tliat  Menelaus" 
Journey  to  Ethiopia  really  meant  to  Thebes.  The  modern 
name  Musr  or  Misr  is  the  same  as  the  Biblical  Mizraim, 
i.e.  "the  two  Misrs,"  applied  to  Egypt,  which  corresponds 
to  "  the  two  regions  "  of  the  sculptures ;  but  the  word  Misr 
'does  not  occur  on  the  monuments. 

Bawlinson,  Herod.,  II.  23. 

2.  A  diocese  of  the  prefecture  of  the  East,  in 
the  later  organization  of  the  Roman  Empire. 
Egyptian  Expedition,  The.  An  expedition 
undertaken  by  the  French  against  Egypt  in 
1798-1801,  with  the  ultimate  object  of  attacking 
the  British  empire  in  India,  it  was  commanded  by 
Napoleon  Bonaparte ;  sailed  from  Toulon  with  36,000  men 
May  19, 1798 ;  conquered  Malta  June  12, 1798 ;  defeated  the 
Mamelukes  in  the  battle  of  the  Pyramids  July  21,  1798 ; 
captured  Cairo  July  22, 1798 ;  suffered  the  loss  of  its  fleet 
by  the  victory  of  Nelson  at  Abukir  Aug.  1, 1798;  and  in 
1799  invaded  Syria,  but  was  in  the  same  year  repulsed  by 
the  Turks  and  the  English  at  St  Jean  d'Acre,  and  retreated 
to  Cairo.  In  Aug.,  1799.  Bonaparte  returned  to  France, 
leaving  in  command  Kleber,  who  was  murdered  in  1800, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Menou.  Menou  concluded  a  treaty 
with  the  English  at  Cairo  in  1801,  in  accordance  with 
which  Egypt  was  restored  to  the  Ottoman  Porte,  and  the 
French  army  transported  to  France  by  the  English  fleet. 

Egyptian  Princess,  An.  [G.  J^gyp  tisdlie  Kdmgs- 
tochter.']  A  novel  by  Ebers  (186i).  The  scene 
is  laid  in  Egypt  and  Persia  about  522  b.  c. 

Egyptian  Thief,  The.  Thyamis,  the  lover  of 
Chariclea,  referred  to  in  Shakspere's  "Twelfth 
Night,"  V.  1. 

Ehatisaht  (a-ha'ti-sat),  or  Ayhuttisaht  (a- 
hot'i-sat).  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, living  about  Esperanza  Inlet,  west  coast 
of  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia.  They 
numbered  143  in  1884.    See  Aht. 

Ehingen  (a'ing-en).  A  town  in  Wiirtemberg,  on 
the  Danube  15  miles  southwest  of  Ulm. 

Ehrenberg  (a'ren-bero),  Christian  Gottfried. 
Bom  at  Delitzsch,  Prussia,  April  19, 1795:  died 
at  Berlin,  June  27, 1876.  A  German  naturalist, 
especially  noted  for  his  studies  of  Infusoria. 
He  wrote  "Die  Infusionstierchen  als  voUkommene  Or- 
ganismen"  (1838),  "Mikro-Geologie"  (1864). 

Ehrenbreitstein  (a-ren-brit'stin).  A  town  in 
the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Rhine  opposite  Coblenz.  it  is  noted  for  its  for- 
tress, situated  on  an  almost  inaccessible  rock  385  feet 
above  the  river.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1631,  by 
the  Imperialists  in  1637,  and  by  the  French  in  1799.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  5,278. 

Ehrenf eld  (a'ren-f eld) .  A  manufacturing  sub- 
urb of  Cologne.    Population  (1890),  21,745. 

Eibenstock  (i'ben-stok).  A  town  in  the  king- 
dom of  Saxony,  in  the  Brzgebirge  in  lat.  50°  29' 
N. ,  long.  12°  36'  E.  It  is  noted  for  its  tambour 
embroidery.    Population  (1890),  7,166. 

Eichberg  (ik'bera),  Julius.  Bom  at  Diissel- 
dorf  in  1824:  died  at  Boston,  Jan.  19,  1893.  A 
German-American  composer.  He  was  professor  in 
the  Conservatoire  at  Geneva.  In  1867  he  went  to  New  York, 
and  in  1869  to  Boston,  where  he  was  director  of  the  orches- 
tra at  the  Boston  Museum  for  seven  years.  In  1867  he 
established  the  Boston  Conservatory  of  Music,  of  which  he 
remained  the  head  until  his  death.  He  composed,  among 
other  works,  four  operettas :  "  The  Doctor  of  Alcantara," 
"The  Eose  of  Tyrol,"  "The  Two  Cadis,"  and  "A  Night 
In  Eome." 

Eichendorff  (i'chen-ddrf),  Joseph  von.    Bom 

at  Lubowitz  (his  father's  estate),  near  Ratibor, 
in  Silesia,  March  10, 1788:  died  at  Neisse,  Nov. 
26,  1857.  A  German  poet  and  author,  in  1813- 
1816  he  served  in  the  War  of  Liberation,  first  as  a  volun- 
teer and  later  as  an  officer,  and  after  the  war  was  govern- 
ment counselor  at  Dantzio  and  Konigsberg.  In  1831  he 
went  to  Berlin.    He  wrote  "Ahnung  und  Gegenwart" 


the  Life  of  a  Good-for-Nothing,"  1826).  A  first  collec- 
tion of  poems  appeared  in  1837.  His  complete  poetical 
works  "Sammtllohe  poetische  Werke,"  were  issued  at  Ber- 
lin in  1842  in  4  volumes ;  "Vermischte  Schrif ten  "  ("Miscel- 
laneous Writings  ")  at  Paderborn,  1866,  in  6  volumes. 

Eichhorn  (ich'hdm),  Johann  Gottfried.  Born 
at  DSrrenzimmem,  in  Hohenlohe-Ohringen, 
Germany,  Oct.  16, 1752 :  died  at  GSttingen,  June 
27  1827.  A  German  scholar,  historian,  and  bib- 
lical critic,  professor  at  Gottingen  from  1788. 
Among  his  critical  works  are  "Einleitung  in  das  Alte 
Testament"  a780-83),  "Einleitung  m  das  Neue  Testa- 
ment" (1804-14). 

Eichhorn,  Karl  Friedrich.  Born  at  Jena,  Ger- 
many, Nov.  20,  1781:  died  at  Col^e,  July  4, 
1854.  A  German  jurist,  son  of  J.  G.  Eichhorn. 
His  chief  work  is  "  Deutsche  Staats-  und  Rechts- 
geschichte"  (1808-23). 

Eichstadt  (ioh'stet),  or  Eichstatt  (loh  stet). 


355 

originally  Eistet.  A  town  in  Middle  Franconia, 
Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Altmiihl  38  miles  south 
of  Nuremberg,  it  has  a  cathedral  and  Walpurgis 
church.  It  was  formerly  an  independent  bishopric,  secu- 
larized in  1802.    Population  (1890),  7,646. 

Eichwald  (ich'vald),  Karl  Eduard.    Bom  at 

Mitau,  Russia,  July  4  (O.  S.),  1795:  died  at  St. 
Petersburg,  Nov.  10, 1876.  A  Russian  natural- 
ist, author  of  "Zoologia  speeiaUs"  (1829-31), 
"Die  IJrwelt  Russlands"  (1840-47),  etc. 

Eider  (i'der).  A  river  in  Schleswig-Holstein, 
Prussia,  which  flows  into  the  North  Sea  about 
25  miles  north  of  the  mouth  of  the  Elbe.  Length, 
115  miles. 

Eifel  (i'fel).  The.  A  volcanic  mountain  and  pic- 
turesque region  in  western  Germany,  between 
the  valleys  of  the  Rhine,  Moselle,  and  Roer.  It  is 
divided  into  the  Schnee-Eifel  and  the  Vorder- 
Eifel.    Height  of  the  Hohe  Aeht,  2,490  feet. 

Eiflfel  (i'fel;  F.  a-fel'),  Alexandre  Gustave. 
Bom  at  Dijon,  Dec.  15, 1832.  A  noted  French 
engineer.  His  best-known  work  is  the  Eiffel 
Tower  (which  see). 

Eiffel  Tower.  A  tower,  984  feet  high,  built  of 
iron  framework,  in  the  Champ-de-Mars,  Paris, 
for  the  exhibition  of  1889.  The  general  form  is  that 
-of  a  concave  pyramid.  The  base  consists  of  4  inclined 
piers  set  at  the  angles  of  a  square  of  336  feet.  The  piers 
are  connected  on  the  sides  of  the  square  by  huge  arches. 
After  rising  about  600  feet,  the  4  piers  are  merged  into 
one.  There  are  3  platforms  at  different  heights  :  the  top 
one,  over  900  feet  from  the  ground,  is  surrounded  by  a 
balcony  and  covered  with  a  glass  pavilion  64  feet  square. 
Above  this  rises  the  lantern,  which  is  fitted  for  scientific 
observations. 

Eiger  (I'ger).  One  of  the  highest  mountains  of 
the  Bernese  Oberland,  Switzerland,  northeast 
of  the  Jungfrau.    Height,  13,042  feet. 

Eigg  (eg),  or  Egg  (eg).  One  of  the  Hebrides 
islands,  belonging  to  Inverness-shire,  Scotland, 
south  of  Skye  and  southeast  of  Rum.  Length, 
6J  miles. 

Eighteen  Hundred  and  Seven,  or  Friedland. 
A  large  painting  by  Meissonier  (1876),  now  in 
the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  New  York. 
It  represents  a  regiment  of  cuirassiers  passing  at  a  gallop 
in  a  grain-field  before  Napoleon,  who  sits  on  a  white  horse 
at  the  left,  attended  by  his  marshals  and  staff. 

Eikon  Basilike  (I'kon  ba-sil'i-ke).  [Gr.,  'royal 
likeness.']  A  book  describing  the  sufferings 
of  Charles  I.  of  England,  published  in  1649. 
It  is  usually  attributed  to  Bishop  Gauden. 

Eikonoclastes  (i-kon-o-klas'tez).  ['The Icon- 
oclast.'] A  pamphlet  written  by  Milton  in 
answer  to  Gauden's  "Eikon  Basilike." 

Eildon  Hills  (el'don  hilz).  Three  peaks  in  Rox- 
burghshire, Scotland,  near  Melrose,  famous  in 
Scottish  legend.    Height,  1,385  feet. 

Eileithyia,  or  Hebent.  In  ancient  geography, 
a  town  in  Egypt,  on  the  Nile  between  Edf  u  and 
Esneh,  on  the  site  of  the  modern  Bl-Kab :  one 
of  the  oldest  of  Egyptian  towns.  It  is  now 
noted  for  its  rock-tombs  and  -temples. 

Eilenburg  (i'len-bora).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  mainly  on  an 
island  in  the  Mulde,  14  miles  northeast  of  Leip- 
sio .  It  contains  an  ancient  castle  (Ilburg),  a  frontier  for- 
tress against  the  Wends.    Population  (1890),  12,447. 

Eimeo  (i'me-6),  or  Aimeo,  or  Morea.    One  of 

the  Society  Islands,  belonging  to  Prance  (since 
1880),  situated  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  in  lat.  17°  30' 
S.,  long.  150°  10'  "W.    Population,  about  1,500. 

Einbeck  (in'bek),  or  Eimbeck  (im'bek).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia, 
situated  37  miles  south  of  Hannover.  It  was 
founded  by  pilgrims  to  a  chapel  at  Miinster  which  con- 
tained notable  relics  (blood  of  Christ).  It  was  formerly 
famous  for  its  Eimbecker  beer  (from  which  the  name  hock 
beer  is  derived).    Population  (1890),  7,676. 

Bin  feste  Burg  (in  fes'te  bora).  [G., '  a  strong 
fortress.']  The  first  words  of  a  hymn  by  Martin 
Luther  ("Ein  feste  Burg  istunser  Gott"),  aver- 
sion of  Psalm  xlvi.  The  hymn  was  probably  written 
in  1627.  The  tune  seems  to  have  appeared  in  KBphl's 
■'  Psalmen  und  geistliche  Lieder,"  probably  in  1638.  The 
form  now  used  is  by  Sebastian  Bach,  given  in  various  can- 
tatas, and  differing  slightly  from  Luther's  original.  The 
words  have  also  been  modernized. 

Einhard  (in'hard),  incorrectly  Eginhard.  Born 
in  Austrasia  about  770:  died  at  SeHgenstadt 
on  the  Main,  Germany,  March  14,  840  (?).  A 
Prankish  scholar  and  biographer  of  Charles 
the  Great.  He  was  of  noble  birth,  and  was  educated  at 
the  monastery  of  Fulda.  He  removed  not  later  than  796 
to  the  court  of  Charles  the  Great,  by  whom  he  was  ap- 
pointed minister  of  public  works,  and  was  sent  in  806  as 
imperial  legate  to  Eome.  He  was  retained  m  office  by 
Louis  le  DJbonnaire,  to  whose  son  Lothaire  he  became 
tutor  in  817.  He  retired  in  830  to  Mulinheim  (which  he 
named  Seligenstadt),  where  he  erected  a  monastery.  He 
was  married  to  Imma  who  was  the  sister  of  Bernhard, 
bishop  of  Worms,  but  who  was  transformed  by  later  tradi- 


Elagabalus 

tion  into  a  daughter  of  Charles  the  Great.  He  wrote  allfs 
of  Charles  the  Great  ("Vita  Caroli  Magni"). 

Einsiedeln  (in'ze-deln).  [G.,  equiv.  to  L.  soli- 
tarium,^  a  hermitage :  according  to  the  legends, 
St.  Meiurad  (9th  century)  lived  here  as  a  her- 
mit.] A  town  in  the  canton  of  Schwyz,  Switz- 
erland, 22  miles  east-northeast  of  Lucerne.  It 
is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  of  pilgrim  resorts.  The  mon- 
astery (monasteriwm  eremitarum)  was  toimded  in  the  9th 
century,  and  in  1294  received  the  standing  of  a  principality 
from  the  emperor  Eudolph.  The  buildings  of  the  monas- 
tery have  suffered  many  rebuildings,  the  last  early  in  the 
18th  century ;  and,  though  of  greatextent,  the  architecture 
is  in  an  uninteresting  Italian  style.  The  large  church  has 
two  slender  towers ;  its  interior  is  tawdry  with  gilding  and 
ornament  in  questionable  taste.  In  its  portraits,  library, 
and  material  resources,  the  venerable  monastery  is  still 
rich.    Population  (1888),  8,608. 

Eirene.    See  Irene. 

Eisenach  (i'ze-naeh).  A  town  in  Saxe-Weimar- 
Eisenach,  Germany,  situated  at  the  jimction 
of  the  Nesse  and  Horsel  in  lat.  50°  58'  N., 
long.  10°  19'  E.  it  is  the  birthplace  of  J.  S.  Bach, 
and  is  associated  with  the  early  days  of  Luther.  Near  it 
is  the  Wartburg.  It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  Saze- 
Eisenach.    Population  (1890),  21,399, 

Eisenberg  (i'zen-bero).  A  town  in  the  duchy 
of  Saxe-Altenburg,  Germany,  situated  33  miles 
southwest  of  Leipsic.    Population  (1890),  7,349. 

Bisenerz  (i'zen-ertz).  A  town  in  Styria,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, 20  miles  northwest  of  Brack, 
famous  for  its  iron-mountain.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  5,740. 

Eisenlohr  (i'zen-lor),  August.  Bom  at  Mann- 
heim, Baden,  Oct.  6,  1832  :  died  at  Heidelberg, 
Feb.  24,  1902.  A  German  Egyptologist,  pro- 
fessor of  Egyptology  at  Heidelberg.  He  pub- 
lished "Der  grosse  Papyrus  Harris"  (1872),  etc. 

Eisenlohr,  Wilhelm,  Born  at  Pforzheim,  Ba- 
den, Jan.  1,  1799:  died  at  Karlsruhe,  Baden, 
July  10,  1872.  A  German  physicist,  professor 
of  physics  in  the  Polytechnic  Institute  at 
Karlsruhe  1840-65.  His  chief  work  is  "  Lehr- 
bueh  der  Physik"  (1836). 

Eisenstadt  (i'zen-stat).  Hung.  Kis-Marton. 
A  town  in  the  county  of  Odenburg^  Hungary, 
25  miles  south  of  Vienna.  It  contains  the  cas- 
tle of  Prince  Esterhazy.  Population  (1890), 
2,972. 

Eisfeld  (is'feld).  A  town  in  Saxe-Meiningen, 
Germany,  on  the  Werra  23  miles  east-southeast 
of  Meiningen. 

Eisleben  (is'la-ben).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Saxony,  Prussia,  39  miles  west-northwest  of 
Leipsic.  It  is  the  center  of  a  copper-  and  silver-mining 
region.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Luther  and  the  place  of 
his  death.    Population  (1890),  23,465. 

Eisteddfod  (i-steTH'v6d).  [Welsh.'a  sitting  of 
learned  men.']  An  annual  musical  and  literary 
festival  and  competition  which  originated  in 
the  triennial  assembly  of  Welsh  bards :  the  lat- 
ter dates  back  to  an  early  period.  An  Eisteddfod 
is  mentioned  as  having  been  held  in  the  7th  century.  They 
are  now  held  every  year  at  various  places  in  Wales.  Con- 
certs and  competitions  for  prizes  are  still  held  ;  but,  ex- 
cept that  they  take  place  in  Wales  and  retain  some  ancient 
forms,  they  are  no  longer  strictly  national.    Qrove. 

Eitherside  (e'THer-sidori'THer-sid),  Sir  Paul. 
In  Ben  Jonson's comedy  "The  Devil  is  an  Ass,'" 
a  hard,  unfeeling  justice  and  superstitious  wise- 
acre. 

Eitherside,  Sergeant.  A  character  in  Mack- 
lin's  "Man  of  the  World." 

Ekaterinburg,    See  YeTcaterintwrg. 

Bkaterinodar.    See  Yelcaterinodar. 

Bkaterinograd.    See  Yelcaterinograd. 

Bkaterinoslaff.    See  Yekaterinoslaff. 

Ekhmim.     See  Akhmim. 

Ekkehard  (ek'ke-hart).  Ahistoiical  novel  by 
Scheffel,  published  in  1857.  The  scene  is  laid  in 
the  10th  century. 

Bkron  (ek'ron).  [Heb.,  'uprooting.']  One  of 
the  five  chief  cities  of  the  Philistines,  situ- 
ated 12  miles  northeast  of  Ashdod:  the  modern 
Akir.  It  contained  an  oracle.  "According  to  the  As- 
syrian inscriptions,  when  most  of  the  towns  in  Palestine 
revolted  on  the  death  of  Sargon,  Padi,  king  of  Ekron, 
remained  faithful.  His  subjects,  however,  rebelled  and 
handed  him  over  to  King  Hezekiah,  at  Jerusalem,  who  re- 
tained him  a  prisoner  until  he  was  released  and  reseated 
on  the  throne  by  Sennacherib."    Smith,  Diet,  of  the  Bible. 

Elagabalus  (e-la-gab'a-lus),  or  Heliogabalus 

(he"li-6-gab'a-lus)  (originally  Varius  Avitus 
Bassianus).  Bom  at  Emesa,  Syria,  205  a.  d.  : 
died  222.  Emperor  of  Rome.  He  was  the  son  of 
Sextus  Varius  Maj'cellus  and  Julia  Soaemias,  and  first  cou. 
sin  of  Caracalla.  He  became  while  very  young  a  priest  iq 
the  temple  of  the  sun-god  Elagabalus  at  Emesa.  Being 
put  forward  as  the  son  of  Caracalla,  he  was  proclaimed 
emperor  by  the  soldiers  in  218,  in  opposition  to  Macrinus 
who  was  defeated  on  the  borders  of  Syria  and  Phenicia  in 
the  same  year.  He  gave  himself  up  to  the  most  iijfamous 
debauchery,  and  abandoned  the  government  to  his  mother 


Elagabalus 

and  grandmother.  He  adopted  his  cousin,  Bassianus  Alex- 
ianus,  who  succeeded  to  the  throne  as  Severus  Alexander. 
He  was  put  to  death  at  £ome  by  the  pretorians. 

Elah  (e'la),  Valley  of.  [Heb.,  'valley  of  tlie 
terebinth.']  The  valley  in  which  the  Israel- 
ites were  encamped  when  the  duel  between 
David  and  Goliath  occurred :  the  modern  WMy 
Es-Sunt. 

Elaine  (e-lan').  In  the  Arthurian  legends :  (a) 
The  half-sister  of  King  Arthur.  She  bore  a  son, 
Mordred,  to  Arthur.  (6)  The  daughter  of  Zing 
Pelles.  She  was  the  mother  of  Lancelot's  son 
Sir  Galahad,  (c)  The  "lily  maid  of  Astolat" 
who  pined  and  died  for  Lancelot.  Tennyson 
makes  her  story  the  subject  of  his  "Elaine." 
{d)  The  daughter  of  King  Brandegoris,  who 
bore  a  child  to  Sir  Bors  de  Ganis.  in  Malory's 
**  Arthur  "  the  statement  is  so  worded  that  Elaine  might  be 
the  name  of  the  child,  (e)  The  wife  of  Ban  of 
Benoio  (Brittany),  mother  of  Sir  Lancelot. 
She  was  also  called  Elein. 

Elam  (e'lam).  [In  the  Assyro-Babylonian  in- 
scriptions Elamtu,  highland;  OPers.  Vvadsha 
(from  which  the  modem  Chuzistan  arose),  with 
the  Greeks  Kiaaia  (Herodotus),  Siisiana  (during 
the  Macedonian  period),  andjE?2/J»ais(Strabo).] 
The  country  and  ancient  empire  east  of  the 
lower  Tigris,  south  of  Media,  and  north  of  the 
Persian  Gulf,  it  is  a  country  of  fertile  and  picturesque 
mountains,  valleys,  and  ravines,  the  only  flat  tract  being  on 
the  shores  of  th«  Persian  Gulf ;  and  was  in  very  higli  an- 
tiquity tlie  seat  of  a  mighty  empire  of  which  Susa  was  the 
capital.  The  oldest  historical  information  about  Elam  is 
that  it  subjugated  Babylonia  about  2300-2076  E.  0.  The 
Elamite  dynasty  is  identical  with  the  Median  of  Berosus, 
which  ruled  over  Babylonia  about  2300-2076  B.  0.  Among 
these  Elamite  kings  is  also  very  probably  to  be  counted 
Chedorlaomer  {Kvdur-LagaTnaru)  of  Gen.  xiv.  The  next 
historical  notice  is  that  Elara  was  subdued  by  Nebuchad- 
nezzar I. ,  king  of  Babylonia,  about  1130  B.  c.  From  the  8th 
century  B.  c.  on,  Elam  was  connected  with  the  rivalry  be- 
tween Assyria  and  Babylonia,  supporting  thelatter  against 
the  former.  Elam  was  defeated  by  Sargon  in  721  and  710, 
and  by  Sennacherib  in  several  campaigns,  especially  in  the 

■  decisive  battle  at  Halule  on  the  Tigris  about  691.  In  645 
Asurbanipal  destroyed  Susa,  Soon  after  this  catastrophe 
Elam  is  met  with  under  the  dominion  of  Theispes.  In 
union  with  Media  and  Persia  it  helped  to  bring  about  the 
fall  of  Assyria  and  Babylonia.  It  shared  thenceforth  the 
fate  of  the  other  Assyrian  provinces,  and  had  no  history  of 
itsown.  TheancientElamiteswerenotSemites.  Thisisas- 
certained  by  the  names  of  their  kings,  which  are  alien  to 
all  of  the  Semitic  dialects,  and  by  their  representations 
on  the  monuments,  which  exhibit  a  type  widely  different 
from  the  Semitic.  The  enumeration  of  Elam  among  the 
sons  of  Shem  in  Gen.  x.  22  may  perhaps  be  accounted  for 
by  the  fact  that  the  Elamite  valley  was  early  settled  by  the 
Semites,  who  predominated  over  the  non-Semitic  element 
of  the  population,  and  also  by  the  fact  that  the  Elamites 
on  the  other  hand  had  for  more  than  two  centuries  the 
upper  hand  in  Semitic  Babylonia. 

El-Araish  (el-a-nsh'),  or  El-Arish  (el-a-resh'), 
or  Larache.  A  seaport  in  Morocco,  situated 
on  the  Atlantic  in  lat.  35°  13'  N.,  long.  6°  9' 
W.    Population,  about  5,000. 

El-Arisfi  (el-a-resh' ) .  A  town  of  Egypt  on  the 
Syrian  frontier,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean 
in  lat.  31°  7'  N.,  long.  33°  46'  E.  It  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1799,  and  retaken  in  1799.  A  convention 
was  signed  here  between  Kl^ber  and  the  grand  vizir  in 
1800. 

Elath  (e'lath),  classical  .ffilana.  _  In  scriptural 
geography,  a  town  of  Idum^a,  situated  at  the 
head  of  the  Gulf  of  Akabah.  It  was  taken  by  David, 
and  was  the  headquarters  of  Solomon's  fleet.    It  was  for- 

•  tifled  by  V^zziah. 

Elathasi(el-a-tha'si).  [Ar.,  probably  corrupted 
from  al  athdfi,  the  tripod.]  The  fifth-magni- 
tude star  f  Draconis.  The  name  is  of  rare  oc- 
currence. 

Elba  (el'ba).  [Gr.  AWdXeia,  AlddXri,  L.  Jlva, 
Ilua."]  An'  island  belonging  to  the  province  of 
Leghorn,  Italy,  situated  in  the  Mediterranean, 
east  of  Corsica,  and  about  5i  miles  f  romTuscany. 
Its  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  It  produces  iron 
and  other  minerals,  wine,  and  fruit.  The  chief  town  is 
Porto  Ferrajo.  Elba  was  granted  as  a  residence  and  do- 
minion to  Napoleon,  May  4, 1814,  and  he  continued  to  live 
there  until  Feb.  26, 181B.  It  reverted  to  Tuscany  in  1815. 
Length,  18  miles.  Area,  90  square  mQes.  Population 
(1881),  23,997. 

Elbe  (el 'be).  [=  F.  Elbe,  It.  Elba,  from  G. 
Elbe,  OHG.  Elba,  Alba,  Bohem.  Labe,  L.  Albis, 
Gr.  'JU/Jif,  "A?.ptog.'j  A  river  of  northern  Eu- 
rope :  the  Roman  Albis.  it  rises  in  the  Riesenge- 
birge,  Bohemia,  flows  through  Bohemia  and  Germany, 
generally  In  a  northwesterly  direction,  and  empties  into 
the  North  Sea  about  66  miles  below  Hamburg.  Its  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Moldau,  Eger,  Mnlde,  Saale,  and  Havel 
(with  the  Spree).  On  its  banks  are  Dresden,  Torgau,  Wit- 
tenberg, Magdeburg,  and  Hamburg.  Length,  about  725 
miles:  navigable  for  ocean  vessels  to  Hamburg,  and  for 
others  to  Melnik  in  Bohemia  (over  500  miles). 

Elberfeld  (el'ber-feld).  A  city  in  the  Ehine 
Province,  Prussia,  on  the  Wupper  24  miles 
northeast  of  Cologne.  It  forms  with  Barmen  (which 
adjoins  it)  Elberf eld-Barmen,  one  of  the  most  important 
manufactnring  centers  in  Europe.  Among  the  manu- 
factores  of  the  two  cities  are  ribbons,  chemicals,  lace, 


356 

thread,  silk,  cotton,  etc.  Population  (1900),  166,937 ;  of 
Barmen,  141,947. 

Elberich.    See  Oberon. 

Elbeuf  (el-bef).  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Seine-Inffirieure,  France,  on  the  Seine  18 
miles  south-southw  jst  of  Rouen.  It  has  im- 
portant cloth  manciactures.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  21,404. 

Elbing  (el'bing).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
West  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Elbing,  near  the 
Frisohes  Haff,  34  miles  southeast  of  Dantzio. 
It  is  a  manufacturing  and  trading  center.  It  was  a  colony 
from  Liibeok.    Population  (1890),  41,495. 

Elbingerode  (el'bing-e-ro-de).  A  mining  town 
in  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated 
in  the  Harz  15  miles  southwest  of  Halberstadt. 
Population  (1890),  2,936. 

Elbow  (el'bo).  In  Shaksjjere's  "Measure  for 
Measure,"  a  constable,  an  inferior  Dogberry. 

Elbruz  (el-broz'),  or  Elburz  (el-b5rz').  Arange 
of  mountains  in  northern  Persia,  connected 
with  the  Caucasus  and  mountains  of  Armenia 
on  the  west,  and  with  the  Paropamisan  Moun- 
tains on  the  east.  Highest  summit,  Mount 
Demavend  (which  see). 

Elbruz,  or  Elburz.  The  highest  mountain  of 
the  Caucasus,  situated  in  lat.  43°  21'  N.,  long. 
42°  25'  B.    Height,  18,526  feet. 

El  Caney  (el  ka'na).  A  town  of  Cuba,  situ- 
ated about  3  miles  northeast  of  Santiago.  A 
battle  occurred  here  July  1,  1898,  between  the  Spanish 
and  the  United  States  troops,  in  which  the  latter  were 
victorious. 

,Elcano,  Juan  Sebastian  de.  See  Cano,  Juan 
Sebastian  del. 

El  Capitan  (el  kap-i-tan').  [Sp.,'  the  captain.'] 
One  of  the  most  noted  heights  surrounding  the 

'  Yosemite  Valley.  It  rises  3,300  feet  above  the 
valley. 

Elcesaites  (el-se'sa-its),  or  Elkesaites  (el-ke'- 
sa-its).  Aparty  orsect  among  the  Jewish  Chris- 
tians of  the  2d  century.  They  derived  their  name 
from  Elkasai  or  Elxai,  either  their  founder  or  leader,  or 
the  title  of  the  book  containing  their  doctrines,  which 
they  regarded  as  a  special  revelation.  Their  belief  and 
practices  were  a  mixture  of  Gnosticism  and  Judaism, 
with  much  that  was  peculiar.  They  were  finally  con- 
founded with  the  Ebionites. 

Elcbe  (el'che).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Ali- 
cante, Spain,  in  lat.  38°  14' N.,  long.  0°42'  "W., 
noted  for  the  cultivation  of  date-palms :  the 
ancient  Ilici.    Population  (1887),  23,854. 

Elchingen  (el'ehing-en).  A  village  in  Bavaria, 
situated  near  the  Danube  7  miles  northeast  of 
XTlm.  Here,  Oct.  14, 1806,  the  Austrians  were  defeated 
by  Ney  (created  afterward  due  d'Elchingen).  The  battle 
was  followed  by  the  capitulation  of  Ulm. 

Eldon,  Earl  of.    See  ScoU. 

El  Dorado  (el  do-ra'do).  [Sp.,  '  the  gilded.'] 
The  reputed  king  or  chief  of  a  fabulous  city  of 
great  wealth  (Manoa)  which,  during  the  15th 
century,  was  supposed  to  exist  somewhere  in 
the  northern  part  of  South  America.  According 
to  the  story,  the  chief  was  periodically  smeared  with  oS 
or  balsam,  and  then  covered  with  gold-dust  until  his 
whole  body  had  a  gilded  appearance.  Beginning  about 
1532,  great  numbers  of  expeditions  were  made  by  the 
Spaniards  in  search  of  this  phantom :  the  explorers  suf- 
fered terrible  hardships,  and  hundreds  died.  The  con- 
quest and  settlement  of  New  Granada  resulted  from  the 
quest ;  the  mountain  regions  of  Venezuela,  the  Orinoco 
and  Amazon,  and  the  great  forests  east  of  the  Andes,  were 
made  known  to  the  world ;  and  later  in  the  16th  century 
the  English,  led  or  sent  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  penetrated 
into  Guiana,  obtaining  a  claim  on  that  country  which  re- 
sulted in  their  modem  colony.  It  has  been  supposed 
that  the  story  of  El  Dorado  arose  from  a  yearly  ceremony 
of  an  Indian  tribe  near  Bogota.  The  chief,  it  is  said,  was 
smeared  with  balsam  and  gold-dust,  after  which  he  threw 
gold,  emeralds,  etc.,  into  a  sacred  lake  and  then  bathed 
there.  But  this  ceremony  was  never  witnessed  by  the 
Spaniards,  and  the  story  maybe  simply  another  version  of 
the  Dorado  myth.  In  common  and  poetical  language  the 
name  El  Dorado  has  been  transferred  to  the  city  or 
country  which  was  the  object  of  the  quest. 

Eldsib  (el-dzib').  [Ar.  el  dib  (Ulugh  Beigh), 
the  wolf  or  jackal.]  The  third-magnitude  star 
C  Draconis:  a  name  rarely  used. 

Eldsich  (el-dzik').  [Ar.  el  dij  (Ulugh  Bei^h), 
the  hyena.  ]  A  rarely  used  name  for  the  third- 
magnitude  star  I  Draconis. 

Eleanor  (el'a-nor),  or  Alienor,  of  Actuitaine. 
[It.  Eleonofa,  d.  Eleonore,  F.  AlUnor.  See 
Helen.l  Bom  1122  (?):  died  at  Fontevrault, 
Maine-et-Loire,  France,  April  1,  1204.  Heir- 
ess of  the  duchy  of  Guienne.  she  married  louls 
VII.  of  France  in  1137,  was  divorced  in  1152,  and  married 
Henry  II.  of  England  in  1152.  She  was  imprisoned  by 
him  1173-89. 

Eleanor  of  Castile.  Died  at  Grantham,  Eng- 
land, Nov.,  1290.  Sister  of  Alfonso  X.  of  Cas- 
tile, and  wife  of  Edward  I.  of  England. 

Eleanor  of  Provence.  Died  at  Amesbury,  Eng- 
land, 1291.  Daughter  of  the  Count  of  Provence, 
and  wife  of  Henry  HI.  of  England. 


Eleusis 

Eleatics  (e-le-at'iks).  [From  EUa,  Gr.  '"EMcl 
L.  also  Velia  and  Belia.']  A  school  of  Greek 
philosophy  founded  by  Zenophanes  of  Colo- 
phon, who  resided  in  Blea,  or  Velia,  in  Magna 
Grsecia.  The  most  distinguished  philosophers  of  this 
school  were  Parmenides  and  Zeno.  The  main  Eleatlc  doc- 
trines are  developments  of  the  conception  that  the  Ooe^ 
or  Absolute,  alone  is  real. 

Eleazar(el-e-a'zar).  [Heb.,'Godhathhelped.'] 
The  third  son  of  Aaron,  and  his  successor  as 
high  priest. 

Eleazar.  1.  In  "Lust's  Dominion,''  a  lustful 
and  revengeful  Moor,  passionately  loved  by 
the  sensual  Queen  of  Spain.  In  his  villainies 
he  resembles  Marlowe's  "Jew  of  Malta." — 2. 
A  famous  magician  in  Le  Sage's  "  Gil  Bias." 

Eleazar  Williams.    See  Williams. 

Electioneer  (e-lek-sho-ner').  A  bay  horse  by 
Hambletonian  (10),  dain  Green  Mountain  Maid, 
foaled  May  2, 1868:  died  Dec.  2,  1890.  He  was 
second  only  to  Hambletonian  (10)  as  a  trotting  su:e.  He 
was  owned  by  Senator  Stanford  of  California. 

Elective  AMnities.    See  Wahlverwandsehaften. 

Electoral  Commission,  The.  In  United  States 
history,  a  board  of  commissioners  created  by 
act  of  Congress  (approved  Jan.  29,  1877)  for 
the  purpose  of  deciding  disputed  cases  in  the 
presidential  election  of  1876.  its  members  were 
justices  of  the  TTnited  States  Supreme  Court  Nathan 
Clifford  (president  of  the  commission),  S.  J.  Miller,  S.  J. 
Field,  W.  Strong,  and  J.  P.  Bradley;  senators  G.  F. 
Edmunds,  0.  P.  Morton,  F.  T.  Frelinghuysen,  T.  F.  Bay- 
ard, and  A.  G.  Thniman  (replaced  later  by  Keman) ;  and 
representatives  H.  B.  Payne,  E.  Hunton,  J.  G.  Abbott, 
G.  F.  Hoar,  and  J.  A.  Garfield.  It  was  in  session  Peb.  1- 
March  2, 1877 ;  and  its  decisions  resulted  in  the  seating 
of  Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  the  Republican  candidate.  The 
electoral  votes  in  dispute  were  those  of  Louisiana,  South 
Carolina,  Florida,  and  Oregon.  The  members  of  the  com- 
mission voted  on  party  lines  (8  Republicans  and  7  Demo- 
crats). 

Electoral   Rhine   Circle.    See  Lower  JBhine 

Electr'a  (e-lek'tra).  [Gr.  'HXI/crpo.]  1.  In 
Greek  legend,  the  daughter  of  Agamemnon  and 
Clytemnestra,  and  sister  of  Orestes.  The  events 
of  her  life  have  been  dramatized  by  ^schylua,  by  Sopho- 
cles in  his  "  Electra,"  by  Euripides  in  his  "  Electra,*'  and 
by  various  modern  poete.  See  Orestes. 
2.  In  Greek  mythology,,  one  of  the  seven  Plei- 
ades.— 3.  The  4i-magnitude  star  17  Pleiadum. 

Electrides  (e-lek'tri-dez).  [Gr.  al  'nXexTpidst 
vrjaoi..']  1.  In  Greek  legend,  the  Amber  Islands 
(where  the  trees  weep  amber),  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  fabulous  Eridanus  (later  identi- 
fied with  the  Po). —  2.  See  the  extract. 

But  the  later  Greeks  have  called  all  the  islands  from 
Jutland  to  the  Rhine  "Electrides, "or  Amber  Islands;  and 
some  say  that  there  are  others  called  Scandia,  Dumni,  and 
Eergi,  and  Nerigo,  the  largest  of  all,  from  which  the  voy- 
age to  Thule  is  made. 

Pliny  (quoted  in  Elton's  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  41)l 

Elegy  Written  in  a  Country  Churchyard.  An 

elegiac  poem  by  Thomas  Gray,  published  in 
1751.  It  went  through  11  editions  in  a  short  time  and 
has  been  many  times  pirated,  imitated,  and  parodied.  It 
has  also  been  translated  into  Hebrew,  Greek,  Latin,  Ital- 
ian, Portuguese,  French,  and  German,  and  there  are  sev- 
eral polyglot  editions. 

Eleonora  (el-f-o-no'ra).  The  daughter  of  Geof- 
frey, third  son  of  Henry  II.  of  England.  Geoffrey 
was  duke  of  Brittany  through  his  wife  Constance,  the 
daughter  and  heiress  of  Duke  Conan  IV.  Hence  Eleonora 
was  called  "The  Damsel  of  Brittany." 

Eleonora.  A  poem  written  by  Dryden,  in  1692, 
in  memory' of  the  Countess  of  Abingdon. 

Eleonora  of  Este.  Born  June  19, 1537:  died  Peb. 
10, 1581.  An  Italian  princess,  a  friend  of  Tasso. 

Elephanta  (el-e-fan'ta)  Island,  Hind.  Ghara- 
puri.  A  small  island  in  Bombay  harbor,  6  miles 
east  of  Bombay,  famous  for  its  caves  with  Hindu 
sculptures. 

Elephantine  (el-f-fan-ti'ne).  [Gr.  'W^^vTwri 
i^ffof.]  In  ancient  geography,  an  island  in  the 
Nile,  opposite  Syene  (Assuan),  in  lat.  24°  7'  N. : 
the  modem  Gezeeret-Assuan.  From  it  came  kings 
of  the  5th  dynasty.  (See  Egypt.)  It  contains  monuments 
of  Thothmes  III.  and  Amenhotep  III.,  and  a  Nilometerol 
Ptolemaic  date. 

Eleusis  (e-lu'sis).  [Gr.  'E;i£M(rjf.]  A  deme  of 
Attica,  Greece,  the  seat  of  a  very  ancient  cult 
of  Demeter,  and  of  the  famous  Eleusinian  mys- 
teries. The  most  important  monuments  lay  within  the 
sacred  inclosure,  which  consisted  of  a  spacious  terrace  on 
the  eastern  slope  of  the  Acropolis,  surrounded  by  a  mas- 
sive waU.  The  precinct  was  entered  by  two  propytea  or 
monumental  gateways  in  succession,  and  its  chief  building 
was  the  temple  of  the  mysteries,  whose  unique  architec- 
ture and  successive  transformations,  as  well  as  those  of  the 
entu-e  precinct,  have  been  revealed  by  the  excavations  of 
the  Archaeological  Society  of  Athens,  prosecuted  at  Inter- 
vals since  1882.  The  propylsea  were  two  monumental  gate- 
ways to  the  sacred  inclosure.  The  lesser  propylsea  con- 
stituted a  comparatively  simple  structure,  with  three 
doorways  separated  by  antse,  before  which  stood  ornate  col- 
umns.  The greaterwere areproduction, by Appius Claudius 
Pulcher  in  48  B.  0. ,  of  the  famous  propylKa  of  the  Athen  ia  n 


£leu»is 

ActopoliB.  The  temple  (sekoB)  of  the  mysteries  of  Demeter 
and  liora  was  rebailt  in  the  5th  century  B.  0.  and  altered 
later.  It  measured  within  178  by  170  leet,  and  was  sur- 
rounded along  the  walla  by  8  tiers  of  step-seats  for  spec- 
tators of  the  ceremonies.  In  every  side  except  the  north- 
east there  were  two  doors.  Along  the  southeast  side  was 
carried  the  great  Doric  portico  of  Philon,  of  12  by  2  col- 
umns, 

Eleusis,  Bas-relief  of.  A  work  of  high  artistic 
importance  in  the  National  Museum,  Athens. 
It  represents  Demeter,  Kora,  and  Triptolemua,  and  is  most 
delicate  in  execution  and  expression.  It  dates  from  the 
early  6th  century  b.  o. 

Eleuthera  (e-lii'the-ra).  An  island  of  the  Ba- 
hamas, east  of  the  Andros  group. 

EleutheropoUs  (e-M-the-rop'o-lis),  or  Betho- 
gabris  (beth-a-gab'ris).  [(Jr.  •E?,evdepow6?ug, 
free  city.]  In  ancient  geography,  a  town  in 
Palestine,  22  miles  southwest  of  Jerusalem: 
the  modern  Beit-Jibrin. 

Bleutherus  (e-lu'the-rus).  Bishop  of  Eome 
174-176 :  an  opponent  of  the  Montanists. 

Bleutherus,  [Gr.  'EXevdepog.^  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  river  of  Phenieia,  the  modern  Nahr 
el-Kebir  ( '  Great  River '),  north  of  Tripoli.  On 
its  banks  Jonathan  the  Asmonean  met  and  de- 
feated Demetrius. 

Elevation  of  the  Cross.  1.  A  painting  by 
Rubens  (1610),  in  Antwerp  cathedral,  Belgium. 
The  cross  is  being  raised  to  position  by  a  number  of  men 
pushing  in  front  and  others  hauling  by  a  rope  behind. 
On  the  side  panels  are  seen  the  holy  women,  soldiers,  and 
the  execution  of  the  two  thieves. 
2.  A  painting  by  Van  Dyck  (1632),  in  Notre 
Dame  at  Courtrai,  Belgium.  Christ  is  already  fixed 
on  the  cross,  which  is  being  put  in  position  by  four  men, 
attended  by  soldiers. 

Blfleda,  Blflida.    See  Mthelfleda. 

Blfrida  (el-fri'da).  iAB.JElfthryth.']  Bornabout 
945(?)_:  died  about  1000.  The  second  wife  of  Ed- 
gar, king  of  England,  whom  she  married  about 
964.  She  was  the  mother  of  .^thelred  the 
Unready. 

El  Qallo.    See  San  Rafael. 

Elgin  (el'gin),  or  Moray.  A  maritime  county 
of  northern  Scotland,  lying  between  Moray 
Krth  and  the  North  Sea  on  the  north,  Banff  on 
the  east  and  southeast,  Inverness  on  the  south- 
west, and  Nairn  on  the  west.  Area,  476  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  43,471. 

Elgin.  The  capital  of  Elginshire,  Scotland,  sit- 
uated on  the  Lossie  in  lat.  57°  38'  N.,  long. 
3°  19'  W.  It  contains  a  cathedral,  founded  1224,  but 
greatly  damaged  by  fire  and  partly  rebuilt  toward  the  end 
of  the  14th  century.  The  architecture  is  chiefly  Early 
English.  The  ornament  is  rich,  and  the  tracery  of  espe- 
cial beauty.  There  are  two  western  towers,  and  a  good 
chapter-house.    Population  (1891),  7,799. 

Elgin  (el'jin).  A  city  in  Kane  County,  Illinois, 
situated  on  the  Pox  River  35  miles  west-north- 
west of  Chicago.  It  has  important  manufactures  of 
watches,  and  of  butter  and  cheese.  Population  (1900), 
22,433. 

Elgin,  Barl  of.    See  Bruce. 

Elgin  (el'gin)  Marbles,  A  collection  of  Greek 
sculptures  comprising  the  bulk  of  the  surviv- 
ing plastic  decoration  of  the  Parthenon,  and  a 
caryatid  and  column  from  the  Breohtheum,  and 
recognized  as  containing  the  finest  existing  pro- 
ductions of  sculpture.  The  marbles  were  brought 
from  Athens  between  1801  and  1803  by  the  Earl  of  Elgin. 
The  Parthenon  sculptures  were  executed  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Phidias,  about  440  B.  0.  The  collection  includes 
remains  of  the  pediment  statues  in  the  round,  a  great 
part  of  the  frieze,  in  Ibw  relief,  about  625  feet  long,  which 
surrounded  the  exterior  of  the  cella,  and  16  of  the  metopes 
of  the  exterior  frieze,  carved  in  very  high  relief  with  epi- 
sodes of  the  contest  between  the  Centaurs  and  the  La- 
piths.  Among  the  chief  of  the  pediment  figures  are  the 
grand  reclining  figure  of  Theseus,  Iris  with  wind-blown 
drapery,  and  the  group  of  one  reclining  and  two  seated 
female  figures  popularly  called  the  "Three  Fates."  The 
cella  frieze  represents  the  idealized  Panathenaic  proces- 
sion to  the  Acropolis,  made  up  of  youthful  cavalrymen, 
chariots,  led  sacrificial  Victims,  young  girls  with  utensils, 
magistrates,  and  spectators,  who  set  out  from  the  south- 
west angle  of  the  cella  and  proceed  by  both  long  sides  to 
the  east  front,  where  in  presence  of  an  assembled  com- 
pany of  the  gods  the  chief  priest  prepares  to  perform  his 
solemn  rites.  The  skill  with  which  the  exceedingly  low 
relief  of  this  frieze  is  carried  out  is  unparalleled  in  art. 

El-Golea  (el-go-la'a).  A  town  and  caravan 
station  in  southern  Algeria,  in  lat.  30°  35'  N., 
long.  3°  10'  B. 

El  Hakim,  Adonbeck.    See  Saladin. 

Elhanan  (el-ha'nan).  [Heb.,' God  is  gracious.'] 
According  to  2  Sam.  xxi.  19,  the  slayer  of  Go- 
liath.   See  David. 

Eli(e']i).  [Heb., 'elevation.']  A  Hebrew  judge 
and  high  priest.  He  failed  to  punish  the  sins  of  his 
two  sons  Hophni  and  Phinehas,  and  the  destruction  of  his 
house  ensued.  At  the  news  o£  a  defeat  of  the  Israelites 
by  the  Philistines,  in  which  his  sons  were  killed  and  the 
ark  of  the  covenant  taken,  he  fell  backward  from  his  seat 
and  broke  his  neck.  He  judged  Israel  forty  years,  and  was 
ninety-eight  years  old  when  he  died. 

Eli.     An  oratorio  by  Sir  Michael  Costa,  with 


357 

words  by  Bartholomew,  produced  at  the  Bir- 
mingham festival,  Aug.  29,  1855. 

Elia  (e'li-a).  The  pseudonym  of  Charles  Lamb 
in  his  essays  contributed  to  the  "London  Mag- 
azine," commencing  in  1820.  They  were  collected 
as  "Essays of  Elia"  in  1823,  and  "Last  Essays  of  Elia"  in 
1833.  The  name  was  that  of  a  clerk  in  the  South  Sea 
House,  which  Lamb  remembered  having  heard  there  as 
a  boy,  and  was  at  first  used  as  a  jest  at  the  end  of  "Rec- 
ollections of  South  Sea  House,"  the  first  of  his  essays. 
The  Bridget  and  James  Elia  of  the  essays  are  Mary  and 
John  Lamb,  the  brother  and  sister  of  the  author. 

Bliab(e-li'ab).  [Heb., 'my  God  is  father.']  The 
name  of  several  persons  mentioned  in  the  Old 
Testament,  including  David's  eldest  brother. 

Eliab.  In  Dryden  and  Tate's  "Absalom  and 
Achitophel,"  Henry  Bennet,  earl  of  Arlington. 

Bliakim(f-li'a-kim).  [Heb.j'Godestablishes.'] 
In  the  ()id  Testament,  the  name  of  several 
persons,  of  whom  the  most  notable  is  the  son 
of  Hilkiah  and  master  of  Hezekiah's  household. 

Elian's  Well,  Saint.    See  Saint  Elian's  Well. 

£liante  (a-lyouf).  In  Moli&re's  comedy  "  The 
Misanthrope,"  a  reasonable,  lovable  girl :  con- 
trasted with  C61im6ne,  the  coquette. 

Elias  (e-li'as).    See  Elijah. 

Elias,  Movmt  Saint.    See  Saint  Elias,  Mount. 

Blias  Levita  ("the  Levite ").  Born  near  Nu- 
remberg, Bavaria,  about  1470 :  died  at  Venice, 
1549.  A  Hebrew  scholar.  He  wrote  a  critical  com- 
mentary on  the  biblical  text  "Massoreth  Hammassoreth  " 
(1638),  etc.    His  full  name  was  Elias  ben,  Asher  Halevi. 

Blidure  (el'i-dor).  A  mythical  king  of  Britain, 
brother  of  Artegal  or  Arthgallo. 

£lie  de  Beaumont  (a-le'  d6  b6-m6n'),  Jean 
Baptiste  Armand  Louis  L6once.  Bom  at 
Canon,  Calvados,  France,  Sept.  25,  1798:  died 
at  Canon,  Sept.  22, 1874.    A  celebrated  French 

feologist.  He  became  professor  of  geology  at  the  Ecole 
es  Mines  in  1829,  and  at  the  College  de  France  in  1832, 
and  perpetual  secretary  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  in 
1863.  He  published  "  Carte  gMogique  de  France  "  (1843), 
"Kecherches  sur  quelques-unes  des  revolutions  de  la  sur- 
face du  globe"  (1829-30),  "Notices  sur  les  syst^mes  de 
montagnes  "  (1862),  etc. 

Eliezer  (el-i-e'zer).  [Heb.,'Godis  help.']  In 
the  Old  Testament,  the  name  of  several  persons. 
The  most  notable  are :  (a)  The  chief  servant  of  Abraham, 
called  Eliezer  of  Damascus.  (&)  The  second  son  of  Hoses 
and  Zipporah.  ,- 

Eligius  (e-lij'i-us),  or  Bloi  (a-lwa'),  Saint. 
Born  near  Limoges,  Prance,  about  588 :  died 
Dec.  1,  659.  Bishop  of  Noyon.  He  came  to  Paris 
in  610,  and  gained  the  favor  of  Clotaire  II.  and  Dagobert 
I.  both  by  his  skill  as  a  goldsmith  and  by  bis  piety,  which 
he  displayed  in  founding  churches  and  monasteries  and 
in  distributing  alms  to  the  poor.  Although  a  layman,  he 
was  made  bishop  of  Noyon  by  Clovis  II.  In  641  (6407). 

Elihu  (e-li'hii).  [Heb.,  'God  is  He.']  The 
name  of  several  persons  in  the  Old  Testament, 
of  whom  the  most  notable  is  one  of  the  friends 
of  Job.  He  describes  himself  as  the  youngest 
of  the  interlocutors. 

Elijah  (e-li'ja;.  [Heb.,  'Yahveh  is  my  God'; 
in  the  New  testament  Elias,  Gr.  'HAetaf.]  A 
Hebrew  prophet  of  the  9th  century  b.  c.  An 
account  of  him  is  given  in  1  Ki.  xviL-xxi.,  2  Ki.  i.-xi.,  and 
2  Clu:on.  xxi.  12-16.  He  appears  before  Ahab,  king  of  Is- 
rael (who  had  given  himself  up  to  the  idolatry  of  his 
Phenician  wife  Jezebel),  and  predicts  a  great  drought. 
Compelled  to  seek  refuge  in  flight  and  concealment,  he  is 
miraculously  fed  by  ravens  in  the  torrent-bed  of  the  stream 
Cherith,  and  by  the  widow  of  Zarephath,  whose  dead  son 
he  restores  to  life.  In  the  extremity  of  the  famine  he  re- 
appears before  Ahab,  before  whom  he  calls  down  flre  from 
heaven  to  consume  a  sacrifice  to  Jehovah,  with  the  result 
that  the  king  orders  the  extermination  of  the  prophets  of 
Baal,  who  are  unable  to  call  down  flre  to  consume  the  of- 
ferings to  Baal.  He  then  puts  an  end  to  the  drought  by 
prayers  to  Jehovah.  Later  he  denounces  Ahab  and  Jeze- 
bel for  having  despoiled  and  murdered  Naboth,  and  is 
eventually  carried  to  heaven  in  a  chariot  of  fire. 

Elijah,  An  oratorioby  Mendelssohn,  with  words 
from  the  Old  Testament.  He  was  assisted  by  Shu- 
bring  in  selecting  the  words,  and  by  Bartholomew  with  the 
English  words.  It  was  first  performed  at  Birmingham, 
Aug.  26, 1846. 

Elim  (e'lim).  A  station  in  the  wanderings  of 
the  Israelites,  noted  for  its  fountains :  not 
identified. 

Elimelech(e-lim'a-lek).  [Heb.,'Godis  king.'] 
In  the  Old  Testament,  the  husband  of  Naomi. 

Ello  (a-le'6),  Frabcisco  Javier,  Born  in  Pam- 
plona, March  4,  1767 :  died  at  Valencia,  Sept. 
4,  1822.  A  Spanish  general.  In  1805,  having  at- 
tained the  grade  of  colonel,  he  was  sent  to  the  Eio  de  la 
Plata,  and  given  command  of  the  forces  operating  agamst 
the  English.  In  April,  1810,  he  was  recalled  to  Spain,  but 
returned  at  the  end  of  the  year  as  viceroy  of  Buenos  Ayres, 
appointed  by  the  Spanish  junta  of  the  regency.  The 
junta  of  Buenos  Ayres  refused  to  recognize  his  commis- 
sion, war  followed,  and  Ello  was  besieged  in  Montevideo, 
but  eventually  arranged  a  treaty  with  the  revolutionists 
by  which  both  parties  recognized  the  authority  of  Ferdi- 
nand VIL  and  the  unity  of  the  Spanish  nation,  and  agreed 
to  refer  their  differences  to  the  Spanish  Cortej  (Oct.  20, 
1811).    Elio  was  recalled  to  Spain  two  months  after,  and 


Elishah 

in  1812  and  1818  commanded  against  the  French  in  Cata- 
lonia and  Valencia,  winning  a  series  of  brilliant  victories. 
In  1814  he  was  made  governor  and  captain-general  of  Va- 
lencia and  Murcia.  The  revolution  of  1820  caused  his 
-  deposition  and  imprisonment.  Some  of  his  friends  made 
an  armed  attempt  to  liberate  him :  the  plot  failed,  and  Ello, 
accused  of  instigating  it,  was  found  guQty  by  a  court  mar- 
tial and  executed. 

Eliot  (el'i-ot),  Charles  William.     Bom  at 

Boston,  Mass.,  March  20,  1834.  An  American 
educator.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1863,  be- 
came professor  of  analytical  chemistry  in  the  Massachu- 
setts Institute  of  Technology  in  1866,  and  was  chosen 
president  of  Harvard  College  in  1869.  He  has  published 
"  A  Compendious  Manual  of  Qualitative  Chemical  Analy- 
sis "  (1874),  etc. 

Bliot,  Greorge.     See  Cross,  Mrs. 

Eliot,  or  Elliot,  George  Augustus,  first  Baron 
Heathfield.  Born  at  Stobs, Roxburghshire,  Scot- 
land, Deo.  25,  1717:  died  at  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
July  6,  1790.  An  English  general.  He  became 
in  1775  governor  of  Gibraltar,  which  he  defended  against 
the  Spaniards  and  French  1779-83.  He  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  as  Lord  Heathfleld,  baron  of  Gibraltar,  in  1787. 

Eliot,  Sir  John.  Born  at  Port  Bliot,  on  the  Ta- 
mar,  England,  April  20, 1592 :  died  in  the  Tower 
of  London,  Nov.  27,  1632.  An  English  patriot. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  studied  law  in  London,  and 
in  1625,  as  a  member  of  the  first  Parliament  of  Charles  L, 
came  into  prominence  by  the  vehemence  and  irresistible 
eloquence  with  which  he  supported  the  measures  of  the 
constitutional  party.  As  the  leader  of  the  opposition  in 
the  second  Parliament  (1626)  he  was  sent  to  prison,  in  com- 
pany with  Sir  Dudley  Digges,  by  the  king ;  but  was  released, 
together  with  Sir  Dudley,  when  Parliament  refused  to 
proceed  to  business  without  them.  In  the  third  Parlia- 
ment (1628-29)  he  had  a  principal  share  in  drawing  up  the 
Remonstrance  and  the  Petition  of  Right.  He  was  airested 
on  the  dissolution  of  Parliament  in  1629,  and  sentenced,  on 
a  charge  of  conspiracy  against  the  king,  to  a  fine  of  £2,000, 
and  to  imprisonment  until  he  should  acknowledge  his 
guilt. 

Bliot,  John.  Bom  at  Nasing,  Essex,  England, 
1604:  died  at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  May  20,  1690. 
A  missionary  to  the  Indians  of  Massachusetts, 
surnamed  "the  Apostle  of  the  Indians."  His 
principal  work  is  a  translation  of  the  Bible  into  the  Indian 
language  (1661-63).  He  also  wrote  an  Indian  catechism 
(1663)  and  grammar  (1666). 

Eliot,  John.  Bom  at  Boston,  May  31,  1754: 
died  at  Boston,  Feb.  14,  1813.  An  Ameri- 
can clergyman  and  biographer.  He  published 
the  "  New  England  Biographical  Dictionary  " 
(1809),  etc. 

Bliphalet  (e-lif'a-let),  or  Bliphelet.  [Heb., 
'  Crod  is  deliverance.']  The  name  of  several 
persons  in  the  Old  Testament,  of  whom  the 
most  notable  are  two  sons  of  David. 

Bliphaz  (el'i-faz).  The  chief  of  the  three  friends 
of  Job,  surnamed  "the  Temanite." 

Blis  (e'lis),  or  Bleia  (f-le'ya).  [Gr.  'HA(f,  Doric 
'AAif .]  In  ancient  geography,  a  country  in  the 
western  part  of  the  Peloponnesus,  Greece,  ly- 
ing between  Achaia  on  the  north,  Arcadia  on 
the  east,  Messenia  on  the  south,  and  the  Ionian 
Sea  on  the  west,  it  comprised  three  parts :  Elis 
proper  or  Hollow  Elis,  Pisatis,  and  Triphylia.  It  contained 
the  temple  of  the  Olympian  Zeus.  It  forms  with  Achaia 
a  nomarchy  of  modern  Greece. 

Elisa  (a-le-sa').    An  opera  by  CJherubini,  words 
by  Saint-Cyr,  produced  in  Paris  Deo.  18,  1794. 
Blisa.    See  Elissa. 
Elisabeth,    See  Elizabeth. 

Elisabeth,  ou  Les  Exiles  en  Sib6rie.  [F., 
'Elizabeth,  or  the  Exiles  in  Siberia.']  A  ro- 
mance by  Madame  Cottin,  published  in  1806. 
The  subject  is  the  same  as  Xavier  de  Maistre's  "Jeune  Si- 
bSrienne  "—a  young  girl  going  on  foot  from  Siberia  to  St. 
Petersburg  to  beg  for  the  pardon  of  her  exiled  father. 

Elisabetta,  Begina  d'lnghilterra.  [It., '  Eliza- 
beth, (^ueen  of  England.']  An  opera  by  Ros- 
sini, written  in  1815  for  the  San  Carlos  at  Na- 
ples, and  produced  March  10,  1822,  in  Paris. 

Blisavetgrad,  or  Ellsabethgrad.  See  Yelisa- 
vetgrad. 

Elisavetpol,  or  Elisabethpol,  See  Yelisavetpol. 

fllise  (a-lez').  In  Molifere's  "L'Avare"  ('The 
Miser'),  the  daughter  of  Harpagon,  in  love 
with  Valfere. 

Elisena  (el-i-se'na).  In  the  Spanish  cycle  of 
romances,  a  princess  of  Brittany,  the  mother 
of  Amadis  of  Gaul. 

Elisha  (e-li'sha).  [Heb.,  'God  is  salvation.'] 
Lived  in  the  9tn  century  b.  c.  A  Hebrew  pro- 
phet, the  attendant  and  successor  of  Elijah. 

Blishah  (e-li'sha).  In  Gen.  x.  4,  the  eldest  son 
of  Javan:  identified  with  the  .^olians,  with 
Sicily,  and  with  the  north  coast  of  Africa. 

Cyprus,  too,  would  seem  to  be  meant  in  (Jenesis,  since 
we  are  told  that  the  "sons  of  Javan"  were  Elishah  and 
Tarshish,  Kittim  and  Dodanim.  Elishah  is  doubtless 
Hellas,  not  Elis,  as  has  been  sometimes  supposed ;  in 
Ezek.  xxvii.,7  it  is  said  that  "blue  and  purple"  were 
brought  to  Tyre  "  from  the  isles  of  EUshah,"  that  is  to  say, 
from  the  isles  of  Greece.    Sayce,  Races  of  the  O.  I.,  p.  47. 


Elisire  d'Amore,  L'  358  Ellis,  George 

Elisire  d'Amore,  L'.     ['The  Elixir  of  Love.']  Elizabeth    Farnese    Queen   of   Spain.     Born     He  introduced  the  use  of  wire  suspension-bridgea  into 

tVilZ%?2°^llt^^tF'f'''''^^'^^^''    Oct.25  1692:  died  1766r.  A  princess  of  Parma,     ^'^^%''^ri°^1f!^^l"S^JZ&^i^i^^^i 

„  5  .foS    r       c^  ,l^°^®i"     ™°  English  version  was     wife  of  Philip  V.  of  Spain.  became  a  colonel  of  engineers  in  the  Union  army  during 

■ilL  ^^^         "^*^  produced  at  Drury  Lane  Elizabeth  PetrOVna.    Born  Dec.  29, 1709 :  died     the  Civil  War,  and  converted  a  fleet  of  Mississippi  steam- 

J?/*""-       ,.  ,  _,  Jan.   5    1762        Emnress   of    Eussia   1741-62      ers  into  rams  with  which  he  sank  or  disabled  several  Con- 

Elissa  (e-hs  sa),  or  Elisa.  Under  the  surname  dauehter  of  Pptfir  the  Oreat  and  nathariTie  t'  federatevessels  in  a  naval  engagement  off  Memphis  June 
Dido  the  heroine  of  the  fourth  book  of  Vergil's     ShTffok  p=^f  ^Snlt  riSerirtL^aL?^  fh^Ti^^ement  *''""*' '"'"''  of  a  wound  received  in 

-dJineid.     According  to  the  tradition  she  was  the  daugh-     Years"  War,  in  the  course  of  which  her  army  enteredBerlin  _,,    .^^      /tji.-__»,„4.i.  xuj— T  .™~j»\      -d 

ter  of  King  Matgen,  grandson  of  Eth-Baal  of  Phenicia.  (1760)  and  pressed  him  so  hard  that  he  would  probably  Uliet,  Mrs.  (iliilzaDeTiil  XTieS  liUmmiS;.  isom 
She  was  married  to  her  uncle  Sicharbaal  or  Sicharbas  bave  been  overcome  by  the  Allies  except  for  her  timely  at  Sodus  Point,  N.  Y.,  Oct.,  1818 :  died  at  New 
(the  Greek  Acerbas  and  the  SychsBua  of  Vergil).  After  her  death.  She  founded  the  University  of  Moscow,  and  the  York,  June  3,  1877.  An  American  author,  wife 
husband  was  murdered  by  her  brother  I^gmalion,  she     Academy  of  Fine  Arts  at  St.  Petersburg.  ^fw  vr  Wllot      STiQwrn+o  "  ThaMVnjna-n  nf  tha 

set  out  at  the  head  of  Tyrian  colonists  to  Africa,  where  Elizahpt.h  Stuart  OiifiPn  of  Bnhpmia  Rom  o/W.H.EUet.  bheWTOte  1  he  Women  ot  the 
she  founded  Carthage.    Toescape  wedding  the  barbarian  ■¥t^|*«^??5^i'*Jl^^  American  Revolution"  (18^),  etc. 

king  Tarbas  she  erected  a  funeral  pyre  and  stabbed  her-     5       *i?^^   ,  i°''?S*^"U       f ''         ^'  t^®"^  ^*  ^°°"  EUct,  William  HenrV.     Bom  at  New  York, 
self  upon  it.     According  to  Vergil  her  death  was  due  to     don,  J<  eb.  13, 1662.     Daughter  of  James  VT.  of     1806  ■  died  at  New  York,   Jan.  26,  1859.     An» 
her  despair  at  her  desertion  by  ^neas.    In  the  popular     Scotland  (James  I.  of  England),  and  "wife  of      A~™-„aT,  pliBTTiiaf- 

mind  she  became  confounded  with  Dido,  a  surname  of     Predpripk    filfictnr  nnlaWne  nai-ar  Iri-nir  nf  'Rr,    _^H?^   ir  ,    ^'i«'^°);:    .,,,,.  „         ,, 

Astarte  as  goddess  of  the  moon,  who  was  also  the  goddess  ^feaencK,  elector  palatme  (later  king  ot  iio-  Ellice  Islands  (el'is  I'landz).  A  group  of  small 
of  the  citadel  of  Carthage.  t.,?     v^li.^  '^j  ^  grandmother  of  George  I.         ggral  islands  in  the  South  Pacific,  north  of  the 

Elissa.  In  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene,"  the  eld-  tUzabethWoodyiUe.  Born  probably  in  1437:  pni  islands,  and  northwest  of  Samoa.  They 
est  of  three  sisters  who  were  always  at  odds.  Sf  ^\  ^fJ™^^^^^^'  ^f^^  °'  i^^^Y.Q'^^en  of  ^j,j.e  discovered  by  Captain  Peyster,  an  Ameri- 
See  Medina.  WV'^^  w  •  °/  ^J'S^^'^^,  and  daughter  of  Sir    g^n,  in  1819. 

Eliud  (e-li'ud).  A  Jew  mentioned  in  the  ge-  ^.^*!,  o^'^tT"??'""^  Af'^.'S>?^^f'?°'''8''5'!2tlius- ElUchpur  (el-ich-p6r').  1.  A  district  in  Berar, 
nealogVofChiist  ^       w^i:'o^'sL't"cS?fthrm'Strr^rEl^fY"'^^^  Britisf  tika,  mferse'cted^^^^^^^^^ 

Eliza  (e-li  za).     See  Elizabeth.  beth,  queen  of  Henry  VII.  long.  77°  30    B.    Area,   2,623  square  miles. 

Elizabeth  (e-liz'a-beth).     [Heb.,  prob.  'God  Elizabeth.      A  city  and  the  county-seat  of    Population  (1881),  313,805.— 2.  The  chief  town 
of  the  oath';    (Jr.   ''E'kic&peT,   'E^siad^er,  also    Union  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  New-    of  the  EUichpur  district.  Population,  with  ean- 
'murdped:  F.  Misabefh,  It.  EUsabetta,  G.  Elisa-    ark  Bay  and  Staten  Island  Sound,  12  miles    tonment  (1891),  36,240. 
beth.']    The  wife  of  Aaron.  west-southwest    of   New  York.      Population  EUlcott  (el'i-kot),  Charles  John.    Bom  April 

Elizabeth.    The  wife  of  Zaeharias  and  mother    (1900),  52,130.  25,1819.     An  English  biblical  commentator, 

of  J  ohn  the  Baptist,  she  remained  childless  till  the  Elizabeth,  Cape.  A  headland  in  Maine,  pro-  bishop  of  Gloucester  and  Bristol  from  1863. 
decline  of  life,  when  an  angel  foretold  to  her  husband  the  ieetin?  into  thfi  AtlantaV  8  milpa  cannf-Ti  nfPn^t  He  graduated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  in  1841, 
birth  of  a  son.     The  angel  Gabriel  discovered  the  fact  of     T^i^  Atlantic  »  miles  SOUtn  ot  Jr^ort-     3^3 ^^s  Hulsean  lecturer  in  1869.    Mis  lectures  Appeared 

this  miraculous  conception  to  the  Virgin  Mary,  as  an  as-  t^v     V    .t,  ri**         mu  as  "On  the  Life  of  Our  Lord  Jesus  Christ^"andhehas  also 

surance  of  the  birth  of  the  Messiah.    &ie  Mary.  ±illzabetll  City.      The  county-seat  of  Pasquo-     published,  besides  minor  works,  a  series  of  "Critical  and 

Elizabeth,  Saint,  of  Hungary,  Bom  at  Pres-  tank  County,  North  Carolina,  situated  on  Pas-  Grammatical  Commentaries  "on  most  of  the  Pauline  epis- 
burg,  HuW,i207:  diet  af  Marburg,  Ger-  ^l^^^^f^^^Z^l^}'L!'fVK''?^^'''-  .^  ^^opr^luTdi^re^eXd^^JSSo^i^TtTeVeV'xIs^tlSi' 
many,  Nov.  19,  1231  Daughter  of  i^drew  II  "^^ll^rRo^Lff^^  Tl>£V''§o^^^^  ^^l  -EOi^ott  City.  The  county-seat  of  Howard 
of  Hungary,  and  wife  of  Louis,  Wgrave  of    6  318.  '  '     "'    '"""''    County,  Mainland,  situated  on  the  Patapsco  8 

Thunnga,  celebrated  for  her  sanctity.  Elizabeth  Islands.    A  group  of  16  small  isl-    mileswest  of  Baltiiiore.    Itistheseatof  St  Charles's 

Elizabeth.    Bom  at  Greenwich,  near  London,     ands,   forming  the  town  of  Gosnold,  Dukes     and  Eoch*Hill  colleges  (both  Eoman  Catholic).  It  was  for- 
Sept.  7, 1533:  died  at  Eichmond,  near  London,     County,   Massachusetts,  lying  between  Buz-    merly  named  EUicott's  Mills.    Population  (1900),  1,331. 
March  24,  1603.     Queen  of  England  1558-1603.     zard's  Bay  and  Vineyard  Sound.  Elliot  (el'i-ot),  George  Augustus.     See  Eliot. 

She  was  the  daughter  of  Henry  VIII.  and  Anne  Boleyn ;  Elizondo  (a-le-thon'do).  A  town  in  the  prov  ■  ElUotSOn  (el'i-ot-son),  John.  Bom  at  London 
TAaS'g^uteSlr^^ge'^rchSi'?  knt JlaiX hT^  i°«e  2^  Navarre,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Bidas-  about  1790  (?) :  died  at  London  July  29,  1868. 
been  proficient  in  French  and  Italian.    On  her  accession     soa  22  miles  northeast  of  Pamplona.  An  lingiish  physician  and  physiologist.   He  wrote 

sheappointedassecretaryof  state  Sir  WiUiam  Cecil  (later  El-Jeziroh  (el-je-ze're).     Seethe  extract.  "Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine"  0.839),  "Human 

BaronBurleigh),  who  remained  her  chief  adviser  for  forty        ™.      ,  .      .  .,         ^      .  .  .„,,.,.       Physiology    (1840),  etc. 

years,  until  his  death  in  1698.  She  repealed  the  Koman  The  plain  of  Mesopotamia,  now  known  as  Bl-Jezu-eh,  is  Elliott(eri-ot),CharlesLoring.  BomatSeipio, 
Catholic  legislation  of  the  previous  reign,  reenacted  the  about  260  miles  m  length,  and  is  intersected  by  a  smgle  j^  y  Dec  1812  •  died  at  Albanv  N  Y  Auff  25 
laws  of  Henry  vm.  relating  to  the  church  published  the  mountain-ridge,  which  rises  abruptly  out  of  theplain  and  ^^-^l/'  An  A^pripnT^nrtraH  ^^Wp;.  pVStpd 
Thirty-nine  Articles  (1663),  and  completed  the  establish-  branching  ofl  from  the  Zagros  range,  runs  southward  and  1868.  An  American  portrait-painter :  elected 
ment  of  the  Anglican  Church.  In  1664  she  concluded  the  eastward  under  the  modern  names  of  Saraziir,  Hamnn,  national  academician  m  1846. 
treaty  of  Troyes  with  I'rance,  by  which  she  renounced  her     andSinjar.  ^aj/cc,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  9L  jjjjj^^^.     OharleS  WyllyS      Born  at  Guilford 

fi?l^.^'ti\tS^X^'^ZtolS^uf.7^%J^^  El-Kab  (el-kab').  A  place  on  the  Nile  north  Conn,,  May  27,  1817:  dfed  Aug.  20,  1883.  An 
who,  expelled  by  a  rebeUion  of  her  subjects,  had  takeS     °t  >Mia,  on  the  opposite  bank.  American  miscellaneous   writer.     He  published 

refuge  in  England  in  1568,  and  who,  by  means,  it  is  said,  of  El-Karidab(el-kar'i-dab).  [Ar.]  Averyrarely  "Saint  Domingo,  etc."  (1865),  a  "New  England  History" 
forged  documents,  had  been  involved  by  the  government    used  name  for  the  third-magnitude  star  (?  Sa-     g^^'^s  "Book  of  American  Interiors "  (1876),  "  Pottery  and 

S^inT^QTe"/lLl\X'  rS'ss^r'^aS  Afa?S  ^"^  ^Z^^^'^'^^f^ ■T'^'I^I'^ rf'''\  EUi&Szer.  Bom  at  Masborough,  York, 

assisted  by  Drake,  Hawkins,  Frobisher,  Winter,  and  Ea-  ■'>lK,?art  (elK  nart).     A  city  in  ll^lMiart  Couuty,  gj^j^g     England,    March   17,    1781:    died   near 

leigh,  defeated  the  Spanish  Armada  in  the  English  Chan-     Indiana,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Elk-  -Ra-nilPTr  TTno'lDnfl    ripn    1    isuo       At,  li'^^Hoi, 

nel,  and  prevented  an  invasion  of  England.    Her  reign,     hart  and  St.  Joseph  rivers,  in  lat.  41°  40'  N.,  „„!?  3;„^fd^?t?«  r^~  7  n-^>,^,  n^^ll 

which  was  one  of  commercial  enterprise  and  of  inteUectual     Iot,™    s.tjo  kk'  w       It  ha«  pVinaidprnhlp  mami  PP,?„' ^^^'^^i^J*    tne  t/Om-LawKhymer."  Author 

activity,  was  made  illustrious  by Shakspere, Sidney, Spen-     ^f  °^     °?,     ^t  t.."'  nann?^k^aA  of  "Com JLaw  Ehymes"  0831),  "The  Village  Patriarch " 

ser,  Bacon,  and  Ben  Jonson.  faetures.     Population  (1900),  15,184.  (1829),  "The  Ranter,"  "The  Splendid  ViUage,"  etc.,  and 

Elizabeth,  or  Isabella,  of  Valois,  Queen  of  Elk  Moimtains  and  .West  Elk  Mountains     man,  misceu^eous poems.  ,  ^   _. 

Spain.  Bom  at  Pontaiiebleau  Prance  April  Ganges  of  mountains  in  western  Colorado,  west  EUlOtt,  oir  Henry  Miers.  Bom  at  Westmm- 
13, 1545-  died  at  Madrid  Oct  3' 1568  f)augh-  of  the  Saguache  range.  Height  of  Castle  Peak,  ster,  1808 :  died  at  Simon's  Town,  Cape  of  Good 
ter  of  Henry  H.  of  Prance,  au^  wife  of  Philip  J,i'll^  ^^^■^,  F°P^.'  ^u®'  ^^'  ■  '^^^^^ .J^'^  English  historian, 

II  of  Spain  Ella.    See  Mlla.  long  m  the  service  of  the  East  India  Company. 

Elizabeth,  or  Isabella,  Queen  of  Spain.    Bom  Blland  (el'land)     A  town  in  Yorkshire,  Eng-    ?|^^.^iSfo^"^UcafS°to\h?msS^^ 
at  Pontaiiebleau,  FraAcl,  Nov.  22^1602 :  died    land,  on  the  Calder  9  miles  southwest  of  Brad-    SSedan^Sdif^'^^of  M^l^  "hI«  M^"^fS: 
at  Madrid,  Oct.  6,  1644.     Daughter  of  Henry  Jord.    Population  (1891),  9,991.  (in  8  volumes,  1S67-77X  etj.  »"!»,«.. 

IV.  of  France,  and  wife  of  Philip  IV.  of  Spain,  ^lla^dun  (el  Ian-don).     \_A^.  Elian  dun,  prob.  Elliott,   Jesse  Duncan.    Bom  in  Maryland, 

Mav  3  1764-  D-nillntinfld  at,  Paris  Mavin  1704  Clans  in  o.iO  (or  o.aa;.         „       „                ^  command  under  Commodore  Perry  at  the  battle  of  Lake 

A  /rencnrilcess   sfster  o^^^^  EllangOWan,  Laird  of.    See  Bertram,  Godfrey.  Erie,  Sept  10.  I8I3,  and  the  following  month  succeeded 

TJliLw^?^otw+l      a     V^  T«    ip^^     7,^1.  EUasar  (el-la'sar).     A  city  or  district  in  Meso-  Perry  in  the  command  on  Lake  Erie     He  commanded  the 

il^^^S»+^  °^^uJ^^n*ft^^S^^tlf^'''''^'^h  potamia,  the  kiig  of  which  (Arioeh)  was  allied  ^oopofwarOntanoinDecatur'ssquadronemployedagainst 

Elizabeth,  Pauline  Ottilie  Luise,  Queen  of   f^+i,  nhfidoTiaoTnpr  in  his  pimpdition  a<rain<!t  .„,,^  f.  .,.      . 
Rumania:  pseudonym  Carmen  Sylva     Bom    ^fcitiesSt^ valley  oVsTdfm^^^^^ 

at  Neuwied,  Dec.  29, 1843.  Daughter  of  Prince  1  o\  t*  ■  -.j  *■«  j  1,  i  a  •,  -^  ...t.  ..i.  H.  1771:  died  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  March  28, 
Hermann  of  Wied,  and  wiie  of  Charies  of  Eu-  kb^,-„nSn"]^1?tuat?dTbtfZS-°warbltre'^*&?  ipSO  An  .^erican  botanist  He  published 
mania,  whom  she  married  Nov.  15,1869.  she  (modem  Mughier)  and  Ersch  (Warka),  on  the  left  bank  of  isotany  ot  bouth  Carolina  and  Georgia  "  (1821- 
has  published  "Sappho"  (1880),  "Hammerstein  '  (1880),     the  Euphrates,  now  represented  by  the  ruins  of  Senkereh.     1824),  etc. 

^"4*„'Ji^wir»S^'M^«^f?.^^'  t'-^I'IT  ^'■J™f°8."Ellauryfel-you're),Jos6.   Bom  in  Montevideo  Elliott,  Stephen.  Bom  at  Beaufort,  S.  C,  Aug. 
^renT"Les  pts4esTu^nfrein^r?vlatn|Ct^^       ^^7*  1831:  died  Dec,  1894.     An  Uruguayan    31, 180b:  died  at  Savannah,  Ga.,  D^c.  21,' 18^! 
"Pelesoh  Marchen,"  etc.  (1883),  "Le  pic  aux  regrets"     Statesman.    He  was  a  lawyer,  took  part  in  politics,  and     An  American  bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episco- 
(Paris,  1884),  "Es  Klopft"  ("Some  One  Knocks,"  1887:     in  March,  1874,  was  elected  president.    In  Feb.,  1875,  he     pal  Church,  son  of  Stephen  Elliott 
this  was  translated  into  French  in  1889,  with  a  preface  by  JTfieposed  by  a  military  revolution.  Elliott    William       BoVn    at    -RprnWoW-    «    n 

Pierre  Loti).    She  has  also  written  with  Madame  Chrem-  Ellen  DoUglaS.     See  Douglas,  Ellen.  ricSl  '97    Haarl"-„/^  I^-d       *  !2    iS  v'     ,o2;' 

nitz,  under  the  signatures  "Ditto"  and  "Idem,"  "Aus  EUou's  Isle.     Anisland  in Loch Katrine,  Scot-     ^P "/  ""'.  ■^'°*'-  °1?*.  ^*  Beaufort,  Feb.,  1863, 

.zwei  Welten " (1882)  and  " Astra"  (1886).  Ta-nX'    tT -.^o ^„=  ;„  ooH„ ,.«,r,=„no  onri a^^tf  .l„i,=.  ,-f     -'"^  American  politician  and  writer. 

___.      ,,,      ^H       t    . ,        -^     .  ««,-  lana.    it  is  famous  m  early  romance,  and  acott  makes  it  ■Dnj«    /  i/t  \       a-i  1  -r  _       •  ,     .    . 

Elizabeth    Charlotte,    Duchess    of    Orleans,     the  favorite  haunt  of  the  Lady  of  the  Lake.  a^^    ^       ^^''    Alexander     John     (ongmally 

Bom  at  Heidelberg,  Baden,  May  27, 1652 :  died  Ellenborough,  Baron  and  Earl  of.  See  Law.  Sharpe).  Born  at  Hoxton,  near  London,  June 
at  St.-Cloud,  France,  Dee.  8, 1722.  A  Palatine  EUery  (el'er-i),  William.  Bom  at  Newport,  14,1814:  died  at  London,Oot.28,1890.  A  noted 
princess,  second  wife  of  Philip,  duke  of  Or-  E.  I.,  Dec.  22,  1727 :  died  at  Newport,  Feb.  15,  English  phonetician  and  mathematician.  He 
16ans  (brother  of  Louis  XIV.).  1820.     An  American  poUtioian,   one  of  the    ?£"„  J- ■*'P'}?5?A  °^.  ?**^™ T  P|*^V  "The  Essentials  of 

Elizabeth  Christine,  Queen  of  Pmssia.    Bom    signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.         ^th  Ispeciai  ref^ence  to  ShaLpe^^^^^ 
Nov,  8,  1715 :  died  Jan.  13,  1797.     A  princess  Ellet  (el'et),  Charles.    Born  at  Penn's  Manor,     187i),  etc.  Buasspere  ana  ohaucer  (1869- 

of  Brunswick,  wife  of  Frederick  the  Great,  Bucks  County,  Pa.,  Jan.  1,1810:  died  at  Cairo,  Ellis,  George.  Born  at  London  1745-  died 
whom  she  married  June  12,  1733.  111.,  June  21,   1862.     An  American  engineer.     April,  1815.     An  English  author.'  He  published 


Ellis,  George  359 


Eltekeh 


ni^f^TS?'";    p  was  pastor  of  the  Harvard  Unitarian  miles  east-northeast  of  Jagst.     It  was  formerly  El  Paso  (el  pa'so).     rSo..  'the  nass '1     A  eitv 

Church,  Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  1840-69,  and  was  pro-  nn  epplfiHiTstipnl  -nrinpiTiaHtv        Tt  1,qo  =v,  «1  q      ;t  wi  13„=^  n„„tt;     rn"-   '^  '      ."     §   j  • -I  ^,      .iy 

fessor  of  systematic  theology  in  Harvard  Divinity  Scfiool  ^?     ^      S     ^  i?^  /i^^m  ^'^nc     ^^®  ^^  °^^^     ™  ^'^  f  ^^°  County,  Texas,  situated  on  tlie  Rio 

1867-63.    He  wrote"  A  Half-Century  of  the  Unitarian  Con-  dmrch.     Population  (1890),  4,606.  Grande  opposite  EI  Paso  del  Norte.     Popula- 

trover8y"(1867),  and  contributed  to  the  "Narrative  and  EUwOOd  (el'wud),  ThomaS.     Bom  at  Crowell,     tion  (1900),  15,906. 

Critical  Histw  of  America,   edited  by  Justin  Winsor  Oxfordshire,  England,  1639:  died  at  Amersham    El  Paso  del  Norte  (el  pa'so  del  nor'ta).    [Sp., 

*"-l|'  ^'.''i*®A'^y-^  ^°''?  ^*,^°?^°°'  ^°^;,^^'  March  1,  1714.    An  English  Quaker,  friend  of     'the  pass  of  the  north.']    A  town  in  the  state 

1777:  died  at  London  Jan.  15, 1869.    AnEng-  Milton.    He  wrote  "  Sacred  History  of  the  Old    of  Chihuahua,   Mexico,   situated  on  the  Eio 

lish  antiquarian,  chief  librarian  of  the  British  Testament  and  New  Testament"  (1705-09),  his    Grande  in  lat.  31°  45'  N.,  long.  106°  32'  W. 

Ji'"?,^^™ i°i,N    °;    %«'*"«'*  ^??"*>,'?''3?!S=^  ^5-  autobiography  (1714),  etc.  Population,  about  8,000. 

crTsiT^sf v^o?rthe  fnaca't^-BSlday  EM  (elm).^  A  viUage  near  Glarus  in  Switzer-  Elptin  (el'fin).  A  town  in  Eoscommon  Ireland 

Book  "(1816),  and  published  "Original  Letters  Illustrative  land,   noted    for   the    fatal    landslip    of   the     15  miles  north  ot  Koscommon.    It  is  the  seat  of 

of  English  History"  (1824-46),  mostly  from  material  in  the  Tschingelberg,  Sept.  11,  1881.  a  bishopric, 

museum  ^-r,       .       -^    ^ -n  Elmalu(el-ma'lo),or AJmali (al-ma'le).  Acity  ElpMllstone  (el'fin-ston),  George  Keith,  Vis- 

ElllS,Bobmson.    Born  at  Barniing,  Kent,  Eng-  of  the  vilayet  Konieh,  Asiatic  Turkey.    Popu-    count  Keith.    Born  at  Elphinstone  Tower,  near 

land,  Sept. 5, 1834.  AnEnglish classical philolo-  lation,  about  12,000.  Stirling,  Jan.  7, 1746 :  died  at  Tullyallan,  March 

gist.    HehaaeditedandtranBlated"Catullua,"andinl87a  Elm  Cltv.  New  Haven,  Connecticut :  SO  named     10,1823.     A  British  admiral.    He  was  in  1800  ap- 

published  a  "  Commentery  on  Catullus.      In  1881  he  pub-  f^Q^  ^-j^^  number  and  beauty  of  its  elms.  pointed  commander-in-chief  in  the  Mediterranean,  where 

hahed  an  edition  of  Ovid  s     Ibis.  ■pi™^^ /„i„   %    t t>  +  t  ™^™    r\„+       he  took  Malta  and  Genoa.    He  subsequently  cooperated 

Ellis,  Mrs.  (Sarah  Stickney).  Born  at  London,  ^-}-P^-,%ir^^>'  ^  ames.      Born  at  Lionaon,  Uct.     ^jth  Abercromby  in  the  mUitaiy  operations  in  Egypt,  ob- 

1812 :  died  at  Hoddesdon,'  Herts,  June  16, 1872.  ^^'  }^°r-„^^^°- ,  at  Greenwich,   near  London,     tained  the  rank  of  admiral  in  isoi,  and  in  isu  was  created 

An  English  authoress,  wife  of' William  Ellis  April  2, 1862.    An  English  architect  and  witer    Viscount  Keith  of  the  United  Kingdom. 

(1794^1172).    She  wrote  "Women  of  England"  '^PO^F';.^^  published ';Sir  Christopher  W^^     Elphmstone,  Mountstuart.   Born  Oct.  6, 1779 ; 

1838),  "Daughters  of  England"  (1842),  etc.  ^^  "^/^/^c?.^?  ^7^^^^^'  "  I>ictionary  of  the  Pme    died  at  Limpsfield  Surrey,  England,  Nov.  20. 

.„\,.    4lr-ii-  „     T>  J.T      ^        A        nc,  irrnA  Arts"  (1826),  etc.  1859.    AnEnglish  statesman  and  historian,  one 

Ellis,  WlUiam.    Bom  at  London,  Aug.  29, 1794:  Elmet  (el'met).     A  small  British  kingdom  con-    of  the  chief  founders  of  the  Anglo-Indian  em- 

?Jlo        A   ^^^  V  ?'  -^^"^P^'  l!-nglana,  dune  a,  q^ered  by  Edwin,  king  of  Northumbria,  about    pire.     He  entered  the  oivU  service  of  the  East  India 

1872.      An  Lnghsh  missionary  m  Polynesia.  625  '        ■=  Company  in  1796 ;  was  appointed  ambassador  to  the  court 

He  published  "  Missionary  Narrative  of  a  Tour  through  ',.      ,        ^^,      ^^..  ^  v,  ,•  of  Kabul  in  1808 ;  was  resident  at  the  court  of  Poena  1810- 

Hawaii"(1827),"PolynesianResearches"(1829),  "History        Thekingdomof  Elmet  then  answered,  roughly  speaking,     1317;  and  was  governor  of  Bombay  1819-27.    Author  of 

of  Madagascar"  (1838),  "Three  Visits  to  Madagascar"  to  the  present  West  Eiding  of  Yorkshire.  "Aooountof  the  Kingdom  of  Cabul"  (1816)  and  "History 

(1858),  and  other  works  on  missions.  Greera,  Making  of  England,  p.  247.     of  India"  (1841). 

Ellis,  William.  Bom  Jan.  1,1801:  died  at  Lon-  El  Mina  (elme'na).  The  seaport  of  Tripoli  in  Elphinstone,  William.  Bom  at  Glasgow  in 
don,  Feb.  18, 1881.  An  English  writer  on  social  Syria.  Population,  about  7,000.  1^1 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Oct.  25, 1514.  A  Scot- 
science.  Hebecameanaasistantunderwriter  of  thein-  Elmlna  (el-me'na),  Pg.  Sao  Jorge  da  Mina  tish  prelate  and  statesman.  He  graduated  with  the 
demnity  Marine  Insurance  Company  in  1824,  and  chief  (gan  zhor'zhe  da  me'na).  A  town  on  the  Gold  degree  of  M.  A.  at  the  University  of  Glasgow  in  1462,  and 
manager  in  1827.  He  founded  (1848-62)  five  schools,  which  finaqt,  Wpst  Africn  in  Int  .'io.'i'TST  Inrur  1o21'  subsequently  studied  law  at  the  University  of  Paris,  where 
he  named  Birkbeck  schools.  Author  of  "Outlines  of  Social  w  t/  J^  ~.  .f  u  .^  ^' ?  J-^l-' ^OI^S-  -^  '^'-  he  lectured  for  a  time  on  this  acience.  He  returned  to 
Economy  "  (1846),  "  Education  as  a  Means  of  Preventing  W .  It  was  founded  by  the  Portuguese ;  was  conquered  Qlaagow  in  1474 ;  was  appointed  bishop  of  Aberdeen  in  1483 ; 
Destitution''  (1861),  and  "  Philo-Socrates  "  (1861).  py  the  Dutch  in  1637 ;  and  was  transferred  to  the  British     became  lord  privy  seal  in  1492  ;  and  in  1494  obtained  a  papal 

Ellison  (el'i-son)   Mrs      A  character  in  Field-     '"^872.    The  native  name  is  Dena.    Pop.,  about  10,630.        bull  for  the  founding  of  King's  College  at  Aberdeen,  which 

ine's  "Amelia"  '  Elmira  (el-mi'ra).    A  city  and  the  county-seat    was  completed  in  1606. 

■nil-  i      f  Tf   1     \  ■o_v._j.iiTjnj-™    x»„™  „j.  of  Chemung  County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  El  Kosario  (el  ro-sa're-o).    A  town  in  the  state 

Elliston  (el'is-ton)  Robert  William    Bom  at  c^^  li^er  in 'lat.  42°  7'  N.,  long.  76°  51'     of  Sinaloa,  Mexico,  35  4leB  southeast  of  Ma- 

Boomsbury    London    AprU  7,  1774:    died   at  ^_     it  hla  important  manufactures  of  iron,  etc.,  and  is     zatlan. 

Blaektriars,  London,  Julys,  l»dl.  AceieDratea    tlieseatofElmiraPemaieCoiiegeandoftheStaterefoima-  Elsass andElsa<!<5-Lothrinffen (el'zSs-lot'rinff- 
English  actor  and  manager.    He  made  his  first  ap-  tory.    Population  (1900),  35,672.  enf  TheGeSnn^mesfoflSsaeeJ^^^^ 
pearance  April  14,1791,  at  the  Bath  Theatre  aa  Tresael  T-.lttiirp  (pl-mer'l      In  MoMre'«i  "Tartufe"thfi     y'   •Ir'^euermannamesior -aJsaceanaAlsace- 
in"Richar(lIII.,"andatter  aoareershowinggreatversa-  ■*'^™'-'^^  (-'ri  ™1V-     J-n  Jiloiiere  s    Aanuie,    tne     Lorraine  respectively. 

tility  and  power,  together  with  many  excesses  and  abaur-  voung  Wife  of  Orgon  and  Sister  of  C16ante.  Elshender  (el'shen-der).    [Scotch  form  of  Alex- 

ditiea,  he  died  the  first  comedian  of  his  day.    Some  of  his  Elmo,  Castle  Of  Saint.     A  castle  at  Naples    ander.!    The  Black  Dwarf  in  Scott's  novel  ot 

best  characters  in  comedy  were  Doricourt,Charie3  Surface,  and  a  fort  at  Malta,  said  to  be  SO  named  from     +,>,a,-t: -nnTriB       Alsncfllled  "Cannv  Ekhio  » 

Eover  and  Banger,  and  in  tragedy  Hamlet,  Komeo,  and  ^mio,  an  Italianized  corruption  of  Erasmus  (a  ElSe  Venne^    A  novel  by  Oliver  Wendell 

rilnra  'or  Elora  (e-lo'ral    or  Elura  (e-lo'ra)  Syrian  martyr  of  the  3d  eentu^).  Holmes,  published  in  1861. 

%^TnHydtriL^SriWslIi^a^LM^^^^^^  The  native  name  of  the  Elsinore(el-si-nor:),  Dan.  Helsingor  (hel'sing- 

2' N.,  long.  75°  10' E.    it  contains  a  Dravidian  rock-  JP  ore  Cel'mor^    Marffaret     In  Lovell's  T)lav    ^^'■^-    -A- seapor*  iii  Zealand,  Denmark,  on  the 

cut  temple,  anterior  in  date  to  1000  A.  D.,  remarkable  not  ''\^°^^,  ^®i  ^%>'  •■)? ^?Saret.     in  Ijovell  s  play    narrowest  part  of  the  Sound,  lat.  56°  2'  N., 

only  in  itself,  but  because  the  rook  is  cut  away  outside  as  "Love's  baerihce,'   Matthew  Jl-lmore  s  daugh-     long.  12°  38' E.     It  is  a  commercial  town,  contains  the 

well  aa  inside,  leaving  the  monument  isolated  and  com-  ter,  who  gives  the  name  to  the  play  by  sacri-     fortress  of  Kronborg,  and  is  associated  with  the  story  of 
plete  throughout.    It  consists  of  a  central  sanctuary  or     ficjng  ]ier  lover,  giving  him  up  because  of  her     "Hamlet."    Sound  dues  were  here  collected  from  all  for- 

vimana,withapyramidalroofabout80feethigh,preceded  *„4-v,2_)a  ™„^n.      '°         =  •^  eign  (except  Swedish)  ships  to  1867.    Population  (1890) 

by  an  inclosed  porch  of  16  columns,  before  which  are  2  ramers  guiii.  11,076. 

isolated  pylons  In  succession,  reached  by  bridges.    The  Elmshom    (elmz  hom).     A  town  in  the  prov-  piomoro   ■RnViArt.      Sne  K/ihert.  nUmprp 

court  ia  surrounded  by  a  peristyle  within  which  there  is  a  i^ce  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  19  miles  pi^^fh '/ei?sS)       FA  contrition  of  Eli2a- 

series  of  oella.    The  sculptured  decoration  la  elaborate,  -,._ii,„p„4.    „«    TTaTnhiiTO       Tt    baa    imnnT+nnt  ■'^"?^'''^^®J^®P.x,   '/<  . '-'r  ^^,        , .        7,  "" 

oombininggeometricalandarabesquemotiveswithflgure-  nortHwestot    ilamDurg.      it    nas    imponant     j^^^  j     In  Scott's  "Antiquary,"  the  old  mother 

aculpturef^  manufactures  and  trade.     Population  (1890),     „f  gannders  Mucklebackit.     She  ia  apathetic  and 

Ellore(e-16r'),  orEllir  (e-18r').     Atowninthe  9,5dd.  deaf,  and  keepa  secret  the  crime  of  her  mistress,  in  which 

Godavari  district,  Madras,  British  India,  situ-  Elmsley  (elmz'li),  Peter.    Born  1773:  died  at    she  had  aasiated,  till  just  before  her  death, 

atedinlat   16°  43' N.,  long.  81°  10' E.,  on  the  Oxford,  March  8, 1825.   -An  English  philologist,  Elssler  (elz'16r),  Fanny.   Bom  at  Vienna,  June 

Jammaler  Eiver.     Population  (1891),  29,382.  principal  of  St.  Alban  Hall,  Oxford,  and  pro-    23,  1810:  died  there,  Nov.  27,  1884.    A  noted 

•pna^nrnr+TiCpl^'wAi-th)      A  citv  and  the  eountv-    fessor  of  ancient   history  m  the    university    dancer,     she  waa  the  daughter  of  Johann  Elssler. 

Ellsworth  (elzwerm).     A  Clgra^^  1823-25.     He  is  known  chiefly  for  his  critical     Haydn's  factotum,    she  abandoned  the  stage  in  1851.  Her 

seat  of  Hancock  County,  JViame,  situatea  on  ^    ,.        ^  Sonhoeles  and  Eurirades  sister  Therese  (1808-78),  also  a  dancer,  contracted  a  mor- 

the  Union  Biver  20  miles  southeast  of  Bangor.  J,^"'*^f  ,  ,        Vx     r  »       7  ™P^"®^-  .   ,  ^     ganatic  marriage  with'prinoe  Adalbert  of  Prussia. 

Population  (1900),  4,&7.  Elnasl  (el-nas  1).    [Ar.e?,msZ,thean'Ow-point  ]  j,j  ^      (el'ster),  or  Bad-Elster  (bad'el'ster). 

Ellsworth,  Ephraim  Elmer.     Bom   at   Me-    ^J'^^-^T^JSt  '*''  ''  ^'^  *^"  '  "  A^watering-pla'ce  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony, 

chanicsviUe,  N.  Y.,  April  28, 1837 :  shot  at  Alex-  -^^^l^^^iJl^Znl^^^        THflh     '  God  hath    «°"**^  °*  Plauen,  near  the  Bohemian  frontier. 
andria,Va.,May24,1861.    An  American  officer  Elnathan  (el  na-than).      LHeb.,     trOd  nattt  ^j  ^gr,  Black,    A  river  in  central  Germany 

of  Zouaves  at  tL  beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  giyen.']    The  maternal  grandfather  of  Jehoia-    ^Mch'joins  the  Elbe  near  Wittenberg.  Length, 

He  removed  to  Chicago  at  an  early  age,  and  became  a soliqi-  own.  ■     ^.r,     j         <. +  „* -p^      about  130  miles. 

torof  patents.   He  accompanied  Lincoln  to  Washington  in  Elne  (Bin).     A  town  in  the  department  ot  ify-  -piot.-    TnTiJt,-        a   -j™™  j„  ppntral  Germanv 

Maroh^86i.  In  April,  1861,  he  organised  in  New  York  city  rfe^es-Orientales,  France,  13  miles  southeast  ^^Ster,  White      SaalneS-  Halle      Le3 

aZoua^eregimentofflrementhelithNewyork),  of  which  of  Perpignan:  the  ancient  Illiberis,  later  He-    ri,„iii°n^nlc  near  Halle.     Length, 

he  became  colonel.  He  occupied  Alexandria,  Virginia,  with  ,„„„  ^j.^v,„„  .   „„4.i,„,i_oi       Pr,T,„lntinTi  (IfiQI)       about  120  miles. 

hia  regiment  May  24, 1861.  Seeing  a  Confederate  flag  flying  lena.     It  has  a  cathedral.     Population  (1891),  jjlgwick  (elz'wik).     A  manufacturing  suburb 

from  the  Marshall  House,  he  ascended  to  the  roof  to  re-  commune,  d,.idd.  of  ■NTewcaRt.le-OTi-TvTie   England 

re\l'olr"'ofThtToter'""''°*''''"'"'^-'"'"°'  ^^-^"".^^  (el-Ob-ad').     The  principal  towjio    ^1  Teb  (el  teb')    Xfoc'aUty^etween Tokar and 

the  keeper  of  the  hotel.  wind„„r   Conn  ^'>^^°^^'^'  northeastern  Afnoa,  m  lat.  13°  11      ^rinkitat,  in  the  eastern  Sudan,  in  the  vicinity 

Ellsworth,  Oliver.     Bom  at  Winasor,  l^onn.,  -^     Population,  from  80,000  to  40,000,  drawn  from  many     -f  s„„i^;  '      Tr„„  u^h  qq  ,00.  tv„  R„-ti„v„„j„r„ 

April  29, 1745 :  died  at  Windsor,  Nov.  26,  1807.  surrounding  tribes.    Before  its  occupation  by  the  Mahdi     °L^S^deteSed  the  m\&  under  oLTnDigZ^ 

An  American  iurist  and  statesman.   HewasUnited  (1883),  El-Obeid  was  the  great  market  of  the  Egyptian     ^™  «™™  "1,^ «f  «*  the  Mahdists  under  OsmanDigma. 

Sates  senator  from  Connecticut  1789-96,  chief  justice  of  trade  in  gums  and  ostrich  feathers.    Now  these  articles  Eltekeh  (el'te-ke).     In  ancient  geography,  one 

the  United  totes  sJipreme  Court  1796-1800,  and  envoy  ex-  go  to  Tripoli  by  way  of  Wadai.    Near  here,  Nov.  3  (and     of  the  cities  on  the  border  of  Dan :  the  modem 

Sili^  to  Aanc?  1799.  the  'o?lo^°«  ^fy^).  ^^f- 1^|  Mahdists  exterminated  an     ^^^  ^ikia.    Near  here  Sennacherib  defeated  an  Egyp- 

EUsWOrth  William  WolCOtt,     Bom  at  Wind-  Egyptian  army  under  Hicks  Pasha.  ^^^  ^^^  ^^^.j^  ^^  coming  to  the  relief  of  Ekron. 

sor.  Conn.',  Nov,  10,  1791:  died  at  Hartford,  Eloi,  Saint.     See  Mhgtus.  When  the. Tewish  embassy  arrived  at  laohlsh,  the  Egyp- 

Conn    Jan   15  1868.     An  American  politician  Elomire  (a-lo-mer').    An  anagram  under  which    tian  party  seems  atm  to  have  been  in  the  ascendant.    In 

and  jurist,'sox^  of  Oliver  Ellsworth.    He  was  Moli&re  was  attacked  by  LeBoulangerdeC^^^        l^tTa' S''^0™™i"h^adTruL'el'furof  co'n*^ 

governor  of  Connecticut  1838-42.  lussay,  an  unknown  author,  m  a  scumlous    ^^^e^  S^  ^^  alliance,  which  yet  was  to  be  to  them  not 

■Plliil   (fil'iill       rEtvm    uncertain.]     The  sixth  play  "Elomire  hypocondre,  ou  les  meaecms     "an  help  nor  profit,  but  a  ahame  and  alao  a  reproach. '■ 

month  of  the  Hebrew  year,  corresponding  to  veng6s"  (1670).    In  1663,  in  a  play  "zainde,"  by  De     The  battle  of  Eltekeh  disaipated  their  hopes.    This  was 


Eltekeh 

fonght  after  the  capture  of  Lachish,  when  Sennacherib 
was  endeavouring  to  take  the  neighbouring  fortress  of 
libnah  (2  ivings  xix.  8,  9). 

Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  147. 

EltliaiU  (el'tham).  A  town  in  Kent,  England, 
7  miles  southeast  of  London.  It  contains  the 
ruins  of  Eltham  Palace  (formerly  a  royal  resi- 
dence). 

Elton  (el'tgn).  A  salt  lake  in  Astrakhan,  Eus- 
sia,  in  lat.  49°  N.,  long.  46°  40'  E.:  noted  for 
its  production  of  salt.    Length,  10  miles. 

Eltville  (elt'vel),  or  Elfeld  (el'feld).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  on 
the  Rhine  between  Bingen  and  Mainz:  the 
Roman  Altavella.  It  was  formerly  the  capital 
of  the  Rheingau.     Population  (1890),  3,503. 

Elvas  (al'vas).  A  fortified  town  in  the  district 
of  Portalegre,  province  of  Alemtejo,  Portugal, 
11  miles  west  of  Badajoz  (Spain),  it  is  the  strong- 
est fortress  in  Portugal,  and  was  a  strategic  point  of  great 
importance  in  the  jpeninsular  war.  Population  (1878), 
10,471. 

Elvira  (el-vi'ra).  1.  In  Dryden's  "Spanish 
Friar,"  a  young  wife  who  by  the  aid  of  the 
Spanish  friar  attempts  to  intrigue  with  Lo- 
renzo, who  turns  out  to  be  her  brother. — 3. 
The  sister  of  Don  Duarte  in  Gibber's  "Love 
makes  a  Man." — 3.  The  mistress  of  Pizarro 
in  Sheridan's  (Kotzebue's)  "Pizarro." — 4.  The 
name  of  the  principal  female  character  in  Au- 
ber's  opera  "  Masaniello,"  Bellini's  "Puritani," 
and  Verdi's  "Ernani,"  and  in  Moli&re's  "Don 
Juan." 

Elwend  (el-wend'),  or  Elwund  (el-w6nd'),  or 
Arwand  (ar-wand').  A  mountain  in  north- 
western Persia,  a  few  miles  south  of  Hamadan 
(Ecbatana):  the  ancient  Orontes.  Height, 
nearly  9,000  feet. 

Elwes  (el'wes),  or  Meggott  (meg'ot),  John. 
Born  at  Westminster,  April  7,  1714:  died  at 
Marcham,  Berkshire,  Nov.  26,  1789.  A  noted 
English  miser,  son  of  a  brewer  named  Meg- 
gott. Elwes  was  his  mother's  name,  which  he  took  in 
1760.  He  inherited  wealth  and  was  well  educated,  but 
was  controlled  by  a  morbid  disinclination  to  spend  money 
upon  hid  personal  wants,  which  manifested  itself  in  vari- 
ous extraordinary  ways.  In  other  respects  he  was  not  il- 
liberal, and  he  was  extravagant  in  speculation  and  gaming. 

Ely  (e'li)._  [ME.  Ely,  Eli,  AS.  .BZffl',  eel  island, 
from  "el,  xl,  eel,  and  ig,  island.]  A  city  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire, England,  15  miles  north-northeast 
of  Cambridgeo  It  contains  a  famous  cathedral,  abuild- 
ing  of  great  sise,  begun  in  1083.  The  nave  and  west  tower 
were  completed  toward  the  end  of  the  12th  century,  and  the 
west  porch  or  galilee  dates  from  about  1215.  The  Norman 
choir  was  replaced  by  the  existing  presbytery  in  the  middle 
of  the  13th  century,  and  the  octagonal  central  lantern  was 
finished  in  1328.  The  large  Lady  chapel  adjoining  the  north 
transept,  with  elaborate  vaidting  and  ornate  arcading 
ander  the  large  windows,  was  built  in  the  middle  of  the 
14th  century.  The  exterior  of  the  church  is  distinguished 
by  its  high,  castellated  west  tower.  Under  the  tower  is 
a  carious  galilee  or  entrance- porch,  which  opens  into  an 
anilnished  west  transepts  The  nave  is  imposing,  with  its 
long  ranges  of  Norman  arches  and  its  lofty  triforium- 
gallery.  Its  root  is  of  wood.  The  vaulting  of  the  octa- 
gon forms  the  only  existing  Pointed  dome  of  its  type. 
The  presbytery  is  among  the  most  excellent  achieve- 
ments of  Decorated  work.  The  cathedral  measures  520 
by  77  feet ;  length  of  transept,  178J ;  height  of  nave,  62 ; 
of  choir-vaulting,  70.    Population  (1891),  8,017. 

Ely,  Isle  of.  A  marshy  plain  in  Cambridge- 
shire, England,  north  of  the  Ouse.  It  forms  part 
of  Bedford  Level.  It  was  a  stronghold  of  the  Saxons  un- 
der Hereward. 

Ely  Chapel,  The  chapel  of  the  former  palace 
of  the  bishops  of  Ely,  in  the  city  of  London. 
It  is  a  fine  example  of  Decorated  architecture. 

Elymais  (el-i-ma'is).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
region  in  western  Asia.  The  name  was  used 
either  as  an  equivalent  of  Elam  or  for  a  part  of  it. 

Blymas  (el'i-mas).  [G-r.  'EXi/iQc]  A  sorcerer, 
whose  real  name  was  Bar-Jesus,  mentioned  in 
the  New  Testament  (Acts  xiii.  6). 

fSlyot  (el'i-ot),  Sir  Thomas.  Born  probably 
in  Wiltshire,  before  1490:  died  at  Carlton, 
Cambridgeshire,  March  20,  1546.  An  English 
scholar  and  diplomatist.  He  was  educated  at  home. 
In  1511  he  was  clerk  of  assize  on  the  western  circuit,  and 
in  1523  Cardinal  Wolsey  gave  him  the  position  of  clerk  of 
the  privy  council.  He  was  sheriff  of  Oxfordshire  and 
Berkshire  in  1627.  In  1631  he  published  "The  Boke 
named  the  (Jovemour,"  which  related  to  the  education 
ol  statesmen  and  was  dedicated  to  Henry  VIII.  This  se. 
cored  royal  patronage,  and  he  was  appointed  ambassador 
to  Charles  V.  In  1535  he  was  again  sent  to  the  emperor, 
following  him  to  Naples.  He  was  member  of  Parliament 
tor  Cambridge  in  1542.  He  also  wrote  "  Of  the  Know- 
ledge which  maketh  a  Wise  Man"  (1633),  "Pasquil  the 
Flayne "  (1533),  "The  Castel  of  Helth"  (1534),  "Biblio. 
tbeca"(a  Latin  and  English  dictionary,  1638),  "Defence 
vt  Good  Women  "  (1646),  etc. 

E^  Place  (e'li  plas).  A  place  on  Holbom 
ffill,  London,  the  entrance  to  which  is  almost 
opposite  St.  Andrew's  Church.  The  town  house 
of  me  bishops  of  Ely  stood  here,  and  the  place  was  en- 


360 

tered  by  a  great  gateway  built  by  Bishop  Arundel  in 
1388.  John  of  Gaunt  died  here,  ajid  during  the  Common- 
wealth it  was  used  as  a  prison  and  a  hospital  for  wounded 
soldiers.  In  1772  it  was  torn  down,  and  a  chapel  of  the 
13th  century  is  all  that  remains. 
Elyria  (e-llr'i-a).  The  county-seat  of  Lorain 
County,  Ohio,  "situated  on  the  Black  River  25 
miles  west-southwest  of  Cleveland.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  8,791. 

£lys6e  (a-le-za').  Palace  of  the.  [F.,  '  Elysi- 
um.'] A  palace  in  Paris,  built  in  1718,  and 
since  the  reign  of  Louis  XV.  the  property  of 
thd  state,  it  was  used  as  a  private  residence  by  Napo- 
leon I.  and  Napoleon  III.,  to  escape  the  publicity  of  the 
Tuileries ;  and  during  the  republic  of  1848  it  was  the  of- 
ficial residence  of  the  President,  as  it  is  under  the  pres- 
ent republic. 

Elysian  Fields.  A  name  given  to  a  region  near 
the  ancient  town  of  Bales,  Italy,  which  is  par- 
ticularly fertile  and  delightful,  and  is  therefore 
supposed  to  resemble  the  ElysianPields  of  Greek 
mythology.     See  Chamvs-Elys4es  and  Elysium, 

Elysium  (f-Hz'ium).  The  abode  of  the  souls  of 
the  good  and  of  heroes  exempt  from  death,  in 
ancient  classical  mythology.  It  is  described,  par- 
ticularly by  later  poets,  as  a  place  of  exceeding  bliss.  Some 
have  thought  it  to  be  in  the  center  of  the  earth,  some  in  the 
Islands  of  the  Blest,  and  some  in  the  sun  or  mid  air.  In 
the  Odyssey  it  is  a  plain  at  the  end  of  the  earth  "where 
life  is  easiest  to  man.  No  snow  is  there,  nor  yet  great 
storm  nor  any  rain. "    It  is  often  called  the  Elysian  Fields. 

Elze  (el'tse),  Friedrich  Karl.  Bomat Dessau, 
Anhalt,  Germany,  May  22, 1821 :  died  at  Halle, 
Jan.  21,  1889.  A  German  literary  critic,  pro- 
fessor of  the  English  language  and  literature 
at  Halle  from  1875.  He  published  critical  editions  of 
"Hamlet"  (1867,  1882),  of  Chapman's  "Alphonsus,"  and 
of  Rowley's  "When  you  see  me,"  etc.,  "Essays  on  Shak- 
spere,"  "William  Shakspere"  (1876:  English  translation 
1888),  "  Notes  on  Elizabethan  Dramatists  "  (1880-84),  etc. 

Elzevir  (el'ze-vir),  or  Elsevier,  or  Elzevier 
(el'ze-ver).  A  famous  family  of  Dutch  print- 
ers, celebrated  especially  for  their  editions  of 
classical  authors,  and  of  French  authors  on 
historical  and  political  subjects  (a  series  known 
as  "Lespetitesrfipubliq^ues").  The  original  name 
was  Elsevier  or  Elzevier:  in  Latinized  form  it  was  El- 
zeverius,  which  was  finally  corrupted  into  Elzevir. 
Louis,  the  founder  of  the  family,  was  born  at  Louvain, 
near  Brussels,  about  1640,  and  died  at  Leyden,  Feb.  4, 
1617.  The  first  book  ho  printed  was  "  J.  Drusii  Ebraica- 
rum  quaestionum,  sive  queestionum  ao  responsionum  libri 
duo"  (1583),  but  the  first  book  he  published  at  his  own 
risk  was  a  Eutropius  by  P.  Merula  (1592).  He  had  seven 
sons,  flvo  of  whom  followed  his  profession:  Matthieu 
(1664(6?)-164q),  Louis  (1566(7?)-1621(»)),  GiUes  (died  1651), 
Joost  (1676(6*)-.1617(?)),  and  Bonaventure  (1683-1662).  The 
last  was  the  most  celebrated.  In  1626  he  took  into  part- 
nership his  nephew  Abraham,  a  son  of  Matthieu.  In  1647 
Jean  (1622-61),  son  of  Abraham,  joined  them,  and  after 
their  death  Daniel  (1626-80),  son  of  Bonaventure,  came 
into  the  firm.  He  left  it  in  two  years,  and  Jean  continued 
alone  till  his  death.  Daniel  went  to  Amsterdam  in  1664, 
and  entered  into  partnership  with  Louis  (1604-70),  the 
third  of  his  name.  The  latter  had  established  a  printing- 
press  there  in  1638.  Isaac,  a  son  of  Matthieu,  established 
a  press  in  Leyden  which  was  in  existence  from  1616  to 
1625.  The  last  printers  of  the  name  were  Peter,  grandson 
of  iToost,  who  printed  a  few  volumes  at  Utrecht  between 
1667  and  1672,  and  Abraham,  the  son  of  Abraham  the  first, 
who  was  university  printer  at  Leyden  1681-1712. 

Many  of  the  Elzevir  editions  bear  no  other  typographi- 
cal mark  than  simply  the  words  A%iud  jElzeverios,  or  Hx 
^iffina  Elseveriana,  under  the  rubrique  of  the  town, 
isaac  took  as  typographical  mark  the  branch  of  a  tree  sur- 
rounded by  a  vine  branch  bearing  clusters  of  fruit,  and 
below  it  a  man  standing,  with  the  motto  non  solus.  The 
third  Louis  adopted  Minerva  with  an  olive  branch,  and 
the  motto  ne  extra  oleas.  When  the  Elseviers  did  not 
wish  to  put  their  name  to  their  works  they  generally 
marked  them  with  a  sphere,  but  of  course  the  mere  fact 
that  a  work  printed  in  the  17th  century  bears  this  mark 
is  no  proof  that  it  is  theirs.  The  total  number  of  works 
of  all  kinds  which  bear  the  name  of  the  Elseviers  is  1213, 
of  which  968  are  in  Latin,  44  in  Greek,  126  in  French,  32 
in  Flemish,  22  in  the  Eastern  languages,  11  in  German,  and 
10  in  Italian.  Mncyc.  Brit. 

Emanuel.    See  Immanuel. 

Emanuel  (e-man'ii-el)  I.,  Pg.  Manoel  (ma-no- 
el'),  surnamed  "The Great"  and  "The Happy." 
Born  May  3,  1469:  died  at  Lisbon,  Dec.  13, 
1521.  King  of  Portugal,  cousin  of  John  II. 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1495.  He  promoted  the 
expeditions  of  Vaseo  da  Gama,  Cabral,  Corte- 
real,  and  Albuquerque. 

Emanuel,  Paul.  In  Charlotte  Bronte's  novel 
' '  Villette,"  a  lecturer  in  Madame  Beck's  school. 

Emanuel  Philibert,  Duke  of  Savoy.  Bom  at 
Chamb6ry,  Savoy,  July  8,  1528 :  died  Aug.  30, 
1580.  An  Italian  general,  son  of  Charles  III. 
of  Savoy.  He  entered  the  service  of  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  in  1648,  and  in  1663  obtained  command  of  the 
imperial  army  in  the  war  against  the  French,  whom  he 
defeated  at  Saint-Quentin  in  1667.  He  recovered  by  the 
treaty  of  C&teauCambr^sis,  concluded  April  3, 1559,  the 
duchy  of  Savoy,  which  had  been  taken  by  Francis  I.  of 
France  from  Charles  III. 

Emba  (em'ba).  A  river  in  Uralsk,  Asiatic 
Russia,  which  flows  into  the  Caspian  Sea  from 
the  northeast. 


Emilia  G'alotti 

Embla.    See  Ask. 

Embrun  (on-brun').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Hautes-Alpes,  France,  near  the  Durance,  19 
miles  east  of  Gap:  the  ancient  Ebrodunum. 
It  has  a  medieval  cathedral.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  4,017. 

Embury  (em'bur-i),  Philip.  Born  at  Bally- 
garan,  Ireland,  Sept.  21, 1729:  died  at  Camden, 
Washington  County,  N.  Y.,  Aug.,  1775.  The 
first  Methodist  preacher  in  America.  He  began 
preaching  in  New  York  city  in  1766. 

Emden  (em'den),  or  Embden  Cemb'den).  A 
seaport  in  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  DoUart,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Ems,  in  lat.  53°  22'  N.,  long.  7°  12'  E.  it  became 
a  free  imperial  city  under  Dutch  protection  in  1595,  and 
passed  to  Hannover  in  1815.    Population  (1890),  13,424. 

Emerald  Hill  (em'e-rald  hil).  A  suburb  of 
Melbourne,  Australia,  li  miles  south  of  that 
city. 

Emerald  Isle  (em'e-rald  H),  The.  Ireland :  so 
named  on  account  of  its  verdure. 

i^meric-David  (am-rek'da-ved'),  Toussaint 
Bernard.  Bom  at  Aix,  France,  Aug.  20, 1755 : 
died  at  Paris,  April  2,  1839.  A  French  archae- 
ologist and  critic.  Hepublished  "Eecherches  sur  I'art 
statuaire,  etc."  (crowned  by  the  Institute  1800,  published 
1806),  "Jupiter**  (1833),  etc. 

Emerson  (em'6r-son),  George  Barrell.  Born 
at  Kennebunk,  Maine,  Sept.  12,  1797  s  died  at 
Newton,  Mass.,  March  14, 1881.  An  American 
educator,  and  writer  on  education.  He  taught  at 
Boston  many  years,  and  in  1831  assisted  in  the  organization 
of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  of  which  he  be- 
came president  in  1887.  Hewrotea"IleportontheTrees 
and  Shrubs  Growing  Naturally  in  the  Forests  of  Massachu- 
setts" (1846). 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo.  Bom  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  May  25,  1803:  died  at  Concord,  Mass., 
April  27,  1882.  A  celebrated  American  essays 
ist,  lecturer,  and  poet.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
College  in  1821,  and  was  a  Unitarian  clergyman  in  Boston 
1829-32.  In  1833-34  be  commenced  his  career  as  lecturer 
(which  continued  between  thirty  and  forty  years)  on  such 
subjects  as  "Human  Culture,"  "Human  Life,"  "The  Phi- 
losophy of  History,"  "The  Times,"  "The  Present  Age," 
etc.  In  1834  he  settled  at  Concord,  and  edited  "  The  Dial " 
1842-44.  He  was  the  author  of  "Nature"  (1836),  "Es- 
says" (1841  and  1844),  "Poems"  (1846),  "Representative 
Men  "  (I860)," Memoirs  of  Margaret  Fuller "  (1862),  "Eng- 
lish Traits "(1856),  "Conduct  of  Life "(1860),  "May  Day, 
and  Other  Pieces " (1867),  "Society  and  Solitude "  (187OT, 
"Letters  and  Social  Aims"  (1876),  "Poems"  (1876).  He 
also  compiled  and  edited  "  Parnassus,"  a  volume  of  poems 
"  selected  from  the  whole  range  of  English  Literature." 

Emerson,  William,  Bom  at  Hurworth,  near 
Darlington,  England,  May  14,  1701:  died  at 
Hurworth,  May  20,  1782.  An  English  mathe- 
matician. 

Emesa  (em'e-sa).    See  Horns. 

^migr^s  (a-me-gra'),  Les.  [F.,  'the  emigrants.'] 
In  French  history,  the  royalists  who  left  France 
in  1789  and  succeeding  years,  and  took  refuge 
in  Germany,  Switzerland,  Great  Britain,  and 
other  countries.  Part  of  them  fought  against  the 
French  revolutionary  armies,  and  many  had  their  head- 
quarters at  Coblenz.  Some  returned  during  the  consul- 
ate or  empire,  others  not  until  the  Restoration.  Nearly 
all  had  lost  their  property,  but  after  the  Restoration  some 
of  them  received  for  a  few  years  a  government  grant. 

Emile  (a-mel'),  or  De  r^ducation  (de  la-dti- 
ka-sy6n.').  [F.,'of  education.']  A  treatise  on 
education,  in  the  form  of  a  romance,  by  Jean 
Jacques  Rousseau,  published  in  1762:  named 
from  its  chief  character. 

Emilia  (a-mel'e-a),  L.  .Smilia  (e-mil'i-a). 
[The  Roman  province -Emilia  was  named  from 
the  censor  Mmilivs  Lepidus,  builder  of  the  Via 
-Emilia.]  A  division  of  northern  Italy  forming 
a  compartimento,  lying  south  of  the  Po  and 
north  of  Tuscany,  it  comprises  the  provinces  of  Bo- 
logna,  Ferrara,  Forli,  Modena,  Parma,  Piacenza,  Ravenna, 
and  Reggie  nell'  Emilia.  Area,  7,967  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  2,260,848. 

Emilia  (e-mil'i-a).  [L.  JEmilia,  tern,  of  -iSfmi- 
Kms.]  1.  A  character  in  Chaucer's  "  Knight's 
Tale,"  Dryden's  "Palamon  and  Arcite,"  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher's  "Two  Noble  Kinsmen," 
and  other  versions  of  the  same  story,  she  is  a 
ve^  beautiful  woman,  loved  by  both  Palamon  and  Arcite, 
and  won  by  the  former.  The  name  is  variously  spelled 
Emdie,  Smelye,  Emily,  etc. 

2.  In  Shakspere's  tragedy  "  Othello,"  the  wife 
of  lago.  She  reveals  his  perfidy,  and  he  kills 
her. — 3.  An  attendant  on  Hermione  in  Shak- 
spere's "Winter's  Tale,"— 4.  Thewomanloved 
by  Peregrine  Pickle,  in  Smollett's  "Adventures 
of  Peregrine  Pickle." 

Emilia  Galotti  (a-me'le-a  ga-lot'te).  Atragedy 
by  Lessing,  produced  in  Germany  in  1772,  and 
produced  on  the  English  stage  by  Thompson 
in  1794. 


Emilian  Way 

Emilian  Way,    See  Via  Mmilia. 

Emilio.     See  Mmilius. 

Emily  (em'j-li).  [F.  Emilie,  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Emilia, 
G.  Em%Ue.'\  1.  The  heroine  of  Mrs.  Radeliffe's 
"  Mysteries  of  Udolpho."  By  her  dread  of  real  dan- 
gers  she  is  skilfully  made  to  believe  in  unreal  ones. 
3.  In  Dickens's  "David Copperfield,"  Mr.  Peg- 
gotty's  niece,  called  "Little  Emily."  she  is  af- 
fianced to  Ham  Peggotty,  and  is  afterward  betrayed  by 
Steerforth. 

Eminence  Grise  (a-me-nons'  grez),  L".  [F., 
'  The  Gray  Cardinal.']  A  painting  by  G^rdme, 
now  in  the  Stebbins  collection,  New  York,  it 
represents  the  noted  confessor  of  Cardinal  de  Richelieu 
descending  a  palace  staircase,  feignedly  oblivious  of  the 
cringing  before  him  and  the  gestures  of  hatred  behind 
him  of  a  body  of  brilliant  courtiers. 

Emin  Pasha  (a'men  pash'a)  or  Bey  (ba)  (Ed- 
uard  Schnitzer).  Born  at  Oppeln,  Germany, 
March  28,  1840 :  killed  near  Nyangwe  by  the 
Arabs  in  1892.  A  noted  African  explorer. 
Born  of  Jewish  parents,  he  became  a  Protestant  in  1846, 
and  professed  Islamism  when  he  entered  the  service  of 
Mohammedan  governments.  After  studies  in  medicine 
and  ornithology  he  went,  in  1865,  to  Turkey,  where  he  ac- 
companied a  high  ofBcial  in  his  journeys  until  1873.  In 
1875  he  made  a  short  visit  to  Germany.  In  1878  he  joined 
Gordon  Pasha,  then  governor  of  the  Sudan,  explored  the 
Kile  up  to  Lake  Albert,  and  visited  Mtesa  in  1877.  In 
1878  he  was  made  bey  and  governor  of  the  Equatorial 
Provinces.  In  a  few  years  he  raised  his  ruined  prov- 
inces to  relative  prosperity,  made  rich  scientific  collec- 
tions, and  completed  the  accounts  of  Sohweinfurth  and 
Junker.  From  1883  he  was  cut  off,  by  the  Kahdi,  from 
communication  with  Egypt,  and  his  position  soon  became 
precarious.  Stanley  went  to  his  relief,  and  both  reached 
the  east  coast  in  1889.  In  the  service  of  Germany  he  re- 
turned to  the  lakes  in  1890,  accompanied  by  Dr.  Stuhl- 
mann  and  Lieutenant  Langheld.  He  established  the  sta- 
tion of  Bukoba,  and  left  it  in  charge  of  Lieutenant  Lang- 
held.  With  Dr.  Stuhlmann  he  then  proceeded  westward, 
intending,  despite  contrary  orders,  to  make  his  way  to 
the  west  coast  by  way  of  the  Shari.  At  Momf  u,  west  of 
Albert  Ky^nza,  the  rebellion  of  his  carriers  compelled 
him  to  change  his  route  (1891).  Dr.  Stuhlmann  returned 
to  the  coast  with  the  richest  harvest  of  scientific  data 
ever  gathered  by  an  African  expedition.  Emin  was  killed 
by  the  Arabs,  by  order  of  Chief  Eibonge,  near  Nyangwe, 
in  October,  1892.  Two  of  the  murderers  confessed  their 
crime  to  E.  Dorsey  Mohun,  United  States  agent  in  the 
Kongo  Tree  State,  in  April,  1894. 

Emma  (em'a).  A  novel  by  Jane  Austen,  pub- 
lished in  1816. 

Emmanuel,  or  Emanuel  (e-man'u-el).  See 
Immanuel. 

Emmanuel  College.  A  college  of  Cambridge 
University,  founded  in  1584,  on  the  site  of  a 
convent  of  the  Black  Friars,  by  Sir  Walter  Mild- 
may  for  the  defense  of  Puritanism.  Some  of  the 
buildings  of  the  convent  were  adapted  to  the  uses  of  the 
college.  The  chapel  was  built  by  Wren.  Over  the  cloister 
there  is  a  gallery  of  portraits.  The  library  possesses  many 
treasures. 

Emmanuel's  Land.    See  Delectable  Mountains. 

Emmaus  (em'a-us  or  e-ma'us).  [Gr.'B^,uao{if.] 
In  scriptural  geography,  a  village  of  Palestine 
not  far  from  Jerusalem,  its  exact  position  is  un- 
known. It  was  long  id  entified  with  a  city  (Emmaus,  later 
Nicopolis,  modern  'AmwSa)  about  20  miles  from  Jerusa- 
lem. 

Emmendingen  (em'men-ding-en).  A  town  in 
the  circle  of  Freiburg,  Baden,  situated  near  the 
Elz  10  miles  north  of  Freiburg.  Here,  Oct.  19, 
1796,  the  Austrians  defeated  the  French  under 
Moreau.    Population  (1890),  4,039. 

Emmenthal  (em'men-tal).  A  valley  in  the  can- 
ton of  Bern,  Svritzerland,  east  of  Bern,  noted 
for  its  fertility  and  beauty.  It  is  traversed  by 
a  tributary  of  the  Aare,  the  Emme.  The  chief 
town  is  Langnau. 

Emmerich  (em'mer-ioh).  A  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine,  near 
the  Dutch  frontier,  in  lat.  51°  50'  N.,  long.  6° 
14'  E. :  the  ancient  Embrica.  It  has  a  minster. 
Population  (1890),  8,237. 

Emmet  (em'et),  Bobert.  Born  at  Dublin  m 
1778:  hanged  at  Dublin,  Sept.  20,  1803.  An 
Irish  revolutionist,  brother  of  Thomas  Addis 
Emmet.  He  was,  like  his  brother,  a  leader  of  the  United 
Irishmen,  and  in  July,  180S,  put  himself  at  the  head  of  an 
unsuccessful  rising  in  Dublin.  He  escaped  to  the  Wick- 
tow  Mountains,  but  returned  to  take  leave  of  his  aflianced, 
Sarah  Curran,  with  the  result  that  he  was  captured  and 
hanged  His  attachment  to  Miss  Curran  is  celebrated 
by  Moore  in  his  famous  poem  "She  is  far  from  the  land 
where  her  young  hero  sleeps." 

Emmet,  Thomas  Addis.  Born  at  Cork,  Ire- 
land, April  24, 1764:  died  at  New  York,  Nov.  14, 
1827.  An  Irish  lawyer  and  politician,  brother 
of  Robert  Emmet.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Irish  bar 
in  1790,  was  elected  secretary  of  the  Society  of  United 
Irishmen  in  1795,  and  became  one  of  the  du-ectors  of  the 
society  in  1797.  He  was  implicated  in  the  rebellion  of 
1798,  in  which  "ear  he  was  arrested,  together  with  the 
other  directors.'  He  was  imprisoned  until  1802,  and  in 
1804  emigrated  to  New  York,  where  he  practised  law,  and 
in  1812  became  attorney-general  of  the  State. 

Emmez.    See  Jemez. 


361 

Emmitsburg  (em'its-berg),  or  Emmetsburg 

(em'ets-berg).  A  town  in  Frederick  County, 
Maryland,  48  miles  northwest  of  Baltimore.  It 
is  the  seat  of  Mount  St.  Marv's  College  (Roman 
Catholic).     Population  (190"0),  849. 

Emmons  (em'gnz),  Nathanael.  Born  at  East 
Haddam,  Conn.,  April  20,  1745:  died  at  Frank- 
lin, Mass.,  Sept.  23,  1840.  An  American  Con- 
gregational clergyman  and  theologian.  His 
collected  works  were  published  in  1842. 

Emory  (em'6-ri),  William  Hemsley.  Born  in 
Maryland,  Sept.  9,  1811:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  Deo.  1,  1887.  An  American  soldier.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1831 ;  became  lieutenant  of 
topographical  engineers  in  1838;  served  on  the  staff  of 
General  Kearny  during  the  Mexican  war ;  was  appointed 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers  March  17,  1882;  com- 
manded a  division  under  General  Banks  in  Louisiana  in 
1868 ;  commanded  the  19th  army  corps  in  the  Red  River 
expedition  in  1864 ;  and  fought  with  distinction  at  Ope- 
quan  Creek,  Sept.  19, 1864,  and  at  Fisher's  Hill,  Sept.  22, 
1864.  He  wrote  "  Notes  of  a  Military  Reconnoissance  in ' 
Missouri  and  California"  (1848),  and  "Report  on  the 
United  States  and  Mexican  Boundary  Survey"  (1868-69), 

Emory  College.  An  institution  of  learning  at 
Oxford,  Georgia,  incorporated  in  1836.  It  is 
under  the  control  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  (South). 

Empedocles  (em-;ped'o-klez).  [Gr.  "EftneSo- 
K^7f.]  Bom  at  Agrigentum,  Sicily :  lived  about 
490-430  B.  C.  A  Greek  philosopher,  poet,  and 
statesman.  He  was  a  supporter  of  the  democratic  party 
in  his  native  city  against  the  aristocracy,  and  possessed 
great  influence  through  his  wealth,  eloquence,  and  know- 
ledge. He  followed  Pythagoras  and  Parmenides  in  his 
teachings.  He  professed  magic  powers,  prophecy,  and  a 
miraculous  power  of  healing,  and  came  to  have,  in  popu- 
lar belief,  a  superhuman  character.  He  was  said  to  have 
thrown  himself  into  the  crater  of  Etna  in  order  that, 
from  his  sudden  disappearance,  the  people  might  believe 
him  to  be  a  god. 

The  figure  of  Empedocles  of  Agrigentum,  when  seen 
across  the  twenty-three  centuries  which  separate  us  from 
him,  presents  perhaps  a  more  romantic  appearance  than 
that  of  any  other  Greek  philosopher.  This  is  owing,  in  a 
great  measure,  to  the  fables  which  invest  his  life  and  death 
with  mystery,  to  his  reputation  for  magical  power,  and  to 
the  wild  sublimity  of  some  of  his  poetic  utterances.  Yet, 
even  in  his  lifetime,  and  among  contemporary  Greeks,  he 
swept  the  stage  of  life  like  a  great  tragic  actor,  and  left  to 
posterity  the  fame  of  genius  as  a  poet,  a  physician,  a  pa- 
triot, and  a  philosopher. 

Symonds,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  I.  207. 

Empedocles  on  Etna.  A  classical  drama  by 
Matthew  Arnold,  published  in  1853  and  1867. 

Empire  City.  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
New  York  as  the  metropolis  of  the  Empire 
State. 

Empire  State.  A  name  popularly  given  to  New 
York  on  account  of  its  leading  position  in  re- 
spect of  population,  wealth,  and  industrial  en- 
terprises. 

Empoli  (em'p6-le).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Florence,  Italy,  on  the  Amo  15  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Florence.  Population  (1881), 
commune,  17,487. 

Emporia  (em-p6'ri-a).  The  county-seat  of 
Lyon  County,  Kansas,  situated  on  the  Neosho 
■River  52  miles  sduthwest  of  Topeka.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  8,223. 

Empson  (emp'son),  or  Emson,  Richard.  Exe- 
cuted at  London,  Aug.  17,  1510.  An  English 
politician.  He  was  associated  with  Edmund  Dudley  in 
the  execution  of  the  obnoxious  financial  policy  of  Henry 
VII.,  and  became  the  object  of  popular  hatred  by  the  rigor 
with  which  he  collected  the  taxes  and  penalties  due  to  the 
crown.  After  the  death  of  Henry  he  was  executed  with 
his  associate  on  the  charge  of  treason. 

Empusa  (em-pti'sa).  [Gr."E(mrotjaa,  one-footed.] 
In  Greek  legend,  a  cannibal  monster  sent  by 
Hecate  (under  various  forms)  to  frighten  trav- 
elers. The  Lamise  were  reckoned  among  the  Empusse. 
An  Empusa  is  mentioned  in  "The  Frogs"  of  ^Aristophanes, 
and  also  in  the  life  of  Apollonius  Tyanseus  by  Philostratus, 
and  Goethe  introduces  one  in  the  second  part  of  "  Faust." 
The  last  has  not  the  same  habit  of  transformation  as  the 
others,  but  surpasses  them  all  in  her  hideous  appearance 
and  her  cannibalistic  habits. 

Ems  (emz).  [Gr.  (Strabo)  'A/iaaiac,  (Ptolemy) 
'A/i&acog;  L.  Amisia,  Amisivs,  later  Emisa,  Eme- 
sa."]  A  river  of  Prussia  which  rises  in  West- 
phalia near  Paderboru,  and  flows  through  the 
DoUart  into  the  North  Sea  at  the  Dutch  fron- 
tier.   Length,  180  miles. 

Ems,  or  Bad  Ems  (bad  emz).  A  town  and 
watering-place  in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nas- 
sau, Prussia,  on  the  Lahn  7  miles  southeast  of 
Coblenz.  it  is  one  of  the  most  frequented  health-re- 
sorts in  Germany,  on  account  of  its  hot  mineral  springs. 
Here  occurred  the  famous  interview,  July  13,  1870,  be- 
tween William  I.  of  Prussia  and  the  French  ambassador 
Benedetti,  which  precipitated  the  Franco-German  war. 
Population  (1890),  5,472. 

Emser  (em'zer),  Hieronymus.  Bom  at  aim, 
Germany,  March  26,  1477:  died  at  Dresden, 
Nov.  8, 1527.     A  German  theologian.    He  became 


Encyclopedia 

in  1604  secretary  to  Duke  George  of  Saxony,  who  gave  him 
a  benefice  in  Dresden.  An  account  of  the  disputation  at 
Leipsic  (1619),  which  he  gave  in  an  open  letter  addressed 
to  John  Zack  of  Prague,  occasioned  a  violent  controversy 
with  Luther.  He  attacked  Luther's  translation  of  the 
Bible,  and  published  in  1627  a  translation  of  the  New 
Testament  after  the  Vulgate. 

^nambuc  (a-uon-biik'),  or  Esnambuc,  Pierre 
Vandrosciue  Diel  d'.  Bom,  probably  at 
Dieppe,  about  1570 :  died  on  the  island  of  St. 
Christopher  (St.  Kitts),  West  Indies,  Dec, 
1636.  _  The  founder  of  the  French  West  Indian 
colonies.  He  engaged  in  privateering  cruises,  and  in 
1625  established  a  colony  on  St.  Christopher,  at  the  same 
time  that  the  crew  of  an  English  vessel  settled  there. 
D'Enambuc  was  aided  by  Richelieu,  and  though  his  colony 
was  driven  out  for  a  time  by  the  Spaniards  (1629),  and 
passed  through  many  vicissitudes,  it  ultimately  prospered. 
He  founded  others  in  various  islands. 

Enanthe  (e -nan 'the).  [See  CEnanthe.']  In 
Fletcher's  "Humorous  Lieutenant,"  the  name 
,   under  which  Celia  disguises  herself. 

Enara  (a-na'ra),  or  Enare  (a-nS'ra),  Lake. 
A  large  lake  in  the  extreme  northern  part  of 
Finland,  with  an  outlet  into  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

Enarchus  (e-nar'kus).  In  Sidney's ' '  Arcadia," 
the  King  of  Macedon.  He  is  the  father  of  Pyro- 
oles  and  uncle  of  Musidorus. 

Enarea  (e-na'ra-a).  A  region  in  the  Galla 
country,  Africa,  south  of  Abyssinia,  about  lat. 
8°  30'  N.,  long.  37°  E. 

Encalada,  Manuel  Blanco.  See  Blanco  En- 
calada. 

Enceladus  (en-sel'a-dus).  [Gr.  'E/Kelladof.] 
1.  In  Greek  mythology,  one  of  the  hundred- 
armed  giants,  a  son  of  Tartarus  and  Ge. — 2. 
The  second  satellite  of  Saturn,  discovered  by 
Herschel  Aug.  28,  1789. 

Enchanted  Horse,  The.  A  fabulous  horse  in 
"  The  Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments."  Firouz 
Schah,  the  Prince  of  Persia,  is  carried  by  the  enchanted 
horse  to  the  palace  of  the  Princess  of  Bengal,  and  persuades 
her  to  return  with  him.  The  Indian  who  owns  the  horse 
abducts  her.  The  Sultan  of  Kashmir  rescues  her.  Firouz 
Schah  follows  them,  disguised  as  a  dervish,  and  by  a  clever 
ruse  gains  possession  of  princess  and  horse. 

Enchanted  Island,  The.  Dryden's  alteration 
of  Shakspere's  "  Tempest." 

Encinaj,  or  Enzina  (en-the'na),  Juan  de  la  or 
del.  Born  at  or  near  Salamanca,  Spain,  about 
1469 :  died  at  Salamanca,  1534.  A  Spanish  poet, 
founder  of  the  Spanish  drama.  He  was  for  a  time 
in  the  household  of  the  first  Duke  of  Alba ;  went  to  Rome, 
entered  the  church,  and  became  cbapeL-master  to  Leo 
X.;  visited  the  Holy  Land;  and  became  prior  of  Leon. 
He  published  a  collection  of  his  dramatic  and  lyric  poems, 
"Cancionero"  (1496  :  enlarged  1609). 

Enciso  (en -the 'so),  Martin  Fernandez  de. 
Born  about  1470:  died  after  1528.  A  Spanish 
lawyer.  He  went  to  America  with  Bastidas  in  1500, 
and  settled  as  a  lawyer  at  Santo  Domingo.  In  1509  he 
joined  the  enterprise  of  Ojeda  for  colonizing  Tierra 
Firme.  Ojeda  sailed  in  Nov.,  1609,  and  Enciso  followed 
with  another  ship  in  May,  1510,  Ojeda  having  left  the 
colony,  Enciso  took  command  of  the  survivors  and  found- 
ed Antigua  (Darien),  but  he  was  soon  deposed  and  ban- 
ished by  Balboa  and  others.  He  went  to  Spain,  and  in 
1514  returned  to  Darien  as  alguacil  mayor  of  Pedrarias'a 
expedition.  Late  in  1514  he  led  an  expedition  against  the 
Indians  of  Cenii.  Probably  he  soon  returned  to  Spain. 
In  1519  he  published  there  his  "Suma  de  geo^rafia," 
which  gives  the  first  account  in  Spanish  of  the  New 
World. 

Encke  (eng'ke),  Johann  Franz.  Bom  at  Ham- 
burg, Sept.  23,  1791:  died  at  Spandau,  near 
Berlin,  Aug.  26,  1865.  A  German  astronomer. 
He  becameinl825  secretary  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  and 
director  of  the  Observatory  in  Berlin.  He  is  best  known 
from  his  investigation  of  the  comet  named  for  him. 

Encke's  Comet.  A  comet  discovered  by  Pons 
at  Marseilles,  Nov.  26,  1818,  and  more  fully 
investigated  by  J.  F.  Encke,  for  whom  it  was 
named. 

Encratites  (en'kra-lits).  [Gr.  'Eiwpartraf,  lit. 
'  the  self -disciplined,' '  continent.']  fn  the  early 
history  of  the  church,  especially  among  the 
(Jnostics,  those  ascetics  who  refrained  from 
marriage  and  from  the  use  of  flesh-meat  and 
wine .  They  were  members  of  various  heretical  sects,  al- 
though sometimes  spoken  of  as  a  distinct  body  founded 
by  the  apologist  Tatian  of  the  2d  century.  They  were 
also  called  Cmtinenis, 

Encyclopaedia  Britannica  (en-si-klo-pe'di-a 
bri-tan'i-ka).  An  English  "  dictionary  of  arts, 
sciences,  and  general  literature,"  first  pub- 
lished, in  parts,  at  Edinburgh  1768-71:  last 
(9th)  edition  1875-88.  Eleven  supplementary 
volumes,  including  an  atlas  and  an  index  to  the 
whole  work,  were  issued  1902-3. 

Encyclopedia,  The.    See  EncyclopMie. 

Encyclopedie  (on-se-kl6-pa-de'):  full  title, 
"Dictionnaire  raisonn6  des  sciences,  des  arts 
et  des  metiers"  ('Methodical  Dictionary  of 
the  Sciences,  Arts,  and  Trades').  A  French 
encyclopedia.    See  the  extract. 


Encyclop^die 

It  was  a  French  translation,  by  John  Mills,  of  Cham- 
hers's  "Cyclopsedia"  which  originally  formed  the  basis 
of  that  famous  "  Encyclop^die  "  which,  becoming  in  the 
hands  of  D'Alembert  and  Diderot  the  organ  of  the  most 
advanced  and  revolutionary  opinions  of  the  time,  was  the 
object  of  the  most  violent  persecution  by  the  conservative 
party  in  church  and  state,  and  suffered  egregious  mutila- 
tions at  the  hands  not  only  of  hostile  censors  but  of  timor- 
ous printers.  So  thoroughly  was  it  identified  with  the 
philosophic  movement  of  the  time  that  the  term  eneyolo- 
pidiste  became  the  recognized  designation  of  all  at- 
tached to  a  certain  form  of  philosophy.  Appearing  at 
Paris  in  28  vols,  between  1751  and  1772,  it  was  followed 
by  a  supplement  in  5  vols.  (Amst.  1776-77),  and  an  ana- 
lytical index  in  2  vols.  (Paris,  1780).  Voltaire's  "Ques- 
tions sur  I'Encyolop^die''  (1770)  formed  a  kind  of  critical 
appendix.  La  Porte's  "Esprit  de  I'Encyclop^die "  (Paris, 
1768)  gave  ar^sum^  of  the  more  important  articles,  and  un- 
der the  same  title  Hennequin  compiled  a  similar  epitome 
(Paris,  1822-23).  Chambers's  Bncyc,  IV.  335. 

Encyclopedists,  or  Encyclopsedists  (eu-si- 
kl9-pe'dists).  Tlie  collaborators  in  the  ency- 
clopedia of  Diderot  and  D'Alembert  (1751-65). 
The  Encyclopedists  as  a  body  were  the  exponents  of  the 
French  skepticism  of  the  18th  century. 

Endeavor,  The.  A  Britisli  sbip  commanded  by 
Captain  Cfook,  then  lieutenant,  it  was  sent  out 
in  1768  by  the  Royal  Society  to  the  Pacific  to  observe  the 
transit  of  Venus.  Captain  Cook  returned  in  1771,  having 
made  important  explorations  and  discoveries.  See  Cookj 
JaTnes. 

Endeavor  Strait.  [Namedfrom  the  Endeavor, 
Captain  Cook's  ship.]  A  strait  in  north  Aus- 
tralia, east  of  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  between 
Cape  York  and  Wolf  Island. 

Ender  (en'der),  Johann.  Born  at  Vienna, 
Nov.  3,  1793 :  died  at  Vienna,  March  16,  1854. 
An  Austrian  historical  and  portrait-painter. 

Enderby  Land  (en'der-bi  land).  [First  dis- 
covered by  Dirk  Gherritsz  (1599),  and  named 
for  him :  later  (1831)  named  by  the  English 
captain  Biscoe  of  the  whaler  Tula  for  his  em- 
ployers.] A  district  in  the  Antarctic  region, 
about  lat.  67°  S.,  long.  50°  E. 

Endicott  (en'di-kot),  John.  Bom  at  Dorches- 
ter, England,  1589:  died  at  Boston,  Mass., 
March  15,  1665.  A  governor  of  the  Massachu- 
setts colony.  He  emigrated  to  America  in  1628 ;  con- 
ducted an  expedition  against  the  Pequot  Indians  in  1636 ; 
and  was  made  deputy  governor  in  1641,  governor  in  1644, 
and  major-general  of  the  colonial  troops  in  1645.  From 
1649  until  his  death  he  was  governor,  except  in  1650  and 
in  1654,  when  he  was  deputy  governor.  He  was  a  zealous 
Puritan,  and  persecuted  the  Quakers,  four  of  whom  were 
executed  in  Boston  under  his  administration. 

Endicott,  William  Crowninshield,  Born  at 
Salem, Mass.,  1827:  died  at  Boston,  May  6, 1900. 
An  American  politician  and  jurist.  He  was 
judge  of  the  Massachusetts  Supreme  Court  1873- 
1882,  and  Democratic  secretary  of  war  1885-89. 

Endimion.    See  Endymion. 

Endlicher  (end'lieh-er),  Stephan  Ladislans. 
Born  at  Presburg,  Hungary,  June  24,  1804: 
died  at  Vienna,  March  28,  1849.  A  noted  Hun- 
garian botanist  and  linguist,  professor  of  bot- 
any at  the  Vienna  University  from  1840. 
He  published  "Genera  plantarum"  (1831-41), 
"Synopsis  coniferarum"  (1847),  etc. 

Endor  (en'dor).  [Heb.,  '  spring  of  Dor.']  In 
scriptural  geography,  a  village  in  Palestine, 
near  Tabor,  13  miles  southwest  of  the  Sea  of 
Galilee.  Here  Saul  consulted  a  female  soothsayer 
("witch  of  Endor")  on  the  eve  of  his  last  engagement  with 
the  Philistines. 

Endymion  (en-dim'i-on).  [Gr.  ''EmSvfiluv.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a  beautiful  youth  whom,  whUe 
he  was  sleeping  in  a  cave  on  Mount  Latmus,  Se- 
lene (the  moon)  kissed.-  The  legends  about  him  vary 
greatly.  He  is  described  as  a  king,  and  also  as  a  shepherd 
and  a  hunter,  and  various  accounts  of  his  parentage  are 
given.  He  had  asked  Zeus  for  immortality,  eternal  slum- 
ber, and  undying  youth,  and  had  fallen  asleep  on  Latmus, 
never  to  awake. 

Endymion.  A  poem  by  John  Keats,  published 
ia  1818. 

Endymion.  A  novel  by  Benjamin  Disraeli, 
Lord  Beaeonsfleld,  published  in  1880. 

Endymion,  Sleeping.  A  classical  statue  in 
Parian  marble,  found  in  Hadrian's  ViUa  at 
Tivoli,  and  now  in  the  National  Museum  at 
Stockholm,  Sweden. 

Eneas.     See  Mneas. 

Enfantin  (on-fon-tan'),  Barthelemy  Prosper. 
Bom  at  Paris,  Feb.  8,  1796 :  died  there,  Aug. 
31,  1864.  A  French  socialist,  one  of  the  lead- 
ers of  Saint-Simonism.  He  published  "  Traits 
d'6conomie  politique"  (1830),  "La  religion 
saint-simonienne  "  (1831),  etc. 

Enfant Prodigne (on-fon' pro-deg').  [F.,'Prod- 
igal  Child.']  An  opera  by  Auber,  libretto  by 
Scribe,  produced  at  Paris  in  1850. 

EnfantS  de  Dieu  (on-fon'  de  die).  [F.,' Chil- 
dren of  God.']     The  Camisards. 

Enfield  (en'feld).     1.  A  town  of  Middlesex, 


362 

England,  within  the  metropolitan  district  of 
London.  It  contains  the  ruins  of  a  royal  palace.  Nearit 
is  a  government  factory  of  small  arms.  Pop.  (1891),  31,632. 
2.  A  town  in  Hartford  County,  Comiecticut, 
situated  on  the  Connecticut  Eiver  14  miles 
north-northeast  of  Hartford,  it  has  noted  manu- 
factures of  carpets  and  powder.  It  contains  a  community 
of  Shakers.  Population  a900j,  6,699. 
Enfield,  William,  Bom  at  Sudbury,  England, 
March  29,  1741:  died  at  Norwich,  England, 
Nov.  3, 1797.  An  English  dissenting  divine.  He 
published  "Preacher's  Dkectory"  (1771),  "The  Speaker" 
(1774),  and  other  compilations. 

Engadine  (en-ga-den').  [G.  Engadin,  Romansh 
JEngiadina.']  A  vaUey  in  the  canton  of  Grisons, 
Switzerland,  traversed  by  the  Inn,  noted  for 
its  health-resorts  and  high  elevation.  It  is  di- 
vided into  the  Upper  and  Lower  Engadine,  and  is  sur- 
rounded by  mountains.  It  contains  Ms,  SUvaplana,  St. 
Moritz,  Samaden,  Pontresina,  Tarasp,  etc.  The  prevailing 
language  is  Bomansh.    Length,  60  miles. 

Engagement,  The.  In  English  history,  an 
agreement  between  Charles  I.  and  the  Scottish 
commissioners,  made  at  Newport,Isle  of  Wight, 
Dee.  26, 1647.  The  Scottish  army  was  to  restore 
Charles,  who  consented  to  an  establishment  of 
Presbyterianism  in  England. 

Engedi  (en-ge'di  or  en'ge-di).  [Heb., 'spring 
of  the  goat.']  In  scriptural  geography,  a  place 
abounding  in  caverns,  situated  on  the  western 
shore  of  the  Dead  Sea,  26  miles  southeast  of 
Jerusalem :  the  modern  Ain- Jidy.  In  the  desert 
of  Engedi  David  hid  from  Saul. 

Engelberg  (eng'el-bera).  A  health-resort  in 
the  canton  of  Unterwalden,  Switzerland,  south 
of  Lucerne.     It  has  a  Benedictine  abbey. 

Engelhardt  (eng'el-hart),  Johann  Georg  Veit. 
Born  at  Neustadt  (an-der-Aisch),  Nov.  12, 1791 : 
died  at  Brlangen,  Sept.  13,  1855.  A  German 
church  historian .  He  became  professor  of  theology  at 
Erlangen  in  1822.  He  published  "Die  angeblichen  Sohrif- 
ten  des  Areopagiten  Dionysius,  ubersetzt  und  mit  Abhand- 
lungen  begleitet"  (1823),  "Handbuch  der  Eirchenge- 
schiohte  "  (1838),  and  "Dogmengeschichte"(1839). 

Engelmann  (eng'el-man),  George.  Bom  at 
Prankf  ort-on-the-Main,  Germany,  Feb.  2,  1809 : 
died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Feb.  18,  1884.  A  Ger- 
man-American botanist  and  physician. 

Enghien  (on-gian').  1.  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  18  miles  southwest  of 
Brussels.  It  has  manufactures  of  lace.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  4,313. —  2.  A  watering-place  near 
Paris  on  the  north. 

Enghien,  Due  d'  (Louis  Antoine  Henri  de 
Bourbon-Cond4).  Bom  at  ChantUly,  Oise, 
France,  Aug.  2,  1772 :  executed  at  Vincennes, 
near  Paris,  March  21,  1804.  A  French  prince, 
sou  of  Louis  Henri  Joseph,  duke  of  Bourbon. 
He  emigrated  from  France  in  1789,  and  fought  under  his 
grandfather,  the  Prince  of  Cond§,  1792-1801,  when  he  re- 
tired to  private  life  at  Ettenheim  in  Baden.  Here  he  was 
arrested  March  16,  1804,  though  on  neutral  territory,  by 
French  troops  under  orders  from  Napoleon.  He  was  tried 
before  a  military  tribunal  during  the  night  of  March  20-21, 
on  the  charge  of  complicity  in  the  conspiracy  of  Cadoudal 
against  the  life  of  Napoleon,  and,  although  no  evidence 
was  taken,  was  sentenced  and  shot  at  Vincennes  at  day- 
break March  21, 1804.  This  proceeding  excited  general 
indignation  throughout  Europe,  and,  aside  from  its  moral 
aspect,  is  considered  one  of  the  gravest  political  blunders 
which  Napoleon  committed.    Fyffe. 

Engls  (on-zhe').     See  the  extract. 

A  more  favourable  specimen  of  this  type  is  the  cele- 
brated skull  (index,  7052)  which  was  found  seventy  miles 
south-west  of  the  Neanderthal  in  a  cavern  at  Engis,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Meuse,  eight  miles  south-west  of  Li^ge. 
It  was  embedded  in  a  breccia  with  remains  of  the  mam- 
moth, the  rhinoceros,  and  the  reindeer.  It  has  usually 
been  referred  to  the  quaternary  period,  but  as  a  fragment 
of  pottery  was  found  in  the  same  deposit  it  Is  possible 
that  the  contents  of  the  cave  may  have  been  swept  in  by 
water,  so  that  the  skull  may  be  only  of  neolithic  age. 

Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  107. 

England  (ing'gland).  [Early  mod.  E.  also  Eng- 
land, Inglond,  ME.  England,  England,  Inglond, 
earlier  Englelond,  AS.  Engla-land,  land  of  the 
Angles ;  (x.  England,  F.  Angleterre,  It.  Inghil- 
terra,  Sp.  Pg.  Inglaterra,  D.  Engeland.']  A 
country  of  Europe,  which  forms  with  Wales 
the  southern  portion  of  the  island  of  Great 
Britain.  It  is  bounded  by  Scotland  (partly  separated  by 
the  Tweed,  Cheviot  Hills,  and  Sol  way  Birth)  on  the  north ; 
the  North  Sea  on  the  east ;  the  Strait  of  Dover  and  the 
English  Channel  (separating  it  from  France)  on  the  south ; 
and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  Bristol  Channel,  Wales,  and  the 
Irish  Sea  on  the  west.  It  includes  the  Isle  of  Wight  and 
a  few  smaller  islands.  The  surface  is  generally  level  or 
undulating  in  the  east,  south,  and  center ;  and  mountain- 
ous in  the  northwest  (Lake  District),  near  the  Welsh  border, 
and  in  the  southwest.  The  highest  mountain  is  Scafell 
Pike  (3,210  feet).  The  chief  river-systems  are  those  of 
the  Thames,  Humber,  and  Severn.  It  has  important  agri- 
culture, but  its  chief  interests  are  commercial,  manufac- 
turing, and  mining.  It  (with  the  rest  of  Great  Britain)  has 
almost  a  monopoly  of  the  ocean  carrying-trade  of  the  world. 
The  largest  commercial  cities  are  London,  Liverpool,  Man- 
chester, Birmingham,  Leeds,  Sheffield,  Bristol,  and  Brad- 


English  Channel 

ford.  The  chief  manufactures  are  cotton  and  woolen 
goods,  iron  and  steel,  hardware,  leather,  etc.  Its  mineral 
products  are  iron  and  coal,  tin,  copper,  etc.  England  has  40 
counties  (Northumberland,  Darham,  Yorki  Cumberland, 
Westmoreland,  Lancashire,  Cheshire,  Stafford,  Derby,  Not 
tingham,  Lincoln,  Norfolk,  Cambridge,  Huntingdon,  fiut- 
land,  Leicester,  Shropshire,  Hereford,  Worcester,  Warwiclc, 
Northampton,  Bedford,  Suffolk,  Essex,  Hertford,  Middle- 
sex, Buckingham,  Oxford,  Gloucester,  Monmouth,  Wilt- 
shire, Berkshire,  Surrey,  Kent,  Sussex,  Hampshire!  Dorset, 
Somerset,  Devon,  and  Cornwall) ;  its  capital  is  London, 
an  d  its  government  a  constitutional  hereditary  monarchy. 
The  Anglican  Church  is  established,  and  there  are  many 
Protestant  dissenting  bodies  and  a  large  following  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church.  (For  its  foreign  possessions,  see 
Great  Britain.)  There  are  some  monuments  of  its  prime- 
val inhabitants  before  the  Celts,  of  whom,  however,  but 
little  is  known.  Among  the  leading  events  in  English  his- 
tory are  invasions  by  Julius  Csesar,  55  and  54  B.  c;  sub- 
jugation of  the  Celtic  Britons  by  the  Bomans,  43  A.  D.  and 
succeeding  years  (Agricola's  campaigns,  78-84) ;  abandon- 
ment by  the  Romans,  410 ;  invasions  by  the  Jutes,  Angles, 
and  Saxons,  beginning  in  449  (?)  and  extending  through  the 
6th  century ;  Christianity  introduced  from  Rome  in  697, 
and  from  Scotland  soon  after ;  the  early  English  Idngdoms 
of  Kent,  Nortliumberland,  Mercia,  Weasej^  East  Anglia, 
etc.,  merged  under  Egbert  of  Wessex  as  "king  of  the  Eng- 
lish "  in  827 ;  division  of  England  between  Alfred  and  the 
Danes  by  the  treaty  of  Wedmore,  878;  consolidation  of  the 
country  under  Edward,  Athelstan,  etc.,  in  the  10th  cen- 
tury; second  Danish  invasion  under  Sweyn,  about  1000; 
rule  of  Canute  the  Dane  and  his  sons,  1016-42 ;  Norman 
conquest  under  William  I.,  1066 ;  commencement  of  the 
Plantagenet  line  under  Henry  II.,  1154 ;  separation  of 
Normandy  and  other  French  provinces,  about  1204 ;  grant- 
ing of  Magna  Charta,  1215 ;  beginnings  of  parliamentary 
government,  about  1264-65 ;  Hundred  Years'  War,  about 
1337-1453  ;  kings  of  house  of  Lancaster,  1399-1461 ;  kings 
of  house  of  York,  1461-85  ;  Wars  of  the  Roses,  1466-85 ; 
Tudor  dynasty  (beginning  with  Henry  VII.),  1486 ;  intro- 
duction of  the  Reformation  under  Henty  vni.  and  Ed- 
ward VI.,  Roman  Catholic  worship  restored  by  Mary, 
Church  of  England  restored  by  Elizabeth  (1558-1603) ;  ac^ 
cession  of  the  Stuart  line  and  personal  union  with  Scot- 
land under  James  I.,  1603 ;  beginnings  of  the  colonial  em- 
pire, 17th  century ;  civil  wars  between  Charles  I.  and 
Parliament,  1642-48 ;  period  of  the  Commonwealth  and 
Protectorate,  1649-59  ;  restoration  of  the  monarchy  under 
Charles  II.,  1660;  revolution  of  1688,  and  accession  of 
William  of  Orange  and  Mary,  1689;  Act  of  Settlement, 
1700-01 ;  union  with  Scotland,  1707 ;  accession  of  the  Hano- 
verian dynasty  (with  George  I.),  1714 ;  large  territorial 
acquisitions  in  America  and  India,  1763 ;  loss  of  the  United 
States,  1783  ;  union  with  Ireland,  1801 ;  wars  with  France, 
1793-1802, 1803-14,  and  1815  ;  passage  of  Catholic  Emanci- 
pation Act,  1829 ;  Electoral  Reform  Acts,  1832, 1867-68,  and 
1884-85 ;  abolition  of  slavery,  1833 ;  accession  of  Victoria, 
and  separation  of  Hanover,  1837 ;  Afghan  war,  1838-42 ;  Chi- 
nese war,  1840-42 ;  Chartist  agitation,Irish  agitation  (about 
1845) ;  repeal  of  the  English  Corn-Laws,  1846 ;  Crimean  war, 
1854-56 ;  Chinese  wars,  1866-58  and  1860 ;  Indian  mutiny, 
1857-58 ;  act  for  disestablishment  of  the  Irish  Church,  1869 ; 
Irish  Land  Act,  1870 ;  Elementary  Education  Act,  1870 ; 
Ashantee  war,  1873-74 ;  Afghan  war,  1878-80 ;  Zulu  war, 
1879 ;  Transvaal  war,  1881 ;  Irish  Land  Act,  1881 ;  wars  in 
Egypt  and  Sudan,  1882-85,  and  in  South  Africa,  1899-1902. 
Area,  50,867  square  miles.  Population  (1901),  with  Wales, 
32,626,076.    See  Great  Britain,  Wales,  Scotland,  Ireland. 

England,  John.  Bom  at  Cork,  Ireland,  Sept. 
23,  1786 :  died  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  April  11, 
1842.  An  Irish-American  prelate  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  appointed  first  bishop  of 
Charleston  1820. 

England,  S.  A  pseudonym  under  which  Rich- 
ard Person  published  some  of  his  more  ephem- 
eral articles.  It  was  adopted  in  ridicule  of 
Ireland  and  his  pretended  discoveries. 

England's  Helicon.  An  anthology  published 
in  1600. 

Enrfefield  (eng'gl-feld).  Battle  of.  A  battle 
at  Englefield,  Berkshire,  England,  871,  in  which 
the  English  under  the  ealdorman  EthelwuU 
defeated  the  Danes.  Sidroe,  one  of  the  Dan- 
ish jarls,  was  slain. 

Ehglewood  (eng'gl-wud).  A  city  of  Bergen 
County,  New  Jersey,  14  miles  north  of  New 
York.     Population  (1900),  6,253. 

English  (ing'gKsh),  George  Bethune,  Bom 
at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  March  7,  1787 :  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  Sept.  20,  1828.  An  Ameri- 
can adventurer  and  writer.  He  joined  IsmaU 
Pasha  in  an  expedition  against  Sennaar  in  1820,  and  gained 
distinction  as  an  officer  of  artillery.  He  published  a  "Nar- 
rative of  the  Expedition  to  Dongola  and  Sennaar"  (1822). 

English,  Thomas  Dunn.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia,, June  29,  1819 :  died  at  Newark,  N.  J., 
April  1, 1902.  An  American  poet  and  novelist. 
After  having  been  a  lawyer  and  a  journalist  he  took  >ip 
the  practice  of  medicine  in  1859.  He  published  "  Poems  " 
(1865),  "American  Ballads"  (1879),  "Boys' Book  of  Battle 
Lyrics,  etc."  (1886),  and  was  the  author  of  the  poems  "  Ben 
Bolt"  and  "The  (Jallows-Goers." 

English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers.     A 

satirical  poem  by  Byron,  directed  against  those 
who  had  put  him,  as  he  imagined,  on  the  de- 
fensive. It  was  published  in  1809,  and  was  said  by  him- 
self, in  the  edition  of  1816,  to  be  a  "  miserable  record  of 
misplaced  anger  and  indiscriminate  acrimony." 

English  Channel  (ing'gUsh  ehan'el),  F.  La 
Manche  (la  monsh).  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  which  separates  England  from  France, 
and  communicates  with  the  North  Sea  through 
the  Strait  of  Dover.    Greatest  width,  about  160  miles. 


English  Channel 

Principal  Islands,  the  Channel  Islands  (which  see).  It  has 
played  a  veiy  important  part  in  English  and  French  his- 
tory. It  was  the  scene  of  the  flght  with  the  Armada,  of 
the  battle  of  La  Hogue,  etc. 

English  East  Africa,  etc.  See  British  East 
Africa,  etc. 

English  Harbour  (ing'glish  har'bor).  A  sea- 
port of  Antigua,  British  West  Indies, 


363 


Ephesus 


brought  him  to  Eome,  where  he  taught  Greek  and  trans-  Envcrmeu  (on-ver-m6').    A  small  town  in  the 

lated  Greek  plays.    He  gained  Roman  citizenship  in  184.  rtpnnrt.Tnpnt    of    Sfiinfi-Tnfr^rifinrB     ■pranno     in 

Hewas  the  author  of  "Annales"(inl8  books,  only  frag,  department    01    oeme  inierieure,   J!  ranee,    10 

ments  of  which  survive),  an  epicpoem  on  the  early  history  miies  east  Or  i.»ieppe. 

of  Rome,  designed  as  a  pendant  to  the  Homeric  poems ;  of  quities. 

tragedies;  and  of  miscellaneous  poems  in  various  meters.  Enzeli  (en-zel'e).     A  port  in  the  -province  of 

"ffe  waa  a  missionaiy  of  culture  and  free  thought,  and  (j^an,   Persia,   situated   on  the    Caspian   Sea 


It  contains  many  anti- 


he  turned  the  Bx)man  language  and  poetry  into  the  paths 
in  which  they  continued  for  centuries  afterwards." 


about  17  miles  northwest  of  Eesht. 


Englishman  in  Paris,  The.    A  comedy  by  Ennodius  (e-no'di-us),  Magnus  Felix.    Bom  Enzeli,  Lake.  -An  arm  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  sit- 


Pope  to  Constantinople  in  515  and  in  517  for  the  purpose 
of  negotiating  a  union  between  the  Eastern  and  Western 
churches,  in  which  be  failed.  The  best  printed  edition 
of  his  works,  which  include  some  poems  and  letters,  a 
panegyric  on  Theodoric,  a  defense  of  Pope  Symmachus, 
and  a  life  of  Saint  Epiphanius  of  Pavla,  is  that  by  Sir- 
mondi  (Paris,  1611). 


Foote,  produced  in  1753,  and  printed  in  1756. 
Both  Mackliu  and  Foote  played  Buck  in  this 

Englishman  Betumed  from  Paris,  The.    A 

comedy  by  Foote,  produced  in  1756. 
English  Merchant,  The.  A  comedy  by  George 

Colman  the  elder.     It  was  founded  on  Vol- 
taire's  "  lyfieossaise,"  and  was  produced  at 

Drury  Lane  Feb.  21,  1767.  tj„„„  ^^  t.^„  ,^„^s 

EngHsh  Monsiein:,  The     A  play  by  James  ^r.'«■^JL^i'r2 

Howard,  produced  m  1666  and  printed  m  1674. 

The  principal  character,  Frenchlove,  admires  everything 

French,  even  to  the  "French  step"  with  which  a  French 

lady  scornfully  walks  away  after  rejecting  him. 

English  Pale.    See  Pale. 

English  River  (ing'glish  riv'6r).     1.  Same  as 

Churchill  Siiier. —  2.   An  estuary  in  Delagoa 

Bay,  South  Africa. 
Engstligenthal  (engs'tle-gen-tal),  or  Adelbo- 

den  (a'del-bo-den).  An  Alpine  valley  in  the  can- 
ton of  Bern,  Switzerland,  connecting  with  the 

Kanderthal,  15  miles  southwest  of  Interlachen. 
Enguera  (en-gwa'ra).    A  town  in  the  province 

of  Valencia,  eastern  Spain,  43  miles  southeast 

of  Valencia.    Population  (1887),  6,256. 
Enid  (e'nid).    A  character  originally  appearing 

in  the  romance  of  "  Erec  and  finide  "  by  Chres- 

tien  de  Troyes.    This  was  probably  his  first  poem.    She 

reappears  in  the  "  Geraint  of  the  Mabinogion, "  and  Tenny- 
son has  used  her  story  in  "Geraint  and  Enid,"  one  of  his 

"  Idylls  of  the  King." 
Enif  (en'if).     [At.  enf,  the  nose.]     The  bright 

third-magnitude  star  e  Pegasi,  in  the  nose  of 

the  hippogriffl. 
Enim  (e'nim),  or  Enin  (e'nin).    A  fabulous 

country  of  great  wealth,  which  in  the  16th  and  Enos  (e'nqs). 

17th  centuries  was  supposed  to  exist  somewhere    son  of  Adam, 

on  the  tributaries  of  the  upper  Amazon.   Various  Enos  (a'nos).    A  seaport  in  the  vilajet  of  Adri- 


at  Aries  or  Milan,  about  l73:  died  at  Pavia,    uated  near  Enzeli. 

July  17,  521.    Bishop  of  Pavia  (Ticiaum).   He  Enzina.    See  Enema. 

was  raised  to  the  bishopric  about  511,  and  was  sent  by  the  Enzio  (en'z6-6).     Bom  at  Palermo  about  1225 : 

died  in  prison  at  Bologna,  Italy,  March  14, 
1272.  An  illegitimate  son  of  the  emperor  Fred- 
erick II.  of  Germany,  and  titular  king  of  Sar- 
dinia, He  defeated  the  Genoese  near  Meloria,  May  3, 
1241,  and  was  defeated  and  imprisoned  by  the  Bolognese 
in  1249. 


A  river  of  Austria  which  EoisB  (e-oi'e).     [Gr.  al  'Kolai  ■  so  called  because 


joins  the  Danube  near  the  town  of  Enns.  It  sep- 
arates, in  part.  Upper  Austria  ("ob  der  Enns  ")  from  Lower 
Austria  (' '  unter  der  Enns  ")■    Length,  about  125  miles. 

Enns,  A  town  in  Upper  Austria,  on  the  Enns 
near  the  Danube,  9  miles  southeast  of  Linz: 
the  Roman  Laureaeum.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  4,674. 

Enobarhus  (en-6-bar'bus).    In  Shakspere's  Eolus 


each  sentence  began  with  ^  015,  '  such  was  she.'] 
See  the  extract.  The  work  was  attributed  to 
Hesiod. 

This  poem,  the'*  Eoiae" .  .  .  ,  celebrated  the  heroines  of 

Boeotia  and  Thessaly  from  whose  union  with  gods  had 

sprung  heroes;  and  formed  afourth  book  to  the  "Catalogue 

of  Women,"  an  epic  history  of  Dorian  and  iEolian  women. 

Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  45. 

See  ^ohis. 


humorous  sagacity. 

Enoch  (e'nok).  [Heb.,  'dedication.']  1.  One 
of  the  patriarchs,  the  son  of  Jared  and  father 
of  Methuselah.  He  lived  366  years,  and  "was  trans- 
lated that  he  should  not  see  death."  (Heb.  xi.  5,  Gen. 
v.  24). 

2.  The  eldest  son  of  Cain.    A  city  which  Cain 
built  was  named  for  him. 

Enoch  Arden  (e'nok  ar'den).Apoem by  Alfred 
Tennyson,  published  in  1864,  named  from  its 
hero,  a  sailor  who  returns  from  an  enforced 


d'  (generally  called  the  Chevalier  d'Eon). 
Bom  at  Tonnerre,  Yonne,  France,  Oct.  5, 1728 : 
died  at  London,  May  21, 1810.  A  French  diplo- 
matist, a  secret  agent  of  Louis  XV.  He  served 
the  king  at  the  court  of  the  enipress  Elizabeth  of  Russia 
1755-60,  and  later  in  London.  He  was  particularly  noted 
for  his  success  in  assuming  a  female  disguise. 
Eos  (e'os).  [Gr.  'HAf.]  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  goddess  of  the  dawn,  daughter  of  Hyperion, 
and  sister  of  Helios  and  Selene :  called  by  the 
Romans  Aurora. 


absence  of  years  to  find  that  his  wife,  thinking  Eostra  (eos'tra).     [AS.  Edstra  (Beda),  for  Eds- 
him  dead,  has  married  his  friend.    For  her  —    ■ "     '  ■      «"•"    -  ■        "     •      -    — 

sake  he  does  not  reveal  himself,  and  dies  bro- 
ken-hearted. 

[Heb.]    Son  of  Seth  and  grand-* 


tre.  Cf.  AS.  erfs*e?-,OHG.  ostora,  Easter.]  The 
goddess  of  spring  (the  dawn  of  the  year).  Her 
cult  was  probably  common  to  the  West-Germanic  tribes, 
although  no  specific  mention  is  made  of  her  except  among 
the  Anglo-Saxons.  The  name  has  been  perpetuated  in 
Easier,  which  is  supposed  to  have  been  originally  applied 
to  the  spring  festival  held  in  her  honor. 


expeditions  were  made  in  quest  of  it.    In  1635  a  Peruvian    anople,  Turkey,  situated  on  the  -Slgean  Sea  Eothen  (e-o'then).     [(3^r.  bSScv,  from  the  dawn.] 
adventurer  called  Francisco  Bohorquez  asserted  that  he     j„  i„j.    Ano  A^'  TJ     ^r.■nn■   9fio  4.'  1!!  .  tlia  ar,n\artt      a    t 1.  .jj  a .i„  j„  +v,„  -c^^i-    i,„  ai„.,„^^„- 


adventurer  called  Francisco  Bohorquez  asserted  that 

had  actually  visited  Enim  and  seen  the  king  in  a  palace 

adorned  with  gold  and  precious  stones.    Bohorquez  agreed 

to  lead  a  party  to  this  country,  but  was  arrested  after  com- 
mitting various  atrocities  in  the  Indian  missions. 
Enimagas  (a-ne-ma'gas),  or  ImacOS  (e-ma'- 

kos),  or  Inimacas  (e-ne-ma'kas).     A  savage 

tribe  of  Indians  in  northern  Argentina,  on  the 

east  side  of  the  Piloomayo. 

with  the  Mataco  stock. 
Enkhuizen  (enk'hoi-zen).     A  seaport  in  the 

province  of  North  Holland,  Netherlands,  on  the 

Zuyder  Zee  28  miles  northeast  of  Amsterdam. 

It  "was  an  'important  commercial  and  fishing 

town  about  1600.    Population  (1889),  5,780. 
Enna  (en'a),  or  Henna  (hen'a).    The  ancient  Ensisheim  (en'sis-him) 


in  lat.  40°  41'  N.,  long.  26°  4'  E. :  the  ancient 
.(Enus.    Population,  estimated,  6,000-7,000. 

Enriguez,    See  Hen/riguez. 

Enschede  (ens'ehe-da).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Overyssel,  Netherlands,  in  lat.  52°  13'  N., 
long.  6°  53'  B.  It  has  important  cotton  manu- 
factures. Pop.  (1894),  commune,  est.,  18,267. 
They  are  classified  Ensched^.  A"  noted  Dutch  family  of  printers 
and  type-founders.  Isaac  Enschede,  its  founder,  es- 
tablished a  press  in  Haarlem  in  1703.  His  son  Johannes 
(July  10, 170^-Nov.  21, 1780)  succeeded  him  in  the  business, 
and  was  the  most  noted  member  of  the  family.  His  col- 
lection of  dies  and  matrices  (of  the  16th-17th  centuries), 
only  part  of  which  is  preserved,  was  famous.  The  busi- 
ness ^n  extensive  one)  is  still  carried  on. 

A  town  in  XJpper  Al- 


A  book  of  travels  in  the  East,  by  Alexander 
William  Kinglake,  published  1844. 

Eotvos  (et-vesh),  Baron  Jdzsef.  Bom  at 
Budapest,  Hungary,  Sept.  3, 1813 :  died  at  Bu- 
dapest, Feb.  2,  1871.  A  Hungarian  novelist, 
pubUoist,  statesman,  and  orator,  minister  of 
worship  and  public  instruction  1867-71.  He 
wrote  the  novels  "Karthausi"  ("The  Carthusian,"  1838), 
"A'  falu"  jegyzoje"  ("The  Village  Notary,"  1844),  "Mag- 
yarorszAg  1614-ben  "  ("Hungary  in  1614,"  1847). 

Epaminondas(e-pam-i-non'das).  [Gr.  'Enaftec- 
vcyi'dag,''E7:-ajuvi)v6ag.']  Bom  about  418  B.  C:  died 
at  Mantinea,  Arcadia,  Greece,  362  b.  c.  A  fa- 
mous Theban  general  and  statesman.  He  de- 
feated the  Spartans  at  Leuctra  in  371 ;  invaded  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus; founded  Megalopolis  (in  Arcadia^;  and  was 
victorious  and  was  mortally  wounded  at  Mantinea  in  362. 

,  A  town  on  the 
the  Grecian  Ar- 


name  of  Castrogiovanni.  it  was  called  the  navel  of  sace,  Alsace-Lorraine,  situated  on  tne  in  id  victorious  and  was  mortally 
Sicily,  from  its  position  in  the  center  of  the  island.  It  was  miles  south  of  Colmar.  Population  (1890),  2,709.  Epanomeria  (a-pa-no-n 
connected  with  the  myth  of  1  Persephone,  and  was  from  Entlebuch  (ent'li-boeh).    A  pastoral  vaUey  in    jgiand  of  Santorini  (Th 

Z^^TeC^^n^nZlnatnin^^^\.nl''!f    Switzerland,  west  of  Lucerne  chipelago.    It  is  remarkable  for  its  position  on 

the  Romans  in  the  ftfst  Punic  war.    In  859  it  was  taken  Entombment,   The.     A  pamtmg  by  Raphael    precipitous  rocks. 

■  ■    ■■  "    (1507),  in  the  Palazzo  Borghese,  Rome.    The  gperies    (a-par'yes).  Hung.  Eperjes    (e'per- 


by  the  Saracens,  and  in  1080  came  into  the  possession  of 
the  Normans. 

Ennemoser  (en'e-mo-zer),  Joseph.    Born  at 
Hintersee,  Tyrol,  Nov.  15, 1787:  died  at  Egem 


body  of  Christ  is  borne  by  two  men,  attended  by  St.  John, 
St.  Joseph  of  Arlmathea,  and  the  holy  women.  The  com- 
position is  remarkably  skilful,  and  the  expression  of  emo- 
tion dramatic. 


by  the  Tegemsee,  Upper  Bavaria,  Sept.  19,  Entragues,' Catherine  Henriette  de  Balzac 
1854.    A  Tyrolese  wnter  on^mediMne  and  phi-    ^^^    Bee  Verneuil,  Marquise  de. 


See  jyEntrecasteaviX. 


yesh).  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Sdros, 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Tarcza  in  lat.  48° 
59'  N.,  long.  21°  17'  E.  it  was  founded  by  a  Ger- 
man colony,  and  was  the  scene  of  the  execution  of  Prot- 
estants by  the  Imperialist  Caraffa  in  1687.  Population 
(1890),  10,371. 


losophy.     He  published  "  Der  Magnetismus     EntrecasteaUX.     aee  jj-jmwecaswwum.  ^      -         ,.  -,■,„.  ■     +t,     /i       ^ 

(1819),  etc.  ..  ,    .„      .    ^,        Entrecasteaux(ontr-kas-t6'),JosephAiitoineEpernay(a-per-na).    A  town  m  the  depari;- 

Ennis  (en'is).     The  capital  of  County  Clare,  '^I^A^  4.    Xrn  at  Aix,  France,  1?39:  died  at    ment  of  Mame,  Prance  situated  on  the  Marne 


Ireland,  situated  on  the  river  Fergus  20  miles 
northwest  of  Limerick.  Population  (1891), 
6,500. 

Enniscorthy  (en-is-k6r'thi).  A  town  m  County 
Wexford,  &eland,  situated  on  the  Slaney  13 
miles  northwest  of  Wexford.  Itwas  taken  by  Crom- 
well in  1649,  and  by  the  insurgents  in  1798.  Population 
(1891),  6,648. 

Enniskillen  (en-is-kil'en)._  The  capital  of 


County  Fermanagh,  Ulster,  Ireland,  situated    BUto 

on  an  island  ^f^^fj^^^f^^^^fo^^^-^^^f,  Entre-Minho-e-Douro  (en'tre-men'y§-e-do'- 
Erne,  m  lat,  54°  21  N.,long.  '^%^J'-j,^°^  r6).  Aprovince  in  the  northern  part  of  Portugal, 
the  battle  (1689),  see  Newtown  Butler.  Popu-  ro>  ^  p^^^.^^  fmitfulness.  it  contains  3  districts: 
lation  (1891),  5,570.    .     ,  .,,         .      >       mi.      ci-t,     Vianna  do  CasteUo,  Braga,  and  Porto.    Area,  2,807  square 

Enniskilleners  (en-is-kil'en-6rz).    The  6th    j^u^s.  „     „  ^ 

Dragoons  in  the  British  service:  so  named  jntre  Eios  (en'tra  re'os).  [Sp.,;betweenriv- 
from  its  origin  among  the  defenders  of  Bnnis-    ers.']   A  province  in  the  Argentine  Republic 


c^o    Ti,w9n  l7Qq     A  WrfiTiPli  Tiaviirator     He  en-    19  miles  northwest  of  Chftlons-sur-Mame.    it  is 
sea,  July  20, 17yd.    A^^^S'^^^^fZiSMOr.    aeen-  champagne,  the  wine 

tered  the  naval  ?«>™e  "  175^*^  ^J-^fl^  ™3™tf „^     being  stored  here  in  vaults  in  the  chalk  rock.    Popula- 
the  French  fleet  in  the  East  Indies  in  1786,  and  was  ap-     "      ?iomi  mmTtinnp  is  <ifii 
pointed  governor  of  Mauritius  and  the  Isle  of  Bourbon  m    t'on  (1891),  commune,  18  361. 
1787.    In  1791  he  was  sent,  with  the  rank  of  rear-admiral,  EphCSiaca.     bee  Hoiirocomas  3.-00.  dmtlVM. 
in  search  of  the  lost  navigator  La  Pfaouse.    He  Med  in  Ephcsians.     An  epistle  ascribed  to  St.  Paul, 
the  inain  object  opiserpedition,  but  made  impo^nt^^^    forming  one  of  the  books  of  the  New  Testa- 
S'Zw1st°fo?strNeTHoCrand^th"^^^^^  ment.  loth  the  antho^hip  of  the  epistle  and  the  church 

mania,  accounts  of  which  have  been  published  by  De  la     to  which  it  was  really  addressed  are  in  dispute.         _ 
Billardifere  (1800),  De  Eossel  (1808),  and  De  Fr^menviUe  EpheSUS  (ef'e-sus).     [Gr. 'E0EffOf .]     In  ancient 
'      '  geography,  one  of  the  twelve  Ionian  cities  of 

Asia  Minor,  in  Lydia,  situated  on  the  Cayster, 
near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  37°  57'  N.,  long.  27°  21' 


killen  in  1689.  „  ^ -o  j-     • 

Ennius  (en'i-us),  Qidntus.  Bom  at  Eudis  in 
Calabria,  239  B.  C. :  died  at  Rome  (?),  169  b.  c. 
A  famous  Roman  epic  poet,  one  of  the  founders 
of  Latin  literature  He  served  in  the  Roman  army  in 
Sardinia  (204  B.  C),  and  there  met  M.  Porcius  Cato,  who 


lying  between  the  Parand  on  the  west  and  south 
and  the  Umguay  (separating  it  from  Umguay) 
on  the  east,  and  bounded  by  Cornentes  on  the 
north.  Its  chief  industry  is  the  rearing  of  live  stock. 
Capital,  Parani.  Area,  estimated,  30,000  square  miles. 
Population,  estimated  (1887),  300,000. 


E.  It  was  conquered  by  Lydia,  Persia,  Alexander  the 
Great,  and  the  Eomans.  It  was  celebrated  for  its  temple 
of  Artemis,  and  as  a  great  commercial  city,  but  was  un- 
important in  the  middle  ages.  It  was  a  place  of  residence 
of  Paul,  and  the  seat  of  the  third  general  council  in  431, 
and  of  the  Robber  Synod  in  449.  On  its  site  are  Ayasa- 
luk  and  other  small  villages.  Among  its  ruins  are  :  (a) 
The  great  theater  mentioned  in  Acts  xix.  23.  It  is  Greek 
in  plan,  with  Roman  modifications.  The  cavea,  496  feet 
in  diameter,  has  two  precinotions,  with  11  cunei  in  the  two 
lower  ranges,  and  22  in  the  highest,  which  is  skirted  by 
a  colonnaded  gallery.     The  orchestra  is  110  feet  in  diam- 


Ephesus 

eter,  and  the  prosceniam  22  feet  wide.  (6)  The  odeum, 
ascribed  to  the  2d  century  A.  D.  In  plan  it  is  a  half- 
circle  153  feet  in  diameter.  There  is  one  precinction, 
with  5  cunei  below  and  10  above  it,  and  a  rich  Coriutliian 
gallery  around  the  top.  The  orchestra  is  30  feet  :n  diam- 
eter ;  the  stage  has  5  doors  and  Corinthian  columns,  (c) 
A  stadium,  ascribed  to  the  time  of  Augustus.  It  is  850 
feet  long  and  about  200  wide.  The  north  side  and  semi- 
circular east  end  are  supported  on  vaulted  substructions, 
the  south  side  on  the  rock  of  the  hiUside.  A  double  col- 
onnade was  carried  along  its  entire  length,  and  communi- 
cated with  the  upper  gallery  of  the  stadium  by  a  series 
of  stairways,  (d)  A  temple  of  Artemis  (Diana  of  the  Ephe- 
sians),  a  famous  sanctuary  founded  in  the  6th  century 
B.  c,  and  rebuilt  in  the  4th.  The  temple  was  Ionic,  dip- 
teral, octastyle,  with  21  columns  on  the  flanks,  and  mea- 
sured 164  by  342 J  feet.  The  base-diameter  of  the  columns 
was  6  feet,  their  height  56.  The  base-drums  of  36  col- 
umns of  the  front  and  rear  were  beautifully  sculptured 

■  with  figures  in  relief :  there  are  examples  in  the  British 
Museum.  The  cella  had  interior  ranges  of  columns, 
Ionic  in  the  lower  tier,  Corinthian  above. 

Ephesus,  Council  of.  1.  The  third  eeumenical 
council,  called  by  Theodosius  II.  in  connection 
with  Valentinian  III.,  held  at  Ephesus  under 
the  direction  of  Cyril  of  Alexandria  in  431  A.  D. 
It  opened  with  160  bishops  (increased  to  198),  and  included 
for  the  first  time  papal  delegates  from  Rome,  who  were 
instructed  not  to  mix  in  the  debates,  but  to  sit  as  judges 
over  the  opinions  of  the  rest.  It  condemned  tlie  heresy 
of  Nestorius  without  stating  clearly  the  correct  doctrine. 
2.  The  so-called  Eobber  Council,  convoked  by 
Theodosius,  held  at  Ephesus  under  the  presi- 
dency of  Dioscurus  of  Alexandria  in  449.  it  in- 
cluded 135  bishops.  It  reinstated  Eutyches  in  the  ofilce 
of  priest  and  archimandrite,  from  which  he  had  been  ex- 
pelled by  the  Synod  of  Constantinople  (448),  and  deposed 
Flavian,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  who  was  so  roughly 
handled  that  he  died  of  his  injuries  shortly  after. 

Ephialtes(ef-i-al'tez).  lGT.'E(pidXT?ic.']  In  clas- 
sical mythology,  a  blind  giant  who  was  deprived 
of  his  left  eye  by  Apollo,  and  of  his  right  by 
Hercules. 

Ephialtes.  Died  456  b.  c.  An  Athenian  states- 
man and  general.  He  was  the  friend  and  partizan  of 
Pericles,  and  was  the  principal  author  of  a  law  which 
abridged  the  power  of  the  Areopagus  and  changed  the 
government  of  Athens  into  a  pure  democracy.  He  was, 
according  to  Aristotle,  assassinated  by  Aristodicus  of  Ta- 
nagra,  at  the  instance  of  the  oligarchs. 

Epborus  (ef'o-rus).  [6r.  "E^opo?.]  Bom  at 
Cumse  :  lived  "in  the  first  half  of  the  4th  century 
B.  c.  A  Greek  writer,  author  of  a  universal 
history,  fragments  of  which  have  been  pre- 
served. 

Ephraem  (e'fra-em)  Syrus  ('the  Syrian'). 
Born  probably  at  Nisibis,  Mesopotamia,  about 
308  A.  D. :  died  at  Edessa,  Mesopotamia,  about 
373.  A  theologian  and  sacred  poet  of  the  Syr- 
ian Church.  The  chief  edition  of  his  works 
was  published  at  Eome  1732-43. 

Epbraim  (e'fra-im).  [Heb., 'double  fruitful- 
ness.']  1 .  In  Old  I'estament  history,  the  younger 
son  of  Joseph,  and  founder  of  the  tribe  of 
Ephraim.  —  2.  One  of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Is- 
rael :  so  called  from  its  founder,  Ephraim,  the 
son  of  Joseph,  it  occupied  a  central  position  in  Pales- 
tine, being  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Jordan,  on  the 
west  by  the  Mediterranean  and  the  tribe  of  Dan,  on  the 
south  by  Uie  tribe  of  Benjamin,  and  on  the  north  by  that 
of  Manasseh.  After  the  death  of  Saul  the  tribe  of  Ephraim, 
together  with  all  the  other  tribes  except  Judah,  recog- 
nized Eshbaal  (Ishbosheth)  as  legitimate  king  in  op- 
position to  David  ;  but  on  the  murder  of  Eshbaal  submit- 
ted in  common  with  the  other  tribes  to  the  hegemony  of 
Judah  under  David.  On  the  death  of  Solomon  it  revolted 
(probably  about  975  B.C.)  under  Jeroboam  from  Rehoboam, 
the  son  of  Solomon,  and  formed,  in  conjunction  with  all 
the  tribes  except  Judah,  Simeon,  part  of  Benjamin,  and 
the  Levites,  a  separate  kingdom,  which  retained  the  name 
of  Israel,  and  adopted  Shechem  as  its  capital.  This  king- 
dom was  destroyed  by  the  Assyrians  in  722  B,  0. 

Ephthalites.     The  White  Huns.     See  Buns. 
Epic  Cycle,  The.     See  che  extracts. 

There  was  a  mass  of  songs  and  legends  about  Troy  which 
the  two  great  epics  left  untouched.  This  material  was 
worked  up,  between  776  B.  c.  and  550  B.  c,  by  a  number 
of  epic  poets  of  the  Ionian  school,  who  aimed  at  linking 
their  poems  with  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  as  uitroductions 
or  continuations.  In  later  times,  compilers  of  mythology 
used  to  make  abstracts  in  prose  from  these  epics,  taking 
them  in  the  chronological  order  of  the  events,  so  as  to 
make  one  connected  story.  Such  a  prose  compilation  was 
called  an  epic  cycle  (or  circle),  and  the  compilers  them- 
selves were  called  cyclic  writers.  In  modem  times  the 
name  *'  cyclic  "  has  been  transferred  from  the  prose  com- 
pilers to  the  poets.  Jeib,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  37. 

It  was  once  commonly  believed  that  the  remaining  epic 
poets  equally  avoided  touching  upon  one  another,  tliat 
they  composed  their  own  poems  upon  a  fixed  chronologi- 
cal plan,  each  resuming  where  the  other  had  finished,  and 
so  completing  an  account  of  what  is  called  the  epic  cycle, 
from  the  birth  of  Aphrodite  in  the  "Cypria"  down  to  the 
conclusion  of  the  "Nostoi,"  or  "  Telegonia,"  of  Eugammon. 
But  it  seems  clearly  made  out  now  that  no  such  fixed  sys- 
tem of  poems  existed;  that  the  authors,  widely  separated 
in  date  and  birthplace,  were  no  corporation  with  fixed  tra^ 
ditions ;  that  they  did  overlap  in  subject,  and  repeat  the 
same  legends ;  and  that  the  epic  cycle  does  not  mean  a 
cycle  of  poems,  but  a  cycle  of  legends,  arranged  by  the 
grammarians,  who  illustrated  them  by  a  selection  of  poems, 
or  parts  of  poems,  including,  of  course,  the  Iliad  and  Odys- 
sey, and  then  such  other  epics  as  told  the  whole  story  of 


364 

the  Thebian  and  Trojan  wars,  down  to  the  conclusion  of 
the  heroic  age. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  aassical  Greek  Lit,  I.  86. 

Epicharmus  (ep-i-kar'mus).  [Gr.  ''Emxap/Mp.'] 
Born  in  the  island  of  Cos  about  540  b.  C.  :  died 
at  Syracuse  at  an  advanced  age  (ninety  or 
ninety-seven).  A  Greek  comic  poet.  At  an  early 
age  he  was  carried  to  Megaxa,  in  Sicily,  and  thence,  when 
Megara  was  sacked  by  Gelon,  to  Syracuse.  Thirty-five 
titles  of  his  comedies  are  extant,  and  he  is  said  to  have 
written  62  plays. 

The  notice  that  he  {Epicharmus]  added  letters  to  the 
alphabet  arises  either  from  some  later  letters  being  first 
adopted  in  his  works,  or  from  his  intimacy  with  Simonides 
at  Syracuse.  It  is  not  impossible,  as  Simonides  did  adopt 
some  additions,  that  he  persuaded  Epicharmus  to  spread 
their  use  in  copies  of  his  very  popular  plays. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  402. 

Epicoene  (ep'i-sen),  or  The  Silent  Woman. 

[Gr.  imKoivoQ,  of  either  gender,  promiscuous.] 
A  comedy  by  Ben  Jonson,  produced  in  1609. 
Epicoene  was  a  supposed  silent  woman  who  really  spoke 
softly  and  in  monosyllables.  She  was  brought  to  Morose, 
who  had  an  insane  horror  of  noise,  by  his  nephew  who 
wished  to  play  him  a  trick.  After  the  wedding  Epicoene 
scolds,  screams,  and  develops  into  a  virago ;  but  after  many 
noisy,  rough  tricks  and  jokes  which -drive  Morose  to  the 
verge  of  distraction,  he  is  relieved  by  his  nephew  Sir 
Dauphine,  who,  in  consideration  of  the  payment  of  his 
debts  and  the  promise  of  a  proper  allowance,  reveals  the 
trick,  which  is  that  Epicoene  is  really  a  boy  in  disguise ; 
consequently  there  never  was  a  "  silent  woman. "  Colman 
the  elder  wrote  a  version  of  this  play.  It  was  produced 
by  Garrick  in  1776. 

Epictetus  (ep-ik-te'tus)  of  Hierapolis.  [Gr. 
'HmK.TTiTOQ.']  A  celebrated  Stoic  philosopher. 
He  was  a  native  of  Hierapolis  in  Phrygia,  was  a  f  reedman 
of  Epaphroditus  (the  f reedman  and  favorite  of  Nero),  was 
a  pupil  of  Musonius  Kuf  us,  and  taught  philosophy  at  Ilome 
until  94  (89?)  A.  D.,  when  he  removed  to  Nicopolis  in  Epi- 
rus,  in  consequence  of  an  edict  of  Domitian  banishing  the 
philosophers  from  Rome.  Although  he  left  no  written 
works,  his  essential  doctrines  are  preserved  in  a  manual 
compiled  by  his  pupil  Arrian.  He  taught  that  the  sum  of 
wisdom  is  to  desire  nothing  but  freedom  and  contentment, 
and  to  bear  and  forbear;  that  all  unavoidable  evil  in  the 
world  is  only  apparent  and  external ;  and  that  our  happiness 
depends  upon  our  own  will,  which  even  Zeus  cannot  break. 

Epicure  Mammon,  Sir.    See  Mammon. 

Epicurus  (ep-i-ku'rus).  [Gr. 'Em'Ko^pof.]  Born 
in  Samos,  842  B.  c. :  died  at  Athens,  270  B.  c. 
The  founder  of  the  Epicurean  school  of  philos- 
ophy. He  was  the  son  of  Ifeocles,  an  Athenian  cleruch 
settled  in  Samos,  and  belonged  to  the  Attic  deme-of  Gar- 
gettus  (whence  he  is  sometimes  called  the  Gargettiau).  He 
is  said  to  have  studied  under  Xeno6rates  at  Athens,  and 
subsequently  taught  at  Mytilene  and  Lampsacus.  In  306 
he  opened  a  school  in  a  garden  at  Athens,  where  he  spent 
the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  is  said  to  have  written 
about  300  volumes,  fragments  only  of  which  are  extant. 
His  will,  4  epistles,  and  a  list  of  44  propositions  containing 
the  substance  of  his  ethical  philosophy,  have  been  pre- 
served by  Diogenes  Laertius.  He  taught  that  pleasure  is 
the  only  possible  end  of  rational  action,  and  that  the  ulti- 
mate pleasure  is  freedom.  He  adopted  the  atomistic 
theory  of  Deraocritus,  while  bringing  into  it  the  doctrine 
of  chance. 

Epidamnus  (ep-i-dam'nus).  An  ancient  name 
of  Durazzo.     See  Thurazzo. 

Epidaurus  (ep-i-dfi,'rus).  [Gr.  'Emdaupoc.]  1. 
A  maritime  town  of  Illyricum.  It  was  destroyed 
"Bome  time  after  the  reign  of  Justinian,  and  was  replaced 
by  Ragusa.  It  was  a  Roman  colony. 
2.  A  town  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Pelopones- 
sus,  in  the  district  called  Argolis  tmder  the 
Romans.  Throughout  the  flourishing  period  of  Grecian 
history  it  was  an  independent  state,  possessing  a  small 
territory  ('EwtSavpia),  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Argeia, 
on  the  north  by  the  Corinthia,  on  the  south  by  the  Troe- 
zenia,andontheeastbytheSaronicGulf.  (Smith.)  It  was 
the  most  celebrated  seat  of  the  ancient  cult  of  .^Escula- 
pius.  The  sanctuary  occupied  a  valley  among  hills,  at 
some  distance  from  the  city.  An  inner  inclosure  con- 
tained a  temple  to  ^sculapius,  the  architecturally  impor- 
tant tholos  of  Polycletus,  extensive  porticos  which  served 
as  hospitals  to  the  sick  who  came  to  seek  the  aid  of  the 
god  and  his  priests,  and  many  votive  offerings.  Outside 
of  this  inclosure  were  the  stadium,  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant of  ancient  theaters,  a  gymnasium,  propylsea,  and 
other  buildings,  the  arrangements  for  the  collection  and 
distribution  of  water  being  especially  noteworthy.  Almost 
all  our  knowledge  of  this  sanctuai-y  comes  from  the  exten- 
sive excavations  conducted  by  the  Archeeological  Society 
of  Athens  since  1881,  which  are  still  (1893)  incomplete. 

Epidaurus  Limera  (li-me'ra).  [Gr.  'Em'tJoupof 
f  Kiiaipd.^  In  ancient  geograjphy,  a  town  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  Laconia,  Greece,  22  miles 
north-northwest  of  Cape  Malea. 

Epigoni  (e-pig'o-ni).  [Gr.  kmyovoi,  descen- 
dants.] In  Greek  mythology,  the  seven  sons 
of  the  seven  Argive  chiefs  who  had  unsueoess- 
f  ully  attacked  Thebes.  The  Epigoni,  ten  years  after 
the  first  attempt,  defeated  the  Thebans  and  avenged  their 
fathers.  This  was  supposed  to  have  occurred  shortly  be- 
fore the  Trojan  war. 

Epigoni.  A  Greek  epic  poem  of  the  Theban 
cycle,  by  Antimaohus  of  Claros,  relating  to  the 
renewal  of  the  mythical  war  between  Argos 
and  Thebes  by  the  "  descendants  "  of  its  heroes. 

Epimenides  (ep-i-men'i-dez).  [Gr.  'Em/im'%.] 
Lived  in  the  7th  century  b.  c.  A  Cretan  poet 
and  prophet. 


Eponym  Canon 

Epimetheus  (ep-i-me'thiis).  [Gr.  ''EmuTfieb;, 
afterthought.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  bro- 
ther of  Prometheus  and  husband  of  Pandora. 
Although  warned  by  his  brother,  he  accepted  Pandora  as 
a  gift  from  Zeus,  with  the  result  that  through  her  curi- 
osity she  liberated  evils  peculiar  to  man,  which  Prome- 
theus had  concealed  in  a  vessel. 


£pinac  (a-pe-nak' ).  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Saone-et-Loire,  France,  11  miles  east-north- 
east of  Autun.  It  is  the  center  of  a  coal-min- 
ing region.  Population  (1891),  commune,  4,061. 

i^pinal  (a-pe-nal').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Vosges,  France,  situated  on  the  Mo- 
selle in  lat.  48°  10'  N.,  long.  6°  26'  E.  it  has 
some  manufactures,  and  contains  the  departmental  mu- 
seum and  a  library.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Germans 
Oct.  12, 1870.    Population  (1891),  commune,  23,223. 

£pinal  Glossary.  An  Anglo-Saxon  and  Old- 
Saxon  glossary  preserved  at  Epinal,  France. 
It  was  originally  from  the  Abbey  of  Moyen  Moutier,  near 
Lenones.  "  The  type  of  its  writing  is  of  the  time  of  the 
Culdees ;  its  letters  being  of  Fu?st-English,  as  written  by 
the  Celtic  priests  who  laboured  for  the  conversion  of  the 
English.  It  is  asoritied  by  Mr.  Sweet  to  the  end  of  the 
seventh  century."  {Morley.)  Mr.  Sweet  has  edited  a  fac- 
simile of  this  glossary,  published  at  London  in  1883. 

^pinay  (a-jpe-na'),  Madame  de  la  Live  d' 
(Louise  Florence  Petronille  Tardien  d'Es- 

clavelles).  Bom  at  Valenciennes,  March  11, 
1726 :  died  April  17,  1783.  A  French  author, 
an  intimate  friend  of  Grimm  and  Jean  Jacques 
Rousseau.  For  the  latter  she  erected  a  cottage,  the 
Hermitage,  in  the  garden  of  her  ch&teau,  La  Chevrette, 
near  Montmorency.  Her  *'M6moires  et  correspondance" 
was  published  in  1818,  and  her  collected  works  in  1869. 
Epiphanius  (ep-i-fa'ni-us),  Saint.  Born  near 
Bleutheropolis,  Palestine,  about  315  a.  d.  :  died 
at  sea  near  Cyprus,  403.  A  father  of  the  East- 
ern Church.  He  became  in  367  bishop  of  Constantia 
(the  ancient  Salamis)  in  Cyprus.  He  took  a  prominent  part 
in  the  theological  controversies  of  his  day,  and  was  pres- 
ent at  the  synods  of  Antioch  (376)  and  Rome  (382),  where 
questions  pertaining  to  the  Trinity  were  debated.  He  died 
on  the  return  voyage  from  Constantinople,  whither  he  had 
gone  to  oppose  the  heresy  of  Origen.  He  wrote  a  treatise 
against  heresies  entitled  "  Panarion,"  a  dogmatical  work 
entitled  "Ancoratus,"  etc. 

Epipsychidion  (ep-i-psi-Md'l-pn).  ['A  little 
poem  on  the  soul';  from  Gr.  ewi,  upon,  ijwx^, 
soul,  and  dim.  -Wcov.}  A  poem  by  Shelley,  pub- 
lished in  1821. 

Epirus,  or  Epeiros  (e-pi'rus).  [Gr.  "Hireipof .] 
In  ancient  geography,  that  part  of  northern 
Greece  which  lies  between  lUyria  on  the  north, 
Macedonia  and  Thessaly  on  the  east,  .ffitolia, 
Aeamania,and  the  Ambracian  Gulf  onthe  south, 
and  the  Ionian  Sea  on  the  west  (to  the  Acroce- 
raunian  promontory).  In  earlier  times  the  name 
was  given  to  the  entire  western  coast  southward  to  the 
Corinthian  Gulf.  The  kingdom  of  Epirus  was  at  its  height 
under  Pyirhus  (295-272  B.  c).  It  was  ravaged  by  .^^ilius 
Paulus  in  167  B.  G. ;  was  a  part  of  the  Roman  Empire  146 
B.  C.-1204  A.  D. ;  was  overrun  by  Albanians  in  the  14th  cen- 
tury ;  was  conquered  by  the  Turks  in  the  15th  century  ; 
and  now  forms  part  of  the  Turkish  vilayet  Janina,  and 
part  of  the  territory  ceded  to  Greece  in  1881. 

Episcopius  (ep-is-ko'pi-us)  (Latinized  from 
Bisschop  or  Bischop),  Simon.  Bom  at  Am- 
sterdam, Jan.  1, 1583 :  died  at  Anlsterdam,  April 
4, 1643.  A  Dutch  theologian,  one  of  the  leaders 
of  Arminianism.  He  published  "Conlessio^' 
(1621),  "Apologia "(1629),"  Institutiones  Theo- 
logicas,"  etc. 

EpistolsB  Obscurorum  Virorum.  [L. , '  Letters 
of  Obscure  Men.']  A  collection  of  forty-one 
anonymous  letters,  first  published  in  1515,  satir- 
izing the  ignorance,  hypocrisy,  and  licentious- 
ness of  the  Roman  Catholic  monastics  at  the 
time  of  the  Reformation,  it  was  occasioned  by  the 
controversy  between  Reuchlin  and  Pf  eff  erkom,  a  converted 
Jew,  who  advocated  the  destruction,  as  heretical,  of  the 
whole  Jewish  literature,  except  the  Bible,  and  who  was 
supported  by  the  Dominicans  of  Cologne.  The  authorship 
of  the  letters  is  attributed  by  some  to  ITlrich  von  Hutten, 
Crotus,  and  Buschius. 

Epithalamium  (ep"i-tha-la'mi-um).  A  poem 
by  Spenser,  published  in  1595 :  a  marriage  song 
for  his  own  bride. 

For  splendour  of  imagery,  for  harmony  of  verse,  for  deli- 
cate taste  and  real  passion,  the  "  Epithalamium  "  excels  all 
other  poems  of  its  class. 

Saintsbury,  Hist  of  Elizabethan  lit.,  p.  87. 

Eponym  Canon  (ep'o-nim  kan'on).  The  name 
given  by  Assyriologists  to  the  list  of  archons 
or  chief  magistrates  in  Assyria.  This  office  of 
archon,  called  in  Assyrian  Ummu,  passed  in  rotation  every 
year  to  different  high  dignitaries.  Each  king  was  limmu 
in  the  second  year  of  his  reign,  and  he  was  followed  by 
the  general  of  the  army,  or  tartan.  The  limmu  gave  the 
name  to  the  year  in  which  he  held  this  office  (hence  the 
term  eponymus,  in  Greek  *  one  from  whom  somebody  or 
something  is  named  *).  Documents  and  eveuts  were  datod 
with  these  names  (as  in  Rome  with  the  names  of  the  con- 
suls of  each  year).  The  lists  of  the  Jimmus  were  carefully 
and  accurately  kept.  The  custom  probably  goes  back  to 
a  remote  date,  but  the  four  lists  of  limmus  found  which 
are  known  by  the  name  of  Eponym  Canon  cover  the 


Eponym  Canon 

fears  911-668  B.  0.  As  each  king  was  Ummn  in  tlie  second 
year  ol  his  reign,  the  Eponym  Canon  became  of  the  great- 
est importance  for  the  chronology  of  the  Assyrian  Itings. 
Further  and  still  more  interesting  information  has  been 
derived  from  these  tables,  which  contain  alongside  of  the 
name  of  the  limmu  a  short  notice  of  the  principal  events 
of  his  year.  Thus,  for  instance,  during  the  reign  of  Asur- 
dan  ni.  (K2-7S4)  an  eclipse  of  the  sun  in  Nineveh  is  re- 
corded, and  according  to  the  calculations  of  the  astron- 
omers such  an  eclipse  took  place  on  the  15th  of  June,  763,  so 
tljat  this  notice  is  of  prime  importancef  or  early  chronology. 

Epping  (ep'ing).  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Essex,  England,  16  niiles  northeast  of  London, 
Poijulation  (1891),  2,565. 

Epping  Forest.  A  royal  forest  in  southwestern 
Essex,  England,  formerly  called  Waltham  For- 
est. Its  area  formerly  was  about  60,000  acres :  it  now 
contains  5,600  acres,  preserved  by  London,  and  opened  to 
the  public  as  a  pleasure-ground  in  1882. 

£pr6ni6nil.    See  Esprimesnil. 

Epsom  (ep'som).  [Supposed  to  be  equivalent 
to  Ebha's  home:  so  named  from  Saint  Ebba, 
queen  of  Surrey,  a.  d.  600.]  A  market-town  in 
the  county  of  Surrey,  15  miles  southwest  of 
London,  in  1618  the  mineral  spring  from  which  Epsom 
salts  were  first  made  was  discovered,  and  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  17th  century  Epsom  became  a  fashionable  resort, 
and  remained  so  until  1736,  when  the  tide  turned  to  Bath 
and  Cheltenham.  It  was  especially  affected  by  Charles  II. 
Races  were  run  on  the  downs  a  mile  and  a  half  south  of 
the  town  probably  as  early  as  the  reign  of  James  I.,  but  its 
Importance  as  a  race-course  begins  with  the  establishment 
of  the  Oaks  and  the  Derby  in  1779  and  1780.  The  spring 
meeting  occurs  yearly  about  the  middle  of  April,  and  the 
Derby  and  Oaks  are  run  about  the  end  of  May.  Population 
0891),  8,417. 

Epsom  Wells.  A  comedy  by  Thomas  Shad- 
well,  produced  in  1675. 

Epworth  (ep'werth).  A  small  town  in  Lincoln- 
shire, England,  24  miles  northwest  of  Lincoln : 
the  birthplace  of  John  Wesley. 

Equador,  ConfederagEo  do.  See  ConfederagSo 
do  Equador. 

Era  of  Good  Feeling.  In  United  States  his- 
tory, a  name  given  to  the  period  from  1817  to 
about  1824,  which  was  marked  by  internal  har- 
mony and  the  absence  of  strong  party  feeling. 

i^rard  (a-rar'),  S^bastien.  Bom  at  Stras- 
burg,  April  5, 1752 :  died  at  Passy,  near  Paris, 
Aug.    5,   1831.     A  French  manufacturer  of 

Sianofortes,  harps,  and  organs.    He  invented  the 
ouble-action  harp  in  1808,  ana  made  improvements  in 
pianos  and  organs. 

Erasistratus  (er-a-sis'tra-tus).  Born  probably 
in  the  island  of  Ceos :  lived  about  300  B.C.  A 
Greek  physician  and  anatomist. 

Erasmus  (e-raz'mus),  Desiderius  (originally 
Gerhard  GefhardsC  Gerhard's  son'),D.  Geert 
Geerts).  [G-r.  ipaaiuog,  beloved,  desired :  the 
L.  desiderius  has  the  same  sense.]  Bom  at 
Eotterdam,  probably  Oct.  28,  1465:  died  at 
Basel,  Switzerland,  July  12,  1536.  A  famous 
Dutch  classical  and  theological  scholar  and 
satirist.  He  was  the  Illegitimate  son  of  Gerhard  de 
Fraet,  was  left  an  orphan  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  and  waa 
defrauded  of  his  inheritance  by  his  guardians,  who  com- 
pelled him  to  enter  the  monastery  of  Stein.  He  entered 
in  1491  the  service  of  the  Bishop  of  Cambray,  under  whose 
patronage  he  was  enabled  to  study  at  the  University  of 
Paris.  He  subsequently  visited  the  chief  European  coun- 
tries, including  England  (1498-99  and  1610-14),  and  in 
1521  settled  at  Basel,  whence  he  removed  to  Freiburg  In 
Breisgau  in  1629.  Refusing  all  offers  of  ecclesiastical  pre- 
ferment, he  devoted  himself  wholly  to  study  and  literary 
composition.  He  aimed  to  reform  without  dismember- 
ing the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  at  first  favored,  but 
subsequently  opposed,  the  Reformation,  and  engaged  in  a 
controversy  with  Luther.  His  chief  performance  was  an 
edition  of  the  New  Testament  in  Greek  with  a  Latin 
translation,  published  in  1616.  Besides  this  edition  of  the 
New  Testament  his  most  notable  publications  are  "  Col- 
loquies" and  "Encomium  Moriao."  A  collective  edition 
of  his  works  was  published  by  Le  Clerc  1708-06. 

lEraste  (a-rast')-  1-  The  exasperated  lover  in 
Molifere's  comedy  "Les  f ftcheux"  ( '  The  Bores  ')• 
He  has  an  appointment  with  Orphise  whom  he  loves,  and 
every  person  in  the  play  comes  in  and  prevents  it. 
2.  The  lover  of  Julie  in  Molilre's  "M.  de 
Pourceaugnac."— 3.  The  lover  of  Lucille  in 
Molifere's  comedy  "  Le  d^pit  amoureux,"  usu- 
ally caUed  "Lovers'  Quarrels"  in  English. 

Brastians  (e-ras'tianz).  Those  who  maintain 
the  doctrines  held  by  or  attributed  to  Thomas 
Erastus,  a  German  polemic  (1524r-83),  author  of 
a  work  on  excommunication,  in  which  he  pro- 
posed to  restrict  the  jurisdiction  of  the  church. 
Erastianism,  or  the  doctrine  of  state  supremacy  in  eccle- 
siastical matters,  is  often,  but  erroneously,  attnbuted  to 
him. 

Erastus  (e-ras'tus),  Thomas  (Grecized  from 
Lieber  or  Liebler).  [Gr.  kpaardg,  lovely,  be- 
loved.] Born  at  Auggen,  near  Badenweiler, 
Germany,1524:  diedat Basel, Switzerland,  1583. 
A  physician  and  Protestant  controversialist. 
His  chief  work,  a  collection  of  theses  on  excom- 
munication, was  published  in  1589. 


365 

Erato  (er'a-to).  [Gr.  '&paT6.'\  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  Muse  of  erotic  poetry.  In  art  she 
is  often  represented  with  the  lyre. 

Eratosthenes  (er-a-tos'the-ngz).  [Gr.  ''Epana- 
BevT/g.']  Born  at  Cyrene,  Alrica,  about  276  b.  c.  : 
died  about  196  B.  c.  An  Alexandrian  astrono- 
mer, geometer,  geographer,  grammarian,  and 
philosopher:  "the  founder  of  astronomical  ge- 
ography and  of  scientific  chronology."  He  mea- 
sured the  obliquity  of  the  ecliptic,  and  introduced  a 
method  of  computing  the  earth's  magnitude.  Fragments 
of  his  "  Geographica  "  (TetaypatjuKo)  are  extant, 

Erbach  (er'baeh).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Starkenburg,  Hesse,  situated  in  the  Oden- 
wald  21  miles  southeast  of  Darmstadt,  it  has  a 
castle,  and  was  formerly  the  seat  of  an  Independent 
countship.    Population  (1890),  2,788. 

Ercilla  y  Zuniga  (ar-thel'ya  e  thon-ye'ga), 
Alonso  de.  Bom  at  Madrid,  Aug.  7, 1533:  died 
there,  Nov.  29, 1594.  A  Spanish  soldier  and  poet. 
In  1654  he  took  service  with  Jeronymo  de  Alderete,  who  had 
been  appointed  governor  of  Chile.  He  led  an  adventu- 
rous life  in  South  America  until  1682,  when  he  returned  to 
Spain.  In  1569  he  published  the  first  part  of  "  La  Arau- 
cana"  (followed  later  by  the  second  and  third  parts),  the 
finest  heroic  poem  in  the  Spanish  language.  It  has  also  his- 
torical value. 

Erckmann-Chatrian  (erk'man  -  sha  -  tre  -  on' ). 
The  signature  of  the  literary  collaborators 
:6mile  Erokmann  (bom  May  20,  1822:  died 
March  14, 1899)  and  Louis  Gratien  Charles  Alex- 
andre Chatrian  (born  at  Soldatenthal,  Meuithe, 
Dec.  18,  1826;  died  at  Eaincy,  Seine,  Sept.  3, 
1890).  In  1848  these  two  men  became  associated  in  \it- 
erary  labors,  the  former  writing  chlefiy  and  the  latter  ed- 
iting and  adapting  for  the  stage.  Among  their  first  pub- 
lications are  "Science  et  g^nie"  and  "Schinderhannes" 
(I860),  and  many  short  stories.  The  series  of  novels  to 
which  Erckmann-Chatrian  owe,  in  great  part,  their  repu- 
tation includes  "Le  Fou  Y^gof ". (1862),  "Madame  Th^- 
rise,  ou  lee  volontaires  de  1792  "(1863),"  Histoired'uncon- 
sorit  de  1813"  and  "L'Ami  Fritz"  (1864),  "Waterloo"  and 
"Histoire  d'un  homme  du  peuple"  (1866),  "La  guerre" 
and  "  La  maison  f  orestifere  "  (1866),  and  many  others.  Their 
dramatic  compositions  and  adaptations  are  "Georges,  ou 
le  chasseur  des  ruines"  (1848),  "L'Alsace  en  1814"  (1860), 
"  Le  Juif  polonais  "  (1869),  "  L'Ami  Fritz  "  (1876),  "  Madame 
Th^rfese"  (1882),  "Les  Rantzau"  (1884),  etc.  Erckmann 
claims  the  sole  authorship  ol  the  novel  "  Les  brigands 
des  Vosges  il  y  a  soixante  ans  "  (1850),  a  totally  different 
version  of  which  was  published  by  him  in  "  La  Revue 
de  Paris"  under  the  title  "Llllustre  docteur  Math^us" 
(1857).  Since  Chatrian's  death,  Erckmann  has  contributed 
to  "  Le  Temps"  two  publications,  "Kaleb  et  Khora"  and 
"La  premifere  campagne  du  grand-p^re  Jacques,"  the 
latter  being  the  first  in  a  series  of  stories  dealing  with 
the  wars  of  the  empire. 

Ercles  (er'klez).    A  corruption  of  Sercules. 
Bot.  .  .  .  Yet  my  chief  humour  is  for  a  tyrant :  I  could 
play  Ercles  rarely,  or  a  part  to  tear  a  cat  in,  to  make  all 
split .  .  .  This  is  Ercles'  vein,  a  tyrant's  vein  :  a  lover  is 
more  condoling.  Shalt.,  Midsummer  Night's  Dream. 

[Ercles  —  Hercules  —  was  one  of  the  roarers  of  the  old 
rude  stage.  Thus  Greene,  in  his  "Groatsworth  of  Wit," 
1592  :  "The  twelve  labours  of  Hercules  have  I  terribly 
thundered  on  the  stage."  Hudson,  Note  to  M.  N.  D.] 

Erota  (erk'ta),  or  Ercte  (-te).  [Gr.  EipKr^, 
'Bp/cTi^.]  In  ancient  geography,  a  mountain  in 
northern  Sicily,  about  4  miles  north  of  Paler- 
mo :  the  modem  Monte  Pellegrino.  It  was  a 
stronghold  of  Hamilcar  Barca  in  the  last  part  of  the  first 
Punic  war. 

ErdSlyi  (er'dal-ye), Jdnos.  BornatKapoSjUng, 
Hungary,  1814:  died  at  S4.rospatak,  Zemplin, 
Hungary,  Jan.  23,  1868.  A  Hungarian  writer. 
His  chief  works  are  collections  of  Hungarian 
folk-songs  (1846-48)  and  folk-tales  (1855). 

Erdmann  (erd'mSn),  Axel  Joachim.  Born  at 
Stockholm,  Aug.  12,  1814 :  died  at  Stockholm, 
Dec.  1,  1869.  A.  Swedish  geologist  and  miner- 
alogist. 

Erdmann,  Johann  Eduard.  Bom  at  Wolmar, 
Livonia,  Eussia,  June  13, 1805 :  died  at  Halle, 
June  12,  1892.  A  German  philosopher,  pro- 
fessor at  Halle.  He  published  "Versuch  einer  wis- 
senschaftlichen  Darstellung  der  Geschichte  der  neuern 
Philosophic  "  (1834-63),  etc. 

Erdmann,  Otto  Linn6.  Bom  at  Dresden,  AprU 
11, 1804:  died  at  Leipsie,  Oct.  9, 1869.  A  Ger- 
man chemist.  He  published  "  Lehrbuch  der  Chemie  ° 
("Manual  of  Chemistry,"  1828),  etc.,  and  founded  the 
"Journal  fur  praktische  Chemie"  in  1834. 

Erebus  (er'e-bus),  or  Erebos  (-bos).  [Gr.  "Epe- 
i8o?.]  In  (Jreek  mythology,  the  son  of  Chaos 
and  brother  of  Nyx. 

Erebus.  -Aa  active  volcano  in  Victoria  Land, 
Antarctic  regions,  about  lat.  78°  S.,  long.  168°  E. 
Height,  about  12,367  feet. 

Erec  (e'rek)  and  Enid  (e'nid).  See  the  extract 
and  Enid. 

One  of  the  most  beautiful  ol  these  metrical  tales  is 
"Erec  and  Enide,"  by  Chrestien  de  Xroyes.  Erec  van- 
quishes  a  knight  who  had  insulted  an  attendant  of  Queen 
Geueura  at  a  national  hunt.  After  the  battle,  Erec  dis- 
covered on  the  domains  of  the  person  he  had  conquered 
his  beautiful  niece,  called  Enide,  who  resided  near  her 
uncle's  castle,  but  had  been  allowed  by  him  to  remain  in 
the  utmost  poverty.    Erec  marries  this  lady,  and  soon 


Eric  the  Bed 

forgets  all  the  duties  of  chivalry  in  her  embraces ;  hli 
vassals  complain  bitterly  of  his  sloth,  and  Enide  rouses 
him  to  exertion.  Attended  by  her  alone,  he  sets  out  iu 
quest  of  adventures,  of  which  a  variety  are  related. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  1. 264. 

Erech  (e'rek).  One  of  the  four  cities  of  the 
kingdom  of  Nimrod,  iu  Shinar  or  Babylonia: 
the  Greek  Orohoe.  It  was  identical  with  Uruk  of  the 
inscriptions,  and  is  now  represented  by  the  mound  of 
ruins  of  Warka,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Euphrates 
southeast  of  Babylon.  It  was  one  of  the  oldest  seats  of 
Babylonian  civilization,  and  had  a  college  of  learned  priests 
and  a  large  library.  It  was  also  the  chief  seat  of  the  wor- 
ship of  Ishtar  as  the  evening  star,  and  of  Nana.  Accord- 
ing to  an  inscription  of  Asurbanipal  (668-626  B.  o.)  Erech 
was,  in  2280  B.  c,  invaded  by  the  Elamite  king  Kudur- 
nachundi,  who  carried  off  the  image  of  Nana  to  Elam, 
where  it  remained  lor  1,636  years,  till  he  (Asurbanipal),  in 
645,  at  the  conquest  of  Susa,  returned  it  to  its  ancient  seat. 
Around  the  ruins  of  Erech  are  found  many  tombs,  so  that 
it  would  seem  that  it  served  as  a  kind  of  necropolis. 

Erechtheum  (e-rek-the'um).  An  Ionic  temple 
iu  Athens  dating  from  the  end  of  the  5th  cen- 
tury B.  c,  remarkable  for  its  complex  plan  and 
architectural  variety,  as  well  as  for  its  techni- 
cal perfection,  it  included  a  shrine  to  Athena  Poliaa 
(as  guardian  of  the  city),  altars  to  several  other  divinities, 
the  tomb  of  Erechtheus  (whence  its  name),  the  salt  spring 
evoked  by  Poseidon,  and  several  other  peculiarly  sacred 
memorials.  The  shrine  of  Athena  faced  the  east,  and  had 
the  form  of  a  prostyle  hexastyle  ceUa.  On  the  north  side, 
at  alower  level,  there  is  a  portico  of  four  by  two  delicately 
sculptured  columns,  with  access  by  a  monumental  door- 
way to  a  hall  traversing  the  building  behind  the  cella  of 
Athena.  The  west  wall  of  this  hall  was  formed  of  a  high 
basement-wall,  upon  which  stood  four  piers  having  on 
their  outer  face  the  form  of  Ionic  semi-columns.  The 
wall  is  usually  restored  as  having  windows  in  the  interco- 
lumniations.  At  the  west  end  of  the  south  side  is  the 
famous  Porch  of  Caryatids,  whose  rich  entablatui-e  rests 
on  the  heads  of  six  female  figures,  four  in  front,  ranking 
as  the  finest  of  architectural  sculptures.  On  the  west  side 
of  the  temple  was  the  inclosure  m  which  grew  the  mirac- 
ulous olive-tree  of  Athena,  and  in  which  lived  the  priest- 
esses and  the  high-born  maidens  who  were  selected  every 
year  to  serve  the  goddess. 

Erechtheus  (e-rek'thUs),  or  Erichthonius 

(e-rik-tho'ni-us).  In  Greek  legend,  a  sou  of 
Hephsestus,  and  an  autochthonous  hero  of 
Athens :  often  confounded  with  another  of  the 
same  name,  sometimes  represented  as  his 
grandson. 

Eregli  (e-reg'li),  or  Erekli(e-rek'li).  A  town 
in  the  vilayet  of  Kastamuni,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situated  on  the  Black  Sea  in  lat.  41°  17'  N., 
long.  31°  25'  E. :  the  ancient  Heraelea.  It  is 
the  center  of  a  coal-mining  region.  Popular 
tion,  about  4,000. 

Eretria  (e-re'tri-a).  [Gr.  'EplTpm."]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  ou  the  island  of  Euboea, 
Greece,  29  miles  north  of  Athens,  it  was  a  rival 
of  Chalcis,  was  destroyed  by  the  Persians  in  490  B.  0.,  and 
was  afterward  rebuilt.  An  ancient  theater  has  been  ex- 
cavated on  its  site  by  the  American  School  at  Athens.  The 
cavea  is  supported  on  an  artificial  embankment.  It  was 
divided  by  radial  stairways  into  11  cunei,  and  is  266  feet 
in  diameter.  The  orchestra,  811  feet  in  diameter,  pre- 
sents a  highly  important  feature,  nere  first  recognized,  in 
an  underground  passage  leading  from  its  center  to  the  in- 
terior of  the  stage-structure.  This  explains  several  ob- 
scurities in  the  classical  drama. 

Erfurt  (er'f  ort).  A  city  in  the  province  of  Sax- 
ony, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Gera  in  lat.  50° 
58'  N.,  long.  11°  1'  E.  it  is  famous  for  its  horticulture, 
and  has  varied  manufactures.  It  contains  a  noted  cathe- 
dral, a  church  of  St.  Severus,  and  an  Augustine  monastery 
which  has  a  cell  once  occupied  by  Luther.  The  town  was 
founded  very  early,  and  was  a  memberof  the  Hause  League. 
It  was  an  object  of  strife  between  Saxony  and  the  electorate 
of  Mainz,  and  passed  finally  to  the  latter.  It  was  acquired 
by  Prussia  in  1802,  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1806,  and 
was  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1816.  It  had  a  university  from 
the  14th  century  to  1816.  In  1808  It  was  the  scene  of  a  con- 
ference  between  Napoleon,  Alexander  1.,  and  German 
princes,  and  in  1860  was  the  seat  ol  the  German  tlnions- 
parliament.    Population  (1890),  72,360. 

Eric  (e'rik),  Sw.  Erik  (a'rik),  Saint.  Died  near 
Upsala,  Sweden,  May  18, 1160.  King  of  Sweden, 
elected  to  the  throne  of  Upper  Sweden  in  1150. 
He  undertook  in  1167  acrusade  against  the  heathen  Finns, 
part  of  whom  he  conquered  and  baptized.  Soon  after  his 
return  to  Upsala  he  was  attacked  by  the  Danish  prince 
Magnus  Hendrikson,  and  fell  in  battle. 

EricXIV.^ing  of  Sweden.  Born  Dec.  13,1533: 
poisoned  Feb.  26, 1577.  Son  of  Gustavus  Vasa 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1560.  He  elevated  his  mis- 
tress, Katrina  M&nsdotter,  to  the  throne,  after  having 
made  unsuccessful  overtures  of  marriage  to  Queen  Eliza- 
beth of  England  and  Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  His  violence 
and  misgovernment  caused  his  deposition  in  1568  by  a 
conspiracy  of  the  nobles  headed  by  his  brothers  John  and 
Charles.  He  was,  according  to  tradition,  put  to  death  in 
prison  by  poison. 

Eric  the  Red.  The  founder  of  the  first  Norse 
settlement  in  Greenland  (?).  According  to  the  Ice- 
landic sagas,  he  killed  a  man  In  Norway  and  fled  to 
Iceland,  whence  he  was  sent  into  temporary  banishment 
for  a  similar  outrage ;  whereupon,  in  982,  he  set  sail 
toward  the  west  in  quest  of  a  strange  land  sighted  in  876 
by  the  Norse  sea-rover  Gunnbiom,  He  discovered  the 
country  which  he  named  Greenland,  and  lived  there  tliree 


Eric  the  Red 

years,  when  he  returned  to  Iceland  for  colonists  and  sup- 
plies for  a  permanent  settlement,  which  he  founded  ap- 
parently in  985. 

Ericllt  (er'icht),  Loch.  A  lake  in  Scotland,  sit- 
uated on  and  near  the  border  of  Perthshire  and 
Inverness-shire.  It  is  the  outlet  to  Looh  Ran- 
noeh  and  the  Tay.    Length,  nearly  15  miles 

Erichthonius.    See  Erechtheus. 

Ericson  (er'ik-son),  Leif.  A  Norse  adventurer, 
son  of  Erie  the  Red .  According  to  the  Icelandic  sagas, 
he  sailed  from  Greenland  with  35  companions  about  1000 
A.  D.,  in  quest  of  a  strange  land  to  the  west  which  had  been 
sighted  in  986  by  the  Norseman  Bjarni  Herjulf  son.  He  dis- 
covered the  country  which  he  named  Vinland  from  the 
grape-vines  he  found  growing  in  it,  and  spent  a  winter 
there.  The  coast  on  which  he  landed  has  been  variously 
identified — by  some  as  tliat  of  Labrador  or  Newfoundland, 
and  by  others  as  that  of  New  England. 

Ericsson  (er'ik-son),  John.  Bom  in  the  parish 
of  Fernebo,  "Wermland,  Sweden,  July  31, 1803: 
died  at  New  York,  March  8,  1889.  A  famous 
Swedish- American  engineer  and  inventor.  He 
went  to  England  in  1826,  and  to  the  United  States  in  1839. 
He  constructed  the  caloric  engine  in  1833;  applied  the 
screw  U>  steam  navigation  1836-41 ;  and  invented  the  tur- 
reted  ironclad  Monitor  1862.  (See  Monitor.)  His  later 
inventions  include  a  solar  engine,  the  torpedo-boat  De- 
stroyer, etc. 

Ericsson,  Nils.  Born  Jan.  31,  1802:  died  at 
Stockholm,  Sept.  8, 1870.  A  Swedish  engineer, 
brother  of  .John  Ericsson.  He  became  second  lieu- 
tenant in  the  engineer  corps  of  the  Swedish  army  in  1823 ; 
was  promoted  lieutenant  in  1828,  captain  in  1830,  and 
major  in  1832 ;  and  in  1850  was  appointed  colonel  in  the 
mechanical  corps  of  the  navy.  He  was  director-in-chief 
of  the  state  railways  1855-62,  and  was  knighted  in  1854. 

EridanUS  (f-rid'a-nus).  [Gr.  'KpiSavd;.']  In 
Greek  legend,  tlie  name  of  a  large  river  in 
northern  Europe,  later  identified  with  the 
Rh6ne,  or,  usually,  with  the  Po.  It  was  con- 
nected with  the  myth  of  Phaethon.  See  Phae- 
thon. 

Eridu  (a'ri-do).  An  ancient  city  in  Babylonia, 
the  modern  Abu  Shahrein,  situated  on  the  left 

■  bank  of  the  Euphrates,  not  far  from  Mugheir, 
nearly  opposite  to  the  Arabic  city  Siik  es- 
Sheyuh.  It  was  the  principal  seat  of  Ea,  the 
Assyro-Babylonian  god  of  the  ocean. 

Erie  (e'ri).  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians 
formerly  living  in  western  New  York  and  along 
the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Erie  from  the  Gene- 
see to  the  Cuyahoga  River  in  Ohio.  The  word  is 
derived  from  their  Huron  name,  signifying  'Cat  people,' 
from  which  the  French  called  them  N'ation  du  Chat.  In 
1653  the  Senecas  conquered  and  absorbed  them.  See  Iro- 
quoian. 

Erie.  A  city,  port  of  entry,  and  county-seat  of 
Erie  County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  Lake 
Erie  in  lat.  42°  8'  N.,  long.  80°  6'  "W.  Its  chief 
industry  is  iron  manufacture,  and  it  has  a  larse  trade.  It 
occupies  the  site  of  Fort  de  la  Presqu'isle,  built  about 
1749.     Population  (1900),  62,733. 

Erie,  Lake.  The  southernmost  and  shallowest 
of  the  Great  Lakes,  lying  between  Ontario  on 
the  north.  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio 
on  the  south  and  southeast,  and  Michigan  on 
the  west,  it  communicates  with  Lake  St.  Clair  by  the 
Detroit  River  at  its  upper  end,  and  discharges  its  waters 
into  Lake  Ontario  by  the  Niagara  River.  It  receives  the 
Maumee.  On  its  banks  are  Buflalo,  Cleveland,  Sanduslicy, 
and  Toledo,  Length,  about  260  miles.  Average  breadth, 
about  40  miles.  Area,  9,600  square  miles.  Height  above 
sea-level,  673  feet. 

Erie,  Lake,  Battle  of.  A  naval  victory  gained 
near  Pat-in-Bay,  Lake  Erie,  Sept.  10,  1813,  by 
the  American  fleet  (9  vessels,  54  gtms,  490 
men)  under  O.  H.  Perry  over  the  British  fleet 
(6  vessels,  63  guns,  502  men)  under  Barclay. 

Erie  Canal.  The  chief  canal  in  the  United 
States,  extending  from  the  Hudson  River  at 
Albany  to  Lake  Erie  at  Buffalo,  its  construction 
was  due  mainly  to  the  efforts  of  De  Witt  Clinton  1817-26. 
Its  present  length  is  360J  miles.  Width  at  surface,  70  feet ; 
at  bottom,  B6  feet.    Depth,  7  feet. 

Erigena  (e-rij'e-na),  Johannes  Scotus.  [Eri- 
gena,  born  in  Ireland.]  Born  probably  in  Ire- 
land between  800  and  815 :  died  probably  about 
891.  A  noted  scholar  of  the  Carloviugiau  period. 
He  came  to  the  court  of  Charles  the  Bald  before  847,  and 
became  director  of  the  palatial  school,  during  the  incum- 
bency of  which  ofiice  his  chief  literary  work  was  done. 
He  is  said  by  William  of  Malmesbury  and  others  to  have 
been  invited  to  England  by  Alfred  the  Great  (about  883!), 
to  have  been  appointed  teacher  at  the  school  of  Oxford  and 
abbot  of  Malmesbury,  and  to  have  been  killed  by  his  own 
pupils.  His  chief  work  was  the  translation  of  Dionysins 
Areopagita,  and  the  consequent  introduction  of  Neoplar 
tonism  into  western  Europe.  The  most  notable  of  his 
original  productions  is  "  De  Divisione  Naturae  "  (edited  by 
Gale  1681,  Schluter  1838,  and  Floss  1853). 

Erigone  (e-rig'6-ne) .  [Gr.  'Hpiyiiw?.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  daughter  of  Icarius.  She  was 
changed  to  a  constellation  (the  Latin  Virgo). 

Erin  (e'rin).    See  Ireland. 

Erinna(e-rin'a).  [Gr.  "Hpiwa.]  BomatRhodes 
orTelos:  lived'abouteOOB.  c,  dyingattheage  of 
nineteen.    A  celebrated  Greek  poetess,  a  friend 


366 

of  Sappho,  and  her  companion  in  Mytilene. 
Fragments  of  a  poem,  entitled  "The  Spindle,"  and  some 
epigrams  are  all  that  remain  of  her  work. 

Erinyes  (e-rin'i-ez).  [Gr.  'Epwfcf.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  female  divinities,  avengers  of  ini- 
quity. According  to  Hesiod  they  are  daughters  of  Ge 
(earth),  sprung  from  the  blood  of  the  mutilated  Uranus ; 
according  to  others,  of  night  and  darkness.  They  were 
also  called  the  Eumenides  and,  by  the  Romans,  Furise  or 
Dirse.  In  later  times  their  number  was  limited  to  three, 
Alecto  ('the  unresting "),  Megsera  ('  the  jealous "),  and  Ti- 
siphone  ('the  avenger "}. 

Eriphyle  (er-i-H'le).  [Gr.  'Epui)i^.']  In  (Sreek 
mythology,  the  wife  of  Amphiaraus  and  sister 
of  Adrastus.  She  was  slain  by  her  son  Alcmseon  for 
persuading  hisf  ather  to  join  the  expedition  against  Thebes, 
in  which  he  met  his  death. 

Eris  (e'ris  or  er'is).  [Gr.  "E/k?.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  goddess  of  discord,  sister  of  Ares 
and,  according  to  Hesiod,  daughter  of  Nyx. 
In  revenge  for  not  having  been  invited  to  the  nuptials  of 
Feleus  and  Thetis,  she  threw  among  the  guests  a  golden 
apple  bearing  the  inscription  "To  the  Fairest. "  A  dispute 
arose  between  Aphrodite,  Hera,  and  Athena  concerning 
the  apple,  whereupon  Zeus  ordered  Hermes  to  take  the 
goddesses  to  Mount  Gargarus,  to  the  shepherd  Paris,  who 
should  decide  the  dispute.  He  awarded  the  apple  to 
Aphrodite,  who  in  return  assisted  him  in  carrying  off  the 
beautiful  Helen  from  Sparta,  which  gave  rise  to  the  Tro- 
jan war.    In  Vergil  Discordia  takes  the  place  of  Eris. 

Erith  (er'ith).  A  town  in  Kent,  England,  on 
the  Thames  13  miles  east  of  London. 

Eritrea  (a-re-tra'a).  The  official  name,  since 
1890,  of  the  Italian  colony  on  the  Red  Sea. 
The  first  annexation  by  Italy  was  that  of  Assab  in  1880. 
Massowah,  the  natural  harbor  of  Abyssinia,  is  the  capital. 
The  population  of  Eritrea  is  estimated  at  450,000.  The 
boundaries  on  the  coast  are  Eas  Kasar  and  Raheita.  As 
a  result  of  the  defeat  of  the  Italians  at  Adowa  1896,  the 
extent  of  the  colony  toward  the  interior  has  been  much 
restricted.  At  present  the  inland  boundary  runs  from 
Has  Easar  southwestward  to  the  Mareb,  near  Eassala, 
then  eastward  along  that  river  to  about  long.  39°  E.  and 
thence  southeastward  to  Obok. 

Erivan  (er-i-van').  A  government  of  Trans- 
caucasia, Russia,  north  of  Persia  and  Turkey. 
It  is  known  also  as  Russian  Armenia,  and  was  ceded  to 

'  Russia  by  Persia  in  1828.  Area,.  10,746  square  miles. 
Population  (1887-89),  677,491. 

Erivan.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Eri- 
van, situated  on  the  Sanga  in  lat.  40°  12'  N., 
long.  44°  31'  E.  it  was  stormed  by  the  Russian  gen- 
eral Paskevitch  in  1827.  It  contains  the  palace  of  the 
Persian  viceroys,  now  appropriated  to  the  needs  of  the 
Russian  authorities,  a  large  building  with  several  courts. 
One  of  the  halls  has  been  restored  in  the  original  style, 
and  is  decorated  with  paintings  of  Persian  heroes,  as 
Abbas  Mirza  and  Nadir  Shah,  and  with  inlaid  work  in 
colored  glass.  In  one  of  the  courts  stand  two  mosques. 
The  larger  dates  from  the  17th  century,  and  is  incrusted 
within  and  without  with  brilliantly  enameled  tiles,  those 
covering  the  dome  being  blue.    Population  (1891),  14,363. 

Erkelenz  (er'ke-lentz).  A  small  town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  24  miles  northeast 
of  Aix-la-Chapelle.     Population  (1890),  4,066. 

Erlangen  (er'lang-en).  A  university  town  in 
Middle  Pranconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the 
Regnitz  11  miles  north-northwest  of  Nurem- 
berg, It  has  manufactures  of  gloves,  hosiery,  beer,  etc. 
It  was  developed  largely  by  French  refugees,  and  was 
ceded  to  Bavaria  in  1810.    Population  (1890)1, 17,669. 

Erlau  (er'lou),  Hung.  Eger  (eg'er).  The  cap- 
ital of  the  county  of  Heves,  Hungary,  situated 
on  the  Erlau  in  lat.  47°  55'  N.,  long.  20°  22'  B. 
It  has  a  cathedral,  and  is  noted  for  its  red  wines.  It 
was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Turks  in  1652,  but 
afterward  came  under  Turldsh  sway.  Population  (1890), 
22,427. 

Erl-King  (eri'Mng),  G.  Erl-Konig  (errke-nia). 
[Dan.  eUe-Tconge,  elver-konge,  king  of  the  elves.] 
In  German  legend,  a  goblin  who  haunts  the 
forests  and  lures  people  to  destruction.  He  is 
particularly  addicted  to  destroying  children.  This  is  the 
subject  of  Goethe's  well-known  poem. 

Erman  (er'man),  Georg  Adolf.  Bom  at  Ber- 
lin, May  12,  1806 :  died  July  12, 1877.  A  Ger- 
man physicist,  son  of  Paul  Erman :  professor 
of  physios  at  Berlin  from  1834.  He  conducted 
magnetic  observations  in  a  journey  round  the  earth,  de- 
scribed in  "Eeise  um  die  Erde"  (1833-42). 

Erman,  Paul.  Bom  at  Berlin,  Feb.  29, 1764: 
died  there,  Oct.  11, 1851.  A  German  physicist, 
professor  of  physics  at  Berlin  from  the  found- 
ing of  the  university  (1810). 

Ermine,  or  Ermyn  (fir'min),  street.  A  Roman 
road  from  London  northward  to  Lincoln  and 
York.  It  left  London  at  Bishopsgate,  where  a  branch,  the 
Vicinal  Way,  was  thrown  off  to  Essex.  The  first  stop- 
ping-place on  the  northern  road  was  Adfines,  m  Hertford- 
shire ;  thence  it  went  to  Durolipons,  now  Godmanches- 
ter,  on  the  Ouse;  thence  to  Durobrivce,  near  the  village 
of  Castor ;  thence  due  north  to  Cansennse,  now  Ancaater ; 
thence  to  Lindum  or  Iiincoln;  thence  to  Segelocum,  now 
Littleborough;  thence  toDanmu,  now  Doncaster ;  thence 
to  Calcaria,  the  modem  Tadcaster ;  and  thence  to  Ebora- 
cum  or  York.  From  Tork  it  went  northward  to  the  wall 
of  Hadrian. 

Erminia  (6r-min'i-a).  The  principal  female 
character  in  lasso's  "  Jerusalem  Delivered." 


Erpemus 

She  loved  Tanored,  and  cured  him  of  his 
wounds. 

Ermland  (erm'land),  or  Ermeland  (erm'e- 
land),  Pol.  Warmia  (var'me-a).  A  district  in 
the  western  part  of  the  ijrovinee  of  East  Prus- 
sia, Prussia.  Its  bishopric,  of  the  Teutonic  Or- 
der, was  ceded  to  Poland  in  1466, 

Ernani  (er-na'ne).  An  opera  by  Verdi,  first 
produced  at  Venice  in  March,  1844.  it  was  found- 
ed on  Victor  Hugo's  "  Hernani."  Wlien  it  was  produced 
in  France  in  1846,  the  title  was  altered  to  "  11  Proscritto  " 
and  the  characters  were  made  Italian  at  Victor  Hugo's 
request. 

Erne  (em),  Lough.  A  lake  in  County  Fer- 
managh, tflster,  Ireland,  consisting  of  the  up- 
per or  southern  lake  (12  miles  in  length),  and 
the  lower  or  northern  (20  miles  in  length).  It 
is  traversed  by  the  river  Erne. 

Ernest  August,  G.  Ernst  August,  Duke  of 
Cumberland.  Bom  at  Kew,  near  Loudon, 
June  5,  1771 :  died  Nov.  18,  1851.  King  of 
Hanover  1837-51,  fifth  son  of  George  III.  of 
England.  He  was  created  duke  of  Cumberland  in  1799 ; 
commanded  the  Hanoverian  army  in  the  campaigns  of 
1813  and  1814  against  Napoleon ;  was  made  field-marshal 
in  the  British  army  in  1816 ;  married  Frederica  CaroUne 
Sophia  Alexandrina,  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Mecklen- 
burg-Strelitz,  in  1815;  and  on  the  accession  of  Queen 
Victoria  to  the  throne  of  England  succeeded  under  the 
Salic  law  to  that  of  Hanover.  He  immediately  revoked 
the  liberal  constitution  granted  by  William  IV.  in  1833, 
but  granted  another,  based  on  popular  representation,  in 
1840. 

Ernesti  (er-nes'te),  Johann  August.    Bom 

at  Tennstedt,  Thuringia,  Germany,  Aug.  4, 
1707:  died  at  Leipsic,  Sept.  11,  1781.  A  noted 
German  philologist  and  theologian,  professor 
at  the  University  of  Leipsic  from  1742.  He 
edited  various  classical  authors,  including  Cicero  (1737- 
1739),  and  wrote  "  Institutio  Interpretis  Novi  Testament! " 
(1761). 

Ernesti,  Johann  Christian  Gottlieb.    Bom 

at  Arnstadt,  Thuringia,  Germany,  1756 :  died 
at  Kahnsdorf,  near  Leipsic,  June  5,  1802.  A 
German  classical  scholar,  nephew  of  J.  A. 
Ernesti. 
Ernestine  Line.  The  older  of  the  two  lines  of 
the  house  of  Saxony.  It  was  founded  by  Ernest, 
elector  of  Saxony  (died  1486),  and  held  possession  of  elec- 
toral Saxony  until  1547,  when  the  bulk  of  the  Ernestine 
dominions  and  the  electoral  dignity  were  transferred  to 
the  Albertine  line.'  It  consists  at  present  of  the  houses 
of  Saxe-Weimar,  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  Saxe-Meiningen,  and 
Saxe-Altenburg.  See  Aliertine  line  and  other  names 
mentioned. 

Ernest  Maltra'VerS  (6r'nest  mal-trav'6rz).    A 
novel  by  Bulwer,  published  in  1837. 
Ernst  (emst),  Heinrich  Wilhelm.    Bom  at 

Briinn,  Moravia,  Austria-Hungary,  1814 :  died 
at  Nice,  France,  Oct.  8,  1865.  A  noted  Ger- 
man violinist  and  composer.  ' 
Ernulf  (er'nulf ),  or  Arnulf  (ar'nulf ).  Bom  in 
Prance,  1040:  died  March  15,  1124.  An  Eng- 
lish prelate,  abbot  of  Peterborough  1107^14, 
and  bishop  of  Rochester  1114^24.  He  was  edit 
cated  at  the  famous  monastery  of  Bee,  and  was  a  close 
friend  of  Lanfranc  and  Anselm.  He  was  an  authority  on 
canon  law,  and  left  a  large  number  of  documents  bearing 
on  English  ecclesiastical  and  legal  history  ("Textus  Rof- 
fensis,"  preserved  in  Rochester  cathedral). 

Eroica  Symphony,  The.  The  third  and  great- 
est of  Beethoven's  symphonies,  it  was  first  per- 
formed  publicly  in  Vienna  April  7,  1805,  and  was  con- 
ducted by  Beethoven.  Its  original  title  was  "  Bonaparte," 
but  when  Napoleon  assumed  the  title  of  emppror.  Bee- 
thoven  lost  faith  in  him  and  changed  the  title  of  his 
symphony.  It  is  in  full  "  Sinfonia  eroica,  composta  per 
festeggiare  il  souvenire  di  un  grand'  uomo:  dedicate  a 
Sua  Altezza  Serenissima  il  Principe  di  Lobkowltz  da  Lnigl 
van  Beethoven." 

Eros(e'ros).  [Gr.  Epuf .]  1.  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, the  god  of  love.  According  to  Hesiod  he  is  the 
offspring  of  Chaos,  coeval  with  Earth  and  Tartarus,  and 
the  companion  of  Aphrodite :  in  later  myths  he  is  the 
youngest  of  the  gods,  son  of  Aphrodite  and  Ares  or 
Hermes,  represented  as  a  thoughtless  and  wayward  child, 
armed  by  Zeus  with  bow  and  arrows  or  flaming  torch.  In 
the  older  view  he  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  creative 
powers  of  nature,  the  principle  of  union  among  the  diverse 
elements  of  the  world,  more  especially  as  the  power  of 
sensuous  love,  and  also  of  devoted  friendship.  He  was 
worshiped  at  Thespise  in  Eoeotia,  where  a  festival,  the 
Erotidia  or  Erotia,  was  celebrated  every  five  years  in  his 
honor. 

2.  An  asteroid  discovered  in  1898,  remarkable 
from  the  fact  that  the  greater  part  of  its  orbit 
lies  within  that  of  Mars. 

Eros.  In  Shakspere's  "  Antony  and  Cleopatra," 
the  freed  slave  of  Antony.  He  is  devoted  to  An- 
tony, and  kills  himself  with  his  own  sword  when  ordered 
by  Antony  to  slay  him  In  fulfilment  of  an  oath. 

Erostratus.    See  Serostratus. 

Erpenius  (6r-pe'ni-us)  (Latinized  from  Van 
Erpe), Thomas.  BomatGorkum, Netherlands, 
Sept.  11, 1584:  died  atLeyden,  Nov.  13, 1624.  A 
noted  Dutch  Orientalist  and  traveler,  a  friesd 


Erpenius  367  Esher 

of  SoaligerandCasaubon.    He  was  professor  of  Ara,    and  Achaia,  Greece,  the  haunt  of  the  fabled  Ery-  Escholzmatt  (esh'olts-mat).    A  village  In  the 
^°?„vS'!L'??l'??^f^i','^S*™'*'"l^'»^">^.A"l?^™."'    manthian  boar,  killed_  by  Hercules.  canton  of  Lucerne,  Switzerland,  20  miles  south- 

west of  Lucerne. 

Eschsclioltz  (esh'sholts),  Johann  Friedrich 
von.  Born  at  Dorpat,  Russia,  Nov.  12,  1793 : 
died  there,  May  19,  1834.  A  German  traveler 
and  naturalist,  professor  of  anatomy  at  Dorpat, 


:^T^fJ^t^^^fM''T^2^h:Z}^nhlfi  Erythra(er'i-thre).    [G^. 'B/,«ep«L]    In  ancient    west  of 

Brr^uriz-^ar-ra'thp-reth),  Federico.    Born^at  1^^*^^  ^^  'f:.7areBrym.ur.,  o.Mare 

Buhrum,  Ked  Sea.]  In  ancient  geography,  a 
name  ^ven  to  the  Arabian  Sea,  or  to  the  Indian 
Ocean  Including  the  Eed  Sea  and  Persian  Gulf, 


Santiago,  March  27,  1825:'  died  there,  July  20, 
3877.  A  Chilean  statesman.  Under  President  P&- 
rez  (1881)  he  was  minister  of  Justice,  religion,  and  pub- 
lic iiistraction,  and  later  of  war  and  marine.    In  the  lat- 


ter position  he  directed  the  war  with  Spain  in  1865.   From  Eryx  (e'riks).     [Gr.  "Epuf.]     In  ancient  geog- 
lo^  t„  iii7«  i,«  „„.       .,/i._4.  _.  /It,.,.    Ti       ^^,.^..^    raphy,  a  city  and  mountain  in  western  Sicily, 


car  in  the  first  Punic  war.    See  J/onte  San  GitdiaTw. 

1.  A  vilayet  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  bordering  on  Transcaucasia,  Eussia. 
Area,  29,614  square  miles.  Population  (1885), 
645,702.-2.  The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of 
Erzerum,  situated  on  the  Kara-Su  (the  north 
branch  of  the  Euphrates),  over  6,000  feet  above 
sea-level,  in  lat.  39°  56'  N.,  long.  41°  15'  E.  It 
is  an  important  trading  center  and  fortress,  and  is  noted 
for  its  metal-work.  Its  early  name  was  Theodosiopolis. 
It  belonged  in  the  middle  ages  to  the  Byzantine  empire, 
the  Arabs,  the  Seljuks,  and  the  Mongols  in  turn;  In  1829 
it  was  taken  by  the  Kussian  general  Paskevitch,  but  was 
restored  to  the  Turks.  It  was  surrendered  to  the  Kussians 
in  Feb.,  1878,  but  was  a^ain  restored  to  the  Turks.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  60,000.  Also  spelled  Erzeroum,  En- 
room. 

Erzgebirge  (erts'ge-ber-ge),  or  Ore  Moun- 
tains. A  range  of  mountains  on  the  border 
between  Saxony  and  Bohemia,  extending  from 
the  Elbe  to  the  Piohtelgebirge.  Highest  summit, 
the  Keilberg,  4,080  feet.  Length,  about  90  miles.  The} 
are  celebrated  for  their  mineral  deposits. 

[Assyr.  Alur-aka- 


3871  to  1876  he  was  president  of  Chile.  He  published 
"La  Constituclon  de  1828"  and  "  Los  Pincheiras,"  histori- 
cal studies. 

Errazuriz,  Isidoro.    Bom  at  Santiago,  1835.  A 

Chilean  journalist.    He  became  editor  of  --  El  Consti-     ^  „.„„  „  „ 

tttcional"  in  1861,  and  founded  "La  Patria"  in  Valparaiso  ti__„_,,»_  /„__   „k™/\ 
inl863.    Since  1867  he  has  been  almost  constantly  a  mem-  ^Jzerum_(,erz-rom  ; 
ber  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies.    In  April,  1893,  he  was 
made  minister  of  the  interior,  but  was  compelled  to  resign 
in  August,  owing  to  ill  feeling  caused  by  his  support  of 
Mr.  Egan,  the  American  minister. 

Errors,  Comedy  of.    See  Comedy  of  Errors. 

Ersch,  (ersh),  Johann  Samuel.  Bom  at  Gross- 
glogau,  Prussia,  June  23,  1766:  died  at  Halle, 
Prussia,  Jan.  16, 1828.  A  German  bibliographer 
and  encyclopedist,  the  founder  of  German  bib- 
liography. In  association  with  3.  G.  Gruber,  he  origi- 
nated the  "  Allgemeine  Encyklopadie  der  Wissenschaf  ten 
und  Kiinste"  (1818-90). 

Erskine  (6rsk'in),  Ebenezer.  Bom  at  Dry- 
burgh,  Berwickshire,  Scotland,  June  22,  1680 : 
died  at  Stirling,  Scotland,  June  2,  1754.  A 
clergyman  of  the  Established  Church,  and  after- 
ward of  the  Secession  Church  in  Scotland,  a 
sermon  which,  as  moderator  of  his  synod,  he  preached  at 
Stirling,  Oct.  18, 1732,  caused  such  dissatisfaction,  from  his 

censure  of  prevailing  doctrinal  errors  and  of  tyrannous     

exercise  of  patronage,  that  he  and  three  adherents,William  Egarhaddon  (e-sar-had'on) 
Wilson,  Alexander  MoncriefC,  and  James  Eisher,  were  in      ■  "■ 
Nov.,  1733,  removed  from  their  pastorates.    These'  four 
"Secession  Fathers,"  the  earliest  dissenters  from  the  na- 
tional church,  formed  themselves  into  a  presbytery  at 
Gairney  Bridge,  Kinross-shire,  Dec.  5, 1733. 

Erskine,  John.  Bom  in  1695 :  died  at  Cardross, 
near  Dumbarton,  Scotland,  March  1,  1768.  A 
Scottish  jurist.  His  chief  works  are  "  Principles  of 
the  Law  of  Scotland "  (1764)  and  "Institute  of  the  Law 
of  Scotland"  (1773). 

Erskine,  John.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  June  2, 
1721:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Jan.  19,  1803.  A 
Scottish  clergyman  and  theological  writer,  son 
of  John  Erskine  (1695-1768).  He  was  the  leader 
of  the  evangelical  party  of  his  time,  and  edited  for  publi- 
cation in  Scotland  the  works  of  Jonathan  Edwards  and 
other  Americans. 

Erskine,  Ralph.  Bom  March  15, 1685:  died  at 
Dunfermline,  Scotland,  Nov.  6,  1752.  A  Scot- 
tish clergyman,  brother  of  Ebenezer  Erskine. 
He  was  the  author  of  "Gospel  Sonnets,"  which 
reached  the  25th  edition  in  1795. 

Erskine,  Thomas,  of  Linlathen.  Bom  at  Edin- 
burgh, Oct.  13, 1788:  died  there,  March  20, 1870. 
A  Scottish  theological  writer.  He  wrote  "In- 
ternal Evidence  for  the  Truth  of  Eevealed  Ee- 
ligion"  (1620). 

Erskine,  Thomas,  Baron  Erskine.     Born  at 


He  accompanied,  as  physician  and  naturalist,  Kotzebue's 
expeditions  1815-18  and  1828.  He  published  "  Zoologischer 
Atlas"  (1829-31),  "System  der  Acalephen"  (1829),  etc. 

Eschscnoltz   Bay.     [Named  for  J.  p.  von 
Eschscholtz.]    A  part  of  Kotzebue  Soimd,  on 
,,--•,       --.r     .    „      /-,.,.         ,1     .,  -;     the  western  shore  of  Alaska, 

the  modern  Monte  San  Giuliano,  41  miles  west  Eschwege  (esh'va-ge).   An  ancient  town  in  the 
of  Palermo,    it  contained  a  temple  of  Venus.    It  was  .     &     >_  P- '  _         .        . 

captured  by  Pyrrhus  in  278  B.  0.,  and  was  held  by  Hamil- 


,  Asur  has  given  a  brother.]  King  of  As- 
syria 680-668  B.  c,  the  son  and  successor  of 
Sennacherib.  The  reign  of  this  king  marks  the  high- 
est glory  and  power  of  the  Assyrian  empire.  He  first  had 
to  quell  the  disturbance  caused  by  the  assassination  of  his 
father  at  the  hands  of  his  sons  Adrammelech  and  Sharezer 
(2  Ki.  xix.  37,  Isa.  xxxvii.  38).  Then  he  restored  the  city 
of  Babylon,  which  had  been  destroyed  by  his  father.  His 
expeditions  extended  from  Media  to  Cilicia,  and  from  the 
frontier  of  Elam  to  Arabia,  and  reached  even  to  Egypt. 
Among  the  kings  subject  to  him  he  enumerates,  in  his 
prism-inscription  of  673,  Baal,  king  of  Tyre,  Manasseh  of 
Judah,  Kausgabri  of  Bdom,  Muzuri  of  Moab,  etc.  Three 
years  before  this  he  destroyed  Sidon.  His  most  signifi- 
cant conquest  was  that  of  Egypt.  After  several  campaigns 
he  defeated  Tarku  (biblical  Tirhakah),  the  third  of  the 
26th  or  Ethiopian  dynasty,  in  the  battle  of  Memphis  (671), 
and  practically  converted  Egypt  and  Ethiopia  into  an  As- 
syrian province.  He  drove  the  Ethiopians  out  of  Egypt, 
divided  the  country  into  districts,  and  placed  over  them 
submissive  though  mostly  native  rulers,  chief  among  whom 
was  Necho,  who  was  put  over  Sais  and  Memphis.  He 
added  then  to  his  many  titles  that  of  "  King  of  Kings  of 


province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Werra  26  miles  southeast  of  Cassel.  It 
contains  a  castle.     Population  (1890),  9,776. 

Eschwege,  Wilhelm  Ludwig  von.  Born  near 
Eschwege,  Hesse,  Nov.  15, 1777:  died  at  Wolf  s- 
anger,  near  Cassel,  Feb.  1,  1855.  A  German 
mineralogist.  In  1803  he  was  put  in  charge  of  govern- 
ment iron-works  in  Portugal,  and  in  1809  followed  the 
court  to  Brazil,  where  he  was  made  director  of  gold-mines 
and  curator  of  the  government  mineralogical  cabinet. 
From  1829  to  1834  he  resided  in  Germany;  subsequently 
(to  1850)  he  was  again  in  the  employ  of  Portugal  as  a  min- 
ing engineer,  attaining  the  rank  of  lieutenant-field-mar- 
shal. His  principal  works  are  "  Journal  von  Brasilien  " 
(1818-19),  "Pluto  Brasiliensis "  (1833),  and  "Beitrage  zur 
Gebirgskunde  Brasiliens  "  (1832). 

Eschweiler  (esh'vi-ler).  A  town  in  the  Ehine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Inde  9  miles 
northeast  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  It  has  foundries 
and  important  factories.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  18,119. 

Escobar  (es-ko-bar'),  Patricio.  A  Paraguayan 
politician,  minister  of  war  1874,  and  president 
of  the  republic  Nov.  25, 1886,-Nov.  25, 1890. 

Escobar  y  Mendoza  (es-ko-bar'  e  men-do'za), 
Antonio.  Bom  at  Valladolid,  Spain,  1589: 
died  July  4, 1669.  A  Spanish  Jesuit,  celebrated 
as  a  casuist,  especially  for  his  doctrine  that 
purity  of  intention  justifies  actions  in  them- 
selves immoral  and  even  criminal.  He  wrote 
"San  Ignacio  de  Loyola ** (1613 :  a  heroic  poem),  "Liber 
Theologise  moralis,  etc."  (1646),  etc. 

Escobedo  (es-ko-ba'do),  Mariano.  Bom  in 
Nuevo  Leon,  Jan.  12,  1827 :  died  May  22,  1902. 
A  Mexican  general.  He  joined  the  army  during  the 
Mexican  war  (1847),  and  distinguished  himself  as  a  briga- 
dier-general in  resistingthe  Frenchinvaaionl861-63.  Early 
in  1865  he  entered  northern  Mexico  from  theUnited  States, 
and  took  Monterey.  Advancing  against  Maximilian's 
forces,  he  defeated  Miramon  at  San  Jacinto,  Feb.  1, 1867, 
and,  being  made  commander-in-chief  of  the  republican 
armies,  defeated  and  captured  the  emperor  Maximilian  at 
Quer^taro,  May  15,  1867.  He  signed  the  order  for  Maxi- 
milian's execution,  June  16.  From  Aug.  to  Nov.,  1876,  he 
was  minister  of  war  imder  Lerdo,  and  he  went  with  him 
into  exile.  In  1880  he  again  accepted  oifice  under  the 
government,  but  retired  in  1884. 


Lower  and  Upper  Egypt  and  Ethiopia."  Likeall  theSar-  xic,/.nfO!7oo'Cas-tn-Kn'7a7)  TRti  '  Scntphmfin '1 
gonides,  Esarliaddon  was  a  great  builder.  Besides  the  tSCOCCZeS  (as-KO-sa  zaz).  LoP-,.  BCOtcnmen.  J 
restoration  of  Babylon  may  be  mentioned  his  great  palace     A  polltlcal_ party  m  Mexico  which  was  promi- 


in  Nineveh,  for  the  construction  of  which  22  subject 
kings  had  to  provide  the  material,  and  which,  as  the  ex- 
cavations in  the  mounds  of  Kuyunjik  and  Kebi-yunus 
have  shown,  was  adorned  with  winged  lions  and  bulls  and 
sphinxes.  In  668  Esarhaddon  abdicated  in  favor  of  bis 
son  Asurbanipal. 


Edinburgh,  Jan.  2'1,  1750:  died  at  .Almondell,  Esau(e'sa).  [Heb.,' hairy,"  rough.']  The  son  of 
near  Edinburgh,  Nov.   17,  1823.     A  British    Isaac  and  Eebekah,  and  elder  brother  of  Jacob, 
iurist  and  forensic  orator.    He  was  the  youngest    He  was  the  ancestor  of  the  Edomites. 
son  of  the  tenth  Earl  of  Buchan.    He  attained  celebrity  Escalora  (es-ka-la'ra),  AntoniO  de. 


as  a  pleader  in  supporting  charges  of  corruption  advanced 
against  Lord  Sandwich,  and  subsequently  distinguished 
himself  especially  in  his  defense  of  Stockdale  (1789), 
Thomas  Paine  (1792),  and  Hardy,  Home  Xooke,  etc.  (1794). 
He  represented  Portsmouth  in  the  House  of  Commons 
from  1790  till  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Erskine,  of 
Kestormel,  on  his  being  made  lord  chancellor  in  Lord 
GrenviUe's  administration  (Feb.,  lS06,-April,  1807). 
Erstein  (er'stin).    A  town  in  Alsace,  on  the 


Bom  in 
Toledo,  Spain,  1506 :  died  in  Ciudad  Eeal  de 
Guayra,  Sept.  6,  1575.  A  Spanish  priest  who 
went  to  Paraguay  with  Cabeza  de  Vaca  in  1540, 
and  was  active  there  as  a  leader  of  explora- 
tions and  conquests.    He  founded  Ciudad  Heal  de 


nent  from  1826  to  1829.  it  was  so  called  because  its 
principalleadersweremembersof  the  Scottish  Rite  Lodge 
of  freemasons.  The  Escocezes  were  centralists,  and  were 
accused  of  favoring  a  foreign  dynasty.  Nicolas  Bravo  be- 
came the  leader  of  the  party. 
Escorial  (es-ko'ri-al),  less  properly  Escurial 
(es-kii'ri-al).  [Sp.  el  Escorial.']  _  A  celebrated 
building  in  Spain,  situated  27  miles  northwest 
of  Madrid,  containing  a  monastery,  palace, 
church,  and  mausoleum  of  the  Spanish  sover- 
eigns. The  edifice  originated  in  a  vow  to  St.  Lawrence 
made  by  Philip  II.  at  the  battle  of  St.-Quentin  (1567),  and 
was  erected  in  1563-84.  Its  general  form  is  that  of  a  grid- 
iron (in  memory  of  St.  Lawrence's  martyrdom),  the  length 
being  about  780  feet  and  the  breadth  about  620.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  its  paintings  and  library. 


Ill  13  miles    south-southwest    of    Strasburg.  Escalona,  Duke  of.    See  Lopes  Pacheeo  Ca- 
Population  (1890),  4.807.  Tyrera  y  Boladilla,  Diego. 

Ertang  (er'tang).    See  the  extract  and  Jlfam.    Escalus  (es'ka-lus).    1.  In  Shakspere's  "Mea- 
ButManeewentastepfurt^her.    He  avowed  himself  to     sure  for  Measure,"  an  old  lord. --3.  In  Shak- 
betheSaclete  or  Comfort,er  foretold  by  the  Saviour,     spere's   "  Eomeo   and   Juhet,"   the   Prmce  of 
and  composed  a  gospel  which  he  called  the  Ertang,  which     Verona, 


Guayra,  and  after  1670  resided  there.  He  wrote  several  x-oposiira  Ces-kn-sio'Tn)  Pntripin  i1f>  In  'Rotti 
memoirs  relating  to'  the  conquest,  which  have  been  pub-  ■*'A°?rXiH  Wnv  ^  18(17.  HIbA  Sir,  99  1S78  A 
lished  by  the  Madrid  Academy  of  History.  at  Madrid,  N  ov.  5, 1807:  died  J  an.  li,  1878.      a 


Spanish  statesman  and  writer. 
Esdraelon  (es-dra-e'lon  or  es-dra'e-lon),  or 
Plain  of  Jezreel.  The  scriptural  name  for  a 
valley  in  Palestine  extending  from  MountGilboa 
westward  to  Mount  Carmel.  it  has  been  a  noted  bat- 
tle-field in  ancient  and  modern  times,from  Gideon's  victory 
over  the  Midianitesto  Napoleon's  over  the  Turks  (1799). 


Vas  illustrated  by  pictures  drawn  by  his  own  hand :  he  x-scanes  (es'ka-nez),     A  lord  of  Tyre,  in  Shak-    °^J  ^^^  Miuiamtes  to  ^apoleon  s  over  tne  lurKs  (17«9). 
Smed  that  the  Ertang  should  take  precedence  of  the  "'^l^'l^^!  <^p„^^^  ^    '  Esdras  (ez'dras).     The  Greek  form  of  the  name 


rtloiTYl  An     IJXA4MV    vA&v    ^-■-.  w,.**-^     . ^ 

New  Testament.    It  was  this  false  move  that  really  led 
to  the  violent  opposition  which  the  Christian  church  dis- 
played towards  the  Persian  prophet. 
^  Benjamin,  Story  of  Persia,  p.  186. 

Ertoghrul  (er'to-grSl).  Died  in  1288.  A  Tur- 
kish chief,  father  of  Othman  the  founder  of  the 
Ottoman  empire.  He  was  the  chief  of  a  band  of  Oghnz 
Turks  which  had  left  Khorasan  under  his  father,  and  which 
under  the  leadership  of  Ertoghrul  entered  the  service  of 


spere's  "Pericles, 


Ezra. 


Eschenbach,  Wolfram  von.    See  Wolfram  mn  ^^^^^^^  ^^^.^^  ^^    ^^^  ^^^  ^^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^^.^^ 

iLsmenbaeH.  -u-  „x    T^\,„„r,  Tna<.TiiTn      of  the  Apocrypha  (which  see).    The  first  book  con- 

Eschenburg  (esh'en-bora),  Johann  J  oacmm.     ^j^j^^  ^^  a  large  erten^  of  matter  compiled  or  transcribed 
Bom  at  Hamburg,  Dec.  7, 1743 :  aiea  at  isruns-    f^om  the  books  of  chronicles,  Ezra,  and  Nehemiah.    The 
wick   Germany,  Feb.  29,  1820.     A  German  lit-    second  is  mainly  of  an  apocalyptic  character, 
erary  historian,  professor  at  the  Carolinum  in  Esens  (a'zenz).    The  chief  place  in  Harlinger- 
Brunswiek:  a  friend  of  Lessing.  He  translated    land,  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia,  15  miles 

,.„,.=.  „..=  „. »...r = Shakspere's  plays  (1775-82  and  1798-1806).  north-northeast  of  Aurieh. 

Ala-ed-Din,  sultan  of  Iconium.   He  defeated  a  mixed  amy  _.^^^^  (esh'en-mi-er),  Karl   AugUSt.  Eshbaal  (esh-ba'al).    B&e,  IsUosheth. 

of  Greeks  and  Mongols  m  a  great  battle  between  Brusa  Xm  at  Neuenburg, Wiirtemberg,  July  4,  1768:  Eshcol  (esh'kol).  ■•[Heb.,'abuneh'  or  'cluster.'] 

andYemscheer.  ....     ^^^^  ^t  Kirchheim  unter  Teck,  Wiirtemberg,      * -n--.--- tt„v„„„  ;„  i:>„io=^-i^.  f.„,v,wl,„ 

Nov.  17,  1852.  A  German  metaphysician,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  and  medicine,  and  later  of 
practical  philosophy,  at  Tiibingen  1811-36.  He 
wrote  "Eeligionsphilosophie"  (1818-24),  etc. 


and  Yenischeer. 
Erycina  (er-i-si'nS).    [Gr.  '^pviawi :  from  Mount 
Brys,  in  Sicily.]    A  surname  of  Aphrodite  or 

Venus,  ,„    ,„         n,  -, 

Erymanthus  (er-i-man'thus).    [Gr.  "EpvuaveSg.] 

A  mountain-range  on  the  border  of  Arcadia 


A  valley  near  Hebron,  in  Palestine,  from  which 
the  spies  sent  by  Moses  to  search  out  the  land 
(Num.  xiii.)  brought  back  fine  grapes  and  other 
fruits. 
Esher  (esh'er).    A  village  in  Surrey,  England. 


ill  10  volumes.  Ho  wrote,  nmong  other  operas,  "  II  Soli- 
tario  "  (1841)  and  "  Pedro  el  Cruel "  (published  about  the 
same  time). 


Esher  368 

16  milea  southwest  of  London.     Claremont 
Palace  is  in  the  vicinity. 

Eshref.    See  Ashraf.  _ 

Esk  (esk).     1.  A  river  in  Dumfriesshire,  Scot-  ^i^l^V^f-  '®^^-  o^^T^I''  *"^®  °^  North  Amer- 
land,  flowing  into  the  Solway  Firth  in  Climber- p'^!f,^^f°S;    See  £*seiema». 
land,  7  miles  northwest  of  Carlisle.    Length,  ^smarch  (es  march),  Johannes  Priedrich  An- 
about  45  miles.- 2.   A  small  river  in  Edini    ^ust  von.    Born  at  Tonnmg,  ScMesmg-Hol- 
burghshire,   Scotland,  formed  by  the  North    ^^^}?i'  Prussia,  Jan.  9,  1823.    A  noted  German 


Esquivel 


EsWand  South  Esk,  and  flowing  iito"  the  P'irth    military  surgeon,  an  authority  especially  on 
-i  Tn._ii. /5  __•! li    .-r,,.  ,  s   ,  gunshot-wounds. 


of  Forth  6  miles  east  of  Edinburgh.  -^     — ij  '7 

Esk,  North.    A  river  on  the  border  of  Forfar  ^smeraWa  { 

and  Kincardine,  Scotland,  which  flows  into  the 

North  Sea  4  mUes  north  of  Montrose.   Length, 

29  miles. 
Esk,  South.    A  river  of  Forfarshire,  Scotland, 

which  flows  into  the  North  Sea  at  Montrose. 

Length,  49  miles. 
£ski-]}jiunna  (es-ke-jom'na),  or  Eski-Djuma 


the  east.  Bio  de  Janeiro  on  the  south,  and  Mi- 
nasGeraesonthewest.  Capital, Victoria.  Area, 
17,312  square  miles.  Population  (18901,  382,- 
137. 
Espiritu  Santo  (es-pe're-t8  sau'to).  1.  A 
small  island  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  near  the 
southern  extremity  of  Lower  California. — 2. 
The  largest  island  of  the  New  Hebrides  group, 
in  the  Pacific.    Length,  75  miles. —  3.  A  cape 

la  (es-m..r.l'da;  E.  pron  ez  me  ral'-  E^.Vi^alScr.p^Srn'?  %T^^^^^^^ 

tJ,-':^Z^^llT}:2^\'±'^l  WGau/aJorian^  old  romances. 

He  is  called  the  Black  Knight,  from  the  color  of  his  armor. 
The  story  of  his  exploits,  by  Montalvo,  is  the  first  sequel  to 
the  four  books  of  "Amadis  of  Gaul,"  or  the  fifth  book. 


da).     1 

de  Paris,"  a  dancing-girl  whose  friend  was  the 
goat  Capriella.  Quasimodo  loves  her  and  tries 
to  protect  her,  but  she  is  executed  as  a  witch 


—2.  An  opera,  the  words  arranged  from  Victor  Espr^mesnil,  or  Epr6ni6nil  (a-pra-ma-nel'), 
Hugo's  libretto  by  Theo.  Marzials_and  Albert    Jean  Jacques  Duval  d'.    Born  at  Pondicher- 

ry,  India,  1746 :   died  at  Paris,  April  23,  1794. 

A  French  politician.    As  a  prominent  member  of  the 


Randegger,  music  by  A.  Goring  Thomas.  It 
ya  (es-'ke-j6'ma-ya).-  A  to^  iu'lulg^iiTig  EZTaM^'cis-mT-'^^l'S)'  1'  'a  river  of 
E^te,mife!kT'?A  iT'fr  ^'''%  'f '■  EcTador  whiih  floTs  iSo  tre^PacMc''l2"  mile° 
«?^^l^tl  qwll;  =  ;,  ^^^  ?>,*  v^t-f  northwest  of  Quito.- 2.  A  province  of  north- 
of  Nykopmg,  Sweden,  situated  on  the  Eskil-  western  Ecuador.  Capital,  Esmeraldas.  Popu- 
stuna  River  55  miles  west  of  Stockholm,  its  i„4.;on  pstimatpd  14  ^'S'^  =^<='->^^'^>^b.  jruiiu 
manufactures  of  iron,  cutlery,  and  guns  have  gained  for  Ti„„'j°,^^®'^i  ,-^*ii'™  .  t  rm.  ,_ 
it  the  name  of  the  5»e...  S>.jn...    Population  (18.0),  Esmond  ^-,-^-^)iBeatr^^^  ^^^^^^^^  Z^initT  'pF" '  Snirit 

[Prom  Algonkin  less  and  brilliant  beauty.  Shel  the  flrs'tlove  of  ^T^.^fl^^lf  ^'t^Z^JZfr.y,^o^J^^^ 
Henry  Esmond,  her  kinsman,  but  aspires  to  the  position 
of  a  royal  mistress.  Failing  to  attain  this,  she  tries  to 
marry  an  old  duke :  he  is  killed,  and  she  sinks  from  one 
grade  to  another,  till  she  finally  marries  her  brother's 
tutor,  for  whom  she  secures  by  intrigue  the  rank  of  a 
bishop. 

and 


10,909. 

Eskimauan  (es'ki-ma-an) 
eskimantik,  eaters  of  raw  flesh.]  A  linguistic 
stock  of  North  American  Indians  whose  habi- 
tat extends  coastwise  from  eastern  Greenland 
to  western  Alaska  and  to  the  extremity  of 
the  Aleutian  Islands,  a  distance  of  .over  5,000 

miles.  The  winter  or  permanent  Tillages  are  usually  Esmond,  Henry, 
along  the  coast.  The  interior  is  also  visited  for  hunting  Castlewood. 
reindeer  and  other  animals,  though  the  natives  rarely  TitstTiiiti  Ces'tnoTi')  orP.sTimnTi  Cp«>i'TnoTi1  T'TVia 
penetrate  inland  farther  than  60  mUes,  a  strip  of  coast  30  ^-^7?  >t  ?  Si'  °^.''?S^™W  ^.^^^  mon).  Li  He 
miles  wide  representing  the  average  area  of  Eskimauan  eighth.  J  A  Phenioian  divinity,  so  named  as 
occupancy.  The  stock  comprises  the  Greenland,  Labi-a-  being  added  to  the  seven  Cabiri,  or  the  seven 
dor,  middle,  Alaskan,  Aleutian,  and  Asiatic  groups.     Of  _planets  worshiped  by  the  Pheniciaus. 

the  20  principal  villages  of  the  Greenland  Eskimo,  17  are  TtsimiTinynr    (ps-mnTi    a'v'A-A        fWdTrmn    Loo 
on  the  eastern  coast,  where  settlements  have  extended  tn  ■'^™"'i*?*^.  !i?,^   "^"P    ^  ^^^1-     X  ■'i'Smun    has 


Parliament  of  Paris  he  defended  in  1788  the  privileges  of 
that  body  against  royal  encroachment,  with  the  result 
that  he  was  committed  to  custody.  Having  been  deputed 
to  the  States-General  by  the  noblesse  of  Paris  in  1789,  he 
supported  the  royal  cause ;  and  in  1791,  at  the  close  of 
the  lll^ational  Assembly,  of  which  he  was  a  member,  he  for- 
mally protested  against  the  new  constitution.  He  was 
sent  to  the  guillotine  by  the  Eevolutionary  tribunal. 


on  the  eastern  coast,  where  settlements  have  extended  to 
lat.  74°  30'.  On  the  west  coast  villages  extend  to  Smith 
Sound  in  lat.  78°  18',  while  in  Grinnell  Land  permanent 
habitations  have  been  found  in  lat.  81°  44'.  The  Labra- 
dor group  has  4  prominent  villages  and  a  number  of 
lesser  settlements  reaching  as  far  south  as  Hamilton  Inlet 
(lat.  66°  30') :  formerly  their  villages  extended  to  Belle 
Isle  Strait  (lat.  60°  30').  The  middle  Eskimo  inhabit  20 
permanent  villages,  their  range  extending  from  the  south- 
ern extremity  of  Ellesmere  Land,  Jones  Sound,  nearly  to 
James  Bay  in  Hudson  Bay,  and  westward  to  Alaska,  ex- 
cept the  coast  between  the  mouth  of  Coppermine  River 


helped.']  A  Pheniciau  king  of  the  second  half 
of  the  4th  century  B.  C.  His  sarcophagus,  discovered 
in  1865,  furnished  the  longest  extant  Phenician  inscrip- 
tion. He  describes  himself  as  king  of  the  two  Sidous,  son 
of  King  Tabnit  and  grandson  of  King  Esmunazar.  The 
inscription  contains  principally  a  warning  against  the 
desecration  of  the  tomb,  and  describes  the  construction 
of  several  temples  to  Ashtoreth,  Esmun,  and  other  Sido- 
nian  deities.  Possibly  Esmunazar  ruled  between  th^  de- 
struction of  Sidon  by  the  Persians  in  362  and  the  downfall 
of  the  Persian  empire  in  330. 


andCapeBathurst,  andfrom  theterritoryof  theMacken- ■Rqnn'h     or  'Rstip    ^po'tipI       A    town    in   TTrmBT 

zie  Eskimo,  about  the  Mackenzie  delta,  to  Point  Barrow.  ■*# ^rA'  „;L,f+!S®„i®?i,^Xr,„  •     i„T   o«?  i  V??t 

These   stretches  were  used  only  as  hunting-grounds.    ^S^Vh  situated  on  the  Nile  m  lat.  25°  17   N  : 

There  are  23  permanent  villages  of  the  Alaska  group,    the  ancient  Latopohs  or  Lato.     It  contains  the 

The  range  of  this  group  extends  from  Point  Barrow    ruins  of  an  ancient  temple.     Population,  esti- 

westward  and  southward  over  almost  the  entire  coast  as    mated   9  000 

far  as  Atna  or  Copper  River,  where  the  Koluschan  do-  ■«„,.,„     '  q  '      ^„ 

main  begins.    The  Point  Barrow  Eskimo  do  not  penetrate  igSOP-.    oee-aisop. 

far  inland,  but  to  the  south  the  tribes  reach  to  the  head  XiSpana.     bee  Spa/m. 

waters  of  the  Nunatog  and  Koyuk  rivers,  visiting  theEspafiola  (es-pan-yo'la).     [Sp.,  'little  Spain.'] 

coast  only  to  trade.     The  Aleutian  group,  commonly    rjigg  ^^^^  ^^^^  ^y  Columbus  to  the  island  of 

Haiti,  discovered  by  him  in  1492.  English  authors 
corrupted  it  to  Hispaniola.  In'  old  Latin  maps)the  island 
is  called  Hispanise  insula.  Santo  Domingo  is  a  later  desig- 
nation, derived  from  the  city  of  that  name. 


The  Aleutian  „  ., 
called  Unnngun  or  Aleut^  formerly  occupied  the  entire 
Aleutian  Archipelago ;  but  since  the  advent  of  the  Rus- 
sians and  the  introduction  of  the  fur-trade,  their  terri- 
tory has  greatly  diminished.  Atka  and  Unalashka  are  its 
principal  villages.  The  stock  is  represented  in  north- 
eastern Asia  by  the  Yuit,  of  Chukchi  Peninsula,  who  are  Espartero  (es-par-ta'ro),  Baldomoro,  Duke  of 


comparatively  recent  arrivals  from  the  American  coast. 
The  number  of  the  Eskimo  is  estimated  at  34,000,  dis- 
tributed as  follows  :  Greenland  group,  10,872 ;  Labrador 
group,  2,000 ;  middle  or  BafBn  Land  group,  1,100 ;  Alaskan 
group,  20,000.  The  number  of  the  Yuit  or  Asiatic  group 
is  small. 
Eskimauz.     See  Eskimmian. 


of  the  Laws.']  A  celebrated  philosophical 
work  by  Montesquieu,  published  at  Geneva  in 
1748. 

The  title  may  be  thought  to  be  not  altogether  happy, 
and  indeed  rather  ambiguous,  because  it  does  not  of  itself 
suggest  the  extremely  wide  sense  in  which  the  word  law 
is  intended  to  be  taken.  An  exact,  if  cumbrous,  title  tor 
the  book  would  be  "  On  the  Relation  of  Human  taws  and 
Customs  to  the  Laws  of  Nature."  The  author  begins 
somewhatformally  with  the  old  distinction  of  politics  into 
democracy,  aristocracy,  and  monarchy.  He  discusses  the 
principles  of  each  and  their  bearings  on  education,  on 
positive  law,  on  social  conditions,  on  military  strength, 
offensive  and  defensive,  on  individual  liberty,  on  taxa- 
tion and  finance.  Then  an  abrupt  return  is  made  from 
the  effects  to  the  causes  of  constitutions  and  polity.  The 
theory  of  the  infiuence  of  physical  conditions,  and  espe- 
cially of  climate,  on  political  and  social  institutions —  a 
theory  which  is  perhaps  more  than  an^  other  identified 
with  the  book  —  receives  special  attention,  and  a  some- 
what disproportionate  space  is  given  to  the  question  of 
slavery  in  this  connection.  From  climate  Montesquieu 
passes  to  the  nature  of  the  soil,  as  in  its  turn  affecting 
civil  polity.  He  then  attacks  the  subject  of  manners  and 
customs  as  distinct  from  laws,  of  trade  and  commerce, 
of  the  family,  of  jurisprudence,  of  religion.  The  book 
concludes  with  an  elaborate  examination  of  the  feudal 
system  in  France.  Throughout  it  the  reader  is  equally 
surprised  at  the  varied  and  exact  knowledge  of  the  au- 
thor, and  at  his  extraordinary  fertility  in  general  views. 
This  fertility  is  indeed  sometimes  a  snare  to  him,  and 
leads  to  rash  generalisation. 

Saintsburyf  French  Lit.,  p.  475. 

Espronceda  (es-pron-tha'da),  Jos^  de.  Born 
near  Almendralejo,  Badajoz,  Spain,  1810 :  died 
at  Madrid,  May  23,  1842.  A  Spanish  poet  and 
revolutionary  politician.  He  wrote  the  poems  "El 
estudiante  de  Salamanca  "  and  **E1  Diablo  mundo,"  a  his- 
torical romance  "Don  Sancho  Saldafia,"  etc. 

Espy  (es'pi),  James  Pollard.  Bom  in  Wash- 
ington County,  Pa.,  May  9,  1785:  died  at  Cin- 
cinnati, Jan.  24,  1860.  An  American  meteor- 
ologist. He  published  "Philosophy  of  Storms" 
(1841). 


Vittoria.    Bom  at   Granatula,  Ciudad  Real, 

Spain,  Feb.  27,  1792:  died  at  Logrofio,  Spain, 

Jan.  9,  1879.    A  Spanish  general  and  states-  t,-       .<     ,       „  .  -  ,-,         .  ,     _     . 

man,  distinguished  in  the  war  against  the  Esquilache,  Prince  of  (Francisco  de  Borja 


Carlists  1833-39. 
premier  1854r-56. 


He  was  regent  1841-43,  and 


Eskimo  (es'ki-mo),  or  Eskimos  (-moz) 

Eskimauan.  ^^^      ^.^.^^  m, 

Eski-Sagra(es'ki-sa'gra),orEski-zaghra(-za'-   geemsto  be  a"c2iid 


See  ^spiet(es-pya').  In  the  Charlemagne  romances, 
a  dwarf.     Though  over  a  hundred  years  old,  he 


He  is  a  false  enchanter. 


1     J   i_-      ,_<-,,.  .r,    ,       T  ,     „-      Spain,  Dec,  1550:  died  at  Madrid,  1634.     A 

repulsed  here  by  Suleiman  Pasha,  July  31-    Spanish  poet  and  novelist.    He  wrote  "Vida  del 
■n  ??'ai!  •Ir  ,,  .    ,  Escudero  Marcos  de  Obregon "  (1618),  which  served  in  a 

Eskl-Shehr  (es  ki-shehr').     A  town  in  the  vila-    measure  as  the  foundation  of  Le  Sage's  "Gil  Bias." 
yet  of  Khodavendikyar,  Asiatic  Turkey,  situ-  Espinhago  (as-pen-ya'so),  Serra  do, 
ated  on  the  Pursak  in  lat.  39°  44'  N.,  long.  30°    of  mountains     -        ■        -      - 


y  Arragon).  See  Borjd  y  Arragon. 
EsQLUiline  (es'kwi-liu)  Hill.  [L.  Mons  esguili- 
WMS.]  The  central  hill  of  the  three  which  form 
the  eastern  side  of  the  group  of  Seven  HiUs  of 
ancient  Rome.  It  lies  between  the  Vlminid  on  the 
north  and  the  Cselian  on  the  south,  and  east  of  the  Pala- 
tine. It  is  divided  from  east  to  west  by  a  depression.  On 
the  part  to  the  north,  called  the  Jlfo7»  Cespiua  stands 
Sta.  Maria  Maggiore ;  on  that  to  the  south,  the  jforw  Op- 
pim,  rise  San  Pietro  in  Vincoli  and  the  Thermse  of  Titus. 
Here,  too,  were  the  houses  of  Horace,  Vergil,  and  Proper- 
tins.  Between  the  Esquiline  and  the  Palatine  stands  the 
Colosseum. 


"  o^rstem  Bmzfl   a°"brtnehTf  Esqiumalt  (es-qui'mo).    A  town  in  British  Co- 
30'  E.,  noted  for  hot  baths :  the  ancient  Dory-   {he  Mantiqueira  chain,  running 'nori;hward  on    ^^^^f  l^^^^^  southwest  of  Victoria,  noted  as 

Iffium  of  Phrygia.  it  exports  meerschaum.  Itwasthe    theeast  side  of  the  valley  of  the  river  Sao  Fran- ■Pa„„:_,-,,_     h"„„  j?„7,.-™„« 

scene  of  a  defeat  of  the  Seljuk  T^s  by  the  Crusaders  in    cisco.    Its  highest  peak  is  Cara^a  (6,414  feet).    p«J^^™^^^;   ^t.^f'l^Z^ 
1097.    Population,  estimated,  10,000.  T.„„,-„„ea  ^fi«?nB.T,Xa.1    aa=r,ar  rto       Ro,^  if  ^SqUirol  (es-ke-rol   ),  Jean 


Esla  (es'la).  A  river  in  northwestern  Spain 
which  joins  the  Douro  a  few  miles  west  of 
Zamora.    Length,  about  150  miles. 

Eslaba  (es-la'ba),  Sebastian  de.  Bom  in  Bguil- 
lor,  Feb.,  1698:  died  at  Madrid,  Jan.,  1759.  A 
Spanish  soldier.  He  distinguished  himself  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Philip  v.,  became  lieutenant-general  in  1738,  and 
from  1740  to  1744  was  viceroy  of  New  Granada.  He  for- 
tified the  port  of_  Cartagena  in  that  country,  and  from 
.  to  Ji        "    ■ " 


Espinosa  (es-pe-no'sa),  Gaspar  de.    Bom  at 


March  i 


English.    Returning  to  Spain  in  1744,  he  was  made  cap 
tain-general,  and  was  for  several  years  minister  of  war. 

Eslava  (es-la'va),  Miguel  Hilarion,  Bom 
near  Pampeluna,  Spain,  Oct.  21, 1807 :  died  at 
Madrid,  July  23,  1878.  A  noted  Spanish  mu- 
sician and  composer.  His  principal  work  is  "Lira 
Sacro-Hispafla,"  a  collection  published  in  Madrid  in  1869 


^tienne  Domi- 

nioLue.  Born  at  Toulouse,  Prance,  Jan.  4, 
1772 :  died  Dee.  12, 1840.  A  French  physician, 
noted  for  his  reforms  in  the  treatment  of  the 
insane.  He  published  "Des  maladies  men- 
tales  "  (1838),  etc. 

Esquiros  (es-ke-ros'),  Alphonse  Henri.  Bom 
at  Paris,  May  24,  1812:  died  at  Versailles, 
France,  May  10,  1876.  A  French  poet,  histo- 
rian, and  politician.  He  wrote  "Les  Hirondelles" 
(1834),  "Charlotte  Corday"  (1840),  "L'ilvangfle  du  peu- 
ple"  (1840),  "Histoire  des  Montagnards"  (1847),  "ffis- 
toire  des  martyrs  de  la  liberty"  (1851),  "L'Angleterre  et 
la  vie  anglalse"  (1869-70),  etc. 

EspiritoSa^to(es.p.'r.-tos.n't5),  [Pg.,<Holy  ^fST^^'Sln^'Z  Wl^S^^^-^;^?^ 


Medina  del  Campo  about  1475 :  died  at  Cuzco, 
Peru,  Aug.  or  Sept.,  1537.  A  Spanish  lawyer 
and  soldier.  He  went  to  Darien  in  1514  as  alguazU 
mayor,  or  chief  justice.  Balboa  was  tried  before  him  in 
1514,  and  later,  in  1517  or  1619,  when  he  was  condemned  to 
death,  Espinosa  led  many  expeditions  against  the  Indi- 
ans, and  in  1518,  acting  for  Pedrarias,  founded  Panama. 
After  visiting  Spain  he  was  a  crown  ofioer  at  Santo  Do- 
mingo,  but  was  frequently  at  Panama. 

une,  1741,  defended  It  brilliantly'against  the  ESDiUOSa,  Javler.     Born  in  Quito,  1815 :  died 


1870.  A  statesman  of  Ecuador.  On  the  overthrow 
of  Carrion  (1868)  he  was  made  president,  but  the  revolt  of 
Moreno  and  the  conservatives  forced  him  to  resign  in 


Spirit.']     A  maritime  state   of  Brazil,   lying 
between  Bahia  on  the  north,  the  Atlantic  on 


Juan  de.  Born  in  the  las"t  half  ~of  the  i5th 
century.  A  Spanish  soldier.  He  Is  said  to  have 
been  with  ColumDus  on  the  second  or  third  voyage.    In 


EscLuivel 

1602  he  went  to  Hispaniola  with  Ovando,  and  in  1604  was 
aent  against  the  levolted  Indians  in  the  province  of  Hi- 
guey.  In  1609,  by  order  of  Diego  Columbus,  he  conquered 
and  colonized  Jamaica,  ruling  there  for  some  years. 

Essay  on  Criticism,  An.  A  poetical  essay  by 
Alexander  Pope,  published  1711. 

Essay  on  Man,  An.  A  didactic  poem  by  Alex- 
ander Pope,  published  1732-34. 

Essek  (es'sek),  or  Esseg  (es'seg).  [Slav.  Osjek, 
Hung.  JEsa^A;.]  The  capital  of  Slavonia,  and  a 
free  imperial  city  of  Austria-Hungary,  situated 
on  the  Drave  in  lat.  45°  33'  N.,  long.  18°  42'  B. 
Population  (1890),  19,778. 

Esselen.    See  Eslen. 

Esselenian  (es-se-le'ni-an).  A  Unguistio  stock 
of  North  American  Indians  which  formerly 
inhabited  about  20  villages  on  a  narrow  strip 
of  the  coast  of  California,  from  Point  El  Sur 
southward  about  30  miles  to  the  vicinity  of 
Santa  Lucia  Mountain.  The  stock  comprised  but  a 
single  tribe,  the  Eslen,  of  which  two  women  were  the  only 
known  survivors  in  1888. 

Essen  (es'sen).  A  city  in  the  BMne  Province, 
Prussia,  near  the  Ruhr  19  miles  northeast  of 
Diisseldorf .  it  is  the  center  of  a  large  coal-mining  dis- 
trict, and  contains  the  famous  Erupp  cast^steel  works. 
Its  Miinsterkirche,  consecrated  in  873,  is  one  of  the  oldest 
of  German  churches.  There  is  a  western  choir,  which  is 
octagonal  like  the  similar  feature  at  Aiz-la-Chapelle,  and 
there  is  an  11th-century  eastern  crypt.  The  Pointed  nave 
and  choir  are  of  1316.  The  early-Homanesque  cloister  is 
noteworthy.    Population  (1900),  118,863. 

Essen,  Count  Haus  Henrik.  Bom  at  Kafvelfts, 
West  Gothland,  Sweden,  Sept.  26,  1755:  died 
at  TJddewalla,  Sweden,  June  28, 1824.  A  Swe- 
dish field-marshal.  He  defended  Stralsund  against 
the  French  in  1807,  and  was  governor  of  Norway  1814- 
1816. 

Essenes (e-senz').  lliL.Dsseni,tvom.Gi.'Baa^voi., 
a\so 'Eaaatoi;  ulterior  origin  uncertain.]  A  Jew- 
ish sect  of  the  2d  century  b.  c.  ,  supposed  to  have 
sprung  from  the  Chasidim,  the  zealous  religio- 
politicai  party  that  originated  during  the  strug- 
gles of  the  Maoeabean  period  against  Hellenistic 
invasions.  TheEssenes,  however,  refrainedfrom  all  po- 
litical and  public  affairs,  forming  a  kind  of  religious  order. 
Their  ideal  was  to  attain  the  highest  sanctity  of  priestly 
consecration.  To  this  end  they  separated  themselves 
from  the  world,  and  lived  in  settlements  in  the  desert 
west  of  the  Dead  Sea.  Most  of  them  lived  there  in  com- 
munism and  celibacy.  Other  peculiarities  were  disap- 
proval of  oaths  and  war,  strict  observance  of  the  Sabbath, 
and,  especially,  scrupulous  attention  to  the  Levitical 
laws  of  cleanliness.  Their  name  is  said  to  be  derived 
from  their  frequent  bathing.  Their  asceticism  evolved 
a  theoretical  mysticism,  and  miraculous  cures  and  exor- 
cisms were  ascribed  to  them.  Their  external  symbols 
were  the  white  garment,  apron,  and  shovel.  They  never 
gained  any  hold  on  Judaism,  and  their  number  never  ex- 
ceeded 4,000.  Their  relation  to  Christianity,  and  their  in- 
fluence on  it,  are  much  discussed  points. 

Esseq.uibo  (es-se-ke'bo).  1.  A  river  of  British 
Guiana,  flowing  into  the  Atlantic  about  lat.  7° 
N.,  long.  58°  30'  W.  Length,  620  miles;  navi- 
gable 50  miles. —  2.  A  county  of  British  Gui- 
ana, formerly  a  separate  colony. 

Essex  (es'seks).  [ME.  Essex,  Essexe,  Estsexe, 
Eastsexe,  AS.  Edst-Seaxe,  East  Saxons,  orig. 
the  name  of  the  inhabitants.  Cf .  Wessex,  Sus- 
sex.'] A  county  in  eastern  England,  lying  be- 
tween Cambridge  and  Suffolk  on  the  north, 
the  North  Sea  on  the  east,  the  Thames  (which 
separates  it  from  Kent)  on  the  south,  and  Here- 
ford and  Middlesex  on  the  west.  The  surface  is 
generally  level,  and  the  soil  fertile.  It  Is  noted  espeoiaJly 
for  its  wheat  and  barley.  The  county  town  is  Chelmsford. 
Area  1642  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  785,446. 

Essex.  A  frigate  of  860  tons,  built  at  Salem, 
Massachusetts,  in  1799.  she  was  of  32  guns  rating 
(actual  armament,  46  guns).  She  left  New  York  on  July  3, 
1812  commanded  by  Captain  David  Porter.  Among  her 
midshipmen  was  David  Glasgow  Farragnt,  then  eleven 
years  old.  On  Aug.  13  she  foug_ht  and  captured  the  Alert. 
She  doubled  Cape  Horn,  and  onMarch  13, 1813,  entered  the 
harbor  of  Valparaiso.  From  this  time  until  Jan.  12, 1814, 
she  operated  entirely  in  the  Pacific,  where  she  was  the 
first  American  war-ship  to  appear.  On  Feb.  8,  1814,  she 
was  blockaded  in  Valparaiso  harbor  by  the  Phoebe  (36  guns 
rating),  commanded  by  Captain  Hillyar,  and  the  Cherub 
(18  guns  rating),  commanded  by  Captain  T.  T.  Tucker.  She 
fought  these  ships  in  a  storm  March  28, 1814.  The  battle 
lasted  from  4  to  7.20  P.  M.,  when  she  surrendered. 

Essex  Earls  of.  See  Bohun,  Bourchier,  Capet, 
Cromwell,  Devereux,  Mandemlle. 

Essex,  James.  Bom  at  Cambridge,  England, 
Aug.,  1722:  died  there,  Sept.  14,  1784.  An 
English  architect.  He  restored  and  altered  many  pub- 
lic buildings,  including  the  cathedrals  of  Ely  and  Lincoln, 
and  designed  the  Kamsden  building  at  St.  Catherines 
College  (1757),  the  stone  bridge  at  Trinity  College  (1766), 
and  the  chapel  of  Sidney  Sussex  College  (1784),  aU  at 
Cambridge.  „  i       -n     i      j 

Essex,  Timotliy.  Bom  at  Coventry,  England, 
about  1765:  died  at  London,  Sept.  27,  1847. 
An  English  composer  and  teacher  of  music. 

Essex,  William.  Born  1784  (?):  died  at 
Brighton,  England,  Dec.  29,  1869.  -An  Bnghsh 
enamel-painter. 


369 


Estrada,  Alonzo  de 

east  of  Seville  :  the  ancient  Astapa  or  Ostipa. 


Essex  Junto.    In  United  States  history,  a  name 

(first  used  about  1781)  which  was  chiefly  ap-  Population  (1887J,  9,059. 

plied  to  a  group  of  extreme  PederaUst leaders,  Estepona   (as-ta-p6'na).    A  seaport  in  the 

mostly  connected  with  Essex  County,  Massa-  province  of  Malaga,  Spain,  situated  on  the 

chusetts,  about  the  end  of  the  18th  and  begin-  Mediterranean  46  miles  southwest  of  Malaga, 

ning  of  the  19th  century.    During  the  presidency  Population  (1887),  9,771. 

of  John  Adams  they  were  adherents  of  Hamilton  rather  ■ri„4.„_i,^_„  _„„  ri„i'_4.T ,     /.       t...     .  » 

than  of  the  President.    Later  the  name  was  applied  to  iiSterftaZy  VOn  tralantha  (es  ter-ha-zi  fon  ga- 

the  Federalists  in  general.  lan'ta).   Prince  Nlkolaus  VOn.     Born  1765: 

EssipofE  (es-e-pof),  Madame  Annette.    Born  <ii6d  at  Como,  Italy,  Nov.  24,  1833.    A  Hunga- 

1850.    A  Eussian  pianist.    She  appeared  in  London  ^^^  magnate,  noted  as  a  patron  of  the  arts 

"""    '   —   ■  and  sciences.    He  was  a  grandson  of  Nikolaus 

Joseph  von  EsterhSzy. 


in  1874,  and  came  to  America  in  1876.    In  1880  she  mar- 
ried  Leschetitzky,  whose  pupil  she  was. 


^^!^f.^':}^f\-±'^^^^'Zlt^^^}^t  EsterMzy  von  Galantha,_  Prince  Nikolaus 


gave  its  name,  with  Aspern,  to  the  battle  of 
May  21  and  22,  1809.    See  Aspern,  Battle  of. 

Esslin^en  (es'ling-en).  A  town  in  Wiirtem- 
berg,  situated  on  the  Neokar  9miles  east-south- 
east of  Stuttgart.  It  has  manufactures  of  machinery, 
cottons,  champagne,  etc.  Formerlyafree  imperial  city,  it 
was  incorporated  with  Wiirtemberg  in  1802. 
(1890),  commune,  22,234. 

Estado  Cisplatino.  See  Estado  Oriental  del 
Uruguay  and  Cisplatine  Province. 

Estado  Oriental  del  Uruguay  (es-ta'do  6-re- 
an-tal'  del  o-ro-gwi'),  generally  abbreviated  to 
Estado  Oriental.   [Sp., '  Eastern  State  of  Uru- 


Joseph  von.  Bom  Dec.  18, 1714:  died  at  Vi- 
enna, Sept.  28,  1790.  A  Hungarian  general, 
diplomatist,  and  patron  of  letters  and  the  arts, 
especially  music:  grandson  of  Paul  von  Es- 
terhdzy  von  Galantha. 
Population  Esterh5,zy  von  G-alantha,  Prince  Paul  IV. 
von.  Born  at  Eisenstadt,  Hungary,  Sept.  8, 
1635 :  died  March  26,  1713.  A  celebrated  Hun- 
garian general.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the 
wars  against  the  Turks  1663-86 ;  became  a  cavalry  general 
in  1667 ;  was  created  a  prince  of  the  Holy  Koman  Empire 
in  1687 ;  and  was  palatine  of  Hungary  1687-97. 


guay.']    One  of  the  names  given  to  the  region  Esterh^zy  von  Galantha,  Prince  Paul  Anton 

°       ■'    -■  ,  -.  ■      ,1      T-.         1?.      -/ITT °     .        vnn        Ttni'n  Mnrnh  11_  17Sfi?   diArl  at  Rati H>inTi 


now  embraced  in  the  Eepublic  of  Uruguay.  This 
designation  and  Estado  Cisplatino, or  Cisplatine  State.were 
used  officially  from  about  1814  until  1823.  During  the  last 
two  years  Uruguay  was  united  to  Brazil.  From  1823  to  1828 
the  official  name  was  Provincia  Cisplatina,  but  Provincia 
Oriental  was  commonly  used.  With  the  independence  of 
1828  the  country  became,  officially,  the  Kepiiblica  Oriental 
del  Uruguay,  but  the  name  Estado  Oriental  was  long  re- 
tained in  a  semi-official  way,  and  is  still  sometimes  used. 

Estaing  (es-tan'),  Charles  Hector,  Comte  d'. 

Bom  in  Auvergne,  1729 :  died  at  Paris,  April 
28,  1794.  He  was  a  brigadier-general  under 
Lally  ToUendal  in  the  expedition  to  India  in 
1758,  and  was  wounded  and  taken  prisoner  at 
the  siege  of  Madras.  Returning  to  France,  he  became 
lieutenant-general  of  naval  forces  in  1763.  In  1778  he  com- 
manded a  squadron  sent  to  aid  the  North  American  colo- 
nies against  the  English,  and  in  Aug.  of  that  year  made 


von.  Born  March  11,  1786 :  died  at  Katisbon, 
Bavaria,  May  21, 1866.  An  Austrian  diploma- 
tist, son  of  Nikolaus  von  Esterhdzy.  He  was  ap- 
pointed minister  at  Dresden  in  1810,  and  ambassador  at 
Home  in  1814 ;  was  ambassador  at  London  1815-18, 1830- 
1838;  and  was  Hungarian  minister  of  foreign  affairs  a 
short  time  in  1848,  in  the  Batthyanyi  ministry. 
Esther  (es'tfer).  [PromPers.  staro,  star.]  The 
Persian  name  of  the  queen  from  whom  one 
of  the  Old  Testament  books  takes  its  name. 
Her  Hebrew  name  was  Badassah  ('myrtle ").  She  is  rep- , 
resented  in  that  book  as  the  daughter  of  Abihail,  cousin 
and  adopted  daughter  of  Mordecai,  of  the  tribe  of  Ben- 
jamin. She  was  made  queen  in  place  of  Vashti  by  King 
Ahasuerus  (Xerxes,  480-465  B.  c),  and  in  this  position  was 
able  to  protect  her  people  against  the  hostile  contrivances 
of  Haman,  in  memory  of  which  deliverance  the  feast  of 
Purira  is  still  celebrated. 


arrunra^c'eTsf^in'aMempt VrTcovCTEM^  Esther.    An  oratorio  by  Handel,  the  words  by 

English.  later  he  went  to  the  West  Indies,  failed  in  an  S.  Humphreys  from  Eaeine's  "Esther."  It  was 
attempt  to  take  St.  Lucia,  but  conquered  Grenada,  and  St.  ^yritten  for  the  Duke  of  Chandos,  and  was  flrst 
Vincent  was  taken  by  his  orders.    Byron;s  fleet,  which  at-     pgrfomied  at  Cannons,  near  London,  Aug.  29, 

1720. 


tempted  to  recover  (Jrenada,  was  driven  back  to  St.!KittSi 
In  Oct.,  1779,  in  conjunction  with  the  American  general 
Lincoln,  he  made  an  unsuccessful  attack  on  Savannah.  Esther  Ces-tar') 


He  was  put  to  death  by  the  Eevolutionary  tribunal  in  1794. 

Estakewach  (a-stak-e'waoh).  An  almost  ex- 
tinct tribe  of  North  American  Indians.  The 
name  is  derived  from  a  word  meaning  'hot 
spring.'    See  Palaihnihan. 

Estcourt  (est'kort), Richard.  Bom  at  Tewkes- 
bury, 1668:  died  in  Aug.,  1712.  An  English 
actor.  The  history  of  his  early  life  is  cbsoure.  About 
1695  he  was  playing  in  Dublin.  In  1704  he  first  appeared 
on  the  English  stage,  where  he  played  many  important 
characters,  such  as  Falstaff,  Sir  Joslin  Jolly,  and  Old  Bel- 
lair  ;  he  also  created  many  comedy  parts,  and  wrote  several 
plays.  He  was  the  first  provedor  of  the  Beefsteak  Club, 
and  in  the  "  Tatler  "  he  is  described  under  the  name  of 
"Tom  Mirror." 

Este(es'te).  Atownin  the  province  of  Padua, 
Italy,  situated  17  miles  southwest  of  Padua: 
the  ancient  Adeste.  It  is  noted  for  its  castle  (rocca) 
and  leaning  campanile.  The  rocca,  the  seat  of  the  Este 
family,  built  in  1343  and  strengthened  by  the  Scaligers,  is  a 
battlemented  medieval  fortress  with  a  mighty  keep.  Pop- 
ulation, about  6,000. 

Este.  One  of  the  oldest  and  most  celebrated 
of  the  princely  houses  of  Italy,  according  to 
modem  genealogists  a  branch  of  the  house  of 
the  Guelphs.  it  traces  its  origin  to  Oberto  II.,  mar- 
grave of  Casal  Maggiore,  the  youngest  son  of  the  margrave 
Oberto  I.,  imperial  count  palatine  in  Italy  under  the  em- 
peror otto  I.  Oberto's  grandson,  Azzo  II.,  was  invested 
by  the  emperor  Henry  III.  with  Este  and  other  Italian 
fiefs,  was  created  duke  of  Milan,  and  adopted  the  name 
of  Este.    His  two  sons  Welf  IV.  and  Fulcol.  became  the 


A  play  by  Eacine,  with  music 


by  Moreau,  written  for  the  pupils  of  St.  Cyr  at 
the  request  of  Madame  de  Maintenon.  It  was 
acted  with  great  pomp  and  ceremony  by  the 
school-girls  before  the  king. 
Esthonia  (es-tho'ni-a);  or  Wiroma.  [G.  Esth- 
land,  Estland,  or  Esihla/nd,  P.  Esthonie :  from 
the  ^stii.i  A  government  of  Eussia,  one  of 
the  three  so-called  Baltic  Provinces.  It  is  bounded 
by  the  Gulf  of  Finland  on  the  north,  by  St.  Petersburg  on 
the  east,  by  Livonia  on  the  south,  and  by  the  Baltic  on  the 
west.  Theisland  of  Dago  belongs  to  it.  Manufactures  and 
commerce  are  increasing.  The  capital  is  Reval.  The  bulk 
of  the  inhabitants  are  Esthonians,  a  Finnish  race  which 
has  occupied  the  region  from  prehistoric  times.  The  no- 
bility and  many  of  the  town  residents  are  Germans.  The 
prevailing  religion  is  Protestant.  Esthonia  was  acquired 
by  the  Danes  in  the  early  part  of  the  18th  century,  passed 
to  the  Livonian  Knights  in  1346,  and  on  the  dissolution  of 
the  order  in  1661  fell  to  Sweden.  It  was  acquired  by  Rus- 
sia in  1721.  Area,  7,318  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
404,709. 

Estienne,  orEtienne  (a-tyen')  (L.  Stephanus), 
Robert.  Bom  at  Paris  in  1503 :  died  at  Geneva, 
Sept.  7, 1559.  A  celebrated  French  printer  and 
scholar.  He  became  head  of  a  printing  establishment  in 
Paris  about  1526,  was  appointed  royal  printer  to  Francis  I. 
in  1639,  and  removed  to  Geneva  about  1652.  He  published 
numerous  editions  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  classics,  many 
of  which  were  enriched  with  notes  by  himself ;  various  edi- 
tions of  theBible(especially  of  the  New  Testament,  1650) ; 
and  a  Latin-French  dictionary  (the  first  of  the  kind)  com- 
piled by  himself,  entitled  "  Thesaurus  linguse  Latinae " 


founders,  respectively,  of  a  German  and  an  Italian  branch     uoo.:;.  ^  /t     ox      x.  \    it 
of  the  house  of  Este,  the  German  branch  being  in  modern  EstiennO,  or  litlOnne  (L.  btepnanUS),  Uenri. 
■"         ■ '"~~     Bom  at  Paris  in  1528:  died  at  Lyons  in  March, 


times  represented  by  the  houses  of  Brunswick  and  Han- 
over. The  Italian  branch  furnished  the  leaders  of  the 
party  of  the  Guelphs  in  Italy  in  the  13th  and  14th  centu- 
ries, its  chief  seats  being  at  Ferrara,  Modena,  and  Reggio. 
Borso  received  the  title  of  duke  of  Modena  and  Reggio 
from  the  emperor  Frederick  IIL  in  1462,  and  that  of  duke 
of  Ferrara  from  Pope  Paul  II.  The  male  line  of  the  Ital- 
ian branch  of  the  house  of  Este  became  extinct  at  the 
death  of  Hercules  III.  in  1803.  His  only  daughter,  Maria 
Beatrice,  married  Archdiike  Ferdinand  of  Austria,  third 
son  of  the  emperor  Francis  I.,  who  became  the  founder 
of  the  Austrian  branch  of  the  house  of  Este,  the  male  line 
of  which  became  extinct  in  1876. 


1598.  A  celebrated  French  printer  and  scholar, 
son  of  Eobert  Estienne.  He  established  a  press  at 
Paris  about  1566,  and  on  his  father's  death  in  1669  appears 
to  have  removed  to  Geneva  and  to  have  taken  charge  of 
his  father's  establishment.  He  edited  and  printed  nu- 
merous editions  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  classics,  com- 
piled the  celebrated  "  Thesaurus  linguee  Grsecse  "  (1672), 
and  wrote  "Apologie  pour  HSrodote"  (1666),  "Traits  de 
la  conformity  du  Fran^ais  avec  le  Grec,  "  Pr^cellenoe  de 
lalangue  francjaise,"  and  "  Nouveaux  dialogues  de  langue 
fran^aise  italianis6,"  etc. 


Estella  (as-tel'ya).    A  town  in  the  province  of  Estmere.    See  Ki,ng  Estmere. 
Navarre,  northern  Spain,  situated  on  the  Ega  Estotlland.    A  mythical  region  supposed,  sev- 
28  miles  southwest  of  Pamplona,    in  1833-39  it    eral  centuries  ago,  to  liem  the  northern  part  of 
was  a  stronghold  of  the  Carlists,  and  again  in  1873-76,    North  America,  near  the  Arctic  circle, 
when  it  was  their  headquYters.    They  design^^^^^^  (as-tra'da),  or  Strada,  AlonZO   de. 

S'd^^vt?a<hl^tentdHh?7nl-  of'^SS.^':    Died  in  Mexico  abJit  1530     A  Spamsh  officer. 
Population  (1887),  6,974.  .  .       said  to  have  been  a  natural  son  of  King  if  erdi- 

Estepa  (as-ta'pa).     A  manufacturing  town  in     nand.     in  1524  he  went  to  Mexico  as  royal  treasurer, 
the  province  of  Seville,  Spain,  situated  59  miles     and  he  was  one  of  those  left  in  charge  of  the  govern- 


Estrada,  Alonzo  de 

ment  when  CorWs  went  to  Honduras,  1524-26.  In  1627  he 
•was  acting  governor,  and  exiled  Cortes  from  the  city,  be- 
sides opposing  him  in  many  ways.    . 

Estrada,  Jos6  Dolores.  Bom  in  Matagalpa, 
1787:  died  near  Granada,  Aug.  12, 1869.  ANiea- 
raguan  general.  He  served  under  Chamorro  1861-64, 
and  participated  in  the  defense  of  Granada  in  the  latter 
year.  He  fought  against  Walker,  and  defeated  him  at  San 
Jacinto,  Sept.  14, 1866.  In  1860,  notwithstanding  his  great 
age,  he  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  against  the 
revolutionists ;  he  defeated  them  several  times,  but  died 
before  the  campaign  was  ended.  ■ 

Estrees(es-tra'),Grabrielled'.  Bornl571:  died 
at  Paris,  April  10, 1599.  A  mistress  of  Henry 
IV.  of  France,  celebrated  for  her  scandalous  life 
and  luxury,  and  for  her  beauty,  she  married,  at 
the  wish  of  the  king,  M.  Liancourt-Daraerval,  but  soon 
separated  from  him.  Later  she  acquired  the  titles  mar- 
quise de  Monceaux  and  duchesse  de  Beaufort. 

Estrella  (esh-tra'la),  Sena  da.  A  mountain- 
chain  in  Beira,  Portugal,  the  loftiest  in  that 
oountry.    Highest  point,  6,540  feet. 

Estremadura  (esh-tra-ma-dS'ra).  A  province 
of  Portugal.  It  lies  between  Beira  on  the  north  and 
east,  Alemtejo  on  the  east  and  south,  and  the  Atlantic  on 
the  west  and  comprises  the  three  districts  leiria,  San- 
tarem,  and  Lisbon.  Area,  6,876  square  miles.  Population 
(1890),  1,091,401. 

Estremadura  (es-tra-ma-Do'ra).  A  former 
provinee  of  Spain,  corresponding  to  the  mod- 
ern provinces  of  Badajoz  and  Caceres.  It  lay 
between  Leon  on  the  north.  New  Castile  and  La  Mancha 
on  the  east,  Andalusia  on  the  south,  and  Portugal  on  the 
west, 

Estremoz  (esh-tra-mos').  A  town  in  the  district 
of  Evora,  province  of  Alemtejo,  Portugal,  inlat. 
38°  51'  N.,  long.  7°  33'  W.  In  its  neighborhood 
are  celebrated  marble-quarries. 

Estrildis  (es-tril'dis),  or  Estrild  (es'trUd). 
The  mythical  daughter  of  a  German  king, 
loved  by  King  Locrine,  and  the  mother  by  him, 
of  Sabrina.  The  story  is  narrated  by  Geoffrey 
of  Monmouth. 

Esz6k.    See  MsseTc. 

EszterhSrZy.    See  Esterhdzy. 

Etah  (e'ta).  A  district  in  the  Agra  division. 
Northwest  Provinces,  British  India,  intersected 
by  lat.  27°  40'  N.,  long.  79°  E.  Area,  1,741 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  702,063. 

Etamin  (et'a-min)",  or  Etahin  X-nin).  [At. 
el  tannin,  the'  dragon.]  The  second-magnitude 
Greenwich  zenith-star  y  Draconis.  Sometimes 
called  Basaben. 

£tampes  (a-tonp').  A  tows  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  29  miles  south-south- 
west of  Paris,  it  contains  a  feudal  tower,  "Guinette," 
dating  from  the  12th  century,  and  was  the  birthplace  of 
£tienne  Geoffroy  St.  Hilaire.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
8,673. 

^tampes,  Duchesse  d'  (Anne  de  Pisseleu 
d'HeiUy).  Bom  about  1508 :  died  after  1575. 
A  mistress  of  Francis  I.  of  France. 

Etawah  (e-ta'wa).  1.  A  district  in  the  Agra 
division.  Northwest  Provinces,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  26°  40'  N.,  long.  79°  E.  Area, 
1,691  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  727,629. 
— 2.  The  capital  of  the  Etawah  district,  situated 
near  the  Jumna  70  miles  southeast  of  Agra. 
Population,  about  35,000. 

Etchita.    See  SitcMti. 

Etchmiadzin  (ech-myad-zen').  A  monastery 
in  a  vUlage  (Vagharshapad)  of  Russian  Arme- 
nia, 12  miles  west  of  Erivan.  It  is  the  resi- 
dence of  the  catholicos  or  primate  of  the  Arme- 
nian Church. 

Eteocles  (e-te'o-klez).  [Or.  'Etcok^c-^  In 
Greek  legend,  a  king  of  Thebes,  son  of  CEdipus 
and  Jocaste,  and  brother  of  Polynices  and  An- 
tigone. He  had  agreed  to  surrender  the  throne  to  his 
brother  in  alternate  years,  but  broke  his  promise.  This 
led  to  the  expedition  of  the  "Seven  against  Thebes"  to 
seat  Polynices  on  the  throne. 

Eternal  Oity,  The.    An  epithet  of  Kome. 

£tex  (a-teks'),  Antoine.  Bom  at  Paris,  March 
20,  1808 :  died  there,  July  14,  1888.  A  French 
sculptor  and  painter,  a  pupil  of  Ingres  in  draw- 
ing and  of  Pradier  in  sculpture.  In  1828  he  won 
the  second  grand  prix  in  sculpture.  Among  his  statues  are 
Cain  (a  colossal  group),  Leda,  Charlemagne,  St.  Augustine, 
ete.  He  executed  the  groups  "  1814  "  and  "  1816  "  for  the 
Arc  de  I'Htoile. 

Eth-.    See  JEth-. 

Ethandun  (eth-an-dSn' ) .  The  scene  of  a  victory 
of  Alfred  the  Great  over  the  Danes  in  878.  It 
has  been  identified  with  Eddington,  Wiltshire. 

Ethbaal  (eth-ba'al).  [Assyr.,  'with  Baal': 
called  by  the  Greets  Eida^aTioc,  'iBii^aAoq,  Itho- 
balus.]  A  king  of  Tyre.  He  was  the  father  of  Jeze- 
bel, the  wife  of  Ahab,  king  of  Israel.  In  the  Assyrian 
inscriptions  he  is  called  Tuba'lu.  Ethbaal  II.  is  men- 
tioned in  the  annals  of  Nebuchadnezzar,  king  of  Baby- 
lonia. Josephus  represents  him  as  king  of  Sidon  as  well 
as  of  Tyre. 


370 

Ethelred  (eth'el-red),  Ailred,  orEalred.  Bom 

in  1109:  died  June  12, 1166.  An  English  eccle- 
siastical writer.  He  was  educated  at  the  Scottish 
court,  entered  the  Cistercian  order,  and  became  abbot  of 
Eevesby  in  Lincolnshire,  and  afterward  of  Kievaulx  in 
Yorkshire.  His  works  include  "  Historia  de  Vita  et  Mi- 
raculis S.  Edwardi,"  "Geiiealogia  Regum  Anglorum,"  "De 
Bello  Standardi,"  and  "Historia  de  Sanctimoniali  de  Wat- 
ton  "  (which  have  been  published  in  Sir  Soger  Twysden's 
"  Historise  Anglicanse  Scriptores  decem  "  (1662).  His  theo- 
logical works  were  collected  by  Richard  Gibbons.  The 
"Margaritse  Vita"  attributed  to  him  is  not  his  work. 

Etherege(eth'er-ej),  George.  Flourished  about 
1588.  An  English  classical  scholar.  He  was  born 
in  Oxfordshire,  studied  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford, 
and  was  licensed  to  practise  medicine  in  1545.  He  was 
regius  professor  of  Greek  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  1547- 
1550  and  1554-59.  His  health  was  seriously  impaired  by 
frequent  imprisonments  during  a  period  of  thirty  jears  on 
account  of  his  adherence  to  the  Roman  Catholic  faith.  He 
was  living  in  1688,  but  his  death  is  not  recorded.  His 
works  include  a  Latin  translation  of  Justin  Martyr,  various 
poems  in  Greek  and  Latin,  the  Psalms  of  David  in  Hebrew 
verse  set  to  music,  and  a  manuscript  copy  of  musical  com- 
positions. 

Etherege,  Sir  George.  Born  1635  (?) :  died  1691. 
An  English  dramatist.  The  tacts  of  his  early  life  are 
obscure.  In  1676  he  was  obliged  to  leave  the  country  with 
Rochester  on  account  of  a  disgraceful  brawl,  but  before 
1685  had  obtained  diplomatic  employment.  He  was  sent 
to  The  Hague  by  Charles  II.,  and  in  1685  to  Ratisbon  by 
James  II.  He  disgusted  the  Germans  by  his  habits  of 
debauchery  and  breaches  of  etiquette.  In  1688  he  retired 
hastily  to  Paris,  where  Luttrell  reports  that  he  died.  He 
wrote  "  The  Comical  Revenge  "  (1664),  "  She  Would  it  She 
Could"  (1668),  and  "The  Man  of  Mode,  or  Sir  Topling 
Flutter  "  (1676).  He  was  the  inventor  of  the  comedy  of 
intrigue. 

Two  more  atrocious  libertines  than  these  two  men  [Eth- 
erege and  Sir  Charles  Sedley]  were  not  to  be  found  in  the 
apartments  at  Whitehall,  or  in  the  streets,  taverns,  and 
dens  of  London.  Yet  both  were  famed  for  like  external 
qualities.  Etherege  was  easy  and  graceful,  Sedley  so  re- 
finedly  seductive  of  manner  that  Buckingham  called  it 
"witchcraft, "and  Wilmot  "his  prevailing,  gentle  art."  I, 
humbler  witness,  can  only  say,  after  studying  their  works 
and  their  lives,  that  Etherege  was  a  more  accomplished 
comedy-writer  than  Sedley,  but  that  Sedley  was  a  greater 
teast  than  Etherege.  Daran,  Eng.  Stage,  1. 140. 

Ethiopia,  or  .Ethiopia  (e-thi-6'pi-a),  Heb. 
Cush.  [L.  Ethiopia,  Gr.  AWconia  (sc.  yv  or 
X^po),  from  AWiotp,  an  Ethiopian.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  oountry  south  of  Egypt,  corre- 
sponding to  the  kingdom  of  Meroe,  from  the 
neighborhood  of  Khartum  northward  to  Egypt. 
In  a  more  extended  sense  it  comprised  Nubia,  northern 
Abyssinia,  Sennaar,  and  Kordofan.  It  was  closely  con- 
nected with  Egypt.  Conquered  by  Egyptian  kings  of  the 
12th  dynasty,  lost  in  the  period  of  the  Hyksos,  and  recon- 
quered under  the  18th  dynasty,  it  remained  with  Egypt 
until  after  the  20th  dynasty.  An  Ethiopian  founded  the 
25th  Egyptian  dynasty.  Under  Psammetichus  (7th  cen- 
tury B.  0.)  many  Egyptians  emigrated  to  Ethiopia.  It  was 
ruled  by  a  female  dynasty,  the  Candaces,  about  the  Chris- 
tian era.    It  is  now  held  by  the  Mahdists  and  Abyssiuians. 

i^tienne  (a-tyen'), Charles Guillaume.  Bomat 
Chamouilly  (Haute-Mame),  Jan.  6,  1778:  died 
at  Paris,  March  13, 1845.  A  French  dramatist, 
poet,  and  journalist.  His  first  important  work  was 
"Le  r6ve,"  an  opera,  with  music  by  Gresnick  (1799),  which 
had  such  success  as  to  induce  him  to  devote  himself  to  the 
drama,  producing  a  great  number  of  plays,  among  which 
is  the  comedy  "Brueys  et  Palaprat"  (1807).  In  1810  his 
best  play,  "  Les  deux  gendres,"  appeared.  A  short  diver- 
tissement, "  Cne  matinee  du  canfp  ou  les  petits  bateaux," 
followed  in  1804  by  another,  "  0ne  journ^e  au  camp  de 
Bruges,"  induced  the  Duke  of  Bassano  to  appoint  him  his 
private  secretary.  He  accompanied  him  to  Germany  and 
Poland.  On  his  return  he  first  became  connected  with  the 
"  Journal  de  I'Empire."  He  was  a  member  of  the  Cham- 
ber of  Deputies,  signed  the  Address  of  the  221  in  18S0,  and 
later  was  a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Peers.  He  was 
also  the  author  of  a  number  of  political  pamphlets  and  of 
a  "  Histoire  du  theatre  fran^ais  "  (1882). 

^tienne  du  Mont  (a-tyen'  du  m6n),  St.  [P., 
'  Saint  Stephen  of  the  Mount.']  A  noted  florid- 
Pointed  church  in  Paris,  founded  in  1517.  The 
west  front  was  added  by  Henry  IV.  The  church  is  famous 
for  its  graceful  rood-loft  in  carved  stone,  which  spans  the 
nave  in  a  low  arch  from  opposite  pillars  around  which 
wind  its  two  spiral  stairs.  The  church  possesses  some 
beautiful  glass,  and  the  rich  ISth-century  shrine  of  Ste. 
Genevifeve. 

EtlQtuette  (a-te-kef),  Madame.  A  nickname 
given  to  the  Duchesse  de  NoaUles,  the  mistress 
of  ceremonies  at  the  court  of  Marie  Antoinette. 

Etive  (et'iv).  Loch.  An  inlet  of  the  sea  in  the 
north  of  Argyllshire,  Scotland,  northeast  of 
Oban.    Len^h,  19  miles. 

Etna  (et'na),  Sicilian  Mongibello  (mon-je-bel'- 
16).  [L.  Mtna,  Gr.  Mrvri,  Mrva,  burning  moun- 
tain.] The  chief  mountain  in  Sicily,  and  the 
highest  volcano  in  Europe,  situated  in  the  east 
of  the  island,  north  of  Catania,  lat.  37°  44'  N., 
long.  15°  E.  It  figured  in  Greek  mythology  in  the  le- 
gends of  Bnceladus  and  Hephaestus.  Among  the  most 
important  of  the  eruptions,  more  than  80  of  which  have 
been  recorded,  are  those  of  1169,  1669,  1693,  1756,  1792, 
1852,  1865,  1879,  1886,  and  1892.    Height  10,835  feet. 

£toges  (a-tozh').  A  village  in  the  department 
of  Marne,  France,  16  miles  south-southwest  of 


Etymologicum  Magnum 

fipemay.  An  indecisive  battle  between  Napoleon  and 
the  Allies  was  fought  here  Feb.  14,  1814. 

£toile  du  Nord  (a-twal'  dii  nor),  L'.  [P.,  'The 
Star  of  the  North.']  An  opera  by  Meyerbeer, 
first  produced  at  Paris,  Feb.  16, 1854.  It  was 
called  "La  Stella  del  Norte"  when  produced  in 
England  in  1855. 

Eton  (e'tqn).  A  village  of  about  2,500  inhabi- 
tants in  ^Buckinghamshire,  England,  situated 
on  the  Thames,  opposite  Windsor,  22  miles 
west  of  London .  Eton  College,  one  of  the  most  famed 
of  English  public  schools,  was  founded  in  1440  by  Henry 
VI.  The  low  and  picturesque  battlemented  and  towered 
brick  buildings  inclose  two  courts,  which  communicate  by 
a  vaulted  passage.  The  large  Perpendicular  chapel  forms 
the  south  side  of  the  outer  quadrangle.  The  new  quad- 
rangle was  finished  in  1889. 

!]^tourdi  (a-t6r-de'),  L',  [F.,  'The  Heedless 
One.']  A  comedy  by  Molifere,  presented  at 
Lyons  1653. 

i^tretat  (atr-ta').  A  watering-place  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine-Inf6rieure,  France,  on  the 
English  Channel  14  miles  north-northeast  of 
Havre. 

Etruria  (e-tro'ri-a).  [L.  Mruria,  Hetruria,  Gr. 
"Erpovpia '  (the  reg.  Gr.  name  being  Tvp^r/via), 
the  country  of  the  Etrusd,  Etruscans.  Hence 
Tuscan,  Tuscany.']  In  ancient  geography,  a 
division  of  Italy  which  extended  along  the 
Mediterranean,  and  was  separated  from  Um- 
bria,  the  Sabine  territory,  and  Latium  by  the 
Tiber,  and  from  Liguria  by  the  Apennines. 
It  nearly  corresponds  to  modern  Tuscany.  It  contained 
a  confederation  of  12  cities  —  probably  Veii,  Clusium, 
Tarquinii,  Falerii,  Caere,  Volsinii,  Cortona,  Perusia,  Ar- 
retium,  Vulci,  Volaterrae,  and  Vetulonia.  The  Etruscans 
developed  as  a  great  naval  power,  influential  in  northern 
and  central  Italy,  and  had  possessions  on  the  Po  and  in 
Campania.  Etruscan  kings  ruled  at  an  early  time  ia 
Rome  (probably  till  about  500  B.  c).  The  Etruscans  were 
defeated  by  Syracuse  in  a  naval  battle  in  474  B.  c,  and 
suffered  from  the  invasion  of  the  Gauls  about.  400.  Veii 
was  lost  to  Rome  In  396.  Defeat  by  Rome  at  the  Vadi- 
monian  Lake  in  283  was  followed  by  the  fall  of  Tarquinii 
and  the  other  Etrurian  cities. 

Etruria.  A  village  in  Staffordshire,  England, 
noted  as  the  seat  of  the  Wedgwood  potteries. 

Etruria,  Kingdom  of.  A  kingdom  formed  by 
Napoleon  from  the  grand  duchy  of  Tuscany  in 
1801,  and  bestowed  upon  the  Crown  Prince  of 
Parma.    It  was  annexed  to  France  in  1808. 

Etrurians  (e-tro'ri-anz),  or  Etruscans  (e-trus'- 
kanz).  The  ancient  inhabitants  of  Etruria, 
t£e  modern  Tuscany.     See  Etruria. 

The  Etrurians  are  the  most  mysterious  people  of  an- 
tiquity. We  meet  them  in  the  sculptured  chronicles  of 
ancient  Egypt  as  the  Tursha,  and  in  the  pages  of  the  ear- 
liest Greek  writers  as  the  Tyrrhenes,  or  TursenL  Accord- 
ing to  ancient  tradition,  they  came  from  Lydia  in  prehis- 
toric times,  and  colonized  Latium.  Certain  details  of 
their  costumes  and  customs  appear  to  be  Identical  with 
those  of  Lydia,  and  the  legend  is  probably  based  upon 
fact.  But  until  the  inscriptions  of  Etruria  can  be  read, 
we  are  not  likely  to  solve  this  problem.  The  Etruscan 
characters  closely  resemble  the  archaic  alphabets  of  Asia 
Minor;  but  no  scholar  has  yet  succeeded  in  identifying 
more  than  proper  names  and  the  names  of  deities. 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  91. 
Lately  the  discovery  of  an  inscription  on  the  Island  of 
Lemnos  seems  to  render  probable  the  identity  of  the 
Etruscans  with  the  Pelasgian  Tyrrhenians  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean. La  Saussaye,  Science  of  Religion,  p.  324. 

Ettlingen  (et'ling-en).  A  town  in  Baden,  44 
miles  south  of  Karlsruhe.  It  has  manufactures  of 
paper,  etc.,  and  is  noted  for  its  Roman  antiquities.  Here 
the  French  under  Moreau  defeated  the  Austrians  under 
Archduke  Charles,  July  9  and  10, 1796.  Population  (1890), 
6,648. 

Ettmiiller  (et'miil-ler),Ernst  Moritz  Ludwig. 

Bom  at  Gersdorf ,  near  Lobau,  Saxony,  Oct.  5, 
1802 :  died  near  Zurich,  Switzerland,  April  15, 
1877.  A  German  philologist,  professor  of  the 
German  language  and  literature  in  the  gym- 
nasium at  Zurich.  He  edited  Middle  High  German 
and  Old  LowGerman  texts,  and  published  works  on  Norse, 
an  Anglo-Saxon  chrestomathy  (1860),  an  Anglo-Saxon  lexi- 
con (1861),  etc. 

Ettrick  (et'rik).  A  river  in  Selkirkshire,  Scot- 
land, which  joins  the  Tweed  near  Selkirk. 
Length,  32  miles.  The  tract  of  woodland  on 
and  adjoining  it  was  formerly  known  as  the 
Ettrick  Forest. 

Ettrick  Shepherd,  The.  A  name  given  to 
James  Hogg. 

Etty  (et'i),  WilHam.  Born  at  York,  England, 
March  10.  1787 :  died  there,  Nov.  13, 1849.  An 
English  painter  of  historical  subjects. 

Etymologicum  Magnum  (et"i-m6-loj'i-kum 
mag'num).  [ML.,  tr.  Gr.  ri  hvfio^ioytn&v  fieya, 
the  great  dictionary.]     See  the  extract. 

The  remaining  great  lexicon  of  the  Byzantine  age,  the 
Mynwlogicum  Magnum  as  it  is  called,  does  not  puzzle  us 
by  assuming  the  name  of  a»y  definite  author.  It  may,  in- 
deed, be  doubted  whether  there  was  not  more  than  one 
compilation  bearing  this  name,  and  whether  It  denoted 
more  than  a  bookseller's  or  scribe's  coUectJon  and  edition 


Etymologicum  Magnum 

ol  divers  glossaries  made  up  from  the  works  of  the  most 
eminent  grammarians.  The  work  has  already  appeared 
in  two  different  forms,  derived  from  manuscripts  ol  two 
different  classes :  the  one,  which  Is  sometimes  called  the 
Etymologicum  Sylburgianum,  because  the  first  critical  re- 
vision was  that  which  Sylburg  founded  on  the  original 
publication  of  Marcus  Musurus ;  the  other,  which  is  termed 
the  EtymologicuTn  Gudianum,  because  it  was  derived  by 
Sturz  from  a  manuscript  at  Wolf  enbiittel,  belonging  origi- 
nally to  Marquard  Gude.  There  is,  Indeed,  reason  to  sup- 
pose that  the  work  published  by  Musurus  got  its  title  of 
Etymologicum,  Magnum  from  its  first  editor  or  from  its 
printer  Calllergus.  The  age  of  the  work  may,  however, 
with  some  probability,  be  assigned  to  the  10th  century  or 
thereabouts.  It  may  be  best  described  as  a  farrago  of  ex- 
tracts from  the  most  esteemed  grammarians,  copied  sla- 
vishly and  arranged  in  alphabetical  order. 
K.  0.  MiilleT,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  387. 

[{Boiuddson.) 

Etzel  (et'sel]).  In  German  heroic  legend,  the 
name  of  Attila,  king  of  the  Huns.    See  Attila. 

Eu  (6).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Seine- 
Inferieure,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Bresle,  near 
its  mouth,  17  miles  east-northeast  of  Dieppe. 
It  has  a  famous  ch&teau,  a  favorite  residence  of  Louis 
Philippe,  and  still  In  possession  of  the  Orleanist  family. 
A  medieval  countshlp  of  Eu  had  its  seat  here.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  4,693. 

Eu,  Comte  d'  (Louis  Philippe  Marie  Fer- 
dinand Gaston  d'0rl6ans).  Bom  at  Neuilly, 
France,  April  29,  1842.  The  eldest  sou  of  the 
Due  de  Nemours,  and  grandson  of  Louis  Phi- 
lippe. He  married  the  Princess  Imperial  of  Brazil  Oct. 
16, 1364.  In  1869  and  1870  he  commanded  the  Brazilian 
forces  in  Paraguay,  bringing  the  war  to  a  successful  ter- 
mination. 

Eu,  Comtesse  d'  or  Condessa  de.  See  Izdbel 
de  Braganga. 

Euboea  (ii-be'a).  [GrJ.  Mpom,  It.  Negroponte, 
Turk.  Egripoi]  The  largest  island  belonging 
to  Greece,  in  the  JEgean  Sea.  It  lies  to  the  east  of 
Fhocis,  Bceotia,  and  Attica,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  Strait  of  Eurlpus.  It  is  traversed  by  mountains,  Delphi 
reaching  the  height  of  6,725  feet.  The  chief  towns  were 
Chalcls  and  Eretria.  It  was  subdued  by  Athens  after  the 
Persian  wars.  The  Turks  took  It  from  the  Venetians  in 
1470.  Its  length  is  98  miles ;  its  greatest  width,  30  miles. 
Eubcea  and  some  adjoining  small  islands  form  a  nomarchy 
with  a  population  (1896),  106,777. 

Eubulides  (u-bu'li-dez)  of  Miletus.  [Gr. 
Ei/3oti^i(i!/f.]  Lived  in  the  4th  century  B.  C.  A 
Greek  philosopher  of  the  Megaric  school. 

Eucharis  (u'ka-ris).  In  F^nelon's  "T616- 
maque,"  one  of  Calypso's  njrmphs  with  whom 
T61emaque  falls  in  love.  Mentor  removes  him  from 
the  Island  to  get  him  out  of  her  way.  She  is  said  to  be 
meant  for  Mademoiselle  de  Fontanges,  a  favorite,  for  a 
short  time,  of  Louis  XIV. 

Euchites  (ii'Mts).  [LGr.  hx'iTat,  from  Gr. 
evx^,  prayer.]  A  sect  which  arose  in  the  4th 
century  in  the  East,  particularly  in  Mesopo- 
tamia and  Syria,  its  members  attached  supreme  im- 
portance to  prayer  and  the  presence  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  led 
an  ascetic  life,  and  rejected  sacraments  and  the  moral  law. 
The  sect  continued  until  the  7th  century,  and  was  for  a 
short  time  revived  a  few  centuries  later.  Its  members 
are  also  caUed  Adelphiaris,  Enthtieiaste,  Euatathiam,  Mes- 
8cUia7i8,  etc. 

Euclid  (u'klid).  [Gr.  EwK^letdw.]  Lived  at  Alex- 
andria about  300  B.C.  A  famous  Greek  geome- 
ter. His  principal  work  is  the  "  Elements  "  (Sroixeio), 
in  13  books,  parts  of  which  have  been  largely  used  as  a 
text-book  for  elementary  geometry  down  to  the  present 
time.  The  editions  and  translations  of  this  work  have 
been  very  numerous. 

Euclid  of  Megara,  Bom  probably  in  Megara, 
in  the  middle  of  the  5th  century  b.  o.  A  Greek 
philosopher,  a  disciple  of  Socrates,  and  the 
founder  of  the  Megaric  school. 

Eudes  (ed),  or  Odo  (o'do).  Count  of  Paris.  Died 
in  898.  King  of  France  8«7  (888)-898.  He  de- 
fended Paris  against  the  Northmen  under  Rollo  in  885-886, 
and  on  the  deposition  of  Charles  the  Fat,  in  887,  was  elected 
king  of  France  by  a  party  among  the  nobles.  In  893  Charles 
the  Simple,  son  of  Charles  the  Fat>  was  set  up  as  rival 
king,  and  Eudes  was  compelled  to  cede  to  him  the  coun- 
try between  the  Seine  and  the  Ehine. 

Eudes  I.  Died  in  Cilicia,  March  23, 1103.  Duke 
of  Burgundy.  He  fought  under  the  standard  of  Al- 
fonso VI.  king  of  Caetile  and  Leon,  against  the  Saracens 
in  1087.  He  afterward  departed  on  a  crusade  to  the  Holy 
Land,  and  died  in  Cilicia. 

Eudes  II.  Died  in  1162.  Duke  of  Burgundy. 
He  compelled  Thibaut  of  Champagne  to  do  hom- 
age for  the  county  of  Troy  in  1143. 

Eudes  III,  Died  6,t  Lyons,  July  6„1218.  Duke 
of  Burgundy.  He  took  part  In  1209  in  the  crusade 
against  the  Albigensians,  and  in  1214  commanded  the  right 
wing  of  the  French  army  at  the  battle  of  Bouvines. 

Eudes  IV.  Died  at  Sens  in  1350.  Duke  of 
Burgundy.  He  married  the  daughter  of  Philip, 
king  of  France,  in  1818.  „   .      . 

Eudes.  Bom  665:  died  735.  Duke  of  Aqui- 
taine  and  Vaseonie  (Gaseony).  His  dominions 
were  Invaded  by  the  Saracens  under  Abd-er-Kahman,  who 
were  repulsed  with  the  aid  of  Charles  Martel  at  Poitiers 
in  732. 

Eudes.    Died  in  1037.    Count  of  Champagne. 


371 

He  was  defeated  and  killed  in  an  attempt  to 
make  himself  master  of  Lorraine. 

Eudes  de  Montreuil  (6d  de  m6n-tr6y').  Died 
1289.  A  French  sculptor,  architect,  and  engi- 
neer. He  went  to  the  Holy  Land  in  1248,  and  in  1250-51 
constructed  the  fortifications  of  Jaffa.  In  1254  he  re- 
turned to  Paris.  In  1262  he  built  the  Church  of  the  Cor- 
deliers, and  that  of  the  Chartreux  in  1278.  In  the  Church 
of  the  Cordeliers  he  was  accorded  sepulture,  and  erected 
his  own  tomb  with  life-size  statues  of  himself  and  his  two 
wives.  This  monument  was  described  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  II.    It  was  destroyed  in  1680. 

Eudeve.    See  Opata. 

Eudocia  (ii-do'shia).  [Gr.  Eido/cta,  esteem, 
honor.  ]  Born  at  Athens  about  393 :  died  at  Jeru- 
salem about  460.  AEomanempress.  Shewasthe 
daughter  of  the  sophist  Leontius,  or,  as  he  is  also  called, 
Heraclitus  of  Athens,  who  gave  her  a  careful  education. 
She  married  the  emperor  Theodosius  II.  in  421,  having 
previously  exchanged  her  original  name  Athenais  for  Eu- 
docia at  baptism.  Having  supplanted  the  emperor's  sister, 
Pulcheria,  in  the  administration  of  the  government,  she 
effected  the  convention  of  the  so-called  Robber  Council  of 
Ephesus  in  449,  at  which  Flavian,  the  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople, was  deposed  by  the  Eutychians.  Shortly 
after  this  the  emperor  took  up  the  cause  of  the  orthodox 
party,  in  consequence  of  which,  as  well  as  of  his  jealousy, 
she  was  banished  to  Jerusalem  in  449.  She  wrote  a  num- 
ber of  poems,  including  a  paraphrase  of  the  Octateuch. 

Eudocia.  A  Byzantine  empress,  wife  of  Con- 
stantine  XI.,  and  afterward  of  Eomanus  IV. 
At  his  death  in  1067  Constantino  bequeathed  the  empire  to 
her  and  their  three  young  sons,  Michael  VIL,  Andronicus 
I.,  and  Constantino  XII.  Although  bound  by  oath  not  to 
marry  again,  she  espoused  Romanus  in  1068,  and  made  him 
a  colleague  in  the  empire  with  herself  and  her  sons,  where- 
upon Joannes  Ducas,  brother  of  Constantino  XL,  made 
Michael  VII.  sole  emperor,  and  banished  Eudocia  to  a 
convent.  She  compiled  a  dictionary  of  history  and  my- 
thology, entitled  'loivia,  or  "Collection (or  Bed)of  Violets," 
which  is  still  extant. 

Eudoxia  (ii-dok'si-a).  [LGr.  Eiidofia,  good  re- 
port, honor.]  A  Byzantine  empress,  daughter 
of  the  Frank  Bauto.  She  married  in  395  Arcadius, 
by  whom  she  became  the  mother  of  Theodosius  XL,  or 
"the  Younger."  She  acquired  a  complete  ascendancy 
over  her  husband,  and  procured  the  exile  of  Chrysostom, 
patriarch  of  Constantinople,  who  inveighed  against  the 
avarice  and  luxury  of  the  court. 

Eudoxia.  Born  at  Constantinople,  422.  A  Eo- 
man  empress,  daughter  of  Theodosius  II.  She 
married  in  436  or  437  Valentinian  III.,  who  was  murdered 
by  Petronius  Maximus  in  456.  Compelled  to  marry  the 
usurper,  she  called  in  Genserio,  king  of  the  Vandals,  who 
took  Rome  and  carried  off  Eudoxia  and  her  twOdaughters, 
Eudocia  and  Placidia,  to  Carthage.  Maximus  was  killed 
in  the  flight.  Eudoxia  was  after  some  years  sent  to  Con- 
stantinople with  an  honorable  escort. 

Eudoxians  (u-dok'si-anz).  The  followers  of 
Eudoxius,  patriarch  of  Constantinople  and  an 
extreme  Arian  of  the  4th  century:  same  as 
Anomceans,  Aetians,  and  Eunomians. 

Eudoxius  (li-dok'si-us).  [Gr.  EidofiOf.]  Died 
370.  Apatriarch  of  Constantinople.  He  became 
bishop  of  Antioch  in  347,  and  patriarch  of  Constantinople 
in  360.    He  was  an  Arian  and  the  leader  of  the  Eudoxians. 

EudoXUS  (u-dok'sus)  of  CnidUS.  [Gr.  EMofof.] 
Born  about  409  B.  c. :  died  about  356  B.  c.  A 
Greek  astronomer,  geometer,  and  physician.  He 
is  said  to  have  been  the  first  to  introduce  the  use  of  the 
celestial  globe  into  Greece,  to  have  corrected  the  length  of 
the  year,  and  to  have  adduced  the  fact  that  the  altitude 
of  the  stars  changes  with  the  latitude  as  a  proof  of  the 
sphericity  of  the  earth. 

Eudoxus  of  Oyzicus.  Bom  at  Cyzieus,  Asia 
Minor :  lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  2d  cen- 
tury B.  0.  -A.  Greek  navigator  in  the  Egyptian 
service,  said  to  have  circumnavigated  Africa 
from  the  Eed  Sea  to  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar. 

Euemerus.    See  Evemerus. 

Euergetes  (u-er'je-tez).  [Gr.  ErepyfTW,  bene- 
factor.] A  Greek  title  of  honor  assumed  by 
several  kings  of  Egypt.    See  Ptolemy. 

Eufaula  (u-fa'la).  A  city  of  Barbour  County, 
Alabama,  situated  on  the  Chattahoochee  in 
lat.  31°  53'  N.,  long.  85''  10'  W.  It  exports 
cotton.     Population  (1900),  4,532. 

Eugamon  (ii'ga-mou).  [Gr.  'EMyajium.']  A  Greek 
cyclic  poet  of  Cyrene  (about  566  B.  c),  author 
of  the  '*'  Telegonia"  (which  see). 

Euganean  Hills  (ti-ga'ne-an  hilz).  A  chain  of 
volcanic  hills  in  northeastern  Italy,  southwest 
of  Padua;    Highest  point,  1,890  feet. 

Eugene  (H-jen'),  Prince  (Francois  Eugfene  de 
Savoie-Carignan).  [Gr.eiy^^f, well-born;  L. 
Eug&nius,  F.  Engine,  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Eugemo,  G. 
Eugenius,  Eugen.']  Bom  at  Paris,  Oct.  18, 
1663  :  died  at  Vienna,  April  21, 1736.  A  cele- 
brated Austrian  general .  He  was  the  son  of  Prince 
Eugene  Maurice  de  Savoie-Carignan,  comte  de  Soissons, 
by  Olympia  Manclni,  a  niece  of  Cardinal  Mazarin.  He 
was  intended  for  the  church,  and  when  about  ten  was 
created  abbS  of  Carignan.  Being  refused  a  commission 
in  the  French  army  by  Louis  XIV.,  he  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  Austria,  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  in  1683.  He  was 
in  1696  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the  imperial 
army  against  the  Turks,  whom  he  totally  defeated  at 
Zenta  in  1697,  and  compelled  to  accept  the  peace  of  Carlo- 
witz  in  1699.     At  the  outbreak  of  the  War  of  the  Spanish 


Eulenspiegel 

Succession,  he  invaded  Italy,  defeated  Catlnat  at  Carpi 
and  Villeroi  at  Chiari  in  1701,  and  fought  a  drawn  battle 
with  Vend6me  at  Luzzara  in  1702.  After  suppressing  an 
insurrection  under  the  younger  Rakoczy  in  Hungary,  he 
joined  Marlborough  in  Germany,  where  their  alliedforces 
defeated  the  French  and  Bavarians  at  Blenheim  Aug.  13, 
1704.  He  returned  in  1706  to  Italy,  where,  by  a  victory 
over  Marsin  and  the  Duke  of  Orleans  at  Turin,  Sept.  7, 
1706,  he  expelled  the  French  from  Italy.  In  cooperation 
with  Marlborough  in  the  Netherlands  and  in  northern 
France,  he  won  the  battle  of  Oudenarde  in  170^  captured 
Lille  in  1708,  and  gained  the  victory  of  Malplaquet  in  1709. 
He  negotiated  the  peace  of  Rastadt  with  France  in  1714, 
The  war  with  the  Turks  having  broken  out  anew,  he  de« 
f  eated  the  latter  at  Peterwardein  in  1716  and  at  Belgrad  in 
1717,  and  forced  them  to  accept  the  peace  of  Passarowitz 
in  1718. 

Eugene  Aram.  A  novel  by  Bulwer  Lyttoa, 
published  in  1832.  Hood's  poem  on  the  same 
subject  is  called ' '  The  Dream  of  Eugene  Aram." 
See  Aram,  Eugene. 

Eugene  de  Beauharnais.    See  Beauhamais. 

Eugenia  (u-je'ni-a).  [Fern.  oiEugenius;  P.  Eu- 
ginie.']  1.  A  female  name,  the  feminine  of 
Eugenius. —  2.  An  asteroid  (No.  45)  discovered 
by  Goldsohmidt  at  Paris,  June  26,  1857. 

Eugenie  (6-zha-ne')  (Eugenia  Maria  de  Mon- 
ti]0  de  Guzman,  Countess  of  Teba).  [See 
Eugenia.']  Born  at  Granada,  Spain,  May  5, 
1826.  The  second  daughter  of  Don  Manuel 
Fernandez  de  Moutijo,  and  wife  of  jNapoleon 
III.  whom  she  married  Jan.  30,  1853.  Alter  the 
fall  of  the  empire  she  fixed  her  residence  at  Chiselhurstj 
Kent,  England  •  later  (1880)  at  Farnborough  Hill. 

Eugenie  (ii-je'ni).  Sir  Dauphine.  In  Ben  Jon- 
sou's  "Epicoene,  or  the  Silent  Woman,"  the 
witty  and  impecunious  nephew  of  Morose. 
See  Ej^icoene. 

Eugenie  Grandet  (e-zha-ne'  gron-da').  Anovel 
by  Balzac,  written  in  1833,  published  in  1834. 
The  heroine,  Eugenie,  is  sacrificed  to  the  cold-blooded 
avariciousness  of  her  father.  This  is  one  of  Balzac's  best 
novels. 

Eugenius  (ii-je'ni-us)  I.,  Saint.  [See  Eugene."] 
Bom  at  Eome :  died  there,  June  1,  657.  Pope 
654-657. 

Eugenius  II.  Bom  at  Eome :  died  there,  Aug. 
27,  827.     Pope  824r-827. 

Eugenius  III.  Born  at  Pisa,  Italy:  died  at 
Tivoli,  Italy,  July  8,  1153.  Pope  1145-53.  He 
was  expelled  irom  Rome  by  the  populace,  which,  incited 
by  the  preaching  of  Arnold  of  Brescia,  sought  to  restore 
the  ancient  republic ;  and  was  enabled  by  the  aid  of 
Roger  of  SicUy  to  return  in  1149.  Compelled  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  to  abandon  Rome  once  more,  he  afterward 
lived  mostly  at  Segni.  During  his  reign  the  second  Cru- 
sade took  place  (1147-49),  chiefly  through  the  Instrumen- 
tality of  his  teacher,  St.  Bernard  of  Clairvaux. 

Eugenius  IV.  (Gabriel  Oondolmieri).    Bom 

at  Venice,  1383:  died  at  Eome,  Feb.  23,  1447. 
Pope  1431-47.  He  became  involved  in  a  contest  with 
the  Council  of  Basel  (opened  March  12,  1431).  Having 
ordered  the  dissolution  of  this  body  and  the  convening 
of  another  council  at  Ferrara  in  1437,  he  was  deposed  in 
1439  by  the  Council  of  Basel,  which  set  up  an  antipope  in 
the  person  of  Felix  V.,  the  schism  thus  produced  continu- 
ing till  the  death  of  Eugenius.  He  signed  with  the  em- 
peror John  Palseologus  a  convention  for  the  reunion  of 
the  Greek  and  Latin  churches  in  1439. 

Eugenius.  In  Sterne's  "  Tristram  Shandy,"  the 
friend  and  mentor  of  Yorick. 

Eugippius,  or  Eugyppius  (ii-jip'i-us).  An 
Italian  monk.  He  was  a  pupil  of  St.  Severlnus  of 
Noricum,  whose  remains  were  brought  about  488  to  Cas- 
trum  LucuUanum,  near  Naples,  there  to  form  the  nu- 
cleus of  an  abbey  of  which  Eugippius  became  the  second 
abbot.  He  wrote  a  life  of  St.  Severinus  (511),  which  is  an 
important  source  of  early  German  history. 

Eugubine  (u'gii-bin)  Tables.  [From  the  place 
of  their  discovery,  the  ancient  Iguvium,  later 
EugUihium,  modern  GuVbio.'\  Seven  brazen 
tablets  containing  inscriptions,diseoverednear 
Gubbio,  Italy,  in  1444,  and  now  preserved  there. 
They  form  the  chief  monument  of  the  ancient  Umbrian 
language.  Four  of  the  tablets  aa-e  wholly  Umbrian,  one 
is  partly  Umbrian  and  partly  Latin,  and  two  are  Latin. 
The  inscriptions  relate  to  the  acts  of  a  corporation  of 
priests. 

Euhemerus.    See  Evemerus.  _      i 

Eulalia  (u-la'li-a),  Saint.  [Gr.  EiAaAi'(r,  fair 
speech ;  F*.  Euldiie.'i  A  Eoman  virgin  martyr, 
tortured  to  death  during  the  persecution  of 
Diocletian  in  308. 

Eulengebirge  (oi'len-ge-ber'ge).  A  mountain 
group  of  the  Sudetic  chain,  southwest  of  Bres- 
lau.  Its  chief  point  is  the  Hohe  Eule,  3,325 
feet  high. 

Eulenspiegel  (oi'len-spe-gel),  Till  or  Tyll, 
[G.,  '  owl-glass.']  The  name  of  a  German 
of  the  14th  century  who  was  probably  born  at 
Kneitlingen,  near  Brunswick,  and  buried  at 
Molln  (according  to  a  history  of  his  life  written 
in  North  Germany  in  1483  and  translated  into 
High  German  and  printed  about  1550).  Only  a 
small  part  of  the  deeds  attributed  to  him  are  possibly  his 
own.  The  name  is  merely  the  center  about  which  have 
been  grouped  popular  tales  describing  the  mischievous 


Eulenspiegel 

pranks  of  a  vagabond  of  peasant  or^in.  The  stories  have 
been  widely  translated.  A  recent  edition  Is  that  of 
Leipsic,  18S4,  by  Lappenberg,  who  erroneously  assumes 
Thomas  Murner  to  have  been  the  author  of  the  book. 

Euler  (oi'ler),  Leonhard.  Born  at  Basel,  Swit- 
zerland, April  15, 1707 :  died  at  St.  Petersburg, 
Sept.  7  (O.  S. ),  1783.  A  celebrated  Swiss  mathe- 
matician. He  was  a  pupil,  at  Basel,  of  Jean  Bernoulli. 
On  the  Invitation  of  the  empress  Catherine  he  went 
to  St.  Petersburg,  where  he  became  (1730)  professor  of 
physics,  and  later  (1738)  succeeded  Daniel  Bernoulli  in 

■  the  academy.  During  the  later  years  of  his  life  ha  was 
partly  and  in  the  end  wholly  blind,  but  conducted  his 
elaborate  calculations  mentally.  He  published  "  Mechan- 
ica"  (1736-42),  "Theoria  motuum  planetarum  et  cometa< 
rum'  (1744),  "Introductioin  analysininflnitorum"(1748), 
"Institutiones calculi dilferentialis "(1766),  "Institutiones 
calculi  integralis"  (1768-70),  "Dioptrioa"  (1769-71),  "An- 
leitung  zur  Algebra"  (1771),  "Opuacula  analytica"  (1783- 
1785),  "Lettres  k  une  princesse  d'AUemagne"  (1768-72), 
etc. 

Eumsus  (u-me'us).  [Gr.  Ev/xaiog.']  The  faith- 
ful swineherd  of  Ulysses,  a  character  iu  the 
Odyssey. 

Eumenes  (u'me-nez).  [Gr.  Et//iew7C-J  Born  at 
Cardia,  Thrace,  about  361  b.  c.  :  put  to  death 
in  Gabiene,  Elymais,  316  B.  c.  One  of  the  suc- 
cessors of  Alexander  the  Great.  He  defeated 
Craterus  in  321,  and  was  betrayed  by  his  soldiers 
to  Antigonus. 

Eumenes  II.  Died  159  (?)  b.  c!  King  of  Per- 
gamus  197-159  (?)  B.  C.  He  was  the  son  of  Attains 
I.  whom  he  succeeded.  He  cultivated  the  friendship  of 
the  Romans,  whom  he  assisted  in  the  war  against  Antiochus 
the  Great.  He  was  present  in  person  at  the  decisive  battle 
of  Magnesia,  and,  on  the  restoration  of  peace,  was  rewarded 
"by  the  addition  of  Mysia,Lydia,  and  Phrygia  to  hiskingdom. 
He  was  a  patron  of  learning,  and  founded  at  Pergamus  one 
of  the  famous  libraries  of  antiquity. 

Eumenides  (ii-men'i-dez).  [Gr.  EvfteviSsc,  the 
gracious  ones.]  A  euphemistic  name  for  the 
Erinyes  in  Greek  mythology. 

Eumenides,  The.  A  tragedy  of  iBschylus,  form- 
ing the  third  of  the  great  trilogy  ("Agamem- 
non," "Choephori,"  "Eumenides")  exhibited 
at  Athens  iu  458  B.  c. 

EumolpUS  (ii-morpus).  [Gr.  mi/ioXnog,  the  good 
chanter.]  in  Greek  mythology,  a  priestly  bard, 
reputed  founder  of  the  Eleusiniau  mysteries. 

Eunapius  (u-na'pi-us).  [Gr.  Evvdmog.']  Born 
at  Sardis,  347  A.  d.  A  Greek  sophist.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  Proeeresius  of  Athens,  where  he  lived  during  the 
later  part  of  his  life.  He  was  a  Neoplatonist  and  a  violent 
opponent  of  Christianity.  He  appears  to  have  lived  till 
the  reign  of  the  emperor  Theodosius  the  younger.  He 
wrote  *'  Lives  of  Philosophers  and  Sophists,"  still  extant. 

Eunice  (ii'nis).  [Gr.  Emiicri,  happily  victorious.] 
The  mother  of  Timothy  (2  Tim.  i.  5). 

Eunomia  (u-no'mi-a).  [Gr.  Eiw^ra.]  1.  In 
Greek  mythology,  one  of  the  Horte. — 3.  An  as- 
teroid (No.  15)  discovered  by  De  Gasparis  at 
Naples,  July  29,  1851. 

Eunomians  (ii-no'mi-anz).  The  followers  of 
Eunomius.     See  Eundmius. 

Eunomius  (ii-no'mi-us).  [Gr.  Ewd/iiof.]  Bom 
at  Dacora,  Cappadocia :  died  there,  about  392. 
Bishopof(I!yzicusandleaderoftheAiiomo3ansor 
Eunomians.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Aetins,  and  an  extreme 
Arian.  His  chief  work  is  an  "  Apology  "  (English  transla- 
tion by  Whiston,  1711).    See  Aeliue. 

Eunuchus  (u-nu'kus).  [L.,  from  Gr.  o'wo?J;fOf, 
a  eunuch.]  '  A  comedy  by  Terence,  founded  in 
great  part  upon  the  play  of  the  same' name  by 
Menander. 

Terence  has  suggested  many  modern  subjects.  The  Eur 
nuchus  is  reflected  in  the  "  Bellamira  "  of  Sir  Charles  Sedley 
and  "Le  Muet"of  Brueys;  the  Addphi  in  Molifere's 
"  £cole  des  Maris  "  and  Baron's  "  L'Ecole  des  Pferes  " ;  and 
the  Phormio  in  Molitre's  "Les  Fourberies  de  Scapin." 

Cruttwell,  Hist,  of  Eoman  Lit.',  p.  64. 

Eupatoria  (ii-pa-to'ri-a),  or  Kosloff  (kos-lov')- 
A  seaport  in  the  Crimea,  in  the  government  of 
Taurida,  Russia,  situated  on  Kalamita  Bay  41 
miles  north  of  Sevastopol,  it  was  occupied  by  the 
Allies  in  1854-56,  and  was  unsuooessfully  attacked  by  the 
KuBsians  Feb.  17,  1855.    Population  (1886),  16,940. 

Eupatridse  (ii-pat'ri-de),  The.  [Gr.  EmarpiSat, 
the  weU-born.]  The  land-owning  aristocracy 
in  ancient  Athens  (Attica),  as  distinguished 
from  the  Geomori  or  peasants,  and  the  Demiurgi 
or  artisans.  On  the  abolition  of  royalty  they  found 
themselvesinexclusivepossession  of  political  rights,which 
were  gradually  curtailed,  notably  by  Solon  (594  B.  c.)  and 
Cleisthenes(609  B.  C),  until  in  the  time  of  Pericles  Athens 
was  transformed  into  a  pure  democracy. 

Eupen  (oi'pen),  p.  N6au  (ua-6').  A  manu- 
facturing town  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia, 
10  miles  south-southwest  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  It 
was  ceded  by  Austria  to  France  in  1801,  and  passed  to 
Prussia  in  1815.    Population  (1890),  16,445. 

Euphemia  (ii-fe'mi-a).  [Gr.  M<i>^/uq,  of  good  re- 
port ;  F.  Euph&mie,  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Eufemia.']  A  fe- 
male name.  „     ,     t 

EuphorbUS  (u-f6r'bus).  [Gr.  Ei;^op/3of.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  a  brave  Trojan,  son  of  Pan- 


372 


thous  and  brother  of  Hyperenor.  He  was  slain  by 
Menelaus,  who  dedicated  Buphorbus's  shield  in  the  tem- 
ple of  Hera,  near  Mycense.  Pythagoras  professed  to  be 
animated  by  his  soul.  .p 

Euphorion  (u-fo'ri-on).  [Gr.  Ei^opiuv.]  Born  at  ■'^^®' 
Chalois,  Euboea,  274  b.  c.  :  died  in  Syria,  prob- 
ably about  200  B.  0.    A  Greek  grammarian  and 
poet :  fragments  edited  by  Meineke  (1823). 

Euphranor  (u-fra'n6r).  [Gr.  'Eaiippavap.']  Born 
near  Corinth :  lived  iu  the  middle  of  the  4th 
century  b.  c.  A  Greek  statuary  and  painter. 
His  treatises  on  symmetry  and  color  were  much  used  by 
Pliny  in  the  compilation  of  his  36th  book.  Lucian  ranks 
his  sculpture  with  that  of  Phidias,  Alcamenes,  and  Myron, 
and  his  painting  with  that  of  Apelles,  Farrhasius,  and 
Aetion. 

Euphrasia.    See  Bellario. 

Euphrasia  (u-fra'zhia).  [Gr.  Ei(j>paaia,  of  good 
cheer.]  The  Grecian  Daughter  in  Murphy's 
tragedy  of  that  name.  She  is  the  daughter  of  Evan- 
der,  a  king  of  Sicily,  who  is  imprisoned  and  starved  by  the 
tyrant  Dionysius.  She  succors  him  with  milk  from  her 
own  breast^  and  finally  stabs  the  tyrant  and  restores  her 
father  to  his  throne. 

Euphrates  (u-fra'tez).  [Assyr.  Purattu,  Heb. 
Perath,  OPers.  Ufrates,  Ar.  Furat,  Gr.  Ev^pdrtig, 
'Evcpp^TiiQ.  ]  A  great  Mesopotamian  river  which 
has  its  origin  in  the  Armenian  mountains. 
It  is  formed  from  the  East  Euphrates  (Murad-Su),  which 
rises  northeast  of  Erzerum,  and  a  brancn  rising  northwest 
of  Lake  Van.  The  united  river  then  makes  a  wide  circuit 
westward,  breaks  through  the  mountain-chain  of  the  Tau- 
rus, enters  the  terrace  region  at  the  modern  Birejik,  and 
turns  in  a  meandering  course  toward  the  Tigris.  In  the 
neighborhood  of  Bagdad  these  two  rivers  approach  one 
another,  and  there  the  Babylonian  canal-system  begins. 
In  its  lower  course,  below  Babylon,  the  Euphrates  has 
changed  its  bed,  shifting  more  and  more  westward.  Ac- 
cording to  notices  in  classical  authors,  confirmed  by  the 
inscriptions,  it  came  in  ancient  time  nearer  Sippara 
(Sepharvaim,  modern  Abu-Habba)  and  Uruk  (modern 
Warka)  than  now ;  and  it  did  not  empty  into  the  sea, 
united  with  the  Tigris,  through  the  Shatt  el-Arab,  as  at 
present.  As  late  as  the  time  of  Sennacherib  (706-681 B.  o.) 
and  his  successors,  the  twin  rivers  flowed  separately  into 
the  Persian  Gulf,  which  extended  then  at  least  as  far  as 
Coma  Babylon  has  been  rightly  termed  "  the  gift  of  Eu- 
phrates and  Tigris."  The  soil  is  formed  from  the  alluvial 
deposits  of  these  rivers,  and  this  formation  still  continues. 
During  the  winter  months  the  Euphrates  has  but  little 
water  in  its  bed ;  but  in  the  spring,  and  especially  toward 
the  summer  solstice,  it  swells  by  the  melting  of  the  snow 
of  the  mountains,  which  often  causes  disastrous  floods. 
In  Gen.  ii.  14  the  Euphrates  is  mentioned  as  one  of  the 
four  rivers  of  paradise. 

EuphroniuS(u-fr6'ni-us).  In Shakspere's  "An- 
tony and  Cleopatra,"  an  ambassador  from  An- 
tony to  Csesar. 

Euphrosyne    (u-fros'i-ne).      [Gr.   Ev^poaiivt/, 


Europe 

north,  Oise  and  Seine-et-Oise  on  the  east,  Eure-et-Lotr 
on  the  south,  Orne  on  the  southwest,  and  Calvados  on 
the  west.  Area,  2,299  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
349,471. 

A  river  of  northern  France  which  joins 
the  Seine  10  miles  south  of  Rouen.  Length, 
about  120  miles. 
Eure-et-Loir  (er'a-lwar').  A  department  of 
France,  capital  Chartres,  formed  from  parts  of 
the  ancient  Orl^anais,  Perche,  and  Normandy. 
Its  boundaries  are  Bure  on  the  north,  Seine-et-Oise  on  the 
east,  Loiret  on  the  southeast,  Loir-et-Cher  and  Sarthe  on 
the  south,  and  Orne  on  the  west.  It  has  been  called  "the 
granary  of  France."  Area,  2,267  square  miles.  Population 


(1891),  284,688. 

Eureka  (u-re'M).  The  county-seat  of  Eureka 
County,  Nevada,  situated  about  lat.  39°  80'  N., 
long.  116°  W.  It  has  silver-  and  lead-mines. 
Population  (1900),  precinct,  785. 

Eureka.  A  seaport  city,  the  capital  of  Hum- 
boldt County,  California,  situated  on  Humboldt 
Bay  in  lat.  40°  48'  N.,  long.  124°  10'  W.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  7,327. 

Euric  (u'rik),  or  Evaric  (ev'a-rik),  L.  Evari- 
CUS  (ev-a-ri'kus).  Died  484  or  485  a.  d.  A 
king  of  the  West  Goths.  He  was  a  younger  son  of 
Theodorio  I.,  and  obtained  the  government  in  466  by  the 
murder  of  his  brother  Theodorio  II.  He  conquered  the 
whole  of  the  Spanish  peninsula,  with  the  exception  of  the 
northwestern  corner,  which  he  allowed  the  Suevic  kings 
to  hold  as  his  vassals,  and  destroyed  the  small  remnant  of 
Roman  dominion  in  Gaul,  thereby  raising  the  West-Gothic 
kingdom  to  its  highest  point  of  power. 

Euripides  (u-rip'i-dez).  [Gr.  'Evpmidric-']  Born 
in  Salamis,'  probably  Sept.  23,  480  b.  o.  :  died 
in  406  B.C.  A  celebrated  Athenian  tragic  poet. 
He  was  the  son  of  Mnesarchus  and  Cleito,  who  appear  to 
have  fled  from  Athens  to  Salamis  on  the  invasion  of  Xerxes, 
and  was,  according  to  popular  tradition,  born  in  that  island 
on  the  day  of  the  battle  of  Salamis.  He  studied  physics 
under  Auaxagoras  and  rhetoric  under  Prodicus,  and  at 
about  the  age  of  twenty-five  produced  the  "  Peliades,"  the 
first  of  his  plays  which  was  acted.  He  is  said  to  have  gained 
the  first  prize  in  five  dramatic  contests,  the  first  of  which 
occurred  in  441.  He  left  Athens  for  the  court  of  Archelaus, 
king  of  Macedonia,  about  408,  owing,  it  is  said,  to  the  ridi- 
cule thrown  upon  him  by  the  populace  in  consequence  of 
the  attacks  of  Sophocles  and  Aristophanes.  He  died  at  the 
Macedonian  court  (accordmg  to  doubtful  tradition  being 
torn  to  pieces  by  a  pack  of  hounds  set  upon  him  by  two 
rival  poets,  Arrhideeus  and  Crateuas),  and  was  buried  with 
great  pomp  by  Archelaus,  who  refused  a  request  of  the 
Athenians  for  his  remains.  He  wrote  75  plays,  of  which 
the  following  18  are  extant :  "  Alcestis,"  "  Medea,"  "Hip- 
polytus,"  "Hecuba,"  "Andromache,"  "Ion,"  "Suppliant^" 
"  Heracleidse,"  "Heracles  Mainomenos,"  "Iphigenia 
among  the  Tauri,"  "Troades,"  "Helena,"  "Phcenissse," 
"Electra,"  "Orestes,"  "Iphigenia  at  Aulis,"  "Bacchee," 
and  "Cyclops." 


mirth.]     1.   In  Greek  mythology,  one  of  the  Euripus  (u-ri'pus).   [Gr.  EiJ/HTrof,  a  narrow  ehan- 


three  Charites  or  Graces. — 3.  An  asteroid  (No. 
31)  discovered  by  Ferguson  at  Washington, 
Sept.  2,  1854. 

Euphues  (ii'fu-ez),  or  the  Anatomy  of  Wit. 
[Gr.  Eii^v^g,  well-grown,  goodly.]  A  novel  by 
John  Lyly,  published  in  1578-79.  This  book 
and  its  successor,  "BuphUes  and  his  England,"  pub- 
lished 1580^1,  brought  into  prominence  and  into  further 
use  the  affected  jargon,  full  of  conceits  and  extravagances, 
used  by  the  gallants  of  Elizabeth's  court.  Euphues  is  an 
Athenian  youth  who  embodies  the  qualities  implied  in 
his  name.  He  is  elegant,  handsome,  amorous,  and  roving. 
"Kosalynde,  or  Euphues'  Golden  Legacy  "  is  a  similar  novel 
by  "Thomas  Lodge.    See  RosaZynde. 

Euphues,  his  Censure  to  Philautus,  etc.    A 

pamphlet  by  Robert  Greene,  published  in  1587, 
and  intended  as  a  continuation  of  Lyly's  "  Eu- 
phues." 

Euphues  Shadow, the  Battaile  of  the  Senses. 
Apamphlet  by  Thomas  Lodge,  edited  by  Greene 
and  published  in  1592, 


nel,  esp.  the  one  here  mentioned.]  The  narrow- 
est portion  of  the  channel  which  separates 
Euboea  from  the  mainland.  Width  at  the  nar- 
rowest part,  opposite  Chaleis,  120  feet.  It  is 
remarkable  for  its  changes  of  current. 

The  name  Euripus  applies,  strictly  speaking,  only  to  the 
very  narrowest  part  of  the  channel  between  Euboea  and 
the  mainland  (Thucyd.  vii.  29;  Strab.  ix.  585),  which^is 
opposite  to  the  modern  town  of  Egripo,  where  the  bridge 
now  stands.  Rawlinsmij  Herod.,  IV.  308,  note. 

Europa  (u-ro'pa),  or'Europe  (-pe).  [See  Eu- 
rove.']  In  Greek  mythology,  a  daughter  of 
Phoenix,  or  of  Agenor;  sister  of  Cadmus,  and 
mother  by  Zeus  of  Minos  and  Rhadamanthus. 
She  was  home  over  the  sea  to  Crete  by  Zeus,  who  assumed 
the  form  of  a  white  bull.    See  lo. 

The  bull,  whose  form  was  assumed  by  Zeus  in  order  to 
carry  off  Europa,  a  Phoenician  damsel,  was  seen  to  be  the 
bull  of  Ann,  the  Semitic  Heaven  god,  the  same  bull  which 
we  recognize  in  the  constellation  Taurus ;  and  Europa,  the 
"broad-faced  "  maiden,  is  only  another  form  of  Istar,  the 
broad-faced  moon,  instead  of  being  identical  with  Urvasi, 
the  Vedic  dawn-maiden.  Baylor,  Aryans,  p.  302. 


Eupolis   (ii'po-lis).     [Gr.  EviroXtg.']    An  Athe- 
nian comic  poet  (bom  449  B.  c),  a  contemporary 
and  rival  of  Aristophanes.    He  is  said  to  have  been  Europa  and  the  Bull.    A  painting  by  Titian 
drowned  in  the  battle  of  Cynossema,  411 B.  0.  (1562),  in  Cobham  Hall,  near  Rochester,  Eng- 

That  he  [Eupolis]  was  brilliant  in  his  wit,  and  refined  in     land.    Europa  is  being  carried  through  the  waves  on  the 
his  style,  is  plain  from  the  fact  that  he  co-operated  with     bull's  back ;  one  Cupid  follows,  supported  by  a  dolphin, 
Aristophanes  in  his  "Knights,  of  which  the  last  parabasis,     and  two  fly  above.    Europa's  maidens  are  seen  on  the 
beginning  from  V.  1290,  is  recorded  by  the  schoUast  to  have     distant  shore, 
been  his  composition.  He  afterwards  may  have  quarrel^^^^^^  EurOpO  (H'rop).  ^  [From  Semitic  erei,  darkness. 


with  Aristophanes,  for  they  satirised  one  i 
In  style  and  in  genius  he  stood  nearest  to  his  great  rival, 
and  his  comedies  seem  to  have  possessed  most,  if  not  all, 
of  the  features  which  make  the  Aristophanic  comedy  so 
peculiar  in  literature. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  430. 

EupompUS  (li-pom'pus).  [Gr.  EiJTro/iTrof.]  Born 
at  Sioyon :  lived  in  the  4th  century  B.  C.  A 
Greek  painter,  founder  of  the  so-called  Sieyo- 
nian  school  of  painting.  The  work  of  Eupompus 
and  his  successor  Pamphilus  was  to  introduce  the  charac- 
teristics of  Doric  sculpture  into  painting. 

Eurasia  (li-ra'shia  or  -zhiii).  [Eiir{ojpe)  and 
Asia.']  Tie  continental  mass  made  up  of  Eu- 
rope and  Asia :  not  generally  recognized  as  a 
geographical  designation. 

Eure  (er).  A  department  of  France,  capital 
Evreux,  forming  part  of  the  old  province  of 
Normandy.     It  is  bounded  by  Seine-InfSrienre  on  the 


evening,  properly  sunset,  'the  land  of  the  set^ 
ting  sun';  Gr.  'E.vp^wrij'L.Ewropa.']  1.  The  small- 
est grand  division  of  the  eastern  continent.  It 
is  bounded  by  the  Arctic  Sea  on  the  north,  the  Atlantic 
on  the  west,  and  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  Black  Sea,  and  the 
Mediten'anean  on  the  south.  On  the  east  its  bouadaxies 
toward  Asia  are  generally  taken  as  the  Caucasus,  the  Cas- 
pian, the  Ural  River,  the  Ural  Mountains,  and  the  Kara. 
Length,  southwest  and  northeast,  8,400  miles.  Breadth, 
north  and  south,  2,400  miles.  It  lies  within  lat.  71°  11'  N. 
(North  Cape)  and  lat.  85°  69'  N.  (Cape  Tarif  a),  and  long.  9°  31' 
W.  and  long.  66°  E.  Population(1897),  est.,  374,000,000.  Area, 
3,855,828  square  miles.  In  literature  the  name  occurs  first 
in  the  Homeric  hymn  to  Apollo,  and  denotes  there  the  coun- 
try north  of  the  Peloponnesus,  i.  e,  Thracia.  The  know- 
ledge of  Europe  possessed  by  the  ancients  was,  as  in  all 
geographical  matters,  very  deficient.  It  started  from  the 
coasts  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  remained  for  a  long  lime 
confined  to  the  three  southern  peninsulas  and  the  shores 
of  the  Euxine.  In  Herodotus  the  Fhasis  is  considered  as 
the  boundary  between  Asia  and  Europe.    Later  It  is  the 


Europe 

Tanais.  The  Interior  of  Spain,  Gaul,  and  the  countries 
north  of  the  Alps  were  opened  only  through  the  Roman 
conquests.  Scandinavia  and  northern  Sarmatia  remained 
in  obBcurity  throughout  antiquity.  From  a  geographical 
point  of  view  Europe  is  a  large  peninsula ,  sent  forfli  by  Asia 
to  the  west.  It  is  a  grand  division  of  the  globe,  not  so 
much  from  its  large  extent  as  from  its  having  long  been 
the  center  of  human  culture  and  civilization.  Its  geo- 
graphical conditions  also  gave  it  an  advantage  over  the 
other  parts  of  the  globe.  It  is  characterized  by  a  certain 
symmetry  and  proportion,  and  by  a  rich  variety  of  geo- 
logical, geographical,  and  climatic  conditions. 

Europe,  as  a  geographical  term,  not  improbably  desig- 
nated at  first  merely  the  plain  of  Thebes. 

Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  19,  note. 

2.  A  province  of  tlie  later  Roman  Empire,  im- 
mediately about  Constantinople.    Freeman. 

EurotaS  (ii-ro'tas).  [Gr.  Bipuraf,  prob.  'black 
river.']  In  ancient  geography,  a  river  of  La- 
eonia,  Greece,  flowing  into  the  Mediterranean 
25  miles  southeast  of  Sparta :  the  modern  Iri  or 
Iris.     Length,  about  45  miles. 

Eurus  (u'rus).  [L.  Eurus,  Gr.  Mpo;,  the  east 
wind,  connected  with  eu>Q,  fi&Q,  L.  Aurora,  the 
dawn.]     The  east  wind. 

Euryantbe  (ii-ri-an'the).  An  opera  by  Weber, 
first  produced  at  Vienna  in  1823. 

Enrybiades  (fl-ri-bi'a-dez).  The  leader  of  the 
Spartan  naval  contingent,  and  nominal  com- 
mander of  the  united  fleet  of  the  allied  Greek 
states,  in  the  defensive  campaign  in  480  b.  c. 
against  the  Persians,  whom  he  defeated  in  the 
battles  of  Artemisium  and  Salamis. 

Eurydice(ii-rid'i-se).  [Gr.  EipudtK;?.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  wife  of  Orpheus,  she  died  from 
the  bite  of  a  serpent,  whereupon  Orpheus  descended  into 
Hades,  and  by  the  charms  of  his  lyre  persuaded  Pluto  to 
restore  her  to  life.  He  did  this  on  condition  that  she 
should  walk  behind  her  husband,  who  should  not  look 
back  until  both  had  arrived  in  the  upper  world.  Orpheus, 
overcome  by  anxiety,  looked  round  only  to  behold  her 
caught  back  into  the  Infernal  regions. 

Eurydice.  1.  Wife  of  Amyntas  II.,  king  of 
Macedonia,  and  mother  of  Philip. —  2.  A  Mace- 
donian princess,  granddaughter  of  Perdiooas 
III.  of  Macedonia. 

Eurydice.  1.  An  opera  by  Caocini  and  Peri, 
first  produced  at  Florence  in  1600.  The  words 
were  by  Rinuccini,  and  this,  with  "  Daf ne  "  by  the  same 
composers,  was  the  beginning  of  modern  opera.  See 
Daphne. 

2.  A  tragedy  by  Mallet,  produced  Feb.  22, 
1731,  at  Drury  Lane,  and  revived  in  1759. 

Eurymedon  (ti-rim'e-don).  [Gr.  Eiipuiuiduc] 
Killed  near  Syracuse",  413  b.  c.  An  Athenian 
general  in  the  Peloponnesian  war. 

^rymedon.  A  small  river  in  Pisidia  and  Pam- 
phylia,  Asia  Minor,  which  flows  into  the  Medi- 
terranean ;  the  modern  Capri-Su.  Sear  its  mouth, 
466  or  465  B.  0.,  the  Greeks  under  Cimon  defeated  the 
Persian  fleet  and  army. 

Eurynome  (li-rin'o-me).  [Gr.  Eipwd^!?.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  a  daughter  of  Oeeanus.  Ac- 
cording to  Hesiod  she  was  the  mother,  by  Zeus, 
of  the  Gharites  or  Graces. 

Eusebians  (ii-se'bi-anz).  The  followers  of  Euse- 
bius  of  Nicomedia,  an  Arian  bishop  of  Constan- 
tinople in  the  4th  century  A.  D.    See  Arians. 

Eusebius  (ii-se'bi-us)  of  Oaesarea,  sumamed 
Famphili.  [From  Gr.  Aae^iiQ,  pious.]  Bom 
probably  at  Csesarea,  Palestine,  about  264  a.  d.  : 
died  there,  about  349.  A  celebrated  theologian 
and  historian,  sometimes  called  "the  Father 
of  Church  History."  He  was  appointed  bishop  of 
Csesarea  about  316,  and  in  325  attended  the  Council  of 
Niciea,  where  he  was  appointed  to  receive  the  emperor 
Constantine  with  a  panegyrical  oration,  and  to  sit  at  his 
right  hand.  His  complete  works  have  been  edited  by 
Migne  (1866-57). 

Eusebius  of  Dorylseum.    A  Greek  theologian 

of  the  5th  century.  He  held  some  office  about  the 
imperial  court  at  Constantinople,  when  he  took  holy  or- 
ders in  consequence,  it  is  said,  of  a  controversy  with 
If  estorlus,  bishop  of  Constantinople.  He  subsequently  be- 
came bishop  of  Dorylseum,  and  distinguished  himself  by 
his  zeal  against  the  Butyohians.  .     ,.     ,       ,       ^ 

Eusebius  of  Emesa.  Died  at  Antioch  about 
360  A.  D.  An  ecclesiastic  of  the  Greek  Church. 
He  was  a  native  of  Bdessa  In  Mesopotamia,  and  became 
bishop  of  Emesa  In  Syria.  He  wrote  several  books  enu- 
merated by  Jerome,  which  are  now  lost.  A  number  of 
homilies  commonly  attributed  to  him  are  probably  spu- 

Eusebius  of  Nicomedia.  Died  at  Constanti- 
nople, 342  A.  D.  An  Arian  bishop  who  held  in 
succession  the  sees  of  Berytus,  Nicomedia,  and 
Constantinople.  He  was  banished  from  Nicomedia  in 
consequence  of  a  refusal  to  sign  the  condemnation  of 
Ariuspronounced  by  the  Council  of  Nicsea  m  326,  but  was 
restored  through  the  Influence  of  Constantia  sister  of 
Constantine.  He  procured  the  oonvenrag  of  the  Council 
of  Tyre  which  condemned  Athanasius  in  334,  and  effected 
the  restoration  of  Arius. 

Eusebius  of  Samosata.    Died  about  379.    An 

orthodox  prelate.  He  became  bishop  of  Samosata, 
his  native  place,  probably  before  361  A.  D.    He  refused, 


373 


Evans,  Augusta  J. 


contrary  to  the  emperor's  command,  to  give  up  some 

documents  intrusted  to  him  proving  the  election  of  Mele- 

tlus  as  bishop  of  Antioch,  which  were  demanded  by  the 

Arians  for  the  purpose  of  annulling  the  election.    He  was 

banished  about  871,  but  was  restored  in  378.    He  was 

killed  by  an  Arian  who  threw  a  stone  at  him  from  the 

roof  of  a  house. 
Euskirchen    (ois'keroh-en).      A  town  in 

Bhine   Province,   Prussia,  near   the   Erft  22 

miles  south  by  west  of  Cologne.    Population 

(1890),  8,820. 
Eustace  (iis'tas)  the  Monk.    [Prom  Gr.  tb- 

aradioQ,  steadfast,  strong;  ML.  Eustathius,  F. 

Evstache,  Eustathe,  It.  Eustazio,  Eustachio.j    A 

French  freebooter  of  the  13th  century.    He  was 

for  a  time  seneschal  of  the  Count  of  Boulogne,  and  even- 
tually became  the  leader  of  a  band  of  pirates  who  fought  --    .      ,        /    /..  1 

in  turn  for  France  and  for  England,  according  as  their  in-  Eutycnes  (u  tl-kez) 

terest  was  best  served.    He  was  capturedvriille  bringing     the  5th  century  A.  D 


TTWc,  versatile  or  well-disposed.]  Died  about 
370  (?)  A.  D.  A  Roman  historian,  author  of  a 
concise  history  of  Rome  ("Breviarium  ab  urbe 
condita")  from  the  founding  of  the  city  to  the 
death  of  Jovian,  364  A.  D.,  long  in  popular  use. 
,,  Eutropius,  sumamed  "  The  Eunuch."  A  By- 
zantine statesman.  He  was  a  chamberlain  in  the 
household  of  Arcadius  on  the  latter's  accession  to  the 
throne  as  emperor  of  the  East  In  396  A.  D.  In  the  same 
year  he  persuaded  the  young  emperor  to  mai'ry  Eudoxla, 
daughter  of  the  Frank  Bauto,  Instead  of  the  daughter  of 
the  minister  Ruflnus.  After  the  murder  of  Ruflnus  in 
395  by  Gainas,  in  which  he  was  probably  an  accomplice, 
he  obtained  control  of  the  government.  He  was  elevated 
to  the  rank  of  a  patrician  in  398,  and  was  made  consul  in 
399.  At  the  Instance  of  Eudoxla  and  Gainas  he  was  sur- 
rendered in  399  to  the  rebellious  Goths  in  Asia  Minor. 

[Gr.  EvriixVi-l     Lived  in 
A  heresiarch  of  the  East- 


a  squadron  to  the  support  of  Louis,  son  of  Philip  Angus-  „„„  nhnrpli    foii-nrlfir  nf  the  sfipt  nf  thn  TSiitv 

tus,  who  had  been  proclaimed  king  of  England,  and  was  ^V^  ^°-^^'l^l  lounaer  ot  tne  sect  ot  me  Jiuty- 

exeouted  as  a  pirate  and  traitor.    He  was  long  remem-  ehians.      Ihe  heresy  was   condemned   at  the 

bered  on  the  coasts  of  France  and  England  for  his  cruelty  Council  of  Chalcedon  in  451. 

and  daring  exploits,  and  is  the  hero  of  a  ballad,  written  EutVcManS  (u-tik'i-anz).     The  followers  or 

ofmaei?"^"""^^*'^'''^"'''"'""'""*^'"^""'*'^^""'^''  ^'^°^^  holding  the  doctrine  of  Eutyehes.  He 
T"«™4.»«'u~/'„  iK  i,'\  a*  A  i„«™„„i„,«„i,;« -Dnmn  taught  that  Chrlst  had  but  ouc  Haturc,  thc  divlue,  SO  that 
Eustache(es-tash'),  St.  A  large  church  m  Pans,     ^^^^  ^^^^^  j^  say  that  God  had  been  oruclfled  for  us. 

of  unique  architecture,  begun  m  1532  upon  the     He  was  an  opponent  of  Nestorius,  and  the  founder  of  the 

constructive  principles  of  the  late-Pointedstyle,     sect  of  Monophysltes. 

but  with  the  exterior  forms  and  decoration  of  Euxine  (lik'sin).  The.     See  Black  Sea. 

the  Renaissance.    The  arches  are  semicircular,  the  Eva  (e'va),  Little.     [See  ^we.]    In  Mrs.  Stowe's 

buttresses  are  classical  pilasters,  and  the  piers  are  super-     "Uncle   Tom's   Cabin,"  the   daughter   of   St, 

posed  combinations  of  columns  of  dliferent  orders.    The 

interior  is  well  proportioned  and   impressive ;   it  has 

double  aisles,  and  is  348  feet  long  and  144  wide.    The  nave 

Is  108  feet    high.     There  are  excellent  frescos  in  the 

chapels. 

Eustachio  (a-os-ta'ke-6),  orEustachius(iis-ta'- 
ki-us),  Bartolommeo.    Bom  at  San  SeverinO; 


Clare :  a  child  whose  friendship  for  Uncle  Tom 
and  whose  early  death  form  an  important  part 
of  the  novel. 
Evagoras(e-vag'6-ras).  [Gr.  Eiayiipaf.]  Killed 
374  B.  c.  A  king  of  Salamis,  in  Cyprus,  from 
about  410-374  B.  c. 


Ancona,  Italy:  died  Aug.,  1574.  An  Italian  Evagrius  (e-vag'ri-us),  sumamed  Scholasti- 
anatomist,  professor  of  anatomy  at  Rome,  and  cus.  [Gr.  Eidyptof .]  Bom  at  Epiphania,  Cosle- 
physician  to  the  Pope.  He  described  the  Eustachian  Syria,  about  536:  died  after  594.  A  Syrian 
tube  and  Eustachian  valve.  His  "Tabulse  anatomicse"  church  historian,  author  of  an  "Ecclesiastical 
was  published  in  1714.  History," 

Eustathians  (iis-ta'thi-anz).    1.  The  orthodox  Eyald  C^'vald),  Johannes.    Born  at  Copenha- 
faetion  in  Antioch  in  the  4th  century  A.  D.,  who     gen,  Nov.  18, 1743 :  died  at  Copenhagen,  March 


objected  to  the  replacing  of  Eustathius,  bishop 
of  Antioch,  by  an  Arian. —  2.  An  extreme  as- 
cetic sect  of  the  4th  century  A.  D.,  probably  so 
called  from  Eustathius,  bishop  of  Sebaste  in 
Pontus. 

Eustathius  (fls-ta'thi-us)  of  Antioch.  [Gr. 
EiiOTddLog.  See  Eustace.']  Born  at  Side,  Pam- 
phylia:  died  at  Philippi,  Macedonia,  about 
340  (?).  A  Greek  prelate,  an  opponent  of 
Arianism. 

Eustathius  of  Thessalonica.  Born  at  Constan- 
tinople: died  at  Thessalonica,  1198.  A  Greek 
classical  scholar  and  religious  reformer,  arch- 
bishop of  Thessalonica.  His  chief  work  was  a  com- 
mentary on  Homer  which,  "besides  serving  to  elucidate 
the  Greek  language  by  many  important  criticisms,  drawn 
from  sources  that  have  since  been  lost,  contains,  like  the 
works  of  Photius  and  Suidas,  innumerable  references  to 
the  Greek  classics,  and  thus  furnishes  the  means  of  ascer-  _ 
tainlng  the  Integrity  and  the  genuineness  of  the  text  of  Evan  (ev'an) 
those  authors,  as  they  are  now  extant"  (Taylor,  Hist. 
Anc.  Books,  p.  85). 

Eustis  (iis'tis),  William.  Born  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  June  10,  1753:  died  at  Boston,  Feb.  6, 
1825.  An  American  physician  and  politician. 
He  was  secretary  of  war  1809-13,  and  governor 
of  Massachusetts  1828-25. 

Eutaw  Springs  (n't^  springz).  Aplaoe  in  South 
Carolina,  near  the  Santee  about  50  miles  north- 
west of  Charleston,  it  was  the  scene  of  a  battle,  Sept. 
8,  1781,  between  about  2,000  Americans  under  Greene  and 
about  2,300  British  under  Stewart.  The  American  loss 
was  636,  the  British  about  630.  It  is  described  as  a  techni- 
cal British  victory. 

Euterpe  (u-ter'pe).  [Gr.  Eir^pjr^,  the  well- 
pleasing.]  1.  In  classical  mythology,  one  of 
the  Muses,  a  divinity  of  joy  and  pleasure,  the 


17,  1781.  A  celebrated  Danish  lyric  poet.  He 
studied  theology  at  the  University  of  Copenhagen,  but  left 
suddenly  to  enter  the  Prussian  military  service.  He  soon, 
however,  deserted  to  the  Austrians,  and  after  a  year  and  a 
half  again  deserted  and  returned  to  Copenhagen  and  re- 
sumed his  studies.  His  first  work,  "Lykkens  Temple" 
("The  Temple  of  Fortune"),  an  allegorical  narrative  in 
prose,  appeared  in  1764.  A  poem  on  the  death  of  King 
Frederick  V.  (1766)  established  his  fame  as  alyrlo  poet.  A 
lyrical  drama,  "Adam  og  Eva  "('  'Adam  and  Eve  "),  appeared 
in  1769 ;  a  prose  tragedy,  "  Rolf  Krage,"  in  1770.  In  1774 
appeared  the  tragedy  "Balders  Dbd  "  ("  Balder's  Death  "), 
the  first  Danish  drama  written  in  iambic  pentameter.  His 
greatest  work,  "  Fiskerne  "  ("The  Fishermen  "),  written  in 
1778,  is  a  dramatized  description  of  flsher  life.  It  con. 
tains  some  of  his  best  lyrics,  among  them  "  Kong  Kristlan 
stod  ved  holen  Mast "  ("  King  Christian  stood  by  the  lofty 
Mast "),  which  has  become  a  national  song.  He  left  an  un- 
completed autobiography,  "  Johannes  Ewalds  Levnet  og 
Menlnger  "  ("  Johannes  Ewald's  Life  and  Opinions  ").  His 
complete  works,  "  Samtllge  Skrifter,"  appeared  in  Copen- 
hagen 1860-66,  6  vols. 

See  the  extract. 

The  story  [of  the  King  of  Thule]  next  appears  in  a  legal 
form,  famlllarto  the  student  of  Blackstone.  In  this  shape 
it  recounts  the  oppressions  of  "  Evenus,"  or  "King  Evan 
the  Third,"  or  "Evan  the  Sixteenth,"  according  to  various 
versions,  who  at  some  time  before  the  Christian  era  made 
a  law  appropriating  the  wives  of  his  subjects  to  himself; 
but,  after  a  quarrel  which  lasted  for  about  1,100  years,  the 
barbarous  tribute  was,  at  the  request  of  King  Malcolm's 
queen,  commuted  for  a  money  payment.  It  has  been  dis- 
covered after  much  research  that  the  ancient  king,  his 
law  and  its  repeal,  are  all  equally  mythical.  But  the  story 
remained  down  to  recent  times  the  stock  example  of  the 
horrors  of  the  feudal  system. 

Elton,  Origins  ot  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  84. 

Evander  (e-van'der).  [Gr.  EvavSpoQ.]  In  clas- 
sical legend,  a  son  of  Hermes,  and  the  leader  of 
an  Arcadian  colony  into  Latium  60  years  before 
the  Trojan  war. 


patroness  of  flute-players,    she  invented  the  double  Ev^iUgelical  Alliance,  The.     The  name  of  an 
Bute,  and  favored  rather  the  wild  and  simple  melodies  ot  "    "         »  ^i    .   . .         -    ^         •       ^     j,  _  t;, 

primitive  peoples  than  the  more  finished  art  of  music,  and 
was  thus  associated  more  with  Bacchus  than  with  Apollo. 
She  Is  usually  represented  as  a  virgin  crowned  with  flow- 
ers, having  a  flute  in  her  hand,  or  with  various  musical 
instruments  about  her. 

3.  An  asteroid  (No.  27)  discovered  by  Hmd  at 
London,  Nov.  8, 1853. 

Euthydemus  (ii-thi-de'mus).  [Gr.  EvBMvm-l 
A  dialogue  of  Plato,  the  narration  by  Socra,tes 
of  a  conversation  which  took  place  at  the  Ly^ 
ceum  between  himself,  the  sophists  Euthyde 
mus  and  Dionysodorus,  Crito,  Cleinias,  anc 
Ctesippus.  Its  theme  Is  virtue  and  instruction  in  vir- 
tue, and  it  Is  a  satire  upon  the  sophists  and  the  older 
philosophy.  .     ,,  .      . 

Eutin  (oi-ten').  The  chief  town  m  the  princi- 
pality of  Lubeck,  belonging  to  Oldenburg,  Ger- 
many. 19  miles  north  of  Liibeek.  It  was  anciently 
the  seat  of  a  bishopric.  It  is  associated  with  Voss  and 
Count  Stolberg,  and  is  the  birthplace  of  Weber.    Popu- 


lation (1890),  commune,  4,626.  „      „.      , 

JutropiUS  (u-tro'pi-us).     [LL.,  from  Gr.  Evrpd- 


association  of  Christians  belonging  to  the  Evan- 
gelical denominations.  It  was  organized  by  a  world's 
convention  in  London  in  1846,  and  Its  object  is  to  promote 
Christian  intercourse  between  the  different  orthodox 
Protestant  denominations,  and  more  effective  cobperation 
in  Christian  work.  Branches  exist  in  all  countries  where 
there  are  considerable  Protestant  communities.  Several 
general  conferences  have  been  held,  in  which  reports  were 
received  concerning  the  religious  condition  of  the  world. 
Among  the  most  important  results  obtained  by  the  alliance 
Is  the  establishment  of  a  week  of  prayer,  the  week  com- 
mencing with  the  flrst  Sunday  of  January  in  each  year, 
now  largely  observed  throughout  Protestant  Christendom, 
and  Evangeline  (e-van'je-lin).  [F.  Evanyeline,  NL. 
Evangelina,  from  Gr.  evdyyehx,  bringer  of  good 
news.]  An  idyllic  poem  by  Longfellow,  pub- 
lished in  1847:  named  from  its  heroine.  It  is 
founded  on  the  removal  of  the  Acadians  by  the  British 
in  1765.  Evangeline  is  accidentally  parted  from  her  lover, 
Gabriel,  whom  she  seeks  hopelessly  hut  faithfully  all  her 
life,  as  he  seeks  her.  They  pass  nea?  one  another  many 
times,  but  never  meet  until  he  is  dying  in  a  hospital  many 
years  after. 
Evans,  Augusta  J.    See  Wilson,  Mrs. 


Evans,  Frederick  William 

Evans  (ev'anz),  Frederick  William.  Born 
June  9, 1808 :  died  March  6,  1893.  An  elder  in 
the  Shaker  denomination,  and  writer  on  reli- 
gious subjects.  He  emigrated  to  America  in  1820,  and 
in  1830  joined  the  community  oJ  Sliakers  at  Mount  Leba- 
non, N.  Y.,  of  which  he  was  presiding  elder  from  1866. 
He  published  "A  Short  Treatise  on  the  Second  Appearing 
of  Christ  in  and  through  the  Order  of  the  Female"  (1S63), 
"Autobiography  of  a  Shaker"  (1869),  "Beligious  Com- 
munion "  (1871),  etc. 

Evans,  Sir  George  De  Lacy.  Born  at  Moig, 
County  Limerick,  Ireland,  Oct.  7, 1787:  died  at 
London,  Jan.  9,  1870.  A  British  general.  He 
served  against  the  French  in  the  Spanish  peninsula  1812- 
1814,  and  against  the  Americans  at  Baltimore,  Washington, 
and  Sew  Orleans  in  1814-15 ;  commanded  the  British  legion 
sent  to  suppress  the  Carlist  rebellion  in  Spain  1836-37 ; 
commanded  a  division  of  the  British  army  in  the  Crimea 
1854-55 ;  and  was  promoted  general  in  1861. 

Evans,  Sir  Hugh.  In  Shakspere's  "Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,"  a  ludicrous,  officious,  and 
simple-minded  Welsh  parson. 

Sir  was  formerly  applied  to  the  inferior  clergy  as  well 
as  to  knights.  Fuller  in  his  "Church  History"  says:  "Such 
priests  as  have  Sir  before  their  Christian  name  were  men 
not  graduated  in  the  university :  being  in  orders,  but  not 
in  degrees ;  while  others,  entitled  '  masters,'  had  com- 
menced in  the  arts."  Besides  Sir  Hugh,  Shakespeare  has 
Sir  Oliver  Mar-text,  the  Vicar,  in  "As  You  Like  It,"  Sir 
Topasin  "Twelfth  Night,"  and  Sir  Nathaniel,  the  Curate, 
in  "Love's  Labour's  Lost."   Hudson,  note  to  M.  W.  of  W. 

Evans,  John.  A  colonial  deputy  governor  of 
Pennsylvania  under  William  Penn  1704-09.  He 
was  not  a  Quaker,  and  quarreled  continually  with  the 
Assembly,  which  refused  to  raise  troops  against  the  French 
and  Indians. 

Evans,  Mary  Ann.    See  Cross,  Mrs. 

Evans,  Oliver.  Bom  at  Newport,  Del.,  1755 : 
died  at  New  York,  April  21, 1819.  An  American 
mechanician  and  inventor.  He  invented  machinery 
used  in  milling,  the  application  of  which  to  mills  worked 
by  water-power  effected  a  revolution  in  the  manufacture 
of  flour,  and  is  said  to  have  invented  the  first  steam-engine 
constructed  on  the  high-pressure  system,  the  drawings  and 
specifications  of  which  he  sent  to  England  about  1795.  He 
wrote  "  Young  Millwright's  and  Miller's  Guide  "  (HOSX  etc. 

Evans,  William.  Died  in  1632.  A  giant,  a  porter 
of  Charles  I.  He  was  nearly  8  feet  high,  and  is  in- 
troduced in  Fuller's  "Worthies"  and  in  Scott's  "Peveril 
of  the  Peak." 

Evanson  (ev'an-son),  Edward.  Bom  at  War- 
rington, Lancashire,  England,  April  21,  1781 : 
died  at  Coleford,  Gloucestershire,  England, 
Sept.  25, 1805.  An  English  clergyman  and  con- 
troversialist. He  became  vicar  of  South  Mimms  in  1768, 
and  rector  of  Tewkesbury  in  1769.  In  1778  he  resigned  his 
living,  and  opened  a  school  at  Mitcham.  He  wrote  "  Dis- 
sonance of  the  Four  Generally  Received  Evangelists" 
(1792),  etc. 

Evanston  (ev'an-ston).  A  city  and  township 
in  Cook  County,  Illinois,  situated  on  Lake 
Michigan  12  miles  north  of  Chicago,  it  is  the  seat 
of  the  Northwestern  University  (Methodist  Episcopal),  of 
Garrett  Biblical  Institute,  and  of  the  Evanston  College  for 
Ladies.    Population  (1900),  city,  19,259. 

Evansville  (ev'anz-vil).  A  city  of  Indiana,  the 
capital  of  Vand'erburg  County,  situated  on  the 
Ohio  in  lat.  37°  58'  N.,  long.  87°  35'  W.  itisan 
important  shippingpoiut,  and  has  alarge  trade  in  tobacco, 
grain, etc., and extensivemanufactures.  Pop. (1900), 59,007. 

Evarts  (ev'arts),  Jeremiah.  Bom  at  Sunder- 
land, Vt.,  Feb.  3, 1781:  died  at  Charleston,  S.C, 
May  10, 1831.  An  American  editor  and  mission- 
ary secretary.  He  became  editor  of  the  "Panoplist " 
(Boston)  in  1810,  and  of  the  "Missionary  Herald"  (Boston) 
in  1820,  and  was  corresponding  secretary  of  the  American 
Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions  1821-31. 

Evarts,  William  Maxwell.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  Feb.  6,  1818:  died  at  New  York,  Feb. 
28,  1901.  An  American  lawyer  and  politician, . 
son  of  Jeremiah  Evarts.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1837,  and  wa«  admitted  to  the  New  York  bar  in  1840.  He 
was  counsel  for  President  Johnson  in  the  latter's  impeach- 
ment trial  before  the  United  States  Senate  in  1868 ;  United ; 
States  attorney-general  under  President  .lohnson  ]868-69; ' 
United  States  counsel  at  the  Geneva  tribunal  in  1872 ; 
counsel  for  the  Republican  party  before  the  United  States 
Electoral  Commission  of  1877;  secretary  of  state  under 
President  Hayes  1877-81 ;  and  Republican  United  States 
senator  from  New  York  1885-91. 

Eve  (ev) .  [ME.  Mve,  AS.  Efe,  F.  3oe,  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
JEva,  (x.  Eva,  LL.  Eva,  Heva,  Gr.  Eva,  Uvea  (in 
LXX  translated  Zo^,  life),  Ar.  Hawwd,  Heb. 
Savvdh,  living,  life.]  The  first  woman,  the 
mother  of  the  human  race,  according  to  the 
account  of  the  creation  in  Genesis. 

Evelina  (ev-e-U'na).  [Dim.  of  Eva,  Eve.]  A 
novel  by  Madame  d'Aiblay  (Prances  Burney), 
published  in  1778,  named  from  its  principal 
character. 

It  was  for  a  long  time  believed  that  Miss  Burney  was 
only  seventeen  when  she  wrote  "Evelina."  If  so,  it  was 
indeed  an  extraordinary  book ;  but  the  question  depended 
upon  the  exact  period  of  her  birth ;  and  when  Croker  ed- 
ited "  Boswell's  Life  of  Johnson,"  he  took  the  pains,  most 
properly  and  naturally  one  would  think,  to  ascertain  the 
fact  by  examining  the  parish  register  of  the  town  where 


374 

die  was  born,  and  it  turned  out  that  she  was  twenty-six 
when  "Evelina"  was  published. 
Foreyth,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Cent.,  p.  317. 

Evelyil  (ev'e-lin),  John.  Born  at  Wotton,  Sur- 
rey, England,  Oct.  31, 1620 :  died  at  Wotton,  Feb. 
27,  1706.  An  English  author.  He  was  the  second 
son  of  Richard  Evelyn ;  was  admitted  a  student  at  the 
Middle  Temple  in  1637 ;  and  received  the  honorary  degree 
of  D.  C.  L.  in  1669.  The  years  1641-47  he  passed  principally 
in  travel,  with  occasional  returns  to  England.  For  a  short 
time  he  joined  the  king's  army.  He  was  a  strong  Royal- 
ist, and  in  1649  published  a  translation  of  La  Mothe  le 
Vayer's  "  Of  Liberty  and  Servitude,"  with  a  Royalist  pre- 
face, for  which  he  was  "threatened."  In  1652,  thinking 
the  cause  of  the  Royalists  hopeless,  he  settled  at  Sayes 
Court,  Deptford,  the  estate  of  his  wife's  father.  Sir  Richard 
Browne,  ambassador  at  Paris.  He  lived  here  till  1694,  when 
he  went  to  Wotton  to  live  with  his  elder  brother.  At  the 
death  of  the  latter,  in  1699,  the  estate  became  his,  and  he 
passed  the  rest  of  his  life  here.  At  both  places  he  devoted 
himself  to  gardening.  He  was  in  favor  at  court  after  the 
Restoration,  and  held  some  minor  offices.  He  was  much 
interested  in  the  Royal  Society,  of  which  he  was  a  fellow 
in  1661,  one  of  the  council  in  1662,  secretary  1672.  He  ob- 
tained for  it  the  Arundelian  library  in  1678,  and  for  the 
University  of  Oxford  the  Arundelian  marbles  in  1667,  both 
from  the  Duke  of  Norfolk.  He  was  treasurer  of  Green- 
wich Hospital  1696-1703,  Among  his  works  are  "  The  State 
of  France,  etc."  (1652),  "A  Character  of  England"  (1659), 
"  Apology  for  the  Royal  Party,  etc. "  (1659), ' '  Fumitugium  " 
(1661),  "Soulptura,  etc."  (1662),  "  Sylva,  etc."  (1664),  "Ka- 
lendarium  Hortense"  (1664),  "Numismata,  etc."  (1697), 
"The  Complete  Gardener  "  (translated  from  'the  French  of 
Quintinie,  1698\  etc.  His  memoirs,  first  published  in 
1818-19,  edited  by  William  Bray,  contain  bis  letters  and 
diary. 

Evemerus  (e-vem'e-ms),  or  Euemerus  (urem'- 
e-rus),  or  Euhemerus  (u-hem'e-rus).  [Gr. 
Ei^/jepof.]  Lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  4th 
century  B.C.  A  Greek  mythographer.  He  wrote 
a  "Sacred  History"(*Iepa  '\vaypa4iTJ),  in  which  he  gave  an 
anthropomorphic  explanation  of  current  mythology. 

The  most  famous  of  the  later  theories  was  that  of  Eu- 
emerus (316  B.  c).  In  a  kind  of  philosophical  romance, 
Euemerus  declared  that  he  had  sailed  to  some  No-man's- 
land,  Panchiea,  where  he  found  the  verity  about  mythical 
times  engraved  on  pillars  of  bronze.  This  truth  he  pub- 
lished in  the  Sacra  Historia,  where  he  rationalised  the 
fables,  averring  that  the  gods  had  been  men,  and  that  the 
myths  were  exaggerated  and  distorted  records  of  facts. 
Lang,  Myth.,  etc.,  1. 16. 

Evening's  Love,  An,  or  The  Mock  Astrolo- 
ger. A  comedy  by  Dryden,  acted  and  printed 
in  1668.  It  was  takeu  in  part  from  the  younger  Cor- 
neUle's  "Le  f eint  aatrologue,"  a  version  of  "El  astrologo 
fingido"  (by  Calderon),  and  from  Moli&re's  "D^pit  amou- 
reux." 

Evenus  (e-ve'nus).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
river  of  .^Itolia,  (Jreece,  flowing  into  the  Gulf 
of  Patras  7  miles  southeast  of  Missolonghi: 
the  modem  Pidaris.    Length,  50-60  miles. 

Everdingen  (ev'er-ding-en),  Aldert  or  AUart 
van.  Bom  at  Alkmaar,  Netherlands,  1621: 
died  at  Amsterdam,  1675.  A  Dutch  marine  and 
landscape  painter  and  etcher. 

Everest  (ev'er-est).  Sir  George.  Bom  atGwem- 
vale,  Brecknock,  Wales,  July  4,  1790 :  died  at 
Greenwich,  near  London,  Dec.  1, 1866.  A  Brit- 
ish surveyor,  superintendent  of  the  trigono- 
metrical survey  of  India  in  1823,  and  surveyor- 
general  of  India  in  1830.  Mount  Everest  was 
named  in  his  honor. 

Everest,  Mount.  [Named  from  the  English 
engineer  Sir  George  Everest.]  The  highest 
known  mountain  of  the  globe,  situated  in  the 
Himalayas,  in  Nepal,  in  lat.  27°  58'  N.,  long. 
86°  55'  E.    Height,  29j002  feet. 

Everett  (ev'er-et) .  A  city  in  Middlesex  County, 
Massachusetts,  3  miles  north  of  Boston.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  24,336. 

Everett,  Alexander  Hill.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  March  19,  1792:  died  at  Canton,  China, 
May  29,  1847.  An  American  diplomatist  and 
author.  He  was  charge  d'affaires  in  the  Netherlands 
1818-24,  minister  to  Spain  1825-29,' and  commissioner  to 
Chinal846-47.  He  published  "Europe,  etc."(1821),  "New 
Ideas  on  Population"  (1822),  "America,  etc."  (1827). 

Everett,  Edward.  Bom  at  Dorchester,  Mass., 
April  11,  1794:  died  at  Boston,  Jan.  15,  1865. 
A  celebrated  American  statesman,  orator,  and 
author,  brother  of  A.  H.  Everett.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  at  Harvard  College  1819-26 ;  editor  of  the 
"  North  American  Review  "  1S20--24 ;  member  of  Congress 
from  Massachusetts  1825-35 ;  governor  of  Massachusetts 
1836-40 ;  minister  to  England  1841-45 ;  president  of  Har- 
vard College  1846-49;  secretary  of  state  1852-63;  and 
IJnited  States  senator  from  Massachusetts  1853-54.  He 
was  the  candidate  of  the  Constitutional  Union  party  for 
Vice-President  in  1860.  His  "Orations  and  Speeches" 
were  published  in  4  volumes  in  1869. 

Everett,  or  Washington,  Mount.  One  of  the 
highest  summits  of  the  Taconic  Mountains,  in 
the  soutliwestern  comer  of  Massachusetts. 
Height,  2,625  feet. 

Everglades  (ev'6r-gladz).  A  swampy  uninhab- 
ited region  in  Dade  and  Monroe  counties, 
southern  Florida. 


Exarchate  of  Ravenna 

Evergreen.  The  pseudonym  of  Washington 
Irvine  in  "Salmagundi." 

Eversley  (ev'erz-li).  A  village  in  Hampshire, 
England,  8  miles  southeast  of  Reading,  (jharles 
Kingsley  was  rector  there  for  over  30  years. 

Every  Man  in  his  Humour.  A  comedy  by  Ben 
Jonson,  first  acted  in  1598,  and  published  in 
1601  (quarto :  folio  1616).  In  its  first  form,  with 
Italian  characters,  it  was  acted  in  1596. 

Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour.  A  comedy 
by  Ben  Jonson,  first  produced  in  1599,  and  pub- 
lished in  1600  (quarto  :  folio  1606).  He  called 
it  "a  comical  satire." 

Evesham (evz'ham or evz'am).  [AS. Eofesham.'] 
A  town  in  Woroestershire,'i;ngland,  situated  on 
the  Avon  14  miles  southeast  of  Worcester.  Here 
the  royalists  under  Prince  Edward  (afterward  Edward  I.) 
defeated  the  baronial  forces  under  Simon  de  Montf ort^  Aug. 
4, 1265.  Simon  and  his  son  Henry  were  killed,  and  the 
barons'  party  was  broken  up.    Population  (1891),  5,836. 

Evian-les-Bains  (a-vyon'la-ban').  A  town  in 
the  department  of  Haute-Savoie,  France,  on 
•the  Lake  of  (Jeneva  opposite  Lausanne.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  2,777. 

Evil  Merodach  (e'vil  mer'o-dak).  [Babylo- 
nian Avel  or  Amel  MarduJc,  man  (i.  e. '  servant') 
of  the  god  Merodach.]  Son  of  Nebuchadnez- 
zar, king  of  Babylon  561-559  b.  c.  He  released 
the  Judean  king  Jehoiachin  from  prison,  after  37  years' 
confinement,  and  honored  him  above  all  the  vassal  kings. 
He  was  killed  in  a  rebellion  led  by  his  sister's  husband, 
Neriglissar  (Nergalsharezer),  who  then  seized  the  Baby- 
lonian crown.  According  to  Berosus  he  rendered  himself 
odious  by  his  arbitrary  and  unwise  rule. 

Evora  (a'vg-ra).  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Alemtejo,  Portugal,  76  miles  east  by  south 
of  Lisbon.  It  contains  remains  from  the  Roman  city 
of  Ebora.  The  cathedral  is  an  interesting  church  of  the 
13th  centuiy,  with  rose-windows  in  the  transepts,  and  a 
west  porch  or  narthex  containing  tombs  and  opening 
into  the  nave  by  a  fine  sculptured  doorway ;  the  interior 
has  clustered  columns,  and  there  is  a  later  Pointed  clois- 
ter. A  Roman  triumphal  arch,  in  masonry  of  large  blocks, 
is  in  good  preservation.  A  Roman  temple  of  Diana,  a 
Corinthian  structure  40  by  68  feet,  is  unusually  well  pre- 
served. It  is  hexastyle  prostyle,  with  a  deep  pronaos, 
having  3  columns  on  each  fiank  in  addition  to  the  angle- 
column.  The  sculpture  and  details  are  of  good  execu- 
tion. 

£'Vreux  (a-vr6').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Euro,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Iton  in 
lat.  49°  N.,  long.  1°  7'  E.  It  manufactures  tools, 
hosiery,  etc.,  and  has  a  cathedral.  Near  hy  is  Vieil-Ev- 
reux,  with  Roman  antiquities,  on  the  site  of  the  Roman 
Mediolanum.  It  was  the  seat  of  a  Norman  county.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  16,932. 

£'vreux,  Yves  d'.    See  Tves  d'Evrewo. 
Ewald  (a'valt),  Georg  Heinrich  August. 

Bora  at  Gottingen,  Prussia,  Nov.  16, 1803 :  died 
at  GSttingen,  May  4,  1875.  A  celebrated  Ger- 
man Orientalist  and  biblical  critic.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  Oriental  languages  at  GSttingen  1827-37,  at  Tii- 
bingen  1838-48,  and  again  at  Gottingen  1848-67.  Both  in 
1837  and  in  1867  he  was  removed  from  his  position  at  G6t- 
tingen  for  political  reasons.  He  published  a  "Hebrew 
Gi^ammar  "  (1827^, "  Geschichte  des  Yolkes  Israel"  (1843- 
1859),  "  Alterthtimer  des  Volkes  Israel "  (1848),  and  works 
of  scriptural  exegesis  and  criticism. 

Ewald,  Johannes.    See  Evald. 

Ewbank  (H'bangk),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Barnard 
Castle,  Durham,  England,  March  11, 1792:  died 
at  New  York,  Sept.  16,  1870.  An  American 
manufacturer  and  'writer  on  mechanics.  He 
published '  'An  Account  of  Hydraulic  and  other 
Machines  "  (1842),  etc. 

Ewe  (a-wa').  An  important  African  nation 
which  occupies  the  region  between  the  Volta 
River  and  Yoruba,  in  western  -Airica.  By  the  na- 
tives this  region  is  called  Ewe-me,  i.  e.  'home  of  the  Ewe." 
The  nation  is  subdivided  into  five  tribes,  and  Uie  lan- 
guage into  as  many  dialects :  the  Mahe,  on  the  upper  Volta 
River;  the  Dahomey;  the  Weta,  usually  caUed  Whydah  or 
Popo ;  the  Anfiie,  between  the  Weta  and  Ashanti  and  be- 
longing to  the  King  of  Peki;  and  the  Anlo,  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Volta,  Politically  this  nation  and  country  are 
subject  to  Dahomey,  England,  France,  and  Germany. 

Ewell  (H'el),  Richard  Stoddard.    Bom  in  the 

District  of  Columbia,  Feb. ,  1817:  died  at  Spring- 
field, Tenn.,  Jan.  25, 1872.  An  American  gen- 
eral in  the  Confederate  service.  He  served  with 
distinction  at  the  battles  of  Bull  Run,  Gettys- 
burg, the  Wilderness,  etc. 

Ewing  (ii'ing),  John.  Born  at  Nottingham, 
Md.,  June  22^  1732 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  Sept. 
8, 1802.  An  American  Presbyterian  clergyman, 
provost  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
1779-1802. 

Ewing,  Thomas.  Bom  in  Ohio  County,  Va., 
Dee.  28, 1789:  died  at  Lancaster,  Ohio,  Oct.  26, 
1871.  An  American  politician.  He  was  United 
States  senator  (Whig)  from  Ohio  1831-37,  secretary  of 
the  treasury  1841,  secretary  of  the  Interior  1849-60,  and 
United  States  senator  1850-61. 

Exarchate  of  Bavenna.  See  Baverma,  Ex- 
archate of. 


Excalibur 

Ezcalibur  (eks-kal'i-bfer),  orExcalibar,  orEs- 
calibor.  The  sword  of  the  mythical  King  Ar- 
thur. Arthur  recelyed  it  from  the  hands  of  the  Lady  of 
the  Lake.  It  had  a  scabbard  the  wearer  of  which  could 
lose  no  blood.  Some  versions  of  the  romance  call  it  "  Mi- 
randoise."  There  seems,  however,  to  have  been  also  an- 
other sword  called  Bxcalibur  in  the  early  part  of  the  story. 
This  was  the  sword,  plunged  deep  into  a  stone,  which  could 
be  drawn  forth  only  by  the  man  who  was  to  be  king.  After 
two  hundred  knights  had  failed,  Arthur  drew  it  out  with- 
out difficulty. 

Excelsior  Geyser.  One  of  the  largest  geysers 
in  the  world,  m  the  Yellowstone  National  Park, 
Wyoming.  It  has  thrown  a  column  of  water  to 
a  height  of  from  200  to  300  feet. 

Excursion,  The.'  A  didactic  poem  by  William 
Wordsworth,  forming  part  of  the  "Recluse," 
published  in  1814. 

Exe  (eks).  [ME.  Exe,  AS.  Exa,  recorded  in  Exan 
ceaster,  Exeter,  and  Exan  mutha,  Exmouth.] 


375 


Ezzelino 


ter,  in  1314.  The  endowment  was  increased  by  Sir  Eyck,  Margarote  Van.  Lived  in  the  first  part 
WUliam  Petre  in  1666.  The  buildings  have  been  of  ten  re-  .  of  the  15th  century.  A  Flemish  painter,  sister 
stored,  and  are  in  part  modern.  of  Hubert  and  Jan  van  Eyek. 

WalterdeStapeldon.Bishopof  Exeter,  was  the  founder  Tjvp  Ci)      A  town  in  Suffolk   TCTiirltiTirl    IRmilpa 
of  the  college  which  now  bears  the  name  of  that  see.    In  ^JZ^v/ ^f  it^^^^,       -dT^  i   *-'•       ?i  Im  ^    o  o?] 
April,  1814,  he  conveyed  the  rectory  of  Gwinear,  in  Corn-     north  of  Ipswieh.     Population  (1891),  2,064. 
waU,totheiJeanandChapterof  Exeter,  on  condition  that  Eye  (i  e),  J Onann  Ludolf  AugUSt  VOn.    Bom 
they  should  apply  the  income  to  the  maintenance  of  twelve     at  Ftirstenau,  Hannover,  May  24, 1825.     A  Ger- 
soholars  studying  philosophy  at  the  University;  and  he     man  opt  historian       His  rhipf  work  is  "Das 
purchased  for  these  scholars  two  houses  in  the  parish  of     S  .  .^    mbwJiian.      ills  ctuei  worK  IS      Uas 
St.  Peter  in  the  East,  at  Oxford,  known  respectively  as     Keich  aes  behonen"  (1878). 
Hart  Hall  and  Arthur  Hall.    The  original  members  of  the  EyeniOUtn(i'mouth).  AfishingtowninBerwick- 
foundation  were  placed  in  Hart  Hall,  which  in  consequence     snire,  Scotland,  8  miles  northwest  of  Berwick, 
received  for  a  while  the  name  of  Stapeldon  Hall.    It  was     PrtT^niQ-f4r,Ti  nfiQl  \    9  ^7^? 

notlong,  however,  before  the  Bishop  resolved  to  provide  -fPiii-iiii.-''     '»  .i..     .     .  ^,      .,       ,     ^ 

them  with  a  more  comfortable  abode.  In  October,  1316,  ±jye  01  the  Baltic.  An  epithet  of  the  island  of 
he  bought  a  tenement  called  St.  Stephen's  Hall,  an  ad-     Gothland. 

joining  tenement  called  La  Lavandrie,  and  a  third  to  the  Eylau  (i'lou),  or  Prussian  EylaU.  A  town  in 
east  of  them,  situatedjust  within  the  town  wall,  between    ^j^g  province  of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  22  miles 


south-southeast  of  Konigsberg.  An  indecisive 
battle  was  fought  here  Feb.  8, 1807,  between  the  French 
(about  70,000)  under  Napoleon  and  theHussians  and  Prus- 
sians (80,000)  under  Bennigsen  and  Lestocq.  The  loss  of 
each  side  amounted  to  about  18,000;  Population  (1890), 
3,146. 


the  Turl  and  Smith  Gate.  Thither  the  twelve  scholars 
removed,  and  the  name  of  Stapeldon  Hall  was  transferred 
to  the  little  group  of  buildings  which  thus  became  the 
nucleus  of  Exeter  College.  I/yte,  Oxford,  p.  137. 

A  river  in  Somerset  and  Devon,  England,  flow-  Exeter  Hall.    A  building  on  the  Strand,  Lon- 

ing  into  the  English,  Channel  10  miles  south-    don,  used  for  religious,  charitable,  and  musical  _,__.. 

southeast  of  Exeter.    Length,  54  miles.                 assemblies.    It  was  purchased  for  the  Young  Eyre  (ar),  Edward  John.    Born  August,  1815  : 

Exeter  (eks'e-t6r).    [_ME.  Exeter,  Excetre,Exces-    Men's  Christian  Association  in  1880.  died  Nov.  30,  1901.    An  English  colonial  gov- 

ter,  Excestre,  AS.  Exanceaster,  Eaxeceaster,  aity  Exinoor(eks'mor).  Ahillymoorlandandmarshy  ernor.    He  explored  Australia  1840^1,  and  was 

of  (on)  the  Exe.]    1.  A  cathedral  city,  the  capi-    region  in  western  Somerset  and  northern  Dev-  governor  of  Jamaica  1864-66. 

tal  of  Devonshire,  England,  on  the  Exe,  near    on,  England.    It  is  noted  for  its  breed  of  ponies  and  Eyre,  Jane.     See  Jane  Eyre. 

its  mouth  in  lat  50°  43' N    long  3°  31' W     it  is     for  wild  deer.    The  scene  of  Blackmore's  novel  "  Lorna  Eyre,  Lake.    [Named  from  the  English  traveler 

a  seaport,  akd  has  some  foreign  tradl.'    It  manufactures     Do™*  "  's  laid  in  it.     Highest  point  (Dunkery  Beacon),  jn  Australia,  Edward  John  Eyre .]     A  salt  lake 

gloves  and  agricultural  machinery.   It  is  said  to  be  the  old-     i>'"'i««?-                                                         a  ca   j?».™  in  South  Australia,  about  lat.  28°- 29°  S.,  long. 

estEngUshcityhavingcontinuousejdstence.  Itwastaken  ExinOUtn(eks'muth).    rMTT.    E^/.™««,   A  S   Kr/™     _.'._...  jo 


UiS.-EExemutl^A8.Exan    ^g^o  g.    ^       ^^   ^bout  95  miles. 
.    'i.'^'ieExe.]    Atovmandwa- J,     .     j,j_-^|    '.     ^      ^       ij^    1   i^ 
tering-place  m  D_evonshire,  England,  situated  Xatra1i«.';,n"  ""st  of  Sr^en^-er  Gulf. 


by  William  I."  in  1068,  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  muflia,  mouth  of  the  Exe.]     A  town  and  wa- 

Perkin  Warbeck  in  1497  and  by  Cornish  insurgents  in  terine-nlace  in  Devonshire 

1649,  and  was  taken  by  Prince  Maurice  in  1643,  and  by        ,  ,,  °  ;^„,+u   .f  +>,.  -p-^   in  wn'loo  =mi+l,oiiot  nf     ■a.'j.ai.l.ti.xia,  uuiMiweoi,  <ji  lo^jouuci  ^jilui. 

Fairfax  in  1646.    The  cathedral,  which  is  408  feet  in  length  at  the  mouth  of  the  Exe  10  miles  southeast  ot  Eygaguirre  (ay-tha-ger're),  AgUStin.    Bom  at 


Australia,  northwest  of  Spencer  Gulf. 


Santiago,  1766:  died  there,  July  19,  1837.  A 
Chilean  statesman .  He  was  a  member  of  the  govern- 
ment junta  in  1813.  From  1814  to  1817  he  was  imprisoned 
by  the  Spaniards  at  Juan  Fernandez.  After  the  overthrow 
of  O'Higgins  (Jan.,  1823),  Eyzaguirre  was  a  member  of  the 
temporary  junta.  Elected  vice-president  soon  after,  he 
was  acting  president  Sept.,  1826,  to  Jan.,  1827,  when  he 
was  deposed  by  a  military  mutiny, 
ating  ribs, and  interesting  medieval  tombs  and  bishops  "n'N"^o^„-^dl£nd.'~ lUli7nOTtheaBterly°course, and  Ezekiel_(e-ze;ki-el).    [Heb.,'GodwiU  strength- 


by  76  in  breadth,  was  founded  in  the  12th  century,  but  in     Exeter.     Population  (1891),  8,097. 

its  present  form  dates,  except  the  two  Norman  transept-  ExmOUth,  ViSCOUUt,     See  Pellew. 

towers  (wia  one  exception  the  only  example  of  transept-  E^OdUS    (ek'so-dus).      [Gr.  Ifodof,  from  Ef,  out, 

towers  in  England),  from  between  1280  and  1394.    The         ",   rr.   "^     „  ■     t     m,„  „„„„„j  i,„„i,  „*  +!,„  rwA 

west  front  presents  a  strange  design,  its  lower  portion     and  bS6g,  a  way.]     The  second  book  of  the  Old 

beinganimitationinstoneof  a  wooden  screen,  with  three     Testament.      It  takes  its  name  from  the  deliverance 

tiers  of  statues  in  niches ;  above  is  a  large  window  with     (which  it  describes)  of  the  Israelites  from  their  bondage 

good  tracery.    The  interior  is  rich  and  effective,  with  fine     under  the  Pharaohs,  and  their  departure  from  Egypt. 

arches,  vaulting  with  central  rib  and  very  numerous  radl-  ExuloitS  (eks-ploits')  River.  The  largest  river     ™  "epo 

""p^^fii^^JmSl?  Sfao  °^^    in  Newfoundland.    It  has  a  northeasterly  course,  and  Ezekiel  ,-  -.-.-.-    .--  -  >    '  v„,„r„"--^.-^ 

Population (1891),  37,580.  fallsintotheBay of Exploits,inNotreDameBay.  Length,     en.']     Bom  in  Palestine  about  620  B.  C:  died 

John  Shillingford  tells  us  that  Exeter  was  a  waUed  city     ?00  miles.  after  572  B.C.     A  Hebrew  prophet,  author  of 

before  the  Incarnation  of  Christ;  and,  though  it  is  not  ExpOUUder  Of  the  Constitution.     An  epithet     the  book  of  Ezekiel.    He  was  carried  captive  to  Baby- 
likely  to  have  been  a  walled  city  in  any  sense  that  would     -n™,!  o^i  v  a-onlied  to  Daniel  Webster  _lonia  in  597,  and  commenced  his  career  as  a  prophet  in  69*. 

satisfy  either  modern  or  Roman  engineers,  it  is  likely  J";'i'^"".J^"J^,. .  .    wsmliitinti  intro-         "  '       " 

enough  to  have  been  ah-eady  a  fort^ifled  post  before  Caesar  ExpunglUg  Resolution,     A  resolution  mtro- 
landed  in  Britain.  Freeman,  Eng.  Towns,  p.  61.     duced  into  tne  United  States  Senate  by  J..  M. 

Benton  of  Missouri,  to  erase  from  the  journal 

the  censure  passed  by  the  Senate  on  Presi- 
dent Jackson,  March  28,  1834,  relating  to  the 

bank  controversy.    It  was  first  introduced  in 

1834,  and  was  carried  Jan.  16,  1837. 
Exterminator,  The.     [Sp.  El  Exterminador.'] 

A  surname  of  Montbars,  a  French  adventurer. 

See  Montbars, 


2.  A  town  in  Rockingham  County^  New  Hamp- 
shire, situated  on  the  Exeter  Eiver  13  miles 
southwest  of  Portsmouth.  It  is  the  seat  of 
Phillips  Academy  (which  see).  Population 
(1900),  4,922. 
Exeter  Eook,  The.  [L.  Codex  Exoniensis.']  A 
collection  of  Anglo-Saxon  poems  given  by  Bish- 


op Leofric  to  the  library  of  the  cathedral  of  Exton    (eks'ton),   Sir  Pierce  of.     A  minor 


Ezida  (a'zi-da).  [Akkadian  e-sidcL  the  eternal 
house.]  The  chief  sanctuary  of  Nebo  (Nabu), 
the  Assyro-Babylonian  god  of  wisdom  and  lit- 
erature (mentioned  in  Isa.  xlvi.  1),  in  Borsippa, 
the  modem  mound  of  Birs  Nimrud,  not  far 
from  Babylon.  The  temple  was  constructed  of  seven 
platforms  piled  one  on  another,  each  square  in  shape  and 
somewhat  smaller  than  the  preceding  one.  The  top  one 
served  as  an  observatory.  It  is  supposed  that  this  tower- 
like structure,  called  in  the  inscriptions  ziqqurat,  is  alluded 
to  in  the  story  of  the  "tower  of  Babel "  in  Genesis.  He- 
rodotus gives  a  description  of  it,  but  considered  it  to  be  a 
sanctuary  of  BeL 


Exeter,  England, between  1046  and  1073.  It"con-  character  in  Shakspere's  "  King  Richard  II."  Ezion-Geber  (e'zi-on-ge'ber),  or  Ezion-Gaber 
tains  pieces  apparently  detached  which  are  now  ra^  Exumas  (eks-6'maz).     A  group  of  islands  cen-     (e'zi-on-ga'ber).  In  scripture  geography,  a  port 

?hySrS?theTa"viS^frreV&gin?to\'te'''Tr^i"^^^  t7ally  situated  in  the  Bahamas.  The  Great  L  the  Elanitic  Gulf  of  the  fed^Sea.  'it  was 
the  Nativity,  Ascension,  and  Harrowing  of  Hell) ;  also  Exuma  has  a  fine  harbor.  Population,  about  a  rendezvous  of  the  fleets  of  Solomon  and  Je- 
hymns  of  praise  and  thanksgiving  ;  poems  on  the  Day  of     2,300.  hoshaphat. 

Judgment  and  the  Cruoifcdon  and  on  Souls  after  D^^^  Evam  (e'am  or  i'am).  A  village  in  Derbyshire,  Ezra(ez'ra).  [Heb.,'help';  Gr.'Ea<5pof.]  Lived 
tttica^Traphr^eoifhe\*aMnfLl^^^^^^^  in  the  middle  of  the  5th  century  B.  C.    AHebrew 

Felix  a  moVk  of  Croyland  Abbey  "(jiforfe!/,  Eng. -Writers,     1„  „„j.„™,.;„„+»/n« +!,<>  .,,loo,„o  ,^f  IfifiS-     „„;i j  _-:„„*      ^ j...*.^  . 

II.  199).  It  also  contains  a  paraphrase  of  the  "Song  of 
Hananiah,  Mishael,  and  Azariah,"  "The  Phcenix,"  "Le- 
gend of  St.  Juliana,"  "  The  Wanderer,"  "  The  Seafarer,  ■  a 
noem  on  Christian  morality, "  Widsith,"  "  The  Wonders  of 
Creation,"  "  The  Panther,"  "  The  Whale,"  "  The  Address  of 
the  Soul  to  the  Body,"  "  Song  of  Deor  the  Bard,  and  a  col- 
lection of  riddles.  The  book  was  first  published  by  the 
London  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  1842  as  "Codex  Exoni- 
ensis, etc." 
Exeter  College.  A  college  at  Oxford, England, 
founded  by  Walter  de  Stapeldon,  bishop  of  Exe- 


was  nearly  exterminated  in  the  plague  of  1665-    goribe  and  priest.    He  conducted  an  expedition  from 

Eyck  (ik),  Hubert  van.     Bom  at  Maaseyck, 

near  Li6ge,  in  1366:  died  at  Ghent,  Flanders, 

Sept.  18,  1426.    A  noted  Flemish  painter. 
Ey&,  Jan  van.     Born  at  Maaseyck  about 

1386:  died  at  Bruges,  Flanders,  July  9,  1440. 

A  Flemish  painter,   brother  of   Hubert  van 

Eyck,  and  court  painter  of  Philip  the  Good, 

duke  of  Burgundy. 


Babylon  to  Palestine  about  468,  and  carried  out  important 
reforms  at  Jerusalem.  To  him  have  been  ascribed  the 
revision  and  editing  of  the  earlier  books  of  Scripture,  the 
determination  of  the  canon,  and  the  authorship  not  only 
of  the  books  that  bear  his  name  and  that  of  Nehemiah,  but 
also  of  the  books  of  Chronicles  and  Esther. 
Ezzelino  (et-ze-le'no),  or  Eccelino  (a-che-le'- 
no),  da  Romano.  Bom  at  Onara,  near  Treviso, 
Italy,  April  26, 1194:  died  Sept.,1259.  An  Italian 
GhibeUine  leader. 


:JiLn>y^'r'i't7'imv>Vi'irfrink'iifitfujIiIliuL^^ 


'Fi''<f'iMifniii-'fflTTnTri'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii<iiiiiiiiiiif''iiiii'fiiui*»y 


abel  (fa'bel),  Peter.  A  per- 
son, buried  at  Edmonton  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VII., 
around  whom  the  tradition 
grew  that  he  had  sold  his  soul 
to  the  devil  and  then  cheated 
him  out  of  it.  He  was  made 
the  hero  of  the  play  "  The 
Merry  Devil  of  Edmonton." 
Faber  (fa'ber),  Basilius.  [L.  faber,  smith.] 
Born  at  Sorau,  Prussia,  1520:  died  at  Erfurt, 
Germany,  probably  in  1576.  A  German  classical 
scholar,  author  of  "  Thesaurus  eruditionis  scho- 
lasticse"  (1571),  etc. 

Faber  (fa'ber),  Frederick  William.  Born  at 
Calverley,  Yorkshire,  England,  June  28,  1814: 
died  Sept.  26,  1863.  An  English  hymn-writer. 
He  was  a  clergyman  ol  the  Anglican  Church  until  1846,  and 
afterward  became  a  priest  of  the  Boman  Catholic  Church. 
A  complete  edition  of  his  hymns  was  published  in  1861. 

Faber,  George  Stanley.  Bom  at  Calverley, 
Yorkshire,  Oct.  25,  1773:  died  near  Durham, 
Jan.  27,  1854.  An  English  divine  and  contro- 
versialist, uncle  of  F.  W.  Faber.  He  graduated  at 
Oxford,  and  became  a  fellow  and  tutor  of  Lincoln  College 
in  1793.  He  was  successively  curate  of  Calverley,  vicar  of 
Stockton-upon-Tees,  rector  of  Eedmarshall,  rector  of  Long 
Newton,  and  master  of  Sherburn  Hospital.  He  wrote  "Horse 
Mosaicje,  etc."  (1801),  "  A  Dissertation  on  the  Mysteries  of 
the  Cabiri,  etc."  (1803),  works  on  the  prophecies,  etc. 

Faber  (fa'ber),  Johann,  surnamed  Malleus 
Haereticorum  (L.,  'hammer  of  heretics'). 
Born  at  Leutkiroh,  Wurtemberg,  1478 :  died  at 
Vienna,  1541.  A  German  controversialist  and 
opponent  of  the  Reformation. 

Faber  (fa'b6r),  Jolm,  Born  at  The  Hague 
about  1660 :  died  at  Bristol,  England,  May,  1721. 
A  Dutch  mezzotint  engraver,  resident  in  Eng- 
land after  1687  (?). 

Faber,  John.  Bom  1695  (?) :  died  at  London, 
May  2,  1756.  An  English  mezzotint  engraver, 
a  son  of  John  Faber  (1660-1721). 

Faber  (fa-bar' ),  or  Leffebvre  (l6-f  avr' ) ,  Jacq.ues, 
surnamed  Stapulensis  (from  his  birthplace). 
Born  at  Staples,  France,  about  1450:  died  at 
N6rae,  Lot-et-Garonne,  France,  1537.  A  French 
scholar  and  reformer,  vicar  (1523)  of  the  Bishop 
of  Meaux.  He  wrote  commentaries  on  the  works  of 
Aristotle,  and  translated  some  of  the  books  of  the  Bible 
into  French  (1623-30). 

Fabia  gens  (fa'bi-a  jenz).  In  ancient  Kome,  a 
patrician  clan  or  bouse,  probably  of  Sabine  ori- 
gin, which  traced  its  descent  from  Hercules  and 
the  Arcadian  Evander.  Its  family  names  under  the 
republic  were  Ambustus,  Buteo,  Dorso,  Labeo,  Licinus, 
Maximus,  Pictor,  and  Vibulanus. 

Fabian.     See  Fdbyan. 

Fabian  (fa'bi-an).  In  Shakspere's  "  Twelfth 
Night,''  a  servant  to  Olivia. 

Fabius  (fa'bi-us).  The  American.  A  name 
given  to  Washington,  whose  tactics  were  simi- 
lar to  those  of  Fabius  the  Cunctator. 

Fabius,  The  French.  A  name  given  to  Anne, 
due  de  Montmorency,  grand  constable  of 
France. 

Fabius  Mazimus  Bnllianus,  Quintus.  Died 
about  290  B.  C.  A  Koman  general.  He  was  con- 
sul six  times,  the  first  time  in  322  and  the  last  in  295,  and 
was  dictator  in  316.  He  distinguished  himself  in  the  third 
war  against  the  Samnites,  over  whom  and  their  allies  he 
gained  the  decisive  victory  of  Sentinum  in  296. 

Fabius  Maximus  Verrucosus,  Quintus,  sur- 
named Cunctator  ('the  Delayer').  Died  203 
B.  C.  A  Koman  general.  He  was  consul  for  the 
first  time  in  233,  when  by  a  victory  over  the  Ligurians  he 
obtained  the  honor  of  a  triumph.  In  218  he  was  at  the 
head  of  the  legation  sent  by  the  Soman  senate  to  demand 
reparation  ol  Carthage  for  the  attack  on  Saguntum.  After 
the  defeat  of  the  consul  Flaminius  by  Hannibal  at  Thra- 
symenuB,  he  was,  in  217,  appointed  dictator.  Avoiding 
pitched  battles  (whence  his  surname  Cunctator,  'delayer'), 
he  weakened  the  Carthaginians  by  numerous  skirmishes. 
Dissatisfaction  having  arisen  at  Rome  with  tliis  method  of 
carrying  on  the  war,  a  bill  was  passed  in  the  senate  divid- 
ing the  command  between  the  dictator  and  his  master 
of  the  horse,  Minucius,  who  engaged  with  Hannibal,  and 
would  have  been  destroyed  if  Fabius  had  not  hastened  to 
his  assistance.  Fabius  was  succeeded  in  command  by  the 
consuls  Paulus  ^milius  and  Terentius  Tarro,  who,  adopt- 


ing a  more  aggressive  policy,  were  totally  defeated  at  the 
battle  of  Cannae  in  216.  He  was  consul  for  the  fifth  time 
in  209,  when  he  inflicted  a  severe  loss  on  Hannibal  by  the 
recapture  of  Tarentum  in  southern  Italy. 

Fabius  Pictor  (fa'bi-us  pik'tor),  Quintus.    A 

Roman  historian.  He  served  in'the  Gallic  war  in  226 
B.  c,  as  also  in  the  second  Punic  war,  and  was  sent  to 
Delphi,  after  the  battle  of  Cannee  in  216,  to  consult  the  ora- 
cle as  to  how  the  Roman  state  could  propitiate  the  gods. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  history  of  Rome  including  the 
period  of  the  second  Punic  war.  This  history,  which  is 
now  lost,  was  written  in  Greek,  and  was  higlily  esteemed 
by  the  ancients. 

Fable  for  Critics,  A.  A  poem  by  James  Russell 
Lowell,  in  which  he  satirically  reviews  the 
writers  and  critics  of  America.  It  was  pub- 
lished in  1848. 

Fabre  (fabr),  Ferdinand.  Bom  at  B6darieux, 
H6rault,  Prance,  in  1830 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  11, 
1898.  A  French  novelist.  He  was  made  con- 
servator of  the  Mazarin  Library  in  1883. 

Fabre,  Francois  Xavier  Pascal.  Bom  at  Mont- 
pellier,  France,  April  1,  1766:  died  at  Mont- 
pellier,  March  16,  1837.  A  French  historical 
painter. 

Fabre  d'Eglantine  (fabr  da-glon-ten'),  Phi- 
lippe FrangoisKazaire.  Bom  at  Carcassonne, 
Prance,  Dec.  28,  1755:  guillotined  at  Paris, 
April  5, 1794.  A  French  dramatist  and  revolu- 
tionist. He  wrote  numerous  comedies,  among  them 
"  Le  Philinte  de  Molifere  "  (1790),  which  insured  him  high 
rank  as  a  dramatic  writer ; "  L'Intrigue  ^pistolaire  "  (1792) ; 
"  Le  convalescent  de  quality  "  (1792) ;  etc.  In  the  revolu- 
tionary movement  he  joined  the  party  of  Danton,  and  per- 
ished with  it.  The  name  d'Eglantine  he  assumed  from  a 
golden  eglantine  (wild  rose)  which  he  received  as  a  prize 
in  his  youth  from  the  Academy  of  the  Floral  Games  at 
Toulouse. 

Fabretti  (f  a-bret'te),  Ariodante.  Bom  Oct.  1, 
1816 :  died  Sept.  16, 1894.  An  Italian  archEeolo- 
gist  and  historian,  professor  of  arehEBology  and 
director  of  the  museum  of  antiquities  at  Turin. 
He  became  a  senator  in  1889. 

Fabretti,  Baffaelle.  Bom  at  TJrbino,  Italy, 
1618 :  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  7,  1700.  An  Italian 
antiquary,  custodian  of  the  archives  of  the  Castle 
of  St.  Angelo.  He  wrote  "De  aquis  et  aquae- 
ductibus  veteris  Rom^  "  ( 1680) ,  "  Inscriptionum 
antiquarum  explicatio,  etc."  (1699). 

Fabriano  (fa-bre-a'no).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Ancona,  Italy,  36  miles  southwest  of 
Ancona.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  bishopric,  and  has  paper 
manufactures.    Population  (1880),  commune,  17,164. 

Fabriano,  Gentile  da.  Bom  at  Fabriano,  Italy, 
about  1370:  died  at  Rome  about  1450.  An 
Italian  painter. 

Fabrice  (fa-bres'),  Georg  Friedrich  Alfred, 
Count  ■von.  Born  at  Quesnoy,  France,  in  1818 : 
died  at  Dresden,  March  25,  1891.  Minister  of 
war  to  the  King  of  Saxony.  He  became  prime  min- 
ister in  1876  and  minister  of  foreign  aifairs  in  1882,  and 
was  created  count  in  1884. 

Fabricius  (fa-brish'i-us).  In  Le  Sage's  "Gil 
Bias,"  a  verbose  and  inexplicable  writer.  His 
object  was  to  reduce  the  simple  to  the  unintel- 
ligible. 

Fabricius  (fa-bret'se-os),  Georg  (originaHy 
Goldschmid).    [L.  Fdbridus,  name  of  a  Roman 

fens,  from  faber,  smith.]  Born  at  Chemnitz, 
axony,  April,  1516 :  died  at  Meissen,  Saxony, 
1571.  A  G-erman  scholar,  poet,  and  archseolo- 
gist. 

Fabricius  (fa-brish'i-us),  or  Fabrizio  (fa-bref- 
se-6),  Hierdnymus,  surnamed  Ab  Aquapen- 
dente  (L. :  from  Aquape^dente,  his  birthplace). 
Born  at  Aquapendente,  Papal  States,  Italy, 
1537:  died  at  Padua,  Italy,  May,  1619.  A  cele- 
brated Italian  anatomist  and  surgeon.  His 
works  were  edited  by  Albinus  (1737). 

Fabricius  (fa-bret'se-os),  Johann  Albert. 
Bom  at  Leipsic,  Nov.  11,  1668 :  died  at  Ham- 
burg, April  30, 1736.  A  German  scholar,  noted 
for  the  universality  of  his  knowledge.  He  wrote 
"  Bibliotheca  graeca'(1705-28),"BibIiothecalatina"(1697), 
"Bibliotheca  mediae  et  inflma;  setatis  "  (173r4),  "  Bibliotheca 
ecclesiastica"  (1718),  "  Bibliographia  antiquaria"  (1718), 

Fabricius,  Johann  Christian.    Bom  at  Ton- 

376 


dem,  Schleswig,  Jan.  7,  1745:  died  at  Kiel, 
Holstein,  March  3,  1808.  A  noted  Danish  en- 
tomologist. His  chief  work  is  "  Systema  entomologise  "* 
(1776 :  enlarged  edition  1792-94,  with  a  supplement  1798). 

Fabricius  Luscinus  (fa-brish'i-us  lu-si'nus), 
Cains.  Died  after  275  b.  c.  A  Roman  consul 
and  general,  noted  for  his  incorruptibility.  He 
was  ambassador  to  Pyn'hus  in  280. 

Fabroni  (fa-bro'ne),  or  Fabbroni,  Angelo. 
Bom  at  Marradi,  Tuscany,  Italy,  Sept.  25, 1732 : 
died  at  Florence  (Pisa  ?),  Italy,  Sept.  22,  1803. 
An  Italian  biographer.  His  chief  work  is 
"  VitEB  Italorum  doctrina  excellentium"  (1778- 
1805).     . 

Fabrot  (fa-bro'),  Charles  Annibal.  Bom  at 
Aix,  France,  Sept.  15, 1580:  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
16, 1659.  A  French  jurisconsult  and  writer  on. 
the  civil  law.  He  published  "  Basilicon  libri  LX,  Car. 
Ann.  Fabriotuslatihe  vertitet Greece  edidit"  (1647),  "The- 
ophili  institutiones  "  (1683),  etc. 

Fabvier  (fa-vya'),  Charles  Nicolas,  Baron. 
Born  at  Pont-sl-Mousson,  Dee.  15, 1783 :  died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  15,  1855.  A  French  general.  He 
entered  the  army  in  1804,  and  served  with  distinction  in 
the  Napoleonic  wars.  In  1823  he  went  to  the  assistance 
of  the  Greeks,  to  whom  he  rendered  essential  service  in 
the  organization  of  their  army.  He  resigned  from  the 
Greek  service  in  1828.  He  wrote  "Journal  des  operations 
du  6^n>«  corps  pendant  la  campagne  de  1814  en  France" 
(1819). 

Fabyan  (fa'bi-an),  Eobert,  Died  probably  Feb. 
28,  1513.  An  English  chronicler.  He  appears  to 
have  followed  the  trade  of  a  clothier  in  London,  where  he 
became  a  member  of  the  Drapers'  Company  and  alderman 
of  the  ward  of  Farringdon  Without,  besides  holding  ia 
1493  the  ofBoe  of  sheriff.  He  wrote  a  chronicle  of  Eng- 
land from  the  arrival  of  Brutus  to  his  own  day,  entitled! 
"  The  Concordance  of  Histories,"  which  was  first  printed 
by  Pynson  in  1616  under  the  title  "  The  New  Chronicles 
of  England  and  France."  Subsequent  editions,  with  addi- 
tions and  alterations,  were  published  by  Raatell  (1533),. 
Reynes  (1642),  and  Kingston  (1659). 

Fabyan's  (fa'bi-anz).  A  hotel  and  summer  re- 
sort in  the  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire, 
9  miles  west  of  Mount  Washington. 

Faccio(fa'ch6),  Franco.  Bom  at  Verona,  March 
8, 1840:  died  at  Monza,  July  23, 1891.  An  Ital- 
ian musician.  After  the  death  of  Mariani,  he  was  con- 
sidered the  best  leader  of  orchestra  in  Italy. 

Faccio  (fa'cho),  Nicolas.  Bom  at  Basel,  Feb. 
16,  1664:  died  April  28  or  May  12,  1753.  A 
Swiss  mathematician  of  Italian  descent.  He 
went  to  London,  where,  after  having  obtained  a  fourteen- 
year  patent  for  the  sole  use  in  England  of  an  invention, 
for  piercing  rubies  to  receive  the  pivots  of  the  balance- 
wheel  of  watches,  he  entered  into  partnership  with  the 
French  watchmakers  Peter  and  Jacob  de  Beaufr6.  He- 
was  a  protege  of  Newton,  and  wrote  a  number  of  learned 
treatises,  including  "Lettre  k  M.  Cassini  .  .  .  touchant 
une  lumi^re  extraordinaire  qui  paroit  dans  le  ciel  depuia 
quelques  ann^es"  (1686). 

Facciolati  (fa-cho-la'te),  or  Facciolato  (-to), 
Jacopo.  Born  at  Torreglia,  near  Padua,  Italy, 
Jan.  4, 1682 :  died  at  Padua,  Aug.  26j  1769.  An 
Italian  philologist,  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Padua.  He  cobperated  with  Forcellini  in  the  compila- 
tion of  the  Latin  dictionary  "Totius  latinitatis  lexicon," 
which  appeared  under  then:  names  (1771,  and  later  edi- 
tions). 

Face  (fas).  In  Ben  Jonson's  play  "The  Al- 
chemist," a  servant  of  Lovewit.  He  Is  left  in 
charge  of  his  house,  where  all  the  deviltries  of  the  play 
take  place.  He  becomes  the  confederate  of  Subtle,  the 
(pretended)  alchemist,  and  of  Dol  Common,  his  mistress. 
He  is  a  daring,  cheating,  spirited  scliemer  of  great  au- 
dacity. In  the  house  he  is  Subtle's  understrapper  and 
varlet;  outside  he  takes  the  part  of  a  Paul's  man  and 
brings  in  dupes  to  Subtle.  On  the  return  of  his  master 
he  i$  discovered,  but  makes  terms  with  him. 

Facheux  (fa-sh6'),  Les.  [P., '  The  Bores.']  A 
comedy  by  Moliire,  first  represented  at  Vau,. 
before  the  king,  in  1661. 

Facino  Cane  (fS-che'no  ka'ne).  A  story  by- 
Balzac.  It  was  written  in  1836,  and  describes- 
his  struggles  with  poverty. 

Faddiley  (fad'i-li).  A  place  near  Nantwich, 
Cheshire,  England,  regarded  as  identical  with 
Pethan-Seag,  the  scene  of  a  battle  (584)  in 
which  Ceawlin  was  defeated  by  the  Britons. 

Faddle  (fad'l).  In  Moore's  play  "The  Found- 
ling," a  knavish  fop,  intended  to  satirize  Rus- 
sell, a  well-known  social  favorite  of  the  day. 


Fadladeen 

Fadladeen  (fad-la-den').  in  Moore's  metrical 
romance ' '  Lalla  Kookh,"  the  grand  chamberlain 
of  the  harem.  He  is  an  inlaUible  judge  o£  everything, 
from  tlie  penciling  of  a  Circassian's  eyelids  to  the  deepest 
questions  of  science  and  literatnre. 

Fadladinida  (fad-la-din'i-da).  In  Carey's  bur- 
lesque "Chrononhotonthologos,"  the  Queen  of 
Queerummania  and  wife  of  King  Chrononhoton- 
tnologos.    Her  conduct  is  easy  in  the  extreme. 

Faed  (fad),  John.  Born  at  Burley  Mill  in  1819: 
died  at  Gatehouse  of  Fleet,  Scotland,  Oct.  22, 
1902.  A  Scottish  genre  and  landscape  painter, 
brother  of  Thomas  Faed. 

Faed,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Burley  Mill,  Kirkcud- 
brightshire, Scotland,  June  8,1826:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Aug.  17,  1900.  A  Scottish  painter.  Among 
his  paintings,  which  are  mostly  delineations  of  Scottish 
lite,  are  "  Sir  Walter  Scott  and  his  Friends"  (1849),  "The 
Mitherless  Bairn "  (1855),  " Jeanie  Deans  and  the  Duke  of 
Argyll"  (1868),  "  School  Board  in  the  North  "  (1881),  etc. 

Faenza  (fa-en'za).  A  walled  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Ravenna,  Italy,  on  the  Lamone  (or 
Amone) :  the  ancient  Faventia;  it  is  noted  for  its 
manufacture  of  silk  and  paper,  and  formerly  of  faience, 
which  is  named  from  it.  It  has  a  catliedral  and  picture- 
gallery,  and  is  defended  by  a  citadel.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  Torricelli.  The  cathedral  (duomo)  is  a  large  and 
handsome  Renaissance  basilica  of  1581,  containing  some 
good  paintings  and  sculptured  tombs.  The  shrine  of  San 
Savino,  the  earliest  local  bishop,  by  Benedetto  da  Majano 
(1472),  consists  of  an  altar,  above  which  is  the  sarcophagus, 
with  six  reliefs  of  scenes  from  the  saint's  life,  and  other 
sculptures.    Population  (1881),  13,998. 

Faerie  Queene  (fa'e-ri  kwen),  or  Fairy  (far'i) 
Queen,  The.  An  allegorical  poem  of  chivalry 
by  Edmund  Spenser.  The  original  plan  comprised  12 
books.  Of  these  I.  -III.  were  published  in  1690,  and  IV.  -VI. 
in  1596.    fragments  of  later  books  were  published  in  1611. 

Spenser's  letter  to  Raleigh  appended  to  the  fragment 
of  "The  Faerie  Queene,"  "expounding  his  whole  intention 
in  the  course  of  this  work,"  said  only  that  "  he  laboured 
to  pourtraict  in  Arthure,  before  he  was  king,  the  image 
of  a  brave  knight,  perfected  in  the  twelve  moral  vertues, 
as  Aristotle  hath  devised,  the  which  is  the  purpose  of  the 
first  twelve  books ;  which  if  I  flnde  to  be  well  accepted,  I 
may  be  perhaps  encouraged  to  frame  the  other  part,  of 
polliticke  vertues,  in  his  person  after  that  hee  came  to  be 
king."  It  was  left  for  the  reader  to  discover  how  grand 
a  design  was  indicated  by  these  unassuming  words.  Spen- 
ser said  that  by  the  Faerie  Queene,  whom  Arthur  sought, 
"I  mean  glory  in  my  generall  intention,  but  in  my  par- 
ticular I  conceive  the  most  excellent  and  glorious  person 
of  our  soveraine  the  queene,  and  her  kingdom  in  Faery- 
land."  Morley,  EngUsh  Writers,  IX.  317. 

Twelve  knights,  representing  twelve  virtues,  were  to 
have  been  sent  on  adventures  from  the  Court  of  Gloriana, 
Queen  of  Fairyland.  The  six  finished  books  give  the  le- 
gends (each  subdivided  into  twelve  cantos,  averaging  fifty 
or  sixty  stanzas  each)  of  Holiness,  Temperance,  Chastity, 
Friendship,  Justice,  and  Courtesy :  while  a  fragment  of 
two  splendid  "  Cantos  on  Mutability  "  is  supposed  to  have 
belonged  to  a  seventh  book  (not  necessarily  seventh  in 
order)  on  Constancy.  Legend  has  it  that  the  poem  was 
actually  completed;  but  this  seems  improbable,  as  the 
first  three  books  were  certainly  ten  years  in  hand,  and  the 
second  three  six  more.  The  existing  poem,  comprehend- 
ing some  four  thousand  stanzas,  or  between  thirty  and 
forty  thousand  lines,  exhibits  so  many  and  such  varied 
excellences  that  it  is  difficult  tobelievethatthepoet  could 
have  done  anything  new  in  kind. 

SainUbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  lit.,  p.  88. 

FsBSUlse(fes'ii-le).  The  ancient  name  of  Fiesole. 
Fafnir  (faf'ner).  [ON.  Fdfnir.']  In  the  Old 
Norse  version  of  the  Siegfried  legend,  a  son  of 
the  giant  Hreidmar  (ON.  Sreidkmarr).  He  was 
the  possessor  of  the  treasure  originally  owned  by  Andvari 
and  afterward  called  the  hoard  of  the  Nibelungs,  upon 
which  he  lay  in  the  guise  of  a  dragon.  He  was  slain  by 
Sigurd,  who  thus  became  the  owner  of  the  hoard. 
Fag  (fag).  In  Sheridan's  comedy  "The  Rivals," 
the  lying  and  ingenious  servant  of  Captain 
Absolute. 
Fagin  (fa'gin).  In  Charles  Dickens's  "Oliver 
Twist,"  a  villainous  old  Jew,  an  employer  of 
thieves  and  pickpockets,  a  receiver  of  stolen 
goods,  and  the  abductor  of  Oliver  Twist.  He 
is  finally  sentenced  to  death  for  complicity  in 
a  murder. 

Fagnani  (fan-ya'ne),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Naples, 
Dec.  24, 1819:  died  at  New  York,  May  22, 1873. 
An  Italian-American  portrait-painter. 

Fagotin  (fa-go-tan').  A  very  clever  monkey, 
well  known  in  Paris  in  Molifere's  time,  and  often 
alluded  to  in  the  literature  of  thatjperiod. 

Fahey(fa'hi),James.BornatPaddington,April 
16,1804:  died  at  London,  Dec.  11, 1885.  An  Eng- 
lish water-color  painter,  chiefly  of  landscapes; 

Fahie,  Sir  William  Charles.  Bom  1763 :  died 
at  Bermuda,  Jan.  11,  1833.  A  British  vice-ad- 
miral. He  was  descended  from  an  Irish  family  settled 
at  St  Christopher's;  joined  the  navy  in  1777;  participated 
as  commander  in  the  capture  of  the  Danish  West  India 
Islands  in  Dec,  1807,  and  in  the  reduction  of  Martinique 
In  Feb  1809 :  and  served  as  commodore  in  the  reduction 
of  Guadeloupe  in  Feb.,  1810.  He  was  appointed  vice-ad- 
miral July  22,  1830.  „,,,., 

Fahien  (fa-he-en').  A  Chinese  Buddhist  monk 
who  made  a  pilgrimage  to  India,  about  399 
A.  D.,  to  carry  back  to  China  complete  copies  of 


377 

the  Vinaya,  or  rules  of  discipline,  for  the  order. 
He  wrote  a  valuable  account  of  his  travels,  which  lasted 
fourteen  years.  It  has  been  translated  by  Beal,  Giles,  and 
Legge. 

Fahlcrantz  (f  al'krants).  Christian  Erik.  Bom 

at  Stora-Tuna,  Daleoariia,  Sweden,  Aug.  30, 
1790 :  died  at  WesterSs,  Sweden,  Aug.  6, 1866. 
A  Swedish  poet  and  polemical  writer,  author 
of  "Noach's  Ai-k,"  a  poem  (1825-26),  etc. 

Fahlcrantz,  Karl  Johann.  Bom  at  Stora-Tuna, 
Dalecarlia,  Sweden,  Nov.  29,  1774:  died  at 
Stockholm,  Jan.  1, 1861.  A  Swedish  landscape- 
painter,  brother  of  C.  E.  Fahlcrantz. 

Fahlun.    See  Falun. 

Fahrenheit  (f  a'ren-hit),  Gabriel  Daniel.  Bom 
at  Dantzie,  Prussia,  May  14,  1686 :  died  in  the 
Netherlands,  Sept.  16,  1786.  A  (Jerman  physi- 
cist. He  introduced  the  use  of  mercury  in  the  thermom- 
eter about  1714,  and  devised  the  Fahrenheit  thermomet- 
ric  scale. 

Faidherbe  (fa-darb'),  Louis  L60I1  C6sar. 

Born  at  Lille,  France,  June  3,  1818 :  died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  28,  1889.  A  French  general.  He 
became  governor  of  Senegal  in  1864.  In  1863,  while  serv- 
ing in  Algeria,  he  was  made  brigadier-general,  and  soon 
after  he  was  a^ain  governor  of  Senegal.  He  returned  to 
Algeria  in  1865.  In  the  Franco-Prussian  war  he  was  in- 
trusted by  Gambetta  with  the  command  of  the  army  of 
the  north,  but  was  defeated  by  Von  Goeben  at  Bapaume, 
Jan.  8,  1871,  and  St.  Quentin,  Jan.  19.  He  was  elected 
senator  in  1879.  He  published  a  series  of  important 
works  on  the  geography,  anthropology,  and  philology  of 
Senegal  and  Algeria. 

Faido  (fi'do).  A  small  place  in  the  canton  of 
Ticino,  Switzerland,  on  the  Tioino  and  the  St. 
Gotthard  Railway,  southeast  of  Airolo.  It  is 
the  capital  of  the  Leventina. 

Faillon  (fa-y6n'),  Michel  ^tienne.     Bom  at 

Tarascon,  France,  1799 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  25, 
1870.  A  French  Sulpician,  a  writer  on  Cana- 
dian history  and  biography. 

Failly  (fa-ye')  J'ierre  Louis  Charles  Achille 
de.  Born  at  Rozoy-sur-Serre,  Aisne,  France, 
Jan.  21,  1810 :  died  in  Compifegne,  Nov.  15, 
1892.  A  French  general.  He  entered  the  army  in 
1828 ;  served  with  distinction,  first  as  brigadier-general, 
then  as  general  of  division,  in  the  Crimean  war;  fought  at 
the  battle  of  Solferino  in  1859 ;  and  was  commander  of  the 
French  troops  sent  to  the  relief  of  the  Pope  in  1867,  but 
was  not  present  at  the  defeat  of  Garibaldi  at  Mentana.  He 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  5th  army  corps  at 
the  beginning  of  the  Franco-Prussian  war.  During  the  bat- 
tles of  Spicheren  and  Worth  (Aug.  6, 1870),  he  remaiued 
inactive  at  Bitsch  ;  and  Aug.  30,  1870,  was  defeated  near 
Beaumont,  in  consequence  of  which  the  Germans  were 
enabled  to  cut  off  MacMahon's  retreat.  He  was  super- 
seded in  his  command  by  General  Wimpffen  on  the  day 
of  the  battle  of  Sedan,  Sept.  1, 1870,  immediately  before 
the  fight.  Author  of  "  Campagne  de  1870 :  operations  et 
marches  du  6sme  corps  "  (1871). 

Fainall  (fan'al).  In  Congreve's  comedy  "The 
Way  of  the  World,"  a  scoundrel  in  love  with 
Mrs.  Marwood. 

Faineant (fa-na-on'), Le Noir.  [F., 'The Black 
Sluggard.']  In  Scott's  "Ivauhoe,"  the  name 
given  to  the  Black  Knight  (Richard  Cceur  de 
Lion)  on  account  of  his  behavior  during  a 
tournament,  in  which,  however,  he  finally  con- 
quers. 

Faineants,  Rois.    See  Bois  Faineants. 

Fainwell,  or  Feignwell  (f au'wel).  Colonel.  In 
Mrs.  Centlivre's  comedy  "A  Bold  Stroke  for  a 
Wife,"  an  ingenious  gallant  who  is  in  love  with 
Mrs.  Lovely's  person  and  fortune.  He  takes  vari- 
ous disguises  to  win  her  from  her  several  guardians^  among 
them  that  of  "  Simon  Pure, "  by  means  of  which  he  secures 
her.    See  Pure,  Simon. 

Fairbairn  (far'barn),  Andrew  Martin.    Bom 

near  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  Nov.  4,  1838.  A 
Scottish  theologian  and  metaphysician.  He  was 
principal  of  AiredSe  College,  England  (1877),  and  in  1886 
was  appointed  the  first  principal  of  the  extra-university 
Mansfield  College  at  Oxford.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Studies 
in  the  Philosophy  of  Religion  and  History"  (1876),  "The 
City  of  God  "  (1882),  and  other  works. 

Fairbairn,  Patrick.  Bom  at  Greenlaw,  Ber- 
wickshire, Scotland,  Jan.  28, 1805 :  died  at  Glas- 
gow, Aug.  6,  1874.  A  Scottish  clergyman  and 
theological  writer.  He  was  professor  and  ultimately 
principfl  of  the  Free  Church  College  at  Glasgow,  and  pub- 
lished "Typology  of  Scripture"  (1845),  "Hermeueutical 
Manual"  (1858),  etc. 

Fairbairn,  Sir  Peter.  Born  at  Kelso,  Scotland, 
Sept.,  1799:  died  Jan.  4,  1861.  A  Scottish  en- 
gineer, inventor,  and  manufacturer.  He  invented 
machines  used  in  spinning  wool  and  flax,  and  founded  an 
extensive  establishment  at  Leeds  for  the  manufacture  of 
these  and  other  machines  and  tools. 

Fairbairn,  Sir  William.  Bom  at  Kelso,  Rox- 
burghshire, Feb.  19,  1789:  died  at  Moor  Park, 
Surrey,  Aug.  18, 1874.  A  noted  Scotch  engineer. 
Commencing  life  as  a  day-laborer,  he  was  apprenticed  to 
a  millwright  in  1804,  and  in  1817  started  an  engineenng 
business  in  Manchester.  He  had  ship-building  works  at 
Millwall,  London,  1836-49.  As  a  practical  engineer  he  is 
best  known  as  the  designer  of  the  rectangular  tube,  un- 


Fairfax,  Thomas 

supported  by  chains,  which  is  the  distinctive  feature  of 
the  Britannia  bridge  built  across  the  Menai  Strait.  He 
was  made  a  baronet  in  1869. 

Fairbanks  (far'bangks),  Brastus.  Bom  at 
Brimfield,  Mass.,  Oct.  28,  1792:  died  at  St. 
Johnsbury,  Vt.,  Nov.  20,  1864,  An  American 
manufacturer  and  politician.  He  patented  the 
' '  Fairbanks  scales  "  in  1831.  He  was  governor  of  Vermont 
1862-53  and  1860-61. 

Fairchild  (far'chiid),  James  Harris.    Bom  at 

Stockbridge,  Mass.,  Nov.  25,  1817:  died  March 
19,  1902.  An  American  educator.  He  was  gradu- 
ated in  1838  at  Oberlin  College,  Ohio,  where  he  was  tutor 
1838-42,  professor  of  languages  1842-47,professor  of  mathe- 
matics 1847-68,  professor  of  moral  philosophy  and  theol- 
ogy 18.')8-e6,  and  president  1866-89.  He  wrote  "Moral 
Philosophy,  or  A  Science  of  Obligation  "  (1869),  "  Needed 
Phases  of  Christianity"  (1875),  etc.,  and  edited  "Memoirs 
of  Charles  G.  Finney  "  (1876). 

Fairchild,  Lucius.  Bom  at  Franklin  Mills 
(Kent),  Portage  County,  Ohio,  Dec.  27,  1831.- 
died  May  23,  1896.  An  .American  general  and 
politician.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1860,  and  at 
the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  became  a  captain  of  vol- 
unteers in  the  Union  army.  He  led,  as  colonel  of  the  2d 
Wisconsin,  a  charge  on  Seminary  Hill  at  the  battle  of 
Gettysburg,  in  which  he  lost  his  left  arm ;  and  was  pro- 
moted brigadier-general  Oct.  19,  1863.  He  was  governor 
of  Wisconsin  1866-72,  United  States  consul  at  Liverpool 
1872-78,  consul-general  at  Paris  1878-80,  and  minister  ta 
Spain  1880-82.  He  was  elected  commander-in-chief  of  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  in  1886. 

Fair  Em  (far  em).  A  play  printed  in  1631.  it 
has  been  ascribed  to  Shakspere  for  the  single  reason  that 
in  Garrick's  collection  was  a  volume,  which  once  belonged 
to  Charles  II.,  containing  this  and  other  doubtful  plays, 
and  marked  on  the  back  "Shakspeare,  Vol.  I." 

Fair  Example,  The,  or  The  Modish  Citizens. 

A  play  by  Estcourt,  taken  from  the  same  source 
as  Vanbrugh's  "Confederacy."  It  was  per- 
formed at  Drury  Lane  in  1703, 

Fairfax  (far'faks),  Edward.  [The  surname 
Fairfax,  ME.  Fairfax,  Fayrefax,  etc.,  means 
'  fair-haired.']  Born  at  Denton, Yorkshire :  died. 
Jan.,  1635.  .An  Englishpoet,  a  son  of  Sir  Thomas- 
Fairfax.  He  wrote  a  translation  of  Tasso's  '-Gerusa- 
lemme  Liherata"  (1600),  and  12  eclogues. 

Fairfax,  Ferdinando,  second  Baron  Fairfax. 
Bom  March  29, 1584:  died  March  14,  1648.  A 
Parliamentary  leader  in  the  civil  war.  He  repre- 
sented the  county  of  York  in  the  Long  Parliament,  in 
which  he  acted  with  the  popular  party ;  and  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  civil  war  was  appointed  to  the  command  of 
the  Parliamentary  forces  in  Yorkshire.  He  was  defeated 
by  Newcastle  on  Adwalton  Moor,  near  Bradford,  June  30,, 
1643.  and  was  besieged  by  the  same  general  at  Hull  Sept. 
2-Oct.  11,  1643,  when  he  raised  the  siege  by  a  successful 
sally.     He  defeated  Colonel  John  Bellasis  at  Selby  April 

11,  1644,  and,  joining  forces  with  the  Scots,  was  stationed 
with  his  army  on  the  right  of  the  Parli£Ementary  line  at 
Marston  Moor,  July  2,  1644,  where  he  gave  way  before 
the  onslaught  of  Prince  Rupert,  who  was  in  turn  defeated 
by  Cromwell. 

Fairfax,  Robert.  Born  Feb.,  1666:  died  Oct.  17, 
1725.  A  British  rear-admiral.  He  commanded  a 
vessel  in  the  English  fleet  at  the  reduction  of  Gibraltar, 
July  23,  and  in  the  battle  of  Malaga,  Aug.  18, 1704.  He  was 
made  rear-admiral  in  1708. 

Fairfax,  Thomas,  third  Baron  Fairfax.  Born 
at  Denton,  Yorkshire,  Jan.  17, 1612 :  died  Nov. 

12,  1671.  A  celebrated  Parliamentary  leader  in. 
the  civil  war  in  England.  He  was  the  son  of  Fer- 
dinando, second  Lord  Fairfax ;  was  educated  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge  ;  and  learned  the  art  of  war  under  Sir 
Horace  V  ere  in  the  Low  Countries.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
civil  war  he  was  appointed  second  in  command  of  the  Par- 
liamentary forces  in  Yorkshire  ;,  captured  Wakefield  May 
21, 1643 ;  and  commanded  the  horse  of  the  right  wing  at  the 
battle  of  Marston  Moor.  He  was  appointed  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  Parliamentary  army  Jan.  21,  1645,  and  in 
April  of  the  same  year  organized  the  "  New  Model."  He 
defeated  Charles  I.  at  Naseby  June  14, 1645 ;  defeated  Gor- 
ing at  Langport,  Somersetshire,  July  10,  1646;  reduced 
Bristol  Sept.  10, 1646 ;  and  took  Oxford  June  20, 1646.  He 
disapproved  of  the  seizure  of  the  king  by  Joyce,  but  was 
forced  by  the  attitude  of  the  army  to  acquiesce  in  this  m  ea- 
sure  as  well  as  in  "Pride's  Purge"  and  in  the  execution  of 
the  king.  On  the  establishment  of  the  Commonwealth,  he 
was  reappointed  commander-in-chief  of  all*the  forces  in 
England  and  Ireland,  March  30, 1649,  but  resigned,  June  25, 
1660,  on  account  of  conscientious  scruples  about  invading 
Scotland.  During  the  rest  of  the  Commonwealth  period, 
and  during  the  Protectorate,  he  lived  in  retirement  at  Nun 
Appleton,  Yorkshire.  He  represented  Yorkshire  in  Richard 
Cromwell's  Parliament,  in  which  he  acted  with  the  opposi- 
tion. Having  in  Nov.,  1669,  entered  into  negotiations  with 
Monk  for  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.,  he  placed  himself 
at  the  head  of  an  army,  and,  Jan.  1, 1660,  took  possession  of 
York,  and  later  in  the  same  year  was  chosen  to  head  the 
commissioners  of  the  two  houses  sent  to  the  king  at  The 
Hagi^.  He  left  two  autobiographical  works :  "  A  Short 
Memorial  of  the  Northern  Actions  during  the  War  there, 
from  the  Year  1642  till  1644,"  and  "  Short  Memorials  of  some 
Things  to  be  cleared  during  my  Command  in  the  Army." 

Fairfax,  Thomas,  sixth  Baron  Fairfax.  Bom 
at  Denton,  Yorkshire,  1692:  died  near  Winches- 
ter, Va.,  March  12,  1782.  An  American  colonist. 
His  paternal  estates  in  Yorkshire  having  been  sold  to  sat- 
isfy the  creditors  of  his  father,  Thomas,  fifth  Lord  Fairfax, 
he  emigrated  in  1746  or  1747  to  America,  where  he  had  in- 
herited the  northern  neck  of  Virginia,  between  thePotomao 
and  the  Rappahannock,  and  where  he  eventually  built  a 
residence,  called  Greenway  Court,  near  Winchester.    He 


Fairfax,  Thomas 

■was  a  friend  of  Washington  to  wliom  (then  a  youth  of  little 
over  sixteen)  he  intrusted  the  surveying  and  mapping  of 
his  property  in  the  Shenandoah  valley.  He  was  a  firm 
loyalist. 

Fairfield  (far'feld).  Atown  in  Fairfield  County, 
Connecticut,  situated  on  Long  Island  Sound  21 
miles  southwest  of  'New  Haven,  it  contams  the 
villages  of  Southport,  Greenfield  Hill,  Black  Eock,  etc.  It 
was  burned  by  Tiyon  in  1779.    Population  (1900),  4,489. 

Fairford  (far'ford),  Alan.  In  Seott's  novel 
"  Redgauntlet,"  the  devoted  friend  and  corre- 
spondent of  Darsie  Latimer,  when  Darsie  was  miss- 
ing, Fairford  searched  for  him  through  many  dangers  un- 
til he  found  him.  Lockhart  says  that  Scott  unquestionably 
portrayed  himself  in  this  character. 

Fair  Head.  A  promontory  in  C&unty  Antrim, 
at  the  northeastern  extremity  of  Ireland. 

Fair  Helen  of  Kirkconnell.  A  popular  ballad. 

It  is  founded  on  the  story  that  a  lady,  Hden  Bell  or  Irving, 
(the  name  is  disputed),  the  daughter  of  the  Laird  of  Kirk- 
connell in  Dumfriesshire,  while  meeting  her  lover  clandes- 
tinely in  the  churchyard  of  Kirkconnell,  saw  another  and 
rejected  lover  taking  aim  at  him.  She  threw  herself  before 
him,  was  shot,  and  died  in  his  arms.  A  mortal  combat  be- 
tween the  two  lovers  followed,  and  themurdererwas  killed. 
The  ballad  is  in  two  parts  —  an  address  by  the  lover  to  his 
lady,  and  the  lament  of  the  lover  over  her  grave.  There  are 
several  versions. 

Fairholt  (far'holt),  Frederick  William.  Bom 
at  London,  1814:  died  at  Brompton,  London, 
April  3, 1866,  An  English  artist  and  antiquary. 
He  illustrated  a  number  of  works,  including  Chatto's  "Trea- 
tise on  Wood  Engraving  "  and  Halliwell's  "  Life  of  Shak- 
speie,»and  published  "  Costume  in  England  "(1846),  "The 
Home  of  Shakespeare  "  (1847),  "  Tobacco :  its  History  and 
Associations"  (1859),  etc.,  and  edited  "A  Dictionary  of 
Terms  in  Art "  (1854). 

Fairies,  The.  An  operatic  adaptation  of  Shak- 
spere's  ' '  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,"  produced 
in  1755.  It  was  attributed  to  Garriok,  but  he 
denied  its  authorship. 

Fair  Isle.  A  small  island  situated  between  the 
Orkneys  and  Shetlands,  Scotland.  It  is  nearer 
the  formergroup,  but  belongs  to  the  latter. 

Fair  Jilt,  The.  A  novel  by  Aphra  Behn.  It 
recounts  experiences  in  the  life  of  the  writer. 

Fairlegh  (far'li),  Frank.  The  pseudonym  of 
r.  E.  Smedley,  the  author  of  "Prank  Fairlegh" 
and  "  Lewis  Arundel,"  two  novels  published  in 
"  Sharpe's  London  Magazine,"  of  which  Smed- 
ley was  the  editor  1848-49. 

Fair  Maid  of  the  Exchange,  The.  A  play  at- 
tributed to  Thomas  Heywood,  printed  in  1607. 
The  second  title  is  "  The  Pleasant  Humours  of 
the  Cripple  of  Fenehurch." 

Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn^  The.  A  posthumous 
comedy  by  Fletcher,  finished  by  Massinger  and 
perhaps  EoVley,  licensed  in  1626,  and  printed 
in  1647.  The  plot  is  partly  from  one  of  Cer- 
vantes's  novels. 

Fair  Maid  of  Kent,  The.  Joan,  the  daughter 
of  Edmond  Plantagenet,  earl  of  Kent. 

Fair  Maid  of  Norway,  The.  Margaret,  daugh- 
ter of  Eric  II.  of  Norway,  and  granddaughter 
ot  Alexander  HI.  of  Scotland. 

Fair  Maid  of  Perth,  The.  A  historical  novel 
by  Scott,  published  in  1828,  named  from  a  sur- 
name of  its  heroine,  Catherine  (Jlover.  It  is  one 
of  the  "Chronicles  of  the  Canongate,*'  professedly  related 
by  Chrystal  Crof  tangxy.  The  scene  is  laid  at  Perth  during 
the  reign  of  Robert  III.  of  Scotland. 

Fairmount  Park  (far'mount  park).  A  park  in 
Philadelphia,  covering  2,791  acres.  The  Schuylkill 
River  and  Wissahickon  Creek  run  through  it.  In  1876  the 
Centennial  Exhibition  was  held  within  its  limits.  It  con- 
tains a  number  of  historic  houses. 

Fair  Oaks,  or  Seven  Fines.    A  place  7  mUes 

east  of  Richmond,  Virginia.  Here,  May  81  and  June 
1, 1862,  the  Federal  forces  under  McClellan  defeated  the 
Confederates  under  J.  E.  Johnston.  The  loss  of  the  Fed- 
erals was  5,031 ;  of  the  Confederates,  6,134. 
Fair  Penitent,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Eowe,  pro- 
duced in  1703.  It  was  founded  on  Massinger's  **  Fatal 
Dowry,"  and  was  a  "wholesale  felony."  Mrs,  Barry  was 
the  original  representative  of  Calista, "  The  Fair  Penitent," 
a  part  which  she  created  in  her  f  orty-flfth  year,  and  which 
was  one  of  her  greatest  tragic  triumphs.    See  Calista. 

Fair  Quaker  of  Deal,  The,  or  The  Humours 
of  the  Navy.  A  comedy  by  Charles  ShadweU, 
published  in  1710. 

Fair  Rosamond.    See  Clifford,  Bosamond, 

Fairscribe  (far'skrib).  The  imaginary  legal 
friend  who  with  his  daughter  Kate  is  of  assis- 
tance to  Chrystal  Croftangry  in  writing  Scott's 
"  Chronicles  of  the  Canongate." 

Fairservice  (f  ar'ser^vis),  Andrew.  In  Scott's 
novel  "Eob  Roy,"  a  gardener.  He  is  shrewd 
but  cowardly,  and,  though  discharged  as  a  nui- 
sance, will  not  go. 

Fair  Sidea  (far  si-de'a).  The.  Aplay composed 
or  compiled  by  Jakob  Ayrer,  a  (German,  it  was 
supposed  by  Tieck  to  be  the  source  of  Shakspere's  "Tem- 
pest," hut  was  probably  published  later. 

It  cannot  be  said  that  there  is  really  any  ground  com- 
mon to  ' '  The  Tempest "  and  to  "  The  Fair  Sidea."  One  or 


378  Falke,  Johannes  Friedrich  GottlleD 

two  mere  points  of  contact  there  are,  but  they  are  points     1600 :  died  at  Naples,  1665.    An  Italian  battle- 
of  altogether  minor,  nay,  of  minimum,  importance.  nainter 

Frnnesi.  Shak.Var.,  Pref.,  p.  x.  /^Iconer  (fak'nto  or  f4'kon-6r),  Hugh.    Bom 

Fairweather  (far'weTH"6r),  Mount.    Amoun-    at  Forres,  Elginshire,  Feb.'29, 1808:  diedatLon- 

tain  in  Alaska,  about  lat.  58°  45'  N.,  long.  137°    don,  July  31, 1865.  A  Scottish  paleontologist  and 

10' W.     Height,  15,500  feet.  botanist.     Graduating  M.  A.  at  Aberdeen  in  1826,  and 

Fairy  Queen,  The.     See  Faerie  Queene.  M.  D.  at  Edinburgh  in  1829,  he  went  out  to  India  as  assist- 

Faiseur  (fa-z6r'),  Le.     FF.,  'The  Speculator.'!      ant  surgeon  in  the  Bengal  establishment  of  the  East  India 

-^    »-  -    "       .-■--.'        -  -    ^  -■     Company  in  1830 ;  obtained  charge  of  the  botanic  garden 

at  SiUiaranpur  in  1832 ;  visited  England  1842-47 ;  superin- 
tended the  work  of  preparing  for  exhibition  the  Indian 
fossils  in  the  British  Museum  1844-47 ;  returned  to  India 
as  superintendent  ot  the  Calcutta  Botanical  Garden  and 
professor  of  botany  in  the  Calcutta  Medical  College  in 
1847 ;  and  retired  from  the  Indian  service  in  1865.  The 
.         -  _  .  genus  Falconeria  is  named  after  him. 

ford ,^Bngland^in  1835:  died  at  Manchester, May  Falconer,  William.    Born  Feb.  11,  1732:  died 
»_ -i^^  -,j^i- ..i.^i__,^t        .^i     „  in  1769.     A  Scottish  poet.     He  was  the  son  of  a  bar- 

ber in  Edinburgh ;  became  a  servant  to  Archibald  Camp- 
bell who  discovered  and  encouraged  his  literary  tastes ; 
and  was  lost  at  sea  in  the  frigate  Aurora,  of  which  he  was 
purser.  His  chief  poem  is  the  "  Shipwreck,"  published  in 
1762.  He  also  published  "The  Universal  Marine  Diction- 
ary "  (1769 ;  revised  and  enlarged  by  Dr.  William  Burney, 
1815). 


A  play  by  Balzac.    See  Mercadet 
Faithful  (fath'ful).    A  character  in  the  first 

part  of  Bunyan's  "Pilgrim's  Progress."     He 

is  put  to  death  at  Vanity  Fair. 
Faithful,  Jacob.    See  Jacob  Faithful. 
Faithful!,  Emily.  Born  at  Headley.near  Guild- 


31, 1895.  An  English  philanthropist.  She  was  an 
advocate  of  the  claims  of  women  to  remunerative  employ- 
ment, and  did  much  to  secure  it  for  them.  She  founded 
a  printing  establishment  (1860)  for  their  employment  as 
compositors,  and  started  the  "  Victoria  Magazine  "  in  1863. 
She  was  also  a  successful  lecturer,  and  published  "  Three 
Visits  to  America  "  (1884). 

Faithful  Shepherdess,  The.  A  pastoral  drama 


by  Fletcher,  published  probably  in  1609.  itwas  Falconer,  William.  Bom  at  Chester,  England, 


somewhat  influenced  by  the  Italian  pastorals,  especially 
by  Guarini's  "Pastor  Fido."  Milton  obtained  some  hints 
for  "  Comus  "  from  it. 


The  delightful  pastoral  of  "  The  Faithful  Shepherdess," 
which  ranks  with  Jonson'a  "Sad  Shepherd"  and  with 
"Comus"  as  the  three  chiefs  of  its  style  in  English. 

Saintsbury,  Hiat.  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  262. 


Feb.  23, 1744 :  died  at  Bath,  Aug.  23, 1824.  An 
English  physician  and  miscellaneous  writer,  in 
1770  he  began  to  practise  medicine  at  Bath,  where  he  was 
physician  to  the  Bath  General  Hospital  178^1819.    He 

published  "Kemarks  on  the  Influence  of  Climate, .  ,  .  Na- 
ture of  Food,  and  Way  of  Life  011 .  .  .  Mankmd"(1781),  "A 
Dissertation  on  the  Influence  of  Passions  upon  Disorders 

Faithorne  (fa'thfirn)  William.  Born  at  Lon-  Falc»ttef(f ai-kl-nt'),  Etienne  Maurice.  Bom 
don  m  1616 :  died  at  London  m  May,  1691.  An  at  Vevay,  1716:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  4, 1791.  A 
English  engraver,  noted  especially  for  his  por-  French  sculptor  and  writer,  a  pupil  of  Lemoine. 
traits.  In  1766  he  was  called  by  Catharine  II.  to  St.  Petersburg  to 

Faithome,  William.     Bom  at  London  in  1656 :    execute  a  colossal  equestrian  statue  of  Peter  the  Great. 
died  after  1700.     An  English  engraver,  son  of  Falczi,  or  Falczy  (fal'she).     A  small  place  in 
William  Faithome  (1616-91).  Rumania,  situated  on  the  Pruth.    See  Fruth, 

Faizabad,  or  Fyzabad  (fi-za-bad').    1.  A  di-    Peace  of  the. 

vision  in  Oudh,  British  Lidia.  Area,  7,311  Faleme  (fa-la'ma).  A  river  in  Senegambia, 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  3,682,960.—  flowing  north  andjoiningthe  Senegal  about  lat. 
3.  A  district  in  the  Faizabad  division,  situated  14°  45'^ N.  Length,  probably  about  200  miles, 
in  lat.  26°-27°  N.,  long.  81°-83°  B.  Area,  1,728  Falerii  (fa-le'ri-i).  [L.  Faleni, Gr.  ia^pcoi,itaM- 
square  mUes.  Population  (1891),  1,216,959. —  p^ov;  connected  with  JlaZiscJ,  the  inhabitants.] 
37  The  capital  of  the  Faizabad  district,  situ-  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of  Etmria,  Italy, 
ated  on  the  Gogra  in  lat.  26°  47'  N.,  long.  82°  8'  situated  about  28  miles  north  of  Rome,  on  the 
E.  It  was  the  capital  of  Oudh  in  the  middle  of  the  18th  site  of  the  modem  Civitsl,  Castellana.  It  be- 
century,  and  was  one  of  the  centers  of  the  mutiny  of  longed  to  the  Etruscan  Confederation,  and  was 
1857.    Population  (1890,  78,921.  ,    ,   .   .  destroyed  by  the  Romans  241  B.  c. 

4  The  capital  of  Bada^ha,n,  central  Asia,  on  Palernus  Ager  (fa-ler'nns  a'ier).  [L.,  'the 
a  tributary  of  the  Amu-Dana.  Falemian  field  or  district.']     In  ancient  geog- 

Falaoa  (fa-la  ba).    A  native  town  m  western         '         " "  .     ,.  ,°    .= 


Africa,  situated  about  180  rmles  northeast  of 
Free  Town. 
Falaise  (fa-laz').    A  town  in  the  department 


raphy,  a  fertile  territory  in  Campania,  Italy,  sit- 
uated north  of  the  Vultumus,  from  20  to  25 
miles  north  of  Naples.  It  was  celebrated  for 
its  wines. 


of  Calvados,  France,  on  the  river  Ante  22  miles  Falgui6re(fal-gyar'),  Jean  Alexandre  Joseph. 

south-southeast  ot  Caen.     It  was  taken  from  the     Bom  at  Toulouse,  Prance,  Sept.  7, 1831:  died  at 

Paris,  April  19, 1900.  A  French  genre  painter 
and  sculptor,  a  pupil  of  JoufEroy,  member  of 
the  Institute  1882.  Among  his  works  are  "The 
Wrestlers"  (1874),  "Slaughter  of  a  Bull"  (1881),  "Fan 
and  Poignard  "  (1882),  "Acis  and  Galatea"  (188S). 


English  In  1450,  and  was  besieged  and  talsen  from  the 
Leaguers  by  Henry  IV.  The  castle,  the  birthplace  of 
William  the  Conqueror,  is  a  very  large  and  imposing  Nor- 
man fortress,  with  outer  walls  strengthened  by  cylindri- 
cal towers,  and  a  huge  rectangular  keep.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  8,313, 


Falashas  (fa-la'shas).     [Abyssinian, 'wander- Palieri  (fa-le-a're),  Marino.    Bom  at  Venice, 

ers.']      A  Hamitic  tribe  of  Abyssinia  which  ' "~     '■    -  -  • ■   - 

professes  the  Jewish  religion,  and  claims  de- 
scent from  Hebrew  immigrants  who  followed 
the  Queen  of  Sheba.  Their  name  is  derived  from  the 
Ethiopic  falas,  a  stranger.  In  the  middle  ages  they  formed 
a  conquering  kingdom,  but  finally  were  overcome  by  the 
Christian  Abyssinians,  and  now  live  scattered  in  small 
colonies.  Their  sacred  books  are  written  in  Geez; 
their  dialect  is  closely  allied  with  the  Agow.  They  are 
an  industrious  and  peaceful  people,  numbering  about 
120,000. 

Falces,  Marqtuis  of.  Viceroy  of  Mexico.    See 
Peralta,  Gaston  de. 


Falcon  (fal-kon').    A  maritime  state  ofVene-  ti_ii, /fKn,\   T«Vn.»„«- t»--s-i 

zuela.     Zulia  has  been  several  times  united  ^^^Jl^  tl^ii)!JoSa?I»es  Darnel^ 

with  it.  Area,  36,212  square  miles.  Population 

(1891),  205,347  (with  ZuUa). 
Falcon  (fa'kn  or  fal'kon).    A  ship  commanded 

by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  in  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert's 


1278  (1274  f ) :  died  there,  April  17, 1355.  A  doge 
of  Venice.  He  commanded  in  1346  the  Venetian  troops 
at  the  siege  of  Zara  in  Dalmatia,  and  was  elected  doge  in 
1354.  He  conspired  with  the  plebeians  against  the  patri- 
cians, with  a  view  to  usurping  the  supreme  power  in  the 
state,  and  was  executed  for  treason.  In  the  Hall  of  the 
Grand  Council  of  Venice,  where  the  portraits  of  the  doges 
are  displayed,  his  place  is  occupied  by  the  representation 
of  a  ducal  throne  covered  with  a  palL  He  has  been  made 
the  subject  of  tragedies  by  Byron  (1820),  and  Casimir  Deta- 
Tigne  (1829),  and  of  a  novel  by  Hoffmann  ("Doge  und 
Dogaressa  "). 
FaUsci  (fa-lis'i).  The  inhabitants  of  Falerii; 
the  Paliscans. 

Bom  at  Dant- 
zic,  Prussia,  Oct.  28,  1768:  died  at  Weimar, 
Germany,  Feb.  14,  1826.  A  German  philan- 
thropist and  writer,  founder  of  the  Palksches 
Institut  (for  abandoned  and  neglected  children) 
at  Weimar  in  1813. 


expeditions  Amerioa^in^l5re^  Adalbert.      Bom    at 


were  soon-obliged  to  return,  but  Raleigh  reached  the  Cape 
Verde  Islands.  Owing  to  scarcity  of  provisions,  he  was 
obliged  to  turn  back,  and  reached  England  in  May,  1679. 

Falcon,  The.  A  famous  London  tavern,  on  the 
Bankside.  It  is  said  to  have  been  patronized 
by  Shakspere  and  his  company.  It  was  taken 
down  in  1808. 

Falcon  (fal-kon' ),  Juan  Oris6stomo.  Bom  on 
the  peninsula  of  Paraguand,  province  of  Core 
(now  state  of  Falcon),  1820:  died  on  the  island 
of  Martinique,  April  29,  1870.  A  Venezuelan 
general,  in  1858  he  headed  the  federalist  revolution, 
which,  after  a  desultory  war  of  five  years,  was  successful. 
He  was  made  president  of  Venezuela  in  1863,  and  in  1864 


Metschkau,  Silesia,  Prussia,  Aug.  10, 1827:  died 
at  Hamm,  Westphalia,  July  7,  1900.  A  Prus- 
sian statesman  and  jurist.  He  was  Prussian  min- 
ister of  public  worship  and  instruction  1872-79,  in  which 
capacity  he  was  instrumental  in  carrying  the  so-called 
May  laws  (1873-75),  aimed  at  the  Roman  Catholic  hierarchy. 
Falke  (fal'ke),  Jakob.  Bom  June  21,  1825 : 
died  June  12,  1897.  A  German  historian  of 
art  and  civilization,  brother  of  J.  F.  G.  Falke. 
His  works  include  "Die  ritterliche  Gesellschaft  im  Zeital- 
ter  des  Frauenknltus  "  (1863),  "  Geschichte  des  modernen 
Geschmacks  "  (1866),  "  Gesphichte  des  f  iirstlichen  Hauses 
Lichtenstein" (1863-83),  "Hellas  und  Rom "(1880),  "Ge- 
schichte des  Geschmacks  im  Mittelalter  "  (1893),  etc. 


sanctioned  a  federal  constitution.  Driven  out  by  the  Azui  Falke,  Johannes  Friedrich  Gottlieb.    Born 


revolution,  July,  1867,  he  went  to  Europe ;  was  recalled 
after  the  counter-revolution  of  1869;  and  died  while  re- 
turning. 

Falconbridge.    See  Faulcoribridge. 

Falcone  (fal-ko'ne),  Aniello.    Bom  at  Naples, 


at  Ratzeburg,  Prassia,  April  20,  1823 :  died  at 
Dresden,  March  1,  1876.  A  German  historian. 
His  works  include  "Geschichte  des  deutschen  Handels" 
(1859-60),  " Die  Hansa"  (1862),  "Geschichte  des  deutschen 
ZoUwesens  "  (1869),  etc. 


Falkirk 

Falkirk  (fai'kferk).  [IVIE.  FawMrk,  prob.  from 
faw,  fauch,  pale  red  (a  var.  of  fallow),  and 
kirk,  cliurch.]  A  burgh  in  Stirlingshire,  Scot- 
'  land,  24  miles  west  by  north  of  Edinburgh,  ror- 
merly  It  was  celebrated  for  its  trysts  or  cattle-lairs.  It  is 
united  with  Airdrie,  HamUton,  Lanark,  and  LinUthgow  to 
form  the  ralkirk  district  df  burghs,  which  returns  one 
member  to  Parliament.  The  Soots  under  Wallace  were 
defeated  here  July  22,  1298,  and  Charles  Edward,  the 
"Young  Pi-etender,"  defeated  the  English  under  General 
Hawley  on  Falkirk  Moor,  Jan.  17, 1746. 

Falkland  (fak'land).  A  royal  burgh  in  Fife- 
shire,  Scotland, '22  miles  north  of  Edinburgh: 
noted  for  its  ancient  royal  palace.  Population 
(1891),  959. 

Falkland,  A  romance  by  Bulwer  Lytton,  pub- 
lished anonymously  in  1827. 

Falkland.  The  principal  character  in  Godwin's 
novel  "  Caleb  Williams."  His  chief  thought  is  to 
preserve  his  honor  from  st^in.  He  stabs  his  enemy  Tyr- 
rel  in  the  back,  in  a  moment  of  passion,  and  allows  two 
innocent  persons  to  hang  for  the  murder.  From  that 
time  his  desire  is  for  concealment.  Caleb  Williams,  his 
secretary,  discovers  the  secret,  and  is  pursued  by  the  hire- 
lings of  Falkland.  He  finally  accuses  the  latter,  who  con- 
fesses the  crime  and  dies  of  shame.  In  "  The  Iron  Chest," 
a  dramatization  by  Colman,  he  is  Sir  Edward  Mortimer. 

The  character  of  Falkland,  the  chief  actor,  which  is 
formed  on  visionary  principles  of  honour,  is  perhaps  not 
strictly  an  invention,  as  it  closely  resembles  that  of  Sha- 
mont  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  "Nice  Valour."  But 
the  accumulated  wretchedness  with  which  he  is  over- 
whelmed, the  inscrutable  mystery  by  which  he  is  sur- 
rounded, and  the  frightful  persecutions  to  which  he  sub- 
jects the  suspected  possessor  of  his  dreadful  secret  are 
peculiar  to  the  author,  and  are  represented  with  a  force 
which  has  not  been  surpassed  in  the  finest  passages  and 
scenes  of  poetic  or  dramatic  fiction. 

DurUop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  II.  573. 

Falkland,  or  Faulkland.  In  Sheridan's  com- 
edy "  The  Eivals,"  the  lover  of  Julia,  charac- 
terized by  capricious  and  unfounded  jealousy. 

Falkland,  Viscount.    See  Cary,  Lucius. 

Falkland  Islands.  [F.'Malouines,  Sp.  Mal- 
vinas.']  A  group  of  islands  in  the  South  Atlan- 
tic, belonging  to  Great  Britain,  situated  east 
of  Patagonia  in  lat.  51o-52°  45'  S.,  long.  57° 
30'-62°  W.  It  comprises  East  and  West  Falkland  and 
about  100  smaller  islands.  The  chief  settlement  is  Stan- 
ley. The  inlands  were  discovered  by  John  Davis  in  1692, 
■were  settled  by  the  French  in  1763,  and  were  seized  by  the 
English  in  1765,  and  later  by  the  Spanish.  They  have  been 
a  British  possession  since  1833,  but  are  claimed  by  the  Ar- 
gentine Kepublic.  Area,  6,500  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  1,789. 

Falkner  (f&k'n6r),  Thomas.  Born  at  Manches- 
ter, England,  Oct.  6,  1707:  died  at  Plowden 
Hall,  Shropshire,  Jan.  30,  1784.  An  English 
Jesuit  missionary.  He  was  surgeon  on  a  slave-ship, 
and  sailed  to  Africa  and  thence  to  Buenos  Ayres,  where 
he  fell  sick  and  was  cared  for  by  the  Jesuits:  he  joined 
their  order  in  1732,  and  was  a  missionary  in  Paraguay  and 
Tucuraan,  and  from  1740  among  the  Indians  of  Patagonia. 
After  1767  he  lived  in  England.  His  own  writings  are 
probably  lost,  but  a  compilation  from  them  was  published 
in  1774  as  "  A  Description  of  Patagonia  and  the  Adjoining 
Parts  of  South  America." 

Falkoping  (fal'che-ping).  A  town  in  the  laen 
of  Skaraborg,  southern  Sweden,  58  miles  north- 
east of  Gothenburg.  Here,  in  1389,  Albert,  king  of 
§weden,  was  defeated  by  Margaret,  queen  of  Denmark  and 
forway,  who  by  this  victory  united  the  three  Scandinavian 
kingdoms  under  one  ruler.    Population  (1891),  2,829. 

Fallmerayer  (fal'me-n-er),  Jakob  Philipp. 
Born  at  Tsehotsch,  near  Brixen,  Tyrol,  Dec. 
10,  1790:  died  at  Munich,  April  26,  1861.  A 
German  historian  and  traveler  in  the  East.  His 
works  include  "Qeschichte  des  Kaisertums  Trapezunt" 
(1831),  "Geschiohte  der  Halbinsel  Morea  im  Mittelalter" 
?1830-36),  ■•  Fragmente  aus  dem  Orient "  (1845). 

Fall  of  Mortimer,  The.  A  fragment  of  a  tra- 
gedy by  Ben  Jonson. 

Falloppio  (fal-lop'pe-6),  or  Fallopia  (fal-16'- 
pe-a),Xi.  Fallopius  (fa-16'pi-us),  Gabriello. 
Born  at  Modena,  Italy,  1523:  died  at  Padua, 
Oct.  9,  1562.  A  celebrated  Italian  anatomist, 
professor  of  anatomy  successively  at  Ferrara, 
Pisa,  and  Padua.  His  collected  works  were  published 
at  Venice  in  1584  (3  vols.).  The  Fallopian  tube  was  named 
from  him.  .,„      ,_    ,,,.    _. 

Falloux  (f  a-15'),  Comte  Alfred  Frederic  Pierre 
de.  Born  at  Angers,  Prance,  May  7,  1811: 
died  there,  Jan.  7,  1886.  A  French  politician 
and  author,  minister  of  public  instruction  1848- 
1849.  He  published  "Mme.  Swetchine,  sa  vie 
et  ses  oeuvres"  (1859),  etc. 

Fallows  (fal'oz),  Fearon.  Bom  at  Cocker- 
mouth,  Cumberland,  July  4,  1789:  died  at  Si- 
mon's Bay,  July  25,  1831.  An  English  astron- 
omer. He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and  in  1820  was 
made  director  of  an  astronomical  observatory  at  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  a  position  which  he  retained  until  his 
death.  He  wrote  "A  Catalogue  of  nearly  all  the  Prmci- 
T)al  Fixed  Stars  between  the  Zenith  of  Cape  Town,  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  and  the  South  Pole,  reduced  to  the  1st  of 
Jan.,  1824,"  which  was  presented  to  the  Koyal  Society  in 

Fall  River  (ffi.1  riv'6r).    A  city  and  port  of  en- 


379 

try  in  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts,  situated 
on  Mount  Hope  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  Taunton 
Kiver,  45  miles  southwest  of  Boston,  it  is  cele- 
brated for  its  manufactures,  especially  of  cotton.  It  was 
incorporated  as  a  town  in  1803,  and  as  a  city  in  1854. 
Steamers  ply  between  Fall  Elver  and  New  York.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  104,863. 

Falls  Oity.  A  name  given  to  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, from  the  rapids  or  falls  of  the  Ohio  Eiver 
near  the  city. 

Falmouth  (f  al'muth) .  A  seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  Cornwall,  England,  on  Falmouth  Bay 
in  lat.  50°  9'  N.,  long.  5°  4'  W.  It  has  a  good  har- 
bor, and  was  formerly  of  considerable  importance,  espe- 
cially as  a  station  for  mail-packets.  The  harbor  is  com- 
manded by  Pendennis  Castle.    Pop.  (1892),  about  12,800.- 

False  Bay  (fftls  ba).  An  arm  of  the  ocean  on 
the  southern  coast  of  Cape  Colony,  South  Africa, 
east  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

False  Friend,  The.  A  comedy  by  Vanbrugh, 
printed  in  1702. 

Falsen  (fal'sen).  Christian  Magnus;  Bom  at 
Opslo,  near  Christiania,  Norway,  Sept.  17, 1782 : 
died  at  Christiania,  Jan.  13, 1830.  A  Norwegian 
jurist,  politician,  and  historian.  He  published  a 
"History  of  Norway  to  1319"  (1823-24),  a  biography  of 
Washington  (1821),  etc. 

False  One,  The.  A  play  by  Fletcher  and  Mas- 
singer,  written  about  1620,  and  printed  in  1647. 
It  is  an  indirect  imitation  of  Shakspere's  "Antony  and 
Cleopatra,"  dealing  with  the  fortunes  of  Julius  Csesar  in 
Egypt.    Cleopatra  is  represented  as  in  her  youth. 

False  Point  (f  ais  point).  A  seaport  on  the  coast 
of  Orissa,  Bengal,  British  India,  lat.  20°  20'  N., 
long.  86°  46'  E.,  with  a  fine  harbor. 

Falstaff  (f  ai'staf ) .  1 .  A  comic  opera  by  Balf  e, 
produced  in  London  in  1838.  The  words  are  by 
Maggione. — 2.  An  opera  by  Nieolai,  produced 
at  London  in  1864.  it  was  originally  brought  out  in 
Berlin  in  1849  under  the  name  "Die  lustigen  Weiber  von 
Windsor"  ("  The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor"). 
3.  An  opera  by  Verdi,  produced  at  Milan  Feb. 
9,  1893. 

Falstaff,  Sir  John.  A  celebrated  character  in 
Shakspere's  historical  play  "Henry  IV."  (1st 
and  2d  parts),  and  also  in  "  The  Merry  Wives  of 
Windsor."  He  is  a  very  fat,  sensual,  and  witty  old 
knight;  a  swindler,  drunkard,  and  good-tempered  liar; 
and  something  of  a  coward.  Falstaff  was  originally  called 
Sir  John  Oldcastle.  The  first  actor  of  the  part  was  J  ohn 
Heminge. 

Shakespeare  found  the  name  of  John  Oldcastle  in  the 
.  .  .  older  play  of  "Henry  v.";  in  the  Chronicle  he  found 
a  John  Oldcastle,  who  was  page  to  the  Duke  of  Norfolk 
who  plays  a  part  in  "Richard  II." ;  and  this,  according  to 
Shakespeare,  his  Falstaff  (Oldcastle)  had  been  in  his  youth. 
When  the  poet  wrote  his  "Henry  IV."  he  knew  not  who 
this  Oldcastle  was,  whom  he  had  rendered  so  distinct  with 
the  designation  as  Norfolk's  page ;  he  was  a  Lord  Cobham 
[Sir  John  Oldcastle,  known  as  the  good  Lord  Cobham],  who 
had  perished  as  a  Lollard  and  Wickliffite  in  the  persecu- 
tion of  the  church  under  Henry  V.  The  Protestants  re- 
garded him  as  a  holy  martyr,  the  Catholics  as  a  heretic ; 
the  latter  seized  with  eagerness  this  description  of  the  fat 
poltroon,  and  gave  it  out  as  a  portrait  of  Lord  Cobham,  who 
was  indeed  physically  and  mentally  his  contrast.  The  fam- 
ily complained  of  this  misuse  of  a  name  dear  to  them,  and 
Shakespeare  declared  in  the  epilogue  to  "Henry IV."  that 
Cobham  was  in  his  sight  also  a  martyr,  and  that  "  this  was 
not  the  man."  At  the  same  time,  he  changed  the  name  to 
Falstaff,  but  this  was  of  little  use ;  in  spite  of  the  express 
retraction,  subsequent  Catholic  writers  on  church  history 
still  declared  Falstaff  to  be  a  portrait  of  the  heretic  Cob- 
ham. But  it  is  a  strauge  circumstance  that  even  now  un- 
der the  name  of  Falstaff  another  historical  character  is 
again  sought  for,  just  as  if  it  were  impossible  for  such  a 
vigorous  form  not  to  be  a  being  of  reality.  It  was  referred 
to  John  Fastolf  e,  whose  cowardice  is  more  stigmatised  in 
"Henry  VI."  than  history  justifies ;  and  this  too  met  with 
public  blame,  although  Shakespeare  could  have  again  as- 
serted that  he  intended  Fastolf  e  as  little  as  Cobham. 
Qervinus,  Shakespeare  Commentaries  (tr.  byF.  E.  Bunneti, 

[ed.  1880),  p.  300. 

Falster  (fal'ster).  An  island  in  the  Baltic  Sea, 
belonging  to  Denmark,  situated  south  of  Zea- 
land. It  is  noted  for  its  fertility.  The  chief  town  is 
Nykjobing.  Area  (including  Hasselb),  179  square  miles. 
Population  (1890),  32,640. 

Falun,  or  Fahlun  (fa'lSn).  The  capital  of  Kop- 
parberg  laen,  Sweden,  situated  in  lat.  60°  35'  N. , 
long.  15°  35'  E.  in  the  vicinity  are  noted  mines  of 
copper,  gold,  and  silver.  It  is  sometimes  called  "  the  Trea- 
sury of  Sweden."    Population  (1891),  8,085. 

Famagusta  (fa-ma-gos'ta),  or  Famagosta  (fa- 
ma-gos'ta) .  A  ruined  city  on  the  eastern  coast 
of  Cyprus,  in  lat.  35°  8'  N.,  long.  33°  59'  E..  the 
Roman  Pama  Augusta,  founded  on  the  site  of 
an  ancient  city  Arsinoe.  it  was  important  in  the  mid- 
dle ages,  and  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1671.  Population 
(1891),  3,367. 

Famars  (fa-mar').  A  small  town  near  Valen- 
ciennes, France,  noted  for  remains  of  an  old 
Boman  colony. 

Family  Compact.  [F.  Facte  de  FamilU.']  A 
name  given  to  three  treaties  in  the  18th  cen- 
tury between  the  French- and  Spanish  Bourbon 
dynasties,  especially  to  the  last  of  the  three,  in 


Fanshawe 

1761,  in  consequence  of  which  Spain  joined  with 
France  in  the  war  against  Great  Britain.  The 
branch  house  of  Bourbon  ruling  in  Italy  was  also  included 
in  this  alliance. 

Family  of  Love,  The.  A  comedy  by  Middleton, 
produced  in  1608.  It  was  a  satire  on  a  Puritan 
sect. 

Family  Party,  The.  An  aristocratic  political 
party  in  Quebec,  Canada,  about  1835. 

Fan  (fang).  A  powerful  African  nation  of  the 
French  Kongo  (Gabun).  They  now  extend  north  to 
Batanga,  and  up  the  Livindo  Eiver  into  German  Kamerun. 
Since  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century  they  have  moved 
gradually  and  steadily  from  the  highland  of  the  Sanga 
basin  down  to  the  coast,  and  the  Mpongwe  seem  to  be 
doomed  to  disappear  before  them.  The  Fan  are  hunters, 
and  are  traders  in  ivory  and  rubber.  The  old  men  still 
practise  cannibalism  secretly.  The  Fan  are  lighter  in 
color  than  their  Bantu-negro  neighbors,  and  their  imple- 
ments also  show  an  independent  type.  They  are  intelli- 
gent, and  learn  quickly  the  white  man's  ways.  Some  think 
they  are  related  to  the  Nyam-Nyam ;  others  have  sug- 
gested their  identity  with  the  Giaghi  or  Jagas  of  Portu- 
guese historians  :  but  the  Jagas  were  Ba-teke.  The  Fan 
language  is  Bantu,  though  mixed  with  other  elements. 
Also  called  Fangwe,  Mpongwe,  OsMba,  and  Pahouins  by 
the  French. 

Fanariots,  or  Phanariots  (fa-nar'i-ots).  [From 
Fanar,  Turk.  Fener,  a  quarter  of  the  old  city  of 
ConstantinoplCjUamedfrom  a  light-tower  (NGr. 
favdpi)  which  it  iformerly  contained.]  The  Greek 
inhabitants  of  Fanar,  Constantinople ;  in  a  re- 
stricted use,  the  Greek  official  aristocracy, 
which  formerly  possessed  great  political  in- 
fluence at  Constantinople. 

Fanciful,  Lady.  A  vain  and  malicious  fine  lady 
inVanbrug:h's  comedy  "The  Provoked  Wife." 
She  is  impertinent,  capricious,  and  open  to  flattery,  and  is 
the  villain  of  the  plot. 

Faneuil  (f an'el  or  fun' el),  Peter.  Bom  at  New 
Eochelle,  N.Y.,  1700:  died  at  Boston,  Mass., 
March  3,  1743.  An  American  merchant,  the 
founder  of  PaneuU  Hall. 

Faneuil  Hall.  A  market-house,  containing  a 
hall  for  public  assemblies,  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, bmlt  by  Peter  Faneuil  1740-42.  it  was 
burned  in  1761,  rebuilt  by  the  town  in  1763,  and  enlarged 
in  1805.  It  was  a  meeting-place  of  American  patriots  dur- 
ing the  Eevolutionary  period,  and  is  hence  called  "the 
Cradle  of  Liberty." 

Fanfani  (fan-fa'ne),  Pietro.  Born  at  Pistoja, 
Italy,  April  21,  1815 :  died  at  Florence,  March 
4,  1879.  -An  Italian  philologist  and  lexicogra- 
pher. He  published  ' '  Vocabolario  della  lingua 
italiana"  (1856),  "Vocabolario  dell'  uso  tos- 
eano  "  (1863),  etc. 

Fang  (fang).  .A  sheriff's  officer  in  Shakspere's 
"  Henry  IV.,"  part  2. 

Fang,  Mr.  A  police  magistrate  in  Dickens's 
' '  Oliver  T  wist."  He  is  an  outrageous  and  brutal  man, 
so  fair  a  likeness  to  Justice  Laing,  a  police  magistrate  in  of- 
fice at  the  time  of  publication,  that  the  latter  was  removed 
from  his  position  by  the  Home  Office.  Dickens's  Diet, 

Fanning  (fan'ing),  David.  Bom  in  Wake 
County,  N.  C,  about  1756 :  died  at  Digby,  Nova 
Scotia,  1825.  A  Tory  partizan  leader  in  the 
Eevolutionary  War. 

Fanning,  Edmund.  Born  on  Long  Island,  N.  Y. , 
inl737:  diedatLondon,Feb.  28,1818.  Acolonial 
politician  and  Tory  leader  in  the  Eevolutionary 
War.  He  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1757,  and  after- 
ward practised  law  in  Hillsborough,  North  Carolina.  He 
accompanied  Governor  Tryon  to  New  York  as  his  private 
secretary  in  1771 ;  was  appointed  by  the  crown  surveyor- 
general  in  1774 ;  and  in  1777  raised  and  commanded  a  corps 
of  460  loyalists.  He  became  lieutenant-governor  of  the 
island  of  St.  John,  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  in  1787;  was 
lieutenant-governor  of  Prince  Edward  Island  1799-1804 ; 
and  was  made  a  general  of  the  British  army  in  1808. 

Fanning  Islands.  [From  Captain  Edmund  Fan- 
ning, an  American  sailor,  their  discoverer.]  A 
group  of  islands  in  the  Pacific,  extending  from 
Palmyra  to  Christmas  Island,  about  lat.  2°-6° 
N.,  long.  158°-162°  30'  W.  Panning  Island,  one 
of  the  group,  was  annexed  by  Great  Britain  in 
1888. 

Fannius,  Demetrius.    See  Demetrius. 

Fanny  (fan'i).  The  heroine  of  Fielding's  novel 
"  Joseph  Andrews." 

Fanny,  Lord.  Lord  Hervey  (1694^1743),  vice- 
chancellor,  so  nicknamed  on  account  of  the 
effeminacy  of  his  habits. 

Fanny  Fern,    See  Fern, 

Fanny  Price.    See  Price. 

Fano  (fa'no).  A  town  in  the  pro-vince  of  Pe- 
saro  e  Urbino,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adriatic  in 
lat.  43°  50'  N.,  long.  13°1'E.:  the  ancient  Fa- 
num  Fortunse,  later  Colonia  Julia  Fanestris. 
It  has  a  cathedral,  a  fine  theater,  and  remains  of  a  trium- 
phal arch  to  Augustus.    Population  (1881),  9,484. 

Fansha'we  (fan'shS,).  An  early  tale  by  Na- 
thaniel Hawthorne,  published  anonymously  in 
1826. 


Fanshawe,  Catherine  Maria 

Fanshawe,  Catherine  Maria.  Bom  at  Sbab- 
den,  July  6, 1765 :  died  at  Putney  Heath,  April 
17,  1834.  A3X  English  poet.  Her  home  was  much 
frequented  by  the  literary  men  ol  the  day.  Limited  edi- 
tions of  her  "  Memorials"  (which  contahied  most  of  her 
poems)  and  of  her  "literary  Eemalns"  appeared  In  1865 
and  1876  respectively, 

Fanshawe,  Sir  Richard.  Bom  at  Ware  Pai-k, 
HertfordsMre,  iu  June,  1608 :  died  at  Madrid, 
June  26, 1666.  An  English  diplomatist  and  au- 
thor. He  was  appointed  secretary  to  Lord  Aston,  am- 
bassador to  Spain,  In  1636 ;  joined  Charles  I.  at  Oxford  in 
the  beginning  of  the  civil  war ;  was  made  secretary  of 
war  to  Prince  Charles  about  1644 ;  was  captured  at  the 
battle  of  Worcester,  Sept.  8, 1661 ;  was  made  master  of 
requests  and  secretary  of  the  Latin  tongue  to  Charles  II. 
at  the  Restoration  ;  was  appointed  ambassador  to  Portu- 
gal in  1662 ;  was  made  a  privy  councilor  in  1663 ;  and  was 
sent  as  ambassador  to  Spain  in  1664.  His  chief  work 
is  "  The  Lusiad,  or  Portugal's  Historicall  Poem,  written  in 
the  Portugall  Language  by  Luis  de  Camoens  and  now 
newly  put  into  English  by  Eichard  Fanshawe,  Esq." 
(1655). 

Fanti  (fan-te')-     See  Ashanti. 

Fanti  (fan'te),  Manfredo.  Bom  at  Carpi, 
Modena,  Italy,  Feb.  24, 1808 :  died  at  Florence, 
April  5,  1865.  An  Italian  general.  He  joined  the 
revolutionary  movement  of  1848-49 ;  served  in  the  Cri- 
mean war;  and  was  minister  of  war  and  marine  1860-61. 

Fantine  (fon-ten').  In  Victor  Hugo's  "Les 
Mis6rables,"  the  unfortunate  mother  of  Cosette. 

Fantin-Latour  (fon-tau' la-tor'),  Ignace  Henri 
Jean  Theodore.  Born  at  Grenoble,  Jan.  14, 
1836.  A  French  painter,  best  known  for  liis 
portraits. 

Faraday  (far'a-da),  Michael.  Bom  at  New- 
ington  Butts,  Sept.  22,  1791:  died  at  Hampton 
Court,  Aug.  25, 1867.  A  famous  English  physi- 
cist and  chemist.  When  a  journeyman  bookbinder 
he  was  led,  through  hearing  some  of  Sir  Humphry  Davy's 
lectures,  to  devote  himself  to  the  study  of  chemistry,  and 
in  1813  was  appointed  Davy's  assistant  in  the  laboratory 
of  the  Boyal  Institution.  He  was  made  director  of  the 
laboratory  In  1826,  and  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  in- 
stitution in  1833.  His  researches  and  discoveries  in  chem- 
istry are  noteworthy,  but  the  great  additions  made  by 
him  to  the  range  of  human  knowledge  were  mostly  iu  the 
related  sciences  of  electricity  and  magnetism.  Especially 
notable  are  his  discoveries  of  magneto-electric  induction 
In  1831  and  the  magnetization  of  light  in  1846.  In  1846  he 
discovered  diamagnetism.  He  published  "Chemical  Ma- 
nipulation" (1827),  "Experimental  Eesearches  in  Elec- 
tricity "  (1844-55), "  Experimental  Researches  in  Chemistry 
and  Physics"  (1859),  "  Chemical  History  of  a  Candle" 
(1861),  "  Various  Forces  in  Nature,"  etc. 

Farailones  (fa-ral-yo'nes)  Islands.  A  group 
of  small  islands  in  the  Pacific,  situated  about 
35  miles  west  of  San  Francisco. 

Faraone  (fa-ra-6'na),  or  Taracone  (ta-ra-ko'- 
na).  The  southern  branch  of  the  Vaquero  of 
Benavides,  the  Jioarilla  being  the  northern 
branch.  Both  belong  to  the  Apache  group  of  North 
American  Indians.  In  1799  the  Faraone  were  between 
the  Kio  Grande  del  Norte  and  the  Rio  Pecos.  In  1882 
they  were  west  of  New  Mexico,  In  the  Sierras  del  Diablo, 
Chanate,  and  Pilares.    See  Querecho. 

Farebrother  (far' bruin "er).  Rev.  Camden. 
In  George  Eliot's  novel  "  Middlemaroh,"  an  un- 
popular rector. 

Fareham  (far'am).  A  watering-place  in  Hamp- 
shire, England,  situated  on  Portsmouth  har- 
bor 5  miles  northwest  of  Portsmouth.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  7,934. 

Farel  (fa-rel'),  Guillaume.  Bom  near  Gap, 
Dauphin6,  France,  1489:  died  at  NeuohHtel, 
Switzerland,  Sept.  13,  1565.  A  noted  French 
Reformer  anditinerant  preacher  in  Switzerland. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Faber  Stapulensis.  In  1623  he  published 
anonymously  a  French  translation  of  the  New  Testament. 
He  introduced,  in  1530,  the  Reformation  into  Neuch^tel,  ■ 
and  settled  at  Geneva  in  1532.  In  spite  of  a  bitter  and 
protracted  opposition,  he  procured  the  establishment  of 
the  Reformation  by  the  Genevan  Great  Council  of  Two 
Hundred,  Aug.  27,  1535.  He  Induced  John  Calvin  to 
settle  at  Geneva  in  1536,  and  was  banished  with  him  in 
1538.    In  1638  he  became  pastor  at  Neuchatel. 

Farewell  (far'wel').  Cape.  The  southernmost 
extremity  of  Greenland,  in  lat.  59°  49'  N.,  long. 
43°  54'  "W. 

Far  from  the  Madding  Crowd.  A  novel  by 
Thomas  Hardy,  published  1874.  The  title  is 
taken  from  a  line  in  Gray's  "Elegy." 

Fargo  (far'go).  A  city  in  Cass  County,  North 
Dakota,  on  the  Red  River  of  the  North.  It  has 
considerable  trade  and  manufactures.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  9,589. 

Fargo,  William  George.  Bom  at  Pompey, 
N.  Y.,  May  20,  1818:  died  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
Aug.  3,  1881.  An  American  expressman.  He 
organized  In  1843,  in  connection  with  Henry  Wells  and 
Daniel  Dunning,  an  express  company  under  the  name  of 
Welle  and  Company,  which  was  changed  to  Livingston 
and  Fargo  in  1845,  and  in  1860  was  amalgamated  with  the 
American  Express  Company,  of  which  he  was  secretary 
until  its  consolidation  with  the  Merchants'  Union  Express 
Company  in  1868,  when  he  became  president.  In  1851, 
with  Henry  Wells  and  others,  he  formed  a  company  under 


380 

the  name  of  Wells,  Fargo,  and  Company,  to  carry  on  an 
express  business  between  New  York  and  San  Francisco. 
He  was  mayor  of  Buffalo  1862-66. 

FargTis  (far'gus), Frederick  John:  pseudonym 
Hugh  Conway.  Bom  at  Bristol,  Dec.  26, 1847 : 
died  at  Monte  Carlo,  May  15,  1885.  A  British 
novelist.  He  was  for  a  time  a  student  on  board  the 
school-frigate  Conway ;  studied  subsequently  in  a  private 
school  at  Bristol ;  and  in  1868,  on  the  death  of  his  father, 
succeeded  to  the  latter's  business  as  an  auctioneer  at 
Bristol.  He  wrote  "CaUed  Back"  (1883),  "Dark  Days" 
(1884),  etc. 

Faria,  Ahb6.    See  Monte  Crista,  Count  of. 

Faria  e  Sousa  (fa-re'a  e  so'za),  Manoel  de. 
Born  near  Pombeiro,  Portugal,  March  18, 1590: 
died  at  Madrid,  June  3,  1649.  A  Portuguese- 
Spanish  historian  and  poet.  His  chief  works  are 
commentaries  on  the  "Lusiad"  (1639), "Epitome  de  las  his- 
torias  portuguesas"  (1628),  works  on  Portuguese  Asia, 
Europe,  and  Africa,  poems,  etc. 

Farias,  Valentin  Gomez.    See  Gomez  Farias. 

Faribault  (far-i-bo').  The  county-seat  of  Rice 
(bounty,  Minnesota,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Straight  and  Cannon  rivers,  46  miles  south 
of  St.  Paul.    Population  (1900),  7,868. 

Faridkot  (fur-ed-kof).  A  tributary  state  iu  the 
Panjab,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  30°  40' 
N.,  long.  74°  50'  E. 

Faridpur,  or  Furidpur  (f  ur-ed^or'),or  Fureed- 
pore  (fur-ed-p6r'),  or  Dacca  Jelalpur(dak'ka 
jel-ul-pSr').  A  district  in  the  Dacca  division, 
Bengal,  British  India,  situatedaboutlat.  23°-24° 
N^  long.  90°  E.  The  chief  product  is  rice.  Area, 
2,267  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,797,- 
320. 

Faridun  (fa-ri-don'),  or  Feridun  (fer-i-d6n'). 
In  Persian  legend,  an  Iranian  king,  one  of  the 
chief  heroes  of  the  Shahnamah:  sou  of  Abtin 
(who  was  grandson  of  Jamshid)  and  Firanak. 
Learning  that  a  son  had  been  born  to  Abtin  who  was  des- 
tined to  dethrone  him,  Zohak  (see  Zohak)  caused  Abtin  to 
be  killed,  but  Firanak  escaped  with  Faridun  and  reared  him 
on  Mount  Alburz.  Summoned  by  Kawah  to  overthrow  Zo- 
hak, Faridun  took  Zohak's  capital  on  the  Tigris,  captured 
Zohak  and  bound  him  on  Mount  Damavand,  and  reigned 
long  and  prosperously.  He  had  three  sons,  Salm,  Tur,  and 
Iraj.  To  Salm  he  awarded  his  western  dominions,  and  to 
Tut  the  eastern,  while  he  chose  Iraj,  the  youngest,  to  suc- 
ceed him.  The  elder  brothers  conspired  against  Iraj,  and 
Tut  slew  him.  The  son  of  Iraj,  Minuohihr,  afterward 
avenged  him  by  slaying  Salm  and  Tur. 

Farina  (fa-re'na).  A  town  on  the  coast  of 
Tunis,  about  25  miles  north  of  Tunis,  near  the 
site  of  the  ancient  Utioa.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 9,000. 

Farinata  degli  Uberti  (fa-re-na'ta  del'ye 
8-ber'te).  A  leader  of  the  Ghibelline  faction  at 
Florence  in  the  13th  century.  Having  been  exiled 
with  other  chiefs  of  his  party  from  Florence,  he  recovered 
the  city  in  1260  with  the  assistance  of  Manfred,  king 
of  Sicily,  who  lent  him  a  considerable  body  of  German 
cavalry.  He  rejected  the  proposition  of  his  own  party  to 
raze  Florence  to  the  ground,  and  is  immortalized  by  Dante 
as  the  savior  of  his  country. 

Farinato  (fa-re-na'to),  or  Farinati  (fa-re-na'- 
te),  Paolo.  Bom  at  Verona,  Italy,  about  1525 : 
died  at  Verona,  1606.  An  Italian  painter.  His 
chief  work  is  the  "Miracle  of  the  Loaves"  (in 
Verona). 

Farinelli  (fa-re-nel'le)  (Carlo  Broschi).  Bom 
at  Naples,  Jan.  24, 1705:  died  at  Bologna,  Italy, 
Sept.  15,  1782.  A  celebrated  Italian  soprano, 
"the  most  remarkable  singer,  perhaps,  who  has 
ever  lived  "  (Grove).  He  sang  in  Vienna  (1724, 1728, 
1781)  and  England  (1734),  and  was  a  favorite  at  the  Span- 
ish court. 

Faringdon  (f  ar'ing-dqn).  A  small  town  in  Berk- 
shire, England,  16  miles  west  of  Oxford.  It  was 
a  royal  Saxon  residence. 

Farini  (fa-re'ne),  Luigi  Carlo.  Bom  at  Russi, 
near  Ravenna,  Italy,  Oct.  22,  1812:  died  at 
Quarto,  near  Genoa,  Aug.  1,  1866.  An  Italian 
statesman  and  historian,  president  of  the  cabi- 
net 1862-63.  His  chief  work  is  "Storia  dello 
state  Romano  dall'  anno  1814  al  1850"  (1850). 

Farley  (far'li),  Charles.  Bom  at  London  in 
1771:  died  there,  Jan.  28,  1859.  An  English 
actor  and  dramatist.  He  made  his  appearance  as  a 
page  at  Covent  Garden,  London,  in  1782,  and  subsequently 
played  with  much  success  the  characters  of  Sanguinback 
in  "  Cherry  and  Fair  Star,"  Grindoff  in  "  The  Miller  and 
his  Men,"  Jeremy  in  "Love  for  Love,"  and  Lord  Trinket 
in  "  The  .TeaJous  Wife."  He  is  said  to  have  been  without 
a  rival  in  his  day  as  a  theatrical  machinist  He  retired 
from  the  stage  in  1834.  He  wrote  "The  Magic  Oak:  a 
Christmas  Pantomime"  (1799),  "Aggression,  or  the  Hero- 
ine of  Yucatan  "  (1805),  etc. 

Farley,  James  Lewis.  Bom  at  Dublin,  Sept. 
9, 1823 :  died  at  London,  Nov.  12, 1885.  An  Irish 
author.  He  wae  tor  a  time  chief  accountant  of  the  Bei- 
rut branch  of  the  Ottoman  Bank,  and  in  1860  was  appointed 
accountant-general  of  the  State  Bank  of  Turkey  at  Con- 
stantinople, which  subsequently  became  merged  in  the 
Imperial  Ottoman  Bank.  He  wrote  "  Banking  in  Turkey  " 
(1868),  "Turkey  :  a  Sketch  of  its  Rise,  Progress,  and  Pres- 
ent Position  "  (186^, "  Modern  Turkey  "  (1872),  "  Turks  and 


Famese  Juno 

Christians:  a  Solution  of  the  Eastern  Question"  (1876) 
"Egypt,  Cyprus,  and  Asiatic  Turkey"  (1878),  etc. 

Farmer  (far'mer),  Hugh.  Bom  near  Shrews- 
bury, England,  1714:  died  at  London,  Feb., 
1787.  An  English  dissenting  clergyman  and 
scholar.  He  published  "Christ's  Temptation  in  the 
Wilderness"  (1761),  "Dissertation  on  Miracles"  (1771), 
"Demoniacs  of  the  New  Testament"  (1776),  etc. 

Farmer.  John.  Bom  at  Chelmsford,  Mass., 
June  12,  1789:  died  at  Concord,  N.  H.,  Aug.  13, 
1838.  An  American  genealogist.  He  published 
"Genealogical  Register  of  the  First  Settlers  of 
New  England"  (1829),  etc. 

Farmer,  Richard.  Born  at  Leicester,  England, 
Aug.  28,  1735:  died  at  Cambridge,  England, 
Sept.  8,  1797.  An  English  scholar.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  of  which  college 
he  was  appointed  master  in  1776.  His  only  published 
work  is  a  scholarly  paper  entitled  "  Essay  on  the  Learning 
of  Shakspeare  "  (Cambridge,  1767). 

Farmer  George.  A  nickname  of  George  III.  of 
England  on  account  of  his  simple  appearance 
and  manners.  He  is  also  said  to  have  derived 
actual  profit  from  a  farm  near  Windsor. 

Farmers'  Alliance.  In  United  States  politics, 
an  organization  devoted  to  the  interests  of 
farmers,  founded  about  1873.  it  absorbed  the 
Farmers'  Union  and  the  Agricultural  Wlieel,  and  devel- 
oped rapidly,  especially  in  the  West  and  South,  about 
1885-90.  In  1890  it  elected  several  governors  and  other 
State  otScers  and  congressmen.  In  May,  1891,  it  united 
at  Cincinnati  with  several  industrial  organizations,  and 
formed  the  People's  Party-  (which  see). 

Farmer's  Boy,  The.  A  poem  by  Robert  Bloom- 
field,  published  in  1800. 

Farmington  (far'ming-ton).  The  county-seat 
of  Franklin  County,  Maine,  30  miles  northwest 
of  Augusta.     Population  (1900),  town,  3,288. 

Farnaby  (far'na-bi),  Thomas.  Bom  about 
1575:  died  at  Sevenoaks,  June  12,  1647.  An 
English  classical  sejiolar.  He  matriculated  atMer- 
ton  College,  Oxford,  in  1590,  but  left  the  university  and 
studied  at  a  Jesuit  college  in  Spain.  He  wrote,  at  the  re- 
quest of  Charles  I.,  a  Latin  grammar  entitled  "Systema; 
Grammaticum,"  in  1641,  to  replace  the  one  in  use  in  the 
public  schools. 

Fame,  or  Farn  (f  am),  or  Fern,  orFearne  (fem> 
Islands.  A  group  of  small  islands  in  the  North 
Sea,  off  Bamborough  in  Northumberland,  Eng- 
land. They  were  the  scene  of  Grace  Darling's 
heroic  rescue. 

Farnese,  Alessandro.    See  Paul  III.  (Pope). 

Farnese  (It.  pron.  far-na'se),  Alessandro. 
Born  at  Rome,  1547 :  died  at  Arras,  France,  Dec. 
3,  1592.  Duke  of  Parma  and  Piacenza,  son  of 
Ottavio  Famese  and  of  Margaret  of  Austria : 
a  general  iu  the  Spanish  service.  He  served  with 
distinction,  under  Don  John  of  Austria,  at  Lepanto  in 
1571 ;  was  made  governor  of  the  Low  Countries  in  1678 ; 
gained  overthe  southern  provinces ;  took  Antwerp  in  1585 ; 
forced  Henry  of  Navarre  to  raise  the  siege  of  Paris  la 
1590 ;  and  relieved  Rouen  in  1592,  where  he  was  mortally 
wounded. 

Farnese,  Elizabeth.    See  Elizabeth  Famese. 

Farnese,  Ottavio.  Bom  1520:  died  1586.  Duke 
of  Parma  and  Piacenza,  son  of  Pier  Luigi  Far- 
nese whom  he  succeeded  in  1547. 

Farnese,  Pier  Luigi,  Duke  of  Parma  and  Pia- 
cenza. Killed  Sept.  10,  1547.  The  son  of  Pope 
Paul  in.    He  was  created  duke  in  1545. 

Farnese  Bacchus.  A  celebrated  Greek  torso  of 
the  4th  century  B.  c,  in  the  Museo  Nazionale, 
Naples.  The  forms  are  fine,  and  the  modeling  simple 
yet  highly  expressive  of  the  voluptuous  nature  of  the  god. 
It  is  of  the  school  of  Praxiteles. 

Farnese  Bull.  A  large  group  of  Greek  sculp- 
ture of  the  Trallian  school  (3d  century  B.  c), 
in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples,  it  represents 
the  chastisement  of  Dlrce  by  her  stepsons  for  her  treat- 
ment of  their  mother  Antiope,  by  binding  her  to  the  horns 
of  a  bull.  It  is  much  restored,  but  is  very  remarkable  for 
its  composition  and  execution.  It  was  discovered  in  the 
baths  of  Caracalla  in  1546. 

Farnese  Flora.  A  celebrated  antique  statue 
in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The  goddess 
holds  her  Ionian  tunic  with  her  right  hand  as  she  steps  for- 
ward, the  motive  being  a  familiar  one  in  archaic  statues  of 
Venus.  The  Sgure  is  remarkable  for  its  grace,  despite  its 
height  of  Hi  feet. 

Farnese  Hercules.  A  celebrated  Greek  statue 
iu  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The  demigod 
is  represented  undraped,  leaning  on  his  club.  The  bearded 
head  is  somewhat  small,  and  the  muscular  development 
prodigious.    It  dates  from  the  early  empire. 

Farnese  Homer.  -An  antique  bust  in  the  Museo 
Nazionale,  Naples,  it  is  admirable  in  execution,  and 
remarkable  for  the  profound  intellectuality  of  its  expres- 
sion. It  is  perhaps  the  finest  example  of  its  familiar  type, 
which  is  that  universally  associated  with  Homer. 

Farnese  Juno,  A  colossal  antique  bust  of  Juno 
(Hera),  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The 
expression  is  one  of  calm  repose,  high  and  unbending. 
The  hair  is  bound  with  a  simple  fillet.  It  has  been  demon~ 
strated  that  this  bust  is  a  copy  of  the  type  of  Folycletna 
(420  B.  0.). 


Famese  Minerva 

^?'FS^^^  Minerva.  A  Greek  statue  of  Pallas 
(Athene  Parthenos),  found  at  Velletri,  and  now 
in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The  type  is  that 
?v  *neereat  statue  oj  the  Parthenon.  The  goddess  wears 
the  Attic  helmet  with  a  sphinx  and  two  figures  of  Pegasus, 
and  the  jegis  on  her  breast.  The  arms  are  restored :  the 
right  IS  extended  to  hold  the  Victory,  and  the  left  raised 
to  sustain  the  spear. 

Tarnese  Palace.  A  celebrated  palace  of  the 
Pamese  in  Rome^  founded  in  the  first  part  of 
the  reign  of  Leo  X.  it  was  begun  by  San  Gallo  the 
younger,  was  continued  by  Michelangelo,  and  wae  com- 
pleted by  Giaoomo  della  Porta.  It  is  adorned  with  frescos 
by  Annibale  Caraoci. 

Tarnham  (fam'am).  A  town  in  Surrey,  Eng- 
land, 37  miles  southwest  of  London.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  5,545. 

Tarnham,  Mrs.  (Eliza  Woodson  Burhans). 
Born  at  Reusselaerville,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  17, 1815: 
died  at  New  York,  Dec.  15,  1864.  An  Ameri- 
can philanthropist  and  authoress,  wife  of  T.  J. 
Famham.  she  was  matron  in  the  State  prison  at  Sing 
Sing  1844-48.    She  wrote  "  Life  in  Prairie  Land,"  etc. 

rarnham,  Thomas  Jefferson.  Bom  in  Ver- 
mont, 1804:  died  in  California,  Sept.,  1848. 
An  American  traveler  on  the  Pacific  coast  of 
North  America. 

Tarn  worth  (fam'werth).  A  manufacturing 
town  in  Lancashire,  England,  2^  miles  south- 
east of  Bolton.    Population  (1891),  23,758. 

Taro  (fa'ro).  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  the 
province  of  Algarve,  Portugal,  in  lat.  37°  N., 
long.  7°  51'  W.  The  cathedral,  a  large  church  whose 
nave-vaulting  springs  from  lofty  cylindrical  columns,  is 
apparently  a  iloman  basilica  altered  by  the  Moors.  Popu- 
lation (1878),  8,681. 

Taro,  Capo  del.  A  promontory  forming  the 
northeastern  extremity  of  Sicily,  8  miles  north- 
east of  Messina :  the  ancient  Pelorum  Promon- 
torium. 

Tarochon  (fa-r6-sh6n'),  Jean  Baptiste  Eu- 
gene. Bom  at  Paris,  1807:  died  there,  July  1, 
1871.    A  French  sculptor  and  medallist. 

Taroe,  or  Faro  (f  a'  ro ) ,  Islands.  [Dan.  Fdrderne, 
sheep  islands.]  A  group  of  24  islands  belonging 
to  Denmark,  situated  in  the  Atlantic  between 
the  Shetlands  and  Iceland,  intersected  by  lat. 
62°  N. ,  long.  7°  W.  Seventeen  of  the  islands,  including 
Stroma,  Ostero,  Sydero,  Vaago,  Sands,  and  Bordo,  are  in- 
habited. The  capital  is  Thorshavn.  The  language  is  a  dia- 
lect of  the  Worse.  The  islands  were  colonized  by  Norwe- 
gians in  the  9th  century.  Area,  514  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  12,954. 

Tarotuhar  (f  ar'kwar),  George.  Bom  at  London- 
derry, 1678:  died  April,  1707.    An  Irish  drama- 
tist.   He  studied  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1694-95,  be- 
came a  corrector  of  the  press,  and  appeared  on  the  stage 
at  Dublin,  apparently  without  success.  Heremoved  to  Lon- 
don in  1697  or  1698,  and  in  1699  his  first  play,  "Love  in  a 
Bottle,"  was  successfully  produced  at  Drury  Lane.    He  ob- 
tained a  lieutenant's  commission  from  the  Earl  of  Orrery, 
liossibly  in  1702,  and  saw  some  service,  which  enabled  him 
to  write  the  "  Itecruiting  Oflficer,"  produced  in  1706,  one  of 
Ills  most  successful  plays.    He  married  in  1703,  and  died 
In  great  poverty,  leaving  a  widow  and  two  daughters.  Be- 
sides  the  plays  already  mentioned,  he  wrote  "A  Constant 
Couple "(1699),  "Sir  Harry  Wildair "  (1701),  "The  Incon- 
stant, or  the  Way  to  Win  Him  "  (1702),  "  The  Twin  Rivals  " 
(1702),  "The  Stage  Coach "(1704),  and  "The  Beaux'  Strata- 
gem''(1707). 
Tarr  (far),  William.     Born  at  Kenley,  Shrop- 
shire, England,  Nov.  80,  1807 :  died  April  14, 
1883.    An  English  statistician. 
Tarragut  (far'a-gut),  David  Glasgow.    Bom 
at  Campbell's  Station,  Tenn.,  July  5, 1801:  died 
at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  Aug.  14,  1870.    A  cele- 
brated American  admiral.    He  was  the  son  of  George 
Farragut,  a  Spaniard  who  emigrated  to  America  in  1776 
.and  fought  in  the  Continental  army  in  the  Revolutionary 
War.    He  was  adopted  by  David  Porter,  who  procured  for 
him  an  appointment  as  midshipman  in  the  United  States 
navy  in  1810,  and  under  whom  he  served  in  the  Essex 
when  she  was  captured  by  the  Phoebe  and  the  Cherub  in 
the  harbor  of  Valparaiso,  March  28, 1814.    He  was  pro- 
moted lieutenant  in  1826,  commander  in  1841,  and  captain 
in  1855.    In  Jan.,  1862,  he  was  appointed  commander  of 
a  naval  armament  destined,  together  with  a  land  force 
under  General  Benjamin  T.  Butler,  for  the  reduction  of 
New  Orleans.   He  sailed  from  Hampton  Roads  Feb.  2, 1862, 
and  on  April  18, 1862,  began  the  bombardment  of  the  lower 
defenses  of  New  Orleans,  Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip. 
He  passed  the  forts  on  the  night  of  April  23-24,  and  after 
destroying  the  Confederate  fieet,  consisting  of  gunboats 
and  the  iron-clad  ram  Manassas,  compelled  the  surrender 
of  the  city  on  April  25,  which  was  followed  by  that  of  the 
forts  on  April  28.    He  turned  the  city  over  to  General  But- 
ler May  1,  1862.    On  June  28,  1862,  he  attacked  the  bat- 
teries at  Vicksburg,  which  he  succeeded  in  passing,  only  to 
find  the  city  impregnable  to  attack  on  the  riverf  ront.    On 
July  15  he  once  more  ran  the  batteries,  and  returned  to 
New  Orleans.  He  was  promoted  rear-adinlral  July  16, 1862. 
On  March  14, 1863,  he  attempted  to  run  the  batteries  of 
Port  Hudson  with  a  fleet  of  vessels  and  gunboats  to  assist 
<Jeneral  N.  P.  Banks  in  his  siege  of  that  place,  but  suc- 
ceeded in  passing  only  with  his  flagship,  the  Hartford,  and 
a  gunboat  which  was  lashed  to  her  side.    On  Aug.  6, 1864, 
supported  by  a  land  force  under  General  Gordon  Granger, 
he  passed  Forts  Morgan  and  Gaines,  at  the  entrance  to 
Mobile  Bay,  and  after  a  desperate  struggle  captured  the 


381 

Confederate  Ironclad  Tennessee.  Although  unable  to  cap- 
ture the  city  of  Mobile,  on  account  of  shoal  water  and 
obstructions  in  the  channel,  the  object  of  his  expedition, 
which  was  to  put  an  end  to  the  blockade-running  at  Mobile, 
was  effectively  accomplished.  Forts  Gaines  and  Morgan 
surrendered  soon  after.  In  Dec,  1864,  Congi'ess  created 
for  him  the  rank  of  vice-admiral,  and  in  1866  that  of  ad- 
miraL 

Farrakhabad  (fur-ruk-a-bad'),  or  Parrukha- 
bad,  or  Furruckabad.  1.  A  district  in  the 
Agra  division.  Northwest  Provinces,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  27°  N.,  long.  79°  30'  E. 
Area,  1,718  square  miles.  Population  (1881), 
907,608.-2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Far- 
rakhabad, situated  on  the  Ganges  in  lat.  27°  23' 
N.,  long.  79°  36'  E.  The  Mahrattas  were  defeated 
here  by  Lake  in  1804,  and  the  place  was  held  by  mutineers 
1857-58.    Population  (1891),  78,180. 

Tarrant  (far'ant),  Bicbard.  Bom  1530  (?) : 
died  at  Windsor,  1585.  An  English  composer. 
He  was  organist  and  master  of  the  choristers  at  St.  George's 
Chapel,  Windsor,  1664-69,  when  he  was  reinstated  as  a  gen- 
tleman of  the  Chapel  Royal,  a  position  which  he  had  pre- 
viously held.  He  subsequently,  however,  returned  to 
Windsor.  He  has  been  erroneously  credited  with  the 
authorship  of  the  anthem  "Lord,  for  thy  tender  mercies' 
sake."  Among  his  genuine  works  are  a  service  given  by 
Tudway  in  A  minor,  called  "Farrant's  High  Service,"  and 
two  anthems  "  Call  to  remembrance  "  and  "  Hide  not  thou 
thy  face." 

Farrar  (far'ar),  Frederic  William,  Bom  at 
Bombay,  Aug.  7,  1831:  died  at  Canterbury, 
March  22, 1903.  An  English  clergyman,  educa- 
tor, theologian,  and  philological  writer.  He  ivas 
educated  at  the  University  of  London  and  at  Cambridge; 
wasordalned  in  1804;  washead-master  of  MarlboroughCol- 
lege  1871-76 ;  was  select  preacher  to  Cambridge  University 
in  1868  and  1874-75 ;  was  appointed  a  canon  of  Westminster 
Abbey  and  rector  of  St.  Margaret's  in  1876  ;  and  became 
archdeacon  of  Westnilnsterinl8S3,anddean  of  Canterbury 
1896.  He  published  the  following  woi'ks  of  fiction :  "Eric, 
etc."  (1858),  "  Julian  Home  "  (1869),  "  S.  Winifred's,  etc." 
(1863) .  His  theological  works  are  "  Witness  of  History  to 
Christ"  (1871), "Life of  Christ"  (1874),  "Life and  Work  of 
St.  Paul"  (1879),  "Early  Daysof  Christianity"  (1881),  etc. 

Farrar,  Mrs.  (Eliza  Ware  Botch).  Bom  about 
1792 :  died  at  Springfield,  Mass.,  April  22, 1870. 
An  American  writer,  wife  of  John  Farrar.  She 
wrote  "  The  Young  Lady's  Friend"  (1837),  etc. 

Farren  (far' en),  Elizabeth  or  Eliza.  Bom  in 
1759  (?) :  died  at  Knowsley  Park  in  1829.  An 
English  actress.  She  went  on  the  stage  very  early,  and 
played  with  success  until  April  8, 1797,  when  she  retired 
from  the  stage.  On  May  1, 1797,  she  married  the  Earl  of 
Derby.    She  was  a  rival  of  Mrs,  Abington. 

Farren,  Ellen  or  Nelly.  Died  April  28, 1904.  A 
burlesque  actress,  daughter  of  Henry  Farren. 

Farren,  Henry.  Born  in  1826  (?):  died  in  1860. 
An  English  actor,  son  of  William  Farren.  He 
played  in  England  and  America,  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  was  the  manager  of  a  theater  in  St.  Louis. 

Farren,  William.  Born  May  13, 1786:  died  at 
London,  Sept.  24, 1861.  An  English  actor.  He 
first  appeared  at  the  Theatre  Royal,  Plymouth,  about  1806, 
played  subsequently  at  Dublin,  and  in  1818  appeared  as 
Sir  Peter  Teazle  at  Covent  Garden,  London,  where  he 
played  at  one  or  another  of  the  principal  theaters  until 
his  retirement  in  1855. 

Farrer  (far'er),  Henry.  Bom  at  London,  March 
23, 1843.  A  landscape  and  marine  painter  and 
etcher.  He  came  to  America  in  1861.  He  is 
best  known  for  his  etchings. 

Fars (fars),orFarsistan(far-sis-tau').  Aprov- 
ince  of  southern  Persia :  the  ancient  Persia. 
It  is  bounded  by  Irak-Ajeml  on  the  north,  Klrmanon  the 
east,  Laristan  on  the  southeast,  the  Persian  Gulf  on  the 
southwest,  and  Khuzlstan  on  the  northwest.  The  capital 
is  Shiraz,  and  the  chief  port  Bushlre. 

Farsan  (far-san')  AxchipelagO.  A  group  con- 
sisting of  two  islands  and  several  islets  in  the 
Red  Sea,  on  the  Arabian  side  about  lat.  17°  N. 

Farther  India.    See  India,  Further. 

Farukhabad.    See  Farrakhabad. 

Fasa  (fa'sa).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Par- 
sistan,  Persia,  85  m'iles  southeast  of  Shiraz. 

Fasano  (fa-sa'no).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Bari,  Italy,  36  miles  northwest  of  Brindisi. 
Population  (1881),  17,973. 

Fasher  (f  ash'er).  The  capital  of  Darfur,  in  the 
Sudan,  Africa. 

Fashion  (fash'on).  Sir  Novelty.  In  Cibber's 
"Love's  Last  Shift,"  "a  coxcomb  that  loves  to 
be  the  first  in  all  foppery."  Vanbrugh  metamor- 
phosed him  into  Lord  Fopplngton  in  "The  Relapse." 

The  Interest  of  the  audience  in  Sir  Novelty  does  not 
centre  in  him  as  an  unprincipled  rake  (he  is,  however, 
sufficiently  unscrupulous),  as  it  is  attracted  towards  him 
as  a  "beau,"  a  man  of  fashion,  who  professes  to  see  no- 
thing tolerable  in  himself,  solely  in  order  to  extort  praise 
for  his  magnificence  from  others.  ...  He  is  the  first 
man  who  was  ever  called  "bean,"  which  title  he  professes 
to  prefer  to  "right  honourable, "for  the  latter  is  inherited, 
while  the  former  is  owing  to  his  surprising  mien  and  un- 
exampled gaUantry.  Dorm,  Eng.  Stage,  II.  20. 

Fashion,  Tom.  In  Vanbrugh's  comedy  "The 
Relapse,"  the  younger  brother  of  Lord  Fop- 
plngton (formerly  Sir  Novelty  Fashion).    He 


Fatal  Marriage,  The 

personates  his  brother  to  get  possession  of 
Miss  Hoyden  and  her  fortune.    See  Hoyden. 

Fashionable  Lover,  The.  A  play  by  Cum- 
berland, produced  in  1772. 

Fashionable  Tales,  or  Tales  of  Fashionable 

Life.  Tales  by  Miss  Edgeworth.  The  first  instal- 
ment appeared  in  1809,  and  the  last  in  1812.  They  com- 
prise "Ennui,"  "The  Dun,"  "Manoeuvring,"  "Almeria," 
"Vivian,"  "The  Absentee,"  "Madame  de  Fleury,"  and 
"Emilie  de  Coulanges." 

Fashoda(fa-sh6'da).  Atowuinthe  Shilluk  coun- 
try, Africa,  on  the  White  Nile  about  lat.  9°  N. 

Fassa  (fas'sa).  The  upper  part  of  the  Avisio 
valley  in  southern  Tyrol,  noted  for  the  Dolo- 
mite Mountains. 

Fasti  (fas'ti).  [L.  (sc.  dies,  days),  pi.  otfastus, 
Ut.  'on  which  one  may  speak':  used  absolutely 
for  a  day  on  which  court  can  be  held,  a  court- 
day.]    See  the  extract. 

The  Pontiflces,  who  possessed  the  art  of  keeping  account 
of  the  time,  arranged  also  the  fasti,  i.  e.  a  list  of  the  days 
for  "  awards  "  or  the  administration  of  the  law  (dies  agendi, 
dies  fasti),  this  being  part  of  the  table  of  each  month  (Ka- 
lendarium),  enumerating  also  the  feasts,  games,  markets, 
saciiflces,  etc.,  talliDg  on  each  day,  to  which  were  gradu- 
ally joined  first  the  anniversaries  of  disasters,  and  then 
other  short  notices  of  historical  events,  as  well  as  obser- 
vations on  the  rising  of  certain  constellations.  After 
these  fasti  had  been  made  public,  private  persons  also 
undertook  the  compilation  of  fasti  in  the  shape  of  tables 
or  books,  and  they  became  the  subjects  of  learned  discus- 
sions. After  the  introduction  of  the  Julian  era  (709/46) 
these  publications  became  again  ofiQcial,  and  were  made 
by  the  Emperor  in  his  quality  of  pontifex  maximus.  We 
possess  a  number  of  fragments  of  calendars  which  were 
engraved  or  written  (painted)  at  Rome  and  in  neighbour- 
ing Italian  towns,  and  which  extend  from  the  8th  century 
u.  0.  to  the  time  of  Claudius  (from  a.  728/31 B.  0.  to  804/51 
A.  D.).  When  the  new  chronology  had  become  suffi- 
ciently familiar,  the  industry  of  private  persons  found 
there  a  new  field.  There  are  still  two  complete  calendars 
in  existence,  an  official  one  of  the  4th  century  written 
by  Furius  Dionysius  Philocalus  A.  D.  354,  and  a  Christian 
revision  of  the  official  calendar  composed  by  Polemius 
Siivius  (A.  D.  448  sq.).  From  denoting  lists  of  days  and 
months,  the  name  of  fasti  was  also  transferred  to  lists  of 
years  containing  the  names  of  the  chief  annual  magis- 
trates (fasti  consulares),  the  triumphs  held  in  each  year 
(fasti  triumphales),  and  the  priests  (fasti  sacerdotales). 
Fragments  of  fasti  in  this  sense  of  the  word  have  likewise 
come  down  to  us,  and  of  these  the  fasti  capitollni  are  by 
far  the  most  Important. 
Teuffel  and  Schwdbe,  Hist.  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr),  I.  106. 

Fasti.    A  jgoetical  Roman  calendar  by  Ovid. 

Fasti  Capitolini  (fas'ti  kap"i-to-li'ni).  [L., 
'fasti  of  the  Capitol.'  Seei'agW.]'  Marble  tab- 
lets containing  a  register  of  the  Roman  con-' 
suls  and  other  chief  magistrates,  excavated 
at  Rome  in  1546  or  1547,  and  preserved  in  the 
Capitol. 

Fastnet  (fast 'net)  Light.  A  lighthouse  off 
Cape  Clear,  County  Cork,  Ireland,  in  lat.  51° 
23'  N.,  long.  9°  36' W. 

Fastolf  (fas'tolf).  Sir  John.  Bom  probably  in 
1378:  died  at  Caister,  Nov.  5,  1459.  An  Eng- 
lish soldier  andbenefactor  of  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford.  He  was  a  page  of  Thomas  Mowbray,  duke  of 
Norfolk,  and  afterward  entered  the  service  of  Thomas  of 
Lancaster  (duke  of  Clarence),  Henry  IV. 's  second  son,  who 
became  lord  deputy  of  Ireland  in  1401.  He  was  appointed 
by  Henry  V.  custodian  of  the  castle  of  Veires  in  Gascony 
in  1413 ;  became  lieutenant  of  Normandy  and  governor  of 
Maine  and  Anjou  in  1423 ;  took  John  II.,  duke  of  Alengon, 
prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Verneuil  in  1424,  and  was  created 
a  knight  of  the  Garter  in  1426.  On  Feb.  12, 1429,  during 
Lent,  while  convoying  provisions,  consisting  chiefly  of 
herrings,  to  the  English  before  Orleans,  he  repulsed  an 
attack  of  a  largely  superior  French  force  under  theComte 
de  Clermont  at  Rouvray  ("the  Battle  of  the  Herrings"), 
and  June  18,  1429,  was  defeated  with  Talbot  at  Patay. 
He  retired  from  military  service  in  1440.  He  left  a  legacy 
for  the  founding  of  a  college  at  Caister,  which  was  di- 
verted by  papal  authority  to  Magdalen  College,  Oxford. 
He  is  supposed  by  some  to  be  the  original  of  Shakspere's 
Sir  John  Falstaff.    See  Falstaff. 

Fata  Morgana  (fa'ta  mor-ga'na).  The  fay  or 
fairy  Morgana,  the  sister  of  Eng  Arthur,  in  me- 
dieval romance.  Shelived  in  the  Isle  of  Avalon,  where 
Ogier  the  Dane  was  taken  and  became  her  lover.  In  '  *  Or- 
lando Innamorato"  she  appears  as  a  personification  of 
Fortune.  She  is  subject  only  to  Demogorgon.  She  is  also 
called  "  Morgaine  "  ^nd  "  Morgan  ")  "  la  f  6e  "  and  "  Morgue 
la  fay."  The  name  Fata  Morgana  is  given  to  a  mirage  seen 
in  the  Strait  of  Messina,  superstitiously  supposed  to  be 
caused  by  Morgana. 

Fatal  Curiosity.  1 .  An  episode  in  Cervantes'a 
"  Don  Quixote."  It  relates  to  the  excessive  trial 
of  a  wife's  faithfulness. — 2.  A  tragedy  by  Lillo, 
published  in  1737.  it  has  been  imitated  in  "  The  Ship- 
wreck," and  was  altered  andrebroduced  by  Colman,  senior, 
in  1782. 

Fatal  Discovery,  The.  A  play  by  John  Home, 
produced  by  Garrick  in  1769. 

Fatal  Dowry,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Massinger 
and  Field.  It  was  produced  in  1682,  and  was 
pillaged  by  Rowe  in  his  "Fair  Penitent." 

FatalMarriage,  The,  or  The  Innocent  Adul- 
tery. A  tragedy  by  Southerne,  acted  in  16-94. 
On  its  revival  in  1767  the  comic  under-plot  was  omitted, 
and  the  play  was  afterward  renamed  "  Isabella." 


Fates,  The 

Fates  (fats),  The.  [L.  Fata.']  In  Roman  my- 
thology, the  Parcse,  or  destinies  personified, 
corresponding  to  the  Greek  Moeres  (which  see). 

Path  Ali.    See  Feth  Ali. 

Father  Hubbard's  Tales,  or  The  Ant  and  the 
Nightingale.  A  coarse  hut  humorous  attack 
on  the  vices  and  follies  of  the  times,  partly  in 
prose  and  partly  in  verse,  by  Thomas  Middleton. 
It  was  suggested  Dy  Spenser's  "  Prosopopoia,  or  Mother 
Hubberd's  Tale."    It  was  published  in  1604. 

[The  title  of  "  Father  of  "  so-and-so  is  given  to  many  per- 
sons, often  without  reason  or  historicS  accuracy.  The 
following  list  contains  some  of  the  most  common  titles  of 
this  sort.] 

Father  of  Angling,  The.    Izaak  Walton. 

Father  of  Comedy,  The.    Aristophanes. 

Father  of  Ecclesiastical  History,  The.  Eu- 
sehius  of  Csesarea. 

Father  of  English  Cathedral  Music,  The. 
Tallis. 

Father  of  English  Poetry,  The.    Chaucer. 

Father  of  English  Prose,  The.  Roger  Ascham. 

Father  of  Epic  Poetry,  The.    Homer. 

Father  of  French  History,  The.  Andr6  Du- 
chesne. 

Father  of  German  Literature,  The.  Lessing. 

Father  of  Good  Works.  A  surname  of  Mo- 
hammed n.,  sultan  of  Turkey. 

Father  of  Greek  Music,  The.    Terpander. 

Father  of  Greek  Tragedy,  The.    ^sehylus. 

Father  of  History,  The.    Herodotus. 

Father  of  Jests,  The.    Joseph  Miller. 

Father  of  Letters,  The.  Francis  I.  of  Prance : 
so  named  as  a  patron  of  literature. 

Father  of  Lies,  The.    Satan. 

Father  of  Medicine,  The.    Hippocrates. 

Father  of  Moral  Philosophy,  The.  Thomas 
Aquinas. 

Father  of  Music,  The.    Palestrina. 

Father  of  Orthodoxy,  The.    Athanasius. 

Father  of  Peace,  The.  A  title  given  by  the 
senate  of  Genoa  to  Andrea  Doria. 

Father  of  Bidicule,  The,    Rabelais. 

Father  of  the  Faithful,  The.  Abraham. 

Father  of  the  Marshalsea,  The.  SeeDomi, 
Mr.  William. 

Father  of  the  People.  A  title  assumed  by  the 
kings  of  Denmark  during  the  period  of  absolu- 
tism. 
,  Father  of  Waters.    The  Mississippi. 

Father  Prout.    See  Mahony,  Francis. 

Fathers,  The,  or  The  Good-natured  Man.  A 
play  by  Fielding,  brought  to  light  24  years  after 
his  death. 

Fathers,  The  Apostolic.  Those  fathers  of  the 
church  who  were  during  any  part  of  their  lives 
contemporary  with  the  apostles.  They  are  six : 
Barnabas  (lived  about  A.  D.  70-100),  Clement  of  IU)me(died 
about  100),  Hennas  (lived  probably  about  the  beginning  of 
the  2d  century).  Ignatius  (died  probably  107),  Papias  (lived 
probably  about  130),  and  Polycarp  (died  166). 

Fathers  and  Sons.    A  novel  by  Turgenieff, 

published  in  1862.  in  it  theoretic  nihilism  is  pre- 
sented and  defined.  The  destructive  skepticism  of  the 
medical  student  BazarofI,  "  the  new  man,  in  whom  Tur- 
genieff portrayed  the  spirit  of  a  new  epoch,  aroused  much 
hostility  against  him. 

"A  nihilist,'  said  Nicholas  Petrovitch,  ..."  signifies  a 
man  who  .  .  .  recognizes  nothing ! "  "Orrather  who  re- 
spects nothing,"  said  Paul  Petrovitch.  .  .  .  "A  man  who 
lool^s  at  everything  from  a  critical  point  of  view,"  said 
Arcadi.  "  Does  not  that  come  to  the  same  thing  ?  "  asked 
his  uncle.  "No,  not  at  all;  a  nihilist  is  a  man  who  bows 
before  no  authority,  who  accepts  no  principle  without  ex- 
amination, no  matter  what  credit  the  principle  has." 

Tmgetdef,  Fathers  and  Sons  (tr.  by  Schuyler),  v. 

Fathigarh  (fut-e-garh'),  or  Futtigarh  (fut-te- 
garh').  A  town  and  station  in  the  division  of 
Agra,  Northwest  Provinces,  British  India,  sit- 
uated on  the  Ganges  3  miles  east  of  Farrak- 
habad. 
.  Tathipur  (fut-e-por'),  or  Futtehpur  (fut-te- 
por').  1.  A  district  in  the  Allahabad  division, 
Northwest  Provinces,  British  India,  intersected 
by  lat.  26°  N.,  long.  80°  45'  E.  Area,  1,633 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  699,157.; — 2. 
The  capital  of  the  district  of  Fathipur,  situated 
in  lat,  25°  55'  N.,  long.  80°  45'  E.  Population 
(1891),  20,179. 

Fathom,  Count.  See  Ferdinand,  Count  Fathom. 

Fatima  (fa'te-ma).  1.  Bom  at  Mecca,  Arabia, 
about  606:  died  at  Medina,  Arabia,  632.  A 
daughter  of  Mohammed  by  his  first  wife,  Kadi- 
iah,  and  vrif  e  of  Ali.  she  had  three  sons,  Al-Hasan, 
Al-Husein,  and  Al-Muhsin.  The  last  died  in  infancy.  From 
the  two  former  were  descended  the  Saiyides.  She  was 
called  by  the  Prophet  one  of  the  four  perfect  women. 
3.  In  "Aladdin  or  the  Wonderful  Lamp,"  the 
enchantress. —  3.  In  the  story  of  Bluebeard, 
the  seventh  and  last  wife.  She  is  said  to  per- 
sonify female  curiosity. 


382 

Fatimites  (fat'i-mits),  or  Fatimides  (fat'i- 
midz).  An  Arabian  dynasty  of  califs  which 
reigned  over  northern  Africa  and  Syria,  909- 
1171.  They  professed  to  trace  their  descentfrom  Fatima, 
the  daughter  of  Mohammed.  The  califate  was  established 
by  Obeid-allah,  and  he  had  13  successors.  Their  reign  in 
Egypt  began  in  969. 

Fattore,  II.    See  Penni. 

Fatwa  (fut'wa).  A  town  in  Bengal,  British 
India,  situated  on  the  Ganges  at  its  junction 
with  the  PmnpuB,  near  Patna. 

Faubourg  St.-Antoine,  St.-Germain,  etc.  See 
St.-Antoine,  etc. 

Faucher  (fo-sha'),  L6on.  Bom  at  Limoges, 
Prance,  Sept.  8,  1803 :  died  at  Marseilles,  Dec. 
14,  1854.  A  French  economist  and  politician, 
a  leading  advocate  of  free  trade.  He  was  min- 
ister of  public  works  and  of  the  interior  1848-49,  and 
minister  of  the  interior  in  1851.  His  chief  .works  ai'e 
"  Recherches  sur  I'or  et  sur  I'argent "  (1843),  "Etudes  sur 
I'Angleterre"  (1846). 

Fauchet  (fo-sha'),  Claude.  Bom  at  Paris,  July 
3, 1530:  died  at  Paris,  1601.  A  noted  French 
antiquarian  and  historian.  He  wrote  "Les  an- 
tiquitez  gauloises  et  frangoises,  etc."  (1579),  "Recueil  de 
I'origine  de  la  langue  et  po6sie  fran^oise,  etis."  (1581),  etc. 
His  collected  works  were  published  at  Paris  in  1610. 

Fauchet,  Claude.  Bom  at  Domes,  NiSvre, 
France,  Sept.  22,  1744:  guillotined  at  Paris, 
Oct.  31, 1793.  A  French  bishop  (of  Calvados), 
journalist,  and  revolutionist.  He  was  deputy  to  the 
Legislative  Assembly  in  1791,  and  to  the  Convention  in 
1792.  He  edited  "La  Bouche  de  Fer"  and  the  "Journal 
des  Amis."  His  support  of  the  church  and  his  alliance 
with  the  Girondins  led  to  his  death. 

Faucigny  (fo-sen-ye').  A  district  in  the  de- 
partment of  Haute-Savoie,  France,  south  of 
Chablais  and  west  of  the  Swiss  canton  of  Va- 
lais.  It  was  a  medieval  lordship,  and  passed  in  1365  to 
the  house  of  Savoy. 

Faucilles  (fo-sey'),  Les  Monts.  A  range  of 
hills  in  eastern  France,  connecting  the  Vosges 
Mountains  with  the  plateau  of  Langres.  High- 
est point,  about  1,600  feet. 

Faucit  (f3,'sit),  Helen,  Lady  Martin.  Born  in 
1819:  died  Oct.  31,1898.  An  English  actress.  She 
made  her  first  appearance  at  London,  in  1836,  as  Julia  in 
"The  Hunchback."  She  has  since  gained  success  in  Juliet, 
Portia,  Desdemona,  and  other  Shaksperian  rfiles,  and  cre- 
ated tile  leading  female  characters  in  "  The  Lady  of  Lyons," 
"Money,"  "  Richelieu," and  raanyotherplays.  In  1851  she 
married  Mr.  Theodore  (now  Sir  Theodore)  Martin.  Her  last 
appearance  was  in  1879,  at  the  opening  of  the  Memorial 
Theatre  at  Stratford-on-Avon.  She  has  written  a  work 
"  On  Some  of  the  Female  Characters  of  Shakspere." 

Faujas  de  Saint-Fond  (fo-zha'  d6  san-f6n'), 
Barth^lemy.  Bom  at  Mont61imart,  Dr6me, 
France,  May  17,  1741:  died  at  Paris,  July  19, 
1819.  A  French  geologist  and  traveler.  He 
published  "Les  volcans  ^teints  du  Vivarais  et 
duVelay"  (1778),  etc. 

Faulconbridge  (f^'kn-brij).  Lady.  A  charac- 
ter in  Shakspere's  "  King  John." 

Faulconbridge,  Philip.  Half-brother  (illegit- 
imate) to  Robert  Faulconbridge  in  Shakspere's 
"King  John." 

Faulconbridge,  Robert.  A  character  in  Shak- 
spere's "King  John." 

Faulhorn  (foul'h6rn).  A  peak  of  the  Bemese 
Alps,  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  south 
of  the  Brienzer  See,    Height,  8,803  feet. 

Faulkland.    See  Falkland. 

Faulkner's  (f  ak'nferz)  Island.  A  small  island 
in  Long  Island  Sound,  near  Guilford,  Con- 
necticut. 

Faun  of  Praxiteles.  The  finest  surviving  copy 
of  the  celebrated  original :  in  the  Capitoline 
Museum,  Rome.  The  youth  leans  on  a  tree-stump, 
nude  except  for  a  panther-skin  over  the  shoulder.  The 
face  betrays  his  rude  kinship  by  little  except  the  unusual 
hollow  in  the  nose  and  the  slightly  pointed  ears. 

Faunus.    See  Parasitaster. 

Faure  (for),  Frangois  F61ix.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Jan.  30,  1841 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  16,  1899.  A 
French  statesman.  He  was  president  of  the  chamber 
of  commerce  at  Havre,  and  during  the  Franco-German 
war  served  in  the  garde  mobile  against  the  Commune. 
He  was  elected  in  1881  to  the  chamber  as  a  republican  ; 
was  in  the  ministry  of  commerce  under  Gambetta  and 
Jules  Ferry ;  was  jnlnister  of  marine  under  Dupny ;  and 
was  elected  president  of  France  Jan.  17, 1896. 

Faure,  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Moulins, 
Prance,  Jan.  15,  1830.  A  noted  French  bary- 
tone singer  and  composer.  He  made  his  d^but  at 
the  Op^ra  Comique  Oct.  20, 1852.  In  1857  he  was  made 
professor  of  singing  at  the  Conservatoire,  Paris.  In  1859 
he  married  Mademoiselle  Lef  ^bre,  an  actress  at  the  Op^ra 
Comique.    He  has  published  two  books  of  songs,  etc. 

Faure,  Madame  (Constance  Caroline  Le- 
f^bre).  BomatParis,Dec.21,1828.  A  French 
vocalist,  wife  of  J.  B.  Faure. 

Fauriel  (fo-re-el'),  Claude  Charles.    Bom  at 

St.-Etienne,  France,  Oct.   21,  1772:    died   at 


FaustuB 

Paris,  July  15,  1844.  A  French  philologist, 
historian,  critic,  and  politician.  He  published 
"Histoire  de  la  Gaule  m^ridionale  sous  la  domination 
des  conqu^rants  germalns  "  (1836^,  "  Histoire  de  la  croi. 
sade  contre  les  h6r6tiques  albigeois  "  (translated  from  the 
Provenjal,  1837),  "Histoire  de  la  litterature  provencale' 
(1846),  "Dante  et  les  origines  de  la  langue  et  de  la  litte- 
rature italienne  "  (1854). 

Faust  (foust).  1.  A  tragedy  by  Goethe,  com- 
menced in  1772,  and  published  as  "Faust,  ein 
Fragment "  in  1790.  Part  l,  complete,  was  published 
as  "Faust,  eine  Tragodie"  in  1808;  part  2,  finished  in 
1831,  was  published  in  1833.  It  has  been  translated  into 
English  by  Bayard  Taylor,  Blackie,  Anster,  Hayward, 
Martin,  and  others  (nearly  40  in  all).  Goethe  accomplished 
the  transformation  of  Faust  from  a  common  necromancer 
and  conjurer  into  a  personification  of  humanity,  tempted 
and  disquieted,  but  at  length  groping  its  way  to  the 
light.    See  Goethe. 

2.  An  opera  by  Gounod,  (words,  after  Goethe, 
by  Carr6  and  Barbier),  represented  at  the  The- 
atre Lyrique,  Paris,  March  19,  1859.— 3.  An 
opera  by  Spohr,  first  produced  at  Frankfort  in 
1818.  The  words,  which  do  not  follow  Goethe's 
play,  are  by  Bernhard. 

Faust  (foust),  Johann.    See  Fust. 

Faust,  or  Faustus  (f  sis'tus).  Doctor  Johann.  A 
personbornatKundling(Knittlingen),Wurtem- 
berg,  or  at  Roda,  near  Weimar,  and  said  to  have 
died  in  1538.  H  e  was  a  man  of  licentious  character,  a  ma- 
gician, astrologer,  and  soothsayer,  who  boasted  of  perform- 
ing the  miracles  of  Christ.  It  was  believed  that  he  was  car- 
ried off  at  last  by  the  devil,  who  had  lived  with  him  in  the 
form  of  a  black  dog.  The  legends  of  Faust  were  gathered 
from  the  then  recent  traditions  concerning  him  in  a  book 
which  appeared  at  the  book-fair  at  Frankfort-on-the- 
Main  in  1687.  It  was  called  "  The  History  of  Dr.  Faustus, 
the  Notorious  Magician  and  Master  of  the  Black  Art, 
etc."  Soon  after  its  appearance  it  became  known  iuEng- 
land.  "A  metrical  version  of  it  into  English  was  licensed 
by  Aylmer,  Bishop  of  London,  before  the  end  of  the  year. 
In  1588  there  was  a  rimed  version  of  it  into  German,  also 
a  translation  into  Low  German,  and  a  new  edition  of  the 
original  with  some  slight  changes.  In  1589  there  ap- 
peared a  version  of  the  first  German  Faust  book  into 
French,  by  Victor  Palma  Cayet.  The  English  prose  ver- 
sion was  made  from  the  second  edition  of  the  original, 
that  of  1688,  and  is  undated,  but  probably  was  made  at 
once.  There  was  a  revised  edition  of  it  in  1592.  In  1692 
there  was  a  Dutch  translation  from  the  second  German 
edition.  This  gives  the  time  of  the  carrying  oflf  of  Faustus 
by  the  devil  as  the  night  between  the  twenty-third  and 
twenty-fourth  of  October,  1538.  The  English  version  also 
gives  1538  as  the  year,  and  it  is  a  date,  as  we  have  seen, 
consistent  with  trustworthy  references  to  his  actual  life. 
Marlowe's  play  ('  The  Tragical  History  of  Doctor  Faustus ') 
was  probably  written  in  1688,  soon  after  the  original  story 
had  found  its  way  to  England.  He  treated  the  legend  as  a 
poet,  bringing  out  with  all  his  power  its  central  thought  — 
man  in  the  pride  of  knowledge  turning  from  his  God." 
(JforZey,  Eng.  Writers,  IX.  254.)  This  play  was  brought  to 
Germany  about  thebeginning  of  the  17th  century,  and,  after 
passing  through  various  developments  on  the  stage,  finally 
became  a  puppet-play,  which  is  still  in  existence.  Les- 
sing wrote  parts  of  two  versions  of  the  story.  Muller,  tlie 
painter,  published  two  fragments  of  his  dramatized  life  of 
Faust  in  1778.  Goethe's  tragedy  (which  see)  was  not  pub- 
lished till  1808.  Klinger  published  a  romance  "Faust's 
Leben,  Thaten  und  Hollenf alirt "  (1791 :  Borrow  trans- 
lated it  in  1826).  Klingemann  published  a  tragedy  on  the 
subject  (1815),  Heine  a  ballet  "Der  Doctor  Faust,  ein  ■ 
Tanzpoem"  (1851),  and  Lenau  an  epic  "Faust"  (1836). 
W.  G.  Wills  adapted  a  play  from  Goethe's  "Faust,"  which 
Henry  Irving  produced  in  1885.  Calderon's  play  "El 
Magico  Prodigioso  "  strongly  resembles  Goethe's  and  Mar- 
lowe's plays,  though  founded  on  the  legend  of  St.  Cyprian. 

Fausta  (f^s'ta),  Cornelia.  Bom  about  88  b.  c. 
A  daughter  of  the  Roman  dictator  L.  Cornelius 
Sulla  by  his  fourth  wife,  Csecilia  Metella.  she 
married  at  an  early  age  C.  Memmius,  by  whom  she  was 
divorced.  In  55  B.  0.,  she  man'ied  T.  Annius  Milo.  She 
was  notorious  for  her  conjugal  infidelity.  The  historian 
Sallust  is  said  to  have  been  one  of  her  paramours. 

Fausta,  Flavia  Maximiana.  Died  probably 
in  326.  A  Roman  empress,  daughter  of  the 
emperor  Maximianus  Herculius.  she  married  m 
307  Constantino  the  Great,  by  whom  she  was  the  mother 
of  Constantinus,  Constantius,  and  Constans,  She  is  said 
to  have  induced  Constantino  by  false  accusations  to  put 
Crispus,  his  eldest  son  by  a  former  marriage,  to  death, 
and  to  have  been  suffocated  in  a  heated  bath  by  order  of 
her  husband,  in  consequence  of  the  discovery  of  the  inno* 
cence  of  Crispus, 

Faustin  I.    See  Soulouque. 

Faustina  (fas-ti'na),  Anhia,  sumamed  Junior. 
[L.  Fatistina,  fi'om  faustus,  fortunate.]  Died 
near  Mount  Taurus,  Asia  Minor,  175  a.  d.  A 
Roman  empress,  daughter  of  Antoninus  Pius  by 
Annia  Galeria  Faustina,  she  married  Marcus  Au- 
relius  in  145  or  146.  She  surpassed  her  mother  in  profligacy, 
and  is  said  to  have  incited  by  her  intrigues  the  unsuccess* 
ful  rebellion  of  Avidius  Cassius. 

Faustina,  Annia  Galeiria,  surnamed  Senior. 
Born  about  104  A,  D. :  died  141.  A  Roman  em- 
press. She  married  Antoninus  Pius  before  his  elevation 
to  the  throne  in  138,  and  died  in  the  third  year  of  hl» 
reign.  She  was  noted  for  her  profligacy.  A  temple  dedi- 
cated to  her  memory  in  the  Via  Sacra  may  still  be  seen  in  a 
perfect  state  of  preservation.  There  is  a  colossal  bust  of 
her  in  the  Vatican,  Home.  It  is  awell-characterized  piece 
of  portrait-sculpture,  and  a  good  example  of  the  best 
works  of  Roman  art. 

Faustus.    See  Faust. 


FauTelet 

Fauvelet  (fov-la'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom  at 
Bordeaux,  France,  June  9,  1819.  A  French 
painter  of  genre  scenes  and  flowers. 

Pavara  (t&-\S,'ra,).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Girgenti,  Sicily,  4  miles  southeast  of  Girgenti. 
Population  (1881),  16,051. 

Favart  (fa-vSr'),  Charles  Simon.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Nov.  13,  1710:  died  at  Belleville,  near 
Paris,  May  12,  1792.  A  French  dramatist  and 
writer  of  comic  operas.  • 

Favart,  Madame  (Marie  Justine  Benoite  du 
Ronceray).  Bom  at  Avignon,  France,  June  15, 
1727:  died  at  Paris,  April  22,  1772.  A  French 
actress  and  writer,  wife  of  C.  -S.  Favart. 

Favart,  Marie  (Pierette  Ignace  Pingaud). 
Born  at  Beauae,  France,  Feb.  16, 1833.  Anoted 
French  actress,  she  made  her  d^but,  in  1848,  at  the 
Com^die  Fran^aise,  of  which  in  1854  she  was  made  a  mem- 
ber. She  resigned  in  1881.  In  1883  she  made  a  tour  in 
EuBsia  with  Coquelin,  and  played  in  classic  comedy,  nota- 
bly in  "Tartufe."  She  has  created  many  original  parts, 
and  has  been  especially  successful  in  the  modern  drama. 

Faventia  (fa-ven'shi-a).  The  Roman  name  of 
Paenza  (which  see). 

Faversham  (fav'er-sham),  or  Feversham 
(fev'6r-sham).  A  town  in  Kent,  England,  on 
a  TjTaneh  of  the  Swale  44  miles  east-southeast 
of  London.  It  was  formerly  the  seat  of  a  cele- 
brated abbey.    Population  (1891),  10,478. 

Favignana  (fa-ven-ya'na).  The  largest  of  the 
.Agates  Islands,  west  of  Sicily:  the  ancient 
Mgasa. 

Favonius  (fa-v6'ni-us).  In  Roman  mythology, 
the  west  wind  personified :  the  same  as  Zephyrus. 

FavorinilS  (fav-o-ri'nus).  Bom  at  Arelate, 
Gaul :  lived  about  125  a.  d.  A  rhetorician  and 
sophist,  a  friend  of  the  emperor  Hadrian.  He 
adopted  the  skepticism  of  the  Academy. 

Favorita(f  a-v6-re'ta),  La.  [It., '  The  Favorite.'] 
An  opera  by  Donizetti,  first  produced  at  Paris 
in  1840. 

Favras  (fa^vra'),  Marauis  de  (Thomas  de 
Mahy),  Bom  at  Blois,  Prance,  March  26, 1744 : 
died  at  Paris,  Feb.  19,  1790.  A  French  con- 
spirator. At  the  outbreak  of  the  French  KevoluUon  he 
was  an  officer  in  the  Swiss  body-guard  of  the  Count  of 
Provence,  afterward  Louis  XTIII.  He  was  suspected  of 
organizing  a  counter-revolution  to  place  the  count  on  the 
French  throne,  and  was  hung. 

Favre  (favr),  Gabriel  Claude  Jules.  Born  at 
Lyons,  March  21,  1809:  died  at  Versailles, 
Prance,  Jan.  19, 1880.  A  noted  French  states- 
man and  orator.  He  was  the  leader  of  the  democratic 
opposition  to  the  second  empire  1863-68,  and  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  1870-71.  He  wrote  "  Rome  et  la  rSpubliaue 
francaise  "  (1871),  "  Le  gouvernement  de  la  defense  nation- 
ale  "  (1871-76). 

Fawcett  (fft'set),  Henry.  Bora  at  Salisbury, 
England,  Aug.  26,  1833:  died  at  Cambridge, 
Nov.  6,  1884.  A  noted  English  statesman  and 
political  economist.  He  graduated  B.  A.  at  Trinity 
Hall,  Cambridge,  in  1856 ;  studied  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
London ;  and  was  accidentally  blinded  Sept.  17, 1868.  He 
became  professor  of  political  economy  at  Cambridge  In 
1863,  a  position  which  he  retained  until  his  death.  In 
1867  he  married  Miss  Millicent  Garrett  of  Aldeburgh,  Suf- 
folk, who  during  the  rest  of  his  life  shared  his  inteUeotual 
and  political  labors.  He  was  Liberal  member  of  Parlia^ 
ment  for  Brighton  1865-74,  ajid  for  Hackney  1874-S4.  In 
1880  he  became  postmaster-general  in  Gladstone's  gov- 
ernment, and  introduced  numerous  reforms  in  the  postal 
service,  of  which  the  most  important  was  the  parcels  post 
of  1882  He  publisheda  "Manual  of  Political  Economy" 
(1863),  "Mr.  Hare's  Reform  Bill  Simplified  and  Explained  " 
(I860).  "The  Leading  Clauses  of  a  New  Reform  Bill" 
(186D)i  "The  Economic  Position  of  the  British  Labourer" 
(1866)  "Pauperism:  its  Causes  and  Remedies  "(1871),  "Bs- 
saya  and  Lectures  on  Social  and  Political  Subjects  "  (1872 : 
including  eight  essays  by  Mrs.  Fawcett),  "Speeches  on 
Some  Current  Political  Questions"  (1873),  "Free  Trade 
and  Protection "  (1878),  "Indian  Finance "  (1880),  "State 
Socialism  and  the  Nationalisation  of  Land "  (1883),  and 
"Labour  and  Wages"  (1884). 

Fawcett,  John.  Born  Aug.  29, 1768  :  died  1837. 
An  English  actor  and  dramatist.  He  appeared  at 
Covent  Garden,  London,  in  1791,  and  maintained  his  con- 
nection with  that  theater  until  his  retirement  from  the 
stage  in  1830.  A  number  of  plays  were  written  especially 
f  orhim  by  Colman  the  younger,  the  most  notable  of  which 
was  the  "  Heir-at-Law,"  in  which  he  appeared  as  Dr.  Pan- 
eloBS  He  wrote  "  Obi,  or  Three-flngered  Jack"  (produced 
It  the  Haymarket in  1800),  "P^rouse  "(1801)^' Fairies' Rev- 
el "  (produced  at  the  Haymarket  in  1802),  "  The  Enchanted 
Island"  (produced  at  the  Haymarket  in  1804),  etc. 

Pawkes  (fUks),  Guy.  ^Born  at  York^  Eng- 
land, 1570:  died  Jan.  31,  1606.  An  Enghsh 
conspirator.  He  was  the  son  of  Edward  Fawkes,  a 
notary  of  the  eocle3ia,stieal  courts.  Guy  left  England  m 
1593  for  Flanders,  where  he  became  a  soldier  in  the  Span- 
ish army.  He  returned  to  England  on  the  accession  of 
James  I.,  and  in  1604  became  assoomted  with  Catesby, 
■rhomasPeroy,  Thomas  Winter,  John  Wright,  and  others  in 
the  so-called  "gunpowder  plot,"  the  object  of  which  was 
to  kill  the  king  and  the  members  of  Parliament  The  con- 
sptators  managed  to  iill  a  cellar  under  the  Parliament 
house  with  barrels  of  gunpowder,  fh'"^.,™  J",?;^,^^- 
ploded  by  Fawkes  at  the  opemng  of  Parliament,  Nov.  5, 


383 

1605.  He  was  arrested  as  he  was  entering  the  cellar  on 
the  night  of  Nov.  4-5,  and  after  trial  was  executed  with 
several  of  his  accomplices. 

Fawkner  (fak'ner),  John  Pasco.  Bom  Oct. 
20,  1792:  died  Sept.  4,  1869.  An  AustraUau 
journalist.  He  went  from  England'  to  Van  Diemen's 
Land  in  1804  with  his  father,  a  convict.  In  1836  he  settled 
with  others  on  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Melbourne, 
and  in  1838  started  the  "Melbourne  Advertiser,"  which 
was  suppressed  by  the  government  in  consequence  of  fail- 
ure to  comply  with  the  press  laws.  In  1839  he  began  the 
"  Port  Philip  Patriot,"  which,  after  changing  its  name  to 
the  "  Daily  News,"  was  amalgamated  with  the  "Argus" 
in  1852.    He  became  a  member  of  the  council  of  "Victoria. 

Fawnia  (f&'ni-a).  In  Greene's  "  Dorastus  and 
Fawnia"  (afterward  called  "Pandosto"),  the 
lady  loved  byBorastus.  She  is  the  original  of 
Shakspere's  Perdita. 

Faxarao.    See  Saavedra. 

T&y  {&  or  fay),  Al^dras.  Bom  at  KohAny, 
county  of  ZempUu,  Himgary,  May  30,  1786: 
died  at  Pest,  July  26, 1864.  A  Hungarian  poet 
and  general  writer,  author  of  "Mes6k"  ("Fa- 
bles," 1820),  etc. 

Fay  (fa),  Charles  Alexandre.  Bom  at  St.- 
Jean  Pied  de  Port,  Basses-Pyr6n6es,  France, 
Sept.  23,  1827.  A  French  general.  He  entered 
the  army  in  1847 ;  served  as  aide-de-camp  to  General  Bos- 
quet in  the  Crimean  war,  and  as  lieutenant-colonel  on  the 
staff  of  Marshal  Bazaine  in  the  Franco-Prussian  war ;  and 
was  captured  at  the  capitulation  of  Metz.  He  became 
general  of  division  in  1885.  He  has  written  "  Souvenirs  de 
la  guerre  de  Crim^e  "  (1867),  "Etude  sur  la  guerre  d'Alle- 
magne  en  1866  "  (1867),  "  De  la  loi  militaire  "  (1870), ' '  Jour- 
nal d'un  offlcier  de  I'arm^e  du  Ehin  "  (1871),  etc. 

Fay  (fi),  Joseph.  Bora  at  Cologne,  Aug.  10, 
1813:  died  at  Dusseldorf,  July  27,  1875.  A 
German  painter. 

Fay  (fa),  Theodore  Sedgwick.  Bom  at  New 
York,  Feb.  10,  1807 :  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  24, 
1898.  An  American  miscellaneous  writer  and 
diplomatist.  He  became  associate  editor  of  the  "  New 
York  Mirror  "  in  1828 ;  was  secretary  of  the  American  lega- 
tion at  Berlin  1837-68 ;  and  was  minister  resident  at  Bern, 
Switzerland,  1863-61,  when  he  retired  to  private  life. 
Author  of  "  Great  Outlines  of  Geography  "  (1867). 

Fayal  (fi-ai';  Pg.  pron.  fi-al').  One  of  the 
Azores  Islands,  forming  part  of  the  district  of 
Horta.  It  exports  oranges.  The  capital  is 
Horta.    Area,  69  square  miles. 

Faye  (fa),  Herv6  Auguste  i^tienne  Alban. 

Born  atSt.-Benoit-du-Sault,  Indre,Franee,  Oct. 
5,  1814 :  died  at  Paris,  July  4, 1902.  A  French 
astronomer.  On  Nov.  22,  1843,  he  discovered 
a  new  comet,  which  was  named  from  him. 

Fayette,  Madame  de  La.    See  Za  Fayette. 

Fayetteville  (fa-et'vil).  The  capital  of  Cum- 
berland County,  North  Carolina,  situated  on  the 
Cape  Fear  River  50  miles  south-southwest  of 
Raleigh.     Population  (1900),  4,670. 

Fayrer  (f  a'rer).  Sir  Joseph.  Bora  at  Plymouth, 
England,  Dec.  6,  1824.  An  English  surgeon- 
general  in  the  Indian  army.  He  wrote  a  work  on 
the  poisonous  snakes  of  India,  which  was  published  by 
the  Indian  government  in  1872,  and  is  also  the  author  of 
other  works  and  of  numerous  papers  on  medical  subjects 
in  special  relation  to  India. 

Fayiim,  or  Fayoum  (fi-6m').  A  province  of 
Egypt,  west  of  the  Nile  and  southwest  of 
Cairo.  It  is  well  watered  and  very  fertile.  Inthenorth- 
west  part  of  it  is  the  large  lake  Birket  el-Kurun,  and  the 
ancient  lake  Mceris  (which  see)  was  in  it.  Area,  493  square 
miles.    Population  (1897),  371,006. 

Mr.  Petrie  has  brought  to  light  [in  the  Fayum]  the  earli- 
est Greek  alphabetical  signs  yet  discovered ;  for  the  most 
ancient  specimens  of  the  Greek  writing  previously  known 
are  the  rock-cut  and  the  lava-cut  inscriptions  found  in  the 
very  ancient  cemeteries  of  Santorin  and  Thera,  and  the 
famous  Greek  inscription  cut  upon  the  leg  of  one  of  the 
colossi  at  Abfl-Simbel.  The  Abft-Simbel  inscription  is 
contemporaneous  with  the  Forty-seventh  Olympiad,  and 
Lenormant  attributes  the  oldest  of  the  Theran  inscrip- 
tions to  the  9th  century  before  Christ.  But  the  potsherds 
found  by  Mr.  Petrie  in  the  Fayum  carry  back  the  history 
of  the  alphabet  to  a  period  earlier  than  the  date  of  the 
Exodus,  and  six  centuries  earlier  than  any  Greek  inscrip- 
tions known.         Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  79. 

Fazio  (fat'se-5).  A  tragedy  by  Dean  Milnmn, 
first  produced,  without  his  knowledge,  as  "  The 
Italian  Wife."  In  ISlS  it  was  brought  out  with  great 
success  at  Covent  Garden.  The  plot  is  from  a  story  in 
the  "Annual  Register"  for  1796.    See  Biarwa. 

Fazogl,  or  Fassogl  (fa-z6'gl).  A  territory  in 
the  eastern  Sudan,  situated  on  the  Blue  Nile 
about  lat.  11°-12°  N.  ,^     ,„ 

Fazy  (f  a-ze'),  James.  Bom  at  Geneva,  May  12, 
1796:  died  there,  Nov.  5, 1878.  A  Swiss  states- 
man and  journalist.  He  was  the  head  of  the  provi- 
sional government  at  Geneva  in  1846,  and  author  of  "Essai 
d'un  precis  de  I'histolre  de  la  r^publique  de  Geneve   (1838), 

Fea  (fa'a).  Carlo.  Born  at  Pigna,  near  Nice, 
Feb.  2,  1753:  died  at  Rome,  March  18,  1834. 
An  Italian  ecclesiastic  and  archaeologist.  He 
published ' '  Miscellanea  filologica ,  eritiea  ed  an- 
tiquaria"  (1790),  etc. 


Feckenham 

Fear  (f  er),  Cape.  A  promontory  on  the  Atlantic 
coast,  forming  the  southern  point  of  Smith's 
Island,  in  the  south  of  North  Carolina.  The  po- 
sition of  the  light-ship  is  lat.  33°  35'  N.,  long.  77°  50'  W. 
Cape  Fear  River,  which  enters  the  ocean  here  by  two 
channels  separated  by  Smith's  Island,  is  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  Deep  and  Haw  rivers  in  Chatham  County, 
North  Carolina,  and  flows  in  a  southeasterly  direction. 
The  entrances  to  it  were  blockaded  during  the  Civil  War. 
Length,  about  260  miles;  navigable  to  Fayetteville  (120 
miles). 

Fearne  (fem),  Charles.  Bom  at  London,  1742 : 
died  at  Chelmsford,  Feb.  25, 1794.  .An  English 
jurist.  His  chief  work  was  "  An  Essay  on  Con- 
tingent Remainders"  (1772). 

Feast  of  Rose  Garlands,  The.  A  painting  by 
Albert  Diirer  (1506),  in  the  museum  at  Prague, 
Bohemia.  The  Virgin,  with  the  Child  on  her  knee,  is 
enthroned  beneath  a  green  canopy  upheld  by  angels. 
other  angels  hold  a  diadem  over  her  head,  and  still  others 
crown  with  roses  the  attendants  of  the  emperor  and  the 
Pope,  who  kneel  at  the  right  and  left.  The  Virgin  crowns 
the  emperor,  and  the  Child  is  about  to  place  a  garland  on 
the  Pope's  head.  At  the  Virgin's  feet  an  angel  plays  on 
a  viol. 

Feather  (f  esPH'er)  Kiver.  A  river  of  northern 
California,  formed  by  its  North  and  Middle 
Forks,  flowing  south,  and  joining  the  Sacra- 
mento 18  miles  above  Sacramento.  Length, 
over  200  miles. 

Featherstone  (fesn'Sr-ston),  Peter.  In  George 
Eliot's  novel ' '  Middlemareh,"  an  old  miser  who 
delights  in  tormentinghis  expectant  relatives. 

Featley  (fet'U),  or  Tairclough  (far'kluf), 
Daniel.  Bom  at  Charlton-upon-Otmoor,  Ox- 
fordshire, March  15, 1582 :  died  at  CJhelsea  Col- 
lege, April  17,  1645.  An  English  controver- 
sialist and  devotional  writer.  He  was  chaplain  to 
Sir  Thomas  Edmondes,  English  ambassador  at  Paris,  1610- 
1613,  and  acted  subsequently  as  domestic  chaplain  to 
Abbot,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  by  whom  he  was  ap- 
pointed rector  of  Lambeth  in  1619.  He  became  rector  of 
Acton,  Middlesex,  in  1627.  During  the  civil  war  he  was 
suspected  of  acting  as  a  spy  for  the  king. 

February  (f eb'ro-a-ri).  [L.  Februarius  (sc.  men- 
sis),  the  month  of  expiation,  from,  februa,  pi.,  a 
Roman  festival  of  purification  and  expiation 
celebrated  on  the  15th  of  that  month,  sacred  to 
the  god  Lupercus  (hence  sumamed  Februus), 
pi.  otfeiruum,  a  means  of  purification:  a  word 
of  Sabine  origin.]  The  second  month  of  the 
year,  containing  twenty-eight  days  inordinary 
years  and  twenty-nine  in  leap-years.  When  intro- 
duced into  the  Roman  calendar,  it  was  made  the  last  month, 
preceding  January;  but  about  460  B.  0.  it  was  placed 
after  January,  andmade  the  secondmonth.  In  laterreck- 
onings  which  began  the  year  with  March,  it  was  again  the 
last  month.    Abbreviated  Feb. 

February,  Revolution  of.    In  French  history, 

the  revolution  of  1848.  An  outbreak  on  the  evening 
of  Feb.  23  led  to  the  abdication  of  King  Louis  Philippe  on 
the  24th,  and  this  was  followed  the  same  day  by  the  for- 
mation of  a  provisional  government  and  the  declaration 
of  a  republic. 
Fecamp  (fa-kon').  A  seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  the  department  of  Seine-Inf^rieure, 
Prance,  situated  on  the  English  Channel  22 
miles  northeast  of  Havre.  The  abbey  church,  of  the 
13th  century,  is  one  of  the  chief  monuments  of  the  Bene- 
dictine monks.  The  exterior  is  plain,  but  the  interior, 
though  simple,  is  very  effective  from  its  great  size,  excel- 
lent proportions,  and  the  grace  of  its  series  of  pointed 
arches.  There  are  some  good  tombs  of  abbots,  and  curious 
sculptures  of  scriptural  scenes.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 13,577. 

Fechner  (fech'ner),  Gustav  Theodor.    Bom 

at  Gross-Sahrchen,  nearMuskau,  Prussia,  April 
19, 1801 :  died  at  Leipsic,  Nov.  18, 1887.  A  (Ger- 
man physicist,  one  of  the  founders  of  psycho- 
physics.  He  was  professor  of  physics  at  the  University 
of  Leipsic  1834-39,  when  he  was  compelled  to  resign  on  ac- 
count of  an  affection  of  the  eyes.  He  subsequently  taught 
natural  philosophy,  anthropology,  and  esthetics.  His  chief 
works  are  "Nanna,  oder  liber  das  Seelenleben  der  Pflan- 
zen  "  (1848),  "  Zend-Avesta,  oder  fiber  die  Dinge  des  Him- 
mels  und'des  Jenseits"  (1851),  "tjber  die  Seelenfrage" 
(1861),  "Vorschule  der  Asthetik"  (1876),  "Die  Tagesan- 
sicht  gegenuberder  Nachtansicht "  (1879),  "  Elemente  der 
Psychophysik "  (1860X  "In  Sachen  der  Psychophysik" 
(1877),  etc. 

Fechter  (fech'ter),  Charles  Albert.  Bom  at 
London,  England,  Oct.  23, 1824 :  died  at  (Quakers- 
town,  Pa.,  Aug.  5,  1879.  A  noted  actor.  His 
father  was  a  native  of  Brance,  though  of  German  lineage ; 
his  mother  was  born  in  Flanders,  of  Italian  descent.  From 
1848  till  1860  he  played  on  the  French  stage,  where  hewa» 
very  successful  as  Armand  Duval,  in  "La  dame  aux  cam6- 
lias,"  a  part  which  he  created.  In  1860  he  appeared  in 
London  as  Ruy  Bias,  and  afterward  in  meloiframa.  In 
1870  he  came  to  America.  After  various  vicissitudes  he 
retired  to  a  farm  in  Pennsylvania,  where  he  died.  He  ex- 
celled in  melodrama. 

Feckenham  (fek'en-am),  or  Pecknam  (fek'- 
nam),  John  de.  iBom  in  Feckenham  Forest, 
Worcestershire,  about  1518 :  died  at  Wisbeach, 
Cambridgeshire,  1585.  An  English  Roman 
Catholic  divine,  last  abbot  of  Westminster 
(1556).    He  was  private  chaplain  and  confessor  to  Queen 


Feckenhain 

Mary.  During  the  persecution  of  the  Protestants  he  was 
much  occupied  with  striving  to  convert  them,  and,  failing 
in  this,  he  often  befriended  them. 

Pederal  Constitution,  The.  The  fundamental 
or  organic  law  of  the  United  States.  It  was 
framed  by  the  Constitutional  Convention  which  met  in 
Philadelphia  May  26, 1787,  and  adjourned  Sept.  17,  1787, 
and  it  went  into  effect  March  4, 1789,  having  been  ratified 
by  eleven  of  the  thu-teen  States,  the  others,  North  Caro- 
lina and  Rhode  Island,  ratifying  it  Nov.  21, 1789,  and  May 
29, 1790,  respectively. 

Pederal  District  (Mexico).    See  Mexico. 

Federalist  (f  ed'e-ral-ist),  The.  A  collection  of 
essays  in  favor  and  in  explanation  of  the  United 
States  Constitution,  first  issued  in  serial  form, 
Oct.,  1787,-April,  1788,  in  the  "Independent 
Journal"  of  New  York,  where  they  were  col- 
lected in  book  form  with  the  title  "  The  Fed- 
eralist." They  were  written  by  Hamilton,  Madison,  and 
Jay  shortly  after  the  Constitution  was  publlied.  The  joint 
signature  of  the  authors  was  at  first  "A  Citizen  of  New 
York";  a  little  later  it  was  changed  to  "Publius."  Eighty- 
five  essays  were  pablished,  of  which  29  are  by  Madison 
(on  his  own  authority),  51  by  Hamilton,  and  5  by  Jay. 
They  did  much  to  secure  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution. 

Tederalists  (f  ed'e-ral-ists),  The.  1 .  In  United 
States  history,  a  political  party  formed  in  1787 
to  support  the  Federal  Constitution.  Among  its 
leaders  were  Hamdlton  and  John  Adams,  and  it  controlled 
the  executive  of  the  national  government  under  the  ad- 
ministrations of  Washington  and  Adams.  From  1789  it 
favored  a  broad  construction  of  the  Constitution,  and  a 
strongly  centralized  government.  It  opposed  the  War  of 
1812,  and  after  that  time  ceased  to  be  of  importance  in  na- 
tional politics  ;  but  it  figured  for  some  years  longer  in 
local  New  England  politics, 

2.  [Sp.  Federalistas.']  A  political  party  of 
Mexico.    See  Centralists. 

Federici  (fa-da-re'che),  Camillo  (Giovanni 
Battista  Viassolo).  Bom  at  Turin,  April, 
1749:  died  at  Turin,  Dec.  23,  1802.  An  Italian 
dramatist. 

Federmann  (fa'der-man),  Nicholas  (old  au- 
thors write  Fredeman,  Frideman,  etc.). 
Bom  at  Ulm,  Swabia,  1501:  died  either  in  a 
shipwreck  or  at  Madrid,  Spain,  about  1543.  A 
South  American  traveler.  From  1529  to  1632  he  was 
in  Venezuela  in  the  employ  of  the  Welsers  of  Augsburg, 
■and  made  an  extended  exploration  in  the  interior,  of  which 
he  wrote  an  account,  first  published  in  1557.  He  was  again 
in  Venezuela  in  1534  as'  lieutenant  of  George  of  Spires. 
The  latter  started  for  the  interior,  leaving  orders  for  Fe- 
-dermann  to  follow.  Instead  of  doing  so,  he  began  inde- 
pendent explorations,  wandered  for  several  years  north  of 
the  Orinoco,  and  finally  reached  the  country  of  the  Chib- 
chas  of  New  Granada.  This  region  had  already  been  partly 
conquered  by  Gonzalo  Quesada,  and  it  is  said  that  Feder- 
mann was  bribed  by  Quesada  to  relinquish  his  claim  to  the 
conquest.  He  returned  to  Europe,  where  the  Welsers 
disgraced  him  for  his  treachery  to  George  of  Spires. 

Fedor.    See  Feodor. 

Fidora  (fa-do'ra).  A  play  by  Sardou,  produced 
at  Paris  in  1882.  It  was  translated  by  Herman 
Merivale,  and  produced  in  English  in  1883. 

Feeble  (fe'bl).  In  Shakspere's  "Henry  IV.," 
part  2,  one  of  Palstafi's  recruits,  characterized 
by  Falstaff  as  "most  forcible  feeble." 

Peejee,    See  Fiji. 

Feenix  (fe'niks).  Cousin.  In  Charles  Dickens's 
"Dombey  and  Son,"  a  well-preserved  society 
man,  very  youthful  in  appearance  :  a  bachelor, 
and  the  cousin  of  Edith  Granger. 

Pehmarn.     See  Femem. 

Pehrbellin  (far-bel-len').  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  33  miles 
northwest  of  Berlin.  Here  the  Prussians  under  the 
Great  Elector  defeated  the  Swedes  under  Wrangel,  June 
18  (28  N.  S.X  1675. 

Peif!UWell.    See  Fainwell. 

Fei]6  (fa-zho'),  Diogo  Antonio:  commonly 
called  Padre  Feij6.  Bom  at  Sao  Paulo,  Aug. , 
1784:  died  there,  Nov.  10,  1843.  A  Brazilian 
priest  and  statesman.  He  was  minister  of  justice 
July  4,  1831,  to  July  20, 1S32,  senator  from  1833,  and  from 
Oct.  12, 1835,  to  Sept.  18, 1837,  regent  of  Brazil.  He  was  a 
pronounced  liberal,  even  advocating  the  abolition  of  the 
celibacy  of  the  clergy. 

Feilding  (f  el'ding),  Eobert :  called  Beau  Feil- 
ding.  Died  May  12, 1712.  An  English  rake  of 
the  period  of  the  Restoration.  He  became  notori- 
ous for  his  amours  at  the  court  of  Charles  II.,  where  he 
was  known  as  "handsome  Feilding."  He  afterward  be- 
came a  Roman  Catholic,  and  was  given  a  regiment  by 
James  II.,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Ireland.  He  sat  for 
Gowran  in  the  Irish  Parliament  of  1689 ;  was  in  Paris  in 
1692 ;  and  in  1696  returned  to  England,  where  he  was  for 
a  time  committed  to  Newgate.  He  married  one  Mary 
Wadsworth,  Nov.  9, 1705,  supposing  her  to  be  a  wealthy 
lady  (Mrs.  Deleau),  whose  hair-dresser  he  had  bribed  to 
bring  about  a  marriage.  Nov.  26,  1705,  he  manied  the 
Duchess  of  Cleveland,  the  former  mistress  of  Charles  II., 
and  was  in  consequence  convicted  of  bigamy.  He  was  de- 
scribed by  Steele  as  Orlando  in  the  "  Tatler  "  (Nos.  50  and 
61, 1709). 

Peitama  (fi'ta-ma),  Sybrand.  Born  at  Amster- 
dam, Dec,  1694:  died  at  Amsterdam,  June, 
1758.  A  Dutch  poet  and  translator  from  the 
French. 


384 

Peith  (fit),  Rhijnvis.  Bom  at  ZwoUe,  Nether- 
lands, Feb.  7, 1753 :  died  there,  Feb.  8, 1824.  A 
Dutch  poet  and  general  writer.  His  works  include 
"  Het  Graf  "  (1792),  "  Oden  en  Gedichten  "  (1796),  the  trage- 
dies "Thirza,"  "Johanna  Gray,"  "Ines  de  Castro,"  etc. 

Pej6r  (fe'yar),  Gyorgy.  Bom  at  Keszthely, 
county  of  Zala,  Himgary,  April  23,  1766:  died 
at  Pest,  July  2,  1851.  A  Hungarian  historian 
and  general  writer.  His  chief  work  is  "  Codex 
diplomatiteus  Hungaris"  (1829-44). 

Felanitx  (fa-la-nech'),  or  Felaniche  (fa-la- 
nech'e).  A  town  in  Majorca,  Balearic  Islands, 
Spain,  27  miles  east-southeast  of  Palma.  Pop- 
ulation (1887),  12,053. 

Feldberg  (feld'bero).  The  highest  summit  in 
the  Black  Forest,  Baden,  (Jermany.  It  com- 
mands a  fine  prospect.    Height,  4,900  feet. 

Feldberg,  The  Great.  The  highest  summit 
of  the  Taunus  range,  near  Wiesbaden,  Ger- 
many.   Height,  2,900  feet. 

Peldsirch  (feld'kirch).  A  town  in  Vorarlberg, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  HI  in  lat.  47° 
12'  N.,  long.  9°  35'  E.  It  occupies  a  strong 
strategic  position.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 3,811. 

F61egyhaza  (fa'ledy-ha-zo).  A  town  in  the 
county  of  Pest-Pilis-S61t,  Hungary,  in  lat.  46° 
42' N., long.  19°52'E.   Population(1890), 30,326. 

P61ibien  (fa-le-byan'),  Ajldrfi.  Bom  at  Char- 
tres.  Prance,  May  8,  1619 :  died  at  Paris,  June 
11, 1695.  A  French  architect,  poet,  and  writer 
(especially  on  art).  His  chief  work  is  "  Entretiens 
sur  les  vies  et  sur  les  ouvrages  des  plus  excellents  pein- 
tres  "  (1666-88). 

F^libien,  Michel.  Bom  at  Chartres,  Prance, 
Sept.  14, 1666 :  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  25, 1719.  A 
French  historian,  sou  of  Andre  F^libien.  He 
wrote  a  "Histoire  de  I'abbaye  royale  de  Saint-Denis" 
(1706),  etc. 

Felibres  (fa-lebr'),  Les.  [Pr.,  of  unknown  ori- 
gin ( '  book-makers '  f ) .]  A  brotherhood  of  mod- 
ern Pi^ovencal  poets.  It  was  originated  by  Joseph 
Roumanille,  who  revived  Provencal  as  a  literary  language, 
about  1835.  He  was  followed  by  VTiditla  Mistral  and  five 
other  poets,  all  living  in  or  near  Avignon.  In  the  course 
of  yeai's  this  brotherhood  came  to  be  a  great  literary  soci- 
ety, with  affiliated  organizations  in  other  parts  of  France 
and  in  Spain.  Among  the  members  are  Aubanel,  Brunet, 
Camille  Raybaud,  Mathieu,  and  F611x  Gras.  The  brother- 
hood of  the  F61ibrige  was  formally  founded  May  21,  1854. 

Felice  (fe-le'ohe),  Fortunato  Bartolonuneo. , 

Bom  at  Rome,  Aug.  24, 1723 :  died  at  Yverdon, 
Switzerland,  Feb.  7,  1789.  An  Italian  writer, 
author  of  au  encyclopedia  (1770-80),  etc. 

Pelicitas,  Saint.    See  Perpettm,  Saint. 

Pelisbravo.  A  prince  of  Persia  in  Sir  Richard 
Fanshawe's  translation  of  "Querer  Por  Solo 
Querer"  ("To  Love  for  Love's  Sake"),  a  ro- 
mantic drama  written  in  Spanish  by  Mendoza, 
1649.    A  favorite  character.    Lamb. 

Felix  (fe'hks)  I.,  Saint.  [L„' happy, "fortu- 
nate'; F.FMix,  It.Felioe,  &^.  Felix,  eg. Felix,  G. 
D.  Felix, •tera.Felida.'j  Bishop  of  Rome.  Accord- 
ing to  the  "Acta  Sanctorum  "  he  reigned  269-274,  and  was 
martyred  in  the  persecutions  under  Aurelian. 

Felix  II.  Died  in  365.  Pope,  according  to  some, 
355-358.  He  was  chosen  by  the  Arian  party  to  succeed 
Liberius,  who  had  been  banished.  On  the  return  of  Libe- 
rius  he  was  expelled  from  Rome. 

Felix  III.  Pope  483-492.  He  excommunicated  the 
Patriarch  of  Constantinople  in  484  or  485,  which  act  pro- 
duced the  first  schism  between  theEastern  and  the  Western 
Church. 

,FelixIV.  Pope  526-530.  He  was  elevated  to  the 

'  papal  see  through  the  influence  of  Theodorio, 
king  of  the  East  Goths. 

Felix  v.,  Pope.    See  Amadeus  Fill,  (of  Savoy). 

Felix,  Antonius.  A  Roman  procurator  of  Judea . 
He  was  a  freedman  of  Antonia,  mother  of  the  emperor 
Claudius  I.,  and  was  the  brother  of  the  latter's  favorite, 
the  freedman  Pallas.  He  was  appointed  procurator  of 
Judea  about  55,  and  governed  his  province  from  Ccesarea, 
whither  St.  Paul  was  sent  to  him  for  trial  after  his  arrest 
in  Jerusalem  (Acts  xxiii.  23,  24).  He  married  Drusilla, 
daughter  of  Agrippa  I.  and  wife  of  Azizus,  king  of  Emesa, 
whom  he  induced  her  to  desert;  and  procured  the  assas- 
sination of  the  high  priest  Jonathan,  who  had  offended 
him  by  unpalatable  advice.  He  was  recalled  about  60 
A.  D.,  and  was  saved  from  the  consequences  of  his  tyranny 
and  extortion  by  the  intercession  of  his  brother  with  the 
emperor  Nero. 

P61ix  (fa-les'),  C41estin  Joseph.  Bom  at  Neu- 
ville-sur-Eseaut,  near  Valenciennes,  Prance, 
June  28,  1810 :  died  at  Lille,  July  6, 1891.  A 
French  Jesuit  preacher. 

Felix  (fe'liks),  Don.  In  Mrs.  Centlivre's  com- 
edy "  The  Wonder,  or  a  Woman  keeps  a  Secret," 
a  Portuguese  gentleman  in  love  with  Violante. 
His  lively  jealousy  is  roused  by  Violante's  unusual  accom- 
plishment of  keeping  another's  secret.  Garrick  played 
this  part  on  his  last  appearance. 

Felix,  Minucius.    See  Minueius  Felix. 

Felix  Holt,  the  Radical.  A  novel  by  George 
Eliot,  published  in  1866. 


Feltre,  Ouc  de 
Pelixmarte  of  Hyrcania.    An  old  Spanish  re 

mance.    it  was  one  of  those  said  to  be  in  Don  Quixote's 
library. 

Before  God,  your  worship  should  have  read  what  I  have 
read  concerning  Pelixmarte  of  Hyrcania,  who  with  one 
back-stroke  cut  asunder  five  giants  In  the  middle,  as  if 
they  had  been  so  many  bean-cods. 

Son  Quixote  (tr.  by  Jarvis),  I.  iv.  5. 

Felix  of  XJrgel.  Died  early  in  the  9th  century. 
A  bishop  of  Urgel  (Spain),  a  champion  of  the 
adoption  heresy. 

Felix  of  Valois.  Bom  in  Valois,  Prance,  April 
19,  1127 :  died  at  the  monastery  of  Cerfrol,  ou 
the  border  of  Brie  and  Valois,  Nov.  4,  1212. 
A  French  monk,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Trinitarians. 

Pell  (fel),  John.  Born  probably  at  Longworth, 
Berkshire,  June  23,  1625 :  died  July  10,  1686. 
An  English  scholar  and  prelate.  He  was  educated 
at  Oxford,  served  under  the  king's  standard  in  the  civil 
war,  and  was  made  dean  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  1660, 
and  bishop  of  Oxford  in  1676.  His  chief  work  is  "  The  In- 
terest of  England  Stated,"  etc.  (1669).  He  is  said  to  have 
edited  "  A  Paraphrase  and  Annotations  upon  the  Epistles 
of  St.  Paul "  (1676),  often  quoted  as  Fell's  Paraphrase.  He 
was  satirized  by  Tom  Brown  in  the  epigram  beginning  "I 
do  not  like  you,  Dr.  Fell,"  said  to  have  been  paraphrased 
from  Martin's  "Non  amo  te,  SabidL" 

Fellahs  (fel'az),  or  Pellahin  (fel'a-hen).  A 
name,  signifying  'tiller,'  applied  to  the  agri- 
cultural class  of  Egypt,  which  forms  three 
fourths  of  the  whole  population.  The  Fellahs  are 
the  descendants  of  tne  ancient  Egyptians.  They  have  given 
up  their  own  language,  the  Coptic,  for  the  Arabic,  and  have 
for  the  most  part  adopted  Islam.  In  physical  appearance 
they  have  preserved  the  old  Egyptian  type.  They  are  me- 
dium-sized and  well  formed,  andhave  a  reddish-brown  com- 
plexion, narrow  forehead,  round  face,  strong,  short  nose 
with  wide  nostrils,  full  lips,  a  solid  chest,  and  black,  but 
not  woolly,  hair. 

Fellatahs  (fel-la'taz),  or  Foulahs  (fo'laz),  na- 
tive Pulbe  (fol'be).  A  negro  race  inhabit- 
ing the  valley  of  the  Middle  Niger  and  other 
regions  in  the  Sudan  and  in  western  Africa.  The 
prevailing  religion  is  Mohammedanism.  The 
numbers  are  estimated  at  6,000,000-8,000,000. 

Pellenberg  (fel'len-bero),  Philipp- Emanuel 
von.  Bom  at  Bern,  Switzerland,  June  27, 1771: 
died  at  Bern,  Nov.  21,  1844.  A  Swiss  philan- 
thropist and  educator.  He  established  agricul- 
tural and  other  schools  at  Hofwyl,  near  Bern. 

Feller  (fel'ler),  Francois  Xavier  de.  Born  at 
Brussels,  Aug.  18,  1735 :  died  at  Ratisbon,  Ba- 
varia, May  23,  1802.  A  Belgian  writer.  He  pub- 
lished "Biographic  universelle,  ou  dictionnaire  historique 
et  litt^raire"  (1781),  etc. 

Fellowes  (fel'oz).  Sir  Thomas.  Born  at  Mi- 
norca in  1778:  died  April  12,  1853.  A  British 
rear-admiral.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1797,  and  was 
promoted  commander  in  1809.  He  commanded  the  Dar(> 
mouth,  of  42  guns,  in  the  British  fleet  at  Navarino,  Oct.  20, 
1827,  where  an  attempt  made  by  him  to  remove  a  Turkish 
fire-ship  was  the  immediate  cause  of  the  battle.  He  was 
knighted  in  1828,  and  was  promoted  rear-admiral  in  1847. 

Fellows  (fel'oz).  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Not- 
tingham, Aug.,  1799:  died  at  London,  Nov. 
8,  1860.  An  English  traveler  and  archsaologist. 
In  1838  and  subsequent  years  he  explored  parts  of  Asia 
Minor,  discovering,  among  other  ancient  sites,  the  ruins  of 
Tlos  and  of  Xanthus  in  Lycia,  His  collection  illustrating 
lycian  archaeology  is  now  in  the  British  Museum.  He 
published  several  works  on  the  Lycian  explorations. 

Pelltham  (f el'thamO ,  Owen.  Bom  at  Mutf ord, 
Suffolk,  probably  in  1602 :  died  at  Great  Bil- 
ling, Northamptonshire,  in  1668.  An  English 
author.  He  was  either  secretary  or  chaplain  in  the  fam- 
ily of  the  Earl  of  Thomond,  at  Great  Billing,  in  Northamp- 
tonshire. He  published  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  "Resolves, 
Divine,  Morall,  Politicall,  by  Owin  Felltham,"  a  collection 
of  a  hundred  short  essays,  dedicated  to  Lady  Dorothy 
Crane.  He  was  an  ardent  Royalist,  and  in  a  poem  entitled 
"  Epitaph  to  the  Eternal  Memoryof  Charles  the  First  .  .  . 
Inhumanly  murthered  by  a  perfidious  Party  of  His  preva- 
lent Subjects,"  refers  to  Charles  as  "  Christ  the  Second." 

Pelsing  (fel'sing),  Georg  Jakob.  Bom  at 
Darmstadt,  Germany,  July  22,  1802:  died  at 
Darmstadt,  June  9,  1883.  A  German  engraver. 

Pelton  (f  el'ton),  Cornelius  Conway.  Bom  at 
West  Newbury,  Mass.,  Nov.  6,  1807:  died  at 
Chester,  Pa.,  Feb.  26,  1862.  An  American 
classical  scholar,  president  of  Harvard  Uni- 
versity 1860-62.  His  chief  work  is  "Greece, 
Ancient  and  Modem  "  (1867) . 

Pelton,  John.  Hanged  at  Tyburn,  Nov.  28, 
1628.  An  English  assassin.  He  entered  the  army 
at  an  early  age,  and  served  as  a  lieutenant  under  Sir  Ed- 
ward Cecil  at  Cadiz  in  1625.  Made  reckless  by  poverty, 
and  inflamed  by  the  reading  of  the  Remonstrance  of  Par- 
liament, he  assassinated,  Aug.  23, 1628,  the  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham, who  had  refused  him  the  command  of  a  company. 

Pelton,  Septimius.    See  SepUmius  Felton. 

Feltre  (fel'tre).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Belluno,  Italy,  45  miles  north-northwest  of 
Venice. 

Feltre,  Due  de.    See  Clarice,  H.  J.  G. 


Female  Quixote,  The 

Temale  Quixote,  The.  A  novel  by  Mrs.  Len- 
nox, published  in  1752.  it  waa  Intended  to  ridicule 
the  novels  of  the  romantic  school  of  Gomberville  and 
Scudery. 

The  heroine,  Arabella,  the  only  child  of  a  widowed  and 
misanthropic  marquis.  Is  supposed  to  be  brought  up  in 
seclusion  in  the  country,  where  she  has  access  to  a  library 
full  of  old  romances,  by  which  her  head  is  almost  as  much 
turned  as  that  of  the  Knight  of  La  Mancha  was  by  the 
same  kind  of  study.  She  takes  a  young  gardener  in  her 
father's  service  for  a  nobleman  in  disguise,  and  is  with 
difiiculty  undeceived  when  he  gets  a  thrashing  for  stealing 
carp  from  apond. 

Forsyth,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Cent.,  p.  165. 

Temern  (fa 'mem),  or  Fehmarn  (fa 'mam). 
An  island  in  the  Baltic,  belonging  to  the  prov- 
ince of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Pmssia,  42  miles 
northeast  of  Liibeck.    Population,  about  9,800. 

Temme  de  Trente  Ans  (fam  d6  tront  on),  La. 
[F., '  The  Woman  of  Thirty.']  A  novel  by  Bal- 
zac, published  in  1831. 

Tenunes  Savantes  (fam  sa-vont'),  Les.  [F., 
'  The  Learned  Women.']  A  comedy  by  Moliire, 
first  played  in  1672.  It  vras  adapted  f  rom  "  Les 
prSeieuses  ridicules,"  and  satirized  female  pe- 
dantry. 

Teni3raye,  or  Feminee  (fem-i-ne').  In  medie- 
val romance,  the  kingdom  of  the  Amazons. 
Grower  and  Chaucer  refer  to  it. 

Fenchurch  (fen'ohSrch),  The  Cripple  of.  A 
cripple,  in  Heywood's  "  Fair  Maid  of  the  Ex- 
change," who  performs  feats  of  valor,  and  with 
whom  the  "fairmaid"is  in  love.  She  is  persuaded 
by  him  to  transfer  her  affections  to  a  younger  and  un- 
crippled man. 

Fen  Country,  or  The  Fens.  That  part  of 
eastern  England  which  formerly  abounded  in 
fens,  now  in  great  part  drained.  See  Bedford 
Level. 

Finelon  (fan-ldn')  (Bertrand  de  Salignac, 
Marquis  de  La  Mothe-P6nelon).  Died  1599.  A 
French  diplomatist  at  the  English  court  about 
1568-75.  He  wrote  "Le  sifege  de  Metz  en  1662  "  (1663), 
"Lettres  au  Cardinal  de  Ferrare  sur  le  voyage  du  roi  aux 
Paya-Bas  de  I'empereur  en  I'an  1654 "  (1554),  *'  M^moires 
touchant  I'Angleterre  et  la  Suisse,  etc."  (1659),  etc. 

Fenelon  (Francois  de  Salignac  de  La  Mothe- 
F6nelon),  Bom  at  Chateau  de  Fdnelon,  Dor- 
dogne,  France,  Aug.  6,  1651 :  died  at  Cambrai, 
France,  Jan.  7, 1715.  A  celebrated  French  prel- 
ate, orator,  and  author.  He  became  preceptor  of 
the  sons  of  the  dauphin  in  1689,  and  was  appointed  arch- 
bishop of  Cambrai  in  1696.  His  works  include  "  les  aven- 
tures  de  T^l^maque  "  (1699), ' '  Dialogues  des  morts  "  (1712), 
"  Traits  de  I'Sduoation  dea  flUes  "  (1688),  "  Explication  des 
maximes  des  saints  "  (1697),  etc.  His  collected  works  were 
edited  by  Lecltee  (38  vols.,  1827-30). 

Fenelon  (Gabriel  Jacaues  de  Salignac,  Mar- 
quis de  La  Mothe-F^nelon).  Bom  1688 :  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Baueoux,  Belgium,  Oct.  11, 1746. 
A  French  general  and  diplomatist,  nephew  of 
Archbishop  Fenelon. 

Fenians  (fe'ni-anz  f  in  def.  1  also  fen'i-anz). 
[In  the  first  sense  also  written  Fennians  and 
Munians;  formed,  with  Latin  suffix  -icm,  from 
Ir.  Feinn,  Feinne,  oblique  case  of  Ir.  Mann,  pi. 
Fianna:  see  def.  1.]  1.  A  modern  English 
form  of  Irish  Mann,  Fianna,  a  name  ajjpUed  in 
Irish  tradition  to  the  members  of  certain  tribes 
who  formed  a  militia  of  the  ardrigh  or  king  of 
Eire  or  Erin  (the  Manna  Firionn,  or  champions 
of  Erin).  The  principal  figure  in  the  Penian  legends  is 
iFinn  or  Fionn,  who  figures  as  Fingal  in  the  Ossianic 
publications  of  McPherson,  in  which  the  name  of  Osaian 
stands  for  Oisin,  son  of  Finn.  The  Fenians,  with  their 
hero  Finn,  while  probably  having  a  historical  basis,  be- 
<!ame  the  center  of  a  great  mass  of  legends  which  may 
■be  compared  with  the  legends  of  "King  Arthur"  and  the 
"Bound  Table."  In  the  Ossianic  version  the  Fenians  are 
warriors  of  superhuman  size,  strength,  speed,  and  prowess. 
Also  Man,  Fion. 

S.  An  association  of  Irishmen  known  as  the 
Fenian  Brotherhood,  founded  in  New  York  in 
1857  with  a  view  to  secure  the  independence 
of  Ireland.  The  movement  soon  spread  over  the  TTnited 
States  and  Ireland  (where  it  absorbed  the  previously  ex- 
isting Phoenix  Society),  and  among  the  Irish  population 
of  Great  Britain,  and  several  attempts  were  made  at  insur- 
rection in  Ireland,  and  at  invasion  of  Canada  from  the 
United  States.  The  association  was  organized  in  district 
.clubs  called  "  circles,"  presided  over  by  "  centers,  with  a 
' '  head  center  "  as  chief  president,  and  a  general  senate  : 
an  organization  afterward  modified  in  some  respects.  Be- 
tween 1863  and  1872  eleven  "national  congresses  were 
held  by  the  Fenian  Brotherhood  in  the  United  States, 
•after  which  it  continued  in  existence  as  a  secret  society. 
Fennell  (fen'el),  James.  Bom  Dec.  11,  1766: 
died  June  14, 1816.  An  English  actor  and  dram- 
atist. He  studied  at  Trinity  CpUege,  Cambridge  and  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  London,  and  in  1787  appeared  at  the  Theatre 
Eoyal,  Edinburgh.  He  subsequently  played  m  London,  and 
about  1793  emigi'ated  to  America.  He  published  "Linda 
and  Clara,  or  the  British  Officer"  (1791),  and  an  "Apology 
for  his  life  (1S14).  ,  ,     ^      ^, ,   -kt 

FenriS  (fen'ris).     [ON.]     In  Old  Norse  my- 
thology, a  water-demon  in  the  form  of  a  gigan- 
a— 26 


385 

tie  wolf:  hence  also  called  Fenris-wolf  (ON. 
Fenrisulfr).  He  was  the  son  of  Loki  and  the  giantess 
Angurboda  (ON.  Angrtodim),  and  the  brother  of  the  Mid- 
gard  serpent  and  the  goddess  Hel.  He  was  fettered  by 
the  gods,  but  freed  himself  at  KagnarQk  and  slew  Odin. 
He  was,  in  his  turn,  slain  by  Vidar  (ON.  Vidharr),  Odin's 
son. 

Fens,  The.    See  Fen  Country. 

Fenton  (fen' ton).  In  Shakspere's  "Merry Wives 
of  Windsor,"  a  gentleman  in  love  with  Anne 
Page.  He  intends  to  marry  her  for  her  money 
alone,  but  her  charms  subdue  him. 

Fenton,  Edward.  Died  in  1603.  An  English 
navigator.  He  accompanied  Sir  Martin  Frobisher  on 
his  second  and  third  northwest  voyages  in  1677  and  1578 
respectively,  and  in  1532-83  commanded  an  expedition  in 
search  of  the  northwest  passage,  in  which  he  was  accom- 
panied by  William  Hawkins  (junior)  and  John  Drake. 

Fenton,  Elijah.  Bom  at  Shelton,  Staffordshire, 
May  20,  1683:  died  Aug.,  1730.  An  EngUsh 
poet.  He  graduated  with  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Jeaus 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1704,  and  subsequently  was  for  a 
time  head-master  of  the  grammar-school  at  Sevenoaks. 
He  assisted  Pope  in  the  translation  of  the  Odyssey.  He 
wrote  a  tragedy  "Mariamne"  (acted  in  1723),  in  which  he 
was  assisted  by  Southerne. 

Fenton,  Sir  Geoffrey.  Died  at  Dublin,  Oct.  19, 
1608.  An  English  translator  and  politician.  He 
was  the  son  of  Henry  Fenton  of  Fenton  in  Nottingham- 
shire, and  was  for  many  years  principal  secretary  of  state 
in  Ireland,  being  knighted  for  his  services  in  this  capacity 
by  Queen  Elizabeth  in  1689.  His  chief  work  is  a  transla^ 
tion  of  a  number  of  novels  from  Boaisteau  and  Bellefor- 
est's  "  Histoires  tragiquea,  extraictes  des  oeuvres  italiennes 
de  Bandel  [Bandello],"  published  under  the  title  of  "Cer- 
taine  Tragicall  Discourses  written  oute  of  French  and 
Latine  by  Geflraie  Fenton,"  etc.  (1567). 

Fenton,  Lavinia.  Bom  in  1708:  died  in  1760. 
An  English  actress.  She  was  the  daughter  of  a  naval 
officer  named  Beawick.  Her  mother  afterward  married  a 
man  named  Fenton.  She  made  her  first  appearance  in 
1726,  and  was  successful  especially  as  Polly  Peacham  in 
"  The  Beggar's  Daughter."  She  married  the  Duke  of  Bol- 
ton in  1751,  after  living  with  him  for  many  years  before 
the  death  of  his  wife,  which  took  place  in  liiat  year. 

Fenton,  Beuhen  E.  Born  at  Carroll,  N.  Y.,  July 
1, 1819 :  died  at  Jamestown,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  25, 1885. 
An  American  politician,  governor  of  New  York 
1865-69,  and  United  States  senator  from  New 
York  1869-75. 

Fenwick  (fen'wik),  George.  Died  March  15, 
165'7.  An  English  colonial  official.  He  settled  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Connecticut  Biver  as  agent  for  the  pa- 
tentees and  governor  of  the  fort  of  Saybrook  in  1639.  The 
fort  having  been  sold  to  the  colony  of  Connecticut  in  1644, 
he  returned  to  England  in  1646.  He  served  in  the  Parlia- 
mentary army  during  the  civil  war,  was  made  governor 
of  Leith  and  Edinburgh  Castle  in  1660,  and  was  one  of  the 
eight  commisaioners  appointed  in  1651  for  the  government 
of  Scotland.  He  was  also  appointed  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners for  the  trial  of  Charles  I.,  but  did  not  act. 

Fenwick,  Sir  John.  Beheaded  on  Tower  Hill, 
Jan.  28, 1697.  An  English  conspirator.  He  was 
descended  from  a  Yorkshire  family  ;i  served  in  the  army, 
in  which  he  obtained  the  rank  of  major-general  (1688) ; 
and  entered  Parliament  in  1677.  He  was  arrested  in  1696 
for  complicity  in  a  plot  against  the  life  of  William  III., 
and  caused  a  sensation  by  accusing  Marlborough,  Godol- 
phin,  Kusaell,  Shrewsbury,  and  other  leaders  of  the  Whig 
party  of  treasonable  negotiations  with  the  Jacobites. 

Feodor  (fa'o-dor)  I.  Ivano-^ritch.  [Buss.  Fedor 
=  E.  Theodore,  from  Gr.  Qeddapog.']  Born  May 
11,  155'7:  died  Jan.  7,  1598.  Czar  of  Eussia 
March  18,  1584,- Jan.  7,  1598.  During  his  reign  the 
church  of  Eussia  was  declared  independent  of  the  Patri- 
arch of  Constantinople,  and  a  separate  Russian  patriarch- 
ate established.    He  was  the  last  of  the  house  of  Burik. 

Feodor  II.  Alexievitch.  Born  in  1589:  mur- 
dered June  10,  1605.  Czar  of  Eussia  April  5- 
June  10,  1605,  son  of  Boris  Godunoff. 

Feodor  III.  Bom  June  8, 1656:  died  at  Moscow, 
April  27, 1682.  Emperor  of  Eussia,  eldest  son 
of  the  emperor  Alexis,  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1676. 

Feodosia(fa-6-do'se-a),orKaflfa(kaf'fa).  [Tatar 
Kefe.']  A  seaport  and  watering-place  in  the 
Crimea,  government  of  Taurida,  Eussia,  about 
lat.  45=  5'  N.,  long.  35°  20'  E.  The  Greek  colony 
of  Theodosia  was  founded  here  by  Milesians.  The  place 
was  the  seat  of  an  extensive  trade  in  the  middle  ages,  its 
population  reaching  160,000.  It  was  held  by  the  Genoese 
from  the  13th  to  the  15th  century,  and  by  the  Turks  from 
1476  until  1774,  when  it  was  ceded  to  Bussia.  Population 
(1886),  13,499. 

Feramorz  (fer'a-morz).  In  Moore's  "Lalla 
Eookh,"  a  young  poet.  He  is  Aliris,  the  sultan  of 
Lower  Bucharia,  who  is  betrothed  to  Lalla  Eookh.  He 
wins  her-  heart  in  his  disguiae,  and  reveals  himaelf  only 
when  she  is  led  into  his  presence  as  a  bride. 

Ferdinand  (ffer'di-nand)  I.,  sumamed  "The 
Just."  [F.  Ferdinand,  Ferrand,  It.  Ferdmando, 
Ferrando,  Sp.  Hernando,  Fernando,  G.  Ferdi- 
nand.}  Born  1879 :  died  1416.  King  of  Aragon 
1412-16.  He  was  a  prominent  supporter  of  the  antipope 
Benedict  XIII.  at  the  beginning  of  the  Council  of  Con- 
stance (1414-18),  but  after  the  deposition  of  John  XXIII. 
and  the  abdication  of  Gregory  XIL  he  was  m  1416  induced 
by  the  emperor  Sigiamuiid  to  withdraw  his  support  in  the 
interest  of  the  unity  of  the  church. 


Ferdinand  VH. 

Ferdinand  II.,  King  of  Aragon.  See  Ferdinand 
v..  King  of  Castile. 

Ferdinand  (f6r'di-nand;  G.  pron.  fer'de-nand) 
I,  Bomat Vienna,  Aprill9,1793: diedatPrague, 
June  29, 1875.  Emperor  of  Austria,  son  of  Fran- 
cis 1.  whom  he  succeeded  March  2,  1835.  He 
inherited  a  weak  constitution,  mentally  and  physically 
which  compelled  him  to  abandon  the  administration  of 
the  government  to  others,  especially  to  the  imperial  chan- 
cellor Metternich,  whose  absolute  and  reactionary  policy 
provoked  the  revolution  of  1848.  He  abdicated  in  favor 
of  his  nephew  Francis  Joseph,  Dec.  2, 1848. 

Ferdinand,  Duke  of  Brunsvnck.  See  Bruns- 
wick^  Duke  of  (^Ferdinand). 

Ferdinand  L,  surnamed  "  The  Great."  Died  at 
Leon,  Spain,  Dec.  27,  1065.  King  of  Castile  and 
Leon .  He  was  the  second  son  of  Sancho  III.  of  Navarre, 
who  acquired  possession  of  Castile  in  1028.  He  was  in- 
vested by  hia  father  in  1033  with  the  sovereignty  of 
Castile,  which  was  created  an  independei^t  kingdom. 
He  defeated  Bermudo  of  Leon  at  Lantada,  near  Rio  Car- 
rion, in  1037,  whereupon  he  became  king  of  Leon  also. 
He  fought  with  success  against  the  Moors,  extending  the 
Christian  frontiers  from  the  Duero  to  the  Mondego,  and 
reducing  to  vassalage  the  rulers  of  Toledo,  Saragossa, 
and  Seville.  He  assumed  the  title  of  emperor  of  Spain 
in  1056. 

Ferdinand  II.  Died  1188.  King  of  Leon  1157- 
1188,  son  of  Alfonso  VIII.  His  repudiation  of  Urraca, 
his  wife,  involved  him  in  a  war  with  Ma  father-in-law,  Al- 
fonso I.  of  Portugal,  whom  he  defeated  and  captured  at 
Badajoz  in  1167.  He  gained  a  brilliant  victory  over  the 
Moors  at  Santarem  about  1181.  During  hia  reign  the  great 
military  order  of  Alcantara  Was  chartered  (1177)  by  Pope 
Alexander  III. 

Ferdinand  III.,  sumamed  "The  Saint."  Born 
about  1200:  died  1252.  King  of  Castile  and 
Leon,  son  of  Alfonso  IX.  of  Leon  by  Beren- 

faria,  sister  of  Henry  I.  of  Castile.  He  became 
ing  of  Castile  on  the  death  of  Henry  in  1217,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  father  as  king  of  Leon  in  1230.  He  captured 
Ubeda  from  the  Moora  in  1234,  Cordova  in  1236,  Jaen  in 
1246,  and  Seville  in  1248.  He  was  canonized  by  Clement  ■ 
X,  in  1671,  and  is  commemorated  on  May  30.  He  caused 
to  be  collected  and  to  be  translated  into  the  vulgar  tongue 
the  "  Forum  Judicnm ,"  or  code  of  Visigothic  laws,  which 
forms  one  of  the  oldest  specimens  of  Castilian  prose.  Dur- 
ing his  reign  a  law  was  passed  (1230)  which  made  of  Leon 
and  Castile  a  single  inseparable  kingdom. 

Ferdinand  IV.  Born  1285:  died  1312.  King 
of  Castile  and  Leon,  son  of  Sancho  IV.  whom 
he  succeeded  in  1295. 

Ferdinand  V.  (11.  of  Aragon  and  Sicily,  III.  of 
Naples),  surnamed  '.'  The  Catholic."  Born  at 
Sos,  Aragon,  March  iO,  1452 :  died  at  Madriga- 
lejo,  Estremadura,  Spain,  Jan.  23, 1516.  Kmg 
of  Castile.  He  was  the  son  of  John  II.  of  Navarre  and 
Aragon,  who  associated  him  with  himself  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Aragon  in  1466,  and  in  1468  declared  him  king 
of  Sicily.  In  Oct.,  1469,  he  married  laabella,  aister  of 
Henry  IV.  of  Castile,  and  heireas  of  that  throne.  Ferdi- 
nand and  Isabella  were,  on  the  death  of  Henry  in  1474, 
recognized  aa  joint  sovereigns  of  Castile  by  the  noblea  and 
the  junta  of  Segovia ;  but  a  strong  party,  including  the 
Marquis  of  Villena,  the  grand  master  of  Calatrava,  and 
the  Archbishop  of  Toledo,  supported  by  Alfonso  V.  of 
Portugal  and  Louis  XI.  of  France,  declared  in  favor  of 
Juana  "la  Beltraneja"  (i.  e.,  daughter  of  Beltran),  whom 
Henry  had  in  his  will  acknowledged  as  hia  legitimate 
child  and  deaignated  as  his  successor.  Ferdinand  de- 
feated Alfonso  at  Toro,  with  the  result  that  the  whole  of 
Castile  submitted  to  Isabella  and  her  consort  in  1479.  He 
succeeded  his  father  in  Aragon  in  the  same  year  (Navarre 
going  to  his  sister  Leonora  de  Foix).  In  1482  he  resumed 
the  war  againat  the  Moors,  which  resulted  in  the  conquest 
of  Granada  in  1492.  He  joined  in  1495  the  emperor,  the 
Pope,  and  the  states  of  Milan  and  Venice  against  Charles 
VIII.  of  France,  who  was  expelled  from  Naples,  and  Fer- 
dinand ascended  the  Neapolitan  throne  in  1504.  On  the 
death  of  Isabella,  Nov.  26, 1504,  he  was  proclaimed  regent 
of  Castile.  In  1511  he  formed  an  alliance  with  Venice 
and  Pope  Julius  II.  for  the  expulsion  of  the  French  from 
Italy.  Navarre,  on  the  other  hand,  entered  into  an  aUi- 
ance  with  France.  This  gave  him  a  pretext  for  invading 
Navarre,  which  was  conquered  in  1512,  and  incorporated 
with  Castile  in  1515.  He  thus  united  under  hia  sway  the 
four  kingdoms  into  which  Spain  was  at  this  time  divided 
(Aragon,  Caatile,  Granada,  and  Navarre),  besidea  Sicily 
and  Naples.  The  chief  events  of  hia  reign,  beaides  those 
already  mentioned,  were  the  establishment  of  the  Inqui- 
sition at  Seville  (1480),  the  annexation  to  the  crown  of  the 
grand-mastership  of  the  military  orders  of  Calatrava  (1487), 
Alcantara  (1494),  and  San  Jago  (1499),  the  expulsion  of  the 
Jews  (1492),  and  the  discovery  of  America  by  Columbus. 

Ferdinand  VI.  Born  Sept.  23,  1712:  died  at 
Villaviciosa,  Aug.  10, 1759.  King  of  Spain,  son 
of  Philip  V.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1746.  He 
waa  a  party  to  the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  (Oct.,  1748), 
whicli  terminated  the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession 
(1740-48).  He  maintained  a  strict  neutrality  on  the  out- 
break of  the  Seven  Tears'  War  in  1766,  notwithstanding 
the  overtures  both  of  England  and  of  France,  the  former 
of  which  offered  Gibraltar  and  the  latter  Minorca  aa  the 
price  of  hia  assistance.  Of  a  weak  constitution  and  a  mel- 
ancholy temperament^  he  withdrew  as  far  aa  practicable 
from  European  politica,  abandoning  the  government  to 
hia  ministers  Ensenada,  Carvajal,  and  Wall,  who  took  into 
their  counsels  the  queen  Barbara,  daughter  of  John  V.  of 
Portugal,  the  royal  confessor  Rabago,  and  the  singer  Fari- 
nelli,  who  acquired  an  extraordinary  influence  over  the 
king.  On  the  death  of  the  queen  in  1768,  he  fell  into  an 
extreme  melancholy,  which  developed  into  insanity. 

Ferdinand  VII.  Bom  at  San  Ildefonso,  near 
Madrid,  Oct.  14,  1784:  died  at  Madrid,  Sept. 


Ferdinand  Vn. 

29,  1833.  King  of  Spain,  son  of  Charles  IV. 
He  ascended  the  throne  March  19, 1808,  a  popular  revo- 
lution at  Aranjuez  having  compelled  his  father  to  abdi- 
cate. On  May  6, 1808,  he  was  forced  by  Napoleon  to  re- 
nounce his  throne,  and  was  interned  at  Valen?ay  until 
March,  1814,  when  he  returned  to  Spain.  He  abolished 
the  liberal  constitution  of  1812,  restored  the  Inquisition, 
and  complied  generally  with  the  demands  of  the  Abso- 
lutist or  Apostolical  pai'ty.    A  revolution  restored  (March 

9,  1820)  the  constitution  of  1812.  which  was  abolished 
through  French  intervention  in  1823.  He  abolished  the 
Salic  law  by  the  pragmatic  sanction  of  March  29, 1830.  See 
Carlos,  Don  (Carlos  Maria  Josi  Isidaro  de  Bourbon). 

Ferdinand  I.     Bom  at  Alcald,  Spain,  March 

10,  1503:  died  at  Vienna,  July  25,  1564.  Em- 
peror of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  younger 
brother  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.  He  married 
in  1621  the  princess  Anna  of  Hungary,  on  the  death  of 
whose  brother,  Louis  II.,  in  1526,  he  was  elected  king  of 
Bohemia  and  Hungary.  His  title  to  the  throne  of  Hun- 
gary was  disputed  by  John  !24polya,  who,  supported  by 
the  Turks,  obtained  possession  of  a  part  of  the  country. 
He  became  in  1521  president  of  the  council  of  regency  ap- 
pointed to  govern  Germany  during  the  emperor's  absence 
in  Spain,  was  elected  king  of  the  fiomans  in  1531,  and  be- 
came emperor  on  the  abdication  of  Charles  in  1556.  He 
exerted  himself,  but  with  little  success,  to  settle  the  reli- 
gious disputes  between  the  Protestants  and  the  Eoman 
Catholics  in  Germany.  He  negotiated  the  treaty  between 
the  emperor  and  the  elector  Maurice  of  Saxony  in  1552.  In 
1519  Charles  and  Ferdinand  succeeded  Maximilian  I.  in 
the  Austrian  dominions,  and  in  1521-22  Charles  relin- 
quished his  share  in  this  sovereignty  to  his  brother. 

Ferdinand  II.  Born  at  Gratz,  Styria,  July  9, 
1578:  died  at  Vienna,  Feb.  15,  1637.  Emperor 
of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  He  was  the  son'  of 
Charles,  duke  of  Styria,  by  Maria  of  Bavaria,  and  cousin 
of  the  emperor  Matthias  whom  he  succeeded  as  king  of 
Bohemia  in  1617,  as  king  of  Hungary  in  1618,  and  as  em- 
peror in  1619.  In  1619  he  was  deposed  from  the  throne  of 
Bohemia  by  the  Protestant  estates  of  that  kingdom,  who 
were  irritated  by  infringements  of  the"Majestatsbrief  " 
of  1609,  and  who  chose  as  his  successor  the  elector  pala- 
tine Frederick  V.,  head  of  the  Protestant  Union  and  of 
the  German  Calvinists.  He  allied  himself  with  Maxi- 
milian, duke  of  Bavaria,  head  of  the  Catholic  League,  with 
Spain,  and  with  the  Lutheran  elector  of  Saxony.  Frederick 
having  been  overthrown  in  the  battle  on  the  White  Moun- 
tain, near  Prague  (Nov.  8, 1620),  Ferdinand  destroyed  the 
**  Majest^tsbrief  "  and  extirpated  Protestantism  in  Bohe- 
mia. His  whole  reign  was  occupied  with  the  war  against 
the  Protestants  (Maiisfeld,  Christian  of  Brunswick,  Chris- 
tian IV.  of  Denmark,  and  Gustavus  Adolphus  of  Sweden) ; 
but  before  his  death,  owing  to  the  murder  of  Wallenstein, 
the  opposition  of  Richelieu,  and  the  ability  of  the  Swedish 
generfds,  he  lost  all  hope  of  crushing  Protestantism.  See 
Thirty  Years'  War, 

Ferdinand  III.  Born  at  Gratz,  styria,  July  11 
(or  13),  1608 :  died  at  Vienna,  April  2,  1657. 
Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  son  of 
Ferdinand  II.  On  the  assassination  of  Wallenstein  in 
1634,  he  was  invested  with  the  nominal  command  of  the  im- 
perial army,  the  real  command  being  exercised  by  Gallas, 
and  took  part  in  the  victory  over  the  Swedes  at  Nbrdlingen 
Sept.  6, 1634.  He  signed  the  peace  of  Westphalia  Oct.  24, 
1648.  He  succeeded  his  father  in  Hungary,  Bohemia,  the 
archduchy  of  Austria,  etc.,  and  in  the  empire  in  1637. 

Ferdinand  I.,  etc..  Kings  of  Leon.  See  Ferdi- 
nand /.,  etc.,  Kings  of  Castile. 

Ferdinand  I.  Bom  about  1424 :  died  Jan.  25, 
1494.  King  of  Naples,  illegitimate  son  of  Al- 
fonso V.  of  Aragori.  Pope  Calixtus  III.  refused  to 
recognize  his  title  to  the  kingdom,  which  his  father  had 
bequeathed  him  in  14B8 ;  and  John  of  Anjou,  thinking  to 
regain  the  throne  of  his  ancestors,  attacked  and  defeated 
him  July  7, 1460,  He  made  his  peace  with  the  successor 
of  Calixtus,  Pius  II,,  and,  with  the  aid  of  the  Albanian 
chief  Scanderbeg,  inflicted  a  decisive  defeat  on  John  of 
Anjou  at  Troja  Aug,  18, 1462, 

Ferdinand  II.  Bom  July  26,  1469 :  died  Oct. 
7, 1496.    King  of  Naples  1495-96,  son  of  Alfonso 

11,  and  grandson  of  Ferdinand  I.  His  father  abdi- 
cated in  his  favor  on  the  invasion  of  his  dominions  by 
Charles  VIII,  of  France.  Naples  was  occupied  by  the 
French,  and  Ferdinand  had  to  flee,  but  regained  his  throne 
by  the  aid  of  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova,  the  great  general  of 
Ferdinand  V.  of  Castile. 

Ferdinand  III.,  King  of  Naples.  See  Ferdi- 
nand V.  of  Castile. 

Ferdinand  IV.,  King  of  Naples.  See  Ferdi- 
nand I.,  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies. 

Ferdinand  I.  Born  about  1345:  died  in  1383. 
King  of  Portugal  1367-83.  On  the  death  of  Pedro  in 
1369,  he  claimed  the  throne  of  Castile,  which  was  seized  by 
Henry  of  Trastamara,  illegitimate  brother  of  Pedro.  He 
renounced  his  claim  in  1371,  after  some  indecisive  fight- 
ing. He  was  the  last  of  the  direct  Burgundian  line,  which 
had  reigned  in  Portugal  from  about  1112.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  natural  brother  John,  grand  master  of  the 
orderof  Avis. 

Ferdinand  II.  Bom  at  Vienna,  Oct.  29, 1816 : 
died  Dee.  15,  1885.  Titular  king  of  Portugal, 
son  of  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.  He 
married  Maria  II.  of  Portugal  in  1836,  and  was 
regent  1853-55. 

Ferdinand  I.  (IV.  of  Naples).  Bom  at  Naples, 
Jan.  12,  1751:   died  there,  Jan.  4,  1825.    King 

;  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  son  of  Charles  III.  of  Spain. 
He  reigned  in  Naples  1769-1806  and  1816-26  (the  interval 
being  occupied  by  the  French  domination),  and  in  Sicily 
1769-1826.  He  consolidated  his  states  as  the  Two  Sicilies 
in  1816. 

Ferdinand  II.    Bom  at  Palermo,  Jan.  10, 1810 : 


386 

died  at  Naples,  May  22  J859.  King  of  the  Two 
Sicilies  1830-59,  son  of  Francis  I.  Trtiom  he  suc- 
ceeded. His  oppressive  and  despotic  reign  provoked  nu- 
merous political  disturbances,  which  culminated  in  1848 
in  a  popular  rising  in  Sicily.  This  rising  was  quelled  in 
1849  by  the  bombardment  of  the  principal  cities,  an  expe- 
dient which  acquired  for  him  the  epithet  of  "Bomba." 
His  treatment  of  political  suspects  was  made  the  subject 
of  two  letters  addressed  to  the  Barl  of  Aberdeen  by  Mr. 
Gladstone,  who  visited  Naples  in  1850. 

Ferdinand  III.  Bom  at  Florence,  May  6, 1769 : 
died  at  Florence,  June  18, 1824.  Grand  Duke  of 
Tuscany  and  Archduke  of  Austria,  younger  son 
of  the  emperor  Leopold  II.  whom  he  succeeded 
as  grand  duke  in  1790.  He  reigned  until  1799, 
and  from  1814  to  1824. 

Ferdinand  IV.  Bom  June  10,  1835.  Grand 
Duke  of  Tuscany,  son  of  Leopold  H.  whom  he 
succeeded  in  1859.  His  dominions  were  incor- 
porated with  Sardinia  in  1860. 

Ferdinand.  1.  In  Shakspere's  "  Tempest,"  the 
son  of  the  King  of  Naples,  and  lover  of  Miranda. 
—  3.  In  Shakspere's  comedy  "Love's  Labour's 
Lost,"  the  King  of  Navarre. — 3.  In  Webster's 
"Duchess  of  Malfi,"  the  Count  of  Calabria  and 
brother  of  the  duchess.  He  is  a  cynical  villain, 
who  murders  his  sister  who  has  injured  his  fam- 
ily pride. — 4.  In  Sheridan's ' '  Duenna,"  the  lover 
of  Clara. 

Ferdinand.Connt  Fathom,  Adventures  of.  A 
novel  by  Smollett,  published  in  1753 :  so  called 
from  the  name  of  its  hero,  who  is  a  repulsive 
scoundrel. 

Ferdusi.    See  Firdausi. 

F^re  (far).  La.  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Aisne,  France,  situated  on  the  Gise  14  miles 
northwest  of  Laon.  It  has  an  artillery  school. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  5,394. 

Fere  Champenoise  (far  shonp-nwaz'),  La.  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Marne,  France,  22 
miles  southwest  of  Ch&lons-sur-Marne.  Here, 
March  25, 1814,  the  Allies  defeated  the  French. 

Ferentino  (fa-ren-te'no).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Rome,  Italy,  42  miles  southeast  of 
Rome :  the  ancient  Perentinum.  Besides  its  cathe- 
dral, castle,  and  ancient  town  wall,  it  is  noted  for  an  an- 
cient theater,  unexcavated,  but  in  its  stage  structure  the 
most  perfect  on  the  Italian  mainland,  and  in  other  ways 
remarkable.  The  back  wall  of  the  stage  is  136  feet  long, 
with  7  doors,  and  is  held  to  be  Etruscan.  The  stage  is 
Koman ;  its  structure  is  of  brick.  It  has  three  doors,  and 
a  narrow  passage  extends  behind  its  whole  length.  The 
cavea  is  surrounded  by  a  semicircle  of  beautiful  arches. 
The  chord  of  the  cavea  is  200  feet,  the  depth  of  the  stage 
33.    Population  (1881),  7,679. 

Ferghana  (fer-gha'na),  or  Fergana  (fer-ga'na). 
A  province  of  the  Russian  general  government 
of  Turkestan,  central  Asia,  in  the  upper  valley 
of  the  Sir-Daria,  about  lat.  39°  30'-42°  N.,  long. 
70°-74°  E.  It  corresponds  to  part  of  the  ancient  Sog- 
diana.  and  was  formed  from  the  khanate  of  Khokand  by 
Kussia  in  1876.  Area,  36,654  square  miles.  Population 
(1897),  1,626,136. 

Fergus  (fer'gus)  I.  A  mythical  king  of  Soot- 
land.  According  to  a  fictitious  chronology  he  was  the 
son  of  Ferchard,  first  king  of  Scotland ;  came  to  Scotland 
from  Ireland  about  330  B.  0.  to  repel  an  invasion  of  the 
Picts  and  Britons ;  and  was  drowned  on  his  return  off  Car- 
rickf ergus,  which  was  named  after  him. 

Fergus.    See  Ferracute. 

Ferguson  (fer'gu-son),  Adam.  Born  at  Logie- 
rait,  Perthshire,  June  20,  1723:  died  at  St.  An- 
drews, Feb.  22,  1816.  A  Scottish  philosopher 
and  historian.  He  graduated  M.  A.  at  the  University 
of  St.  Andrews  in  1742 ;  served  as  a  military  chaplain  1745- 
1754 ;  became  prof  essor  of  natural  philosophyin  Edinburgh 
University  in  1769;  and  was  professor  of  mental  and  moral 
philosophy  in  the  same  university  1764-85.  In  the  latter 
year  he  became  professor  of  mathematics.  He  published 
"Essay  on  Civil  Government"  (1766),  "Institutes  of  Moral 
Philosophy  "  (1772),  "  History  of  the  Progress  and  Termina- 
tion of  the  Koman  Uepublic"  (1782),  and  "Principles  of 
Moral  and  Political  Science  "  (1792), 

Ferguson,  James.  Bom  at  the  Core  of  Mayen, 
near  Rothiemay,  Banffshire,  April  25,  1710: 
died  at  London  (?),  Nov.  16,  1776.  A  Scottish 
astronomer.  In  1743  he  settled  in  London,  where  he 
followed  the  profession  of  a  portrait-painter  and  that  of  a 
popular  lecturer  on  scientific  subjects,  chiefly  astronomy. 
He  wrote  "Astronomy  explained  on  Sir  Isaac  Newton's 
Principles  "  (1756),  ete. 

Ferguson,  Kotjert,  sumamed  "The  Plotter." 
Died  in  1714.  A  Scottish  conspirator  and  politi- 
cal pamphleteer.  He  removed  to  Englandabout  1665, 
and  was  appointed  to  the  living  of  Godmersham,  Kent,  from 
which  he  was  expelled  by  the  Act  of  Uniformity  in  1662, 
He  was  concerned  in  the  Eye  House  plot  to  assassinate 
Charles  II.  in  1683,  and  in  1696  was  implicated  in  a  similar 
conspiracy  against  William  III.  He  wrote  a  "  History  of 
the  Revolution  "  (1706),  "  Qualifications  requisite  in  a  Min- 
ister of  State  "(1710),  ete. 

Ferguson,  Sir  Samuel.  Bom  at  Belfast,  March 
10,  1810 :  died  at  Howth,  County  Dublin,  Aug. 
9, 1886.  An  Irish  poet  and  antiquary.  He  grad- 
uated B.  A.  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1826 ;  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Irish  bar  in  1838 ;  and  was  queen's  counsel 


Fernandes  Pinheiro 

1859-67,  when  he  was  appointed  deputy  keeper  of  the  pub- 
lic records  of  Ireland.  He  was  knighted  in  1878.  He  col- 
lected all  the  known  Ogham  inscriptions  of  Ireland,  and 
wrote  "Lays  of  the  Western  Gael "  (1866),  "  Congal,  an  Epie 
Poem  in  Five  Books  "  (1872),  "  Poems  "  (1880),  etc. 

Fergusson  (fer'gu-sgn),  James.  Bom  at  Ayr, 
Jan.  22,  1808 :  died  Jan.  9,  1886.  A  Scottish 
writer  on  architecture.  He  acqufred  a  fortune  as  a 
manufacturer  of  indigo  in  India,  and  retired  from  business 
to  devote  himself  to  archeeological  studies.  He  was  gen- 
eral manager  of  the  Crystal  Palace  Company  1866-68.  His 
chief  works  are  "  The  Illustrated  Handbook  of  Architec- 
ture, etc."  (1866),  "A  History  of  the  Modem  Styles  of  Ar- 
chitecture (1862),  and  "Fire- and  Serpent- Worship,  or  11- 
lustrations  of  Mythology  and  Art  in  India  in  the  First  and 
Fourth  Centuries  after  Christ,  etc."  (1868). 

Fergusson,  Robert.    Born  at  Edinburgh,  Sept.  ' 

5,  1750:  died  Oct.  16,  1774.  A  Scottish  poet. 
He  studied  several  years  at  St,  Andrews  University,  and 
became  an  extracting  clerk  in  the  commissary  clerk's  office 
at  Edinburgh.  He  published  "  Poems  by  R.  Fergusson  " 
(1773). 

Fergusson,  Sir  William.  Bom  at  Prestonpans, 
March  20, 1808:  died  at  London,  Feb.  10, 1877. 
A  noted  Scottish  surgeon,  elected  president  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  1870.  He  was 
educated  at  Edinburgh.  In  1843  be  was  elected  a  fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society.  He  published  "Practical  Surgery" 
(1842),  ete. 

Ferid-Eddln.    See  Attar. 

Feridoon.    See  Faridun. 

Ferishtah,  or  Ferishta.    See  I^rishtah. 

Ferland  (fer-lon'),  Jean  Baptiste  Antoine. 

Bom  at  Montreal,  Dec.  25,  1805:  died  at  Que- 
bec, Jan.  8,  1864.  A  Canadian  historian.  He 
was  ordained  priest  in  1828,  became  professor  of  history  in 
Laval  University  at  Quebec  in  1855,  and  was  elected  dean 
of  the  faculty  of  arts  in  1864.  He  wrote  "  Cours  d'histoire 
du  Canada  "  (Vol.  1, 1861 ;  VoL  II  by  Laverdiftre,  1865). , 
Fermanagh  (fer-man'a).  A  county  in  Ulster, 
Ireland,  bounded  by  iSbnegal  on  the  northwest, 
Tyrone  on  the  northeast,  Monaghan  on  the  east, 
Cavan  on  the  south,  and  Leitrim  on  the  west. 
It  is  traversed  by  Lough  Erne.  The  chief  town  is  Ennis- 
killen.    Area,  714  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  74,170. 

Format  (fer-ma'),  Pierre  de.  Bom  at  Beau- 
mont-de-Lomagne,  near  Montauban,  France, 
Aug.,  1601:  died  at  Toulouse,  France,  Jan.  12, 
1665.  A  celebrated  French  mathematician. 
He  studied  law  at  Toulouse,  and  practised  his  profession 
there.  Priority  in  the  discovery  of  the  principle  of  the 
differential  calculus,  as  against  both  Newton  and  Leibnitz, 
was  claimed  for  him  by  D'Alembert,  Lagrange,  and  others. 
His  collected  works  were  published  in  1679. 

Fermo  (fer'mo).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Ascoli  Piceno,  Italy,  lat.  43°  11'  N.,  long.  13° 
43'  E. :  the  ancient  Firmtmi.  It  was  a  Roman  colony, 
and  has  remnants  of  the  Roman  walL  Population  (1881\ 
15,182. 

Fermor(fer'mor),  Arabella.  Thelady  the  theft 
of  whose  curl  was  the  subject  of  Pope's  "Rape 
of  the  Lock."  she  was  the  daughter  of  James  Fermor 
of  Tusmore,  and  married  Francis  Perkins  of  Ufton  Court, 
near  Reading.  She  died  in  1738.  The  adventuraus  noble- 
man who  stole  the  lock  was  Lord  Petre. 

Fermor,  Henrietta  Louisa,  Countess  of  Pom- 
fret.  Died  Dee.  15,  1761.  An  EngUsh  letter- 
writer.  She  was  the  daughter  of  John,  second  Baron 
Jeffreys  of  Wem,  Shropshire,  and  married  Thomas  Fermor, 
second  Baron  Leominster  (later  Earl  of  Pomfret),  in  1720. 
Her  letters  were  published  in  "Correspondence  between 
France^Countess  of  Hartford  (afterward  Duchess  of  Somer- 
set),  and  Henrietta  Louisa,  Countess  of  Pomfret,  between 
.  .  .  1738  and  1741  "(1805). 

Fermoy  (ffer-moi').  A  town  in  County  Cork, 
Ireland,  situated  on  the  Blaokwater  19  miles 
northeast  of  Cork.     Population  (1891),  6,421. 

Fern  (ffern),  Fanny.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs. 
Sara  Payson  Willis  (Farrington,  Eldredge) 
Parton. 

Fernandes  (fer-nan'des),  Alvaro.  A  Portu- 
guese navigator  who  explored  the  western 
coast  of  Africa  about  1448. 

Fernandes,  Joio.  A  Portuguese  navigator 
who  about  1446  explored  the  northwestei'n  coast 
of  Africa,  and  penetrated  into  the  interior  of 
the  continent  by  way  of  the  Rio  do  Ouro. 

Fernandes  Coutinho  (fer-nan'des  ko-ten'yp), 
Vasco.  Bom  at  Alemquer,  Portugal,  about 
1490:  died  at  Espirito  Santo,  Brazil,  1561.  A 
Portuguese  soldier.  He  served  until  1622  in  India,  and 
in  June,  1634,  received  the  grant  in  perpetuity  of  a  portion 
of  the  Brazilian  coast  corresponding  to  the  present  state  of 
Espuito  Santo.  Leaving  Portugal  with  about  70  colonists, 
he  founded  the  town  of  Espirito  Santo,  near  the  modern 
Victoria,  in  May,  1636.  The  colony  suffered  greatly  from 
the  wars  with  the  Indians  and  from  quarrels.  Vasco  Fer- 
nandes gave  himself  up  to  drunkenness  and  vice,  and 
finally,  in  1560,  renounced  all  his  rights.  He  died  iu 
complete  poverty. 

Fernandes  Pinheiro  (fer-nan'des  pen-ya'e-r8), 
Jose  Feliciano.  fiom  at  Santos,  May  9, 1774: 
died  at  Porto  Ale^e,  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  June 

6,  1847.  A  Brazilian  statesman  and  author. 
He  was  president  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  1823-25,  and  min- 
ister of  justice  Oct.,  1825,-Nov.,  1827.  In  1827  he  was  ere- 
ated  viscount  of  S&o  Leopoldo,  and  entered  the  senate. 
His  most  important  writings  are  "  Annaes  da  provinciade 


Fernandes  Pinheiro 

Bilo  Pedro  do  Rio  Grande  do  Sul"  (2  vols.,  1819  and  1822: 
revlaed  18S9),  and  "Memoria  Bobre  os  limites  do  Brazil,' 
with  various  historical  papers  in  the  Reviata  do  Instituto 
Eistorico,  ot  which  society  he  was  one  ot  the  founders. 
In  politics  he  was  a  conservative. 

Fernandes  Vieira  (ve-a'ra),  Joao.  Bom  in  the 
island  of  Madeira,  1613:  died  at  Olinda,  Per- 
nambuco,  Brazil,  Jan.  10, 1681.  A  Portuguese 
soldier.  From  leso  he  lived  in  Pernambuco,  and  in  June, 
1646,  heheaded  arevolt  against  the  Dutch,  joined  the  other 
Portuguese  leaders,  and  carried  on  war  with  the  Dutch 
until  Jan.,  1654,  when  they  WQre  driven  out.  Subsequently 
he  was  governor  ol  Parahyba,  and  from  1668  to  1681  gov- 
ernor of  Angola  in  Africa. 

Fernandez  (f  er-nan'detli),  Juan.  Bom  prolj- 
ably  at  Cartagena,  Spain,  in  1538 :  died  in  the 
district  of  Ligna,  Chile,  about  1602.  A  Spanish 
navigator.  For  many  years  he  sailed  vessels  between 
Peru  and  Chile,  and  found  that  by  keeping  far  out  on  the 
ocean  he  could  shorten  the  time  required  for  his  cruises. 
He  discovered  several  islands,  among  others  the  one  which 
bears  his  name  :  this  he  reached  about  1663. 

Fernandez,  Juan  Felix.  See  Victoria,  Guada- 
lupe. 

Fernandez,  Prospero.  Bom  at  San  Jos^,  July 
18,  1834:  died  there,  March  12,  1885.  A  Costa 
Bican  soldier.  He  served  against  Walker  in  Nicaragua 
1866-57,  attained  the  rank  of  general,  and  in  1881  was  made 
general-in-chiet.  From  Aug.  10, 1882,  until  his  death  he 
was  president  of  Costa  Kica. 

Fernandez  de  Castro  (fer-nan'deth  da  kas'tro), 
Manuel.  Bom  at  Madrid,  Dec.  25, 1825:  died 
there,  May  7, 1895.  A  Spanish  geologist.  From 
1869  to  1869  he  was  engaged  in  mining  and  geological  work 
in  Cuba  and  Santo  Domingo.  In  the  latter  year  he  was 
made  professor  at  the  Madrid  School  of  Mines,  and  after 
1873  he  was  the  director  of  the  commission  of  the  geologi- 
cal map  of  Spain.  An  extended  series  of  works  was  issued 
under  his  direction  by  the, geological  commission. 

Fernandez  de  Castro  Andrade  y  Portugal 

(an-dra'da epor-to-gal'), Pedro.  Bominl634: 
died  at  Lima,  Dec.  6,  1672.  A  Spanish  noble- 
man, tenth  count  of  Lemos,  grandee  of  Spain, 
and  a  descendant  of  King  Sancho  IV.  He  was 
viceroy  of  Peru  from  Nov. ,  1667,  until  his  death. 
Fernandez  de  Cordova  (fer-nan'deth  da  kor'- 
do-va),  Diego.  Marquis  of  GuadalcAzar,  vice- 
roy of  New  Spain  (Mexico)  Oct.,  1612,-March, 
1621,  andviceroy  of  Peru  July,  1622,-Jan.,  1629. 
In  both  countries  he  had  much  trouble  with  French  and 
Dutch  corsairs,  and  in  Peru  his  term  was  marked  by  a 
bloody  war  ol  miners  at  Potosi.  After  his  return  to  Spain 
(1629),  he  resided  near  Cordova. 

Fernandez  de  Enciso,  Martin.    See  Enciso. 
Fernandez  de  la  Cueva  (fer-nan'deth  da  la 

^wa'vS),  Francisco.  Lived  in  the  17th  century. 

Duke  of  Albuquerque.     From  Aug.,  1653,  to  Sept., 

1660,  he  was  viceroy  of  New  Spain  (Mexico),  and  subse- 

queutly  viceroy  of  Sicily. 

Fernandez  de  la  Oueva  Henriquez  (en-re'- 
keth),  Francisco.  Duke  of  Albuquerque,  vice- 
roy of  Mexico  Nov.  27,  1702,  to  Jan.  15,  1711. 
Thetown.of  Albuquerque,NewMexico,founded 
at  this  time,  was  named  in  his  honor. 

Fernandez  de  Navarrete,  Martin.  See  Na- 
varrete. 

Fernandez  de  Palencia  (fer-nan'deth  da  pa- 
lan'the-a),  Diego.  Born  at  Palencia  about  1520 : 
died  at  Seville  about  1581.  A  Spanish  soldier 
and  historian.  He  served  in  Peru  from  about  1646  to 
1560  or  later,  and  was  a  personal  witness  of  many  events, 
especially  during  the  revolt  of  Giron.  Appointed  histori- 
ographer in  1566,  he  began  to  write  a  history,  subsequently 
enlarged  and  finished  in  Spain,  and  published  at  Seville  as 
"  Primera  y  segunda  parte  de  la  historia  del  Peru."  It  in- 
cludes the  periods  ol  the  rebellions  of  Gonzalo  Pizarro  and 
Oiron. 

Fernandez  de  PiedraMta,  Lucas.  See  Piedra- 
hita. 

Fernandez  de  Taos  (fer-nan'deth  da  ta'os). 
[Not  San  Fernando  de  Taos,  as  it  is  sometimes 
called.]  A  Spanish  settlement  founded  in  the 
latter  half  of  the  18th  century  in  the  valley  of 
Taos  in  northern  New  Mexico,  it  contains  8,ooo 
inhabitants,  and  lies  3  miles  from  the  Indian  village. 
In  1766  the  settlement  was  surprised  and  almost  wiped 
out  by  the  Comanches.  The  insurrection  of  1848  began  at 
Fernandez  de  Taos,  where  Governor  Charles  Bent  was  one 
of  its  first  victims. . 

Fernandez  Madrid(fer-nan'deth  ma.-wme'SE'), 
Jos6.  Born  at  Cartagena,  Feb.  9, 1789 :  died 
near  London,  Jiine  28,  1830.  A  New  Granadan 
physician,  author,  and  statesman.  He  joined  the 
revolutionists  in  1810,  was  elected  to  Congress,  and  after 
the  resignation  of  Torres  waa  made  president  of  New 
Granada,  March  14, 1816.  The  victories  of  the  Spaniards 
soon  forced  him  to  resign.  He  published  poems,  two 
tragedies,  "Atala"  and  "Guatimozin,"  and  medical  and 
other  works. 

Fernandina  (fer-nan-de'na).  [Named  in  honor 
of  Ferdinand  of  Castile.]  A  name  oflficially 
given  to  the  island  of  Cuba  about  1508.  Colum- 
bus had  called  it  Juana,  and  the  name  was  changed  m  ac- 
cordance with  the  desire  of  the  king.  It  appears  on  some 
old  maps  and  in  Spanish  authors  of  the  period,  but  was 
Boon  supplanted  by  the  Indian  name  Cuba. 


387 

Fernandina  (f  6r  -  nan  -  de '  na).  A  seaport  on 
Amelia  Island,  Nassau  County,  northeastern 
Florida,  situated  26  miles  northeast  of  Jackson- 
ville, in  lat.  30°  40'  N.,  long.  81°  28'  W.  it  has 
a  fine  harbor,  and  a  line  of  steamships  to  New  York,  and 
exports  timber  and  naval  stores.    Population  (1900),  3,245. 

Fernando  (ffer-nan'do).  IBee  Ferdinand.']  1. 
Li  Cervantes's  "Don  Quixote,"  the  faithless 
friend  of  Cardenio. —  3.  In  Massinger  and  Flet- 
cher's comedy  "  The  Laws  of  Candy,"  the  lover 
of  Annophel. —  3.  Li  Southerne's  "Fatal  Mar- 
riage," a  character  who  for  his  own  good  is 
made  to  believe  he  has  been  dead  and  buried 
and  in  purgatory. — 4.  In  Sheridan  Knowles's 
"  John  of  Procida,"  the  son  of  John  of  Procida. 
He  was  killed  in  the  Sicilian  Vespers. 

Fernando  de  Noronha  (fer-nan'd§  de  no-ron'- 
ya).  An  island  in  the  Atlantic,  belonging  to 
Brazil,  situated  about  lat.  3°  50'  S.,  long.  32° 
40'  W.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  Brazilian  penal  sta- 
tion. 

Fernando  Po  (E.  f6r-nan'd6  po';  Sp.  fer-nan'- 
do  po').  An  island  in  the  Bight  of  Biafra,  West 
Africa,  in  lat.  3°  46'  N.,  tong.  8°  47'  E.  (light- 
house). Its  surface  is  mountainous.  The  chief  place  is 
Port  Clarence.  The  island  was  discovered  by  the  Portu- 
guese in  1471,  and  was  ceded  in  1778  to  Spain,  which  now 
occupies  it.  There  was  an  English  settlement  here  1827- 
1834.    Area,  799  square  miles.    Population,  about  25,000. 

Fernandyne  (fSr'nan-den).  In  Lodge's  "Eosa- 
lynde,"  the  character  from  which  Jacques  du 
Bois  in  "  As  you  Like  it "  is  taken. 

Fernel  (fer-nel'),  Jean.  Bom  at  Clermont-en- 
Beauvoisife,  France,  about  1497:  died  there, 
April  26,  1558.  A  noted  French  physician  and 
medical  writer,  professor  of  medicine  at  Paris: 
surnamed  "  the  Modem  Galen." 

Ferney,  or  Fernex  (fer-na').  A  village  in  the 
department  of  Ain,  France,  4  miles  northwest 
of  Geneva.    Voltaire  resided  here  1758-78. 

Ferney,  The  Patriarch  of.    Voltaire. 

Fernig  (fer-neg'),  F61icit6  de  (Madame  Van 
der  Walen) .  Bom  at  Mortagne,  Nord,  Prance, 
about  1776:  died  after  1831.  Fernig,  Th^- 
ophile  de.  Bom  at  Mortagne  about  1779 :  died 
at  Brussels  about  1818.  Two  French  sisters 
who,  assuming  male  attire,  enlisted  in  1792  in 
a  company  of  the  National  Guards  commanded 
by  their  father,  and  distinguished  themselves 
by  their  bravery  in  battle.  F61icit6  married 
M.  Van  der  Walen,  a  Belgian  ofS.cer,  whose  life 
she  had  saved. 

Fernkorn  (f ern'korn),  Anton  Dominik.  Bom 
at  Erfurt,  Prussia,  March  17,  1813:  died  at 
Briinnlfeld,  near  Vienna,  Nov.  16, 1878.  A  Ger- 
man sculptor  and  bronze-founder.  His  best- 
known  work  is  a  statue  of  the  archduke  Charles, 
in  Vienna. 

Fernow  (fer'no),  Karl  Ludwig.  Born  at 
Blumenhagen,  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  Nov.  19, 
1763 :  died  at  Weimar,  Germany,  Dee.  4, 1808. 
A  German  writer  on  art,  professor  (extraordi- 
nary) at  Jena  1802,  and  librarian  to  the  duch- 
ess Amalie  at  Weimar  1804. 

F6ron(fa-r&n'),  Firmin  IBloi.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Dec.  1,  1802 :  died  at  Conflans,  Seine-et-Oise, 
April  24, 1876.  A  French  painter.  He  obtained 
the  first  medal  in  1835. 

Feronia  (fe-ro'ni-a).  In  Italian  mytholo^,  a 
goddess  of  Sabine'origin,  but  chiefly  worshiped 
in  Etruria,  regarded  especially  as  the  patroness 
of  freedmen,  and  called  by  the  Greeks  a  goddess 
of  flowers.  Her  most  celebrated  shrine  is  at 
the  foot  of  Mount  Soracte  in  Etruria. 

Ferozabad  (f  e-ro-za-bad' ) .  A  town  in  the  North- 
west Provinces,  British  India,  east  of  Agra.  Pop- 
ulation, about  15,000. 

Ferozepore.    See  Firozpur. 

Ferozeshah,  or  Ferozsnah  (fe-roz-shah').  A 
village  in  the  Panjab,  British  India,  situated 
near  Firozpur.  Here,  Dec.  21, 1845,  the  British 
under  Sir  Hugh  Gough  defeated  the  Sikhs. 

Ferrabosco,  or  Ferabosco  (fer-a-bos'ko),  Al- 
fonso. An  Italian  musical  composer  of  the  16th 
century.  He  appears  to  have  settled  in  England,  per- 
haps at  Greenwich,  before  1667.  He  subsequentlyreturned 
to  Italy.  He  published  a  book  of  madrigals  in  1542  (a  sec- 
ond in  1687)  and  of  motets  in  1544,  both  at  Venice.  He  had 
several  friendly  contests  with  W.  Byrd  as  to  the  best  set- 
ting of  madrigals,  and  also  in  writing  "each  to  the  number 
of  40  parts  upon  the  plain-song  of  Miserere. 

Ferrabosco,  or  Ferabosco,  Alfonso.    Bom  at 

Greenwich,  England,  about  1580 :  died  in  1628  (?). 
An  Italian  lutenist  and  musical  composer,  son 
of  the  preceding.  He  received  his  musical  education 
at  Bologna,  became  musical  instructor  to  Prince  Henry  in 
1606,  and  in  1626  was  appointed  composer  in  ordinary  to 
Charles  I.  He  published  "  Ayres  "  (1609)  and  "  Lessons 
(for  viols,  1609).  „„^      .      .r.   ,. 

Ferrabosco,  Alfonso.  Died  in  1661.  An  Italian 


Ferrari,  Giuseppe 

musical  composer  at  the  court  of  Charles  L  of 
England.  He  was  the  son  of  Alfonso  Ferra^ 
bosco  (died  1628  ?). 

Ferracute  (fer'a-kut),  or  Ferragus  (fer'a-gus), 
It.  Ferrau  (fer-rou').  A  giant  celebrated  in 
medieval  romance.  He  appears  with  various  attrir 
butes,  in  the  story  of  "  Valentine  and  Orson,"  as  Ferracute. 
He  has  in  his  castle  an  enormous  brazen  head  which  an- 
swers any  question  put  to  it.  In  some  romances  he  is  a 
Portuguese  giant ;  in  others  a  Spanish  knight ;  in  others  a 
Saracen ;  in  all  of  enormous  strength,  and  invulnerable 
till  Orlando  vanquishes  him. 

While  in  Navarre,  it  is  reported  to  Charles  that  a  Syrian 
giant  of  flrst-rato  enormity,  called  Ferracutus  (the  Ferrau 
of  the  Italians),  has  appeared  at  Nagera.  This  creature 
possessed  most  exuberant  proportions :  he  was  twelve  cu- 
bits high,  his  face  was  a  cubit  in  length,  and  his  nose  a  mea- 
sured palm.  As  soon  as  Charles  arrived  at  Nagera,  this 
unwieldy  gentleman  proposed  a  single  combat,  but  the 
king  was  so  little  tempted  by  a  personal  survey  that  he 
declined  his  offer.  Ogerius  the  Dane  was  therefore  selected 
as  the  Christian  champion :  but  the  giant,  trussing  him 
under  one  arm,  carried  him  oit  to  the  town,  and  served  a 
succession  of  knights  in  a  similar  manner.  Orlando  at 
length  went  out  against  him.  The  Saracen,  as  usual, 
commenced  the  attack  by  pulling  his  antagonist  from  the 
saddle,  and  rode  ofl  with  him,  till  Orlando,  exerting  all 
his  force,  seized  him  by  the  chin,  and  both  fell  to  the 
ground.  When  they  had  remounted,  the  knight,  thinking 
to  kill  the  pagan,  only  cut  off  the  head  of  his  horse.  Fer- 
rau being  now  on  foot,  Orlando  struck  a  blow  on  his  arm 
that  knocked  the  sword  from  his  hand ;  on  which  the  giant 
slew  his  adversary's  horse  with  a  pat  of  his  fist.  After 
this  the  opponents  fought  on  foot,  and  with  swords,  till 
towards  evening,  when  Ferrau  demanded  a  truce  till  next 
day.  Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  278. 

Ferragus.  1.  See  Ferracute.— 2.  An  extraor- 
dinary beggar  in  a  novel  of  the  same  name  in 
Balzac's  ''Sefenes  de  la  vie  parisienne."  He  is  the 
captain  of  a  mysterious  association  called  "  Les  Treize," 
appears  in  society  as  a  diplomat,  and  murders  a  young 
gentleman  who  is  obnoxious  to  the  Treize  by  causing  a  slow 
poison  to  be  put  on  his  hair. 

Ferrand  (fe-ron'),  Comte  Antoine  Francois 
Claude.  Born  at  Paris,  July  4,  1751:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  17,  1825.  A  French  royalist  politi- 
cian (emigrated  Sept.,  1789),  publicist,  and  his- 
torian. He  wrote  "De  I'esprit  de  I'histoire" 
(1802),  etc. 

Ferrand,  Marie  Louis,  Baron  and  Count  of. 
Born  at  Besan§on,  Oct.  12,  1753:  died  at  Palo 
Fincado,  Santo  Domingo,  Nov.  7,  1808.  A 
French  general.  He  served  in  the  American  revolu- 
tion and  m  the  French  army  of  the  West,  and  in  1802 
joined  Leclerc  In  the  Santo  Domingo  expedition.  The 
disasters  of  1802  and  1803  left  him  in  command  of  the 
remnants  of  the  French  army.  He  retreated  to  Santo  Do- 
mingo city,  where  he  withstood  a  siege  by  Dessalines,  and 
succeeded  in  holding  the  eastern  end  of  the  Island  for 
several  years.  Bonaparte  made  him  captain-general  of 
Santo  Domingo.  In  1808  a  Spanish  force  from  Porto  Rico 
invaded  the  island.  Ferrand  was  defeated,  and  shot  him- 
self on  the  battle-field. 

Ferrandina  (fer-ran-de'na).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Potenza,  Italy,  situated  35  miles 
southeast  of  Potenza.  Population  (1881), 
7,'325. 

Ferrar  (fer'ar),  Nicholas.  Died  at  Little  Gid- 
ding,  Huntingdonshire,  Deo.  4,  1637.  An  Eng- 
lish theologian. 

Ferrara  (fer-ra'ra).  1.  A  province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Emilia,  Italjr,  lying  south  of  the 
Po  and  west  of  the  Adriatic.  The  surface  is 
flat.  Formerly  the  main  portion  of  the  duchy  of  Ferrara 
(formed  1471)  was  under  the  house  of  Este.  It  was  an- 
nexed to  the  Papal  States  in  1698,  and  to  Sardinia  in 
1860.  Area,  1,012  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  about 
230,000. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Ferrara,  situ- 
ated on  the  Po  di  Volano  in  lat.  44°  50'  N.,  long. 
11°  37'  E.  It  contains  a  imiverslty,  and  was  noted  for 
its  school  of  painting  in  the  15th  century,  and  as  a  literary 
centCT  in  the  16th  century.  The  castle,  formerly  the  ducal 
palace,  Is  a  square  battlemented  fortress  of  brick,  built  in 
1385,  with  a  moat  and  bridges,  and  towers  at  the  comers. 
The  wall-paintings  which  originally  ornamented  the  ducal 
apartments  are  gone,  except  som  e  very  good  ones  by  Dosso 
Itossi.  Thecathedral(duomo)wasconsecratedinll36.  The 
rich  fa(;ade  is  one  of  the  best  of  Italian  medieval  exteriors. 
It  is  solid  below,  with  a  great  round-arched  porch  with 
columns  resting  on  curious  figures  supported  on  lions, 
and  has  above  several  tiers  of  beautiful  arcades.  The  in- 
terior was  spoiled  in  the  17th  century,  but  contains  good 
inlaid  choir-stalls  and  some  handsome  pictures.  There  is 
a  fine  Renaissance  arcaded  campanile,  in  red  and  white 
marble.    Population  (1901),  commune,  87,697. 

Ferrara-Florence,  Council  of.  A  church  coun- 
cil which,  opening  at  Ferrara  in  1438,  was  trans- 
ferred to  Florence  in  1439  on  account  of  a 
plague.  It  proclaimed  the  union  of  the  Greek  and  Ro- 
man churches  in  1439.  The  last  sitting  was  at  Rome  in 
1445. 

Ferrari  (fer-ra're),  Gaudenzio.  Bom  at  Val- 
duggia,near  Novara,  Italy,  about  1484 :  died  at 
Milan,  1546.  An  Italian  painter.  His  works 
are  principally  at  VaraUo  and  elsewhere  in 
northern  Italy. 

Ferrari,  Giuseppe.  Bom  at  Milan,  1812 :  died 
at  Rome,  July  1, 1876.  An  Italian  philosophical 
writer  and  historian. 


Ferrari,  Luigi 

Ferrari,  Laigi.  Bom  at  Venice,  1810:  died 
there,  May  12,  1894.    An  Italian  sculptor. 

Ferr6  (fe-ra^),  Theophile  Charles,  Bom  at 
Paris,  1845 :  executed  near  Paris,  Nov.  28, 1871. 
One  of  the  leaders  of  the  French  Commune  in 
1871. 

Ferreira  (fer-ra'f-ra),  Antonio.  Bom  at  Lis- 
bon, 1528:  died  there,  1569.  A  noted  Portu- 
guese poet,  sumamed  "the  Portuguese  Hor- 
ace." He  wrote  "Ines  de  Castro,"  a  tragedy,  etc. 

Ferreira,  Alexander  Bodriquez.  See  Eodri- 
quez  Ferreira. 

Ferrel  (fer'el),  William.  Born  in  Bedford  (now 
Pulton)  County,  Pa.,  Jan.  29, 1817 :  died  at  May- 
wood,  Kansas,  Sept.  18, 1891.  An  American  me- 
teorologist. He  graduated  at  Bethany  College  in  1844, 
and  held  an  appointment  on  the  Coast  Survey  1867-82,  when 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  meteorology  in  the  Signal 
Office  at  Washington,  a  position  which  he  held  four  years. 
He  invented  a  maxima  and  minima  tidal  predicting  ma- 
chine, and  wrote  "  Converging  Series  expressing  the  Katio 
between  the  Diameter  and  the  Circumference  of  a  Circle  " 
(1871),  "Popular  Essays  on  the  Movements  of  the  Atmos- 
phere" (1882),  "The  Motions  of  Fluids  and  Solids  on  the 
Earth's  Surface  "  (1882), "  Temperature  of  the  Atmosphere 
and  Earth's  Surface  "  (1884),  etc. 

Ferrers  (fer'erz),  Earl.    See  Shirley,  Laurence. 

Ferrers,  George.  Bom  at  St.  Albans,  Hert- 
fordshire, about  1500:  died  January,  1579.  An 
English  poet  and  politician.  He  was  educated  at 
Cambridge,  was  a  member  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  repre- 
sented Plymouth  in  Parliament  from  1542.  On  his  being 
arrested  the  same  year  as  surety  for  a  debt,  the  House  of 
Commons  demanded  his  release  by  virtue  of  the  constitu- 
tional right  of  its  members  to  freedom  from  arrest  (except 
for  treason,  felony,  or  breach  of  the  peace).  The  sheriffs 
and  jailers  resisting  the  demand,  the  House  of  Commons 
sent  them  to  the  Tower,  this  being  the  first  occasion  on 
whicl^the  house  acted  independently  in  vindication  of  its 
privilege.  Ferrers  took  part  with  W.  Baldwin  in  the  pro- 
duction of  the  series  of  historical  poems  entitled  "  Mirrour 
for  Magistrates." 

Ferret  (fer'et).  1.  In  Ben  Jonson's  comedy 
"  The  New  lun,"  the  servant  of  Level :  a  quick, 
nimble,  and  insinuating  fellow,  with  an  advan- 
tageous knowledge  of  human  nature. — 3.  In 
Smollett's  "  Sir  Launcelot  Greaves,"  a  charac- 
ter who  never  smiles,  never  speaks  in  praise 
of  any  one,  and  never  gives  a  direct  answer. 

Ferrex  and  Porrex.    See  Gorboduc. 

Ferrier  (fer'i-er),  James  Frederick.  Bom  at 
Edinburgh,  June  16, 1808:  died  at  St.  Andrews, 
June  11,  1864.  A  Scottish  metaphysician.  He 
studied  at  Edinburgh  and  Oxford,  and  was  professor  of 
civil  history  at  Edinburgh  1842,  and  of  moral  philosophy 
and  political  economy  at  St,  Andrews  1845.  He  wrote 
"Institutes  of  Metaphysic  "  (1854),  etc.  His  "Lectures  on 
Greek  Philosophy"  were  published  posthumously  (1866). 

Ferrier,  Susan  Edmonstone.  Bom  at  Edin- 
burgh, Sept.  7,  1782:  died  there,  Nov.  5,  1854. 
A  Scottish  novelist.  She  was  the  friend  of  Scott, 
whom  she  visited  in  18H,  1829,  and  183L  Her  chief  works 
are  "Marriage,"  to  which  Miss  Clavering,  niece  of  the 
Duke  of  Argyll,  contributed  a  few  pages  (1818),  "The  In- 
heritance "  (1824),  and  "  Destiny"  (1831). 

Ferri^res  (fer-yar').  A  village  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine-et-Mame,  Prance,  13  miles  east 
of  Paris,  it  contains  a  chateau  of  the  Kothschilds,  the 
scene  of  an  interview  between  Bismarck  and  Jules  Favre, 
Sept.,  1870. 

Ferro  (fer'ro),  Sp.  Hierro  (yer'ro).  The  west- 
ernmost of  the  Canary  Islands,  situated  in  lat. 
27°  45'  N.,  long.  18°  W.  The  conventional  meridian 
of  Ferro  (a  dividing  line  between  the  eastern  and  western 
hemispheres),  used  as  the  zero  meridian  by  German,  and 
for  a  time  by  Portuguese  and  Spanish,  geographers,  cor- 
responds to  long.  17°  40'  W.  of  Greenwich.  Area,  106  square 
milea    Population  fl887),  6,897. 

Ferrol  (fer-rol' ),  El.  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Coruna,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Betau- 
zos  in  lat.  43°  29'  N.,  long.  8°  13'  W.  It  is  noted 
for  its  naval  arsenal.  It  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by 
the  English  in  1799,  and  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1809. 
Population  (1887),  25,701. 

Ferry  (fe-re'),  Jules.  Bom  at  St.  Di6,  Vosges, 
Prance,  April  5, 1832 :  died  at  Paris,  March  17, 
1893.  A  French  statesman.  He  was  minister  of  pub- 
lic instruction  1879-80,  premier  1880-81,  minister  of  public 
instruction  in  1882,  and  premier  1883-85,  and  was  elected 
president  of  the  Senate  in  1893.  His  name  is  associated 
with  the  French  policy  of  adventure  in  Africa  and  Asia. 

Fersen  (fer'sen),  Axel,  Cbmte  de.  Bom  at 
Stockholm,  Sept.  4,  1755 :  murdered  at  Stock- 
holm, June  20, 1810.  A  Swedish  marshal.  He  ac- 
companied Louis  XVI,  toVarennes  in  179L  He  was  killed 
by  the  populace,  on  the  (false)  suspicion  tliat  he,  with  his 
sister,  had  caused  the  death  of  Prince  Christian  of  Hol- 
stein-Augustenburg. 

Ferstel  (fer'stel),  Heinrich  von.  Bom  at 
Vienna,  July  7,  1828 :  died  at  Grinzing,  near 
Vienna,  July  14, 1883.    An  Austrian  architect. 

Fert6-sous-Jouarre  (fer-ta's6-zh6-ar').  La.  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Seine-et-Mame, 
Prance,  on  the  Mame  36  miles  east  of  Paris : 
noted  for  quarries.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 4,670. 

Fenimbras.    See  Fierahras. 


388 


Feydeau 


Fesca  (fes'ka),  Alexander  Ernst.    Bom  at  Feuch^res  (fe-shar'),  Baronne  de  (Sophie 


Karlsruhe,  Baden,  May  22, 1820:  died  at  Bruns- 
wick, Germany,  Feb.  22, 1849.  A  German  com- 
poser, son  of  Priedrich  Ernst  Fesea.  He  com- 
posed much  popular  chamber  music,  etc. 
Fesca,  Friedrich  Ernst.  Bom  at  Magdeburg, 
Pmssia,  Feb.  15, 1789 :  died  at  Karlsruhe,  Baden, 


Dawes  or  Daws).  Bom  in  the  Isle  of  wight 
about  1795:  died  in  England,  Jan.  2,  1841.  A 
woman  of  low  birth,  mistress  of  Louis  Henri 
Joseph  de  Bourbon,  prince  de  Cond6  (1756- 
1830).  She  married  Baron  de  Feuchferes  in 
1818,  and  was  separated  from  him  in  1822. 


May  24, 1826.  AGerman  composer  and  violinist.  Feuchtersleben(foi6h'ters-larben),Emst  VOn. 


He  wrote  two  operas  "  Cantemir  "  and  "  Leila,"  and  a  num- 
ber of  quintets,  quartets,  overtures,  and  choices  and  other 
sacred  music. 

Fescennine  Songs.  Ancient  Roman  popular 
songs :  so  named  from  the  town  of  Fescennium 
in  southern  Etruria.  They  were  sung  at  rustic 
merrymakings,  festivals,  and  later  especially  at 
weddings. 

Fesch  (fesh),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Ajaeoio,  Cor- 
sica, Jan.  3,  1763  :  died  at  Rome,  May  13, 1839. 
A  French  ecclesiastic,  half-brother  of  Lsetitia, 


Born  at  Vienna,  April  29, 1806:  died  at  Vienna, 
Sept.  3,  1849.  An  Austrian  physician,  poet, 
and  philosopher.  He  \)ecame  dean  of  the  medical 
faculty  at  Vienna  in  1846,  and  in  1848  was  under-Becretary 
of  state  in  the  ministry  of  public  instruction.  His  works 
Include  "Lehrbuch  der  ftrztlichen  Seelenkunde"  (1845)^ 
"Zur  Diatetik  der  Seele"  (1838),  and  "Qediohte"  (1836). 

Feuerbach  (foi'er-badh),  Anselm  von.    Bom 

at  Spires,  Sept.  12,  1829:  died  at  Venice,  Jan. 
4, 1880.  A  German  historical  painter.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  F.  W.  von  Schadow,  and  held  a  professorship  in 


mother  Of  Napoleon  I.    He  became  archbishop  v^,tt"2l7.AZl^TUL..    -RnrM,  «t  T  =r,H 

of  Lyons  1802,  and  cardinal  1803.  ^^**H®^^*''^>.^'^?T^o4^i'lS5^^^  •  ?°™  at  Lands- 

Ttj/j!/j\mi.  n  T.         hut,  Bavaria,  July  28,  1804:  died  near  Nurem- 

'LTf^lSeS£;'l&''2'l?f7^?:^H^;t^^^^^    ber^,  Bavarik,  Se^t.  13,  1872.    AGerman  phi- 

ton,  Nov.  11,  1837.    An  American  journalist, 

poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer. 
Fessenden,  William  Pitt.    Bom  at  Boscawen, 

N.  H.,  Oct.  16,  1806:  died  at  Portland,  Maine,     „^„_„ , .„.„„_ .^ . 

Sept.  8, 1869.    An  American  statesman.  United  Feuerbach,  Paul  Johann  Ajxselm'von.    Born 

States  senator  (Republican)  from  Maine  1854-       ■"— '^"Vt'  *  "»*  «»/u^  u  «a*ociiu  .uu. 

1864  and  1865-69,  and  secretary  of  the  treasury 

1864r^5. 
Fessler  (fes'ler),  Ignaz  Aurelius.    Bom  at 

Czurendorf,  Hungary,  May  18,  1756:  died  at 

St.  Petersburg,  Dec.  15,  1839.     A  Hungarian 


losopher,  son  of  P.  J.  A.  von  Feuerbach.  He 
habilitated  as  privat-docent  atErlangen  in  1828,  but  aban- 
doned teaching  in  1832.  His  chief  works  are  "  Das  Wesen 
des  Christenthums "  (1841),  "Das  Wesen  der  Religion" 
(1846),  and  "Theogonie  nach  den  Quellen  des  klassischen, 
bebraischen,  und  christlichen  Altertums"  (1875). 


at  Hainichen,  near  Jena,  Germany,  Nov.  14, 
1775:  died  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Prussia, 
May  29,  1833.  A  German  jurist.  He  became  pro- 
fessor at  Jena  in  1801,  professor  at  £iel  in  1802,  and  pro- 
fessor at  Landshut  in  1804 ;  removed  to  Munich  to  ac- 
cept a  position  in  the  department  of  justice  there  in 


r,:„j. ;„„  . .q  „I„i ''„i.-^/n     '    -l-    \        ^  1805;  was  ennobled  and  made  privy  councilor  in  1808; 

historian,  and  ecclesiastic  (Capuchm),  professor    became  second  president  of  the  Court  of  Appeal  at  Bam; 


of  Oriental  languages  and  hermeneutics  at  the 
University  of  Lemberg.  He  wrote  "  Gesehiohte 
der  Ungam"  (1812-25),  etc. 
Fessler,  Joseph.    Bom  at  Loehau,  Vorarlberg, 
Austria-Hungary,  Dec.  2, 1813:  died  at  St.  Pol- 


berg  in  1814 ;  and  became  president  of  the  Court  of  Ap- 
peal at  Anspach  in  1817.  Be  drew  up  the  Bavarian  crim- 
inal code  which  was  introduced  in  1813,  and  wrote  "Kritik 
des  natiirllcheu  Uechts  als  Propadeutik  zu  einer  Wisseu- 
schaft  der  natlirlichen  Rechte"  (1796),  "Lehrbuch  des 
gemeinen,  in  Deutscliland  gelteuden  peinlichen  Bechts  ' 


ten.  Lower  Austria,  April  25, 1872.  AnAustrian     fi^OOX  "  Merkwiirdige  Kriminalrechtsfaile  (^08-11), "  K. 
prelate  and  scholar.     He  published  "  Institu-     pfsaf  Jtc"      "^      ^'°'''  Verbrechens  am  Seelenleben 
tiones  patrolo^cffi "  (1850-fe2),  etc.                       Feuillants  (f 6-yon'),  Les.    A  political  club  es- 
Feste(fes  te).  IiiShakspere's"Tw6lEthNight,"    tablished  at  Paris  during  the  Revolution,    it 
Olivia's  clown.  - —  -     --— 


was  at  first  called  the  Club  of  1789,  receiving  its  later 
name  from  the  convent  of  the  Feuillants,  where  it  held  its 
meetings, 

Feuilles  d'Automne  (fey  do-ton').    [P.,  'Au- 
tumn Leaves.']    A  collection  of  lyric  poems  by 
tine  about  60-62  A.  D.     He  reused  to  put  the  apos-  .^^"^^^^'^P'  F'^'blished  in  1831. 

of  the^ Jews,  and,  after  giving  him  a  FeUlllet  (fe-ya'),  LOUIS.     Bom  at  Mane,  m 

Provence,  1660:  died  at  Marseilles,  April  18, 


Festin  de  Pierre,  Le.    See  Don  Juan. 
Festus  (fes'tus).    A  poem  by  Philip  James 
Bailey,  published  1839. 
Festus,  Porcius.   A  Roman  procurator  in  Pales 


tie  Paul  in  the  power  of  the  Jews,  and,  after  giving 
hearing  in  the  presence  of  Herod  Agrippa  II,,  sent  liim  to 
Rome  in  consequence  of  his  appeal  to  Csesar. 

Festus,  Sextus  Pompeius,  A  Latin  lexicog- 
rapher who  lived  perhaps  in  the  middle  of  the 
2d  century  after  (Jhrist.  He  epitomized  a  glossary 
of  Latin  words  and  phrases  entitled  "De  Verborum  Sig- 
niflcatu,"  by  M.  Verrius  Flacous,  which  is  now  lost.  This 
epitome,  which  is  known  as  "Sexti  Pompeii  Festi  de  Ver- 
borum Signiflcatione,"  and  which  is  of  importance  on  ac- 
count of  the  light  which  it  throws  on  obscure  points  in 
Latin  grammar  and  Koman^antiquities,  was  abridged  in 
the  8th  century  by  Paulus  Dlaconus. 

Feth  All  (f  eth  a'le),  or  Fath  All  (f  ath  a'le),  or 
Futteh  All  (fot'te  a'le).  Bom  about  1762 
(1765?):  died  at  Ispahan,  Persia,  Oct.  20, 1834. 
Shah  of  Persia  1797-1834.  He  became  involved  in 
a  war  with  Russia  in  1803  concerning  the  sovereignty  of 
Georgia,  whose  ruler  had  transferred  his  allegiance  from 
Persia  to  Russia.  He  purchased  peace  in  1813  by  aban- 
doning his  claim.  In  1826  he  took  advantage  of  therecent 
death  of  the  czar  Alexander  to  renew  the  war,  but  was  com- 
pelled by  the  peace  of  1828  to  make  an  additional  cession 
of  territory  (Persian  Armenia). 

Fethan-Seag.    See  Faddiley. 

FStis  (fa-tes'),  ]^douard.  Bom  at  Bouvignes, 
Belgium,  May  16,  1812.  An  art  critic,  son  of 
Francois  Joseph  F^tis.  He  is  librarian  of  the  Bib- 
liothfeque  Royale,  Brussels,  professor  of  esthetics  to  the 
Acad^mie  des  Beaux  Ai*ts,  art  critic  of  the  "Ind^pendance 
Beige,"  and  has  published  and  edited  a  number  of  works 
on  art. 

Fetis,  Francois  Joseph.    Bom  at  Mens,  Bel 


1732.  A  French  scientist  and  traveler.  Aided 
by  royal  bounty,  he  made  two  extended  expeditions  to  the 
West  Indies  and  the  northern  and  western  coasts  of  South 
America  (1703-11),  taking  careful  observations  to  rectify 
the  existing  maps,  and  studying  plants,  antiquities,  etc. 
The  results  were  published  in  several  laige  works.  In 
1724  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences  employed  him  to 
determine  the  exact  longitude  of  the  island  of  Ferro. 

Feuillet,  Octave.  Born  at  St.-L&,  Manehe, 
France,  Aug.  11, 1821:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  29, 
1890.  A  French  novelist  and  dramatist.  Alter 
graduating  from  the  College  Louis-le-Grand  in  Paris,  he 
studied  law  and  engaged  in  literary  work.  In  coUabora- 
tion  with  Paul  Bocage  hewrote  for  the  stage  "  Un  bour- 
geois de  Paris" (1845),  "Echec  et  mat"  (1846),  "Palma, 
ou  la  nult  du  Vendredi-Saint"  (1847),  "La  vieillesse  de 
Richelieu"  (1848),  "York"  (1852),  "Sefenes  et  proverbes" 
(1861),  " Scfeneset comedies "(1864),  "La grise" (1854),  "Le 
roman  d'un  jeune  homme  pauvi-e " (1858),  "Redemption"" 
(I860),  "  Les  porti-aitsde  la  marquise  "(1862),  "Montjoye" 
(1863),  "  La  belle  an  bois  dormant "  (1866),  "  Le  cas  de  con- 
science "  (1867),  "Julie  "  (1869),  "  L'Acrobate  "  (1873), "  Le 
sphinx  "  (1874),  "La  clef  d'or  "  (1878),  "  Un  roman  parisien  " 
(1883),  and  "  ChamiUao  "  (1886),  His  novds  are  "  Bellah  '■ 
(1852),  "Le  roman  d'un  jeune  homme  pauvre"  (1868), 
"Histou-e  de  Sibylle"  (1862),  "Monsieur  de  Camera '' 
(1867),  "Julia  de  Xr^cceur"  (1872),  "Un  mariage  dans  le 
monde  "  (1876),  "Les  amours  de  Philippe  "  and  "  Le  journal 
d'une  femme  "  (1877),  "Histoire  d'une  Parisienne"  (18821 
"La  veuve,"  "Le  voyageur,"  "Le  divorce  de  Juliette," 
"Charybde  et  Scylla,"  and  "Le  cur6  deBourron"  (1884), 
"Lamorte''(1886),  and  "Honneurd'ar{lste"(1890).  The 
French  newspaper  name  feuUletan  was  first  used  for  his 
serial  writings  in  newspapers. 


gium,  March  25,  1784:  died  at  Brussels,  March  Feurs(fer).    A  townin  the  department  of  Loire, 


26, 1871.     A  Belgian  composer  and  writer  on 
music.     Hisworks  include  "  M^thode  fltoentaire,  etc." 

§1824),  "Traits  complet  de  la  thSorie  et  de  la  pratique 
e  I'harmonie"  (1844),  "Traits  du  contrepoint  et  de  la 
fugue"  (1824),  "Bio^^phie  universelle  des  musiclens" 
(1836-44),  "Histoire  gto^rale  de  la  musique"  (1869-76), 
etc.  He  published  the  "Revue  Musicale"  from  1827-85, 
He  composed  four  or  five  operas,  much  sacred  music,  and 
a  good  deal  of  pianoforte  music. 
Fetter  Lane.  A  street  in  London  running  from 
Fleet  street  to  Holbom  Viaduct. 


Prance,  on  the  Loire  31  miles  west  of  Lyons. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  old  division  Porez. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  3,492. 
F6val  (fa-val'),  Paul  Henri  Oorentin.    Bom 
at  Kennes,  France,  Sept.  27,  1817:    died  at 
Paris,   March  8,   1887.     A   French   novelist, 
author  of  "Les  mystferes  de  Londres"  (1844), 
"Le  fils  du  diable"  (1847),  "Le  bossu"  (1858), 
"Le  chevalier  de  Keramour"  (1874),  "Les  mer- 
veilles  du  Mont  St.  Michel"  (1879),  etc. 
During  the  middle  ages  Fetter  Lane  slumbered ;  but  it  Feversham.     See  Faversham. 
woke  up  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War,  and  in  1643  Pevdeailffa-do'l  ErilP<»t,  Aitn4    Born  nt  Pnris 
became  unpleasantly  celebrated  as  the  spot  where  Wal-  ''iwyrf,,  i A    isoi  ;':55oH   of  "^o^!"  n?+    oq    i^l' 

ler's  plot  dfiastrously  terminated One  of  the  pleas-     *ta,rch  16,  1821:  died  at  Pans,  Oct.  29,   1873. 

antest  memories  of  Fetter  Lane  is  tliat  which  connects  it     A  French  novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer. 

•with  the  school-days  of  Charles  Lamb,  Dryden  and  Otway,     Among  his  novels  are  "Fanny"  (1868),  "^ilTie"  (1861), 

it  is  said,  lived  opposite  each  other  in  Fetter  Lane.  "Un  d^but  k  I'op^ra"  (1868),  "La  comtesse  de  Chalis, 

Thornbvary,  Old  and  New  London,  I,  94.     eto."(18B8),  etc.  He  wrote  several  comedies,  and  "  Da  luxe 


Peydeau 

''f' '*/5?,?„*^,?'''-'^Q***'>  "Hiatoire  des  usages  funfebres, 
etc.    (1867-61),  "L'Allemagne  en  1871"  (1872),  and  other 


Feyjooy  Montenegro  (fa-e-no'  §  mon-ta-na'- 
CTO),  Frey  Benito.  Bom  at  Cardamiro,  near 
Orense,  Spain,  Oct.  18,  1676:  died  at  Oviedo, 
Spain,  Sept.  26, 1764.  A  noted  Spanish  critic 
and  scholar,  a  Benedictine  monk.  He  published 
"Teatro  critioo  universal"  (1726-60),  "Cartas 
eruditas  y  curiosas"  (1760),  etc. 

StUl,  when.  In  1726,  Feyjo6  printed  a  Tolume  of  essays 
connected  with  his  main  purpose,  he  was  able  to  com- 
mand public  attention,  and  was  encouraged  to  go  on.  He 
called  it  "  The  Critical  Theatre  ";  and  in  its  different  dis- 
sertations—  as  separate  as  the  papers  in  "The  Spectator," 
but  longer  and  on  graver  subjects — he  boldly  attacked 
the  dialectics  and  metaphysics  then  taught  everywhere  in 
Spain;  maintained  Bacon's  system  of  induction  in  the 
pnysical  sciences ;  ridiculed  the  general  opinion  in  rela- 
tion to  comets,  eclipses,  and  the  arts  of  magic  and  divina- 
tion ;  laid  down  rules  for  historical  faith,  which  would  ex- 
dude  most  of  the  early  traditions  of  the  country ;  showed 
a  greater  deference  for  woman,  and  claimed  for  her  a 
higher  place  in  society,  than  the  influence  of  the  Spanish 
Church  willingly  permitted  her  to  occupy ;  and,  in  all  re- 
spects, came  forth  to  his  countrymen  as  one  urging  ear- 
nestly the  advancement  of  education,  the  pursuit  of  truth, 
and  the  improvement  of  social  life.  Eight  volumes  of  this 
stirring  work  were  published  before  1739,  and  then  it 
stopped,  without  any  apparent  reason.  But  in  1742  Fey- 
jo6  began  a  similar  series  of  discussions,  under  the  name 
of  "  Learned  and  Inquiring  Letters,"  which  he  Anished  in 
1760,  with  the  fifth  volume,  thus  closing  up  the  long  series 
of  his  truly  philanthropical,  as  well  as  philosophical,  la^ 
bors.  Ticlmor,  Span.  Lit.,  III.  272. 

Fez  (fez),  Ar.  FSiS  (fas).  1.  A  sultanate  in  the 
northern  part  of  Morocco,  annexed  to  Morocco 

? roper  in  the  middle  of  the  16th  century. —  2. 
'he  capital  of  Morocco,  situated  in  lat.  34°  6' 
N.,  long.  4°  58'  W.  It  is  an  important  commercial 
center,  is  celebrated  as  a  holy  city,  and  was  formerly  noted 
as  a  seat  of  learning.  Population,  about  100,000. 
Fezzan  (fez-zan')-  The  southernmost  division 
(kaimakamlik)  of  the  Turkish  vilayet  of  Tripoli 
in  northern  Africa,  situated  about  lat.  24°-30° 
K.,  long.  11°-18°  E. :  the  ancient  Phazania,  or 
land  of  the  Graramantes.  It  consists  of  a  desert  in- 
closing many  oases.  It  became  subject  to  Tripoli  in  1842. 
The  capital  is  Murzuk.  Area,  about  156,000  scLuare  miles. 
Population,  about  50,000. 

Fezziwig  (fez'i-wig).  The  name  of  a  family  in 
Dickens's  "  Christmas  Care) .''  it  comprises  a  jolly 
old  father,  a  mother  ("one  vas*  substantial  smile  "),  and 
three  fair  daughters. 

Fiacre  (fe-a'k6r;  P.pron.fya'kr),orFiachracli, 
Saint.  Died  at  Breuil,near  Paris,  France,  about 
670.  The  patron  saint  of  gardeners.  He  was  a 
native  of  "Ireland,  the  country  of  the  Scots,"  and  lived 
many  years  at  Breuil  (near  Paris),  where  he  erected  an  ora- 
tory to  the  Virgin  Mary.  He  is  celebrated  as  a  worker  of 
miraculous  cures,  and  is  commemorated  on  the  30th  of 
Aug.  An  inn  at  Paris,  which  was  known  as  the  Hdtel  de 
St.  Fiacre,  is  said  to  have  been  (about  1650)  the  first  sta- 
tion for  the  hire  of  carriages  ;  hence  the  origin  of  the 
wordjiacrd  for  a  hackney-coach. 

Fiammetta  (fe-a-met'ta).  In  the  works  of  Boc- 
caccio, the  name  given  to  Maria  (daughter  of  the 
King  of  Naples),  beloved  by  him.  She  is  the 
subject  of  his  romance  entitled  "Amorosa 
Fiammetta." 

Fichel  (fe-shel'),  Benjamin  Eugene.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Aug.  30, 1826:  died  there,  Feb.  1,  1895.  A 
French  genre  painter,  pupil  of  Paul  Delaroohe. 

Kcite  (fich'te),  Inunanuel  Hermann  von. 
Bom  at  Jena,  Germany,  July  18, 1796 :  died  at 
Stuttgart,  Augr.  8, 1879.  A  German  philosopher, 
son  of  J.  G.  Fichte.  He  was  professor  of  philosophy 
at  Bonn  1835-42,  and  at  TUbingen  1842-63.  He  published 
"System  der  Ethik"  (1860-53),  "Anthropologic"  (18S6), 
"Psyohologie"(1864),  etc. 

Fichte,  Johann  Gottlieb.  Bom  at  Kammenau, 
near  Kamenz,  in.  Upper  Lusatia,  Germany,  May 
19, 1762:  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  27, 1814.  A  cele- 
brated German  mptaphysioian.  He  was  the  son  of 
a  poor  weaver.  He  attended  school  at  Pforta,  and  studied 
Bubsenuently  at  the  universities  of  Jena  and  Leipsic.  His 
first  philosophical  work, "  Krltik  aller  Oflenbarung  '  ("The 
Critique  of  All  Revelation  "),  appeared  m  1792.  In  1793  he 
became  professor  of  philosophy  at  Jena.  The  followmg 
year  appeared  his  principal  work,  "&rundlage  der  ge- 
sammten  Wissenschaf tslehre  ("Fundamental  Principles 
of  the  Whole  Theory  of  Science").  After  1799,  with  the 
exception  of  the  summer  of  1805  (when  he  delivered  a 
course  of  lectures  at  Erlangen),  and  a  part  of  the  disastrous 
years  1806-07,  he  lived  in  Berlin,  where,  during  the  winter 
of  1807-08,  he  delivered  the  celebrated  "Keden  an  die 
deutsche  Nation"  ("Addresses  t»  the  German  Nation  ■). 
At  the  opening  of  the  University  of  Berlin  in  1810  he  was 
made  professor  of  philosophy,  and  was  the  second  rector 
of  that  institution.  His  complete  works  were  published 
by  his  son  (1845-46)  in  8  vols. 

Fichtelgebirge (fidh'tel-ge-ber'ge).  [G.,  "pine 
mountains.']  A  mountain  group  m  Upper  1  ran- 
oonia,  Bavaria,  situated  northeast  of  Bayreuth. 
Highest  peak,  the  Schneeberg,  3,454  feet. 

FictaO (fe^he'no), Marsilio.  BomatFlorenoe, 
Oct.  19,  1433:  died  near  Florence,  Oct.  1,  1499. 
An  Italian  physician  and  Platonic  philosopher. 
He  wrote  "  Theologia  Platonica"  (1482),  etc. 


389 

Fick  (fik),  Adolf.  Bom  at  Cassel,  Pmssia, 
Sept.  3,  1829  :  died  Aug.  21,  1901.  A  German 
physiologist,  professor  of  physiology  at  Zurich 
in  1856,  and  at  Wtirzbnrg  from  1868.  His  works 
include  "Die  medizinische  Physik"  (1867),  "Kompen- 
dium  der  Physiologie '  (1860),  "Anatomie  und  Physiolooie 
der  Sinne  "  (1862),  etc. 

Fick,  August.  Bom  at  Petershagen,  near  Min- 
den,  Prussia,  May  5,  1833.  A  German  philol- 
ogist, professor  of  comparative  philology  at 
Gottiugen  1876-88,  and  at  Breslau  1888.  He 
has  published  "  Vergleiohendes  Wiirterbuch 
der  indogermanischen  Spraohen"  (3d  ed.  1874- 
1876),  etc. 

Ficoroni  (fe-ko-ro'ne)  Cist.  A  cylindrical 
bronze  box  found  near  Palestrina,  and  pre- 
served in  the  Museo  Kireheriano,  Rome,  it  is 
important  because  its  incised  decoration,  representing 
the  victory  of  Polydeuces  (Pollux)  over  Amycus,  is  per- 


Fields 

writer,  son  of  David  Dudley  Field  (1781-1867). 
He  has  written  "  From  Egypt  to  Japan  "  (1879),  "Among 
the  Holy  Hills  "  (1882),  and  other  books  of  traveL 

Field,  Inspector.  A  shrewd  detective  officer 
in  Charles  Dickens's  "On  Duty  with  Inspector 
Field,"  taken  from  life. 

Field,  John.  Bom  at  Dublin,  July  26,  1782: 
died  at  Moscow,  Jan.  11,  1837.  A  British  com- 
poser and  pianist.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Clementi,whom 
he  accompanied  to  Russia  in  1802,  and  subsequently  taught 
music  at  St.  Petersburg  and  at  Moscow,  where  he  settled 
between  1824  and  1828.  He  is  chiefly  remembered  for  his 
"Nocturnes,"  to  which  those  of  Chopin  are  said  to  owe 
much  both  in  form  and  spirit. 

Field,  Nathaniel,  Bom  in  the  parish  of  St. 
Giles,  Cripplegate,  in  1587 :  died  in  1633.  An 
English  actor  and  dramatist.  He  is  chiefly  remem- 
bered as  the  author  of  "A  Woman  is  a  Weathercock" 
(1612),  and  "  Amends  for  Ladies"  (1618),  and  as  the  joint 

, . ^ , „ ,„  ,_.       author  with  Massinger  of  "The  Fatal  Dowry  "(1632). 

haps  the  finest  survivingproduction  of  Greek  graphic  art.  Field,  Stephen  JohUSOU.      Born  at  Haddam, 


The  box  is  over  IJ  feet  high,  and  rests  on  three  feet ;  the 
handle  of  the  cover  is  formed  by  a  group  of  Bacchus  with 
two  satyrs. 

Ficquelmont  (fe-kel-m6u'),  Count  Karl  Lud- 
Wig  von.    Born  at  Dieuze,  Lorraine,  March 

23,  1777:  died  at  Venice,   April  7,  1857.     An     of  the  Electoral  Commission  in  is??;' 
Austrian  general  and  diplomatist,  minister  of  Field  Codes.    A  series  of  codes  intended  to  em- 
foreign  affairs  in  1839  and  1848.  body  all  the  general  laws  of  the  State  of  New 

Fidele  (fi-de'le  or  fi-dal').    The  name  assumed    York  (prepared  by  a  commission  appointed  in 


Conn.,  Nov.  4, 1816 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
April  9,  1899.  An  American  jurist,  son  of 
David  Dudley  Field  (1781-1867).  He  was  chief 
justice  of  California  1859-63,  was  associate  justice  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court  1863-97,  and  was  a  member 


'Cymbeline,"  when 


by  Imogen,  in  Shakspere's 

disguised  as  a  boy. 
Fidelia  (fi-de'li-a),     [From  L.  fldelis,  faithful.] 

1.  In  Wycherley's  "Plain  Dealer,"  a  young  girl 

disguised  as  a  boy,  Fidelio,  who  follows  Manly. 

She  is  a  sort  of  imitation  of  Shakspere's  Viola. — 

3.  The  Foundling  in  Moore's  play  of  that  name. 
Fidelio  (fe-da'lyo).    An  opera  by  Beethoven, 

I^Sh?v?nt°n1y^i^ItT^afs°eTd\i^^^^^^  Bom 

™         J,  F   ",      ,     .   ,  .        BouiUy's  comic    about  1787 :  died  at  Worthing,  Sussex,  Eng- 


New  York,  of  which  Mr.  David  Dudley  Field 
was  the  chief  member),  several  of  which  were 
in  substance  adopted  in  that  State,  and  all  of 
which  have  been  adopted  in  a  number  of  other 
States.  Chief  among  the  reforms  of  the  law  introduced 
by  these  codes  was  the  substitution  of  a  single  procedure 
in  place  of  the  technical  forms  and  distinctions  of  common- 
law  actions  and  equity  suits,  and  the  admission  of  partaea 
and  interested  persons  to  testify  as  witnesses. 


him.  The  words  were  adapted  from  BouiUy' 
opera  "L^onore,  ou  I'amour  conjugal,"  but  it  was  never 
played  under  the  name  of  "  L^onore,"  though  Beethoven 
wished  to  call  it  so.  Three  editions  of  the  pianoforte 
score  are,  however,  printed  with  that  title.  The  "Leo- 
nora Overtures  "  were  written  for  "  Fidelio."  Leonora, 
the  wife  of  Florestan,  a  state  prisoner,  assumes  the  dis- 
guise of  a  boy,  Fidelio,  to  save  her  husband's  life. 

FidenSB  (fi-de'ne).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
city  of  Latium,  situated  on  the  Tiber  5  miles 
northeast  of  Borne.  The  site  is  occupied  by 
the  modern  Castel  Giubileo. 

Fides  (fi'dez).  [L., 'faith.']  An  asteroid  (No. 
37)  discovered  by  Luther  at  Bilk,  Oct.  5,  1855. 

Fiebres  (fe-a'bres).  [Sp.,  'fevers.']  A  nick- 
name given  in  Guatemala,  and  to  some  extent 
in  other  Central  American  countries,  to  the 
liberal  party,  it  was  in  common  use  from  the  period 
of  independence  until  1850  or  later.  The  liberals  were 
sometimes  called  Amrmitlas  by  their  opponents.  Op- 
posed to  ArUKxiratas  or  TSenUes.    See  SeriUes. 

Field  (feld),  Cyrus  West,  Bom  at  Stock- 
bridge,  Mass.,  Nov.  30,  1819:  died  at  New 
York,  July  12,  1892.  The  founder  of  the  At- 
lantic Cable  Company,  son  of  David  Dudley 
Field  (1781-1867).  He  established  in  1840  a  paper- 
business  at  New  York,  from  the  active  management  of 
which  he  retired  in  1853  with  a  fortune.  He  organized 
about  1854  the  New  York,  Newfoundland,  and  London 


laud,  March  3,  1855.  An  English  painter  in 
water-colors,  noted  chiefly  for  his  marines  and 
landscapes.  He  became  a  full  member  of  the  Society 
of  Painters  in  Water-colours  in  1813,  was  appointed  secre- 
tary of  the  society  in  1818,  and  was  president  from  1831 
until  his  death. 
Fielding,  Henry.  Bom  at  Sharpham  Park,  near 
Glastonbury,  Somersetshire,  April  22,  1707: 
died  at  Lisbon,  Oct.  8,  1754.  A  celebra/ted 
English  playwright  and  novelist.  He  was  the  son 
of  Edmund  Fielding  (afterward  a  general  in  the  army) 
and  Sarah,  daughter  of  Sir  Henry  Gould  of  Sharpham 
Park ;  studied  at  Eton,  at  Leyden,  and  at  the  Middle  Tem- 
ple, London;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1740;  was  ap- 
pointed a  justice  of  the  peace  for  Westminster  in  1748, 
being  afterward  qualifled  to  act  for  Middlesex ;  and  was 
elected  chairman  of  quarter  sessions  at  Hicks's  Hall  in 
1749.  Among  his  works  are :  plays,  "Love  in  Several 
Masques  "  (1728),  " The  Temple  Beau "  (1730),  "The  Mod- 
em Husband"  (1?32),  "The  Mock  Doctor"  (1732),  and 
"The  Miser"  (1733),  adaptations  from  Molifere,  "Tom 
Thumb"  (a  burlesque,  1730),  "The  Intriguing  Chamber- 
maid "(1734),  "The  Wedding  Day"  (1743:  translated  into 
German  1759),  etc.;  novels,  "Joseph  Andrews"  (1742), 
"Jonathan  Wild  the  Great"  (1743),  "Tom  Jones"  (1749^ 
"Amelia  "  (1751),  etc.  He  also  wrote  "Journal  of  a  Voyage 
to  Lisbon,"  published  in  1755  after  his  death,  and  a  number 
of  miscellanies  and  poems.  He  contributed  to  the  "  Cham- 
pion "  and  other  periodicals,  and  published  the  "  True  Pa- 
triot" from  Nov.,  1745,  to  June,  1746,  and  the  "Jacobite's 
Journal "  from  Dec,  1747,  to  Nov.,  1748. 


SSt  ^^th'SrSu^idlaM  bT^suW^^^^^^  Fielding,  Sarah'     Born,  at  East>tour^Dorset- 


shire,  Nov.  8,  1710:  died  at  Bath,  England, 
1768.  AnEnglish  author,  sister  of  Henry  Field- 
ing. Among  her  works  are  "  The  Adventures  of  David 
Simple  in  Search  of  a  Faithful  Friend  "  (1744),  and  a  trans- 
lation of  Xenophon's  "Memoirs  of  Socrates :  with  the  De- 
fence of  Socrates  before  his  Judges"  (1772). 


cable  was  accomplished,  and  July  29  of  that  year  an  over- 
ocean  telegram  was  received  in  the  United  States.    The  ■ 
cable  lost  in  1865  was  recovered  and  completed  later  in  ; 
1866.     The  Great  Eastern  was  employed  as  a  transport  in  ; 
the  submerging  of  the  last  two  cables. 
Field,  David  Dudley.    Bom  at  East  Guilford, 
Conn.,  May  20, 1781 :  died  at  Stockbridge,  Mass., 


tinent  with  Newfoundland  by  a  submarine 
In  1856  he  organized  the  Atlantic  Telegraph  Company, 
which,  with  the  assistance  of  the  English  and  United 
States  governments,  succeeded  after  two  failures  inlaying 
a  submarine  cable  between  Ireland  and  Newfoundland. 
The  first  public  message  was  sent  by  Queen  Victoria  to 
the  President  Aug.  16,  1858 ;  the  cable  ceased  to  work 

Ki'n'iir^it  ^lTS'Si:ii^A:^^'^.lf^  nemof  Blood.  Pt.  Camp5diSangy^.1  A  name 
hadbeen  paid  out.    Finally,  in  1866,  the  laying  of  another    given  m  Italy  to  the   ancient  battle-field  of 
-.   —   ."^  Cannse.     See  Co»k«b. 

Field  of  March,    See  Champ  de  Mars. 

Field  of  May,    See  Champ  de  Mars,  2. 

Field  of  PeterlOO,    See  Peterloo. 

Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,    A  plain  near 

^  Ardres,  department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  France, 

April  15,  1867.    An  American  clergyman  and   the  scene  of  a  meeting  between  Francis  I.  of 
historical  writer.     He  wrote  "A  History  of  the  Town    France  and  Henry  VIH.  of  England,  1520 :  so 
of  Pittsfield,  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts"  (1844),    called  from  the  magmficence  of  the  display, 
and  "  Genealogy  of  the  Braiuerd  Fami^ "  (1867).  Field  of  the  Forty  Footstops.    See  the  extract. 

Field,  David  Dudley,  Bom  at  Haddam,  Conn., 
Feb.  13,  1805:  died  at  New  York,  April  13, 1894. 
An  American  jurist,  son  of  David  Dudley  Field 
( 1781-1867) .  He  graduated  at  WiUiams  College  in  1825 ; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1828;  served  as  head  of  the 
commission  instituted  in  1867  to  prepare  a  political,  penal, 
and  civil  code  for  the  State  of  New  York  ;  and  retir^  from 
the  practice  of  law  in  1886.  He  published  "Draft  Out- 
lines of  an  International  Code  "  (1872),  etc.  ..^  ^  :- ^  ^  „-  it  j-,-j 
Field  Elisene  Bom  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Sept.,  duced  where  these  "forty  footsteps  were  thus  displayed. 
■V  iSj,riP  T  AT  A  Toar^  An  AmprinaTi  imir-  "This  extraordinary  areawas  said  to  be  atthe  extremeter- 
2,  1850 :  died  Nov.  4,  1895.  An  American  jour-  ^^^^^^^^^  „f  ^he  north  east  end  of  Upper  Montagu  Street, 
nalist  and  poet.    He  was  connected  with  the  press  in    xhey  were  built  over  about  1800.  SxmbaiM. 

Sb'S'o?£a'ofth?LMlago^."Difyye^s::^ 

Field  Henry  Martyn,    Bom  at  Stockbndge,  mouth,  N.  H.,  Dec.  31,  1817:  died  at  Boston, 

Mass'.  April  3, 1822.    -An  American  clergyman,  April  24,  1881.     An  American  publisher  and 

journalist  (editor  of  "The  Evangelist"),  and  author.    He  was  successively  a  partner  in  several  book- 


The  fields  behind  Montagu  House  were,  from  about  the 
year  1680  until  towards  the  end  of  the  last  century,  the 
scenes  of  robbery,  murder,  and  every  species  of  depravity. 
.  .  .  Tradition  had  given  tothe  superstitious  at  that  period 
[1800]  a  legendary  story,  of  the  period  of  the  Duke  of  Mon- 
mouth's rebellion,  of  two  brothers  who  fought  in  this  field 
so  ferociously  as  to  destroy  each  other ;  since  which  their 
footsteps  formed  from  the  vengeful  struggle  were  said  to 
remain,  .  .  .  nor  could  any  grass  or  vegetable  ever  be  pro- 


Fields 

Anns  at  Boston,  and  edited  the  "Atlantic  Monthly "'  1864- 
1870.  He  wrote  "Yesterdays  with  Authors"  (1872),  and 
edited,  in  copjunction  with  E.  P.  Whipple,  "  The  Family 
Library  of  British  Poetry,  Jrom  Chaucer  to  the  Present 
Time,  1360-1878"  (1878). 
Fiennes  (fe-enz'),  James,  Baron  Saye  and Sele. 
Died  July  4,  1450.  An  English  nobleman.  He 
was  the  second  son  of  Sir  William  de  Fiennes ;  served  in 
the  French  wars ;  was  made  constable  of  Dover  and  war- 
den of  the  Cinque  Ports  in  1447 ;  was  created  a  baron, 
with  the  title  of  lord  Saye  and  Sele,  in  1447 ;  was  in  1447 
appointed  constable  of  the  Tower  of  London ;  and  was 
made  lord  treasurer  in  1449.  He  was  beheaded  by  the  mob, 
'     in  the  Insurrection  under  Cade  in  1460. 

Fiennes,  Thomas,  ninth  Baron  Daore.  Bom 
in  1517:  executed  at  Tyburn,  June  29,  1541. 
An  English  nobleman.  He  was  one  of  a  party  of 
youths  who  engaged  in  a  poaching  frolic  in  the  park  of 
Mr.  Nicholas  Pelham  at  Laughton,  April  30, 1541 ;  and  one 
of  the  park  keepers  was  mortally  wounded  in  a  scuffle. 
The  whole  poaching  party  was,  apparently  under  pressure 
from  the  king,  prosecuted  for  murder,  and  Lord  Dacre 
and  three  of  his  companions  were  condemned  to  death. 

Fierabras  (fe-a-ra-bra').  [From  L.  ferrum, 
iron,  as  in  the  name  Bras-de-Fer :  in  English, 
Sir  Ferumbras.']  One  of  the  paladins  of  Charle- 
magne. He  gave  his  name  to  the  most  popular  of  the 
French  Charlemagne  romances.  It  remains  in  a  Proven- 
cal version  and  a  French  version,  in  two  MSS.  of  the  14th 
century  and  two  of  the  15th.  A  prose  version  of  it  was 
printed  at  Geneva  in  1478,  and  Caxton's  "  lyf  of  the  Noble 
and  Crysten  Prynce,  Charles  the  Grete,"  printed  in  1486, 
was  a  translation  from  that  French  prose  version  of  Fie- 
rabras. M.  Gaston  Paris  has  pointed  out  that  Fierabras 
is  an  expansion  of  an  earlier  poem,  "Balan,"  with  the 
scene  of  action  changed  to  Spain,  and  with  improvements 
in  the  story.  The  poem  of  "Balan  "  appears  in  English  as 
the  romance  of  "The  Sowdon  of  Babylon."  "  Sir  Ferum- 
bras"  is  a  translation  from  the  later  "Fierabras,  the  work 
of  an  ecclesiastic  of  Exeter,  after  1077"  {Morley,  Eng. 
Writers,  VI.  67). 

Fierabras.  An  opera  by  Franz  Schubert,  com- 
posed in  1823,  but  never  produced.  It  is  said 
to  contain  his  best  work. 

Fiescbi  (fe-es'ke),  Joseph  Marie.  Bom  at 
Murato,  Corsica,  Dee.  3,  1790:  executed  at 
Paris,  Feb.  16,  1836.  A  Corsioan  adventurer 
who  made  an  attempt  on  the  lite  of  Louis 
Philippe,  July  28,  1835. 

Fiesco  (fe-es'ko).  A  tragedy  by  Schiller,  pub- 
lished in  1783. 

Fiesco,  Giovanni  Luigi,  Count  of  Lavagna. 
Born  at  Genoa  about  1524:  drowned  at  Genoa, 
Jan.  2, 1547.  A  Genoese  noble,  a  leading  con- 
spirator against  Andrea  Doria,  Jan.,  1547.  He 
is  the  subject  of  the  tragedy  "Fiesco,"  by 
Schiller,  1783. 

Fiesole  (fe-a's6-le).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Plosenee,  Italy,  4  miles  northeast  of 
Florence :  the  ancient  Fsesulse.  it  has  straw-plait- 
ing industries.  An  old  Etruscan  city,  it  contains  Etrus- 
can and  Roman  antiquities.  It  was  the  headquarters  of 
Catiline  63-62  B.  0.,  and  was  the  scene  of  the  victory  of 
StUicho  over  the  Teutonic  invaders  under  Radagais  about 
406.  La  Badia,  a  monastery,  designed  by  Brunelleschi,  fln- 
lahed  in  1466,  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  monastic  foun- 
dations of  the  Benaissance.  There  are  two  most  graceful 
cloisters,  each  in  two  arcaded  tiers.  The  church  is  in 
large  part  the  original  Romanesque  structure,  with  a 
dome  at  the  crossing,  a  cradle-vault,  and  delicate  sculp- 
ture and  paneled  incrustation.  The  Roman  theater  is  in 
excellent  preservation.  The  semicircular  cavea  has  over 
20  tiers  of  seats  in  position,  in  part  rock-hewn,  with  sev- 
eral radial  stairways,  vaulted  substructions,  and  fine  en- 
trance-arches at  the  wings.  The  diameter  is  220  feet, 
that  of  the  orchestra  69.  The  cathedral  was  founded 
In  1028,  and  altered  in  the  ISth  century.  There  are  3 
aisles,  divided  by  14  antique  columns  of  different  sizes 
and  orders,  and  a  transept  with  domed  crossing.  Struc- 
ture and  ornament  are  closely  similar  to  those  of  San 
Miniato,  Morence.  The  Salutati  Chapel  contains  a  beau- 
tiful relief  and  a  bust  by  Mluo  da  Fiesole  (1466). 

Fiesole,  Giovanni  Angelico  da,  generally 
called  Fra  Angelico  (real  name  Guido,  or 
Guidolino,  da  rietro,  called  Giovanni  on  tak- 
ing orders).  Bom  at  vecohio,  in  the  province 
of  MugeUo,  Italy,  1387:  died  near  Borne,  March 
18  (?),  1455.  A  celebrated  Italian  painter  of 
religious  subjects.  He  seems  to  have  been  early  im- 
pressed by  the  Miniaturists.  In  1407  he  entered,  with  his 
brother  Benedetto,  a  miniaturist,  the  Dominican  convent 
in  Fiesole.  From  1409  to  1418  he  lived  at  Foligno  and 
Cortwia ;  from  1418  to  1436  at  Fiesole ;  from  1436  to  1446 
at  Florence  (in  the  convent  of  San  Marco);  and  from  1445 
to  1465  at  Rome.  His  most  important  works  are  the  fres- 
cos at  Orvieto  (1447),  and  the  decoration  of  the  Chapel  of 
the  Saint-SacrementintheVatican.  The  Florentine  period 
was  most  productive  of  easel-pictures,  which  include  the 
"  Coronation  of  the  Virgin  "  now  in  the  Louvre,  the  same 
subject  (a  favorite  one)  now  in  the  Uffizi,  a  "Last  Judg- 
ment," etc.  He  is  especially  celebratedfor  the  spirituality 
and  mystical  charm  of  his  saints  and  angels.  The  mon- 
astery of  San  Marco,  now  the  Museo  dl  San  Marco,  was 
decorated  by  Fra  Angelico  and  his  pupils,  and  some  of 
his  best  frescos  are  there. 

Fi6vde  (f  ya-va'),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Paris,  April 
8,  1767:  died  at  Paris,  May  7,  1839.  A  French 
journalist,  novelist,  and  (royalist)  political 
writer.  He  wrote  the  romances  "La  dot  de 
Suzette"  (1798)  and  "Fr^d^ric"  (1799). 

Fife  (fif).    -A-  maritime  county  of  Scotland,   it 


390 

is  bounded  by  the  Firth  of  Tay  on  the  north,  the  North 
Sea  on  the  east,  the  Firth  of  Forth  on  the  south,  and 
Perth,  Kinross,  and  Clackmannan  on  the  west  The  lead- 
ing manufacture  is  linen.  Area,  492  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  190,366. 

Fife  Ness  (fif  nes).  A  promontory  in  Fifeshire, 
Scotland,  m  lat.  56°  17'  N.,  long.  2°  35'  W. 

Fifine  at  the  Fair.  A  poem  by  Browning,  pub- 
lished in  1872. 

Fifth  Avenue.  The  principalresidence  street  of 
New  York  (nowin  its  lower  part  largely  devoted 
to  business),extendingfromWashington  Square 
to  Harlem  Biver,  a  distance  of  about  6J  miles. 

Fifth  Monarchy  Men.  A  sect  of  mUlenarians 
of  the  time  of  Cromwell,  differing  from  other 
Second-Adventists  in  believing  not  only  in  a 
literal  second  coming  of  Christ,  but  also  that 
it  was  their  duty  to  inaugurate  this  kingdom 
by  force.  This  kingdom  was  to  be  the  fifth  and  last  in 
the  series  of  which  those  of  Assyria,  Persia,  Greece,  and 
Rome  were  the  preceding  four;  hence  their  self-assumed 
title.  They  unsuccessfully  attempted  risings  against  the 
government  in  1657  and  1661. 

flgaro.  (fe'ga-ro).  A  character  introduced  by 
Beaumarchais  in  his  plays  "Le  barbier  de  Se- 
ville," "  Le  mariage  d!e  Figaro,"  and  "  La  mfere 
coupable  " :  used  later  by  Mozart,  Paisiello,  and 
Bossini  in  operas,  in  the  «  Barbier  "  he  is  a  barber ; 
in  the  "Mariage  "  he  is  a  valet; '  In  both  he  is  gay,  lively, 
and  courageous;  his  stratagems  are  fdways  original,  his 
lies  witty,  and  his  shrewdness  proverbial.  He  is  a  type 
of  intrigue,  adroitness,  and  versatility.  In  the  "Mfere 
coupable"  he  has  become  virtuous  and  has  lost  his  verve. 
He  also  appears  in  Holcroft's  "Follies  of  a  Day,"  taken 
from  Beaumarchais's  "  Mariage  de  Figaro." 

Figaro,  Le.  A  satirical  Parisian  journal,f  ounded 
in  1826,  discontinued  in  1833,  and  ref  ounded  by 
VUlemessant  in  1854. 

Figaro,  Le  Mariage  de.    See  Manage. 

Figaro,  Le  Nozze  di.    See  Nozze. 

Figeac  (fe-zhak').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Lot,  Prance,  situated  on  the  C616  in  lat.  44° 
37'  N.,  long.  2°  3'  E.  It  has  two  old  churches, 
and  was  the  birthplace  of  ChampoUion.  Pop- 
uljation  (1891),  6,680. 

Fig  for  Momus,  A.  Satires  by  Lodge,  printed 
in  1595. 

Fighting  Joe  Hooker.  A  popular  nickname 
for  (3-eneral  Joseph  Hooker. 

Fighting  Parson,  The.  A  nickname  of  W.  G. 
Brownlow. 

Fighting  Prelate,  The.  A  surname  given  to 
Henry  Spenser,  a  warlike  bishop  of  Norwich 
(reign  of  Bichard  H.,  1377-99). 

Fighting  T4m6raire,  The.    See  T4m6raire. 

Figneira  (fe-ga'e-ra).  A  watering-place  in  the 
province  of  Beira,  Portugal,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Mondego,  24  miles  west  of  Coimbra. 

Figlieira,  Luiz.  Born  at  Almod6var,  Alemtejo, 
Portugal,  1574:  died  on  the  island  of  Maraj6,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Amazon,  July  3, 1643.  A  Jes- 
uit missionary.  Most  of  his  life  was  spent  among  the 
Indians  of  northern  Brazil,  and  he  was  rector  of  the  col- 
lege at  Fernambuco  for  four  years.  He  published  a  gram- 
mar of  the  lupl  language. 

Figueras  (f e-ga'ras).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Gerona,  Spain,  in  lat.  42°  16'  N.,long.  2°  53'  E. 
It  is  noted  for  its  citadel,  which  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1794,  1808, 1811,  and  1823.    Population  (1887),  11,912. 

Figueras  y  Moracas  (e  mo-ra'kas),  Estanis- 
lao.  Bom  at  Barcelona,  Spain,  Nov.  13, 1819 : 
died  at  Madrid,  Nov.  11,  1882.  A  Spanish  re- 
publican statesman,  president  of  the  executive 
Peb.-June,  1873. 

Figueroa  (fe-ga-ro'a),  Crist6val  Suarez  de. 
Bom  at  Valladolid,  Spain,  near  the  end  of  the 
16th  century:  died  about  1650  (?).  A  Spanish 
writer,  author  of  a  pastoral  romance,  "Lacon- 
stante  Amarilis"  (1609),  etc. 

Figueroa,  Francisco  de.  Bom  at  Aloald,  de 
Henares,  Spain,  about  1540:  died  there,  about 
1620.    A  Spanish  poet  and  soldier. 

Figueroa,  Francisco  Acuna  de.  Bom  in  Mon- 
tevideo, 1791:  died  there,  Oct.  6, 1862.   AnUra- 

guayan  poet.  He  was  a  treasury  ofBcial  under  the 
Spanish  government  of  hia  native  city  during  its  siege  by 
the  republicans,  1812-14,  and  wrote  a  diary  inverse  of  the 
events  of  the  time.  When  the  city  waa  taken  (June,  1814) 
he  emigrated  to  Rio  de  Janeiro,  returning  in  1818  and  re- 
suming his  place  in  the  treasury.  In  1840  he  waa  made 
director  of  the  library  and  museum.  He  wrote  numerous 
poems  and  epigrams  of  a  political  character  in  favor  of 
the  legitimate  government,  which  are  still  widelyread.  In 
1867  they  were  collected  with  the  title  "  Mosalco  Poetico, " 

Figueroa,  Pedro  Pablo.  Bom  at  Copiap6,Dec. 
25, 1857.  A  (Chilean  author  and  journaEst.  He 
has  published  numerous  biographical  works  and  romances, 
and  sketches  of  Chilean  country  life. 

Figuier  (fe-gya'),  Louis  Guillaume.     Bom 

Feb.  15,  1819:  died  Nov.  9,  1894.  A  French 
naturalist,  best  known  as  a  popularizer  of  sci- 
ence. His  works  include  "Exposition  et  histoire  des 
princlpales  dScouvertes  soientiflques  modemes  "(1861-67), 
"  Histoire  du  merveilleux  dans  les  temps  modemes  "  (1869- 


Finality  John 

1862),  "  Tableau  de  la  nature  "  (1862-71, 10  vols.  In  various 
departments  of  soienoe),^"Les  nouveUea  conquStes  de  la 
science"  (1883-86),  etc. 

Fiji,  or  Feejee  (fe'je),  native  Viti  (ve'te),  Isl- 
ands. An  archipelago  in  the  South  Pacific, 
belonging  to  Great  Britain,  situated  about  lat. 
16°-21  °  S,,  long.  177° E.-178° "W.  The  islands  num. 
her  over  200,  of  which  the  largest  are  Viti  Levu  and  Vanua 
Levu.  The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  The  inhabi- 
tants, formerly  cannibals,  have  been  converted  to  Chris- 
tianity by  Wesleyan  missionaries.  The  leading  export  is 
sugar.  The  islands  were  discovered  by  Tasman  In  1643, 
became  a  British  possession  in  1874,  and  are  a  crown  colony. 
Rotumah  was  added  to  the  colony  In  1880.  Area  of  the 
group,8,046  square  mUes.  Population  (1891)  of  the  colony, 
125,402. 

Filangieri  (fe-lan-ja're).  Carlo.    Bom  at  La 

Cava,  near  Salerno,  Italy,  May  10,  1784:  died 
at  Portici,  near  Naples,  Oct.  14,  1867.  An  Ital- 
ian general,  son  of  Gaetano  Filangieri,  premier 
of  the  Two  SioUies  1859-60. 

Filangieri,  Gaetano.  Born  at  Naples,  Aug.  18, 
1752 :  died  at  Naples,  July  21, 1788.  A  noted 
Italian  publicist.  He  published  "La  scienza 
deUalegislazione"  (1780-88),  etc. 

Filarete  (fe-la-ra'te)  (Antonio  Averulino). 
Bom  at  Florence  about  1410 :  died  at  Borne,  1470. 
A  Florentine  architect  and  sculptor.  Among  his 
earlier  works  were  the  bronze  doors  of  St.  Peter's  at  Rome. 
In  1451  he  went  to  Milan,  where  he  designed  the  great  hos- 
pital. The  cathedral  of  Bergamo  was  begun  by  him  and 
finished  by  Fontana.  •  His  curious  work  on  architecture, 
written  in  the  form  of  a  Utopian  romance  and  dedicated  to 
Piero  di  Medici,  dates  from  1464  or  1465.  The  MS.  is  m 
the  Magliabecchian  Library  at  Florence. 

Filch  (filch).  A  pickpocket  in  Gay's  "  Beggars' 
Opera." 

Filelfo  (fe-lel'fo),  L.  Philelphus,  Francesco. 
Born  at  Tolentino,  near  Ancona,  Italy,  July  25, 
1398:  died  at  Florence,  July  31,  1483  (?).  An 
Italian  humanist.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  eloquence  at  Padua.  He  went  to  Con- 
stantinople to  perfect  himself  in  the  Greek  language  in 
1420,  with  a  diplomatic  mission  from  the  Venetians,  and 
was  afterward  employed  on  others  to  Amurath  II,  and  the 
emperor  Sigismund. 

Filicaja  (fe-le-ka'ya),  Vincenzo  da.  Bom  at 
Florence,  Dee.  30,  1642 :  died  there,  Sept.  24, 
1707.  Aji  Italian  lyric  poet  and  jurist,  espe- 
eiallynoted  for  his  odes  and  sonnets.  His  works 
were  published  in  1707. 

Filida  (fe'le-da).  A  Spanish  romance  published 
in  1582  by  Luis  Galvez  de  Montalvo.  It  passed 
through  a  number  of  editions,  and  is  still  popu- 
lar. 

Filipepi,  Sandro.    See  Botticelli. 

Fillan  (fil'an),  Saint.  Lived  in  the  8th  cen- 
tury. An  Irish  missionary  to  Argyllshire  and 
Perthshire  in  Scotland.  Alleged  relics  of  the 
saint  are  preserved  at  Edinburgh. 

Fille  du  K^diuent  (fey  dli  ra-zhe-mon').  La, 
[P.;  It.  La  Mglia  del  Reggimento,  the  daugh- 
ter of  the  regiment,]  An  opera  by  Donizetti, 
first  produced  in  Paris  Feb.  11,  1840. 

Fillmore  (fil'mor),  Millard.  Bom  at  Summer 
Hill,  Cayuga  County,  N.  Y. ,  Feb.  7, 1800 :  died  at 

.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  March  8,  1874.  The  thirteenth 
President  of  the  United  States.  He  was  the  son 
of  Nathaniel  Fillmore,  a  farmer ;  learned  the  trade  of  a 
fuller ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1823,  and  took  up  prac- 
tice at  Aurora,  New  York ;  was  a  member  of  the  New  York 
State  House  of  Representatives  1829-32 ;  served  as  a  Whig 
member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1833-35  and  1887-41 ; 
was  comptroller  of  the  State  of  New  York  1847-49 ;  was 
elected  Vice-President  on  the  Whig  ticket  headed  by 
Taylor  in  1848 ;  became  President  by  the  latter's  death 
July  9, 1850,  retiring  from  office  March  4, 1863 ;  and  was 
defeated  as  the  National- American  candidate  for  President 
in  1856.  Dnringhis  presidential  administration  his  oppo- 
nents had  a  majority  in  both  Houses  of  Congress.  He  ap- 
pointed Daniel  Webster  secretary  of  state,  and  ai^roved 
Clay's  Compromise  Bill  of  1860. 

Filocopo  (fe-16-k6'p6),  II.  A  prose  romance  by 
Boccaccio.  It  is  a  version  of  the  old  French 
metrical  romance  "Flore  et  Blai}ehefleur." 

Filostrato  (fe-lo'stra-to),  II.  A  narrative  poem 
by  Boccaccio,  it  was  written  in  1844,  and  is  the  origl- 
nal  of  Chaucer's  "TroUus  and  Cresslda,"  some  of  which  ia 
a  literal  translation. 

Filumena  (fil-u-me'na),  or  Filomena,  Saint.  A 
saint  of  the  Eoman  Catholic  Church  whose  wor- 
ship dates  from  1802.  in  that  year  a  grave  was  dis- 
covered with  the  inscription ' '  Lumena  paste  cymfl,"  which 
was  deciphered  to  spell "  Pax  tecum,  Filumena."  The  oc- 
cupant of  the  grave  was  received  as  a  saint,  and  was  noted 
for  her  miraculous  powers  of  healing  the  sick  by  Interces- 
sion. Longfellow  gave  the  name  to  Florence  Nightingale, 
partly  because  of  her  labors  among  the  sick  and  dying  at 
Scutari,  and  partly  on  account  of  the  resemblance  between " 
Filumena  and  the  Latin  Philomela  (nightingale).  Brewer. 

Finale  nell'  Emilia  (fe-na'le  nel  a-me'le-a). 
A  small  town  in  the  province  of  Modena,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Panaro  22  miles  northeast  of 
Modena. 

Finality  (fi-nal'i-ti)  John.  A  nickname  given 
to  Lord  John  Biissell.    He  always  spoke  of  the 

■   Beform  BiU  of  1831  as  "  a  finality." 


Finch,  Anne 

Finch  (finch),  Anne,  Countess  of  Winohelsea.  Finland  (fin'land) 
Died  Aug.  5,  1720.  An  English  poet,  wife  of  "'  '  -  -  —  - 
Heneage  Finch,  fourth  Earl  of  Winohelsea.  she 
was  celebrated  by  Pope  under  the  name  of  Ardelia.  She 
wrote  a  poem  "Spleen"  (1701 :  republished  1709  as  "  The 
Spleen,  a  Piudarique  Ode,  etc."),  and  "  Miscellany  Poems  " 
(1718).  ' 

£^ch,  Daniel.  Bom  1647:  died  Jan.  1,  1730. 
An  English  Tory  politician,  second  Earl  of  Not- 
tingham and  sixth  Earl  of  Winohelsea.  He  en- 
tered Parliament  in  1678 ;  was  first  lord  of  the  admiralty 
Feb. -May,  1684 ;  supported  the  plan  for  a  regency  on  the 
flight  of  James ;  was  secretary  of  state  1688-93  and  (for 
the  second  timrt  March,  1703-04 ;  and  later  came  to  the 
support  of  the  Whigs. 

Finch,  Heneage.  Bom  at  Eastwell,  Kent,  Dec. 
23, 1621 :  died  Dec.  18, 1682.  An  English  states- 
man and  jurist,  created  earl  of  Nottingham  in 


391 

[Icel.  Finnland,  Sw.  Dan. 
Finland,  (J.  Mnnldnd,  V.  Mnlande,  land  of  the 
Finns,  NL.  Mnnia.  The  Finnish  name  is  Suomi 
or  Suomenmaa,  swampy  land.^l  A  grand  duehy 
of  theKussianempire,lying  northwest  of  Eussia 
proper,  north  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  east  of 
the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  and  bordering  on  Norway 
and  Sweden.  The  surface  is  generally  low,  and  the 
country  abounds  in  lakes.  Two  chief  exports  are  timber 
and  batter.  The  chief  city  is  Helsingfors.  The  great  ma- 
jority of  the  inhabitants  are  Finns  and  Lutherans ;  there 
is  also  a  large  Swedish  element.  The  administration  is 
vested  in  a  national  parliament,  with  a  governor-general, 
senate,  etc.  The  Swedish  conquest  of  Finland  began  under 
Eric  in  1157,  and  was  completed  in  the  13th  century. 


Firminy 

In  1498  all  the  gardens  which  had  continued  time  out 
of  mind  without  Moorgate,  to  wit,  about  and  beyond  the 
lordship  of  Finsbury,  were  destroyed,  and  of  them  was 
made  a  plain  field  to  shoot  in.  It  was  called  Finsbury 
field,  in  which  there  were  three  windmills,  and  here  they 
usually  shoot  at  twelve  score.  (SUm,  1633,  p.  913.)  In 
Jonson's  time  this  was  the  usual  resort  of  the  plainer  citi- 
zens.  People  of  fashion,  or  who  aspired  to  be  thought  so, 
probably  mixed  but  little  in  those  parties ;  and  hence  we 
may  account  for  the  indignation  of  Master  Stephen  at 
being  suspected  of  such  vulgarity.  An  idea  of  a  similar 
kind  occurs  in  Shakspeare:  "As  if  thou  never  walk'dst 
furtherthan  Finsbury."  Henry  IV.  First  Part,  act  iii.sc.  2. 
Oifford,  Note  to  Jonson's  "  Every  Man  in  his  Humour, "  p.  4. 

Finshurjr  Park.  A  London  park  of  about  120 
acres,  laid  out  on  the  old  grounds  «f  Homsey 
Wood  House. 


1681.     He  became  solioitor-general  in  June,  1660;  was  Finland,  Gulf  of.    An  arm  of  thft  Baltic  Sea, 
one  of  the  prosecuting  counsel  in  the  trial  of  the  regi-    extending  eastward  about  2o\}  miles,  between 


Kussia  acquired  a  small  part  of  it  in  1721,  and  the  whole 

a^iai  flt-i  ^''^^  ^^'^^  ^'^"^'''^  "'"^°'    ^"P"^*"""  (^'*^^)>  Finsteraarhom  (fin'ster-ar-h6m).    The  high- 
est peak  of  the  Bernese  Alps,  about  40  mUes 


2,431,953. 


southeast  of  Bern,  Switzerland, 
feet. 


Height,  14,026 


cides;  was  made  lord  keeper  of  the  seals  in  Nov.,  1673;    Finland  on  the  north  and  the  governments  of  ■pi_£,+.__,_i  j.  /•«„'<.+„«  -.tki  a^\      a  ™„ *„„4-  _ 

_and  became  lord  chancellof  in  1674.  Esthonia  and  St.  Petersburg  on  the  south.         Fmsteiwalde  (fin  ster-val-d_e).    A  manufactur- 


ing town  in  the  province  of  Brandenburg,  Prus- 
sia, 40  miles  north  of  Dresden.  Population 
(1890),  7,946. 


Jan.  26,  1875.  A  noted  English  historian.  He  Ti:"r;r.I"_''iP!««  ^..x-i^j  m,o..,..5„«{.,„ifl™,„„;« 
Joined  lU  Byron  at  MissolongEi,  and  for  a  time  de-  FlOnn,  or  Finn,  or  Find.  The  principal  figure  in 
voted  himself  to  the  Greek  cause.  He  resided  long  in  tne  JJ  enian  legenas.  He  had  a  historic  original,  who 
Greece,  and  his  life  was  spent  in  the  study  of  Greek  his-  seems  to  have  been  a  commander  of  mercenaries  in  the 
tory.  He  was  "  a  great  historian  of  the  type  of  Polybius,  last  half  of  the  3d  century.  He  figures  as  Fingal  in  Mac- 
Procopius,  and  Machiavelli,  a  man  of  atfairs  who  has  pherson's  Ossianic  poems.  See  Fenians. 
qualified  himself  for  treating  of  public  transactions  by  FiorelU  (fe-6-rel'le),  GiUSeppe,  Born  June  8, 
^'i.a^ns  J?  .them,  a_8oldier,_a  statesman,  and  an  econo.     ig23 :  died  Jan.  29, 1896.   A  noted  Italian  archre- 


mist"  (Diet.  Nat.  Biog.).  He  published  "Greece  under 
the  Romans  "  (1844),  t  Greece  to  its  Conquest  by  the  Turks  " 
(1851),  "  Greece  under  Ottoman  and  Venetian  Domina- 
tion" (1866),  and  "The  Greek  Revolution"  (1861),  which 
were  combined  (1877)  under  the  title  "A  History  of  Greece 
from  its  Conquest  by  the  Romans  to  the  Present  Time  " 
(edited  by  H.  F.  Tozer). 
Finlay,  John.  Born  at  Glasgow,  Dec,  1782 : 
died  at  Moffat,  Dumfriesshire,  Scotland,  Dec. 


ologist.  He  had  charge  of  the  excavations  at  Pompeii 
1845-49,  and  was  made  superinteudent  of  the  antiquities 
and  the  explorations  in  lower  Italy  in  1860.  In  that  year 
also  he  became  professor  of  archaeology  at  Naples,  and  in 
1862  director  of  the  National  Museum  there. 

Fiorentino  (f e-o-ren-te'no).  Pier  Angelo.  Born 
at  Naples,  1806 :  died  at  Paris,  May  31, 1864.  An 
Italian  author,  a  collaborator  of  Dumas  pk'e. 


8,  1810.     A  Scottish  poet  and  prose-writer.  Fiorenzuola  (fe-6-ren-zo-6'la).    A  small  town 


He  published  "  Scottish  Historical  and  Romantic  Ballads, 
etc."  (1808),  a  life  of  Cervantes,  and  an  edition  of  Adam 
Smiths  "  wealth  of  Nations." 


Finch,  Sir  Henry.    Died  Dec.  5, 1631.    An  Bug-  Finiay'(fin"li)TGeorge7Bori"arPaver^^ 

hsh  politician,  elected  speaker  of  the  House  of    Kent,  Dee.  21,  1799  f- died  at  Athens,  Greece; 

Commons  Feb.,  1626.  t-'     "»  ^""^   '  .  _  _^ _=  t,_  _«_,.  ,.-.i-L.__     _' 

Finch,  Sir  John.   Bom  Sept.  17, 1584 :  died  Nov. 

27,  1660.    An  English  politician,  Baron  Finch 

of  Fordwioh.    He  was  elected  speaker  of  the  House  of 

Commons  in  March,  1628,  and  was  appointed  chief  justice 

of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  in  Oct.,  1634,  and  lord  keeper 

in  Jan.,  1640.    He  was  chiefly  responsible,  in  the  trial  of 

Hampden,  for  the  decision  of  the  judges  that  the  king's 

course  in  the  matter  of  ship-money  was  constitutional. 

Finden(fin'den),  William.  Born  1787:  died  at 
London,  Sept.  20, 1852.    An  English  engraver. 

Findhorn  (flnd'h6rn).  A  river  in  Scotland, 
flowing  into  Moray  Firth  about  12  miles  west 
of  Elgin.    Length,  62  miles. 

Findlater  (fin'la-tfer),  Andrew.  Bom  at  Aber 
dour,  Aberdeenshire,  Dec,  1810:  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, Jan.  1, 1885.  A  Scottish  literary  writer. 
He  was  the  editor  of  the  earlier  editions  of 

mdYay^rfind?ir)rX%ital  of  Hancock  Finlayson(^^ 
County^   northwestem   Ohio,   on  Blanchard's    Scotland,  1790 :  died  at  sea,  1823.    A  British 
Fork  of  Auglaise  Eiver.    it  i  remarkable  for  the    ^rmy  surgeon  and  naturahst.  He  accompanied 
stores  of  natural  gas  in  its  neighborhood.    Population     as  naturalist,  a  mission  to  Siam  and  Cochin 
(1900),  17,613.  China  1821-22. 

Pindlay  (fin'la),  Alexander  George.    Bom  at  Finlayson  Channel.    A  channel  between  the    _^^^_  ^_ 
London,  Jan.' 6, 1812:  died  at  Dover,  England,    mainland  of  British  Columbia  and  Princess  Fiote  (fyo'te).    The  Kongo  language 
May  3, 1875.    An  English  geographer,  hydrog-    Royal  Island.    Length,  24  miles.  ^,    Firbolgs.    One  of  the  earliest  races  of  Ireland, 

"     ■■      He  published  atlases  Fmley(fin'h),  James  Bradley.    BommNorth    ^^^.^,°^^        ,        ,..  .  .,  ^ 

Carolina,  July  1, 1781 :  died  at  Cincinnati,  Sept. 
6,  1856.    An  American  itinerant  clergyman  of 
the  Methodist  Church.    He  was  a  missionary  to  the 
Wyandotte  Indians  1821-27,  and  retained  the  superinten- 
dency  of  the  Wyandotte  mission  until  1829.    He  wrote  a 
"History  of  the  Wyandot  Mission  "  (1840),  and  "Personal 
Reminiscences  Illustrative  of  Indian  Life"  (1867). 
Finley,  Samuel.    Born  in  County  Armagh,  Ire- 
land, 1715  ■:  died  at  Philadelphia,  July  17, 1766. 
An  American  Presbyterian  clergyman,  presi- 
dent of  Princeton  College,  N.  J.,  1761-66. 
from  the  Gaeliiby°Macphe™on."-sVe-?)ii;e^«lnTFiS^».-  Finmarkcn  (fin'mar-keS)!    A  baiUwick  (amt)  f.j^n^f^'i''ffii1hand)°"Tsu^rr^ 
Fingal's  Cave.    Abasaltic  grotto  in  the  island    of  Norway,  and  the  northernmost  portion  of  V^f/o^Xern  coast TioneSTN^^ 

^     -    -    ,51  o=  „<.=+.,*  M„n  Snnfl!i.T,fl.fiT,tB™d    Europe.    Area,  18,295  square  miles.    Popula-    tne  southern  coast  otiiongj^siana,  JNew  lorK, 

tion  (1891),  29,168. 

Finn  (fin),  Henry  J.  Bom  at  Sydney,  Cape 
Breton,  1'782 :  lost  in  Long  Island  Sound,  Jan. 
13,  1840.    An  American  comedian. 


rapher,  and  meteorologist. 

of  "Ancient  and  Comparative  Geography,"  "Coasts  and 
Islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,"  various  nautical  dttectories, 
charts,  etc. 

Fine-ear  (fin'er).  One  of  Fortunio's  attendants 
in  the  fairy  tale  of  that  name.  He  could  hear 
the  grass  grow. 

Finetta  (fi-net'ta).  A  fairy  tale  by  the  Com- 
tesse  d'Aulnoy. "  It  is  a  version  of  Cinderella. 

Fingal(fing'gal).  Anepicpoeminsixbooks,pub- 
lished  by  Macpherson  in  1762.  it  purports  to  have 
been  written  by  Ossian  the  son  of  Fingal,  and  translated 


in  the  province  of  Piacenza,  Italy,  13  miles 
southeast  of  Piacenza. 

Fiorillo  (fe-6-ril'l6),  JohannDominicus.  Bom 
at  Hamburg,  Oct.  13,  1748:. died  at  Gijttingen, 
Sept.  10,  1821.  A  German  painter  and  histo- 
rian of  art.  He  wrote  "Geschichte  der  zeichnenden 
Kiinste" (1798-1808),  "Geschichte der  zeichnenden Kiinste 
in  Deutschland  una  den  vereinigtenNiederlanden"(1815- 
1817),  etc. 


in  the  legendary  history  of  the  country. 

In  Ireland  there  were  the  same  two  races,  which  are 
graphically  described  by  McFirbis  in  his  Book  of  Genealo- 
gies. One  race,  which  he  calls  the  Fir-Bolg,  had  dark 
hair  and  eyes,  small  stature  and  slender  limbs,  and  con- 
stituted the  despised  servile  class  of  -the  Irish  people. 
They  belong,  says  Mr.  Skene,  "to  the  same  class  with  the 
Silures,  and  may  be  held  to  represent  the  Iberian  race 
which  preceded  the  Celtic."  The  other  race,  called  the 
Tuatha  De  -Danann  by  McFirbis,  was  tall,  with  golden  or 
red  hair,  fair  skin,  and  blue  or  blue-grey  eyes. 

Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  78. 

Firdansi,  Firdusi,  etc.  See  AbulKasm  Mansur. 


of  StafEa,  7  miles  west  of  Mull,  Scotland,  entered 
by  an  arch  65  feet  in  height.  Length  of  the 
cave,  200  feet. 

Fini.    See  Masolino. 

Finiguerra  (fe-ne-gwer'ra),  Maso.    Lived  in 


ttie  middle  of  the  15th  century.    A  Florehtine  Finney  (fln'i),  Charles  Grandison.    Bom  at 


goldsmith  and  worker  in  niello,  the  reputed  in 
ventor  of  copperplate  engraving. 

The  introduction  of  copper-plate  printing  is  attributed 
to  Maso  Finiguerra,  a  goldsmith  of  Florence,  who  is  sup- 
posed to  have  made  his  first  print  about  the  year  1462.  It 
cannot  be  proved  that  Finiguerra  was  the  inventor,  for 


Warren,  Litchfield  County,  Conn.,  Aug.  29, 
1792:  died  at  Oberlin,  Ohio,  Aug.  16, 1875.  An 
American  revivalist  and  educator,  president 
of  Oberlin  College  (Ohio)  1852-66.  He  published 
"Lectures  on  Revivals    (1835),  "Lectures  to  Professing 

^^„„„„  „„  „ ,  Christians "(1836),  "Sermons "(1839),  "Theology "(1846). 

Brints  by  this  method  were  made  in  Germany  as  early  as  FinnS  (finz).     [Also  Mns  ;  ME.  Mnnes,  AS.  Mn- 


144g_  De  Yinne,  Invention  of  Printing,  p.  27, 

Finistfere  (fln-is-tar')-     [ML.  finis  terrie,  end  of 

the  land.]     The  westernmost  department  of 

France,  capital  Quimper,  bounded  by  the  Eng- 
lish Channel  on  the  north,  Cdtes-du-Nord  and 

Morbihan  on  the  east,  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean 

on  the  south  and  west:  part  of  the  ancient 

Brittany-    It  has  important  fisheries,  and  contains  lead 

and  other  minerals.    Area,  2,594  square  miles.    Popula- 
tion (1891).  727,012.     ^  ,.    „  _,  ,  , 
Finisterre  (fin-is-tar'),  Cape.   The  westernmost 

headland  of  Spain,  projecting  into  the  Atlantic 

Ocean  in  lat.  42°  52'  45"  N.,long.  9°  15'  32"W. 

(lighthouse).    English  naval  victories  were  gained  off 

thi!  cape  by  Anson  over  the  Frenoh,.1747,  and  by  Calder  and 

Strahan  over  the  French  and  Spaniards,  1805.  _„  „„_, 

Fink,  or  Finck  (fink),  Frietoch  August  vpn  pj    ^^       (fiuz'ber-i).    A  borough  (municipal) 
Born  at  Strelitz,  Germany,  Nov.  25,  1718.  died  '^"f^^'^^^  Ynne.  north  of  the  Thames.  As  a  par- 
at  Copenhagen  Feb.  22, 1766.    A  Prussian  gen-    ?.^  ^"V"".'^  _■'_.._%  =-. ,.  v, — a^a  >>„  st.  Pnncras  on  tht 
eral    He  surrendered  to  the  Austrians  at  Max- 
en,  Nov.  21,  1759.  . 

FinWson  (fln'la-son),  John  (family  name  Fin- 
teyson).  Born  at  Thurso,  Caithness,  Aug  27, 
1783 :  died  at  London,  April  30, 1860.  An  Eng- 
lish  statistician  and  actuary. 


about  40  miles  east  of  New  York. 

Firenzuola  (fe-ren-zo-6'la),  Agnolo  (Angelo 
Giovannini).  Bom  at  Florence,  Sept.  28, 1493 : 
died  about  1545.  An  Italian  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer, 

Firishtah  (fe-resh'ta)  (Mohammed  Kasim 
Hindushah).  A  Persian  historian,  bom  about 
1550  at  Astrabad,  who  was  commissioned  by 
Ibrahim  Adil  Shah  (1585-1628)  to  write  a  his- 
torjr  of  the  Mohammedan  dynasties  of  India. 
He  is  one  of  the  most  trustworthy  of  Oriental 

^^^^ .      ^  ,  historians. 

'nas^llA~Fin'n;ar,~Bw.  Dan.  Finner,  ML.  Fenni,  Firkowitsch  (fer'ko-vich),  Abraham.  Bom  at 


Lutzk,  Volhynia,  Kussia,  Sept.  27, 1786:  died 
at  Jufut-Kale,  Cmnea,  Eussia,  June  7, 1874.  A 
Hebrew  archaeologist.  He  was  a  Karaite,  and  was 
accused  of  altering  inscriptions  for  the  purpose  of  advan- 
cing the  claims  of  that  sect. 


perhaps  identical  with  L.  linni,  Gr.  ^Iwoi,  the 
name  of  an  obscure  northern  tribe  mentioned 
by  Tacitus  and  Ptolemy.]  The  natives  of  Fin- 
land; the  Finlanders;  specifically,  that  branch 

of  the  Finnic  race  which  inhabits  Finland  and  .         t,,  j.  /«./•,  -  i..  ,       ^ 

other  parts  of  northwestem  Eussia.  They  caU  Firmicus  Maternus  (ffr'rai-kns  ma-ter'nus), 
ILmilY^sSmmiovSuomalaiset.  Julius  or  VlUlUS.     A  Christian  controver- 

The  Finnish  branch  of  the  Mongolian  race  to  which  the 
Laps,  Fins,  Esths,  and  Livonians  belong  possessed  proba- 
bly in  past  ages  a  large  part  of  Northern  Europe,  and  was 
driven  out  more  and  more  by  the  immigrations  of  Ger- 


He  wrote,  about  347,  a  refutation  of  paganism, 
entitled  "De  errore  profanarum  religionum,"  the  first 
printed  edition  of  which  was  published  at  Sl^asburg  by 
Matthias  Flaccius  in  1562. 

manic  tribes™orbe"came"mixedVV^^  FirinicUS  MatemUS,  JuliuS  or  Villius.      A 


mentions  the  Fins  in  his  Germania,  but  he  could  only  ob- 
tain obscure  reports  about  their  mim  feritas.  The  nation 
of  the  Fins  is  the  principal  stem  of  this  branch. 

La  Saimaye,  Science  of  Religion,  p.  802. 


liamentary  borough  it  is  bounded  by  St.  Pancras  on  the 

west,  Islington  on  the  north,  Shoreditch  on  the  ea^tj  and  x.._„,,.    _  /f. „_.,,■!  ot,^ 

the  City  and  Strand  on  the  south,  and  consists  of  three  Firmilian  <f SmdU  1-an). 


distinct  constituencies -Central,  Holborn,  and  B^t. 
The  district  was  once  the  great  prehendal  manor  of  Holy- 
well, and  was  leased  by  its  incumbent  m  1315  to  the  mayor 
and  commonalty  of  the  city  for  an  annual  rent  of  20  shil- 
lings ;  this  lease  ran  out  in  1867.    Lo)tK. 


Latin  author.  He  wrote,  about  354  A.  D.,  an  introduc- 
tion to  judicial  astrology,  according  to  the  discipline  of 
the  Egyptians  and  Babylonians,  entitled  "Mathesis,"  the 
first  printed  edition  of  which  was  published  at  Venice  by 
Bivilacqua  in  1497.  The  treatise  is  composed  in  a  spirit 
hostile  to  Christianity,  which  disproves  (or  at  least  renders 
improbable)  the  alleged  identity  of  its  author  with  the 
Christian  controversialist  of  the  same  name. 

A  "spasmodic  tra- 


gedy" by  W.  E.  Aytoun, 
Krminy  (fer-me-ne').    A  manufacturing  town 
la  the  department  of  Loire,  France,  near  St.- 
fitienne.    Population  (1891),  14,502. 


Firm  Island 

rimi  Island,  An  enchanted  island  in  the  ro- 
mance of  "Amadis  de  Graul."  Amadis  took  Oriana 
there  after  the  defeat  of  his  enemies,  and  there  their 
nuptials  were  celebrated.    See  Oriana,. 

TirOTlZ  Schah  (fe'rez  sha).  In  "The Enchanted 
Horse"  in  "The  Arabian  Nights'  Entertain- 
ments," the  son  of  the  King  of  Persia.  He  wine  his 
bride  by  means  of  the  enchanted  horse,  which  could  carry 
its  rider  in  a  second  to  any  desired  spot. 

rirozpur  (fe-roz-por'),  or  Ferozepore  (fe-roz- 

p6r').  1.  A  district  in  the  Lahore  division  of 
the  Panjab,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  31° 

N.,  long.  75°  E.  Area,  4,302  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  886,676.-3.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Firozpur,  situated  about  lat.  30°  57' 
N..  long.  74°  35'  E.  It  has  an  important  ar- 
senal.    Population  (1891),  50,437. 

Firozshall.    See  Ferozeshah. 

First  Gentleman  of  Europe.  A  popular  sur- 
name of  George  IV.  of  England. 

First  Grenadier  of  France.  Latour  d'Au- 
vergne. 

First  Love.  A  comedy  by  Richard  Cumberland, 
produced  in  1796. 

Fisch  (fesh),  George.  Bom  at  Nyon,  Switzer- 
land, July  6,  1814 :  died  at  Vallorbes,  Switzer- 
land, July  3, 1881.  A  French  Protestant  cler- 
gyman. 

Inschart  (fish'art),  Johann.  Born  at  Mainz  in 
the  middle  of  the  16th  century :  died  at  Forbach 
about  1590.  A  Gterman  satirist  and  Reformer. 
He  was  educated  at  Worms,  and  subsequently  traveled  ex- 
tensively. In  1574  he  was  made  doctor  of  law  at  Basel, 
and  afterward  lived  in  Strasburg,  Spires,  and  Forbach. 
He  was  a  voluminous  writer,  and,  after  Luther,  the  most 
prominent  and  powerful  advocate  of  Protestantism.  In 
1572  appeared  a  versified  history  of  "TillBulenspiegel," 
"Aller  Praktilc  Grossmutter  "  ("  The  Grandmother  of  all 
Prognostication  "),  a  satire  on  the  prophetic  calendars  of 
the  day,  and  "  Claus  Narr."  In  1573  appeared  "  Flohatz  " 
("Flea-hunt"),  acomicpoem.  In  1575  appeared  his  prin- 
cipal worli,  an  imitation  of  Babelais's  "Gargantua,"  "Af- 
fentheurliche,  Naupengeheurliche  Geschiohtklitterungr." 
The  following  year  appeared  the  narrative  poem  "Gliick- 
hatt  Schift "  ("Fortunate  Ship  ").  His  "  Podagrammische 
Trostbiichlein "  ('*Book  of  Comfort  in  Gout")  dates  from 
l£77,"Ehzuchtbiichlein"  ("Marriage  Book") from  1578.  His 
polemic  writings  were  written  both  in  Latin  and  in  Ger- 
man. In  the  vernacular  are  "Bienenkorb"  ("Beehive," 
1579),  directed  against  the  Church  of  Home,  and  "  Jesuiter- 
hiltlein  "  ("  Jesuit  Hat,"  1580),  against  the  Jesuits.  He  also 
wrote  a  number  of  psalms  and  hymns. 

Fischbach  (fish'bach),  Johann.  Born  at  Gra- 
venegg,  Austria,  April  5, 1797 :  died  at  Munich, 
June  19,  1871.    An  Austrian  painter. 

Fischer  (fish'er),  Ernst  Euno  Berthold.  Bom 
at  Sandewalde,  Silesia,  Prussia,  July  23, 1824. 
A  noted  German  historian  of  philosophy,  pro- 
fessor at  Jena  and  later  (1872)  at  Heidelberg. 
His  chief  work  is  "  Gesohichte  der  neuern  Phi- 
losophie"  (1852-77). 

Fischer  von  Erlach  (fon  er'laeh),  Johann 
Bemhard.  Bom  at  Gratz,  March  15,  1656: 
died  at  Vienna,  April  5, 1723.  An  Austrian  archi- 
tect. Among  his  chief  works  are  the  palace  of 
Sehonbrunn  and  the  Karlskirche,  Vienna. 

Fischer  von  Erlach,  Joseph  Emanuel.  Bom 
at  Vienna,  1695 :  died  at  Vienna,  Jime  29, 1742. 
An  Austrian  architect,  son  of  Johann  Fischer 
von  Erlach. 

Fischer  von  Waldheim  (valt'him),  Gotthelf. 
Bom  at  "Waldheim,  Saxony,  Oct.  15, 1771 :  died 
at  Moscow,  Oct.  18,  1853.  A  German-Russian 
zoologist  and  geologist,  director  of  the  Museum 
of  Natural  History  in  Moscow. 

Fish  (fish),  Hamilton.  Born  at  New  York,  Aug. 
3,  1808:  died  at  Garrison's,  Putnam  County, 
N.  T.,  Sept.  7, 1893.  An  American  statesman, 
son  of  Nicholas  Fish.  He  graduated  at  Columbia 
College  in  1827 ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1830 ;  served 
as  a  Whig  member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1843-45 ; 
was  State  senator  in  1847;  was  governor  of  New  York 
1848-60 ;  served  as  United  States  senator  from  New  York 
1851-57  ;  Joined  the  Eepublican  party  about  1854 ;  was 
secretary  of  state  under  Grant  1869-77 ;  and  was  a  member 
of  the  Joint  High  Commission  which  negotiated  the  treaty 
of  Washington  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Brit- 
ain in  1871. 

Fisher  (fish'Sr),  Alvan.  Born  at  Needham, 
Mass.,  Aug.  9,  1792:  died  at  Dedham,  Mass., 
Feb.,  1863.     An  American  painter. 

Fisher,  Charles.  Born  in  Suffolk,  England, 
1816 :  died  at  New  York,  June  10,  1891.  An 
English  actor.  He  made  his  first  appearance  in  Lon- 
don in  1844,  and  in  New  York  in  1852.  He  was  successful 
In  the  old  comedies,  particularly  in  such  parts  as  Falstaft, 
Sir  Peter  Teazle,  Old  Adam,  Larogue  in  "The  Romance  of 
a  Poor  Young  Man,''  and  Triplet  In  Keade's  "  Masks  and 
Faces." 

Fisher,  George.  Bom  at  Sunbury,'  Middlesex, 
July  31,  1794:  died  May  14,  1873.  An  English 
astronomer.  He  accompanied  a  polar  expedition  (in 
ihe  ships  Dorothea  and  Trent)  in  1818,  during  which  he 
made  important  pendulum  experiments  at  Spitzbergen ; 
and  went  as  chaplain  and  astronomer  with  Parry  to  ex- 


392 

plore  the  northwest  passage  1821-23,  obtaining  important 
scientific  results. 

Fisher,  George  Park.  Born  at  Wrentham, 
Mass.,  Aug.  10, 1827.  An  American  clergyman 
and  eeelesiastical  scholar,  appointed  professor 
of  ecclesiastical  history  in  the  Divinity  School 
at  Yale  University  in  1861.  Among  his  works  are 
''Essays  on  the  Supernatural  Origin  of  Christianity" 
(1866),  "History  of  the  Reformation  "  (1873),  "  Beginnings 
of  Christianity"  (1877),  "Grounds  of  Theistic  and  Chris- 
tian Belief  "  (1883),  "  Outlines  of  Universal  History  "  (1886), 
"  The  History  of  the  Christian  Church  "  (1887),  and  "  Man- 
ual of  Christian  Evidences  "  (1S88). 

Fisher,  John.  Born  at  Beverley,  Yorkshire, 
England,  1459  (?) :  beheaded  on  Tower  Hill, 
London,  June  22,  1535.  An  English  prelate 
and  scholar,  bishop  of  Rochester,  and  a  leader 
of  the  papal  party.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (B. 
A.  1487),  and  became  vice-chancellor  of  the  university  in 
1501,  and  professor  of  divinity  in  1503.  He  was  elected 
chancellor  of  the  university  in  1504  (and  repeatedly 
reelected),  and  became  bishop  of  Rochester  in  Oct.  of 
the  same  year.  From  1605  to  1508  he  was  president  of 
Queens'  College.  He  was  one  of  the  most  prominent  sup- 
porters of  the  new  learning,  and  a  friend  of  Erasmus  (who 
visited  Cambridge  at  his  Invitation) :  but  was  hostile  to 
the  Reformation.  He  opposed  the  doctrine  of  royal  su- 
premacy and  the  divorce  of  Heniy  VIII.,  and  was  the  con- 
fessor and  chief  adviser  of  Queen  Catharine.  He  was 
duped  by  the  Nun  of  Kent  (see  Barton,  Elizabeth),  and  was 
condemned  to  imprisonment  and  forfeiture  of  goods,  but 
escaped  with  a  fine  of  £300.  His  refusal  to  comply  with 
the  Act  of  Succession  and  the  Act  of  Supremacy  led  to 
his  conviction  of  treason  and  his  execution. 

Fisher,  John.  Bom  at  Hampton,England,  1748 : 
died  at  London,  May  8,  1825.  An  English  di- 
vine, appointed  bishop  of  Exeter  in  1803  and 
of  Salisbury  in  1807. 

Fisher's  Hill  (fish'erz  Ml).  A  place  near  Win- 
chester, Frederick  County,  Virginia.  Here,  Sept. 
22, 1864,  the  Federals  under  Sheridan  defeated  the  Con- 
federates under  Early.  The  loss  of  the  former  was  about 
1,300 ;  of  the  latter,  528. 

Fishes,  Miraculous  Draught  of.  See  Miracu- 
lous  Draught  of  Fishes. 

Fishkill  (fish'kil).  A  town  in  Dutchess  County, 
New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson  54  miles 
north  of  New  York.  It  contains  the  villages  of 
Fishkill-on-the-Hudson,  Matteawan,  etc.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  13,016. 

Fisk  (fisk),  Wilbur.  Bom  at  Brattleboro,  Vt., 
Aug.  31, 1792 :  died  at  Middletown,  Conn.,  Feb. 
22, 1839.  Aja.  American  clergyman  and  educator, 
first  president  of  Wesleyan  University  (Middle- 
town,  Connecticut)  1831-39. 

Fiske  (fisk),  John  (originally  Edmund  Fiske 
Green).  Bom  March  30,  1842:  died  July  4, 
1901.  An  American  historical  writer.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  College  in  1863,  and  at  the  Harvard  law 
school  in  1865 ;  was  university  lecturer  on  philosophy  at 
Harvard  1869-71 ;  was  assistant  librarian  there  1872-79 ; 
and  has  lectured  on  American  history  at  Washington  Uni- 
versity, St.  Louis,  Missouri,  at  University  College,  London, 
and  at  the  Royal  Institution.  Among  his  works  are  "Myths 
and  Myth-makers,  etc." (1872), "Outlines of  Cosmic  Philos- 
ophy, based  on  the  Doctrine  of  Evolution"  (1874),  "The 
Unseen  World"  (1876X  ''The  Discovery  of  America''  (1892), 
"The  Beginnings  of  New  England "  (1889),  "The  Ameri- 
can Revolution  "  (1891),  "Excursions  of  an  Evolutionist" 
(1883),"The  Idea  of  God,  etc."  (1885),  "The  Critical  Period 
of  American  History,  178S-«9"  (1888),  etc. 

Fitch  (fieh) ,  Ebenezer .  Bom  at  Norwich,  Conn., 
Sept.  26, 1756 :. died  at  West  Bloomfield,  N.  Y., 
March  21,  1833.  An  American  clergyman  and 
educator,  first  president  of  Williams  College 
(Williamstown,  Massachusetts)  1793-1815. 

Fitch,  John.  Bom  at  Windsor,  Conn.,  Jan.  21, 
1743:  committed  suicide  at  Bardstown,  Ky., 
July  2,  1798.  An  American  inventor.  He  con- 
structed steamboats,  the  first  of  which  was  launched  on 
the  Delaware  River  in  1787. 

Fitch,  Balph.  Lived  in  the  second  half  of  the 
16th  century.  An  English  traveler  in  India 
and  the  East  1583-91.  He  made  an  overland  journey 
down  the  Euphrates  valley  toward  India.  An  account  of 
his  travels  was  published  by  Hakluyt. 

In  1606  was  produced  Shakespeare's  "  Macbeth" ;  there 
we  read  (act  i.  8),"  Her  husband 's  to  Aleppo  gone,  master 
of  the  Tiger. "  This  line,  when  compared  with  the  opening 
passage  of  Fitch's  narrative,  is  too  striking  to  be  regarded 
as  a  mere  coincidence,  and  is  also  one  of  the  clearest  pieces 
of  evidence  known  to  us  of  Shakespeare's  use  of  the  text 
of  Hakluyt.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Fitchburg  (fich'bferg).  A  city  of  Worcester 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  a  branch  of 
the  Nashua  River,  41  miles  northwest  of  Boston. 
It  manufactures  machinery,  etc.  Population 
(1900),  31,531. 

Fitzalan  (fits-al'an),  Edmund.  Bom  1285: 
died  1326.  An  English  nobleman,  Earl  of 
Arundel. 

Fitzalan,  Henry.  Bom  1511  (?):  died  1580.  An 
English  statesman  and  soldier,  twelfth  Earl  of 
Arundel.  He  became  deputy  of  Calais  in  1540 ;  stormed 
Boulogne  Sept.  11, 1644 ;  became  lord  chamberlain  in  1545 ; 
on  the  fall  of  Somerset^  in  1649,  was  appointed  one  of  the 


Fitzgibbon 

guardians  of  King  Edward  VI. ;  and  filled  important  of- 
fices (though  several  times  in  disgrace)  under  Elizabeth,  ta 
whose  hand  he  at  one  time  aspired. 

Fitzalan,  Richard.  Bom  1307  (?) :  died  1376. 
An  English  soldier  and  statesman,  Earl  of  Arun- 
del and  Warenne.  He  played  a  conspicuous  part  in  th& 
wars  of  Edward  III.  and  in  the  politics  of  that  reign.  At 
Cr6cy  he  commanded  the  second  division  of  the  English 
army. 

Fitzalan,  Richard.  Bom  1346:  died  1397.  An 
English  naval  and  military  commander,  Earl  of 
Arundel  and  Surrey.  On  March  24,  1387,  he,  with 
Nottingham,  defeated  a  Spanish,  Flemish,  and  French 
fleet  ofi'  Margate,  and  captured  nearly  108  vessels  laden 
with  wine.  He  was  one  of  the  most  prominent  of  the 
enemies  of  Richard  II.,  and  conspired  against  him.  He 
was  arrested  by  the  king,  was  convicted  of  treason,  and 
was  decapitated  on  Tower  HilL  He  was  revered  by  the 
people  as  a  martyr. 

Fitzalan,  Thomas.  Bom  1381:  died  Oct.  13, 
1415.  An  English  soldier  and  statesman.  Earl 
of  Arundel  and  Sxirrey.  He  was  conspicuous  as  a 
supporter  of  the  throne  in  the  wars  and  the  politics  of  the 
reigns  of  Henry  IV.  and  Henry  V. 

Fitzdottrel  (fits-dot'rel).  In  Ben  Jonson's 
"The  Devil  is  an  Ass,"  a  simple  but  conceited 
Norfolk  squire.  He  develops  into  an  impostor. 
The  name  alludes  to  the  foolishness  of  the  dot- 
terel. 

Fitzdottrel  is  one  of  those  characters  which  Jonson  de- 
lighted to  draw,  and  in  which  he  stood  unrivalled,  a  gtill, 
i.  e.,  a  confident  coxcomb,  selfish,  cunning,  and  conceited. 
Qiffard,  Notes  to  "The  DevU  is  an  Ass." 

Fitzgerald  (fits-jer'ald).  Lord  Edward.  Bom 
at  Carton  Castle,  near  Dublin,  Oct.  15,  1763: 
died  in  prison  at  Dublin,  June  4, 1798.  An  Irish 
politician  and  revolutionist,  fifth  son  of  the 
first  Duke  of  Leinster.  He  served  In  the  army  in 
Ireland  and  in  1781  in  America,  and  was  wounded  at  the 
battle  of  Eutaw  Springs.  Later  he  served  in  New  Bruns- 
wick; went  to  Detroii^  where  he  was  admitted  into  the 
Bear  tribe ;  and  descended  the  Mississippi  to  New  Orleans. 
He  returned  to  England ;  was  removed  from  the  army  for 
attending  a  revolutionary  banquet ;  and  joined  the  United 
Irishmen,  in  whose  treasonable  conspu'acy  he  took  a  lead- 
ing part.  He  was  arrested,  and  died  from  a  wound  in- 
flicted by  one  of  his  captors. 

Fitzgerald,  Lady  Edward.  Born  at  Fogo  Isl- 
and, Newfoundland,  about  1776 :  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.,  1831.  The  wife  of  Lord  Edward  Fitz- 
gerald, whom  she  married  in  1792.  Though,  ac- 
cording to  general  repute,  she  was  the  daughter  of  Ma- 
dame de  Genlis  and  the  Duke  of  Orleans  (Philippe  "Ega- 
lit6"),  it  appears  that  her  parents*  name  was  Sims,  and 
that  she  was  sent  to  Paris  in  1782  as  a  companion  to  the 
children  of  the  duke.  She  was  married  uuder  the  name 
of  Anne  Stephanie  Caroline  Sims,  but  is  best  known  by 
her  pet  name  "Pamela." 

Fitzgerald,  Edward.  Bom  at  Bredfield  House, 
nearWoodbridge,  Suffolk,  March  31, 1809:  died 
at  Merton,  Norfolk,  June  14,  1883.  An  English 
poet  and  translator.  He  published  "Euphranor :  a 
Dialogue  on  Youth"  (1861),  "Polonius:  a  Collection  of 
Wise  Saws  and  Modem  Instances"  (1862),  a  translation  ol 
six  dramas  of  Calderon  (1853),  a  translation  of  the  "  Quat- 
rains "  of  Omar  Khayyim  (1859 :  his  most  celebrated  work), 
and  other  translations. 

Fitzgerald,  Lady  Elizabeth,  sumamed  "The 
Fair  Geraldine."  Born  at  Maynooth,  Ireland, 
1528  (?) :  died  1589.  The  youngest  daughter  of 
the  ninth  Earl  of  Kildare.  To  her  Henry  Howard, 
earl  of  Surrey,  addressed  a  series  of  songs  and  sonnets, 
first  published  in  Tottel's  "  Miscellany  "  in  1657.  She  mar- 
ried, when  about  fifteen  years  old.  Sir  Anthony  Browne, 
who  died  in  1548,  and  about  1652  the  Earl  of  Lincoln  (Ed- 
ward Fiennes  de  Clinton). 

Fitzgerald,  Katherine,  Countess  of  Desmond. 
Died  1604.  The  second  wife  of  Thomas  Fitz- 
gerald, twelfth  Earl  of  Desmond,  noted  for  her 
great  age .  According  to  tradition  she  lived  to  be  about 
140  years  old,  and  she  was  probably  upward  of  104  when 
she  died. 

Fitzgerald,  Thomas,  tenth  Earl  of  Kildare. 
Born  1513:  executed  at  Tyburn,  Feb.  8,  1537. 
An  Irish  nobleman,  put  to  death  for  treason. 
On  the  report  that  his  father,  the  ninth  Earl  of  Kildare, 
had  been  executed  in  the  Tower,  he  renounced  his  alle- 
giance and  beaded  an  unsuccessful  rebellion. 

Fitzgerald,  William.  Born  at  Liflord,  Lim- 
erick, Ireland,  Dec.  3,  1814:  died  at  Killaloe, 
Nov.  24,  1883.  An  Irish  divine,  professor  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  1847-57,  bishop  of  Cork 
1857-62,  and  bishop  of  Killaloe  1862-83.  He 
published  numerous  works,  including  an  edition 
of  Butler's  "Analogy"  (1849). 

Fitzgerald,  William  Thomas.  Born  in  Eng- 
land, of  Irish  parentage,  about  1759:  died  at 
Paddington,  a  suburb  of  London,  July  9,  1829. 
A  British  poet,  now  known  chiefly  from  a  ref- 
erence to  him  in  Byron's  "English  Bards  and 
Scotch  Reviewers." 

Fitzgibbon  (fits-gib'on),  John,  Earl  of  Clare. 
Bom  near  Donnybrook,  Ireland,  1749:  died 
Jan.  28,  1802.  A  British  jurist,  appointed  lord 
chancellor  of  Ireland  in  1789,  and  created  earl 


Fitzgibbon 

of  Clare  in  1795.  He  was  also  made  (1799)  a  peer  of 
Great  Britain  as  Baron  Htzgibbon.  He  played  an  Impor- 
tant part  in  Irish  politics. 

Fitznerbert  (fits-hfer'bfert),  Sir  Anthony;  Bom 
at  Norbury,  Derbyshire^  1470:  died  there,  May 
27,  1538.  An  English  jnrist  and  legal  writer. 
His  most  important  work  is  "la  Graunde  Abridgement" 
(1614),  "the  first  serious  attempt  to  reduce  the  entire  law 
to  systematic  shape"  (fiicL  Nat.  Biog.). 

Fitzherbert,  Mrs.  (Maria  Anne  Smythe). 
Bom  at  Bambridge,  Hampshire,  England,  July, 
1756:  died  at  Brighton,  March  29,  1837.  Wife 
of  Greorge  IV.  of  England,  she  married  Edward 
Weld  in  1775,  and  was  left  a  widow  in  the  same  year ;  mar- 
ried Thomas  Fitzherbert  (died  1781)  in  1778 ;  and  became 
the  wife  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  (George  IV.)  Deo.  21, 1786. 
The  marriage  to  the  prince  was  invalid ;  but  she  main- 
tained her  connection  with  him,  with  the  consent  of  her 
church  (Roman  Catholic),  even  after  his  marriage  with 
Oat'ollne  of  Brunswick. 

Fitzherbert,  Thomas.  Born  at  Sv^ynnerton, 
Staffordshire,  1552 :  died  at  Borne,  Aug.  17, 1640. 
An  English  Jesuit,  rector  of  the  English  College 
at  Rome  1618-39.  He  published  a  number  of 
controversial  works. 

Fitzherbert,  William.  Died  1154.  An  Eng- 
lish prelate,  elected  archbishop  of  York  in  1142. 
He  was  canonized  by  Pope  Honorius  in  1227. 

Fitzjames  (fits-jamz'),  James,  Duke  of  Ber- 
wick. Bom  at  Moulins,  France,  Aug.  21, 1670 : 
died  at  PMlippsburg,  June  12,  1734.  A  noted 
soldier,  illegitimate  son  of  James,  duke  of  York 
(James  H.),  and  Arabella  Churchill,  sister  of 
the  Duke  of  Marlborough.  He  was  educated  in 
France.  In  1687  he  was  created  duke  of  Berwick ;  later 
served  under  the  Duke  of  Lorraine  in  Hungary ;  was  made 
governor  of  Portsmouth ;  and  in  1688  fled  with  his  father 
to  France.  -He  promoted  the  attempt  to  replace  James 
on  the  throne  by  a  descent  on  Ireland ;  was  present  at  the 
battle  of  the  Boyne ;  and  became  commander-in-chief  of 
the  king's  forces  in  Ireland.  In  1691  he  joined  the  French 
army,  in  which  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  marshal,  becoming 
a  French  subject  in  order  to  secure  this  promotion.  He 
fought  in  Flanders,  under  BoufHers,  in  1702 ;  commanded 
the  French  army  in  Spain  in  1704 ;  captured  Nice  in  1706 ; 
and  defeated  the  allied  English  and  Portuguese  at  Al- 
manza  in  1707.  He  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Philippsburg. 

Fitzosbern  (flts-oz'bem),  "William.  Died  1071. 
A  Norman  noble,  a  friend  and  prominent  sup- 
porter of  William  the  Conqueror,  created  by 
him  earl  of  Hereford.  He  was  one  of  the  chief  pro- 
moters of  the  OoncLUest,  fought  at  the  battle  of  Hastings, 
and  acted  as  viceroy  during  the  absence  of  William.  He 
was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Cassel  in  1071. 

Fitzpatrick  (fits-pat'rik),  Mrs.  A  character 
in  Fielding's  "  Tom  Jones." 

Fitzpatrick,  Richard.  Bom  Jan.,  1747:  died 
at  London,  April  25,  1813.  A  British  soldier, 
politician,  and  wit,  second  son  of  the  first  Earl 
of  Upper  Ossory :  Tsest  known  as  the  intimate 
friend  of  Charles  James  Fox.  He  became  a  mem- 
ber of  Parliament  in  1774 ;  served  in  the  war  of  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution  1777-78 ;  became  chief  secretary  for  Ire- 
land in  1782 ;  and  was  appointed  secretary  at  war  1783.  He 
was  one  of  the  authors  of  the  "Bolliad." 

Fitzroy  (fits-roi' ) ,  Augustus  Henry,  third  Duke 
of  Grafton.  Bom  Oct.  1,  1735 :  died  at  Euston 
Hall,  Suffolk,  March  14, 1811.  AnEnglish  states- 
man. He  was  secretary  of  state  for  the  northern  depart- 
ment, July,  1765,-May,  1766,  and  became  first  lord  of  the 
treasury  in  the  administration  of  Pitt  in  July,  1766.  As  a 
result  of  Pitt's  illness,  Grafton  was  the  head  of  the  ministry 
after  Sept.jl767.    He  resigned  in  Jan.,  1770. 

Fitzroy,  Henry,  first  Duke  of  Grafton.  Born 
Sept.  20,  1663:  died  Oct.  9,  1690.  An  illegiti- 
mate son  of  Charles  11.  of  England,  by  Barbara 
ViUiers,  countess  of  Castlemain.  He  obtained 
considerable  distinction  as  a  soldier,  and  was  mortally 
wounded  in  the  attack  on  Cork  under  Marlborough. 

Fitzroy,  Robert.  Born  at  Ampton  Hall,  Suf- 
folk, July  5, 1805 :  died  at  London,  April  30, 1865. 
A  British  naval  ofScer.  From  1828  to  1830,  and  again 
from  1831  to  1836,  he  commanded  the  Beagle  in  extended 
surveys  of  the  South  American  coast  and  in  the  circum- 
navigation of  the  globe.  During  the  second  trip  Charles 
Eobert  Darwin  accompanied  him  as  naturalist.  The  Geo- 
irraphlcal  Society  awarded  its  gold  medal  to  Fitzroy  in 
1837  in  1839  he  published  "Narrative  of  the  Survey- 
ing Voyages  of  H.  M.  ships  Adventure  and  Beagle,'  in 
3  vols,  (the  third  by  Darwin).  He  was  governor  of 
New  Zealand  1843-45,  and  superintendent  of  the  Woolwich 
dockyard  1848-49,  and  held  other  Important  posts.  Sev- 
eral well-known  works  on  navigation  and  meteorology 
were  published  by  him,  and  he  is  regarded  as  the  founder 
of  the  modern  meteorological  service.  Pressure  of  work 
connected  with  his  duties  as  chief  of  the  meteorological 
service  of  the  Board  of  Trade  caused  his  mmd  to  give  way, 
and  he  committed  suicide.  „,.,,.  .^.    -, 

Fitzstephen  (fits -ste 'yen),  William.  Died 
about  1190.  A  clerk,  fnend,  and  biographer  of 
Thomas  Becket.  His  "  Vita  Sancti  Thomas  "  was  first 
printed  fa  1723  (in  Sparkes's  "Histarise  Anglicans  Scrip- 

Fitzurse  (flts-6rs'),  Reginald.  Lived  in  the 
second  haK  of  the  12th  century.  One  of  the 
murderers  of  Thomas  Becket.  He  took  the  leading 
part  fa  the  assault.  The  murderers  were  finally  banished 
to  the  Holy  Land,  and  are  said  to  have  died  ther^  near 
J^rusaUm,  and  ti,  have  been  buried  to  Jerusalem  before 


393 

the  door  of  the  Church  of  the  Templars.  Fitzurse  is  also 
said  to  have  gone  to  Ireland,  founding  there  the  McMahon 
family. 

Fitzurse,  Lord  Waldemar.  In  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  novel  "Ivanhoe,"  a  follower  of  Prince 
John. 

Fitzwalter  (flts-wai'tfer),  Robert.  Died  1235. 
An  English  noble,  a  leader  of  the  barons  in  their 
struggle  with  King  John. 

FitzwiUiam  (fits-wil'yam),  Edward  Francis. 
Born  at  Deal,  Kent,  Aug.  2,  1824:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  19, 1857.  An  English  composer,  best 
known  as  a  writer  of  songs. 

FitzwiUiam,  Fanny  Elizabeth.  Bom  at  Do- 
ver, England,  1801:  died  at  London,  Nov.  11, 
1854.  An  English  actress,  wife  of  Edward  Fitz- 
wiUiam, an  actor.  She  visited  the  United  States 
in  1837,  and  again  a  few  years  later. 

FitzwiUiam, William  Wentworth.  BomMay 
30, 1748 :  died  Feb.  8, 1833.  An  English  states- 
man (Whig),  secondEarlFitzwilliam  (1756).  He 
was  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  for  a  short  time  (Jan.-March 
25) in  1796. 

FitzwiUiam  Museum.  A  museum  at  Cam- 
bridge University,  founded  by  Eichard,  seventh 
and  last  Viscount  FitzwiUiam,  who  bequeathed 
to  the  university  (1816)  his  collection  of  books, 
paintings,  illuminated  manuscripts,  engrav- 
ings, etc.,  with  the  dividends  of  £100,000  South 
Sea  annuities  for  the  erection  of  a  building, 
which  was  begun  in  1837.  The  collection  of  ancient 
prints  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  in  existence.  A  museum 
of  classical  archseology  (containing  a  notable  collection  of 
casts)  is  connected  with  the  museum. 

Fiume  (fe-b'me).  [MHG.  Sanlct-Veit-am-Flaum, 
Serbo-Croatian  Sieka,  L.  Tersattioa  VitopoUs, 
later  Fanwm  Sancti  Titi  ad  Plumen.']  A  seaport 
and  royal  city  of  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Gull 
of  Quamero  in  lat.  45°  19'  N.,  long.  14°  27'  E. 
It  is  the  only  seaport  fa  Hungary,  has  large  and  increasing 
trade  and  some  manufactures,  and  contains  a  cathedral. 
It  was  annexed  to  the  Hapsburg  possessions  in  1471,  and 
passed  to  Hungary  in  1779.  It  belonged  for  some  years 
to  France  in  the  Napoleonic  time.  Since  1870  it  has  been 
under  direct  Hungarian  rule.    Population  (1900),  88,966. 

Five  Boroughs,  The,  In  Early  English  history, 
Derby,  Leicester,  Lincoln,  Stamford,  and  Not- 
tingham. They  were  under  Danish  rule  till  their 
conquest  by  Edward  and  Ethelfleda,  completed 
in  922. 

Five  Forks  (fiv  f6rks).  A  place  in  Dinwiddle 
County,  Virginia,  11  miles  southwest  of  Peters- 
burg. Here,  April  1, 1865,  the  Federals  under  Sheridan 
defeated  part  of  Lee's  army.  The  loss  of  the  Federals  was 
884 ;  of  the  Confederates,  8,600. 

Five  Gallants,  The,  or  Five  Witty  Gallants. 
A  comedy  by  Middleton,  licensed  and  produced 
in  1607. 

Five  Hours,  Adventures  of.  See  Adventures 
of  Five  Hours. 

Five  Hundred,  Council  of  the.  One  of  the  two 
legislative  bodies  established  in  France  by  the 
constitution  of  1795.  It  was  overthrown  by  Na- 
poleon Nov.  10,  1799. 

Five  Members,  The.  In  English  history,  the 
five  members  of  Parliament — Hampden,  Pym, 
Holies,  Haselrig,  and  Strode — who  were  lead- 
ers in  the  opposition  to  Charles  I.  in  the  Long 
Parliament,  and  whom  he  attempted  to  arrest 
Jan.  4,  1642.      . 

Five  Nations,  The.    See  Iroquois. 

Five  Points,  The.  A  locality  in  New  York, 
northeast  of  the  (!!ity  Hall,  at  the  intersection 
of  Baxter,  Park,  and  Worth  streets,  formerly 
noted  as  a  center  of  vice  and  crime. 

Fives  (fev).  Avillageof  Prance,  in  the  suburbs 
of  Lille,  now  annexed  to  that  city. 

Fix  (fiks  or  feks),  Theodore.  Bom  at  Soleure, 
Switzerland,  1800 :  died  at  Paris,  July  31, 1846. 
A  Swiss  political  economist,  of  French  (Hugue- 
not) descent.  He  wrote  "Observations  sur  Wtat  des 
classes  ouvriferes  "  (1846),  "  Kevue  mensuelle  d'^conomie 
politique  "  (1833-36),  etc.,  and  contributed  to  the  "  Journal 
des  lilconomistes,"  etc. 

Flaccus  (flak'us) .  The  name  assumed  by  Alcuiu 
in  the  learned  academy  established  at  the  court 
of  Charlemagne. 

Flaccus,  Caius  Valerius.  A  Roman  poet  of  the 
time  of  Vespasian,  author  of  a  heroic  poem, 
"Argonautica"  (8  books),  a  free  imitation  of 
ApoUonius  of  Rhodes. 

Flaccus,  Quintus  Horatius,    See  Horace.^ 

Flacius  (fla'shi-us)  (Latinized  from  Vlacich), 
Matthias,  surnamed  lUyricus  ('the  niyr- 
ian').  Born  at  Albona,  Istna,  March  3,  1520 : 
died  at  Prankf  ort-on-the-Main,  March  11, 1575. 
A  noted'  German  Protestant  scholar  and  con- 
troversialist. He  was  a  pupil  of  Luther  at  Wittenberg, 
and  was  professor  of  Hebrew  there  1644-49,  when  he  with- 
drew on  account  of  his  opposition  to  the  Augsburg  and 
Lelpsic  Interims.  In  1658  he  was  appointed  to  a  prof  essor- 


Hameng.  Marie  Auguste 

ship  at  Jena,  but  was  deprived  of  his  oiBoe  in  1561  on  a 
charge  of  Manicheism.  He  was  the  principal  collaborator 
on  the  "CenturisB  Magdeburgenses''  (Basel,  1569-74),  the 
first  history  of  the  church  written  from  the  Protestant 
point  of  view.  Its  plan  was  conceived  by  him.  He  also 
wrote  the  "  Clavis  scripturse  sacrae  "  (1667),  which  forms  the 
basis  of  biblical  hermeneutics. 

Flacourt  (fla-kor'),  litienne  de.  Bom  at  Or- 
leans, France,  1607 :  died  at  sea,  June  10, 1660. 
A  French  governor  of  Madagascar  1648-55. 
He  published  "Histoire  de  la  grande  isle  Madagascar " 
(1668:  second,  enlarged  edition  1661),  "Dictionnaire  de  la. 
langue  de  Madagascar  "  (1668). 

Flagellants  (flaj'e-lants).  [From  1,.  flageU 
lan{t-)s,  ppr.  of  flagetlare,  whip,  scourge.]  A 
body  of  religious  persons  who  believed  that  by 
whipping  andscourgingthemselvesfor  religious- 
discipline  they  could  appease  the  divine  wrath 
against  their  sins  and  the  sins  of  the  age.  An  asso- 
ciation of  flagellants  founded  about  1260  spread  through, 
out  Europe,  its  members  marching  in  processions,  publicly 
scourging  their  own  bare  bodies  till  the  Ijlood  ran.  Having 
by  these  practices  given  rise  to  great  disorders,  they  were 
suppressed ;  but  the  same  scenes  were  repeated  on  a  larger 
scale  in  1348  and  several  subsequent  years,  in  consequence- 
of  the  desolating  plague  called  the  "black  death."  These 
flagellants  claim  ed  for  their  scourgings  the  virtue  of  all  the 
sacraments,  and  promulgated  other  heresies.  There  have 
been  also  fraternities  of  flagellants  authorized  by  the  Koman 
Catholic  Church.  Some  flagellants  have  held  doctrines) 
opposed  to  the  !Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  approximat- 
ing those  of  Protestantism. 

Flagellum  Dei  (fla-jel'um  de'i).  [L.,  'scourge 
of  God.']   Asumameof  AttUa.  See  the  extract. 

This  title, ' '  Flagellum  Dei, "  occurs  with  most  wearisome 
frequency  in  the  mediseval  stories  about  Attila ;  and  where- 
soever we  meet  with  it,  we  have  a  sure  indication  that  we- 
are  off  the  ground  of  contemporaneous  and  authentic  his- 
tory, and  have  entered  the  cloud-land  of  ecclesiastical  my- 
thology. Later  and  wilder  developments  in  this  direction, 
attributed  to  him  the  title  of  "grandson  of  Nimrod,  nur- 
tured in  Engedi,  by  the  grace  of  God  King  of  Huns,  Goths, 
Danes,  and  Medes,  the  terror  of  the  world."  There  may" 
have  been  a  tendency,  as  Mr.  Herbert  thinks,  to  identify 
him  with  the  Anti-Christ  of  the  Scriptures,  but  this  is  noij 
proved,  and  is  scarcely  m  accordance  with  the  theological 
idea  of  Anti-Christ,  who  is  generally  placed  in  the  future- 
or  in  the  present  rather  than  in  the  past. 

HodgMn,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  II.  196i 

Flaget  (fla-zha'),  Benedict  Joseph.  Born  at 
Contoumat,  Auvergue,  France,  Nov.  7,  1763: 
died  at  Nazareth,  Ky.,  Feb.  11, 1850.  A  French- 
American  bishop  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 
He  emigrated  to  America  in  1792,  and  was  consecrated 
bishop  of  Bardstown,  Kentucky,  in  1810.  The  seat  of  liis. 
diocese  was  removed  from  Bardstown  to  Louisville  in  1841. 

Flagg  (flag),  Wilson.  Bom  at  Beverley,  Mass., 
Nov.  5, 1805 :  died  at  North  Cambridge,  Mass., 
May  6„  1884.  An  American  naturalist.  He 
wrote  "Birds  and  Seasons  of  New  England" 
(1874),  etc. 

Flagon  (flag'on),  Moll.  In  Burgoyne's  comic 
opera  "The  Lord  of  the  Manor,"  a  low  camp- 
follower.  The  part  was  first  played  by  Dicky  Suett> 
Liston  also  played  it,  the  character  not  being  one  that 
could  be  played  by  a  woman.  Genest  says  that  Burgoyne 
took  it  from  Steele's  Kate  Matchlock  in  "The  Funeral" 

Flahaut  (fla-6'),  Comtesse  de.  See  Souza-Bo- 
telho. 

Flahaut  de  la  Billarderie  (fla-6'  d§iabe-yard- 
re'),  Comte  Auguste  Charles  de.  Bom  at 
Paris,  April  21, 1785:  died  there,  Sept.  1, 1870. 
A  French  general  and  diplomatist.  He  was  made 
general  of  brigade  and  aide-de-camp  to  Napoleon  I.  in 
1813,  and  served  with  distinction  at  the  battles  of  Leipsic, 
Hanau,  and  Waterloo.  He  was  appointed  minister  pleni- 
potentiary to  Berlin  in  1831,  and  was  ambassador  to  Vienna 
1841-48.    He  was  made  senator  in  1863. 

Flambard  (flam'biird),  Rannulf  or  Ralph. 

Died  Sept.  5,  1128.  A  Norman  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham and  justiciar,  the  chief  minister  of  William 
Rufus.  He  was  held  to  be  responsible  for  most 
of  the  iniquities  of  that  reign. 

Flamborough  (flam'bur-6).  In  Goldspith's 
"Vicar  of  Wakefield,"  the  name  of  a  larmer 
and  his  family. 

Flamborough  Head.  A  headland  on  the  coast 
of  Yorkshire,  England,  in  lat.  54°  6'  58''  N.,  long. 
0°  4'  51*  W.  (lighthouse).  It  rises  to  a  height 
of  450  feet. 

Flameng  (fla-mang'),  Francois.  Bom  at  Paris 
in  1859.  A  Preach  historical  painter,  son  of 
Leopold  Flameng  the  engraver.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Cabanel,  E.  H^douin,  and  Jean  Paul  Laurens.  His  picture 
"The  Girondins  Summoned"  took  a  prize  in  the  Salon  of 
1879. 

Flameng,  Leopold,  Born  at  Brussels,  Nov.  22, 
1831.  A  noted  French  engraver.  He  was  bom  of 
French  parents,  and  went  to  France  in  1853.  He  has  ex- 
hibited at  the  Salon  since  1869,  and  has  engraved  or  etched 
many  of  the  best  pictures  of  Rembrandt,  Murillo,  Eubens, 
Leonardo  da  Vinci,  Scheifer,  Bida,  Cabanel,  Gainsborough, 
Toulmouche,  Munkaczy,  and  others. 

Flameng,  Marie  Auguste.  Bom  at  Metz,  July 
17,1843:  died  at  Paris,  1893.  A  French  painter. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Dubufe,  MazeroUe,  Puvis  de 
Chavannes,  E.  Delaunay,  and  others. 


Flamineo 

Flamineo  (fla-min'e-6).  In  Webster's  tragedy 
"The  White  Devil,"  the  brother  of  Vittoria 
Corombona,  the  "white  devil."  He  is  an  incar- 
nation of  selfish  depravity ;  the  most  beautiful  and  poetic 
ideas  and  words  in  the  play  are  nevertheless  put  in  his 
mouth. 

Flaminia  (fla-me'ne-a).  A  province  of  Italy, 
near  the  PJaminian  Way,  in  the  division  of  the 
country  under  the  later  Roman  Empire. 

Flaminian  Way  (fla-min'i-an  wa),  or  Via  Fla- 
minia (vi'a  fla-min'i-a).  One  of  the  oldest  and 
most  famoils  highways  of  ancient  Rome,  it  ex- 
tended in  a  direct  line  from  Rome  to  Ariminum  (Rimini), 
and  was  built  by  the  censor  Caius  Flaminius  in  220  B.  0.  Its 
superintendence  was  held  to  be  so  honorable  an  office  that 
Augustus  himself  assumed  it  in  27  B.  c,  as  Julius  Geesar 
had  been  curator  of  the  Appian  Way.  Augustus  restored 
it  through  its  entire  extent,  in  commemoration  of  which 
triumphal  arches  were  erected  to  him  over  the  road  at 
Ariminum  and  at  Rome ;  the  arch  at  the  former  place  still 
exists.  Much  of  the  old  pavement  survives,  together  with 
many  tombs  by  the  roadside. 

Plamininus  (flam-i-ni'nus),  Titus  Quintius. 
Born  about  230  b.  c.  :  died  about  174  B.  c.  A 
Roman  general  and  statesman.  He  was  consul  in 
198,  defeated  Philip  V.  of  Macedon  at  Cynoscephalse  in 
197,  and  proclaimed  at  Corinth  the  freedom  of  Greece 
in  196. 

Flaminius  (fla-min'i-us).  Servant  to  Timon 
in  Shakspere's  "Timon  of  Athens." 

Flaminius,  Caius.  Died  217  b.  c.  A  Roman 
general  and  politician .  He  was  tribune  of  the  people 
In  232,  in  which  year  he  procured  the  passage  of  a  law  dis- 
tributing the  Ager  Galliciis  Picenus  among  the  plebeians. 
He  pacified  the  Insubres  while  consul  in  223,  and  while 
censor  in  220  constructed  two  celebrated  public  works 
which  bore  his  name:  the  Circus  Flaminius  and  the  Via 
Flaminia.  During  his  second  consulate  he  was  totally 
defeated  by  Hannibal  at  Lake  Trasimeue  in  217,  and  fell 
in  the  battle. 

Flaminius,  Caius.  A  Roman  general,  son  of 
Caius  Flaminius.  He  was  elected  pretor  in  193  B.  a, 
and  obtained  Hispania  Citerior  as  his  province.  After 
haying  subdued  the  Triniates  and  the  Apuani,  two  Ligu- 
rian  tribes,  he  employed  his  soldiers  in  the  construction 
of  a  military  road  from  Bononia  to  Arretium. 

Flammarion  (fla-ma-re-6n'),  Camille.  Bom 
at  Montigny-le-Roi,  Haute-Mame,  France,  Feb. 
25,  1842.  A  noted  French  astronomer.  In  1882 
he  took  charge  of  an  observatory  at  Juvisy,  near  Paris. 
He  has  written  "  La  plurality  des  mondes  habitus  "  (1862), 
'*  Les  mondes  imaginaires  et  les  mondes  r6els  "  (1864X  "  Les 
merveilles  celestes "(1865),  "Catalogue  des  ^toUes  doubles 
et  multiples  en  mouvement "  (1878),  "  Astronomic  popu- 
laire  "  (1880),  "  Lea  ^toiles,  etc.  (1881),  "  Le  monde  avant 
la  crtetion  del'homme"(1886),  "Oranie"  (1889),  etc. 

Flammock's  Rebellion.  A  rebellion  which 
broke  out  in  Cornwall,  England,under  Thomas 
Flammock  in  1497,  occasioned  by  the  impo- 
sition of  a  tax  to  defray  the  cost  of  a  Scottish 
war.  The  insurgents  marched  on  London,  but  were  de- 
feated at  Blackheath  June  17, 1497.  Their  leaders,  in- 
cluding Flammock,  were  executed  June  28. 

Flamsteed  (flam'sted),  John.  BomatDenby, 
near  Derby,  England,  Aug.  19,  1646:  died  at 
Greenwich,  Dec.  31,  1719.  A  famous  English 
astronomer,  appointed  the  first  astronomer 
royal  March  4,  1675.  He  is  especially  noted  for  the 
Importance  of  his  observations,  many  of  which  were 
turned  to  account  by  Newton.  He  became  a  bitter  en- 
emy of  Newton. 

Flamsteeds  "British  Catalogue"  is  styled  by  Baily 
'•  one  of  the  proudest  productions  of  the  Royal  Observa- 
tory at  Gieenwioh."  Its  importance  is  due  to  its  being 
the  first  collection  of  the  kind  made  with  the  telescope 
and  the  clock.  Its  value  was  necessarily  impaired  by  de- 
fective reduction,  and  Flamsteed's  neglect  of  Newton's 
advioe  to  note  the  state  of  the  barometer  and  thermome- 
ter at  the  time  of  his  observations  rendered  it  hopeless  to 
attempt  to  reduce  from  them  improved  results  by  modem 

Srocesses  of  correction.  The  catalogue  showed  besides 
efects  attributable  to  the  absence  of  the  author's  final 
revision.  Sir  William  Herschel  detected  errors  so  nu- 
merous as  to  suggest  the  need  of  an  index  to  the  original 
observations  printed  in  the  second  volume  of  the  "His- 
toria  Ccelestis."  Miss  Herschel  undertook  the  task,  and 
8ho\fyd,  by  recomputing  the  place  of  each  star,  that  Flam- 
steed  had  catalogued  ill  stars  which  he  had  never  ob- 
served, and  observed  560  which  he  had  not  catalogued 
("Phil  Trans. ,"LXXX  VII.  293).  Her  catalogue  of  these  in- 
edited  stars  was  published  by  order  ol  the  Royal  Society  in 
1798 ;  they  were  by  Baily  in  1829  arranged  in  order  of  right 
ascension,  and  identified  (all  but  seventy)  by  comparison 
with  later  catalogues  ("  Memoirs  Royal  Astr.  Soc,"  IV.  129). 

Diet.  Nat.  Bios. 

Flanders  (flan'd^rz).  [ME.  Flaunders,  Flaun- 
deres,  Flaundres,  F.  Flandre,  Gr.  Flanderen,  ML. 
Flaitdria,!). Vlaanderen, Flem. Vlaenderen,.'\  An 
ancient  country  of  Europe,  extending  along  the 
North  Sea  from  the  Strait  of  Dover  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Schelde,  and  corresponding  to  parts  of 
the  present  departments  of  Nord  and  Pas-de- 
Calais,  Prance,  the  provinces  of  Bast  and  West 
Flanders,  Belgium,  and  the  southern  part  of  the 
province  of  Zealand,  Netherlands.  It  formed  part 
of  NeustriabythepeaceofVerdun(843).  Baldwin  became 
the  first  count  of  Flanders  In  862.  Flemish  cities  became 
very  important  in  the  middle  ages,  and  the  citizens  main- 
tained a  long  struggle  against  French  influence  under 
Jacob  and  Philip  van  Artevelde  and  other  leaders.  The 
country  was  united  to  Burgundy  in  1384  through  the 


394 

marriage  of  Philip  of  Bui^undy  to  Margaret  of  Flanders. 
It  passed  in  1477  to  Austriathrough  the  marriage  of  Maxi- 
milian to  Mary  of  Burgundy.  In  1629  it  was  freed  from 
homage  to  France.  Part  of  it  passed  to  Holland  in  1648, 
and  part  was  acquired  by  France  in  1659, 1668,  1678,  and 
1713.  The  remamder  followed  the  fortunes  of  the  Aus- 
trian Netherlands,  and  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Belgium 
forms  the  provinces  of  East  and  West  Flanders. 

Flanders,  East.  A  province  of  Belgium,  bound- 
ed by  the  Netherlands  on  the  north,  Antwerp 
and  Brabant  on  the  east^  Hainaut  on  the  south, 
and  West  Flanders  on  the  west,  it  is  noted  for 
its  development  of  agriculture  and  manufactures.  Area, 
1,168  square  mUes.    Population  (1894),  970,398. 

Flanders,  French.  A  former  province  of 
France,  corresponding  generally  to  the  mod- 
em department  of  Nord. 

Flanders,  Henry.     Bom  at  Plainfield,  N.  H., 

1826.  An  American  legal  writer.  He  has  prac- 
tised law  in  Philadelphia  since  18S0.  He  has  published 
"  Lives  of  the  Chief  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States  "  (1855-58),  and  an  "  Exposition  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States  "  (I860). 

Flanders,  Moll.  See  Fortunes  of  Moll  Flanders. 

Flanders,  West.  A  province  of  Belgium, 
bounded  by  the  North  Sea  on  the  northwest, 
the  Netherlands  and  East  Flanders  on  the  east, 
Hainaut  on  the  southeast,  and  Prance  on  the 
south  and  southwest.  Area,  1,249  square  miles. 
Population  (1894),  755,349. 

Flandin  (flon-dan'),  Eugene  Napollon.  Bom 
at  Naples,  Aug.  15, 1809  :  died  1876.  A  French 
archaeologist  and  painter.  He  wrote  "  ;6tudes  sur 
la  sculpture  perse,"  "Relation  du  voyage  en  Perse" 
(1843-54),  "Monuments  de  Ninive"  (1846-60),  etc. 

Flandrin  (flon-dran' ),  Jean  Hippolyte.   Bom 

at  Lyons,  France,  March  23,  1809 :  died  at 
Rome,  March  21,  1864.  A  French  historical 
painter,  a  pupil  of  Ingres.  He  is  best  known  for 
his  decorative  paintings  in  the  churches  of  St.-Germain- 
des-Pr^s  and  St.-Vincent-de-Paul  in  Paris. 

Flandrin,  Jean  Paul.  Bom  at  Lyons,  May  8, 
1811 :  died  at  Paris,  March  9,  1902.  A  French 
landscape-painter,  brother  of  J.  H.  Flandrin. 
He  was  a  representative  of  the  school  of  French 
classical  landscape-painting. 

Flannen  (flan'en)  Islands,  or  The  Seven 
Hunters.  A  group  of  uninhabited  islets  west 
of  Lewis  in  the  Hebrides,  Scotland. 

Flash  (flash),  Captain.  In  Garriok's  play 
"Miss in  her  Teens,"  a  cowardly  braggart. 

Flash,  Sir  Fetronel.  In  Chapman,  Marston, 
and  Jonson's  comedy  "  Eastward  Hoe,"aknight 
adventurer.  He  is  eager  to  escape  from  town 
to  the  untried  land  of  Virginia. 

Flatbow.    See  Kitunahan. 

Flatbush  (flat'bush).  A  tovra  in  Kings  County, 
Long  Island,  New  York,  contiguous  to  Brook- 
lyn on  the  southeast,  it  was  the  scene  of  part  of  the 
battle  of  Long  Island,  Aug.  27, 1776.  Population  (1890), 
12,338.  Annexed  to  Brooklyn  in  1894 ;  incorporated  in  the 
city  of  New  York  1897. 

Flateyjarbok  (flat'ejr-yar-bok).  [ON.,  'book  of 
Flatey.']  An  Icelandiic  manuscript,  named  from 
the  island  Flatey  off  the  northern  coast  of  Ice- 
land, where  it  was  owned  in  the  17th  century,  it 
contains  a  collection  of  sagas  bearing  upon  the  lives  and 
times  of  the  Norwegian  kings  Olaf  Tryggvason  and  Olaf 
the  Saint :  at  the  end  are  annals  down  to  the  year  1394.  It 
is  the  most  extensive  of  Icelandic  MSS.,  and  one  of  the 
principal  sources  of  information  concerning  the  discovery 
of  America  by  the  Norsemen.  It  was  written  between  the 
years  1380  and  1395  by  two  Icelandic  priests.  In  1662  it 
came  as  a  present  from  Bishop  Brynjulf  of  Iceland  to  King 
Frederick  III.  of  Denmark.  It  is  preserved  in  the  Royal 
Library  in  Copenhagen. 

Flathead  (flat'hed)  Lake,  or  Selish  (se'lish) 
Lake.  A  lake  in  Missoula  County,  Montana, 
about  lat.  48°  N.,  long.  114°  15'  W.  its  outlet 
falls  into  Clarke's  Fork.    Length,  about  80  miles. 

Flatheads.    See  Choctaws  and  Salishan. 

Flattery  (flat'fer-i).  Cape.  A  cape  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Washington,  projecting  into  the 
Pacific  Ocean  in  lat.  48°  23'  20'  N.,  long.  124° 
44'  30"  W.  (lighthouse). 

Flaubert  (flo-bar'),  Gustavo.  Born  at  Rouen, 
Dec.  12,  1821 :  died  at  Ooisset,  near  Eouen, 
May  8,  1880.  A  French  writer  and  novelist. 
He  is  regarded  as  the  master  of  naturalism.  He  traveled 
in  Brittany,  Greece,  Syria,  Egypt,  etc.,  and  undertook  to 
relate  his  travels,  but  went  no  further  than  an  opening 
paper  entitled  "A  bord  de  la  Cange."  In  1857  he  pub- 
lished in  "La  Revpe  de  Paris"  the  novel  "Madame  Bo- 
vary,  "  and  in  "  L'Artiste  "  "  La  tentation  de  Saint  Antoine." 
■The  'former  gave  rise  to  considerable  litigation,  Flaubert 
being  ultimately  cleared  of  a  charge  of  immorality  in  liter- 
ature In  1858  he  visited  the  site  of  ancient  Carthage, 
and  in  1862  published  "Sal&mmbo."  This  was  followed 
in  1869  by  "  L'Education  sentimentale,  roman  d'un  jeune 
homme,"  and  in  1877  by  "  Trois  contes."  Flaubert's  plays, 
"  Le  Candidat "  and  "Le  ch&teau  des  fleurs,"  were  failures : 
they  were  published  after  his  death  in  "  La  Vie  Modeme" 
(1885).  His  other  posthumous  publications  are  "Bonvard 
et  P6cuchet"(in  "La  Revue  Politique  et  Litt^raire"), 
"Lettrcs  b.  George  Sand"  (1884),  "Paries  champs  et  par 
les  graves,"  reminiscences  of  Brittany  in  "  Le  Gaulois,"  an 
essay  on  Rabelais,  a  voluminous  correspondence,  etc. 


Flaxman 

Flauto  Magico,  II.    See  Zauherflote. 

Flavel  (flav'el),  John.  Bom  at  Bromsgrove, 
Worcestershire,  England,  about  1630 :  died  at 
Exeter,  June  26, 1691.  An  English  Presbyterian 
clergyman  and  devotional  writer.  His  best- 
known  work  is  "Husbandry  Spiritualized" 
(1669). 

Fla'vian  (fla'vi-an),  L.  Flairtanus  (fla-vi-a'nus), 
ofAntioch.  1. "Died  404  a.  d.  Bishop  of  Antioch 
381-404.  He  was  appointed  by  the  Synod  of  Constanti. 
nople,  which  was  composed  exclusively  of  Oriental  bishops, 
to  succeed  Meletius.  This  action  perpetuated  the  schism 
which  at  the  time  divided  the  orthodox  church  at  Antioch, 
as  the  bishops  of  Egypt  and  the  West  refused  to  withdraw 
their  support  from  Paulinus,  bishop  of  the  opposite  faction. 
2.  Died  at  Petra,  Arabia,  518.  Bishop  of  Anti- 
och 498-512.  He  was  deposed  by  the  emperor  Anasta- 
sius  through  the  machinations  of  the  Monophysite  Xenias, 
bishop  of  Hierapolis,  who  intimidated  him  into  anath^a- 
tizing  the  decrees  of  the  orthodox  council  held  at  Chalce- 
don  in  461. 

Flavian  of  Constantinople.  Died  at  Hypepe, 
Lydia,  Aug.  11, 449.  Bishop  of  Constantinople 
from  about  447  to  449.  He  procured  the  excom- 
munication of  the  heretic  Eutyches  at  a  synod  held  at 
Constantinople  in  448,  but  was  himself  deposed  and  ex- 
communicated by  the  Eutychian  party  at  the  synod 
known  as  the  Robber  Synod,  held  at  Ephesus  in  449.  He 
died  a  few  days  after,  in  consequence,  it  is  said,  of  bodily 
injuries  sustained  at  the  synod.  He  was  canonized  by  the 
Council  of  Chalcedon  in  451. 

Flavian  Emperors,  or  Flavian  Caesars.  The 
Roman  emperors  Vespasian  and  his  sons  Titus 
and  Domitian,  who  belonged  to  the  house  of 
Flavins. 

The  Flavian  Emperors  ought,  perhaps,  hardly  to  be 
classed  together,  so  little  was  there  in  common  between 
the  just,  if  somewhat  hard,  rule  of  Vespasian,  or  the  two 
years'  beneficent  sway  of  Titus,  "the  delight  of  the  human 
race,"  and  the  miserable  tyranny  of  DQmitian.  But  the 
stupendous  Colosseum,  the  Arch  of  Titus,  and  the  Amphi- 
theatre at  Verona  serve  as  an  architectural  landmark  to  fix 
the  Flavian  period  in  the  memory;  and  one  other  charac- 
teristic was  necessarily  shared  by  the  whole  family,  the 
humble  origin  from  which  they  sprang.  After  the  high- 
born Julii  and  Claudii,  the  descendants  of  pontiffs  and 
censors,  noblemen  delicate  and  fastidious  through  all 
their  wild  debauch  of  blood,  came  these  sturdy  sons  of 
the  commonalty  to  robe  themselves  in  the  imperial  purple ; 
and  this  unforgotten  lowness  of  their  ancestry,  while  it 
gave  a  touch  of  meanness  to  the  close  and  frugal  govern- 
ment of  Vespasian,  evidently  intensified  the  delight  of 
Domitian  in  setting  his  plebeian  feet  on  the  necks  of  all 
that  was  left  of  refined  ur  aristocratic  in  Rome. 

Hodgkin^  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  6. 

All  the  more  strange  does  it  seem,  when  we  consider 
the  humble  extraction  of  these  Emperors,  that  their  name 
should  have  remained  for  centuries  the  favorite  title  of 
Emperors  no  way  allied  to  them  in  blood,  a  Claudius 
(Gothicus),  a  Constantine,^  a  Theodosius,  and  many  more 
having  prefixed  the  once  ignoble  name  of  Flavins  to  their 
own.  And  hence,  by  a  natural  process  of  imitation,  the 
barbarian  mlers  who  settled  themselves  within  the  limits 
of  the  Roman  Empire  in  the  4th  and  5th  centuries.  Bur* 
gundian,  Lombai'd,  Visigoth,  adopted  the  same  mysteri- 
ously majestic  fore-name,  unconsciously,  as  we  must  sup- 
pose, selecting  the  very  epithet  which  best  described  their 
own  personal  appearance,  yellow-haired  sons  of  the  north 
as  they  were,  among  the  dark-colored  Mediterranean 
populations.  Hodgkin^  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  7. 

Flavigny  (fla-ven-ye'),  Val6rien.  Bom  near 
Laon,  France:  died  at  Paris,  April  29, 1674.  A 
noted  French  Orientalist,  professor  of  Hebrew 
in  the  College  of  France. 

Flavins  (fla'vi-us).  l.  In  Shakspere's  "  Julius 
CsBsar,"  a  Roman  tribune. —  2.  In  Shakspere's 
"Timon  of  Athens,"  the  faithful  steward  of 
Timon. 

Flavius,  Cneius.  An  early  writer  on  Roman 
law.  He  was  the  son  of  a  freedman,  and  became  secre- 
tary to  Appius  Claudius  Csecus.  He  obtained  possession 
of  the  forms  and  technicalities  pertaining  to  the  law  of 
practice,  the  knowledge  of  which  was  confined  to  the  pa- 
tricians and  pontiffs,  and  published  them  in  a  collection 
known  as  the  "Jus  Flavianum."  He  was  afterward  made  a 
senator  by  Appius  Claudius,  and  was  elected  curule  edile 
in  303  B.  0.    Also  called  Caius  and  Annivs. 

Flaw  (fla).  In  Foote's  comedy  "  The  Cozeners,'' 
one  of  the  cozeners  or  cheats. 

Flaxman  (flaks'man),  John.  Bom  at  York, 
England,  July  6,  1755:  died  at  London,  Dec.  7, 
1826.  A  famous  sculptor  and  draftsman.  His 
father  was  a  molder,  and  kept  a  shop  in  Covent  Garden  for 
the  sale  of  plaster  images.  By  his  own  efforts  he  learned 
enough  Greek  and  Latin  to  read  the  poets.  At  fifteen 
he  entered  the  Royal  Academy.  In  1770  he  exhibited  a 
figure  of  Neptune  in  wax.  In  Aug.,  1787,  he  went  to  Italy 
for  seven  years.  During  this  period  were  made  the  illus- 
trations of  the  Odyssey,  and  to  .^schylus  and  Dante.  Ha 
was  elected  associate  of  thcRoyal  Academyin  1797, and  full 
member  in  1800.  From  this  time  until  the  end  of  his  life 
he  executed  many  works,  among  which  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  is  the  Shield  of  Achilles  from  the  description 
of  Homer.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  sculpture  at  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1810. 

Nature,  so  prodigal  to  the  English  race  in  men  of  genius 
untutored,  singular,  and  solitary,  has  given  us  but  few 
seers  who,  in  the  quality  of  proliflo  fivention,  can  be 
compared  with  Flaxman.  For  pure  conoeptive  faculty, 
controlled  by  unerring  sense  of  beauty,  we  have  to  think 
of  Pheidias  or  Raphael  before  we  find  liis  equal. 

Symonds,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  1. 177. 


Fleance 

Fleance  (fle'ans).  In  Shakspere's  "Macbeth," 
the  son  of  Banquo.    See  Banquo. 

Flecne  (flash),  La.  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Sarthe,  France,  on  the  Loir  29  miles  north- 
east of  Angers.  It  has  a  noted  military  college. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  10,249. 

Fl(§chier  (fla-shya'),  Esprit.  Bom  at  Femes, 
Vauoluse,  Prance,  June  10, 1632 :  died  at  Mont- 
pellier,  Prance,  Peb.  16, 1710.  A  Prench  pulpit 
orator,  made  bishop  of  Nimes  in  1687.  He  is 
noted  especially  for  his  funeral  orations.  His  complete 
works  were  published  in  1782. 

Flecknoe  (flek'no),  Richard.  Bom  apparently 
in  Ireland :  died  about  1678.  A  British  poet  and 
playwright  of  slight  merit.  He  furnished  Dryden 
with  the  name  "MaoFlecknoe,"  under  which  he  satirized 
Shadwell. 

Fleece'em  (fles'm),  Mrs.  In  Foote's  play  "  The 
Cozeners,"  a  cheat  and  confederate  of  Flaw. 

Mrs.  Grieve,  the  woman  who  had  extorted  money  on 
pledge  of  procuring  government  appointments,  and  who 
had  not  only  deceived  Charles  Fox,  by  pretending  to  be 
able  to  marry  him  to  an  heiress,  but  had  lent  him  money 
rather  than  miss  his  chariot  from  her  door,  was  fair  game, 
and  was  well  exposed,  in  Mrs.  £leecem. 

Doran,  Ehg.  Stage,  II.  126. 

Flee  from  the  Press.  A  short  poem  by  Chaucer, 
printed  before  the  folio  of  1532.    it  is  sometimes 
known  as  "Truth,"  "Balade  de  hone  Conseyl,"  "Good 
Counsel  of  Chaucer  "(Shirley),  and  "Balade  that  Chancier 
made  on  his Deeth-hedde"(" probably  a  mere  bad  guess," 
Skeat). 
Fleet  Prison,  The.    An  old  London  prison,  for- 
merly standing  on  the  east  side  of  the  Fleet 
brook,  where  it  now  runs  under  Farringdon 
street,    it  was  nearly  eight  hundred  years  old  when  it 
was  destroyed  in  1846.    It  was  called  the  "  gaol  of  the 
Fleet "  in  the  time  of  Kichard  I. ,  and  was  a  debtors'  prison 
as  early  as  1290.    It  was  used  also  as  a  state  prison  for 
Teligious  and  political  offenders  till  1641,  when  it  was  re- 
served entirely  for  debtors.    It  was  burned  by  Wat  Ty- 
ler's men  in  1381.    In  1666  it  was  burned  in  the  Great  Fire, 
and  again  in  1780  by  rioters.    In  the  17th  and  early  part 
of  the  18th  century  persons  wishing  to  be  married  secretly 
came  within  the  rules  of  the  Fleet,  where  degraded  clergy- 
men were  easily  found,  among  the  debtors,  to  perform  the 
ceremony.    This  was  stopped  by  act  of  Parliament  in 
1764.    Attention  was  called  to  the  outrageous  treatment 
of  the  prisoners  in  1726,  when  the  warden  was  tried  for 
murder. 
Fleet  street.    A  London  street  running  from 
Ludgate  Circus  to  the  Strand  and  the  West 
Bnd.    It  ia  named  from  the  Fleet  brook.    In  the  early 
chronicles  of  London  many  allusions  are  made  to  the 
deeds  of  violence  done  in  this  street.    The  London  pren- 
tices waged  war  against  young  students  in  the  Inns  of 
Court,  etc.    By  the  time  of  Elizabeth  the  street  had  be- 
come a  favorite  spot  for  shows  of  all  descriptions:  "pup- 
pet-shows and  monsters  "  are  frequently  alluded  to.    It  is 
now  one  of  the  busiest  streets  of  London. 
Fleet,  The.    [Early  mod.  E.  and  ME.  Flete,  the 
stream.]    A  tidal  stream  which  flowed  by  the 
western  wall  of  old  London  City.  The  creek  took  its 
rise  in  the  clay  beds eastof  the Hampstead  Hills.  AtBatlle 
Bridge,  near  ICing's  Cross,  it  entered  a  deep  valley  between 
high  clay  banks,  from  which  it  did  not  emerge  until  it 
reached  the  river.    In  Roman  times  the  only  road  from  the 
city  westward  crossed  the  Fleet  by  a  bridge  from  Snow  Hill, 
Newgate,  to  Holborn  Hill  (High  Holbom).    Later  another 
was  made  opposite  Ludgate,  and  this  crossing  was  called 
Fleet  Bridge.    The  road  which  led  to  it  was  called  Fleet 
street  (which  see).   The  tidal  portion  of  the  Fleet  was  navi- 
gable in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.    The  brook  is  now  a  main 
sewer  of  London,  and  empties  into  the  Thames  at  Black- 
friars  Bridge.   The  allusion  to  the  Fleet  ditch  in  the  liter- 
ature of  the  16th  and  17th  centuries  is  accounted  for  by  the 
fact  that  the  water  from  the  bed  of  the  brook  or  river 
having  been  diverted  from  its  course,  the  offal,  etc.,  thrown 
into  it  was  not  carried  off,  and  became  a  nuisance. 
Fleetwood  (flet'wud).    A  seaport  and  water- 
ing-place in  Lancashire,  England,  situated  on 
Morecambe  Bay  36  miles  due  north  of  Liver- 
pool.   Population  (1891),  9,274. 
Fleetwood,  Charles.    Died  1692.    An  English 
Parliamentary  general,  lord  deputy  of  Ireland 
1654-55.    He  married  Bridget  Ireton,  daughter  o£  Oli- 
ver Cromwell  and  widow  of  Henry  Ireton,  in  1652. 
Fleetwood,  William.     Bom  at  London,  Jan. 
1, 1656 :  died  at  Tottenham,  near  London,  Aug. 
4, 1723.    An  English  bishop  (of  St.  Asaph  1708, 
and  of  Ely  1714)  and  pulpit  orator. 
Flegel  (hd'gel),  Robert.    Born  at  WJna,  Ger- 
many, Oct.,  1855:  died  at  Brass,  West  Africa, 
Sept.  11, 1886.    An  African  explorer,   in  1875  he 
went  to  Lagos  as  clerk  in  aGerman  trading  factory.  When 
an  EngUsh  expedition  went  up  the  Niger  and  Binue  riv- 
ers, he  accompanied  it  in  the  Henry  Venn,  and  took  a 
survey  of  both  rivers.    The  German- Afncan  Association 
commissioned  him  to  explore  Sokoto  and  Nupe  m  1880. 
He  proceeded  overland  to  Loko,  on  the  Binae;  reached 
Yol^the  capital  of  Adamawa,  in  1882 ;  and  discovered  the 
Ngaundere  source  of  the  Binue.    In  1883  he  revisited  Ada- 
mlwa,  but  failed  in  his  attempt  to  reach  the  Kongo  by 
that  route.    On  his  return  t»  Germany  m  1884,  he  urged 
the  occupation  of  the  Binue  basin  by  Gennan  commerce 
and  autliority.    With  imperial  support  he  undertook  a 
thSd  expedition  to  Adamaw^but  the  Koy^  Niger  Com- 
pany  frustrated  his  efforts.    He  was  recalled,  and  died  at 
Brass,  In  1886.  ,    .  ,  ,    .      ^i,       a  i         c 

F16g6re  (fla-jSr')-    A  height  m  the  Alps  of 


395 

Mont  Blanc,  northeast  of  Chamonix,  celebrated 
for  its  view.  Height,  5,925  feet. 
Fleischer  (M'sher),Heiiirich  Leberecht.  Bom 
at  Schandau,  Saxony,  Feb.  21,  1801:  died  at 
Leipsio,  Feb.  10,  1888.  A  noted  German  Ori- 
entalist, professor  of  Oriental  languages  at 
Leipsio  from  1835.  He  published  editions  of  Abul- 
fedas  "Historia  ante-islamica"  (1831),  Beidhawi's  com- 
mentary on  the  Koran  (1844-48), "  Grammatik  der  lebenden 
persischen  Spraohe  "  (founded  on  the  grammar  of  Moham- 
med Ibrahim ;  2d  ed.  1875),  etc. 

Fleming  (flem'ing),  John.  Born  near  Bath- 
gate, Jan.  10, 1785:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  18, 
1857.  A  Scottish  clergyman  and  naturalist. 
He  was  professor  of  natural  philosophy  in  Aberdeen  Uni- 
versity 1834-43,  and  of  natural  science  in  the  Free  Church 
College,  Edinburgh,  from  1846.  He  wrote  "Philosophy 
ot  Zoology"  (1822),  "The  Temperature  of  the  Seasons" 
(1861),  and  many  scientific  papers. 

Fleming,  Lady  May.  In  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
novel  "The  Abbot, "  a  maid  of  honor  to  Mary 
Queen  of  Scotland,  imprisoned  with  her  at 
Lochleven. 

Fleming,  Margaret,  Bom  Jan.  15, 1803:  died 
Dec.  19,  1811.  The  daughter  of  James  Flem- 
ing of  Kirkcaldy,  Scotland,  she  was  the  pet  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  and  was  a  remarkably  precocious  child. 
Her  diary  and  poems  are  exceedingly  quaint.  Her  life 
was  written  by  Dr.  John  Brown :  "Pet  Marjorie  :  a  Story 
of  ChUd  Life  Fifty  Years  Ago  "  (1858). 

Fleming.  Paul.  Bom  at  Hartenstein,  Saxony, 
Oct.  5,  1609 :  died  at  Hamburg,  April  2,  1640. 
A  German  poet.  He  studied  medicine  at  Leipsio.  The 
Thirty  Years'  War  drove  him  to  Holstein,  where  he  soon 
joined  an  embassy  of  the  Duke  of  Schleawig-Holstein  to 
Moscow,  and  afterward  (1636)  another  to  Ispahan.  He  was 
above  all  a  lyric  poet,  and  wrote  both  in  German  and  in 
Latin.  Among  his  poems  is  the  well-known  hymn  "In 
alien  meinen  Thaten."  His  collected  works,  which  are  both 
secular  and  religious  in  character,  were  published  after 
his  death  under  the  title  "  Teutsche  Poemata  "  (1646). 

Fleming,  Paul.  The  principal  character  in 
Longfellow's  prose  romance  "Hyperion." 

Fleming,  or  Flemmynge,  Richard.  Bom  at 
Crofton, Yorkshire :  med  at  Sleaford,  Jan.,  1431. 
An  English  prelate.  He  was  bishop  of  Lincoln 
1419,  and  founder  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford, 
1427. 

Fleming,  Rose.  In  Dickens's  "  Oliver  Twist," 
a  gentle  girl  who  marries  Harry  Maylie. 

Flemings  (flem'ingz).  The  natives  of  Flanders, 
an  ancient  countship  now  divided  between  Bel- 
gium, Prance,  and  the  Netherlands ;  specifically 
the  members  of  the  Flemish  race,  nearly  allied 
to  the  Dutch  both  in  blood  and  in  language. 

Flemish  (flem'ish).  The  language  spoken  by 
the  Flemings.  The  Flemish  language  is  a  form  of 
that  Low  German  of  which  the  Dutch  is  a  type.  The  chief 
external  difference  between  Dutch  and  Flemish  is  in  the 
spelling — the  spelling  of  Dutch  having  been  reformed  and 
simplified  in  the  present  century,  while  Flemish  retains  in 
great  part  the  archaic  features  of  16th-century  spelling. 

Flensburg(flens'borG),  Dan.  Flensborg  (flens'- 
bora).  A  seaport  and  commercial  town  in  the 
province  of  Sehleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  on  the 
Plensburg  Fjord,  situated  in  lat.  54°  47'  N., 
long.  9°  26'  E.    Population  (1890),  36,444. 

Flers  (flar).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Ome, 
Prance,  situated  in  lat.  48°  44'  N.,  long.  0°  35' 
W.  It  has  cotton  manufactures.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  13,860. 

Fleshly  School,  The.  A  name  given  to  a  num- 
ber of  English  poets  —  Swinburne,  Morris,  Eos- 
setti,  and  others — by  E.  W.  Buchanan  in  the 
"  Contemporary  Eeview." 

Flestrin  (fles'trin),  Quinbus.  The  Man-Moun- 
tain: the  name  which  the  Lilliputians  gave  to 
Gulliver. 

Fleta  (fle'ta).  An  anonymous  Latin  book  on 
English  law,  written  about  1290.  From  a  statement 
in  the  one  extant  manuscript,  that  "this  book  may  well  be 
called  Fleta  because  it  is  written  in  Fleta,"  it  is  inferred 
that  it  was  written  by  a  prisoner  in  the  Fleet. 

Fletcher  (flech'er),  Andrew,  of  Saltoun.  [The 
surname  Fletcher  means  '  arrow-maker.']  Bom 
at  Saltoun,  Haddingtonshire,  1655 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.,  1716.  ASoottish  politician  and  politi- 
cal writer.  He  was  a  prominent  member  of  the 
Scottish  Parliament  under  Charles  11.  and  Wil- 
liam III. 

Fletcher,  Giles.  Born  at  Watford,  Hertford- 
shire, about  1549:  died  at  London,  March, 
1611.  An  English  civilian  and  poet,  father  of 
Giles  (the  younger)  and  Phineas  Fletcher.  He 
was  graduated  at  King's  College,  Cambridge,  of  which  he 
became  a  fellow  in  1668.  In  1588  he  was  sent  as  ambassa- 
dor to  Sussia,  and  published  an  account  of  that  country  in 
1691,  which  was  suppressed.  It  was  called  "  Of  the  Russe 
Common  Wealth,  etc. "  It  was  abridged,  and  passages  were 
suppressed  by  Hakluy t  and  Purchas,  and  reprinted  as  " The 
History  of  Russia,  etc."  (1643),  and  also,  with  the  original 
title,  for  the  Hakluyt  Society  (1866).  He  also  wrote  "Licia : 
Poems  of  Love,  etc."  (1693),  etc. 

Fletcher,  Giles  (the  younger).     Bom  1588  (?) : 


Fletcher,  Phineas 

died  1623.  An  English  poet,  younger  son  of 
Giles  Fletcher.  He  wrote  'Christ's  Vietorie, 
etc."  (1610),  etc. 

Fletcher,  James  Oooley,  Bom  at  Indianapolis, 
1823.  An  American  missionary  and  author. 
From  1851  to  1866  he  made  several  extended  Journeys  in 
Brazil  as  a  missionary,  and  for  a  time  he  acted  as  secretary 
of  the  United  States  legation  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  His  "Brazil 
and  the  Brazilians"  was  first  published  with  the  jointnames 
of  D.  P.  Kidder  and  J.  C.  Fletcher,  and  was  founded  on  the 
' '  Sketches  in  Brazil "  of  the  former  author :  later  editions 
bear  only  Fletcher's  name.  He  was  United  States  consul 
at  Oporto  1869-73,  and  subsequently  missionary  to  Naples. 
Since  1877  he  has  resided  at  Indianapolis. 

Fletcher,  John.  Born  at  Eye,  Sussex,  England, 
Dec,  1579:  died  at  London,  Aug.,  1625.  An 
English  dramatist  and  poet.  He  was  the  intunate 
friend  and  literary  partner  of  Francis  Beaumont.  They 
wrote  together  from  about  1606  till  1616,  living  together 
for  a  part  of  that  time. 

The  stage  tradition  that  Beaumont  was  superior  in  judg- 
ment to  Fletcher  is  supported  by  sound  criticism.  In  the 
most  important  plays  that  they  wrote  together  Beaumont's 
share  outweighs  Fletcher's,  both  in  quantity  and  in  qual- 
ity. Beaumont  had  the  firmer  hand  and  statelier  manner : 
his  diction  was  more  solid ;  there  was  a  richer  music  in  his 
verse.  Fletcher  excelled  as  a  master  ot  brilliant  dialogue 
and  sprightly  repartee.  In  the  management  of  his  plots 
and  in  the  development  of  his  characters  he  was  careless 
and  inconsistent.  But  in  his  comedies  the  unceasing  live- 
liness and  bustle  atone  for  structural  defects ;  and  in  tra- 
gedy his  copious  command  of  splendid  declamation  recon- 
ciles us  to  the  absence  of  rarer  qualities.    A.  H,  Bvllen, 

To  Fletcher  alone  may  be  assigned  the  plays  "The  Faith- 
ful Shepherdess"  (printed  about  1609),  "Wit  Without 
Money  "  (played  not  earlier  than  1614,  printed  1639),  "  Bon. 
duca"  and  "Valentinian"  (played  before  1619,  printed 
1647),  "  The  Loyal  Subject "  (licensed  1618,  printed  ie47X 
"  The  Mad  Lover  "  (played  before  1619,  printed  1647),  "  The 
Humorous  Lieutenant "  (probably  played  later  than  1619, 
printed  1647),  "Women  Pleased"  (probably  played  about 
1620,  printed  1647),  "  The  Island  Princess  "  and  "  The  Pil- 
grim  "  (presented  at  court  1621,  printed  1647),  "The  Wild- 
goose  Chase  " (presentedat  court  1621,  printed  1662),  "  Mon- 
sieur Thomas'  (printed  1639),  "The  Woman's  Prize  "(played 
before  1633),  "A  Wife  for  a  MoDth"  (played  before  1624, 
printed  1647),  "  Rule  a  Wife  and  have  a  Wife  "  (played  in 
1624,  printed  1640),  "  The  Chances  "  (played  before  1625, 
printed  1647).  To  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  "The  Woman 
Hater"  (licensed  and  printed  1607),  "The  Scornful  Lady  " 
(played  probably  1609,  printed  1616)^  "The  Maid's  Tragedy  " 
(played  not  later  than  1611,  printed  1619),  "Philaster" 
ftilayed  not  later  than  1611,  printed  1620),  "  A  King  and  No 
King  "  (licensed  1611,  printed  1619),  "  Four  Plays  in  One  " 
(played  as  early  as  1608  (Fleay),  printed  1647),  "The  Knight 
of  the  Burning  Pestle"  (written  probably  before  1611, 
printed  1613),  "  Cupid's  Revenge  "  (printed  in  1615 :  Fleay 
thinks  Field  assisted),  "The  Coxcomb"  (played  in  1613  or 
earlier,  printed  1647).  To  Fletcher  and  Massinger  and 
others,  "  The  Honest  Man's  Fortune  "  (played  1613,  printed 
1647:  Field  perhaps  assisted),  "The  Knight  of  Malta" 
(played  before  1619,  printed  before  1647),  "Thierry  and 
Theodoret"  (written  probably  about  1616,  printed  1621: 
some  other  author  is  thought  to  have  assisted),  "The  Queen 
of  Corinth  "  (played  before  1619,  printed  1647 :  Middleton 
and  Rowley  appear  to  have  written  some  of  it),  "Sir  John 
Van  Olden  Earnavelt "  (played  in  1619,  printed  by  BuUen 
in  his  "Collection  of  Old  English  Plays  "in  1882),  "The 
Little  French  Lawyer  "  (written  about  1620,  printed  164^, 
"  A  Very  Woman  "  (played  probably  1621,  printed  in  1666X 
"  The  Custom  of  the  Country  "  (mentioned  in  1628  as  an  old 
play,  printed  1647),  "The  Double  Marriage"  and  "The 
False  One"  (written  about  1620,  printed  1647),  "Beggar's 
Bush  "  (played  1622,  printed  1647),  "  The  Prophetess  "  and 
"The  Sea  Voyage"  (licensed  1622,  printed  1647),  "The 
Elder  Brother"  (printed  1637),  "The  Lovers'  Progress" 
(printed  1647),"The  Spanish  Curate"(licensed  1622,  printed 
1647),  "Love's  Pilgrimage  "(printed  1647:  probably  nearly 
all  by  Fletcher),  "  The  Nice  Valor,  or  The  Passionate  Mad- 
Man"  (perhaps  written  before  1624,  printed  1647:  Fleay 
thinks  Middleton  rewrote  much  of  it), "  The  Laws  of  Candy" 
(printed  1647:  largely  by  Massinger),"  The  Fair  Maid  of  the 
Inn  "  (licensed  1626,  printed  1647:  with  Rowley), '"The  Two 
Noble  Kinsmen  "  (printed  1634,  as  by  Fletcher  and  Shak- 
spere).  Doubtful  plays, "  The  Captain  "(written  before  1618, 
printed  1647:  Fletcher  had  assistance,  probably  either 
Jonson  or  Middleton),  "Wit  at  Several  Weapons"  (played 
about  1614,  printed  1647 :  shows  traces  of  Middleton  and 
Rowley),  "The  Bloody  Brother  "  (printed  probably  1639 : 
perhaps  written  by  Fletcher  and  Jonson  and  revised  by 
Massinger),  "Love's  Cure "  (written  probably  about  1623, 
printed  1647 :  probably  by  Massinger  and  Middleton  (Bul- 


len),  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  altered  by'Massinger  (Fleay)), 
"The  Maid  in  the  Mill  "(played  in  1623:  with  Rowley), 
"The  Night- Walker,  or  The  Little  Thief"  (played  1634, 
printed  in  1640  as  by  Fletcher:  probably  an  alteration  by 
Shirley  of  an  older  play),  "  The  Coronation  "  (printed  in 
1640  as  by  Fletcher,  licensed  in  1635  by  Shirley  who  claimed 
it)."  The  Noble  Gentleman  "  Oicensed  1626,  printed  1647: 
Fletcher  is  thought  to  have  had  no  hand  in  it,  or  in  "  Faith- 
ful Friends  "),  "  The  Widow  "  (written  about  1616,  printed 
1652 :  thought  by  Bullen  to  be  probably  wholly  by  Middle- 
ton).    {Diet.  Nat.  Biog.)    See  BeaumonJt. 

Fletcher  (originally  De  la  Flechfere),  John 
William.  Bom  at  Nvon,  Switzerland,  Sept. 
12,  1729:  died  at  Madeley,  England,  Aug.  14, 
1785.  An  English  clergyman  and  writer.  Fletcher 
of  Madeley  was  a  contemporary  and  fellow-laborer  of  John 
Wesley,  and  was  a  man  of  remarkable  personal  infiuence 
from  his  saintly  life,  his  earnest  preaching,  and  Ms  devoted 
pastoral  work. 

Fletcher,  Phineas.  Bom  at  Cranbrook,  Kent, 
England,  April,  1582:  died  about  1650.  An 
English  poet,  son  of  Giles  Fletcher.  His  chief 
works  are  "Sicelides,"  a  pastoral  play  (1614,  printed  1631): 
"The  Purple  Island,  or  the  Isle  of  Man,  together  with  Pis- 
catory Eclogs  and  other  Poetical  Miscellanies  "  (1633) ;  etc. 


Fleuranges 

Fleuranges  (fle-ronzh'),  Seigneur  de  (Robert 
de  la  Marck).  Bom  at  Sedan,  France,  1491: 
died  at  Longjumeau,  near  Paris,  Deo.,  1537.  A 
French  marshal  and  historian.  He  wrote  ' '  His- 
toire  des  choses  m^morables  depuis  1499  iusqu'- 
en  I'an  1521,"  etc. 

Fleur  d'^^ine  (flfer  da-pen').  A  story  by  Count 
Antony  Hamilton.  Itis  a  burlesque  on  the  pop- 
ular taste  of  the  time  for  Oriental  fiction. 

Fleur  et  Blanclieflenr.  See  Flore  et  Blanche- 
flew. 

Fleurus  (flS-rtis').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hainant,  Belgium,  15  miles  west  of  Namur.  it 
is  noted  for  three  battles :  here  Duke  Christian  of  Bruns- 
wick and  Count  Mansfeld  defeated  the  Spaniards,  Aug.  29, 
1622 ;  the  French  under  Luxembourg  defeated  the  Allies 
under  the  Prince  of  Waldeck,  July  1,  1690;  and  the 
French  under  Jourdan  defeated  the  Austrians  under  Co- 
burg,  June  26, 1794.  The  battle  of  Ligny  (June  16, 1816)  was 
also  fought  in  the  neighborhood.    Population  (1891),  6,372. 

Fleury  (fle-re'),  Andr^  Hercule  de.    Bom  at 

Lod^ve,  H6rault,  France,  June  22,  1653:  died 
at  Issy,  near  Paris,  Jan.  29,  1743.  A  French 
statesman  and  prelate .  He  became  a  member  of  the 
council  in  1723  and  cardinal  in  1726,  and  was  prime  minis- 
ter 1726-43. 

Fleury,  Claude,  Bom  at  Paris,  Dee.  6,  1640: 
died  there,  July  14, 1723.  A  noted  French  ee- 
olesiastie  and  historian.  His  chief  work  is 
"Histoire  eccl6siastique"  (1691-1720). 

Fleury,  £mile  F611z.  Bom  at  Paris,  Deo.  23, 
1815 :  died  there,  Deo.  11, 1884.  A  French  gen- 
eral and  diplomatist. 

Flibbertigibbet  (flib"er-ti-jib'et).  1.  A  fiend 
named  by  Edgar  in  Shakspere's  "King  Lear." 
—  2.  A  name  given  to  Dickon  Sludge,  a  char- 
acter in  Scott's  novel  "  Kenilworth." 

Fliedner  (fled'ner),  Theodor.  Born  at  Epstein, 
Nassau,  Prussia,  Jan.  21, 1800 :  died  at  Kaisers- 
werth,  near  Dtisseldorf,  Prussia,  Oct.  4, 1864.  A 
(xerman  Protestant  clergyman  and  philanthro- 
pist. He  founded  the  institution  of  deaconesses 
at  Kaiserswerth  in  1836. 

Fliegende  Hollander  (fle'gen-de  hol'len-der), 
Der.  ['  The  Flying  Dutchman.']  An  opera  by- 
Wagner,  produced  in  Dresden  Jan.  2, 1843.  The 
libretto  is  by  Wagner  himself,  with  some  sug- 
gestions from  Heine. 

^ight  into  Egypt,  The.  A  painting  by  Murillo 
(about  1648),  in  the  collection  of  the  Duchesse  de 
Galliera,  Paris.  The  virgin,  mounted  on  an  ass  and 
facing  the  spectator,  looks  down  at  the  sleeping  Child, 
whom  she  holds  in  her  lap. 

Flimnap  (flim'nap).  The  Lilliputian  premier  in 
Swift's ' '  Voyage  to  Lilliput."  He  was  designed 
as  a  satire  on  Sir  Robert  Walpole-. 

Flinck  (flink),  Govaert.  Bom  at  Cleves,  Prus- 
sia, Jan.  25,  1615:  died  at  Amsterdam,  Deo.  2, 
1660.     A  Dutch  painter,  a  pupil  of  Rembrandt. 

Flinders  (flin'dSrz),  Matthew.  Bom  at  Don- 
ington,  Lincolnshire,  March  16,  1774:  died  at 
London,  July  19,  1814.  An  English  navigator. 
He  explored  the  coast  of  Australia  (1801-03),  and  published 
"Voyage  to  Terra  Australis"  (1814). 

Flinders  Range.  A  range  of  mountains  in 
South  Australia,  north  of  Spencer  Gulf. 

Flint  (flint).  1.  A  maritime  county  of  Wales. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  north,  Cheshire  on 
the  east,  and  Denbigh  on  the  south  and  west,  and  is  the 
smallest  of  the  Welsh  counties.  Area,  256  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  77,277. 

2.  A  seaport,  capital  of  Flint  County,  on  the 
Dee  estuary  13  miles  southwest  of  Liverpool. 
Population  (1891),  5,247. 

Flint.  A  river  in  western  (Jeorgia,  uniting  at 
the  southwestern  extremity  of  the  State  with 
the  (Chattahoochee  to  form  the  Appalachioola. 
Length,  about  400  miles.  It  is  navigable  to 
Albany. 

Flint.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Genesee  County, 
Michigan,  56  miles  northwest  of  Detroit.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  13,103. 

Flint,  Austin.  Bom  at  Petersham,  Mass.,  Oct. 
20, 1812 :  died  at  New  York,  March  13, 1886.  An 
American  physician  and  medical  writer.  Hewas 
graduated  in  the  medical  department  of  Harvard  College 
in  1833,  settled  at  New  York  in  1869,  and  was  president 
of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine  1872-86,  and  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  in  1884.  Among  his  works 
are  "A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Diagnosis,  Pathology,  and 
Treatment  of  Diseases  of  the  Heart"  (1869),  "A  Treatise  on 
the  Principtes  and  Practice  of  Medicine  "  (1866),  and  "  Man- 
ual of  Auscultation  and  Percussion  "  (1876). 

Flint,  Austin.  Bom  at  Northampton,  Mass., 
March  28,  1836.  An  American  physician  and 
physiologist,  son  of  Austin  Flint  (1812-86).  He 
was  graduated  at  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia, 
in  1867 ;  was  appointed  professor  of  physiology  and  micro- 
scopic anatomy  at  the  BelleTue  Hospital  Medical  College 
in  1861 ;  and  in  1874  became  surgeon-general  of  the  State 
of  New  York.  He  has  published  " Physiology  of  Man" 
(1866-74),  '  'A  Text-Book  of  Human  Physiology  "  (1876),  etc. 


396 

Flint,  Sir  Clement.  A  cynical  but  kind-hearted 
old  bachelor  in  Burgoyne'splay  "  The  Heiress." 

Flint,  Solomon.  In  Poote's  play  ' '  The  Maid  of 
Bath,"  a  rich,  miserly  old  man.  He  is  described 
aaan  "old,  fusty,  shabby,  shuffling,  money -loving,  water- 
drinking,  mirth-marring,  amorous  old  hunks."  He  is  in- 
tended to  satirize  a  Mr.  Walter  Long,  who  treated  Miss 
Linley  (Mrs.  K.  B.  Sheridan)  ungallantly. 

Flint,  Timothy.  Born  at  Reading,  Mass. ,  July 
11, 1780:  died  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Aug.16,1840.  An 
American  Congregational  clergyman  and  au- 
thor. He  published  "  Kecollections  of  Ten  Years  passed 
in  the  Mississippi  Valley  "  (1826),  "  Geography  and  History 
of  the  Western  States  "  (1828),  etc. 

Flintwinch  (flint' winch),  Jeremiah.  In  Charles 
Dickens's  "Little  Dorrit,"  the  sinister  and  in- 
triguing servant  of  Mrs.  Clennam. 

Flip  (flip).  In  Charles  Shadwell's  comedy ' '  The 
Fair  Quaker  of  Deal,"  an  illiterate  commodore. 
He  is  a  drunken  "sea-brute,"  contrasted  with 
Mizen  the  "  sea-fop." 

Flippant  (flip'ant),  Lady'.  In  Wy eherley's  com- 
edy "Love  in  a  Wood,"  an  affected  widow.  She 
is  on  the  lookout  for  a  husband,  but  declaims 
against  marriage. 

Flippanta  (fli-pan'ta).  In  Vanbrugh's  "Con- 
federacy," a  lady's-maid.  She  is  shameless  and 
witty. 

Flite  (flit).  Miss.  InDickens's  "BleakHouse," 
"a  curious  little  old  woman,"  deranged  by  long 
waiting  for  the  settlement  of  her  suit  in  chan- 
cery. 

Floberge  (flo-barzh').  The  sword  of  Eenaud 
de  Montauban. 

Flodden  (flod'n).  A  hill  in  Northumberland, 
England,  12  miles  southwest  of  Berwick.  At  its 
base  on  Sept.  9,  1613,  the  English  (32,000)  under  the  Earl 
of  SurreydefeatedtheScot8(30,000)under  James  IV.  The 
loss  of  the  English  was  from  3,000  to  4,000 ;  that  of  the  Scots 
is  variously  given  as  from  5,000  to  12,000.  The  king  and 
many  of  the  nobles  were  among  the  slain. 

Flodoard  (flo-do-ar'),  orFrodoard  (fro-do-ar'). 
Born  at  Epemay,  Prance,  894:  died  March  28, 
966.  A  French  chronicler  who  was  for  a  time 
keeper  of  the  episcopal  archives  at  Rheims. 
He  wrote,  a  history  of  the  church  of  Kheims,  and  a  chroni- 
cle of  France  from  919  to  966. 

Flood  (flnd),  Henry.  Bom  1732 :  died  at  Farm- 
ley,  County  Kilkenny,  Deo.  2,  1791.  An  Irish 
orator  and  politician.  He  entered  the  Irish  Parlia^ 
ment  in  1769,  and  was  soon  recognized  as  the  leader  of  the 
opposition.  He  joined  the  government  forces  in  1776, 
when  he  was  made  vice-treasurer  of  Ireland  and  given  a 
seat  in  the  Irish  privy  counciL  Removed  from  these  posts 
in  1781,  he  returned  to  the  opposition,  which  now  followed 
the  lead  of  his  rival  Grattan.  He  subsequently  became  a 
member  of  the  English  Parliament. 

Flor  (flor),  Roger  di.  Died  at  Adrianople,  1306 
(1307?).  A  military  adventurer.  He  was  the 
second  son  of  a  German  falconer  in  the  service  of  the  em- 
peror Frederick  11.,  named  Robert  Blum,  who  adopted  the 
Italian  name  of  Flor  and  married  an  heiress  of  Brindisi. 
He  entered  the  order  of  the  Temple,  but  was  degraded 
from  his  rank  for  misconduct  at  the  siege  of  Acre.  He 
entered  the  pay  of  Frederick  of  Aragon,  king  of  Sicily,  who 
made  him  vice-admiral  of  Sicily,  and  in  whose  service  he 
gained  great  distinction.  In  1302,  at  the  close  of  the  long 
war  which  Frederick  waged  against  the  house  of  Anjou  at 
Naples  for  the  possession  of  Sicily,  he  induced  the  dis- 
charged mercenaries,  mostly  Catalans  and  Aragonese,  to 
enter  the  service  of  the  Byzantine  emperor  Andranicus  II. 
against  the  Turks.  These  troops,  which  constituted  an 
army  of  6,000  men  known  as  the  Catalan  Grand  Com- 
pany, arrived  at  Constantinople  under  his  leadership 
in  1303,  and  in  1304  relieved  Philadelphia,  which  was  in- 
vested by  the  Turks.  Roger  maiTied  Maria,  granddaugh- 
ter of  Andronicus  II.,  in  1303,  and  in  1306  was  created 
Caesar.  He  was  assassinated  by  George,  the  general  of 
the  Alan  mercenaries. 

Flora  (flo'ra).  [L.,  from  flos  (.flor-),  flower.] 
1.  In  early  "Italian  and  Roman  mythology,  the 
goddess  of  flowers  and  spring. — 2.  An  asteroid 
(No.  8)  discovered  by  Hind  at  London,  Oct.  18, 
1847. 

Flora.  A  painting  by  Titian,  in  the  VMzi, 
Florence,  it  is  a  portrait  of  a  woman,  half  im- 
draped,  with  loosened  hair,  and  flowers  in  her 
hand. 

Flora  McFlimsey.    See  McFlimsey. 

Flora  Temple  (flo'ra  tem'pl).  A  bay  trotting 
mare,  foaled  in  18&,  by  a  Kentucky  hunter, 
dam  Madame  Temple.  She  held  the  world's 
trotting  record  of  2 :  19S  for  many  years. 

Flordeflse,  or  Flordelis  (fl6r'de-lis).  The  wife 
of  Brandimart,  in  both  Boiardo's  and  Ariosto's 
"  Orlando."  She  searches  long  for  him,  and  after  his 
death  takes  up  her  abode  in  his  tomb,  where  she  lives  till 
her  own  death,  which  soon  occurs. 

Flordespina  (fldr-des-pe'na),  or  Flordespine 

(fl6r'des-pin).  A  princess  in  both  Boiardo's  and 
Ariosto's  "Orlando."  She  loves  Bradamant, 
being  deceived  by  her  armor  and  taking  her  for 
a  knight. 

Flor6al  (flo-raral').  [Revolutionary  P.,  from 
li.flas  Cfi^-)>  flower.]    The  name  adopted  by 


Florence 

the  National  Convention  of  the  first  French  re- 
public for  the  eighth  month  of  the  year,  in  the 
years  1  to  7  it  extended  from  April  20  to  May  19  inclusive, 
and  in  the  years  8  to  IS  from  April  21  to  May  20. 

Flore  et  Blanchefleur.  An  early  French  met- 
rical romance  of  which  the  theme  is  the  love  of 
a  young  Christian  prince  for  a  Saracen  slave- 
girl  who  has  been  brought  up  with  him.  she  is 
sold  into  a  fresh  captivity  to  remove  her  from  him,  but  he 
follows  her  and  rescues  her  unharmed  from  the  harem  of 
the  Emir  of  Babylon.  (Saintsbury.)  Boccaccio  used  the 
storyin  his  prose"  II  Filocopo."  £onrad  Fleck  translated 
it  into  German.  There  are  four  English  versions  known, 
none  perfect.  The  Early  English  Text  Society  has  printed 
one  of  them.    Also  known  as  Fleur  et  Blanchefleur. 

Florence  (flor'ens).  [It.  Fireme  and  formerly 
Fiorenea,  F.  Florence,  G.  Floreng,  L.  Florentia, 
flowery  oity,  from  florere,  bloom,  flower,  flour- 
ish.] The  capital  of  the  province  of  Florence, 
Italy,  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Arno,  at  th& 
foot  of  spurs  of  the  Apennines,  in  lat.43°  46'  4' 
N.,long.ll°15'  22"  E. (observatory):  called  "La 
Bella"  ( '  the  beautiful') .  it  is  famous  for  its  art  col- 
lections (Uffizi  and  Pitti  Palace  galleries),  and  the  beauty 
of  its  situation  and  environs,  and  has  been  celebrated  for 
centuries  as  the  leading  center  of  Italian  literature  and  art. 
Other  obj ects  of  interest  are  the  Ponte  Vecchio ;  the  Piazza. 
della  Signoria,  on  which  are  the  Palazzo  Vecchio  and  the 
Loggia  dei  Lanzi ;  the  national  library.  Piazza  del  Duomo, 
with  the  cathedral,  baptistery,  and  campanile;  the  archaeo- 
logical museum,  national  museum,  academy  of  fine  arts, 
Dan  te'smonument,  museum  of  San  Marco;  thepalaces  of  the 
Strozzi,  Corsini,  and  others;  the  Cascine,  Boboli  Gardens, 
and  Square  Michelangelo.  (For  the  principal  churches, 
see  below.)  The  city  was  the  birthplace  of  Dante,  the  resi- 
dence of  Boccaccio  and  the  Humanists  (Bruni,  Poggio,  etc.  J, 
and  the  scene  of  the  labors  of  Cimabue,  Giotto,  Gaddi, 
Aretino,  Brunelleschi,  Luca  della  Robbia,  Ghiberti,  Dona- 
tello,  Lippi,  Ghirlandaio,  Fra  Angelico,  Leonardo  da  Vinci, 
Raphael,  Michelangelo,  Andrea  del  Sarto,  and  other  dis- 
tinguished artists.  Florence  rose  to  prosperity  in  the  12tli 
century,  when  the  inhabitants  of  Fiesole  removed  thither, 
and  in  time  became  a  great  commercial  center.  It  was 
the  scene  of  continual  struggles  between  the  Guelphs  and 
Ghibellines  in  the  13th  century.  It  took  the  leading  part 
in  the  Renaissance  movement.  The  Medici  family  be- 
came paramount  under  Cosimo  de'  Medici  in  1434,  and 
Florence  was  at  its  height  under  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  1469- 
1492,  and  later.  Under  the  lead  of  Savonarola  it  was  a. 
"theocratic  republic"  about  1495-98.  The  Medici,  ex- 
pelled tai  1494,  were  restored  in  1612,  banished  in  1627, 
and  again  restored  in  1630  after  a  siege  by  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  In  1632  they  became  dukes  of  Florence.  In 
1669  the  history  of  Florence  merges  in  that  of  Tuscany,  of 
which  it  was  the  capital.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  kingdom 
of  Italy  1865-71,  The  cathedral  (duomo)  of  Santa  Maria  del 
Fiore,  as  now  existing,  was  begun  in  1298.  When  the  base 
of  the  dome  was  reached  (1420),  the  space  to  be  covered, 
138^  feet  in  diameter,  was  so  great  that  the  closing  of  it 
with  a  dome  was  believed  impossible :  but  Filippo  Brunei-  , 
leschi  undertook  it,  and  in  1446  completed  the  wonderful  ' 
work  which  marks  an  epoch  in  architecture  and  is  the  first 
great  triumph  of  the  Renaissance.  The  dome  is  octagonal, 
slightly  pointed,  and  surmounted  by  a  lantern  the  apex  of  ^ 
which  is  887  feet  above  the  pavement.  The  cathedral  is. 
600  feet  long,  and  128  feet  across  nave  and  aisles.  The  ex- 
terior is  incrusted  with  colored  marbles  inlaid  and  ar- 
ranged in  panels,  the  general  effect  of  which  is  not  good. 
The  grouping  of  the  dome  with  the  pentagonal  apse  ami 
transepts  and  intermediate  members  is  extremely  impres- 
sive. The  decorative  sculpture  is  most  delicate,  but  too- 
small  in  scale.  The  facade  has  been  built  since  1875.  The 
nave  is  163  feet  high,  the  aisles  96 ;  but  there  are  only  4, 
square  bays,  making  the  proportions  so  bad  that  the  effect 
of  enormous  size  is  lost.  The  cathedral  has  fine  glass, 
sculptiu'es,  and  paintings,  and  some  good  tombs.  The 
Church  of  Santa  Croce,  begun  in  1294  by  Arnolfo,  is  460- 
feet  long  and  134  wide.  This  is  the  Pantheon  of  Flor- 
ence :  among  its  chief  tombs  are  those  of  Michelangelo  and 
Leonardo  (Bruni)  Aretino.  Church  and  cloister  are  full  of 
monuments  of  artistic  or  historic  interest.  Among  the 
frescos  are  some  of  Giotto's  finest  works,  and  a  fine  series 
of  the  Nativity  by  Taddeo  Gaddi.  San  Lorenzo  is  one  of 
the  earliest  of  Renaissance  churches,  begun  in  1425  by 
Brunelleschi,  and  decorated  in  the  interior  in  part  by 
Michelangelo.  It  is  famous  for  the  monuments  by  Michel- 
angelo in  its  Sagrestia  Nuova  of  Giuliano  and  Lorenzo  de' 
Medici.  They  are  similar  in  design.  Each  has  a  seated 
idealized  statue  of  the  deceased  in  a  niche  above,  and  be- 
low a  sarcophagus  on  which  are  two  nude,  half-reclining 
figures,  one  male  and  one  female.  The  figures  on  the 
tomb  of  Giuliano  represent  Day  and  Night ;  those  on  that 
of  Lorenzo,  Aurora  and  Twilight.  They  are  of  herculean 
proportions,  yet  full  of  repose,  and  rank  among  the  most 
famous  works  of  sculpture.  The  Night  has  been  called 
Michelangelo's  masterpiece.  Or  San  Michele  is  a  curious 
Pointed  church,  built  in  1284  by  Arnolfo  as  a  market  and 
granary.  It  is  in  three  stories,  the  two  upper  ones  being 
vaulted  from  amassive  central  column.  The  open  arcades 
of  the  original  market  were  closed,  and  received  beauti- 
ful traceried  windows.  Between  the  arcades  are  inserted 
14  niches  in  marble  containing  some  of  the  best  of  Flor- 
entine statues  by  Verrocchio,  Ghiberti,  Donatello,  and 
others.  The  interior  contains  the  splendid  tabernacle  of 
Orcagnain  white  marble,  and  beautiful  reliefs  illustrating 
the  life  of  the  Virgin  and  the  Virtues.  San  Miniato  al 
Monte  is  a  notable  church  rebuilt  in  1013,  and  illustrating- 
the  transition  from  the  Roman  basilica  plan  to  the  normal 
Romanesque.  Santa  Maria  Novella  is  a  church  of  the  13th 
century,  a  fine  example  of  the  Italian  Pointed,  lie  cam- 
panile is  lofty,  with  pediments  and  spire.  The  glory  of 
the  church  is  its  frescos  by  Cimabue,  Ghirlandaio,  Or- 
cagna,  and  Giotto.  The  Church  of  Santa  Maria  del  Car- 
mine is  architecturally  of  little  interest  since  the  fire  of 
1771,  but  famous  for  its  Brancacci  chapel  adorned  with 
frescos  by  Masacoio  and  Filiroino  Lippi  illustrating  the 
stories  of  Adam  and  Eve  and  of  St.  Peter.  The  Badia  is 
the  church  of  a  former  Benedictine  mona£teiyt  rebuilt  in 
the  17th  century:  but  the  exterior  of  the  ISth-century- 


Florence 

!!.^*lS"*  "■e'nains  almost  perfect.  The  church  containa 
wSf^i  ^""IP'^red  tombs  and  other  works  by  Mino  da 
Jfleaole.  The  beautiful  campanUe  of  Giotto  is  one  of  the 
architectural  ornamentB  of  Florence.  The  Bargello,  or  the 
jialace  of  the  Podestk  of  the  Florentine  Eepublic,  buUt  in 
the  13th  century  and  restored  alter  a  Are  a  century  later, 
IS  a  massive  building  of  hewn  stone.  The  great  rooms 
and  halls  are  splendidly  restored  in  the  style  of  the  Mth 
*nl"  SS.  ™"  *^®  appropriated  to  the  Museo  Nazionale. 
ihe  certosa,  or  Carthusian  monastery,  founded  in  1841  by 
piccolo  Accia]  uoli  and  built  by  Orcagna,  but  altered  in  the 
Kenaissance,  presents  the  appearance  of  a  medieval  for- 
tress. The  church  has  an  inlaid  pavement  of  marble,  good 
frescos,  and  handsome  carved  stalls.  Population  (1901), 
commune,  205,689, 

Florence.  The  pro-vinoe  in  the  compartimento 
of  Tuscany,  Italy,  in  which  the  city  of  Florence 
is  situated.  Area,  2,265  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  815,506. 

Florence.  A  city  in  Lauderdale  County,  in  the 
northwestern  corner  of  Alabama,  on  the  Ten- 
nessee Kiver.  It  has  iron  manufactures.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  6,478. 

Florence,  Council  of.  See  Ferrara-Plm-ence, 
Council  of. 

Florence,  William  James.  Born  at  Albany, 
July  26,  1831:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Nov.  19, 
1891.  An  American  comedian.  His  family  name 
was  Conlin.  He  made  his  first  appearance  on  the  stage  in 
1849,  in  Bichmond,  as  Tobias  in  "The  Stranger,"  and  came 
to  New  York  in  1850.  In  1863  he  married  Malvina  Pray, 
•whose  sister  married  Barney  Williams.  He  wrote  several 
Irish  and  Yankee  plays,  and  he  and  his  wife  began  to  ap- 
pear as  stars  in  such  plays,  he  as  an  Irishman  and  she  as  a 
Yankee  girl.  Among  his  best  characters  were  Bob  Brierly 
in  "The  Ticket-of-Leave  Man,"  Obenreizer  in  "No  Thor- 
oughfare," and  the  Hon.  Bardwell  Slote  in  "The  Mighty 
Dollar."  For  a  time  before  his  death  he  played  with  Joseph 
Jefferson,  acting  Sir  Lucius  O'Trigger  in  "The  Bivals," 
and  Zekiel  Homespun  in  "  The  Heir-at-Law." 

Florence  of  Worcester.  Died  July  7,  1118. 
An  English  chronicler,  a  monk  of  Worcester. 
His  (Latin)  "  Chronicle  "  (first  printed  in  1692)  is  founded 
on  a  chronicle  of  Marianus,  an  Irish  monk,  and  ends  with 
the  year  1117.    It  has  been  translated  by  T.  Forester. 

Florencia  (flo-ren'the-a),  Francisco  de.  Bom 

in  Florida,  1620 :  died  in  Mexico,  1695.   A  Jesuit 
author.     He  was  a  well-known  teacher  and  preacher  in 
Mexico,  and  from  1688  was  employed  in  Europe  on  impor- 
tant business  connected  with  his  order.    His  most  impor- 
tant work  is  "  Historia  de  la  provincia  de  la  Compania  de 
Jesus  de  Nueva  Espafia  "  (first  volume  only  published  in 
Mexico,  1694).    He  also  published  numerous  biographical 
and  historical  works. 
Flores  (flo'rez).    In  "  The  Beggar's  Bush,"  by 
Fletcher  and  others,  the  son  of  the  King  of  the 
Beggars.    He  becomes  a  rich  merchant  at  Bruges.    He 
appear^  also  in  "The  Merchant  of  Bruges,"  an  adaptation 
of  the  "  Beggar's  Bush. " 
Flores  (flo'res).   The  westernmost  of  the  Azores 
Islands.    Its  port,  Santa  Cruz,  is  situated  in  lat. 
39°  27'  N.,  long.  31°  9'  W.  ; 
Flores,  or  Flons  (flo'ris) :  native  name  of  west- 
ern -oart,  Mangerai  (man-ga-ra'e) ;  of  eastern 
partj  Ende  (en'da).  One  of  the  smaller  islands 
of  the  East  India  Archipelago,  lying  south  of 
Celebes  and  east  of  Sumbawa.    There  is  a  Dutch 
settlement,  Larantuca,  on  the  eastern  coast.    Area,  about 
6,000  square  miles.  Population  (chiefly  Malay),  estimated, 
260,000. 
Flores  (flo'raz),  Antonio.    Bom  in  Quito,  1833. 
An  Ecuadorian  statesman.    He  has  been  prominent 
in  Congress,  has  held  numerous  important  diplomatic 
posts,  and  as  a  soldier  has  taken  part  in  various  civil  wars, 
generaJly  on  the  side  of  good  government.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  Ecuador  1888-92. 
Flores,  Cirilo.    Bom  in  1779 :  died  at  Quezal- 
tenango,Oct.  13, 1826.  A  Guatemalan  politician. 
He  was  a  liberal  leader,  president  of  the  constituent  as- 
sembly 1823,  and  vice-president  under  Juan  Barrundia, 
Sept.,  1824.    By  the  imprisonment  of  Barrundia,  Sept.  6, 
1826,  he  became  acting  president  of  Guatemala,  but  was 
soon  after  murdered  by  a  mob  of  religious  fanatics. 
Flores,  Juan  Jos6.     Born  at  Puerto  Cabello, 
Venezuela,   July  19,  1800:   died  in  Ecuador, 
1864.    A  Spanish- American  general  and  states- 
man.   He  was  elected  the  first  president  of  Ecuador  in 
1830.    In  1835  he  was  succeeded  by  Eocaluerte,  but  con- 
tinued virtually  to  rule  as  commander  of  the  army,  and 
■was  reelected  president  in  1839  and  again  in  1843.    In  1840 
and  1841  he  assisted  the  government  of  New  Granada 
against  the  revolutionists,  taking  the  field  in  Paste ;  and 
he  suppressed  many  revolts  in  Ecuador  during  his  differ- 
ent terms.    In  1845  fresh  revolts  broke  out,  and,  though 
the  insurgents  were  beaten.  General  Flores  found  it  pru- 
dent to  resign.    He  left  the  country,  and  only  returned  in 
1863  to  take  part  in  the  war  against  the  dictator  Franco. 
After  Franco's  overthrow  Flores  accepted  the  office  of  vice- 
president,  and  in  1864  commanded  the  army  for  the  suj)- 
pression  of  a  rebellion  incited  by  Franco. 
Flores,  Venancio.    Bom  in  1809:  assassinated 
at  Montevideo,  Feb.  19,  1868.    An  Uruguayan 
general  and  politician.    He  was  a  leader  of  the  party 
called  "  Colorados  "  in  the  revolt  against  Oribe  in  1853. 
He  was  elected  president  March,  1854 ;  but  Oribe  com- 
menced a  counter-revolt  Sept.,  1856,  and  in  the  end  both 
Oribe  and  Flores  resigned  their  claims  to  prevent  further 
war.   Flores  retired  to  Buenos  Ayres,  where  he  was  an  offi- 
cer under  Mitre.  Keturning  in  April,  1863,  he  led  the  Colo- 
rados in  a  revolt  against  President  Berro  and  his  successor 
Aguirre.  Brazil,  having  declared  war  against  Aguirre,  sup- 


397 

ported  Flores,  and  in  1866  Aguirre  was  forced  to  resign. 
Flores  was  made  provisional  governor,  and  in  1866  was 
elected  president  of  Uruguay.  He  joined  Brazil  and  the 
Argentine  Kepublic  in  the  war  against  Paraguay,  taking 
personal  command  of  his  troops  in  the  campaiens  of  1865 
and  1866. 

Flores  Sea.  That  part  of  the  ocean  lying  south 
of  Celebes  and  north  of  the  chain  of  islands 
from  Flores  to  Timor  inclusive. 

Florestan  (flor'es-tan),  Fernando.  In  Beetho- 
ven's opera  "  Pidelio,"  the  husband  of  Leonora. 
To  save  him  she  disgxdses  herself  as  a  bov, 
FideUo.  ^ 

Florestine  (flo-res-ten').  The  goddaughter  of 
Count  Ahnaviva in  Molifere's  comedy  "LamSre 
coupable." 

Florez  (flo'reth),  Enrique.  Bom  at  Valladolid, 
Spain,  Feb.  14,  1701 :  died  at  Madrid,  Aug.  20, 
1773.  A  Spanish  historian  and  antiquarian. 
His  chief  work  is  "Espafla  sagrada,  teatro  geogr&fico- 
histdrico  de  la  iglesia  de  Espafia  "  (1747-78). 

Florian  (flo'ri-an).  Saint.  Born  at  Zeisel- 
mauer.  Lower  Austria,  about  190:  martyred  by 
drowning  in  the  Enns  near  Loreh,  230.  A  Ger- 
man martyr  who  became  about  1183  the  patron 
saint  of  Poland.   His  feast  is  celebrated  Aug.  4. 

Florian  (flo-ryon'),  Jean  Pierre  Claris  de. 
Born  at  the  Ch&teau  de  Florian,  near  Anduze, 
Gard,  France,  March  6,  1755 :  died  at  Seeaux, 
near  Paris,  Sept.  13, 1794.  A  French  romancer, 
dramatist,  and  fabulist.  His  works  include  "Fables" 
(1792),  the  romances  "  Galat^e  "  (1783),  "  Numa  Pompilius  " 
(1786),  etc. 

Florian's.  A  celebrated  caf  6  in  Venice,  it  is  on 
the  piazza  of  St,  Marco,  and  is  named  from  its  founder,  Flo- 
riano.  It  is  about  two  hundred  years  old.  It  is  now  the 
rendezvous  chiefly  of  strangers  in  Venice,  but  was  formerly 
the  headquarters  of  the  most  illustrious  men  of  the  city 
and  of  Italy. 

Florida  (flor'i-da).  _  [From  Sp.  Florida  (prou. 
flo-re'Da),  a  name  given  to  the  cotmtry  by  Ponce 
de  Leon  because  he  discovered  it  on  Easter  day, 
called  in  Spanish  Paseua  florida  or  de  flores, 
flowery  Easter;  or,  as  some  say,  on  accovmt 
of  the  profusion  of  flowers  he  saw  ('flowery 
land').]  The  southeasternmost  State  of  the 
United  States,  capital  Tallahassee,  bounded 
by  Georgia  and  Alabama  on  the  north,  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east,  Florida  Strait  and 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  south,  and  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  and  Alabama  on  the  west,  it  consists  chiefly 
of  a  peninsula.  The  surface  is  generally  level.  The  lead- 
ing products  are  corn,  cotton,  timber,  oranges,  and  other 
semfr-tropical  fruits.  It  has  had  a  great  recent  develop- 
ment as  a  winter  health-resort.  The  State  has  46  counties, 
sends  2  senators  and  8  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has 
5  electoral  votes.  It  was  discovered  by  Ponce  de  Leon  in 
1613  ;  settled  by  Huguenots  in  1562,  and  permanently  set- 
tled by  Spaniards  at  St.  Augustine  in  1565 ;  and  ceded  to 
Great  Britain  in  1763,  to  Spain  in  1783,  and  to  the  United 
States  in  1819.  The  Americans  took  possession  in  1821.  It 
was  the  theater  of  the  Seminole  wars.  The  State  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Union  in  1846,  seceded  Jan.  10, 1861,  and  was 
readmitted  in  1868.  Area,  68,680  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1900)  ,628,642. 

Florida.  The  first  of  the  commerce-destroyers 
built  in  England  for  the  Confederate  govern- 
ment. She  left  Liverpool  March  22, 1862,  and  received 
her  armament  at  the  Bahamas  Aug.  7.-  Her  battery  con- 
sisted of  2  seven-inch  and  6  six-inch  guns.  She  ran  the 
blockade  into  Mobile  Sept.  4, 1862,  and  out  Jan.  16, 1863. 
Her  CTuising-ground  extended  from  New  York  to  Bahia, 
Brazil.  On  Oct.  7, 1864,  in  the  harbor  of  Bahia,  in  viola- 
tion of  the  rights  of  neutrals  and  under  the  guns  of  a  Bra- 
zilian corvette,  she  was  captured  by  theWachusett  (sister 
ship  to  the  Kearsarge),  commanded  by  Captain  Napoleon 
Collins.  She  was  taken  to  Hampton  Beads,  where  she  was 
afterward  sunk  by  a  collision. 

Florida-Blanca  (flo-re'Da-blan'ka),  Count  of 
(Jose  MoSino).  Bom  at  Murcia,  Spain,  1729 : 
died  at  Seville,  Spain,  Nov.  20, 1808.  A  Spanish 
statesman,  premier  1777-92. 

Florida  Keys  (flor'i-da  kez).  A  group  of  small 
islands  and  reefs  south  of  Florida,  extending  in 
a  crescent-shaped  chain  from  near  Cape  Florida 
to  the  Dry  Tortugas.  They  belong  to  Monroe 
and  Dade  counties,  Florida. 

Florida  Strait.  A  sea  passage  separating  Flor- 
ida from  Cuba  and  the  Bahamas,  and  connect- 
ing the  Gulf  of  Mexico  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  Gulf  Stream. 

Floridia  (flo-re'de-a).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Syracuse,  Sicily,  7  miles  west  of  Syracuse. 
Population,  about  10,000. 

Florimel  (flor'i-mel).  1.  In  Spenser's  "Faerie 
Queene,"  a  chaste  and  "goodly"  lady,  represent- 
ing the  complete  charm  of  womanhood.  A  coun- 
terfeit Florimel  was  made  of  snow,  mixed  with  "  fine  mer- 
cury and  virgin  wax,"  by  a  witch.  It  was  impossible  to  tell 
the  real  from  the  false  Florimel.  The  latter  created  much 
mischief  till  the  enchantment  was  dissolved  and  she  melted 
into  nothingness.  The  real  Florimel  loved  Marmel,  but 
her  love  was  not  returned.  He  finally,  however,  relented 
and  married  her.  The  real  Florimel  had  a  girdle,  the  ces- 
tus  of  Venus,  lost  by  her  when  she  yielded  to  Mars.  It 
could  be  worn  by  no  woman  who  was  unchaste. 


Flower,  Kos'well  Pettibone 

2.  The  principal  character  in  Fletcher  and  Eow- 
ley's  "Maid  in  the  MUl."  To  disgust  an  unwelcome 
lover  who  decoys  her  to  his  house,  she  assumes  the  rOle 
of  an  abandoned  woman.  She  is  rescued,  and  her  inno- 
cence is  proved. 

3.  In  Dryden's  play  "The  Maiden  Queen,"  a 
maid  of  honor  and  a  saucy  flirt.  This  was  one 
of  Nell  Gwyn's  best  characters.     See  Celadon. 

Florinda  (flo-rin'da).  The  principal  female 
character  in  Shell's  tragedy  "The  Apostate." 

Florinda.  In  Spanish  tradition,  the  daughter  of 
Count  Julian,  thegovernor  of  Ceuta.  See  Julian . 

Flono  (flo'ri-o),  John.  Bom  at  London  about 
1553:  died  at  Fulham,  near  London,  1625.  An 
English  lexicographer  and  author,  son  of  an 
Italian  who  settled  in  England.  He  published 
"First Fruits,  etc."(dialogues in  English  and  Italian,  1678) 
"Second  Fruits  etc."  (mainly  dialogues,  1691),  and  ari 
Italian-English  dictionary  called  "A  Worlde  of  Wordes" 
(1698),  which  was  issued  again,  revised  and  enlarged,  under 
the  title  "Queen  Anna's  New  World  of  Words  "(1611).  He 
also  translated  Montaigne's  "  Essays  "  (1603). 

Floripes,  In  the  Charlemagne  romances,  the 
sister  of  Sir  Fierabras,  and  wife  of  Guy,  the 
nephew  of  Charlemagne. 

Floris  (flo'ris)  (De  Vriendt),  Frans.  Bom  at 
Antwerp  about  1520 :  died  at  Antwerp,  Oct.  1, 
1570.     A  Flemish  painter. 

Florismart  (flor'is-mart).  One  of  Charle- 
ma^e's  peers,  the  friend  of  Roland. 

Florizel(flor'i-zel).  1.  The  Prince  of  Bohemia, 
in  love  with  Perdita,  in  Shakspere's  "Winter's 
Tale."  SeeDorasiMs. —  2.  Auickname  of  George 
rV. ,  from  the  fact  that  he  assumed  this  name, 
when  Prince  of  Wales,  in  his  letters  to  Mrs. 
Eobinson,  an  actress  who  had  made  a  hit  in 
the  part  of  Perdita. 

Flonzel,  or  Florisel,  de  Niquea.  One  of  the 
supplemental  parts  of  the  romance  "Amadis 
of  Gaul,"  by  Feliciano  de  Silva.  Florizel  is  the 
son  of  Amadis  of  Greece  and  Niquea. 

Florizel  and  Perdita.  A  stage  adaptation,  by 
Garriek,  of  Shakspere's  "Winter's  Tale."  It 
was  produced  Jan.  21,  1756.    Garriek  played 

.Leontes. 

Florus  (flo'rus).  Lived  at  the  beginning  of  the 
2d  century  a.  d.  A  Roman  historian,  author 
of  an  abridgment  of  Roman  history  to  the 
time  of  Augustus  ("Epitome  degestis  Romano- 
rum"),  founded  chiefly  on  Livy.  He  has  been 
(incorrectly?)  identified  with  the  rhetorician 
and  poet  P.  Annius  Florus. 

Florus,  sumamed  Magister  and  Diaconus. 
Died  about  860.  A  Roman  Catholic  theologian. 
He  was  head  of  the  cathedral  school  at  Lyons.  He  at- 
tacked  Johannes  Scotus  Erigena  in  a  work  entitled  "  Ad- 
versus  J.  S.  Erigenje  en-oneas  definitiones  liber."  Among 
his  other  works  is  a  volume  of  miscellaneous  poems  enti- 
tled "Carmina  varia." 

Florus,  Gessius.  A  Roman  procurator  of  Judea. 
He  was  a  native  of  Clazomense,  and  was  appointed  in  64 
or  66  A.  D.  through  the  Influence  of  his  wile  Cleopatra 
with  the  empress  PoppBea.  His  rapacity  and  cruelty  pro- 
voked the  last  rebellion  of  the  Jews,  which  resulted  in 
the  destruction  of  Jerusalem  by  Titus  in  the  year  70. 

Flotow  (flo'to),  Friedrich  von.     Bom  at 

Teuteudorf,  Meoklenburg-Schwerin,  Germany, 
April  26,  1812:  died  at  Darmstadt,  Germany, 
Jan.  23,  1883.  A  German  composer  of  operas. 
His  works  include  "  Alessandro  Stradella  "  (1837 :  rewritten 
1844),  "Le  Naufrage  de  la  M^duse"  (1839),  "Martha, 
Oder  der  Markt  zu  Richmond"  (1847),  "Indra"  (1853), 
"L'Ombre"  (1869 :  reproduced  in  London  as  "The  Phan- 
tom"). 

Flourens  (fio-ron'),  Gustavo.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Aug.  4,  1838 :  killed  at  Rueil,  near  Paris,  April 
3,  1871.  A  French  social  democrat  and  politi- 
cal writer,  son  of  M.  J.  P.  Flourens :  a  member 
of  the  Commune  in  1871. 

Flourens,  Leopold  Emile.  Bom  at  Paris,  April 
27, 1841.  A  French  politician,  son  of  Marie  Jean 
Pierre  Flourens.  He  was  director  of  public  worship 
1879-81  and  1882-85,  and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
1886-88. 

Flourens,  Marie  Jean  Pierre.  Born  at  Mau- 
reilhan,  H^rault,  France,  April  15,  1794:  died 
at  Montgeron,  near  Paris,  Deo.  6, 1867.  A  cele- 
brated French  physiologist.  He  became  professor 
of  comparative  anatomy  at  the  Koyal  Botanical  Garden  in 
Paris  in  1830,  and  in  1832  at  the  museum.  In  1883  he 
became  perpetual  secretary  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 
and  in  1840  was  elected  a  member  of  the  French  Academy. 
His  works  include  "  ExpMences  sur  le  systfeme  nerveux  " 
(1825),  "  De  la  long^vitS  "  (1854X  etc. 

Flower,  Fruit,  and  Thorn  Pieces;  or,  the 

Wedlock,  Death,  and  Marriage  of  Advocate 
Siebenkas.  A  work  by  J.  P.  P.  Eichter,  pub- 
lished 1796-97. 
Flower,  Roswell  Pettihone.  Bom  at  Theresa, 
Jefferson  County,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  7,  1835:  died  at 
Eastport,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  May  12, 1899.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  a  Democratic  member 
of  Congress  from  New  York  1881-83  and  1889-91,  and  was 
elected  governor  of  New  York  1891-94. 


Flower,  Sir  William  Henry 

Flower,  Sir  William  Henry.  Bom  at  Strat- 
ford-on-Avon,  Nov.  30,  1831:  died  at  London, 
July  1, 1899.  A  distinguished  English  zoologist. 
He  studied  mediciDe  at  University  College,  Loudon,  served 
as  an  army  assistant  surgeon  in  the  Crimean  war,  and,  re- 
turning to  London,  held  various  official  positions  till,  in 
1884,  he  was  appointed  director  of  the  natural  history  de- 
partment of  the  British  Museum,  now  located  at  South 
Kensington.  He  was  made  K.  C.  B.  in  1892.  He  wrote  "Os- 
teology of  the  Mammalia,"  and  many  scientific  memoirs. 

Flower  and  the  Leaf,  The.  A  poem  added  by 
Speght  to  his  edition  of  Chaucer  (1598).  it 
professes  fo  be  written  by  a  gentlewoman  who  pays  hom- 
age to  the  "worth  that  wears  the  laurel."  It  is  believed 
from  internal  evidence  nottobeChaucer's.  There  were  two 
pieces  on  this  subject  written  by  Eustache  Desohamps,  the 
nephew  of  Machault^  sometimes  attributed  to  the  latter. 
Dryden  produced  a  version  of  "The  Flower  and  the  Leaf," 
but  it  lacks  the  simplicity  and  concentrated  feeling  of  the 
earlier  poem. 

Flower  of  Courtesy,  The.  A  poem  attributed 
to  Chaucer  by  Thynne,  assigned  by  Stow  to 
Lydgate. 

Flower  of  Kings,  The.  A  surname  of  King 
Arthur. 

Flowery  Kingdom,  The.    China  (which  see). 

Floyd  (floid),  John  Buchanan.  [The  surname 
Floyd,  like  Flud,  Fludd,  is  another  form  of  the 
Welsh  name  Lloyd.']  Bom  in  Pulaski  County, 
Va.,  1805 :  died  at  Abingdon,  Va.,  Aug.  26, 1863. 
An  American  politician  and  Confederate  gen- 
eral .  He  was  governor  of  Virginia  1850-53 ;  was  appointed 
secretary  of  war  in  1857,  and  resigned  in  Dec,  1860 ;  com- 
manded at  FortDonelson;  and  resigned  his  command  and 
escaped  Feb.  16, 1862. 

Floyd, William.  Bom  in  Suffolk  County,  N.  Y., 
Dec.  17, 1734:  died  at  Western,  Oneida  County, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  4,  1821.  An  American  politician, 
a  signer  of  the  Declai-ation  of  Independence. 

Floyer  (flol'er).  Sir  John.  Born  at  Hintes, 
Staffordshire,  1649:  died  at  Lichfield,  Feb.  1, 
1734.  An  English  physician  and  author.  He 
wrote  "Treatise  on  the  Asthma"  (1698),  "*apnoKo-B<i<ra- 
rot "  (1687, 1690),  etc.  Several  of  his  works  were  "  printed 
for  "  the  father  of  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson. 

Fludd  (flud),  or  Flud,  Robert.  Born  at  Bear- 
Bted,  Kent,  1574 :  died,  at  London,  Sept.  8, 1637. 
AnEnglish  physician  andmystical  philosopher. 
He  wrote  several  treatises  in  defense  of  the 
fraternity  of  the  Eosy  Cross. 

Fllielen  (flu'e-len).  A  lake  port  in  the  canton 
of  IJri,  Switzerland,  at  the  southern  extremity 
of  Lake  Lucerne,  on  the  St.  Gotthard  Railway. 

Fluellen  (flo-el'en).  [.Another  form  of  the  W. 
Llewelyn.]  Li  Shakspere's  "Henry  V.,"  a  pe- 
dantic but  courageous  Welsh  captain. 

Fliigel  (flu'gel),,Gustav  Lebrecht.  Bom  at 
Bautzen,  Saxony,  Feb.  18,  1802:  died  at  Dres- 
den, July  5,  1870.  A  German  Orientalist.  He 
catalogued  the  Oriental  manuscripts  in  the  Vienna  libraiy. 
His  chief  work  is  an  edition  of  the  dictionary  of  Haji- 
KhaUa  (1835-68). 

FlUgel,  Johann  Gottfried.  Bom  at  Barby, 
near  Magdeburg,  Prussia,  Nov.  22,  17^8:  died 
at  Leipslc,  June  24,  1855.  A  German  lexicog- 
rapher. He  was  lector  of  English  at  the  University  of 
Leipsic,  and  consul  of  the  United  States  in  that  city.  His 
chief  work  is  a  *'  Complete  English-German  and  German- 
English  Dictionary  "  (1830). 

Flume  (flom),  The.  A  gorge  in  the  Franconia 
Mountains,  in  Lincoln,  Grafton  County,  New 
Hampshire,  noted  for  its  plcturesqueness.  At 
one  point  It  is  only  about  10  feet  in  width. 

Flushing  (flush 'ing).  [Dutch  VUssingen,  F. 
Flessingue.]  A  seaport  and  sea-bathing  resort 
in  the  province  of  Zealand,  Netherlands,  on  ijhe 
southern  coast  of  the  island  of  Walehereu,  sit- 
uated at  the  mouth  of  the  West  Schelde  in  lat. 
51°  27'  N.,  long.  3°  36'  E-  A  Itoe  of  steamers  plies 
between  Flushing  and  Queenborough  in  England.  It 
took  a  leading  part  in  the  war  of  independence  (1572),  and 
was  bombarded  an  ck  taken  by  the  British  in  1809.  Popu- 
lation (1889),  12,489. 

Flushing.  A  village  and  town  In  Queens 
County,  Long  Island,  New  York,  situated  on 
Flushing  Bay,  Long  Island  Sound:  incorpor- 
ated in  the  city  of  New  York.  Population  (1890), 
of  village,  8,436 ;  (1897),  about  11,500. 

Flute  (flot).  In  Shakspere's  "  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream,"  a  bellows-mender.  He  plays 
the  part  of  Thlsbe  in  the  interpolated  play. 

Flutter  (flut'er).  In  Mrs.  Cowley's  comedy 
"  The  Belle's  Stratagem,"  a  good-natured,  irre- 
sponsible beau,  devoted  to  telling  gossiping 
stories  about  which  he  remembers  correctly 
everything  except  the  facts. 

Flutter,  Sir  Fopling.  In  Etherege's  com- 
edy "The  Man  of  Mode,  or  Sir  Fopling  Flut- 
ter," an  affected  and  fashionable  fop.  He  is  in- 
tended to  imitate  Hewit,  the  reigning  exquisite  of  the 
hour.  According  to  his  own  account,  a  complete  gentle- 
man "  ought  to  dress  well,  dance  well,  fence  well,  have  a 
genius  for  love-letters,  an  agreeable  voice  for  a  chamber,  be 
very  amorous,  something  discreet,  but  not  over-constant.." 


398 

Fly  (Si).  In  Ben  Jonson's  comedy  "  The  New 
Inn,"  a  parasite  of  the  inn.  He  had  been  a  stroll- 
ing gipsy,  but  was  promoted  to  be  "inflamer  of  reckon- 
ings "  for  the  landlord  —  a  euphemism  for  making  out 
the  bills. 

Fly.  A  large  river  in  the  southern  part  of  New 
Guinea,  which  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Papua. 
It  has  not  been  fully  explored,  and  its  length  is 
unknown. 

Flygare.    See  CarUn. 

Flying  Childers  (fli'ing  chll'derz).  A  chest- 
nut race-horse,  a  descendant  of  Darle/s  Ara- 
bian, foaled  in  England  about  1715.  He  was 
never  beaten. 

Flying  Dutchman,  The.  1.  In  the  supersti- 
tions of  seamen,  a  spectral  ship  supposed  to 
haunt  the  seas  in  stormy  weather  near  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  There  are  various  legends  as  to 
the  reason  why  it  can  never  enter  port.  See  Vanderdecken. 
2.  See  Fliegende  Hollander,  Der. 

Flying-fish,  The.    See  Pisds  Volans. 

Fochabers  (fooh'a-bferz).  A  village  in  Moray- 
shire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  Spey  10  miles 
east-southeast  of  Elgin,  it  has  an  important  edu- 
cational institution,  and  Gordon  Castle,  the  seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Richmond  and  Gordon,  is  in  the  neighborhood. 

Foedera.  [L.,  '  Treaties.']  A  work,  edited  by 
Thomas  Eymer,  intended  to  contain  all  the  ex- 
isting documents  relating  to  alliances  and  state 
transactions  between  England  and  other  coun- 
tries from  1101  to  the  time  of  publication.  He 
died  after  having  issued  16  volumes(1704r-13),  but  left  mate- 
rial down  to  the  end  of  the  reign  of  James  I.  This  was 
edited  by  his  assistant,  Robert  Sanderson,  who  issued  two 
volumes  in  1715-17,  and  the  last  three  in  1726-36.  This 
brought  it  down  to  1654.  The  complete  title  is ."  Foedera, 
Conventiones,  Literee,  et  cnjuscumque  generis  Acta  Pub- 
lioa  inter  Reges  Angliee  et  olios  quosvis  Imperatores,  Re- 
ges,  Pontifices,  Principes,  vel  communitates,  ab  ineunte 
Sseculo  Duodecimo,  viz.  ab  anno  1101,  ad  nostra  usque 
Tempera  habita  aut  tractata."  It  is  usually  known  as 
"Rymer's  Foedera."    See  Hymer. 

Fogaras  (fo'go-rosh).  The  capital  of  the 
county  of  Fogaras,  Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Aluta  in  lat.  45°  47'  N.,  long.  24°  54'  E.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  5,861. 

Fogelberg  (fo'gel-bera),  Bengt  Erland.  Bom 
at  Gothenburg,  Sweden,  Aug.  8,  1786  :  died  at 
Triest,  Austria-Hungary,  Dec.  22, 1854.  A  Swe- 
dish sculptor.  His  subjects  were  taken  chiefly 
from  Scandinavian  and  Greek  mythology. 

Foggia  (fod'ja).  1.  A  province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Apulia,  Italy,  lying  along  the 
Adriatic.  Former  name,  Capitanata.  Area, 
2,688  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  393,- 
485. —  3.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Fog- 
gia, situated  in  the  Apullan  plain  in  lat.  41° 
28'  N.,  long.  15°  32'  E.  it  has  a  cathedral.  Here 
Manfred,  regent  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  assisted  by  the  Sara- 
cens, defeated  the  papal  troops,  Dec.  2, 1264.  Population 
(1891),  estimated,  44,000. 

Foggo  (fog'6),  James.  Bom  at  London,  Jime 
11,  1789 :  died  there,  Sept.  14, 1860.  A  British 
historical  painter. 

Fogo  (fo'gij).  A  volcanic  island  of  the  Cape 
Verd  group,  intersected  by  lat.  15°  N.,  long. 
24°  30'  W. 

Fohr  (f6r).  One  of  the  North  Frisian  Islands^ 
situated  in  the  North  Sea  40  miles  west-north- 
west of  Schleswig,  belonging  to  the  pro,vlnce 
of  Sohleswlg-Holstein,  Prussia. 

Foible  (foi'bl).  In  Congreve's  comedy  "The 
Way  of  the  World,"  the  intriguing  waiting- 
woman  of  Lady  Wishf  ort. 

Foigard  (fwa-gar').  In  Farquhar's  "Beaux' 
Stratagem,"  a  vulgar  Irishman  who  pretends 
to  be  a  French  priest  to  further  his  villainies. 
He  is  discovered  by  his  brogue.  After  the  first  repre- 
sentations the  part  of  Count  Bellair  was  cutout,  and  his 
words  were  added  to  the  part  of  Foigard. 

Foiz  (fwa).  [From  L.  Fuxum.]  An  ancient 
government  of  southern  France,  corresponding 
nearly  to  the  department  of  Arifege.  It  formed 
4  countship  in  the  middle  ages,  and  was  ruled  by  the 
Foix  family  from  the  11th  century.  It  was  annexed  to  Na- 
varre in  1484,  and  passed  to  France  with  Navarre  in  1689. 

Foix.  The  capital  of  the  department  of  Arifege, 
France,  on  the  AriSge  44  miles  south  of  Tou- 
louse: formerlytheoapitalof  the  county ofFoix. 
It  has  a  picturesque  castle.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  7,568. 

Foix,  Gaston,  Comte  de:  sumamed  Phoebus. 
Bom  1331:  died  1391.  Count  of  Foix  1343-91. 
He  derived  his  surname  either  from  the  beauty  of  his  per- 
son or  from  a  golden  sun  which  he  bore  in  his  escutcheon. 
He  fought  against  the  English  in  1346,  and  assisted  in  the 
rescue  of  the  royal  princesses  from  the  Jacquerie  at  Maux 
in  1368.  He  maintained  a  splendid  court,  which  has  been 
described  by  Froissart,  and  was  passionately  fond  of  the 
chase,  on  the  subject  of  which  he  wrote  a  treatise  known 
as  "Miroir  de  Ph^bus  des  dSduicts  de  la  chasse,  etc." 

Foix,  Gaston  de  (1489-1512).  See  Nemours, 
JDhc  de. 

Foix,  Paul  de.    Bom  1528 :  died  at  Rome,  May 


Follen,  Karl 

15,  1584.  A  French  diplomatist  and  prelate, 
made  archbishop  of  Toulouse  in  1576.  He  was 
ambassador  at  the  court  of  Queen  Elizabeth  of  England 
1661-66,  negotiating  the  treaty  of  Troyes.  Later  he  at- 
tempted to  negotiate  a  marriage  between  Elizabeth  and 
the  Duke  of  Anjou.  From  1679  until  his  death  be  was 
ambassador  at  Rome.  Some  of  his  diplomatic  letters 
have  been  published. 

Foix,  Raymond  Roger,  Comte  de.    Ruled 

1188-1223.  He  accompanied  Philip  Augustus  to  the 
Holy  Land  in  1190.  He  afterward  supported  Raymond 
of  Toulouse  and  the  Albigenses  against  the  Crusaders 
under  Simon  de  Montfort. 

Foix,  Roger  Bernard,  Comte  de:  sumamed 
"  The  Great."  Ruled  1223-41,  son  of  Raymond 
Roger.  He  continued  the  alliance  of  his  father  with  the 
house  of  Toulouse  against  the  Crusaders  in  the  wars  of  the 
Albigenses.  He  was  in  1229  forced  to  make  his  submis- 
sion to  the  crown,  which  had  taken  up  the  cause  of  the 
Crusaders.  He  eventually  assumed  the  monastic  habit^ 
and  died  in  the  abbey  of  Bolbone. 

Foix,  Roger  Bernard,  Comte  de.    Ruled  1265- 

1303.  He  was  noted  as  a  troubadour.  He  carried  on 
unsuccessful  wars  against  Philip  III.  of  France  and  Peter 
III.  of  Aragon,  and  became  involved  in  a  feud  with  the 
house  of  Annagnac. 

Foker  (fo'ker),  Harry.  In  Thackeray's  novel 
"Pendennis,"  a  school  friend  of  Arthur  Pen- 
dennis. 

Fokien.     See  Fuhkien. 

Fokshani  (fok-sha'ne).  A  city  in  Rumania, 
situated  on  the  river  Milkov  in  lat.  45°  45'  N., 
long.  27°  10'  E.  Here  the  Austrians  and  Russians  un- 
der Coburg  and  Suvarofl  defeated  the  Turks,  July  31, 1789. 
Population,  17,039. 

Folard  (fo-lar'),  Jean  Charles,  Chevalier  de. 
Bom  at  Avignon,  France,  Feb.  13,  1669:  died 
at  Avignon,  March  23, 1752.  A  French  soldier 
and  military  writer.  He  wrote  "  Histoire  de  Polybe 
avec  commentaires  "  (1727-30 :  best  edition  1763),  "  Nou- 
velles  d^couvertes  sur  la  guerre  "  (1724),  etc. 

Foldv&r  (fad'var).     See  Duna-Foldvdr. 

Folengp  (f 6-len'go),  Teofilo :  pseudonym  Mer- 
lino  Coccajo.  Bom  at  Cipada,  a  former  vil- 
lage near  Mantua,  Italy,  Nov.  8,  1491 :  died  at 
Santa  Croce  di  Campese,  near  Bassano,  Deo.  9, 
1544.  An  Italian  poet,  especially  noted  as  an 
early  and  successful  cultivator  of  macaronic 
verse.  He  became  a  Benedictine  at  sixteen  years  of  age, 
but  abandoned  the  order  for  a  wandering  and  licentious 
life  in  1515,  returning  to  it  again  about  1533. 

Foley  (fo'li),  John  Henry.  Born  at  Dublin, 
May  24,  1818:  died  at  Hampstead,  near  Lon- 
don, Aug.  27,  1874.  An  Irish  sculptor.  Among 
his  more  notable  statues  are  those  of  Egeria  and  Caracta.- 
cus,  and  the  equestrian  statues  of  Canning,  Hardinge,  and 
Outram. 

Folgefond  (fol'ge-fon).  A  plateau  of  ice  and 
snow  in  southwestern  Norway,  near  the  Har- 
danger  Fjord,  in  lat.  60°  N.  Height,  3,000- 
5,000  feet. 

Folger  (fol'jfer),  Charles  James.  Bom  at  Nan- 
tucket, Mass.,  April  16,  1818:  died  at  Geneva, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  4,  1884.  An  American  jurist  and 
politician.  He  was  judge  of  the  New  York  Court  of  Ap- 
peals 1871-81,  and  was  secretary  of  the  United  States  trea- 
sury 1881-84,  under  President  Arthur.  He  was  defeated  as 
candidate  for  governor  of  New  York  in  1882  (by  Cleve- 

■  land)  by  a  majority  of  nearly  200,000. 

Foligno  (fo-len'yo),  or  Fuligno  (fo-len'yo).  A 
cathedral  town  in  the  province  of  Perugia,  Italy, 
19  miles  southeast  of  Perugia :  the  ancient  Ful- 
ginium  or  Pulglnia.    Population  (1881),  8,753. 

Folio  (fo'lio),  Tom.  The  name  in  the  "  Tatler," 
No.  158,  under  which  Addison  is  said  to  have 
introduced  Thomas  Rawlinson. 

Foliot(fol'i-ot),  Gilbert.  Died  in  1187.  An  Eng- 
lish prelate.  After  having  been  successively  prior  of 
Cluny,  prior  (?)  of  Abbeville,  and  abbot  of  Gloucester,  he 
was  appointed  bishop  of  Hereford  in  1147,  and  In  1163  was 
translated  to  the  see  of  London.  He  was  a  favorite  of  Henry 
II.  and  a  bitter  opponent  of  the  primate  Thomas  Becket, 
by  whom  he  was  twice  excommunicated. 

Folkes  (folks),  Martin.  Born  at  London,  Oct. 
29,  1690:  died  June  28,  1754.  An  English  anti- 
quary, and  writer  on  numismatics. 

Folkestone,  or  Folkstone  (fok'ston).  A  sea- 
port and  watering-place  in  Kent,  Sngland,  sit- 
uated on  the  Strait  of  Dover  7  miles  west-south- 
west of  Dover.  It  is  the  terminus  of  a  steam-packet 
route  to  Boulogne.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Dr.  William 
Harvey.    Population  (1891),  23,700.  ' 

FoUati.    See  Atfalati. 

Follen  (fol'len),  Latinized  FoUenius  (fo-le'ni- 
us),  August,  .later  Adolf  Ludwig.  Born  at 
Giessen,  Germany,  Jan.  21, 1794:  died  at  Bern, 
Switzerland,  Dec.  26,  1855.  A  German  poet. 
He  edited  "Bildersaal  deutsoher  Dichtune" 
(1828-29).  ^ 

Follen,  Karl.  Bom  at  Eomrod,  Upper  Hesse, 
Germany,  Sept.  3,  1795:  lost  in  Long  Isl- 
and Sound,  Jan.  13,  1840.  A  German-Amer- 
ican clergyman  and  writer,  brother  of  A.  L. 
Follen.    He  was  driven  from  Germany,  and  gnally  from 


FoUen.  Earl 

Switzerland,  on  political  grounds,  and  in  1S30  becamepro- 
lessor  of  German  at  Harvard  College.  He  perished  in  the 
burning  ox  a  Sound  steamer. 

FoUes  Avoines.    See  Menominee. 

Follett  (fol'et),  Sir  WiUiam  Webb.  Bom  at 
Topsham,  near  Exeter,  England,  Deo.  2,  1798: 
died  at  London,  June  28, 1845.  An  English  ju- 
rist. He  was  solicitor-general  1834-35  and  1841- 
1844,  and  attorney-general  1844^5. 

Folliott,  Dr.  One  of  the  principal  characters 
in  Peacock's  "Crotchet  Castle." 

PoUywit  (fol'i-wit).  A  gay  young  prodigal 
whose  tricks  upon  his  grandfather.  Sir  Bounte- 
ous Progress,  form  the  plot  of  Middleton's 
comedy  "  A  Mad  World,  My  Masters." 

Fomalnaut  (fo'mal-o).  [Ar.  fum  al-h4t,  mouth 
of  the  fish.]  The  name  in  general  use  for  the 
1^-magnitude  star  a  Piscis  Australis. 

Fonblanq.ue  (fon-blangk'),  Albany.  Bom  at 
London,  1793:  died  there,  Oct.  13,  1872.  An 
English  journalist.  He  was  editor  of  the  London 
"Examiner,"  and  his  "England  under  Seven  Administra- 
tions "  (1837)  is  a  collection  of  the  best  of  his  articles  pub- 
lished originally  in  that  newspaper. 

Fonblauque,  John  Samuel  Martin  deGrenier. 

Born  at  London,  March,  1787 :  died  at  London, 
Nov.  3,  1865.  An  English  soldier  and  lawyer, 
brother  of  Albany  Ponblanque.  He  took  part  in 
the  War  of  1812,  was  present  at  the  capture  of  Washing- 
ton, and  was  taken  prisoner  at  New  Orleans.  He  wrote, 
with  J.  A.  Paris,  "Medical  Jurisprudence"  (1823). 

Fond  du  Lac  (fon  dulak).  [P.,  'foot  of  the 
lake.']  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Pond  du  Lao 
County,  "Wisconsin,  situated  at  the  southern 
end  of  Lake  Winnebago,  60  miles  north-north- 
west of  Milwaukee.  It  has  a  large  trade  in 
lumber.    Population  (1900),  15,110. 

Fondi  (fon'de).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Caserta,  Italy,  56  miles  northwest  of  Naples: 
the  ancient  Fundi,  it  was  noted  in  ancient  times 
for  the  Ccecnban  wine,  and  has  some  ancient  and  medieval 
remains.  It  was  burned  by  Khalr-ed-Din  (Barbarossa)  in 
1684.    Population,  about  6,000. 

Fondlewife  (f on'dl-wif ).  In  Congreve's  comedy 
"The  Old  Bachelor,"  a  doting  old  man,  de- 
ceived by  his  outwardly  quiet  and  submissive 
wife. 

Fondlove  (fond'luv),  Sir  William,  An  am- 
orous, garrulous  old  gentleman  in  Sheridan 
Knowles's  comedy  "  The  Love  Chase."  He  is 
pursued  by  the  widow  Green. 

Ponseca  (fon-sa'ka),  G-ulf  or  Bay  of.  An  inlet 
of  the  Pacific,  bordering  on  San  Salvador,  Hon- 
duras, and  Nicaragua.  Length,  about  45  miles. 
Also  called  Qulf  of  Conchagua. 

Fonseca,  Juan  Bodriguez  de.  Bom  at  Toro, 
near  Seville,  1441:  died  at  Burgos,  Nov.  4, 
1524.  A  Spanish  ecclesiastic  and  administrator. 
He  was  successively  archdeacon  of  Seville,  bishop  of 
Badajoz,  Palencia,  and  Conde,  archbishop  of  Rosario  in 
Italy,  and  bishop  of  Boigos,  besides  being  head  chaplain 
to  Queen  Isabella  and  afterward  to  Ferdinand.  He  is 
kno"wn  principally  for  the  control  which  he  exercised  over 
all  business  relating  to  the  New  World.  This  began  with 
the  preparations  for  the  second  voyage  of  Columbus  in 
1493,  and,  except  during  the  regency  of  Ximenes,  was 
continued  until  his  death.  The  Council  of  the  Indies  was 
organized  by  him  in  15H,and  he  was  its  first  chief.  Bishop 
Fonseca  opposed  Columbus,  Cortes,  and  Las  Casas  in  many 
matters,  and  he  used  his  position  unscrupulously  for  the 
benefit  of  himself  and  his  friends.   He  favored  Magalhaes. 

Fonseca(f6n-sa'ka),ManuelDeodoroda.Bom 

in  Alagoas,  Aug.  5, 1827 :  died  at  Kio  de  Janeiro, 
Aug.  23,  1892.  A  Brazilian  general  and  politi- 
cian. In  1889,  having  been  lightly  punished  for  alleged 
Insubordination,  he  joined  other  military  malcontents  in  a 
plot  against  the  government.  The  emperor,  Pedro  n. ,  was 
deposed  (Nov.  16, 1889)  and  a  republic  proclaimed,  Fonseca 
being  placed  at  the  head  of  the  provisional  government. 
A  constitutional  assembly  met  Jan.  20, 1891,  adopted  a  fed- 
eral constitution,  and  on  Feb.  24  elected  Fonseca  president 
for  four  years.  He  opened  the  first  legislative  congress 
June  16, 1891,  but  a  violent  opposition  to  the  government 
was  soon  manifested,  and  congress  was  dissolved  by  the 
president  Nov.  4.  Opposition  and  disorder  continued,  and 
on  Nov.  23  Fonseca  was  forced  to  resign,  the  vice-presi- 
dent, Petxoto,  talcing  his  place.  ■  .  ,„, 

Fonseca  (fon-sa'ka).  Marchioness  of  (Eleo- 
nora  Pimentel).  Bom  at  Naples  about  1768 
(1758?) :  died  at  Naples,  July  20, 1799.  A  Nea- 
politan patriot.  She  married  the  Marquis  of  Fonseca 
m  1784  She  sympathized  with  the  French  republicans, 
and  was  an  active  adherent  of  the  popular  party  in  Naples. 
During  the  ascendancy  of  the  latter  1798-99  she  founded 
and  edited  the  anti-royalist "  Monitore  Napoletano.  She 
was  executed  on  the  restoration  of  the  Neapolitan  mon- 
ftrcliv 

Fontaine,  Jean  de  la.    See  Za  Fontaine. 

Fontaine  (f6n-tan').  Pierre  Fran?ois  Leo- 
nard. Bom  at  Pontoise,  near  Pans,  Sept.  20, 
1762 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  10,  1853.  A  French 
architect,  a  collaborator  of  Percier._  He  exe- 
cuted the  Arch  of  the  Carrousel  (Pans),  etc. 

Fontainebleau  (f6n-tan-bl6').  A  town  m  the 
department  of  Seine-et-Mame,  France,  37  miles 
south-southeast  of  Paris.    The  palace  was  from  the 


399 

middle  ages  one  of  the  chief  residences  of  the  kings  of 
France.  It  is  of  great  extent,  the  buildings,  which  dis- 
play various  types  of  Renaissance  architecture,  inclosing 
six  courts.  The  chief  entrance  is  by  a  monumental  flight 
of  steps  of  horseshoe  plan.  The  apartments,  magnificent 
in  their  decoration  and  furnishings,  were  fitted  u^  under 
different  reigns  since  that  of  Francis  I.,  and  are  of  great 
historic  and  artistic  interest  as  preserving  intact  their 
original  character.  Some  of  the  mural  paintings  are  by 
Primaticcio.  The  gardens  are  flue,  and  the  park  and  forest 
world-famous.  This  was  the  favorite  residence  of  Napo- 
leon I.,  who  abdicated  here  in  1814.  The  forest  of  Fon- 
tainebleau (42,600  acres)  is  considered  the  most  beautiful 
in  France.  It  has  become  the  resort  of  the  modern  French 
school  of  landscape-painters,  many  of  tliem  living  at  Bar- 
bison,  Chailly,  Marlotte,  and  other  villages  near.  Among 
the  original  painters  of  this  school,  which  was  founded  by 
Theodore  Bousseau,  are  Corot,  Dupr^,  Daubigny,  and  Diaz. 
Troyon,  Francois  Millet,  Courbet,  Charles  Le  Eoux,  Fleury, 
V4ron,  Flers,  Eugfene  Lavielle,  Eiou,  and  many  others  are 
noted  exponents  of  its  style.  The  revocation  of  the  Edict 
of  Nantes  was  signed  at  Fontainebleau  in  1685,  as  were  also 
the  peace  preliminaries  between  Great  Britain,  France, 
Spain,  and  Portugal  in  1762.    Population  (1891),  14,222. 

Fontainebleau,  Peace  of.  A  treaty  concluded 
at  Fontainebleau,  Nov.  8, 1785, between  the  em- 
peror and  the  Dutch.  The  former  renounced  his 
claim  to  the  right  of  free  navigation  of  the  Schelde  beyond 
his  own  dominion,  as  well  as  his  pretension  to  Maestricht 
and  the  adjacent  territories,  receiving  10,000,000  guilders 
as  compensation. 

Fontaines  (f6n-tan'),  Comtesse  de  (Marie 
Louise  Charlotte  de  Pelard  de  Givry).  Died 

in  1730.  A  French  novelist.  She  wrote  "  Histoire 
d'Am^nophys,  prince  de  Lydie"  (1725),  "Histoire  de  la 
comtesse  de  Savoie"  (1726),  etc.  Her  complete  works 
were  published  in  1812. 

Pontana  (fon-ta'na).  Carlo.  Bom  at  Brueiato, 
near  Como,  Italy,  about  1634:  died  at  Kome, 
1714.    An  Italian  architect. 

Fontana,  Domenico.  Bom  at  Mill,  near  Como, 
Italy^  1543:  died  at  Naples,  1607.  An  Italian 
architect.  He  erected  the  obelisk  near  St.  Pe- 
ter's in  1586,  and  built  the  Lateran  Palace,  Vati- 
can Library,  etc. 

Fontana,  Lavinia.  Bom  at  Bologna,  Italy, 
about  1542 :  died  at  Bologna,  1614.  An  Italian 
portrait-painter,  daughter  of  Prospero  Pontana. 

Fontana,  Prospero.  Bom  at  Bologna,  Italy, 
about  1512:  died  at  Rome,  1597.  An  Italian 
painter. 

Pblltanes  (f6n.-tan').  Marquis  Louis  de.  Born 
at  Niort,  Prance,  March  6, 1757:  died  at  Paris, 
March  17, 1821.  A  French  politician  and  poet, 
ma&e  president  of  the  Corps  L^gislatif  in  1804. 
His  collected  works  were  published  in  1837. 

The  chief  importance  of  Fontanes  in  literature  is  derived 
not  from  any  performances  of  his  own,  but  from  the  fact 
that  he  was  appointed  intermediary  between  Napoleon 
and  the  men  of  letters  of  the  time,  and  was  able  to  exer- 
cise a  good  deal  of  useful  patronage. 

Saintmtry,  French  Lit.,  p.  401. 

Fontanges  (fdn-tonzh'),  Duchesse  de  (Marie 
Ang61ique  de  Scoraille  de  Boussille).    Bom 

1661:  died  at  Paris,  June  28, 1681.  A  mistress 
of  Louis  XIV. 

Pontarabia.    See  FuenterraUa. 

Fontenailles  (font-nay'),  or  Fontenay.  A  vil- 
lage in  the  department  of  Yonne,  Prance,  near 
Auxerre :  the  ancient  Fontanetum.  Here,  in  841, 
Charles  the  Bald  and  Louis  the  German  defeated  the  em- 
peror Lothaire. 

Pontenay-le-Oomte (f6nt-na'le-k6nt').  Atown 
in  the  department  of  Vendue,  France,  27  miles 
northeast  of  La  Eochelle.  It  suffered  in  the  Hu- 
guenot and  Vendean  wars.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  9,864. 

Pontenelle  (f6nt-nel'),  Bernard  le  Bovier  de. 
Bom  at  Bouen,  France,  Feb.  11,  1657:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  9, 1757.  A  French  advocate,  philoso- 
pher, poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  was 
the  nephew  (tlirough  his  mother)  of  Comellle,  and  was 
"one  of  the  last  of  the  Pr^dmx,  or  rather  the  inventor  of 
a  new  combination  of  literature  and  gallantry  which  at 
first  exposed  him  to  not  a  little  satire  "  (Saintsbury).  He 
wrote  "Po&ies  pastorales'  (1688),  "  Dialogues des  morts  ' 
(1683),  "Entretiens  sur  la  plurality  des  mondes"  (1686), 
"Histoire  des  oracles"  (1687),  "Eloges  des  acadtoiciens" 
(delivered  1699-1740). 

Pontenoy  (f6nt-nwa').  A  village  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  5  miles  southeast,  of 
Toumai.  Here,  May  11, 1745,  the  French  (about  70,000) 
under  Marshal  Saxe  defeated  the  allied  English,  Dutch, 
Hanoverians,  and  Austrians  (about  60,000)  under  the  Duke 
of  Cumberland.    The  loss  on  both  sides  was  very  great. 

Pontevrault(f6n-te-vr6').Aplace  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Maine-et-Loire,  France,  9  miles  south- 
east of  Saumur.  The  abbey  church,  consecrated  in 
1119,  is  an  important  example  of  the  domical  church.  In 
the  south  transept  are  fine  tombs,  with  portrait-efBgies, 
of  the  first  Plantagenet  sovereigns  of  England. 

Ponthill  (f  ont'hil)  Abbey.  A  magnificent  resi- 
dence built  onLansdowne  Hill,  near  Bath,  Eng- 
land, by  Beckford,  the  author  of  "  Vathek."  Its 
marked  peculiarity  was  a  tower  280  feet  high. 
During  the  progress  of  the  building  the  tower  caught 
fire,  and  was  partly  destroyed.  The  owner,  however,  was 
present,  and  enjoyed  the  magnificent  burnmg  spectacle. 


Porbach 

It  was  soon  restored ;  but  a  radical  fault  in  laying  the 
foundation  caused  It  eventually  to  fall  down,  and  leave 
Fonthill  a  ruin  in  the  lifetime  of  its  founder. 

W,  North,  Memoir  in  Beckford's  "Vathek,"  p.  9. 

Foochow.    See  Fu-chau. 

Poolahs.    See  Fellatahs. 

Fool  in  Pashion.    See  Love's  Last  Shift. 

Pool  of  Quality,  The.    A  novel  pubUshed  by 

Henry  Brooke  in  1766.    It  was  republished  by 

Charles  Kingsley  in  1859. 

John  Wesley  "bowdlerized"  the  "Fool  of  Quality," 
striking  outsnchpassagesashedidnotlike,  andthenpub- 
lished  it  during  the  author's  lifetime  as  the  "  History  of 
Harry,  Earl  of  Moreland,"  which  was  long  believed  by  the 
Wesleyans  to  be  the  work  of  the  great  John  himself. 

Forsyth,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Cent.,  p.  17L 

Pool's  Revenge,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Tom  Tay- 
lor, founded  on  Victor  Hugo's  play  "Le  roi 
s'arouse."  It  was  produced  in  1857.  The  opera 
"Eigoletto"  is  taken  from  the  same  source. 

Poota  Jallon.    See  Futa  Jallon. 

Foota  Toro.    See  Futa  Toro. 

Poote  (flit),  Andrew  Hull.  Bom  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Sept.  12,  1806:  died  at  New  York,  June 
26,  1863.  An  American  admiral,  son  of  S.  A. 
Foote.  He  captured  the  Canton  forts  in  1866,  and  Fort 
Henry  Feb.  6,  1862,  and  commanded  the  naval  force  at 
Fort  Donelson  Feb.  14,  1862,  and  at  the  reduction  of 
Island  No.  10,  March-April,  1862. 

Poote,  Maria,  Countess  of  Harrington.  Bom, 
probably  at  Plymouth,  in  1797 :  died  Dec.  27, 
1867.  An  English  actress,  the  daughter  of  a 
Samuel  Foote  who  claimed  descent  from  the 
famous  actor,  she  was  more  celebrated  for  her  per- 
sonal charms  than  for  her  acting,  and  retired  from  the 
stage,  after  a  somewhat  notorious  career,  in  1831,  on  her 
marriage  with  Charles  Stanhope,  earl  of  Harrington. 

Foote, Mary (Hallock).  Bom  at  Milton,N.Y., 
Nov.  19, 1847.  An  American  novelist  and  artist. 
She  has  lived  since  1876  in  California,  Idaho,  and  Colorado ; 
and  her  novels,  illustrated  by  herself,  are  pictures  of  West- 
ern life  and  scenery.  Among  them  are  "  The  Led-Horse 
Claim,"  "John  Bodewin's  Testimony,"  "Coeur  d'Alfene," 
and  "The  Chosen  Valley." 

Foote,  Samuel.  Born  at  Tmro,  England,  1720 : 
died  at  Dover,  England,  Oct.  21, 1777.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatist  and  actor.  He  first  appeared  on  the 
stage  in  1744.  In  1747  he  opened  the  Haymarket  Theatre 
with  a  mixed  entertainment,  in  which  he  played  Fondle- 
wife in  "The  Careless  Husband  "  (a  farce  taken  from  Con- 
greve's "  Old  Bachelor  "),'  and  other  parts,  principally  in 
"Diversions  of  the  Morning,"  which  he  wrote  and  acted 
himself.  His  talent  for  mimicry  was  his  chief  gift,  and 
he  employed  it  upon  prominent  personages  of  the  day  in 
his  satirical  entertainments  "Tea  at  6:30,"  "Chocolate 
in  Ireland."  "An  Auction  of  Pictures,"  etc.  In  1776  he 
caricatured  the  notorious  Duchess  of  Kingston  in  the 
"Trip  to  Calais,"  an  act  which  subjected  him  to  much  op- 
position and  to  an  indictment.  Among  his  plays  are  "The 
Knights"  (1749),  "Taste"  (1752),  "The  Englishman  in 
Paris"  (1763),  "The  Englishman  Returned  from  Paris" 
(1760),  "The  Author"  (1767),  "The  Minor"  (1760),  "The 
Orators "  (1762),  "The  Mayor  of  Garratt "  (1763),  "  The  Pa. 
tron  "  (1764),  ' ' The  Commissary  "  (1765),  "The  Devil  upon 
Two  Sticks"  (1768),  "GChe  Lame  Lover"  (1770),  "The  Maid 
of  Bath"  (1771),  "The  Nabob"  (1772),  "The  Bankrupt" 
(1773),  "The  Cozeners  "  (1774),  "The  Capuchin"  (1776 :  an 
alteration  of  the  "Trip  to  Calais").  He  also  wrote  a  num- 
ber of  witty  prose  tracts,  etc.  From  his  scathing  wit  he 
was  known  as  "the  English  Aristophanes," 

Poote,  Samuel  Augustus.  Born  at  Cheshire, 
Conn.,  Nov.  8, 1780:  died  there,  Sept.,  1846.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  United  States  senator 
from  Connecticut  1827-33,  and  governor  of  Connecticut  in 
1834.  He  introduced  "Foote's  Resolution  "  (which  seeV 
Dec,  1829. 

Foote's  Besolution.  A  resolution  introduced 
into  the  United  States  Senate  by  S.  A.  Foote, 
Dec.  29,  1829.  it  instructed  the  committee  on  public 
lands  to  Inquire  into  the  expediency  of  limiting  the  sale  of 
public  lands  for  a  certain  period  to  those  whicli  had  ^• 
ready  been  offered  for  sale.  It  occasioned  the  famous  de- 
bate in  the  Senate  between  Webster  and  Hayne  in  Jan., 1830. 

Fopling  Flutter,  Sir.    See  Flutter,  Sir  Fopling, 

Poppa  (fop'pa),  Vincenzo.  Bom  at  Brescia, 
Italy,  at  the  beginning  of  the  15th  century: 
died  at  Brescia,  1492.    An  Italian  painter. 

Poppington  (fop'ing-ton),Lord.  InVanbmgh's 
comedy  "The  Relapse,"  a  foolish  fine  gentle- 
man, a  further  development  of  CoUey  Gibber's 
Sir  Novelty  Fashion  in  "  Love's  Last  Shift." 
He  also  appears  (as  Lord  Foppington)  in  Cibber's  "Care- 
less Husband,"  and  in  Sheridan's  "Trip  to  Scarborough," 
an  alteration  of  "The Relapse." 

Lord  Foppington,  in  the  "Relapse,"  is  a  most  splendid 
caricature :  he  is  a  personification  of  the  foppery  and  folly 
of  dress  and  external  appearance  in  full  feather.  He 
blazes  out  and  dazzles  sober  reason  with  ridiculous  osten- 
tation. Still  I  think  this  character  is  a  copy  from  Ether- 
ege's  Sir  Fopling  Flutter ;  and  upon  the  whole,  perhaps. 
Sir  Fopling  is  the  more  natural  grotesque  of  the  two. 

Baditt,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  107. 

Pop's  Fortune,  The.    See  Love  MaJces  the  Man. 

Porbach  (for'baeh).  A  town  in  Lorraine,  Ger- 
many, 33  miles  east-northeast  of  Metz.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  7,327.  For  the  battle  of  Aug.  6, 
1870,  see  Spieheren, 


Forbes  Alexander  Penrose 


400 


Formigny 

was  appointed  United  States  consul  to  Genoa.    He  irrote 
"  Crestomazla  itallana"  QMTi,  etc. 


Forbes  (f6rbz),  Alexander  Penrose    Bom  at  Forchhammer  Peter  Wilielm.    Bom  Oct. 

Edinburgti,  June  6, 1817:  died  at  Dundee,  Soot-    23,  1801:  died  Jan.  9,  1894.    A  noted  Grerman  t.    -,^  ^ti^'-B^AAA-^^     -r^^™.  o+ -Po,.;,, 

land  Oct.  8,  1875.     A  Seottish  clergyman  and    olassieal  arch^ologist  and  mythologist,  brother  Forey^^fo-ra  ],  Ehe^  FredSnc.  ^  Bom  at  Paris^ 

tneological  writer.    HewasthesonolIiordMedwyn,    01  J .  (i.  Forehhammer.    He  became  professor 

a  Scottish  judge,  and  spent  several  years  of  his  youth  in     at  Kiel  in  1837. 

the  Indian  civil  service.  Beturning  to  England,  he  studied  Forchheim    (forch'him).      A   town   in   Upper 

±  ranconia,  Bavaria,  at  the  junction  of  the  Wie- 
sent  with  the  Kegnitz,  18  miles  north  of  Nu- 
remberg.   It  is  of  importance  historically  as  a 


fortified-  Place  and  aTeai  of  ^etsPopuL^^^    Forez  (fo-ra').    An  ancient  territory  of  France. 

„„..,.„„„..„ „ , ,    i°g™dPla^°eandaseatotmets.    Population    j^,  ^he  former  government  of  Lyonnais,  corre- 

A  British  journalist,  noted  as  corre-  Forckenbeck  (for'ken-bek).  Max  VOn.    Bom    spending  in  large  part  to  the  department  of 


theology  and  took  orders,  and  in  1847  was  elected  bishop 
ol  Brechin  in  the  Scottish  Episcopal  Church.  His  advo- 
cacy of  High-Church  views  led  to  much  controversy  and 
incurred  ecclesiastical  censure. 

Forbes,  Archibald,  Bom  in  Morayshire,  Scot- 
land, April  17, 1838 :  died  at  London,  March  30, 
1900.       ■-■■■■ 

spondent  (especially  as  war  correspondent)  of 
the  London  "Daily  News."  He  wrote  "My  Ex- 
periences of  the  War  between  France  and  Germany,"  and 
other  sketches  of  military  life. 

Forbes,  Duncan,  of  Cfulloden.  Born  near  Inver- 
ness, Nov.  10, 1685 :  died  Dec.  10, 1747.  A  Scot- 
tish judge  and  patriot.  He  was  made  lord  advocate 
in  172.'),  and  lord  president  of  the  Court  of  Session  in  1737. 


Jan."  10,  1804 :  died  there,  June  20,  1872.  A 
French  marshal.  He  took  an  active  part  In  the  coup 
d'etat  Dec.  2,  1851 ;  was  prominent  in  the  Crimean  and 
Italian  wars ;  and  from  July,  1868,  to  Oct.,  1868,  commanded 
the  French  expedition  against  Mexico.  During  this  pe- 
riod he  captured  Puebla,  May  17,  1863,  occupied  Mexico 
City,  and  formed  a  provisional  government. 


at  Muuster,  Oct.  21,  1821:  died  at  Berlin,  May 
26,  1892.  A  Prussian  politician.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  I^ussian  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1858,  and 
of  the  House  of  Peers  in  1873;  and  in  1867  entered  the 
Reichstag,  of  which  he  was  president  1874-79.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  National  Liberal  party  in  1866, 
and  in  1884  joined  the  Freisinnige  party.  He  was  chief 
mayor  of  Berlin  from  1878  until  his  death. 


Loire.  It  was  a  county  in  the  middle  ages,  and  was 
united  to  the  crown  under  Francis  I.  in  1532. 
Forfar  (fdr'far),  or  Angus  (ang'gus).  A  mari- 
time county  of  Scotland.  It  is  bounded  by  Aberdeen 
and  Kincardine  on  the  north,  the  North  Sea  on  the  east, 
the  Firth  of  Tay  on  the  south,  and  Perth  on  the  west ;  and 
is  the  chief  seat  of  Scottish  linen  manufacture  (at  Dun- 
dee).   Area,  875  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  277,736. 


in  172.'),  and  lord  president  of  the  Court  of  Session  in  1737.  _j"<w"''j^  "="'"""'" '^01°"""^  "»=  "=»'■"■  ■Un-rfar       fTVio  r- a  nit  at  of  Forfarshire    Scotland 

He  rendered  efficient  service  to  the  government  in  the  ris-  Ford  (ford),  John.     Born  at  Ilslngton,  Devon-  Forfar.     h'^l^^'^l^ll^ ^°S^^^ 


ings  of  1715  and  1746-46,  while  exercising  and  advocating 
humanity  in  dealing  with  the  rebels. 

Forbes,  Edward.  Born  at  Douglas,  Isle  of 
Man,  Feb.  12,  1815:  died  atWardie,  near  Edin- 
burgh, Nov.  18,1854.  An  English  naturalist  and 
paleontologist,  prof  essor  of  natural  philosophy 
in  Edinburgh  University  1853-54.  He  wrote  a 
"History  of  British  Star-Fishes "(1841),  "History of  Brit- 
ish MoUusca "  (conjointly  with  Hanley,  186^  and  many 
valuable  biological  memoirs. 

Forbes,  Edwin.  Bom  at  New  York,  1839 :  died 
at  Flatbush,  L.  I.,  March  6,  1895.  An  Amer- 
ican landscape  and  genre  painter,  best  known 
for  his  drawings  made  during  the  Civil  War. 

Forbes,  James  David.  Bom  at  Edinburgh, 
April  20,  1809 :  died  at  Clifton,  England,  Dec. 
31,  1868.  A  Scottish  scientist.  He  was  professor 
of  natural  philosophy  1833-60,  and  later  principal  of  the 
United  College  of  St.  Andrews.  He  is  noted  for  discov- 
eries in  regard  to  the  movement  of  glaciers  and  the  polar- 
ization of  heat.  He  wi'ote  '*  Travels  through  the  Alps  of 
Savoy"  (1843),  "STorway  and  its  Glaciers"  (1863),  and  a 
"Dissertation  on  the  Progress  of  Mathematical  and  Phys- 
ical Science"  for  the  8th  edition  of  the  "Encyclopsedia 
Britannica." 

Forbes,  Sir  John,  Born  at  Cuttlebrae,  Banff- 
shire, Scotland, Dee.  18, 1787:  diedNov.  13,1861. 
A  British  physician  and  medical  writer.  He  was 
editor,  in  conjunction  with  Drs.  Tweedie  and  ConoUy,  of 
the  "  Cyclopaedia  of  Practical  Medicine  i>  (1832-85). 

Forbin  (for-bau'),  Claude  de.  Born  at  Gar- 
danne,  near  Aix,  France,  Aug.  6,  1656:  died 
near  Marseilles,  March  4, 1733.  A  French  naval 
commander.  He  accompanied  the  ambassador  Chau- 
mont  to  Slam  in  1685 ;  was  admiral  and  general-in-ohief  to 
the  King  of  Slam  1686-87;  and  1702-10  served  aschef  d'es- 
cadre  in  the  French  navy.  He  wrote  "  M^moirea,"  edited 
and  published  by  Eeboulet  in  1730. 


shire,  England,  1586  (baptized  April  17) :  died 
after  1639.  An  English  dramatist.  Little  is  known 
of  his  life  except  that  he  was  a  member  of  the  Middle 
Temple  and  not  dependent  on  his  pen  for  his  living,  and 
that  he  was  popular  with  playgoers.    He  apparently  re- 


situated  in  the  valley  of  Strathmore  13  miles 
north-northeast  of  Dundee.  It  has  manufactures 
of  linen.  It  was  an  ancient  royal  residence,  and  is  a  royal 
burgh,  and  also  a  parliamentary  burgh,  belonging  to  the 
Montrose  group.    Population  (1891),  12,844. 


juicy  old  sinner  upon  whom  he  is  practising.  The  means 
whereby  he  labours  to  justify  his  passion,  spreading  temp- 
tations and  then  concerting  sxurprises,  are  quite  as  wicked 
as  anything  Falstaft  does,  and  have,  besides,  the  further 
crime  of  exceeding  meanness. 

Hudson,  Introd.  to  M.  W.  of  W. 

Ford,  Paul  Leicester.  Born  at  Brooklyn,  N^Y., 
1865:  died  at  New  York,  May  8,  1902.  An 
American  author.  He  wrote  "The  Honorable  Peter 
Stirling"  (1894),  "The  True  George  Washington "(1896), 
"The  Story  of  an  Untold  Love"  (1897),  " The  Many-sided 
Franklin"  (1899),  "  Janice  Meredith "  (1899),  etc. 
Ford,  Bichard.  Bom  at  London,  1796 :  died  at 
Heavitree,  near  Exeter,  1858.  An  English  trav- 
eler and  author.  He  wrote  a  "Handbook  for  Travelers 
in  Spain  "  (1846),  one  of  the  first  and  best  (and  in  its  origi- 
.  nal  form  the  fullest)  of  Murray's  Handbooks. 
ForboniusandPriSCeria(f6r-b6  m-usandpri-  Fordham  (for'dam).  Formeriy  a  village  of 
se'ri-a),  Delectable  History  of.  A  romance  ^ggt  Farms,  New  York,  now  a  part  of  New 
in  prose  and  verse  by  Thomas  Lodge  (1584).  york  city,  12  miles  north  of  the  City  Hall.  It  is 
Force  (fors),  Peter,  Bora  at  Passaic  Falls,  the  seatof  St.  John'sCollege(Koman Catholic). 
N.  J.,Nov.  26,  1790:  died  at  Washington,  D.C.,  pord's  Theater.  A  former  theater  in  Wash- 
Jan.  23,  1868,  An  American  antiquarian.  He  jngton.  President  Lincoln  was  assassinated  there  AprU 
was  editor  of  the  "National  Journal,  Washington,  District  .^^jggg  it  was  afterward  used  by  the  government  for 
of  Columbia,  1823-30,  and  was  mayor  of  Washington  183&-     jj^'  ^  division  of  the  War  Department.    It  collapsed 

1840.    His  chief  work  is  "American  Archives,  a  Documen-     j        „  jgg3     ^    number  of  lives  were  lost, 
tary  History  of  the  English  Colonies  m  North  America  ",     -  <  _      _  _    _ 


Lnaii  ne  was  popular  wibu  piaygoei-H.    jre  appai-enuy  re-  _ r,;-" -x  *a        jT  i     j- i-     tj„««  j«  Too-l  .  .3:«.q 

tired  to  Ilslngton  to  end  his  days.    His  principal  plays  Forge  (for]),  AuatOle  OS  la.   isorn  in  IBJl.  died 

••~ "■  "■■      at  Paris,  June  6, 1892.  A  French  historian.   He 

became  a  journalist  in  1848 ;  was  prefect  of  the  Aisne ;  and 
was  wounded  at  St.-Quentin.  He  was  made  dfrector  of  the 
press  in  the  ministry  of  the  interim  (1877),  was  elected 
to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1881,  and  sat  till  1889.  He 
wrote  a  "History  of  the  Republic  of  Venice,"  "Public 
Instruction  in  Spain,"  etc. 
Forges-les-Eaux(forzh'la-z6').  Atownin  the 
department  of  Seine-Inf6rieure,  France,  24 
miles  northeast  of  Eouen.     It  was  formerly 

,.   ^.     . .         -,,,•■*       X.   J     J  ,,■  •      noted  for  its  cold  chalybeate  springs. 

to  him  his  passion  for  Mistress  Ford  and  his  success  in  _     .      ,._,  -  --        .    „_;„ni   i-.-_i   «n  +i,q  -nn-rH-V. 

duping  Ford  her  husband.  Fono  (fo're-o).    A  small  town  on  the  north- 

„ ^    .^^        ,  ,  .„        ,.  ,.  ,      western  coast  of  the  island  ot  Isohia,  Italy. 

on'th^^Vof bTiKg^oTtTsiTefof^h^SKcld^^^^^^^  Forkel  (for'kel),  Johanu  Nikolaus     Born  at 

and  drawing  the  most  savoury  issues  from  the  meUow,     Meeder,_near  LobUTg,  trermany,  ^  eb.  Z^,  1/49: 


are  "The  Lovers'  Melancholy"  (printed  1629),  "'Tis  Pity 
She's  a  Whore "(1633),  "The  Broken  Heart  "(1633),  "Love's 
Sacrifice"  (1633),  "The  Chronicle  History  of  Perkin  War- 
beck"  ft634),  "The  Fancies  Chaste  and  Noble"  (1638), 
"The  Lady's  Trial "  (1639),  "The  Sun's  Darling"  (with 
Dekker,  1666),  "The  Witch  of  Edmonton"  (with  Dekker, 
Rowley,  etc.,  1658).  His  works  were  collected  by  Weber 
in  1811,  by  Gifford  in  1827,  and  by  Dyce  (Giflord)  in  1869. 
Ford,  Master.  A  well-to-do  gentleman  in  Shak- 
spere's  "Merry  Wives  of  Windsor."  He  assumes 
the  name  of  Master  Brook,  and  induces  Falstaff  to  confide 


died  at  Gottingen,  Hnissia,  March  17,  1818.  A 
German  writer  on  music,  director  of  music  at 
the  University  of  Gottingen  from  1779.  His 
chief  work  is  "  AUgemeine  Literatur  der  Mu- 
sik"  (1792). 

Forli  (for-le').  1.  A  province  in  Emilia,  Italy, 
bordering  on  the  Adriatic.  Area,  725  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  269,374.— 2.  The 
capital  of  the  province  of  Forli,  situated  on 
the  old  .^milian  Way  in  lat.  44°  14'  N.,  long. 
12°  2'  E. :  the  ancient  Forum  Livii.  It  has  a 
pseudo-classical  cathedral  and  a  picture-gallery.  The 
citadel,  a  picturesque  castle  of  the  14th  and  16th  centu- 
ries, was  the  scene  of  the  courageous  exploits  of  Catha- 
rina  Sf  orza,  widow  of  Girolamo  Riario.  Forli  was  a  repub- 
lic in  the  later  middle  ages,  and  was  annexed  to  the  Papal 
States  in  1604.    Population  (1891),  estimated,  44,000. 

Forli,  Melozzo  da.  Bom  at  Forli,  Italy,  about 
1438 :  died  1494.  An  Italian  painter,  noted  for 
his  skill  in  foreshortening. 

Formal  (fdr'mal),  James.  In  Wycherley^s 
comedy  "  The  (jentleman  Dancing  Master,"  an 
old,  rich  merchant,  also  known  as  Don  Diego. 
He  is  deeply  imbued  with  Spanish  customs,  and  unsuc- 
cessfully undertakes  to  keep  his  daughter  shut  up  and 
away  from  men. 


as:^i^»^ii=i;^i^^=,  rordun  (f6r-d^2LJ?^°*^.j»!'i^H«!i  ^isL  ^^^r^^f^i?^  .^z.t  ^^ 


A  Scottish  chronicler  who  wrote  a  history  of 
Scotland  down  to  his  own  time,  entitled  "  Chro- 


A  collection  of  22,000  books  and  40,000  pamphlets,  most  of 

them  rare,  which  he  made  in  connection  with  this  work,  _       

was  purchased  by  Congress  in  1867.  p,„„„„„„„  .„  iioa  Gentis  Scotorum,"  whicH  was  continued 

Force  Bill.     1.  A  bill  passed  by  Congress  to  ^^^^^^  g^^^^,  ^^^^  ^^^  ^^^  ^f  ,<ggo^.j. 

enforce  the  taritt.    Itwas  occasioned  by  the  ordinance  „i;_„_,-„f,„  " 

passed  by  South  Carolina'Nov.  24, 1832,  nuUifying  the  tariff  _?'^°,    ''j  V»-  „„„.qx    -Kr^^+T,       a    T,„o,noT„q   iy, 

Sets  on828  and  1832,  and  became  law  March  2, 1833.    Also  Foroland  (for  land),  North.     A  headland  m 

called  the  '  Bloody  BilL"  Kent,  England,  66  miles  east  of  London,  m  lat. 

3.  A  bill  for  the  protection  of  political  and  civil  510  22' 28''' N.,  long.  1°  26' 48'' E.  (lighthouse).     ^^_^     ^^^ ^^^^    „,„„  ^,„„  „.„ 

rights  in  the  South,  passed  in  1870.— 3.  A  bill  Near  It  occurred  the  naval  drawn  battle,  June,  1666,  be-  F"OTmer"Aa'e"The"ADoe"mbv Chaucer  diseov- 

wfth  the  same  purp'os^e  as  the  preceding,  passed  tween  the  English  under  Albemarle  and  the  Dutch  under  Former  Age^^lhe.^  A^po^em  ^^^^^^^\^'^^^^ 

in  1871.-4    A   popular  name  for  the  Lodge  jw^f^n^    go^th.     A  headland  in  Kent,  Eng-     J?  1866.     It  is  a  metrical  portion  of  Chaucer's  transla- 

election  tall,  which  passed   the    Kepiiblican  ^S^Pjecting  into  the   Strait  of  Dover,  ^4    Sonw^sShei" 

House  of  Representatives  m  1890,  but  failed  to  '^f^  Northeast  of  Dover,  in  lat.  51°  8'  23"  N.,  TP^!:'i™  ™,^°,^.e^i 


hampton,  Dec.  30,  1552 :  died  at  London,  Sept. 
12,  1611.  An  English  astrologer  and  quack. 
He  practised  his  profession  with  some  success,  though 
several  times  imprisoned,  and  was  finally  implicated  in 
the  murder  of  Sir  Thomas  Overbury.  He  died  before  the 
transaction  became  public.  Jonson  alludes  to  his  love- 
philters,  etc.,  in  his  "Epicoene."  He  wrote  a  book  "The 
Grounds  of  the  Longitude,  etc."  (1691),  and  left  several 
diaries  and  "The  Booke  of  Flaies,"  etc.,  with  accounts  of 
early  performances.    Diet,  Nat.  Biog. 


pass  the  Senate  in  1891.    It  became  a  leading  party     ,      _  io  00' 99// Ti;   nichthousR) 
^    It  was  designed  "to  amend  and  supplementthe  Ji°^S- ^  f  f^  ,^:\'-^S^^'^0^^) 


tion  of  Boethius,  probably  written  after  the  prose  trans- 
-^        lation  was  finished. 

"■'  Formes  (for'mes),  Karl  Johann.    Bom  Aug. 
died  Dec.  15,  1889.     A  German  bass 


SeronlawsrftheTn!tedStaTerandtrprSt;iirf^Vl      Foresight   (for'sit).  "  In   Congreve's   comedy     ^^^er"'  ^'"^  ^^'''  ^^'  ^^^^"      ^ 
more  efficient  enforcement  of  such  laws,  and  for  other     "Love  for  Love,"  an  old  man  with  a  tondness  Formey  (for'mi),  Johann  Heinrich  Samuel 

for  "iudicial  astrology."   He  is  made  up  of  dreams,    gom  at  Berlin.  Mav  31. 1711:  died  at  Berlin 


purposes. 

Forced  Marriage,  The.  1.  A  tragicomedy  by 
Mrs.  Aphra  Behn  (1671).— 3.  A  tragedy  by 
John  Armstrong  (1754). 

Torcellini  (for-chel-le'ne),  Egidio,  Born  near 
Feltre,  Belluno,  Italy,  Aug.  26,  1688:  died  at 


for  "  judicial  astrology.' 

uativities,  and  superstitions  of  all  kinds,  and  is  always 
searching  for  omens.  He  has  a  hypocritical,  vicious  wife. 
Forest  Cantons.  A  collective  name  for  the 
cantons  of  Lucerne,  Schwyz,  Uri,  and  Unter- 
walden,  in  Switzerland. 
Padua',  April  4, 1768. '  A  noted  Italian  lexieog-  Forest  City,  The.  A  name  given  to  Cleveland, 
lapher,  a  pupil  and  collaborator  of  Facciolati.  Ohio,  on  account  of  the  number  of  its  shade- 
He  began  the  "  Totius  latinltatis  lexicon,  etc.,"  in  1718,     ^^j-ees 

and  completed  it  with  Facciolati's  aid  in  1753.     It  was  p._pjj*p-  (for'es-ter),  Frank,     A  pseudonym  of 
published  at  Padua  in  177L  ^™^  WilHaTv,  TTprheTt 

Torchhammer  (f ordh  '  ham  -mer),  Johann  Heray  WUliam  Herbert. 
Georg.  Bom  at  Husum,  near  Sehleswig,  July  Forestl  (fo-r«s  te),  E.  Felice,  ^orn  near  i  er- 
26  1794:  died  at  Copenhagen,  Dee.  14, 1865.  A  rara,  Italy,  about  1793:  died  aUienoa,fc.ept.  14, 
Banish  mineralogist,  chlmist  and  geologist,  JfJ- .^ff,^  n^^^piS^^^^l.t^bUnltJl^I^vl?^ 
-professor  of  mineralogy  at  the  University  of  Co-  SaSd  was  detained  in  captivity  until  1835,  when  he 
penhagen.      He  published   "Denmarks  geog-     was  exiled  to  America.    Hebecameprofessoroftheltalian 


nostiske  Forhold"  (1835),  etc. 


language  and  literature  in  Columbia  College,  and  in  18B8 


Born  at  Berlin,  May  31, 1711 :  died  at  Berlin, 
March  7,  1797.  A  German  philosophical  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  of  French  (Huguenot)  de- 
scent, professor  of  oratory  (1736)  and  philos- 
ophy (1739)  at  the  French  College  in  Berlin,  and 
perpetual  secretary  of  the  Berlin  Academy 
(1748). 

Formia  (for'me-a).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Caserta,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Gaeta 
44  miles  northwest  of  Naples :  the  ancient  For- 
mies,  formerly  Mola  di  Gaeta.  Population, 
about  8,000. 

Formigny  (for-men-ye'),  or  Fourmigni  (f6r- 
men-ye').  A  village  in  the  department  of  Cal- 
vados, France,  near  Bayeux.  Here,  in  l4B0i  the 
English  were  defeated  by  the  French  with  a  loss  of  about 
4,000. 


Formorians 
Formorians  (fdr-mo'ri-anz).    See  the  extract. 

The  first  people,  then,  of  whose  existence  in  Ireland  we 
can  oe  said  to  know  anything  are  commonly  asserted  to 
have  been  of  Turanian  origin,  and  are  known  as  "  Formo- 
rians." As  far  as  we  can  gather,  they  were  a  dark,  low- 
browed, stunted  race,  although,  oddly  enough,  the  word 
Formorian  in  early  Irish  legend  is  always  used  as  synony- 
mous with  the  word  giant.  They  were,  at  any  rate,  a  race 
■of  utterly  savage  hunters  and  fishermen,  ignorant  of  metal, 
of  potteiy,  possibly  even  of  the  use  of  fire ;  using  the  stone 
hammers  or  hatchets  of  which  vast  numbers  may  be  seen 
in  every  museum.  Lawless,  Story  of  Ireland,  p.  5. 

Tonnosa  (fdr-mo'sa),  Chin.  Taiwan  tti'wan'). 
[Pg.,  'the  beautiful.']  An  island  east  of 
China,  forming,  until  ceded  to  Japan  1895, 
the  province  of  the  same  name  in  China,  it  is 
traversed  by  mountains.  Its  products  are  tea,  sugar,  coal, 
•etc.  The  chief  towns  are  Tamsui,  Taiwan,  and  Kelung. 
It  is  inhabited  by  Chinese  and  aborigines  (Malayan,  We- 
igrito).  The  western  part  of  the  island  was  colonized  by 
tljiB  Chinese  about  200  years  ago.  It  was  the  principal 
scene  of  warfare  in  the  war  of  France  with  China  in  1884- 
1886 ;  was  blockaded  by  the  French  fleet,  and  in  part  oc- 
cupied by  the  French ;  and  was  the  theater  of  several 
combats  (the  French  being  led  by  Admiral  Courbet)  in  1885. 
length,  235  miles.  Area,  13,458  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, about  3,000,000. 

Formosa.  A  territory  of  the  Argentine  Repub- 
lic, in  the  Gran  Chaco  region,  between  the  riv- 
ers Paraguay,  Pilcomayo,  and  Bermejo.  Capi- 
tal, Formosa.  It  was  created  in  1884  by  a  division  of 
the  old  territory  of  Chaco.  Area,  about  40,000  square 
miles.    Civilized  population,  about  5,000. 

Formosa  Bay,  or  TJngama  (ong-ga'ma)  Bay. 
An  indentation  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa, 
about  lat.  2°  30'  S. 

Formosa  Strait.  The  channel  which  separates 
Formosa  from  the  mainland.  Breadth  at  the 
narrowest  part,  about  90  miles. 

FormosUS  (f6r-m6'sus).  Born  about  816:  died 
896.  Pope  891-896.  He  was  a  missionary  among  the 
Bulgarians  about  866.  He  crowned  Arnulf  of  Carinthia 
emperor  in  896. 

Fornarina(for-na-re'na),La.  [It., 'The Baker- 
ess.']  A  picture  by  Eaphael,  painted  about 
1509,  now  in  the  Palazzo  Barberini,  Bome.  it 
represents  a  half-nude  woman  seated  in  a  wood.  On  her 
bracelet  is  written  "Raphael  Urbinas."  It  is  commonly 
called  "Kaphael's  Mistress,"  the  name  "Fornarina"  hav- 
ing been  given  to  it  about  1750.  She  is  said  to  have  been 
Margherita,  the  daughter  of  a  baker.  There  are  two  other 
Tjictures  to  which  this  name  has  been  given,  both  by  Se- 
tiastiandelPiombo,  and  eachhasbeen  attributed  to  Kaphael, 
and  under  this  supposition  has  been  engraved.  One  is 
now  in  the  Old  Museum  at  Berlin,  and  the  other  is  in  the 
Ufflzi,  Florence  (dated  1512). 

Fornax (fdr'naks).  [L., 'an  oven.']  A  south- 
ern constellation,  invented  and  named  by  La- 
caille  in  1763.  it  lies  south  of  the  western  part  of  Eri- 
danus,  and,  as  its  boundaries  .are  at  present  drawn,  contains 
no  star  of  greater  magnitude  than  the  fifth. 

Torney  (for'ni),  John  Weiss.  Bom  at  Lan- 
caster, Pa.,  Sept.  30, 1817:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Dec.  9,  1881.  An  American  journalist  and 
I  politician.  He  was  editor  of  the  Philadelphia  "Press" 
'  1857-77,  clerkof  the  United  States  House  of  Bepresen  tatives 
1851-55  and  1869-61,  and  secretary  of  the  United  States 
Senate  1861-68. 

Fornovo  (f  or-no'vo).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Panna,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Taro  10 
1  miles  southwest  of  Parma.  Here,  July  a,  1495,  the 
French  under  Charles  "VTII.  defeated  the  Italians  under 
Gonzaga,  and  secured  the  retreat  of  the  French  army. 

Torobosco  (fo-ro-bos'ko).  A  cheating  mounte- 
bank in  "  The  Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn,"  by  Fletcher 
and  others. 

Forres  (for'es).  A  royal  burgh  in  Elginshire, 
Scotland,  12  miles  west  of  Elgin.  Population 
(1891),  2,928. 

Forrest  (for 'est) ,  Edwin.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
March  9, 1806 :  died  there.  Dee.  12, 1872.  A  cele- 
brated American  actor.  He  first  appeared  on  the 
legular  stage  in  1820  as  Douglas  in  Home's  play  of  that 
name.  His  first  notable  success  was  in  New  York,  where 
lie  played  "  Othello  "  in  1826.  In  1836  he  appeared  in  Lon- 
don as  Spartacus  in  "  The  Gladiator. "  After  this  he  played 
with  success  both  in  England  and  America,  until  in  1846 
in  London  he  was  hissed  in  "Macbeth."  He  attributed 
this  to  Macready's  infiuence,  and  shortly  after,  when  the 
latter  was  playing  Hamlet  in  Edinburgh,  Forrest  stood  up 
in  his  box  and  hissed  violently.  It  is  believed  that  this 
was  the  original  cause  of  the  Astor  Place  riot  in  1849,  of 
-which  the  immediate  occasion  was  the  attempt  of  For- 
Test's  admirers  to  prevent  Macready  from  appearing  in  the 
Astor  Place  Opera  House.  His  last  appearance  In  New 
York  was  in  Feb.,  1871,  and  in  March  of  that  year  he  ap- 
peared for  the  last  time  as  an  actor  in  Boston.  He  after- 
ward, however,  gave  Shaksperian  readings, which  were  not 
successful.    He  left  his  house  in  Philadelphia  as  a  home 

for  aged  actors.  Here  also  he  collected  a  large  dramatic 
library.  One  of  his  most  characteristic  parts  was  Aylmere 
in  "Jack  Cade,"  which  was  written  for  him  by  Robert  T. 
Conrad.  Among  his  great  parts  were  Lear,  Coriolanus, 
Othello,  Virginius,  Damon,  Spartacus,  Tell,  etc. 

Torrest,  Nathan  Bedford.    Born  at  Chapel 

Hill,  Temi.,  July  13,  1821:  died  at  Memphis, 

•■   Tenn.,  Oct.  29, 1877.  An  American  cavalry  com- 

■   mander  in  the  Confederate  service  during  the 

Civil  War.    He  participated,  as  brigadier-general,  in  the 

hattle  of  Chiokamauga,  Sept.  19-20, 1863,  and  as  major- 

C— 26 


401 

general  commanded  the  troops  which  captured  Fort  Pil- 
low, April  12, 1864.  He  was  promoted  lieutenant-general 
in  Feb.,  1865,  and  surrendered  on  the  9th  of  May  in  the 
same  year. 
Forrest,  Thomas.  Died  in  India  about  1802. 
An  English  navigator.  He  entered  the  service  of  the 
East  India  Company  probably  about  1748.  He  discovered 
Forrest  Strait  (which  received  its  name  from  him)  in  1790, 
and  made  several  voyages  of  exploration.  He  wrote  "A 
Voyage  to  New  Guinea  and  the  Moluccas  from  Balam- 
bangan.  .  .  during  the  years  1774-6-6"  (1779),  "A  Journal 
of  the  Ether  Brig,  Capt.  Thomas  Forrest,  from  Bengal  to 
Quedah,  in  1783  "  (1789),  "A  Voyage  from  Calcutta  to  the 
Mergui  Archipelago  "  (1792),  "A  Treatise  on  the  Monsoons 
in  East  India  "  (1782). 

Forrester  (for'es-tsr),  Alfred  Henry :  pseudo- 
nym Alfred  Crowanill.  Bom  at  Loudon,  Sept. 
10, 1804 :  died  there,  May  26, 1872.  An  English 
author  and  artist.  He  was  a  younger  brother  of 
Charles  Robert  Forrester,  with  whom  he  shared  the  use  of 
the  pseudonym  Alfred  Crowquill.  He  contributed  sketches 
to  Vols.  II,  III,  and  IV  of  "  Punch,"  and  illustrated  nu- 
merous works. 

Forrester,  Charles  Bobert.  Bom  at  London, 
1803 :  died  there,  Jan.  15,  1850.  An  English  au- 
thor. He  was  an  elder  brother  of  Alfred  Henry  Forrester, 
and  with  him  used  the  pseudonym  Alfred  Crowquill ;  he 
also  wrote  under  the  name  of  Hal  W'illis.  Among  his  works 
are  "Absurdities  in  Prose  and  Verse,  written  and  illus- 
trated by  Alfred  Crowquill " (1827),  and  "Phantasmagoria 
of  Fun  "  (1843),  both  of  which  were  illustrated  by  his 
brother. 

Forrester,  Fanny,  A  pen-name  of  Miss  Emily 
Chubbuck,  wife  of  the  missionary  Adoniram 
Judson. 

Forsete  (for-set'e),  or  Forseti  (for-set'e).  In 
Norse  mythology,  the  god  of  justice,  son  of 
Balder. 

ForskSil  (f or'sk&l),  Peter.  Born  at  Helsingf ors, 
Finland,  Jan.  11,  1732:  died  at  Yerim,  Arabia, 
July  11,  1763.  A  Swedish  naturalist  and  trav- 
eler. He  was  a  pupil  of  Linnseus,  on  whose  recommenda- 
tion he  was  appointed  by  Frederick  V.  of  Denmark  in 
1761  naturalist  to  a  scientific  expedition  to  Egypt  and 
Arabia,  which  was  fitted  out  by  the  Banish  government 
and  placed  under  the  conduct  of  Niebuhr.  He  died  while 
engaged  in  this  enterprise,  and  the  following  works,  edited 
by  Niebuhr,  appeared  posthumously :  "  Fauna  orientalis  " 
(1775),  "Flora  segyptiaoo-arabica  "  (1775). 

Forst  (forst),  formerly  Forsta  (for'sta)  or 
Forste  (for'ste).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Neisse 
62  miles  northeast  of  Dresden:  annexed  to 
Prussia  1815.     Population  ^1890),  23,539. 

Forster  (fSr'ster),  Ernst.  Born  at  Miinchen- 
gosserstadt,  on  the  Saale,  Grermany,  April  8, 
1800:  died  April  29, 1885.  A  German  painter  and 
writer  on  art.  He  wrote  "Geschichte  der  deutschen 
Kunst"  (1851-62),  "Denkraaler  der  deutschen  Baukunst, 

■  Bildnerei,  und  Malerei "  (1855-69),  "  Vorschule  zur  Kunst- 
geschichte  "  (1862),  etc. 

Forster  (for-star'),  Francois.  Bom  at  Lode, 
Switzerland,  Aug.  22,  1790:  died  at  Paris,  June 
27,  1872.  A  French  engraver  of  portraits  and 
historical  pictures. 

Forster  (fer'ster),  Friedrich.  BornatMlinohen- 
gosserstadt,  Sept.  24, 1791:  died  at  Berlin,  Nov. 
8, 1868.  A  German  historian,  soldier,  poet,  and 
journalist,  brother  of  E.  Forster.  He  published 
works  on  Wallenstein,  Frederick  the  Great,  re- 
cent Prussian  history,  etc. 

Forster,  Heinrich.  Born  at  Grossglogau,  Prus- 
sia, Nov.  24,  1800:  diedatJohannisberg,  Austrian 
Silesia,  Oct.  20, 1881.  A  German  Roman  Catholic 
prelate  and  pulpit  orator,  bishop  of  Breslau. 

Forster  (for'ster),  Johann  Georg  Adam,  com- 
monly called  G-eorg  Forster.  Bom  at  Nassen- 
huben,  near  Dantzio,  Prussia,  Nov.  27,  1754: 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  10, 1794.  A  German  natu- 
ralist, traveler,  and  author,  son  of  J.  E.  Forster. 
He  accompanied  Cook  on  his  second  voyage  in  1772. 
Among  his  works  are  "  A  Voyage  round  the  World"(l 777), 
"Kleine  Schrifteu"  (1789-97),  "Ansiohten  vom  Nieder- 
rhein,  Brabant,  etc."  (1790). 

Forster,  Johann  Eeinhold.  Born  at  Dirsehau, 
Prussia,  Oct.  22,  1729:  died  at  Halle,  Prussia, 
Dee.  9, 1798.  A  German  traveler  and  naturalist. 
He  accompanied  Cook  on  his  second  voyage  in  1772,  and 
published  "  Observations  made  during  a  Voyage  round 
the  World,"  etc.  (1778),  etc. 

Forster  (fSr'stSr),  John.  Born  at  Newcastle, 
April  2,  1812:  died  Feb.  2,  1876.  An  English 
historian  and  biographer.  He  studied  at  University 
College ;  was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in 
1843;  became  editor  of  the  "Examiner"  in  1847;  was 
appointed  secretary  to  the  commissioners  of  lunacy  in 
1866 ;  and  was  made  a  commissioner  of  lunacy  in  1861,  a 
position  which  he  resigned  in  1872.  He  bequeathed  "the 
Forster  Collection"  to  the  nation.  It  is  now  at  South 
Kensington.  It  consists  of  18,000  books,  many  manu- 
scripts (including  nearly  all  the  original  manuscripts  of 
Dickens's  novels),  48  oil-paintings,  and  a  large  number  of 
drawings,  engravings,  etc.  His  works  include  "  Historical 
and  Biographical  Essays"  (collected  In  1858),  "Life  of 
Sir  John  Eliot  "  (expanded  1864),  "Life  of  Landor"  (1869), 
"Life  of  Dickens  "  (1872-73-74),  etc.  He  wrote  a  number 
of  other  biographies,  and  contributed  masterly  articles  to 
the  leading  periodicals. 


Fort  Donelson 

F5rster  (f6r'ster),  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Griin- 
berg,  Silesia,  Prussia,  Dee .  16, 1832.  A  German 
astronomer.  He  succeeded  Encke  as  director 
of  the  Berlin  Observatory  in  1865. 

Forster  (fdr'ster),  William.  Bom  at  Totten- 
ham,  near  London,  March  23,  1784:  died  in 
Blount  County,  Tenn.,  Jan.  27, 1854.  An  Eng- 
lish philanthropist  and  minister  of  the  Society 
of  Friends,  father  of  W.  E.  Forster. 

Forster, William  Edward.  Born  at  Bradpole, 
Dorset,  July  11,  1818 :  died  at  London,  AprU  5, 
1886.  An  English  politician.  He  followed,  m  part- 
nership with  William  Fison,  the  business  of  a  woolen 
manufacturer  at  Bradford  from  1842  until  his  death ;  was 
Liberal  member  of  Parliament  for  Bradford  1861-85,  and 
for  the  central  division  of  Bradford  from  1885  until  his 
death ;  was  under-secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies  1866- 
1866  in  the  government  of  Lord  Russell;  was  vice-president 
of  the  committee  of  the  Council  on  Education  1868-74  in 
the  government  of  Gladstone ;  and  was  chief  secretary  for 
Ireland  1880-82  in  the  government  of  Gladstone. 

Forsyth  (f  6r-sith'),  John.  Bom  at  Fredericks- 
burg, Va.,  Oct.  22,  1780:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  0.,  Oct.  21,  1841.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  United  States  senator  from  Georgia  1818-19  and 
1829-34 ;  was  governor  of  Georgia  1827-29 ;  and  was  secre- 
tary of  state  1834-41  under  Presidents  Jackson  and  Van 
Buren. 

Forsyth,  Sir  Thomas  Douglas.  Bom  at  Bir- 
kenhead, Oct.  7, 1827:  died  at  Eastbourne,  Dee. 
17,  1886.  An  English  official  in  India.  He  en- 
tered the  Bengal  service  in  1848.  In  1872  he  was  charged 
with  the  suppression  of  an  insurrection  of  the  Kuka  sect 
under  Ram  Singh  at  Malair  Eotla.  Before  his  arrival 
Cowan,  the  commissioner  of  Ludhiana,  had  executed  a 
number  of  the  insurgents.  This  action  was  approved  by 
Forsyth,  with  the  result  that  both  were  removed  from 
office.  Forsyth  was  in  1875  sent  as  envoy  to  the  King  of 
Burma,  from  whom  he  obtained  an  acknowledgment  of 
~the  independence  of  the  Karen  states. 

Forsyth,  William.  Born  at  Greenock,  Oct.  25, 
1812  :  died  at  London,  Dee.  26,  1899.  An  Eng- 
lish lawyer  and  historian.  He  graduated  B.  A.  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  1834 ;  proceeded  M.  A.  in 
1837 ;  was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1839 ; 
became  queen's  counsel  in  1857 ;  and  was  a  member  of  Par- 
liament for  Marylebone  1874-80.  Among  his  works  are  a 
"  History  of  Trial  by  Jury  "  (1862),  "  Napoleon  at  St.  He- 
lena '■  (1863) , "  Life  of  Cicero  "  (1864),  "  Novels  and  Novel- 
ists of  the  Eighteenth  Century  "  (1871). 

Fortaleza  (for-ta-la'za),  often  but  incorrectly 
called  Ceari,  (se-a-ra').  A  seaport  and  the  cap- 
ital of  the  province  of  Cear^,  Brazil,  lat.  3°  43' 
S.,  long.  38°  31'  W.     Population,  about  25,000. 

Fort  Augustus.  A  village  and  former  mili- 
tary station  of  Inverness-shire,  Scotland,  at  the 
southern  extremity  of  Loch  Ness. 

Fort  Benton.  A  small  town  in  Choteau  County, 
northern  Montana,  on  the  Missouri  River:  an 
important  center  of  the  fur-trade. 

Fort  Bowyer.  A  former  fort  near  Mobile,  Ala- 
bama. It  was  attacked  Sept.  16, 1814,  by  a  British  land 
force  of  730  troops  and  200  Creek  Indians,  assisted  by  a 
naval  force.  The  garrison,  which  consisted  of  134  men, 
repelled  the  attack  witli  the  loss  of  5  killed  and  4  wounded. 
The  British  lost  162  killed  and  70  wounded. 

Fort  Caswell.  A  fort  on  Oak  Island,  at  the 
mouth  of  Clape  Fear  River,  North  Carolina,  held 
by  the  Confederates  till  1865. 

Fort  Clinton.  A  fort  in  the  highlands  of  the 
Hudson,  south  of  West  Point,  during  the  Revo- 
lutionary War. 

Fort  Craig,  Battle  of.  A  battle  at  Fort  Craig, 
New  Mexico,  Feb.  21,  1862,  during  the  Civil 
War,  in  which  a  Union  force  of  3,810  men  un- 
der Colonel  E.  R.  S.  Canby  was  defeated  and 
driven  within  the  fort  by  the  Confederate  gen- 
eral H.  H.  Sibley. 

Fort  Dearborn.  A  fort,  established  by  the 
United  States  government  (1804),  which  became 
the  nucleus  of  Chicago.    See  Chicago. 

Fort  de  France  (for  d6  frons),  formerly  Fort 
Boyal.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  the  island 
of  Martinique,  French  West  Indies,  situated  in 
lat.  14°  86'  N.,  long.  61°  4'  W.  Population  (1885), 
15,529.      , 

Fort  de  I'Ecluse  (for  de  la-klliz').  A  fort  on  the 
Rhfine,  west  of  Geneva,  guarding  the  entrance 
to  France  from  Switzerland. 

Fort  Dodge.  The  capital  of  Webster  County, 
Iowa,  situated  on  the  Des  Moines  River  70  miles 
northwest  of  Des  Moines.  Population  (1900), 
12,162. 

Fort  Donelson.  A  fortification  in  northwest- 
em  Tennessee,  situated  on  the  Cumberland 
River  63  miles  west-northwest  of  Nashville,  it 
was  invested  by  General  Grant  Feb.  13-14, 1862.  Having 
sustained  a  bombardment  by  the  Federal  gunboats  under 
Commodore  Foote  Feb.  14,  the  garrison  (which  numbered 
about  18,000  effectives)  made  an  unsuccessful  sortie  Feb. 
15.  The  fort  was  surrendered  by  General  Buckner  Feb.  16 : 
his  senior  officers.  Generals  Floyd  and  Pillow,  escaped  by 
the  river.  The  Federals  numbered  16,000  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  investment,  and  about  27,000  at  the  surrender. 


Port  Sonelson 

The  Federal  loss  (army  and  navy,  Feb.  14-16)  was  610 
killed,  2,162  wounded,  and  224  missing  ;  the  Confederate 
loss  was  about  2,000  killed  and  wounded,  and  13,000  cap- 
tured. 

Port  Douglas.  A  United  States  military  post, 
3  miles  east  of  Salt  Lake  City. 

Port  Duguesne.    See  Pittsburg. 

Fort  Edward.  A  village  in  Washington  County, 
New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson  39  miles 
north  of  Albany,  it  was  an  important  post  during 
the  French  and  Indian  war.  Population  (1900)  of  town- 
ship, 6,216 ;  of  village  (19001,  3,521. 

Portescue  (f6r'tes-ku).  Sir  Faithful,  Died 
near  Carisbrooke  in  May,  1666.  A  Eoyalist  com- 
mander in  the  civil  war  in  England.  He  served 
as  a  major  in  the  Parliamentary  army  at  the  battle  of 
Edgehill,  during  which  engagement  he  deserted  with  his 
troop  to  the  royal  stahdard.  He  subsequently  com- 
manded a  regiment  of  royal  infantry,  served  under  the 
Marquis  of  Ormonde  in  Ireland  in  1647,  and  on  the  acces- 
sion ot  Charles  II.  was  reinstated  as  constable  of  Carrick- 
fergus,  and  created  a  gentleman  ot  the  privy  chamber. 

Portescue,  George.  Bom  at  London  about 
1578 :  died  in  1659.  An  English  essayist  and 
poet.  He  was  the  son  of  Roman  Catholic  parents,  and 
was  educated  at  the  English  College  of  Douay  and  at  the 
English  College  at  Rome,  His  chief  work  is  "Feriee 
Academics,  auctore  Georgio  de  Forti  Scuto  Nobili  Anglo  " 
(1630).  He  is  also  credited  with  the  authorship  of  the 
anonymous  poem  "The  Sovles  Pilgrimage  to  Heavenly 
Hierusalem  "  (1650). 

Portescue,  Sir  John.  Died  about  1476.  An 
English  jurist.  He  wasmade  chief  justice  of  the  King's 
Bench  in  1442.  As  a  Lancastrian  he  followed  Queen  Mar- 
garet to  Flanders  in  1463;  returned  to  England  in  1471 ; 
was  captured  at  the  battle  of  Tewkesbury,  and  accepted 
a  pardon  from  Edward  IV.  His  most  notable  works  are 
•*  De  Laudibus  Legum  Anglise,"  first  printed  in  1537,  and 
"  On  the  Governance  ot  the  Kingdom  of  England"  (also 
entitled  ='  The  Difference  between  an  Absolute  and  Lim- 
ited Monarchy"  and  *'De  Dominio  Regali  et  Politico"), 
first  printed  in  1714. 

Portescue,  Sir  John.  Died  Deo.  23, 1607.  An 
English  politician.  He  was  a  cousin  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth. He  was  appointed  to  superintend  the  studies  of 
Elizabeth  about  1653,  and  was  made  keeper  of  the  great 
wardrobe  on  her  accession  in  1568,  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer in  1589,  and  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster 
in  1601.  On  the  accession  of  James  I.  in  1603  he  was  de- 
prived ot  the  chancellorship  of  the  exchequer,  but  re- 
tained in  his  other  offices.  In  1604  he  was  defeated  by 
Sir  Francis  Goodwin  in  a  parliamentary  election  for  Buck- 
ingham. The  clerk  of  the  crown  refused  to  receive  the 
return  of  Goodwin  on  the  ground  that  he  was  an  outlaw, 
whereupon  Fortescue  was  elected  by  virtue  of  a  second 
writ.  The  House  of  Commons  recognized  the  election  of 
Goodwin  as  legal.  A  dispute  between  the  king  and  the 
Commons  in  reference  to  the  election  resulted,  under  the 

guise  of  a  compromise,  in  a  victory  for  the  Commons,  who 
ave  since  regularly  exercised  the  right  to  decide  on  the 
legality  ot  returns. 

Forteviot  (f6r-te'vi-ot).  A  former  town  near 
Perth,  Scotland,  noted  as  the  old  capital  of  the 
Picts. 

Port  Fisher.  A  fortification  between  Cape 
Pear  Kiver  and  the  Atlantic,  situated  18  miles 
south  of  Wilmington,  North  Carolina.  It  was 
attacked  by  the  Federals  under  Terry  .Tan.  13,  and  was 
carried  by  storm  Jan.  15, 1865.  The  Federal  loss  (Jan.  13- 
15)  was  95S ;  the  Confederate,  2,483. 

Fort  Garry.    See  Winnipeg. 

Port  George.  A  fortress  in  Inverness-shire, 
Scotland,  sitoated  on  the  Moray  Firth  9  miles 
northeast  of  Inverness:  built  in  1748. 

Forth  (forth).  A  river  of  Scotland  which,  ris- 
ing on  and  near  Ben  Lomond,  flows  east  and 
merges  in  the  Firth  of  Forth  at  Alloa.  The  es- 
tuary of  the  Forth  (the  Firth  of  Forth),  an  inlet  of  the 
Itorth  Sea,  extends  from  Alloa  eastward  about  50  miles. 
Length,  65  miles. 

Forth,  Firth  of.    SeeJ'ortfe. 

Forth  Bridge,  The.  A  bridge  erected  (1882- 
1889)  by  the  North  British  Railway  across  the 
Firth  of  Forth  at  Queensferry,  Scotland:  the 
largest  bridge  yet  built.  The  two  main  spans  are 
each  1,710  feet  long,  and  are  formed  of  two  cantalivers 
each  680  feet  long,  united  by  a  girder  of  360  feet  span  in 
the  clear.  Each  of  these  spans  is  114J  feet  longer  than 
that  of  the  Brooklyn  Bridge.  The  steel  towers  which 
support  the  cantalivers  are  360  feet  high,  and  the  clear 
height  above  high  water  is  151  feet.  The  total  length  is 
8,295  feet,  and  the  cost  was  $16,000,000.  The  metal-work 
which  constitutes  the  superstructure  of  the  bridge  is 
wholly  fine  Siemens  steel  (about  54,000  tons). 

Fort  Hamilton.  A  fort  on  Long  Island,  situ- 
ated on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Narrows  at  the 
entrance  to  New  York  harbor. 

Port  Henry.  A  fortification  in  northwestern 
Tennessee,  situated  on  the  Tennessee  Eiver 
11  miles  west  of  Fort  Donelson.  it  was  captured 
Feb.  6, 1862,  by  the  Federal  gunboats  under  Commodore 
Foote,  acting  to  conjunction  with  a  land  force  under  Gen- 
eral Grant 

Portinbras  (f6r'tin-bras).  In  Shakspere's 
"Hamlet,"  the  Prince  of  Norway.  He  conspires 
to  recover  the  lands  and  power  lost  by  his  father.  He  is 
nsnal^  left  out  of  the  acted  play. 

Port  Independence.  A  fort  on  Castle  Island : 
one  of  the  defenses  of  the  harbor  of  Boston. 

Fort  Jackson.    A  fort  in  Louisiana,  situated 


402 

on  the  Mississippi  57  miles  southeast  of  New 
Orleans.  It  was  strongly  fortified  by  the  Confederates 
during  the  Civil  War,  and,  with  Fort  St.  Philip,  guarded 
the  lower  approach  to  New  Orleans.  It  was  passed  by 
the  Federal  fleet  under  Farragut  April  24, 1862,  and  was 
compelled  to  surrender  shortly  after  by  the  fall  of  the 
city. 

Fort  Lafayette.  A  fort  in  the  Narrows,  in 
front  of  Fort  Hamilton,  at  the  entrance  to  New 
York  harbor. 

Fort  McAllister.  A  fort  on  the  Ogeechee 
River,  opposite  Genesis  Point,  Georgia,  built 
by  the  (Confederates  during  the  Civil  War  to 
guard  the  approach  to  Savannah,  it  was  taken 
by  assault  by  a  division  of  General  Sherman's  army  under 
General  Hazen  Dec.  13, 1864. 

Fort  McHenry.  A  fort  at  the  entrance  of  Bal- 
timore harbor,  it  was  unsuccessfully  bombarded  by 
the  British  fleet  in  1814.  During  the  bombardment  Francis 
Scott  Key,  an  American  citizen,  was  detained  on  board  a 
British  vessel,  and  was  inspired  by  the  spectacle  to  write 
"The  Star-Spangled  Banner." 

Fort  Macon.  A  fort  on  the  eastern  extremity 
of  Bogue  Island,  commanding  Beaufort  har- 
bor. North  Carolina,  begun  in  1826,  and  finished 
in  1834.  It  was  captured  April  26,  1861,  by  a  Union 
army  under  General  Parke,  assisted  by  a  naval  force  under 
Commander  Samuel  Lockwood. 

Fort  Madison.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Lee 
County,  southeastern  Iowa,  situated  on  the 
Mississippi  17  miles  southwest  of  Burlington. 
Population  (1900),  9,278. 

Fort  Mifflin.  A  fort  on  the  Delaware  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Schuylkill :  one  of  the  defenses  of 
Philadelphia. 

Fort  Monroe.  A  fort  on  Old  Point  Comfort,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  James  River,  Virginia.  It  oc- 
cupies a  tract  of  200  acres  ceded  in  1818  by  Virginia  to  the 
IJnited  States,  and  is  the  largest  military  work  in  the 
country. 

Fort  Montgomery.  An  American  fort  on  the 
Hudson,  during  the  Revolutionary  War,  6  miles 
south  of  West  Point. 

Fort  Morgan.  A  fort  at  the  entrance  to  Mo- 
bile Bay,  on  the  site  of  the  old  Fort  Bowyer. 
The  Americans  under  Major  Lawrence  here  repulsed  a 
combined  sea  and  land  attack  by  the  British  and  their 
Indian  allies  Sept.  15, 1814. 

Fort  Moultrie.  A  fort  on  Sullivan's  Island,  in 
the  main  entrance  to  Charleston  harbor,  erected 
during  the  War  of  1812.  it  was  abandoned  by  the 
Federals  under  Major  Robert  Anderson  Dec.  26, 1860,  and 
was  seized  by  the  Confederates,  who  served  a  battery  from 
it  during  the  bombardment  of  Fort  Sumter. 

Fort  Niagara.  A  fort  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Niagara  River,  New  York,  established  by  the 
French  in  1678,  and  surrendered  by  the  British 
to  the  United  States  in  1796. 

Fort  Pickens.  A  fort  on  Santa  Rosa  Island, 
Pensacola  harbor,  it  was  weakly  garrisoned  by  the 
Federals  under  Lieutenant  A.  J.  Slemmer  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  War,  but  refused  to  surrender  in  Jan., 
1861,  and  was  held  until  reinforced. 

Fort  Pillow.  A  fort  on  the  Chickasaw  Bluff, 
in  Tennessee,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  above 
Memphis,  noted  in  the  Civil  War.  it  was  erected  by 
the  Confederates  during  the  Civil  War,  and  was  occupied 
by  the  Federals  June  5, 1862,  having  been  evacuated  and 
partially  destroyed  by  the  Confederates  on  the  day  pre- 
vious. It  was  recaptured  by  the  Confederates  under 
Forrest,  April  12, 1864,  when  a  large  part  of  the  garrison, 
which  consisted  of  a  regiment  of  colored  infantry  and  a 
detachment  of  cavalry,  was  massacred. 

Fort  Pulaski.  A  fort  on  Cockspur  Island,  at 
the  head  of  Tybee  Roads,  commanding  both 
channels  of  the  Savannah  River.  During  the 
Civil  War  it  was  captured  by  the  Federals  un- 
der General  Hunter,  April  10,  1862. 

Fort  Biley.  A  United  States  military  post  in 
Kansas,  at  the  junction  of  the  Republican  and 
Kansas  rivers. 

Fort  Boyal.     See  Fort  de  France. 

Fort  St.  David.  A  ruined  town  on  the  Coro- 
mandel  coast,  India,  13  miles  south  of  Pondi- 
cherry,  prominent  in  the  18th  century. 

Port  St.  £lmo.    Sief)  Elmo,  Castle  of  Saint. 

Fort  St.  George.  The  fortress  of  Madras.  It 
played  an  important  part  in  the  French  and  English  strug- 
gles in  India  during  the  18th  century. 

Fort  St.  Philip.  A  fort  on  the  Mississippi, 
nearly  opposite  Fort  Jackson  (which  see). 

Fort  Salisbury.  A  town  in  Mashonaland, 
South  Africa. 

Fort  Scott.  The  capital  of  Bourbon  County, 
eastern  Kansas,  88  miles  south  of  Kansas  City. 
Population  (1900),  10,322. 

Fort  Smith.  A  town  in  Sebastian  County,  Ar- 
kansas, on  the  Arkansas  River  in  lat.  35°  22' 
N.,  long.  94°  28'  W.   Population  (1900),  11,587. 

Fort  Snelling.  A  U.  S.  military  post  in  Minne- 
sota, on  the  Mississippi  6  miles  above  St.  Paul. 

Fort  Sumter.  A  fort  in  (Charleston  harbor. 
South  Carolina,  4  miles  southeast  of  Charles- 
ton, the  scene  of  the  first  engagement  in  the 


Portuny  y  Carbo 

Civil  War.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  the  na. 
tional  works  in  Charleston  harbor  were  commanded  by 
Major  Robert  Anderson.  In  consequence  of  the  secession 
of  South  Carolina,  Dec.  20, 1860,  and  the  preparations  made 
by  that  State  to  seize  the  United  States  forts  in  the  haii 
bor,  he  evacuated  Fort  Moultrie  Dec.  26, 1860,  and  concen- 
trated his  farces  at  Fort  Sumter.  Remforcements  sent  out 
in  the  Star  of  the  West  were  prevented  from  landing,  the 
ship  being  flred  on  oS  Morris  Island  Jan.  9, 1861.  On 
April  11, 1861,  Major  Anderson  refused  a  demand  by  Gen- 
eral G.  T.  Beauregard  to  surrender ;  and  on  April  12  and 
13  sustained  a  bombardment  from  batteries  at  Fort  Moul- 
trie, Fort  Johnson,  Cumming's  Point,  and  elsewhere.  He 
surrendered  April  13,  no  casualties  having  occurred  on 
either  side.  The  fort  was  held  by  the  Confederates  until 
the  evacuation  of  Charleston,  Feb.  17, 1865. 

Fort  Ticonderoga.    See  Tieonderoga. 

Fortuna  (ffir-tu'na).  [L., 'fortune.']  1.  In 
ancient  Italian  mythology,  the  goddess  of  good 
luck,  corresponding  to  the  Greek  Tyche. —  3. 
An  asteroid  (No.  19)  discovered  by  Hind  at 
London,  Aug.  22,  1852. 

Fortunate  Islands,  The.  [L.  Fortunate  in- 
sulse;  Gr.  at  rav  ftaicdpav  vijaot,  Islands  of  the' 
Blest.]  An  ancient  name  of  the  Canary  Isl- 
ands. The  Fortunate  Islands,  Islands  of  the  Blesl^  or 
the  Happy  Islands  were  originally  imaginary  isles  in  the 
western  ocean  where  the  souls  of  the  good  are  made  happy. 
With  the  discovery  of  the  Canary  and  Madeira  islands  the' 
name  became  attached  to  them. 

The  Carthaginian  fleet  [under  Himilco]  appears  to  have 
turned  homewards  from  this  point  and  to  have  touched  at 
the  Island  of  Madeira,  which  was  described  on  their  re- 
turn in  such  glowing  language  that  others  undertook  the 
voyage,  until  the  Senate,  being  afraid  of  an  exodus  from' 
Carthage,  forbade  all  further  visits  to  "the  Fortunate  Isl- 
ands "  on  pain  of  death. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  22. 

Fortunatus  (fdr-tii-na'tus).  The  hero  of  a  pop- 
ular European  chap-book.  When  in  great  straits  he 
receives  from  the  goddess  Fortune  apurse which  can  never 
be  emptied.  He  afterward  takes  from  the  treasure-cham- 
ber of  a  sultan  a  hat  which  will  transport  its  wearer  wher- 
ever he  desires.  These  enable  him  to  indulge  his  every 
whim.  The  earliest  known,  and  probably  original,  version 
was  published  at  Augsburg  in  1609.  It  has  been  retold  in 
all  languages,  and  dramatized  by  Hans  Sachs  in  1563  and 
by  Thomas  Dekker  in  160O.  Tieck  in  "  Fhantasus,"  and 
Chamisso  in  "Peter  Schlemihl,"  have  also  utilized  this- 
legend.  Uhland  left  an  unfinished  narrative  poem, "  For- 
tunatus and  his  Sons."    See  Old  Fortunatus. 

Fortunatus,  Venantius  Honorius  Clemen- 
tianus.  Bom  at  Ceneda,  near  Treviso,  Italy, 
about  530 :  died  after  600.  A  Latin  poet,  bishop 
of  Poitiers.  He  was  the  author  of  800  hymns,  among 
them  "Vexilla  regis  prodeunt,"  and  probably  "Pange' 
lingua." 

Fortune  (fdr'tun).  A  short  poem  erroneously 
attributed  to  Chaucer  by  Shirley,  its  subtitle  is 
"Ballade  de  Visage  [sometimes  written  Village]' sauns 
Peyntnre"  ("The  Face  of  the  World  as  it  really  is,  not; 
Painted  ").  It  is  based  partly  on  Boethius  and  partly  on  a> 
portion  of  the  "Roman  de  la  Rose." 

Fortune.  A  painting  by  (Suido  Eeni,  in  the 
Accademia  di  San  Luca,  Rome.  The  goddess  ia 
represented  nude,  smiling,  sweeping  over  a  globe.  From 
her  raised  left  hand  hangs  a  purse  from  which  money  falls. 
A  Cupid  clings  to  her  flowing  hair  and  to  the  scarf  which, 
floats  behind  .her. 

Fortune.  A  ship  which  arrived  at  Plymouth,, 
Mass.,  Nov.  11,  1621,  from  London,  bringing- 
out  35  colonists  and  a  patent,  granted  June  1, 
1611,  by  the  president  and  council  of  New  Eng- 
land to  John  Pierce  and  his  associates,  allowing 
a  hundred  acres  to  be  taken  up  for  every  emi- 
grant, and  empowering  the  grantees  to  make- 
laws  and  set  up  a  government.     Winsor: 

Fortune,  The.  A  London  theater  built  Iq 
1599  for  Henslo we  (the  pawnbroker  and  money- 
lender) and  Alleyne  (the  comedian),  it  stood  in- 
the  parish  of  St.  Giles,  Cripplegate,  and  in  the  street  now 
called  Playhouse  Yard,  connecting  Whitecross  street  with 
Golding  Lane.  It  was  a  wooden  tenement,  which  was 
burned  down  in  1621,  and  was  replaced  by  a  circular  brick, 
edifice.  In  1649  a  party  of  soldiers  broke  into  the  edifice 
and  pulled  down  the  building. 

Fortune  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic,  on  the- 
southern  coast  of  Newfoundland. 

Fortunes  of  Moll  Flanders.  A  novel  by  De- 
foe, published  in  1722.  It  is  the  history  of  a. 
profligate  woman  who  reforms  before  her  death. 

Fortunes  of  Nigel  (nig'el).  The.  A  historical 
novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1822. 
The  scene  is  laid  in  London  during  the  reign 
of  James  I. 

Fortunio  (fdr-tfl'ni-o).  A  fairy  tale  of  ancient 
but  unkno-wn  origin.  Fortunio  is  the  daughter  of  an. 
aged  nobleman,  in  whose  stead  she  offers  her  services  to 
the  king,  disguised  as  a  cavalier.  A  fairy  horse  named 
Comrade,  and  seven  servants,  Strongback,  Lightfoot, 
Marksman,  Fine-ear,  Boisterer,  Gormand,  and  Tippler, 
aid  her  to  slay  a  dragon  and  regain  the  treasures  of  the- 
king. 

Portuny  (for-to'ne)  y  Oarbo,  Mariano  Jos& 
Maria  Bernardo.  Bom  at  R6us  in  Catalonia, 
June  11, 1838 :  died  at  Rome,  Nov.  21, 1874.  A 
Spanish  genre  painter  and  aquafortist.  He  fol. 
lowed  the  course  at  the  Academy  de  Bellas  Artes  at  Barce- 
lona. He  studied  first  in  the  manner  of  Overbeck,  in  whicb 


Fortuny  y  Carbo 

he  excelled  his  master  Clandio  lorenzalez,  but  his  true 
style  was  developed  by  seeing  the  lithographa  of  GavamL 
He  gained  the  grand  prix  de  Borne  18B7.  He  followed  the 
expedition  to  Morocco,  where  he  developed  hia  taste  for 
Arabian  subjects.  After  several  visits  to  Paris,  Florence, 
Naples,  Madrid,  Seville,  Granada,  and  even  England,  he  es- 
tablished himself  in  Portici ;  then  returned  to  Rome,  where 
he  died  suddenly  at  the  age  of  thirty-six.  Among  his 
works  are  "Interior  (Mauresque),"  "Cour  de  maison  k 
Tangier,  "Intirieur  de  bazar,"  "Exercises  k  feu  en  pre- 
sence de  la  reine  d'Espagne,"  "  Fantasie  arabe,"  "La  baie 
de  Portiol. 

Fort  Wadsworth.  A  fort  on  Staten  Island,  sit- 
uated on  the  western  side  of  tlie  Narrows  at 
the  entrance  of  New  York  harbor. 

Fort  Wagner.  A  fortification  on  Morris  Island : 
one  of  the  defenses  of  Charleston.  It  was  re- 
duced by  the  Federals  under  Gillmore,  Sept. 
6,  1863.  ^ 

Fort  Wayne  (fort  wan).  A  city  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Allen  County,  Indiana,  situated  at  the 
head  of  the  Maumee  River,  in  lat.  41°  4'  N., 
long.  85°  4'  W.  It  is  a  leading  railway,  manufacturing, 
and  business  center  of  northern  Indiana.  A  United  States 
fort  was  built  here  by  General  Wayne  in  1794.  Population 
(1900),  46.116. 

Fort  William.  1 .  A  place  in  Inverness-shire, 
Scotland,  near  the  head  of  Loch  Bil  and  the 
foot  of  Ben  Nevis,  and  the  entrance  to  the 
Caledonian  Canal.  At  one  time  it  was  regarded  as 
the  key  of  the  Highlands.  It  was  unsuccessfully  attacked 
by  the  Highlanders  in  1746. 
2.  The  fortress  of  Calcutta. 

Fort  William  Henry.  A  fort  in  the  modem 
tovra  of  Caldwell,  at  the  head  of  Lake  George, 
New  York,  it  was  surrendered  by  the  English  to  the 
French  and  Indians  under  Montcalm  in  Aug.,  1767. 

Fort  Winthrop.  A  fort  on  Governor's  Island: 
one  of  the  defenses  of  Boston  harbor. 

Fort  Worth.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Tarrant 
County,  Texas,  in  lat.  32°  47'  N.,  long.  97°  14'  W. 
It  has  manufactures  of  flour,  etc.,  and  is  an  important 
center  for  stock.    Population  (1900),  26,68a 

Forty  Thieves,  The.  1.  One  of  the  tales  of 
the  "Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments."  See 
Baba,  Ali. — 3.  A  play  by  George  Colman  the 
younger,  produced  in  1805. 

FonunBoarilim(f6'rumb6-a'ri-um).  [L.]  The 
early  cattle-market  of  ancient  Eome.  it  was 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  area  called  the  Velabmm,  on 
the  east  by  the  Palatine,  on  the  south  by  the  Aventine  at 
the  extremity  of  the  Circus  Maximus,  and  on  the  west  by 
theXiber.  Itis saidthatatanearlydategladiatorialshows 
were  given  here,  and  that  human  sacrifices  were  made  by 
burial  alive.  Upon  this  forum  fronts  the  temple  of  Fors 
Fortuna  (so-called  Fortuna  Virilis),  and  in  it  stands  the 
circular  monument  long  popularly  called  the  temple  of 
Yesta.  A  number  of  other  important  temples  stood  on  it 
In  antiquity,  among  them  that  of  Ceres,  whose  remains 
are  incorporated  in  Santa  Maria  in  Cosmedin.  The  Forum 
Boarium  was  within  the  Servian  Wall. 

Forum  Julilim  (fo'mm  jo'li-um).  [L.]  The 
earliest  of  the  imperial  fora  of  ancient  Rome, 
designed  to  relieve  the  crowding  of  the  Forum 
Romanum.  It  was  begun  by  Julius  Csesar,  and  prac- 
tically adjoined  the  northern  side  of  the  Forum  Bomanum 
at  its  eastern  end.  It  was  surrounded  with  porticos,  and 
its  central  area  was  occupied  by  a  richly  adorned  perip- 
teral temple  of  Venus  Genitrix.  Some  finely  arcaded  and 
vaulted  chambers  of  the  inclosure  exist  near  the  south- 
west angle :  they  were  probably  o£9ces  for  legal  business. 

Forum  of  Augustus.  The  second  of  the  im- 
perial fora  ot  ancient  Rome.  It  adjoined  the 
northeast  side  of  the  Forum  Julium,  and  was  very  large, 
rectangular  in  plan  except  that  a  corner  was  cut  off  at 
the  southeast,  and  that  a  semicircular  exedra  indented 
each  long  side.  It  was  inclosed  by  very  massive  walls 
nearly  100  feet  high,  and  surrounded  by  porticos  splen- 
didly adorned  with  marble  statues  and  incrustation. 
Toward  the  northeastern  end  of  the  central  area  rose  the 
temple  of  Mars  Ultor,  colonnaded  on  three  sides,  and 
having  an  apse  at  the  back.  The  existing  remains  include 
very  impressive  stretches  of  the  inclosing  wall,  one  of  the 
entrance-arches,  now  called  Arco  de*  PaiUanij  and  some 
columns  and  walls  of  the  temple. 

Forum  of  Nerva,  The  fourth  of  the  imperial  fora 
of  ancient  Rome,  a  long  narrowarea  between  the 
Forum  of  Vespasian  and  the  Forum  of  Augus- 
tus. It  was  also  called  Forum  Transitorium  because  an 
important  thoroughfare  from  the  northeast  passed  through 
it  to  the  Forum  Eomannm,  and  Forum  Palladium  from 
the  temple  ot  Minerva  which  it  contained.  Temple  and 
torum  were  dedicated  by  Nerva  in  97  A.  D.  The  temple 
was  hexastyle  prostyle,  with  columns  on  the  flanks  and 
an  apse  at  the  back.  Part  of  the  cella  wall  toward  the  apse 
remains  in  place,  together  with  two  Corinthian  columns 
of  marble  of  the  interior  range  of  the  forum,  with  richly 
ornamented  entablatures,  returned  to  the  wall  behind  the 
columns.  Over  the  entablature  there  is  an  attic  on  which 
is  an  effective  sculptured  relief  of  Minerva.  The  temple 
remained  almost  perfect  until  1606,  when  Paul  V.  destroyed 
it  to  useits  marbles  in  the  Chapel  of  St.  Paul  in  Santa  Maria 
Haggiore. 

Forum  of  Trajan.  The  largest  and  the  furthest 
north  of  the  imperial  fora  of  ancient  Rome, 
adjoining  the  northwest  side  of  the  Forum  of 
Augustus,  and  lying  between  the  northeastern 
declivity  of  the  Capitoline  Hill  and  the  Quiri- 
nal.  It  consisted  of  three  parts :  the  forum  proper,  the 
"    he  temple  of  Trajan,  with  its 


huge  Basilica  Ulpia,  and  the  i 


403 

colonnaded  inclosure.  Between  the  temple  of  Trajan  and 
the  Basilica  Ulpia  rises  the  column  of  Trajan,  beneath 
which  was  the  emperor's  mausoleum.  To  create  an  area 
for  this  lavish  monumental  display,  Trajan  out  away  a 
large  ridge  of  tufa  which  extended  from  the  Capitoline  to 
the  Quirinal.  The  forum  proper  was  a  large  rectangle 
surrounded  by  columns — a  double  range  on  the  sides,  and 
a  single  range  toward  the  Forum  of  Augustus  and  the 
Basilica  Ulpia.  From  each  side,  behind  the  porticos, 
projected  a  large  hemioycle  with  booths  or  offices  in  sev- 
eral stories.  Trajan's  forum  was  entered  from  that  of 
Augustus  by  a  splendid  triumphal  arch,  many  of  whose 
sculptures  now  adorn  the  arch  of  Constantino  The  fo- 
rum was  adorned  with  numbers  of  statues  in  bronze  and 
marble,  and  all  its  buildings  were  roofed  with  gilt  bronze. 
Forum  Olitorium  (fo'rum  6-U-to'ri-um). 
[L., '  vegetable-market.'J  The  vegetable-mar- 
ket of  ancient  Eome.  it  occupied  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  theCampus  Martins,  beneath  the  Capitoline  Hill, 
stretching  into  the  Velabruin,  and  separated  from  the  Fo- 
rum Boarium  only  by  the  Servian  Wall.  In  the  Forum  Oli- 
torium stood  three  temples  side  by  side,  two  of  which  are 
identified  as  the  temples  of  Spes  and  Juno  Sospita,  whose 
remains  are  built  into  the  Church  of  San  Niooolb  in  Car- 
cere. 

Forum  Pacis  (fo'rum  pa 'sis)  ('Forum  of 
Peace'),  or  Forum  of  Vespasian.  The  third 
of  the  imperial  fora  of  ancient  Eome.  It  was  the 
furthest  south  of  the  imperial  fora,  and  lay  behind  the 
Basilica  JBmilia,  which  fronted  on  the  Forum  Eomannm. 
It  was  built  to  inclose  the  temple  of  Peace  which  was 
dedicated  by  Vespasian  in  75  A.  D.  in  honor  of  the  taking 
of  Jerusalem,  and  is  described  by  Pliny  as  one  of  the  four 
finest  buildings  of  Kome.  In  it  were  dedicated  the  spoils 
of  the  Jewish  temp'.e,  represented  on  the  arch  of  Titus ; 
and  here  too  Vespasian  placed  the  works  of  art  taken  by 
Nero  from  Delphi  and  other  Greek  cities.  A  massive 
stretch  of  the  exterior  wall  of  this  forum  still  stands,  near 
the  western  end  of  the  basilica  of  Constantino,  with  a  fine 
flat-arched  doorway  of  travertine. 

Forum  Bomanum  (fo'rum  ro-ma'num).  The 
famous  Roman  forum  which  "from  the  time  of 
the  kings  formed  the  political  center  of  ancient 
Eome.  Beginning  in  a  hollow  on  the  eastern  slope  of 
the  Capitoline  Hill,  its  long  and  comparatively  narrow 
area  stretched  in  a  direction  south  of  east  beiieath  the 
northern  declivity  of  the  Palatine.  Its  western  end  was 
occupied  by  the  tabularium,  or  office  of  the  archives,  in 
front  of  which  stood  the  temples  of  Concord  and  of  Ves- 
pasian. On  its  southern  side  were  the  temple  of  Saturn, 
the  Basilica  Julia,  the  temples  of  Castor  and  Pollux  and  of 
Vesta,  and  on  its  northern  side  the  arch  of  Septimius  Seve- 
rus,  the  Curia,  the  Basilica  ^Emilia,  and  the  temples  of  An- 
toninus and  Faustina  and  of  Bomulus.  In  the  middle  of 
the  eastern  part  rose  the  temple  and  rostra  of  Julius  Ose- 
sar.  The  more  ancient  and  famous  rostra  from  which 
Cicero  spoke  were  at  the  western  end.  The  remains  of  all 
these  buildings  are  considerable,  and  the  area  has  been  ex- 
cavated and  restored  as  far  as  possible  to  its  ancient  aspect. 

Forward  (f6r'ward), Walter.  Bornin  Connect- 
icut, 1786:  died  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Nov.  24, 1852. 
An  American  politician,  secretary  of  the  trea- 
sury 1841-43. 

Forward,  Marshal.    See  Marshal  Forward. 

Forza  del  Destine  (for'tsa  del  des-te'no).  La. 
[It., '  The  Force  of  Destiny.']  An  opera  by 
Verdi,  first  produced  at  St.  Petersburg  in  1862. 

Fosbroke  (fos'bruk),  Thomas  Dudley.  Bom 
at  London,  May  27,-1770:  died  at  Walford, 
Herefordshire,  Jan.  1,  1842.  An  English  anti- 
quary. His  chief  works  are  "British  Mona- 
chism"  (1802)  and  "Encyclopsedia  of  Antiqui- 
ties" (1824). 

Foscari  (fos'ka-re),  Francesco.  Died  1457. 
Doge  of  Venice  1423-57.  He  began  in  1426  a  war 
against  Filippo  Maria  Visconti,  duke  of  Milan,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  acquisition  of  Brescia,  Bergamo,  and  Cremona 
in  1427.  A  second  war,  which  lasted  from  1431  to  1433, 
fixed  the  Adda  as  the  boundary  of  the  Venetian  dominion. 
A  war  against  Bologna,  Milan,  and  Mantua,  in  which  he 
was  supported  by  Francisco  Sforza  and  Cosmo  de'  Medici, 
resulted  in  1441  in  the  conquest  of  Lonato,  Velaggio,  and 
Peschiera.  The  close  of  his  reign  was  troubled  by  the 
machinations  of  his  rival  Giacopo  Loredano.  He  was  com- 
pelled to  abdicate,  after  having  sustained  the  loss  of  his 
only  surviving  son,  Giacopo,  who  died  in  exile  as  the  re- 
sult of  the  tortures  inflicted  on  him  by  the  Council  of  the 
Ten.  He  formed  with  his  son  the  subject  of  Byron's  tra^ 
gedy  "The  Two  Foscari." 

Foscarini  (fos-ka-re'ne),  Marco.  Bom  at  Ven- 
ice, Jan.  30,  1696:  died  there,  March  30, 1763. 
Doge  of  Venice  1762-63.  He  wrote  "Delia lette- 
ratura  Veneziana"  (1752). 

Foscarini,  Michele.  Bom  at  Venice,  March  29, 
1632 :  died  at  Venice,  May  31, 1692.  A  Venetian 
historian,  appointed  governor  of  Corfu  Sept.  1, 
1664,  and  historiographer  of  Venice  in  1678.  He 
wrote  "IstoriadellarepublioaVeneta"(1696), 
etc. 

Fosco  (fos'ko).  Count.  InWilkie  Collins's  novel 
"  The  Woman  in  White,"  a  fat,  insidious,  and 
agreeable  villain. 

Foscolo  (fos'ko-lo),  Niccolo  UgO.  Bom  in  the 
island  of  Zante,  Jan.  26, 1778 :  died  at  Tumham 
Green,  near  London,  Oct.  10, 1827.  An  Italian 
poet  and  litterateur.  He  wrote  "Ultimo  lettere  di 
Jacopo  Ortis  "  (a  romance,  1797), "  I  sepolcri "  (lyric,  1807), 

Fos's  (fos),Corporal.  In ' '  The  Poor  Gentleman," 
by  George  Colman  the  yoimger,.the  faithful  ser- 


Foster,  John  Wells 

vant  and  former  soldier  of  Worthington.  He  is 
modeled  on  Sterne'.*  Corporal  Trim. 
Foss,  Edward.  Bom  at  London,  Oct.  16, 1787: 
died  July  27, 1870.  An  English  lawyer.  He  was 
a  solicitor  in  London  until  1840,  when  he  retired  from  prac- 
tice in  order  to  devote  himself  to  literature.  He  wrote 
"The  Judges  of  England  "  (1848-64), "  Biographia  Juridica : 
a  Biographical  Dictionary  of  the  Judges  of  England  from 
the  Conquest  to  the  Present  Time,  1066-1870"  (1870),  etc 

Fossalta  (fos-al'ta).  Battle  of.  A  battle 
fought  at  Fossalta,  near  Bologna,  central  Italy, 
May  26, 1249, between  Enzio,titular  king  of  Sar- 
dinia, and  the  Bolognese,  in  which  the  former 
was  defeated  and  captured. 

Fossano  (fos-sa'no).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Cuneo,_Italy,  situated  on  the  Stura  35miles  south 
of  Turin.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  bishopric.  The  Austriana 
defeated  the  French  near  this  place  Nov.  4  and  5, 1799. 

Fossano,  Ambrogio  da,  called  II  Borgognone. 

Died  after  1524.    A Lombardpainter. 

Fosse-way  (fos'wa),  or  The  Tosse  (fos).  An 
ancient  Eoman  road  in  England,  running  from 
Bath  through  Cirencester  and  Leicester  to  Lin- 
coln. 

Fossombrone  (f  os-som-bro'ne).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Pesaro,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Me- 
tauro  in  lat.  43°  42'  N.,  long.  12°  48'  E.:  the 
ancient  Forum  Sempronii.  It  has  silk  manu- 
factures. 

Foster  (fos'tfer  or  fds'tSr),  Anthony.  In  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  novel  "Kenilworth,"  a  sullen 
hypoerite,the  warder  of  Amy  Robsart  at  Cumnor 
Place.  Overcome  by  his  love  for  gold,  he  assists  in  her 
murder.  He  accidentally  shuts  himself  in  a  cell  with  a 
spring-lock,  and  perishes  with  his  ill-gotten  gold. 

Foster,  Birket.  Bom  at  North  Shields,  Bng- 
land,_Feb.  4,  1825:  died  March  27,  1899.  An 
English  draftsman  and  aquarellist.  He  illustrated 
Longfellow's  "Evangeline,"  and  also  the  works  of  other 
English  and  American  poets. 

Foster,  Charles.  Bom  near  Tiffin,  Ohio,  April 
12, 1828 :  died  at  Springfield,  O. ,  Jan.  9, 1904.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  Republican  member  of 
Congress  from  Ohio  1871-79 ;  was  governor  of  Ohiol880-84 ; 
and  was  secretary  of  the  United  States  treasury  1891-93. 

Foster,  Henry.  Bom  Aug.,  1796:  died  Feb.  5, 
1831.  An  English  navigator.  He  entered  the  navy 
in  1812 ;  was  promoted  lieutenant  in  1824 ;  and  accompanied 
Sir  Edward  Parry's  exploring  expeditions  of  1824-26  and 

1827.  With  Parry  and  others  he  made  magnetic  and  other 
observations,  which  were  published  in  the  "  Philosophical 
Transactions"  for  1826.  He  sailed  from  Spithead  April 
27, 1828,  in  command  of  the  Chanticleer,  a  sloop  sent  out 
by  the  government  to  the  South  Seas  to  determine  the 
ellipticity  of  the  earth  by  pendulum  experiments,  and  to 
make  observations  on  magnetism,  meteorology,  and  tlie 
direction  of  the  principal  ocean  currents.  During  this  ex- 
pedition he  was  drowned  in  the  river  Chagres.  He  left  a 
number  of  papers,  which  form  an  appendix  to  the  "  Nar- 
rative of  a  Voyage  to  the  Southern  Atlantic  Ocean,  in  the 
years  1828,  29,  30,  performed  in  H.  M.  sloop  Chanticleer, 
under  the  command  of  the  late  Captain  Henry  Foster, 
F.  R.  S.,  etc.  From  the  private  journal  of  W.  H.  B.  Web- 
ster, surgeon  of  the  sloop  "  (1834). 

Foster,  John,  Baron  Oriel.  Born  Sept.,  1740: 
died  at  CoUon,  County  Louth,  Ireland^ug.  23, 

1828.  The  last  speaker  of  the  Irish  House  of 
Commons.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Anthony  Foster  of 
Collon,  Louth,  lord  chief  baron  of  the  exchequer  in  Ire- 
land ;  entered  the  Irish  Parliament  in  1761 ;  was  called  to 
the  Irish  bar  in  1766 ;  and  was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
in  Ireland  1784-85,  when  he  was  elected  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  a  place  to  which  he  was  reelected  in 
1790  and  in  1798.  On  June  7, 1800,  he  put  the  final  ques- 
tion from  the  chair  on  the  third  reading  of  the  bill  for  the 
legislative  union  of  Ireland  with  Great  Britain.  Although 
an  anti-unionist,  he  obtained  a  seat  in  the  united  Parlia- 
ment ;  was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in  Ireland  1804- 
1806  and  1807-11 ;  and  was  created  Baron  Oriel  ot  Ferrard 
in  the  county  ot  Louth  in  1821. 

Foster,  John.  Bom  Sept.  17,  1770:  died  Oct. 
15,  1843.  An  English  essajrist.  He  was  a  Baptist 
preacher  from  1792  to  1806,  when  he  retired  from  the  min- 
istry to  devote  himself  wholly  to  literature.  His  chief 
works  are  "  Essays  "  (1805)  and  "On  the  Evils  of  Popular 
Ignorance  "  (1820).  He  contributed  a  great  many  articles 
to  the  "Eclectic  Review,"  and  a  selection  from  these  was 
published  separately  in  1844. 

Foster,  John  Gray.  Bom  at  Whitefield,  N.  H., 
May  27,  1823:  died  at  Nashua,  N.  H.,  Sept.  2, 
1874.  An  American  engineer  and  general.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1846 ;  became  captain  in  1860 ; 
was  one  of  the  garrison  at  Fort  Sumter  when  it  was  bom- 
barded by  the  Confederates  in  April,  1861;  commanded 
a  brigade  under  General  Bumside  at  Boanoke  Island  in 
Feb.,  and  at  Newborn  in  March,  1862  ;  and  commanded  in 
various  departments  during  theremainderof  thewar.  He 
was  brevetted  major-general  at  the  close  of  the  war(1866), 
and  was  subsequently  employed  as  superintending  engi- 
neer of  various  river  and  harbor  improvements. 

Foster,  John  Wells.  Bom  at  Brimfleld,  Mass. , 
March  4,  1815:  died  at  Chicago,  June  29, 1873. 
An  American  geologist.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  Ohio  in  1835,  but  shortly  abandoned  the  practice  of  law 
in  order  to  devote  himself  to  geology  and  civil  engineer- 
ing. Between  1845  and  1849  he  was  connected  with  a  geo- 
logical survey  of  the  Lake  Superior  region,  executed  under 
the  direction  of  the  United  States  government.  Among 
his  works  are  "The  Mississippi  Valley :  Its  Physical  Geog- 


Foster,  John  Wells 

raphy,  including  Slsetches  of  the  Topography,  Botany,  and 
Mineral  Resources,  etc."  (1869),  and  "  Prehistoric  Kaces  of 
the  United  States  of  America"  (1873). 
Foster,  Sir  Michael.  Born  at  Marlborough, 
Wiltshire,  Deo.  16, 1689:  died  Nov.  7, 1763.  An 
English  jurist.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Middle 
Temple  in  1713 ;  was  chosen  recorder  of  Bristol  in  1735 ; 
was  appointed  sergeant-at-law  in  1736 ;  and  became  puisne 
judge  of  the  King's  Bench  and  was  knighted  in  1746.  He 
wrote  "An  Exammation  of  the  Scheme  of  Church  Power 
laid  down  in  the  Codex  Juris  Ecclesiastici  AngUcani,  etc." 
(1736),  etc. 

Foster,  Sir  Michael.  Born  at  Huntingdon, 
March  8, 1836.  An  English  physiologist.  He  was 
appointed  professor  of  physiology  at  University  College, 
London,  in  1869 ;  lecturer  ot  physiology  in  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  1870;  and  was  professor  of  physiology  in 
Cambridge  University  1883-1903.  He  is  secretary  of  the 
Eoyal  Society. 

Foster  JlandolphSinks.BornatWilliamshurg, 
Ohio,  Feb.  22,1820 :  died  May  1, 1903.  An  Amer- 
ican clergyman.  He  became  a  minister  in  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church  in  1837;  waselectedabishopin  1872; 
and  was  president  of  the  Northwestern  University,  Evans- 
ton,  Ill.,1866-59,andof  Drew  Theological  Seminary,  Mad- 
ison, IN  ew  Jersey,  1870-72.  Author  of  "  Christidn  Purity," 
*'  Ministry  for  the  Times,"  *'  Studies  in  Theology,"  etc. 

Foster,  Stephen  Collins.  Bom  at  Pittsburg, 
Pa.,  July  4,  1826:  died  at  New  York,  Jan.  13, 
1864.  An  American  song-writer  and  popular 
composer.  He  was  the  author  of  "Old  Folks  at 
Home,"  "Oh,  Susannah!"  *' Nelly  was  a  Lady,"  "Old  Ken- 
tucky Home,"  "Camptown  Races,"  "Old  Dog  Tray," 
"  Come  where  my  Love  lies  Dreaming,"  etc. 

Fothergill  (foTH'6r-gil),  Jessie.  Born  at  Man- 
chester in  1856:  died  at  London,  July  30, 1891. 
An  English  novelist.  She  wrote  "The  First 
Violin"  (1878)  and  other  works. 

Fotheringay  (foTH'6r-in-ga).  A  village  in 
Northamptonshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Nen  9  miles  southwest  of  Peterborough.  In 
its  castle  Kichard  HL  was  born  and  Mary  Queen  of  Scots 
was  imprisoned,  tried,  and  executed. 

Fotheringay,  The.  The  stage  name  of  Emily 
Costigan.    See  Costigan. 

Foucault  (f  6-k6 ' ) ,  Jean  Bernard  L6on.  Bom 
at  Paris,  Sept.  18,  1819:  died  there,  Feb.  11, 
1868.  A  distinguished  French  physicist,  noted 
for  his  investigations  in  optics  and  mechanics. 
He  demonstrated  the  rotation  of  the  earth  by  means  of  a 
graduated  disk  which  was  seen  to  turn  while  a  pendulum 
freely  suspended  maintained  its  plane  of  oscillation.  The 
gyroscope  is  his  invention. 

Fouch§  (fo-sha'),  Joseph,  Due  d'Otrante.  Born 
near  Nantes,  France,  May  29,  1763:  died  at 
Triestj  Austria,  Dec.  25, 1820.  A  French  revo- 
lutionist and  later,  under  Napoleon,  minister  of 
police.  He  was  a  deputy  to  the  Convention  1792-95 ; 
minister  to  the  Cisalpine  Republic  in  1798,  and  to  the 
Netherlands  in  1799 ;  minister  of  police  1799-1802, 1804-10, 
and  1815 ;  and  head  of  the  provisional  government  after 
Waterloo. 

Foncher  (fo-sha'),  Simon.  Bom  at  Dijon, 
France,  March  1,  1644 :  died  at  Paris,  April  27, 
1696  (?).  A  French  ecclesiastic  and  philosophi- 
cal writer,  called  "the  restorer  of  the  academic 
philosophy."  He  wrote  a"  Dissertation  sur  la  recherche 
de  la  viriU,  etc." (1873?),  "De  lasagesse  des  anciens,  etc." 
(1682),  etc. 

Foucher  de  Careil,  Count  Louis  Alexandre. 
Born  at  Paris,  March  1,  1826:  died  there,  Jan. 
10,  1891.  A  French  diplomatist  and  author. 
He  was  elected  to  the  Senate  in  1876,  and  was  ambassador 
at  Vienna  1883-86.  He  published  "Leibniz,  Descartes,  et 
Spinoza  "  (1863),  "  Hegel  et  Schopenhauer  " (1862),  "Goethe 
et  son  CEUvre  "  (1865),  etc. 

FoucQuet  (fo-ka'),  Jean.  Born  at  Tours,  1415: 
died  1490.  One  of  the  earliest  painters  of  the 
French  school,  court  painter  to  Louis  XI.  In 
1461  he  painted  the  portrait  of  Charles  VII.  He  also 
worked  for  the  order  of  the  Chevaliers  de  Saint  Michel  in 
1474,  and  was  charged  with  making  a  plan  for  the  tomb 
of  Louis  XI.  He  was  especially  famous  for  his  admirable 
miniatures,  and  was  also  a  historical  and  portrait  painter. 

Fougftres  (fo-zhar').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  France,  on  the  Nan- 
90n  27  miles  northeast  of  Eennes.  it  has  manu- 
factures of  shoes.  It  was  one  of  the  strongest  places  of 
Brittany  and  frequently  besieged,  and  ruins  of  a  feudal 
castle  still  remain.    Population  (1891),  18,221. 

Fougerolles  (fozh-rol').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Sa6ne,  France,  22  miles  north- 
east of  Vesoul.     Pop.  (1891),  commune,  6,030. 

Foughard  (fo'chard).  A  place  near  Dundalk, 
Ireland,  where,  on  Oct.  5,  1318,  the  Scots  under 
Edward  Bruce  were  defeated  by  John  Ber- 
mingham.    Bruce  was  killed. 

Foul  (i  e.,  dishonorable)  Raid,  The.  The  raid 
of  the  Duke  of  Albany  on  Koxburgh  Castle 
and  the  town  of  Berwick  in  1417,  while  Henry 
V.  of  England  was  absent  in  France.  He  was 
compelled  by  the  Dukes  of  Exeter  and  Bedford 
to  retire. 

Foula  (fS'la).  A  small  island  of  the  Shetland 
group,  Scotland,  west  of  the  main  group. 


404 

Fould(fold),Achille.  Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  17, 
1800 :  died  at  Tarbes,  Prance,  Oct.  5,  1867.  A 
French  financier  and  statesman.  He  was  minister 
of  finance  1849-52,  minister  of  state  1852-60,  and  minister 
of  finance  1861-67. 

Foulis  (foulz),  Andrew  (originally  FauUs). 
Born  at  Glasgow,  Nov.  23, 1712 :  died  Sept.  18, 
1775.  A  Scottish  printer,  brother  of  Robert 
Foulis. 

Foulis,  Robert.  Bom  at  (Jlasgow,  April  20, 
1707 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  June  2, 1776.  A  Scot- 
tish printer,  noted  for  his  editions  of  Horace, 
Homer,  Herodotus,  and  other  classics. 

Foul  Play.  A  novel  by  Charles  Reade,  drama- 
tized with  Dion  Bouoieault  in  1879. 

Foulques.    See  Pule. 

Foul-Weather  Jack.  A  surname  given  to  Ad- 
miral John  Byron  from  his  poor  fortune  at  sea. 

Founder  of  Peace.  A  name  given  to  St. 
Benedict. 

Foundling,  The.  A  play  by  Edward  Moore, 
produced  in  1748. 

Fountain  of  Arethusa.    See  Arethusa. 

Fountain  of  Castalia.    See  Castalia. 

Fountain  of  Self-Love,  The.  See  CyntUa's 
Bevels. 

Fountain  of  Vaucluse.    See  Vauduse. 

Fountain  of  Youth,  The.  A  mythical  spring 
supposed  by  some  of  the  Indians  of  Central 
America  and  the  West  Indies  to  exist  in  a  re- 
gion toward  the  north  called  Bimini  (which 
see).  Its  waters,  it  was  said,  would  restore  youth  to  the 
aged  and  heal  the  sick.  It  appears  that,  before  the  con- 
quest, the  Indians  made  expeditions  to  Florida  and  the 
Bahamas  in  search  of  this  spring ;  and  the  Spaniards  un- 
der Ponce  de  Leon,  Narvaez,  De  Soto,  and  others  pene- 
trated far  into  the  interior,  seeking  for  it,  during  the 
early  part  of  the  16th  centui^.  Similar  myths  have  been 
found  in  India  and  in  the  Pacific  Islands,  and  a  fountain 
of  youth  is  described  in  Mandeville's  travels. 

Fountains  Abbey.  A  Cistercian  monastery  of 
the  14th  century,  near  Ripon,  England,  now 
the  largest  and  most  picturesque  of  English 
ecclesiastical  ruins.  The  great  church,  almost  per- 
fect except  for  its  roof,  is  in  large  part  in  the  style  of 
transition  from  the  Norman  to  the  Early  English.  It  has 
a  high,  square  Perpendicular  tower,  and  a  second  tran- 
sept at  the  extremity  of  the  east  end,  like  Durham.  The 
interior  is  plain  but  for  its  beautiful  wall-arcading. 
Among  the  monastic  buildings  are  a  vaulted  cloister  of 
two  aisles  300  feet  long,  a  chapter-house,  and  a  refectory. 

Fouq.u6  (fo-ka'),  Friederich,  Baron  de  la  Motte. 
Bom  at  Brandenburg  in  1777 :  died  at  Berlin  in 
1843.  A  German  poet  and  author.  He  served  in 
the  War  of  Liberation  (1813),  and  later  lived  in  Paris, 
Halle  (where  he  lectured  on  modem  history  and  poetry), 
and  Berlin.  In  1808  appeared  the  drama  "  Sigurd  der 
Schlangentodter "  ("Sigurd  the  Dragon-slayer").  "Der 
Zauberring  "  ("  The  Magic  Ring  ")  is  a  romance  of  the  age 
of  chivalry.  His  principal  work  is  the  romantic  story 
"  Undine,"  which  appeared  in  1811.  He  was  the  author 
of  numerous  lyrics,  among  them  the  patriotic  song  begin- 
ning "Frisch  auf  zum  frohlichen  Jagen  "  (1813). 

Fouquet  (fo-ka'),  Nicolas,  Marquis  de  Belle- 
Isle.  Bom  at  Paris,  1615:  died  in  prison  at 
Pignerol,  Piedmont,  March  23, 1680.  A  French 
official,  superintendent  of  finance  1652-61.  He 
was  condemned  for  peculation  in  1664,  and  im- 
prisoned at  Pignerol. 

Fbuftuier-Tinville  (fo-kya'tan-vel'),  Antoine 
Quentin.  Bom  at  H^rouel,  Aisne,  Prance, 
1747:  guillotined  at  Paris,  May  7,  1795.  A 
French  revolutionist,  public  accuser  before 
the  Revolutionary  tribunal  March,  1793, -July, 
1794. 

Fourberies  de  Scapin  (forb-re'  de  ska-pan'), 
Les.  [F.,'The  Cheats  of  Scapin.']  A  comedy 
by  MoliSre,  produced  in  1671.  The  subject  is  taken 
from  Terence's  "Phormio,"  with  various  scenes  from 
other  authors. 

Four  Cantons,  Lake  of  the.  See  Lucerne,  Lake  of. 

Fourchambault  (fSr-shon-bo').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Nifevre,  central  France,  situated 
on  the  Loire  5  miles  northwest  of  Nevers, 
noted  for  its  iron-works.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  6,020. 

Fourcroy  (for-krwa'),  Antoine  FranQois, 
Comte  de.  Born  at  Paris,  June  15,  1755 :  died 
at  Paris,  Dec.  16, 1809.  A  noted  French  physi- 
ologist and  chemist.  He  was  the  son  of  an  apothe- 
cary. He  was  elected  deputy  to  the  National  Convention 
from  Paris  in  1792  ;  labored  in  the  extraction  of  saltpeter 
for  use  in  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder  for  the  Revolu- 
tionary armies  for  eighteen  months ;  took  his  seat  in  the 
Assembly  in  1793 ;  was  an  influential  member  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Public  Instruction ;  prevented  the  execution  of 
Darcet ;  and  on  the  9th  Thermidor  was  made  a  member  of 
the  Committee  of  Public  Safety.  He  was  instrumental  in 
the  organization  of  the  Ecole  Polytechnique  (then  V^eo\e 
des  G?ravaux  Publiques),  the  £cole  Normale,  the  lustitut 
and  the  Mus^e  d'Histoire  Naturelle.  He  was  a  friend  and 
colaborer  of  Lavoisier  (whose  death  he  was  unjustly  ac- 
cused of  countenancing)  and  other  distinguished  chem- 
ists. He  published  "Lemons  d'histoire  naturelle  et  de 
chimie"  (1781:  reissued  under  the  title  "Systfeme  des 


Fourth  Party,  The 

oonnaissances  chimiques,  etc.,"  1801),  "Philosophie  chl- 
mique  "  (1792),  etc. 
Fourdrinier  (for-dri-ner'),  Henry.  Born  in 
London,  Feb.  11,  1766:  died  at  Mavesyn  Rid- 
ware,  near  Rugely,  Sept.  8,  1854.  An  English 
paper-maker  and  inventor,  with  his  brother 
Sealy  Fourdrinier  (died  1847),  of  an  improved 
paper-making  machine  which  produces  a  con- 
tinuous sheet  of  paper  of  any  size  from  the  pulp. 
This  machine,  which  was  perfected  in  1807,  is  an  improve, 
ment  upon  one  invented  and  patented  by  a  Frenchman, 
Louis  Robert,  clerk  in  the  establishment  of  M.  Didot,  the 
printer  and  paper-maker,  in  1799. 

Fourichon  (f6-re-sh6n'),  Martin.  Bom  at 
Viviers,  Dordogne,  Feb.  9,  1809 :  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.  24,  1884.  A  French  naval  officer.  He  be- 
came vice-admiral  in  1869,  and  president  of  the  council  for 
naval  aflfairs  in  1864.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Franco- 
German  war  he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
fleet  destined  for  the  North  Sea.  He  sailed  from  Cher- 
bourg Aug.  9, 1870,  but,  being  destitute  of  vessels  fitted 
to  operate  in  shallow  waters,  he  was  unable  to  accomplish 
anything,  and  returned  to  Cherbourg  Sept.  12,  1870.  He 
subsequently  became  minister  of  naval  and  colonial  afiairs, 
was  elected  to  the  National  Assembly  in  1871,  and  became 
a  senator  in  1876. 

Fourier  (fs-rya'),  Francois  Marie  Charles. 
Born  at  Besan^on,  France,  April  7,  1772 :  died 
at  Paris,  Oct.  10, 1837.  A  noted  French  socialist. 
His  father  was  a  draper  at  Besancon.  He  entered  the 
army  as  a  chasseur  in  1793,  but  was  discharged  on  account 
of  ill  health  after  two  years  of  service.  He  was  subse- 
quently connected,  in  subordinate  positions,  with  various 
commercial  houses  at  Marseilles,  Lyons,  and  elsewhere. 
He  resided  at  Paris  from  1826.  He  published  in  1808 
"Thtorie  des  quatre  mouvements  et  des  destinies  gini- 
rales  "  in  which  he  propounds  the  cooperative  social  sys- 
tem known  from  him  as  Fourierism.  This  system  con- 
templates the  organization  of  society  into  phalanxes  or" 
associations,  each  large  enough  for  all  industrial  and  social 
requirements,  arranged  in  groups  according  to  occupation, 
capacities,  and  attractions,  living  in  phalansteries  or  com- 
mon dwellings.  He  also  wrote  "Traits  de  I'association 
domestique  et  agricole  "  (1822  :  published  later  as  "Th^- 
orie  de  I'unit^  universelle")  and  "Le  nouveau  monde" 
(1829-30). 

Fourier,  Baron  Jean  Baptiste  Joseph.  Born 
at  Auxerre,  France,  March  21,  1768:  died  at 
Paris,  May  16,  1830.  A  celebrated  French 
mathematician.  He  was  the  son  of  a  tailor.  In  1786 
he  became  professor  at  the  military  school  in  Auxerre; 
later  taught  at  the  Normal  School  and  the  Polytechnic 
School  in  Paris ;  accompanied  Bonaparte  in  the  Egyptian 
expedition ;  became  secretary  of  the  Institut  d'Egypte  and 
one  of  the  compilers  of  the  "  Description  de  l'£gypte  " ;  and 
on  his  return  to  France  was  appointed  prefect  of  Is^re 
and  later  of  Rh6ne.  His  chief  works  are  "Tli6orie  ana- 
lytique  de  la  chaleur"  (1822),  "Analyse  des  Equations  d^ 
termin^es  "  (1831). 

Fourier,  Pierre,  called  Pierre  de  Mataincourt. 

Born  at  Mirecourt,  Vosges.  France,  Nov.  30, 
1565:  died  at  Gray,  Haute-Sadne,  France,  Dec. 
9,  1640.  A  French  religious  reformer,  general 
of  the  order  of  the  Pr6montr6s. 

Four  Lakes,  The.  A  chain  of  lakes  (Mendota 
and  others)  in  Dane  County,  southern  Wis- 
consin. 

Fourmies  (f  or-me' ).  A  mannf  acturing  town  in 
the  department  of  NordjFrance,  36  miles  south- 
east of  Valenciennes.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 15,895. 

Fourmigni.    See  Formigny. ' 

Fourmont  (for-mdn'),  Etienne.  Bom  at  Her- 
belay,  near  St.  Denis,  France,  June  23,  1683: 
died  at  Paris,  Dee.  19, 1745.  A  French  Oriental- 
ist and  sinologist. 

Fourneyron  (f er-na-r6n' ),  Benolt.  Bom  at  St. 
Etienne,  France,  Oct.  31,  1802 :  died  at  Paris, 
July,  1867.  A  French  engineer,  chiefly  known 
for  his  improvements  in  the  construction  of  tur- 
bine water-wheels. 

Fournier  (for-nya'),  Edouard.  Born  at  Or- 
leans, France,  June  15,  1819:  died  at  Paris, 
May  10,  1880.  A  French  litterateur  and  jour- 
nalist.   He  wrote  "Levieux-neuf"(1859),  etc. 

Fournier,  Pierre  Simon.  Born  at  Paris,  Sept. 
15,  1712:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  8,  1768.  A  noted 
French  type-founder.  He  wrote  "  Table  des  propor- 
tions qu'il  f  aut  observer  entre  les  caractdres  "  (1737),  "Man- 
uel typographique  "  (1764-66),  etc. 

Four  P's,  The.  A  ' '  merry  interlude  "  by  John 
Hey  wood.  The  four  P's  were  a  "  Palmer,  a  Pardoner,  a 
Poticary,  and  a  Pedlar."  It  was  (probably  written  about 
1540,  and  was  printed  some  time  before  1547. 

Four  Prentices  of  London.   A  play  by  Thomas 

Heywood  (1600).  This  play  was  ridiculed  in  "The 
Knight  of  the  Burning  Pestle   by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 

Four  Sons  of  Aymon.  An  old  play  relicensed 
by  Herbert  in  1624.  Balfe  wrote  an  opera 
with  the  same  title  in  1843.  See  Quatre  Filz 
d' Aymon. 

Fourth  Party,  The.  A  name  given  about  1880 
to  a  knot  of  English  Conservatives,  of  whom 
Lord  Randolph  Churchill  was  the  leading 
spirit.  It  frequently  opposed  the  Conserva- 
tive party. 


Fowey 


405 


France 


in-the-Clay),  Leicestershire,  July,  1624:' died 

Jan.  13,  1691.    The  founder  of  the  Society  of  ■nnrrora  a  ■'■     i  v  n     -p 
Friends.    He  was  the  son  of  Christopher  Fox,  a  Puritan     JS^^L  =Si>!,     a„  fi      ? 
weaver,  and  in  his  youth  was  apprenticed  to  a  shoemaker     ■"'»™'«'=-=h"-»     a««Ho„^ 
at  Nottingham.    About  the  age  of  twenty-flve  he  began 


Fowey  (f  oi).  A  small  seaport  in  Cornwall,  Eng-  Fox,  George.  Born  at  Fenny  Drayton  (Drayton- 
land,  situated  on  the  English  Channel  22  miles    --- '•^- '^' — ^    t  .;...* — 1,;„     t,.i_    ioo^  .  jj.j 
west  of  PljTnouth,  important  in  the  13th  and 
14th  centuries. 

Fowler  (fou'lfer).  In  Shirley's  "Witty  Fair  One," 
a  brilliant  libertine,  reformed  by  being  per- 
suaded that  he  is  dead,  and  suffering  for  his 
vices  as  a  disembodied  spirit. 

Fowler,  Edward.  Bom  at  Westerleigh, Glouces- 
tershire, in  1682 :  died  at  Chelsea,  Aug.  26, 1714. 
AnJEnglish  prelate  and  theological  writer,  bish- 
op of  Gloucester  1691.  He  wrote  "Design  of  Christi- 
anity "  (1671),  which  was  attaclced  by  Bunyan  and  Baxter ; 
"  Dirt  wlp'd  off ;  or  a  manifest  discovery  of  the  wicked 
spirit  of  one  John  Bunyan"  (1672),  etc. 

Fowler,  Henry  the.  A  name  given  to  the  em- 
peror Henry  I. 

Fowler,  Jobn.  Bom  at  Melksham,  Wiltshire, 
July  11,  1826:  died  at  Ackworth,  Dec.  4,  1864. 
An  English  inventor.  He  invented  a  steam-plow  in 
which  the  plow  is  moved  by  traction  of  a  stationary  engine, 
and  other  improved  machines. 

Fowler,  Katharine.  The  maiden  name  of  Kath- 
arine Philips,  the  "  matchless  Orinda." 

Fowler,  Orson  Squire.  Bom  Oct.  11, 1809 :  died 
Aug.  18,  1887.  An  .American  phrenologist. 
He  graduated  at  Amherst  College  in  1834.  He  devoted 
himself  to  lecturing  and  writing  on  phrenology,  and 
to  various  projects  for  the  promotion  of  health  and  social 
reform.  He  founded  the  "  American  Phrenological  Jour- 
nal "  in  1838,  and  published  a  number  of  works,  including 
"  Human  Science,  or  Phrenology  "  (1873),  etc.  tjje  British  army  in  Sicily  1806-07. 

Fownes  (founz),  George.  Bom  at  London,  May  p^^,  Henry  Kichard  Vassall,  third  Baron 
14,  1815:  died  at  London,  .Jan.  31,  1849.  As.  Holland.  Bom  at  Winterslow  House^Wilt- 
English  chemist.  He  was  professor  of  chemistry  to 
the  Pharmaceutical  Society  1842-46,  lecturer  on  chemistry 
at  Middlesex  Hospital  1842-45,  professor  of  practical  chem- 
istry in  the  Birkbeck  Laboratory  of  University  College  1846- 
1849,  and  secretary  of  the  Chemical  Society.  He  wrote  a 
manual  of  chemistry  (1844 :  later  editions  edited  by  Henry 
Watts),  vajTious  articles  in  the  "  Proceedings  of  the  Chemi- 
cal Society,"  etc. 

Fox  (f  oks).  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians, 
first  found  in  Wisconsin,  extending  to  Lake 
Superior.  The  Ojibwa  and  French  forced  them  south 
of  the  Wisconsin  River,  where  they  became  incorporated 
with  the  Sac  tribe.    The  name  is  simply  translated  from 


war,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  1819- 
1826.  Hewas  the  author  of  an  unfinished  work,  "  Histoire 
de  la  guerre  de  la  Ptoinsule  "  (1827). 


__  „.  A  waterfall  in  In- 
vemess-shire,  Scotland,  east  of  Loch  Ness, 
near  Fort  Augustus.    Height,  165  feet. 


to  disseminate  as  an  itinerant  lay  preacher  the  doctrines  FoylO  (foil),  LoUgh.      An  fnle't  of  the  Atlantic, 
peculiar  to  the  Society  of  Friends,  the  organization  of     „„fl   Bst.nnrv  nf   i\\a  vWc  ^^'/^t7lo     <,u„„t„.i   i,„ 
which  he  completed  about  1669.    He  made  missionary    ^  estuary  ot  tUe  river  ioyle,   situated  be- 
joumeys  to  Scotland  in  1667,  to  Ireland  in  1669,  to  the    tween  counties  Donegal  and  Londonderry,  Ire- 
West  Indies  and  North  America  1671-72,  and  to  Holland    land.  Length,  16  miles.  Greatest  width,  9  miles, 
in  1677  and  1684,  and  was  frequently  imprisoned  for  in-  FracaSSO.     See  Capitaine  Fracasse,  Le. 
fraction  of  the  laws  against  conventicles,  as  at  Lancaster  ■prapna+.nrin  Cfra-kSs  tn'i-a  n^     ■R^ri,  «+  Vo,.nr,o 
and  Scarborough  1663-66  and  at  Worcester  1673-74.    He  'A  i       i^oq    '■"^■'^^^  ™  ^6-°)-   ^°^  ^t  Verona, 
married  in  1669  Margaret  Fell,  a  widow,  who  was  a  woman    ^}^%''  libd :  died  near  Verona,  Aug.   8,  1553, 
of  superior  intellect  and  gave  him  much  assistance  in  the 
founding  of  his  sect.    An  edition  of  his  "Works"  was 
published  at  Philadelphia  in  1831. 
Fox,  Gustavus  Vasa.    Bom  at  Sangus,  Mass., 
June  13, 1821 :  died  at  New  York,  Oct.  29, 1883. 

ifpmriftL%S's?at'navyfnT^&?^^^^^^^^^ 

Mexicanwar,  and  retired  in  1856  with  the  rank  of  lieu-  "^^  '>.T.At>,or  ^^^rnl  n  R^^  ,„  r'olo>,„„  Tt„i„ 
tenant.  He  was  assistant  secretary  of  the  navy  1861-66. 
Fox,  Henry  Edward.  Born  March  4,  1755: 
died  at  Portsmouth,  July  18, 1811.  An  English 
general,  brother  of  Charles  James  Fox.  He  en- 
tered the  army  in  1770,  served  in  the  British  army  in 
America  throughout  the  War  for  Independence,  and  in 
1793  was  promoted  major-general.  He  subsequently  com- 
manded a  brigade  in  Flanders,  where  he  fought  with  dis- 
tinction against  the  French  at  Pont-ii-Chin  in  1794.    He 

was  commander-in-chief  of  the  forces  in  Ireland  during  Fragmonta  Vaticana   (frag-men'ta  vat-i-ka'- 
the  revolution  of  Robert  Emmet  in  ISOS,  and  commanded    ^^g^^  _   j-^^ ,  Vatican  Fragments.']  A  collection  of 

legal  documents,  perhaps  made  during  the  life- 
time of  Constantme,  a  part  of  which  has  been 
preserved  in  a  palimpsest  in  the  Vatican  Li- 
brary. 
~  ■"■       •---—---  -        Bom  at 

Rostock,  Germany,  June  4,  1782:  died  at  St. 
Petersburg,  Aug.  28  (N.  S.),  1851.  A  German- 
Eussian  numismatist.  Orientalist,  andhistorian. 
In  1815  he  became  librarian  and  director  of  the  Asiatic 
museum  in  St,  Petersburg.  His  chief  work  is  "  Recensio 
numorum  Muhamedanorum,  etc."  (1826). 


An  Italian  physician  and  poet.  He  wrote  a  cele- 
brated Latin  poem  entitled  "Syphilidis  sive  de  morbo 
gallico'libri  tres"  (Verona,  1530),  "De  vini  temperatura" 
(Venice,  1534),  "  Homocentricorum,  sive  de  stellis,  etc.," 
"De  sympathia  et  antipathia  rerum,  etc."  (1546),  etc.  His 
collected  works  were  published  in  Venice  in  1555. 


[It.,  ' brother  devil.']  Born  in  Calabria,  Italy, 
about  1760 :  hanged  at  Naples,  Nov.  10,  1806. 
An  Italian  robber,  a  Bourbon  partizan  leader 
1799-1806. 

Fra  Diavolo,  ou  L'Hdtellerie  de  Terracine. 
A  comic  opera  by  Auber,  words  by  Scribe,  first 
produced  at  Paris,  Jan.  28, 1830.  The  real  Fra 
Diavolo  was  a  Calabrian  bandit  named  Miohele 
Pezza. 


shire,  Nov.  21,  1773 :  died  at  Holland  House, 

Oct.  22,  1840.  An  EngUsh  politician,  nephew  pi'lu^"  ,f^=^  christian  Martin 
of  Charles  James  Fox.  He  succeeded  his  father  'Jann  (Iran;,  onriSTian  JViartin, 
Stephen,  second  lord  Holland,  as  Baron  Holland  ot  Holland 
in  the  county  of  Lincoln  and  Baron  Holland  of  Foxley  in 
the  county  of  Wilts  in  1774  ;  took  his  seat  in  1796  in  the 
House  of  Lords,  where  he  acted  with  the  Whigs ;  was  ap- 
pointed with  Lord  Auckland  in  1806  to  negotiate  a  treaty 

with  the  American  plenipotentiaries  Monroe  and  Pinck- 

ney ;  was  sworn  of  the  privy  council  in  1806 ;  was  lord  j.jg^jj  /fj,^l)  Mrs.    In  Congreve's  comedy  "Love 
urivv  seal  1806-07:  and  was  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of     -      t  /)*«i*a.  &  .      •'.     .    -i- 

iSicaster Nov?25, 1830,-May  10, 1832,  May  18, 1832,-Nov.    for  Love,"  a  woman  whose  character  is  mdi- 
14, 1834,  and  April  23, 1885,  until  his  death.  cated  by  her  name.     This  was  one  of  Mrs. 

the  French  Kenards,  probably  given  from  the  custom  of  pf,^    Luke      Born  at  Hull.  Oct   20,  1586:  died    Bracegirdle's  most  successful  parts. 

^I^'^lT$.^^:^l^^lllZX^^^-'il^^iT.\t  Whitby- in  July,  1635.'   An  E^gUsh  navi- Fram(fram).    A  specially  constructed  steam- 

""-■'■  ■      ■-"    - "-     gator.     He  commanded  an  expedition  in  search  of  the    schooner  m  which  Fridtjof  Nansen  attempted 

northwestpassageinl631,  and  wrote  "North-west  Fox,  or  "'  "         '         ~-- 

Fox  from  the  North-west  passage  .  .  .  with  briefe  Ab- 
stracts of  the  Voyages  of  Cabot,  Frobisher,  Davis,  Wey- 
mouth, Knight,  Hudson,  Button,  Gibbons,  Bylot,  Baffin, 
Hawkridge.  .  .  Mr.  James  Hall's  three  Voyages  to  Groyn- 
land  .  .  .  with  the  Author  his  owne  Voyage,  being  the 
XVI«i"(l636). 

Fox,  Sir  Stephen.  Bom  March  27,  1627:  died 
at  Chiswick,  Middlesex,  Oct.  28,  1716.  .An 
English  politician.    He  sided  with  the  king  in  the 

civil  war ;  took  part  in  assisting  Prince  Charles  to  escape  .  „_,.       ,        ,       aj.  ■    im-M 

to  Normandy ;  was  made  steward  of  the  prince's  household  FraniUlgham  (fra'ming-ham").     A  town  m  Mid- 
in  1654 ;  received  at  the  Restoration  a  number  of  lucrative    dlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  20  miles  west  of 
offices,  including  that  of  paymaster-general;  and  entered    Boston.    It  contains  the  villages  of  Framingham  Center, 
li  otcrizuB.  •>■  -  "-"-  --',r-,  <• r—     Pariiament  m  1679.  go„th  Framingham,  and  SaxonviUe.    Population  (1900), 

sons.    Extracts  irom  her  diary  covering  the  period  1835-  FoX,  The.     See  Volpone.  11,302. 

1871  were  published  in  1881  (3d  ed.  1882).  Fox  Channel.      An  arm  of  the  sea  north  of  pramlingham  (fram'ling-am).     A  small  town 

Fox,  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Derby,  March  11, 1810:    Hudson  Bay  and  Southampton  Island.  in.  Suffolk,  England,   13 'iniles   northeast    of 

diedatBlaekheath,  June  14, 1874.    An  English  p^^g  prPQ^^fotsj^jojlll^  Bom  at  Boston,Lin-   Ipswich. 

engineer,  contractor,  andmannfacturer.  Hewas    colnshire,  1516 :  died  at  London,  April,  1587.  An  pj-anQaiS  (fron-sa'),  Comte  Antoine,  called 
'  '-'"'-"   -'  ■    English  martyrologist.  He  studied  at  Magdalen  Col-    Francais  de  Nantes.     Bom  at  Beaurepaire, 

lege,  Oxford,  where  he  proceeded  B,  A.  in  1537;  became  a    -■        "  -^       ,„t---- 

fuU  fellow  in  1539 ;  and  proceeded  A.  M.  in  1643.  He  re- 
signed his  fellowship  in  1545 ;  became  in  1548  tutor  to  the 
children  of  Henry  Howard,  earl  of  Surrey  (a  post  which  he 
retained  five  years) ;  and  in  1660  was  ordained  deacon.  At 
the  accession  of  Queen  Mary  he  fled  to  the  Continent  to 
avoid  persecution  as  a  Protestant,  and  lived  during  her 
reign  chiefly  at  Frankfort  and  at  Basel,  where  he  was  em- 
ployed as  a  reader  of  the  press  in  the  printing-office  of 


called  them  Outagami,  meaning  *  People  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  Water.'    See  Algonquian. 

Fox,  or  Neenah  (ne'na).  A  river  in  northeast- 
em  Wisconsin,  it  flows  through  Lake  Winnebago, 
and  falls  into  Green  Bay,  Lake  Michigan.  Length,  about 
250  miles. 

Fox,  or  Pishtaka  (pish-ta'ka).  A  river  in 
southeastern  Wisconsin  and  northeastern  Illi- 
nois, joining  the  Illinois  at  Ottawa,  70  miles 
southwest  of  Chicago.  Length,  about  200  miles. 

Fox,  Caroline.  Bom  at  Falmouth,  England, 
May  24,  1819:  died  there,  Jan.  12,  1871.  .  .Aji 
English  diarist.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Robert 
Were  Fox  (a  physicist  and  mineralogist),  and  the  friend 
of  John  Sterling,  J.  S.  Mill,  Carlyle,  and  other  noted  per- 


to  reach  the  north  pole.  She  is  113  feet  long 
on  the  water-line,  and  was  built  at  Eaekvik, 
near  Laurvig,  Norway.  She  sailed  from  Chris- 
tiania,  June  24, 1893.  Nansen  left  her  to  con- 
tinue his  journey  on  sledges  March  14, 1895  (84° 
4'  N.  lat. ,  102°  E.  long. ).  Under  command  of  Captain 
Otto  Neumann  Sverdrup  she  reached  86°  65.6'  N.  lat,,  66" 
31'  £.  long.,  on  Nov.  15, 1895 ;  and,  returning,  passed  Spitz- 
bergen  in  Aug.,  1896,  having  circumnavigated  Nova  Zembla 
and  the  Franz-Joseph  and  Spitzbergen  archipelagoes. 


chiefly  engaged  in  the  construction  of  railway  works  (roads 
(especially  narrow-gage),  tunnels,  bridges,  etc.)  and  the 
manufacturing  of  railway  supplies.  He  erected  the  build- 
ing in  Hyde  Park  for  the  exhibition  of  1851.  See  Crystal 
FcUace. 
Fox,  Charles  James.  Bom  at  London,  Jan. 
24, 1749 :  died  at  Chiswick,  near  London,  Sept. 
13,  1806.  A  celebrated  English  statesman  and 
orator.  He  was  the  third  son  of  Henry  Fox  (afterward 
Lord  Holland)  and  lady  Caroline  Georgina,  daughter  of 
the  second  Duke  of  Richmond,  grandson  of  Charles  II. 
He  studied  first  at  Eton  and  afterward  at  Hertford  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  which  he  left  without  a  degree  in  1766.  He 
entered  Parliament  as  a  Tory  in  1768,  and  was  a  junior 
lord  of  the  admiralty  (1770-72)  and  of  the  treasury  (1772- 
1774)  in  Lord  North's  ministry.  Dismissed  by  North  at 
the  instance  of  George  III.,  who  cordially  disliked  him  on 


Isfere,  France,  Jan.  17, 1756 :  died  at  Paris,  March 
7, 1836.  A  French  revolutionary  politician  and 
writer.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Assembly  for  the 
department  of  Loire-Inf^rieure  in  1791 ;  a  member  and  one 
of  the  secretaries  of  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  1798 ; 
director-general  of  taxes  in  180* ;  and  peer  of  France  in 
1831.  He  wrote  "  Le  manuscrit  de  feu  M.  Jir6me  "  (1825), 
etc. 


accourtTottof"the?ndepeide7tspM^^^^  FoXO,  or  FoX,  Richard.     Born  at  Eopesley, 

in  office  and  of  his  dissolute  habits,  he  Joined  the  Whig    ^gar  Grantham,  Lincolnshire,  in  1447  or  1448: 


party,  with  which  he  was  afterward  identified.  On  the 
formation  of  Lord  Rockingham's  ministry  in  1782,  he  was 
appointed  foreign  secretary,  a  position  which  he  resigned 
on  the  death  of  Rockingham  in  the  same  year,  being  un- 
willing to  serve  under  Lord  Shelburne.  In  1783  he  formed 
a  coalition  with  Lord  North,  which  brought  the  so-called 
coalition  ministry  into  power,  with  the  Duke  of  Portland 
as  prime  minister  and  North  and  Fox  as  home  and  foreign 
secretaries.  The  coalition  ministry  was  defeated  m  the 
same  year  on  Foxs  India  Bill,  through  the  influence  ot  the 
king,  who  authorized  Lord  Temple  to  say  in  the  House  of  p^j.  IgJandS, 


Johann  Herbst  (Oporinua).    He  returned  to  England  in  PrancaiS,  FrancoiS  Louis,  BomatPlombi^reSt 

Vosges,  Prance,  Nov.  17,  1814:  died  May  28, 
1897.  A  French  landscape-painter,  a  pupil  of 
Gigoux  and  Corot,  elected  member  of  the  Beaux 
Arts  in  1890. 

Francavilla  Fontana  (fran-ka-vel'ia  fon-ta'- 
na).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Leoce,  Apu- 
lia, Italy,  22  miles  west-southwest  of  Brindisi. 
Population  (1881),  16,328. 


1669,  was  ordained  priest  in  1660,  and  in  1563  was  made  a 
prebendary  in  Salisbury  Cathedral  and  given  the  lease  of 
the  vicarage  of  Shipton.  His  chief  work  is  "Actes  and 
Monuments,"  of  which  four  editions  appeared  during  his 
lifetime  (1663, 1570, 1576,  and  1683),  and  which  is  popularly 
known  as  Foxe's  "Book  of  Martyrs." 


died  probably  at  Winchester,   Oct.   5,   1528. 
^fdgf I'lfarE"  wte  a?lartS?itte^^^ 


Lord's  that  whoever  voted  for  the  bill  was  not  only  not  his     t_i  „  _  j  „ 
friend,  hut  would  he  considered  by  him  aa  his  enemy.  J^'^'t'^- 
Through  the  enmity  of  the  king  he  was  kept  out  of  office  FOX  Land. 
until  1806,  when  Lord  Grenville  refused  to  form  a  minis-     -^^     ■  ■      »    - 
try  without  him,  and  he  was  again  appointed  foreign  sec- 
retary.   He  supported  the  cause  of  the  American  colonies 
in  Parliament  Suring  the  period  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion, and  was  the  chief  instrument  in  procuring  the  pas- 
sage of  the  Libel  Act  of  1792.    He  married  in  1795  his  mis- 
tress, Elizabeth  Bridget  Cane,  otherwise  Aimistead  or 
Armstead. 


of  Henry,  earl  of  Richmond,  soon  after  whose  accession 
in  1485  as  Henry  VII.  he  was  appointed  lord  privy  seal. 
He  became  suffragan  bishop  of  Exeter  in  1487,  being 
translated  to  the  see  of  Bath  and  Wells  m  1492,  to  that 
of  Durham  in  1494,  and  to  that  of  Winchester  in  1601. 
He  founded  Corpus  Christi  CoUege,  Oxford,  1615-16. 

One  of  the  groups  of  Aleutian 


^j^  *^p«^«..  A  tract  in  the  Arctic  regions  of 
North  America,  north  of  Hudson  Strait  and 
east  of  Fox  Channel. 

Foy(fwa),  Maximilien  Sebastien.  Born  at 
Ham,  Somme,  France,  Feb.  3,  1775:  died  at 
Paris,  Nov.  28,  1825.  A  French  general  and 
orator.     He  served  with  distinction  in  the  Peninsular 


Franoia,  land  of  the  Franks ;  It.  Franda,  Sp. 
Francia,  Pg.  Franga,  G.  Frankreich.']  A  country 
of  western  Europe,  capital  Paris,  bounded  by 
the  English  Channel,  the  Strait  of  Dover,  and 
the  North  Sea  on  the  north,  Belgium  and  Lux- 
emburg on  the  northeast,  Germany  (partly 
separated  by  the  Vosges),  Switzerland  (largely 
separated  by  the  Jura  and  Lake  Geneva),  and 
Italy  (separated  by  the  Alps)  on  the  east,  the 
Mediterranean  and  Spain  (separated  by  tbA 
Pyrenees)  on  the  south,  and  the  Bay  of  Biscay 
and  the  Atlantic  on  the  west.  It  eytends  from 
lat,  42°  26'  to  61°  5'  N,,  and  from  long.  7°  39'  E.  to  4°  60'  W. 
The  surface  is  mountainous  in  the  south  and  east,  level 
and  hilly  in  the  west  and  north.    Besides  the  frontier 


France 

rangeB  (the  Pyrenees,  Alps,  Jura,  and  VosgesV  the  chief 
mountains  are  the  C^vennes  in  the  south,  Auvergne  in  the 
center,  and  the  mountains  of  the  C6te-d'0r  (and  their  con- 
tmuations  southward).  There  are  also  the  plateaus  of  the 
Morvan  and  Limousin  in  the  Interior,  and  Ardennes  in  the 
northeast.  Brittanyis  broken  and  hilly.  The  highest  moun- 
tain in  France  is  Mont  Blanc.  The  chief  river-systems  are 
those  of  the  Seine,  Loire,  Garonne,  and  Khdne.  Parts  of  the 
Schelde,  Meuse,  and  Moselle  (Rhine)  basins  are  in  France 
The  largest  lakes  are  Geneva  (on  the  border),  Annecy,  and 
Bourget  France  is  the  fourth  European  countryin  area  and 
population.  The  leading  agricultural  products  are  grain 
and  wine :  next  to  these  are  beet-root,  fruit  and  vegetables, 
and  potatoes.  The  agricultural  exports  are  butter,  eggs, 
poultry,  and  cattle,  especially  to  England.  France  has 
fisheries  of  oysters,  cod,  herring,  mackerel,  etc.  The  lead- 
ing mines  are  iron  and  coal.  Salt  and  building-stones  are 
produced  in  large  quantities.  The  chief  manufactures  are 
silk,  cotton,  woolens,  linen,  lace,  chemicals,  sugar,  pottery, 
glass,  paper,  "articles  of  Paris,"  etc  The  country  holds 
the  first  rank  in  silk  manufacture,  and  exports  woolens, 
t  wlii^  silks,  etc.  France  is  subdivided  into  37  depart- 
tnenCS.  The  government  is  republican,  administered  by  a 
president  (term  7  years)  as  executive,  a  senate  (300  mem- 
bers), and  a  chamber  of  deputies  (584  members).  The 
prevailing  language  is  French,  but  Basque  is  spoken  in  the 
southwest,  Breton  in  the  northwest,  Flemish  in  the  north- 
east, and  Italian  by  a  few  in  the  southeast.  The  religions 
supported  by  the  state  are  Koman  Catholic  (adherents 
numbering  about  98  per  cent,  of  all),  Protestant  (chiefly 
Calvlnist),  and  Jewish.  Mohammedanism  is  supported  in 
Algeria.  The  following  are  the  principal  colonial  pos- 
sessions: in  Africa — Algeria,  Tunis  (a  French  protector- 
ate), Senegal  and  dependencies,  French  Sudan  and  Ivory 
Coast,  French  Kongo  (Gaboon),  il^union,  Mayotte,  Nossi- 
B6,  Sainte-Marie,  Obok,  Comoro  Islands  (protectorate), 
Madagascar  (protectorate),  French  Sahara;  m  Asia  —  Pon- 
dicherry,  Tongking,  Cochiu-China,  Annam  (protectorate), 
Cambodia  (protectorate) ;  in  America  —  French  Guiana, 
Martinique,  Guadeloupe  and  dependencies,  St.  Pierre  and 
Miquelon  ;  in  Oceania  —  New  Caledonia,  Tahiti,  Marque- 
sas Islands,  Tubuai  Islands,  Tuamotu  Islands,  Wallis, 
Raiatea,  and  some  small  acquisitions.  France  corresponds 
partly  to  the  ancient  GauL  It  was  inhabited  in  the  ear- 
liest historic  times  by  the  Iberians  (Aquitanians  and 
Basques)  and  Celts  (Gauls).  Greek  colonies  were  settled  at 
Marseilles  and  elsewhere  in  southern  France.  Boman  set- 
tlements were  made  at  Narbo  B.  0.  118,  and  southern 
France  (Provirund)  was  acquired  by  Home.  The  conquest  of 
all  Gaul  was  effected  by  Csesar  58-51  B.  c,  and  the  country 
was  subdivided  into  B^man  provinces,  becoming  Koman- 
ized  and  Christian.  It  was  overrun  in  the  5th  century  by  the 
West  Goths,  Burgundians,  and  Franks ;  but  an  invasion  of 
the  Huns  under  Attila  was  checked  at  Chalons  (451).  The 
Frankish  monarchy  (Merovingian)  was  established  under 
Clovis  after  his  defeat  of  the  Soman  governor  Syagrius 
near  Soissons  in  486.  A  Saracen  invasion  was  checked  by 
Charles  Martel  at  Tours  in  732.  Carolingians  came  into 
power  with  the  accession  of  Pepin  the  Short  in  751.  Pepin's 
son  Charlemagne  was  crowned  emperor  of  the  West  In  800; 
but  the  troubles  after  his  death  led  to  a  division  of  the 
Frankish  empire  in  the  treaty  of  Verdun  (843).  The  settle- 
ment of  the  Northmen  in  France  took  place  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  10th  century,  and  the  accession  of  the  Capetian 
dynasty  in  987.  France  took  a  leading  part  in  the  Cru- 
sades. The  power  of  the  crown  was  increased  by  various 
sovereigns,  especially  by  Philip  11.,  Louis  IX.,  Philip lY., 
and  Louis  ZI.  The  Hundred  Years  War  with  England  ex- 
tended from  about  1337  to  1463.  The  Valois  branch  of  the 
Capetian  house  acceded  in  1328,  and  continued  with  its 
branch  Valois-Orl6ans  till  the  accession  of  the  Bourbons 
with  Henry  IV.  (of  Navarre)  in  1689.  The  Huguenot  wars 
lasted  from  1562  to  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  1598.  The  power 
of  the  crown  was  greatly  developed  by  Richelieu  and  Louis 
XIV.  France  took  a  leading  part  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War. 
There  were  various  combinations  of  European  states  against 
Louis  XIV.  (the  last  in  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession). 
Francetookpartinthe Warof theAustrian Succession.  In 
the  Seven  Years  War  it  was  defeated  by  England,  losing 
large  possessions  in  America  and  India.  It  aided  the  United 
States  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  The  first  French  Revo- 
lution began  in  1789,  and  the  republic  was  established  in 
1792.  Great  increase  of  French  territory  and  power  re- 
sulted from  the  wars  of  the  Revolution.  The  Directory  was 
established  in  1795,  the  Consulate  in  1799,  and  the  empire 
under  Napoleon  in  1804.  Later  events  are  the  restoration 
of  the  Bourbons  (1814) ;  the  Hundred  Days  of  Napoleon 
(1815) ;  the  second  restoration  of  the  Bourbons  (1815) ;  the 
revolution  of  July  and  accession  of  the  Orleans  family 
(1830);  the  revolution  and  establishment  of  the  second 
repablic  (1848) ;  the  coup  d'etat  of  Louis  Napoleon  (Dec, 
1851) ;  and  the  establishment  of  the  second  empire  under 
Napoleon  III.  (1852).  France  took  part  in  the  Crimean 
war  and  in  the  Austrian- Italian  war  of  1859.  In  the  war  of 
1870-71  with  the  Germans  (the  so-called  Franco-German 
war)  France  was  severely  defeated ;  the  empire  was  over- 
thrown (Sept.,  1870),  and  was  succeeded  by  the  third  re- 
public ;  and  France  was  obliged  to  cede  Alsace-Lorraine 
(1871)  This  disaster  was  followed  by  the  Communist  civU 
war  of  1871.  More  recent  events  have  been  the  extension 
of  French  territory  or  influence  in  southeastern  Asia  (war 
■with  China,  ending  1885),  in  Tunis  and  western  Africa,  and 
in  Madagascar ;  the  Centennial  Exposition  of  1889 ;  the 
eSorts  t»  overturn  the  existing  republic  by  royolists, 
Bonapartists,  and  Boulangists ;  the  leaning  toward  Russia 
(to  offset  the  Triple  Alliance) ;  and  the  Panama  imbroglio, 
culminaUng  in  1892.  (See,  further,  GatU,  Burgundy,  Nor- 
mandy, and  the  other  provinces;  Franco-Oerman  War  and 
other  wars;  French  Kevdlvtion,  and  Napoleon.)  The  fol- 
lowing is  a  statement  of  the  incorporation  of  the  provinces 
of  France  since  the  Carolingian  period:  Gitinais  annexed 
to  the  crown  1068 ;  viscounty  of  Bonrges  1100 ;  counties  of 
Amiens  and  Vermandois  (in  Picardy)  annexed  to  the  crown 
1183  (finally  about  1479) ;  county  of  Valois  annexed  1216 
(final  union  1515) ;  Normandy  about  1203 ;  Anjou  about 
1204  (definitely  1480) ;  Maine  about  1204  (definitely  1481) ; 
Touraine  annexed  to  the  crown  about  1204  (incorporated 
about  1684) ;  Narbonne  (eastern  Languedoc)  1229 ;  Blois 
andChartres  (in  Ort^anais)  1284  (Blois  finally  in  possession 
of  the  crown  1498) ;  Perche  1267 ;  county  of  Toulouse  1271 ; 
Champagne  1335  (incorporated  1361);  Montpellier  ac- 
quired 1349  (?) ;  Aquitaine  1463 ;  Berry  1466,  and  definitely 
1601;  duchy  of  Burgundy  U79;  Brittany  1491  (incorporated 


406 

1532) ;  Auvergne  incorporated  1632 ;  Bourbon  united  fo 
the  crown  1523 ;  Forez  united  to  the  crown  1632  ;  bishop- 
rics of  Metz,  Toul,  and  Verdun  1652  (formally  ceded  1648) ; 
Bouergue  1625 ;  Navarre  and  B^am  united  with  France 
1689 ;  Bresse,  Bugey,  and  the  pays  de  Gex  all  in  1601 ;  part 
of  Alsace  1648 ;  Roussfllon  1669 ;  Dunkirk  1662 ;  Artois  1669, 
1668,  1678;  Flandew  1669,  1668,  1678,  1713;  Franche- 
Comti  (county  of  Burgundy)  1674-78;  Strasburg  1681; 
Orange  1713;  Lorraine  1766;  Avignon  and  the  Comtat- 
Venaissin  1791 ;  remaining  parts  of  Alsace  about  1791 ; 
county  of  Montbffiard  1793 ;  Nice  and  its  teiritory  and 
Savoy  1860.  Of  regions  outside  of  France,  Corsica  was  ac- 
quired 1768,  Algeria  1830-47.    At  its  height  under  Napo- 


Francis  I. 

and  annexed  to  France  (formally  ceded  by  treaties  of  Nlm- 
wegen  1678-79). 
FrancU  (fran'ke),  Alisonio:  pseudonym  of 
Cristoforo  Bonavino.  Bom  at  Pegli,  near 
Genoa,  Italy,  Feb.  24, 1821:  died  at  Castelletto, 
Italy,  Sept.,  1895.  An  Italian  philosophical  wri- 
ter. He  became  a  priest,  but  in  1849  abandoned  the 
church  on  account  of  heterodox  opinions,  returning  to  it, 
however,  in  1890.  He  became  professor  of  philosophy  at 
the  University  of  Pavia  in  1860,  and  professor  at  the  Acad- 
The  most  notable  of  his  works  is 


emy  in  Milan  in  1863. 
.  "  La  fllosofla  delle  scuole  italiane  "  (1852),  etc. 

leon,  France  included  Belgium,  Holland,  Germany  west  _.  ,  .    ti-vi-—   ««,q  T  n,,Sa  Aai       T-ar^n  'hm 

of  the  Rhine,  northwestern  Germany  as  far  as  the  mouth  Franchi,  Fabian  and  LOUlS  dCl.      1  wm  too 
of  the  Elbe  and  Lubeck,  Valais  in  Switzerland,  Piedmont,     thers,  oharaotersm  Bouoioault's  play      '  ho « ,nr. 


Liguria,  Tuscany,  and  Latium  ;  the  kingdom  of  Italy  (in 
northeastern  luily),  the  lllyiian  provinces,  and  some 
smaller  tracts  were  governedirom  France ;  and  in  French 
alliance  or  under  French  protection  were  the  Rhenish 
Confederation  (including  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia), 
Dantzic,  Switzerland,  the  duchy  of  Warsaw,  Neuch&tel, 
the  kingdom  of  Naples,  and  various  minor  Italian  states. 
Area  of  France,  204,092  square  miles.    Population  (1901) 


TheCor- 
sican  Brothers."  The  mysterious  sympathy  between 
them,  a  family  inheritance,  brings  Fabian  from  his  country 
home  to  Paris  to  avenge  the  death  of  Louis  in  a  duel,  re- 
vealed to  him  in  a  sort  of  vision  at  the  time  of  its  occur- 
rence. Both  parts  are  played  by  one  actor. 
Franci  (fran'si).     See  the  extract. 


Even  so  early  as  the  reign  of  Lewis  the  Pious,  one  writer 
38,961,946.  Population  of  French  colonial  possessions,  f  distinguished  Franci  and  Germani,  meaning  by  the  former 
estimated,  35,000,000-37,000,000;  the  entire  area  is  unde-     the  people  of  the  Western  Kingdom.    Gradually  thename 

was,  in  the  usage  of  Gaul  and  of  Europe,  thoroughly  fixed 
in  this  sense.  The  Merwings,  the  Karlings,  the  Capets, 
all  alike  called  themselves  Beges  Francorum. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  I.  189. 


termined. 

France  then — the  Western  or  Latin  Francia,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  German  Francia  or  Frauken — prop- 
erly meant  only  the  King's  immediate  dominions.  Though 
Normandy,  Aquitaine,  and  the  Duchy  of  Burgundy  allowed  Francia  (fran'shia) 


homage  to  the  French  king,  no  one  would  have  spoken  of 
them  as  parts  of  France.  But^  as  the  French  kings,  step 
by  step,  got  possession  of  the  dominions  of  their  vassals 
and  other  neighbours,  the  name  of  France  gradually  spread 
till  it  took  in,  as  it  now  does,  by  far  the  greater  part  of 
Gaul.  On  the  other  hand,  Flanders,  Barcelona,  and  the 
Norman  islands,  though  once  under  the  homage  of  the 
French  kings,  have  fallen  altogether  away,  and  have  there- 
fore never  been  reckoned  as  parts  of  France.  Thus  the 
name  of  France  supplanted  the  name  of  Karolingia  as  the 
name  of  the  Western  kingdom, 

Freemun,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  143. 

France,  lie  de.    See  lle-de-France. 

France,  Isle  of.    See  Mauritius. 

France,  Jacques  Anatole  TUbanlt  (known  as 
Anatole),  Bom  at  Paris,  April  16,  1844.  A 
French  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  is 
principally  known  from  his  critical  articles  in  "La  Vie 
Litt^raire,"  "  Le  Globe,"  "LesD^bats,"  "Le  Temps,"  etc., 
and  his  novel  "  Le  Crime  de  Sylvestre  Bonnard  "  (1881). 

France  Antarctique  (frons  on-tark-tek').  A 
name  given  by  the  French  Huguenots  to  the 
short-lived  colony  on  the  bay  of  Eio  de  Janeiro, 
Brazil,  1555-67.    Thevet  and  other  authors  extended 


The  land  of  the  Franks. 

The  name  varied  in  meaning  with  the  extent  of  the  Frank- 
ish power.  Western  Francia  was  Neustria,  which  grew 
into  France.    Eastern  Francia  became  Franconia. 

As  for  the  mere  name  of  Francia,  like  other  names  of 
the  kind,  it  shifted  its  geographical  use  according  to  the 
wanderings  of  the  people  from  whom  it  was  derived. 
After  many  such  changes  of  meaning,  it  gradually  settled 
down  as  the  name  for  those  parts  of  Germany  and  Gaul 
where  it  still  abides.  There  are  the  Teutonic  or  Austrian 
Francia,  part  of  which  still  keeps  the  name  of  Franken 
or  Franconia,  and  the  Romance  or  Neustrian  Francia, 
which  by  various  annexations  has  grown  into  modern 
France.  Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  121. 

Francia  (francha)  (Francesco  Eaibolini). 

Boml450:  diedJan.5, 1518.  An  Italian  painter. 
The  name  Francia  is  probably  an  abbreviation  of  the  full 
name  Francesco.  In  his  own  day  he  was  better  known 
as  a  goldsmith  than  as  a  painter,  and  one  of  the  most 
successful  medallists  of  the  time.  In  1508  he  came  un- 
der the  influence  of  Raphael  Of  his  frescos  only  two 
remain,  much  retouched,  in  the  Oratoi^  of  St.  Cecilia  at 
Bologna.  His  easel-pictures  and  portraits  in  oil  are  nu- 
merous, and  show  the  tendencies  of  Perugini  and  Raphael 
so  strongly  that  some  have  long  been  at^buted  to  one  or 
the  other  painter. 


th^^Mtle  to  the  whole  of  BrazU,  and  even  to  all  South  Prancia  ^ran'se-a),  Josd  Gaspar  BodrigUeZ, 
"""'"'  called  Dr.  Francia.     Bonjin  Asuncion,  1761: 

died  there,  Sept.  20, 1840.  A  dictator  of  Para- 
guay. He  was  a  lawyer,  and  in  May,  1811,  was  made  a 
member  of  the  governmental  junta  which  was  formed  after 
the  expulsion  of  the  Spanish  govei'nor.  He  quickly  took 
the  lead  in  affairs ;  was  made  consul  in  Oct.,  1811 ;  dictator 


America. 

France  £qilinoziale  (frons  a-ke-noks-yal'). 
[P., 'equinoctial  France.']  A  name  given  by 
some  authors  of  the  18th  century  to  French 
(Juiana.  It  was  occasionally  used  in  official 
documents. 

I^ancesca  (fran-ches'ka),  Piero  della,  sur- 
named  di  San-Sepolcro  (from  his  place  of 
birth).  Bom  in  Italy,  1420:  died  1492.  An 
Italian  painter.  He  worked  in  Florence  (1439-40), 
Arezzo,  Rimini,  Rome,  and  elsewhere.  He  wrote  "De 
prospectiva  pingendi." 

Francesca  da  Bimini  (fran-ches'ka  da  re'me- 
ne) .  An  Italian  lady  of  the  13th  century,  daugh- 
ter of  Guido  da  Polenta,  lord  of  Eimini,  and 
wife  of  Giovanni  Malatesta.  The  story  of  her  love 
for  Paolo,  the  young  brother  of  her  husband,  and  their 
subsequent  death  (about  1288)  at  the  hand  of  the  latter. 


for  three  years  in  1814;  and  dictator  for  life  in  1817.  From 
the  first  he  governed  with  absolute  power,  and  bis  orders 
became  the  only  law  of  the  country.  Aiming  to  cut  off 
Paraguay  from  intercourse  with  the  rest  of  the  world,  he 
restricted  foreign  commerce  to  a  few  absolutely  necessary 
articles.  Except  in  rare  instances  nobody  was  allowed  to 
leave  the  country,  and  this  rule  was  enforced  with  the  few 
foreigners  who  entered  it.  He  regulated  agriculture  as 
he  pleased,  and  would  not  permit  the  accumulation  of 
wealth.  His  real  or  supposed  enemies  were  imprisoned 
and  executed,  often  secretly  and  always  without  any  real 
trial.  Primaiy  education  was  somewhat  encouraged,  and 
quarrels  with  the  surrounding  powers  were  avoided,  so 
that  during  his  rule  Paraguay  had  no  wars. 


has  been  told  by  Dante  in  a  famous  episode  in  the  "Inl  Franciabigio  (fran-cha-be'jo),  FranceSCO  di 
ferno."  Silvio  PelUco  wrote  a  tragedy  on  the  subject,  OristofanO.  Bom  at  Florence  about  1480 : 
and  Leigh  Hunt  a  poem.    Boker  also  wrote  atragedywith     died  there,  about  1525.     An  Italian  painter,  a 

the  same  title,  which  has  been  successfully  played.    Noted     „;i  „„j  '     :i„j.„ *a„j         jiS     ^"^'""^j  " 

pictures  illnstratingthestoryhavebeen  painted  by  Ingres,     pupil  and  imitator  of  Andrea  del  Sarto. 
Cabanel,  Ary  Schefler,  George  Frederic  Watts,  and  others.  Francion.     See  Sistoire  Comique  de  Francion. 
Franceschina  (fran-ches-ke'na).     The  princi-  Francis  (fran'sis)   I.  (of  Austria:  Francis  IE. 
pal  character  in  Marston's  "Dutch  Courtesan."    of  the  Holy  Eoman  Empire).     [The  E.  name 


The  character  of  the  passionate  and  implacable  courte- 
san, Franceschina,  is  conceived  with  masterly  ability. 
Few  figures  in  the  Elizabethan  drama  are  more  striking 
than  this  fair  vengeful  fiend,  who  is  as  playful  and  piti- 
less as  a  tigress ;  whose  caresses  are  sweet  as  honey  and 
poisonous  as  aconite.  BvUen. 

Franceschini  (fran-ches-ke'ne),  Baldassare. 
Bom  at  Volterra,  Italy,  about  1612:  died  at 
Florence,  1681.    An  Italian  painter. 

Fr anceScliini,  Marcantonio.  Bom  at  Bologn a. 


FraniAs  was  formerly  also  Praunds,  from  OP. 
Franceis,  F.  Francois,  Sp.  Pg.  Francisco,  It. 
Francesco,  G.  Franciscus,  Franz,  from  ML. 
Franciscus,  Frankish,  of  Prance,  from  Fran- 
cus,  Frank,  Francia,  France.]  Bom  at  Flor- 
ence, Feb.  12,  1768:  died  at  Vienna,  March 
2,  1835.  Emperor  of  Austria,  son  of  the  em- 
peror Leopold  n.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1792. 
He  joined  in  1793  the  first  coalition  against  France,  but 
was  forced  by  the  successes  of  Napoleon  in  Italy  to  con- 


.  ia.iiv.oc>v,*ijjxi,ajij.»«".^..y»»»-j. v;     °V,7      wasiorcea  oy  me  successes  oi  Jtapoleon  in  Italy  to  con- 
Italy,  April  5,  1648 :  died  at  Bologna,  Dec.  24,     elude  (Oct.  17,  1797)  the  peace  of  Campo-Formio  (which 


1728.  An  Italian  painter, 
Franche-Comtfi  (fronsh  k6n-ta').  [F.,  'free 
county.']  An  ancient  government  of  eastern 
France.  It  was  bounded  by  Champagne  on  the  north- 
west, Lorraine  on  the  north,  Montb^Iiard  and  Switzerland 
on  the  east,  Gex,  Bugey,  and  Bresse  on  the  south,  and 
Burgundy  on  the  west.  It  was  called  in  its  earlier  his- 
tory Upper  Burgundy,  and  often  later  was  known  as  the 
county  of  Burgundy.  Besanjon  and  D61e  are  the  chief 
towns.  The  departments  of  Doubs,  Jura,  and  Haute- 
SaOne  correspond  to  it.  It  was  part  of  the  old  kingdom 
of  Burgundy.  It  became  a  countship  in  early  times  and 
a  fief  of  the  empire,  was  held  at  different  times  by  Fred- 
erick BarbaroBsa  and  Philip  V.  of  France,  and  was  defi- 
nitely annexed  to  the  dochy  of  Burgundy  in  1384.  It  was 
conquered  by  Louis  XI.  of  France  in  1477 ;  was  ceded  by 
Charles  VIII.  to  the  Hapsburgs  m  1498,  retaining  local 
privileges  under  Spanish  rule ;  was  conquered  by  Louis 
XIV.  1668,  but  restored ;  and  was  again  oonquereil  in  1674 


see).  In  1799  he  joined  the  second  coalition  against  France, 
but  in  consequence  of  the  victories  of  Nap61eon  at  Maren- 
go (June  14, 1800),  and  Moreau  at  Hohenlinden  (Dec  3, 
1800),  he  accepted  (Feb.  9, 1801)  the  peace  of  LunSville, 
which  in  the  main  confirmed  the  peace  of  Campo-Formio. 
He  joined  the  third  coalition  against  France  in  1806,  but 
was  forced  by  the  victory  of  Napoleon  at  Austerlitz  (Dec. 
2, 1806)  to  conclude  (Dec.  26, 1805)  the  peace  of  Presburg, 
by  which  Austria  was  deprived  of  Venetia  and  TyroL 
Having  already  proclaimed  himself  hereditary  emperor  of 
Austria  in  1804,  he  formally  abdicated  the  crown  of  the 
Holy  Boman  Empire  in  1806.  He  declared  war  against 
France  in  1809,  but  was  forced  by  the  victory  of  Napoleon 
over  the  archduke  Charles  at  Wagram  (July  5-6,  lloS)  to 
conclude  (Oct.  14,  1809)  the  peace  of  Vienna,  by  which 
Austria  lost  32,000  square  miles  of  territory.  His  daugh- 
ter Maria  Louisa  married  Napoleon  in  1810.  He  sided 
with  France  against  Bussia  in  1812,  joined  the  Allies  In 
1813,  and  acquired  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna  more  terri- 
tory than  he  had  lost  in  his  previous  wars  with  France. 


Francis  I, 

He  Joined  the  Holy  Alliance  in  1815,  and  the  remainder  ol 
Ws  reign  was  devoted  to  a  policy  of  reaction  under  the 
guidance  of  Mettemloh. 

Francis  I,  Bom  at  Cognac,  France,  Sept.  12, 
1494:  died  at  Rambouillet,  France,  March  31, 
1547.  King  of  France,  son  of  Charles,  count 
of  AngoulSme,  and  cousin-german  of  Louis  XII. 
He  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  1515.  In  the  same  year  he 
conquered  by  the  victory  of  Marignano  (Sept.  lS-14)  Milan, 
the  sovereignty  of  which  he  claimed  by  inheritance  through 
his  great-grandmother  Valentina  Viaoonti.  In  1616  he 
concluded  a  concordat  with  the  Pope  which  rescinded 
the  pragmatic  sanction  of  U38,  and  vested  in  the  crown 
the  right  of  nominating  to  vacant  benefices.  He  was  an 
unsuccessful  candidate  lor  the  imperial  dignity  in  1519, 
and  the  remainder  of  his  reign  was  chiefly  occupied  by 
four  wars  against  his  victorious  rival,  the  emperor  Charles 

'  v.,  who  advanced  claims  to  Milan  and  the  duchy  of  Bur- 
gundy. During  the  first  war,  which  broke  out  in  1621, 
he  was  taken  captive  at  Pavia  in  1625,  and  kept  prisoner 
until  the  peace  of  Madrid  in  1526.  During  the  second 
war,  which  broke  out  in  1627,  he  was  supported  by  the 
Pope,  Venice,  and  Francesco  Sforza.  It  was  concluded 
by  the  peace  of  Cambray  in  1529.  The  third  war  broke 
out  in  1536,  and  was  ended  by  the  truce  of  Nice  in  1538. 

;  The  fourtliwar,  which  broke  out  in  1542,  was  terminated 
with  the  peace  of  Crespy  in  1544,  which  left  him  in  pos- 
session of  Burgundy  while  the  emperor  retained  Milan. 
During  the  last  two  wars  his  principal  ally  was  Soliman 
the  Magnificent,  sultan  of  Turkey. 

Francis  II.    Born  at  Fontainebleau,  France, 

Jan.  19, 1544 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  5, 1560.    King 

I    of  France,  eldest  son  of  Henry  II.  whom  he 

succeeded  in  1559.     He  married  Mary  Queen 

of  Scots  in  1558. 

Francis  I.  (Stephen).  Bom  Dec.  8, 1708:  died 
at  Innsbruck,  Tyrol,  Aug.  18,  1765.  Emperor 
of  the  Holy  Boman  Empire,  son  of  Leopold, 
duke  of  Lorraine.  He  married  in  1736  Maria  Theresa 
of  Austria,  whose  co-regent  he  became  on  her  accession  in 
1740  to  the  hereditary  dominions  of  the  house  of  Austria. 
He  was  elected  emperor  in  1745. 

Francis  II. ,  Emperor  of  the  Holy  EomanEmpire. 
See  Francis  I.,  Emperor  of  Austria. 

Francis  I.  Bom  at  Naples,  Aug.  19, 1777:  died  at 
Naples,  Nov.  8,  1830.  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies, 
son  of  Ferdinand  I., whom  he  succeeded  in  1825. 

Francis  II.  Born  Jan.  16,  1836:  died  at  Arco, 
Tyrol,  Dee.  27, 1894.  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies, 
son  of  Ferdinand  II.,  whom  he  succeeded  ia 
1859.  He  was  driven  from  his  dominions  (which  were 
annexed  to  those  of  Victor  Emmanuel)  in  1860. 

Francis  (fran'sis).  In Shakspere's  "Much  Ado 
about  Nothing,"  a  friar. 

Francis,  Convers.  Bom  at  West  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Nov.  9,  1795:  died  at  Cambridge,  April 
7,  1863.  Aji  American  Unitarian  clergyman 
a/Ud  biographer.  He  became  professor  of  pulpit  elo- 
•quence  at  Hanrard  iu  1842,  a  position  which  he  retained 
until  his  death.  He  wrote  the  essays  on  John  Eliot  and 
Sebastian  Edsle  in  Sparks's  "Library  of  American  Biog- 
raphy." 

Francis,  James  Goodall.  Bom  at  London  in 
1819:  died  at  Queensoliff,  Victoria,  Jime  25, 
1884.  An  Australian  politician.  He  emigrated  to 
Tasmania  in  1834 ;  removed  subsequently  to  Melbourne  ; 
'became  a  member  of  the  lower  house  of  the  Victorian 
legislative  assembly  In  1869 ;  was  commissioner  of  trade 
and  customs  1863-68 ;  was  treasurer  ol  Victoria  1870-71 ; 
and  was  prime  minister  1872-74. 

J'ranciS,  John.  Bom  at  London,  July  18, 1811 : 
died  there,  April  6, 1882.  An  English  publisher. 
He  became  a  junior  clerk  in  the  office  ofthe  ""  Athenaeum  " 
in  Sept.,  1831,  and  was  business  manager  and  publisher 
of  that  paper  from  Oct.  4,  1831,  until  his  death.  He  was 
prominently  connected  with  the  agitation  for  the  repeal 
of  the  duty  on  newspaper  advertisements  (1853),  ol  the 
stamp  duty  on  newspapers  (1865),  and  of  the  paper  duty 
(1861). 

Francis,  John  Wakefield.  Bom  at  New  York, 
Nov.  17,  1789:  died  there,  Feb.  8,  1861.  An 
American  physician  and  medical  and  biograph- 
ical writer.  He  published  "Old  New  York" 
(1857),  etc. 

JFrancis,  Philip.  Bom  about  1708:  died  at 
Bath,  March  5, 1773.  An  Irish  author.  He  took 
the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1728, 
and  alter  having  been  lor  a  time  curate  of  St.  Peter's, 
Dublin  went  to  England,  where  he  obtained  the  rectory 
of  Skeyton  in  Norfolk  in  1744.  He  was  afterward  tutor 
to  Charles  James  Fox,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Eton  in 
1767  and  was  rector  of  Barrow  in  Suffolk  from  1762  until 
his  death.  He  published  the  loUowing  translations  from 
Horace  ■  "Odes,  Epodes,  and  Carmen  Seculare  ol  Horace 
in  latin  and  English"  (1742),  and  "Satires,  Epistles,  and 
ArtotPoeti'y"(1746). 

J'ranciS,  Sir  Philip.  Bom  at  Dublin,  Oct.  22, 
1740 :  died  Dec.  23,  1818.  The  reputed  author 
of  "Junius's  Letters,"  son  of  Philip  Francis 
(1708-73).  He  was  educated  at  St  Paul's  school ;  be- 
came a  junior  clerk  in  the  secretary  of  state's  office  in 
1766;  was  funanuensis  to  Pitt  1761-62 ;  was  first  clerk  at 
the  War  Office  1762-72 ;  went  out  to  India  in  1774  as  one  of 
the  council  of  four  appointed  to  control  the  govemor- 
-general  ol  India ;  returned  to  England  in  1781  (having  left 
India  in  1780) ;  entered  Parliament  in  1784 ;  and  about  1806 
was  made  K.  C.  B.  He  wrote  numerous  papers,  under 
Trarious  pseudonyms,  in  support  of  the  Whig  party,  and 
aias  been  accredited  with  the  authorship  of  "Junius  s 
ietters '   chiefly  on  the  evidence  adduced  by  Charles 


407 

Chahot,  who  compared  the  handwriting  of  Junius  with 
that  of  Francis. 

Francis  Borgia,  St.    See  Borgia,  St.  Francesco. 

Francis  Joseph  I.  Born  at  Vienna,  Aug.  18, 
1830.  Emperor  of  Austria,  eldest  son  of  the 
archduke  Francis  Charles  by  the  princess  So- 
phia, daughter  of  Maximilian  I.  of  Bavaria. 
He  succeeded  to  the  throne  Dec.  2,  1848,  on  the  abdica- 
tion of  his  uncle  Ferdinand  I.  He  found  at  his  accession 
wide-spread  revolutions  in  progress  in  Italy  and  Hun- 
gary. The  pacification  ol  Italy  was  accomplished  by  the 
decisive  victory  of  Badetzky  over  Charles  Albert  of  Sar- 
dinia, at  Novara,  March  23, 1849.  The  emperor  took  part 
in  person  in  the  campaign  in  Hungary,  which  was  subju- 
gated with  the  assistance  of  the  Russians,  whose  general, 
Itiidiger,  received  the  surrender  of  the  Hungarian  general 
Gorgey  at  Vil4gos,  Aug.  13,  1849.  In  1869  Victor  Em- 
manuel, the  successor  of  Charles  Albert,  having  secured 
the  alliance  of  France,  resumed  the  struggle  for  the  lib- 
eration of  Italy.  Tlie  Austrian  forces  were  overthrown 
by  the  French  and  Sardinians  at  Magenta  June  4,  and 
Sollerino  June  24,  and  Austria  was  lorced  to  give  up  Lom- 
bardy  in  the  preliminary  peace  ol  Villalranca  Julyll,  1859, 
which  was  ratified  by  the  peace  ol  Zurich  Nov.  10,  1869. 
In  1864,  in  alliance  with  Prussia,  he  waged  a  war  against 
Denmark,  which  resulted  in  the  severance  ol  Schleswig, 
Holsteln,  and  Lauenburg  from  that  kingdom.  Disagree- 
ment over  the  disposition  of  these  duchies  brought  about 
the  Austro-Prussian  war,  in  which  Austria  received  the 
feeble  support  of  a  number  ol  German  states,  while  Prussia 
secured  the  alliance  ol  Italy.  The  Prussians,  on  July  3, 
1866,  overwhelmed  the  Austrian  army  at  Eoniggratz  (Sa- 
dowa).  In  Italy  the  Austrians  were  victorious  at  Cus- 
tozza,  and  the  Austrian  fleet  achieved  a  triumph  at  Lissa. 
The  emperor  concluded  peace  with  Prussia  at  Prague 
Aug.  23,  and  with  Italy  at  Vienna  Oct.  3, 1866.  Austria 
was  ejected  Irom  the  German  Conlederation,  and  was  com- 
pelled to  give  up  Venetia.  The  unsuccesslul  issue  ol  this 
war  lorced  upon  the  emperor  a  liberal  internal  policy. 
The  Hungarians  were  conciliated  by  the  so-called  Aus- 
gleich  (compromise),  effected  by  Beust  and  DeAk  in  1867, 
by  which  the  Austrian  empire  was  reconstituted  on  a 
dualistic  basis.  In  Sept.,  1872,  during  the  ministry  of 
Count  Andr^ssy,  he  concluded  with  the  German  Empire 
and  Russia  the  Dreikaiserbund  for  the  preservation  of  the 
European  peace.  The  Dreikaiserbund  was  practically 
dissolved  at  the  Congress  ol  Berlin  June  13-July  IS,  1878, 
which  permitted  Austria  to  occupy  the  provinces  of  Bos- 
nia and  Herzegovina  in  opposition  to  the  wishes  of  Russia. 
In  1883  he  concluded  the  Triple  Alliance  with  the  Ger- 
man Empire  and  Italy.  Francis  Joseph  married  in  1864 
the  princess  Elisabeth,  daughter  ol  Duke  Maximilian  ol 
the  house  of  Bavaria.  His  only  son,  the  crown  prince 
Rudolph,  committed  suicide  (?)  Jan.  30, 1889,  at  Mierling, 
near  Vienna.  The  archduke  Charles  Louis,  brother  ol 
Francis  Joseph,becameheir  to  the  throne,  buthe  renounced 
his  right  in  lavor  of  his  son  the  archduke  Francis  Ferdi- 
nand, who  is  now  the  heir  apparent.  He  was  born  at  Gratz 
in  1863. 

Francis  of  Assisi  (as-se'ze).  Saint  (Giovanni 
Francesco  Bernardone).  Bom  at  Assisi, 
Italy,in  1182:  diedat  Assisi, Oct.  4,1226.  Acele- 
brated  Italian  monk  and  preacher.  He  turned, 
after  a  serious  illness  in  his  youth,  to  a  life  ol  ascetic 
devotion,  and  in  1210  founded  the  order  of  the  Francis- 
cans, whose  rule  was  formally  confirmed  by  Honorius 
III.  in  1223.  Alter  a  visit  to  Egypt  in  1219,  on  which  he 
preached  belore  the  sultan,  he  retired  as  a  hei-mit  to 
Monte  Alverno,  where,  according  to  the  legend,  he  experi- 
enced the  miracle  ol  the  stigmata.  He  was  canonized 
by  Gregory  IX.  in  1228,  and  is  commemorated  on  Oct.  4. 

Francis  of  Paula  (pou'la),  Saint.  Bom  at 
Paola  (Paula),  Cosenza,  Italy,  1416:  died  at 
Plessis-lez-Tours,  Indre-Loire,  France,  April  2, 
1507.  An  Italian  monk,  the  founder  of  the 
order  of  Minims  (first  called  Hermits  of  St. 
Francis)  in  1436.  The  statutes  ol  the  order  were  con- 
firmed, and  Francis  was  appointed  its  superior-general, 
by  Pope  Sixtus  IV.  in  1474. 

Francis  of  Sales  (salz ;  F.  pron.  sal).  Saint. 
Bom  at  Sales,  near  Aunecy,  Savoy,  1567:  died 
at  Lyons,  Deo.  28, 1622.  A  Savoyard,  coadjutor- 
bishop  (1599)  and  later  (1602)  bishop  of  Gene- 
va, founder  with  Madame  de  Chantal  of  the  or- 
der of  the  Visitation  in  1610.  He  wrote ' '  Trait6 
de  I'amour  de  Dieu,"  etc.  He  is  commemorated 
on  Jan.  29. 

Francisca  (fran-sis'ka).  A  nun  in  Shakspere's 
"Measure  for  Measure." 

Franciscans  (fran-sis'kanz).  An  order  of  men- 
dicant friars  founded  by  St.  Francis  of  Assisi, 
Italy,  authorized  by  the  Pope  in  1210,  and  more 
formally  ratified  in  1223.  in  addition  to  the  usual 
TOWS  of  poverty,  chastity,  and  obedience,  special  stress  is 
laid  upon  preaching  and  ministry  to  the  body  and  soul. 
Under  various  names,  such  as  Minorites,  Barefooted 
Friars,  and  Gray  Friars,  the  order  spread  rapidly  through- 
out  Europe  :  among  its  members  were  Alexander  ol  Hales, 
Duns  Scotus,  Roger  Bacon,  Occam,  Popes  Sixtus  V.  and 
Clement  XIV.,  and  other  eminent  men ;  and  tlie  order 
was  long  noted  for  itsrivalry  with  the  Dominicans.  Dif- 
ferences early  arose  in  regard  to  the  severity  of  the  rule, 
which  culminated  in  the  16th  century  in  the  division  of 
the  order  into  two  great  classes,  the  Observantines  or  Ob- 
servants and  the  Conventuals :  the  former  lollow  a  more 
rigorous,  the  latter  a  milder  rule.  The  general  ol  the  Ob- 
servantines is  minister-general  of  the  entire  ordCT.  The 
order  has  been  noted  for  missionary  zeal,  but  suffered 
considerably  in  the  Reformation  and  the  French  Revolu- 
tion. The  usual  distinguishing  features  of  the  garb  are  a 
gray  or  dark-brown  cowl,  a  girdle,  and  sandals. 

Dominic's  theologians  were  called  already  Frati  Pre- 
dicatori;  Francis  therefore  modestly  placed  himself  and 
bis  companions  below  their  order  as  the  Frati  Mmari, 


Franconia,  Middle 

lesser  brethren,  Minorite  Friars.  They  were  both  off. 
shoots  of  the  Augustinian  monks ;  both  were  Austin  Fri- 
ars, whether  Black  Friars  or  Grey  Friars.  The  Dominicans 
were  in  black ;  and  the  Franciscans  went  in  coarse  grey 
gowns,  bare-looted  and  bare-headed. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  IIL  809. 

Francisco  (fran-sis'ko).  [SecFVamm.]  1.  A 
lord  in  Shakspere's  ' '  Tempest."—  2.  A  soldier 
in  Shakspere's  "Hamlet."— 3.  In  Massinger's 
play  "The  Duke  of  Milan,"  the  duke's  favor- 
ite, a  cold,  vindictive  hypocrite. 

Francisgue  (fron-sesk').  See  Millet,  Francois 
(Frans  Mile).  ^ 

Francis  Xavier.    See  Xavier,  Francis. 

Franck  (fronk),  Adolphe.  Bom  at  Liocourt, 
France,  Oct.  9,  1809:  died  April  10,  1893.  A 
French  philosopher.  He  became  professor  of  inter- 
national law  at  the  College  de  France  in  1866,  and  founded 
the  "  Paix  Sociale  "  in  1888.  He  published  "Le  commu- 
nisme  jugS  par  I'histoire"  (1849),  "Philosophie  du  droit 
pSnal"  (1864),  "Moralistes  etphilosophes  "  (1871),  and  was 
the  editor  of  "  Dictionnaire  des  sciences  philosophiques  " 
(1843-49). 

Franck,  Sebastian.    See  Frank. 

Francke  (frang'ke),  August  Hermann.   Bom 

at  Liibeok,  Germany,  March  22,  1663 :  died  at 
Halle,  Prussia,  June  8, 1727.  A  German  pie- 
tistie  preacher  and  philanthropist.  He  founded 
at  Halle  in  1695  an  orphan-asylum  with  which  a  printing- 
press  and  various  schools  were  later  combined. 

Franco  (fran'ko),  Giovanni  Battista,  sur- 
named  Semolei.  Born  at  tjdine,  1510 :  died  at 
Venice,  1561.  An  Italian  painter.  His  most  noted 
work  is  a  "  Baptism  ol  Christ "  in  the  Church  ol  San  Fran- 
cesco della  Vigna  in  Venice. 

Franco-German  War,  or  Franco-Prussian 
War.  The  war  of  1870-71  between  France  and 
Germany.  The  immediate  ostensible  cause  ol  it  was 
the  election  ol  a  prince  of  Hohenzollern  to  the  Spanish 
throne.  The  following  are  the  leading  events :  Declara- 
tion of  war,  July  19, 1870 ;  battle  of  Weissenburg,  Aug.  4, 
1870 ;  battle  of  WBrth,  Aug.  6, 1870 ;  battle  of  Spicheren, 
Aug.  6, 1870 ;  battles  around  Metz(Colombey-Nouilly,  Aug. 
14 ;  Vionville,  Aug.  16 ;  Gravelotte,  Aug.  18) ;  battle  of  Se- 
dan, Sept.  1 ;  surrender  ol  the  emperor  and  his  army  at 
Sedan,  Sept.  2 ;  proclamation  of  the  French  republic,  Sept. 
4 ;  commencement  of  the  siege  of  Paris  by  the  Ger- 
mans, Sept.  19;  surrender  of  Strasburg,  Sept.  27 ;  suixen- 
der  of  Metz,  Oct.  27 ;  battle  of  Coulmieis,  Nov.  9 ;  battle  ol 
Beaune-la^Rolande,  Nov.  28  ;  sortie  from  Paris,  Nov.  30 ; 
battle  ol  Orleans,  Dec.  2-4 ;  sorties  Irom  Paris,  Jan.,  1871 ; 
battle  of  Le  Mans,  Jan.  12  ;  battle  of  Lisaine,  Jan.  15-17 ; 
surrender  of  Paris,  Jan.  28 ;  peace  preliminaries  at  Ver- 
sailles, Feb.  26;  occupation  ol  Paris  by  German  troops, 
March  1-3  ;-peace  of  f^ankfort  (which  see),  May  10, 1871. 

Francois  (f ron-swa' ),  Due  d' Anjou.  Bom  1554 : 
died  1584.  A  son  of  Henry  II.  of  France,  a 
suitor  for  the  hand  of  Queen  Elizabeth  of  Eng- 
land. 

FranQOis,  Kurt  von.  Bom  at  Luxemburg,  Oct. 
2, 1853.  An  African  explorer.  He  served  through 
the  Franco-German  war,  in  which  his  father,  a  German 
general,  fell.  In  1883  he  accompanied  the  expedition  ol 
Wissmann  to  the  Kassai,  and  did  excellent  chartographic 
work.  In  1886  he  explored  the  Lulongo  and  Tshuapa 
rivers  in  company  with  G.  Grenlell.  R'omoted  captain 
while  in  Germany,  he  was  sent  to  Togo-land  in  1887,  and 
penetrated  beyond  Salaga  to  the  country  ol  the  Mossi.  In 
1889  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  German  troops  in 
Damaraland,  and  in  1891  became  acting  imperial  commis- 
sioner. He  has  published  "  Die  Erlorschuug  des  Lulongo 
und  Tschuapa"  (Lelpsic,  1888). 

Francois  de  Neuf chateau  (fron-swa'  d6  n6- 
sha-to'),  Comte  Nicolas  Louis,  Born  at  Saf- 
fais,  Meurthe,  France,  April  17,  1750:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  10, 1828.  A  French  statesman,  poet, 
and  author.  He  was  a  member  ol  the  Directory  1797- 
1798,  minister  ol  the  interior  1797  and  1798-99,  and  presi- 
dent ol  the  Senate  1804-06. 

Franconia  (frang-ko'ni-a),  G.Franken  (frang'- 
ken).  [ML.  Franconia,  G.  Franken,  land  of 
the  Franks.]  One  of  the  four  great  duchies 
of  the  old  (Serman  kingdom:  also  known  as 
Franeia.  it  lay  chiefiy  in  the  valley  ol  the  Main,  but 
extended  west  ol  the  Rhine,  being  bounded  by  Saxony  on 
the  north  and  Alamannia  or  Swabia  on  the  south.  It 
broke  up  into  various  small  districts  (the  Palatinate,  Wiirz- 
burg,  Bamberg,  etc.).  In  the  division  ol  the  empire  under 
Maximilian,  it  was  made  a  circle.  It  now  denotes  a  region 
whose  center  is  lurtherto  the  east  than  that  of  the  ancient 
duchy.  This  is  divided  into  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower 
Franconia  (see  below). 

France  and  Franconia  are  etymologically  the  same  word ; 
the  difference  in  their  modern  forms  is  simply  owing  to 
the  necessity  of  avoiding  confusion,  which  was  avoided  in 
early  mediaeval  Latin  by  speaking  of  Franeia  occidentalis 
and  Franeia  orientalis,  Franeia  Latina  and  Franeia  Teu- 
tonica.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  I.  172. 

Franconia,  Lower,  G.  TJnterfranken  und 
Aschaffenburg.  A  government  district  ( "  Ee- 
gierungs-Bezirk ")  in  northwestern  Bavaria. 
Capital,  Wiirzburg.  Area,  3,243  square  miles. 
Population  (1890),  618,489. 

Franconia,  Middle,  G.Mittelfranken.  A  gov- 
ernment district  in  western  Bavaria.  Capital, 
Ansbach.  Area,  2,923  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  700,606. 


Franconia,  Upper 

Franconla,  Upper,  G.  Oberfranken.  A  gov- 
emment  district  in  northeastern  Bavaria.  Cap- 
ital, Bayreuth.  Area,  2,702  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  573,320. 

Franconia  Mountains.  A  group  of  mountains 
in  Grafton  County,  New  HampsMre,  west  of 
the  Presidential  Eange.  Highest  point.  Mount 
Lafayette  (5,270  feet). 

Franconian  (frang-ko'ni-an).  The  German  dia- 
lect of  old  Franconian  territory  in  middle  and 
western  Germany,  Belgium,  and  Holland,  along 
the  whole  course  of  the  Rhine  from  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Murg  to  its  mouth.  Several  minor  dia- 
lectic divisions  are  recognized.  Upper  Franconian  com- 
prehends the  dialect,  called  East  Franconian,  of  the  old 
'  duchy  o£  Franconia  Orientalis,  and  Khenish  Franconian 
the  dialect  of  the  old  Franconia  Khenensis.  Middle  Fran- 
conian is  the  dialect  of  the  Moselle  region  and  along  the 
Bhine  from  Coblenz  to  Dtiaseldorf.  With  Hessian  and 
Thuringian  they  form  the  group  specifically  called  Mid- 
dle German,  but  are  commonly  included  in  the  High  Ger- 
man group.  Lower  Franconian,  the  progenitor  of  modern 
Dutch  and  Flemish,  is  the  dialect  of  the  lower  Ehine  re- 
gion from  Diisseldorf  to  its  mouth.  With  Saxon  and  Frie- 
Bian  it  forms  the  group  specifically  called  Low  German. 

Franconian  Alps.    See  Franconian  Jura. 

Franconian  Emperors.  The  line  of  German 
emperors  from  1024r-1125,  comprising  Conrad 
H.,  Henry  HI.,  Henry  IV.,  and  Henry  V.  Also 
called  Saltan  Emperors. 

Franconian  Jura  ( jo'ra),  or  Franconian  Alps. 
[G.  Frankenjura,  FrdnMscher  Jura,  etc.]  The 
continuation  in  Bavaria  of  the  Swaloian  Jura. 
The  mountains  extend  from  the  neighborhood  of  Donau- 
w5rth  and  Katisbon  on  the  Danube  to  the  bend  of  the  Main 
at  Lichtenfels.    Highest  points,  over  2,000  feet. 

Franconia  Notch.  A  defile  in  the  White  Moun- 
tains of  New  Hampshire,  west  of  the  Franco- 
nia Mountains,  traversed  by  the  Pemigewasset 
River. 

Franconian  Switzerland.  A  hilly  district  in 
Bavaria,  northeast  of  Nuremberg,  noted  for  its 
stalactite  caverns  and  rook-formations.  Height, 
about  1,600  feet. 

Franeker  (f  ran'e-ker).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Friesland,  Netherlands,  in  lat.  53°  12'.  N., 
long.  5°  32'  E. :  seat  of  a  university  1585-1811. 
Population  (1889),  6,347. 

Frangipani  (fran-je-pa'ne).  A  noblp  Roman 
family  which  came  into  prominence  early  in  the 
11th  century,  and  for  several  centuries  played 
an  important  part  in  Italian  history  as  leaders 
of  the  Ghibelline  party.  Cenzio  Frangipani  produced 
a  schism  in  the  church  by  the  election  in  1118  of  the  anti- 
pope  Bardino,  whaassumed  the  name  Gregory  Vlll. 

Frank  (frangk),  Johann  Peter.  Born  at  Roth- 
alben,  Baden,  March  19,  1745 :  died  at  Vienna, 
April  24, 1821.  A  German  physician,  noted  es- 
peeiallyf  or  his  contributionsto  sanitary  science. 
He  became  professor  at  Gottlngen  in  17S4,  at  Pavia  in  1785, 
and  at  Wilna  in  1804,  and  was  physician  to  the  emperor 
Alexander  of  Russia  1805-08.  He  wrote  "System  einer 
Tollst&ndigen  medizinischen  Polizei "  (1784-1827),  "De  cu- 
randis  hominum  morbis  "  (1792-1800)^  etc. 

Frank  (frangk),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Rastatt,  Ba- 
den, Dec.  23, 1771 :  died  at  Como,  Italy,  Dec.  18, 
1842.  A  German  physician,  son  of  J.  P.  Frank : 
a  supporter  of  the  Browniau  system.  He  pub- 
lished "Grundriss  der  Pathologie"  (1803),  etc. 

Frank,  or  Franck  (frangk),  Sebastian,  of 
Word.  Born  at  Donauworth,  Bavaria,  about 
1499 :  died  probably  at  Basel,  Switzerland,  about 
1542.  A  German  popular  writer  and  mystical 
theologian,  an  adherent  of  the  Reformation.  He 
■wrote  "Ghronika"  (1531),  "Weltbuch"  (1534 ;  a  cosmogra- 
phy), "Sprichwbrtersammlung"  (1541),  etc. 

Frankel  (frang'kel),  Zacharias.  Bom  at 
Prague,  Oct.  18, 1801 :  died  at  Breslau,  Prussia, 
Feb.  13,  1875.  A  German  rabbi,  director  of  the 
Hebrew  Theological  Seminary  at  Breslau  after 
1854. 

Frankenberg  (frang'ken-bera).  Amanufactur- 
ing  town  in  the  district  of  Zwickau,  Saxony, 
on  the  Zschopau  32  miles  west-southwest  of 
Dresden.    Population  (1890),  11,369. 

Frankenhausen  (frang'ken-hou-zen).  Atown 
in  Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  Germany,  55  miles 
west  of  Leipsic.  Here,  May  16, 1525,  the  Insurgent 
peasantry  under  Thomas  Miinzer  were  signally  defeated 
by  Philip,  landgrave  of  Hesse,  at  the  head  of  an  allied 
army.  It  has  salt-works  and  manufactures  of  pearl  but- 
tons, etc.    Population  (1890),  5,944. 

Frankenstein  (frang'ken-stin).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  37  miles  south  of 
Breslau.    Population  (1890),  8,127. 

Frankenstein.  A  romance  by  Mrs.  Shelley, 
published  in  1818,  named  from  the  hero  of  the 
tale,  who  created  a  monster. 

The  story  is  related  by  a  young  student,  who  creates  a 
monstrous  being  from  materials  gathered  in  the  tomb  and 
the  dissecting-room.  When  the  creature  is  made  complete 
with  bones,  muscles,  and  skin,  it  acquires  life  anl  com- 


408 


Franklin,  WilUam  Buel 


mits  atrocious  crunes.  It  murders  a  friend  of  the  student,  ture  Notes  for  Chemical  Students"  (1866),  "HowtoTeacb 
strangleshisbride,andflna]lyoomestoanendinthenorth-  Chemistry"  (1876),  "Experimental  Researches  in  Pure, 
em  seas.        Tuckerman,  Hist,  of  Eng.  Prose  Fict.,  p.  319.     Applied,  and  Physical  Chemistry"  (1877),  etc. 

Frankenthal  (frang'ken-tal).    A  town  in  the  Frankland,  Sir  Thomas.    Died  Nov.  21, 1784. 
Palatinate,  6  mUes  northwest  of  Mannheim.   It    An  English  admiral. 

has  manufactures  and  nurseries.  Population  Franklin  (frangk  Im).  A  city  and  the  capital 
(1890)  12  901  of  Venango  County,  western  Pennsylvama,  sit- 

Frankenwald(frang'ken-valt).  Amountainous    uated  near  the  jimotion  of  the  Venango  with 
region  on  the  borders  of  northern  Bavaria  and    the  Alleghany,  65  mileg  north  of  Pittsburg, 
the  Thuringian  states,  connecting  the  Fichtel-   Population  (1900),  7,dl7. 
gebirge  with  the  Thunngian  Forlst.  Franklin.    The  capital  of  Williamson  County, 

Frankfort  (frangk'fort),  orFrankfort-on-the-  Tennessee,  situated  on  Harpeth  River  17  miles 
Main  (man').  [G.  FranMurt-am-Main,  F.  southby  west  of  Nashville.  Here,  Nov.  30, 1864,  the 
Francfort-viirlpMein  The  name  annears  in  Federals  under  Schofleld  defeated  the  Confederates  under 
^rancjori-sur-ie-Mein.  ine  name  appears  m  ^^^^^  The  loss  of  the  Federals  was  2,326;  of  the  Confed- 
the  8th  century  as  Franconofurd,  ford  of  the  erates,  6,252.  Population  (1900),  2,180. 
Franks,  said  to  have  been  so  named  by  Charle- 'franklin,  previously  Frankland.  The  name 
magne,  who  here  forded  the  river  and  attacked  given  to  the  State  government  constituted  in 
the  Saxons.]  A  city  in  the  province  of  Hesse-  eastern  Tennessee  in  1784.  Capital,  Jones- 
Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  borough.  Its  governor,  Sevier,  was  overthrown 
the  Main  in  lat.  50°  6'  N.,  long.  8°  41'  E. :  on-  1788  by  the  North  Carolina  authorities, 
^nally  a  Roman  military  station.  Itistheflnan-  Franklin,  Benjamin,  Born  at  Boston,  Mass., 
cial  center  of  Germany,  and  one  of  the  most  important    j^j^_  j^y^  1706 ;  died  at  Philadelphia,  April  17, 

1790.  A  celebrated  American  philosopher, 
statesman,  diplomatist,  and  author.  He  learned 
the  printer's  trade  in  the  ofllce  of  his  elder  brother  James, 
and  in  1729  established  himself  at  Philadelphia  as  edi- 
tor and  proprietor  of  the  "Pennsylvania  Gazette."  He 
founded  the  Philadelphia  library  in  1731 ;  began  the  pub- 
lication of  "Poor  Richard's  Almanac"  in  17S2  ;  was  ap- 
pointed clerk  of  the  Pennsylvania  assembly  in  1736 ;  be- 
came postmaster  of  Philadelphia  in  1737 ;  founded  the 
American  Philosophical  Society  and  the  University  ot 
Pennsylvania inl743 ;  and  in  1762  demonstrated  by  experi- 
ments made  with  a  kite  during  a  thunderstorm  that  light- 
ning is  a  discharge  of  electricity,  a  discovery  for  which  he 
was  awarded  the  Copley  medal  by  the  Royal  Society  in 
1753.  He  was  deputy  postmaster-general  for  the  British 
colonies  In  America  1763-74.  In  1754,  at  a  convention  of 
the  New  England  colonies  with  New  York,  Pennsylvania, 
and  Maryland,  held  at  Albany,  he  proposed  a  plan,  known 
as  the  "  Albany  Plan, "  which  contemplated  thetormation  of 
a  self-sustaining  government  for  all  the  colonies,  and 
which,  although  adopted  by  the  convention,  failed  of  sup- 
port in  the  colonies.  He  acted  as  colonial  agent  for  Penn- 
sylvania in  England  1757-62  and  1764-76 ;  was  elected  to 
the  second  Continental  Congress  in  1775;  and  in  1776 
was  a  member  of  the  committee  of  five  chosen  by  Congress 
to  draw  up  a  declaration  of  independence.  He  arrived  at 
Paris  Dec.  21, 1776,  as  ambassador  to  the  court  of  France ; 
and  in  conjunction  with  Arthur  Lee  and  Silas  Deane  con- 
cluded a  treaty  with  France,  Feb.  6, 1778,  by  which  France 
recognized  the  independence  of  America.  In  1782,  on  the 
advent  of  Lord  Rockingham's  ministry  to  power,  he  began 
a  correspondence  with  Lord  Shelburne,  secretary  of  state 
for  home  and  colonies,  which  led  to  negotiations  for  peace ; 
and  in  conjunction  with  Jay  and  Adams  concluded  with 
England  the  treaty  of  Paris,  Sept.  3, 1783.  He  returned  to 
president  of  Pennsylvania  1785-88 ; 


banking  cities  of  the  world ;  has  extensive  commerce  by 
railways,  the  Main,  and  the  Rhine ;  and  has  growing  man- 
ufactures. Its  horse  and  leather  fairs  are  still  of  impor- 
tance, and  it  was  formerly  noted  for  its  book-trade.  The 
cathedral  is  an  Important  building  of  the  13th  and  14th 
centuries,  lately  restored.  Its  pinnacled  western  tower  is 
312  feet  high.  The  interior  contains  much  of  interest  in 
sculpture,  monuments,  and  good  modern  glass.  In  this 
church  the  emperors  were  crowned  by  the  Elector  of 
Mainz.  Other  objects  of  interest  are  the  Romer  (Kaiser- 
saal  Wahlzimmer),  monuments  of  Gutenberg  and  Goethe 
(who  was  born  here),  house  of  Goethe,  RQmerberg,  Saalhof, 
Church  of  St.  Leonhard,  Historical  Museum,  old  bridge, 
library,  Ariadneum,  old  tower,  cemetery,  bourse,  opera- 
house,  Stadel  Art  Institute  (with  a  famous  picture-gallery), 
and  Rothschild  Museum.  Frankfort  was  a  residence  of 
the  German  kings  under  the  Carolingians  (Charles  the 
Great,  Louis  the  Pious,  etc.).  It  became  a  free  city,  and 
was  celebrated  from  the  middle  a^es  for  its  fairs.  In  1356 
it  was  recognized  as  the  Wahlstadt  (seat  of  imperial  elec- 
tions). In  1806  it  was  annexed  by  Napoleon  to  the  Con- 
federation of  the  Rhine,  and  granted  to  the  prince  primate 
"Von  Dalberg.  It  became  the  capital  of  the  grand  duchy 
of  Frankfort  in  1810 ;  was  made  a  free  city  in  1815,  with 
small  neighboring  territories ;  and  was  the  capital  of  the 
Germanic  Confederation.  It  was  the  scene  of  outbreaks 
in  1848.  Its  siding  with  Austria  in  1866  led  to  its  annexa- 
tion to  Prussia.    Population  (1900),  288,489. 

Frankfort,  Council  of.  An  ecclesiastical  coun- 
cil held  at  Frankf  ort-on-the-Main  in  794.  It  was 
called  by  Charlemagne  for  the  purpose  of  considering  the 
question  of  adopting  the  acts  of  the  second  Council  of 
Nicsea  (787),  which  had  been  sent  by  the  Pope  to  the  French 
bishops  for  approval,  and  which  were  rejected  on  the 
ground  that  they  sanctioned  the  worship  of  images.    This 

S°«;,r!w'i»rin^'l?„ill^i'',-ni.i^i?L'X?.,,» w^^^  America  in  1785 :  was  president  of  Pennsylvania  1785-88 : 
Gaul,  Spain,  Italy,  and  England, moludmg  delegatesfrpm  andwasadelegatetot£econstitutionalconventioninl787. 
the  Pope,  ^regarded  by  some  as  an  ecumenical  council.       g^  1^,^  ^„  autobiography,  which  was  edited  by  John  Bige- 

FranklOrt,  Grand  DUCny  01.     a   short-lived    low  in  laes.  ms  works  have  been  edited  by  Jared  Sparks 
monarchy  formed  by  Napoleon  in  1810,  consist-    (10  vols.,  1836-40)  and  John  Bigelow  (10  vols.,  1887-88). 
tug  of  the  territories  around  Frankfort-ou-the-  Franklin,  Mrs.  (Eleanor  Ann  Forden).    Born 
Main,  Hanau,  Pulda,  Wetzlar,  Asehaffenburg.    July,  1795 :  died  Feb.  22,  1825.     An  English 
It  was  dissolved  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna.         poet,  the  first  wife  of  Sir  John  Franklin,  whom 

Frankfort,  Peace  of.     A  definitive  treaty  of    she  married  in  1823. 

peace  concluded  between  the  German  Empire  Franklin,  Lady  (Jane  GrifiBn).  Born  1792:  died 
and  Prance  at  Frankf  ort-on-the-Main,  May  10,    at  London^  July  18,  1875.     The  second  wife  of 
1871,  which  ratified  the  preliminaries  of  peace 
adopted  at  Versailles  Feb.  26,  1871  (see  Ver- 
sailles, Preliminaries  of). 

Rrankfort,  or  Frankfort-tm-the-Oder  (6'der). 
[G.  Frankf urt-an-der-Oder.']  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  on  the  Oder  50 


Sir  John  Franklin,  whom  she  married  Nov.  5, 
1828.  She  fitted  out  five  ships  between  1850  and  1867  to 
search  for  the  missing  Arctic  expedition  commanded  by 
her  husband.  One  of  them,  the  Fox,  brought  back  intel- 
ligence of  its  fate.  She  was  awarded  the  gold  medal  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society  in  1860,  in  recognition  of  her 
services  in  the  search  for  the  missing  explorers. 


miles  east  by  south  of  Berlin.    It  is  an  hnportant  Franklin,  Sir  John.    Born  April  16, 1786:  died 


commercial  town,  has  three  annual  fairs,  and  was  formerly 
the  seat  of  a  university  (removed  to  Breslau  in  1811). 
Near  it  is  the  hattle-fleld  ot  Kunersdorf.  It  is  an  ancient 
Wendish  and  later  Hanseatic  town.  It  was  taken  by  Gus- 
tavus  Adolphus  in  1631,  and  by  the  Russians  in  1759. 
Population  (1890),  55,437. 

Frankfort  (frangk'fort).  The  capital  of  Ken- 
tucky and  of  Franklin  County,  situated  On  the 
Kentucky  River  in  lat.  38°  15'  N.,  long.  84° 
54'  W.    Population  (1900),  9,487. 

Frankfurter  Attentat  (frank'fSr-ter  at-ten 


Jime  11,  1847.  A  celebrated  Arctic  explorer. 
He  was  the  son  of  Willingham  Franklin  of  Spllsby  in 
Lincolnshire.  He  entered  the  royal  navy  in  his  youth  ; 
served  at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar  in  1805,  and  in  the  expe- 
dition against  New  Orleans  in  1814 ;  commanded  the  brig 
Trent  in  the  Arctic  expedition  under  Captain  Buchan  in 
1818 ;  commanded  an  exploring  expedition  to  the  northern 
coast  of  North  America  1819-22 ;  commanded  a  similar  ex- 
pedition 1825-27 ;  was  knighted  in  1829 ;  and  was  lieuten- 
ant-governor of  Van  Diemen's  Land  1836-43.  In  1845  he 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  an  expedition,  consist- 
ing of  the  Erebus  and  the/Terror,  Captain  Crozier,  sent  out 

'Kit    4-lm    "Dnil-IniK     nyl  m  ;«i..1  4-..    I— 1.      — r     XI 1.1 J.      . 


tat')     rG    'Frankfort  Riot.'l    A  revolutionary    by  the  British  admiralty  in  search  of  the  northwest  pas. 
out&eaTilt/ystudentsinPrankfort-on-the-Main,    ?!!??• . J]'!..5?P!?itJ??,_«_«"?l  !™°  Greenhithe^  May  18. 


1845,  and  was  last  spoken  off  the  entrance  of  Lancaster 
assisted  uy  pBaBauuo,  .ci.jjj.il  u,  j.uuu.j.uov/v,^a-  Sound,  July  26, 1845.  Thirty-nine  relief  expeditions,  pub- 
sion  was  the  hostile  attitude  of  the  Bundestag  lie  and  private,  were  sent  out  from  England  and  America 
toward  the  nress  '"  search  of  the  missing  explorers  between  1847  and  1857. 

Ti___i,i  cjiraitn  Tiiilnriir  AiKriisf  trrm  Tinm  '^  ""^  last-mentioned  year  the  Fox  yacht,  Captain  Leo- 
Frankl  (frankl),  LUdWlg  August  von.  isom  ,3  MoCllntock,  was  sent  by  Lady  Frknklin.  McClintock 
at  Chrast,  Bohemia,  i  eb.  d,  ISIU :  diea  at  V  lenna,  found  traces  ot  the  missing  expedition  in  1859,  which  con- 
March  14, 1894.  AnAustrianpoet,  of  Hebrew  de-  firmed  previous  rumors  of  its  total  destruction.  From  a 
scent.  HischiefpoemBare"CristoforoColombo"(183e),  P^PfF  "°it'*'°H'-^  an  entry  by  Captain  Fitzjames  of  the 
"Don  Juan  d'Austria"(1846),  " Der  Primator" (1862),  "Tra-  missing  expedition  itwas learned  fhat  Franklin  died  June 
KiBcheKBnige"(1876).  boUectiveeditionsof  hisworkshave  "'S'^^g  ">  ">«  previous  year  penetrated  to  within 
been  published  under  the  titles  "Gesammelte  poetische  _12  miles  of  the  northern  extremity  of  KingWiUiam's  Land. 
We"k?"  (S)  and  "LyrisoheGedichte"  (6th  ed.  1881).  Franklin,  William.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
Frankland.    See  Franklin.  1729 :  died  in  England,  Nov.  17,  1813.    An  ille- 

Frankland(frangk'land),  Sir  Edward.  Bomat  gitimate  son  of  Benjamin  Franklin.  Hewasroyal 
Churchtown.Lancasfiire,  England,  Jan .  18,1825:  governor  of  New  Jersey  1762-76,  and  sided  with  the  loyal- 
died  at  Golaa,  Gudbrandsal,  Norway,  Aug.  9,  Pra^Un  William  Buel  Born  at  York  Pa 
1899.  An  English  chemist.  He  became  professor  "eb  27  1*823  -dS  M^^ch  8  1903  An  Ameri ' 
of  chemistry  in  (fwens  College,  Manchester,  in  1851,  in  St  J*  eD.  //,  l»^d  .  diett  Marcn  »,  lyud.  An  Ameri- 
Bartholomew'5Ho3pitalinlS57,intheRoyalInstitutlonin  can  general.  He  wa«  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1843, 
1863  in  the  Royal  School  of  Mines  in  1866,  and  in  the  School  served  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  became  a  captain  In  the 
of  Science  South  Kensington,  In  1881.  He  published  "Leo-    regular  army  in  1867  and  a  colonel  in  1861.  He  commanded 


Franklin,  William  Buel 

a  brigade  in  Heintzleman'a  division  at  tlie  battle  of  Bull 
Kun  Jaly21,']861,  and  commanded  a  corps  at  Malvern  Hill 
July  1,  and  at  Antletam  Sept.  17, 1862.  He  led  a  grand 
division  of  Bumaide's  army  at  Fredericksburg  Deo.  13, 
1862,  and  commanded  a  division  of  Banks's  army  in  the 
Red  River  campaign  of  1864.  He  resigned  in  1866. 
Franklin  S  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's ' '  Can- 
terbury Tales."  It  is  said  In  the  prologue  to  be  from 
a  Breton  lay.  The  story  is  that  of  Boccaccio's  fifth  novel 
of  the  tenth  day  in  the  "Decameron,"  and  is  introduced 
also  in  the  fifth  book  of  his  "Filocopo."  It  relates  the 
sorrows  and  triumph  of  Dorigen,  the  faithful  wife  of  Ar- 
Tiragus.  The  franklin  who  tells  the  tale  is  a  white-headed 
Epicurean  country  gentleman : 

"  With  oute  bake  mete  was  nevere  his  hous, 
Of  Fish  and  flesah,  and  that  so  plentenous 
It  shewed  in  his  hous  of  mete  and  drynke." 

Frankly  (frangk'li).  a  character  in  Cibber's 
comedy  "  The  Refusal,  or  The  Ladies'  Philos- 
ophy." 

Franks  (frangks).    [tJsually  explained  from  the 


409 

vemess-sliire,  June  11,  1783:' died  there,  Jan., 
1856.  A  Scottish  traveler  and  author.  He  wrote 
travels  and  tales  of  Eastern  (especially  of  Per- 
sian) life. 

Fraser,  Simon,  twelfth  Lord  Lovat.  Bom  about 
1667:  beheaded  at  London,  April  9,  1747.  A 
Scottish  nobleman.  He  was  a  grandson  of  the  eighth 
lord,  and,  after  a  vain  attempt  to  secure  the  person  of  the 
daughter  of  the  ninth  lord,  carried  off  that  lady's  mother 
and  forcibly  married  her.  For  this  crime  he  was  outlawed 
in  1701.  He  supported  the  government  in  the  Jacobite 
rising  of  1716,  but  took  part  with  the  rebels  in  1745-46, 
and  after  the  battle  of  Culloden  was  seized,  conveyed  to 
London,  and  condemned  for  treason. 

Fraser,  Simon.  Bom  Oct.  19,  1726:  died  at 
London,  Feb.  8,  1782.  A  Scottish  soldier  and 
politician,  son  of  Simon  Fraser,  twelfth  Lord 
Lovat.  He  participated  in  the  Jacobite  rebellion  in  1746, 
but  received  a  pardon  In  1750.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
Seven  Years'  War  he  raised  a  regiment  of  Highlanders, 


OHG-.  form,  as  from  OHO-  *franrJin  *frnnlfn—  ''°°^"  ^  ^^^  78th  or  Fraser  Highlanders,  of  which  he 
AQ^Li^ttr'  •        1-      P'!'™'"'"),  J™nKO—     was  commissioned  colonel.    He  was  present  at  the  siege 

Aa.tranca,  a  spear,  javelm,  =  lael.fralcU,  also  of  Louisburg,  Cape  Breton,  in  1768;  served  under  Wolfe 
frakka  (prob.  from  AS. ),  a  kind  of  spear ;  the  i"  ^^^  expedition  against  Quebec  in  1769 ;  was  a  brigadier- 
Franks  being  thus  ult.  '  Spear-men,'  as  Saxons  8™*'"!  in  the  British  force  sent  to  Portugal  in  1762 ;  and 
were  '  Sword-men '  (see  Saxon).  The  notion  of  Mfdlatt  ^°^«™«^^-=''*^« '"  Parliament  from  1761  until 
'free'  associated  with  SVank  is  apparently  Fraserbiirgh  (fra'zer-bur-o).  A  seaport  and 
later.]  1.  The  name  assumed  m  the  3d  century  seat  of  the  herring  fishery,  situated  in  Aber- 
A.  D.  by  a  confederation  of  German  tribes  (Si-  deenshire,  Scotland,  38  miles  north  of  Aber- 
l^'^'^]l^'C'^<i^^^h  ^hamawi,  e>te..).  it waa divided  deen.  Population  (1891),  7,360. 
by  the  4th  century  into  the  three  groups  the  Catti,  the  Pra<!Pr  T<8lan(1  or  Orpnt  .SnnilTT  Talanil  An 
Ripuarian  Franks  (dweUing  near  Cologne),  and  the  Salian  "^iSej  iSiana,  or  lireaiC  &anay  ISianO.  An 
Franks  (dwelling  along  the  lower  Rhine).  The  Merovin-  island  off  the  coast  of  Queensland,  Australia, 
gian  monaichy  of  the  Salian  Franks  was  established  in     in  lat.  25°  S. 

northern  Gaul  under  Clovia  (481-611),  and  gave  origin  to  Fraser  Kiver.  A  river  in  British  Columbia, 
the  name  France.  The  accession  of  the  Carolingians  formed  hv  two  hrnnphfiH  iiniHuo-  npfn-  Fort 
under  Pepin  occurred  in  751.    See  Yerdun,  Treaty  of .  lormea    oyxwo    Dranones  uniting  near  J!  on 

2.  A  name  given  to  Europeans  of  the  western    ^■^°^^^,'  f'\1,^2T^?S  mto  the  Gulf  of  Georgia 

nations  by  the  Turks,  Arabs,  and  other  Oriental  ^°9?*  ^r'  Tu  I  •'v;„J*^,^*^'°.  ''v?°,!^'l'°^ -,?,??'*  ^^ 
T^Q^T^loo      Tit  „  i-  .  .     X  i^^^i.  \.         ,!^r  •    Posita.    Length,  about  800  miles,  Of  Which  about  100  miles 

peoples.    The  appellation  originated  at  the  time  of  the     are  navigable 

Cruaades,  when  the  Franks  (the  French),  and  by  extension  •pvatATAttn  A  fiptirl  mATitioTiprl  hT  T<lrl»nr  in 
the  other  nations  of  western  Europe,  became  familiar  to  ■'^I??tf51!?;  «^-  t  "^^^^lonea  Dy  Jidgar  m 
the  Orientals.  Shakspere's  "  King  Lear." 

Fransecky  (frSns'ke)  (originally  Franscky),  ri^S't'^icelli  (frat-ri-sel'i).  [ML.,  lit. 'little  bro- 
Eduard  Friedrich  von.  Bom  at  Gedern,  thers,'  dim.  of  L.  frater,  pi.  fratres,  brother.] 
Hesse,  Nov.  16,  1807:  died  at  Wiesbaden,  May  -^  ^0^7  »*  reformed  Franciscans,  authorized 
22,1890.  A  Pmssian  military  officer.  He  entered  'by  Pope  Celestine  V.  in  1294,  under  the  name 
the  Prussian  army  in  1828,  and  served  under  General  of  Poor  Hermits,  who  afterward  defied  the  au- 
Wrangel  In  the  first  Schleswig-Holstein  war  against  thoritv  of  the  popes,  reiected  the  sacraments, 
Denmark  in  1848.    He  became  lieutenant-general  in  1866,  --•'--.-.  ^.J^.   ;.     •>         -       . 

and  during  the  Austro-Prussian  war  fought  with  distinc- 
tion at  the  battles  of  MUnchengratz  June  28,  Kbniggratz 
July  3,  and  Presburg  July  22,  1806.    He  commanded  dur- 
ing the  Franco-Prussian  war  the  2d  army  corps,  which  _ 
participated  in  the  battle  of  Gravelotte,  Aug.  18, 1870,  and  Fratta  (frat'ta),  or  Umbertlde  (6m-bar'te-de). 
subsequently  formed  part  of  the  army  of  investment  be-    A  town  in  the  province  of  Perugia,  Italy,  situ- 
fore  Paris.    He  became  military  governor  of  Berlin  in    atpA  on  tha  Tihoy  14  mlloa  north  of  Poi-iimo 
1879,  a  post  which  he  retained  untU  placed  on  the  retired  t?^^'^  on  tne  i  lOer  14  miles  north  ot  rerugia. 
list  in  1882.  Frauenburg  (frou'en-borG).    A  small  town  in 

Franz  (frants),  Robert.  Bom  at  Halle,  Prus-  ^^^  province  of  East  Prassia,  Prussia,  situated 
sia,  June  28,  1815:  died  there,  Oct.  24,  1892.  °^..  tl^e  Frisches  Haff  41  miles  southwest  of 
A  German  musician,  especially  noted  as  a  com-    Konigsberg. 

poserof  songs.  His  first  published  composition  (aonga)  Frauenfeld(frou' en-felt).  The  capital  of  the 
appeared  in  1843.  He  gave  his  entire  attention  in  his  canton  of  ThuTgau,  Switzerland,  situated  on 
later  years  to  editing  the  works  of  Bach,  Handel,  etc.,  and  the  Murg  22  miles  northeast  of  Zurich.  It  manu- 
to  composition.    His  songs  number  over  three  hundred,     factures  cotton,  and  has  a  castle.     Population 

Franzen  (frant-san'),  Franz  Michael.    Bom   ngss)  3  664 

wlrnlfinH'^'^Sn'^'^iRdf  •  a'  ^''''V'  ^'^^  "t  Fraueiilob  (frou'en-lob)  (Heinrich  von  Meis- 
Hernosand,,Sweden,_1847.    A  Swedish  poet,    ^q^-)^     [G., 'praise  of  women' 


and  held  that  Christian  perfection  consists  in 
absolute  poverty.  They  were  severely  persecuted, 
but  continued  as  a  distinct  sect  until  the  16th  century. 
Alao  FraticelU. 


He  atudied  at  Abo,  where  he  became  university  librarian, 
and  in  1801  professor  of  history  and  ethics.  In  1812,  after 
the  conquest  of  Finland,  he  settled  as  a  clergyman  at 
Eumla  in  Sweden.  Twelve  years  later  he  removed  to 
Stockholm.  In  1831  he  was  made  bishop,  in  which  post  he 
died.  His  principal  works  are  "Emili  eller  en  afton  i 
lappland"  ("Emili,  or  an  Evening  in  Lapland,"  a  didac- 


a  name  origi- 
nating, it  is  said,  in  his  preference  for  the  word 
Frau  over  Weib  in  one  of  his  poems.]  Born 
about  1260:  died  at  Mainz,  Germany,  1318.  A 
German  meistersinger.  His  works  were  edited 
by  Ettmiiller  in  1843, 


tic  poem  with  idyllic  episodes),  the  epic  poems  "Svante  Frauenstadt  (frou'en-stet).  Christian  Martlu 


Sture  "  and  "  Columbus,"  and  an  uncompleted  national 
epic  "  Gustav  Adolf  1  Tydskland  "  ("Gustav  Adolf  in  Ger- 
many ").  His  best  work  is  his  religious  songs,  which  are 
among  the  finest  in  Swedish  literature. 

Franzensbad  (frant'sens-bat),  also  Egerbrun- 
nen  (a'ger-brSn-nen),  Kaiser-Franzens- 
brunn.  A  watering-place  in  Bohemia,  3  miles 
north  of  Eger,  celebrated  for  its  chalybeate 
and  saline  springs.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 2,370. 

Franz- Joseph-Fjord  (frants'yo'zef-fydrd).  An 
inlet  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Greenland,  about 
lat.  73°  15'  N. 


Julius.  Born  at  Bojanowo,  Posen,  Prussia, 
April  17,  1813:  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  13,  1879. 
A  German  writer,  known  chiefly  as  a  disciple 
and  expounder  of  Schopenhauer.  He  wrote  "As- 
thetische  Fragen "  (1853),  "Briefe  iiber  die  Schopen- 
hauerscbe  Phllosophie"  (1854),  "Der  Materialismus " 
(1866),  "Briefe  iiber  naturliche  Religion"  (1868),  "A. 
Schopenhauer,  Lichtatrahlen  aus  seineh  Werken,"  "A. 
Schopenhauer,  von  ihm,  iiber  ihn,  etc."  (1863),  etc. 

Fraunhofer  (froun'ho-fer),  Joseph  von.  Bom 
at  Straubing,  Bavaria,  March  6,  1787:  died  at 
Munich,  June  7,  1826.  A  German  optician.  He 
is  noted  for  improvements  in  telescopes  and  other  optical 
instruments,  and  especially  for  his  investigation  of  the 
lines  in  the  spectrum  named  from  him  "  Fraunhof er's 
lines." 


Franz- Joseph-Land  (-lant).  An  archipelago 
in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  north  of  Nova  Zembla, 
about  lat.  80°-83°  N.,  explored  by  Payer  1873.  Fraustadt  (frou'stat).    A  town  in  the  province 

Franzos  (frant-sos'),  Karl  Emil,  Bom  Oct.  of  Posen,  Prussia,  48  miles  southwest  of  Posen. 
25   1848      An  Austrian  novelist.  Here,  Feb.,  1706,  the  Swedes  under  Renskiijld  defeated  the 

1>..^««..4..' /£  a    1  ■•/(.-■,      A  J. „  ■„  ti,  ■  i!    Saxons  and  Russians  under  Schulenberg.     Population 

rrascatl(fraB-ka  te).  A  town  m  the  province  of    (isgo),  6  861. 

Rome,  Italy,  12  miles  southeast  of  Kome,  cele-  Fray  Geriindlo  de  Oampazas.  A  satirical  ro- 
brated  for  its  villas.  There  are  remains  of  a  Roman  mance  by  Isla,  published  in  1758.  It  was  di- 
amphitheater,  built  of  reticulated  masonry  and  fitted  with  rected  against  itinerant  preachers  in  Spain, 
appliances  for  flooding  the  arena  for  the  naumachy,  and  _f  "^^■'"="-  '•B'»i"oi">'J"'='.o,iiD  ^__  ■„_,„\  ti„__,  „_ 
of  a  small  but  very  perfect  Roman  theater,  in  which  much  Fraysers  (fra'zferz)  (or  Frazier  S)  Farm,  or 
of  the  stage-structure  survives.    Population,  about  7,000.     Glendale  (glen'dal),  or  Charles  City  CrosS 

Fraschini  (fras-ke'nS),  Gaetano.  Bom  1815 :  Beads.  A  locality  in  Virginia  about  12  miles 
died  1887.    An  Italian  tenor  singer.  southeast  of  Richmond,  the  scene  of  a  battle 

Fraser  (fra'zer),  Charles.  Bom  at  Charleston,  between  part  of  McClellan's  army  and  part  of 
S.  C,  Aug.  20,  1782:  died  there,  Oct.  5,  1860.  Lee's,  June  30,  1862.  See  Seven  Day^  Battles. 
An  American  painter,  chiefly  of  miniatures.      Fraysslnous  (fra-se-no'),  Comte  Denis  de. 

Fraser,  James  Baillie.    Bom  at  Reelick,  In-    Born  at  Curi6res,Aveyron,  Prance,  May  9, 1765: 


Frederick  V 

died  at  St.-Geniez,  Aveyron,  Dec.  12,  1841.  A 
French  prelate  and  politician  (bishop  of  Her- 
mopolis  in  partibus  infidelium,  1823),  minister  of 
worship  and  public  instruction  1824-28.  Ho 
published  "Defense  du  christianisme "  (1825), 

Frazier's  Farm.    See  Frayser's  Farm. 

Frea  (fra'a).     The  wife  of  Odin. 

Frechette  (fra-shef),  Louis  Honors.    Bom  at 

Levis,  near  Quebec,  Nov.  16,  1839.  A  French- 
Canadian  poet.  He  went  to  Chicago  in  1866,  but  in 
1871  returned  to  Quebec.  He  was  elected  member  of  Parlia- 
ment in  1873.  His  volume  of  poems,  "Les  fleurs  bor^- 
ales,  etc.,"  was  crowned  by  the  French  Academy  in  1880. 
Among  his  other  works  are  "Lavoix  d'un  exil^  "  (1867), 
"La  legende  d'un  peuple "  (1687),  "Papineau "  and  "fI- 
lix  Poutr4,"  historical  dramas  (1880). 

Fredegarius  (fred-e-ga'ri-us),  Latinized  from 
Fredegar.  The  name  assigned  to  the  unknown 
compiler  (there  were  really  three)  of  an  im- 
portant work  on  general  and  early  French  his- 
tory, coming  down  to  the  year  642.  Two  of  the 
compilers  were  Burgundians,  one  writing  in  613  and  the 
other  in  668.    See  the  extract. 

In  spirit  and  diction  the  workpassing  under  the  nameof 
Fredegarius  scholasticus,  the  contents  of  which  are  price- 
less for  the  history  of  the  first  half  of  the  seventh  century, 
belongs  entirely  to  the  Middle  Ages.  This  "Fredegar," 
gradually  compiled  by  three  authors,  was  continued  by 
more  than  one  hand  during  the  eighth  century.  Inde- 
pendently of  Fredegarius,  the  substance  of  his  work  was 
carried  on  a.  727  in  the  so-called  Gesta  Francorum,  the 
Latin  of  which  is  less  barbarous,  while  its  contents  are 
more  meagre,  than  Fredegar's. 

Teufel  and  Schwabe,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit  (tr.  by  Warr), 

[II.  675. 

Fredegunde  (fred'e-gund),  or  Fredegonda 

jjfred-e-gou'da).  Bied597.  A  Prankish  queen. 
She  was  originally  the  mistress  of  Chilperlc  L  of  Neustria, 
whom  she  married  after  having  procured  the  assassination 
of  his  wife  Galeswintha,  sister  of  Brunehilde,  wife  of  Sieg- 
bert  of  Austrasia.  This  assassination  brought  on  a  war 
between  Chilperic  and  Siegbert,  the  latter  of  whom  was 
victorious  in  battle,  but  waa  murdered  in  576  by  emissaries 
of  Fredegunde.  She  became  regent  for  her  son  Clotake 
II.  in  593,  and  attacked  and  defeated  Brunehilde  in  696. 
Fredensborg  (fra'dens-bora).  Avillage  intho 
north  of  Zealand,  Denmark.  The  royal  palace  here, 
the  autumn  residence  of  the  king,  was  built  in  the  style 
of  the  French  Renaissance  in  commemoration  of  the  peace 
ot  1720  with  Sweden.  Of  the  interior  apartments  the  domed 
hall  is  the  most  remarkable. 

Fredericia  (fred-e-rish'e-a),  orFriedericia  (fre- 
de-rets'e-a).  A  fortified  seaport  in  Jutland, 
Denmark,  situated  at  the  entrance  to  the  Little 
Belt  in  lat.  55°  34'  N.,  long.  9°  46'  E.  it  was  de- 
fended by  the  Danes  against  the  troops  of  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein in  1849.    Population  (1890),  10,042. 

Frederick  (fred'  6r-ik)  I.  [OHG.  Friderih,  Goth. 
Frifhareiks,  lit.  '  peace-ruler ' ;  ML.  Fredericus, 
Fridericus,  P.  Fr4d4rio,  It.  Federigo,  Federico, 
Sp.  Pg.  Federico,  G.  Friedrich.']  Born  at  Karls- 
ruhe, Baden,  Sept.  9, 1826.  Grand  Duke  of  Ba- 
den. He  became  regent  for  his  imbecile  brother  in  1852, 
and  succeeded  as  grand  duke  in  1856.  He  married  Louise, 
daughter  of  William  I.  of  Prussia,  in  1856.  In  the  Seven 
Weeks'  War  (1866)  he  sided  with  Austria. 

Frederick  III.  Bom  at  Hadersleben,  Schles- 
wig,  March  18, 1609:  died  at  Copenhagen,  Feb. 
9, 1670.  King  of  Denmark  and  Norway.  He  en- 
tered  into  an  alliance  with  Holland,  Poland,  and  Branden- 
burg in  1657  against  Chai'les  Z.  Gustavus  of  Sweden.  He 
was  totally  defeated  by  Charles  Gustavus  (who  crossed  the 
Little  Belt  on  the  ice  in  Jan.,  1658),  and  was  forced  to  make 
important  territorial  cessions  at  the  peace  of  Roeskilde, 
Feb.  28, 1668.  The  war  being  renewed  in  the  same  year 
by  Charles  Gustavus,  with  a  view  to  annihilating  the  mon- 
archy of  Denmark,  he  defended  himself  with  great  spirit 
until  relieved  by  an  allied  army  under  the  elector  Fred- 
erick William  of  Brandenburg  and  by  a  Dutch  fleet.  He 
signed.  May  27, 1660,  the  peace  of  Copenhagen,  which  in 
the  main  confirmed  the  provisions  of  the  peace  of  Roes- 
kilde. By  a  coalition  of  the  clergy  with  the  bourgeoisie 
against  the  nobility,  he  was  enabled  in  1661  to  transform 
Denmark  from  an  elective  limited  to  a  hereditary  absolute 
monarchy. 

Frederick  IV.  Bom  at  Copenhagen,  Oct.  11, 
1671 :  died  at  Copenhagen,  Oct.  12, 1730.  King 
of  Denmark  and  Norway,  son  of  Christian  V. 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1699.  shortly  after  hia  ac- 
cession he  formed  an  alliance  with  Peter  the  Great  and 
Augustus  II.,  king  of  Poland  and  elector  of  Saxony,  against 
Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  who  invaded  Zealand  and  dictated 
the  peace  of  Travendal,  Aug.  18,  1700.  On  the  defeat  of 
Charles  at  Pultowa  in  1709,  he  renewed  the  alliance  with 
Peter  the  Great  and  Augustus  against  Charles,  and  this 
alliance  was  subsequently  joined  by  Saxony  and  Hannover. 
After  the  death  of  Charles  before  Frederickshal,  he  con- 
cluded with  Sweden  a  separate  treaty  at  Frederikshorg, 
July  3, 1720,  in  which  Sweden  renounced  its  right  of  ex- 
emption from  customs  duties  in  the  Sound  and  abandoned 
its  ally,  the  Duke  of  Holstein-Gottorp,  who  was  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  deprived  of  his  territories  in  Schleswig. 

Frederick  V.  Born  at  Copenhagen,  March  31, 
1723 :  died  Jan.  14, 1766.  King  of  Denmark  and 
Norway,  son  of  Christian  VI.  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  1746.  He  encouraged  the  arts  and  sciences 
with  a  liberality  which  attracted  numerous  distinguished 
foreigners  to  Denmark,  including  the  pedagogue  Basedow 
and  the  poet  Klopatock.  He  sent,  in  1761,  Niebuhr  and 
others  on  a  acientific  expedition  to  Egypt  and  Arabia. 


Frederick  VI. 

Trederick  VI.  Bom  at  Copenhagen,  Jan.  28, 
1768 :  died  at  Copenhagen,  Dec.  3, 1839.  King 
of  Denmark  and  Norway.  He  became  regent  in  1784 
lor  his  imbecile  father,  Christian  VII.,  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  1808.  He  adopted  at  the  beginning  of  the  Na- 
poleonic wars  a  policy  of  strict  neutrality.  Having  joined 
the  Northern  Maritime  league,  Dec.  16, 1800,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  resisting  by  force  the  interference  of  the  English 
with  neutral  merchantmen  upon  the  high  seas,  he  suffered, 
in  the  war  which  presently  broke  out  between  England  and 
•the  league,  a  decisive  defeat  at  the  battle  of  Copenhagen, 
April  2,  1801.  He  subsequently  joined  the  Continental 
League  in  consequence  of  the  bombardment  of  Copenha^ 
gen,  Sept.  2,  1807,  and  the  seizure  by  the  English  of  the 
Danish  fleet  in  the  midst  of  peace.  He  refused  to  join  the 
coalition  against  N  apoleon  in  1813,  and  for  this  he  was  pun- 
ished by  the  allied  powers  with  the  loss  of  Norway,  which 
was  united  with  Sweden  in  1814. 

Trederick  VII.  Born  at  Copenhagen,  Oct.  6, 
1808 :  died  at  Gliioksburg,  Sehleswig,  Nov.  15, 
1863.  King  of  Denmark,  son  of  Christian  VIII. 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1848. 

Trederick  I.,  surnamed  "  TheVictorious."  Born 
1425 :  died  Dec.  12, 1476.  Elector  Palatine  1451- 
1476. 

Trederick  II.,  surnamed  "The  Wise."  Born 
Dec.  9, 1482 :  died  Feb.  26, 1556.  Elector  Pala- 
tine 1544-56.  He  commanded  the  imperial  army 
against  the  Turks  in  1529  and  1532. 

.Trederick  III.,  sumamed  "  The  Pious.''  Bom 
at  Simmem,  Prussia,  Feb.  14, 1515 :  died  Oct.  26, 
1576.  Elector  Palatine  1559-76.  He  was  originally 
an  adherent  of  the  Lutheran  faith,  but  eventually  joined 
the  Reformed  communion,  and  in  1563  published  the 
Heidelberg  Catechism  throughout  his  dominions. 

Trederick  IV. ,  sumamed ' '  The  Uprigh  t."  Born 
at  Amberg,  Germany,  March  5, 1574:  died  Sept. 
19,  1610.  Elector  Palatine  1592-1610.  He 
joined  in  1608  the  Protestant  Union,  of  which 
he  was  chosen  leader. 

Trederick  V.  Bom  Aug.,  1596 :  died  at  Mainz, 
Germany,  Nov.,  1632.  Elector  Palatine,  son  of 
Frederick  IV.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1610.  He 
married  Elizabeth  Stuart,  daughter  of  James  I.  of  Eng- 
land, in  1613.  In  1619,  as  the  head  of  the  German  Prot- 
estant Union,  he  accepted  the  crown  of  Bohemia,  whose 
estates  were  in  rebellion  against  Ferdinand  of  Austria.  He 
lost  bothHohemiaandhis  hereditary  dominions  in  conse- 
quence of  the  defeat  of  his  general  Christian  of  Anhalt  by 
the  Imperialists  at  the  battle  on  the  White  Hill,  Nov.  8, 
1620. 

Trederick  I.,  surnamed  Barbarossa  ('Eed- 
beard':  Gt.Motbart).  Themostnotedemperorof 
the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  of  the  Hohenstaufen 
Une,  son  of  Frederick  H.,  duke  of  Swabia,  and 
nephew  of  Conrad  IH.  whom  he  succeeded  as 
iing  of  Germany  in  1152.  He  was  crowned  emperor 
at  Home  by  Hadrian  IV.  in  1155.  His  reign  was  chiefly 
-occupied  by  wars  against  the  turbulent  Oerman  nobility 
and  by  six  expeditions  to  Italy  for  the  purpose  of  restoring 
the  imperial  authority  in  the  republican  cities  of  Lom- 
bardy  1164-55,  1168-62,  1163,  1166-68,  1174-77,  and  1184-86. 
In  1176  he  was,  in  consequence  of  the  defection  of  the  pow- 
>erful  feudatory  Henry  the  Lion,  duke  of  Saxony,  defeated 
t)y  the  Lombards  at  the  battle  of  Legnano,  and  was  com- 
pelled to  accept  the  deflnitive  peace  of  Constance  in  1183, 
by  which  he  renounced  all  regalian  rights  in  the  cities. 
■(See  Ltmibard  League,  and  Constance,  Treaty  of.}  In  1180 
he  punished  Henry  the  Lion  by  putting  him  under  tjje  ban 
of  the  empire  and  depriving  him  of  his  flefs.  In  1189  he 
joined  the  third  Crusade,  on  which  he  was  drowned  in  the 
Kalykadnos  in  Asia  Minor. 

Trederick  II.  Bom  at  Jesi,  near  Ancona,  Italy, 
Dec.  26,  1194 :  died  at  Piorentiuo  (Firenzuola), 
Dec.  13, 1250.  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Em- 
pire, son  of  Henry  VI.  and  Constance,  heiress 
of  the  Two  Sicilies.  Left  an  orphan  in  1198,  he  was 
.brought  up  under  the  wardship  of  the  Pope  as  feudal  su- 
perior of  the  Two  Sicilies.  He  assumed  the  government  of 
the  Two  Sicilies  in  1208.  In  1212  he  was  brought  forward 
by  the  Pope  as  an  aspirant  to  the  crown  of  Germany  in  op- 
position to  King  Otto  IV.,  with  whom  the  Pope  had  quar- 
reled, and  was  elected  by  the  Ghibelline  party,  the  tradi- 
tional supporters  of  the  house  of  Hohenstaufen,  which  he 
.represented.  He  was  crowned  at  Aachen  in  1215,  Otto  hav- 
ing been  totally  defeated  at  Bouvines  in  the  year  previous. 
He  was  crowned  emperor  atBome  by  Honorius  III.  in  1220. 
He  continued  the  policy  of  his  house  of  attempting  to  per- 
fect the  union  of  Italy  and  Germany  into  one  empire,  in 
which  he  was  opposed  by  the  Pope  and  the  Lombard 
League.  In  1228-29  he  conducted  a  crusade  to  the  Holy 
Land,  and  procured  the  cession  of  Jaffa,  Saida,  Jerusalem, 
and  Nazareth  from  the  Saracens. 

Trederick  III.,  sumamed  "The  Handsome." 
Bom  1286:  died  Jan.  13,  1330.  King  of  Ger- 
many, son  of  Albert  I.  whom  he  succeeded  as 
duke  of  Austria  in  1308.  He  was  chosen  king  in  1314 
in  opposition  to  Louis  XV.,  by  whom  he  was  defeated  and 
captured  at  Miihldorf  in  1322. 

Frederick  in.  (IV.  as  King  of  Germany).  Bom 
at  Innsbruck,  Tyrol,  Sept.  21,  1415:  died  at 
Linz,  Austria,  Aug.  19,  1493.  Emperor  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire.  He  was  elected  emperor  in 
1440,  and  was  the  last  German  emperor  crowned  at  Kome 
(1452). 

Frederick  I.  Born  at  Konigsberg,  Prassia, 
July  11  (21),  1657 :  died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  25, 1713. 
King  of  Prussia,  son  of  Frederick  WiUiam,  the 
Great  Elector,  whom  he  succeeded  (as  Fred- 


410 

erick  HI.  of  Brandenburg)  in  1688.  He  was 
crowned  as  the  first  king  of  Prussia  in  1701.  He  founded 
the  University  of  Halle  and  the  Academy  of  Sciences. 

Frederick  II.,  sumamed  "The  Great."  Born 
at  Berlin,  Jan.  24,  1712:  died  at  Sans  Souci, 
near  Potsdam,  Aug.  17, 1786.  King  of  Prassia 
1740-86,  son  of  Frederick  William  I.  and  Sophia 
Dorothea,  daughter  of  George  I.  of  England. 
In  the  year  in  which  Frederick  ascended  the  throne,  the 
emperor  Charles  VI.  died  without  male  issue.  He  was 
succeeded  by  his  daughter  Maria  Theresa  by  virtue  of  the 
pragmatic  sanction  (which  see),  the  validity  of  which  was 
disputed  by  the  Elector  of  Bavaria  and  other  claimants. 
Frederick  embraced  the  opportunity  presented  by  the  in- 
security of  her  title  to  invade  (1740)  Silesia,  to  part  of 
which  he  laid  cluim.  He  defeated  the  Austrians  at  Moll- 
witz  in  1741,  and  at  Chotusitz  in  1742,  and  in  1742  con- 
cluded the  treaty  of  Breslau  and  Berlin,  by  which  in  re- 
turn for  the  cession  of  Silesia  he  withdrew  from  the 
alliance  which  he  had  in  the  meantime  entered  into  with 
France  and  Bavaria  against  Austria.  In  1744,  alarmed 
by  the  successes  of  Austria  against  France  and  Bavaria, 
he  entered  into  a  second  alliance  with  those  powers,  de- 
feated the  Austrians  and  Saxons  at  Hohenfriedbei^  in 
1746.  defeated  the  Austrians  at  Soor  In  1746,  and  in  1746 
concluded  the  peace  of  Dresden,  which  confirmed  the 
treaty  of  Breslau  and  Berlin.  To  regain  Silesia,  Maria 
Theresa  formed  an  alliance  with  France  (1756),  joined  by 
Hussia,  Sweden,  and  Saxony.  Frederick,  anticipating  the 
allies,  invaded  Saxony  in  1766.  In  the  ensuing  war,  called 
the  Seven  Years'  War,  he  was  supported  by  England, 
chiefly  in  the  form  of  subsidies.  He  made  himself  mas- 
ter of  Saxony  by  the  defeat  of  the  Austrians  at  Lobositz 
in  1766.  In  1757  he  invaded  Bohemia  and  defeated  the 
Austrians  at  Prague,  but  was  defeated  at  Kolin  by  Mar- 
shal Daun,  who  drove  him  out  of  Bohemia.  He  defeated 
the  French  and  Austrians  at  Bossbach  and  the  Austrians 
alone  at  Leuthen  in  the  same  year.  In  1758  he  defeated 
the  Russians  at  Zorndorf.  In  1769  he  was  defeated  by 
the  Austrians  and  Russians  at  Eunersdorf.  Berlin  was 
taken  by  the  Russians  in  1760,  England  withdrew  her 
subsidies  in  1761,  and  Frederick  was  reduced  to  despera- 
tion. In  1762,  however,  Elizabeth  of  Russia  died,  and 
fortune  changed.  Peter  III.,  Elizabeth's  successor,  con- 
cluded peace  in  1762,  and  the  defection  of  France  in  that 
year  caused  Maria  Theresa  to  sign  in  1763  the  treaty  of 
Hubertsburg,  which  confirmed  the  treaty  of  Breslau  and 
Berlin,  including  that  of  Dresden.  In  1772  he  joined  with 
Russia  and  Austria  in  the  partition  of  Poland,  by  which 
he  added  Polish  Prussia  to  his  dominions.  In  1778-79  he 
took  part  in  the  War  of  the  Bavarian  Succession  (which 
see).  Frederick  II.,  through  his  military  genius  and  ad- 
ministrative abilities,  raised  Prussia  to  the  rank  of  a 
powerful  state.  He  was  a  disciple  of  the  French  philoso- 
phers, and  for  many  years  was  intimate  with  Voltaire. 
He  left  a  number  of  works,  published  in  30  volumes  1846^ 
1857. 

Frederick  III.  Born  at  Potsdam,  Oct.  18, 1831 : 
died  there,  June  15, 1888.  German  emperor  and 
king  of  Prussia  March  9-Juue  15,  1888,  son  of 
William  I.  of  Prussia  (afterward  German  em- 
peror). He  married  Victoria,  daughter  of  Queen  Victoria, 
in  1858,  commanded  the  second  Prussian  army  in  1866,  and 
the  third  army  in  the  Franco-Prussian  war,  in  which  he 
took  part  in  the  victories  of  Weissenburg,  Worth,  and 
Sedan. 

Frederick  I.,  surnamed  "The  Warlike."  Born 
at  Altenburg,  Germany,  March  29,  1369:  died 
at  Altenburg,  Jan.  4,  1428.  Margrave  of  Meis- 
sen, Elector  and  Duke  of  Saxony.  He  was  the  son 
of  the  Landgrave  of  Thuringia,  and  was  made  elector  and 
duke  of  Saxony  in  1423  as  a  reward  for  his  services  to  the 
emperor  in  the  Hussite  war.  His  army  was  defeated  by  the 
Hussites  at  Aussig  in  1426.  He  founded  the  University  of 
Lelpsio  in  1409. 

Frederick  II.,  sumamed  "The  Meek."  Bom 
Aug.  22,  1411:  died  at  Leipsic,  Sept.  7,  1464. 
Elector  and  Duke  of  Saxony,  son  of  Frederick 
I.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1428. 

Frederick  III.,  sumamed  "  The  Wise."  Bom 
at  Torgau,  Prussia,  Jan.  17,  1463 :  died  at  An- 
naburg,  near  Torgau,  May  5,  1525.  Elector  of 
Saxony.  He  succeeded  to  the  electorate  in  1486 ;  founded 
the  University  of  Wittenberg  in  1502;  declined  the  im- 
perial crown  and  advocated  the  election  of  Charles  V.  in 
1519 ;  and  protected  Luther,  who  was  seized  by  his  order 
when  returning  from  Wonns,  where  he  had  been  pro- 
scribed, and  secreted  in  the  castle  of  Wartburg  (1621-22). 

Frederick  I.  Bom  at  Treptow,  Farther  Pom- 
erania,  Nov.  6,  1754:  died  Oct.  30,  1816.  King 
of  Wiirtemberg.  He  succeeded  his  father  Frederick 
Eugene  as  duke  of  Wiirtemberg  in  1797.  Having  taken  part 
in  the  second  coalition  against  France,  he  was  deprived 
by  the  peace  of  Lun^vllle  (Feb.  9, 1801)  of  his  possessions 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  for  which  he  was  indem- 
nified by  a  number  of  monasteries,  abbeys,  and  imperial 
cities  (including  Reutlingen,  Esslingen,  and  Heilbronn), 
and  the  title  of  elector.  He  sided  with  Napoleon  against 
the  third  coalition,  with  the  result  that  his  dominions  were 
increased  by  cessions  from  Austria  and  recognized  as  a 
kingdom  by  the  peace  of  Presburg,  Dec.  26,  1805.  He 
joined  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  July  12, 1806.  After 
the  defeat  of  Napoleon  at  the  battle  of  Leipsic,  he  joined 
the  Allies  (Nov.  6, 1813).  The  treaty  of  Vienna  left  him  in 
undisturbed  possession  of  his  acquisitions. 

Frederick,  Prince  of  Wales.  See  Frederick 
Louis. 

Frederick.  In  Shakspere's  "As  you  Like  it," 
the  usurping  brother  of  the  exiled  duke. 

Frederick,  or  Frederick  City.  A  city  and  the 
capital  of  Frederick  County,  Maryland,  41  miles 
west  by  north  of  Baltimore :  the  seat  of  Fred- 
erick College.    Population  (1900),  9,296. 


Frederick  William  n. 

Frederick  Augustus  I„ surnamed  "The  Just." 
Born  at  Dresden,  Dec.  23,  1750:  died  at  Dres- 
den, May  5, 1827.  King  of  Saxony.  He  succeeded 
his  father  Frederick  Christian  as  elector  in  1763;  sided 
with  Prussia  and  Bavaria  against  Austria  in  ttie  War  of 
the  Bavarian  Succession  1778-79;  allied  himself  with  Prus- 
sia and  Russia  against  France  in  1806 ;  concluded  a  separate 
treaty  of  peace  with  Napoleon  at  Posen,  Dec.  11, 1806,  in 
accordance  with  which  he  entered  the  Confederation  of  the 
Rhine  with  the  title  of  king ;  supported  Napoleon  at  the 
battle  of  Leipsic  in  1813 ;  and  was  compelled  to  cede  a 
large  part  of  Saxony  to  Prussia  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna 
in  1815. 

Frederick  Augustus  II.  Bom  May  18, 1797: 
died  in  Tyrol,  Aug.  9,  1854.  King  of  Saxony. 
He  became  co-regent  in  1S30  with  his  uncle  Anton,  whom 
he  succeeded  in  1836.  He  suppressed  a  revolutionary  out- 
break in  1849  by  means  of  Prussian  troops. 

Frederick  Augustus.  Born  at  St.  James's 
Pal*ce,  London,  Aug.  16,  1763:  died  Jan.  5, 
1827.  Duke  of  York  and  Albany,  second  son 
of  George  HI.  He  was  created  duke  of  York  and  Al- 
bany in  1784 ;  commanded  the  British  contingent  in  the 
campaigns  of  1793-95  in  Flanders  against  the  French ;  was 
made  commander-in-chief  of  the  British  army  in  1798 ; 
invaded  Holland  in  conjunction  with  the  Russians  in 
1799 ;  and  signed  the  humiliating  convention  of  Alkmaar 
in  1799.  He  resigned  the  office  of  commander-in-chief  in 
1809,  in  consequence  of  an  entanglement  with  Mrs.  Mary 
Anne  Clarke,  who  accepted  bribes  from  officers  in  return 
for  promises  of  promotion ;  but  was  restored  in  181L 

Frederick  Charles,  Prince  of  Prussia,  Bom 
at  Berlin,  March  20,  1828 :  died  near  Potsdam, 
Prussia,  June  15,  1885.  A  Prussian  general, 
nephew  of  William  I.  of  Prassia.  He  fought  with 
distinction  in  l^e  war  of  Prussia  and  Austria  against  Den- 
mark in  1864;  commanded  the  first  army  in  the  war 
against  Austria  in  1866 ;  and  commanded  the  second  army 
in  the  war  against  France,  1870-71,  entering  Metz  and  Or- 
leans in  1870  and  Le  Mans  in  1871.  He  was  sumamed  "the 
Red  Prince." 

Frederick  Francis  II.  Bom  Feb.  28,  1823: 
died  at  Schwerin,  Germany,  April  15,  1883. 
Grand  Duke  of  Mecklenburg-Sehwerin.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  grand  duchy  in  1842 ;  became  a  general  in 
the  Prussian  military  service  in  the  same  year;  fought 
under  Baron  von  Wrangel  in  the  war  of  Prussia  and  Aus- 
tria against  Denmark  in  1864 ;  commanded  a  reserve  army 
'  corps  in  the  war  against  Ausia-ia  in  1866 ;  joined  the  North 
German  Confederation  in  1866;  and  bore  an  important 
part  in  the  war  against  France,  1870-71.  His  grand  duchy 
became  a  member  of  the  German  Empire  in  1871. 

Frederick  Louis.  Bom  at  Hannover,  Jan.  6, 
1707 :  died  at  Leicester  House,  London,  March 
20, 1751.  Prince  of  Wales  1729-51,  eldest  son 
of  George  H.  He  married  Augusta,  daughter  of  Fred- 
erick, dtike  of  Saxe-Gotha,  in  1736,  and  was  father  of 
George  III.  He  was  the  leader  of  the  opposition  against 
Walpole  and  the  king. 

Fredericksburg  (fred'er-iks-b6rg).  A  city  in 
Spottsylvania  County, Virginia,  50  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Washington.  Here,  Dec.  13, 1862,  was 
fought  one  of  the  severest  battles  of  the  Civil  War.  The 
Confederates  (aboutSO,000)  under  Lee,  occupying  a  strong 

gositlon  on  the  heights,  repulsed  an  attack  made  on  them 
y  the  Federals  (about  110,000)  under  Burnside.  The 
Confederate  losses  amounted  to  608  killed,  4,116  wounded, 
and  653  captured  or  missing  (total,  5,377);  the  Federal 
losses  amounted  to  1,284  killed,  9,600  wounded,  and  1,769 
captured  or  missing  (total,  12,653).  Population  (1900), 
5,068. 

Trederick  William,  called  "The  Great  Elec- 
tor." Born  at  Berlin,  Feb.  16, 1620 :  died  April 
29, 1688.  Elector  of  Brandenburg  1640-88,  son 
of  George  William.  At  his  accession  he  found  his 
dominions  wasted  by  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  which  was 
then  in  progress.  By  skilful  diplomacy  and  great  econ- 
omy in  other  directions,  be  succeeded  in  ridding  his  coun- 
try of  foreign  soldiery  and  in  raising  an  army  of  30,000 
men,  which  secured  for  him  respectful  treatment  at  the 
peace  of  Westphalia  in  1648.  In  1666,  on  the  outbreak  of 
war  between  Sweden  and  Poland,  he  took  sides  with  the 
former  power  against  the  latter.  The  Poles  were  defeated 
at  Warsaw  in  1656,  and  were  forced  in  1657  to  purchase 
his  assistance  by  recognizing  the  independence  of  the 
duchy  of  Prussia,  which  he  held  as  a  fief  of  Poland.  He 
joined  an  alliance  with  Holland  in  1672,  with  a  view  to 
frustrating  the  designs  of  Louis  XIV.  against  that  coun- 
try: an  alliance  which  was  subsequently  joined  by  the 
emperor  and  Spain.  In  1676  at  Fehrbellin  he  defeated 
the  Swedes,  who  had  invaded  Brandenburg  as  the  allies  ol 
R-ance ;  but  although  he  made  large  conquests  in  Swe- 
dish Pomerania,  he  was  compelled  by  France  to  return 
them  at  the  separate  peace  of  St.  Germain-en-Laye  (1679) 
in  return  for  the  reversion  of  East  Friesland. 

Frederick  William.  Bom  Aug.  20, 1802:  died 
at  Horzowitz,  near  Prague,  Jan.  6, 1875.  Elec- 
tor of  Hesse.  He  succeeded  to  the  electorate  In  1847, 
and  sided  with  Austria  in  the  Austro-Prussian  war  (1866), 
with  the  result  that  his  electorate  was  incorporated  with 
Prussia  by  the  peace  of  Prague,  Aug.  28, 1866. 

Frederick  William  I.  Bom  Aug.  14, 1688: 
died  May  31,  1740.  King  of  Prussia  1713-40, 
son  of  Frederick  I.  He  acquired  Stettin  and  part  of 
Pomerania  by  the  peace  of  Stockholm  in  1720,  at  the  close 
of  the  Northern  War,  in  which  he  had  taken  part  against 
Sweden ;  and  by  the  establishment  of  a  formmable  army 
laid  the  foundation  of  Prussia's  military  power. 

Frederick  William  II.  Bom  Sept.  25, 1744: 
died  Nov.  16,  1797.  King  of  Prassia  1786-97, 
nephew  of  Frederick  the  Great.  He  formed  an  al- 
liance with  Austria  in  1792  for  the  purpose  of  restoring 


Frederick  William  II. 

Louis  XVI.-of  France,  but  concluded  the  separate  peace 
?Lr  ®i'"x  .*^^  revolutionary  government  of  Trance  in 
1796.  He  took  part  in  the  second  and  third  partitions  of 
Poland  in  1793  and  1795  respectively. 

Frederick  William  III.  Bom  Aug.  3, 1770: 
died  June  7,  1840.  King  of  Prussia  1797-1840, 
son  of  Frederick  William  H.  He  refused  to  join 
the  third  coalition  against  France  in  1805 ;  declared  war 
against  France  in  1806 ;  signed  the  treaty  of  TUsit  in  1807  ; 
joined  France  against  Russia  in  1812 ;  joined  in  the  War 
of  Liberation  in  1818 ;  was  present  at  the  Congress  of 
Vienna  in  1815 ;  and  joined  the  Holy  Alliance  in  1815. 

Frederick  William  IV.  Born  Oct.  15, 1795: 
died  at  Sans  Souci,  near  Potsdam,  Prussia, 
Jan.  2,  1861.  King  of  Prussia  1840-61,  son  of 
^Frederick  William  III.  He  was  compelled  by  a  rev- 
■olutionary  movement  in  1848  to  grant  a  constitution,  and 
in  1849  declined  the  imperial  crown  offered  him  by  the 
German  National  Assembly  at  Frankfort.  As  he  was  ren- 
dered incompetent  to  reign  by  a  serious  malady,  his 
brother  (afterward  William  I.)  became  regent  in  1858. 

Frederick  William,  Crown  Prince  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire  and  of  Prussia.  Seei  Frederick  III., 
German  emperor. 

Fredericton  (fred'6r-ik-ton).  The  capital  of 
New  Brunswick,  situated  on  the  St.  John  Elver 
in  lat.  45°  56'  N.,  long.  66°  40'  W.  It  is  a  port  of 
entry,  and  a  center  of  the  lumber  trade.  Popu- 
lation (1901),  7,117. 

Frederiksberg  (fred'er-iks-bero).  Alarge  sub- 
urb of  Copenhagen.  It  has  a  national  museum 
and  a  sculpture-gallery.  Population  (1890), 
46,954. 

Frederiksberg  (f  red'er-iks-bora) .  A  royal  pal- 
ace on  the  island  of  Zealand,  Denmark,  situated 
near  Hillerod,  21  miles  northwest  of  Copenha- 
gen.   It  was  built  by  Christian  IV.  1602-20. 

Kederiksborg  (fred'er-iks-boro).  Peace  of. 
A  peace  eonoTuded  at  Frederiksborg,  Zealand, 
Denmark,  July  13,  1720,  between  Sweden  and 
Denmark,  by  which  the  latter  power  restored 
its  conquests,  while  the  former  renounced  its 
claim  to  freedom  from  Sound  duties  and  paid 
a  war  indemnity  of  600,000  rix-dollars. 

Frederikshald  (fred'er-iks-haid),  or  Freder- 
ikshall  (fred'er-iks-hal).  A  seaport  in  the 
diocese  (stift)  of  Christiania,  Norway,  situated 
on  the  Iddefiord  58  miles  south-southeast  of 
Christiania.  it  has  a  large  trade  in  timber,  and  near 
it  is  the  fortress  of  Frederiksteen,  where  Charles  XII.  of 
Sweden  was  killed  in  1718.    Population  (1891),  11,183. 

Frederikshavn  (fred'er-iks-havu).  A  seaport 
on  the  Cattegat,  near  the  northeastern  extrem- 
ity of  Jutland,  Denmark. 

Trederikstad.    See  Fredrikstad. 

Fredrikshamn  (fred'riks-ham),  Finn.Hamina. 
A  fortified  seaport  in  the  government  of  Vi- 
borg,  Finland,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Finland 
in  lat.  60°  36'  N.,  long.  27°  11'  E.  By  the  treaty 
of  Fredrikshamn,  Sept.  17,  1809,  Finland  was  ceded  by 
Sweden  to  Russia.    Population  (1890),  2,778. 

Tredrikstad  (fred'rik-stad),  or  Frederikstad 
(fred'er-ik-stad).  A  fortified  seaport  in  the 
diocese  (stift)  of  Christiania,  Norway,  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Glommen  48  mUes  south 
by  east  of  Christiania.  it  was  founded  by  Freder- 
ick 11.,  and  has  lumber  trade  and  manufactures.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  12,307. 

Treehold  (fre'hold).  A  township  and  town  in 
Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  27 
miles  east  of  Trenton.  Population  (1900)  of 
township;  2,234;  of  town,  2,934. 

.Freelove  (fre'luv),  Lady.  A  character  in  Col- 
man's  "Jealous  Wife." 

Treeman  (fre'man).  1.  In  Wycherley's  comedy 
"The  Plain  Dealer,"  Manly's  lieutenant  and 
friend. — 3.  InFarquhar's  "Beaux'  Stratagem," 
the  friend  of  Aimwell. 

Freeman,  Edward  Augustus.  Bom  at  Har- 
bome,  Staffordshire,  1823:  died  at  Alicante, 
Spain,  March  16, 1892.  A  noted  English  histo- 
rian. He  was  graduated  from  Oxford  (Trinity  College) 
in  1846,  and  remained  there  as  a  fellow  until  1847 ;  was 
examiner  in  modern  history  1867-58, 1863-64,  and  in  1873 ; 
and  became  regius  professor  of  modern  history  at  Oxford 
in  1884,  as  successor  to  Professor  Stubbs  (who  became 
bishop  of  Chester).  His  works  include  "Church  Restora- 
tion "(1849),  "An  Essay  on  Window-Tracery,"  "Archi- 
tectural Antiquities  of  Gower,"  a  book  of  poems,  "The 
Architecture  of  Llandaff  Cathedral,"  "The  Antiquities  of 
St.  David's,"  "The  History  and  Conquest  of  the  Saracens  " 
(1856),  "History  of  Federal  Government  from  the  Foun- 
dation of  the  Achalan  League  to  the  Disruption  of  the 
United  States '"  (1863 :  not  completed),  "The  History  of 
the  Norman  Conquest "  (1867-79 :  his  most  famous  book), 
"Old  English  History  for  Children "  (1869),  "History  of 
the  Cathedral  Church  of  Wells  "  (1870),  "  Historical  Es- 

•Bays"  (1871),  "General  Sketch  of  European  History," 
"  Growth  of  the  English  Constitution  "  and  "  The  Unity  of 
History  "  (1872i  "  Comparative  Politics  "  (1873),  "Disea- 

-tabUshment  and  Diaendowment "  (1874),  "The  Turks  in 
Europe"  and  "The  Ottoman  Power  in  Europe "(1877), 
"How  the  Study  of  History  is  Let  and  Hindered  "  (1879), 
'•  A  Short  History  of  the  Korman  Conquest '  (1880), "  His- 
torical Geography  of  Europe  "  and  "  Sketches  from  the 

:  Subject  and  Neighbor  Lands  of  Venice  "(1881),  "Intro- 


411 

duction  to  American  Institutional  History,"  "The  Reign 
of  William  Ruf  us,"  and  "Lectures  to  American  Audiences  " 
(1882),  "English  Towns  and  Districta"  and  "Some  Im- 
pressions of  the  United  States  "  (188S),  "  The  Office  of  the 
Historical  Professor  "  (1884),  "The  Methods  of  Historical 
Study  "  (1886),  "  The  Chief  Periods  of  European  History  " 
and(in  the  series  of  "Historic  Towns," edited  by  himself) 
"Exeter"  (1887),  "Fifty  Ifeara  of  European  History," 
"William  the  Conqueror  "  (1888 :  in  the  "Twelve  English 
Statesmen"  seriesX  and  "History  of  Sicily  from  the  Ear- 
liest Times  "  (1891,  third  volume). 

Freeman,  James.  Bom  at  Charlestown,  Mass., 
April  22, 1759:  died  at  Newton,  Mass.,  Nov.  14, 
1835.  An  American  Unitarian  clergyman,  the 
first  in  the  United  States  who  assumed  that 
name.  He  was  pastor  of  King's  Chapel,  Boston, 
1787-1835. 

Freeman,  James  Edward.  Bom  in  Nova  Scotia, 
1808:  died  at  Bome,  Nov.  21,  1884.  An  Amer- 
ican figure-painter. 

Freeman,  Mrs.  The  name  under  which  Sarah 
Jennings,  duchess  of  Marlborough,  carried  on 
a  correspondence  with  Queen  Anne  (as  Mrs. 
Morley). 

Freeport  (fre'port).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Stephenson  County,  northern  Illinois,  situated 
on  the  Pecatonica  Eiver  108  miles  west-north- 
west of  Chicago.     Pop.  (1900),  13,258. 

Freeport,  Sir  Andrew.  A  London  merchant, 
one  of  the  members  of  the  fictitious  club  which 
issued  the  "  Spectator." 

Free-Soil  Party.  In  United  States  politics,  a 
party  which  opposed  the  extension  of  slavery 
into  the  Territories,  it  was  formed  m  1848  by  a  union 
of  the  liberty  party  with  the  Barnburners.  It  nominated 
Van  Buren  for  the  presidency  in  1848,  and  under  the  name 
of  the  Free  Democratic  party  it  nominated  John  P.  Hale 
in  1862.  It  was  one  of  the  principal  elements  in  the  for- 
mation of  the  Republican  party  in  1854. 

Freetown  (fre'toun).  The  capital  of  the  Brit- 
ish colony  of  Sierra  Leone,  West  Africa,  situ- 
ated on  the  Sierra  Leone  Eiver,  near  the  coast, 
in  lat.  8°  29'  N.,  long.  13°  10'  W.  Population 
(1891),  30,033. 

Freewill  Islands.     See  St.  David  Islands. 

Freiberg  (fri'berG).  A  city  in  the  government 
district  of  Dresden,  Saxony,  on  the  Miinzbach 
20  miles  southwest  of  Dresden,  it  is  the  center  of 
the  mining  district  of  Saxony,  and  the  seat  of  a  mining 
academy.  The  silver-mines  were  discovered  in  the  12th 
century.  The  cathedral  is  a  late-Pointed  monument  of  the 
15th  century.  The  Goldene  Pf orte  is  a  beautiful  Roman- 
esque door  surviving  from  an  older  church :  its  sculptures 
are  hardly  excelled  in  medieval  art.  They  consist  of  an 
allegorical  representation  of  the  kingdom  of  God,  including 
statues  of  Old  Testament  types  and  reliefs  of  New  Testa- 
ment scenes.  Behind  the  altar  is  the  notable  burial-chapel 
of  the  Protestant  princes  of  Saxony,  with  line  sculptured 
monuments.  A  battle  was  fought  at  Freiberg,  Oct.,  1762, 
between  13,000  Prussians  under  Prince  Henry  and  Seyd- 
litz  and  30,000  imperial  and  Austrian  troops  under  Gen- 
eral Hadik,  in  which  the  latter  were  totally  defeated.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  28,995. 

Freiburg,  or  Freiburg-im-Breisgau  (fri'borG- 
im-bris'gou).  The  capital  of  the  district  of 
Freiburg,  Baden,  situated  on  the  Dreisam  in 
lat.  47°  59'  N.,  long.  7°  51'  E.  it  is  a  trading  cen- 
ter for  the  Black  Forest,  and  has  considerable  manufac- 
tures. It  is  noted  for  its  cathedral  and  university.  The 
former  is  a  noted  work  in  German  Pointed  architecture, 
measuring  354  feet  by  102.  The  west  front  is  surmounted 
by  a  central  tower  and  octagonal  openwork  spire,  which  is 
385  feet  high.  Beneath  the  tower  opens  a  single  great  re- 
ceased  portal.  The  transepts  are  Romanesque.  The  choir 
was  designed  in  the  14th  century.  The  Interior  is  exceed- 
ingly effective ;  it  poaaesses  very  interesting  sculpture, 
tombs,  and  early  paintings,  Freiburg  was  the  capital  of 
the  Breisgau,  and  belonged  for  centuries  to  Austria.  It  has 
several  times  been  taken  by  the  French.  Here,  Aug.  3-6, 
1644,  the  French  under  Cond6  and  Turenne  defeated  the 
Bavarians  under  Mercy.    Population  (1890),  47,392. 

Freiburg,  G.  also  Freiburg-unterm-FUrsten- 
Stein  (m'borG-on'term-furs'ten-stin).  Atown 
in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the  Pol- 
snitz  36  miles  southwest  of  Breslau.  Near  it 
is  the  castle  of  Fiirstenstein.  Population  (1890), 
8,991. 

Freiburg  (in  Switzerland).    See  Fribourg. 

Freiburg-an-der-Unstrut(fri'borG-an-der-6n'- 
strot).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Saxony, 
Prussia,  on  the  Unstrut  28  miles  west-south- 
west of  Leipsio.  It  is  noted  for  its  castle  of 
Neuenburg,  and  as  the  residence  of  Jahn.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  3,256. 

Freidank  (fri'dangk).  [MHG.  Yridank,  free- 
thinker.] Lived  in  the  13th  century.  The  real 
or  assumed  name  of  a  German  didactic  poet, 
author  of  the  didactic  poem  "Bescheidenheit" 
(ed.  by  W.  Grimm  1834),  etc. 

Freiligratli*(fri'lig-rat),  Ferdinand.  Bom  at 
Detmold,  Germany,  June  17,  1810:  died  at 
Cannstatt,  Wiirtemberg,  March  18,  1876.  A 
noted  German  lyric  poet  and  democratic  par- 
tizan,  resident  in  England  1846-48,  1851-68. 
He  was  destined  at  the  beginning  for  a  mercantile  life, 
but  after  1839  devoted  himself  entirely  to  literature.  A 
first  volume  of  poems  appeared  in  1838.    In  1844  waa  pub- 


Fremantle 

lished  "Mein  Glaubensbekenntnis "  ("My  Creed  "V  In 
consequence  of  the  political  sentiments  expressed  Hi  this 
book  he  was  forced  to  flee  the  country,  and  went  first  to 
Belgium,  and  then  to  Switzerland  and  England.  In  1846 
appeared  "Qa  ira."  In  1848  he  returned  to  Germany,  and 
was  engaged  for  a  time  in  editorial  work  on  the  "  Kol- 
nische  Zeitung,"but  again  fled  to  London,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1868.  "Zwischen  den  Garben  "  ("  Between 
the  Sheaves")  appeared  1847-49.  His  complete  poetical 
works  ("Sammtliche  Dichtungen")  were  published  in 
1870.  In  1876 appeared " Neue (Jedichte " ("New Poems '> 
He  was  the  author  of  numerous  translations  from  recent 
French  and  English  poetry,  among  them  a  version  of 
Longfellow's  "Hiawatha." 

Freind  (frind) ,  John.  Bom  at  Croton  (Crough- 
ton),  near  Brackley,  Northamptonshire,  in  1675 : 
died  July  26, 1728.  An  English  physician.  He 
studied  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where  he  attracted  notice 
on  account  of  his  proflciency  in  the  classics,  and  afterward 
became  a  medical  practitioner  at  London.  He  entered  Par- 
liament as  a  Tory  member  for  Launceaton  in  1722,  and  in 
1727  waa  appointed  physician  in  ordinary  to  Queen  Caro- 
line. He  wrote  "The  History  of  Physick  from  the  time  of 
Galen  to  the  beginning  of  the  Sixteenth  Century,  chiefly 
with  Regard  to  Practice  "  (1725-26X  etc. 

Freire  (fra're),  Francisco  Jozd.  Bom  at  Lis- 
bon, 1713:  died  1773.  A  Portuguese  historian 
and  scholar,  a  leading  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Arcadians,  in  which  he  assumed  the  name  of 
"CandidoLusitano,"  by  whiehhe  is  often  known. 
He  wrote  "  Vida  do  Infante  D.  Henrique  "  (1758), 
etc. 

Freire,  Bamon.  Bom  at  Santiago,  Nov.  29, 
1787:  died  there,  Deo.  9, 1851.  A  Chilian  gen- 
eral. He  distinguished  himself  in  the  war  for  indepen- 
dence (1811-20),  held  important  commands,  and  became 
chief  of  the  liberal  party.  The  liberals  having  deposed 
O'Higgins  in  1823,  General  Freire  was  made  supreme  di- 
rector. He  drove  the  laat  Spaniarda  from  Chilo^  in  1826. 
In  1827  he  was  reelected  supreme  director,  but  soon  after 
resigned,  and  the  conservatives  came  into  power.  In  1830 
he  headed  a  revolt,  was  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Lircai, 
April  17, 1830,  and  banished.  He  was  allowed  to  return 
in  1842. 

Freischiitz  (fri'shuts),  Der.  [G.,  lit.  'the  free 
shot.']  In  German  folk-lore,  a  marksman  cele- 
brated for  his  compact  with  the  devil,  from 
whom  he  obtained  seven  "Preikugeln"  (free 
bullets),  six  of  which  always  hit  the  mark,  while 
the  devil  directs  the  seventh  at  his  pleasure. 
There  are  several  forms  of  the  legend.  It  was  the  sub- 
ject of  the  romantic  opera  "  Der  Freischiitz  "  by  Weber, 
produced  at  Berlin  June  18, 1821,  at  Paris  at  the  Odton  as 
"Robin  des  bois,"  Dec.  7, 1824,  and  at  the  Acadtoie  Roy- 
ale  June7,  1841,  as  "Le  Franc  Tireur,"with  abetter  trans- 
lation and  with  recitatives  by  Berlioz.  In  London  it  waa 
produced  as  "  Der  Freischutz  "  at  the  English  Opera  Houses 
July  22, 1824 ;  manyballads.were  inserted.  In  1860  it  was 
played  in  Italian  as  "  H  Franco  arciero  "  at  Covent  Garden. 

Freising,  or  Freysing  (fri'zing).  A  town  in 
Upper  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Isar  20  miles 
north-northeast  of  Munich.  The  bishopric  of  Frei- 
sing, founded  724,  was  united  to  the  archbishopric  of  Mu- 
nich in  1802.    It  has  a  cathedral.    Population  (1890),  9,4861 

Freistadtl  (fn'statl),  Hung.  Galg<5cz.  A  town 
in  the  county  of  Neutra,  Hungary,  on  the  Waag 
46  miles  north  of  Komom.  Population  (1890), 
7,216. 

Freiwaldau(fri'val-dou).  A  town  in  the  crown- 
land  of  Silesia,  Austria-Hungary,  44  miles  north 
of  Olmiitz.   Population  (1890),  commune,  6,223. 

Fr^jus  (fra-zhiis').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Var,  southern  France,  situated  near  the 
Mediterranean  32  miles  southwest  of  Nice: 
the  ancient  Forum  Julii.  it  contains  a  large  Roman 
amphitheater  iu  ruins,  fragments  of  walls,  of  batha,  of 
aqueduct,  and  a  Roman  bridge,  and  baa  a  Romaneaque 
cathedral.  Ita  harbor  was  founded  by  Jullua  Cseaai'  and 
developed  by  Auguatus.  Here  Napoleon  diaembarked 
from  Egypt  Oct.  9,  1799,  and  embarked  for  Elba  April  27, 
1814.  Fr^jus  was  the  birthplace  of  Agricola,  Roacins,  and 
Sieyfea.    Population  (1891),  commune,  3,139. 

Frejus,  Ool  Ae.  The  pass  in  the  -Alps  under 
which  the  Mont  Cenis  tunnel  passes. 

Frelinghuysen  (fre'ling-hi-zen),  Frederick, 
Born  in  New  Jersey,  April  13,1753 :  died  April 
13, 1804.  An  American  politician,  a  member  of 
the  Continental  Congress,  and  United  States 
senator  from  New  Jersey  1793-96. 

Frelinghuysen,  Frederick  Theodore.  Bom 
at  Millstone,  Somerset  County,  N.  J.,  Aug.  4, 
1817 :  died  at  Newark,  N.  J. ,  May  20, 1885.  An 
American  Kepublican  statesman  and  jurist, 
nephew  of  Theodore  Frelinghuysen.  He  was 
United  States  senator  from  New  Jeraey  1866-69  and  1871- 
1877  amemberof theElectoralCk>mmissionl877; andsec- 
retary  of  state  Dec,  1881-85. 

Frelinghuysen,  Theodore.  Bom  at  Millstone, 
Somerset  County,  N.  J.,  March  28,  1787 :  died 
at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  April  12,  1862.  An 
American  statesman,  son  of  Frederick  Freling- 
huysen, He  was  United  States  senatorfrom  New  Jeraey 
1829-36,  chancellor  of  the  University  of  New  York  1838- 
1860,  whig  candidate  for  the  vice-presidency  in  1844, 
and  president  of  Rutgers  College  1860-62. 

Fremantle  (fre'man-tl).  A  seaport  of  western 
Australia,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Swan 
Eiver,  near  Perth.    Population  (1891),  7,077. 


Fr^miet 

Fr^miet  (fra-mya') ,  Emmanuel.  Born  at  Paris, 
Dec,  1824.  A  noted  French  sculptor.  Alter 
leaving  La  Petite  Ecole,  where  his  drawings  are  still  ex- 
hibited, he  supported  himself  by  making  scientific  draw- 
ings at  the  Jardin  des  Plantes.  His  first  work  in  sculpture 
was  from  a  fox  in  the  menagerie  there.  Later  he  drew 
plates  for  medical  works.  These  attracted  the  attention 
of  Kude,  who  admitted  him  to  his  private  studio.  His 
first  Salon  exhibit  was  "A  Gazelle "'^ (1843).  Among  his 
other  works  are  "Terrier  Dogs"  (1848:  bought  by  the 
state),  "Mother  Cat "  n.849 :  bought  by  the  state).  In  1860- 
1851  he  made  a  great  show  of  animal  sculpture  at  the 
Louvre.  In  1870  he  exhibited  an  equestrian  statue  of  the 
Duke  of  Orleans,  and  in  1882  "Man  of  the  Age  of  Stone." 
In  1873  his  equestrian  statue  of  Joan  of  Arc  was  erected 
on  the  Place  des  Pyramides :  this  is  his  masterpiece.  In 
1875  he  succeeded  Barye  as  professor  of  drawing  at  the 
Jardin  des  Plantes.  In  1887  he  exhibited  at  the  Salon  his 
famous  "Gorilla abducting  aWoman";  and  at  Munich  in 
1892  three  bronzes:  "St.  Michael,"  "Faun  and  Young 
Bear,"  and  "Dachshund." 

FrSminet  (fra-me-na'),  or  Fr6minel  (fra-me- 
nel'),  Martin.  Bom  at  Paris,  Sept.  24, 1567: 
died  there,  Jime  18,  1619.  A  French  painter. 
In  1591  he  went  to  Rome  and  studied  the  works  of  Par- 
migianino  and  Michelangelo.  He  returned  to  France  after 
sixteen  years,  and  became  court  painter  to  Henry  IV.  He 
had  nearly  completed  the  decoration  of  the  chapel  at  Fon- 
tainebleau  at  the  time  of  his  death.  Some  of  his  paintings 
are  at  the  royal  palace  at  Turin.  He  was  called  "the 
French  Michelangelo." 

Fremont  (fre-mont')-  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Sandusky  County,  northern  Ohio,  situated  on 
Sandusky  Kiver  30  miles  southeast  of  Toledo. 
It  was  the  scene  of  Croghan's  defense  of  Fort 
Stephenson  in  1813.    Population  (1900),  8,439. 

Fremont,  John  Charles.  Bom  at  Savannah, 
Ga.,  Jan.  21,  1813:  died  at  New  York,  July  13, 
1890.  A  noted  American  explorer,  general,  and 
politician,  suraamed  "The  Pathfinder."  He  ex- 
plored the  South  Pass  (Rocky  Mountains)  in  1842,  and 
the  Pacific  Slope  in  1843-44  and  1845 ;  took  part  in  the 
conquest  of  California  1846-47 ;  was  United  States  senator 
from  California  1850-51 ;  organized  in  1853  an  expedition 
to  complete  a  previous  exploration  of  a  route  to  Califor- 
nia ;  and  was  the  Republican  candidate  for  the  presidency 
in  1856.  He  was  Federal  commander  of  the  western  de- 
partment in  1861 ;  commanded  at  Cross  Keys  in  1862 ;  and 
was  governor  of  Arizona  1878-82.  ,  On  Aug.  31, 1861,  he  is- 
sued a  proclamation  declaring  that  he  would  emancipate 
the  slaves  of  those  in  arms  against  the  United  States. 
This  act  was  condemned  by  Lincoln  as  premature,  and 
the  proclamation  was  withdrawn. 

Fremont  Basin.    See  Great  Basin. 

Fremont's  Peak.  Thehighestpeakof  theWiud 
River  Mountains,  situated  in  Wyoming  about 
lat.  43°  25'  N. ,  long.  109°  48'  W.  Height,  about 
13,790  feet. 

Fremy  (fra-me'),  Arnould.  Bom  at  Paris, 
July  17,  1809.  A  French  journalist  and  novel- 
ist. In  1843  he  received  the  degree  of  doctor  of  letters  at 
Palis  for  a  very  remarkable  thesis  on  the  variations  of 
French  style  in  the  17th  century,  and  was  made  assistant 
professor  of  French  literature  at  Lyons.  From  1864  to 
1869  he  was  one  of  the  principal  editors  of  "Charivari." 
He  wrote  "Les  deux  anges"  (1833),  "Une  F6e  de  Salon" 
(1836),  "La  physiologie  du  rentier"  (with  Balzac,  1841), 
"Le  loup  dansla  bergerie  "  (a  comedy,  1853),  "Confessions 
d'un  Boh^mien"  (1857),  "Les  moeurs  de  notre  temps" 
(1860),  "La  revolution  du  joumalisme "  (1865),  "Lespen- 
B^es  de  tout  le  monde"  (1874),"Qu'e6t-ce-que  la  France?" 
(1882),  etc. 

French  (french),  Daniel  Chester.    Bom  at 

Exeter,  N.  H.,  1850.  An  American  sculptor. 
He  studied  under  Dr.  Rimmer  and  J.  Q.  A.  Ward,  and 
spent  two  years  in  the  studio  of  Thomas  Ball  in  Florence 
and  one  year  in  Paris.  His  best-known  works  are  the 
"Minute  Man  "  (modeled  in  1874),  "John  Hancock"  (1883), 
"Dr.  Gallaudet  and  his  first  Deaf-mute  Pupil"  (1888), 
"Lewis  Cass"  (1887:  now  in  the  Capitol  at  Washington), 
"Thomas  Starr  King,"  "Death  and  the  Young  Sculptor" 
(the  Millmore  Memorial,  1891),  for  which  he  gained  a 
medal  of  the  third  class  in  the  Paris  Salon,  and  his  colos- 
sal "Statue  of  the  Republic"  for  the  Columbian  Exposition. 

French  and  Indian  War,  or  Old  French  War. 

The  last  in  the  series  of  wars  between  France 
and  Great  Britain  in  America,  it  was  the  Ameri- 
can phase  of  the  Seven  Years'  War  (which  see).  The 
French  were  assisted  by  several  Indian  tribes.  The  seat 
of  the  war  was  mostly  the  frontiers  of  Pennsylvania  and 
New  York,  and  Canada.  The  following  are  the  leading 
events :  Embassy  of  Washington  to  the  French  forts,  1753 ; 
capitulation  of  Washington  at  Fort  Necessity,  1754 ;  dis- 
persion of  the  Acadian  settlers,  1765 ;  Braddock's  defeat, 
July  9,  1766 ;  battle  of  Lake  George,  Sept.  8, 1755  ;  decla- 
ration of  war,  1766;  capture  of  Oswego  by  Montcalm, 
1756 ;  capture  of  Fort  William  Henry  by  Montcalm,  1767 ; 
unsuccessful  attack  on  Tioonderogaby  Abercrombie,  1758 ; 
capture  of  Louisburg,  1768 ;  capture  of  Fort  Duquesne, 
1768 ;  capture  of  Ticonderoga  and  Niagara,  1769 ;  battle 
of  Quebec  (under  Wolfe),  Sept.  13, 1769 ;  surrender  of  Mon- 
treal, 1760 ;  peace  of  Paris  (which  see),  surrender  of  Can- 
ada to  Great  Britain,  Feb.  10, 1768. 

French  Broad.  A  river  in  North  Carolina  and 
eastern  Tennessee  ^hich  joins  the  Holston  4 
miles  east  of  Knoxville.  It  is  remarkable  for  its 
picturesque  scenery.   Length,  about  250  miles. 

French  Pahius,  The.  A  surname  given  to  the 
Due  de  Montmorency  (1493-1567)  on  account  of 
his  dilatory  policy  in  Provence  in  1536. 

French  Fury,  The.  A  treacherous  attack  on 
Antwerp  by  4,000  French  soldiers  under  the 


412 

Duo  d'Anjou,  Jan.  17,  1583.  The  attack  was  re- 
pelled by  the  citizens :  about  one  half  of  the  French  were 
killed,  and  the  remainder  were  made  prisoners. 

French  Guiana.    See  Guiana,  French. 

French  Kongo.    See  Kongo,  French. 

Frenchlove.    See  English  Monsieur,  The. 

Frenchman's'Bay(french'manzba).  An  inlet 
of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  south  of  Maine  and  east 
of  Mount  Desert. 

French  Prairie  Indians.    See  Ahantchuyuk. 

French  Eevolution,  The.  The  name  specifi- 
cally given  to  the  revolution  which  occurred 
in  France  at  the  close  of  the  18th  century.  The 
meeting  of  the  States-General,  May  5, 1789,  marks  the  be- 
ginning. The  end  is  taken  either  as  1795  (end  of  the  Con- 
vention), or  1799  (end  of  the  Directory),  or  1804  (end  of 
the  Consulate).  The  whole  Napoleonic  period  through 
1815  is  often  Included  in  the  treatment  of  the  revolution. 
The  wars  growing  out  of  the  revolution  after  the  appear- 
ance of  Napoleon  (1796)  are  given  under  Nwpoleonie  Wars. 
(See  also  France  and  Napoleon.)  The  following  are  the 
chief  events  in  the  revolution :  Meeting  of  States-General, 
May  5,  1789 ;  the  Third  Estate  assumed  the  title  of  the  Na- 
tional or  Constituent  Assembly,  June  17 ;  Tennis-Court 
oath,  June  20 ;  storming  of  the  Bastille,  July  14 ;  abolition 
of  feudal  and  other  privileges,  Aug.  4 ;  bread  riot  and 
march  to  Versailles,  Oct. ;  unsuccessful  flight  of  the  king 
June  20, 1791 ;  constitution  adopted,  Sept. ;  opening  of  the 
Legislative  Assembly,  Oct.  1 ;  commencement  of  the  war 
against  allied  Austria  and  Prussia,  April,  1792  ;  attack  on 
the  Tulleries,  June  20;  storming  of  theTuileries,  Aug.  10; 
September  massacres,  Sept. ;  battle  of  Valmy,  Sept.  20 ; 
opening  of  the  National  Convention,  abolition  of  the  mon- 
archy, proclamation  of  the  republic,  Sept.  21 ;  battle  of 
Jemmapcs,  Nov.  6 ;  annexation  of  Nice  and  Savoy,  1792 ; 
execution  of  Louis  XVI.,  Jan.  21,  1793 ;  coalition  against 
France  joined  by  Great  Britain,  Holland,  Spain,  etc. ,  Feb. ; 
Vendean  wars  begun,  1793 ;  battle  of  Neerwinden,  March, 
1793 ;  establishment  of  the  revolutionary  tribunal,  March ; 
establishment  of  the  famous  Committee  of  Public  Safety, 
April ;  overthrow  of  the  party  of  the  Girondists,  June ; 
Reign  of  Terror,  1798-94 ;  assassination  of  Marat,  July, 
1793;  execution  of  Marie  Antoinette  and  the  Girondists, 
Oct. ;  siege  of  Toulon,  Dec. ;  overthrow  of  the  HSbertists, 
March,  1794;  execution  of  Danton,  April  5;  battle  of 
Fleurus,  June  26 ;  overthrow  of  Robespierre  (9th  Ther- 
midor),  July  27 ;  bread  riots  of  Germinal  and  Prairial, 
April-May,  1705  ;  conquest  of  Holland  and  foundation  of 
the  Batavian  republic,  1796 ;  treaties  of  Basel  with  Prus- 
sia and  Spain,  1795 ;  victory  of  Bonaparte  over  the  "  Sec- 
tions" (Vend6miaire),  Oct.  6,  1795;  the  Convention  sup- 
planted  by  the  government  under  the  Directory,  Oct.^ 
Nov.,  1796;  beginning  of  the  Napoleonic  wars,  1796; 
coup  d'etat  of  18th  Fructidor,  Sept.  4,  1797 ;  peace  of 
Campo-Formio,  Oct.  17 ;  coup  d'etat  of  the  18th  Bruraaire, 
Nov.  9-10, 1799 ;  beginning  of  the  Consulate,  Nov.,  1799 ; 
peace  of  Lun^ville,  Feb.  9,  1801 ;  concordat,  1801 ;  peace 
of  Amiens,  1802 ;  Napoleon  consul  for  life,  1802 ;  establish- 
ment of  the  empire.  May  18,  1804.  (See  histories  by  Von 
Sybel,  Mignet,  Michelet,  Stephens,  Thiers,  Von  Laun, 
Taine,  Carlyle,  McCarthy,  Dahlmann,  Blanc,  and  Roux.) 

French  River.  A  river  in  Ontario,  the  outlet  of 
Lake  Nipissing  into  the  Georgian  Bay  of  Lake 
Huron. 

French  Shore,  The.  Portions  of  the  western  and 
northern  coasts  of  Nevrfoundland  where  the 
French  have  the  privilege  of  catching  and  dry- 
ing fish  (secured  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  1713). 

French  Switzerland,  F.  La  Suisse  Bomande. 
That  part  of  Switzerland  in  which  the  vernacu- 
lar language  is  French  (or  a  French  patois).  It 
comprises  the  cantons  Geneva,  Vaud,  Neuch&tel,  and 
Valais,  the  greater  part  of  Fribourg,  and  a  small  part  of 
Bern.     " 

Frenchtown  (french 'toun).  A  township  in 
Monroe  County,  Michigan,  situated  on  Lake 
Erie  22  miles  southwest  of  Detroit.  It  was  the 
scene  of  a  victory  of  the  British  and  Indians  under  Proctor 
over  the  Americans  under  Winchester,  Jan.  22, 1813.  Pop- 
ulation (190O),  1,938. 

Frend  (frend),  William.  Born  at  Canterbury, 
Nov.  22,  1757:  died  at  London,  Feb.  21,  1841. 
An  English  author.  He  graduated  at  Christ's  Col. 
\ige,  Cambridge,  in  1780,  and  in  1781  became  a  fellow  and 
tutor  in  Jesus  College  at  the  same  university.  In  1793  he 
published  "Peace  and  Union  recommended  to  the  Asso- 
ciated Bodies  of  Republicans  and  Anti-Republicans,"  a 
tract  In  which^  among  other  things,  he  attacked  the  lit- 
urgy of  the  Church  of  England,  and  was  in  consequence 
deprived  of  his  residence  at  the  college.  He  also  wrote 
"An  Address  to  the  Inhabitants  of  Cambridge  and  its  neigh- 
borhood ...  to  turn  from  the  False  Worship  of  Three 
Persons  to  the  Worship  of  One  True  God  "  (1788 :  subse- 
quently reprinted  as  "An  Address  to  the  Members  of  the 
Church  of  England  and  to  Protestant  Trinitarians  jn  Gen- 
eral," etc.),  whioli  involved  him  in  a  controversy  with  the 
Rev.  H.  W.  Coulthurst  and  others. 

Freneau  (fre-no'),  Philip.  Bom  at  New  York, 
1752 :  died  near  Freehold,  N.  J.,  Dec.  18,  1832. 
An  American  poet.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton 
in  1771 ;  supported  both  in  poetry  and  prose  the  popular 
cause  during  the  War  of  theBevolution ;  and  was  variously 
employed  as  a  newspaper  editor  and  as  captain  of  a  mer- 
chant vessel  until  about  1790,  when  he  was  appointed  by  the 
secretary  of  state,  Thomas  Jefferson,  translator  to  the  state 
department.  At  the  same  time  he  assumed  the  editorship 
of  the  "  National  Gazette  "  (Philadelphia),,  in  which  he  vio- 
lently opposed  Alexander  Hamilton  and  the  Federalists. 
He  wrote  the  "British  Prison  Ship  "  (1781),  and  "A  Journey 
from  Philadelphia  to  New  York  by  Robert  Slender,  Stock- 
ing-weaver "  (1787  :  republished  in  1809  under  the  title  "A 
Laughable  Poem,  or  Robert  Slender's  Jonmey  from  Phila- 
delphia to  New  York  "),with  several  volumes  of  poems,  etc. 

Frentani  (fren-ta'ni).     In  ancient  history,  an 


Fresno 

Italian  people  of  Samnite  stock,  dwelling  along 
the  Adriatic  coast  northwest  of  Apulia. 

FrSre  (frar),  Charles  (fidouard).  Born  at  Pa- 

•  ris,  July  10,  1837:  died  there,  Nov.  3,  1894.  A 

French  genre,  landscape,  and  portrait  painter, 

son  and  pupil  of  Pierre  fidouard  Prfere  and  pupil 

of  Couture. 

Frfere  (frar),  Charles  Theodore.  Bom  at  Paris- 
June  24, 1815 :  died  there,  March  24,  1888.  A 
French  genre  and  landscape  painter,  princi- 
pally of  Oriental  subjects :  known  as  Theodora 
PrSre.  He  was  a  pupil  of  J.  Gogniet  and  Boqueplan. 
He  first  exhibited  in  1834.  In  1836  he  went  with  the  Al- 
gerian expedition,  and  afterward  to  Egypt.  Among  his. 
works  are  "Bazar  in  Damascus  "  (1866),  "  Harem  in  Cairo  " 
(1869),  "Ruins  of  Karnac  "  (1868),  "Island  of  Philss  "  (1866), 
''  Tomb  of  the  Caliphs  at  Cairo  (1876),  "  Caravan  of  Mecca. 
Pilgrims  "(1875),  "Wellsnear  Nehemy"  (in  the  Stettin  Mu- 
,seum),  "Ruins  of  Luxor  "(Laval  Museum),  "Arabs  Rest- 
ing" (Nancy  Museum),  "Departure  from  Jerusalem  for- 
Jaffa"  (New  York  Museum). 

Frere  (f  rer).  Sir  Henry  Bartle  Edward  (called. 
Sir  Bartle  Frere).  Bom  at  Clydaeh,  Breck- 
nockshire, March  29, 1815 :  died  at  Wimbledon, 
May  29, 1884.  A  British  official.  He  entered  the. 
Indian  service  in  1834 ;  became  resident  at  Sattara  in. 
1847,  commissioner  to  Scind  in  1850,  and  member  of  the-- 
council  at  Calcutta  in  1859 ;  was  governor  of  Bombay  1862- 
1867 ;  became  a  member  of  the  Council  of  India  in  1866 ; 
was  created  a  baronet  in  1876 ;  and  was  governor  of  the- 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  1877-80.  During  his  governorship  of  the 
Cape  occurred  the  war  against  the  Zulus  under  Cettiwayo-  , 

Frere,  John  Hookham.  Bom  at  London,  May 
21,  1769:  died  at  the  Pietl,  Valetta,  Malta,  Jan. 
7,  1846.  An  English  diplomatist  and  author^ 
He  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Caius  College,  Cambridge, 
in  1792,  and  that  of  M,  A.  in  1795 ;  entered  Parliament  In 
1796 ;  was  associated  with  Canning  in  the  publication  ot 
the  "Anti-Jacobin,  or  Weekly  Examiner  "1797-98 ;  became^ 
under-secretary  of  state  in  the  foreign  office  in  1799 ;  was- 
appointed  envoy  extraordinary  and  plenipotentiary  at  Lis- 
bon in  1800 ;  held  the  same  position  at  Madrid  1802-04  i 
was  sworn  of  the  privy  council  in  1806 ;  and  was  plenipo- 
tentiary to  the  central  junta  of  Spain  1808-09.  He  pub- 
lished "Aristophanes,"  a  metrical  version  of  the  "Aohar- 
nians,"  the  "Knights,"  and  the  "  Birds." 

Frfere  (frar),  Pierre  ^douard.  Bom  at  Paris,, 
Jan.  10, 1819:  died  at  Ecouen,  May  24, 1886.  A 
French  genre  painter,  brother  of  Theodore? 
Fr&re,  pupil  of  Paul  Delaroche  and  of  the  !6col& 
des  Beaux  Arts.  He  is  known  as  :^douard  Fr^re. 
Among  his  works  are ' '  The  Little  Gourmand  "  (1843),  "  The= 
Little  Cook"  (1860),  "Sunday  Toilet"  (1866),  "Going  to. 
School "  and  "  The  Flute  Lesson  "  (1859),  "  Return  Irom. 
the  Woods  "  (1863),  "  Exercise  "  (1880),  "  A  Bivouac  "  (1885), 
"  The  Elder  Brother,"  etc. 

Frfere-Orban  (frar'or-bou'),  Hubert  Joseph. 
Walther.  Bom  at  Li6ge,  Belgium,  April  22, 
1812 :  died  Jan .  2, 1896.  A  Belgian  liberal  states- 
man, premier  1868-70  and  1878-84.  He  was  minis- 
ter of  finance  July,1848,-Sept.,  1862,  and  1867-70,  and  min- 
ister of  foreign  affairs  1878.^4. 

Fr^ret  (fra-ra'),  Nicolas.  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb, 
1.5, 1688 :  died  at  Paris,  March  8, 1749.  A  noted. 
French  historian,  archeeologist,  chronologist, 
and  philologist.  An  incomplete  and  inaccurate- 
collection  of  his  works  was  published  in  Paris^ 
1796-99. 

Fr^ron  (fra-r6n'),  Elie  Catherine.  Born  at 
Quimper,  France,  1719 :  died  at  Paris,  March 
10,  1776.  A  French  journalist  and  critic,  best- 
known  from  a  fierce  quarrel  in  which  he  waa 
engaged  with  Voltaire. 

Freron,  Louis  Stanislas.  Bom  at  Paris,  1765 1 
died  in  Haiti,  1802.  A  French  revolutionist, 
son  of  E.  C.  Fr6ron.  He  was  elected  a  deputy  to  the. 
Convention  in  1792,  and  in  1798  was  commissioned  along^ 
with  Barras  to  establish  the  authority  of  the  Convention 
at  Marseilles.  He  subsequently  became  subprefect  ot" 
Santo  Domingo.  He  wrote ' '  M^moire  historique  sur  la  re- 
action royale  et  sur  les  malheurs  du  midi"  (1796). 

Frescobaldi  (fres-ko-bal'de),  Girolamo.  Bom 

at  Ferrara,  Italy,  1583:  died  March  2,  1644. 
A  celebrated  Italian  organist,  singer,  and  com- 
poser for  the  organ,  organist  at  St.  Peter's 
after  1614. 

Fresenius  (fre-za'ne-6s),  Karl  Remigius^ 
Born  Dec.  28,  1818:  died  June  11,  1897T  A 
noted  German  chemist.  He  founded  a  chemical 
laboratory  at  Wiesbaden  in  1848.  His  works  include  "  An- 
leitung  zur  qualitativen  chemischen  Analyse  "(1841),  "An- 
leitung  zur  quantitativen  chemischen  Analyse  "  (1846),  etc. 

Fresnel  (fra-nel'),  Augustin  Jean.  Bom  at 
Broglie,  Eure,  France,  May  10,  1788  ■:  died  at 
Ville-d'Avray,  near  Paris,  July  14,  1827.  A 
French  physicist,  noted  for  his  researches  in. 
optics,  particularly  in  polarization  and  the 
wave-theory  of  light. 

Fresnillo  (fres-nel'yo).    A  town  in  the  state  of    i^ 
Zacatecas,   Mexico,   situated  about  35  miles, 
northwest  of  Zacatecas :  noted  for  its  silver- 
mines.     Population  (1894),  10,000. 

Fresno  (fres'no).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Fresno  County,  California.  Population  (1900), 
12,470. 


Fresnoy 

Tresnoy,  Charles  Alphonse  du.  See  Dufres- 
noy. 

Treston  (fres'ton).  A  necromancer  in"  Belia- 
nis  of  Greece."  He  was  suspected  by  Don  Quixote  of 
having  stolen  his  books,  and  transformed  giants  into  wind- 
mills. 

rreudenstadt  (froi'den-stat).  A  town  in  the 
Black  Forest  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  30  miles 
east-southeast  of  Strasburgr.  Population  (1890), 
5,695. 

Treudenthal  (froi'den-tai).  A  town  in  Silesia, 
Austria-Hungary,  16  miles  west-northwest  of 
Troppau:  a  linen-manufacturing  center.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  commune,  7,800. 

Treund  (froind),  Wilhelm.  Born  Jan.  27, 1806 : 
died  at  Breslau,  June  4,  1894.  A  German  phi- 
lologist, of  Hebrew  descent.  He  was  teacher  in  the 
gymnasium  at  Breslau  1828-29,  rector  of  the  gymnasium 
at  Hirschberg  1848-51,  and  director  of  a  Hebrew  school  at 
Gleiwitz  1856-70.  He  completed  a  well-known  Latin  lexi- 
con (Wbrterbuoh  der  lateinischen  Spraohe,"  1834-45),  etc. 

Trevent  (fra-vou').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  on  the  Canche  21 
miles  west  of  Arras.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 4,426. 

Trey  (fri).  [ON.  Freyr.']  In  Norse  mythology, 
the  god  of  the  eartla's  fruitfulness,  presiding 
over  rain,  sunshine,  and  all  the  fruits  of  the 
earth,  and  dispensing  wealth  among  men :  the 
son  of  Njord.  He  was  especially  worshiped  in  the  tem- 
ple at  Upsalaln  Sweden. 

Irey,  £mil.  Born  at  Arlsheim,  near  Basel,  Oct. 
23,  1838.  A  Swiss  politician,  while  temporarily 
in  the  United  States  in  1861  he  enlisted  as  a  sergeant  in 
the  Union  army.  He  was  taken  prisoner  at  Gettysburg, 
and  suffered  many  privations  in  libby  prison.  'He  re- 
turned to  Switzerland  at  the  end  of  the  war,  and  was  sent 
back  to  the  United  States  as  minister  in  1882,  serving  five 
years.  On  Dec.  14, 1893,  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
Swiss  Confederation. 

Trey  a  (fn'a).  [ON.  Freyja.']  In  Old  Norse 
mythology,  the  daughter  of  Njord  and  sister  of 
Frey.  Her  dwelling  was  Folkvang  (ON.  Follivangr). 
Her  chariot  was  drawn  by  two  cats.  To  her  with  Odin, 
whose  wile  she  is  according  to  later  mythology,  belonged 
tliose  slain  in  battle.  -  Freyja  was  the  goddess  of  fruit- 
fulness  and  of  sexual  love. 

Treycinet  (fra-se-na'),  Charles  Louis  de 
Saulces  de.  Bom  at  Foix,  Ari6ge,  France, 
Nov.  14,  1828.  A  French  politician.  He  was 
coadjutor  of  Gambetta  in  the  ministry  of  1870-71,  and 
was  elected  senator  in  1876.  He  was  minister  of  public 
works  1877-79 ;  premier  1879-80  and  Jan. -July,  1882,  and 
again  Jan.  7-Deo.  3,  1886,  and  March  16,  1890,-Feb.  19, 
1892 ;  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1886-86 ;  minister  of  war 
1888-93 ;. premier  March  16,  1890, -I'eb.  19, 1892 ;  and  min- 
ister of  war  Kov.,  1898,-May  6,  1899. 

Treycinet,  Louis  Claude  Desaulses  de.  Bom 

at  Mont^limart,  Dr6me,  France,  Aug.  7,  1779 : 
died  near  Loriel,  Drfime,  Aug.  18,  1842.  A 
French  navigator.  Hepublished  "Voyage  de  dScou- 
vertes  aux  terres  australes  pendant  les  ann6es  1800-4" 
(1807-16),  "Voyage  autonr  du  monde  pendant  les  ann^es 
1817-20  ''  (1824-44),  etc. 

Treyr.     See  Frey. 

Treytag  (fri'tag),  Georg  Wilhelm  Friedrich, 

Bom  at  Liineburg,  Prussia,  Sept.  19, 1788 :  died 
at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Nov.  16,  1861.  A  German 
Orientalist,  author  of  a  "Lexicon  Arabico- 
Latinum"  (1830-37),  etc. 
Treytag,  Gustav.  Bom  at  Kreuzburg  in  Sile- 
sia, Germany,  July  13,  1816;  died  at  Wiesba- 
den, April  30,  1895.  A  German  novelist  and 
dramatic  writer.  He  became  decent  of  the  German 
laneuage  and  literature  at  the  University  of  Berlin 
Be  resigned  this  position,  however,  m  1844,  and  went  to 
Xeipsic  and  Dresden.  In  1848  he  returned  to  Leipsic, 
-where  with  Julian  Schmidt  he  engaged  in  editorial  work 
on  the  "  Grenzboten,"  which  he  conducted  until  1861,  and 
again  from  1867  to  1870.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  sum- 
moned to  the  headquarters  of  the  German  crown  prince, 
where  he  remained  during  part  of  the  war.  In  1879  he 
removed  to  Wiesbaden.  His  earliest  works  are  dramatic. 
The  drama  I"  Die  Valentine"  appeared  In  1846,  the  com- 
«dy  "Die  Journalisten"  ("The  Journalists")  in  1853. 
The  novel  "Soil  und  Haben "(" Debit  and  Credit")  fol- 
lowed in  1855,  a  tragedy  "Die  Fabier •' ("The  Fabians '0 
in  1859,  "Die  Technjk  des  Dramas"  ("The  Techmc  of 
the  Drama")  in  1863,  and  the  novel  "Die  verlorene  Hand- 
schrif  t "  ("  The  Lost  Manuscript ")  in  1864.  From  1869  to 
1862  appeared  the  "  BUder  aus  der  deutsohen  Vergangen- 
heit "  ("  Pictures  from  the  German  Past "),  in  lour  volumes. 
The  series  of  novels,  six  in  number,  under  the  collective 
■title  "DieAhnen"  ("Our  Ancestors"),  descriptive  of  Ger- 
man lile  Irom  the  time  of  the  Eomans  to  the  Napoleonic 
-wars,  appeared  from  1874)  to  1880.  A  short  autobiography, 
"Erinnerun"en  aus  meinem  Leben  "  ("EecoUections  from 
my  Life  "),  appeared  with  his  collected  works  (22  volumes) 
1"1887.  „.   .  ^     . 

Triar  Bacon,  The  Famous  History  of.  Apopu- 
lar  legend  concerning  Eoger  Bacon,  it  was  pub- 
lished in  a  prose  tract,  in  London,  in  1627  (reprmted  in 
Thorn's  "Early  Prose  Romances  ").  No  earlier  edition  is 
known,  but  that  it  is  much  older  is  evident  from  the  fact 
that  Greene's  "Honorable  History  of  Friar  Bacon  and 
Friar  Bungay  "  which  was  founded  on  it,  was  played  at 
Devonshire  House  in  1691.    It  was  first  printed  in  1594. 

Triar  Gerund.    See  Fray  aemndio. 
Friar  Rush.    See  Bush. 


413 

Friar's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's  "Canter- 
burj'  Tales."  It  is  the  story  of  a  summoner  who,  when 
he  was  riding  to  oppress  a  poor  widow,  met  a  foul  fiend 
and  entered  into  a  compact  with  him.  The  fiend  finally 
carries  him  off.  Hubert,  the  friar  who  tells  the  tale,  is  a 
"limitour"  —  that  is,  one  licensed  to  hear  confessions  and 
perform  offices  of  the  church  within  a  certain  district.  He 
is  "wanton  and  merry,  a  full  festive  man." 

Friar  Tuck.    See  Tuck. 

Frias  (fre'as),  TomS^S.  Born  in  Potosi,  Jan.  14, 
1805:  died  in  La  Paz,  Aug.,  1884.  A  Bolivian 
statesman.  He  was  repeatedly  secretary  of  state ;  held 
various  important  diplomatic  posts ;  and  was  acting  presi- 
dent Nov.,  1872,  to  May,  1873 ;  vice-president  1873  ;  and, 
after  the  death  of  BaJlivian,  president  from  Feb.,  1874,  to 
^a.y,  1877.    His  term  was  quiet  and  progressive. 

Fribble  (frib'l).  1.  A  haberdasher  in  Thomas 
Shadwell's  comedy  "Epsom  Wells."  He  is  surly, 
conceited,  and  proud  of  his  submissive  but  deceitful  wife, 
though  he  pretends  to  domineer  over  her. 
3.  In  Garrick's  play  "Miss  in  her  Teens,"  a 
weak-minded  fop.  Garrick  played  the  character  him- 
self. In  the  reign  of  George  11.  any  one  who  affected  the 
extreme  of  fashionable  folly  was  called  a  "fribble." 

Fribourg  (fre-bor'),  G.  Freiburg  (fri'bora).  A 
canton  of  Switzerland,  bounded  by  Bern  on 
the  northeast  and  east,  Vaud  on  the  south  and 
west,  and  the  Lake  of  Neuch&tel  on  the  north- 
west. The  chief  occupation  is  agriculture,  the  prevail- 
ing religion  £oman  Catholic,  and  the  language  69  per 
cent.  French  and  81  per  cent.  German.  Fribourg  sends  8 
members  to  the  National  Council.  It  was  admitted  to 
the  Swiss  Confederation  in  1481.  A  liberal  constitution 
was  adopted  in  1831.  Area,  644  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1888),  119,166. 

Fribourg,  G.  Freiburg  im  tJchtlande  (fri'- 
bora  im  lieht'lan-de).  The  capital  of  the  can- 
ton of  Fribourg,  Switzerland,  on  the  Saane  17 
miles  southwest  of  Bern.  It  is  on  the  border  be- 
tween French  and  German  Switzerland.  It  consists  of  a 
lower  and  an  upper  town.  The  cathedral,  begun  in  1283,  is 
an  interesting  church  with  a  late-Pointed  tower,  280  feet 
high,  and  a  curiously  sculptured  portal.  The  organ  has 
long  been  celebrated  as  one  of  the  best  existing.  The 
suspension-bridge  crossing  the  gorge  of  the  Saane  was 
built  in  1834.  The  span  is  810  feet,  and  the  height  above 
the  stream  168.  Four  wire  cables  are  carried  over  its  two 
end  towers,  which  have  the  form  of  simple  arches  of  ma- 
sonry, flanked  by  coupled  Doric  pilasters,  and  crowned  by 
an  entablature  and  a  low  attic.    Population  (1888),  12,244. 

Frickthal  (frik'tal).  A  territory  in  Switzer- 
land, in  the  northern  part  of  the  canton  of  Aar- 
gau,  with  which  it  was  incorporated  in  1803. 

Friday  (fri'da).  [From  Frigga,  a  Teutonic 
goddess,  in  part  identified  with  the  Eoman 
Venus,  AS.  Frige  dxg,  etc.,  being  a  translation 
of  the  Eoman  name  of  this  day,  dies  Veneris, 
or  Veneris  dies.']  The  sixth  day  of  the  week. 
Friday  is  the  Mohammedan  Sabbath,  or  "day  of  assem- 
bly." It  is  said  in  the  Mohammedan  traditions  to  have 
been  established  by  divine  command  as  a  day  of  worship 
for  Jew  and  Christian  alike,  as  being  the  day  on  which 
Adam  was  created  and  received  into  paradise,  the  day  on 
which  he  was  expelled  from  it,  the  day  on  which  he  re- 
pented, and  the  day  on  which  he  died.  It  will,  accord- 
ing to  the  same  traditions,  be  thS  day  of  the  resurrection. 
In  the  Koman  and  Eastern  and  Anglican  churches,  all 
Fridays  except  Christmas  day  (when  it  occurs  on  Friday) 
are  generally  observed  as  lasts  of  obligation  or  days  of 
abstinence,  in  memory  of  the  crucifixion  of  Christ,  an 
event  which  is  especiaUy  commemorated  annually  on 
Good  Friday.  In  most  Christian  nations  Friday  is  popu- 
larly regarded  with  superstition,  and  is  considered  an 
unlucky  day  for  beginning  any  enterprise.  To  spill  more 
or  less  salt  on  Friday  is  considered  an  especially  bad  omen. 
Until  recently  it  was  common  for  criminals  under  sentence 
of  capital  punishment  to  be  executed  on  Friday :  hence 
Friday  is  sometimes  called  kangman^s  day. 

Friday.  The  native  attendant  of  Eobinson 
Crusoe,  in  Defoe's  novel  of  that  name.  He  was 
so  named  by  his  master  because  the  latter  had  saved  him 
from  death  on  that  day. 

Friday  Club,  The.  A  club  instituted  at  Edin- 
burgh by  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  June,  1803. 

Frideswide,  Fritheswith,  or  Fredeswitha. 
Died  possibly  in  735.  An  English  saint,  she 
was  a  royal  princess,  according  to  the  legend,  and  fled 
from  the  importunities  of  her  lover  to  Oxford,  where  she 
founded  the  monastery  of  St.  Frideswide.  She  is  com- 
memorated on  Oct.  19. 

Fridigern.    See  FriUgern. 

Friedberg  (fred'bera).  A  town  in  Upper  Ba- 
varia, situated  on  the  Ach  5  miles  east-south- 
east of  Augsburg.  Here,  Aug.  24,  1796,  the  French 
under  Moreau  defeated  the  Austrians  under  Latour.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  2,679. 

Friedberg.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Upper 
Hesse,  Hesse,  on  the  Usa  16  miles  north  of 
Frankfort-on-the-Main:  formerly  a  free  impe- 
rial citv.  Here,  July  10, 1796,  the  French  under  Jour- 
dan  defeated  the  Austrians  under  Wartensleben.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  5,276. 

Friedericia.    See  Frederida. 

Friedewald  (fre'de-valt).   A  small  town  m  the 

province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  33  miles 

south-southeast  of  Cassel. 
Friedewald,  Treaty  of.    A  treaty  concluded 

at  Friedewald,  Prassia,  Oct.  5,  1551,  between 

France  and  the  League  of  Smalkalden,  for  the 


Friesland 

purposeofliberatingPhilip,landgrave  of  Hesse, 
who  was  held  as  a  prisoner  of  state  by  the  em- 
peror. His  freedom  was  secured  by  the  Peace 
of  Passau,  July  16,  1552. 

Friedland  (fred'lant).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  on 
the  Wittioh  64  miles  north-northeast  of  Prague. 
Its  castle  belonged  to  Wallen  stein,  duke  of 
Friedland.    Population  (1891),  commune,  5,282. 

Friedland.  A  town  in  the  province  of  East 
Pmssia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  AUe  26  miles 
southeast  of  Konigsberg.  Here,  June  14, 1807,  the 
French  (70,000  to  80,000)  under  Napoleon  defeated  the 
B.ussians  and  Prussians  (65,000  to  70,000)  under  Bennigsen. 
The  loss  of  the  French  was  about  7,000  to  8,000 ;  that  of 
the  Allies,  over  26,000. 

Friedland.  A  town  in  the  grand  duchy  of  Meek- 
lenburg-Strelitz,  Germany,  43  miles  northwest 
of  Stettin.    Population  (1890),  5,646. 

Friedlander  (fred'len-der),  Friedrich.  Bom 
Jan.  10,  1825:  died  June  14,  190L  An  Aus- 
trian genre  painter,  a  pupil  of  Waldmiiller. 

Friedlander,  Julius.  Born  at  Berlin,  June  25, 
1813 :  died  there,  April  4, 1884.  A  German  nu- 
mismatist, keeper  of  the  royal  collection  of 
ancient  coins. 

Friedlander,  Ludwig.  Bom  at  Konigsberg, 
July  16,  1824.  A  German  scholar,  professor  of 
classical  philology  and  archaeology  at  KBnigs- 
berg  1858^92.  He  published  works  on  Homer 
and  the  Homeric  question,  and  on  Eoman  an- 
tiquities. 

Friedrichroda  (fred'rieh-ro-da).  A  small  town 
in  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  in  the  Thuringian  For- 
est 9  miles  southwest  of  Gotha. 

Friedrichshafen  (fred'riehs-ha-fen).  A  small 
town  in  the  Danube  circle,  Wtirtemberg,  on  the 
Lake  of  Constance  14  miles  east  of  Constance. 

Friedrichsruh  (fred'richs-ro).  The  residence 
of  Prince  Bismarck,  about  17  miles  southeast  of 
Hamburg. 

Friendly  (frend'li),  Sir  John.  In  Vanbrugh's 
play  "  The  Eelapse,"  a  country  gentleman. 
Sheridan  metamorphosed  him  into  his  Colonel 
Townly  in  the  "  Trip  to  Scarborough." 

Friendly  Islands.    See  Tonga  Islands. 

Friend  bf  Man,  The.  [P.  L'Ami  des  hommes.'] 
A  surname  ironically  given  to  Mirabeau  (father 
of  the  orator),  from  the  title  of  his  work  "L'Ami 
des  hommes." 

Friendship  in  Fashion.  A  comedy  by  Thomas 
Otway,  produced  in  1678. 

Fries  (ires),  Bernhard.  Bom  at  Heidelberg, 
Baden,  May  16,  1820:  died  at  Munich,  May  21, 
1879.  A  (German  landscape-painter,  younger 
brother  of  Ernst  Fries. 

Fries,  Blias  Magnus.  Bom  at  Femsjo,  near 
Wexio,  Sweden,  Aug.  15, 1794:  died  at  TJpsala, 
Sweden,  Feb.  8, 1878.  A  Swedish  botanist.  He 
was  professor  of  practical  economy  1$84,  and  of  botany 
1861,  and  director  of  the  botanical  museum  and  garden, 
atUpsala.  ■  His  works  include"Systemaorbisvegetabilis" 
(1826),  "  Observationes  mycologicse  "  (1816-18),  "  Summa 
vegetabUium  Scandinavise  "  (1846-49). 

Fries,  Ernst.  Born  at  Heidelberg,  Baden,  June 
22, 1801 :  died  at  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  Oct.  11, 1833. 
A  German  landscape-painter. 

Fries,  Jakob  Friedricn.  Bom  at  Barby,  Prus- 
sian Saxony,  Aug.  23,  1773 :  died  at  Jena,  Ger- 
many, Aug.  10, 1843.  A  German  philosophical 
writer,  professor  at  Heidelberg  and  later  (of 
philosophy)  at  Jena.  He  was  deprived  of  his  office 
for  political  reasons  in  1819,  but  was  appointed  to  the 
chair  of  physics  and  mathematics  in  1824.  He  wrote 
"  Neue  Kritik  der  Vernunlt "  (1807),  etc. 

Friesians  (fre'zianz),  or  Frisians  (friz'ianz). 
The  natives  or  inhabitants  of  Friesland;  the 
Low  German  people  who  were  the  ancestors  of 
the  present  inhabitants  of  Friesland. 

Friesic  (fre'zik).  The  language  of  the  Frie- 
sians :  in  its  oldest  form  specifically  called  Old 
Friesic.  it  is  a  Low  German  dialect  formerly  spoken  in 
the  northern  part  of  Germany  in  the  district  which  in- 
cludes the  present  Friesland.  Old  Friesic,  with  Old  Saxon 
and  Anglo-Saxon,  constituted  the  main  part  of  what  is 
collectively  called  Old  Low  German,  of  which  the  present 
modern  Friesic  in  its  local  variations.  North,  East,  and 
West  Friesic,  and  Dutch,  Flemish,  and  Low  German  in  its 
restricted  sense  (Platt-Deutsch),  are  the  modern  continen- 
tal remains. 

Friesland  (frez'land),  or  Vriesland  (fres'lant). 
[L.  Frisia,  F.  Frise.]  A  province  of  the  Neth- 
erlands, capital  Leeuwarden,  bounded  by  the 
North  Sea  on  the  north,  Groningen  and  Drenthe 
on  the  east,  Overysselon  the  south,  and  the  Zuy- 
der  Zee  on  the  southwest  and  northwest,  its  sur- 
face is  generally  flat.  Friesland  formerly  included  a  much 
larger  territory.  It  was  under  the  counts  of  Holland,  but 
became  independent  early  in  the  16th  century.  In  1515  it 
was  incorporated  with  the  Hapsburg  dominions,  and  it  be- 
came one  of  the  Seven  United  Provinces  of  the  Nether- 
lands. It  is  also  called  West  Friesland.  Area,  1,282  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  336,442. 


Frlesland,  East 

Frlesland,  East.    See  East  Friesland. 

Prigg(frig)-  [Latinized  as  JiVigrpa  or  JVigra.]  In 
Norsemythology,thewifeof  Odin,  and  thequeen 
of  the  gods.  She  is  often  confounded  with  lYeya,  a 
distinct  deity.  Frigg  was  the  goddess  of  love  in  its  loftier 
and  constant  form. 

Frigga,  or  Friga  (frig'a).  [Latinized  forms  of 
Frigg.^    Same  as  Frigg. 

Frigidus  (frij'i-dus).  A  small  river,  tributary 
of  the  Isonzo,  which  it  joins  near  G-orz  in  Aus- 
tria :  the  modern  Wipbach.  it  is  noted  for  its  cold- 
ness. In  Its  valley,  near  the  Birnbaamer  Wald,  Theodo- 
siuB  defeated  the  forces  of  Eugenlus  and  Arbogast  in  394. 

Frimaire  (fre-mar').  [F., 'the  sleety.']  The 
name  adopted  in  1793  by  the  National  Conven- 
tion of  the  first  French  republic  for  the  third 
month  of  the  year,  it  consisted  of  30  days,  commen- 
cing with  Nov,  21  in  the  years  1,  2,  3,  5,  6,  7,  with  Nov.  22 
in  4,  8,  9, 10,  11, 13, 14,  and  with  Nov.  23  in  the  year  12. 

Frimont  (fre-m6u'),  Johann  Maria  Philipp, 
Count  of,  Prince  of  Antrodoooo.  Bom  at  Fin- 
stingen,  Lorraine,  Jan.  3, 1759 :  died  at  Vienna, 
Dec.  26, 1831.  An  Austrian  general.  He  entered 
the  Austrian  anny  in  1776,  and  was  commander-in-chief 
of  the  Austrian  troops  in  Upper  Italy  when  he  invaded 
France  in  1815.  He  quelled,  in  accordance  with  the  de- 
crees of  the  Congress  of  Laybaoh,  the  liberal  insurrection 
at  Naples  in  1821,  and  was  made  president  of  the  council 
of  war  at  Vienna  in  Nov.,  1831. 

Frio  (fre'o),  Cape.  A  promontory  in  Brazil, 
about  50  miles  east  of  Eio  de  Janeiro :  light- 
house in  lat.  23°  0'  42"  S.,  long.  42°  0'  1"  W. 

Frisches  Haflf  (frish'es  haf ).  [Q., 'Fresh Bay.'] 
A  body  of  water  north  of  the  provinces  of  East 
and  West  Prussia,  extending  from  near  Konigs- 
berg  southwestward  about  53  miles.  Its  average 
width  is  about  6  miles.  It  is  separated  by  a  tongue  of  land 
(Frische  Nehrung)  from  the  Baltic,  with  which  it  commu- 
nicates by  the  Fillauer  lief. 

Frischlik  (frish'len),  Nikodemus.  Bom  at 
Balingen,  Wiirtemberg,  Sept.  22,  1547:  died 
near  the  fortress  of  Honeuuraoh,  Wiirtemberg, 
Nov.  29-30,  1590.  A  German  philologist  and 
Latin  poet. 

Frisco  (fris'ko).  A  colloquial  abbreviation  of 
San  Francisco. 

Friscobaldo  (fris-ko-bal'do).  In  Dekker  and 
Mlddleton's  "Honest  Whore,"  the  father  of 
Bellafrout. 

Frisian  Islands,  North,  See  North  Friesian 
Islands. 

Frisians.    See  Friesians. 

Frith,  or  Frjrth  (frith),  John.  Bom  at  Wester- 
ham,  Kent,  in  1503 :  executed  at  London,  July 
4, 1533.  An  English  Eeformer  and  martjT?.  He 
took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  King's  College,  Cambridge,  in 
1525,  and  in  the  same  year  became  a  junior  canon  of  Car- 
dinal College  (afterward  Christ  Church),  Oxford.  He  went 
abroad  in  1528  to  avoid  religious  persecution,  resided  for 
a  time  at  the  University  of  Marburg,  and  was  associated 
with  Tyndale  in  his  literaiy  work.  He  returned  to  England 
in  153^  was  arrested  for  heresy  by  order  of  Sir  Thomas 
More,  and  was  burned  at  the  stake  in  SmithHeld,  London. 
During  his  imprisonment  he  wrote  "  A  Boke  made  by  John 
Fryth,  prysoner  in  the  Tower  of  London,  answerynge  to  M. 
More's  Letter,"  etc.  (1533). 

Frith,  Mary.    See  Cutpurse,  Moll. 

Frith,  Wilflam  Powell.  Bom  at  Studley,  near 
Eipon,  England,  1819.  An  English  painter.  He 
studied  art  at  Sass's  academy  at  London,  and  in  1839  ex- 
hibited a  portrait  at  the  British  Institution,  which  was 
followed  in  1840  by  "Othello  and  Desdemona"  and  *'Mal- 
volio  before  the  Countess  Olivia  "  at  the  Academy.  He 
was  elected  a  royal  academician  in  1852.  Among  his  more 
notable  paintings  are  "The  Village  Pastor,"  "The  Derby 
Day,"  and  "  The  Railway  Station. "  He  has  published  "  My 
Autobiography  and  Reminiscences"  (1887)  and  "Further 
Reminiscences  "  (1888). 

Frithigern.    See  lyuigem. 

Frithjof 's  (fret'yofs),  or  Fridthiof s  (fref- 
yofs).  Saga.  An  Icelandic  saga,  assigned  to 
the  14th  century,  relating  the  adventures  of  the 
Norwegian  hero  Frithjof  (or  Fridthiof).  it  is 
the  subject  of  a  poem  by  Tegner,  "Frithiof's  Saga,"  pub- 
lished in  1825. 

Fritigern  (frit'i-gem),  or  Frithigern,  orFridi- 

gem.  Died  in  381  a.  d.  A  king  of  the  West 
oths.  He  commanded  a  band  of  Christian  West  Goths 
who,  when  their  race  was  expelled  from  Dacia  by  the  Huns 
in  376,  took  refuge  in  Mcesia  by  permission  of  the  emperor 
Valens.  Disputes  with  the  Roman  officials  at  the  passage 
of  the  Danube  led  to  war,  and  Fritigern  with  200,000  men 
defeated  and  killed  Valens  at  Adrianople  in  378. 
Fritsch  (fritsh),  Gustav.  Bom  at  Cottbus, 
Germany,  March  5, 1838.  A  German  naturalist 
and  traveler.  After  graduating  in  natural  sciences  and 
medicine,  he  made  a  successful  exploration  of  South  Africa 
1863-68,  traveling  from  Cape  Town  through  the  Orange  Free 
State,  Natal,  and  Bechuana-land  as  far  as  the  Ba-Mangwato 
tribe.  His  work  "  Die  Eingeborenen  Sudafrikas  "  (Breslau, 
1873)  is  still  the  best  contribution  to  the  anthropology 
of  the  Bantu,  Hottentot,  and  Bushman  races.  In  1874  he 
became  professor  at  the  University  of  Berlin.  From  1881 
to  1882  he  traveled  in  Egypt  and  the  Orient,  making  special 
researches  on  electric  fishes ;  and  in  1890  he  published,  at 
Leipsio,  "Die  elektrischen  Fische." 

Fritz  (frits),  Der  Alte.    [G.,  'Old  Fritz.']    A 


414 

nickname  given  by  his  soldiers  to  Frederick 
the  Great. 

Fritz,  Samuel.  Born  in  Bohemia,  1653:  died 
at  the  Jeberos  Mission,  on  the  Upper  Amazon, 
March  20, 1728.  A  Jesuit  missionary.  The  greater 
part  of  his  life  was  spent  among  the  Amazonian  Indians, 
and  he  established  the  Omaguas  and  other  missions.  He 
repeatedly  traversed  the  whole  length  of  the  river.  In 
1707  his  map  of  the  Amazon  was  first  published  at  Quito, 
and  it  long  remained  the  authority  for  this  region. 

Fritz,  Unser.  [G.,' Our  Fritz.']  A  nickname 
given  by  Germans  to  Frederick  William,  crown 
prince  of  Germany,  and  later  emperor. 

Fritzlar  (frits 'lar).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  on  the  Eder 
16  miles  southwest  of  Cassel.  it  is  noted  for  its 
cathedral  and  as  the  first  seat  in  Hesse  of  Christianity', 
which  was  introduced  by  St  Boniface  about  732. 

Friuli  (fre'o-le).  [F.  Frioul,  G.  Friaul :  from 
the  town  Forum  JuUi.']  A  district  north  of  the 
Adriatic  Sea,  mainly  comprised  in  the  modem 
province  of  Udine,  Italy,  and  in  the  erownland 
Gorz  and  Gradiska,  Austria-Himgary.  it  became 
a  Lombard  duchy  in  the  6th  century,  and  was  ruled  by 
dukes  and  margraves  in  the  middle  ages.  Austrian  Friuli 
was  acquired  by  the  house  of  Hapsburg  in  1500,  and  Vene- 
tian Friuli  was  acquired  from  Venice  in  1797.  Both  por- 
tions were  lost  by  Austria  in  1805  and  1809,  and  regained 
in  1815.    Venetian  Friuli  was  ceded  to  Italy  in  1866. 

Frobel  (frfe'bel),  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Ober- 
weissbaeh,  Sohwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  Germany, 
April  21, 1782 :  died  at  Marienthal,  near  Bad 
Liebenstein,  Germany,  June  21, 1852.  A  Ger- 
man educator,  founder  of  the  kindergarten  sys- 
tem of  instruction.  He  studied  at  the  universities  of 
Jena,  G5ttingen,  and  Berlin ;  served  against  the  French 
in  the  campaigns  of  1813  and  1814 ;  founded  in  1816,  at 
Griesheim,  an  educational  institution  which  was  removed 
to  Keilhau,  near  Rudolstadt,  in  1817 ;  and  in  1837  founded 
a  kindergarten  at  Blankenburg  in  Thuringia.  His  chief 
work  is  "Die  Menschenerziehung"  (1826). 

Frobel,  Julius.  Bom  at  Griesheim,  near  Stadt- 
Ilm,  Sohwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  July  16,  1805: 
died  at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  Nov.  6,  1893.  A 
German  politician,  traveler,  and  author,  nephew 
of  Friedrich  Frobel.  He  took  part  in  the  revolution- 
ary movement  at  Vienna  in  1848,  and  in  1867  founded  at 
Munich  the  "Siiddeutsche  Presse,"  which  he  conducted 
until  1873.  He  was  appointed  consul  of  the  German 
Empire  at  Smyrna  in  1873,  and  held  a  similar  post  at  Al- 
giers 1876-89.  His  chief  works  are  "  System  der  sozialen 
Politik"  (1847),  "Ans  Amerika"  (1867-68),  "Theorie  der 
Politik"  (1861-64),  "Die  Wirthschaft  des  Menschenge- 
schlechts  (1870-76), "Die realistische Weltansicht und die 
utilitarische  Civilisation"  (1881)^  and  "Ein  Lebenslauf  " 
(1890-91). 

Frobisher  (fro'bish-6r),  Sir  Martin,  Died  in 
1594.  An  English  navigator.  He  was  of  a  family 
of  Welsh  origin  settled  at  Altotts  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire.  He  commanded  an  expedition  in  search  of  the 
northwest  passage  in  1576,  on  which  he  discovered  the 
bay  since  known  as  Frobisher  Bay.  One  of  his  sailors 
having  brought  home  a  piece  of  ore  supposed  to  contain 
gold,  he  was  sent  out  again  in  command  of  two  expeditions 
in  search  of  gold,  1677-78.  On  both  occasions,  however, 
the  ore  which  he  brought  home  proved  to  be  worthless. 
He  fought  with  distinction  against  the  Great  Armada  in 
1588. 

Frobisher  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  ocean  extend- 
ing about  200  miles  into  Baffin  Land,  between 
Hudson  Strait  and  Cumberland  Sound.  It  was 
until  recently  called  Frobisher  Strait. 

Frog  (frog),  Nicholas  or  Nic.  A  nickname  for 
the  Dutch  in  Arbuthnot's ' '  Law  is  a  Bottomless 
Pit,"  in  "The  History  of  John  Bull." 

Frogmoro  (frog'mor)  Lodge.  A  mansion  near 
Windsor  Castle,  England,  it  was  the  residence  of 
Queen  Victoria's  mother,  and  in  the  grounds  is  the  mauso- 
leum erected  by  the  queen  to  her  husband. 

Frogs  (f rogz),  The.  A  famous  comedy  by  Aris- 
tophanes. It  was  exhibited  in  405  b.  c,  and  ob- 
tained the  first  prize. 

The  plot  [of  "  The  Frogs  "]  is  separated  into  two  parts : 
first,  the  adventures  of  Dionysus  on  his  journey  to  Hades 
in  search  of  a  good  poet,  Sophocles  and  Euripides  being 
lately  dead ;  and  secondly,  the  poetical  contest  of  JSschy- 
lus  and  Euripides,  and  the  final  victory  of  .^schylus. 
These  subjects  are  logically  though  loosely  connected  to- 
gether, but  remind  us  strongly  of  the  dramatic  economy 
of  the  very  poet  whom  Aristophanes  is  here  attacking  so 
vehemently.  No  analysis  can  reproduce  the  real  brilliancy 
of  the  piece,  which  consists  in  all  manner  of  comic  situa- 
tions, repartees,  parodies,  and  unexpected  blunders. 

"  ■    '  r.  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  467. 


FrShlich  (f  re'lieh),  Abraham  Emanuel.  Born 
at  Bragg,  Aargau,  Switzerland,  Feb.  1,  1796: 
died  at  Baden,  Aargau,  Dec.  1,  1865.  A  Ger- 
man-Swiss poet,  best  known  as  a  writer  of 
fables  (published  1825). 

Frohsdorf  (froz'dorf).  A  village  and  castle 
about  30  miles  south  of  Vienna.  It  is  noted  as 
having  been  the  headquarters  of  the  French  Legitimist 
party  from  1844  until  the  death  of  the  Comte  de  Chambord 
in  1883. 

Froissart  (froi'sart;  F.  pron.  frwa-sar'),  Jean. 
Born  at  Valenciennes,  1337:  died  at  Chimay 
about  1410.  A  celebrated  French  chronicler. 
Nothing  is  known  of  his  family  or  early  life  beyond  the 


Frontenac 

tew  facts  to  be  gleaned  from  his  own  writings.  In  1360  he 
was  welcomed  to  England  by  his  countrywoman  Queen 
Pbilippa  of  Hainautj  wife  of  Edward  III.  In  1365  he  vis- 
ited Scotland,  and  in  May,  1368,  he  was  at  Milan  in  the- 
company  of  Petrarch  and  Chaucer.  About  1372,  after  sev- 
eral years  spent  in  travel,  Froissart  decided  to  enter  the 
church.  The  period  of  his  activity  as  a  chronicler  extends, 
from  1367  to  1400.  His  great  work  is  the  "  Chronique  de 
France,  d'Angleterre,  d'Ecosse  et  d'Espagne,"  relating  tha 
events  of  history  from  1325  till  1400.  It  was  published 
before  the  close  of  the  15th  century,  and  was  thus  among 
the  first  books  to  be  printed.  One  of  the  6  editions  of  the 
16th  century  was  by  Denis  Sauvaye,  historian  to  Henry  II. 
of  France.  The  best  editions  in  modern  times  are  by  Ker- 
vyn  de  Lettenhove,  in  26  volumes  (1867-77),  and  by  Simeon 
Iiuce,  incomplete,  in  8  volumes  (1869-88). 

Froissart,  though  inferior  to  Xescurel,  and  though  far 
less  remarkable  as  a  poet  than  as  a  prose  writer,  can  fairly 
hold  his  own  with  Deschamps  and  Machault,  while  he 
has  the  advantage  of  being  easily  accessible.  The  later 
part  of  his  life  having  been  given  up  to  history,  he  is  not 
quite  so  voluminous  in  verse  as  his  two  predecessors. 
Yet,  if  the  attribution  to  him  of  the  "  Cour  a' Amour  "  and! 
the  "Tr^sor  Amoureux  "  be  correct,  he  has  left  some  40,000 
or  60,000  lines.  The  bulk  of  his  work  consists  of  long  poems 
in  the  allegorical  courtship  of  the  time,  interspersed  with, 
shorter  lyrical  pieces  in  the  prevailing  forms.  One  of 
these  poems,  the  "Buisson  de  Jonece,"  is  interesting  be- 
cause of  its  autobiographical  details ;  and  some  shorter 
pieces  approaching  more  nearly  to  the  Fabliau  style,  "Le 
Dit  an  Florin,"  "Le  D^bat  du  Cheval  et  du  L^vrier,''  etc., 
are  sprightly  and  agreeable  enough. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit,  p.  104. 

Frolic  (frol'ik),  Sir  Frederick.  A  character 
in  Etherege's  comedy  "  The  Comical  Eevenge." 
He  [Sir  Frederick  Frolic]  is  a  man  of  quality,  who  can 
fight  at  need  with  spirit  and  firmness  of  nerve,  but  whose 
customary  occupation  is  the  pm'suit  of  pleasure  without 
dignity  and  without  reflection. 

Qosse,  Seventeenth  Century  Studies. 

Frolic,  The.  A  British  sloop  of  war  taken  in. 
1812  by  Captain  Jacob  Jones  in  the  American 
sloop  of  war  Wasp. 

Frollo  (frol'16).  In  "  Arthur,"  an  English  Ar- 
thurian legend  of  the  first  half  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury, a  French  knight.  Arthur  kills  hun  in  single 
combat^  with  his  great  sword  Brownsteel,  when  on  his 
way  to  take  Paris. 

Frollo  (F.  pron.  fro-16'),  Claude.  An  arch- 
deacon,one  of  the  leading  characters  in  "  Notre 
Dame  de  Paris,"  by  Victor  Hugo.  He  is  absorbed 
in  alchemy  and  is  reputed  holy,  but  he  falls  in  love  with 
and  persecutes  Esmeralda,  a  gipsy.  After  her  death  he  is 
killed  in  revenge  by  Quasimodo,  who  throws  him  from  the 
top  of  the  tower  of  Notre  Dame. 

Frollo,  Jehan.  A  scholar  in  "Notre  Dame  de 
Paris,"  by  Victor  Hugo. 

Frome,  or  Frome  Selwood  (frSm  sel'wud). 
A  manufacturing  town  in  Somerset,  England, 
11  miles  south  of  Bath.  Population  (1891), 
9,613. 

Fromentin  (fro-mon-tan'),  Eugene.  Born  at 
St.-Maurice,  near  La  Eoehelle,  Oct.  24,  1820 1 
died  there,  Aug.  27,  1876.  A  noted  French 
genie  painter,  a  pupil  of  Esmond  and  Cabat. 
He  visited  Algiers  1846-48  and  1852-53,  and  brought  hom& 
many  sketches  from  which  he  painted  his  characteristio 
pictures  of  Oriental  life.  He  was  also  the  author  of  "  Do- 
menique,"  a  successful  romance,  and  of  works  on  art  and 
traveL  He  was  awarded  a  second-class  medal  in  1849  and 
1867,  and  a  first-class  in  1859.  He  became  a  member  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor  in  1869. 

Fronde  (frond),  The.  [P.,  lit.  'a  sUng.']  In 
French  history,  the  name  of  a  party  which  dur- 
ing the  minority  of  Louis  XIV.  waged  civil  war 
against  the  court  party,  on  account  of  the  hu- 
miliations inflicted  on  the  high  nobility  and  the 
heavy  fiscal  impositions  laid  on  the  people. 
The  movement  began  with  the  resistance  of  the  Parliament 
of  Paris  to  the  measures  of  the  minister  Mazarin,  and  was 
sarcastically  called  by  one  of  his  supporters  there  "  the 
war  of  the  fronde,"  in  allusion  to  the  use  of  the  sling  then 
common  among  the  street-boys  of  Paris.  The  contest 
continued  from  1648  to  1652,  during  which  Mazarin  was 
driven  from  power,  but  soon  restored.  The  opposition  to 
him  had  degenerated  into  a  course  of  selfish  intrigue  and 
party  strife,  whence  the  aamefnmdeur  became  a  term  ol 
political  reproach. 

Front  de  Boeuf  (fr6n  d6  b6f),  Sir  Reginald. 

In  Scott's  novel  "Ivanhoe,"a  brutal  and  fierce 
Norman  baron  who  uses  his  castle  of  Torquil- 
stone  to  imprison  and  torture  his  enemies,  and 
finally  perishes  in  its  flames. 
Frontenac  (frdnt-nak'),  Comte  Louis  de  Buade 
de.  Bom  in  France,  1621;  died  at  Quebec, 
Nov.  28,  1698.  A  French  colonial  officer,  gov- 
emor  of  Canada  1672-82  and  1689-98. 

Frontenac  was  full  of  faults ;  but  it  is  not  through  these 
that  his  memory  has  survived  him.  He  was  domineering, 
arbitrary,  intolerant  of  opposition,  irascible,  vehement  in 
prejudice,  often  wayward,  perverse,  and  jealous :  a  perse- 
cutor of  those  who  ctossed  him ;  yet  capable,  by  fits,  of 
moderation  and  a  magnanimous  lenity ;  and  gifted  with  a  ' 
rare  charm  —  not  always  exerted  —  to  win  the  attachment 
of  men  :  versed  in  books,  polished  in  courts  and  salons  ; 
without  fear,  incapable  of  repose,  keen  and  broad  of  sight, 
clear  in  judgment,  prompt  in  decision,  fruitful  In  re- 
sources, unshaken  when  others  despaired ;  a  sure  breeder 
of  storms  in  time  of  peace,  but  in  time  of  calamity  and 
danger  a  tower  of  strength.  His  early  career  in  America 
was  beset  with  ire  and  enmity ;  but  admiration  and  grati- 


Frontenac 

tnde  haOed  him  at  its  close :  for  It  was  he  who  saved  the 
colony  and  led  it  triumphant  from  an  abyss  of  ruin. 

Parkman,  Discovery  of  the  Great  West^  p.  47. 

Frontino  (fron-te'no).  The  name  of  the  horse 
which  Brunello  stole  from  Sacripant  and 
gave  to  Eogero,  and  on  which  the  latter 
overthrew  all  his  opponents.  He  is  men- 
tioned both  by  Boiardo  and  Ariosto  in  the 
Orlando  poems. 

Prontinus  (fron-ti'nus),  Sextus  Julius.  Died 
about  103  A.  D.  A  Roman  military  officer,  en- 
gineer, and  tactician.  He  wrote  "  Strategematioa  " 
(a  worlc  on  strategy,  in  four  books),  "De  anuia  urbis 
Eomse,'  etc. 

Fronto  (fron'to),  Marcus  Cornelius.  Born  at 
Cirta,  Numidia :  died  about  175  a.  d.  A  Roman 
rhetorician  and  orator.  A  collection  of  his 
letters  was  edited  by  Naber  in  1867. 

The  most  characteristic  figure  of  this  time  is  the  rheto- 
rician M.  Cornelius  Fronto  of  Cirta  (probably  a.  100-176 
A.  I).),  who  held  under  Hadrian  a  conspicuous  position  as 
an  orator,  and  under  Antoninus  Pius  taught  M.  Aurelius 
and  L.  Verus.  He  was  consul  143  A.  D.  We  possess  by 
him  above  all  the  greater  part  of  his  correspondence  with 
M.  Aurelius  both  as  heir  apparent  and  as  emperor.  The 
rhetorician  appears  in  these  letters  conceited,  insipid, 
laboured,  with  little  genius  and  much  want  of  taste  and 
pretence,  but  well  informed  and  an  enthusiastic  admirer 
of  early  Roman  literature,  which  he  zealously  endeavours 
to  make  more  generally  known ;  at  the  same  time  his 
character  appears  honourable,  upright,  and  independent ; 
he  never  abuses  his  influential  position,  is  faithful  as  a 
husband  and  friend,  and  gives  fatherly  advice  to  his  pupils, 
whose  gratitude  subsequently  surrounded  his  name  with 
a  brilliant  lustre. 
Tmfel  and  Sehwabe,  Hist,  of  Eom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr),  II.  213. 

Front  Range  (frunt  ranj).  The  easternmost 
range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  the  State  of 
Colorado. 

Front  Royal.  Aplaceinthe  Shenandoah  valley, 
Virginia,  where  Stonewall  Jackson  captured 
the  command  of  Colonel  J.  E.  Kenly,  May  23, 
1862.  '        ^      ' 

Froschweiler  (frfesh'vi-ler),  or  Froschweiler 
(frosh'vi-ler).  A  village  near  Worth  (which 
see). 

Frosinone  (fro-se-no'ne),  Hernican  Frusino. 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Rome,  Italy,  48  miles 
southeast  of  Rome. 

Frossard  (fro-sar'),  Charles  Auguste.  Bom 
at  Versailles,  Prance,  Aug.  26,  1807:  died  at 
Chftteau- Villain,  Haute-Mame,  Prance,  Sept. 
1,  1875.  A  Preneh  general.  He  served  in  Algeria 
1833-40;  was  engaged  in  the  Crimean  war,  particularly 
before  Sevastopol,  and  was  promoted  general ;  commanded 
the  second  corps  of  the  army  of  the  Rhine  in  the  franco- 
German  war ;  was  defeated  at  Spicheren,  Aug.  6,  1870 ; 
and  was  captured  on  the  fall  of  Metz. 

Frost  (fr6st),  Arthur  B.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  Jan.  17,  1851.  An  American  artist, 
best  known  as  an  illustrator. 

Frost,  Jack.  In  English  nursery  folk-lore,  a 
personification  of  frost  or  cold. 

Iroth  (frdth).  A  fonlish  gentleman  in  Shak- 
spere's  comedy  "  Measure  for  Measure." 

Froth,  Lord,  A  solemn,  foolish  fop  with  a 
coquettish  wife,  in  Congrevo's  comedy  "The 
Double  Dealer." 

Frothingham  (froth 'ing-am),  Nathaniel 
Langdon.  Born  at  Boston,  July  23, 1793 :  died 
at  Boston,  April  4, 1870.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  writer.  He  was  pastor  of  a  Unitarian  church 
at  Boston,  Massachusetts,  1815-50.  Author  of  "Metrical 
Pieces,  Translated  and  Original"  (1S55). 

Frothingham,  Octavius  Brooks.  Bom  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  Nov.  26,  1822 :  died  Nov.  27, 
1895.  An  American  Unitarian  clergyman  (till 
1880)  and  author,  son  of  N.  L.  Prothingham. 
Among  his  works  are  "Religion  of  Humanity"  (1873), 
"Transcendentalism  in  New  England"  (1876).  a  life  of 
Theodore  Parker  (1874),  "Creed  and  Conduct"  (1877), 
••  Life  of  George  Ripley  ■■  (1883),  etc. 

Frothingham,  Richard.  Bom  Jan.  31, 1812: 
died  Jan.  29,  1880.  An  American  historian, 
jouroalist,  and  politician.  His  works  include  "  His- 
tory of  the  Siege  of  Boston  "  (1849),  arid  other  books  on 
American  history. 

Froude  (frod),  James  Anthony.  Bom  at  Dar- 
tington,  Devonshire,  April  23,  1818 :  died  Oct. 
20  1894.  A  noted  English  historian.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  School  and  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford. 
There  he  came  under  the  influence  of  the  Tractarian 
movement,  his  brother  Richard  Hurrell  »roude  being  one 
of  its  leaders.  He  became  fellow  of  Exeter  in  1842,  and 
took  deacon's  orders  in  1844.  For  some  time  he  was  con- 
nected with  the  High-Church  party  under  Newman.  A 
change  in  his  views  caused  him  to  abandon  his  fellow, 
ship  and  his  profession,  and  he  devoted  himself  entirely 
to  literature,  formally  resigning  his  deacon's  orders  in 
1872  In  the  same  year  he  lectured  in  the  United  States 
on  the  relations  between  England  and  Ireland.  In  1874 
he  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  He 
afterward  went  to  Australia  and  the  West  Indies.  In 
1892  he  was  elected  regius  professor  of  modem  Instory  at 
Oriel  College,  Oxford,  as  successor  to  FreemML  He  wrote 
a  "History  of  England  from  the  Fall  of  Wolsey  to  the 
Defeat  of  the  Spanish  Armada"  (1866-70),  "The  English 


415 

In  Ireland  in  the  Eighteenth  Century  " (1873-74),  "Short 
Studies  on  Great  Subjects"  (1887-77),  "C»sar''  (1879) 
"Oceana "(1886),  "The  Two  Chiefs  of  Dunboy,"  a  romance 
(1889),  "  Life  of  Lord  Beaconsfleld  "  (1890),  etc.  As  execu- 
tor  of  Cailyle  he  published  "  Reminiscences  of  Carlvle  " 
(1881),  "  Life  of  Thomas  Carlyle  "  (1882). 

Froirfrou  (frS'fro).  [P.,'asoftmstling  sound.'] 
A  play  by  MM.  Meilhae  and  Hal6vy,  produced 
in  1869. 

Frozen  Strait.  A  strait  in  the  Arctic  regions, 
between  Melville  Peninsula  and  Southampton 
Island. 

Frnctidor  (frUk-te-dor')-  [P.,  from  L.  fructus, 
fruit.]  The  name  adopted  in  1793  by  the  Na- 
tional Convention  of  the  first  French  republic 
for  the  twelfth  month  of  the  year,  it  consisted  of 
30  days,  commencing  with  Aug.  19  in  the  years  1  to  8, 
and  with  Aug.  20  in  9  to  13.  It  was  followed  by  5  (in 
the  years  3  and  11,  corresponding  to  1796  and  1803,  by  6) 
complementary  or  intercalary  days,  called  mns-cuiottides, 
completing  the  year. 

Fructidor,  The  18th.  In  Preneh  history,  Sept. 
4, 1797,  when  the  majority  of  the  Directory  exe- 
cuted a  coup  d'6tat  against  the  royalist  reaction. 
Two  of  the  Directors  were  ejected  and  more 
than  fifty  members  expelled  from  the  Council 
of  Five  Hundred,  where  the  royalists  had  suc- 
ceeded in  obtaining  a  majority. 

Frugal,  Luke.  The  principal  character  in  Mas- 
singer's  "City  Madam":  a  vindictive,  hypo- 
critical villain.  He  is  the  brother  of  the  chari- 
table Sir  John. 

Fruges  (fruzh).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Pas-de-Calais,  Prance,  33  miles  south-southeast 
of  Calais.    Population  (1891),  commune,  3,090. 

Frumentius  (f  ro-men'shius).  Lived  in  the  4th 
century.  A  Christian  missionary  and  bishop, 
celebrated,  as  the  founder  of  the  Ethiopian 
Church,  under  the  title  of  Abba  Salama. 

Frutigen  (fro'te-gen).  A  village  in  the  Ber- 
nese Oberiand,  Switzerland,  south  of  the  Lake 
of  Thun. 

Fry,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Gurney).  Bom  at  Earl- 
ham,  Norfolk,  May  21, 1780 :  died  at  Eamsgate, 
England;  Oct.  12, 1845.  An  English  philanthro- 
pist, a  minister  of  the  Society  of  Friends.  She 
was  especially  noted  as  a  promoter  of  prison 
reform. 

Fry  (fri),  Francis.  Bom  atWestbury-on-Trym, 
near  Bristol,  Oct.  28, 1803:  died  at  Bristol,  Nov. 
12,1886.  An  English  bibliographer.  Hewasapart- 
ner  in  the  firm  of  J.  S.  Fry  and  Sons,  cocoa  and  chocolate 
manufacturers  at  Bristol.  He  published  "  The  First  New 
Testament  printed  in  the  English  Language  (1525  or  1526), 
translated  from  the  Greek  by  William  Tyndale,  repro- 
duced in  facsimile,  with  an  Introduction "  (1862),  "  The 
Souldiers  Pocket  Bible,  printed  at  London  by  G.  B.  and 
R.  W.  for  G.  C.  1643,  reproduced  in  facsimile,  with  an  In- 
troduction" (1862),  "The  Christian  Soldiers  Penny  Bible: 
London,  printed  by  R.  Smith  for  Sam.  Wade,  1693,  repro- 
duced in  facsimile,  with  an  Introductory  Note  "(1862),  etc. 

Fry,  William  Henry.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
Aug.,  1815:  died  in  Santa  Cruz,  West  Indies, 
Dec.  21,  1864.  An  American  composer  and 
journalist. 

Fryken  (fru'ken).  A  series  of  lakes  in  Sweden, 
north  of  Lake  Wener,  into  which  their  waters 
flow. 

Fryxell  (friiks'el),  Anders.  Bom  at  Hessels- 
kog,  Dalsland,  Sweden,  Feb.  7,  1795:  died  at 
Stockholm,  March  21,  1881.  A  Swedish  his- 
torian. He  wrote  "Berattelser  ur  Svenska  Historien" 
("  Narratives  from  Swedish  History,"  1823-79),  etc. 

F.'s  Aunt  (efz  ant),  Mr.  A  legacy  left  by  Mr. 
P.  to  his  wife,  in  Dickens's  "Little  Dorrit." 

Fuad  Pasha  (fo'adpash'a),  Mehemmed  (Meh- 
med).  Bom  at  Constantinople,  Jan.  17,  1814: 
died  at  Nice,  Prance,  Feb.  12,  1869.  A  noted 
Turkish  statesman.  He  abandoned  in  1835  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine  for  a  diplomatic  career.  In  1848  he  was 
appointed  Ottoman  commissioner  to  settle  the  revolu- 
tionary disputes  in  the  j)rincipalities  of  Moldavia  and 
Wallachia.  He  became  minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  1852. 
Owing  to  the  attitude  of  Russia,  whose  ill  will  he  is  said 
to  have  excited  by  a  publication  on  the  question  of  the 
holy  sepulchers,  he  resigned  in  the  spring  of  1853,  but  re- 
sumed ofBce  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Crimean  war  later  in 
the  same  year.  He  became  grand  vizir  id  1861,  a  post 
which  he  retained  until  1866.  He  introduced  European 
improvements  for  the  salse  of  the  material  advantages  to 
be  gained  from  them,  but  in  doing  so  increased  the  finan- 
cial difficulties  of  the  Porte  by  the  adoption  of  a  wasteful 
and  unsound  financial  policy. 

Fuca,  Juan  de.    See  Juan  de  Fuea. 

Fu-cnau,  or  Foochow  (fo-chou').  A  seaport 
and  the  capital  of  the  province  of  Fu-kien, 
China,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Min 
in  lat.  26°  5'  N.,  long.  119°  20'  E.  it  has  a  very 
large  trade,  especially  in  tea,  is  a  noted  mission  station, 
and  contains  an  arsenal.  The  port  was  opened  to  foreign 
trade  in  1842.    Population,  636,000. 

Fuchs  (foks),  Johann  Nepomuk  von.    Bom 

at  Mattenzell,  near  Bremberg,  Bavaria,  May  15, 
1774:  died  at  Munich,  March  5,  1856.  A  Ger- 
man chemist  and  mineralogist,  professor  of 


Fulah 

mineralogy  at  the  University  of  Landshut  182ft- 
1852:  noted  for  his  discovery  (1823)  of  soluble 
glass  and  its  application  to  stereochromy. 
Fuchs,  Konrad  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Bamberg, 
Bavaria,  Dec.  7, 1803:  died  at  Gottingen,  Pms- 
sia,  Dec.  2,  1855.  A  German  physician,  pro- 
fessor of  pathology  at  Gottingen  1838-55.  He- 
wrote  "Die  krankhaf ten  Veranderungen  der Haut "  (184&- 
1841),  "Lehrbuchder  spezieUen  Nosologic  und  Theranie" 
(1845-48),  etc. 

Fuchs,  Leonhard.  Born  at  WembdingenjBa- 
varia,  Jan.  17,  1501:  died  at  Tiibingen,  Wiir- 
temberg,  May  10,  1566.  A  German  physician 
and  botanist,  author  of  "De  historia  stirpium" 
(1542),  etc. 

Fucino  (fo-ehe'no),  Lago  di,  also  called  Lago- 
di  Celano.  A  lake  in  central  Italy,  near  the 
towns  of  Avezzano  and  Celano:  the  ancient 
Laous  Fucinus.  it  was  drained  by  Prince  Torlonia, 
who  began  the  work  in  1852.  It  was  partially  drained  itt 
the  reign  of  Claudius.  It  had  no  outlet,  and  measured  37^ 
miles  in  circumference, 

Fucinus  (fii'si-nus),  Lacus.     See  Fucino. 

Fudge  Family  in  Paris,  The.  A  satire  by 
Thomas  Moore,  published  in  1818.  "The  Fudge- 
Family  in  England,"  a  sequel,  was  afterward 
published. 

Fuegians  (fu-e'ji-anz).  A  general  name  of  the 
Indians  of  'I'ierra'del  Fuego.  They  comprise  three 
distinct  races  —  the  Yahgans  or  Yapoos,  the  Onas  or  Aonik, 
and  the  Aliculufs.  Judging  from  their  languages,  these- 
represent  three  different  stocks.  They  are  all  very  de- 
graded savages,  having  no  chiefs  and  only  very  1  oose  family 
ties.  They  live  in  wretched  huts,  go  almost  naked  though' 
the  climate  is  severe,  and  subsist  by  hunting  and  fishing. 
They  make  exceUent  bark  canoes,  and  are  very  skilful  in. 
using  them. 

Fuenclara,  Count  of.    See  Cebrian  y  AgusUn,. 
Pedro  de. 
Fuenleal(fwen-lar»al'),  Sebastian  Ramirez  de. 

Bom  in  the  province  of  Cuenca  about  1480 :  died 
at  Valladolid,  Jan.  22,  1547.  A  Spanish  eccle- 
siastic and  administrator.  He  was  successively  In- 
quisitor of  Seville,  member  of  the  audience  of  Granada,, 
bishop  of  Santo  Domingo  in  the  West  Indies  (1524),  and! 
president  of  the  audience  of  that  island  (1527).  From 
1531  to  1536  he  ruled  Mexico  as  president  of  the  audience- 
of  New  Spain :  under  him  order  was  restored,  abuses  were- 
reformed,  and  the  Indians  protected.  He  was  friendly  to 
Cortes.  Returning  to  Spain,  he  was  successively  bishop- 
of  Tuy  and  Leon,  and  in  1542  was  made  bishop  of  Cuenca 
and  president  of  the  audience  of  Valladolid. 

Fuenterrabia  (fwen-ter-ra-be'a),  or  Fontara- 
bia  (f  on-ta-ra'bi-a).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Guipuzooa,  Spain'j  situated  on  the  Bidassoa  in 
lat.  43°  22'  Nt,  long.  1°  50'  W.  it  is  noted  for  its- 
fortress  (until  1794),  and  for  the  passage  of  the  Bidassoa. 
here  by  Wellington  in  1813.  Milton  confounds  it  with- 
R^ncesvalles. 

Fuentes  de  Onoro  (fwen'tes  de  6-n6'r6).  A  vil- 
lage in  the  province  of  Salamanca,  western 
Spain,  14  miles  west-southwest  of  Ciudad  Rod- 
rigo.  Here,  May,  1811,  Wellington  checked  th& 
French  under  Massfina. 

Fuerte,  or  Villa  del  Fuerte  (vel'ya  del  fwer'- 
ta).  A  small  town  in  the  state  of  Sinaloa,. 
Mexico,  situated  on  the  river  Fuerte  about  lat- 
26°  45'  N.,  long.  108°  25'  W. 

Fugger  (fuk'er).  A  Swabian  family  of  ennobled 
merchants,  famous  in  the  16th  century,  it  traces 
its  descent  from  Johannes  Fugger,  a  weaver,  who  lived  at 
Grabeu,  near  Augsburg,  in  the  first  half  of  the  14th  century. 

Fugitive-Slave  Law.  In  United  States  history, 
an  act  included  in  "the  "Omnibus  Bill"  (1850), 
securing  to  slaveholders  additional  facilities  in 
the  recovery  of  runaway  slaves. 

Fiihrich  (fti'rioh),  Joseph  von.  Bom  at  Krat- 
zau,  Bohemia,  Feb.  9,  1800 :  died  at  Vienna, 
March  13,  1876.  A  noted  Austrian  historical 
painter.  He  was  much  occupied  with  scriptural 
subjects. 

Fuji-san  (fo'je-san'),  or  Fuji-yama  (fo'je-ya'- 
ma),  less  correctly  Fusi-yama  (fo'se-ya'ma). 
An  extinct  volcano  and  the  highest  mountain  of 
Japan,  situated  70  miles  west-southwest  of  To- 
kio.    There  has  been  no  eruption  since  1707.    It  is  a  re- 

■  sort  of  pilgrims,  and  figures  largely  in  Japanese  art. 
Height,  12,366  feet. 

Fu-kien  (fo-ke-en'),  or  Fokien  (fo-ke-en').  A 
maritime  province  of  China,  bounded  by  Che- 
kiang  on  the  north,  the  channel  of  Formosa  on 
the  east,  Kwang-tung  on  the  southwest,  and  Ki- 
ang-si  on  the  west  and  northwest.  Area,  about 
47,000  square  miles.  Population,  upward  of 
20,000,000. 

Fulah,  or  Fula  (f 6'la),  plural  Fulbe.  ['  Light 
brown,'  '  red.']  A  great  African  nation,  scat- 
tered through  the  Sudan  from  Senegal  to  Wa- 
dai,  and  south  to  Adamawa :  their  language  is 
called  Fulfulde.  They  are  variously  classed  with  the 
Hamites,  the  negroes,  and,  in  the  Nuba-Fulah  group,  with 
the  Nubas  of  the  Nile  valley.  They  seem  to  be  essentially 
Hamltic,  having  branched  off  from  the  Berbers  or  the 


Fulah 


416 


Furnivall 


Somal.    Their  color  13  reddish-brown,  nose  straight,  lips  Puller,  Sarah  Margaret,  Marchioness  Ossoli. 

~""'°'  "" '"    ^'""'"'  **""' "°  "■'"■"  "'""  *'■'  "°     Born  at  Cambridgeport,  Mass.,  May  23,1810:  lost 

by  shipwreck  off  Five  Island,  near  New  York, 
July  16, 1850.  A  noted  American  writer,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Transcendental  school.  She  edited  the 
Boston  "  Dial "  1840-42,  and  was  literary  critic  for  the  New 
York  "Tribune"  1844-46.  She  went  to  Europe  in  1846,  mar- 
ried Marquis  Ossoli,  Dec,  1847,  and  was  in  Rome  during 


regular,  hair  curly.  Where  they  are  mixed  with  the  ne- 
groes the  skin  is  darker,  the  lips  are  thicker,  the  hair  is 
more  bushy,  and  the  temperament  more  merry.  In  their 
pure  state  they  are  proud  and  grave.  The  Futa-Toro  or 
Toucouleurs  are  a  mixture  of  Fulah  and  Wolofl.  Pastoral, 
industrious,  warlike,  and  Intelligent,  they  rule  over  the 
agricultural  n  egro  tribes  of  the  Sudan.    They  are  dominant 

in  Gaudo,  Sokoto,  Adamawa,  Massina,  Segu,  Kaarta,  and     ^.„„  ^^„.  «.„„„«„„  ^ ^^^, ...  * „     ^^^^    

Futa-Jallon.    InBornu.Baghirmi,  andWadaitheyaienot     thTrevoiution"ori848^9.' ^Herwo"rkrrududr'"Su^^        P^meS  Tfo'nes),   QregOnO.     Bom  at  Cordoba, 

.strong  enough  to  command.    In  religion  they  are  Moham-     — *i,„t_i.„_../idjo\  «Tsr ,•„*!,..■»■,• — * — ♦!, /^..«+.,...."  *  "*f^o  v.    _     .  ^  o  ^     ___    innn       a_   a 

medans,  but  tolerant,  except  the  fanatic  Toucouleurs. 

They  have  a  national  literature,  written  with  Arabic  char-  -,   ..         _, 

acters.    It  was  in  the  beginning  of  this  century,  under  *  Uller,   XJaOmaS. 


Funeral  of  Atahualpa.  A  painting  by  tae 
Peruvian  artist  Luis  Montero.  It  represents  the 
obsequies  of  the  Inca  sovereign  at  the  moment  when  his 
wives  rushed  in  lamenting  his  fate.  The  figures,  both  of 
Spaniards  and  Indians,  are  conceived  and  executed  with 
great  force.  This  painting  was  purchased  by  the  Peruvian 
government  for  $20,000  and  deposited  in  the  national  li- 
brary, but  was  seized  and  sent  to  Santiago  by  the  Chileans 
during  the  invasion  of  188L 


on  the  Lakes  "  (1843), "  Woman  in  the  Nineteenth  Century 
(1845),  "Papers  on  Art  and  Literature  "  (1846). 

Born  June,  1608:  died  at 


their  poet  and  leader  Otman  dan  Fodio,  that  they  revolu. 
tionized  the  Sudan,  spreading  Islam,  and  founding  their 
■great  kingdoms,  which  are  not  yet  on  the  wane.  Their 
language  is  peculiar  by  itsinitialformations.  It  is  spoken 
in  its  purest  form  in  Massina  and  Futa-Toro.  Owing  to 
admixtures  of  neighboring  negro  languages  and  Arabic, 
five  dialects  are  distinguished  according  to  the  countries 
where  they  are  spoken  :  namely,  Futa-Jallon,  Futa-Toro, 
Sokoto,  Hausa,  andBornu.  Also  called  PMZ,J?'eJota,2i^Jam. 

Fulbe.    See  Fulah. 

Tulbert  (fiil-bar').  A  bishop  of  Chartres  who 
laid  the  foundations  of  the  cathedral  in  1020, 
and  is  supposed  to  have  been  its  architect. 

Tulc  (folk),  or  Fulk,  or  Foulaues  (fok)  III 


1749 :  died  at  Buenos  Ayres,  1830.  An  Argen- 
tide  historian.  He  was  rector  of  the  University  of  Cor- 
doba and  dean  of  the  cathedraL  As  a  theologian  and  pul- 
pit orator  he  was  widely  known.  His  most  important  his. 
torical  work  is  "Ensayo  de  la  historia  civil  del  Paraguay, 
Buenos  Ayres  y  Tuouman  "  (8  vols.  Svo,  1816). 
joined  the  king  at  Oxford,  and  after  the  Restoration  was  ■pH^flioiig  Cfiinf 'hous).  A  suburb  of  Vienna,  on 
fP-^t^t^f.t.'^^^^':^-  (4'S.°?4{.?Ho'}flt^l    thS  southwest.    Population  (1890)^44,162 

Fimfkirchen   (funf'kiroh-en),   Hung.  P6cs 
(naoh).  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Baranya, 


London,  Aug.  16, 1661.  An  English  divine.  He 
was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and  was  curate  of  the  Savoy 
at  London  at  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war.     In  1643  he 


The  History  of  the  Holy  Warre  "  (1639),"The  Holy  State 
and  the  Profane  State  "  (1642),  "  A  Pisgah-sight  of  Pales- 
tine" (1650),  "History  of  the  University  of  Cambridge" 
(1665X  "  History  of  the  Worthies  of  England  "  (1662). 

Fuller's  Field.  A  field  near  Jerusalem,  appar- 
ently to  the  north,  the  locality  of  which  cannot 
be  identified. 

FuUerton,  Lady  Georgiana.  See  Leveson- 
Gower,  Georgiana  Charlotte. 


surnamed  "  The  Black."    Born  in  972:  died  at  Fulton  (ful'ton).     A  city  in  Callaway  County, 


Metz,  May  22, 1040.  Count  of  Aujon  987-1040, 
He  carried  on  wars  against  the  Duke  of  Bre- 
tagne  and  the  Count  of  Blois. 

Tulc  V.  Bom  in  1090 :  died  Nov.  13, 1142.  Count 
of  An,iou  1109-42.  He  married  a  daughter  of  Baldwin 
II.  of  Jerusalem  in  1129,  and  on  the  death  of  Baldwin  in 
1131  succeeded  to  the  tm'one  of  Jerusalem. 

Fulc  of  Neuilly.  Died  in  1202.  A  French  ec- 
clesiastic. He  was  ordered  by  Innocent  HI.  in 
1198  to  preach  the  fourth  Crusade. 

Tulda  (fol'da).  A  river  in  Germany,  flowing 
north  and  uniting  at  Miinden.withthe  "Werra  to 
form  the  Weser.    Length,  about  100  miles. 

Tulda.    A  bishopric  and  state  of  the  old  German 


Missouri,  about  25  miles  northeast  of  Jefferson 
City.    Population  (1900),  4,883. 

Fulton.  -A.  village  in  the  township  of  Volney, 
Oswego  County,  New  York,  situated  on  the 
Oswego  River  23  miles  northwest  of  Syracuse. 
Population  (1900),  5,281. 

Fulton.  An  American  war-ship  of  38  tons  rat- 
ing, built  at  New  York  in  1815.  she  was  designed 
by  Robert  Fulton,  and  was  the  first  war-ship  to  be  pro- 
pelled by  steam.-  She  had  central  paddle-wheels  pro- 
tected by  a  double  hull,  and  relied  for  effective  attack  not 
on  her  broadside  of  small  caliber,  but  upon  a  pivoted  100- 
pounder  columbiad.    Her  bow  was  strengthened  into  a 


Hungary,  situated  in  lat.  46°  6'  N.,  long.  18°  13' 
E.  The  cathedral  is  an  impressive  Romanesque  structure 
with  four  towers,  lately  restored.  The  place  was  occupied 
by  the  Turks  from  1643  to  1686.  It  has  several  mosques. 
Population  (1890X  84,067.  .. 

Fung-hwang,  F§ng-liwang  (fnng  hwang  ). 
[Chinese.]  In  Chinese  mythology,  a  fabulous 
bird  of  good  omen,  said  to  appear  when  a  sage  is 
about  to  ascend  the  throne,  or  when  right  prin- 
ciples are  about  to  triumph  throughout  the  em- 
pire. It  is  usually  called  the  Chinese  phenix,  but  seems, 
from  the  descriptions  of  it  found  in  books,  to  resemble  the 
argus-pheasant.  It  has  not  appeared  since  the  days  of 
Confucius.  It  is  frequently  represented  on  Chinese  and 
Japanese  porcelains  and  other  works  of  art.  Fung  is  the 
name  of  the  male  bird,  and  hwang  ot  the  female. 

FungOSO  (fung-go'so).  In  Ben  Jonson's  "Every 
Man  out  of  his  Humour,"  the  extravagant  son 
of  Sordido.  He  spends  all  he  can  wring  out  of  his 
avaricious  father  in  Imitating  the  foppish  Brisk. 


with  its  few  heavy  guns  and  ram. 


Empire.   Itgrewuparound  theabbeyofFulda(founded  Fulton,  Bobert.      Bom  at  Little  Britain,  Pa., 


in  744).  The  abbacy  became  a  bishopric  in  1762.  It  was 
secularized  in  1803,  and  given  to  Nassau-Orange  as  a  prin- 
cipality. After  various  changes  it  was,  in  1816,  divided 
between  Hesse-Cassel  and  Bavaria,  the  Hesse-Cassel  part 
passing  to  Prussia  in  1866. 

JFulda.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nas- 
sau, Prussia,  on  the  Fulda  53  miles  northeast  of 
Frankf  ort-on-the-Main.  It  is  a  very  ancient  town, 
and  has  a  cathedral  and  several  old  churches.  Population 
(1890),  13,126. 

Tulford  (ful'fqrd).  A  suburb  of  York,  Enrfand. 
Here  the  eaxls  Edwin  and  Morcar  were  defeated  by  Harold 
Hardrada  and  Tostig  in  1066. 

Fnlhaiu  (f ul'am).  [From  Saxon  Fullenhame,tTie 
resort  of  birds?  (Walford).]  A  borough  (mu- 
nicipal) of  London,  situated  in  Middlesex,  on 
the  Thames,  5^  miles  southwest  of  St.  Paul's. 
It  contains  a  palace,  the  summer  residence  of  the  bishops 
of  London.  It  is  a  parliamentary  borough,  returning  one 
member  to  Parliament  Population  of  the  board  of 
works  district  (1891),  188,877. 

Tulk.    SeeFule. 

Tulke  (fulk),  William.  Born  at  London  in 
1538 :  died  Aug.  28, 1589.  An  English  Puritan 
divine.  He  studied  at  Cambridge,  where  he  subsequently 


pounuer  coiumoiaa.     ner  now  was  Btrengineneu  mio  a  _; rr ,- ; — o-v.!.--.;       rrl,o   nT-inni-nal 

Jam.     She  was  the  prototype  of  the  modern  ironclad  FungUS   (fuug'gus),  Zachary.  _   ihe  principal 
,„!«,  if.  fo,„  i,ao„„  ™,„=  on.1 1.-™  character  in  Poote's      Commissary."     i  oote 

played  it  himself. 

Funji  (fSn'je).  -An  African  tribe  occupying  the 
south  of  Dar-Seimar,  between  the  White  Nile 
and  Blue  Nile,  a  wooded  and  well-watered  moun- 
tain region.  They  appear  on  Egyptian  inscriptions  as 
Cushites,  but  have  largely  mixed  with  negroes.  In  the 
16th  century  they  formed  a  kingdom  of  their  own,  which 
lasted  until  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century.  They  trade 
in  honey,  gums,  ivory,  gold,  tamarinds,  and  senna-leaves. 


1765:  died  at  New  York,  Feb.  24,  1815.'  An 
American  engineer  and  inventor.  He  went  to 
London  in  1786  with  a  view  to  completing  his  education 
as  a  portrait-  and  landscape-painter  under  the  instruction 
of  Benjamin  West,  in  whose  family  he  remained  several 
years.  He  abandoned  painting  in  1793,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  civil  and  mechanical  engineering.  He  removed 
to  Paris  in  1794.     From  1797  to  1805  he  made  a  number 

of  indiflerently  successful  experiments  with  a  submarine  x'm*,!^  /*'„X,™tN  lla+av  '  A  T^o-mo  mirart  ti\  a  'hncrTia 
boat  and  a  toiiedo,  most  ot  which  were  conducted  under  '^,^f  (f  ^gk),  Peter.  A  name  given  to  a  bogus 
the  patronage  of  the  French  and  British  governments,  bidder  at  auctions.  He  IS  employed  to  Did 
He  launched  a  steamboat  on  the  Seine  in  1803,  which  against  an  intending  purchaser  to  raise  the 
sank  from  faulty  construction.    A  new  boat  built  with     -nrice 

the  old  machinery  made  a  successful  trial  trip  on  the  xt. 4.ix-.  /*,■■.,  4-„s_/\    A^^t-^i-^a     ■R/^,.1  0+  'PoiHo 

Seine  Aug.  9, 1803.    Having  returned  to  America  in  1806,  FuretlSre  (fur-tyar  ),  AJltOine.    Bom  atPans 


he  built  the  steamboat  Clermont,  which  began  a  suc- 
cessful trial  trip  from  New  York  to  .Albany  on  the  Hud- 
son River,  Aug.  11,  1807.  This  boat  was  followed  by 
numerous  river-steamers  and  feiry-boats  built  under  his 
supervision.  In  1815  he  launched  the  war-steamer  Ful- 
ton. He  married  in  1806  Harriet,  daughter  of  Walter 
Livingston,  by  whom  he  had  four  children. 

Pulvia  (ful'vi-a).  Died  at  Sicyon,  Greece,  40 
B.  C.  A  Roman  lady,  wife  of  Clodius,  then  of 
Curio,  and  later  of  Mark  Antony.    She  fomented 


about  1620:  died  there,  May  14, 1688.  A  French 
lexicographer  and  man  of  letters.  He  wrote  a 
dictionary  of  the  French  language  (1694X  "  Poesies  "  (1666), 
"Fables" (1673),  etc. 
Furia  (anciently  Fusia)  gens  (fu'ri-a  jenz). 
In  ancient  Rome,  a  patrician  clan  or  house,  sup- 
posed to  have  come  from  Tusculum.  Its  oogno» 
mens  were  Aouleo,  Bibaoulus,  Brocchus,  Camillns,  Cras- 
sipes,  Fusus,  Luscus,  Medullinus,  Pacilus,  Philus,  and 
Purpureo. 


aiVine.   lleStuaieaaii;amDriage,wijereueBuuaBqucuoij   Tf,i1-iTia         In   Tipn   TnTi«r.in's  "  rntiliTlH  "  n  vnlim 
lectured  on  the  Hebrew  language.    He  became  master  of  rUlVia.      In  lien  J  onson  s     V^atume,    avoiup 


a  rising  (the  Perusine  war)  against  OctaviuB,  in  41 B.  c,  Puriae  (fU'ri-e).     PL.,  '  the  Furies.']     In  Roman 
in  order  to  draw  .Antony  away  from  Egypt  and  Cleopatra.  --  '..>-_'       .  ..  .,     „. 


Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  in  1678.  His  most  notable 
publication  is  "  A  Defense  of  the  sincere  and  true  Transla- 
tions of  the  Holie  Scriptures  into  the  English  Tong  "  (1683). 

TuUer  (fid'^r),  Andrew.  Bom  at  Wicken,  Cam- 
bridgeshire, Feb.  6, 1754 :  died  at  Kettering,  May 
7, 1815.  An  English  Baptist  preacher  and  theo- 
logian. He  wrote  "The  Calvinistio  and  Socinian  Sys- 
tems Compared"  (1794),  "The  Gospel  its  own  Witness" 
(1799-1800),  etc. 

TuUer,  George.  Bom  at  Deerfield,  Mass.,  1822 : 
died  at  Boston,  March  21, 1884.  An  American 
figure-  and  portrait-painter.    In  1842  he  studied 


tuous  wanton:  a  satire  on  the  causes  of  Rome's 
degeneration. 


mythology,  goddesses  adopted  from  the  Erinyes 
(which  see)  of  Greek  mythology. 
Furidpur,  or  Pureedpur,    See  Faridpur. 

_-,•-■.  ,„  ,, ,     T  •     i  r>  ™     Furioso.  £ombastes.    See  Bombastes  Furioso. 

Pulvia  gens  (ful'vi-ajenz).    In  ancient  Rome,  f^\^'  Orlando.    See  Orlando  Furioso. 
a  distinguished  plefceian_olan  or  house,  sup-  pS,  or  Furca  (for'ka).     One  of  the  highest 

practicable  Alpine  passes  in  Switzerland,  situ- 
ated on  the  frontier  of  Uri  and Valais.  It  leads 


posed  to  have  come  from  Tusculum.     its  cogno- 
mens under  the  republic  were  Bambalio,  Centumidns, 
Curvua,  Flaccus,  GiUo,  Nacca,  Nobilior,  Ptotinus,  and  Ve- 
ratius  or  Neratius. 
Fumay  (fii-ma').    A.  town  in  the  department 
of  Ardennes,  France,  on  the  Meuse  14  miles  Furnace,  Ihe.    See  Fornax. 
north  of  M6zi6res.     Population  (1891),  com-  Furneaux  (f6r-n6')  Islands.     A  group  of  isl- 
mune,  5,065.  ands  between  Australia  and  Tasmania,  in  Bass 


from  Andermatt  (Uri)  to  the  hotel  Gletsch  (Va- 
lais).   Highest  point,  7,992  feet. 


with  the  sculptor  Brown  at  Albany,  after  which  he  studied  Pmnbina.     See  Adamawa.  Strait. 

painting  in  Boston  N^^^^  Funcial  (f8n-shal').  A  seaport  and  the  capital  Fumes  (fiim),  Flem.Veume  (v6r'ne).   A  town 

nent.  His  first  public  success  was  atramea  in  i»i)r,wnen  •''j^^_  ._,^_j  j,  t,j/_,^.^^  „jt„„.i.„.q  ;„  i„t  qoo  aa'  4t, +1,0  ^^r^T,4-,^nQ  «f -wraot  Ti'lor,/lQ,.=  Tl.ilm„m  1R 
he  was  elected  associate  of  the  academy  (New  York). 
From  1860-79  he  devoted  himself  to  farming  at  Deerfield, 
but  in  1876  he  exhibited  some  fifteen  pictures  in  Boston, 
which  gained  him  fame  and  patronage.  In  1879  he  ex- 
hibited at  the  academy  (New  York)  "The  Romany  Girl" 
and  "And  She  was  a  Witch";  in  1880  "The  Quadroon" 
and  a  boy's  portrait ;  in  1881 "  Maidenhood  "  and  "  Wini- 
fred Dysart '  ;  "Loretti " and  "  Priscilla  Fauntleroy  " (1882), 
"Fagot-Gatherers"  (1883),  " Fedalma " (1884),  etc- 

FuUer,  John  Wallace.    Bom  at  Cambridge, 
England,  1827:  died  at  Toledo,  Ohio,  March  12, 


of  the  island  of  Madeira,  situated  in  lat.  32°  38' 
N.,  long.  16°  54'  W.  It  is  a  noted  health-re- 
sort, and  has  a  cathedral.  Population,  about 
20,000. 
Fundy  (fun'di),  Bay  of.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlan- 
tic, lying  between  New  Brunswick  on  the  north- 
west and  Nova  Scotia  on  the  southeast,  it  is 
divided  near  the  eastern  extremity  into  Chignecto  Bay  and 
Minas  Channel  and  Basin.  Its  tides  reach  a  height  of  from 
60  to  70  feet.  It  receives  the  St.  John  and  St.  Croix.  Length, 
about  170  mUes.    Width,  30  to  50  miles. 


in  the  province  of  West  Flanders,  Belgium,  16 
miles  southwest  of  Ostend.  It  has  several 
interesting  old  buildings.  Pop.  (1890),  5,577. 
Furness  (ffer'nes).  Apeninsula  in  Lancashire, 
England,  situated  between  the  Irish  Sea  and 
Morecambe  Bay.  The  extensive  ruins  of  Furness  Ab- 
bey are  among  the  most  pictuj'esque  ot  English  medieval 
remains.  A  large  part  of  the  fine  church  survives  almost 
complete  exceptthevaulting,  and  there  is  abeautiful Early 
English  chapter-house.  The  entrance  to  the  ivy-draped 
cloisters  isbythree  superb  deeply  recessed  Norman  arches. 


1891.  An  American  publisher,  and  Union  officer  T,".r;'_"7";^r"_V'Dan"Pvan7f^^^^       An  island  Franess,  Horace  ^Howard.    Born  at  PhiTadel 
ttl^Z^lI^^i9-i^^^f.^al^SS''^.Z  ^X^^riinrdJ!en^^e'i-e.tB^Z    -Ma.  N^v.  2.  1833.    An  American  ShaWriar 
■~       -----  -"—-   — » — J  ^.-_     tjig  east  and  the  Little  Belt  on  the  west,  and 

forming,  with  Langeland,  .^roe,  and  other  isl- 
ands, the  diocese  (stift)  of  Piinen,  Capital, 
Odense.  Area  of  the  island,  1,126  square  miles ;  of  the 
diocese,  1,333  square  miles.  Population  of  the  diocese, 
266,827. 

Funeral  (fu'ne-ral),  The,  or  Grief  a-la-Mode. 

A  comedy  by  Steele,  produced  in  1701,  printed 
in  1702. 


at  Parker's  Cross  Roads,  Dec.  81,  1862 ;  captured  Deca- 
tur in  March,  1864 ;  took  part  in  the  Atlanta  campaign ; 
marched  with  Sherman  to  the  sea;  and  at  the  close  of  the 
war  was  brevetted  major-general  of  volunteers. 

Puller,  Melville  Weston.  Bom  at  Augusta, 
Maine,  Feb.  11, 1833.  Chief  justice  of  the  Su- 
■preme  Court  of  the  United  States.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  In  1865,  and  in  1856  settled  at  Chicago, 
-where  he  practised  law  until  appointed  chief  justice  by 
President  Cleveland  in  1888. 


phia,  Nov.  2,  1833.  An  American  Shaksperian 
scholar  and  legal  writer.  He  is  editing  a  variorum  of 
Shakspere's  plays,  which  includes :  "  Romeo  and  Juliet " 
(1871),  "Macbeth  "  (1873),  "  Hamlet"  (1877),  "King  Lear" 
(1880),  "Othello  "(1886),  "  TheMerchautof Venice"  (1888), 
"As  you  Like  it"  (1890), "The  Tempest " (1892),  "Mid- 
summer-Night's Dream  (1895),  "The  Winter's  Tale" 
(1898),  etc. 

Furnivall  (fer'ni-val), Frederick  James.  Bom 

at  Egham,  Surrey,  England,  Feb.  4,  1825.  A 
noted  English  philologist.     He  studied  at  Cam- 


Furnivall 

ih^^'  7^^^^  he  graduated  M.  A.  in  1849.  He  founded 
the  Early  English  Text  Society  (ISUi)  Chaucer  Society 
Ballad  Society  (1868),  New  Shaksyrfsociety  SrCwSl 
SfnS^^y-  ^y?"' Society  (1882),  an'd^ShefieyS 
^thii^Zt  ■  •»»«  ?<lite?  a  number  of  Early  English  and 
n?.  ^  .fojkB,  including  Walter  Map's  "Quest  del  Saint 
?HfSL=.  iJT^"/"^  "Description  of  England"  (1677-87), 
f^wh  ^  :^natomy  of  Abuses  "  (1B83),  a  number  of  works 
!?L?.f  ?.\'?>'J?°?'S  ^«'=*  Society  and  other  societies; 
also  the  "Six-Text  Pnnt  of  Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales,'' 
in  seven  parts  (1888-75).-  (See  Canterbury  Tales.)  He  has 
also  written  an  introduction  to  the  Leopold  Shakspere, 
describing  the  plays  and  discussing  their  chronological 
order,  and  is  editing  the  facsimile  quartos  of  Shakspere's 
plays.  He  IS  noted  as  an  oarsman.  He  built  the  first  nar- 
row wager  boats  in  England  in  1846.  He  also  introduced 
sculls  instead  of  oars  in  the  fours  and  eights,  and  himself 
rowed  in  the  earliest  winning  crews.  ■""»»" 

Furor  (fu'r^r).  In  Spenser's  " Faerie  Qneene," 
a  madman,  typifying  wrath.  He  is  the  son  of  a 
wretched  hag,  Occasion.  To  tame  the  son  the  mother  had 
to  be  subdued. 

Pursch-Madi  (f erst '  ma '  de),  Emma.  Born 
near  Bayonne,  France,  1849 :  died  at  Warren- 
viUe,  N.  J.,  Sept.  20,  1894.  A  French  mezzo- 
soprano  singer,  she  first  appeared  In  opera  at  Paris 
in  1870,  and  came  to  the  United  States  in  1882.  From 
1891  she  took  charge  of  the  vocal  classes  at  the  New  York 
College  of  Music.  Her  last  appearance  was  in  Uew  York 
Feb.  6,  1894. 

Piirst  (f iirst) ,  Julius.  Born  at  Zerkowo,  Posen, 
Prasaia,  May  12,  1805 :  died  at  Leipsie,  Feb.  9, 
1873.  A  German  Orientalist,  of  Hebrew  de- 
scent, professor  at  Leipsie  from  1864.  His  works 
include  "Conoordantise  librorum  sacrorum  Veteris  Testa- 
menti"  (1837-40),  "Hebraisches  und  chaldaisches  Hand, 
wBrterbuch  "  (1857-«1),  "  Kultur-  und  Litteraturgeschichte 
der  Juden  in  Asien  "  (1849). 

Plirstenberg  (f  urs'ten-berG) .  A  German  media- 
tized principality  in  southern  Baden,  southern 
Wiirtemberg,  and  Hoheuzollem-Sigmaringeu. 
The  to^vnof  Mrstenberg,  the  ancient  seat  of  the  rUrsten- 
berg  family,  is  situated  16  miles  north  of  Schaflhausen. 

Piirstemberg.  A  German  noble  family  in  West- 
phalia and  Khineland :  so  called  from  the  castle 
of  Fiirsteuberg  on  the  Ruhr. 

Ptirstenbund  (fiirs'ten-bont).  See  League  of 
the  German  Princes. 

Piirstenwalde  (fOrs'ten-val-de).  Atowninthe 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Spree  31  miles  southeast  of  Berlin.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  12,775. 

Pnrtado  (for-ta'dg),  Prancisco  Jose.  Bom  at 
Oeiras,  Piauhy,  Aug.  13,  1818 :  died  at  Eio  de 
Janeiro,  June  23, 1870.  A  Brazilian  statesman. 
He  distinguished  himself  as  an  advocate  and  judge,  was 
elected  deputy  in  1847,  and  repeatedly  reelected,  becoming 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  libera]  party.  From  1867  to  1859 
he  was  president  of  the  new  province  of  Amazonas ;  minis- 
ter of  justice  1862 ;  senator  from  1864  ;  and  from  Aug. ,  1864, 
to  May,  1865,  premier.    During  this  period  the  dispute 


417 

with  Uruguay  was  adjusted,  and  the  war  with  Paraguay 
commenced. 

Purth  (flirt).  A  town  in  Middle  Franconia, 
Bavaria,  situated  at  the  point  where  the  Eed- 
nitz  and  Pegnitz  unite  to  form  the  Eeguitz,  4 
miles  northwest  of  Nuremberg,  it  manufactures 
Nuremberg  wares,  mirrors,  and  gold-leaf.  Population 
(1890),  43,206. 

Furtier  India.    See  India,  Further. 

Furtwangen  (f  brt'vang-en).  A  town  in  Baden, 
17  miles  east-northeast  of  Freiburg.  It  manu- 
factures clocks.    Population  (1890),  4,202. 

Purud.    See  Phurud. 

Fury  and  Hecla  Strait.  [Named  by  Parry, 
the  discoverer  (1823),  from  his  ships  Fury  and 
Hecla.]  A  sea  passage  in  the  Arctic  regions, 
situated  about  lat.  70°  N.,  long.  80°-86°  W. 
It  connects  Boothia  Gulf  on  the  west  with  Fox  Channel 
on  the  east,  and  separates  Cockburn  Land  on  the  north 
from  Melville  Peninsula  on  the  south.  . 

Fusan  (fo-san').  A  seaport  in  the  southeast- 
em  part  of  Korea.  It  is  open  to  foreign  trade 
(which  is  mainly  in  Japanese  hands). 

Pusaro  (fo-sa'ro), LagO  del.  A smalllake near 
tjie  ancient  Cumse,  in  Italy,  one  of  the  ancient 
lakes  called  Acherusia  Palus.  It  is  noted  for 
its  oysters. 

Pusberta  (foz-ber'ta).  The  name  of  Rinaldo's 
sword  in  Ariosto's  "Orlando  Furioso." 

Fusbos  (fus'bos).  In  Ehodes's  burlesque  opera 
"Bombastes  Furioso,"  the  minister  of  state. 
He  kills  Bombastes,  who  has  killed  all  the  other 
characters. 

Puscaldo  (fos-kal'do).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Cosenza,  Italy,  16  miles  northwest 
of  Cosenza. 

Puseli  (fu'ze-li),  originally  Fiissli  (fus'le),  John 
Henry.  Bom  at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  Feb.  7, 
1741 :  died  at  Putney,  near  London,  April  16, 
1825.     A  Swiss-English  painter  and  art  critic. 

Fusi-yama,    See  Fuji^san. 

Fiissen  (fus'sen).  [In  the  middle  ages  Fauces  or 
Fuoggin.l  A  small  town  in  Swabia,  Bavaria,  sit- 
uatedon  the  Lech  58  miles  southwest  of  Munich. 
By  the  treaty  of  Fiissen,  April  22, 1746,  Maximilian  Joseph, 
elector  of  Bavaria,  renounced  all  claims  to  the  inheritance 
of  Maria  Theresa.    Population  (1890),  2,989. 

Fust  (fost),  or  Faust  (foust),  Johann.  Died 
probably  at  Paris  in  1466  or  1467.  A  German 
printer.  He  was  the  partner  of  Gutenberg  from  about 
1460  to  1466.  In  the  latter  year  the  partnership  was  dis- 
solved, and  Fust  obtained  possession  of  the  printing-press 
constructed  by  Gutenberg.  He  continued  the  business 
with  his  son-in-law  Peter  Schbffer. 

Fustian.    See  Sylvester  Daggerwood. 

Futa  Jallon  (fo'ta  zha-l&n').    A  territory  in 


Fyzabad 

the  southern  part  of  Senegambia,  western  Af- 
rica, situated  about  lat.  10°-12°  N.,  long.  11°- 
13°  W.  The  capital  is  Timbo.  It  has  been  under 
French  protection  since  1881.     Compare  Fulah. 

Futa-Toro  (fo'ta-to'ro).  A  territory  in  the 
northern  part  of  Senegambia,  situated  south  of 
the  Senegal  about  lat.  15°-16°  N.,  annexed  in 
part  by  France  in  1860.     Compare  Fhilah. 

Putteb  Ali.     See  Feth  AH. 

Puttehpur.     See  Fathipur. 

Futtigarh.     See  Fathigarh. 

Futurity  Bace,  The.    A  race  run  on  the  first 

.  day  of  the  fall  meeting  of  the  Coney  Island 
Jockey  Club  at  Sheepshead  Bay,  Long  Island: 
a  sweepstakes  for  two-year-olids. 

Fux  (foks),  Johann  Joseph.  Bom  at  Hirten- 
feld,  near  Gratz,  Styria,  1660 :  died  at  Vienna, 
Feb.  13,  1741.  A  German  composer  and  writer 
on  music.  The  greater  part  of  his  compositions,  406  of 
which  are  still  in  existence,  are  in  copy  or  autograph  in 
the  Imperial  Library,  Vienna.  He  pnbUshed  "Concentus 
musico-instrumentalis"  (1701),  "Missa  canonica"  (1718), 
"Gradus  ad  Parnasaum  "  (1725),  etc. 

Fuzuli.    See  the  extract. 

Up  to  this  time  all  Ottoman  writings  had  been  more  or 
less  rugged  and  unpolished ;  but  in  the  reign  of  Selim's 
son,  Suleyman  I.  (1520-1666),  a  new  era  began.  Two  great 
poets,  Fuzuli  and  Baki,  make  their  appearance  about  the 
same  time  :  the  one  in  the  east,  the  other  in  the  west,  of 
the  now  tar-extending  empire.  Fuzuli  of  Baghdad,  one 
of  the  four  great  poets  of  the  old  Turkish  school,  is  the 
first  writer  of  real  eminence  who  rose  in  the  Ottoman  do- 
minions. None  of  his  predecessors  in  any  way  approaches 
him ;  and  although  his  work  is  in  the  Persian  style  and 
taste,  he  is  no  servile  copier ;  on  the  contrary,  he  struck 
out  for  himself  a  new  path,  one  hitherto  untrodden  by 
either  Turk  or  Persian.  His  chief  characteristic  is  an  in- 
tense and  passionate  earnestness,  which  sometimes  betrays 
him  into  extravagances ;  and  although  few  Turkish  poets 
are  in  one  way  more  artificial  than  he,  few  seem  to  speak 
more  directly  from  the  heart.  His  best- known  works  con- 
sist of  his  "Divan,"  or  collection  of  ghazels,  and  a  poem 
on  the  loves  of  Xeyli  and  Mejnun ;  he  has  besides  some 
prose  writings,  which  are  hardly  inferior  to  his  verse. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  312. 

Fyffe  (fif),  Charles  Alan.  Born  at  Black- 
heath,  Kent,  Dec,  1845 :  died  Feb.  19, 1892.  An 
English  lawyer  and  historian.  His  most  im- 
portant work  is  a  "  Historv  of  Modern  Europe  " 
(1880-90). 

Fyne  (fin).  Loch.  .An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  in 
Argyllshire,  Scotland,  extending  40  miles  north- 
ward andnortheastward  fromthe  Sound  of  Bute. 
Width,  from  1  to  5  miles.  It  is  famous  for  its 
herrings.    .Also  Lochfyne. 

Pyt  (fit),  Jan.  Born  at  Antwerp,  March,  1611: 
died  there,  Sept.  11, 1661.  A  Dutch  painter  of 
animals  and  game. 

Fyzabad.    See  Faizabad. 


C— 27 


ail  (go'ai),  Jozsef.    Bom  at 

Nagy-Kiroly,  Hungary,  Dec. 
12,  1811:  died  at  Budapest, 
Feb.  28,  1866.  A  Hungarian 
dramatist  and  novelist. 
Gabb  (gab),  William  More. 
Born  at  Philadelphia,  Jan. 
16,  1839 :  died  there.  May 
30,  1878.  A  geologist  and 
paleontologist.  From  1862  to  1865  he  was  paleontolo- 
gist of  the  California  Geological  Survey.  He  explored  Santo 
Domingo  1869-72,  in  the  interests  of  a  mining  company, 
and  subsequently  made  an  extended  geographical  and  top- 
ographical survey  of  Costa  Rica  for  the  government  of 
that  republic.  He  published  various  papers  on  Cretaceous 
and  Tertiary  Invertebrates,  and  on  Santo  Domingo  and 
Central  America. 
Gabbatha  (gab'a-tha).  [Gr.  Tap^aBa;  proba- 
bly Aram., '  elevated  place.']  The  name  given 
(John  xix.  13)  to  the  place  (also  called  the  Pave- 
ment) where  was  placed  the  benaa  or  judgment- 
seat  of  Pilate. 

Gabelentz  (ga'be-lents),Hans  Conou  von  der. 

Born  at  Altenburg,  Germany,  Oct.  13, 1807 :  died 
near  Triptis,  Saxe-Weimar,  Germany,  Sept.  3, 
1874.  A  Grerman  philologist  and  politician.  He 
wrote  "  liil^ments  de  la  grararaaire  mandchoue "  (1833), 
"  Die  melanesischen  Spraohen  "  (1860),  and  other  works  on 
Oriental  languages. 

Gabelentz,  Hans  Georg  Conon  von  der.  Bom 

at  Posohwitz,  near  Altenburg,  Germany,  March 
16, 1840 :  died  at  Berlin,  Deo.  12, 1893.  A  German 
philologist,  son  of  H.  C!.  von  der  Gabelentz.  He 
was  appointed  professor  of  East- Asiatic  languages  at  Leip- 
Bic  in  1878,  and  at  Berlin  in  1889.  He  wrote  "  Chinesische 
Grammatik  "  (1881),  etc. 

Gaberlunzie  Man(gab-er-lun'ziman),The.  A 
Scottish  ballad  traditionally  ascribed,  though 
without  evidence,  to  James  V.  The  gaberlunzie 
(or  gaberlunyie)  was  a  wallet  or  bag,  and  the  gaberlunzie 
man  was  a  wandering  beggar  or  tinker  who  carried  the 
wallet. 

Gabes.    See  Cabes. 

Gabhra,  Battle  of.  In  the  legends  of  the  Irish 
Gaels,  a  battle  between  the  tribe  of  Pionn  and 
its  enemies,  about  284. 

Gabii  (ga'bi-i).  A  city  of  ancient  Latium,  sit- 
uated about  half-way  between  Rome  and  Prre- 
neste :  one  of  the  oldest  of  the  cities  belonging 
to  the  Latin  federation.  According  to  Roman  le- 
gend it  was  conquered  by  Tarquinius  Superbus  in  the  fol- 
lowing manner :  His  youngest  son,  Sextus,  presented  him- 
self before  Gabii  in  the  guise  of  a  fugitive  from  his  father's 
tyranny,  and  was  received  by  the  Gabines  as  their  leader, 
whereupon  Sextus  sent  to  Rome  for  further  instructions. 
The  messenger  found  Tarquin  in  his  garden.  Without 
saying  a  word,  the  king  knocked  off  the  heads  of  the  tallest 
poppies.  The  messenger  returned  to  Sextus,  who  saw  the 
meaning  of  the  parable,  and  cut  oif  the  chief  men  of  Gabii, 
which  was  then  surrendered  to  Tarquin. 

Gabinian  Law  (ga-bin'i-an  \k).  [L.  Lex  Ga- 
binia.']  1.  A  Roman  law,  passed  in  67  b.  c,  by 
which  Cn.  Pompeius  was  invested  for  three 
years  with  unlimited  command  over  the  whole 
Mediterranean  and  its  coasts  for  fifty  miles  in- 
land, and  received  unconditional  control  of  the 
public  treasuries  of  the  provinces,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  conducting  the  war  against  the  pirates. 
—  3.  A  Roman  law,  passed  in  58  B.  c.,which  for- 
bade loans  of  money  at  Rome  to  legations  from 
foreign  countries,  the  object  of  which  was  to 
prevent  such  legations  from  borrowing  money 
to  bribe  the  senators. 

Gabinius  (ga-bin'i-us),  Aulus.  Died  at  SalonsB, 
Dalmatia,  about  47  B.  c.  A  Roman  tribune 
(67  B.  c).  He  proposed  a  law  giving  Pompey 
command  against  the  pirates. 

Gabirol  (ga-be-rol'),  Solomon  ibn.  Born  at 
Malaga,  1021:  died  1070.  A  celebrated  Jewish 
poet  and  philosopher.  He  livedin  Saragoasa,  Spain. 
His  poetry  is  characterized  by  its  finish  of  form  and  lofti- 
ness of  thought.  His  poems  are  mostly  serious,  some- 
times gloomy.  The  most  important  of  these  is  his  "  Royal 
Ciown  "  ("  Kether  Malkuth  "),  a religio-philosophical  med- 
itation, which  has  been  translated  into  almost  every  Eu- 
ropean language.  Many  of  his  numerous  religious  poems 
have  been  incorporated  in  the  Jewish  liturgy.  Of  his 
philosophical  works,  written  in  Arabic,  the  principal  one 
is  the  "Fountain  of  Life,"  based  on  the  Neoplatonic  sys- 
tem.   Its  Latin  translation,  "Fons  Vitse,"  is  often  quoted 


by  Albert  the  Great,  Thomas  Aquinas,  Giordano  Bruno, 
and  others.  He  also  wrote  an  ethical  work,  "Introduc- 
tion for  the  Attaining  of  Good  Habits  of  theSoul "  ("  Tikun 
Midoth  ha-Nefesh  "),  and  a  collection  of  proverbs  ("Se- 
lection of  Pearls,"  "Mibhar  ha-Peninlm  '*). 

Gablenz  (ga'blentz),  Ludwig  Karl  Wilhelm, 
"Freiherrvon.  BornatJena,  July  19, 1814:  died 
at  Zurich,  Jan.  28, 1874.  An  Austrian  general. 
He  entered  the  Austrian  army  in  1833 ;  served  under  Win- 
dischgratz  and  Schlick  in  Hungary  1848-49 ;  became  ma- 
jor-general in  the  army  of  occupation  in  the  Danubian 
principalities  in  1854 ;  commanded  a  brigade  at  the  battle 
of  Solferino  in  1859 ;  commanded  the  Austrians  in  the 
war  of  Austria  and  Prussia  against  Denmark  in  1864 ;  be- 
came governor  of  Holstein  in  1865 ;  commanded  an  army 
corps  at  Trautenau  June  27  and  28,  and  at  Koniggratz  July 
3,  in  the  Austro-Prussian  war  in  1866.  He  committed  sui- 
cide in  a  fit  of  despondency  brought  on  by  ilnancial  diffi- 
culties. 

Gabler  (ga'bler),  Georg  Andreas.  Bom  at 
-Altdorf ,  Bavaria,  July  30, 1786 :  died  at  Teplitz, 
Bohemia,  Sept.  13,1853.  AGermanphilosopher, 
son  of  J.  P.  (jabler :  a  disciple  of  Hegel,  and  his 
successor  in  Berlin. 

Gabler,  Johann  Philipp,  Bom  at  Frankfort- 
on-the-Main,  June  4,  1753 :  died  at  Jena,  Ger- 
many, Feb.  17,  1826.  A  German  rationalistic 
theologian,  professor  of  theology  at  Jena  from 
1804.  He  edited  Eichhom's  "Urgeschichte" 
(1790-93),  etc. 

Gablonz  (ga'blonts).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Neisse  57 miles  northeast  of  Prague. 
It  manufactures  glass.  Population  (1890),  14,- 
653. 

Gaboon  (ga-bon').    See  Kongo,  French. 

Gaboriau  (ga-bo-ryo'),  ^mile.  Bom  at  Saujon, 
Oharente-Inf^rieure,  Prance,  Nov.  9, 1835:  died 
at  Paris,  Sept.  28,  1873.  A  French  novelist, 
author  of  "Le  dossier  No.  113"  (1867),  "Le 
crime  d'Orcival"  (1867),  "M.  Lecoq"  (1869), 
"  La  d^gringolade "  (1871),  "La  corde  au  eou" 
(1873),  and  other  detective  stories. 

Gaboto  (ga-bo'to).  The  Spanish  form  of  Cabot 
(which  see). 

Gabriel  (ga'bri-el).  [Heb.,  '  God  is  my  strong 
one.']  A  name'of  one  of  the  archangels.  He 
interprets  to  Daniel  his  visions  (Dan.  viiL  16,  ix.  21)  and 
announces  the  birth  of  John  the  Baptist  and  Jesus  (Luke 
i.  19,  26).  In  the  Koran  he  is  represented  as  the  medium 
of  revelation  to  Hohammed. 

Gabriel.  One  of  the  ships  of  Frobiaher's  first 
expedition  in  1576. 

Gabriel  Channel.  A  sea  passage  between  Tier- 
ra  delPuego  ".nd  Dawson  Island,  about  lat.  54° 
15'  S.,long.  .0°40'W. 

Gabriel  Hounds.  The  name  given  in  folk-lore  to 
a  cry  heard  in  the  upper  air  at  night,  supposed 
to  forebode  trouble. 

Gabriel  Lajeunesse.    See  Lajeunesse. 

Gabrielle  (ga-bre-el'),  La  belle.  See  Estr4es, 
Gabrielle  ^. 

Gabrielle  d'EstrSes,  on  les  Amours  de  Henri 
IV.  An  opera  by  M6hul,  words  by  Saint-Just, 
produced  in  1806. 

Gabrielli  (ga-bre-el 'le),  Catterina.  Bom  at 
Rome,  Nov.  12, 1730 :  died  there,  in  April,  1796. 
A  celebrated  Italian  singer.  She  was  the  daughter 
of  Prince  Gabrielli's  cook,  and  is  still  known  as  La  Cochetta 
or  Cochettina.  She  was  a  pupil  of  Garcia  and  Porpora, 
and  made  her  first  appearance  at  Lucca  in  1747.  Her 
style  was  the  most  brilliant  bravura,  and  her  other  ac- 
complishments were  unusual.  She  was  notorious  for  her 
caprices. 

Gabrovo  (ga-bro'vo),  or  Gabrova  (-va),  or  Ka- 
brova  (ka-bro'va).  A  town  in  Bulgaria,  sit- 
uated on  the  river  Jantra  26  miles  southwest 
of  Tirnova.     Population  (1888),  7,988. 

Gabun  (ga-bou').    See  Kongo,  French. 

Gachard  (ga-shar'),  Louis  Prosper.  Bom  at 
Paris,  March  12, 1800 :  died  at  Brussels,  Dec.  24, 
1885.  A  Belgian  historian,  keeper  of-  the  ar- 
chives of  the  kingdom  of  Belgium.  He  edited  the 
correspondence  of  William  the  Silent,  of  Philip  II.  on 
affairs  in  the  Low  Countries,  and  of  Margaret  of  Austria, 
duchess  of  Parma,  with  Philip  II.  He  wrote  "Retraite  et 
mort  de  Charles  V."  (1854-56),  etc. 

Gad  (gad).    [Heb., 'fortune.']    1.  A  son  of  the 

patriarch  Jacob  by  Zilpah. —  2.  One  of  the 

twelve  tribes  of  Israel,  occupying  the  region 

418 


east  of  the  Jordan,  north  of  Reuben  and  south 
of  Manasseh. — 3.  A  Hebrew  prophet  and  chron- 
icler at  the  court  of  David. 

Gadabout  (gad'a-bont"),  Mrs.  A  character  in 
Garriek's  play  ''The  Lying  Valet." 

Gadames.    See  Ghadames.  i 

Gadara  (gad'a-ra).  [Gr.  Tddapa.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  of  the  Decapolisin  Syria,  situ- 
ated about  7miles  southeast  of  the  Sea  of  Galilee, 
probably  the  calpital  of  Persea :  the  modem  vil- 
lage of  um  Keis.  It  was  rebuilt  by  Pompey.  Here 
are  remains  of  a  large  Roman  theater,  not  excavated  in  a 
hill,  but  entirely  built  up  of  masonry  on  vaulted  sub- 
structions and  in  good  preservation,  and  of  a  smaller  the- 
ater on  the  same  site, 

Gaddi  (gad'de), Agnolo  or Angelo.  Bom  1333 : 
died  1396.  A  Florentine  painter,  son  of  Taddeo 
Gaddi.  His  best-known  works  are  the  frescos 
(scenes  from  the  life  of  Mary)  in  the  parish 
church  of  Prato. 

Gaddi,  Gaddo.  Born  about  1260 :  died  after  1333. 
A  Florentine  painter  and  mosaicist.  He  executed 
notable  works  in  mosaic  at  Rome  (on  the  facade  of  Santa 
Maria  Maggiore)  and  at  Florence  (over  the  chief  portal 
of  the  Duomo). 

Gaddi,  Taddeo.  Bom  about  1300 :  died  at  Flor- 
ence, 1366.  A  Florentine  painter  and  architect, 
son  of  Gaddo  Gaddi  and  pupil  of  Giotto.  Among 
his  chief  works  are  frescos  (scenes  from  the  life 
of  Mary)  in  Santa  Croce,  Florence. 

Gade  (ga'de),  Niels  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Copen- 
hagen, Oct.  22,  1817 :  died  there,  Dec.  22, 1890. 
A  noted  Danish  composer  and  conductor.  After 
1848  he  occupied  various  official  positions  (court  organist, 
etc.)  at  Copenhagen.  Among  his  works  are  seven  sym^ 
phonies,  five  overtures  (the  Ossian  overture  was  crowned 
in  1841),  etc.  He  also  wrote  many  choral  and  solo  songs, 
and  a  number  of  solo  pieces  for  the  piano,  of  which 
"  Aquarellen,"a  series  of  musical  sketches,  and  the  "  Volks- 
tElnze  "  are  the  best.    Grove. 

Gades  (ga'dez),  or  Gadeira  (ga-di'ra).  [L. 
Gades,  Gr.  TdSecpa  (pi. ),  Tadcipo;,  orig.  Ph en . , '  in- 
closure.']  The  remotest  colony  of  the  Pheni- 
eians  in  the  west.  It  was  founded  about  1100  b.  c.  be- 
yond Gibraltar  at  the  northwestern  extremity  of  an  island, 
about  12  miles  long,  which  lies  off  the  western  coast  of 
Spain,  and  occupied  almost  exactly  the  same  site  as  the 
modem  Cadiz.  It  was  the  headquarters  of  the  western 
commerce  of  the  Phenicians,  and  contained  various  tem- 
ples of  the  Phenician  gods.    See  Cadiz. 

Gades  or  Cadiz,  which  has  kept  its  name  and  its  un- 
broken position  as  a  great  city  from  an  earliei-  time  than 
any  other  city  in  Europe.       Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  35. 

Of  these  by  far  the  most  important  was  Gadeira.  This 
town  was  situated  at  the  northwestern  -extremity  of  an  isl- 
and, about  twelve  miles  long,  which  lies  off  the  western 
coast  of  Spain  a  little  outside  the  straits.  A  narrow  chan- 
nel, more  like  a  river  than  an  arm  of  the  sea,  and  now 
spanned  by  a  bridge,  separates  the  island  from  the  shore, 
expanding,  however,  towards  its  northern  end,  where  it 
forms  itself  into  a  land-locked  bay,  capable  of  containing 
all  the  navies  of  the  world.  Two  islets  lie  across  the 
mouth  of  the  channel  at  this  end,  and  effectually  prevent 
the  entrance  of  the  long  rolling  waves  from  the  Atlantic. 
The  original  city  was  small,  and  enclosed  within  a  strong 
wall,  whence  the  name  "Gadir"  or  "Gadeira,"  which 
meant  in  the  Phoenician  language  '*an  enclosure  "or  "a 
fortified  place."  It  occupied  almost  exactly  the  site  of 
the  modern  Cadiz,  being  spread  over  the  northern  end  of 
the  island,  the  little  islet  of  the  Trocadero,  and  ultimately 
over  a  portion  of  the  opposite  coast.  It  contained  temples 
of  El,  Melkatth,  and  Ashtoreth  or  Astart^. 

SawUmon,  Phoenicia,  p.  67. 

Gadhels  (gad'elz).  [See  Gael.']  That  branch 
of  the  Celtic  race  which  comprises  the  Erse  of  i 
Ireland,  the  Gaels  of  Scotland,  and  the  Manx  of 
the  Isle  of  Man,  as  distinguished  from  the  Cym- 
ric branch.  SeeCymry.  Ireland  was  the  first  home 
of  the  Gadhelic  branch,  whence  it  spread  to  Scotland  in 
the  6th  century— a  portion  of  the  branch,  under  the  name 
of  Scots,  having  then  settled  In  Argyll.  The  Scots  ulti- 
mately became  the  dominant  race,  the  Picts,  an  earlier  and 
probably  a  Cymric  race,  being  lost  in  them. 

After  the  old  way  of  inventing  persons  to  explain  the 
names  of  tribes,  the  name  of  Gaeohel  was  derived  by  the 
ancient  Irish  clergy  from  a  Oaedhal  or  Gadelas  who  lived 
in  the  time  of  Moses.  His  father,  Niul,  had  married  a 
daughterof  that  Pharaoh  who,  in  pursuit  of  the  Israelites, 
was  drowned  in  the  Red  Sea,  and  called  her  Scota  because 
he  was  himself  a  Scythian.  Their  son  was  said  to  have 
seen  called  Gaodhal  as  a  lover  of  learning,  from  gaoith, 
which  is  in  Irish  "learning,"  and  dU,  which  is  in  Irish. 
"  love, "  Morley,  English  Writers,  1, 166. 


Gadiatch 

Oadiatch  (gad'yach).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Pultowa,  Russia,  situated  on  the  rivers 
Psiol  and  Gnin  about  lat.  50°  22'  N.,  long.  34° 
E.    Population,  10,278. 

Gaditanum  Fretum  (gad-i-ta'num  fre'tum). 
[L.,  '  Strait  of  Gades.']  The  ancient  name  of 
the  Strait  of  Gibraltar. 

Gadsden  (gadz'den),  Christopher.  Bom  at 
Charleston,  S.  C,  1724 :  died  at  Charleston,  Aug. 
28, 1805.  An  American  patriot  and  Eevolution- 
ary  officer.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Colonial  Congress 
ivhioli  met  at  New  York  in  1765 ;  was  a  member  of  the 
Continental  Congress  which  met  at  Philadelphia  in  1774 ; 
was  made  a  colonel  in  the  militia  of  South  Carolina  in 
1776 ;  and  became  brigadier-general  in  1776,  a  post  which 
he  resigned  in  1779.  As  lieutenant-governor  of  South 
Carolina  he  signed  the  articles  of  capitulation  at  the  sur- 
render of  Charleston  to  Sir  Henry  Clinton  in  1780. 

Gadsden,  James.  Bom  at  Charleston,  S.  C, 
May  15, 1788 :  died  at  Charleston,  Dec.  26, 1858. 
An  American  politician  and  diplomatist,  grand- 
son of  C.  Gadsden.  As  minister  to  Mexico  he 
negotiated  the  "Gadsden  Purchase"  (whichsee) 
in  1853. 

Gadsden  Purchase.  A  treaty  negotiated  Dec. 
30, 1853,  by  James  Gadsden,United  States  min- 
ister to  Mexico,  by  which  the  United  States  ac- 
qtdred  from  Mexico  a  tract  of  45,000  square 
miles,  now  included  in  the  southern  part  of 
Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  for  $10,000,000. 

Gadshill  (gadz'hil).  A  hill  3  miles  northwest 
of  Eochester,  England,  on  the  road  to  Graves- 
end.  It  commands  a  fine  view,  and  is  noted  as  the  place, 
in  Shakspere's  "  1  Henry  IV.,"  where  Falstaff  had  his  en- 
counter with  the  "men  in  buckram."  Gadshill,  one  of 
the  thieves  is  a  character  in  the  play.  There  is  an  inn 
there  called  the  FalstaS  Inn.  Opposite  stands  Gadshill 
Place,  the  residence  of  Charles  Dickens  in  which  he  died. 

Gaea  (je'a),  or  Ge  (je).  [Gr.  Vaca,  r^.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a,  goddess,  the  personification  of  the 
earth.  According  to  Hesiod,  she  was  the  first-born  of 
Chaos  and  the  mother  of  Uranus  and  Pontus.  By  Uranus 
she  was  the  mother  of  Oceanus,  Cronus,  and  many  others. 
(See  Uramts.)  Homer  makes  her  the  mother  of  Erechtheus 
and  Tithyus.    She  was  worshiped  at  Borne  as  lellus. 

Gaedhals.     See  Gadhels. 

Gael  (gal) .  [From  Gael.  Qaidheal  (contr.  Gael) , 
Ir.  Gaoidheai  (with  dh  now  silent),  Olr.  Goidel, 
a  Gael,  formerly  equiv.  also  to  'Irishman,'  W. 
gviyddel,  an  Irishman.]  A  Scottish  Highlander 
or  Celt. 

Gaesbeeck  (gas'bak),  Adriaan  van.  Bom  at 
Leyden :  died  there,  1650.  A  Dutch  genre  and 
portrait  painter,  a  follower  of  Gerard  Douw. 

Gaeta  (gS-a'ta).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Caserta,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Gaeta  in 
lat.  41°  12'  N.,  long.  13°  35'  E. :  the  ancient  Por- 
tus  Caieta.  it  has  a  cathedral  and  an  ancient  tomb(Torre 
d'Orlando),  and  is  noted  for  the  strength  of  its  fortress. 
It  resisted  the  Teutonic  invaders  in  the  middle  ages ;  was 
a  free  city,  and  then  passed  to  the  Normans ;  had  various 
sieges :  was  taken  by  the  Anstrians  in  1707,  by  the  Span- 
iards and  Allies  in  1734,  and  by  Mass^na  after  a  long  siege 
in  1806 ;  and  was  the  place  of  refuge  of  Pope  Pius  IX 
1848-60,  and  of  I^anois  11.  of  Naples  in  1860.  It  sur- 
rendered to  the  forces  of  Victor  Emmanuel  in  1861.  Popu- 
lation (1880),  6,429. 

Gaeta,  Gulf  of.  An  indentation  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, situated  southwest  of  the  province  of 
Caserta,  Italy. 

Gaeta,  Mola  di.    See  fformia. 

Gaetulia  (je-tu'li-a).  In  ancient  geography,  the 
land  of  the  Gsetuli,  a  region  in  northern  Africa, 
south  of  Mauretania  and  Numidia,  extending 
from  the  land  of  the  Garamantes  westward  to 
the  Atlantic.  The  GsetuUans  were  subjected 
to  Roman  rule  about  the  time  of  Christ. 

Gagarin  (ga-ga'ren),  Alexander  Ivanovitch. 
Died  at  Kutais,  Transcaucasia,  Russia,  Nov.  6, 
1857.  A  Russian  general,  distingtiished  in  the 
Caucasus  and  in  the  Crimean  war.  He  was 
governor  of  Kutais  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Gagarin,  Ivan  Sergejewitch.  Bom  at  St. 
Petersburg  in  1814:  died  at  Paris  in  1882.  A 
Russian  Jesuit  writer.  He  was  originally  a  diplo- 
matist, and  in  1837  was  secretary  of  the  embassy  at  Vienna 
and  at  Paris.  In  1843  he  embraced  Catholicism  and  en- 
tered the  order  of  Jesuits.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
"Etudes  de  Th^ologie,  etc."(1857:  a  journal  merged  in 
"Etudes  Religieuses,  eto.,"lS62).  He  wrote  "Les  staro- 
vftres,  I'telise  russe,  et  le  pape  "  (1857), "  La  Eussie  sera-t- 
elle  catholique  ?  "  (1857), "  Les  hymnes  de  I'^glise  grecque  " 
(1868). 

Gage  (gaj),  Lyman  Judson.  Born  at  Deruy- 
ter,  N.  Y.,  June  28,  1836.  An  American  finan- 
cier. He  was  president  of  the  Civic  Federation  of 
Chicago  and  of  the  Chicago  Exposition  Company ;  has 
been  three  times  president  of  the  American  Bankers  As- 
sociation, and  in  1891  became  president  of  the  First  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Chicago.  He  was  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
1897-1901,  1901-02. 
Gage,  Thomas.  Born,  probably  in  Surrey, 
about  1596 :  died  in  Jamaica,  1656.  An  Eng- 
lish missionary  and  author.    He  joined  the  Domini- 


419 

cans  in  Spain,  and  from  1626  to  1637  was  a  missionary  in 
Mexico  and  Guatemala.  Keturning,  he  renounced  Roman 
Catholicism  in  1640,  and  became  a  Protestant  preacher  in 
England.  In  1648  he  published  his  "English  American, 
or  New  Survey  of  the  West  Indies,"  describing  his  travels 
in  America.  He  pointed  out  that  the  rich  Spanish  colonies 
were  nearly  defenseless,  and  his  account  soon  led  to  pri- 
vateering expeditions  against  them.  Gage  was  appointed 
chaplain  to  the  squadron  sent  under  Venables  and  Penn 
to  the  West  Indies,  wliere  he  died. 

Gage,  Thomas.  Born  in  1721:  died  April  2, 
1787.  A  British  general.  He  entered  the  army  in 
1741 ;  served  in  the  expeditions  under  Braddock  against 
FortDuquesneinl755,underAbercrombieagainstTiconde- 
roga  in  1768,  and  under  Amherst  against  Montreal  in  1760 ; 
was  commander-in-chief  in  North  America  (with  head- 
c[uarters  at  New  York)  1763-72  ;  was  appointed  governor- 
in-chief  and  captain-general  of  the  province  of  Massachu- 
setts Bay  (with  headquarters  at  Boston)  in  1774 ;  was  made 
commander-in-chief  in  North  America  in  1775 ;  and  re- 
turned to  England  in  1775.  He  was  promoted  general  in 
1782,  During  his  governorship  occurred  the  battles  of 
Lexington  and  Bunker  HUl. 

Gagern  (ga'gem),  Hans  Ohristoph  Ernst, 
Baron  von.  Bom  at  Eleinniedesheim,  near 
Worms,  Hesse-Darmstadt,  Jan.  25, 1766 :  died  at 
Hornau.nearHochst,  Hesse-Darmstadt,  Oct.  22, 
1852.  A  German  politician  and  diplomatist  (in 
the  service  of  the  King  of  the  Netherlands),  and 

Solitleal  writer.    His  works  include  "  Die  Eesultate 
er  Sitteugeschichte  "  (1808-22),  "  Die  Nationalgeschichte 
.  der  Deutschen  "  (1826-26),  etc. 

Gagern,  Heinrich  wilhelm  August,  Baron 
von.  Born  at  Bayreuth,  Bavaria,  Aug.  20, 
1799:  died  at  Darmstadt,  Germany,  May-  22, 
1880.  A  German  statesman,  son  of  H.  C.  E. 
von  Gagern.  He  was  president  of  the  Frankfort  Par- 
liament m  1848,  and  president  of  the  imperial  ministry 
Dec,  1848,-May,  1849. 

Gaguin  (ga-gan'),  BrOhert.  Bom  at  Calonne- 
sur-le-Lys  about  1425:  died  near  Nieppe,  July 
22,  1502.  A  French  chronicler.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric  in  the  University  of  Paris  in  1463,  and 
was  employed  in  diplomatic  missions  by  Louis  XL,  Charles 
Vni.,  and  Louis  XII.  Author  of  "Compendium  supra 
Francorum  Gestis,  a  Pharamundo  usque  ad  annum  1491" 
(Paris,  1497). 

Gahanbar  (ge-hen-bir').  [Pers.,  properly  'pe- 
riod of  time  or  times.']  One  of  the  six  season 
festivals  held  on  the  45th,  105th,  180th,  210th, 
290th,  and  365th  days  of  the  Parsee  year,  which 
commences  now  on  Sept.  20  according  to  In- 
dian Parsee  reckoning,  on  Aug.  21  aceordiiig 
to  Persian  reckoning,  but  retrogrades  one  day 
every  leap-year.  These  periods,  originally  the  six  sea- 
sons of  the  year,  came  to  represent  in  later  times  the  six 
periods  of  creation. 

Gaheris  (ga'her-is).  In  Arthurian  romance,  the 
son  of  Morganse,  the  sister  of  King  Arthur.  He 
killed  his  mother  for  adidtery. 

Gahs  (g&hz).  [Pers.  gah,  time.]  Prayers  (five 
in  number)  of  the  Parsee  liturgy  which  are  of- 
fered to  the  several  angels  who  preside  over  the 
five  watches  into  which  the  day  and  night  are 
divided  (6  to  10  a.  m.,  10  a.  m.  to  3  p.  m.,  3  to 
6  p.  M.,  6  to  12  M.,  12  M.  to  6  A.  M.).  These 
prayers  must  be  recited  every  day  at  their  re- 
spective times. 

Gaiam  (gi'am).  The  fifth-magnitude  star  a 
Herculis,  in  the  club  of  the  giant :  sometimes 
written  Guiam. 

Gaiety  Theatre,  The.  A  London  theater  situ- 
ated on  the  north  side  of  the  Strand.  It  was 
opened  in  1868,  and  in  it  opera  bouffe  was  "ac- 
climatized "  in  England. 

Gaikwar's,  or  Gaekwar's,  Dominions.  See 
Baroda. 

Gail  (gal  or  gay),  Madame  (Edme  Sophie 
Garre).  Bom  at  Melim.,  France,  Aug.  28, 1775 : 
died  at  Paris,  July  24,  1819.  A  French  com- 
poser of  comic  operas,  wife  of  J.  B.  Gail,  she 
wrote  "Mademoiselle  de  Launay  k  la  Bastille"  (1813), 
"Angela"  (1814:  in  collaboration  with  Boieldieu),  "La 
S^r^nade"  (1818),  etc. 

Gail,  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom  at  Paris,  July  4, 
1755 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  5,  1829.  A  noted 
French  Hellenist,  a  prolific  writer  of  transla- 
tions from  the  Greek  and  of  grammatical  and 
critical  works. 

Gailenreuther  Hohle  (gi'len-roi-ter  hs'le).  A 
famous  cavern  near  Muggendorf,  in  Upper 
Franconia,  Bavaria,  containing  fossil  bones  of 
various  wild  animals :  human  bones  and  pot- 
sherds have  also  been  found  there. 

Gaillac  (ga-yak').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Tam,  France,  situated  on  the  Tarn  in  lat. 
43°  55'  N.,  long.  1°  54'  E.  It  is  noted  for  its 
red  and  white  wines.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 7,709. 

Gaillard  (ga-ySr'),  Chateau.  See  CMteau 
Gaillard.  ^ 

Gaillard,  Gabriel  Henri.  Bom  at  Ostel,  near 
Soissons,  Prance,  March  26,  1726 :  died  at  St. 
Firmin,  near  Chantilly,  France,  Feb.  13, 1806. 


Gaius 

A  French  historian.  His  works  include  "Histoire  de 
Francois  I",  etc."  (1766),  "Histoire  de  la  rivalitS  de  la 
France  et  de  I'Angleterre  "  (1771-77),  "  Histoire  de  Charle- 
magne "  (1782),  "  Histoire  de  la  rivalit^  de  la  France  et  de 
I'Espagne  "  (1801),  etc. 

Gaillon  (ga-yoii').  A  small  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eure,  France,  situated  on  the 
Seine  22  miles  southeast  of  Rouen.  A  chS,teau 
here  was  a  favorite  residence  of  Francis  I. 

Gainas  (ga'nas).  Died  in  400  A.  D.  A  West- 
Gothic  general  iutheRoman  service.  He  acquired 
distinction  in  the  war  against  Arbogast  in  894.  He  was 
a  partizan  of  Stilicho,  who  on  the  death  of  Theodosius  the 
Great,  and  the  division  of  the  empire  between  Arcadius  and 
Honorius,  became  regent  for  the  Western  Empire,  while 
Rutinus  became  regent  for  the  Eastern.  He  procured  the 
murder  of  the  latter  at  Constantinople  Nov.  27, 395.  Hav- 
ing been  sent  to  subdue  a  rebellion  of  the  East  Goths 
whom  Theodosius  had  colonized  in  Asia  Minor,  he  formed 
a  coalition  with  their  leader,  Tribigild,  and  marched 
against  Constantinople  in  399.  He  was  admitted  into  the 
capital ;  but  as  his  demand  for  freedom  of  worship  for  the 
Arian  Goths  provoked  a  massacre  by  the  Catholics,  he  was 
obliged  to  withdraw  to  Thrace.  He  was  defeated  and 
killed  by  the  Huns  in  400. 

Gaines  (ganz),  Edmund  Pendleton.  Bom  in 
Culpeper  County,  Va.,  March  20,  1777:  died  at 
New  Orleans,  June  6,  1849.  An  American 
general.  He  participated  as  colonel  in  the  engagement 
at  Chrysler's  Field  Nov.  11, 1813,  and  as  brigadier-general 
successfully  defended  Fort  Erie  against  a  superior  force 
in  Aug.,  1814. 

Gaines's  Mill.  A  locality  in  Virginia,  about  8 
miles  northeast  of  Richmond.  Here,  June  27, 1862, 
a  sanguinary  battle  was  fought  between  part  of  Lee's 
army  and  part  of  McClellan's.  The  loss  of  the  Federals 
was  6,837;  that  of  the  Confederates,  as  reported,  was  3,284, 
but  it  is  believed  to  have  been  at  least  '7,000. 

Gainsborough  (ganz'bur-6).  A  town  and  river 
port  in  Lincolnshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Trent  15  miles  northwest  of  Lincoln.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  14,372. 

Gainsborough,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Sudbury, 
Suffolk,  1727:  died  at  London,  Aug.  2,  1788. 
A  noted  English  painter,  son  of  a  wool  manu' 
f  acturer.  He  went  to  London  in  his  fifteenth  year,  and 
studied  with  Gravelotv  an  engraver  and  teacher  of  draw- 
ing, and  also  at  St.  Martin's  Lane  Academy,  and  with 
Frank  Hayman.  In  1745  he  returned  to  Sudbury,  where 
he  set  up  a  studio  as  portrait-painter.  He  soon  removed 
to  Ipswich,  remaining  there  .till  1760,  when  he  went  to 
Bath.  At  the  foundation  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1768 
Gainsborough  was  one  of  the  original  36  members.  In 
1774  he  left  Bath  for  London.  In  1779  he  was  at  the 
height  of  his  fame.  From  1769  to  1783  (except  1772-76)  he 
was  a  constant  exhibitor  at  the  Royal  Academy.  He  sent 
nothing  to  the  exhibitions  after  that  year,  owing  to  a  dis- 
agreement with  the  council.  He  painted  over  300  pic- 
tures, more  than  220  being  portraits.  In  the  National 
Gallery  are  his  "Musidora,"  "The  Market  Cart,"  "The 
Watering  Place,"  "Gainsborough's  Forest,"  etc.,  and  five 
portraits,  one  of  them  being  Mrs.  Siddons.  There  are 
five  of  his  portraits  in  the  Dulwich  Gallery,  and  others 
also  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery,  at  Hampton  Court, 
at  Buckingham  Palace,  and  at  Grosvenor  House,  where  is 
the  celebrated  "Blue  Boy,"  a  portrait  of  Master  Buttall. 
"Gainsborough  probably  painted  more  than  one  'Blue 
Boy,'  and  there  are  many  copies,  but  the  picture  belong- 
ing to  the  Duke  of  Westminster  [in  the  Grosvenor  Gallery] 
is  the  most  famous  of  tliose  to  which  the  name  has  been 
given."  (Diet  Nat.  Biog.)  He  painted  George  III.  eight 
times.  The  famous  portrait  of  the  Duchess  of  Devonshire 
was  painted  in  1783.  The  "Girl  with  Pigs"  (1782)  was 
purchased  by  Sir  Joshua  Reynplds.  There  are  also  pic- 
tures of  his  in  the  galleries  of  Dublin,  Glasgow,  Edin- 
burgh, etc. 

Gairdner  (gard'nfer),  James.  Bom  at  Edin- 
burgh, March  22,  1828.  An  English  historian. 
In  1846  he  received  an  appointment  in  the  Public  Record 
Office,  London,  and  in  1869  became  assistant  keeper  of  the 
public  records.  He  edited  "Memorials  of  Henry  VII." 
(Rolls  Series,  1858),  "Letters  and  Papers  Illustrative  of 
the  Reigns  of  Richard  III.  and  Henry  VII."  (RoUs  Series, 
1861-63),  "Three  Fifteenth-Century  Chronicles"  (1880), 
eight  volumes  of  the  "Letters  and  Papers  of  Henry  VIII." 
(1880-90),  a  new  edition  of  the  "  Paston  Letters  "  (1872-75), 
etc. ;  and  has  written  "  Houses  of  Lancaster  and  York  " 
(1874),  "Life  and  Reign  of  Richard  III."  (1878),  "Henry 
VII."  (in  "Twelve  English  Statesmen,"  1889),  etc. 

Gairloch  (gar'loch).  A  small  arm  of  the  sea 
on  the  western  coast  of  Ross-shire,  Scotland. 

Gais  (gis).  A  health-resort  in  the  canton  of 
Appenzell,  Switzerland,  6  miles  southeast  of 
St.-Gall. 

Gaisford  (gaz'ford),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Iford, 
Wiltshire,  Dec.  22, 1779 :  died  at  Oxford,  June  2, 
1855.  An  English  scholar.  He  studied  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  where  he  was  appointed  regius  professor 
of  Greek  in  1812  and  dean  in  1831.  He  edited  "Hephses- 
tionis  Enchiridion  de  Metris,"  with  "  Procli  Chrestomathia  " 
(1810),  "Herodotus  cum  notis  variorum"  (1824),  "Suidse 
Lexicon  "  (1834),  ettf. 

Gaissin  (ga'e-sen),  or  Haissin  (ha'e-sen).  A 
town  in  the  government  of  Podolia,  Russia, 
situated  on  the  river  Sob  in  lat.  48° 48'  N.,  long. 
29°  25'  E.    Population  (1888),  9,696. 

Gains  (ga/yus),  or  Oaius  (ka'yus).  [L.,  prop. 
Gains,  in  Gr.  form  Vdiog,  sometimes  Tmof.]  Bom 
about  110  A.  D. :  died  about  180.  A  celebrated 
Roman  jurist,  a  native,  probably,  of  the  eastern 
part  of  the  empire.  He  was,  for  the  greater  part  of  his 


Gaius 

life,  a  teacher  and  writer  in  Rome.  He  wrote  numerous 
works  on  the  civil  law,  the  most  noted  being  seven  books  of 
"Aurea"  ("'Eerum  Quotidianarum  Libri  VII.")  and  four 

books  of  "Institutiones,"  a  favorite  manual  and  the  foun-  fia^a^■&a  rcrii  la  ts'l 
dationof  Justinian's  "Institutes."  A  manuscript (palimp-  *?«i-i-<y'ee  vga-ia-ia  ; 
seat  on  which  the  "letters "  of  St.  Jerome  had  been  writ- 
ten :  in  some  parts  the  paj-chment  had  been  twice  used, 
after  the  original  writing  had  been  erased)  of  the  "  Insti- 
tutiones "was  found  by  Niebuhr  at  Verona  in  1816.  It 
was  edited  by  Qoschen  (1820). 

Galabat  (ga-la-baf).  Aregionin  eastern  Africa, 
near  the  western  border  of  Abyssinia,  about  lat. 
13°  N.,  long.  36°  E. 

Galacz.    See  Galatz. 

Galahad  (gal'a-had),  Sir.  The  noblest  and 
purest  knight  of  the  Eound  Table.  The  char- 
acter was  invented  by  Walter  Map  in  the 
"  Quest  of  the  Graal." 

Sir  Galahad,  Map's  Ideal  knight,  was  the  son  of  hia 
L'Ancelot  and  Elaine.    The  son  and  namesake  of  Joseph 


420 

dolphins,  attended  by  nymphs  and  sea-gods,  Cupids  in 
the  air  above  ai'e  piercing  with  their  arrows  members  of 
her  train. 

[F., 'Galatea.']   An  opera 


Galilee 

tuting  the  Arminian  division  of  the  Water- 

1 Q  T]  Hat's 

Galeotto  (ga'la-ot'to),  Principe.  A  name 
given  to  Boccaccio's  "Decameron."  See  the 
extract. 


by  Mass6,  first  produced  at  Paris  in  1852 
This  is  the  story  of  Pygmalion  and  Galatea. 
Galatia  (ga-la'shia).  [L.  Galatia,  Gr.  Ta^aria, 
considered  to  be  "ult.  connected  with  Gallia, 
Gaul.]  1.  In  ancient  geography,  a  division  of 
Asia  Minor,  lying  between Bithynia  and  Paphla- 
gonia  on  the  north,  Pontus  on  the  east,  Cappa- 
docia  and  Lycaonia  on  the  south,  and  Phrygia 

on  the  west:  formerly  a  part  of  Phrygia.    it  was  Galerius  (ga-le'ri-us),  in  full  Galerius  Vale- 
conquered  and  settled  by  a  confederation  of  Gallic  tribes     rius  MaximinUS      Bom  near  Sardica,  Dacia : 

ISl^B.'i"^"Ta"o•si"ustSterd1t^5itfG"J^fa™^^^^    ^^-ISllAB.   AEomanemperor     Hew^c^^^^^^^^ 

Gsesar  in  293 ;  was  defeated  by  the  Persians  m  296,  and  de- 


It  is  styled  Decameron  from  ten  days  having  been  occu- 
pied in  the  relation  of  the  tales,  and  is  also  entitled  Prin- 
cipe Galeotto,— an  appellation  which  the  deputies  ap- 
pointed for  correction  of  the  Decameron  consider  as  derived 
from  the  5th  canto  (v.  137)  of  Dante's  "Inferno,"— Galeotto 
being  the  name  of  that  seductive  book  which  was  read  by 
Paulo  and  Francesca :  "  Galeotto  f  u  il  libro  e  chi  lo  scrisse. " 
DurUop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  II.  61. 


and  Galatia  Secunda. 

2.  A  name  of  Gaul:  called  specifically  CelUc 

,_    or  Soman  Galatia. 

of  Arimathea,  Bishop  Joseph,  to  whom  the  Holy  Dish  was  (ia^a^■^a7la  firaJla'shTany'^  T!niafl0  t.n  fho     One 

bequeathed,  first  instituted  the  Order  of  theRoind  Table.     „f  Si  „„ii?^:  „! +l""„'ll.^So  S'^  iismng  an  eaici  oi  roierauou  irom  i,i.;oii,»u.a  m  oxx 

The  initiated  at  their  festivals  sat  as  apostle  knights  round    °l  the  epistles  o£  the  apostle  Paul,  written  to  (j-iesijnre  (ealz'bfers).     A  city  and  the  ca' 
the  table,  with  the  Holy  Graal  in  the  midst,  leaving  one     the  Galatian  churches  probably  about  A.  D.  56.     „f  ^°""  /t„,\°  ^^  TIHnmQ  in  lat  4n°  .5.')'  N    1 
seat  vacant  as  that  which  the  lord  had  occupied,  and     Its  chief  contents  are  a  vmdication  of  Paul's  authority  as     nno  <S:/ w     rt,^'  ^"J'"?^'?"     7,„fi„„„  z'''„  „  - 
which  was  reserved  for  a  descendant  of  Joseph,  named     an  apostle,  a  plea  for  the  principle  of  justification  by     "U    ^0    "•'•  tne  seat  01  JiJlOX  UOiiege  (non-sec- 
Galahad,    Whatever  man  else  attempted  to  sit  in  the  place     faith,  and  a  concluding  exhortation.  tarian)  and  Lombard  University  (Universalist) . 

of  Galahad  the  earth  swallowed.    It  was  called  thei;cf ore  Galatina  (ga-la-te'na).     A  town  in  the  prov-     Population  (1900),  18,607. 

P^&^^J'^S^^^^^-Z    ince  of  Le?ce,  Apulia,  Italy,  situated  14  Lies  (^li,^^,lr.n^S.o.^    l^Z!-J^^X'!'^. 


f  eated  them  in  297 ;  and  succeeded  Diocletian  as  Augustus 
in  the  East  in  305.  He  is  said  to  have  induced  Diocletian 
to  order  the  persecution  of  the  Christians  which  began  in 
his  reign,  but  joined  with  Constantine  and  Licinius  in  pub- 
lishing an  edict  of  toleration  from  Nicomedia  in  311.  _ 

!l.n1 »«!«««.«.    /ninlr.'KAT>r.\  A     /li^Tr    QTlH     f.ViO    '^.apltal 

,long. 


its  recovery  depended  the  honour  and'peace  of  England,     south  of  Lecce. 

but  only  Sir  Galahad,  who  at  the  appointed  time  was  GalatZ  (ga'lats),  or  GalaCZ  (ga'lach). 


brought  to  the  knights  by  a  mysterious  old  man  clothed 
in  white,  and  placed  in  the  Siege  Perilous — only  the  pure 
Sir  Galahad  succeeded  in  the  quest. 

Marley,  English  Writers,  III.  142. 

Galaor  (gara-6r).  The  brother  of  Amadis  de 
Gaul.    See  'Amadis._ 

Galapagos  (gal-a-pa'gos  or  ga-la'pa-gos)  Isl- 
ands. ['Tortoise  Islands.']  A  group  of  vol- 
canic islands  in  the  Pacific,  west  of  Ecuador, 
situated  near  the  equator  in  long.  89°- 92°  W. 


A  city 


and  river  port  in  Moldavia,  Eumania,  situated 
on  the  Danube  in  lat.  45°  26'  N.,  long.  28°  3' 


died  at  Mexico  City,  1591.  A  Spanish  navigator. 
Employed  by  the  viceroy  of  Mexico  to  find  a  harbor  where 
ships  might  take  shelter  in  coming  from  thePhilippines,  he 
explored  the  coast  of  California  and  entered  the  Bay  of  San 
Francisco  in  1684. 


It  is  an  important  export  place  for  grain,  etc.,  and  (ia^\a■n^  ('(ra-lfi-ii'ne'>  Pprnando  Abb6     Bom  at 
was  made  the  seat  of  the  Danubian  Commission  in  1866.  "*^.l«'¥ligr'^-?  '^^i'  ■?  5iP*¥."°>    ."„  "  ,    "™  .'' 
It  has  been  the  scene  of  various  conflicts  between  the 
Turks  and  Russians.    It  was  a  free  port  until  1883.  Popu- 
lation (1889),  59,143. 

Gala  Water  (ga'la  w^'tfir).  A  small  river  in 
southeastern  Scoidand,  joining  the  Tweed  near 
Abbotsford, 


Of  the  10  principal  islands  Albemarle  is  the  largest.    They  Galba  (gal'ba),  ServluS  S'alpiciUS.     Bom  Dec. 


were  formerly  noted  for  tortoises  (Sp.  galdpagos),  and  are 
remarkable  for  peculiarities  of  the  fauna  and  flora.  They 
have  been  in  possession  of  Ecuador  since  1832.  They  were 
investigated  by  Darwin  in  his  voyage  in  the  Beagle.  Area, 
2,490  square  miles.    Population,  about  200. 

Galapas  (gal'a-pas).  A  giant  slain  by  Arthur. 
Arthur  first  cut  h'is  I'egs  off  in  order  to  reach  his  head,  and 
then  smote  that  ofE  tm.    Malory. 

Galashiels  (gal-a-shelz').  A  parliamentary 
burgh  partly  in  Selkirkshire  and  partly  in  Box- 

'.  burghshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  Gala,  27 
miles  southeast  of  Edinburgh,  near  Abbots- 
ford  :  noted  for  woolen  manufactures.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  17,249. 

Galata  (ga'la-ta).  A  section  of  Constantinople, 
situated  on  the  northern  side  of  the  Golden 
Horn,  opposite  Seraglio  Poiut.    It  is  the  seat  of 


importanf  commercial  establishments,  and  contains  a  re-  Gale,  TheopMlUS.       Bom  at  King's  Teignton, 
■  ""    '  "        ■       '  ■  ■    "    "  -•- -~"     Devonshire,  Enriand,  1628 :    died  at  Newing- 

ton,  London,  in  Feb.  or  March,  1678.  An  Eng- 
lish nonconformist  divine.  He  was  appointed  preach- 
er in  Winchester  cathedral  in  1657 ;  was  deprived  of  this 
preferment  on  the  Restoration  in  1660 ;  and  in  1677  be- 
came pastor  of  an  Independent  congregation  at  Holborn. 
His  chief  work  is  "The  Court  of  the  Gentiles,  or  a  Dis- 
course teaching  the  Original  of  Humane  Literature " 
(1669-77). 


markable  tower.  It  was  founded  by  the  Genoese  in  1216. 
On  the  right  of  the  Golden  Horn  is  the  European  quar- 
ter, known  as  Galata  near  the  water's  edge,  and  as  Pera  on 
the  top  of  the  steep  hill  where  the  European  colony  has 
its  houses  and  the  embassies  their  town  palaces.  Galata 
Is  the  mercantile  and  shipping  quarter ;  Pera  is  the  West 
End  of  Constantinople  in  all  but  the  points  of  the  compass. 
Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  262. 

Galatea  (gal-a-te' a).     \Gv.  TaU.Teia.']     1.  In 


Greek  mythology,  a'  sea-nymph,  the  daughter  Gale,  Thomas.    Born  at  Somton,  Yorkshire- 


of  Nereus  and  Doris.  BeoAcis. — 2.  A  charac- 
ter in  Vergil's  third  eclogue.  She  hid  herself 
among  the  willows  in  order  to  be  followed.  In 
literature,  a  type  of  coquetry. — 3.  A  statue  ani- 
mated by  Venus  in  answer  to  the  prayer  of  Pyg- 
malion. She  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  legend 
of  Acis  and  Galatea.  See  Pygmalion  and  Gal- 
atea 


Chieti,  Italy,  Dec.  2, 1728 :  died  at  Naples,  Oct. 
30,  1787.  A  noted  Italian  political  economist, 
author  of  "Dialogues  sur  le  commerce  des 
bl6s "  (1770),  "Traits  sur  les  monnaies "  (1750), 
etc. 

Galibis  (ga'le-bez).  In  French  Guiana,  the 
Caribs,  or  a  race  closely  related  to  the  Caribs,  of 
British  Guiana.  French  ethnologists  use  the  name 
Galibi  for  the  Caribs  of  the  continent  as  distinguished 
fcom  those  of  the  West  Indian  Islands.    See  Caribs. 

39;  arid  became  governor  of  Africa  in  45,  and  governor  of  Galicia  (ga-lish'ia;  Sp.  pron.  ga-le'the-a).     [L. 

n=       .-.  Jr.  k  ,„ «,     T„  oo  1.  *i,.t  w        GalUecia,  from  dallsBci,  also  Calleed,  a  Celtic 

tribe.]  An  ancient  province  and  captaincy- 
general  in  northwestern  Spain,  it  is  bounded  by 
the  ocean  on  the  north  and  west,  Asturias  and  Leon  on  the 
east,  and  Portugal  on  the  south,  and  comprises  the  modem 
provinces  of  Coruiia,  Lugo,  Orense,  and  Pontevedra.  It 
belonged  to  the  Suevi  in  the  5th  and  6th  centuries ;  later 
it  was  part  of  the  Gothic  kingdom,  and  then  it  fell  to  the 
Moors.  -  It  became  a  dependency  of  Leon,  and  thencefor- 
ward followed  the  fortunes  of  Leon  and  Castile,  except 
about  1065-73,  when  it  was  an  independent  kingdom. 

^^  _,      IGr.  Galizien,  Fol.  Halicz.'i 

A  crownland  of  the  Cisleithan  division  of  Aus- 
tria-Hungary. Capital,  Lemberg.  it  comprises 
the  titular  kingdoms  of  Galicia  and  Lodomeria,  the  grand 
duchy  of  Cracow,  and  the  duchies  of  Auschwitz  and  Zator. 
It  is  bounded  by  Russia  (partly  separated  by  the  Vistula) 
on  the  north,  Russia  on  the  east,  Bukowina  on  the  south- 
east^ Hungary  (separated  bytheCarpathians)  on  the  south- 
west and  south,  and  Austrian  Silesia  and  Prussia  on  the 
northwest.  The  Carpathians  occupy  the  south;  in  the 
north  and  east  are  plains.  Galicia  belongs  mostly  to  the  ba- 
sins of  the  Vistula  and  Dniester.  It  produces  grain  and 
timber  in  large  quantities,  and  there  are  petroleum-,  coal-, 
iron-,lead-, zinc-,  andsalt-mines.lt  sends78  representatives 
to  the  Austrian  Reichsrat,  and  has  a  Diet  of  154  members. 
The  inhabitants  are  largely  Slavs — Poles  in  the  west,  Ru- 
thenians  in  the  east — but  over  10  per  cent,  are  Jews,  and 
there  are  lOaooO  Germans.  /The  religions  are  the  Roman 
Catholic  and  Greek.  The  principalities  of  Ealicz  and 
Vladimir  (Galicia  and  Lodomeria)  became  prominent  in 
the  12th  century,  and  were  involved  in  the  affairs  of 
Hungary,  Poland,  and  Russia.  Galicia  was  acquired  by 
Poland  ui  the  14th  century,  and  by  Austria  in  1772.  The 
republic  of  Cracow  was  formed  in  1815  and  suppressed  in 
1846.  Galicia  was  the  scene  of  a  bloody  insurrection  ot 
the  peasantry  against  the  Polish  nobility  in  1846.  Area, 
30,307  square  miles.    Population  (1890),  6,607,816. 


24,  3  B.  0. :  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  15,  A.  B.  69.  A 
Roman  emperor.  He  became  pretor  in  20  and  consul 
in  33 ;  carried  on  a  war  in  Gaul  against  the  Germans  in 
'  "  ica  in  45,  and  governor  of 
Hispania  Tarraconensife  in  61.  In  68,  learning  that  Nero 
had  given  secret  orders  for  his  assassination,  he  joined 
the  insurrection  of  C.  Julius  Vindex,  and  was  proclaimed 
emperor.  Vindex  was  defeated,  and  killed  himself,  but 
Galba  ascended  the  throne  in  consequence  of  a  revolt  in 
his  favor  of  the  pretorians  at  Rome.  His  refusal  of  the 
donatives  which  had  been  promised  in  his  name,  and  his 
adoption  of  Piso  Licinianus  as  his  successor  instead  of 
Salvius  Otho  who  had  hoped  to  be  appointed,  provoked 
a  revolt  among  the  pretorians  which  resulted  in  his  as- 
sassination and  the  elevation  of  Otho. 
Gale  (gal),  Roger.  Bom  1672:  died  June  25,  „  ,.  .  ,  ^.  ^,...^ 
1744.  An  English  antiquary,  son  of  Thomas  GallCia  (ga-lish^ia). 
Gale,  dean  of  York, 


England,  in  1635  or  1636 :  died  at  York,  April 
7  or  8,  1702.  An  English  classical  scholar  and 
antiquary.  He  was  regius  professor  of  Greek  at  Cam- 
bridge 1666-72  ;  was  high  master  of  St.  Paul's  School  1672- 
1697 ;  and  was  dean  of  York  from  1697  until  his  death.  He 
edited  "  Opuscula  mythologica,  ethica  et  physica  "  (1671?), 
"HistorisB  anglicanse  scriptores  quinque  ex  vetustis 
codicibus  MSS.  nunc  primum  in  lucem  editi "  (1687). 
Galeazzo.    See  Sforza  and  Visconti. 


Galatea.    1.  A  prose  pastoral  with  lyrics,  by  Galen  (ga'len)  (Olaudius  Galenus).  [Gr.ro;!,^- 
Cervantes,  said  to  have  been  inspired  by  the     v6q.'\   BomatPergamum,Mysia,about  130a.  d. 

lady  who  afterward  became  his  wife.  It  was  A  celebrated  (Sreek  physician  and  philosophical  Galignani(ga-len-ya'ne),JolinAntllony.Bom 
written  about  1583.  A  second  part  was  prom-  writer,  long  the  supreme  authority  iu  medical  at  London,  Oct.  13, 1796 :  died  at  Paris,  Deo.  81, 
ised,  but  was  not  written.  science.    He  traveled  in  various  countries  (studying  iu    1873.    GaUgnani,  William.    Born  at  London, 


Like  other  works  of  the  same  sort,  the  Galatea  [of  Cer- 
vantes] is  founded  on  an  affectation  which  can  never  be 
successful,  and  which,  in  this  particular  instance,  from 
the  unwise  accumulation  and  involution  of  the  stories  in 
its  fable,  from  the  conceited  metaphysics  with  which  It  is 

disfigured,  and  from  the  poor  poetry  prof usely  scattered     _  m        t      j 

through  it,  is  more  thairnsually  unfortunate.    Perhaps  no  Galen    (ga'len),    Ghristopn   Bemnard   'VOn, 
one  of  the  many  pastor^  tales  produced  in  Spain  in  the     g^j.^  ^^  Bispink, Westphalia,  Oct.  15, 1600 :  died 


Smyrna,  Alexandria,  and  elsewhere),  visited  Rome  164- 
168,  and  returned  there  170,  remaining  for  a  number  of 
years.  He  is  said  to  have  died  in  Sicily.  He  composed  a 
large  number  (about  600)  of  works  on  medicine,  logic,  etc., 
of  which  83  genuine  treatises  and  some  others  regarded  as 
doubtful  have  been  preserved. 


March  10,  1798:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  12,  1882! 
French  publishers.  Their  father,  Giovanni  Antonio 
GaUgnani,  returned  to  Paris  shortly  after  1798,  and  in  1801 
he  started  a  monthly  which  soon  became  a  weekly  paper. 
In  1814  he  began  to  issue  guide-books,  and  started  "  Ga- 
lignani's  Messenger,"  which  circulated  widely  among  Eng- 
lish residents  on  the  Continent.  The  sons  carried  on  the 
publishing  business  after  their  father's  death  in  U21,  and 
issued  reprints  of  many  English  books.  In  1832  William 
was  naturalized,  Anthony  remaining  a  British  subj  ect.  In 
1852  their  reprints  were  stopped  by  the  copyright  treaty. 
They  were  liberal  contributors  to  British  charities,  and 
built  a  hospital  at  Neuilly  for  indigent  English.  William 
left  money  and  a  site  at  Neuilly  to  build  the  Retraite  Ga- 
Ugnani Fr^res  tor  a  hundred  printers,  booksellers,  etc., 

„„ ._ — ,  .~^,,-.  or  their  families.    Diet  Nat  Bios. 

River  14  miles. southeast  of  Dubuque :  the  cen-  ctauige  (gal'i-le).     In  the  Roman  period,  the 

,„ ter  of  a  lead-mining  region.   Population  (1900),  ^^^^mmost   division   of   Palestine,     it™ 

line),  15;  draught,  13.60;  displacement,      5,005.  ■         -------         .    _   -    _ 

challenged  for  the  Americas  cup,  and  GalenistS  (ga'len-ists) 


sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  fails  so  much  in  the 
tone  it  should  maintain.  Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  IL  " 

2.  A  play  by  John  Lyly,  printed  in  1592. —  3 


Cervantes,  published  in  1783. 
Galatea.  A  steel  cutter  yacht  designed  by 
J.  Beavor-Webb  and  launched  at  Port  Glas- 
gow, May,  1885.  Her  dimensions  are  :  length  over  all, 
102.60  feet;  length  at  load  water-line,  86.80;  beam,  15- 
beam  (load  water-!' 
157.63  tons.     She 


at  Ahaus,  Westphalia,  Sept.  19,  1678.     A  Ger- 
man prelate  and  commander,  elected  prince- 

A  romance  pastoral  V^^^ 

Cervantes.  Tiublished  in  1783..  A  city  aid  the  capital  of  Jo  t)aviess  County, 

northwestern  Illinois,  situated  on  the  Galena 


was  beaten  by  the  Mayflower  in  two  races,  Sept.  7  and     jQ^ygrg  „£  Galen, 

Galkteaf  Triumph. Of,   A  famous  fresco  by  Galemsts  (ga'.l.eii-pts) 


In  medicine,  the  fol- 


,^3.^.^^...       _  _  A  Mennonite    sect 

founde'd'inT664  by  Galen  Abraham  de  Haan,  a 


l£i»AKI^Sh"e^^^qi^^^^^^^^    ph7sici-an-and  preacher  of  Amsterdam,  eonsti. 


bounded  by  Phenicia  and  Coele-Syria  on  the  north,  the 
J^ordan  vaUey  on  the  east,  Samaria  on  the  south,  and  the 
Mediterranean  and  Phenicia  on  the  west.  It  comp-rised 
Upper  Galilee  (in  the  north)  and  Lower  Galilee  (in  the 
south),  and  corresponded  to  the  ancient  territotles  oC 
Asher,  Naphtali,  ZebuloUi  and  part  of  lesaohar.  IC  qoW 
belongs  to  Turkey. 


Galilee,  Sea  of 

Oalilee,  Sea  of:  also  called  the  Lake  or  Sea  of 
Gennesaret  or  of  Tiberias,  or  Sea  of  CMn- 
nereth  or  Ohinneroth.  A  lake  in  Palestine, 
intersected  by  lat.  32°  50'  N.,  long.  35°  40'  E., 
and  traversed  by  the  Jordan:  the  modern  Bahr 
Tabariyeh.  its  length  is  about  13  miles;  its  greatest 
breadth,  ej  miles ;  its  surface  is  680  teet  below  that  of  the 
Mediterranean.  Its  shores  were  thlcldy  peopled  In  the 
time  01  Christ,  and  are  associated  with  many  events  in 
New  Testament  history. 

Galilei  (ga-le-la'e),  Galileo,  generally  called 
Galileo  fgal-i-le'6;  It.  pron.  ga-le-la'o).  Born 
at  Pisa,  Italy,  Feb.,  1564 :  died  at  Arcetri,  near 
Florence,  Jan.  8, 1642.  A  famous  Italian  phys- 
icist and  astronomer.  He  was  descended  from  a 
noble  but  impoverished  Florentine  family ;  studied  at  the 
University  of  Pisa  (without  talsing  a  degree)  1681-86 ;  dis- 
covered the  Isochronism  of  the  pendulum  in  1683  and  the 
hydrostatic  balance  in  1586 ;  was  professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  Pisa  1589-91,  and  at  Padua  1592-1610;  con- 
structed a  thermometer  in  1697,  and  a  telescope  in  1609 ; 
discovered  .Tupiter's  satellites  in  1610 ;  removed  to  Mor- 
ence  in  1610 ;  remarked  the  sun's  spots  about  1610 ;  was 
summoned  to  Rome,  where  his  doctrines  were  condemned 
by  the  Pope  In  1616 ;  was  forced  by  the  Inquisition  to  ab- 
jure the  Copernican  theory  In  1633 ;  and  discovered  the 
moon's  libration  in  1637.  His  chief  works  are  "  Dialogo 
ai  due  massimi  Sistemi "  ("  Dialogue  on  the  Two  Chief 
Systems,"  1632),   and  "Dialoghi  delle  Nuove    Scienze" 


i 


alimard  (ga-le-mar'),  Nicolas  Auguste. 
Born  at  Paris,  March  25,  1813:  died  at  Paris, 
Jan.,  1880.    A  French  painter. 

Galin  (ga-lan'),  Pierre.  Bom  at  Samatan, 
1786 :  died  at  Paris,  1822.  A  French  musician, 
teacher  of  mathematics  at  Bordeaux.  He  was 
the  inventor  of  a  system  of  musical  instruction  named  by 
him  the  "mfeloplaste,"  developed  later  by  Aim^  Paris  and 
Emile  Chev6,  and  now  called  the  Galin-Paris-ChevS  sys- 
tem. He  wrote  "Exposition  d'une  nouvelle  m^thode 
Dour  I'enseienement  de  la  musique  "  (Bordeaux,  1818),  etc. 

Gallon  (gal'i-on).  A  city  in  Crawford  County, 
Ohio,  about  55  miles  north  of  Columbus.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  7,282. 

Galitch  (ga'lich).  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Kostroma,  Russia,  situated  on  Lake  Galitch 
about  lat.  58°  15'  N.,  long.  42°  40'  E.  Popula- 
tion (1888),  4,523. 

Galitzin,  or  Gallitzin  (ga-let'sen),  or  Golit- 
zyn,  Princess  (Amalie  von  Schmettau). 
Bom  at  Berlin,  Aug.  28,  1748 :  died  at  Angel- 
mode,  near  Munster,  Westphalia,  Aug.  24, 1806. 
The  wife  of  Dmitri  Galitzin  (1738-1803),  a 
noted  adherent  of  pietism. 

Galitzin,  Prince  Dmitri.  Died  1738.  AEussian 
diplomatist  and  statesman.  Hewasamemberof  the 
High  Council  which,  in  raising  Anna  Ivanovna,  duchess 
of  Courland,  to  the  throne  in  1730,  took  occasion  to  re- 
strict, by  a  charter,  the  sovereignty  of  the  crown  in  fa- 
vor of  the  nobles.  On  the  coup  d'etat  of  Anna  in  1731,  by 
which  the  charter  was  repudiated,  he  was  banished  to  his 
estates,  and  was  subsequently  imprisoned  in  tlie  fortress 
of  Schlvisselburg,  where  he  died. 

Galitzin,  Prince  Dmitri  Alexeievitch.  Bom 
Dec.  21,  1738:  died  at  Brunswick,  Germany, 
March  21,  1803.  A  Eussian  diplomatist  and 
scientific  writer.  He  was  appointed  ambassador  to 
the  court  of  France  in  1763,  and  in  1773  ambassador  to  The 
Hague.  He  corresponded  with  Voltaire  and  other  literary 
men  of  the  period,  and  was  the  author  of  "  Description  phy- 
sique de  la  Tauride  relativement  aux  trois  r&gnes  de  la 
nature"  (1788),  and  " Traits demin6ralogle,ou description 
abr^g^e  et  methodique  des  min^raux"  (1792). 

Galitzin,  Prince  Mikhail.  Bom  Nov.  11, 1674 : 
died  at  Moscow,  Dee.  21,  1730.  A  Bussiau 
general,  brother  of  Dmitri  Galitzin  (died  1738). 
He  participated  in  the  victory  of  Peter  the  Great  over 
Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  at  Pultowa  in  1709,  and  conquered 
Knland  from  Sweden  in  1714 :  this  province  was  restored 
by  the  peace  of  Nystadt  in  1721. 

Galitzin,  Prince  Nicolas  Borissovitch.  Died 
in  the  province  of  Kursk,  Bussia,  1865.  A  Eus- 
sian prince  and  musical  amateur.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Beethoven,  and  three  quartets  (Op.  127,  130, 
132)  and  an  overture  (Op.  124)  are  dedicated  to  him. 
Beethoven  was  able  to  get  from  the  prince  only  a  small 
part  of  the  money  promised  for  these  and  other  works. 

Galitzin,  Prince  Vasili,  surnamed  "  The 
Great."  Born  1633 :  died  in  northem  Bussia, 
March  13, 1713.  A  Eussian  commander  and  poli- 
tician. He  became  the  confidential  adviser  of  Feodor 
Alexeievitch,  by  whom  he  was  intrusted  with  the  reorgani- 
zation of  the  army  in  1682.  He  was  prime  minister  during 
the  regency  of  Sophia  for  Ivan  and  Peter.  He  concluded 
in  1686  a  treaty  with  Poland  by  which  Eussia  definitely 
acquired  Smolensk,  Kleflf,  and  other  important  districts. 
He  conducted  two  campaigns  against  the  Crimean  Tatars 
(1687-88).  He  was  exiled  in  1689  for  complicity  in  the 
conspiracy  of  Sophia  against  Peter. 

Gall  (gai),  Saint  (Oellach,  or  Caillech).  Born 
in  Ireland  about  550 :  died  at  St.-Gall,  Switzer- 
land, about  645.  An  Irish  missionary,  apostle 
to  the  Suevi  and  the  Alamanni,  a  pupil  of  Co- 
lumban.  He  accompanied  Columban  to  Gaul  In  585  (?) ; 
labored  at  Arbon  Bregenz ;  and  founded  the  monastery  of 
8t.-Gall  about  613.  _  _         .       t. 

Gall  (gai;  G.  pron.  gal),  Franz  Joseph.  Born 
at  Tiefenbronn,  near  Pforzheim,  Baden,  March 


421 

9, 1758 :  died  at  Montrouge,  near  Paris,  Aug.  22, 
1828.  A  German  physician,  the  founder  of 
phrenology.  His  chief  work  is  "Anatomic  et 
physiologic  du  systSme  nerveux"  (1810-20). 
Galla  (gal'la).  An  African  people  living  be- 
tween the  Somal  on  the  east  and  the  Berta  and 
Dinka  on  the  west,  and  from  Shoa  to  the  Sa- 
baki  River.  They  are  called  Galla  ('barbarians')  by  the 
Arabs :  their  native  name  is  Oromo  or  Ilraorna — that  is, 
*men.'  In  race  they  are  mixed  Hamitic  and  negro; 
in  language  and  customs  they  are  Hamitic.  In  religion 
they  are  Cliristian  in  the  northern  part,  Moslem  in  the 
eastern,  and  pagan  in  the  western.  They  are  independent, 
brave,  intelligent,  and  industrious.  Though  related  to  the 
Somal,  and  even  more  so  to  the  Massai,  they  live  in  enmity 
with  them.  The  royal  families  of  Uganda  and  Karagwe 
belong  to  the  Huma  tribe  of  the  Galla  nation.  The  Galla 
are  subdivided  into  many  tribes,  speaking  as  many  dialects, 
most  of  which  have  not  yet  been  studied.  Their  govern- 
ment is  largely  republican,  and  they  have  no  slaves.  In 
the  16th  century  they  overran  Abyssinia,  where  some  of 
them  are  still  found.  The  Boranl  tribe,  on  the  Eenia,  is 
known  for  its  numerical  strength  and  bravery.  The  num- 
ber of  the  Galla  is  estimated  at  3,000,000. 

Gallagher  (gal'a-ger),  William  Davis.  Born 
Aug.  21,  1808:  died  in  1894.  An  American 
poet  and  journalist.  He  was  associate  editor  of  the 
Cincinnati  "Gazette"  from  1839  to  1850.  He  published 
"  The  Wreck  of  the  Hornet,"  "Errato  "  (1836-37),  "  Miami 
Woods,"  "  A  Golden  Wedding,  and  Other  Poems  '  (1881). 
Gallait  (ga-la'),  Louis.  Bom  at  Toumai,  Bel- 
gium, May  10,  1810:  died  at  Brussels,  Nov. 
20,  1887.  A  noted  Belgian  historical  painter. 
Among  his  best  paintings  are  "Abdication  of  Charles  V. ," 
"Tassoin  Prison,"  "Temptation  of  St.  Anthony,"  "last 
Moments  of  Egmont." 

Galland  (ga-lou'),  Antoine.  Bom  at  Bollot, 
near  Montdidier,  France,  April  4, 1646 :  died  at 
Paris,  Feb.  17, 1715.  A  French  Orientalist  and 
numismatist,  professor  of  Arabic  at  the  College 
of  France  1709:  a  prolific  writer,  known  chiefly 
for  his  translation  of  the  "Arabian  Nights' 
Entertainments"  (1704-17). 

Galland,  Pierre  Victor.  Bom  at  Geneva,  1822 : 
died  at  Paris,  Deo.  1,  1892.  A  French  decora- 
tive artist.  In  1873  he  became  professor  of  decorative 
art  in  the  Beaux  Arts,  Paris ;  and  in  1877  director  of  the 
Gobelins. 

Galla  Placidia.    See  Pladdia. 

Gallarate  (gal-la-ra'te).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Milan,  Italy,  24  miles  northwest  of 
Milan.    It  manufactures  textiles. 

Gallas  (gal'las),  Matthias  von.  Bom  at  Trent, 
Tyrol,  Sept.  16, 1584 :  died  at  Vienna,  April  25,. 
1647.  An  Austrian  general,  distinguished  in 
the  Thirty  Tears'  War,  especially  at  Nordlingen 
in  1634. 

Gallatin  (gal'a-tin).  [Named  from  Albert  Galla- 
tin by  Lewis  and  Clark.]  A  river  in  southern 
Montana,  flowing  north  and  uniting  at  Gallatin 
with  the  Jefferson  and  Madison  to  form  the 
Missouri.    Length,  about  170  miles. 

Gallatin  (gal'a-tin;  F.  pron.  ga-la-tan'),  Al- 
bert, Born  at  Geneva,  Switzerland,  Jan.  29, 
1761 :  died  at  Astoria,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  12,  1849. 
An  American  statesman  and  financier,  in  1780 
he  emigrated  to  America.  He  was  a  member  of  Congress 
from  Pennsylvania  1795-1801,  and  secretary  of  the  treasury 
1801-13.  The  establishment  of  the  Committee  of  Ways 
and  Means  was  due  to  him,  and  he  gained  the  reputation 
of  being  one  of  the  greatest  financiers  of  the  age.  He  was 
prominent  in  the  negotiation  of  the  treaty  of  Ghent  in  1814, 
and  was  United  States  minister  to  France  1816-23,  and  to 
England  1826-27.  His  works  comprise  "  Synopsis  of  the 
Indian  Tribes,  etc."  (1836),  "Notes  on  the  Semi-Civilized 
Nations  of  Mexico,  Yucatan,  etc."  (1845),  and  various  po- 
litical and  ethnological  treatises,  "Peace  with  Mexico," 
"War  Expenses,"  "The  Oregon  Question,"  etc. 

Gallaudet  (gal-&-det'),  Edward  Miner.  Born 
at  Hartford,  Conn.,  Feb.  5,  1837.  An  Ameri- 
can instructor,  son  of  T.  H.  Gallaudet.  He  be- 
came president  of  the  National  Deaf-Mute  College  (Wash- 
ington, District  of  Columbia)  in  1864.  Author  of  "A 
Manual  of  International  Law ''(1879)  and  "Lifeof  Thomas 
Hopkins  Gallaudet,  Founder  of  Deaf-Mute  Instruction  in 
America  "(1888). 

Gallaudet,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Hartford,  Conn. , 
June  3, 1822 :  died  at  New  York,  Aug.  27, 1902. 
An  American  clergyman,  son  of  T.  H.  Gallaudet. 
He  taught  in  the  New  York  Institution  for  thelnstruction 
of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  1843-68,  founded  St.  Ann's  Church 
for  Deaf-Mutes  in  1852,  and  became  manager  of  the 
Church  Mission  to  Deaf-Mntes  in  1872. 

Gallaudet,  Thomas  Hopkins.  Bom  at  Phila- 
delphia, Deo.  10, 1787:  died  at  Hartford,  Conn., 
Sept.  9,  1851.  An  American  educator.  He 
founded  in  1817  at  Hartford,  Connecticut,  the  first  deaf- 
mute  institution  in  America.  He  resigned  from  the  pres- 
idency of  this  institution  in  1830,  and  was  chaplain  of  the 
Connecticut  retreat  for  the  insane  at  Hartford  from  1838 
until  his  death.  He  wrote  "Bible  Stories  for  the  Young  " 
(1838)  and  "The  Child's  Book  of  the  Soul"  (3d  ed. 
1850). 

Galle.    See  Point  (le  Galle. 

Galle  (gal'le),  Johann  Gottfried.  Bom  at 
Pabsthaus,near  Graf  enhainichen,  Prussia,  June 
9, 1812.  A  German  astronomer,  ne  studied  math- 
ematics and  the  natural  sciences  at  Berlin  1830-33,  and 


Gallipoli 

was  the  first  observer  of  the  planet  Neptune  (Sept  28, 
1846),  guided  by  Le  Verrier's  calculations.  In  1861  he  wa» 
made  director  of  the  observatory  at  Breslau  and  professor 
of  astronomy.    In  1839-40  he  discovered  three  comets. 

Gallegos  (gal-ya'gos),  Jos6  Rafael  de.  Bora 
Oct.  30,  1785:  died  Aug.  15,  1851.  A  Costa 
Eican  statesman.  He  was  a  wealthy  proprietor,  and 
after  1822  occupied  various  important  official  positions. 
From  March,  1883,  to  Marcli,  1835,  he  was  president  of  Costa 
Eica,  and  was  acting  president  May,  1845,-June.  1846. 

Galletti  (gal-let'te),  Johann  Georg  August. 

Born  at  Altenburg,  Germany,  Aug.  19,  1750 : 
died  at  Gotha,  March  26, 1828.  A  German  his- 
torical writer,  professor  of  history  in  the  gym- 
nasium at  Gotha  1783-1819.  He  wrote  "  Geschichte 
und  Beschreibung  des  Herzogtums  Gotha"  (1779-81), 
"Geschichte  Thuringens "  (1782-85),  "AUgemeine  Welt- 
kunae'"(1807),  etc. 

Galli  (gal'le),  Filippo.  Bom  at  Rome  in  1783 : 
died  June  3,  1853.  A  noted  Italian  singer. 
His  voice  was  at  first  a  tenor,  and  he  sang  with  great  suc- 
cess from  1806  to  1812.  About  this  time,  owing  to  a  seri- 
ous illness,  his  voice  changed  completely,  and  he  became 
one  of  the  first  Italian  basses.    Orove. 

Gallia  (gal'i-a).     The  Latin  name  of  Gaul. 

Gallia  Bel^ca.    See  Belgica. 

Gallia  Lugdunensis.    See  Lugdunensis. 

Gallia  Narbonensis.    See  Narionensis. 

Galliard  (gal-yar'),  John  Ernest.  Bom  at 
Hannover  about  1687 :  died  in  1749.  A  German 
composer  and  musician.  He  went  to  England  In 
1706.  He  composed  several  operas,  music  for  Eich's  pan- 
tomimes, a  Te  Deum,  a  Jubilate,  and  several  anthems, 
and  wrote  a  number  of  works  on  musical  subjects.  In 
1728  he  arranged  Milton's  "  Morning  Hymn  of  Adam  and 
Eve  "  for  two  voices  as  a  cantata:  this  was  afterward  en- 
larged by  Dr.  Benjamin  Cook. 

Gallicum  Fretum  (gal'i-kum  fre'tum).  [L., 
'the  Gallic  Strait.']  The  ancient  name  of  the 
Strait  of  Dover. 

Gallieni  (gal-ya-ne'),  Joseph  Simon.  Bom  in 
Prance,  April  24,  1849.  A  French  officer  and 
African  explorer.  In  1878,  as  captain,  he  distin- 
guished himself,  under  Faidherbe,  in  the  extension  of 
French  dominion  in  Senegal.  In  his  Niger  expedition, 
1880-81,  he  succeeded  in  establishing  diplomatic  and  com- 
mercial relations  with  the  Sultan  of  Segu-Sikoro.  The 
scientific  results  of  the  expedition  were  made  public  in 
his  "Voyage  d'exploration  au  Haut  Niger "  (1885).  In 
1886  he  became  commander-in-chief  of  the  French  troops 
in  Senegal,  and  in  1897  governor  of  Madagascar. 

Gallienus  (gal-i-e'nus),  Publius  Licinius  Va- 
lerianus  Egnatius.    Died  at  Milan,  268.    A 

Roman  emperor,  son  of  Valerian.  He  was  admit- 
ted to  a  share  in  the  government  on  the  elevation  of  his 
father  in  254,  and  became  sole  emperor  on  the  capture  of 
the  latter  by  the  Persians  in  260.  He  made  no  effort  to 
secure  the  release  of  his  father,  but  devoted  himself  to  a 
life  of  indolence  and  profligacy,  while  the  frontiers  of  the 
empire  were  everywhere  invaded  by  the  barbarians,  espe- 
cially by  the  Goths  and  the  Persians.  He  appears  to  have 
undertsdcen  a  tardy  expedition  against  the  former  in  267, 
when  he  was  recalled  by  the  insurrection  of  Aureolus, 
whom  he  shut  up  in  Milan.  He  was  murdered  by  his  own 
soldiers  while  pressing  the  siege  of  that  city. 

Galliffet  (ga-le-fa'),  Gaston  Alexandre  Au- 
guste, Marquis  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  22, 
1830.  A  French  general.  He  entered  the  army 
in  1848,  was  commissioned  colonel  in  1867,  and  was  pro- 
moted general  of  division  in  1875.  He  served  in  the  Cri- 
mea, Mexico  1863,  Algeria  1860, 1864, 1865, 1868,  and  with 
the  Army  of  the  Ehine  through  the  Franco-German  war. 
He  was  taken  prisoner  at  Sedan,  and  on  his  release  was 
placed  in  command  of  a  brigade  of  the  Army  of  Versailles 
during  the  second  siege  of  Paris,  when  he  was  distinguished 
for  his  severity  to  the  Communard  prisoners.  He  com- 
manded the  expedition  against  El-Golea,  Africa,  1872-73. 
On  the  reorganization  of  the  French  army  he  became  com- 
mander of  a  brigade  of  infantry  in  the  Eighth  armj'-corps, 
and  held  various  other  commands  until  his  retirement  in 
1894.  He  drew  up  the  cavalry  regulations  of  1382.  He 
was  minister  of  war  June,  1899-May,  1900. 

Galli-Mari§  (ga-le'ma-rya'),  C§lestine.  Bom 

Nov. ,  1840.  A  French  singer,  she  made  her  d^but 
in  1869  at  Strasburg,  and  shortly  after  married  a  sculptor 
named  GallL  She  has  sung  principally  at  the  Op^ra  Co- 
mique,  and  has  been  particularly  successful  as  Mignon  and 
Carmen  and  in  the  operas  of  Offenbach,  Gevaert,  Mass^, 
Massenet,  etc. 
Gallinas  (gal-le'nas).  A  river  of  the  Grain 
Coast,  West  Africa,  in  lat.  7°  N.,  long.  11° 
35'  W. ;  also,  a  negro  tribe  settled  on  its  banks. 
In  1832  the  slaver  Pedro  Blanco  made  the  place  notorious ; 
in  1860  the  Gallinas  territory  and  that  of  the  Gumbo 
(bordering  on  Sherbro)  were  acquired  by  Liberia;  in  1883 
they  were  wrested  from  Liberia  by  Great  Britain. 

Gallio  (gal'i-6),  Lucius  Junius.  Died  about 
65  A.  D.  A  Roman  proconsul  of  Achaia  53, 
brother  of  Seneca.  When  he  had  dismissed  the  Jews' 
complaint  against  Paul  at  Corinth,  and  the  synagogue 
ruler  was  beaten,  we  read  (Acts  xviii.  17)  that  he  "  cared 
for  none  of  these  things  "  —  not  from  indifference  about 
religion,  but  because  such  matters  did  not  concern  him. 

Gallipoli  (gal-lep'o-le).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Lecce,  Italy,  situated  on  an  island  in 
the  Gulf  of  Taranto,  in  lat.  40°  4'  N.,  long.  17° 
58'  E. :  the  ancient  Graia  Callipolis,  later  Anxa. 
It  has  a  cathedral,  and  was  long  noted  for  export  of  olive- 
oil.    Population,  9,000. 

Gallipoli.  A  seaport  in  the  vilayet  of  Edimeh, 
Turkey,  situated  on  the  Dardanelles  in  lat.  40° 


Gallipoli 

24'  N.,  long.  26°  39'  E.:  the  ancient  CaUipolis. 
In  the  middle  ages  it  was  a  commercial  center  and  the 
key  of  tbe  Hellespont.  It  was  captured  by  the  Turks  in 
1354.    Population,  nearly  30,000. 

Gallipoli,  Peninsula  of.  A  peninsula  in  the 
southern  part  of  European  Turkey,  lying  be- 
tween the  Dardanelles  and  the  Gulf  of  Saros : 
the  ancient  Chersonesus  Thracica. 

Gallipolis  (gal-i-po-les').  A  city  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Gallia  County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Ohio 
about  lat.  38°  50'  N.,  long.  82°  7'  W.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  5,432. 

GallissonniSre  (ga-le-so-nyar'),  Marauis  de  la 
(Roland  Michel  Barrin).  Born  at  Eoehefort, 
France,  Nov.  11, 1693 :  died  at  Nemours,  Prance, 
Oct.  26,  1756.  A  French  admiral,  governor  of 
Canada.  He  defeated  Byng  near  Minorca  in 
1756. 

Gallitzen  (gal-let'sen),  Demetrius  Augustine. 
Born  at  The  Hague,  Dee;  22,  1770:  died  at  Lo- 
retto,  Pa.,  May  6,  1840.  A  Eussian  mission- 
ary Roman  Catholic  priest,  son  of  the  princess 
Amalie  Galitzin.  He  founded  Loretto,  Penn- 
sylvania. For  other  members  of  the  family, 
see  Galitzin. 

Galloway  (gal'6-wa).  [ME.  Galloway,  Gallo- 
way, Galowey,  (xollawa,  Gallovay,  etc.]  A  for- 
mer division  of  southwestern  Scotland,  corre- 
sponding nearly  to  the  counties  of  Wigtown 
(West  Galloway)  and  Kirkcudbright  (East  Gal- 
loway). It  is  a  pastoral  region.  It  was  independent  in 
very  early  times,  and,  having  become  an  earldom,  was 
united  to  Scotland  in  1124.  The  Galwegians  kept  their 
language  (a  variety  of  the  Gaelic)  until  the  16th  century. 

Galloway,  Joseph.  Bom  near  West  Eiver, 
Anne  Arundel  County,  Md.,  1730 :  died  at  Wat- 
ford, Hertfordshire,  Aug.  29, 1803.  An  Ameri- 
can loyalist  in  the  Revolution.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  first  Congress  in  1774 ;  joined  the  British  army  un- 
der Howe  in  1776 ;  on  the  capture  of  Philadelphia  in  1777 
was  m,ade  a  police  magistrate  there  and  superintendent  of 
the  port ;  and  after  the  evacuation  of  the  city  in  1778  went 
to  England.    He  published  works  on  the  prophecies. 

Galloway,  Khinns  of.  Apeninsula  in  the  west- 
ern part  of  Wigtownshire.  It  lies  between  St.  Pat- 
rick's Channel  on  the  west  and  Loch  Kyan  and  Luce  Bay  on 
the  east,  and  terminates  toward  tbe  south  in  the  Mull  of 
Galloway  (lat.  54"  38'  N.,  long.  4°  61'  W.). 

Galloway,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Symington,  Lan- 
arkshire, Feb.  26,  1796:  died  at  London,  Nov. 
1,  1851.  A  Scottish  writer  on  mathematical 
and  astronomical  subjects. 

GalloyGoyenechea  (gal'yo  e  go-yau-a-eha'a), 
Pedro  Leon.  Bom  at  CopiapO,  Feb.  12,  1830: 
died  at  Santiago,  Dec.  16, 1877.  A  Chilean  poli- 
tician. He  was  a  wealthy  proprietor,  became  a  leader 
of  the  liberals,  and  in  Jan.,  1869,  headed  a  revolt  at  Copi- 
ap6.  Defeated  at  the  battle  of  Cerro  Grande,  April  29,  he 
was  banished  until  1861.  Subsequently  he  was  a  promi- 
nent deputy  and  senator.  He  was  an  author  and  poet  of 
some  repute. 

Galluppi,  or  Galuppi  (ga-18p'pe),  Pasquale. 
Bom  at  Tropea,  Calabria,  Italy,  April  2,  1770 : 
died  at  Naples,  Deo.  13,  1846.  An  Italian  phi- 
losopher, professor  of  philosophy  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Naples.  His  works  include  "  Saggio  flloso- 
flco  auUa  critica  della  conoscenza"  (1819-32),  "Elementi 
di  fllosofia"  (1820-27),  "  Lettere  fllosoflche"  (1827),  etc. 

Galluppi.    See  Galuppi. 

Gallus  (gal'us).  In  Shakspere's  "Antony  and 
Cleopatra,"  a  friend  of  Csesar. 

Gallus,  Caius  Asinius.  A  Roman  politician 
and  writer,  consul  with  C.  Marcius  Censorianus 
8  B.  C.  He  marr'ed  Vipsania,  formerly  wife  of  Tiberius. 
He  was  condemned  to  death  by  the  senate,  at  the  insti- 
gation of  Tiberius,  and  died  of  starvation  after  an  im- 
prisonment of  three  years.  He  was  a  son  of  C.  Asinius 
PoUio.  His  works,  all  of  which  are  lost,  included  "De 
comparatione  patris  et  Ciceronis,"  to  which  the  emperor 
Claudius  replied  in  his  defense  of  Cicero. 

Gallus,  Caius  Cornelius,  Bom  at  Forum  JuUi 
(modern  Frfijus),  Gaul,  69  or  66  B.  c. :  com- 
mitted suicide  26  B.  C.  A  Roman  poet,  orator, 
general,  and  politician.  He  supported  Ootavius, 
commanded  a  part  of  his  army  at  the  battle  of  Actium  in 
81  B.  0.,  pursued  Antony  to  Egypt,  and  was  made  first 
prefect  of  Egypt  in  30  B.  0.  He  incurred  the  enmity  of 
Augustus,  was  deprived  of  his  post,  and  was  exiled  by 

Gallus,  Caius  Vibius  Trebonianus.    Died  253 

or  254  A.  D.  Roman  emperor.  He  held  a  high 
command  in  the  expedition  of  the  emperor  Decius  against 
the  Goths  in  261,  and  after  the  defeat  and  death  of  the 
latter  was  elected  emperor  by  the  senate  and  the  soldiers, 
with  Hostilianus,  Decius's  son,  as  his  colleague.  He  con- 
cluded a  humiliating  peace  with  the  Goths,  who  were  al- 
lowed to  retire  with  their  plunder  and  their  captives,  and 
were  promised  an  annual  tribute.  He  is  said  to  have 
caused  the  death  of  Hostilianus.  He  was  slain  by  his 
own  soldiers  while  advancing  to  meet  the  insurgent  ^Emi- 
lianus  who  succeeded  to  the  throne. 

Galoshio  (ga-lo'shio).  In  "  The  Nice  Valour," 
by  Fletcher  and  another,  a  clown.  He  is  quite 
Shaksperian. 

Gait  (gWt).    A  town  in  Waterloo  County,  On- 


422 

tario,  Canada,  situated  on  the  Grand  River  54 
miles  west-southwest  of  Toronto.  Population 
(1901),  7,866. 

Gait,  Sir  Alexander  Tillock.  Born  Sept.  6, 
1817 :  died  Sept.  19, 1893.  ACanadian statesman, 
son  of  John  Gait.  He  was  minister  of  finance  1858- 
1862, 1864-66,  and  1867 ;  was  high  commissioner  for  Canada 
in  England  1880-83;  and  was  made  K.  C.  M.  G.  in  1869, 
and  G.  C.  M.  Q.  in  1878.  He  has  written  "Canada  from 
1849  to  1869"  (1860),  etc. 

Gait,  John.  Born  at  Irvine,  Ayrshire,  May  2, 
1779 :  died  at  Greenock,  April  11, 1839.  A  Scot- 
tish novelist.  His  writings  are  especially  remarkable 
for  their  delineations  of  Scottish  life  and  character.  His 
best  novels  are  "The  Ayrshire  Legatees  "(1820-21),  "Annals 
of  the  Parish"  (1821),  "Sir  Andrew  Wylie"  (1822),  "The 
Provost"  (1822),  "The  EntaU  "  (1823),  and  "Lawrie  Todd" 
(1830). 

Galton  (g&l'ton),  Francis.  Bom  at  Dudderton, 
near  Birmingham,  1822.  An  English  scientific 
writer  and  African  traveler,  best  known  from 
his  studies  of  heredity.  He  graduated  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  in  1844.  In  1846  he  traveled  on  the  White 
Nile,  and  in  1850in  South  Africa.  He  has  published  "  The 
Teletype :  a  Printing  Electric  Telegraph  "  (1860), "  Tropical 
South  Africa"  (1863),  "The  Art  of  Travel,  etc.''  (1865 :  6th 
ed.l872),  "Artsof  Campaigning,  etc."(1856),  "Meteorogra. 
phica,  etc."  (1863),  "Hereditary  Genius,  etc." (1869),  "Eng- 
lish Men  of  Science"  (1874),  "Inquiries  into  Human  Fac- 
ulty, etc.  "(1883),  "Beoord  of  Family  Faculties,  etc.  "(1883), 
"Natural  Inheritance"  (1889),  etc.,  and  has  edited  "Life 
History  Album  "  for  the  British  Medical  Association  (1883). 

Galuppi  (ga-lop'pe),  Baldassare.  Born  on  the 
island  of  Burano,  near  Venice,  Oct.  6,  1706: 
died  at  Venice,  Jan.  3,  1784.  An  Italian  com- 
poser, particularly  noted  for  his  comic  operas. 
He  wrote  more  than  64  of  these.  His  sacred  music  is  still 
performed  in  Venice,  and  he  also  wrote  sonatas  and  for 
the  harpsichord. 

Galvani  (gal-va'ne),  Luigi  or  Aloisio,  Born 
at  Bologna,  Italy,  Sept.  9,  1737:  died  there, 
Dec.  4,  1798.  An  Italian  physician  and  physi- 
cist, professor  of  anatomy  at  Bologna.  His  in- 
vestigations of  the  contractions  produced  in  the  muscles 
of  frogs  by  contact  with  metals  were  the  commencement 
of  the  discovery  of  galvanic  or  voltaic  electricity.  He 
published  "De  viribus  electricitatis  in  motu  muscular! 
commentarius  "  (1791),  etc. 

Galvarino  (gal-va-re'no).  A  cMef  of  the  Arau- 
canian  Indians  of  Chile  whose  bravery  has 
been  celebrated  iil  Ereilla's  "Araucana."  He 
was  captured  at  the  battle  of  Lagunillas,  Nov.  7,  1557, 
and  freed  after  both  his  hands  had  been  cut  off.  On  Nov. 
30  he  was  again  captured  while  urging  on  the  Indians  at 
the  battle  of  Millarapue,  and  was  hanged. 

Galve,  Count  of.  See  Cerda  Sandoval  Silva  y 
Mendoea,  Gaspar  de  la. 

Galveston  (gal'ves-ton).  A  seaport  and  the 
capital  of  Galveston"  County,  Texas,  and  the 
third  city  of  the  State,  situated  on  Galveston 
Island  in  lat.  29°  18'  N.,  long.  94°  47'  W.  It 
has  a  large  trade,  with  lines  of  steamers  to  New  York, 
Havana,  etc.,  and  is  specially  noted  for  its  exports  of 
cotton.  It  was  settled  in  1837 ;  was  taken  by  the  Fed- 
erals Oct.  8.  1862,  and  retaken  by  the  Confederates  Jan.  1, 
1863 ;  and  was  devastated  by  fire  in  Nov.,  1885,  and  by  an 
inundation  in  Sept.,  1900.    Population  (1900),  37,789. 

Galveston  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico, extending  northward  from  Galveston  about 
35  miles. 

Galveston  Island.  An  island  off  the  coast  of 
Texas,  on  the  northeastern  end  of  which  is  Gal- 
veston.   Length,  about  28  miles. 

Galvez  (gal'vath),  Jos6.  Bom  at  Velez  Malaga, 
1729:  died  at  Madrid,  1787.  A  Spanish  states- 
man. He  was  one  of  the  ministers  of  Charles  III.,  and 
a  member  of  the  Indian  Council.  From  1761  to  1774  he 
was  in  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies  as  visitador-general, 
with  high  powers:  for  some  time  he  was  acting  viceroy. 
After  his  return  to  Spain  he  was  ministro  universal  de 
Indies,  and  was  created  marquis  of  Sonora,  His  influence 
on  the  American  colonies  was  important. 

Galvez,  Mariano.  Bom  in  Guatemala  about 
1795 :  died  after  1855.  A  Central-American  poli- 
tician, a  leader  of  the  Liberal  or  Piebres  party. 
He  was  one  of  the  authors  of  the  constitution  of  1824,  and 
was  president  of  the  first  Central- American  congress  in 
1826 ;  was  president  of  Guatemala,  Aug.  28, 1831,  and  was 
again  elected  in  1835,  but  was  overthrown  by  Carrera  in 
Feb.,  1838,  and  banished  in  1839.  Subsequently  he  prac- 
tised law  in  Mexico  and  Peru. 

Galvez,  Matfas  de.  Bom  at  Velez  Malaga, 
1731:  died  in  Mexico  City,  Nov.  3,  1784.  A 
Spanish  soldier  and  politician.  He  attained  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-general,  and  in  1779  was  made  captain- 
general  of  Guatemala.  In  1780  and  1781  he  recovered  from 
the  English  some  posts  which  they  had  seized  in  Hondu- 
ras and  Nicaragua.  From  April,  1788,  until  his  death  he 
was  viceroy  of  Mexico. 

Galvez  y  Gallardo  (gal'vath  e  gai-yar'do),  Ber- 
nardo. Bom  at  Macharavieja,  July  23, 1746: 
died  at  Taeubaya,  near  Mexico,  Nov.  30,  1786. 
A  Spanish  soldier  and  administrator,  son  of 
Matias  de  Galvez.  He  distingaished  himself  in  Amer- 
ica, attaining  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general ;  was  governor 
of  Louisiana  1779,  and  commander-in-chief  in  the  West 
Indies ;  took  Baton  Rouge  (1779),  Mobile  (March  14, 1780) , 
and  Fensacola  (May  8, 1781) ;  was  made  captain-general  of 


Gambetta 

Florida  and  Louisiana  and  captain-general  of  Cuba;  and 
in  1783  was  created  count  of  Oalvez.  From  June  1^  1786, 
until  his  death  he  was  viceroy  of  Mexico. 

Galway  (gWwa).  1.  A  maritime  county  in 
Connaught,  Ireland,  it  is  bounded  by  Mayo  and 
Roscommon  on  the  north,  Roscommon,  King's  County, 
and  Tipperary  on  the  east,  Clare  and  Galway  Bay  on  the 
south,  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  west,  and  is  divided  into 
two  parts  by  Lough  Corrib.  Area,  2,462  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  214,712. 

3.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  County  Galway, 
situated  on  Galway  Bay  in  lat.  53°  17'  N.,  long. 
9°  3'  W.  It  was  formerly  noted  for  its  extensive  trade, 
particularly  with  Spain.  It  surrendered  to  Ginkel  in  1691. 
Population  (1891),  13,746. 

Galway  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  on  the 
western  coast  of  Ireland,  between  Galway  on 
the  north  and  Clare  on  the  south.  Length, 
about  30  miles. 

Gama  (ga'ma),  Antonio  Leon  de.  Bom  in 
Mexico  City,  1735:  died  there,  Sept.  12,  1802. 
A  Mexican  scientist.  He  was  for  many  years  score, 
tary  to  the  Supreme  Court;  later  he  was  professor  at  the 
School  of  Mines.  He  is  best  known  for  his  study  of  the 
celebrated  Aztec  calendar-stone  which  was  discovered  in 
his  time. 

Gama,  Josd  Basilic  da.  Bom  at  Sao  Jos6, 
Minas  Geraes,  1740 :  died  at  Lisbon,  Portugal, 
July  31,  1795.  A  Brazilian  poet.  He  became  a 
novice  of  the  Jesuits,  leaving'the  order  when  it  was  driven 
from  Brazil.  He  lived  alternately  in  Italy,  Portugal,  and 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  finally  settling  at  Lisbon.  His  best-known 
poem  is  "  Uruguay,"  a  romance  in  verse,  published  in  1769. 

Gama,  Vasco  da.  Bom  at  Sines,  Alemtejo,  Por- 
tugal, about  1469:  died  in  Cochin,  India,  Deo. 
24,  1524.  A  celebrated  Portuguese  navigator. 
Having  been  appointed  to  the  command  of  an  expedition 
fitted  out  by  Emanuel  of  Portugal  with  a  view  to  discov- 
ering an  ocean  route  to  the  East  Indies,  he  sailed  from 
Lisbon,  probably  July  8, 1497,  doubled  the  Gape  of  Good 
Hope  Nov.  20  or  22, 1497,  arrived  at  Calicut,  on  the  Mala- 
bar coast  of  India,  May  20,  1498,  and  returned  to  Lisbon 
in  Se]>t.,  1499.  He  commanded  a  second  expedition  to 
India  in  1502-03,  during  which  he  established  a  factory  in 
Mozambique.  He  was  made  viceroy  of  India  in  1624. 
His  voyage  is  celebrated  in  the  "  Lusiad  "  of  Camoens. 

Gamala  (gam'a-la).  A  city  in  Galilee,  oppo- 
site Tiberias,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Sea 
of  Galilee,  it  stood  on  a  hill  which  was  compared  to 
the  back  of  a  camel,  from  which  possibly  its  name  is  de- 
rived (Heb.  gdmdl,  camel).  It  was  fortified,  and  formed 
one  of  the  centers  of  insurrection  during  the  war  of  Judea 
with  Rome.  It  is  identified  with  the  modern  Qal'at  el- 
Hogn. 

Gamaliel  (ga-ma'li-el).  [Heb.,  'my  rewarder 
is  God.']  There  are  several  (Gamaliels  men- 
tioned in  the  Talmud  as  descendants  of  HiUel, 
who  held  the  dignity  of  president  of  the  Sanhe- 
drim and  of  patriarch  (nasi)  of  the  Jewish  com- 
munity in  Palestine  after  the  fall  of  Jerusalem. 
See  Hillel.  Gamaliel  "the  elder  "was  the  grandson  of 
Hillel.  The  laws  emanating  from  him  breathe  a  mild  and 
liberal  spirit.  He  dissuaded  the  Jews  from  taking  strict 
measures  against  the  apostles  (Acts  y.  34),  and  is  described 
as  "  a  doctor  of  the  law,  had  in  honor  of  all  the  people." 
He  was  a  teacher  of  the  apostle  Paul.  Another  Gamaliel, 
grandson  of  the  preceding,  president  of  the  Sanhedrim 
80-118  A.  D.,  was  the  first  to  assume  the  title  of  patriarch. 
He  maintained  his  authority  with  great  energy  and  even 
severity,  was  a  good  mathematician,  and  was  favorable  to 
the  study  of  Greek. 

Gamaliel  Fickle.    See  Peregrine  PioMe. 

Gamarra  (ga-mar'ra),  AgUStin.  Bom  at 
Cuzco,  Aug.  27,  1785 :  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Yngavi,  in  northern  Bolivia,  Nov.  20, 1841.  A 
Peruvian  general.  He  served  first  against  the  patriots, 
joined  them  in  1821,  and  was  prominent  during  the  re- 
mainder of  the  war  for  independence.  In  1828  he  invaded 
Bolivia  by  order  of  Lamar,  forced  the  treaty  of  Fiquiza, 
and  was  made  grand  marshal.  In  .Tune,  1829,  he  aided  in 
the  deposition  of  Lamar,  and  was  made  provisional  presi- 
dent, holding  the  office  until  Deo.  20, 1833.  In  the  com- 
plicated turmoils  of  1834-35  Gamarra  took  a  prominent 
part,  and  was  finally  driven  from  the  country.  In  1837  he 
joined  the  Chileans  against  the  Peruvian-Bolivian  confed- 
eration, invaded  Peru,  defeated  Santa  Cruz,  Jan.,  1839,  and 
in  Aug.  of  that  year  was  elected  constitutional  president 
of  Peru.  In  1841  he  declared  war  on  Bolivia,  was  defeated, 
and  killed. 

Gamba  (gam'ba),  Bartolommeo.  Bom  at  Bas- 

sano,  Italy,  May  16,  1776 :  died  at  Venice,  May 
3,  1841.  An  Italian  bibliographer  and  biogra- 
pher. His  chief  work  is  "  Serie  dell'  edizioni 
dei  testi  di  lingua  italiana"  (1812-28). 
Gambetta  (gam-bet'ta;  F.  pron.  gon-be-ta'), 
L§on.  Born  at  Cahors,  France,  April  3, 1838 : 
died  near  Sevres,  Prance,  Dee.  31,  1882.  A 
noted  French  statesman,  of  Jewish  extraction. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  Paris  bar  in  1869,  and  in  1869 
was  elected  to  the  corps  l^gislatlf,  where  he  acted  with 
the  Irreooncilables.  On  the  surrender  of  Napoleon  III.  at 
Sedan,  he  joined  in  the  proclamation  of  the  republic,  Sept. 
4, 1870 ;  and  on  Sept.  6  became  minister  of  the  Interior  in 
the  Government  of  National  Defense.  Having  been  ap- 
pointed member  of  a  delegation,  consisting  of  Cr^mieux, 
Glais-Bizoin,  and  Fourichon,  previously  commissioned  by 
the  central  government  at  Paris  to  organize  the  nation^ 
defense  outside  the  capital,  he  escaped  from  Paris  in  a 
balloon,  Oct.  8  (the  city  being  completely  invested  by  the 
Germans),  and  joined  his  colleagues  at  Tours  on  the  fol- 
lowing day.    Assuming  a  virtual  dictatorship,  he  negoti- 


Oambetta 

ated  a  loan  of  250,000,000  francs  with  English  capitalists, 
and  organized  the  two  armies  of  the  Loire  under  Generals 
Aurelle  de  Faladines  and  Chanzy,  and  the  army  of  the 
north,  commanded  in  turn  by  Generals  Bom-baki  aodFaid- 
herbe.  He  was,  however,  unable  to  prevent  the  capitula- 
tion of  Paris,  Jan.  28,  X871,  and,  Feb.  6, 1871,  withdrew  from 
office  in  consequence  of  a  disagreement  with  the  central 
government.  He  then  became  a  member  of  the  National 
Assembly,  and  in  1876  of  the  new  Chamber  of  Deputies,  of 
which  he  was  president  1879-81.  He  was  premier  Nov., 
1881,-Jan.,  1882. 

Grambia  (gam'bi-a),  formerly  Gambra  (gam'- 
bra),  or  Ba-Dimma.  A  river  of  Senegambia, 
West  Africa,  flowing  into  the  Atlantic  about 
lat.  13°  30'  N.    It  is  navigable  to  Barraeouda. 

Grambia,  A  British,  colony  situated  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Gambia,  including  St.  Mary's 
Island,  McCarthy's  Island,  etc.  Capital,  Bath- 
urst.  It  is  governed  by  an  administrator.  Area  of  set. 
tlement  proper,  69  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  14,266. 
Area  of  extended  colony,  2,700  square  miles.  Population, 
60,000. 

Gambler  (gam'ber),  A  village  in  Knox  County,^ 
Ohio,  43  miles  northeast  of  Columbus,  it  is  the' 
seat  of  Kenyon  College  (which  see)  and  of  a  theological 
seminary.    Population  (1900),  751. 

Gambler  (gam'ber),  James,  Baron  Gambler. 
Born  at  New  Providence,  Bahamas,  Oct.  12, 
1756:  died  near  Uxbridge,  England,  April  19, 
1833.  An  English  admiral.  His  father  was  lieuten- 
ant-governor of  the  Bahamas.  He  became  rear-admiral 
and  vice-admiral  in  1 799,  and  admiral  in  1805.  In  1807  he 
commanded  the  fleet  which  bombarded  Copenhagen,  and 
was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  a  reward.  He  (Commanded 
the  Channel  fleet  1808-11.  In  18U  he  served  on  the  com- 
mission for  negotiating  a  treaty  of  peace  with  the  United 


Gambler  (gam'ber)  Islands.  [Named,  Feb.  24, 
1802,  by  the  English  captain  Matthew  Flinders 
for  Admiral  Lord  Gambler.]  A  group  of  small 
islands  in  the  South  Pacific,  situated  about  lat. 
23°  8.,  long.  135°  W.  It  is  under  a  French  pro- 
tectorate. 

Gambos  (gam'bSs).  The  Portuguese  name  of 
Ngambue  (which  see). 

Gambrinus  (gam-bn'nus) .  [Said  to  be  derived 
from  Jan  primus,  or  Jan  I.,  duke  of  Brabant  in 
the  13th  century.]  A  mythical  Flemish  king, 
the  reputed  inventor  of  beer. 

Game  at  Chess,  A.  A  comedy  or  satirical  drama 
by  Thomas  Middleton,  produced  before  or  by 
1624. 

The  actors  at  the  Globe  had  produced  Middleton's 
"Game  at  Chess,"  in  which  the  action  is  carried  on  by 
black  and  white  pieces,  representing  the  Keformed  ana 
Bomaniat  parties.  The  latter,  being  the  rogues  of  the 
piece,  are  foiled,  and  are  "put  in  the  bag."  The  Spanish 
envoy's  complaint  was  founded  on  the  fact  that  living  per- 
.,  sons  were  represented  by  the  actors,  such  persons  being 
the  King  of  Spain,  Gondomar,  and  the  famous  Antonio  de 
Dominis,  who,  after  being  a  Romish  bishop  (of  Spalatro), 
professed  Protestantism,  became  Dean  of  Windsor,  and 
after  all  died  in  his  earlier  faith,  at  Borne.  On  the  am- 
bassador's complaint,  the  actors  and  the  author  were  sum- 
moned before  the  council,  but  no  immediate  result  fol- 
lowed ;  for,  two  days  later,  Nethercole  writes  to  Carleton 
informing  him  that "  the  comedy  in  which  the  whole  Span- 
ish business  is  taken  up,  is  drawing  £100  nightly." 

Dorcm,  Eng.  Stage,  I.  25. 

Gamelyn  (gam'e-lin).  Tale  of.  A  poem  added 
to  the  list  of  Chaucer's  "Canterbury  Tales  "by 
Urry.  it  is  supposed  that  Chaucer  had  it  in  hand  to  use 
as  material  for  some  poem  of  his  own_,  and  that  it  was  re- 
produced as  his  by  scribes  who  found  it  among  his  papers. 

It  found  its  way  at  last  into  dramatic  form,  through 

Lodge's  "Kosalynde,"  in  Shakespeare's  "As  You  Like  It," 

and  Shakespeare  himself  is  said  to  have  played  his  version 

of  the  part  of  Adam  Spencer,  who  appears  also  in  Gamelyn. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  V.  320. 

GamergU  (ga-mer'go).  See  Mandara  and  Masa. 

Gamester,  The,  1.  A  play  by  Shirley,  licensed 
in  1633.  Garrick  brought  out  an  alteration  of  this  play 
in  1767,  called  "  The  Gamesters,"  in  which  he  played  Wild- 
ing. 

3.  A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre,  printed  first 
in  1705.  It  was  adapted  from  Eegnard's"Le  Joueur." 
"Le  Dissipateur,"  by  Destouches,  was  partly  taken  from 
Mrs.  Centlivre's  play. 

3.  A  tragedy  by  Edward  Moore,  produced  m 
1753. 

Gamil-Sln  (ga'mil-sia).  [Assyr. ,  the  endo wer 
of  the  moon-god  Sin.']  One  of  the  early  Baby- 
lonian kiugs,  about  2500  B.C.  He  resided  at Ur. 

Gammell  (gam' el),  William.  Born  at  Med- 
fleld,  Mass.,  Feb.  10,  1812:  died  at  Providence, 
E.  I.,  April  3, 1889.  An  American  educator  and 
author.  He  graduated  in  1831  at  Brown  University,  in 
which  institution  he  was  tutor  1831-35,  professor  of  rheto- 
ric and  English  literature  1836-51,  and  professor  of  history 
and  political  economy  1851-64,  when  he  resigned.  He 
wrote  a  life  of  Koger  Williams  (1846). 

Gammer  Gurton's  Needle.  A  comedy  by  Bish- 
op Still .  It  was  acted  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  in 
1688,  and  printed  in  1675.  Owing  to  Warton  s  mistake  m 
supposing  that  it  was  printed  in  1651,  it  was  for  some  time 
thought  fa)  be  the  first  English  comedy.  Ealph  Roister 
Doister"  preceded  it. 


423 

As  for  the  story,  it  is  of  the  simplest,  turning  merely  on 
the  losing  of  her  needle  by  Gammer  Gurton  as  she  was 
mending  her  man  Hodge's  breeches,  on  the  search  for  it 
by  the  household,  on  the  tricks  by  which  Diccon  the  Bed- 
lam (the  clown  or  "vice  "  of  the  piece)  induces  a  quarrel 
between  Gammer  and  her  neighbours,  and  on  the  final 
finding  of  the  needle  in  the  exact  place  on  which  Gammer 
Gurton's  industry  had  been  employed. 

Sairttsbmy,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  pp.  65, 66. 

Gammon  (gam'on),  Oily.  In  Warren's  novel 
"Ten  Thousand'a  Year,"  a  scheming,  hypocriti- 
cal solicitor. 

Gamp  (gamp),  Mrs.  Salrey.  In  Dickens's  "Mar- 
tin (Siuzzlewit,"  a  fat  old  woman ' '  with  a  husky 
voice  and  a  moist  eye,"  engaged  in  the  profes- 
sion of  nursing,  she  is  always  quoting  her  mythical 
friend  Mrs.  Harris,  and  her  affection  for  the  bottle  is  pro- 
verbial. From  a  part  of  her  varied  belongings,  a  very 
stumpy  umbrella  is  called  a  "  gamp."    See  Harris,  Mrs. 

Gamtl.    See  Gumti. 

Gan.     See  Ganelon. 

Grand  (gon).    The  French  name  of  Ghent. 

Ganda  (gan'da),  or  Baganda  (ba-gan'da).  An 
important  African  nation  occupying  the  north- 
western shore  of  Lake  Victoria.  Theycallthem- 
selves  Baganda,  their  country  Buganda,  and  their  lan- 
guage Luganda.  By  the  Suahili  they  are  called  Waganda, 
their  country  Uganda,  and  their  language  Kiganda.  The 
royal  family  is  of  the  Huma  tribe  of  the  Galla  nation. 
The  people  are  Bantu,  and  form  one  of  the  finest-looking 
and  most  advanced  branches  of  the  race.  Their  conic^ 
huts  are  made  of  grass.  The  villages  are  surrounded  by 
quadrangular  stockades.  The  principal  fruit  is  the  ba^ 
nana.  The  women  are  more  numerous  than  the  men, 
owing  to  the  custom  of  raiding  neighboring  tribes,  killing 
or  selling  the  men,  and  keeping  the  women.  Before  the 
advent  of  Europeans,  the  Baganda  were  already  well  clad 
in  native  bark  cloth,  which  is  fast  being  superseded  by  im- 
ported cotton  cloth.  Marriage  of  near  relatives  is  allowed, 
but  tattooing  and  circumcision  are  forbidden.  The  king 
governs  with  the  aid  of  feudal  governors,  of  a  premier 
(called  katikiro),  of  three  ba-kungu  (ministers),  and  of  the 
iu-chiko,  or  parliament,  composed  of  the  grandees.  No 
idols  are  worshiped,  but  the  spirit  of  the  water,  Lubadi, 
and  the  genii  are  invoked  and  propitiated.  Since  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  English  mission  in  1872,  and  of  the 
Catholic  mission  in  1879,  much  progress  has  been  made, 
and  Christianity  is  now  predominant.  In  1890  the  Bagan- 
da accepted  the  protectorate  of  the  British  East  African 
Company.  After  a  civil  war  between  Catholics  and  Prot- 
estants, the  company  withdrew,  and  the  British  govern- 
ment took  effective  control  in  1893.  See  Uga/nda,  Mtesa, 
Mwanga. 

Gandak  (gun-dak'),  or  Salagrami.  A  river  of 
Nepal  and  British  India,  flowing  toward  the 
southeast,  and  uniting  with  the  Ganges  near 
Patna.    Length,  about  400  miles. 

Gandak,  Little  Gandak,  or  Bur  Gandak.  A 
northern  tributary  of  the  Ganges,  east  of  the 
Gandak  (Salagrami). 

Gandamak  (gun-da-muk').  A  village  in  east- 
ern Afghanistan,  situated  on  the  Khyber  route 
east  of  Kabul,  it  was  the  scene  of  a  massacre  of  Brit- 
ish by  Afghans  in  1842.  Here  in  1879  a  treaty  was  made  be- 
tween Yakub  Ehan  and  the  British.  For  £60,000  a  year 
the  Ameer  agreed  to  receive  an  English  envoy  at  Kabul 
and  to  surrender  the  Kurum,  Pishin.  and  Sibi  valleys. 

Gandara  y  Navarro  (gan'da-ra  e  na-var'ro), 
Jose  de  la.  Born  at  Bilbao,  Oct.  15, 1820 :  died 
in  1885.  A  Spanish  general.  He  served  against 
the  Carlists,  and  was  governor  of  Fernando  Po  in  1867,  and 
of  Santiago  de  Cuba  in  1862.  In  Sept.,  1863,  he  went  with 
reinforcements  to  tlie  aid  of  the  Spanish  in  San  to  Domingo, 
gained  several  victories  over  the  revolutionists,  and  in 
1864  and  1865  was  captain-general  of  the  island,  with  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-general.  Subsequently  he  was  gover- 
nor-general of  the  Philippines.  He  published  "  Histoiia 
de  la  anexion  de  Santo  Domingo." 

Gandarewa  (gan-da're-wa).  In  the  Avesta,  the 
name  of  a  demon  of  enormous  size  dwelling 
by  the  Lake  Vourukasha,  who  seeks  to  destroy 
Haoma.  He  is  slain  by  Keresaspa.  In  the  Shahnamah 
he  becomes  Kandarv,  the  minister  of  Zohak.  The  name 
is  originally  the  same  as  the  Sanslmt  Gandharva  (which 
see). 

Gandavo  (gan-da'v5)  (incorrectly  Gondavo), 
Pero  de  MS,galhaeS  de.  A  Portuguese  author 
of  the  16th  century.  He  was  a  native  of  Braga,  and  it 
is  conjectured  that  he  visited  Brazil,  but  nothing  definite 
is  known  of  his  life.  His  "  Historia  da  Provincia  de  Sancta 
Cruz  "  (Lisbon,  1576)  is  the  oldest  known  work  relating  ex- 
clusively to  BrazU,  but  is  of  little  historical  importance. 
It  was  republished  in  1868  in  the  "  Revista  Trimensal  do 
Instituto  "  of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Anotherwork  by  Gandavo, 
"  Tratado  da  terra  do  Brasil,"  was  published  in  1828  in  the 
"  Noticias  Ultramarmas  "  of  the  Academy  of  Lisbon. 

Gandercleugh  (gan'der-kliieh).  The  residence 
of  Jedediah  Cleishbotham,  whom  Scott  named 
as  the  editor  of  his  "  Tales  of  My  Landlord." 

Gandersheim  (gan'ders-Mm) .  A  small  town  in 
the  duchy  of  Brunswick,  Germany,  34  miles 
southwest  of  Brunswick.  It  is  noted  for  its  abbey, 
founded  in  the  middle  of  the  9th  century.  Later  it  was  a 
principality,  incorporated  with  Brunswick  in  1803. 

Gandhari  (gan-d-ha're).  [Skt.]  'Princess  of 
Gandhara,'  wife  of  Dhritarashtra.  As  her  husband 
was  blind,  she  always  wore  a  bandage  over  her  eyes  to  be 
like  him. 

Gandharva  (gan-d-har'wa).  A  personage  m 
Hindu  mythology.  Though  in  later  times  the  Gand- 
harvas  are  regarded  as  a  class,  the  Rigveda  rarely  men- 


Gans 

tions  more  than  one,  commonly  designated  as  the  "heav- 
enly Gandharva,"  He  dwells  in  the  air,  and  his  duty  is 
to  guard  the  soma,  which  the  gods  obtain  through  him. 
Indra  obtains  it  for  man  by  conquering  the  Gandharva. 
The  heavenly  Gandharva  is  supposed  to  be  a  good  phy- 
sician, because  soma  is  the  best  medicine.  He  is  one  of 
the  genii  who  regulate  the  course  of  the  Sun's  horses,  and 
he  makes  known  the  secrets  of  heaven.  He  is  the  parent 
of  the  first  human  pair,  Yama  and  Yami,  and  has  a  pe- 
culiar power  over  women,  whence  he  is  invoked  in  mar- 
riage ceremonies.  Ecstatic  states  are  derived  from 
him.  The  class  have  the  same  characteristics.  In  epic 
poetry  they  are  the  heavenly  singers  at  the  banquets  of 
the  gods. 

Gandla  (gan'de-a).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Valencia,  eastern  Spain,  situated  near  theMedi- 
terranean  36  miles  south-southeast  of  Valencia. 
Population  (1887),  8,723. 

Gando  (gan'do).  1.  A  Pellatah  kingdom  in  the 
western  Sudan,  Africa,  lying  along  the  Niger 
about  lat.  7°  30'-14°  N.  it  is  within  the  British 
protectorate  of  Northern  Nigeria.  Area,  estimated,  78,- 
457  square  miles.  Population,  estimated,  5,600,000. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Gando,  situ- 
ated about  lat.  12°  25'  N.,  long.  4°  40'  E. 

Ganelon  (ga'ne-lon),  or  Gan  (gan),  or  Gano 
(ga'no),  etc.  A  paladin  in  the  Carlovingian 
cycle  of  romance.  By  his  treachery  as  an  officer  of 
Charlemagne  he  caused  the  death  of  Roland  and  the  loss 
of  the  battle  of  Roncesvalles.  He  was  torn  in  pieces  by 
wild  horses,  and  his  name  became  a  synonym  of  treason. 
Chaucer  introduces  him  in  his  "  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,"  and 
Dante  places  him  in  the  "Inferno." 

Ganesha  (ga-na'sha).  In  Hindu  mythology,  the 
lord  of  the  Ganas,"or  troops  of  inferior  deities, 
especially  those  attendant  onShiva.  Heisthegod 
of  wisdom  and  remover  of  obstacles,  propitiated  at  the  he- 
ginning  of  any  important  undertaking,  and  invoked  at  the 
commencement  of  books. 

Ganganelli  (^an-ga-nel  'le) .    See  Clement  XIV. 

Ganges  (gan'jez),Hind.  Ganga  (gung'ga).  The 
sacred  river  of  India.  It  rises  (under  the  name  of  the 
Bhagirathi)  in  the  Himalayas  about  lat.  31°  N.,  long.  79"  E., 
and  is  called  the  Ganges  after  its  junction  with  the  Alak- 
nanda.  Its  course  is  mainly  toward  the  southeast,  and  it 
falls  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal  by  many  mouths  (Hugli  in  the 
west,  Meghna  in  the  east).  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the 
Jumna,  Ramgunga,  Gumti,  Gogra,  Gandak,  Kusi,  Atri, 
Son,  and  Jamuna  (the  main  stream  of  the  Brahmaputra^. 
The  length  of  the  main  stream  is  1,557  miles.  It  is  navi- 
gable from  Hardwar,  and  from  Allahabad  for  larger  ves- 
sels. On  it  are  situated  Calcutta,  Patna,  and  many  holy 
places,  such  as  Benares,  Allahabad,  Hardwar,  and  Gan- 
gotrL 

Ganges  (gonzh).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
HSrault,  southern  France,  situated  on  the  H6- 
rault  26  miles  north-northwest  of  Montpellier. 
Population  (1891),  4,330. 

Gangetlcus  Sinus  (gan-jet'i-kus  si'nus).  The 
ancient  name  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal. 

Gangl  (gan'je).  A  tovpn  in  the  province  of 
Palermo,  Sicily,  situated  in  lat.  37°  46'  N.,  long. 
14°  14'  E. :  the  ancient  Enguium.  It  was  col- 
onized by  Cretans,  and  had  a  Cretan  temple. 
Population,  12,000. 

Gangotrl  (gan-go'tre).  A  place  in  the  state  of 
Garhwal,  India,  situated  in  lat.  30°  59'  N.,  long. 
78°  59'  E.  It  is  celebrated  as  a  Hindu  shrine 
on  account  of  its  proximity  to  the  source  of  the 
Ganges. 

Gangpur  (gang-por').  AtributarystateinChota- 
Nagpur,  British  India,  situated  about  lat.  22°  N., 
lon^.  84°  B. 

Ganjam  (gan-jam').  1.  A  district  in  the  gov- 
ernorship of  Madras,  British  India,  intersected 
by  lat.  19°  N.,  long.  84°  30'  E.  Area,  8,813  square 
miles.  Population.  1,749,604. — 2.  Asmalltown 
in  the  district  of  Ganjam,  situated  on  the  Bay 
of  Bengal  in  lat.  19°  23'  N.,  long.  85°  3'  E. 

Gannal  (ga-nai'),  Jean  Nicolas.  Bom  at  Saar- 
louis,  Prussia,  July  28, 1791 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan., 
1852.  A  French  chemist,  the  inventor  of  a  sys- 
tem of  embalming  by  injection. 

Gannat  (ga-na').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Allier,  central  France,  situated  on  the  Ande- 
lot  34  miles  south  of  Moulins.  It  has  a  noted 
church.    Population  (1891),  commune,  5,764. 

Gannett  (gan'et),  Ezra  Stiles.  Bom  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  May  4, 1801:  killed  in  a  railway 
accident  at  Kovere,  Mass.,  Aug.  26, 1871.  An 
American  Unitarian  clergyman,  colleague  of 
W.  E.  Channing  in  Boston  from  1824,  and  sole 
pastor  from  1842. 

Gannon  (gan'on),  Mary.  Bom  at  New  York, 
Oct.  8,  1829:  "died  there,  Feb.  22,  1868.  An 
American  actress.  She  went  on  the  stage  when  six 
years  old.  She  was  a  versatile  actress,  excelling  in  com- 
edy. 

Ganor,  or  Ganora,  or  Ganore.    See  Guinevere. 

Gans  (gans),  Eduard.  Bom  at  Berlin,  March 
22, 1798:  died  at  Berlin,  May  5, 1839.  A  noted 
German  jurist,  professor  at  the  University  of 
Berlin.  He  wrote  "Das  Erbrecht  in  weltgeschichtlicher 
Bntwickelung "  (1824-36),  "System  des  romischen  CivVr 
rechts  "  (182'0,  etc. 


Gransbacher 

Gansbacher  (gens'ba-cher),  Johann  Baptist 

Bom  at  Sterzing,  Tyrol,  May  8, 1778 :  died  July 
13, 1844.  A  Grerman  composer,  chiefly  of  oimrch 
music. 

Gansevoort  (gans'vort),  Peter.  Bom  at  Al- 
bany, N.  Y.,  July  17,  1749:  died  July  2,  1812, 
An  American  general.  He  successfully  defended 
Fort  Stanwlx,  New  York,  against  the  Britiuh  and  Indians 
under  St.  Leger  In  1777,  a  servloe  for  which  he  received 
the  thanks  of  Congress.  He  became  brigadier-general  in 
the  United  States  army  in  1809. 

Ganymede  (gan'i-med).  [L.  Ganymedes,  from 
Gr.  TavofiijSTjQ.']  In  Greek  mythology,  the  cup- 
bearer of  Zeus  or  of  the  Olympian  gods :  origi- 
nally a  beautiful  Trojan  youth,  transferred  to 
Olympus  (according  to  Homer,  by  the  gods;  ac- 
cording to  others,  by  the  eagle  of  Zeus,  or  by 
Zeus  himself  in  the  form  of  an  eagle)  and  made 
immortal.  He  supplanted  Hebe  in  her  function  as  cup- 
bearer. He  was  regarded  at  first  as  the  genius  of  water, 
and  is  represented  by  the  sign  Aquarius  in  the  zodiac. 

Ganymede.  In  Shakspere's  "As  you  Like  it," 
the  name  assumed  by  Rosalind  when  disguised 
as  a  man. 

Gap  (gap).  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Hautes-Alpes,  France,  situated  on  the  Luye  in 
lat.  44°  35'  N.,  long.  6°  4'  E. :  the  ancient  Va- 
pincum.    Population  (1891),  commune,  10,478. 

Gap  of  Dunloe.  A  pass  in  County  Kerry,  Ire- 
land. It  is  about  4  miles  long,  and  is  noted  for 
its  grand  and  rugged  beauty. 

Garabit  Viaduct.  A  famous  viaduct  on  the 
railway  90  miles  south  of  Clermont-Ferrand  in 
southern  France.     Its  span  measures  542  feet. 

Garagantua.    See  Gargantua. 

Garamantes  (gar-a-man'tez).  In  ancient  his- 
tory, a  nomadic  people  dwelling  in  the  Sahara, 
Africa,  east  of  the  Gsetuli. 

Garashanin  (gS,-ra-sha'nen),  Ilia.  Bom  at 
Garashi,  circle  Kraguyevatz,  Servia,  Jan.  28, 
1812 :  died  at  Belgrad,  Servia,  June  22, 1874.  A 
Servian  statesman,  prime  minister  1852-53  and 
1862-67. 

Garat  (ga-ra' ),  DominiCLUe  Joseph.  Born  near 
Bayonne,  France,  Sept.  8,  1749:  died  near  Ba- 
yonne.  Dee.  9,  1833.  A  French  politician  and 
political  writer,  minister  of  justice  1792,  and 
of  the  interior  1793. 

Garat,  Jean  Pierre.  Bom  at  Ustaritz,  near 
Bayonne,  France,  April  25, 1764:  died  at  Paris, 
March  1,  1823.  A  French  musician,  nephew 
of  D.  J.  Garat,  professor  of  singing  in  the  Con- 
servatory of  Music,  Paris,  1795.  His  voice  was 
of  unusual  compass,  including  both  barytone  and  tenor 
registers:  he  was  "the  most  extraordinary  singer  of  his 
time  "  (^Oraoe). 

Garay  (ga-ri'),  Francisco  de.  Died  at  Mex- 
ico, 1524.  A  Spanish  administrator.  In  1509  he 
went  with  Diego  Columbus  to  Espafiola  as  proourador; 
subseciuently  he  was  governor  of  Jamaica,  and  acquired 
great  wealth.  In  1519  he  sent  out  an  expedition  under 
Alonzo  de  Pineda,  which  explored  much  of  the  northern 
shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  discovering  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi.  Garay  was  authorized  to  conquer  "and  colo- 
nize the  new  region,  and  in  1623  sailed  to  the  Panuco 
River,  in  Mexico,  to  establish  a  colony ;  but  he  lost  sev- 
eral ships,  and  had  a  dispute  with  Corres  who  claimed  the 
territory.  He  went  to  Mexico  City  to  meet  Cortes,  and 
died  there, 

Garay  (gor'oi),  Janos.  Born  at  Szegszdrd, 
county  of  Tolna,  Hungary,  Oct.  10,  1812:  died 
at  Pest,  Nov.  5,  1853.  A  Himgarian  poet.  He 
wrote  the  tragedies  "Arbocz"  (1837)  and  "BAtori  Erzs4- 
bet "  (1840),  and  the  collections  "Az  ArpAdok  "  (1847),  "  Ba^ 
latoni  Kagyl(ik  "  ("  Shells  from  the  Balaton  Lake,  1843), 
"  Szent  Mszld  "  (1850),  etc.  In  his  last  years  he  became 
paralytic  and  blind,  and  died  in  extreme  poverty. 

Garay  (ga-ri'),  Juan  de.  Bom  in  Biscay, 
1541:  died  near  the  river  Parand,  1582.  A 
Spanish  soldier.  He  went  to  Paraguay  about  1666 ; 
was  prominent  in  various  conquests  and  explorations ;  and 
from  1576  until  his  death  was  acting  governor  as  the  lieu- 
tenant of  Juan  Torres.  He  founded  the  present  city  of 
Buenos  Ayres  (the  first  settlementhaving  been  abandoned) 
June  11, 1580.  While  returning  from  that  place  to  Asun- 
cion he  died,  either  in  a  shipwreck  or  at  the  hands  of  the 
Indians. 

Garbo  (gar 'bo),  Raffaellino  del  (origLna,lly 
Baffaello  Capponi).  Bom  at  Florence,  1466 : 
died  there,  1524.  A Florentinepainter,  a  pupil 
of  Pilippino  Lippi. 

Garc3.o  (gar-san'),  Pedro  Antonio  Correa. 
Bom  at  Lisbon,  April  29,  1724:  died  Nov.  IG, 
1772.  A  Portuguese  lyric  poet.  Works  pub- 
lished 1778. 

Garcia,  or  Garzia  (gar-the'a),  or  Garcias  (gar- 
the'as).  Bom  at  Tudela,  958 :  died  1001.  King 
of  Navarre  995-1001.  He  was  sumamed  "  the  Trem- 
bler'* on  accoimt  of  his  nervousness  before  battle;  and 
was  the  author  of  the  saying  "  My  body  trembles  at  the 
dangers  to  which  my  courage  is  about  to  expose  it."  He 
defeated  the  Moors  under  Almansur  in  the  battle  of  Cala- 
tafiazor  in  998. 

Garcia  (gar-se'a),  Aleixo  or  Alejo.    Died  in 


424 


Gardiner,  Stephen 


Paraguay  about  1526.   A  Portuguese,  or  possi-    1878.    A  French  Orientalist,  author  of  works 

bly  a  Spaniard,  who  early  in  the  16th  century    on  Hindi  Hindustani,  ete. 

was  left  on  the  coast  of  southern  Brazil,  near  Gard  (gSr).    A  department  of  southern  France, 


Santa  Catharina,  by  one  of  the  exploring  ships 
which  touched  there.  He  lived  for  years  among  the 
Indians,  and  about  1524,  accompanied  by  several  hundred 
of  them,  made  an  expedition  westward  or  northwestward, 
penetrating  beyond  the  Paraguay  and  perhaps  reaching 
the  confines  of  Peru.  Returning  with  a  large  amount  of 
gold,  he  was  murdered  by  his  companions.  The  accounts 
of  this  expedition  are  very  vague,  and  have  been  discred- 
ited by  some  historians. 

Garcia,  DiogO.  Bom  at  Lisbon  about  1471:  died 
in  Spain  about  1535.     A  Portuguese  pilot.    He 


capital  Nimei .  part  of  the  ancient  Languedoc. 
It  is  bounded  by  Loz&re  and  Ard^che  on  the  north,  the 
Bhdne  (separating  it  from  Vaucluse  and  Bouches-du- 
Rh6ne)  on  the  eastj  the  Mediterranean  and  TOrault  on 
the  south,  and  H^rault  and  Aveyron  on  the  west.  It  has 
important  manufactures  of  silk,  etc.,  and  rich  mineral 
products.  Area,  2,253  square  miles.  Population  (1891) 
419,388. 

Gard,  Pont  du.  The  modem  name  of  a  bridge 
forming  part  of  a  celebrated  Koman  aqueduct, 
situated  about  14miles  northeast  of  Nlmes. 


entered  the  service  of  Spain,  and  there  are  indications  that  Garda  (gar'da).  Lake  Of.    [It.  Lago  di  Garda.") 


he  was  on  the  coast  of  South  America  as  early  as  1512,  pos- 
sibly as  far  south  as  the  Plata.  In  1526  he  commanded  an 
expedition  to  the  coast  of  Brazil  and  the  Plata.  Ascend- 
ing the  Parang  he  met  Sebastian  Cabot,  quarreled  with 
him,  and  in  1628  returned  to  Spain.  It  is  conjectured  that 
he  was  subsequently  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  that  he  dis- 
covered  there  the  island  bearing  his  name. 
Garcia  (gar-the'a),  Gregorio.    Born  in  Cozar 


The  largest  lake  of  northerii  Italy,  bordering  on 
Tyrol  on  the  north  and  the  provinces  of  Verona 
on  the  east  and  Brescia  on  the  west :  the  an- 
cient Lacus  Benacus.  The  Mincio  carries  its  waters 
into  the  Po.  The  lake  is  noted  for  storms.  Peschiera 
and  Riva  are  situated  on  it.  Length,  87  miles.  Breadth, 
10  miles. 


about  1560:  died  in  Baeza,  1627.    A  Spanish  Gardaia,  or  Ghardaya  (gar-di'a).      The  chief 
Domiqican  author.     He  traveled  for  twelve  yeais    town  of  the  Beni-Mzab,  situated  in  the  prov- 
in  Spanish  America,  part  of  the  time  as  a  missionary    inoe  of  Algiers,  Algeria,  in  lai.    32°  28     N., 
among  the  Indians.    He  published  "  Origen  de  los  Indies    Ions.  3°  58' E.     Population,  about  26,000. 
del  Nuevo  Mundo"  (Valencia,  1607;  Madrid,  1727)  and  n„J%„  T/»„»,,c.n      Qoa   TntmtKin  rnr^o 
"Predioacion  del  Evangello  en  el  Nuevo  Mundo  Vivien-   Garde  JoyOUSO.     beeJoyeuse  Garde. 
do  los  Apostoles  "  (Baeza,  1625).    His  "  Monarquia  de  los  Gardelogon   (gar'de-la-gen).      [Formerly   also 
Incas  del  Peril"  was  never  published,  and  is  probably     Gardeleben  a,-Ra.  Garleben.'\     A  town  in  the  prov- 
'°^'-  ince  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Milde 

Garcia,  Manuel.    Born  at  Madrid,  March  17,     28  miles  north-northwest  of  Magdeburg.   Popu- 
1805.     A  Spanish  teacher  of  singing.    His  appli-    lation  (1890),  7,263. 

cation  of  the  laryngoscope  and  his  "M&nou'e  sur  la  voix  Garden (gar'dn),  Alexander.    Bomat  Charies- 
humame "  (1840)  may  be  said  to  be  the  foundation  of  all     ^        S   A    t>       V  i^k??^-   .5    V  ni,  „■.!„„*»     -Di  v 
subsequent  investigations  of  the  voice.  iOrme.)  He  went    ton,  S.  C,  Dec.  4, 1757:  died  at  Charleston,  Feb. 
to  London  in  1850,  and  was  professor  at  the  Royal  Acad-    29,  1829.     An  American  revolutionary  officer, 
emy  of  Music.  known  chiefly  as  the  author  of  "Anecdotes  of 

Garcia,  Manuel  del  Popolo  Vicente.    Bom    the  Revolutionary  War"  (1822). 
at  Seville,  Spain,  Jan.  22,  1775 :  died  at  Paris,  Garden  City  (gar'dn  sit'i).    A  village  in  Long 
June  2, 1832.    A  Spanish  singer,  composer,  and    Island,  New  York,  about  20miles  east  of  Brook- 


lyn. It  is  noted  for  its  Episcopal  cathedral 
(founded  by  Mrs.  A.  T.  Stewart)  and  schools. 

Garden  City.    An  epithet  of  CJhioago. 

Garden  of  Eden.    See  Mden. 

Garden  of  England.  A  name  given  to  Wor- 
cestershire on  account  of  its  fertility. 

Garden  of  France,  A  name  given  to  Touraine, 
a  former  province  of  France. 

Garden  of  Gethsemane.    Sc 


musical  instructor.  He  founded  a  famous  school  of 
singing  in  London  in  1823.  He  wrote  19  Italian,  17  Span- 
ish, and  7  French  operas  {FUis). 

Garcia,  Maria,     See  Malibran. 

Garcia,  Pauline.    See  Viardot. 

Garcia  Calderon,  Francisco.    See  Calderon. 

Garcia  Oubas  (ko'bas),  Antonio.     Bom  in 

1832.  A  Mexican  mathematician  and  geogra- 
pher, for  many  years  employed  by  the  govern 
ment  in  explorations  of  the  repubho  and  in  -tt  i 

preparing  statistics,  reports,  and  maps.  Among  ^a-l^den  of  Helvetia.  A  name  given  to  Thurgau. 
his  numerous  important  works  are  "  Atlas  geogrAfloo,  es-  Garden  Of  Italy.  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
tadlstico  y  histbrico  de  la  Repiiblica  Mejicana  "  (1857),  a    Sicily. 

map  of  Mexico  (1863),  "CuadrogeogrMoo,  estadisticoide- fi-._ J--,  nf  4-1,-  rLnHe  A  remnrkaWfi  rAoHmi 
soriptivo  i  histdrico  de  los  Bstados  Unidos  Mejicanos"  "araen  01  ine  lioas.  A  remarKaoie  region 
(1889),  and  "Diccionariogeogr4floo,hist<iriooybiogr4fico"  near  OoloraQO  bprmgs,  Colorado,  comprising 
(1889).  _  about  500  acres,  covered  with  extraordinary 

Garcia  de  Palacio  (gar-the'a  da  pa-la'the-6),    rock-formations  (cathedral  spires,  etc.). 
Diego.    Born  at  Santander  about  1520 :  died,  Garden  Of  the  Hesperides.     See  Hesperides.  ' 
probably  at  Mexico,  after  1587.     A  Spanish  Garden  of  the  Tuileries.     See  TuUeries. 
lawyer  and  author.   He  was  auditor  of  Guatemala,  (jarden  State,  or  Garden  of  the  West.    A 

and  in  1576  wrote  a  report  on  that  country  which  is  of    _„^„  snTnBtirnpsi  otvpti  tn  TTpitssis 
great  historical  importance.  It  was  first  published  in  the  J^^™?  sometimes  given  to  Jiansas. 
Mufioz  collection,  and  there  are  modern  editions  in  vari- Gardiner    (gard  ner).      A    city   m   Kennebec 
ous  languages.  County,  Maine,  situated  on  the  Kennebec  8 

Garcia  Moreno  (mo-ra'no),  Gabriel.  Bomat  miles  south  of  Augusta.  Pop.  (1900),  5,501. 
Guayaquil,  1821 :  assassinated  at  Quito,  Aug.  6,  Gardiner,  James.  Bom  at  Carriden,  near  Lin- 
1875.  An  Ecuadorian  politician.  He  was  chief  of  lithgow,  Jan.  10,  1688:  killed  at  the  battle  of 
the  provisional  government  at  Quito,  1859,  as  head  of  the  Prestonpans,  Sept.  21, 1745.  A  Scottish  colonel 
church  party,  and  president  1861-66,  during  a  period  of  ^j  dragoons,  famous  on  account  of  his  remark- 
great  disorder,  including  war  with  New  Granada.  Inl869  _>,i.  „„„,_'!„_  ■  17-iQ 
he  was  again  elected  president  for  sixyears,  and  had  been  ^"^°  conversion  m  i  ( ly. 

reelected  in  1876  when  he  was  killed.  Gardiner,  Samuel  RaVTSOn.     Born  at  Kopley,. 

Garcia  Oiiez  de  Loyola,  Martin.  See  Loyola.  Hants,  March  4,  1829 :  died  at  Sevenoaks,, 
GarciaPelaez(pa-la'ath),FranciSCOdePaula.  Kent,  Feb.  23,  1902.  An  English  historian. 
Born  about  1800 :  died  at  Guatemala  City,  Jan.    His  works  include  a  history  of  the  Stuart  period  "  from 


25,  1867.  A  Guatemalan  prelate  and  historian, 
archbishop  of  Guatemala  from  Feb.  11, 1844. 
His  principal  work  was  "Memoriasparalahis- 
toria  del  antiguo  reino  de  Guatemala"  (3  vols. 
1851-53). 

Garcias  (gar-the'as),  Pedro.  A  licentiate,  re- 
ferred to  in  the  preface  to  Le  Sage's  "Gil 
Bias,"  whose  soul  was  buried  in  a  leathern 
purse  which  held  his  ducats. 

Garcia  y  Iniguez,  Oalixto.  Bom  at  Holguin, 
Cuba,  Oct.  14, 1836 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
Dec.  11, 1898.  A  general  of  Cuban  insurgents. 
With  Cespedes  and  Marmol  he  planned  the  rebellion  of 
1868  and  on  the  retirement  of  Gomez  was  made  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  forces  of  Cuba.  He  was  captured 
in  1878  and  imprisoned  in  Spain  until  1878.    He  returned 


the  Accession  of  James  I.  to  the  Disgrace  of  Chief  Justice 
Coke"  (1863), "Prince  Charles  and  the  Spanish  Marriage" 
(1869),  "The  Thirty  Years'  War"  (1874),  "England  under 
the  Dukeof  Buckingham  and  Charles  I."  (1875),  "  Peraonal 
Government  of  Charles  I."  (1877),  "Outlines  of  English 
History"  (1881),  "Fall  of  the  Monarchy  of  Charles  I." 
(1882),  "History of  the  Great  Civil  War"  (1886-91),  "His- 
tory of  the  Commonwealth  and  Protectorate "  (1894-un- 
finished),  etc.  He  edited  a  number  of  hitherto  unpub- 
lished documents  and  letters. 

Gardiner,  Stephen.  Bom  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds 
between  1483  and  1490 :  died  at  London,  Nov. 
12,  1555.  An  English  prelate  and  politician. 
He  studied  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  of  which  society 
he  was  elected  master  in  1626.  In  1528  he  was  sent  by 
Henry  VIII.  on  a  mission  to  the  Pope  In  reference  to  the; 
proposed  divorce  between  the  king  and  Catharine  of  Ara- 
gon.  He  was  made  secretary  of  state  in  1629 ;  was  ap- 
pointed bishop  of  Winchester  in  1631 ;  and  was  elected 


to  Cuba  in  Aug.,  1879,  led.  an  ™™»cess{ul  upris  ng  and    ..hanceUor  of  the  University  of  Cambridge  about  1640. 

was  again  carried  to  Spain.    He  lived  in  Madrid  (as  a     ..^. ...  ,     '  ,        ...       e. 

teacher,  etc.)  under  police  surveillance,  but  escaped  In 
Sept.  1895,  reached  Hew  York,  and  finally  landed  with  a 
large  expedition  near  Baracoa.  The  provisional  govern- 
ment immediately  placed  hhn  in  command  of  an  army, 
with  which  he  gained  several  important  victories  before 
uniting  with  the  United  States  forces  in  the  capture  of 
Santiago,  June  21-July  17, 1888. 

Garcilasso  de  la  Vega.    See  Vega. 

Oarni-n  lie  TasSV  (gar-san'  de  ta-se'),  Joseph  lord  high  ohanceUor  of  the  realm  in"  1663.    IrTconjunotion 

^ivi^n^o    QaSoaaB   Vprtu      Bom    at    Mar-  i^ith  Bonner  he  was  the  chief  instrument  in  bringing 

HeLodore    SageSSe    VCT™-     -5°™    T    ™%  about  the  persecution  of  the  Protestants  in  the  early  part 

seilles,  Jan.  20,  1794:  died  at  Pans,  Sept.  2,  of  Mary's  reign. 


Although  constantly  employed  on  diplomatic  missions  to 
the  courts  of  Rome,  France,  and  the  emperor,  his  chief 
service  to  Henry  consisted  in  a  learned  defense  of  the 
Act  of  Supremacy,  published  in  1635  under  the  title  "De 
vera  obedientia  oratio."  In  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  he 
resisted  the  ecclesiastical  policy  of  Cranmer,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  was  committed  to  the  Tower  and,,  in 
1552,  deprived  of  his  bishopric.  He  was  restored  to  lib- 
erty at  the  accession  of  Queen  Mary,  who  appointed  him 


Gardiner's  Bay 

Gardiner's  Bay.  An  inlet  on  the  nortliem 
coast  of  Long  Island,  lyine  between  Gardiner's 
Island  on  the  east  and  Shelter  Island  on  the 
west. 

Gardiner's  Island.  A  small  island  lying  off 
the  northeast  of  Long  Island,  New  York,  in 
lat.  41°  8'  N.,  long.  72°  8'  W.  It  belongs  to 
the  township  of  Easthampton. 

Gardner  (gard'ner).  A  town  in  "Worcester 
County,  Massachusetts,  about  23  miles  north- 
west of  "Worcester.    Population  (1900),  10,813. 

Gardner,  George.  Bom  at  Glasgow,  Scotland, 
May,  1812 :  died  at  Neura  Ellia,  Ceylon,  March 
10,  1849.  A  botanist  and  traveler.  From  1836  to 
1841  he  traveled  in  BrazU,  collecting  and  studying  plants. 
In  1844  he  was  appointed  superintendent  of  the  botanical 
garden  of  Ceylon,  and  he  afterward  traveled  extensively 
in  India.  Besides  numerous  botanical  monographs,  hb 
published  "Eravels  in  the  Interior  of  Brazil"  (1846:  2d 
ed.  1849). 

Gardoni  (gar-do'ne),  Italo.  Bom  at  Parma, 
Italy,  1821:  died  March  30,  1882.  An  Italian 
tenor  singer.  He  made  his  d^but  at  Viadana  in  1840. 
His  repertoire  was  large,  and  he  sang  much  in  Paris  and 
London.    He  retired  from  the  stage  in  1874. 

Gareloch  (gar'lodh).  An  inlet  of  the  Firth  of 
Clyde,  in  the  southwest  of  Dumbartonshire, 
Scotland. 

Garenganze  (gS-reng-gan'ze),  also  Katanga 
(ka-tang'ga).  The  kingdom  of  the  late 
Mushidi  or  Msidi,  situated  between  the  head 
streams  of  the  Luapula  River,  west  of  Lakes 
Bangweolo  and  Moero.  The  natives  are  mostly  Ba- 
luba  (^Iso  called  Ba^ruba  and  Ba-rua),  Garenganze  is  the 
English  pronunciation  of  Ngaranganja,  the  name  of  a 
Nyamtvezl  tribe  to  which  Msidi,  the  founder  of  the  king- 
dom, belonged.  The  Nyamwezi  are  the  great  traders  of 
East  Africa.  The  famous  copper-mines  attracted  them 
to  Eatanga,  where  guns  and  powder  enabled  Hsidi  to 
establish  his  great  kingdom,  based  on  rapine.  In  1892 
Msidi  was  shot  by  a  Kongo  State  officer,  and  his  country 
handed  over  to  the  Katanga  Company.    See  Luba. 

Garessio  (ga-res'se-o).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Cuneo,  Piedmont,  Italy,  situated 
on  the  Tanaro  28  miles  southeast  of  Cuneo. 

Gareth  (ga'reth).  In  Arthurian  romance,  the 
nephew  of  King  Arthur.  He  was  introduced  to 
Arthur's  court  as  a  scullion,  and  concealed  his  name  for  a 
year  at  his  mother's  request.  He  was  nicknamed  "Beau- 
mains  "  by  Sir  Kay  on  account  of  the  size  of  his  hands. 
Tennyson  has  used  his  story,  with  some  alterations,  in 
"Gareth  and  Lynette." 

Garfield  (gar'feld),  James  Abram.  Bom  at 
Orange,  Cuyahoga  County,  Ohio,  Nov.  19, 1831 : 
died  at  Elberon,  N.  J.,  Sept.  19,  1881.  The 
twentieth  President  of  the  United  States.  He 
was  an  instructor  in  and  later  president  of  Hiram  College, 
Ohio,  1856-61,  and  a  member  of  the  Ohio  senate  1S59-61. 
■  He  joined  the  Union  army  aa  a  lieutenant-colonel  of  Vol- 
unteers at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War;  defeated  Gen- 
eral Humphrey  Marshall  at  the  battle  of  Middle  Creek, 
Jan.  10, 1862 ;  was  promoted  brigadier-general  in  the  same 
year ;  was  chief  of  Kosecrans's  staff  (serving  at  Chicka- 
mauga)  in  1863 ;  was  promoted  major-general  in  1863 ;  was 
member  of  Congress  from  Ohio  1863-80 ;  was  a  member 
of  the  Electoral  Commission  in  1877  ;  was  elected  United 
States  senator  in  1880 ;  was  elected  as  B,epablican  candi- 
date for  President  in  1880;  was  inaugurated  March  4, 
1881 :  and  was  shot  at  Washington  by  Guiteau,  July  2, 
188L'  His  works  have  been  edited  by  B.  A.  Hinsdale  (2 
vols.  1883). 

Gargamelle  (gar-ga-mel')-  The  mother  of  Gar- 
gantua,  in  Rabelais's  romance  of  that  name. 

Gargano  (gar-ga'no).  A  mountainous  penin- 
sula in  the  province  of  Foggia,  Italy,  project- 
ing into  the  Adriatic  Sea :  the  ancient  Garga- 
nus.    Highest  point,  Monte  Calvo  (3,460  feet). 


in  prose  and  verse  by  Rabelais.  Gargantua  is  a 
giant  with  an  enormous  appetite,  and  his  name  has  be- 
come proverbial  for  an  insatiable  eater.  The  misspelling 
Oaragantua,  originated  by  Pope  in  his  edition  of  Shak- 
snere's  plays  ("As  you  Like  it,"m.  2),  has  been  followed 
by  some  other  editors.  (Fumess.)  There  was  a  chap- 
book,  popular  in  England  in  the  16th  .century,  giving  the 
history  of  the  giant  Gargantua,  who  accidentally  swallows 
five  pilgrims,  staves  and  all,  in  his  salad.  See  Pantagruel 
and  Pamirge. 

He  rEabelais]  edited  too,  and  perhaps  in  part  rewrote,  a 
orose romance,  ••Les Grandes et  Inestimables Chronicques 
du  Grant  et  Enorme  GSant  Gargantua."  This  work,  the 
author  of  which  is  unknown,  and  no  earlier  copies  of  which 
exist  gave  him  no  doubt  at  least  the  idea  of  his  own  fa- 
mous book.  The  next  year  (1632)  foUowed  the  first  instal- 
ment of  this  —  "Pantagruel  Koi  des  Dipsodes  Kestitu6  en 
Son  naturel  avec  ses  Eaicts  et  Proueses  Espouvantables.'" 
Three  years  afterwards  came  "Gargantua  proper,  the  first 
book  of  the  entire  work  as  we  now  have  it.  Eleven  years, 
however  passed  before  the  work  was  continued,  the  sec- 
ond book  of  "Pantagruel "not  being  pubhshed  till  1546, 
and  the  third  six  years  later,  just  before  the  author  s  death, 
In  1562  The  fourth  or  last  book  didnotappear  as  awhole 
mitin664,  though  the  first  sixteen  chapt^s  had  been  given 
to  thewo^ld  two  years  before.  This  fourth  boo^the  fifth 
of  the  entu^e  work,  has,  from  the  length  of  time  which 
elapsed  before  its  publication  and  from  certain  vanations 
which  exist  in  the  MS.  and  the  first  printed  editions, 


425 

been  suspected  of  spuriousness.  Such  a  question  cannot 
be  debated  here  at  length.  But  there  is  no  external  tes- 
timony of  sufficient  value  to  discredit  Rabelais's  author- 
ship, while  the  internal  testimony  in  its  favour  is  over- 
whelming.   Samtsbury,  Short  Hist,  of  French  Lit.,  p.  185. 

GargapMa  (gar-ga'fi-a).  The  Vale  of.  The  vale 
where  the  mythical  Aotoon  was  torn  to  pieces 
by  his  own  hounds.  It  was  used  by  Jonson  as 
the  scene  of  "Cynthia's  Revels." 

Gargaron  (gar'ga-ron),  the  modern  Kaz-Dagh 
(kaz-dag').  :\Gti'.ta.pjapov.']  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, the  highest  summit  of  Mount  Ida,Mysia. 

Gargery  (gar'jer-i),  Joe.  In  Dickens's  "  Great 
Expectations,"  a  good-natured  blacksmith  with 
a  shrewish  wife :  Pip's  brother-in-law. 

Garhwal,  or  Gurhwal  (^-wal')-  l.  A  dis- 
trict in  the  Kumaon  division,  Northwest  Prov- 
inces, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  30°  30' 
N.,  long.  79°  E.  Area,  5,629  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  407,818.-3.  A  protected  state 
in  India,  situated  west  of  British  Garhwal. 
Area,  4,164  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
241,242. 

Garibaldi  (ga-re-bal'de),  Giuseppe.  Bom  at 
Nice,  Jvdy  4,  1807 :  died  on  the  island  of  Ca- 
prera,  near  Sardinia,  June  2,  1882.  A  cele- 
brated Italian  patriot.  Exiled  from  Italy  for  politi- 
cal reasons  in  1834,  he  went  to  South  America,  where  he 
was  employed  in  the  service  first  of  the  republic  of  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul  and  afterward  in  that  of  Uruguay,  1836-48. 
In  1849  he  entered  the  service  of  the  Eoihan  Republic, 
which  was  abolished  in  the  same  year.  In  1850  he  went 
as  an  exile  to  the  United  States,  where  he  was  naturalized 
as  a  citizen,  and  where  for  a  time  he  followed  the  occupa- 
tion of  a  candle-maker  on  Staten  Island.  He  returned  to 
Italy  in  1854,  and  settled  aa  a  farmer  on  the  island  of  Ca- 
prera.  He  commanded  an  independent  corps,  known  as 
the  *'  Hunters  of  the  Alps,"  in  the  Sardinian  service  during 
the  war  of  Sardinia  and  France  against  Austria  in  1859. 
Secretly  encouraged  by  the  Sardinian  government,  he 
organized,  after  the  conclusion  of  peace,  an  expedition 
against  the  Two  Sicilies  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  about 
the  union  of  Italy.  He  descended  upon  Sicily  with  1,000 
volunteers  in  May,  1860,  and  after  having  made  himself 
dictator  of  Sicily  crossed  to  the  mainland,  where  he  ex- 
pelled Francis  II.  from  Naples  and  entered  the  capital 
Sept.  7, 1860.  He  retired  to  Caprera  on  the  union  of  the 
Two  Sicilies  with  Sardinia  and  the  proclamation,  March 
17, 1861,  of  Victor  Emmanuel  of  Sardinia  as  king  of  Italy. 
Striving  tor  the  complete  uniflcation  of  Italy,  he  organized 
an  expedition  against  Rome  in  1862,  but  was  defeated  and 
captured  by  the  Sardinians  at  Aspromonte  in  Aug.  He 
was  again  in  arms  against  the  Pope  in  1867,  and  was  de- 
feated by  the  French  and  papal  forces  at  Mentana  in  Nov. 
In  1870-71  he  commanded  a  French  force  in  the  war 
against  the  Germans. 

Gariep  (gS,-rep').    The  Orange  River. 

Garigliano  (ga-rel-ya'no).  A  river  in  western 
Italy,  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Gaeta  10  miles 
east  of  Gaeta  :  the  ancient  Liiis.  Near  it,  Deo. 
27, 1503,  Gonsalvo  de  Cordova  defeated  the  French  under 
the  Marquis  of  Saluzzo.    Length,  about  90  miles. 

Garland  (gar'land),  Augustus  Hill.  Bom  near 
Covington,  Tenn.,  June  11, 1832  :  died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  Jan.  26,  1899.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Confederate 
congress ;  governor  of  Arkansas  1875-77 ;  United  States 
senator  from  Arkansas  1877-86 ;  and  attorney.general  1885- 
1889. 

Garni(garm).  [ON.  Garrar.]  In  Old  Norse  my- 
thology, the  demon  watch-dog  of  Hel.  At  Rag- 
narok  he  and  the  god  Tyr  slew  each  other. 

Garmail  (ger-ma-il')  and  Armail  (er-m4-il'). 
In  Firdausi,  two  noble  Persians  who  became 
cooks  to  King  Tohak  in  order  to  save  each  day 
one  of  the  two  men  whose  brains  were  daily 
devoured  by  the  serpents  that  grew  on  Tohak's 
back.  Substituting  the  brains  of  a  sheep  for  those  of 
one,  they  saved  him.  From  the  men  thus  saved  Firdausi 
derives  the  Kurds. 

Garneau  (gar-no'),  Frangois  Xavier.  Born  at 
Quebec,  June  15,  1809 :  died  Feb.  3,  1866.  A 
Canadian  historian.  He  was  city  clerk  of  Quebec 
1845-66.    He  wrote  "  Histoire  du  Canada  "  (1846-46). 

Garnet  (gar'net),  Henry  Highland.    Bom  in 

Kent  Coimty,  Md.,  1815:  died  at  Monrovia, 
Liberia,  Feb.,  1882.  An  American  clergyman 
and  orator,  of  African  birth. 

Garnett  (gar'net),  Henry.  Bom  at  Heanor, 
Derbyshire,  1555 :  executed  at  St.  Paul's  Church- 
yard, May  3,  1606.  A  leading  English  Jesuit, 
arrested  and  put  to  death  for  alleged  connec- 
tion with  the  Gunpowder  Plot. 

Garnett,  Bichard.  Bom  at  Otley,  Yorkshire, 
July  25, 1789 :  died  Sept.  27, 1850.  An  EngUsh 
clergyman  and  philologist,  assistant  keeper  of 
printed  books  at  the  British  Museum  from  1838. 
His  philological  essays  were  collected  and  pub- 
lished in  1859. 

Garnett,  Richard.  Born  at  Lichfield,  England, 
Feb.  27,  1835.  An  English  scholar  and  author, 
son  of  Richard  Garnett  (1789-1850).  He  was  made 
assistant  keeper  of  printed  books  and  superintendent  of 
the  reading-room  of  the  British  Museum  in  1875.  He  re- 
tired in  1884,  and  was  keeper  of  printed  books  1890-99. 


Garrick 

Gamier  (gar-nya'),  Adolphe.  Bom  at  Paris, 
March  27,  1801 :  died  at  Jouy-en-Josas,  May  4, 
1864.  A  French  philosopher.  He  was  professor  ot 
philosophy  in  the  University  of  Paris  from  1846  until  his 
death.    He  wrote  "Traits  des  facult^s  de  Time  "  (1862). 

Garnier,  Charles  Georges  Thomas.    Bom  at 

Auxerre,  France,  Sept.  21,  1746:  died  there, 
Jan.  24, 1795.  A  French  litterateur.  He  was  Rev- 
olutionary commissioner  at  Auxerre  1793-96.  His  chief 
work  is  "Nouveauxproverbesdramatiques,  etc."  (1874). 
Garnier,  Germain.  Bom  at  Auxerre,  France, 
Nov.  8,  1754:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  4,  1821.  A 
French  political  economist,  brother  of  C.  (5.  T. 
Garnier.  He  emigrated  with  the  royalists  in  1793,  re- 
turned in  1795,  and  became  prefect  of  the  department  of 
Seine-et-Oise  in  1800,  a  senator  in  1804,  and  president  of 
the  Senate  in  1809.  At  the  restoration  of  1814  he  became 
a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Peers,  and  was  appointed 
minister  of  state  by  Louis  XVIII.  after  the  Hundred  Days. 
He  translated  Adam  Smith's  "Wealth  of  Nations  "  (1806), 
and  wrote  a  number  of  politico-economic  treatises,  in- 
cluding "Histoire  de  la  monnaie"  (1819). 

Gamier,  Jean  Louis  Charles.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Nov.  .6,  1825 :  died  Aug.  4,  1898.  A  French 
architect.  He  entered  the  ]6cole  des  Beaux  Arts  in  1842, 
and  became  a  pupilof  LebasaudLeveil.  He  subsequently 
traveled  in  Italy  and  Greece,  and  began  business  as  an  ar- 
chitect at  Paris  in  1854.  He  designed  the  Grand  Op^ra  at 
Paris,  which  was  erected  under  his  supervision  1863-74. 

Gamier,  Joseph  Clement.  Bom  at  Breuil, 
Alpes-Maritimes,  France,  Oct.  3,  1813 :  died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  25, 1881.  A  French  political  econo- 
mist. He  was  made  senator  in  1867.  His  works  include 
"Traits  d'^conomie  politique"  (9th  ed.  1889),  "Traits  d& 
finance"  (1882),  etc. 

Gamier,  Marie  Joseph  Francois.  Born  at  St.  - 
Btienne,  France,  July  25,  1839:  died  in  Tong- 
king,  Dec.  21, 1873.  A  French  explorer.  He  ac- 
companied the  expedition  of  Admiral  Cbarner  to  China 
and  Cochin  China  as  ensign  1860-62 ;  was  placed  in  charge: 
of  the  exploration  of  the  river  Mekong  in  1866 ;  partici- 
pated in  the  defense  of  Paris  1870-71 ;  and  commanded  a 
military  expedition  to  Tongking,  whose  capital,  Hanoi,, 
he  took  Nov.  20,  1873.  He  was  killed  in  an  engagement 
with  Chinese  pirates.  Author  of  "Voyage  d'exploration 
en  Indo-Chine  "  (1873). 

Gamier,  Bobert.  Bom  at  Fert6  Bernard,  1534  r 
died  at  Le  Mans,  Aug.  15, 1590.  The  most  im- 
portant French  writer  of  tragedy  before  Cor- 
neille.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Paris  bar,  became  lieu- 
tenant criminel  at  Le  Mans,  and  was  finally  appointed 
councilor  of  state.  He  was  a  disciple  of  Ronsard.  His. 
works,  which  were  composed  between  the  years  1668  and 
1680,  consist  of  8  plays:  "Porci^,"  "Compile,"  "Marc- 
Antoine,"  "Hippolyte,"  "La  Troade,"  "Antigone,"  "Les 
Juives,"  and  "Bradamante." 

Gamier-Fag^S  (gar-nya'pa-zhas'),  Louis  An- 
toine.  Born  at  Marseilles,  Feb.  16, 1803 :  died 
at  Paris,  Oct.  31,  1878.  A  French  lawyer  and 
politician.  He  became  minister  of  finance,  March  5, 
1848,  in  the  provisional  government  established  by  the- 
February  revolution.  Subsequently,  on  Sept.  4,  1870,  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  provisional  government  which 
succeeded  the  second  empire.  He  wrote  "Histoire  dc  la 
revolution  de  1848  "  (1861-72),  etc. 

Garo  (ga'ro)  (also  Garro  or  Garrow)  Hills, 

A  territory  in  India,  situated  about  lat.  25°-26° 
N.,  long.  90°-91°  E.J  nominally  under  British 
rule.  It  is  a  mountainous  district  with  an  area 
of  3,270  square  miles. 
Garonne  (ga-ron').  [L.  Garumna,  Garunna.'] 
A  river  in  southwestern  France.  It  rises  in  the- 
Spanish  Pyrenees,  has  a  generally  northerly  and  north- 
westerly course,  and  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay  about 
lat.  45°  88'  N.,  long.  1°  4'  W.  It  is  called  the  Gironde  after 
its  union  with  the  Dordogne.  Length,  about  350  miles. 
It  is  navigable  about  250  miles  (for  ocean  vessels  to  Bor- 
deaux). At  Toulouse  it  is  connected  by  the  Canal  dii- 
Midi  with  the  Mediterranean. 

Garonne,  Haute-.    See  Saute-Garonne. 

Garrard  (ga-rard' ) ,  George.  Bom  May  31, 1760  i 
died  at  London,  Oct.  8,  1827.  An  English  ani- 
mal-painter and  sculptor. 

Garratt  (gar'at).  A  village  situated  between 
Tooting  and  "Wandsworth,  Surrey.  The  practice 
of  electing  a  mayor  (really  a  chairman  appointed  for  the- 
defense  of  rights  of  common)  at  every  general  election, 
adopted  by  the  inhabitants  about  1780,  gave  rise  to  a  series 
of  satirical  "Addresses  by  the  Mayors  of  Garratt."  Foote' 
wrote  a  play  on  the  subject,  "The  Mayor  of  Gaixatt." 

Garraud  (ga-ro'),  Gabriel  Joseph.    Bom  at 

Dijon,  March  25,  1807:  died  there,  in  1880.  A 
French  sculptor. 

Garraway's  Coffee  House.  A  noted  London 
coffee-house  standing  for  two  centuries  in  Ex- 
change Alley,  Comhill.  Tea  was  first  sold  here ;  the- 
promoters  of  the  South  Sea  Bubble  met  here  ;  and  aalea 
of  drugs,  mahogany,  and  timber  were  held  here  periodi- 
cally. It  was  frequented  by  people  of  quality,  and  "  as  a 
place  of  sale,  exchange,  auction,  and  lottery  it  was  never- 
excelled  "  (Thombury).  The  original  proprietor,  Thomas 
Garway,  was  a  tobacconist  and  coffee  dealer. 

Garrick  (gar'ik),  Da'Vid,  Born  at  Hereford, 
England,  Feb.  19,  1717:  died  at  London,  Jan. 
20,  1779.  A  oele"brated  English  actor.  He  was 
educated  at  Lichfield  Grammar  School ;  went  to  London  in 
1737,  traveling  with  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,  one  of  whose 
pupils  he  had  been  at  Edial ;  and  was  entered  at  Lincoln's. 
Inn.    He  went  into  the  wine  business,  however,  with  hift 


Garrick 

brother.  The  partnership  waa  soon  dissolved,  and  his  love 
of  the  stage  induced  him  to  make  it  his  profession.  He 
made  liis  first  appearance  in  public  in  1741.  Having  played 
several  minor  parts,  he  made,  on  Oct.  19,  his'famous  ap- 
pearance as  Kichard  IIL,  wMch  was  an  immediate  suc- 
cess. In  1742  he  went  to  Dublin,  where  he  was  well  re- 
ceived, lu  1745  he  again  went  to  Dublin,  and  was  joint 
manager  there  with  Sheridan.  In  1747  he  undertook  the 
management  of  the  Drury  Lane  Theatre  with  Lacy,  having 
Tjought  a  half  interest.  He  brought  out  plays,  including 
■24  of  Shakspere's,  creating  new  parts  and  playing  the 
principal  old  ones.  His  repertoire  was  large  and  he  was 
very  versatile,  his  range  extending  from  Hamlet  to  the  ex- 
tremes of  low  comedy  in  Abel  Drugger  and  light  comedy 
in  Archer.  One  of  his  favorite  characters  was  Don  Felix 
In  "The  Wonder,"  which  he  played  for  the  first  time  Nov. 
6, 1756,  and  for  the  last  time  at  his  last  appearance,  June 
10, 1776.  He  retired  with  a  considerable  fortune  to  Hamp- 
ton. He  wrote  farces  and  comedies  and  alterations  of  old 
plays  (especially  with  Colman),  together  with  many  pro- 
logues, epigrams,  etc.  He  played  with  all  the  foremost 
actors  of  his  time.  He  was  a  great  actor  and  successful 
manager,  and  enjoyed  thef  riendship  of  the  most  noted  men 
of  his  day.  Johnson  said  of  him  that  "his  death  eclipsed 
the  gaiety  of  nations." 

Garrick  Club.  A  London  club  instituted  in 
1831  for  the  patronage  of  the  drama,  and  as  a 
rendezvous  for  men  of  letters.  Since  1864  it 
has  occupied  a  house  in  Garrick  street. 

Garrison  (gar'i-son),  William  Lloyd,  Born  at 
Nevrbuiyport,  Mass.,  Dec.  10, 1805 :  died  at  New 
York,  May  24, 1879.  A  noted  American  aboli- 
tionist. He  learned  the  trade  of  a  printer,  and  eventually 
became  a  journalist.  In  1831  he  began  at  Boston  the  pub- 
lication of  the  "Liberator,"  a  journal  advocating  the  abo- 
lition of  slavery  at  the  South,  which  he  conducted  until 
its  discontinuance  in  1865.  In  1832  he  founded  at  Boston 
an  abolition  society,  which  became  the  model  for  simi- 
lar societies  all  over  the  North.  Shortly  afterward  the 
American  Antislavery  Society  was  founded,  of  which  he 
was  president  1S43~65. 

Garrod  (gar'  od) ,  Alfred  Henry.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, May  18, 1846 :  died  Oct.  17, 1879.  An  Eng- 
lish zoologist.  He,  studied  at  Cambridge,  where  he 
became  a  fellow  of  St.  John's  College  in  1873;  became 
prosector  to  the  Zoological  Society  in  1871;  was  appointed 
professor  of  comparative  anatomy  at  King's  College,  Lon- 
don, in  1874 ;  and  became  professor  of  physiology  at  the 
Koyal  Institution  in  1875.  He  is  best  known  trora  his 
studies  in  the  anatomy  of  birds.  His  papers  were  edited 
by  W.  A.  Fortesoue  in  1881. 

Garrow  Hills.    See  Garo  Mills. 

Garston  (gar'ston*).  A  .town  in  Lancashire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Mersey  5  miles  south- 
east of  Liverpool.     Population  (1891),  13,444. 

Garter,  Order  of  the.    See  Order. 

Garth  (garth),  Caleb.  A  character  in  George 
Eliot's  novel  "  Middlemarch." 

Garth,  Sir  Samuel.  Bom  in  Bowland  Forest, 
Yorkshire,  1661:  died  at  London,  Jan.  18, 1719. 
An  English  physician  and  poet.  He  studied  at 
Cambridge  (Pet«rhoUBe)and  Leyden,  and  established  him- 
self in  London  in  the  practice  of  medicine.  Among  his 
works  is  "  The  Dispensary  "  (1699),  a  poem  which  ridicules 
apothecaries,  and  records  the  first  attempt  to  establish 
dispensaries  for  outdoor  patients.  It  passed  through  many 
editions. 

Garuda  (Hind.  pron.  gur'6-da).  In  Hindu  my- 
thology, a  bird  or  vulture,  half  bird  half  man, 
on  which  Vishnu  rides. 

Garunma  (ga-rum'na).  The  Latin  name  of  the 
(Jaronne. 

Garve  (gar've),  Christian.  Bom  at  Breslau, 
Prussia,  Jan.  7,  1742:  died  at  Breslau,  Deo.  1, 
1798.  A  German  philosopher,  moralist,  and 
translator.  He  was  professor  (extraordinary) 
of  philosophy  at  Leipsic  1770-72. 

Gasca  (gas'ka),  Pedro  de  la.  Bom  at  Barco 
de  Avila,  Castile,  1485:  died  atVaUadolid,  Nov., 
1567.  A  Spanish  lawyer.  In  1646  he  was  sent  to 
Peru  as  president  of  the  audience,  with  extraordinary 
powers,  to  put  down  the  rebellion  of  Gonzalo  Pizarro:  He 
managed  by  peaceful  means  to  win  over  many  of  the 
rebels.  Centeno,  Valdivia,  and  Benalcazar  joined  him ; 
and  Pizarfo's  forces  finally  deserted  on  the  field  of  Sacsa- 
liuana,  near  Cuzco,  April  9, 1548.  Pizarro  and  his  lieuten- 
ant, Carbajal,  were  captured  and  executed,  and  Oasca 
treated  the  rebels  with  gi-eat  severity.  While  the  country 
was  still  in  a  state  of  confusion  he  slipped  away  (Jan., 
1550),  leaving  the  government  in  the  hands  of  the  audi- 
ence. On  his  return  to  Spain  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Palencia,  and  in  1561  was  promoted  to  the  see  of  Siguenza, 

Gascoigne  (gas-koiu').  Sir  Bernard  (Bernardo 
or  Bernardino  Guasconi).  Bom  at  Florence, 
1614:  died  at  London,  Jan.  10, 1687.  Amilitary 
adventurer  and  diplomatist,  of  Italian  paren- 
tage. He  came  to  England  and  fought  for  Charles  I. ; 
returned  after  the  Restoration ;  and  was  appointed  Eng- 
lish envoy  to  Vienna  in  1672  to  negotiate  a  marriage  be- 
tween the  Duke  of  Xork  and  the  Archduchess  Claudia  Fe- 
licitas.    He  wrote  "A  Description  of  Germany,  etc." 

Gascoigne,  George.  Bom  in  Bedfordshire  (?), 
England,  about  1535:  died  at  Stamford,  Eng- 
land, Oct.  7,  1577.  An  English  poet.  His  chief 
works  3re  "The  Steele  Glas"  and  "The  Complaint  of 
Philomene  "  (1576).    Works  edited  by  E.  Arber  1868. 

He  [Gascoigne]  is  supposed  to  have  been  born  about 
1536,  and  if  so,  he  was  little  over  forty  when  he  died  in 
1677.  His  father,  a  knight  of  good  family  and  estate  in 
Sussex,  disinherited  him ;  but  he  was  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge, if  not  at  both  universities,  was  twice  elected  to 


426 

Parliament,  travelled  and  fought  abroad,  and  took  part  in 
the  famous  festival  at  Kenilworth.  His  work  is,  as  has 
been  said,  considerable,  and  is  remarkable  for  the  number 
of  first  attempts  in  English  which  it  contains.  It  has  at 
least  been  claimed  for  him  (though  careful  students  of  lit- 
erary history  know  that  these  attributions  are  always  rather 
hazardous)  that  he  wrote  the  first  English  prose  comedy 
("The  Supposes,"  a  version  of  Ariosto),  the  first  regular 
verse  satire  ("The  Steel  Glass "),  the  first  prose  tale  (a 
version  from  Bandello),  the  fijst  translation  from  Greek 
tragedy  ("  Jocasta  "),  and  the  first  critical  essay  (the  above- 
mentioned  "  Notes  of  Instruction  '\  Most  of  these  things, 
it  will  be  seen,  were  merely  adaptations  of  foreign  origi- 
nals;  but  they  certainly  make  up  a  remarkable  budget  for 
one  man.  ~       Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  16. 

Gascoigne,  Sir  William.  Died  in  1419.  An  Eng- 
lish judgOi  He  was  made  chief  justice  of  the  King's 
Bench  by  Heniy  rv.  about  1400.  According  to  a  tradition, 
followed  by  Shakspere  in  "  Henry  IV.,"  he  committed 
Prince  Henry  to  prison  when  the  latter  struck  him  for 
venturing  to  punish  one  of  the  prince's  riotous  com- 
panions. 

Gascoigne,  William.  Bom  about  1612 :  died  in 
the  battle  of  Marston  Moor,  July  2,  1644.  An 
English  astronomer,  inventor  of  the  microm- 
eter. 

He  invented  methods  of  grinding  glasses,  and  Sir  Edward 
Sherburne  states  that  he  was  the  first  who  used  two  convex 
glasses  in  the  telescope.  .  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Gasconade  (gas-ko-nad').  A  river  in  Missouri 
which  runs  north  and  joins  the  Missouri  below 
Jefferson  City.    Length,  about  200  miles. 

Gascony  (gas'ko-ni),  P.  Gascogne  (gas-kony'). 
[ME.  Gasconie,  Gascon,  from  OP.  and  P.  Gas- 
cogne, Sp.  Vasconia,  from  LL.  Vasconia,  from 
Vascones,  the  inhabitants.  See  Basques.']  An 
ancient  duchy  of  France,  capital  Auch,  form- 
ing part  of  the  old  government  of  Guienne  and 
Gascony.  it  was  boimded  by  Guienne  on  the  north, 
Languedoc  and  Foix  on  the  east,  B^am  and  Navaixe  on 
the  south,  and  the  Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  west.  It  com- 
prised the  departments  of  Landea,  Gers,  and  Hautes-Pyr^- 
n6es,  and  parts  of  Haute-Garonne,  Lot-et-Garonne,  and 
Tarn-et-Garonne.  It  formed  the  Uoman  province  of 
Aquitania  lertia  or  Novempopulania ;  was  a  duchy  in  the 
middle  ages  ;  and  was  united  in  1052  to  Guienne,  the  for- 
tunes of  which  it  generally  followed. 

Gaskell  (gas'kel),  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Cleghorn 
Stevenson).  Bom  at  Chelsea,  London,  Sept. 
29,  1810 :  died  at  Alton,  Hampshire,  England, 
Nov.  12, 1865.  An  English  novelist.  She  removed 
on  her  marriage  in  1832  to  Manchester,  where  slie  obtained 
material  for  those  of  her  novels  which  describe  the  life  and 
trials  of  the  manufacturing  classes.  Her  best  novels  have 
been  translated  into  French.  Among  them  are  "Mary 
Barton  "  (1S48), ' '  Ruth  "and  "Cranf  ord  "  (1853), "  North  and 
South  "  (1865),  "  Cousm  Phillis  "  (1865), "  Wives  and  Daugh- 
ters "  (1866),  etc.  She  published  in  1857  a  "Life  of  Char- 
lotte Bronte."  ^ 

Gasparin  (gas-pa-ran' ) ,  Comte  Adrien  Btienne 
Pierre  de.  Bom  at  Orange,  France,  June  29, 
1788 :  died  there,  Sept.  7, 1862.  A  French  poli- 
tician and  agriculturist.       , 

Gasparin,  Comte  Ag^nor  Etienne  de.  Bom 
at  Orange,  France,  July  10,  1810:  died  at  Ge- 
neva, May  4, 1871.  A  French  political  writer 
and  politician,  son  of  A.  fi.  P.  de  Gasparin.  His 
works  include  "Lea  iltats-Unis  en  1861"  (1861),  "L'Am^- 
rique  devant  I'Europe"  (1862),  "La  France,  nosfautes,  nos 
perils,  notre  avenir"  (1872),  etc. 

Gasparin,  Comtesse  de  (Valerie  Boissier). 

Born  at  Geneva,  1813 :  died  there,  June  29, 1894. 
The  wife  of  A.  !fi.  de  Gasparin:  a  writer  of 
travels  and  of  religious  works. 

Gasp6  (gSs-pa').  A  district  in  Quebec,  Canada, 
forming  a  peninsula,  situated  between  the  es- 
tuary of  the  St.  Lawrence  on  the  north  and 
the  Bay  of  Chaleur  on  the  south.  It  comprises 
the  counties  Qasp6  and  Bonaventure. 

Gaspd  Bay.  Au  arm  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence, east  of  Gasp6. 

Gass  (gas),Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Breslau,  Prus- 
sia, Nov.  28, 1813 :  died  at  Heidelberg,  Feb.  21, 
1889.  A  German  Protestant  theologian.  He  was 
professor  successively  at  Breslau,  Greitswald,  Giessen, 
and  (1868)  Heidelberg.  His  works  include  "  Geschichte 
derprotestantischen  Dogmatik  in  ihrem  Zusammenhange 
mit  der  Theologie  iiberhaupt"  (1854-67). 

Gassendi  (gas-sen'de ;  P.  pron.  ga-san-de),  or 
Gassend  (P.  pron.  ga-son'),  Pierre.  Bom  at 
Champteroier,  Basses-Alpes,  Jan.  22, 1592:  died 
at  Paris,  Oct.  24,  1655.  A  celebrated  French 
philosopher,  physicist,  and  astronomer.  He 
studied  theology,  and  became  professor  of  theology  at 
Digne  in  1613,  and  of  philosophy  at  Aix  in  1616.  In  1645 
he  became  professor  of  mathematics  at  the  College  Royal 
at  Paris.  He  sought  to  connect  the  philosophy  of  Epi- 
curus with  Christian  theology  and  modem  science.  Among 
his  works  are  "Disquisitionesanticartesiance"  (1643),  "De 
vita,  moribus,  et  placitis  Epicuri "  (1647),  "  Syntagma  phi- 
losophise Epicuri    (1649),  "Syntagma  philosophicum." 

Gasser  (gas'ser),  Hans.  Bom  at  Eisentratten, 
Carinthia,  Oct.  2, 1817:  died  at  Pest,  April  24, 
1868.    An  Austrian  sculptor. 

Gasser  von  Valhorn  (gas'ser  fon  vai'hom), 
Joseph.  BomatPragraten,Tyrol,Nov.22,1816: 
died  there,  Oct.  28, 1901.   An  Austrian  sculptor. 


GSitinals 

Gastein  (gas'tin).  A  valley  in  the  crownland 
of  Salzburg,  Austria-Hungary,  south  of  Salz- 
burg. It  is  famous  for  its  picturesque  scenery.  At 
Wildbad  Gastein  there  are  hot  springs. 

Gastein,  Convention  of.  A  treaty  concluded 
between  Austria  and  Prussia  at  Wildbad  Gas- 
tein, Aug.  14,  1865,  by  which  the  duchies  re- 
cently conquered  from  Denmark  were  disposed 
of  as  follows:  Lauenburg  was  definitely  sur- 
rendered to  the  King  of  Prussia  for  two  and  a 
half  million  rix-doUars,  while  the  sovereignty 
of  Holstein  and  Sehleswig  was  to  be  held  by 
Austria  and  Prussia  in  common,  Austria  ad- 
ministering Holstein  and  Prussia  Sehleswig. 

Gasterental  (gas'ter-en-tal).  A  wild  valley  in 
the  Bernese  Alps,  Switzerland,  south  of  Kan- 
dersteg. 

Gaston  (gas-t6n'),  Marie.  A  pseudonym  of 
Alphonse  Daudet.  ' 

Gaston  (gas'ton),  William.  Bom  at  New 
Berne,  N.  C,  Sept.  19,  1778 :  died  at  Ealeigh, 
N.  C,  Jan.  23, 1844.  An  American  jurist  and 
politician.  He  was  a  Federalist  member  of  Congress 
from  North  Carolina  1813-17  ;  was  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  North  Carolina  1834-44 ;  and  was  a  prominent 
member  of  the  constitutional  convention  of  1835. 

Gaston  de  Foix  (gas-t6it'  d6  fwa)  (1489-1512). 
See  Nemours,  Due  de. 

Gatchina.    See  GatsMna. 

Gate  City.  A  name  given  to  Atlanta,  Georgia, 
and  also  to  Keokuk,  Iowa. 

Gate  House  Prison.  A  London  prison  a;t  "West- 
minster, memorable  as  that  from  which  Sir 
Walter  Ealeigh  was  taken  to  execution. 

Gate  of  Italy.  A  gorge  in  the  vaUey  of  the 
Adige,  near  Eoveredo,  Tyrol. 

Gate  of  Tears,  or  Gate  of  Mourning.  The 
translation  of  the  Arabic  Bab-el-Mandeb  (which 
see):  so  called  from  the  danger  in  navigating  it. 

Gate  of  the  Lions.    See  Mycene. 

Gate  of  the  Mountains.  The  gorge  in  which 
the  Missouri  breaks  through  the  Eocky  Moun- 
tains, about  40  miles  above  Great  Falls,  Mon- 
tana. 

Gates  (gats),  Horatio.  Bom  at  Maldon,  Eng- 
land, in  1728:  died  at  New  York,  April  10, 1806. 
An  American  general.  He  served  as  captain  under 
Braddock  in  the  expedition  against  Fort  Duquesne  in 
1755,  and  at  the  close  of  the  old  French  and  Indian  war 
settled  in  Berkeley  County,  Virginia.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  Revolutionary  War  he  accepted  a  commission  as 
adjutant-general  in  the  Continental  army  (1775),  and  in 
1777  succeeded  Schuyler  as  commander  in  the  north.  He 
defeated  Burgoyne  in  the  second  battle  of  Stillwater,  Oct. 
7;  1777,  and  on  Oct,  17 received  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne  * 
at  Saratoga.  In  Nov.,  1777,  he  was  made  president  of  the 
board  of  war  and  ordnance,  a  position  wliich  he  used  to 
further  an  intrigue  with  the  clique  known  as  the  "  Con- 
way Cabal,"  consisting  of  Thomas  Conway  and  others,  to 
supplant  Washington  in  the  chief  command  of  the  army. 
In  June,  1780,  he  was  appointed  to  the  command  in  the 
south,  and  on  Aug.  16,  1780,  was  totally  defeated  by  Lord 
Comwallis  at  Camden,  South  Carolina.  He  was  after- 
ward succeeded  by  General  Greene. 

Gates,  Sir  Thomas.  Died  after  1621.  A  colo- 
nial governor  of  Virginia.  Along  with  Captain 
Newport  and  Sir  George  Somers  he  sailed  from  England 
in  May,  1609,  in  charge  of  500  emigrants  destined  for  Vir- 
ginia- During  the  voyage  the  Sea  Venture,  in  which  he 
sailed,  was  separated  from  the  rest  of  the  fleet  by  a  hurri- 
cane and  stranded  on  the  rocks  of  Bermuda.  The  passen- 
gers of  the  Sea  Venture  constructed  two  new  vessels,  and 
reachedVirginiaMay  24, 1610.  Having  in  the  meantime 
been  sent  to  England  with  a  report  of  the  condition  of  the 
colony,  he  returned  to  Virginia  in  Aug.,  1611,  with  300  new 
emigrants.  In  the  same  year  he  assumed  the  office  of 
governor,  a  position  which  he  held  until  1614,  when  he  re- 
turned to  England. 

Gateshead  (gats'hed).  A  parliamentary  and 
municipal  borough  in  Durham,  England,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tyne  opposite  Newcastle.  It  has 
important  manufactures.  Population  (1901), 
109,888. 

Gath(gath).  [Heb.,' wine-press.']  One  of  the 
five  confederate  cities  of  the  Philistines,  the 
birthplace  of  the  giant  Goliath.  It  was  con- 
quered  by  David,  turned  by  Rehoboam  into  a  fortress, 
taken  by  Hazael,  king  of  Damascus,  and  destroyed  byUz- 
ziah,  and  then  vanishes  from  history.  Its  position  is  un- 
certain, but  it  is  possibly  the  modern  TeU  es  Safl. 

Gatha  (Skt.  gat'ha ;  Avestan  ga'tha).  ['  Song.'] 
In  Sanskrit,  a  religious  verse,  but  one  not  taken 
from  the  Vedas.  Such  verses  are  interspersed  in  the 
Sansltrit  Buddhist  work  called  "Lalitavistara,"  composed 
in  a  dialect  between  the  Sanskrit  and  Prakrit,  and  have 
given  their  name  to  this  the  Gatha  dialect.  The  oldest 
portion  of  the  Ayesta  consists  of  Gathas  or  hymns  believed 
to  go  back,  at  least  in  part,  to  Zarathushtra  himself. 

G3,tinais  (ga-te-na'),  or  G3,tinois  (ga-te-nwa'). 
An  ancient  territory  of  Prance.  Capital,  Ne- 
mours. It  lay  south  of  Paris,  partly  in  tle-de-France, 
partly  in  Orl^anais,  and  is  comprised  in  the  departments 
liOiret,  Nifevre,  Yonne,  and  Seine-et-Marne.  It  was  united 
to  the  French  crown  under  Philip  L  in  1068. 


Gatineau 

Gatineau  (ga-te-no').  A  river  in  Canada  which, 
flowing  southward,  joins  the  Ottawa  nearly  op- 
posite Ottawa.    Estimated  length,  400  miles. 

Oatley  (gat'U),  Alfred.  Bom  at  Kerridge, 
Cheshire,  1816 :  died  at  Eome,  June  28,  1863. 
An  English  sculptor. 

Gatling  (gat'ling),  Richard  Jordan.  Bom  in 
Hertford  County,lSr.  C,  Sept.  12, 1818:  died  Feb. 
26,  1903.  An  American  inventor.  He  took  the  de- 
gree of  M.  D.  about  18^9,  but  never  praotisedhisprofeasion. 
He  is  chiefly  known  as  the  inventor  of  the  Gatlinggun,  the 
first  specimen  of  wliich  was  constructed  in  1862. 

Gatshina  (ga'che-na).  A  town,  the  private 
property  of  the  czar,  situated  in  the  government 
of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  28  miles  south-south- 
west of  St.  Petersburg.  The  palace,  a  favorite  resi- 
dence of  Alexander  HI.,  built  in  1779,  is  of  great  size,  in 
a  simple  Renaissance  style.  The  main  building,  of  three 
stories,  is  connected  by  colonnaded  galleries  with  one- 
story  buildings  surrounding  a  court.  There  are  about  600 
rooms,  including  ample  state  apartments,  and  a  theater. 
Population  (1892),  12,000. 

Gatty  (gat'i),  Mrs.  (Margaret  Scott),  Born  at 
Burnham,  Essex,  June  3,  1809 :  died  at  Eccles- 
fleld, Yorkshire,  Oct.  4, 1878.  AnEnglish writer, 
wife  of  Eev.  Alfred  Gatty,  vicar  of  Eeclesfield. 
Her  best-lcnown  worlds  are  stories  for  children  ("Aunt 
Judy's  Tales, "  1869,  etc.).  She  edited  "Aunt  Judy's  Maga- 
zine "  1866-73. 

Gauchos  (gou'choz).  Pea,satitry  and  herdsmen 
of  mixedlhdian  and  white  blood,  in  the  Platine 
states  of  South  America.  They  are  sMUvH  horse- 
men, accustomed  to  a  roving  life,  and  readily  lend  them- 
selves to  lawless  enterprises.  They  have  tlius  become 
prominent  in  the  civil  wars  of  that  region,  following  any 
leader  who  gives  them  excitement  and  plunder.  In  war 
their  bands  move  with  great  celerity,  easily  avoiding  reg- 
ular forces. 

Gauden  (gft'den),  John.  Bom  at  Mayland, 
Essex,  1605 :  died.  Sept.  20,  1662.  An  English 
prelate,  appointed  bishop  of  Exeter  in  1660,  and 
translated  to  the  see  of  Worcester  in  May,  1662. 
He  graduated  at  Oxford;  became  vicar  of  Chippenham 
in  1640 ;  was  chaplain  to  the  Earl  of  Warwick ;  was  ap- 
pointed dean  of  Booking,  Essex,  in  1641  *,  and  was  chosen 
a  member  of  the  Assembly  of  Divines  in  1643,  but  was  not 
allowed  totake  his  seat.  He  wrote  "  Cromwell's  Bloody 
Slaughter  House,  etc."  (1660),  "Tears  of  the  Church" 
(16S9),  "'lepa  AaKpva.  EcclesisB  Anglicanie  Suspiria,  or 
the  Tears,  Sighs,  Complaints,  and  Prayers  of  the  Church 
of  England,"  etc.    See  JBikon  BasUike. 

Gaudichaiid-Beaupr^  (go  -  de  -  sho '  bo  -  pra ' ) , 
Charles.  Bom  at  Angoulfime,  France,  Sept.  4, 
1780 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  16,  1854.  A  French 
botanist  and  traveler  in  South  America.  He 
wrote  "Flore  des  lies  Malouines  "  (1824),  "Botanique  du 
voyage  autour  du  monde,  ex6cut6  pendant  les  ann^es 
1836-1837,  etc.,"  etc. 

Gauermann  (gou'er-man),  Friedrich.   Bom  at. 

Miesenbach,  near  (3-uttenstein,  Lower  Austria, 
Sept.  20, 1807 :  died  at  Vienna,  July  7, 1862.  An 
Austrian  painter  of  animals. 

Gaugamela  (ga-ga-me'la).  [Gr.  Vavy_anii7M.'\ 
Tti  ancient  geography,  a  place  in  Assyria,  near 
the  modern  Mosul:  the  scene  of  Alexander's 
victory  over  Darins  (battle  of  Arbela). 

Ganhati  (gou-ha'te) .  A  town  in  Assam,  British 
India,  situated  on  the  Brahmaputra  about  lat. 
26°  11'  N.,  long.  91°  40'  E.     Pop.  (1891),  10,817. 

Gaul  (gftl).  [F.  Gaule,  Sp.  Galia,  Pg.  It.  GaU 
Ua,  G.  Gallien,  from  L.  Gallia,  from  Gallus,  a 
Gaul].  1.  In  ancient  geography,  the  country 
of  the  Gauls;  in  an  inexact  use,  France,  it  was 
divided  into  Cisalpine  Gaul  and  Transalpine  Gaul,  and  is 
often  taken  as  equivalent  to  Transalpine  Gaul. 

Neither  .  .  is  France  even  yet  coextensive  with  Gaul. 
If  Britain  includes  Scotland  as  well  as  England,  Gaul  in- 
cludes Belgium  and  Switzerland  as  well  as  France. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  I.  166. 

The  name  "  Gaul "  has  never  fully  died  out  as  the  desig- 
nation of  France.  How  does  the  case  stand  in  what  was 
so  long  the  common  language  of  Europe?  The  most  pe- 
dantic  Ciceronian  never  scrupled  to  talk  familiarly  about 
Anglus  and  Anglia  ;  but  Franous  and  Francia  are  hardly 
known  except  in  language  more  or  less  formal.  Gallus, 
Gallia,  Galliarum  Hex,  are  constantly  used  by  writers  who 
would  never  think  of  an  analogous  use  of  Britannus  and 
Britannia.  In  ecclesiastical  matters  Gaul  has  always  re- 
mained even  the  formal  designation.  The  Galilean  Church 
answers  to  the  Anglican,  the  Primate  of  the  Gauls  to  the 
Primate  of  All  England.      Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  1. 166. 

2.  One  of  the  four  prefectures  of  the  later 
Roman  Empire.  It  comprised  the  dioceses  of  Spain, 
Gaul,  and  Britain,  and  corresponded  to  Spain,  Portugal,  a 
small  strip  of  Morocco,  France,  Belgium,  Switzerland,  Hol- 
land and  Germany  to  the  Rhine,  England,  Wales,  and  the 
south  of  Scotland.  n    i.  j- 

3.  A  diocese  of  the  later  Roman  prefecture  ot 
Gaul.  It  was  inolu  ded  between  the  Atlantic,  the  English 
Channel,  the  North  Hea,  the  Rhine,  the  Alps,  the  Mediter- 
ranean, and  the  Pyrenees. .     ,, ,        J.     J 

4  An  old  name  of  Wales,  as  m  "Amadis  de 
Gaul." 

This  general  opinion,  that  Wales  was  the  country  of 
Amadisrwas  not  an  unnatural  one,  since  Gaules  and  Gaula, 
In  old  English,  was  the  name  tor  Wales  as  well  as  France : 
— "  I  say  Gallia  and  Gaul— French  and  Welsh— soul-curer 


427 

and  body-curer,"  exclaims  the  host  in  the  "Merry  Wives 
of  Windsor  "  (act  iii.  scene  i.)  while  addressing  the  French 
doctor  and  the  Welsh  parson. 

Burdop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  366. 

Gaul,  Cisalpine,  [L.  Gallia  dsalpina  (or  Ci- 
terior).}  In  ancient  history,  that  part  of  Gaul 
lying  on  this  side  the  Alps  (that  is,  from  Eome, 
on  the  southern  side  of  the  Alps).  It  extended 
from  the  Alps  southward  and  eastward.  A  Roman  colony 
was  founded  at  Sena  Gallica  282  B.  c.  Part  of  the  country 
was  reduced  between  the  first  and  second  Punic  wars, 
Milan  and  Como  being  captured,  and  the  conquest  was 
completed  201-191  B.  0.  It  was  made  a  Roman  province, 
and  was  incorporated  with  Italy  43  B.  0. 

Gaul,  Cispadane.  [L.  Gallia  Cispadana.}  In 
ancient  geography,  the  part  of  Cisalpine  Gaul 
this  side  (south)  of  the  Po. 

Gaul,  Transalpine,  [L.  Gallia  Transalpina.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  that  part  of  Gaul  which 
lay  beyond  the  Alps  (that  is,  north  and  north- 
west of  the  Alps  from  Rome).  It  comprised  in  the 
Roman  period  Narbonensis,  Aquitania,  Lugdunenais,  and  . 
Belgica.  Its  ancient  inhabitants  were  Gauls,  Iberians, 
and  Germans.  Many  remains  of  older  inhabitants  have 
been  discovered,  especially  in  the  center  of  Gaul  (Au- 
vergne,  etc.).  The  Gallic  antiquities  are  especially  numer- 
ous in  the  north  (Brittany).  Some  Greek  colonies  were 
planted  in  early  times  in  the  south  (see  Marseilles).  The 
Roman  settlements  were  made  first  in  the  southeast,  in 
the  end  of  the  2d  century  B.  o.  (see  Prmence  and  Nafbo- 
nensis).  Gaul  was  thoroughly  conquered  by  Julius  Csesar 
58-61  B.  0.  Augustus  divided  it  into  four  provinces. 
Christianity  was  introduced  in  the  2d  century.  A  division 
of  the  diocese  of  Gaul  into  17  provinces  was  made  in  the 
4th  century.  It  was  invaded  by  the  Suevi,  Alans,  Vandals, 
West  Goths,  Burgundians,  and  Franks  in  the  6th  century. 
See  further  under  France. 

Transalpine  Gaul,  as  a  geographical  division,  has  well- 
marked  boundaries  in  the  Mediterranean,  the  Alps,  the 
Rhine,  the  Ocean,  and  the  Pyrenees.  But  this  geographi- 
cal division  has  never  answered  to  any  divisions  of  blood 
and  language.  Gaul  in  Ciesar's  day,  that  is,  Gaul  beyond 
the  Roman  province,  formed  three  divisions — Aquitaine 
to  the  south-west,  Celtic  Gaul  in  the  middle,  and  Belgic 
Gaul  to  the  north-east.  Aquitaine,  stretching  to  the  Ga- 
ronne— the  name  was  under  Augustus  extended  to  the 
Loire  — was  Iberian,  akin  to  the  people  on  the  other  side 
of  the  Pyrenees :  a  trace  of  its  old  speech  remains  in  the 
small  Basque  district  north  of  the  Pyrenees.  Celtic  Gaul, 
from  the  Loire  to  the  Seine  and  Marne,  was  the  most  truly 
Celtic  land,  and  it  was  in  tliis  part  of  Gaul  that  the  mod- 
ern French  nation  took  its  rise.  In  the  third  division, 
Belgic  Gaul,  the  tribes  to  the  east,  nearer  to  the  Rhine, 
were  some  of  them  purely  German,  and  others  had  been 
to  a  great  extent  brought  under  German  influences  or 
mixed  with  German  elements.  There  was,  in  fact,  no 
unity  in  Gaul  beyond  that  which  the  Romans  brought 
with  them.  Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  67. 

Gaul,  Transpadane.  [L.  Gallia  Transpadana.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  the  part  of  Cisalpine 
Graul  beyond  (north  of)  the  Po. 

Gaul  (g^l),  Giloert.  Bom  at  Jersey  City,  N.  J., 
1855,  An  American  artist,  known  as  a  painter 
of  battle-scenes. 

Gauls  (g&lz).  [L.  GaZJJ.]  The  leading  division 
of  the  Celtic  race,  in  historical  times  they  occupied 
Transalpine  and  Cisalpine  Gaul.  Galatia  was  settled  by 
them  in  the  3d  century  B.  0. 

Gaunt  (gant  or  gftnt),  John  of.  See  John  of 
Gaunt. 

Gauntlet  (gant'let  or  g^nt'let),  Emilia,  The 
virtuous  heroine  of  Smollett's  "Peregrine 
Pickle."    Peregrine  falls  in  love  with  her. 

Gauntlett  (gant'let),  Henry  John.  Bom  at 
Wellington,  Salop,  in  1806:  died  Feb.  21, 1876. 
A  noted  English  organist,  composer,  and  musi- 
cal editor.  For  more  than  forty  years  he  composed  and 
edited  psalm  and  hymn  tunes,  besides  writing  criticisms 
and  reviews  for  musical  periodicals. 

Gaur,  or  Gour  (gour).     A  ruined  city  in  Ben- 

fal,  India,  near  the  Ganges  south  of  Malda. 
rom  the  13th  century  it  was  the  usual  capital  of  the 
Mohammedan  viceroys  of  Bengal  and  kings  of  BengaL 
It  fell  into  ruins  from  about  1675. 

Gaur  (in  Afghanistan).    See  Ghur. 

Gaurisankar,    Mount  Everest. 

Gaurus  (g^'ms),  modem  Monte  Barbaro 
(mon'te  bar'ba-ro).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
mountain  in  Italy,  7  miles  west  of  Naples. 
Here,  342  (348?  or  340?)  B.  0.,  the  Romans  under  Valerius 
Corvus  defeated  the  Samnites. 

Gauss  (gous),  Karl  Friedrich.  Born  at  Bruns- 
wick, Germany,  April  30,  1777:  died  at  Got- 
tingen,  Germany,  Feb.  23,  1855.  A  celebrated 
German  mathematician,  appointed  professor 
of  mathematics  at  Gottingen  in  1807.  His  works 
include  "  Disquisitiones  arithmeticse "  (1801),  "Theoria 
motus  corporum  coelestium"  (1809),  "Atlas  des  Erdmaa- 
netismus  "  (1840),  "Dioptrische  Untersuchungen    (1843), 

Gaiissen  (go-son'),  Frangois  Samuel  Robert 
Louis,  Born  at  Geneva,  Aug.  25,  1790:  died 
at  Geneva,  June  18, 1863.  A  Swiss  Protestant 
theologian.  His  chief  work  is  "La  Th6op- 
neustie"  (1840).  .     . 

Gausta  (gous'ta).  The  highest  mountain  m 
southern  Norway,  about  lat.  59°  50'  N.  Height, 
6,180  feet. 


Gawain,  Sir 

Gautama  (gou'ta-ma).  [Skt.]  Thefamilyname 
of  Buddha.  (See  Buddha.)  The  Pali  foim  is 
Gotama. 

Gauti  (g4'ti).  [L.  (Jordanes)  Gautigoth,  Gr. 
(Ptolemy)  Tavroi,  AS.  Gedtas,  ON.  Gautar.']  A 
Germanic  tribe  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Scan- 
dinavian peninsula,  nearly  coincident  with  the 
present  Swedish  province  Gothland  (Swedish 
Gotaland),  where  they  are  mentioned  by  Ptol- 
emy. They  are  the  Ge4tas  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Beowulf, 
and  are  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  Goths.  They  ulti- 
mately formed  a  constituent  part  of  the  Swedes. 

Gautier  (go-tya'),  Marguerite.  The  principal 
character  in  Dumas's  "La  dame  auxcam61ias." 

Gautier,  Th6ophile,  Bom  at  Tarbes,  Aug.  31, 
1811:  died  at  Neuilly,  Oct.  22,  1872.  A  French 
poet,  critic,  and  novelist.  He  graduated  from  the 
Lyc^e  Charlemagne  in  Paris,  studied  painting  for  a  while, 
and  then  entered  into  the  romantic  movement  in  Frencli 
literature.  His  first  book, "  Poesies  "  (1830),  was  followed 
by  "AlbertU3"(1833),  "  Jeune  France " (1833),  "Mademoi- 
selle de  Maupln  '*(1836).  From  1837  to  1846  he  was  art  and 
dramatic  critic  for  "  La  Presse. "  A  series  of  twelve  papers, 
"Exhumations  litt^raires," appeared  in  "La France  i^itt^ 
raire  "(1834  and  1836),  and  in  the  "Revuedes Deux  Mondes" 
(1844) :  they  were  published  in  book  form  as  "Les  gro- 
tesques" (1844).  This  work  and  the  "Rapport  sur  les 
progr^s  de  la  po^sie  fran(;aise  depuis  1830,"  published  in 
"  L'Histoire  du  romantisme  "  (1854),  sliow  Gautier  at  his 
best  as  a  critic.  Two  masterpieces  in  literary  criticism  are 
his  papers  on  Lamartine  and  Charles  Baudelaire.  In  1845 
he  went  over  to  the  editorial  staff  of  the  "  Moniteur  Uni- 
versel,"  later  "Journal  OflBciel,"  and  was  identified  with 
tliat  sheet  until  his  death.  As  a  result  of  his  travels  in 
Spain  (1840),  Belgium  and  Holland,  Algeria  (1845),  Italy 
(1850),  Constantinople  and  Athens  (1852),  and  Russia  (1868), 
he  wrote  his  "  Voyage  en  Espagne  "  (1843), "  Zigzags  "  (1845), 
"Italia  "  (1862), ' '  Constantinople  "  (1864), "  L'Orien  t,"  "  Tr«- 
sors  d'art  de  la  Russie  ancienne  et  moderne "  (1860-68), 
"Loin  de  Paris"  (1864),  "Quand  on  voyage"  (1865),  and 
"Voyage  en  'Russie "  (1866).  He  f oimd  also  in  foreign 
climes  materials forsuchnovela as  "Mill tona"(1847),"Arria 
Marcella  "  (1852),  and  "  Le  roman  de  la  momie  "  (1856).  He 
wrote  "Fortunio  "  for  the  "Figaro  "  (1837),  and  "Le  Capi- 
taine  Fracasse"  for  "La  Revue  Nationale"  (Dec,  1861,- 
June,  1863).  Other  stories  of  his  are  "La  toison  d'or," 
"Omphale,"  "Le  petit  chien  de  la  marquise,"  "Le  nid  de 
roBsignols"  (1833),  "La  morte  amoureuse"  (1836),  "La 
chaine  d'or,  "Une  nuit  de  Cl^opAtre"  (1845),  "Jean  et 
Jeannette"  (1846),  "Les  rou^s  innocents,"  "Le  roi  Can- 
daul6"(1847),  "La  belle  Jenny,"  "La  peau  de  tigre"(1864- 
1865),  "Spirite  "(1866), "Menagerie  intime"(1869),  "Partie 
carree,"  "Mademoiselle  Dafne,"  "Tableaux  de  Bi%e,"  etc. 
For  the  stage  Gautier  wrote  "Le  Trlcorneenchant«,""Pier- 
rot  posthume"  (1846),  "La  Juive  de  Constantino" (1846), 
"  Eegardez  mais  n'y  touohez  pas  "  (1847),  "  L'Amour  soufHe 
oil  il  veut,"  etc.  His  works  of  pure  fantasy  are  "  Une  larme 
du  diable  "  (1839),  and  themes  for  ballets,  as  "  Gizelle  "(1841), 
"Lap^ri"(1848),"Gemma"(1864),and"Sakountala"(1868). 
Gautier's  poems  from  1833  to  1838  were  gathered  under  the 
titla  "La  com6die  de  la  mort."  His  later  poetical  com- 
positions appeared  as  "  Emaux  et  cam^ea  "  (1862).  Besides 
collaborating  on  "  L'Histoire  des  peintres  "  (1847),  Gautier 
wrote  independently  "  Le  salon  de  peinture  de  1847," 
"  L'Art  moderne  "  (1862),  "  Les  beaux-arts  en  Europe " 
(1852),  and  "Histoire  de  I'art  th^&tral  en  France  depuia 
vingt-cinq  ans"  (1860).  Scattered  sketches  by  Gautier 
have  appeared,  since  their  author's  death,  under  the  col- 
lective titles  "  Fusains  et  eaux-fortes,"  "  Tableaux  h.  la 
plume,"  and  "Portraits  contemporaina." 

Gavarni  (ga-var-ne'),  pseudonym  of  Sulpice 
Paul  Chevalier.  Bom  at  Paris,  Jan.  13, 
1801:  died  at  Auteuil,  Paris,  Nov.  23,  1866.  A 
French  caricaturist,  noted  for  delineations  of 
Parisian  life,  etc.:  artist  of  the  "Charivari." 

Gavarnie  (ga-var-ne'),  Cascade  de.  A  water- 
fall in  the  Cirque  de  Gavarnie,  Pyrenees.  It 
is  the  second  highest  in  Europe  (height,  1,385 
feet). 

Gavarnie,  Cirque  de.  A  natural  amphitheater 
in  the  Pyrenees,  14  miles  south-southeast  of 
Cauterets.  Width,  2i  miles.  Height,  5,380  feeti 

Gaveston  (gav'es-ton;  F.  pron.  ga-ves-t6h'). 
Piers,  Executed  June  19, 1312.  The  favorite 
of  Edward  H.  of  England.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
Gascon  knight  in  the  service  of  Edward  I.,  and  was 
brought  up  in  the  royal  household  as  the  foster-brother 
and  playmate  of  Prince  Edward,  over  whom  he  acquired 
a  complete  ascendancy.  He  incurred  the  enmity  of  the 
barons  by  his  insolent  and  supercilious  bearing,  and  was 
banished  by  Edward  I.  in  1307,  but  was  recalled  on  the  ac- 
cession of  Edward  II.  in  the  same  year.  He  was  created 
earl  of  Cornwall  in  1307,  and  in  1308  acted  as  regent  of  the 
kingdom  during  the  king's  absence  in  France.  His  con- 
duct, however,  so  irritated  the  barons  that,  in  spite  of  the 
protection  of  Edward,  he  was  again  forced  into  exile  in 
1308-09  and  1311-12.  His  recall  in  1312  provoked  a  rising  of 
the  barons,  in  the  course  of  which  he  was  captured  and 
executed. 

GavTOche  (gav-rosh').  In  Victor  Hugo's  "Les 
Mis^rables,"  a  street  Arab,  He  has  become  a 
type. 

Ga'wain,  or  Gawayne  (ga'wan).  Sir,  One  of 
the  principal  knights  of  the  Round  Table,  in 
the  Arthurian  cycle  of  romance.  He  appears  first 
in  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  as  Walwain  (Gallicized  Ga- 
wayn  e),  and  then  in  nearly  every  one  of  the  romances.  He 
is  known  as  "the  courteous."  Chrestien  of  Troyes  givea 
him  the  first  place  among  the  knights.  The  poem  "  Sk 
Gawayne  and  the  Grene  Knight,"  from  the  French  met- 
rical romance  of  Perceval,  is  assigned  to  about  the  year 


Gawain,  Sir 

1360;  it  has  been  republished  by  the  Early  English  Text 
Society.  There  was  another  knight  of  this  name  who 
served  ander  Amadis  of  Oaul  and  achieved  great  deeds. 
Gay  (ga),  Claude.  Born  at  Draguignau,  Marcli 
18, 1800 :  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  29, 1872.  A  French 
naturalist.  From  1830  to  1842  he  was  employed  by  the 
Chilean  government  in  a  detailed  topographical  and  sci- 
entiflo  survey  of  that  country.  Besides  studying  and 
collecting  plants,  animids,  and  minerals,  he  amassed  rich 
historical  material.  The  results  were  published  in  the 
"Historia  flsica  y  politioa  de  Chile  "  (Paris  and  Santiago, 
24  vols,  and  2  of  atlas,  lSiS-51),  and  in  a  large  map  of 
Chile.  Gay  returned  to  Paris  In  1843.  He  subsequently 
traveled  in  Russia  and  Tatary,  and  studied  the  mines  of 
the  United  Rtates. 

Gay,  Delphine.    See  Glrardin,  Madame  de. 

Gay,  Ebenezer.  Born  at  Dedham,  Mass.,  Aug. 
26,  1696:  died  at  Hingham,  Mass.,  March  18, 
1787.  An  American  clergyman.  He  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1714,  and  in  1718  became  pastor  at  Hing- 
ham, Massachusetts,  where  he  remained  until  his  death. 
He  entertained  liberal  theological  views,  and  is  regarded 
by  some  as  the  father  of  American  TJnitarianism. 

Gay,  John.  Bom  at  Barnstaple  (baptized  Sept. 
16,  1685) :  died  at  London,  Dec.  4,  1732.  An 
English  poet.  Among  his  chief  works  are  "  The  Fan  " 
and  "The  Shepherd's  Week,"  a  series  of  eclogues  depict- 
ing rustic  life  "with  the  gilt  oflf"  (1714),  "The  What- 
d'ye-call-it,"  a  farce  (1716),  "  Trivia,  or  the  art  of  Walking 
the  Streets  of  London  "  (1716),  "Poems  "  (1720 :  Including 
"Blaok-ey'd  Susan"),  "The  Captives," a  tragedy  (1724), 
" Fables " (1727),  "Acis  and  Galatea"  (1732),  and  "The 
Beggar's  Opera  (1728).  This  "Newgate  pastoral'  made 
his  great  reputation.  The  representation  of  "Polly,"  a  se- 
quel, was  forbidden  by  the  lord  chamberlain.  This  prohi- 
bition became  a  party  question,  and  the  "  inoffensive  John 
Gay  became  one  of  the  obstructions  to  the  peace  of  Eu- 
rope."   The  sale  of  the  book  was  great. 

Gay,  Joseph.  The  pseudonym  of  JohnDurant 
Breval. 

Gay,  Madame  (Marie  Frangoise  Sophie  Ni- 
chault  de  Lavalette).  'Bom  at  Paris,  Julv  1, 
1776 :  died  March,  1852.  A  French  novelist. 
Her  chief  novels  are  "Lfenie  de  Montbreuse"  (1813), 
"Anatole"  (1815),  "Les  malheurs  d'un  amant  heureux" 
(1818). 

Gay,  Sydney  Howard.  Born  at  Hingham, 
Mass.,  May  22,  1814:  died  at  New  Brighton, 
Staten  Island,  June  25,  1888.  An  American 
journalist  and  author.  In  1844  he  was  editor  of  the 
'■  Anti-slavery  Standard  ";  in  1857  he  became  connected 
with  the  New  York  "Tribune,"  and  from  1862  to  1866  was 
its  managing  editor.  From  1867  to  1871  he  was  the  manag- 
ing editor  of  the  Chicago  "  Tribune,"  and  for  two  years 
after  that  was  on  the  editorial  staif  of  the  New  York 
"Evening  Post."  He  wrote  Bryant  and  Gay's  "History 
of  the  United  States  "  (1876-80 :  Mr.  Bryant  writing  the 
preface  only)  and  "James  Madison  "  (1884). 

Gay,  Walter.  Bom  at  Hingham,  Mass.,  Jan. 
22, 1856.  An  American  genre  and  figure  painter, 
a  pupil  of  Bonnat. 

Gay,  Winckworth  Allan.  Born  at  Hingham, , 
Mass.,  Aug.  18, 1821.  An  American  landscape 
and  marine  painter,  brother  of  S.  H.  Gay:  a 
pupil  of  E.  W.  Weir  and  Troyon. 

Gaya  (^'a).  1.  A  district  in  the  Patna  divi- 
sion, Bengal,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat. 
25°  N.,  long.  85°  E.  Area,  4,712  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  2,138,331.-2.  The  chief 
town  of  the  district  of  Gaya,  situated  on  the 
Phalgu  about  lat.  24°  46'  N.,  long.  84°  58'  E. 
Near  it  is  the  place  of  pilgrimage  Buddha-Gaya 
(which  see).     Population  (1891),  80,383. 

Gayangos  (^-ang'gos),  Pascual  de.  Bom  in 
Spain,  June  21,  1809 :  died  at  London,  Oct.  4, 
1897.  A  Spanish  scholar,  professor  of  .Arabic 
in  the  University  of  Madrid.  He  translated  Tick- 
nor's  "Spanish  Literature"  (1851),  and  published  "His- 
toria de  los  reyes  de  Granada"  (1842),  etc. 

Gayarr6  (ga-a-ra'),  Charles  Etienne  Arthur. 
Bom  Jan.9, 1805:  diedFeb.11,1895.  .AnAmeriean 
historian.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Philadelphia 
in  1829 ;  began  the  practice  of  law  at  New  Orleans  in  1830 ; 
and  has  held  a  number  of  state  and  municipal  offices,  in- 
cluding that  of  reporter  of  the  State  Supreme  Court. 
Among  his  works  are  "Histoire  de  la  Louisiane"  (1847), 
"Louisiana:  its  History  as  a  French  Colony"  (1861-52), 
and  "History  of  the  Spanish  Domination  in  Louisiana 
from  1769  to  December,  1803  "  (1854). 

Gayatri(ga'ya-tre).  [Skt.]  An  ancient  meter 
of  twenty-four  syllables,  generally  arranged  as 
a  triplet  of  three  divisions  of  eight  syllables 
each ;  also,  a  hymn  in  the  Gayatri  meter  and 
then  the  Gayatri  par  excellence,  i.  e.,  Eigveda 
III.  Ixii.  10.  This  is:  "Tat  savitur  varenyam  bhargo 
devasya  dhimahi  Dhiyo  yo  nah  prachodayat"  ("Let  us 
meditate  on  the  excellent  radiance  of  the  heavenly  quick- 
ener,  and  may  he  stimulate  our  understandings  ").  'This  is 
a  very  sacred  verse,  repeated  by  every  Brahman  at  his 
morning  and  evening  devotions.  From  being  addressed 
to  Savitri  or  the  Sun  as  generator,  it  is  also  c^led  Savitri. 
Originally  a  simple  invocation  of  the  sun,  later  times  have 
ati^hed  to  it  a  deep  mystical  import.  It  is  so  holy  that 
copyists  often  refrain  from  transcribing  it 

Gay  Head  (ga  hed).  A  promontory  at  the  west- 
ern extremity  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  Massachu- 
setts, lat.  41°  21'  N.,long.  70°  50'  W. 

Gayless  (ga'les),  Charles.    The  impecunious 


428 

master  of  the  "lying  valet,"  in  Garriek's  play 
of  that  name. 

Gay-Lussac  (ga-lu-sak'),  Joseph  Louis.  Born 
at  St.-L6onard  le  Noblat,  Haute-Vienne,  Deo. 
6, 1778:  died  at  Paris,  May  9,  1850.  A  distin- 
guished French  chemist  and  physicist.  He  made 
the  first  balloon  ascensions  for  scientific  purposes  in  1804, 
and  is  especially  noted  for  his  researches  on  chemical 
combination,  iodine,  cyanogen,  etc.  He  enunciated  the 
law  that  gases  combine  with  each  other  in  very  simple 
definite  proportions. 

Gaymar  (ga'mar),  Geoffrey.  Ajo.  English  chron- 
icler who  translated  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  into 
Anglo-Norman  verse  about  1146.  He  continued 
it  by  adding  a  metrical "  History  of  Anglo-Saxon 
Kings." 

Gaynham  (ga'nam),  or  Garnham  (gar'nam). 
Dr.     See  the  extract. 

One  of  the  most  notorious  of  the  Fleet  parsons  was  Dr. 
Gaynham  or  Garnham,  popularly  known  as  the  Bishop  of 
Hell,  "a  very  lusty,  joUy  man,"  who,  being  asked  at  a  trial, 
where  he  gave  evidence,  whether  he  was  not  ashamed  to 
come  and  own  a  clandestine  maiTiage  in  the  face  of  a 
Court  of  Justice,  replied,  bowing  to  the  Judge,  "  Video 
meliora,  deteriora  sequor."  On  another  occasion,  when 
questioned  as  to  his  recollection  of  the  prisoner,  he  said : 
"Can  I  remember  persons?  I  have  married  2,000  since 
that  time." 

Forsyth,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Cent.,  p.  145. 

Gay  Saber  (gi  or  ga  sa-bar').  [Pr.,  'Gay  Sci- 
ence.'] A  gild  formed  by  the  magistrates  of 
Toulouse  in  1323,  with  the  purpose  of  restoring 
the  Provencal  language  and  culture,  which  had 
nearly  diea  out.  It  was  caUed  originally  "Sobregaya 
Companhia  dels  Sept  Trobadours  de  Tolosa"  ("The  very 
gay  company  of  the  seven  troubadours  of  Toulouse"). 
The  first  meeting  was  held  May  1,  1324. 

The  concourse  was  great,  and  the  first  prize  was  given 
to  a  poem  in  honor  of  the  Madonna,  by  Ramon  Vidal  de 
Besald,  a  Catalan  gentleman,  who  seems  to  have  been  the 
author  of  the  regulations  for  the  festival,  and  to  have  been 
declared  a  doctor  of  the  G^y  Saber  on  the  occasion.  In 
1365  this  company  formed  for  itself  a  more  ample  body  df 
laws,  partly  in  prose  and  partly  in  verse,  under  the  title 
of  "  Ordenauzas  dels  Sept  Senhors  Mantenedors  del  Gay 
Saber,"  or  Ordinances  of  the  Seven  Lords  Conservators 
of  the  Gay  Saber,  which,  with  the  needful  modifications, 
have  been  observed  down  to  our  own  times,  and  still  regu- 
late the  festival  annually  celebrated  at  Toulouse,  on  the 
first  day  of  May,  under  the  name  of  the  Floral  Games. 

Ticinor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  293. 

Gay  Spanker,  Lady.    See  SpanJcer,  Lady  Gay. 

Gayumart  (mod.  Pers.  pron.  ge-yo-murt'),  or 
Gayumureth,  or  Kayumartti  (mod.  Pers. 
pron.  ke-yo-murt').  In  the  Avesta  (in  the  form 
Gayomaretan),  the  first  man,  destroyed  after  30 
years  by  Angromainyus.  As  Gayumart  he  is  m  Hir- 
dausi  the  first  Iranian  king,  and  reigned  30  years.  Hedwelt 
among  the  mountains,  and  clothed  himself  and  his  people 
with  tiger-skins.  Savage  beasts  bent  before  his  throne. 
His  beloved  son  Siyamak  was  slain  by  a  son  of  Ahriman, 
but  avenged  by  Gayumart  and  Hushang,  Siyamak's  son. 

Gaza  (ga'za),  Arab.  Ghazzeh.  A  town  and 
important  trading  place  in  Syria,  situated  near 
the  Mediterranean  in  lat.  31°  30'  N.,  long.  34° 
33'  E.  It  was  one  of  the  five  chief  cities  of  the  Philis- 
tines. The  great  mosque  is  an  old  12th-century  church 
having  pointed  arches  and  windows,  with  picturesque 
facade  and  a  lofty  octagonal  minaret.  The  town  was 
taken  by  Tiglath-Pileser  II.,  by  Alexander  the  Great  in  332 
B.  0.,  and  by  the  French  in  1799.  Population,  estimated, 
16,000. 

Gaza  (ga'za),  Theodorus.  Bom  at  Thessalo- 
niea,  Macedonia,  about  1400:  diedin Italy,  1478. 
A  noted  Greek  scholar,  resident  in  Italy  after 
the  capture  of  his  native  town  by  the  Turks, 
and  professor  of  Greek  at  Ferrara  1441-50.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  Greek  grammar  (first  published  by 
Aldus  Manutius,  Venice,  1495),  of  translations  from  the 
Greek  into  Latin,  etc. 

Gazaland  (ga'za-land).  That  portion  of  Por- 
tuguese East  Afiica  which  is  situated  between 
the  Zambesi  and  Limpopo  rivers,  and  between 
Mashonaland  and  the  sea.  it  includes  Gorongoza, 
Kiteve,  Sofala,  and  Inhambane,  corresponding  to  the  old 
kingdom  of  Umzila,  now  (1894)  under  his  successor  Oun- 
gunhana,  who  has  recognized  Portuguese  suzerainty,  but 
still  holds  complete  sway  over  his  subjects.  The  Portu- 
guese rule  is  effective  only  in  the  coast-belt,  and  along 
the  Pungwe  Kiver,  where  the  railroad  to  Mashonaland  is 
being  built. 

Gazette  (ga-zef),  Sir  Gregory.  In  Foote's 
comedy  "The  Knights,"  a  gullible  provincial 
politician.  He  has  an  inordinate  appetite  for  news,  but 
is  incapable  of  making  sense  out  of  the  most  ordinary 
paragraph  of  a  newspaper. 

Gazir  (ga-zer').    See  Kanuri. 

Gazistas.    See  Cacos. 

Gazza  Ladra  ('gat'sa  lad'ra),  La.  [It.,  'The 
Thieving  Magpie.']  A  comic  opera  by  Eossini, 
words  by  Gherardini.  it  was  first  presented  at  Milan 
in  1817.  Bishop  produced  it  in  English  at  the  Covent 
Garden  Theatre  in  1830  as  "Ninetta,  or  the  Maid  of  Pa- 
laiseau." 

Gazzaniga  (gat-sa-ne'ga),  Giuseppe.  Bom  at 
Verona,  Oct.,  1743:  died  there,  about  1815.  .An 
Italian  coinposer.  He  wrote  many  operas,  among 
which  was  "II  convitato  dl  pietro"  (1787),  the  forerun- 
ner of  " Don  Giovanni"    drove. 


Geelong 

Gbari  (gba're).  An  African  tribe,  of  the  Ni- 
gritie  branch,  settled  north  of  the  confluence 
of  the  Binue  and  Niger  rivers,  it  is  partly  sub- 
ject to  Sokoto  and  partly  independent.  The  Gbari  lan- 
guage has  some  affinity  with  Nupe.  The  caravans  of  Sokoto 
and  £ano  meet  in  Gbari  before  proceeding  to  Nupe.  The 
Gbari  slaves  are  much  prized. 

Ge  (ge).    See  Gasa. 

Geary  (ge'ri  or  ga'ri),  John  White.    Bom  at 

Mount  Pleasant,  Westmoreland  County,  Pa., 
Dec.  30,  1819:  died  at  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  Feb.  8, 
1873.  An  American  general  and  politician. 
He  served  as  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  Mexican  war ;  was 
appointed  first  postmaster  of  San  Francisco  in  1849 ;  be- 
came first  mayor  of  that  city  in  1860 ;  and  was  appointed 
territorial  governor  of  Kansas  in  1866.  He  entered  tlie 
Union  army,  and  became  brigadier-general  of  volunteers 
April  25,  1862 ;  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Cedar  Moun- 
tain, Aug.  9, 1862 ;  and  commanded  a  division  at  Ohancel- 
lorsville,  Gettysburg,  Lookout  Mountain,  and  in  Sherman's 
march  to  the  sea.  He  was  governor  of  Pennsylvania  from 
1867  untQ  two  weeks  before  his  death. 
Gebal  (ge'bal).  A  maritime  city  of  Phenicia, 
situated  on'  a  hill  close  to  the  Mediterranean, 
north  of  Beirut;  the  ancient  Byblus  and  Arabic 
Jebel.  It  was  one  of  the  earliest  of  the  Phenician  set- 
tlements, and  second  only  in  importance  to  Tyre  and 
Sidon.  Its  inhabitants,  the  Gebalites,  are  mentioned  as 
skilful  in  hewing  stones  (1  £L  v.  18)  and  in  ship-building 
(Ezek.  xxvii.  9).  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Philo,  the  trans- 
lator of  Sanchuniathon  ;  but  it  was  most  celebrated  as  the 
oldest  seat  of  the  cult  of  Adonis,  to  whom  the  city  was 
sacred,  and  after  whom  the  river  it  stands  on  was  named. 
Gebal  is  mentioned  as  a  kingdom  paying  tribute  to  Assyria 
in  the  annals  of  Tiglath-Pileser  II.  and  Esarhaddon,  It 
was  taken  by  Alexander  the  Great.  Later  it  became  a 
Christian  see.  The  modern  Jebel  has  only  a  few  hundred 
inhabitants.  The  excavations  carried  on  there  by  Renan 
unearthed  numerous  tombs  and  sarcophagi  and  the  sub- 
structions of  a  large  temple,  perhaps  that  of  Adonis. 

Gobelin,  Court  de.    See  Court  de  Gibelin. 
Geber  (ga'ber) :  probably  identical  with  Abu 
Musa  Jabir  ben  Haijan.    Died  about  776. 

An  Arabian  alchemist.  He  occupies  a  position  ia 
the  history  of  chemistry  analogous  to  that  held  by  Hip- 
pocrates in  that  of  medicine.  The  theory  that  the  metals 
are  composed  of  the  same  elements,  and  that  by  proper 
treatment  the  base  metals  can  bedeveloped  into  the  noble, 
which  was  the  leading  theory  in  chemistry  down  to  the 
16th  century,  is  clearly  defined  in  his  writings.  The  titles 
of  50O  works  reputed  to  be  from  his  pen  are  known,  of 
which  thefoUowing  have  appeared  in  print :  "  Summa  per- 
fectionis,"  "Liber  investigationis,"  or  "De  investigatione 
perfectionis,"  "De  inventione  veritatis,"  "Liber  Foma- 
cum,"  and  "Testamentum." 

Gebir  (ga'ber).  A  poem  by  Walter  Savag& 
Landor,  published  1798. 

Giebirs.     See  Guehers. 

Gebler  (gab'ler),  Friedrich  Otto.  Born  at 
Dresden,  Sept.  18,  1838.  A  (3^erman  animal- 
painter,  a  pupil  of  Piloty. 

Gebweiler  (gab'vi-ler).  [F.  Guehwiller.']  A 
town  in  Upper  Alsace,  Alsace-Lorraine,  14  miles 
south-southwest  of  Colmar.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  cotton,  machinery,  and  sugar.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  12,297. 

Ged  (ged),  William.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  1690 : 
died  Oct.  19,  1749.  A  Scotch  goldsmith  and 
jeweler,  one  of  the  inventors  of  stereotyping. 

Geddes  (ged'es),  Alexander.  Bom  in  Euthven, 
Banffshire,  Sept.,  1737:  died  at  London,  Feb.  26, 
1802.  A  Scottish  Eoman  Catholic  clergyman, 
a  biblical  critic  and  miscellaneous  writer.  He 
published  a  translation  of  part  of  the  Bible  (1792-99), 
"  Critical  Remarks  on  the  Hebrew  Scriptures  "  (1800),  a 
translation  of  part  of  the  Iliad^  some  clever  macaronic 
verses,  etc. 

Geddes,  Andrew.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  April  5, 
1783 :  died  at  London,  May  5, 1844.  A  Scottish 
painter  and  etcher.  He  became  an  associate  of  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1832.  Among  his  works  are  "  Christ  and 
the  Woman  of  Samaria  "(1841),  "  Discovery  of  the  Regalia 
of  Scotland  in  1818  "  (1821),  various  portraits,  etc. 

Geddes,  Janet  or  Jenny.  The  reputed  origi- 
nator of  a  riot  in  St.  Giles's  Church,  Edinbur^, 
July  23, 1637.  She  is  said  to  have  emphasized  her  pro- 
test against  the  Introduction  of  the  English  liturgy  into 
Scotland  by  throwing  her  folding  stool  at  the  head  of  the 
officiating  bishop. 

Gedebo.    See  Greho. 

Gedrosia  (je-dro'gi-a).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  country  in  Asia  corresponding  nearly  to  the 
modern  Baluchistan. 

Geefs  (gafs),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Antwerp,  Dec. 
25,  1808 :  died  there,  Oct.  10,  1885.  A  Belgian 
sculptor,  brother  of  Willem  Geefs.  He  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  sculpture  at  the  Academy 
of  Antwerp  in  1841. 

Geefs,  Wiflem.  Bom  at  Antwerp,  Sept.  10, 
1806 :  died  at  Brussels,  Jan.  19, 1883.  A  Belgian 
sculptor,  appointed  professor  at  the  Academy 
of  Antwerp  in  1834. 

Geelong  (ge-16ng').  A  seaport  and  city  in  Vic- 
toria, Australia,  situated  on  Corio  Bay  inlat.  38"* 
8'  S.,  long.  144°  22'  E.  Population,  with  sub- 
urbs (1891),  24,283. 


Qeelvink  Bay 

Oeelvink  Bay  (gal'vingk  ba).  A  large  inlet  of 
the  Pacific  on  the  northwestern  coast  of  Papua. 
It  nearly  reaches  the  southern  coast  of  the  isl- 
and.   Width,  about  150  miles. 

(Jeer  (yar).  Baron  Karl  de,  or  Degeer.  Bom 
at  Pinspang,  near  Norrkjoping,  Sweden,  1720 : 
died  at  Stockholm,  March  8,  1778.  A  Swedish 
entomologist,  author  of  "M6moires  pour  servir 
k  I'histoire  des  insectes"  (Stockholm,  1752-78), 
etc. 

Geer  af  Finspftng  (yar  af  fins 'pong),  Louis 
Gerhard  von.  Bom  at  Pinspang,  July  18, 1818 : 
died  Sept.  24,  1896.  A  Swedish  statesman, 
jurist,  and  author.  He  was  minieter  of  justice  1858-70. 
He  published  several  novels,  "  Memoirs,"  etc. 

Geerarts  (gar'arts),  Marcus.  Bom  at  Bruges 
early  in  the  16th  century:  died  at  London 
before  1604.  A  Pleniish  painter.  He  was  court 
painter  to  Queen  Elizabeth  in  1571. 

Cfeerarts,  Marcus.  Bom  at  Bmges,  1561 :  died 
at  London,  1635.  A  painter  of  the  Flemish 
school,  sou  of  Marcus  Geerarts.  He  was  court 
painter  to  Queen  Elizabeth  after  1580. 

Geerts  (garts),  Karel  Hendrik.  Bom  at  Ant- 
werp :  died  at  Louvain,  Belgium,  1855.  A  Bel- 
gian sculptor. 

Geestemunde  (gas'te-mun-de).  A  seaport  in 
the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Geeste  and  Weser,  33  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Bremen,  it  has  important  fisheries.  It 
was  founded  by  Hannover  to  rival  Bremerhaven.  The 
neighboring  Oeestendorf  is  now  united  with  it.  Popula- 
tion (1890).  16,452. 

Geez  (gez).  The  ancient  language  of  Abyssinia. 
Since  aboat  900  A.  D.  it  has  ceased  w  be  a  spoken  language, 
and  survives  only  in  the  usage  of  the  church  and  of 
scholars.  Its  place  was  taken  as  the  popular  speech  by 
two  of  its  dialects,  TigrS  and  TigrifSa.  In  the  southern 
part  of  Abyssinia  a  kindred  language,  Amharic,  was 
spoken,  which  has  since  become  the  speech  of  the  entire 
country.  Geez  and  the  related  languages  and  dialects 
employ  a  syllabic  character  nearly  related  to  that  found 
In  the  Sabean  and  Himyaritic  Inscriptions  of  South  Arabia. 
It  is  a  Semitic  language  with  an  intermixture  of  African 
words.  Among  the  Semitic  dialects  it  is  most  nearly  re- 
•  lated  morphologically  to  Assyrian,  and  in  vocabulary  to 
Arabic.    It  is  often  called  EtMapie: 

Oeffrard  (zhe-frar'),  FaBre.  Bom  at  Anse 
Veau,  Haiti,  Sept.  18,  1806:  died  at  Kingston, 
Jamaica,  Feb.  11, 1879.  A  Haitian  general  and 
politician.  Hewas  prominent  as  a  military  leaderunder 
Rivifere,  EichS,  and  Soulouque,  1843  to  1858.  He  headed 
a  revolt  against'  Soulouque  in  Dec,  1858,  and  drove  him 
from  the  Island  Jan.  15, 1859,  declaring  a  republic  and  as- 
suming the  presidency.  Notwithstanding  various  rebel- 
lions, he  held  the  position  until  March,  1867,  when  he  was 
deposed  by  Salnaye  and  fled  to  Jamaica. 

Gefle  (yaf 'la).  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  the 
laen  of  Gefleborg,  Sweden,  situated  near  the 
Gulf  of  Bothnia  in  lat.  60°  40'  N.,  long.  17°  8'  E. : 
the  third  commercial  city  of  Sweden.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  23,484. 

Gegania  gens  (jf-ga'ni-a  jenz).  In  the  history 
of  ancient  Kom'e,  a  patrician  house  or  clan 
which  traced  its  origin  to  the  mythical  Gyas, 
one  of  the  companions  of  .^neas.  it  was  trans- 
planted to  Rome  from  Alba  on  the  destruction  of  that  city 
by  TuUus  Hostilius,  and  rose  to  considerable  distinction 
in  the  early  period  of  the  republic.  Its  only  family  name 
was  Macerinus. 

Gegenbaur  (ga'gen-bour),  Josef  Anton  von. 

Bom  at  Wangen,  Wiirtemberg,  March  6, 1800 : 
died  at  Rome,  Jan.  31, 1876.  A  German  painter. 
He  was  made  court  painter  to  the  King  of  Wiirtemberg  in 
182^  and  decorated  the  palace  in  Stuttgart  (1836-64)  with 
historical  frescos.  ,„       ,  .         „, 

Gegenbaur,  Karl.  Born  at  Wiirzburg,  Aug.  21, 
1826 :  died  at  Heidelberg,  June_14, 1903.  A  dis- 
tinguished comparative  anatomist.  Hebecamepro- 
f  essor  of  anatomy  at  Jena  in  1865,  andat  Heidelberg  in  1873. 
His  works  include  "  Untersuchungen  zur  vergleichenden 
Auatomie"  (1864-72),  "Grundrissder  vergleichenden  Ana- 
tomic" (1878),  "Grundzugedervergleichenden  Anatomie' 
(1870) , "  Lehrbuch  der  Anatomie  des  Menschen  "  (1883) ,  etc. 

Gefleborg  (yaf'le-borg).  A  laen  (province)  of 
Sweden,  lying  along  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  about 
lat.  60°-62°  N.  Area,  7,418  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  206,924.  ,    ^      , 

Gehenna  (ge-hen'a) .  [Gr.  Viema :  the  Greek  rep- 
resentation'of  the  Hebrew  Gi  Hinn&m,  or  more 
fully  Ge  lenS  Sinndm.']  The  valley  of  Hinnom, 
or  of  the  children  of  Hinnom,  situated  south  of 
Jerusalem  and  north  of  Jebel  Abn  Tor :  also , 
called  Hill  of  the  Tombs,  of  the  Field  of  Blood, 
or  of  Evil  Counsel.  The  name  of  the  valley  occurs 
first  in  the  description  of  the  boundaries  of  Judah  and 
Benjamin  (Josh,  xviii.  16).  In  the  times  of  Ahaz  and  Ma- 
uasseh  children  were  offered  here  to  Moloch  in  oonse. 
fluence  of  which  the  valley  was  called  TopMA  ('abomina- 
tion •),  and  was  polluted  by  Josiah  (2  Ki.  xxm.  10).  In  later 
times  it  became  the  prototype  of  the  place  of  punishment, 
and  was  considered  as  the  mouth  of  hell.  In  this  sense 
it  is  used  in  the  Talmud  and  in  the  New  Testament. 

Geibel  (gi'bel),  Emanuel  von.  Bom  at  Lubeck, 
Oct.  17, 1815 :  died  there,  April  6, 1884.  A  Ger- 
man lyric  poet.    He  studied  at  Bonn  and  Berlin,  and 


429 

afterward  went  to  Athens  as  tutor  in  the  household  of  the 
Russian  ambassador.  He  returned  to  his  native  city  in 
1840,  in  which  year  his  first  book  of  poems  appeared.  In 
1841  appeared  "  Zeitstimmen  "  ("Voices  of  the  Time  "),  in 
1846  "Zwolf  Sonette  fiir  Schleswig-Holstein "  ("Twelve 
Sonnets  for  Schleswig-Holstein  "),  in  1848  "  Juniuslieder  " 
("  Songs  of  Junius ").  In  1862,  at  the  invitation  of  the 
king,  he  went  as  honorary  professor  in  the  faculty  of  phi- 
losophy to  Munich.  In  1856  appeared  "Neue  Gedichte" 
("New  Poems  "),  in  1864  "Gedichte  und  Gedenkbiatter " 
("Poems  and  Leaves  of  Thought").  After  the  death  of 
the  king,  Maximilian  II.,  he  was  obliged  in  1868  to  resign 
his  position  and  to  return  to  Liibeck.  "Heroldsrute " 
("  Herald  Calls  ")  appeared  in  1871,  and  "  Spatherbstblat- 
ter  "  ("  Late  Autumn  Leaves")  in  1877.  Besides  these  vol- 
umes of  poems,  he  is  the  author  of  several  dramas,  the  most 
important  of  which,  "  Sophonisbe,"  appeared  in  1870.  An 
epic,  "  Kbnig  Sigurds  Brautfahrt  ("ffing  Sigurd's  Court- 
ing Journey  "),  dates  from  1846. 

Geierstein  (^'er-stin),  Anne  of.  The  principal 
character  in  Scott's  novel  of  that  name,  she  is 
the  daughter  of  Count  Albert,  and  inherits  the  title  of 
Baroness  of  Arnheim. 

Geiger  (^'ger),  Abraham.  Born  at  Frankf  ort- 
on-the-Main,  May  24, 1810 :  died  at  Berlin,  Oct. 
23, 1874.  A  German  rabbi.  Orientalist,  and  bib- 
lical critic.  His  works  include  "  Urschrift  und  tjber- 
setzungen  der  Bibel,  etc. "  (1857), ' '  Das  Judentum  und  seine 
Geschichte  "  (1866-71),  etc. 

Geiger,  Lazarus.  Bom  at  Frankf  ort-on-the- 
Main,  May  21,  1829:  died  there,  Aug.  29,  1870. 
A  German  philologist,  instructor  1861-70  in 
the  Hebrew  real-school  at  Frankfort.  His  works 
include  "  Ursprung  und  Entwickelung  der  menschlichen 
Sprache  und  Vernunft "  (1868-72),  "  Der  Ursprung  der 
Sprache  "  (1869). 

Geiger,  Nikolaus.  Bom  at  Lauingen,  Bavaria, 
Deo.  6, 1849:  died  at  Wilmersdorf ,  near  Berlin, 
Nov.  27, 1897.  A  German  sculptor  and  painter. 

Geiger,  Peter  Johann  Nepomuk.  Bom  at 
Vienna,  Jan.  11, 1805 :  died  there,  Oct.  30, 1880. 
An  Austrian  historical  painter  and  draftsman. 
He  became  professor  at  the  Academy  of  Vienna  in  1853. 
In  1860  he  accompanied  the  archduke  Ferdinand  Max  on 
his  journey  to  the  East. 

Geijer  (yi'er),  Erik  Gustaf.  Born  at  Eansater, 
Wermland,  Jan.  12,  1783  :  died  at  Stockholm, 
April  23, 1847.  A  Swedish  historian  and  poet. 
He  occupied  a  position  in  the  royal  archives  at  Stockholm, 
where  he  established  the  so-called  "Gotische  Bund," 
which  issued  the  journal  "Iduna."  He  wrote  "Svenska 
folkets  historic  "  ("  History  of  the  Swedish  People,"  1832- 
1836),  etc. 

Geikie  (ge'ki),  Sir  Archibald.  Born  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1835.  A  Scottish  geologist.  He  was  ap- 
pointed director  of  the  geological  survey  of  Scodand  in 
1867,  professor  of  geology  in  Edinburgh  University  in  1870, 
and  was  director-general  of  the  geological  survey  of  the 
United  Kingdom  1881-1901.  He  was  knighted  in  1891.  He 
has  written  numerous  works  on  geology,  including  a  "Stu- 
dents' Manual  "  (1871),  a  "  Text-book  "  (1882),  and  a  "  Class- 
book  "  (1886);  also  "Memoir  of  Sir  Roderick  I.  Murchison  " 
(1874),  "Class-book  of  Physical  Geography"  (1876),  etc. 

Geikie,  James.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Aug.  23, 
1839.  A  Scottish  geologist, brother  of  Sir  Archi- 
bald Geikie,  and  his  successor  in  the  chair  of 
geology  in  Edinburgh  University.  He  has  pub- 
lished "  The  Great  Ice  Age  "  (1874),  "  Prehistoric  Eui'ope  " 
(1881),  "Outlines  of  Geology  ''  (1886),  etc. 

Geiler  von  Kaysersberg  (^'ler  fon  ki'zers- 
bero),  Johann.  Bom  at  SchafChausen,  Swit- 
zerland, March  16,  1445:  died  at  Strasburg, 
March  10,  1510.  A  German  pulpit  orator, 
preacher  at  the  cathedral  of  Strasburg  1478- 
1510. 

Geinitz  (gi'nits),  Hans  Bruno.  Bom  at  Alten- 
buTg,  Germany,  Oct.  16,  1814:  died  at  Dresden, 
Jan.  28, 1900.  A  German  geologist  and  paleon- 
tologist, professor  of  mineralogy  and  geognosy 
at  the  Polytechnic  School  at  Dresden.  He 
published  numerous  technical  works. 

GKisenheim  (gi'zen-him).    A  small  town  in  the 

Erovince  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  on  the 
Ihine,  in  the  Kheingau,  east-northeast  of  Bin- 
gen.  The  Schloss  Johannisberg  is  near  the 
town. 

Geislingen  (^s'ling-en).  A  town  in  the  Dan- 
ube circle,  Wiirtemberg,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Swabian  Alp,  33  miles  southeast  of  Stuttgart. 
Population  (1890),  5,276. 

Geissler  (^s'ler),  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Igels- 
hieb,  Saxe-Meiningen,  Germany,  May  26, 1814: 
died  at  Bonn,  Prassia,  -Jan.  24,  1879.  A  Ger- 
man mechanician,  maker  of  physical  and 
chemical  apparatus  at  Bonn,  and  the  inventor 
of  Geissler's  tubes,  an  apparatus  in  which  light 
is  produced  by  an  electric  discharge  through 
rarefied  gases.  It  is  used  with  the  induction-coil,  and 
consists  of  a  sealed  tube  with  platinum  connections  at 
each  end,  through  which  the  electric  spark  is  transmitted. 
The  color  and  intensity  of  the  light  depend  upon  the  na- 
ture of  the  gas  with  which  the  tube  is  charged. 

Gela(je'la).  [Gr.  raa.]  In  ancient  geography, 
a  city  on"  the  southern  coast  of  Sicily,  on  the 
site  of  the  modem  Terranova,  55  miles  west  of 
Syracuse,  it  was  founded  by  Rhodians  and- Cretans 
about  690  B.  0.,  and  rose  to  importance  in  the  6th  and  6th 


Gelves 

centuries  B.  o.,  founding  Agrigentum  In  682.  It  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  Carthaginians  in  405,  rebuilt  by  Tlmoleon, 
and  destroyed  by  the  Mamertines  about  282  B.  o.  .lischylua 
died  here. 

Gelasius  (je-la'gi-us)  I,  Bishop  of  Rome  492- 
496.  He  was  the  first  pope  to  claim  for  his  office  complete 
independence  of  emperors  and  councils  in  matters  of  faith, 
and  sought  in  vain  to  heal  the  schism  between  the  Eastern 
and  Western  churches.  He  wrote  "  De  duabus  in  Christo 
naturis  adversus  Eutychen  et  Nestorlum,"  etc. 

Gelasius  IL  (Giovanni  da  Gaeta).  Died  at 
Cluny,  France,  Jan.  29, 1119.  Pope  1118-19.  He 
refused  to  yield  to  the  demands  of  the  emperor  Henry  V. 
in  the  matter  of  investiture,  whereupon  the  emperor  ele- 
vated Gregory  VIIL  and  expelled  Gelasius,  who  died  in  the 
convent  of  Cluny. 

Gelder(ehel'der),  Aart  de.  Bom  at  Dordrecht, 
1645 :  died  there,  1727.  A  Dutch  painter,  a  pu- 
pil of  Eembrandt. 

Gelderland,  or  Guelderland  (gel'd6r-land),  or 
Guelders  (gel'dferz),  D.  Gelderland  (ehel'der- 
lant),  G.  Geldern  (gel'dem),  F.  Gueldre 
(geldr).  A  province  of  the  Netherlands.  Cap- 
ital, Amhem.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Zuyder  Zee  on 
the  northwest,  Overyssel  on  the  northeast,  Prussia  on  the 
southeast  and  south.  North  Brabant  on  the  south,  and 
South  Holland  and  Utrecht  on  the  west.  It  became  a 
countship  in  the  11th  centuiy,  and  a  duchy  in  the  14th. 
It  was  incorporated  by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  in  the 
realm  of  the  Netherlands  in  1543.  It  joined  the  Union 
of  Utrecht  in  1579,  except  Upper  Gelderland,  which  was 
afterward  (1713)  ceded  in  great  part  to  Prussia.  Area, 
1,965  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  620,210. 

Geldern  (gel'dem) .  A  town  in  the  Ehine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Niers  28  miles 
northwest  of  Diisseldorf .  It  was  formerly  the 
capital  of  the  duchy  of  Gelderland.  Population 
(1890),  5,536. 

Gfel^e  (zh6-la'),  Claude.    See  Claude  Lorrain. 

Gelimer  (gel'i-mer  or  jel'i-m6r),  or  Gilimer 
(gil'i-mSr  or  jil'i-mer).  The  last  king  of  the 
Vandals  in  Africa.  He  usurped  the  throne  of  Hilderic 
in  530  A.  D.,  and  was  himself  defeated  and  taken  prisoner 
by  the  Byzantine  general  Belisarius  in  533-634.  He  graced 
the  triumph  of  Belisarius  at  Constantinople  in  the  same 
year,  and  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  on  an  estate  in  Galatia, 
which  was  given  him  by  the  emperor  Justinian.  The  date 
of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Gell  (gel),  Sir  William,  Bom  at  Hopton,  Derby- 
shire, 1777:  died  at  Naples,  Feb.  4,  1836.  An 
English  archseologist  and  traveler,  in  1801  he 
visited  and  explored  the  Troad.  He  became  a  chamber- 
lain of  Queen  Caroline  of  England  in  1814.  He  published 
"  Topography  of  Troy  "  (1804),  "  Pompeiana"  (an  account  of 
the  discoveries  at  Pompeii),  "The  Topography  of  Rome  and 
its  Vicinity,"  etc.    He  lived  at  Naples  and  Rome. 

Grellatley  (gel'at-li),  David.  A  half-witted 
servant,  a  character  in  the  novel  "Waverley  " 
by  "Walter  Scott. 

Gellert  (gel'ert).  In  Welsh  tradition,  the  faith- 
ful hound  of  Llewelyn.  He  was  killed  by  his  master, 
who,  seeing  him  come  toward  him  covered  with  blood, 
thought  that  he  had  killed  the  child  he  was  set  to  guard. 
A  huge  wolf  was  found  under  the  overturned  cradle  dead — 
slain  by  the  dog.  Llewelyn,  overcome  with  remorse,  buried 
Gellert  honorably,  and  erected  a  monument  to  his  memory. 
The  place,  Bethgelert,  in  North  Wales,  is  still  shown.  This 
story,  with  slight  differences,  was  current  In  very  ancient 
times  in  Persia,  India,  China,  and  elsewhere. 

Gellert(gel'lert),ChristianFiirchtegott.  Bom 
at  Hainicheu,  near  Freiberg,  Saxony,  July  4, 
1715 :  died  at  Leipsic,  Deo.  13, 1769.  A  German 
poet.  Hewasthesonof  aclergyman.  He  studied  theology 
at  Leipsic,  where  he  was  doceut  and  subsequentlyjprof  essor 
of  philosophy,  in  which  post  he  died.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  romance  "  Das  Leben  der  schwedischen  C^rafin  G." 
(•'The  Life  of  the  Swedish  Countess  G.,"1746),  and  of 
several  comedies,  among  them  "Die  zartlichen  Scbwes- 
tem  "  ("  The  Fond  Sisters  "),  "  Die  Eetschwestem  "  ("  The 
Devotees"),  and  "Das  Loos  in  der  Lotterie"  ("The 
Chance  In  the  Lottery  ").  His  fame,  however,  rests  upon 
his  sacred  songs  and  his  fables,  which  have  become  clas- 
sics. "Fabeln  und  Brzahlungen  "  ("Fables  and  Tales") 
appeared  in  1746,  "Geisthche  Oden  und  Lieder"("  Sacred 
Odes  and  Songs  ")  in  1757.  His  lectures  at  Leipsic,  where 
he  may  be  said  to  have  set  the  literary  tone  and  to  have 
fashioned  the  taste  of  the  time,  attracted  attention  through- 
out Germany.  His  works  were  published  at  Leipsic  in 
1839  in  10  vols.;  his  letters  at  Leipsic  in  1861 ;  his  diary  at 
Leipsic  in  1862. 

Gellius  (jel'i-us),  Aulus.  Bom  perhaps  about 
130  A.  D. :  lived  in  the  2d  century.  A  Boman 
grammarian,  author  of  "Noctes  Atticre,"  in 
twenty  books  (first  printed  1469).  of  the  eighth 
book  only  ,the  table  of  contents  survives.  His  work  is 
valuable  as  a  conscientious  account  of  all  that  he  could 
learn  about  archaic  literature  and  language,  laws,  philoso- 
phy,  and  natural  science. 

Gelnhausen  (geln'hou-zen).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  on  the 
Kinzig  23  miles  east-northeast  of  Frankf  ort-on- 
the-Main.  It  was  formerly  an  imperial  city, 
and  contains  a  ruined  imperial  palace. 

Gelon  (je'lon).  [Gr.  TkWuv.']  Died  about  478 
B.  c.  A  Sicilian  ruler,  tyrant  of  Gela  (491)  and 
later  of  Syracuse  (485).  He  defeated  the  Car- 
thaginians at  Himera  in  the  autumn  of  480. 

Gelves,  Maroiuis  of.  See  Carrillo  de  Mendoza 
y  Pimentel,  Diego. 


Gemara 

Gemara  (ge-ma'ra).  [Aram.,' completion,'  'per- 
fection.'] The  complement  or  commentary  to 
the  Mislma|h  (which  see),  being  its  dialectical 
analysis,  discussion,  and  explanation,  its  rela- 
tion to  the  Mishnah  is  that  of  exposition  to  thesis.  The 
two  together  constitute  the  Talmud.    See  Talmud. 

Gembloux  (zhon-ble' ).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Namur,  Belgium,  25  miles  southeast  of  Brus- 
sels. Here,  in  1578,  Don  John  of  Austria  de- 
feated the  Dutch.    Population  (1891),  4,019. 

Gemini  (jem'i-ni).  [L.,  'twins.']  A  zodiacal 
constellation,  giving  its  name  to  a  sign  of  the 
zodiac,  lying  east  of  Taurus,  on  the  other  side 
of  the  Milky  Way.  it  represents  the  two  youths  Cas- 
tor and  Pollux  sitting  side  by  side.  In  the  heads  of  the 
twins  respectively  are  situated  the  two  bright  stars  which 
go  by  their  names— Castor  to  the  west,  a  greenish  star  in- 
termediate between  the  first  and  second  magnitudes ;  and 
Pollux  to  the  east,  a  full  yellow  star  of  the  first  mai;ni- 
tude.  The  sun  is  in  Gemini  from  about  May  21  till  about 
June  21  (the  longest  day).    Symbol,  n. 

Geminiani  Qa-me-ne-a'nS),  Francesco.  Born 
at  Lucca,  Italy,  1680:  died  at  Dublin,  1761 
(1762  ?).  An  eminent  Italian  violinist,  resident 
in  England  (except  1748-55,  when  he  lived  in 
Paris)  from  1714  until  his  death.  He  published 
"Art  of  Playing  the  Violin"  (1740). 

Gemistus  (je-mis'tus),  or  Plethon  (ple'thon), 
Georgius,  or  Gemistus  Plethon,  ['  George  the 
Full,'  so  surnamed  on  account  of  his  great  leam- 
iag :  Gr.  re&pryioc  6  Ve/uaTdg  or  6  UX^duv.]  Lived 
in  the  first  half  of  the  15th  century.  A  celebrat- 
ed Byzaatine  Platonic  philosopher  and  scholar, 
probably  a  native  of  Constantinople.  He  was 
present  at  the  Council  of  Florence,  1438,  as  a  deputy  of  the 
Greek  Church,  and  was  influential  in  spreading  the  know- 
ledge of  the  Platonic  philosophy  in  the  West. 

Gemma.    See  Alphecca. 

Gemmi  (gem'me).  Die.  A  pass  in  the  Bernese 
Alps,  Switzerland,  south  of  the  Lake  of  Thun, 
leading  from  Kandersteg  (Bern)  to  Bad  Leuk 
(Valais).    Highest  point,  7,553  feet. 

Gemiinder  (ge-miin'der),  George.  Bom  at  In- 
gelfingen,  VVtirtemberg,  April  13, 1816 :  died  Jan. 
15, 1899.    A  German-American  violin-maker. 

Genala  (ja-na'la),  Francesco.  Bom  at  Sore- 
sina,  Cremona,  Italy,  Jan.  6,  1843:  died  Nov. 
8,  1893.  An  Italian  politician,  minister  of  pub- 
lic works  under  Depretis  in  1883. 

Genappe  (zh6-nap').  A  village  in  Belgium,  18 
miles  south  of  Brussels :  often  mentioned  in  the 
"Waterloo  campaign. 

Genazzano  (ja-nat-sa'no).  Atown  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Eome,  Italy,  26  miles  east  of  Eome. 
Population,  about  4,000. 

Gendebien  (zhond-byan'),  Alexandre  Joseph. 
C61estin,  Bom  at  Mons,  Belgium,  May  4, 
1789:  died  Deo.  6, 1869.  A  Belgian  statesman. 
He  settled  at  Brussels  as  a  lawyer  in  1811,  and  Sept.  25, 
1830,  became  a  member  of  the  provisional  government 
which  elf ected  the  separation  of  Belgium  from  Holland, 

Gendron (zhou-dr6n'),  AugUSte.  BomatParis, 
1818:  died  there,  July  12,  1881.  A  French 
painter,  a  pupil  of  Paul  Delaroche. 

Genelli  (ga-nel'le),  Bonaventura.  Bom  at 
Berlin,  Sept.  28,  1798 :  died  at  Weimar,  Ger- 
many, Nov.  13,  1868.    A  German  painter. 

Genesee  (jen-e-se')-  [Amer.  Ind.,  'pleasant 
valley.']  A  river  in  western  New  York,  which 
rises  in  Potter  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  flows 
into  Lake  Ontario  7  miles  north  of  Eochester.  it 
is  noted  for  its  falls  (at  Rochester,  95  feet ;  Portage  Falls, 
110  feet ;  and  several  others).  It  gives  name  to  a  geologi- 
cal epoch.    Length,  about  200  miles. 

Genesis  (jen'e-sis).  [Gr.  yeveai;,  origin,  begin- 
ning.] The  first  book  of  the  Old  Testament. 
It  records  the  creation  of  the  world,  the  flood  and  the  en- 
suing dispersion  of  races,  and  gives  a  more  detailed  his- 
tory of  the  patriarchs  Abraham,  Isaac,  and  Jacob.  The 
traditional  view  ascribes  the  authorship  to  Moses.  Most 
modem  scholars,  however,  find  in  it  various  periods  of 
authorship,  and  particularly  two  chief  sources,  the  so- 
called  .Tehovistio  and  Elohistic.  According  to  the  latter 
view,  the  dates  of  composition  fall  chiefly  within  the 
periods  of  Judah  and  Israel  (about  the  8th  century  B.  c), 
the  last  redaction  occurring  perhaps  after  the  return  from 
Babylon.  In  Hebrew  the  book  is  designated  by  its  first 
word,  B'reshith,  'In  the  beginning ':  the  title  Genesis  was 
supplied  in  the  early  Greek  translation. 

Genesius  (je-ne'^-us),  Josephus,  or  Josephus 
Byzantinus  (of  Byzantium).  Lived  about  950. 
A  Byzantine  historian.  He  wrote,  by  order  of  the 
emperor  Constantine  VIL  Porphyrogenitus,  a  history  of 
the  Eastern  Empire  from  813  to  886.  This  work,  which  is 
written  in  Greek,  and  entitled  Bm-iAsiuv  Bl^KU  a,  was 
discovered  in  MS.  at  Leipsic  in  the  16th  century,  and,  al- 
though an  indifferent  compilation,  attracted  much  atten- 
tion because  it  covers  a  period  for  which  there  are  few 
other  sources.  The  first  printed  edition  appeared  at 
Venice  (1733)  in  the  Venetian  Collection  of  the  Byzan- 
tines. 

Genesta  (je-nes'ta).  A  cutter  designed  by  J. 
Beavor-Webb  and'  launched  at  Glasgow,  April, 
1884.  Her  dimensions  are:  length  over  all,  96.40 feet; 
length,  load  water-line,  81  feet ;  beam,  15  feet ;  beam,  load 


430 

water-line,  IB  feet ;  draught,  13  feet ;  and  displacement,  141 
tons.  She  won  19  prizes  in  England  in  1884.  She  was  built 
expressly  for  the  race  for  the  America's  cup,  but  was  beaten 
by  the  Puritan  in  two  races,  Sept.  14  and  Sept.  16, 1886. 

Genet  (zhe-na')  (originally  Genest),  Edmond 
Charles.  Bom  at  Versailles,  Prance,  Jan.  8, 
1765 :  died  at  Sohodak,  N.  Y.,  July  14, 1834.  A 
French  diplomatist,  brother  of  Madame  Cam- 
pan.  He  was  appointed  minister  to  the  United  States  in 
Dec,  1792,  and  arrived  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  in  ApHl,  1793. 
On  the  refusal  of  Washington  to  join  France  in  the  war  of 
the  revolutionary  government  against  England,  he  sought 
to  compel  the  President  to  change  his  attitude  by  popular 
agitation,  commissioned  privateers,  and  ordered  that  prizes 
should  be  condemned  by  the  French  consuls  in  the  United 
States.  He  was  superseded  at  the  request  of  Washington, 
but  remained  in  the  United  States  and  settled  in  the  State 
of  New  York. 

Genetyllis  (jen-e-til'is).  [Gr.  revcrtiHif.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  a  goddess,  protectress  of 
births,  a  companion  of  Aphrodite  (Venus). 
The  name  is  also  used  as  an  epithet  of  Aphrodite  and  Ar- 
temis (Diana).  In  the  plural,  Genetyllides,  it  is  applied  to 
a  body  of  divinities  presiding  over  nativity,  and  attached 
to  the  cortege  of  Aphrodite.    Also  called  Gennaides, 

Geneura.     See  Guinevere  and  Ginevra. 

Geneva  (je-ne'va),  F.  Geneve  (zhe-nav'),  G. 
Genf  (genf),  It.  Ginevra  (je-na'vra).  A  can- 
ton in  Switzerland,  lying  between  the  Lake  of 
Geneva  and  Vaud  on  the  north  and  France  on 
the  east,  south,  and  west,  it  sends  5  members  to 
the  National  Council.  About  51  per  cent,  of  the  popula- 
tion are  Roman  Catholics,  and  about  48  per  cent.  Prot- 
estants. The  language  of  85  per  cent,  of  the  population 
is  French.  Area,  108  square  miles.  Population  (1888), 
106,609. 

Geneva.  [F.  Geneve,  G.  Genf,  It.  Ginevra;  the 
Eoman  Geneva :  of  Celtic  origin.]  The  capital 
of  the  canton  of  Geneva,  Switzerland,  situated 
at  the  southwestern  extremity  of  the  Lake  of 
Geneva,  where  the  Eh6ne  issues  from  it,  inlat. 
46°  13'  N.,  long.  6°  10 '  E.  it  is  the  wealthiest  city 
in  the  country,  and  one  of  the  most  important.  It  has  a 
large  trade,  and  manufactures  watches,  jewelry,  musical 
boxes,  etc.  The  two  parts  of  the  city  are  connected  by 
the  Pont  du  Mont  Blanc  and  other  bridges.  The  cathedral 
was  consecrated  in  1024,  but  was  modified  in  the  next  two 
centuries.  The  exterior  ia  marred  by  a  Corinthian  portico 
built  in  the  last  century.  The  interior  presents  good  work 
of  the  transition  from  Romanesque  to  Pointed,  and  pos- 
sesses good  late- Pointed  carved  stalls  and  some  fine  monu- 
ments, notably  those  of  the  Rohan  family  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury. The  beautiful  Flamboyant  Chapelledes  Macchabfies 
is  of  the  16th  century.  The  monument  to  Duke  Charles 
II.  of  Brunswick  (died  1873)  is  a  modified  reproduction  of 
that  to  Can  Signorio  della  Scala  at  Verona.  It  is  hexago- 
nal, and  consists  of  three  stages :  the  lowest  a  group  of 
massive  columns  supporting  an  entablature,  the  middle 
one  gracefully  arcaded  and  containing  a  sarcophagus  with 
a  recumbent  efiigy  of  the  duke,  and  the  highest  a  pinna- 
cled and  pedimented  canopy  upon  which  is  an  equestrian 
statue  of  the  duke.  The  structure  is  surrounded  by  a 
wall  upon  which  are  square  piers  with  tabernacles  con- 
taining statues  of  noted  Guelphs.  The  piers  are  con- 
nected by  an  elaborate  grating  of  metal.  The  total  height 
is  68  feet.  Other  objects  of  interest  are  the  hdtel  de  ville. 
the  university,  the  Mus^e  Rath  (picture-gallery),  and  the 
Mus^e  de  I'Ariana,  The  city  is  a  favorite  center  for  tour- 
ists. Geneva  was  a  town  of  the  Allobroges  in  the  1st 
century  B.  c. ;  later  it  was  a  Roman  city.  It  was  the  capi- 
tal of  the  early  Burgundian  kingdom,  and  it  belonged  to 
the  Franks,  to  the  later  Burgundian  kingdom,  and  to  the 
empire  in  succession.  In  the  middle  ages  it  was  under 
the  influence  of  the  bishops  of  Geneva  and  the  counts 
(later  dukes)  of  Savoy.  It  was  allied  with  Fribourg  in 
1518,  and  with  Bern  in  1626.  The  Reformation  was  ofS- 
oially  introduced  in  1635 ;  and  it  became  a  center  of  the 
Reformation  under  the  lead  of  Calvin  1636-«4.  The  re- 
pulse of  the  Savoyards  in  the  so-called  "escalade"  of 
1602  is  still  celebrated  in  the  city.  It  was  incorporated 
with  France  in  1798.  The  city  and  canton  entered  the 
Swiss  Confederation  in  1815.  A  liberal  constitution  was 
adopted  in  1847.  Geneva  was  the  birthplace  of  Rousseau. 
Population  (1900),  including  suburbs,  104,044. 

Geneva.  A  city  in  Ontario  County.  New  York, 
situated  at  the  northern  extremity  of  Seneca. 
Lake,  38  miles  southeast  of  Eochester:  the 
seat  of  Hobart  College  (Protestant  Episcopal). 
Population  (1900),  10,438. 

Geneva,  Lake  of,  or  Lake  Leman.  [F.  Zac 
de  Geneve,  or  Lae  Liman,  G.  Genfersee,  L.  Le- 
manus  (or  Lemanmis)  Lacus.']  The  largest  lake 
of  Switzerland,  bordering  on  Haute-Savoie 
(France)  and  the  cantons  of  Geneva,  Vaud, 
and  Valais.  Length,  45  miles.  Greatest  width,  Similes. 
Area,  225  square  miles.  Height  above  sea-level,  about  1,230 
feet. 

Geneva  Convention.  An  international  con- 
vention of  various  European  states  held  at 
Geneva,  Switzerland,  Aug.,  1864,  designed  to 
lessen  the  needless  suffering  of  soldiers  in  war. 
It  provided  for  the  neutrality  of  the  members  and  build- 
ings of  the  medical  departments  on  battle-fields. 

Geneva  Tribunal.  A  tribunal  of  arbitration 
provided  for  by  the  treaty  of  Washington  for 
the  settlement  of  the  Alabama  claims  (which 
see). 

Genevieve  (jen-e-vev')-  The  heroine  of  apoem 
by  Coleridge,  entitled  "Love."  The  poem  is 
sometimes  called  by  her  name. 


Genoa,  Gulf  of 

Genevifeve  (zhen-vyav'),  L.  Genovefa,  Saint. 
Born  at  Nanterre,  near  Paris,  about  422:  died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  3, 512.  The  patron  saint  of  Paris, 
reputed  to  have  saved  the  city  from  Attila  by 
her  prayers  in  451. 

Genevieve,  G.  Genoveva  or  Genovefa  (ga-no- 
fa'fa),  of  Brabant,  Saint.  The  wife  of  Count 
Siegfried  of  Brabant.  She  is  the  subject  of  a  popular 
medieval  legend,  according  to  which  she  lived  about  the 
middle  of  the  8th  century,  and  was  the  wife  of  the  palatine 
Siegfried.  She  was  falsely  accused  by  the  major-domo  Golo 
of  adultery,  and  was  sentenced  to  be  put  to  death.  Aban. 
doned  in  a  forest  by  the  executioner,  she  lived  six  years  in 
a  cave  in  the  Ardennes,  together  with  her  son,  who  during 
infancy  was  nourished  by  a  roe.  The  roe,  being  pursued 
in  the  chase  by  Siegfried,  took  refuge  in  the  cave,  and  led 
to  the  reunion  of  Genevilive  and  her  husband,  who  had  in 
the  meantime  discovered  the  treachery  of  Golo. 

Genevifeve,  Sainte-,  Church  of.  See  Pantheon. 

Genlvre  (zhe-navr'),  Mont.  A  pass  in  the 
Cottian  Alps,  leading  from  France  (department 
of  Hautes-Alpes)  to  Italy  (province  of  Turin). 
Height,  about  6,100  feet. 

Gengenbach  (geng'en-bach).  A  small  town  in 
Baden,  on  the  Kinzig  17  miles  southeast  of 
Strasburg.    It  was  formerly  independent. 

Genghis  Khan.    See  Jenghiz  Khan. 

Genigueh.    See  Chemehmevi. 

Genii,  Tales  of  the.    See  Tales  of  the  Genii. 

Genius  of  Christianity.  [F.  G^ie  du  ChrisU- 
anisme.}  A  work  in  defense  of  Christianity,  by 
Chateaubriand,  published  in  1802. 

Genlis  (zhon-les'),  Comtesse  de  (Stephanie 
F61icite  Ducrest  de  Saint- Aubin).  Bom  near 
Autun,  France,  Jan.  25, 1746:  died  at  Paris,  Dec. 
31, 1830.  A  noted  French  writer,  canoness  of 
Alix  in  her  sixth  year  under  the  title  Comtesse 
de  Lancy,  wife  of  the  Comte  de  Genlis  (1762), 
governess  in  the  family  of  the  Due  de  Chartres : 
author  of  "AdSIe  et  Theodore,  ou  lettres  sur 
I'^ducation"  (1782),  "MademoiseUe  de  Cler- 
mont" (1802),  "M6moires"  (1825),  etc. 

Gennadius  (je-na'di-us),  originally  Georgius 
Scbolarius.  Lived  in  the  middle  of  the  15th 
century.  A  Greek  scholar  and  prelate,  patri- 
arch of  Constantinople  1453-56. 

Gennaides  (je-na'i-dez).    See  Genetyllis. 

Gennaro,  Monte.    See  Monte  Gennaro. 

Gennesaret  (je-nes'a-ret),  Lake  or  Sea  of. 
See  Galilee,  Sea  of. 

Genoa  (jen'o-a).  A  province  in  .the  comparti- 
mento  of  IJiguria,  Italy.  Area,  1,582  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  811,278. 

Genoa.  [Formerly  Gean,  Jean,  etc.,  from  OF. 
Gene,  F.  G^nes,  Sp.  Pg.  Genova,  It.  Genova,  MGr. 
Vtvma,  Vev6a,  G.  Genua,  from  L.  Genua.']  A 
seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of  Genoa,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa  in  lat.  44°  25'  N., 
long.  8°  55'  E. :  from  its  magnificent  situation 
surnamed  "  La  Superba."  it  is  the  leading  seaport 
of  Italy.  The  imports  include  sugar,  coal,  iron,  etc.  It 
has  a  large  harbor  protected  by  piers.  The  cathedral  dates 
from  the  14th  century,  but  with  older  and  French  elements 
incorporated.  The  western  facade,  of  black  and  white 
marble,  has  recessed  early-Pointed  doors,  withfoliage-cap. 
itals.  Some  of  the  column-shafts  ai'e  twisted.  On  the  south 
side  there  is  a  canopied  porch  with  Romanesque  sculpture. 
The  interior  contains  interesting  paintings,  inlaid  choir- 
stalls,  and  tombs,  and  a  domed  baptistery  with  sculptured 
altar  and  tabernacle,  carvings  by  Sansovino,  and  a  Roman- 
esque facade.  The  Church  of  San  Giovanni  di  Pr6,  built 
by  the  Knights  of  St.  John  in  the  13th  century,  is  of  two 
stories  with  pillars  and  round  arches.  The  crypt  is  inter- 
esting, in  both  architecture  and  sculpture  resembling  the 
English  Romanesque.  The  Campo  Santo  is  a  great  quad- 
rangle filled  with  roses,  surrounded  byamassive  two-storied 
cloister  containing  many  beautiful  sculptured  tombs.  In 
the  middle  of  one  side  there  ia  a  handsome  domed  circular 
chapel ;  the  gallery  around  the  dome  is  supported  by  16 
Doric  columns  of  black  marble  27  feet  high.  This  monu- 
mental burial-place  was  begun  in  1838.  The  Palazzo  del 
Municipio,  formerly  Palazzo  Dorla,  is  a  lethcentury  late- 
Renaissance  building.  The  fa<;ade  has  two  tiers  of  pilas- 
ters and  an  entablature,  and  is  flanked  by  teixaces  with 
graceful  balustraded  arcades.  The  Palazzo  Ducale  now 
serves  for  various  public  offices.  The  medieval  prison- 
tower  remains.  The  facade  is  an  imposing  work  of  the 
Renaissance,  with  columns  and  statues.  Other  objects  of 
interest  are  various  other  palaces,  the  statue  of  Columbus, 
and  the  churches  of  Santa  Maria  in  Carignano  and  of  San 
Matteo.  Genoa  existed  from  Roman  times.  It  became  a 
republic  and  a  great  maritime  power  in  the  middle  ages, 
the  rival  of  Pisa  and  Venice,  having  extensive  trade  and 
settlements  in  the  Levant,  the  Crimea,  the  western  Hedi- 
terranean,  etc.  The  dogate  was  established  in  1339.  Genoa 
gained  a  great  naval  victory  over  Pisa  at  Meloria  in  1284 ; 
took  part  in  the  Crusades ;  was  defeated  by  Venice  in  1380 ; 
was  liberated  from  the  French  by  Andrea  Dorla  in  1528; 
lost  its  possessions  to  the  Turks  and  others ;  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  1684  and  by  the  Imperialists  in  1746 ; 
ceded  Corsica  to  France  in  1768 ;  was  transformed  into  the 
Ligurian  Republic  in  1797;  was  unsuccessfully  defended 
by  Mass&a  against  the  English  and  Austrian  forces  in 
1800 ;  was  incorporated  with  France  in  1806 ;  capitulated 
to  the  English  in  1814 ;  was  annexed  to  Sardinia  as  a  duchy 
in  1815 ;  and  was  the  scene  of  an  insurrection  in  1849. 
Population  (1901),  commune.  234,710. 

Genoa,  Gulf  of.  A  gulf  of  the  Mediterranean, 
south  of  Genoa. 


GenoTa 

Oenova  (djen'6-^).  The  Italian  name  of 
Genoa. 

Genovefa.    See  Genevi^e. 

Genovesi  (ja-no-va'se),  Antonio.  Bom  at 
Oastiglione,  near  Salerno,  Italy,  Nov.  1, 1712 : 
died  at  Naples,  Sept.  22,  1769.  An  Italian 
philosopher  and  political  economist,  professor 
of  metaphysio  and  later  of  political  eoonomy  at 
Naples.  His  works  include  "De  arte  logioa"  (1742), 
"Elementascientiarum  metaphysioaium  "  (1743-45),  "le- 
zioni  dl  oommercio  "  (1768),  etc. 

Gens  de  Piti6.    See  Shoshoko. 

Genseric  (jen's6r-ik),  or  Gaiseric  (gi'z6r-ik). 
Died  in  477  a.  d.  A  king  of  the  Vandals.  He 
was  the  natural  son  oi  Qodigisdus  or  Modigisdus,  king  ol 
the  Vandals  in  Spain,  whom  he  succeeded  in  conjunction 
with  a  brother  Oontharis  or  Gonderic.  Invited,  it  is  said, 
by  Bonifaoius,  the  Soman  governor,  he  invaded  Africa  in 
May,  429,  and  in  Oct.,  439,  captured  Carthage,  which  he 
made  the  capital  of  a  Vandal  kingdom  in  Africa.  In  June, 
455,  in  answer  to  the  supplications  of  the  empress  Eudocia 
for  assistance  against  the  usurper  Maximus,  he  invaded 
Italy,  sacked  Rome  for  fourteen  days,  and  carried  off  nu- 
merousoaptives.  including  the  empress  and  her  daughters. 
He  professed  the  Arian  creed,  and  persecuted  his  subjects 
of  the  orthodox  faith  W-ith  great  cruelty. 

Gensonn6  (zhon-so-na'),  Armand.  Born  at 
Bordeaiix,  France,  Aug.  10,  1758:  guillotined 
at  Paris,  Oct.  31, 1793.  A  French  revolution- 
ist, Grirondist  deputy  to  the  Legislative  Assem- 
bly 1791-92,  and  to  the  Convention  1792-93. 

GentMn  (gen-ten')-  A  town  in  the  Saxon  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  28  miles  northeast  of 
Magdeburg.    Population  (1890),  4,799. 

Gentile  da  Fabriano.    See  Fabriano. 

Gentilesse  (jen-ti-les').  A  poem  by  Chaucer. 
It  not  only  occurs  independently,  but  is  quoted  in  Scogan's^ 
poem  addressed  *'  unto  the  Lordes  and  Gentilmen  of  the 
Kinges  house  " ;  hence  this  poem  of  Scogan's  was  included 
in  Chaucer's  collected  works. 

Gentili  (jen-te'le),  Alberico.  Born  at  Sangi- 
nesio,  Aiioona,  Jan.  14, 1552 :  died  at  London, 
June  19,  1608".  An  Italian  jurist,  one  of  the 
earliest  authorities  on  international  law.  He  re- 
sided in  England  from  1580,  and  taught  law  at  Oxford. 
I'rom  about  1B90  he  lived  in  London. 

Still  more  important  were  the  services  of  Gentili  to  the 
law  of  nations,  which  he  was  the  first  to  place  upon  a 
foundation  independent  of  theological  differences,  and 
to  develop  systematically  with  a  wealth  of  illustration, 
historlciil,  legal,  biblical,  classical,  and  patristic,  of  which 
subsequent  writers  have  availed  themselves  to  a  much 
greater  extent  than  might  be  inferred  from  their  some- 
what scanty  acknowledgments  of  indebtedness.  His  prin- 
cipal contributions  to  the  science  are  contained  in  the 
"De  Le'gationibus,"  the  "De  Jure  Belli,"  and  the  "Advo- 
catio  Hlspanica."  The  first  of  these  was  the  best  work 
upon  embassy  which  had  appeared  up  to  the  date  of  its 
publication.  IMot.  Nat.  Biog. 

Gentilly  (zhoh-te-ye').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine,  Prance,  situated  directly  south 
of  the  fortifications  of  Paris.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  15,017. 

Gentle  Geordie.     See  Staunton,  Sir  George. 

Gentleman  (jen'tl-man),  Francis.  Bom  at 
Dublin,  Oct.  13,  1728 :  died  there,  Dec,  1784. 
An  Irish  actor  and  dramatist.  Among  his  plays  are 
"The  Modish  Wife"  (1773),  "The  Tobacconist"  (1771); 
founded  on  Jonson's  "  Alchemist,"  etc.  In  1770  he  pub- 
lished a  series  of  criticisms  called  "  The  Dramatic  Cen- 
sor," and  he  afterward  edited  Bell's  acting  edition  of 
Shakspere. 

Gentleman  Dancing-Master,  The.  A  comedy 
by  Wycherley  (1672). 

Gentleman  Usher,  The.  A  comedy  by  Chap- 
man, printed  in  1606. 

Gentle  Shepherd,  The.  A  pastoral  drama  by 
Allan  Eamsay,  published  in  1725. 

Gentle  Shepherd,  The.  A  nickname  given  to 
George  Grenville  by  William  Pitt.  See  Gren- 
ville,  George. 

GJentoo  (jen-t8')-    A  Hindu:  a  term  not  now  m 

Gentry  (jen'tri).  Sir  Threadbare  and  Lady. 

Two  characters  in  Gibber's  comedy  "  TheKival 
Pools  "  which  was  an  alteration  of  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher's  "Wit  at  Several  Weapons."  In 
the  latter  play  they  appear  as  Sir  Euinous  and 
Lady  Gentry. 

Gentz  (gents),  Friedrich  von.  Bom  at  Bres- 
lau,  Pmssia,  May  2  (Sept.  8?),  1764:  died  near 
Vienna,  June  9, 1832.  A  German  publicist  and 
diplomatist,in  the  Prussian  andlatermthe  Aus- 
trian service.  He  was  chief  secretary  at  the  congresses 
of  Vienna  (1814-15),  Aix-la.Chapelle  (1818)  Carlsbad  and 
Vienna  (1819),  Troppau  (1820),  laibach  (1821),  and  Verona 
fl822).  His  chief  work  is  "Fragmente  aus  der  neuesten 
Geschichte  des  politisohen  Gleichgewichts    (1804). 

Gentz,  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Neuruppin,  Dec  9, 
18227  died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  23, 1890.  A  German 
painter,  a  pupil  in  Paris  of  Gleyre  and  Cou- 
ture. He  traveled  extensively  in  Spain,  Morocco,  Egypt, 
Asia  Minor,  and  elsewhere  in  the  East  Among  his  works 
are  "Funeral  near  Cairo"  (Dresden  Gallery),  "Entry  of 


431 

the  German  Crown  Prince  mto  Jerusalem  to  1869 "  (Na- 
tional Gallery),  "Christ  among  the  Pharisees  and  Publi- 
cans" (Chemnitz),  "  Halt  of  Caravan"  (Stettin). 

Genzano  (jeu-za'no).  A  small  town  in  Italy,  17 
miles  southeast  of  Eome. 

GeofErey  (jef'ri)  (Starkey),  sumamed  "The 
Grammarian."  [ML.  Gal/ridus  Grammaticus.2 
Flourished  about  the  middle  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury. A  Norfolk  preachiag  friar,  compiler  of 
the  "Promptorium  Parvulorum"  (which  see). 
Other  works  also  are  attributed  to  him. 

Geoffrey.  Died  in  1212.  Archbishop  of  York, 
natural  son  of  Henry  II.  and  a  woman  named 
Ykenai  or  Hikenai.  He  was  appointed  bishop  of 
Lincoln  in  1173,  a  post  which  he  exchanged  in  1182  for 
that  of  chancellor  of  England.  He  aided  his  father  against 
his  rebellious  half-brothers  1173-74,  fought  with  distinc- 
tion in  the  war  against  Trance  1187-89,  and  was  the  only 
one  of  Henry's  children  present-  at  his  death-bed  (1189). 
He  was  nominated  archbishop  of  York  by  Richard  I.  in 
1189,  and  in  1207  was  banished  by  John  for  opposing  the 
latter's  oppressive  taxation. 

Geoffrey,  Count  of  Brittany.  Born  Sept.  23, 
1158 :  died  Aug.  19,  1186.  The  fourth  sou  of 
Henry  II.  of  England  and  Eleanor.  He  joined 
his  brothers  in  their  revolt  against  their  father.  He  mar- 
ried Constance  of  Brittany,  by  whom  he  was  the  father  of 
Prince  Arthur. 

Geoffrey  Crayon,  Gent.    See  Crayon. 

Geoffrey  of  Anjou,  sumamed  Plantagenet. 
Bom  Aug.  24,  1113:  died  Sept.  7, 1151.  Count 
of  Anjou,  son  of  Fule  V.  He  married,  in  1129,  Ma^ 
tilda,  daughter  of  Henry  I.  of  England,  and  widow  of  the 
emperor  Henry  V.  He  waged  war  successfully  against 
Stephen  of  Blois  for  the  possession  of  Normandy,  which 
he  claimed  through  his  wfie,  and  accompanied  Louis  VII. 
to  the  Holy  Land  in  1147.  He  derived  his  surname  from 
the  plant  named  genSt,  a  species  of  broom,  which  he  wore 
as  a  plume  on  his  helmet. 

Geoffrey  of  Monmouth.  [Lat.  Galfridtis  ( Gau- 
fridus)  Monemutensis.']  Born,  probably  at  Mon- 
mouth, about  1100 :  died  at  LlandafE  in  1152  or 
1154.  An  English  chronicler.  He  may  have  been 
a  monk  at  the  Benedictine  monastery  at  Monmouth.  He 
was  in  Oxford  in  1129,  where  he  met  Archdeacon  Walter 
(not  Walter  Man),  from  whom  he  professed  to  have  ob- 
tained the  foundation  of  his  "  Historia  Regum  Britannise. " 
In  1162  he  was  consecrated  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  having 
been  ordained  priest  in  the  same  year.  It  does  not  appear 
that  he  visited  his  see.  The  "  Historia  Regum  Britan- 
nise" was  issued  in  some  form  in  Latin  from  the  British 
or  Cymric  MS.  by  1139 ;  the  final  edition,  as  we  now  pos- 
sess it,  was  finished  in  1147.  The  first  critical  printed 
edition  is  "Galfredi  Monemutensis  Historia  Britonum, 
nunc  primum  in  Anglia  novem  oodd.  MSS.  collatis,  ed.  3. 
A.  Giles"  (1844).  The  publication  of  this  book  marks  an 
epoch  in  the  literary  history  of  Europe ;  in  less  than  fifty 
years  the  Arthurian  and  Round  Table  romances  based 
upon  it  were  naturalized  in  Germany  and  Italy,  as  well  as 
in  France  and  England.  It  is  thought  that  Geoffrey  com- 
piled it  from  the  Latin  Nennius  and  a  book  of  Breton 
legends  now  perished.  It  was  abridged  by  Alfred  of  Bev- 
erley; and  Geoffrey  Gaimar  and  Wace  translated  it  into 
Anglo-Norman  about  the  middle  of  the  12th  century. 
Layamon  and  Robert  of  Gloucester  translated  Wace  into 
semi-Saxon  or  transition  English,  and  later  chroniclers 
used  it  as  sober  history.  Shakspere  knew  the  legends 
through  Holinshed.  Geoffrey  also  wrote  a  Latin  transla- 
tion of  the  prophecies  of  Merlin.  A  life  of  Merlin  has  also 
been  ascribed  to  him,  perhaps  incorrectly.  Diet.  If  at.  Biog. 

Geoffrin  (zho-fran').  Madame  (Marie  Thirdse 
Kodet).    Born  at  Paris,  June  2,  1699:  died  at 

•Paris,  Oct.  6, 1777.  A  noted  leader  of  Parisian 
literary  society,  she  was  not  a  highly  educated  wo- 
man, but  possessed  an  extraordinary  power  of  reading 
character,  and  was  equally  a  favorite  with  royalty  and  with 
the  fashionable,  literary,  and  artistic  circles  of  France  and 
Germany. 

Geoffrey  Saint-Hilaire  (zho-frwa'  san-te-lar'), 
!Btienne.  Born  at  Btampes,  April  15, 1772 :  died 
at  Paris,  June  19, 1844.  A  noted  French  zoijlo- 
gist  and  comparative  anatomist.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  zoblogy  at  the  Jardin  des  Plantes,  at  Paris,  in 
1793 ;  joined  the  Egyptian  expedition  in  1798 ;  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Institute  of  Cairo,  and  made  important 
BclentifiG  investigations  and  collections ;  and  in  1809  was 
appointed  professor  of  zoMogy  in  the  Faculty  of  Sciences 
at  Paris.  His  zoological  views  led  to  a  famous  dispute 
with  Cuvier.    His  published  works  are  numerous. 

Geoffrey  Saint-Hilaire,  Isidore.  Bom  at  Pa- 
ris, Dee.  16, 1805:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  10, 1861. 
A  French  zoologist,  son  o^  Etienne  Geoffrey 
Saiat-Hilaire.  He  became  professor  at  the  Museum 
of  Natural  History  at  Paris  in  1841,  and  in  the  Faculty  of 
Sciences  in  1860. 

Geoffry  (jef'ri).  Bishop  of  Coutanees.  Died  at 
Coutanoes,  Feb.  3,  1093.  A  Norman  preUte, 
one  of  the  chief  supporters  of  William  the  Con- 
queror. 

Geok-Tepe,  or  Gok-Tepe.  A  former  stronghold 
of  the  Tekke  Turkomans,  situated  in  Asiatic 
Russia  about  lat.  38°  N.,  long.  57°  30'  E.  It 
was  captured  by  the  Eussians  under  bkobeleffl 
in  Jan.,  1881.  ^    „ 

George  (j6rj ),  Saint.  [Gr.  Ve6pyioi,  L.  Georgtus  ; 
from  Gr.  yeapy6(,  a  farmer;  F.  Georges,  George, 
It.  Giorgio,  Sp.  Pg.  Jorge,  G.  Georg.-]  A  Chris- 
tian martyr,  a  native  of  Cappadooia  and  mili- 
tary tribune  under  Diocletian,  put  to  death  at 


George  III. 

Nicomedia  in  303.  The  details  of  his  life  and  deatk 
are  unknown;  and  even  his  existence  has  been  doubted. 
He  was  honored  in  the  Oriental  churches,  and  in  the  14th 
century,  under  Edward  III.,  was  adopted  as  the  patron 
saint  of  England,  where  he  had  been  popular  from  the 
time  of  the  early  Crusades :  for  he  was  said  to  have  come 
to  the  aid  of  the  Crusaders  against  the  Saracens  under 
the  walls  of  Antioch,  1089,  and  was  then  chosen  by  many 
Normans  under  Robert,  son  of  William  the  Conqueror,  aR 
their  patron.  Many  legends  were  connected  with  his 
name  during  the  middle  ages,  the  most  notable  of  which 
is  the  legend  of  his  conquest  of  th«  dragon  (the  devil)  and 
the  delivery  from  it  of  the  king's  daughter  Sabra  (the 
Church).  He  was  the  "  Christian  hero  "  of  the  middle 
ages. 

Greorge,  Saint,  and  the  Dragon.    A  painting^ 
by  Eaphael  (1506),  in  the  Hermitage  Museum, 
St.  Petersburg.    The  saint,  clad  in  armor  and  riding  a 
white  horse,  charges  the  monster  and  transfixes  him  with 
his  spear  as  he  turns  to  flee.    St.  George  wears  the  in- 
signia of  the  Garter. 
George  I.    Bom  at  Hanover,  March  28,  1660: 
died  at  Osnabriiek,  June  11,  1727.     King  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  1714r-27,  son  of  Er- 
nest Augustus,  elector  of  Hanover,  and  Sophia, 
franddaughter  of  James  I.  through  Elizabeth 
tuart,  queen  of  Bohemia.    He  married  his  cousin 
Sophia  Dorothea,  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Zelle,  in  1682, 
and  succeeded  his  father  as  elector  of  Hanover  in  1698. 
His  mother  died  May  28, 1714.    On  the  death  of  Queen 
Anne,  Aug.  1,  1714,  he  succeeded  to  the  English  throne 
by  virtue  of  the  Act  of  Settlement,  passed  by  Parliament 
in  1701,  which,  in  default  of  issue  from  Anne  and  William, 
entailed  the  crown  on  the  electress  Sophia  and  her  heirs, 
being  Protestant.    He  was  crowned  at  Westminster  Oct. 
20, 1714.  He  nominated  at  his  accession  a  Whig  ministry, 
with  Townshend  as  prime  minister,  to  the  exclusion  of  the 
Tory  party,  which  he  regarded  with  suspicion  as  the  strong- 
hold of  the  Jacobites  and  of  the  Roman  Catholics.    la 
Jan.,  1715,  he  dissolved  the  Tory  Parliament  left  by  Queen 
Anne,  and  by  a  liberal  use  of  the  crown  patronage  secured 
a  large  Whig  majority  in  the  new  Parliament,  which  con- 
vened in  March  following.    In  Sept.,  1716,  a  Jacobite  ris- 
ing took  place -in  Scotland  under  the  Earl  of  Mar,  who 
was  subsequently  joined  by  the  Pretender.    The  rebellion 
was  speedily  put  down  by  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  but  the  ex- 
citement which  it  produced  was  taken  advantage  of  to 
pass  the  Septennial  Act,  providing  for  septennial  instead 
of  triennial  parliaments,  thus  enabling  the  new  dynasty  to 
become  firmly  settled  on  the  throne  before  a  new  election 
of  Parliament.    In  1717  he  further  strengthened  his  posi- 
tion by  concluding  the  Triple  Alliance  with  France  and 
Holland,  which  guaranteed  the  Hanoverian  succession, 
and  which  was  joined  by  the  emperor  in  the  following 
year.  In  1717  Stanhope  was  appointed  prime  minister :  he 
was  succeeded  in  1721  by  Walpole,  who  held  oflice  during 
the  remainder  of  the  reign. 
George  II.     Bom  at  Hanover,  Nov.  10,  1683 1 
died  at  London,  Oct.  25,  1760.     King  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  1727-60,  son  of  George  I. 
and  Sophia  Dorothea.   He  married  Wilhelmina  Char- 
lotte Caroline  of  Ansbach  Sept.  2,  1706;  was  declared 
Prince  of  Wales  Sept.  27,  1714;  and  succeeded  to  the 
throne  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  and  to  the  electorate 
of  Hanover  on  the  death  of  his  father,  June  11, 1727.    He 
continued  his  father's  domestic  policy  of  favoring  the 
Whigs,  and  retained  Walpole  as  prime  minister  until 
1742.    His  foreign  policy  was  chiefly  dictated  by  his  anx- 
iety for  the  safety  of  Hanover  amid  the  contending  powers 
on  the  Continent.    He  maintained  an  alliance  with  Maria 
Theresa  of  Austria  in  the  first  and  second  Silesian  wars 
(1740-42   and  1744-45),  and  commanded  the  Pragmatic 
army  in  person  at  the  victory  of  Dettingen  over  the  French, 
June  27,  1743.    In  1746  a  Jacobite  rising  took  place  in 
Scotland  under  the  Young  Pretender,  who  was  totally  de- 
feated by  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  second  son  of  George 
II.,  at  the  battle  of  CuUoden,  April  27,  1746.    In  June, 
1764,  hostilities  broke  out  between  England  and  France  in 
America.    The  probability  of  a  Frenph  attack  on  Han- 
over induced  George  II.  to  conclude  a  treaty  for  the  mu- 
tual guarantee  of  the  integrity  of  Germany  with  Freder- 
ick n.  of  Prussia  at  Westminster  Jan.  17, 1756.    In  the 
same  year  Frederick  commenced  the  third  Silesian  or 
Seven  Years'  War,  in  which  England  sided  with  Prussia. 
The  Duke  of  Cumberland  was  defeated  by  the  French  at 
Hastenbeck,  July  26,  1767,  and  driven  out  of  Hanover. 
The  accession  to  power  of  the  coalition  ministry  under 
Pitt  and  Newcastle,  June  29, 1757,  gave,  however,  a  new 
aspect  to  the  war.    The  Duke  of  Cumberland  was  replaced 
by  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Brunswick,  who  regained  Han- 
over in  1758 ;  and  the  last  years  of  the  king's  reign  saw 
the  British  armies  victorious  in  India  and  in  Canada,  and 
the  British  fleet  in  control  of  the  seas. 
George  III.    Born  at  London,  June  4,  1738: 
died  at  Windsor,  Jan.  29, 1820.     King  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  1760-1820,  son  of  Frederick 
Louis,  prince  of  Wales,  and  Augusta,  daughter 
of  Duke  Frederick  II.  of  Saxe-Gotha.    He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  and  to 
the  electorate  of  Hanover  on  the  death  of  his  grandfather, 
George  n.,  Oct.  25,  1760,  and  married  Charlotte  Sophia  of 
Mecklenburg-Strelitz  Sept.  8,  1761.    His  domestic  policy 
was  characterized  by  a  prolonged  and  partly  successful 
effort  to  break  the  power  of  the  Whig  party,  which  had 
maintained  control  of  the  government  under  his  two  pre- 
decessors, and  to  restore  the  royal  prerogative  to  the  po- 
sition which  it  had  occupied  under  the  Stuarts.    He  was 
involved  in  the  war  of  the  American  Revolution  and  the 
Napoleonic  wars.    His  most  notable  prime  ministerswere 
Lord  North  (1770-82)  and  the  younger  Pitt  (1783-1801  and 
1804-06),  both  of  whom  consented  to  shape  their  policy  in 
the  main  in  accordance  with  the  demands  of  the  king. 
At  his  accession  he  found  the  Seven  Years'  War  in  pro- 
gress, of  which  the  French  and  Indian  war  in  America 
formed  a  part.    He  concluded  the  peace  of  Paris  with 
France,  Spain,  and  Portugal,  Feb.  10, 1768,  by  which  Eng- 
land acquired  Canada  from  France  and  Florida  from  Spain. 


(Jeorge  III. 

The  arbitrary  and  oppressive  financial  policy  which  he 
^adopted  toward  the  American  colonies  after  the  return  of 
peace  caused  the  outbreak  of  tlie  American  Revolution  in 
1775.  The  war  which  ensued  was  practically  ended  by  the 
capitulation  of  Cornwallis  Oct.  19,  1781;  and  tlie  inde- 
pendence of  the  colonies  was  aclcnowledged  by  the  peace 
of  Versailles  Sept.  3, 1783.  The  legislative  union  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  was  effected  Jan.  1,  1801.  In  1793 
war  broke  out  between  England  and  the  revolutionary  gov- 
ernment in  France,  which,  with  a  short  inteiTuption  in 
1802-03,  was  continued  until  the  downfall  of  Napoleon 
and  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons.  During  1812-15  a 
war  was  also  carried  on  against  the  United  States.  After 
several  temporary  attacks  of  mental  derangement,  the 
king  became  hopelessly  insane  in  1811,  and  during  the 
rest  of  his  reign  the  government  was  conducted  under 
the  regency  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  (afterward  George  IV.). 
George  IV.  Bom  at  London,  Ang.  12,  1762 : 
died  at  Windsor,  June  26, 1830.  King  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  1820-30,  son  of  George  lU. 
and  Charlotte  Sophia  of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 
He  contracted  an  illegal  marriage  with  Mrs.  ritzherbert^ 
Dec.  21, 1786,  and,  April  8,  1796,  married  his  cousin  Caro- 
line Amelia  Elizabeth  of  Brunswick.  While  prince  of 
■Wales  he  cultivated  the  friendship  of  the  opposition 
leaders,  including  Fox  and  Sheridan,  and  gained  the  ill 
will  of  his  father  by  his  extravagance  and  dissolute  habits. 
He  was  appointed  regent  when  his  father  became  in- 
sane in  1811,  and  succeeded  him  on  the  tlirone  of  Great 
Britain  and  in  the  kingdom  of  Hanover,  Jan.  29, 1820. 
On  his  appointment  to  the  regency  he  abandoned  his 
iormer  Whig  associates  and  allied  himself  with  the  Tories. 
He  refused  to  permit  his  queen  to  be  present  at  the  coro- 
nation, and,  June  6, 1820,  instituted  proceedings  in  the 
House  of  Lords  for  a  divorce  on  the  ground  of  infidelity. 
The  proceedings  were  subsequently  abandoned  for  want 
of  evidence.  The  chief  evetit  of  his  reign  was  the  pas- 
sage of  the  Catholic  Emancipation  Act  during  the  minis- 
try of  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  April  13,' 1829. 

George  V.  Bom  at  Berlin,  May  27,  1819 :  died 
at  Paris,  June  12, 1878.  King  of  Hanover,  son 
of  Ernest  Augustus  whom  he  succeeded  in  1851. 
He  sided  with  Austria  in  1866,  with  the  result  that  his 
dominions  were  annexed  by  Prussia  in  the  same  year. 

George  I.  (Christian  Wilhelm  Ferdinand 
Adolphus).  Born  at  Copenhagen,  Dee.  24, 
1845.  King  of  the  Hellenes,  the  second  son  of 
ChristianlX.  of  Denmark.  Hewaselectedkingof  the 
Hellenes  by  the  Greek  National  Assembly,  March  30, 1863, 
at  the  instance  of  the  great  powers,  which,  in  order  to  se- 
cure his  acceptance  of  the  proffered  dignity,  were  induced 
to  restore  the  Ionian  Islands  to  Greece.  The  principal 
events  of  his  reign  have  been  the  incorporation  in  1^1, 
through  the  intervention  of  the  great  powers,  of  the  greater 
partofThessalyanda  small  part  of  Bpirus  with  Greece, and 
the  war  with  Turkey  1897.  He  married  the  grand  duchess 
Olga,  daughter  of  the  grand  duke  Constantine,  Cot,  27,1867. 

George,  surnamed  "  The  Bearded."  Bom  Aug. 
27, 1471:  died  April  17,  1539.  Duke  of  Saxony, 
son  of  Alhert  the  Brave  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1500.  He  was  educated  for  the  priesthood,  and  is  chiefly 
noted  for  his  opposition  to  the  Beformation,  which  was 
favored  by  his  uncle,  the  Elector  of  Saxony.  He  attended 
the  disputation  between  Eck  and  Luther  at  Leipsic,  July 
4-14,  1619,  and  subsequently  himself  engaged  in  debate 
with  Luther.  He  souglit  in  vain  to  prevent,  by  imprison- 
ment and  execution,  the  spread  in  his  dominions  of  the 
principles  of  the  Beformation,  which  were  adopted  by  his 
brother  Henry  who  succeeded  him  in  the  duchy. 

George,  Prince  of  Denmark.  Born  April  23  (21?), 
1653 :  died  Oct.  28, 1708.  The  husband  of  Queen 
Anne  of  England,  whom  he  married  July  28, 1683. 
He  was  the  second  son  of  Frederick  III.  of  Denmark  and 
Sophia  Amalia,  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Bruuswick-Liine- 
burg,  grandfather  of  George  I.  of  England. 

George  of  Cappadocia.  Born  probably  at 
Epipnania  in  Cilicia  about  300  A.  D. :  suffered 
martyrdom  at  Alexandria  in  361.  An  Arian 
bishop  of  Alexandria  356-361. 

George  of  Oyprus,  Died  1290.  A  learned  By- 
zantine writer.  Though  a  layman,  he  was  elevated  to 
the  patriarchate  of  Constantinople  in  1283 :  he  resigned  in 
1289.  He  adopted  the  name  of  Gregory  at  his  elevation. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  number  of  works,  mostly  theological 
including  an  autobiography  in  Greek,  which  was  published 
at  Venice  in  1753  by  J.  F.  Bernard  de  Eubeis  under  the 
title  "Vita  Georgii  Cyprii." 

George  of  Laodicea,    A  Semi-Arian  bishop  of 

Laodieea.  Concerning  his  age  little  is  known,  except 
that  he  was  an  occupant  of  the  episcopal  chair  in  330,  and 
that  he  was  still  an  occupant  of  it  in  361.  He  headed  the 
Semi-Arian  party  at  the  Council  of  Seleucia  in  Isauria  in 
359 

George  the  Fisidian,  L.  Georgius  Fisides 

(je-dr'ji-ns  pis'i-dez)  or  Fisida  (pis'i-dii).  A 
Byzantine  poet  who  lived  about  the  middle  of 
the  7th  century.  He  is  described  in  the  manuscripts 
of  his  writings  as  a  deacon,  record-keeper,  and  keeper  of 
the  sacred  vessels  in  the  Church  of  St  Sophia  at  Constan- 
tinople, and  appears  to  have  accompanied  the  emperor 
Heraclins  on  his  first  expedition  against  the  Persians  (622). 
Among  his  extant  works  are  an  epic  poem  treating  of  this 
expedition. 

George  of  Trebizond.  Bom  in  Crete,  April  4, 
1396 :  died  at  Eome  about  1486.  A  celebrated 
humanist.  He  became  professor  of  Greek  at  Venice 
about  1428,  and  subsequently  removed  to  Borne,  where, 
about  1450,  he  became  a  papal  secretary.  He  was  an  ardent 
advocate  of  the  Aristotelian  system  of  philosophy,  in  oppo- 
sition to  his  contemporary,  the  Platonic  philosopher  Ge- 
mistuB  Plethon.  He  translated  many  of  the  Greek  classics 
Into  Latin,  and  wrote ' '  Ehetorica  "  (1470), "  Comparationes 
Pbiloeophorum  Platonis  et  Aristotelis  "  (1523),  etc. 


432 

George,  Cape.    See  -S*.  George,  Cape. 

George,  Henry.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Sept.  2, 
1839:  diedatNewYork,Oot.29, 1897.  An  Ameri- 
can writer  on  political  economy  and  sociology. 
He  went  to  sea  at  an  early  age,  and  in  1668  settled  in  Cal- 
ifornia, where  he  became  a  jouinalist.  In  1879  he  pub- 
lished his  chief  work,"  Progressand  Poverty."  He  removed 
in  1880  to  New  York,  where  he  was  an  unsuccessful  candi- 
date of  the  United  Labor  Party  for  the  mayoralty  in  1886, 
and  where  he  shortly  afterward  founded  a  weekly  papez' 
called  the  "Standard."    Besides  "Progress  and  Poverty" 

•he  published  "The  Land  Question  "  (1883),  "Social  Prob- 
lems" (1884),  "Protection  or  Free  Trade"  (1886),  and 
other  works. 

George,  Lake.  [Named  from  George  II.  in  1755 
by  William  Johnson.]  A  lake  in  the  eastern 
part  of  New  York,  its  waters  are  carried  by  Ticon- 
deroga  creek  into  Lake  Champlain.  It  is  inclosed  by 
mountains,  and  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery.  It 
was  the  scene  of  military  operations  in  the  French  and 
Indian  and  Hevolutionary  wars.  A  series  of  engage- 
ments was  fought  here  Sept.  8,  1755  :  in  the  morning  the 
French  force  under  Dieskau  defeated  the  English  under 
Williams,  etc.;  and  in  the  afternoon  the  English  under 
Lyman  (nominally  under  Jolinson)  defeated  Dieskau  at 
the  head  of  the  lake.  The  Indians  called  it  Horicon,  tlie 
French  St.  Sacremeut.  Length,  36  miles.  Width,  1  to  4 
miles. 

George-a-Greene,  the  Finner  of  Wakefield. 

A  "pleasant  conceyted  comedie  "  by  Bobert 
Greene,  licensed  1595,  printed  1599.  it  is  thought 
to  be  founded  on  an  early  prose  romance,  "The  History 
of  George-a-Green,"  preserved  in  Thorn's  "Early  Prose 
Bomances."  It  also  owes  something  to  the  ballad  'The 
Jolly  Pinder  of  Wakefield  with  Bobin  Hood  Scarlet  and 
John."  George  a  Green,  a  "Huisher  of  the  Bower,"  is  in- 
troduced by  Jonson  in  "The  Sad  Shepherd." 

Gteorge  Barnwell,  or  The  London  Merchant. 

A  tragedy  by  George  Lillo,  produced  in  1731. 
It  is  founded  on  an  old  ballad  preserved  by 
Eitson  and  Percy. 

George  Bay  (Nova  Scotia).  See  St.  George  Bay. 

George  Dandin  (zhorzh  don-dan'),  oule  mari 
confbndu.  A  comedy  by  MoliSre,  first  played 
July  19, 1660.  George  Dandin  is  a  man  of  humble  origin 
whose  money  procures  Iiim  the  doubtful  honor  of  a  mar- 
riage with  Ang^lique,  a  woman  of  noble  birth.  She  and 
her  lover  turn  the  tables  upon  him  whenever  he  seeks  to 
convict  them  of  their  guilt,  and  even  force  him  to  apolo- 
gize. He  addresses  to  himself  the  well-known  reproach 
"  Vous  I'avez  voulu,  vous  I'avez  voulu,  George  Dandin,  vous 
I'avez  voulu  "  ('  You  would  have  it  so ').  His  name  is  a  syno- 
nym for  a  weak  husband. 

George  Eliot.    See  Cross,  Mrs. 

George  Podiebrad.    See  Podielrad. 

Georges  (zhorzh),  Mademoiselle  (Marguerite 
Georges  Wemmer).  Born  at  Bayeux,  Prance, 
about  1786 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan.,  1867.  A  French 
actress,  especially  famous  in  tragedy. 

George  Sand.     See  Sand,  George. 

Georgetown  (jSrj'toun).  [Named  from  George 
II.  of  England.]  1.  A  port  of  entry,  forming 
part  of  the  city  of  Washington,  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, situated  on  the  Potomac  2}  miles  west- 
northwest  of  the  Capitol,  it  is  the  seat  of  George- 
town College  (Boman  Catholic),  chartered  as  a  university 
in  1815.  Georgetown  was  founded  in  1751,  and  incorporated 
as  a  city  in  1789.  Its  charter  was  repealed  in  1871,  and  it 
was  incorporated  with  Washington  in  1878.  Now  called 
West  Washhigton.    Population  (1900),  14,649. 

2.  The  capital  of  Scott  County,  Kentucky,  18  , 
miles  east  of  Frankfort:  the  seat  of  Georgetown 
College  (Baptist).     Population  (1900),  3,823.— 

3.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  Georgetown 
County,  South  Carolina,  situated  on  Winyaw 
Bay  54  miles  northeast  of  Charleston.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  4,138.-4.  Formerly  the  Dutch 
Stabroek.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  Brit- 
ish Guiana,  situated  on  the  Demerara  near 
its  mouth.     Population  (1891),  53,176. 

George  Wilkes  (jdrj  wilks).  A  trotting  stallion 
by  Hambletouian  (10),  dam  DoUy  Spanker. 
Next  to  Electioneer  he  was  the  most  successful 
sire  among  Hambletonian's  sons. 

Georgia  (jdr'jia).  [Buss.  Grusia,  Pers.  and 
Turk.  Gurjistaii.']  A  designation  (non-official) 
of  a  region  in  Transcaucasian  Bussia,  nearly 
corresponding  to  the  modern  governments  Ye- 
lisabetpol,  Kutais,  and  Tiflis.  it  is  almost  identical 
with  the  ancient  Iberia.  Georgia  was  conquered  by  Alex- 
ander ttie  Great,  but  soon  after  his  death  became  an  in- 
dependent kingdom.  It  was  at  its  height  about  1200,  and 
had  a  flourishing  literature.  It  was  subdivided  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  15th  century,  and  was  annexed  by  Bussia 
in  ISOl.  The  Georgians  are  a  very  handsome  race,  of  the 
purest  Caucasian  type. 

Georgia.  [Named  from  George  II.  of  England.] 
One  of  the  Southern  States  of  the  United  States 
of  America.  Capital,  Atlanta.  itisboundedbyTen- 
nessee  and  North  Carolina  on  the  north,  South  Carolina 
(from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Savannah  Eiver)  and  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east,  Florida  on  the  south,  and  Ala- 
bama (from  which  it  is  separated  in  part  by  the  Chattahoo- 
chee Eiver)  on  the  west.  Thi  surface  is  level  in  the  south, 
undulating  in  the  center,  and  mountainous  in  the  north.  It 
is  one  of  the  cliief  cotton-producing  States.  Other  leading 
products  are  lumber,  rice,  etc.  The  chief  minerals  are  gold, 
iron,  and  coal.  Therecentdevelopmentof  its  manufactures, 


Gerard 

particularly  of  cotton,  woolens,  and  iron,  is  notable.  There 
are  137  counties.  It  sends  2  senators  ana  11  representatives 
to  Congress,  and  has  IS  electoral  votes.  Georgia  was  set- 
tled by  a  cliartered  company  of  English  colonists  under 
Oglethorpe  in  1733 ;  became  a  royal  province  in  1752;  was 
one  of  the  thirteen  original  States  (1776) ;  seceded  Jan.  19, 
1861 ;  and  was  readmitted  June,  1868.  It  is  called  the  Em- 
pire State  of  the  South.  Area,  59,475  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  2,216,331. 

Georgia,  Gulf  of.  An  inlet  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
separating  Vancouver  Island  from  British 
Columbia.  It  is  connected  with  Queen  Charlotte  Sound 
on  the  north  and  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  on  the  south. 
Length,  about  250  miles.    Greatest  width,  about  30  miles. 

Georgian  Bay  (j6r'jian  ba).  The  northeastern 
portion  of  Lake  Huron,  from  the  main  body  of 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Manitoulin  group 
of  islands  and  Cabot's  Head.  Length,  about 
120  mUes.    Width,  about  50  miles. 

Georgics  (jdr'jiks).  [L.  Georgica  carmina,  agri- 
cultural poems.]  A  poem  by  Vergil,  in  four 
books,  treating  of  agriculture,  the  cultivation 
of  trees,  domestic  animals,  and  bees. 

The  subject  is  treated  with  evident  love  and  the  enthu- 
siasm which  belongs  to  thorough  knowledge,  and  glorified 
and  idealised  as  much  as  its  character  permitted,  so  that 
even  the  didactic  parts  are  not  essentially  different  in 
tone  from  those  which  are  purely  poetic^.  The  poem 
has  thus  been  rendered  the  most  perfect  of  the  larger 
productions  of  Boman  art-poetry. 

Teuffel  and  Schwabe,  Hist.  Bom.  Lit.,  I.  432. 

Georgium  Sidus  (j6r'ji-um  si'dus).  [NL., 
'George's  star.']  A  name  for  the  planet  now 
called  Uranus,  given  by  its  discoverer,  Sir  Wil- 
liam Herschel,  in  honor  of  George  III.,  but  not 
accepted  by  astronomers. 

Georgswalde  (ga'orgs-val-de).  A  town  in 
northern  Bohemia,  36  miles  east  of  Dresden. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  8,754. 

Gepidee  (jep'i-de),  or  Gepids  (jep'idz).  [L. 
(Vopiscus)  Gepidx,  Gr.  (Procopius)  TiiiraiSeg.'] 
A  Germanic  tribe,  a  branch  of  the  Goths,  who 
first  appear  in  history  in  the  reign  of  Probus, 
in  the  3d  century.  Their  original  home  was  appa- 
rently on  the  Baltic,  on  the  islands  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Vistula,  whence  they  joined  the  general  Gothic  move- 
ment southward.  Later  they  had  conquered  Dacia,  where 
they  were,  however,  practically  annihilated  shortly  after 
the  middle  of  the  6th  century  by  the  allied  Lombards  and 
Avars. 

Probably  the  Thervings  and  Greutungs  were  the  only 
people  to  whom  the  name  of  Goths  in  strictness  belonged. 
There  was,  however,  a  third  trib^  the  Gepids,  whom  the 
other  two  recognized  as  being,  if  not  exactly  Goths,  at 
any  rate  their  nearest  kinsfolk,  and  as  having  originally 
formed  one  nation  with  them. 

Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  7. 

Gera  (ga'ra).  The  capital  of  Eeuss  (younger 
line),  Germany,  on  the  White  Elster  34  miles 
south-southwest  of  Leipsic,  noted  for  varied 
manufactures.     Population  (1890),  39,599. 

Gerace  (ja-ra'che).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Eeggio  di  Calabria,  Italy,  in  lat.  38°  21'  N., 
long.  16°  17'  B.,  near  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Locri  Bpizephyrii. 

Geraint  (ge-ranf).  One  of  the  knights  of  the 
Bound  Table.  He  appears  in  the  Mabinogion,  in  the 
romance  "  Geraint  the  Son  of  Erbin,"  which  is  a  Welsh 
version  of  ChrestiendeTroyes's  "Erec  et  Enide."  Tenny- 
son has  used  the  story  in  "  Geraint  and  Enid,"  one  of  the 
"Idylls  of  the  King." 

Gerald  de  Barry  or  Barri.  [L.  Gerardms,  Ge- 
raldus,  Giraldus;  F.  G&rard,  Geraud,  Giraud, 
Girauld;  It.  Gerardo,  Gherardo,  Giraldo;  Q:. 
Gerhard,  Ceroid."]    See  Giraldus  Carnbrensis. 

Geraldine  (jer'al-din)  the  Fair.  [Fem.  of 
Gerald;  It.  Giralda,  G.  Gerhardime.^  The  lady 
celebrated  in  the  sonnets  of  the  Earl  of  Sur- 
rey, identified  with  Lady  Elizabeth  Fitzgerald. 

Geraldini  (ja-ral-de'ne),  Alessandro.  Bom  in 
Italy,  1455:  died  at  Santo  Domingo,  1525.  A 
prelate  and  scholar.  He  served  as  a  soldier,  subse- 
quently  took  orders,  and  about  1486  was  made  tutor  to 
the  Spanish  princes.  He  met  Columbus  at  court,  and  is 
said  to  have  favored  his  schemes.  In  1620  he  was  ap- 
pointed bishop  of  Santo  Domingo.  He  wrote  a  Latin 
description  of  his  journey  thither,  and  of  the  island,  pub- 
lished after  his  death  with  the  title  "  Itinerarium  ad  re- 
giones  sub  tequinoctiali  plaga  constitutas  "  (Home,  1631). 

Gdramb  (zhe-ron').  Baron  Ferdinand  de. 

Bom  at  Lyons,  April  17,  1772:  died  at  Eome, 
March  15,  1848.  A  French  Trappist,  procura- 
tor-general of  the  order.  He  published  ' '  P61e- 
rinage  k  Jerusalem  et  au  mont  Sinai"  (1836). 
GSrando  (zha-ron-do'),  Joseph  Marie  de. 
Bom  at  Lyons,  Feb.  29,  1772:  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.,  1842.  A  French  philosopher  and  politi- 
cian. He  wrote  "Histoire  compar^e  des  syst^mes  de 
philosophie  "  (1808),  "  Du  perfectionnement  moral "  (1824)k 
etc. 

Gerard  (je-rard'),  sumamed  "The  Blessed." 
Born  about  1040 :  died  about  1120.  The  founder 
of  the  order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  guardian 
of  a  hospital  at  Jerusalem  about  1100. 


Gerard,  Alexander 

Oerard  (jer'ard),  Alexander.  Bom  at  Aber- 
deen, Scotland,  Feb.  17,  1792:  died  there,  Feb. 

22,  1836.  An  English  soldier  and  explorer.  He 
served  in  India  as  an  engineer,  making  extended  surveys. 
He  ascended  several  peaks  and  passes  of  the  Himalayas, 
reaching  the  height  (on  Mount  Tahigung)  of  19,411  feet. 

GSrard  (zha-rar'),  C6cile  Jules  Basile.  Born 
at  Pignans, Var,  France,  June  14, 1817 :  drowned 
in  West  Africa,  1864.  A  French  officer,  lion- 
hunter,  and  traveler  in  Africa :  author  of  "  La 
ehasse  au  lion"  (1855),  "Le  tueur  de  lions" 
(1856),  etc. 

Gerard  (jer'ard),  Charles,  Earl  of  Macclesfield. 
Died  Jan.  7, 1694.  AEoyalist  commander  in  the 
civil  war  in  England.  He  commanded  the  Royalist 
forces  in  South  Wales  1644-46  ;  was  appointed  lieutenant- 
general  of  the  king's  horse  and  captain  of  the  king's  body- 
guard in  1645  ;  was  created  Baron  Gerard  of  Brandon  in 
1645 ;  was  appointed  vice-admiral  of  the  fleet  in  1648 ;  was 
created  earl  of  Macclesfield  in  1679;  was  banished  in  1685 
lor  conspiring  against  the  king ;  returned  to  England  with 
the  Prince  of  Orange  in  1688 ;  and  was  sworn  of  the  privy 
council  and  made  lord  president  of  the  council  of  the 
Welsh  marches,  and  lord  lieutenant  of  Gloucester,  Here- 
ford, Monmouth,  and  North  and  South  Wales,  in  1689. 

•Gerard  (zha-rar'),  Comte  &ienne  Maurice. 
Born  at  Damvillers,  Mouse,  France,  April  4, 
1773:  died  at  Paris,  April  17, 1852.  A  French 
marshal,  distin^ished  during  the  Napoleonic 
campaigns,  minister  of  war  1830  and  1834.  He 
compelled  the  surrender  of  Antwerp  in  1832. 

Oerard,  Baron  Francois  Pascal.  Bom  at  Eome, 
1770:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  11,  1837.  A  French 
historical  and  portrait  painter.  Among  his 
works  are  the  "Battle  of  Austerlitz"  and  por- 
traits of  the  Bonapartes. 

Gdrard,  Jean  Ignace  Isidore.    See  Grandmlle. 

Gerard,  or  Gerarde  (jer'ard  or  je-rard'),  John. 
Born  at  Nantwioh,  Cheshire,  England,  1545: 
died  at  London,  Feb.,  1612.    An  English  sur- 

feon  and  botanist.  He  published  in  1697  his"  Her- 
all,'"  founded  on  Dodoens's  "Pemptades,"  of  which  it  is 
nearly  a  translation.  The  genus  Oerardia  was  named  from 
him  by  Linnaeus. 

G6rard  de  Nerval  (zha-rar'  de  ner-val'),  ado;pt- 
edname  of  Gerard  Labrunie.  Bom  at  Paris, 
May  21, 1808:  committed  suicide  at  Paris,  Jan. 
25,  1855.  A  French  litterateur,  author  of  va- 
rious translations  ("Faust,"  etc.),  poems,  dra- 
matic works,  travels,  etc. 

Gerardine.  In  Middleton's  "Family  of  Love," 
the  passionate  lover  of  Maria. 

iGerardmer  (zha-rar-mar').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Vosges,  France,  22  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Epinal.  it  has  some  manufactures,  and 
is  noted  for  its  picturesque  surroundings.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  7,197. 

Cterasa  (jer'a-sa),  modern  Jerash  (je-rash'). 
In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of  the  Decapolis, 
Palestine,  56  miles  northeast  of  Jerusalem.  It 
contains  many  antiquities.  The  forum,  which  is  oval  and 
300  feet  long,  is  surrounded  by  a  range  of  Ionic  columns, 
many  ol  which  still  stand  with  their  entablature.  From 
it  extends  a  great  colonnaded  street,  intersecting  the  en- 
tire city,  and  crossed  at  right  angles  by  another.  Over 
100  columns  still  stand  along  the  street.  They  seem  to 
Slave  formed  a  series  of  porticos  with  galleries  above. 
Among  the  remains  are  those  of  a  great  temple,  the  cella 
of  which  (66  by  78  feet)  is  in  great  part  standing,  together 
with  many  columns  of  the  peristyle.  A  theater  has  28 
"tiers  of  seats  still  remaining  above  ground,  with  one  pre- 
<!inction,  to  which  vaulted  passages  give  access.  In  the 
back  wall  of  the  precinction  there  are  small  chambers, 
perhaps  boxes.  A  gallery  surrounds  the  top  of  the  cavea. 
A  smaller  theater  on  the  same  site  is  equally  perfect  and 
interesting. 

Oerba.    See  Jerba. 

Gerber  (gar'ber),  Ernst  Ludwig.  Born  at 
Sondershauseu,  Germany,  Sept.  29,  1746:  died 
at  Sondershausen,  June  30,  1819.  A  German 
-writer  on  the  history  of  music.  He  published 
"  Historiaoh-biographisches  lexikon  der  Tonkiinstler " 
(1790-92 :  completed  1812-14),  etc. 

Gerberon  (zherb-r6n'),  Gabriel.  Born  at  St.- 
Calais,  Sarthe,  France,  Aug.  12,  1628:  died  at 
St.-Denis,  near  Paris,  March  29, 1711.  APrench 
Jansenist  controversialist. 

Gerbert.     See  Silvester  II. 

Gerbert  (gar'bert),  Martin.  Bom  at  Horb, 
Wiirtemberg,  Aug.  12, 1720:  died  May  13, 1793. 
A  German  Eoman  Catholic  prelate,  and  writer 
on  church  music.  He  published  "De  cantu  et  musioa 
sacra"  (1774),  "Scriptores  ecclesiastlci  de  musica  sacra 
potissimum  "  (1784). 

Oerdil  (zher-del'),  Hyacinthe  Sigismond. 

Bom  at  Samoens,  Haute-Savoie,  France,  June 

23,  1718:  died  at  Eome,  Aug.  12,  1802.  A  Sa- 
voyard cardinal  and  philosophical  writer. 

<3erdy  (zher-de'),  Pierre  Nicolas.  Born  at 
Loches-sur-Ource,  Aube,  France,  1797:  died  at 
Paris,  1856.  A  French  surgeon  and  physiologist. 

Gergovia  (jSr-go'vi-a).  In  ancient  history,  a 
Gallic  town  situated  on  the  Plateau  deGergo- 
vie  to  the  south  of  Clermont-Ferrand,  France. 


433 

Caesar  besieged  it  in  52  B.  c. ,  and  was  defeated  here  by  Ver- 
cingetoriz.    There  are  some  relics  on  the  site. 

Gterhard  (ger'hart),  FriedrichWilhelmEdu- 
ard.     Bom  at  Posen,  Prussia,  Nov.  29,  1795 : 

.  died  at  Berlin,  May  12, 1867.  A  German  archse- 
ologist.  His  works  include  "Antlke  Bildwerke  "  (1827- 
1844),  "Auserlesene  griechische  Vasenbilder"  (1839-58), 
"  Etruskische  Spiegel "  (1839-65),  etc. 

Gerhard,  Johann.  Bom  at  Quedlinbnrg,  Prus- 
sia, Oct.  17, 1582 :  died  at  Jena,  Germany,  Aug. 
20, 1637.  A  German  Lutheran  theologian.  He 
wrote  "Confessio  catholica"  (1634),  "loci  theologici" 
(1610-22),  "  Meditationes  sacrse,"  and  commentaries, 

Gerhardt  (F.pron.  zha-rar';  G.  pron.  gar'hart), 
Charles  Fr6d&ic.  Born  at  Strasburg,  Aug., 
1816 :  died  at  Strasburg,  Aug.  19, 1856.  A  French 
chemist,  professor  in  the  Faculty  of  Sciences  at 
Montpellier  1844-48.  He  wrote  "Trait6  de 
chimie  organique"  (1853-56),  etc. 

Gerhardt  (ger'hart),  Dagobert  von :  pseudo- 
nym Gerhard  von  Amyntor.  Born  at  Lieg- 
nitz,  July  12,  1831.  A  German  soldier  and  au- 
thor. He  served  as  major  in  the  campaigns  of  1864  and 
1870,  and  from  1872  lived  in  retirement  at  Potsdam.  He 
has  published  poems  and  numerous  novels  and  tales. 

Gerhardt  (gar'hart),  Paul  (Paulus).  Bom  at 
Grafenhainichen,  near  Wittenberg,  Saxony, 
March  12  (?),  1607 :  died  at  Liibben,  Pmssia, 
June  7,  1676.  A  German  sacred  poet.  He  stud- 
ied at  Wittenberg,  and  lived  subsequently  at  Berlin  as  a 
tutor  until  1651,  when  he  went  as  a  clergyman  to  Witten- 
walde.  In  1667  he  was  made  deacon  of  the  Nikolai  church 
in  Berlin,  a  position  which  he  was  compelled  to  renounce 
in  1666  because  he  refused  to  comply  with  the  command 
of  the  elector  to  refrain  from  teaching  from  the  pulpit 
the  dogmas  of  Lutheranism  as  against  Calvinism.  In  1668, 
nevertheless,  he  was  called  as  archdeacon  to  Liibben,  a 
post  which  he  occupied  from  the  spring  of  1669  until  his 
death.  His  first  church  hymns  were  published  in  1648. 
In  1667  appeared  the  first  complete  edition  of  120  hymns. 
A  historical  and  critical  edition  was  published  at  Berlin, 
1866. 

G6ricault  (zha-re-ko'),  Jean  Louis  Andr6 
Theodore.  Bom  at  Eouen,  France,  Sept.  26, 
1791:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  18,  1824.  A  French 
painter.  His  most  noted  work,  "The  Eaftof 
the  Medusa"  (1819),  is  in  the  Louvre.  He  re- 
sided for  a  time  in  London. 

Gerizim  (ger'i-zim).  In  scripttiral  geography, 
a  mountain  of  Samaria,  Palestine,  2,848  feet 
high,  situated  opposite  Mount  Ebal  27  miles 
north  of  Jerusalem.     See  Ebal. 

Gerlach  (gar'laeh),  Franz  Dorothens.  Bom 
at  Wolf  sbehringen,  in  Gotha,  Germany,  July  18, 
1793 :  died  at  Basel,  Switzerland,  Oct.  31, 1876. 
A  German  philologist  and  historian,  editor  of 
Latin  classics,  etc.  ' 

Gerlach,  Otto  von.  Born  at  Berlin,  April  12, 
1801 :  died  at  Berlin,  Oct.  24, 1849.  A  German 
Protestant  clergyman  and  theological  writer. 

Gerlsdorfer  Spitze  (gerls'dorf-er  spit'se).  The 
highest  summit  of  the  Tatra  group  in  the  Car- 
pathian Mountains.    Height,  8,737  feet. 

Germain  (jer-man'),  George  Sack'ville,  first 
Viscount  Sackville  (Lord  George  Sackville 
1720-70,  Lord  George  Germain  1770-82) .  Bom 
Jan.  26, 1716 :  died  Aug.  26, 1785.  An  English 
soldier,  third  son  of  the  first  Duke  of  Dorset, 
created  Viscount  Sackville  in  1782.  He  served 
(as  colonel)  in  Flanders  1743-45 ;  was  first  secretary  to  the 
lord  lieutenant  and  secretajy  of  war  for  Ireland  1751-66 ; 
was  appointed  major-general  in  1765,  and  lieutenant-gen- 
eral in  1757 ;  joined  in  the  descent  on  the  French  coast  in 
1758 ;  served  as  second  in  command  under  Marlborough 
in  Hannover  in  the  same  year ;  and  succeeded  to  the  chief 
command  on  Marlborough's  death.  He  fell  into  disgrace 
on  account  of  blunders  committed  at  the  battle  of  Minden 
(Aug.  1, 1769),  and  was  dismissed  from  the  array. 

German  Confederation,  G.  Deutscher  Bund 

(doit'sher  bont).  The  confederation  of  Ger- 
man states  constituted  by  the  Congress  of  Vi- 
enna in  1815,  replacing  the  ancient  empire, 
each  state  remaining  independent  in  internal 
affairs.  Austria  (which  entered  the  confederation  for 
her  German  dominions,  Upper  and  Lower  Austria,  Bohe- 
mia, Moravia,  Silesia,  Salzburg,  Tyrol,  Vorarlberg,  Styria, 
Carinthla  and  Carniola,  Gorz,  and  Triest)  had  the  lead. 
Other  members  were  Prussia,  Bavaria,  Wiirtemberg,  Sax- 
ony, Hannover,  Baden,  Hesse-Cassel,  Saxe-Weimar,  Meck- 
lenburg-Schwerin,  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  Oldenburg, 
Brunswick,  Nassau,  Saxe-Altenburg,  Saxe-Meiningen, 
Saxe-Hildburghausen,  Saxe-Coburg,  Saxe-Gotha,  Schwarz- 
burg-Eudolstadt,  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen,  the  Hohen- 
zollems,  Liechtenstein,  Anhalt-Dessau,  Anhalt-Kothen, 
Waldeck,  Beuss  (elder  line),  Eeuss  (younger  line),  Lippe, 
Sohaumburg-Lippe,  Hesse-Homburg,  Lubeck,  Frank- 
fort, Bremen,  and  Hamburg.  Several  minor  changes 
took  place  in  the  composition  of  the  confederation.  The 
Diet  met  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main.  The  King  of  the 
Netherlands  entered  the  confederation  for  Luxemburg, 
and  the  King  of  Denmark  for  Holstein  and  Lauenburg. 
The  Prussian  provinces  of  Bast  and  West  Prussia  and 
Posen  were  not  included.  The  confederation  was  dis- 
solved as  one  result  of  the  war  of  1866,  and  was  replaced 
by  the  North  German  Confederation. 

German  East  Africa.    See  East  Africa. 
German  Empire, G.  Deutsches  Eeich  (doich  es 


Germany 

rich).  1.  The  Holy  Eoman  Empire  (which 
see). —  2.  The  modem  empire  of  Germany, 
constituted  in  1871.     See  Germany. 

Germania(jer-man'i-a).  In  ancient  geography, 
the  region  included  "between  the  North  Sea, 
Baltic,  Vistula,  Danube,  and  Ehine  (from  near 
Mainz  to  near  Emmerich)  :  often  extended  to 
include  certain  territories  west  of  the  Ehine. 
In  the  first  sense  it  was  never  a  part  of  the 
Eoman  Empire. 

Germauia.  A  celebrated  work  by  Tacitus,  re- 
lating to  the  Germans. 

Germania  Inferior.    A  province  of  the  Eoman  / 
Empire,  left  o£  the  lower  course  of  the  Ehine, 
in  the  lower  and  middle  basins  of  the  Mouse. 

Germania  Superior.  A  province  of  the  Eoman 
Empire,  left  of  the  middle  Ehine,  including 
Alsace,  etc. 

Germanic  Confederation.     See  German  Con- 


Germanicus  (jer-man'i-kus),  Ceesar.  Bom  15 
B.  c. :  died  near  Antioch,  Oct.  9,  19  a.  d.  A 
Eoman  general,  son  of  Nero  Claudius  Drusus 
and  nephew  of  the  emperor  Tiberius.  He  con- 
ducted three  campaigns  against  the  Germans  14-16,  and 
in  the  latter  year  defeated  Arminius  in  a  great  battle  on 
the  Campus  Idistavislis  between  Minden  and  Hameln.  He 
was  recalled  through  the  jealousy  of  the  emperor,  re- 
ceived a  triumph  at  Kome  in  17,  and  in  18  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  eastern  provinces.  He  is  said  to 
have  been  poisoned  at  the  instance  of  the  emperor. 

German  Milton,  The.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  Klopstock. 

German  Ocean.    See  North  Sea. 

German  Plato,  The.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  Jacobi. 

German-Boman  Empire.  See  Holy  Eoman  Em- 
pire. 

Germans  (jfer'manz).  [L.(?ermam.]  Animpor- 
tant  Teutonic  race  inhabiting  central  Europe : 
the  inhabitants  of  Germany.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  Cluistian  era  the  Germans  occupied  central  Europe 
eastward  to  the  Vistula,  southward  to  the  Carpathians  and 
Danube,  and  westward  to  beyond  the  Ehine.  Among  their 
chief  tribes  were  the  Suevi,  Lombards,  Vandals,  Heruli, 
Chatti,  Quadi,  TJbii,  and  Cherusci.  After  the  epoch  of  mi- 
grations in  the  3d  and  4th  centuries,  many  tribes,  as 
the  Franks,  Burgundians,  Lombards,  and  Vandals,  settled 
permanently  in  other  regions,  and  became  merged  in  the 
new  French,  Italian,  and  Spanish  nations.  In  the  east 
the  Germans  were  displaced  by  Slavs,  although  impor- 
tant parts  of  this  region  have  since  been  Germanized. 
Since  about  the  12th  centui-y  the  Germans  have  called 
themselves  die  Deutsche^.  In  medieval  and  modern  times 
they  have  occupied  a  region  which  has  had  many  politi- 
cal changes,  but  which  has  remained  of  substantially  the 
same  extent  for  centuries.  The  former  Roman-German 
Empire  contained  various  lands  not  inhabited  by  Ger- 
mans. At  the  present  time  the  Germans  form  the  great 
majority  in  the  reconstituted  German  Empire ;  theynum- 
ber  over  one  fourth  of  the  inhabitants  of  Austria-Hun- 
gary, chiefly  in  the  western  and  northwestern  parts ;  there 
are  about  1,000,000  Germans  in  the  Baltic  provinces  and 
elsewhere  in  Russia ;  and  over  two  thli'ds  of  the  Swiss  are 
of  German  race  and  language. 

German  Southwest  Africa.  A  German  de- 
pendency situated  between  the  Orange  Eiver 
and  Angola,  and  between  the  Atlantic  and 
long.  21°-25°  B.  It  covers  322,460  square  miles,  with 
about  200,000  inhabitants,  of  whom  1,000  are  white.  North 
of  the  Swakop  River  the  country  is  called  Herero-  or 
Damara-land ;  south  of  it  Great  Namaland  or  Namaqua- 
land.  The  soil  is  arid,  yielding  only  scant  pasturage.  In 
the  Kunene  valley  (Ovampo-land)  alone  can  land  suitable 
for  agriculture  be  found.  The  hopes  of  discovering  rich 
mines  have  not  yet  been  realized.  The  best  harbor  of  the 
coast,  Walfisch  Bay,  is  British.  Five  German  companies 
are  still  at  work  here— the  Colonization  Society ;  the  Set- 
tlement Company,  which  is  trying  to  settle  German  and 
South  African  colonists ;  a  private  cattle-raising  company, 
with  imperial  subsidy ;  and  the  West  African  Company 
and  Southwest  African  Company,  "which  are  largely  or 
wholly  English.  This  colony  began  with  the  purchase,  by 
F.  A.  S.  Liideritz,  of  some  land  around  Angra  Pequena. 
Over  this  Germany  hoisted  her  flag  in  1884,  claiming  at  the 
same  time  all  the  coast  between  the  Orange  River  and 
Cape  Frio.  Herero-land  was  annexed  by  treaty  in  1885, 
was  lost  in  1888,  and  was  regained  by  force  in  1889.  Portu- 
gal in  1886  and  England  in  1890  recognized  the  present 
boundaries.  Henric  Witboy,  a  civilized  chief  of  the  Nama 
Hottentots  who  had  never  submitted  to  the  German  au- 
thorities, was  defeated  in  1893. 

Germantown  (jer'man-toun).  Aformer  borough 
of  Pennsylvania,  since  1854  a  part  of  Phila- 
delphia, situated  6  miles  north-northwest  of  the 
old  state-house.  Here,  Oct.  4, 1777,  the  Americans  un- 
der Washington  were  repulsed  by  the  British,  the  loss  of 
the  Americans  being  about  1,000,  that  of  the  British  over 
600. 

Germanus  (jfer-ma'nus).  Saint,  F.  St.  Germain 
r  Auxerrois.  Bom  at  Auxerre  about  378 :  died 
at  Eavenna,  Italy,  about  448.  A  French  prelate, 
bishop  of  Auxerre. 

GrermanUS,  Saint,  of  Paris.  Born  at  Autun, 
France,  about  496 :  died  about  576.  A  French 
prelate,  bishop  of  Paris.  The  Church  of  St. 
Germain-des-Pr6s  (Paris)  was  named  from  him. 

Germany  (jer'ma-ni).  [ME.  Germanie,  OF.  Ger- 
manie,  Sp.  Gerniiinia,  Pg.  It.  Germania,  from  li. 


Germany 

Germania,  Gr.  Tep/iavla,  from  L.  Germani,  Gr. 
Tepfiavoi,  Germans.  Another  name  appears  in 
the  obs.  E.  Almain.  Almayne,  fromP.  Allemagne, 
Sp.  Alsmdnia,  Pg.  Alemania,  It.  Alemagna,  ML. 
Alamama,Alemannia,tvom.Alemanni,Ala'manni, 
the  Alamanni  (which  see).  A  third  name  is  the 
obs.  E.  Dutchland,  ME.  Duchelond,  D.  Duitsch- 
land,  G.  Deutschland.']  A  country  of  central  Eu- 
rope. The  country  has  been  of  widely  different  extent,  and 
the  name  of  different  significance,  at  different  times.  The 
present  Germany,  or  the  German  Empire  (G.  Deutsches 
Meichy,  one  of  the  great  European  powers,  is  bounded 
by  the  North  Sea,  Denmark,  and  the  Baltic  Sea  on  the 
north,  Russia  and  Austria-Hungary  on  the  east,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary (partly  separated  by  the  Sudetic  Mountains, 
Kiesengebirge,  Erzgebirge,  and  Alps)  and  Switzerland 
(separated  mainly  by  the  Bhine  and  Lake  of  Con- 
stance) on  the  south,  and  France  (partly  separated  by 
the  Vosges),  Luxemburg  (separated  by  the  Moselle  and 
Cur),  Belgium,  and  the  Netherlands  on  the  west.  It  ex- 
tends from  lat.  47"  16'  to  55°  64'  N.,  and  from  long.  5"62'  to  22° 
54'  E.  The  northern  part  belongs  to  the  great  northern 
plain  ;  the  middle  and  southern  parts  are  generally  hilly 
and  mountainous.  The  chief  mountains  are  the  Alps, 
Black  Forest,  Vosges,  Swabian  and  Franconian  Jura,  Fich- 
telgebirge,  Erzgebirge,  lannus,  ThUringerwald,  Harz, 
mountains  of  Westphalia  and  the  Rhine,  Eiesengebirge, 
and  Bohmerwald.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Khine  (with 
the  Moselle,  Neckar,  and  Main),  Ems,  Weser,  Elbe,  Oder, 
Vistula,  and  Danube.  The  main  products  are  grain,  beet- 
root, hemp,  flax,  and  wine.  There  are  mines  of  iron, 
coal,  salt,  copper,  zinc,  lead,  silver,  etc.,  and  important 
manufactures  of  cotton,  woolen,  linen,  iron,  steel,  sugar, 
beer,  etc.  Germany  contains  26  states:  Prussia,  Bava^ 
ria,  WUrtemberg,  Baden,  Saxony,  Hesse,  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin,  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  Oldenburg,  Brunswick, 
Saxe-Welmar-Eisenach,  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  Saxe-Mein- 
Ingen,  Saxe-Altenburg,  Waldeck,  Lippe,  Schaumburg- 
Lippe,  Reuss  (elder  .line),  Iteuss  (younger  line),  Anhalt, 
Schwarzburg-Eudolstadt,  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, 
Hamburg,  Bremen,  Liibeck,  and  the  "  Reichsland  "Alsace- 
Lorraine.  The  government  is  a  constitutional  monarchy ; 
the  King  of  Prussia  is  hereditary  German  emperor.  The 
legislature  consists  of  a  Buudesrat  of  58  members  and  a 
Reichstag  of  397  members.  The  language  of  the  great 
majority  is  German  ;  other  nationalities  are  Poles,  Lithu- 
anians, Wends,  Czechs,  Danes,  French,  and  Walloons.  The 
religion  of  a  large  majority  is  Protestant ;  about  35  per 
cent,  are  Roman  Catholics.  The  foreign  dependencies  are 
Togoland,  Kamerun,  German  Southwest  Africa  (protecto- 
rate),German  EastAfrica  (protectorate),  Kaiser  Wilhelm's 
Land(aprotectoratein  Papua),  Bismarck  Archipelago  (pro- 
tectorate), a  part  of  the  Solomon  Islands,  Marshal]  Islands, 
Mariana  Islands,  Caroline  Islands,  and  Pelew  Islands.  The 
present  empire  replaced  the  North  German  Confederation, 
andis  based  on  treaties  between  that  body  and  the  different 
South  German  states.  WilliamL,  king  of  Prussia,  was  pro- 
claimed emperor  at  Versailles,  Jan .  18, 1871.  The  empire  was 
oneresultof  the  successful  war  with  Francein  1870-71.  Re- 
centeventshavebeen  the '  'Kulturkampf ,"  the  rise  of  theSo- 
cialDemocrats,theunion  of  the  three  emperors(of  Germany, 
Austria-Hungary,  and  Russia),  replaced  by  the  Triple  Alli- 
ance (Germany,  Austria-Hungary,  and  Italy),  the  acquisi- 
tion since  1884  of  foreign  dependencies  and '  *  spheres  of  in- 
fluence," and  the  retirement  of  Bismarck  in  1890.  (See  Oer- 
Tnania^  Holy  Roman  Empire,  and  German  Confederation; 
also  Prussia,  Bavaria,  and  the  different  states.)  Area, 
208,830  square  miles.  Population  (ISOO),  66,367,178. 

He  [Tacitus]  includes  in  Germany  all  the  countries  lying 
north  of  the  Danube  and  west  of  the  line  of  the  Vistula,  as 
far  as  the  Arctic  Regions :  taking  in  Bohemia,  Silesia,  Po- 
land, Pomerania,  and  a  vast  number  of  Slavonian  districts 
besides,  over  an  area  about  three  times  as  large  as  that 
which  is  now  allowed  to  the  Teutonic  stock. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Bng.  Hist,  p.  41. 

Gennersheiin  (ger'mers-him) .  A  fortified  town 
in  the  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Queieh  with  the  Rhine,  8  miles  south- 
west of  Spires,  it  is  an  important  strategic  point,  and 
was  the  scene  of  a  defeat  of  the  French  under  Beauharnais 
by  the  Austrians  under  Wurmser,  July  19  and  22,  1793. 
Population  (1890),  6,038. 

Germinal  (zhar-me-nal').  [F.,  '  the  germinat- 
ing.'] The  name  adopted  in  1793  by  the  Na- 
tional Convention  of  the  first  French  republic 
for  the  seventh  month  of  the  year.  It  consisted 
of  30  days,  beginning  in  the  years  1  to  7  with  March  21, 
and  in  the  years  8  to  13  with  March  22. 

Germinal  Insurrection.  The  insurrection 
("bread  riots")  at  Paris  against  the  Conven- 
tion, 12th  Germinal,  year  lu  (April  1,  1795). 

Gero  (ga'ro).  Died  May  20, 965.  A  German  hero. 
He  was  made  margrave  of  the  Ostmark  in  939,  and  com- 
pelled the  Slavic  tribes  between  the  Elbe  and  the  Oder  to 
acknowledge  his  suzerainty.  He  is  referred  to  in  the 
"  Niebelimgenlied^  " 

GSrome  (zha-rom'),  Jean  L6on.  Born  May  11, 
1824 :  died  Jan.  10, 1904.     A  celebrated  French 

fiainter,  a  pupil  of  Paul  Delaroche.  He  studied  in 
taly  1844-45,  and  later  traveled  in  Turkey,  Egypt,  and  else- 
where. He  became  professor  of  painting  at  the  Academy 
of  Fine  Arts  in  1863.  His  first  appearance  at  the  Salon  was 
in  1847.  His  works  include  "  Madonna  and  St.  John  "(1848), 
"Anacreon  with  Bacchus  and  Cupid"  (1848),  "Bacchus 
and  Cupid  Intoxicated  "  (I860),"  Greek  Interior,"  "Souve- 
nir of  Italy  "  (1861), ' '  View  of  Prestum  "  (1862),  "An  Idyl " 
(1863),  "Russian  Concert,"  "Age  of  Augustus"  (1855), 
"Egyptian  Recruits  crossing  the  Desert,"  "Memnon  and 
Sesostris,"  "Camels  at  a  Watering-place "  (1867),  "Gladi- 
ators saluting  Cffisar,"  "  King  Candaules  "  (1869),  "Phryne 
before  the  Tribunal,"  "Alcibiades  in  the  House  of  Aspa- 
sia,"  "Rembrandt  Etching"  (1861),  "Prisoner"  (186S), 
"Reception  of  Siamese  Ambassadors  at  Fontainebleau, 
"Prayer  "(1865),"Cleopatra  and  Csesar,"  "  Door  of  Mosque 
of  El-Hacamyn" (1866),  "Slave  Market," "Clothing  Mer- 


434 

chant,"  "Death  of  Csesar"  (1867),  "Seventh  of  December, 
1S15"(1868),  "Jerusalem,"  "Cairo  Peddler,"  "Promenade 
of  the  Harem"  (1869),  "Rex  Tibicen,"  "Santon  at  the 
Door  of  a  Mosque,"  "Women  at  the  Bath,"  "Bashi-Ba- 
zouks  Dancing,"  "Return  from  the  Chase"  (1878),  "Slave 
Market  in  Rome,"  "  Night  in  the  Desert,"  "Danse  du  ba- 
ton "  (1884),  "Great  Bath  at  Brusa  "  (1885),  etc.  C.  C.  Per- 
kins, Cyclopedia  of  Painters  and  Paintings. 

Gerona  (na-ro'na).  1.  A  province  in  Catalo- 
nia, Spain,  bounded  by  France  on  the  north, 
the  Mediterranean  on  the  east,  and  Barcelona 
and  Lerida  on  the  south  and  west.  Area,  2,272 
square  miles.  Population  (1887),  305,539.-2. 
The  capital  of  the  province  of  Gerona,  situated 
on  the  Ter  55  miles  northeast  of  Barcelona. 
It  has  a  cathedral  which  dates  from  the  14th  and  15th  cen- 
turies. The  root  is  remarkable  in  that  it  covers  in  a  single 
span,  with  a  vault  of  73  feet,  the  entire  width  of  nave  and 
aisles  of  the  sanctuary.  There  is  a  14th-century  cloister, 
with  beautiful  capitals.  The  town  is  noted  for  its  sieges, 
especially  those  of  1808  and  1809  by  the  French.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  15,497. 

Geronimo  ( je-ron'i-mo) .  A  North  American  In- 
dian, chief  of  the  Chirioahua  band  of  the  Apache 
tribe.  He  commanded  a  party  of  hostiles  who  were  pur- 
sued first  by  General  George  Crook  and  afterward  by  Gen- 
eral Nelson  A.  Miles  in  1886.  He  was  captured  in  the  sum- 
mer of  that  year. 

G^ronte  (zha-f  6nt')-  In  French  comedy,  a  com- 
mon name  for  a  credulous  and  ridiculous  old 
man.  Originally,  as  in  Comeille's  "Lementeur,"  he  was 
old  and  not  ridiculous,  but  theG^rontes  in  Moli6re's  "Le 
m6decin  malgr^  lui"  and  "Les  fourberies  de  Scapin  "  be- 
came a  type.  Regnard  introduces  a  G6ronte  in  "Le 
joueur,"  "Le  retour  impr^vu,"  and  "Le  l^gataire  uni- 
versel." 

Gerontius  (jo-ron'shi-us).  A  British  general  in 
the  army  of  the  usurper  (Constantino .  He  rebelled 
against  his  master  in  409,  and  proclaimed  one  Maximus 
emperor.  He  drove  Constantine's  son,  Constans,  out  of 
Spain,  and,  when  Constans  was  captured  by  the  insurgents 
at  Vienne,  ordered  him  to  be  put  to  death.  He  was  even- 
tually abandoned  by  his  troops,  and,  being  surrounded  by 
a  superior  enemy,  put  himself  to  death. 

Gerrard  (je-rard').  l.  The  real  name  of  the 
King  of  the  Beggars  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's 
' '  Beggar's  Bush."  He  goes  under  the  name  of 
Clause. — 2.  The  "gentlemandanoing-master" 
in  Wyoherley's  comedy  of  that  name.  He  is  a  per- 
fumed coxcomb  who,  to  conduct  an  intrigue  with  Hippo- 
lita  under  the  nose  of  her  father  and  duenna,  is  induced 
to  assume  the  rdle  of  a  dancing-master. 

Gerrha  (jer'a).  In  ancient  geography,  a  city 
of  Arabia  Felix,  situated  on  the  Persian  Gulf. 
It  was  important  in  the  7th  and  6th  centuries  B.  c,  under 
the  Assyrians,  Babylonians,  and  Persians. 

Gerry  (ger'i),  Elbridge.  Bom  at  Marblehead, 
Mass.,  July  17, 1744:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
Nov.  23,  1814.  An  American  statesman.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Continental  Congress  1776-80  and 
1783-85 ;  a  delegate  to  the  Constitutional  Convention  in 
1787 ;  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1789-93 ; 
commissioner  to  France  1797-98 ;  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts 1810-12 ;  and  Vice-President  1813-14.  During  his 
governorship  the  legislature  of  Massachusetts  redistricted 
the  State  in  an  arbitrary  manner  (1811),  to  procure  a  ma- 
jority for  the  Democrats  in  the  elections  for  State  senators. 
It  was  erroneously  thought  that  the  redistricting  was  un- 
dertaken at  his  instigation  (whence  arose  the  word  "ger- 
rymander," in  allusion  to  the  fancied  resemblance  between 
a  salamander  and  a  map  of  the  new  districts  of  the  State). 

Gers  (zhar).  A  department  of  southern  France, 
capital  Auch:  part  of  the  ancient  Gaseony. 
It  is  bounded  by  Lot-et-Garonne  on  the  north,  Tam-et- 
Garonne  and  Haute-Garonne  on  the  east,  Haute-Garonne, 
Hautes-Pyr6n6es,  and  Basses-Pyr6n6es  on  the  south,  and 
Landes  on  the  west.  Area,  2,425  square  mUes.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  261,084. 

GersaU  (ger'sou).  A  village  in  the  canton  of 
Schwyz,  Switzerland,  on  the  Lake  of  Lucerne 
near  the  Eighi.  It  was  a  republic  from  1390  to 
the  wars  of  the  French  Revolution. 

Gerson(zher-s6n'),  Jean  Charlier  de.  Bom  at 
Gerson,  Ardennes,  Dec.  14, 1363 :  died  at  Lyons, 
July  12, 1429.  A  noted  French  theologian.  He 
was  chancellor  of  the  University  of  Paris,  and  was  promi- 
nent in  the  councils  of  Pisa  and  Constance,  striving  for 
the  unity  of  the  church  and  for  ecclesiastical  reforms.  In 
1419  he  went  to  Lyons,  where  he  died.  The  authorship  of 
the  "De  imitatione  Christi" (which  see)  has  been  attrib- 
uted to  him. 

Jean  Charlier,  or  Gerson,  one  of  the  most  respectable 
and  considerable  names  of  the  later  mediaeval  literature. 
Gerson  was  born  in  1363,  at  a  village  of  the  same  name  in 
Lorraine.  He  early  entered  the  College  de  Navarre,  and 
distinguished  himself  under  Peter  d'Ailly,  the  most  fa- 
mous of  the  later  nominalists.  He  became  Chancellor  of 
the  University,  received  a  living  in  Flanders,  and  for  many 
years  preached  in  the  most  constantly  attended  churches 
of  Paris.  He  represented  the  University  at  the  Council 
of  Constance,  and,  becoming  obnoxious  totheEurgundian 
party,  sought  refuge  with  one  of  his  brothers  at  Lyons, 
where  he  is  said  to  have  taught  little  children.  He  died 
in  1429.  Gerson,  it  is  perhaps  needless  to  say,  is  one  of 
the  numerous  candidates  (but  one  of  the  least  likely)  for 
the  honour  of  having  written  the  "Imitation." 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  141. 

Gersoppa,  Falls  of.  A  cataract  in  the  river 
Shiravati,  India,  which  here  breaks  through  the 
western  Ghauts  about  100  miles  southeast  of 
Goa.    Height,  960  feet  (in  four  falls). 


Gervlnos 

Gerstacker  (ger'stek-er),  Friedrich.    Bom  at 

Hamburg,  May  10,  1816:  died  at  Brunswick, 
May  31, 1872.  A  German  writer  and  traveler. 
In  1837  he  went  to  America,  where  he  traveled  extensively 
until  1843,  when  he  returned  to  Germany  and  adopted 
literature  as  a  profession.  During  1849  to  1852  he  made 
a  Journey  around  the  world.  In  1860-61  he  traveled  in 
South  America.  In  1862  he  accompanied  the  Duke  of 
Coburg-Gotha  to  Egypt  and  Abyssinia.  In  1867  he  was  in 
the  United  States,  Mexico,  and  Venezuela,  returning  to 
(jermany  in  1868.  His  last  years  were  spent  in  Brunswick. 
He  was  a  voluminous  wiiter  of  novels,  tales,  and  stories  of 
adventure  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  Bearing  upon  Amer- 
ica are,  among  others,  "Streif-  und  Jagdziige  durch  die 
Vereinigten  Staaten  von  Nord-amerika  "  ("Rambling  and 
Hunting  Excursions  through  the  United  States  of  North 
America,"  1844),  "Die  Regulatoren  in  Arkansas"  ("The 


1848),  "Amerikanische  Wald-  und  Strombilder"  ("Amer- 
ican Forest  and  Stream  Pictures, "  1849),  ' '  Wie  ist  es  denn 
nun  eigentlich  in  Amerika?  "  ("How  is  it  then,  really,  in 
America?"  1853),  "  Nach  Amerika"  ("To  America,"  1866), 
" Kalif ornische  Skizzen"  ("California  Sketches,"  1866). 
His  collected  works  appeared  after  his  death  in  44  volumes 
(1872-79). 

Gterster  (gar'ster),  Etelka.  Bom  at  Kaschau, 
June  16, 1856.  A  Hungarian  singer  (soprano). 
She  was  a  pupil  of  IVfadameMarchesi  at  Vienna,  and  made 
her  first  appearance  in  1876  at  Venice  as  Gilda  in  "  Rigo- 
letto."  She  has  sung  with  success  in  all  the  principal 
cities  of  Europe.  She  came  to  America  in  1878, 1880,  and 
1887.    In  1877  she  married  Pietro  Gardini,  her  director. 

Gertrude  (ger'trod),  Saint.  Died  March  17, 
659.  An  abbess  of  Nivelles  in  Brabant,  she  was 
the  daughter  of  Pippin  of  Landen,  majordomo  to  Clo- 

i  taire  II.,  and  Itta.  On  the  death  of  Pippin,  Itta  built  a 
cloister  at  Nivelles,  which  included  both  a  monastery  and 
a  nunnery,  and  Gertrude  became  abbess  of  the  latter. 
She  is  commemorated  throughout  Brabant  on  March  17. 

Gertrude,  Saint,  surnamed  "The  Great."  Bom 
in  Germany,  Jan.  6,  1256:  died  1311.  A  Ger- 
man mystic.  She  was  placed  in  the  convent  of  Helfta 
at  the  age  of  five,  and  studied  the  liberal  arts  with  great 
zeal  until  her  twenty-fifth  year,  when,  in  consequence  of 
supernatural  visions,  she  began  to  devote  herself  to  the 
study  of  the  Scriptures  and  the  writings  of  the  fathers. 
Her  visions  are  recorded  in  her  "  Insinuationes  divinse 
pietatis,"  the  first  printed  edition  of  which  appeared  in 
1662.    She  is  commemorated  Nov.  16. 

Gtertrude.  1.  In  Shakspere's  "Hamlet,"  the 
mother  of  Hamlet,  and  queen  of  Denmark.  She 
is  a  weak  woman  whose  share  in  her  second  husband's 
crime  is  doubtful.  She  dies  accidentally  of  poison  prepared 
for  Hamlet. 

2.  The  ambitious,  extravagant  daughter  of  the 
goldsmith  in  Marston,  Chapman,  and  Jonson's 
"Eastward  Hoe." 

Gertrude  of  Wyoming.  A  poem  by  Thomas 
Campbell,  published  in  1809. 

Gertruydenberg,  or  Gertruidenberg  (ger- 
troi'den-bero),  D.  Geertruidenberg  (oar-troi'- 
den-berG).  A  town  in  the  province  of  North 
Brabant,  Netherlands,  25  miles  southeast  of 
Rotterdam,  it  was  the  scene  of  an  unsuccessful  con. 
ference  June  10-July  25, 1710,  designed  to  terminate  the 
war  between  Louis  XIV.  and  the  Allies. 

Louis  agreed  to  give  up — (1)  to  the  Dutch,  ten  fortresses 
in  Flanders  as  a  barrier ;  (2)  to  the  Empire,  Luxembourg, 
Strasburg,  Brisach ;  (3)  to  the  Duke  of  Savoy,  Exilles  and 
FenestreUes ;  (4)  to  England,  Newfoundland.  But  though 
he  would  allow  the  Archduke  Charles  to  be  King  of  Spain, 
he  refused  to  assist  the  Allies  to  expel  Philip  from  Madrid. 
Acland  and  Ransorae,  Eng.  Polit.  Hist.,  p.  128. 

Gerund,  or  Gerundio,  Friar.  See  Fray  Gerun- 
dio. 

Gervais  (zher-va'),  Paul.  Born  at  Paris,  Sept, 
26, 1816 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  10, 1879.  A  French 
zoologist  and  paleontologist.  He  was  at  first  assis- 
tant to  Blaineville  at  the  Jardin  des  Plantes,  and  became 
professor  and  dean  of  the  faculty  of  natural  sciences  at 
Montpellier  in  1846,  professor  at  the  Sorbonne  in  1865, 
and  professor  of  comparative  anatomy  at  the  Jardin  dea 
Plantes  in  1868. 

Gervase  (jer'vas),  or  Gervaise  (jer-vaz'),  of 
Canterbury.  Born  about  1150 :  died  early  in  the 
13thceDtury.  AnEnglishmonk  and  chronicler. 
He  wrote  a  history  of  the  archbishops  of  Canterbury  to  the 
accession  of  Hubert ;  a  chronicle  of  the  reigns  of  Stephen, 
Henry  II.,  and  Richard  I. ;  a  "Mappa  Mundi,"  showing 
the  bishops'  sees,  monasteries,  etc.,  in  each  county  of 
England ;  etc. 

Gervase,  or  Gervaise,  of  Tilbury.  Bom  prob- 
ably at  Tilbury,  Essex:  died  probably  about 
1235.  An  English  historical  writer.  He  was 
called,  without  foundation,  a  grandson  of  Henry  11.  He 
became  a  favorite  of  the  emperor  Otho  IV.,  and  wrote  for 
hia  amusement  "  Otia  Imperialia  "  (albout  1211),  a  y^uable 
medley  of  the  tales  and  superstitions  of  the  middle  ages. 

Gervex  (zher-va'),  Henri.  Bom  at  Paris,  1848. 
A  French  painter,  a  pupil  of  Cabanel,  Fromen- 
tin ,  and  Brisset :  a  member  of  the  impressionist 
school.  Among  his  paintings  are  "Diane  etEndymion" 
(1876),  "Retour  du  bal "  (1879),  "Le  mariage  civil''  (1881 : 
a  decorative  panel  for  the  mairie  of  the  19th  arrondisse- 
ment  at  Paris),  "Baasin  de  LaVillette"  (1882:  for.th© 
same  building),  "La  femme  au  masque"  (1886),  "A  la 
R^publique  tran(aise"  (1890:  at  the  Salon  of  the  Champ- 
de-Mars). 

Gervinus  (ger-fe'nSs),  Georg  Gottfried.  Born 
at  Darmstadt,  Germany,  May  20, 1805 :  died  at 


Gervinus 

Heidelberg,  March  18, 1871.  A  celebrated  Ger- 
man histonan  and  critic.  He  became  profeBsor  (ex- 
tiaordlnary)  at  Heidelberg  in  1836,  and  professor  of  his- 
tory and  literatuxe  at  GSttingen  in  1836 ;  was  one  of  the 
seven  professors  driven  from  that  university  in  1837  for 
protesting  against  the  suspension  of  the  constitution  of 
Hanover ;  and  became  honorary  professor  at  Heidelberg 
In  1844.  His  works  Include  "Geschichte  der  poetischen 
National-litteratur  der  Deutschen"  (5th  edition,  "Ge- 
schichte der  deutschen  Dichtung,"  1871-74:  "History of 
German  Poetry"),  "Shakspere"  (4  vols.  1849-60),  "Ge- 
schichte des  nennzehnten  Jahrhunderts  "  ("  History  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century,"  1866-66),  etc. 

Geryon  (je'ri-on),  orGeryonesde-ri'  o-nez). 
[Gr.  Tepvim  or  T^pv6v?!(.^  In  Greet  mythology, 
a  monster  with  three  heads  or  three  bodies  and 
powerful  wings,  son  of  Chrysaor  and  Callirrhoe, 
dwelling  in  the  island  of  Erytheia  in  the  far 
west.  He  possessed  a  large  herd  of  red  cattle  guarded  by 
Burytion  (his  shepherd)  and  the  two-headed  dog  Arthrus. 
Hercules  carried  these  cattle  away,  and  slew  Geryon. 

G§S  (zhas),  or  Crans  (kranz).  A  race  of  Bra- 
zilian Indians  in  northern  Goyaz  and  western 
Maranhao :  so  named  by  ethnologists  because 
the  names  of  their  numerous  clans  generally 
end  in  g^  ('father,  ancestor')  or  cran  ('son, 
descendant')-  The  Portuguese  of  Maranhao  called 
them  Timbiras.  Among  the  best^known  clans  are  the 
ApinagSs,  GuapindagSs,  and  Macamacrans.  In  all  the 
language  is  essentially  the  same.  They  are  large,  strong, 
and  often  handsome  Indians ;  lead  a  wandering  life  during 
the  dry  season,  but  have  fixed  villages  and  small  planta- 
tions for  the  rainy  months ;  never  use  hammocks,  but 
sleep  on  raised  beds  made  of  sticks ;  and,  in  a  wild  state, 
go  entirely  naked.  Until  about  1830  they  were  continually 
at  war  with  the  whites.  Latterly  the  ApinagSs  and  some 
others  have  been  drawn  into  mission  viUages.  They  still 
number  many  thousands.  Yon  Martins  united  the  G€s 
with  the  Cayapds,  Chavantes,  Across,  Tecunas,  and  many 
other  tribes  in  eastern,  central,  and  northern  Brazil,  in 
what  he  called  the  G6s  or  Crans  stock ;  but  this  classifica- 
tion has  been  generally  abandoned,  and  the  true  position 
of  the  Ms  is  doubtful. 

Geselschap  (Ga-sel'sehap),  Eduard.  Bom  at 
Amsterdam,  March  22,  1814:  died  at  Dtissel- 
dorf,  Jan.  5,  1878.  A  genre  painter,  a  pupil  of 
the  Diisseldorf  Academy.  His  works,  of  which  the 
earlier  are  of  a  romantic  character,  include  "Gbtz  von 
Berlichingen  before  the  Council  of  Heilbronn"  (1842), 
"  Finding  of  the  Body  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  "  (1848),  "Night 
Camp  of  Wallenstein's  Soldiers  In  an  Old  Church"  (1849). 

Gesenius  (ge-se'ni-us ;  G.  pron.  ga-za'ne-os), 
Friedrich  Heinricli  Willielm.  Born  at  Nord- 
hausen,  Prussia,  Feb.  3,  1786:  died  at  Halle, 
Prussia,  Oct.  23,  1842.  A  noted  German  Ori- 
entalist and  biblical  critic,  professor  at  Halle 
from  1810.  His  works  include  "Hebraisches  und  ohal- 
dSisches  Handwarterbuch"("  Hebrew  and  Chaldaic  Lexi- 
con," 1810-12:  translated  by  Edward  Eobinson),  "He- 
braische  Grammatik"  (1813),  Hebrew  "Thesaurus  "(1829- 
18B8),  translation  of  and  commentary  on  Isaiah  (1820-21), 
"Phcenicias  monumenta"  (1837),  etc. 

Gesner  (ges'ner),  Johauu  Matthias.  Bom  at 
Roth,  near  Nuremberg,  Bavaria,  April  9, 1691 : 
died  at  Gottingen,  Aug.  3,  1761.  A  German 
classical  scholar.  He  became  professor  of  rhetoric  in 
the  University  of  Gottingen  in  1734.  He  edited  a  number 
of  Latin  classics,  includinij  Qaintilian  (1738),  Claudian 
1769),  Pliny  the  Younger  (1739),  and  Horace  (1762). 

lesner  (incorrectly  Gessner),  Konrad  von. 
Bora  at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  March  26,  1516: 
died  at  Zurich,  Dec.  13,  1565.  A  celebrated 
Swiss  naturalist  and  scholar.  He  became  pro- 
lessor  of  Greek  at  Lausanne  in  1637,  and  was  afterward 
professor  of  physics  at  Zurich.  Among  his  works  are 
"Bibliotheca  universalis"  (1645-66),  "Historia  animali- 
nm  "  (1560-87),  "  Opera  botanica  "  (published  by  Schmiedel 
1763-59).  • 

Gesoriacum  (jes-6-ri'a-kum).  An  ancient  sea- 
port of  Gaul :  the  modern  Boulogne. 

Gessi  (jes'se),  Bomolo.  Born  at  Eavenna,  Italy, 
April  30, 1831 :  died  at  Suez,  May  1, 1881.  An 
African  traveler,  in  the  Egyptian  service,  and  under 
Gordon  Pasha,  he  surveyed  the  Nile  above  Dufile,  and  es- 
tablished the  fact  that  the  Albert  Nyanza  belongs  to  the 
system  of  the  Nile.  Later  he  became  governor  of  Bahr- 
el-Ghazal.  In  1880  he  returned  with  his  troops  to  Khar- 
tum but  floating  vegetation  prevented  the  progress  of  his 
steamer  until  Marno  came  to  his  relief  in  1881.  His  notes 
have  been  published  by  his  son  in  "Sette  anni  nel  Sudan 
egiziano" (Milan,  1891).  ^    '„    ■       ■, 

Gessler  (ges'ler),  Hermaim.  .  In  Swiss  legen- 
dary history,  an  imperial  magistrate  m  Un  and 
Schwyz,  shot  by  Tell  in  1307,  according  to  the 
"ChronioonHelveticum."    See  Tell,  William. 

Gessner  (ges'ner),  Salomon.  Bom  at  Zunch 
Switzerland,  April  1,  1730:  died  there,  March 
2, 1788.  A  Swiss  idyllic  poet,  landscape-paint- 
er, and  engraver.  His  works  include  "IdyU "  (1766), 
"Death  of  A&el"  (a  prose  idyl,  1768),  "The  First  Boatman 

(iesta  Eomanorum  (jes'ta  ro-ma-no'mm).  [L., 
'  deeds  of  the  Komans.']  A  popular  collection 
of  stories  in  Latin,  compiled,  perhaps  in  Eng- 
land, at  the  end  of  the  13th  or  the  beginning 
of  the  14th  century. 

This  comnilation  long  retained  its  popularity;  was 
nrinted  a^eX  as  1473;  reprinted  at  Eouvain  a  few 
Snths  laterT^^  In  1480  ;^ranslated  into  Dutch  m 


Oei 


435 

1484  ;  printed  again  in  1488 ;  and  went  through  six  or  seven 
editions  in  this  country  during  the  succeeding  century. 
The  earliest  printed  Latin  texts  contained  160  or  161  sec- 
tions. In  the  next  following  editions  the  number  quickly 
rose  to  181,  and  these  181  tales  form  the  commonly  re- 
ceived text.  There  was  a  German  edition  at  Augsburg  in 
1489  containing  only  95  tales,  of  which  some  are  not  in  the 
accepted  Latin  version.  In  like  manner,  including  tales 
not  in  the  Latin  anonymous  text,  there  is  an  English  series 
of  43  or  44  sections,  .  .  .  The  name  of  the  work,  "Gesta 
Bomanorum  "  (Deeds  of  the  Komans),  commonly  applied 
to  anyrecordsof  the  history  of  Home,  is  justified  by  little 
more  than  the  arbitrary,  but  not  invariable,  reference  of 
tale  after  tale  to  the  lite  or  reign  of  Boman  emperors, 
ancient  or  then  modern,  as  Conrad,  or  Frederic,  or  Henry 
II.  The  book  itself  refers  to  the  "  Gesta  Eomanorum  "  as 
simply  the  Annals  of  Kome.  Thus  one  tale,  to  illustrate 
"the  Sin  of  Pride,"  begins  with  the  sentence,  "  We  read 
in  the  *  Gesta  Eomanorum'  of  a  prince  called  Pompey," 
and  proceeds  to  tell  about  Csesar  and  Pompey,  adding  a 
moral  in  the  usual  form.  It  may  be  that  a  first  collection 
of  these  tales  was,  like  this  one,  in  accordance  with  the 
title,  and  gave  only  illustrations  out  of  Eoman  history, 
each  with  its  ready-made  moral  or  "application  "  added 
for  the  preacher's  use ;  but  that  by  the  addition  of  more 
striking  marvels  and  much  livelier  matter,  with  omission 
of  familiar  bits  of  ancient  history,  the  original  convenient 
form  of  Story  and  Application  and  the  original  name  also 
being  retained,  the  work  itself  was  developed  to  its  later 
shape.  Morley,  English  Writers,  III.  364,  367. 

Geta  (je'ta),  Publius  Septimius.  Born  at 
Milan,  May,  189 :  assassinated  by  order  of  Ca- 
racalla,  Feb.,  212.  Second  son  of  Septimius 
Severus  and  Julia  Domna,  brother  of  Caraealla, 
and  joint  emperor  with  him  211-212. 

Getae  (je'te).  [Sometimes  in  E.  form  Cfete;  L. 
Getx,  Gr.  Thai.  The  name  is  not  connected 
with  that  of  the  GauU  or  that  of  the  Gothi  or 
Goths.]  In  ancient  history,  a  Thracian  people 
dwelling  in  the  modem  Bulgaria,  and  later  in 
the  modern  Bessarabia. 

In  ancient  times  the  countries  north  of  the  Danube 
mouths  were  inhabited  by  a  people  called  Getes  (in  Latin 
Getse).  .  .  .  The  poet  Ovid  was  sent  to  live  among  this 
people  when  Augustus  banished  him  from  Home.  Now 
in  the  third  century  after  Christ  the  Goths  came  and 
dwelt  in  the  land  of  theGetes,  and  to  some  extent  mingled 
with  the  native  inhabitants  ;  and  so  the  Eomans  came  to 
think  that  Goths  and  Getes  were  only  two  names  for  the 
same  people,  or  rather  two  different  ways  of  pronouncing 
the  same  word.  Even  the  historian  Jordanes,  himself  a 
Goth,  actually  calls  his  book  a  Getio  history  ["De  rebus 
Geticis"),  and  mixes  up  the  traditions  of  his  own  people 
with  the  tales  which  he  had  read  in  books  about  the  Getes. 
In  modern  times  some  great  scholars  have  tried  to  prove 
that  the  Getes  really  were  Goths,  and  that  the  early  territory 
of  the  Gothic  nation  reached  all  the  way  from  the  Baltic  to 
the  Black  Sea.  But  the  ablest  authorities  are  now  mostly 
agreed  that  this  is  a  mistake,  and  that  when  the  Goths 
migrated  to  the  region  of  the  Danube  it  was  to  settle 
amongst  a  people  of  a  different  race,  speaking  a  foreign 
tongue.  Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  19. 

Gethsemane  (geth-sem'a-ne).  [Heb.,  'oil- 
press  ' ;  Gr.  TeSariliO.vij.']  In  New  Testament  his- 
tory, a  garden  or  orchard  east  of  Jerusalem,  near 
the  brook  Kedron. 

Getty  (get'i),  George  Washington.  Bom  Oct. 
2, 1819 :  died  at  Forest  Glen,  Md.,  Oct.  1, 1901. 
A  Union  general  in  the  Civil  War.  He  graduated 
at  West  Pointin  1840;  foughtwith  distinction  in  theMexican 
war;  servedintheartilleryatYorktown.Gaines'sMill, Mal- 
vern Hill,  South  Mountain,  and  Antietam ;  became  briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers  Sept  26, 1862;  participated  in  the 
Eappahannock  campaign  1862-63,  being  engaged  at  Freder- 
icksburg and  in  the  defense  of  Suffolk,  Virginia ;  served  in 
the  defense  of  Washington  in  July,  1864,  and  in  the  Shen- 
andoah campaign ;  and  was  present  at  Lee's  surrender, 
April  9, 1865.  He  became  colonel  in  the  regular  army, 
July  28,  1866,  and  commanded  the  troops  along  the  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  Eailroad  during  the  riots  of  1877. 

Gettysburg  (get'iz-berg).  A  borough  and  the 
capital  of  Adams  County,  southern  Pennsyl- 
vania, 36  mUes  southwest  of  Harrisburg.  it  is 
the  seat  of  Pennsylvania  College  (Lutheran)  and  of  a 
Lutheran  theological  seminary,  and  has  a  national  ceme- 
tery on  the  field  of  the  battle  fought  here  July  1-3, 1863. 
Population  (19001,  3,495. 

Gettysburg,  Battle  of.  A  victory  of  the  Fed- 
erals under  General  Meade  over  the  Confeder- 
ates under  Lee  at  Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania, 
July  1-3,  1863.  General  Lee,  whUe  invading  Pennsyl- 
vania, was  compelled  to  retreat  by  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac under  General  Meade,  which  was  threatening  his  rear. 
He  decided  to  venture  a  battle,  expecting  in  case  of  victory 
to  march  on  Washington,  and  in  case  of  defeat  to  secure 
a  direct  line  of  retreat  to  Yirginia  ;  and  gave  orders  for 
his  army  to  concentrate  at  Gettysburg.  On  July  1  the 
Federal  advance  under  Major-General  Eeynolds  met  the 
Confederate  advance  at  Gettysburg.  An  engagement  en- 
sued, in  which  both  sides  were  reinforced.  Eeynolds  was 
killed,  and  was  succeeded  by  General  Howard,  who  main- 
tained his  position  on  Cemetery  HUl,  south  of  Hie  town. 
General  Meade  arrived  during  the  afternoon.  On  tlie  2a 
the  Federal  army  occupied  a  strong  position  in  the  form 
of  a  semicircle  with  its  convex  center  toward  Gettysburg 
and  including  the  elevations  of  Cemetery  Hill  and  Erand 
Top.  About  noon  Lee  began  a  general  attack  on  the  Ji  ed- 
erd  center  and  left,  which  was  followed  by  an  attack  on 
the  right.  He  gained  only  a  slight  advantage.  The  battle 
on  thf  2d  demonstrated  that  the  key  to  General  Meade  s 
position  was  Cemetery  Hill,  which  was  defended  by  abat- 
teryof  aboutSO  guns.  Accordingly,onthe3d,GeneralLee 
massed  upward  of  lOOguns  on  Seminary  Eidge,  with  which 
he  opened  on  Cemetery  Hill  about  1  P.  M.  The  bombard- 
ment,  which  lasted  an  hour  and  a  half,  was  followed  by 


Ghazni 

two  grand  assaults,  which  were  repulsed.  General  Lee 
retired  on  the  4th.  The  forces  engaged  during  this  three 
days'  battle  numbered  between  70,000  and  80,000  on  each 
side.  The  Federal  loss  was  2,834  killed,  13,709  wounded, 
and  6,643  missing,  making  a  total  of  23,186.  The  total  Con- 
federate loss  was  31,621.    See  Pickett. 

Geullncx  (ae'links  or  zhfe-lanks'),  Axnold. 
Born  at  Antwerp,  1625 :  died  at  Leyden,  1669. 
A  Cartesian  philosopher,  the  founder  of  the 
metaphysical  theory  of  occasionalism.  He  studied 
at  Louvain,  and  became  a  teacher  of  philosophy  there  in 
1646,  but  was  deprived  of  his  position  in  1662  on  account 
of  his  attacks  upon  scholasticism.  He  then  went  over  to 
Protestantism,  and  in  1665  became  professor  of  philosophy 
at  Leyden. 

G6vaudan  (zha-vo-don').  An  ancient  district 
in  Languedoc,  France,  capital  Mende,  nearly 
corresponding  to  the  department  of  Lozfere. 
It  was  a  viscountship  in  the  middle  ages,  and  was  acquired 
by  France  in  the  reign  of  St.  Louis  (1258). 

Gevelsberg  (ga'fels-bera).  A  manufacturing 
town  in  toe  province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia, 
near  Hagen.    Population  (1890),  9,379. 

Gex  (zheks).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Ain, 
Prance,  10  miles  north-northwest  of  Geneva. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  2,659. 

Gex,  Fays  de.  A  small  district  of  eastern 
France,  included  in  the  department  of  Ain,  and 
in  the  ancient  general  government  of  Burgundy. 
It  was  acquired  by  Savoy  in  1365 ;  followed  the  fortunes 
of  Savoy,  and  at  different  times  of  Geneva  and  the  Swiss ; 
and  was  annexed  to  France  in  1801. 

Geysers  of  the  Yellowstone.    See  Yellowstone. 

Gezer  (ge'zer).  In  ancient  geography,  a  Ca- 
naanite  city  within  the  territory  of  Ephraim, 
Palestine.    Its  site  is  the  modem  Tel  Jezar. 

Gfrorer  (gfrer'er),  August  Friedrich.  Bom 
at  Calw,  Wiirtemberg,  March  5,  1803 :  died  at 
Karlsbad,  Bohemia,  July  6,  1861.  A  German 
historian,  professor  at  the  Catholic  ITniversity 
of  Freiburg  1846.  Among  his  works  are  "AUgemeine 
Kirohengeschiohte  "  (1841-46),  "  Geschichte  der  ost-  und 
westfrankiachen  Karolinger  Q858),  "  Papst  Gregor  YII. 
und  sein  ^eitalter  "  (1859-61),  "Byzantinische  Geschichte  " 
(1872-74),  etc. 

Ghadames,  or  Gadames  (ga-da'mes).  A  town 
and  trading  center  in  an  oasi  s  of  western  Tripoli, 
in  lat.  30°  12'  N.,long.  9°  10'  E.:  the  Eoman 
Cydamus.    Population,  about  7,000. 

Ghadamsi  (ga-dam'se).    See  Berbers. 

Ghalib  (ga-leb').    See  the  extract. 

The  last  of  the  four  great  poets  of  the  old  Turkish  school 
was  Sheykh  Ghalib,  who  lived  and  worked  in  the  time  of 
Sultan  Selim  III.  (1789-1807).  His  "Husn-u-Ashk"(" Beau- 
ty and  Love  "),  an  allegorical  romantic  poem,  is  one  of  the 
finest  productions  of  Ottoman  genius. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  321. 

Ghara  (ga'ra).  The  river  Sutlej,  British  India, 
from  its  union  with  the  Bias  to  its  confluence 
with  the  Chenab. 

Gharbieh,  or  Garbieh  (gar-be'ye) .  A  maritime 
province  of  Egypt,  situated  in  the  Delta  between 
the  Damietta  mouth  on  the  east  and  the  Eosetta 
mouth  on  the  west.  Area,  2,340  square  miles. 
Population  (1897).  1,297,656. 

Ghardaya.    See  Gardaia. 

Ghassanids  (ga-san'idz).  Kingdom  of  the.  A 
realm  in  Hauran,  Syria,  which  was  flourishing 
under  the  suzerainty  of  the  Byzantine  empire 
about  450-560. 

Ghat  (gat).    See  Berbers. 

Ghats,  or  Ghauts  (gftts).  [Hind.,  'a  pass'  or 
'landing-stairs.']  In  British  India,  specifically 
the  two  mountain-ranges  inclosing  the  Deccan 
on  the  east  and  west,  and  uniting  near  Cape 
Comorin.  The  Eastern  Ghats  extend  northward  to  the 
vicinity  of  Balasor :  average  height,  about  1,500  feet.  The 
Western  Ghats  extend  northward  to  the  Tapti  valley.  The 
Nilgiris  in  the  Western  Ghats  rise  in  Dodabeta  to  8,760  feet. 

Ghazan  (ga-zan')  Khan.  Bom  Nov.  30,  1271 : 
died  May  17, 1304.  A  Mongol  sovereign  of  Per- 
sia 1295—1304.  He  extended  his  dominions  from  the 
Amu  Daria  on  the  northeast  to  the  Persian  Gulf  on  the 
south  and  Syria  on  the  west,  and  made  Mohammedanism 
the  established  religion  of  Persia. 

Ghaziabad  (ga-ze-a-bad').  A  town  in  the 
Northwest  Provinces,  British  India,  14  miles 
east  of  Delhi. 

Ghazipur  (gS-ze-por').  1.  A  district  in  the 
Benares  division,  Northwest  Provinces:  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  25°  30'  N.,  long.  83° 
30'  E.  Area,  1,462  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  1,077,909.—  2.  The  capital  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Ghazipur,  situated  on  the  Ganges  in 
lat.  25°  34'  N.,  long.  83°  35'  E.  Population 
(1891),  44,970. 

Ghaznevids  (gaz'ne-vidz) .  An  Asiatic  dynasty 
founded  in  the  latter  part  of  the  10th  century, 
and  having  its  seat  at  Ghazni.  its  most  famous 
sultan  was  Mahmud.  Its  later  capital  was  Lahore  in 
India,    It  was  overthrown  by  the  ruler  of  Ghur  in  1186. 

Ghazni  (gaz'ne  orguz'ne),  or  Ghuzni  (gaz'ne), 
or  Ghizni  (gez'ne),  or  Gazna  (gaz'na  or  guz'- 


Ghazni 

nS).  A  city  of  Afghanistan,  situated  in  lat.  33° 
34'  N.,  long.  68°  14' E.  Itwas  important  in  the  middle 
ageg,  especially  as  the  capital  of  the  empire  of  Mahmud 
(997-1030).  It  was  stormed  by  the  British  in  1839,  and  re- 
taljen  by  the  Afghans  in  1842  and  by  the  British  in  the 
same  year.  The  so-called  Gates  of  Somnath  were  removed 
from  the  city  when  the  British  retired  from  Afghanistan 
in  1842.    Population,  estimated,  10,000. 

Gheel  (gal).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Ant- 
werp, Belgium,  26  miles  east  of  Antwerp,  it  has 
been  celebrated  since  the  middle  ages  as  an  asylum  for 
the  insane.    Population  (1890),  12,026. 

Ghent  (gent).  [Early  mod.  E.  Geiit,  ME.  Gent, 
Gant,  Gaunt,  OP.  Gant,  P.  Gand,  (ML.  Ganda), 
G.  Gent,  from  OPlem.  Gend,  D.  Gent,  formerly 
Ghendtl  The  capital  of  the  province  of  East 
Flanders,  Belgium,  on  islands  at  the  junction  of 
the  Lys  with  the  Schelde,  in  lat.  51°  3'N.,long. 
3°  42'  E.  It  has  a  large  trade  in  grain,  flax,  and  rape- 
oil,  and  manufactures  of  linen,  cotton,  lace,  leather  wares, 
and  engines.  The  Cathedral  of  St.  Bavon  is  of  the  13th 
century,  with  later  additions  and  modifications,  exceptthe 
crypt,  which  is  of  the  10th.  The  interior  is  highly  impres- 
sive. The  cathedral  possesses  many  fine  paintings,  the 
chief  being  the  "Adoration  of  the  Lamb  "  by  Jan  and  Hubert 
van  Byck  and  the  "St.  Bavon  " by  Kubens.  The  hdtel  de 
Tille,  or  town  hall,  has  a  facade  considered  the  finest  piece 
of  rich  Flamboyant  architecture  in  Belgium.  The  city 
also  contains  a  notable  library,  museum,  botanic  gar- 
den, the  ruined  abbey  of  St.  Bavon,  the  Grand  Bi- 
guinage,  St.  Nicholas's  Church,  St.  Michael's  Church,  the 
Oudeberg,  palais  de  Justice,  university,  institute  of  sci- 
ences, and  Petit  B^guinage.  Ghent'  became  the  capital 
of  Flanders  in  the  13th  century,  and  was  one  of  the 
most  important  medieval  cities.  It  became  afamous  cen- 
ter of  woolen  manufacture.  The  citizens  were  noted  for 
their  independence  and  bravery.  It  revoli>ed  against  the 
counts  of  Flanders  in  the  14th  century  under  Jacob  and 
Philip  van  Artevelde ;  revolted  against  Philip  the  Good 
of  Burgundy  1448-63 ;  was  the  scene  of  the  marriage  of 
Maximilian  and  Mary  of  Burgundy  in  1477;  revolted 
against  Charles  V.  (who  was  born  there  1500)  in  1539,  and 
was  deprived  of  its  liberties  in  1540 ;  was  taken  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1684,  and  by  the  French  in  1678 ;  and  was 
several  times  taken  in  the  ISth  century.  Population 
(1900),  160,949. 

Ghent,  Pacification  of,  A  union  between  Hol- 
land, Zealand,  and  the  southern  provinces  of 
the  Low  Countries,  formed  against  Spanish 
supremacy,  concluded  at  Ghent  Nov.  8,  1576. 

Ghent,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  between  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain,  concluded  at  Ghent 
Dee.  24,  1814,  terminating  the  War  of  1812.  it 
provided  for  the  mutual  restitution  of  conquered  territory 
and  the  appointment  of  three  commissions  to  settle  the 
titles  to  the  islands  in  Passamaquoddy  Bay,  and  to  estab- 
lish the  northern  boundary  of  the  United  States  as  far  as 
the  St.  Lawrence,  and  thence  through  the  Great  Lakes  to 
the  Lake  of  the  Woods.  The  American  commissioners 
were  John  Quincy  Adams,  James  Bayard,  Henry  Clay, 
Jonathan  Eussell,  and  Albert  Gallatin ;  the  British  com- 
missioners were  Lord  Gambier,  Henry  Goulburn,  and 
William  Adams.  , 

Gherardesca  (ga-rar-des'ka),  Ugolino  della. 
Died  1289.  An  Italian  partizan  leader  in  Pisa. 
He  conspired  to  obtain  the  supreme  power,  and  was  im- 
prisoned in  1274,  but  escaped  and  joined  the  Florentines 
who  were  then  at  war  with  Pisa,  and  effected  his  return 
by  force.  He  subsequently  led  the  Pisans  unsuccessfully 
against  the  Genoese  and  the  Florentines.  He  was  forced 
to  abandon  his  own  party,  the  Ghibellines,  and  seek  aid 
from  the  Guelfs.  He  was  finally  overthrown,  and  with 
his  two  sons,  Gaddo  and  Uguccione,  and  two  nephews  was 
starved  to  death  in  prison.  His  story  forms  a  celebrated 
episode  in  the  "  Inferno  "  of  Dante. 

Gherardi  del  Testa (ga-rar'de  del  tes'ta), Count 
Tommaso.  Born  at  Terriciuola,  near  Pisa, 
Italy,  1818:  died  near  Pistoja,  Italy,  Oct.  13, 
1881.  An  Italian  dramatist.  Several  of  his 
plays  were  produced  by  Ristori  in  Paris. 

Ghibellines  (gib'e-linz).  [Also  written  CM  JeZiwes, 
Ghibellins;  from  It.  Ghibellino,  the  Italianized 
form  of  G.  Waihlingen,  the  name  of  an  estate  in 
the  part  of  the  ancient  circle  of  Franconia  now 
included  in  Wiirtemberg,  belonging  to  the  house 
of  Hohenstauf  en  (to  which  the  then  reigning  em- 
peror Conrad  belonged),  when  war  broke  out 
about  1140  between  this  house  and  the  Welfs 
or  Guelfs.  It  is  said  to  have  been  first  employed 
as  the  rallying-cry  of  the  emperor's  party  at  the 
battle  of  Weinsberg.]  The  imperial  and  aris- 
tocratic party  of  Italy  in  the  middle  ages:  op- 
posed to  the  Guelfs,  the  papal  and  popular 
party. 

Ghiherti(ge-ber'te), Lorenzo,  BomatPlorence 
about  1378 :  died  at  Florence,  1455.  An  Italian 
sculptor.  He  learned  the  goldsmith's  craft  from  his  step- 
father Bartolo  Michele,who  called  himself  Lorenzo  de'Bar- 
toli.  He  first  made  himself  known  as  apainter  by  his  work 
on  the  frescos  of  the  palace  of  Carlo  Malatesta  at  RiminL 
He  was  recalled  from  Bimini  in  1401  to  compete  for  the 
doors  of  the  baptistery  at  Florence.  The  trial  of  skill  lay  be- 
tween Ghiberti  and  Brunelleschi  of  Florence,  Querela  and 
Valdambrini  of  Siena,  and  Niccolo  d'Arezzo  and  Simone 
from  Colli  in  the  Val  d'Elsa.  Ghiberti  won,  and  the  first 
door  was  begun  in  1403  and  finished  in  1424.  During  these 
twenty-one  years  twenty  artists,  among  whom  were  Dona- 
tello  and  Piero  Niello,  assisted  in  modeling  and  casting 
the  work.  Its  completion  was  immediately  followed  by 
an  order  to  make  the  remaining  door  of  the  baptistery. 
liisi  the  great  work  of  his  lite,  was  begun  In  1424  and  fin- 


436 

ished  In  1447.  The  subjects  were  selected,  at  the  request 
of  the  deputies,  by  Leonardo  Bruni  (Aretino).  When  Ghi- 
berti finished  these  doors  he  was  about  seventy  years  old. 
In  the  meantime  he  had  received  and  executed  many  com- 
missions for  statues,  bas-reliefs,  and  goldsmith's  work,  and 
had  also  spent  some  time  in  Kome.  As  a  goldsmith  he 
made  the  miters  of  Popes  Martin  V.  (1419)  and  Eugenius 
IV.  (1434). 

Ghika  (ge'ka).  A  princely  family,  of  Albanian 
origin,  which  furnished  many  rulers  to  Walla- 
,chia  and  Moldavia  in  the  17th,  18th,  and  19th 
centuries. 

Ghilan,  or  Gilan  (ge-lan ' ) .  A  province  of  north- 
em  Persia, bordering  on  the  Caspian  Sea.  Capi- 
tal, Kesht.    Population,  probably  150,000. 

Ghilzais  (ghel'ziz).  A  warlike  elan  in  east- 
ern Afghanistan,  between  Kabul  and  Kandahar. 

Ghirlandajo  (ger-lan-da'yo),  II  (originally  Do- 
menico  Bigordi  or  Corradi).  [Sumamed  u 
Ghirlandajo,  the  garland-maker,  probably  from 
his  father's  being  a  goldsmith.]  Born  at  Flor- 
ence, 1449 :  died  there,  Jan.  11,  1494.  A  Flor- 
entine painter,  also  noted  as  a  mosaicist.  He 
was  the  founder  of  a  famous  school  of  painting,  and  the 
teacher  of  Michelangelo.  His  frescos  in  Florence  are  in 
the  Palazzo  Veoohio  (1481)  and  the  church  and  refectory 
of  Ognissanti  (1480),  the  Sassetti  Chapel  in  Santa  Trinity 
(1485),  the  choir  of  Santa  Maria  Novella  (his  masterpiece, 
about  1485-88),  and  the  Church  of  the  Innocenti  (1488).  In 
1483  he  was  called  to  Home  to  aid  in  decorating  the  Sistine 
ChapeL  Among  his  pictures  are  two  "Holy  Families  "  at 
Berlin,  "Adoration  of  the  Shepherds  "  in  the  academy  at 
Florence  (1485X  "Madonna  and  Saints"  at  San  Martino, 
Lucca,  and  "Madonna  and  Child  with  Saints,"  "St.  Cath- 
arine of  Siena,"  and  "St.  Lawrence  "  in  the  Pinakothek  at 
Munich.  His  brothers  Davide  and  Benedetto  are  also 
noted  as  assisting  him. 

Ghirlandajo,  Ridolfo,  Born  at  Florence,  Feb. 
4, 1483 :  died  there,  June  6, 1561.  A  Florentine 
painter,  son  of  Domenico  Ghirlandajo. 

Ghirlandina  Tower.    See  Modena. 

Ghislanzoni  (ges-lan-zo'ne),  Antonio.  Bom 
1824:  died  July,  1893.  An  Italian  writer  and 
journalist.  Until  he  lost  his  voice  in  1854,  he  was  a 
singer  on  the  Italian  stage.  He  founded  the  comic  paper 
"  VUomo  di  Pietra  "  in  1857. 

Ghiz.    Same  as  Geee. 

Ghizeh.    See  Gizeh. 

Ghizni.     See  Ghasni. 

Ghondama  (gon-da'ma).    See  KhoiJchoin. 

Ghoorkhas,    See  Ghurkas. 

Ghur  (gor),  Ghore  (gor),  Gaur,  Gour  (gour), 
etc.  A  mountainous  region  of  Afghanistan, 
southeast  of  Herat. 

Ghuri  (gb're).  A  Mohammedan  Asiatic  dynasty 
whose  seat  was  in  Ghur.  They  became  prominent  in 
the  12th  century ;  put  an  end  to  the  Ghaznevid  power  at 
Lahore  in  1186 ;  and  overran  a  large  part  of  India.  They 
were  reduced  in  power  in  the  13th  century,  and  confined 
to  the  neighborhood  of  Herat,  which  was  taken  byXimur 
in  1383. 

Ghurkas,  or  Goorkhas,  or  Ghoorkas  (gor'kaz). 
The  dominant  race  in  the  kingdom  of  Nepal. 
ThcGhurkas  are  of  Hindu  descent,  and  speak  a  Sanskritic 
dialect.  They  were  driven  out  of  Rajputana  by  the  early 
Mohammedan  invaders,  and  gradually  approached  Nepal, 
which  they  conquered  in  1768  after  a  long  struggle.  Some 
of  the  best  troops  in  the  Anglo-Indian  army  are  recruited 
from  the  Ghurl^s. 

Ghuzni.     See  Ghazni. 

Giafar  (ja'far).  In  the  "Arabian  Nights' 
Entertainments,"  the  grand  vizir  of  Harun-al- 
Kashid,  who  accompanies  him  in  his  nightly 
wanderings. 

Giambelli  (jam-bel'le),  or  Gianibelli  (ja-ne- 
bel'le),FederigO.  Born  at  Mantua,  Italy:  lived 
in  the  second  half  of  the  16th  century :  died  at 
London.  An  Italian  military  engineer  in  the 
service  of  Queen  Elizabeth  at  Antwerp  1584r-85, 
and  later  in  England. 

Giannone  (jan-no'ne),  Pietro.  Bom  at  Isehi- 
tella,  Foggia,  Italy,  May  7, 1676 :  died  in  prison 
at  Turin,  March  7, 1748.  An  Italian  historian. 
He  published  "  Storia  civile  del  regno  di  Na- 
poli"(1723),  etc. 

Giannuzzi,  Giulio  Pippi  de'.  See  Giulio  Ro- 
mano. 

Giant  Despair.  The  owner  of  Doubting  Castle, 
in  Bunyan's  "  Pilgrim's  Progress." 

Giant-Killer,  Jack  the.    See  Jack. 

Giant's  Causeway.  A  group  of  basaltic  col- 
umns, situated  on  the  coast  of  Antrim,  north- 
em  Ireland,  west  of  Bengore  Head,  about  11 
miles  northeast  of  Coleraine. 

Giant's  Dance.    See  the  extract. 

Stonehenge  was  called  the  Giant's  Dance  (chorea  gigan- 
tum),  a  name  no  doubt  once  connected  with  alegend  which 
has  been  superseded  by  the  story  attached  to  it  by  Geof- 
frey of  Monmouth.    Wright,  Celt,  Koman,  and  Saxon,  p.  92. 

Giants  of  Guildhall,    See  Gog  and  Magog. 
(jiaour  (jour),  The.    A  narrative  poem  by  Lord 

Byron,  published  in  1813. 
Giardini  (jar-de'ne),  Felice  di.    Bom  at  Turin 

in  1716 :  died  at  Moscow,  Dee.  17, 1796.  A  noted 

Italian  violinist. 


Gibby 

Giarre  (jar're).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Ca- 
tania, Sicily,  Italy,  situated  near  the  sea  16 
miles  north-northeast  of  Catania.  Population, 
12,769. 

Giaveno  (ja-va'no).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Turin,  Italy,  16  miles  west  of  Turin.  Popula- 
tion, 6,379. 

Gib  (gib),  Adam.  Bom  at  Muckhart,  Perth- 
shire, April  14, 1714 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  June 
18,  1788.  A  Scottish  clergyman,  leader  of  the 
"Antiburgher"  section  in  the  "breach"  of  the 
Scottish  Secession  Church  1747. 

Gibaros.    See  Jivaros. 

Gibbet  (jib'et).  In  Farquhar's  comedy  "The 
Beaux'  Stratagem,"  a  highwayman  and  convict. 
He  remarks  that  it  is  "for  the  good  of  my  country  that  I 
should  be  abroad,"  and  prides  himself  on  being  the  "  best 
behaved  man  on  the  road," 

Gibbie  (gib'i).  Goose.  A  half-witted  lad  in 
"Old  Mortality,"  by  Sir  "Walter  Scott. 

Gibbon  (gib'on),  Edward.  Bom  at  Putney, 
Surrey,  April  27, 1737:  died  at  London,  Jan.  15, 
1794.  A  famous  English  historian.  He  was  a 
grandson  of  Edward  Gibbon,  who  was  one  of  the  most 
prominent  of  the  directors  of  the  South  Sea  Company,  and 
who,  when  the  bubble  burst,  lost  the  greater  part  of  his 
fortune,  which,  however,  he  later  repaired.  His  health  in 
childhood  was  poor,  and  his  instruction  irregular.  He  en- 
tered Oxford  (Magdalen  College)  in  April,  1762,  but  left  the 
university  after  a  residence  of  fourteen  months.  At  this 
time  he  became  a  !Roman  Catholic,  a  creed  which  he  soon 
afterward  renounced.  In  June,  1753,  he  was  placed  under 
the  care  and  instruction  of  PaviUiard,  a  Calvinist  minis- 
ter, at  Lausanne,  where  he  remained  with  great  profit  un- 
til Aug., 1758,  when  he  returned  to  England.  At  Lausanne 
he  fell  in  love  with  Susanne  Curchod  (afterward  Madame 
Necker  and  mother  of  Madame  de  Stael),  but  on  his  return 
to  England  the  aifair  was  broken  off  by  his  father.  He 
served  in  the  militia  1759-70,  attaining  the  rank  of  colonel. 
From  Jan.,  1763,  to  June,  1765,  he  traveled  in  I'rauce, 
Switzerland,  and  Italy.  In  1774  he  was  elected  to  Parlia- 
ment. In  Sept.,  1783,  he  established  himself  at  Lausanne, 
where  he  resided  for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  His  great 
workia  "The  History  of  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman 
Empire,"  still  the  chief  authority  for  the  period  which  it 
covers,  and  one  of  the  greatest  histories  ever  written.  The 
first  volume  appeared  in  1776  and  the  last  in  1788.  He  also 
wrote  "Memoirs  of  my  Life  and  Writings." 

Gibbon,  John.  Born  near  Holmesburg,  Pa., 
April  20, 1827 :  died  Feb.  6, 1896.  An  American 
general.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1847 ;  was 
promoted  captain  in  1359 ;  commanded  a  brigade  at  Antie- 
tam  (1862)  and  Gettysburg  (1863) ;  was  made  major-general 
of  volunteers,  June  7, 1864 ;  and  took  part  in  the  battles 
of  the  Wilderness,  Spottsylvauia  Court  House,  and  Cold 
Harbor  (1864).  He  commanded  a  column  in  the  Yellow- 
stone  expedition  against  Sitting  Bull  in  1876,  and  was  made 
brigadier-general  in  the  regular  army  July  10, 1885.  He 
published  "The  Artillerist's  Manual"  (1859). 

Gibbons  (gib'onz),  Christopher.  Bom  at  West- 
minster, 1615 :  died  Oct.  20,  1676.  An  English 
musical  composer.  He  was  organist  of  Winchester 
cathedral  1638-61,  and  at  the  Restoration  became  an  or- 
ganist of  the  Chapel  Royal,  organist  of  Westminster  Ab- 
bey, and  organist  to  the  king.  He  was  buried  in  West- 
minster Abbey. 

Gibbons,  Grinling.  Bom  at  Rotterdam,  April 
4, 1648 :  died  at  London,  Aug.  3, 1720.  A  noted 
English  wood-carver  and  sculptor.  Among  his 
notable  works  in  wood  were  a  copy  of  Tintoretto's  "  Cru- 
cifixion "  (Venice),  containing  over  one  hundred  figures, 
"The  Stoning  of  Stephen,"  etc.  He  excelled  especially  in 
carving  fiowers,  fruitj  and  game,  and  in  decorative  work. 

Gibbons,  James.  Bom  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  July 
23, 1834.  An  American  Eoman  Catholic  prelate. 
He  was  ordained  priest  at  St.  Mary's  Seminary,  Balti- 
more, in  1861,  and  became  archbishop  of  Baltimore  in  1877, 
and  cardinal  in  1886.  He  has  published  "  The  Faith  of 
Our  Fathers  "  (1876)  and  "Our  Christian  Heritage"  (1889). 

Gibbons,  James  Sloane.  Bom  at  Wilmington, 
Del.,  July  1,  1810 :  died  at  New  York,  Oct.  17, 
1892.  An  American  banker  and  author.  He  was 
identified  with  the  abolition  movement,  and  in  1863  his 
house  was  sacked  by  the  New  York  mob  during  the  draft 
riots,  on  account  of  its  being  illuminated  in  honor  of  Lin- 
coln's emancipation  proclamation.  He  wrote  the  war  song 
"We  are  coming.  Father  Abraham,  three  hundred  thou- 
sand more." 

Gibbons,  Orlando.  Bom  at  Cambridge,  Eng- 
land, 1583 :  died  at  Canterbury,  England,  Jime 
5,  1625.  A  noted  English  composer  and  organ- 
ist, best  known  by  his  church  music,  which 
gained  for  him  the  title  of  "  the  English  Pales- 
trina."  It  has  been  mostly  printed  in  Barnard's  "Church 
Music"  (1641),  and  in  1873  in  a  volume  edited  by  Su'  F.  A. 
Gore  Ouseley.  His  madrigals  are  considered  amopg  the 
best  of  the  English  school.  He  was  one  of  a  family  noted 
for  musical  attainments. 

Gibbs  (gibz),  Josiah  Willard.  Bom  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  April  30,  1790:  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn. ,  March  25 ,  1861.  An  American  philologist. 
He  translated  Gesenius's  "Hebrew  Lexicon" 
(1824),  and  published  "Philological  Studies" 
(1857),  etc. 

Gibby  (gib'i).  In  Mrs.Centlivre's  comedy  "The 
Wonder,"  the  highland  servant  of  Colonel  Brit- 
on. He  is  an  undaunted  and  incorrigible 
blunderer. 


Gibeah 

Gibeah  fgib'e-a).  In  Scripture  geography,  a 
towB  in  Palestine,  probably  about  4  miles  north 
of  Jerusalem,  it  was  the  scene  of  the  destruction  of 
the  Benjamites  (Judges  xx.).  There  were  several  other 
places  of  the  name  in  Palestine. 

Gibelines.    See  GhibelUnes. 

Gibeon  (gib'e-on),  modem  El-Jlb.  In  Old  Tes- 
tament geography,  a  town  in  Palestine,  6  miles 
northwest  of  Jerusalem.  The  Gibeonites  succeeded 
by  a  stratagem  in  making  a  treaty  with  the  Israelites  un- 
der Joshua.    The  town  was  taken  by  Shishak. 

Gibil  (ge'bil).  The Assyro-Babylonian fire-god. 
He  is  mvoked  in  hymns  addressed  to  him,  on  account  of 
the  many  beneficial  functions  of  Are,  as  one  who  wards  off 
all  dangers,  and  who  decides  the  fate  of  men.  The  name 
is  derived  from  Akkadian  gi,  stick,  and  bit,  Are,  and  seems 
to  indicate  the  existence  among  the  Akkadians  of  theflre- 
drill  common  among  many  primitive  peoples. 

Gibraltar  (ji-bral'tar;  Sp.  pron.  He-bral-tar'). 
A  town  and  fortified  promontory  on  the  south- 
em  coast  of  Spain,  a  crowu  colony  of  Great 
Britain,  situated  in  lat.  36°  6'  N.,  long.  5°  21' 
W.,  celebrated  for  its  strength,  it  is  an  impor- 
tant coaling  station.  It  was  the  classical  Calpe,  and  one 
of  the  Pillars  of  Hercules ;  was  the  landing-place  of  the 
Saracen  leader  Tarik  (hence  Geid-al-Tarik,  'Hill  of  Ta- 
rik ') ;  was  taken  finally  from  the  Moors  by  the  Spaniards 
in  1462 ;  was  fortified  by  Charles  V. ;  was  taken  by  an 
English  and  Dutch  force  under  Eooke  in  1704 ;  and  was 
unsuooessfully  besieged  by  the  Spaniards  and  French  in 
1704-05,  by  the  Spaniards  in  1727,  and  by  the  Spaniards  and 
French  1779-83.  In  the  last  siege,  commencing  June  21, 
1779,  the  defenders  were  commanded  by  Lord  Heathfleld. 
The  chief  attack  was  made  Sept.  13, 1782,  when  the  float- 
ing batteries  devised  by  the  Chevalier  d'Arjon  were  used. 
Greatest  height  of  the  rock,  1,439  feet.  Area,  1^  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  25,869. 

Gibraltar,  Bay  of.  An  inlet  of  the  strait  of 
Gibraltar,  situated  west  of  the  town. 

Gibraltar,  Strait  of.  A  sea  passage  connect- 
ing the  Mediterranean  Sea  with  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  and  separating  Spain  from  Morocco: 
the  ancient  Fretum  Herculeum,  Pretum  Gadi- 
tanum,  Fretum  Tartessium,  etc.  Its  width  in  the 
narrowest  part  is  8  miles ;  between  Ceuta  and  Gibraltar 
it  is  13  miles. 

Gibraltar  of  America,  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  Quebec. 

Gibson  (gib'son),  Edmund.  Bom  at  Bampton, 
Westmorelanii,  England,  1669 :  died  at  Bath, 
England,  Sept.  6, 1748.  An  English  prelate  and 
author.  He  became  bishop  of  Lincoln  in  1715,  and  in  1723 
was  translated  to  the  see  of  London.  His  chief  work  is 
"  Codex  juris  ecclesiastici  Anglicani "  (1713). 

Gibson,  Edward,  first  Baron  Ashbourne.  Bora 
1837.  A  British  Conservative  politician.  He  was 
lord  chancellor  of  Ireland  in  all  Lord  Salisbury's  admin- 
istrations, and  was  raised  to  the  peerage  in  1885.  He  intro- 
duced Lord  Ashbourne's  Act,  relating  to  Irish  holdings. 

Gibson,  John.  Born  near  Conway,  Wales,  1790 : 
died  at  Bome,  Jan.  27, 1866.  An  English  sculp- 
tor. He  went  to  Home  in  1817,  and  became  a  pupil  of 
Canova  and  Thorwaldsen.  His  works  include  "  Sleeping 
Shepherd "(1818),  "Mars  and  Cupid  "(1819),  "Psyche  and 
Zephyrs"  (1822),  "Paris"  (1824),  "Nymph  untying  her 
Sandal "  (1831),  "Hunter  and  Dog,"  a  statue  of  the  queen 
for  the  houses  of  Parliament  (1850-65),  and  the  so-called 
"tinted  Venus,"  in  which  he  introduced  the  use  of  color 
after  the  Greek  manner.  . 

Gibson,  Randall  Lee.  Bom  at  Spring  Hill, 
Ky.,  Sept.  10, 1822:  died  at  Hot  Springs,  Ark., 
Dec.  15,  1892.  An  American  lawyer  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1853,  and  in  the 
law  department  of  the  University  of  Louisiana  (nowTulane 
University)  in  1855.  He  subsequently  studied  at  Berlin, 
and  was  for  some  months  an  attach^  of  the  American  le- 
gation at  Madrid.  He  joined  the  Confederate  army  as  a 
private  ;  commanded  a  brigade  at  Sliiloh,  and  also  under 
General  Bragg  in  Kentucky  ;  and  fought  with  distinction 
in  all  the  engagements  which  took  place  during  Johnston's 
retreat  from  Dalton  to  Atlanta.  He  covered  the  retreat 
after  General  Hood's  defeat  at  Nashville,  and  in  General 
Canby's  campaign  was  charged  with  the  defense  of  Span- 
ish Fort.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  held  the  rank  of 
major-general.  He  was  United  States  senator  (Democratic) 
from  Louisiana  from  1883  until  his  death. 

Gibson,  William.  Bom  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  1788 : 
died  at  Savannah,  Ga. ,  March  2, 1868.  An  Amer- 
ican surgeon.  He  was  gi'aduated  in  medicine  at  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  in  1809,  and  in  1819  succeeded 
Dr.  Physick  in  the  chair  of  surgery  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  where  he  remained  until  1855.  He  was  one 
of  the  first  American  surgeons  to  perform  the  Csesarean 
operation  successfully.  He  wrote  "Principles  and  Prac- 
tice of  Surgery  "  (1824). 

Gibson.William  Hamilton.  Bom  Oct.  5, 1850 : 
died  July  16,  1896.  An  American  painter  and 
writer.  He  was  a  specialist  in  botanical  drawing,  and 
was  known  as  an  illustrator  and  painter  in  water-colors. 
He  wrote  and  illustrated  "Camp  Life,  etc.,"  "Tricks  of 
Trapping,  etc."  (1876),  "Highways  andByways,  etc."(1883), 
"Happy  Hunting  Grounds  "  (1886),  "Sharp  Eyes,"  etc. 

Gichtel  (gich'tel),  Johann  Georg.  Bom  at 
Ratisbon,  Bavaria,  March  14,  1638:  died  at 
Amsterdam,  Jan.  21, 1710.  A  German  mystic, 
founder  of  the  sect  of  Angelic  Brethren,  or 
Gichtelians.  »,     j     t. 

Giddings  (gid'ingz),  Joshua  Eeed.  Bom  at 
Athens,  Bradford  County,  Pa.,  Oct.  6,  1795: 
died  at  Montreal,  May  27,  1864.    An  American 


437 

antislavery  leader.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1820,  and  in  1838  was  elected  a  member  of  Congress  from 
Ohio,  an  office  which  he  occupied  untU  1869,  acting  for  the 
most  part  with  the  Whigs.  In  1842,  during  the  debate  in 
Congress  on  the  question  of  demanding  the  restoration  of 
the  negro  mutineers  of  the  Creole,  who  had  taken  refuge 
in  an  English  port  (1841),  he  offered  a  series  of  resolutions 
to  the  effect  that  the  Federal  authorities  were  unauthor- 
ized by  the  Constitution  to  take  any  action  for  the  recovery 
of  the  slaves,  in  consequence  of  which  he  was  censured  in 
the  House  by  a  vote  of  125  to  69.  He  resigned  his  seat, 
and  appealed  to  his  constituents,  who  reelected  him  by  a 
large  majority.  He  was  consul-general  to  British  North 
America  from  1861  until  his  death.  He  published  "  Exiles 
of  Florida "(1868)  and  "The  Rebellion:  its  Authors  and 
Causes  "  (1864). 

Gideon  (gid'e-on),  sumamed  Jerubbaal  (je- 
rab'a-al  or  jer-u-ba'al).  [Heb.,  '  a  hewer.'] 
Lived  "probably  in  tie  13th  century  b.  c.  A 
Hebrew  liberator  and  religious  reformer.  He 
defeated  the  Midianites,  and  was  judge  in  Israel 
for  forty  years. 

Giebel  (ge'bel),  Christoph  Gottfried  Andreas. 
Born  at  Quedlinburg,  Prussia,  Sept.  13,  1820 : 
died  at  Halle,  Prussia,  Nov.  14,  1881.  A  Ger- 
man zoologist  and  paleontologist.  His  works 
include  "AUgemeine  Palaontologie "  (1852), 
etc. 

Gien  (zhyan).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Loiret,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Loire  38  miles 
east-southeast  of  Orleans,  it  has  a  ch&teau,  and 
manufactures  faience.    Population  (1891),  commune,  8,519. 

Giers  (gers),  Nikolai  Karlovitch  de.    Bom 

May  21, 1820 :  died  Jan.  26,  1895.  A  Russian 
diplomatist  and  statesman,  of  Swedish  extrac- 
tion. He  was  appointed  minister  to  Stockholm  in  1872, 
adjunct  to  the  minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  1876,  and  min- 
ister of  foreign  affairs  1882-96. 

Giesebrecht  (§e'ze-bre6ht),  Friedrich  Wil- 
helm  Benjamin  von.  Bom  at  Berlin,  March 
5. 1814 :  died  at  Munich,  Dee.  18, 1889.  A  noted 
German  historian.  He  became  professor  of  histoiy  at 
Konigsberg  in  1857,  and  at  Munich  in  1862.  He  was  raised 
to  the  nobility  in  1865.  His  works  include  "Geschichte 
der  deutschen  Kaiserzeit"  ("History  of  the  German  Im- 
perial Period,"  1855-80),  etc. 

Gieseler  (ge'ze-ler),  Johann  Karl  Ludwig. 

Bom  at  Petershagen,  Westphalia,  Prussia, 
March  3, 1792 :  died  at  Qottiugen,  Prussia,  July 
8,  1854.  A  noted  German  ecclesiastical  histo- 
rian, professor  at  Gottingen  from  1831.  He  wrote 
"Lehrbuch  der  Kirchengeschichte "  ("Manual  of  Church 
History,"  1824-56 :  English  translation  edited  by  H.  B. 
Smith,  1857-81),  etc. 

Giessbach  (ges'badh).  Falls  of  the.  A  series 
of  cascades  la  the  Bernese  Oberland,  Switzer- 
land, south  of  the  Lake  of  Brienz. 

Giessen  (ges'sen).  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Upper  Hesse,  Hesse,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Wieseck  and  Lahn,  33  miles  north  of  Frank- 
f  ort-on-the-Main.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  celebrated  uni- 
versity, founded  by  the  landgrave  Ludwig  V.  in  1607.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  20,416. 

Gifford  (gif'ord),  Countess  of  (Helen  Selina 
Sheridan).  Bom  1807:  died  June  13,  1867. 
An  English  poet,  granddaughter  of  R.  B.  Sheri- 
dan. She  married  the  fourth  Baron  Duff erin  in  1825,  and 
the  Earl  of  Gifford  (son  of  the  eighth  Marquis  of  Tweed- 
dale)  in  1862. 

Gifford,  Robert  Swain.  Bom  on  the  island  of 
Naushon,  Mass.,  Dec.  23,  1840.  An  American 
landscape-painter.  He  came  to  New  York  in  1866, 
and  was  elected  a  member  of  the  National  Academy  in 
1878.  He  is  also  a  prominent  member  of  the  Water-Color 
Society.  Among  his  works  are  "Mount  Hood,  Oregon  " 
(1870),  "Entrance  to  Moorish  House,  Tangier"  (1873), 
"Border  of  the  Desert  "(1877),  "  Salt  Mills  at  Dartmouth" 
(1886),  etc. 

Gifford.  Sandford  Robinson.  Bom  at  Green- 
field, Saratoga  County,  N.  Y.,  July  10,  1823: 
died  at  New  York,  Aug.  29, 1880.  An  American 
landscape-painter.  He  came  to  New  York  in  1844, 
and  was  elected  a  member  of  the  National  Academy  in 
1854.  He  studied  in  Paris  and  Rome  1856-67.  Among 
his  works  are  "Kaaterskill  Clove"  (1859),  "Shrewsbury 
Eiver"  (1868),  "Venice,"  "Lago  Maggiore,"  "Fishing- 
boats  on  the  Adriatic,"  "Golden  Horn "(1872),  "October 
in  the  Catskills,"  "  Ruins  of  the  Parthenon  "  (1880 :  in  the 
Corcoran  Gallery),  etc. 

Gifford,  William.  Born  in  Hampshire,  Eng- 
land, in  1554:  died  April  11, 1629.  Archbishop 
of  Rheims.  He  studied  at  the  universities  of  Oxford, 
Louvain  (under  Bellarmine),  and  Paris,  and  at  the-English 
colleges  at  Rheims  and  Rome,  and  in  1682  was  appointed 
lecturer  on  St.  Thomas  Aquinas  in  the  English  college  at 
Rheims.  He  became  dean  of  the  Church  of  St.  Peter  at 
Lille  about  1696 ;  took  the  Benedictine  habit  in  1608 ;  was 
prior  of  a  Benedictine  house  at  Dieulewart  1609-10 ;  and 
in  1611  founded  a  community  of  his  order  at  St.-Malo, 
Brittany,  which  he  afterward  removed  to  Paris.  He  was 
appointed  archbishop  of  Rheims  in  1622.  He  completed 
and  edited  Dr.  William  Reynolds's  "Calvino-Turcismus" 
(1597-1603). 

Gifford,  William.  Bom  at  Ashburton,  Devon- 
shire, England,  April,  1757:  died  at  London, 
Dec.  31,  1826.  An  English  critic  and  satirical 
poet.    He  first  became  known  by  his  satu'es  "The  Ba- 


Gilbert,  Marie  Dolores  Eliza  Rosanna 

viad"  fl794)  and  "The  Mreviad  "  (1796):  these  were  pub- 
lished together  in  1797.  He  was  editor  of  the  "  Quai-terly 
Review  "  from  its  beginning  in  1809  till  1824. 

Gigoux  (zhe-go'),  Jean  Frangois.  Bom  Jan. 
8, 1809:  died  Dec.  14,  1894.  A  French  histori- 
cal, genre,  and  portrait  painter. 

Gihon  (gi'hon).  One  of  the  four  rivers  in  Eden 
(Gen.  ii.),  variously  identified  with  the  Oxus, 
Araxes,  an  arm  of  the  Euphrates-Tigris  system, 
etc. 

Gijon  (ne-Hon').  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Oviedo,  Spain,  in  lat.  43°  33'  N.,  long.  5°  40' 
W.  It  is  growing,  and  exports  fruit,  u-on,  and  coal.  It 
is  a  sea-bathing  resort.    Population  (1887),  36,170. 

Gil  (Hel),  Juan  Bautista.  Died  April  12, 1877.  A 
Paraguayan  politician  of  the  Colorados  party. 
He  was  electfed  president  of  the  republic  Nov.  25, 1874,  and 
still  held  the  office  when  he  was  assassinated  by  a  personal 
enemy. 

Gila  (He 'la).  A  river  in  the  western  part  of 
New  Mexico  and  in  Arizona,  it  is  the  chief  tribu- 
tary of  the  Colorado,  which  it  joins  at  Yuma,  Arizona,  near 
the  southeastern  extremity  of  California.  Length,  about 
650  miles. 

Gila  Apache.    See  GikHo. 

Gilan.    See  Ghilan. 

Gilbart  (gil'bart),  James  William.  Bom  at 
London,  March  21, 1794 :  died  at  London,  Aug. 
8,  1863.  An  English  banker.  He  was  manager  of 
the  London  and  Westminster  Bank  from  its  opening  in 
1834  to  1869.  Among  his  works  are  "A  Practical  Trea- 
tise on  Banking  "  (1827),  "Logic  for  the  Million,"  and  "  His- 
tory and  Principles  of  Banking  "  (1834). 

Gilbert  (gil'bert)  of  Sempringham,  Saint.  [L. 
Gilbertus,  F.  Guilbert,  Gilbert,  It.  Gilberto,  Sp. 
Gilberto,  G.  Gilbert,  Giselbert:  OHG.,  'bright.'] 
Born  at  Sempringham,  Lincolnshire,  England, 
about  1083:  died  Feb.,  1189.  An  English  priest, 
founder  of  the  order  of  the  Gilbertines. 

Giilbert,  Mrs.  George  H.  Born  at  Rochdale, 
England,  in  1821.  An  English-American  ac- 
tress. She  made  her  first  appearance  in  1846,  and  came  to 
America  in  1849.  She  is  successful  in  high  comedy,  and  in 
her  youth  was  noted  for  her  graceful  dancing. 

Gilbert,  Sir  Humphrey.  Born  at  Compton, 
near  Dartmouth,  England,  about  1539:  drowned 
off  the  Azores,  Sept.  9,  1583.  An  English  sol- 
dier and  navigator,  a  stepbrother  of  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh.  He  served  in  Ireland  1566-70,  where  he  de- 
feated McCarthy  More  in  1669,  and  was  made  governor  of 
the  province  of  Munster ;  and  in  the  Netherlands  in  1572, 
where  he  unsuccessfully  besieged  Goes.  In  1578,  in  ac- 
cordance with  designs  which  he  had  long  entertained,  he 
obtained  the  royal  permission  to  set  out  on  a  voyage  of 
discovery  and  colonization;  but  the  expedition,  which 
started  in  Sept.  of  that  year,  was  a  failure.  On  June  11, 
1683,  he  again  set  out  with  five  ships  (Delight,  Golden 
Hind,  Raleigh  (which  soon  returned).  Swallow,  and  Squfl*- 
rel),  and  on  July  30  sighted  the  northern  shore  of  New- 
foundland. On  Aug.  6  he  landed  at  St.  John's,  where  he 
established  the  first  English  colony  in  North  America. 
On  the  return  voyage  the  Squirrel,  in  which  he  sailed, 
foundered  in  a  storm.  His  last  words  were  the  famous 
"  We  are  as  near  to  heaven  by  sea  as  by  land."  He  wrote 
a  "  Discourse  of  a  Discouery  for  a  New  Passage  to  Cataia, "  a 
scheme  for  the  founding  of  an  academy  and  library  at 
London  (published  by  Furnivall,  1869,  as  "Queen  Eliza- 
bethes  Achademy  "),  etc. 

Gilbert,  Sir  John.  BomatBlackheath.England, 
in  1817 :  died  there,  Oct.  5,  1897.  An  English 
historical  painter.  Among  his  principal  works  are 
"Don  Quixote  giving  Advice  to  Sanoho"{lS39),  "Wolsey 
and  Buckingham  "  (1878),  "The  Murder  of  Thomas  Becket " 
(1878),  "Ego  et  rex  mens"  (1889),  "En  avant"  (1890).  He 
also  illustrated  Shakspere  and  many  standard  works. 

Gilbert,  John  Gibbs.  Bom  at  Boston,  Feb.  27, 
1810:  died  there,  June  17, 1889.  A  noted  Amer- 
ican comedian.  He  first  appeared  in  Boston,  Nov.  28, 
1828,  as  Jaffier  in  "  Venice  Preserved."  He  had  a  wide 
range  of  characters  :  perhaps  the  best  were  Sir  Peter  Tea- 
zle, Sir  Anthony  Absolute,  Old  Dornton,  and  Job  Thorn- 
berry.  He  played  with  success  in  London,  and  in  all  the 
prominent  cities  of  the  United  States. 

Gilbert,  Marie  Dolores  Eliza  Rosanna.  Bom 

at  Limerick  in  1818 :  died  at  Astoria,  N.  Y., 
Jan.  17,  1861.  An  adventuress  and  dancer, 
known  as  Lola  Montez.  She  first  married  Captain 
Thomas  James  in  1837.  He  divorced  her  in  1842.  She 
then  took  lessons  in  dancing  from  a  Spanish  teacher,  and 
appeared  in  London  in  1843  as  "Lola  Montez,  Spanish 
dancer. "  After  various  adventures  she  appeared  at  Munich, 
where  she  became  the  mistress  of  the  old  king  Ludwig  of 
Bavaria.  She  was  naturalized,  and  received  the  titles  of  Ba- 
ronne  de  Rosenthal  and  Comtesse  de  Landsf  eld.  She  con- 
trolled the  king  completely,  and  was  virtually  ruler  of 
Bavaria,  a  position  in  which  she  displayed  ability  and 
wisdom.  After  about  a  year,  however,  owing  to  hostility 
between  the  liberal  and  conservative  students  of  the  uni- 
versity, the  former  of  whom  she  had  patronized,  a  riot 
occurred  and  her  life  was  in  danger.  She  caused  the 
university  to  be  closed,  when  an  insurrection  took  place 
and  the  king  was  forced  to  abdicate,  March  21, 1848,  and 
she  was  banished.  After  various  adventures  she  married 
George  Traflord  Heald  at  London  in  July,  1849.  She  was 
summoned  for  bigamy,  but  fled  to  Spain.  Heald  is  said 
to  have  died  in  1853.  In  1851  she  anived  in  New  York, 
where  she  attracted  much  attention  and  drew  crowded 
houses.  In  1853  she  married  P.  P.  Hull  in  San  Francisco. 
In  1869  she  devoted  herself  to  visiting  outcast  women,  and 
labored  among  them  till  she  was  stricken  with  paralysis. 


Gilbert,  Nicolas  Joseph  Laurent 

Gilbert  (zhel-bSr'),  Nicolas  Joseph  Laurent. 
Born  at  Fontenoy-le-Ch&teau,  Lorraine,  1751: 
died  at  Paris,  Nov.  12,  1780.  A  French  poet, 
chiefly  noted  for  his  satires. 

Gilbert  (gil'bert),  or  Gilberd  (gil'bferd),  Wil- 
liam. Bom  at  Colchester,  England,  in  1540: 
died  Nov.  30, 1603.  A  celebrated  English  phy- 
sician and  natural  philosopher.  He  studied  at 
Cambridge  ;  took  up  the  practice  ol  medicine  at  London 
in  1573  ;  Became  president  of  tlie  College  of  Physicians  in 
1600 ;  and  was  physician  in  ordinary  to  Queen  Elizabeth 
and  James  I.  His  chief  worlc  is  "  De  Magnete,  Magneti- 
cisque  Corporibus,  et  de  Magno  Magnete  Tellure,  Physio- 
logia  Nova"  (1600). 

Gilbert,  William  Schwenk.  Bom  at  London, 
Nov.  18,  1836.  An  English  dramatist.  His  first 
,  play  was  "Dulcamara"  (1866).  He  has  also  written  "The 
1  Palace  ol  Truth  "  (1870),  "  Pygmalion  and  Galatea  "  (1871), 
"Sweethearts"  (1874),  "Engaged"  (1877),  "The  Mounte- 
banks "  (music  by  Cellier,  1891),  etc. ,  and  has  been  collab- 
orator with  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan,  who  wrote  the  music,  in 
"  The  Sorcerer" (1877),  "  H.  M.  S.  Pinafore  "  (1878), " The  Pi- 
rates of  Penzance "  (1879),  "Patience"  (1881),  "lolanthe" 
(1883),  "The  Mikado"  (1886),  "Euddygore"  (1887),  "The 
Yeomen  oJ  the  Guard''  (1888),  "The  Gondoliers"  (1889), 
. "  Utopia,  limited  "(1893).  He  has  also  published  the  " Bab 
Ballads,"  etc. 

Gilbert  de  la  Porrde  (zhel-bar'  de  la  po-ra'), 
Latinized  Gilbertus  Porretanus  (jil-b^r'tus 
por-e-ta'nus)  or  Fictavieusis  (pik-ta-vi-en'- 
sis).  Bom  at  Poitiers,  France,  about  1070 :  died 
Sept.  4,  1154.  A  noted  French  schoolman, 
chosen  bishop  of  Poitiers  in  1142.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  commentary  on  the  treatise  "De  trinitate" 
of  Boethius,  a  treatise  "De  sex  principiis,"  etc. 

Gilbertines  (gU'bSr-tins).  A  religious  order 
founded  in  England  in  the  first  half  of  the  12th 
century  by  St.  Gilbert,  lord  of  Sempringham  in 
Lincolnshire,  the  monks  of  which  observed  the 
rule  of  St.  Augustine,  and  the  nuns  that  of  St. 
Benedict.  The  Gilbertines  were  confined  to 
England,  and  their  houses  were  suppressed  by 
Henry  Vni. 

Gilbert  Islands.  [Named  by  Cook  from  the 
master  of  the  ship  Eesolution.]  An  archipel- 
ago of  Micronesia  in  the  Pacific,  situated  about 
lat.  3°  20'  N.-20  40'  S.,  long.  172°-177°  E.  The 
group  was  discovered  by  Byron  in  1765,  and  consists  mainly 
of  atolls ;  it  belongs  to  Great  Britain.  Population,  esti- 
mated, about  86,000. 

Gil  Bias  de  Santillane  (zhel  bias  de  son-te- 
yan'),  Histoire  de.  A  romance  by  Le  Sage, 
published  in  1715,  but  not  entirely  completed 
till  1735,  It  is  named  from  its  hero,  who  tells  the  story 
of  his  life.  Many  of  the  incidents  are  modeled  on  Espinel's 
picaroon  romance  "  Marcos  de  Obregon. "  Smollett  trans- 
lated it  in  1761,  and  in  1809  another  translation  was  brought 

•  out  in  his  name. 

Gilboa  (gil-bo'a).  [' Bubbling  fountain'(?).]  A 
mountain-range  in  the  territory  of  Issaohar, 
1,717  feet  high,  which  bounds  the  lower  plain  of 
Galilee  on  the  east,  running  from  southeast  to 
northwest.  Here  Saul  and  his  three  sons  fell  in  a  battle 
against  the  Philistines.  The  present  name  of  the  moun- 
tain is  Jebd  FaM'a,  but  its  old  name  survives  in  the  vil- 
lage Jelh6n  on  the  southern  part  of  the  range. 

Gildas  (gil'das),  orGildus  (gil'dus),  surnamed 
"  The  Wise.'''  Bom  probably  in  516 :  died  prob- 
ably in  570.  A  British  historian.  He  appears  to 
have  been  born  in  the  North  Welsh  valley  of  the  Clwyd, 
to  have  been  a  monk,  to  have  left  Britain  for  Armorica  in 
546,  and  to  have  founded  the  monastery  of  St.  Gildas  at 
Buys.  He  is  the  author  of  "De  ExoidioBritannise,"  prob- 
ably compiled  about  656  or  660,  and  first  printed  by  Poly- 
dore  Vergil  at  London  in  1525. 

Gildemeister  (gil'de-mis-ter),  Johann.  Bom  at 
Klein-Siemen,  Mecklenburg,  July  20, 1812 :  died 
at  Bonn,  March  11, 1890.  A  German  Orientalist, 
professor  of  Oriental  languages  at  Bonn  from 
1859. 

Gildemeister,  Otto.  Bom  at  Bremen,  Germany, 
March  13,  1823 :  died  Aug.  26,  1902.  A  German 
politician  and  man  of  letters,  noted  as  a  trans- 
lator from  the  English,  particularly  of  Byron's 
works  (1864),  and  of  various  plays  of  Shakspere. 

Gilder  (gil'der),  Richard  Watson.  Born  at 
Bordentown,  N.  J.,  Feb.  8,  1844.  An  American 
poet  and  editor.  He  became  connected  with  "  Scrib- 
ner's  Monthly  "  in  1870,  and  became  editor-in-chief  of  "  The 
Century  "  magazine  in  1881.  His  poems  are  included  in  6 
volumes :  "The  New  Day  "  (1876),  "  The  Celestial  Passion  " 
(1887),  "Lyrics"  (1886  and  1887),  "Two  Worlds,  and  Other 
Poems"  (1891),  "The  Great  Itemembrance,  and  Other 
Poems  "  (1898).  "  The  Poet  and  his  Master  "  appeared  in 
1878,  but  its  contents  are  included  in  the  later  volumes. 

Gilder,  William  Henry.  Bom  at  Philadel^ia, 
Aug.  16, 1838 :  died  at  Morristown,  N.  J.,  Feb. 
5,  1900.  An  Amerioanjoumalist  and  Arctic 
traveler,  brother  of  K.  W.  Gilder.  He  went  with 
Schwatka  1878-80  on  his  Arctic  expedition,  and  later  ex- 
plored the  Lena  delta.  He  published  "  Schwatka's  Search  " 
(1881),  "Ice-Pack  and  Tundra"  (1883). 

Gilderoy  (gil'de-roi).  A  notorious  freebooter 
in  Perthshire.  '  His  real  name  was  said  to  be  Patrick 
of  the  clan  Gregor.  He  was  hanged  July,  1638,  with  five  of 
his  gang,  after  a  career  of  barbarous  haiTying  and  outrage. 


438 

Many  stories  of  his  crimes  were  current  among  the  com- 
mon people.  Among  other  performances  he  is  said  to  have 
"  picked  the  pocket  of  Cardinal  Kichelieu  in  the  king's 
presence,  robbed  Oliver  Cromwell,  and  hanged  a  judge." 
The  ballad  concerning  him  is  preserved  in  Kitson  and 
Percy. 

Gildersleeve  (gil'der-slev),  Basil  Lanneau. 

Bom  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  Oct.  23,  1831.  An 
American  classical  scholar.  He  was  professor  of 
Greek  at  the  University  of  Virginia  1866-76,  when  he  ac- 
cepted a  corresponding  position  at  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity (Baltimore).  He  has  conducted  the  "American 
Journal  of  Philology"  since  its  foundation  in  1880,  has 
published  a  Latin  grammar  (1867),  and  has  edited  "  The 
Satires  of  Aulus  Persius  Ilaccus  "  (1876),  "  Justin  Martyr  " 
(1876),  and  "  The  Olympian  and  Pythian  Odes  of  Pindar." 

Gildo  (jil'do),  or  Gildon  (jil'don).  Died  398 
A.  D.  A  Moorish  chieftain.  He  was  appointed  count 
of  the  province  of  Africa  about  386.  In  397  he  transferred 
his  allegiance  from  the  Western  to  the  Eastern  Empire, 
and  was  in  the  following  year  defeated  by  a  Koman  army 
under  his  brother  Mascezel.  He  was  captured  in  the 
flight,  and  died  shortly  after  by  his  own  hand. 

Gild  of  Arquebusiers.  A  paintingby  Jan  van 
Eavesteyu,  in  the  town  hall  at  The  Hague,  Hol- 
land. There  are  25  figures,  descending  the  stairs 
of  the  shooting-gallery. 

Gildun  (gU-don'),  sometimes  Yildun.  A  rarely 
used  name  for  the  fourth-magnitude  star  d  Urs» 
Minoris. 

Gilead,  or  Mount  Gilead  (mount  gil'e-ad).  In 
biblical  geography,  a  part  of  Palestine  east  of 
the  Jordan,  extending  eastward  to  about  36°  B., 
and  lying  between  the  Hieromax  on  the  north 
and  the  Arnon  on  the  south.  In  an  extended 
sense  it  included  Bashan. 

Gileno  (ne-la'nyo),  or  Gila  Apache  (ne'la  a- 
pa'ehe).  An  Apache  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  composed  of  four  or  more  subtribes, 
the  Coyotero,  Mogollon,  Pinal  Coyotero,  and 
Mimbreno.  In  1630  the  Gileflo  were  about  the  boun- 
dary of  the  present  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  In  1882 
they  ranged  east  of  the  Sierra  de  los  Mimbres  and  south 
of  the  Kio  Gila.    See  Apache. 

Giles  (jilz),  Saint.  [Gr.  A'lyiSioQ,  L.  Mgidius,  It. 
Egidio,  F.  Gilles,  Mgide.l  A  saint  of  the  7th 
century,  believed  to  have  been  a  Greek  who 
emigrated  to  France.  He  was  an  anchorite,  and  was 
fabled  to  have  been  nourished  by  a  hind.  Gradually  a 
monastic  establishment  grew  around  him,  of  which  he 
became  the  head.  The  better  to  mortify  the  flesh,  he 
once  refused  to  be  cured  of  lameness,  and  hence  became 
the  patron  saint  of  cripples.  St.  Giles's  Church,  Cripple- 
gate,  is  a  memorial  of  him.  His  festival  is  celebrated  in 
the  Soman  and  Anglican  churches  on  Sept.  1. 

Giles,  Henry.  Bom  at  Cranf  ord.  County  Wex- 
ford, Ii-eland,  Nov.  1, 1809:  died  at  Hyde  Park, 
near  Boston,  Mass.,  July  10,  1882.  An  Irish- 
American  lecturer  and  essayist.  He  was  for  some 
years  a  Unitarian  minister  at  Greenock  and  Liverpool.  In 
1840  he  came  to  the  United  States.  He  wrote  "  Lectures 
and  Essays"  (1860),  "Christian  Thought  on  Life"  (1850), 
and  ' '  Human  Life  in  Shakespeare  "  (1868). 

Giles,  St.,  Church  of.  See  Edinburgh  and  Lon- 
don. 

Giles,  William  Branch.  Bornin  AmeliaCounty, 
Va.,  Aug.  12,  1762:  died  in  Amelia  County, 
Dec.  4, 1830.  An  American  Democratic  politi- 
cian .  He  was  a  member  of  Congress  from  Virginia  1790- 
1799  and  1801-03 ;  was  United  States  senator  1804-15 ;  and 
was  governor  of  Virginia  1827-80. 

Gilfil  (gil'fil).  Rev.  Maynard.  A  somewhat  un- 
spiritual  but  conscientious  clergyman  in  George 
Eliot's  "Mr.  Gilfil's  Love-Story." 

Mr.  Gilfil,  the  caustic  old  gentleman  with  bucolic  tastes 
and  sparing  habits,  many  knots  and  ruggednesses  appear- 
ing on  him  like  the  rough  bosses  of  a  tree  that  has  been 
marred,  is  recognizable  as  the  Maynard  Gilfil  "  who  had 
known  all  the  deep  secrets  of  devoted  love,  had  struggled 
through  its  days  and  nights  of  anguish,  and  trembled 
under  its  unspeakable  joys." 

Doioden,  Studies  in  Literature,  p.  250. 

GilfiUan  (gil-fil'an),  George.  Bom  at  Comrie, 
Perthshire,  Jan.'SO,  1813 :  died  at  Dundee,  Aug. 
13,  1878.  A  Scottish  Presbyterian  clergyman 
and  miscellaneous  writer.  Among  his  works  are 
"Gallery  of  Literary  Portraits"  (three  series,  1846-65), 
"Bards of  the  Bible"  (1851),  "Night:  a  Poem  "  (1867). 

GilfiUan,  Robert.  Bom  at  Dunfermline,  Soot- 
land,  July  7, 1798:  died  at  Leith,  Scotland,  Dec. 
4,  1850.  A  Scottish  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
weaver,  and  was  a  merchant's  clerk  and  collector  at  Leith 
for  many  years.  He  wrote  "  Peter  McCraw  "  (1828),  a  hu- 
morous satire,  and  other  poems. 

Gilflory  (gil-flo'ri),  Mrs.  General.  In  B.  E. 
Woolf's  play  "  The  Mighty  Dollar,"  a  good-na- 
tured widow,  with  a  lively  temper,  who  speaks 
atrocious  French. 

Gilgal  (gil'gal).  In  biblical  geography,  the 
name  of  various  places  in  Palestine.  The  most 
important  was  situated  in  the  plain  of  Jordan  3 
miles  east  of  the  ancient  Jericho :  the  modern 
Tel  Jiljulieh. 

Gilgal  or  Galgal  means  a  heap  of  stones  dedicated  to  a 
religious  purpose.  The  Gilgal  in  question  was  probably 
a  sacred  mound  of  the  Canaanites ;  but  perhaps  It  owed  its 


Gillmore 

origin  to  an  Israelitish  encampment,  or  It  may  have  been 
a  mound  raised  for  sacrifices. 

Henan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Isi'ael,  I.  200. 

Gilgit  (gil-git')-  1.  -A.  tributary  of  the  Indus, 
which  it  joins  about  lat.  35°  45'  N.,  long.  74° 
40'  E. —  2.  A  small  territory  in  the  valley  of 
the  lower  Gilgit,  under  the  rule  of  Kashmir. 
The  name  is  sometimes  extended  to  the  entire  valley  of 
the  Gilgit.  It  is  a  strategic  point  of  great  importance  to 
the  Indian  empire. 

Gilij  (je'lye),  Filipe  Salvatore.  Born  at  Le- 
gogne,  near  Spoleto,  Italy,  1721 :  died  at  Eome, 
1789.  A  Jesuit  missionary  and  author.  He  la- 
bored  among  the  Indians  of  the  Orinoco  valley  from  1742 
to  1760,  and  subsequently  resided  at  Bogota  until  the  ex- 
pulsion of  his  order  in  1767.  His  "  Saggio  di  storia  ameri- 
cana  "  (Eome,  4  vols.,  1780-84)  relates  mainly  to  the  Ori- 
noco, and  is  particularly  valuable  in  its  descriptions  of  the 
Indian  tribes.    Also  written  Ottli  and  Oilii. 

Gill  (zhel),  Andr6,  the  pseudonym  of  Louis 
Alexanu:eGossetde  Guinnes.  Born  at  Paris, 
Oct.  17,  1840:  died  at  Charenton,  May  2,  1888. 
A  noted  French  caricaturist.  He  died  in  an  in- 
sane asylum.  His  last  picture  figured  at  the  ex- 
position of  1882. 

Gill  (gil).  Sir  David.  Bom  at  Aberdeen,  June 
12,  1843.  A  Scottish  astronomer,  astronomer 
royal  (from  1879)  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  He 
wasassociatedwithIiordLindsay(nowEarlof  Crawford  and 
Balcanes)  in  organizing  and  superintending  the  observa- 
tory at  Dunecht,  Aberdeenshire,  in  1870.  He  took  a  lead- 
ing part  in  the  In  vestigations  connected  with  the  transit  of 
Venus  in  1882,  especially  for  the  determination  of  the  dis- 
tance of  the  sun  from  the  earth.  He  has  also  been  en- 
gaged in  important  geodetic  surveys.    Knighted  1900. 

Gill,  John.  Born  at  Kettering,  England,  Nov. 
23,  1697 :  died  at  Camberwell,  London,  Oct.  14, 
1771.  An  English  Baptist  clergyman  and  rab- 
binical scholar.  His  chief  work  is  "  Exposition 
of  the  Holy  Scriptures  "  (1746-66). 

Gill,  Theodore  Nicholas.  Bom  at  New  York, 
March  21,  1837.  An  American  naturalist,  pro- 
fessor of  zoology  in  the  Columbian  University, 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia.  He  was  libra- 
rian of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  1863-66,  and  chief  as- 
sistant librarian  of  Congress  1866-75.  He  has  published 
"  Arrangement  of  the  Families  of  Mollusks  "  (1871)^  "Ar- 
rangement of  the  Families  of  Fishes  "(187^,  "Arrangement 
of  the  Families  of  Mammals"  (1872),  "(5fitalogue  of  the 
Fishes  of  the  East  Coast  of  North  America  "(1876),  etc. 

Gille  (zhel),  Philippe.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dec.  18, 
1831:  died  there,  Miarch  19,  1901.  A  French 
journalist  and  writer  for  the  stage,  secretary 
of  the  Theatre  Lyrique  from  1861. 

Gillem  (gU'em),  Alvan  0.  Bom  in  Tennessee, 
1830 :  died  Dec.  2, 1875.  An  American  general. 
He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1861 ;  served  against 
the  Seminoles  in  Florida  1851-52  ;  was  promoted  captain 
in  the  United  States  army  May  14, 1861 ;  and  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  siege  artillery,  and  was  chief  quartermaster 
of  the  Army  of  the  Ohio  during  the  campaign  in  Tennes- 
see. He  was  adjutant-general  of  Tennessee  from  1863  un- 
til the  close  of  the  war,  and  commanded  the  troops  guard- 
ing the  Nashville  and  Northwestern  Hailroad  from  June, 
1868,  until  Aug.,  1864.  He  was  brevetted  major-general  in 
the  regular  army  for  his  gallantry  at  the  capture  of  Salia- 
bury.  He  became  colonel  in  the  regular  army  July  28, 
1866,  and  commanded  the  troops  in  the  engagement  with 
the  Modoc  Indians  at  the  Lava  Beds,  April  16, 1873. 

Gillespie  (gi-les'pi),  George.  Bom  at  Kirk- 
caldy, Jan.  21,  1613 :  died  there,  Dec.  17,  1648. 
A  Scottish  Presbyterian  clergyman,  member  of 
the  Westminster  Assembly.  He  wrote ' '  Aaron's 
Rod  Blossoming  "  (1646)  and  other  controversial 
works. 

Gillespie,  Thomas.  Born  at  Duddingston,  near 
Edinburgh,  in  1708  j  died  at  Dunfermline,  Jan. 
19,  1774.  A  Scottish  Presbyterian  clergyman, 
founder  of  the  Belief  Church  in  Scotland  (Oct. 
22, 1761).  Theseoessionof whichGillespiewastheleader 
originated  in  his  deposition  (May,  1752)  by  the  established 
church,  on  account  of  his  refusal  to  take  part  in  a  settle- 
ment of  a  minister  which  was  opposed  by  the  people. 

Gillett  (ji-lef),  Ezra  Hall.  Born  at  Colches- 
ter, Conn.,  July  15,  1823:  died  at  New  York, 
Sept.  2, 1875.  An  American  Presbyterian  cler- 
gyman and  ecclesiastical  historian.  His  chief 
work  is  a  "History  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
in  the  United  States"  (1864). 

Gillies  (gil'iz),  John.  Born  at  Brechin,  Forfar- 
shire, Jan.  18, 1747 :  diedat  Clapham,  near  Lon- 
don, Feb.  15, 1836.  A  Scottish  historian.  His 
chief  work  is  a  "History  of  Greece"  (1786). 

Gillis  Land  (gil'is  land).  [Named  from  its  dis- 
coverer (1707),  a  Dutch  captain,  Comelis  Gil- 
lis.] A  land  in  the  north  polar  regions,  north- 
east of  Spitzbergen  and  west  of  Franz  Josef 
Land. 

Gillmore  (gil'mor),  Quincy  Adams.  Bom 
in  Ohio,  Feb.  28,  1825:  died  April  7,  1888. 
An  American  general  and  engineer.  He  grad- 
uated at  West  Point  in  1849,  and  was  subsequently  in- 
structor there.  He  was  appointed  engineer-in-chief  of  the 
expedition  under  General  Thomas  W  Sherman  against 
Port  Royal  in  1861,  and  as  such  planned  and  conducted 
engineering  and  artillery  operations  which  resulted  in  the 


Oillmore 

reduction  of  Fort  Fiilaski  in  1882.  He  defeated  General 
Pegram  at  Somerset  in  March,  1863,  and  conducted  tlie 
operations  against  Charleston  1863-64.  He  became  brevet 
major-general  in  the  regular  army  in  1865.  His  worlcs  in- 
clude "Practical  Treatise  on  Limes,"  "Hydraulic  Cements 
and  Mortars  "(1863),  "Official  Report  of  the  Siege  and  Re- 
duction of  Fort  Fulaski,  Georgia  "  (1863),  etc. 
CHUott  (jil'ot),  Joseph.  Born  in  Warwickshire, 
England,  1800:  died  at  Birmingham,  Jan.  6, 
1872.  An  English  manufacturer  of  steel  pens. 
<3illray  (gil-ra' ),  James.  Bom  at  Chelsea,  1757: 
died  at  London,  June  1, 1815.  A  celebrated  Eng- 
lish caricaturist.  He  occasionally  did  serious  work. 
Two  plates  engraved  by  him  for  Goldsmith's"DeaertedVil- 
'  lage  were  published  1784 :  they  are  in  the  style  of  Syland. 
The  "  Burning  of  the  Duke  of  Athole,"  an  East  Indiaman, 
and  two  portraits  of  "William  Pitt  slightly  caricatured,  a 
portrait  of  Dr.  Arne,  and  several  others  belong  to  the  same 
period.  He  occasionally  signed  his  plates  with  llctitious 
names.  The  earliest  caricature  to  which  he  signed  his 
name  is  entitled  "  Paddy  on  Horseback  "  (1779).  Between 
1,200  and  1,500  are  ascribed  to  him,  most  of  them  reflect- 
ing on  the  king,  "Farmer  George,"and  his  wife,  the  court, 
the  government,  and  every  phase  of  public  life.  He  died 
in  a  state  of  imbecility. 

Oills  (gilz),  Solomon,  In  Dickens's  "  Dombey 
and  Son,"  an  old  nautical-instrument  maker. 

Gilman  (gil'man),  Daniel  Ooit.  Bom  at  Nor- 
wich, Conn.,  July  6,  1831.  An  American  edu- 
cator. He  was  graduated  at  Tale  in  1862,  and,  after 
having  completed  his  studies  at  Berlin,  became  in  1865  li- 
brarian at  Yale,  where  he  afterward  held  a  professorship 
of  physical  and  political  geography.  He  was  president  of 
tlie  University  of  California  187-<!-76,  and  was  president  of 
Jolrns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  1876-1901.  Among 
his  publications  are  "Our  National  Schools  of  Science" 
(1867)  and  "James  Monroe  in  his  Relations  to  the  Public 
Service  1776-1826  "  (1883>. 

Gilman,  John  Taylor.  Bom  at  Exeter,  N.  H., 
Dec.  19, 1753 :  died  at  Exeter,  Sept.  1, 1828.  An 
American  politician,  governor  of  New  Hamp- 
shire 1794^1805  and  1813-16. 

Oilman,  Mrs.  (Caroline  Howard).  Bom  at 
Boston,  Oct.  8, 1794:  died  at  Washington,  Sept. 
15,  1888.  An  American  poet  and  author,  wife 
of  Samuel  Gilman .  She  began  in  1832  the  publication 
of  a  magazine  for  children  entitled  "The  Rose-Bud":  the 
title  was  changed  to  "  The  Rose  "  in  1833.  This  i^agazine 
was  discontinued  in  1839.  She  wrote  "Recollections  of  a 
New  England  Housekeeper  "  (1835)  and  "Recollections  of 
a  Southern  Matron  "  (1836). 

Gilman,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Gloucester,  Mass., 
Feb.  16,  1791:  died  at  Kingston,  Mass.,  Feb.  9, 
1858.  .An  American  Unitarian  clergyman  and 
miscellaneous  writer. 

Gilmore  (gil'mor),  James  Roberts :  pseudonym 
Edmnnd  Kirke.  Bom  at  Boston,  Sept.  10, 
1823.  An  American  author.  In  July,  1864,  with 
Colonel  Jaquess,  he  was  intrusted  with  an  unofficial  mis- 
sion to  the  Confederate  government,  with  a  view  to  ascer- 
taining the  terms  on  which  the  South  would  treat  for 
peace.  His  works  include  "Among  the  Pines  "(1862), "  My 
Southern  Friends"  (1862),  "Down  in  Tennessee"  (1863), 
"Among  the  Guerrillas  "(1863),  "Adrift  in  Dixie  "(1863),  etc. 

Gilmore;  Patrick  Sarsfleld.  Bom  near  Dublin, 
Dec.  25, 1829 :  died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Sept.  24, 
1892.  An  Irish-American  band-master,  in  1859 
he  organized  in  Boston ' '  Gilmore's  Band, "  an  organization 
which  he  maintained  until  his  death.  He  composed  much 
military  and  dance  music. 

Gilmour  (gil'mgr),  Bichard.  Bom  at  Glasgow, 
Scotland,  Sept.  28, 1824:  died  at  St.  Augustine, 
Fla.,  April  13, 1891.  A  Eoman  Catholic  prelate. 
He  came  to  Canada  with  his  parents  at  an  early  age ;  was 
educated  for  the  ministry  at  Mount  Saint  Mary's  Seminary, 
Emmettsburg,  Maryland ;  and  was  ordained  priest  at  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  Aug.  20, 1862.  He  was  consecrated  bishop  of 
Cleveland  April  14, 1872,  and  as  such  became  noted  for  his 
zeal  in  behafi  of  Catholic  education.  He  compiled  a  series 
of  readers  known  as  "The  Catholic  National  Readers." 

Gilolo,  or  Jilolo  (je-lo'lo),  or  Halmahera  (hal- 
ma-ha'ra).  One  of  the  Molucca  Islands,  inter- 
sected by  the  equator  and  long.  128°  E.  It 
belongs  in  great  part  to  the  Dutch  residency  of 
Ternate.    Length,  about  225  miles. 

Gilolo  Passage.  A  sea  passage  separating  Gi- 
lolo on  the  west  from  several  smaller  islands  on 
the  east. 

Gilpin  (gil'pin),  Bernard.  Bom  at  Kentmere, 
Westmoreland,  in  1517 :  died  at  Houghton-le- 
Spring,  Durham,  England,  March  4,  1583.  An 
English  clergyman.  He  became  archdeacon  of  Dur- 
haminl566,anawas  afterward  appointed  rector  of  Hough- 
ton-le-8pring :  both  of  these  positions  he  held  until  his 
death  He  gained  great  popularity  by  his  charities  and 
gratuitous  ministrations  among  the  poor  (whence  he  is 
sometimes  called  "the  Apostle  of  the  North  ). 

Gilpin,  John.    See  John  Gilpin. 

Gilpin,  William.  Bom  at  Carlisle,  England, 
June  4,  1724:  died  at  Boldre,  Hants,  England, 
April  5,  1804.  An  English  biographer,  and 
writer  on  the  natural  scenery  of  Great  Britain. 

Gil  Vicente.     See  Vicente,  CHI. 

Gil  y  Lemos  (nel  e  la'mos),  Francisco.  Born 
near  Corunna  about  1739 :  died  at  Madrid,  1809. 
A  Spanish  naval  oflScer  and  administrator.  He 
entered  the  navy  in  1762 ;  distinguished  himself  in  various 


439 

parts  of  the  world ;  was  appointed  viceroy  of  New  Granada 
In  1788,  and  viceroy  of  Peru  in  1790.  The  latter  position 
he  held  until  June  1796,  and  soon  alter  returned  to  Spain, 
where  he  was  made  councilor  of  war.  He  was  director- 
general  of  the  armada  in  1799,  minister  of  marine  and 
captain-general  in  1806,  inspector  general  of  marine  in 
1807,  and  a  member  of  the  governmental  junta  in  1808. 

Gil  y  Zarate  (nel  e  tha'ra-ta),  Antonio.  Bom 
Dec.  1,  1786 :  died  at  Madrid,  Jan.  27,  1861.  A 
Spanish  dramatic  poet. 

Gimcrack  (jim'krak),  Sir  Nicholas.  The  Vir- 
tuoso in  Thomas  Shadwell's  comedy  of  that 
name,  remarkable  for  his ' '  scientific  "  vagaries. 

Gindely  (gin'de-le),  Anton.  Bom  at  Prague, 
Bohemia,  Sept.  3, 1829 :  died  at  Prague,  Oct.  24, 
1892.  A  German  historian,  professor  (extraor- 
dinary 1862,  ordinary  1867)  of  Austrian  history 
at  the  University  of  Prague,  and  keeper  of  the 
archives  of  the  kingdom  of  Bohemia.  He  wrote 
"  Gesohichte  des  DreissigjSlhrigen  Kriegs  "  ("  History  of  the 
Thirty  Years'  War,"  1869-80),  etc. 

Gines  de  Passamonte  (ne'nes  da  pas-sa-mon'- 
ta).  In  Cervantes's  "Don  Quixote,"  a  galley- 
slave  who  was  freed  with  others  by  that  knight. 
The  freed  slaves  set  upon  Don  Quixote  and 
despoiled  Mm,  and  broke  Mambrino's  helmet. 

Ginevra  (gi-nev'ra).  1.  See  Gmnevere. — 2.  A 
poem  by  Samuel  Rogers,  named  from  its  hero- 
ine. Slieis  an  Italian  bride  who  hides  herself,  for  a  jesii 
in  an  old  chest  which  has  a  spring-lock.  It  closes  tightly, 
and  her  body  is  not  found  for  many  years.  The  story  is 
told  as  connected  with  several  old  houses  in  England.  T. 
Haynes  Bayly's  ballad  "  The  Mistletoe  Bough  "  embodies 
the  same  story. 

Ginguen6  (zhan-g6-na'),  Pierre  Louis.    Bom 

at  Eennes,  France,  April  25, 1748 :  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.  11, 1816.  A  noted  French  historian  of  lit- 
erature, and  critic.  His  chief  work  is  a  "  His- 
toire  littSraire  d'ltalie"  (1811-19). 

Ginkel  (ging'kel),  Godert  de,  first  Earl  of  Ath- 
lone.  Bom  at  Utrecht,  1630 :  died  there,  Feb. 
11, 1703.  A  Dutch  soldier  in  the  English  service. 
He  accompanied  William  of  Orange  to  England  in  1688 ; 
went  with  the  king  to  Ireland  in  1690,  where  he  served  at 
the  battle  of  the  Boyne  and  the  siege  of  Limerick,  and 
after  the  king's  departure  became  general-in-chief ;  and 
carried  on  the  Irish  war  in  1691,  defeating  the  Irish  in  a 
pitched  battle  near  Aglirim  July  12,  and  taking  Limer- 
ick Oct.  30.  In  the  following  year  he  went  with  William 
to  the  Continent,  and  served  at  Steinkirk,  Landen  (July 
19,  1693),  Namnr  (1695),  and  elsewhere. 

Ginnungagap  (gin'nong-a-gap).  [ON.]  In 
the  Old  Norse  cosmogony,  the  "gaping  abyss" 
which  originally  existed  everywhere,  ice  from 
Niflheim,  the  realm  of  cold  and  fog  in  the  north,  came  into 
contact  witli  sparks  from  Muspellsheim,  the  rbalm  of  fire  in 
thesoutli,  and  through  the  working  of  heatand  cold  arose 
in  Ginnungagap  the  first  created  being,  the  giant  Ymir.  His 
dead  body,  afterward  hurled  by  Odin  and  his  brothers,  Vili 
and  Ve  (ON.  V^,  back  into  the  midst  of  the  abyss,  became 
the  world. 

Ginx's  Baby  (ginks'ez  ba'bi).  His  Birth  and 
other  Misfortunes.  A  workby Edward  Jenkins, 
published  in  1870.  It  describes  in  a  narrative 
form  the  evils  of  pauperism  and  pauperization. 

Giobert  (j6-bert'),  Giovanni  Antonio.  Bom 
near  Asti,  Italy,  Oct.  28, 1761:  died  near  Turin, 
Sept.  14, 1834.  An  Italian  chemist.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  rural  economy  in  the  University  of  Turin  in  1800, 
and  in  1802  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  chemistry  and 
mineralogy.  He  was  the  first  tO|introduce  the  theories  of 
Lavoisier  into  Italy. 

Gioberti  (36-ber'te),Vincenzo.  Bom  at  Turin, 
April  5,  1801 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  26,  1852.  An 
Italian  philosopher  and  politician.  He  was  or- 
dained priest  in  1825 ;  became  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Turin  in  the  same  year ;  was  appointed  chaplain  to  Charles 
Albert,  crown  prince  of  Sardinia,  in  1881 ;  was  exiled  in 
1833  on  suspicion  of  conspiring  against  the  crown  ;  was 
for  a  number  of  years  a  teacher  in  a  private  institution  at 
Brussels  ;  was  recalled  in  1848  ;  was  premier  of  Sardinia 
1848-49 ;  and  was  ambassador  at  Paris  1849-61.  Among 
his  chief  works  are  "  Introduzione  alio  studio  della  filo- 
sofla"  (1839-40),  "Del  primato  morale  e  civile  degll  Itali- 
ani "  (1843),  "  Prolegomeni "  (1846),  "II  Gesuita  moderno  " 
(1846-47),  "Del  rinnovamento  civile  d'ltalia"  (1861). 

Giocondo  (j6-kon'd6),  Fra  Giovanni.  Bom  at 
Verona,  Italy,  in  the  middle  of  the  15th  century : 
died  at  Eome,  July  1,  1515.  An  Italian  archi- 
tect aad  antiquary,  a  teacher  of  Julius  Cassar 
Scaliger.  He  published  editions  of  the  letters  of  Pliny, 
Cajsar's  Commentaries,  and  Vitruvius.  He  is  supposed  to 
have  designed  the  famous  Loggia  del  Consiglio  at  Verona. 
He  collected  about  2,000  Latin  inscriptions  in  a  work  which 
he  dedicated  to  Lorenzo  the  Magnificent.  In  Paris  he 
built  the  Pont  Notre-Dame  and  the  old  palace  of  the  Cour 
desComptes.  He  went  to  Rome  and  made  adesign  forSt. 
Peter's,  which  is  preserved  in  the  Ufflzi  at  Florence.  He 
returned  to  Venice  in  1506,  and  connected  himself  with  the 
work  of  the  Aldine  Academy. 

Gioja  (jo'ya),  Flavio.  Born  at  Pasitano,  near 
Amalfi  :  lived  early  in  the  14th  'century.  An 
Italian  navigator,  incorrectly  regarded  as  the 
inventor  of  the  compass. 

Gioja,  Melchiorre.  Bom  at  Piaeenza,  Italy, 
Sept.  20, 1767:  died  at  Milan,  Jan.  2, 1829.  An 
Italian  political  economist  and  philosophical 


Gipsies 

writer.  Among  his  works  are  "  Nuovo  prospetto  delle 
scienze  economiche  "  (1815-19),  "  Filosofla  della  statistica  " 
(1826),  etc. 

Gioja  (or  Gioia)  del  (or  dal)  CoUe  (kol'le).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Ban,  Italy,  24  miles 
south  of  Bari.    Population  (1881),  17,016. 

Giordani  ( jor-da'ne),  Pietro.  Bom  at  Piaeenza, 
Jan.  1, 1774:  died  at  Parma,  Sept.  14,  1848.  An 
Italian  Benedictine  monk  and  litterateur,  pro- 
fessor (1800-15)  of  Latin  and  Italian  rhetoric  at 
the  University  of  Bologna. 

Giordano  (jor-da'no),  Luca.  Born  at  Naples, 
1632:  died  at  Naples,  Jan.,  1705.  An  Italian 
painter :  for  his  swiftness  of  execution  he  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Pa-Presto. 

Giorgio  (jor'jo),  Francesco  di.  Bom  at  Siena, 
1439:  died  there,  1502.  An  Italian  architect, 
engineer,  sculptor,  painter,  and  bronze-caster. 
He  devoted  himself  principally  to  military  architecture 
and  engineering,  and  attained  such  celebrity  that  his  ser- 
vices were  constantly  solicited  of  the  Sienese  republic  by 
the  lords  of  the  great  Italian  cities.  His  chief  employer 
was  the  Duke  of  Urbino.  A  series  of  72  bas-reliefs  made 
upofmilitarymachines,  arms,  and  trophies,  which  he  sculp- 
tured for  the  facade  of  liis  palace,  may  still  be  seen  at  Ur- 
bino. In  1493  he  was  elected  to  the  magistracy  of  Siena. 
At  this  time  he  modeled  and  cast  two  of  the  tabernacles 
above  the  high  altar  of  the  Duomo. 

Giorgione  (jor-jo'ne),  II  (Giorgio  Barbarelli). 

Bom  at  Castelfranco  about  1477 :  died  of  the 
plague  at  Venice  in  1511.  A  Venetian  painter. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Giovanni  Bellini.  He  was  famous  as  a 
colorist,  and  was  reckoned  the  most  brilliant  of  his  school 
and  generation.  Of  the  numerous  pictures  attributed  to 
him  in  the  various  galleries  of  Europe,  there  is  only  one  of 
which  the  authorship  rests  on  secure  evidence.  This  is 
the  Madonna  and  Child  enthroned,  with  St.  Francis  and 
St.  Liberalison  the  two  sides  of  the  pedestal  on  which  she 
sits.  It  is  in  the  chm'ch  of  his  birthplace.  Of  the  pic- 
tures attributed  to  Giorgione,  "The  Concert"(in  the  Pitti 
Gallery),  "The  Knight  of  Malta"  (in  the  UfBzi),  and  the 
"Judgment  of  Solomon  "  (Uffizi)  are  among  the  most  im< 
portant. 

Giotto  (jot'to),  or  Giotto  di  Bondone.    Bom 

at  Vespignano,  near  Florence,  1276 :  died  at 
Florence,  Jan.  8,  1337.  A  celebrated  Italian 
painter,  architect,  and  sculptor.  He  was  the  son 
of  a  peasant.  He  became  the  pupil  of  Cimabue,  and  was 
the  head  at  Florence  of  a  celebrated  school  of  painters. 
In  1334  Giotto  was  appointed  cliief  master  of  the  works  on 
the.Duopio  at  Florence,  the  city  fortifications,  and  all  pub- 
lic architectural  undertakings.  He  designed  the  fagade 
of  the  Duomo,  which  was  not  finished,  and  built  the  fa- 
mous Campanile.  His  works  include  28  frescos  in  the 
aisle  of  the  upper  church  of  S.  Francesco  d'Assisi,  under 
those  by  Cimabue ;  the  frescos  on  the  ceilings  of  the 
lower  church  of  S.  Francesco  d'Assisi,  and  an  altarpiece 
(according  to  Vasari  the  most  completely  executed  of  aU 
his  works) ;  38  frescos  in  the  Capella  dell'  Arena  at  Padua ; 
the  frescos  of  four  chapels  in  Santa  Croce,  Florence,  two 
of  which  have  been  destroyed  ;  a  very  small  number  of 
genuine  panel-pictures  in  St.  Peter's,  in  Santa  Croce,  in 
the  Accademia  at  Florence,  in  the  Louvre,  at  Munich,  and 
in  the  Berlin  Museum ;  a  "Madonna  with  Angels"  (Acca- 
demia, Florence) ;  "  Two  Apostles  "  (National  Gallery,  Lon- 
don) ;  and  "  St.  Francis  receiving  the  Stigmata "  (in  the 
Louvre).  In  the  frescos  of  the  Bargello,  Florence,  are  the 
well-known  portraits  of  Dante. 

Giovanni,  Don.  [It.,  'John.']  See  Don  Gio- 
vanni. 

Giovanni,  Ser.    See  Pecorone,  II. 

Giovanni  da  Fiesole.  See  Mesole,  Giovanni 
Angelico  da. 

Giovanni  di  Bologna,    See  John  of  Bologna. 

Giovinazzo  (j6-ve-nat's6),  or  Giovenazzo  (j6- 
ve-nat's6).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Bari, 
Italy,  on  the  Adriatic  Sea  12  miles  northwest 
of  Bari.    Population,  9,797. 

Giovio  (jo've-o),  Paolo,  Latinized  Paulus  Jo- 
vius.  Born  at  Como,  Italy,  April  19, 1483:  died 
at  Florence,  Dec.  11, 1552.  A  noted  Italian  his- 
torian. He  was  the  author  of  numerous  works,  of  which 
the  most  important  is  "Historiarum  sui  temporis  libri 
xlv."  ("History  of  his  own  Times,"  1560-52). 

Gippsland  (gips'land).  A  region  in  southeast- 
ern Victoria,  Australia. 

Gipsies  (jip'siz).  [Orig.  Egyptians,  later  Gip- 
cians,  Gipsies,  the  Gipsies  being  popularly  sup- 
posed to  be  Egyptians.]  A  peculiar  vagabond 
race  which  appeared  in  England  for  the  first 
time  about  the  beginning  of  the  16th  century, 
and  in  eastern  Europe  at  least  two  centuries 
earlier,  and  is  now  found  in  every  country  of 
Europe,  as  well  as  in  parts  of  Asia,  Africa,  and 
America.  The  Gipsies  are  distinguishable  from  the 
peoples  among  whom  they  rove  by  their  bodily  appearance 
and  by  their  language.  Their  forms  are  generally  light, 
lithe,  and  agile ;  skin  of  a  tawny  color ;  eyes  large,  black, 
and  brilliant ;  hair  long,  coal-black,  and  often  ringleted ; 
mouth  well  shaped ;  and  teeth  very  white.  Ethnologists 
generally  concur  in  regarding  the  Gipsies  as  descendants 
of  some  obscure  Hindu  tribe.  They  pursue  various  no- 
madic occupations,  being  tinkers,  basket-makers,  fortune- 
tellers, dealers  in  horses,  etc. :  are  often  expert  musicians ; 
and  are  credited  with  thievish  propensities.  They  appear 
to  be  destitute  of  any  system  of  religion,  but  traces  of  va- 
rious forms  of  paganism  are  found  in  their  language  and 
customs.  The  name  Gipsy  is  also  sometimes  applied  to  or 
assumed  by  other  vagrants  of  like  habits. 


Gipsy's  Warning,  The 

CMpsy's  Warning,  The.  An  opera  by  Sir  Julius 
Benedict,  with  words  by  Linley  and  Peake.  It 
was  produced  at  Drury  Lane,  April  19,  1838. 

Giralda  (ji-ral'da).  An  opera  by  A.  Adam,  with 
words  by  Scribe.  It  was  produced  in  1850,  and  adapted 
for  the  English  stage  as  a  play  by  Mrs.  Davidson. 

Giralda  (He-ral'da).  [Sp.,  a  weather-vane  in 
the  form  of  a  statue.]  The  bell-tower  of  the 
cathedral  at  Seville,  Spain :  so  called  from  the 
figure  of  Faith  which  forms  the  weather-vane 
■upon  its  summit.  To  the  height  of  2B0  feet  the  tower 
isMoorish,  with  rich  windows  and  surface-decoration ;  the 
ornate  belfry,  100  feet  high,  in  recessed  stages,  above  this, 
was  built  in  1668.  The  tower  is  60  feet  square  at  the  base. 
The  tower  of  the  Madison  Square  Garden  in  New  York 
city  is,  in  general,  a  copy  of  it. 

Giraldi  (je-ral'de),  Giovanni  Battista,  sur- 
named  Cintio  or  Ointhio.  Born  at  Perrara, 
Italy,  Nov.,  1504:  died  at  Ferrara,  Deo.  30, 
1573.  An  eminent  Italian  novelist  and  tragic 
poet,  professor  (1525)  of  medicine  and  philoso- 
phy and  later  (1537)  of  belles-lettres  at  the 
University  of  Ferrara.  For  several  years  after  1660 
he  taught  at  Mondovi.  He  published  "Orbecche"  (1641) 
and  other  tragedies,  "  Gli  Hecatommithi "  ("A  Hundred 
Tales,  1565),  etc.  Two  of  Shakspere's  plays,  as  well  as  a 
number  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's,  are  indebted  to  him 
for  their  plots. 

Giraldi,  Lilio  Gregorio.  BornatFerrara,Italy, 
June  13, 1479 :  died  at  Ferrara,  Feb.,  1552.  An 
Italian  archesologist  and  poet,  author  of  "His- 
toria  de  diis  gentium,"  etc. 

Giraldus  Oambrensis  ( ji-ral  'dus  kam-bren'  sis) , 
or  Gerald  de  Barry  (or  Barri).  Bom  near 
Pembroke,  Wales,  probably  in  1146 :  died  prob- 
ably in  1220.  A  British  historian  and  ecclesi- 
astic. He  was  appointed  chaplain  to  Henry  II.  in  1184, 
and  accompanied  Prince  John  in  his  expedition  to  Ireland. 
In  1198  he  was  elected  bishop  of  St.  David's,  but  failed  to 
receive  the  papal  confirmation.  His  chief  work  is  "Itin- 
erarium  Cambrise.",  The  best  edition  of  his  works  is  that 
by  Brewer  and  Dimock  in  the  Bolls  Series  (1861-77). 

Glrard  (zhe-rar'),  Firmin.  Born  at  Pouoin, 
Ain,  May  31,  1838.  ^  A  French  genre  painter. 
He  studied  with  Gleyre.  Among  his  works  are  "Aprfes 
le  bal "  (1863),  "  Le  pr^f^r^  "  (1872),  "  Le  quai  aux  fleurs  " 
(1876),  "Allantaumarch^"(1881),  "Lapromenade"(1889). 

Girard,  Paul  Albert.  Born  at  Paris,  Sept.  13, 
1839.  A  French  landscape-painter.  He  gained 
the  grand  prix  de  Eome  in  1861. 

(Mrard,  Phuippe  Henri  de.  Born  at  Lourmariu, 
Vaucluse,  France,  Feb.  1,  1775:  died  at  Paris, 
Aug.  26,  1845.  A  noted  French  mechanician. 
His  chief  invention  is  a  flax-spinning  machine 
(1810). 

(Hrard,  Pierre  Simon,  Bom  at  Caen,  France, 
Nov.  4,  1765:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  30, 1836.  A 
French  engineer. 

Girard  (ji-rard'),  Stephen.  Bomnear Bordeaux, 
France,  May  24,  1750:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Deo.  26,  1831.  An  American  merchant,  banker, 
and  pliUanthropist,  founder  of  Girard  College 
(which  see). 

Girard  College.  A  college  for  the  education 
of  poor  white  male  orphans,  founded  in  Phila- 
delphia by  the  will  of  Stephen  (Jirard.  The  chief 
building  (Grecian  style)  was  begun  in  1833,  and  the  col- 
lege was  opened  in  1848.  By  the  direction  of  the  founder 
"  no  ecclesiastic,  missionary,  or  minister  of  any  sect  what- 
ever" is  permitted  to  "hold  or  exercise  any  station  or 
duty  "  in  the  college,  or  to  be  admitted  as  a  visitor  within 
the  premises.  - 

Girardin  (zhe-rar-dan'),  Bmile  de.  Bom  at 
Paris,  June  22, 1806:  died  there,  April  27, 1881. 
A  French  journalist  and  economist,  natural  son 
of  Count  Alexandre  de  Girardin.  He  was  editor  of 
"la  Presse  "  1836-66  and  1862-66,  of  "  La  Liberty  "  1866-70, 
an;i  of  "la  France "  after  1874.  Among  his  works  aje 
"  Etudes  politiques  "  (1838),  and  "la politique  universelle, 
d^crets  de  I'avenir  "  (1862). 

Girardin,  Madame  de  (Delphine  Gay) :  pseu- 
donym vicomte  Charles  ae  Launay.    Bom 

at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Prussia,  Jan.  26, 1804:  died 
at  Paris,  June  29,  1855.  A  French  writer, 
daughter  of  Madame  Sophie  Gay,  and  wife 
(1831)  of  fimile  de  Girardin.  she  was  the  author 
of  novels,  comedies,  poems,  and  "lettres  parisiennes" 
(contributed  to  "La  Presse"  1836-48). 

Girardin,  Jean  Pierre  Louis.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Nov.  16,  1803:  died  at  Bouen,  May  24, 1884.  A 
French  chemist.  He  became  professor  of  applied  chem- 
istiy  at  Eouen  in  1828,  and  at  Lille  in  1868,  and  rector  of 
the  academy  at  Clermon(>Ferrand  in  1868.  He  is  best 
known  from  his  labors  in  agricultural  chemistry. 

Girardin,  Marc.    See  Saint-Marc  Girardin. 

Girardon  (zhe-rar-d6n'),  Francois.  Bom  at 
Troyes,  France,  about  1630 :  died  at  Paris,  Sept. 
1,  1715.  A  French  sculptor.  He  came  under  the 
patronage  of  Chancellor  Siguier;  studied  in  Italy;  and 
returned  to  Paris  in  1662,  where  he  owed  his  success  to 
lebmn.  His  principal  works  are  the  "  Bain  d'Apollon  " 
and  "Kape  of  Proserpine"  at  Versailles,  an  equestrian 
statue  of  Louis  XIV.,  the  mausoleum  of  Richelieu  at  the 
Sorbonne,  the  tomb  of  his  own  wife  at  Saint-Landri,  and 
the  decoration  of  the  Porte  St. -Denis. 


440 

Girart  de  Bossilho.  An  old  Provencal  epic  be- 
longing to  the  Carlovingian  cycle.  It  is  written 
in  the  most  northern  of  the  southern  dialects. 
Saititsbury. 

Giraud  (zhe-ro'),  Pierre  Frangois  Eugene. 
Bom  at  Paris,  Aug.  9,  1806 :  died  there,  Dec. 
29, 1881.  A  French  painter,  a  pupil  of  the  fieole 
des  Beaux  Arts.  He  studied  in  Italy,  and  later  traveled 
in  Spain  and  the  East.  The  subjects  of  his  principal  works 
are  historical  and  Oriental. 

Giraud,  Sebastien  Charles.  Bom  at  Paris,  Jan. 
18, 1819 :  died  there,  1892  (1886,  Vapereau).  A 
French  painter,  brother  of  P.  F.  E.  Giraud. 

Girbaden  (gir'ba-den).  Castle  of.  An  impos- 
ing ruin  with  a  massive  square  donjon,  near 
Grendelbruch,  in  Lower  Alsace,  said  once  to 
have  possessed  14  gates  and  14  courts.  The  inner 
fortress  is  of  the  10th  century,  the  outer  castle  of  the  early 
13th.  The  great  hall  has  fine  windows  framed  between 
clustered  colonnettes. 

Glrgashites  (ger'ga-shits).    See  the  extract. 

As  for  the  Girgashite  who  is  coupled  with  the  Jebusite 
(Gen.  XV.  21),  his  place  has  been  already  fixed  by  the  eth- 
nographical table  of  Genesis.  He  there  appears  between 
the  Amorite  and  the  Hivite,  and  consequently  in  that 
northern  part  of  the  country  in  which  the  Hivites  were 
more  especially  foimd.  Further  than  this  conjecture  alone 
can  lead  us.  Sayce^  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  122. 

Girgeh  (jer'je).  1.  Aprovince  of  Upper  Egypt. 
—  2.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Girgeh,  situated 
on  the  Nile  in  lat.  26°  18'  N.  Population  (1882), 
14,819. 

Girgenti  ( jer-jen'te).  A  province  in  southwest- 
em  Sicily.  Area,  1,172  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  337,983. 

Girgenti.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Gir- 
genti, Sicily,  situated  on  the  Girgenti,  near  the 
coast,  in  lat.  37°  18'  N.,  long.  13°  34'  E.:  the 
ajicient  Roman  Agrigentum  and  the  Greek  Ak- 
ragas.  See  Agrigentum.  The  site  is  of  high  arohseo- 
logical  interest  from  its  abundant  remains  of  Doric  temples 
and  other  Greek  structures  dating  from  before  the  Cartha- 
ginian conquest.  All  the  temples  belong  to  the  finest  period 
of  architecture.  The  so-called  temple  of  Concord  is  one  of 
the  most  perfect  surviving  monuments  of  Hellenic  anti- 
quity. It  is  a  Doric  peripteros  of  6  by  13  columns,  on  a  stylo- 
bate  of  3  steps,  measuring  (steps  included)  64^  by  188  feet. 
The  base  diameter  of  the  columns  is  4^g  feet,  their  height 
22iV  There  are  two  columns  in  antis  m  both  pronaos  and 
opisthodoraos.  It  stands  practically  complete,  except  the 
roof,  and  is  most  imposing  in  effect.  The  temple  of  Hera 
Lacinia,  of  the  first  half  of  the  5th  century  B.  c,  is  now  a 
ruin.  It  is  a  Doric  peripteros  of  6  by  13  columns,  measuring 
(steps  included)  64  by  138  feet.  The  base  diameter  of  the 
columns  is  4J  feet,  their  height  21.  The  cella  had  two 
columns  in  antis  in  both  pronaos  and  opisthodomos,  and 
retains  a  portion  of  the  base  of  the  cult  statue.  The  tem- 
ple of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  is  a  very  large  5th-century  Greek 
Doric  temple  of  unusual  plan.  It  was  pseudoperipteral, 
with  7  engaged  columns  on  the  fronts  and  14  on  the  flanks, 
and  measured  360  feet  in  length,  180  in  width,  and  120  in 
height.  The  interior  of  the  cella  was  surrounded  with  pilas- 
ters supporting  an  epistyle,  upon  which  stood  telamones  to 
receive  the  ceiling-beams.  There  was  a  pronaos  and  an 
opisthodomos,  lighted  by  windows  between  the  semi-col- 
umns. In  the  eastern  pediment  there  was  a  gigantomachy 
in  high  relief,  in  the  western  an  Iliupersis.  The  temple 
of  Castor  and  Pollux  is  a  Doric  peripteros  of  6  by  13  col- 
umns, measuring  (steps  included)  51  by  lllj  feet.  The 
base  diameter  of  the  columns  is  S^gfeet,  their  height  21-^. 
Only  four  columns  of  the  northwest  angle  are  standing, 
with  their  entablature  and  a  portion  of  the  pediment.  The 
rough  stone  has  a  coating  of  fine  stucco,  upon  which  the 
painted  decoration  was  executed.  The  temple  of  Heracles  is 
a  Doric  peripteros  of  6  by  15  columns,  measxiring  (steps  in- 
cluded) 73^  by  241  feet.  The  columns  were  about  33  feet 
high  (4^  diameters).  There  were  inner  porticos  before 
both  pronaos  and  opisthodomos.  Fragments  of  its  poly- 
chrome decoration  are  preserved  at  Palermo.  The  pretor 
Verres  attempted  to  steal  its  cult  statue,  but  was  forcibly 
hindered  by  the  citizens.  The  city  has  a  cathedral  and  a 
museum.  It  was  for  a  time  a  Saracen  possession,  and  was 
a  rich  bishopric  in  the  middle  ages.  Its  seaport,  Porto 
Empedocle,  has  a  large  export  of  sulphur.  Population 
(estimated,  1891),  24,000. 

dirnar  (gir-nar').  A  mountain  in  the  penin- 
sula of  Sathiawar,  India,  near  Junagadh,  fa- 
mous for  its  Jain  temples.    Height,  3,666  feet. 

Girodet  Trioson  (zhe-r6-da'tre-6-z6n'),  Anne 
Louis  (originally  Girodet  de  Roussy).  Bom 
at  Montargis,  France,  Jan.  5,  1767:  died  at 
Paris,  Deo.  19,  1824.  A  French  painter,  a  pu- 
pil of  L.  David.  He  won  the  grand  prix  de  Eome  in 
1789.  Among hisbestworksare  " Sc^ne du ddluge " (1806), 
"  Burial  of  Atala"(1808),  etc.  He  was  adopted  by  a  physi- 
cian named  Trioson. 

Giromagny  (zhe-ro-man-ye').  A  town  in  the 
territory  of  Belfort,  France,  on  the  Savoureuse 
8  miles  north  of  Belfort.  Population,  about 
3,000. 

Giron  (ne-ron'),  Francisco  Hernandez.  Bom 
at  Caeeres,  Esiremadura,  about  1505:  died  at 
Lima,  Peru,  Dec.  7,  1554.  A  Spanish  adven- 
turer. He  went  to  America  in  1636,  took  part  in  the  con- 
quest of  New  Granada,  and  fought  on  the  royal  side  in 
Peru  during  the  rebellion  of  Gonzalo  Pizarro,  1646  to  1548. 
On  Nov.  12, 1563,  he  headed  a  revolt  at  Cuzco ;  defeated 
the  royalists  under  Alonso  de  Alvarado  at  the  battle  of 
Chuquingua,  May  21, 1664 ;  but  later  he  was  outnumbered, 
captured,  and  beheaded. 


Giudici 

Gironde  (ji-rond' ;  F.  pron.  zhe-rdnd').  1.  The 
river  Garonne  (which  see)  after  its  union  with 
the  Dordogne.  Length,  about  45  miles. — 2.  A 
department  of  southwestern  France,  capital 
Bordeaux :  part  of  the  ancient  Guienne.  it  is 
bounded  by  Charente-Inf^rieure  on  the  north,  Dordogne 
and  Lot-et-Garonne  on  the  east,  Landes  on  the  south,  and 
the  Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  generally 
level  Gironde  is  noted  for  the  production  of  claret  wines. 
Area,  3,761  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  793,628. 

Girondins  (ji-ron'dinz).     Same  as  Girondists. 

Girondists  (ji-ron'dists).  [From F.  Girondiste, 
from  Gironde,  a  party  so  called :  prop,  a  depart- 
ment of  France  from  which  the  original  leaders- 
of  this  party  came.]  An  iinportant  political 
party  during  the  first  French  Revolution.  From 
Brlssot,  they  were  sometimes  called  Brissotins.  They  were 
moderate  Republicans,  were  the  ruling  party  in  1792,  and 
were  overthrown  by  their  opponents  in  the  Convention, 
the  Montagnards,  in  1793  ;  and  many  of  their  chiefs  were 
executed  during  the  night  of  Oct.  30-31  of  that  year,  in- 
cluding BrisBot,  Gensonn6,  Vergniaud,  Ducos,  and  Sillery. 
Other  executions  followed  both  at  Paris  and  in  the  prov- 
inces. 

Giron  le  Courtois  (zhe-r6n'  le  kor-twa').  See 
the  extract. 

The  original  story,  together  with  the  Meliadus,  formed 
part  of  the  great  romance  Palamedes  (or,  as  M.  Faulin 
Paris  prefers  to  call  the  whole,  Giron  le  Coiutois,  this  per- 
sonage being  the  chief  hero  throughout),  written  by  Elie 
de  Borron,  who  was  alive  in  the  twelfth  century,  probably 
about  one  hundred  years  before  Rusticien,  whose  compo. 
sition  is  the  basis  of  the  work  as  printed. 

DurU<^,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fict.,  I.  233,  note. 

Girouettes  (zhe-ro-et'),Les.  [F.,'TheWeather- 
cocks.']  A  name  given  in  the  "  Dictionnaire 
des  Girouettes,"  published  in  Paris  in  1815,  to 
those  who  had  deserted  the  tricolor  for  the 
white  flag  of  the  Bourbons  after  the  fall  of  Na- 
poleon, or  vice  versa.  After  each  name  was  engraved 
one  or  more  weathercocks,  showing  the  number  of  times 
the  subject  of  the  article  had  changed  sides.    Larou^se. 

Girtin  (ger'tin),  Thomas.  Born  at  Southwark, 
Surrey,  1775 :  died  at  London,  1802.  An  Eng- 
lish landscape-painter,  "next  in  importance  to 
Turner."  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  English 
water-color  school.  Among  his  works  are  "Melrose  Ab- 
bey," "York  Cathedral,"  "Interior  of  Canterbury  Cathe- 
dral," and  others  in  the  British  Museum,  "Jedburgh 
Abbey,"  "St.  Asaph"  (Dublin  National  Gallery),  "Eie- 
vaulx  Abbey,"  "View  on  the  Thames,"  and  others  (South 
Kensington  Museum). 

Girton  College  (ger'ton  kol'ej).  A  college  at 
Girton,  near  Cambridge,  England,  founded  in 
1869  for  the  education  of  women.  Its  students  are 
admitted  to  examinations  for  the  B.  A.  degree  in  Cam- 
bridge University,  and  receive  certificates  indicating  their 
place  in  the  class-lists. 

Girvan  (ger'van).  A  seaport  on  the  coast  of 
Ayrshire,  Scotland,  17  miles  south-southwest 
of  Ayr.    Population  (1891),  4,081. 

Gisdhubar.    See  Izdubar. 

Giskra  (gisk'ra),  Karl.  BomatMahrisch-Trii- 
bau,  Moravia,  Jan.  29,  1820 :  died  at  Baden, 
Lower  Austria,  June  1,  1879.  An  Austrian 
statesman,  in  1846  he  was  appointed  to  a  tutorship  at 
the  University  of  Vienna.  He  sympathized  with  the  revo- 
lutionary movement  of  March,  1848,  and  organized  the 
academic  legion.  He  lived  tor  a  time  in  Wiirtemberg  and 
Russia,  and  returned  to  Austria  in  1850 ;  became  an  advo- 
cate at  Brunn  in  1860 ;  became  mayor  of  Briinn  1866 ;  and 
was  minister  of  the  interior  1868-70. 

Gislason  (gis'la-son),  Eonr^d.  Born  July  3, 
1808 :  died  Jan.  4,  1891.  An  Icelandic  philol- 
ogist, prof  essorattheUniversity  of  Copenhagen 
1862-86.  His  chief  work  is  a  Danish-Icelandic 
dictionary  (1851). 

Gisors  (zhe-zor').  Atown  in  the  department  of 
Eure,  France,  on  the  Epte  32  miles  east-south- 
east of  Rouen,  it  was  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Nor- 
man Vexin.  The  castle  was  one  of  the  great  bulwarks  of 
ducal  Normandy.  The  inclosure  of  walls  and  towers  is 
of  great  extent,  and  in  the  middle  rises  the  huge  octagonal 
keep.  It  is  an  exceedingly  picturesque  ruin,  framed  in 
trees  and  ivy.  Population  (1891),  commune,  4,462. 

Gita  (ge'ta).    The  Bhagavadgita  (which  see). 

Gitagovinda  (ge-ta-go-vin'da).  [Skt.]  A  lyrical 
poem  by  Jayadeva  on  the  early  life  of  Krishna 
as  a  cowherd  (govinda,  'finder  of  cows'),  it 
sings  the  loves  ot  Krishna  and  Eadha  and  other  of  the 
cowherd  damsels,  but  a  mystical  interpretation  has  been 
put  upon  it.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  written  in  the 
12th  or  _13th  century. 

Gitschin  (gich'in).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  the  Cydlina  48  miles 
northeast  of  Prague.  Wallenstein  made  it  the  capi- 
tal of  the  duchy  ot  Friedland  in  1627.  It  was  the  scene  of 
a  victory  of  the  Prussians  over  the  Austrians,  June  29, 1866. 
Population  (1890),  8,467. 

Gittites  (git'its).  The  natives  or  inhabitants 
of  Gath  (which  see). 

Giudici  (jo'de-che),  Paolo  Emiliani.  Bom  at 
Mussomeli,  Sicily,  June  13,  1812 :  died  at  Tun- 
bridge,  England,  Sept.  8, 1872.  An  Italian  his. 
torian  of  literature.  He  wrote  "  Storia  della  lettera. 
tura  italiana  "  (1856),  "  Storia  del  comuni  italiani "  (1861), 
etc. 


Giuglini 

CKuglini  (jSl-ye'ne),  Antonio.  Born  at  Fano, 
Italjr,  in  1827 :  died  at  Pesaro,  Oct.  12, 1865.  An 
Italian  tenor  singer.  He  first  appeared  in  Eng- 
land 1857.  i-i-  "6 

Giuliani  (jo-le-a'ne),  Giambattista.  Bom  at 
Canelli,  near  Asti,  June  4,  1818 :  died  at  Flor- 
ence, Jan.  11,  1884.  An  Italian  philologist, 
noted  as  a  student  of  Dante.    He  was  successively 

Srofessor  ol  mathematics  at  the  Clementine  College  at 
ome  (1837),  of  philosophy  at  the  Lyceum  at  Lugano 
(1839),  ol  rhetoric  at  thetTniversltyof  Genoa  (1848),  and  of 
Italian  literature,  particularly  ol  the  works  of  Dante,  at 
Florence  (1860).    His  works  on  Dante  are  numerous. 

Qiulio  Romano  (j6'le-6  ro-ma'nd),  properly 
Giulio  di  Pietro  di  Filippo  (jo'le-6  de  pe-a'- 
tro  de  fe-lep'p6)  (contracted  to  Pippi)  de"  Gi- 
annuzzi.  Bom  at  Rome,  1492:  died  at  Man- 
tua, Italy,  Nov.  1,  1546.  An  Italian  painter  and 
architect,  pupil  of  Eaphael.  Among  his  noted 
works  is  the  ''Fall  of  the  Titans "  (Mantua). 

Giunta  Pisano  ( jon'ta  pe-sa'no) .  Lived  in  the 
first  half  of  the  13th  e  entury.  An  Italian  painter. 

Giuramento  (jii-ra-men'to),  II.  [It., 'The 
Oath.']  An  opera  by  Mercadante,  with  words 
by  Eossi  from  Victor  Hugo's  "  Angelo."  It  was 
produced  at  Milan  in  1837,  at  London  in  1840, 
and  at  Paris  in  1858. 

Giurgevo  (jor-ja'vo),  Rumanian  Giurgiu  (jor'- 
j6).  A  town  in  Wallachia,  Rumania,  situated 
on  the  Danube,  opposite  Rustchuk,  88  miles 
south-southwest  of  Bukharest.  it  is  the  port  of 
Bukharest,  the  chief  commercial  place  in  Humania,  and 
was  the  scene  of  many  contests  in  the  Turkish  wars.  It 
was  founded  by  the  Genoese  in  the  14th  century.  Popu- 
lation (1889-90),  12,569. 

Giusti  (jos'te),  Giuseppe.  Bom  at  Monsum- 
mano,  near  Pistoja,  Italy,  May  13,  1809:  died 
at  Florence,  March  31, 1850.  An  Italian  satiri- 
cal poet.  His  complete  works  were  published 
in  1863. 

Giustiniani  (j6s-te-ne-a'ne),  Agostino  Panta- 
leone.  Bom  at  GrenoaJ  1470 :  lost  at  sea,  1536. 
An  Italian  ecclesiastic  and  philologist.  He  pub- 
lished a  polyglpt  edition  of  the  Psalter  in  1516. 

Givet  (zhe-va').  A  fortified  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ardennes,  France,  situated  on  the 
Mouse,  on  the  Belgian  frontier,  in  lat.  50°  8'  N., 
long.  4°  49'  B.  The  citadel  of  Charlemont  was  founded 
by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  1555.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 7,083. 

GHvors  (zhe-vor').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Rh6ne,  France,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Gier  with  the  Rh6ne,  14  miles  south  of 
Lyons. 

Gizeh,  or  Ghizeh  (ge'ze).  1.  A  province  of 
Egypt,  situated  south  of  the  Delta.— 2.  The 
capital  of  the  province  of  Gizeh,  situated  on 
the  Nile  about  3  miles  west-southwest  of  Cairo. 
In  the  vicinity  are  the  pyramids  ol  Khulu,  Khafra,  and 
Men-ka-ra.  It  now  contains  the  Museum  of  Egyptian  An- 
tiquities, formerly  at  Bulak.    See  Pyramids  and  Sphinx. 

Gizziello   (jet-se-el'lo),  Gioacchino  Oonti, 

called.  Bom  at  Naples,  Feb.  28,  1714:  died  at 
Rome,  Oct.  25, 1761.  A  noted  Italian  soprano 
singer.  He  made  his  d^but  at  Bome  at  the  age  ol  fifteen. 
In  1736  he  sang  in  London  with  great  success.  In  1753,  alter 
singing  much  in  Spain  and  Portugal,  he  left  the  stage. 

Gjallar  (yal'lar).  In  Scandinavian  mythology, 
the  horn  of  Heimdall.  He  blows  it  to  warn  the 
gods  when  any  one  approaches  the  bridge  Bi- 
frost. 

Glaber  (gla'ber),  Budolphe  or  Raoul.  Died  at 
the  monastery  of  Cluny  about  1050.  A  French 
ecclesiastic  who  wrote  a  chronicle  of  events 
from  900  a.  D.  to  1046.  The  first  printed  edition  of 
the  work  appeared  in  1696  in  Pithou's  "Historise  Franco- 
rum  "  It  contains  much  information  concerning  the  Ca- 
petians before  their  elevation  to  theFrench  throne.  Glaber 
was  the  author  also  ol  a  lile  ol  Saint  Wilham,  abbot  ol 
Saint-B^nigne. 

Gladbach,  or  Bergisch-Gladbach  (berg'ish- 
glad'bach).  A  town  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  8  miles  northeast  of  Cologne.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  9,538.  ..   , 

Gladbach,  or  Mlinclien-Gladbaqli  (mun  chen- 
glad'badh).  A  town  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  15  miles  west  of  Diisseldorf .  It  is  one  ol 
the  centers  lor  the  manulacture  ol  cotton,  linen,  woolen, 
machinery,  etc.    Population  (1890),  49,628. 

Gladiator  (glad'i-a-tor),  The..  A  melodrama 
by  Robert  Montgomery  Bird. 

Gladiator,  The  Fighting.  See  Borghese  Gladt- 

Gladiators,  War  of  the.   See  Servile  Wars. 
Gladstone  glad'ston),  William  Ewart.  Bom 

at  Liverpool,  Dec.  29,  1809 :  died  at  Hawarden 
Castle,  May  19,  1898.  An  eminent  British 
statesman,  financier,  and  orator.  Both  his  pa- 
rents  were  natives  ol  Scotland,  his  lather,  Sir  John  Glad- 
rnl,BXaiIverpool  merchant,  being  de^^^^^^ 
an  oii.  Scottish  family  "^^ed  Gledstanes  (»  e.,  hawfc 
stones  ■).    He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at  Christ  Uiurch, 


441 

Oxford,  graduating  in  1831  with  highest  honors  both  in 
classics  and  mathematics  (a  double  first-class).  He  was 
returned  to  Parliament  in  1832,  in  the  first  election  after 
the  passing  of  the  Reform  Bill,  as  Tory  member  lor  New- 
ark, a  pocket  borough  ol  the  Duke  ol  Newcastle.  His  . 
exceptional  political  abilities  were  at  once  recognized  by 
his  party,  and  in  the  short-lived  administration  ol  Sir 
Eobert  Peel  (Dec,  lS34,-April,  1836)  he  was  made  first  a 
junior  lord  or  the  treasury,  and  then  under-secretary  for 
the  colonies.  On  the  return  of  Peel  to  ofifice  in  Sept., 
1841,  he  was  appointed  vice-president  ol  the  Board  of 
Trade,  and  had  the  principal  share  in  working  out  and 
expounding  the  elaborate  scheme  of  tariff  revision  that 
was  then  adopted.  In  June,  1843,  he  became  president 
of  the  Board  ol  Trade,  with  a  seat  in  the  cabinet.  In  Jan., 
1846,  he  left  the  ministry  on  account  ol  the  proposed 
grant  to  the  Roman  Catholic  College  ol  Maynooth :  he 
felt  that  he  could  not  support  this  officially  because  it  was 
at  variance  with  opinions  he  had  published,  although  he 
now  could  and  subsequently  did  support  it  as  a  private 
member.  The  Peel  ministry  was  reorganized  in  Dec, 
1846,  and  he  was  secretary  ol  state  lor  the  colonies  till  its 
lall  in  June,  1846.  Six  and  a  hall  years  then  elapsed  be- 
lore  he  again  held  office,  and  during  that  period  (espe- 
cially in  the  earlier  years  ol  it)  he  was  gradually  borne 
along,  in  spite  ol  his  native  Conservative  instincts,  toward 
that  political  Liberalism  ol  which  he  was  latterly  the 
most  conspicuous  exponent.  In  Dec,  1852,  a  coalition 
ministry  of  Whigs  and  Peelites  was  formed  under  the 
Earl  of  Aberdeen,  Gladstone  taking  what  appears  to  have 
been  his  strongest  rdle — that  of  chancellor  ol  the  ex- 
chequer. He  held  the  same  office  at  first  in  the  Liberal 
ministry  ol  Lord  Palmerston,  lormed  Feb.,  1855,  but  re- 
tired with  the  other  Peelites  in  a  lew  weeks.  During 
1868-69  he  was  sent  by  the  Conservative  ministry  on  a 
special  mission  as  lord  high  commissioner  extraordinary 
to  the  Ionian  Islands.  From  June,  1869,  to  July,  1866,  he 
was  again  chancellor  ol  the  exchequer  under  Lord  Pal- 
merston and  Earl  Russell,  and  alter  Palmerston's  death 
he  was  leader  ol  the  House  of  Commons.  The  defeat  of 
a  reform  bill  which  he  introduced  brought  the  Tories  back 
to  power,  to  pass  themselves  an  important  reform  mea- 
sure :  but  on  Deo  9,  1868  he  reached  the  highest  dig- 
nity attainable  by  a  British  subject — that  ol  prime 
minister.  This  distinguished  position  he  occupied  no 
less  than  four  times— Dec,  1868.  to  Feb.,  1874;  April, 
1880,  to  June,  1885  ;  Feb.  to  July,  1886 ;  and  Aug.,  1892, 
to  March,  1894,  when  the  "Grand  Old  Man"  retired  from 
office  on  account  ol  his  advanced  age  and  lailing  physical 
powers.  Besides  being  prime  minister  and  first  lord  of 
the  treasury,  he  was  also  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
during  his  first  administration  and  part  of  his  second, 
and  lord  privy  seal  during  his  third  and  fourth.  The  his- 
tory of  his  various  ministries  is  the  history  ol  the  British 
empire  lor  the  time.  One  ol  the  first  measures  which  he 
carried  as  premier  was  the  disestablishment  ol  the  Irish 
Church,  and  the  condition  ol  Ireland  was  throughout  his 
leadership  ol  a  quarter  ol  a  century  in  office  or  in 
opposition  tlie  object  of  his  peculiar  concern.  He  pre- 
pared and  introduced  (1886  and' 1893)  two  bills  for  provid- 
ing that  country  with  a  separate  legislature :  but  both 
were  defeated  (see  Home  Blue  BUls).  With  the  exception 
ol  about  a  year  and  a  hall,  he  sat  continuously  in  the 
House  of  Commons  1832-95.  He  retired  from  New- 
ark in  Jan.,  1846,  because  his  views  had  diverged  from 
those  of  its  patron,  and  subsequently  represented  the 
University  of  Oxford  (1847-66),  South  Lancashire  (1866-68), 
Greenwich  (1868-80),  and  Midlothian  (or  Edinburghshire) 
1880-94.  He  is  understood  to  have  been  offered  a  peer- 
age on  more  than  one  occasion,  but  declined  that  honor, 
remaining  "  The  Great  Commoner."  Although  by  far 
the  most  prominent  man  in  the  politics  of  his  time, 
he  lound  leisure  lor  considerable  contributions  to  lit- 
erature. His  publications  include  "  The  State  in  its  Re- 
lations to  the  Church" (1838),  "Letters  on  the  State  Perse- 
cutions ol  the  Neapolitan  Government "  (1851),  "  Studies  on 
Homer  and  the  Homeric  Age  "  (1868),  "  Juventus  Mundi " 
(1869),  pamphlets  on  "The  Vatican  Decrees"  (1874, 1875) 
and  "Bulgarian  Horrors"  (1876,  1877),  "Homeric  Syn- 
chronism" (1876),  "  Gleanings  ol  Past  Years  "  (1879),  etc.,  be- 
sides various  articles  in  magazines  and  reviews. 

Glaire  (glar),  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom  at  Bor- 
deaux, France,  April  1,  1798:  died  at  Issy 
(Seine),  Feb.  25,  1879.  A  French  Orientalist 
and  theologian.  He  published  "Lexicon  ma- 
nuale  Hebraicum  et  Chaldaicum"  (1830),  etc. 

Glais-Bizoin(gla'be-zwan'), Alexandre.  Bom 
at  Quintin,  C!5tes-du-Nord,  France,  March  9, 
1800 :  died  at  Lamballe,  Cdtes-du-Nord,  Nov.  6, 
1877.  A  French  politician,  opposition  member 
of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies,  and  member  of  the 
Government  of  National  Defense  1870-71. 

Glaisher  (gla'shfer),  James.  Bom  April  7,1809 : 
died  Feb.  7, 1903.  A  British  meteorologist  and 
aeronaut.  He  was  an  assistant  at  the  Cambridge  ob- 
servatory 1833-36,  and  director  ol  the  magnetic  and  me- 
teorological work  at  Greenwich  observatory  1840-74.  He 
founded  the  Royal  Meteorological  Society  ahd  became  its 
first  president  in  1867.  He  made  many  balloon  ascensions, 
reaching  in  1862  the  height  ol  37,000  leet.  His  works  in- 
clude "  Travels  in  the  Air,"  "  Factor  Tables  "  (1879-88),  etc. 

Glaize  (glaz ),  Auguste  Barth61emy.    Bom  at 

Montpellier,  Dec.  15, 1807 :  died  at  Paris,  Aug. 
8,  1893.  A  French  painter.  Among  his  works  are 
frescos  in  the  churches  ol  St.  Sulpice,  St.  Jacques  du  Haut- 
Pas,  and  St.  Merri  at  Paris.  „  ,  -r.     .    -t-,  , 

Glaize,  Pierre  Paul  Leon.  Bom  at  Pans,  Feb. 
3,  1842.  A  French  painter,  a  pupil  of  his  fa- 
ther, A.  B.  Glaize,  and  of  G^rome. 

Glammis  (glamz)  Castle.  An  ancient  castle 
near  Strathmore,  Scotland,  seat  of  the  Earl  of 
Strathmore.  It  is  associated  with  Shakspere's 
"Macbeth."  „      , 

Glamorgan  (gla-m&r'gan).  A  county  of  South 
Wales-.  Capital,  Cardiff,  it  is  bounded  by  Brecknock 
on  the  north,  Monmouth  on  the  east,  Bristol  Channel  on 


Glassites 

the  south,  and  Carmarthen  on  the  west.  It  has  important 
coal  and  iron  deposits.  Area,  808  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  687,147. 

Glamorgan.  In  British  legend,  the  glen  of  Mor- 
gan, a  spot  in  Wales  where  Morgan,  the  grand- 
son of  Lear,  was  killed. 

Glamorgan  Treaty.  A  treaty  made  with  the 
Roman  Catholics  of  Ireland  by  the  Earl  of  Gla- 
morgan (afterward  Marquis  of  Worcester),  act- 
ing (but  apparently  without  authority)  as  agent 
of  Charles  I. ,  Aug.  25, 1645.  It  made  important 
concessions  to  the  Roman  Catholics  in  return 
for  military  aid. 

Glanvill,  or  Glanvil  (glan'vil).  Joseph.  Born 
at  Plymouth,  England,  1636 :  died  at  Bath,  Eng- 
land, Nov.,  1680.  An  English  divine.  He  was 
a  voluminous  author.  His  best-known  work  is  "The  Van- 
ity ol  Dogmatizing  "(1661 :  enlarged,  "  Scepsis  Soientifica," 
1666).  In  this  he  is  thought  to  have  anticipated  the  electric 
telegraph  an4  Hume's  theory  of  causation. 

Glanville  (glan'vil),  Ranulf  de.    Died  1190. 

Chief  justiciar  of  England.  He  was  sheriff  of  York- 
shire 1163-70 ;  became  sheriff  ol  Lancashire  in  1173 ;  with 
Robert  Stuteville  deleated  the  Scots  at  Alnwick  July  13, 
1174;  and' was  one  ol  the  most  important  persons  in  the 
kingdom  during  the  remainder  ol  the  reign  ol  Henry  II. 

Glapthorne  (glap'thdm),  Henry.  Known  to 
have  written  between  1639  and  1642.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatist.  Among  his  plays  are  "Argalus  and  Par. 
thenia,"  "Albertus  Wallenstein,"  and  "The  Ladies  Privi- 
lege." "The  Paraside,  or  Revenge  for  Honer"  was  licensed 
in  1653  as  by  Glapthorne.  It  was  printed  later  with  Cliap- 
man's  name :  the  latter  had  nothing  to  do  with  it,  but  it  • 
may  have  been  revised  by  Glapthorne. 

Glareanus  (gla-ra-a'nSs),  originally  Heinrich 
Loriti.  Bom  at  Mollis,  Switzerland,  1488 :  died 
at  Freiburg,  1563.  A  Swiss  humanist.  He  was 
crowned  poet  laureate  by  the  emperor  Maximilian  in  1512, 
became  professor  of  belles-lettres  in  the  College  de  France 
in  1521,  and  subsequently  founded  a  school  for  belles- 
lettres  at  Freiburg  in  Breisgau.  He  favored  the  Refor- 
mation for  a  time,  but  was  induced  by  the  disturbances 
at  Basel  in  1529  to  withdraw  his  support.  He  published 
"De  geographia  liber"  (1527),  "Helvetiae  descriptio"  (in. 
verse),  numerous  studies  on  Latin  authors,  etc 

Glarner  Alps  (glar'ner  alps).  A  mountainous 
group  in  the  cantons  of  Uri,  Glarus,  andGrisons, 
Switzerland,  extending  from  theReuss  eastward 
to  the  Rhine.    Its  highest  peak  is  the  Todi. 

Glarnisch  (glar'nish).  A  mountain  in  the  can- 
ton of  Glarus,  Switzerland,  southwest  of  Gla- 
rus.    Highest  point,  9,583  feet. 

Glarus  (gla'ros),  or  Glaris  (gla-res').  A  canton 
of  Switzerland, ijoundedby  St. -Gall  on  the  north 
and  east,  Grisons  east  and  south,  and  Schwyz 
and  Uri  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  almost  entirely 
mountainous.  Cotton  is  manufactured.  The  canton  sends 
two  members  to  the  National  CounciL  It  joined  the  Swiss 
Confederation  in  1362.  Area,  267  square  mUes.  Popula- 
tion (1888),  33,825. 

Glarus.  A  capital  of  the  canton  of  Glarus, 
Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Linth  34  miles 
southeast  of  Zurich.  It  has  flourishing  manu- 
factures.    Population  (1888),  5,401. 

Glas  (glas),  John.  Bom  at  Auohtermuehty, 
Fife,  Sept.  21, 1695 :  died  at  Perth,  Nov.  2, 1773. 
A  Scottish  clergyman,  founder  of  the  sect  of 
Glassites  or  Sandemanians. 

Glasgow  (glas'go).  A  seaport  in  Lanarkshire,, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Clyde  in  lat.  55°  52' 
N.,  long.  4°  18'  W.,  the  largest  city  in  Scot- 
land and  second  city  in  Great  Britain :  next  to 
Liverpool  and  London,  the  principal  British  sea- 
port. It  is  the  terminus  of  several  transatlantic  lines  of 
steamers  (Anchor,  Allan,  State).  It  is  especially  famous  for 
iron  and  steel  ship-building,  being  the  chief  British  city 
in  this  regard.  It  manufactures  chemicals,  cotton  goods, 
woolen  goods,  iron,  sewing-machines,  machinery,  etc.;  has 
a  great  trade  in  coal ;  and  has  important  bleaching  and  dye- 
ing works.  The  cathedral,  founded  in  the  12th  century, 
was  finished  in  the  16th,  but  is  chiefiy  in  the  Early  English 
style,  with  very  numerous  but  small  lancets  in  the  clear- 
story, traceried  windows  in  the  aisles,  narrow  trausepts 
with  great  windows,  square  chevet,  and  central  tower 
and  spire.  The  interior  is  effective :  it  has  a  flat  wooden 
ceiling,  and  all  the  windows  are  filled  with  modem  Mu- 
nich glass.  The  crypt  is  of  unusual  beauty :  it  is  ad- 
mirably vaulted,  and  its  65  columns  possess  finely  carved 
capitals.  The  cathedral  measures  320  by  70  leet ;  height 
ol  nave,  90.  The  length  is  the  same  as  that  ol  St.  Patrick's 
Cathedral,  New  York.  Glasgow  University  was  founded 
in  1451.  The  present  large  building,  296  by  580  feet,  in  a 
modified  Early  English  style,  with  tall  central  tower  and 
spire,  was  first  occupied  in  1870 :  it  is  by  Sir  G.  Gilbert 
Scott.  Glasgow  became  a  royal  burgh  about  1175.  For  par- 
liamentary purposes  it  is  arranged  in  seven  divisions,  each 
returning  one  member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Popula- 
tion (1901),  735,906. 

Glasse  (glas),  Mrs.  Hannah.  The  author  of  a 
popular  book  called  "The  Art  of  Cookery."  It 
was  published  in  1747,  and  at  one  time  its  authorship  was 
attributed  to  Dr.  John  Hill.  Mrs.  Glasse  wrote  other 
books  on  similar  subjects.  The  ironical  proverb  "First 
catch  your  hare, "attributed  to  her,  is  not  in  "The  Art  of 
Cookery,"  but  was  probably  suggested  by  the  words  "  Take 
your  hare  when  it  is  cased,"  i.  e.,  skinned. 

Glassites  (glas'its).  A  religious  sect  in  Scot- 
land, founded  by  John  Glas  (1695-1773).  See 
Sandemanians. 


Glassius 

Glassius  (glash'i-us),  Salomo  (Salomon 
Glass).  Born  at  Sondershausen,  Germany, 
1593 :  died  at  Gotha,  Germany,  July  27, 1656.  A 
noted  German  theologian  and  'biblieal  critic, 
professor  of  theology  at  Jena,  and  superinten- 
dent of  the  ehurohes  and  schools  of  the  duchy 
of  Saxe-Gotha.  He  wrote  "Philologia  sacra" 
(Jena,  1623),  etc. 

Glastonbury  (glas'ton-her-i).  [ME.  Glaston- 
T)ury,Glasconbury,Gluscun'bury,Glaskinhury,AB. 
Glsestingaburh,  city  of  the  Glsestings.]  A  town 
in  Somerset,  England,  21  miles  south  of  Bristol. 
Its  abbey,  founded  m  Koman  times,  was  refoonded  under 
Ine  in  the  8th  century.  The  great  early-Pointed  church, 
of  which  the  picturesque  ruins  exist,  was  begun  by  Henry 
II.  and  desecrated  by  Henry  VIII.  It  was  528  feet  long. 
The  fine  chapel  of  St.  Joseph,  at  the  east  end,  is  the  oldest 
portion.  The  Abbot's  Kitchen,  of  the  14th  century,  is  of 
Interest.  The  plan  is  square,  with  abundant  buttresses, 
but  the  high  stone  roof  is  octagonal :  it  terminates  in  a 
louver.  There  are  four  huge  fireplaces.  Several  other  in- 
teresting structures  belonging  to  the  abbey  have  been 
converted  to  modern  uses.  Glastonbury  is  associated  in 
legend  with  Joseph  of  Arlmathea,  who  is  said  to  have 
visited  it  and,  in  sign  of  possession,  planted  his  staff, 
which  took  root  and  became  the  famous  Glastonbury  thorn 
that  bursts  into  leaf  on  Christmas  eve.  The  Isle  of  Ava^ 
Ion,  where  Arthur  was  burled,  is  also  here.    See  Avalon. 

There  is  something  very  odd  in  an  English  gentile  name 
suddenly  displacing  the  British  name ;  there  is  something 
suspicious  in  the  evident  attempts  to  make  the  English  and 
British  names  translate  one  another,  in  the  transparent 
striving  to  see  an  element  of  glass  in  both.  Glaestinga- 
burh,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind,  is  as  distinctly  an  English 
gentile  name  as  any  in  the  whole  range  of  English  nomen- 
clature ;  Glastonbury  is  a  mere  corruption ;  the  syllable 
which  has  taken  a  place  to  which  it  has  no  right  in  Hunt- 
ingdon and  Abingdon  has  in  Glastonbury  been  driven  out 
of  a  place  to  which  it  has  the  most  perfect  right.  The 
true  origin  of  the  name  lurks,  in  a  grotesque  shape,  in 
that  legend  of  Glaesting  and  his  sow,  a  manifestly  Eng- 
lish legend,  which  either  "William  of  Malmesbury  himself 
or  some  interpolator  at  Glastonbury  has  strangely  thrust 
into  the  midst  of  the  British  legends.  Glaesting's  lost  sow 
leads  him  by  a  long  journey  to  an  apple-tree  by  the  old 
church  ;  pleased  with  the  land,  he  takes  his  family,  the 
Glaestingas,  to  dwell  there. 

Freeman,  English  Towns,  p.  95. 

Glastonbury  Thorn.    See  Glastonbury. 

Glatigny  ( gla-ten-ye ' ) ,  Albert.  Born  in  1839 : 
diediul873.  AFrenchpoetof  the  type  of  Villon. 
He  lived  as  a  strolling  Actor.  Among  his  poems  is  the 
"  Ballade  des  enfans  sans  souci." 

Glatz  (glats),  Bohem.  Kladsko  (klad'sko).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the 
Neisse  50  miles  south-southwest  of  Breslan.  It 
is  strongly  fortified,  and  has  been  frequently  be- 
sieged and  taken.    Population  (1890),  11,643. 

Glatz,  County  of.  A  former  eountjr  adjoining 
Bohemia,  now  included  in  the  province  of  Si- 
lesia, Prussia.  It  was  acquired  by  Prussia  in 
1742. 

Glatzer  Geblrge  (glats'er  ge-ber'ge).  A  group 
of  mountains  of  the  Sudetic  chain,  near  the  fron- 
tiers of  Prussian  Silesia,  Bohemia,  and  Mora- 
via. The  principal  peak  is  the  Schneeberg  (4,680 
feet). 

Glauber  (glou'ber),  Johann  Eudolf.  Bom  at 
Karlstadt,  Bavaria,  1604 :  died  at  Amsterdam, 
1668.  A  German  chemist,  now  chiefly  known 
as  the  discoverer  of  Glauber's  salt  (hydrous  so- 
dium sulphate),  called  by  him  sal  admirabile, 
and  believed  by  him  to  be  identical  with  the  sal 
emxum  of  Paracelsus.  He  was  a  voluminous 
writer  on  chemical  topics. 

Glauchau  (glou'ehou).  A  town  in  the  district 
of  Zwickau,  Saxony,  situated  on  the  Zwickauer 
Mulde  36  miles  south-southeast  of  Leipsic.  it  is 
noted  for  manufactures,  especially  of  woolens  and  half- 
woolens.    Population  (1890),  23,405. 

Glaucus  (gia'kus).  [6r.  raaiKof.]  1.  The 
steersman  of  the  ship  Argo,  afterward  trans- 
formed into  a  sea  divinity:  often  surnamedPon- 
tius. —  3.  A  charioteer,  the  son  of  Sisyphus: 
often  surnamed  Potnieus. —  3.  A  son  of  Minos 
andPasiphae. —  4.  A Lycian prince,  allyof  Pri- 
am in  the  Trojan  war. —  5.  The  principal  char- 
acter of  Bulwer's  "  Last  Days  of  Pompeii." 

Glaucus.  Flourished  about  69  b.  c.  A  statu- 
ary in  metals,  living  at  Chips^  but  belonging  to 
the  Samian  school  of  art.  JSe  is  said  to  be  the 
inventor  of  the  art  of  soldering  metals. 

Gleditsch  (gla'dich),  Johann  Gottlieb.  Bom 
at  Leipsic,  Feb.  5,  1714:  died  at  Berlin,  Oct. 
5,  1786.  A  German  botanist  and  writer  on 
forestry. 

Glegg  (gleg),Mrs.  In  George  Eliot's  novel  "The 
Mill  on  the  Floss,"  a  precise,  narrow-minded 
woman,  the  aunt  of  Maggie  Tulliver. 

•Gleichenberg  (gli'chen-berG),  Bad.  A  water- 
ing-place in  Styria,  Austria-Hungary,  about  25 
miles  southeast  of  Gratz. 

Gleim  (glim),  Johann  Wilhelm  Ludwig.  Bom 
at  Ermsleben,  near  Halberstadt,Germany ,  April 


442 

2, 1719 :  died  at  Halberstadt,  Feb.  18, 1803.  A 
German  poet.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  Halle,  and 
was  subsequently  tutor  in  Potsdam,  secretary  to  Prince 
William  in  the  second  Silesian  war,  secretary  to  Prince 
Leopold  of  Dessau,  and  finally  canon  in  Halberstadt,  where 
he  died.  His  fame  rests  principally  upon  the  "  Preussische 
Kriegsliedervon  einem  Grenadier  "  ("  Prussian  War  Songs 
by  a  Grenadier  "),  which  appeared  during  1757-58,  and  in 
the  latter  year  were  collected  and  published  with  a  pref- 
ace by  Lessing.  A  collection  of  Anacreontic  songs,  "  Ver- 
such  in  suherzhaften  Liedern"  ("Essays  in  Humorous 
Poetry  "),  had  already  appeared  in  1744.  In  1772  appeared, 
further,  "  Lieder  fur  das  Volk  "  ("  Songs  for  the  People  "), 
in  1773  "Gedichte  nach  den  Minnesingern  "("  Poems  after 
the  Minnesingers  "),  and  in  1779  "  Gedichte  nach  Walther 
von  der  Vogelweide  "("  Poems  after  Walther  von  der  Vo- 
gelweide  ").  His  collected  works  were  published  1811-13, 
in  7  volumes,  to  which  was  added  an  eighth  in  1841, 

Glelwltz  (gli'vits).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Klodnitz  in lat.  50°  18'  N.,  long.  18°  41'  E.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  23,554. 

Glen  (glen).  The,  A  valley  in  the  White  Moun- 
tains, at  the  base  of  Mount  Washington,  with  a 
view  of  Mounts  Jefferson,  Adams,  Clay,  and 
Madison.     It  is  a  resort  for  summer  tourists. 

Glenalmond  (glen-a'mond).  A  village  in  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  about  15  miles  west  of  Perth : 
the  seat  of  Trinity  College  (Episcopal). 

Glenarvon  (glen-ar'von).  A  novel  by  Lady 
Caroline  Lamb.  Almost  all  the  characters  are 
portraits.    Lord  Glenarvon  is  Lord  Byron. 

Glencoe  (glen-ko').  A  deep  valley  in  northern 
Argyllshire,  Scotland,  about  25  miles  northeast 
of  Oban.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  "massacre  of  Glencoe," 
Feb.,  1692,  in  which  about  forty  Macdonalds  were  killed  by 
royal  troops  at  the  instigation  of  the  Master  of  Stair. 

Glencoe,  or  the  Fall  of  the  McDonalds.    A 

play  by  Talfourd,  produced  in  1839. 

Glencoe  Junction.  AraUway  junction  inNatal, 
South  Africa,  about  40  miles  northeast  of  Lady- 
smith  .  Here  on  Oct.  20, 1899,  the  British  under  General 
Symonds  defeated  the  Boers  under  General  Joubert. 

Glendale  (glen'dal).    See  Frayser's  Farm. 

Glendinning  (glen-din'ing),  Edward.  In  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  novels  "The  Monastery"  and 
"  The  Abbot,"  the  younger  of  the  Glendinning 
brothers. 

Glendinning,  Halbert.  In  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
novel  "  The  Monastery,"  the  elder  of  the  Glen- 
dinning brothers:  the  Knight  of  Avenel  in 
"The  Abbot." 

Glendower  (glen 'dor),  Owen  (Owain  ab  Gruf- 
fydd).  Born  in  Wales,  probably  in  1359:  died 
proba  bly  in  1415.  A  Welsh  rebel,  lord  of  Glyn- 
dyvrdwy  or  Glyndwr.  He  proclaimed  himself  Prince 
of  Wales  in  1402,  and  in  1403  joined  the  rising  under  Harry 
Percy  (Hotspiu*),  together  with  whom  he  was  defeated  at 
Shrewsbury,  June  21, 1403.  He  subsequently  allied  him- 
self with  the  French,  but  was  defeated  by  Henry,  prince  of 
Wales,  in  1405.  Shakspere  in  troduces  him  in  "  1  Henry  IV. " 

Glenelg  (glen-elg').  A  river  of  Victoria,  Austra- 
lia, which  flows  into  the  ocean  near  the  frontier 
of  South  Australia.    Length,  200  to  300  miles. 

Glenelg,  Baron.    See  Ch-ant,  Charles. 

Glenfinnan  (glen-fin'an).  A  place  in  Scotland, 
15  miles  west  of  Port  "William,  where,  Aug.  19, 
1745,  the  Highland  clans  gathered  and  began 
the  "  Rising  of  '45." 

Glengarry  (glen-gar'i).  A  glen  in  Inverness- 
shire,  Scotland,  southwest  of  Fort  Augustus. 

Glen  House.  A  summer  resort  in  the  White 
Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  8  miles  (by  car- 
riage-road) east  of  Mount  Washington. 

Glenlivet  (glen-le' vet).  A  valley  in  Banffshire, 
Scotland,  25  miles  south  of  Elgin.  Here,  1594,  the 
Catholic  insurgents  under  the  Earl  of  Huntly  defeated 
the  Protestants  under  the  Earl  of  Argyll 

Glenroy  (glen-roi').  A  valleyin  Inverness-shire, 
Scotland,  about  15  miles  northeast  of  Fort  Wil- 
liam, remarkable  for  a  geological  formation  of 
parallel  roads. 

Glens  Falls  (glenz  f S,lz).  A  village  in  Warren 
County,  New  York,  situated  at  the  falls  of  the 
Hudson  44  miles  north  of  Albany.  Population 
(19001,  12,613. 

Glenshiel  (glen-shel').  A  valley  in  Eoss-shire, 
Scotland,  about  25  miles  west  of  Fort  Augustus. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a  victory  of  the  Hanoverians  over  the 
Jacobites  and  Spaniards,  June  10,  1719. 

Glen  Tilt  (glen tilt).  Avalleyinnorthem  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  30  miles  north-northwest  of 
Perth,  noted  for  its  geological  phenomena  and 
its  scenery.  The  road  follows  the  river  Tilt 
through  the  glen. 

Glenvarloch,  Lord.  See  OUfaunt,  Nigel. 

Glessarise  (gle-sa'ri-e).  [Ii.,  so.  msulse, '  amber 
islands.']    See  the  extract. 

The  principal  district  for  the  tide-washed  amber  was 
the  coast  between  the  Holder  and  the  promontory  of  Jut- 
land. Prom  the  Khine  to  the  estuary  of  the  Elbe  stretched 
a  chain  of  islands,  called  Glessarise  and  Electrides  by  the 
ancients,  which  are  now  much  altered  in  number  and 


Gloucester 

extent  by  the  incessant  inroads  of  the  sea.  Here  a  Boman 
fleet  in  Nero's  time  collected  13,000  lbs.  of  the  precious 
"  glessum  "  in  a  single  visit ;  and  the  sailors  brought  home 
picturesque  accounts  of  the  uatlres  picking  up  the  glassy 
fossil  at  the  flood-tide  and  in  the  pools  left  by  the  ebb ; 
"and  it  is  so  light,"  they  said,  "that  it  rolls  about  and 
seems  to  hang  in  the  shallow  water." 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist,  p.  60. 

Gleyre  (glar),  Charles  Gabriel.  Bom  at  CSie- 
villy,  Vaud,  Switzerland,  May  2, 1806 :  died  at 
Paris,  May  5, 1874.    A  Swiss  historical  painter. 

Glinka  (glin'ka),FeodorNikolaievltch.  Bom 
in  the  government  of  Smolensk,  Russia,  1788: 
died  at  Tver,  Russia,  March  6, 1880.  A  Russian 
soldier  and  man  of  letters.  He  wrote  "  Letters  of  a 
Bussian  Officer  in  the  Campaigns  of  1805-06,  1812-15" 
(1816-16),  the  poem  "Kareliya"  (1830X  etc. 

Glinka,  Mikhail  Ivanovitch.  Bom  at  Novo- 
spask.  government  of  Smolensk,  Russia,  May 
20, 1804 :  died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  15, 1857.  A  Rus- 
sian composer,  nephew  of  F.  N.  Glinka.  His 
works  include  the  operas  "La  vie  pour  le  Czar"  (1836^ 
and  "Bussian  et  Lyudmila"  (1842).  , 

Glinka,  Sergei  Nikolaievitch.  Born  in  the 
government  of  Smolensk,  Russia,  1774 :  died  at 
Moscow  in  1847.  A  Russian  historical  writer 
and  litterateur,  brother  of  P.  N.  Glinka. 

Glion  (gle-6n').  A  height  near  Montreux  and 
the  eastern  extremity  of  the'  Lake  of  Geneva. 
Height,  2,254  feet. 

Glisson  (glis'on),  Oliver  S.  Bom  in  Ohio,  Jan. 
18,  1809:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Nov.  20,  1890. 
An  American  naval  officer.  He  commanded  the 
schooner  Beefer  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  accompanied 
Perry's  expedition  to  Japan  in  1853-55.  He  commanded 
the  third  division  of  the  fleet  in  the  attacks  on  Fort  Fisher 
in  Dec,  1864,  and  Jan.,  1865.  He  was  promoted  rear-ad- 
miral in  1870. 

Glister  (glls'ter).  In  Middleton's  play  "The 
Family  of  Love,"  a  doctor  of  physio. 

Globe,  The.  A  celebrated  London  theater  built 
by  Richard  and  Cuthbert  Burbage  in  1599.  when 
their  "Theatre"  in  Shoreditch  was  taken  down,  the  mate- 
rials were  carried  to  Bankside  and  used  in  the  erection  of 
the  Globe.  It  was  hexagonal  in  shape  and  open  to  the 
sky  in  the  middle,  the  stage  and  galleries  only  being  cov- 
ered with  a  thatched  roof.  Over  the«doorwas  the  sign  of 
th«  house,  Hercules  supporting  a  globe.  The  interior  was 
arranged  on  the  plan  of  the  inn-yards  where  entertain- 
ments had  formerly  been  given.  It  was  circular  and  had 
three  galleries.  At  the  back  of  the  stage  were  two  columns 
which  supported  a  galleiy  about  10  or  12  feet  high,  and 
between  these  hung  the  curtain.  On  the  stage  itself  sat 
a  dozen  or  twenty  gallants  who  paid  sixpence  extra  for 
the  privilege.  The  Globe  was  a  public  theater— that  is, 
not  under  the  patronage  of  any  great  personage.  Shak- 
spere played  here,  and  he  with  Hemminge,  Condell,  and 
others  shared  in  the  proflts.  It  was  a  summer  house, 
Blackfriars  being  the  winter  house  of  the  same  company. 
The  Globe  was  burned  in  1613,  but  immediately  rebuilt  at 
a  cost  of  £1,400.  It  was  pulled  down  during  the  Puritan 
regime  in  1644,  and  the  site  is  now  occupied  by  Barclay 
and  Perkins's  brewery.  Shakspere  wrote  exclusively  for 
the  Blackfriars  and  Globe  theaters,  and  most  of  the  plays 
of  Jonson,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Ford,  Massinger,  Chap- 
man, and  others  were  first  performed  there.  The  present 
Globe  Theatre  in  Wych  street  was  built  in  1868. 

Glockner  (glok'ner),  or  Grossglockner  (gros- 
glok'uer).  A  mountain  in  Austria-Hungary, 
on  the  confines  of  Tyrol,  Carinthia,  and  Salz- 
burg. It  is  the  highest  peak  in  the  easternmost  division 
of  the  Alps,  and  is  celebrated  for  the  extensive  view  it 
commands.  It  belongs  to  the  group  of  the  Hohe  Tauern. 
Height,  12,464  feet. 

Glogau  (glo'gou),  or  Gxossglogau  (gros-glo'- 
gou).  A  fortified  town  in  the  province  of  Si- 
lesia, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Oder  57  miles 
northwest  of  Breslau  :  formerly  the  capital  of 
the  now  extinct  principality  of  Glogau.  it  was 
stormed  by  the  Prussians  in  1741,  and  was  held  by  the 
French  1806-14.    Population  (1890),  20,529. 

Glogau,  Ober-.    See  Oherglogau. 

Glommen  (glom'men).  The  largest  river  of 
Norway,  flowing  into  the  Skager  Rack  at  Fred- 
rikstad.  Length,  about  350  miles.  Near  its 
mouth  it  forms  the  cataract  Sarpfos. 

Gloriana  (gl6-ri-a'na).  The  Faerie  (Jueene  in 
Spenser's  poem  of  tliat  name.  She  also  repre- 
sents Queen  Elizabeth  considered  as  a  sover- 
eign.    See  Belphcebe. 

Glossop  (glos'op) .  A  town  in  Derbyshire,  Eng- 
land, 12  miles  east  of  Manchester.  It  has  man- 
ufactures of  cotton,  etc.  Population  (1891), 
22,414.  V        /' 

Gloster  (glos'tfer),  or  Gloucester,  Earl  of.    A 

character  in  .Shakspere's  "King  Lear,"  the 
father  of  Edgar  and  Edmund. 

The  subordinate  plot  of  Gloster  and  his  sons  was  prob- 
ably  taken  from  an  episodical  chapter  in  Sidney's  "Arca- 
dia '  entitled  "The  Pitiful  State  and  Story  of  the  Papbla- 
gonian  unkind  King  and  his  kind  Son ;  first  related  by 
the  son,  then  by  the  blind  father." 

Hudson,  Introd.  to  King  Lear 

Gloucester  (glos'tfer).  [Also  formerly  Gloster , 
ME.  Gloucester,  Gloucestre,  Gloweceastre,  AS. 
Gledweceaster;  from  L.  Glevum,  the  Roman 
name,  and  AS.  coaster,  city.]     1.  A  county  in 


Gloucester 

■west  midland  England .  it  ia  bounded  by  Worcester 
and  Warwick  on  the  north,  Oxford,  Berks,  and  Wilts  on 
the  east,  Wnts  and  Somerset  on  the  south,  Monmouth  on 
the  west,  and  Hereford  on  the  northwest.  It  includes  the 
■Cotswold  Hills,  the  Forest  ol  Dean,  and  the  vales  of  Glou- 
cester and  Berkeley.  Its  five  divisions  each  return  one 
roember  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Area,  1,243  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  599,974. 
S.  The  capital  of  Gloucestersliire,  England,  a 
■city  and  county  of  itself,  and  a  parliamentary 
l)orough,  situated  on  the  Severn  in  lat.  51°  52' 
N.,  long.  2°  16'  W. :  the  British  Caer-glowe  and 
Roman  Glevum.  it  is  an  important  commercial  town. 
The  cathedral  is  in  its  present  form  a  Perpendicular  build- 
ing almost  throughout,  except  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
nave,  but  is  of  much  earlier  foundation.  The  plan  is 
early  Norman.  There  is  a  high  central  tower,  covered 
with  tracery,  and  a  long,  projecting  Lady  chapel.  There 
is  an  excellent  16th-century  porch,  with  statues  over  the 
Arched  entrance.  The  arches  and  circular  pillars  of  the 
nave  are  impressive,  and  the  choir  is  one  of  the  richest 
examples  of  the  Perpendicular  style.  The  whole  east  end 
is  occupied  by  a  great  window  with  fine  glass,  the  wall- 
spaces  are  covered  with  paneling,  and  the  vaulting  rests 
on  a  perfect  network  of  rihs.  The  choir  Is  assigned  to 
1851,  and  is  held  to  prove  that  the  Perpendicular  style 
originated  here.  The  dimensions  of  the  cathedral  are  420 
l)y  144  feet ;  height  of  nave  68,  of  choir  86.  The  Perpen- 
iJicular  cloister,  with  beautiful  fan-vaulting,  and  its  ar- 
cades filled  with  glazed  tracery,  is  the  finest  of  its  type  in 
England.  The  chapter-house  and  crypt  are  Norman. 
Gloucester  resisted  the  Soyalist  army  under  Charles  I.  in 
1643.  It  sends  one  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
Population  (1891),  39,444. 

Olevum  was  a  town  of  great  importance,  as  standing 
not  only  on  the  Severn  near  the  place  where  it  opened 
out  into  the  Bristol  Channel,  but  also  as  being  close  to 
the  great  Koman  iron  district  of  the  Forest  of  Dean. 

Wright,  Celt,  p.  136. 

Gloucester,  Aoityand  seaport inEssex County, 
.Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  peninsula  of 
Cape  Ann  in  lat.  42°  37'  N.,  long.  70°  40'  W. 
It  IS  the  chief  seat  of  cod  and  mackerel  fisheries  in  the 
United  States,  and  exports  granite.  It  was  unsuccessfully 
attacked  by  the  British  in  1775  and  1814.  


26,121. 


Population  (1900), 


Gloucester,  Dukes  of.  See  Humphrey,  Bichard 
III.,  and  Thomas. 

Gloucester,  Earl  of.    See  Robert. 

Gloucester  City.  A  city  in  Camden  County, 
New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  Delaware  4  miles 
below  Philadelphia.  It  has  a  track  for  horse- 
racing.     Population  (1900),  6,840. 

Glove,  The.  An  old  French  story  told  by  Peter 
Bonsard.  it  has  been  retold  in  many  forms.  It  is  tlfat 
ol  the  knight  De  Xorge  (in  the  time  of  Francis  I.),  whose 
mistress  dropped  her  glove  over  a  barrier  among  some 
lions,  and  commanded  her  lover  to  get  it  for  her  as  a  test 
of  his  courage.  Revolted  at  her  cold-blooded  inhumanity, 
the  knight  leaped  down,  secured  the  glove,  and  threw  it 
in  her  face.  Schiller,  Leigh  Hunt,  Browning,  and  others 
have  made  the  story  familiar. 

Glover  (gluv'er),  Catherine.  The  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth  in  Scott's  novel  of  that  name. 

Glover,  John.  Bom  at  Houghton-on-the-Hill, 
Leicestershire,  Feb.  18, 1767 :  died  at  Launces- 
ton,  Tasmania,  Dec.  9, 1849.  An  English  land- 
scape-painter, one  of  the  founders  of  the  Eoyal 
Water-(Jolour  Society  and  of  the  Society  of 
British  Artists.  In  1831  he  emigrated  to  Aus- 
tralia. 

Glover,  Mrs.  Julia.  Born  at  Newry,  Jan.  8, 
1779:  died  at  London,  July  16,  1850.  An  Eng- 
lish actress.  She  was  the  daughter  of  an  actor  named 
Betterton,  who  claimed  descent  from  Thomas  Betterton. 
She  had  "  an  admirable  vein  of  comedy."    Diet.  Nat.  Mog. 

Glover,  Richard.  Bom  at  London,  1712:  died 
there,  Nov.  25,  1785.  An  English  poet.  He  was 
the  son  of  a  Hamburg  merchant,  and  entered  into  business 
with  his  father.  His  chief  work,  an  epic  poem,  "  Leoni- 
das,'-  appeared  in  1737.  He  enlarged  it  and  republished 
it  in  1770,  and  it  has  been  translated  into  French  and  Ger- 
man Its  success  was  partly  due  to  its  usefulness  to  the 
opponents  of  Walpole.  He  also  published  "London,  etc." 
(1739),  "Boadicea"  (a  tragedy,  1753),  "Medea"  (1761),  and 
'•  The  Athenaid,"  an  epic  in  30  books,  published  in  1787  by 
hia  daughter. 

Glover,  Robert.  Born  at  Ashf ord,  Kent,  1544 : 
died  at  London,  April  10,  1588.  An  English 
genealogist,  appointed  Somerset  herald  in  1571. 
He  left  a  large  number  of  manuscripts,  which 
have  been  used  by  later  writers. 

Glover,  Stephen.  Born  at  London,  1812 :  died 
there,  Dec.  7, 1870.  An  English  composer  and 
teacher.  He  wrote  over  fifteen  hundred  popu- 
lar songs,  ballads,  and  pianoforte  pieces. 

Gloversville  (gluv'6rz-vil).  A  city  in  Pulton 
County,  New  York,  40  miles  northwest  of 
Albany,  it  is  the  chief  seat  of  the  manufacture  of  buck- 
skin gloves  and  mittens  in  the  United  States.  Population 
(1900),  18,849.  ,   „,,    ,      .., 

Glub-dlib-drib.  A  land  filled  with  magicians, 
visited  by  Gulliver,  in  Swift's  "  Gulliver's  Trav- 

Glu'ck  (gisk),  Christopher  Willibald.  Born  at 
Weidenwang,  near  Neumarkt,  Bavana,  July  ^, 
1714:  died  at  Vienna,  Nov.  15,  1787.  A  cele- 
brated German  operatic  composer,  son  of  a 


443 

member  of  the  household  (keeper  of  the  for- 
ests) of  Prince  Lobkowitz.  He  studied  music  at 
Prague,  Vienna  (1736),  and  Milan  (1738-46),  producing 
(1741-45)  a  number  of  successful  operas ;  in  1746  went  to 
England  as  composer  of  operas  for  the  Haymarket ;  and 
returned  to  Vienna  in  1746,  where  he  acted  for  a  time  as 
singing-master  to  Maiie  Antoinette,  who  later  rendered 
him  important  aid  in  the  production  of  his  works  in  Paris. 
His  most  celebrated  works  are  "Orf  eo  ed  Euridice  "  (1762), 
"Aloeste"  (Vienna,  Dec.  16,  1767),  "Paride  ed  Elene" 
(1769),  "Iphig^nie  en  Aullde"  (1774),  "Armide"  (1777), 
"Iphigtaie  en  Tauride  "  (1779). 

Gliicksburg  (gliiks'borG).  A  bathing-place  in 
the  province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  6 
miles  northeast  of  Flensborg. 

Gliickstadt  (gltik'stat).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Elbe  29  miles  northwest  of  Hamburg,  it 
was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Catholics  in  the  Thirty 
Years'  War  in  1627  and  in  1628.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 6,968. 

Glukhoff  (glo'ohof ).  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Tchemigoff,  Russia,  situated  in  lat.  51°  41' 
N.,  long.  33°  53'  E.    Population  (1890),  17,625. 

Glumdalca  (glum-dal'ka).  In  Fielding's  bur- 
lesque "Tom  Thumb  the  Great,"  a  captive 
queen  of  the  giants,  beloved  by  the  king,  but 
in  love  with  Tom  Thumb. 

Glumdalclitch  (glum-dal'klioh).  In  Swift's 
"Gulliver's  Travels," a  giantess  of  Brobding- 
nag.  She  is  Gulliver's  nurse,  and,  though  only  nine  years 
old,  is  nearly  40  feet  high.  Her  attentions  were  extremely 
humiliating  to  him. 

Glycas  (gli'kas),  Michael.  A  Byzantine  histo- 
rian. Concerning  his  age  nothing  is  known  with  cer- 
tainty, except  that  he  lived  after  1118.  He  was  probably 
an  ecclesiastic,  and  is  tbe  author  of  a  history  of  the  world 
from  the  creation  to  1118  A.  D.  This  work  is  written  in  a 
clear  and  concise  style,  and  its  author  is  ranked  among 
the  better  Byzantine  historians.  The  best  edition  is  by 
Bekker  in  the  Bonn  collection  of  the  Byzantines,  1836. 

Glycera  (glis'e-ra).  [Gr.  TAm^pa,  the  sweet 
one.]  The  naine'of  several  notorious  Greek 
courtezans ;  in  particular,  a  mistress  of  Menan- 
der,  and  a  favorite  of  Horace. 

Glycon  (gli'kon).  [Gr.  rM/ctii'.]  A  Greek  lyrio 
poet  from  whom  the  Glyconio  meter  was  named. 
Of  his  works  only  three  lines  remain. 

Glycon  of  Athens.  [Gr.  rAwKuv.]  The  sculptor 
of  the  Farnese  Hercules,  which  was  found  in 
the  baths  of  (JaraoaUa  in  1540  with  an  inscrip- 
tion by  Glycon.  it  was  probably  executed  in  the  1st 
or  2d  century  of  the  Iloman  Empire,  but  doubtless  points 
to  a  type  already  established,  possibly  by  Lysippus. 

Glynn  (glin),  John.  Bom  in  1722 :  died  Sept. 
16,  1779.  An  English  lawyer  and  politician, 
noted  chiefiy  as  the  defender  of  Wilkes  in  the 
eases  (1763-64)  growing  out  of  the  publication 
of  the  "  North  Briton." 

Gmelin  (gma'len),  Johann  Friedrich.  Bom  at 
Tiibingen,  Wtirtemberg,  Aug.  8,  1748 :  died  at 
(Jottingeu,  Prussia,  Nov.  1,  1804.  A  German 
naturalist,  nephew  of  J.  G.  Gmelin,  and  profes- 
sor of  medicine  and  chemistry  at  Gottingen. 

Gmelin,  Johann  Georg.  Bom  at  Tiibingen, 
Wiirtemberg,  1709:  died  there.  May  20,  1755. 
A  German  botanist  and  traveler,  professor  of 
chemistry  and  natural  history  at  St.  Petersburg 
1731-47,  and  later  (1749)  of  botany  and  chemis- 
try at  Tubingen.  He  wrote  "Flora  Sibirica" 
(1749-69),  "Eeisen  durch  Sibirien"  (1751-52), 
etc. 

Gmelin.  Leopold.  Bom  at  Gottingen,  Aug.  2, 
1788 :  died  at  Heidelberg,  Baden,  April  13, 1853. 
A  German  chemist,  son  of  J.  F.  (jmelin,  profes- 
sor at  Heidelberg  1814-51.  His  chief  work  is 
"Handbuch  der  theoretischen  Chemie"  (1817- 
1819). 

Gmelin,  Samuel  Gottlieb.  Bom  at  Tiibingen, 
Wiirtemberg,  July  4, 1744:  died  at  Achmetkent, 
July  27,  1774.  A  German  naturalist,  and  trav- 
eler in  Russia  and  Asia,  nephew  of  J.  G.  Gme- 
lin. His  chief  works  are  "Historiafucorum" 
(1768),  "Eeisen  durch  Eussland"  (1770-84). 

Gmiind,  or  Schwabisch-Gmiind  (shvab'ish- 
gmiint).  A  town  in  the  Jagst  circle,  Wiirtem- 
berg, 28  miles  east  of  Stuttgart,  it  manufactures 
jewelry,  and  has  several  old  churches.  It  was  formerly  a 
free  imperial  city.    Population  (1890),  commune,  16,817. 

Gmunden  (gmon'den).  A  town  and  summer 
resort  in  Upper  Austria,  situated  on  the  Lake  of 
Traun  33  miles  southwest  of  Linz :  the  chief 
place  in  the  Salzkammergut.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  6,476. 

Gnatho  (na'thd) .  A  parasite,  a  character  in  the 
comedy  "  The  Eunuch"  by  Terence. 

Gneditsch  (gna'dich),  Nicolai  Ivanovitch. 
Bom  at  Pultowa,  1784:  died  1833.  A  Russian 
poet  and  translator.  His  best-known  work  is  a  trans- 
lation into  Russian  of  the  Hiad.  He  also  translated  the 
chief  works  of  Shakspere,  Voltaire,  Byron,  and  others. 

Gneisenau  (gni'ze-nou)  (properly  Neithardt 


Goalpara 

von  Giieisenau),Count August,  BomatSchil- 
da,  Prussian  Saxony,  Oct.  27, 1760:  died  at  Po- 
sen,  Prussia,  Aug.  23-24, 1831.  A  Prussian  gen- 
eral, distinguished  in  the  campaigns  of  1813  and 

1814.  He  conducted  the  retreat  from  Ligny  in 

1815.  ^  ' 
Gneist(gnist),Rudolfvon.  BornatBerlin,Aug. 

13,  1816:  died  July  22,  1895.  A  German  jurist 
and  politician.  He  studied  law  at  Berlin,  habilitated 
there  in  1839,  and  became  professor  in  1868.  In  1858 
he  entered  the  Prussian  House  of  Deputies,  of  which  he  was 
a  member  until  his  death.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Reichs- 
tag 1867-84,  became  senior  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Prussia  and  member  of  the  privy  council  in  1875,  and  was 
ennobled  in  1888.  Among  his  works  are  "Das  heutige 
engllsche  Verfassungs-  und  Verwaltungsrecht "  (1867-63), 
"Soil  der  Eichter  auch  iiber  die  Frage  zu  beflnden  haben, 
ob  ein  Gesetz  verfassungsmaszig  zu  stande  gekommen?" 
(3ded.  1863),  "Der Reohtsstaat "(1872),  "EnglischeVerfas- 
sungsgeschichte  "  (1882),  and  "Das  engllsche  Parlament " 
(1888). 

Gnesen  (gna'zen),  Pol.  Gniezno  (myez'no). 
A  city  in  the  province  of  Posen,  Prussia,  30 
miles  east-northeast  of  Posen.  it  has  a  cathedraL 
It  is  the  oldest  town  in  Poland,  and  was  the  crowning- 
place  of  the  kings  of  Poland  until  1320.  Population  (LWu), 
18,088. 

Gnidos.    See  Cnidus. 

Gnomic  Poets.    See  the  extract. 

The  term  Gnomic,  when  applied  to  a  certain  number  ot 
Greek  poets,  is  arbitrary.  There  is  no  definite  principle 
for  rejecting  some  and  including  others  in  the  class.  It 
has,  however,  been  usual  to  apply  this  name  to  Solon, 
Phocylides,  Theognis,  and  Simonides  of  Ceos.  Yet  there 
seems  no  reason  to  exclude  some  portions  of  Callinus, 
TyrttBus,  Mimnermus,  and  Xenophanes.  These  poets,  it 
will  be  observed,  are  all  writers  of  the  elegy.  Some  of  the 
lyric  poets,  however,  and  iarabographers,  such  as  Simoni- 
des of  Amorgos  and  Archilochus,  have  strong  claims  for 
admission  into  the  list.  For,  as  the  derivation  of  the  name 
implies,  gnomic  poets  are  simply  those  who  embody  .  .  . 
sententious  maxims  on  life  and  morals  in  their  verse; 
and  though  we  find  that  the  most  celebrated  masters  of 
this  style  composed  elegies,  we  yet  may  trace  the  thread 
of  gnomic  thought  in  almost  all  the  writers  of  their  time. 
SynumdB,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  I.  286. 

Gnossus.    See  Cn'osus. 

Gnosticsl(nos'tiks).  [Prom Gr.  yvucrn/ciif,  know- 
ing, whence  LL.  Gnosticus,  a  Gnostic]  Certain 
rationalistic  sects  which  arose  in  the  Christian 
church  in  the  1st  century,  fiourished  in  the  2d, 
and  had  almost  entirely  disappeared  by  the  6th. 
The  Gnostics  held  that  knowledge  rather  than  faith  is  the 
road  to  heaven,  and  professed  to  have  a  peculiar  know- 
ledge of  religious  mysteries.  They  rejected  the  literal  in- 
terpretation of  the  Scriptures,  and  attempted  to  combine 
their  teachings  with  those  of  the  Greek  and  Oriental  phi- 
losophies and  religions.  They  held  that  God  was  the  un- 
knowable and  the  unapproachable;  that  from  him  pro- 
ceeded, by  emanation,  subordinate  deities  termed  eonSt 
from  whom  again  proceeded  other  still  inferior  spirits. 
The  Gnostics  were  in  general  agreed  in  believing  in  the 
principles  of  dualism  and  Docetism  and  in  the  existence 
of  a  demiurge  or  world-creator.  Christ  they  regarded  as 
a  superior  eon  who  had  descended  from  the  infinite  God 
in  order  to  subdue  the  god  or  eon  of  this  world.  Their 
chief  seats  were  in  Syria  and  Egypt,  but  their  doctrines 
were  taught  everywhere,  and  at  an  early  date  they  sepa- 
rated into  a  variety  of  sects. 

Gnotho  (no'tho) .  A  clownish  old  fellow  anxious 
to  put  away  his  old  wife  and  take  a  younger 
one,  according  to  the  provisions  of  "The  Old 
Law,"  in  Massinger,  Middleton,  and  Rowley's 
plliy  of  that  name. 

Goa  (go'a).  A  Portuguese  possession  on  the 
Malabar  coast  of  India,  in  lat.  14°  54'-i5°  45' 
N.,  long.  73°  45'-74°  26'  E.  Area,  1,447  square 
miles.    Population  (1887),  494,836. 

Goa,  New,  or  Panjim.  The  capital  of  the  Por- 
tuguese possessions  in  India,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Mandavi  in  lat.  15°  28'  N.,  long. 
73°  50'  E.    Population,  about  8,000. 

Goa,  Old.  A  ruined  city,  the  former  capital  of 
the  Portuguese  possessions  in  India,  situated 
on  the  Mandavi  5  miles  east  of  New  Goa.  it 
was  conquered  by  the  Portuguese  under  Albuquerque  in 
1510,  and  was  an  important  commercial  city  in  the  16th 
and  17th  centuries.  The  seat  of  government  was  removed 
to  New  Goa  in  1759. 

Goajira(go-a-He'ra).  A  peninsula  of  the  north- 
ern coast  of  South  America,  on  the  west  side  of 
the  Gulf  of  Maracaibo,  crossed  by  the  boundary 
between  Venezuela  and  Colombia.  Area,  about 
5,800  square  miles.  The  inhabitants,  numbering  about 
30,000,  are  mostly  semi-independent  Indians  of  the  Goajira 
and  Cosina  tribes. 

Goajiros  (go-a-ne'ros).  A  tribe  of  Indians  in 
northern  South  America,  occupying  the  Goajira 
peninsula  northwest  of  Lake  Maracaibo.  They 
still  number  nearly  30,000,  and  are  practically  indepen- 
dent, but  at  present  friendly  to  the  whites ;  they  own  large 
herds,  and  sell  cattle,  horses,  hides,  cheese,  andhammooks. 
Few  or  none  have  been  Christianized ;  they  have  no  regu- 
lar chiefs,  and  do  not  form  large  villages.  By  their  lan- 
guage they  belong  to  the  Arawak  stock.  Until  the  middle 
of  iiie  19th  century  they  were  dangerous  enemies  of  the 
whites. 

Goalpara  (go-al-pa'ra).  1.  A  district  in  the 
chief-commissionership  of  Assam,  British  In- 
dia, intersected  by  lat.  26°  N.,  long.  90°  30'  E. 


Goalpara 


444 


Godwin,  Mrs. 


Area,  3,897  square  miles.    Pop.  (1891),  452,304.  Godefroy,  Theodore.    Bom  at  Geneva,  1580:  tral  America,  acquiring  by  purchase,  and  by  employing  col- 

-3.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Goalp^ara,     diedioi."  A  French  historiographer  andjuri^t,  I^^JfoVtrsrre^r^lhfleTarbt'nYe'^^^^ 

situated  on  the  Brahmaputra  m  lat.  26°  12  N.,     son  of  Dems  Grodefroy.  "Biologia  Centrall-Americana,"  edited  by  Qodman  and 

long.  90°  38'  E.                                              Godehard,  Saint,  Clmrch  of.    See  Bildesheim.  saivin. 

Goalundo  (go-a-lun'do).    A  place  in  Bengal,  Godeke  (ged'e-ke),  Karl:  pseudonym  Karl  Gododin  (go-do'din).     A  British  tnbe  living 

British  India,  at  the  junction  of  the  Ganges  and    Stahl.    Born  at  Celle,  Prussia,  April  15, 1814:  in  Northumberland  and  southeastern  Scotland  r 

JBrahmaputra.                                                          died  at  Gottingen,  Oct.  28,  1887.    A  German  the  Roman  Otadini. 

~         ~ "  historian  of  literature,  professor  at  Gottingen 

from  1873.    Pis  chief  work  is  "  Grundriss  zur 
Geschiohte  der  deutschen  Dichtung  "  (1859-81). 


Goat  Island  (got  i'laud).  The  island  in  Nia- 
gara River  which  separates  the  Horseshoe  and 
American  falls. 


Goazacoalco(g6-a-tha-k6-al'k6),orOoaxacoal-  Godeman  (god'man).    Chaplain  of  the  bishop 


CO  (ko-a-Ha-ko-al'kp).  The  ancient  Indianname 
of  a  region  in  Mexico,  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  isthmus  of  Tehuantepec,  west  of  the  Coaxa 


of  Winchester  when  abbot  of  Thomby,  963-984. 
He  illuminated  the  "Benedictionel  of  Godeman,"  now 
the  property  ol  the  Duke  of  Devonshire.  In  the  Biblio- 
th^que  at  Eouen  is  a  manuscript  apparently  by  his  hand. 


Gododin,  The.  A  Welsh  poem  by  Aneurin,  on 
the  seven  days'  battle  of  Cattraeth  in  603.  Th& 
author  was  probably  present  at  the  battle.  It  consists,  ini 
its  present  form,  of  over  900  lines,  and  has  been  several 
times  translated,  either  wholly  or  in  part.  Gray's  "  Death 
of  Hoel "  is  part  translation  part  imitation  of  a  portion  of 
it.  The  Rev.  John  Williams  ab  Ithel  translated  the  whole: 
and  published  it  in  18B2,  and  portions  of  it  have  been  trans- 
lated by  Henry  Morley.    See  Aneurin. 


eoalco  River,  and  now  forming  part  Of  the  state     "'e4««.«V^°uf°;^^°«'""»^"P   ''i'P'"=""y  "y'"»"»"^      lated  by  Henry  Morley.    SeeAneuHn. 

of  Veracruz',     it  submitted  to  faLoval  in  1522,  a.d  ^°IfV^l!?^^l]?}}-  Al^H^  POjt?ndthecapi-  Godollo  (ge'del-le).__  A  town  of  Hungary,  15 


in  1534  was  made  a  province,  corresponding  nearly  to  the 
bishopric  of  Tlascala.    The  name  soon  fell  into  disuse. 
Gobat  (go-ba' ),  Samuel.  Born  at  Cr^mihe,  can- 


tal  of  Huron  County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated 
on  Lake  Huron  in  lat.  43°  45'  N.,  long.  81°  51' 
W.     Population  (1901),  4,158. 


ton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  Jan.  26, 1799:  died  at  Goderlch,  Vlscount.     See  BoUnson,  F.  J. 
Jerusalem,  May  12, 1879.    A  Swiss  missionary,  Godesberg  (go'des-bero).     A  small  town  and 
appointed  Anglican  bishop  of  Jerusalemin  1846.    summer  resort  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia, 

Gobble  (gob'l),  Justice.    An  insolent  magis-    on  the  Rhine  south  of  Bonn, 
trate  in  SmoUett's  "History  of  Sir  Launcelot  Godfrey  (god'fri)  of  Bouillon,  F.  Godefroy  de 
Greaves,"  a  satirical  romance.  Bouillon (god-frwa'debo-y6n').  [TheE.name 

Gobbo  (gob'bo),  Lattncelot.  A  whimsical,  con-     Godfrey  _is   from  F.  Godefroi  (also  Geoffroi, 


ceited man-servant  in  Shakspere's  "Merchant 
of  Venice."  He  is  one  of  Shakspere's  best 
clowns. 

Gobbo,  Old.  The  "sand-blind"  father  of  Laun- 
celot Gobbo. 

Gobelins  (gob-Ian').  A  family  of  dyers,  de- 
scended from  Jean  Gobelin  (died  1476),  and  es- 
tablished in  Paris.  They  introduced  the  manufacture 
of  tapestries  in  the  15th  century.  Their  manufactory  was 
changed  to  a  royal  establishment  under  Louis  XIV.,  about 
1667. 

Goben  (gfeb'en),  August  KarlFriedricli  Chris- 
tian von.  Born  at  Stade , Prussia, Dec.10,1816: 
died  at  Coblenz,  Prussia,  Nov.  13,  1880.    A 


whence  E.  Geoffrey,  Jeffrey),  Sp.  Godofredo,  Go- 
fredo,  Pg.  Godofredo,  It.  Godofredo,  Goffredo, 
ML.  Go&fridus,  Gdlfridus,  from  MHG.  Goifnd, 
G.  Gottfried,  peace  of  God.]  Born  at  Baisy, 
Brabant,  1061 :  died  at  Jerusalem,  July  18, 1100. 
A  leader  of  the  first  Crusade.    He  was  made  duke 


miles  northeast  of  Budapest.  Here,  AprU  e,  1849, 
the  Hungarian  insurgents  under  Giirgey  defeated  the  Aus- 
trians  under  IWnoe  Windischgratz. 

Godolphin  (go-dol'fin),  Sidney,  first  Earl  of 
Godolphin.  Born  in  Cornwall,  England,  prob- 
ably about  1635 :  died  Sept.  15, 1712.  An  Eng- 
lish statesman  and  financier.  He  became  page  of 
honor  to  Charles  11.  in  1662 ;  was  appointed  master  of  the 
robes  in  1678 ;  represented  Helston  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons 1668-79 ;  represented  St.  Mawes  1679-81 ;  and  was  first 
lord  of  the  treasury  1690-97  and  1700-01.  During  the  reiga 
of  William  III.  he  kept  up  a  secret  correspondence  with. 
James  II.  at  St.-Germain.  He  became  in  1702  premier  ani 
lord  high  treasurer,  in  which  capacity  he  vigorously  sup- 
ported Marlborough  during  his  absence  on  the  Continent 
in  the  War  ol  the  Spanish  Succession.  He  was  created, 
earlol  Godolphin  in  1706,  and  was  dismissed  from  office  itt 
1710  at  the  f  aU  of  the  Marlboronghs. 


of  Lower  Lotharlngia  (having  Bouillon  for  its  capital)  by  Godolphin  Barb,  The.     One  of  the  three  Ori' 


Henry  IV.  of  Germany  in  1088,  and  in  1096  joined  the  Cru- 
sade for  the  recovery  of  the  holy  sepulcher.  He  fought 
with  distinction  at  the  storm  of  Jerusalem,  July  15, 1099, 
and,  after  the  crown  had  been  declined  by  Raymond  of 
Toulouse,  was  elected  king  of  Jerusalem,  July  23, 1099.  He, 
however,  exchanged  the  title  of  king  for  that  of  Protector 
of  the  Holy  Sepulcher.  He  completed  the  conquest  of  the 
Holy  Land  by  defeating  the  Sultan  of  Egypt  in  the  plain 
of  Ascalon,  Aug.  12, 1099. 


Prussian  general,  distinguished  in  the  war  of  r^„jfl7rA'^„%M  t»„«  -Bo^+s^i-a  k^A-^i.     -r^^ 
ififiR  c,„,i  S.  +1,0  V,.=T,„«.ff«r,v,n.r,  wa.r.  ^<^^ (go-dan  ),  Jeau Baptistc An_dr6. , .  Bom 


1866  and  in  the  Franco-German  war. 

Gober  (go'ber).    See  Sama. 

Gobi  (go'be),  or  Gobi  (ko'be).  A  large  desert 
in  the  Chinese  empire,  with  uncertain  boun- 
daries.    It  comprises  two  principal  divisions :  the  east- 


at  Esqueh^ries,  Aisne,  France,  1817:  died  at 
Guise,  Jan.  15, 1888.  A  French  social  reformer. 
He  founded  at  Guise  a  socialistic  industrial 
union  (Familist&re),  which  attained  considera- 
ble success, 


ernCalsocalledShamo),  situated  in  central  Mongolia;  the     "ib  h"i-';'«s!=;  . -r.     ■     -m  i,  no  -innA     j-   j 

western,  occupying  approximately  the  basin  of  the  Tarim,  GodlU,  LoUlS.  Born  at  Pans^Feb.  28J.704 :  died 
in  East  Turkestan.  Its  streams  have  no  outlet  to  the  sea.     at  Cadi 


The  average  height  is  2,000  to  4,000  feet. 

Gobineau(go-be-no'),ComteJosephArthurde, 
Born  at  Bordeaux,  France,  1816:  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  17, 1882.  A  French  diplomatist.  Oriental- 
ist, and  man  of  letters.  He  wrote  "Les  religions 
et  les  philosophies  dans  I'Asie  Centrale  "  (1865), 
'Nouvelles  Asiatiques"  (1876),  etc, 


iz,  Spain,  Sept.  11,  1760.  A  French  sci- 
entist, one  of  the  commissioners  who,  in  1735, 
were  sent  to  Peru  to  measure  an  arc  of  the  me- 
ridian. He  remained  in  that  country  until  1751,  as  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  the  University  of  Lima ;  subse- 
guently  he  had  charge  of  the  college  for  midshipmen  at 
adiz,  Spain.  He  was  the  author  of  several  treatises  on 
earthquakes  and  astronomy,  a  work  on  Spanish  America, 
and  a  history  of  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences. 


Goblins  (gob'linz).  The.  A  comedy  by  Suck-  Godin  des  Odonais  (go-dan'  daz  6-d6-na'),Isa- 
ling,  printed  in  1646.  The  Goblins  are  noblemen  ijel.  Born  in  Eiobamba,  Pern,  1728:  died  at 
and  gentlemen  disguised  as  a  band  of  robbers.    Saint- jWand,  France,  after  1788.    The  wife^of 

Gobryas  (go'bri-as).  A  Persian  noble.  He  was  Jean  Godin  des  Odonais,  whom  she  married  in 
one  of  the  seven  conspirators  who,  according  to  Herodotus,  1743.  in  1769  ghe  started  with  her  brothers  and  a  small 
procured  the  death  of  Smerdis  the  Magian  in  621  B.O.,  and  .   .     ^-  -    .  .... 

raised  Darius  I.  to  the  throne. 

Gobseck  (gob'sek) .  A  novel  by  Balzac,  written 
in  1830.  Gobseck  is  an  avaricious  money-lender. 

Goch  (gooh).  A  town  in  the  Rhine  Provipoe, 
Prussia,  43  miles  northwest  of  Diisseldorf .  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  commime,  6,729. 

Goch,  Johannes  von.    Bom  at  Goch,  Prussia,    

at  the  beginning  of  the  15th  century:   died   xiralist,'cousinof  Louis  Godin,  whom  he  accom- 
March,  1475.    A  German  prior,  author  of  "  De  .    -       _        - 


company  to  descend  the  Napo  and  Amazon  and  join  her 
husband  in  Cayenne.  The  boat  was  lost,  and  all  the  party 
perished  except  Madame  Godin,who  wandered  alone  in  the 
forest  for  9  days.  When  she  was  finally  found  by  some 
friendly  Indians  her  hair  is  said  to  have  become  white. 
The  governor  of  Omaguas  sent  her  down  the  river,  and 
she  rejoined  her  husband  after  a  separation  of  19  years. 

Godin  des  Odonais,  Jean.    Bom  at  Saint- 
Amand,  1712 :  died  there,  1792.     A  French  nat- 


ental  sires  from  which  the  thoroughbred  horse' 
is  derived..  See  Barley  Arabian  arid  By  erly  Turk. 
He  was  probably  a  barb  foaled  about  1729  and  brought^ 
from  Paris  in  the  reign  of  George  II.  He  died  in  1763.  The 
traditions  surrounding  this  horse  were  woven  into  a  nov- 
elette by  Eugfene  Sue  in  1826.  From  the  Godolphin  springs 
the  Matchem  branch  of  the  thoroughbred  horse. 
Godoy  (go-Doi'),  Manuel  de,  Duke  of  Aleudia. 
Born  at  Badajoz,  Feb.  12, 1767 :  died  Oct.  7, 1851. 
A  Spanish  statesman.  He  obtain  ed  the  favor  of  Queen. 
Maria  Louisa  and  Charles  IV.,  and  rose  rapidly  to  an  im- 
portant position  in  the  state.  He  became  duke  of  Aleudia- 
and  lieutenant-general  in  1792,  prime  minister  in  1793,  andL 
in  1795,  for  securing  a  peace  with  France,  received  the  titl& 
•'Priuceof  thePeace."  He  signed  the  treaty  of  Sanlldefonso- 
with  France  Aug.  29, 1796 ;  married  Maria  Theresa  of  Bour- 
bon in  1797;  and  resigned  from  the  ministry  in  1798.  In  1801 
he  commanded  the  army  against  Portugal  and  secured  the- 
treaty  of  Badajoz.  He  was  made  generalissimo  and  high, 
admiral  of  Spain.  He  attached  himself  to  Napoleon,  and: 
signed  the  treaty  of  Fontainebleau  (which  see).  Meanwhile- 
he  bad  become  an  object  of  popular  hatred, which  burst  out. 
in  a  riot  (March  18, 1808),  from  which  he  narrowly  escaped. 
His  arrest  was  ordered,  hut  he  escaped  through  l^apoleon'^ 
influence,  and  lived  later  at  Rome  and  Paris. 

God  Save  the  King  (or  Queen).  The  English  na- 
tional anthem :  words  and  music  probably  com- 
posed by  Henry  Carey.  It  was  first  performed  in  1740. 
It  is  sometimes  attributed  to  John  Bull  (1607):  it  has  also> 
been  assigned  a  Scottish  or  French  origin.  The  tune  was- 
adopted  m  France  in  1776,  and  was  afterward  used  as  the 
Danish,  Prussian,  and  German  national  air.  Beethoven 
introduced  it  in  his  "Battle  Symphony  ";  Weber  has  used 
it  in  three  or  four  comjpositions.  Tbe  American  national; 
hymn,  "  My  Country,  'tis  of  Thee,"  was  written  by  Dr.  Sam- 
uel Francis  Smith,  and  published  in  1843 :  the  music  is  thafe- 
of  "God  Save  the  King." 

Godunoff  (go-do-nof),  Boris  Feodorovitch. 

Born  1552 :  died  April  13, 1605.  A  Russian  czar. 
He  was  the  chief  member  of  the  regency  during  the  reign, 
of  the  imbecile  Feodorlvanovitch  (1684-98),  who  was  mar- 
He  was  elected  to  the 


.    ,-,     _         .     irroc  '    ■     J,  ■,  ried  to  Godunoff's  sister  Irene, 

panied  to  Peru  m  1  /do.    He  remamed  there  as  a  pro-  throne  on  the  death  of  Feodor  in  1698,  having,  it  is  said, 

fessorin  the  College  of  Quito,  studying  the  flora  and  Indian  previously  caused  the  death  of  the  czarevitch  Dmitri 

!,3Siia^"GSShfASL^o'i?rd\^X'rSrr^^^  DiedAprill4, 

to  France  in  1773.     He  published  several  works  on  the  lOOd.     Earl  ot  the  West  Saxons.    He  accompanietf 

plants,  animals,  and  Indian  languages  of  South  America.  Cnut  on  his  visit  to  Denmark  in  1019,  and  is  said  to  have- 

Godiva  (go-dl'va).     [ML.  Godiva,  from  AS.  God-  fought  with  distinction  in  an  expedition  againstthe  Wends. 

gifu,  gift  of  Go'd :  equiv.  to  Dorothea  or  Tlieo-  ?«  ^^°^^y  *"«"■  married  Gytha,  a  relative  by  marriage  of 


libertate  Christiana"  (1521) 

Godalming  (god'al-ming).  A  town  in  Surrey, 
England,  situated  on  the  Wey  32  miles  south- 
west of  London.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Charter- 
house School.     Population  (1891),  2,797. 

Godavari  (go-da'va-re) .  l .  A  river  in  the  Dec- 
can,  British  Indiaj'  flowing  by  a  delta  into  the 
Bay  of  Bengal,  about  lat.  16°  30'  N.  Len^h, 
about  900  miles.  It  is  navigable  about  300  miles. 
—  2.  A  district  in  Madras,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  17°  N.,  long.  81°  30'  E.  Area, 
7,345  square  miles.  Population(1881)/l., 791,512. 

Goddard  (god'ard),  Arabella  (Mrs.  Davison). 
[G.  Gotthart,  'pious,'  'virtuous';  D.  Gotthard, 
P.  Godard.']  Bom  at  St.-Servan,  near  St.-Malo, 
France,  Jan.  12,  1838.    An  English  pianist. 

Godefroy  (god-frwa'),  Denis.  Bom  at  Paris, 
1549 :  died  at  Strasburg,  1621.  A  French  jurist. 
He  edited  "Corpus  juris  civilis"  (1583),  etc. 

Godefroy,  Frederic.  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb.  13, 
1826 :  died  at  Lestelle,  Basses-Pyr6n6es,  Oct.  2, 
1897.  A  French  philologist  and  historian  of 
literature.  He  published  a  "Histoire  de  la  litt^ra- 
ture  fran9aise  depuisle  XVI^  sifecle,"  a  "Diotionnaire  de 
Vancienne  langue  franpaise,"  etc.  iooi-»i>.    no ijuu.io..v.i c    „„™.j „_.,    ^ ,,  — - 

Godefroy,  Jacques.  Bom  at  Geneva,  1587:  died  r|.oJijQa,n(god'man);FrederickDuGane.  Bom 
at  Geneva,  1652.  A  jurist  and  magistrate  of  about  1840.  AnEngUsh  naturalist,  in  I870 he  pub- 
Geneva,  son  of  Denis  Godefroy.  He  was  the  lishedthe'-NaturalHistoryoftheAzores."  Shortlyafterhe 
author  of  works  on  Roman  law.  planned  an  elaborate  scientific  survey  of  Mexico  and  Cen- 


d'ora.}  Flourished  about  the  middle  of  the  11th 
century.  The  wife  of  Leofrio,  earl  of  Chester, 
celebrated  in  the  annals  of  Coventry,  Warwick- 
shire ,  England.  She  was  a  woman  of  great  beauty  and 
piety,  the  benefactress  of  numerous  churches  and  monas- 
teries. According  to  the  legend,  she  begged  her  husband  to 
relieve  Coventry  of  aburdensome  toll,  and  he  consented  on 
the  condition  that  she  should  ride  naked  through  the  mar- 
ket-place. This  she  did,  covered  only  by  her  hair,  and  won 
relief  for  the  people.  In  some  versions  of  the  story,  the 
people  were  commanded  to  keep  within  their  houses,  and 
not  look  upon  her.  One  fellow— "peeping  Tom"— disc- 
beyed,  and  was  miraculously  struck  with  blindness, 
festival  is  still  celebrated  at  Coventry. 


Cnut,  and  was  appointed  earl  of  the  West  Saxons.  On  the 
death  of  Cnut  in  1035  he  at  first  supported  the  cause  of 
Harthacnut,  but  afterward  espoused  that  of  Harold,  with 
whom  he  was  probably  implicated  in  the  murder  of  the- 
EngUsh  atheling  Alfred,  half-brother  of  Harthacnut  and. 
son  of  Emma  by  her  first  husband,  .Sthelred  the  Unready. 
In  1042  he  was  instrumental  in  procuring  the  election  of 
Edward  the  Confessor  in  opposition  to  the  Danish  prince' 
SvendEstrithson.  He  married  his  daughter  Edith  or  Ead- 
gyth  to  Edward  in  1046.  His  position,  however,  as  the  most 
powerful  subject  in  the  kingdom  excited  the  jealousy  of 
the  court,  and  he  was  exiled  in  1061,  but  was  recalled  in 
the  following  year. 
Hot  Godwin,  Francis.  Bom  at  Havington,  North- 
amptonshire, England,  1561:  diedl633.  AnEng-r 


Godkin  (god'kin),  Edwin  Lawrence.    Bom  in  lish  bishop  and  author.    He  was  appointed  bishop  of 

Ireland  Oct  2,1831:  died  at  Brixham,  England,  Ilandafl  in  1601,  and  was  translated  to  the  see  of  Here- 

Mav20i902.'AnAmericaniournalistandauthor.  ford  in  1617.    His  chief  work  is  "A  Catalogue  of  the  Bish- 

HecametotheUnitedStatesascorrespondentoltheLon-  °P^°\Engl™d    (1601). 

don  "  Daily  News";  was  admitted  to  the  New  York  bar  in  GodWin,  Mrs.  (Mary  WoUstoneCraft).    Born. 

1868;  becameeditorand  proprietorof  the  "Nation"1866-66;    at  London,  April  27j  1759 :  died  at  London,  Sept. 

10,1797.  An  English  author,  she  was  employed 
by  Johnson  as  a  reader  and  translator,  and  for  five  years, 
assisted  in  this  way  her  family,  who  were  very  poor.  In 
1791  she  first  met  William  Godwin,  and  after  one  or  two- 
other  connections,  especially  with  Gilbert  Imlay,  who  de- 
serted her,  she  went  to  live  with  him  In  1796.   The  expecta^ 


and  was  an  editor  and  a  proprietor  of  the  "Evening  Post " 
1881-99.   Hepublisheda"Historyof  Hungary"(1856),  etc. 


Godwin,  Mrs. 

"•''pn  of  a  child  induced  them  to  marry  in  1797.  The  birth 
of  the  child  (who  was  the  second  wile  of  the  poet  Shelley) 
proved  fatal  to  her.  Her  chief  work  was  "  Vindication  of 
the  Rights  of  Woman"  (1792). 

Godwin,  Parke.  Bom  Feb.  25, 1816 :  died  Jan. 
7,  1904.  An  American  journalist  and  author. 
He  was  connected  with  the  New  Yorlt  "Evening  Post" 
1837-53  (except  one  year),  a  coiinectionwhich  was  renewed 
1866-86.  He  published  "  History  of  France  "  (1860),  "  A 
Biography  of  William  Cullen  Bryant"  (1883),  etc. 

6odwin,William.  Bom  at  Wisbeaeli,  England, 
March  3,  1756:  died  at  London,  April  7,  1836. 
An  English  novelist,  historian,  and  political 
and  miscellaneous  writer.  His  father  was  a  dissent- 
ing minister,  and  he  became  one  himself,  preaching  from 
1777  to  1782,  when  his  faith  in  Christianity  was  shaken  by 
study  of  the  French  philosophers,  and  he  devoted  himself 
to  literature.  He  was  a  sympathizer  with  the  French  Eev- 
olution,  and  became  the  representative  of  English  radical- 
Ism.  He  married  Mary  WoUstonecraft  in  1797,  though 
Jie  ob]eoted  to  marriage  on  principle.  His  works  in- 
'  -elude  "  Inquiry  concerning  Political  Justice,  etc."  (1793), 
"History  of  the  Commonwealth"  (1824-28),  the  novels 
"  Caleb  Williams  "  (1794),  "  St.  Leon  "(1799),  "  Mandeville " 
<1817),  etc.  He  also  published  histories  of  Eome,  Greece, 
and  England,  a  "  Pantheon,"  and  "Fables  "  underthe  pseu- 
donym of  Edward  Baldwin.  Compare  Oodvrin,  Mrs.  (Marv 
WoUstonecraft).  ^       " 

Godwin- Austen  (god'win-as'ten),  Mount.  A 
mountain  in  the  western  Hiinalayas,  near  the 
Karakoram  Pass:  assumed  to  be  the  second 
highest  peak  in  the  world.  Height,  28,250 
feet. 

Goes,  or  Ter  Goes  (ter  gos).  The  chief  town 
in  the  island  of  South  Beveland,  province 
of  Zealand,  Netherlands,  situated  in  lat.  51° 
30'  N.,  long.  3°  53'  E.  Population  (1889), 
5,211. 

Goes,  Hugo  van  der.  Died  about  1482.  A  Flem- 
ish painter,  a  pupil  of  Jan  van  Eyck.  His  chief 
work  is  a  "Nativity"  (Florence). 

Goes  e  Vasconcellos  (goiz  e  vas-k6n-sal'os), 
Zacharias  de.  Bom  at  Valenga,  Bahia,  Nov. 
5,  1815:  died  at  Eio  de  Janeiro,  Dec.  28,  1877. 
A  Brazilian  statesman.  He  was  repeatedly  elected 
deputy,  and  was  senator  from  1864  ;  was  president  of  sev- 
eral provinces,  including  the  newly  created  province  ot 
^aranA,  the  government  of  which  he  organized  in  1853 ; 
was  a  member  of  several  ministries ;  and  was  three  times 
premier  (1861, 1864-66,  and  1866-68).  During  the  last  period 
the  war  with  Paraguay  was  at  its  height.  In  politics  he 
was  a  moderate  conservative. 

Goethe  (ge'te),  Johann  Wolfgang  von.   Bom 

at  Prankfort-on-the-Main,  Aug.  28,  1749:  died 
at  "Weimar,  March  22, 1832.  A  famous  German 
poet,  dramatist,  and  prose-writer :  the  greatest 
name  in  Grerman  literature.  His  father,  Johann 
■Caspar  Goethe  (1710-82),  was  a  well-to-do  man  who  had 
"the  title  of  imperial  councilor.  His  mother  was  £atha- 
Tina  Elizabetli  Textor  (1731-1808),  the  daughter  of  a  magis- 
trate. His  early  education  was  under  the  personal  direc- 
tion of  his  father.  In  1765  he  matriculated  at  Leipsic  for 
the  study  of  jurisprudence.  In  the  autumn  of  1768  here- 
turned  ill  to  Frankfort,  and  in  1770  went  to  the  University 
■of  Strasburg,     In  this  year  occurred  a  love-alfair  with 


445 

and  "Claudine  von  Villa  Bella  "  (1775  :  both  rewritten  in 
1787),  the  first  book  of  "Wilhelm  Meister "  (completed 
1778),  the  final  metrical  version  of  "  Iphigenie  "  (1787,  on 
his  return  from  Italy  ;  it  had  been  acted  in  1779  in  prose), 
"Die  Geschwister '■  ("The  Brother  and  Sister,"  1787:  a 
drama  which  had  been  written  in  1776),  "Egmont "  (1778), 
"  Torquato  Tasso  "  (in  verse,  1790  :  a  prose  version  had 
been  completed  in  1781),  "HeineckeFuchs,"  a  poem  (1794), 
and  numerous  shorter  poems.  The  third  period  covers 
his  friendship  with  Schiller  (from  1794  to  1805).  It  in- 
cludes the  "EBmische  Blegien  "  ("  Koman  Elegies,"  1795  ; 
they  appeared  in  Schiller's  periodical  "  Die  Horen  "),  "  Ve- 
netianische  Epigramme  "  (1796 :  they  appeared  in  Schiller's 
"  Musenalmanach  "),  a  series  of  satiric  epigrams  "  Die 
Xenien,"  written  by  Goethe  and  Schiller  (1797 :  in  the 
"Musenalmanach"),  "WUhelm  Meister's  Lehrjahre" 
(1796:  begun  in  1777),  "Hermann  und  Dorothea "  (1797), 
"Die  Naturliohe  Tochter"  (1803),  "Geschichte  der  Far- 
benlehre"  ("History  of  the  Doctrine  of  Colors,"  1805: 
final  form  1810),  "Die  Braut  von  Korinth."  The  fourth 
is  the  period  of  his  old  age,  from  1806  to  1832.  It  includes 
"Faust,"  first  part  (1808),  "Die  WahlverwandtschaJten " 
("Elective  Affinities,"  1809),  "Aus  meinem  Leben,  Dicht- 
ung  und  Wahrheit "  ("  From  my  Life ;  Poetry  and  Truth  ") 
(first  part  1811,  second  1812,  third  1814,  fourth  1831),  and 
his  scientific  work.  In  1814  he  began  to  write  the  Orien- 
tal poems  afterward  published  as  "Der  Westostliohe  Di- 
van." "Des  Epimenides  Erwachen,"  a  drama,  was  pro- 
duced at  Berlin  in  1816.  In  1816  was  completed  the  first 
volume  of  the  "  Italienische  Beise  "  ("  Italian  Journey  "), 
followed  in  1817  by  a  second,  in  1829  by  a  third,  their  ma- 
terial being  the  letters  written  from  Italy  to  friends  in 
Weimar,  among  them  Herder  and  Frau  von  Stein.  He 
also  began  this  year  his  treatises  on  Germanic  art  in  the 
periodical  "Kunst  und  Alterthum"  ("Art  and  Antiqui- 
ty "),  which  were  continued  down  to  1828.  In  1817  appeared 
the  first  of  the  series  of  essays  on  scientific  subjects, 
"Zur  Naturwissensohaft"  ("On  Natural  History"),  con- 
tinued down  to  1824.  "  Willielm  Meister's  Wanderjalire" 
appealed  in  1821  (in  its  final  shape  in  1829).  In  1821 
was  published  the  first  part  of  the  so-called  "  Zahme  Xe- 
nien^' ("Tame  Xenia"),  and  a  second  in  1823.  In  1831 
the  second  part  of  "Faust"  was  completed,  only  a  few 
months  before  his  death.  The  tragedy  of  "Faust,"  the 
greatest  of  his  productions,  is  in  reality  a  literary  epitome 
of  his  life,  since  it  had  occupied  him  at  times  for  nearly 
sixty  years.  In  1772  scenes  of  a  prose  "  Faust  "were  writ- 
ten, fragments  of  which  were  retained  in  the  later  poetic 
version.  The  earliest  rimed  scenes  of  the  first  part  are 
froml773-75.  In  1790  a  first  edition,  with  the  title  "Faust, 
ein  Fragment,"  was  published  at  Leipsic.  About  1797  he 
again  took  up  the  first  part,  which  was  completed  in  1806, 
and  published  at  Tiibingen  in  1808.  As  regards  the  second 
part,  the  idea  of  the  "  Helena,"  ultimately  printed  as  the 
third  act  of  the  completed  second  part,  was  conceived  be- 
fore 1776.  It  was  not,  however,  worked  out  until  1826, 
and  in  1827  was  published  with  the  title  "Helena,  eine 
classisch-romantische  Phantasmagoria."  The  complete 
second  part  first  appeared  in  the  first  volume  of  the  "  N  ach- 
gelassneWerke"  ("Posthumous  Works,"  1833).  His  own 
editions  of  his  collected  works  are  "  Schrif ten  "  (Leipsic, 
1787-90,  in  8  vols.),  "  Neue  Schrilten  "  (Berlin,  1792-1800, 
in  7  vols.),  "Werke"  (Tiibingen,  1806-08,  in  12  vols.,  to 
which  was  added  a  thirteenth  in  1810),  "Werke"  (Stut(> 
gart  and  Tubingen,  1816-19,  in  20  vols.),  "  Werke '-  (1827- 
1831,  in  40  vols.).  To  these  are  to  be  added  "Goethe's 
nachgelassne  Werke"  (1832-34,  in  15  vols.,  with  5  vols, 
more  In  1842).  A  chronological  table  of  all  his  writings 
was  edited  by  Hirzel,  Leipsic,  1884.  Lewes's  "  Life  of  Goe- 
the" (1855)  is  the  standard  English  work  on  the  subject. 
Last  edition,  1890. 

Goetz  von  Berlichingen,    See  Gotg  von  Ber- 
igen, 


■OI  otrasourg,      jlu   uus  year  uucuireu  a  iuve-aiiaii-  wiui   /..     «,     y      n\   TVT-ll- "D  T...,    .. -lijnK     .^-^J  «A 

Friederike  Brion  (died  1813,  unmarried)  at  Sesenheim,  and  GoffO  (gof ),  William.    Bom  about  1605 :  died  at 
~    '        '   Hadley,  Mass.,  1679.     An  English  Parliamen- 
tary commander,  one  of  the  judges  of  Charles  I. 
He  lived  in  New  England  in  concealment  after 
1660. 
sudd^ly  left  Wetziar  and  returned  to  Frankfort    Ini774  Gog  (gog).     InEzek.  xxxviii.,  xxxix.,  a  ruler  in 


the  land  of  Magog,  mentioned  as  the  prince  of 
Meshech  and  Tubal,  in  Kev.  xx.  8,  Gog  and  Magog 
appear  as  two  allied  warring  tribes.  They  were  formerly 
regarded  as  connected  with  the  invasion  of  the  Scythians 
in  western  Asia,  but  of  late  Gog  has  been  identified  with 
(>agu,  referred  to  in  the  annals  of  the  Assyrian  king  Asur- 
banipal  (668-626  B.  c.)  as  the  mighty  ruler  of  a  warlike  tribe 
in  the  territory  of  Sahi,  north  of  Assyria. 
Gog  and  Magog.    The  names  given  to  two  effi- 


the  beginning  of  his  friendship  with  Herder.  In  17'71  he 
-obtained  the  degree  of  licentiate  of  law,  and  returned  to 
Franldort.  In  1772  he  went  as  a  practitioner  in  the  Im- 
3)erial  chamber  of  justice  to  Wetzlar,  where  he  met  Char- 
lotte Bufli,  the  Lotte  of  "  Werther."  Six  months  later  he 
suddenly  left  Wetzlar  ai 

began  his  friendship  with  Lavater  and  F.  H.  Jacobi,  and, 
more  important  still  for  its  consequences,  that  with  Karl 
August,  duke  of  Saxe- Weimar.  In  1774-75  he  was  en- 
:gaged  for  a  short  time,  in  Frankfort,  to  Anna  Elizabeth 
Schonemann  (married  in  1778  to  the  Baron  von  Tiixkheim : 
-died  181T),  the  "Lili  "  of  his  lyrics.  In  1776,  at  the  invi- 
tation of  Karl  August,  who  had  succeeded  to  the  duke- 
dom, Goethe  went  to  Weimar,  where  he  subsequently  lived; 
in  1776  he  was  made  privy  councilor  of  legation,  with  a 

Tote  in  the  ducal  council  I  in  1778  he  was  with  the  duke  in    -    „     _  -v,-.,,,    „    t       j- 

Potsdam  and  Berlin;  in  1779  he  was  made  privy  councilor;  gies  m  the  (jruilahall,  Liondon.  They  are  now 
in  1782  he  was  ennobled  and  made  president  of  the  ducal  thought  to  be  intended  for  (iogmagog  and  Corineus.  The 
chamber ;  and  in  the  summers  of  1786  and  1786  he  was  in  original  statues  stood  there  in  the  days  of  Henry  V.  They 
£arlsbad.  From  there,  in  Sept.,  1786,  he  set  out  for  Italy,  were  burned  in  the  Great  Fire,  and  new  ones  were  put  up 
-whence  he  did  not  return  to  Weimar  until  June,  1788.  in  1708.  The  older  ones  were  made  of  wiokerwork,  paste- 
Bis  connection  with  Christiane  Vulpius  (died  1816),  to  board,  etc.,  and  were  carried  in  procession  at  the  lord 
whom  he  was  married  in  1806,  began  in  this  year.    In     mayor's  show.  .. 

1789  his  son  August  was  born  (died  at  Rome  in  1830).  GogmagOg  (gog'ma-gog),  or  Goemot,  or  Goe- 
■Goethe  revisited  Venice  in  1790,  and  later,  on  business  m„ffot.  A  legendary  Mng  of  the  giants.  He 
-of  state  was  in  Breslau.    He  became  director  of  the  ducal    -*"•*&"."•    ^i°s°"'^<»^j  "-■"&  "  „t -d™,*. 

tLSinWeiraar  in  179?  which  position  he  held  until    was  killed  by  Conneus,  a  follower  of  Bmt. 
1817.    In  1792  he  accompanied  the  duke  into  the  field  GogmagOg  HiUs.     A  spur  of  the  chalk  range 
against  France,  and  was  with  him  at  the  siege  of  Mainz    about  3  miles  southeast  of  Cambridge,  England, 
in  1793.    His  close  friendship  with  Schiller,  which  ended  p  ,,.    ^^  (inir'ha  drn' era's      A  spanort  in 

only  with  the  death  of  the  latter  in  1806,  began  in  1794.  GOgO  (go  go),  or  liOgna  (8°  g%^-  f-  ®®^E°f,V? 
Aiter  1794  he  devoted  himself  entirely  to  literature.  Goe-  the  district  of  Ahmedabad,  Bombay,  British 
the's  life  in  its  literary  phases  may  be  considered  under  India,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Cambay  m  lat. 
fourperiods.  Thefirstof  these,the"flrstpoeticalperiod,      21°  40'  N    long.  72°  12'  B. 

extends  from  youth  to  the  time  of  his  arrival  in  Weimar  _         („5'„5)  MWasOffO  (wa-go'go).    A  Bantu 
(1775).    The  chief  works  of  this  period  are  the  plays    Die  UOgO  tgo  jo;^  °tj"^f:°°°?SZ^  ?"  nJr.r^«r.    1?.=  =t. 
LaunedesVerliebten"("TheCapricesof  theLover  ),  "Die 
Mitsohuldigen"  ("The  Accomplices"),  both  in  Alexan- 
drines ;  "  Gotz  von  Berlichingen,"  a  tragedy  which  estab- 


lished his  fame  as  a  poet  (1773) ;  "Die  Leiden  desjungen 
Werther"  ('The  Sorrows  of  Young  Werther  ),  a  novel 
<1774) ; "  Clavigo," ' '  Stella, "  both  tragedies ;  poems  to  "Lili," 
and  other  lyrics ;  "  Gotter,  Helden  und  Wieland    ("Gods, 


tribe  "settled  in  the  center  of  German  East 
Africa,  between  Usagara,  Usango,  and  Uyanzi. 
The  country  is  called  Ugogo,  the  language  Kigogo.  Ugogo 
is  a  plateau,  3,600  feet  high,  with  arid  and  woodless  soil. 
The  Wagogo  are  numerous  and  warlike.  Then:  weapons 
are  bows,  arrows,  assagais,  lances,  and  clubs.  Many  of 
then:  neighbors  seek  refuge  among  them.    Despite  their 


Heroes  and  Wieland"),  a  satire  (1774)— all  belongingto  centrallocaUon,theyarenotgiventotrayelingandtrading. 

the  "Storm  and  Stress"  period  of  German  literature.  The  (Jogol  (go'gol),  Kikolai  VaSSllieVltcn.     Bom 

"second  poetical  period  "  extends  from  his '"rival  in  Wei-  j   ^                ^.^^^gj^^  ^f  Pultowa,  March  31  (N.  S.), 

mar  to  the  beginning  of  his  friendship  with  Schiller  (from  s                Moscow   March  4  (N.  S.).  1852. 

1775  to  1794).    It  includes  the  operas  "Erwin  und  Elmire"  io09.  Oiea  at  MOSCOW,  marcu  *  (i>.  o.;,  j-oo^. 


Golden  Fleece 

A  Russian  novelist  and  dramatist.  He  was  edu- 
cated  in  a  public  gymnasium  at  Pultowa,  and  subsequently 
in  the  lyceum,  then  newly  established,  at  Niejiiisk.  In  1831 
he  was  appointed  teacher  of  history  at  the  Patriotic  In- 
stitution, a  place  which  he  exchanged  in  1834  for  the  pro- 
fessorship of  history  in  tlie  University  of  St.  Petersburg : 
this  he  resigned  at  the  end  of  a  year,  and  devoted  himself 
entirely  to  literature.  In  1836  Gogol  left  Russia.  He 
lived  most  of  the  time  in  Eome.  In  1837  hewrote  "Dead 
Souls"  (which  see).  In  1840  he  went  to  Russia  for  a 
short  period  in  order  to  superintend  the  publication 
of  the  first  volume  of  "Dead  Souls,"  and  then  returned  to 
Italy.  In  1846  he  returned  to  Russia,  and  fell  into  a  state 
of  fanatical  mysticism.  One  of  his  last  acts  was  to  bum 
the  manuscript  of  the  concluding  portion  of  "  Dead  Souls," 
which  he  considered  harmful.  He  also  wrote  "  Evenings 
at  the  Farm,"  "  St.  Petersburg  Stories,"  "  Taras  Bnlba,  a 
Tale  of  the  Cossacks,"  "The  Eevizor,"  a  comedy,  etc. 

Gogra  (gog'ra),  or  Gogari.  A  sacred  river  of 
India,  flowing  southeast  and  joining  the  Ganges 
about  35  miles  above  Patna.  Length,  about  600 
mUes. 

Goil  (goil).  Loch.  An  arm  of  Loch  Long,  in 
Argyllshire,  Scotland.     Length,  6  miles. 

Goiogouen.     See  Cayuga. 

Goito  (go'e-to).  A  village  in  the  province  of 
Mantua,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mincio  9  miles 
northwest  of  Mantua.  Here,  in  April  and  May, 
1848,  the  Piedmontese  defeated  the  Austrians. 

Gokcha  (gok-cha'),  or  Goktchal  (gek-ehi'), 
Armenian  Sevanga  (sa-van'ga) .  A  lake  in  the 
government  of  iSivan,  Caucasus,  Russia,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  40°  20'  N.,  long.  45°  20'  E. 
Its  outlet  is  by  the  Zenga  into  the  Aras.  Length, 
49  miles.. 

Gok-Tepe.    See  Geok-Tepe. 

Gola  (go'la),  or  Gura  (go'ra).  A  small  Afri- 
can tribe,  of  the  Nigritio  branch,  settled  in 
Liberia,  north  of  Monrovia. 

Golconda  (gol-kon'da).  Aplace  in  the  Nizam's 
Dominions,  India,  7  iiniles  northwest  of  Hyder- 
abad, It  is  noted  for  its  fort,  for  the  mausoleums  of 
the  ancient  kings,  and  for  the  diamonds  which  were  cut 
and  polished  here.  It  was  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  from 
1612  until  its  overthrow  by  Aurung-Zebe  in  1687. 

Goldast  (gol'dast),  Melchlor,  sumamed  von 
Heimingsfeld.  Born  near  BischofszeU,  Thur- 
gau,  Switzerland,  Jan.  6,  1578  (1576  ?) :  died  at 
Giessen,  Germany,  Aug.  11,  1635.  A  German 
historian  and  pubUeist.  He  wrote  "  Sueviea- 
rumrerum  Scriptores  "  (1605), '  'Alamannicarum 
rerum  Scriptores"  (1606),  etc. 

Goldau  (gol'dou).  A  village  in  the  canton  of 
Schwyz,  Switzerland,  12  miles  east  of  Lucerne. 
It  was  destroyed,  with  the  neighboring  villages,  by  a 
landslip  from  the  Rossberg,  Sept.  2,  1806. 

Goldberg  (gold'bero).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Katzbach 
48  miles  west  of  Breslau.  it  suffered  severely  in 
various  wars,  and  was  the  scene  of  contests  between  the 
French  and  the  Allies  May  27  and  Aug.  23, 1813.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  6,437. 

Gold  Coast.  A  British  crown  colony  in  West 
Africa,  extending  for  about  350  miles  along  the 
coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Guinea,  about  long.  5°  W.- 
2°E.  Chief  town,  Accra.  The  Danish  settlements 
at  Accra,  etc.,  were  transferred  to  Great  Britain  in  1850, 
and  the  Dutch  claims  in  1871.  The  colony  was  reconsti- 
tuted in  1876.  Area,  exclusive  of  Adanti  and  Ashantiland, 
about  40,000  square  miles.    Pop.,  estimated,  1,600,000. 

Golden  Ass,  The.  [L.  Metamorphoseon,  sen  de 
Asino  Aureo,  Libri  XT.]  A  romance  of  a  fantas- 
tic and  satirical  character,  by  Apuleius,  written 
in  the  2d  century:  probably  his  earliest  work.' 
It  imitated  a  portion  of  the  "Metamorphoses "of  Lucian. 
The  best-known  episode  in  it  is  that  of  Cupid  and  Psyche, 
which  was  taken  from  a  popular  legend  or  myth.  Some 
of  the  adventures  of  Don  Quixote  and  of  Gil  Bias  are 
drawn  from  this  source,  and  Boccaccio  has  used  many 
of  the  comic  episodes.  The  author  relates  the  story  in  his 
own  person.  His  dabbling  in  magic  results  in  his  trans- 
formation into  an  ass,  in  which  form,  however,  he  retains 
his  human  intelligence. 

Its  readers,  on  account  of  its  excellence,  as  is  generally 
supposed,  added  the  epithet  of  "golden."  Warburton, 
however,  conjectures,  from  the  beginning  of  one  of  Pliny's 
epistles,  that  Auress  ('golden')  was  the  common  title 
given  to  the  Milesian  and  such  tales  as  strollers  used  to 
tell  lor  a  piece  ot  money  to  the  rabble  in  a  circle :  "As- 
sem  para  et  accipe  auream  fabulam."  These  Milesian 
fables  were  much  in  vogue  in  the  age  of  Apuleius. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  96. 

Golden  Bull.  [So  named  from  its  golden  seal.] 
A  bull  published  at  the  Diet  of  Nuremberg  by 
the  emperor  Charles  IV.  in  1356.  it  was  the  elec- 
toral code  of  the  empire,  determining  the  prerogatives  and 
powers  of  the  electors,  and  the  manner  of  the  election  of 
the  King  of  the  Romans.    See  Andrew  II.  and  MeU. 

Golden  City.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  San 
Francisco. 

Golden  Fleece.  In  Greek  mythology,  the  fleece 
of  the  winged  ram  Chrysomallus,  the  recovery 
of  which  was  the  object  of  the  expedition  of 
the  Argonauts.  Chrysomallus  was  given  by  Nephele, 
the  repudiated  wife  of  Athamas,  king  of  Thessaly,  to  help 
her  children  Phrixus  and  Helle  to  escape  from  the  perse- 
cutions of  Ino,  Athamas's  second  wife.   Daring  the  flight 


Oolden  Fleecie 

Helle  fell  into  the  sea  and  was  drowned,  while  Phrixns 
escaped  to  Colchis,  where  he  was  hospitably  received  by 
King  ^etes.  Phrixus  sacrificed  the  ram  at  Colchis  to  Zeus, 
and  gave  its  golden  fleece  to  ^etes,  who  fastened  it  to  an 
oak-tree  in  the  garden  of  Ares. 

Golden  Fleece,  Order  of  the.    See  Order. 

Golden  Gate,  The.  [So  named  by  Brake  in 
1578  (f ).]  A  strait  oonneeting  San  Francisco  Bay 
with  the  Pacific  Ocean.    Width,  about  2  miles. 

Golden  Gate,  The.  A  gate  in  the  wall  of  T  beo- 
dosius,  Constantinople,  now  walled  up  because 
of  a  Turkish  tradition  that  the  conqueror  of 
Constantinople  is  destined  to  enter  through  it. 
It  consists  o£  three  arches  between  two  huge  towers  of 
white  marble.  The  great  central  arch  was  reserved  for 
the  passage  of  the  emperor. 

Golden  Horde.    See  Kiptdhdk,  Khanate  of. 

Golden  Horn.  An  inlet  of  the  Bosporus,  form- 
ing the  harbor  of  Constantinople,  and  sep- 
arating Pera  and  Galata  from  the  main  part 
of  Constantinople  (Stambul).    Length,  5  miles. 

Golden  House.  [L.  domus  aurea.l  The  palace 
of  Nero  in  ancient  Eome,  which  occupied  the 
valley  between  the  Palatine  and  the  Esquiline, 
and  connected  the  palaces  of  the  Cassars  with 
the  gardens  of  Msecenas.  it  was  buUt  after  the  great 
fire  of  64  A.  D.,  and  was  so  large  that  it  contained  porticos 
2,800  feet  long  and  inclosed  a  lake  where  the  Colosseum 
now  stands.  The  forecourt  contained  a  colossus  of  Kero 
120  feet  high.  The  profuse  splendor  of  this  residence 
is  described  by  Suetonius  and  Tacitus.  It  was  further 
adorned  by  Otho,  but  the  remains  are  scanty,  as  moat  of 
its  site  was  restored  to  public  use  by  the  Flavian  empe- 
rors, who  built  on  it  the  Colosseum  and  the  baths  of  Titus. 

Golden  Legend.  \Jj.legendaaurea.'\  1.  A  col- 
lection of  biographies  of  saints,  compiled  by 
James  of  Voragine  in  the  13th  century,  and 
printed  by  Caxton  1483. —  3.  A  dramatic  poem 
by  Longfellow,  published  in  1851.  It  forms,  with 
the  "Divine  Tragedy"  and  "ifl'ew  England  Tragedies,"  a 
trilogy.  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan  wrote  music  for  Longfellow's 
words,  and  it  was  produced  as  a  cantata  at  Leeds  in  1886. 

Golden  Mount,  The.     See  the  extract. 

From  its  yellow  sand  the  Janiculan  Hill  has  been  some- 
times known  as  the  Golden  Mount,  a  name  which  survives 
in  the  title  of  the  church  at  its  summit,  which  is  called 
S.  Pietro  in  Montorio  (morUe  d'oro), 

Middleton,  Kemains  of  Anc.  Eorae,  I.  2. 

Golden  Rose,  The.    A  jewel  consisting  of  a 
cluster  of  roses  and  bnds  on  one  stem,  all  .of 
gold,  given  each  year  by  the  Pope  to  the  queen 
who  has  performed  during  the  year  the  most 
pious  deeds  for  the  church. 
Golden  Staircase.    A  celebrated  staircase  in 
the  doge's  palace,  Venice. 
Golden  State,  The.    A  name  of  California. 
Golden  Terge  (Targe).    An  allegorical  poem 
by  William  Dunbar,  published  in  1508. 
Golden  Verses.     Greek  verses  attributed  to  the 
school  of   Pythagoras,  "containing  the  con- 
densed morals  of  the  older  epics." 
Gold  Hill.    A  former  mining  town  in  Storey 
County,  western  Nevada,  now  annexed  to  Vir- 
ginia City. 
(Mlding  (gol'ding),  Arthur.    Bom  probably  at 
London  about  1536 :  died  about  1605.  An  Eng- 
lish writer.   He  finished  a  translation  of  Philippe  de 
Momay's  treatise  "Sur  la  v^rit^  du  Christianisme."  com- 
menced by  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  which  he  published  under 
the  title  "A  Woorke  concerning  the  Trewenesse  of  the 
Christian  Religion,  etc."  (1689). 

Goldingen  (gol'ding -en),  Lettish  Kuldiga 
(kSl'de-ga) .  A  town  m  the  government  of  Cour- 
land,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Windau  in  lat.  57° 
58'  N.,  long.  21°  55'  E.  Population  (1888),  9,192. 

Goldmark  (gold'mark),  Karl.  Bom  at  Kesz- 
thely,  Hungary,  May  18,  1830.  An  Austro- 
Hungarian  composer.  Among  his  works  are  "Die 
Kttnigin  von  Saba'n"The  Queen  of  Sheba,"  1875),  "Die 
landliche  Hochzeit"  ("The  Country  Wedding"),  "The 
Sakantala"  overture,  a  so-called  symphony,  a  number  of 
songs  and  string  pieces,  etc. 

Goldoni  (gol-do'ne),  Carlo.  Bom  at  Venice, 
Feb.  25,  1707:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  6,  1793.  A 
noted  Italian  dramatist.  He  created  the  modem 
Italian  comedy  character,  somewhat  in  the  style  of  Mo- 
lifere,  superseding  the  old  conventional  comedy  which  was 
played  by  Harlequin,  Pantalone,  etc.  His  first  attempts, 
however,  were  tragedies,  "Belisario  "  (1732)  being  among 
the  earliest.  He  wrote  more  than  120  comedies,  among 
which  are"Zellnda  e  Lindoro," " La l/ocandiera,"  "Ven- 
taglio,"  "Le  Barufle  Chlozzotte,"  "LaBottega  di  Cafte," 
etc. 

Goldsborough(goldz'bro),LouisMalesherbes. 
Born  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Feb.  18,  1805:  died 
at  Washington,  Feb.  20,  1877.  An  American 
naval  officer.  He  obtained  command  of  the  North  At- 
lantic blockading  squadron  in  Sept.,  1861,  and  cooperated 
with  General  Bui-nside  in  the  capture  of  Eoanoke  Island 
in  Feb.,  1862.    He  became  rear-admiral  July  16, 1862. 

Goldschmidt  (gold'shmit),  Hermann.  Bom  at 
Prankfort-on-the-Main,  Prussia,  June  17,  1802: 
died  at  Pontainebleau,  France,  Sept.  10,  1866. 
A  German  painter  of  note,  and  astronomical  ob- 


446 


Gonaives,  Les 


server.     Between  1852  and  1861  he  discovered  Goma  (g6'ma),Wagoma  (wa-go'ma).  A  Bantu 
14  asteroids.  tribe  of  the  Kongo  State,  settled  west  of  Lake 

Goldschmidt,  Otto.  Bom  at  Hamburg,  Aug.  Tanganyika,  between  the  Waguha  and  the  Ba- 
21,  1829.  A  German  composer,  resident,  after  kombe,  in  a  mountainous  and  wooded  country. 
1858,  in  England,  where  he  became  professor  at    See  Guha. 

and  later  vice-principal  of  the  Eoyal  Academy  Gomara(g6-ma'ra),FranciSCO  Lopez  de.  Born 
of  Music.  He  married  Jenny  Lind  in  1852.    He    at  Seville,  1510:  died  after  1559.     A  °— --'- 


was  with  her  in  America  in  1851 
Goldschmidt,  Madame.  See  Lind,  Jenny. 
Goldsmith  (gold'smith),  Oliver.  Bom  at  Pal- 
las, County  Longford,  Ireland,  Nov.  10,  1728: 
died  at  London,  April  4,  1774.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish poet,  novelist,  dramatist,  and  miscellane- 
ous author,  in  1749  he  obtained  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin.    In  1762  he  studied  medicine  at 


historian.  He  was  a  priest,  and  in  1540  became  secretary 
and  chaplain  of  Hernando  Cortes :  but  it  does  not  appear 
that  he  was  ever  in  America.  His  "Historia  general  de 
las  Indias  "  was  first  published  at  Saragossa,  1652-63,  in  two 
folio  parts :  the  second  part,  which  relates  to  Mexico,  ap- 
peared in  later  editions  with  the  separate  title  "  Coronica 
de  la  Nueva  Espafia  con  la  Couquista  de  Mexico,"  etc.  Qo- 
mara's  work  was  very  popular,  and  there  are  many  editions 
in  Spanish,  French,  Italian,  and  English.  Also  written 
Oomoira. 


Edinburgh.  He  was  extremely  poor,  and  after  aroving  and  ^  '  ,  _,  .  — __  „  .  -n,  . -r, 
not  very  creditable  existence^  both  in  England  and  on  the  GomarUS  (go'mar-us),  FraUClS.  Bora  at  Bruges, 
Continent  (the  Continent  from  Feb.,  1765,  to  Feb.,  1766,  Belgium,  Jan.  30,  1563:  died  at  Gromngeii, 
traveling  chiefly  on  foot),  he  returned  in  great  destitution  Netherlands,  Jan.  11,  1641.  A  Calvinistic  con- 
to  London,  where  he  tried  to  practise  medicine.  Hismis-  t-mrpTRisilist  n  IpnrliTio'  onnonRnt  of  Arminiiis 
erable  appearance  was  against  him,  and  he  finally  settled  troversiaust,  a  leaaing  opponent  01  iirmuuus 
down  as  a  literary  hack.    By  1769,  however,  he  began  to  ana  tne  Armimans. 

attract  attention  as  a  writer.    He  wrote  for  "The  Critical  Gombervllle  (gdn-ber-vel'),  S.eigneur  de,  origi- 

Review,""  The  British  Magazine,"  "The  Lady's  Magazine,"  naUy  Martin  Lo  ROV.   Born,  probably  at  Paris, 

"TheBusybody.'-'TheBee,  andotherperiodicals._Aniong  160O:  died  there,  June  14, 16747  A  French  writer 


his  works  are  "Enquiry  into  the  Present  State  of  Polite 
Learning  in  Europe"  (1769),  "The  Citizen  of  theWorld,  etc." 
(1762 :  from  the  "  Public  ledger,"  etc.),  "A  History  of  Eng- 
land, etc."  (1764),  "The  Traveller"  (1766),  "The  Vicar  of 

Wakefield "  (a  tale,  1766),"The  Good-natured  Man  "  (a com- 
,      ..„.     _  _.  .  .    jjjj 


edy,  1768),  "The  Roman  History,  etc."  (1769), 


he  De- 


of  romance.    He  lived  most  of  the  time  on  his  estate 
at  Gomberville,  near  Versailles,  and  was  one  of  the  earli- 
est members  of  the  French  Academy.    He  wrote  "  Polex- 
andre  "  (1632-37). 
Gombroon.    See  Bender-Abbasi. 


|±i.^^s:^a?2Ms^^t^^»l£^  «^-^°^=l:^^^l^!??^^?^^°!* 


stoops  to  Conquer,  etc."  (1774),  "Retaliation"  (&  poem, 
1774),  "A  History  of  the  Earth  and  Animated  Nature " 
(1774).    "  Little  Goody  Two  Shoes  "  is  attributed  to  him. 


1820.  An  Uruguayan  politician.    As  president 
of  the  senate  he  was  acting  president  of  the 

*x    /      ,  .  .  „       ■  ,    „^     ■    -o  ..  „»„„^      :,    republic  March,  1872,  to  Feb.,  1878. 

He  translated  Scarrons  "Comic  Romance  (1776)  and  «.'.__  /_=  ^s'^kn  nno  nf +>iAf!aTiiivvT<jlnTidH 
other  French  works,  and  with  Joseph  Collyer  abridged  GomCTa  (go-ma  ra).  Une  ot  tne  Oanaiy  Islanos, 
Plutarch's  "Lives " (1762).  17  miles  west  of  Teneritte. 

Goldsmith's  Maid.  Abay  trotting  mare  by  Ab- Gomes  (go'mes),  Antonio  Carlos.    Born  at 

dallah  (15).    Her  racing  career  extended  from  1866  to    Campinas,  Sao  Paulo,  June  14,  1839.     A  Bra- 
1878.    In  1871  she  captured  the  great  trotting  record_ from    zilian  composer.    In  1859  he  entered  the  Conservatory 


Dexter  (2 :  17J)  by  a  mile  in  2 :  17.    This  she  afterward  low- 
ered to  2 :  14,  and  lost  to  Rarus  (2 :  13J)  in  1874. 
GrOldstiicker  (gold'stuk-er),  Theodor.    Born  at 
Konigsberg,  Prussia,  Jan.  18, 1821 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, March  6, 1872.  AGerman  Sanskrit  scholar. 


of  Music  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  in  1863,  aided  by  the  em- 
peror, was  sent  to  complete  his  musical  education  in  Eu- 
rope. His  opera  the  "Guarany"  appeared  in  1870,  and 
has  been  followed  by  "Salvator  Rosa,"  "Fosca,""Schiavo," 
and  "  Condor."  Most  of  these  have  been  sung  in  the  prin- 
cipal cities  of  Europe  and  South  America. 


of  Hebrew  descent,  resident  in  London  after  (Jomes  de  Amorim  (go'mes  de  a-mo-ren'), 
1850,  and  professor  of  Sanskrit  in  University   —         -  —  ...  ,,.  ,      ^     . 

College  from  1851.  He  published  "  Panini :  his  Place 
in  Literature  "  (1861),  editions  of  Sanskrit  texts,  etc.  He 
also  began  a  revision  of  Wilson's  "Sanskrit  Dictionary." 

Goletta  (go-let'ta),  F.  La  Goulette  (la  gS-let'). 

The  seaport  of  Tunis,  situated  about  11  miles 

north  of  that  city. 

Golgotha  (gol'go-tha).    See  Calvary. 
Goliath  (go-li'ath).    In  biblical  history,  a  giant 

of  Gath,  the  ciampion  of  the  Philistines,  slain 

in  single  combat  by  David.     See  David. 
Golitzyn.    See  GaUtzin. 
Golius  (go'U-es),  Jacobus.   Bom  at  The  Hague, 

Netlierlands,  1596 :  died  at  Leyden,  Netherlands, 

Sept.  28, 1667.    A  Dutch  Orientalist,  author  of 

"Lexicon  Arabieo-Latinum"  (1653),  etc. 
GoUnow  (gol'no).     A  town  in  the  province  of 

Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ihna  15 

miles  northeast  of  Stettin.     Population  (1890), 

commune,  8,462. 
Golnitz,  or  GoUnitZ  (gSl'nits).    A  mining  town 

in  the  county  of  Zips,  Hungary,  in  lat.  48°  51'  N., 

long.  20°  58'  E.    Population  (1890),  2,738. 
Golo  (go'lo).    An  African  tribe  found  in  lat.  8° 

N.,  eastern  Sudan.    In  appearance  they  are  negroes, 

but  their  language  is  classed  by  some  in  the  Nuba-Fulah 


Francisco.  Born  at  Avelomar,  Minho,  Portu- 
gal, Aug.  13,  1827:  died  Nov.  4,  1891.  A  Por- 
tuguese dramatist,  poet,  and  novelist.  In  early 
youth  he  was  in  Brazil,  returning  to  Portugal  in  1846.  In 
1869  he  became  librarian  of  the  ministry  of  marine.  He 
published  numerous  poems  and  dramas. 

Gomez  (go'meth),  Maximo  (Maximo  Gomez 
y  Baez).  Bom  at  Bani,  San  Domingo,  in  1836. 
A  general  of  Cuban  insurgents.  *He  fought  in  the 
Cuban  rebellion  of  1868-78,  rising  from  private  to  general. 
After  this  he  went  to  Jamaica  and  Central  America,  lii 
1885,  with  Maceo  and  Crombet,  he  alttenipted  to  start  a 
new  rising,  but  was  unsuccessfuL  He  was  influential  in 
bringing  about  the  insurrection  of  1896-98,  and  during  his 
flrst  year  as  general  had  some  success  in  his  campaigns 
against  the  Spaniards. 

Gomez  Farias  (go'meth  fa-re'as),  Valentin. 
Bom  at  Guadalajara,  Feb.  14, 1781 :  died  at  Mix- 
ooac,  July  5, 1858.  A  Mexican  politician.  He  was 
a  physician  in  his  native  city ;  joined  Iturbide  in  1821,  but 
subsequently  opposed  him ;  was  minister  of  war  under 
Pedraza,  Dec,  1832,  and  next  year  was  vice-president  under 
Santa  Anna,  acting  temporarily  as  president  1833  and  1834. 
In  1835  he  was  deposed  by  congress  and  banished,  but  re- 
turned in  1838.  As  leader  of  the  Federalists  he  was  in- 
volved in  the  revolt  of  July  15, 1840,  and  again  banished 
until  1844.  In  1846  he  was  again  vice-president  and  act- 
ing president,  and  in  1850  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  the  presidency. 


group.    Slave-raiding  Arabs  have  almost  annihilated  the  Qomorrah  (go-mor'a).     One  of  the  cities  of  the 
GoloVnin    (go-lov-nen'),   Vassili    Mikhailo-    ^ale  of  Siddim      Compare  SocJom. 
^tch.     Born  in  the  government  of  Eyasan,  Gompertz(gom'perts),^enjamin  BomatLon- 

Bussia,  April  8,  1776:  died  at  St.  Petersburg     don,  March  5, 1779:  died  July  14^^1865.  AnEng- 


July  12, 1831.  A  Russian  navigator  and  explorer. 
He  obtained  command  in  1806  of  the  sloop  Diana,  which  was 
fitted  out  by  the  Russian  government  for  a  survey  of  the 
coasts  of  the  Russian  empire  and  the  circumnavigation  of 
the  globe.  He  was  captured  by  the  Japanese  in  1811,  and 
was  detained  a  prisoner  until  1813.  He  made  a  second  voy- 
age of  exploration  around  the  world  in  the  corvette  Kam- 
chatka from  1817  to  1819..  He  wrote  narratives  of  these 
voyages  and  a  description  of  his  captivity  in  Japan, -which 
were  reprinted  in  a  complete  edition  of  his  works,  1864. 
Goltz  (golts),  Bogumil.  Born  at  Warsaw,  March 
20, 1801:  died  at  Thorn,  Prussia,  Nov.  12, 1870. 
A  German  humorist  and  moralist,  author  of 


lish  astronomer  and  actuary,  of  Hebrew  descent. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Astronomical  Society, 
and  became  actuary  of  the  Alliance  Assurance  Company  in 
1824.  "  Some  years  previously  he  had  worked  out  a  new 
series  of  tables  of  mortality  for  the  Royal  Society,  and 
these  suggested  to  him  in  1825  his  well-known  law  of  human 
mortality,  which  he  first  expounded  in  a  letter  to  Francis 
Baily.  The  law  rests  on  the  a  priori  assumption  that  a  per- 
son's resistance  to  death  decreases  as  his  years  increase,  in 
such  a  manner  that  at  the  end  of  equally  infinitely  small 
intervals  of  time  he  loses  equally  infinitely  small  propor- 
tions of  his  remaining  power  to  oppose  destruction. "  (Diet. 
Nat.  Biog.)  He  was  a  brother-in-law  of  Sir  Moses  Monte- 
flore. 


"BuchderKindheit"(1847),"DerMenschund  Gomperz  (gom'perts),  Theodor.  Bom  at 
die  Leute "  (1858)  etc  Brunn,  March  29, 1832.    A  German  philologist, 

Goltz.  Kolmar,  Baron  Von  der.  Born  at  Biel-  professor  of  classical  philology  at  Vienna  from 
kenfeld,  near  Labiau,  Prussia,  Aug.  12,  1843.  1869.  He  has  published  numerous  works  m  his 
A  Prussian  general  and  Turkish  pasha.  He  served    department.    _       ,,    ^  .        .     .  ,     ^   ^ 

in  the  Austrian  campaign  of  1866  ;  served  in  the  Franco-  GomUlFaSS  (go-mul'  pas).  An  important  stra- 
German  war  on  the  general  staff,  taking  part  in  the  battles  tegiopass  on  the  border  of  India  and  Afghanis- 
of  Vionville  (Mars-la-Tour),  Gravelotte,  etc. ;  and  was  en-     ^an.  about  lat.  32°  N. 

gaeed  in  the  work  of  reorganizing  the  Turkish  army  1883-  ri„_',.„-  /„-  „«  e-^>s  Tn  A«  loi;,^.^  ™,„=4- /if 
im.  He  has  published  various  works  on  military  history  Gonaive  (go-na-ev  ,  La.  -An  island  west  of 
and  science.  Haiti,  to  which  it  belongs. 

Goltzius  (golt'se-bs),  Hendrik.  BomatMiile-  Gonaives  (go-na-ev'),  Les.  A  seaport  on  the 
brecht,  near  Venlo,  Netherlands,  1558 :  died  at    Bay  of  Gonaives,  western  coast  of  Haiti,  in  lat. 


Haarlem,  Netherlands,  about  1617. 
engraver. 


A  German 


19°  26'  N. 
18,000. 


long.  72°  43'  W.    Population  (1887), 


Gona-aua 
Gona-<iua  (go-na'kwa).  See  Khoilehoin. 
Oongalves  Dias  (g6n-sal'ves  de'as),  Antonio. 
Bom  at  Caxias,  Maranhao,  Aug.  10, 1823:  died 
at  sea,  Nov.  3,  1864.  The  foremost  of  Brazil- 
ian poets.  He  was  a  professor  in  the  Pedro  11.  College 
at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  was  employed  in  various  literary 
commissions  in  the  north  of  the  empire  and  in  Europe. 
During  the  last  years  of  his  life  he  was  in  Europe,  siclt  and 
in  complete  poverty.  While  returning  to  Brazil  he  per- 
ished in  a  shipwreck.  Besides  his  poems  he  published 
various  historical  and  ethnological  papers,  and  a  diction- 
ary of  the  Tupi  language. 

Gtonconrt  (g6n-kor'),  Edmond  de.    Bom  at 

Nancy,  Prance,  May  26, 1822:  died  .July  16,  1896. 

Goncourt,  Jules  ae.  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  17, 
1830 :  died  at  Paris,  June  20, 1870.  Two  French 
novelists  and  authors,  brothers  and  coUahora- 
tors  They  wrote  works  illustrative  of  the  18th 
century,  etc. 

Gonda  (gon'da).  1 .  A  district  of  Oudh,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  27°  N.,  long.  82°  E. 
Area,  2,879  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
1,459,229.-2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of 
Gonda,  situated  in  lat.  27°  8'  N.,  long.  82°  1'  E. 

Gondar  (gon'dar).  The  capital  of  Amhara,  and 
ecclesiastical  capital  of  Abyssinia,  situated 
about  lat.  12°  81'  N.,  long.  37°  26'  E.:  formerly 
■the  capital  of  Abyssinia.    Population,  5,000. 

Gondavo.    See  Gandavo. 

Gondibert  (gon'di-bert).  A  poem  by  Sir  Wil- 
liam Davenant,  published  in  1651. 

"  Gondibert,"  his  [Sir  WiUiam  Davenant's]  greatest  per- 
formance, incurred,  when  first  published,  more  ridicule, 
and  in  later  times  more  neglect,  than  its  merits  deserve. 
An  epic  poem  in  elegiac  stanzas  must  always  be  tedious, 
because  no  structure  of  verse  is  more  unfavourable  to 
narration  than  that  which  almost  peremptorily  requires 
each  sentence  to  be  restricted,  or  protracted,  to  four  lines. 
But  the  liveliness  of  Davenant's  imagination,  which  Dry- 
den  has  pointed  out  as  his  most  striking  attribute,  has  U- 
luminated  even  the  dull  and  dreary  path  which  he  has 
chosen ;  and  perhaps  few  poems  atford  more  instances  of 
vigorous  conceptions,  and  even  felicity  of  expression,  than 
the  neglected  "Gondibert." 

SirWaMer  Scott,  Dryden,  Works,  III.  101. 

Gondo  (gon'do),  Ravine  of.  A  wild  gorge  of 
the  Alps,  in  the  Simplon  Pass. 

Gondokoro  (gon-do-ko'ro),  or  Ismailia  (iz-ma- 
e'le-S.).  A  village  and  station  of  ivory-traders, 
situated  in  the  territory  of  the  Bari  negroes, 
on  the  White  Nile,  in  lat.  4°  54'  N.,  long.  31° 
46'  B.:  formerly  a  Eoman  Catholic  missionary 
station. 

Gonds  (gondz).  [E.  Ind.]  An  aboriginal  race 
in  central  India  and  the  Deccan,  believed  to 
be  of  Dravidian  stock. 

Gondwana.  A  region  in  central  India,  with 
vague  limits,  situated  about  lat.  19°-25°N.  It 
is  peopled  largely  by  Gonds.  Gondwana  proper  belongs 
chiefly  to  the  Central  Provinces. 

Goneril  (gon'6r-il).  One  of  Lear's  unnatural 
daughters,  in  Shakspere's tragedy  "King Lear." 
The  elder,  Goneril,  with  the  "wolfish  visage"  and  the 
dark  "  frontlel  "of  ill-humour,  is  a  masculine  woman, full 
of  independent  purposes  and  projects,  whilst  Began  ap- 
pears more  feminine,  rather  instigated  by  Goneril,  more 
passive,  and  more  dependent. 

OenHnus,  Shakespeare  Commentaries  (tr.  by  F.  E. 
[Bunnett,  ed.  1880),  p.  625. 

06ngoraMarmolejO(g6u'g6-ramar-m6-la'H6), 
Alonso  de.  Bom  at  Carmona,  Seville,  about 
1510 :  died  in  Chile,  Jan.,  1576.  A  Spanish  sol- 
dier and  hi  storian .  He  served  in  Peru ;  went  to  Chile 
in  1649,  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  Araucanian  wars ; 
was  a  captain,  but  never  had  any  important  commissions. 
In  his  latter  years  he  lived  at  Santiago.  His  "  Historia  de 
Chile,"  written  between  1672  and  167B,  is  preserved  in 
the  original  manuscript  in  Madrid.  It  was  first  published 
in  1850,  in  the  "Memorial  historico  Espafiol,"  and  re- 
published in  the  "Colecoion  de  historiadores  de  Chile," 
1862.  It  gives  the  history  of  Chile  down  to  1675,  and  is 
the  best  of  the  early  works  on  that  subject. 

G6ngora  y  Argote  (gon'go-ra  e  ar-g6'ta),Lms 
de.  Born  aft  Cordova,  Spain,  July  11,  1561: 
died  there.  May  23, 1627.  A  Spanish  lyric  poet, 
noted  as  the  founder  of  a  highly  metaphysical 
and  artificial  style  named  from  him  "Gongor- 
ism,"  and  also  called  the  "polished,"  "polite," 
and  "cultivated"  style. 

Gonnella.    See  Jests  of  Qonnella. 

Gonsalez  (gon-sa'leth),  Fernan.  A  half-fabu- 
k)us  Spanish  hero  of  the  10th  century,  about 
whom  numerous  ballads  and  poems  have  been 
written.  His  historical  achievements  occurred  between 
934  and  970,  when  he  died.  A  metrical  chronicle  of  his  ad- 
ventures (date  probably  of  the  14th  century)  was  founded 
on  an  older  prose  account.  There  are  about  twenty  ballads 
relating  to  him,  the  most  interesting  being  those  in  which 
he  is  twice  rescued  from  prison  by  his  courageous  wife. 
Ticknor. 

Gonsalvo  Hernandez  de  Cordova.  See  Cor- 
dova. ,       „  , 

Gonville  and  Cains  College,  commonly  called 
simply  Gains  (kez).  A  college  of  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  England,  established  by  Edmund 


447 

Gonville  in  1348,  and  refounded  by  Dr.  John 
Caius,  physician  to  Queen  Mary,  in  1558.  The 
picturesque  gate,  exhibiting  classical  friezes,  niches,  and 
pediments,  surmounted  by  an  octagonal  dome-shaped  tur- 
ret, is  modern.  The  outer  court  was  built  by  Caius ;  the 
inner,  though  refaced  in  the  last  century,  by  Gonville. 

Gonzaga  (gon-za'ga).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Mantua,  Italy,  14  miles  south  of  Mantua. 

Gonzaga,  Carlo  I.  di.  Died  about  1637.  Duke 
of  Nevers,  Mantua,  and  Montferrat. 

Gonzaga,  Federigo  II.  di.  Born  about  1500 : 
died  1540.  Promoted  from  marquis  to  duke  of 
Mantua  in  1530 :  ruler  of  Montferrat  from  1536. 

Gonzaga,  Ludovico  III.  di,  surnamed  "The 
Turk."  Born  about  1414:  died  1478.  Marquis 
of  Mantua  from  1444. 

Gonzaga,  Thomaz  Antonio.  Bom  at  Oporto, 
Portugal,  Aug.,  1744:  died  at  Mozambique, 
Africa,  probably  in  1807.  A  Portuguese  poet. 
He  was  ouvidor  or  judge  of  Villa  Eica,  Minas  Geraes,  Bra- 
zil ;  and  in  1789  was  involved  in  the  revolutionary  plot 
called  the  conspiracy  of  Tiradentes,  for  which,  in  1792,  he 
was  condemned  to  penal  servitude  at  Mozambique,  Eventu- 
ally he  married  there.  He  became  insane  before  his  death. 
His  "Marilia  de  Dirceu,"  a  collection  of  lyrics,  was  pub- 
lished before  his  exile,  and  appeared  in  numerous  subse- 
quent editions. 

Gonzalez  (gou-tha'leth)^  Juan G.  AParaguayan 
politician,  elected  president  of  the  republic  for 
four  years,  Sept.  25, 1890. 

Gonzalez,  Manuel.  Bom  near  Matamoros,  be- 
fore 1833 :  died  at  Mexico,  May  8, 1893.  A  Mexi- 
can general  and  statesman.  He  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  wars  against  the  French  and  Maximilian ;  fol- 
lowed Diaz  in  various  revolts  ;  was  his  secretary  of  war 
1877-80 ;  and  succeeded  him  as  president  Dec.  1, 1880,  to 
Nov.  30,  1884.  His  term  was  peaceful,  but  his  financial 
policy  caused  much  trouble.  Subsequently  he  was  gover- 
nor of  Guanajuato. 

Gonzalez  Balcarce,  Antonio.    See  Balcarce. 

Gonzalez  Divila  (da've-la),  Gil.  Bom  at  Avila 
about  1470 :  died  there,  about  1528.  A  Spanish 
discoverer.,  He  went  to  Espaflola  in  1510,  and  was  made 
contador.  In  1519  he  was  in  Spain,  and  joined  with  Andres 
Kifio  in  a  scheme  for  exploration  in  the  Pacific.  Crossing 
the  isthmus  of  Panama,  they  followed  the  coast  northward, 
discovered  the  lakes  of  Nicaragua,  and  reached  Espafiola 
in  1523  with  a  large  amount  of  gold  which  they  had  ob- 
tained from  the  Indians.  Pedrarias,  governor  of  Panama, 
laid  claim  to  the  newly  discovered  region.  Gil  Gonzalez 
tried  to  reach  Nicai'agua  again  from  the  eastern  side  (1624), 
but  he  struck  the  coast  too  far  north,  in  Honduras.  Here 
he  encountered  a  hostile  party  sent  by  Pedrarias  from  the 
south,  and,  escaping  these,  he  bad  to  meet  Olid's  expedition 
from  the  north.  He  finally  fell  into  the  hands  of  Olid,  and 
joined  with  Casas  in  killing  him.  He  then  went  to  Mexico, 
where  he  was  arrested  and  sent  to  Spain  (1526).  Released  on 
parole,  he  remained  at  Avila  until  his  death. 

Gonzalez  Saravia,  Antonio.  See  MolUnedo  y 
Saravia. 

Gonzalez  Vigil  (ve'nel),  Francisco  de  Paula. 
Born  at  Tacna,  Sept.  15,  1792:  died  at  Lima, 
June  10, 1875.  A  Peruvian  scholar  and  states- 
man. He  took  orders  in  1818,  and  was  rector  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Arequipa  1832.  From  1836  until  his  death  he  was 
director  of  the  national  library  at  Lima.  Early  identified 
with  the  cause  of  independence,  he  was  elected  to  several 
congresses,  leading  the  opposition  to  Bolivar  in  1826,  and 
resisting  Gomara  in  1832.  His  most  important  worls,  "  De- 
fensa  de  la  autoridad  de  los  gobiernos  contra  las  preten- 
siones  de  la  curia  romana"  (12  vols.  1848  to  1856),  caused 
him  to  be  excommunicated.  He  also  published  a  work  on 
the  tlesuits,  and  numerous  books  and  essays  on  historical, 
legal,  and  controversial  subjects.  Vigil  is  regarded  as  the 
greatest  scholar  yet  produced  by  Peru. 

Gonzalo  (gon-za'16).  An  "  honest  old  counsel- 
lor "  in  Shakspere's  "  Tempest."  He  is  also  in- 
troduced as  "a  Savoy  nobleman"  in  Dry  den's 
version. 

Gonzalo  de  Berceo  (gon-tha'16  da  ber-tha'o). 
An  early  Spanish  poet,  a  secular  priest  of  the 
monastery  of  St.  EmUianus  in  the  territory  of 
Calahorra.    He  flourished  about  1220-46. 

Gooch  (gooh).  Sir  Daniel.  Born  at  Bedlington, 
Northumberland,  Aug.  24, 1816:  died  at  Clewer 
Park,  Berkshire,  Oct.  15, 1889.  An  English  en- 
gineer and  inventor.  He  was  locomotive  superinten- 
dent of  the  Great  Western  Railway  1^37-64,  making  a  nota- 
ble advance  in  the  construction  of  engines,  and  played  an 
important  part  in  establishing  the  first  transatlantic  cables. 
He  was  a  member  of  Parliament  1865-85. 

Good  (gud),  John  Mason.  Bom  at  Epping,  Es- 
sex, England,  May  25,  1764:  died  Jan.  2,  1827. 
An  English  physician  and  miscellaneous  writer. 
Among  his  numerous  works  are  "The  Nature  of  Things  " 
(a  translation  of  Lucretius,  1806)  and  "Study  of  Medicine 
(1822). 

Goodale  (gM'al) ,  Dora  Read.  Born  at  Mount 
Washington  in  1866.  An  American  poet,  sister 
of  Blaine  Goodale. 

Goodale,  Elaine  (Mrs.  Eastman).  Bom  at 
Mount  Washington,  Berkshire  County,  Mass., 
in  1863.  An  American  poet,  she  became  a  teacher 
of  the  Indians  in  the  Hampton  Institute  in  1883,  and  in  1886 
government  teacher  at  White  River  Camp,  Dakota.  Poema 
of  Elaine  and  Dora  Goodale  were  published  as  "Apple 
Blossoms"  (1878),  "In  Berkshire  with  the  Wild  Flowers 
(1879),  etc. 


Goodwin,  William  Watson 

Goodall  (gud'al),  Edward.  Bom  at  Leeds, 
England,  Sept.  17,1795:  died  at  London,  April 
11, 1870.  An  English  engraver,  especially  noted 
for  his  engravings  after  Turner. 

Goodall,  Frederick.  Bom  at  London,  Sept.  17, 
1822.  An  English  painter,  son  of  Edward  Good- 
all. 

Good  Counsel  of  Chaucer.  See  Flee  from  the 
Press. 

Goode  (gud),  George  Brown.  Bom  at  New  Al- 
bany, Ind.,  Feb.  13,  1851 :  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  Sept.  6, 1896.  An  American  naturalist. 
He  received'an  appointment  on  the  staff  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  in  1873 ;  became  assistant  director  of  theNation- 
alMuseum  in  1878 ;  was  commissioner  of  fisheries  1887-88 ; 
and  was  assistant  secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
from  1887.  Among  his  works  are  ' '  Catalogue  of  the  Fishes 
of  theBermudas"(1876),"GameFishesot  the  United  States" 
(1879),  "American  Fishes  "  (1880),  "The  Fisheries  and  Fish- 
ery Industries  of  the  United  States"  (1884),  "  Oceanic  Ich- 
thyology" (with  Tarleton  H.  Bean,  1894),  etc. 

Goodell  (gu-del'),  William.  Bom  at  Temple- 
ton,  Mass.,  Feb.  14,  1792:  died  at  Philadel- 
phia, Feb.  18,  1867.  An  American  missionary. 
He  was  graduated  from  Andover  Theological  Seminary  in 
1820,  when  he  became  a  missionary  of  the  AmericanBoard 
of  Comm  issioners  of  Foreign  Missions.  He  labored  at  Bei- 
rut from  1823  until  1828,  and  was  subsequently  stationed 
at  Malta  and  at  Constantinople.  He  translated  the  Scrip- 
tures into  Armeno-Turkish :  the  final  revision  of  the  trans- 
lation appeared  in  1863. 

Goodfellow  (gud'fel"6),  Robin.    See  Puclc. 

Good  Gray  Poet,  The.  A  surname  of  Walt 
Whitman. 

Good  Hope,  Cape  of.  A  promontory  at  the 
southwestern  extremity  of  Cape  Colony,  South 
Africa,  in  lat.  34°  21'  S.,  long.  18°  30'  E.  It  was 
discovered  byBartholomeuDias  in  1487,  and  was  doubled 
by  Vasco  da  Gama  in  1497.  For  the  colony,  see  Cap0 
Colony. 

Goodman  (gud'man),  Godfrey.  Bom  at  Euthin, 
Denbighshire,  Feb.  28,  1583:  died  at  London, 
Jan.  19,  1656.  An  English  divine,  appointed 
bishop  of  Gloucester  in  1625.  He  was  accused  of 
Romanist  tendencies  and  practices.  He  was  committed 
to  the  Tower  on  a  charge  of  high  treason  in  1641,  but  was 
soon  released.  He  wrote  "The  Fall  of  Man,"  etc.  (to  which 
Hakewill  replied),  and  other  works. 

Goodman's  Fields  Theatre.  A  London  theater 

built  in  1729.  David  Garriok  made  the  success  of  the 
house  in  1741.  It  was  pulled  down  about  1746,  and  a  second 
theater  was  burned  in  1802.    Thombury. 

Good-natured  Man,  The.  A  comedy  by  Gold- 
smith, produced  Jan.  29,  1768. 

Good  Parliament.  The  name  given  to  the  Eng- 
lish Parliament  of  1376,  which  was  noted  for  its 
efEorts  to  reform  political  abuses,  it  impeached 
Lords  Latimer  and  Neville,  and  others — the  first  instance 
of  an  impeachment. 

Good  Regent,  The.  James  Stuart,  earl  of  Mur- 
ray (or  Moray),  regent  of  Scotland  1567-70. 

Goodrich  (gud'rich),  Chauncey  Allen.  Bom 
at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Oct.  23,  1790:  died  there, 
Feb.  25, 1860.  An  American  scholar,  grandson 
of  EUzur  Goodrich :  one  of  the  editors  of ' '  Web- 
ster's Dictionary"  after  1828. 

Goodrich,  Elizur.  Bom  atWethersfield,Conn., 
Oct.  26,  1734:  died  at  Norfolk,  Conn.,  Nov., 
1797.  An  American  clergyman  and  mathema- 
tician. 

Goodrich,  Samuel  Griswold:  pseudonym  Pe- 
ter Parley.  Bom  at  Ridgefield,  Conn.,  Aug.  19, 
1793:  diedatNewYork,May9,1860.  An  Amer- 
ican author,  nephew  of  C.  A.  Goodrich.  He  pub- 
lished many  juvenile  works,  "Historyof  the  Animal  King- 
dom "  (1859),  etc. 

Goodsir  (gud'ser),  John,  Bom  at  Anstruther, 
Fif  eshire,  March  20, 1814 :  died  at  Wardie,  near 
Edinburgh,  March  6, 1867.  A  Scottish  anato- 
mist, professor  of  anatomy  at  Edinburgh  from 
1846.  He  obtained  distinction  from  his  investigations  in 
cellular  pathology.  His  '  'Anatomical  Memoirs  "  was  pub- 
lished in  1868. 

Goodstock  (gud'stok).  The  host  in  Ben  Jon- 
son's  play  "The  New  Inn."  He  is  Lord  Fram- 
pul  in  disguise. 

Goodwin  (gud'win),  Charles  Wycliffe.    Born 

at  King's  Ljmn,  1817:  died  at  Shanghai,  Jan., 
1878.  An  English  lawyer  and  Egyptologist.  He 
published  "The  Anglo-Saxon  Version  of  the  Life  of  St. 
Guthlac,  Hermit  of  Crowland  "  (1848),  "  The  Story  of  Sane- 
ha :  an  Egyptian  Tale  of  Four  Thousand  Years  Ago,  trans- 
lated from  the  Hieratic  Text "  (1866),  etc.  In  1865  he  was. 
made  assistant  judge  of  the  supreme  court  tor  China  and 
Japan. 

Goodwin,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Eollesby,  Norfolk, 
England,  Oct.  5, 1600 :  died  at  London,  Feb.  23, 
1679.  An  English  Puritan  divine.  His  works 
were  published  1681-1704. 

Goodwin,  William  Watson.  Bom  at  Concord, 
Mass.,  May  9,  1831.  An  American  classical 
scholar.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1851,  and  in 
1860  was  appointed  Eliot  professor  of  Greek  literature  at 


Goodwin,  William  Watson 

that  institution.    He  published  "  Syntax  of  the  Moods  and 
Tenses  of  the  Greek  Verb  "  (1860),  "Greek  Grammar  "  (1870), 

Goodwin  Sands.  Dangerous  shoals  about  5 
miles  east  of  Kent,  England,  from  which  they 
are  separated  by  the  Downs.  They  are  opposite 
Deal  and  Sandgate.  Near  them  the  Dutch  fleet 
defeated  the  British  fleet  in  1652. 

Goodwood  (gud'wud).  A  seat  of  the  Duke  of 
Richmond  and  Gordon,  near  Chichester,  Sussex, 
England.  A  noted  race-course  was  established  in  the 
park  in  1802.  The  meeting  takes  place  in  the  end  of  July, 
the  principal  race  being  that  for  the  Goodwood  Cup. 

Goodyear  (gud'yer),  Charles.  Born  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  Dee.  29, 1800:  died  at  New  York, 
July  1,  1860.  An  American  manufacturer,  in 
1834  he  turned  his  attention  to  the  manufacture  of  india- 
rubber.  After  years  spent  in  experimentation,  which  re- 
duced himself  and  his  family  to  poverty,  he  discovered  the 
process  of  vulcanization,  for  which  he  obtained  his  first 
patent  in  1844. 

Goody  Two  Shoes.  A  nursery  tale  relating  the 
story  of  Little  Goody  Two  Shoes,  who,  owning 
but  one  shoe,  is  so  pleased  to  have  a  pair  that 
she  shows  them  to  every  one,  exclaiming  "  Two 
shoes!"  The  story  was  first  published  in  1766  by  New- 
bery,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  written  by  Oliver 
GoldsmitlL 

CrOOge  (goj),  Bamabe.  Bom  at  Alvingham, 
Lincolnshire,  1540 :  died  in  1594.  An  English 
poet.  His  most  Important  work  is  a  set  of  8  eclogues 
published  in  1563  in  "Eglogs,  Epytaphes,  and  Sonnetes," 
which  are  thought  to  have  had  some  influence  on  Spen- 
ser's "Shepherd's  Calendar."  He  translated  a  number  of 
works,  and  wrote  also  a  long  poem,  "Cupido  Conquered." 

Gookin  (go'kin),  Daniel.  Born  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land, about  1612:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
March  19, 1687.  A  colonial  official.  He  came  out 
to  Virginia  with  his  father  in  1621,  and  about  1644  removed 
to  Massachusetts,  where  he  was  made  superintendent  of 
the  Indiana  in  1656,  and  major-general  in  1681.  He  wrote 
"  Historical  Collections  of  the  Indians  of  Massachusetts," 
completed  in  1674  and  first  printed  in  1792. 

Goole  (gol).  A  river  port  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Ouse  23  miles  west  of 
Hull.     Population  (1891),  15,413. 

Goomtee.    See  GmnU. 

Goorkhas.    See  Ghurlcas. 

Goose,  Mother.    See  Mother  Goose. 

Goppert  (gep'pert),  Heinrich  Robert.  Born 
at  Sprottau,  Prussia,  July  25, 1800 :  died  at  Bres- 
lau,  May  18,  1884.  A  German  botanist  and  pa- 
leontologist, professor  of  botany  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Breslau.  He  was  especially  noted 
for  his  researches  on  fossil  flora. 

Goppingen  (gep'ping-en).  A  manufacturing 
town  in  the  circle  of  the  Danube, Wiirtemberg, 
situated  on  the  Pils  22  miles  east  by  south  of 
Stuttgart.  Population  (1890),  commune,  14,852. 

Goraknpur  (go-ruk-p6r').  1.  A  district  in  the 
Benares  division,  Northwest  Provinces,  Brit- 
ish India,  intersected  by  lat.  27°  N.,  long.  83° 
30'  E.  Area,  4,576  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  2,994,057.-3.  The  capital  of  the  Gorakh- 
pur  district,  situated  on  the  river  Kapti  in  lat. . 
26°  44'  N. ,  long.  83°  24'  E.  Population,  includ- 
ing cantonment  (1891),  63,620. 

Gorbodnc  (g6r'bo-duk).  A  mythical  king  of 
Britain.  His  story,  with  that  of  his  sons  Perrex 
and  Porrex,  is  told  in  the  early  chronicles. 

Gorboduc,  who  succeeded  to  the  crown  of  Britain  soon 
After  the  death  of  Lear,  profited  so  little  by  the  example 
■of  his  predecessor  that  he  divided  his  realm  during  his  life 
between  his  two  sons,  Ferrex  and  Porrex,  whose  bloody 
Iiistory  is  the  subject  of  the  first  regular  English  tragedy  : 
It  was  written  by  Thomas  Norton  and  Thomas  Sackville 
<LordBuckhurst),was  acted  in  1561,  and  afterwards  printed 
in  1565,  under  the  name  of  '*  Gorboduc."  Sir  Philip  Sid- 
ney says  that  this  drama  climbs  to  the  height  of  Seneca, 
and  Pope  has  pronounced  the  much  higher  eulogy  that  it 
possesses  "  an  unaffected  perspicuity  of  style,  and  an  easy 
flow  in  the  numbers;  in  a  word,  that  chastity,  correct- 
ness, and  gravity  of  style  which  are  so  essential  to  tragedy, 
and  which  all  the  tragic  poets  who  followed,  not  except- 
ing Shakspeare  himself,  either  little  understood  or  per- 
petually neglected."  Both  in  the  dramaand  romance,  the 
princes,  between  whom  the  kingdom  had  been  divided, 
aoon  fell  to  dissension,  and  the  younger  stabbed  the  elder ; 
the  mother,  who  more  dearlyloved  the  elder,  havingkilled 
his  brother  inrevenge,  the  people,  indignant  atthecruelty 
of  the  deed,  rose  in  rebellion,  and  murdered  both  father 
and  mother."  The  nobles  then  assembled  and  destroyed 
most  of  the  rebels,  but  afterwards  became  embroiled  in  a 
civil  war,  in  which  they  and  their  issue  were  all  slain. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  240. 

Gorctun.    See  Gorkum. 

Gordian  (g6r'di-an).    See  Gordiaims. 

Gordiamis  (g6r-ai-a'nus)  I.,  Marcus  Antoni- 
US,  surnamed  AfricanUS,  Anglicized  Gordian. 
Born  about  158  A.  D.:  died  at  Carthage,  238. 
Roman  emperor.  He  was  descended  from  a  wealthy 
and  illustrious  Eoraan  family,  and  acquired  great  popu- 
larity by  his  largesses  to  the  populace.  He  became  procon- 
sul of  Africa  in  237,  and  when,  in  238,  a  rebellion  broke  out 
in  his  province  against  Maximinus,  he  was  forced  by  the 
insurgents  to  assume  the  purple.  His  elevation  was  con- 
irmed  by  the  Koman  senate.    He  associated  with  himself 


448 

in  the  government  his  son  Gordianus  II.  The  younger 
Gordianus  was  defeated  and  slain  before  Carthage  by  Ca^ 
pellianus,  governor  of  Mauretania,  whereupon  the  elder 
Gordianus  put  himself  to  death  after  a  reign  of  only  six 
weeks. 

Gordianus  II.,  Marcus  Antonius.  Born  192 
A.  u.  I  died  near  Carthage,  238.  Roman  empe- 
ror, son  and  associate  of  the  preceding. 

Gordianus  III.,  Marcus  Antonius  Pius.  Born 
about  224  a.  d.:  died  in  Mesopotamia,  244. 
Roman  emperor.  He  was  the  grandson  of  Gordianus 
I.  on  his  mother's  side,  and  was  proclaimed  Csesar  on  the 
death  of  the  two  Gordiani  in  Africa  in  238.  (See  Gordianuf 
J.)  He  became  sole  emperor  in  the  same  year,  on  the  as- 
sassination by  the  pretorians  of  the  two  Augusti,  Pupienus 
and  Balbinus,  who  had  been  appointed  by  the  senate  to 
succeed  Gordianus  I.  He  undertook  an  expedition  against 
Persia  in  242,  under  the  guidance  of  his  father-in-law,  the 
veteran  soldier  Misitheus,  after  whose  death  he  was  mur- 
dered by  the  pretorian  prefect  Philip,  who  usurped  the 
throne. 

Gordium  (g6r'di-um).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
town  in  northern  Galatia,  Asia  Minor,  near  the 
river  Sangarius.  It  is  noted  as  the  place  where 
Alexander  the  Great  cut  the  Gordian  knot.  See 
Gordius. 

Gordius  (gor'di-us).  [Gr.  TdpSioi.'\  An  ancient 
king  of  Lydia  (originally  a  peasant),  father  of 
Midas.  According  to  the  legend  an  oracle  had  declared 
to  the  people  of  Phrygia  that  a  king  would  come  to  them 
riding  in  a  car,  and,  as  Gordius  thus  appeared  to  them  in 
a  popular  assembly  whic^  was  discussing  the  disposition 
of  the  government,  he  was  accepted  as  their  sovereign. 
His  car  and  the  yoke  of  his  oxen  he  dedicated  to  Zeus  at 
Gordium ;  and  an  oracle  declared  that  whoever  should  un- 
tie the  knot  of  the  yoke  would  rule  over  Asia.  Alexander 
the  Great  cut  the  knot  with  his  sword. 

Gordon  (gdr'don),  Adam.  A  famous  English 
outlaw  who  established  himself  near  the  village 
of  Wilton  in  1267,  and  attacked  those  especially 
who  were  of  the  king's  party.  He  engaged  with 
Prince  Edward  (afterward  King  Edward  l.)in  single  com- 
bat, and  the  latter  so  admired  his  courage  and  spirit  that 
he  promised  him  his  life  and  fortune  if  he  would  surren- 
der. Gordon  consented,  and  was  ever  after  an  attached 
and  faithful  servant  to  Edward. 

Gordon,  Sir  Adam  de.  Died  1333.  A  Scottish 
statesman  and  soldier.  He  was  at  first  a  partizan  of 
Edward  II.,  but  after  the  battle  of  Bannockbum  adhered 
to  Bruce.  His  son  Sir  Adam  de  Gordon  (died  1402)  became 
celebrated  in  border  warfare. 

Gordon,  Adam  Lindsay.  Born  at  Payal 
(Azores),  1833 :  shot  himself  at  New  Brighton, 
Australia,  June  24, 1870.  An  Australian  poet. 
He  was  in  the  mounted  police  of  South  Australia  in  1853, 
and  was  afterward  a  horse-breaker,  member  of  the  Vic- 
toria House  of  Assembly  (1866),  and  the  keeper  of  a  livery- 
stable.  He  failed  in  an  attempt  to  secure  the  Esslemont 
estate  in  Scotland  in  1869.  Among  his  poems  are  "Sea 
SprayandSmokeDrift"(1867),  "Bush  Ballads,  etc."  (1870), 
and  *' Ashtaroth :  a  dramatic  Lyric  "  (1870). 

Gordon,  Alexander.  Bom  at  Aberdeen  before 
1693 :  died  in  South  Carolina  in  1754  or  1755.  A 
Scottish  antiquary.  He  wrote  "Itinerarium  Septen- 
trionale "  (1726),  describing  "  the  monuments  of  Boman 
antiquity"  and  "the  Danish  invasions  on  Scotland." 

Gordon,  Sir  Alexander.  Born  1650:  died  at 
Airds,  Kirkcudbrightshire,  Nov.  11,  1726.  A 
Scottish  Covenanter.  He  took  part  in  the  battle  of 
Bothwell  Bridge,  was  proclaimed  a  traitor  and  condemned 
to  death,  and  after  many  hairbreadth  escapes  fled  to  Hol- 
land. He  returned  and  was  arrested  (1683),  and  remained 
a  prisoner  until  1689.  For  several  years  his  imprisonment 
was  voluntarily  shared  by  his  wife. 

Gordon,  Andrew.  Born  at  CofEorach,  Forfar- 
shire, June  15,  1712:  died  Aug.  22,  1751.  A 
Scottish  physicist,  appointed  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  Erfurt  in  1737.  He  was  noted  for  his  ex- 
periments in  frictional  electricity.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  the  first  electrician  to  use  a  cylinder  in  place  of  a 
globe.  He  wrote  "Phsenomena  Electricitatis  Exposita" 
(1744),  etc. 

Gordon,  Sir  Arthur  Hamilton.  Bom  Nov.  26, 
1829.  A  British  colonial  governor,  youngest 
son  of  the  fourth  Earl  of  Aberdeen.  He  sat  in  Par- 
liament as  Liberal  member  for  Beverley  1854-57,  and  was 
appointed  governor  of  New  Brunswick  in  1866,  governor 
of  Trinidad  in  1870,  first  governor  of  the  Fiji  Islands  in 
1874,  high  commissioner  for  the  Western  Pacific  in  1877, 
governor  of  New  Zealand  in  1880L  and  governor  of  Ceylon 
in  1883.    He  was  created  Baron  Stanmore  in  1893. 

Gordon,  Charles  George,  called  "  Chinese  Gor- 
don" and"Gordon  Pasha."  Born  at  Woolwich, 
Jan.  28, 1833:  died  at  Khartum,  Nubia,  Jan.  26, 
1885.  An  English  soldier.  He  served  in  the  Crimea 
1854-56.  In  1860  he  was  attached  to  the  British  force 
under  Sir  James  Hope  Grant  operating  with  the  French 
against  China,  and  m  1863  took  command  of  a  Chinese 
force,  called  the  Ever  Victorious  Army,  against  the  Tal- 
ping  rebels.  He  put  down  the  rebellion  in  thirty-three  en- 
gagements, and  resigned  his  command  in  1864,  receiving 
from  the  emperor  the  yellow  jacket  and  peacock's  feather 
of  a  mandarin  of  the  first  class.  He  was  governor  of  the 
Equatorial  Provinces  of  central  Africa  in  the  service  of  the 
Khedive  of  Egypt  1874-76 ;  was  created  pasha  by  the  khe- 
dive  in  1877;  and  in  the  same  year  was  promoted  lieuten- 
ant-colonel in  the  British  army.  He  was  governor-gen- 
eral of  the  Sudan,  Darfur,  the  Equatorial  Provinces,  and 
the  Bed  Sea  littoral  1877-79,  in  which  capacity  he  stamped 
out  the  slave-trade  in  his  district.  He  acted  as  adviser 
of  the  Chinese  government  in  its  relations  with  Russia 
in  1880 ;  went  as  commanding  royal  engineer  to  Mauritius 


Gore  Hall 

1881-82 ;  and  was  commandant  of  the  colonial  forces  of 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  1882.  In  1884  he  was  sent  by  the 
British  government  to  the  Sudan  to  assist  the  khedive  in 
withdrawing  the  garrisons  of  the  country,  which  could  not 
be  held  any  longer  against  the  Mahdi.  He  was  besieged 
by  the  Mahdi  at  Khartum,  March  12,  1884,  and  was  killed 
in  the  storming  of  the  city,  Jan.  26,  1885. 
Gordon,  George,  fourth  Earl  of  Huntly.  Born 
1514:  died  1562.  A  Scottish  statesman.  He  held 
important  offices  under  James  V. ;  with  Home  defeated 
an  English  force  at  Hadden  Rig,  Aug.  24,  1642 ;  on  the 
murder  of  Cardinal  Beaton  succeeded  him  as  lord  high 
chancellor  (1546);  and  held  a  command  and  was  taken 
prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Pinkie  (1647).  He  opposed  the 
policy  of  the  queen  regent,  and  finally  deserted  her.  He 
favored  the  Catholic  cause.  Under  Mary  he  was  in  dis- 
favor, and  was  finally  denounced  as  a  rebel.  He  attacked 
the  queen's  forces  at  Corrichie,  Nov.  6,  1662,  but  was  de. 
f  eated,  and  died  from  the  effects  of  the  battle. 

Gordon,  George,  fifth  Earl  of  Huntly.  Died 
May,  1576.  A  Scottish  statesman.  He  was  a  fa- 
vorite of  Mary,  and  an  ally  of  Bothwell,  and  became  lord 
high  chancellor  in  1566.  He  was  implicated  in  the  mur- 
der of  Darnley. 

Gordon,  Lord  George.  Bom  at  London,  Deo. 
26,  1751:  died  Nov.  1,  1793.  An  English  agita- 
tor, third  sou  of  Cosmo  George,  third  duke  of 
Gordon.  He  entered  Parliament  in  1774.  In  1779  he  be- 
came president  of  the  Protestant  Association,  formed  to 
secure  .the  repeal  of  the  Bill  of  Toleration,  passed  in 
1778  for  the  relief  of  Roman  Catholics.  At  the  instance 
of  the  society  a  large  number  of  the  opponents  of  the 
bill  met  in  St.  George's  Fields,  and  marched  in  a  body 
to  the  House  of  Commons  simxiltaneously  with  the  pres- 
entation by  Gordon  of  a  petition  praying  Parliament  to 
repeal  the  bill.  A  riot  ensued,  which  was  queUed  by  the 
troops  June  8, 1780.  Gordon  was  tried  in  1781  for  compli- 
city in  the  riots,  but  was  acquitted  for  want  of  evidence. 

Gordon, George  Hamilton,fourthEarlof  Aber- 
deen. Born  at  Edinburgh,  Jan.  28,  1784:  died 
at  London,  Dec.  14,  1860.  A  British  statesman. 
He  was  appointed  ambassador  extraordinary  to  Austria 
Sept.,  1813,  and  signed  the  preliminary  treaty  at  Toplitz 
on  Oct.  3.  On  May  30,  1814,  he  signed  the  treaty  of  Paris 
as  one  of  the  representatives  of  Great  Britain.  He  was  for- 
eign secretary  under  Wellington  1828-30,  secretary  for  war 
under  Peel,  Dec,  1834,-April,  1835,  and  secretary  for  foreign 
affairs  under  Peel  1841-46.  He  was  premier  Dec,  1852,- 
Jan.  30,  1855,  his  ministry  being  formed  by  a  coalition  of 
Whigs  and  Peelites.  He  wrote  works  on  Greek  architec- 
ture, etc. 

Gordon,  John  Campbell  Hamilton.  Bom  1847. 
Seventh  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  grandson  of  the 
fourth  earl,  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  under 
the  Gladstone  administration  of  1886,  and  gov- 
ernor-general of  Canada  1893-98. 

Gordon,  Sir  John  Watson.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
1788 :  died  there,  June  1,  1864.  A  Scottish  por- 
trait-painter. His  best-known  work  is  a  portrait 
of  Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Gordon,  Lady  Duff-  (Lucie  or  Lucy  Austin). 
Bom  at  Westminster,  June  24,  1821:  died  at 
Cairo,  July  14, 1869.  An  English  writer,  best 
known  as  a  translator  from  the  German  (Nie- 
buhr,  Von  Ranke,  and  Sybel).  She  resided  in 
Egypt  from  1862.  She  married  Sir  Alexander 
DufE-Gordon  in  1840. 

Gordon,  William.  Born  at  Hitehin,  Hertford- 
shire, about  1728:  died  at  Ipswich,  England, 
Oct.  19,  1807.  An  English  clergyman  and  his- 
torian. He  wrote  "Rise,  Progress,  and  Establishment 
of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America" 
(1788),  etc 

Gtordon  Bennett,  Mount.  [Named  from  James 
Gordon  Bennett.]  Amountainiu  central  Africa, 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Lake  Albert  Nyanza  and 
Ruwenzori,  discovered  and  named  by  Stanley. 
Height,  estimated,  about  15,000  feet. 

Gordon  Cumming.     See  Gumming. 

Gordon  BiotS.  A  rising  of  the  London  popu- 
lace, June,  1780,  the  culmination  of  an  anti- 
Roman  Catholic  agitation,  instigated  and  abet- 
ted by  Lord  George  Gordon.  See  Gordon,  Lord 
George. 

Gore  (gor),  Mrs.  (Catherine  Grace  Frances 
Moody),  Born  at  East  Retford,  Notts,  Eng- 
land, m  1799:  died  at  Lyndhuist,  Hampshire, 
Jan.  29,  1861.  An  English  novelist  and  play- 
wnter.  Among  her  works  are  "Theresa  Marchmont,"  a 
novel  g824),  "The  Lettre  de  Cachet "  (1827),  "School  for 
Coquettes, "a comedy (1831),  "Mrs.  Armytage,  etc.,"anovel 
(1836),  "  Cecil,  or  the  Adventures  of  a  Coxcomb  "  (her  most 
successful  novel,  1841),  "  The  Banker's  Wife  "  (1843),  and 
about  sixty  other  works,  some  of  them  translations  from 
the  French.  . 

Gore,  Christopher.  Bom  at  Boston,  Sept.  21, 
1758:  died  at  Waltham,  Mass.,  March  1,  1827. 
An  American  politician,  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts 1809-10.  He  was  a  benefactor  of  Harvard 
College. 

Gor§e  (go-ra').  A  small  island  belonging  to 
France,  situated  near  the  coast  of  Senegambia, 
south  of  Cape  Verd,  in  lat.  14°  40'  N.,  long.  17° 
25'  W.  Population  of  the  town  of  Gor6e,  about 
2,000. 

Gore  Hall.  A  building  containing  the  library 
of  Harvard  College,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 


Gore  House 

Gore  House.  A  house  formerly  occupying  the 
site  upon  which  the  Albert  Memorial  is  built, 
in  London,  it  was  a  famous  resort  lor  men  of  letters 
dunng  the  suocessive  ownerships  of  William  Wilberforce 
and  the  Countess  of  Blessington  in  the  early  part  of  the 
19th  century. 

Gorgei.    See  Gorgey. 

Gorges  (gdr'jez),  Sir  Ferdinando.    Bom  in 

Somersetshire,  England,  about  1566:  died  in 
1647.  An  English  colonial  proprietor.  He  re- 
ceived with  John  Mason  a  grant  of  the  region  between 
the  Menimao  and  Kennebec  rivers  in  1622.  In  1629  the 
connection  between  Gorges  and  Mason  was  dissolved  and 
a  new  grant  was  made  to  each.  Gorges  receiving  the  region 
between  the  Pisoataxjua  and  the  Kennebec.  Gorges  re- 
ceived a  confirmation  of  his  grant  under  the  title  of  the 
Province  of  Maipe  in  1639. 

Gorgey,  or  Gorgei  (g6r'ge-i),  Arthur.  Bom  at 
Toporoz,  county  of  Zips,  Hungary,  Jan.  30, 1818. 
A  Hungarian  general  in  the  war  of  1 848-49.  He 
succeeded  Kossuth  as  dictator,  Aug.  11, 1849,  and  surren- 
dered at  VilAgos,  Aug.  13,  1849,  to  the  Busaiaus  under 
Eiidiger. 

Gorgias  (g6r'ji-as).  [Qr.  Topyiag.']  Bom  at  Le- 
ontmi,  Sicily,  about  485  b.  o.  :  died  at  Larissa, 
Thessaly,  about  380  B.  o.  A  famous  Greek  so- 
phist and  rhetorician,  "an  independent  cultiva- 
tor of  natural  oratory,  with  a  gift  for  brilliant 
expression  of  a  poetical  and  often  turgid  kind. 
When  he  visited  Athens  in  427  B.  o.  his  florid  eloquence 
became  the  rage,  and  was  afterwards  the  first  literary 
inspiration  of  the  orator  Isocrates."  From  him  one  of 
Plato's  dialogues  is  named. 

Gorglbus  (gor-zhe-biis').  1.  A  comfortable  old 
citizen  inMolifere's  "Lespr^oieuses  ridicules." 
His  niece  and  daughter  torment  him  by  their 
esthetic  vagaries. — 2.  An  unreasonable  old  cit- 
izen in  Molifere's  "  Sganarelle  " :  the  father  of 
C61ie. 

Gorgo  (g6r'g6).     [Gr.  Popyc!).]     Be%  Gorgons. 

Gorgona  (gor-go'na).  An  island  in  the  Pacific, 
situated  about  lat.  3°  N.,  long.  78°  20'  W.  It 
belongs  to  the  Eepublie  of  Colombia. 

Gorgons  (gdr'gonz).  [Gr.  V6pyavcq.^  In  Greek 
legend  (Hesiod),  daughters  of  JPhorcys  (whence 
also  called  Phoroydes)  and  Ceto,  dwelling  in  the 
Western  Ocean  near  Night  and  the  Hesperides 
(or  in  Libya).  Their  names  are  Stheno,  Euryale,  and 
Medusa.  They  are  girded  with  serpents,  and,  in  some  ac- 
counts, have  wings  and  brazen  claws  and  enormous  teeth. 
According  to  Homer  there  is  but  one,  Gorgo.  See  MeAvxa. 

Gori  (go're).  A  town  in  the  government  of  Tif- 
lis,  Caucasus,  Eussia,  situated  on  the  Kur  in 
lat.  41°  59'  N.,  long.  44°  5'  E.  Population  (1891), 
7,247. 

Gorinchem.    See  GorTcwm. 

Goring  (gor'ing),  George,  Earl  of  Norwich. 
Bom  about  1583 :  died  1663.  An  English  Eoy- 
alist  politician  and  soldier.  He  headed  an  unsuccess- 
ful Kayalist  rising  in  1647,  and  was  sentenced  to  death, 
but  later  was  pardoned. 

Goring,  George,  Lord  Goring.  Bom  July  14, 
1608 :  died  at  Madrid,  1657.  An  English  gen- 
eral. He  at  first  supported  the  Parliamentary  cause,  and 
was  placed  in  command  of  Portsmouth,  but  in  1642  went 
over  to  the  Koyalists.  He  was,  however,  unable  to  defend 
Portsmouth,  which  was  captured  in  Sept.  He  commanded 
the  left  wing  of  the  Royalist  army  at  the  battle  of  Marston 
Moor.  He  was  a  man  of  unrestrained  life,  and  in  his  youth 
was  celebrated  for  his  brilliancy  and  prodigality. 

Goritz.    See  Gore. 

Gorkhas.    See  GhurJcas. 

Gorkum,  or  Gorcum  (gor'kum),  or  Gorinchem 

(go'rin-ohem).  A  town  in  the  province  of  South 
Holland,  Netherlands,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Linge  with  the  Merwede  (Maas),  22  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Eotterdam.  It  was  taken  by  the 
"  Water  Beggars  "  in  1572.  Population  (1889), 
11,224. 

Gorlltz  (ger'lits).  A  city  in  the  province  of  Si- 
lesia, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Lausitzer  Neisse 
in  lat.  51°  8'  N.,  long.  14°  58'  E.  it  is  an  impor- 
tant commercial  center,  and  has  large  manufactures  of 
cloth  The  Eathaus  and  the  Church  of  St.  Peter  and  St. 
Paul  are  of  interest.  The  place  has  belonged  successively 
to  Lusatia,  Bohemia,  Saxony,  and  Prussia.  Population 
(1890),  62,136. 

(}orm  (g6rm),  surnamed  "  The  Old."  Flourished 
about  860-935.    The  first  king  of  united  Den- 

Gorner  (gor'ner)  Glacier.  One  of  the  largest 
Alpine  glaciers,  situated  in  the  canton  of  Va- 
lais,  Switzerland,  northwest  of  Monte  Eosa.  It 
is  the  source  of  the  Visp.  ^,  „    .^ 

Gorner  Grat.  A  mountain  near  Zermatt,  Swit- 
zerland, in  the  Alps  of  Valais.  Height,  10,290 
feet.  _        ,  -r,         i 

Gorres  (g^r'res),  Jakob  Joseph  von.  Born  at 
Coblenz;  Prussia,  Jan.  25,  1776:  died  at  Mu- 
nich, Jan.  29, 1848.  A  German  author.  He  edited 
the  "  Eheinischer  Merkur"  181t-iq,  and  became  professor 
of  history  in  the  University  of  Munich  in  1827.  In  his  early 
Dublioationshe  supported  French  revolutionary  principles, 
wZhcausedhim?5be  persecuted  by  the  government,  and 

C— 29 


449 

was  a  prominent  advocate  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 
He  wrote  "  Die  christliche  Mystik  "(1836-42)  and  "Athana- 
sius"  (1837). 

Gortchakoff  (gor-cha-kof),  Prince  Alexander 
Mikhailovitch.  Bom  July  16,  1798  :  died  at 
Baden-Baden,  March  11,  1883.  A  noted  Rus- 
sian statesman.  He  was  appointed  ambassador  ex- 
traordinary at  Stuttgart,  in  1841,  to  negotiate  a  marriage 
between  the  Crown  Prince  of  Wiirtemberg  and  the  prin- 
cess Olga,  sister  of  the  czar  Kicholas.  In  1854  he  was 
sent  as  ambassador  to  Vienna,  where  he  guarded  the  in- 
terests of  Russia  with  great  tact  and  ability  during  the 
Crimean  war,  until  1856.  He  was  appointed  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  In  1856,  and  became  vice-chancellor  lu  1862 
and  chancellor  in  1863.  He  maintained  a  strict  neutrality 
between  the  contending  powers  in  the  Austro-Prussian 
war  (1866),  but  in  1870  embraced  the  opportunity  presented 
by  the  Franco-Prussian  war  to  repudiate  the  treaty  of 
Paris  (extorted  from  Russia  at  the  close  of  the  Crimean 
war  in  1866)  in  so  far  as  it  excluded  the  Russian  war  fleet 
from  the  Black  Sea  and  deprived  his  country  of  the  con- 
trol of  the  mouths  of  the  Danube. 

Gortchakoff,  Prince  Alexander.    Bom  1764 : 

died  1825.  A  Eussian  soldier.  He  served  under 
his  uncle  Suvaroft  In  Turkey  and  in  Poland,  and  be- 
came lieutenant-general  in  1798.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction In  the  Napoleonic  wars,  and  repulsed  Marshal 
Lannes  at  Hellsberg  in  1807.  He  acted  as  chief  of  the 
ministry  of  war  in  1812,  and  became  general  and  was 
made  a  member  of  the  imperial  council  in  1814. 

Gortchakoff,  Prince  Andrei.  Bom  1768:  died 
at  Moscow,  Feb.  27,  1855.  A  Eussian  general. 
He  served  as  major-general  under  Suvaroft  iu  Italy  in  1799, 
and  commanded  a  division  of  grenadiers  in  1812  and  a 
corps  of  infantry  in  1814,  in  which  last-named  year  he 
fought  with  distinction  in  the  battles  of  Lelpsic  and  Paris. 
He  became  general  in  1819,  and  retired  from  active  ser- 
vice in  1828. 

Gortchakoff,  Prince  Mikhail.  Bornl795:  died 
at  Warsaw,  May  30,  1861.  A  Eussian  general. 
He  served  in  the  Turkish  war  1828-29,  in  the  Polish  revo- 
lution 1830-31,  In  Hungary  in  1849,  on  the  Danube  1853-54, 
and  in  the  Crimea  in  1855. 

Gortchakoff,  Prince  Petr.  Lived  early  in  the 
17th  century.  A  Eussian  commander,  noted 
for  his  defense  of  Smolensk  against  the  Poles 
1609-11. 

Gortchakoff,  Prince  Petr.  Bom  1790 :  died  at 
Moscow,  March  18,  1868.  A  Eussian  general, 
brother  of  Mikhail  Gortchakoff.  He  fought  against 
Napoleon  in  the  campaigns  of  1807  and  1812-14,  and  subse- 
quently served  under  Yermolofl  in  the  Caucasus.  In  1829 
he  commanded  a  corps  of  infantry,  with  which  he  defeated 
a  Turkish  corps  at  Aidos.  He  signed  in  the  same  year  the 
preliminaries  of  the  peace  of  Adrianople.  He  became 
general  in  1843,  and  in  1864  commanded  a  wing  of  the 
Russian  army  at  the  Alma  and  at  Inkerman. 

Gorton  (g6r'ton).  A  suburb  of  Manchester, 
Lancashire,  England,  4  miles  southeast  of  that 
city.     Population  (1891),  15,215. 

Gortyna  (g6r-ti'na),  or  Gortyn  (g6r'tin).  [Gr. 
T6pTvva,  Vofirijv.']  In  ancient  geography,  a  city 
of  Crete,  situated  about  lat.  35°  5'  N.,  long. 
24°  56'  E. 

Gortz  (gerts),  Georg  Heinrich  von.  Bom  1668 : 
died  at  Stockholm,  March  12, 1719.  A  Swedish 
statesman.  He  was  of  German  origin,  and  was  privy 
councilor  and  seneschal  in  Holstein  when  in  1706  he  was 
sent  on  a  mission  to  Charles  XII.,  whose  confidence  he 
gained,  and  by  whom  he  was  made  minister  of  finance  in 
1715,  and  subsequently  prime  minister.  He  formed  a 
scheme  for  brealdng  up  the  league  against  Sweden,  and 
planned  a  descent  upon  Scotland  in  behalf  of  the  Pre- 
tender, but  an  accident  frustrated  his  designs.  On  the 
death  of  the  king  he  was  imprisoned  at  the  instance  of 
Ulrica  Eleonora  and  her  husband  Frederick  of  Hesse,  who 
succeeded  to  the  throne,  and  was  executed  on  the  pretext 
of  having  goaded  on  the  king  in  his  undertakings  and 
mismanaged  the  finances. 

G6rz  (gferts),  or  Goritz  (g^r'its),  It.  Gorizia 
(go-ret'se-a).  The  capital  of  the  crownland 
(forz  and  Gradiska,  situated  on  the  Isonzo24 
miles  north-northwest  of  Triest.  It  has  a 
cathedral  and  an  ancient  castle.  Population 
(1890),  17,956. 

G6rz  and  Gradiska  (gra-dis'ka).  A  crownland 
and  (titular)  princely  eountship  of  the  Clslei- 
than  division  of  Austria-Hungary.  It  lies  between 
Carniola  on  the  east  and  Italy  on  the  west,  and  forms  with 
Istria  and  Triest  the  Kiistenland.  It  was  acquired  by  Aus 
triainl500.  Area,  1,140  miles.  Population  (1890),  220,308, 
chiefly  of  Slavic  and  Italo-Frlulian  stock. 

Goschen  (go'shen),  George  Joachim.  Bom  at 
London,  Aug.,  1831.  An  English  politician  and 
financier,  of  German  descent.  Entering  Parliament 
in  1863,  he  was  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  in 
1866,  president  of  the  poor-law  board  1868-71,  first  lord 
of  the  admiralty  1871-74,  and  ambassador  extraordinary  to 
Constantinople  1880-81.  From  1886  to  1895  he  was  apromi- 
nent  member  of  the  Liberal- Unionist  party,  and  was  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer  in  the  Salisbury  ministry  1886-92, 
and  first  lord  of  the  admiralty  1895-1900.  He  has  pub- 
lished "Theoiy  of  the  Foreign  Exchanges"  (1863),  etc. 
Created  viscount  in  1900. 

Goshen  (go'shen).  In  biblical  geography,  a  pas- 
toral region  in  Lower  Egypt,  occupied  and  col- 
onized by  the  Israelites  before  the  Exodus.  It 
was  situated  east  of  the  Delta  and  west  of  the 
modem  Suez  Canal. 

Goshenland  (go'shen-land),  or  Goosen.    A  re- 


Gotha 

public  set  up  by  some  Boer  adventurers  after 
the  Transvaal  war  of  1881,  to  the  west  of  Trans- 
vaal. The  expedition  of  Sir  Charles  Warren  in  1884  delim- 
ited the  British  and  Transvaal  boundaries,  and  Goshenland 
was  absorbed  in  Transvaal  and  in  Bechuanaland. 

Goship.    See  Gosiute. 

Goshoot.    See  Gosiute. 

Gosh  Yuta.    See  Gosiute. 

Gosiute  (go'si-ut),  or  Goship,  or  Goshoot,  or 
Gosh  Yuta.  A  confederacy  of  five  tribes  of 
North  American  Indians  in  northwestern  Utah 
and  eastern  Nevada.  Number  256,  in  1885.  The  name 
is  a  contraction  of  Goship,  a  former  chief,  and  CTta  or  Ute. 
See  Shoshonean. 

Goslar  (gos'lar).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hann  over,  Prussia,  on  the  Gose  and  in  the  Harz, 
24  miles  south  of  Brunsv\dek.  it  is  of  medieval  ap- 
pearance, and  the  Ratbaus,  monastic  church,  Kalserworth, 
Domkapelle,  and  Kalserhaus  are  notable  buildings.  The 
last^n  am  ed  Is  a  palace  founded  in  1039  by  the  emperor  Heii- 
ry  III.  It  Is  reputed  the  oldest  medieval  secular  structure 
in  Germany,  though  it  was  in  part  rebuilt  after  a  fire  in 
1289.  It  includes  the  Saalbau  and  the  Chapel  of  St.  Ulrich. 
The  upper  story  of  the  former  contains  the  imperial  hall 
(170  feet  long),  with  massive  round-arched  windows  and 
modern  historical  frescos.  Near  the  town  is  the  metallifer- 
ous Rammelsberg.  Goslar  was  built  about  920,  and  was  a  fa- 
vorite residence  of  the  emperors.  It  was  a  Hanseatic  town, 
and  was  a  free  city  until  1S02.  It  passed  from  Hannover 
to  Prussia  in  1866.    Population  (1890),  commune,  13,311. 

Gosnold  (gos'nold),  Bartholomew.  Died  at 
Jamestown,  Va.,  Aug.  22,  1607.  An  English 
navigator,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  settlement 
at  Jamestown.  He  commanded  an  expedition  (ship 
Concord)  in  1602  which  discovered  Cape  Cod  and  Martha^ 
Vineyard  (both  named  by  him),  and  in  1606  joined  the  expe- 
dition under  Newport  to  Virginia,  which  discovered  (and 
named)  Capes  Henry  and  Charles  and  established  the  set- 
tlement of  Jamestown. 

Gosport  (gos'port).  A  seaport  in  Hampshire, 
England,  situated  on  Portsmouth  harbor  oppo- 
site Portsmouth,  it  contains  a  naval  victualing-yard 
and  other  government  establishments.  Population  (1891), 
with  Alverstoke,  25,457. 

Goss  (gos).  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Fareham,  Hamp- 
shire, Dec.  27,  1800:  died  at  London,  May  10, 
1880.  An  English  composer,  chiefly  of  church 
music.  He  was  organist  of  St.  Paul's  from  1838. 

Gossaert  (gos'art),  or  Gessart  (ges'art),  Jan, 
generally  called  Mabuse,  Born  at  Maubeuge 
(Mabuse),  Nord,  Prance,  probably  about  1470: 
died  at  Antwerp,  1541.  A  Flemish  painter.  He 
went  to  England,  where  he  painted  the  *'  Marriage  of  Henry 
VII.  and  Elizabeth  of  York,"  and  portraits  of  the  king's 
children. 

Gosse  (gos),  Edmund  William.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  21, 1849.  An  English  poet  and  lit- 
erary critic,  son  of  P.  H.  Gosse.  He  has  written 
'^Madrigals,  Songs,  and  Sonnets,"  and  other  poems  (1870),  a 
number  of  essays  on  Bnglish,  Dutch,  and  Scandinavian  lit- 
erature (1875-83),  "New  Poems "  (1879),  "English  Odes" 
(completed  in  1881),  "Life  of  Thomas  Gray  "(1882), "  Seven- 
teenth Century  Studies"  (1883),  "Works  of  Thomas  Gray" 
(1884),  "From  Shakspere  to  Pope "  (lectures  delivered  by 
Gosse  as  Clark  lecturer.  Trinity  College,  Cambridge :  pub- 
lished in  1886),  "  Firdausi  in  Exile,  etc."  (1886),  "  Raleigh  " 
(1886),  "Congreve"  (1888),  etc. 

Gosse,  Philip  Henry.  Born  at  Worcester,  Eng- 
land, April  6,  1810 :  died  at  Torquay,  Aug.  23, 
1888.  An  English  zoologist.  Among  his  works  are 
"The  Canadian  Naturalist"  (1840),  "Aquarium"  (1864), 
"British  Sea  Anemones  and  Corals  "  (1858),  "Romance  of 
Natural  History  "  (1860-61),  etc. 

Gosselies  (gos-le').  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  28  miles  south  of  Brussels. 
Population  (1890),  9,118. 

Gosselin  (gos-lan'),  Pascal  Frangois  Joseph. 
Born  at  Lille,  Dec.  6, 1751:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  7, 
1830.  A  French  antiquarian.  He  was  a  deputy  to 
the  National  Assembly  In  1789,  and  became  a  member  of  the 
central  administration  of  commerce  in  1791,  and  amember 
of  the  ministry  of  war  in  1794.  He  was  elected  to  the 
French  Institute  soon  after  its  foundation,  and  succeeded 
Barth^lemy  as  keeper  of  the  medals  in  the  National  Li- 
brary in  1799,  a  post  which  he  retained  until  his  death. 

Gosson  (gos'on),  Stephen.  Bom  in  1555:  died 
Feb.  13, 1624'.'  An  English  author.  He  became 
rector  of  Great  Wigborough  in  1591,  a  living  which  he  ex- 
changed for  that  of  St.  Botolph,  Bishopsgate,  London,  in 
1600.  Among  his  extant  works  are  "The  Schoole  of 
Abuse  "  (1679),  "  The  Ephemerides  of  Phialo  "  (1579),  and 
"  Playes  Confuted  "  (no  date). 

Got  (go),  Frangois  Jules  Edmond.  Bom  Oct. 
1,  1822 :  died  March  20, 1901.  A  noted  French 
actor.  He  made  his  d^but  at  the  Com^die  FranQaise  in 
1844.  He  played  successfully  the  first  parts  in  classlcaland 
modern  French  comedy,  pavtlciilarly  Sganarelle.Trissotln, 
Figaro,  etc.,  in  the  former,  and  Giboyer  (in  Angler's  plays 
"Les  effrontSs"  and  "Le  fils  de  Giboyer"),  Maltre  Gu^- 
riu,  MercaJet,  David  Sichel,  etc.,  in  the  latter.  He  also 
played  such  ptrts  as  TiibouletaudHarpagon  with  equalBuc- 
cess.  Hewasprofessorof  declamatlonattheConservatoire. 

Gota,  or  Gotha  (ge'ta).  A  river  of  Sweden, 
flowing  from  Lake  Wenev  into  the  Cattegat  near 
Gothenburg.    Length,  about  55  miles. 

Gotha  (go'ta).  A  duchy  of  Germany.  See  Saxe- 
Cobkrg-Gotha. 


Gotha 

Gotha,    A  eityin  the  duehy  of  Saxe-Coburg- 

Gotha,  and,  alternately  with  Cohurg,  the  resi- 
dence of  its  dukes,  situated  in  lat.  50°  57'  N., 
long.  10°  42'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  commercial 
places  in  Thuringia,  and  is  interesting  for  the  Frieden- 
stein  Palace  (with  library,  cabinet  of  coins),  the  museum 
(antiquities,  picture-gallery,  etc.),  and  the  geographical 
institute  of  Justus  Perthes.    Population  (1890),  29,134. 

Gotha,  Almanach  de.  An  annual  register  pub- 
lished in  French  and  German  at  Gotha  from 
1764.  It  comprises  a  genealogical  detail  of  the  principal 
royal  and  aristocratic  families  of  Europe,  and  a  diplomatic 
and  statistical  record  for  the  time  of  the  different  states 
of  the  world. 

Gothaer  (go'ta-er).  In  modern  German  history, 
a  political  party  which  favored  constitutional 
government  and  a  confederation  of  states  under 
Prussia:  applied  originally  to  certain  members 
of  the  Frankfort  Parliament  who  assembled  at 
Gotha  June,  1849. 

Gotham  (go'tham).  1.  A  parish  in  Notting- 
hamshire, England,  6  miles  south  of  Notting- 
ham. The -simplicity  of  its  Inhabitants,  which  has  passed 
into  a  proverb,  is  said  to  have  been  simulated  to  avert  a 
Mng's  anger.  The  "foles  of  Gotham"  are  mentioned  as 
early  as  the  15th  century  in  the  •'  Towneley  Mysteries  " ; 
and  at  the  commencement  of  the  16th  century  a  collection 
of  stories,  said  to  be  by  Dr.  Andrew  Borde,  was  made  about 
them,  not,  however,  including  the  following,  which  rests 
on  the  authority  of  nursery  tradition : 

Three  wise  men  of  Gotham 
Went  to  sea  in  a  bowl : 
And  if  the  bowl  had  been  stronger 
My  song  would  have  been  longer. 

HalliweU,  Nursery  Rhymes. 

2.  A  name  given  to  the  eity  of  New  York. 

Gotham  Election,  A,  A  farce  by  Mrs.  Cent- 
livre,  produced  in  1715. 

Gothamite  ^o'tham-it).  A  humorous  epithet 
for  a  New-Yorker,  first  used  by  Washington 
Irving  in  "Salmagundi"  (1807). 

Gothard,  St.    See  St.  Gotthard. 

Gothenburg,  or  Gottenburg  (got'en-bore),  Sw. 
Croteborg  (ye'te-boro).  A  seaport  and  the 
capital  of  the  laen  of  Gothenburg  and  Bohus, 
Sweden,  situated  on  the  Gota,  near  its  mouth,  in 
lat.  57°  41'  N.,  long.  11°  55'  E.:  the  second  city 
of  Sweden,  it  was  founded  by  Gustavus  Adolphus 
about  1619.  Its  commercial  importance  dates  from  the 
Jf apoleonic  wars.  The  chief  manufactures  are  sugar,  ma- 
chinery, cotton,  and  beer.  It  has  become  notable  in  re- 
cent years  for  Its  licensing  system  for  the  decrease  of 
intemperance.    Population  (1900),  130,619. 

Gothenburg  and  Bohus  (bo'hos).  A  maritime 
laen  of  Sweden,  bordering  on  the  Skager  Rack 
and  Cattegat.  Area,  1,952  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  297,824. 

Gothia  (go'thi-a).     See  Septimania. 

Gothic  (goth'it).  The  language  of  the  Goths. 
Ihe  Goths  spoke  various  forms  of  a  Teutonic  tongue  now 
usually  classed  with  the  Scandinavian  as  the  eastern  branch 
of  the  Teutonic  family,  though  it  has  also  close  affinities 
with  the  western  branch  (Old  High  German,  Anglo-Saxon, 
etc.).  All  forms  of  Gothic  have  perished  without  record, 
except  that  spoken  by  some  of  the  western  GU>ths  (Visi- 
goths), who  at  the  beginning  of  the  4th  century  occupied 
Bacia  (Wallachia,  etc.),  and  who  before  the  end  of  that 
century  passed  over  in  great  numbers  into  Mresia  (now 
Bulgaria,  etc.^.  Revolting  against  the  Roman  Empire, 
they  extended  their  conquests  even  into  Gaul  and  Spain. 
Their  language,  now  called  Mcesogothic  or  simply  OothiCf 
is  preserved  in  the  fragmentary  remains  of  a  nearly  com- 
plete translation  of  the  Bible  made  by  their  bishop,  "Wul- 
fila  (a  name  also  used  in  the  forms  Ulfila,  Ulphila,  Ulfilas), 
who  lived  in  the  4th  century  a.  d.,  and  in  some  other 
fragments.  These  remains  are  of  a  high  philological  im- 
portance, preceding  by  several  centuries  the  next  earliest 
Teutonic  records  (Anglo-Saxon  and  Old  High  German). 

We  do  not  know  how  much  of  the  Bible  Walflla  trans- 
lated into  Gothic.  One  ancient  writer  says  that  he  trans- 
lated all  but  the  books  of  Kings,  which  he  left  out  because 
he  thought  that  the  stories  of  Israel's  wars  would  be  dan- 
gerous reading  for  a  people  that  was  too  fond  of  lighting 
already.  It  is  quite  in  accordance  with  what  we  know  of 
Wulflla's  character  that  he  should  have  felt  some  uneasi- 
ness about  the  effect  that  such  reading  might  have  on  the 
minds  of  his  warlike  countrymen ;  but  one  would  have 
thought  that  the  books  of  Joshua  and  Judges  would  have 
been  even  more  likely  to  stimulate  the  Gothic  passion  for 
fighting  than  the  books  of  Sings.  Probably  the  truth  is 
that  Wulfila  did  not  live  to  finish  his  translation,  and  no 
doubt  he  would  leave  to  the  last  the  hooks  which  he 
thought  least  important  for  his  great  purpose  of  making 
good  Christians.  The  part  of  Wulflla's  Bible  that  has 
come  down  to  us  consists  of  a  considerable  portion  of 
each  of  the  Gospels,  and  of  each  of  St,  Paul's  Epistles,  to- 
gether with  small  fragments  of  the  books  of  Ezra  and  Ne- 
hemiah.  Six  different  manuscripts  have  been  found.  The 
most  important  of  these  was  discovered  in  the  sixteenth 
century  in  a  monastery  at  Werden  in  Germany.  After 
having  been  in  the  possession  of  many  different  owners, 
it  was  bought  in  1662  by  the  Swedish  Count  de  la  Gardie, 
who  gave  it  the  binding  of  solid  silver  from  which  it  is 
commonly  called  Codex  Argenteus,  or  Silver  Book  ;  it  is 
now  in  the  University  of  Upsala,  and  is  regarded  as  one 
of  the  choicest  treasures  possessed  by  any  library  in  Eu- 
rope. It  is  beautifully  written  in  letters  of  gold  and  silver 
on  purple  parchment,  and  contains  the  fragments  of  the 
Gospels.  Of  the  other  five  manuscripts  one  was  discovered 
in  the  seventeenth  centiu-y  in  Germany,  and  the  rest  in 
Italy  about  seventy  years  ago. 

Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  63. 


450 

Grothland  (island).    See  Gotland, 

Gothland  (goth'land),  Sw.  Gotland,  or  Gott- 
land(got'land),o'rG6taland(ye'ta-land).  His- 
torically, the  southern  division  of  Sweden,  com- 
prising the  modern  provinces  (laen)  Malmohus, 
ICristianstad,  Blekinge,  Kronoberg,  Jonko- 
ping,  Kalmar,  Ostergotland,  Halland,  Oothen- 
burg  and  Bohus,  Elfsborg,  and  Skaraborg,  and 
the  islands  Gotland  and  Oland.  This  and  the  land 
of  the  Swedes  proper  grew  into  the  kingdom  of  Sweden 
during  the  middle  part  of  the  middle  ages. 

G-othofred.    See  Godefroy. 

G-oths  (goths).  [See  first  quotation  below.]  An 
ancient  Teutonic  race  which  was  established  in 
the  regions  of  the  lower  Danube  in  the  3d  cen- 
tury. A  probable  hypothesis  identifies  them  with  the 
Gotones  or  Gutoneswho  dwelt  near  the  Baltic;  but  there 
is  no  reason  to  believe  in  their  relationship  with  the  Get«e, 
and  no  proof  of  their  Scandinavian  origin.  They  made 
many  inroads  into  different  pai'ts  of  the  Roman  Empire 
in  the  3d  and  4th  centuries,  and  gradually  accepted  the 
Arian  form  of  Christianity.  The  two  great  historical  di- 
visions were  the  Visigoths  ^West  Goths,  the  Greutungi) 
and  the  Ostrogoths  (East  Goths,  the  Thervingi),  A  body 
of  Visigoths  settled  in  the  province  of  Moesia  (the  present 
Servia  and  Bulgaria),  and  were  hence  called  Moesogoths; 
and  their  apostle  Wulfila  (Ulfllas)  translated  the  Scriptures 
into  Gothic.  (See  Gothic.)  The  Visigoths  formed  a  mon- 
archy about  418,  which  existed  in  southern  France  until 
507,  and  in  Spain  until  711.  An  Ostrogothic  kingdom  ex- 
isted in  Italy  and  neighboring  regions  from  493  to  553.  The 
so-called  Tetraxitic  Goths  are  mentioned  in  the  Crimea  as 
late  as  the  18th  century.  By  extension  the  name  was  ap- 
plied to  various  other  tribes  which  invaded  the  Itoman 
Empire. 

A  fragment  of  a  calendar  contains  the  word  Qut-thi- 
uda,  *  people  of  the  Goths.'  The  word  tkivda  is  the  same 
as  the  Old-English  tMod,  meaning  people  ;  and  from  the 
compound  Gut-thiuda,  and  from  other  evidence,  it  may 
be  inferred  tfiat  the  name  which,  following  the  Romans, 
we  spell  as  Goths  was  properly  Gutarhs — in  the  singular 
Gida.  Like  all  other  names  of  nations,  this  word  must 
originally  have  had  a  meaning,  but  it  is  very  difilcult  to 
discover  what  that  meaning  was.  It  has  often  been  as- 
serted that  the  name  of  the  Goths  has  something  to  do 
with  the  word  God  (in  Gothic  guth).  We  might  easily  be- 
lieve that  an  ancient  people  might  have  chosen  to  call 
themselves  "the  worshippers  of  the  Gods  "  ;  but  although 
this  interesting  suggestion  was  proposed  by  Jacob  Grimm, 
one  of  the  greatest  scholars  who  ever  lived,  it  is  now 
quite  certain  that  it  was  a  mistake.  It  seems  now  to  be 
generally  thought  that  the  meaning  of  Gutans  is  'the 
(nobly)  born.'  Bradley,  Story  of  the  GothSj  pp.  4,  5. 

The  Goths  are  always  described  as  tall  and  athletic  men, 
with  fair  complexions,  blue  eyes,  and  yellow  hair  —  such 
people,  in  fact,  as  maybe  seen  more  frequently  in  Sweden 
than  any  other  modern  land.  A  very  good  idea  of  their 
national  costume  and  their  general  appearance  may  be 
gained  from  the  sculptures  on  "The  Storied  Column,"  as 
it  is  called,  erected  at  Constantinople  by  the  Emperor  Ar- 
cadius  in  honour  of  his  father  Theodosius,  which  repre- 
sents a  triumphal  procession  including  many  Gothic  cap- 
tives. Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  9. 

GrOtland  (g5t'land),  or  Gothland  (goth'land), 

or  Gottland  (got'land),  or  Gutaland  (yb'ta- 
land).  An  island  of  the  Baltic,  60  miles  east  of 
Sweden,  to  which  it  belongs.  The  surface  is  gen- 
erally level.  The  chief  occupations  are  ^riculture,  cattle- 
raising,  lime-burning,  and  quarrying.  The  chief  place  is 
"Visby.  The  island  was  a  mediev^  commercial  center.  Its 
possession  was  long  disputed  by  Denmark.  In  1645  it  was 
permanently  united  to  Sweden.  Length,  70  miles.  Area, 
1,175  square  miles.  Population  (1893),  estimated,  51,141. 
It  is  true  that  the  southern  province  of  Sweden  Is  still 
called  Gothland ;  but  the  Gaul^  (called  Geatas  by  the  An- 
glo-Saxons), from  whom  this  province  took  its  name,  were 
not  identical  with  the  Goths,  though  doi^btless  nearly  re- 
lated to  them.  On  the  other  hand,  the  island  called  Goth- 
land, in  the  Baltic,  was  anciently  called  Gutaland,  which 
seems  to  show  that  its  early  inhabitants  were  reaUy  in  the 
strict  sense  Goths ;  and,  according  to  the  Norse  sagas  and 
the  Anglo-SaXon  poets,  the  peninsula  of  Jutland  was  an- 
ciently occupied  by  a  branch  of  the  Gothic  people,  who 
were  known  as  Hreth-gotan,  or  Reidhgotar. 

Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  8. 

Gottenburg.     See  Gothenburg. 

Gotterdammerung  (g6t'ter-dem'me-rSng) .  IG. , 
Hwilightof  thegods.']  Thefourth  part  of  Wag- 
ner's *'Ring  des  Nibelungen,"  first  performed 
at  Bayreuth  Aug.  17,  1876.     Grove. 

Gottfried  von  Strasburg  (got'fret  fon  stras'- 
bSrG).  A  Middle  High  German  epic  poet.  He 
lived  at  the  end  of  the  12tn  and  the  beginning  of  the  13th 
century,  but  the  exact  years  of  his  birth  and  death  are 
unknown.  He  belonged  to  the  burgher  class,  as  appears 
from  the  title  "Meister"  used  in  the  MSS.  About  1210  he 
wrote,  after  French  originals,  the  epic  poem  "  Tristan  und 
Isolde,"  which,  however,  he  did  not  live  to  complete.  It 
was  subsequently  continued  by  Ulrich  von  Tiirheim  (1233- 
1266)  and  Heinrich  von  Freiberg,  who  wrote  about  1300. 

Gotthard,  St.    See  St.  Gotthard. 

Gotthelf,  Jeremias.    See  Bitzius. 

Gottingen  (g6t'ting-en).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Leine  in  lat.  51°  33'  N.,  long.  9°  56'  E.  The 
university  (Georgia  Augusta)  was  founded  by  George  n. 
of  England  (Elector  of  Hannover)  in  1734,  and  opened  in 
1737.  Seven  of  its  professors  (Ewald,  Gervinus,  Dahl- 
mann,  Albrecht,  Weber,  and  the  brothers  Grimm)  were 
expelled  by  King  Ernest  Augustus  in  1837  for  their  oppo- 
sition to  the  suspension  of  the  constitution  of  1833.  It 
has  a  library  of  over  500,000  volumes.  Population  (1890), 
23,689. 


Goudimel 

Gottland.    See  Gothland  and  Gotland, 
Grottorp,  orHolstein-Gottorp,  See  Oldenburg^ 
House  of. 

Gottschalk  (got'shalk),  Latinized  Gotescalcus 
(go-tes-kal'kus).  Died  about  868.  A  German 
theologian.  He  was  sent  as  a  child  to  the  convent  of 
Pulda,  and  subsequently  entered  the  Benedictine  convent 
at  Orbais,  where  he  was  ordained.  His  doctrine  of  two- 
fold predestination  (*'.  e.  of  some  to  eternal  life  and  of 
others  to  eternid  death)  was  condemned  by  the  Synod  of 
Mainz  in  848,  and  he  was  deprived  of  his  priestly  functions. 
The  rest  of  his  life  was  spent  in  prison  in  the  convent  of 
Hautvilliers. 

Gottschalk,  Louis  Moreau.  Born  at  New  Or- 
leans, May  8, 1829:  died  near  Rio  de  Janeiro^ 
Dec.  18, 1869.  A  popular  American  pianist  and 
composer,  son  of  an  Englishman  and  a  French- 
woman, He  made  extensive  professional  tours  in  Eu- 
rope and  in  North  and  South  America,  and  enjoyed  great 
popularity. 

Gottschall  (got'shal),  Rudolph  von.  Bom  at 
Breslau,  Prussia,  Sept.  30,  1823.  A  German 
dramatist,  poet,  novelist,  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  Amonghisworksare  "Die  Gottin "(1852),  "Car- 
lo Zeno  "  (1853),  '*  Deutsche  Nation alliteratur  "  (1853),  the 
-  Pitt       ""      •'      ■      "         


it  and  Fox,"  "Katharina  Howard,"  "Amy  ilob- 

sart,"  etc. 

Gottsclied(got'shed),  Johann  Ohristoph.  Bom 

at  Juditten,  near  Konigsberg,  Feb.  2, 1700 ;  died 
at  Leipsio,  Dec.  12, 1766.  A  German  critic  and 
writer.  HewaseducatedatK&nigsherg,  andsubsequently 
went  to  Leipsic,  where  (1730)  he  was  made  professor  of 
philosophy  and  poetry,  and  where  he  died.  His  services  to 
German  literature  are  principally  critical.  He  was  the 
reorganizer  in  Leipsic  of  the  literary  society,  Die  deutsche 
Gesellschaft^  which  afterward  became  a  sort  of  academy. 
In  1725  he  edited  the  journal  "  Die  vemtinf tigen  Tadlerin- 
nen  "  ("  The  Rational  Censors  ")>  which  was  continued  after 
1727  underthetitle"DerBiedermann"("TheHonest  Man"). 
A  "Redekunst "  ("  Art  of  Rhetoric  ")  appeared  in  1728.  His 
critical  views  were  first  systematically  presented  in  **  Ver- 
suche  einer  kritischen  Dichtkunst  fiir  die  Deutschen" 
(1730).  This  was  followed  from  1732  to  1744  by  a  series 
of  essays  on  literary  history  and  the  German  language. 
In  1734  appeared  *'  Weltweisheit "  (*'  World-Wisdom  "), 
an  exposition  of  the  theories  of  Wolff,  the  leader  of  Ger- 
man rationalism.  In  1748  appeared  "Deutsche  Sprach- 
kunst."  On  the  drama  he  exercised  an  important  influ- 
ence by  his  advocacy  of  French  classicism.  Through  his 
efforts  theold  harlequin  "Hansvnirst"  was  banished  from 
the  German  stage.  His  "  Deutsche  Schaubiihne  "  ("  Ger- 
man Stage,"  6  vols.)  appeared  1740-45.  His  principal  ori- 
ginal poetical  work  is  the  tragedy  "  Der  Sterbende  Cato  " 
("  The  Dying  Cato,"  1732).  From  1730  to  1740  he  exercised 
a  sort  of  literary  dictatorship  in  Gennany.  After  the  latter 
date  his  influence  rapidly  declined.  He  became  involved 
in  a  number  of  literary  disputes  in  which  he  was  worsted. 
On  the  stage  he  was  caricatured  under  the  name  "  Tadler  " 
("Faultfinder"),  and  a  witty  lampoon  held  him  up  to 
ridicule. 

Gotz  (g6ts),  Johann  Nicolaus.  Bom  at  Worms, 
Germany,  July  9,  1721:  died  at  Winterburg, 
Nov.  4, 1781.  A  minor  German  poet.  He  studied 
theology  at  Halle  1739-42,  and  subsequently  filled  various 
ecclesiastical  offices.  He  is  noted  for  wit  and  elegance  of 
expression  rather  than  for  depth  of  sentiment.  His  col- 
lected works,  with  a  biography  by  Ramler,  appeared  at 
Mannheim  in  1785  (new  ed.  1807). 

Gotz^  of  the  Iron  Hand.    A  name  given  to 
Gotz  von  Berlichingen. 
Gotz  von  Berlicliingen  (gets  fon  ber'lich-ing- 

en).  A  play  by  Goethe.  The  first  sketch  was  finished 
in  1771.  In  1773  he  rewrote  and  published  it.  In  1804  he 
prepared  another  edition  for  the  stage :  it  has  not  been 
played  since.  It  is  treated  in  the  manner  of  a  Shaksperian 
historical  drama.    See  Berlichingen. 

"Goetz  von  Berlichingen,"  the  subject  of  which  was  an 
old  German  baron  of  the  time  of  Maximilian,  grandfather 
to  Charles  V.,  who  revoked  the  law  of  duel.  Goetz,  for 
contravening  his  ordinance  in  this,  lost  his  right  hand. 
A  machine  was  made  and  fitted  to  his  arm,  whence  he  was 
called  "iron  hand."  He  was  a  real  character,  and  has  left 
memoirs  of  himself.  This  curious  feature  joined  itself 
alongside  of  "Werther"  and  "The  Robbers"  [Schiller], 
this  delineation  of  a  wild,  fierce  time,  not  as  being  the 
sketch  of  what  a  rude,  barbarous  man  would  appear  in  the 
eyes  of  a  philosophical  man  of  civilized  times,  but  with  a 
sort  of  natural  regret  at  the  hard  existence  of  Goetz,  and 
a  genuine  esteem  for  his  manfulness  and  courage  I  By 
this  new  work  Goethe  began  his  life  again ;  be  had  struck 
again  the  chord  of  his  own  heart,  of  sJl  hearts.  Walter 
Scott  took  it  up  here,  too,  and  others.  But  the  charm 
there  is  in  Goethe's  "  Goetz  "  is  unattainable  by  any  other 
writer.  In  Scott  it  was  very  good,  but  by  no  means  so  good 
as  in  "  Goetz."  It  was  the  beginning  of  a  happier  turn  to 
the  appreciation  of  something  genuine. 

Carlyle,  Lects.  on  the  Hist,  of  Lit.,  p.  196. 

Gouda  (Gou'da),  or  Ter-Gouw  (ter-Gou'),  or 
Ter-Gouwe.  A  town  in  the  province  of  South 
Holland^  Netherlands,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Grouwe  and  Yssel,  12  miles  northeast  of 
Rotterdam,  it  is  noted  for  its  bricks  and  pipes,  and  has 
large  markets  for  cheese  and  other  dairy  products.  The 
museum  and  the  Groote  Kerk  are  of  interest.  Population 
(1891),  20,037. 

Goudimel (g9-de-mel'), Claude.  Bom  at  Vaison, 
near  Avignon,  about  1510:  killed  at  Lyons  in  the 
massacre  on  St.  Bartholomew's  day,  Aug.  24, 
1572.  A  noted  French  composer  and  teacher  of 
music.  He  set  to  music  some  of  the  Psalms  in  their 
French  version  by  Marot  and  Beza  (1565). 


Gough,  Alexander  Dick  451 

Goueh  (gof),  Alexander  Dick.  Bom  Nov.  3,  Gk>unod  (g8-no'),  Charles  Francois.  Bom  at 
18M:  died  Sept.  8, 1871.  An  English  architect  Paris,  June  17, 1818 :  died  at  St.-Clond,  Oct.  18, 
and  engineer.     He  devoted  himself  especially  '  ~ 


to  ecclesiastical  architecture. 
Gough,  Hugh,  first  Viscount  Gough.  Bom  at 
Woodstown,  Limerick,  Ireland,  Nov.  3,  1779: 
died  near  Dublin,  March  2, 1869.  A  British  gen- 
eral. He  was  commander-in-chief  in  China  1841-42  and 
in  India  1843-49,  commanding  in  person  in  the  Sikh  wars 
184S-4e. 

Gough,  John  Bartholomew.    Bom  at  Sand- 

fate,  Kent,  England,  Aug.  22, 1817:  died  at  Phila- 
elphia,  Feb.  18,  1886.  A  noted  Anglo-Ameri- 
can orator,  distinguished  particularly  as  a  tem- 
perance lecturer  in  America  and  Great  Britain. 
He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1829,  and  began  lecturing 
in  1843.  He  visited  England  in  1863, 1867,  and  1878.  He 
published  an  "Autobiography"  (1846),  "Sunshine  and 
Shadow  "(1881),  etc. 


1893.  A  French  composer.  He  entered  the  Con- 
servatoire in  1836,  took  the  second  prix  de  Rome  for  his 
cantata  "  Marie  Stuart  et  Itizzio  in  1837,  and  in  1839 
took  the  grand  prix  for  his  cantata  "Fernando."  He  at 
one  time  thought  of  entering  the  church.  After  some 
years  of  study  he  produced  his  "  Messe  Solennelle  in  6," 
some  numbers  of  which  were  brought  out  by  Hullah  in 
London  in  1861.  From  1862  to  1860  he  was  conductor  of 
the  "  Orph(5on  "  in  Paris.  "  Faust "  was  produced  at  the 
Theatre  Lyrique,  March  19, 1869,  and  placed  him  at  once 
in  the  first  rank  of  his  profession.  Among  his  other  operas 
are  "  Sapho  "  (1861),  "Le  m^deoin  malgr^  lui,"  froin  Mo- 
lifere's  comedy  (1868),  "  PhiWmon  et  Baucis  "  (1860),  "  La 
reine  deSaba"  (1862),  "MireiUe"  (1864),  "RomSo  et  Juli- 
Bt.ta  "  (1867),  "  Cinq-Mars  "  (1877),  ■'  Polyeuote  "  (1878),  etc. 


ette  " 


He  also  wrote  much  church  music,  an  oratorio  ("  La  re- 
demption," 1882),  the  religious  work  "Mors  et  vita"  (1886), 
and  many  single  songs  and  pieces,  besides  a  great  deal  of 
music  for  the  Orph&nistes. 


mi.    A  French  historical  and  miscellaneous    yersa,illes^_Pranoe_2^Sept.  14, 
writer.    His  works  include  "Bibliothfeque  francaise,  ou 
histoire  littdraire  de  la  France  "  (1740-69),  "Bibhothfequa 
dea  attteurs  ecoWsiastlques"(1736\  "Origine  et  histoire  de 
la  po^sle  frangaise,  etc."  (1746),  etc. 

Goujon  (go-zh6n'  )j  Jean.  Bom  about  1515  (?) : 
died  probably  between  1564-68.  A  celebrated 
sculptor  of  the  French  Renaissance  period.  No- 
thing is  known  definitely  of  his  life.  In  1640  he  is  men- 
tioned  as  working  on  Saint-Maclou  at  Eouen:  the  lit- 


Gaspard.  Bom  at 
:,  1783:  died  at  Paris, 
July  25,  1852.  A  French  general.  He  took  part 
in  most  of  the  Napoleonic  campaigns,  and  accompanied 
Napoleon  to  St.  Helena  in  1816.  He  published,  with  Mon- 
tholon,  "M^moiresdeNapoWon  h,  Saiute-Hatoe"(1823). 

Gourgues  (gorg),  Dominiaue  de.  Born  at 
Mont-de-Marsan,  Landes,  Prance,  about  1530: 
died  at  Tours,  France,  1593.  A  French  adven- 
turer. He  commanded  a  successful  expedition  against 
the  Spaniards  in  Florida  1667. 
tie' door  of  this  church  ascribed  to  him  dates,  however,  OourkO.orGiUrko(gor'ko),  JosephVladimiro- 

.fi.._«       n      Inl-nn     .nam  n/4  Tti       THAI        Via       1  af4-.      1? /Ml  an       'fATi      1>ni>1B  ..         •  '-w^  — ^  ^_ fj.  ..  .        ^        i-  ^^         -^^^ 


from  a  later  period.  In  1641  he  left  Bouen  for  Paris, 
where  he  joined  Pierre  Lescot  in  the  decoration  of  Saint- 
Germain  I'Auxerrois.  From  Paris  he  went  to  Kouen,  where 
the  architect  Bnllant  was  reconstructing  the  ch&teau.  The 
*'  Victory  "  of  Ecouen  is  well  known.  At  about  this  time 
he  is  thought  to  have  developed  a  tendency  toward  the 
Huguenot  party.  From  1547  to  1660  was  his  first  period 
of  work  on  the  Louvre,  then  under  reconstruction  by  Pierre 
Lescot.  (See  Louvre  and  Pierre  Lescot.)  To  it  belong  the 
escalier  (staircase)  of  Henry  II.,  the  figures  of  the  oeils-de-  fii  /-„«  on'\  T>inTna<!  Mnrip  Tnaonli 
boeuf,  the  Caryatides  du  Louvre,  and  the  figures  of  the  ^lOUSSej  (go-sa  ),  inomas  IViarie  d  OSepn 
Fontaine  des  Innocents.    In  1650  Goujon  went  to  Anet  to    Born  at  Montigny-les-Cherheux,  Hautejsaone, 


vitch.  Bom  Nov.  15,  1828:  died  Jan.  29,  1901. 
A  noted  Russian  general.  In  the  Kusso-Turkish  war 
of  1877-78  he  led  an  army  across  the  Balkans  July,  1877; 
was  defeated  by  Suleiman  Pasha  at  Eski  Zaghra  July  31- 
Aug.  1 ;  distinguished  himself  in  the  operations  against 
Plevna  in  Oct. ;  again  advanced  across  the  Balkans  Dec, 
1877 ;  and  entered  Sophia  Jan.  4, 1878.  He  was  governor 
Of  Poland  1883-94. 


work  on  the  ch&teau  of  Diane  de  Poitiers,  which  was  then 
building  by  Philibert  de  TOrme.  The  Diane  Chasseresse 
(traditionally  representing  the  great  Diana  herself),  which 
stood  in  the  courtyard  of  the  chftteau,  is  now  in  the  Louvre. 
Before  1560  he  completed  the  decoration  of  the  Louvre. 
After  1560-61  his  name  disappears  from  the  list  of  "Mal- 
trea  Masons  "  working  with  Pierre  Lescot.  He  is  supposed 
to  have  been  shot  on  his  scaffold  in  the  court  of  the  Louvre 
during  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  (1672). 


Prance,  May  1,  1792 :  died  at  Rheims,  France, 
Deo.  24, 1866.  APrenoh cardinaland theological 
writer.  His  works  include  "Th6ologie  dogma- 
tique "  (1844),  "  ThSologie  morale"  (1848),  etc, 

Gouvion-Saint-Cyr  (g8-vy6n'san-ser'),  Lau- 
rent, Bom  at  Toul,  France,  April  16,  1764 : 
died  in  the  south  of  Prance,  March  17,  1830. 


Gouiburn  (gol'bSrn).  A  oitj  in  Argyle  County,  A  French  marshal.  He  gained  the  victory  of 
New  South  Wales,  Australia,  105  miles  south-  Polotsk  in  1812,  and  was  minister  of  war  1815 
west  of  Sydney.    Population  (1891),  10,916.         and  1817-19. 

Gouiburn  (gol'bSrn),  Henry,  Bom  at  London,  Govan  (guv'an).  A  western  suburb  of  Glas- 
March  19,  1784 :  died  near  Dorking,  Surrey,    gow,  Scotland. 

Jan.  12,  1856.  An  English  politician.  He  was  Govardhana  (go-var-dha'na).  In  Hindu  my- 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  1828-30,  home  secretary  1834-  thology,  a  mountain  inVrindavana  whichKrish- 
1836,  Mdcha-ncellor  of  the  exchequer  1841-46.  na  induced  the  cowherds  to  worship  instead  of 

Gould  (gold),  AUCTlStUS  AddlS<m  Born  at  j^^^^  The  god  in  rage  sent  a  deluge  to  wash  away  the 
New  Ipswich,  N.  H.,  April  A6,  IBUO.  diea  at  mountain  and  its  people,  but  Krishna  held  up  the  moun- 
Boston,  Sept.  15,  1866.  An  American  natural-  tain  on  his  little  finger  to  shelter  the  people,  and  Indra, 
ist,  especially  noted  as  a  conchologist.     Among    baffled,  did  homage  to  Krishna. 

his  chief  works  are  "  Invertebrate  Animals  of  Massaohu-  QovemOr'S  Island.  A  small  fortified  island, 
setts  "  (1841),  "  MoUusca  and  Shells  of  the  V.  S.  Bxplormg   Hjelonging  to  the  United  States,  situated  in  New 

GSffarinr^^err^GlM.  York  harbor  about  i  mile  south  of  New  York 

Gould  Benjamin  Apthorp.  Bom  at  Boston,  Gow  (gou),  Nathaniel.  Born  at  Inver,  Perth- 
Sept.  27, 1824 :  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Nov.  shire,  March  22, 1766 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Jan. 
26,1896.  A  noted  American  astronomer.  He  17,  1831  'i.  Scotch  violmist  and  composer, 
was  long  employed  in  astronomical  work  in  connection  with  GoW,  Nicl.  Born  at  Inver,  Perthshire,  March 
theU.S.  Coast  Survey;  was  director  of  the  Dudley  Observa-  22,1727:  died  there,  March  1,  1807.  A  Scotch 
tory  at  Albany  1865-59;  and  from  1870  to  1885  had  charge  of  yiolmist  and  composer,  father  of  Nathaniel 
IS^vSirwL°o?|rn&thS^fSl^?S^^^^  Gow.    He  was  the  author  of  several  popular 

ship  it  issued  the  most  important  series  of  astronomical  re-     bcotoh  airs.  .     „,     , 

ports  that  have  appeared  in  South  America.  He  founded  GoWCr  (gou'er).  1.  A  character  in  Shakspere's 
and  edited  an  astronomical  jomnal  at  Cambridge,  Mass.       "Henry  IV.,"  part  2,  and  in"Henry  V.":  an 

Gould,  Hannah  Tla^g^^  ?.°™  ^HJ"^?*' o^.f^    ofScer  m  the  king's  army.— 2.  In  Shakspere's 


Mass.,  1789 :  died  at  Newburyport,  Mass.,  Sept 
5,  1865.      An  American  poet.     She  removed  with 
her  parents  in  1800  to  Newburyport,  where  she  spent  the 
remainder  of  her  life. 
Gould,  Jay.    Born  atRoxbury,  Delaware  Coun- 


Perioles,"  a  character  who  appears  as  chorus, 
Gower.John,  Bom  about  1325:  died  in  the  pri- 
ory of  St.  Mary  Overies,  Southwark,  1408.    An 
English  poet.    Little  is  known  of  his  early  life,  but  he 


TOUia,  J<ty.    x.u.u».^v..^y-^,  "^^^  appears  to  have  lived  in  Kent  and  to  have  been  a  man 

ty,  N.  Y.,  May  27, 18db  .  Oieaat  JNew  ItorK,  Uec.  of  „ide  reading.    He  was  well  known  at  court  in  his  later 

2,1892.    An  American  capitalist.    Hebeganltfe  — "    "     ■     ' — '■'-" 

as  a  surveyor  ;  became  engaged  in  the  lumber  business ; 
and  about  1867  became  connected  with  a  bank  in  Strouds- 


years.  His  principal  work,  the  "Confessio  Amantis 
(written  in  English,  probably  in  1386),  was  originally  dedi- 
cated to  Richard  n.,  but  in  1894  he  changed  the  dedica- 
tion to  Henry  of  Lancaster  (afterward  Henry  IV.).  Caxton 
printed  it  in  1483.  Among  his  other  works  are  "Speculum 
Meditantia  "  (written  in  French,  recently  found)  and  "Vox 
Clamantis"  (a  poem  written  in  Latin,  begun  in  1381).  After 
the  accession  of  Henry  VI. ,  Gower,  then  an  old  man,  added 
a  supplement,  the  "  Tripartite  Council."    It  treats  of  oc 


burg  Pennsylvania.  He  subsequently  became  president 
of  the  Rutland  and  Washington  Raih-oad,  but  soon  re- 
signed and  went  to  New  York,  where  he  became  president 
of  the  Erie  Railway.  His  manipulation  of  this  road  in  con- 
nection with  James  Fisk,  Jr.  (who  was  vice-president  and 

treasurer),  became  notorious.   He  was  obliged  to  restore  to     „  „„^^ , ^ 

the  Enrilsh  bondholders  securities  representing  S.7,660,-  currences  of  the  time,  and  the  strength  of  its  aspirations 

000    He  was  later  identified  with  the  Western  Union  Tele-  and  teaching  caused  Chaucer  to  call  him  "the  moral 

graph  Co.   and  with  the  extensive  railroad  combinations  Gower."  "Bajlades"and  other  poems  (mostly  in  French) 

in  the  southwestern  States  known  as  the  "  Gould  system."  ,^ere  printed  in  1818. 

He  left  property  valued  at  172,000,000.          .  Gower     A  peninsula  in  Glamorganshire,  Wales, 
Gould,  John.     Bom  at  Lyme-Re^s,  Dorset,  ^^^.^j^  projects  into  Bristol  Channel.    The  ma- 
England,  Sept.  14, 1804 :  died  at  London,  Feb.  3,  .^.    ^^  ^.^^  inhabitants  are  of  Flemish  or  Nor- 
1881.    An  EngUsh  ornithologist.    He  began  life  as  ™an  griein 

a  gardener  at  Ripley  Castle,  Yorkshire,  amd  became  tan-  -^       .     f^o,,/-:-)    nar<!P  of      A  low-lying  tract 

<1p?TOist  to  the  London  ZoBloeical  Society  m  1827.    He  UOWTie  (gou  n;,  l^arbB  Oi.      f^  i""  i^^iig  uia,^u 

Sifted  the  "Century  of  Biids  from  the  Himalayan  of  fertile  land  in  Perthshire,  Scotland,  extend- 

Mountains,"  and  published  "Birds  of  Europe "  (1832-37),  i^g  along  the  north  bank  of  the  Tay,  for  about 

"Birds  of  Australia  "(}^^f>'"^°'^°^F^^^,?K}'^S,^S:  15  miles,  between  Perth  and  Dundee. 

^?^"^g:ffi;*aE'dtSrwSJk?";?rt'k^/eSy  3,oS%'S:  Gowrie  Conspiracy.    A  conspiracy  against  the 


Gozzi,  Count  Carlo 

life  or  personal  freedom  of  James  VI.  of  Scot- 
land, by  John  Ruthven  (earl  of  Gowrie),  Alex- 
ander Ruthven,  and  others.  It  resulted  in  the  death 
of  the  leaders  in  a  struggle  with  the  king's  followers  at 
Perth,  Aug.  6,  1600. 

Goya  (go'ya).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Cor- 
rientes,  Argentine  Republic,  situated  near  the 
Parand,  about  lat.  29°  10'  S.,  long.  59°  20'  "W. 
Population,  about  4,000. 

GoyaniS  (go-ya-nas').  A  race  of  Indians  for- 
merly occupying  the  Brazilian  coast  between 
Angra  dos  Reis  and  the  island  of  Cananea,  and, 
inland,  the  country  about  the  present  city  of 
Sao  Paulo.  They  lived  in  the  open  lands,  were  savages 
of  a  low  grade,  subsisted  by  hunting  and  fishing,  and  prac- 
tised little  or  no  agriculture :  commonly  they  dwelt  in 
caves.  The  GoyanAs  were  enemies  of  the  Tupi  hordes, 
but  readily  made  friends  with  the  whites,  and  were  among 
the  first  to  whom  Anchieta  and  Nobrega  preached.  The 
Goyatacds  (which  see)  appear  to  have  been  of  the  same 
race.  It  has  been  supposed  that  the  Cam^s  and  other 
mixed  tribes  are  partly  derived  from  them.  Also  written 
Goayands,  Goayarmes,  and  (by  a  double  plural)  Goyanazes 
or  Goayanaces. 

Goyanna  (go-yan'na).  A  town  in  the  state  of 
Pernambueo,  Brazil,  situated  on  the  river  Go- 
yanna, near  the  sea,  about  50  miles  north  of 
Recife.    Population,  about  5,000. 

Goyels  (go-yas').  An  extinct  tribe  of  Brazilian 
Indians  who  lived  in  the  region  between  the  To- 
cantins  and  Araguaya.  Their  women  wore  gold  or- 
naments, which  led  the  first  Portuguese  explorers  to  the 
discovery  of  rich  gold-mines.  The  city  and  subsequently 
the  captaincy  (now  state)  of  Goyaz  were  named  from  them. 
Also  written  Owayds^  and  (a  double  plural)  Goyazes  or  Guflt- 
yazes. 

Goyataci  (go-ya-ta-ka' ) ,  or  Goyotaci  (go-y  6-ta- 
ka').  A  sub-stock  of  the  Tapuya  race  of  Bra- 
zilian Indians :  so  called  by  Martins  because  he 
believed  that  the  ancient  (royatacds  were  of  tie 
same  group,  it  includes  the  Carop6s,  Macunis,  Pata- 
chds,  and  other  hordes  in  northeastern  Minas  Geraes, 
southern  Bahia,  and  Espirito  Santo. 

Goyatacas  (go-ya-ta-kas').  [So  called  by  the 
Tupis,  from  guatd,  to  run,  and  cd,  to  be :  '  run- 
ners.'] A  tribe  of  Brazilian  Indians  which,  at 
the  time  of  the  conquest,  occupied  the  open 
lands  near  the  coast  in  what  is  now  the  eastern 
part  of  the  state  of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  They  were 
wandering  savages,  in  customs  and  apparently  in  language 
allied  to  the  Goyands  (which  see).  For  many  years  they 
were  dangerous  enemies  of  the  whites.  Also  written  Go- 
aytacaeg,  Guaitacas,  and  (a  double  plural)  Guoitacazes,  Go. 
aytOiOaces,  and  Goitacazes;  hence  Ca/mpos  dos  GoUacazeSj 
abbreviated  to  Campos,  the  name  of  a  city. 

GoyayLucientes  (go'ya  e  lo-the-en'tes),  Fran- 
cisco. Born  at  Fuendetodos,  near  Saragossa, 
Spain,  March  31, 1746 :  died  at  Bordeaux,  France, 
March  16,  1828.  A  noted  Spanish  painter  and 
etcher.  Among  his  works  are  portraits,  aatirical  works, 
representations  of  bull-fights,  etc.  He  is  also  known  as  a 
caricaturist  and  aatiriat.  He  haa  been  called  "the Hogarth 
of  Spain." 
Goyaz  (go-yaz').  1.  A  state  of  Brazil,  lying  east 
of  Matto  (3tosso  and  north  of  Minas  Geraes. 
Area,  288,546  square  miles.  Population  (1888), 
211,721. —  2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Goyaz, 
situated  on  the  river  Vermelho  in  lat.  16°  26'  8., 
long.  49°  49' W.:  formerly  called  Villa  Boa  de 
Goyaz.  Population,  about  8,000. 
Goyeueche  (go-ya-na'eha),  Jos6  Manuel.  Bom 
at  Arequipa,  Peru,  June  13,  1775  :  died  at  Ma^ 
drid,  Spain,  Oct.  15, 1846.  A  Spanish  general. 
In  1808  the  junta  of  Seville  aent  him  to  South  America  to 
receive  from  the  viceroya  and  presidents  their  oaths  of 
allegiance  to  Ferdinand  VII.  He  remained  in  Pern,  and 
from  1S09  to  1813  commanded  the  Spaniah  armiea  in  Char- 
caa  (now  Bolivia),  where  he  repeatedly  defeated  the  revo- 
lutionists. Returning  to  Spain  in  1813,  he  assisted  in  the 
final  expulsion  of  the  French  ;  was  made  lieutenant-gen- 
eral and  count  of  Guaqui ;  and  later  was  councilor  of  steite, 
senator,  and  commander  in  several  provinces.  In  1846  he 
was  made  a  grandee  of  Spain. 

Gozan  (go'zan).  In  biblical  geography,  a  dis- 
trict and  city  in  northern  Mesopotamia,  men- 
tioned in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions. 
Gozlan  (goz-lon'),  Leon.  Bom  at  Marseilles, 
Sept.  1,  1803 :  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  14,  1866.  A 
French  novelist  and  dramatist.  Hewrote  "Le  no- 
taire  de  Cliantilly"  (1836),  "LemSdecin  du  Pecq"  (1839), 
"Le  dragon  rouge  "  (1843),  "Histoire  de  cent  trente  fem- 
mes  "  (1863), ' '  Balzac  en  pantoufies  "  (1866 :  a  familiar  mem- 
oir of  great  interest,  Gozlan  having  been  Balzac's  sec- 
retary), and  "La  folle  du  N°  16"  (1861)  and  "Le  vampire 
du  Val-de-GrSce  "  (1862),  two  pseudo-medical  studies,  be- 
sides many  other  tales,  and  about  18  plays,  which  were  not 
80  successful  as  his  novels. 
Gozo,  or  Gozzo  (got'so).  An  island  in  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  4 
miles  northwest  of  Malta :  the  ancient  Gaulos. 
Area,  20  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  18,921. 
Gozzi  (got'se),  Count  Carlo.  Bom  at  Venice, 
Dec.  13,  1720:  died  April  4,  1806.  An  Italian 
dramatist  and  satirist. 

With  Gozzi  it  had  likewise  the  effect  of  leading  to  a 
new  style  of  comedy,  by  the  introduction  of  those  fairy 
dramas  which  had  such  an  astounding  run,  dnring  several 


Gozzi,  Count  Carlo 

years,  at  Venice,  and  which  are  now  completely  forgotten, 
except  indeed  by  the  Oermane,  who,  on  their  revival,  con- 
ferred upon  Count  Gozzi  the  title  of  the  first  comic  writer 
of  Italy.        Simwndi,  Lit.  of  the  South  of  Europe,  I.  6S2. 

Gozzi,  Count  Gasparo.  Bom  at  Venice,  Dec, 
1713:  died  at  Padua,  Italy,  Deo.  26,  1786.  An 
Italian  critic  and  litterateur,  brother  of  Carlo' 
Gozzi.  He  wrote  "Osservatore  veneto  perio- 
dico"  (1768),  etc. 

Gozzo.    See  Gozo. 

Gozzoli(got's6-le),Benozzo.  Bom  at  Florence, 
1420:  died  at  Pisa,  1498.  A  Tuscan  painter. 
His  chief  work  is  the  mural  paintings  in  the 
Campo  Santo,  Pisa. 

Graaf  (graf),  Eegnier  de.  Bom  at  Schoou- 
hoven,  Netherlands,  July  30, 1641 :  died  at  Delft, 
Netherlands,  Aug.  17,  1673.  A  physician  and 
anatomist,  author  of  works  upon  the  pancreas, 
the  generative  organs,  etc.  His  works  include  "  De 
natura  et  usu  succi  pancreatici"  (1663),  "De  nonnullis 
circa  partes  genitales  inventis  novis"  (l668),  "  Tractatus 
de  virorumorganis  generation! inservientibus,  etc."(1668), 
"De  mulierum  organis  generationi  inservientibus,  etc." 
(1672),  etc.    The  Graafian  follicles  were  named  from  him. 

Graaf  Reinet  (graf  ri'net).  The  chief  town  of 
the  Midland  Province  of  Cape  Colony,  on  Sun- 
day River  184  miles  from  Port  Elizaheth.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  5,946. 

Graal,  The  Holy.    See  Grail. 

Grabbe  (grab'be).  Christian  Dietrich.  Born 
at  Detmold,  Germany,  Dec.  11, 1801:  died  there, 
Sept.  12, 1836.  A  German  dramatist,  author  of 
"Don  Juan und Faust"  (1829),  " Friedrich Bar- 
barossa"  and  "Heinrich  VI."  (1829-30),  etc. 

Grabow-on-the-Oder  (gra'bo-on-sne-o'der). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Pomerania,  I'russia, 
situated  on  the  Oder  2  miles  north  of  Stettin. 
Population  (1890),  15,703. 

Gracchus  (grak'us),Caius  Sempronius.  Killed 
at  Rome,  121  b  .  c.  A  Roman  politician,  younger 
brother  of  the  younger  Tiberius  Gracchus.  He 
served  under  his  brother-in-law  Scijjio  Africanus  Minor 
In  Spain,  and  was  questor  in  Sardinia  126-123,  when  he 
was  elected  tribune  of  the  people.  He  renewed  the  agra- 
Tian  law  passed  by  his  broUier  Tiberius,  and  brought  for- 
ward a  series  of  resolutions  looking  to  the  substitution  of 
a  pure  democracy  for  the  existing  aristocratic  republican 
lorm  of  government^  securing  the  support  of  the  prole- 
tarii  of  the  capital  by  the  regular  distribution  of  grain  at 
the  expense  of  the  state.  He  was  reelected  to  the  tribune- 
ship  in  122,  but  failed  of  election  in  121,  in  consequence  of 
the  opposition  among  all  classes  to  his  project  of  extend- 
ing the  rights  of  citizenship  to  the  Latins.  He  was  killed 
in  a  disturbance  which  ensued  in  the  city. 

Gracchus,  Tiberius  Sempronius.  Bom  about 
210  B.  C. :  died  middle  of  2d  century  B.  c.  A 
Roman  magistrate,  distinguished  as  a  general 
in  Spain  and  Sardinia,  father  of  Tiberius  and 
Caius  Gracchus. 

Gracchus,  Tiberius  Sempronius.  Bom  in  168 
or  163:  died  133  b.  c.  A  celebrated  Roman  politi- 
cian, son  of  Tiberius  Sempronius  Gracchus  and 
Cornelia,  daughter  of  Scipio  Africanus  Major. 
He  married  Claudia,  daughter  of  Appius  Claudius,  and 
was  the  brother-in-law  of  Scipio  Africanus  Minor,  whom 
he  accompanied  in  his  expedition  against  Carthage.  He 
was  appointed  questor  in  137,  and  as  such  served  under 
the  consul  C.  Hostilius  Mancinus  in  the  Numantine  war 
in  Spain.  He  was  elected  tribune  of  the  people  for  133. 
At  this  period  the  class  of  independent  farmers  of  small 
holdings  was  rapidly  disappearing  from  Italy.  The  land 
was  being  absorbed  by  the  latifundia  of  the  rich,  and 
cultivated  by  slave  labor ;  and  the  peasantry  were  forced 
to  seek  refuge  in  the  cities,  especially  Eome,  where  they 
swelled  the  ranks  of  the  unemployed.  Gracchus  sought 
to  bring  about  a  greater  subdivision  of  the  land  and  to 
restore  the  class  of  independent  farmers  by  reviving,  with 
some  modification,  the  Licinian  law,  passed  in  367  but 
allowed  to  fall  into  abeyance,  which  limited  the  amount 
of  public  land  that  each  citizen  might  occupy.  His  pro- 
posals were  carried  in  the  comitia  tributa  in  spite  of  the 
opposition  of  his  colleague,  who  was  deposed.  At  the  end 
of  his  term  he  tried,  contrary  to  the  constitution,  to  se- 
cure reelection,  and  a  disturbance  arose  in  consequence, 
in  which  he  was  killed  with  300  of  his  followers  by  the 
optimates  under  P.  Scipio  Kasica. 

Grace  (gras),  William  Gilbert.    Born  July  18, 

1848.  An  English  cricketer.  He  is  especially  dis- 
tinguished as  a  batsman,  but  has  the  reputation  of  being 
the  best  all-round  player  hitherto  known.  By  profession 
he  is  a  physician. 

Grace  Abounding  to  the  Chief  of  Sinners. 

An  autobiographical  work  by  Bunyan,  published 
in  1666. 

Grace  Contract,  The.  The  name  given  to  an 
arrangement  made  between  the  government  of 
Peru  and  the  foreign  holders  of  bonds  of  that 
nation,  represented  by  Mr.  Michael  Grace,  it 
was  ratified  by  the  Peruvian  congress  Oct.  26,  1889,  and 
provided  that  the  bonds,  amounting  to  about  1250,000,000, 
should  he  canceled.  The  bondholders  received  in  return 
all  the  state  railroads  for  66  years,  and  important  privi- 
leges connected  with  them,  together  with  all  the  guano  in 
Peru  up  to  3,000,000  tons,  except  that  on  the  Chincha  Isl- 
ands ;  the  government  also  promised  to  pay  the  bondholders 
80,000  pounds  sterling  annually  for  30  years.  The  bond- 
"holders  agreed  to  complete  certain  unfinished  railroads 
and  to  repair  the  existing  ones  within  a  given  time.  The 
"'Peruvian  Corporation,"  formed  to  take  charge  of  the 


453 

railroads,  etc.,  also  took  possession  of  the  Cerro  de  Pasco 
silver-mines,  transferred  to  it  by  Mr.  Grace,  who  had  re- 
ceived the  concession. 

Graces,  The  Three.  [Gr.  Xapire;,  pi.  of  xdptQ= 
L.  Gratia,  E.  Grace.']  In  classical  mythology, 
personifications  of  grace  and  beauty,  daughters 
of  Zeus  by  Hera  (orEunome,  orEunomia,  etc.), 
or  of  Apollo  by.^gle  (orEuanthe).  Thenamesgen- 
erally  given  to  them  are  Euphrosyne,  Aglaia,  and  Thalia, 
In  Sparta  and  in  Athens  only  two  Graces  were  recognized. 

Graces,  The  Three.  An  antique  undraped  mar- 
ble group  preserved  in  the  Opera  del  Duomo 
at  Siena,  Italy,  it  is  the  foundation  of  many  of  the 
Kenaissance  and  modern  representations  of  the  subject. 

Gracian  (gra-the-an'),  Baltasar.  Bom  at 
Calatayud,  Spain,  about  1584 :  died  at  Tarra- 
gona, 1658.  A  Spanish  Jesuit  preacher  and  man 
of  letters,  head  of  the  College  of  Tarragona. 
Ke  is  noted  chiefly  as  a  supporter  of  "Gongorism,"or  the 
so-called  "  polished  style."    See  &6ngora, 

Gracias.or  Gracias  &  Dios  (gra'the-as  a  de-6s') . 
[Sp.,  'thanks  to  God.']  A  town  in  Honduras, 
Central  America,  76  miles  west  of  Comayagua. 
It  was  founded  in  1536,  and  was  the  first  seat  of  tlie  Au- 
dience of  the  Confines,  and  hence  the  capital  of  Central 
America,  1645-49.    Population,  about  4,000. 

Gracias  &  Dios,  Cape.  [Sp.,  'thanks  to  God.'] 
A  headland  on  the  coast  of  Nicaragua,  Central 
America,  projecting  into  the  Caribbean  Sea 
about  lat.  15°  N.  It  was  discovered  and  named 
by  Columbus  in  Sept.,  1502. 

Graciosa  (gra-se-o'za).  One  of  the  Azores  Isl- 
ands_,  situated  in  lat.  39°  5'  N.,  Ipng.  28°  "W. 

Gracioso  (gra-the-6's6).  A  popular  addition 
made  by  Lope  de  Vega  to  the  stock  characters 
of  Spanish  comedy.  He  was  a  comic  character,  some- 
times half  bufiloon,  like  the  "fantastical  person"  of  the 
contemporary  English  stage.  Not  seldom,  and  especially 
in  Moreto's  comedies,  he  is  at  the  veiy  core  of  the  play. 
Morley,  The  Playgoer,  p.  326. 

Gradgrind  (grad'griud),  Thomas.  A  retired 
mercnant  in  Dickens's  "  Hard  Times."  He  is  "  a 
man  of  facta  and  calculations,"  in  his  own  words,  and  is 
so  practical  that  he  is  hardly  human.  -"Now,  what  Iwant 
is  facts.  Teach  these  boys  and  girls  nothing  hut  facts. 
Facta  alone  are  wanted  in  life.  Plant  nothing  else,  and 
root  out  everything  else.  You  can  only  form  the  minds 
of  reasoning  animals  upon  facts :  nothing  else  will  ever 
be  of  any  service  to  them.  This  is  the  principle  on  which 
I  bring  up  my  own  children,  and  this  is  the  principle  on 
which  I  bring  up  these  children.    Stick  to  facts,  sir ! " 

Gradiska,  or  Gradisca  (gra-dis'ka).  A  town 
in  the  cro  wnland  of  Gorz  and  Gradiska,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Isonzo  22  miles  north- 
west of  Triest.  The  principality  was  finally  united  to 
the  Austrian  house  in  1717.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
8,362. 

Gradus  ad  Famassum  (gra'dus  ad  par-nas'- 
um).  [L., 'steps  to  Parnassus.']  1.  A  Greek 
or  Latin  dictionary  which  indicates  the  quanti- 
ties of  vowels :  used  as  a  guide  in  exercises  of 
verse  composition. — 3.  A  Latin  work  on  com- 
position and  counterpoiut,  by  Johann  Joseph 
Fux  (1725). —  3.  A  French  work  on  the  art 
of  pianoforte-playing,  with  100  studies,  by  de- 
menti, finished  in  1817. 

Grady  (gra'di),  Henry  W.  Bom  1851 :  'died  at 
Atlanta,  Ga.,  Dec.  23, 1889.  An  American  jour- 
nalist and  orator,  editor  of  the  Atlanta  "Con- 
stitution." 

Graecia  (gre'sH-a).  The  name  given  by  the  Ro- 
mans to  Hellas,  or  ancient  Greece. 

Grsecia,  Magna.    See  Magna  Grxeia. 

Graeme  (gram),  Malcolm.  In  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  poem  "  The  Lady  of  the  Lake,"  a  ward  of 
the  king.  He  rebels  to  aid  the  outlawed  James  Douglas, 
but  is  pardoned  at  the  intercession  of  Ellen  Douglas. 

Graeme,  Boland.  In  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel 
"  The  Abbot,"  the  lawful  heir  of  Aveuel  Castle, 
educated  as  her  page  by  the  Lady  of  Avenel,  who 
believes  him  to  be  of  mean  birth. 

Graetz  (grets),  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Xious,  Po- 
sen,  Prussia, Oct.  31, 1817:  died  at  Munich,  Sept. 
7,1891.  A  German-Hebrew  historian  and  bibli- 
cal critic.  He  became  a  professor  in  the  University  of 
Breslau  in  1870,  and  edited  the  "Monatschrift  fiir  Ge- 
schichte  und  Wissenschaft  des  Judenthums"  (1869-^7). 
His  most  notable  work  is  "  Geschichte  der  Juden"n853-76), 
in  11  volumes.  He  prepared  an  abridgment  of  this  work 
in  5  volumes,  which  has  been  translated  into  English. 

GrseviuB  (gre'vi-us),  Grave  (gra'fe),  or  Greffe 
(gref  'fe),  Johann  Georg.  Bom  at  Naumburg- 
on-the-Saale,  Jan  .29,1632:diedat  Utrecht,  Jan. 
11,1703.  A  eelelDrated  German  classical  scholar, 
for  many  years  professor  in  Utrecht.  He  wrote 
"Thesaurus  antiquitatum  Eomanarum  "  (1694-89),  " The- 
saurus antiquitatum  et  historiarum  Italia! "  (1704-26),  etc. 

GrS,fe  (gra'fe),  Albrecht  von.  Bom  at  Berlin, 
May  22, 1828 :  died  at  Berlin,  July  20, 1870.  A 
celebrated  German  oculist,  son  of  K.  P.  von 
Graf e :  the  founder  of  modem  ophthalmology. 
He  was  professor  at  the  University  of  Berlin 
from  1858. 


Graham,  Sylvestei- 

Gr  af  e,  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Buttstadt,  near  Wei- 
mar, Germany,  March  3, 1802 :  died  at  Bremen, 
July  21, 1868.  A  German  educator,  author  of 
"Allgemeine  Padagogik"  (1845),  "Deutsche 
Volksschule"  (1847),  eto. 

Grafe,  Karl  Ferdinand  von.  Bom  at  Warsaw, 
March  8,  1787 :  died  at  Hannover,  July  4, 1840. 
A  German  surgeon  and  oculist,  professor  at 
Berlin  in  1811. 

Grafenberg  (gra'fen-berG).  A  water-cure  es- 
tablishment, the  first  of  its  kind,  in  SUesia, 
Austria-Hungary,  in  lat.  50°  16'  N.,  long.  17°  10' 
E.,  founded  by  Priessnitz  in  1826. 

GrSifrath  (^^af 'rat) .  A  small  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  13  miles  east  of  Diisseldorf. 
Population  (1890),  6,679. 

Grafton  (graf  'ton).  A  town  in  Worcester  Coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Blackstoue 
River  34  miles  west-southwest  of  Boston.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  4,869. 

Grafton,  Dukes  of.    See  mtzroy. 

Grafton,  Richard.  Died  about  1572.  An  Eng- 
lish chronicler,  printer  to  Edward  VT.  both  be- 

'  fore  and  after  his  accession  to  the  throne.  See 
the  extract. 

In  1637  Grafton,  in  association  with  a  fellow-merohaniv 
Edward  Whitchurch,  caused  a  modification  of  Coverdale's 
translation  to  be  printed,  probably  by  Jacob  van  Meteren, 
at  Antwerp.  The  title-page  assigned  the  translation  to 
Thomas  Matthews,  who  signed  the  dedication  to  Henry 
VIIL,  and  it  is  usually  known  as  Matthews's  Bible.  But 
Matthews  was  the  pseudonym  of  John  Hogers,  the  editor. 
No  printer's  name  nor  place  is  given  in  the  book  itself. 
...  In  November,  1638,  Coverdale's  corrected  Englisli 
translation  of  the  New  Testament,  with  the  Latin  text, 
was  "  prynted  in  Paris  by  Fraunces  Kegnault  ...  for 
Kichard  Grafton  and  Edward  Whitchurch,  cytezens  of  Lon- 
don," with  a  dedication  to  CromwelL  This  is  the  earliest 
book  bearing  Grafton's  name.  Grafton  and  Whitchurch 
chiefly  concentrated  their  attention  on  the  folio  Bible, 
known  as  "  the  Great  Bible."  A  license  to  print  the  book 
in  Paris  had  been  obtained  at  Henry  YIII.'s  request  from 
Francis  I.  ...  An  order  was  issued  by  the  French  gov- 
ernment, 13  Dec,  1638,  stopping  the  work  and  forfeiting 
the  presses  and  type.  Grafton  escaped  hastily  to  England. 
Many  printed  sheets  were  destroyed  by  the  French  author- 
ities, but  the  presses  and  the  types  were  afterwards  pur- 
chased by  Cromwell  and  brought  to  England.  There  the 
work  was  completed  and  published  in  1539.  Grafton  was 
the  printer  of  the  first  Book  of  Common  Prayer  in  1649,  and 
of  the  edition  of  1662.  In  1662  and  1663  he  printed  "Actes 
of  Parliament."  Dust.  Nat.  Biog. 

Gragas  (gra'gas).  [ON.  Grdgds:  grd,  gray, 
and  gds,  goose.]  The  name  ^ven  to  several 
private  compilations  of  Icelandic  law,  civil  and 
canon,  under  the  commonwealth.  There  are  two 
principal  collections  that  bear  the  title,  the  Konungsbok 
(IceL  K(mu7tgah6k)  and  the  Stadarholsbok  (Icel.  Stadha/r* 
hdtsbdk),  both  from  the  13th  century.  The  name  was  prob- 
ably applied  to  offset  the  Norwegian  Gullf jodlu',  '  gold 
feather,'  used  of  the  old  code  of  the  Frostu-thing. 

Gragnano  (gran-ya'no).  Atown  in  the  province 
of  Naples,  Italy,  17  miles  southeast  of  Naples. 
Population  (1881),  8,611. 

Graham  (gram),  James,  fifth  Earl  and  first  Mar- 
quis of  Montrose.  Bom  in  1612:  died  May  21, 
1650.  A  noted  Scottish  statesman  and  soldier. 
He  served  in  the  Presbyterian  army  at  the  beginning  of 
the  civil  war,  but  afterward  joined  the  king,  by  whom  he 
was  made  lieutenant-general  in  Scotland  in  1644.  He  de- 
feated the  Covenanters  at  Tippermuir  Sept.  1,  and  at 
Aberdeen  Sept.  13,  1644,  and  at  Inverlochy  Feb.  2,  Aul- 
dearn May  9,  Alford  July  2,  and  Kilsyth  Aug.  16,  1646. 
He  was  defeated  by  David  Leslie  at  Philiphaugh,  Sept.  13, 
1646,  and  expelled  from  Scotland.  He  afterward  entered 
the  service  of  the  emperor  Ferdinand  III.,  by  whom  he 
was  made  a  field-marshal.  In  1650  he  conducted  an  abor- 
tive Boyalist  descent  on  Scotland,  and  was  captured  and 
executed. 

Graham,  James,  second  Marquis  of  Montrose : 
sumamed  ' '  The  Good."  Bom  about  1631 :  died 
Feb.,  1669.  A  Scotch  nobleman,  second  son  of 
James,  first  Marquis  of  Montrose. 

Graham,  Sir  James  Bobert  George.  Born  at 
Na worth,  Cumberland,  June  1,  1792:  died  at 
Netherby,  Cumberland,  Oct.  25, 1861.  A  Brit- 
ish statesman.  He  was  first  lord  of  the  admiralty  1830- 
1834,  home  secretary  1841-46,  and  first  lord  of  the  admi- 
ralty 1862-66. 

Graham,  John,  of  Claverhouse,  Viscount  Dun- 
dee. Born  about  1649  :  died  July  27  or  28, 1689. 
A  Scottish  soldier.  He  served  in  the  Dutch  army  un- 
der  the  Prince  of  Orange,  returning  to  Scotland  in  1677. 
In  1678  he  was  appointed  captain  of  a  troop  of  dragoons, 
and  was  ordered  to  enforce  certain  stringent  laws  that  had 
been  enacted  against  the  Scottish  Covenanters.  The  se- 
verity with  which  he  executed  his  orders  provoked  a  rising, 
and  the  Covenanters  defeated  him  at  Drumclog  .Tune  1, 
1679.  In  1689  Claverhouse  raised  a  body  of  Highlanders 
to  fight  for  James  II.  against  William  m.,  and  July  27, 
1689,  gamed  the  battle  of  Kolliecrankie,  but  fell  mortally 
wounded. 

Graham  (gra'am),  Sylvester.  Born  at  Suffleld, 
Conn.,  1794:  died  at  Northampton,  Mass.,  Sept. 
11, 1851.  An  American  vegetarian,  best  known 
as  an  advocate  of  the  use  of  unbolted  ("Gra- 
ham") flour. 


Graham,  Thomas 

Graham  (gram),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Glasgow, 
Dec.  20,  1805:  died  at  London,  Sept.  11,  1869. 
A  noted  Scottish  chemist.  He  was  professor  of 
chemistry  at  University  College,  London,  1837-66,  when  he 
became  master  of  the  mint.  He  is  famous  for  his  discov- 
ery of  the  law  of  diffusion  of  gases  (1884).  He  published 
"Elements  of  Chemistry  "  (1842),  etc. 

Graham  (gra'am),  William  Alexander.  Bom 

in  Lincoln  County,  N.  C,  Sept.  5, 1804:  died  at 
Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  11,  1875.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  United  States  senator  from  North 
Carolina  1841-48,  governor  of  North  Carolina  1845-49,  secre- 
tary of  the  navy  1860-62,  and  Whig  candidate  for  Vice- 
President  in  1862. 
Grahame  (gram),  James.  Bom  at  Glasgow, 
April  22, 1765 :  died  near  Glasgow,  Sept.  14, 1811. 
A  Scottish  poet.  His  chief  work  is  "The  Sabbath" 
(1804).  He  also  wrote  "  Wallace :  a  Tragedy  "  (1799),  "Brit- 
ish Georgics,"  etc. 

Graham-Gilbert,  John.  Bom  at  Glasgow,  1794: 
died  near  Glasgow,  June  4,  1866.  A  Scotch 
painter,  best  known  from  his  portraits.  He  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Eoyal  Scottish  Academy 
in  1829. 

Graham  Island.  The  largest  of  the  Queen 
Charlotte  Islands  (which  see). 

Graham  Island,  or  Ferdinandea  (fer-de-nsin- 
da'a).  A  temporary  volcanic  islandin  the  Med- 
iterranean, in  lat.  37°  8'  N.,  long.  12°  42'  E. 
It  appeared  in  July  and  disappeared  in  Oct., 
1831. 

Graham  Land.  [Discovered  by  Captain  Bis- 
coe  in  1832,  and  named  by  him  from  the  Earl 
of  Graham.]  A  land  in  the  Antarctic  Ocean, 
intersected  by  lat.  65°  S.,  long.  64°  W. 

Graham's  DyKe.  The  popular  name  of  the  re- 
mains of  the  wall  of  Antoninus  (which  see). 

Grahamsto^m  (gra'amz-toun).  A  town  in  the 
Southeastern  Province,  Cape  Colony,  in  lat. 
33°  14'  8.,  long.  26°  33'  E.  Population  (1891), 
10,498. 

Graian  Alps  (gra'an  alps).  A  group  of  moun- 
tains on  the  borders  of  Savoy  (France)  and 
Piedmont  (Italy),  lying  between  the  Cottian 
Alps  on  the  south  and  the  Pennine  Alps  on  the 
north.  The  highest  summit  is  the  Gran  Para- 
diso  (13,320  feet). 

Ctrail,  or  Graal  (gral).  In  medieval  legend,  a 
cup  or  chalice  (called  more  particularly  the  holy 
grail,  or  sangreal),  supposed  to  have  been  of 
emerald,  used  by  Christ  at  the  Last  Supper,  in 
this  vessel  Joseph  of  Arimathea  caught  the  last  drops  of 
Christ's  blood  as  he  was  taken  from  the  cross.  By  Joseph, 
according  to  one  account,  it  was  carried  to  Britain.  Other 
accounts  affiirn  that  it  was  brought  by  angels  from  heaven 
and  intrusted  to  a  body  of  knights,  who  guarded  it  on  the 
top  of  a  mountain :  when  approached  by  any  one  not  per- 
fectly pure,  it  vanished  from  sight.  The  grail  having  been 
lost,  it  became  the  great  object  of  search  or  quest  to 
knights  errant  of  all  nations,  none  being  qualifled  to  dis- 
cover it  but  a  knight  perfectly  chaste  in  thought  and  act. 
The  stories  and  poems  concerning  Arthur  and  the  Knights 
of  the  Round  Table  are  founded  on  this  legend,  and  it  has 
been  still  further  developed  in  modem  times.  In  the 
"  Parsifal "  of  Wolfram  of  Eschenbach  the  grail  is  a  pre- 
cious stone  confided  by  angels  to  the  care  pf  a  religious 
brotherhood,  "The  Chevaliers  of  the  GraiL" 

The  probable  genesis  of  the  Arthurian  legend,  in  so  far 
as  it  concerns  French  literature,  appears  to  be  as  follows. 
First  in  order  of  composition,  and  also  in  order  of  thought, 
comes  the  Legend  of  Joseph  of  Arimathea,  sometimes 
called  the  "Little  St  GraaL"  This  we  have  both  in  verse 
and  prose,  and  one  or  both  of  these  versions  is  the  work  of 
Kobert  deBorron,  a  knight  and  trouvfere  possessed  of  lands 
in  the  Gatinais.  There  is  nothing  in  this  work  which  is 
directly  connected  with  Arthur.  By  some  it  has  been  at- 
tributed to  a  Latin,  but  not  now  producible,  "  Book  of  the 
Graal,"  by  others  to  Byzantine  originals.  Anyhow  it  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  well-known  Walter  Map,  and  his  ex- 
haustless  energy  and  invention  at  once  seized  upon  it.  He 
produced  the  "  Great  St.  Graal,"  a  very  much  extended  ver- 
sion of  the  early  history"  of  the  sacred  vase,  still  keeping 
clear  of  definite  connection  with  Arthur,  though  tending 
in  that  direction.  From  this,  in  its  torn,  sprang  the  ori- 
ginsJ  form  of  "Percevale,"  which  represents  a  quest  for  the 
vessel  by  a  knight  who  has  not  originally  anything  to  do 
with  the  Bound  Table.  The  link  of  connection  between 
the  two  stories  is  to  be  found  in  the  "Merlin,"  attributed 
also  to  Robert  de  Borron,  wherein  the  Welsh  legends  be- 
gin to  have  more  definite  influence. 

Saintsiury,  French  Lit.,  p.  36. 

Grain  Coast  (gran  kost).  That  part  of  the  coast 
of  Liberia,  western  Africa,  which  extends  from 
about  long.  8°  to  11°  W. :  so  called  from  the  ex- 
portation thence  of  grains  of  paradise. 

Grainger  (gran'j6r),  James,  Bom  probably  at 
Duns,  Berwiekshire,in  1721  (?):  died  at  St.  Chns- 
topher.  West  Indies,  Dec.  16, 1766.  A  Scottish 
physician  and  poet.  After  1758  he  settled  in  London, 
where  he  became  intimate  with  Johnson  and  other  famous 
men.  In  1769  he  went  to  the  West  Indies.  He  published 
a  number  of  works,  including  essays,  etc.,  on  medicine. 
Among  his  poems  are  an  "Ode  on  Solitude  (m  Dodsleys 
collection,  1755),  and  "  The  Sugar  Cane  (1764).  He  trans- 
lated partof  Ovid's  "Episaes"(1768),ana  the  "Elegies  of 
Tibullus  "  and  the  poems  of  Sulpicia  (1'759).  He  assisted, 
with  others,  Charlotte  Lenox  in  her  translation  of  Brumoy-s 
"  Th^tre  des  Greos  "  (1769). 


453 

Grammichele  (gram-me-ka'le),  or  Granmiche- 

le  (gran-me-ka^e).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Catania,  SieUy,  30  miles  southwest  of  Catania. 
Population  (1881),  11,804. 

Grammont  (gram-m6n'),  Flem.  Geertsbergen 
(Garts'berG-en),  or  Geraerdsbergen.  A  man- 
ufacturing town  in  the  province  of  East  Flan- 
ders, Belgium,  situated  on  the  Dender  22  miles 
west-southwest  of  Bmssels.  Population  (1890), 
10,891. 

Gramont  (gra-mSn'),  Due  Antoine  III.  de. 
Bom  1604 :  died  at  Bayonne,  France,  July  12, 
1678.  A  French  marshal,  brother  of  Philibert 
de  Gramont.  He  served  with  distinction  in  Flanders 
and  Holland.  He  married  a  niec'e  of  Cardinal  Bichelieii. 
His  "  M^moires  "  were  published  m  1716. 

Gramont.  Due  Antoine  Ag6nor  Alfred  de. 

Bom  at  Paris,  Aug.  14, 1819 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
18, 1880.  A  French  diplomatist  and  politician. 
He  was  ambassador  at  Vienna  1861-70,  and  min- 
ister of  foreign  affairs  May-Aug.,  1870. 

Gramont^Comte  Philibert  de.  Bom  1621 :  died 
1707.  A  French  nobleman  at  the  court  of  Louis 
XIV.,  and  after  1662  at  that  of  Charles  II.  of 
England.  His  "M6moires"  were  written  by 
Anthony  Hamilton  in  1713. 

Grampians  (gram'pi-anz),  or  Grampian  Hills 
or  Mountains.  A  mountain  system  in  Scot- 
land, extending  northeast  and  southwest  in  the 
counties  of  Argyll,  Perth,  Inverness,  Forfar, 
Kincardine,  Aberdeen,  andBanff.  Highest  sum- 
mit, Ben  Nevis  (4,406  feet).  The  name  is  very 
loosely  used. 

Grampians.  A  low  range  of  mountains  in  the 
western  part  of  Victoria,  Australia. 

Gran  (gran).  Hung.  Esztergom  (es'ter-gom).  A 
royal  free  city,  capital  of  the  county  of  Gran, 
Hungary,  near  the  junction  of  the  Gran  and 
Danube,  25  miles  northwest  of  Budapest.  It  is 
notedf  or  its  cathedral.  Population  (1890),  9,349. 

Granada  (gra-na'da ;  Sj).  pron.  gra-na'THa).  A 
former  kingdom  of  Spain,  comprising  the  three 
modem  provinces  of  Almeria,  Granada,  and 
Malaga.  The  region  was  conquered  by  the  Saracens  in 
711.  In  1238,  after  the  disruption  of  the  realm  of  the  AI- 
mohades,  a  Moorish  kingdom  of  Granada  was  established 
which  was  a  vassal  of  Castile,  A  long  war  with  Ferdi- 
nand  and  Isabella  ended  in  1492  with  the  capture  of  Gra* 
nada,  and  with  the  fall  of  the  city  the  Moorish  power  in 
Spain  came  to  an  end. 

Granada.  A  province  in  southern  Spain,  bound- 
ed by  Cordova,  Jaen,  and  Albacete  on  the  north, 
Mureia  and  Almeria  on  the  east,  Almeria  and 
the  Mediterranean  on  the  south,  and  Malaga  on 
the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Sierra  Nevada. 
Area,  4,937  square  mUes.  Population  (1887), 
484,341. 

Granada,  Moorish  Karnattah.  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Granada,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Jenil,  on  spurs  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in  lat.  37° 
13'  N.,  long.  3°  41'  W.  it  is  famous  for  the  Alham- 
bra  (which  see).  The  Generalife  is  a  Moorish  royal  villa 
with  extensive  and  lovely  gardens,  higher  up  the  hill  than 
the  Alhambra.  The  graceful  arcades  and  delicate  ara- 
besques are  AUiambraic,  as  is  the  arrangement  in  the  chief 
court  of  the  tank  to  reflect  the  flowers  and  the  perspective 
of  arches.  The  cathedral,  in  the  classical  style,  with  late- 
Pointed  vaulting,  was  finished  in  1660.  The  Interior  is  spa^ 
clous  and  well  proportioned.  The  north  door,  the  Puerta 
del  Perdon,  is  a  good  example  of  ornate  Renaissance  de- 
sign. The  Capilla  Real,  south  of  the  cathedral,  was  built 
before  it,  as  a  mausoleum  for  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  in 
the  florid-Pointed  style  of  their  reign :  it  has  a  superb 
sculptured  retable,  at  the  sides  of  which  are  remarkable 
kneeling  portrait-statues  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  Their 
tomb  (the  tomb  of  the  "  Catholic  kings  ")  is  an  altar-tomb 
in  marble,  perhaps  the  most  beautiful  in  the  world,  richly 
yet  soberly  decorated  with  figure-sculpture  and  arabesques, 
and  with  four  grifiins  at  the  angles.  The  fine  recumbent 
figures  of  the  king  and  queen  are  clad  in  their  royal  robes. 
Beside  this  tomb  is  that,  similar  but  even  more  elaborate- 
ly ornamented,  of  their  daughter  Juana  and  her  husband 
Philip.  The  details  are  admirable,  but  the  monument  is 
overloaded.  The  work  is  Italian.  Granada  was  a  large 
and  powerful  Moorish  city,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Granada.  It  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Spaniards  m 
1491-92.    Population  (1887),  78,006. 

Granada.  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Granada,  Nicaragua,  Central  America,  situated 
on  Lake  Nicaragua  25  miles  southeast  of  Mana- 
gua. It  was  founded  in  1524,  and  was  the  capi- 
tal of  Nicaragua  until  1856.  Population  (1890), 
about  15,000. 

Granada,  Luis  de.  Bom  at  Granada,  Spain, 
1504:  died  at  Lisbon,  1588.  A  celebrated  Span- 
ish preacher  and  religious  writer,  head  of  the 
Dominicans. 

Granada,  New.   See  Colombia,  BepuUic  of. 

Granados,  Miguel  Garcia.  See  Garda  Qrana- 
dos. 

Granby,  Marquis  of.    See  Manners,  John. 

Gran  Oanaria  (gran  ka-na're-a).  One  of  the 
Canary  Islands.    Capital,  Las  Palmas. 


Grand  Gulf 

Gran  Chaco  (gran  cha'ko).  El.  [From  the  Qui- 
chua  chaou,  the  animals  collected  by  a  round, 
up :  in  allusion  to  its  numerous  Indian  tribes.] 
An  extensive  but  ill-defined  region  in  South 
America,  in  the  Argentine  Republic,  Bolivia, 
and  Paraguay,  it  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  river 
Paraguay,  19"  80'  S. ;  the  river  Salado  is  generally  regarded 
as  its  southern  limit ;  northward  it  extends  to  about  lat 
18°  6'  S.;  and  westward  it  extends  to  the  highlands  at  the 
base  of  the  Andes.  Estimated  area,  275,000  square  miles 
Formerly  the  name  included  all  of  eastern  Bolivia  to  the 
Guapore  and  Beni,  which  wouldmake  the  area  over  600  OOO 
square  miles.  The  Chaco  is  very  imperfectly  explored,  and 
has  few  inhabitants  except  wild  Indians.  Most  of  the  sur- 
face is  flat,  and  portions  are  subject  to  periodical  inunda- 
tions. A  tew  white  settlements  have  been  formed,  princi- 
pally  in  the  Argentine  portion. 

Grand  Alliance.  1.  An  alliance  against 
France  formed  in  1689  between  the  emperor 
Leopold  I.,  Holland,  England,  and  Bavaria,  and 
joined  later  by  Spain,  Savoy,  and  Saxony. —  2. 
An  alliance  formed  at  The  Hague  in  1701  be- 
tween the  emperor  Leopold  I.,  England,  and 
Holland,  and  joined  later  by  Prussia,  Portu- 
gal, and  Savoy,  directed  against  France  and 
Spain. 

Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  A  secret  so- 
ciety composed  of  veterans  who  served  in  the 
army  or  navy  of  the  United  States  during  the 
Civil  War.  its  objects  are  preservation  of  fraternal 
feeling,  strengthening  of  loyal  sentiment,  and  aid  to  needy 
families  of  veterans.  Its  first  "post "was  organized  at 
Decatur,  Illinois,  in  1866 ;  its  annual  meetings  are  known 
as  "encampments."    Abbreviated  O,  A.  B, 

Grand  Bank.  A  submarine  plateau  in  the 
North  Atlantic  Ocean,  extending  eastward  from 
Newfoimdland,  noted  for  its  fishing-grounds. 
Its  depth  is  from  30  to  60  fathoms. 

Grand  Canal.  The  principal  canal  of  Venice. 
It  runs  in  the  form  of  the  letter  S  through  the 
center  of  the  city,  from  the  railway-station  to 
Santa  Maria  del  Salute. 

Grand  Canon  of  the  Colorado.  See  Colorado. 

Grand  Combin  (gron  k6u-ban').  Amountata 
in  the  Alp|,  on  the  border  of  Valais  and  Italy, 
north  of  Aosta.    Height,  14,163  feet. 

Grand  Corrupter,  The.  A  name  given  to  Sir 
Eobert  Walpole,  on  account  of  his  use  of  cor- 
rupt means  to  secure  his  ascendancy  in  the 
House  of  Commons. 

Grandcourt  (grand'kort),  Henleigh  Mallin- 
ger.  One  of  the  principal  characters  in  George 
Eliot's  novel  "Daniel  Deronda." 

Grand  Cyrus,  Le.    See  Artamkie. 

Grande  Armee(grondar-ma'),La.  The  French 
army  which  Napoleon  led  against  Kussia  in 
1812. 

Grande-Casse  (grond-kas').  The  highest  sum- 
mit of  the  Tarentaise  Alps,  southeastern  France, 
in  the  Vanoise  range.    Height,  12,665  feet. 

Grande  Chartreuse,  La.    See  Chartreuse. 

Grande  Combe  (grond  kdnb).  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Gard,  southern  France,  34  miles 
northwest  of  Ntmes.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 13,141. 

Grandella,  Battle  of.  See  Benevento,  Battles 
of,  def.  2. 

Grande  Mademoiselle  (grond  mad-mwa-zel'). 
La.  A  title  given  to  Anne  Marie  Louise  d'Or- 
16ans,  duchesse  de  Montpensier. 

Grandes  Chroniques  de  France.  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

It  was  not  till  1274  that  a  complete  vernacular  version 
of  the  history  of  France  was  executed  by  a  monk  of  St. 
Denis — Primat  — In  French  prose.  This  version,  slightly 
modified,  became  the  original  of  a  compilation  very  fa- 
mous in  French  literature  and  history,  the  "Grandes 
Chroniques  de  France,"  which  was  r^ularly  continued  by 
members  of  the  same  community  until  the  reign  of  Charles 
V.  from  official  sources  and  under  royal  authority.  The 
work,  under  the  same  title,  but  written  by  laics,  extends 
further  to  the  reign  of  Louis  XI. 

SairMmry,  French  Lit.,  p.  128. 

Grandet,  Eugenie,    See  Eugenie  Grandet. 

Grande-Terre.    See  Chmdeloupe. 

Grand  Falls.  A  cataract  in  Labrador,  about 
250  miles  from  the  mouth  of  Grand  Eiver.  it  was 
rediscovered  in  1891  by  Bowdoin  College  students  and  by 
Kenaston  and  H.  6.  Bryant.    Height,  over  300  feet. 

Grandfather's  Chair.  A  collection  of  chil- 
dren's stories  by  Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  pub- 
lished in  1841.  A  second  series  with  the  same 
title  was  published  in  1842. 

Grand  Forks.  The  capital  of  Grand  Porks 
County,  North  Dakota,  on  the  Red  River  about 
lat.  47°  55'  N.  It  has  large  lumber-mills  and 
the  University  of  North  Dakota.  Population 
(1900),  7,652. 

Grand  Gulf.  A  locality  in  Mississippi,  on  the 
Mississippi  River  south  of  Vioksburg.  Grant 
made  it  a  base  of  operations  in  1863,  carrying 
the  position  against  the  Confederates  May  1. 


Grand  Haven 


\ 


Grand  Haven.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Otta- 
wa County,  Michigan,  situated  on  Lake  Michi- 
gan, at  the  mouth  of  Grand  Eiver,  in  lat.  43°  4' 
N..  long.  86°  13'  W.    Population  (1900),  4,743. 

Grandidier  (gron-de-dya'),  Alfred.  Born  at 
Paris,  1836.  A  French  explorer.  From  1857  to 
I860  he  traveled  in  America,  India,  and  East  Africa.  Dur- 
ing Ave  years  (1866-70)  he  explored  Madagascar,  crossing 
the  southern  portion  three  times.  His  work  "Histoire 
pliysique,  natureUe  et  politique  de  Madagascar"  (Paris, 
1876)  is  the  standard  book  on  the  island. 

Grandison,  Sir  Charles.   See  Sir  CharUs  Gran- 

dison. 

Grandison  Cromwell.    See  Lafayette. 

Grand  Lake.  A  lake  in  New  Brunswick,  whose 
outlet  discharges  into  the  St.  John  Eiver. 
Length,  about  25  miles. 

Grand  Lake  (border  of  Maine  and  New  Bruns- 
wick).   See  Schoodic  Lake. 

Grand  Manan  (ma-nan')  or  Menan  (me-nan'). 
An  island  east  of  Maine,  situated  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Bay  of  Pundy,  in  lat.  44°  40'  N.,  long. 
66°  50'  W.  It  belongs  to  Charlotte  County, 
New  Brunswick.    Length,  22  miles. 

Grand Monarciue  (gronmo-nark').  Asurname 
of  Louis  XIV. 

Grand  Old  Man,  The.  A  popular  surname  of 
W.  E.  Gladstone. 

Grand  Opera.    See  Paris. 

Grandpre  (gron-pra').  A  village  in  Kings 
County,  Nova  Scotia,  situated  on  Minas  basin 
46  miles  northwest  of  Halifax :  the  scene  of  the 
first  part  of  Longfellow's  "Evangeline." 

Grandpr6.  A  Prenchlord  in  Shakspere's  ' '  Hen- 
ry V.'*^ 

Grandprl,  Comte  Louis  Marie  Joseph  Ohier 
de.  Born  at  St.-Malo,  May  7,  1761:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  7,  1846.  A  French  navigator  and 
writer  of  travels.  He  wrote  "Voyage  k  la  o6te  occi- 
dentale  d'Afrique  "  (1801),  "Voyage  dans  llnde  et  an  Ben- 
gale,  etc."  (1801),  "Voyage  dans  la  partie  m^ridionale  de 
1  Atrique,  etc."  (1801),  "  Dictionnaire  universel  de  geogra- 
phic maritime  "  (1303),  etc. 

Grand  Prix  (gron  pre),  Le.  The  great  horse- 
race at  Longchamps  established  by  Napoleon 
III.  (prize  20,000  francs),  run  by  three-year- 
olds.  Longchamps  is  a  very  good  course  situated  in  the 
Boia  de  Boulogne,  first  used  for  racing  in  the  reign  of 
Louis  XVL  B^ces  have  been  run  here  since  1859.  The 
Grand  Prix  is  run  on  the  Sunday  of  Ascot  week. 

Grand  Prix  de  Rome  (gron  pre  d6  rom).  A 
prize  given  by  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  in 
Paris  to  the  most  successful  competitor  in  paint- 
ing, sculpture,  engraving,  architecture,  ormusio. 
The  exammations  are  held  annually,  and  the  successful 
candidates  become  pensioners  of  the  government  for  four 
years.  They  are  sent  to  reside  at  Home,  where  Louis 
XIV.  founded  the  Acad^mie  de  France  in  1S66.  Grove. 
See  Villa  Medici. 

Grand  Bapids.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Kent 
County,  Michigan,  situated  at  the  rapids  of  the 
Grand  River,  in  lat.  42°  58'  N.,  long.  85°  39'  W. 
It  has  important  manufactures  and  commerce. 
Population  (1900),  87,565. 

Grand  Remonstrance.  See  Remonstrance, 
Grand. 

Grand  River,  Ind.  Washtenong  (wosh'te- 
nong) .  A  river  in  Michigan,  flowing  into  Lake 
Michigan  at  Grand  Haven.  Length,  over  250 
miles.    It  is  navigable  to  Grand  Rapids. 

Grand  River.  A  river  of  western  Colorado  and 
eastern  Utah,  uniting  with  Green  River  to  form 
the  Colorado  about  lat.  38°  15'  N.,  long.  109° 
54'  W.     Length,  about  350  miles. 

Grandson.    See  Granson. 

Grand  Trianon  and  Petit  Trianon.  See  Tri- 
anon, 

Grandville  (gron-vel')  (originally  Gerard), 
Jean  Ignace Isidore.  Bom  at  Nancy,  France, 
Sept.  13,1803:  diedatVanves,  near  Paris,  March 
17, 1847.  A  French  caricaturist  and  illustrator, 
especially  noted  for  his  political  caricatures. 

Grane.    See  Koweyt. 

Granet  (gra-na'),  TranQois  Marius.  Bom  at 
Aix.  France,  about  1775:  died  at  Aix,  Nov.  21, 
1849.  A  French  painter,  chiefly  of  architec- 
tural subjects. 

Grange,  La.    See  La  Grange. 

Grangemouth  (granj'muth).  A  seaport  in  Stir- 
lingshire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  Firth  of 
Forth  near  Falkirk.  It  has  developed  rapidly 
in  recent  years.    Population  (1891),  5,833. 

Granger  (gran'jfer).  1.  A  character  in  South- 
erae's  comedy  "The  Maid's  Last  Prayer." — 2. 
A  character  in  Gibber's  comedy  "The  Refusal." 

Granger,  Edith.    See  Domley. 

Granger,  Francis.  Bom  at  Suffield, Conn., Dec. 
1, 1792:  died  at  Canandaigua,  N.  T.,  Aug.  28, 


454 

1868.  An  American  politician,  son  of  Gideon 
Granger.    He  was  postmasteivgeneral  in  1841. 

Granger,  Gideon.  Bom  at  Suffield,  Conn.,  July 
19,  1767:  died  at  Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  31, 
1822.  An  American  politician,  postmaster- 
general  1801-14. 

Granger,  Gordon,  Born  in  New  York,  1821: 
died  Jan.  10,  1876.  An  American  general.  He 
was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1845,  fought  in  the  Mexi- 
can war,  and  served  in  the  Union  army  during  the  Civil 
War.  He  commanded  a  brigade  of  cavalry  in  Mississippi 
in  1862 ;  became  major-general  of  volunteers  Sept.  17, 1862 ; 
and  fought  with  distinction  at  Cliickamauga,  Chattanooga, 
and  Missionary  Bidge.  He  commanded  the  army  which, 
aided  by  Admiral  Farragut,  captured  Fort  Morgan,  Ala- 
bama, in  Aug.,  1864.     , 

Granger,  James.  Bom  at  Shaston,  Dorset,  in 
1723 :  died  at  Shiplake,  Oxfordshire,  April  4, 
1776.  An  English  writer  and  print-collector. 
He  matriculated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  1743,  but 
took  no  degree.  He  took  holy  orders,  and  was  presented 
to  the  vicarage  of  Shiplake.  About  1773  he  made  a  tour 
through  Holland.  He  wrote  "A  Biographical  History  of 
England  .  .  .  with  a  preface  showing  the  utility  of  a  col- 
lection of  engraved  portraits,  eto."  (1769).  This  was  con- 
tinued with  additions  at  different  times  till  in  1824  the 
work  had  increased  to  6  volumes.  In  1806  another  con- 
tinuation appeared  from  materials  left  byGranger  and  the 
collections  of  the  B.ev.  Mark  Noble,  who  edited  it.  The 
wholesale  destruction  of  illustrated  biographical  works 
necessary  to  accomplish  this  gave  rise  to  the  term  gran- 
gerize. 

Previously  to  the  publication  of  the  first  edition  of  Gran- 
ger's work  in  1769,  five  shillings  was  considered  a  liberal 
price  by  collectors  for  any  English  portrait.  After  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  "  Biograptdcal  History,"  books  ornamented 
with  engraved  portraits  rose  in  price  to  five  times  their 
original  value,  and  few  could  be  found  unmutilated.  In 
1866  Joseph  Lilly  and  Joseph  Willis,  booksellers,  each  of- 
fered for  sale  a  magnificent  illustrated  copy  of  Granger's 
worlj.  Lilly's  copy,  which  included  Noble's  "Continua- 
tion,"was  illustrated  by  more  than  thirteen  hundred  por- 
traits, bound  in  27  vols,  imperial  4to,  price  £42.  The  price 
of  Willis's  copy,  which  contained  more  than  tliree  thou- 
sand portraits,  bound  in  19  vols.  foL,  was  iS38 10s.  It  had 
cost  the  former  owner  nearly  £200.  The  following  collec- 
tions have  been  published  in  illustration  of  Granger's 
work ;  (a)" Portraits  illustrating  Granger's  Biographical 
History  of  England  "  (known  under  the  name  of  "  Richard- 
son's Collection  "),  6  pts.  Lond.  1792-1812,  4to ;  (6)  Samuel 
Woodbum's  "  Gallery  of  [over  two  hundred]  Portraits  .  .  . 
illustrative  of  Granger's  Biographical  History  of  England, 
&c.,"  Lond.  1816,  fol. ;  (c)  "A  Collection  of  Portraits  to 
illustrato  Granger's  Biographical  History  of  England  and 
Noble's  continuation  to  Granger,  forming  a  Supplement  to 
Bichardson's  Copies  of  rare  Granger  Portraits,"  2  vols. 
Lond.  1820-2,  4to.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Grangers  (gran'jerz).  Members  of  certain  se- 
cret societies  ("granges")  organized  in  the 
United  States  for  the  advancement  of  the  in- 
terests of  agriculture  by  the  removal  of  re- 
straints and  burdens  on  it,  and  otherwise. 

Grangousier(gron-go-zya').  [F., 'great gullet.'] 
The  father  of  Gargantua  in  Eabelais's  romance 
of  that  name.  He  is  supposed  by  some  to  repre- 
sent Jean  d'Albret. 

Granicus  (gra-ni'kus).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  small  river  (the  modem  Kodja-Tchai)  in  My- 
sia,  Asia  Minor,  flowing  into  the  Propontis.  On 
its  banks  Alexander  the  Great  won  his  first  vic- 
tory over  the  Persians  in  334  B.  c. 

Granier  de  Cassagnac  (gra-nya'  de  ka-san- 
yak'),  Adolphe  Bernard.  Bom  at  Averon- 
Bergelle,  Gers,  Prance,  Aug.  12, 1808 :  died  near 
Plaisanee,Gers, Jan.  31,1880.  AFrenchjoumal- 
ist,  Bonapartist  politician,  and  historical  writer. 
Among  his  works  are  "  Histoire  des  causes  de  la  revolution 
f ran^aise  "  (1850),  "  Histoire  du  Direotoire  "  (1861-63),  and 
"Souvenirs  du  second  empire"  (1879-83). 

Granier  de  Cassagnac,  Paul  (usually  called 
Paul  de  Cassagnac).  Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  2, 
1843.  A  French  journalist  and  Bonapartist  poli- 
tician, son  of  A.  B.  Granier.  He  became,  in  1866,  a 
member  of  the  editorial  staff  of  the  "  Pays,"  of  which  he 
became  editor-in-chief  about  1870.  He  became  a  member 
of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1876.  In  1884  he  severed 
his  connection  with  the  "  Pays,"  in  order  to  found  a  new 
Bonapartist  organ,  "  L'Autorit^."  He  has  published  "  His- 
toire de  la  troisifeme  rSpublique  "  (1876). 

Granite  State,  The.  New  Hampshire:  so  named 
on  account  of  its  abundant  granite. 

Granmichele.     See  Grammichele. 

Gran  Paradiso  (griin  pa-ra-de'zo).  The  high- 
est point  of  the  Graian  Alps,  entirely  in  Italy. 
Height,  13,320  feet. 

Gran  Reunion  Americana  (gran  ra-8-ne-6n' 
a-ma-re-ka'na).  The  name  of  a  secret  political 
society  founded  in  London  by  Francisco  Miran- 
da about  the  end  of  the  18th  century.  It  had  for 
its  object  the  emancipation  of  the  American  colonies  from 
Spain,  and  its  influence  in  fomenting  the  revolutionary 
spirit  was  very  great.  Among  the  members  were  Bolivar, 
San  Martin,  O'Higgins,  Narifio,  Montuf  ar,  and  others  who 
became  conspicuous  m  the  war  for  independence.  See 
Lautaro  Society. 

Gran  Sasso  d'ltalia  (gran  sas'so  de-ta'le-a). 
The  highest  group  of  the  Apennines,  Italy,  sit- 
uated on  the  borders  of  the  provinces  of  Aquila 


Granuffo 

and  Teramo.  Highest  peak,  Monte  Como  (9,585 
feet.) 

Granson,  or  Grandson  (gron-s6n'),  G.  Gransee 
(gran'za).  A  village  in  the  canton  of  Vaud, 
Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Lake  of  Neueh&tel 
20  miles  north  of  Lausanne.  Here  the  Swiss  ?0,ooo) 
defeated  the  Burgundian  army  (40,000  to  60,000)  under 
Charles  the  Bold,  March  3, 1476.  The  attack  was  provoked 
by  Cliarles's  perfidy  in  putting  the  garrison  to  death  after 
inducing  them  to  surrender  by  the  promise  of  their  lives. 

Grant  (grant),  Mrs.  (Anne  Macvlcar),  gener- 
ally called  Mrs.  Grant  of  Laggan.  Born  at 
Glasgow,  Feb.  21, 1755 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Nov. 
7,  1838.  A  Scottish  author.  She  wrote  "Poems" 
(1802),  "Letters  from  the  Mountains "(1808),  "Memoirs of 
an  American  Lady"  (Mrs.  Philip  Schuyler),  eto. 

Grant,  Charles,  Lord  Glenelg.  Born  at  Kid- 
derpore,  Bengal,  Oct.  26, 1778:  died  at  Cannes, 
France,  April  23,  1866.  A  British  politician. 
He  was  president  of  the  Board  of  Trade  1827-28,  and  of  the 
Board  of  Control  1830-34,  and  was  colonial  secretary  1836- 
1839.    He  was  created  Baron  Glenelg  in  1836. 

Grant,  Digby.  In  Albery's  "  The  Two  Roses," 
a  typical  blackguard  of  society.  Henry  Irving 
has  been  successful  in  the  part. 

Grant,  Sir  Francis,  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Jan. 
18, 1803 :  died  at  Melton  Mowbray,  Oct.  5, 1878. 
A  Scottish  portrait-painter,  elected  president 
of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1866.  He  painted  por- 
traits of  many  distinguished  jjersons. 

Grant,  James.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Aug.  1, 
1822:  died  there.  May  5, 1887.  A  Scottish  nov- 
elist. He  was  in  the  English  army  1840-48.  He  wrote 
nearly  60 historicid romances  on  Scottish  subjects,  and  also 
collected  and  edited  the  material  for  "Old  and  New  Edm- 
burgh"  (1880-83). 

Grant,  James  Augustus.  Bom  at  Nairn,  Scot- 
land, 1827:  died  there,  Feb.  11, 1892.  An  Afri- 
can explorer.  After  18  years  of  military  service  in  In- 
dia, he  became  the  associate  of  Captain  Speke  in  his  expe- 
dition to  the  source  of  the  Nile.  They  discovered  the  outlet 
of  Victoria  Nyanza  at  the  Bipon  Falls,  and  met  Baker  on  his 
southward  march  at  Gondokoro.  A  joint  accountof  their 
journey  was  published  in  1864.  In  1868  Grant  accompanied 
the  Abyssinian  expedition  under  Lord  Napier. 

Grant,  Sir  James  Hope.  Born  in  Perthshire, 
July  22,  1808 :  died  at  London,  March  7,  1875. 
A  British  general,  brother  of  Sir  Francis  Grant. 
He  served  with  distinction  during  the  Indian  mutiny  1867- 
1858,  and  commanded  the  British  contingent  in  the  Chinese 
war  1860. 

Grant,  Robert.  Born  at  Grantown-on-Spey, 
near  Inverness-shire,  in  1814:  died  at  Glasgow, 
Nov.  1, 1892.  A  Scottish  astronomer,  appointed 
professor  of  astronomy  at  the  University  of  Glas- 
gow in  1859.  He  published  a  "  History  of  Physical  As- 
tronomy" (1856),  and  in  1883  a  catalogue  of  6,415  stars, 
the  mean  places  of  which  had  been  determined  at  Glas- 
gow under  his  direction. 

Grant,  Ulysses  Simpson  (originally  Hiram 
Ulysses).  Bom  at  Point  Pleasant,  Clermont 
County,  Ohio,  April  27, 1822 :  died  at  Mount  Mc- 
Gregor, near  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  July  23,  1885.  A 
celebrated  American  general,  eighteenth  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States.  He  was  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1843 ;  served  through  the  Mexican  war  of  1846-48 ; 
left  th  e  army  in  1854,  and  settled  at  St.  Louis ;  and  removed 
to  Galena,  Illinois,  in  1860.  He  was  appointed  colonel  June 
17, 1861,  and  brigadier-general  Aug.  7;  commanded  at  Bel- 
mont Nov.  7 ;  captured  Fort  Donelson  Feb.  16, 1862 ;  was 
tliereafter  appointed  major-general  of  volunteers;  was 
made  commander  of  the  Ai-my  of  the  District  of  West  Ten- 
nessee in  March ;  gained  the  battles  of  Shiloh  April 
6-7,  and  of  luka  Sept.  19 ;  was  made  commander  of  the 
Department  of  the  "rennessee  in  Oct. ;  gained  the  battles 
of  Port  Gibson,  Raymond,  Jackson,  Champion's  Hill,  and 
Big  Black  Eiver  in  May,  1863 ;  received  the  surrender  of 
Vicksburg  July  4,  and  was  made  major-general  in  the  reg- 
ular army ;  was  made  commander  of  the  Military  Division 
of  the  Mississippi  in  Oct. ;  gained  the  battle  of  Chattanooga 
Nov.  23-26 ;  was  made  lieutenant-general  March  2, 1864, 
and  commander  of  all  the  Union  armies  March  12;  took 
up  his  headquarters  with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac ;  fought 
the  battle  of  the  Wilderness  with  Lee,  May  6-6,  which 
was  followed  by  the  battles  at  Spottsylvania  Court  House ; 
unsuccessfully  attacked  Lee's  position  at  Cold  Harbor, 
June  3 ;  commenced  the  siege  of  Petersburg  in  June ;  re- 
ceived the  surrender  of  Lee  at  Appomattox  Court  House 
April  9, 1866 ;  was  made  general  July  25, 1866 ;  was  secre- 
tary of  war  ad  iTiterim  Aug.,  1867,-Jau.,  1868;  as  Bepub- 
lican  candidate  was  elected  President  in  1868,  and  in.iugu- 
rated  March  4, 1869 ;  was  reelected  in  1872 ;  made  a  tour 
around  the  world  in  1877-79 ;  was  an  unsuccessful  candi- 
date for  renomination  for  the  Presidency  in  1880 ;  and  was 
made  general  on  the  retired  list  March  3, 1886.  He  wrote 
"Memoirs"  (2  vols.  1886-86).  See  "Military  History  of 
Ulysses  S.  Grant"  (1867-81),  by  Adam  Badeau. 
Grantham  (grant'am).  A  parliamentary  bor- 
ough inLineolnshire,England,  on  theWitham  22 
miles  south  by  west  of  Lincoln,  it  has  iron  manu- 
factures, and  is  an  important  railway  junction.  Tliere  is  a 
fine  church,  of  the  13th  century.  Population  (1891),  16,746. 
Grant  Land.  [Named  by  Hall  for  General  U.  S. 
Grant.]  A  region  in  the  north  polar  lands,  about 
lat.  81°-83°  N.,  north  of  Grinnell  Land. 
Granuffo  (gra-nuf 'o).  A  character,  in  Marston's 
play  "The  Parasitaster,"who  makes  a  reputa- 
tion for  wisdom  by  saying  nothing. 


Granvella 

Granvella  (CTSn-vel'ia),  orGranvelle  (F.  pron. 
^on-vel'),  Cardinal  de  (Antoine  Perrenot). 

Born  m  Franche-Comt6,  Aug.  20, 1517:  died  at 
Madrid,  Sept.  21, 1586.  A  Spanish  ecclesiastic 
and  statesman.  He  was  made  chanceUor  o£  the  em- 
pire by  Charles  V.  in  1660 ;  was  oliief  oouncilor  to  Mar- 
garet 01  Parma  in  the  Netherlands  1569-64  ;  and  was  made 
viceroy  ot  Naples  in  1670,  and  president  of  the  council  of 
Italy  and  Castile  in  1676. 

Granville  (groi-vel' ) .  A  seaport  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Mauche,  France,  situated  on  the  Eng- 
lish Channel,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bosq,  in  lat. 
48°  50'  N,,  long.  1°  37'  W.  Jt  was  bombarded  by 
the  English  in  1695,  and  was  defended  against  the  Ven- 
deans  in  1793,  and  against  the  English  in  1803.  Population 
(1891).  commune,  12,721. 

Granville  (gran'vil),  or  Grenville  (gren'vil), 
George,  Lord  Lansdowne.  Bom  1667:  died 
at  London,  Jan.  30,  1735.  An.  English  poet, 
dramatist,  and  politician.  He  wrote  the  plays  "She 
Gallants "  (1696),  "Heroick  Love  "  (1698),  "  The  British  En- 
chanters "  (an  opera,  1706)  ;  and  among  his  other  writings 
are  "  A  Vindication  of  General  Monk  "  and  "  A  Vindication 
of  Sir  Richard  Granville  "—both  published  in  1732  in  are- 
vised  edition  of  his  works,  which  he  supervised,  and  which 
included  all  his  poems. 

Granville,  Earls.  See  Carteret,  John,  and  Leve- 
son-Gower,  Granville  George. 

Graslitz  (gras'lits).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  50°  21'  N.,  long.  12°  27'"E.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  commune,  10,009. 

Grasmere  (gras'mer).  A  village  in  the  Lake 
DistrictjWestmoreland, England,  4  miles  north- 
west of  Ambleside.  Near  it  is  the  Lake  of  Grasmere 
(1  mile  in  length).  The  poet  Wordsworth  resided  here  for 
8  years,  and  it  is  the  place  of  his  burial. 

Grasse  (gras).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Alpes-Maritimes,  France,  19  miles  west-south- 
west of  Nice.  It  is  the  center  of  the  Provence  manu- 
facture of  essences  and  perfumes  (rose  and  orange  blos- 
soms).   Population  (1891),  commune,  14,015. 

Grasse,  Comte  Francois  Joseph  Paul  de  (Mar- 
quis de  Grasse-Tilly).  Bom  at  La  Valette, 
near  Toulon,  France,  1723:  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
11,  1788.  A  French  admiral.  He  commanded  the 
French  fleet  which  codperated  with  Washington  in  the  cap- 
ture of  Cornwallis  at  Yorktown  in  1781.  He  was  defeated 
by  Rodney  in  the  West  Indies  in  1782. 

Grasse  (gres'se),  Johann  Georg  Theodor.  Bom 
at  Grrimma,  Saxony,  Jan.  31,  1814:  died  near 
Dresden,  Aug.  27^  1885.  A  noted  German  bib- 
liographer and  historian  of  literature,  private 
librarian  of  KingFrederiokAugustusII.  of  Sax- 
ony, and  director  of  several  of  the  famous  col- 
lections of  Dresden.  He  wrote  "  Lehrbuch  einer  all- 
gemeinen  Litterargeschichte  "  (1837-69),  "Tr^sordelivres 
rares  et  pr^cieux  "  (1868-69),  etc. 

Grassias  (gras'i-as).  A  rarely  used  name  ap- 
plied by  some  to  the  third-magnitude  star  /3 
Soorpii  (commonly  called  Ichlil),  and  by  others 
to  the  fourth-magnitude  star  f  Soorpii. 

Chrassini  (gras-se'ne),  Josephina.  Born  at  Va- 
rese,  Lombardy,  1773 :  died  at  Milan,  Jan.,  1850. 
An  Italian  singer  (contralto).  She  made  her  first 
appearance  at  Milan  in  1794,  and  in  180S  was  the  reigning 
favorite  in  London. 

Grassinann  (gras'man),  Hermann  Giinther. 

Bom  at  Stettin,  Prussia,  April  15,  1809 :  died 
at  Stettin,  Sept.  26,  1877.  A  Q-erman  mathe- 
matician and  Orientalist.  His  chief  works  are  "Die 
Wiasenschaft  der  extensiven  Grdsse  oder  die  Ausdeh- 
nungalehre  "  (1844), ' '  Lehrbuch  der  Arithmetik  "  (1861-66), 
"Worterbuch  zum  Eig-Veda"  (1876),  translation  of  the 
"Rig- Veda"  (1876-77),  etc. 

Ctrassmann,  Robert.  Bom  at  Stettin,  Prussia, 
March  8, 1815.  A  German  philosophical  writer 
and  mathematician,  brother  of  H.  G.  Grass- 
mann  He  has  published  "Die  Weltwissen- 
schaft  Oder  Physik"  (1862-73),  etc. 

Grass  Valley.  A  city  and  township  in  Nevada 
County,  California,  situated  50  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Sacramento.  Population  (1900), 
township,  7,043  ;  city,  4,719- 

Girateful  Servant,  The,  A  play  by  Shirley, 
licensed  in  1629  under  the  title  of  "  The  Faith- 
ful Servant,"  but  printed  in  1630  under  the  for- 
mer name,  by  which  it  is  known. 

Gratian.     See  Gratianus. 

Gratiano  (gra-shi-a'no).  1  (It. pron.  gra-te-a'- 
no).    A  conventional  character  in  Italian  im- 

Erovised  comedy,  a  prosy,  pedantic  bore.— 2. 
a  Shakspere's  "Merchant  of  Venice,"  one  of 
Bassanio's  companions.  He  marries  Nerissa. 
—3.  In  Shakspere's  "Othello,"  the  brother  of 
Brabantio.  As  the  uncle  of  Desdemona,  he  succeeds 
to  Othello's  fortunes  after  the  latter  has  killed  both  her 
and  himself.  .   . 

Gratianus  (gra-shi-a'nus),  Anglicized  Gratian. 
Bom  at  Sirmium,  Pannonia,  April  9, 359  a.  d.  : 
killed  at  Lyons,  Aug.  25,  383.  Roman  emperor 
367-883,  son  of  Valentinian  I.  He  was  raised  to 
the  rank  of  Augustus  with  a  share  in  the  government  by 
his  father  in  367,  and  in  375  succeeded  him  in  the  admin- 


455 

istration  of  the  West,  with  a  brother,  Valentinian  n.,  as 
Joint  Augustus.  On  the  death  of  his  uncle  Valens  he  also 
succeeded  to  the  eastern  half  of  the  empire,  the  govern- 
ment of  which  he  Intrusted  to  Theodosius  in  379.  He  was 
defeated  by  the  usurper  Maximus,  and  was  killed  in  the 
flight. 

Gratianus.  Lived  in  the  first  half  of  the  12th 
century.  A  celebrated  Italian  canonist,  said 
(doubtfully)  to  have  been  bishop  of  Chiusi: 
author  of  the  "  Decretum  Gratiani"  (about  1150 : 
edited  by  Priedberg  1879). 

Gratius  Faliscus  (gra'sM-us  f a-lis'kus).  Lived 
in  the  1st  century  B.C.  A  Roman  poet,  author 
of  a  poem  on  the  chase  entitled  "Cynegetiea." 

Gratry  (gra-tre'),  Auguste  Joseph  Alphonse. 
Bom  at  Lille,  France,  March  30,  1805 :  died  at 
Moutreux,  Switzerland,  Feb.  6, 1872.  A  French 
Roman  Catholic  theologian.  His  works  include 
"Co'urs  de  philosophic"  (1865-57),  "Philosophie  du  Cre- 
do" (1861),  "Paix"  (1862),  etc. 

Grattan  (grat'an),  Henry.  Bom  at  Dublin, 
July  3, 1746:  diell  at  London,  June  4  (May  14?), 
1820.  An  Irish  orator  and  statesman.  He  grad- 
uated B.  A,  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1767 ;  studied  law 
at  the  Middle  Temple,  London;  was  admitted  to  the  Irish 
bar  in  1772;  and  in  1776  entered  the  Irish  Parliament, 
where  he  acted  with  the  opposition.  In  1782  he  procured 
the  restoration  of  the  independence  of  the  Irish  Parlia- 
ment bytherepealof  "Poynings's  Law."  Heretiredfrom 
Parliament  in  1797,  but  returned  in  1800  in  order  to  oppose 
the  legislative  union  with  England.  He  was  in  1806 
elected  to  the  Imperial  Parliament,  of  which  he  continued 
a  member  until  his  death,  and  where  he  warmly  advocated 
the  emancipation  of  the  Roman  Catholics.  Several  col- 
lections of  his  works  have  appeared,  including  "The 
Speeches  of  the  Right  Honourable  Henry  Grattan  in  the 
Irish  and  in  the  Imperial  Parliament "  (edited  by  his  son, 
1822)  and  "Miscellaneous  Works"  (1822).  See  "Memoirs 
of  the  Life  and  Times  of  Henry  Grattan,  by  his  son  Henry 
Grattan  "(1839-46). 

Grattan,  Thomas  CoUey.  Born  at  Dublin, 
1792 :  died  at  London,  July  4, 1864.  An  Irish 
novelist,  poet,  and  general  writer.  He  resided  at 
Bordeaux,  Paris,  and  Brussels,  and  became  British  consul 
at  Boston  in  1839.  He  assisted  in  the  negotiations  which 
resulted  in  the  Ashburton  treaty  (which  see).  In  1846  he 
returned  to  England,  and  thereafter  resided  chiefly  at 
London.  He  was  a  friend  of  Washington  Irving.  His 
works  include  "Highways  and  Byways,  or  Tales  of  the 
Roadside  picked  up  in  the  French  Provinces  by  a  Walking 
Gentleman"  (1823:  dedicated  to  Washington  Irving), 
"Ben  Nazir,  the  Saracen:  a  Tragedy"  (1827),  and  many 
others. 

Gratz  (grats),  officially  Graz  (grats),  formerly 
Gratz  (grets).  The  capital  of  Styria,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Mur  in  lat.  47°  5'  N., 
long.  15°  25'  E.  The  cathedral  is  an  interesting  mon- 
ument of  the  16th  century,  with  a  fine  sculptured  west 
portal.  The  interior  possesses  several  excellent  old  paint- 
ings, and  some  beautiful  16th-century  Italian  reliefs  in 
ivory  illustrating  Petrarch's  "Trionfl."  Among  other  ob- 
jects of  interest  are  the  Stadtpark,  the  height  Schlossberg, 
the  Landhaus,  the  Joanneum  (with  collections),  and  the 
picture-gallery.    Population  (1900),  138,080. 

Grau  (grou),  Miguel.  Bom  at  Piura,  June, 
1834:  died  Oct.  8,  1879.  A  Peruvian  naval 
officer.  In  1871  he  took  command  of  the  turret-ship 
Huascar.  When  the  war  with  Chile  broke  out  (1879),  he 
at  once  entered  on  active  service,  and  with  the  two  iron- 
clads Huascar  and  Independencia  kept  the  whole  Chilean 
navy  at  bay  for  several  months.  He  attacked  the  block- 
ading ships  at  Iquique,  and  sunk  one,  but  lost  the  Inde- 
pendencia, which  ran  on  a  rock.  The  Huascarwas  finally 
attacked  by  two  Chilean  ironclads  off  Point  Angamos,  and 
surrendered  after  Rear-Admiral  Grau  had  been  killed. 

Graubiinden.    See  Grisons. 

Graudenz  (grou'dents),  Pol.  Grudziadz  (gro- 
jonts').  A  town  in  the  province  of  West 
Prussia,  Prussia,  on  the  Vistula  60  miles  south 
of  Dantzic.  it  is  strongly  fortified,  and  was  success- 
fully defended  by  Courbifere  against  the  French  in  1807. 
Population  (1890),  20,386. 

Grauer  Bund  (grou'er  bont).    See  Gray  League. 

Graun  (groun),  Karl  Heinrich.  Born  at  Wah- 
renbriiek,  near  Torgau,  Prussia,  May  7,  1701: 
died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  8,  1759.  A  noted  German 
singer  and  composer  of  operas  and  sacred  mu- 
sic. His  chief  works  are  the  oratorio  "Der  Tod  Jesu" 
(performed  at  Berlin  March  26, 1766),  and  the  "  Te  Deum  " 

'  (performed  at  Charlottenburg  after  the  close  of  the  Seven 
Years'  War,  July  16,  1763). 

Grave,  The.  A  didactic  poem  by  Robert  Blair, 
published  in  1743.  For  this  poem  William  Blake  made 
a  famous  series  ot  designs.  It  contains  about  800  lines 
of  blank  verse. 

Graveairs  (grav'arz).  Lady.  A  character  in 
Gibber's  oomedv  "  The  Careless  Husband." 

Grave  Creek  Mound.  A  relic  of  the  so-called 
mound-builders  on  Grave  Creek,  near  Mounds- 
ville  or  Elizabethtown,  Marshall  County,  West 
Virginia.  It  is  70  feet  high  and  1,000  feet  in  circum- 
ference, and  is  the  largest  of  the  prehistoric  mounds  in 
the  Ohio  valley.  A  stone  bearing  an  inscription  of  in- 
scrutable characters,  alleged  to  have  been  discovered  in 
this  mound  about  1840,  has  called  forth  considerable  dis- 
cussion. .  ,    ...  ,.      , 

Gravelines  (grav-len'),  Flemish  Gravelinghe 
(gra've-ling-e),  G.  Gravelingen  (gra've- 
ling-en).    Afortified  seaport  in  the  department 


Gray,  Stephen 

of  Nord,  France,  on  the  Aa,  near  its  mouth,  12 
miles  southwest  of  Dunkirk.  It  is  celebrated  for 
the  victory  of  the  Spaniards  under  Egmontover  the  French 
under  Thermes,  July  13, 1568.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 6,952. 

Gravelotte  (grav-lof).  A  village  of  Lorraine, 
Alsace-Lorraine,  7  miles  west  of  Metz.  The  battle 
of  Gravelotte  (or  of  Gravelotte  and  St.-Privat,  sometimes 
called  the  battle  of  Rezonville)  was  fought  in  the  neigh- 
borhood ot  the  village,  Aug.  18, 1870.  The  Germans  (about 
200,000)  under  King  William  obtained  a  decisive  victory 
over  the  French  (about  120,000)  under  Bazaine.  The  loss 
ot  the  Germans  was  20,159 ;  that  ot  the  French,  from  12,000 
to  16,000.  As  a  result  ot  this  defeat,  the  French  were  shut 
up  in  Metz. 

Graves  (gravz),  Richard.  Bom  at  Mickleton, 
Gloucestershire,  May  4, 1715 :  died  at  Claver- 
ton,  near  Bath,  Nov.  23, 1804.  An  English  poet 
and  novelist,  rector  of  Claverton.  He  was  the  au- 
thor ot  a  large  number  of  works,  some  of  which  were  pop- 
ular; one  only,  a  novel,  "The  Spiritual  Quixote"  (1772), 
is  now  remembered. 

Graves,  Thomas,  Baron  Graves.  Bom  about 
1725 :  died  Feb.  9, 1802.  A  British  admiral.  He 
succeeded  Arbuthnot,  July,  1781,  in  command  of  the  Brit- 
ish fleet  against  the  American  colonies,  and  was  defeated 
by  De  Grasse  on  Sept.  5.  He  was  created  Baron  Graves 
in  the  peerage  ot  Ireland  in  1794. 

Gravesande  (gra've-zan'de),  Willem  Jakob 
van's.  Bom at'sHertogenboseh, Netherlands, 
Sept.  27,  1688 :  died  at  Leyden,  Netherlands, 
Feb.  28,  1742.  A  noted  Dutch  philosopher  and 
mathematician,  professor  at  Leyden  from  1717. 
In  1715  he  went  to  London  as  secretary  of  the  embassy  of 
the  States-GeneraL  He  wrote  "  Physices  elementa  mathe- 
matica"  (1720),  etc. 

Gravesend  (gravz'end).  A  river  port  and  par- 
liamentary borough  in  Kent,  England,  situated 
on  the  Thames  20  miles  east  by  south  of  Lon- 
don. It  is  a  favorite  resort  for  Londoners.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  24,067. 

Gravina  (gra-ve'na).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Bari,  Apulia,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gravina 
34  miles  southwest  of  Bari.  Population  (1881), 
16,574. 

Gravina,  Giovanni  Vincenzo.  Bom  at  Rogli- 
ano,  near  Cosenza,  Italy,  Jan.  20,  1664:  died 
at  Rome,  Jan.  6, 1718.  An  Italian  jurist,  critic, 
and  poet.  He  wrote  "Origines  juris  civilis" 
(1701-13),  "Delia  ragione  poetiea"  (1708),  etc. 

Gray  (gra).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Haute- 
Sa&ne,  France,  situated  on  the  Sa6ne  27  miles 
east-northeast  of  Dijon.  It  has  considerable 
trade.     Population  (1891),  commune,  6,908. 

Gray, 'Asa.  Born  at  Paris,  Oneida  County, 
N.  Y. ,  Nov.  18, 1810 :  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
Jan.  30, 1888.  A  noted  American  botanist.  He 
wasprofessorof  natural  history  at  Harvard  1842-88.  Among 
his  works  are  *  •  Elements  of  Botany  "  (1836), "  Flora  of  North 
America  "  (commenced  1838),  "Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the 
Northern  United  States"  (1848),  "Botany  of  the  U.  S.  Pa- 
cific Exploring  Expedition  "  (1864),  "  How  Plants  Grow  " 
(1868),  "Field,  Forest,  and  Garden  Botany"  (1868),  "How 
Plants  Behave"  (1872),  "Darwiniana"  (1876),  "New  Flora 
of  North  America"  (Part  I,  1878),  "Synoptical  Flora  of 
North  America"  (2d  ed.  1888). 

Gray,  Auld  Bobin.    See  Auld  Sobin  Gray. 

Gray,  David.  Bom  at  Kirkintilloch,  Jan.  29, 
1838 :  died  there,  Dec.  3, 1861.  A  Scottish  poet. 
He  wrote  "  The  Luggie  "  and  other  poems,  pub- 
Hshed  in  1862. 

Gray,  Elisha.  Born  at  Barnesville,  Ohio,  Aug. 
2,1835:  died  at  Newtonville,  Mass.,  Jan.  20, 
1901.  An  American  inventor,  noted  for  inven- 
tions relating  to  telegraphy  and  the  telephone. 

Gray,  George  Robert.  Bom  at  London,  July 
8, 1808 :  died  May  5, 1872.  An  English  ornithol- 
ogist and  entomologist,  brother  of  J.  E.  Gray. 
His  works  include  "Entomology  of  Australia"  (1833), 
"  List  ot  the  Genera  ot  Burds  "  (1840:  enlarged  in  1841  and 
1866),  "Genera  of  Birds "  (1844-49),  "Genera  and  Species 
ot  Birds  "  (1869-72). 

Gray,  Henry  Peters.  Born  at  New  York,  June 
23,  1819:  died  there,  Nov.  12, 1877.  An  Amer- 
ican painter,  president  of  the  National  Acad- 
emy 1869-71.  In  1871  he  went  to  Florence,  and  lived 
there  till  1874.  Among  his  works  are  "Charity,"  "The 
Birth  of  our  Flag,"  "Cleopatra,"  "Greek  Lovers,"  and 
"The  Apple  ot  Discord."  During  his  later  years  he  gave 
much  ot  his  time  to  portrait-painting. 

Gray,  John  Edward.  Born  at  Walsall,  Stafford- 
shire, Feb.  12,  1800 :  died  March  7,  1875.  An 
English  zoologist,  keeper  of  the  zoological  col- 
lections in  the  British  Museum  1840-74.  He 
published  numerous  works  and  papers  on  vari- 
ous branches  of  natural  history. 

Gray,  Robert.  Born  at  Dunbar,  Aug.  15,  1825 : 
died  at  Edinburgh,  Feb.  18,  1887.  A  Scotch 
ornithologist.  He  was  in  the  service  of  the  City  of 
Glasgow  Bank  and  later  of  the  Bank  ot  Scotland  at  Edin- 
burgh. In  1882  he  was  elected  vice-president  of  the  Royal 
Society  at  Edinburgh.  He  published  "Birds  of  the  West 
of  Scotland  "  (1871). 

Gray,  Stephen.  Died  Feb.  25,1736.  An  English 
electrician,  a  pensioner  of  the  Charter  House 
in  London.    His  experiments  were  the  foundation  of 


Oray,  Stephen 

the  diTlflion  of  substancea  into  conductors  and  non-con- 
ductorB,  and  had  an  important  bearing  upon  tlie  discovery 
of  the  electric  battery. 

Ghray,  Sir  Thomas.  Died  about  1369.  An  Eng- 
lish writer  (in  Latin),  author  of  "  Soalachron- 
iea."    See  the  extract. 

The  "Scala-chronica"  opens  with  aii  allegorical  prologue, 
and  is  divided  into  five  parts.  Of  these  part  i.,  which  re- 
latea  the  fabulous  history  of  Britain,  is  based  on  "  Walter 
of  Exeter's  "■  Brut  (i.  e.  on  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth) ;  part  iL, 
which  reaches  to  Egbert's  succession,  is  baaed  upon  Bede ; 
part  iii.,  extending  to  William  the  Conqueror,  on  Higdeu's 
"  Polychronicon  ";  and  part  iv.  professes  to  be  founded  on 
"  John  le  vikeir  de  Tilmouth  que  escriptle  Ystoria  Aurea." 
There  are  several  difficulties  connected  with  the  prologue ; 
the  chief  are  its  distinct  allusions  to  Thomas  Otterburn, 
who  is  generally  supposed  to  have  written  early  in  thenext 
century  (Scalachron.  pp.  1-4).  According  to  Mr.  Steven- 
son many  incidents  in  part  iv.  are  not  to  be  found  in  the 
current  editions  of  Higden.  Mr.  Stevenson  considers  the 
book  to  assume  some  independent  value  with  the  reign  of 
John ;  but  its  true  importance  really  begins  with  the  reign 
of  Edward  I.  It  is  specially  useful  for  the  Scottish  wars, 
and  narrates  the  exploits  of  the  author's  father  in  great 
detail  (SaUa^chron.  pp.  123,  127,  138,  etc.).  The  author  is 
tolerably  minute  as  to  Edward  II.'s  reign  (pp.  136-53),  and 
the  rest  of  the  book  (pp.  163-203)  is  devoted  to  Edward  III. 
The  detailed  account  of  the  French  wars  from  1356-61  sug- 
gests the  presence  of  the  writer  (pp.  172-200).  The  history 
breaks  off  in  1362  or  1363.         Dia.  Nat.  Bwg.,  XXIII.  21. 

Gray,  Thomas.  Bom  at  London,  Dee.  26, 1716: 
died  at  Cambridge,  July  30,  1771.  An  English 
poet.  He  was  sent  to  Eton  as  an  oppidan  in  1727,  forming 
an  intimacy  there  with  Horace  Watlpole.  In  1734  he  was 
admitted  as  a  pensioner  at  Feterhouse,  Cambridge,  and  in 
1739  went  abroad  with  Walpole  on  "the  grand  tour."  He 
returned  and  settled  at  Cambridge,  where  he  resided  chiefly 
after  1741,  though  he  spent  a  part  of  every  summer  with  his 
mother  at  Stoke  Fogis.  He  became  professor  of  modem 
history  at  Cambridge  1768.  In  1757  he  ref  used'the  laureate- 
ship.  His  best-known  work  is  the  "  Elegy  Written  in  a 
Country  Churchyard  "  (1761).  His  other  principal  works 
are  "Ode  on  a  Distant  Prospect  of  Eton  College"  (1747), 
"Progress  of  Poesy  "  (1767), "  The  Bard  "  (1768).  His  poems 
and  letters  were  edited  by  W.  Mason  in  1775 ;  the  letters 
by  Mitford  1843-64 ;  and  the  works,  with  life,  by  B.  W. 
Qosse,  in  4  vols.,  in  1882. 

Gray  League.  [G.  Grauer  Bund."]  A  German 
league  in  the  present  canton  of  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerland, formed  in  1424.  In  1497-98,  in  com- 
pany with  the  Gotteshausbund,  it  became  allied 
with  the  Swiss  cantons. 

Gray's  Inn.  One  of  the  London  inns  of  court. 
It  is  situated  on  the  north  side  of  Holbom  and  to  the  west 
of  Gray's  Inn  Lane.  It  is  the  fourth  inn  of  court  in  im- 
portance and  size.  It  derives  its  name  from  the  noble 
family  of  Gray  of  Wilton,  whose  residence  it  originally  was. 
(Thon^ury.)    It  stUl  contains  a  handsome  hall  of  1660. 

CJray's  Peak.  One  of  the  highest  peats  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  situated  in  the  Colorado 
range,  Colorado.    Height,  14,341  feet. 

Graymalkin.    See  Grimalkin. 

Graz.    See  Gratz. 

Grazalema  (gra-tha-la'ma).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Cadiz,  Spain,  56  miles  east-north- 
east of  Cadiz.    Population  (1887),  6,389. 

Graziani  (grat-se-a'ne),  Francesco.  Born 
April  26,  1829 :  died  June  30,  1901.  An  Italian 
barytone  singer.  Hefirstsangi.nLondoninl855. 

Grazzini  (grat-se'ne),  AntonTrancesco,  called 
II  Lasca.  [It.  lasca,  a  mullet.]  Bom  at  Flor- 
ence^ March  22, 1503:  died  there,  Eeb.  18, 1584. 
An  Italian  poet  and  dramatist.  Il  Lasca  .was  the 
appellation  he  assumed  in  the  Accademia  degli  Umidi,  to 
vniich  he  belonged,  where  every  member  was  distin- 
guished by  the  name  of  a  iisb.  He  was  one  of  thefounders 
ol  the  celebrated  Accademia  della  Crusca. 

GrSal.    See  Grail. 

Great  Barrington  (grat  bar'ing-ton).  A  town 
in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  situated 
'  on  the  Housatonic  River  40  miles  west  by  north 
of  Springfield.    Population  (1900),  5,854. 

Great  Basin.  An  elevated  region  In  the  United 
States,  lying  between  the  Sierra  Nevada  on  the 
west  and  theWahsateh  Mountains  on  the  east. 
It  comprises  nearly  all  Nevada,  western  Utah,  southeast- 
em  Oregon,  and  parts  of  eastern  and  southeastern  Cali- 
fornia. The  drainage  of  the  greater  part  of  this  large  area 
is  into  interior  lakes  (Great  Salt  Lake,  etc.)  which  have 
no  communication  with  the  sea.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
Humboldt  and  other  ranges.  The  soil  is  generally  unpro. 
ductive. 

Great  Bear.    See  Ursa  Major. 

Gtreat  Bear  Lake.  A  lake  in  British  North 
America,  about  lat.  65°-67°  N.,  long.  118°-123° 
W.  It  has  its  outlet  through  the  Great  Bear  River  into 
the  Mackenzie.  Length,  over  160  miles.  Area,  about 
14,000  square  miles. 

Great  Britain  (grat  brit'n).  [P.  Grande  Bre- 
tagne,  Sp.  GranBretafia,  It.  Gran Bretagna,KL. 
Magna  Britannia  (or  Britannia  Major,  Greater 
Britain).]  The  largest  island  of  Europe,_  com- 
prising England  in  the  south,  Scotland  in  the 
north,  and  Wales  in  the  west,  situated  in  lat. 
580  40'-49°58'N.,long.l°45'E.-6°13'W.:  the 
ancient  Albion  or  Britannia  (afterward  Britan- 
nia Major).  Its  length  from  north  to  south  is  about  608 
miles ;  its  greatest  width,  about  826  miles.    Area,  88,094 


456 

square  miles.  It  Is  called  Great  Britain  in  distinction  from 
Brittany  (Bretagne,  Lesser  Britain).  On  the  union  with 
Scotland  in  1707,  Great  Britain  became  the  official  name  of 
the  British  kingdom,  and  so  continued  until  the  union  with 
Ireland  in  1801.  It  remains  a  popular  designation  of  the 
UnitedKingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  (See below.) 
Tor  the  history,  see  England.  Population  (1901),  36,998,075. 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland,The  United  King- 
dom of.  Since  Jan.  1, 1801,  the  oflcial  name 
of  the  British  kingdom,  including  England, 
Wales,  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  the  neighboring 
smaller  islands.  Capital,  London.  The  government 
is  a  hereditary  constitutional  monarchy.  A  sovereign  and 
a  responsible  ministry  form  the  executive.  The  legisla- 
ture consists  of  a  Parliament,  comprising  the  House  of 
Lords  (about  660  members)  and  the  House  of  Commons 
(670  members).  The  colonies  and  foreign  possessions  are 
Gibraltar,  Malta,  Aden  and  Perim,  Somali  Coast  Protecto- 
rate, Socotra,  Kuria  Muria  Islands,  Bahrein  Islands,  Brit- 
ish North  Borneo,  Brunei,  Sarawak,  Ceylon,  Cyprus,  Hong- 
Kong,  India  and  its  dependencies,  British  Baluchistan, 
Andaman  Islands,  Nicobar  Islands,  Laccadive  Islands, 
Kamaran  Island,  Labuan,  Straits  Settlements,  Basuto- 
land,  Bechuanaland,  Zanzibar,  Zululand,  Cape  Colony, 
Orange  River  Colony,  Transvaal  Colony,  Mauritius  (with 
Seychelles,EodrIgiies,theChagosIslands), British  EastAf- 
rica,  Natal,  British  Zambesia,  Niger  Territories,  Oil  Rivers 
Protectorate,  Saint  Helena,  Ascension  Island,  Tristan  da 
Cunha,  Gold  Coast,  Lagos,Gambia,SierraLeone,Bermudas, 
Canada,  Newfoundland,  Falkland  Islands,  British  Guiana, 
British  Honduras,  British  We8tlndies(includingthe Baha- 
mas, Barbados,  Jamaica,  islands  of  the  Windward  and  Lee- 
ward groups,  Trinidad),  Tasmania,  Victoria,  New  South 
Wales,  South  Australia,  Queensland,  Western  Australia, 
NewZealand,BritishNewGuinea,Fiji,andvariousotherP»- 
ciflcislands,includingCook*s  Islands, Union  group, Phoenix 
group,  Christmas  Island,  Fanning  Island,  Gilbert  Islands, 
etc.  Area  of  the  United  Kingdom,  121,483  square  miles; 
pop.  (1901),  41,464,678.  Area  of  the  British  empire,  includ- 
ing India, colonies,  pro tectorates,and  spheres  of  influence, 
aboutl0,330,a00square  miles;  pop.  (1891)about360,000,000. 
See  England,  Scotland,  Wales,  Ireland,  Great  Britain. 

Great  Captain,  The.    Gonsalvo  de  Cordova. 

Great  Cham  of  Literature,  The.  A  nickname 
given  to  Samuel  Johnson  by  Smollett  in  a  let- 
ter to  Wilkes. 

Great  Commoner,  The.  William  Pitt  (after- 
ward Earl  of  Chatham):  so  called  as  being  a 
commoner  and  not  a  peer. 

Great  Dauphin,  The.   The  son  of  Louis  XIV. 

Great  Dog,    See  Canis  Major. 

Great  Duke,  The.  The  first  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton. 

Great  Duke  of  FIorence.The.  Aplay  by  Philip 
Massinger,  licensed  1627,  printed  1635. 

Great  Earl  of  Cork,  The.  The  first  Earl  of  Cork. 

Great  Eastern.  A  steamship,  the  largest  built 
prior  to  1899,  when  the  Oceanic  was  launched. 
It  was  designed  by  I.  K.  Brunei,  and  was  launched  at  Mill- 
wall  on  the  Thames  in  1868 ;  made  its  first  voyage  across 
the  Atlantic  in  June,  1860 ;  was  frequently  employed  from 
1866  in  cable-laying;  and  in  1886  was  sold  to  be  broken  up 
for  old  iron.    Length  over  all,  692  feet;  width,  83  feet; 

-  depth,  58  feet ;  displacement,  27,000  tons.  She  is  sur- 
passed by  the  Oceanic  in  length  (704  feet) ,  draft  (324  feet) , 
and  displacement  (32,600  tons),  and  also  by  the  Celtic. 

Great  Elector,  The,  G.  Der  Grosse  Kurfiirst. 

Frederick  William,  elector  of  Brandenburg. 

Great  Expectations.  A  novel  by  Charles  Dick- 
ens, which  appeared  serially  in  "All  the  Year 
Round"  in  1860-61.    It  was  published  in  1861. 

Great  Falls.  A  manufacturing  and  trading  city 
in  Cascade  County,  Montana,  on  the  Missouri 
River.     Population  (1900),  14,930. 

Great  Falls,  A  manufacturing  village  in  New 
Hampshire.     See  Somersworth. 

Great  Fish  River.  A  river  in  British  North 
America  which  flows  from  the  neighborhood  of 
Great  Slave  Lake  northeasterly  into  the  Arctic 
Ocean. 

Great  Fish  Biver ,  A  river  in  Cape  Colony  which 
rises  in  the  Sneuwbergen  Mountains  and  flows 
southerly  into  the  Indian  Ocean. 

Great  Glen.  AgreatdepressiontraversingSeot- 
land  southwest  and  northeast,  and  marked  by 
Lochs  Linnhe,  Eil,  Lochy,  and  Ness,  which  are 
connected  by  the  Caledonian  Canal. 

Great  Grimsby  (grimz'bi).  A  seaport  and  par' 
liamentary  borough  in  Lincolnshire,  England, 
situated  on  the  Humber  16  miles  southeast  of 
Hull.  It  has  important  commerce  and  fisheries. 
Population  (1901)_,  63,138.     See  Grim. 

Great  Harry.  The  first  war-ship  of  the  British 
navy.  She  was  built  in  1488,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  Til. ; 
was  a  three-master ;  and  is  said  to  have  cost  £14,000.  She 
is  supposed  to  have  been  burned  accidentally  at  Woolwich 
in  1533. 

Greathead  (grat'hed),  Henry.  Bom  at  Rich- 
mond, Yorkshire,  Jan.  27, 1757:  died  1816.  The 
first  successful  constructor  of  life-boats. 

Great  Head.  A  celebrated  promontory  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Mount  Desert,  Maine. 

Greatheart  (grat'hart),  Mr.  In  the  second  part 
of  Bunyan's  '"Pilgrim's  Progress,"  th,e  guide  and 
valiant  protector  of  Christiana  and  her  children. 

Great  Kanawha  (ka-n4'wa).  A  river  in  North 


Greaves,  John 

Carolina,  Vir^nia,  and  West  Virginia,  joining 
the  Ohio  at  Point  Pleasant,  Mason  County, 
West  Virginia,  it  is  called  in  its  upper  coni«e  the 
New  River.  Length,  about  450  miles ;  navigable  about 
100  miles. 

Great  Marlow  (mar'lo).  A  town  in  Bucks, 
England,  situated  on  the  Thames  30  miles  west 
of  London.    Population  (1891),  6,097. 

Great  Marquis,  The.  A  surname  popularly 
given  to  the  Marquis  of  Pombal,  and  also  to 
the  first  Marquis  of  Montrose. 

Great  Master  of  Love,  The.  A  name  given 
lay  Petrarch  to  the  troubadour  Amaud  Daniel. 

Great  Mother,  The.  In  Greek  mythology, 
Demeter. 

Greatorex  (grat'6-reks),  Mrs.  (Eliza  Pratt). 
Born  in  Ireland,  Dec.  25, 1820 :  died  Feb.  9, 1897. 
An  American  artist.  She  came  to  New  York  in  1840, 
and  married  Henry  Wellington  Greatorex  in  1849.  In 
1868  she  was  elected  associate  of  the  National  Academy. 

Greatorex,  Henry  Wellington.  Born  at  Bur- 
ton-on-Trent,  England,  in  1816:  died  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C,  1858.  A  musician,  the  son  of  Thomas 
Greatorex.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1839,  and 
did  much  for  the  advancement  of  the  standard  of  church 
music. 

Greatorex,  Thomas.  Bom  at  North  Wingfield, 
near  Chesterfield,  Derbyshire,  Oct.  5^  1758 :  died 
at  London,  July  18,  1831.  An  English  conduc- 
tor, organist  of  Westminster  Abbey  1819. 

Great  Pedee  (pe-de')-  The  name  given  to  the 
Yadkin  River  after  it  enters  South  Carolina.  It 
flows  intoWinyah Bay,uear  Georgetown;  navi- 
gable about  150  miles. 

Cnreat  Russia.  The  main  body  of  European 
Russia.  From  its  central  part  as  a  nucleus  Russia  has 
developed.  It  comprises  the  governments  of  Archangel, 
Olonetz,  Vologda,  Novgorod,  PskoS,  Moscow,  Tver,  Kos- 
troma, Vladimir,  Yaroslaff,  Riasan,  Nijni-Novgorod,  Tula, 
Kaluga,  Orel,  Smolensk,  Kursk,  Voronezh,  and  Tamboff. 

Great  St.  Bernard.    See  St.  Bernard. 

Great  Salt  Lake.  A  body  of  water  in  north- 
em  Utah.  It  is  noted  for  its  saltness :  14.8  per  cent  is 
mineral  matter.  It  receives  the  Bear,  Jordan,  and  Weber 
rivers.  The  surface  is  4,200  feet  above  sea-level,  and  the 
lake  has  no  outlet.  Length,  about  76  miles.  Greatest  width, 
about  30  miles.    Area,  about  2,360  square  miles. 

Great  Slave  Lake.  A  lake  in  British  North 
America,  about  lat.  60°  40'-62°  45'  N.,  long. 
109°-117°  W.  Length,  about  300  miles.  Its 
outlet  is  the  Mackenzie  River. 

Great  Slave  River.  A  river  in  British  North 
America,  connecting  Lake  Athabasca  with 
Great  Slave  Lake.     Length,  about  250  miles. 

Great  Smoky  Mountains.    See  Smoky  Mcvm- 


Great  Synagogue,  The.    See  the  extract. 

Accordingly  we  find  that  anew  form  of  the  theory'startecl 
up  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  gained  almost  undis- 
puted currency  in  the  Protestant  churches.  According  to 
this  view,  the  Canon  was  completed  by  a  body  of  men 
known  as  the  Great  Synagogue.  The  Great  Synagogue 
plays  a  considerable  psut  in  Jewish  tradition  ;  it  is  repre- 
sented as  a  permanent  council,  under  the  presidency  of 
Ezra,  wielding  supreme  authority  over  the  Jewish  nation ; 
and  a  variety  of  functions  are  ascribed  to  it^  But  the 
tradition  never  said  that  the  Great  Synagogue  fixed  the 
Canon.  That  opinion,  current  as  it  once  was^  is  a  mere 
conjecture  of  Ellas  Levita,  a  Jewish  scholar  contempo- 
rary with  Luther.  Not  only  so,  but  we  now  know  that 
the  whole  idea  that  there  ever  was  a  body  called  the  Great 
S^agogue  holding  rule  in  the  Jewish  nation  is  pure  fic- 
tion. It  has  been  proved  in  the  clearest  manner  that  the 
origin  of  the  legend  of  the  Great  Synagogue  lies  in  the 
account  given  in  Neh.  viii.-x.  of  the  great  convocation 
which  met  at  Jerusalem  and  subscribed  the  covenants  to 
observe  the  law. 

W.  E.  Smith,  0.  T.  in  the  Jewish  Ch.,  p.  166. 

Great  Tom.  A  bell,  weighing  about  17,000 
pounds,  in  the  tower  of  the  Tom  Gate  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford.  Every  night  at  ten  minutes 
past  nine  (closing  time)  it  is  tolled. 

Great  Vehicle,  The.  {hiS'kt.Mahdydna.']  The 
name  of  the  northern  school  of  Buddhism.  The 
formation  of  such  a"  school  followed  the  conversion  of  Ka^ 
nishka,  the  Indo-Scythian  king  of  Kashmir,  who  reigned  in 
the  second  half  of  the  1st  century.  In  his  reign  a  fourth 
council  was  held  at  Jalandhara  in  Kashmir.  It  conaisted 
of  600  monks,  who  composed  three  Sanskrit  works  of  the 
nature  of  commentaries  on  the  three  Pali  Pitakas.  (See 
Tripttaka.)  These  were  the  earliest  books  of  the  northern 
school,  which  formulated  its  doctrines  on  the  Indus,  while 
the  Pali  Canon  of  the  south  represented  the  doctrine  pro- 
claimed on  the  Ganges.  Nepal,  Tibet,  China,  Manchuria, 
Mongolia,  and  Japan  follow  the  Great  Vehicle ;  Ceylon, 
Burma,  and  Siam,  the  Little  Vehicle  (Hinayana),  or  south- 
em  scnooL 

Great  Wall  of  China.    See  Wall  of  China. 

Greaves  (grevz),  John.  Bom  at  Colemore, 
Hampshire,  1602:  died  at  London,  Oct.  8, 1652. 
An  English  antiquary,  mathematician,  and  Ori- 
entalist. He  became  fellow  of  Merton  College,  Oxford, 
in  1624,  and  professor  of  geometry  in  Gresham  College,  Lon- 
don, in  1630.  He  wrote  "  Discourse  on  the  Roman  Foot  and 
Denarius  "  (1647), "  Pyramidographia,  or  a  Discourse  of  tbt 
Pyramids  in  Egypt"  (1646),  etc. 


Qxeaves,  Sir  Launcelot 

Greaves,  Sir  Launcelot.  See  Sir  Launcelot 
Greaves,  The  History  of. 

Grebo  (gra'bo),  or  Gedebo  (ge-da'bo).  A  tribe 
of  Liberia,  West  Africa,  settled  on  both  sides 
2l  tl»e  Cavalla  Eiver.  The  English  sometimes  call 
the  Qrebos  Fwh-Kru.  They  are  closely  alUed  to  the  Kru 
teibe,  Irom  whom  they  are  separated  by  the  Grand  Sess,  Pik- 
kaninny  Sess,  and  Tare  tribes.  They  migrated  from  the  in- 
terior to  the  coast  at  a  comparatively  recent  period.  France 
claims  jurisdiction  over  the  Grebos  east  of  the  Cavalla 
Eiver.butthis  claim  isnotacknowledged  byliberiafurther 
west  than  the  Pedro  River.  The  Grebo  language  belongs 
withKru  and  Bassa  to  a  cluster  called  Mena  by  Fr.  MuUer. 

Grecian  Coffee-house.  A  noted  London  coffee- 
house in  Devereux  Court,  on  the  left  of  Essex 
street.  The  wits  of  the  last  century  congre- 
gated there. 

Grecian  Daughter,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Arthur 
Murphy,  produced  m  1772 :  a  story  of  filial  piety, 
the  success  of  whichwasgreatlydueto  Spranger 
Barry  and  his  wife.    See  Ev/phrasia  and  Barry, 


Greece  (gres).  [ME.  Grece,  from  OF.  Grece,  F. 
Gr^ce,  8p.  Pg.  It.  Grecia,  fromL.  Grxoia  (whence 
LGr.  TpaiKia),  from  Cfreecus,  Greik,  from  Gr. 
TpatKdg,  pi.  Tpatmi,  orig.  applied  to  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Bpirus,  etc.  The  common  Greek  name 
for  the  country  was  Hellas,  'BA/ldf ;  for  the  in- 
habitants Hellenes,  "'EK'XrjveQ.  The  AS.  name  was 
Creoa  land,  Greca  land,  Greeland,  D.  Griehen- 
land,  G.  Griechenland,  land  of  the  Greeks.]  A 
country  in  southeastern  Europe — (a)  Ancient 
Greece:  the  country  of  the  Hellenes,  in  the 
widest  sense  the  name  includes  the  Greek  colonies  in  Asia 
Minor,  Sicily,  Africa,  etc. ;  in  its  restricted  and  more 
usual  meaning  it  is  the  peninsula  south  of  the  Cambunian 
Mountains,  with  the  neighboring  islands.  Peninsular 
Greece  comprised  Thessaly,  Eplrus,  Central  Greece  (in- 
cluding Acarnania.  .^tolia,  Doris,  Western  Locris,  East* 
ern  Locris,  Phocis,  Boeotia,  Attica,  and  Megaris),  and  Pelo- 
ponnesus (including  Corinthia,  Sicyonia,  Fhliasia,  Achaia, 
Blis,  Arcadia,  Argolis,  Laconia,  and  Messenia).  The  chief 
islands  were  Crete,  Bhodes,  Cos,  Samos,  Chios,  Lesbos, 
Tenedos,  Imbros,  Samothrace,  Thasos,  Lemnos,  Scyros,  Eu- 
boea,  Salamls,  ^gina,  the  Cyclades,  Thera,  Cythera,  and  the 
Ionian  Islands  (including  Zacynthos,  Cephallenia,  Ithaca, 
Leucas,  Corcyra,  etc.).  Cyprus  was  sometimes  included, 
and  in  later  times  Macedonia  and  Thrace.  The  sur- 
face is  mostly  mountainous.  The  following  are  some 
of  the  more  important  facts  and  incidents  of  ancient 
Greek  history :  Dorian  invasion  of  the  Peloponnesus  about 
1100  B.  0. ;  commencement  of  the  hegemony  of  Sparta  6th 
century ;  Persian  wars  600  to  about  449 ;  hegemony  trans- 
ferred to  Athens  about  477 ;  Peloponnesian  war  431-404 ; 
hegemony  of  Sparta  404-371 ;  of  Thebes  871-362 ;  hegemony 
of  Maoedon  commenced  338 ;  rise  of  .Sitoliau  League  and 
renewal  of  Acheean  League  about  280 ;  independence  of 
Greece  proclaimed  by  Flamininus  196;  final  subjection 
of  Greece  to  Home  146 ;  Greece  made  (in  great  part)  into 
the  Roman  province  of  Achaia  27  B.  0.  Greece  formed 
part  of  the  Eastern  Empire.  See  further  below,  and  un- 
der the  various  cities ;  also  Persian  Ware  and  Peloponne- 
sian War.  (6)  Modern  Greece:  a  kingdom,  capital 
Athens,  lying  between  the  Turkish  empire  on 
the  north,  and  the  sea  on  the  east,  south,  and 
west,  and  including  the  Ionian  Islands,  Buboea, 
the  Cyclades,  and  some  smaller  islands,  it  in- 
cludes the  ancient  Peloponnesus,  Central  Greece,  south- 
eastern Epirus,  and  nearly  all  Thessaly ;  and  contains  26 
nomnrchies :  Attica,  Boeotia,  Eubcea,  Phthiotis,  Phocis, 
Acai'nanla  and  .^tolia,  Achaia,  Ells,  Arcadia,  Laconia, 
Messenia,  Argolis,  Corinth,  Cyclades,  CorfUj  Cephalonia, 
Zacynthos,  Arta,  Trlcala,  Larissa,  Eurytania,  Magnesia, 
Kardltsa,  Triphylia,  Lacediemon,  and  Leucas.  The  gov- 
ernment is  a  hereditary  constitutional  monarchy,  with  a 
chamber  of  deputies  (207  members;.  The  prevailing  re- 
ligion is  that  of  the  Greek*  Church.  The  inhabitants  are 
chiefly  Greeks  (with  some  Albanians  and  Wallachians). 
In  the  later  middle  ages  Greece  was  subject  to  the  Vene- 
tians and  other  foreign  rulers ;  it  was  conquered  by  Ven- 
ice 1685-87,  and  reconquered  by  the  Turks  in  1716.  More 
recent  events  are  the  revolution  of  1821-29 ;  the  establish- 
ment of  a  kingdom  in  1832 ;  the  revolution  of  1843 ;  the 
grant  of  a  constitution  in  1844 ;  the  revolution  and  the 
deposition  of  Otto  in  1862 ;  the  election  of  George  I.  in 
1  1  1863 ;  the  cession  of  Arta,  Trlcala,  and  Larissa  by  Turkey 
in  1881 ;  and  the  war  with  Turkey  in  1897.  Area,  26,014 
square  miles.    Population  (1896j,  2,433,806. 

Greek  Empire.  See  Eastern  Empfre. 
Greek  Independence,  "War  of.  The  Greek  re- 
volts against  the  Turks,  which  broke  out  in  the 
Morea,  and  in  Wallaohia  and  Moldavia,  in  1821. 
The  war  was  noteworthy  for  the  Greek  exploits  by  sea, 
the  aid  rendered  by  Lord  Byron  and  other  Philhellenists, 
the  Turkish  atrocities  in  Chios,  and  the  interierence  of  the 
powers  and  their  victory  over  the  Turkish  fleet  at  Nava- 
rino  in  1827,  and  the  final  Russo-Turkish  war  of  1828-29, 
which  secured  the  independence  of  Greece. 
Greeley  (gre'li).  The  capital  of  Weld  County, 
northern  Colorado,  on  a  tributary  of  the  South 
Platte.  Population  (1900),  3,023. 
Greeley,  Horace.  Bom  at  Amherst,  N.  H., 
Feb.  3,  1811:  died  at  Pleasantville,  Westches- 
ter County,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  29, 1872.  A  celebrated 
American  journalist,  author,  and  politician.  He 
founded  the  New  York  "  Tribune  "  in  1841 ;  was  a  member 
of  Congress  from  New  York  1848-49 ;  was  a  noted  anti- 
slavery  leader ;  and  was  the  unsuccessful  candidate  of  the 
liberal-Republican  and  Democratic  parties  for  the  presi- 
dency in  1872.  His  chief  work  is  "  The  American  Con- 
flict" (1864-66). 


457 

Greely  (gre'li),  Adolphus  Washington.  Born 
at  Newtouryport,  Mass.,  March  27,  1844.  An 
American  Arctic  explorer.  He  served  as  a  volun- 
teer in  the  TTnion  Army  during  the  Civil  War,  at  the  close 
of  which  he  was  appointed  a  lieutenant  in  the  regular 
army  and  attached  to  the  signal  service.  In  1881  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  expedition  sent  out  by 
the  government  to  establish  an  Arctic  observing  station, 
in  accordance  with  the  plan  of  the  Hamburg  International 
Geographical  Congress  of  1879,  providing  for  the  erection 
of  a  chain  of  13  stations  about  the  north  pole  by  interna- 
tional concert.  He  sailed  from  St.  John's,  Newfoundland, 
with  24  men,  in  the  Proteus  July  7,  1881,  and  Aug.  12, 
1881.  reached  Discovery  Harbor,  lat.  81°  44'  N.,  long.  64° 
45'  W.,  where  he  established  his  station.  A  detachment 
of  his  expedition  under  Lockwood  and  Brainard  went 
to  lat.  88°  24 J'  N.,  long.  40°  46 J'  W.,  May  15, 1882,  a  higher 
latitude  than  any  before  attained.  Compelled  by  the  fail- 
ure of  relief  expeditions  to  reach  him,  he  began  to  retreat 
southward  Aug.  9,  1883,  and  was  rescued  at  Cape  Sabine 
by  a  relief  expedition  under  Captain  Winfleld  Schley, 
June  22, 1884,  after  having  lost  18  of  his  men.  He  was  ap- 
pointed chief  of  the  signal-service  corps  with  the  rank 
of  brigadier-general  in  1887,  and  was  head  of  the  Weather 
Bureau  from  that  time  until  it  passed  under  the  control  of 
the  agricultural  department.  He  has  published  "Three 
Years  of  Arctic  Service  "  (18861. 

Green  (gren),  Anna  Katharine.  The  maiden 
name  and  pseudonym  of  Mrs.  Kohlfs,  an  Ameri- 
can novelist,  born  in  1846. 

Green,  Ashbel.  Born  at  Hanover,  N.  J.,  July 
6, 1762:  died  at  Philadelphia,  May  19, 1848.  An 
American  Presbyterian  clergyman,  president 
of  Princeton  College  1812-22.  ' 

Green,  Sir  Henry.  In  Shakspere's  "King 
Richard  II.,"  a  creature  of  the  king. 

Green,  Horace.  Bom  at  Chittenden,  Vt.,  Dec. 
24, 1802 :  died  at  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  29, 1866. 
An  Americaa  physician,  author  of  works  on  dis- 
eases of  the  throat  and  air-passages. 

Green,  Jacob.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  July  26, 
1790:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  1, 1841.  An 
American  man  of  science,  son  of  Ashbel  Green. 
He  published  "Chemical  Philosophy"  (1829),  etc. 

Green,  John  Richard.  Bom  at  Oxford,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  12  (?),  1837:  died  at  Meutone,  March 
7,  1883.  A  noted  English  historian.  He  was 
graduated  from  Oxford  in  1869 ;  became  a  curate  in  London 
in  1860 ;  and  in  1866  was  appointed  incumbent  of  St.  Phil- 
ip's, Stepney.  He  became  librarian  at  Lambeth  in  1869. 
He  published  a  "  Short  History  of  the  English  People  " 
(1874),  "A  History  of  the  English  People  "  (1877-80);  "The 
Making  of  England  "  (1882),  and  "The  Conquest  of  Eng- 
land "(1883). 

Green,  Norvin.  Bom  at  New  Albany,  Ind., 
April  17, 1818 :  died  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  Feb.  12, 
1893.  An  American  financier.  He  graduated  at  the 
medical  school  in  the  University  of  Louisville  1840,  and 
subsequently  served  three  terms  in  the  Kentucky  legislar 
ture.  He  became  president  of  the  Southwestern  Telegraph 
Company  about  1854,  and  was  afterward  vice-president  of 
the  American  Telegraph  Company  and  of  the  Western 
Union  Telegraph  Company  (1878).  He  was  president  of  the 
Louisville,  Cincinnati,  and  Lexington  Railroad  1869-73. 
Green,  Seth.  Born  at  Irondequoit,  N.Y.,  March 
19, 1817 :  died  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  20, 1888. 
An  American  pisciculturist.  He  devised  improvea 
methods  of  breeding  fish,  and  in  1867-68  stocked  the  Con- 
necticut and  other  rivers  with  shad  and  other  species, 
and  in  1871  introduced  shad  in  the  rivers  of  Cal^ornia. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  New  York  Fish  Commission 
in  1868,  and  in  1870  superintendent,  a  position  which  he 
retained  uutU  his  death.  He  wrote  "Trout  Culture" 
(1870),  and  "  Fish-Hatching  and  Fish-Catching"  (1879). 
Green,  Verdant.  See  Verdant  Green. 
Green,  Widow.  In  Sheridan  Knowles's  "  Love 
Chase,"  "the  pleasant  widow  whose  fortieth 
year,  instead  of  autumn,  brings  a  second  sum- 
mer in." 

Green,  William  Henry.  Bom  at  Groveville, 
near  Trenton,  N.  J.,  Jan.  27,  1825:  died  at 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  Feb.  10,  1900.  An  American 
Presbyterian  clergyman  and  theologian.  Hegrad- 
uated  at  Lafayette  College  in  1840,  and  at  Mnceton  Theo- 
logical Seminary  in  1846 ;  became  professor  of  biblical  and 
Oriental  literature  at  Princeton  in  1851 ;  and  was  chairman 
of  the  American  Old  Testament  Revision  Company  of  the 
English  and  American  Bible  Revision  Committees.  His 
works  include  "A  Grammar  of  the  Hebrew  Language  " 
(1861), "An  Elementary  Hebrew  Grammar"  (1866),  "Moses 
and  the  Prophets"  (1883),  "The  Jewish  Feasts,"  etc. 
Greenbackers  (gren'bak-erz).  The  Greenback 
party  (which  see),  or  those  who  adopt  its  prin- 
ciples. 

Greenback  Party;  In  American  politics,  a  po- 
litical party,  formed  in  1874,  which  urged  the 
suppression  of  banks  of  issue,  and  the  payment, 
in  whole  or  in  part,  of  the  United  States  debt  in 

freenbacks.  it  nominated  as  candidates  for  the  presi- 
ency  Peter  Cooper  in  1876,  General  James  B.  Weaver  in 
1880,  and  General  Benjamin  P.  Butler  in  1884.  Since  that 
time  it  has  disappeared  as  a  distinctive  party,  though  the 
Populist  Party  may  be  called  in  some  sense  its  successor. 

Green  Bay.  An  arm  of  Lake  Michigan,  on  its 
western  side.  Length,  about  120  miles.  Great- 
est width,  about  30  miles. 

Green  Bay.  A  city,  lake  port,  and  the  capital 
of  Brown  County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  Fox 
Kiver,  near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  44°  32'  N.,  long. 


Greenland 

88°  9'  W.     It  is  noted  for  its  lumber  trade. 
Population  (1900),  18,684. 

Greenbush  (gren 'bush).  A  town  in  Rensselaer 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson  op- 
posite Albany.     Population  (1890),  7,301. 

Greencastle  (greu'kas-1).  The  capital  of  Put- 
nam Coimty,  Indiana,  40  miles  west  by  south 
of  Indianapolis.  It  is  the  seat  of  De  Pauw 
University  (Methodist  Episcopal).  Population 
(1890),  4,390.  *^ 

Greene  (gren),  Charles  Gordon.  ■  Bom  at  Bos- 
cawen,  N.  H.,  July  1, 1804 :  died  at  Boston,  Sept. 
27, 1886.  An  American  joumalist.  He  founded 
in  1831,  the  Boston  "Morning  Post,"  which  became  a  prom- 
ment  organ  of  the  Democratic  party,  and  the  management 
of  which  he  retained  until  1876. 

Greene,  George-a-.     See  George-a-Greene. 

Greene,  George  Washington.  Bom  at  East 
Greenwich,  R.  I.,  April  8, 1811 :  died  there,  Feb. 
2, 1883.  An  American  historical  and  biographi- 
cal writer,  grandson  of  Nathanael  (Jreene.  Among 
his  works  are  "Historical  View  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion "  (1865),  "  life  of  Nathanael  Greene  "  (1867-68),  etc. 

Greene,  Maurice.  Bom  at  London  about  16968 
died  at  London,  Dec.  1, 1755.  An  English  organ- 
ist and  composer,  principally  of  church  music. 
His  chief  workis '  'Forty  Select  Anthems  "(1743). 

Greene,  Nathanael.  Born  in  Warwick,  R.  I., 
May  27, 1742 :  died  near  Savannah,  Ga.,  June  19, 
1786.  AnAmericangeneral.  He  distinguished  him- 
self at  Trenton,  Princeton, Brandy  wine,Gerniantown,Mon- 
mouth,  and  elsewhere ;  succeeded  Gates  in  command  of 
the  southern  armyin  1780 ;  conducted  the  retreat  from  the 
Catawba  to  the  Dan  in  1781 ;  and  commanded  at  Guilford 
Court  House,  Hobkirk's  Hill,  and  Eutaw  Springs  in  1781. 

Greene,  Nathaniel.  Bom  at  Boscawen,  N.  H. , 
May  20, 1797 :  died  at  Boston,  Nov.  29, 1877.  An 
American  journalist,  brother  of  Charles  Gordon 
Greene.  He  founded,  in  1821,  the  Boston  "  Statesman," 
which  became  a  prominent  organ  of  the  Democratic  party 
in  Massachusetts,  and  was  postmaster  of  Boston  1829-40 
and  1845-49,  He  translated  a  number  of  French,  German, 
and  Italian  works. 

Greene,  Bobert.  Born  at  Norwich,  England, 
1560  :  died  at  London,  Sept.  3,  1592.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatist,  novelist,  and  poet.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  master's 
degree  in  1583.  He  was  subsequently  incorporated  at  Ox- 
ford. After  leaving  the  university  he  seems  to  have  led  a 
dissolute  life  abroad  for  some  time.  In  1692,  after  10  years 
of  reckless  living  and  hasty  literary  production,  he  died 
after  "a  debauch  of  pickled  herrings  and  Rhenish,"  de- 
serted by  all  his  friends.  Gabriel  Harvey  attacked  him 
shortly  crfter  his  death  in  "  Four  Letters  and  Certain  Son- 
nets, etc."  Meres, Chettle,  Nashe,  and  others  defended  him, 
and  Nashe,  who  had  also  been  attacked,  published  his 
"Strange  News,"  directed  more  against  Harvey  than  in 
defense  of  Greene.  The  quarrel  was  prolonged.  Greene's 
fame  rests  mostly  on  the  songs  and  eclogues  which  are  in- 
terspersed through  his  prose  works.  His  principal  works 
are  tracts  and  pamphlets,  "Mamillia,  etc."  (entered  on 
"  Stationers'  Register  "  1680X  "  Gwydonius,  the  Carde  of 
Fancie  "  (1684), ' '  Arbasto,  the  Anatomie  of  Fortune  "  (1684), 
"Planetomachia"  (1686),  "Buphues,  his  Censure  to  Phl- 
lautus,  etc."  (1687),  "Perimedes  the  Blacke-Smith  "  (1588), 
"Pandosto :  the  Triumph  of  Time,  the  hysteric  of  Doras- 
tus  and  Fawnia"(1588),  "  Alcida "  (licensed  1688),  "Mena- 
phon,  etc."  (1689 :  this  appeared_as  "  Greene's  Arcadia"  in 
1599),"Greene'8MourningGannent, etc."(1690),  "Greene's 
Never  too  Late  "  (1590), "  Greene's  Farewell  to  Folly  "  (1691), 
"A  Notable  Discoweiyof  Coosnage  "  (in  3  parts  :  2  in  1591, 
the  third  in  1592),"Greene'sGroat8worthof  Wit,  etc."(pub- 
lished  at  his  dying  request:  licensed  1592).  His  plays  are 
"  Orlando  Furioso, " '  *  A  Looking  Glass  for  London  and  Eng- 
land "  (with  Lodge),  "The  Honourable  History  of  Friar  Ba- 
con and  Friar  Bungay,"  "James  the  Fourth,"  "Alphonsus, 
King  of  Aragon,"  and  "George-a-Greene,  the  Pinner  of 
Wakefield. "    Dyce  collected  and  edited  his  works  1831-68. 

Greenfield  (gren'feld).  The  capital  of  Frank- 
lin County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Con- 
necticut River  34  miles  north  of  Springfield. 
Population  (1900),  7,927. 

Greenhat  (gren'hat).  Sir  Humphrey.  The  pseu- 
donym of  Sir  Ambrose  Crowley  in  "  The  Tat- 
ler,"  No.  73. 

Green  Isle,  The,  or  The  Emerald  Isle.  Ire- 
land :  so  named  from  its  verdure. 

Greenland  (gren'land),  Dan.  Gronland  (gr6n'- 
land).  [TDiscoverea  by  Norsemen  about  900.  So 
named,  it  is  said,  in  986  by  Eric  the  Red  with  the 
intent  of  attracting  immigrants  from  Iceland 
by  this  alluring  name.]  An  island  in  the  north 
polar  regions,  belonging  in  part  to  Denmark, 
northeast  of  North  America,  it  extendsifrom  Capfe 
Farewell,  in  about  lat.  60°  N.,  northerly  to  beyond  82° 
N.  In  the  interior  is  a  plateau  covered  with  an  ice-cap, 
with  the  highest  point  about  12,000  feet.  The  coast  is  in- 
dented with  fiords.  There  are  some  settlements  in  Danish 
East  Greenland  and  Danish  West  Greenland.  Trade  is  a 
Danish  monopoly.  Recent  explorers  have  been  Eane,  Hall, 
Nares,  and  Greely(in  the  extreme  north),  Nansen  (who  trav- 
ersed Greenland  in  1888),  and  Peary  (who  explored  the 
northern  ice-cap  in  1891-92,  and  visited  the  same  region 
in  1893-95  and  1900).  It  was  visited  by  Eric  the  Red  and 
colonized  by  him  in  986.  It  was  rediscovered  by  Davis  in 
1585,  and  recolonized  by  the  Danes  in  1721.  Estimated 
area,  612,000  squai'e  miles.  Population  (mostly  Eskimos) 
(1890),  10,516  (309  of  them  Europeans)  in  the  Danish  terri- 
tory, with  probably  a  few  hundreds  more  elsewhere. 


Greenleaf 

Greenleaf  (gren'lef ),  Benjamin.  Born  at  Hav- 
erhiU,  Mass.,  Sept.  25, 1786 :  died  at  Bradford, 
Mass .,  Oct.  29, 1864.  An  American  mathemati- 
cian, author  of  a  series  of  mathematical  text- 
books. 

Greenleaf,  Simon.  Born  at  Newburyport,Mass., 
Dec.  5, 1783:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Oct.  6, 
1853.  An  American  jurist,  reporter  of  the  Maine 
Supreme  Court  1820-32,  and  professor  of  law  at 
Harvard  1833-48  (when  he  became  professor 
emeritus),  succeeding  Story  in  the  Dane  pro- 
fessorship in  1846.  His  chief  work  is  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  the  Law  of  Evidence"  (1842-53). 

Green  Mantle.    See  Bedgamtlet. 

Green  Mountain.  The  culminating  summit  of 
Mount  Desert,  Maine,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
island.    Height,  1.527  feet. 

Green  Mountain  Boys.  The  soldiers  from  Ver- 
mont in  the  American  Revolution,  first  organ- 
ized under  this  name  by  Ethan  Allen  in.  1775. 

Green  Mountains.  That  part  of  the  Appala- 
chian system  situated  in  Vermont,  continued 
in  Massachusetts  by  the  Hoosao  and  Taconic 
Mountains.  The  highest  peak  was  long  considered  to 
be  Mount  Mansfield  (4,070  feet),  but  Killington  Peak  (4,240 
feet)  now  claims  the  honor. 

Green  Mountain  State.  A  popular  name  of 
Vermont,  which  is  traversed  by  the  Green 
Mountains. 

Greenock  (gren'ok) .  A  seaport  and  parliamen- 
tary borough  in  Renfrewshire,  Scotland,  sit- 
uated on  the  Clyde  19  miles  west-northwest  of 
Glasgow.  It  is  noted  for  the  building  of  iron  ships  and 
for  its  foreign  commerce,  and  manufactures  sugar  and 
machinery.    Population  (1901),  67^645. 

Greenough  (gren'o),  George  Bellas.    Bom 

1778:  ,died  at  Naples,  April  2,  1855.  An  Eng- 
lish geographer  and  geologist.  He  founded  the 
Geological  Society  of  London,  becoming  its  itret  president 
in  1811,  and  retaining  that  oflBce  for  6  years  (he  was  sub- 
sequently twice  reelected).  He  was  also  several  times  pres- 
ident of  the  Boyal  Geographical  Society.  He  constructed 
various  geological  maps,  the  most  extensive  being  one  of 
British  India. 
Crreenough,  Horatio.  Bom  at  Boston,  Sept.  6, 
1805 :  died  at  SomervUle,  near  Boston,  Deo.  18, 
1852.  An  American  sculptor.  Among  his  works 
are  a  statue  of  Washington  (near  the  Capitol,  Washington), 
"The  Rescue"  (Capitol,  Washington),  "Venus  Victrix 
(Boston  Atheneeum),  etc. 

Greenough,  Kichard  S.  Born  at  Jamaica  Plain, 
Boston,  April  27, 1819.  An  American  sculptor, 
brother  of  Horatio  Greenough. 

Green  Biver.  A  river  in  Kentucky,  joining 
the  Ohio  7  miles  southeast  of  Evansville,  Indi- 
ana. Length,  about  350  miles ;  navigable  about 
150  miles. 

Green  River.  A  river  in  Wyoming,  northwest- 
ern Colorado,  and  Utah,  uniting  with  the  Grand 
River  to  form  the  Colorado  about  lat.  38°  15' 
N.,  long.  109°  54'  W.    Length,  about  750  miles. 

Gxeensleeves  (gren'slevz).  A  ballad  sung  to  a 
tune  of  th  e  same  name.  It  has  been  a  favorite  since 
the  latter  part  of  the  16th  century.  The  tune  is  one  to 
which  "  Christmas  comes  but  once  a  year"  and  many  other 
songs  of  the  same  rhythm  are  sung,  and  is  probably  much 
older  than  the  ballad.  The  ballad  has  several  names :  "  A 
New  Courtly  Sonet  of  the  Lady  Greensleeves  to  the  new 
tune  of  Greensleeves,"  printed  in  U}8i;  "A.  New  Northern 
Dittye  of  the  Lady  Green  Sleeves,"  licensed  in  1680.  Child 
reproduces  the  former  in  his  "English  and  Scottish  Bal- 
lads" as  "Greensleeves." 

Green's  Tu  Quooiue,  or  The  Citie  Gallant.   A 

play  by  John  Cooke,  published  in  1614.  See 
Bubble. 
Green  Vault,  The.  [G.  Das  griine  Gewdlbe.']  A 
series  of  8  rooms  in  the  royal  palace  at  Dresden, 
containing  an  unrivaled  collection  of  precious 
stones,  works  of  art,  etc.  It  is  called  the  green 
vault  from  the  color  of  its  original  decorations. 
Greenville  (gren'vil).  A  city  and  the  capital 
of  Greenville  County,  South  Carolina,  situated 
on  the  Reedy  River  in  lat.  34°  50'  N.,  long.  82° 
25'  W.  It  is  the  seat  of  several  Baptist  educa- 
tional institutions.  Population  (1900),  11,860. 
Greenwell  (gren'wel),  Dora.  Bom  at  Green- 
well  Ford,  Durham,  Dec.  6,  1821 :  died  March 
29,1882.  An  English  poet  and  prose-writer.  Her 
poetical  works,  which  are  chiefly  of  a  religious  character, 
include  volumes  of  poems  (1848, 1850),  "Carmina  Crucis" 
(1869),  "Songs  of  Salvation  "  (1873),  etc.  Among  her  prose 
works  is  "  The  Patience  of  Hope"  (1860). 

Greenwich  (griu'ij).  A  municipal  and  parlia- 
mentary borough  of  London  situated  on  the 
Thames  5  miles  southeast  of  St.  Paul's,  it  is 
noted  for  the  Royal  Observatorj'  (built  in  1675)  and  for 
Greenwich  Hospital  (which  see).  The  observatory,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  61°  28'  38"  N.,  is  the  point  of  departure,  through 
which  the  zero  meridian  passes,  from  which  longitudes 
are  measured  in  English-speaking  countries.  Population 
(1891),  165,417. 

Greenwich.  A  town  in  Fairfield  County,  Con- 
nectioutj  situated  on  Long  Island  Sound  30 


458 

miles  northeast  of  New  York.  Population 
(1900),  12,172. 

Greenwich.  A  former  village  in  the  western  part 
of  Manhattan  Island,  now  a  part  of  New  York 
city. 

Greenwich  (grin'ij)  Hospital.  A  hospital 
for  seamen,  situated  at  Greenwich,  England,  it 
occupies  the  site  of  a  royal  palace  which  was  removed 
during  the  Commonwealth.  It  was  rebuilt  in  the  reigns 
of  Charles  IL  and  William  III.,  and  in  1694  was  converted 
into  a  sailors'  hospital.  From  1866  a  considerable  propor- 
tion of  the  pensioners  have  been  non-resident,  and  part  of 
the  building  has  since  1873  been  occupied  as  a  Royal  Naval 

,  College. 

Greenwood  (gren'wiid),  Grace.  The  pseudo- 
nym of  Mrs.  Sara  Jane  (Clarke)  Lippineott. 

Greenwood  Cemetery.  A  cemetery  in  southern 
Brooklyn,  overlooking  Gowanus  Bay  in  New 
York  harbor.  Itwas  opened  for  interments  in  1840.  It 
is  400  acres  in  extent^  and  is  well  laid  out  and  ornamented 
with  forest  trees. 

Greenwood  Lake.  Alake  on  the  border  of  New 
Jersey  and  New  York.    Length,  10  miles. 

Greg  (greg),  William  Bathbone.  Bom  at  Man- 
chester, England,  1809:  died  at  Wimbledon, 
Nov.  15,  1881.  An  English  essayist.  His  works 
include  "  Political  Problems  for  our  Age  and  Countiy  " 
(1870),  "Enigmas  of  Life"  (1872),  "Rocks  Ahead,  or  the 
Warnings  of  Cassandra "  (1874),  "Mistaken  Aims  and  At- 


Gregory  Xn. 

said  that  when  a  monk  he  saw  some  heathen  Anglo-Saxou 
youths  exposed  for  sale  in  the  slave-market  at  Rome,  and 
that  on  ascertaining  their  nationality  he  exclaimed,  "They 
would  be  indeed  not  Angli^  but  angeli  (angels),  if  they 
were  Christians !"  He  would  have  gone  himself  as  a  mis- 
sionary to  Britain,  but  was  restrained  by  the  Pope.  In  697 
he  sent  Augustine,  accompanied  by  40  monks,  to  Ethel- 
bert,  king  of  Kent,  who  was  baptized  with  10,000  of  his 
subjects  in  the  space  of  a  year.  His  memory  is  stained 
by  an  adulatory  letter  of  congratulation  to  the  usui'per 
and  murderer  Phocas  on  his  accession  to  the  imperial 
throne,  written  with  a  view  to  gaining  his  support  in  a 
dispute  with  the  patriarch  of  Constantinople.  He  was  the 
author  of  numerous  homilies  on  Ezekiel  and  the  Gospels, 
"Moralia,"  "Regula  (or  Cura)  Pastoralis,"  "Dialogues, 
"Letters,"  "Liber  Sacramentorum,"  "Liber  Antiphona- 
rius,"  etc.  The  best  edition  of  his  works  is  the  "  Bene- 
dictine "  (1706). 

Next  to  Leo  I.  he  [Gregory  I.]  was  the  greatest  of  the 
ancient  bishops  of  Rome,  and  he  marks  the  transition  of 
the  patriarchal  system  into  the  strict  papacy  of  the  middle 
ages.       Schaff,  History  of  the  Christian  Church,  III.  328. 

Gregory  II.,  Saint,  Pope.  Died  Feb.  10,  731. 
Pope  715-731.  He  sent  Boniface  as  missionary  to  the 
Germans  719,  and  opposed  the  iconoclasm  of  Leo  the  Isau- 
rian.  He  is  commemorated  by  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
on  Feb.  13. 

Gregory  III.,  Saint.  Died  Nov.,  741.  Pope 
731-741.  He  convoked  at  Rome,  in  732,  a  council  which 
denounced  iconoclasm  and  confirmed  the  worship  of  im- 
ages.   He  is  commemorated  on  Nov.  28. 


tainableldealsof  the  Working  Classes  "(1876),  and  various  Gregory  IV.   Died  Jan.,  844.   Pope  827-844.   He 


collections  of  essays, 

Gregg  (greg),  David  McMurtrie.  Bom  at 
Huntingdon,  Pa.,  April  10,  1833.  An  American 
soldier.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1855;  served 
as  colonel  in  the  Federal  army  in  the  Peninsular  campaign 
in  1862 ;  was  promoted  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in 
the  same  year ;  commanded  a  division  of  cavalry  at  the 
battle  of  Gettysburg  in  1863 ;  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  2d  cavalry  division  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
in  1864;  and  resigned  Feb.  3, 1866.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  battles  of  the  Wilderness,  Spottsylvania, 
Hawes's  Shop,  and  Trevilian  Station. 

Gregg,  John  Irvin.  Born  July  19,  1826:  Grregory  VI.  (Johannes  Gratianus) 
died  Jan.  6,  1892.  An  American  soldier.  He"" 
volunteered  as  a  private  in  Dec,  1846,  and  after  having 
sei-ved  throughout  the  war  with  Mexico  was  discharged 
with  the  rank  of  captain  Aug.  14, 1848.  At  the  outbreak 
of  the  Civil  War  he  became  a  capl^in  in  the  Federal  army ; 
was  made  colonel  of  the  16th  Pennsylvania  Cavalry  Nov. 
14, 1862 ;  and  commanded  a  cavalry  brigade  in  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac  from  April,  1863,-April,  1866.  He  fought 
with  distinction  at  Kelly's  Ford,  Sulphur  Springs,  Trevil- 
ian Station,  and  Deep  Bottom.  He  was  mustered  out  of 
the  volunteer  service  Aug.  11, 1865 ;  became  colonel  of  the 
8th  United  States  Cavalry  .Tuly  28, 1866 ;  and  was  retired 
AprU  2, 1879. 

Gregg,  Maxcy.  Bom  at  Columbia,  S.  C,  1814: 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg,  Dec.  13, 
1862.  An  American  politician,  and  brigadier- 
general  in  the  Confederate  service. 

Qr^goire  (gra-gwar'),  Henri.    Born  at  V4ho, 

near  Lun6ville,  France,  Dec.  4,  1750:  died  at     clergy  wfth the  secular estatesaidrighteoftheirlpiiitirai 
Pans,  May  28,  1831.     A  noted  French  eoclesi-     benefices  by  the  temporal  power)  in  1075,  and  '    "   " 


astic  (bishop  of  Blois)  and  revolutionist.  He 
became  a  member  of  the  Constituent  Assemb^in  1789,  of 
the  Convention  in  1792,  of  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in 
1796,  and  of  the  Senate  in  1801.  He  wrote  "  Histoire  des 
sectes  religieuses  "  (1810),  "  Essai  historlque  sur  les  liber- 
t6s  de  I'Sglise  gallicane ''  (1818),  etc. 

Gregoras  (greg'o-ras),  Nicephorus.    Bom  at 

Heraclea  Pontica,  Asia  Minor,  probably  1295 : 

died  about  1359.    A  Byzantine  scholar.    He  was 
■  the  author  of  a  Byzantine  bistory  in  38  books  covering  the 

period  1204-1359,  and  of  other  extensive  works  on  history, 

theology,  philosophy,  aatronomy,  etc.  -  , ,     -„-,-.„   .    ---, = — o— j 

GrPfforoviut!  fereff-o-ro' ve   os)    ■PpriUnanil     J^^*™^'!  by  Robert  Gniscard  (1084),  but  died  in  exUe. 

Boln'atXid&g,  Prursia?kn.'f9T2?;  Gregory VHI. (Maurice  Bourdin).  Diedli25 

died  at  Munich,  May  1, 1891.    A  noted  German    ^'^i!;E.°A®;..f  .".'L^  ?,f?*?_°£?_'^l^'i?i  "■  'il"i8.  '•»?  party 

historian.    His  works  include  "Geschichte  derStadt 

Rom  im  Mifctelalter"  ("History  of  the  City  of  Rome  in 

the  Middle  Ages,"  1859-72),  "Wanderjahre  in  Italien" 

(1867-77),  "  Lucrezia  Borgia"  (1874),  "Geschichte  der  Stadt 

Athen  im  Mittelalter  "  (2d  ed.  1889),  etc. 

Gregory  (greg'o-ri),  Saint,  surnamed  "  The  Il- 
luminator" (in  Armenia  called  Gregor  Lusa- 


attempted  to  adjust  the  quarrel  between  the  three  rebel- 
lious sons  of  Louis  le  D^bonnaire  and  their  father,  with 
the  result  that  he  offended  both  parties,  and  also  the 
French  bishops. 

Gregory  V.  (Bruno  of  Carinthia).    Died  Feb. 

18,  999.  Pope  996-999.  He  was  elected  through  the 
influence  of  his  uncle,  the  emperor  Otto  III.,  and  was  the 
first  German  pope.  He  was  expelled  in  997  by  the  Roman 
senator  Crescentius,  who  procured  the  elevation  of  the 
antipope  John  XVI.  He  was  restored  the  next  year  on 
the  appearance  of  Otto  in  Italy  with  an  army,  and  the 
execution  of  Crescentius  and  John. 

Died  at 
Cologne  about  1048.  Pope  1045-46.  He  had  as 
rival  claimants  to  the  papal  dignity  Benedict  IX.  and  Syl- 
vester ni.  AU  three  were  deposed  in  1046  by  the  emperor 
Henry  III.,  who  placed  Clement  II.  in  the  apostolic  chair. 

Gregory  VII.,  Saint  (Hildebrand).    Bom  at 

Saona(or  Soano),  Tuscany,  about  1020:  died  at 
Salerno,  Italy,  May  25,  1085.  Pope  1073-85. 
He  was  of  obscure  origin,  assumed  the  Benedictine  habit 
at  Rome,  and  became  chaplain  of  Gregory  VI.,  whom  he 
accompanied  in  his  exile.  He  entered  the  monastery  of 
Cluny  in  1048,  and  in  1049  was  invited  to  Rome  by  Pope 
Leo  IX.  He  was  created  cardinal  archdeacon  about  1050, 
from  which  time  he  almost  uninterruptedly  conducted  the 
temporal  policy  of  the  curia  until  his  own  elevation.  He 
procured  the  election  of  Nicholas  II.  and  of  Alexander  II., 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1073.  The  grand  object  of  his  pol- 
icy was  to  establish  the  supremacy  of  the  papacy  within 
the  church,  and  of  the  church  over  the  state.  He  issued  a 
decree  against  lay  investitures  (i._e.,  the  investiture  of  the 

"heir  spiritual 

,_i  in  1076  cited 

Henry  TV.  of  Germany  to  Rome  to  answer  to  the  charge  of 
simony,  sacrilege,  and  oppression.  Henry,  enraged  at  this 
assumption  of  authority,  declared  the  deposition  of  Greg- 
ory, who.retorted  by  excommunicating  Henry.  Henry  wa» 
suspended  from  the  royal  office  by  the  disaffected  German 
princes  in  alliance.with  the  Pope  at  the  Diet  of  Tribur  in 
Oct. ,  1076,  but  did  penance  before  the  Pope  at  Canossa  Jan. 
25-27, 1077,  and  received  a  conditional  absolution.  The  ex- 
communication was,  however,  renewed  in  1078,  and  war 
ensued.  Henry  defeated  (1080)  Rudolf  of  Swabia,  put  for- 
ward as  king  by  the  papal  party  in  Germany,  appointed 
Clement  III.  antipope  (1080),  captured  Rome  (1084),  and 
besieged  Gregory  in  the  castls  of  St.  Angelo.  Gregory  was 


at  Rome  adverse  to  the  emperor  Henry  V.  elected  Gela- 
sius  II.,  while  the  emperor  elevated  Gregory  VIII.  Gela- 
sms  died  in  1119,  and  his  party  elected  Calixtus  II.  The 
emperor  subsequently  made  his  peace  with  Calixtus  and 
abandoned  Gregory,  who  was  imprisoned  by  Calixtus  in 
1121  and  kept  in  confinement  until  his  death. 

Gregory  Vm. 
Dec,  1187. 


Died  Dec.  17, 1187.    Pope  Oct.- 


Bom 
Pope 

at  Valarshabad,  Armenia,  about  257:  died  332.     aTGhibellS^s'a^dX^TpXf^^etoick  if  ^^^^^^^ 
The  founder  and  patron  saint  of  the  Armenian     hand,  and  the  Guelphs  and  the  Pope  on  the  other. 
Church.    He  was  consecrated  patriarch  of  Ar-  Gregory  X.  (Teobaldo  di  Visconti).    Bom  at 
menia  about  302.  Piacenza,  Italy:  died  at  Arezzo,  Italy,  Jan.  10, 

(Jregory  I.,  Saint,  sumamed"  The  Great."  Bom    1276.    Pope  1271-76.  . 

at  Rome  about  540:  died  there,  March  12,  604.  Gregory  XI.  (Pierre  Boger  de  Beaufort).  Born 
Pope  590-^604.  He  was  descended  froni  an  Ulustrious  in  Limousin,  France:  died  at  Rome,  March,  1378 
Roman  family,  probably  the  Anicians ;  studied  dialectics,  Pnnp197n7S  TTo +QTrrv,iT,o+„/i +i,  aDiTV  -x, 
rhetoric,  and  law;  entered  the  civil  service;  and  about  7,^t--J,r:  .^.^  terminated  the  "Babylonish 
674  was  appointed  pretor  urbanus  by  the  emperor  Justin,  ^aptivity  at  Avignon  by  removing  to  Rome  in 
Retiring  from  this  office  in  order  to  consecrate  himself  to     1376. 

ecclesiastical  life,  he  employed  the  wealth  left  him  at  Qreeorv  XII    (Atlffpln   rli    nnrro-rn  r^r.  n^ra 
father's  death  to  establish  six  monasteries  in  Sicily  and     w  aV^^;:  0%  ^^"^^f     t,      4- nSS^'^P-  °/  *'°'^^ 
s  at  Rome,  and  in  the  las(>named  foundation  he  him-     VP'\  ,r'i^^  ^^  Venice  about  1325:  died  as  car- 
dinal bishop  of  Porto,  Oct.  18, 1417.    Pope  1406- 
1415.    He  was  elected  by  the  Roman  cardinals  in  1406  in 
opposition  to  Benedict  XIIL,  who  reigned  at  Avignon,  and 


hisf 

one  at  Rome,  and  in  the  last-named  foundation  he  him- 
self became  a  monk.  About  579  he  was  sent  as  papal  apo- 
crisiarius  to  Constantinople  by  Pelagius  II.  He  returned 
to  Rome  in  586,  and  in  590  was  elected pop@.  He  restored 
the  monastic  discipline,  enforced  the  rule  of  celibacy  of 
the  clergy,  arranged  the  Gregorian  modes  or  chant,  and 
displayed  great  zeal  in  propagating  Christianity.    It  is 


together  with  whom  he  was  deposed  by  the  Council  of '  Pisa 
in  1409.  He  refused  to  yield  until  1416,  when  he  resigned 
at  the  Council  ol  Constance. 


Qxegory  xm. 

Gregory  XIII.  (Ugo  Buoncompagni).  Bom  at 

Bologna,  Italy,  Feb.  7, 1502:  died  April  10, 1585. 
Pope  1572-85.    He  introduced  the  Grregorian 
calendar  in  1582. 
CjregoryXIV.CNicolo  Sfondrati).  Pope  1590- 

Gregory  XV.  (Alessandro  Ludovisi).  Born 
at  Bologna,  Italy,  1554 :  died  July,  1623.  Pope 
1621-23.  He  founded  the  Congregation  of  the 
Propaganda  in  1622. 

Gregory  XVI.  (Bartolommeo  Alberto  Oap- 
pellari).  Bom  at  Belluno,  Italy,  Sept.  18, 1765 : 
diedatBome,  June  1,1846.  Pope  1831-46.  Pop- 
ular insuireotiona  took  place  in  the  Papal  States  at  the  be- 
ginning of  his  reign ,  which  were  suppiessed  only  by  means 
of  Austrian  intervention. 

Gregory  of  Nazianzus,  or  Gregory  Nazian- 
zen,  Saint,  surnamed  TneologUS('the  Theolo- 
gian')- Bom  at  Nazianzus,  Cappadooia,  about 
325:  died  about  390.  One  of  the  fathers  of  the 
Eastern  Church.  He  was  the  leader  of  the  orthodox 
party  at  Constantinople  in  379,  and  was  made  bishop  of 
Constantinople  in  380. 

Gregory  of  Nyssa,  Saint.  Bom  probably  at 
CsBsarea,  Cappadoeia.  about  335  (331  ?) :  died 
about  395  (400  ?).  i.  father  of  the  Bastem 
Church.  He  was  a  younger  brother  of  Basil  the  Great, 
by  whom  he  was  made  bishop  of  Nyssa,  Cappadooia,  in 
372.  He  opposed  Arianism,  and  was  banished  in  376  by 
Valens,  on  whose  death  in  378  he  was  restored  to  his  see. 
His  works  have  been  edited  by  Migne  and  others. 

Gregory  of  Tours,  Saint  (Georgius  Ploren- 
tius).  Born  at  Clermont,  Auvergne,  Prance, 
about  540 :  died  at  Tours,  France,  Nov.  17,  594. 
A  Prankish  historian.  He  became  bishop  of  Tours  in 
573.  His  chief  work  is  a  "Historia  Franoorum"  in  10 
books,  the  chief  authority  for  the  history  of  the  Merovin- 
gians to  591. 

Gregory  Thaumaturgus  (th&-ma-ter'gus). 
Saint  (Theodorus).  Bom  at  Neocsesarea,  Pou- 
tus,  about  210 :  died  about  270.  One  of  the  fathers 
of  the  Eastern  Church.  He  was  for  many  years  bishop 
of  his  native  city,  and  received  the  surname  Thaumaturgus 
{*  wonder-worker ')  on  account  of  the  numerous  miracles 
he  was  reputed  to  have  performed.  His  extant  works  con- 
sist of  one  epistle,  a  panegyi'ical  oration  on  Origen,  and  a 
paraphrase  of  the  book  of  Ecclesiastes. 

Gregory.  1.  In  Shakspere's  "Romeo  and  Ju- 
liet," a  servant  to  Capulet. —  2.  In  Fielding's 
"  Mock  Doctor,"  the  name  given  to  the  charac- 
ter called  Sganarelle  in  MoliSre's  "  Le  m^decin 
malgr6  lui,"  from  which  it  is  taken.  He  is  a 
fagot-maker  who  pretends  to  be  a  doctor. 

Gregory,  David.  Boi-n  at  Kinnairdie,  Banff- 
shire, Scotland,  June  24, 1661 :  died  at  Maiden- 
head, Berkshire,  England,  Oct.  10, 1708.  A  Scot- 
tish astronomer.  He  became  professor  of  mathematics 
at  Edinburgh  in  1683,  and  was  "  the  first  professor  who 
publicly  lectured  on  the  Newtonian  philosophy "  (Diet. 
Nat,  Biog.).  In  1691  he  was  appointed  Savilian  professor 
of  astronomy  at  Oxford,  and  became  a  fellow  of  the  Eoyal 
Society  in  1692.  He  wrote  "Astronomise  physicse  et  geo- 
metricsB  elementa  "  (1702),  edited  the  works  of  Euclid  (1703), 
and  left  several  treatises  in  manuscript.  Various  papers 
by  him  were  published  in  the  "Transactions  "  of  the  Koyal 
Society. 

Gregory,  Duncan  Farctuharson.  Bom  at  Edin- 
burgh, April  13, 181 3:  diedthere,Feb.  23, 1844.  A 
Scottish  mathematician.  He  was  graduated  at  Trin- 
ity College,  Cambridge,  in  1838 ;  became  a  fellow  of  Trinity 
in  1840  and  assistant  tutor  in  1842 ;  and  was  the  first  editor 
of  the  "Cambridge  Mathematical  Journal." 

Gregory,  James.  Born  at  Drumoak,  near  Aber- 
deen, 1638 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Oct.,  1675.  A 
Scottish  mathematician,  elected  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Edinburgh  in  1674.  Hewrote"Vera 
circuli  et  hyperbolae  quadratura  "  (1667),  "  Exeroitationes 
geometricsB  "  (1668),  etc. 

Gregory,  John.  Born  at  Aberdeen,  June  3, 
1724;  died  at  Edinburgh,  Feb.  9, 1773.  A  Scot- 
tish physician,  grandson  of  James  Gregory 
(1638-75).  He  was  elected  professor  of  medi- 
cine at  Edinburgh  in  1766. 

Gregory,  Olinthus  Gilbert.  Bom  at  Yaxley, 
Huntingdonshire,  Jan.  29, 1774 :  died  at  "Wool- 
wich Feb.  2, 1841.  An  English  mathematician, 
best  known  from  his  experiments  on  the  velocity 
of  sound.  He  was  one  of  the  projectors  of  Lon- 
don University. 

Gregory,  William.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Dec. 
25, 1803 :  died  April  24, 1858.  A  Scottish  chem- 
ist, appointed  professor  of  chemistry  at  Edin- 
burgh in  1844.  He  edited  and  translated  various  Ger- 
man works  (Liebig,  Ueichenbach),  and  wrote  "  Outlines  of 
Chemistry  "(1845),  etc.  „       „         , 

Gregory  Gazette,  Sir.    See  Gazette. 

Greifenberg  (gri'f  en-bera) .  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pomerania,Prussia,  situated  on  the  Eega 
40miles northeastof  Stettin.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  5,293.  . 

Greifenhagen  (gri'fen-ha-gen).  A  town  m  the 
province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Eeglitz  13  miles  south  of  Stettin.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  6,692. 


459 

Greiffenberg  (grif'f en-bera).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  SUesia,  Prussia,  34  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Liegnitz. 

Greifswald  (grifs'valt).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Eyek  in  lat.  54°  6'  N.,  long.  13°  22'  E.  it  has  a 
university,  and  contains  several  notable  old  buildings. 
Population  (1890),  21,624. 

Greig  (greg),  Sir  Samuel.  Bom  at  Inverkeith- 
tug,  Nov.  30,  1735 :  died  on  board  his  ship  at . 
Sveaborg,  Oct.,  1788.  A  Scottish  sailor,  vice-ad- 
miral in  the  Eussian  service.  He  served  in  the  Brit- 
ish navy  until  1763 ;  was  appointed  lieutenant  in  the  Rus- 
sian navy  in  1764,  and  soon  became  captain ;  commanded 
a  division  of  the  fleet  which  defeated  the  Turks  in  the  Bay 
of  Tchesme  in  July,  1770 ;  was  appointed  rear-admiral,  and 
in  1773  vice-admiral ;  and  in  1788  commanded  thellussian 
fleet  in  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  fighting  a  drawn  battle  with 
the  Swedes  oft  the  island  of  Hogland  on  July  17. 

Grein  (grin),  Michael.  Bom  at  Willingshau- 
sen,  near  Ziegenhain,  Prussia,  Oct.  16,  1825 : 
died  at  Hannover,  Prussia,  June  15,  1877.  A 
German  Jihilologist.  He  was  employed  as  librarian 
and  archivist  in  Cassel  and  Marburg,  and  was  professor 
in  the  University  of  Marburg  1873-76.  He  edited  "  Bib- 
liothek  der  angelsachsischen  Poesie,"  a  complete  collec- 
tion of  extant  Anglo-Saxon  poetry  with  a  valuable  glossary 
(1857-64),  began  "Bibliothek  der  angelsachsischen  Prosa" 
(1872),  and  published  other  works  on  Germanic  and  Anglo- 
Saxon  literature. 

Greiz  (grits).  The  capital  of  the  principality 
of  Eeuss  (elder  line),  Germany,  situated  on  the 
White  Elster  47  miles  south  of  Leipsio.  It  has 
manufactures  of  woolens,  half-woolens,  etc.,  and  contains 
the  modern  palace  and  an  old  castle.  Population  (1890), 
20,141. 

Gremio  (gre'mi-6).  A  rich  but  old  suitor  of 
Bianca  in  Shakspere's  "Taming  of  the  Shrew." 

Grenada  (gren-a'da).  An  island  in  the  West 
Indies,  belonging  to  the  British  empire,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  12°  10'  N.,  long.  61°  40'  W. 
Capital,  St.  George's.  Itformsaportion  of  the  wind- 
ward Islands  colony,  and  is  the  residence  of  the  governor. 
It  was  colonized  by  the  French  in  1651 ;  was  taken  by  the 
British  in  1762  ;  and  was  held  by  the  French  1779-83. 
Length,  about  24  miles.  Greatest  width,  12  miles.  Area, 
133  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  64,062. 

Grenadines  (gren-a-denz').  A  group  of  small 
islands  north  of  (ri-enada,  forming  part  of  the 
Windward  Islands,  and  divided,  f  or'administra- 
tion  purposes,  between  Grenada  and  St.  Vin- 
cent.    The  largest  is  (Darriacou. 

Grendel.  A  monster  in  Anglo-Saxon  romance. 
He  haunts  a  marsh  on  the  North  Sea,  and  is 
slain  by  Beowulf. 

Grenelle  (gre-nel').  A  quarter  of  Paris,  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  city,  noted  for  its  ar- 
tesian well. 

Grenfell  (gren'fel),  George.  AnEnglishBap- 
tist  missionary  and  African  explorer.  He  was 
among  the  first  white  men  on  the  Kongo  River,  and  by 
his  numerous  voyages  on  the  mission  steamer  Peace  has 
filled  many  gaps  in  the  chartography  of  the  Kongo  basin. 
In  1885  he  explored  the  Lulongo,  Ubangi,  and  Itimbiri 
rivers ;  in  1886  the  lower  Kuangu.  In  1893  he  settled,  as 
commissioner  of  the  Kongo  State,  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween the  Kongo  State  and  Angola,  on  the  Kuangu  River. 

Grenfell,  John  Pascoe.  Bom  at  Battersea, 
Sept.  20,  1800 :  died  at  Liverpool,  March  20, 
1869.  An  English  naval  ofScer  in  the  service 
of  Brazil.  He  fought  under  Cochrane  on  the  Chilean 
and  Peruvian  coasts,  1819-23 ;  followed  him  to  Brazil  in 
the  latter  year ;  and  remained  in  the  Brazilian  service,  at- 
taining the  rank  of  vice-admiral  in  1852.  During  the  war 
with  Argentina,  1851-62,  he  commanded  the  Brazilian 
squadron,  and  forced  the  passage  of  the  Parand. 

Grenoble  (gre-no'bl).  [Orig.  Ligurian  Calaro, 
later  named  GratianopoUs,  from  the  emperor 
Gratian  who  rebuilt  it.]  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Isfere,  situated  on  the  IsSre  in 
lat.  45°  12'  N.,  long.  5°  43'  E.  It  has  a  university, 
a  museum,  and  a  library;  has  important  manufactures  of 
cement  and  kid  gloves ;  and  is  a  strong  fortress.  It  was 
strengthened  by  the  emperor  Gratian ;  suffered  in  the 
Huguenot  wars ;  received  Napoleon  on  his  return  from 
Elba  in  1815  ;  and  was  the  scene  of  a  Bonapartist  conspir- 
acy in  1816.     Population  (1901),  68,062. 

Grenville  (gren'vil),  Sir  Bevil.  BornatBriun, 
Comwall,  March  23,  1595:  killed  at  Lans- 
down,  near  Bath,  July  5,  1643.  An  English 
Eoyalist  soldier.  He  led  the  van  at  Bradock  Down, 
Jan.  19,  1643,  where  the  Parliamentarians  were  defeated, 
and  fell  in  the  attack  on  Sir  William  Waller's  forces  at 
Lansdown. 

Grenville,  George.  Born  Oct.  14, 1712 :  died 
at  London,  Nov.  13, 1770.  An  English  states- 
man. He  entered  Parliament  in  1741 ;  became  a  lord 
of  the  admiralty  in  1744  ;  was  a  lord  of  the  treasury  June, 
1747,-Nov.,  1765  ;  was  treasurer  of  the  navy  Nov.,  1766-62 
(with  a  seat  in  the  cabinet  in  1761)  ;  became  secretary  of 
state  for  the  northern  department  in  May,  1762 ;  and  be- 
came first  lord  of  the  admiralty  in  Oct.  of  that  year.  From 
Oct  1761,  to  Oct.,  1762,  he  was  leader  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. He  became  premier  in  April,  1763,  and  retained 
oflSce  until  July,  1766.  He  prosecuted  Wilkes,  and  opposed 
the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act.  He  obtained  the  nickname 
of  "  the  Gentle  Shepherd  "  in  an  encounter  with  Pitt.  ' '  He 
interposed  in  defense  of  Dashwood's  proposition  of  an  ad- 


Gresley,  William 

ditional  duty  on  cider,  and  reminded  the  house  that  the 
profusion  with  which  the  late  war  had  been  carried  on 
necessitated  the  imposition  of  new  taxes.  He  wished 
gentlemen  would  show  him  where  to  lay  them.  [On  his]  re- 
peating this  question  in  his  querulous,  languid,  fatiguing 
tone,  Pitt,  who  sat  opposite  to  him,  mimicking  his  accent 
aloud,  repeated  these  words  of  an  old  ditty,  '  Gentle  shep- 
herd, tell  me  where!"  and  then,  rising,  abused  Grenville 
bitterly."    Vict.  Nat.  Biog. 

Grenville,  or  Greynvile,  Sir  Richard.    Bom 

about  1541 :  died  Sept.,  1591.  A  British  naval 
hero.  He  was  a  cousin  of  Sir  Walter  Ealeigh.  In  1685 
he  commanded  a  fleet  of  7  vessels  which  took  part  in  the 
colonization  of  Virginia.  In  1691  he  was  vice-admiral  in 
the  fleet  of  16  ships  under  Lord  Thomas  Howard  which 
stilled  to  the  Azores  to  intercept  the  Spanish  treasure-ships. 
While  the  English  were  at  anchor  oil  Flores,  a  Spanish  fleet 
of  63  sail  appeared,  and  Howard  put  to  sea  to  avoid  it. 
Grenville,  however,  refused  to  follow,  and  when,  later,  he 
rashly  attempted  to  pass  through  the  Spanish  fleet,  was 
becalmed  and  was  attacked  by  about  15  of  the  largest  ves- 
sels. He  maintained  a  hand-to-hand  flght  for  16  hours, 
and  only  surrendered  when  all  but  20  of  his  160  men  were 
slain.    He  died  a  few  days  after  the  battle. 

Grenville,  Richard  Flantagenet  Temple  Nu- 
gent Brydges  Chandos,  second  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham and  Chandos.  Bom  at  London,  Feb.  11, 
1797 :  died  there,  July  29, 1861.  An  English  his- 
torian. He  was  known  as  Earl  Temple  1813-22,  and  as 
Marquis  of  Chandos  1822-39,  when  he  succeeded  his  father 
as  duke.  He  was  member  of  Parliament  for  Buckingham- 
shire 1818-39,  and  was  lord  privy  seal  1841-42.  He  in- 
troduced into  the  Reform  Bill  in  1832  the  clause  known 
as  the  Chandos  clause,  which  extended  the  franchise  in 
counties  to  £50.  He  wrote  "  Memoirs  of  the  Court  and 
Cabinets  of  George  III."  (1863-65),  "  Memoirs  of  the  Court 
of  England  during  the  Regency  (1866),  "Memoirs  of  the 
Court  of  George  IV."  (1869),  "  Memoirs  of  the  Courts  and 
Cabinets  of  William  IV.  and  Victoria  "  (1861X  etc. 

Grenville,  Richard  Temple  (later  Grenville- 
Temple),  Earl  Temple.  Bom  Sept.  26,  1711 : 
died  Sept.  12,  1779.  An  English  politician, 
brother-in-law  of  Pitt.  He  was  first  lord  of  the  ad- 
miralty under  the  Duke  of  Devonshire  1756-57,  and  lord 
privy  seal  under  Pitt  and  Newcastle  1757-61.  He  was  a 
patron  of  Wilkes,  and  was  thought  by  some  to  be  the  au- 
thor of  the  "Letters"  of  Junius. 

Grenville,  Thomas.  Bom  Deo.  31, 1755 :  died 
at  London,  Dee .  17, 1846.  An  English  politician 
(Whig)  and  diplomatist,  best  known  as  a  book- 
collector.  He  bequeathed  over  20,000  volumes 
to  the  British  Museum. 

Grenville,  William  Wyndham,  Baron  Gren- 
ville. Born  Oct.  25,  1759:  died  at  Dropmore, 
Bucks,  England,  Jan.  12,  1834.  An  English 
statesman,  sou  of  George  Grenville.  He  entered 
Parliamentinl782 ;  was  appointed  paymaster-general  of  the 
army  in  1783 ;  was  chosen  speaker  of  theHouse  of  Commons 
about  1789 ;  was  created  Baron  Grenville  in  1790 ;  and  was 
secretary  for  foreign  affairs  in  Pitt's  ministiy  1791-1801. 
In  1806  he  combined  with  Fox  to  form  the  ministry  of  "  All 
the  Talents,"  of  which  he  was  premier.  The  death  of  Fox 
in  the  same  year  weakened  the  ministry,  and  Grenville 
was  compelled  to  resign  in  1807. 

Grenville  Channel.  A  narrow  channel  between 
the  mainland  of  British  Columbia  and  Pitt  Isl- 
and.   Length,  50  miles. 

Gresham  (gresh'am).  Sir  Thomas.  DiedatLon- 
don,  Nov.  21, 1579'.  An  English  financier.  He  was 
employed  to  negotiate  loans  for  the  government  both  at 
home  and  abroad,  and  was  knighted  by  Queen  Elizabeth 
in  1559.  He  founded  the  Royal  Exchange  in  1566,  and 
(gresham  College  in  1675,  which  was  opened  in  1596.  He 
observed  and  commented  on  the  tendency  of  the  inferior 
of  two  forms  of  currency  in  circulation  to  circulate  more 
freely  than  the  superior,  which  has  been  named  from  him 
Gresham's  Law. 

Gresham,  Walter  Quinton.  Bom  at  Lanes- 
ville,Ind.,  March  17, 1832:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  May  28,  1895.  An  American  politician, 
jurist,  and  general.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1853,  and  joined  the  Union  army  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Civil  War,  serving  as  a  division  commander  in  Blair's  corps 
before  Atlanta,  and  being  brevetted  major-general  of  vol- 
unteers March  13, 1866.  He  was  United  States  judge  for 
the  district  of  Indiana  1869-82 ;  was  postmaster -general 
1882-84 ;  was  secretary  of  the  treasury  in  1884 ;  and  be- 
came secretary  of  state  in  Cleveland's  cabinet  in  1893. 

Gresham  College.  An  educational  foundation 
in  London,  endowed  by  the  will  of  Sir  Thomas 
Gresham.  Lectures  were  commenced  in  1597 ;  the  build- 
ing was  transferred.to  the  government  in  1768.  The  pres- 
ent building,  near  the  Guildhall,  was  erected  in  1843. 

Gresley  (gra-la'),HenriFran?oisXavier.  Bom 
at  Vassy,  Haute-Marne,  France,  Feb.  9,  1819: 
died  at  Paris,  May  2, 1890.  A  French  general. 
He  served  as  brigadier-general  and  chief  of  the  general 
staff  of  the  1st  army  corps  in  the  Franco-Prussian  war ; 
was  chief  of  the  general  staff  in  the  ministry  of  war  in  1874r- 
.1877 ;  became  general  of  division  in  1876 ;  was  minister  of 
war  in  1879 ;  was  elected  senator  for  life  in  1879 ;  and  was 
commander  of  the  5th  army  corps  1880-83. 

Gresley  (gres'li),  William.  Bom  at  Kenil- 
worth,  Warwickshire,  March  16, 1801 :  died  at 
Boyne  Hill,  near  Maidenhead,  Berkshire,  Nov. 
19, 1876.  An  English  clergyman  and  writer,  in 
1857  he  became  perpetual  curate  of  All  Saints,  Boyne  Hill. 
He  published  a  number  of  tales  and  many  religious  works. 
Among  the  latter  are  "Ordinance  of  Confession"  (1861), 
"Sophron  and  Neologos," etc.  (1861), "Priests  and  Philoso- 
phers "  (1873),  "  Thoughts  on  Religion  and  Philosophy 
(1876).    His  tales,  mostly  written  in  conjunction  with  Ed- 


Gresley,  William 

ward  Churton,  were  illustrative  of  social  and  religious  life 
"  Bernard  Leslie,"  etc.,  written  by  Gresley  alone  in  1842, 
was  intended  to  show  the  influence  of  the  Oxford  move- 
ment 

Gresset  (gre-sa'),JeaiiBaptiste  Louis  de.  Bom 

at  Amiens,  Aug.  29, 1709 :  died  there,  June  16, 
1777.  A  French  poet,  for  a  time,  in  his  youth, 
a  member  of  the  Jesuit  order.  His  bes(>known  poem 
is  "Vert- Vert."  Among  hta  other  works  are  "La  Char- 
treuse," "Edouard  m.,"  "  Epltre  k  ma  soeur  sur  ma  con- 
valescence," and  the  comedy  "le  m&hant"  (1747). 
complete  works  were  edited  by  Eenouard  1811. 
Qreswell  (gres'w^l),  Edward.  Bom  at  Denton, 
near  Manchester,  Aug.  3,  1797:  died  at  Ox- 
ford, June  29, 1869.  An  English  chronologist. 
He  was  a  fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  C(3lege,  Oxford,  and  vice- 
president  of  the  college  1840-69.  He  published  "  Fasti 
temporis  catholici,  etc."  (Part  1, 1852),  "  General  Tables  of 
the  Fasti  catholici,  or  Fasti  temporis  perpetui,  from  B.  0. 
4004  to  A.  D.  2000"  (1862), "  Origines  calendariss  heUenicte" 
(1864),  etc. 

Greta  Hall  (gre'ta  hai) 


460 

of  Queen  Elizabeth ;  and  was  an  intimate  friend  and  the 
biographer  of  bis  kinsman  Sir  Philip  Sidney.  He  became 
secretary  for  Wales  in  1683;  treasurer  "of  the  wars"  in 
March,  and  of  the  navy  Sept.,  1.598 ;  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer in  1614  ;  and  commissioner  of  the  treasury  in  1618. 
He  was  stabbed,  Sept.  1,  by  a  servant,  Ralph  Haywood,  one 
of  the  witnesses  to  his  will,  to  whom  he  failed  to  leave  a 
legacy.  His  epitaph,  composed  by  himself,  was  :  "  Fulke 
Greville,  servant  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  councillor  to  King 
James,  and  friend  to  Sir  Philip  Sidney."    His  works  were 


Gridley,  Bichard 


, reprinted  by  Qrosart  (1870). 

His  Greville  (_gra-vel'),  Henry,    The  pseudonym 


Southey.     It  Ts  in  the  vale  of  Keswick,  Cum- 
berland. 

Gretchen  (greeh'en;  Q.  pron.  grat'ehen).  [G., 
a  dim.  of  Margaret.']  The  principal  female  char- 
acter of  Goethe's  "  Faust."  she  is  a  simple  girl  of 
the  lower  ranks  of  life,  charming  in  her  Innocence  and 
confiding  love  for  Faust. 


of  -Alice  Marie  Celeste  Durand. 
Greville  (grev'il),  Robert,  second  Lord  Brooke. 
Born  1608 :  died  March  2, 1643.  An  English  Par- 
liamentary general  in  the  civil  war,  only  son  of 
Fulke  Greville.  He  defeated  the  Earl  of  Northampton 
at  Eineton,  near  Banbury,  Aug,  3,  1642 ;  was  appointed 
in  Jan.,  1643,  commander-in-chief  of  the  counties  of  War- 
wick, Stafford,  Leicester,  and  Derby  ;  captured  Stratford- 
on-Avon  in  Feb. ;  and  was  killed  at  Lichfield.  He  wrote 
"The  Nature  of  Truth,  etc."  (1640),  and  other  works. 
The  residence  of  Greville,  Robert  Kaye.   Bom  at  Bishop  Auck 


land,  Durham,  Dee.  13,  1794:  died  near  Edin- 
burgh, Jime  4,  1866.  A  British  botanist.  He 
published  "  Scottish  Cryptogamio  Flora,"  "Flora  Edinen- 
sis"  (begun  1823),  "Icones  fllioum  "  (with  Hooker :  begun 
1829),  "AlgEE  Britannicae  "  (1830),  the  botany  of  India  and 
of  British  North  America  m  the  "Edinburgh  Cabinet  Li- 
brary, "  etc.  He  was  an  opponent  of  slavery  and  a  supporter 
of  the  cause  of  temperance. 


died  there,  July  11, 1899.  A  French~statesman, 
brother  of  Franyois  Paul  Jules  Gr^vy.  He  was 
elected  to  the  National  Assembly  iu  1871,  and  to  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1876.  He  was  civil  and  military 
...  governor  of  Algeria  (1879-81). 

F^sfs  bSS  X'^tll  ^Jetn'tte^n^irdrgeTand  in^  G^^Vy  Fran?ois  Paul  Julos      Bom  at  Mont- 
voluntary  shudder  at  Mephisto's  presence,  her  pious  anxi-    sous-  V  auarey ,  J  ura,  ±  ranee,  A 


noble  purity  which  breathes  around  her,  her  little  world 
of  domestic  duties,  the  truly  feminine  instinct  with  which 
she  tends  her  little  sister,  the  natural  grace  with  which 
she  reveals  her  feelings,  the  naive  love  of  ornament  natu- 
ral to  the  girl  of  the  people ;  then  the  first  shadows  which 


,  Aug.  15, 1807:  died 
at  Mont-sous-Vaudrey,  Sept.  9, 1891.  A  French 


bly  1848-49,  to  the  Legislative  Assembly  1849-61,  and  to  the 
Corps  LSgislatrf  1868-70 ;  and  was  president  of  the  National 
Assembly  1871-73,  and  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  1876 
and  1877-79.  He  succeeded  Mac-Mahon  as  president  of  the 
French  republic  in  1879 ;  was  reelected  in  Dec,  1885 ;  and 
was  compelled  to  resign  in  1887,  owing  to  the  traffic  which 
his  son-in-law  Wilson  carried  on  in  offices  and  decorations. 


voluntary  shudder  at  Mephisto's  presence,  her  pious  anxi- 
ety about  the  spiritual  welfare  of  her  lover,  her  devotion 
and  utter  self-surrender  to  him,  her  inability  to  refuse  him 
anything,  and  then  all  the  fell  consequences  of  her  weak- 
ness, madness,  prison,  and  death  —  a  fearful  transition  this 
from  the  idyllic  to  the  tragicaL 

Scherer,  History  of  German  Literature,  11.  327. 

Grethel  Cgreth'el;  G.  pron.  gra'tel).  Gammer, 
The  fictitious  narrator  of  "  Grimm's  Tales." 

Gretna  Green  (gret'na  gr§n)    Afarmsteading  c^ewtosT  iiehemiar TomT^^^ 

S^^?l=^H^«^^^!»°/.^n?rjlf  W^^i^'l?"^!'  25    175.     i^  E™  botanitt,  noted  for  Ws 

Lme  wiVerr^d'appUel^tX^^^^^  ^tidies  in  vegetable  anatomy  aAd  physiology, 

notorious  for  the  celebration  of  irreeular'marriaaes  con-  ^"  graduated  at  Cambridge  (Pembroke  Hall)  in  1661,  and 

traoted  bv  runaway  parties  from  England     These  mar-  *""''  *^'  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine  at  Leyden  in  1671. 

riairps  werr"  rendered  invalid  ^iinlpaR  nnp  of  thp nui-tipR  hna  1°  1*'^  ^^  became  secretary  of  the  Boyal  Society,  and  ed- 

SIdX  "^^f^^^.^fi^Zl)^yi^:i''^l^n  ited'h^  "^losophical  Transactions^  (Jan,,  167|^-Feb.. 

jg5g                                                  /   1            r  1679).    His "  Anatomy  of  Plants    appeared  in  1682. 

GT6try  (gra-tre')>  Andr^  Ernest  Modesto,  Chrey  (gra),  Charles,  first  Earl  Grey.    Bom  at 
-  ■^•-       -•  ■        --    -■   -         Howiok,1729:diedthere,Nov.l4,1807.  AnEng- 


Grey  (marquis  of  Dorset  and  duke  of  Suffolk) 
and  great-granddaughter  of  Henry  Vn.  of  Eng- 
land. She  was  the  pupil  of  Bishop  Aylmer  and  of  Eoger 
Ascham.  At  the  age  of  16  she  was  able  to  write  In  Greek, 
Latin,  Italian,  French,  and  German,  and  was  studying 
Hebrew.  She  was  married  to  Lord  Guildford  Dudley  in 
May,  1653,  as  a  part  of  the  plot  for  changing  the  succession 
of  the  crown  from  the  Tudors  to  the  Dudleys  after  the 
death  of  Edward  VI. ;  was  proclaimed  queen  in  July,  1563 ; 
was  arrested  in  Nov.,  and  afterward  condemned  for  trea- 
son ;  and  was  executed  on  Tower  Hill  with  her  husband, 
Feb-  12,  1664.  She  has  been  made  the  subject  of  tra- 
gedies by  Bowe  (1716),  Laplace  (1745),  Madame  de  Stael 
(1800),  Brifaut  (1812),  Soumet  (1844),  Tennyson  (1876),  etc. 

Grey,  Richard.  Born  at  Newcastle,  England, 
1694:  died  at  Hinton,  Northamptonshire,  Feb. 
28, 1771.  An  English  divine  and  scholar,  rector 
of  Hinton  from  1720.  He  published  "  Memoria  Tech- 
nica,  or  a  New  Method  of  Artificial  Memory  "  (1730),  long  a 
popular  work  on  mnemonics. 

Grey,  Thomas,  first  Marquis  of  Dorset.  Bom 
1451:  died  Sept.  20,  1501.  An  English  noble- 
man, son  of  Sir  John  Grey,  Lord  Ferrers  of 
Groby,  and  Elizabeth  WoodvLUe  (afterward 
queen  of  Edward  IV. ).  He  was  created  earl  of  Hunt- 
ingdon in  1471,  and  marquis  of  Dorset  in  1475.  In  1471  he 
took  part  in  the  murd  er  of  Prin  ce  Edward,  son  of  Henry  VI. 
On  the  accession  of  Itichard  III.  be  fled,  and  joined  the 
party  of  Henry  of  Bichmoud  (afterward  Henry  VII.).  He 
was  on  the  Continent  until  after  the  battle  of  Bosworth. 
Born  at  Mont-sous-  (Jrey,  Sir  William,  Bom  1818:  died  at  Tor- 
Jura,  Aug.  23,  1824 :  quay.  May  15, 1878.  An  English  statesman.  He 
was  lieutenant-governor  of  Bengal  in  1867-71, 
and  governor  of  Jamaica  1874-77. 

Greycoat  School  or  Hospital.  A  school  at 
Westminster,  London,  situated  on  the  east  end 
of  Rochester  Eow,  facing  Greycoat  Place,  it  is 
so  named  from  the  color  of  the  clothing  worn  by  the  in- 
mates. It  was  founded  in  1698  by  Queen  Anne  for  the  edu- 
cation of  70  poor  boys  and  40  poor  girls.    Thonibury. 


Statesman.   He  waa  a  deput^^^^^^^ 


.    (gra  

Bom  at  Lifege,  Belgium,  Feb.  8,  1741 :  died  at 
Montmorency,  near  Paris,  Sept.  24,  1813.  .  A 
French  composer.  His  works  include  the  operas  "Le 
Huron"  (1768),  "Luoile"  (1769),  "Le  tableau  parlant" 
(1769),  "  Zdmure  et  Azor  "  (1771),  "  L'Amant  jaloux  "  (1778), 
"L'Epreuve  villageoise,"  "  itichard  Coeur  de  Lion  "  (1784), 
"  Guillaume  Teir '  (1791).  "  Lisbeth  "  (1797),  etc.  He  also 
wrote  several  books,  "Memoires  on  essais  sur  la  musique  " 
(1789),  "  De  la  viTiU,  etc."  (1803),  etc. 

Chreuze  (gr6z),  Jean  Baptiste,  Bom  at  Tour- 
nus,  France,  Aug.  21, 1725 :  died  at  Paris,  March 
21, 1805.    A  genre  and  portrait  painter,  pupil  at 


lish  general.  He  became  colonel  and  king's  aide-de- 
camp  m  1772;  joinedHowein  Americain  1776(with  the  rank 
of  major-general) ;  defeated  Anthony  Wayne  near  Paoli, 
Sept.  20,1777 ;  commanded  a  brigade  at  Germantown  Oct. 
4, 1777 ;  captured  New  Bedford  and  Martha's  Vineyard  in 
1778;  returned  to  England  in  1782;  and  was  appointed 
commander-in-chief  in  America —  an  appointment  which 

the  close  of  the  war  rendered  inoperative.    Inl793hewas  «  .     _     *  . /v    .fi-    .-■ 

appointed  with  Jervis  (later  Earl  St.  Vincent)  commander  GrOySOn  (gra-z6n  ),  Emile, 


(fra'tri  mi-no'rez),  or  Minorites  (mi'nor-its). 
In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  one  of  the  men- 
dicant orders,  founded  by  St.  Francis  of  Assisi. 
Also  called  Franciscans.  The  other  orders  are  Do- 
minicans (Friars  Major,  Friars  Preachers,  or  Black  Fri- 
ars), Carmelites  (White  Friars),  and  Augustinians  (Austin 
Friars).  The  order  of  Grey  Friars  was  established  by 
Pope  Honorius  III.  In  1223.  In  London  the  Grey  Friars 
were  located  in  Ludgate  street,  where  Christ's  Hospital 
(Blnecoat  School)  afterward  stood.  The  monastery  was 
founded  by  John  Ewin,  a  mercer,  in  1226.  The  choir  of 
Grey  Friars  Church  was  built  by  Joyner,  lord  mayor  in 
1239,  and  the  nave  was  added  by  Henry  Walings.  The 
church  was  rebuilt  in  1306  by  Margarei^  queen  of  Edward 
I.  In  1421  Sir  Richard  Whittington  gave  the  monks  a 
large  library.  It  was  a  favorite  place  of  burial  for  mem- 
bers of  the  royal  family  for  many  years.  Grey  Friars  was 
surrendered  in  1688,  and  (except  a  lew  traces  of  the  monas- 
tic residence,  which  may  still  be  seen  in  Christ's  Hospital) 
was  swept  away  in  the  great  fire  of  1666. 
Greylock  (gra'lok).  The  highest  mountain  of 
the  Berkshire  Hills,  in  northwestern  Massachu- 
setts 8  miles  from  North  Adams.  Height,  3,535 
feet. 


of  an  expedition  to  the  French  West  Indies.  They  re- 
duced Martinique  in  March,  and  St.  Lucia  and  Guadeloupe 
in  AprU,  1794. 


Bom  at  Brussels, 


Lyons  of  Gr^omdon,  an'd  in  Par^s  (1755^0?  the  te,P»^H«^' --^l^t'L^J^^^^'^Iirj;^* 


Academy,  in  1766  he  went  to  Italy  with  the  AbbS  Gou- 
jenot.  In  1767  he  retired  to  Anjou,  whence  he  returned 
to  exhibit  pictures  In  his  studio.  He  amassed  a  large  f  or- 
tune,_  which  was  lost  in  the  Revolution.  Neglected  by  the 
pnblic,  which  admired  only  the  new  school  of  David,  he 
passed  his  last  years  in  misery  and  neglect. 

Cfrfeve  (grav),  Place  de  la.  The  place  of  exe- 
cution of  ancient  Paris.  Until  the  creation  of  the 
Place  du  Carrousel,  it  was  the  largest  open  square  in  the 
city ;  was  also  used  as  a  market ;  and  was  the  point  most 
intimately  associated  with  the  business  of  the  city.  For 
this  reason  it  was  chosen  for  the  location  of  the  Hdtel  de 
Ville, which  now  stands  there.  The  space  in  front  of  it,  for- 


Aug.  17, 1823.  A  Belgian  writer,  general  direc- 
tor of  higher  and  intermediate  instruction  in 
Belgium.  His  works  include  the  romances  "Fiamma 
Colonna"(1867),  "Jufler  Daadje  et  Jufiler  Doortie"a874). 
"Hler-Aujourd'hui "  (1890). 
Greyson  (gra'  son),  R.  E.  H,    An  (inexact)  ana- 


Howick.     Bom  at  FaUodon,  near  Alnwick, 

Northumberland,  March  13,  1764:  died  July  17, 

1845.     An  English  Whig  statesman.    He  became     grainmatio  pen-name  of  Henrv  Roeers, 

flrstlordof  the  admiralty  under  Grenville  in  1806,  foreign  lirmTi-rraryi  (irya'ir.^^r,\       Qoo  c^..,  r,.?«,  w.o7  ti7„..*„ 

secretary  on  the  death  of  Fox,  and  was  dismissed  from  J«eytOWn  (gra  tovja).  ^ee,  San  Juan  M  Norte. 

office  in  March,  1807.    He  remained  out  of  office  for  many  OrriDeaUVal  (gre-bo-val'),  Jean  BaptlSte  Va- 

years.    In  Nov.,  1830,  he  undertook  the  formation  of  a  ''^     -  -r,  .    .      . 

ministry,  which,  after  an  appeal  to  the  country  (1831)  and 

a  temporary  resignation  of  office  (May  9-18, 1832),  passed 

the  Reform  Bill  of  1832  (June,  1832).    In  Aug.,  1883,  he 


?.uette  de.     Born  at  Amiens,  France,  Sept.  15, 
715:  died  at  Paris,  May  9,  1789.    A  French 
...»  X..:..,.,..  .,,..  ^.  .oo.  wu..»,  loo^,.    1.U  *ug.,  iosa,  ne    enpneer  and  general  of  artillery, 
carried  a  bill  abolishing  slavery  throughout  the  British  UTlDOyedoff  (gre-bo-ya'dof ),  Aloksandei  Sor- 


empire,  and  in  1834  passed  the  Poor  Law  Amendment 
Act.    He  resigned  in  July,  1834. 


ic  Hpace  IU  110111. u.  .t,  .ur-  -,  Till*    X         mu  -        ■       i     i.  ..        •      -r 

merljrthePlacedelaGr^ve.isnowcalledPlaoedel'Hdtelde  Ixrey,  lilllOt.  ine  prmcipal  Character  m  Les- 
Ville.  Besides  being  the  place  for  the  execution  of  crimi-  ter  WaUack's  play  "  Rosedale,"  created  by  him. 
nals,  innocent  victims  have  been  shot  here  in  nearly  every  Oroy,  Sir  George,  Bom  1799 :  died  Sept.  9, 1882 
Ifl-'iS'^^i  *li?l?l^  „°<'™J™11°,  IrltJ^.  iLTv.^„  D?,?  Anlnglish  statesman,  grandson  of  Chiles,  first 

Earl  Grey.    He  was  under-secretary  for  the  colonies 


strand  *)  was  given  it  on  account  gf  its  position  on  the  bank 
of  the  Seine.  The  Quai  de  la  Gr&ve  was  one  of  the  three 
earliest  ports,  as  they  were  called,  of  Paris :  it  doubtless 
dates  from  Roman  times. 


feyevitch.  Bom  at  Moscow,  Jan.,  1795 :  mur- 
ered  at  Teheran,  Feb.  12,  1829.  A  Russian 
poet  and  diplomatist.  He  first  studied  law,  but  at 
the  age  of  17  entered  the  army,  and  afterward  the  col- 
lege of  foreign  affairs,  the  service  of  which  took  him  to 
Persia  and  Georgia,  where  a  part  of  his  comedy  "  The  Mis- 
fortune of  having  Brains  "  was  written.  It  was  played  in 
1832,  alter  his  death.  He  was  killed  with  his  followers  in 
an  insurrection. 


1834-39,  judge-advooate-general  1839-41,  home  secretary 

under  Lord  John  Russell  1846-62,  colonial  secretary  1864-  ri.-,',lln-<r  c„,.^^'n^    t™ .•-•u 

1855,  and  home  secretary  under  Pahnerston  and  Russell  wrmiey  (.griQ  li;,  Jeronuan 
1855-58  and  1862-66. 


Greville  (grev'il).      A  conceited  and  obstinate         _  ^^_^ 

lover  of  Miss  Harriet  Byron  in  Richardson's  (jrey7sir George  Edward,    Bom  at  Lisbum, 
'  ®":,9'^*'il®  Grandison."  Ireland,  April  14, 1812 :  died  Sept.  19, 1898.    A 

"?^'^^i®!„9f*,^^®,^  Cavendish  Fulke.    Born  British  colonial  governor  and  author.  Hewasgov- 
Apnl  2, 1794 :  died  at  London,  J  an.  18, 1865.    An   ernor  of  South  Australia  1841-46,  of  New  Zealand  1846-64, 
English   diarist,   grandson   of   the   fifth   Lord   of  Cape  Colony  1851-61,  and  of  New  Zealand  1861-67.   He 
Brooke,  and,  on  his  mother's  side,  grandson  of  J">''lisfe'i  "Polynesian  Mythology"  (1865),  etc. 
the  thi^d  Duke  of  Portland.    He  wS  secretary  of  ^^ey.  Henry,  Duke  of  Suffolk  and  third  Marquis 

of  Dorset.  Executed  1554.  An  English  noble- 
man, father  of  Lady  Jane  Grey  by  his  second  (?) 
wife,  who  was  the  elder  daughter  of  Charles 
Brandon,  duke  of  Suffolk,  and  Mary  Tudor, 
younger  sister  of  Henry  VHI.  See  Grey,  Lady 
Jane. 


1  secretary  of 
Jamaica  and  clerk  of  the  privy  council.  For  40  years  he 
recorded  in  his  diary  his  impressions  and  intimate  know- 
ledge of  contemporary  English  politics  and  politicians. 
These  "Memoirs"  were  published  after  his  death  by 
Henry  Reeve :  first  series,  1817-37(3  vols.  WIS),  second  and 
third  series,  1837-60  (3  vols.  1885,  2  vols.  1887). 

Bom  at 


Greville,  Fulke,  first  Lord  Brooke.    _,         _._  ._         iT.jiT. 

Beauohamp  Court,  Warwickshire,  1554:  died  "Xey,  Lady  Jane,  Born  at  Broadgate,  Leioes- 
Sept.  30, 1628.  An  English  poet  and  statesman,  tershire,  England,  about  1537:  beheaded.at  Lon- 
He  studied  at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge;  became  a  favorite  aon,  Feb.  12,  1554.     ihe  daughter  of  Henry 


.   „         ,, Bom  at  Boston, 

March  10, 1702 :  died  at  Brookline,  Mass.,  Sept. 
10, 1767.  An  American  lawyer,  brother  of  Rich- 
ard Gridley.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1725,  and 
subsequently  became  a  laviryer.  He  was  attorney-general 
of  the  province  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  where  in  1761  he 
defended  against  James  Otis,  before  the  superior  court  of 
judicature,  the  legality  of  the  writs  of  assistance  demanded 
by  the  British  custom-house  officials. 

Gridley,  Richard.  Bom  in  Massachusetts,  Jan. 
3, 1711:  died  at  Stoughton,  Mass.,  June  20, 1796. 
An  American  general.  He  became  chief  engineer 
and  colonel  of  infantry  in  the  British  army  in  1766,  and 
served  under  Winslow  in  the  expedition  to  Crown  Point 
In  1766,  under  Amherst  in  1768,  and  under  Wolfe  in  the 
expedition  against  Quebec  in  1759.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  War  of  Independence  he  was  appointed  chief  engi- 
neer and  commander  of  artillery  in  the  colonial  army  at 
Cambridge,  and  planned  the  works  of  Bunker  HiU  the 
night  before  the  battle  of  June  17, 1775.    He  received  a 


Gridley,  Richard 

major-general's  commission  trom  tlie  Provlnoial  Congress 
Sept.  20,  1776,  and  had  command  ol  the  Continental  artil- 
le^  until  Nov.  of  that  year. 

Grief  Jl-la-Mode.    See  Funeral,  The. 

Orieg  (greg),  Edvard.  Born  at  Bergen,  Nor- 
way, June  15,  1843.  A  noted  Scandinavian 
composer.  He  went  to  Leipsic  in  1868,  and  studied  for 
four  years  at  the  Conservatorium.  In  186S  he  went  to 
Copenhagen  for  study.  After  his  return  to  the  north  in 
1867  liis  compositions  became  stamped  with  the  mark  of 
his  Scandinavian  nationality.  He  went  to  London  in  1888, 
where  he  both  played  and  conducted.  Among  his  com- 
positions are  "  Humoreslten  "  (lor  the  piano),  "  Songs,"  the 
"Peer  Gynt"  suite  (two  series),  "Norwegian  Folk-Songs," 
"  Sigurd  Jorsalf  a  "  (an  opera),  Norwegian  dances,  etc. 

Grierson  (grer'son),  Benjamin  Henry.    Bom 

at  PittsbiLTg,  Pa.,  July  8,  1826.  An  American 
cavalry  officer.  He  became  aide-de-camp  to  the  Union 
general  Prentiss  at  the  beginning  ol  the  Civil  War,  and  was 
made  major  of  the  6th  Illinois  Cavalry  in  Aug.,  1861,  and 
commander  of  a  cavalry  brigade  in  Dec,  1862.  He  oon- 
ducteU  a  cavalry  raid  from  La  Grange  to  Baton  Kouge 
in  April,  1863,  to  lacilitate  the  operations  of  Grant  about 
Vicksburg,  and  in  Dec,  1864,  commanded  a  similar  raid  in 
Arkansas.  He  became  colonel  ol  the  10th  United  States 
Cavalry  July  28,  1886,  and  brevet  major-general  of  the 
United  States  army  March  2, 1867.  After  the  war  he  was 
engaged  in  frontier  service  at  the  West. 

Griesbacli  (gres'baoli),  Johann  Jakob.    Bom 

at  Butzbaoh,  Hesse-Darmstadt,  Germany,  Jan. 
4, 1745 :  died  at  Jena,  Germany,  March  24, 1812. 
A  German  biblical  critic,  professor  at  Halle 
1773-75,  and  at  Jena  1775-1812.  He  edited  the 
(Sireek  New  Testament  1774^-77. 

dries  (gre  or  gres)  Fass.  A  pass  in  the  Lepon- 
tine  Alps,  leading  from  Obergestelen,  in  the 
Eh6ne  valley,  Valais,  Switzerland,  to  Domo 
d'Ossola,  province  of  Novara,  Italy. 

Grieux  (greS),  Le  Chevalier  de.  The  lover  of 
ManonLescaut,  in  Provost's  novel  of  thatname. 

Grifi&njigrif 'in).  The  capital  of  SpaldingCounty, 
Georgia,  about  35  miles  south  of  Atlanta.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  4,503. 

Griffin,  Charles.  Bornin  Licking  County,  Ohio, 
1826:  died  at  Galveston,  Texas,  Sept.  15,  1867. 
An  American  soldier.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1847,  and  in  this  and  the  succeeding  year  commanded 
a  company  ol  artillery  under  General  Patterson  in  the 
Mexican  war.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  adhered 
to  the  Union  cause.  He  commanded  the  West  Point  bat- 
tery in  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run ;  was  made  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers  June  9, 1862 ;  and  fought  with  dis- 
tinction at  the  battle  of  Malvern  Hill.  He  commanded  a 
division  at  Antietam  and  Eredericksburgjand  in  Hooker's 
campaign,  and  as  commander  of  the  5th  army  corps,  di- 
rected by  Grant,  received  the  arms  and  colors  of  the  Army 
ol  Northern  "Virginia  after  the  surrender  at  Appomattox 
Court  House.  He  was  brevetted  major-general  March  13, 
1865,  for  his  seryices  during  the  war,  and  was  appointed 
colonel  of  the  35th  infantry  July  28, 1866. 

Griffin,  Edward  Dorr.  Bom  at  East  Haddam, 
Conn.,  Jan.  6, 1770 :  died  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  Nov. 
8,  1837.  An  American  clergyman,  president 
of  Williams  College  (Williamstown,  Massachu- 
setts) 1821-36.  He  published  "Lectures  in 
Park  Street  Church"  (1813). 

Griffin,  Gerald.  Bom  at  Limerick,  Ireland,  Dec. 
12, 1803:  died  at  Cork,  Ireland,  June  12, 1840. 
An  Irish  novelist,  dramatist,  and  poet.  His  prin- 
cipal novel,  "The  Collegians"  (1828),  has  been  dramatized 
as  "Colleen  Bawn."  Among  his  other  works  are  "The 
Invasion,"  "The  Rivals,"  etc. 

Griffinhoofe  (grif 'in-huf),  Arthur.  The  name 
under  which  George  Colman  the  younger  pub- 
lished a  number  of  his  plays. 

Griffis  (grif 'is),  William  Elliot.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, Sept.  17,  1843.  An  American  educa- 
tor and  clergyman.  He  graduated  at  Eutgers  Col- 
lege in  1869 ;  went  to  Japan  in  1870  to  organize  schools  on 
the  American  plan  ;  was  superintendent  ol  education  in 
the  province  ol  Echizen  in  1871 ;  and  was  prolessor  ol  phys- 
ics in  the  Imperial  University  ol  Tokio  1872-74.  On  re- 
turning to  the  United  States  he  studied  divinity,  and  be- 
came pastor  (1877)  of  a  Reformed  church  at  Schenectady, 
New  York,  (1886)  of  a  Congregational  church  at  Boston, 
and  (1893)  of  the  Congregational  church  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
He  was  the  author  of  "The  Mikado's  Empire  " (1876),  etc 

Griffith  (grif'ith).  In  Shakspere's  "Henry 
Vni.,"  a  gentleman  usher  to  Queen  Katharine. 

Griffith,  William  Pettit.  Bom  at  London, 
July  7,  1815:  died  there,  Sept.  14,  1884.  An 
English  architect  and  archEBologist.  He  wrote 
"The  Natural  System  of  Architecture"  (1845), 
"Ancient  Gothic  Churches"  (1847-52),  etc. 

Griffith  Gaunt.  A  novel  by  Charles  Eeade,  pub- 
lished in  1866. 

Griffiths,  Evan.  Bom  at  Gellibeblig,  Glamor- 
ganshire, 1795:  died  Aug.  31,  1873.  A  Welsh 
clergyman.  He  published  a  "Welsh-English 
Dictionary"  (1847).         ,     ,,       .   ^         .     ,, 

Grigoriopol  (gre-go-re-o'pol).  A  town  in  the 
government  of  Kherson,  Eussia,  on  the  Dnies- 
ter about  80  miles  northwest  of  Odessa.  Popu- 
lation (1889),  6,478. 

Gxihastha  (gr-has't-ha).  [8kt.,'hou8eholder.'] 
A  Brahman  in  the  seobni  stage  of  ms  religious 
Ufe. 


461 

Grihyasutras  (grh-ya-so'traz) .  [Skt.,  'rules 
pertaining  to  the  house.']  Eules  for  the  conduct 
of  domestic  rites  and  the  personal  sacraments, 
extending  from  birth  to  the  marriage  of  a  man. 
See  Sutra. 

Grijalva  (gre-nal'va),  Juan  de.  Bom  in  Cuel- 
lar,  1489  or  1490 :  died  in  Nicaragua,  Jan.  21, 
1527.  A  Spanish  soldier,  discoverer  of  Mexico. 
He  was  a  nephew  of  Diego  Velasquez ;  was  with  him  in 
Espaflola  and  Cuba ;  and  was  chosen  to  follow  up  Cordova's 
discovery  of  Yucatan.  He  left  Santiago  de  Cuba  with  lour 
caravels,  April  8, 1618 ;  followed  around  the  coast  ol  Yuca- 
tan and  the  continent  to  Cape  Rojo  or  beyond ;  obtained  a 
considerable  quantity  of  gold  by  trading  with  the  Indians ; 
and  heard  of  the  rich  Aztec  empire  in  the  interior.  When 
he  returned  to  Cuba,  early  in  November,  Velasquez  re- 
proached him  for  not  having  made  settlements,  and  b  e  was 
dismisaed.  In  1623  he  went  with  Garay  to  the  coast  ol  Mex- 
ico, and  later  he  took  service  with  Pedrarias  at  Panama. 

Grildrig  (gril'drig).  A  name  ^iven  to  Gulliver 
by  the  people  of  Brobdingnag,  in  Swift's  "Gul- 
liver's Travels."    It  meant  a  very  little  man. 

Grillparzer  (gril'part-ser),  Franz.  Born  at 
Vienna,  Jan.  15, 1791 :  died  there,  Jan.  21, 1872. 
.An  Austrian  dramatist.  He  studied  jurisprudence, 
and  in  1813  entered  the  civil  service,  from  which  he  retired 
to  private  life  in  1856.  His  dramas  are  '•  Die  Ahnlrau " 
("The  Ancestress":  a  so-caUed  "late-tragedy,"  1817), 
"Sappho "  (1818),  the  trilogy  " Das  goldne  Vliess  ■  (" The 
Golden  Fleece,"  1821),  "  Konig  Ottokars  Gliick  und  Bnde  " 
(■'King  Ottokar's  Fortune  and  End,"  1826),  "Ein  treuer 
Diener  seines  Herm"  ("A  True  Servant  ol  his  Master," 
1828),  "  Des  Meeres  una  der  Liebe  Wellen  "  ("  The  Waves 
ol  Love  and  ol  the  Sea,"  1831),  "Der  Traum  ein  Leben" 
("  Dream  is  a  Life,"  1834).  A  comedy, "  Weh'  dem,  der  Itigt " 
(' '  Woe  to  him  who  Lies,"  1840),  was  a  failure.  Tlu-ee  other 
tragedies  appeared  posthumously.  Still  another,  "Esther," 
was  left  unfinished.  His  complete  works,  'Sammtliche 
Werke,"  appeared  at  Stuttgart,  1872,  in  10  vols. 

Grim  (grim).  In  Arthurian  legend,  a  fisherman 
who  gave  his  name  to  Grimsby.  He  saved  the 
life  of  Havelok.    See  Savelok  the  Dane. 


Grim's  Dyke 

was  a  judge  ot  the  State  Supreme  Court  ol  Ohio  1886-42. 
He  wrote  'Nature  and  Tendencies  of  Free  Institutions" 
(1848). 

Grimk^,  Sarah  Moore.  Bom  at  Charleston, 
S.  C,  Nov.,  1792 :  died  Dec.  23, 1873.  An  Ameri- 
can abolitionist,  sister  of  T.  S.  Grimk6.  She 
wrote  "  Letters  on  the  Condition  ol  Woman  and  the  Equal- 
ity ol  the  Sexes  "  (1838),  etc 

GrimkS,  Thomas  Smith.  Bom  at  Charleston, 
S.  C,  Sept.  26, 1786 :  died  near  Columbus,  Ohio, 
Oct.  12  (11  ?),  1834.  An  American  lawyer  and 
lecturer.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1807,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  senate  ol  South  Carolina  1826-30.  He  was 
a  prominent  member  ol  the  American  Peace  Society,  and 
was  one  ol  the  pioneers  in  the  cause  of  temperance  reform. 
He  wrote  "Addresses  on  Science,  Education,  and  Litera- 
ture" (1831). 

Grimm  (grim),  Friedrich  Melchior,  Baron. 
Born  at  Eatisbon  (Eegensburg),  Bavaria,  Dee. 
25, 1723 :  died  at  Gotha,  Germany,  Deo.  19, 1807. 
A  noted  German-French  critic,  man  of  letters, 
and  diplomat,  long  resident  in  Paris,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  most  brilliant  literary  society  of  the 
period.  He  was  made  a  baron  of  the  empire  and  minister 
ol  the  Duke  ot  Gotha  at  the  French  court  in  1776,  and 
minister  ol  Catharine  II.  ol  Russia  at  Hamburg  in  1796. 
His  works  include  *  *  Lettres  sur  Omphale  "  (1752), ' '  Le  petit 
prophite  de  Boehmischbroda  "  (176S),"  Correspondance  lit- 
t6raire,  philosophique  et  critique  adress^e  k  un  souve- 
rain  d'AUemague  "  (first  part  1813,  second  part  181i,  third 
part  1813,  with  a  supplement  1814),  "Correspondance  in- 
edite  de  Grimm  et  Diderot,  etc."  (1829). 

Grimm,  Herman.  Born  Jan.  6,  1828:  died 
June  16,  1901.  A  German  critic  and  author, 
son  of  Wilhelm  Grimm.  He  studied  at  Berlin  and 
Bonn,  and  was  prolessor  of  the  history  ol  art  in  the  Uni- 
versity ol  Berlin  1873-1901.  His  most  important  works  are 
"Das  Leben  Michelangelos,"  "Essays"  (1869  and  1866, 
new  series  1871  and  1876),  "Das  Leben  Ralaels  "  (1872), 
"  Vorresungen  uber  Goethe  "  (1877).  He  was  the  author, 
besides,  of  the  novel  "  Unuberwindliche  Machte  "  ("  Un- 
conquerable Powers"),  and  ol  "Novellen"  ("Stories"). 


Grim,  the  Collier  of  Cr()ydon.    A  play  first  Qjimni  jakob.    Bom  at  Hanau,  Jan.  4,  1785: 
prmtedinl662asby"LT."  Haughtonwroteaplay     ^.    -     .'--    ..      ~        --   •'  ~ 


called  "The  Devil  and  his  Dam,"  which  has  been  rashly 
identified  with  this.  (^Bvllen.)  Richard  Crowley  wrote  a 
"Satirical  Epigram"  in  1650  called  "The  Collier  of  Croy- 
don," and  there  is  an  interlude  in  Richard  Edwards's 
"Damon  and  Pythias"  (1571)  called  "Grim  the  Collier." 

Grim,  Giant.  A  giant,  in  Bunyan's  "  Pilgrim's 
Process,"  who  is  killed  by  Mr.  Greatheart. 

Grimald  (grim'ald),  Nicholas.  Born  in  Hun- 
tingdonshire (at  "  Brownshold,"  according  to 
his  own  statement),  1519 :  died  about  1562.  An 
English  writer,  the  contributor  of  40  poems  to 
the  first  edition  of  "Tottel's  Miscellany"  (of 
which  he  was,  perhaps,  the  editor),  many  of 
which  were  omitted  from  the  second  edition. 
He  also  published  a  translation  of  Cicero's  "De  Offlciis." 
He  was  probably  of  Italian  parentage  (son  of  a  certain 
Gianbatista  GrimaldiX  studied  at  Cambridge  and  Oxford, 
and  was  chaplain  to  Bishop  Ridley. 

Grimaldi  (gre-mal'de),  Antonio.  Lived  in  the 
middle  of  the  14th  cgntury.  A  Genoese  ad- 
miral. 

Grimaldi,  Giovanni  Francesco,  called  II  Bo- 
lognese.    BomatBologna,  Italy,  1606:  died  at 


died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  20,  1863.  A  German  phi- 
lologist and  writer.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  Mar- 
burg. In  1806  he  went  to  Paris  to  assist  Savigny,  whose 
pupil  he  had  been.  The  following  year  he  was  at  the  mili- 
tary school  in  Cassel.  In  1808  he  became  librarian  to  the 
King  of  Westphalia.  After  1814  he  lived  and  labored  with 
his  brother  Wilhelm  in  the  closest  association.  They 
were  together  librarians  at  Cassel ;  1830  to  1837  professors 
at  Gbttingen;  subsequently  again  at  Cassel;  and  1S41 
on  the  invitation  of  the  king  settled  in  Berlin.  In  1812 
and  1815  they  published  conjointly  the  well-known  book  of 
lairy  tales  "Kinder- und  Hausmarchen"("  Children's  and 
Domestic  Tales"),  in  1816  "  Deutsche  Sagen  "("  German  Le- 
gends'%  and  alter  1862  worked  together  on  the  great 
"DeutschesW8rterbuoh"("German  Dictionary").  Jakob's 
independent  work  consists  of  an  essay,  "  Poesie  im  Recht " 
(1816),  expanded  1828 into  "Deutsche Rechtsalterthiimer." 
Beginning  with  1829,  his  "Deutsche  Grammatik"  ("Ger- 
man Grammar")  appeared.  This  last  is  the  fundamental 
work  in  comparative  Germanic  philology,  of  which  spe- 
cific branch  he  may  be  called  the  founder.  Its  principal 
terminology  originated  with  him,  and  one  ol  its  most 
characteristic  phases,  that  of  the  relative  correspondence 
of  consonants,  was  first  formulated  by  him,  and  bears  the 
name  of  Grimm's  Law.  In  1836  appeared  another  great 
work,  the  "Deutsche  Mythologie."  His  minor  works, 
■  Kleinere  Schrif  ten, "  appeared  at  Berlin,  1864-82,  in  6  vols. 


Eome,1680.  AnItaUanpainter,especiallynoted  Grimm,  Ludwig  Emil.    Born  at  Hana,u,  Prus- 


for  his  landscapes 

Girimaldi,  Joseph.  Bom  at  London,  Dec.  18, 
1779 :  died  there.  May  31,  1837.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish pantomimist  and  actor.  He  came  ol  a  well- 
known  lamily  of  clowns,  and  first  appeared  as  an  infant 
dancer  in  1782.  He  obtained  his  greatest  success  at  Covent 
Garden  in  1806  in  the  pantomime  of  "  Mother  Goose,"  in 
which  he  appeared  as  Squire  Bugle  (clown).  He  made  his 
last  appearance  June  27,  1828,  as  Harlequin  Hoax.  His 
singing  and  grimacing  excited  great  enthusiasm,  and  with 
him  the  days  ol  genuine  pantomime  expired.  His  son  Jo- 
seph S.  Grimaldi  made  his  first  appearance  in  his  lather's 
parts  in  1814  ;  he  died  in  1832.    Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Grimalkin(gri-ma,l'kin).  Agraycat;  especially, 
a  gray  cat  into  which  the  spirit  of  a  witch  has 
entered. 

Grimani   (gre-ma'ne),   Antonio.    Born  1436 


sia.  May  14, 179(5 :  died  at  Cassel,  Prussia,  April 
4, 1863.  A  German  painter  and  etchej,  brother 
of  Jakob  and  Wilhelm  Grimm. 

Grimm,  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Hanau,  Feb.  24, 1786 : 
died  at  Berlin,  Dec.  16,  1859.  A  German  phi- 
lologist and  writer.  He  was  the  brother  ol  Jakob 
Grimm,  with  whom  he  lived  and  was  Irequently  associated 
in  joint  authorship.  Like  his  brother,  he  studied  juris- 
prudence at  Marburg.  Owing  to  ill  health  he  had,  how. 
ever,  no  permanent  position  up  to  1814,  when  he  went  with 
Jakob  as  librarian  to  Ga£seL  Their  subsequent  career  is 
one.  (See  Jakob  Oriimn.)  Wilhelm  married,  and  Jacob 
did  not.  He  did  the  chiel  work  in  the  collection  of  fairy 
tales  which  owe  their  particular  style  to  him.  An  inde- 
pendent work  was  "  Die  Deutsche  Heldensage  "  ("  The  Ger- 
man Heroic  Legend,"  1829). 

Griuuna  (grim'ma).  A  town  in  the  district  of 
Leipsic,  Saxony,  on  the  Mulde  17  miles  south- 


died  May  7,  1523     A  doge  of  Venice  (July  7,        ^      Leipsic.- '  It  contains  a  noted  school  and 

1521),  descendedfroma  powerful  pate  c^^^^  an  electoral  castle.    Population  (1890),  8,957. 

£l'rill*f  ^l^:.t  °^^l'i^.'tr-lene^^^^^^  Grimmelshauseu  (grim?mels-hou-zen),  Chris. 


tary  services.  He  was  made  captain-general  of 
the  Venetian  fleet  sent  against  the  sultan  Baja- 
zet  in  1499. 
Grimani  Palace.  A  fine  16th-century  palace  on 
the  Grand  Canal,  Venice,  it  was  designed  by  San 
Mioheli  and  decorated  by  Tintoretto,  but  the  frescos  have 
disappeared.    It  is  now  used  as  a  post-office. 

Grimes  (grimz),  James  Wilson.  Bom  at  Deer- 
Ing,  N.  H.,  Oct.  20,  1816:  died  at  BurHngton, 
Iowa,  Feb.  7,  1872.     -An  American  politician. 


toph  von.  Bom  at  Gelnhausen,  Prussia,  1625 : 
died  at  Benehen,  in  Baden,  Aug.  17, 1676.  A 
German  writer.  His  parents  belonged  to  the  peasant 
class.  Until  the  peace  of  Westphalia,  in  1648,  he  wasa 
soldier,  but  subsequently  is  supposed  to  have  traveled  in 
Holland,  France,  and  Switzerland.  He  was  afterward  in  the 
service  ol  the  Bishop  ol  Strasburg,  and  ultimately  magis- 
trate at  Renchen,  where  he  died.  His  principal  work,  and 
the  most  important  ol  its  class  in  German  literature,  is  the 
romance  "Der  abenteurliche  Simplicissimus  Teutsch,  das 
ist :  Beschreibung  des  Lebens  eines  Seltzamen  Vagantens 


K'OVernor  of  Iowa  1854-58,  and  EepublicanUnit  ed  genannt  Melchior  Sternlels  von  Fuohshaim  "  ("  The  Adven- 

Q(.o+„=  oor,o  f /,,.  ffr,™  Towsi  ^  85Q-69      Hp  was  one  ol  turesome  Simplicissimus :  That  is,  Description  of  the  Life 

States  senator  trom  Iowa  i°°°  °°-    ^^J^°°f  "  of  a  strange  Vagabond  named  Melchior  Sternfela  von 

the  few  Republican  senators  who  voted  against  tne  con-  S,,,JiX'?^^.  ,f^^ 

victionol  Resident  Andrew  Johnson.  luchshaim,    1669).  r.      a      n       trL,s^,h., 

Grimes  Old     See  Old  Grimes.  Grimsby,  or  Great  Grimsby.  SeeGreatGrtmsby. 

Grimke'(grim'ke),  Frederick.  BomatCharks-  Grim's  Dyke,  or  Grimesditch.  See  the  extract. 

ton,  8.  C,  Sept.  1, 1791 :  died  March  8, 1863.   An        xhe  Belga  were  of  the  same  Keltic  family  as  the  Kymry 
American  jurist,  brother  of  T.  S.  Grimk6.    He     andtheGauls.   But  coming  laterfrom  the  continent  they 


Grim's  Byke 

brought  with  them  its  latest  civilization,  and,  as  settlers, 
perhaps  for  centuries,  in  the  lowlands  between  the  Somme 
and  the  Scheldt,  they  had  acquired  the  instinct  ol  thiow- 
ing  up  dykes  and  earthworks.  The  actual  occupants  of 
Hampshire,  Sussex,  and  Kent  were  subdued  or  driven 


462 


Qronov,  Abraham 


tinct  community  in  a  region  called  Griqualand,  now  be- 
longing to  Great  Britain,  traversed  by  the  Orange  River, 
and  including  the  African  diamond-flelds.  Some  of  them 
are  Christians  and  considerably  civilized,  being  success- 
ful agriculturists  and  cattle-breeders. 


out,  and  the  great  fortified  fosse,  Grim's  Dyke,  which  en-  ririonr  CoTp'7B,r^   A1l«»rt.    ■RornatAntwprn  Dee 
closes  Salisbury  and  Silchester  was  at  oni  the  rampart  %^^^^/nl^l-ff  ^,^S;i^°^^^^ 


_       (1842X    He  wrote  "  Die  Vegetation  der  Erde "  (1872),  etc, 

eat  hishead"  iflieismistakeii  Griselda  (gri-zel'da),  or  Griseldis,  or  Grissel. 

A  character  of  romance,  noted  for  the  patience 
with  which  she  submitted  to  the  most  cruel  or- 
deals as  a  wife  and  mother.  The  subject  has  been 
variously  treated  by  Boccaccio,  Chaucer,  Dekker,  and  other 
writers.    The  song  of  "Patient  Grissel"  appeared  about 


and  the  march  of  the  new  nationality. 

Pearson,  Hist.  Eng.,  I.  6. 

Grimsel  (grim'zel),  The.  A  pass  over  the  Ber- 
nese Alps,  Switzerland,  leading  from  Meiring- 
en,  Bern,  to  Obergestelen,  Valais.  Itwas  the  scene 
of  the  repulse  of  the  Austrians  by  the  French  in  1799. 
Height,  7,160  feet. 

Grimston,  William  Hunter  and  Margaret. 

See  Kendal. 

Grimwig  (grim'wig),  Mr.    In  Dickens's  "  Oli- 
ver Twist,"  an  old  friend  of  Mr.  Brownlow, 
rough  and  irascible  in  conduct  but  kindly  at 
heart,  ready  to  " 
on  any  point. 

Grindal  (grin'dal),  Edmund,  Born  about  1519 : 
died  at  Croydon,  July  6, 1583.  An  English  Prot- 
estant divine,  elected  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury Jan.  10,  1575.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  in 
1538 ;  became  a  royal  chaplain  in  1541 ;  was  elected  master 
of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  in  1559 ;  and  was  elected 
bishop  of  London  in  the  same  year.  He  was  a  vigorous 
opponent  of  the  Koman  Church. 

Grindelwald  (grin'del-valt).  A  village,  com- 
mune, and  valley  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Swit- 
zerland, 35  miles  southeast  of  Bern.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  picturesque  scenery  and  as  a  tourist  center. 
Near  it  are  the  two  Grindelwald  glaciers. 

Gringore  (gran-gor'),  or  Gringoire  (gran-gwar') 
(originally  Gringor),  Pierre.  Bom  in  Nor- 
mandy, 1475-80 :  died  154i.  A  French  satirist 
and  dramatic  writer.  Among  his  works  are  "  Saint 
Loys"  (a  mystery),  "Les  foUes  enterprises"  (a  series  of 
monologues;^  "La  chassedn  cerf  des  cerfs,"  "Lecoque- 
luche,"  etc. 

It  is  to  him  that  we  owe  the  only  complete  and  really 
noteworthy  tetralogy,  composed  of  cry,  sotie,  morality, 
and  farce,  which  exists  to  show  the  final  result  of  the 
mediaeval  play — the  "Jeu  du  Prince  des  Sots.".  .  .  Grin- 
gore  first  emerges  as  a  pamphleteer  in  verse,  on  the  side 
of  the  policy  ol  Louis  XII.    He  held  the  important  posi 


26, 1808 :  died  at  Asniferes,  near  Paris,  June  15, 
1869.  A  French  composer  of  comic  operas,  melo- 


and  of  the  "  International  Magazine  "  in  1852.  Among  his 
works  are  "Poets  and  Poetry  of  America"  (1842),  "  ftose 
Writers  of  America"  (1846),  "Female  Poets  of  America" 
(1849),  "  The  Republican  Court "  (1864). 

drito  de  Dolores.    See  Dolores,  Grito  de. 

Grizzel.    See  Griselda. 

Grizzle  (griz'l).     The  horse  of  Doctor  Syntax. 
He  was  all  skin  and  bone, 
dies,  and  romances.    Nineteen  of  the  first  were  (Jx'izzle,  Lord.    In  Fielding's  burlesque  "Tom 
produced,  and  he  published  more  than  fifty  of    Thumb  the  (Jreat,"  a  peer  of  the  realm :  "  a 
the  last.  flighty,  flaunting,  and  fantastical  "personage. 

Grisebach  (gre '  ze  -bach),  August  Heinrich  G-rizzle,  Mrs.  The  sister  of  Peregrine  Picklo 
Rudolf.  Born  at  Hannover,  Prussia,  April  17,  inSmollett'snovelof  thatname.  She  marries  Com- 
1814 :  died  at  Gottingen,  Prussia,  May  9,  1879.  modore  Trunnion,  and  henpecks  him.  "  She  goes  a  littl» 
A  (Jerman  botanist  and  traveler,  professor  at  crank  and  humorsome  by  being  often  overstowed  with 
Gottingen  from  1847.  He  traveled,  for  scientific  pur-  J^="*^  """^  "^^^'S'™-  „,.^  .  .  ,  .  ...  ,,., 
poses,  in  Turkey  (1839),  the  Pyrenees  (I860),  and  Norway  GroatS-WOrth  01  Wit,  A,  DOUgnt  Wltn  a  Mil- 


lion of  Repentance.  A  posthumous  tract  by 
Robert  Greene.  It  was  licensed  in  1592 ;  the  earliest 
existing  edition  known  is  1696.  It  was  edited  by  Henry 
Chettle.  Roberto,  the  young  man  whose  conversion  and 
adventures  are  related,  corresponds  in  some,  though  not 
in  all,  respects  to  Robert  Greene  himself.  He  ends  with 
a  pathetic  letter  to  his  wife,  which  was  found  with  the 
MS.  after  his  death. 


sf4llri?e™!' GJSa  •'ap'^'Ja^^^^^^^^^^  GrSben  (gre^ben).  Count  Karl^Joseph  von  der, 

popular  of  all  the  stories  of  the  'Decameron.*  In  the 
fourteenth  century  the  prose  translations  of  it  in  French 
were  very  numerous ;  Legrand  mentions  that  he  had  seen 
upwards  of  twenty,  under  different  names,  *Miroir  des 
dames,'  'Exemples  de  bonnes  et  mauvaises  femmes,'  etc. 
Petrarch, whohad not  seen  the 'Decameron'tillashort  time 
before  his  death  {which  shows  that  Boccaccio  was  ashamed 
of  the  work),  read  it  with  much  admiration,  as  appearsfrom 
his  letters,  and  translated  it  into  Latin  in  1373.    Chaucer, 


Bom  near  Bastenburg,  East  Prussia,  Sept.  17, 
1788:  died  July  13,  1876.  A  Prussian  general. 
Grochow  (gro'chov).  A  village  in  Poland,  2i 
miles  east  of  Praga  (a  suburb  of  Warsaw),  ii 
was  the  scene  of  battles  between  the  Poles  and  the  Rus- 
sians under  Diebitsch,  Feb.  19-26, 1831.  The  Poles  fought 
gallantly,  inflicting  severe  loss  on  the  Russians,  but  had  tc 

uis.cuiiK,,  oiiu  u<»us^..,/v/u.»u..u^>...... ...  jL».u.    „..„...,„,     fall  back  on  Warsaw. 

who  borrowed  the  story  from  Petrarch,  assigns  it  to  the  GrOCyn  (gro'sin),  William.     Born  at  Coleme, 

Clerk  ol  Oxenforde  in  his 'Canterbury  Tales.'     The  clerk     tt7-:i4-.,'u,*««   ^\^^-,-,4-  ^AAR.  AiaA  of  "lU"Qi,^a+.rtTiQ  I.^IQ 

declares  in  his  prologue  that  he  learned  it  from  Petrarch 

at  Padua ;  and,  if  we  may  believe  Warton,  Chaucer,  when 

in  Italy,  actually  heard  the  story  related  by  Petrarch,  who, 

before  translating  it  into  Latin,  had  got  it  by  heart  in  order 

to  repeat  to  his  friends.    The  tale  became  so  4)opular  in 

France  that  the  comedians  of  Paris  represented,  in  1393,  a 

Mystery  in  French  verse,  entitled  *  Le  Myst^re  de  Grisel- 
dis. •    There  is  also  an  English  drama  called  *  Patient  Gris- 


Wiltshire,  about  1446 :  died  at  Maidstone,  1519. 
An  English  classical  scholar,  first  teacher  oi 
Greek  at  Oxford.  He  was  a  friend  of  Linacre,  More, 
Colet,  and  Erasmus,  and  an  ardent  promoter  of  the  "new 
learning,"  though  an  adherent  of  the  old  religious  faith. 
With  the  exception  of  a  letter  toAldusandan  epigram  (on 
a  lady  who  threw  a  snowball  at  him),  no  vnitings  of  hii 
arelmown. 
sel '  entered  in  Stationers' Hall,  1699.  One  of  Goldoni's  (Jrodek  (gro'dek).  A  town  in  Galicia,  Austria- 
plays,  in  which  the  tyrannical  husband  is  king  of  Thessaly,      O^..-  .».,,  T., 

is  also  formed  on  the  subject  of  Griseldis."    DurUop,  Hist, 
of  Prose  Fiction,  II.  146. 


Hungary,  18  miles  west  of  Lemberg. 
tion  (1890),  commune,  10,742. 


Popula- 


tion of  mSreso«te  in  the  company  of  persons  who  charged  r<-:„:  Co.,.g'oS\'  (larlntf-.a  /■finroTiTiA  Ai1Mi>  .Tn.  Grodon  (gre'den),  or  GxSdnerthal  (gred'ner- 


themselves  with  playing  the  sotie,  and  Louis  perceived 
the  advantages  which  he  might  gain  by  enlisting  such  a 
writer  on  his  side. 

Saintebury,  Short  History  of  French  Lit.,  p.  216. 

Grinnell (grin-el')-  AcityinPoweshiekCounty, 
Iowa,  48  miles  east  bynorth  of  Des  Moines :  the 
seat  of  Iowa  College  (Congregational).  Popu- 
lation (1900),  3,860. 

Grinnell,  Henry.  Bom  at  New  Bedford,  Mass., 
Feb.  13, 1799 :  died  at  New  York,  June  30, 1874. 
An  American  merchant.  He  fitted  out  in  i860  an 
expedition  sent  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklm  under  the 
command  ol  Lieutenant  E.  J.  De  Haven.  De  Haven  dis- 
covered land  lat.  80°  N.,  which  was  called  Grinnell  Land, 


sSphine  Marie,  called).  Bom  near  Mantua, 
June  28, 1819 :  died  at  Geneva,  May  22, 1899.  A 
celebrated  dancer,  cousin  of  Giulia  Grisi  and 
wife  of  M.  Perrot,  a  dancing-master. 
Grisi,  Giulia.  Bom  at  Milan,  July  28, 1811  (?) : 
died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  28, 1869.  A  celebrated  Ital- 
ian soprano,  famous  as  an  operatic  singer.  She 
appeared  first  in  Italy  in  1830  as  Emma  in  Rossini's  "  Zel- 
mira  " ;  sang  in  Paris  1832-49,  and  in  London  1834-61 ;  and 
visited  the  United  States  in  1854.  In  1861  she  signed  an 
agreement  not  to  sing  for  5  years.  In  1866  she  reappeared 
at  London,  where  she  sang  from  time  to  time  in  concerts 


tal).  It.  Gardena  (gar-da'na).  A  valley  in 
Tyrol,  Austria-Hungary,  16  miles  northeast  of 
Bozen.  Length,  18  miles. 
Grodno  (grod'no).  1.  A  government  of  western 
Kussia,  bounded  by  Suwalki  and  Wilna  on  the 
north,  Minsk  on  the  east,Volhynia  on  the  south, 
and  Lomza  and  Siedlce  on  the  west.  Area, 
M^gai  square  miles.  Population  (1892),  1,510,- 
028. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Grod- 
no, situated  on  the  Niemen  in  lat.  53°  44'  N., 
long.  23°  45'  E.    Population  (1890),  49,788. 


till  1869. 
divorced : 


in  1836  she  married  Count  de  Melcy,  but  was  Gxoen  VaU  Prinsterer  (Qron  van  prin'ster-er)|. 


later  she  married  the  singer  Mario. 


butfaUedtoflndFrankhn.  In  1853  Grmnell fitted out,with  fi.s„t,j„inna  rorio  ki-nis'sHI  Thfiwifeof  Arta,xa- 
George  Peabody,  a  second  Franklin  search  expedition  un-  trriSKiniSSa(gris-Ki-nis  sa^.^  inewueoi-artaxa 
der  1^.  E.  X.  Kane,  which  was  equally  unsuccessful. 


Grinnell  Land.  [Discovered  by  De  Haven  in 
the  first  Grinnell  expedition,  and  named  by  him 
from  its  promoter.]  A  land  in  the  north  polar 
regions,  separated  from  Greenland  by  Smith 
Sound  and  Kennedy  Channel.  It  was  explored  by 
Kane,  by  Hayes,  and  more  thoroughly  by  Greely  in  1882,  It 
contains  LakeHazen(66 miles)  and  Mount  Arthur(6,000 ft.). 

Grip  (grip)-  In  Charles  Dickens's  "  Bamaby 
Rudge,"  a  talkative  raven.  He  is  taken  from  a 
raven  owned  by  the  author. 

Gripe  (grip).  1.  A  hypocritical  old  city  usu- 
rer in  Wycherley's  comedy  "  Love  in  a  Wood." 
— 3.  The  miserly  father  of  Leander,  cheated 
by  Scapin,  in  Otway's  "  Cheats  of  Scapin."  He 
is  the  (j6ronte  of  Molifere's  play.—  3.  A  miserly 
money-scrivener  in  Vanbrugh's  comedy  "  The 
Confederacy." 

Sir  Francis.    In  Mrs.  Centlivre's  com 


Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Voorburg,  near  The  Haguev 
Aug.  21, 1801 :  died  at  The  Hague,  May  19, 1876 
A  Dutch  historian,  politician,  and  political 
writer.  His  works  include  "Archives,  ou  correspondance 
in^dite  de  la  maison  d'Orange-Nassau  "  (1835-64),  "  Hand- 
book der  geschiedenis  van  het  Vaderland  "  (1835),  etc. 

Grogg  (grog).  Colonel.    See  the  extract. 


minous,  king^of  TJtopia,iti  Rhodes's  "Bombastes 
Furioso."  The  king  wishes  to  divorce  her  and 
marry  Distaffina. 

Grisons  (gre-z6n'),  G.  Graubunden(grou'biind- 
en)  or  Graubiindten  (grou'blint-en).  It.  Gri- 
gioni  (gre-jo'ne).  [P. ,  f rom  g'm,  gray.]  The 
largest  and  easternmost  canton  of  Switzerland. 
Capital,  Chur.  It  is  bounded  by  Glarus,  St.-Gall,  Liech- 
tenstein, and  Austria-Hungary  on  the  north,  Austria-Hun- 
gary and  Italy  on  the  east,  Italy  and  Ticino  on  the  south, 
and  Ticino  and  Uri  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous. The  constitution  is  democratic.  The  canton  sends 
6  members  to  the  National  Council.   It  formed  part  of  the 

ancient  RhsEtia.    Thefollowing  are  the  leading  events  in  QTOlier  Olub  (gro'lya  klub).   A  New  York  club, 

founded  in  1884  and  incorporated  m  1888.    it» 


A  smaller  society,  formed  with  less  ambitions  views,  ori- 
ginated in  a  ride  to  Pennicuik,  the  seat  of  the  head  of  Mr. 
Clerk's  family,  whose  elegant  hospitalities  are  recorded  iik 
the  "Memoir."  This  was  called,  by  way  of  excellence.  The 
Club,  and  I  believe  it  is  continued  under  the  same  name  to 
this  day.  Here,  too,  Walter  had  his  sobriquet ;  and  —  hia 
corduroy  breeches,  I  presume,  not  being  as  yet  worn  out — 
it  was  Colonel  Grogg.  Lockhart,  Scott,  I.  96. 


its  history :  formation  of  the  Gotteshausbund,  1396;  of  the 
Grauer  Bund  (Gray  League),  1424 ;  of  the  Zehngerichten- 
bund  (League  ol  Ten  Jurisdictions),  1436 ;  alliance  of  the 
first  two  leagues  with  the  confederated  cantons,  1497-98 ; 
of  the  third  league,  1567 ;  loss  of  Italian  possessions,  1797 ; 
union  with  the  Swiss  Confederation,  1803.  Area,  2,773 
square  miles.    Population  (1888),  96,291. 


of  Miranda.    He  wishes  to  marry  his  ward  for  the  sake        „  ,,       'i^„„t  f„™,„  of  the  island 

of  her  money,  but  is  duped  by  her  and  Sir  George  Airy.        o±  the  Oldest  towns  ot  tneislana.         ,    „   ..     , 

Gripsholm,  (grips 'holm).     A  royal  Swedish  Grissel,  Patient.     See  Griselda  and  Patient 
palace  situated  on  the  southern  shore  of  Lake     "        ' 
Malar,  near  Mariefred,  30  miles  west  of  Stock- 
holm.   It  was  founded  by  Gustavus  Vasa  in 
1537. 

Griqualand  (gre'kwa-land)  East.  A  depen- 
dency of  Cape  Colony,  situated  northwest  of 
Pondoland  and  southwest  of  Natal.  Chief  place, 
Kokstadt.  It  is  governed  by  magistrates  appointed  by 
the  Cape  authorities.  Area,  7,594  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  152,618. 

Griqualand  West.     A  part  of  Cape  Colony, 

forming  4  divisions.    Capital,  Kimberley.     it    ^^ 

lies  north  of  the  remainder  of  the  colony,  and  west  of  o   ;       „jj    TJufng  WilmOt 
..x._  n T!^^^  afofo    flnH  in  fnTnoiiH  for  its  diamond  U^llbWUlu,  jliUlUD    vvriuiuu, 

Rutland  County,  Vt. ,  Feb.  1  , 

York  city,  Aug.  27,  1857.    An  American  critic 


object  is  the  encouragement  and  promotion  of  book-making 
as  an  arl^  and  the  occasional  publication  of  works  designed 
to  advance  and  illustrate  that  art. 

Grolier  de  Servier,  Vicomte  d' Aguisy,  Jean. 

Born  at  Lyons,  1479:  died  in  1565.  A  celebrated 
French  bibliophile,  known  as  Jean  Grolier.  He 
was  of  a  rich  family,  and  became  treasurer  under  Francis  I. 
He  owes  his  reputation  to  his  passion  for  fine  books(regard- 
ingalike8iibiect,biiiding,printing,andpaper).  Hedesigned 
many  of  his  own  ornaments  and  supervised  the  binding. 
Grissel'.  Grongar  Hill  (gron'gar  hil).    A  descriptive 

Griswold  (griz'wold),  Roger.    Bom  at  Lyme,    poem  by  John  Dyer,  published  in  1727:  named 
Conn.,  May  21,  1762 :  died  at  Norwich,  Conn.,    from  a  lull  in  South  Wales. 
Oct.  25, 1812.    An  American  politician.  He  was  GT0ningen(Gr6'ning-Gen),G.  Groningen(gr6'- 
graduated  at  Tale  in  1780,  and  began  thepracticejif  hiw    ning-en).     1.  A  province  of  the  Netherlands, 


at  Norwich  in  1783,  removhig  to  Lyme  in  1794.  He  was 
a  Federalist  member  of  Congress  from  Connecticut  1795- 
1805,  and  became  a  judge  of  the  Connecticut  Supreme 
Court  in  1807,  and  governor  of  the  State  in  1811.  While 
governor  he  refused  4  companies  of  troops,  which  were 
requisitioned  by  the  President  for  garrison  purposes,  the 
refusal  being  made  on  the  ground  that  the  troops  were  not 
wanted  to  repel  invasion,  and  that  the  requisition  was  in 
consequence  unconstitutional. 

theOrange^ee  Stat,  and  isfamous^s^diamcm^  ^S^J^^/^^^V  ^  ^^N^ 


fields,  discovered  in  1867.  It  was  governed  by  a  separate 
administrator  1871-81.  Area,  15,197  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  88,376.  »    c      iX.   AiU.-  t 

Griquas  (gre'kwaz).      A  South  African  race  of 
half-castes  (Dutch  and  natives).   They  form  a  dis- 


bounded  by  the  North  Sea  on  the  north,*the 
DoUart  and  Prussia  on  the  east,  Drenthe  on  the 
south,  and  Friesland  on  the  west.  Area,  790 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  277,282.-2. 
A  seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of  Groningen, 
Netherlands,  situated  on  the  Reit  Diep  (formed 
by  the  junction  of  the  Drenthe  'sche  Aa  and  the 
Hunse)  in  lat.  53°  13'  N.,  long.  6°  34'  E.  It  has 
important  trade,  especially  in  grain  and  rape-seed,  and  is 
the  seat  ot  a  university,  founded  in  1614.  It  was  taken 
,,..-„-        ,        ..         -,...,.         ,.1     by  Maurice  of  Nassau  in  1594.    Population  (1900),  67,663. 

andeditor.    He  was  for  a  time  a  Baptist  clergyman,  but  fi„„„„„f„^^,„„„-.  t    n ^_._i       ,     -     -,   .      v 

abandoned  the  ministry  in  order  to  devote  himself  U>  lit-   GjonOV  (Gro  nov),  L  GronOVJUS  (gro-no'vi-us), 
erature.    He  was  editor  ol  "  Graham's  Magazine  "  1841-43,     Abraham.  Born  at  Leyden,  Netherlands,  1694 : 


Qronov,  Abraham 

died  there,  Aug.  17,  1775.    A  Dutch  classical 
scholar,  son  of  Jakob  Gronov.    He  was  librarian  in  - 
the  University  of  Leyden,  and  is  olilefly  noted  for  liis  edi- 
tion of  jElian's  "Varia  historia,"  besides  wliicli  he  pub- 
lished  editions  of  Justin,  Pomponius  Mela,  and  Tacitus. 

Gronov,  L.  Gronovius,  Jakob.    Bom  at  De- 

venter,  Netherlands,  Oct.  20, 1645 :  died  at  Ley- 
den, Oct.  21,  1716.  A  Dutch  classical  scholar, 
son  of  J.  F.  Gronov  (1611-71).  He  became  professor 
of  belles-lettres  at  Leyden  in  1679.  His  chief  work  is  "The- 
saurus antiquitatum  grtecarum  "  (1697-1702). 

Gronov,  L.  Gronovius,  Johann  Friedrich. 

Born  at  Hamburg,  Sept.  8,  1611:  died  at  Ley- 
den, Dec.  28,  1671.  An  eminent  German  clas- 
sical scholar.  He  became  professor  of  history  and  elo- 
quence in  the  University  of  Leyden  in  1668,  a  position  which 
he  occupied  until  hia  death.  He  published  valuable  edi- 
tions of  Livy,  Tacitus,  and  other  Latin  classics,  and  is  the 
author  of  "Commentarius  de  sestertiis  "  (1643). 

Gronov,  L.  Gronovius,  Johann  Friedrich. 
Born  at  Leyden,  March  10,  1690:  died  there, 
1760.  A  Dutch  botanist,  brother  of  Abraham 
Gronov:  author  of  "Flora  Virginica"  (1743) 
and  "Flora  Orientalis"  (1755). 

Gronov,  L.  Gronovius,  LorenzTheodor.  Died 
at  Leyden,  1778.  A  Dutch  naturalist,  sou  of 
J.  F.  Gronov  (1690-1760) .  He  wrote ' '  Museum 
Ichthyologicum"  (1754-56),  "  Zoophylacium 
gronoviauum"  (1763-81),  etc. 

(noot  (grot),  Gerhard,  L.  Gerhardus  Magnus. 
Born  at  Deventer,  Netherlands,  Oct.,  1840 :  died 
there,  Aug.  20, 1384.  A  Dutch  reformer,  found- 
er of  the  society  of  "Brethren  of  the  Clommon 
Life."  He  was  the  son  of  a  burgomaster  of  De- 
venter. 

Groote  Hylandt  (groti'lant).  ['Great Island.'] 
An  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  Australia. 

Gros(gr6),Antoine  Jean,  Baron.  Bom  at  Paris, 
March  16, 1771:  drowned  himself  in  the  Seine, 
near  Paris,  June  25, 1835.  A  French  historical 
painter.  He  studied  first  with  his  father,  a  miniature- 
painter  ;  in  1786  entered  the  atelier  of  David  ;  and  visited 
Italy  in  1798.  He  was  especially  inspired  by  Rubens  and 
Van  Dyck.  Gros  came  into  relations  with  Bonaparte  at 
the  time  of  the  Italian  campaign,  and  painted  his  portrait 
in  the  "  Ponte  d'Arcole."  He  was  appointed  on  the  com- 
mission which  selected  the  works  taken  to  France  from 
the  conquered  cities  of  Italy.  On  his  return  to  Paris  he 
painted  "  Les  pestif^r^s  de  Jaflfa  "  (1804),  "  Charge  de  ca- 
valerie  Ma  bataille  d'Abouklr  "  (1806),  and  other  similar 
works.  He  wasmade  baron  by  Napoleon  I.,  and  became  a 
member  of  the  Institute  in  1816.  He  exhibited  in  1827 
"Le  portrait  de  Charles  X.,"  and  in  1836  "Hercule  et  Di- 
omfede."  The  criticism  upon  this  work  brought  on  an  at- 
tack of  melancholia,  and  he  drowned  himself.  He  ex- 
hibited at  the  Salons  from  1797  to  1835. 

Grosclaude  (gro-klod' ),  Louis.  Bom  at  Locle, 
Switzerland,  Sept.  26, 1788 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec. 
11. 1869.  A  Swiss  genre  painter.  He  studied 
with  Kegnault.  Many  of  his  works  were  bought 
by  the  King  of  Prussia. 

Grose  (gros),  Francis.  Bom  at  Greenf  ord,  Mid- 
dlesex, about  1731:  died  at  Dublin,  May  12, 
1791.  An  English  antiquary.  He  studied  art,  and 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  for  a  number  of  years, 
chiefly  architectural  drawings.  He  was  Richmond  herald 
1755-63,  and  afterward  held  offices  in  several  corps  of  mi- 
litia. In  1789  he  made  an  antiquarian  tour  in  Scotland,  and 
in  1791  started  on  a  similar  tour  in  Ireland,  from  which  he 
never  returiJfed.  He  wrote  "  The  Antiquities  of  England 
and  Wales  "  (1773-8:0i  "Classical Dictionary  of  the  Vulgar 
Tongue  "  (1785X  "Military  Antiquities,  etc."  (1786),  Pro- 
vincial Glossary"  (1787),  "The  Antiquities  of  Scotland 
(1789),  "  The  Antiquities  of  Ireland,  finished  by  Dr.  ted- 
wich  (1791-95),  etc. 

Gross  (gros),  Samuel  D.  Bom  near  Easton, 
Pa.,  July  8, 1805:  died  at  Philadelphia,  May  6, 
1884.  An  American  surgeon.  His  works  include 
"Elements  of  Pathological  Anatomy  "  (1839),  "System  of 
Surgery  "(1869),  etc.  ,         .       .„  .      j., 

Grossbeeren  (gros'ba-ren).  A  village  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  12  miles 
south  of  Berlin.  Here,  Aug.  23, 1813,  the  Prussians  un- 
der Von  Bulow  defeated  the  French  army  wliioh  was  ad- 
vancing on  Berlin  under  Oudinot,  driving  it  back  on  the 

(kosse  (gros'se),  JuUus  Waldemar.  Bom  at 
Erfurt,  Prussia,  April  25, 1828:  died  at  Torbole, 
Austria,  May  9, 1902.  A  German  poet  and  nov- 
elist. He  was  engaged  in  journalistic  work  at  Munieli 
1854-70,  and  became  secretary  of  the  Schiller-Stiftung  at 
Weimar  in  1870.  Hepublished  numerouspoetical  and  dra- 
maticworks,andthenovel8"Unti-euausMitleid  (186^4), 
"Maria  Mancini"  (1869).  "  Eine  alte.  i,iebe  (1869)  Ge- 
gen  den  Strom  "  (18711,  "  Tante_Carldore    (1890),  etc 

Grossenhain  (gros' sen -hm),  fornierly  called 
Hain.  A  town  in  the  government  district  ot 
Dresden,  Saxony,  situated  on  the  Eoder  19  miles 
north-northwest  of  Dresden.  Population  (1890), 

12  935 

Grosseteste  (gros 'test),  Robert.  Died. 1253. 
An  English  divine  and  scholar,  elected  bishop 
of  Lincoln  in  1235.  He  studied  at  Oxford  and  Paris ; 
later  became  chancellor  at  Oxford  and  (1224)  first  rector 
If  ae^lfancisTan"  there ;  and  ^f^^^^^^Zttr^Z 
of  Wiltsa2U.  1220),  archdeacon  of  Noithampton  l^^l,  ana 
iIZTm^u  of  Leicester.    He  also  helS  the  prebend 


463 

of  Empingham  in  Lincoln  cathedral.  He  was  energetic 
in  reforming  abuses  in  his  diocese.  In  1239  he  fell  into  a 
protracted  quarrel  with  the  chapter  of  Lincoln  over  his 
right  of  visitation,  which  was  finally  settled  by  the  Pope 
in  his  favor.  His  career  throughout  was  marlied  by  a  vig- 
orous defense  of  his  rights  and  the  right  against  all  op- 
ponents, including  king  and  Pope.  A  notable  instance  of 
this  was  his  refusal  (1263),  on  the  ground  of  unfitness,  to 
induct  into  a  canonry  at  Lincoln  the  Pope's  nephew  Fred- 
erick di  Lavanga.  (irosseteste  was  a  voluminous  writer, 
and  long  exerted  a  great  iufiuence  upon  Englisli  thought 
and  literature. 

Robert  Grosseteste,  a  man  of  spotless  orthodoxy,  and 
unquestionably  the  first  English  scholar  of  the  age.  With- 
out any  advantages  of  birth  or  person,  Grosseteste  had  al- 
ready begun  to  mount  the  ladder  of  fame.  The  son  of  a 
mere  peasant,  he  was  generally  described  by  a  nickname 
which  in'  Latin  was  rendered  Capita,  or  Grossum  Capvi, 
and  in  English  GreathAod,  or  Qrosthead.  The  date  of  his 
birth  is  unknown,  and  it  is  not  certain  whether  he  took 
his  degree  in  arts  at  Oxford  or  at  Paris.  Before  becoming 
a  lecturer  in  the  Franciscan  convent,  he  had  been  suc- 


Grove,  Sir  William  Robert 

a  German  scholar,  Grotetend.  Grotefend  noticed  that  the 
inscriptions  generally  began  with  three  or  four  words,  one 
of  which  varied,  while  the  others  remained  unchanged. 
The  variable  word  had  three  forms,  though  the  same  form 
always  appeared  on  the  same  monument,  Grotefend, 
therefore,  conjectured  that  this  word  represented  the 
name  ot  a  king,  the  words  which  followed  it  being  the 
royal  titles.  One  of  the  supposed  names  appeared  much 
oftener  than  the  others,  and  as  it  was  too  short  for  Ar- 
taxerxes  and  too  long  for  Cyrus,  it  was  evident  that  it  must 
stand  either  for  Darius  or  lor  Xerxes.  A  study  of  the 
classical  authors  showed  Grotefend  that  certain  ot  the 
monuments  on  which  it  was  found  had  been  constructed 
by  Darius,  and  he  accordingly  gave  to  the  characters  com- 
posing it  the  values  required  for  spelling  "Darius  "  in  its 
old  Persian  form.  In  this  way  he  succeeded  in  obtaining 
conjectural  values  lor  six  cuneiform  letters.  He  now 
turned  to  the  second  royal  name,  which  also  appeared  on 
several  monuments,  and  was  of  much  the  same  length  as 
that  of  Darius.  This  could  only  be  Xerxes ;  but  if  so,  the 
fifth  letter  composing  it  (r)  would  necessarily  be  the  same 
as  the  third  letter  in  the  name  of  Darius.  This  proved  to 
he  the  case.  Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  13. 


cessively  appointed  to  the  archdeaconries  of  Chests,   Groth(gr6t),KlaUS.  Born  atHeide,  inHolstein, 


Wilts,  Northampton,  and  Leicester,  and  he  seems  t 
held  the  last  two  of  these  preferments  until  the  year  1231. 

Lyte,  Oxford,  p,  29. 

Grosseto  (gros-,sa't6).  1.  A  province  in  Tus- 
cany, Italy,  bordering  on  the  Mediterranean. 
Area,  1,738  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
121,564. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Grosseto,  situated  near  theOmbrone  in  lat.  42° 
46'  N.,  long.  11°  6'  E.  It  is  the  chief  place  in  the 
Maremme,  and  has  a  cathedral.  Population  (1891),  esti- 
mated, 8,700. 

Grossglockner.    See  Glodkner. 
Gxossglogau.    See  Glogau. 


April  24, 1819 :  died  at  Kiel,  June  2, 1899.  A  Ger- 
man dialect  poet.  He  wrote  in  1853  the  first  volume  of 
"  Quickboru  "  ("  Living  Spring  "),  poems  of  popular  life,  in 
the  "  Platt-Deutsoh"  (Low  German)  dialect.  He  had  not 
had  a  university  education,  but  was  given  the  doctor's  title 
"honoris  causa"  by  the  University  ot  Bonn  ui  1856.  In  1857 
he  became  decent  at  Kiel,  where  he  was  subsequentlymade 
professor.  Twovolumesof  "  Vertelln"  (narrativesin prose) 
appeared  in  1855  and  1859.  A  second  volume  of  "Quick- 
born  "  followed  in  1872 ;  "  Ut  min  Jungsparadies,  drei  Ver- 
telln "  ("From  my  ifouthtul  Paradise,  Three  Stories  ")  in 
1876,  "Briele  tiber  Hochdeutsch  uiid  Plattdeutsoh " 
("Letters  on  High  German  and  Platt-Deutsch  ")  appeared 
in  1858;  "Uber  Mundarten  und  Mundartliche  Dichtimg" 
("  On  Dialects  and  Dialect  Poetry  ")  in  1873. 

Grossgorschen  (gros'gfer-shen).  Avillage  south  GT0tius(gr6'shi-us)  (Latinized  from  deOxoot), 


Hugo.    Bom  at  Delft,  Netherlands,  April  10, 
1583  :  died  at  Eostock,  Germany,  Aug.  28, 1645. 
A  celebrated  Dutch  jurist,  theologian,  states- 
man, and  poet,  the  founder  of  the  science  of 
international  law.    He  was  made  pensionary  of  Rot- 
terdam in  1613 ;  as  a  Remonstrant  leader  was  condemned 
to  life  imprisonment  at  Loevestein  in  1619 ;  escaped  in  1621 ; 
n-— ;K™nv.^,1«^*c™„;;=  ■■^'n.oT.T,  ,qr,T.n     4-irinoo.Q     and  was  Swedish  ambassador  to  France  1636-46.    He  pub- 
GrOSSjagerndorf  (gros-ya  gern-dort).  a  village     jig^^^  "De  jure  belli  et  pads"  (1625 :  his  chief  work),  "  De 
in  the  province  of  Bast  Prussia,  Prussia,  9  miles     veritate  religionis  Christianse  "  (1627),_annotations  on  the 


of  Liitzen  (which  see).  The  battle  of  Lutzen,  May  2., 
1813,  is  sometimes  called  the  battle  of  Grossgorschen. 
Grossi  (gros'se),  Tommaso.  Bom  at  Bellano, 
on  the  Lake  of  Como,  Italy,  Jan.  20, 1791:  died 
at  Milan,  Dec.  10,  1853.  An  Italian  poet  and 
novelist.  Hisworks  include  the  historical  novel  "Marco 
Visoonti "  (1834),  the  poem  "Ildegonda"(1820),  etc. 


east  of  Wehlau.  Here,  Aug.  so,  1767,  a  large  Russian 
army,  invading  Prussia  under  Apraxin,  inflicted  ^a  severe 
defeat  on  the  Prussians  under  Von  Lehwald. 

Gross-Steffelsdorf.    See  Eima-Szombath. 

Grosswardein  (gros'var-din).  Hung.  Nagy- 
Varad  (uody'va-rod).  A  royal  free  city,  capi- 
tal of  the  county  of  Bihar,  Hungary,  situated 


Old  Testament  (1644)  and  on  the  New  Testament  (1641-46), 
"Adamus  exul"  (1601:  a  tragedy),  "Christus  patiens" 
(1608 :  a  tragedy),  and  many  other  works. 
(jroton  (gro'tpn).  A  town  in  Middlesex  County, 
Massachusetts,  32  miles  northwest  of  Boston: 
the  seat  of  Lawrence  Academy.  Population 
(1900),  2,052. 


on  the  Sebes  KBros  in  lat.'  47°  i'  N'./long.  21°  Groton.  A  town  in  New  London  County,  Con- 
53' E.  Ithas  a  Roman  and  a  Greek  cathedral.  It  is  one  neeticut,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Thames, 
of  the  oldest  Hungarian  towns,  A  treaty  was  made  here  opposite  New  London.  It  contains  Fort  Griswold, 
between  Ferdinand  I.  and  John  Z^polya  in  1638,  It  was  which  was  the  scene  ot  a  massacre  of  American  troops 
a  temporary  seat  of  the  revolutionary  government  in  ^y  British  under  Benedict  Arnold,  Sept.  6, 1781.  Popula- 
1849.     Population  (1890),  38,557.  tion  (1900),  6,962. 

Grosvenor  (gro've-nor)  Gallery.    1.  A  private  (jh:otta  del  Cane  (grot'ta  del  ka'ne).     [It.,  lit. 


picture-gallery  established  in  Grosvenor  House, 
London,  by  Eiehard,  first  Earl  Grosvenor.  He 
purchased  the  pictures  of  Mr.  Agar  as  a  nucleus.  It  con- 
tains fine  works  of  Claude  and  Rubens, 
2.  A  gallery  for  the  exhibition  of  paintings  of 
th  e  modern  "esthetic  school ,  established  by  Lord 
Grosvenor  in  New  Bond  street  in  1876.    Pictures 


grotto  of  the  dog':  so  named  because  the  car- 
bonic acid,  collecting  near  the  floor  of  the  cave, 
will  kill  a  dog,  while  a  man,  being  taller,  es- 
capes.] A  grotto  near  Pozzuoli,  6  miles  west 
o^  Naples.  The  carbonic-acid  gas  collected  in 
it  is  dangerous  to  animal  life. 


venor  m  JNew  uona  srreei  m  lo/o.    pictures  civnti-aaUa  (arnt  t.fll'vpl      A  town  in  the  nrov- 
received  only  by  invitation.    The  exhibitions  have  <i^°**^glie  (grot  ta   ye)      A  town  in  the  prov 


been  discontinued 

Grosvenor  Square. 


A  fashionable  square  in 


inee  of  Lecoe,  Apulia,  Italy,  13  miles  northeast 
of  Taranto.    Population  (1881),  9,431. 


London,_east^of  Hyde  Park.    It  was  laid  out  before  (pouchy  (gro-she')    M^^^^^^^^ 


1716  and  has  been  the  residence  of  many  famous  men. 
There  is  great  variety  ot  styles  in  its  architecture,  and  it  Is 
noted  for  the  old  ironwork  and  flambeau  extinguishers 
before  many  of  the  doors. 

Grote  (grot),  George.  Bom  at  Clay  Hill,  near 
Beckenham,  Kent,  Nov.  17,  1794:  died  at  Lon- 
don, June  18,  1871.    A  celebrated  English  his- 


Bom  at  Paris,  Oct.  23, 1766 :  died  at  St.-fitienne, 
France,  May  29, 1847.  A  French  marshal,  dis- 
tinguished in  the  Napoleonic  wars.  He  commanded 
a  detached  force  in  the  Waterloo  campaign,  and  defeated 
part  of  Bliicher's  army  at  Wavre,  June  18, 1816,  but  failed 
to  prevent  Bliicher  from  joining  Wellington  or  to  come 
himself  to  the  assistance  of  Napoleon  at  the  battle  of  Water- 
loo, which  was  fought  a  few  miles  distant  on  the  same  day. 
_.  ,  .    .  'so 


toncal  writer.    He  studied  at  the  Charterhouse,  and  in  Qrouse  S  Day,  St.     The   12th   of  August.  „„ 
1810  entered  his  father's  bank,  devotmg  himself  thereafter  "■^VftT  ?  .„?rj  ";"    r-_p„i  TSritain  hppniise  tho 
to  that  business.     He  was  a  member  of  Parliament  1833-    called  jocularly  in  trreat  iJntam  Decause  tne 
1841.    His  great  work  is  a  "History  of  Greece"  (1846-66).     shooting-season  opens  then. 
He  also  published  "Plato  and  the  other  Companions  of  QrOUSSet  (gro-sa'),  PaSChal,     Bom  in  Corsica, 


1844.  A  French  journalist  and  Communist,  min- 
ister of  foreign  affairs  in  the  Commune  1871 
(March  22),  and  member  of  the  executive  com-- 
mittee  (April  21) .  He  was  arrested  June  3,  condemned 
to  deportation,  and  sent  (June,  1872)  to  New  Caledonia, 


Socrates"  (1865).    His  "Minor  Works"  were  collected  by 
Bain  (1873). 

Grote,  Mrs.  (Harriet  Lewin).  Bom  near  South- 
ampton, England,  July  1, 1792:  died  at  Shiere, 

near  Guildford,  Surrey,  Dec.  29, 1878.   An  Eng-     ^  ^^^^^^ ^  _^__^  ^^^_^  ^_,,^  _,^^  ^„  ^ „ 

lish   author,   wife    of   George    Grote    (married  jn  March,  1874,  he  escaped  to  England,  and  returned  to 

1820)    whose  bioeranhv  she  wrote  (1873).     She  France  in  1881,  where  he  devoted  himself  entu?ely  to  lit- 

Ti-  -u   J  „io«  iiMfL  i,f   A,.,r  .ciolipfffir"  (18601  erary  work.    He  wrote  under  the  pseudonyms  Docteur 

published  also  "Lite  ot  Ary  bcnelter     (IBDu;,  ^^^^^^^  Leopold  Virey, Philippe Daryl,  Andr6 Laurie, and 

etc.                                                            .    ,   .  ■,    -r,  Tiburce  Moray, 

Grotefend(gr6'te-fent),Georg Friedrich.  Bom  (jrove  (grov).  Sir  George.    Bom  at  Clapham, 

at  Miinden,  near  Cassel,  Prussia,  June  ^,  1775 :  Surrey,  Aug.  13, 1820 :  died  at  London,  May  28, 

died  at  Hannover,  Prussia,  Dec.  15,  1858.  _  A  xqoq_    An  English  engineer  and  writer.   He  built 

noted    German   philologist   and    archsBologist,  at  Jamaica  in  1841  the  first  iron  lishthouse,  and  was  eni- 

■nrnrpntnT  (Intpr  oonrectorl  of  the  gymnasium  ployed  on  the  Britannia  Bridge.    He  was  director  ot  the 

prorector  (later  conreoioi ;  "'r  '"^°  S J  ^  ^  ^^^         j  ^  ^    Kensington,  1882-94.    He  etlited 

at  Prankfort-on-the-Main  (l»03-^,V'i;^n^^^®J  "MacmiUan's  Magazine  "'tor  several  years,  and  edited 

tor  of  the  lyceum  at  Hannover  (iS^l-iJ;.    Ue  the"Dictionary  of  Music  and  Musicians"  (1879-86). 

iL"SelC*^i%rioVs''ffis°^*ks'f^^^^^^^ 


Beitrage  zur  Eriauterung  der  persepolitanischen  Heil- 
schrift"  (1837),  "Rudimenta  lingua)  Umbricse  (1835-^), 
"Rudimenta  linguffi  Oscs  "  (1839),  etc.    See  the  extract. 

The  clue  to  the  decipherment  of  the  [cuneiform]  in- 
scriptions was  first  discovered  by  the  successful  guess  of 


Wales,  July  14,  1811:  died  Aug.  1,1896.  An 
English  physicist.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  1836j 
invented  the  voltaic  battery  known  as  "Grove's  battery" 
1839 ;  was  professor  ot  physios  at  the  London  Institution 
1840-47 ;  became  a  judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas 


Grove,  Sir  William  Robert 

1871;  was  knighted  1872;  became  a  judge  of  the  High 
Court  ol  Justice  1875 ;  and  retired  from  the  bench  1887. 
Chief  work,  '■  On  the  Correlation  of  Physical  Forces  "  (1846). 

Groveton  (grov'ton).     See  Bull  Bun. 

Groyne,  Tie.  The'old  English  name  of  Corunna. 

Grua  Talamanca  y  Branciforte  (gro'a  tal-a- 
man'ka  e  bran-the-for'te),  Miguel  de  la.  Mar- 
quis of  Branciforte.  Born  in  Sicily  about  1750 : 
died  after  1813.  A  Spanish  general  and  admin- 
istrator. He  belonged  to  the  family  of  the  princes  of 
Carini,  and  was  the  brother-in-law  of  Manuel  Godoy, 
whose  influence  secured  him  many  undeserved  honors. 
He  was  made  captain-general  in  the  army,  grandee  of 
Spain,  etc.,  and  from  July,  1794,  to  May,  1798,  was  viceroy 
of  Mexico.  By  scandalous  abuse  of  his  power  he  gathered 
a  large  fortune,  but  incurred  the  hatred  of  his  subjects. 
In  after  lite  he  adhered  to  Joseph  Bonaparte. 

Gruber  (gro'ber),  Johann  Gottfried.  Born  at 
Naumburg  on  the  Saale,  Prussia,  Nov.  29, 1774: 
died  at  Halle,  Prussia,  Aug.  7, 1851.  A  German 
writer  and  scholar,  collaborator  with  Ersch  on 
the  "Allgemeine  EneyklopadiederWissensohaf- 
ten  und  Klinste." 

Grub  (grub)Street.  A  London  street,  still  ex- 
isting but  for  many  years  knovrn  as  Milton 
street,  it  is  in  the  parish  of  St.  Giles,  Cripplegate,  and 
runs  from  Fore  street  to  Chiswell  street.  It  was  formerly 
noted  "  as  the  abode  of  small  authors,  who  as  writers  of 
trashy  pamphlets  and  broadsides  became  the  butts  for  the 
wits  of  their  time.  .  .  .  The  name  *Grub  street,' as  oppro- 
brious, seems,  however,  to  have  been  first  applied  by  their 
opponents  to  the  writings  of  Foxe  the  martyrologlst,  who 
resided  in  the  street"  {Hare^  London,  I.  273). 

Grub  Street  Opera,  The.  Aburlesque  by  Henry 

Fielding,  produced  in  1731. 
Grumbler  (grum'bler),  The,    A  comedy  by  Sir 

Charles  Sedley,  printed  in  1702.   It  is  a  translation 

of  Brueys's  "  Le  grondeur," and  was  adapted  as  a  farce  by 

Goldsmith  in  1773. 

Grumbletonians  (grum-bl-to'ni-anz).  In  Great 
Britain,  in  the  latter  part  of  the'l7th  century, 
a  nickname  for  members  of  the  Country  party, 
as  opposed  to  the  Court  party. 

Grumbo  (gnim'bo).  A  giant  in  the  Tom  Thumb 
stories. 

Grumentum  (gr6-men'tum).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  town  in  Lueania,  southern  Italy,  sit- 
uated on  the  Aciris  (now  -Agri)  near  the  mod- 
ern Saponara. 

Grumio  (grb'mi-6).  In  Shakspere's  comedy 
"The  Taming  of  the  Shrew," a  servant  of  Pe- 
truchio. 

Grumium  (gro'mi-um).  The  fourth-magnitude 
star  f  Draeonis,  in  the  head  of  the  animal. 

Grlin.    See  Baldung,  Hans. 

Grlin,  Anastasius.  See  Auersperg,  Anton  Alex- 
ander von. 

Griinberg  (griin'bera).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Silesia,  Prussia,  50  mUes  southeast  of  Prank- 
fort-on-the-Oder.  It  exports  wine.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  16,092. 

Grundtvig  (gr6nt'vig),  Nikolai  Frederik  Sev- 
erin.  Bom attJdby,iuZealand,Denmark,Sept. 
8, 1783:  died  at  Copenhagen,  Sept.  2,  1872.  A 
Danish  poet  and  divine.  He  was  the  son  of  a  cIciot- 
man.  He  studied  theology  at  the  Copenhagen  University, 
and  was  first  a  tutor,  and  subsequently  (1808)  again  in  Co- 
penhagen, where  he  published  the  same  year  "  Kordeus 
Mythologl"  ("Mythology  of  the  North"),  and  the  suc- 
ceeding year  "  Optrin  af  Kjampelivets  Under  gang  1  ITord  " 
("  Scenes  from  the  Close  of  the  Heroic  Age  in  the  North  ")■ 
In  1810  he  was  chaplain  to  his  father  at  Udby,  but  returned 
to  Copenhagen  in  1813,  after  the  latter's  death.  In  the  fol- 
lowing years  he  wrote  many  historical  and  religious  arti- 
cles in  periodicals,  and  numerous  poems.  He  also  trans- 
lated Saxo  and  the  Heimskringla  into  Danish,  and  in  1820 
made  a  free  version  of  Beowulf.  In  1821  he  was  appointed 
parish  priest  at  Pristo,  but  went  the  following  year  to  Co- 
penhagen as  chaplain.  In  1825,  in  consequence  of  a  violent 
expression  of  opinion  in  *'Kirkens  Gjenmale"  ("The  An- 
swer of  the  Church,"  namely,  to  a  work  by  H.  N.  Clausen 
on  Catholicism  and  Protestantism),  he  was  prosecuted  for 
damages  and  fined,  and  resigned  his  position.  From  1829 
to  1831  he  was  in  England  engaged  in  the  study  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  literature.  In  1839  he  became  pastor  of  the-llttle 
hospital  church  of  Vartov,  in  Copenhagen,  where  he  re- 
mained until  his  death.  On  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  his 
priesthood  the  title  of  bishop  was  given  him.  He  was  a 
most  prolific  writer  in  almost  all  departments  of  litera- 
ture, and  published  more  than  100  volumes. 

Grundy  (gron'di),  Felix.  Bom  in  Berkeley 
County,  Va.,  Sept.  11,  1777:  died  at  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  Dec.  19, 1840.  An  -American  politician. 
He  was  United  States  senator  from  Tennessee 
1829-38,  and  attorney-general  1838-40. 

Grundy,  Mr.  In  Dickens's ' '  Pickwick  Papers," 
a  friend  of  Mr.  Lowten. 

Grundy,  Mrs.  In  Morton's  comedy  ' '  Speed  the 
Plough,"  one  of  two  rival  farmers'  wives.  She 
is  constantly  alluded  to  by  Mrs.  Ashfleld,  the  other  farm- 
er's Wife,  in  the  phrase  ''What  will  Mrs.  Grundy  say?"  but 
never  appears  on  the  scene.  Her  name  has  become  pro- 
verbial for  conventional  propriety  and  morality. 

Gruner  (gro'ner),  Wilhelm  Heinrich  Ludwig. 

Born  at  Dresden,  Feb.  24, 1801:  died  there,  Feb. 
27.  1882.    A  German  engraver.     He  illustrated. 


464 

among  other  works,"  Decorations  and  Stuccos  of  Churches 
and  Palaces  of  Italy"  (1844)  and  "Specimens  of  Orna- 
mental Art "  (1850). 

Griinstadt  (gniu'stat).  A  small  town  in  the 
Ehine  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  10  miles  southwest 
of  Worms. 

Griinten  (griin'ten).  A  peak  of  the  Algauer 
Alps,  Bavaria,  near  Immenstadt.  There  is  a 
fine  prospect  from  its  summit.  Height,  5,712 
feet. 

Grus  (grus).  [L., '  a  crane.']  A  southern  con- 
stellation between  Aquarius  and  Piscis  Austra- 
lis.  It  is  one  of  the  constellations  introduced 
by  the  navigators  of  the  16th  century. 

Gruter  (giii'ter),  or  Gruytfere  (gni-e-tar'),  Jan. 
Bom  at  -Antwerp,  Dec.  3, 1560 :  died  at  Heidel- 
berg, Baden,  Sept.  20, 1627.  A  noted  classical 
scholar,  author  of  ' '  Inscriptiones  antiqusB  totius 
orbis  Eomanomm"  (1603),  etc. 

Grtttli.     See  Butli. 

Griitzner  (gp-iits'ner),  Eduard.  Bom  at  Gross- 
Karlowitz,  in  Silesia,  May  26, 1846.    A  German 

fenre  painter,  best  known  from  his  scenes  from 
hakspere. 

Gruyferes,  or  Gruyfere  (grii-yar'),  G.  Greyerz 
(gn'erts).  A  district  in  the  canton  of  Fribourg, 
Switzerland ;  also,  a  town  in  the  district,  15  miles 
south  of  Fribourg,  celebrated  for  cheese. 

Gruy^re,  Theodore  Charles.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Sept.  17,  1813 :  died  there,  March  1,  1885.  A 
French  sculptor,  a  pupil  of  Eamey  and  Auguste 
Dumont. 

Grynseus  (gn-ne'us)  (Latinized  from  Gryner), 
Simon.  Bom  at  Vehringen,  Swabia,  1493 :  died 
at  Basel,  Aug.  1, 1541.  A  German-Swiss  Prot- 
estant theologian  and  philologist. 

Gryphius  (grif'i-us;  G.  pron.  gre'fe-os),  An- 
dreas. Bom  at  Glogau,  in  Silesia,  Oct.  11, 1616 : 
died  there,  July  16, 1664.  A  German  dramatist 
and  poet.  He  was  in  his  early  years  a  tutor,  but  was 
enabled  by  his  patron,  the  count  palatine  Georg  von 
Schonborn,  to  go  to  Holland,  when  (1638)  he  matriculated 
at  Leyden,  where  he  subsequently  studied  and  taught.  He 
returned  to  Glogau  in  1643,  but  again  (1646)  left  to  travel 
in  Italy  and  France.  In  1650  he  became  syndic  of  his 
native  town,  where  he  died.  He  wrote  odes,  sonnets, 
and  hymns,  but  his  fame  is  based  principally  upon  his 
dramas.  Hewastheauthorof  5tragedies;  "Leo  Armenius" 
(1650  :  written  in  1646),  "Katharina  von  Georgien,"  "Car- 
denio  und  Celinde,"  "  Carolus  Stuardus"  (1657:  written  in 
1649),  and  "  Papinianus  "  (1669).  More  important  still  are 
his  comedies  "Peter  Squentz"  (1657)  and  "Horribilicri- 
brifax"  (1663),  both  written  between  1647  and  1660.  A 
third  comedy,  "Die  geliebte  Domrose,"  written  in  the 
Silesian  peasant  dialect,  was  first  acted  in  1660  as  the  in- 
terlude to  a  comic  operetta,  "Das  verliebte  Gespengt" 
("The  Enamoured  Ghost ").  Two  other  operatic  plays  are 
"Majuma"  and  "Piastus.'  In  addition  to  these,  he  trans- 
lated a  Latin  religious  drama  and  several  comedies  from 
Italian  and  French.  He  has  been  styled  "  the  German 
Sbakspere." 

Gryphon  (grif'gn).  1.  A  legendary  monster, 
with  its  lower  part  that  of  a  lion  and  its  upper 
that  of  a  bird  of  prey. —  2.  See  Aquilant. 

Guacanagari  (gwa-kan-a-ga-re'),  or  Guacana- 
hari  (gwa-kan-a-a-re').  Died  about  1496.  An 
Indian  chief  of  the  district  of  Marien,  on  the 
northeast  coast  of  Haiti.  He  was  very  friendly  to 
Columbus,  who  left  a  small  colony  neai'  his  village  (Jan., 
1493) :  this  was  destroyed  by  hostile  Indians,  who  also  at- 
tacked Guacanagari.  He  remained  faithful  to  the  whites, 
but  in  1495  his  subjects  rebelled  on  account  of  the  tribute 
exacted  by  the  conquerors.  Guacanagari  fied  to  the  moun- 
tains, where  he  died  miserably. 

Quacharos  (gwa'cha-ros).  Cave  of  the.  [Sp. 
Cueva  de  Guacliaros.']  A  cave  near  Caripe,  state 
of  Bermudez,  Venezuela :  so  named  because  it 
is  inhabited  by  the  birds  called  guaeharos  (Stea- 
tornis  carvpensis).  It  was  visited  and  described 
by  Humboldt. 

Giiachires.    B&&  Gnaigueris. 

Guachis  ( g  wa-shez ' ) .  [So  called  by  the  Guay  ou- 
rus :  said  to  mean  '  slippery  feet.']  A  tribe  of 
Indians  of  southern  Matto  Grosso,  Brazil,  now 
nearly  or  quite  extinct,  owing  to  the  practice 
of  infanticide  among  them.  They  were  formerly 
powerful.  The  Guachis  appear  to  be  the  same  as  the 
Guaxarapos  or  Guasarapos  mentioned  by  old  writers 
(also  Gitara/rapos  and  Guarapayos).  Their  relations  are 
doubtful.    Also  written  Chuaehies,  Cftiaxis. 

Guadalajara  (gwa-da-la-Ha'ra).  1.  A  province 
in  New  Castile,  Spain,  bounded  by  Segovia,  So- 
ria,  and  Saragossa  on  the  north,  Teruel  on  the 
east,  Cuenoa  on  the  south,  and  Madrid  on  the 
west.  Area,  4,870  square  miles.  Population 
(1887),  201,496.-2.  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Guadalajara,  situated  on  the  Henares  33  miles 
northeast  of  Madrid.  Population  (1887),  11,235. 

Guadalajara.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Ja- 
lisco, Mexico,  situated  about  lat.  21°  N.,  long. 
103°  10'  W.  It  was  founded  in  1542,  Is  the  third  city 
of  Mexico  in  size,  and  contains  a  cathedral  and  a  univer- 
sity.   Population  (1895),  83,870. 

Guadalajara,  Audience  of.  See  Nmva  ffalida. 


Guaimis 

Guadalaviar  (gwa-SHa-ia-ve-ar')-  A  river  of 
eastern  Spain  which  flows  into  the  Mediterra- 
nean near  Valencia. 

Guadalcizar,  Marquis  of.  See  Fernandee  de 
Cordova,  Diego. 

GuadalOLUivir  (g&-dal-kwiv'6rj  Sp.  pron.  gwa- 
THal-ke-ver')-  [J'rom  Ax.  wddi-et-kebir,  the 
great  river.]  A  river  in  southern  Spain,  flow- 
ing into  the  Atlantic  17  miles  north-northwest 
of  Cadiz :  the  ancient  Bsetis.  Length,  about  300 
mUes ;  navigaW  s  to  Seville.  Cordova  is  also  on 
its  banks. 

Guadalupe  ''gwa-THa-lo'pa).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Caceres,  Spain,  situated  at  the  base 
of  the  Sierra  Guadalupe  about  60  miles  east  of 
Caceres.  The  Hieronymite  convent  of  Santa  Maria'is 
a  noble  foundation,  royally  endowed.  The  buildings  are 
very  extensive.  The  church  is  massive,  in  Pointed  archi- 
tecture, with  a  sumptuous  retable  and  many  tombs.  The 
sacristy  is  reputed  one  of  the  finest  in  Spain :  it  contains 
paintings  by  Zurbaran  and  by  Luca  Giordano.  There  are 
two  fine  cloisters — one  in  the  Moresco  style,  the  other 
Pointed.    Population  (1887),  2,964. 

Guadalupe  (gS,-da-16p' ;  Sp.  pron.  gwa-Tna-lo'- 
pa).  A  river  in  southern  Texas  which  joins 
the  San  .Antonio,  about  10  miles  from  its  mouth. 
Length,  about  250  miles. 

Guadalupe-Hidalgo  (gwa  -  Tna  -is'pa  -  §  -  dal'- 
go).  A  town  in  the  federal  district,  Mexico,  3 
miles  north  of  Mexico,  it  is  celebrated  for  its  chapel 
on  the  spot  where  the  Virgin  is  said  to  have  appeared  to 
a  shepherd.  By  a  treaty  signed  here  Feb.  2, 1848,  Mexico 
ceded  a  large  territory,  comprising  the  modem  California, 
Nevada,  Utah,  most  of  Arizona,  a  large  part  of  New  Mex- 
ico, and  parts  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming,  to  the  United 


Guadeloupe  (ga-de-lop';  F.  pron.  gwad-lop'). 
An  island  of  the  West  Indies,  belonging  to 
France,  intersected  by  lat.  16°  15'  N.,  long. 
61°  30'  W.  It  consists  of  two  parts  separated  by  a  nar- 
row channel — Guadeloupe  proper  or  Basse-Terre  in  the 
west,  and  Grande-Ten-e  in  the  east.  The  former  is  moun- 
tainous, the  latter  generally  low.  The  chief  product  is 
sugar.  ThecapitalisBasse-Terre;  thelargestplace,Pointe- 
k-Pitre.  The  island,  with  Marie-Galante,  La  D^sirade,  Les 
Salutes,  St.-Bartholomew,  and  part  of  St. -Martin,  forms  a 
government.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus,  Nov.  4,1493 ; 
was  colonized  by  the  French  in  1635 ;  was  several  times 
taken  by  Great  Britain  ;  and  was  finally  secured  to  France 
in  1815.  Area,  618  square  miles.  Population  (1889)  of  Gua- 
deloupe, 142,294;  of  Guadeloupe  and  its  dependencies 
165,899. 

Guadet  (ga-da'),  Marguerite  Elie.  Born  at 
St.-Emilion,  near  Bordeaux,  France,  July  20, 
1758 :  guillotined  at  Bordeaux,  June  15, 1794.  A 
French  Girondist  leader,  deputy  to  the  Legisla- 
tive Assembly  in  1791,  and  to  the  Convention  in 
1792. 

Guadiana  (gwa-THe-a'na  or  gwa-de-a'na).   A 

river  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  forming  in  part  of 
its  course  a  boundary  between  the  two  coun- 
tries :  the  ancient  .Anas,  it  flows  into  the  Atlantic 
in  lat.  37°  9'  N.,  long.  7°  18'  W.  In  a  portion  of  its  upper 
course  it  flows  for  many  miles  underground.  Length,  over 
400  miles. 

Guadix  (gwa-THen' ).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Granada,  Spain,  30  miles  east-northeast  of  Gra- 
nada. It  has  a  cathedral  and  a  ruined  castle. 
Population  (1887),  11,989. 

Guaduas  (gwa'THwas).  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cundinamarca,  Colombia,  situated 
about  lat.  5°  S.,  long.  74°  50'  W.  Population, 
about  8,000. 

Guahan  (gwa-han').  or  Guam  (gwam),  or  San 
Juan(san Ho-an' ),  Sp.Guajan  (gwa-nan' ) .  The 
southernmost  and  largest  of  the  Ladrones,  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  intersected  by  lat.  13°  26'  N.,  long. 
144°  40'  E.  It  was  ceded  by  Spain  to  the  United  States 
by  the  treaty  of  Paris,  Dec.  10, 1898.  It  is  about  30  miles 
long  and  6  wide.    Population  (1887),  8,66L 

Guaharibos  (gwa-a-re'bos).  A  tribe  of  Indians 
of  the  Carib  stock,  in  southern  Venezuela,  liv- 
ing about  the  head  waters  of  the  Orinoco  and 
Caura.  Formerly  numerous  and  formidable,  they  are 
now  reduced  to  a  few  hundred,  who  stand  in  great  fear 
of  the  whites  and  have  little  intercourse  with  them. 

Guahibos  (gwa-e'bos).  .An  Indian  tribe  of  the 
upper  Orinoco  valley.  They  were  formerly  pow- 
erful, but  are  now  reduced  to  a  few  thousand,  near  the 
Orinoco,  between  the  Meta  and  the  Vichada.  They  are 
nomadic,  rarely  passing  two  nights  in  the  same  place ;  live 
by  hunting  and  fishing  and  on  wild  fruits  ;  and  are  sav- 
ages of  a  low  grade.  About  1770  a  few  were  gathered  into 
mission  villages,  but  they  soon  retiu-ned  to  the  plains,  and 
have  remained  inveterate  enemies  of  the  whites.  Their 
color  is  lighter  than  that  of  most  Indians.  Their  linguis- 
tic relations  are  doubtful.  Also  written  Ouayias,  Gvaji- 
vos,  Guahivos. 

Guaicas,  or  Guaycas.    See  Quaquas. 

Guaicuris,  or  Guaikeries.    See  Guaiqueris. 

Guaimis  (gwi'mes).  An  Indian  tribe  of  south- 
eastern Costa  Eica,  near  the  Bay  of  Chiriqui, 
on  both  sides  of  the  central  Cordillera.  Their 
language  appears  to  have  some  relation  to  that 
of  the  ancient  Chibchas  of  New  Granada. 


Ouaiqueris 

Gliaioueris  (gwi-ka-res').  A  tribe  of  Indians 
which  formerly  occupied  the  island  of  Margarita 
and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Venezuela.  They  are 
Bupposed  to  have  been  of  Carib  stock.  Their  descendants 
live  in  the  same  region,  but  speak  only  Spanish.  Also 
written  Gmkenes,  Ouaicuris,  and  OuacMres. 

Quaira,  La.    See  La  Guayra. 

Guajira  (gwa-ne'ra),  or  Ooajira  (gwa-ne'ra). 
A  peninsula,  partly  in  Venezuela  and  partly  in 
Colombia,  projecting  into  the  Caribbean  Sea 
northwest  of  Lake  Maracaibo. 

Guaiivos.     See  Ouahibos. 

Gual  (gwal),  Pedro.  Bom  at  Caracas,  Jan.  31, 
1784 :  died  at  Guayaquil,  Ecuador,  May  6, 1862. 
A  Venezuelan  statesman .  He  was  a  lawyer ;  joined 
the  patriots  in  1810;  occupied  many  important  civil  and 
diplomatic  posts ;  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  insurrec- 
tion against  Monagas  in  1868 ;  and  was  vice-president  and 
president  ad  interim  in  1860. 

Gualdo  Tadino  (gwal'do  ta-de'no).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Perugia,  Italy,  21  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Perugia.  Near  this  place,  at  the  ancient 
TaginsB  (Tadinum),  Naraes  defeated  Totila  in  552.  It  has 
a  cathedral.    Population  (1881),  commune,  8,477. 

Oualeguay  (gwa-la-gwi').  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Entre  Bios,  Argentine  Eepublic,  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Gualeguay  120  mUes  north  by 
west  of  Buenos  Ayres.  Population  (1889), 
11,000.  ' 

GiaaleguaycM  (gwa-la-gwi-oho')-  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Entre  Rios,  Argentine  Repub- 
lic, situated  on  the  river  Gualeguayohli  115 
miles  north  of  Buenos  Ayres.  It  was  founded 
in  1883.    Population  (1889),  about  14,000. 

Guam.    See  Guahan. 

Guamanga  (gwa-man'ga),  or  Huamanga  (wa- 
man'ga).  A  city  of  Peru,  now  called  Ayacucho. 

Guamas  (gwa-mas').  An  Indian  tribe  of  the 
•Orinoco  valley,  on  the  Apur6.  They  were  formerly 
numerous,  had  large  villages,  were  agricultural,  and  were 
.skilled  in  the  manufacture  of  pottery  and  other  objects. 
They  were  perhaps  of  Tupl  stock.  The  tribe  is  nearly  ex- 
tinct. 

Guamos.    Same  as  Q-uamag. 

iGhiaiiabacoa  (gwar-ua-ba-ko'a).  AtowninCuba, 
5  miles  east  of  Havana,  it  is  the  residence  of  many 
Havana  merchants,  and  a  sea-bathing  resort.  Population 
(1899^  13^965. 

■Guanahani  (gwa-na-a-ne').  The  first  island 
discovered  by  Columbus  in  his  voyage  of  1492, 
and  consequently  the  first  American  land  seen 
by  modem  Europeans,  it  was  described  as  low  and 
'flat,  covered  with  trees,  surrounded  hy  reefs,  and  having 
■a  lake  in  the  center.  It  was  certainly  one  of  the  Bahamas, 
near  the  middle  of  the  group,  but  its  exact  identity  can- 
not now  be  determined  with  certainty.  The  weight  of 
opinion  inclines  to  Watling's  Island ;  but  various  writers 
have  supposed  it  to  be  Gat  Island,  Samana,  Acklin,  Mari- 
guana,  or  Grand  Turk, 

■Guanajuato  (gwa-na-no-a'to).  1.  A  state  of 
Mexico,  bounded  by  San  Luis  Potosi  on  tho 
north,  Quer^taro  on  the  east,  Miohoacan  on  the 
south,  and  Jalisco  on  the  west,  it  is  noted  for  the 
iric^uess  of  its  silver-mines.  Area,  12,546  square  miles. 
Population  (1895),  1,047,238.  Also  written  Guanaxuato. 
.2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Guanajuato,  situ- 
ated about  lat.  21°  1'  N.,  long.  100°  55'  W.  It 
is  the  center  of  an  important  silver-mining  re- 
gion.   Population  (1895),  39,337. 

wianare  (gwa-na'ra).  A  town,  capital  of  the 
state  of  Zamora,  Venezuela,  218  miles  south- 
west of  Caracas.  It  was  founded  in  1593.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  10,880. 

>Guanas  fgwa-nas').  A  tribe  of  South  American 
Indians  at  present  established  in  the  southern, 
part  of  the  state  of  Matto  Grosso,  Brazil,  near 
Mi  randa.  They  are  divided  into  several  subtribes,  known 
as  Xayanas,  Terenas,  and  Quiniquinaos.  Physically  and 
intellectually  they  are  one  of  the  finest  tribes  in  South 
America,  living  in  well-ordered  villages,  excelling  in  primi- 
■tive  arts,  and  subsisting  mainly  by  agriculture.  They  are 
mow  reduced  to  a  few  thousand,  who  live  in  friendly  re- 
lations with  the  Brazilians.  Under  the  name  Chanas  or 
•Ghanes  they  were  known  in  the  18th  century,  on  the  west- 
ern side  of  the  Paraguay,  where  the  Jesuit  authors  men- 
tion them  as  early  as  1645.  Their  language  is  closely  al- 
lied to  that  of  the  Moxoa  of  the  river  Mamor^,  of  which 
tribe  they  are  probably  an  offshoot.  They  belong  to  the 
«reat  Arawak  stock. 

Guancavelica.  See  Rwmca/oeUca. 
Guanches  (gwaneh'ez).  The  Berber  tribe  which 
inhabited  the  Canary  Islands,  West  Africa.  The 
colonization  of  these  islands  by  the  Gtuanohes  must  have 
taken  place  before  the  Arabian  invasion.  The  Guanohes 
belonged  to  the  red-haired  variety  of  Berbers,  and  em- 
balmed their  dead,  whom  they  preserved  in  caves  like  the 
Egyptians.  They  also  used  alphabetic  and  hieroglyphic 
characters  in  writing  their  language.  Spanish  has  com- 
pletely superseded  the  Guanch  language,  but  it  is  said  that 
the  rural  population  still  shows  many  Berber  features  and 
customs.  . 

Guanes  (gwa-nas').  An  ancient  Indian  tribe  of 
Colombia,  which  occupied  the  mountainous  re- 
gion in  what  is  now  the  southern  part  of  the  de- 
partment of  Santander.    They  had  attained  some 


465 

degree  of  civilization,  and  resisted  the  Spanish  conquerors 
with  great  valor.  Their  descendants  may  be  traced  in  the 
mixed  races  of  the  same  region,  and  it  is  said  that  some 
wild  hordes  to  the  east  were  derived  from  them. 

Guano  Islands  (gwa'no  i'landz).  Islands  off 
the  coast  of  Peru,  noted  for  their  deposits  of 
guano.  They  comprise  the  Lobos  Islands,  Chin- 
cha  Islands,  etc. 

Guantanamo  (gwan-ta'na-mo) .  A  eity  of  Cuba 
situated  about  40  miles  northeast  of  Santiago 
de  Cuba  and  about  10  miles  north  of  Guanta- 
namo Bay.  The  latter  was  the  scene  of  engagements 
between  the  Spanish  and  United  States  troops  and  vessels 
in  June,  1898.    Population  (1899),  7,137. 

Guap.    See  Yap. 

Guapey  (gwa-pay'),  or  Guapay  (gwa-pi').  A 
river  m  Bolivia  which  rises  near  Coohabamba, 
and  unites  with  the  Mamor6. 

Guapor6  (gwa-po-ra'),  called  in  its  upper  course 
Itenez  (e-ta-naz').  A  river  in  western  Brazil 
and  on  the  Brazilian  and  Bolivian  border.  It 
unites  with  the  Mamor6  in  lat.  11°  54'  13"  S. 
Length,  over  900  miles. 

Guaranys  (gwa-ra-nes').  ['Warriors.']  A 
powerful  race  of  South  American  Indians  who, 
at  the  time  of  the  conquest,  occupied  most  of 
the  region  now  included  in  Paraguay,  together 
with  portions  of  Uruguay  and  of  the  Brazilian 
coast  to  Santa  Catharina.  They  were  divided  into 
numerous  tribes  and  villages  with  different  names,  not 
bound  together  by  any  permanent  league,  but  having  es- 
sentially the  same  language  and  customs.  The  Guaranys 
cultivated  manioc  and  other  plants,  had  well-ordered 
towns,  and  practised  rude  arts :  it  does  not  appear  that 
any  of  them  were  cannibals.  Generally  they  received  the 
whites  as  friends,  and,  though  Spanish  tyranny  provoked 
some  revolts,  they  were  easily  subdued.  Among  them  the 
Jesuits  established  their  most  important  missions.  From 
this  race,  mingled  with  the  Spaniards,  was  derived  the 
modern  population  of  Paraguay,  where  a  corrupt  form  of 
Guarany  is  still  the  common  language.  In  that  country 
only  the  so-called  Ca^s  of  the  upper  Parand  remain  in  a 
wild  state.  The  name  is  loosely  used  for  semi-civilized  In- 
dians of  Tupi  stock  in  Argentina,  Uruguay,  and  southern 
Brazil.  The  Guarany  language  has  a  considerable  litera- 
ture, including  a  newspaper.  Also  written  ChmramU  or 
Guaraniea. 

Guarany  stock.    See  Tapi  stock. 

Guaratingueta  (gwa-ra-ten-gwa-ta').  A  town 
in  the  state  of  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  situated  on  the 
Parahiba  120  miles  west  by  north  of  Rio  de 
Janeiro.    Population,  about  5,000. 

Guaraunos  (gwa-ra-o'nos  or  wa-ra-o'nos), called 
by  the  English  of  Guiana  Warraus,  or  Guar- 
raus  (wa-ra-os').  A  tribe  of  South  American 
Indians  about  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco.  For- 
merly they  seem  to  have  been  confined  to  the  swampy  lands 
of  the  delta,  where  they  built  their  houses  on  piles  or  in 
trees ;  latterly  they  have  occupied  portions  of  the  higher 
lands.  They  have  plantations,  but  subsist  mainly  on  fish 
and  fruits.  Their  language  is  very  distinct  from  that  of 
surrounding  tribes.    A  few  thousand  remain. 

Guarayos  (gwa-ra-yos').  [Quichua:  Mara, 
breeches,  yoe,  without;  naked.]  A  tribe  of 
Bolivian  Indians  occupying  the  partly  wooded 
plains  northeast  of  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra. 

Guarayos.  A  name  sometimes,  but  improperly, 
applied  to  the  Itenes  and  other  savage  Indians 
of  northern  Bolivia. 

Guardafui  (gwar-da-fwe'),  or  Gardafui  (gar- 
da-f  we' ) ,  Cape.  A  cape  in  the  northeastern  ex- 
tremity of  the  Somali  country,  Africa,  lat.  11° 
50'  30"  N.,  long.  51°  16'  10"  E.:  next  to  Ras 
Haf un,  the  easternmost  point  of  Africa. 

Guardi  (gwar'de),  Francesco.  Bom  1712 :  died 
1793.    A  Venetian  painter. 

Gnardia  (gwar-de'a),  Tom^S.  Born  at  Bagaoes, 
Guanacaste,  Dec.  17,  1832 :  died  July  7,  1882. 
A  Costa-Eican  general.  He  headed  the  revolt  of  1870 
which  deposed  Jimenez  and  made  Carranza  president :  but 
Guardia,  though  nominally  remaining  military  command- 
er, was  really  the  chief  of  state.  I'rom  Aug.  8,  1870,  to 
May  8, 1876,  he  was  president. 

Guardian  (gar'di-an),  The.  l.  A  play  by  Mas- 
singer,  licensed  in  1683,  played  in  1634,  and 
gublished  in  1655. — 2.  A  comedy  by  Abraham 
owley,  acted  at  Cambridge  in  1641  for  Prince 
Charles.  It  was  printed  in  1650,  and  rewritten 
as  "The  Cutter  of  Coleman  Street"  in  1658.— 
3.  A  periodical  published  at  London  in  1713, 
and  edited  by  Steele.  It  comprised  176  num- 
bers (51  of  them  by  Addison).  It  followed  the 
"  Spectator,"  and  was  inferior  to  it. 

Guardian  Ajigel,  The.  Anovel byOUver Wen- 
dell Holmes,  published  in  1868. 

Guardiola  (gwar-de-6'la)  Santos.  Bom  about 
1810 :  assassinated  Jan.  11, 1862.  A  general  and 
politician  of  Honduras.  He  was  a  rough  and  cruel 
soldier  who,  after  serving  under  Malespin  and  against 
Walker,  was  president  of  Honduras  from  Teb.  17,  1866. 
His  administration  was,  on  the  whole,  good,  though  his 
previous  acts  had  won  for  him  the  title  of  "the  Tiger  of 
Central  America." 

Guarico  (gwa're-ko).  Originally,  in  1492,  the 
Indian  town  in  Haiti  governed  by  Guacanagari. 


Guatos 

The  name  was  transferred  to  the  modem  city  near  tho 
same  place,  now  known  in  Engliah  as  Cape  Haitien. 

Guarini(gwa-re'ne),Giovanni  Battista.  Bom 
at  Perrara,  Italy,  Dec.  10, 1537 :  died  at  Venice, 
Oct.  4,  1612.  A  noted  Italian  poet  and  diplo- 
matist, professor  of  belles-lettres  at  Ferrara. 
He  waa  in  the  service  of  the  Duke  of  Ferrara  and  later  in 
that  of  Tuscany  and  that  of  Urbino.  His  chief  work  is 
the  pastoral  drama  "II  pastor  fldo  "  (1686). 

Guarionex(gwa-re-6'nag).  Died  after  1510.  An 
Indian  chief  of  the  region  or  "province"  of 
Macorix,  in  the  central  part  of  Haiti.  He  received 
Columbus  hospitably  in  1494,  and  remained  friendly  to 
the  whites  until  1498,  when  he  headed  a  revolt.  Defeated, 
he  fled  to  the  country  of  Mayobanex,  but  was  eventually 
captured  and  held  as  a  hostage. 

Ghiarneri  (gwar-na're),  Latinized  Guamerius 
(gwar-ne'ri-us),  Andrea.  Born  at  Cremona, 
Italy,  about  1630 :  died  after  1695  (?).    A  noted 

■  Italian  violin-maker. 

Guarneri,  Antonio  Giuseppe.  Bom  at  Cre- 
mona, June  8,  1683 :  died  1745.  A  celebrated 
Italian  vioUn-maker,  nephew  of  Andrea  Guar- 
neri. 

Guastalla  fgwas-tal'la).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Reggio  nell'  Emilia,  Italy,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Crostolo  with  the  Po,  19 
miles  northeast  of  Parma.  The  duchy  of  Guastalla 
(previous  to  1621  a  county)  passed  to  Don  Philip  of  Spain, 
along  with  Parma,  in  1748,  to  Pauline  Borghese  in  1806,  to 
Maria  Louisa  in  1816,  and  to  Modena  in  1848. 

Guatemala  (g^-te-ma'la ;  Sp.  pron.  gwa-ta-ma'- 
la),  incorrectly  Gliatimala  (gwa-te-ma'la). 
A  republic  of  Central  America.  Capital,  Gua- 
temala. It  is  bounded  by  Mexico  on  the  north  and 
northwest,  British  Honduras,  the  Gulf  of  Honduras,  and 
Honduras  on  the  east,  Salvador  on  the  southeast,  and  the 
Pacific  Ocean  on  the  southwest.  The  surface  is  generalJy 
mountainous.  The  chief  product  is  coffee.  It  is  divided 
into  22  departments.  The  executive  is  vested  in  a  presi- 
dent, and  legislation  in  a  national  assembly.  Most  of  the 
people  are  Roman  Catholics,  but  other  cults  are  tolerated. 
Guatemala  was  conquered  by  Pedro  de  Alvarado,  the  lieu- 
tenant of  Cortes,  in  1524-26.  After  a  short  connection 
with  Iturbide's  Mexican  empire,  it  formed  part  of  the 
Central  American  Contederalioii  1823-39,  when  it  waa 
established  as  an  independent  republic.  It  has  had  several 
wars  with  Salvador  and  Honduras,  Area,  63,400  square 
miles.  Population  (1893), 1,364,678;  (1897),  eat.,  1,601,146. 

Guatemala,  or  Santiago  de  Guatemala  (san- 
te-a'go  da  gwa-ta-ma'la),  sometimes  called 
New  Guatemala  (Sp.  Guatemala  la  Nueva). 
The  capital  of  the  republic  of  Guatemala,  situ- 
ated about  lat.  14°  36'  N.,  long.  90°  27'  W.  The 
chief  building  is  the  cathedral.  The  city  was  founded  in 
1775,  soon  after  the  destruction  of  Old  Guatemala.  Popu- 
lation (1893),  71,527. 

Guatemala,  Audience  of.  See  Confines,  Audi- 
ence of  the. 

Guatemala,  Old,  or  Antigua  (an-te'gwa).  A 
town  of  Guatemala,  24  miles  west-southwest  of 
New  Guatemala.  The  original  city  of  Guatemala, 
founded  1524,  was  destroyed  by  a  flood  from  the  Tolcan 
de  Agua  1541 ;  refounded  on  a  new  site  1542,  it  was  almost 
completely  destroyed  by  the  great  earthquake  of  July  29, 
1773 ;  the  capital  was  then  removed  to  its  present  site, 
but  the  town  of  Antigua  grew  up  about  the  ruins  of  the 
second  city.    Population,  about  10,000. 

Guatemala,  Presidency  of.  The  region  in  Cen- 
tral America  which,  during  the  colonial  period, 
was  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Audience 
of  the  Confines  or  of  Guatemala.  See  Confines. 
As  originally  limited,  in  1545,  it  embraced  all  the  present 
states  of  Central  America,  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  Yuca- 
tan, and  Chiapas,  the  capital,  after  1649,  being  at  Guate- 
mala. In  1548  Yucatan  was  placed  under  the  Audience 
of  Mexico,  and  in  1650  the  isthmus  was  united  to  Peru. 
From  1564  to  1670  the  Central  American  colonies  were 
made  subject  to  New  Spain  (Mexico).  In  1670  the  Audi- 
ence of  the  Confines  was  again  established  at  Guatemala, 
and  thereafter  the  presidency  included  the  present  Cen- 
tral American  countries  (except  portions  of  the  east  coast 
which  subsequently  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  British^ 

■  together  with  Chiapas,  now  a  state  of  Mexico.  After  1680 
Guatemala  waa  ruled  by  captains-general,  who  were  also 
generally  presidenta  of  the  audience,  but  had  independent 
powera  aimilar  to  those  of  the  viceroys  of  New  Spain  and 
Peru.  The  provinces,  corresponding  to  the  present  re- 
publics, were  ruled  by  governors  who,  to  a  certain  extent, 
were  subject  to  the  captain-general. 

Guatemotzin  (gwa-ta-mot-zen'),  or  Guatemoc 
(gwa'ta-mok).  ['Swooping eagle.']  Bornabout 
1497 :  died  in  Tabasco  early  in  1525.  The  last 
Aztec  sovereign  of  Mexico.  He  was  nephew  of 
Montezuma  II.,  and  was  elected  to  the  throne  on  the 
death  of  Cuitlahuatzin  (Sept.,  1520) ;  defended  Mexico 
against  Cortes  in  the  famous  siege,  May-Aug.,  1521 ;  waa 
captured  Aug.  13 ;  and  was  subsequently  tortured  in  the 
hope  that  he  would  give  up  concealed  treasure.  In  1524 
he  was  forced  to  go  with  Cortes  on  the  march  to  Honduras : 
on  the  way  he  was  accused  of  treachery  and  hanged.  Also 
written  Qiiatemozin,  Quauhtemotzin,  Cimuhtemoo,  etc. 

Guatescos.    See  Htmstecs. 

Guatos  (gwa-tos').  A  South  American  Indian 
tribe  in  the  swampy  regions  of  the  upper  Para- 
guay River.  Formerly  they  were  very  numerous  and 
warlike ;  they  are  now  reduced  to  a  few  hundred  about  the 
mouth  of  the  Sao  Louren^o  tributary.  The  Guatoa  reaem  - 
ble  Europeana  in  color,  and  have  abort  beards.  They  live 
almost  entirely  in  canoes,  fishing  and  hunting,  making 
rude  huts  in  the  swamps,  and  retiring  to  higher  lands  only 


Quatos 

during  the  floods.  They  have  long  heen  friends  of  the  Bra- 
zilians, and  aided  them  in  the  war  with  Paraguay  1866-70. 
Their  linguistic  relations  are  doubtful. 

Guatusos  (gwa-to'sos).  A  tribe  of  Indians  in 
northern  Costa  Riea,  on  the  streams  which  flow 
into  Lake  Nicaragua.  They  practise  agriculture,  are 
enemies  of  the  whites,  and  have  always  retained  their  in- 
dependence. By  their  language  they  appear  to  constitute 
a  distinct  stocli.  Only  a  few  hundred  are  left.  Many  of 
the  older  writers  have  erroneously  supposed  that  the  Gua- 
tusos were  descended  from  Mexicans  brought  to  this  re- 
gion by  the  Spaniards,  or  from  the  bucaneers.  Also  writ- 
ten Huatmos, 

Guaviare  (gwa-ve-a'ra).  A  river  in  Colombia 
and  Venezuela,  joining  the  Orinoco  about  lat. 
4°  N. ,  long.  68°  10'  "W.   Length,  about  725  miles. 

Guaxaca.    See  Oajaca. 

Guaxarapos,  or  Guasarapos.    See  ChiacMs. 

Guayana.    See  Guiana. 

Guayanas.    Same  as  Guanas. 

Guayaquil  (gwi-a-kel'),  or  Santiago  de  Guay- 
aquil (san-te-a'go  da  gwi-a-kel').  The  chief 
seaport  and  most  populous  city  of  Ecuador,  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Guayaquil  in  lat.  2°  12'  S., 
long.  79°  52'  W. :  an  important  commercial 
place.    Population  (1890),  44,772. 

Guayaquil,  Gulf  of.  An  inlet  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  west  of  Ecuador. 

Guayas  (gwi'as) .  A  maritime  province  of  Ecua- 
dor. Capital,  Guayaquil.  Area,  8,220  square 
miles.    Population,  98,042. 

Guaybas.     Same  as  G-uahibos. 

Guaycurus  (gwi-ko-ros').  A  tribe  of  South 
American  Indians,  on  the  river  Paraguay,  ia 
Brazil,  near  the  Paraguayan  frontier :  no w  com- 
monly known  to  Brazilians  as  Cadiueios,  prop- 
erly the  name  of  one  of  their  clans.  The  Para- 
guayans call  them  Mbayas.  They  are  powerfully  built, 
brave,  and  warlike.  Formerly  they  were  very  numerous 
and  nomadic,  living  by  hunting  and  fishing  and  by  rob- 
bing other  tribes.  They  acquired  horses  from  Spanish 
stock,  and  became  skilful  horsemen.  They  were  long  a 
terror  to  the  whites  and  to  surrounding  tribes.  The  few 
hundred  remaining  live  in  villages  under  Brazilian  rule. 
It  ia  doubtful  if  this  was  the  tribe  of  the  same  name 
known  in  the  Chaco  region  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries. 
Also  written  Guaieurvx,  Qvaycwrues,  Ouaycwrvs,  etc. 

Guaycuru  stock  (gwi-k6-ro'  stok),  sometimes 
called  the  Chaco  stock.  A  well-defined  group 
of  South  American  Indian  tribes,  nearly  all  of 
which  inhabit  the  region  west  of  the  river  Para- 
guay, between  19°  and  29°  S.  lat.,  known  as 
the  Gran  Chaco.  it  includes  the  Guaycurus,  Mocobis, 
Tobas,  the  extinct  Abiponea,  and  many  others,  all  of  more 
or  less  nomadichabits,  warlike,  and  living  largely  byrapine. 
The  Jesuit  missionaries  could  make  little  impression  on 
them,  and  a  few  only,  on  account  of  weakness,  have  sub- 
mitted to  white  influence.  They  resemble  North  American 
Indians  in  their  coppery  color.  The  different  tribes  speak 
closely  allied  languages. 

Guaymas  (gwi'mas).  [Prob.  an  Opata  name.] 
A  tribe,  now  extinct  (as  such),  formerly  living 
on  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  California  in  Sonora. 
I^om  them  the  town  of  Guayrnas  derives  its  name.  The. 
Guaymas  were  almost  exterminated,  in  the  second  half  of 
the  18th  century,  by  the  Seris.  Their  language  is  said  to 
be  a  dialect  of  the  Pima. 

Guaymas.  A  seaport  in  the  state  of  Sonora, 
Mexico,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  California  in 
lat.  27°  56'  N.,  long.  110°  36'  W.  Population, 
about  6,200. 

Guayuos  (gwi'nos).  An  ancient  Indian  tribe 
of  northehiSteru  South  America,  south  of  the 
Orinoco,  from  whom  the  great  region  called 
Guiana  is  said  to  have  derived  its  name.  The 
Guinaus  of  the  upper  Orinoco,  or  the  Guianaus  of  British 
Guiana  (both  of  Arawak  stock),  may  be  their  descendants. 

Guayra  (gwi-ra'  or  gwi'ra).  The  name  given 
by  the  Spanish  conquerors  of  Paraguay  to  the 
region  bordering  the  upperParanA.  The  name  was 
looselyapplied,  sometimes  including  both  sides  of  the  river 
above  the  great  fall,  at  other  times  denoting  the  region  to 
the  east  and  southeast  of  the  river,  including  the  present 
disputed  territory  of  Missiones,  and  portions  of  Parang 
Santa  Catharina,  and  Kio  Grande  do  Sul  in  Brazil  and  of 
Corrientes  in  Argentina.  Until  the  19th  century  it  was 
legally  or  practically  included  in  the  government  of  Para- 
guay, and  the  Jesuits  had  important  missions  there. 

Guajrra,  La.     See  La  Guayra. 

Guayr4  Cataract.    See  Sete  Quedas. 

Gubbio  (gob'be-o).  A  cathedral  city  in  the 
province  of  Perugia,  Italy,  at  the  foot  of  Monte 
Calvo  20  miles  north-northeast  of  Perugia :  the 
ancient  Iguvium  or  Eugubium.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  majolica.  The  Eugubine  Tables  (which  see)  are 
here,  and  other  Umbrian  antiquities ;  and  there  are  va- 
rious remains  of  antiquity  in  the  neighborhood.  The  Pa- 
lazzo dei  Consoli  is  a  building  of  the  early  14th  century, 
one  of  the  most  massive  examples  of  Italian  medieval 
civic  construction.  With  its  tower  and  its  battlements,  it 
recalls  the  Florentine  Palazzo  Vecchio.  This  Umbrian 
town  was  destroyed  by  the  Goths.  It  was  independent  in 
the  middle  ages.    Population,  about  6,000. 

Guben  (go'ben).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Lubis  with  the  Neisse,  about 


466 

26  miles  south-southeast  of  Prankfort-on-the- 
Oder.    Population  (1890),  commune,  29,328 

Gubitz  (go'bits),  Friedrich  Wilhelm.  Born 
at  Leipsic,  Feb.  27, 1786 :  died  at  Berlin,  June  5, 
1870.  A  (jerman  journalist,  author,  and  artist. 
He  edited  and  illustrated  the  "  DeutscherVolks- 
kalender"  (1835-69),  etc. 

Gucumatz  (go-ko-mats').  [Quiche,  'feathered 
serpent,'  or '  serpent  clothed  ingreeu  and  blue.'] 
In  the  Quiche  mythology  of  the  Popul  Vuh,  the 
title  of  the  first  creator  of  all  things. 

Gudbrandsdal(g6'brans-dal).  The  valley  of  the 
Laagen ,  in  central  Norway,  about  lat.  61°-62°  N. 

Gude  (go'de),  Hans  Frederik.  Born  at  Chris- 
tiania,  March  13, 1825 :  died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  18, 
1903.  A  Norwegian  landscape-painter,  a  pupil 
of  Achenbach  and  Schirmer  at  the  Academy  of 
Biisseldorf,  and  from  1880  a  successful  teacher 
of  his  art  in  Berlin. 

Gudea  (go-da'a).  One  of  the  earliest  Babylo- 
nian kings,  or,  as  they  were  styled  in  the  old- 
est epoch  of  Babylonian  history,  patesi,  i.  e. 
priest-king  or  viceroy.  Gudea  is  mentioned  as  such 
a  patesi  of  Sirpurla  or  Sirgurla.  Eight  statues  and  other 
monuments  of  him  have  been  found.  The  exact  date  of 
his  reign  has  not  been  ascertained  (possibly  about  3000 
B.  c,  or,  according  to  some,^4000  B.  c). 

Gudin  (gii-dan'),  Theodore.  Born  at  Paris, 
Aug.  15,  1802:  died  at  Boulogne-sur-Seine, 
Prance,  April  11,  1880.  A  French  painter  of 
marines  and  landscapes. 

Gudrun  (go-dron'),  or  Kudrun  (ko-dron'). 
[MHG.  Kutrun,  NHG.  Gudrun.^  The  heroine 
of  a  Middle  High  German  epic  poem,  after  the 
"  Nibelungenlied "  the  most  important  in  the 
early  literature  of  Germany.  Gudrun  is  the  daugh- 
ter of  King  Hetel  of  Hegelingen.  The  scene  of  action  ia 
principally  the  coast  region  of  the  North  Sea  and  Nor- 
mandy. The  poem  was  written  in  the  13th  century  by  an 
unknown  author  in  Austria  or  Bavaria. 

Gruebers,  or  Ghebers  (ge'berz),  or  Gabers,  or 
Ghavers  (ga'verz),  or  Gebirs  (ge-berz'). 
[Commonly  derived  from  the  Arabic  Tcdfir,  in- 
fidel ('giaour,'  the  word  applied  by  Mohamme- 
dans to  all  non-Mohammedans,  and  supposed  to 
have  been  applied  to  this  sect  by  their  Arab 
conquerors  in  the  7th  century).  From  its  oc- 
currence in  the  Talmud  as  Cheher,  and  in  Ori- 
gen  as  Kahir,  others  believe  it  to  be  an  ancient 
proper  name  from  some  tribe  or  locality.]  A 
Mohammedan  name  of  the  followers  of  Zoro- 
aster, otherwise  known  a,s  Atishparastan  ('fire- 
worsliipers'),  Majusan  (from  their  priests  the 
magi),  and  Parsis,  or  people  of  Pars  or  Pars 
(Persia).    See  Parsis. 

GKi^briant  (ga-bre-on'),  JeanBaptiste  Eudes, 
Comte.  de.  Born  at  Plessis-Budes,  Brittany, 
Feb.  2,  1602:  died  at  Eottweil,  Swabia,  Nov. 
24, 1643.  A  French  marshal.  He  served  in  Ger- 
many from  1635  under  Bernhard  of  Saxe-Weimar.  On  the 
death  of  Bernhard  he  concluded,  Oct.  9, 1639,  a  treaty  with 
the  oflacera  of  the  late  duke's  army,  whereby  the  army  en- 
tered the  service  of  France.  He  defeated  and  captured 
the  Imperialist  general  Lamboy  at  Eempen  Jan.  17,  1642, 
a  service  for  which  he  was  created  a  marshal  of  France, 
He  captured  Eottweil  Nov.  19, 1643,  when  he  was  mortally 
wounded. 

Guebwiller.    See  Gebweiler. 

Guelderland,  Guelders.    See  Gelderland. 

Guelfs,  or  Giielphs  (gwelfs).  [Prom  Guelfo, 
It.  form  of  G.  Welf,  a  personal  name.]  The 
papal  and  popular  party  of  Italy  in  the  middle 
ages:  opposed  to  the  Ghibellines,  the  imperial 
and  aristocratic  party.  The  Welfs  (Quelfs)  were  a 
powerful  family  of  Germany,  so  called  from  Welf  I.  in  the 
time  of  Charlemagne.  His  descendants,  several  of  whom 
bore  the  same  name,  held  great  possessions  in  Italy ; 
through  intermarriage  were  at  diiferent  times  dukes  of 
Bavaria,  Saxony,  and  Garinthia ;  and  founded  the  princely 
house  of  Brunswick  and  Hanover,  to  which  the  present 
royal  family  of  England  belongs.  The  names  Wetf  and 
WaibUngen  (Guelf  and  Ghibelline)  are  alleged  to  have 
been  first  used  aa  war-cries  at  the  battle  of  Weinsberg  in 
1140,  fought  and  lost  by  Welf  VI.  against  the  Hohenstauf  en 
emperor  Conrad  III.  The  oonteat  soon  oeaaed  in  Ger- 
many, but  was  taken  up  on  other  grounds  in  Italy,  over 
which  the  emperors  claimed  supreme  power;  and  the 
names  continued  to  designate  bitterly  antagonistic  parties 
there  till  the  end  of  the  15th  century.    See  Ghibellines. 

Gttell  y  Rent6  (go-ely'  e  ran-ta'),  Jos6.  Bom 
at  Havana,  1818 :  died  at  Madrid,  Dee.  20, 1884. 
A  Cuban  politician  and  author.  Most  of  liia  life 
was  passed  in  Europe.  In  1848  he  married  the  infanta 
Josefa  Fernanda,  sister  of  the  King  of  Spain,  who  in  con- 
sequence was  deprived  of  all  her  rights.  Aa  a  republican 
Guell  y  Rents  was  long  prominent  in  Spanish  politics. 
He  published  many  poems,  essays,  and  sketches  of  West 
Indian  life. 

Guelph  (gweU ).  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Wel- 
lington (jounty,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the 
river  Speed  47  miles  west  by  south  of  Toronto. 
Population  (1901),  11,496. 

Giiemez  de  Horcasitas  (g(3-a'math  da  6r-ka,-se'- 
tas),  Juan  Francisco.    Bom  in  Oviedo,  1682: 


Gudroult 

died  at  Madi-id,  1768.  A  Spanish  general  and 
administrator.  He  was  captain-general  of  Cuba 
March,  1734,-April,  1746,  and  viceroy  of  Mexico  July  9, 
1746,-Nov.  10, 1766.  On  his  return  to  Spain  he  was  made 
captain-general  of  the  army  and  count  of  Revillagigedo. 
He  was  reputed  to  be  the  wealthiest  Spanish  subject  of 
his  time. 

Giiemez  Pacheco  de  Padilla  Horcasitas  (gd- 
a'meth  pa-eha'ko  da  pa-Del'ya  6r-ka-se'tas), 
Juan  Vicente,  Count  of  Eevillagigedo.  Born 
at  Havana,  Cuba,  1740:  died  at  Madrid,  May  2, 
1799.  A  Spanish  general  and  administrator, 
son  of  Giiemez  de  Horcasitas.  He  distinguished 
himself  in  the  Peninsular  wars ;  was  made  viceroy  of  Bue- 
nos Ayres  1789 ;  and  was  almost  immediately  appointed 
viceroy  of  Mexico.  His  rule  (Oct.  16, 1789,-Jnly,  1794)  was 
one  of  the  best  in  Mexican  colonial  history.  Heturning  to 
Spain,  he  was  made  director-general  of  artillery. 

Guendolen  (gwen'do-len).  In  Geoffrey  of  Mon- 
mouth, the  wife  of  Loerine,  the  eldest  son  of 
Brute  or  Brutus.     See  Sahrina. 

Gu^rande  (ga-rond').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loire-Inf6rieuie,  France,  42  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Nantes.  It  manufactures  salt. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  7,020. 

Guerazzi.    See  Guerrazzi. 

Guerche  (garsh),  La.  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cher,  France,  on  the  Aubois  11  miles 
west  of  Nevers.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
3,515. 

Guerche,  or  Guerche-de-Breta^e,La.  A  town 
in  the  department  of  Ule-et- Vilaine,  France, 
25  miles  east-southeast  of  Eennes.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  4,933. 

Guercino  (gwer-che'no),  Giovanni  Francesco 
Barbieri,  Bom  at  Cento,  near  Bologna,  Italy, 
1590 :  died  at  Bologna,  1666.  An  Italian  painter 
of  the  Bolognese  school.  Among  his  best  works 
is  the  "Sta.  PetroniUa"  (at  Rome). 

Guerens.    See  Crens. 

Gu6ret  (ga-ra').  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Creuse,  France,  situated  in  lat.  46°  12'  N., 
long.  1°  52'  E.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
7,799. 

Guericke  (ger'ik-e),  Heinrich  Ernst  Ferdi- 
nand. Born  at  Wettin,  near  Halle,  Prussia, 
Feb.  25,  1803 :  died  at  Halle,  Feb.  4,  1878.  A 
German  Protestant  theologian,  professor  at 
Halle.  His  works  include  "  Handbuch  der  Kirchenge- 
schichte"  (1833),  "Allgemeine  christliche  Symbolik" 
(1839),  "Lehrbuch  der  christlichen  Archaologie  "  (1847),  etc. 

Guericke,  Otto  von.  Born  at  Magdeburg,  Pms- 
sia,  Nov.  20,  1602:  died  at  Hamburg,  May  11, 
1686.  A  German  natural  philosopher.  He  stud- 
ied law  at  Leipsic,  Helmstedt,  and  Jena,  and  mathematics 
at  Leyden,  and  traveled  in  France  and  England.  From 
1631-36  he  was  chief  engineer  at  Erfurt,  in  the  Swedish 
service.  He  invented  the  air-pump  (1650),  air-balance, 
etc.,  and  constructed  the  "Magdeburg  hemispheres." 
He  published  "Experimenta  nova"  (1672),  etc. 

Gulrin  (ga-ran'),  Eugdnie  de.  Bom  1805 :  died 
1848.  A  French  writer,  sister  of  G.  M.  de  Gu6- 
rin.  Her  "Journal"  and  "Lettres"  were  ed- 
ited in  1862. 

Gu^rin,  Georges  Maurice  de.  Bom  at  the  Cha- 
teau du  Cayla,  near  Albi,  in  southern  France, 
Aug. 4, 1810 :  diedthere,  July  19, 1839.  A  French 
poet.  He  wrote  the  "Centaur^"  which  was  published  in 
the  "Bevue  des  Deux  Mondes  in  1840.  His  literary  re- 
mains, including  the  "Centaur,"  were  published  in  1860. 

Guerin,  Jean  Baptiste  Paulin.  Bom  at  Tou- 
lon, March  25,  1783:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  19, 
1855.    A  French  historical  painter. 

Gu6rin,  Baron  Pierre  Narcisse.  Bom  at  Paris, 
May  13,  1774:  died  at  Rome,  July  16,  1833.  A 
French  historical  painter,  a  pupil  of  Regnault. 
He  gained  the  prix  de  Rome  in  1797.  In  1815  he  was  made 
academician,  and  in  1816  returned  to  Rome  as  director  of 
the  French  Academy.  He  returned  to  Paris  in  1822.  In 
1833  he  visited  Rome  with  Horace  Vernet,  and  died  there. 
He  exhibited  at  Salons  1799-1819.  Among  his  pupils  were 
Cogniet,  GSricault,  and  Ary  Schefler. 

Gu^rin-Meneville  (ga-rau'man-vel'),  F61ix 
Edouard.  Bom  at  Toulon,  Prance,  Oct.  12, 
1799 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan .  26, 1874.  A  French  nat- 
uralist. His  works  include  "Iconographie  dn  rfegne  ani- 
mal, etc."  (1820),  "Iconographie  des  mammif^res,  etc." 
(1828),  "Genera  des  insectes"'  (1835),  etc. 

Guerino  Meschino(gwa-re'n6  mes-ke'no).  The 
hero  of  a  romance  of  the  middle  ages,  of  un- 
certain authorship  and  date,  first  printed, in 
Italian  at  Padua  in  1473. 

Guernsey  (gfem'zi),  L.  Samia  (sar'ni-a).  ['  The 
Green  Isle.']  The  second  in  size  and  population 
of  the  Channel  Islands,  intersected  by  lat.  49°  27' 
N.,  long.  2°  35' W.  Capital,  St.  Peter  Port,  it  is 
a  popular  health-resort,  with  Alderney  and  the  other  isl- 
ands (except  Jersey)  it  forms  a  bailiwick,  ruled  by  a  lieu- 
tenant-governor, bailiff,  and  states-assembly.  Area,  24 
square  miles.  Length,  9i  miles.  Population  (1891),  with 
Herm  and  Jethou,  35,339. 

Qll6roult  (ga-ro'),  Adolphe.  Bom  at  Rade- 
pont,  Eure,  France,  Jan.  29, 1810 :  died  at  Vichy, 
Prance,  July,  1872.    A  French  political  writer. 


467 

the  same  as  that  of  the  Wagoma,  and  both  are  related  to 
the  Bua  or  Luba. 


Ouerra 
Querra  (ger'ra),  Crist6bal.    A  Spanish  mer- 

ohant  of  Seville  who,  in  1499  and  1500,  was  en- 
gaged with  Nifio  in  "        •        - 

ern  coast  of  South 

Alonso.  .  _  _  _»„„ 

(hierrazzi  (gwer-rat'se),FrancesCO  Domenico     *?®  ^^^  ^^^  south,  and  Brazil  and  Venezuela  on 

Born  at  Leghorn,  Italy,  Aug.  12,  1804 :  died  at    ^'^^  ^^?*-    I"8  divided  into  British  Guiana,  Dutch  Gui- 

Cecina,  near  Volterra,  Sent.  23  1873      An  Ital-     fn^-.^""!  flench  Guiana.    The  name  is  sometimes  applied 

ian  author  and  nAlit,V.la^      t,  L  ',°  *''®  ""'¥■"  ''^8'™  between  the  Orinoco,  the  ocean,  the 

In  1M?  r,./  .  P     politician.    He  was  Tuscan  premier     Amazon,  the  Kio  Negro,  and  the  Cassiquiare. 

WsJ^^caf?„*m'rcrSe<?litattl^lL^^^^  G"iana,  Brazilian.     That  portion  of  northern 

"  LAssedio  di  Firenze  "  (1836),  "  Isabella  Orsini "  (1844).        Jsrazil  which  lies  north  of  the  Amazon  and  east 
Guerrero    (ger-ra'ro).     A    state   of   Mexico,    °^*'^'' ^i°  Negro, 
bounded  by  Miehoacan,  Mexico,  Morelos  and  "^l^'^^'i  Bntisn.    A  British  colony,  bounded 

Puebla  on  the  north,  Oajaca  on  the  east,  and  ^  the  Atlantic  on  the  north  and  northeast,  Guido  d'Arezzo(gwe'd6da-ret's6),  often  called 
the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  southwest.  Area,  22,-  ^^tch  Guiana  on  the  east,  Brazil  on  the  south,  Gruido  Aretino  (a-re-te'no),  or  Fra  Gulttone 
occ  „ .•,-_      nr,       „..    and  Brazil  and  Venezuela  on  the  west.  Capital,     orGuyofArezzo.  Born  at  Arezzo,  Italy,  proba- 

Georgetown.   The  leading  product  is  sugar.  Rich  gold      """'—*"""■-=--' '  -       ■ 

mines^  are  now  worked  in  the  western  part.    "" 


Guillaume  de  Palerne 

author  of  "Poesie  liriehe"  (1681),  "Amalsunta 
iultalia"  (1681),  "Endimione"  (1692),  etc. 
i...-js   m  See  JlfasaccJo. 

,rA^  .,.^®"f''°''^^)' Criovanni.  Bom 
at  Lucca,  1500  (1480?):  died  at  Macerata,  Italy, 
1541.  An  Italian  ecclesiastic,  diplomat,  and 
man  of  letters.  His  complete  works  were  pub- 
hshed  in  1718;  "  Lettere  inedite"  (1865).  ' 
Guido  (gwe'do),  sumamed  "The  Savage."  A 
champion,  in  Ariosto's  "  Orlando  Purioso,"  who 
fights  with  Marphisa  among  the  Amazons.  He 
marries  a  number  of  the  latter,  Aleria  being 
his  favorite. 


866  square  miles.  Population  (1895),  4i7,'62i. 
Guerrero,  Vicente.  Born  at  Tixtla,  Aug.  lo, 
1782:  daed  at  Chilapa,  Feb.  14, 1831.  A  Mexican 
general.  He  joined  the  patriots  in  1810  and  held  out 
until  1821,  when  he  united  his  forces  with  those  of  Itur- 
bide ;  but  when  Iturbide  became  emperor  he  was  one  o( 
the  leaders  of  the  revolt  against  him,  and  after  his  de- 
thronement was  a  member  of  the  executive  junta  1828-24 
and  vice-president  1824-28.  In  1828  he  declared  against 
the  president  elect,  Pedraza.  The  election  was  nullifled  by 
Congress,  which  made  Guerrero  president  Jan.  12, 1829 : 
but  at  the  end  of  the  year  he  was  forced  to  retire  to  the 
south.  There  he  kept  up  an  armed  resistance,  but  was 
eventually  captured  and  shot. 

Guerrifere  (gar-ryar),  La.  A  British  ship  of  war 
captured  by  the  United  States  ship  Constitution 
during  the  War  of  1812.    See  Constitution. 

Guesclin.    See  Du  Guesclin 


There  are  3 
counties  — Berbice,  Demerara,  Essequibo  (formerly  sepa- 
rate colonies,  consolidated  in  1831).  The  region  was  first 
settled  by  the  Dutch  in  1580  ;  was  acquired  by  the  Brit- 
isli  In  1803 ;  and  was  formally  ceded  to  them  in  1814.  The 
boundary  with  Venezuela  was  detei-mined  by  arbitration 
in  1899;  that  with  Brazil  has  never  been  fixed.  Area 
(claimed), 109,000squaremiles.  Population (1891), 288,328. 

Guiana,  Dutch,  or  Surinam  (so-re-nam').  A 
Dutch  colony,  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on  the 
north,  French  Guiana  on  the  east,  Brazil  on  the 
south,  and  British  Guiana  on  the  west.  Capital, 
Paramaribo.  Theleadingproductsaresugarand cocoa. 
Settled  by  English  in  1662,  it  was  acquired  by  the  Dutch 
in  1674  in  ezphange  for  their  North  American  colonies. 
It  -was  held  by  Great  Britain  from  1804  to  1814.  Area, 
46,060  squai'e  miles.    Population  (1892X  68,484. 


Guess  (ges),  George  (Sequoyah).    Bom  about  ^^^"■^''^^^^^2' Jn^T^T-^  "''.    i  -     >^ 
1770:  died  at  San  Fernando,  northern  Mexico,  *^iliana,French,or  Cayenne  (ka--yen' or ki-en'). 
Aug.,  1843.   A  Cherokee  half-breed  Indian.   He 
invented  a  Cherokee  syllabic  alphabet  in  1826, 


Guest  (gest),  Edwin.  Bom  in  Worcestershire, 
1800 :  died  Nov.  23, 1880.  A  noted  Enghsh  his- 
torical writer  and  arehseologist.  He  graduated  at 
Cambridge  in  1824,  and  became  a  fellow  of  his  college(Gon- 
Tille  and  Caius)  in  1824,  and  its  master  in  1862.  He  was 
vice-chancellor  of  the  university  1854-66.  He  published 
"  History  of  English  Khythms"  (1838),  and  numerous  phil- 
ological  and  historical  papers,  the  most  important  of  which 


A  French  colony,  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on 
the  northeast,  Brazil  on  the  east  and  south, 
and  Dutch  Guiana  on  the  west.  Capital,  Ca- 
yenne .  It  was  settled  by  the  Erench  in  1626 ;  was  sev- 
eral times  taken  by  the  English  and  Dutch  ;  and  was  held 
by  the  Portuguese  1809-17.  Political  prisoners  were  sent 
there  during  the  Erench  Eevolution,  and  regular  penal 
colonies  were  established  in  1853.     The  climate  of  the 


bly  about  990:  died  near  Arezzo  about  105a  An 
Italian  Benedictine  monk.  He  is  celebrated  for  his 
reforms  in  musical  notation.  He  went  to  Rome  at  the  in- 
vitation of  Pope  Benedict  VIII.,  probably  in  1022,  and  again 
in  the  time  of  Pope  John  XX.,  to  explain  his  method  of 
teaching  music.  He  seems  to  have  written  most  of  his 
works  at  the  monastery  of  Pomposa  in  the  duchy  of  Eer- 
rara,  where  he  remained  for  some  time  teaching  his  method 
to  the  monks  and  choir-boys.  He  was  afterward  made 
abbot  of  the  monastery  of  Santa  Croce  at  Avellano,  near 
Arezzo,  where  he  is  believed  to  have  died.  Ouido  has  been 
credited  with  a  number  of  inventions  and  discoveries,  some 
of  which  obviously  cannot  have  been  his.  He  wrote  the 
" Micrologus,"  the  "Antiphonarium,"  "De  artifloio  novi 
cantus,"  "De  divisione  monochordi  secundum  Boetium," 
and  other  works  on  musical  subjects. 

It  appears  certain  that  Guido  invented  the  principle 
upon  which  the  construction  of  the  Stave  is  based  and 
the  E  and  C  Clefs ;  but  that  he  did  not  invent  the  com- 
plete 4-lined  Stave  itself.  There  is  strong  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  he  invented  the  Hexachord,  Sohnisation,  and 
the  Harmonic  Hand  ;  or,  at  least,  first  set  forth  the  prin- 
ciples upon  which  these  inventions  were  based.  Einally 
it  is  certain  that  he  was  cot  the  first  to  extend  the  Scale 
downwards  to  r  ut ;  that  he  neither  invented  Diaphonia, 
Discant,  Organum,  nor  Counterpoint ;  and  that  to  credit 
him  with  the  invention  of  the  Monochord  and  the  Poly- 
plectrum  is  absurd.  Grove,  Diet.  Music,  IV.  661. 
Guido  Beni.    See  Rem. 


coast  region  is  very  unhealthy,  and  the  colony  is  steadily  Guido   y   SpaUO   (gwe'do  e  spa'no),    Carlos 
declininsr.    Area.  46.««n  snimre  miios     Pnr„aiou»,.^iiiai%      -D jL  iM*ri_  \i^°  ,    „    ^^.^^'^    .      '>.   ^aiJ-yoi 


declining. 
26,796. 


relate  to  theRoman  period  in  Britain.  To  him  principaUj  aniaiin.  Vpnpvnolan'ni- nnairaTia 
was  due  the  founding  of  the  Philological  Socie&.  WUiana,  V  eneZUeian,  or  Uuayaua. 


Area,  46,860  square  miles.    Population  (1891), 


A  former 


Guetlavaca.  Same  as  Cvitlahuatsin 
Gueux  (ge).  [P., '  poor,' '  beggarly ' ;  as  a  noun, 
'beggars,'  'ragamuffins':  origin  uncertain.] 
The  league  of  Flemish  nobles  organized  in  1566 
to  resist  the  introduction  of  the  Inquisition  into 
the  Low  Countries  by  Philip  II.  The  name  was 
previousl;^  given  to  them  in  contempt,  and  borne  by  their 
followers  in  the  succeeding  war. 
Guevara  (ga-va'ra),  Antonio  de.    Born  in  the 


Born  at  Salta,  March  8,  1832.  An  Argentine 
politician  and  poet.  He  was  president  of  the  Na- 
tional Congress  in  1865,  served  in  the  Paraguayan  war,  and 
from  1872-76  was  president  of  the  Senate.  Most  of  his 
poems  are  included  in  the  collection  "  Hojas  al  Viento  " 
(Buenos  Ayres,  1871). 


province  of  Venezuela,  corresponding  (nearly) 

to  the  present  state  of  Bolivar  (which  see). 
Guianaus.    See  Guaynos. 
\^S;J  Guiart  (ge-ar'),  Guillaume.    Bom  at  Orleans  Guienne,  or  Guyenne  (ge-en').    A  name  fre- 
■'•'™    about  the  end  of  the  13th  century.    A  French     quently  given  in  its  later  history  to  Aquitaine, 

chronicler,  author  of    a    metrical  history  of    especially  in  the  name  of  the  government  Gui- 

Pranee,  in  12,000  verses,  entitled  "La  branche     ^npe  and  Gaseony. 

des  royaux  lignages,"  covering  the  period  1165-  Guienne  and  Gascony.    -Aji  old  government  of 

1306.  southwestern  France. 


province  of  Biscay,  Spain,  about  1490 :  died  in  Guibert  of  Nogent  (ge-bar'  ov  no-zhoh').  Bom  Guignes  (geny),  Chretien  Louis  Joseph  de, 


at  Clermont,  Oise,  France,  1053 :  died  1124.  A 
noted  French  historian  and  scholastic  philoso- 
pher, a  pupil  of  Anselm  and  (1104)  head  of  the 
abbey  of  Notre  Dame  de  Nogent.  Also  surnamed 
FlaviacemU,  from  the  monastery  of  St.  Germer  de  Elaix, 

("  Diid  for  Princes,"  1629), "  Decada  de  los  Cesares'("  Lives  r?^}$^  *"?  ''"*H«d  in  1064. 

of  Ten  Koman  Emperors  "),  and  "  Epistolas  Eamiliares  "  VTUlDert,  or  WlDert.  01  Farma,  or  of  Bavenna. 


1545.  A  Spanish  historical  writer.  He  was  one  of 
the  oCBcial  chroniclers  to  Charles  V.  In  1628  he  became  a 
Franciscan  monk,  and  accompanied  the  emperor  on  his 
travels  and  residences  in  various  cities.    He  was  court 

greacher,  imperial  historiographer,  bishop  of  Guadix,  and 
ishop  of  Mondofiedo.    He  wrote  "  Relox  de  Prinoipes  " 


(1689).  The  letters,  sometimes  called  "  Golden  Epistles," 
were  very  popular,  and  were  translated  by  Edward  Hel- 
lowes  (1574)  and  Savage  (1667):  Sir  Geoffrey  Fenton 
translated  part  of  them  (1679).  Guevara  also  wrote  a  num- 
ber of  works  on  theology,  navigation,  and  court  life. 

Guevara,  Diego  Ladron  de.  See  Ladron  de 
Guevara. 

Guevara,  Jos6.  Bom  at  Eocas,  New  Castile, 
March  11,  1719:  died  at  Spello,  Italy,  Feb.  25, 
1806.     ■  ^.      ■  '   '      ■        - 

zano  as  chronicler  of  the  order  in  Paraguay ;  resided  in  the 
Platine  countries  from  about  1756  until  the  expulsion  of 
the  Jesuits  in  1767  ;  and  subsequently  lived  in  Italy.  His 
"Historia  de  la  conquista  del  Paraguay,  etc.,"  was  first 
published  in  the  Angelis  collection  1836,  and  by  Lamas 
1882,    He  wrote  various  controversial  works. 

Guevara,  Luis  Velez  de.  Born  at  Eeija  in  1572 
or  1574:  died  at  Madrid  in  1644.  A  Spanish 
dramatist.  Fifteen  plays  are  ascribed  to  him,  among 
them  "Mas  pesa  el  Rey  que  la  Sangre  "("King  before  Kin"), 
"Luna  da  Sierra  "  ("  Diana  of  the  Mountains  "),  etc.  He 
also  wrote  the  romance  "E)  diablo  cojuelo"  ("The  Lame 
Devil,"  1641),  from  which  Le  Sage  took  "Le  diable  boi- 
teux." 
Gugerni  (gu-j6r'ni),  or  Cugerni  (ku-jer'ni),  or 
Guberni  (gu-ber'ni).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Gugerni, 
(Pliny)  Gitberni.']  A  German  tribe  located  by 
Pliny  on  the  lower  Ehine  between  the  Ubii  and 
the  Batavi,  where,  also,  Tacitus  places  them  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Ruhr.  They  joined  in  the  ris- 
ing under  Civilis.  They  were  probably  a  part 
of  the  Sugambri. 
Guglielmi  (gSl-yel'me),  Pietro.  Bom  at  Massa 


See  Clement  III.,  Antipope. 


Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  25,  1759:  died  at"  Paris, 
March  9,  1845.  A  French  Sinologist,  son  of 
Joseph  de  Guignes.  He  was  appointed  in  1784  con- 
sul at  Canton  and  Erench  resident  in  China,  where  he 
remained  17  years.  He  wrote  various  papers  and  works 
on  China,  and  edited  a  "Dictionnaire  chinois,  frangais  et 
latin  "  (1813),  based  on  a  manuscript  work  by  Basil  of  Gle- 
mona,  a  Roman  Catholic  missionary  in  China. 


Guicciardiiii  (gWe-ch'ar^de'ne),  Francesco.  *ol^?9''&died-a^°?Lrl;^CrchSq'^8^ 
Bom  at  Florence,  March  6, 1483:  died  near  Flor- 


Oct.  19,  1721:  died  at  Paris,  March'l9,  1800! 
A  French  Orientalist.  His  works  include  "  Histoire 
g^n6rale  des  Huns,  des  Turcs,  des  Mogols,  et  autres  Tatares 
---'"--"- —  "  etc.  (1756-58),  etc. 


occidentaux,' 


after  the  fire  of  1666.  The  great  haU  measures  153 
by  48  feetj  and  is  66  high  :  it  has  a  handsome  open-framed 
roof,  modem  colored-glass  windows,  and  the  two  legen- 
dary colossal  wooden  flgui'es  of  Gog  and  Magog.  Along 
the  walls  are  placed  statues  of  famous  men.  The  crypC 
with  its  clustered  columns,  is  of  the  original  construction, 
and  is  interesting.    See  Oog  and  Magog. 


rata,"  etc. 


ence,  May,   1540.     An  Italian  historian,  and 
statesman  in  the  pontifical  and  Medicean  ser- 
vice.   His  chief  work  is  "Storia  d'ltalia"  ("History  of  Guildenstcm.     See  Mosencrantz. 
ed!te  "'  wlre"?ublS  in^l8OT°'°'  ^®^*^"    ™'  "°^*"  '""  ^^uildford  (gil'f ord).      The  capital  of  the  coun- 
J.J.,  ±na-.  uiBu  au  oueiiu,  j-uaiy,  reo.  au,  r-^.j^™--!:  /^^s  „v,=/i-\  /i'      j.       m  t.  ty  of  Surrey,  England,  situated  on  the  Wey  29 

A  Spanish  Jesuit  au^thor.'  He  succeeded  Lo'-  ^n?'?v\&?801  ^^S^t  Rol^^^^^^^^  ^^^^.  south;vest^  of  London,     it  has  important 

-  -       -■-        -     •    -  m  Italy  about  1801.  died  at  Kome,  March  26,     grain  trade.    It  is  a  very  old  town,  and  has  a  Norman 

iBYd.     An  Italian  lady,  the  daughter  of  Count    keep.    Population  (1891),  14,319. 

Gamba,  celebrated  on  account  of  her  relations  Guildhall  (gild'hai).    The  council  haU  of  the 

with  Lord  Byron.    She  married  Count  Guiccioli  when    City  of  London,  founded  in  1411,  and  restored 

she  was  about  16  years  old,  and  met  Byron  a  few  months     -  "^      -t'       "         »,.,„« 

later.  After  about  a  year  the  count  objected  to  her  intimacy 

with  Byron,  and  she  went  back  to  her  father's  house.  From 

this  time  until  Byron's  death  she  maintained  her  relations 

with  him.    After  this  she  is  said  to  have  returned  to  her 

husband.    In  1851  she  married  the  Marquis  de  Boissy,  and 

in  1868  published  in  French  "My  Recollections  of  Lord 

/£iT°t'-  J/  -  1."  /^  «  •  T.  J  17-  1  rt  J.4.  Guilford  (gil'ford).  A  village  and  town  in  New 
Guichard (ge-shar'),  or  Guischard,  Karl  Gott-  Haven  Countf ;  Connecticut,  situated  on  Long 
lieb :  pseudonym  .Quintus  IcillUS.  Bom  at  island  Sound  16  miles  east  of  New  Haven 
Magdeburg,  Prassia,  1724:  died  at  Potsdam  Population  (1900),  town,  2,785. 
Prussia,  May,  1775.  A  German  soldier  and  GuHford,  Earl  of.  See  North 
nulltary  writer.  He  entered  the  military  service  of  rLiiilfnril  finnrt.  TTnimp  A  Tvlacfi!!'hrm+  H  rnlloo 
Holland,  attainingtherankof  captain;  withdreV  and  went     f?„"°p;J:^°S^„^-5,°l^®^,,,^fS^  i?    fi! 

to  Englknd  in  1764;  and  in  1768  entered  the  service  of  nom  Greensborough,  Guilford  County,  North 
Frederick  the  Great,  under  whom  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  Oarolina.  Here,  March  16,  1781,  the  British  (about 
colonel  He  wrote  "M^moiresmilitairessurlesGrecset  2,400)  under  Cornwallis  defeated  the  Americans  (about 
les  Remains  "  (1767),  "  M^raoires  critiques  et  historiques  4,400)  under  Greene,  The  British  loss  was  about  600 ;  the 
sur  plusieurs  points  d'antiquit^s  militaires  "  (1773).  American,  about  400. 

Guicowar's  Dominions.    Bee  Baroda.  Guillaume.    See  WilUam  and.  Wilhelm. 

Guillaume  de  Lorris  (ge-yom'delo-res').  Born 
at  Lorris,  Loiret,  France :  died  about  1240  (?). 
A  French  poet,  author  of  the  first  part  of  the 
"  Roman  de  la  Eose."  About  4,670  of  the  22,800  or 
more  lines  were  written  by  him.    See  jioman  de  la  Hose. 

Guillaume  de  Palerne  (d6  pa-lam' )  •  An  early 
French  roman  d'aventure.    it  was  translated  very 


disguised  under  tne  name 
and  state  of  Polydore,  the  son  of  Morgan. 


Guha(g8'ha), orWaguha(wa-gS'ha).  ABa-ntu  Guidi  (gwe'de),  Carlo  Alessandro.    Bom  at 


tribe  of  the  Kongo  State,  settled  on  both  sides 
of  the  Lukuga  Eiver.    Their  language  Is  said  tc  be 


Pavia,  Italy,  June  14, 
Italy,  June  12,  1712. 


1650:  died  at  Frascati, 
An  Italian  lyric  poet, 


Guillamne  de  Palerne 

early  into  English,  and  has  been  published  as  "William  of 
Palern  e  "  by  the  Early  English  Text  Society.  "It  introduces 
the  favorite  medieval  idea  ol  lycanthropy,  the  hero  being 
throughout  helped  and  protected  by  a  friendly  were-wolf, 
TV  ho  is  before  the  end  of  the  poem  freed  from  the  enchant- 
ment to  which  he  is  subjected."  Saintsbury,  lYenoh  Lit., 
p  96. 

Guillaumet  (ge-yo-ma'),  Gustave.  Bom  at 
Paris,  March  26, 1840 :  died  at  Paris,  March  14, 
1887.  A  French  painter,  a  pupil  of  Picot  and 
Barrias.  He  gained  the  second  prix  de  Rome 
in  1863. 

Guillim  (gwil'im),  John.  Bom  at  Hereford 
ahout  1565:  died  at  London,  May  7, 1621.  An 
English  writer  on  heraldry.  He  published  "A 
Display  of  Heraldrie  "(1610:  sometimes  ascribed 
to  John  Barkham). 

Cruillotin  (ge-yo-tan'),  Joseph  Ignace.  Bom 
at  Saintes,  France,  May  28, 1738 :  died  at  Paris, 
March  26,  1814.  A  French  physician,  wrongly 
regarded  as  the  inventor  of  the  guillotine.  As 
deputy  to  the  Constitu  ent  Assembly,  1789,  he  proposed  that 
^1  capital  punishment  should  be  by  decapitation,  a  privi- 
lege till  then  reserved  for  the  nobility,  and  suggested  that 
decapitation  could  be  most  quickly  and  humanely  per- 
formed by  a  machine.  The  device  actually  adopted  as  a 
result  of  this  suggestion  was  prepared  by  a  German  me- 
•chanic  named  Schmidt  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Antoine 

■  Louis,  perpetual  secretary  of  the  Academy  of  Surgery, 
■and  was  first  used  April  26, 1792,  for  the  execution  of  a 
highwayman  named  Pelletier.  The  machine  was  first 
named  louison  or  louisette,  but  after  a  while  Guillotin's 
name  was  attached  to  it.  Guillotln  was  not,  as  has  been 
asserted,  executed  in  his  own  machine,  but  died  a  natural 
death. 

Gmmaraes,  or  Guimaraens  (ge-ma-rins')-  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Minho,  Portugal,  situ- 
ated on  the  Ave  30  miles  northeast  of  Oporto. 
The  castle  is  a  battlemented  ruin  with  a  huge  central 
keep,  inaccessible  save  by  a  wooden  bridge,  and  square 
angle-towers  connected  by  curtains.  Population,  about 
8,000. 

Gilinart  (ge-nart'),  Roaue.  A  noble  in  Cer- 
vantes's  "  Don  Quixote."  He  was  a  real  charac- 
ter, his  name  being  Pedro  Kocha  Guinarda. 

Chlinaus.    See  Guaynos. 

Guinea  (gin'i).  [Formerly  Ginnie,  Ginny,  etc. ; 
F.  ChiinSe,  8p.  Gwini,  etc.:  named  from  the 
African  Ginnie,  or  Jinnie,st  town  and  kingdom 
in  the  Niger  district.]  That  part  of  western 
Africa  which  lies  along  the  coast  from  Cape 
Eoxo  (or  about  lat.  12°  N.)  to  Cape  Negro  (or 
about  lat.  16°  S.),  and  extends  indefinitely  in- 
land. It  includes,  besides  native  states,  British,  French, 
<Jerman,  and  Portuguese  colonies,  Liberia,  and  part  of  the 
£ongo  Free  State.  It  is  divided  into  Upper  or  North 
Guinea,  and  Lower  or  South  Guinea  (separated  by  the 
Eamerun  Mountains  or  the  equator).  The  name  is  some- 
times used  in  a  more  restricted  sense.  See  Liberia,  Gold 
Coast,  etc. 

Ouinea,  Gulf  of.  That  part  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  on  the  western  coast  of  Africa  comprised 
between  Cape  Palmas  on  the  north  and  Cape 
Lopez  on  the  south. 

Ouinegate,  or  Guinegatte  (gen-gaf).  A  vil- 
lage in  the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  north- 
em  France,  near  St.-Omer.  Here  the  French  were 
twice  defeated :  (1)  by  Maximilian  I.  <  (then  archduke  of 
Austria)  in  Augus^  1479 ;  (2)  by  Henry  VIII.  of  England 
and  Maximilian  (his  ally)  in  August,  1513.  See  Spurs,  Bat- 
tle of  the. 

Cjuines  (gen).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Pas-de-Calais,  France,  7  miles  south  of  Calais. 
It  was  an  ancient  seat  of  counts,  and  was  held  by  England 
In  the  14th,  16th,  and  16th  centuries.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  4,502. 

Guinevere  (gwin'e-ver),  or  Guinever  (gwin'e- 
v6r),  or  Guenever  (gwen'e-v6r),  or  Geneura, 
or  Ganore  (ga-nor').  The  wife  of  King  Arthur 
in  the  Ari;hurian  cycle  of  romance.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  Leodegraunce,  king  of  Camelyard,  and  loved 
Lancelot  of  the  Lake.    See  Lancelot. 

This  princess  (Geneura)  is  described  as  the  finest  woman 
In  the  universe ;  her  stature  was  noble  and  elegant ;  her 
•complexion  fair,  and  her  eyes  the  finest  blue  of  the  heav- 
ens; the  expression  of  her  countenance  was  lively  yet 
•dignified,  but  sometimes  tender ;  her  understanding,  nat- 
urally just,  was  well  cultivated ;  her  heart  was  feeling, 
-compassionate,  and  capable  of  the  most  exalted  sentiments. 
Durdop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  224. 

Guinevere.  One  of  the  "Idylls  of  the  King" 
by  Tennyson,  published  in  1859. 

Guingamp  (gan-gon').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  C6tes-du-Nord,  Brittany,  France,  sit- 
uated on  the  Trieux  19  miles  west-northwest  of 
St.-Brieue.  Its  church  of  Notre  Dame  is  one 
of  the  principal  Breton  pilgrim  resorts.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  9,196. 

GuipuZCOa  (ge-poth'ko-a).  One  of  the  three 
Basque  provinces  of  Spain.  Capital,  San  Sebas- 
tian. It  is  bounded  by  the  Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  north, 
France  on  the  northeast,  Navarre  on  the  east,  Navarre  and 
Alava  on  the  south,  and  Biscay  on  the  west.  Area,  728 
square  miles.    Population  (1887),  181,866. 

Guirior  (ge-re'6r),  Manuel.  Bom  at  Aviz  de 
TJgarte,  Navarre,  March  21,  1708 :  died  at  Ma- 
drid, Nov.  25, 1788.   A  Spanish  naval  officer  and 


468 

administrator.  He  served  in  the  English  and  Algerine 
wars,  and  was  made  viceroy  of  New  Granada, in  1773,  and 
viceroy  of  Peru  in  1776,  retaining  the  latter  office  until  1780. 
He  retained  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general,  and  was  cre- 
ated marquis  of  Guirior  after  his  return  to  Spain. 

Guisborough,  or  Gisborough  (giz'bnr-o).  A 
town  in  the  North  Biding  of  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, 40  miles  north  of  York.  The  first  alum- 
works  in  England  were  established  here  about 
1600.     Population  (1891),  5,623. 

Guiscard,  AObert.    See  Robert  Guiseard. 

Gtiiischard,  Karl  Gottlieb.    See  Guichard. 

Guise  (giiez).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Aisne,  France,  situated  on  the  Oise  23  miles 
north  of  Laon.  It  gave  name  to  the  ducal  bouse  of 
Guise.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  CamilleDesmoulins.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  8,153. 

Guise,  Cardinals  and  Dukes  of.  See  Lorraine. 

Guise,  Duchy  of.  A  former  duchy  of  northeast- 
ern France,  which  took  its  name  from  the  town 
of  Guise,  and  corresponded  to  the  northern  part 
of  the  department  of  Aisne.  It  was  situated  in  the 
government  of  Picardy.  Formerlyitwas  a  county.  Itwas 
famous  in  the  16th  and  17th  centuries  as  a  duchy  in  the 
hands  of  the  Guise  family,  a  branch  of  the  house  of  Lor- 
raine. 

Guise  (^z),  Martin.  Died  Jan.  21,1829.  AnEng- 
lish  naval  officer  who  in  1818  entered  the  service 
of  Chile,  under  Cochrane,  as  captain.  He  did  effi- 
cient service  in  the  war  for  independence,  and  on  the  re- 
tirement of  Cochrane  (1821)  was  appointed  to  organize  the 
navy  of  Peru.  By  blockading  the  port  of  Callao  he  forced 
the  surrender  of  the  last  Spanish  post,  Callao  Castle,  Jan. 
19, 1826.  Admiral  Guise  was  killed  in  the  attack  on  Guay- 
aquil. 

Guiteau  (ge-to'),  Charles.  Born  about  1840: 
hanged  at  Washington,  June  30, 1882.  An  Amer- 
ican assassin.  He  was  a  pettifogging  lawyer  of  French- 
Canadian  descent  at  Chicago,  and  on  Garfield's  election  to 
the  presidency  went  to  Washington  to  seek  the  office  of 
American  consul  at  Marseilles,  which  he  did  not  obtain. 
Excited  by  this  failure,  and  by  the  political  conflict  be- 
tween Garfield  and  Koscoe  Conkling,  he  shot  the  President 
fatally  at  Washington,  July  2, 1881. 

Guizot  (ge-z6'  or  giie-zo'),  Madame  (Elisabeth 
Charlotte  Pauline  de  Meulan).  Bom  at 
Paris,  Nov.  2, 1773:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  1,  1827. 
A  French  writer,  first  wife  of  F.  P.  G.  Guizot, 
whom  she  married  in  1812.  She  wrote  "Edu- 
cation domestique,  ou  lettres  de  famiUe  sur 
l'6ducation"  (1826),  etc. 

Guizot,  Frangois  Pierre  Guillaume.  Born  at 
Nimes,  Oct.  4, 1787:  died  at  Val-Eicher,  in  Nor- 
mandy, Oct.  12, 1874.  A  distinguished  French 
historian  and  statesman.  At  the  age  of  12  he  left 
his  native  city  for  Geneva,  and  in  1806  he  took  up  the 
study  of  law  in  Paris.  In  1812  he  became  assistant  pro- 
fessor of  literature  at  the  Sorbonne,  and  later  was  called 
to  the  new  chair  of  modern  history.  His  early  publica- 
tions are  '*Du  gouvernement  repr^sentatif  et  de  I'^tat 
actuel  de  la  France"  (1816),  "Des  conspirations  et  de  la 
justice  politique"  (1821),  "Des  moyens  de  gouvernement 
et  d'opposition  dans  I'etat  actuel  de  la  France"  (1821), 
"  De  la  peine  de  morte  en  matifa-e  politique  "  (1822),  etc. 
These  pamphlets  brought  about  his  resignation  from  his 
professorship.  Devoting  himself  exclusively  to  historical 
research,  he  published  his  "Histoire  du  gouvernement 
repr^sentatif,"  "Essais  sur  I'histoire  de  France,"  "Col- 
lection des  m^moires  relatifs  k  la  revolution  d'Angle- 
terre,"  "Collection  des  m^moires  relatifs  h  I'histoire  de 
France,"  "Histoire  de  la  revolution  d'Angleterre  depuis 
I'avenement  de  Charles  I.  jusqu'k  la  restauration  de 
Charles  II.,"  etc.  Hia  courses  of  lectures  at  the  Sorbonne, 
delivered  1828-30,  appeared  under  the  titles  "Cours  d'his- 
toire  moderne,"  "Histoire  g6n6rale  de  la  civilisation  en 
Europe,"  and  "Histoire  g^nSrale  de  la  civilisation  en 
France."  In  1830  he  was  elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Dep- 
uties. After  the  revolution  of  July,  1830,  he  became 
minister  of  the  interior,  and,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
months  in  the  year  1840  spent  as  French  ambassador  to 
England,  remained  almost  continuously  minister  in  vari- 
ous capacities  until  he  fell  from  power,  Feb.  23, 1848,  on 
the  eve  of  Louis  Philippe's  abdication.  He  had  been 
prime  minister  for  the  8  years  preceding  his  downfall,  but 
had  made  himself  so  unpopular  that  he  failed  to  be  elected 
to  the  National  Assembly  of  1848.  The  latter  part  of  his 
life  was  spent  in  retii'ement.  Besides  the  works  already 
mentioned,  Guizot  translated  Shakspere,  and  published 
"Washington"  (1840),  "De  la  democratic  en  France" 
(1849),  "  Discours  sur  I'histoire  de  la  revolution  d'Angle- 
terre" (1850),  "Meditations  et  etudes  morales"  (1851), 
"L'Amour  dans  le  mariage"  (1856),  "Guillaume  le  Con- 
querant,"  "i;douardIII.  et  les  bourgeois  de  Calais,"  "  Me- 
moires  pour  servir  h  I'histoire  de  mon  temps  "  (1858-68), 
"L'i;g)ise  et  la  societe  chretienne  en  1861"  (1861),  "Dis- 
cours academiques"  (1861),  "Trois  generations''  (1861), 
"Histoire parlementairede  France"  (1863),  "Meditations 
sur  I'essence  de  la  religion  "  (1864),  "  Meditations  sur  I'etat 
actuel  de  la  religion  chretienne"  (1866),  "Melanges 
biographiques  et  litteraires"  (1868),  "La  France  et  la 
Prusse  responsables  devant  I'Europe  "  (1868),  "  Meditations 
sur  la  religion  chretienne  dans  ses  rapports  avec  I'etat 
actuel  des  societes  et  des  esprits  "  (1868),  "Melanges  poli- 
tiques  et  historiques"  (1869),  "Le  due  de  Broglie"  Q872), 
"Les  vies  de  quatre  grands  Chretiens  fran^ais,  Saint- 
Louis,  Calvin  "  (1873,  incomplete),  and  "Histoire  de  France 
racontee  h.  mes  petits-enf ants  "  (1870-76). 

Gujarat.    See  Guzerat. 

G^ranwala  (guzh-ran-wa'la).  1.  A  district  in 
the  Pan  jab,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  32° 
15'  N.,  long.  74°  E.  Area,  3,017  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  690,169.-2.  The  capital  of 


Gumtl 

the  district  of  Gujranwala,  situated  in  lat.  32" 
10'  N.,  long.  74°  14'  E.  Population,  about  20,000. 

Gujrat  (guzh-raf),  sometimes  written  Guzerat. 
1.  A  district  in  the  Panjab,  British  India,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  32°  40'  N.,  long.  74°  E.  Area, 
2,051  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  760,875. 
—  2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Gujrat,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  32°  35'  N.,  long.  74°  7'  B.  Here, 
Feb.  22, 1849,  the  British  imder  Gough  defeated 
the  Sikhs. 

Gula  (go'la).  In Assyro-Babylonian  mythology, 
the  name  of  the  wife  of  Adar,  the  god  of  war 
and  the  chase.  She  is  styled  "the  great  lady"  who 
presides  over  life  and  death.  Those  who  break  contracts 
are  threatened  with  her  vengeance.  Nebuchadnezzar 
dedicated  to  her  two  temples  at  Babylon  and  three  at  Bor- 
sippa. 

Gulf  Stream,  The.  An  oceanic  current,  ori- 
ginating from  the  Atlantic  Equatorial  Current, 
which  is  made  up  of  two  arms,  one  of  them 
issuing  through  the  Florida  Strait  from  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  other  running  westward 
along  the  northern  face  of  the  island  of  Cuba. 
The  united  stream  follows  the  Atlantic  coast  northeast- 
ward  with  a  velocity  of  from  2  to  5  miles  an  hour,  gradu- 
ally expanding  in  breadth  and  diminishing  in  depth,  but 
distinctly  perceived  for  many  degrees  beyond  the  eastern 
edge  of  Newfoundland.  Its  comparatively  high  tempera- 
ture (10  to  20  degrees  above  that  of  the  surrounding  ocean)^ 
rapid  motion,  and  deep-blue  color  make  the  Gulf  Stream 
a  most  remarkable  phenomenon,  and  even  more  interest- 
ing than  the  Kuroshiwo,  the  corresponding  current  on  the 
Asiatic  coast  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  Gulf  Stream, 
doubtless,  exerts  a  certain  influence  in  modifying  the  cli- 
mate of  the  British  Isles,  France,  and  other  parts  of  west- 
ern Europe,  but  to  what  extent  is  not  yet  definitely 
known.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  certain  that  its  effect  is 
not  so  great  as  was  formerly  supposed,  and  that  some  of 
its  assumed  workings  are  rather  to  be  credited  to  the 
regular  oceanic  drifts.  See  articles  on  Kuroshiwo  and 
Sargasso  Sea. 

Giilhan^.    See  Ahdul-Medjid. 

Gulistan  (go -lis -tan').  [Pers.,  'the  rose-gar- 
den.'] The  most  celebrated  and  finished  work 
of  the  Persian  poet  Sadi.  it  is  a  kind  of  moral  work 
in  verse  and  prose,  consisting  of  8  chapters  on  kings,  der- 
vishes, contentment,  taciturnity,  love  and  youth,  decrepi- 
tude and  old  age,  education,  and  the  duties  of  society,  the 
whole  intermixed  with  stories,  maxims,  philosophic^  sen- 
tences, and  puns. 

Gull  (gul),  Sir  William  Withey.  Bom  at 
Thorpe-le-Soken,  Essex,  Dec.  31,  1816:  died 
Jan.  29,  1890.  A  noted  English  physician,  ap- 
pointed physician  extraordinary  to  the  queen 
in  1872  (ordinary  in  1887).  He  received  a 
baronetcy  for  the  skill  with  which  he  treated 
the  Prince  of  Wales  in  1871. 

Gullians  (gul'ianz).  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  follower's  of  William  HI.  of  England. 

Gulliver,  Lemuel.  The  ostensible  recounter 
of  "  Gulliver's  Travels." 

Gulliver's  (gul'i-verz)  Travels.  A  social  and 
political  prose  satire,  in  the  form  of  a  book  of 
travels,  written  by  Jonathan  Swift,  and  pub- 
lished in  1726.  It  consists  of  4  voyages — to  Lillipnt, 
to  Brobdingnag,  to  Laputa,  and  to  the  country  of  the- 
Houyhnhnms.  Lemuel  Gulliver  is  an  honest,  blunt  Eng- 
lish sailor. 

"Gulliver's  Travels"  owes  most  of  its  external  shape  to 
the  "Vera  Historia"  of  Lucian,  itself  a  travesty  of  lost 
works  on  geography.  The  French  poet  Cyrano  de  Bergerac 
(1620-1665) liad  written  a  "  Voyage  ^  la  lune  "  and  a  "His- 
toire comique  des  etats  et  empires  du  soleil,"  from  which 
Fontenelle  had  borrowed  some  hints.  Several  slight  points 
which  Swift  used  he  is  said  to  have  taken  from  a  tract  by 
Francis  Goodwin,  Bishop  of  Llandaff.  There  can  be  no 
doubt,  moreover,  that  the  particular  narrative  manner  of 
Defoe,  whose  "Robinson  Crusoe"  had  appeared  in  1719, 
produced  an  effect  upon  Swift.  All  these  critical  specu- 
lations, however,  are  rather  curious  than  essential.  Swift, 
always  among  the  most  original  of  writers,  is  nowhere 
more  thoroughly  himself  than  in  bis  enchanting  romance 
of  Lemuel  Gulliver.  Whether  we  read  it,  as  children  do, 
for  the  story,  or  as  historians,  for  the  political  allusions, 
or  as  men  of  the  world,  for  the  satire  and  philosophy,  we 
have  to  acknowledge  that  it  is  one  of  the  wonderful  and 
unique  books  of  the  world's  literature. 

Gosee,  Hist.  Eng.  lib,  p.  160. 

Gull's  Hornbook,  The.  A  book  by  Thomas 
Dekker,  published  in  1609.  it  gives  a  graphic  de- 
scription of  the  manners  of  Jacobean  gallants.  The  tract 
is  to  some  extent  modeled  on  Dedekind's  "Grobianus." 
It  is  Dekker's  best-known  work. 

Gumbinnen(gom-bin'neu).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Pissa  in  lat.  54°  36'  N.,  long.  22°  9'  E.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  commune,  12,207. 

Gummidge  (gum'ij),  Mrs.  In  Dickens's  "Da- 
vid Copperfleld,"  "a  lone,  lorn  creetur"  living 
at  Mr.  Peggotty's. 

Qiunri,    See  Alexandropol. 

Gumti  (gbru'te),  or  Gamti  (gam'te),  or  Goom- 
tee  (gom'te ) .  A  river  in  British  India,  joining 
the  Ganges  17  miles  northeast  of  Benares. 
Length,  about  500  miles.  Luoknow  is  on  its 
banks. 


GKimtish-Ehana 

GUmlish-Ehana.  ['Silver  house.']  A  town 
in  Asiatic  Turkey,  about  40  miles  south  of 
Trebizond, 

Gundamuk.    See  Gandamak. 

Gunderode  (gun'de-r6-de),Karoline  von.  Bom 
at  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  Feb.  11, 1780 :  committed 
suicide  at  Winkel,  near  Mainz,  July  26, 1806.  A 
German  romantic  poet,  author  of  "  Gediohte  und 
Phantasien"  (1804),  "Poetisohe  Praemente" 
(1805),  etc. 

Chindlach  (gSnd'lsieh),  Johann  Christoph. 
Born  at  Marburg,  Hesse-Cassel,  July,  1810.  A 
German  naturalist  who,  since  1839,  has  resided 
in  Cuba.  He  is  well  known  for  his  numerous 
contributions  to  Cuban  ornithology  and  ento- 
mology. 

Oundobad  (gun'do-bad),  or,  erroneously,  Gun- 
debald  (gun'de-bald).  Died  516.  King  of  the 
Burgundians  473-516.  He  became  a  patrician  ol  Rome 
in  472,  and  in  the  following  year  succeeded  his  father  Gun- 
dioch  as  king  of  the  Burgundians,  dividing  the  sovereignty 
with  his  brothers  Godegisel,  Chilperio,  and  Goilomar  I.  In 
BOO  he  was  defeated  by  Chlodwig  (Clovis),  king  of  the 
FrankB,  through  the  treachery  of  Godegisel,  and  was  ex- 
pelled from  his  kingdom.  He  subsequently  recovered  his 
throne,  deposed  Godegisel,  and,  as  his  two  other  brothers 
had  in  the  mean  time  died,  reunited  the  Burgundian  do- 
minions under  his  sway.  He  formed  an  alliance  with 
Chlodwig,  and,  although  an  Arian,  educated  his  sons  Sig- 
mund  and  Godomar  II.  in  the  Roman  Catholic  religion, 
which  was  the  faith  of  his  subjects.  He  drew  up  a  code 
of  laws,  which  was  named,  after  him,  "LexGundobada." 

Gonduk.    See  Gandak. 

Gundulf  (gun'dulf ),  L.  Gundolphus  (gvm-dol'- 
f  us).  Bom -in  the  diocese  of  Eouen  about  1024 : 
died  March  8, 1108.  A  Norman  prelate.  iniOB9 
he  became  a  monk  in  the  abbey  of  Bee,  where  he  became 
a  friend  of  Anselm  and  of  Laufranc,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, by  whose  assistance  he  was  elevated  to  the  see  of 
Rochester,  March  19,  1077.  He  was  the  architect  of  the 
cathedral  of  Rochester  (some  of  his  work  still  exists),  of  a 
castle  at  Rochester,  of  St.  Leonard's  Tower  and  a  nunnery 
at  Mailing,  and  of  the  White  Tower  in  London  Tower. 

Gundwana.    See  Gondwana. 

Gungl  (gongl),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Zs4mb6k,  Hun- 
gary, Deo.  1, 1810 :  died  at  Weimar,  Feb.  1, 1889. 
A  Hungarian  composer,  chiefly  of  dances  and 
marches. 

Gunib  (gu-nib').  A  plateau  in  Daghestan,  Cau- 
casia: scene  of  the  last  resistance  to  Kussia  and 
the  capture  of  Shamyl  in  1859. 

Ghmnerus  (g&n-na'ros),  Johann  Ernst.  Bom 
at  Christiania,  1718 :  died  1773.  A  Norwegian 
botanist,  bishop  of  Trondhjem.  He  described 
the  flora  of  Norway. 

Gunning  (gun'ing),  Elizabeth,  Duchess  of 
Hamilton  and  afterward  of  Argyll.  Born  in 
1734:  died  May  20, 1790.  A  celebrated  beauty. 
She  married  James,  sixth  duke  of  Hamilton,  in  1762,  and 
in  1759  she  married  John  Campbell,  marquis  of  Lome, 
afterward  fifth  duke  of  ArgylL    Compare  Chmrdng,  Maria. 

Gunning,  Maria,  Countess  of  Coventry.  Born 
in  1733 !  died  Oct.  1, 1760.  A  celebrated  beauty, 
daughter  of  John  Gunning  of  Castle  Coote, 
County  Roscommon,  Ireland.  She  and  her  sister 
Elizabeth  went  to  London  in  17B1,  and  were  at  once  pro- 
nounced to  be  "the  handsomest  women  alive."  They  were 
followed  by  crowds  wherever  they  went,  and  Maria,  who 
was  the  better-looking,  was  mobbed  one  evening  in  Hyde 
Park.  The  king  gave  her  a  guard  to  protect  her,  and  she 
once  walked  in  the  park  for  two  hours  with  2  sergeants  of 
the  guard  before  her  and  12  soldiers  following  her.  In  1752 
she  married  George  William,  sixth  earl  of  Coventry.  "The 
beautiful  Misses  Gunning  "  were  pain  ted  a  number  of  times, 
and  there  are  many  engravings  from  these  portraits. 

Gunning,  Mrs.  (Susannah  Minifle).  Bom  in 
1740  (?) :  died  at  London,  Aug.  28,  1800.  An 
English  novelist.  She  married  John  Gunning,  the 
broSier  of  the  beautiful  Gunning  sisters.  He  was  colonel 
of  the  6Bth  regiment  of  foot  and  lieutenant-general.  He 
had  one  daughter,  Elizabeth,  and  owing  to  her  flirtations 
(in  which  her  mother  took  her  part)  she  and  her  mother 
left  his  house.  Many  squibs  and  satires  were  written 
on  the  ensuing  complication,  which  Walpole  called  "  the 
Gunningiad. "  Both  Susannah  Gunning  and  her  daughter 
wrote  a  number  of  novels.  The  latter  married  Major  James 
Plunkett,  and  died  in  Suffolk,  July  20, 1823. 

Gunnison  (gun'i-son) .  A  river  in  westem  Col- 
orado, tributary  of  Grand  River,  which  it  joins 
near  lat.  39°  N.  ~      .     , 

Gunnison  Canon.  A  remarkable  canon  in  the 
Gunnison  River,  15  miles  in  length. 

Gunpowder  Plot.  In  English  history,  a  con- 
spiracy of  certain  Roman  Catholics  having  for 
its  object  the  destruction  of  James  I.  and  the 
lords  ancicommoners  in  the  Parliament  House, 
London.  The  leaders  were  Catesby,  Percy,  Digby,  Win- 
ter, Guy  Fawkea,  and  others.  It  was  foiled  by  the  arrest 
of  Fawkes,  Nov.  4, 1605.    See  Fawkea. 

Gfins  (giins).  Hung.  Koszeg  (k6s'seg).  A  free 
royal  city  in  the  county  of  Eisenburg  (Vas), 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  river  Giins  in  lat.  47°^ 
22'  N.,  long.  16°  31'  E.  it  was  successfully  defended 
against  Soliman  the  Magnificent  in  1B32.  Population  (1890), 
7,076. 

Cranter  (gun'tSr),  Edmund.   BominHertford- 


469 

shire,  Enriand,  1581 :  died  at  Gresham  College, 
London,  Deo.  10,  1626.  An  English  mathema- 
tician, professor  of  astronomy  in  (3^resham  Col- 
lege from  1619.  He  invented  the  chain,  line,  quadrant, 
and  scale  that  are  named  from  him  "  Gunter's  chain,"  etc. 

Henry  Briggs  was  his  colleague  for  a  year ;  and  their  as- 
sociation doubtless  led  to  Gunter's  "Canon  Trlangulorum ; 
or.  Table  of  Artificial  Sines  and  Tangents,  to  a  radius  of 
100,000,000  parts  to  each  minute  of  the  Quadrant,"  1620. 
This  was  the  first  table  of  its  kind  published,  and  did  for 
sines  and  tangents  what  Briggs  did  for  natural  numbers. 
In  these  tables  Gunter  applied  to  navigation  and  other 
branches  of  mathematics  his  admirable  rule"  TheGunter," 
on  which  were  inscribed  the  logarithmic  lines  for  num- 
bers, sines,  and  tangents  of  arches ;  and  he  showed  how 
to  take  a  back  observation  by  the  cross-staff,  whereby  the 
error  arising  from  the  eccentricity  of  the  eye  is  avoided.  . . . 
He  was  the  first  who  used  the  words  cosine,  cotangentj 
etc.,  .  .  .  andalsointroducedtheuseof  arithmetical  com- 
plements into  the  logarithmical  arithmetic  (Briggs,  Arith. 
Log.,  cap.  15).  De  Morgan  (AHth.  Books,  xxv.)  favors  Gun- 
ter's claim  to  the  invention  of  the  decimal  separator. 

Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Giiuther  (giin'ter).  In  the  Nibelungen  epic,  a 
Burgundian  king,  brother  of  Kriemhild  and  hus- 
band of  Brunehilde. 

Giinther ,  Albert  Karl  Ludwig  Gotthilf .  Bom 
at  EssUngen,  Wiirtemberg,  Oct.  3, 1830.  A  Ger- 
man-English zoBlpgist,  particularly  noted  for 
works  on  herpetology  and  ichthyology.  He  be- 
came assistant  in,  and  in  1875  director  of,  the  zoological 
department  of  the  British  Museum.  He  has  published 
"  Catalogue  of  the  Colubrine  Snakes  "  (1858), "  Catalogue  of 
the  Batrachia  Salientia  "  (1858),  "Reptiles  of  British  India  " 
(1864),  "Catalogue  of  Fishes  "  (1859-70), "  The  Gigantic  Land- 
tortoises  "  (1877);  "Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Mshes" 
(1880), ' '  Report  on  the  Shore-fish  us,  e  to .;  of  th  e  Toyage  i)f 
the  Challenger  "(1887-88),  etc. 

Giinther,  Anton.  Bom  at  Lindenau,  near  Leit- 
meritz,  Bohemia,  Nov.  17, 1783 :  died  at  Vienna, 
Feb.  24, 1863.  A  German  philosopher  and  Ro- 
man Catholic  theologian.  Among  his  works  are 
"Vorschule  zur  spekulativen  Theologie"  (1828),  "Die 
Juste-Milieus  in  der  deutschen  Philosophie  gegenwSitiger 
Zeit"(1838). 

Giinther,  Johann  Christian.  Born  at  Striegau, 
Silesia,  Prussia,  April  8, 1695 :  died  at  Jena,  Ger- 
many, March  15,  1723.  A  German  poet.  His 
collected  poems  were  published  1724-35. 

Guntram  (gun'tram),  or  Gontran  (gon'tran). 
Died  March  28,  593.  King  of  the  Pranks.  He 
received  the  sovereignty  of  Orleans  and  Burgundy  on  the 
death  of  his  father  Clotaire  I.  in  661,  while  the  rest  of  the 
Frankish  dominion  was  divided  among  his  brothers  Chari- 
bert,  Sigebert,  and  Chilperic,  who  received  Aquitaine,  Aus- 
trasia,  and  Neustria  respectively.  In  567,  on  the  death  of 
Charibert,  he  became  sovereign  also  of  Aquitaine.  He 
sided  alternately  with  Sigebert  and  Chilperic  in  the  great 
feud  which  was  kindled  by  their  queens,  and  which  Was 
continued  by  their  descendants. 

Guntur,  or  Guntoor  (gun-tor').  A  town  in  the 
governorship  of  Madras,  British  India,  situated 
in  lat.  16°  17'  N.,  long.  80°  27'  E. 

Giinzburg  (gUnts'borG).  Atown in  Swabia  and 
Neuburg,  Bavaria,  at  the  junction  of  the  Giinz 
and  Danube,  15  miles  east  by  north  of  Ulm. 
Population  (1890),  4,114. 

Guppy  Cgup'i),  William.  In  Dickens's  "Bleak 
House,"  a  young  articled  clerk,  hopelessly  in 
love  with  Esther  Summerson. 

Gupta  (gop'ta).  [Skt.,  'protected.']  A  name 
forming  ofteii  the  last  member  of  the  name  of  a 
Vaishya,  or  man  of  the  third  class.  A  Vaisha 
of  this  name  was  the  founder  of  the  renowned 
dynasty  of  Guptas  who  reigned  in  Magadha. 

Gurdaspur  (g8r-das-p6r').  A  district  in  the 
Panjab,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  32° 
N.,  long.  75°  20'  E.  Area,  1,889  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  943,922. 

Gurgaon  (gor-ga'on).  A  district  in  the  Panjab, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  28°  N.,  long. 
77°  B.  Area,  1,984  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  668,929. 

Ghirhwal.    See  Garhwal. 

Gurief  (gS-re-ef).  A  town  and  port  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Astrakhan,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Ural,  near  its  mouth,  about  lat.  47°  10'  N.,  long. 
52°  E.    Population  (1885),  5,954. 

Gurkhas,    See  Ghurkas. 

Gurley  (ger'li),  Ralph  Randolph.  Born  at 
Lebanon,  Conn.,  May  26,  1797:  died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  July  30,  1872.  An  American 
clergyman  and  philanthropist,  agent,  after  1822, 
of  the  American  Colonization  Society. 

Gurnah  (gor'na).  The  site  of  the  chief  ne- 
cropolis of  ancient  Thebes  in  Egypt. 

The  excavations  in  Upper  Egypt,  which  have  proved  so 
barren  of  all  information  concerning  the  Fifteenth  and 
Sixteenth  Dynasties,  have  brought  to  light  much  concern- 
ing the  Seventeenth.  In  the  tombs  at  Gflrnah  have  been 
found  the  remains  of  a  whole  array  of  court  functionaries, 
thus  betraying  the  existence  of  a  thoroughly  civilized 
state.  JUariette,  Outlines,  p.  24. 

Gurnall  (gfir'nal),  William,  Born  near  Lynn, 
Norfolk,  1617:  'died  at  Lavenham,  Suffolk,  Oct. 


Gustavns  II.  Adolphus 

12, 1679.  An  English  clergyman,  author  of ' '  The 
Christian  in  Complete  Armour"  (1655-62). 
Gurney  (ger'ni),  Edmund.  Bom  at  Horsham, 
Surrey,  March  23, 1847 :  died  at  Brighton,  June- 
23,  1888.  An  English  psychologist.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Cambridge  in  1871,  and  became  a  fellow  of  Trinity 
in  1872.  He  studied  music,  medicine,  and  law.  In  1880 
he  published  "The  Power  of  Sound,"  and  in  1887"Tertiura 
Quid :  Chapters  on  Various  Disputed  Questions,"  a  collec- 
tion of  his  philosophical  papers.  He  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  Society  for  Psychical  Research,  and  publishe* 
some  of  the  results  of  his  investigations  as  "  Phantasms, 
of  the  Living  "  (1886). 

Gurney,  Sir  Goldsworthy.  Bom  at  Treator, 
Cornwall,  England,  Feb.  14. 1793:  died  at  Reeds,. 
Cornwall,  Feb.  28,  1875.  An  English  inventor.. 
Among  his  inventions  are  the  oxyhydrogen  blowpipe,, 
the  lime-magnesium  (Drummond)  and  oil-gas  lights,  thft 
high-pressure  steam-jet,  the  tubular  boiler,  a  steam-car- 
riage, etc. 

Gurney,  Joseph  John.  Bom  at  Earlham  Hall, 
near  Norwich,  England,  Aug.  2, 1788:  died  thfere, 
Jan.  4, 1847.  An  English  philanthropist,  a  min- 
ister of  the  Society  of  Friends.  He  was  an  asso- 
ciate of  Mrs.  Fry  in  prison  reform,  and  of  Clarkson  and 
Wilberforce  in  the  antislavery  movement.  He  wrote' 
"Notes  on  Prison  Discipline " (1819),  "Evidences,  etc.,  ofi 
Christianity  "  (1827),  etc. 

Gurth  (g6rth).  In  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel 
"Ivanhoe,"  a  swineherd  and  bondsman  of 
Cedric. 

Gurton,  Gammer.  See  Gammer  Gwton's Needle. 

Gurwal,  or  Gurwhal.    See  Garhwal. 

Gushingbon  (gush'iug-ton),  Angelina.  The 
nom  de  plume  of  Charles  Wallwyn  Radoliffe 
Cooke. 

Gushington,  Impulsia.  The  nom  de  plume  of 
Helen  SeHna  Sheridan,  Lady  Dnfferin. 

Gusmao  (gozh-man' ),  Alexandre  de.  Born  in 
Santos,  Brazil,  1695:  died  at  Lisbon,  Portugal, 
Dec.  30  or  31, 1753.  A  Portuguese  statesman. 
Most  of  his  life  was  passed  In  Europe,  where  he  was  an 
influential  minister  under  several  Portuguese  kings.  The 
trealy  of  1750,  which  settled  the  limits  of  the  Spanish  and 
Portuguese  possessions  in  America  by  uti  possidetis,  was 
due  mainly  to  him. 

Giissfeldt  (giis'felt),  Paul.  Bom  at  Berlin,  Oct. 
14, 1840.  A  German  scientific  traveler,  in  1878, 
in  association  with  Falkenstein,  Soyaux,  Linder,  Pechuel- 
Lbsche,  and  Dr.  Bastian,  he  led  an  expedition  to  west- 
central  Africa,  but  failed  in  his  effort  to  explore  the  far 
interior.  A  rich  harvest  of  scientific  collections  and  ob- 
servations was  brought  back  in  1875,  and  published  in» 
journals  as  well  as  in  "  Die  Loango  Expedition  "  (Leipsic, 
1879).  In  1876  Giissfeldt  explored  the  eastern  desert  of 
Egypt  in  company  with  Dr.  Schweinfurth.  His  journeys-, 
in  the  Andes  of  Chile  and  Argentina  and  in  the  BoMvian. 
highlands  (1882-83)  resulted  in  several  important  discov- 
eries. In  Feb.,  1883,  he  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to- 
reach  the  summit  of  Aconcagua,  one  of  the  highest  peaks. 
of  the  Andes,  although  he  attained  an  elevation  of  upward: 
of  21,000  feet. 

Gustavus  (gus-ta'vus  or  gus-ta'vus)  I.,  or  Gus- 
tavus  Vasa  (va'sa).  [NL.  GMStcmus,  F.  Gus~ 
tave,lt.  Gustavo,Gr. Giistav,Sw. CrMsto/,Dan.  Giis- 
tav.]  Bom  at  Lindholmen,  Upland,  Sweden, 
May  12, 1496 :  died  at  Stockholm,  Sept.  29, 1560. 
King  of  Sweden  1523-60.  He  was  the  son  of  Erik  Jo- 
hansson (hence  called  Gustavus  Erikson)  of  the  house  of 
Vasa,  and  was  descended  on  the  mother's  side  from  the  house 
of  Sture,  two  of  the  most  influential  noble  families  in  Swe- 
den. He  received  a  careful  education,  chiefly  at  the  court 
of  his  kinsman,  the  regent  Sten  Sture  the  younger,  under- 
whom  he  served  against  the  Danes  at  the  battle  of  Br^nn- 
kyrka  in  1618.  In  the  negotiations  which  followed  this. 
Swedish  victory,  he  was  sent  as  a  hostage  to  Christian  II. 
of  Denmark,  by  whom  he  was  treacherously  carried  off  to- 
Denmark.  He  escaped  in  1619,  and  on  the  massacre  of 
Stockholm,  in  which  90  of  the  leading  men  of  Sweden,  in- 
cluding the  father  of  Gustavus,  were  executed  by  Chris- 
tian II.,  headed  a  revolt  of  the  Dalecarlians  in  1620,  and) 
captured  Stockholm  in  152B,  in  which  year  a  diet  at 
Strengnas  chose  him  king  (June  6)  and  repudiated  the- 
Kalmar  union  with  Denmark.  He  favored  the  Reforma- 
tion in  opposition  to  the  Roman  Catholic  clergy,  who- 
had  supported  the  Danes  during  the  war  for  freedom ;  and 
in  1527,  at  the  Diet  of  Westerns,  procured  the  passage  of 
measures  placing  the  lands  of  the  bishops  at  his  disposal, 
and  granting  the  liberty  of  preaching  the  new  doctrine. 

Gustavus  II.  Adolphus.  Bom  at  Stockholm, 
Dec.  19,  1594:  died  Nov.  16,  1632.  King  of 
Sweden  1611-32,  son  of  Charles  IX.  and  Chris- 
tina of  Holstein,  and  grandson  of  Gustavus  L 
He  inherited  at  his  accession  three  wars  from  the  previous 
reign,  namely,  with  Denmark,  Russia,  and  Poland.  He 
concluded  peace  with  Denmark  at  Knared,  Jan.  29,  1613  ; 
compelled  Russia  to  cede  Kexholm,  Karelen,  and  Inger- 
manland  at  Stolbowa,  March  9,  1617 ;  and,  through  the 
mediation  of  Richelieu,  concluded  an  armistice  of  6  years 
with  Poland,  Sept.  26,  1629,  with  a  view  to  invading  Ger- 
many, where  the  recent  victories  of  the  emperor  over  the 
Protestant  princes  under  Christian  IV.  of  Denmai-k  threat- 
ened both  France  and  Sweden,  the  former  by  the  increase 
of  the  power  of  the  house  of  Austria,  and  the  latter  by  the 
destruction  of  the  equilibrium  between  Protestantism  and 
Roman  Clatholicism  in  the  north  of  Europe.  Leaving  the- 
conduct  of  the  government  in  the  hands  of  his  chancellor. 
Axel  Oxenstjerna,  he  landed  in  Pomerania  with  15,000- 
men,  July  4,  1630 ;  concluded  a  formal  treaty  of  alliance 
with  France  at  BSrwalde  in  Jan.,  1631 ;  defeated  Tilly  at 
Leipsic,  Sept.  17,  1631 ;  and  gained  the  victory  of  Lfitzea 
over  Wallenatein,  Nov.  16,  1632,  but  f  eU  in  the  battle. 


Gustavus  in. 

GustavTlS  III.  Bom  at  Stockholm,  Jan.  24, 
1746 :  died  at  Stoekholm,  March  29, 1792.  King 
of  Sweden  1771-92,  son  of  Adolphus  Frederick. 
He  crushed  the  power  o(  the  royal  council,  consisting  ot 
nobles,  by  a  coup  d'etat  in  1772,  which  reduced  it  from 
the  position  of  a  co-regent  to  that  of  an  advisory  com- 
mittee. He  carried  on  war  with  Russia  1788-90,  and  was 
murdered  as  the  result  of  a  conspiracy  among  the  nobles. 

Gustavus  IV.  Adolphus.  Bom  Nov.  1, 1778: 
died  at  St.-Gall,  Switzerland,  Feb.  7,  1837. 
King  of  Sweden  1792-1809,  son  of  Gustavus  III. 
Contrary  to  the  interests  of  his  country,  he  bitterly  op- 
posed Napoleon,  and  in  1808  became  involved  in  war  with 
Eussia,  which  conquered  Finland,  and  was  deposed  by  a 
military  conspiracy. 

Gustavus  Adolphus  Union.  [G.  Evangelischer 
I  F(Smn_  der  Chistav-Adolf-SUftungJ]  A  union 
of  various  Protestant  churches  in  Germany, 
1  for  the  purpose  of  assisting  Protestants  in  Ro- 
man Catholic  countries,  founded  after  the  bi- 
centennial celebration  of  the  battle  of  Liitzen 
(1832). 

Giistrow  (gtts'tro).  A  town  in  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Nebel  in 
lat.  53°  48'  N.,  long.  12°  11'  E.  it  has  a  trade  in 
wool,  and  contains  a  cathedral  and  an  ancient  ducal  castle. 
Population  (1890),  14,668. 

Gutenberg  (gS'ten-bera),  Johannes  or  Henne 

(originally  Gensfleisch).  Born  at  Mainz  about 
1400:  died  about  1468.  The  inventor  of  print- 
ing. His  claim  to  this  invention  has  been  much  disputed, 
(See  Coster.)  He  was  the  son  of  Frielo  Gensfleisch  and 
Else  Gutenberg,  and  took  his  mother's  name.  In  1420  his 
father  was  exiled,  and  various  legal  proceedings  growing 
out  of  this  show  that  Gutenberg  was  in  Strasburg  in  1434. 
In  1436  he  was  sued  before  the  court  at  Strasburg  for 
breach  of  promise  of  marriage.  His  claim  to  be  the  in- 
ventor of  printing  rests  mainly  on  a  legal  decision  ren- 
dered at  Strasburg  Dec.  12,  1439,  from  which  it  appears 
that  he  entered  into  partnership  with  certain  persons  to 
carry  on  various  secret  operations,  one  of  which  involved 
the  use  of  a  press  with  an  attachment  conjectured  to  have 
been  a  type-mold.  In  1450  he  formed  a  partnership  with 
Johann  Fust,  a  money-lender,  which  terminated  in  1455. 
Fust  demanded  payment  of  money  loaned ;  in  default  of 
this,  seized  all  of  Gutenberg's  types  and  stock ;  and  carried 
on  the  business  himself,  with  Peter  Schbifer  (later  his  son- 
in-law)  as  manager.  Gutenberg  continued  his  work  with 
inferior  types. 

Giitersloh  (gU'ters-lo).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  33  miles  east  of 
Mtinster.  It  is  the  center  of  the  "pumpernickel"  re- 
gion, and  exports  hams  and  sausages. 

6uthlac(goth'lak),  Saint.  Bom  about  673:  died 
at  Crowland,  April  11,  714.  An  English  hermit 
who  for  about  15  years  lived  with  a  few  compan- 
ions at  Crowland.  The  church  reared  by  .Slthel- 
bald  over  his  relics  grew  into  Oowland  Abbey. 

Guthrie  (guth'ri).  The  capital  of  Oklahoma 
Territory  and  of  Logan  County,  situated  about 
30  miles  north  of  Oklahoma.  Population  (1900), 
10,006. 

Guthrie,  James.  Bom  near  Bardstown,  Ky., 
Deo.  5, 1792:  died  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  March  13, 
1869.  An  American  politician,  secretary  of  the 
treasury  1853-57. 

Guthrie,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Brechin,  July  12, 
1803:  died  at  St.  Leonard's,  near  Hastings,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  24,  1873.  A  Scottish  clergyman, 
orator,  and  philanthropist.  He  published  "  Pleas 
for  Ragged  Schools"  (1847,  1849),  "The  Gospel  in  Ezekiel" 
(1856),  "  The  City,  Its  Sins  and  Sorrows  "  (1857),  etc. 

Guthrie,  Thomas  Anstey :  pseudonym  F.  An- 
stey.  Bom  at  Kensington  in  1856.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist.  He  wrote  "Vice  Versa"  (1882),  "The 
Giant's  Robe"  (1883),  "The  Tinted  Venus " (1886),  "The 
FaUen  Idol"  (1886),  "  The  Pariah  "  (1889),  etc. 

Guthrum  (goth'rom),  or  Guthorm.  Died  890. 
A  Danish  king  of  East  Anglia.  He  conquered  East 
Anglia  in  878.  He  was  defeated  by  Alfred  at  Ethandun 
^(Sngton,  Wiltshire)  in  the  same  year,  but  retained  his 
conquest. 

Guti  (go'te).    See  Gutium. 

Gutierrez  (go-te-ar'reth),  Juan  Maria.  Bom 
at  Buenos  Ayres,  1809 :  died  there,  Feb.  25, 1878. 
An  Argentine  author.  During  the  dictatorship  of 
Rosas  he  lived  in  exile  in  Chile,  where  he  was  director  of 
a,  nautical  school.  Returning  to  Buenos  Ayres  in  1853,  he 
became  rector  of  the  university.  He  published  many 
Works,  mainly  biographical  or  relating  to  Spanish- Ameri- 
cfin  literature. 

Gutierrez,  Santos  Joanuin.  Bom  at  Villa  del 
Gocui,  Boyac^,  Oct.  24, 1820:  died  at  Bogota, 
Feb.  6,  1872.  A  New  Granadan  general  and 
politician.  He  was  one  of  the  chiefs  of  the  liberal  party, 
and  took  a  leading  part  in  the  revolutionary  struggles  from 
1861  to  1863.  From  1868  to  1870  he  was  president  of  Co- 
lombia. 

Gutierrez  de  la  Concha,  Jose.    See  Concha. 

Gutierrez  Vergara  (var-ga'rii),  Ignacio.  Bom 
in  1806:  died  Nov.  3, 1877.  A  Colombian  poli- 
tician. He  was  a  lawyer ;  deputy  to  several  congresses ; 
governor  o£  Cundinamarca ;  and  minister  of  the  treasury 
1867-61.  In  1861,  as  a  leader  of  the  conservatives,  he  as- 
sumed 'executive  power  and  attempted  to  defend  Bogota 
against  the  revolutionist  Mosquera,  but  was  defeated  and 
for  a  time  banished- 


470 

Gutium  (gu'shi-um).    See  the  extract. 

The  northern  plateau  was  inhabited  by  a  mixture  of  un- 
cultivated tribes  at  the  earliest  period  of  which  we  have 
any  knowledge,  and  was  known  under  the  general  name 
of  Gutium  or  Guti  (Kutu  in  Assyrian),  first  identified  by 
Su-  H.  Rawlinson  with  the  Goyim  of  Gen.  xiv.  1.  Gutium 
comprised  the  whole  country  which  stretched  from  the 
Euphrates  on  the  west  to  Media  on  the  east ;  the  land  of 
Nizir,  with  the  mountain  of  Eowandi^  on  which  the  ark 
of  the  Chaldean  Noah  was  believed  to  have  rested,  being 
included  within  it.  Sayce,  Auc.  Empires,  p.  90. 

Gutnic  (giJt'nik),  or  Gutnish.  [G.  Ov.tnisch.'] 
The  Swedish  dialect  of  the  island  of  Gotland  in 
the  Baltic.  Old  Gutnic  is  a  sharply  differentiated  dialect 
of  Old  Swedish,  preserved  in  runic  inscriptions  from  the 
viking  age  (700-1050)  to  the  16th  century,  and  in  several 
M3S.  from  the  14th  century.  With  Swedish  and  Danish 
it  forms  the  group  specifically  called  East  Norse. 

Guts  Muths  (gots'mots),  Johann  Christoph 
Friedrich.  Bom  at  Quedlinburg,  Prussia,  Aug. 
9,  1759 :  died  at  Schnepfenthal,  near  (lotha, 
Germany,  May  21,  1839.  A  German  educator, 
teacher  of  gymnastics  at  Schnepfenthal.  He 
wrote  "GymnastikfUr  die  Jugend" (1793),  "Handbuchder 
Geographle  "  (1810),  "Tumbuch  f  iir  die  Sohne  des  Vater- 
landes '  (1817),  etc. 

Gutzk0W(g6ts'k6),Karl.  Bom  at  Berlin,  March 
17, 1811:  diedatFrankfort-on-the-Main,Dee.l6, 
1878.  A  German  dramatist  and  author.  He 
studied  theology  and  philosophy  at  Berlin.  In  1831  ap- 
peared his  first  work,  "Forum  der  Journal  Litteratur." 
He  was  subsequently  engaged  in  journalistic  work  in  Stutt- 
gart, and  afterward  traveled  abroad  and  lived  for  short 
periods  in  various  places  in  Germany.  In  1835  appeared 
"  Wally,  die  Zweiflerin  "  ("  Wally,  the  Skeptic  "),  which  cost 
him,  on  account  of  the  religious  views  expressed,  a  three 
months'  imprisonment  at  Mannheim.  From  1847  to  1850 
he  lived  at  Dresden  as  a  dramatist.  In  the  mean  time  he 
had  again  been  active  as  a  journalist^  and  had  written  be- 
sides a  number  of  critical  works  and  essays.  In  1852  he 
founded,  in  Dresden,  a  weekly  journal.  From  1860  to  1864 
he  was  secretary  at  Weimar  of  the  Schiller  foundation. 
Loss  of  health  compelled  him  to  relinquish  this  position 
in  the  latter  year.  Among  his  many  novels  are  "DieRit- 
ter  vom  Geist"  (1850-62),  "  Der  Zauberer  von  Rom  "  (1859- 
1861),  "Hohenschwangau  "  (1868),  etc.  His  principal  dra- 
mas are  "Zopf  und  Schwert"  ("Periwig  and  Sword, "1843), 
"  Das  Urbild  des  Tartiifle  "  ("  The  Prototype  of  Tartufe," 
1844),  "Uriel  Acosta"  (1846),  "Der  KBnigslieutenant " 
("The  King's  Lieutenant,"  1849). 

GKitzlaff  (giits'laf ) ,  Karl.  Born  at  Pyritz,  Pom- 
erania,  Prussia,  July  8,  1803 :  died  at  Hong- 
Kong,  Aug.  9,  1851.  A  German  missionary  in 
China,  and  Sinologist.  His  chief  works  are 
"  China  Opened  "  (1838), "  Gesehiohte  des  chine- 
sisohen  Eeichs"  (1847). 

Guy,  or  Gui  (gi  or  ge),  or  Gtddo  (gwe'do),  of 
Lusignan(lu-zen-yon').  [ML.  Guido,'F. Guy,  It. 
Chiido,  Sp.  Guido,  G.  and  D.  Guido.']  Died  1194. 
King  of  Jerusalem.  He  was  descended  from  an  ancient 
reigning  family  in  Poitou,  and  in  1180  married  the  Marchi- 
oness of  Montf  errat,  Sibylla,  daughter  of  Amalrio  (Amau- 
ry),  king  of  Jerusalem.  He  succeeded  to  the  throne  in 
1186  on  the  death  of  Baldwin  V.,  the  son  of  Sibylla  and  the 
Marquis  of  Montf  eri-at.  In  1187  he  was  conquered  and  im- 
prisoned by  Saladin,  by  whom  he  was  released  on  renoun- 
cing his  claim  to  the  throne.  This  renunciation  he  subse- 
quently disregarded,  and  in  1192  transferred  his  claim  to 
the  kingdom  of  Jerusalem  to  Richard  L  of  England  in  ex- 
change for  Cyprus,  in  which  he  became  the  founder  of  a 
new  Frankish  Idngdom. 

Gruy  of  Warwick.  A  legendary  hero  of  Eng- 
lish romance.  The  legends  concerning  him  seem  to 
have  been  first  put  in  shape  by  an  Anglo- Norman  poet  of 
the  12th  century.  In  the  14th  century  they  were  first  con- 
sidered authentic  history  by  the  chroniclers.  Peter  Lang- 
toft  and  Walter  of  Exeter  wrote  his  history  about  1308. 
Many  poems  as  well  as  short  ballads  have  been  written  upon 
the  subject.  His  most  popular  feat  was  the  killing  of  the 
giant  Colbrand,  a  Danish  champion,  with  whom  he  fought 
a  duel  to  decide  the  war  between  Athelatan  and  the  Danes 
who  were  besieging  him  at  Winchester.  He  then  returned 
to  Warwick,  where  he  had  left  his  wife,  the  daughter  of 
the  Earl  of  Warwick,  in  right  of  whom  he  assumed  the 
title.  He  resided  n  ear  her  castle  as  a  hermit,  and  lived  on 
her  alms  without  making  himself  known  to  her;  and  she 
only  discovered  his  identity  when  he  sent  her  their  wed- 
ding-ring, begging  her  to  attend  his  death-bed.  See  War- 
wick. 

Guy  (^),  Thomas.  Bom  about  1645:  died  at 
London,  Dec.  27, 1724.  An  English  bookseller 
and  philanthropist.  He  founded  Guy's  Hos- 
pital (London)  in  1722,  and  endowed  other 
charitable  institutions. 

Guyenne.    See  Guienne. 

Guy  Mannering  (^  man'6r-ing).  A  novel  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1815. 

Guyon(»'on;F.pron.ge-6n'),Madame(Jeanne 
Marie  Boiivier  de  la  Motte-Guyon).  Bom 
at  Montargis,  Loiret,  April  13,  1648:  died  at 
Blois,  June  9,  1717.  A  French  mystic,  one  of 
the  founders  of  quietism.  She  married  Jacques  de 
la  Motte-Quyon  at  16  years  of  age.  In  1696  she  was  im- 
prisoned for  her  religious  opinions,  and  later  was  banished 
to  Blois.  She  wrote  "Moyen  court  et  trfes  facile  pour 
I'oraison  "  (1688-90),  "  Les  torrents  sptrituels  "  (1704), "  Poe- 
sies spirituelles  "  (1689),  autobiography  (1720),  translation 
of  the  Bible  (1713-18),  etc. 

Guyon  (gi'on).  Sir.  The  personification  of  tem- 
perance in" Spenser's  "  Faerie  Queene,"  bk.  ii. 


Guzman  de  Alfarache 

Gruyot  (ge-6'),  Arnold  Henry.  Bom  near  Nen- 
chatel,  Switzerland,  Sept.  28,  1807:  died  at 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  Feb.  8, 1884.  A  Swiss-Ameri- 
can geographer  and  scientist,  professor  of  ge- 
ography and  geolo^  at  Princeton  from  1855. 
He  published  a  series  of  school  geographies, 
"  Earth  and  Man"  (1849),  etc. 

Guy's  Hospital.  A  London  hospital  situated 
in  St.  Thomas's  street,  south  of  the  Thames,  not 
far  from  London  Bridge.  It  was  founded,  with 
other  charities,  by  Thomas  Guy,  a  bookseller  of 
London. 

Guzerat  (guz-e-raf),  or  Gujarat  (guzh-a-raf). 
A  region  in  British  liidia,  bordering  on  the  Ara- 
bian Sea,  about  lat.  20°-24°  45'  N.,  long.  69°-74<' 
20'  E.  It  comprises  the  northern  districts  of  the  gov- 
ernorship of  Bombay,  the  Gaikwar's  dominions,  and  other 

Guzerat  (in  the  Panjab).     See  Gujrat. 
Guzman  (g6th-man'),FemandoPerezde.  Born 

ml405:  diedinl470.  A  Spanish  poet  and  chroni- 
cler. He  seiTed  for  a  time  at  the  council-board  and  in  the 
army  of  John  II.,  king  of  Castile,  but  eventually  retired  to 
private  life  and  devoted  himself  to  literature.  His  chief 
work  is  "Cronica  del  sefior  don  Juan  S^undo  deste  nombre, 
rey  de  CastiUa,"  etc.  (1564). 

Giizman,  Gonzalo  Nuno  de.  Bom  at  Portillo : 
died  at  Santiago  de  Cuba,  Nov.  5,  1539.  The 
second  governor  of  Cuba.  He  was  one  of  the  con- 
querors ot  the  island,  regidor  ot  Santiago,  and  after  the 
death  ot  Velasquez  became  governor,  April  27, 1627.  On 
account  of  his  avarice  and  cruelty  he  was  removed,  Nov. 
6, 1631,  but  again  obtained  the  place  and  retained  it  until 
1637. 

Giizman  (gsth-man' ),  Joaauin  Eufracio.  Bom 
in  Costa  Rica,  1801:  died  in  Salvador  about 
1870.  A  Central  American  general  and  politi- 
cian. He  served  under  Malespin,  and  was  vice-president 
in  his  administration,  but  .declared  against  him  in  Feb., 
1845,  and  assumed  the  presidential  office  until  the  end  of 
the  term  in  1848.  Subsequently  he  was  a  leader  of  the 
liberals  in  the  Salvadorian  Congress. 

Guzman,  Luis  Henriquez  de.    See  Henriguez 
de  Guzman.  . 
Guzman,  Nuno  or  Nunez  Eeltran  de.    Bom 

at  Guadalajara,  Spain,  about  1485 :  died  there-, 
1544.  A  Spanish  lawyer  and  soldier.  He  was  long 
encomendero  at  Puerto  de  Plata,  Espafiola.  In  1626  he  was 
appointed  to  settle  and  govern  Panuco,  in  northwestern 
Mexico;  and  by  his  encroachments  on  the  territory  of 
Cortes,  and  of  Narvaez  on  the  north,  caused  much  trouble. 
In  1528  he  was  made  president  of  the  first  audience  of  Mex- 
ico, virtually  ruling  the  country  until  1531.  He  did  all  he 
could  to  injure  Cortes,  and  made  himself  odious  by  arbi- 
trary acts  and  extortion.  In  1530  he  conquered  the  region 
on  the  Pacific  coast  long  known  as  New  Galicia.  Guzman 
was  deposed  by  a  new  audience,  Jan.,  1531,  and  was  sub- 
sequently disgraced  and  heavily  fined. 
Guzman,  Ruy  Diaz  de.  Bom  in  Paraguay,  1544: 
died  after  1612.  The  first  historian  of  Paraguay. 
The  greater  part  of  his  life  was  spent  in  the  province  of 
Guayra,  where  he  became  military  governor.  His  "His- 
toria  Argentina"  describes  the  conquest  of  the  Platine 
States,  and  brings  the  history  of  the  colony  down  to  1676. 
The  work  was  first  published  in  1836. 

Guzman  Blanco  (blan'kd),  Antonio.   Bom  at 

Caracas,  Feb.  29,  1828 :  died  at  Paris,  July  29, 
1899.  AVenezuelansoldier  and  statesman.  He 
was  prominent  in  the  federalist  revolts  1859-63,  and  on  the 
triumph  of  his  party  became  first  vice-president  under  Fal- 
con in  1863.  The  latter  was  deposed  by  a  revolution  in  1868. 
Guzman  Blanco  headed  a  successful  counter-revolution  in 
1870,  and  (Falcon  having  died)  became  president.  By  suc- 
cessive reelections  he  retained  the  office  until  1882,  and  his 
iufiuence  was  strong  under  subsequent  admrnistrations 
until  1888. 

Guzman  de  Alfarache.    A  romance  by  Mateo 

Aleman ,  named  from  its  hero .  It  is  "  nearly  of  the 
same  age  as  'Don  Quixote,'  and  of  great  genius,  though  it 
can  hardly  be  ranked  as  a  novel  or  a  work  of  imagination. 
It  is  a  series  of  strange,  unconnected  adventures,  rather 
drily  told,  but  accompanied  by  the  most-  severe  and  sar- 
castic commentary.  The  satire,  the  wit,  the  eloquence  and 
reasoning,  are  of  the  most  potent  kind :  but  they  are  di- 
dactic rather  than  dramatic.  They  would  suit  a  homily  or 
a  pasquinade  as  well  [as]  or  better  than  a  romance.  StiU 
there  ai-e  in  this  extraordinary  book  occasional  sketches  ot 
character  and  humorous  descriptions  to  wliich  it  would  be 
difficult  to  produce  anything  superior."    Hadvlt. 

As  it  has  reached  us,  it  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the 
first  of  which  was  published  at  Madrid  in  1699.  Its  hero, 
who  supposed  himself  to  be  the  son  of  a  decayed  and  not 
very  reputable  Genoese  merchant  established  at  Seville, 
escapes,  as  a  boy,  from  his  mother,  after  his  father's  ruin 
and  death,  and  plunges  into  the  world  upon  adventure. 
He  soon  finds  himself  at  Madrid,  though  not  till  he  has 
passed  tlu-ough  the  hands  ot  justice ;  and  in  that  capital 
undergoes  all  sorts  of  suffering,  serving  as  a  scullion  to  a 
coolt,  and  as  a  ragged  errand-boy  to  whomsoever  would 
employ  him ;  until,  seizing  a  good  opportunity,  he  steals 
a  large  sum  of  money  that  had  been  intrusted  to  him,  and 
escapes  to  Toledo,  where  he  sets  up  for  a  gentleman.  But 
there  he  becomes,  in  his  turn,  the  victim  of  a  cunning  like 
his  own ;  and,  finding  his  money  nearly  gone,  enlisu  for 
the  Italian  wars.  His  star  is  now  on  the  wane.  At  Bar- 
celona he  again  turns  sharper  and  thief.  At  Genoa  and 
Rome  he  sinks  to  the  lowest  condition  of  a  street  beggar. 
But  a  cardinal  picks  him  up  in  the  last  city  and  makes  him 
his  page :  a  place  in  which,  but  for  his  bold  frauds  and 
tricks,  he  might  long  have  thriven,  and  which  at  last  he 
leaves  in  great  distress,  from  losses  at  play,  and  enters  the 
service  of  the  French  ambassador.    Here  the  First  Part 


Guzman  de  Alfarache 

ends.  ...  In  1605  the  genuine  Second  Part  appeared.  It 
beinns  with  the  life  of  Guzman  in  the  house  of  the  French 
ambaBsador  at  Borne,  where  he  serres  in  some  of  the  most 
dishonorable  employments  to  which  the  great  of  that  pe- 
riod degraded  their  mercenary  dependents. 

Tiehuyr,  Span.  Lit.,  III.  99. 

Owalior  (fwa'le-6r).  1.  A  protected  state  of 
India,  of  irregular  outline,  lying  between  the 
Northwest  Provinces  on  the  northeast  and  the 
states  of  Rajpntana  on  the  west,  it  is  ruled  by 
the  Sindhia  dynasty :  their  forces  were  defeated  in  1803 
and  1843.  Area,  29,000  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
3,36€L496. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Gwalior,  situated 
in  lat.  26°  13'  N.,  long.  78°  10'  E.  it  is  the  seat  of 
Jain  and  early  Hindu  antiquities,  and  is  noted  for  its  for- 
tress.   Population  (1891),  104,083. 

G-wamba  (gwam'ba).  A  Bantu  tribe  occupying 
the  vast  tract  between  Zululand  and  the  Sabi 
River,  mostly  in  Portuguese  East  Africa,  but 
also  represented  in  Transvaal,  scattered  tribes  are 
found  as  far  north  as  Lake  Nyassa,  where  they  are  called 
Batonga,  which  is  the  nickname  given  them  by  the  Zulus. 
They  call  themselves  Magwamba,  and  their  language  Shi- 
gwamba.  This  language  differs  more  from  Chnana  and 
Suto  than  from  Zulu.  The  Boers  call  them  Knobnoses  be. 
cause  of  their  custom,  now  abandoned,  of  producing  a 
string  of  fleshy  knobs  down  their  noses.  A  Swiss  mission 
has  been  very  successful  in  teaching  these  natives. 

Gwendolen  Harleth.    See  Harleth. 

Gwilt  (gwilt),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Southwark, 
London,  Jan.  11,  1784:  died  at  Henley-on- 
Thames,  Sept.  14,  1863.  An  English  architect 
and  archaeologist.  He  published  an  "  Encyolo- 
pssdia  of  Architecture''  (1842),  etc. 

Gwyn.or  Gwinn  (gwin),  Nell  or  Eleanor.  Born 
at  Hereford  (?),  Feb.  2,  1650 :  died  Nov.  13, 
1687.  An  English  actress,mistress  of  Charles  H. 
There  is  little  mformation  as  to  her  early  life.  Her  first 
known  appearance  on  the  stage  was  in  1665.  She  was  a 
great  favorite  with  the  public,  as  she  was  gay  and  spright- 
ly and  played  piquant,  bustling  parts.  Her  dancing  was 
much  admired.  After  various  adventures  with  other  lovers 
besides  the  king,  she  left  the  stage  in  1682.  The  king  re- 
tained his  affection  for  her  till  his  death.  She  had  two 
children  by  him:  Charles  Beauclerk  (1670)  (afterward 
Duke  of  St.  Albans),  and  a  second  son,  James  (1671).  Large 
sums  of  money,  and  Bestwood  Park  (Nottingham),  Burf  ord 
House  (Windsor),  and  other  gifts,  were  bestowed  on  her. 

For  tragedy  she  [Nell  Gwyn]  was  unfitted :  her  stature 
was  low,  though  her  figure  was  graceful ;  and  it  was  not 
till  she  assumed  comic  characters,  stamped  the  smallest 
foot  in  England  on  the  boards,  and  laughed  with  that  pecu- 
liar laugh  that  in  the  excess  of  it  her  eyes  almost  disap- 
peared, that  she  fairly  carried  away  the  town,  and  enslaved 
the  hearts  of  city  and  of  court.    She  spoke  prologues  and 


471 

epilogues  with  wonderful  effect,  danced  to  perfection,  and 
in  her  peculiar  but  not  extensive  line  was,  perhaps,  un- 
equalled for  the  natural  feeling  which  she  put  into  the 
parts  most  suited  to  her.  She  was  so  fierce  of  repartee 
that  no  one  ventured  to  allude  sneeringly  to  her  antece- 
dents. She  was  coarse,  too,  when  the  humour  took  her ; 
could  curse  pretty  strongly,  if  the  house  was  not  fuU  ;■  and 
was  given,  in  common  with  the  other  ladies  of  the  com- 
pany, to  loll  about  and  talk  loudly  in  the  public  boxes, 
when  she  was  not  engaged  on  the  stage. 

Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  I.  62. 

Gya.    See  Gaya. 

Gyaman  (gya-man').  A  Nigritio  tribe  of  the 
wold  Coast,  West  Africa,  situated  north  of  Ku- 
massi,  and  speaking  a  language  of  its  own. 

Gye(^), Frederick,  BomatLondon,  1809:  died 
at  Ditchley,  Dec.  4, 1878.  An  English  manager 
of  opera.  He  undertook  the  management  of  Covent  Gar- 
den in  1869,  and  retained  it  till  1877,  when  his  son  Ernest 
Gye  assumed  control.    See  Albanl. 

Gyergycf-Szent-Miklds  (dyer'dyo  sent  m6k'- 
losh).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Csik,  Transyl- 
vania, situated  in  lat.  46°  42'  N.,long.  25°33'E. 
Population  (1890),  6,104. 

Gyges  (^'jez).  King  of  Lydia,  a  contemporary 
of  the  Assyrian  king  Asurbanipal  (668-626 
B.C.),  and  a  founder  of  a  new  dynasty.  Pressed 
by  the  Cimmerians,  he  invoked  the  help  of  Asurbanipal, 
and  submitted  to  his  supremacy.  Afterward  he  allied  him- 
self with  Psammetichus,  king  of  Egypt,  against  Assyria, 
and  seems  to  have  fallen  in  one  of  the  repeated  attacks  of 
the  Cimmerians,  who  were  no  longer  checked  by  the  As- 
syrian power,  in  about  653.  "According  to  the  legend  in 
Plato,  Gyges,  a  herdsman  of  the  king  of  Lydia,  after  a  ter- 
rible storm  and  earthquake,  saw  near  him  a  chasm  in  the 
earth,  into  which  he  descended  and  found  a  vast  horse  of 
brass,  hollow  and  partly  open,  wherein  lay  a  gigantic 
corpse  with  a  golden  ring.  This  ring  he  carried  away,  and 
discovered  unexpectedly  that  it  possessed  the  miraculous 
property  of  rendering  him  invisible  at  pleasure.  Being 
sent  on  a  message  to  the  king  Candaule3,hemade  the  magic 
ring  available  to  his  ambition  :  he  first  possessed  himself 
of  the  person  of  the  queen,  and  then  with  her  aid  assassi- 
nated the  king,  and  finally  seized  the  sceptre."    Orote, 

Gyidesdzo  (gyed-asd-z6').  A  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  on  Price  Island,  northwest  of 
Millbank  Sound,  British  Columbia.    See  Tsirrir- 


Gyltgaata  (gyet-ga'a-ta),  or  Eitkada,  or  Kit- 
kaet.  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians  on 
Grenville  Channel,  British  Columbia.  Their 
name  signifies  '  people  of  the  poles '  (from  their 
salmon-weirs).     See  Tsimshian. 

Gyitksan  (gyet-ksan' ),  or  Kitikshian.  [Prom 
Kshian  or  'KusMan,  a  settlement  on  Skeena 


Gynla 

River.]  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians  on 
upper  Skeena  River,  British  Columbia.  See 
Nasqa. 

GTUmopsedise  (jim-no-pe'di-e).  [Gr.  yvfivowac- 
oiai.']     See  the  extract. 

The  feast  of  the  GymnnpsedisB,  or  naked  youths,  was  one 
of  the  most  important  at  Sparta  (Pausan.  III.  xi.  §  7).  It 
lasted  several  days,  perhaps  ten.  It  was  less  a  religious 
festival  than  a  great  spectacle,  wherein  the  grace  and 
strength  of  .the  Spartan  youth  were  exhibited  to  their  ad- 
miring countrymen  and  to  foreigners.  The  chief  ceremo- 
nies were  choral  dances,  in  which  wrestling  and  other 
gymnastic  exercises  were  closely  imitated,  and  which 
served  to  shew  the  adroitness,  activity,  and  bodily  strength 
of  the  performers.  These  were  chiefiy  Spartan  youths, 
who  danced  naked  in  the  forum,  round  the  statues  of 
Apollo,  Diana,  and  Latona.  Songs  in  celebration  of  the 
noble  deeds  performed  by  the  youths,  as  the  exploits  of 
Thyrea  and  Thermopylse,  formed  a  portion  of  the  pro- 
ceedings at  the  festival. 

BawKnsan,  Herod.,  III.  451,  note. 

Gymiiosopllists  (jim-nos'o-lists).  A  sect  of  an- 
cient Hindu  philosophers  who  lived  solitarily 
in  the  woods,  wore  little  clothing,  ate  no  flesh, 
renounced  all  bodily  pleasures,  and  addicted 
themselves  to  mystical  contemplation:  so  called 
by  Greek  writers.  By  some  they  are  regarded  as 
Brahman  penitents ;  others  include  among  them  a  set  of 
Buddhist  ascetics,  the  Shamans. 

Gyoma  (dyo'mo).  Atown  in  the  county  of  B6k6s, 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Koros  in  lat.  46°  57' 
N._,  long.  20°  51'  E.    Population  (1890),  10,867. 

Gyongyos  (dyen'dyfesh).  A  town  in  the  county 
of  Heves,  Hungary,  47  miles  northeast  of  Bu- 
dapest. It  has  a  flourishing  trade.  Population 
(1890),  16,124. 

Gyp.  The  pseudonym  of  Sibylle  Gabrielle  Marie 
Antoinette  de  Riquetti  de  Mirabeau,  comtesse 
de  Martel  de  Janville.   See  Martel  de  Janville. 

Gypsies.     See  Gipsies. 

Gyrowetz  (gir'6-vets),  Adalbert.  BornatBud- 
weis,  Bohemia,  Feb.  19,  1763:  died  at  Vienna, 
March  19, 1850.  An  Austrian  composer  of  sym- 
phonies, operas,  ballets,  etc. 

Gythium  (ji-thi'um  or  jith'i-um).  [6r.  Tvdim.'i 
In  ancient  geography,  a  seaport  of  Laconia, 
Greece,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Laconia  in  lat. 
36°  46'  N.,  long.  22°  34'  E.,  near  the  modem 
Marathonisi. 

Gyula  (dyo^'lo).  The  capital  of  the  county  of 
B6k6s,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  White  Sores 
in  lat.  46°  38'  N.,  long.  21°  17'  E.  Population 
(1890),  19,991. 


aanen  (ha'nen),  Bemi  van. 
Bom  at  Oosterhout,B''a^l3ant, 
Jan.  5, 1812.  A  Dutch  land- 
scape-painter. 

Haarlem,  or  Harlem  (har'- 
lem).  [D.  Haarlem  (former- 
ly Haerlem,  Harlem),  OD. 
Haralem,  ML.  Harlemum.'\ 
The  capital  of  the  province 
of  North  Holland,  Netherlands,  on  the  Spaarne 
4  miles  from  the  North  Sea,  and  11  miles  west 
of  Amsterdam.  It  has  various  manufactures,  and  is 
especially  celebrated  for  its  flower-gardens-  Tlie  Groote 
Kerk  (of  St.  Bavo)  is  an  impressive  cruciform  structure  of 
the  15th  century.  The  tower  is  255  feet  high,  Theinterior 
possesses  a  brass  choir-screen  and  fine  carved  stalls  and 
pulpit.  The  organ,  built  in  1738,  is  famous  as  one  of  the 
finest  existing.  Haarlem  was  formerly  the  residence  of 
the  Counts  of  Holland.  It  was  seized  by  the  insurgent 
peasants  in  1492 ;  was  invested  by  the  Spaniards  in  Dec, 
1572 ;  surrendered  in  July^  1673 ;  and  was  retaken  by  Wil- 
liam of  Orange  in  1577.  It  was  an  art  center  in  the  17th 
century.    Population  (1894),  58,390. 

Haarlemmer  Folder  (har'lem-mer  pol'der).  A 
plain  in  the  province  of  North  Holland,  Nether- 
lands, between  Haarlem,  Amsterdam,  and  Ley- 
den.  It  was  formerly  the  Haarlemmer  Meer  or  Lake,  26 
miles  in  length,  formed  in  the  16th  century  and  commu- 
nicating with  the  Y  and  the  Old  Rhine.  This  was  drained 
in  1840-63.    Population  of  the  district,  about  16,000. 

Haas  (has),  Jobannes  Hubertus  Leonardus 

de.  Bom  at  Hedel,  North  Brabant,  March  25, 
1832 :  died  at  Bmssels,  Aug,  16, 1880,  A  noted 
animal-painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Van  Oos  at  Haar- 
lem, and  went  to  Brussels  in  1857.  His  '  *  Trio  of  Donkeys  " 
Is  at  the  Lisbon  Gallery ;  "Castle  on  theRnine,"  "  Cows  at 
Pasture,"  and  "  Three  Comrades  "  at  the  National  Gallery, 
Berlin ;  "  Pasture  "  at  the  Brussels  Museum ;  and ''  Cattle  " 
at  the  Eunsthalle,  Hamburg. 

Baase  (ha'ze),  Friedricll.  Bom  at  Berlin,  Nov. 
1, 1826.  A  German  actor.  He  first  appeared  on  the 
stage  at  Weimar  in  1846,  and  played  successively  at  Pots- 
dam, Berlin,  Prague,  £arlsruhe,  Munich,  Frankfort,  and 
elsewhere.'  He  visited  America  in  1869  and  1882-^.  He 
is  one  of  the  most  popular  of  German  actors. 

Haase,  Heinrich  Gottlob  Friedricll  Chris- 
tian. Bom  at  Magdeburg,  Prussia,  Jan.  4, 1808 : 
died  at  Breslau,  Rrussia,  Aug,  16, 1867,  AGer- 
man  classical  philologist,  professor  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Breslau. 

Habab  (ha-bab').  An  African  tribe  wandering 
as  nomadic  herdsmen  over  the  pasture-lands 
northwest  of  Massowah,  between  the  Bogos  and 
the  Beni  Amer,  in  physical  appearance  they  and  the 
Beni  Amer  show  more  affinity  with  the  Cushitio  Bedja  or 
Bisharin ;  but  their  dialects  belong  to  the  same  cluster  as 
ligii  and  Amhario,  the  base  of  which  is  Semitic.  In  re- 
ligion the  Hababs  are  said  to  be  now  Mohammedan,  al- 
though within  recent  times  theystill  made  a  profession  of 
Bthiopic  Christianity.    See  Tigy^, 

Habakkuk  (ha-bak'nk  or  hab'a-kuk).  [Of. 
Assyr.  hambaqUqm,  name  of  a  plant.]  A  He- 
brew prophet.  Nothing  authentic  of  his  life  is  known, 
and  he  therefore  has  become  the  subject  of  many  legends. 
Thus,  in  the  apocryphal  book  "Bel  and  the  Dragon," 
he  is  carried  tlirough  the  air  by  an  angel  from  Judea  to 
Babylon  to  feed  Daniel.  The  book  of  his  prophecies,  con- 
sisting of  3  chapters,  holds  the  eighth  place  among  the 
minor  prophets.  The  flr»t  two  chapters  bear  on  the 
wickedn  ess  reigning  in  the  country  and  the  growing  power 
of  the  Chaldeans ;  the  third  chapter  is  a  lyric  ode  repre- 
senting God  as  appearing  in  judgment.  Habakkuk  ex- 
hibits poetical  genius  of  high  order.  His  prophecy  is  con- 
structed dramatically  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue  between 
himself  and  Jehovah.  The  lyric  ode  ranks,  for  sublimity 
of  poetic  conception,  picturesqueness  of  imagery,  and 
splendor  of  diction,  with  the  highest  which  Hebrew  poetry 
has  produced.  He  prophesied  most  probably  in  the  reign 
of  Jehoiakim  (609-597  B.  0.), 

Habaua.    See  Havana. 

Habassin.    An  old  name  of  Abyssinia, 

Habberton  (hab'6r-tou),  John.  Born  at  Brook- 
lyn, 1842,  An  American  writer,  author  of ' '  Hel- 
en's Babies"  (1876),  etc, 

Habelschwerdt (ha'bel-shwert),  Atowninthe 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Neisse  58  miles  south-southwest  of  Breslau. 
Population  (1890),  commune^  5,586. 

Haoeneck  (ab-nek'),  Francois  Antoine.  Born 
at  M6zi&res,  France,  Jan.  22, 1781:  died  at  Pa- 
ris, Feb.  8, 1849,  A  French  violinist  and  con- 
ductor. 


Habicht  (ha'bicht),  Ludwig.  Bom  at  Sprottau, 
Prussia,  July  23, 1830,  A  German  novelist.  He 
has  written  "Der  Stadtschreiber  von  Liegnitz"  (1865), 
"  Zwei  Hofe  "  (1870),  " Vor  dem  Gewitter"  (1873),  "Schein 
und  Sein  "  (1875),  "Am  Gardasee  "  (1890),  etc. 

Habington  (hab'ing-ton),  William.    Bom  at 

Hindlip,  Worcestershire,  Nov,,  1605 :  died  there, 
1654.  An  English  poet.  He  published  the  lyrical 
collection  "Castara"  (1634),  etc. 
Habor  (ha'bdr) ,  A  river  mentioned  with  Gozan 
in  connection  with  the  settlement  of  the  deport- 
ed ten  tribes  in  Assyria  (2  Kj.  xvii.).  its  former 
identification  with  the  Chebar  has  been  generally  given  up. 
It  is,  no  doubt,  identical  with  the  Aborrhas,  or  Chaboras, 
of  classical  writers,  still  bearing  the  name  Khahonr,  which 
falls  into  the  Euphrates  near  Circesium.  The  name  occurs 
as  Habur  in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions. 

Habrocomas.    See  Ahrocomas. 

Habsburg.    See  Hapsburg. 

Hachette  (a-shef),  Jeanne  Fourqnet,  sur- 
named.  Born  at  Beauvais,  Nov.  14, 1454 :  the 
date  of  her  death  is  not  known,  A  French  hero- 
ine. She  took  part,  armed  with  a  hatchet  (hachette),  in 
the  defense  of  Beauvais  against  Charles  the  Bold  in  1472 
(whence  her  surname). 

Hachette,  Louis  Christophe  Frangois.    Bom 

at  Rethel,  Ardennes,  France,  May  5, 1800 :  died 
July  21, 1864.  A  French  editor  and  publisher, 
founder  of  the  firm  of  Hachette  and  Co.,  Paris, 

Hackelberg  (ha'kel-bere),  or  Hackelnberg 
(ha'keln-berG).  In  German  folk-lore,  the  wild 
huntsman  of  the  "furious  army,"  identified  with 
a  historical  Hans  von  Hackelberg  (1521-81). 

Hackensack  (hak'en-sak).  The  capital  of 
Bergen  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  Hack- 
ensack- Eiver  12  miles  north  by  west  of  New 
York,    Population  (1900),  9,443. 

Hackensack  Biver.  A  small  river  in  Eock- 
land  County,  New  York,  and  northeastern  New 
Jersey,  flowing  into  Newark  Bay  4  miles  south- 
east of  Newark. 

Hackett  (hak'et),  Horatio  Balch.  Bom  at 
Salisbury,  Mass.,  Dee,  27,  1808 :  died  at  Roch- 
ester, N.  Y.,  Nov,  2,  1875,  An  American  bib- 
lical scholar.  He  was  professor  of  bibUoal  literature  in 
Newton  Theological  Institution  1839-69,  and  in  1870  became 
professor  of  New  Testament  Greek  in  Rochester  Theo- 
logical Seminary.  Among  his  works  are  "Hebrew Gram- 
mar "(1847),  "Commentary  on  the  Acts"  (1851),  "Illus- 
trations of  Scripture"  (1866),  translation  of  Philemon 
(1860).  He  edited,  with  Ezra  Abbot,  the  American  edition 
of  Smith's  "Bible  Dictionary"  (1868-70). 

Hackett,  James  Henry.  Bom  at  New  York, 
March  15, 1800:  died  at  Jamaica,  N.  Y.,  Dec, 
28,1871.  An  American  actor.  He  went  on  the 
sta^e  about  1820.  He  was  successful  in  the  personation  of 
Yankees  and  Western  pioneers.  He  is  best  known,  how- 
ever, for  his  representation  of  Falstaff,  which  he  first 
played  about  1832.  He  wrote  "Notes  and  Comments  on 
Shakspere"(1863). 

Hacklander  (hak'len-der),  Friedrich  Wil- 
helm  von.  Bom  at  Burtscheid,  near  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  Prussia,  Nov.  1,  1816 :  died  near  the 
Stambergersee,  Bavaria,  July  6, 1877.  A  Ger- 
man novelist,  dramatist,  and  miscellaneous 
writer.  He  wrote  "  Bildern  aus  dem  Soldatenleben  im 
Frieden  "  (1841), "  Wachtstubenabenteuer  "(1845),"Handel 
und  Wandel "  (1860X  etc. 

Hackney  (hak'ni).  A  municipal  and  parlia- 
m»ntary  borough  of  London,  3  miles  northeast 
of  St.  Paul's,  formerly  a  fashionable  center. 
It  returns  3  members  to  Parliament,  Popula- 
tion (1891),  229,531. 

Hackum  (hak'um),  Captain.  AbuUy  in  Shad- 
well's  "  Squire  of  Alsatia." 

Haco.    See  Hakon. 

Hadad  (ha'dad).  A  Syrian  deity.  The  name 
is  applied  in  the  Bible  to  several  persons.  See 
Beii-hadad. 

Hadad  occupied  a  higher  position  than  Saul.  He  was, 
as  I  have  said,  the  supreme  Baal  or  Sun-god,  whose  wor- 
ship extended  southward  from  Carchemish  to  Edom  and 
Palestine.  At  Damascus  he  was  adored  under  the  Assyr- 
ian name  of  Rimmon,  and  Zechariah  (xii.ll)  alludes  to  the 
cult  of  the  compound  Hadad-Rimmon  in  the  close  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  great  Canaanitish  fortress  of  Megiddo. 
Coins  bear  the  name  of  Abd-Hadad,  "the  servant  of  Ha- 
dad," who  reined  in  the  fourth  century  at  Hierapolis, 
472 


the  later  successor  of  Carchemish ;  and,  under  the  abbre- 
viated form  of  Dida,  Shalmaneser  spealis  of  "the  god: 
D4da  of  Aleppo  "  (Khalman), 

Sayce,  Anc,  Babylonians,  p.  66, 

Hadad-rimmon  (ha '  dad  -  rim '  on),  A  place 
mentioned  in  Zeeh.  xii,  11  as  situated  in  the 
valley  of  Megiddo,  where  a  lamentation  took 
place.  The  lamentation  is  referred  by  some  to  the  fall 
of  Josiah  in  the  battle  with  Necho  of  Egypt  near  MegiddO' 
(609  B.  C),  and  Hadad-rimmon  is  then  ^en  as  a  place 
identified  with  the  modern  village  Rummaneh,  south  of 
Lejun,  which  is  considered  as  representing  the  ancient  Me- 
giddo. By  others  the  lamentation  of  Hadad-rimmon  is 
explained  to  mean  the  rites  connected  with  threeSyrian  di- 
vinities similar  to  the  mourning  over  the  death  of  Adonis 
in  Phenicia  and  elsewhere. 

Hadai  (ha-di'),  or  Adaize  (a-diz').  A  tribe  of 
the  Caddo  Confederacy  of  North  American  In- 
dians,   See  Caddo. 

Haddington  (had'ing-ton),  or  East  Lothian 
(est  16'THi-an).  A  maritime  county  of  Scot- 
land, bounded  by  the  Firth  of  Forth  and  the 
North  Sea  on  the  north,  Berwick  on  the  south- 
east^ and  south,  and  Edinburgh  on  the  west. 
Area,  271  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
37,485. 

Haddington.  The  capital  of  Haddingtonshire, 
Scotland,  on  the  Tyne  17  miles  east  of  Edin- 
burgh. It  was  the  birthplace  of  Kaox  and  of 
Smiles.    Population  (1891),  2,465, 

Haddon  Hall  (had'on  hai),  A  mansion  belong- 
ing to  the  Dukes  of  Rutland,  situated  2  miles 
southeast  of  Bakewell,  Derbyshire,  England. 
It  is  a  notable  example  of  the  medieval  residence  of  a 
great  English  proprietor. 

Haden  (ha'dn).  Sir  Francis  Seymour.  Bom  at 
London,  England,  Sept.  6,  1818.  An  English 
etcher  and  physician.  He  is  president  of  the  Society 
of  Painter-Etchers.  His  works  include  "Etudes  k  I'eau- 
forte,"  with  text  by  Burty  (1866), ' '  About  Etchings  "  (1879), 
"The  Relative  Claims  of  Etching  and  Engraving  "  (1879), 
"  Ii'CEuvre  grav6  de  Rembrandt "  (1880).  Knighted  in  1894, 

Hadendoa  (had-en'do-a;.  One  of  the  Bedja 
tribes  in  Upper  Nubia  which  form  the  bulk  of 
the  population  of  Suakim  and  Taka.  They  are  pas- 
toral and  nomadic,  to  some  extent  agricultural,  and  are 
notorious  for  attacking  caravans.  Ruins  resembling  those 
of  Zimbabwe  in  South  Africa  are  found  in  their  territory. 

Hadersleben  (ha'ders-la-ben),  Dan.  Haderslev 
(ha'ders-lev) .  A  town  in  the  province  of  Schles- 
wig-Holstein,  Prussia,  situated  on  Hadersleben 
Fjord  in  lat.  55°  15'  N.,  long.  9°  30'  E,  It  has 
some  trade.    Population  (1890),  8,397, 

Hades  (ha'dez).  [Gr."A((i>ycora.(*?f,]  1.  In  Greek 
mythology:  (a)  The  lord  of  the  lower  world,  a 
brother  of  Zeus,  and  the  husband  of  Persephone 
(Proserpine).  He  reigned  in  a  splendid  palace,  and,  be- 
sides his  function  of  governing  the  shades  of  the  departed, 
he  was  the  giver  to  mortals  of  all  treasures  derived  from 
the  earth.  In  art  he  was  represented  in  a  form  liindred  to 
that  of  Zeus  and  that  of  Poseidon,  and  bearing  the  staff  or 
scepter  of  authority,  usually  in  company  with  Persephone. 
As  the  god  of  wealth  he  was  also  called  by  the  Greeks  Pluto  ; 
and  he  is  the  same  as  the  Roman  Bis,  Orcus,  or  Tartarus. 
(6)  TheL  invisible  lower  or  subterranean  world 
in  which  dwelt  the  spirits  of  all  the  dead ;  the 
world  of  shades;  the  abode  of  the  departed. 
The  souls  in  Hades  were  believed  to  carry  on  there  a  coun- 
terpart of  their  material  existence :  those  of  the  righteous 
without  discomfort,  amid  the  pale  sweet  blooms  of  aspho- 
del, or  even  in  pleasure,  in  the  Elysian  Fields  ;  and  those 
of  the  wicked  amid  various  torments.  The  lower  world 
was  surrounded  by  fiery  and  pestilential  rivers,  and  the 
solitary  approach  was  guarded  by  the  monstrous  three- 
headed  dog  Cerberus  to  prevent  the  shades  from  escaping 
to  the  upper  world, 

2,  In  the  Greek  New  Testament  and  in  the  re- 
vised English  version,  indefinitely,  the  state  or 
abode  of  the  dead :  often  taken  as  equivalent  to 
purgatory,  the  intermediate  state  of  the  dead, 
or  to  hell. 

Hading  (a-dan')^ane  Alfr^dine  Tr6fouret, 
known  as  Jane  Hading.  Born  at  Marseilles, 
Nov.  25,  1859.  A  noted  French  actress,  sho 
made  her  first  appearance,  when  only  3  years  old,  as  little 
Blanche  in"LebosBU."  This  partwas  usually  represented 
by  a  doll.  From  the  time  she  was  14  years  old  she  played 
a  variety  of  parts,  at  first  in  operetta,  until  finally,  in  1886, 
she  made  her  appearance  at  the  Gymnase  in  Paris  as  an 
exponent  of  high  comedy. 

Hadji  Ehalfa.    See  Haji  Khalfa. 


Hadleigh  473 

Hadleigh  (had'li).    Atown  in  Suffolk,  England,  Haenke.    See  Hanhe. 
on  the  Bret  about  10  niil<»s  west  of  Ipswich.  Haff.    See  FHsches  Saff,  Kwrisehes  Saff,  and 
Population  (1891),  3,229.  """'        "  " 

Eaidley  (had'li).  A  town  in  Hampshire  Coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  on  the  Coanecticut  opposite 
Northampton,  it  is  noted  in  King  Philip's  War  (1676) 
lor  tb»  attack  made  upon  it  by  tbe  Indians,  whicli  was 
repelled  under  the  leadership  of  the  regicide  Goffe. 

Hadley,  Arthur  Twining.  BomatNe  wHaven, 

Conn.,  April  23, 1856.    An  American  educator, 

the  son  of  James  Hadley.    He  was  graduated  at 

Yale  tJniversity  in  18T6;  was  professor  of  political  science 
1  there  1886-99,  and  was  elected  president  of  the  university 

May,  1899.  He  has  written  "  Railroad  Transportation :  its 

History  and  its  Laws  "  (1886),  etc. 
Badley,  James.     Bom  at  Fairfleld,  Herkimer 

County,  N.  Y.,  March  30, 1821 :  died  at  New  Ha-  Hafnia  (haf  ni-a). 

van.  Conn.,  Nov.  14, 18'^.  An  American  scholar,    hagen. 

Hagar  (ha 'gar).    An  Egyptian  concubine  of 
Abraham,  mother  of  Ishmael 


Haiduks 

vice  of  the  synagogue,  and  for  this  purpose  were  written 

each  in  a  separate  volume. 
StettinerHaff.  '"  "'  F.  ii.  SmitA.  O.  T.  in  the  Jewish  Ch.,  p.  181. 

Hafiz  (Pers.  pi-on.  hft-fiz'),  Shams  ed-din  Mu-  Hagrites.    See  Hagarenes. 
hammad.      [Arabic  hafiz,  he  who  knows  by  Hague,  La.    See  Bogtte,  La. 
heart,  i.  e.  the  Koran  and  the  traditions.]    Born  Hague  (hag).  The,  D.  Den  Haag  (den  hao),  or 
at  Shiraz  in  the  beginningof  the  14th  century:     S.  Graven^Hage  ('s  ora'feu  ha'oe).     [F.  La 
died  between  1388  and  1394.    An  eminent  Per- 
sian divine,  philosopher,  and  grammarian,  and 
one  of  the  greatest  poets  of  all  time.    He  was  not 
only  appointed  teacher  in  the  royal  family,  but  a  special 
college  was  founded  for  him.   He  sings  of  wiM,  love,  night- 
ingales, and  flowers,  and  sometimes  of  Allah  and  the 
ftophet  and  the  instability  of  life.     His  tomb,  about  2 
miles  northeast  of  Shiraz,  is  sumptuously  adorned,  and  is 
still  the  resort  of  pilgrims. 

The  Latin  name  of  Copen- 


prof  essor  of  (Jreek  in  Yale  College  1851-72.  He  Hagar  (ha '  gar). 

published  a  "Greek  Grammar  "(1861).    An  "Introduction    Abraham,  mothe  

telSBr/ofHa^g'jlXn°g'u:?e^^«'w1Je^^l*H^^ 

Ushed  after  hia  death.  k    s     \      /,         r         A  nomadic  people  of  Old  Testament  times,  oc- 

'  Hadley,  John.    Born  April  16, 1688:  died  Feb.  oupying  a  region  east  of  the  Jordan. 
14, 1743.     A  noted  English  mathematician  and  Hagedorn  (ha'ge-dorn),  Friedrich  VOn.    Born 

mechanician.    He  Improved  the  reflecting  telescope,  at  Hamburg,  April  23,  1708 :  died  at  Hamburg, 

and  in  1730  invented  the  reflecting  quadrant.    His  claim  Oct.  28,  1754.     A  German  lync,  didactic,  and 

tothelatter  invention  has  been  disputed,  Thomas  Godfrey,  -■-                    -      -                            --• 
of  Philadelphia,  having  proposed  a  similar  apparatus  ia 
the  same  year 


Feb.  15, 1880.    A  German  writer  on  art,  author 
of  "Norica"  (1827),  "Leonardo  da  Vinei  in 


me  same  year  .^  /i,  ••  /         \ 

Hadramaut  (ha-dra-mat' ).    A  region  in  south-  Hagen  (ha  gen). 

em  Arabia,  of  undefined  boundaries,  extending     "'  estnnaiia.  irTi 

along  the  Indian  Ocean  between  Bahna  on  the 

north,  Mahra  on  the  east,  and  Yemen  on  the 

west;  recently  explored  by  Bent. 
Hadrian  (Popes).    See  Adrian. 
Hadrian  (ha'dri-an),  sometimes  Adrian  (Pub- 

lius  .£lius  Hadrianus).    Bom  at  Rome,  Jan. 

24,  76  a.  D.:  died  at  Baiaa,  Italy,  July  10,  138.    ^^|,■^„„^„  ,iaAi\\  „<■„ 

Boman  emperor  117-138, 'nep4w  of  Trajan    Mailandyi840)^o. 

whom  he  succeeded.    Renouncing  the  policy  of  con-  ^^???,'J?i?^?'S.?.^l?5i^^.^°'^  ^^^- 

quest,  he  abandoned  the  new  provinces  of  Armenia,  Meso- 
potamia, and  Assyria,  and  established  the  Euphrates  as  the 

eastern  boundary  of  the  empire.    In  119  he  began  a  pro- 
gress through  the  provinces,  in  the  course  of  which  he 

began  the  construction  of  the  wall  that  bears  his  name 

against  thePiots  and  the  Scots  in  Britain,  and  from  which 

he  returned  about  131.    He  promulgated  the  "  Edictum 

Perpetuum,"acollectionof  the  edicts  of  the  pretors  by  Sal-  j.      t>  4.  xt--    ■ 

TiusJalianus,  inl32.  In  132  a  revolt  was  occasioned  among  Hageu,  Hermann  AUgUSt.     rsorn  at  JionigS- 


G.  Der  Haag,  ML.  Haga  Comitis,  repr. 

D.  Den  Haag,  the  Haw,  or 's  Graven  Huge,  the 
Count's  Haw,  that  is,  garden,  it  being  orig.  a 
lodge  or  dwelling  of  the  counts  of  Holland.] 
The  capital  of  the  Netherlands  and  of  the  prov- 
ince of  South  Holland,  situated  3  miles  from 
the  North  Sea,  in  lat.  52°  4'  N.,  long.  4°  18' 

E.  The  chief  attractions  are  the  Binnenhof  (buildings 
used  for  States-General,  etc.),  the  Mauritshuis  with  the 
picture-gallery,  Groote  Eerl^  town  hall,  municipal  mu. 
seum,  Steengracht  picture-gallery  and  some  other  collec- 
tions, royal  library,  and  park.  The  town,  originally  a 
hunting-lodge  (hedge)  of  the  Counts  of  Holland,  was  an 
imiiortant  diplomatic  center  in  the  17th  and  18th  cen- 
turies. It  was  the  scene  of  a  concert  between  the  em- 
pire, Prussia,  Russia,  and  the  maritime  powers  in  1710,  in 
order  to  secure  the  neutrality. of  northern  Germany;  the 
Triple  Alliance  (between  France,  England,  and  the  Nether- 
lands) was  concluded  here  Jan,  4, 1717 ;  and  the  peace  be- 
tween Spain^  Savoy,  and  Austria  was  signed  here  Feb.  17, 

,  1717.    Population  (1900),  212,211. 

satirical  poet.    The  best  edition  of  his  poems  Hague  Conference.    See  Peace  Conference. 
was  pubUshed  in  1800.  ^  ,  Hahn  (han),  August.  Bom  at  Grossosterhausen, 


^ ^ ^ ,.    A  town  in  the  province  of 

Westphalia,  Pmssia,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Ennepe  with  the  Volme,  32  miles  east- 
northeast  of  DUsseldorf .  It  manufactures  iron 
and  textile  fabrics.  Population  (1890),  35,428. 
Hagen,  Ernst  August.    Born  at  Konigsberg, 


near  Eisleben,  Prussia,  March  27, 1792:  died  at 
Breslau,  Prussia,  May  13, 1863.  AGerman  Prot- 
estant theologian,  professor  and  preacher  suc- 
cessively at  Konigsberg,  Leipsie,  and  Breslau. 
He  wrote  "Lehrbuch  des  christliohen  Glan- 
bens"  (1828),  etc. 


Prussia,  April  12,  1797:  died  at  Konigsberg,  ^ahn,  Madame  (Helena  Andrejevna  Fade- 


Born  at 
Scimiedeberg,  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  Feb.  19, 
1780:  died  at  Berlin,  June  11, 1856.    A  German  _  .        ,  ,  _ 

scholar,  especially  noted  for  researches  in  Old  Hahn,  Johann  Georg  von. 


jeflE).  Bom  1814:  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  June 
24, 1842.  A  Russian  novelist,  wife  of  an  oflScer 
of  artillery.  Among  her  novelsare  "  Jelaleddin,"  "Ut- 
balla,"  "Theoi)hania,"  and  "Abbiaggio,"  her  best  work. 
She  wrote   originally  under  the  pseudonym  "Zeneida 

R wa." 

Born  at  Frank- 


German  poetry.  He  becameprofessor  at  Berlin  when 
the  university  was  founded,  was  called  to  Breslau,  and  re- 
turned to  Berlin  in  1821.  He  edited  the  "Nibelungen- 
lied"  (1810-20),  "Minnesinger"  (1838),  etc. 


the  Jews  by  the  planting  of  the  Roman  colony  of  Mlia 
Capitolina  on  the  Bite  of  Jerusalem,  which  was  suppressed 
in  136. 

Hadrian,  Arch  of.    See  Arch  of  Hadrian. 

Hadrianople.    See  Adrianople. 

Hadrian's  Mole.    See  Angela,  Casile  of  Sant'. 

Hadrian's  Villa.  An  assemblage  of  ancient 
ruins,  near  Tivoli,  perhaps  the  most  impressive 
in  Italy.  It  included  the  Greek  and  Latin  theaters,  so 
called,  an  odeum,  thermae,  a  stadium,  a  palace,  several  tem- 
ples, spacious  structures  for  guards  and  attendants,  and 


fort-on-the-Main,  July  11,  1811:  died  at  Jena, 
Germany,  Sept.  23, 1869.  An  Austrian  traveler, 
consul  at  Janina  1847,  and  in  Syria  1851.  He 
wrote  "Albanesische  Studien  "  (1854),  "Eeise 
von  Belgrad  nach  Salonik"  (1861),  etc. 


berg,  Pmssia,  May  30, 1817 :  died  at  Cambridge,  HShnel  (ha'nel),  Ernst  Julius.    Born  at  Dres 


Mass.,  Nov.  9, 1893.  A  German-American  ento 
mologist,  curator  of  entomology  at  the  Cam- 
bridge Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  (from 
about  1873).  He  is  best  known  for  his  works  on 
the  Neuroptera  and  Pseitdonewoptera, 
Hagen,  Theodore.  Bom  at  Dusseldorf,  May 
24,  1842.  A  German  landscape-painter,  pro- 
fessor (1871)  and  director  (1877)  of  the  art  school 
at  Weimar. 


many  subsidiary  buildings  and  devices.    Of  most  of  these  HagenaU  (ha'ge-nou),  F.  HagUOnaU  (ag-no'). 


there  are  extensive  remains ;  and  iiere  were  found  many  of 
the  fine  statues  now  in  Roman  museums. 
Hadrian's  Wall.  A  wall  of  defense  for  the  Ro^ 
man  province  of  Britain,  constructed  by  Ha^ 
drian  between  the  Solway  Firth  and  the  mouth 
of  the  Tyne, 


A  town  in  the  district  of  Lower  Alsace,  Alsace 
Lorraine,  on  the  Moder  17  miles  north  of  Stras- 


den,  March  9, 1811 :  died  at  Dresden,  May  22, 
1891.  A  German  sculptor.  Among  his  works 
are  sculptures  for  the  theater  and  other  build- 
ings in  Dresden. 

Hahnemann(ha'ne-man),Christian  Friedrich 
Samuel.  Borr.  at  Meissen,  Saxony,  April  10, 
1755:  died  at  Paris,  July  2,  1843.  A  German 
physician,  founder  of  homeopathy.  He  took  the. 
degree  of  M.  D.  at  Eriangen  in  1779,  and  practised  for 
some  years  at  Dresden  and  various  other  places.  About. 
1796  he  announced  a  new  system  of  medicine,  which  he- 
subsequently  developed  in  the.work  "Organon  der  ra- 
tionellen  Heilkunde"  (1810). 


andothers;..butS:^^^^\^lIJ^^-  ^a^^ W|-^^Kai. E^l.^^m 

Basel,  June  7,  1874.  A  German-Swiss  church 
historian  and  Protestant  theologian,  a  moderate 
advocate  of  the  ' '  mediation  theology."  Among 
his  works  are  "Encyclopadie  und  Methodologie  der  theolo- 
gischen  Wissenschatten  "  (1833),  "  Lehrbuch  der  Dogmen- 
geschichte  "  (1840),  "  Kirchengesohiohte  "  (1868-72). 


burg.    It  was  once  a  fortified  free  imperial  city,  and  was  Hahn-Hahn  (han'han),  Countess  Ida  Marie. 
a  favorite  residence  of  the  Hohenstaufens.    Population     t  ^^.  Q__ir:-.T>-j~j.-.-;1,«r«,.o*o»r/»..»««      T>«™ 

(1800),  commune,  14.762.  LuiseSophieFriederikeGustavevon.   Born 


vails  that  the  whole  system  of  defence  bears  the  impress 
of  a  single  mind,  and  that  the  wall  and  its  parallel  earth- 
works, its  camps,  roads,  and  stations,  were  designed  and 
constructed  by  Hadrian  alone."    XJltun. 

Hadrumetum  (had-ro-me'tum),  or  Adrume- 

tum  (ad-ro-me'tum).    In  ancient  geography, 

a  Phenician  (later  a  Roman)  colony,  generally 

■>  identified  with  the  modem  Susa,  Tunis,  situated  Hagerstown  (ha'gerz-toun).    The  capital  of 

on  the  Gulf  of  Hammamet  70  miles  south  by  Washington  County,  Maryland,  situated  on  An- 

east  of  Tunis.  tietam  Creek  63  miles  west-northwest  of  Balti- 

Haeckel  (hek'el),  Ernst  Heinrich.    Born  at  more.    It  has  some  manufactures.    Population 

Potsdam,  Prussia,  Feb.  16,  1834.     A  distin-  (1900),  13,591. 

guished  German  naturalist,  one  of  the  leading  Haggai  (hag'i).   Prophesied  520  b.  c.   The  tenth 

advocates  of  the  biological  theory  of  evolution,  in  order  of  the  minor  prophets  of  Israel.    His 

He  was  appointed  professor  at  Jena  in  1862.    His  works  prophecy  consists  of  2  chapters,  and  the  burden  of  it  is     

include  "Die  Radiolarien"  (1862),  "Generelle  Morpho-  an  appeal  to  his  countrymen  to  prosecute  the  work  of  re-  Haidarabad.     See  Hyderabad. 

logiederOrgantame_n;-a866)^»mtM^^^  .„__  ^.^^^      ^^^^  j^  Haidiuger  (hi'ding-er),  Wilhelm  VOn.     Bom 


at  Tressow,  Meoklenburg-Schwerin,  Germany, 
June  22, 1805 :  died  at  Mainz,  Germany,  Jan.  15, 
1880.    A  German  author.    She  was  the  daughter  of 
Count  Karl  Friedrich  von  Hahn.     In  18*26  she  married, 
her  cousin  Count  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Adolf  von  Hahn,  but . 
soon  separated  from  him.    In  1850  she  became  a  Roman> 
Catholic,  and  in  1852  entered  as  novice  a  convent  at  Angers. 
Later  she  founded  a  convent,  and  devoted  herself  there  to. 
good  works.   She  published  various  volumes  of  poems,  and 
the  romances  "  Aus  der  Gesellschaf  t "  (1838),  "  Grafln  Fans- 
tine  "  (1841),  etc. 
Haida  (hi'da).    A  division  of  the  Skittagetan. 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  who  still  oc- 
cupy the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  British  Amer- 
ica.   They  are  famous  for  their  carved  work  and  baskets. 
Slavery  was  hereditai^,  the  slaves  being  captured  from, 
other  tribes.    They  still  have  13  villages.    Their  present 
number  is  from  1,700  to  2,000.    See  Skittagetan. 


Be80hichte"("NaturalHistoryof  Creation,"  1868),  "tjber  Haggard   (hag'Srd),  Henry  Eider, 


die  Entstehung  und  den  Stammbaum  des  Mensohenge- 
Bchlechts"  ("On  the  Origin  and  Genealogy  of  the  Hu- 
man Race,"  1870),  "Anthropogenie"  (1874),  'Die  Kalk- 
Bchwamme"(" Calcareous  Sponges,"  1872),  "GastrssaThe- 
orie"  (1874),  "  Plankton-Stadien  "  (1890),  etc. 

Haeltzuk  (ha'el-tzuk).  1.  A  division  of  the 
Wakashan  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
comprising  23  tribes,  its  habitat  is  the  northern  part 
of  Vancouver  Island,  adjoining  the  Aht  (Wakashan)  and 
Salishaa  territories,  and  the  western  coast  of  British  Co- 
lumbia. The  principal  tribes  of  this  division  are  the 
Haeltzuk  proper,  Wikeno,  Kwakiutl,  and  Nawiti.  There 
are  1,898  on  the  Kwawkewlth  agency,  British  Columbia, 
and  over  1,000  not  under  agents.  See  Wakashan. 
S.  A  collective  name  for  a  body  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  (also  called  BelbeUa,  or  Millbank 
Sound  Indians)  which  includes  the  Haeltzuk 
proper  and  the  Wikeno.  Their  habitat  is  Mill- 
bank  Sound  and  Rivers  Inlet,  British  Columbia. 

Hsemus  (he'mus).    The  Latin  name  of  the  Bal- 
kans Cwbich  see).. 


NOTloTkT  England,  June  22,"  1856.    An  English 
novelist  and  barrister.    He  was  in  the  colonial  service 
in  the  I'ransvaal  1875-79,  and  published  in  1882  "  Cety  wayo 
and  his  White  Neighbors."   Among  his  novels  are  "King 
Solomon's  Mines,"  "She,'.'  "Allan  Quatermam,    "Cleo- 
patra," and  "Montezuma's  Daughter." 
HagiOgrapha  (ha-ji-Og-ra-^).      C^r-  "/'^rP^f/^-     iscnenmonarcn, 
sacred  writings :  Heb.^efe6«»i,  writings.]    ihe  -q--.  j„  ,x,r  jg/x 
Greek  name  of  the  last  of  the  3  Jewish  divisions  aaiaee  (,m-ae  ;. 
of  the  Old  Testament.    They  are  variously  reckoned, 
but  usually  comprise  the  Psalms,  Proverbs,  Job,  Ca,nt^les, 
Ruth,  Lamentations,  Ecclesiastes,  Esther,  Daniel,  Jizra, 
Nehemiah,  and  Chronicles. 

The  third  section  of  the  Hebrew  Bible  consists  of  what 
are  oaUed  the  Hagiographa  or  "Ketflblm,  that  is  [sacred] 
writings.  At  the  head  of  these  stand  three  poetical  book^ 
—  Psalms,  Proverbs,  and  Job.  Then  come  the  five  small 
books  of  Canticles,  Ruth,  Lamentations,  Eoclesiaates,  and 
Esther,  which  the  Hebrews  name  the  MegiUoth,  or  'rolls. 
They  have  this  name  because  they  alone  among  the  Hagi- 
ographa were  used  on  certain  annual  occasions  m  the  ser- 


at  Vienna,  Feb.  5, 1795:  died  at  Dornbach,  near 
Vienna,  March  19, 1871.  An  Austrian  mineral- 
ogist and  geologist,  in  1823-27  he  resided  in  Edin- 
burgh, and  after  1840  at  Vienna,  where  he  was  director  of 
the  Imperial  Geological  Institute  1849-66.  He  was  the 
author  of  "Handbuch  der  bestimmendeu  Mineralogie" 
(1846),  "  Geognostische  'Cbersiohtskarte  der  Bsterreich- 
ischen  Monarchic  "  (1847),  etc. 

A  (jreek  girl  in  Byron's  "  Don 
Juan." 

Haiduks,orHayduks  (hi'duks).  [Hung., 'dro- 
vers.'] A  class  of  mercenary  foot-soldiers  in. 
Hungary,  of  Magyar  stock,  distinguished  for 
their  gallantry  in  the  field.  For  their  fidelity  to  the 
Protestant  causeBocskay,  the  leader  in  an  insurrection  in 
Hungary,  rewarded  them  in  1605  with  the  privileges  of 
nobility,  and  with  a  territorial  possession  called  the  Hai- 
duk  district,  which  was  enlarged  as  Haiduk  county  io 
1876.  The  Hungarian  light  infantry  were  called  Haiduks- 
in  the  18th  century,  from  a  regiment  constituted  for  £  i 
time  by  these  people. 


Haifa 

Haifa  (M'f  a).  A  town  in  Syria,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situated  on  the  Bay  of  Acre  in  lat.  32°  48'  N., 
long.  35°  1'  E. :  the  ancient  Sycaminum.  Popu- 
lation (estimated),  5,000. 

fiail,  Columbia,  A  patriotic  American  song, 
written  by  Joseph  Hopkinson  in  1798  for  the 
benefit  of  an  actor.  The  tune  was  then  called  "  The 
Preaidenf  s  March."  Under  the  political  excitement  of 
the  time  the  song  became  very  popular,  and,  though  pos- 
sessing little  poetical  merit,  is  still  kept  in  vogue  by  the 
force  of  patriotic  sentiment. 

Sailes,  Lord.     See  Dalrymple,  Sir  David. 

Haimonskinder  (hi'mons-kin-der).  A  popular 
German  romance,  borrowed  from  the  French 
"Les  quatre  filz  Aymon."  It  appeared  in  1535. 

Hainan  (M-nan').  An  island  belonging  to  the 
province  of  Kwangtung,  China,  situated  be- 
tween the  China  Sea  on  the  east,  and  the  Gulf 
of  Tongking  on  the  west,  about  lat.  18°-20°  N., 
long.  108°  30'-lll°  E.  Capital,  Kiung-ehow-fu. 
The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  The  inhabitants 
are  Chinese,  and  partly  independent  Li.  Area,  estimated, 
12,000-14,000  square  miles.  Population,  estimated,  about 
2,000,000. 

Hainan,  officially  Haynau  (hi'nou).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Swift  Deiohsel  49  miles  west  by  north  of 
Breslau.  Here,  May  26, 1813,  the  Prussians  de- 
feated the  French.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 8,115. 

Hainant,  or  Hainault  (ha-no'),  Flem.  Hene- 
gouwen  (hen'e-go-ven).  IF.Sainaut,  formerly 
Hainault,  G.  Sennegau,  ML.  Sannonia,  Sagi- 
noia,  or  Comiiatus  Henegavensis,  Flem.  Hene- 
gouwen :  named  from  the  river  Maine.']  A  prov- 
ince of  Belgium,  bounded  by  West  Flanders 
on  the  northwest,  East  Flanders  and  Brabant 
on  the  north,  Namur  on  the  east,  and  France  on 
the  southwest.  Capital,  Mons.  it  was  a  medieval 
countshi^  which  was  joined  through  marriage  to  Holland 
in  1299.  In  1433  it  was  united  to  the  dominions  of  Philip 
the  Good  of  Burgundy,  subsequently  became  a  pos- 
session  of  Spain.  Fart  of  it  was  ceded  to  France  in 
1669,  and  part  in  1678.  The  remainder  passed  to  Aus- 
tria in  1713-14  and  shared  the  fortunes  of  the  Bel- 
gian Netherlands.  Area,  1,437  square  miles.  Population 
(1893),  1,072,012. 

Hainbnr^  (hin'bSra),  or  Haimburg  (Mm'boro) . 
A  town  in  Lower  Austria,  Austria-Hungary, 
situated  on  the  Danube  26  miles  east  by  south 
of  Vienna,  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  Caruun- 
tum.  There  is  a  ruined  castle  in  the  vicinity. 
Population  (1890),  5,075. 

Hainichen  (hi'nioh-en).  A  town  in  the  district 
of  Leipsic,  Saxony,  on  the  Little  Striegis  28  miles 
west-southwest  of  Dresden,  it  is  the  center  of  the 
German  flannel  manufacture.    Population  (1890),  8,260. 

Hair  of  Berenice.    See  Coma  Berenices. 

Haiti,  or  Hayti  (ha'ti;  F.  pron.  a-e-te'),  Sp. 
Santo  Domingo  (san'to  do-meng'go),  and  for- 
merly Espanola  tes-pan-yo'la).  Latinized  as 
Hispaniola  (his-pan-i-o'la).  An  island  of  the 
Oreater  Antilles,  and  next  to  Cuba  the  largest 
of  the  "West  Indian  islands,  it  is  separated  from  Cuba 
on  the  west  by  the  Windward  Passage,  and  from  Porto 
Klco  on  the  east  by  the  Mona  Passage,  and  is  traversed 
from  east  to  west  by  3  mountain-ranges.  It  contains  min- 
«ral  and  especially  vegetable  wealth.  It  is  divided  po- 
litically into  the  republics  of  Haiti  and  Santo  Domingo. 
It  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1492,  and  in  1498  he  es- 
tablished on  it  the  first  Spanish  colony  in  the  New  World. 
Subsequently  it  was  neglected,  and  became  the  prey  of 
freebooters  and  bucaneers.  About  1632  French  buca- 
neers  settled  in  the  western  pai't,  which  was  definitely 
<!eded  to  France  in  1697.  Bloody  revolutionary  and  slave 
revolts  in  the  French  colony  (1791-93)  ended  in  the  su- 
premacy of  the  blacks.  Their  leader,  Toussaint  Louver- 
ture,  governed  the  whole  island  from  1795,  and  proclaimed 
its  independence  in  1801.  Temporarily  reduced  by  Le- 
clero's  expedition  (1802-03),  the  blacks,  aided  by  the  Eng- 
lish, recovered  the  western  part,  where  Dessalines  was  em- 
peror 1804-06.  Struggles  between  the  blacks  and  mu- 
lattos and  between  riv^  leaders  led  to  the  division  of  this 
part  of  the  island ;  but  it  was  reunited  under  Boyer,  who 
!n  1822  conquered  the  Spanish  or  eastern  end.  In  1844 
the  Spanish  part  became  independent,  and  since  then  the 
island  has  been  divided  politically  into  Haiti  and  the  Do- 
minican Republic,  the  former  occupying  about  one  third 
in  the  western  part.  (See  these  names.)  Total  area,  about 
28,260  square  mUes.    Population,  estimated,  1,380,000. 

Haiti,  or  Hayti.  A  republic  occupying  the  west- 
ern portion  of  the  island  of  Haiti.  Capital,  Port- 
au-Prince.  The  chief  export  is  coffee.  The  executive 
is  vested  in  a  president,  now  elected  for  7  years ;  and  legis- 
lation is  intrusted  to  an  assembly  comprising  a  senate  and 
chamber  of  representatives.  The  prevailing  language  is  a 
debased  French,  and  the  nominal  religion  is  Iloman  Catho- 
lic. Independence  was  proclaimed  1801 ;  Dessalines  was 
emperor  1804-06 ;  the  eastern  portion  of  the  island  was 

'  annexed  in  1822,  and  finally  separated  in  1843 ;  and  Sou- 
louque  was  emperor  1849-69,  under  the  title  of  Faustin  I. 
It  has  suffered  continually  from  revolutions.  Area,  10,204 
square  miles.  Population  (about  nine  tenths  of  which  are 
blacksX  estimated,  960,000. 

Haizinger  (hits'ing-er),  Anton.  Born  at  Wil- 
fersdorf ,  Lower  Austria,  March  14,  1796 :  died 
at  Karlsruhe,  Bdden,  Dec.  31, 1869.  An  Aus- 
trian tenor  singer. 


474 

HajdU;B6s2orin6ny  (hoi'dS-b^'sfer-many).  A 
town  in  the  Haiduk  county,  Hungary,  12  miles 
northwest  of  Debreczin.  Population  (1890), 
21,238. 

Hajdu-Dorog  (hoi'do-do'rog).  A  town  in  the 
Haiduk  county,  Hungary,  22  miles  north  by 
west  of  Debreczin.    Population  (1890),  8,720. 

Hajdu-NanS^S  (hoi'do-na'nash).  A  town  in 
the  Haiduk  county,  Hungary,  23  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Debreczin.  Population  (1890), 
14,457. 

Hajdu-Szoboszlo  (hoi'do-so'bos-lo).  A  town 
in  the  Haiduk  county,  Hungary,  13  miles 
southwest  of  Debreczin.  Population  (1890), 
14,728. 

Haji  Khalfa  (haj'e  khal'fa),  also  called  Katib 
Tchelebi  (originally  Mustapha  ben  Abdal- 
lah).  Died  at  Constantinople  in  1658.  A  Turk- 
ish historian  and  bibliographer.  He  was  a  native 
of  Constantinople ;  spent  some  years  in  military  service  ; 
studied  under  Cadhizddeh  Effendi  and  tiheik  A'raj  Mus- 
taiazadah ;  and  was  appointed  khalifa  (assessor)  to  the 
principal  of  the  Imperial  College  at  Constantinople  about 
1648.  He  wrote  in  Arabic  a  chronological  work  entitled 
"Takwimu  'ttawArikh,"and  a  bibliographical  lexicon  en- 
titled "Kasfu  zzuni^n  'an  As&mt  '1  Kutub  wa  1  funiin," 
which  contains  notices  of  18,650  Arabic,  Persian,  and  Turk- 
ish hooks,  with  memoirs  of  the  authors  (edited  with  Latin 
translation  by  Fliigel  as  '*Lexicon  bibliographicum  et  en- 
cyclopffidicum,"  1835-58). 

Hajipur  (haj-e-p6r').  A  town  in  the  Muzaffar- 
pur  district,  Bengal,  British  India,  situated  on 
the  Gandak,  near  its  junction  with  the  Ganges, 
about  5  miles  north-northeast  of  Patna.  Pop- 
ulation, about  25,000. 

Hajji  Baba  (had'je  ba'ba),  Adventures  of. 
An  Oriental  novel  by  Morier,  published  in  1824 
(second  part  1828). 

Hakim  (ha'kem),  or  Hakem  (ha'kem).  Bom 
985:  died  about  1021.  APatimite  calif  in  Egypt, 
996  to  about  1021,  regarded  as  the  founder  of  the 
Druses. 

Hakluyt  (hak'lbt),  Bicliard.  Bom  about  1552 : 
died  at  London,  Nov.  23, 1616.  An  English  ge- 
ographer. He  studied  at  Oxford,  took  holy  orders,  and 
was  attached  to  the  suite  of  the  English  ambassador  in 
France  1583-86.  In  1603  he  was  made  archdeacon  of  West- 
minster. While  in  France  he  published  an  annotated  edi- 
tion of  Martyr's  "De  orbe  novo,"  and  an  account  of  Lau- 
donnifere's  expedition  to  Florida.  His  great  collection  of 
travels,  "The  Principall  Navigations, Voiages,  and  Discov- 
eries of  the  English  Nation,"  first  appeared  in  1689,  and 
was  republished  in  a  greatly  enlarged  form,  in  3  vols., 
1698  to  1600.    There  are  modem  editions. 

Hakluyt  Society.  [Named  in  honor  of  Eichard 
Haklu^.]  A  society  established  inLondon,  in 
1846,  with  the  object  of  printing  annotated  Eng- 
lish editions  of  rare  works  on  early  geography, 
travels,  and  history.  It  has  published  a  large 
and  valuable  series  of  books. 

Hakodate  (ha-ko-da'ta),  or  Hakodadi  (ha-kd- 
da'de) .  A  seaport  in  the  island  of  Yezo,  Japan, 
situated  on  the  Bay  of  Hakodate  in  lat.  41°  47' 
N.,  long.  140°  44'  E.  It  was  opened  to  Ameri- 
can commerce  in  1854.  Population  (1891), 
55,677. 

Hakou  (hft'kon),  or  Haco  (ha'ko),  I.,  sumamed 
"  The  Good."  Bom  about  920 :  died  about  961. 
King  of  Norway.  He  was  an  illegitimate  son  of  Harold 
Haanager,  and  was  educated  in  England  at  the  court  of 
King  Athelstan.  He  expelled  Harold's  son  and  successor 
Eric  and  usurped  the  throne  about  934.  He  alienated  a 
majority  of  his  subjects  by  attempting  to  introduce  Chris- 
tianity, and  was  defeated  and  killed  by  the  son  of  Eric  about 
961. 

Hakon,  or  Haco,  V.,  sumamed"  The  Old."  Died 
about  1263.  King  of  Norway  from  1217  to  about 
1263.  He  annexed  Greenland  and  Iceland  to 
Norway. 

Haku  (ha'kS).  A  country,  tribe,  and  dialect 
of  Angola,  West  Africa,  between  the  Kuanza, 
Ngango,  and  Kutato  rivers.  The  country  is  high, 
undulating,  and  covered  with  prairie  and  forest.  The  peo- 
ple are  well  built.  Their  dialect^  still  unstudied,  belongs 
to  the  Kimbundu  cluster. 

Hal  (hal).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Brabant, 
Belgium,  situated  on  the  Senne  10  miles  south- 
west of  Brussels,  it  is  a^jilgrim  resort  on  account  of 
the  shrine  in  its  Church  of  Notre  Dame.  Population  (1890), 
10,441. 

Hala,  or  Halla  (ha'la).  A  town  in  the  Hyder- 
abad district,  Sind,  British  India,  situated  in 
lat.  25°  48'  N.,  long.  68°  27'  E. 

Halacha  (ha-lak'a).  [From  Heb.  halaeh,  to  go, 
the  way,  rule.]  I'hose  portions  of  the  Talmud 
which  discuss  in  a  legal  manner  the  precepts 
of  religion  and  law  regulating  the  life  of  man, 
as  opposed  to  A^ada  (which  see). 

Halah  (ha'la).  A  place  mentioned  in  connec- 
tion with  Sabor  and  Gozan  as  one  in  which 
Sargon  settled  the  deported  Israelites  (2  Ki. 
xvii.    6,   xviii.   11):   perhaps    identical    with 


Hale,  Natban 

Halahu  mentioned  in  an  Assyrian  geograph- 
ical list  between  Arbaha  (Arrapaehitis)  and 
Eazappa  (Eeseph). 

Hala  (hS.'la)  Mountains.  A  mountain-range 
in  eastern  Baluchistan  and  the  western  part  of 
Sind,  British  India,  intersected  by  the  Bolan 
and  Mida  passes. 

Halas  (ho'losh).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Pest- 
Pilis-S61t-KiskTin,  Hungary,  situated  in  lat. 
46°  25^  N.,  long.  19°  31'  E.  Population  (1890), 
17,136. 

Halberstadt  (hal'ber-stat).  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  on  the  Holzemme  30 
miles  southwest  of  Magdeburg.  It  has  large  trade 
and  manufactures.  The  cathedral',  rebuilt  very  slowly  af- 
ter a  fire  in  1179,  was  not  consecrated  until  1491,  so  that 
it  illustrates  the  entire  development  of  medieval  archi- 
tecture from  the  Romanesque  to  the  late  Pointed.  The 
west  towers  and  facade  are  in  large  part  Komanesque, 
the  nave  is  of  the  13th  century,  and  the  transepts  and 
choir  chiefly  of  the  14th.  The  choir-screen  is  of  the  rich- 
est Pointed  work.  There  are  notable  sculptures  in  wood 
and  in  alabaster  of  the  Crucifixion,  and  some  fine  16th- 
century  paintings.  The  bishopric  of  Halberstadt,  founded 
as  early  as  the  9th  century,  was  granted  as  a  secular  prin- 
cipality to  Brandenburg  in  1648.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 36,786. 

Halbig  (hal'bio),  Jobann.  Bom  at  Donners- 
dorf.  Lower  Franeonia,  Bavaria,  July  13, 1814 : 
died  at  Munich,  Aug.  29,  1882.  A  German 
sculptor.  His  chief  works  are  at  Munich  and  near 
Oberammergau  (group  of  the  Crucifixion). 

Haldane  (hal'dan),  James  Alexander.    Bom 

at  Dundee,  Scotland,  July  14,  1768:  died  at 
Edinburgh,  Feb.  8, 1851.  A  Scottish  preacher, 
brother  of  Eobert  Haldane.  Heofllciatedinalarge 
"  tabernacle  "  in  Edinburgh,  and  spent  much  et  bis  time 
in  itinerant  preaching. 

Haldane,  Bobert.  Born  at  London,  Feb.  28, 
1764:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Deo.  12,  1842.  A 
Scottish  philanthropist  and  theological  writer. 
He  spent  large  amounts  of  money  and  much  personal  ef- 
fort in  schemes  for  the  advancement  of  religion  in  Scot- 
land. Both  he  and  his  brother  James  left  the  Church 
of  Scotland,  becoming  Congregationalists  and  afterward 
Baptists.  He  published  "Evidences  and  Authority  of 
Divine  Kevelation  "  (1816 :  2d  ed.  1834), "Exposition  of  the 
Epistle  to  the  Romans  "  (1835-39),  etc. 

Haldeman  (h^l'de-man),  Samuel  Stehman. 
Born  near  Columbia,  "Lancaster  County,  Pa., 
Aug.  12, 1812 :  died  at  Chickies,  near  Columbia, 
Sept.  10,  1880.  An  American  naturalist  and 
philolo^st.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  the  natural 
sciences  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1851,  and 
at  Delaware  College  in  1855,  and  became  professor  of  com- 
parative philology  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1869.  His  works  include  "  Freshwater  Univalve  Mollusca 
of  the  United  States  "  (1840X  "  On  the  German  Vernacular 
of  Pennsylvania  "  (in  "Transactions  of  the  American  Philo- 
logical Society"  1870;  in  book  form  1872),  "Zoological 
Contributions  "  (1842-43),  "  Elements  of  Latin  Pronuncia- 
tion "(1851),  "Affixes  in  their  Origin  and  Application" 
(1866),  "  Outlines  of  Etymology  "  (1877),  "  Word-building  " 
(1881). 

Hale  (hal),  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Newbury, 
Mass.,  Nov.  23, 1797:  died  there,  July  15,  1863. 
An  American  clergyman  and  educator.  He  was 
professor  of  chemistry  and  mineralogy  in  Dartmouth  Col- 
lege 1827-35,  and  president  of  Hobart  College,  Geneva, 
New  York,  1836-58. 

Hale,  Edward  Everett.  Bom  at  Boston,  April 
3, 1822.  An  American  author,  editor,  andTJni- 
tarian  clergyman,  son  of  Nathan  Hale  (1784- 
1863).  Among  his  works  are  "  Ninety  Days'  Worth  of 
Europe"  (1861),  "The  Man  without  a  Country "  (1861), 
"Puritan  Politics  in  England  and  New  England  "  (1869), 
"The  Ingham  Papers"  (1870),  "His  Level  Best,  etc." 
(1872),  "Philip  Nolan's  Friends"  (1876),  and  a  nninber  of 
volumes  of  sermons,  boys'  books,  etc.  He  was  editor  of 
the  "  Christian  Examiner,"  founder  and  editor  of  "  Old 
and  New,"  and  is  now  editor  of  "  Lend  a  Hand  "  and  asso- 
ciate editor  of  "  The  Lookout." 

Hale,  John  Parker.  Bom  at  Eochester,  N.  H. , 
March  31,  1806:  died  at  Dover,  N.  H.,  Nov.  19, 
1873.  An  American  statesman.  He  was  member 
of  Congress  from  New  Hampshire  1843-45 ;  United  States 
senator  184T-63  and  1866-66  ;  candidate  of  the  Free  Dem- 
ocratic party  tor  the  Presidency  in  1862;  and  United 
States  minister  to  Spain  1865-«9. 

Hale,  Sir  Matthew.  Born  at  Alderley,  Glouces- 
tershire, England,  Nov.  1, 1609 :  died  at  Aider- 
ley,  Deo.  25, 1676.  A  celebrated  English  jurist. 
He  was  judge  of  the  Common  Pleas  1653-68,  and  was  made 
chief  baron  of  the  exchequer  in  1660,  and  lord  chief  jus- 
tice in  1671.  His  chief  works  are  "  Historia  Placitorum 
Coronas  "  (published  in  1736),  "  History  of  the  Common  Law 
of  England,"  and  "Contemplations,  Moral  and  Divine." 

Hale,  Nathan.  Bom  at  Coventry,  Conn.,  June 
6, 1755 :  died  at  New  York,  Sept.  22, 1776.  An 
American  patriot.  He  graduated  at  Yale  College  in 
1773,  entered  the  army  in  1775,  and  became  a  captain  in 
1776.  In  Sept.,  1776,  he  was  sent  by  General  Washington  to 
procure  intelligence  concerning  the  British  at  New  York ; 
was  arrested  in  the  British  camp ;  and  was  executed  as  a 
spy  by  order  of  Sir  William  Howe.  A  statue  was  erected 
to  Ills  memory  in  New  York  in  1893. 

Hale,  Nathan.  Bom  at  "Westhampton,  Mass., 
Aug.  16, 1784 :  died  at  Brookline,  Mass.,  Feb.  9, 


Hale,  Nathan 

1863.  An  American  journalist,  nephew  of  Na- 
than Hale  (1755-76).  He  was  editor  of  the  Bos- 
ton "  Daily  Advertiser"  from  1814. 
Hale,  Mrs.  (Sarah  Josepha  Buell).  Bom  at 
Newport,  N.  H.,  Oct.  24, 1790:  died  at  Philadel- 
phia, 1879.  An  American  editor  and  writer,  she 
became  editor  of  the  "Ladies'  Magazine  "  (Boston)  in  1828, 
andof  "Godey'a  lady's  Book  "(Philadelplila) in  1837.  She 
wrote  "Woman's  Eeoord"  (1868),  etc. 

Haleb.    See  Almpo. 

Hales,  Alexander  of.    See  Alexander  of  Sales. 

Hales  (halz),  John,  sumamed  "  The  Ever-Mem- 
orable." Bom  at  Bath,  England,  April  19, 1584 : 
died  at  Eton,  England,  May  19, 1656.  An  Eng- 
lish scholar  and  Arminian  divine.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  and  became  a  fellow  of  Merton  College. 
He  attended  the  Synod  of  Dort  in  1618,  and  in  1689  became 
canon  of  Windsor.  His  moat  notable  work  Is  "  Golden  Re- 
mains "  0659). 

Hales,  Stephen.  Bom  at  Bekesboume,  Sent, 
Sept.  7, 1677 :  died  at  Teddington,  near  London, 
Jan.  4,  1761.  An  English  physiologist  and  in- 
ventor. He  was  curate  of  Teddington,  Middlesex,  from 
1708  until  his  death.  His  chief  work  is  "Vegetable  Stat- 
icks"(1727). 

Hal6yy  (a-la-ve'),  Jacctues  Francois  Fromen- 
tal  Elie.  Bom  at  Paris,  May  27,  1799 :  died 
at  Nice,  March  17, 1862.  A  French  composer, 
of  Hebrew  descent.  He  entered  the  Conservatoire  in 
1809,  and  studied  with  Berton  and  Cherubini.  In  1819  he 
took  the  grand  prix  with  his  "Herminie. "  In  1827  he  was 
professor  of  harmony  at  the  Conservatoire,  in  •1838  pro- 
fessor of  counterpoint  and  fugue,  and  in  1840  professor  of 
composition.  He  wrote  "Legons  de  lectui*e  muBicale" 
<185^,  "Souvenirs  et  portraits,  etc."  (1861).,  Among  his 
numerous  operas  are  "la  Jiuve"(1835),  "L'Eclair"(1835), 
"  Le  Julf  errant "  (1862). 

Hal6vy,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Adrianople,  Turkey, 
Deo.  15,  18277  A  French  Orientalist  and  trav- 
eler in  Arabia  and  Abyssinia,  noted  as  an  As- 
syriologist.  His  works  include  "Bapport  sur  une  mis- 
sion archtologique  dans  le  Y^men "  (1872),  "  Melanges 
d'^pigraphie  et  d'arch^ologie  s^mitiques  (1874),  "Ee- 
cherches  antiques  sur  I'origine  de  la  civilisation  baby- 
lonienne " (1876),  "Documents  religieux  de  I'Assyrie  et  de 
la  Babylonie,,etc."  (1883),  etc.  He  founded  the  "Eevue 
S^mltique  d'Epigraphie  et  d'Histolre  Ancienne." 

Hal6vy,  L6on.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  14,  1802 : 
died  at  St.-Germain-en-Laye,  Prance,  Sept.  3, 
1883.  A  French  poet  and  man  of  letters,  brother 
of  J.  F.  F.  E.  Hal6vy.  He  published  theatrical 
pieces,  translations,  historical  works,  etc. 

Mal^vy,  Ludovic.  Bom  at  Paris,  Jan.  1, 1834. 
A  French  dramatist  and  author,  son  of  Won 
Hal^vy.  His  works  include  librettos  for  the  operas 
bouffes  "La  belle  ffilfene  "  (1864),  "Barbe  bleue"  (1866), 
"La  grande  duchesse  de  Q^rolstein"  (1867),  "La  P6ri- 
chole  "  (1868),  and  for  the  operas  comiques  "Carmen"  from 
Merim6e  (1876),  "  Le  petit  due  "  (1878),  "  La  petite  made- 
moiselle "  (1879),  and  the  comedies  "  I'rou-frou  "  (1869), 
"Le  r^veillon"  (1872),  "La  boule"  (1876),  "La  cigale" 
(1877), "  La  petite  mfere  "  (1880),  ' '  La  roassotte  "  (1881).  All 
these  were  written  in  collaboration  with  Meilhac.  Among 
his  novels  and  romances,  written  alone,  are  **  Un  scandale  " 
(I860),  "L'Abb^  Con8tantin"(1882),"Deuxmariages,etc." 
(1886),  "  Mon  camarade  Moussard,  etc."  (1886),  and  stories 
in  "  Karikari "  (1892). 

Half  Dome  (haf  dom),  or  South  Dome  (south 
dom).  An  inaccessible  mountain  near  the  east- 
em  end  of  the  Yosemite  valley,  California,  4,735 
feet  above  the  valley,  and  about  8, 800  feet  above 
sea-level. 

Half  Moon.  The  vessel  in  which  Henry  Hud- 
son sailed  from  Holland  for  America  in  1609. 
He  explored  the  coast  in  her,  and  went  up  the  river  called 
from  him  the  Hudson  River. 

Half  Moon,  The.  An  old  house  standing  in 
Aldersgate,  London,  it  was  formerly  the  Half  Moon 
Tavern,  was  much  frequented  by  literary  men,  and  is  now 
also  called,  for  no  particular  reason,  "Shakspere's  house." 

Halford  (hal'ford)  (originally  Vaughan),  Sir 
Henry.  Born  at  Leicester,  England,  Oct.  2, 
1766 :  died  at  London,  March  9, 1844.  An  Eng- 
lish physician.  He  published  "Essays  and  Orations 
delivered  at  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians"  (1831),  etc. 

HaUburton  (hal'i-bSr-ton),  Thomas  Chand- 
ler :  pseudonym  Sam  Slick.  Bom  at  Wind- 
sor, Nova  Scotia,  Dec,  1796 :  died  at  Isle  worth, 
near  London,  Aug.  27, 1865.  A  British-Ameri- 
can humorist.  He  practised  law  at  Annapolis  Royal, 
and  became  chief  justice  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  of 
Nova  Scotia  in  1828,  and,  on  the  abolition  of  this  court  in 
1840,  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court.  He  resigned  and  went 
to  England  in  1856.  He  wrote  "The  Clockmaker,  or  Say- 
ings and  Doings  of  Samuel  Slick  of  Slickville  "  (1837 :  2d 
series  1838,  3d  series  1840\  histories  of  Nova  Scotia,  "  The 
Attache  or  Sam  Slick  in  England  "  (1843),  "  The  Bubbles 
o£  Canada"  (1839),  "The  Old  Judge,  or  Life  in  a  Colony 
(1843),  etc.  ,     ^     ^„     , ,  - 

Halicamassus  (hal^i-kar-nas'tts).  [Orr.  AAmap- 
vaaadg.']  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of  Caria, 
Asia,  situated  on  the  Ceramic  Gulf,  on  the 
mainland  and  the  island  of  Zephyria,  in  lat.  37° 
2'  N.,  long.  27°  25'  E.  it  was  founded  by  Dorians, 
and  was  taken  and  nearly  destroyed  by  the  Macedonians 
about  334  B.  0.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  Mausoleum,  the 
tomb  of  Mausolus,  in  antiquity  one  of  the  seven  wonders  of 
Ihfl  world.    It  was  built  in  362  B.  0.,  with  the  cooperation 


475 

of  Scopas  and  the  most  celebrated  of  contemporary  sculp- 
tors. It  consisted  of  a  noble  quadrangular  peristyle  of 
Ionic  columns  on  a  high  basement,  above  which  rose  a 
pyramid  of  24  steps,  supporting  a  quadriga.  Important 
remains  of  the  abundant  sculptured  decoration  are  in  the 
British  Museum.  It  is  also  famous  a^  the  birthplace  of 
Herodotus  and  of  Dionysius,  The  site  is  now  occupied  by 
the  modern  Budrun. 

Halicz  (ha'lioh).  A  town  in  Galicia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Dniester  59  miles 
southeast  of  Lemberg.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 3,887. 

Halidon  Hill.  A  hiU  about  2  miles  northwest 
of  Berwick-on-Tweed,  England.  Here,  July  19, 
1333,  the  English  under  Edward  in.  defeated  the  Scots 
under  the  regent  Archibald  Douglas. 

Halifax  (hal'i-faks).  [ME.£aZ»/aa;,appar.from 
AS.  hdlig,  holy,  and/eoa;,  hair.  Another  view 
makes  tine  second  element /ace.  The  legends 
which  explain  these  different  views  appear  to 
be  inventions.]  A  town  in  the  West  Biding  of 
Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Hebbele, 
near  its  junction  with  the  Calder,  14  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Leeds,  it  is  an  important  seat  of  the 
manufacture  of  woolen  (especially  of  carpets)  and  of  cot^ 
ton.  The  chief  buildings  are  the  town  hall,  the  piece- 
hall  (originally  used  for  piece-goods),  the  parish  church. 
All  Souls'  Church,  and  other  churches.  It  returns  2  mem- 
bers to  Parliament.    Population  (1901),  104,933. 

Halifax.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  Nova 
Scotia,  situated  on  Halifax  harbor  in  lat.  44° 
40'  N.,  long.  63°  35'  W.  it  has  Important  commerce 
and  fisheries,  is  a  leading  military  post,  and  is  the  chief  na- 
val station  in  British  North  America.  It  is  very  strongly 
fortified.  It  was  founded  in  1749.  Population  (1901), 
10,832. 

Halifax,  Earl  of.    See  Montagu,  Charles. 

Halifax,  Marcinis  of.    See  Sa/uile,  George. 

Hall  (h&l),  Mrs.  (Anna  Maria  Fielding). 
Born  at  Dublin,  Ireland,  Jan.  6,  1800 :  died  at 
East  Moulsey,  Surrey,  England,  Jan.  30,  1881. 
A  British  author,  wife  of  S.  C.  Hall.  She  wrote 
"  Sketches  of  Irish  Character  "  (1829),  "Lights  and  Shad- 
ows of  Ii'ish  Life  "  (1838),  and  other  novels  and  tales  of 
Irish  life ;  with  her  husband,  "Ireland,  its  Scenery,  etc." 
(1841-43),  and  other  works. 

Hall,  Asaph.  Bom  at  Goshen,  Conn.,  Oct.  15, 
1829.  An  American  astronomer.  He  was  professor 
of  mathematics  in  the  navy  from  1863,  and  was  stationed 
at  the  naval  observatory  in  Washington  from  1862,  retir- 
ing in  1891.  In  1874  he  observed  the  transit  of  Venus  at 
V&divostok,  Siberia. 

Hall,  Basil.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Deo.  31, 1788 : 
died  at  Portsmouth,  England,  Sept.  11,  1844. 
A  British  naval  officer,  traveler,  and  author,  in 
the  Lyra  he  accompanied  Lord  Amherst's  embassy  to  China 
in  1816,  returning  in  1817.  During  this  voyage  impor- 
tant explorations  of  the  eastern  seas  were  made.  Hall 
had  an  interview  with  Napoleon  at  St.  Helena.  In  1827- 
1828  he  visited  the  United  States.  He  became  insane  in 
1842.  Among  his  works  are  "Account  of  a  Voyage  of 
Discovery  to  the  West  Coast  of  Corea,  etc."  (1818),  "  Jour- 
nal written  on  the  Coasts  of  Chili,  Peru,  and  Mexico" 
(l824),  "Travels  in  North  America  (1829),  "Fragments 
of  Voyages  and  Travels  "  (1831-33). 

Hall,  Charles  Francis.  Bom  at  Eochester, 
N.  H. ,  1821 :  died  in  Greenland,  Nov.  8, 1871.  An 
American  arctic  explorer.  He  received  a  common- 
school  education,  and  followed  various  occupations,  includ- 
ing those  of  blacksmithing  and  engraving.  Becoming  in- 
terested in  the  fate  of  Sir  John  fVanklin,  he  undertook, 
fitted  out  by  private  subscription,  a  journey  to  the  arctic 
regions  in  search  of  the  documents  and  possible  survivors 
of  his  expedition.  He  left  New  London  May  29, 1860,  and 
domesticated  himself  with  the  Eskimos,  whose  roving 
habits  brought  him  over  much  of  the  territory  he  desired 
to  explore.  He  returned  to  New  London  Sept.  13,  1862, 
having  tailed  in  the  main  object  of  his  journey,  but  hav- 
ing discovered  relics  of  f  robisher's  expedition  of  1577-78. 
He  made  a  second  journey  of  a  similar  character  1864-69, 
during  which  he  discovered  numerous  relics  of  the  Frank- 
lin expedition.  July  3, 1871,  he  sailed  from  New  London 
in  the  Polaris,  in  command  of  an  expedition  to  the  north 
pole.  The  Polaris  passed  through  Smith  Sound  into  Kane 
Sea,  thence  through  Kennedy  and  Robeson  channels  to 
the  Polar  Sea,  and  Aug.  30,  1871,  reached  lat.  82°  11'  N., 
the  highest  point  then  attained  by  any  vesseL  The  expe- 
dition went  into  winter  quarters  at  Thank  God  Harbor, 
Greenland.  He  became  ill  Oct.  24, 1871,  on  the  return  from 
a  sledge  journey  to  Cape  Brevoort,  and  died  of  apoplexy 
Nov.  8, 1871,  the  command  devolving  on  S.  0.  Buddington. 
He  published  "  ArcJ^ic  Researches  "  (1864). 

Hall,  Dominick  Augustine.  Born  in  South 
Carolina,  1765:  died  at  New  Orleans,  Dee.  12, 
1820.  An  American  jurist.  He  became  United 
States  judge  for  Louisiana  in  1812.  In  March,  1816,  while 
New  Orleans  was  under  martial  law,  he  granted  a  writ  of 
habeas  corpus  for  the  release  of  Louis  Louillier,  who  had 
been  arrested  by  General  Andrew  Jackson  for  exciting 
discontent  among  the  troops.  General  Jackson  refused 
to  recognize  the  authority  of  the  court,  rearrested  Louil- 
lier, and  committed  Hall  to  jail.  Hall,  having  been  released 
the  next  day,  fined  the  general  $1,000  for  contempt  of  court 
in  disregarding  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus  and  in  imprison- 
ing a  judge. 

Hall,  or  Salle,  Edward.  Died  1547.  An  Eng- 
lish historian,  author  of ' '  The  Union  of  the  Two 
Noble  and  Illustrious  Families  of  Lancaster  and 
York"  (1542:  generally  called  "Hall's  Chroni- 
cle ") .  Grafton,  Holinshed,  and  Stow  borrowed  from  him, 
and  Shakspere  followed  him  in  some  of  his  historical  plays. 
The  chronicle  was  reprinted  in  1809  by  Ellis. 


Halle 

Hall,  Fitzedward.  Born  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  March 
21,  1825:  died  at  Mariesford,  Suffolk,  Feb.  1, 
1901.  An  American  philologist.  He  graduated 
at  Harvard  m  1846 ;  resided  m  India  1846-62,  becoming  pro- 
fessor in  the  government  college  at  Benares  in  1863,  and 
servmgas  mspector  of  schools  forvarious districts  1866-62; 
went  to  London  in  1862,  and  became  professor  of  Sanskrit 
™#!?S^^°'^''Se;  and  in  1869  removed  to  Mariesford, 
Suffolk.  He  published  various  Sanskrit  works,  "  Recent 
Exemphflcations  of  False  Philology  "  (1872),  "Modem  Eng- 
lish "  (1873),  "  On  English  Adjectives  in  -able  "  (1877),  etc 

Hall,  James.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Aug.  19, 
1793:  died  near  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  July  5,  1868. 
An  American  author.  He  published  "Letters  from 
the  West "  (1829),  "Legends  of  the  West "  (1832),  "Tales  of 
the  Border"  (1835),  "Sketches  of  the  West "  (1836),  and, 
with  MoKenney,  "  History  of  the  Indian  Tribes  "  (1838-44X 

Hall,  James.  Bom  at  Hinghamj  Mass.,  Sept. 
12,  1811:  died  at  Bethlehem,  N.  H.,  Aug.  7, 
1898.  A  noted  American  geologist  and  pa- 
leontologist. He  was  assistant  professor  of  chemistry 
at  the  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  School  1832-36,  when  he 
became  professor  of  geology.  He  began  his  labors  on  the 
geological  survey  of  New  York  in  1836,  devoting  himself 
after  1843  chiefly  to  paleontology.  He  published  "The 
Paleontology  of  New  York,"  etc. 

Hall,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Ashby-de-la-Zouch,  Eng- 
land, July  1,  1574 :  died  at  Higham,  near  Nor- 
wich, England,  Sept.  8, 1656.  .Aji  English  bishop 
and  author.  He  was  educated  at  Emmanuel  Collie, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a  fellow ;  held  the  living 
of  Hawstead  and  a  canonry  at  Wolverhampton ;  and  be- 
came bishop  successively  of  Exeter  and  Norwich.  Of  the 
latter  see  he  was  deprived  by  Parliament.  He  published 
satires  under  the  title  "  Virgidemiarum :  First  three  books 
of  toothless  Satires"  (1597),  and  a  second  volume  "Last 
-three  books  of  byting  Satkes  "  (1598),  "  Epistles  "  (1608-11), 
"Contemplations  "  (1612-26),  "  Paraphrase  of  Hard  Texts, 
etc."  (1633),  controversial  works,  etc. 

Hall,  Marahall.  Bom  at  Basf ord,  Notts,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  18, 1790 :  died  at  Brighton,  England, 
Aug.  11, 1857.  An  English  physician,  noted  for 
his  researches  on  the  nervous  system,  and  for 
the  "Marshall  Hall  method"  of  treating  as- 
phyxia. Hepractised  at  London  1826-63 ;  became  a  fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Physicians  in  1841 ;  and  dehvered 
the  Gulstonian  lectures  in  1842,  and  the  Croonian  1850-62. 
His  chief  works  are  "The  Diagnosis  of  Diseases  "  (1817), 
and  "  Principles  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine  " 
(1837). 

Hall,  Newman.  Bom  May  22, 1816 :  died  Feb. 
18,  1902.  An  English  Congregational  clergy- 
man. He  was  minister  of  the  Albion  Congregational 
Church  at  Hull  from  1842  to  1854,  when  he  took  charge  of 
Surrey  Chapel,  known  as  Rowland  Hill's  Chapel,  in  Black- 
friars  Road,  London.  In  1876  he  removed  with  his  congre- 
gation to  Christ  Church,  a  splendid  edifice  erected  chiefly 
through  his  exertions.  He  resigned  his  pastorate  in  1892. 
He  was  the  author  of  "Lectures  in  America"  (1868),  "Pil- 
grim Songs"  (1871),"  Come  to  Jesus  "and  other  tracts,  etc. 

Hall,  Bobert.  Bom  at  Amesby,  Leicestershire, 
May  2, 1764 :  died  at  Bristol,  Feb.  21, 1831.  An 
English  pulpit  orator  of  the  Baptist  Church.    He 

E reached  at  Bristol  1785-90,  at  Cambridge  1791-1806,  at 
eicester  1807-26,  and  at  Bristol  1826-31.  His  works  in  6 
vols,  were  edited  by  Olmthus  Gregory  (1832). 

Hall,  Samuel  Carter.  Born  at  Waterf ord,  Ire- 
land, May  9, 1800 :  died  at  Kensington,  London, 
March  16,  1889.  A  British  author  and  editor. 
He  edited  or  subedited  "The  Literary  Observer,"  "The 
Amulet,"  "New  Monthly  Magazine,"  "The  Town," "Art 
Union  Journal,"  "Social  Notes."  He  wrote  "Baronial 
Halls  of  England,  etc.  "(1848),  etc.,  and,  with  his  wife,  "Ire- 
land, its  Scenery,  etc."(1841-43),  and  very  many  other  works. 

Halla.    See  Sala. 

Hallam  (hal'am),  Arthur  Henry.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  1, 1'Sll:  died  at  Vienna,  Sept.  15, 1833. 
An  English  essayist,  son  of  Henry  Hallam.  He 
formed  an  intimacy  with  Tennyson,  to  whose  sister  he  was 
betrothed,  and  by  whom  he  has  been  commemorated  in  the 
poem  "In  Memoriam."  His  literary  remains  were  pub- 
lished in  1834. 

Hallam  (hal'am),  Henry.  Bom  at  Windsor, 
England,  July  9,1777:  died  at  Penshurst.Kent, 
England,  Jan.  21, 1859.  An  English  historian. 
He  graduated  with  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Oxford  (Christ 
Church)  in  1799,  was  afterward  called  to  the  bar,  and  was 
for  many  years  a  commissioner  of  stamps.  In  1812  he  in- 
herited a  competent  fortune  from  his  father,  which  en- 
abled him  to  withdraw  from  the  practice  of  law  and  de- 
vote himself  to  historical  studies.  His  chief  works  are 
"  A  View  of  the  State  of  Europe  during  theMiddle  Ages  " 
(1818),  "The  Constitutional  History  of  England  from  the 
Accession  of  Henry  Vn.  to  the  Death  of  George  II."  (1827); 
and  the  "Introduction  to  the  Literature  of  Europe  in  the 
16th,  16th,  and  17th  Centuries  "  (1837-39). 

Halland  (hal'land).  A  maritime  laen  of  south- 
em  Sweden,  lying  on  the  Cattegat.  Area,  1,899 
square  miles.     Population  (1893),  137,002. 

Halle,  or  Halle-an-der-Saale  (hal'le-an-der- 
za'le),  formerly  also  Halle-in-Sachsen  (hal'le- 
in-zak'sen).  A  city  in  the  province  of  Saxony, 
Prussia,  on  the  Saale  20  miles  northwest  of 
Leipsic.  it  has  important  salt-works  and  considerable 
trade,  and  manufactures  machinery,  starch,  and  sugar. 
Objects  of  interest  are  the  university,  cathedral,  Markt- 
kirche.  Church  of  St.  Maurice,  Red  'Tower,  Rathaus,  and 
Francke's  Institutions.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  HandeL 
Halle  was  a  Hanseatic  town.  It  was  acquired  by  Bran- 
denburg  in  1648.  The  French  stormed  it  in  1806.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  166,611. 


Halle,  Adam  de  la 

Halle,  Adam  de  la.    See  La  Halle. 

Ealleck  (hal'ek),  Fitz-Greene.  Born  at  Guil- 
ford, Conn.,  July  8, 1790 :  died  at  Guilford,  Nov. 
19,  1867.  An  AJneriean  poet.  He  was  one  of  the 
original  trustees  of  the  Astor  Library  (New  Yorlj).  With 
J.  E.  Dralie  he  wrote  the  "Croaker"  papers  in  the  New 
Yorli  "Evening  Post"  (1819).  Among  his  poems  are 
"Fanny"  (1819X  "Marco  Bozzaris"  (1827).  His  poetical 
worlts  were  edited  and  published  in  1868  by  James  Grant 
Wilson. 

Ealleck,  Henry  Wager.  Bom  at  Westemville, 
Oneida  County,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  16,  1815:  died  at 
Louisyille,  Ky.,  Jan.  9, 1872.  An  American  gen- 
eral. He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1889 ;  served  in  the 
Mexican  war ;  was  promoted  captain  of  engineers  in  1853 ; 
and  in  1854  resigned  his  commission  in  order  to  take  up 
the  practice  of  law  at  San  Francisco.  He  was  appointed 
majo^eneral  in  the  ITnioa  army  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War,  and  assumed  command  of  the  Department  of 
the  Missouri  Nov.  9, 1861,  and  of  the  Department  of  the 
Mississippi  March  11, 1862.  He  commanded  in  person  at 
the  siege  of  Corinth,  which  he  occupied  May  SO,  1862.  He 
assumed  command  as  general-in-chief  of  all  the  armies  of 
the  United  States,  with  headquarters  at  Washington,  July 
11, 1862,  an  ofBce  in  which  he  was  superseded  by  General 
Grant,  March  12,  1864.  He  was  chief  of  staff  to  Grant, 
March  12,  1864,-April  19, 1866,  when  he  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  division  of  the  James.  He  published 
"International  Law"  (1861),  "Elements  of  International 
Law  and  Laws  of  War    (1866),  etc. 

Hallein  (hal'lin) .  A  town  in  Salzburg,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Salzach.  8  miles  south 
of  Salzburg.  It  is  noted  for  its  salt-mines.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  3,945. 

Halleluiah  Victory,  The.  A  victory  said  to 
have  been  gained  by  the  Britons  over  the  Piets 
and  Soots  at  Mold  in  Flintshire,  March  30,  430. 
It  was  named  from  the  war-cry  adopted  by  the  Britons 
at  the  suggestion  of  St.  Germain,  bishop  of  Auxerre,  who 
was  present  at  the  battle. 

Hallenga  (hal-leng'ga).     See  Bisharin. 

Haller  (hal'ler),  iUbrecht  von.  Born  at  Bern, 
Switzerland,  Oct.  16,  1708 :  died  at  Bern,  Dec. 
12,  1777.  A  distinguished  Swiss  physiologist, 
anatomist,  botanist,  and  poet.  He  studied  at  Ttt- 
bingen,  Leyden,  and  Basel ;  traveled  in  France,  England, 
Holland,  and  Germany ;  and  settled  as  a  physician  at  Bern 
In  1729,  where  he  became  city  physician  and  librarian.  His 
works  include  "Elementa  physiologiEe  corporis  humani " 
(1767-66),  "BIbllotheca  botanica  "  (1771-72),  "Bibliotheoa 
anatomica  "  (1774-77),  "  Bibliotheca  chirurgica  "  (1774-75), 
"  Bibliotheoa  medicinse  practicee  "  (1776-87),  "  Iconum 
anatomicarum,  etc."  (1743X  etc. 

Haller,  Berthold.  Bom  at  Aldingen,  near  Eott- 
weil,  Wiirtemberg,  1492 :  died  at  Bern,  Feb.  25, 
1536.  A  Swiss  preacher,  influential  in  estab- 
lishing the  Reformation  at  Bern. 

Halley  (hal'i),  Edmund.  Bom  at  Haggerston, 
Shorediteh,  London,  Nov.  8, 1656:  died  at  Green- 
wich, Jan.  14, 1742.  A  celebrated  English  astron- 
omer. His  father  was  engaged  in  the  business  of  soap- 
boiling  in  London.  He  studied  at  St.  Paul's  School,  and 
In  1673  entered  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  but  left  the  uni- 
versity in  1676  without  taking  a  degree.  His  astronomical 
studies  were  begun  in  his  boyhood  (his  first  communica- 
tion to  the  Boyal  Society  was  sent  before  he  was  20),  and 
in  1676  he  sailed  for  St.  Helena  for  the  purpose  of  observ- 
ing the  positions  of  the  fixed  stars  in  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere. The  importance  of  observations  made  during  this 
trip  led  Flamsteed  to  name  him  "the  Southern  Tycho." 
On  Nov.  7, 1677,  he  made  at  St.  Helena  "  the  first  complete 
observation  of  a  transit  of  Mercury."  In  1678  he  was 
elected  a  fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society.  He  was  a  friend  of 
Sir  Isaac  Newton,  and  printed  the  "  Principia  "  at  his  own 
cost.  He  was  assistant  secretary  of  the  Koyal  Society  and 
editor  of  the  "  Philosophical  Transactions  "  1686-93 ;  was 
appointed  Savilian  professor  of  geometry  at  Oxford  in  1710 ; 
became  secretary  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  1713 ;  and  was 
appointed  successor  to  Flamsteed  as  astronomer  royal  in 
1721.  From  Nov.,  1698,  to  Sept.,  1700,  he  explored  the  South 
Atlantic  in  the  Paramour  Pink  (returning  once  to  Eng- 
land) for  the  purpose  of  studying  the  variation  of  the  com- 
pass and  discovering  southern  lands,  and  reached  lat.  52' 
S.  In  1701,  in  the  same  vessel,  he  surveyed  the  tides  and 
coasts  of  the  English  Channel.  He  is  best  known  from  his 
studies  of  comets.  He  inferredfrom  his  computations  that 
the  comets  of  1631, 1607,  and  1682  were  in  reality  the  same 
body,  -and  predicted  its  return  in  1758,  a  prediction  which 
was  verified  by  its  appearance  on  Christmas  day  of  that 
year.    This  comet  has  since  been  known  by  his  name. 

Hallingdal(hal'liQg-dal).  A  valley  in  southern 
Norway,  about  lat.  60°-61°  N.,  noted  for  its  con- 
nection with,  the  ancient  sagas. 

Halliwell-Phillipps  (hal'i-wel-fil'ips),  James 
Orchard.  Bom  at  Chelsea,  London,  June  21, 
1820 :  died  at  HoUingbury  Copse,  near  Brighton, 
Jan.  3, 1889,  AnEnglish  antiquarian  andShak- 
sperian  scholar.  He  was  the  son  of  Thomas  Halliwell, 
but  in  1872  he  succeeded  to  the  property  of  his  wife's  f  ath  er, 
Thomas  Phillipps,  and  assumed  that  name.  He  became 
connected  with  the  Shakspere  Society  in  1841.  In  March, 
1872,  he  bought  the  theater  at  Stratford-on-Avon ;  he  was 
also  the  means  of  buying  Shakspere's  house,  New  Place,  at 
Stratford-on-Avon,  and  conveyed  it  to  the  corporation  of 
Stratford.  Among  his  works  are  "Early  History  of  Free- 
Maaonry  in  England  "  (1843), "  Nursery  Rhymes  of  England, 
etc." (1845), "  Dictionary  of  Archaic  and  Provincial  Words  " 
(1847),  "Outlines  of  the  Life  of  Shakspere"  (1848).  In 
1853-66he  published  a  folio  edition  of  Shakspere  in  16  vols., 
and  in  1862-71  "Lithographed  Facsimiles  of  the  Shakspe- 
rian  Quartos."  He  edited  many  Middle  English  and  early 
modern  English  works. 


476 

Hall  of  Fame,  G.  Ruhmeshalle  (r6'mes-hai- 
le).  A  building  at  Munich,  Bavaria,  completed 
1853,  consisting  of  a  Greek  Doric  portico,  with 
projecting  wings,  raised  on  a  high  basement  of 
masonry.  The  portico  contains  80  busts  of  celebrated 
Bavarians.  The  colossal  statue  of  Bavaria,  in  bronze,  by 
Schwanthaler,  which  stands  beside  the  Ruhmeshalle,  is  62 
feet  high :  it  represents  a  woman  of  robust  form  holding 
a  wreath  in  her  raised  left  hand,  and  with  the  Bavarian 
lion  sejant  by  her  side. 

Hallowell  (hol'o-wel  or  hal'g-wel).  A  city  in 
Kennebec  County,  Maine,  situated  on  the  Ken- 
nebec 2  miles  south  of  Augusta.  It  exports 
granite.    Population  (1900),  2,714. 

Hallstadt  (hal'stat).  Lake  of.  A  lake  in 
the  Salzkammergut,  Austria-Hungary,  7  miles 
south  of  Ischl,  noted  for  picturesque  scenery. 
Length,  5  miles. 

Hallstatt  (hal'stat).  A  village  in  Upper  Aus- 
tria, Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  BtaUstatter 
See  32  miles  southeast  of  Salzburg:  a  salt- 
mining  center. 

Hallue  (a-lii' ) .  A  small  tributary  of  the  Somme, 
department  of  Somme,  northern  France.  Near 
it,  6  miles  northeast  of  Amiens,  the  Germans  (about  20,- 
000)  under  Manteuffel  defeated  the  French  (40,000-50,000) 
under  Faidherbe,  Dec.  23, 1870. 

Halluin  (a-lu-an').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Nord,  France,  on  the  Belgian  frontier,  near 
the  Lys,  11  miles  north  by  east  of  Lille.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  14,841. 

Hallwyler  (hal'vel-er)  See.  A  lake  in  Switzer- 
land, 16  miles  north  of  Lucerne.  Length,  5i- 
miles. 

Halm  (halm),  Karl  von.  Born  at  Munich,  April 
5, 1809 :  died  there,  Oct.  5, 1882.  A  German  clas- 
sical philolopst  and  critic,  from  1856  director 
of  the  state  library  and  professor  at  the  univer- 
sity in  Munich. 

Halmstad  (halm'stad);  A  seaport  and  the  capi- 
tal of  the  laen  of  Halland,  Sweden,  situated  on 
the  Cattegat,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Nissa,  in  lat. 
56°  40'  N.,  long.  12°  52'  B.  It  has  important  salmon- 
fisheries,  and  is  the  seat  of  an  old  castle.  Population  (1890), 
11,825. 

Halmstad,  Laen  of.    See  Holland. 

Halpine  (hal'pin),  Charles  G.  Born  at  Old- 
castle,  County  Meath,  Ireland,  Nov.,  1829:  died 
at  New  York,  Aug.  3, 1868.  An  American  jour- 
nalist andhumorist,  author  of  the  "  Miles  O'Keil- 
ly  "  papers,  etc.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1861 ; 
became  assistant  editor  of  the  Boston  "Post "  in  1852,  and 
editor  of  the  New  York  "Leader"  in  1857 ;  served  in  the 
Federal  army  1861-64 ;  became  assistant  adjutant-general 
and  colonel  in  1862 ;  and  was  editor  of  the  New  York  "Cit- 
izen "  in  1864,  and  register  of  the  county  of  New  York  in 
1867. 

Hals  (hals),  Frans.  Bom  at  Antwerp  about  1580 : 
died  at  Haarlem,  Netherlands,  Aug.,  1666.  A 
celebrated  Dutch  portrait-painter.  His  works  are 
in  all  the  principal  museums  and  galleries  in  England  and 
on  the  Continent.  The  "Hille  Bobbe  "  in  the  Metropoli- 
tan Museum,  New  Yovlt,  is  probably  by  his  son  Frans. 
There  is  a  genuine  "  Hille  Bobbe  "  in  the  Berlin  Museum. 
Five  of  his  seven  sons  were  painters. 

Halstead  (hal'sted).  AtowninEssex,  England, 
situated  on  the  Colne  43  miles  northeast  of  Lon- 
don.   Population  (1891),  6,056. 

Halybnrton  (hal'i-b6r-tou),  Thomas.  Bom  at 
DuppUn,  Perthshire,  Scotland,  Dec.  25,  1674: 
died  at  St.  Andrews,  Scotland,  Se^t.  23,  1712. 
A  Scottish  divine,  professor  of  divinity  in  St. 
Andrews  University.  His  works,  "Natural  Religion 
Insufficient"  (1714),  "The  Great  Concern  of  Salvation" 
(1721),  etc.,  were  published  posthumously. 

Halys  (ha'lis).  The  ancient  name  of  the  river 
Kizil  Irmak. 

Ham  (ham).  One  of  the  sons  of  Noah,  the  re- 
puted ancestor  of  the  Hamitic  races. 

Ham  (am) .  A  town  in  the  department  of  Somme, 
France,  situated  on  the  Somme  35  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Amiens.  It  is  noted  for  its  castle,  dating 
in  its  present  form  from  the  16th  century :  a  picturesque 
fortress  grouped  about  a  central  cylindrical  donjon  100 
feet  in  diameter  and  100  high,  with  walls  36  feet  thick. 
This  has  long  been  used  as  a  state  prison :  among  the 
prisoners  have  been  Joan  of  Arc,  the  prince  of  CondC  Poli- 
gnac  Louis  Napoleon  (1840-46),  Cavaignac,  and  Changar- 
nler.  It  was  surrendered  to  the  Germans  Nov.  21, 3<S7a 
Population  (1891),  commune,  S,082. 

Hamadan  (hSnma-dan').  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Irak-Ajemi,  Persia,  about  lat.  34°  48' 
N.,  long.  48°  25'  E.  It  has  been  identified  with 
Eebatana.  Population,  estimated,  30,000.  See 
Ecbatana. 

Hamah  (ha'ma).    See  Hamath. 

HamaKha-mal').  [Ar.7w5W»a7,aram.]  Thensual 
name  of  the  second-magnitude  star  a  Arietis,  in 
the  forehead  of  the  animal. 

Haman  (ha'man).  A  Persian  courtier  of  the 
5th  century  B.C.    (See  Esther  iii.-vii. )    He  was 


Hameln,  Piper  of 

hanged  on  the  gallows  he  had  caused  to  be 
made  for  Mordecai. 

Hamann  (ha'man),  Johann  Georg.  Bom  at 
Konigsberg,  Prussia,  Aug.  27,  1730:  died  at 
Miinster,  Prussia,  June  21, 1788.  A  noted  Ger- 
man litterateur  and  philosophical  writer,  sur- 
named  "the  Magus  of  the  North."  His  col- 
lected works  were  edited  by  Eoth  1821-43. 

Hamar  (ha-mar').  A  small  town  in  southern 
Norway,  on  Lake  Mjosen. 

Hamasah(ha-ma'se).  [Ar.,  lit. 'bravery.']  The 
title  of  various  collections  of  Arabian  poems,  of 
which  the  most  celebrated  is  that  in  10  books 
compiled  by  Abu-Teman  in  the  9th  century.  It 
was  edited  with  a  Latin  translation  by  G.  W.  F. 
Freytag  1828-51. 

Hamath  (ha'math).  [Heb.,*  walled  place,'  'for- 
tress.'] A  city  in  upper  Syria,  situated  on  the 
Orontes  in  lat.  35°  10'  N.,  long.  86°  39'  E., 
now  called  Hamah.  Hamath  was  capital  of  a  lung- 
dom  to  which  the  territory  ot  Israel  reached  under  David, 
Solomon,  and  Jeroboam  II.  It  often  came  in  contact  with 
Assyria,  In  the  great  confederation  of  the  12  cities  against 
Shalmaneser  II.,  about  860  B.  0.,  Irhulena,  king  of  Ha- 
math, was,  with  the  King  of  Damascus,  the  leader.  Tiglath- 
Pileser  III.,  about  730  B.  0.,  took  tribute  from  Eni-ilu, 
king  of  Hamath ;  and  Sargon  (722-706)  records  that  he 
"rooted  out  the  land  of  Amatu.  Antiochus  IV.  Epiplia- 
nes  (176-164)  gave  it  the  name  Epiphania,  by  which  it 
was  known  to  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  In  639  A.  D.  it 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Arabs.  The  Arab  historian  Abul- 
feda  was  its  governor  1310-31.  Hamath  is  in  Gen.  x.  18 
enumerated  among  the  descendants  of  Canaan,  The  Ha. 
matites  were  closely  akin  to  the  Hittites,  if  not  a  Hittite 
division.  Of  late,  what  are  supposed  to  be  Hittite  inscrip- 
tions have  been  discovered  in  Hamath. 

Hamaxiki.    See  Levkas. 

Hambach  (ham'baeh).  A  village  in  the  circle 
of  Neustadt,  Bavarian  Palatinate.  At  the  castle 
here  a  political  assembly  of  about  20,000  persons  (Ham- 
bacher  Fest)  was  held  May  27, 1832.  This  is  noteworthy  as 
the  first  public  appearance  of  the  republican  party  in  Ger- 
many. 

Hamblet  (ham'blet),  Prince  of  Denmarke, 
Hystorie  of.  A  translation  from  one  of  Belle- 
forest's  "  Histoires  tragiques."  The  original  was 
written  in  1670,  and  the  translation  was  made  soon  after. 
It  is  in  black-letter  quarto.  There  can  be  very  little  doubt 
that  Shakspere  took  his  "Hamlet"  from  it. 

Hamburg  (ham'berg;  G.  pron.  ham'bSro).  [D. 
Hambro,  Dan.  Hamiorg,  F.  Hambourg,  It.  Am- 
burgo,  Sp.  Hamburgo.J  A  state  of  the  German 
Empire,  comprising  the  city  of  Hamburg,  its 
suburbs,  the  neighboring  territory  of  Bergedorf 
and  some  smaller  districts,  and  the  outlying 
territory  of  Ritzebuttel,  inclosed  in  Prussia.  It 
is  a  republic,  having  a  Senate  (18  members)  and  a  Bilrger- 
schaf  t  or  House  of  Burgesses  (160  members).  It  has  1  mem- 
ber in  the  Bundesrat,  and  3  in  the  Reichstag.  The  pre- 
vailing religion  is  Protestant.  (For  history,  see  Hamourg 
(city),  below.)  Area,  1.58  square  miles.  Population  (1900), 
768,349. 

Hamburg.  [D.  Hambro,  Hamborgh,  Dan.  Sw. 
Samborg,  P.  Hamlowg,  Sp.  Pg.  Hambv/rgo,  It. 
Ambv/rgo,  ML.  Hamburgum,  Hambwrga,  from  G. 
HamburgjQiH.Gr.Hammaburg.']  Afree city,form- 
ing  with  its  territory  a  state  of  the  German  Em- 
pire. The  city  is  situated  on  the  Elbe,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Alster,  in  lat.  63°  33'  N. ,  long.  9°  58'  E.  It  is  the  most  impor- 
tant seaport  of  Germany,  and,  next  to  London,  Liverpool, 
and  Glasgow,  the  chief  commercial  place  in  Europe.  It 
trades  especially  with  Great  Britain,  the  United  States,  and 
northern  Europe ;  is  an  important  place  of  embarkation 
for  emigrants;  and  is  the  terminus  of  various  steamship 
lines,  including  the  Hamburg- American  to  New  York.  Its 
exports  are  grain,  iron,  fancy  goods,  butter,  hides,  etc.  The 
city  consists  of  the  Altstadt  andjNeustadt,  and  the  suburbs 
of  St.  Georg  and  St.  Pauli.  Altona  adjoins  it.  There  are 
extensive  harbors  and  quays.  St.  Nicholas,  one  of  the 
most  important  of  modern  churches  in  the  Pointed  style, 
was  built  by  Sir  Q.  Gilbert  Scott.  Tlie  architecture  repre- 
sents the  most  ornate  type  ot  the  13th  century,  with  pro- 
fuse sculpture  inside  and  out.  The  length  is  285  feet ;  that 
of  the  transepts,  161.  The  western  spire  is  473  feet  high, 
and  is  surpassed  In  Europe  only  by  the  cathedrals  of  Co- 
logne, Ulm,  and  Rouen,  and  the  Eiffel  Tower.  Other  ob- 
jects of  interest  are  the  Church  of  St.  Peter,  exchange, 
Johanneum  (library,  museum),  Lake  Binnen-Alster,  Eunst- 
halle  (picture-gallery),  zoological  garden,  and  museums. 
Hamburg  was  founded  about  808,  and  was  the  seat  of  an 
archbishopric  884-1223.  It  was  one  of  the  chief  Hanseatic 
cities.  Its  position  as  a  free  imperial  city  was  acknow- 
ledged in  1610.  The  Reformation  was  introduced  in  1629. 
It  was  incorporated  with  France  in  1810 ;  an  attempt  at 
rebellion  was  punished  by  Davout  in  1813  ;  and  it  regained 
its  freedom  in  1814.  It  has  been  successively  a  member  of 
the  GermanicConfederation.NorthGerm  an  Confederation, 
and  German  Empire.  In  1842  it  suffered  from  a  fire.  It 
joined  the  Zollverein  in  1888.  Population  (1900),  with 
suburbs,  705,738. 

Hamefkuttelli.    See  Atuamili. 

Hameln  (ha'meln).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hannover,  Prussia,  on  the  Hamel  and  Weser 
24  miles  south  of  Hannover,  it  is  noted  in  connec- 
tion with  the  legendary  "piper  of  Hameln  "  (see  below), 
and  contains  the  "Rattenftogerhaus."  It  was  the  scene 
of  a  Swedish  victory  over  thelmperialists  In  1633.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  commune,  13,675. 

Hameln  (ha'meln),  or  Hamelin  (ham'e-lin). 
Piper  of,  or  The  Pied  Piper  of.    In  medieval 


Hameln,  Piper  of 

legend,  a  magician  who  in  the  year  1284,  for  a 
stipulated  sum  of  money,  freed  the  town  of 
Hameln  from  a  plague  of  rats  by  playing  on 
his  pipe  and  leading  the  vermin,  which  fol- 
lowed the  music,  into  the  river  where  they  were 
drowned,  when  the  townsmen  refused  to  pay  the 
money,  the  piper  returned  and,  again  playing  on  his 
magical  pipe,  led  the  way  through  the  Bungen-Strasse  out 
of  the  town,  this  time  followed  by  130  children.  He  led 
them  to  a  hill  called  the  Koppenberg,  into  which  they  all 
entered  and  disappeared.  The  event  is  recorded  in  inscrip- 
tions on  the  Rathaus  and  elsewhere  in  the  town,  and  was 
long  regarded  as  historical.  The  legend  has  been  told  in 
nme  by  Robert  Browning.  He  apparently  founded  it  on 
Verstegan's  account  in  his  "Restitution  of  Decayed  Intel- 
ligence "  (1634).  Brandenburg,  Lorch,  and  other  towns 
have  a  similar  tradition,  and  there  are  Chinese  and  Persian 
legends  much  resembling  it. 

Hamerling  (ha'mer-ling),  Robert,  Bom  at 
Kirohberg,  Lower  Austria,  March  24, 1830:  died 
atGratz,  July  13, 1889.  An  Austrian  poet.  His 
worlts  include  the  epic  poems  "Ahasver  in  Rom  "  (1866), 
"Der  Konig  von  Sion  "  (1868),  etc. 

Hamerton  (ham'^r-ton),  Philip  Gilbert.  Bom 

Sept.  10,  1834 :  died'  Nov.  6,  1894.  An  Eng- 
lish writer  on  art,  landscape-painter,  and  etcher. 
His  works  include  "Thoughts  about  Art '  (1862),  "Etching 
and  Etchers "  (186flX  "Contemporary  French  Painters 
0867),  "  Painting  in  France,  etc. "  (1868),  "  The  Intellectual 
life "(1878),  "The  Graphic  Arts "' (1882),  "Human  Inter- 
course "  (1884).  He  also  wi'ote  several  romances,  and  re- 
printed (1888)  his  articles  written  for  "The  Portfolio,"  an 
art  periodical  which  he  planned  in  1869 ;  and  in  1889  he 
published  "  French  and  English :  a  Comparison,"  founded 
on  his  contributions  to  the  "  Atlantic  Monthly." 

Eami  (ha-me'),  or Khamil  (kha-mel').  Atown 
in  Sungaria,  Chinese  empire,  situated  about 
lat.  42°  50'  N.,  long.  93°  40'  (?)  E. :  an  important 
trading  center. 

Hamilcar  (ha-mil'kar),  sumamed  Barca  (bar'- 
ka)  or  Barcas  (barytas).  Killed  in  Spain,  229 
or  228  B.  c.  A  Carthaginian  general.  He  held 
Mount  Ercte  (Monte  Pellegrino),  Sicily,  against  theRomans 
247-244 ;  held  Mount  Eryx  244-241 ;  suppressed  the  war 
with  the  mercenaries  241-238;  and  began  the  reduction 
of  Spain  to  a  Carthaginian  province. 

Hamilton  (ham'il-ton).  A  town  in  Lanarkshire, 
Scotland,  on  the  Clyde,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Avon.  10  miles  southeast  of  Glasgow.  Near  it  is 
Hamilton  Palace,  a  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Hamilton,  formerly 
noted  for  its  pictures  and  other  art  treasures  that  were 
sold  by  auction  in  1882.  The  ruined  Cadzow  Castle,  the 
former  seat  of  the  Hamiltons,  is  in  the  vicinity.  Bothwell 
Bridge  is  near  by.  Hamilton  belongs  to  the  Falkirk  district 
of  parliamentary  burghs.    Population  (1891),  24,863. 

Hamilton,  A  town  in  Victoria,  Australia,  situ- 
ated on  Grange  Bume  creek  in  lat.  37"  44'  S., 
long.  142°  1'  E. 

Hamilton.  The  capital  of  the  Bermudas,  situ- 
ated on  Great  Bermuda,  the  largest  of  the  group. 

Hamilton,  A  city  and  lake  port,  the  capital  of 
Wentworth  County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated 
on  Burlington  Bay,  western  end  of  Lake  On- 
tario, 36  miles  southwest  of  Toronto,  it  is  at  the 
head  of  navigation  on  Lake  Ontario,  and  has  important 
commerce  and  manufactures.    Population  (1901),  52,634. 

Hamilton,  A  town  in  Madison  County,  New 
York,  situated  on  the  Chenango  Eiver  36  miles 
southeast  of  Syracuse,  It  is  the  seat  of  the 
Baptist  institutions  Hamilton  Theological  Sem- 
inary and  Colgate  (formerly  Madison)  Univer- 
sity, 

Hamilton,  A  manufacturing  city,  capital  of 
Butler  County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the_Miami 
Eiver  20  miles  north  of  Cincinnati.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  23,914. 

Hamilton.  A  family  of  the  Scottish  nobility 
descended  from  Sir  Gilbert  de  Hamilton  (13th 
century) .  The  leading  representatives  are  the  Dukes  of 
Abercorn  and  Hamilton.  The  present  (13th)  Duke  of  Ham- 
ilton (surname,  Douglas-Hamilton)  is  the  premier  peer  of 
Scotland. 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  Born  in  the  island  of 
Nevis,  West  Indies,  Jan.  11, 1757 :  died  at  New 
York,  July  12,  1804.  A  celebrated  American 
statesman.  He  settled  in  New  York  in  1772  ;  attracted 
attention  as  a  pamphleteer  in  the  political  agitation  pre- 
ceding the  Revolution,  1774-76  ;  entered  the  Continental 
service  as  an  artillery  captain  in  1776;  was  a  member  of 
Washington's  staff  1777-81 ;  served  with  distinction  at 
Yorktown  in  1781 ;  was  a  member  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress 1782-83,  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787,  and 
of  the  New  York  ratifying  convention  in  1788  ;  was  secre- 
taiy  of  the  treasury  1789-95 ;  was  appointed  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  army  in!1799 ;  and  was  mortally  wounded  by 
Aaron  Burr  in  a  duel  at  Weehawken,  New  Jersey,  July  11, 
1804.  He  was  the  chief  author  of  the  "Federalist  "(which 
see).  His  works  have  been  edited  by  his  son  J.  C.  Hamil- 
ton (7  vols.,  1851).  See  "Lives  "  by  J.  C.  Hamilton  (1834-40), 
Renwick  (1841),  Morse  (1876),  Shea  (1880),  and  Lodge 
(1882). 

Hamilton,  Count  Anthony.  Bom  probably 
at  Roscrea,  Tipperary,  Ireland^  1646 :  died  at 
St.-Germain-en-Laye,  France,  Aug.  6,  1720.  A 
French  author,  of  British  descent,  third  son  of 
Sir  George  Hamilton  (fourth  son  of  the  first 
Earl  of  Abercorn),  and  brother-in-law  of  the 


477 

Comte  de  Gramont  whose  "M^moires"  he 
wrote  (1713).  He  also  wrote  "  Contes  de  faerie,"  etc. 
His  complete  works  were  published  in  1812. 

Hamilton,  Claud,  Lord  Paisley,  commonly 
called  Lord  Claud  Hamilton.  Bom  about 
1543:  died  1622.  A  Scottish  politician,  fourth 
son  of  the  second  Earl  of  Arran.  He  fought  for 
Queen  Mary  at  the  battle  of  Langside ;  was  implicated 
in  the  assassination  of  the  regent  Murray ;  was  driven  from 
Scotland  in  1579 ;  entered  the  service  of  Queen  Elizabeth  ; 
and  returned  to  Scotland,  becoming  there  a  leader  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  party. 

Hamilton,  Elizabeth.  Bom  at  Belfast,  July 
21,  1758:  died  at  Harrogate,  England,  July  23, 
1816.  A  British  writer.  She  wrote  "  A  Hindoo  Ra- 
]ah"(a  series  of  criticisms  on  England,  1796),  "Memoirs 
of  Modern  Philosophies  "  (a  humorous  work,  1800),  "  Let- 
ters on  Education  (1801-02),  "  The  Cottagers  of  Glenbur- 
nie  "  {1808),  etc. 

Hamilton,  Lady  (Emma  Lyon).  Bom  about 
1761 :  died  at  Calais,  Jan.  15, 1815.  An  English- 
woman, wife  of  Sir  William  Hamilton  (ambas- 
sador at  Naples),  and  mistress  of  Lord  Nelson. 
She  was  of  humble  birth,  illiterate,  and  of  loose  charac- 
ter, mistress  of  several  persons,  including  Charles  GrevUle 
and  Sir  William  Hamilton  before  she  married  the  latter. 
In  early  life  she  possessed  great  beauty  of  face  and  figure : 
later  she  became  very  fleshy.  She  attained  considerable 
social  success,  became  an  intimate  friend  of  Queen  Maria 
Carolina  of  Naples,  and  played  a  somewhat  important  part 
in  the  political  intrigues  of  that  court  in  relation  to  Eng- 
land. Nelson  first  met  her  in  1793  at  Naples.  She  was 
arrested  and  imprisoned  for  debt  in  1813,  but  was  released 
in  the  following  year. 

Hamilton,  Frank  Hastings.  Bom  at  Wil- 
mington, Vt.,  Sept.  10, 1813 :  died  in  New  York 
city,  Aug.  11,  1886.  An.  American  surgeon. 
He  was  connected  with  Bellevue  Hospital,  New  York 
city,  from  1861  untU  his  death,  occupying  the  chair  of  the 
principles  and  practice  of  surgery  in  the  Bellevue  Medi- 
cal College  1868-75.  He  wrote  "A  Practical  Treatise  on 
Fractures  and  Dislocations  "  (1860),  "The  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Sui'gery  "  (1872),  etc. 

Hamilton,  Gail.  The  nom  de  plume  of  Mary 
Abigail  Dodge. 

Hamilton,  Gavin.  Bom  at  Lanark,  1730  :  died 
at  Rome,  1797.  A  Scottish  painter  and  anti- 
quarian. He  painted  chiefly  classical  (Homeric)  sub- 
jects. His  most  important  labors  were  his  excavations  in 
Italy,  which  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  many  remains  of 
antiquity.  He  conducted  explorations  at  Hadrian's  villa 
near  Tivoli,  on  the  Via  Appia,  about  the  Alban  Mountains, 
and  elsewhere. 

Hamilton,  Lord  George  Francis.     Bom  at 

Brighton,  England,  Dec.  17, 1845.  An  English 
politician,  third  son  of  the  first  Duke  of  Aber- 
corn. He  was  vice-president  of  the  committee  of  coun- 
cil on  education  1878-80,  first  lord  of  the  admiralty  1885-86 
and  1886-92,  and  secretary  of  state  for  India  1896-1903. 

Hamilton,  James,  second  Lord  Hamilton  and 
first  Earl  of  Arran.  Born  about  1477:  died  be- 
fore July  21,  1529.  A  Scottish  politician,  son 
of  James,  first  Lord  Hamilton.  He  was  created  earl 
of  Arran  by  James  IT.  in  1503,  and  in  1513  commanded 
an  expedition  sent  to  aid  the  King  of  France  against  Eng- 
land. He  supported  the  regent  Albany  during  the  minor- 
ity of  James  V.,  and  in  1517  was  appointed  a  member  of 
the  council  of  regency,  of  which  he  became  president. 

Hamilton,  James,  second  Earl  of  Arran,  and 
Duke  of  Ch&tellerault.  Died  at  Hamilton,  Scot- 
land, Jan.  22, 1575.  A  Scottish  statesman,  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Scotland  during  the  mi- 
nority of  Mary  in  1542.  He  was  forced  by  the 
queen  dowager  to  abdicate  in  1554. 

Hamilton,  James,  Bom  1769:  died  at  Dublin, 
Sept.  16, 1829.  A  British  teacher,  known  as 
the  advocate  of  a  particular  method  of  instruc- 
tion in  languages.  The  "  HamUtonian  "  method  was 
based  on  a  literal  rendering  of  the  text  (prior  to  the  study 
of  grammar)  and  the  use  of  interlinear  teanslations. 

Hamilton,  James,  Bom  at  Charleston,  S.  C, 
May  8,  1786 :  lost  at  sea,  1857.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  member  of  Congress  (Democrat) 
from  South  Carolina  1823-29,  and  governor  of  South  Caro- 
lina 1830-32.  While  governor  he  advised  the  legislature 
to  pass  the  Nullification  Act,  and  was  subsequentlyin  com- 
mand of  the  troops  raised  for  the  defense  of  the  State  un- 
der this  act. 

Hamilton,  James.  Bom  at  Paisley,  Scotland, 
Nov.  27,  1814:  died  at  London,  Nov.  24,  1867. 
A  British  Presbyterian  clergyman  and  religious 
author, minister  of  Regent  Square  Church,  Lon- 
don, 1841-67.  He  published  "  Lite  in  Earnest "  (1844), 
"The  Royal  Preacher  "(1851),  etc.,  and  edited  "Our  Chris- 
tian Classics"  (1857-59). 

Hamilton,  Patrick.  Bom  about  1504:  burned 
at  St.  Andrews,  Feb.  29, 1528.  A  Scottish  Re- 
former, son  of  Sir  Patrick  Hamilton,  and  grand- 
son of  the  first  Lord  Hamilton.  He  adopted  and  ad- 
vocated the  doctrines  of  the  Reformation,  and  was  put  to 
death  as  a  heretic. 

Hamilton,  Pa1ll,  Bom  in  St.  Paul's  parish, 
S.  C,  Oct.  16,  1762:  died  at  Beaufort,  S.  C, 
June  30, 1816.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
comptroller  of  South  Carolina  1799-1804 ;  governor  1804-06 ; 
and  was  secretary  of  the  navy  during  the  first  administra^ 
Hon  of  James  Madison,  1809-13.  He  endeavored  to  enforce 
the  embargo  policy  of  the  government  at  the  beginning 


Hamites 

of  the  War  of  1812,  and  it  was  in  spite  of  his  mandate  "to 
remain  in  Boston  until  further  orders  "  that  Hull  in  the 
Constitution  gained  the  victory  over  the  Guerrifere. 
Hamilton,  Robert.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  June 
11, 1743 :  died  July  14, 1829.  A  Scottish  mathe- 
matician and  economist,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  Aberdeen.  He  wrote  an  "  Inquiry  concern- 
ing the  Rise  and  Progress  ...  of  the  National  Debt  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  "  (1813),  etc. 

Hamilton,  Schuyler.  Bom  at  New  York,  July 
25,  1822 :  died  March  18,  1903.  An  American 
general,  son  of  J.  C.  Hamilton.  He  published 
"History  of  the  National  Flag"  (1853). 

Hamilton,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Glasgow,  1789: 
died  at  Pisa,  Italy,  Deo.  7,  1842.  A  Scottish 
author,  brother  of  Sir  William  Hamilton  (1788- 
1856).  Hewrote  "Cyril Thornton " (1827),  "Annalsof  the 
Peninsular  Campaign  "  (1829), "  Men  and  Manners  in  Amer- 
ica "(1833). 

Hamilton,William.  Born  at  Bangour,  Linlith- 
gowshire, 1704 :  died  at  Lyons,  France,  March 
25,  1754.  A  Scottish  poet,  author  of  the  ballad 
"Braes  of  Yarrow"  and  other  poems.  His  col- 
lected works  were  published  in  1760. 

Hamilton,  Sir  WiUiam.  Born  Deo.  13,  1730: 
died  at  London,  April  6, 1803.  A  British  diplo- 
matist and  archaeologist,  grandson  of  the  third 
Duke  of  Hamilton.  He  was  British  envoy  at  Naples 
1764-1800.  He  made  extensive  collections  of  ancient  works 
of  art,  coins,  etc.,  many  of  wliich  were  purchased  for  the 
British  Museum.  Hepurchased  from  itsfinderthe  "War- 
wick vase  "  (now  at  Warwick  Castle),  and  bought  the  cele- 
brated "Portland  vase"  (which  see),  selling  it  again  to  the 
Duchess  of  Portland.  His  second  wife  was  the  notorious 
mistress  of  Lord  Nelson. 

Hamilton,  Sir  William.  Bom  at  Glasgow, 
March  8, 1788:  died  at  Edinburgh,  May  6, 1856. 
A  Scottish  philosopher.  He  was  made  professor  of 
civil  history  at  Edinburgh  in  1821,  and  was  professor  of 
logic  and  metaphysics  there  1836-56.  He  published  "  Phi- 
losophy of  the  Unconditioned  "  (1829),  and  other  contribu- 
tions to  the  "Edinburgh  Review,"  collected  as  "Discus- 
sions in  Philosophy,  Literature,  and  Education  "  (1852-55)^ 
and  edited  Reid's  works  (1846)  and  Stewart's  works  (1864- 
1855).  His  lectures  on  "  Metaphysics  "  and  "  Logic  were 
edited  by  Mansel  and  Veitch  (1858-60).  See  "Life"  by 
Veltoh  (1869). 

Hamilton,  William  Gerard.  Bom  at  London, 
Jan.  28,  1729:  died  there,  July  16,  1796.  An 
English  politician.  He  was  elected  to  Parliament  in 
1754,  and,  Nov.  13, 1755,  during  the  debate  on  the  address, 
delivered  his  maiden  speech,  which,  as  it  remained  his 
most  notable  effort,  procured  for  him  the  nickname  "  sin- 
gle-speech Hamilton."  He  was  a  commissioner  for  trade 
and  plantations  1766-61,  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
in  Ireland  1763-84. 

Hamilton,  William  Bichard.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  9,  1777:  died  there,  July  11, 1859.  An 
English  antiquary  and  diplomatist.  He  was  secre- 
tary to  Lord  Elgin,  ambassador  at  Constantinople,  and 
aided  him  in  securing  and  bringing  away  the  Elgin  mar- 
bles (which  see).  In  1809  he  became  Under-Secretary  of 
state  for  foreign  affairs,  and  was  minister  at  Naples  1822- 
1825.  He  wrote  ' '  .^gyptiaca,  or  some  Account  of  the  An. 
tient  and  Modern  State  of  Egypt,  etc."  (1809). 

Hamilton,  Sir  William  Bowan,.  Bom  at  Dub- 
lin, Aug.  3-4, 1805 :  died  Sept.  2, 1865.  A  cele- 
brated British  mathematician.  He  was  remarkably 
precocious,  especially  in  the  study  of  languages,  knowing, 
it  is  said,  at  least  13  at  the  age  of  12 ;  entered  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  in  1823 ;  in  1824  discovered  by  theoretical 
reasoning  conical  refraction ;  was  appointed  in  1827,  before 
graduation,  professor  of  astronomy  and  superintendent  of 
the  observatory ;  and  became  president  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy  in  1837.  He  is  especially  celebrated  as  the  in- 
ventor of  quaternions.  He  wrote  "Lectures  on  Quater* 
nions  "  (1863),  "  The  Elements  of  Quaternions  "  (1866),  etc. 

Hamilton  College,  Au  institution  of  learn- 
ing at  Clinton,  Oneida  County,  New  York,  con- 
trolled by  the  Presbyterians,  it  was  founded  as 
an  academy  by  Samuel  Eirkland  in  1793,  and  chartered 
as  a  college  in  1812.  Connected  with  it  are  the  Maynard- 
Knox  Law  School  and  the  Litchfield  Observatory.  It  has 
about  20  instructors  and  150  students. 

HamirpUT  (hum-er-p6r').  1.  A  district  in  the 
Allahabad  division.  Northwest  Provinces,  Brit- 
ish India,  intersected  by  lat.  25°  30'  N.,  long. 
80°  B.  Population,  529,137.-2.  The  capital 
of  the  Hamirpur  district,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Betwa  with  the  Jumna,  in  lat.  25° 
57'  N.,  long.  80°  12'  E. 

Hamites  (ham'its).  [Prom  Ham,  the  son  of 
Noah.]  A  race  generally  counted  with  the 
white  race,  together  with, their  Semitic  neigh- 
bors and  kinsmen,  but  in  which,  from  the  earli- 
est times,  3  varieties  (a  pale  and  red-haired, 
a  reddish,  and  a  dark-brown)  have  been  dis- 
tinguished. The  blond  type  is  found  among  the  Ber- 
bers ;  the  reddish  among  the  Egyptians  and  Bedja ;  the 
dark-"brown  or  black  among  the  Somal,  the  Galla,  and  the 
Fulbe  or  Fulahs.  In  these  three  the  admixture  of  Ni- 
gritic  blood  is  evident.  The  earliest  civilisation  of  man- 
kind (that  of  Egypt,  to  which  all  the  others  seem  to  be  di- 
rectly or  indirectly  indebted)  flourished  among  the  Ham- 
ites of  the  reddish  type,  in  the  Lower  Nile  valley.  The 
Hamitic  family  of  languages  is  generally  divided  into  3 
subgroups :  (a)  the  Libyan  or  Berber,  spoken  from  the 
Canary  Islands  to  Egypt;  (i)  the  Egyptian,  compris- 
ing Old  Egyptian  and  Coptic  with  its  4  dialects ;  (c)  the 


478 

Hammer  of  Heretics,  The.  [L.  Malleus  Me- 
reticorum.]  A  surname  of  Pierre  d'Ailly,  presi- 
dent of  the  Conneil  of  Constance  1414-18,  and 
also  of  St.  Augustine 


Hamites 

Ethiopic,  including  tlie  Bedja,  Dankali,  Somali,  Galla, 

Agau,  Saiio,  and  Bllin.    Tlie  Etbiopic  is  also  called  Cush- 

itic  or  Putdc.     Lately  the  Fulah  cluster  has  been  added 

by  some  to  the  preceding,  as  prevailingly  Hamitic.  Owing 

to  ethnic  and  linguistic  mixtures  with  negroes,  it  is  im- 

possible  to  draw  a  clear  line  between  Hamitic  and  Bantu-  Hammer   Of  Scotland,  The 

negro  languages  or  tribes.     Even  the  Hausa  and  Hotten-     —       —  -         -  -      —      - 

tot  languages  show  traces  of  Hamitic  structure.     The 

Hamitic  languages  are  sometimes  called  semi-  or  suh- 

SemUic.     In  eastern  North  Africa  they  are  intermixed 

geographically  with  the  Semitic ;  in  western  North  Africa, 

the  Semitic  are  superposed  on  the  Hamitic.    See  African 

languages  iunieTj/rica,),  Pvlah,  Hottentot,  Berber,  Bantu. 
Hamitic  (ha-mit'ik).    Bee  Samites. 
Hamlet  (ham'let),  or  Amlet.    A  mythieal  or 

semi-historical  Danish  prince  whose  story,  origi- 
nating in  a  Danish  saga,  is  given  by  Saxo-Gram- 

maticus.    This  story  is  given  in  a  French  version  by 

Belleforest  in  1570  in  the  filth  volume  of  his  "  Histoires 

tragiques."    The  English  translation  of  this  latter  was 

published  as  "  Hystorie  of  Hamblet,"  and  it  was  also  made 


Hancock,  Albany 

south,  and  Wilts  and  Dorset  on  the  west.-  it  in. 
eludes  the  Isle  of  Wight.  It  istraversedbytheNorthaud 
South  Downs.  The  New  Forest  is  situated  in  the  southwest 
of  it.  It  contains  many  Boman  antiquities.  Area,  1,621 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  690,086. 
A  surname  of  Hampstead(hamp'sted).  [AS.  Somsfede,  home- 
stead.] A  borough  (municipal)  of  London, 
situated  4i  miles  northwest  of  St.  Paul's,  it  was 
formerly  noted  for  its  mineral  sprmgs,  and  as  a  literary 
center.  It  returns  1  member  to  Parliament.  Hampstead 
Heath  is  a  well-known  pleasure-resort.  Population  (1891X 
68,425. 

Hampton  (hamp'ton).  A  village  inMiddlesex, 
England,  14  miles  west-southwest  of  London. 
Population  (1891),  5,822. 


King  Edward  I.  of  England, 

Eammer-Purgstall  (ham'mer-porg'stal),  Jo- 
seph von.  Bom  at  Grratz,  Styria,  June  9, 1774: 
died  at  Vienna,  Nov.  23,  1856.  An  Austrian 
Orientalist  and  historian.  He  published  "  6e- 
schichte  des  osmanischen  Keichs"  (1827-34),  "Geschichte 
der  goldenen  Horde "  (1840),  "  Geschichte  der  osmanis- 
chen Dichtkunst "  (1836-38),  "  Geschichte  der  arabischen 
Litteratur  "  (1860-67),  Oriental  texts,  etc.  _  __^_ 

Hammersmith  (ham'er-smith).  A  borough  Hampton.  The  capital  of  Elizabeth  City  Coun. 
(municipal)  of  London,  situated  north  of  the  ty,  Virginia,  situated  on  Hampton  Eoads  15 
Thames,  6  miles  west  lay  south  of  St.  Paul's:  miles  north-northwest  of  Norfolk:  seat  of 
formerly  noted  for  market-gardens  and  nurser-  Hampton  Normal  and  Agricultural  Institute 
ies.  ItreturnslmembertoPaTUament.Pop.(1891),97,23r,  Jwhich  see).     Population  (1900),  3,441 


s?aX?J.S?SMksp:r'^l''.S^^^^ 


tions  a  play  of  this  nameas represented  atNewingtonButts, 
June 9, 1594,  which  was  an  "old  play."  Shakspere's  "Ham- 
let "  was  played  in  1600  or  1601,  and  printed  first  in  1603. 
It  was  entered  on  the  "  Stationers'  Register,"  July  26, 1602, 
"A  booke  called  the  Revenge  of  Hamlett  Prince  Denmarke 
as  yt  was  latelie  Acted  by  the  Lord  Chamberleyne  his  Ser- 
vantes."  This  was  a  very  imperfect  text,  known  as  tlie 
first  quarto.  The  second  quarto,  published  in  1604,  was  a 
good  text,  thought  to  be  as  Shakspere  left  it.  The  third 
quarto,  a  reprint  of  the  second,  appeared  in  1605 ;  thef  ourth 
in  1611.  There  is  a  fifth  quari»,  undated.  No  others  ap- 
peared during  Shakspere's  lifetime.  The  4  folios  are  es- 
sentially the  same  text,  which  differs  from  the  quartos. 
The  German  play  "  Der  Bestrafte  Brudermord,  oder  Prinz 
Hamlet  aus  Dsennemark"  ("Fratricide  punished, or  Prince 
Hamlet  of  Denmark ")  is  now  thought  to  be  probably  a 
weak  copy  of  the  old  play  preceding  the  1603  quarto.  Itj 
is  not  known  precisely  when  it  appeared,  but  it  was  early 
in  the  17th  century.  (See  Shakspere.)  About  the  charac- 
ter of  Hamlet  and  his  real  or  feigned  insanity  there  has 
been  much  controversy.  He  shows  the  unfitness  of  a 
thoughtful  man  who  sees  both  sides  of  a  subject  to  deal 
with  questions  requiring  prompt  action  under  extraordi- 
nary circumstances. 
Hamlet.  An  opera  by  Ambroise  Thomas,  first 
produced  at  Paris  in  1868.  The  French  words  are 
by  Barbler  and  Carr^,  after  Shakspere.  It  was  produced 
in  London  in  Italian  as  "Amleto  "  in  1869. 

Hamley  (ham'li).  Sir  Edward  Bruce.  Bom  at 
Bodmin,  Cornwall,  April  27, 1824 :  died  Aug.  12, 
1893.  A  British  soldier  and  author.  He  entered  the 
army  in  1843 ;  served  in  the  Crimean  war ;  was  professor  of 
militaryblstory  at  the  StaffCoUege,  Sandhurst,  1868-64,and 
commandant  of  the  Staff  College  1870-77 ;  was  chief  of  the 
commission  for  the  delimitation  of  the  Balkan  and  Arme- 
nian frontiers  1879-80 ;  and  commanded  a  division  in  the 
Egyptian  war  of  1882.  Among  his  works  are  "The  Opera- 
tions of  War  Explained  and  Illustrated  "  (1866),  and  "  The 
Strategical  Conditions  of  our  Indian  Northwest  Frontier" 
(1879). 

Hamlin  (ham'lin),  Hannibal.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Maine,  Aug.  27,  1809 :  died  at  Bangor,  Maine, 
July  4, 1891.  An  American  statesman.  He  was  a 
memberof  Congress  from  Maine  1843-47;  United  States  sen- 
ator 1848-67;  governor  of  Maine  in  1857;  United  States  sen- 
ator 1857-81  ;  Vice-President  1861-65 ;  United  States  senator 
1869-81 ;  and  United  States  minister  to  Spain  1881-83.  He 
was  originally  a  Democrat,  but  differed  with  his  party  on 
the  question  of  slavery,  and  joined  the  Republicans  about 
1855. 

Hamm  (ham) .  Atown  in  the  province  of  West- 
phalia, Prussia,  at  the  junction  of  the  Ahse 
and  Lippe,  22  miles  south-southeast  of  Miin- 
ster.  It  manufactures  engines,  tacks,  etc.;  is  an  impor- 
tant railway  junction ;  and  has  warm  baths.  It  was  the 
ancient  capital  of  the  county  of  Mark.  Population  (1890), 
10,503 ;  commune,  24,969. 

Hammarskiold  (ham '  mar  -  sheld),  Lorenzo 


Aug.  18, 1605 :  died  at  Westwood,  Worcester- 
shire, April  25,  1660.  An  English  divine  and 
scholar.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Magdalen  College)  In 
■  1622 ;  obtained  the  living  of  Penshurst,  Kent,  in  1633 ;  be- 
came archdeacon  of  Chichester  in  1643 ;  sided  with  the 
Royalists  in  tiie  civU  war ;  and  was  a  canon  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1645-48.  Hammond  was  a  chaplain  of  the 
king,  but  was  not  allowed  to  attend  him  in  his  last  days. 
He  settled  at  Westwood  in  Worcestershire  about  1649,  and 
remained  there  until  his  death.  He  was  a  voluminous 
writer. 

iHammond,  James  Henry.  Born  at  New- 
berry, S.  C.,  Nov.  15,  1807:  died  at  Beach  Isl- 
and, S.  C,  Nov.  13,  1864.  An  American  poli- 
tician, governor  Of  South  Carolina  1842-44,  and 
United  States  senator  1857-60. 

Hammond,  Samuel.  Bom  in  Richmond  County, 
Va.,  Sept.  21,  1757:  died  at  Hors.e  Creek,  Ga., 
Sept.  11,  1842.  An  American  Revolutionary 
commander  and  politician, 


12  nSles  from  Charing  Cross,  built  by  Cardinal 
Wolsey.  A  great  part  of  the  highly  picturesque  battle- 
mented  Tudor  buildings  In  red  brick,  surrounding  3  courts, 
still  remains.  The  property  originally  consisted  of  about 
1,000  acres  of  more  or  less  barren  land  belonging  to  the 
Knight  Hospitallers  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  It  was  leased 
from  the  Priory  of  St.  John  in  1616  by  Thomas  Wolsey,  arch- 
bishop of  York  and  primate  of  England,  who  erected  the 
original  Gothic  palace.  In  1526  he  surrendered  the  estate 
toHenryVIII.,who  added  the  chapel  andgreathall  1631-36. 
In  the  reign  of  William  III.,  the  great  facade,  modern 
state  apartments  and  a  gallery  lor  the  cartoons  of  Raphael 
were  added  by  Sir  Christopher  Wren.  The  front  on  the  fine 
French gardensislater.lntheRenalssance  style.  The  great 
haU,  106  by  40  feet,  and  60  feet  high,  possesses  a  handsome 
open-framed  roof  with  elaboratependants.  The  state  apart- 
ments are  filled  with  paintings,  many  of  them  noted  works. 
The  cartoons  by  Raphael  have  been  removed  to  the  South 
Kensington  Museum.  A  part  of  the  palace  is  now  occu- 
pied by  persons  of  good  family  in  reduced  circumstances. 
Hampton  Court  is  most  intimately  associated  with  James 
I.  and  William  III.,  and  was  a  place  of  imprisonment  of 
Charles  I. 


He  fought  with  distinc-     

tion  at  King's  Mountain,  Cowpens,  Eutaw,  and  other  bat-  TT„~_tn_  nnny+.  rinnfprPTipp 
ties  In  South  Carolina  and  Georgia;  was  military  and  civU  iiampTiOn  UOUTL  OOnierence, 


A  conference 


commandant  of  Upper  Louisiana  1805-24 ;  and  was  secre- 
tary of  state  in  South  Carolina  1831-36. 

HammoniL  William  Alexander.  Bom  at  An- 
napolis, Md.,  Aug.  28,  1828:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  Jan.  5,  1900.  An  American  physi- 
cian, surgeon-general  of  the  army  1862-64. 
Among  his  works  are  "Military  Hygiene  "(186SX  "Insan- 
ity in  its  Medico-Legal  R.elatlons"(1866),  "Diseases  of  the 
Nervous  System"  (1871X  "Insanity  in  Its  Relations  to 
Crime  "  (1873),  "  Spiritualism,  etc. "  (1876),  "  Cerebral  Hy- 
persemia,  etc."  (1878),  "On  Certain  Conditions  of  Nervous 
Derangement "  (1881).  Among  his  novels  are  "Robert  Se- 
veme"  (1866),  "Dr.  Grattan"  (1884),  "Lai"  (1884),  "On 
the  Susquehanna"  (1887),  etc. 

Hammurabi  (ham-mo-ra'be) .  The  first  king  of 
all  Babylonia,  with  residence  in  the  city  of  Baby- 


appointed  by  James  I.,  at  Hampton  Court,  in 
1604,  to  settle  the  disputes  between  the  Puritan, 
party  and  the  High-Church  party  in  the  Church 
of  England.  It  was  conducted  on  three  days  (Jan.  14, 
16,  and  18),  and  resulted  in  a  few  alterations  of  the  liturgy, 
but  entlrdy  failed  to  secure  the  objects  sought  by  file 
Puritans.  An  important  indirect  result  of  it  was  the  r& 
vision  of  the  Bible  called  the  King  James's  or  authorized 
version,  which  was  suggested  at  that  time. 

Hampton  Normal  and  Agricultural  Insti- 
tute. Atraining-schoolfor  negroes  andlndiaus, 
situated  near  Hampton,  Virginia,  established  by 
General  S.  C.  Armstrong  in  1868,  and  incorpo- 
rated by  the  State  of  Virginia  in  1870.  its  object 
is  to  train  young  men  and  women  of  the  negro  and  Indian 
races  to  become  teachers  among  their  own  people. 


Ion.    In  his  long  reign  (about  2287-2232  B.  0.)  he  showed  HamptOU  Boads  (hamp'ton  rodz).     A  channel 


himself  great  alike  in  war  and  peace.  He  drove  out  the  rem- 
nants of  the  Elamitic  invaders,  united  North  and  South 
Babylonia  (Shumlr  and  Akkad)  under  his  sway,  and  made 
Babylon  the  metropolis  of  the  united  kingdom,  which  it 
remained  during  the  whole  of  its  existence  for  nearly  2,000 
years,  so  that  he  may  be  termed  the  founder  of  the  Baby- 
lonian empire.  After  freeing  and  uniting  the  country,  he 
turned  bis  attention  to  Its  protection  and  interior  prosper- 
ity.   To  obviate  the  disastrous  Inundations  and  at  the 


connecting  the  estuary  of  James  River  with 
Chesapeake  Bay,  situated  south  of  Fort  Monroe, 
Virginia.  Here,  March  8, 1862,  the  Confederate  ironclad 
Virginia  (Merrimac)  destroyed  the  Federal  frigates  Cum- 
berland and  Congress ;  and  the  following  day  &ere  wa^  a 
contest  between  the  Virginia  and  the  ironclad  Monltdr, 
the  former  retiring.  This  was  the  first  engagement  be- 
tween ironclads.    See  Uonitor. 


nal,  named  after  him  nahr-Hcuminurabi,^  later  famous  as 
"theroyalcanalof  Babylon."   Besides  this, he  constructed 
a  great  walk  along  the  Tigris,  and  erected  many  temples. 
Numerous  Inscriptions  of  him  have  survived. 
Hamoaze  (ham-6z').     The  estuary  of  the  river 

,  _.,  Tamar,  near  Plymouth,  England. 

(originallyLars).    Bom  at  Tuna,  in  the  laen  of  Hamon(5.-m6n'),  JeanLouiS.  BomatPlouha, 


same  time  to  provide  the  country  with  water,  he  executed  HamptOU.  Wade.     Born  in  Soiith  Carolina  in 
oneof  the  greatest  works,  the  excavation  of  a  gigantic  ca-     ^ijka.  fl:Jj  „(.  ^i^^. 


Kalmar,  Sweden,  April  7, 1785 :  died  at  Stock 
holm,  Oct.  15,  1827.  A  Swedish  critic  and 
poet.  His  chief  work  is  "Svenska  Vitterhe- 
ten"  ("Swedish  BeUes-Lettres,"  1818-19:  re- 
vised edition  1833). 

Hamme  (ham' me).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
East  Flanders,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Durme 
20  miles  northwest  of  Brussels.-  Population 
(1890),  12,039. 

Hammelburg  (ham'mel-bora).  A  small  town 
in  Lower  Praneonia,  Bavaria,  on  the  Franco- 
nian  Saale  22  miles  north  of  Wiirzburg. 

Hammer  (ham'mer),  Friedrich  Julius.  Bom 
at  Dresden,  June  7,  1810 :  died  at  Pillnitz,  near 
Dresden,  Aug.  23,  1862.  A  German  poet  and 
novelist.  His  works  include  the  novel  "Leben  und 
Traum"  (1839),  the  poetical  collection 
und  achau  in  dicli "  (1851\  etc. 


1754 :  died  at  Columbia,  S.  C,  Feb.  4, 1835.  An 
American  general  and  politician.  He  served  with 
distinction  under  Marion  and  Sumter  in  the  Revolution  ; 
obtained  the  rank  of  major-general  in  1813 ;  was  repulsed 
in  an  attack  on  Sir  George  Prevost  at  Chateaugay,  Oct.  26, 
1813 ;  and  frustrated  the  expedition  against  Montreal  by 
his  unwUllngnesB  to  cooperate  with  his  rival.  General 

^_.  .     .      ,^ ,     Wilkinson. 

C6tes-du-Nord, 'I'ranoe,  May  5,  1821:   died  at  Hampton,  Wade.     Bom  at  Columbia,  8.  C, 


St.-Raphael,  Var,  Prance,  May  29,  1874. 
French  painter,  chiefly  of  genre  scenes. 
Hampden  (hamp'den),  John.  Bom  at  Loudon 
in  1594 :  died  at  Thame,  Oxfordshire,  England, 
June  24, 1643.  AeelebratedEnglish  statesman. 
He  entered  Parliament  in  1621,  was  one  of  the  leaders  of 
the  patriotic  party  in  the  Short  and  Long  Parliaments,  and 
was  one  of  the  "  five  members  "  impeached  by  Charles  I. 


Marci  28, 1813 :  died  there,  April  11, 1902.  An 
American  general  in  the  Confederate  service, 
and  politician,  grandson  of  Wade  Hampton 
(1754-1835).  He  was  an  able  cavalry  commander  in  tlie 
Civil  War,  commanding  the  Hampton  Legion  at  Bull  Run 
1861,  and  servipg  with  distinction  at  Seven  Pines,  Antie- 
tam,  Gettysburg,  etc.  He  was  governor  of  South  Carolina 
1876-79.  and  United  States  senator  from  that  State  1879-Sl. 


1642.  HecommandedaregimentfortheParllamentl642^  Hamun  (ha-mon').     A  large  morass  on  the  bor- 

1643,  and  was  mortally  wounded  at  Chalgrove  Field,  June     ders  of  Persia,  Aighanistan,  and  Baluchistan. 
18,1643.  Heischleflyknownasthedetendantlnthecaseof  •Wonnfitpe  (hnTl'a-ftt,«^       The.  oldesit  and  most 
the  Klngs.JohnHampdenbeforetheCouri;of  Exchequer    -tianaDXeS  (nan  a-nts;.      ±ne  OWest  ana  most 
1637-38,  for  resisting  the  collection  of  the  obsolete  tax  of     '^'^"'•t<"^*-  "+  *-h°  <■""'•  ' 


A  popular  surname 


una  acuau  lu  uuju     ^xouj^  ct^ 

Hammer  (ham'er),  The, 

of  Judas  MaccabsBus. 
Hammer  and  Scourge  of  England,  The.    A 

surname  of  William  Wallace. 
Hammerfest  (ham'mer-f  est).  A  seaport  in  the 
amt  of  Finmarken,  Norway,  situated  on  the 
island  of  Kvalo  in  lat.  70°  40'  N.,long.  23°  40' 
E.  It  exports  fish,  train-oil,  etc.,  and  has  trade  with 
Russia.  It  Is  a  favorite  starting-point  for  arctic  expedi- 
tions, and  is  often  visited  by  tourists.  Population  (1891), 
8.239. 


ship-money,  which  Charles  I.  attempted  to  revive  without 
the  authority  of  Parliament.  The  case  was  decided  against 
him,  but  in  1641  the  House  of  Lords  ordered  the  judgment 
to  be  cancelled. 

schau  um  dich  Hampden-Sidnev  College.    An  institution  of 
learning  situated  near  Parmville,  Prince  Ed- 


ward (joxmty,  southern  Virginia :  founded  in 
1775,  and  chartered  in  1783.  It  has  about  10 
instructors  and  130  students. 
Hampshire  (hamp'shir),  or  Southampton 
(suTH-hamp'ton) :  abbreviated  Hants  (hants). 
[ME.  Samtonshire,  Bantesshire,  AS.  Samtun- 
sczr,  from  Hamtun,  Hampton  (Southampton), 
and  scir,  shire.]  Amaritime  county  of  England, 


important  of  the  four  orthodox  sects  of  Sunnite 
Mohammedans,  founded  by  Abu-Hanif ah  of  Al- 
Kufah  (about  700-770),  a  puritan  in  doctrine 
and  the  author  of  a  system  of  jurisprudence. 
Also  Hanifites. 

Hanau  (ha'nou).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Kinzig  and  Main,  10  miles  east  of  Frankf  ort-on- 
the-Main.  it  has  flourishing  commerce  and  manufac- 
tures. The  Grimm  brothers  were  bom  there.  It  was  the 
capital  of  an  ancient  countship  of  Hanau,  Here,  Oct.  30, 
1813,  Napoleon,  with  70,000  men,  encountered  on  the  retreat 
from  Leipsic  an  Austro-Bavarian  army  of  30,000  men  under 
Wrede,  who  was  compelled  to  retire  after  having  inflicted 
severe  losses  on  the  French.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
26,029. 


bounded  by  Berkston  the  north,  Surrey  and  Sus-  Hancock  (han'kok),  Albany.    Bom  at  New- 
sex  on  the  east,  'the  English  Channel  on  the    eastle-on^Tyne.  Dee.  24,  1806:  died  there.  Oct, 


Hancock.  Albany 

24,1873.  An  English  zo51ogi8t.  He  wrote,  with 
Adler,  "  Monograph  of  British  Nudibranchiate 
Mollusoa"  (1845-55),  etc. 

Hancock  (han'kok),  John.  Bom  at  Quiney, 
Mass. ,  Jan.  12, 1737 :  died  at  Quinoy,  Oct.  8, 1793. 
A  noted  American  statesman.  He  was  president 
of  the  Provincial  Congress  1774-76 ;  president  of  Congress 
1776-77 ;  the  first  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence ;  and  gojemor  of  Massachusetts  1780-S6  and  1787-93. 

Hancock,  Winfleld  Scott.  Born  at  Montgom- 
ery Square,  Pa.,  Feb.  14,  1824:  died  at  Gov- 
ernor's Island,  near  New  York,  Feb.  9,  1886. 
An  eminent  Aineriean  general.  He  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1844 ;  served  as  a  lieutenant  in  the  Mexican 
war ;  was  commissioned  a  brigadier-general  of  volunteers 
at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War ;  served  under  MoClellan 
in  the  Peninsular  campaign  ;  commanded  the  first  divi- 
sion of  the  second  corps  at  Antietam  Sept.  17, 1862,  and 
at  Frederiolisburg,  Dec.  13,  1862 ;  commanded  a  corps  at 
Gettysburg,  July  1-3,  1863,  and  at  Spottsylvania  Court 
House  (where  he  took  4,000  prisoners),  May  12,  1864  ;  was 
commander  of  the  military  department  of  the  Atlantic 
1872-86 ;  and  was  an  unsuccessful  Democratic  candidate 
for  the  presidency  in  1880. 

Hancock  House.  An  old  house  formerly  stand- 
ing in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  it  was  built  in  1737, 
and  was  the  residence  of  Governor  John  Hancock  1780-93. 
It  was  demolished  in  1863. 

Handegg  Fall  (han'deg  fai).  A  cascade  of  the 
Aare,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Bernese  Ober- 
land,  Switzerland.    Height,  250  feet. 

Handel  (han'del),  George  Frederick,  G.  Georg 
Friedrich  Handel.  Bom  at  Halle,  Pmssia,  Feb. 
23, 1685 :  died  at  London,  April  14, 1759.  A  cele- 
brated German  composer.  He  studied  with  Zachau, 
organist  of  the  cathedral  at  Halle,  for  3  years.  He  then 
went  to  Berlin,  where  his  powers  of  improvisation  caused 
him  to  be  regarded  as  a  prodigy ;  then  to  Halle,  where  his 
father  died.  It  became  necessary  for  him  to  support  his 
mother,  and  he  went  to  Hamburg,  where  he  entered  the 
orchestra  of  the  Opera  House  as  *'  violino  di  ripieno.*'  He 
soon  became  known,  and  was  made  conductor.  In  1705 
his  first  opera,  "  Almira,"  was  produced  there.  In  1706  he 
went  to  Italy.  Keturnlng  to  Germany  in  1709,  he  accepted 
the  position  of  kapellmeister  from  the  Elector  of  Han- 
over, on  condition  that  he  should  be  allowed  to  visit  Eng- 
land, having  already  received  pressing  invitations  to  do 
80.  He  first  went  to  London  in  1710.  Hisopera  "Rinaldo" 
was  produced  there  in  1711.  He  undertook  the  direction 
of  the  Italian  opera  in  1720.  Biiononcini  and  Ariosti,  both 
of  whom  he  had  known  at  Halle,  also  went  to  London 
about  this  time  and  formed  an  opposition  to  him,  which 
gave  rise  to  much  feeling  and  to  Byrom's  epigram  ending 
'  Strange  all  this  difference  should  be 
'  Twixt  Tweedledum  and  Tweedledee  I" 
From  1729-34  he  was  in  partnership  with  Heidegger  at  the 
Sing's  Theatre.  In  1737  he  became  bankrupt.  In  1739, 
when  he  was  about  54,  he  began  to  compose  the  oratorios 
which  made  him  famous.  In  1752  he  was  attacked  by  cata- 
ract, and  was  couched  tliree  times,butwithoutsuccess.  He 
was  nearly  if  not  entirely  blind  for  the  rest  of  his  life,  but 
continued  to  preside  at  the  organ  during  his  own  oratorios. 
His  fame  increased,  and  the  animosity  which  had  pursued 
him  during  his  earlier  years  died  away.  He  is  best  known 
by  his  oratorios  "Esther"  (1720),  "Saul"  (1739),  "Israel 
In  Egypt "  (1739),  "  Ihe  Messiah  "  (1742),  "  Samson  "(1743), 
" Judas Maccabseus" (1747),  "Joshua "(1748),  "Jephthah" 
(1752),  etc.  He  wrote  23  oratorios,  more  than  40  operas, 
"Acis  and  Galatea"  and  "Alexander's  Feast"  (cantatas), 
besides  a  great.deal  of  church  and  chamber  music,  odes, 
songs,  etc.  See  his  "Life"  by  Mainwarlng,  SchSlcher,  and 
Chrysander. 

Handel  and  Haydn  Society.  An  American 
musical  society,  founded  at  Boston  in  1815. 

Handel  Society.  1.  An  English  society  for  the 
publication  of  Handel's  works,  formed  in  1843 
and  dissolved  in  1848.  His  works  were  issued 
1843-58.— 2.  [_0r.  Sdndel^Oesellschaffi  A  Ger- 
man society  for  the  publication  of  Handel's 
works,  formed  in  1856.  These  works  have  been 
published  since  1859  under  the  editorship  of 
Chrysander. 

Handsome  Swordsman,  The.  [F.  Le  beau  sa- 
breur.'i    A  surijame  given  to  Murat. 

Han  dynasty.    See  the  extract. 

In  the  year  207  B.  0.  another  period  of  anarchy  was 
ended  by  Kaou-te,  who,  gathering  up  again  all  China  under 
his  rule,  founded  the  celebrated  Han  dynasty,  which  fiour- 
ished  till  220  A.  D.,  or,  roughly  speaking,  from  the  days  of 
Hannibal  to  those  of  Caracalla. 

Bodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  II.  16. 

Haneberg  (ha'ne-bera),  Daniel  Bonifacius 
von.  Bom  at  Tanne,  near  Kempten,  Bavaria, 
June  17,  1816 :  died  at  Spires,  Bavaria,  May 
31,  1876.  A  German  Eoman  Catholic  prelate 
and  theologian.  He  was  professor  of  theology  at  Mu- 
nich 1841-61,  abbot  1844,  and  bishop  of  Spires  1872.  He 
wrote  various  theological,  historical,  and  polemical  works. 

Hanega  (han'e-ga).  A  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  living  on  the  west  coast  of  Prince  of 
"Wales  Island,  Alaska.  They  number  587.  See 
Kohischan. 

Hanes  (ha'nez).  An  ancient  Egyptian  city 
(Isa.  XXX.  4).     See  the  extract. 

But  what  and  where  was  Hanes  ?  The  Greek  translators 
of  the  Old  Testament,  labouring  in  Egypt,  could  not  tell; 
the  patient  Chaldees  who  paraphrased  the  Scripture  ra 
the  vulgar  tongue  of  Palestine  could  not  tell.  Gesenius, 
that  prince  of  modem  Hebrew  scholars,  guessed  that 


479 

Hanes  must  be  the  city  which  the  Copts  called  Hnes,  the 
Greeks  Heracleopolls,  the  town  of  Hercules,  one  the  civil, 
the  other  the  religious  name. 

Poole,  Cities  of  Egypt,  p.  31. 

Hang-chau,  or  Hangchow  (hang'chou).  The' 
capital  of  the  province  of  (]!he-kiang,  China,  sit- 
uated near  the  river  Tsien-tang,  about  lat.  30° 

'16' N., long.  120°  15' E.  Itwaslongnotedforitstrade 
and  its  silk  manufactures,  and  as  a  literaiy  center.  It  was 
held  by  the  Taipings  1861-64.    Pop.,  estimated,  800,000. 

HangO-Udde  (hang'gS-S'de).  A  seaport  in  Fin- 
land, situated  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of 
Finland,  in  lat.  59°  51'  N.,.long.  22°  57'  E. 
Here,  Aug.  7,  1714,  the  Russians  defeated  and 
captured  the  Swedish  admiral  Ehrenskjold. 

Han-hai  (han-hi').  A  name  of  the  western  part 
of  the  Gobi  desert,  or  of  that  desert  itself. 

Hanifites.    See  Manafites. 

Hanka  (hank'a),  Vaclav.  Bom  near  Konig- 
gratz,  Bohemia,  June  10,  1791 :  died  at  Prague, 
Jan.  12, 1861.  A  Bohemian  philologist  and  poet, 
author  of  grammatical  works  on  Bohemian  and 
other  Slavic  languages. 

Hanke,  or  Haenke  (henk'e),  Thaddeus.  Bom 
at  Kreibitz,  Bohemia,  Oct.  5,  1761 :  died  near 
Cochabamba,  Upper  Peru,  Dec,  1817.  A  Bo- 
hemian botanist.  As  naturalist  of  Malaspina's  expe- 
dition, he  went  to  Peru,  1790 ;  and,  after  visiting  Chile,  Cali- 
fornia, Mexico,  and  the  Philippines,  fixed  his  residence  in 
Cochabamba,  1796,  founding  a  botanical  garden.  Thence 
he  made  various  excursions.  He  published  in  Spanish  a 
work  on  the  Peruvian  tributaries  of  the  Amazon.  His  bo- 
tanical writings  were  printed  after  his  death. 

Hankel  (hank'el),Wilhelm  Gottlieb.  Bom  at 
Ermsleben,  Prussia,  May  17, 1814:  died  at  Leip- 
sic,  Feb.  18,  1899.  A  German  physicist,  pro- 
fessor of  physics  at  Leipsie  1849-99,  best  known 
for  his  researches  in  electricity.  His  investi- 
gations have  been  principally  of  the  thermo- 
electric properties  of  crystals. 

Hankow,  orHan-kau  (han-kou').  A  river  port 
in  the  province  of  Hu-peh,  China,  situated  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Han  with  the  Yangtse, 
opposite  Hanyang  and  nearly  opposite  Wu- 
chang, in  lat.  30°  33'  N. ,  long.  114°  20'  E.  It  was 
opened  to  foreign  trade  in  1861,  and  exports  tea.  Popu- 
lation (1896),  about  600,000. 

Hanley  (han'li).  A  town  in  Staffordshire,  Eng- 
land, 31  miles  south  of  Manchester,  it  is  noted 
for  pottery  manufacture,  and  returns  1  member  to  Parlia- 
ment.   Population  (1901),  61,699. 

Hannah  (han'a).  [Heb., 'grace';  Gr.  "A.vva.'] 
A  wife  of  Elkanah,  and  mother  of  the  prophet 
Samuel. 

Hannay  (han'a),  James.  Bom  at  Dumfries, 
Scotland,  Feb.  17,  1827:  died  at  Barcelona, 
Spain,  Jan.  9, 1873.  A  British  critic,  novelist, 
and  miscellaneous  author.  From  1840-45  he  was  a 
midshipman  in  the  royal  navy,  and  consul  at  Barcelona 
1868-73.  Among  his  works  are  "Satire  and  Satirists" 
(1864),  "  Studies  on  Thackeray  "  (1869),  the  novels  "  Single- 
ton Fontenoy  "  (1860),  "  Eustace  Conyers  "  (1865),  and  crit- 
ical essays. 

Hannibal  (han'i-bal).  [Punic, '  grace  of  Baal ' ; 
L.  Hannibal,  F.  Hannibal,  Annibal,lt.  Annibale, 
Sp.  Ardbal.']  Bom  247  b.  c.  :  committed  suicide 
at  Libyssa,  Bithynia,  probably  183  B.  c.  A  fa- 
mous Carthaginian  general,  son  of  Hamilcar 
Barca.  He  accompanied  his  father  to  Spain  about  238 ; 
succeeded  Hasdrubal  as  commander  of  the  army  in  221 ; 
completed  the  conquest  of  Spain  south  of  the  Ebro  221- 
219 ;  besieged  and  took  Saguntum  in  219 ;  crossed  the  Alps, 
probably  by  way  of  the  Little  St.  Bernard,  in  218 ;  gained 
the  victories  of  the  Ticino  and  the  Trebia  in  218,  of  Lake 
Trasimene  in  217,  and  of  Cannse  in  216 ;  wintered  at  Capua 
216-216 :  captured  Tarentum  in  212 ;  marched  against  Rome 
in  211 ;  and  was  recalled  to  Africa  in  203.  He  was  defeated 
by  Soipio  Africanus  Major  at  Zama  202.  He  became  the 
chief  magistrate  of  Carthage,  and  about  196  was  exiled  to 
Syria,  and  later  to  Bithynia. 

Hannibal.  A  city  in  Marion  County,  Missouri, 
situated  on  the  Mississippi  in  lat.  39°  44'  N., 
long.  91°  23'  W.  It  is  an  important  railway, 
commercial,  and  manufacturing  center.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  12,780. 

Hannington  (han'ing-ton),  James.  Bom  near 
Brighton,  England,  Sept.  3,  1847:  killed  near 
Lake  Victoria  Nyanza,  Oct.  29,  1885.  An  Eng- 
lish divine,  bishop  of  eastern  equatorial  Africa. 
He  sailed  as  a  missionary  for  Africa  in  March,  1882,  but 
shortly  returned  to  England.  He  was  appointed  bishop, 
and  returned  to  Africa  in  1884.  In  1886  he  headed  an  ex- 
pedition to  open  up  a  route  to  Victoria  Nyanza.  With  a 
small  party  he  reached  the  lake,  but  was  captured  by  the 
natives  and  murdered. 

Hanno  (han'6).  King  of  Gaza,  one  of  the  five 
confederate  cities  of  the  Philistines.  He  is  often 
mentioned  by  the  name  of  Hanunu  in  the  Assyrian  in- 
scriptions, and  was  involved  in  the  confiict  between  As- 
syria and  Egypt,  Gaza  being  the  frontier  fortress  on  the 
Egyptian  highway  barring  the  road  to  the  south.  He  is 
first  mentioned  in  the  annals  of  Tiglath-Pileser  III.  (746- 
727),  against  whom  he  rebelled,  but  at  the  approach  of 
whose  army  (about  732)  he  fled  to  Egypt.  Afterward  he  al- 
lied himself  with  Sabaco,  the  Ethiopian  kingot  Egypt  (the 
biblical  So,  Assyrian  Sabe),  against  Sargon  II.  (722-706), 


.    Hanover 

shared  the  defeat  of  Sabaco  in  the  memorable  battle  of 
Eaphla  (720),  and  was  carried  captive  to  Assyria. 

Hanno  (han'o).  Lived  probably  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury B.  c.  A  Carthaginian  navigator  who  led 
a  colonizing  expedition  to  the  western  coast  of 
Africa.  An  account  of  his  voyage  is  extant  in  a  Greek 
translation  ("Periplus"). 

"In  the  flourishing  times  of  Carthage  "  (no  nearer  date 
is  known),  Hanno  and  Himilco,  two  brothers  belonging  to 
the  dominant  clan  of  Mago,were  despatched  by  the  Senate 
to  find  new  trading  stations,  and  to  found  new  colonies  of 
the  half-bred  "  Liby-Phoenician  "  population,  from  whose 
presence  the  State  was  always  anxious  to  be  freed.  Each 
admiral  was  in  command  of  a  powerful  fleet.  Hanno  wag 
directed  to  go  south  from  the  Pillars  of  Hercules,  and  to 
skirt  the  African  coast ;  Himilco  was  in  like  manner  di- 
rected to  keep  to  the  coast  of  Spain.  The  records  of  both 
voyages  were  long  preserved  upon  tablets  in  the  temple 
of  Moloch  ;  and  Hanno's  account  is  still  extant  in  a  Greek 
translation.  Himfico's  tablet  is  lost,  though  it  seems  to 
have  been  extant  as  late  as  the  fourth  century  of  the 
Christian  era ;  but  its  form  is  known  from  the  "Periplus 
of  Hanno,"  and  its  substance  is,  to  some  extent,  preserved 
in  the  extracts  of  Avienus. 

EUrni,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  20. 

Hanno  (han'o),  surnamed  "The  Great."  Lived 
in  the  3d  century  B.  c.  A  leader  of  the  aristo- 
cratic party  at  Carthage,  an  opponent  of  Hamil- 
car Barca  and  Hannibal. 

Hanno,  or  Anno  (an'o),  Saint.  Killed  1075. 
An  archbishop  of  Cologne.  He  became  chancellor 
of  the  empire  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III.,  and  was  elevated 
to  the  see  of  Cologne  in  1056.  In  1062,  placing  himself  at 
the  head  of  the  princes  disaifected  with  the  administra- 
tion of  the  regent  Agnes  of  Poitou,  he  abducted  the  young 
kingHenryl  V.  from  Kaiserswerth  to  Cologne,  and  usurped 
the  regency. 

Hannover  (han-no'ver),  Eng.  Hanover  (han'- 
o-ver),  F.  Hanovre  (a-nov'r).  A  province  of 
Prussia.  Capital,  Hannover.  The  main  portion  is 
bounded  by  the  North  Sea,  Oldenburg,  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein,  and  Hamburg  (separated  from  these  two  by  the  Elbe) 
on  the  north,  Mecklenburg  and  Brandenburg  (separated  by 
the  Elbe)  on  the  northeast,  the  province  of  Saxony  on  the 
east,  Brunswick,  Waldeck,  Lippe,  Schaumljurg-LippcL 
and  Westphalia  on  the  south,  and  the  Netherlands  ana 
Oldenburg  on  the  west.  It  is  nearly  cut  in  two  by  Olden- 
burg. Southof  itisadetached  portion,  separated  by  Bruns- 
wick, and  reaching  south  to  Hesse-Nassau,  and  there  are 
several  minor  exclaves.  The  surf  ace  is  generally  level ;  the 
Harz,  Weser  hills,  andTeutoburgerWald  are  in  the  south* 
The  chief  rivers  are  the  Ems,  Weser  (with  the  Aller  and 
Leine) ,  and  Elbe.  The  leading  occupation  is  agriculture. 
In  the  south  are  mines  of  coal,  iron,  lead,  copper,  and  silver- 
There  are  consid  erable  manufactures.  The  province  is  di- 
vided into  6  districts — Hannover,  HUdesheim,  Osnabriick, 
Liineburg,  Aurich,  and  Stade.  The  great  majority  of  the 
population  is  Protestant.  Hannover  formed  part  of  the 
old  duchy  of  Saxony.  The  Welf  house,  which  had  ac- 
quired Bavaria  in  1070,  obtained  Ltineburg,  etc.,  in  1120. 
After  the  deposition  (1180)  of  Henry  the  Lion,  duke  of 
Saxony  and  Bavaria,  his  son  William  obtained  (1203)  Liine- 
burg, the  Upper  Harz,  etc.  His  son  Otto  was  made  duke 
of  Brunswick  and  Liineburg  in  1236,  and  acquired 
Celle,  Hannover,  etc.  There  were  various  divisions  and 
reunions,  and  finally  two  main  lines,  Liineburg  and 
Wolf  enbiittel.  In  1692  the  principality  of  Liineburg  be- 
came the  electorate  of  Hanover.  The  second  elector, 
George  Louis,  succeeded  to  the  British  throne  as  George  I. 
in  1714  (founder  of  the  British  line  of  Hanover,  Bruns- 
yfick,  or  the  Guelfs :  see  Qeorge  I.).  The  duchies  of  Bre- 
men and  Verden  were  acquii-ed  in  1719.  Hannover  was 
occupied  by  the  French  in  1803 ;  was  ceded  to  i^ussia  in 
1806  ;  and  was  taken  from  Prussia  in  1807.  '  Part  of  it  was 
allotted  to  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia  in  1807,  and  another 
portion  in  1810.  It  was  liberated  in  1813.  By  the  Con- 
gress of  Vienna  (1814-15)  it  was  raised  to  a  kingdom,  and 
received  accessions  (East  Friesland,  Hildesheim,  etc.).  It 
entered  the  Germanic  Confederation  in  1815.  A  constitu- 
tion was  given  to  it  in  1833,  which  was  suspended  in  1837. 
Hannover  was  separated  from  Great  Britain  in  1837,  Ernest 
Augustus,  duke  of  Cumberland,  succeeding  King  Williamt 
of  England.  An  alliance,  between  Prussia,  Hannover,  and 
Saxony  was  formed  in  1849.  Hannover  sided  with  Austria 
against  Prussia  in  1866.  It  was  annexed  to  Prussia  in  1866. 
The  Duke  of  Cumberland  (representative  of  the  house  of 
the  Guelfs)  resigned  his  claims  on  Hannover  in  1892,  re- 
ceiving in  exchange  from  Prussia  the  "  Guelf  f und. "  (See 
jBrunswick.)  Area,  14,863  square  miles.  Population  (19J0), 
2j690,939. 

Hannover,  Eng.  Hanover.  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Leine  in  lat.  52°  23'  N.,  long.  9°  43'  E.  It  haa 
recently  become  an  important  railway,  commercial,  and 
manufacturing  center.  It  manufactures  iron,  machinery, 
etc.  Among  the  objects  of  interest  are  the  Waterloo 
column,  war  monument,  Kestner  museum,  palace,  Markt- 
kirche,  museum,  picture-gallery,  Kathaus,  and  theater. 
Near  the  city  are  the  Herrenhausen  castle  and  the  poly- 
technic school  (former  Welfen-Schlosg).  It  was  an  ancient 
Hanseatic  town  and  a  former  ducal  and  royal  capital. 
Population  (1900),  with  suburbs,  235,666. 

Hanoi  (ha-no'i),  or  Kesho  (kesh'6).  The  capi- 
tal of  Tongking,  situated  about  lat.  21°  10'  N., 
long.  105° lO'  E.,  on  the  river  Sangkoi  or  Song- 
ka.    It  was  occupied  by  the  French  in  1882. 

Hanotaux  (han-o-to'),  Albert  Auguste  Ga- 
briel. Born  at  Beaurevoir,  Aisne,  Prance,  Nov. 
19, 1853.  A  French  author  and  statesman,  min- 
ister of  foreign  affairs  1894-95  and  1896-98. 

Hanover.    See  Hannover. 

Hanover.  A  town  in  Grafton  County,  New 
Hampshire,  situated  on  the  Connecticut  Eiver. 
It  is  the  seat  of  Dartmouth  College  (which  see). 
Population  (1890),  1,817. 


Hanover,  House  of 

Hanover,  House  of.  The  present  reigning 
family  oi  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland.     See  George  I. 

Hanover,  Treaty  of.  An  alliance  for  mutual 
aid  concluded  between  England,  France,  and 
Prussia,  Sept.,  1725.  It  was  directed  against 
the  union  between  Austria  and  Spain. 

Hanover  Court  House.  The  capital  of  Han- 
over County,  Virginia,  17  miles  north  of  Rich- 
mond. Here,  May  27, 1862,  the  Union  general  Fitz-John 
Porter  defeated  a  force  of  13,000  Confederates.  The  Union 
loss  was  397  ;  that  of  the  Confederates,  between  200  and 
300  killed,  and  730  captured. 

Hanover  Square.  A  square  in  the  West  End 
of  London,  south  of  Oxford  street  and  west  of 
Regent  street,  it  received  its  name  in  the  days  of  the 
early  popularity  of  George  I.  St.  George's,  Hanover  Square, 
is  the  most  fashionable  church  for  marriages  in  ILondon: 
it  gives  name  to  one  of  the  parliamentary  boroughs.  The 
flquai'e  was  built  abou  1 1731,  when  the  place  for  executions 
was  removed  from  Tyburn,  lest  the  inhabitants  of  the 
"  new  square  "  should  be  annoyed  by  them.  The  bronze 
statue  of  William  Pitt  in  the  square  is  by  Chantrey(1831). 
Hare,  London,  II.  138. 

Hansa,  The.    See  Manseatic  League. 

Hansard  (han'sard),  Luke.  Bom  at  Norwich, 
England,  July  5,  1752 :  died  at  London,  Oct. 
29, 1828.  An  English  printer,  best  known  from 
his  publication  of  parliamentary  reports.  He 
printed  the  "Journal  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons from  1774." 

Hanseatic  League  (hau-se-at'ik  leg),  or  the 
German  Hanse  or  Hansa.  A  medieval  con- 
federation of  cities  of  northern  Germany  and 
adjacent  countries,  called  the  Hanse  towns,  at 
one  time  numbering  about  90,  with  af&liated 
cities  in  nearly  all  parts  of  Europe,  for  the  pro- 
motion of  commerce  by  sea  and  land,  and  for 
its  protection  against  pirates,  robbers,  and  hos- 
tile governments.  At  the  height  of  its  prosperity  it 
exercised  sovereign  powers,  made  treaties,  and  often  en- 
forced its  claims  by  arms  in  Scandinavia,  England,  Portu- 
gal, and  elsewhere.  Its  origin  is  commonly  dated  from 
a  compact  between  Hamburg  and  Liibeck  in  1241,  al- 
though commercial  unions  of  German  towns  had  existed 
previously.  The  league  held  triennial  general  assem- 
blies (usually  at  Liibeck,  its  chief  seat) ;  and,  after  a  long 
period  of  decline  and  attempts  at  resuscitation,  the  last 
general  assembly,  representing  6  cities,  was  held  in  1669, 
The  name  was  retained,  however,  by  the  union  of  the  free 
cities  of  Liibeck,  Hamburg,  and  Bremen,  which  are  now 
members  of  the  German  Empire. 

Hansen  (han'sen),  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Haders- 
leben,  Schleswig^  Nov.  23,  1821 :  died  at  Copen- 
jhagen,  July  11,  1890.  A  Danish  architectural 
painter. 

Hansen,  Peter  Andreas.  Bom  at  Tondem, 
Schleswig,  Dec.  8,  1795:  died  at  Gotha,  Ger- 
many, March  28,  1874.  A  noted  German  as- 
tronomer (originally  a  watchmaker),  director 
■of  the  observatory  at  Gotha  from  1825.    He 

'  wrote  "  Methode  zur  Berechnung  der  absoluten  StBrun- 
gen  der kleinen  Planeten  " (1856-59),  "Tables  de  la lune " 
(186^,  "  Tables  du  soleil"  (with  Olafsen,  1864-67),  etc. 

Hansi  (han'se).  A  town  in  the  Panjab,  India, 
80  miles  northwest  of  Delhi.  Population,  about 
12,000. 

Hansom  (han'som),  Joseph  Aloysius.  Bom 
at  York,  England,  Oct.  26,  1803 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, June  29, 1882.  An  English  architect,  inven- 
tor of  a  patent  safety  cab  ■which  was  named  from 
him  the  "  Hansom."  The  principal  feature  of  the 
original  vehicle  was  the  "  suspended  "  axle.  It  had  no  out- 
side seat. 

Hansteen  (han'stan),  Christopher.  Bora  at 
Christiania,  Norway,  Sept.  26,  1784:  died  at 
Christiania,  April  15,  1873.  A  Norwegian  as- 
tronomer iand  physicist,  noted  especially  for 
his  researches  in  terrestrial  magnetism.  He 
published  "  Untersuchungen  ilber  den  Magnetismus  der 
Erde  "  (1819), "  Besultate  magneUscher,  etc.,  Beobachtun- 
gen"(1863),  etc. 

Hanswurst  (hans'vorst).  [G.,' Jack  Sausage.'] 
A  conventional  buffoon  in  old  German  comedy. 
See  Gotfsched. 

He  was  servant,  messenger,  spy,  intrigant,  and  conjuror, 
and  was  dressed  in  motley  and  provided  with  a  crack- 
ing whip,  like  the  old  gleeman.  He  was  obscene  and  vul- 
gar, a  great  eater  and  drinker,  a  braggart  and  a  coward. 
He  was  the  hero  of  farce  and  the  jester  of  tragedy,  and  he 
even  forced  his  way  into  Hamburg  Opera.  ...  He  went 
under  different  names  at  different  periods,  Pickelhering, 
Harlequin,  and  Hanswurst  being  the  most  frequent.  .  .  . 
As  early  as  1708  a  German  theatre  was  established  in  the 
imperial  capital,  and  its  founder,  Joseph  Stranitzky,  a  Si- 
lesian,  made  extensive  use  of  the  characters  and  plots  of 
Italian  farce:  he  himself  acted  Harlequin,  to  whom  he 
gave  the  old  German  name  of  Hanswurst,  a  title  borne 
occasionally  by  the  clown  of  the  earlier  drama.  He  made 
him  appeal  moredh-eotly  tothe  Viennese.  His  Hanswurst 
came  from  Salzburg,  just  as  the  Italian  Arlecchino  came 
Irom  Bergamo,  and  both  were  made  to  speak  in  their  na- 
tive dialect.  As  Arlecchino  has  his  own  special  costume, 
made  of  triangular  patches  of  cloth,  so  Hanswurst  always 
aDPeared  as  a  peasant  with  the  characteristic  green  pointed 
hat  Seherer,  Hist.  German  Lit.  (trans.),  I.  898. 


480 

Hantiwi(han-te'we),  orHantewa  (Mn-ta'wa). 
An  almost  extinct  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians.   See  Palaihnihan. 

Hants.    See  Hampshire. 

Hanuman  (ha 'no-man).  [Skt.,  lit.  'having 
(large)  jaws.']  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  monkey 
chief  who  is  a  conspicuous  figure  in  the  Rama- 
yana.  He  and  the  other  monkeys  who  assisted  Kama  in 
his  war  against  Kavana  were  of  divine  origin  and  superhu- 
man powers.  Hanuman  jumped  from  India  to  Ceylon  in 
one  bound,  tore  up  trees,  carried  away  the  Himalayas,  and 
performed  other  wonderful  exploits.  Accompanying  £ama 
on  his  return  to  Ayodhya,  he  received  from  him  the  reward 
of  perpetual  life  and  youth.  His  exploits  are  favorite 
topics  among  Hindus  from  childhood  to  old  age,  paintings 
of  them  are  common,  and  there  are  temples  f  or  nis  worship. 

Hanumannataka  (han"6-man-nat'a-ka).  La 
Sanskrit  literature,  a  drama,  by  various  "hands, 
on  the  subject  of  the  adventures  of  the  mon- 
key chief  Hanuman,  written  in  the  10th  or  11th 
century. 

Hanway  (han'wa),  Jonas.  Born  at  Portsmouth, 
England,  Aug.  12,  1712:  died  at  London,  Sept. 
5, 1786.  AnEnglishtravelerandphilanthropist. 
He  became  the  partner  of  an  English  merchant  in  St. 
Petersburg  in  1743 ;  and  1743-44  made  a  mercantile  jour- 
ney to  Persia,  in  which  he  suffered  many  misfortunes. 
He  published  an  account  of  it  in  1753.  His  later  years 
were  occupied  with  various  philanthropic  schemes,  espe- 
cially in  behalf  of  poor  children.  He  advocated  the  es- 
tablishment of  Sunday-schools.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
the  first  habitually  to  carry  an  umbrella  in  the  streets  of 
London. 

Hanyang  (han-yang').  A  large  city  in  China, 
nearly  adjoining  Hankow  (which  see). 

Haparanaa  (ha-pa-ran'da),  properly  Haapa- 
ranta  (hft-pa-rau'ta).  A  small  town  in  the  laen 
of  Norrbotten,  Sweden,  situated  at  the  head  of 
the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  opposite  Torneft,  on  the 
boundary  of  Sweden  and  Finland,  in  lat.  65° 
51'  N.,  long.  24°  2'  E. 

Hapi  (ha'pe).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  the  Nile 
as  a  deity  f  the  god  Nilus. 

We  can  more  easily  understand  the  worship  of  the  god 
Hapi,  the  Nile.  We  can  readily  realise  that  the  Egyptians 
paid  divine  honours  to  the  river  that  brought  them  all 
blessings.  It  is  true  no  special  temples  seem  to  have  been 
erected  to  this  god,  but  we  find  that  gifts  were  presented 
to  him  everywhere,  and  he  was  worshipped  as  a  god  in 
hymns  and  was  identified  with  other  gods. 

La  Saussaye,  Science  of  Religion  (trans.^  p.  411. 

Hapitu.    See  Tusayan. 

Happy  Valley,  The.  In  Johnson's  "  Rasselas," 
a  garden  of  peace  where  the  Prince  of  Abyssinia 
lived.  It  was  almost  impossible  to  get  into  or 
out  of  it.    See  Basselas. 

Hapsburg  (haps'bSrg;  G.  pron.  haps'bSro),  or 
Habsburg(haps'borG), House  of.  [G.flopsftMrsr, 
Sabsburg,  orig.  Haiiehtsburg,  hawk's  castle.]  A 
German  princely  family  which  derived  its  name 
from  the  castle  of  Hapsburg  (which  see),  and 
which  has  furnished  sovereigns  to  the  Holy  Ro- 
man Empire,  Austria,  and  Spain.  The  title  Count 
of  Hapsburg  was  assumed  by  Werner  I.,  who  died  in  1096. 
Count  Eudolf  was  elected  emperor  as  Kudolf  I.  in  1273 
and  acquired  Austria,  and  founded  the  imperial  line  which 
reigned  1273-91,  1298-1308, 1438-1740.  Rudolf  IV.  became 
archduke  of  Austria  in  1463.  In  1477  the  emperor  Maxi- 
milian I.  acquired  the  domain  (except  the  duchy)  of  the 
ducal  house  of  Burgundy  by  marriage  with  the  heir- 
ess Mary,  and  in  1490  had  all  the  Hapsburg  possessions 
united  in  his  hands  by  the  abdication  of  Count  Sigismund. 
His  son  Philip  the  Fair  married  Joanna  the  Insane,  queen 
of  Aragon  and  Castile.  Their  eldest  son  became  king  of 
Spain  as  Charle<,  I.  in  1516,  and  emperor  as  Charles  V.  in 
1519 ;  their  second  son  Ferdinand  received  the  Austrian 
crown,  to  which  be  added  by  election  the  kingdoms 
of  Bohemia  and  Hungary.  The  Spanish  line  was  continued 
by  Charles's  son  Philip  II.,  and  reigned  1616-1700.  On  the 
abdication  of  the  imperial  crown  by  Charles  V.  in  1666,  he 
was  succeeded  by  his  brother  Ferdinand,  who  continued 
the  imperii  line,  the  last  male  representative  of  which 
was  Charles  VI.  On  the  death  of  Charles  VI.  in  1740,  his 
daughter  Maria  Theresa  succeeded  to  the  Austrian  inher- 
itance by  virtue  of  the  pragmatic  sanction  (which  see). 
She  married  Francis  I.,  grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  of  the  house 
of  Lorraine,  who  became  emperor  in  1745,  and  founded 
the  Hapsburg-Lorraine  line,  members  of  which  ruled  as 
emperors  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  nntil  its  abolition  in 
1806,  and  have  since  ruled  as  emperors  of  Austria. 

Hapsburg  Castle.    See  the  extract. 

Hapsburg  is  a  castle  (built  about  A.  D.  1020)  in  the  Aar- 
gau  on  the  banks  of  the  Aar,  and  near  the  line  of  railway 
from  Olten  to  Zurich,  from  a  point  on  which  a  glimpse  of 
it  maybe  had.  "Within  the  ancient  walls  of  Vindonissa," 
says  Gibbon, "  the  castle  of  Hapsburg,  the  abbey  of  KBnlgs- 
felden,  and  the  town  of  Brugg  have  successively  arisen. 
The  philosophic  traveller  may  compare  the  monuments  of 
Roman  conquests,  of  feudal  or  Austrian  tyranny,  of  monk- 
ish superstition,  and  of  industrious  freedom.  If  he  be 
truly  a  philosopher,  he  wiU  applaud  the  merit  and  happi- 
ness of  his  own  time."   Btyce,  Holy  Roman  Emptoe,  p.  213. 

Hapur  (h&-por').    A  town  near  Meerut,  India. 

Har.    Same  as  Hormdkhu. 

Hara  (ha'ra).    In  Hindu  mythology,  a  name  of 

Shiva. 

Haraforas.    See  Alfures. 
Harald.    See  Harold. 
Haran  (ha'ran).     [Heb.  Haran,  Assyro-Baby- 


Hardee 

Ionian  Harranu,  Gr.  Xapl)dv,  L.  Carres  or  Char^ 
ra.'\  A  city  in  Mesopotamia,  situated  on  the 
BeUas  (Belioh,  ancient  BiUchus),  a  small  af&u- 
ent  of  the  Euphrates,  10  hours  southeast  from 
Edessa.  The  Assyrian  meaning  of  the  name  is  'road,' 
probably  so  called  as  the  crossing-point  of  the  Syrian,  As- 
syrian, and  Babylonian  trade  routes.  In  the  Old  Testament 
it  is  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  patriarchs,  and 
Ezekiel  (xxvii.  23)  speaks  of  it  as  a  considerable  trading 
center.  It  is  often  mentioned  in  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions. It  was  an  ancient  seat  of  the  worship  of  the  moon- 
god  Sin ;  and  Nabunaid,  the  last  Babylonian  king  (655- 
638  B.  c),  relates  that  Sin,  in  a  dream,  commanded  him 
to  restore  his  temple  E-hul-hul  ('house  of  joy')  in  Haran, 
which  was  destroyed  by  the  Scythians  during  their  inva- 
sion under  Asurbanipal.  Nabunaid  thereupon  restored 
or  rather  completed  the  restoration  of  the  temple,  and 
adorned  the  city.  Haran  became  famous  among  the 
Romans,  being  near  the  scene  of  the  defeat  of  Crassus  by 
the  Parthians.  About  the  time  of  the  Christian  era  it  ap- 
pears to  have  form  ed  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Edessa.  After- 
ward it  came  with  that  kingdom  under  the  dominion  of  the 
Romans.  In  the  4th  century  it  was  the  seat  of  a  bishop. 
At  present  it  is  a  small  village  inhabited  by  a  few  Arab 
families. 

Harar  (ha-rar'),  orHurrur  (h6r-r6r').  1.  A 
small  state  in  the  Galla  country,  eastern  Africa. 
—  2.  The  capital  of  Harar,  situated  about  lat. 
9°  23'  N. ,  long.  42°  E.   Population,  about  37,000. 

Harari  (ha-ra're),  or  Adari  (a-da're).  A  Se- 
mitic dialect,  mixed  with Hamitic  words,  spoken 
only  in  the  important  city  and  small  state  of 
Harar.  The  language  is  allied  with  Geez  and 
Amhario.    The  people  are  Mohammedans. 

Harbour  Grace  (har'bor  gras).  A  seaport  in 
southeastern  Newfoundland,  situated  on  Con- 
ception Bay  29  miles  west-northwest  of  St. 
John's.    Population  (1901),  5,184. 

Harburg  (har'bSro).  A  river  port  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  south- 
ern arm  of  the  Elbe  6  miles  south  of  Hamburg. 
It  is  increasing  in  importance.  Population 
(1890),  35,081. 

Harcourt  (har'kort).  1.  A  character  in  Shak- 
spere's  "Henry  IV.,"  part  2. —  2.  A  character 
in  Wycherley's  play  "  The  Country  "Wife." 

Harcourt,  Simon,  first  Viscount  Harcourt.  Bom. 
about  1661:  died  at  London,  July  29, 1727.  An 
English  politician .  He  was  attorney-general  1707-08, 
and  again  m  1710 ;  became  keeper  of  the  great  seal  in  1710 ; 
and  was  appointed  lord  chancellor  in  1713.  He  lost  hie 
office  in  1714.  He  was  a  friend  of  Pope^  Swift,  Oay,  and 
other  literary  men  of  his  day. 

Harcourt,  Simon,  first  Earl  Harcourt.  Bom 
1714:  diedatNuneham,  Sept.  16, 1777.  An  Eng- 
lish politician  and  general.  He  was  appointed  am- 
bassador at  Paris  in  1768,  and  was  lord  lieutenant  of  Ire. 
land  Oct.,  1772,-Jan.,  1777. 

Harcourt,  William,  third  Earl  Harcourt.  Bom 
March  20, 1743 :  died  June  18, 1830.  An  English 
soldier.  He  took  part  in  the  Revolutionary  War  as  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, and  in  1776  captured  General  Charles  Lee 
in  his  own  camp  (a  service  for  which  he  was  promoted 
colonel) ;  and  became  major-general  iu  1782,  general  in 
1796,  and  field-marshal  in  1820. 

Harcourt,  Sir  William  George  Gran'ville  Ven- 
ables  Vernon,  Bom  Oct.  14,  1827.  An  Eng- 
lish politician,  grandson  of  Edward  Vemon  Har- 
court, archbishop  of  York,  and  a  desce:'dant  of 
the  first  Earl  of  Haroouit.  He  was  educated  at  Trin- 
ity  College,  Cambridge,  and  called  to  the  bar  in  1854.  He 
entered  Parliament  (for  Oxford)  in  1868,  sat  for  Derby  1880- 
1896,  and  for  West  Monmouthshire  1896-.  He  was  solici- 
tor-general 1873-74,  home  secretaiy  1880-86,  and  chancel- 
lor of  the  exchequer  in  1886, 1892-94,  and  1894-95.  From 
March,  1894,  to  Dec,  1898,  he  was  leader  of  the  Liberal 
party  in  the  House  of  Commons.  He  wrote  in  the  "Times," 
under  the  signature  of  Historicus,  a  series  of  letters  on 
international  law,  which  were  republished  in  1863. 

Hardanger  Fjord  (har'dang-er  fydrd).  One  of 
the  most  famous  fjords  of  Norway,  off  the  south- 
western coast,  about  lat.  60°  N.  it  extends,  under 
various  names,  northeastward  and  then  southward.  It  is 
inclosed  by  mountains  and  snow-fields,  and  is  noted  for  its 
grandeur.  Near  it  are  the  Folgefond  and  the  VSringBfos. 
Length,  76  miles. 

Hard  Cash,    See  Very  Hard  Cash. 

Hardcastle  (hard'kas-1),  Kate,  In  Goldsmith's 
play ' '  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,"  the  lively  daugh- 
ter of  Squire  Hardcastle.  she  takes  the  part  of  a 
barmaid  in  order  to  win  Marlowe,  who  is  afraid  of  ladies, 
and  BO  "stoops  to  conquer." 

Hardcastle,  Squire  and  Mrs,  Characters  in 
Goldsmith's  play  "  She  Stoops  to  Conquer."  The 
squire  is  an  English  country  gentleman  of  the  old  school, 
fond  of  everything  old.  Mrs.  Hardcastie,  his  second  wife, 
is  an  extremely  "genteel "  lady  who  devotes  herself  to  the 
spoiling  of  her  ungrateful  hobbledehoy  of  a  son,  Tony 
Lumpkin. 

Hardee  (har'de),  William  J,  Bom  at  Savan- 
nah, Ga.,  Oct.  10, 1815 :  died  at  Wytheville,  Va., 
Nov.  6,  1873.  An  American  soldier.  He  gradu- 
ated at  West  Point  in  1838,  and  served  with  distinction  in 
the  Mexican  war.  He  entered  the  Confederate  army  with 
the  rank  of  colonel  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War ;  com- 
manded a  corps  at  Shiloh ;  was  appointed  lieutenant-gen- 
eral in  Oct.,  1862  ;  commanded  the  left  wing  of  the  Con- 
federate armyatPerryville  ;  and  in  Dec,  1864,  commanded 
the  army  which  defended  Savannah  against  Sherman, 


flardenberg 

Eardenberg  (har'den-bera),  Georg  Friedrich 
Philipp  von:  pseudonym  NovallS.    Bom  at 

Wiederstadt,  near  Mansfeld,  Prussia,  May  2, 
1772 :  died  at  Weissenf  els,  Prussia,  Marcli  25, 
1801.  A  noted  German  poet  and  litterateur.  He 
wrote  the  novel  "Heinrloh  von  Ofterdingen,"  and  Ijnrtc 
poems.    His  works  were  published  in  1802. 

Hardenberg,  Prince  Karl  August  von.    Bom 

at  Bssenrode,  Hannover,  Prussia,  May  31, 1750: 
died  at  Genoa,  Nov.  26, 1822.  A  Prussian  states- 
man. He  entered  the  Prussian  ministry  in  1791 ;  was 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  1804-06  and  1807 ;  and  was  made 
chancellor  in  1810,  and  president  of  the  council  in  1817. 
His  memoirs  were  edited  by  Von  ilanke  in  1877. 
Harderwijk  (har'der-Trik) .  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Gelderland,  Netherlands,  situated  on  the 
Zuyder  Zee  31  miles  east  of  Amsterdam,  it  was 
formerly  an  important  Hanseatic  port,  and  the  seat  of  a 
university  from  1648  to  1818.    Population  (1891),  7,694. 

Hardicanute  (har"di-ka-nut').  [Also  Harde- 
canute,  Sardaonut,  Sarthaenut;  ML.  Hardi- 
canutus,  AS.  Sarthaenut.^  Bom  about  1019: 
died  at  Lambeth,  near  London,  June  8^  1042. 
King  of  England  1040-42,  son  of  Canute  and 
Emma  of  Normandy.  He  became  king  of  Denmark 
in  1036,  and  nominal  king  of  the  West  Saxons  in  the  same 
year,  his  half-brother  Harold  being  king  of  the  north.  See 
Hwrold. 

Harding  (har'ding),  Chester.  Bom  at  Conway, 
Mass.,  Sept.  1,  1792:  died  at  Boston,  April  1, 
1866.    An  American  portrait-painter. 

Harding,  James  Dumeld.  Bom  at  Deptf ord, 
Kent,  1798 :  died  at  Barnes,  Surrey,  1868.  An 
English  landscape-painter,  and  writer  on  art. 
He  was  a  successful  teacher  of  his  art,  and  pub- 
lished educational  works  upon  it. 

Harding,  John.    See  Hardyng. 

Hardinge  (har'ding),  Sir  Henry:  first  Viscount 
Hardinge  of  Lahore.  Born  at  Wrotham,  Kent, 
March  30,  1785:  died  near  Tunbridge  Wells, 
Sept.  24,  1856.  An  English  general,  distin- 
guished throughout  the  Peninsular  war  and  at 
Ligny.  He  was  secretary  at  war  under  Wellington  July, 
1828,-July,  1830;  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  July-Nov., 
1830,  and  1834-35 ;  secretary  at  war  1841-44;  and  governor, 
general  of  India  1844-48,  serving  as  second  in  command 
under  Qough  in  the  first  Sikh  war.  He  was  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  British  army  1862-66,  and  was  made  field- 
marshal  in  1866. 

Hardoi  (hur'do-e).  A  district  in  the  Sita^ur 
division,  Oudh,  Northwest  Provinces,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  27°  30'  N.,  long.  80°  10' 
E.  Area,  2,325  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
1,113,211. 

Hardouin  (ard-San'),  Jean.  Born  at  Quim- 
per,1646:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  3, 1729.  A  French 
Jesuit  classical  scholar,  numismatist,  and  chro- 
nologist.  He  maintained  in  the  "Prolegomena  ad  cen- 
suram  veterum  scriptorum'*  the  paradox  that,  with  a  few 
exceptions,  all  the  works  ascribed  to  classical  antiquity 
had  been  forged  by  monks  in  the  ISth  century,  under  the 
direction  of  a  certain  Severus  Archontius.  He  also  at- 
tacked the  genuineness  of  ancient  coins  and  of  all  church 
councils  before  that  of  Trent. 

Hardt  (hart)  Mountains.  A  continuation  of 
the  Vosges  in  the  Khine  Palatinate,  Bavaria. 

Hard  Times.  A  novel  by  Dickens,  published 
originally  in  "Household  Words"  in  1854.  It 
was  published  entire  in  one  volume  in  1854. 

Hardwar,  orHurdwar  (hur-dwftr').  [Skt.  Ha- 
ridvdra,  gate  of  Hari,  i.  e.  Vishnu.]  An  ancient 
city  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ganges  where  the 
river  breaks  through  into  the  plain,  it  Is  an  im- 
portant place  of  annual  pilgrimage,  while  every  twelfth 
year  a  peculiarly  sacred  feast  csdled  a  kumbh-mela  takes 
place.  The  concourse  of  pilgrims  (yearly  100,000 ;  at  the 
kumbh-mela  300,000)  has  given  rise  to  an  important  fair. 
Also  called  GangadwaraQgate  of  the  Ganges').  Popula- 
tion (1891),  29,125. 

Hardwick  (hard'wik),  Charles.  Bom  at  Slings- 
by,  Yorkshire,  Sept.  22,  1821 :  died  near  Ba- 
gn6res-de-Luchon,  France,  Aug.  18, 1859.  An 
English  clergyman  (archdeacon  of  Ely)  and  ec- 
clesiastical historian.  Among  his  works  are  "A  His- 
tory of  the  Christian  Church,  Middle  Age"  (1868-46), 
"Christ  and  other  Masters  "  (1865-59).  He  was  killed  by 
falling  over  a  precipice  in  the  Pyrenees. 

Hardy  (har'di),  Arthur  Sherburne.   Bom  at 

Andover,  Mass.,  Aug.  13,  1847.  An  American 
novelist.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1869,  and  was 
assistant  instructor  of  artillery  tactics  there  tm  1870 ;  was 
professor  of  civil  engineering  and  mathematics  at  Grinnell 
College,  Iowa,  1870-73 ;  professor  of  civil  engineering  in 
the  Chandler  Scientific  School,  Dartmouth,  N.  H.,  1874; 
and  professor  of  mathematics  in  Dartmouth  College  1878. 
He  was  United  States  minister  to  Persia  in  1897-99,  to 
Greece  1899-1901,  to  Switzerland  1901-02,  and  to  Spain 
1902-.  Among  his  works  are  "  But  yet  a  Woman  "(1883), 
"The  Wind  of  Destiny"  (1886),  "Passe-Rose"  (1889). 

Hardy,  Gathome,  first  Earl  of  Cranbrook.  Bom 
at  Bradford,  Oct.  1, 1814.  A  British  politician. 
He  was  educated  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  and  called  to  the 
bar  in  1840.  He  entered  Parliament  as  Conservative  member 
for  Leominster  in  1847,  and  was  returned  for  the  University 
of  Oxford  in  1865.  defeating  Mr.  Gladstone.  He  was  home  sec- 
C— 31 


481 

retary  1867-68,  secretary  for  war  1874-78,  secretary  for  India 
1878-80,  and  lord  president  of  the  council  1886-86  and  1886- 
1892.  He  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Viscount  Cranbrook 
in  1878,  and  was  created  earl  of  Cranbrook  in  1892. 

Hardy,  Laetitia.  In  Mrs.  Cowle/s  comedy  "  The 
Belle's  Stratagem,"  a  young  girl  betrothed  to 
Doncourt.  she  is  piqued  by  his  indifference  into  playing 
successfully  a  part  which  he  hates  in  order  to  turn  his  indif- 
ference in  to  hatredjWhich  can  more  easily  be  turned  to  love. 

Hardy,  Sir  Thomas.  Born  1769:  died  1839. 
An  English  naval  commander. 

Ha.rd^,  Thomas.  Bom  in  Dorset,  June  2, 1840. 
An  English  novelist.  His  works  include  "  Desperate 
Eemedies"  (1869),  "Under  the  Greenwood  Tree "(1872), 
"A  Pair  of  Blue  Eyes"  (1873),  "Far  from  the  Madding 
Crowd  "  (1874), "  The  Hand  of  Ethelberta  " (1876),"  The  Ee- 
turn  of  the  Native " (1878),  "  The  Trumpet-Major"  (1880), 
"  Two  on  a  Tower  "  (1882),  "A  Group  of  Noble  Dames  " 
(1891),  "Tess  of  the  D'Urbervilles"  (1892),  "Life's  Little 
Ironies"  (1894),  "Jude  the  Obscure"  (1896:  serially  in 
"  Harper's  Magazine  "  as  "  Hearts  Insurgent"  1896). 

Hardyng,  or  Harding  (har'ding),  John.  Born 
1378 :  died  about  1465.  An  English  chronicler. 
As  a  youth  he  was  a  member  of  the  household  of  Harry 
Percy  (Hotspur),  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Shrews- 
bury. He  fought  also  at  the  battle  of  Homildon  and  at 
Agincourt.  He  was  constable  of  Sir  Robert  Umfreville's 
castle  at  Eyme,  Lincolnshire,  from  1436.  His  chronicle  is 
written  in  English  verse,  and  comes  down  to  about  1436. 
He  is  best  known  in  connection  with  certain  documents 
forged  by  him  relating  to  the  feudal  relations  of  the  Scot- 
tish and  English  crowns. 

Hare  (har).  The.    A  constellation.    See  Lepus. 

Hare,  Augustus  John  Cuthbert.  Bom  at 
Rome,  March  13,  1834:  died  at  St.  Leonards, 
Jan.  22,1903.  An  English  author,  nephew  of  J.  C. 
and  A.  W.  Hare.  He  wrote  "Walks  in  Home"  (1871), 
"Memorials  of  a  Quiet  Life"  (1872),  "Wanderings  in 
Spain"  (1873),"  Days  near Kome"  (1874),"Citie8of  North- 
ern and  Central  Italy  "  (1876),  "Walks  in  London "(1878), 
"  Cities  of  Southern  Italy,  etc."  (1883),  "  Cities  of  Central 
Italy"  (1884),  "Studies  in  Russia"  (1886),  "Paris  "(1887). 

Hare,  Augustus  William.  Bom  at  Rome,  Nov. 
17, 1792 :  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  18, 1834.  AnEng- 
lish  clergyman,  brother  of  J.  C.  Hare,  and  his 
collaborator  in  "  Guesses  at  Truth." 

Hare,  Julius  Charles.  Bom  at  Valdagno,  Italy, 
Sept.  13, 1795 :  died  at  Hurstmonceaux,  Sussex, 
England,  Jan.  23, 1855.  An  English  divine  and 
theological  writer,  archdeacon  of  Lewes  1840. 
He  held  the  living  of  Hurstmonceaux  from  1832.  Among 
his  works  are  "Mission  of  the  Comforter"  (1846) ;  "The 
Contest  with  Rome "(1862); "  Vindication  of  Luther  "  (1864); 
conjointly  with  A.  W.  Hare,  "Guesses  at  Truth"  (1827).| 

Hare,  Kobert,  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Jan.  17, 
1781:  died  at  Philadelphia,  May  15,  1858.  An 
American  chemist.  He  was  professor  of  chemistry  in 
the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
1818-47.  He  invented  the  calorimotor  in  1816.  He  wrote 
"Chemical  Apparatus  and  Manipulations  "  (1836),  etc. 

Harefoot,  Harold.    See  Sardld. 

Harfleur  (ar-fl.6r').  A  seaport  in  the  department 
of  Seine-Inf6rieure,  northern  France,  situated 
on  the  Lfizarde,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Seine,  6 
miles  east  of  Havre.  This  was  formerlyan  important 
seaport.  It  was  twice  occupied  by  the  English  in  the  15th 
century.    Population  (1891),  commune,  2,807. 

Hargraves  (har'gravz),  Edmund  Hammond. 

Born  at  Gosport,  England,  about  1816.  An  Eng- 
lish farmer  and  miner,  the  discoverer  of  the  gold- 
fields  of  Australia  in  1851. 

Hargreave  (har'grev),  Charles  James,  Bom 
atWortley,  near  Leeds,  Dec,  1820:  diedatBray, 
near  Dublin,  April  23, 1866.  An  English  jurist 
and  mathematician.  He  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
appointed  to  sit  in  Dublin  to  receive  applications  for  the 
SEUeof  estates  under  the  Encumbered  Estates  Act  of  1849, 
and  was  a  judge  of  the  Landed  Estates  Court  from  its  es- 
tablishment in  1868.  He  published  numerous  mathemat- 
ical papers. 

Hargreaves  (har'grevz),  James.  Bom  prob- 
ably at  Blackburn,  Lancashire :  died  at  Not- 
tingham, April,  1778.  An  English  mechanic, 
inventor  of  the  spinning-jenny.  The  invention 
was  made  about  1764,  and  was  patented  July  12, 1770.  It 
has  been  claimed  for  Thomas  Highs,  but  on  insuf&cient 
evidence.  Hargreaves  established,  in  partnership  with  a 
Mr.  James,  a  cotton-mill  in  Nottingham. 

Hari  (ha'ri).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  name  com- 
monly designating  Vishnu,  but  sometimes  given 
to  other  gods. 

Harihara  (ha-ri-har'a).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a 
combination  of  the  names  of  Vishnu  and  Shiva, 
representing  the  union  of  the  two  deities. 

Hari-Rud.    See  Meri-Eud. 

Haring  (ha 'ring),  Wilhelm:  pseudonym  Wili- 
bald  Alexis.  Bom  at  Breslau,  Prussia,  June 
29,  1798 :  died  at  Arnstadt,  Thuringia,  Dec.  16, 
1871.  A  German  novelist.  His  works  include  "  Wal- 
ladmor"  and  "SchlossAvalon"  (which  he  issued  in  1823 
and  1827  respectively,  under  the  name  of  Walter  Scott), 
"Cabanis"  (1832),  "Der  Roland  von  Berlin"  (1840),  and 
other  romances  from  German  history. 

Harington  (har'ing-ton),  Sir  John.  Bom  at 
Kelston,  near  Bath,  England,  1561 :  died  there, 
Nov.  20,  1612.  An  English  poet.  His  chief  work 
was  a  translation  of  the  "Orlando  Furioso"  (1691).    He 


Harless 

also  wrote  a  number  of  political  tracts.   He  is  best  knownt 
now  as  the  author  of  the  couplet 

"Treason  doth  never  prosper :  what 's  the  reason? 
For  if  it  prosper,  none  dare  call  it  treason." 

Harington,  John.  Died  at  Worms,  Aug.  23,1613. 
An  English  nobleman,the  first  Lord  Harington. 
He  was  the  cousin  of  Sir  John  Harington.  In  1603  ne  re- 
ceived the  charge  of  the  Princess  Elizabeth,  who  resided 
with  his  family  at  Combe  Abbey..  He  saved  her  in  1605 
from  the  conspirators  of  the  "Gunpowder  Plot,"  escaping 
with  her  to  Coventry.  In  1613  he  had  a  royal  patent  for 
coining  brass  farthings  for  3  years,  granted  to  reimburse 
him  for  expenses  incurred  by  her  extravagance.  These  to- 
kens were  called  "  Haringtons  "  in  ordinary  conversation. 
He  went  abroad  as  royal  commissioner  to  settle  the  joint- 
ure of  the  princess,  and  died  on  the  journey  home. 

Hariri  (ha-re're),  the  surname  of  Abu  Moham- 
med Easim  ben  Ali.  [Ar.  hariri,  silk-mer- 
chant.] Bom  at  Basra  about  1054:  died  there, 
about  1122.  An  Arabian  poet.  The  most  famous 
of  his  works  are  his  Makamat  (*  assemblies '  or  'stances  *), 
consisting  of  60  oratorical,  poetical,  moral,  encomiastic,  and 
satirical  discourses,  supposed  to  have  been  spoken  or  read 
in  public  assemblies.  It  is  considered  among  the  Arabs 
as  a  literary  classic  next  only  to  the  Koran.  It  was  in  part 
translated  into  English  by  Preston  and  Chenery ;  a  free 
German  translation  of  the  whole  work  by  Ruckert  exists, 
and  there  is  an  edition  of  the  original  by  Silvestre  de  Sacy. 

Harishchandra  (ha-rish-ehan'dra).  In  Hindu 
mythology,  the  twenty-eighth  king  of  the  so- 
lar race,  celebrated  for  his  piety  and  justice. 
He  is  the  subject  of  legends  in  the  Aitareyabrahmana, 
Mahabharata,  and  Markandeyapurana.  The  first  tells 
the  story  of  his  purchasing  Shunahshephas  to  be  offered 
up  as  a  vicarious  sacrifice  for  his  own  son. 

Harit  (har'it),  or  Harita  (har'i-ta).  [Skt., 'fal- 
low,' '  yellow,' '  green.']  In  Hinilu  mythology, 
the  mares  of  Indra,  or  the  sun,  typical  of  his 
rays :  according  to  Max  MiiUer,  the  prototype 
of  the  Greek  Charites. 

Harivansha  (ha-ri-van'sha).  In  Sanskrit  lit- 
erature,'  Hari's  (i.e.  Vishiiu-Krishna's)  race': 
the  title  of  a  poem  of  16,374  verses,  it  purports 
to  be  a  part  of  the  Mahabharata,  but  is  of  much  later 
date.  The  first  part  treats  of  the  creation  and  of  the  pa- 
triarchal and  regal  dynasties ;  the  second,  of  the  life  and 
adventures  of  Krishna;  the  third,of  the  future  of  the  world 
and  the  coiTuptions  of  the  Kali  age.  It  was  probab^  writ- 
ten in  the  south  of  India. 

Harkaway  (hark'a-wa-'O,  Grace.  In  Dion  Boucl- 
cault's  comedy  "London  Assurance,"  a  young 
woman  of  fortune. 

Harlan  (har'lan),  James.  Bom  in  Clark  Coun- 
ty, 111.,  Aug.  25, 1820:  died  at  Mount  Pleasant, 
Iowa,  Oct.  5,  1899.  An  American  Republican 
(originally  a  Whig)  politician.  He  was  United 
States  senator  from  Iowa  1865-66 ;  secretary  of  the  inte- 
rior 1866-66 ;  and  United  States  senator  1866-73,  when  he  . 
became  editor  of  the  "Washington  Cluronicle." 

Harlan,  John  Marshall.  Bom  in  Boyle  Coun- 
ty, Ky.,  June  1, 1833.  An  American  jurist.  He 
graduated  from  the  law  department  of  Transylvania  Uni- 
versity in  1863,  was  attorney-general  of  Kentucky  1863- 
1867,  and  became  associate  justice  of  the  United  States  Su- 
preme Court  in  1877. 

Harland  (har'land),  Marion.  The  pseudonym 
of  Mrs.  Terhune  (Mary  Virginia  Hawes). 

Harlaw  (har-13,').  A  place  18  miles  northwest 
of  Aberdeen ,  Scotland.  Here  the  Highlanders  who 
invaded  Aberdeenshire  under  Donald,  lord  of  the  Isles, 
were  defeated  by  the  Earl  of  Mar,  1411. 

Harlech  (bar 'lech).  The  ancient  capital  of 
Merionethshire,  Wales,  situated  on  the  coast 
21  miles  south  of  Carnarvon,  its  castle  was  cap- 
tured from  the  liancastrians  by  the  Yorkists  in  1468,  and 
held  out  long  for  Charles  I.  The  national  Cambrian  war- 
song,  "  The  March  of  the  Men  of  Harlech,"  is  said  to  have 
originated  during  the  formi,r  of  these  sieges.    Qrm}e. 

Harleian  Manuscripts  and  Miscellany.   See 

Harley,  Robert. 

Harlem  (har'lem).  1.  See  Haarlem.— H.  The 
part  of  the  city  of  New  York  situated  in  the 
northern  part  of  Manhattan  Island,  and  in- 
cluded between  the  East  and  Harlem  rivers, 
Eighth  Avenue,  and  106th  street. 

Harlem  Biver.  A  channel  separating  Manhat- 
tan Island  from  the  mainland  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  and  communicating  with  the  East 
River  on  the  east,  and  through  Spuyten  Duyvil 
creek  with  the  Hudson  on  the  west.  Length, 
about  7  miles.  The  Harlem  Canal,  connecting  with  the 
Hudson  River,  was  officially  opened  June  17, 1896. 

Harle(lUin  (har'le-kin  or  -kwin).  [It.  Arlec- 
chino,  F.  Harlequin.']  A  conventional  clown  in 
the  improvised  Italian  comedy,  or  commedia 
dell'  arte.  He  was  the  servant  of  Fantalone,  or  Panta- 
loon, was  noted  for  his  agility  and  gluttony,  and  carried 
a  sword  of  lath.  He  was  the  descendant  of  the  old  Roman 
sannio  (zany) ;  the  German  Hanswurst  was  borrowed  from 
him.  In  English  pantomime  Harlequin  was  dignified  and 
made  popular  by  the  acting  of  Rich,  Woodward,  O'Brien, 
and  Grimaldi.  He  hardly  exists  now  save  in  Christmas 
pantomimes,  improvised  Italian  plays,  and  puppet-shows. 

Harless  (har'les),  Gottlieb  Ohristoph  Adolf 
von.  Bom  at  Nuremberg,  Bavaria,  Nov.  21, 
1806 :  died  at  Munich,  Sept.  5, 1879.     A  German 


Earless 

Protestant  theologiaB.  His  works  include  "Kom- 
mentar  uber  den  Brief  an  die  Epheser  "  (1834),  "  Theolo- 
gische  Enoyklopadie  und  Methodologie "  (1837),  "  Die 
ciiristliche  Ethik  "  (1842),  etc. 

Barleth  (har'leth),  Gwendolen.  Thepriucipal 
female  character  in  George  Eliot's  novel  ' '  Dan- 
iel Deronda." 

Harley  (har'li).  The  "man  of  feeling"  in  Mac- 
kenzie's novel  of  that  name :  a  sensitive,  irres- 
olute person,  too  gentle  to  battle  with  life. 

Harley,  Robert,  first  Earl  of  Oxford.  Bom  at 
London,  Dec.  5,  1661:  died  May  21, 1724.  An 
English  Tory  (originally  Whig)  statesman.  He 
entered  Parliament  In  1689;  was  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons  1701-05;  was  secretary  of  state  1704-08;  was 
made  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  In  1710 ;  was  raised  to 
the  peerage  in  1711 ;  was  lord  treasurer  and  premier  1711- 
17 14 ;  was  impeached  for  high  treason  in  1716,  and  acquitted 
in  1717.  He  left  a  valuable  collection  of  manuscripts, 
which  was  increased  by  his  son  Edward  Harley,  and  even- 
tually acquired  by  the  governmentfor  the  British  Museum. 
A  selection  of  rare  pamphlets,  etc.,  from  his  library  was 
published  under  the  title  ol  "The  Harleian  Miscellany" 
in  1744-46. 

Harlingen  (har'ling-en),  Priesian  Hams 
(ha.mz).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Pries- 
land,  Netherlands,  situated  on  the  North  Sea 
in  lat  53°  11'  N.,  long.  5°  24'  E. :  the  chief  com- 
mercial place  of  Priesland.  Population  (1891), 
10,110. 

Harlot's  Progress,  The.  A  series  of  6  satiri- 
cal pictures  hy  William  Hogarth,  completed  in 
1733.  Five  of  them  were  burned  at  Fonthill  in  1755 ;  the 
sixth  is  at  Gosford  House,  near  Edinburgh,  owned  by  the 
Earl  of  Wemyss.    Cyc.  Painters  and  PainUngs. 

Harlow  (har'lo),  George  Henry.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, June  10,  1787:  died  at  London,  Feb.  4, 
1819.  An  English  painter  of  portraits  and  his- 
torical subjects.  His  most  notable  work  Is  a  portrait 
of  Mrs.  Siddons  as  Queen  Catharine  in  the  trial  scene  in 
Shakspere's  "Henry  VIII. " 

Harlowe,  Clarissa.    See  Clarissa  Barlowe. 

Harmacnis,  or  Harmais.    See  Mormakhu. 

Harmand  (ar-mon'),  Francois  Jules.  Bom  at 
Saumur,  Prance,  Oct.,  1845.  A  Prench  explorer. 
He  served  in  the  campaign  against  the  Kabyles  in  1871, 
and  subsequently  attached  himself  to  the  scientific  expe- 
dition under  Delaporte,  whose  objective  points  were  Ton^- 
king  and  Cambodia.  As  the  other  members  of  the  expe- 
dition fell  sick  on  the  way,  he  proceeded  to  Tongking  with 
Garnier  as  his  only  companion.  He  visited  Cambodia  and 
explored  the  tributaries  of  the  Mekong  Kiver  1875-81,  and 
in  1883-84  rendered  important  services  to  the  French  in 
the  contest  for  Tongking. 

Harmensen  (har'men-sen),  Latinized  Armini- 
us,  Jakobus.  Bom  at  Oudewater,  South  Hol- 
land, 1560:  diedatLeyden,Oct.l9,1609.  ADutch 
theologian,  leader  of  the  Ai  minian  movement 
in  theology.  SiQQ  Remonstrants.  He  studied  at  ley- 
den,  Geneva,  and  Basel ;  preached  in  Amsterdam ;  and 
was  professor  of  theology  in  Leyden  1603-09.  His  works 
were  published  in  Latin  in  1629. 

Harmer  (har'mSr),  Thomas.  Born  atNorwich, 
England,  Oct.,  1714  (?) :  died  at  Wattisfield,  Suf- 
folk, England,  Nov.  27, 1788.  An  English  clergy- 
man of  the  Independent  Church,  pastor  at  Wat- 
tisfield. He  was  the  author  of  "  Observations 
on  Various  Passages  of  Scripture"  (1764),  etc. 

Harmodius  (har-mo'di-us)  and  Aristogiton 
(a-ris-to-ji'ton).  Killed  514  B.C.  Two  Athenian 
youthswhofiUledHipparchus,  tyrant  of  Athens, 
in  514.  They  are  represented  as  entertaining  a  strong 
afiection  for  each  other,  which  remained  unaltered  despite 
the  endeavors  of  Hipparchus  to  withdraw  that  of  the  young 
and  beautiful  Harmodius  to  himself.  Enraged  at  the  iu- 
diflerence  of  Harmodius,  Hipparchus  put  a  public  insult 
upon  him  by  declaring  his  sister  unworthy  of  carrying  the 
sacred  baskets  at  a  religious  procession,  in  revenge  for 
which  the  youths  organized  a  conspiracy  to  overthrow 
both  Hipparchus  and  his  brother  Hippias.  Harmodius 
and  Aristogiton  slew  the  former  on  the  festival  of  the 
great  Panatheneea,  but  their  precipitancy  prevented  the 
'  oOperation  of  the  other  conspirators.  Harmodius  was  cut 
down  by  the  guard.  Aristogiton  was  captured,  and,  when 
put  to  the  torture  to  reveal  his  accomplices,  named  the 
principal  friends  of  Hippias,  who  were  executed.  When 
pressed  for  further  revelations,  he  answered  that  there  re- 
mained no  one  whose  death  he  desired,  except  the  tyrant. 
They  are  represented  in  a  group  now  in  the  Museo  Nazio- 
nale,  Naples.  The  statues  are  copies  of  the  famous  archaic 
bronze  originals  which  stood  on  the  ascent  to  the  Athe- 
nian Acropolis.  Both  figures  are  striding  forward ;  Aris'- 
togiton,  a  little  behind,  extends  his  left  arm,  over  which 
his  chlamys  is  wrapped,  to  cover  Harmodius's  right  side. 
Harmodius,  wholly  undraped,  with  right  arm  raised,  is 
about  to  strike  down  the  tyrant.  Aristogiton's  head, 
though  antique,  is  much  later  than  the  body. 

Harmon  (har'mon),  John,  othervrise  John 
Rokesmith  or  Julins  Handford.  In  Dick- 
ens's "Our  Mutual  Priend,"  the  heir  to  the  Har- 
mon property. 

Harmonia  (har-mo'ni-a).  [Qr. 'Ap/awfe.]  1.  In 
(Jreek  legend,  the  daughter  of  Ares  and  Aphro- 
dite, or,  according  to  another  version,  of  Zeus 
and  Electra.  She  was  given  by  Zeus  in  marriage  to 
Cadmus  of  Thebes.  All  the  gods  of  Olympus  were  present 
at  her  wedding,  and  she  received  either  from  Cadmus  or 
from  one  of  the  gods  a  robe  and  a  necklace  which  proved 
fatal  to  every  person  who  successively  possessed  them. 


482 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  40)  discovered  by  Gold- 
schmidt  at  Paris,  March  31,  1856. 

Harmonious  Blacksmith,  The.  An  air  upon 
which  Handel  wrote  variations,  and  which  since 
his  death  has  been  known  as  "  Handel's  Har- 
monious Blacksmith."  The  original  air  has  been 
attributed  to  various  persons. 

Harmonists  (har'mo-nists).  A  commuTiistic 
religious  body  organized  by  (3-eorge  Eapp  in 
Wiirtemberg  on  the  model  of  the  primitive 
church,  and  conducted  by  him  to  Pennsylvania 
in  1803 :  their  settlement  there  was  called  Har- 
mony (whence  their  name) .  They  removed  to  New 
Harmony  in|Indiana  in  1816,  but  returned  to  Pennsylvania 
in  1825,  and  formed  the  township  of  Economy  on  the  Ohio 
near  Pittsburg,  and  later  a  new  vijlage  of  Harmony.  They 
are  communistic,  holding  all  property  in  common  ;  they 
discourage  strongly  marriage  and  sexual  intercourse,  and 
hold  that  the  second  coming  of  Christ  and  the  millennium 
are  near  at  hand,  and  that  ultimately  the  whole  human 
race  will  be  saved.    Also  called  RappUtg  and  EetmfymiUs. 

Harmony  Society.    See  Harmonists. 

Harms  (narmz),  Klaus.  Bom  at  Pahrstedt, 
Schleswig-Holsteia,  Prussia,  May  25, 1778:  died 
at  Kiel,  Schleswig-Holstein,  Feb.  1,  1855.  A 
German  Protestant  theologian  and  preacher 
at  Kiel.  He  published  "Pastoraltheologie" 
(1830-34),  volumes  of  sermons,  etc. 

Harnack  (har'nak),  Adolf.  Born  at  Dorpat, 
May  7, 1851.  A  noted  German  Protestant  theo- 
logian, professor  successively  at  Leipsic,  Gies- 
sen,  Marburg,  and  (1888)  Berlin.  His  most  im- 
por^nt  work  is  in  the  department  of  the  history  of  the 
ancient  church.  He  has  published  "Lehrbuch  derDog- 
mengescbichte  "  (1886-90),  etc.,  and  contributed  largely  to 
the  ninth  edition  of  the  "  Sncyclopeedia  Brltannica." 

Harnack,  Theodosius.  Bom  at  St.  Petersburg, 
Jan.  3, 1817:  died  at  Dorpat,  Sept.  23, 1889.  A 
German  Protestant  theologian,  professor  of 
theology  at  Dorpat  1845-75  (except  1853-66, 
when  he  was  professor  at  Erlangen) :  author  of 
various  historical  and  theological  works. 

Harney  (har'ni),  William  Selby.  Bom  at 
Haysboro,  Tenn.,  Aug.  27,  1800:  died  May  9, 
1889.  An  American  general.  He  entered  the 
army  in  1818,  served  as  a  colonel  in  the  Mexican  war  (ob- 
taining the  brevet  of  brigadier-general  for  gallantry  at 
CeiTO  Gordo),  and  was  promoted  brigadier-general  in  1858. 
While  in  command  of  the  Department  of  Oregon,  he  took 
possession  in  1859  of  the  island  of  San  Juan,  which  was 
claimed  by  the  English  ;  and  was  in  consequence  recalled. 

Harney's  Peak.  [Named  from  W.  S.  Hamey.] 
The  highest  summit  of  the  Black  Hills,  South 
Dakota.    Height,  about  7,215  feet. 

Haro  (a'ro).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Lo- 
grono,  northern  Spain,  situated  near  the  Ebro 
24  miles  west-northwest  of  Logrono.  It  has 
some  trade.     Population  (1887),  7,549. 

Haro,  Don  Luis  de.  Bom  1599 : "  died  at  Ma- 
drid, Nov.  26,  1661.  A  Spanish  politician  and 
courtier.  He  was  the  son  of  the  Marquis  of  Carpio,  and 
a  nephew  of  the  Duke  of  Olivares,  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1643  as  prime  minister  and  favorite  of  Philip  IV.  He  car- 
ried on  an  unsuccessful  war  against  France,  Portugal,  and 
the  Dutch,  which  was 'concluded  by  the  treaty  of  the  Pyre- 
nees in  1659.  He  Is  said  to  have  been  the  ablest  minister 
which  Spain  produced  In  the  17th  century.  His  public 
services  were  rewarded  by  the  erection  of  the  marquisate 
of  Carpio  Into  a  dukedom. 

Harold  (har'old),  surnamed  "  Blue-tooth"  (Hat- 
aid  Blaataiid).  Died  about  985.  King  of  Den- 
mark, son  of  Gorm  the  Old  whom  he  succeeded 
about  935.  He  obtained  the  overlordship  of  Norway 
on  the  death  of  Harold  Harf agr,  but  was  forced  to  recog- 
nize the  suzerainty  of  the  emperors  Otto  I.  and  Otto  II., 
by  whom  he  was  made  to  accept  Christianity.  He  was 
expelled  by  his  son  Svend  Forked-beard  at  the  head  of 
the  pagan  party,  and  was  killed  in  the  fiight. 

Harold  I.,  surnamed  "Harefoot."  [ME.  flaroM, 
Sarald,  AB.  Harold,  Harold,  from  ODan.  Har- 
ald,  leel.  Ha/raldr.'\  Died  at  Oxford,  March  17, 
1040.  King  of  the  English  1035-40,  illegitimate 
son  of  Canute  by  .^llfgifu  of  Northampton.  At 
the  death  of  his  father  in  1036,  he  became  a  candidate 
for  the  English  crown  before  the  witan  in  opposition  to 
Canute's  legitimate  son  Hardicanute,  king  of  Denmark. 
He  obtained  by  a  compromise  the  region  north  of  the 
Thames,  while  Hardicanute  obtained  that  to  the  south. 
The  absence  of  Hardicanute  in  Denmark,  however,  enabled 
him  to  gain  many  of  the  latter's  adherents,  including  God- 
win, earl  of  Wessex,  and  in  1037  he  was  chosen  king  over  all 
England.  He  died  during  the  preparations  of  Hardicanute 
for  an  invasion  of  England. 

Harold  11.  Bom  about  1022 :  died  Oct.  14, 1066. 
King  of  the  English  Jan.  6-Oct.  14, 1066,  son  of 
Godwin,  earl  of  Wessex,  and  Gytha.  He  became 
earl  of  East  Anglla  about  1046  ;  was  banished  with  his  fa- 
ther by  Edward  the  Confessor  in  1051,  and  was  restored 
with  him  In  1062 ;  succeeded  his  father  as  earl  of  Wessex 
in  1063  (giving  up  his  earldom  of  East  Anglia) ;  and  was  the 
chief  minister  of  Edward  1063-66.  Probably  in  1064  he 
was  shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  Normandy  and  fell  into 
the  hands  of  William,  duke  of  Normandy,  who  compelled 
him  to  take  an  oath  whereby  he  promised  to  marry  Wil- 
liam's daughter  and  to  assist  him  in  secarfng  the  succes- 
sion in  England.  He  married  about  this  time,  probably  on 
his  return  to  England,  Ealdgyth  or  Aldgyth,  widow  of 
GrufEydd,  and  sister  of  Eadwine,  earl  of  the  Mercians; 


Harpies 

and  on  the  death  of  Edward  procured  his  own  election  as 
king,  Jan.  6,  1066.  He  defeated  his  brother  Tostig  (who 
had  been  deposed  from  his  earldom  of  Northumbria  and 
outlawed  in  theprevious  reign)  and  Harold  Hardrada,  king 
of  Norway,  at  Stamford  Bridge,  Sept.  26,  1066 ;  and  was 
defeated  by  William,  duke  of  Normandy,  and  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Hastings  or  Senlac,  Oct.  14, 1066.  His  mu- 
tilated body  is  said  to  have  been  recognized  among  the 
slain  by  his  former  mistress  Edith  Swan-neck,  and  to 
have  been  buried  by  William's  order  on  the  coast  which 
he  sought  to  defend,  Ihe  grave  being  marked  by  a  cairn  of 
stones. 

Harold  I.,  sumamed  Harf  agr  or  Haarfager 

( '  Fair-haired ').  Died  in  933.  King  of  Norway 
860-930,  son  of  Halfdan  the  Black.  He  completed 
the  conquest  of  the  jarls,  or  petty  kings,  begun  by  his  fa- 
ther, and  repressed  freebooting,  which  caused  a  migration 
of  many  of  the  most  famous  vikings  to  Iceland  and  Nor- 
mandy (EoUo).  In  930  he  divided  his  kingdom  among  his 
sons,  of  whom  the  eldest,  Eric  Blodfize,  retained  the  over- 
lordship. 

Harold  II..  sumamed  Qxaafeld  ('Gray-skin'). 
Died  in  963.  King  of  the  Norwegians  950-963, 
son  of  Eric  Blodoxe. 

Harold  III.,  sumamed  Hardrada  ('the 
Stem').  Died  Sept.  25,  1066.  King  of  Nor- 
way 1046-66.  He  entered  the  military  Eiervice  at  Con- 
stantinople in  1033,  became  commander  of  the  imperial 
guard,  and  defeated  the  Saracens  in  18  battles  in  Africa. 
He  invaded  England  in  alliance  with  Tostig,  the  outlawed 
brother  of  Harold  II.  of  England,  in  1066,  and  was  defeated 
and  slain  at  the  battle  of  Stamford  Bridge. 

Harold,  or  The  Last  of  the  Saxon  Kings.    A 

historical  romance  by  Bulwer,  published  in 
1848.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the  time  of  Harold  II. 

Harold  en  Italic.  A  symphony  composed  by 
Berlioz  in  1834.  It  is  the  fourth  of  his  five  sym- 
phonies, and  the  idea  is  from  "  ChUde  Harold." 

Haroun-al-Rashid.    See  Harun-al-Ilashid. 

Harp  (harp),  The.    A  constellation.    See  Lyra. 

Harpagon  (ar-pa-g6n').  A  character  in  Mo- 
lifere's  comedy ' '  L' Avare  "  (taken  from  Plautus's 
"Euclio"),  a  miser. 

Harpagon  does  not  absolutely  starve  the  rats ;  he  pos- 
sesses horses,  though  he  feeds  them  ill ;  he  has  servants, 
though  he  grudges  them  clothes :  he  even  contemplates  a 
marriage-supper  at  his  own  expense,  though  he  intends 
to  have  a  bad  one.  He  has  evidently  been  compelled  to 
make  some  sacrifices  to  the  usages  of  mankind,  and  is  at 
once  a  more  common  and  a  more  theatrical  character  than 
Euclio.  Hallam. 

Harpagus  (har'pa-gus).  A  general  of  Cyrus. 
Accordmg  to  Herodotus,  he  was  descended  from  a  noble 
Median  house,  and  was  the  confidential  attendant  of  As- 
tyages,  who  charged  him  with  the  duty  of  exposing  Cyrus. 
i&eeMandane.)  Instead,  however,  of  performing  that  duty 
in  person,  he  delegated  it  to  the  herdsman  Mitradates, 
who  substituted  a  still-bom  child  of  which  his  wife  had 
just  been  delivered.  When  the  identity  of  Cyrus  was  dis- 
covered, Astyages  punished  Harpagus  by  serving  up  to 
him  at  a  banquet  the  fiesh  of  his  own  son.  Harpagus 
waited  until  Cyrus  had  grown  to  manhood,  then  incited 
him  to  rebel  against  As^ages,  and  effected  the  downfall 
of  the  latter  by  deserting  with  the  army  to  Cyrus.  He 
was  afterward  one  of  the  most  trusted  generals  in  Cyrus's 
service,  and  acted  a  prominent  part  in  the  conquest  of 
Asia  Minor. 

Harper  (har'pSr),  James.  Bom  at  Newtown, 
L.  I.,  April  13, 1795:  died  at  New  York,  March 
27, 1869.  An  American  publisher  and  printer, 
founder  of  the  firm  of  Harper  and  Brothers. 
He  was  associated  in  business  with  his  brothers 
Joseph  Wesley  (1801-70)andFleteher(1806-77). 

Harper,  William  Rainey.  Bom  at  New  Con- 
cord, Ohio,  July  26, 1856.  An  American  scholar 
and  educator,  first  president  of  tiie  University 
of  Chicago  (1891). 

Harper's  Ferry  (har'p6rz  fer'ij.  A  town  in 
Jefferson  County,  West  Virginia,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Shenandoah  with  the  Poto- 
mac, 49  miles  northwest  of  Washington,  it  is 
noted  for  picturesque  scenery.  It  was  seized  by  John 
Brown  Oct.  16, 1869.  The  Confederates  held  it  from  April 
to  June,  1861.  Here  the  Federal  commander  Miles  suiren- 
dered  to  the  Confederates  (with  Federal  loss  of  11,783) 
Sept.  16, 1862. 

Harpies  (har'piz).  [Gr."Apm;«M,thesnatchers.] 
In  Greek  mythology,  winged  monsters,  raven- 
ous and  filthy,  having  the  face  and  body  of  a 
woman  and  the  wings  of  a  bird  of  prey,  with 
the  feet  and  fingers  armed  with  sharp  claws  and 
the  face  pale  with  hunger,  serving  as  ministers 
of  divine  vengeance,  and  defiling  everything 
they  touched.  The  Harpies  were  commonly  regarded 
either  as  two  (Aello  and  Ocypete)  or  three  in  number,  but 
occasionally  several  others  were  mentioned.  They  were 
originally  conceived  of  simply  as  storm-winds  sent  by  the 
gods  to  carry  off  offenders,  and  were  later  personified  as' 
fair-haired  winged  maidens,  their  features  and  character- 
istics being  more  or  less  repulsive  at  different  times  and 
places.  The  Harpies  have  been  to  some  extent  confounded 
by  modern  scholars  with  the  Sirens,  who,  though  of  kin- 
dred origin,  were  goddesses  of  melody,  even  if  of  a  sweet- 
ness that  was  harmful  to  mankind,  and  were  represented 
as  women  in  the  upper  parts  of  their  bodies  and  as  birds 
below. 

The  mummy  lies  on  the  bier,  attended  by  Anubis,  the 
jackal-headed  god  of  embalmment.  The  Soul,  grasping 
in  one  hand  a  little  sail,  the  emblem  of  breath,  in  the 


Harpies 

other  hand  the  "  ankh,"  or  emblem  of  life,  hovers  over 
the  face  of  the  corpse.  Now  this  Soul,  this  "Ba,"  is  a 
lovmg  visitant  to  the  dead  man.  It  brings  a  breath  of  the 
sweet  north  wind,  and"  the  cheering  hope  of  immortality 
in  the  sunny  Fields  of  Aahlu.  The  Greeljs,  however,  mis- 
apprehending its  nature  and  functions,  conceived  of  it  as 
a  malevolent  emissary  of  the  gods,  and  converted  it  into 
the  Harpy.  We  have  next  the  Greelc  conception  of  a 
Harpy,  from  a  fragment  of  early  Greek  painted  ware  found 
at  Daphnse.  But  we  have  a  still  finer  example  in  the 
illustration  reproduced  from  the  famous  Harpy  Tomb  in 
the  British  Museum.  The  Harpy  is  carrying  off  one  of 
the  daughters  of  Pandarus.  She  wears  a  fillet  and  pendant 
curls,  and,  besides  the  claws  of  a  bird,  she  has  human 
arms  like  the  Egyptian  "Ba,"  wherewith  to  clasp  her 
prey.  The  monument  from  which  this  group  is  copied 
was  discovered  by  Su'  Charles  Fellows  at  Xanthua,  in  Lycia, 
and  It  dates  from  about  five  hundred  and  forty  years  be- 
fore our  era.       Mdwmrda,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  187. 

Harpignies  (ar-pen-ye'),  Henri  Joseph.  Bom 

at  Valenciennes,  July,  1819.  A  noted  French 
landscape-painter.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Achard,  and 
first  exhibited  in  the  Salon  of  1863.  A  number  of  his  works 
are  in  the  Luxembourg,  Souai,  Lille,  and  other  museums. 

Harpin  (ar-pan').  A  character  in  Molifere's 
"Comtesse  d'Esoarbagnas,"an  attack  npon  the 
financiers  of  the  time. 

Harpocrates  (har-pok'ra-tez).  A  deity  of  Egyp- 
tian origin,  identified  with  Horus,  adopted  by 
the  Greeks  and  Romans. 

Harpocration  (har-po-kra'shi-gn),  Valerius. 
Lived  2d  (4th  ?)  century.  A  Greek  rhetorician 
of  Alexandria,  author  of  a  lexicon  of  the  works 
of  the  Attic  orators  (edited  by  Dindorf  1855). 

All  that  we  know  of  Valerius  Harpocration  is  contained 
in  the  brief  statement  by  Suidas  that  he  was  a  rhetorician 
of  Alexandria ;  and  that  besides  the  "Lexicon  to  the  Ten 
Orators,"  which  has  come  down  to  us,  he  wrote  a  book  of 
elegant  extracts,  which  is  lost.  Even  the  age  at  which 
he  flourished  is  quite  uncertain  ;  for  while  some  identify 
him  with  the  Harpocration  who  taught  Greek  to  tlie  em- 
peror 1.  Verus,  others  recognize  in  him  either  the  con- 
temporary and  friend  of  Libanius,  or  the  physician  of 
Mendes,  mentioned  by  Athenseus. 

K.  0.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  383. 

[{Donaldson.) 

Harpoot,  Harput.    See  Kharput. 

Harring  (har'ring),HarroPauI.  Bomatlbeps- 
dorf ,  near  Husum,  Prussia,  Aug.  28, 1798 :  com- 
mitted suicide  in  Jersey,  Channel  Islands,  May 
25, 1870.  A  German  writer  and  radical  agitator, 
author  of  the  novel  "Dolores"  (1858-59),  etc. 

Harrington  (har'ing-ton),  James,  Bom  at 
Upton,  Northamptonshire,  Jan.  7,  1611:  died 
at  London,  Sept.  11, 1677.  An  English  political 
writer.  His  chief  work  was  a  treatise  on  civil  govern- 
ment, "The  Commonwealth  of  Oceana"  (1666). 

Harrington,  Sir  John.     See  Harington. 

Harriot,  or  Harriott  (har'i-ot),  Thomas. 
Born  at  Oxford,  England,  1560:  died  at  Lon- 
don, July  2,  1621.  An  English  mathematician 
and  astronomer.  His  "Artis  analyticse  praxis  ad  segua^ 
tiones  algebraicaa  resolvendas"  was  published  posthu- 
mously in  1631.  He  did  much  for  the  advancement  of 
algebra,  especially  by  enunciating  the  fundamental  prin- 
ciple that  an  equation  is  the  product  of  as  many  simple 
equations  as  there  are  units  in  its  highest  power. 

Harris  (har'is).  A  district  in  the  Outer  Heb- 
rides, Scotland,  it  comprises  the  southern  part  of  the 
largest  island  (Lewis  being  the  northern  and  larger  part) 
and  a  few  smaller  islands. 

Harris,  James.  Born  at  Salisbury,  July  20, 
1709:  died  there,  Dec.  22, _  1780.  An  English 
classical  scholar  and  politician.  He  became  a  lord 
of  the  admiralty  in  1763,  and  a  few  months  later  a  lord  of 
the  treasury,  retiring  in  1766.  He  wrote  "Hermes,  or  a 
Philosophicsu  Enquiry  concerning  Universal  Grammar" 
(1761),  etc. 

Harris,  James,  first  Earl  of  Malmesbury.  Born 
at  Salisbury,  England,  April  21,  1746 :  died  at 
London,  Nov.  20,  1820.  An  English  diploma- 
tist and  politician.  He  was  made  secretary  of  embassy 
at  Madrid  in  1768 ;  became  minister  at  Berlin  in  1772,  at 
St.  Petersburg  in  1776,  and  at  The  Hague  in  1784 ;  and  ne- 
gotiated the  marriage  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  in  1794.  He 
wrote  "  Diaries  and  Correspondence  "  (4  vols.,  edited  by  the 
third  Earl  of  Malmesbury,  1844),  "Letters"  (edited  1870). 

Harris,  Joel  Chandler.  Born  at  Eatonton, 
Ga.,  Dec.  8,  1848.  An  American  writer  and 
joumalist,  from  1876  on  the  staff  of  the  "  At- 
lanta Constitution."  He  is  best  known  as  the  author 
of  books  on  negro  folk-lore:  "Uncle  Remus:  his  Songs 
and  his  Sayings  "  (1880), "  Nights  with  Uncleltemus  "  (1883), 
"  Mingo,  and  other  Sketches  "  (1884), "  Free  Joe,  etc."  (1887), 
"Daddy  Jake,  the  Runaway"  (1889). 

Harris,  John.  Bom  about  1667:  died  Sept.  7, 
1719.  An  English  divine  and  scientific  writer. 
He  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1696,  and 
its  secretary  in  1709,  and  delivered  the  Boyle  lectures  in 
St.  Paul's  in  1698.  He  published  "  Lexicon  teohnioum,  or 
an  Universal  English  Dictionary  of  Arts  and  Sciences" 
(1704),  the  first  of  its  kind  in  English,  and  other  works 
(mathematical,  historical,  etc.),  including  a  "  Collection  of 
Voyages  and  Travels  "  (1705). 

Harris,  John.  Bom  at  Ugborough,  Devonshire, 
March  8,  1802:  died  near  London,  Deo.  21, 
1856.  An  English  Con£;regationalist  clergyman. 
He  wrote  "  The  Great  Teacher  "  (1835),  "  Mam- 
mon" (1836),  "Man  Primeval"  (1849),  etc. 


483 

Harris,  Joseph.  An  English  actor  (played  from 
1661  to  1681).  He  was  successful  in  both  tragedy  and 
comedy.  [Not  to  be  confounded  with  a  more  common- 
place actor  named  Joseph  Harris,  who  fiourished  from 
1661-99,  and  who  wrote  several  plays.] 

Harris,  Mrs.  In  Dickens's  "  Martin  Chuzzle- 
wit,"  an  entirely  imaginary  person,  constantly 
quoted  by  Sairey  Gamp  as  one  for  whose  opin- 
ions she  has  great  respect,  in  order  to  lend 
greater  weight  to  her  own. 

Harris,  Thaddeus  William.  Bom  at  Dor- 
chester, Mass.,  Nov.  12,  1795:  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  Jan.  16,  1856.  An  American  en- 
tomologist. He  published  "  Catalogue  of  the 
Insects  of  Massachusetts,"  "  Insects  Injurious 
to  Vegetation"  (1841),  etc. 

Harris,  William.  Bom  at.  Springfield,  Mass., 
April  29,  1765 :  died  Oct.  18,  1829.  An  Ameri- 
can clergyman  and  educator,  president  of  Co- 
lumbia College  (New  York)  1811-29. 

Harris,  William  Torrey.  Bom  at  Killingly, 
Conn.,  Sept.  10, 1835.  An  American  philosoph- 
ical writer  and  educator.  He  was  superintendent  of 
the  public  schools  of  St.  Lonis  1867,  founded  the  "  Jour- 
nal of  Speculative  Philosopliy  "  in  1867,  and  became  United 
States  commissioner  of  education  in  1889. 

Harrisburg  (har'is-bSrg).  A  city,  the  capital 
of  Pennsylvania  and  of  Dauphin  County,  situ- 
ated on  the  Susquehanna  in  lat.  40°  16'  N. ,  long. 
76°  53'  W.  It  has  important  manufactures,  especially 
^' iron  and  steeL  It  became  the  State  capital  in  1812.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  60,167. 

Harrison  (har'i-son).  A  town  of  Hudson  Coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  adjoining  Newark.  Population 
(1900),  10,596. 

Harrison,  Benjamin.  Born  in  Virginia  about 
1740:  died  April,  1791.  An  American  politi- 
cian, a  delegate  to  Congress  1774-77,  and  gov- 
ernor of  Virginia  1782-85. 

Harrison,  Benjamin.  Bom  atNorthBend, Ohio, 
Aug.  20,  1833 :  died  at  Indianapolis,  March  13, 
1901.  Twenty-third  President  of  the  United 
States,  grandson  of  President  W.  H.  Harrison. 
He  graduated  at  Miami  University  in  1852  ;  studied  law, 
and  practised  in  Indianapolis ;  was  elected  (Republican) 
reporter  of  the  Indiana  Supreme  Court  in  1860 ;  served  in 
the  Civil  War  1862-65  as  commander  of  a  regiment  and 
brigade ;  was  brevetfced  brigadier-general ;  took  an  active 
part  in  the  battles  of  Eesaca  and  Peach  Tree  Creek  in  1864 ; 
and  was  reelected  reporter  in  1864,  but  declined  reelection 
in  1868.  He  was  the  unsuccessful  Republican  candidate 
for  governor  of  Indiana  in  1876 ;  was  United  States  senator 
1881-87 ;  as  Republican  candidate  was  elected  to  the  presi- 
dency in  1888 ;  and  served  as  President  1889-93.  He  was 
an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  reelection  in  1892. 

Harrison,  Doctor.  A  clergyman,  in  Fielding's 
'  'Amelia,"  somewhat  resembling  Parson  Adams . 

Harrison,  Frederic.  Bom  at  London,  Oct.  18, 
1831.  An  English  jurist,  essayist,  and  philo- 
sophical writer.  He  has  been  a  frequent  contributor  to 
the  "Nineteenth  Century  "and  other  periodicals,  and  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Positivist  school  in  1870.  Among 
his  works  are  "Order  and  Progress"  (1874),  "Social  Stat- 
ics" (1876),  "Present  and  Future"  (1880),  "The  Choice  of 
Books,  etc."  (1886). 

Harrison,  John.  Born  at  Foulby,  parish  of 
Wragby,  Yorkshire,  March  31,  .1693 :  died  at 
London,  March  24, 1776.  An  English  mecha- 
nician and  inventor.  He  invented  the  "grid- 
iron" compensating  pendulum  and  the  chro- 
nometer. 

Harrison,  Thomas  Alexander.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, Jan.  17,  1853.  An  American  genre  and 
landscape  painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  G6r6mo  at  the 
Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts.  He  exhibited  first  in  the  Salon  of 
1881.  Among  his  works  are"Aubord  de  lamer,"  "Coast 
of  Brittany  "  (1881), «  The  Amateurs,"  "Little  Slave  "  (1883), 
"The  Wave,"  "Sea-shore "(1886). 

Harrison,  William  Henry.  Bom  at  Berkeley, 
Charles  City  County,  Va.,  Feb.  9, 1773:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  April  4,  1841.  The  ninth 
President  of  the  United  States,  son  of  Benja- 
min Harrison.  He  was  a  delegate  to  Congress  from  the 
Northwest  Territory  1799-1800 ;  was  governor  of  Indiana 
Territory  1801-13 ;  and  gamed  the  victory  of  Tippecanoe 
in  1811,  and  that  of  the  Thames  in  1813.  He  was  member 
of  Congress  from  Ohio  1816-19,  United  States  senator  1826- 
1828,  and  United  States  minister  to  Colombia  1828-29.  In 
1836  he  was  defeated  as  Whig  candidate  for  the  presi- 
dency, but  was  elected  (in  the  "log-cabin  and  hard-cider 
campaign  ")  in  1840.  He  was  President  for  one  month  only, 
being  inaugurated  March  4, 1841. 

Harrison's  Landing.  A  landing  on  the  lower 
James  River  in  Virginia,  often  mentioned  in  the 
Civil  War. 

Harrisse  (har-es'),  Henri.  Bom  in  Paris,  of 
Russian  Hebrew  parents,  1830.  A  critic,  bibli- 
ographer, and  historian.  He  became  a  naturalized 
citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  for  some  years  practised 
law  in  New  York.  He  has  traveled  in  America  and  in  many 
parts  of  Europe  in  search  of  documents  relating  to  the 
early  history  of  the  New  World.  Among  his  important 
publications  are  "Bibliotheca  Americana  Vetustissima  " 
(1866),  "  Cristophe  Colomb  "  (2  vols.  1884-86),  "  Jean  et  Se- 
bastian Cabot"  (1883),  etc. 


Hartford  Convention 

Harrodsburg  (har'odz-b^rg).  The  capital  ol" 
Mercer  County,  Kentucky,  situated  30  miles 
south  of  Frankfort,  it  is  the  oldest  town  in  Ken- 
tucky,  and  a  place  of  resort  on  account  of  its  mineral  wa- 
ters.   Population,  about  4,600. 

Harrogate, or  Harrowgate  (har'o-gat).  A  town 
m  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  sit- 
uated near  the  Nidd  18  miles  west  by  north  of 
york.  It  is  noted  for  chalybeate,  sulphurous,  and  saline 
springs,  and  is  one  of  the  principal  watering-places  in  Ene- 
land.    Population  (1891),  13,917. 

Harrow-on-the-Hill  (har'S-ou-sne-hil'),  or 
Harrow.  A  village  in  Middlesex,  England,  11 
miles  northwest  of  London,  its  school  for  boys 
(founded  by  John  Lyon  in  1571,  opened  in  1611)  is  one  ol 
the  great  public  schools  of  England.    Pop.  (1891)  6  726 

Harry  (har'i),  Blind,  or  Henry  the  Minstrel. 

Lived  about  1470-92.  A  Scottish  ministrel,  au- 
thorofapoemonW1iliamWallaee(printedl570). 
A  oompletemanusoript,  dated  1488,is  in  the  Ad- 
vocates' Library,  Edinburgh.     Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Harry,  Earl  of  Moreland,  History  of.  See 
Fool  of  Quality. 

Harry  Lorrequer.  A  novel  by  Charles  Lever, 
first  published  in  the  "  Dublin  Magazine  "  in 
1837.  ^ 

Hart  (hart),  James  McDougal.  Bom  at  KU- 
maruook,  Scotland,  May  10, 1828:  died  at  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  Oct.  24,  1901.  An  American  land- 
scape-painter, brother  and  pupil  of  William 
Hart :  noted  for  landscapes  and  paintings  of 
cattle  and  sheep. 

Hart,  Joel  T.  Bom  in  Clarke  County,  Ky., 
in  1810:  died  at  Florence,  March  1,  1877.  An 
American  sculptor.  Amonghisworksare "Angelina," 
"II  PenseroBO,"  "Woman  Triumphant,"  and  statues  of 
Henry  Clay. 

Hart,  John.  Bom  at  Hopewell,  N.  J.,  1708 :  died 
there,  1780.  An  American  patriot,  delegate  to 
Congress  from  New  Jersey  1776,  and  a  signer  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

Hart,  Sir  Robert.  Bom  in  1835.  A  British 
diplomat.  He  entered  the  consular  service  in  China  in 
18.M,  was  inspector-general  of  customs  in  China  1863-85, 
and  was  director  of  Chinese  imperial  maritime  customs 
1S86-,    Created  a  baronet  in  1893. 

Hart,  Solomon  Alexander.  Bom  at  Plymouth, 
1806:  died  at  London,  June  12, 1881.  An  Eng- 
lish historical  painter,  of  Hebrew  descent. 

Hart,  William.  Born  at  Paisley,  Scotland, 
March  31, 1823:  died  at  Mount  Vemon,N.Y.,  June 
17, 1894.  An  American  landscape-  and  animal- 
painter,  brother  of  James  McDougal  Hart. 

Harte  (hart),  Francis  Bret.  Bom  at  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  25, 1839:  died  atCamberley,  Surrey, 
England,  May  5,  1902.  An  American  poet  and 
novelist.  He  removed  to  California  in  1864,  and  founded 
the  "  Overland  Monthly  "  (San  Francisco)  in  1868.  In  1870 
he  was  made  professor  of  recent  literature  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  California,  but  resigned  and  removed  to  New  York 
in  1871.  He  was  United  States  consul  at  Crefeld, Germany, 
1878-80,  and  at  Glasgow  1880-86,  and  afterward  lived  in 
England.  Among  his  many  works  are  "The  Luck  of  Roar- 
ingCamp"  (1868),  "The  Outcastsof  Poker  Flat "  (1869),both 
appearing  inthe"OverlandMonthly";"CondensedNovels, 
etc."  (1870);  "The  Heathen  Chinee  "(in  verse,  1870:  origi- 
nally appearing  as  "Plain  Talk  from  Truthful  James"  in 
the  "Overland  Monthly");  "Poems  "(1871);  "Stories  of  the 
Sierras "(1872) ;  "Talesof  the  Argonauts"  (1875) ;  "Gabriel 
Conroy  "  (1876) ; "  Thankful  Blossom  "  (1877) ;  "Two  Men  of 
Sandy  Bar"  (a  drama,  1877) ;  "  California  Stories  "(1884)  ; 
"  A  Millionaire  of  Rough  and  Ready  "(1887) ;  "A  Drift  from 
Redwood  Camp  "  and  "A  Phyllis  of  the  Sierras  "  (1888). 

Hartenstein  (har'ten-stm)^  Gustav.    Born  at 

Plauen,  Saxony,  March  18, 1808  :  died  at  Jena, 
Feb.  2,  1890.  A  German  philosophical  writer 
of  the  Herbartian  school,  professor  of  philos- 
ophy at  the  University  of  Leipsic  1834-58.  He 
edited  Kant's  works  and  Herbart's. 

Hartfell  (hart'fel).  A  hill  in  Scotland,  on  the 
border  of  Peebles  and  Dumfries. 

Hartford  (hart'f  ord).  A  city,  the  capital  of  Con- 
necticut and  of  Hartford  County,  situated  on 
the  Connecticut  in  lat.  41°  46'  N.,  long.  72°  41' 
W.,  at  the  head  of  navigation,  it  is  noted  for  its 
wealth,  and  is  an  important  center  of  insurance  business, 
book-publishing,  and  manufactures  (especially  of  fireai'ms, 
bicycles,  etc.).  It  is  the  seat  of  a  theological  seminary 
(Congregational),  of  Trinity  College  (which  see),  and  of  the 
American  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum,  Connecticut  Retreat, 
for  the  Insane,  Hartford  Orphan  Asylum,  and  other  benevo- 
lent institutions.  It  was  settled  in  1635,  and  was  the  scene 
of  the  attempt  of  Andros  to  secure  the  colonial  charter 
(hidden  in  the  "  Charter  Oak  ")  in  1688.  It  was  sole  capital 
1665-1701,  and  capital  jointly  with  New  Haven  1701-1873. 
Population  (1900),  79,860. 

Hartford  Convention.  A  poUtioal  assembly 
whichmet  at  Hartford  Deo. 15, 1814,-Jan.  5, 1815. 
It  was  composed  of  12  delegates  from  Massachusetts  (in- 
cluding its  president,  George  Cabot),  7  from  Connecticut, 
and  4  from  Rhode  Island  (appointed  by  the  legislatures  of 
these  States),  and  2  from  New  Hampshire  and  1  from  Ver- 
mont (appointed  by  counties),  all  Federalists.  It  published 
a  report  protesting  against  the  war  with  England  and 
against  the  action  of  the  United  States  government  in  re- 
fusing to  pay  the  expenses  of  defending  Massachusetts  and 


Hartford  Convention 

Connecticut  because  those  States  refused  to  place  their  mi- 
litias under  the  control  of  the  Federal  government,  and  rec- 
ommended, among  other  things,  the  restriction  of  the 
powers  of  Congress  pertaining  to  war  and  to  the  laying  of 
embaigos.  Its  proceedings  were  carried  on  In  secret,  and 
the  convention  was  suspected  at  the  time  of  treason. 

Harthacnut.    See  Hardicanute. 

Hartington  (har'ting-ton),  MarcLUis  of.    See 

Cavendish,  Spencer  Conipton. 

Hartlepool.  See  Mast  Hartlepool  and  West  Har- 
tlepool. 

Hartley  (liart'li),  David.  Born  1705  (exact  date 
uncertain) :  died  at  Bath,  England,  Aug.  28, 
1757.  An  English  materialistic  philosopher.  His 
chief  work  is  "  Observations  on  Man,  his  Frame,  his  Duty, 
and  his  Expectations  "(1749).  He  explained  all  mental 
processes  as  founded  upon  minute  nervous  vibrations, 
which  he  called  "  Vibratiuucles."  He  was  the  founder  of 
the  English  associational  psychology. 

Hartmann  (hart'man),  KmI  Robert  Eduard 
von.  Born  at  Berlin,  Feb.  23, 1842.  A  German 
philosophical  writer,  noted  as  an  expounder  of 
pessimism.  He  has  written  "Die  Philosophie  des 
iJnbewussten"  (^' Philosophy  of  the  Unconscious,"  1869), 
"Phanomenologia  des  sittUchen  Bewusstseins  "(1879), ' '  Das 
religiose  BewusstseinderMensohheit,"  "DieKeligiondes 
Geistes  "  (1882),  etc. 

Hartmann,  Moritz.  Born  at  Duschnik,  Bohe- 
mia, Oct.  15,  1821 :  died  at  Oberdobling,  near 
Vienna,  May  13, 1872.  A  German  poet  and  nov- 
elist. Among  his  works  are  "Der  Krieg  um 
den  Wald"  (1850),  and  the  poem  "Adam  und 
Eva"  (1851). 

Hartmann  von  Aue  (hart'man  f  on  ou'e).  Born 
in  Swabia  about  1170 :  died  between  1210  and 
1220.  A  Middle  High  German  epic  poet.  He  was 
a  liegeman  of  the  noble  house  of  Aue.  He  was  well  edu- 
cated, according  to  the  measure  of  the  time,  and  had  re- 
ceived instruction  in  Latin  and  French.  He  took  part  in 
the  Crusade  of  1197.  At  various  times  he  wrote  lyrics  and 
two  poetical  love-letters,  or  "Buchlein  "("Booklets  ").  His 
epics  are  "Gregorius,"thelegendof  St.  Gregory,  based  on 
a  French  poem ;  "  Der  arme  Heinrich  "  ("  Poor  Henry  "),  a 
pious  tale  from  a  Latin  story ;  and  two  romances  from  the 
so-called  cycle  of  King  Arthur, "  Erec  "  and  "  Iwein,"  both 
free  versions  of  originals  of  the  French  poet  Chrestien  of 
Troyes.  "  Erec  "  and  "  Gregorius  "  were  written  before 
1197,  "Der  arme  Heinrich"  and  *' Iwein"  after,  probably 
in  the  order  given.  In  "  Erec  "  he  introduced  the  Arthur- 
ian legend  into  German  literature. 

Hartranft  (har'tranft),  John  Frederick.  Bom 

at  New  Hanover,  Montgomery  County,  Pa. ,  Deo. 
16, 1830:  died  at  Norristown,  Pa.,  Oct.  17,  1889. 
An  American  general  and  politician,  governor 
of  Pennsylvania  1873-79. 
Hartt  (hart),  Charles  Frederic.  Born  atFred- 
erioton.  New  Brunswick,  Aug.  23, 1840 :  died  at 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  March  18, 1878.     An  American 

feologist.  He  studied  under  Agassiz,  and  accompanied 
im  to  Brazil  in  1866 ;  subsequently  he  was  professor  of 
geology,  at  Vassar  College  and  Cornell  University.  He 
made  repeated  excursions  to  Brazil,  and  in  1875  organized 

*  the  Brazilian  Geological  Commission,  under  the  govern- 
ment of  that  country :  its  work  was  cut  short  by  his  death. 
He  published  "  Geology  and  Physical  Geography  of  Brazil " 
(1870),  and  numerous  important  papers  on  geology,  pale- 
ontology, and  ethnology. 

Hartwick  (hart'vrik).  A  township  in  Otsego 
County,  central  New  York,  63  miles  west  of  Al- 
bany :  seat  of  Hartwick  Theological  Seminary 
(Lutheran).     Population  (1890),  1,894. 

Hartz.     See  Harz. 

Hartzenbusch  (harts'en-bosh),  Juan  Eugenio. 
Born  at  Madrid,  Sept.  6, 1806 :  died  at  Madrid, 
Aug.  2,  1880.  A  Spanish  dramatic  poet,  of  Ger- 
man descent.  He  published  "LosamantesdeTeruel" 
(1836),  and  other  dramas,  and  edited  critically  Calderon, 
Lope  de  Vega,  etc.    He  wrote  "  Cuentos  y  Fabulas  "  (1861). 

Harndes  (ha-ro'dez),  or  Charudes  (ka-rS'dez). 
[L.  (CsBsar)  Harudes,  Gr.  (Ptolemy)  Xapovde?.'] 
A  German  tribe  first  mentioned  by  Csesar  as  in 
the  army  of  Ariovistus.  In  the  campaigns  of  Tiberius 
they  were  situated  on  the  lower  Elbe,  at  the  base  of  the 
Cimbrian  peninsula,  Kothing  is  known  of  theii-  ultimate 
fate. 

Harun-al-Bashid  (ha-ron'al-rash'id  or  -ra- 
shed')  ('Aaron the  Just').  Cali£  of  Bagdad  786- 
809,  the  fifth  and  the  most  renowned  of  the  Ab- 
bassides.  Under  him  the  Eastern  califate  attained  the 
height  of  its  splendor  and  power.  All  the  lands  from  the 
Jaxartes  and  the  Indus  to  Gibraltar  obeyed  his  rule,  and 
Bagdad  became  a  center  of  learning  and  civilization.  Harun 
mad  e  successful  expeditions  into  the  Greek  empire,  forcing 
the  emperor  Nicephorus  to  pay  tribute, while  he  entertained 
friendly  relations  with  Charlemagne.  He  is,  however,  best 
known  from  the  tales  of  the  "  Arabian  Nights,"  in  which 
everything  curious,  romantic,  and  wonderful  is  connected 
with  his  name,  or  is  supposed  to  have  happened  in  his 
reign. 

Harvard  (har' vard),  John.  Bom  at  Southwark, 
London,  1607:  died  at  Charlestown,  Mass.,  Sept. 
14, 1638.  A  clergyman  in  the  Massachusetts  col- 
ony, the  first  benefactor  of  Harvard  College,  to 
which  he  bequeathed  his  library  of  about  300 
volumes  and  half  of  his  estate.  He  was  the  son  of 
a  butcher  of  Southwark,  London ;  graduated  at  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1681 ;  and  emigrated  to  New  Eng- 
land in  1637.  He  was  for  a  time  assistant  pastor  of  the 
First  Church  of  Charlestown. 


484 

Harvard  University.  The  oldest  and  largest  in- 
stitution of  learning  in  America,  situated  part- 
ly ia  Cambridge  and  partly  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts. The  college  was  founded  by  the  general  court 
of  the  colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay  in  1636.  Two  years 
later  the  name  Harvard  was  given  to  it  in  memory  of  John 
Harvard  (see  above).  The  university  includes  Harvard 
College^  l^e  Lawrence  Scientific  School,  the  Graduate 
School,  the  Divinity  School,  the  Law  School,  the  Medical 
School,  the  Dental  School,  the  School  of  Veterinary  Medi- 
cines, the  Bussey  Institution  (a  school  of  agriculture),  and 
the  Arnold  Arboretum,  thefirstflveof  which  are  situated  in 
Cambridge,  the  last  five  in  Boston ;  also  the  University  Li- 
brary, the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  (popularly 
known  as  the  Agassiz  Museum),  the  University  Museum, 
the  Botanic  Gardens,  the  Herbarium,  the  Astronomical 
Observatory,  and  the  Peabody  Museum  of  American  Aichse- 
ology  and  Ethnology,  all  of  which  are  in  Cambridge.  It  is 
governed  by  two  boards — the  corporation,  consisting  of  the 
president^  treasurer,  and  5  fellows,  in  whom  is  vested  the 
title  to  the  property  of  the  university ;  and  the  board  of 
overseers,  SO  in  number  (besides  the  president  and  trea- 
surer). Until  1865  the  State  government  maintained  a 
more  or  less  direct  control  over  the  overseers,  but  since 
then  they  have  been  chosen,  exclusively  by  the  alumni  of 
the  college.  The  number  of  teachers  at  present  (1903)  is 
534 ;  of  students  in  all  departments,  4,261  (2,109  of  them  in 
the  college  proper).  There  were  also  945  students  in  the 
summer  school  in  1902.  The  endowment  of  the  univer- 
sity is  over  $14,000,000 ;  its  other  property,  including  lands 
and  buildings,  about  85,000,000  more.  Its  annual  income 
is  over  81,000,000.  Its  fellowships  and  scholarships  yield 
almost  8100,000  a  year.  The  library  contains  600,000  bound 
volumes,  not  including  pamphlets  and  maps. 

Harvey  (har'vi),  Gabriel.  Bom  at  SafEronWal- 
den,  Essex,  1545  (?) :  died  there,  1630.  An  Eng- 
lish author.  He  matriculated  at  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  1566,  and  in  1570  was  elected  a  fellow  of  Pem- 
broke. While  there  he  became  intimate  with  Edmund 
Spenser,  who  introduces  him  in  "The  Shepherd's  Calen- 
dar "  as  Hohbinol.  He  exercised  for  some  years  an  influ- 
ence over  Spenser's  genius,  from  which  the  latter,  who  ad- 
mired him,  freed  himself  with  difficulty.  He  was  of  an 
arrogant,  bitter  spirit,  and  was  continuously  at  war  with 
those  who  surrounded  him.  This  finally  culminated  in  a 
scurrilous  paper  warfare  with  Nashe  and  Greene,  which 
began  with  Greene's  "Quip  for  an  Upstart  Courtier,"  writ- 
ten in  retaliation  for  contemptuous  references  to  himself 
in  the  writings  of  Harvey's  brother  Eichard,  to  which  Har- 
vey replied  in  his  "  Four  Letters "  (1692),  vituperating 
Greene  unmercifully.  Even  the  death  of  Greene,  which 
occurred  soon  after,  did  not  prevent  Harvey's  attempts  to 
blacken  his  character.  Nashe  now  began,  with  great 
powers  of  invective  and  sarcasm,  to  defend  his  friend's 
memory.  In  his  "Strange  News"  (1503)  he  proclaimed 
"  open  warres  "  against  Harvey  and  his  brother.  Harvey 
replied  with  "  Pierce's  Supererogation."  The  warfare  con- 
tinued till  in  1596  Nashe,  hearing  that  Harvey  boasted  of 
having  silenced  him,  " published  his  famous  satire,  'Have 
with  you  to  Saffron  Walden,' which  he  dedicated  by  way 
of  farce  to  '  B,ichard  Lichfield,  barber  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge ' ;  and  to  this  Harvey  once  more  rejoined  in  his 
'  Trimming  of  Thomas  ITashe '  (1697).  The  scandal  had, 
however,  now  reached  a  climax,  and  in  1599  it  was  ordered 
by  authority  'that  all  Nashes  bookes  and  Dr.  Harvey's 
bookes  be  taken  wheresoever  they  may  be  found,  and  that 
none  of  the  same  bookes  be  ever  printed  hereafter '  (Cooper, 
Athenae  Cant,  ii.  306)."  (fiict.  Nat.  Biog.)  Among  his 
works,  besides  those  mentioned,  are  "Rhetor,  sive  2.  Die- 
rum  Oratio  de  Natura,  Arte  et  Exercitatione  Ehetorica" 
(1577),  "Ciceronianus,  sive  Oratio  post  Reditum  habita 
Cantabrigiae  ad  suos  auditores,"  etc.  (1577),  "  The  Story  of 
Mercy  Harvey"  (1674-75),  "Letters  to  and  from  Edmund 
Spenser  "  (1679-80), ' '  A  Letter  of  Notable  Contents  "  (1693). 

Harvey,  Sir  George.  Bom  at  St.  Ninian's,  near 
Stirling,  Feb.,  1806 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Jan.  22, 
1876.  A  Scottish  painter,  chiefly  of  landscapes 
and  scenes  from  Scottish  history  and  life. 

Harvey,  William,  Born  at  Folkestone,  Kent, 
April  1, 1578 :  died  at  London,  June  3, 1657.  A 
celebrated  English  physician,  physiologist,  and 
anatomist :  the  discoverer  of  the  circulation  of 
the  blood.  He  was  educated  at  Canterbury  and  Cam- 
bridge (Gonville  and  Caius  College),  where  he  graduated 
in  1597  ;  studied  at  Padua ;  took  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
medicine  at  Cambridge  in  1602  ;  became  physician  of  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital  in  1609 ;  was  Lumleian  lecturer  at 
the  College  of  Physicians  1615-56 ;  and  became  physician 
extraordinary  to  James  I.  in  1618.  During  the  civil  war  he 
sided  with  the  Royalists,  was  at  the  battle  of  Edgehill,  and 
went  to  Oxford  with  the  king.  His  chief  works  are  "Ex- 
ercitatio  de  motu  cordis  et  sanguinis  "("  Essay  on  the  Mo- 
tion of  the  Heart  and  the  Blood,"  1628),  "Exercitationes 
de  generatione  animalium  "  (1661). 

Harvey,  William.  Bom  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
England,  July  13,  1796 :  died  near  Richmond, 
England,  Jan.  13,  1866.  An  English  wood-en- 
graver and  designer.  He  illustrated  Lane's 
"Arabian  Nights,"  etc. 

Har'Wlch  (har'ij).  A  seaport  in  Essex,  England, 
situated  opposite  the  confluence  of  the  Stour 
and  Orwell,  in  lat.  51°  56'  N.,  long.  1°  17'  E.  it 
is  a  summer  resort,  and  the  terminus  of  steam-packet  lines 
to  Antwerp  and  Rotterdam.    Population  (1891),  8,191. 

Harwood  (har'wiid),  Ed'ward.  Bom  at  Dar- 
wen,  Lancashire,  1729 :  died  at  London,  Jan.  14, 
1794.  An  English  biblical  and  classical  scholar. 
He  wrote  "A  View  of  .  .  .  Editions  of  the  Greek 
and  Roman  Classics"  (1775),  etc. 

Harz  (harts),  sometimes  written  Hartz,G.Harz 
or  Harzgebirge  (harts'ge-ber-ge).  A  range  of 
mountains  in  Germany,  situated  in  Brunswick, 
Anhalt,  and  the  provinces  of  Hannover  and  Sax- 


Hasdrubal 

ony  in  Prussia :  the  ancient  Silva  Hercynia.  It 
is  divided  into  the  Upper  Harz  in  the  northwest  and  the 
Lower  Harz  in  the  southeast,  and  is  noted  for  mineral 
wealth  and  picturesque  scenery.  Among  the  chief  miner- 
als are  lead,  silver,  iron,  and  copper.  The  highest  summit 
is  the  Brocken  (3,746  feet).  Length  of  the  chain,  60  miles. 
Harzburg  (harts-boro).  A  small  town  in  Bruns- 
wick, in  the  Harz  26  miles  south  of  Brunswick. 
It  consists  of  the  villages  Neustadt^  Blindheim,  and  Schle- 
wecke,  and  is  a  noted  summer  resort.  Near  it  is  the  Burg- 
berg,  with  the  ruined  castle  of  Harzburg. 

Hasan,  or  Hassan,  and  Husein  (Arabic  pron. 
ha'sen,  ho-san').  Sons  of  Ali  and  Fatima, 
daughter  of  Mohammed.  Ali  was  Mohammed's  con> 
sin,  and  the  first  person,  after  his  wife,  who  believed  in 
him,  and  was  declared  by  Mohammed  his  brother,  dele, 
gate,  and  vicar.  He  married  Fatima,  the  prophet's  daugh- 
ter, and  his  sons  Hasan  and  Husein  were  favorites  with 
Mohammed,  who  had  no  sons,  and  was  expected  to  name 
Ali  as  his  successor.  At  Mohammed's  death  in  632  Ali 
was  passed  over,  and  Abu-Bekr,  Omar,  and  Othman  became 
successively  califs.  On  Othman's  assassination  (666)  All 
accepted  the  califate,  but  was  resisted  by  Moawiyah,  who 
had  set  himself  up  as  calif,  and  with  whom  he  fought  a 
bloody  but  indecisive  battle  in  Mesopotamia.  Shortly  after 
Ali  was  fatally  stabbed  by  an  enthusiast  in  the  mosque  of 
Kufa.  The  Mohammedan  world  is  divided  into  the  two 
great  sects  of  Shiahs  and  Sunis.  The  Shiahs  reject  the 
first  three  califs  as  usurpers,  and  begin  with  Ali  as  the  first 
lawful  successor  of  Mohammed;  the  Sunis  recognize  Abu- 
Bekr,  Omar,  and  Othman  as  well  aa  Ali,  and  regard  the 
Shiahs  as  impious  heretics.  Husein,  one  of  All's  sons, 
married  the  daughter  of  Yezdigerd,the  last  Sassanian  king 
of  Persia,  whence  Persia  became  specially  connected  with 
thehonseof  All.  Moawiyah  died  in  680.  His  son  Yezid  suc- 
ceeded him  as  calif  at  Damascus.  Duiing  Moawiyah's 
reign.  All's  sons,  the  imams  Hasan  and  Husein,  lived  in 
retirement  at  Medina ;  but  when  Moawiyah  died  the  peo- 
ple of  Kufa  sent  offers  to  Husein  to  make  him  calif.  He 
set  out  for  Kufa  with  his  family  and  relatives  to  the  num- 
ber of  80.  Then  ensued  the  tragedy  of  Kerbela,  familiar 
to  every  Mohammedan.  In  a  battle  on  the  plain  of  Ker- 
bela, Husein  and  his  men  were  slain.  The  women  and 
children  were  afterward  taken  in  chains  to  Damascus. 
The  sufferings  of  the  "Family  of  the  'lent,"  as  the  imam 
Husein  and  his  companions  at  Kerbela  are  called,  and  the 
death  of  Hasan,  who  was  poisoned  by  his  wife,  form  the 
subject  of  a  Persian  tazya(see  Taxya),  or  religious  drama, 
resembling  the  Oberammergau  "Passion  Play."  This 
drama,  which  has  sprung  up  within  the  present  century, 
plays  a  great  part  in  the  religious  life  of  the  Persia  of  to- 
day. See  "A  Persian  Passion  Play"  in  Matthew  Arnold's 
"Essays  in  Criticism." 

Hasbeiya  (has-ba'ya) .  A  town  of  the  Druses  in 
Syria,  Asiatic  Turkey,  36  miles  west  by  south  of 
Damascus :  perhaps  the  biblical  Baal-Hermon. 

Hasdrubal  (has'drij-bal),  or  Asdnibal  (as'- 
dru-bal).  A  Carthaginian  officer  of  high  rank 
in  the  army  of  Hannibal  in  Italy.  He  contributed 
greatly  to  the  victory  of  Cannse  in  216  B.  o.  by  a  cavalry 
charge  on  the  rear  of  the  Roman  infantry  after  having  put 
the  Roman  horse  to  rout. 

Hasdrubal,  or  Asdrubal.  Died  la  Spain,  221 
B.C.  A  Carthaginian  general  and  politician.  He 
rose  to  prominence  as  a  leader  of  the  democratic  party  at 
Carthage  in  the  interval  between  the  first  and  second 
Punic  wars,  and  married  a  daughter  of  Hamilcar  Barca, 
whom  he  accompanied  to  Spain  in  238.  He  subsequently 
returned  to  Africa  to  assume  command  in  a  war  against 
the  Numidians,  whom  he  reduced  to  submission.  In  229 
he  succeeded  his  father-in-law  as  commander  in  Spain, 
where  he  founded  the  city  of  New  Carthage,  and  lai-gdy 
extended  the  Carthaginian  power.  He  was  assassinate 
by  a  slave  whose  master  he  had  put  to  death. 

Hasdrubal,  or  Asdrubal.  Died  203  b.  c.  A 
Carthaginian  general,  son  of  Hamilcar  Barca 
and  brother  of  Hannibal.  He  was  left  in  charge  of 
the  Carthaginian  forces  in  Spain  when  Hannibal  set  out 
on  his  expedition  to  Italy  in  218.  He  maintained  the  war 
against  the  Romans  under  the  brothers  Cneius  and  Pub- 
lius  Scipio  with  varied  success  until  212,  when,  having 
been  reinforced  by  two  armies  under  Mago  and  Hasdrubal, 
son  of  Gisco,  he  was  enabled  to  inflict  a  decisive  defeat 
upon  Cneius,  who  fell  in  the  battle,  Publius  having  been 
killed  a  short  time  previously  in  a  cavalry  engagement. 
He  was  defeated  by  Scipio  Africanus  at  Bsecnla  in  209,  and 
probably  in  the  sameyear  crossed  the  Pyrenees  on  his  way 
to  join  his  brother  in  Italy.  He  crossed  the  Alps  in  207, 
but  was  attacked  and  defeated  by  the  Romans  under  C. 
Nero  and  M.  Livius  on  the  Metaurus  in  the  same  year  be- 
fore he  could  effect  a  junction  with  Hannibal.  He  fell  in 
the  engagement,  and,  according  to  Livy,  his  severed  head 
was  thrown  into  the  camp  of  Hannibal  by  the  victorious 
Romans. 

Hasdrubal^  or  Asdrubal.  Died  about  200  b.  c. 
A  Carthaginian  general,  son  of  Gisco.  He  was 
sent  to  Spain  with  an  army  in  214,  and  on  the  departure 
about  209  of  Hasdrubal,  son  of  Hamilcar,  on  his  expedition 
to  join  Hannibal  in  Italy  was  left  with  Mago  in  command 
of  the  Carthaginian  forces  in  Spain.  He  was  defeated  with 
his  colleague  at  Silpia  or  Elinga  by  Scipio  Africanus  m 
206;  was  in  command  of  an  army  opposed  to  Scipio  in 
Africa  in  204,  when  his  camp  near  Utica  was  fired  ,by  the 
Romans  and  nearly  the  whole  of  his  army  destroyed ;  and 
is  said  by  some  authorities  to  have  taken  poison  to  escape 
the  fury  of  the  Carthaginian  populace. 

Hasdrubal,  or  Asdrubal.  A  Carthaginian  gen- 
eral. He  was  commander-in-chief  in  the  war  against 
Masiuissa  in  160  B.  0.  Having  sustained  a  decisive  de- 
feat, he  was  punished  with  exile.  He  was,  however,  re- 
called on  the  outbreak  of  the  third  Punic  war  in  149,  and 
was  placed  in  command  of  the  forces  outside  the  walls  of 
Carthage.  He  defeated  the  consul  ManUins  in  two  engage- 
ments at  Nepheris  about  148.  He  subsequently  became 
commander  of  the  forces  within  the  city,  which  he  de- 
fended with  great  obstinacy  against  Scipio  in  146.  He 
finally  surrendered,  and,  after  gracing  the  triumph  of 


Hasdrubal 

Soiplo,  was  allowed  to  spend  the  rest  ol  his  life  in  honor- 
sblB  captivity.  It  is  said  that  at  the  time  of  his  surrender 
his  wife  upbraided  him  with  cowardice,  and  threw  herself 
and  her  children  into  the  flames  of  the  temple  in  which 
she  bad  taken  lef  uge. 

Hase  (ha'ze),  Karl  August.  Bom  at  Stein- 
baeh,  Saxony,  Aug.  25, 1800 :  died  at  Jena,  Jan. 
3, 1890.  A  noted  German  Protestant  theologian 
and  church  historian,  professor  at  Leipsio  1829- 
1830,  and  at  Jena  1830-83.  Hischief  worksare  "Bvan- 
gellsche  Dogmatik  "  (1825),  "Leben  Jesu  "  (1829 :  enlarged 
as  "Sesohichte  Jesu ''  1875),  "  Kirchengeschiohte  "  (1834). 

Hase,  Karl  Benedikt.  Bom  at  Suiza,  near 
Weimar.  Germany,  May  11, 1780:  died  at  Paris, 
March  21,  1864.  A  German  philologist,  espe- 
cially noted  as  a  Hellenist. 

Hasenclever  (ha'zen-kla-ver),  Johairn  Peter. 
Born  at  Eemseheid,  Prussia,  May  18, 1810:  died 
at  Diisseldorf,  Prussia,  Dee.  16,  1858.  A  Ger- 
man genre  painter. 

Hasenmatt(ha'zen-mat).  A  summit  of  the  Jura, 
west  of  Solothum,  Switzerland.  Height,  4,746 
feet. 

Hasenpflug  (ha'zen-pfloG),  Karl  Georg  Adolf. 
Born  at  Berlin,  Sept.  23, 1802:  died  at  Halber- 
stadt,  Prussia,  April  13, 1858.  A  German  atehi- 
teotural  painter. 

Hasis-Acu:a  (ha'sis-a'dra).  One  of  the  persons 
in  the  Izdubar  legends,  or  the  Babylonian  Nim- 
rod  epic,  ancestor  of  Izdubar  or  Gilgamesh.  He 
is  one  of  the  heroes  of  that  poem,  and  attained  immortality 
and  a  life  with  the  gods,  w  hen  Izdubar  comes  to  him  and 
asks  him  how  he  obtained  this  distinction,  he  relates  to 
him  the  story  of  the  deluge,  which  forms  a  counterpart  to 
the  accounts  of  Berosus  and  of  Genesis.  He  was  living,  he 
relates,  in  Surripak,  an  ancient  city  on  the  Euphrates  (Sip- 
par  or  Sepharvaim),  when  Ea,  the  god  of  the  ocean,  ap- 
prised him  of  the  decision  of  the  gods  to  cause  a  flood, 
and  advised  him  to  build  a  ship  and  to  save  himself,  his 
family,  friends,  and  goods.  This  he  did.  When  the  waters 
of  the  flood  disappeared  he  left  the  ship,  which  rested  on 
a  mountain,  and  offered  a  sacriflce  to  the  gods.  After  this 
he  disappeared,  and  a  voice  from  heaven  informed  his  com- 
panions that  he  had  been  translated  to  the  gods  to  live 
forever  as  a  reward  for  his  piety.  He  is  therefore  rightly 
termed  the  "Babylonian  Noah."  In  Berosus  he  is  called 
Xisuthros,  and  is  represented  as  the  last  of  the  first  10 
mythical  kings  of  Babylonia.  His  name  in  the  inscriptions 
is  also  sometimes  read  Shamash-  or  Qit-  or  Pir-Napisthtim, 
('sun'  or  'fruit'  or  'product  of  life '). 

Hasli  (hSz'li).  The  valley  of  the  upper  Aare,  in 
the  eastern  part  of  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzer- 
land. It  extends  from  near  the  Grimsel  to  the 
Lake  of  Brienz. 

Haslingden  (has'ling-den).  A  town  in  Lanca- 
shire, England,  16  miles  north  by  west  of  Man- 
chester. It  has  manufactures  of  cotton.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  18,225. 

Hasmoneans.    See  Maccabees. 

Haspe  (has'pe).  A  manufacturing  town  in  the 
province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Ennepe  35  miles  northeast  of  Cologne.  It  has 
iron  manufactures.     Population  (1890),  9,743. 

Hassan  (has'san).  A  district  in  Mysore,  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  12°  50'  N.,  long.  76°  E. 

Hassan.     See  Sasan. 

Hassard  (haz'ard),  John  Eose  Greene.  Bom 
at  New  York,  Sept.  4, 1836:  died  there,  April  18, 
1888.  An  American  journalist  and  musical  critic. 
In  1868hebeoame  connected  with  the  New  York  "  Tribune," 
and  formanyyears  was  writer  of  editorials,  musical  critic, 
and  reviewer.  After  the  death  of  Horace  Greeley  in  1872, 
he  was  managing  editor.  He  wrote  "Life  of  Archbishop 
Hughes  "  (1866),  "Life  of  Pope  Pius  IX."  <1878),  "History 
of  the  United  States  for  Schools  "  (1878),  etc. 

Hasse  (has'se),  Faustina  Bordoni.  Born  at 
Venice,  1693 :  died  there  in  1786.  A  celebrated 
Italian  singer,  the  wife  of  Johann  Adolf  Hasse. 

Hasse,  Johann  Adolf.  Born  at  Bergedorf ,  near 
Hamburg,  March  25, 1699:  died  at  Venice,  Dec. 
16,  1783.    A  noted  German  operatic  composer. 

Basse,  Karl  Ewald.  Bom  at  Dresden,  June 
23, 1810.  A  German  pathologist,  professor  suc- 
cessively at  Leipsie,  Zurich,  Heidelberg,  and 
Gottingen.  His  works  include  "Anatomisohe  Be- 
aohreibnng  der  Krankheiten  der  Cirkulations-  und  Ees- 
pirationsorgane "  (1841),  "Die  Krankheiten  des  Nerven- 
apparats  "  (1865),  etc. 

Hasselquist  (nas'sel-kwist),  Fredrik,  Bom 
at  Tomevalla,  in  East  Gothland,  Sweden,  Jan. 
14,  1722:  died  near  Smyrna,  Feb.  9,  1752.  A 
Swedish  naturalist  and  traveler.  He  wrote 
"Iter  palsBstinum"  (1757),  etc. 

Hasselt  (has'selt).  The  capital  of  the  provmce 
of  Limbourg,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Demer 
43  miles  east  of.  Brussels.  Here,  Aug.  6,  1831,  the 
Dutch  under  the  Prince  of  Orange  defeated  the  Belgians 
under  Daine.    Population  (1890),  13,260. 

Hassenpflug  (has '  sen -pfloe),  Hans  Daniel 
Ludwig  Friedrich.  Born  at  Hanau,  Prussia, 
Feb.  26,  1794:  died  at  Marburg,  Pmssia,  Oct. 
10,  1862.  A  German  politician,  noted  as  a  re- 
actionary minister  in  Hesse-Cassel  1832-37  and 
1850-55. 


485 

Hassler  (has'ler),  Ferdinand  Rudolph.  Bom 

in  Switzerland,  Oct.  6,  1770 :  died  at  Philadel- 
phia, Nov.  20,.  1843.  A  Swiss-American  scien- 
tist. He  was  for  some  time  connected  with  the  trigono- 
metrical survey  of  Switzerland,  but  subsequently  emi- 
grated to  the  United  States,  where,  at  the  instance  of 
Albert  Gallatin,  he  became  acting  professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  West  JPoint  in  1807,  a  post  which  he  held  until 
1810.  He  was  made  superintendent  of  the  United  States 
Coast  Survey  in  1815  or  1816,  and  again,  after  the  discon- 
,  tinuance  of  the  survey  from  about  1818  to  1832,  from  the 
latter  date  till  his  death. 

Hassler  Expedition.  A  scientific  expedition 
made  in  the  United  States  Coast  Survey  steamer 
Hassler,  P.  C.  Johnson  commanding,  between 
Dec.  4,  1871,  and  Aug.,  1872.  The  scientific  in- 
vestigations were  carried  on  under  the  charge  of  Prof. 
Louis  Agassiz,  who  had  a  number  of  assistants.  Starting 
from  Philadelphia,  the  route  embraced  the  West  Indies, 
Brazilian  coast,  Strait  of  Magellan,  and  the  Pacific  coast 
and  islands  to  San  Francisco,  California.  Deep-sea  dredg- 
ings  were  made  at  all  favorable  points. 

Hastenbeck  (has'ten-bek).  A  village  in  the 
province  of  Hannover,  Prussia,  near  Hameln. 
Here,  July  26, 1757,  the  French  under  Marshal  d'Estr^es 
defeated  the  Allies  under  the  Duke  of  Cumberland. 

Hastinapura  (has-ti-na-p6'ra).  The  capital  of 
the  Kauravas,  for  which  the  great  war  of  the 
Mahabharata  was  waged,  it  is  said  to  have  been 
founded  by  Hastin,  son  of  the  first  Bharata :  but  probably 
the  name  means  'elephant  city'  (from  hastiTif  elephant). 
The  ruins  are  traceable  about  57  miles  northeast  of  Delhi. 

Hasting  (has'ting).  [AS.  Esesten,  Dan.  Sasten.'] 
Lived  in  the  9th  century.  A  Scandinavian  vi- 
king. He  made  incursions  in  France,  Spain,  England,  and 
elsewhere,  and  was  defeated  by  Alfred  the  Great  In  his 
invasion  of  England  893-897. 

Hastings(has'tingz).  IME.JECastinges, AS. Hses- 
tingas,  also  *Hxstinga  ceaster  (reflected  in  the 
Bayeux  tapestry  Hestinga  ceastra),  city  of 
the  Hastings,  a  patronymic  name.]  A  seaport, 
watering-place,  and  parliamentary  borough  in 
Sussex,  England,  situated  on  the  English  Chan- 
nel 54  miles  southeast  of  London.  It  is  one  of 
the  Cinque  Ports,  and  has  a  ruined  castle.  It  forms  practi- 
cally one  town  with  St.  Leonard's.  For  the  battle  fought 
near  Hastings  (1066),  see  SerUac.    Population(1901),  66,528. 

Hastings.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Dakota 
County,  Minnesota,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Vermilion  with  the  Mississippi,  19  miles 
southeast  of  St.  Paul.  Population  (1900),  3,811. 

Hastings.  The  capital  of  Adams  Coimty,  south- 
em  Nebraska.     Population  (1900),  7,188. 

Hastings,  Francis  Bawdon,  first  Marquis  of 
Hastings.  Born  Deo.  9,  1754:  died  off  Naples, 
Nov.  28, 1826.  An  English  general.  He  served  in 
the  American  war,  during  which  he  defeated  the  Ameri- 
can s  at  the  battle  of  Hobkirk's  Hill  in  1781.  He  was  raised 
to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Hawdon  in  1783 ;  succeeded  his 
father  as  earl  of  Moira  in  1793 ;  was  appointed  master-gen- 
eral of  the  ordnance  1806 ;  was  governor-general  of  India 
1813-23 ;  was  created  marquis  of  Hastings  in  1816 ;  and 
was  governor  of  Malta  1824-26. 

Hastings,  Warren.  Bom  at  Churchill,  Ox- 
fordshire, England,  Dec.  6, 1732 :  died  Aug.  22, 
1818.  An  English  statesman.  He  went  out  to 
Calcutta  as  a  writer  in  the  East  India  service  in  1750 ;  be- 
came a  member  of  the  council  at  Calcutta  in  1761 ;  re- 
turned to  England  in  1764 ;  went  out  as  a  member  of  the 
council  at  Madras  in  1769 ;  and  became  governor  of  Ben- 
gal in  1772,  and  first  governor-general  of  India  in  1774. 
In  1781  he  expelled  Eaja  Chait  Singh,  zemindar  of  Benares, 
who  refused  a  demand  for  a  war  contribution  against  the 
Mahrattas ;  and  in  1782  confiscated  a  portion  of  the  lands 
and  treasure  of  the  mother  of  the  Nawab  of  Oudh  (the  Be- 
gum of  Oudh),  who  had  rendered  assistance  to  Chait  Singh. 
He  returned  to  England  in  1786,  and  in  1787  was  im- 
peached on  the  charge  of  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors, 
based  chiefly  on  his  conduct  in  reference  to  Chait  Singh 
and  the  Begum  of  Oudh.  The  trial  opened  before  the 
House  of  Lords  in  1788,  and  resulted  in  an  acquittal  in  1796. 

HastingSiWilliam,  Lord  Hastings.  Bom  about 
1430 :  executed  at  the  Tower,  London,  June  14, 
1483.  An  English  Yorkist  nobleman.  His  ser- 
vices in  the  civil  war  were  rewarded  by  Edward  IV.  with 
many  appointments  :  he  was  made  master  of  the  mint 
1461,  receiver  of  the  revenues  of  Cornwall  1463,  grand 
chamberlain  of  the  royal  household  1461-63,  chamber- 
lain of  North  Wales  1461-69,  lieutenant  of  Calais  1471. 
In  1475  he  was  sent  to  France  with  an  invading  army,  and 
a  treaty  of  peace  followed.  In  1461  he  was  created  Baron 
Hastings.  He  swore  allegiance  to  Edward's  eldest  son, 
but  was  on  bad  terms  with  the  queen.  After  the  king  s 
death,  Gloucester,  failing  to  bring  him  to  agree  with  liis 
plans,  charged  him  with  treason  at  a  council  held  in  the 
Tower,  and  he  was  taken  out  and  beheaded  at  once. 
Shakspere  dramatized  Sir  Thomas  More's  account  of  this 
in  "Eichard  III."  His  grandson  was  the  first  earl  of 
Huntingdon. 

Hatasu  (ha'ta-so),  or  Hatchepset  (hiit-chep'- 
set).  A  famous  Egyptian  queen,  daughter  of 
Thothmes  I.  of  the  18th  dynasty,  and  sister  and 
wife  of  Thothmes  II.  After  the  death  of  the  latter  she 
reigned  as  queen.  She  was  succeeded  by  her  younger 
brother,  Thothmes  III. 

Her  tomb  was  discovered  by  Mr.  Rhind,  in  1841,  exca- 
vated in  the  clifl-side,  in  the  near  vicinity  of  her  temple ; 
but  its  identity  appears  since  then  to  have  been  forgotten. 
mwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  297. 


Hatun  Eaymi 

It  has  pleased  historians  to  rank  Thothmes  II.  as  the  im- 
mediate  successor  of  Thothmes  I.,  and  to  place  the  reign 
of  Queen  Hatasu  between  the  reigns  of  her  two  brothers, 
Thothmes  II.  and  Thothmes  III.  By  some  she  is  described 
as  Queen  Consort  during  the  reign  of  Thothmes  II.,  and 
as  Queen-regent  during  the  earlier  years  of  the  reign  of 
Thothmes  III.  By  others,  and  most  emphatically  by  Dr. 
Brugsch,  she  is  stigmatized  as  a  usurper.  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  however,  Hatasu  was  actually  Queen,  and  Queen-reg- 
nant, during  the  lifetime  of  her  father.  Her  accession, 
therefore,  dates  from  a  long  time  preceding  that  of  her 
brother,  Thothmes  II.  An  impori^nt  historical  inscrip- 
tion sculptured  on  one  of  the  pylons  of  the  Great  Temple 
of  Karnak  records  this  event  in  eighteen  columns  of  hiero- 
glyphic text,  which  were  copied  and  translated  by  the 
late  Vioomte  E.  de  KougS  in  1872. 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  261. 

Hatchway  (hach'wa).  Jack.  In  Smollett's 
"Peregrine  Pickle,"  a  retired  naval  ofScer,  the 
friend  and  companion  of  Commodore  Trunnion. 

Hat  Creek  Indians.    See  Atsug4. 

Hatfield  (hat'feld).  A  smalltown  in  Hertford- 
shire,England,19  miles  north-northwest  of  Lon- 
don. Near  it  is  Hatfield  House,  seat  of  the 
Marquis  of  Salisbury. 

Hatfield  Chase.  A  large  tract  of  fenland  (now 
drained)  near  Donoaster  in  Yorkshire. 

Hathaway  (hath'a-wa),  Anne.   See  Shakspere. 

Hathor  (ha'thor).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  an 
important  deity,  a  female  counterpart  of  Osiris, 
sometimes  replacing  him,  and  worshiped  in  all 
Egypt.  She  is  with  difficulty  distinguishable  from  Ms, 
like  whom  she  is  the  patroness  of  the  cow  and  wears  the 
solar  disk  with  cow's  horns.  She  had  a  great  number  of 
local  forms  and  names. 

Hathorne  (ha'thdrn),  William.  Bom  in  Wilt- 
shire, England,  1608:  died  at  Salem,  Mass., 
1681.  An  American  colonial  official.  He  emi- 
grated to  America  in  1630 ;  settled  at  Salem  in  1636 ;  was  a 
member  of  the  commission  appointed  by  the  general  court 
of  Massachusetts  Bay  to  treat  with  the  French  agent 
D' Aulney  in  1645 ;  was  speaker  of  the  general  court  of  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  1644-51 ;  and  was  a  member  of  the  board  of 
assistants  1662-79.  He  was  one  of  the  five  patriots  whom 
Charles  11.  ordered  to  be  sent  to  England  in  1666  to  an. 
swer  to  the  charge  of  refusing  to  submit  to  the  authority 
of  the  royal  commissioners. 

Hatras  (ha-tras'j,  or  Hathras  (ha-thras').  A 
trading  town  in  the  Aligarh  district.  North- 
west Krovinees,  British  Eadia,  situated  in  lat. 
27°  36'  N.,  long.  78°  5'  E.  Population  (1891), 
39,181. 

Hatshepsu,    See  Matasu. 

Hattemists  (hat'em-ists).  A  sect  in  the  Nether- 
lands, founded  about  1683  by  a  deposed  clergy- 
man, Pontianus  van  Hattem.  The  founder  was  a 
Spinozist  who  denied  the  expiatory  sacrifice  of  Christ  and 
the  freedom  of  the  wiU,  and  affirmed  that  sin  exists  only 
in  the  imagination,  and  is  itself  its  only  punishment.  The 
sect  disappeared  in  a  few  years. 

Hatteraick  (hat'er-ak).  Dirk.  A  smuggler  in 
Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  "Guy  Mannering." 

Hatteras  (hat'er-as),  Cape.  A  sandy  point  on 
the  coast  of  North  (Carolina,  projecting  into  the 
Atlantic.  Lat.  of  Ughthouse,  35°  15'  li"  N. ; 
long.,  75°  31'  17''  W.  Violent  storms  occur  in 
the  vicinity. 

Hattingen  (hat'ting-en).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  22  miles  northeast 
of  Diisseldorf.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
7,248. 

Hatto  (hat'to)  I.  Archbishop  of  Mainz  891-913. 
He  became  regent  of  Germany  on  the  accession  of  Lud- 
wig  the  Child  in  900,  and  continued  to  exercise  a  predomi- 
nant influence  in  German  politics  until  his  death.  He 
sought  to  strengthen  the  royal  authority  at  the  expense 
of  an  unruly  nobility,  a  policy  which  caused  him  to  be 
feared  and  hated  by  a  considerable  part  of  the  people. 
According  to  a  medieval  legend,  he  was  carried  away  by 
the  devil  and  thrown  into  the  crater  of  Etna. 

Hatto  II.  Died  969  or  970.  Archbishop  of  Mainz. 
He  became  abbot  of  Fulda  in  942  or  943,  and  in  968  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  emperor  Otto  I.  to  succeed  William  of  Sax- 
ony in  the  archbishopric  of  Mainz.  According  to  a  medi- 
eval legend,  which  was  incorporated  with  the  "  Magdeburg 
Centuries,"  he  was  eaten  alive  by  mice  as  a  punishment  for 
having  burned  to  the  ground  a  barn  full  of  people  caught 
stealing  grain  during  a  famine,  whose  dying  shrieks  he 
likened  to  the  piping  of  mice.  He  is  further  represented  as 
having  built  the  Mouse  Tower  in  the  B-hine  in  a  vain  endea- 
vor to  escape  from  his  assailants, 

Hatton,  Sir  Christopher.  Bom  at  Holdenby, 
Northamptonshire,  in  1540 :  died  at  Ely  House, 
London,  Nov.  20, 1591.  Lord  Chancellor  of  Eng- 
land. His  relations  with  the  queen  were  intimate.  She 
appointed  him  lord  chancellor  April  25,  1587.  He  was 
called  "  the  dancing  chancellor,"  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that 
he  first  attracted  the  attention  of  Queen  Elizabeth  by  his 
graceful  dancing  at  a  mask  at  court. 

Hatuey  (a-to-ay').  Died  in  1512.  An  Indian 
chief,  originally  of  the  district  of  Guajabd,  in 
Haiti.  In  1510  or  1511  he  and  his  followers  fled  from  the 
tyranny  of  the  Spaniards,  and  established  themselves  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Cuba.  They  resisted  Velasquez,  but  were 
soon  defeated,  and  Hatuey  was  captured  and  burned.  His 
story  is  a  favorite  theme  of  Cuban  novelists  and  poets. 

Hatun  Raymi  (a'ton  ri'me),  or  Raymi.  ,  The 
great  feast  of  the  ancient  Peruvian  Indians, 


Hattm  Baymi 

eelelirated  especially  at  Cuzoo  at  the  end  of  Au- 
gust. It  was  a  thanksgiving  for  the  harvest.  Praises 
were  offered  to  the  supreme  deity  and  to  the  sun,  moon, 
and  lesser  divinities.  There  were  solemn  dances  and  pro- 
cessions from  the  Temple  of  the  Sun,  and  the  feasting  and 
rejoicing  lasted  many  days.  Some  authors  state  that  a 
child  or  maiden  was  at  times  sacrificed  during  the  feast, 
but  this  is  very  doubtful. 

Hatun-runas.    See  Piruas. 

Hatvan  (hot' von).  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Heves,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Zagyva  32 
miles  east-northeast  of  Budapest.  Population 
(1890),  6,979. 

Eatzfeld  (hats'felt).  Hung.  Zsombolya  (zhom- 
bol'ya).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Torontal, 
Hungary,  situated  in  lat.  45°  48'  N.,  long.  20° 
44'  E.    Population  (1890),  9,580. 

HatlboiirdiXL  (6-bor-dau').  A  manufacturing 
town  in  the  department  of  Nord,  Prance,  di- 
rectly southwest  of  Lille.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  7,457. 

Hauch.  (houeh),  Johannes  Carsten  von.  Bom 
at  Frederikshald,  Norway,  May  12,  1790 :  died 
at  Rome,  March  4, 1872.  A  Danish  poet  and 
dramatist.  His  childhood  was  spent  in  Norway.  In 
1803  he  went  to  Copenhagen,  where  he  subsequently  stud- 
ied at  the  university.  After  taking,  in  1821,  the  degree 
of  doctor,  he  traveled  in  Germany,  France,  and  Italy.  Six 
years  later  he  returned  to  Denmark,  and  was  appointed' 
lector  at  the  Soro  Academy.  He  was  subsequently  (1846) 
for  a  short  time  professor  in  Kiel.  In  1851  he  was  ap- 
pointed successor  of  Ohlenschiager  as  professor  of  esthei> 
ics  in  the  University  of  Copenhagen,  a  position  which  he 
held  until  his  death.  His  principal  works  are  the  tragedy 
"  Tiberius  "  and  the  drama  "  Gregoi-ius  den  Syvende,"  both 
written  during  his  first  journey  to  Italy ;  the  historical 
novels  "Vilhelm  Zabern"  (1834),  "Guldmageren  "  ("The 
Alchemist,"1836),  "En  polskFamilie"("  A  Polish  Family," 
1889),  "  Slottet  ved  Rhinen  "  ("The  Castle  on  the  Ehine," 
184S),  "Eobert  Fulton  "  (1863),  "Charles  de  la  Bnssifere" 
(1859);  and  the  later  dramas  "SvendGrathe,"  "Sostrenepaa 
Kinnekullen"  ("The  Sisters  of  Kinnekullen"),  "Tycho 
Brahes  Ungdom"  ("Tycho  Brahe's  Youth"),  '  Aeren  tabt 
og  vunden  "  ("Honor  Lost  and  Found  ").  A  volume  of  lyric 
poems, "  Lyriske  Digte," appeared  in  1842;  "LyriskeDigte 
og  Romancer  "  ("  Lyric  Poems  and  Romances  ")  in  1861 ; 
and  ''Nye  Digtninger"  ("New  Poetical  Works  ")  in  1869. 

Hauck  (hak),  Minnie.  Born  at  New  York,  Not. 
16,  1852.  An  American  mezzo-soprano  singer. 
She  made  her  first  appearance  in  concert  at  New  Orleans 
about  1866 ;  in  opera  at  New  York  in  1868.  She  has  sung 
with  great  success  in  Europe  and  the  United  States.  She 
made  the  success  of  Bizet's  opera  "Carmen  "  at  London  in 
1878 ;  it  had  not  pleased  on  its  first  production. 

Hauff  (houf),  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Stuttgart, 
Wiirtemberg,  Nov.  29,  1802:  died  at  Stuttgart, 
Nov.  18,  1827.  A  German  novelist  and  poet. 
His  works  include  the  novel  "Lichtenstein"  (1826),  the 
tales  "Die  Bettlerin  vom  Pontdes-Aits,"  "Das  Bild  des 
Kaisers,"  etc. 

Hang  (hong),  Johann  Christoph  Friedric]i. 

Bom  at  Niederstotzingen,  ■Wiirtemberg,  March 
19,  1761:  died  at  Stuttgart,  Wiirtemberg,  Jan. 
30,  1829.  A  German  epigrammatic  poet,  author 
of  "Zweihimdert  Hyperbeln  auf  Herm  Wahls 
ungeheure  Nase"  (1804),  etc. 

Haug,  Martin.  Born  at  Ostdorf ,  near  Balingen, 
Wiirtemberg,  Jan.  SO,  1827:  died  at  Ragatz, 
St.-Gall,  Switzerland,  June  3, 1876.  A  German 
Orientalist,  collaborator  of  Bunsen  at  Heidel- 
berg in  1856,  professor  of  Sanskrit  at  Poena, 
India,  in  1859,  and  professor  of  Sanskrit  and 
comparative  philology  at  Munich  1868-76.  He 
wrote  "Die  tiinf  Gathas,  etc." (1868-60),  "Essays  on  the 
Sacred  Language,  Writings,  and  Religion  of  the  Parsees" 
(1862),  "Old  Zend-Pahlavi  Glossary"  (1868),  "A  Pahlavi- 
Pazand  Glossary  "(1870),  "Essay  on  the  Pahlavi  Language  " 
(1870),  "The  Book  of  AidaViraf"  (1872-74:  with  E.  W. 
West),  etc.  He  edited  and  translated  the  "Aitareya 
Brahmana  of  the  Rigveda  "  (1863). 

Haugesund  (hou'ge-s8n) .  A  town  on  the  west- 
em  coast  of  Norway,  about  35  miles  northwest 
of  Stavanger.    Population  (1891),  5,383. 

Haughton  (ha'ton),  William.  Lived  in  the  last 
half  of  the  16th  century.  Aji  English  dram  atist. 
He  wrote  a  number  of  plays,  principally  in  collaboration 
with  Dekker,  Day,  Chettle,  and  others.  In  1602  he  was 
writing  a  play  called  "Cartwright."  Nothing  later  is 
known  of  him.  "  Englishmen  for  My  Money,  etc. "  (printed 
1616),  is  the  only  play  he  is  known  to  have  written  alone. 

Haugwitz  (houg'vits),  Count  Christian  Au- 
gust Heinrich  Kurt  von.  Bom  near  Ols,  Si- 
lesia, June  11,  1752:  died  at  Venice,  1831.  A 
Prussian  politician,  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
1792-1804  and  1805-06. 

Haupt  (houpt;,  Herman.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
March  26,  1817.  An  American  engineer  and 
general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1835 ;  was  pro- 
fessor of  civil  engineering  and  mathematics  in  Pennsyl- 
vania College,  Gettysburg,  1844-47;  became  assistant  en- 
gineer of  the  Philadelphia  and  Columbia  Railroad  in  1847  ; 
was  chief  engineer  of  the  Hoosac  tunnel  in  Massachusetts 
1856-62 ;  and  during  the  Civil  Wax  was  aide  to  General  Ir- 
win McDowell,  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  chief  of  the 
bureau  of  United  States  military  railways,  in  charge  of 
construction  and  operation.  In  1875  he  became  chief  en- 
gineer of  the  Tide-water  Pipe  Line  Company.  Author  of 
"  General  Theory  of  Bridge  Construction  "  (1852),  etc. 

Haupt,  Moritz.    Bom  at  Zittau,  Saxony,  July 


486 

27,  1808 :  died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  5,  1874.  A  Ger- 
man philologist  and  Latin  poet,  professor  at 
Leipsic  1838-50,  and  at  Berlin  from  1853.  He 
edited  Ovid,  Horace,  Catullus,  TibuUus,  Propertius,  Yergil 
and  other  classics,  and  "  Erec  "  (1839), "  Der  arme  Heinrich  " 
(1842),  and  other  Middle  High  German  poems. 

Haupt,  Paul,  Born  at  Gorlitz,  Germany,  Nov. 
25,  1858.  A  German-American  Assyriologist, 
Semitic  grammarian,  and  Old  Testament  critic. 
He  was  privat-docent  at  the  University  of  Gottingen  1880, 
extraordinary  professor  of  Assyriology  at  the  same  univer- 
sity 1883-89,  and  professor  of  Semitic  languages  at  Johns 
Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  from  1883.  He  has  pub- 
lished numerous  works  on  Akkadian  and  Assyrian  subjects, 
and  is  joint  editor  of  "  Beitrage  zur  Assyriologie."  Among 
his  works  are  "Akiadische  und  sumerische  Keilschrift- 
texte  "  and  "Das  babylonische  Nimrodepos."  He  is  now 
engaged  in  editing  a  text  and  translation  of  the  Bible 
printed  in  colors  to  exhibit  the  present  state  of  biblical 
criticism, 

Hauptmann  (houpt'man),  Moritz.  Bom  at 
Dresden,  Oct.  13, 1792 :  died  at  Leipsic,  Jan.  3, 
1868.  A  German  composer  and  writer  on  music. 
He  was  cantor  at  the  Thomasschule  and  professor  of  coun- 
terpoint and  composition  at  the  Conservatory  in  Leipsic. 
He  wrote  "Die  Natur  der  Harmonik  und  der  Metrik" 
(1863),  etc. 

Hauran  (ha-o-ran'  or  hou-ran').  A  district  in 
Syria,  intersected  by  lat.  32°  40'  N.,  long.  36° 
30'  E.,  nearly  corresponding  to  the  ancient  Au- 
ranitis  in  Bashan. 

Haur6au  (6-ra-6'),  Jean  Barthelemy.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Nov.  9,  1812:  died  there,  April  29, 1896. 
A  French  historian  and  publicist.  He  became 
editor-in-chief  of  the  "Courrier  de  la  Sarthe"  at  Mans 
about  1838,  which  post  he  retained  7  years,  and  was  direc- 
tor of  the  Imprimerie  Nationale  1870-82. 

Hausa,  or  Haussa  (hou'sa).  A  country  and 
nation  situated  north  of  the  junction  of  the 
Niger  with  the  Binue  Biver,  in  central  Sudan. 
Hausa-Iand  is  almost  coextensive  with  the  modern  king- 
dom of  Sokoto.  The  Hausas  form  the  most  important 
nation  of  the  Sudan.  They  belong  to  the  Nigritic  branch 
of  the  Bantu-negro  race,  slightly  mixed  with  Hamitic  ele- 
ments. According  to  their  own  tradition,  their  father  was 
a  negro  and  their  mother  a  Berber.  The  Gober  section 
is  of  Coptic  descent.  The  Hausas  are  Mohammedans, 
semi-civuizedLgreat  traders,  and  able  craftsmen.  In  the 
slaving  times  Hausa  slaves  were  in  great  demand;  to-day, 
Hausa  soldiers  constitute  a  large  portion  of  the  British 
and  Kongo  State  forces.  In  the  middle  ages  the  Hausas 
foi-med  a  great  negro  kingdom,  which  subsequently  broke 
up  into  small  states.  About  the  16tli  century  the  Fulahs 
or  Fulbe  began  to  get  a  foothold  among  them,  and  in  1802 
Othman  dan  Fodio  founded  in  Hausa-land  a  great  Fulah 
empire.  From  this,  divided  among  his  sons,  sprang  the 
modern  sultanates  of  Sokoto,  Gando,  and  Adamawa.  The 
Hausa  language  is  spoken  fax  beyond  Hausa-land.  It  is 
euphonious,  simple  and  regular  in  structure,  and  eminently 
fit  to  become  a  literary  language.  The  principal  dialects 
axe  those  of  Katsena  (the  literary  standard),  Kano,  Gober, 
and  Daura. 

Hauser  (hou'zer),  Kaspar.  Died  at  Ansbach, 
Bavaria,  Dec.  17,  1833.  A  German  foundling. 
He  appeared  at  Nuremberg  in  1828,  and  was  taken  into 
custody  by  the  police,  to  whom  lie  gave  his  name  as  Kas- 
par Hauser.  He  carried  on  his  person  a  letter,  purporting 
to  have  been  -written  by  a  Bavarian  laborer,  which  stated 
that  the  bearer  had  been  found  at  the  writer's  door,  Oct 
7, 1812.  A  note  was  inclosed,  which  purported  to  have 
been  wrilien  by  the  mother.  It  stated  that  the  foundling's 
name  was  Kaspar ;  that  he  was  born  April  30, 1812 ;  that 
his  father  was  a  captain  in  the  Sixth  Chevau-Wger  .Regi- 
ment at  Nuremberg;  and  that  his  mother  was  a  poor 
girl.  The  boy  said  that  he  had  been  confined  in  a  dark 
room  all  his  life,  until  one  night  a  man  placed  a  letter  in 
his  hand  and  directed  him  on  the  road  to  Nuremberg.  He 
was  placed  by  the  city  under  the  care  of  Professor  G.  Fr. 
Daumer,  and  was  subsequently  adopted  by  Lord  Stanhope, 
who  sent  him  to  Ansbach.  He  died  in  consequence  of  a 
wound  which  he  asserted  he  had  received  at  the  hands  of 
an  unknown  person  who  had  enticed  him  to  a  rendezvous 
by  the  promise  of  information  as  to  his  origin.  His  story 
underwentmany  romantic  changesin  popular  imagination. 

Hausser  (hois'ser) ,  Ludwig.  Bom  at  Eleeburg, 
Lower  Alsace,  Oct.  26,  1818:  died  at  Heidel- 
berg, Baden,  March  17, 1867.  A  German  histo- 
rian, professor  at  Heidelberg.  He  wrote  "Deutsche 
Geschichte  vom  Tode  Friedrichs  des  Grossen  bis  zur 
Griindung  des  deutschen  Bundes, "  "Geschichte  derf  ranzB- 
sischen  Revolution  "  (1867),  "  Geschichte  des  Zeitalters  der 
Reformation"  (1868),  etc. 

Haussmann  (os-man').  Baron  Georges  Eugdne. 

Bom  at  Paris,  March  27, 1809:  died  there,  Jan. 
11, 1891,  A  French  magistrate.  He  was  educated 
for  the  bar,  but  entered  the  civil  service,  and  in  1863  be- 
came prefect  of  the  Seine,  which  post  he  occupied  untU 
1870.  He  carried  out  vast  works  for  the  sanitation  and 
embellishment  of  Paris,  including  the  improvement  of 
the  Bois  de  Boulogne,  the  park  of  Vincennes,  etc.,  and  of 
the  sewer  system  and  water-supply. 

Hausstock  (hous'stok).  A  peak  in  the  Todi 
chain  of  the  Alps,  in  Switzerland.  Height, 
10,353  feet. 

Hantecomhe  (6t-k6nb' ).  A  Cistercian  abbey  in 
the  department  of  Savoie,  France,  about  13  miles 
north-northwest  of  Chambfiry,  founded  in  1125. 
It  was  plundered  and  desecrated  during  the 
French  Eevolution,  but  was  subsequently  re- 
stored. 

Haute-Garoime(h6t-ga-ron')(UpperGaronne). 
A  department  in  southern  France.    Capital, 


Havasupai 

Toulouse.  It  is  bounded  by  Tam-et-Garonne  on  the 
north.  Tarn,  Aude,  and  Arifege  on  the  east,  Ari^ge  and 
Spain  on  the  south,  and  Gers  and  Hautes-Pyr^n^es  on  the 
west,  being  formed  from  portions  of  the  ancient  Languedoc 
and  Gascony.  Area,  2,429  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
472,383. 

Haute-Loire  (hot-lwar')  (Upper  Loire).  A  de- 
partment of  France.  Capital,  LePuy.  it  la  bound- 
ed by  Puy-de-D6me  and  Loire  on  the  north,  Ardtehe  on 
the  southeast,  Lozfere  on  the  south,  and  Cantal  on  the  west, 
being  formed  from  portions  of  Languedoc  and  Auvergne, 
and  a  small  portion  of  Lyonnais.  Area,  1,916  square  mUes. 
Population  (1891),  316,736. 

Haute-Marne  (hot-marn')  (Upper Mame).  Ade- 
partment  in  northeastern  France.  Capitai,Chau- 
mont.  It  is  bounded  by  Mame  and  Mouse  on  the  north, 
Yosgea  on  the  east,  Haute-Sadne  on  the  southeast,  Cdte- 
d'Or  on  the  southwest,  and  Aube  on  the  west,  beingformed 
chiefiy  from  a  part  of  the  ancient  Champagne.  The  lead- 
ing industries  are  mining  and  iron  manufacture.  Area, 
2,402  square  miles.     Population  (1891),  243,633. 

Hautes-Alpes  (hot-zalp')  (Upper  Alps).  A  de- 
partment in  southeastern  France.  Capital,  Gap. 
It  is  bounded  by  Istee  and  Savoie  on  the  north,  Italy  on 
the  east,  Basses-Alpes  on  the  south,  and  I>r6me  on  the 
west)  being  formed  from  part  of  the  ancient  Dauphin& 
d?he  surface  is  mountainous.  Area,  ^158  square  miles. 
Population  (1891);  116,622. 

Haute-Sadne  (hot-son')  (Upper  Sa6ne).  A  de- 
partment in  eastern  France.  Capital,  Vesoul. 
It  is  bounded  by  Haute-Mame  on  the  northwest,  Tosges  on 
the  north,  Haut-EJiin  on  the  east,  Doubs  and  .Tura  on  the 
south,  and  C6te-d'0r  on  the  wesi^  being  formed  from  a  por- 
tion of  the  ancient  Franche-Comt^.  Area,  2,062  square 
miles.    Population  (ISDl),  280,866. 

Haiite-Savoie  (hot-sa-vwa')  (Upper  Savoy).  A 
departmentineasternFrance.  Capital,  Anneoy. 
It  6  bounded  by  the  canton  of  Geneva  on  the  northwest, 
the  Lake  of  Geneva  on  the  north,  Yalais  on  the  east,  Italy 
on  the  southeast,  Savoie  on  the  south,  and  Ain  on  the  west, 
being  formed  from  the  ancient  Savoy,  ceded  by  Italy  to 
France  1860.  The  surface  is  mountainous  (including  Mont 
Blanc).  Area,  1,767  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
268,267. 

Hautes-Pyr6n6es  (hot-pe-ra-na')  (Upper  Pyre- 
nees). A  department  in  southwestern  France. 
Capital,  Tarbes.  It  is  bounded  by  Gers  on  the  north, 
Haute-Gaxonne  on  the  east,  Spain  on  the  south,  and  Basses- 
Pyr^n^es  on  the  west,  being  formed  from  a  portion  of  the 
ancient  Gascony.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Pyrenees  and  off- 
shoots. Area,  1,749  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  225,861, 

Haute- Vienna  (hot-vyen')  (Upper  Vienne).  A 
department  in  western  Prance.  Capital,  Li- 
moges .  It  is  bounded  by  Yienne  on  the  northwest,  Indre 
on  the  north,  Creuse  on  the  east,  Corrfeze  and  Dordogne  on 
the  south,  and  Charente  on  the  west,  beingformed  chiefly 
from  portions  of  the  ancient  Limousin  and  Marche.  The 
leading  industry  is  the  manufacture  of  porcelain.  Area, 
2,130  square  mUes.    Population  (1891),  372,878. 

Hautlein  (6t-lan'),  Marquis  de.  A  gentleman 
of  the  ancient  regime  at  whose  house  Scott  pro- 
fessed to  have  gathered  the  materials  of  ' '  Quen- 
tin  Durward." 

Hautmont  (ho-m6u').  A  manufacturing  tovpn  in 
the  department  of  Nord,  France,  on  the  Sambre 
19  miles  east-southeast  of  Valenciennes.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  10,238. 

Haut-Bhin.    See  Selfort,  Territory  of. 

Haiiy  (a-iie'),  Ben6  Just,  Abb6.  Bom  at  St.- 
Just,  Oise,  France,  Feb,  28, 1743 :  died  at  Paris, 
June  3, 1822.  A  celebratedFrenoh mineralogist, 
the  founder  of  the  science  of  crystallography. 
He  taught  at  the  College  of  Navarre  in  Paris  (from  1764); 
on  the  opening  of  the  Revolution  was  thrown  into  prison, 
but  was  rescued  by  GeofiEroy  Saint-Hilaire ;  and  became  a 
member-of  the  commission  of  weights  and  measures  1793, 
professor  of  physics  at  the  Normal  School  noe,  and  pro- 
fessor of  mineralogy  at  the  Museum  of  Natural  History 
(1802)and  the  Faculty  of  Sciences.  He  published  "Ti-aitfi 
de min&alogie "  (1802),  "Traits  SWmentairede physique" 
(1804),  "Traits  de  cristallographie,  etc."  (1822),  etc. 

Haiiy, Valentin.  Bom  at  St.-Just,  Oise,  France, 
Nov.  13,  1745:  died  at  Paris,  March,  1822.  A 
French  instructor  of  the  blind,  brother  of  K.  J. 
Haiiy. 

Havana  (ha-van'a),  sometimes  Havannah,  Sp. 
La  Habana  (la  si-sa'na)  or  San  Cristobal  de 
la  Habana  ('St. Christopher  of  the  Haven'), 
F.  La  Havane  (la  ha-van').  A  seaport  and 
the  capital  of  Cuba,  situated  on  a  fine  bay  on  the 
northern  coast,  in  lat.  23°  8'  N. ,  long,  82°  21'  W, 
It  is  the  commercial  center  of  the  West  Inoie^and  one  of 
the  principal  commercial  cities  in  America.  Tbe  chief  ex- 
ports are  sugar,  cigars,  and  tobacco ;  the  leading  manufac- 
ture is  tobacco.  Havana  is  divided  into  the  "old "and 
"new  "  towns,  thelatter  beyond  theold walls,  and  it  has  sev- 
eral handsome  suburbs.  Itcontains  a  cathedral(begun  1724), 
and  many  public  parks  and  promenades.  It  was  founded 
on  its  present  site  in  1519.  It  was  taken  several  tim  es  in  the 
17th  century  by  bucaneers,  and  by  the  English  in  1762|  but 
restored  to  Spain  in  1763.    Population  (1899),  235,981. 

Havana  Glen.  A  remarkable  glen  near  the  head 
of  Seneca  Lake,  4  miles  from  Watkins  Glen, 
western  New  York. 

Havasupai  (ha-va-s8'pi).  A  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians,  living  in  northwestern  Ari- 
zona. The  name  is  translated  as  '  down-in 
people '  and '  willow  people.'  They  number  214. 
See  Yuman. 


Havel 

Havel  (ha'fel).    A  river  in  Prussia,  joining  the 
Elbe  8  mUes  northwest  of  Havelberg.  it  traverses 
several  lakes.    Its  chief  tributary  is  the  Spree.    Length, 
about  220  miles,  nearly  all  ol  it  navigable. 
Havelberg  (ha'fel-berQ).    A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  an 
island  in  the  Havel,  59  miles  west-northwest  of 
Berlin.    Population  (1890),  commune,  6,975. 
Havelland  (ha'fel-land).    A  territory  in  the 
western  part  of  the  province  of  Brandenburg, 
Prussia,  lying  between  the  Havel  and  the  lower 
course  of  the  Ehin. 
Havelock   (hav'e-lok),  Sir  Henry.    Born  at 
Bishop-Wearmouth,England,April  5,1795:  died 
at  Lnoknow,  British  India,  Nov.  24,  1857.    An 
English   general  in  India,  especially  distin- 
guished during  the  Indian  mutiny  of  1857.    He 
relieved  Luoknow  Sept.,  1857. 
Havelock  the  Dane,  The  Lay  of.    An  Anglo- 
Danish  story,  composed  before  1300.    it  contains 
the  legend  of  the  town  of  Grimsby.    There  is  a  French  lay 
called  "Le   lai   d'Havelok  le  Danoia."    It  is  a  trans- 
lation of  a  French  romance  called  "le  lai  de  Aveloc," 
written  in  the  first  half  of  the  12th  century,  and  probably 
founded  on  an  Anglo-Saxon  original  It  has  been  edited  by 
Sii'  F.  Madden  for  the  Roxburghe  Club  (1828),  and  reedited 
for  the  Early  English  Text  Society  by  the  Key.  W.  W.  Skeat 
<1868).    Havelock  was  the  son  of  the  Danish  king  Birka- 
been.    He  was  put  to  sea  by  treachery,  and  was  saved  by 
Grin),  a  fisherman,  who  brought  him  up  as  his  son.    Grim 
was  rewarded  by  the  king  when  the  truth  was  discovered, 
and  with  the  money  given  him  built  Grimsby,  or  Grim's 
town. 
Haven  (ha'vn),  Erastus  Otis,  Bom  at  Boston, 
Mass. ,  Nov.  1, 1820 :  died  at  Salem,  Ore. ,  Aug.  2, 
1881.    An  American  bishop  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church.  He  edited  "Zion'sHerald"(Boston) 
1856-63 ;  was  president  of  the  University  of  Michigan  (Ann 
Arbor)1863-69,  and  of  the  Northwestern  University  (Evans- 
ton,  Illinois)  1869-72 ;  and  became  chancellor  of  Syracuse 
University  in  1874.    He  published  "Ehetorio  "  (1869),  etc. 
Haven,  Gilbert,  Bom  at  Maiden,  Mass.,  Sept., 
1821:  died  at  Maiden,  Jan.  3,  1880.    An  Ameri- 
can bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 
He  edited  "Zion's  Herald"  (Boston)  1867-72. 
Haverford  College  (hav'er-ford  kol'ej).  An  in- 
stitution of  learning  situated  at  Haverford, 
Pennsylvania,  9  miles  west-northwest  of  Phila- 
delphia.    It  was  founded  1832,  opened  1833,  and  incor- 
porated 1866  ;  it  is  controlled  by  the  Society  of  Friends. 
Haverfordwest   (hav '  er  -  ford  -  west'),  Welsh 
Hwlffordd  (hai'forTH).     A  seaport  and  the 
capital  of  PembrokeshircWales,  situated  on  the 
,    West  Cleddau  in  lat.  51°  48'  N.,  long.  4°  57'  W. 
Population  (1891),  6,179. 
Havergal  (hav'er-gal),  Frances  Ridley,  Bom 
at  Astley,  Worcestershire,  Dec.  14, 1836 :  died  at 
Swansea,  Wales,  June  3,  1879.    An  English  re- 
ligious writer.    She  published  the  "Ministry  of  Song  " 
(1870)  and  other  collections  of  devotional  poetry  and  prose. 
Haverhill  (hav'er-il).    A  town  in  Suffolk,  Eng- 
land.   Population  (1891),  4,587. 
Haverhill  (ha'ver-il).     A  city  (incorporated 
1870)  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  situated 
on  the  Merrimao  30  miles  north  of  Boston.     It 
is  noted  for  shoe  manufacture.    It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Whittier.    Population  (1900),  37,175. 
Haverstraw  (hav'er-stra).    A  town  in  Eock- 
land  County,  N.  Y.,  situated  on  the  Hudson. 
Population  (1900),  village,  5,935. 
Haverstraw  Bay.     The  name  given  to  the  ex- 
pansion of  the  Hudson  below  the  Highlands 
and  north  of  Tappan  Sea. 
Have  with  you  to  Saffron  Walden.    See  Saf- 
fron Walden,  etc. 

Havilah  (hav'i-la).  In  the  description  of  Eden 
ta  G-en.  ii.,  a  land  mentioned  as  encompassed 
by  the  Pishon,  one  of  the  four  rivers  which 
go  out  from  Eden,  and  as  containing  geld  and 
bedolach  and  shonam  stone.  As  Pishon  has  been 
identtfled  with  almost  all  rivers,  so  Havilah  was  sought 
and  found  in  all  parts  of  the  earth,  notably  in  Armenia 
(Colchis)  and  India.  Frederick  Delitzsch,who  locates  Eden 
in  Mesopotamia  near  Babylonia  (see  Eden),  identifies  Ha- 
vilah with  the  tract  immediately  to  the  south  and  west  of 
the  Euphrates.  Havilah  is  also  enumerated  in  Gen.  x.  7 
among  the  sons  of  Cush,  son  of  Ham ;  in  Gen.  x.  29  among 
the  sons  of  Joktan,  a  descendant  of  Shem ;  and  in  Gen.  xxv. 
18  it  appears  as  the  southeastern  limit  of  the  Ishmaelite 
Arabs  It  perhaps  designates  the  east  or  southeast  of 
Arabia  on  the  Persian  GuU,  in  which  region,  according  to 
Strabo  a  tribe  by  the  name  of  Chaulotseans  lived,  who  were 
neighbors  of  the  Nabataans  and  Hazaxenes.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  Analita  of  the  classical  writers  (Pliny,  VI.  28), 
a  people  with  a  town  Analis  (now  Zeila)  on  the  African 
coast,  south  of  the  Strait  of  Bab-el-Mandeb,  would  answer 
to  the  Cushite  Havilah.  ,n, 

'Haviland  (hav'i-land),  John.  Bom  at  Gunden- 
ham,  Somersetshire,  in  1793:  died  at  Philadel- 
phia, March  28, 1852.  An  English  architect.  He 
studied  with  James  Elmes.  In  1816  he  went  to  Eussia  to 
enter  the  imperial  corps  of  engineers.  The  following  year 
'  he  went  to  the  United  states,  where  he  made  a  specialty  of 
penitentiary  buildmgs :  amongthem  were  that  at  Pittsburg, 
the  first  designed  on  the  radiating  principle  advocated  by 
Jeremy  Bentham ;  the  Eastern  Penitentiary  at  Philadel- 
phia- the  Tombs,  New  York ;  and  the  State  penitentiaiies  of 


487 


Hawthorne,  Nathaniel 


New  Jeraey,  Missouri,  and  Rhode  Island.  He  also  designed  Hawke  Bay,  A  bay  on  the  east  coast  of  the 
the  United  States  Naval  Asylum  at  Norfolk,  the  United     Mnrtli  Tslmiil   liJow  7qo1ot,/i 

States  Mint  at  Philadelphia,  and  other  pubUc  buildings.   xi„„iL„v„^^'7lftT®^^  a      ■  ^  ivt 

His  prisons  were  considered  standard  at  the  time,  and  were  MaWK^Ury  (hSks  b6r-i).  A  nver  of  New 
visited  by  commissioners  from  England,  France,  Russia,  South  Wales  which  flows  into  the  Pacific  north- 
and  Prussia.  east  of  Sydney.    Length,  about  330  miles. 

Hawe  (a'vr),  Le,  or  Havre,  formerly  Havre-  Hawker  (ha '  k6r),  Robert  Stephen.  Bom  at 
de-Grace  (a'vr-d6-gras  ).  [P., 'the  Haven,'  Stoke  Damerel,  Devonshire :  died  in  1875.  An 
the  Haven  of  Grace ' :  a  chapel  of  Notre  Dame  English  writer,  vicar  of  Morwenstow,  Cornwall 
de  Grdce, '  our  Lady  of  Gtrace,'  formerly  existed  Hawkeye  (hak'i)  State.  A  popular  name  of  the 
there.]  A  seaport  in  the  department  of  Seine-  State  of  Iowa.  It  is  said  to  be  so  named  from 
Inffirieure,  France,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  an  Indian  chief  who  once  lived  iu  that  region 
the  Seine  in  lat.  49°  29'  N.,  long.  0°  7'  E.  it  is  Hawkins  (hg,'kinz),  Anthony  Hope.  Born  at 
*ll^="^P„^?„tP°^.°'S?°f.;Ji°^,SlJ^5f'rv,^„?fl^^^^^^^^    London,  Feb.  9,  1863.    An  lEngh^sh  novelist. 


steamship  lines ;  has  about  one  fifth  of  the  whole  foreign 
trade  of  France  (especially  with  America) ;  and  is  noted 
for  its  docks  and  ship-building  yards.  The  Church  of 
Notre  Dame  and  the  museum  are  of  interest.  Bernardin 
de  Saint  Pierre  and  Casimir  Delavigne  were  born  here. 
The  town  was  founded  by  Louis  XEL. ;  was  developed  by 


inghsh  _ 
He  writes  under  the  name  of  Anthony  Hope.  He  was 
called  to  the  bar  in  1887.  He  has  written  "A  Man  of 
Mark"  (1890),  "Father  Stafford,"  "Sport  Royal,"  "A 
Change  of  Air,"  "The  Prisoner  of  Zenda,"  "The  Dolly 
Dialogues,"  "  The  Indiscretion  of  the  Duchess,"  etc. 


Francis  I. ;  was  occupied"  by  the  English  in  1662-63;  and  HawkinS,  or  Hawkyns   (hau'kiaz).  Sir  John. 
was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  the  English  in  1694.    Pop.    Bom  at  Plymouth,  1532:  died  at  sea  off  Porto 


ulation  (1901),  129,014 

Havre  de  Grace  (hav'6r  de  gras).  A  town  in 
Harford  County,  Maryland,  situated  on  the  Sus- 
quehanna, near  its  mouth,  34  miles  northeast  of 
Baltimore.    Population  (1890),  3,244. 

Hawaii  (ha-wi'e).  The  largest  and  southeast- 
emmost  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  The  surface  is 
mountainous.  It  contains  the  volcanoes  Mauna  Kea, 
Mauna  Loa,  and  Kilauea.  The  chief  town  is  Hilo.  Area, 
4,016  square  miles.    Population  (1900),  46,843. 

Hawaiian  Islands  (ha-wi'yan  i'landz),  or  Ha- 
waii, or  Sandwich  Islands  (sand'wich  i'- 


Eioo,  Nov.  12, 1595.  An  English  naval  hero,  in 
1662, 1564,  and  1667  he  carried  cargoes  of  slaves  from  Afri- 
ca to  th  e  West  Indies  and  the  Spanish  main.  Several  Eng- 
lish noblemen,  and,  it  is  said.  Queen  Elizabeth,  had  a  finan- 
cial interest  in  these  voyages.  The  trade  was  a  violation 
of  Spanish  law,  and  ultimately  Hawkins  was  attacked  by 
a  Spanish  fleet  in  the  harbor  of  Vera  Cruz;,  and  escaped 
with  difficulty,  after  losing  most  of  his  ships  (Sept.  24, 1568). 
In  1573  he  was  made  treasurer  of  the  English  navy.  As 
rear-admiral  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  defeat  of  the 
Spanish  Armada  (Aug.,  1688),  and  was  knighted.  He  was 
with  Frobisher  on  the  Portuguese  coast  in  1690,  and  died 
while  second  in  command  in  Drake's  expedition  to  the 
West  Indies. 


landz).  A  group  of  islands  in  the  North  Pacific,  Hawkins,  Sir  John.  Bom  at  London,  March  30, 
about  lat.  18°  55'-22°  15'  N.,  long.  154°  50'-160°  1719  :  died  at  Westminster,  May  21,  1789.  An 
15'W.  Capital,  Honolulu.  The  chief  islands  are  Ha-  English  author.  He  was  one  of  Dr.  Johnson's  execu- 
waii,  Maui,  Oahu,  Kauai,  Lanai,  Kahulaui,  Molokai,  Nil-  tors,  and  wrote  his  life,  which  he  published  with  an  edition 
ban.  The  surface  is  largely  mountainous  and  volcanic,  of  Johnson's  works  in  1787.  His  chief  work  is  "A  General 
The  chief  export  is  sugar ;  other  exports  are  rice,  bananas.  History  of  the  Science  and  Practice  of  Music  "  (1776). 
andwool.  The  inhabitants  are  native  Hawaiians  (35,000,  de-  TTo-nrlriTia  or  TTa-rolnrTis  Sir  ftipharA  Born 
creasing),  Chinese  (21,616),  Japanese  (24,407),  Portuguese  ■°-?'^^iPA' ^"^  -P-^^!^7^\  *'"^  .^W^J^-.  "°"^ 
(16,191),  Americans  (8,086),  British  (2,260), Germans(l,432), 
etc.      The  islands  were  discovered  by  Gaetano  in  1542, 


and  rediscovered  in  1778  by  Cook  (who  gave  them  the  name 
Owhyhee).  The  government  was  consolidated  by  Kame- 
hameha  I.  (who  died  in  1819),  and  idolatry  was  abolished 
in  1819 :  the  next  year  the  American  missionaries  arrived. 
A  constitution  was  granted  in  1840,  and  a  more  liberal  one 
in  1887.  The  government  was  a  monarchy,  with  king, 
cabinet,  and  legislature  (consisting  of  a  house  of  nobles 
and  house  of  representatives).  The  queen,  liliuokalani 
(who  ascended  the  throne  in  1891),  on  Jan.  15, 1893,  at- 
tempted to  force  the  cabinet  to  approve  a  new  constitu- 
tion designed  to  give  greater  power  to  the  crown  and  to 
the  native  population.    This  they  declined  to  do.    OnJan. 


about  1562 :  died  at  London,  April  17, 1622.  An 
English  naval  hero,  son  of  Sir  John  Hawkins 
(1532-95) .  He  was  early  engaged  in  West  Indian  enter- 
prises ;  took  part  in  the  defeat  of  the  Armada,  Aug.,16S8, 
and  in  the  descent  on  the  Portuguese  coast  in  1590 ;  and  in 
June,  1593,  started  on  a  voyage  around  the  world  in  the 
Dainty.  After  touching  in  Brazil,  he  passed  the  Strait  ol 
Magellan,  and  took  and  plundered  Valparaiso ;  but  he  was 
defeated  and  captured  after  a  hard  fight  in  San  Mateo  Bay, 
Peru,  June  22, 1594.  Taken  to  Lima,  he  was  sent  to  Spain 
in  1597  and  imprisoned  until  1602,  when  he  was  ransomed. 
Subsequently  he  was  vice-admiral  of  Devon,  and  second  in 
command  in  Sir  Robert  Mansell's  fleet  against  the  Alger- 
ine  pirates,  1620-21. 


17, 1893,  the  queen  was  deposed  by  a  comrnittee  of  pubUc  HawkS  (h^ks),  FranciS  Lister.     Born  at  New 


safety,  and  a  provisional  government  was  formed,  headed 
by  Mr.  Sanf  ord  B.  Dole,  which  was  to  retain  office  until  a 
treaty  of  annexation  with  the  United  States  should  be 
concluded.  Such  a  treaty  was  sent  to  the  Senate  by  Presi- 
dent Harrison,  but  it  was  withdrawn  by  President  Cleve- 
land on  the  ground  that  the  revolution  in  Hawaii  was 
wrongfully  accomplished  by  the  aid  of  the  American  min- 

"ister,  Mr.  Stevens,  and  the  American  naval  force,  and  that 
the  queen  should  be  reestablished  onher  throne.  His  ef- 
fort to  accomplish  this  end  by  diplomatic  means  failed. 
A  republic  was  proclaimed  July  4, 1894.  The  islands  were 
annexed  to  the  United  States  by  act  of  Congress,  July  7. 
1898,  and  organized  a  Territory  June  14, 1900.  Area,  6,449 
square  miles.    Population  (1900),  164,001. 

Hawar  (ha-war').  [Ar.  al-hawar,  the  intensely 
bright.]  The  bright  second-magnitude  star 
£  UrsEe  Majoris,  commonly  known  as  Alioth. 


beru,  N.  C,  June  10, 1798:  died  at  New  York, 
Sept.,  1866.  An  American  clergyman  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  and  historical, 
legal,  and  miscellaneous  writer.  Among  his 
works  is  "Contributions  to  the  Ecclesiastical 
History  of  the  United  States"  (1836-41). 
Hawkwood  (hak'wud),  Sir  John.  Bom  in 
Essex,  England,  about  1320:  died  at  Florence, 
Italy,  in  1394.  .A.  noted  English  leader  of  con- 
dottieri  and  strategist.  He  served  under  the  Black 
Prince  in  France,  and  after  the  peace  of  Bretigny  organ- 
ized his  famous  White  Company,  whose  services  he  sold  to 
various  Italian  powers.  He  finally  became  the  permanent 
military  adviser  and  captain-general  of  Florence. 


Hawarden  (h^r-dn).     A  ^own  in  Flintshire;  Hawley(M'h;)    Gideon.     Bom_  at  Stratford 


North  Wales,  16  miles  south  of  Liverpool.   Near 
it  is  Hawarden  Castle,  the  residence  of  W.  E.  Gladstone. 

Haweis  (hois),  Hugh  Reginald.  Bom  1838 : 
died  1901.  An  English  clergyman  and  author. 
He  published  "Music  and  Morals,"  etc. 

Hawes  (haz),  Stephen.  Bom  about  1476:  died 
about  1523.  An  English  poet.  He  wrote  an  alle- 
gorical  poem,  "The  Pastime  of  Pleasure"  (about  1606)^^ 
printed  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde  in  1609,  etc, 


(Bridgeport),  Conn.,  Nov.  11, 1727:  diedatMash- 
pee,  Mass.,  Oct.  3, 1807.  An  American  mission- 
ary. He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1749,  and  in  1763,  at  the 
instance  of  the  commissioners  of  Indian  affairs,  estab- 
lished a  mission  among  the  Ii-oquois  Indians  on  the  Sus- 
quehanna River,  which  he  abandoned  in  1756  on  account 
of  the  old  French  and  Indian  war.  He  subsequently  served 
as  chaplain  in  Colonel  Richard  Gridley's  regiment,  and  in 
1767  was  appointed,  by  the  commissioners  of  the  Society 
for  Propagating  the  Gospel,  pastor  of  the  Indian  tribes  at 
Mashpee,  Massachusetts. 


brigade  and  division  commander  in  the  Union  army  dur- 
ing the  Civil  War,  being  brevetted  major-general  in  1865 ; 
was  president  of  the  Republican  National  Convention  in 
1868 ;  was  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Connecti- 


Hawes,  William.   Bom  at  London,  1785:  died  Mashpee,  M^sa^uset^s  ^^^.^^^^^  ^„^^ 

there,.t'eb.  18, 1846     An  English  composer  and  Hawle^^^^^^^ 

^^'^^aifl'^^'^^^Z'l!^t:i'^J^o?^^^io.  March  10  iVsS     in  American  pVot         J' 
the  English  stage.                                                             Hawlev,  JOSeph  ROSWell.     Bom  at  btewarts- 

Hawes  Water.  A  lake  in  the  Lake  District,  ville,  N.  C,  Oct.  31, 1826.  .An  .American  general, 
Westmoreland,  England,  9  miles  northeast  of  journalist,  and  politician.  He  graduated  at  Ham- 
Ambleside      Lenffth   2-i  miles  ilton  College  in  1847;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1850;  be- 

Hawick   (h'a'ik).     Atown  in' Roxburghshire,  came  editor  of  the  Hartford  "Press  "in  1867;  served  as  a 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Teviot  40  miles  south- 
southeast  of  Edinburgh,    it  manufactures  tweeds, 
hosiery,  etc.  Near  it  is  Branksome  Tower.  Hawick,  Gala- 
shiels and  Selkirk  form  the  Hawick  district  of  burghs  (or  cut  1872-75  and  1879-81 ;  has  been  United  States  senator 
the  Border  burghs)  returning  1  member  to  Parliament,  since  1881 ;  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  Repub- 
Population  (1891)  19  204.  I't'^n  nomination  for  President  in  1884  and  1888 ;  and  was 

HawkabiteS  (h^k'a-bits).     A  club  of  dissolute  PI??id™t  o'  the  United  States  Centennial  Commission 
young  men,  associated  in  ] 
toration  for  the  pleasure  < 

rufflanswhosefavoriteamusemencwasioBwagsciujuigui  :iT3.""^' — Vr°  mi,      -    j.  i       j,  tt      ii,        j       „„„ 

about  town,  breaking  windows,  upsetting  sedans,  beating  Edinburgh.     The  estate  of  Hawthornden  was 

quiet  men,  etc."    (Old  and  New  London,  IV.  166.)    Also  the  property  of  the  poet  William  Drummond. 
Bawcwbttes.                         ,     „     .  -o           ti  „i  .,   Hawthorne(ha'th6rn),  Julian.  BornatBoston, 

Hawke  (h&k),  Edward,  first  Baron  Hawke.  ju^e  22, 1846.  An  American  novelist  and  mis- 
Born  at  London,  1705 :  died  at  Sunbury,  Middle-  cellaneous  writer,  son  of  Nathaniel  Hawthorne. 
sex,  En^and,  Oct   17    1781.     An  English  a^^  Born  at  Salem,  Mass., 

miral.    lie  defeated  the  French  off  Belle-He  m    j^j    ^  ^g^^'   ^^    ^  Plymouth,  N.  H.,  May  19, 
1747,  and  off  (Juiberon  in  1759.  ^    '  j  >  >       j 


Hawthorne,  Nathaniel 

1864.  A  celebrated  American  novelist.  He  grad- 
uated at  Bowdoin  College  in  1825 ;  served  in  the  custom- 
house at  Boston  1838-11 ;  joined  the  Brook  Farm  Associa- 
tion in  1841 ;  settled  at  Concord,  Massachusetts,  in  1813 ; 
was  surveyor  of  the  port  of  Salem  1846-19 ;  and  was  United 
States  consul  at  Liverpool  1853-B7.  In  1861  he  returned  to 
the  United  States.  "Fanshawe,"  his  first  story,  was  pub- 
lished in  1826  at  his  own  expense.  He  wrote  "Twice-told 
Tales"  (1837:  second  series  1842),  "Mosses  from  an  Old 
Manse"  (1846),  "The  Scarlet  Letter"  (1850),  "The  House 
of  the  Seven  Gables"  (1851),  "The  Wonder-Book"  (1851), 
*•  The  Blithedale  Bomance  "  (1852), "  Snow  Image  and  other 
Twice-told  Tales  "  (1852X  "lite  of  Franklin  Pierce  "  (1852), 
"Tanglewood  Tales  "  (1853), "  The  Marble  Faun  " (1860 :  the 
English  edition  was  called  "  Transformation,  or  the  Ro- 
mance of  Monte  Beni,"  also  1880),  "Our  Old  Home  "  (1863), 
"Pansie"  (1864:  also  called  "The  DoUiver  Komauce"), 
"  No  te  Books '71868-72), "  Septimius  Felton  "  (1872), "  Tales 
of  the  White  Hills"  (1877)k  "Dr.  Grimshawe's  Secret"  (a 
fragment,  1383). 

Hawwa  (hfi,-wa').  [Ar.-al-hawiva,  the  serpent- 
charmer.]  A  rarely  used  name  for  the  star 
o  OpMuohi,  commonly  known  as  Bas-alaghue. 

Hay  (ha),  John.  Bom  at  Salem,  Ind.,Oot.  8, 1838. 
AnAmerioanauthor,ionmalist,anddiplomatist. 
He  was  assistant  private  secretary  to  President  Lincoln 
1861-65 ;  test  secretary  of  legation  at  Paris  1865-67 ;  charge 
d'affaires  at  Vienna  1867-68 ;  secretary  of  legation  at  Ma- 
drid 1868-70 :  assistant  secretary  of  state  1879-Sl ;  ambas- 
sador to  Great  Britain  1897-98 ;  secretary  of  state  1898-. 
He  published  "Pike County  Ballads  "  (1871)  and  " Castilian 
Days  "  (1871),  and  is  the  author,  with  J.  G.  Nioolay,  of  the 
"Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln"  (1886-90). 

HaydSe  (a-da').  An  opera  comique  by  Auber 
(words  by  Scribe),  produced  in  Paris  in  1847. 

Hayden(ha'dn),Ferdinand'Vandeveer.  Bom 

at  Westfield,Mass.,  Sept.  7, 1829:  died  at  Phila- 
delphia, Deo.  22, 1887.  An  American  geologist. 
He  ^aduated  at  Oberlin  College  in  1860,  and  at  the  An>any 
Medical  College  in  1853 ;  was  professor  of  geology  and  min- 
eralogy in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  1866-72 ;  and 
was  connected  with  the  geological  and  geographical  sur- 
veys of  the  United  States  1859-86.  He  edited  the  first  8 
reports  (1867-76)  of  the  United  States  geographical  and 
geological  surveys  of  the  Territories,  and  is  the  author  of 
"Sketch  of  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  the  United  States 
Geological  and  Geographical  Surveys  of  the  Territories  " 

£877),  "  The  Yellowstone  National  Park  and  the  Mountain 
egions  of  Idaho,  Nevada,  Colorado,  and  Utah  "  (1877). 

Hayden,  Mount,  or  Grand  Teton  (te-tdn')- 
The  highest  of  the  Three  Tetons,  Teton  Range, 
western  Wyoming.    Height,  about  13,600  feet. 

Haydn  (ha'du ;  G.  pron.  M'dn),  Johann  Mi- 
chael. Bom  at  Eohrau,  Lower  Austria,  Sept. 
14,  1737:  died  at  Salzburg,  Austria-Hungary, 
Aug.  10,  1806.  An  Austrian  composer,  brother 
of  Joseph  Haydn. 

Haydn,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Eohrau,  Lower  Aus- 
tria, March  31,  1732  :  died  at  Vienna,  May  31, 
1809.  A  celebrated  Austrian  composer.  He  was 
appointed  chapelmaster  to  Prince  Esterh^zy  at  Eisen- 
stadt,  Hungary,  in  1760,  and  resided  in  London  1791-92 
and  1791-95.  His  works  include  "The  Seven  Words,  etc. " 
(1785 :  a  cantata),  "  The  Creation  "  (1798),  "  The  Seasons  " 
("  Die  Jahreszeiten,"  1801X 125  symphonies,  83  string  quar- 
tets, sonatas,  etc.,  and  the  Austrian  national  hymn.  See 
his  life  by  Fohl,  1875-82. 

Haydon  (ha'don),  Benjamin  Robert.  Bom  at 
Plymouth,  England,  Jan.  26,  1786:  committed 
suicide  at  London,  June  22, 1846.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish historical  painter.  His  life  was  one  of  struggle 
and  of  disappointment  because  his  talent  was  not  appre- 
ciated. Among  his  works  are  "  Christ's  Entry  into  Jeru- 
salem" (now  at  Cincinnati),  "The  Baising  ©f  Lazarus," 
"  The  Judgment  of  Solomon  "  (in  the  National  Gallery, 
London).  He  published  "  Lectures  on  Painting  and  De- 
sign "  (1811-16).  His  life,  compiled  from  his  autobiogra- 
phy and  journal,  was  published  by  Tom  Taylor  in  1853. 

Haye,  La.    See  Hague,  The. 

Hayel  (ha-yel'),  or  Hail  (ha-el').  A  city  of 
Shomer,  Ajrabia,  situated  about  lat.  27°  40'  N., 
long.  42°  40'  E. 

Hayes (haz),  Catherine.  Bomin Ireland  about 
1825  :  died  at  London,  Aug.  11,  1861.  An  Irish 
singer,  she  made  her  d6but  in  1845  at  Marseilles,  and 
had  a  brilliant  career  in  Italy  and  Austria.  In  1819  she 
appeared  in  London,  but  soon  left  England  for  America, 
Ir  dia,  Polynesia,  and  Australia.  She  married  a  Mr.  Bush- 
nell  in  1867.    Grmie. 

Hayes,  Isaac  Israel.  Bom  in  Chester  County, 
Pa.,  March  5,  1832 :  died  at  New  York,  Dec.  17, 
1881.  An  American  arctic  explorer.  He  accom- 
panied the  second  Grinnell  expedition  under  E.  E.  Eane 
as  surgeon  1853-55.  Convinced  during  this  expedition  of 
the  existence  of  an  open  polar  sea,  he  solicited  subscrip- 
tions, as  the  result  of  which  he  was  enabled  to  fit  out  an 
expedition,  consisting  of  14  persons,  which  sailed  from  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts,  July  7, 1860.  He  wintered  in  Foulke 
I'iord,  lat.  78°  18'  N.,  near  Littleton  Island,  and  May  18, 
1861,  reached  a  point  which  he  placed  at  lat.  81°  35'  N., 
long.  70"  SC  W.,  although  the  correctness  of  his  observa- 
tions has  been  called  in  question.  He  returned  to  Boston 
Oct.  23, 1861.  In  1869  he  visited  Greenland  with  the  artist 
William  Bradford  in  the  Panther.  He  published '  'An  Arctic 
Boat-Journey  "  (1860),  "  The  Open  Polar  Sea  "  (1867), "  Cast 
Away  in  the  Cold  "  (1868),  "The  Land  of  Desolation ''  (1872). 

Hayes,  Rutherford  Birchard.  Bom  at  Dela- 
ware, OMo,  Oct.  4,  1822 :  died  at  Fremont, 
Ohio,  Jan.  17, 1893.  The  nineteenth  President 
of  the  United  States.     He  served  in  the  Union  army 


488 

during  the  Civil  War,  being  brevetted  major-general  of 
volunteers  in  1866  ;  was  a  Republican  member  of  Congress 
Irom  Ohio  1865-67 ;  was  governor  of  Ohio  1868-72, 1876-77 ; 
was  a  Republican  candidate  for  the  presidency  in  1876 ; 
was  declared  elected  by  the  Electoral  Commission  March 
2, 1877,  and  served  1877-Sl.    See  Electoral  C(mmim<fn. 

Hayley  (ha'li),  William.  Bom  at  Chichester, 
England,  Oct.  29,  1745:  died  at  Felpham,  near 
Chichester,  Nov.  12, 1820.  An  English  poet  and 
prose-writer. 

Haym  (him),  Rudolf.  Bom  at  Griinberg,  Si- 
lesia, Oct.  5,  1821 :  died  Aug.  27,  1901.  A  Ger- 
man political  and  philosophical  writer.  His 
works  include  "  Wilhelm  von  Humboldt "  (1856),  "  Hegel 
nnd  seine  Zeit"  (1857),  "Arthur  Schopenhauer"  (1864), 
"Die  romantische  Sohule  "  (1870),  "  Herder"  (1880). 

Haymarket,  The.  A  London  market,  estab- 
lished in  1644  on  the  site  now  partly  covered 
by  the  Criterion  restaurant  and  theater  and 
Lower  Eegent  street,  it  was  abolished  in  1830. 
The  place  is  called  Haymarket  Square,  or  the  Haymarket. 

Haymarket  Square  Riot,  The.  A  riot  at  Hay- 
market Square  in  Eandolph  street,  immediately 
north  of  Des  Plaines  street,  Chicago,  May  4, 
1886,  in  which  7  policemen  were  killed  and  60 
wounded  while  attempting  to  disperse  a  meet- 
ing of  anarchists.  The  injuries  of  the  policemen  were 
caused  chiefly  by  a  dynamite  bomb  thrown  by  some  one 
in  the  crowd,  supposed  to  have  been  a  person  named 
Schnaubelf^  who  was  never  arrested.  The  anarchists 
August  Spies,  Adolph  Fischer,  George  Ungel,  and  Albert 
R.  Parsons  were  handed,  Nov.  11, 1887,  for  complicity  in 
the  riot,  while  Louis  Lingg  escaped  the  gallows  by  com- 
mitting suicide  in  prison.  Samuel  Fielden  and  Michael 
Schwab  were  committed  to  prison  for  life,  and  Oscar  W. 
Neebe  for  a  term  of  15  years,  but  they  were  pardoned  by 
Governor  John  P.  Altgeld,  June,  1893. 

Haymarket  Theatre.  A  London  theater  stand- 
ing in  the  Haymarket  opposite  Charles  street. 
Next  to  Drury  Lane  no  theater  in  London  is  so  rich  in 
theatrical  tradition  as  "the  Little  Theatre  in  the  Hay- 
market." During  the  patent  monopoly  it  was  a  kind  of 
chapel  of  ease  or  training-house  to  Drury  Lane  and  Covent 
Garden.  In  1720  one  John  Potter  purchased  the  site  of 
an  old  Inn,  the  King's  Head,  in  the  Haymarket,  and 
erected  there  a  small  theater.  The  house  was  leased  to  a 
company  of  French  actors,  and  opened  with  "La  fille  £i 
la  mode,  ou  le  Badeau  de  Paris,"  under  the  patronage  of 
the  Duke  of  Montague.  For  some  years  after  it  was 
called  "the  New  French  Theatre."  Fielding's  is  the  first 
great  name  connected  with  this  theater.  In  1730  he  pro- 
duced "  The  Tragedy  of  Tragedies,  or  Tom  Thumb  the 
Great,"  and  became  manager  in  1734.  In  Feb.,  1744, 
Charles  Maoklin  opened  the  Haymarket  with  a  company 
largely  composed  of  his  own  pupils.  On  April  22,  1717, 
Samuel  Foote  assumed  the  management.  In  1766  be  ob- 
tained a  patent  for  the  theater  during  his  lifetime.  In 
1776  Foote  sold  the  theater  to  Colman  the  elder,  who  man- 
aged it  till  1791.  When  Harris  became  manager  in  1820, 
he  demolished  the  old  house  (its  site  is  now  occupied  by 
the  Caf^  de  I'Europe),  and  erected  a  new  one"  a  little  far- 
ther north.  It  was  opened  Julyl,  1821,  with  "The  Rivals." 
The  present  theater  was  built  in  1880. 

Haymerle  (M'mer-le),  Baron  Heinrich  von. 

Bom  at  Vienna,  Dee.  7,  1828 :  died  at  Vienna, 
Oct.  10,  1881.  An  Austrian  diplomatist  and 
statesman,  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1879-81. 

Haymon.    See  Aymon. 

Haynau.     See  Hainan. 

Haynau  (M'nou),  Baron  Julius  Jakob  von. 
Bom  at  Cassel,  Oct.  14,  1786 :  died  at  Vienna, 
March  14,  1853.  An  Austrian  general,  illegiti- 
mate son  of  the  elector Williaml.  of  Hesse-Cas- 
sel.  He  was  commander  in  Italy  1848-49,  and 
in  Hungary  1849-50,  and  was  notorious  for  his 
cruelty. 

Hayne  (han),  Isaac.  Bom  in  South  Carolina, 
Sept.  23,  1745:  died  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  Aug. 
4,1781.  An  American  patriot.  He  served  against 
the  British  at  the  siege  of  Charleston  in  1780,  when  he  was 
taken  prisoner  and  paroled.  He  subsequently  took  the 
oath  of  allegiance  to  the  king  on  the  assm'ance  of  the  Brit- 
ish deputy  commandant  at  Charleston  that  he  would  not 
be  called  upon  to  bear  arms  against  his  country.  Being, 
nevertheless,  summoned  to  join  the  British  army,  he  con- 
sidered himself  released  from  his  oath,  and  became  colonel 
of  an  American  militia  company.  He  was  captured  and 
hanged  by  the  order  of  Colonel  Balfour  and  Lord  Rawdoii. 
■This  action  gave  rise  to  a  sharp  debate  in  the  British  Par- 
liament, and  caused  General  Greene  to  issue  a  proclama- 
tion Aug.  26, 1781,  in  which  he  announced^his  intention  to 
make  reprisals. 

Hayne,  Paul  Hamilton.  Bom  at  Charleston, 
S.  C,  Jan.  1, 1831:  died  July  6, 1886.  An  Ameri- 
can poet,  nephew  of  E.  Y.  Hayne.  He  published 
volumes  of  poems  (1851-57),  "Avolio  and  other  Poems" 
(1869),  "  Legends  and  Lyrics  "  (1873),  etc. 

Hayne,  Robert  Young.  Bom  in  St.  Paul's  par- 
ish, Colleton  district,  S.  C,  Nov.  10, 1791:  died 
at  AshevUle,  N.  C,  Sept.,  1840.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  United  States  senator  from  South 
Carolina  1823-32,  and  is  noted  as  an  opponent  of  the  pro- 
tective tariff  and  a  leader  of  the  nulliflers,  and  for  his  de- 
bate with  Webster  in  1830.  He  was  governor  of  South 
Carolina  1882-81. 

Haynes  (hanz) ,  John.  Bom  at  Old  Holt,  Essex, 
England:  diedatHartford,Conn.,  March  1, 1654. 
An  American  magistrate.  He  emigrated  to  Massa- 
chusetts in  1638.  In  1636  he  became  governor  of  Massachu- 


Hazen 

setts  Bay,  and  in  1639  was  chosen  (first)  governor  of  Con. 
necticut,  an  ofiice  to  which  he  was  reelected  in  alternate 
years. 
Hays  (haz),  Isaac.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  July 
5, 1796:  diedatPhUadelphia,  April  13(12  ?),1879. 
An  American  physician  and  scientist.  He  gradu- 
ated at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1816,  and  as  M.  D. 
in  1820 ;  became  editor  of  '*  'The  American  Joui-nal  of  the 
Medical  Sciences"  in  1S27;  established  the  "Medical 
News"  in  1843;  established  the  "Monthly  Abstract  of 
Medical  Science"  in  1871 ;  and  was  president  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  1866-69.  He  edited, 
among  other  books,  Hoblyn's  "Dictionary  of  Terms  used 
in  Medicine  and  the  Collateral  Sciences  "  (1846),  and  Lau- 
rence's "  Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the  Eye  "  (1847). 

Hays,William  Jacob.  Born  at  New  York,  Aug. 
8, 1830 :  died  at  New  York,  March  13, 1875.  An 
American  animal-painter. 

Haystack  (ha'stak).  The.  One  of  the  principal 
summits  of  the  Adirondaeks.  Height,  4,919 
feet. 

Hayti.    See  Haiti. 

Hayward  (ha' ward),  Abraham.  Bom  at  Lyme 
Eegis,  England,  Nov.  22, 1801:  died  at  London, 
Feb.  2, 1884.  An  English  essayist  and  general 
writer.  Among  his  works  are  a  translation  of  "Faust" 
(1833),  "Biographical  and  Critical  Essays  "  (1858-73),  etc 

Hayward,  Sir  John.  Bom  in  Suffolk,  England, 
about  1564 :  died  1627.  An  English  historian. 
He  published  "First  Part  of  the  Life  and  Raigne  of  King 
Henrie  the  IV."(1599),  and  other  historical  works.  Parts 
of  his  history  (which  was  issued  under  the  patronage  of 
Essex)  appeared  to  Elizabeth  to  contain  treasonable  sug- 
gestions, and  he  was  brought  before  the  Star  Chamber  and 
imprisoned. 

Hazael  (haz'a-el  or  ha'z.a-el).  ['God  sees.'] 
A  Syrian  of&'eer  who,  after  murdering  Ben-ha- 
dadn., became  king  of  Damascus  about  850  B.  c. 
He  was  engaged  in  hostilities  with  Ahaziah,  king  of 
Israel,  and  .Toram,  king  of  Judah  (2  Ki.  viii.  28),  and  hiter 
with  .Tehu,  king  of  Israel,  and  seems  to  have  held  the  king- 
dom of  Israel  in  a  kind  of  dependence.  Toward  the  close 
of  his  life  he  attacked  Judah,  taking  Gath,  and  was  in- 
duced by  Joash  to  retire  from  Jerusalem  only  through 
gifts  (2  Ki.  xii. ).  In  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  he  is  men- 
tioned by  the  name  of  Haza-ilu.  He  renewed  the  war  with 
Assyria  first  undertaken  by  Ben-hadad  in  alliance  with  Hit- 
tites,  Hamatites,  and  Fhenicians,  but  was  defeated  by  Shal- 
maneser  II.  and  besieged  in  his  capital,  Damascus,  in  842. 
Three  years  later  Shalmaneser  again  entered  Syria,  and 
took  some  of  its  strongholds,  Haza-ilu,  as  the  name  of 
Arabian  kings,  occurs  in  the  inscriptions  of  Esarhaddon 
and  AsurbanipaL 

Hazara,  orHuzara  (huz'a-rg,).  A  district  in  the 
Peshawar  division,  Panjab!'  British  India,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  34°  30'  N.,  long.  73°  15'  E. 
Area,  2,991  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
Olo,288. 

Hazard  (a-zar'),  D6sir6.  A  pseudonym  of  Oc- 
tave Feuillet. 

Hazard  (haz'ard),  Rowland  Gibson.  Bom  at 
South  Kingston,  E.  I.,  Oct.  9,  1801:  died  at 
Peaeedale,  E.  I.,  June  24,  1888.  An  American 
manufacturer  and  author.  He  accumulated  a  fortune 
in  the  woolen  business  at  Peaeedale,  Rhod  e  Island ;  was  a 
member  of  the  Rhode  Island  Assembly  1861-62  and  1864- 
1855 ;  and  served  in  the  State  senate  1866-67.  He  wrote  a 
number  of  treatises  on  philosophical  and  politico-economio 
subjects,  including  "  Essays  on  the  Resources  of  the  United 
States  "(1864). 

Hazard,  Samuel.    Bom  at  Philadelphia,  May 

26,  1784:  died  at  PhUadelphia,  May  22,  1870. 
An  American  antiquarian .  He  published  "Register 
of  Pennsylvania"  (1828-38X  "United  States  Commercial 
and  Statistical  Register"  (1839-42),  "Annals  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, 1609-82,"  and  "Pennsylvania  Archives,  1682-1790" 
(1863). 

Hazardville  (haz'Srd-vil).  A  village  in  the 
township  of  Enfield,  16  miles  north-northeast 
of  Hartford,  Connecticut:  noted  for  powder 
manufacture. 

Hazaribagh  (ha-za-re-ba').  1.  A  district  in  the 
Chota  Nagpur  division,  Bengal,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  24°  N.,  long,  85°  E.  Area, 
7,021  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,164,- 
321.— 2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Hazari- 
bagh,  situated  about  lat.  23°  58'  N.,  Ions.  85° 
20'  E.    Population  (1891),  16,672. 

Hazebrouck  (az-brSk').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  France,  23  imles  west-northwest 
of  Lille.  It  is  a  railway  center.  Population 
(1891),  11,672. 

Hazen  (hs'zn),  William  Babcock.  Born  al 
West  Hartford,  Windham  Coxmty,  Vt.,  Sept. 

27,  1830:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Jan.  16, 
1887.  An  American  soldier.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1866,  and  in  1861  obtained  command  of  a  regiment 
of  volunteers,  with  which  he  took  part  in  the  operations  of 
General  Buell  in  Tennessee.  He  took  command  of  the 
19th  brigade  of  the  Army  of  the  Ohio  Jan.  6, 1862,  and  be- 
came  brigadier-general  in  Nov.  He  participated  in  the  bat. 
ties  of  Pittsburg  Landing,  the  siege  of  Corinth,  the  battle 
of  Perryville,  the  pursuit  of  General  Bragg's  army  out  of 
Kentucky,  the  battle  of  Stone  River,  the  campaign  in  Mid. 
die  Tennessee,  the  engagements  at  Chickamaugaand  Chat- 
tanooga, and  the  relief  of  Knoxville.  As  commander  of  a 
division  in  Sherman's  march  to  the  sea,  ha  captured  Fort 


Hazen 

McAllister  on  the  Savannah  Iliver,  and  opened  up  com- 
munication between  the  army  and  the  fleet.  He  was 
made  major-general  of  volunteers  April  20, 1866,  the  ranlt 
to  date  from  Dec.  13, 1864,  and  was  appointed  chief  officer 
of  the  signal  service  in  1880,  a  post  which  he  held  until 
his  death. 

Hazleton (lia'zl-ton).  AcityinLuzeme County, 
eastern  Pennsylvania,  85  miles  northwest  of 
Philadelphia.  Itis  a  coal-mining  center.  Popu- 
lation (1900).  14,230. 

Hazlitt  (haz'lit),  William.  Bom  at  Maidstone, 
Kent,  April  10, 1778 :  died  at  London,  Sept.  18, 
1830.  An  English  critic  and  essayist.  His  literary 
work  brought  him  into  contact  with  Leigh  Hunt,  Charles 
Lamb,  Moore,  and  others,  with  all  of  whom  he  quarreled. 
His  peculiar  temper  and  political  views  led  him  also  to 
attacic  his  older  friends  Coleridge,  Southey,  and  Words- 
worth. He  is  perhaps  best  known  by  his  lectures  and  es- 
says on  the  English  drama.  Among  his  works  are  "  Char- 
acters of  Shakspere's  Plays"  (1817),  "The  Bound  Table" 
(1817),  "  View  of  the  English  Stage  "  (1818),  "  Lectures  on 
English  Poetry"  (1818),  "  Lectures  on  the  English  Comic- 
Writers"  (1819),  "Dramatic  Literature  of  the  Age  of  Eliz- 
abeth "  (1821),  "  Table  Talk  "  (1824),  "  Spirit  of  the  Age  " 
(1825),  "Life  of  Napoleon"  (1828),  "Plain  Speaker  "(1826), 
"  Original  Essays,"  and  "  Political  Essays. 

Hazlitt,  William.  Bom  in  Wiltshire,  England, 
Sept.  26, 1811 :  died  Feh.  22, 1893.  An  English 
writer,  son  of  William  Hazlitt  (1778-1830),  senior 
registrar  in  the  bankruptcy  court,  andtrauslator 
of  French  historical  works.  Healso  edited  Johnson's 
"Lives  ol  the  Poets,"  and  wrote  on  legal  subjects. 

Hazlitt,  William  Carew.  Born  Aug.  22, 1834. 
An  English  author  and  lawyer,  son  of  William 
Hazlitt  (1811-93).  He  has  published  a  "History  of 
the  Venetian  Hepublic,  etc."  (1858-^0),  and  has  edited 
"  Old  English  Jest  ^ooks  "  (1864),  "Eemains  of  the  Early 
Popular  Poetry  of  England '\l864-66),  "  English  Proverbs, 
etc  "(1869),  "Works  of  Charles  Lamb"  (1866-71), " Mem- 
oirs of  William  Hazlitt "  (1867),  Warton's  "  History  of  Eng- 
lish Poetry"  (1871;  with  others),  Blount's  "Tenures  of 
Land,  etc,"  (1874),  "Mary  and  Charles  Lamb,  etc."  (1874), 
Dodsley's  "Old  Plays"  (1874-76),  "Shakspere's  Library" 
(1875),  etc. 

Head  (hed),  Sir  Edmund  Walker.  Bom  near 
Maidstone,  England,  1805 :  died  at  London,  Jan. 
28,  1868.  An  English  colonial  governor,  and 
writer  on  art.  He  published  a  "  Handbook  of  the  Span- 
ish and  French  Schools  of  Painting  "  (1846),  etc. 

Head,  Sir  Francis  Bond.  Bom  near  Roches- 
ter, England,  Jan.  1,  1793:  died  at  Croydon, 
near  London,  July  20, 1875.  An  English  travel- 
er, lieutenant-governor  of  Upper  Canada  (1885- 
Sept.  10,  1837),  and  author,  brother  of  Sir 
George  Head.  Among  his  works  are  "Bubbles  from 
the  Brunnen  of  Nassau"  (1833),  "Stokers  and  Pokers" 
(184S),  "Defenceless  State  of  Great  Britain"  (1850),  "A 
Fagot  of  French  Sticks"  (1852),  "  Descriptive  Essays  from 
the  Quarterly  Keview"  (1866),  "Mr.  Kinglake"  (1863), 
" The  Royal  Engineer  "  (1869),  "Sir  John  Burgoyne " (1872). 

Head,  Sir  George.  Born  near  Rochester,  Eng- 
land, 1782 :  died  at  London,  May  2,  1855.  An. 
English  traveler.  He  published  "A  Home  Tour 
through  the  Manufacturing  Districts  of  England  in  the 
Summer  of  1836"  (1835-37) 

Headle;  (hed'li),  Joel  Tyler.  Bom  at  Wal- 
ton, Delaware  County,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  30, 1813:  died 
at  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  16,  1897.  An  Ameri- 
can writer.  He  published  numerous  historical  and  bio; 
graphical  works,  including  "  Napoleon  and  his  Marshals" 
(1846),  "Life  of  Washington"  (1867),  etc. 

Headley,  PMneas  Camp.  Bom  at  Walton, 
N.  Y.,  June  24,  1819:  died  Jan.  5,  1903.  An 
Americanclergymanand writer  on  biographical 
miscellaneous  subjects,  brother  of  Joel  Tyler 
Headley.  His  works  include  "  The  Court  and 
Camp  of  David  "  (1868),  etc. 

Headlong  Hall.  A  novel  by  Peacock,  pub- 
lished in  1816.  ,,.,., 

Headsman,  The.    A  novel  by  Cooper,  pubhshed 

in  1833.  _      „  .,    .,^.  , 

Headstone  (hed'ston),  Bradley.  In  Dickens's 
"Our  Mutual  Friend,"  an  ungainly  and  stiff  but 
excitable  schoolmaster,  madly  in  love  with  Liz- 
zie Hexam,  and  the  deadly  enemy  and  would-be 
murderer  of  Eugene  Wraybum. 
Healey  (he'li) ,  George  Peter  Alexander.  Bom 
July  15, 1818 :  died  June  24, 1894.  An  American 
portrait-painter. 

Hearne  (h6rn),  Samuel.  Bom  at  London,  1745 : 
died  1792.  An  English  explorer  in  BritishNorth 
America  1769-72.  He  wrote  an  "Account  of  a  Jour- 
ney from  Prince  of  Wales's  Fort  in  Hudson's  Bay  to  the 
North-west,  undertaken  ...  for  the  discovery  of  Copper 
Mines,  a  North-West  Passage,"  etc.  (1796). 

Hearne,  Thomas.  Bom  at  White  Waltham, 
Berks,  England,  1678 :  died  June  10, 1735.  An 
English  antiquarv.  He  edited  Spelman's  "Life 
of  Alfred  the  Great,"  Leland's  "  Itinerary"  and 
"Collectanea,"  Robert  of  Gloucester,  Fordun, 
etc. 

Heart  of  England.  A  name  given  to  Warwick- 
shire from  its  central  position. 

Heart  of  Midlothian,  The.  A  novel  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  published  in  1818 :  so  called  from 


489 

the  popular  name  of  the  Tolbooth,  an  Edinburgh 
prison,  demolished  in  1817.  This  story  is  supposed 
to  have  been  written  by  Peter  Pattieson,  a  schoolmaster, 
and  edited  by  his  friend  Jedediah  Cleishbotham  to  defray 
his  funeral  expenses.  It  is  one  of  the  "  Tales  of  my  Land- 
lord." The  scene  is  laid  in  the  time  of  the  Porteous  riot 
in  the  reign  of  George  IL 

Heart's  Content.  A  seaport  and  cable  termi- 
nus in  Newfoundland,  situated  on  Trinity  Bay 
in  lat.  47°  53'  N.,  long.  53°  22'  W. 

Heath  (heth),  William.  Bom  at  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  March  7  (2  ?),  1737:  died  at  Roxbury,  Jan. 
24, 1814.  An  Atneriean  general  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary War.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Provincial  Con- 
gress 1774-75  ;  was  appointed  brigadier-general  in  the  Pro- 
vincial army  Dec.  8,  1774 ;  and  organized  the  forces  at 
Cambridge  before  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill.  On  the  organ- 
ization of  the  Continental  army  he  was  commission  ed  brig- 
adier-general June  22, 1775,  being  promoted  major-general 
Aug.  9, 1776.  He  wrote  "  Memoirs  of  Major-General  Wil- 
liam Heath  "  (1798). 

Heathcoat  (heth'kot),  John.  Bom  at  Duffield, 
near  Derby,  England,  1783 :  died  near  Tiverton, 
England,  Jan.,  1861.  An  English  manufacturer, 
inventor  of  a  lace-making  machine  (about  1808). 

Heathfleld,  Baron.   See  MUot,  George  Augustus. 

Heavenfleld,  Battle  of  (634?  685).  A  battle 
fought  near  the  wall  of  Aiitoninus  in  the  north 
of  England,  where  Oswald  of  Northumbria  de- 
feated the  Britons  under  Cadwallon  (Cadwalla), 
who  fell  in  the  engagement.  According  to  legend, 
Oswald  entertained  a  vision  of  St.  Columha,  the  founder  of 
Hii,  in  a  dream  the  night  before  the  battle.  The  appari- 
tion shrouded  the  English  camp  with  its  mantle,  and  said 
to  Oswald,  "Be  strong,  and  do  like  a  man :  lo !  I  am  with 
thee."  On  the  morrow  Oswald  communicated  his  dream 
to  the  army,  which,  with  the  enthusiasm  born  of  peril, 
pledged  itself  to  become  Christian  if  it  conquered  in  the 
fight :  for  in  the  whole  Northumbrian  host  only  Oswald 
and  12  nobles  from  Hii  were  Christians.  So  Oswald,  as- 
sisted by  his  soldiers,  set  up  a  cross  of  wood  as  a  standard, 
and  the  field  of  battle  was  in  after  times  called  Heaven's 
field,  in  allusion  to  the  miraculous  intervention  of  heaven 
of  which  it  was  the  scene. 

Hebbel  (heb'bel),  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Wes- 
selburen,  Schleswig-Holstein,  March  18,  1813 : 
died  at  Vienna,  Dec.  13,  1863.  A  German  dra- 
matic and  lyric  poet.  His  chief  dramas  are  "  Geno- 
veva"  (1843),  "Maria  Magdalene"  (1844),  "Die  Nibelun- 
gen  "  (1862). 

Hebe  (he'be).  [L.,  from  Gr.  "HjSi?,  a  personifica- 
tion of  youth.]  1.  In  Greek  mythology,  the 
goddess  of  youth  and  spring ;  the  personifica- 
tion of  eternal  and  exuberant  youth,  and,  until 
supplanted  in  this  oflSee  by  Ganymede,  the  cup- 
bearer of  Olympus.  She  was  a  daughter  of  Zeus  and 
Hera,  who  gave  her  as  wife  to  Hercules  after  his  deifica- 
tion, as  a  reward  of  his  achievements. 
2.  The  sixth  planetoid,  discovered  by  Henke 
at  Driesen  in  1847. 

Hebel  (ha'bel),  Johann  Peter.  Bom  at  Basel, 
Switzerland,  May  11,  1760 :  died  at  Schwetzni- 
gen,  Baden,  Sept.  22,  1826.  A  German  poet. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  poor  weaver.  By  the  assistance  of 
friends  he  was  enabled  to  attend  school,  and  subsequently 
studied  theology  at  Erlangen.  He  was  afterward  professor 
in  Karlsruhe,  and  held  various  ecclesiastical  titles.  His 
principal  work  is  his  "Alemannische  Gedichte"  (poems 
in  the  Alamannic  dialect),  which  appeared  in  1803.  A 
number  of  prose  narratives  appeared  fii'st  in  "  Der  rhein- 
ische  Hausfreund"  1808-11,  and  were  collected  under 
the  title  "  Schatzk^stlein  des  rheinischen  Hausfreundes  " 
(1811). 

Heber  (he'b6r),  or  Eber  (e'ber).  The  epony- 
mous ancestor  of  the  ancient  Hebrews.  See 
Heirews. 

Heber  (he'bfer),  Beginald.  Born  at  Malpas, 
Cheshire,  April  21, 1783 :  died  at  Trichinopoly, 
British  India,  April  2, 1826.  An  English  prel- 
ate and  hymn-writer,  made  bishop  of  Calcutta 
in  1823.  He  wrote  the  poem  "  Palestine,"  which  gained 
the  Oxford  prize  in  1802  (published  1809).  In  the ' '  Hymns 
written  and  adapted  to  the  Weekly  Church  Service  of  the 
Year,"  58  are  by  Bishop  Heber,  including  "From  Green- 
land's Icy Mountains,""Brightestand Best,"  "Holy,holy, 
holy.  Lord  God  Almighty,"  etc. 

Heber,  Bichard.  Bom  at  Westminster,  Eng- 
land, 1773 :  died  Oct.,  1833.  An  EngUsh  book- 
collector,  half-brother  of  Reginald  Heber. 

Hubert  (a-bar'),  Antoine  Auguste  Ernest. 
Bom  at  Grenoble,  France,  Nov.  3,  1817.  A 
French  painter. 

Hubert,  Jacques  Rene,  sumamed  Le  Pfere 
Duchesne.  Bom  at  Alen^on,  France,  1755:  died 
at  Paris,  March  24, 1794.  A  notorious  French 
revolutionist.  He  was  of  obscure  parentage  and  limited 
education,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  French  Revolution 
was  living  in  poverty  at  Paris,  having  lost  at  least  two 
situations  through  malversation.  On  the  outbreak  of  the 
Eevolution  he  acquired  infiuenoe  in  the  clubs  as  a  sourri- 
lous  and  violent  but  ready  speaker  and  writer,  and  was 
chosen  to  edit  a  new  Revolutionary  paper  called  "Le  Pfere 
Duchesne"  from  a  popular  constitutional  paper  of  the 
same  name.    He  became  widely  known  in  the  provinces 

'  and  in  the  army  under  the  name  of  his  paper ;  was  a 
leader  of  the  most  violent  faction  in  the  Revolutionary 
Commune  after  Aug.  10, 1792;  and  was  appointed  substi- 
tute to  the  prooureur  syndic  Sept.  2  following.  On  May 
24,  1793,  he  was  arrested  by  order  of  the  more  moderate 


Hecataeus  of  Miletus 

party  in  the  Commune,  but  was  released  in  consequence 
of  a  demonstration  in  his  favor  by  the  mob.  He  insti- 
tuted, in  conjunction  with  Chaumette  and  Anacharsis 
Clootz,  the  worship  of  the  goddess  Reason,  and  organized 
the  ultra-revolutionary  party  known  as  the  H^bertists  or 
enrages.  He  was  the  principal  witness  before  the  Revolu- 
tionary tribunal  against  Marie  Antoinette,  whom  he  ac- 
cused of  incest  with  her  son,  and  procured  the  downfall 
of  Fabre  d'Bglantine,  Desmoulins,  and  Danton.  He  was 
sent  to  the  guillotine  by  Robespierre,  and  died  amid  the 
jeers  of  the  mob  whose  passion  for  blood  he  had  helped 
to  arouse. 
Hebrew  (he'bro).  The  language  spoken  by  the 
Hebrews,  one  of  the  northern  or  (Janaanitic  di- 
visions of  the  Semitic  family  of  languages.  It 
is  the  language  of  the  books  of  the  Old  Testament  (with 
the  exception  of  portions  of  Daniel  and  Ezra),  and  became 
extinct  as  a  vernacular  tongue  3  centuries  before  the  Chris- 
tian era.  It  is  still  the  language  of  the  synagogue,  and  is 
employed  as  a  scholars'  language ;  has  an  extensive  post> 
biblical  and  even  modern  literature  ;  and  is  becoming  the 
vernacular  of  the  Jews  of  Palestine. 

Hebrew  Melodies.  A  collection  of  poems  by 
Lord  Byron,  published  in  1815. 

Hebrews  (he'broz).  [Aram,  'ebrdyd,  Heb.  Hbri 
(pi.  'ibrim),  a  Hebrew,  referred  to  an  epony- 
mous Eber  or  Heber:  orig.  'those  of  the  other 
side'  (of  the  Euphrates).]  The  members  of  that 
branch  of  the  Semitic  family  of  mankind  de- 
scended, according  to  tradition,  from  Heber,  the 
great-grandson  of  Shem,  in  the  line  of  Abra- 
ham, Isaac,  and  Jacob ;  the  Israelites ;  the  Jews. 

These  tribes,  first  of  all  trans-Euphratian,  which  had 
become,  by  crossing  the  stream,  cis-Euphratian,  took  the 
generic  name  of  Hebrew  (Ibrim, '  Uiose  of  the  other  side '), 
though  we  do  not  know  whether  they  took  it  when  they 
placed  the  Euphrates  between  themselves  and  theii'  breth- 
ren who  remained  in  the  Paddan-Aram,  or  whether  it  was 
the  Canaanites  who  called  them  "those  from  beyond,"  or, 
to  be  more  accurate,  "those  who  had  crossed  the  river." 
£enan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  76. 

Hebrews,  Epistle  to  the.  One  of  the  books  of 
the  New  Testament,  addressed  to  Christians  of 
Hebrew  birth  dwelling  in  Rome,  or  perhaps  in 
Palestine  or  Alexandria,  its  chief  object  is  to  pre- 
sent a  parallel  between  the  symbolism  of  the  Old  Testa^ 
ment  dispensation  and  the  life-work  of  Christ.  The  author 
is  unknown — perhaps  Barnabas,  or  less  probably  ApoUos. 
The  authorship  has  often  been  ascribed  to  the  apostle 
Paul,  but  this  view  is  contrary  to  the  weight  of  authority 
of  the  early  church,  and  is  opposed  by  most  modem  schol- 
ars.  A  probable  date  of  composition  is  about  A.  D.  65. 

Hebrides  (heb'ri-dez),  or  Western  Isles.  [NL. 
Sebrides,  an  error  for  L.  Mebudes  (Pliny), var.  of 
HebudsB,  Gr.  "'E^ovSai  (Ptolemy),  pi.  of  "SflovSa, 
applied  to  the  principal  island.  ]  A  group  of  isl- 
ands west  of  Scotland,  the  ancientEbudss  (Ptol- 
emy) or  Hebudes  (Pliny),  it  comprises  the  Outer 
Hebrides  (Lewis  and  Harris,  which  togetherform  the  largest 
island,  North  Uist,  South  XJist,  Barra,  and  smaller  islands) 
and  thelnner  Hebrides  (Skye,  Mull,  lona,  Eigg,  Coll,  Tiree, 
Colonsay,  Jura,  Islay,  and  smaller  islands).  Bute  and  Arran 
are  also  sometimes  included  in  the  Hebrides.  The  islands 
are  noted  for  picturesque  scenery.  Politically  they  form 
part  of  Scotland,  Lewis  (or  the  Lewes)  being  in  Ross-shire, 
and  the  rest  of  the  group  partly  in  Inverness  and  partly  in 
Argyll.  The  early  Celtic  inhabitants  were  Cliristianized  by 
Columba.  The  islands  were  colonized  from  Norway  in  the 
9th  century ;  were  ceded  by  Norway  to  Scotland  in  1266 ;  and 
were  ruled  by  the  "Lords  of  thelsles  "  in  the  14th,  15th,  and 
16th  centuries.  The  inhabited  islands  number  about  120. 
Area,  about  3,000  square  miles.    Population,  about  100,000. 

Hebrides,  New.    See  New  Hebrides. 

Hebron  (he'brgn).  [Heb.,  'association'  or 
'friendship.']  A  city  in  Palestine,  situated  on 
a  hill  among  the  mountains  of  Judah,  about  7 
hours  south  of  Jerusalem,  it  is  one  of  the  oldest 
existing  biblical  towns.  According  to  Num.  xiii.  22,  it  was 
built  7  years  before  Zoan  (i.  c.  Tanis,  the  capital  of  Lower 
Egypt),  and  Josephus  says  that  in  his  day  it  was  2,300  years 
old.  Its  former  name  was  KiriathArba  (Josh.  xiv.  13).  It 
was  the  home  and  burial-place  of  the  patriarchs.  After- 
ward it  became  an  important  city  in  the  territory  of  Judah. 
David  resided  here  the  first  7  years  of  his  reign.  Later 
it  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  Idumeans,  from  whom 
Judas  Maccabeus  recaptured  it  (1  Mac.  v.  65).  At  pres- 
ent it  has  about  10,000  inhabitants,  of  whom  600  are  Jews : 
the  rest  are  Mohammedans.  As  the  city  of  Abraham  it  is 
called  by  Mohammedans  Al-Hal!l  ('City  of  the  Friend  of 
God  ■).  Upon  the  traditional  site  of  the  burial-place  of  the 
patriarchs,  Machpelah,  a  magnificent  mosque  is  erected, 
accessible  only  to  Mohammedans :  a  special  fiirman  of  the 
sultan  was  required  for  the  admittance  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales  in  1862,  the  Marquia  of  Bute  in  1866,  and  the  Crown 
Prince  of  Prussia  in  1869.  Dean  Stanley  and  Major  Conder 
have  examined  the  mosque,  and  described  the  supposed 
cave. 

Hebrus  (he'brus).  [Gr.  "B/3pof.]  The  ancient 
name  of  the  river  Maritza. 

Hecataeus  (hek-a-te'us)  of  Abdera.  A  Greek 
philosopher  and  historian  who  lived  about  820 
B.C.  He  was  a  pupil  of  the  Skeptic  Pyrrho,  and  appears 
to  have  accompanied  Alexander  the  Great  on  his  Asiatic 
expedition.  He  wrote  a  work  on  the  Hyperboreans,  and 
another  on  Egypt.  Some  critics  also  attribute  to  him  a 
work  on  the  Jews.  An  edition  of  the  extant  fragments  of 
his  works  has  been  published  by  P.  Zorn  ("  Hecatei  Ab- 
deritSB  Fragmenta,"  1730). 

Hecataeus  of  Miletus.  Died  about  476  b.  c.  A 
Greek  geographer  and  historian.  He  was  the  son 
of  Hegesander,  and  was  descended  from  an  ancient  and 
illustrious  family  at  Miletus.    He  traveled  in  Egypt  and 


Hecatseus  of  Miletus 


dsewhere  to  obtain  materials  for  his  worics.  He  tried  to  lyxena  at  the  grave  of  Achilles,  the  murder  of  her  son  Poly- 
dissuade  the  lonians  from  the  revolt  against  the  Persians  dorus  by.Polymestor,  and  the  vengeance  executed  by  her 
in  500,  and  subsequently  served  as  ambassador  to  Arta-     upon  the  latter. 

phemes  whom  he  prevailed  upon  to  treat  the  conquered  Hedda  Gabler.  A  play  lay  Henrik  Ibsen,  pro- 
insurgenta  with  mildness.     He  wrote  "Periegesis    (ire-     j        j  •     iSnn      Ti  •  "j-^"^^---"''^_  >  r 

P^ri-nlti),  etc.,  the  extant  fragments  of  which  have  been  duced  m  1890.  It  is  named  from  its  principal 
edited  by  B»  H.  Klausen  ("Hecatei  Milesii  Fragmenta,'     character. 

18S1).  Hedemarken  (ha 'de- mar -ken).     An  amt  in 

Hecate  (hek'a-te).  [Gr. 'EicdT)?.]  In  Greek  my-  southern  Norway,  bordering  on  Sweden.  Area, 
thology,  a  goddess  akin  to  Artemis,  of  Thracian  10,618  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  119,129. 
origin.  She  combined  the  attributes  of  Demeter  or  Ce  HedgeleyMoOI.  Amoornear  Wooler,  Northum- 
res,  Ithea,  Cybele,  Artemis  or  Diana,  and  Persephone  or     '      '       ,    -.      ,       ,        ,  .      .,  -  .-. 

llZ:i^^llt7^TiZ:t!!^^^et^^!t^S^^^:  LancastriansTmderMargaretotAjjouwerede. 
acterwas  represented  as  practising  and  teaching  through  teated  toy  the  Yorkists  under  iiord  Montaoute. 
her  emissaries  sorcery  and  witchcraft.  She  played  an  Im-  HedjaZ,  or  HejaZ  (hej-az').  A  vilayet  of  the 
portant  part  in  later  demonology.  Turkish  empire,  situated  in  western  Arabia, 

HecMngen  _(hech'ing-en) .    A  small  town  m  the    lying  along  the  Red  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of  Akabah, 


490  Heidelberg 

cipia."  One  of  the  characteristics  of  Hegelianism  is  its 
constant  readiness  to  recognize  continuity  both  as  a  fact 
and  as  acceptable  to  reason,  which  other  metaphysical 
systems  have  often  struggled  to  deny.  He  published 
"Phanomenologie  des  Geistes"  (1807),  "Wissenschaft  der 
Logik"  ("Science  of  Logic,"  1812-16X  "Encyklopadie  der 
philoaophischen  Wissenschaf  ten  "  ("Encyclopedia  of  Ph  il- 
osophical  Sciences,"  1817),  "Gmndlinien  der  Philoso- 
phie  des  Eechts  "  (1821),  etc.  His  complete  worlis,  includ- 
ing those  on  the  philosophy  of  religion,  esthetics,  the 
philosophy  of  history,  and  the  history  of  philosophy,  were 
published  in  18  volumes  (1832-41). 
berland,'  England,  where,  April  25,'  1464,  the  Hegel,  Karl.  Bom  at  Nuremberg,  Bavaria, 
"     " "  -  ■    -  -        j^g  7^  j^gj^g .  ^jg^  3^^  Erlangen,  Deo.  6, 1901.  A 

Germanhistorian,  son  of  G.  W.  F.  Hegel:  profes- 
sor of  history  at  Rostock  (1841),  and  later  (1856) 


province  of  HohenzoUern,  Prussia,  situated  31 
miles  south-southwest  of  Stuttgart.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  3,743. 


north  of  about  lat.  20°  N. 


Mecca,  Medina,  and  Jiddah.  Area,  96,500  square 
miles.    Population,  about  300,000. 


at  Erlangen.     His  chief  work  is  "  Geschichte 

,     der  Stadteverfassung  von  Italian"  (1847). 

The  chief  towns  are  HegesippUS  (hej-e-sip'us).     [Gr.  •B.y^amirog.'] 


thia'sl  Revels,"  a  voluptuous  coxcomb  and  pol- 
ished courtier.    Marston  felt  that  he  was  ridi- 


Hecker  (hek'er),  Friedrich  Karl  Franz.  Bom  Hedon  (he'don).    In  Ben  Jonson's  play  "  Cyn 
at  Eichtersheim,  Baden,  Sept.  28, 1811 :  died  at     -•  •   ^       -"■•         -      ■  -        -      - 

St.  Louis,  March  24,  1881.  A  German  revolu- 
tionist, leader  with  Struve  of  the  insurrection 
in  Baden  in  1848.  He  settled  in  the  United 
States  in  1849. 

Hecker  (hek'6r),  Isaac  Thomas.  Bom  at  New 
York  city.  Dee.  18,  1819 :  died  there,  Dee.  22, 
1888.  An  American  Roman  Catholic  ecclesias- 
tic. He  was  at  one  time  a  member  of  the  Brook  Farm 
Community.  He  became  a  priest  in  1849,  founded  in  1858 
the  order  of  the  Paulists,  of  which  he  was  appointed  supe- 
rior, and  established  the  "  Catholic  World  "  in  1865. 

Heckewelder  (hek'e-wel-d6r),  John  Gottlieb 
Ernest,  Bom  at  Bedford,  England,  March  12, 
1743 :  died  at  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  Jan.  21, 1823.  A 
Moravian  missionary  among  the  Indians 


Died  180  A.  D.  The  earliest  historian  of  the  Chris- 
tian church.  He  was  a  Jew  by  birth,  but  embraced 
Christianity,  and  lived  at  Some  in  his  later  years.  He 
wrote  a  history  of  the  Christian  church  from  the  passion 
of  Christ  down  to  his  own  time,  fragments  of  which  are 
extant. 


euled  in  this  character,  but  apparently  without  Hegeso  (he-je's6),  Monument  of.   [Gr.  'RyTia^.'] 
reason.  A  monument  in  Athens,  on  the  Street  of  Tombs, 

Hedwlg  (hed'vig),  Hedwige,  or  Jadwiga.  Bom    remarkable  for  the  beauty  of  its  relief-stele  of 
1371 :  died  at  Cracow,  July  17, 1399.    Queen  of    the  4th  century  b.  o. 
Poland,  the  daughter  of  Louis  the  Great  of  Hun-  Hegira.     See  Hqira. 

garyandPoland.    She  was  chosen  by  the  nobles  of  the  He"he(ha'he),or'Wahehe  (wa-ha'he),   ABantu 
latter  countiy  to  succeed  him,  and  was  crowned  in  1384.     tribe  of  German  Bast  Africa,  northeast  of  Lake 


She  married  jagellon,  grand  duke  of  Lithuania,  in  1386. 

Heem  (ham),  Jan  Davldsz  van,  or  Johannes 

de.    Bom  at  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  about  1600 : 
died  at  Antwerp  about  1684.    A  Dutch  painter 
of  still  life. 
Heemskerk  (hamz'kerk),  Egbert  van.    Born 


Nyassa,  bordering  on  the  Wasango  and  Ma- 
henge.  The  country,  called  tJhehe,  is  moderately  moun- 
tainous, and  strewn  with  great  boulders.  The  Wahehe  are 
strong  and  warlike,  using  assagais  and  elliptic  shields. 
They  own  cattle,  but  hardly  ever  eat  meat.  Their  head 
chief  is  (1894)  Mkuanika.  His  capital,  Kuirenga,  is  bu> 
rounded  by  a  quadrangular  stockade. 


Moravian  missionary  among  tne  inoians.  pt  TTnsiT-lATn   ifiio-  diefl  ifisn     A  ■nntnh  (rfinre  _  '    ^       ,  t  .     — X- — i   .      ^ 

Heckmondwike  (hek'mond-wik).    A  town  in   Ser  Heiberg(hi'berG),JohannLudmg.  Born  at  Co. 


the  West  Ridiiig  of  YoAsMre,  England,  8  nules  fleemskerk,  Egbert  van.    Bom  at  Haarlem, 
southwest  of  Leeds.    Population  (1891),  9,  (09.     j_g45 .  ^jg^  ^t  London,  1704.    A  Dutch  paifiter, 
Hecla,  or  Hekla  (hek'la).     [leel.  HeUa,  short    son  of  the  preceding.    He  Uved  in  London, 
for  Old  loel.  JSehlu-jjall,  feU  or  hill  of  the  hood  Heemskerk,  or  Hemskerk  (hemz'kerk),  Mar- 


penhagen,  Dec.  14,  1791 :  died  there,  Aug.  25, 
1860.  A  Danish  dramatist  and  poet.  He  was  the 
son  of  the  dramatic  poet  and  satirical  writer  Peter  Andreas 
Heiberg  (1758-1841),  who,  in  consequence  of  several  offenses 
against  the  press  law  of  1799,  was  forced  to  leave  Denmark 


(sc.  of  snow?) :  neUu,  gen  of  fc«Ma,  a  cowled    ten  van  dV^arten  van  Veen),  BomatHeems-    in  1800,  -.^  fl/„l'°J/Si?e- !?;™  ^ISedTnVenm^i: 


or  hooded  frock.]  A  volcano  in  the  south-  kerk,  near  Haarlem,  Netherlands,  1498:  died 
western  part  of  Iceland,  70  miles  east  of  Reykja-  at  Haarlem,  Oct.  1,  1574.  A  Dutch  historical 
vik.    It  is  noted  for  the  frequency  and  violence    painter. 

of  its  emptions.    Height,  5,108  feet.  Heep  (hep),  Uriah.    In  Dickens's  "David  Cop- 

Hector  (hek'tor).  [Gr.  "E/crap.]  In  Oeek  le-  perfield,"  Mr.  Wickfield's  swindling  clerk  and 
gend,  the  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba :  champion  partner.  He  is  a  cadaverous,  red-haired,  osten- 
of  the  Trojans,  and  the  principal  character  of    tatious  hypocrite. 

the  Iliad  on  the  Trojan  side.  HewasslainbyAchil-  Heer  (har),  Oswald.  Bom  at  Nieder-Utzwyl, 
les.who,inhischariot,draggedHector;sbodythTiceround  gt.-Gall,  Switzerland,  Aug.  31,  1809:  died  at 
the  walls  of  Troy.    He..is  introduced  by  Shakspere  m  his    Lausanne,  Switzerland,  Se^t.  27, 1883.  A  Swiss 

naturalist,  director  of  the  botanical  gardens  at 
Zurich  from  1835.  He  published  "Die  Kaler  der 
Schweiz"  (1838-41),  "Flora  tertiaria  Helvetise "  (1864-56), 
■Die  Urwelt  der  Schweiz"  (1866),  etc. 


"Troilua  and  Cressida.* 

Critics,  old  and  new,  have  felt  the  remarkable  contra- 
dictions in  the  drawing  of  this  famous  hero  (Hector),  and 
yet  none  of  them  have  ventured  to  suggest  the  real  ex- 
planation.   Even  Mure  and  Mr.  Gladstone  confess  that  in 


death. '  The  younger  Heiberg  was  educated  in  Denmark, 
studying  at  the  Copenhagen  University,  where  he  took  the 
doctor's  degree  in  1817.  The  same  year  he  went  to  Paris, 
and  lived  there  with  liis  father  until  1822,  when  he  was 
appointed  lector  at  the  University  of  Xiel.  In  1825  he  re- 
turned to  Copenhagen,  and  wrote  a  number  of  the  vaude- 
villes that  have  made  his  name  famous  in  the  history  of  the 
Danish  drama.  Tlie  most  important  of  these  are  "Kong 
Solomon  og  Jorgen  Hattemager  "  ("  King  Solomon  and  Jor- 
gen  the  Hatter"),  "Aprilsnarrene "  ("The  April  Fools'"), 
"Kecensenten  eg  Dyret"  ("The  Critic  and  the  Beast")^ 
"  De  Uadskillige  "  ("  The  Inseparable  Ones  ").  After  1827 
he  edited  the  weeldy  journal  "Den  flyvende  Post"  ("The 
Flying  Post")  and  subsequently  the  "Intelligensblade." 
In  1828  appeared  the  national  drama,  the  most  important 
of  his  greater  plays, "  Elverhbl "  ("  The  Elf  Hill ").  In  1829 
he  was  made  poet  and  translator  to  the  royal  theater.  The 
following  year  he  was  appointed  docent  in  the  new  mili- 
tary academy,  which  post  he  held  until  1836.  From  1849 
to  1866  he  was  the  sole  director  of  the  royal  theater.  Be- 
sides his  dramatic  works  and  the  esthetic  criticism  con- 
tained in  the  journals  mentioned,  he  wrote  many  lyric 
poems  and  romances.  His  poetical  writings,  "Poetiske 
Skrifter,"  appeared  at  Copenhagen  in  1862  in  11  vols.;  his 
prose,  "Prosaiske  Slcrifter,"  at  Copenhagen  1861-62,  also 
in  11  vols. 
Studiums  der  Massischen  pteratur"' (1^797-1802)  I' Ge-  Heido (hi'de).  Atowninthe  pro-vince of  Schles- 
schichte  der  Staaten  des  Altertums"  (1799),  "Geschichte  ,;_^„  tt„i„+.;'  T>»„=m"n  fio  ^i^a,^  ^^-^^.-^^^t  „« 
des  europaischen  Staatensystems  nnd  seiier  Kolonien"  wig-Holsteiu,  Prussia,  58  Eules  northwest  of 
(1809),  etc.  ^Hamburg.    Population  (1890),  commune,  7,444. 


our  Iliad  he  is  wholly  inferior  to  his  reputation ;  "he  is  Hooren  (ha'ren),  Amold  Hermann  Lud'Wig. 
"    "■■       "       '    '"  ""        '""''       '    " '"     Born  at  Arbergen,  near  Bremen,  Oct.  25,  1760: 

died  at  Gottingen,  Prussia,  March  7,  1842.  A 
German  historian,  professor  of  philosophy  and 
later  of  history  at  Gottingen.  He  wrote  "  Ideen 
Uber  Politilj,  den  Verkehr  nnd  den  Handel  der  vomehm- 
sten  Velker  der  Alten  Welt  "(1793-96),  "Geschichte  des 


paid  off,"  say  they,  "with  generalities,  while  in  actual  en- 
counter he  is  liardly  equal  to  the  second-rate  Greek  he- 
roes." Yet  why  is  he  so  important  all  through  the  plot 
of  the  poem?  Why  is  his  death  by  Achilles  made  an 
achievement  of  the  highest  order?  Why  are  the  chiefs 
who  at  one  time  challenge  and  worst  him  at  another  quail- 
ing with  fear  at  his  approach  ?  Simply  because  in  the  ori- 
ginal plan  of  the  Diad  he  was  a  great  warrior,  and  because 
these  perpetual  defeats  by  Diomede  and  Ajax,  this  avoid- 
ance of  Agamemnon,  this  swaggering  and  "  hectoring  " 

which  we  now  find  in  him,  were  introduced  by  the  en-     ^ ,, _  _  .  ., 

largers  and  interpolators  in  order  to  enhance  the  merits  g-fele  (ha'fe-le).  Karl  Jossuh  VOU.     Bom  at  Heidegger  (hl'deg-fer),  John  James.     Bora  at 
of  their  favourites  at  his  expense.    Itseemstome  certam  ■^?^J:^°,_\.^„_    Z'l/r\""Jr^SMitt'^xi.  "     "        '      ■  —  " 


that  originally  the  Hector  of  the  Iliad  was  really  superior 
to  all  the  Greeks  except  Achilles,  that  upon  the  retirement 
of  the  latter  he  made  shorter  work  of  them  than  the  later 
rhapsodists  liked  to  admit,  that  he  soon  burst  the  gates 
and  appeared  at  the  ships,  that  Patroclus  was  slain  there 
after  a  brief  diversion,  and  that  in  this  way  the  whole  ca- 
tastrophe was  very  much  more  precipitated  than  we  now 
find  it.  Xahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  76. 

Hector,  Mrs.  (Annie  French):  pseudonym  Mrs. 
Alexander.  Born  at  Dublin,  1825 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, July  10,  1902.     A  British  novelist,  author 


Unterkoehen,  near  Aalen,  Wurtemberg,  March 
15, 1809:  died  at  Rottenburg,  June  5, 1893.  A 
German  Roman  Catholic  ecclesiastic  (bishop  of 
Rottenburg  1869)  and  church  historian.  He  was 
appointed  professor  of  ecclesiastical  history  and  Christian 
archseology  at  Tiibingen  in  1840.  His  chief  work  is  "Kon- 
ziliengeschichte  "  ("  History  of  Church  Councils,"  1855-74). 

Heffernan  (hef'er-nan),  Mr.  Michael.    The 

pseudonym  of  Samuel  Ferguson,  under  which 
he  wrote  "Father  Tom  and  the  Pope,  or  a  Night 
at  the  Vatican." 


of  "The  Wooing  O't"  (1873),  "Ralph  Wilton's  Hggei  (ha 'gel),  Gfiorg  Wilhelm  Friedrich. 
Weird"  (1875),  "Her  Dearest  Poe"  (1876),  Bom  at  Stuttgart,  Wiirtemberg,  Aug.  27, 1770 : 
"The  Frferes"  (1882),  etc.  ^ed  at  Berlin,  Nov.  14,  1831.    A  celebrated 

Hector,  or  Ector,  Sir.    The  foster-father  of 


King  Arthur. 

Hector,  or  Ector,  de  Mares,  Sir.  The  brother 
of  Sir  Lancelot,  and  one  of  the  knights  of  the 
Round  Table. 

Hector  of  Germany,  The.  A  surname  of  Joa- 
chim n.  of  Brandenburg. 

Hecuba  (hek'u-ba).     [Gr.  '^k&Pv-I    In  Greek 


German  philosopher.  He  was  professor  at  Jena  in 
1806 ;  edited  a  political  journal  at  Bamberg  1806-08 ;  was 
rector  of  the  gymnasium  at  Nuremberg  1808-16 ;  waa  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Heidelberg  1816-18 ;  and  succeeded 
Fichte  at  Berlin  in  1818.  His  philosophical  system  was 
during  the  second  quarter  of  the  19th  century  the  lead- 
ing system  of  metaphysical  thought  in  Germany.  It  pur- 
ports to  be  a  complete  philosophy,  undertaking  to  explain 
the  wliole  universe  of  thought  and  being  in  its  abstractest 
elements  and  minutest  details.    This  it  does  by  means  of 


legend,  the  second  wiie  oi  Pnam,  aaugnter  OI     tjje  Hegelian  dialectic,  a  new  logic,  the  real  law  of  the     andcaryatids.  ThelWedrichsBau,ofl601,i8agoodexample 


Zurich  in  1659  (?) :  died  at  Richmond,  Surrey, 
Sept.  5, 174S.  A  noted  theatrical  manager.  He 
managed  the  Haymarket  with  Handel  1729-34. 
Heidelberg  (hi'del-bero) .  A  city  in  the  district 
of  Mannheim,  Baden,  situated  on  the  Neckar  12 
miles  southeast  of  Mannheim,  it  has  considerable 
trade,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  picturesque  surroundings. 
The  castle  is  a  famous  monument  founded  at  the  end  of 
the  13th  century  by  the  count  palatine  Kudolf  I.,  and  en- 
larged and  strengthened  by  succeeding  electors.  During 
the  16th  century  it  received  the  architectural  development 
which,  despite  disaster,  makes  it  still  one  of  the  richest 
productions  of  the  German  Benaissance.  In  1689  and 
1693  it  was  ruined  by  the  generals  of  Louis  XIV.,  but 
was  subsequently  restored.  It  was  finally  destroyed  by 
fire  from  a  lightning-stroke  in  1764.  The  ruins  are  the 
most  imposing  in  Germany.  The  picturesque  outer  walls 
and  towers,  now  broken  and  ivy-clad,  inclose  a  large  area ; 
but  the  chief  architectural  attractions  are  grouped  about 
the  inner  court.  The  Otto  Heinrichs  Ban,  dating  from 
1556,  is  the  finest  example  of  the  early  German  Kenais- 
sance.  It  consists  at  present  of  3  stories  above  tlie  base- 
ment^ with  engaged  columns  and  entablatures,  and  con- 
tinuous ranges  of  ornate  windows  with  central  mullion. 
The  doorway,surmounted  by  armorial  bearings,  is  very  rich- 
ly treated :  its  two  entablatures  are  supported  by  atlantes 


Dymas  of  Phrygia  (according  to  others  of  Cis- 
sous) .  She  was  enslaved  after  the  fall  of  Troy ;  witnessed 
the  sacrifice  of  her  daughter  Polyxena;  and  saw  the  body 
of  her  last  son,  Polydorus,  who  was  murdered  byPolymes- 
tor,  washed  to  her  feet  by  the  waves.  On  the  murderer 
she  took  vengeance  by  slaying  his  children  and  tearing  out 
his  eyes. 
Hecuba.  A  tragedy  of  Euripides,  exhibited  in 
425  B.C.  It  portrays  the  misfortunes  of  Hecuba,  widow 
of  Priam,  king  of  'Iroy,  the  sacrifice  of  her  daughter  Po- 


movement  of  thought  (not  a  mere  form,  like  syllogistic), 
the  scheme  of  which  is  thesis,  antithesis,  synthesis,  the 
original  tendency,  the  opposing  tendency,  and  their  uni- 
fication in  a  new  movement.  By  this  law  the  conceptions 
of  logic  develop  themselves  in  a  long  series.  This  law  of 
the  development  of  thought  is  assumed  to  be  necessarily 
the  law  of  the  development  of  being,  on  the  ground  that 
thought  and  being  are  absolutely  identioal.  Hegelianism 
is  radically  hostile  to  natural  science,  and  especially  to 
the  Newtonian  philosophy— that  is,  to  all  the  methods 
and  scientific  results  which  have  sprung  from  the  "  Prin- 


of  late  Benaissance  work :  it  has  4  stories — Doric,  Tuscan, 
Ionic,  and  Corinthian  —  with  statues  of  emperora  and 
electors  in  niches.  This  building  is  now  in  part  restored 
as  a  museum.  The  university,  founded  by  the  elector  Ru- 
pert I.  in  1386,  is  the  oldest  in  the  present  German  Empire. 
From  1666  It  came  under  the  control  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Keformation.  The  library  was  plundered  and  sent  to 
Eome  in  1623,  and  partially  returned  In  1816:  it  now 
consists  of  over  400,000  volumes.  The  university  was  re- 
organized by  the  elector  Charles  Frederick  of  Baden  in 
1803.     Heidelberg  was  the  capital  of  the  Palatinate  from 


Heidelberg 

the  13th  century  to  1720.  It  was  sacked  by  Tilly  in  1622, 
and  by  the  French  in  1689,  and  was  nearly  destroyed  by  the 
f,l^^s  '°  ^"'^  ''  passed  to  Baden  in  1803.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  31,739. 

Heiden  (M'den).  a  village  and  health-resort 
in  the  canton  of  Appenzell,  Switzerland,  8  miles 
east  of  St.-GaU. 

Heidenheim  (hi'den-him).  A  manufacturing 
town  in  the  Jagst  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  on  the 
Breuz  44  miles  east  by  south  of  Stuttgart.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  commune,  8,001. 

Heidenmaiier  (hi'den-mou-er).  A  stone  ram- 
part on  the  summit  of  the  Kastanienberg,  near 
Diirkheim,  Palatinate,  Germany,  probably  of 
ancient  Teutonic  origin,  noted  in  legend  and 
fiction :  also  other  similar  prehistoric  or  Eoman 
remains. 

Heidenmauer,  The.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  pub- 
lished in  1832. 

Heijn  (hin),  Pieter  Pieterse.  Bom  at  Delfts- 
haven,  Netherlands,  1577:  died  1629.  A  Dutch 
admiral.  He  served  as  vice-admiral  in  the  fleet  of  Ad- 
miral WiUelsen  at  the  capture  of  San  Salvador,  Brazil,  in 
1624 ;  defeated  the  Spaniards  in  a  bloody  naval  battle  in 
All  Saints'  Bay,  Brazil,  in  1626 ;  and  captured  the  Spanish 
silver  fleet,  with  treasure  valued  at  12,000,000  gulden,  in 
the  Bay  of  Matanzas,  Cuba,  two  years  later.  He  was  sub- 
sequently placed  at  the  head  of  the  Dutch  navy  by  the 
stadtholder  Frederick  Henry,  and  was  killed  while  block- 
ading Dunkirk  In  1629. 

Heilbronn  (hil'bron).  A  town  in  the  Neckar 
circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the  Neckar  26 
miles  north  of  Stuttgart.  It  has  important  manu- 
factures and  commerce.  The  Rathaus,  Church  of  St.  Eilian , 
and  Deutsches  Haus  are  of  interest.  It  was  formerly  afree 
imperial  city.    Population  (1890),  commune,  29,941. 

Heilbronn,  Union  of.  An  alliance  between  the 
Swedes  and  the  German  Protestants  for  the 
prosecution  of  the  war  against  the  Imperialists, 
concluded  at  Heilbronn  in  1633. 

Heil  dir  im  Siegerkranz  (hil  der  im  ze  'ger- 
krants).  [G.,  'Hail  to  thee  in  the  conqueror's 
wreath.']  The  Prussian  national  hjrmn.  It  was 
written  by  Heinrich  Harries  in  1790  as  a  song  for  the  birth- 
day of  Christian  VII.  of  Denmark,  adapted  to  the  English  air 
*'  God  save  Great  George  the  Kin^"  and  was  arranged  in  its 
present  form  for  Prussian  use  by  B.  G.  Schumacher  in  1793. 

Heiligenstadt  (M'lig-en-stat).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Leine  27  miles  east  hy  north  of  Cassel.  it  was 
the  capital  of  the  old  principality  of  Eiohsfeld.  Popular 
tion  (1890),  commune,  6,183. 

Heilsbe^  (hilz'berg).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Alle  39 
miles  south  of  Konigsberg.  An  indecisive  battle  was 
fought  here  between  the  French  under  Soult  and  the  Rus- 
sians under  Bennigsen,  June  10, 1807.  Population  (1890), 
5,501. 

Heilsbronn,  or  Kloster-Heilsbronn  (klos'ter- 
hilz-bron').  A  small  town  in  Middle  Pranconia, 
Bavaria,  15  miles  southwest  of  Nuremberg.  It 
contains  the  remains  of  a  medieval  Cistercian 
abbey. 

Heim  (am),  Frangois  Joseph.  Bom  at  Belfort, 
Prance,  Dee.  16, 1787 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  2, 1865. 
A  French  historical  painter. 

Heimdall  (Mm'dal).  [ON.  .ffemda??*-.]  In  Old 
]!^orsemythology,th.eguardianagainst  the  giants 
of  the  bridge  of  the  gods,  Bifrost,  at  the  end  of 
which  he  dwelt  in  Himinbjorg.  He  was  the  son  of 
the  nine  daughters  of  the  sea-gods  iEgir  and  Ran.  He  pos- 
sessed the  trumpet  Gjallarhorn,  with  which  the  gods  were 
flnaUy  summoned  together  at  Ragnarok,  when  he  and  Loki 
slew  each  other.  As  his  name  and  his  attributes  indicate, 
he  was  a  god  of  light. 

This  god  is  briefly  described  by  Vigf  usson  and  Powell  as 
follows :  "An  ancient  god  is  Heimdal,  from  whom  the 
Amals  spring.  There  are  strange  lost  myths  connected 
with  him :  his  struggle  with  Loki  for  the  Brisinga  necklace ; 
the  fight  in  which  they  fought  in  the  shape  of  seals.  He 
is  'the  gods'  warder,'  dwelling  on  the  gods'  path,  the  Rain- 
bow. There  he  sits,  'the  white  god,'  'the  wind-listening 
god,'  whose  ears  are  so  sharp  that  he  hears  the  grass  grow 
in  the  fields  and  the  wool  on  the  sheep's  backs,  with  his 
Blast-horn,  whose  trumpef-soundwillring  through  thenine 
worlds,  for  in  the  later  legends  he  has  some  of  the  attri- 
butes of  the  Angel  of  the  Last  Trumpet.  His  teeth  are  of 
gold;  hence  he  is  'stud-endowed.'  Curious  genealogical 
myths  attach  themselves  to  him.  He  is  styled  the  son  of 
nine  mothers ;  and  as  Rig's  father,  or  Rig  himself,  the 
'walking  or  wandering  god,'  he  is  the  father  of  men  and 
the  sire  of  kings,  and  of  earls  and  ceorls  and  thralls  alike. 
His  own  name  is  epithetic,  perhaps  the  World-bow.  The 
meaning  of  Hallinskidi  [another  name  of  his]  is  obscure." 
Such  is  a  summary  of  the  most  important  passages  referring 
to  Heimdal..  Rhys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  82. 

Heimskringla  (Mms'kring-la).  [ON.  heimr, 
world,  and  kringla,  circle.]  The  history  of  the 
Norse  kings,  from  the  earliest  mythical  times 
down  to  the  battle  of  Ee  in  1177,  written  by  the 
Icelander  Snorri  Sturluson  (1178-1241).  it  re- 
celves  its  name  from  its  first  words,  "Kringla  heimsins," 
the  circle  of  the  world.  In  subject-matter  and  literary 
style  it  is  the  most  important  prose  work  m  Old  Norse 
literature.  ,  t,  ..       , ,     „ 

Heine  (hi'ne),  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Dusseldorf, 
Prussia,  Dec.  13,  1799 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  17, 
1856.  A  celebrated  German  lyric  poet  and  critic, 


491 

of  Hebrew  descent.  Destined  for  a  business  career,  he 
was  sent  against  his  own  desire,  to  his  uncle  Solomon 
Heine,  a  banker  in  Hamburg ;  but  through  the  latter's  as- 
sistance he  was  enabled  to  study  jurisprudence  at  Bonn, 
Berlin,  and  Gfittingen.  In  1825  he  embraced  Christianity. 
He  lived  alternately  in  Hamburg,  Berlin,  and  Munich. 
After  1831  until  his  death  he  lived  for  the  most  part  in 
Paris,  during  the  last  years  of  his  lite  a  great  sufferer  from 
an  incurable  malady.  From  1837  to  1848  he  received  an 
annuity  from  the  department  of  foreign  afiairs.  The  first 
collection  of  his  poems,  "Gediohte,"  appeared  in  1822,  his 
"Buch  der  Lieder "  (" Book  of  Songs")  in  1827,  "Neue 
Gedichte"  ("New  Poems")  in  1844,  and  "Romanzero"  in 
1851.  Among  his  songs  are  some  of  the  best-known  lyrics 
of  Germany:  for  instance,  "Die  Lorelei,"  "Du  bist  wie  eine 
Blume,"  "Nach  Frankreich  zogen  zwei  Grenadier."  He 
also  left  a  number  of  characteristic  prose  works,  the  most 
celebrated  of  which,  the  "Reisebilder  "  ("  Pictures  of  Tra- 
vel "),  had  appeared  in  4  parts  from  1826  to  1881.  The 
"  Romantisohe  Schule,"  to  which  Heine  himself  as  a  writer 
preeminently  belonged,  appeared  in  1836.  His  complete 
works  appeared  in  Hamburg  1861-63,  iu  21  volumes. 

Heineccius  (hi-nek'tse-6s),  Johann  Gottlieb. 

Bom  at  Eisenberg,  Germany,  Sept.  11,  1681: 
died  at  Halle,  Prussia,  Aug.  31,  1741.  A  Ger- 
man jurist,  professor  of  philosophy  (1720)  and 
later  of  law  at  Halle.  He  wrote  "Elementa 
juris  eivilis"  (1725),  "Historia  juris  civilis" 
(1733),  etc. 

Heinecken  (M'nek-en),  Christian  Heinrich. 
Born  at  Liibeek,  Germany,  Feb.  6, 1721 :  died  at 
Liibeek,  June,  1725.  A  (jerman  child,  noted  for 
his  extraordinary  precocity.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
well  versed  in  the  history  of  the  Bible  in  his  second  year, 
and  to  have  learned  French  and  Latin  in  his  third.  He  is 
also  known  as  "  the  Child  of  Liibeek." 

Heinicke  (hi'nik-e),  Samuel.  Bom  at  Naut- 
schiitz,  near  Weissenfels,  Prussia,  April  10, 
1727:  died  at  Leipsic,  April  30,  1790.  A  Ger- 
map  teacher  who  opened  the  first  institution 
for  the  education  of  deaf-mutes  in  Germany  in 
1778. 

Heinrich.     See  ffenry. 

Heinrich  von  Meissen  (hin'rioh  fon  mis'sen). 
Bom  at  Meissen,  1250:  died  at  Mainz,  1318.  A 
Middle  High  German  lyric  poet.  Hewasawander- 
ing  singer.  In  1278  he  was  in  the  army  of  Hapsburg  ;  in 
1286  at  Prague.  He  is  said  to  have  founded  at  Mainz  the 
first  school  of  "Master  Singers,"  so  called,  and  himself 
marks  the  transition  from  the  "Minnesingers  "to  the  later 
"Master  Singers."  He  is  also  called  Frauerilob,  a  name 
given  him  because  of  a  declared  preference  in  a  poetical 
contest  for  the  title  "  Frau  "  (lady,  mistress)  applied  to 
women,  rather  than  "  Weib"  (woman,  the  mere  opposite 
of  man).  The  women  of  Mainz  bore  him  to  his  grave, 
where,  at  the  cathedral,  his  monument  is  still  to  be  seen. 

Heinrich  von  Veldeke.    See  Veldeke. 

Heinse  (hin'ze),  Johann  Jakob  Wilhelm. 
Born  atLangewiesen,  Thuringia,  Feb.  16, 1749: 
died  at  Aschaffenburg,  Bavaria,  June  22,  1803. 
AGermanromanoe  writer.  Among  his  romances 
is  "Ardinghello  und  die  gliickseligen  Inseln" 
(1787). 

Heinsius  (hin'se-6s),  Antonius.  Bom  at  Delft, 
1641 :  died  Aug.,  1720.  A  Dutch  statesman, 
grand  pensionary  1689-1720. 

Heinsius,  Daniel.  Born  at  Ghent,  June  9, 1580 : 
died  Feb.  25, 1655.  A  Dutch  classical  philologist, 
author  of  Greek  and  Latin  poems,  editions  of. 
the  classics,  etc. 

Heinsius,  Nikolaas.  Bom  at  Leyden,  July  20, 
1620 :  died  at  The  Hague,  Oct.  7, 1681.  A  noted 
Dutch  classical  philologist  and  Latin  poet,  son 
of  Daniel  Heinsius. 

Heintzelman  (hint'sel-man),  Samuel  Peter. 
Born  at  Manheim,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  Sept. 
Zt>,  1805 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  May  1, 1880. 
An  American  general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1826 ;  served  in  the  Mexican  war ;  became  brigadier-gen- 
eral of  volunteers  May  17, 1861 ;  commanded  a  division  of 
McDowell's  army  at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run ;  com- 
manded a  corps  at  the  battle  of  Williamsburg;  was  made 
major-general  of  volunteers  May  5, 1862 ;  participated  in 
the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks ;  and  commanded  the  right  wing  of 
Pope's  army  at  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run.  He  subse- 
quently held  command  of  the  Department  of  Washington 
and  of  the  Northern  Department.  He  was  placed  on  the 
retired  list,  with  the  rank  ofmajor-general,byaspecial  act 
of  Congress  April  29, 1869. 

Heir-at-La-W,  The.  A  comedy  by  Colman  the 
younger,  produced  in  1797,  printed  in  1808. 

Heir  of  Linne,  The.  -An  old  ballad  preserved 
in  Percy's  "EeUques":  the  story  of  a  spend- 
thrift who  finally  regains  his  lands  and  money. 

Heister  (his'ter),  Lorenz.  Bom  at  Prankfort- 
on-the-Main,  Sept.  19, 1683 :  died  at  Helmstedt, 
April  18,1758.  A  German  surgeon,  professor  of 
surgery  at  Helmstedt  from  1720.  He  was  the 
founder  of  modern  German  surgery. 

Hejaz.    See  Medjaz. 

Hejira  (hej'i-ra).  [Ar., 'departure.']  The  era 
whiohf  orms  tlie  starting-point  of  the  Mohamme- 
dan calendar,  July  15,  622,  commemorative  of 
the  flight  of  Mohammed  from  Mecca  to  Medina. 
The  actual  date  of  the  flight  was  June  20. 

Hel  (hel).     [ON.,  a  personification  of  Tiel,  the 


Helena,  Saint 

abode  of  the  dead,  =  E.  hell.']  In  Old  Norse 
mythology,  the  daughter  of  Loki  and  the  giant- 
ess Angurboda  (ON.  Angriodha),  and  goddess 
of  Niflheim,  or  Niflhel,  the  realm  of  the  dead, 
below  the  earth.  Originally  aU  the  dead  went  to  her. 
In  later  mythology  only  she  is  horrible  in  appearance, 
half  blue-black  and  half  flesh-color,  and  her  abode  is  one  of 
misery  to  which  those  alone  go  who  die  of  age  or  illness. 

Helbon  (hel'bon) .    An  ancient  name  of  Aleppo. 

Helder  (hel'der).  The.  A  fortified  seaport  in 
the  province  of  North  Holland,  Netherlands, 
situated  on  the  Marsdiep  40  miles  north  of  Am- 
sterdam. It  is  an  important  commercial  place,  and  a 
Dutch  naval  station.  The  great  Helder  Dyke  defends  it 
from  the  sea.  Near  it  the  Dutch  under  Ruyter  and  Tromp 
defeated  the  English  in  a  naval  engagement  Aug.  21, 1673 ; 
and  near  it  also  the  Englisli  and  Russian  troops  landed  in 
their  unsuccessful  expedition  of  1799.  Population  (1889), 
commune,  21,984, 

Helderberg  (hel'der-berg)  Mountains.  A  range 
of  hills  west  of  Albany,  New  York,  an  offshoot 
of  the  Catskills. 

Helen  (hel'en).  [Gr.  ''EWevn,  L.  Helena:  hence 
It.  Elena,  Bp.  Helena,  Elena,  P.  H6lhts,  E.  Helen, 
Ellen,  G.  BeZeree.]  1.  In  Greek  legend,  the  wife 
of  Meuelaus,  and,  according  to  the  usual  tra- 
dition, the  daughter  of  Zeus  and  Leda,  or,  ac- 
cording to  another,  of  Zeus  and  Nemesis,  cele- 
brated for  her  beauty.  Her  abduction  by  Paris  was 
the  cause  of  the  Trojan  war.  Goethe  introduces  her  in 
the  second  part  of  "Faust,"  and  Faustus,  in  Marlowe's 
play  of  that  name,  addresses  her  thus : 

"Oh!  thou  art  fairer  than  the  evening  air 
Clad  in  the  beauty  of  a  thousand  stars ! " 
Helen  of  Troy  is  one  of  those  ideal  creatures  of  the  fancy 
over  which  time,  space,  and  circumstance,  and  moral  proba- 
bility, exert  no  sway.  .  .  .  She  moves  through  Greek  he- 
roic legend  as  the  desired  of  all  men  and  the  possessed  of 
many.  Theseus  bore  her  away  while  yet  a  girl  from  Sparta. 
Her  brethren.  Castor  and  Polydeukes,  recovered  her  from 
Athens  by  force,  and  gave  to  her  Mttrca,  the  mother  of 
Theseus,  for  bondwoman.  .  .  .  She  was  at  last  assigned 
in  wedlock  to  Menelaus,  by  whom  she  conceived  her  only 
earthly  child,  Hermione.  Paris,  by  aid  of  Aphrodite,  won 
her  love  and  fled  with  her  to  Egypt  and  to  iSoy.  In  Troy 
she  abode  more  than  'twenty  years,  and  was  the  mate  of  De- 
iphobus  after  the  death  of  Paris.  When  the  strife  raised  for 
her  sake  was  ended,  Menelaus  restored  her  with  honor  to 
his  home  in  Laced^mon.  There  she  received  Telemachus 
and  saw  her  daughter  mated  to  Neoptolemus.  But  even 
after  death  she  rested  not  from  the  service  of  love.  The 
great  Achilles,  who  in  life  had  loved  her  by  hearsay,  but 
had  never  seen  her,  clasped  her  among  the  shades  upon 
the  island  Leuk^,  and  begat  Euphorion. 

Symonds,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  I.  124. 
2.  In  Sidney's  romance  "Arcadia,"  the  queen  of 
Corinth.  She  begs  and  carries  away  the  wounded 
body  of  the  knight  Amphialus,  false^  sup- 
posed dead. — 3.  A  waiting-woman  to  Imogen 
in  Shakspere's  "Cymbeline." — 4.  In  Sheridan 
Knowles'splay  "  The  Hunchback,"  alively  girl, 
in  love  with  Modus. 

Helen,  a  Tale.  The  last  novel  by  Miss  Edge- 
worth,  published  in  1834. 

Helena  (hel'e-na).  A  Greek  painter,  daughter 
of  the  Egyptian  Timon.  Shels  said  to  have  lived  in 
the  time  of  the  battle  of  Issus,  and  to  have  painted  a  pic- 
ture of  that  subject.  This  picture  was  hung  by  Vespasian 
in  the  Temple  of  Peace  at  Rome.  The  great  Pompeian 
mosaic  of  the  battle  of  Issus  must  have  been  made  about 
this  time,  and  is  perhaps  a  copy  of  the  picture. 

Helena.  1.  A  character  in  Shakspere's  comedy 
"  All 's  Well  that  Ends  WeU."—  3 .  In  Shakspere's 
play  "A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,"  an  Athe- 
nian lady  in  love  with  Demetrius. 

Helena,  The.    See  the  extract. 

The  Third  Act  [of  the  second  part  of  Goethe's  "Faust," 
in  which  Helen  of  Troy  is  introduced]  is  known  in  Ger- 
many as  "  The  Helena,"  not  only  because  it  was  separately 
published  in  1827  under  the  title  of  "Helena :  a  Classico- 
Romantic  Phantasmagoria,"  but  also  because  it  is  a  com- 
plete allegorical  poem  in  itself,  inserted  in  the  Second 
Part  of  '-Faust"  by  very  loose  threads  of  attacliment. 
Goethe  began  its  composition  in  1800. 

B.  Taylor,  Notes  to  Faust,  part  2. 

Helena.  A  tragedy  of  Euripides,  exhibited  in  412 
B.C.,  based  on  the  story  invented  by  Stesichorus 
that  only  a  phantom  of  Helen  appeared  at  the 
siege  of  Troy,  the  real  Helen  being  in  Egypt. 

Helena;  (here-na  or  he-le'na).  The  capital  of 
Phillips  County,  Arkansas,  situated  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi 52  miles  southwest  of  Meniphis.  It  was 
unsuccessfully  attacked  by  the  Confederates 
July  4,  1863.     Population  (1900),  5,550. 

Helena.  A  city,  the  capital  of  Montana  and  of 
Lewis  and  Clarke  County,  situated  in  lat.  46° 
36'  N.,  long.  111°  53'  W.  It  is  an  Important  business 
center,  and  there  are  gold-mines  in  its  vicinity.  It  was 
settled  in  1864.    Population  (1900),  10,770. 

Helena,  Flavia  Julia,  Saint.  Died  about  328. 
The  mother  of  Constantino  the  Great.  She  was, 
according  to  some  authorities,  the  daughter  of  an  inn- 
keeper at  Drepanum,  Bitliynia;  according  to  others,  a 
British  or  Caledonian  princess.  She  became  the  wife  of 
Constantius  Chlorus,  who,  on  his  elevation  to  the  dignity 
of  Csesar  in  292,  divorced  her  in  order  to  marry  Theodora, 
the  stepdaughter  of  the  Augustus  Maximianus  Hercules. 
Subsequently,  on  the  elevation  to  the  purple  of  Constan- 


Helena,  Saint 

Hne,  her  son  by  Constantias,  she  received  the  title  of  Au- 
gusta, and  was  treated  with  marked  distinction.  About 
326  she  made  a  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem,  where  she  built 
the  Church  of  the  Holy  Sepulcher  and  that  of  the  Nativity. 

Helensburgh  (liel'snz-bur-o).  A  town  and  wa- 
tering-place in  Dumbartonshire,  Scotland,  sit- 
uated on  the  Clyde  20  miles  northwest  of  Glas- 
gow.   Population  (1891),  8,405. 

Helenus  (hel'e-nus).  [Gr."E/Ui'oc.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, a  son  of  Priam,  celebrated  as  a  prophet. 
Shakspere  introduces  him  in  "  Troilus  and 
Cressida." 

Helgoland  (hel'go-lant),  or  Heligoland  (hel'- 
i-go-land),  Friesian  Helllge  Land.  ['Holy- 
Land.']  An  island  in  the  JSorth  Sea,  belonging 
to  the  province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia, 
situated  in  lat.  54°  11'  N.,  long.  7°  53'  E.  it  is 
divided  into  the  Oberland  and  Unterland.  Close  by  is  the 
bathing-place,  the  Diiue.  It  has  lobster-hsheries,  and  is 
frequented  for  sea-bathing.  The  population  is  of  Friesian 
stock.  Formerly  it  was  a  heathen  sanctuary.  It  was  taken 
from  Denmark  by  Great  Britain  in  1807,  and  ceded  to  Great 
Britain  in  1814.  In  1890  it  was  ceded  to  Germany,  and  at- 
tached to  the  province  of  Schleswig-Holstein.  Near  it  the 
Banish  fleet  repulsed  a  combined  attack  of  the  Prussians 
and  Austrians,  May  9, 1864.  Length,  a  little  over  1  mile. 
Population,  2,086. 

Heliand (na'le-and).  [OS. SSUand,  AS. Sselend, 
NHG.  Seiland,  the  healer,  i.  e.  the  Saviour.] 
An  Old  Saxon  epic  poem  on  the  Saviour,  writ- 
ten in  alliterative  verse  by  an  unknown  author 
between  the  years  822  and  840.  it  is  a  Christian 
poem  with  old  Germanic  heathen  elements,  and  is  one  of 
the  most  extensive  as  it  is  one  of  the  most  important 
works  of  early  Geimanic  literature. 

Helias,  or  Hells,  or  Helyas.  The  Knight  of  the 
Swan.     See  Swan,  Knight  of  the. 

Helicanus  (hel-i-ka'nus).  The  faithful  minis- 
ter of  Pericles,  Prince  of  Tyre,  in  Shakspere's 
play  of  that  name. 

Helicon  (hel'i-kon),  modern  Zagora  (za-go'ra). 
[Gr.'E/lj/c<ii^.]  In  ancient  geography,  a  mountain- 
range  in  Boeotia,  Greece,  celebrated  in  mythol- 
ogy as  the  abode  of  the  Muses,  it  contained  the 
fountains  of  Aganippe  and  Hippocrene.  Height,  6,736 
feet  (!). 

Heligoland.     See  Helgoland. 

Heliodorus  (he-U-o-do'rus).  [Gr.  'ShSdupog, 
gift  of  the  sun.]  born  at  Bmesa,  Syria:  lived 
at  the  end  of  the  4th  century.  A  Greek  ro- 
mance-writer, a  Christian  bishop  of  Tricea  in 
Thessaly,  author  of  the  earliest  Greek  romance, 
the  ".^thiopica."  See  Theagenes  and  Chariclea. 

Heliogabalus.    See  Elagabalus. 

Heliopolis  (he-li-op'9-lis),  Egyptian  An  (an), 
the  modern  Matarieh  (ma-ta-re'e).  [Gr. 
'H^oinro^ltf,  city  of  the  sun-god.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  in  Lower  Egypt,  situated  on 
the  Pelusiao  branch  of  theNile  in  lat.  30°  8'  N., 
long.  31°  24'  E.  "it  stood  on  the  edge  of  the  deserti 
about  4i  miles  to  the  east  of  the  apex  of  the  Delta ;  but 
the  alluvial  land  of  the  Delta  extended  6  miles  further  to 
the  eastward  of  that  city,  to  what  is  now  the  Birket-el- 
Hag."  (JRa/wliTison.')  It  was  a  seat  of  learning  ("the  uni- 
versity of  Egypt ")  and  of  the  worship  of  the  sun-god  Ea. 

The  site  of  Heliopolis  is  still  marked  by  the  massive 
walls  that  surround^  it,  and  by  a  granite  obelisk  bearing 
the  name  of  Osirtasen  [Usertesen]  I.  of  the  12th  dynasty, 
dating  about  8900  years  ago.  It  was  one  of  two  that  stood 
before  the  entrance  to  the  temple  of  the  Sun,  at  the  inner 
end  of  an  avenue  of  sphinxes  ;  and  the  apex,  like  some  of 
those  at  Thebes,  was  once  covered  with  bronze  (doubtless 
gilt),  as  is  shown  by  the  stone  having  been  cut  to  receive 
the  metal  casing,  and  by  the  testimony  of  Arab  histoiy. 
Tradition  also  speaks  of  the  other  obelisk  of  Heliopolis, 
and  of  the  bronze  taken  from  its  apex. 

Bawlineon,  Herod.,  II.  9,  note. 

Heliopolis.     The  ancient  name  of  Baalbec. 

Helios  (he'U-os).  [Gr."HA(of,'Ha(of.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  sun-god  (called  Hyperion  by 
Homer),  son  of  the  Titan  Hyperion  and  the 
Titaness  Theia,  He  is  represented  as  a  strong  and  beau- 
tiful youth,  with  heavy,  waving  locks  and  a  crown  of  rays, 
driving  a  four-horse  chariot,  rising  in  the  morning  from 
the  ocean  on  the  east,  among  the  Ethiopians,  driving 
across  the  heavens  in  his  glowing  car,  and  descending  at 
evening  into  the  western  sea.  At  night,  while  asleep,  he 
is  borne  along  the  northern  edge  of  the  earth  in  a  golden 
boat  to  his  rising-place  in  the  east.  Also  called  Phaethon 
(Gr.  ^aiBaiv)  tor  his  brilliancy.  Inlatertimes  he  was  iden- 
tified with  Apollo. 

Helius  (he'li-us).  Died  68  A.  D.  A  Roman  court 
favorite.  He  was  a  freedman  of  the  emperor  Claudius, 
and  became  steward  of  the  imperial  demesnes  in  Asia.  He 
was  one  of  the  agents  employed  by  Agrippina  in  ridding 
herself  of  M.  Junius  Sllanus,  proconsul  of  that  province 
in  55.  He  was  prefect  of  Eome  and  Italy  during  the 
absence  of  Nero  in  Greece  67-68,  being  invested  with  full 
power  of  life  and  death  even  over  the  senatorial  order. 
He  was  put  to  death,  with  Locusta,  the  poisoner,  and 
other  creatures  of  the  late  tyrant,  by  Nero's  successor,  the 
emperor  Galba.  ,     ^ 

Hell  (tel),  Maximilian.  Bom  at  Schemnitz, 
Hungary,  May  13,  1720 :  died  at  Vienna,  April 
14  1792.  An  Austrian  astronomer.  He  entered 
the  Society  of  Jesus  about  1738,  and  was  director  of  the 
observatory  at  Vienna  1766-92.  In  June,  1769,  he  made, 
In  Lapland,  a  successful  obsei-vation  of  the  transit  of  Ve- 


492 

nus,  of  which  he  published  an  acconnt("  Observatio  tran- 
situs  Veneris,"  1770).  He  is  the  author  also  of  a  number 
of  other  works,  including  "  De  parallaxi  soils  "  (1773). 

Hellada.    The  modem  name  of  the  Speroheius. 

Helladians  (he-la' di-anz).  See  the  extract. 
Otherwise,  while  Greek  was  fast  becoming  the  domi- 
nant speech  of  the  Empire,  the  name  of  Hellas  became  a 
geographical  expression,  the  name  of  a  single  theme  of 
the  Empire,  while  the  name  of  Hellenes  meant  only  the 
professors  of  the  fallen  faith,  whose  temples  supplied  ma- 
terials for  building  the  temples  of  the  new.  When  the 
people  of  the  theme  of  Hellas,  perhaps  of  a  region  a  little 
wider  than  the  theme  of  Hellas,  needed  a  geographical 
name,  the  new  name  of  Helladians  was  coined  1^  express 
them.  Preeman^  Hist.  Essays,  III.  331. 

Hellanicus  (hel-a-ni'kus).  [Gr.  'EXXdviKog.']  An 
eminent  Greek  logographer.  He  was  a  native  of  My- 
tilene,  Lesbos,  and  lived  about  450  B.  0.  Nothing  is  known 
with  certainty  of  his  personal  history.  According  to  an 
evidently  erroneous  account  by  Suidas,  he  lived  with  He- 
rodotus at  the  court  of  Amynt^.  The  same  doubtful  au- 
thority states  that  he  died  at  Perperene,  on  the  coast  of  Asia 
Minor,  opposite  Lesbos.  He  was  a  prolific  writer,  and  was 
held  in  high  esteem  by  the  ancients.  His  works,  frag- 
ments only  of  which  are  extant,  included  a  history  of  At- 
tica, a  history  of  the  .^olians  in  Asia  Minor  and  the  islands 
of  the  .^gean,  and  a  history  of  Persia,  Media,  and  Assyria 
from  the  time  of  Ninus  to  his  own  day. 

Hellas  (hel'as).  [Gr. 'EJlAdc.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, originally  a  town  and  small  district  in 
Phtmotis,  Thessaly,  and  later  the  lands  inhab- 
ited by  the  Hellenes  (see  Greece) ;  inarestricted 
sense.  Middle  Greece  (south  of  Thermopylae 
and  north  of  the  Gulf  of  Corinth),  or  the  dis- 
tricts south  of  the  Ambracian  Gulf  and  the 
mouth  of  the  Peneius. 

Helle  (hel'e).  [Gr.  "SUv.']  In  Greek  legend, 
the  daughter  of  Athamas  and  Nephele.  She  was 
drowned  in  the  Hellespont,  whence  its  name  ('*  Sea  of 
Helle"). 

Hellebore  (hel'f-bdr).  A  character  assumed  by 
Foote  in  his  part  of  the  devil,  in  his  play  "  The 
Devil  upon  Two  Sticks " :  the  president  of  a 
medical  college. 

Hellen  (hel'en).  [Gr.  "En^^v.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a  king  in  Phthia  (in  Thessaly),  eponymous  an- 
cestor of  the  Hellenes. 

Hellenes  (hel'enz).  [Gr.  "■EUTivec.']  1.  The 
ancient  Greeks ;  properly,  the  (jreeks  of  pure 
race :  traditionally  said  to  be  so  called  from 
Hellen,  son  of  Deucalion  and  Pyrrha,  the  le- 
gendary ancestor  of  the  true  Greeks,  consisting 
of  the  Dorians,  .^olians,  lonians,  and  Achseans. 
— 2.  The  subjects  of  the  modern  kingdom  of 
Greece,  or  Hellas. 

Heller  (hel'ler),  Stephen.  Bom  at  Budapest, 
Hungary,  May  15, 1814:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  14, 
1888.  A  Hungarian  pianist  and  composer  for 
the  pianoforte. 

Hellespont  (hel'es-pont).  [Gr.  'EU^okovtoc, 
sea  of  Helle.  See  Melle.']  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, the  name  of  the  Strait  of  Dardanelles. 
(See  Dardanelles.)  It  is  celebrated  in  the  legend 
of  Hero  and  Leander. 

Hellevoetsliiis  (hel-le-v6t-slois'),  or  Helvoet- 
sluis  (hel-vot-slois').  Aseaportinthe  province 
of  South  Holland,  Netherlands,  situated  in  the 
island  Voorne,  on  the  Haringvliet,  17  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Eotterdam.  Here,  in  1688,  "Wil- 
liam of  Orange  embarked  for  England. 

Hell  Fire  Clubs.  Clubs  consisting  of  reckless 
and  unscrupulous  men  and  women.  A  number 
of  these  have  existed.  Three  such  associations  were  sup- 
pressed in  London  in  1721. 

Hell  Gate  (hel  gat).  A  passage  in  the  East 
Kiver,  east  of  the  city  of  New  York,  noted  for 
its  dangers  to  navigation.  Obstructions  were 
removed  by  explosion  at  HaUett's  Point  in  1876, 
and  at  Flood  Eock  in  1885. 

Hellin  (el-yen' ) .  A  town  in  the  province  of  Al- 
baoete,  Spain,  situated  in  lat.  38°  28'  N.,  long. 
1°  39'  W.  It  has  sulphur  manufactures.  Pop- 
ulation (1887),  13,679. 

Hellowes  (hel'oz),  Edward.  Lived  about  the 
last  half  of  the  16th  century.  An  English  trans- 
lator. In  1597  he  was  groom  of  the  chamber  in  the  royal 
household,  and  In  1600  received  a  pension  of  12  shillings 
a  day  for  life.  He  translated  three  works  from  the  Span- 
ish of  Guevara. 

Helmer  (hel'mfer),  Nora.  The  principal  char- 
acter in  Ibsen's  "A  Doll's  House."  Her  husband 
treats  her  as  if  she  were  a  child,  and  so  far  unfits  her  for 
real  action  that  when  she  begins  to  meddle  with  realities 
she  commits  a  crime.  On  awakening  to  a  knowledge  of 
her  real  self,  and  her  husband's  false  idea  that  he  can  be 
both  will  and  conscience  for  her,  she  leaves  him. 

Helmers  (hel'mers),  Jan  Frederik,  Bom  at 
Amsterdam,  March  7,  1767:  died  at  Amster- 
dam, Feb.  26,  1813.  A  Dutch  poet.  His  chief 
work  is  "De  Hollandsohe  Natie"  ("The  Dutch 
Nation,"  1812). 

Helmholtz  (helm'holts),  Hermann  Ludwig 
Ferdinand  von.  Bom  at  Potsdam,  Aug.  31, 
1821:  died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  8, 1894.   A  celebrated 


Helsingland 

German  physiologist  and  phj^sicist,  especially 
noted  for  his  discoveries  in  optics  and  acoustics. 
He  became  military  physician  at  Potsdam  in  1843 ;  taught 
anatomy  at  the  Academy  of  Art  in  1848 ;  was  professor  of 
physiologyatKSnigsberg  1849-55;  wasprofessorof  anatomy 
and  physiology  at  Bonn  1865-68,  and  of  physiology  at  Hei- 
delberg 1858-71 ;  and  was  appointed  professor  of  physics  at 
Berlin  in  1871.  He  invented  the  ophthalmoscope  in  ISEl. 
Hischief  works  are" Handbuchder  physiologischen  Op- 
tik"  ("Manual  of  Physiological  Optics,"  1856-66),  "Die 
Lehre  von  den  Tonempfindungen  "  ("  The  Doctrine  of  the 
Sensations  of  Tone,"  1862),  "Uber  die  Erhaltung  der 
Kraft "  ("  On  the  Conservation  of  Force,"  1847). 

Helmond  (hel'mont;  F.  pron.  el-m6n').  A 
town  in  the  province  of  North  Brabant,  Neth- 
erlands, situated  on  the  river  Aa  in  lat.  51°  28' 
N. ,  long.  5°  39'  E.  Population  (1889),  commune, 
9,057. 

Helmont  (hel'mont),  Jan  Baptista  ■van.  Bom 
at  Brussels  in  1578 :  died  near  Brussels,  Dec.  30, 
1644.  A  Flemish  physician  and  chemist.  He 
spent  a  number  of  years  in  France,  Switzerland,  and  Eng- 
land, married  a  wealthy  lady  of  Brabant,  and  in  1609  set- 
tled on  an  estate  near  Brussels,  where  he  devoted  himself 
to  chemical  investigations.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the 
first  to  demonstrate  the  necessity  of  employing  the  bal- 
ance in  chemistoy,  and  to  have  introduced  the  word  "gas  " 
in  the  terminology  of  that  science.  A  collective  edition  of 
his  works  appeared  as  "Ortus  medicinse  "  (1648). 

Helmstadt  (helm'stat).  A  village  in  Lower 
Pranconia,  Bavaria,  10  miles  west  of  Wiirzburg. 
Here,  in  the  Seven  Weeks'  War,  July  26,  1866,  the  Prus- 
sians defeated  the  Bavarians. 

Helmstedt  (helm'stet).  A  town  in  Brunswick, 
Germany,  21  miles  east  of  Brunswick,  formerly 
the  seat  of  a  university.  Population  (1890), 
10,955. 

Helmund  (hel'mund),  or  Hilmend  (hil'mend), 
or  Halmand  (hal'mand).  A  river  in  Afghanis- 
tan, flowing  in  a  generally  southwesterly  direc- 
tion into  Lake  Hamun,  with  no  outlet  to  the 
sea :  the  ancient  Erjfmanthus  or  Erymandrus. 
Length,  about  680  miles. 

H^lolse  (a-lo-ez').  Bom  about  1101:  died  at 
the  Paraclet,  near  Nogent-sur-Seine,  France, 
1164.  A  French  abbess,  celebrated  on  account 
of  her  relations  with  Abelard.  She  was  a  niece  of 
Fulbert,  canon  of  Notre  Dame.  Abelard  became  her  in- 
structor, and  soon  her  lover  and  seducer.  After  the  birth 
of  her  child  he  proposed  a  secret  marriage,  which  was  ac- 
complished only  after  much  opposition  on  the  part  of  B.6. 
loi'se,  for  she  preferred  to  sacrifice  her  own  future  rather 
than  that  of  Abelard.  She  even  denied  the  marriage  after 
it  was  performed,  and  retired  to  the  convent  of  Argenteuil. 
The  enraged  Fulbert  revenged  himself  on  Abelard  by  in- 
flicting on  him  a  shameful  mutilation.  He  became  a 
monk,  and  H^loi'se  took  the  veil. 

E61olse.    See  Nouvelle  HSloise,  La. 

Helos  (he'los).  [Gr.  to  "E/lof.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  town  in  Laconia,  Greece,  situated  near 
the  sea  25  miles  southeast  of  Sparta. 

Helots  (he'lots  or  hel'ots).  [Gr.  'EiAarai  or 
EiAuTEf.]  A  class  of  seiifs  among  the  ancient 
Spartans  who  were  owned  by  the  state,  were 
bound  to  the  soil  under  allotment  to  landhold- 
ers, and  fulfilled  all  servile  functions.  The  He 
lots  paid  their  masters  a  fixed  proportion  of  the  products 
of  the  ground  cultivated  by  them.  They  served  as  light- 
armed  troops  in  war,  and  in  great  emergencies  bodies  of 
them  were  organized  as  regular  or  heavy-armed  troops,  in 
which  case  they  might  be  manumitted  as  a  reward  for 
bravery.  They  were  descendants  of  captives  of  wax,  most 
of  them  probably  of  the  conquered  Achsean  aborigines  of 
Laconia ;  they  were  very  cruelly  treated,  and  often  sys- 
tematically massacred,  to  keep  down  their  numbers  and 
prevent  them  from  organized  revolt. 

Help  (help).    A  chai-acter,  in  Bunyan's  "Pil- 

f  rim's  Progress,"  who  pulls  Christian  out  of  the 
lough  of  Despond. 

Helps  (helps).  Sir  Arthur.  Bom  at  Streatham, 
Surrey,  July  10, 1813 :  died  at  London,  March  7, 
1875.  An  En  glish  author.  He  occupied  various  gov- 
ernment positions,  and  from  .Tune,  1860,  was  clerk  of  the 
TOiyy  council,  enjoying  the  special  confidence  of  thequeen. 
He  is  best  known  for  his  social  essays,  "  Friends  in  Coun- 
cil "  (1847-59 :  3  series),  and  for  his  various  works  on  the 
early  history  of  Spanish  America,  especially  "The  Spanish 
Conquest  in  America "  (1866-61).  He  also  wrote  several 
dramas  and  romances. 

Helsingborg  (hel'sing-borg).  A  seaport  in  the 
laen  of  Malmohus,  Sweden,  situated  on  the 
Sound,  opposite  Elsinore,  in  lat.  56°  S'  N.,  long. 
12°  42'  E.  Near  it  is  the  old  castle  of  Karnan. 
Population  (1890),  20,410. 

Helsingfors  (hel'sing-fors),  Finnish  Helsinki 
(hel'sing-ki).  A  seaport,  capital  of  Finland  and 
of  the  laen  of  Nyland,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of 
Finland  in  lat.  60°  10'  N.,  long.  24°  57'  E.  it  is 
the  largest  and  chief  commercial  city  of  Finland,  and  the 
seat  of  a  university  (removed  from  Abo  in  1827);  was 
founded  by  Gustavus  Vasa  in  the  16th  century ;  was  taken 
by  the  Bussians  in  1808 ;  and  became  the  capital  in  1819. 
It  is  an  important  naval  station.  Its  fortifications  were  un- 
successfully bombarded  by  the  Allies  in  1866.  Population 
(18921,  66,734. 

Helsingland  (hel'sine-land).  A  district  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  laen  of  Gefleborg,  eastern 
Sweden. 


Helsingor 

Helsingor.    See  Elsinore. 

Heist  (heist),  Bartholomeus  van  der.  Born  in 
the  Netherlands,  1613 :  died  at  Amsterdam,  1670. 
A  noted  Dutch  portrait-painter.  Hisbest-known 
work  is  the  "  Banquet"  (at  Amsterdam). 

Helston  (hel'stgn).  A  town  in  Cornwall,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  river  Cober  9  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Falmouth.  Population  (1891), 
3,198.  ^ 

Helstone  (hel'ston).  Doctor Matthewson.  The 
rector  of  Briarfield  in  Charlotte  Bronte's  ' '  Shir- 
ley," an  uncompromising  and  brusk,  but  up- 
right and  conscientious  man.  His  niece  Caro- 
line is  one  of  the  principal  characters. 

Helvellyn  (hel-vel'in).  The  second  peak  in 
height  in  the  Lake  District  in  Cumberland, 
England,  8  miles  north  by  west  of  Ambleside. 
Height,  3,118  feet. 

Helvetia  (hel-ve'shia).  In  later  Latin,  a  part 
of  Gaxil  corresponding  generally  to  the  western 
and  central  portions  of  the  modem  Switzerland : 
used  also  poetically  for  Switzerland. 

Helvetian  Desert.    See  Uechtland. 

Helvetic  Republic.  [F.  R^pulUque  HelvSUque.'} 
A  republic  formed  in  1798  by  France  from  the 
larger  portion  of  the  Swiss  Confederation.  The 
former  cantonal  system  was  restored  by  Napoleon  in  1803. 
It  continued  under  French  inSuence  until  1814. 

Helvetii  (hel-ve'shi-i).  A  Celtic  tribe  which  in 
the  time  of  CsBsar  occupied  a  district  east  of  the 
Jura,  north  of  the  Lake  of  G-eneva,  and  west  and 
south  of  the  Rhine.  They  were  defeated  by 
Cffisar. 

Helv6tius  (el-va-se-iis'),  Claude  Adrien.  Bom 
at  Paris  in  Jan.,  1715 :  died  Dec.  26, 1771.  A 
French  philosopher  and  litterateur.  He  was  ap- 
pointed farmer-general  about  1738,  and  soon  after  became 
chamberlain  to  the  queen.  In  1751  he  married  the  beauti- 
ful Mademoiselle  de  Ligneville,  who  was  afterward  one 
of  the  chief  centers  of  literary  society  in  Paris.  He  retired 
to  his  estate  in  Perche  at  his  marriage,  and  devoted  him- 
self during  the  remainder  of  his  life  to  philosophical 
studies.  He  published  in  1768  a  metaphysical  work  en- 
titled "Del'eaprit,"  in  which  he  derived  all  virtue  from 
self-interest,  and  which  was  burned  in  1759  by  order  of 
Parliament.  He  made  a  journey  to  England  in  1764,  and 
in  the  following  year  was  entertained  by  Frederick  the 
Great  at  Potsdam.  His  "CEuvres  complltes  "  were  pub- 
lished at  Li^ge  in  1774,  since  which  time  numerous  other 
editions  have  appeared. 

Helvidius  (hel-vid'i-us).  A  pseudonym  of 
James  Madison.    Under  this  signature  he  re- 

Elied  to  the  letters  of  Pacificus  (Hamilton)  in 
ve  essays. 

Helvidius  Priscus.    See  Friscus,  Helvidius. 

Helvoetsluis.    See  Hellevoetsluis. 

Helyot  (al-yo'),  Pierre,  called  Pfere  Hippolyte. 
Bom  at  Paris,  Jan.,  1660 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
5, 1716.  A  French  monk  and  ecclesiastical  his- 
torian, author  of  "  L'Histoire  des  ordres  mo- 
nastiques,  religious  et  militaires,  etc."  (1714- 
1719). 

Hemachandra  (ha-ma-chan'dra).  A  Sanskrit 
lexicographer  and  grammarian,  said  to  have 
lived  A.  D.  1088-1172:  author  of  the  "  Abhidha- 
na-chintamani"  (which  see). 

Hemans  (hem'anz),  Mrs.  (Felicia  Dorothea 
Browne),  Born  at  Liverpool,  Sept.  25,  1793 : 
died  near  Dublin,  May  16,  1835.  An  English 
poet,  best  known  for  her  Ij^rics.  Among  her  other 
poems  are  "The  Vespers  of  Palermo "  (1823),  "  The  Forest 
Sanctuary"  (1826).  "Poetical  Works"  edited  by  W.  M. 
Eossetti,  1873. 

Hemel-Hempstead  (hem'el-hemp'sted).  A 
small  town  in  Hertfordshire,  England,  24  miles 
northwest  of  London. 

Hemes.    See  Jemez. 

Hemicycle  of  Paul  Delaroche,  The.  -An  en- 
caustic mural  painting  adorning  the  amphithea- 
ter of  the  ficole  des  Beaux  Arts,  Paris,  in  it  are 
grouped  75  representative  artists  and  figures  typifying  the 
art  of  all  periods.  The  great  Greek  masters  Phidias,  loti- 
nus,  and  Apelles,  enthroned,  form  the  central  group.  The 
figures  are  23  feet  high. 

Homing, or Hemminge,  John.  Bom  at  Shottery, 
1556  (?) :  died  at  Aldermanbury,  Oct.  10,  1630. 
An  English  actor,  tittle  is  known  of  his  early  life,  but 
he  seems  to  have  been  treasurer  of  the  King's  Company  of 
actors.  He  played  in  the  first  part  of  "Henry  IV.,"  and 
in  Jonson's  "Volpone,"  "Alchemist,"  and  several  other 
of  his  plays.  With  Condell  he  edited  the  first  folio  of 
Shakspere  in  1623.  To  this  he  owes  his  chief  fame.  He 
was  principal  proprietor  of  the  Globe  Theatre  and  closely 
associated  with  Shakspere,  who  mentions  him  in  his  will. 

Hemling.    See  Memling. 

Hempel  (hem'pel),  Charles  Julius.  Bom  at 
Solingen,  Prussia,  Sept.  5, 1811:  died  at  Grand 
Rapids,  Mich,,  Sept.  25, 1879.  A  German-Ameri- 
can physician.  He  came  to  America  in  1835 ;  gradu- 
ated at  the  medical  deoartment  of  the  University  of  New 
York  in  1845  ;  became"  professor  of  materia  medica  and 
therapeutics  in  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College  at  Phil- 
adelphia in  1857;  and  subsequently  practised  medicine  at 


493 

Grand  Rapids,  Michigan.  He  wrote  "  System  of  Materia 
Medica  and  Therapeutics  "(1859),  etc. 

Hempstead  (hemp'sted).  A  town  in  Nassau 
County,  Long  Island,  New  York.  It  was  for- 
merly in  Queens  County,  and  a  part  of  it  was  in- 
corporated in  the  city  of  New  York,  Popula- 
tion  (1900),  town,  27,066. 

Hems,    See  Horns. 

Hemskerk,  Marten  van.    See  HeemskerJc. 

Hemsterhuis  (hem'ster-hois),  Frans.  Born  in 
the  Netherlands  about  1722 :  died  at  The  Hague, 
1790.  A  Dutch  philosopher  and  writer  on  es- 
thetics, son  of  Tiberius  Hemsterhuis. 

Hemsterhuis,  Tiberius,  Bom  at  Groningen, 
Netherlands,  1685:  died  at  Leyden,  April  7, 
1766.  A  Dutch  philologist  and  critic.  His  chief 
works  are  an  edition  of  the  "Onomastioon"  of  Pollux 
(1706),  "Dialogues  of  Lucian " (1708),  and  the  "Plutus"  of 
Aristophanes  (1744). 

H6nault  (a-no'),  Charles  Jean  Frangois,  Bom 

at  Paris,  Feb.  8,  1685 :  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  24, 
1770.  A  French  historian.  He  wrote  "Nouvel 
abr^g^  chronologique  de  I'histoire  de  France"  (1744), 
"Abr^g6  chronologique  de  I'histoire  d'Espagne  et  de 
Portugal  "(1759),  etc. 

Henderson  (hen'der-sgn).  A  city  and  the  cap- 
ital of  Henderson  County,  Kentucky,  situated 
on  the  Ohio  in  lat.  37°  51'  N.,  long.  87°  35'  W. 
Population  (1900),  10,272, 

Henderson,  Alexander.  Bom  at  Creieh,  Fife- 
shire,  about  1583 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Aug.  19, 
1646.  A  Scottish  ecclesiastic  and  diplomatist, 
the  most  capable  and  most  prominent  Presby- 
terian leader  of  his  time.  He  was  minister  at  Leu- 
chars,  Fifeshire,  1613-38,  and  afterward  at  Edinburgh. 
The  National  Covenant  (1638)  and  the  Solemn  League  and 
Covenant  (adopted  in  1643  by  the  Westminster  Assembly, 
which  he  attended  as  a  Scottish  commissioner)  were  both 
drafted  by  him,  and  were  largely  his  productions.  He 
presided  as  moderator  at  three  important  general  assem- 
blies (1638,  1641,  and  1648) ;  at  that  held  at  Glasgow  in 
1638  the  Scottish  bishops  were  deposed,  and  the  church 
was  reconstituted  as  Presbyterian.  Henderson  had  various 
conferences  and  even  discussions  with  Charles  I.  on  pub- 
lic (especially  ecclesiastical)  afiairs. 

Henderson,  James,  Born  in  the  north  of  Eng- 
land about  1783 :  died  at  Madrid,  Spain,  Sept. 
18,1848.  An  English  author.  From  1819  to  1821  he 
traveled  in  Brazil.  Subsequently  he  was  British  consul- 
general  at  Bogoti  until  1836.  His  principal  work  is  "  His- 
tory of  Brazil "  (London,  1821). 

Henderson,  James  Pinckney,  Bom  in  Lin- 
coln County,  N.  C,  March  31,  1808:  died  at 
"Washington,  D.  C,  June  4,  1858.  An  American 
general  and  politician.  He  was  secretary  of  state 
of  Texas  1837-39,  governor  of  Texas  1846-47,  and  United 
States  senator  1857-58. 

Henderson,  John,  Bom  at  London  in  1747:  died 
there,  Nov.  25, 1785,  An  English  actor.  He  made 
his  first  appearance  at  Bath  in  1772  as  Hamlet,  playing  at 
the  outset  under  the  name  of  Courtney.  During  his  first 
season  he  played  parts  far  beyond  him,  though  he  was 
known  as  the  Bath  Koscius ;  but  in  1777  he  played  Shylock 
at  the  Haymarket  with  success,  which  increased  until  he 
stood  next  to  Garrick  in  public  estimation.  He  made  ene- 
mies by  his  talent  for  mimicry,  and  Garrick  is  said  to  have 
been  jealous  of  him.  He  was  particularly  fine  in  solilo- 
quies. His  repertory  included  all  the  best  tragic  and  many 
comic  rdles. 

Hendon  (hen'don).  A  suburb  of  London,  in  the 
county  of  Middlesex.  Population  (1891),  15,835. 

Hendricks  i;hen '  driks),  Thomas  Andrews. 
Bom  near  Zanesville,  Ohio,  Sept.  7,  1819 :  died 
at  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  Nov.  25, 1885.  An  Ameri- 
can statesman.  He  was  member  of  Congress  from  In- 
diana 1851-55 ;  United  States  senator  1863-69 ;  governor  of 
Indiana  1873-77 ;  and  unsuccessful  Democratic  candidate 
for  Vice-President  in  1876.  He  was  elected  Vice-President 
in  1884,  and  was  inaugurated  March  4,  1885. 

Henge  (heng'ge),  orMahenge  (ma-heng'ge).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  Grerman  East  Africa,  west  of  the 
Rufiji  River,  at  the  foot  of  the  central  plateau. 
They  are  marauders,  and  imitate  the  ways  and 
language  of  the  Zulus. 

Hengist  (heng'gist).  Died  488.  A  chief  of  the 
Jutes,  joint  founder  with  Horsa  of  the  kingdom 
of  Kent,  They  land  ed  at  Ebbsfleet  about  449.  Many  le- 
gends have  sprung  up  about  their  names,  and  their  exis- 
tence as  historical  personages  has  been  questioned,  with- 
out, however,  sufBcient  grounds. 

Hengstenberg  (heng'sten-berG),  Ernst  Wil- 
helm.  Born  at  Frondenburg,  Westphalia,  Oct. 
20,  1802 :  died  at  Berlin,  May  28,  1869.  A  Ger- 
man Protestant  theologian,  leader  of  the  ortho- 
dox Lutherans,  professor  of  theology  in  Berlin 
from  1826.  He  wrote  "  Christologie  des  Alten  Testa- 
ments "(1825-35),  "BeitragezurEinleitung  ins  Alte  Testa- 
ment" (1831-39),  "Kommentar  iiber  die  Psalmen  "  (1842- 
1846),  etc. 

Henin-Li6tard  (a-nan'lya-tar').  A  town  m  the 
department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  Prance,  16  miles 
south  of  Lille.     Pop.  (1891),  commune,  9,467. 

Henke  (heng'ke),  Heinrich  Philipp  Konrad. 
Born  at  Hehlen,  Brunswick,  Germany,  July  3, 
1752:  died  atBmnswiok,  May  2,  1809.  A(Jer- 
manProtestanttheologianandohurchhistorian. 


Henricians 

He  was  professor  of  theology  at  Helmstedt  1777-S&  and  ab. 
bot  of  Michaelstem,  near  Blankenburg  (1786),  and  of  Ko- 
nigslutter  (1803)  and  later  vice-president  of  the  consistory 
and  curator  of  the  Carolinum  at  Brunswick.  His  chief 
work  18  "  Kirchengeschichte  "  (1788-1804). 

"!°].®^?^'^^^^' *^?*^^rich  Gustav  Jakob.  Bom 

at  Furth  Bavana,  July  9,  1809:  died  at  Got- 
tmgen.  May  13,  1885.  A  noted  German  physi- 
ologist a,nd  anatomist,  professor  successively  at 
m'SS?  ^^®**'^'  Heidelberg  (1844),  andGottingen 
t^M^^',  ^'^^°^^  "?^i"^''°,?''  derrationellen  Pathologic" 
^I^  i2'  Handbuch  der  allgemeinen  Anatomic"  (IMl). 
Handbuch  der  Anatomie  des  Menschen  "  (1866-73),  et& 

Henley  (hen  h),  John,  generaUy  called  "Orator 
Henley.  Born  at  Melton-Mowbrav,  Eneland 
Aug.  3,  1692:  died  1756  (1759?).  An  Eiglish 
preacher,  celebrated  for  his  eccentricities, 

Henley,  William  Ernest,  Bom  Aug.  23, 1849 : 
died  July  12,  1903.  An  English  writer  and 
critio.  He  was  editor  of  the  '  ■  Scots  Observer  "  (after- 
ward the  National  Observer  ")  1888-93  and  of  the  "  New 
Review"  1893-98.  He  published  "A  Book  of  Verses" 
(1838),  etc. 

Henley-on-Thames  (hen'li-on-temz'),  or  Hen- 
ley, A  town  in  Oxfordshire,  England,  situated 
on  the  Thames  36  miles  west  of  London,  noted 
for  its  regattas.     Population  (1891),  4,913. 

Henlopen  (hen-16'pen).  Cape,  A  cape  on  the 
eastem  coast  of  Delaware,  situated  at  the  en- 
trance of  Delaware  Bay,  opposite  Cape  Mav,  in 
lat.  38°  47'  N.,  long.  75°  5' W, 

Hennebont  (en-b6n').  A  river  port  in  the  de- 
partment of  Morbihan,  Brittany,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Blavet  7  miles  northeast  of  Lorient. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  6,972. 

Hennegau,     See  Hainaut. 

Hennepin  (hen 'e-pin;  F.  pron.  en-pan'),  LouiS. 
Bora  at  Ath,  Belgium,  about  1640:  died  in  the 
Netherlands  after  1701.  A  French  missionary 
and  explorer.  He  belonged  to  the  order  of  B^collets 
of  St.  Francis,  went  to  Canada  in  1673,  and  in  1678  joined 
La  Salle's  second  expedition  to  the  West.  He  was  de- 
spatched by  La  Salle  from  Fort  Crfevecoeur  with  two  men 
in  a  canoe,  Feb.  29, 1680,  to  explore  the  Illinois  River  and 
the  upper  Mississippi.  He  was  captured  by  a  party  of 
Sioux  on  the  Mississippi,  April  11,  1680,  and  during  cap- 
tivity discovered  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  He  was  res- 
cued by  Greysolon  du  Lhut,  arrived  at  Quebec  in  1682,  and 
on  returning  to  Europe  was  made  guardian  of  the  con- 
vent of  Renty  in  Artois.  He  published  "  Description  de 
la  Louisiane  "(1683),  "Nouvelle  d^couverte  d'un  trfes  grand 
pays  "  (1697  ;  in  which  he  claims  to  have  descended  the 
Mississippi  to  its  mouth  in  1680  —  a  claim  since  shown  to 
be  false),  and  "  Nouveau  Voyage  "  (1698). 

Henne(iuin  (en-kan' ) ,  Philippe  Augustin,  Bom 
at  Lyons,  France,  1763 :  died  at  Tournay,  Bel- 
gium, May  12, 1833.  AFrench  historical  painter. 
Among  his  works  are  "Remorse  of  Orestes  "  (in  the  Louvre), 
"Battle  of  Quiberon"  (Toulouse  Museum),  "Triumph  of 
the  French  People"  (Rouen),  "Saul  and  the  Witch  of  En- 
dor"  (Lyons). 

Henner  (en-ar'),  Jean  Jac(iues,  Bom  at  Bem- 
willer,  Alsace,  March  5, 1829.  A  genre-painter, 
pupil  of  Drolling  and  Picot.  He  gained  the  grand 
prix  de  Rome  in  1858,  and  a  first-class  medal  in  1878.  He 
was  made  mentor  of  the  Institute  in  1889.  He  passed  five 
years  in  Italy.  Among  his  pictures  are  "La  Naiade,"  "Le 
bon  Samaritain"  (at  the  Luxembourg),  "Idylle,"  "Su- 
zanne," and  "La  Madeleine." 

Hennersdorf  (hen'ers-dorf),  or  Katholisch- 
Hennersdorf  (ka-to'lish-).  A  village  in  north- 
western Silesia,  Prussia,  near  Naumburg-on- 
the-Queiss.  Here,  Nov.  24,  1746,  the  Prussians  under 
Frederick  the  Great  defeated  the  Saxons  and  Austrians 
under  the  Duke  of  Lorraine. 

Hennessy  (hen'e-si),William  J,  Bom  at  Tho- 
mastown,  Ireland,  in  1839.  A  landscape-  and 
genre-painter.  He  went  to  New  York  in  1849,  and  was 
elected  national  academician  in  1863.  In  1870  he  went 
to  London,  but  lives  principally  in  Normandy. 

Henri  (on-re' )  I.,  King  of  Haiti.   See  Christophe. 

Henri  III.  et  sa  Cour.  A  drama  of  the  roman- 
tic school,  by  Alexandre  Dumas  pfere,  produced 
in  1829. 

Henriade  (on-ryad').  An  epic  poem  by  Vol- 
taire, in  10  cantos.  It  is  a  picture  of  war  undertaken 
in  the  name  of  religion,  and  was  intended  to  inspire  a  ha- 
tred of  intolerance  and  persecution. 

Henrichemont  (on-resh-m6n').  A  townin  the 
department  of  Cher,  France,  16  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Bourges.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune,,3, 763. 

Henrici  (hen-ret'se),  Jakob,  Bom  at  Gross  Kar- 
lenbach,  Bavaria,  Jan.  1,  1803 :  died  at  Econ- 
omy, Pa.,  Dec.  25,  1892.  A  German-American 
communist.  He  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1823, 
and  subsequently  joined  the  Harmonist  Society  founded 
by  George  Rapp,  which  was  then  established  at  Harmony 
in  Butler  County,  Pennsylvania,  but  which  was  afterward 
(1824)  removed  to  the  present  village  of  Economy  in  Beaver 
County.  On  the  death  of  Rapp  in  1868  he  succeeded  to 
the  management  of  the  community  under  the  title  of  first 
trustee,  which  position  he  retained  until  his  death. 

Henricians  (hen-rish'anz).  1.  A  sect  of  reli- 
gious reformers  in  Switzerland  and  southern 
France  in  the  12th  century,  followers  of  Henry 


Henricians 

of  Lausanne. —  3.  The  followers  or  adherents 
of  the  emperor  Henry  IV.,  who  opposed  Gregory 
VII.  in  favor  of  the  antipope  Clement  III. 

Henrietta  Anna  (hen-ri-et'a  an'a),  Duchesse 
d'0rl6ans.  [Pern,  and  dim.  of  Henry  ;  P.  Hen- 
nette,  It.  Enrighetta,  Sp.  Enriqueta,  Pg.  Hen- 
riqueta,  G,  Hmriette.]  Born  at  Exeter,  England, 
June  16,  1644 :  died  at  St.-Cloud,  near  Paris, 
June  30, 1670.  Daughter  of  Charles  I.  of  Eng- 
land. She  married  the  Due  d'0rl6ans  (brother 
of  Louis  XIV.)  in  1661. 

Henrietta  Maria  (ma-n'a),  Queen  of  England. 
Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  25,  1609 :  died  near  Paris, 
Sept.  10, 1669.  Daughter  of  Henry  IV.  of  Prance. 
She  married  Charles  I.  of  England  in  1625 ;  went  to  Hol- 
land in  1642  to  obtain  aid  for  the  king ;  returned  in  1643 ; 
and  finally  left  England  for  France  in  1644. 

Henrietta  Temple  (tem'pl).  A  love-story  by 
Disraeli,  published  in  1837. 

Henriette  (hen-ri-ef;  P.  pron.  oh-ryet').  1.  A 
young,  simple,  and  natural  girl  surrounded  by 
the  pedantic  "femmes  savantes,"  in  MoU^re's 
comedy  of  that  name.  She  is  considered  by  the 
French  the  type  of  true  womanliness. —  2.  A 
character  iu  Balzac's  "Lys  dans  la  vall6e" 
("Lily  in  the  Valley"). 

Henriquez,  Francisco  Fernandez  de  la  Cueva. 
See  Fernandez  de  la  Cueva  Henriquez. 

Henriguez  de  Almansa  (en-re'keth  da  al-man'- 
sa),  Martin.  Born  in  Aleanizes,  Spain,  about 
1525:  died  at  Lima,  Peru,  March  15,  1583.  A 
Spanish  administrator.  He  was  the  second  son  of  a 
Marquis  of  Alcaiiizes.  He  was  viceroy  of  Mexico  Nov.  5, 
1668,  to  Oct.  4, 1680,  during  which  period  the  Inquisition 
was  established  (1671),  and  the  great  cathedral  of  Mexico 
was  founded  (1673).  From  Sept.  23, 1681,  he  was  viceroy 
of  Peru.    He  was  an  excellent  ruler. 

HenrioLuez  de  Guzman  (goth-man'),  Luis. 
Born  about  1600:  died  about  1667.  A  Spanish 
administrator.  He  was  count  of  Alba  de  liste  and  gran- 
dee of  Spain ;  was  viceroy  of  Mexico  June  28, 1650,  to  Aug. 
1, 1653,  and  of  Peru  Feb.  24,  1656,  to  July  31, 1661.  His 
reign  in  both  countries  was  rather  uneventful.  He  was 
just  and  benevolent,  and  encouraged  learning. 

HenriQLiiez  de  Rivera  (re-va'ra),  Payo.  Bom 
at  Seville  about  1610  :  died  April  8,  1684.  A 
Spanish  prelate  and  statesman.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Augustine  order ;  was  chosen  bishop  of  Guate- 
mala in  1667  ;  and  was  translated  to  Michoacan  in  1667, 
but  before  reaching  his  new  diocese  was  made  archbishop 
of  Mexico  (1668).  From  Dec,  1673,  to  Oct.,  1680,  he  was 
also  viceroy.  Returning  to  Spain,  1681,  he  was  appointed 
president  of  the  Council  of  the  Indies  and  bishop  of  Cuen- 
ca,  but  resigned  both  offices  and  died  in  a  convent. 

Henry  (hen'ri)  I.  [The  E.  name  Henry,  for- 
merly also  Henrie,  Henri,  assimilated  Herry,  now 
Harry,  is  from  OP.  and  P.  Henri,  Sp.  Enrique, 
Pg.  Henrique,  It.  Enrico,  from  ML.  Henricus, 
from  OHG.  Heinrih,  G.  Heinrich,  D.  Hendrik, 
etc.,  chief  of  the  dwelling.]  King  of  Castile 
1214- June,  1217,  sou  of  Alfonso  IX.  and  Eleanor, 
daughter  of  Henry  H.  of  England. 

Henry  n.  Bom  1333:  died  in  May,  1379.  King 
of  Castile  1369-79,  natural  son  of  Alfonso  XL 
He  was  known  before  his  accession  as  count  of  Tras- 
tamare,  and  ascended  the  throne  by  expelling  his  halt- 
brother,  Pedro  the  Cruel,  with  the  aid  of  the  celebrated 
captain  Du  Guesclin. 

Henry  III,,  surnamed  "  The  Sickly."  Born 
1379 :  died  1406.  King  of  CastUe  1390-1406,  son 
of  John  I.  He  married  Catharine,  daughter  of  John, 
duke  of  Lancaster,  in  1388,  and  in  1403  recognized  Bene- 
dict XIII.  as  pope  in  opposition  to  Boniface  IX 

Henry  IV.,  sumamed  "  The  Impotent."  Born 
at  Valladolid,  Spain,  Jan.  6,  1425 :  died  at  Ma- 
drid, Dec.  12, 1474.  King  of  Castile  1454-74,  son 
of  John  n.  He  married  Joanna  of  Portugal,  the  legiti- 
macy of  whose  daughter,  Joanna,  was  questioned  by  the 
Cortes.  He  therefore  adopted  as  his  heiress  his  sister 
Isabella  of  Castile,  who  married  Ferdinand  of  Aragon  in 
1469. 

Henry  I.,  sumamed  Beanclerc.  [P.,  'fine 
scholar.']  Born  at  Selby  (?),  Yorkshire,  1068 : 
died  Dec.  1, 1135.  King  of  England  1100-35, 
fourth  son  of  William  the  Conqueror  and  Ma- 
tilda. He  was  elected,  on  the  death  of  William  n.,  by  the 
witan  during  the  absence  of  his  elder  brother  Kobert, 
duke  of  Normandy,  on  a  crusade.  He  restored  the  laws  of 
Edward  the  Confessor,  as  modified  by  the  Conqueror,  re 
called  Anselm  (see  AnselTn),  and  suppressed  the  great 
feudatories,  for  whom  he  substituted  a  class  of  lesser 
nobles.  He  conquered  Normandy  in  1106  by  the  victory 
of  Tenchebrai  over  Robert,  wliowaskeptin  captivity  until 
his  death  (1184).  He  was  twice  married — first  to  Matilda, 
daughter  of  Malcolm  of  Scotland,  and  afterward  to  Adela, 
or  Adeliza,  daughter  of  Godfrey  Vll.,  count  of  Louvain. 
His  only  son,  William  (born  of  the  first  marriage),  was 
drowned  In  the  White  Ship  in  the  Channel  in  1120. 

Henry  IL  Bom  in  1133 :  died  July  6,  1189. 
The  first  king  of  England  of  the  house  of  Anjou 
(Plantagenet),  1154^89,  son  of  Geoffrey  Plan- 
tagenet,  count  of  Anjou,  and  Matilda,  daughter 
of  Henry  I.  He  claimed  the  English  throne  in  right  of 
Siis  mother,  who  had  been  deprived  of  the  succession  by 
Stephen  of  Blois.  In  1163  he  was  adopted  by  Stephen  as 
his  successor  by  the  treaty  of  Walliugford,  and  acceded  to 


494 

the  throne  on  Stephen's  death,  Oct.  25^  1164.  His  posses- 
sions outside  of  England  included  Normandy  and  the 
suzerainty  of  Brittany,  inherited  from  the  Norman  kings ; 
Anjou  and  Maine,  inherited  from  his  father ;  and  Foitou, 
Guienne,  and  Gascony,  acquired  by  marriage  with  Elea- 
nor of  Aquitaine  (1162).  He  compelled  Malcolm  of  Scot- 
land to  restore  the  English  counties  of  Northumberland, 
Cumberland,  and  Westmoreland,  granted  to  Malcolm's 
father  by  Stephen,  and  to  do  homage  for  the  Scottish 
crown  (1167) ;  reduced  the  Welsh  to  obedience  in  3  expe- 
ditions (1168,  1163,  and  1165) ;  and  conquered  the  south- 
eastern part  of  Ireland  (1171).  He  consolidated  and  cen- 
tralized the  royal  authority  by  the  institution  of  fiscal, 
judicial,  and  military  reforms,  the  chief  of  which  were  the 
improvement  of  the  coinage  (1158),  the  assignment  of  reg- 
ular circuits  to  itinerant  justices,  the  great  assize  or  trial 
by  a  jury  of  twelve  knights  (which  superseded  the  old 
modes  of  trial  by  battle  and  by  compurgation),  the  commu- 
tation of  personal  military  service  for  amoney payment  or 
scutage  (1169),  the  revival  of  the  ancient  fyrd  or  national 
militia  by  the  assize  of  arms  (1181),  and  the  extension  of  the 
jurisdiction  of  thesecular  courts  to  clerical  offenders  by  the 
Constitutions  of  Clarendon  (1164).  His  reforms  were  ve- 
hementlj^  opposed  by  Thomas  Becket,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, in  so  far  as  they  related  to  the  church,  although 
after  the  unauthorized  murder  of  the  archbishop  by  four 
of  Henry's  knights  (Dec.  2»,  1170X  and  Henry's  consequent 
penance  at  Becket's  shrine  in  July,  1174,  he  virtually  car- 
ried his  point.  In  the  last  year  of  his  reign  a  rebellion 
broke  out  under  his  sons  Richard  and  John,  assisted  by 
Philip  of  France,  during  which  he  died. 

Henry  III.  (of  Winchester).  Born  at  Winches- 
ter, Oct.  1, 1207:  died  at  Westminster,  Nov.  16, 
1272.  King  of  England  1216-72,  son  of  John 
and  Isabella  of  AngoulSme.  He  succeeded  at  the 
age  of  9  years,  under  the  regency  of  William  Marshal,  earl 
of  Pembroke.  His  title  was  disputed  by  Louis,  son  of 
Philip  of  France,  who  had  been  chosen  king  by  the  bar- 
ons opposed  to  John.  The  regent  defeated  Louis's  army 
at  Lincoln  May  20, 1217,  and  compelled  him  to  abandon 
his  claim  to  the  crown  ^ter  having  suffered  the  loss  of  his 
reinforcements  in  a  naval  battle  off  Dover,  Aug.  24, 1217. 
After  the  death  of  Pembroke  in  1219,  the  government  was 
carried  on  by  the  justiciary  Hubert  de  Burgh,  supported 
by  Stephen  Langton,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  until  1232, 
when  Henry  personally  assumed  the  direction  of  affairs. 
He  married  Eleanor  of  Provence,  Jan.  14, 1236.  Of  the 
French  possessions  of  hishouse,  he  retained  only  Aquitaine 
and  Gascony.  His  misgovernment  and  the  favoritism 
which  he  showed  toward  foreigners  provoked  a  rising  of 
the  barons,  who  compelled  him  to  accept  the  Provisions 
of  Oxford  in  1258,  whereby  a  series  of  reforms  were  carried 
out  by  a  commission  of  24  barons.  Henry  subsequently 
repu^ated  the  Provisions  of  Oxford,  whereupon  the  bar- 
ons arose  in  anus  under  Simon  de  Montfort,  and  defeated 
the  king  at  the  battle  of  Lewes  May  14,  1264.  He  was  kept 
a  virtual  prisoner  by  Montfort  until  the  battle  of  Evesham, 
Aug.  4, 1265,  when  he  was  rescued  by  his  son  Edward. 

Henry  IV.  Bom  at  the  castle  of  Boliiigbroke, 
near  Spilsby,  Lincolnshire,  April  3,  1367 :  died 
at  Westminster,  March  20, 1413.  The  first  king 
of  England  of  the  house  oj  Lancaster,  1399-1413, 
son  of  John  of  Gaunt  (fourth  son  of  Edward 
in. )  and  Blanche,  heiress  of  Lancaster.  He  was 
banished  by  Richard  II.  in  1398,  succeeded  his  father  as 
duke  of  Lancaster  in  1399,  and  in  the  same  year  returned 
to  England  and  captured  and  imprisoned  Richard,  who 
was  deposed  by  Parliament  at  London  Sept.  30, 1399.  He 
put  down  a  serious  rising  under  Harry  Percy  (Hotspur)  at 
the  battle  of  Shrewsbury,  July  21, 1403,  in  which  Percy  was 
killed. 

Henry  V.  (of  Monmouth).  Born  at  Monmouth, 
probably  Aug.  9, 1387:  died  at  Vineennes,  Aug. 
31, 1422.  King  of  England  1413-22,  son  ofJHenry 
IV.  and  Mary,  daughter  of  Humphrey  de  Bohun, 
earl  of  Hereford.  He  is  said  on  doubtful  authority  to 
have  been  wild  and  dissolute  in  his  youth,  and  is  so  repre- 
sented by  Shakspere.  As  king  he  was  able,  energetic,  and 
brave.  He  invaded  France  in  1415 ;  gained  the  brilliant 
victory  of  Agiucourt  Oct.  25, 1415 ;  married  Catharine  of 
France  June  2, 1420 ;  and  concluded  the  peace  of  Troyes 
May  21, 1420,  by  which  he  was  accepted  by  the  French  as 
regent  and  heir  of  France. 

Henry  VI.  (of  Windsor).  Bom  at  Windsor, 
Dee.  6,  1421:  died  at  London,  May  21,  1471. 
King  of  England  1422-61,  son  of  Henry  V.  and 
Catharine  of  Prance.  He  succeeded  to  the  throne 
at  the  age  of  not  quite  9  months,  under  the  protectorship 
of  his  uncle  John,  duke  of  Bedford,  the  protectorship  be- 
ing exercised  by  Bedford's  brother  Humphrey,  duke  of 
Gloucester,  during  Bedford's  absence  as  regent  in  France. 
He  was  crowned  king  of  France  at  Paris  Dec.  16, 143L  in 
accordance  with  the  peace  of  Troyes  (see  Henry  VX  but 
by  1453  had  lost  all  his  possessions  in  France,  except  Calais, 
in  consequence  of  the  successes  of  Joan  of  Arc  and  Charles 
VII,  He  married  Margaret,  daughter  of  Ren6,  titular 
king  of  Naples  and  Jerusalem,  Apnl  22,  1445.  In  1453  he 
was  stricken  with  insanity,  and  a  contest  for  the  regency 
ensued  between  Queen  Margaret  (supported  by  the  Duke 
of  Somerset)  and  Richard,  duke  of  York.  The  Duke  of 
York  prevailed,  but  fell  into  disgrace  on  the  recovery  of 
Henry  in  1454.  He  thereupon  advanced  claims  to  the 
throneasthe  descendantof  Lionel,  elderbrother  of  Henry's 
ancestor,  John  of  Gaunt,  both  of  whom  were  sons  of  Ed- 
ward ni.  War  broke  out  in  1465  (see  Wars  of  the  Roses, 
and  Edward  IV.),  and,  after  many  fiuctuations  of  fortune, 
Henry  was  deposed  by  York's  son,  who  was  proclaimed  king 
as  Edward  IV.,  March  4, 1461.  A  rising  under  the  Earl  of 
Warwick  against  Edward  in  1470  restored  Henry,  who  had 
been  imprisoned  since  1465 ;  but  he  was  recaptured  in  the 
same  year,  and,  after  the  final  defeat  of  his  party  at  the 
battles  of  Barnet  and  Tewkesbury,  was  murdered,  it  is  said, 
in  the  Tower  of  London. 

Henry  VII.  Bom  at  Pembroke  Castle,  Jan.  28, 
1457 :  died  at  Richmond,  April  21,  1509.  The 
first  king  of  England  of  the  house  of  Tudor, 


Henry  III. 

1485-1509,  son  of  Edmund  Tudor,  earl  of  Eich- 
mond,  and  Margaret  Beaufort,  through  whom 
he  traced  his  descent  from  John  of  Gaunt,  son 
of  Edward  IH.  He  became  head  of  the  house  of  Lan- 
caster on  the  death  of  Henry  VI.  in  the  Tower  of  London 
in  1471,  and,  as  an  object  of  jealousy  to  the  kings  of  the 
house  of  York,  spent  the  years  from  1471  to  1486  in  exile, 
chiefiy  in  Brittany.  In  1486  he  effected  a  landing  in  Eng- 
land, and,  having  gained  the  victory  of  Bosworth  Field, 
Aug.  22, 1485,  in  which  Richard  III.  fell,  was  crowned  king 
Oct.  30, 1485.  He  married  Elizabeth,  eldest  daughter  of 
Edward  IV.,  Jan.  18,  1486,  whereby  he  united  in  his  own 

Serson  the  titles  of  the  houses  of  Lancaster  and  York.  He 
efeated  the  impostor  Lambert  Simnel  (who  personated 
the  Earl  of  Warwick)  at  Stoke-upon-Trent  June  16, 1487, 
and  Nov.  23, 1499,  executed  the  pretender  Perkin  Warbeck, 
who  personated  the  Duke  of  York.  Lord  Daubeney  de- 
feated the  rebel  Thomas  Flammock  atBlackheath  JunelT, 
1497.  Henry  married  his  son  Arthur  to  Catharine  of  Ara- 
gon Nov.  14,  1601,  and  his  eldest  daughter  Margaret  to 
James  IV.  of  Scotland  in  1502.  The  Statute  of  Drogheda, 
or  Poynings's  Law,  was  passed  in  1494,  and  the  Cabots  dis- 
covered North  America  in  1497.  Henry's  distinguishing 
characteristic  was  his  avarice.  He  accumulated  a  fortune 
of  £2,000,000,  being  aided  in  his  extortions  by  his  agents 
Empson  and  Dudley. 
Henry  VIII.  Born  at  Greenwich,  June  28, 1491 : 
diedat  Westminster,  Jan.  28, 1547.  King  of  Eng- 
land 1509-47,  son  of  Henry  VH.  and  Elizabeth 
of  York.  He  ascended  the  throne  on  the  death  of  his 
father  April  21, 1609,  and  June  11, 1609,  man'ied  Catharhie 
of  Aragon,  widow  of  his  brother  Arthur.  He  joined  the 
Holy  League  (which  see)  against  France  in  1611.  In  1513 
he  took  personal  charge  of  the  war  in  France,  and  gained 
with  the  emperor  Maximilian  the  victory  of  Guinegate 
(called  the  Battle  of  the  Spurs),  Aug.  16, 1613.  During  his 
absence  James  IV.  of  Scotland  made  war  on  England  in 
favor  of  France,  and  was  defeated  and  killed  at  Flodden 
Sept.  9, 1513.  He  made  his  favorite  Cardinal  Wolsey  lord 
chancellor  in  1516,  and  in  June,  1520,  met  Francis  L  of 
France  near  Calais  at  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold.  In 
1521  he  -wrote  the  '*Assertio  Septem  Sacramentorum  " 
against  Luther,  which  procured  for  him  the  title  of  De- 
fender of  the  Faith  from  Pope  Leo  X  After  the  capture 
of  Francis  by  the  Imperialists  at  Pavia,  he  concluded  an 
alliance  wit^  France  as  a  counterpoise  again  st  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  (Aug.  30, 1526).  In  1527  he  instituted  proceed- 
ings for  a  divorce  from  Catharine,  alleging  the  invalidity 
of  marriage  with  a  deceased  brother's  wife,  although  a 
papal  dispensation  had  been  properly  granted.  Enraged 
at  Wolsey's  failure  to  obtain  a  decree  for  the  divorce  from 
the  Pope,  he  dismissed  him  from  the  chancellorship,  and 
bestowed  it  on  Sir  Thomas  More  (1529).  At  the  instance  of 
Cranmer,  he  obtained  opinions  from  English  and  foreign 
universities  declaring  theinvalidityof  the  marriage  andthe 
incompetency  of  the  Pope  to  grant  a  dispensation,  where- 
upon he  secretly  married  Anne  Boleyn  (Jan.  25, 1533),  while 
Cranmer  (who  had  been  made  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
in  1532)  declared  the  marriage  with  Catharine  void  (May 
23, 1533),  and  that  with  Anne  Boleyn  valid  (May  28, 1633). 
In  1534,  in  consequence  of  the  refusal  of  the  Pope  to  grant 
the  divorce,  he  procured  the  passage  of  the  Act  of  Su- 
premacy, which  severed  the  connection  of  the  English 
church  with  Rome  and  appointed  the  king  and  his  suc- 
cessors protector  and  only  supreme  head  of  the  church 
and  clergy  of  England.  He  executed  More  July  6, 1535, 
for  refusing  to  acknowledge  the  royal  supremacy.  At  the 
instance  of  his  new  adviser  Thomas  Cromwell,  who  was 
made  vicar-general  or  vicegerent  of  the  king  in  matters 
ecclesiastical  in  1535,  he  first  suppressed  the  smaller  (1536) 
and  afterward  (1539)  the  larger  monasteries,  whose  prop- 
erty was  confiscated.  He  beheaded  Anne  Boleyn  on  the 
chai-ge  of  adultery  May  19,  1636.  He  married  Jane  Sey- 
mour May  20, 1536  (she  died  Oct.  24, 1637).  In  1639  he  pro-; 
cured  the  enactment  of  the  Statute  of  Six  Articles  (which 
se^.  He  married  Anne  of  Cleves  Jan.  6, 1640,  A  Mvorce 
and  the  execution  of  Cromwell  followed  in  the  same  year, 
as  well  as  a  marriage  with  Catharine  Howard,  who  was 
sent  to  the  block  on  the  charge  of  adultery  Feb.  12,  1542. 
He  married  Catharine  Parr  July  12, 1543. 

Henry  IX.,  King  of  England.  A  title  assumed 
by  Cardinal  York  after  the  death  of  his  brother, 
the  "Young  Pretender." 

Henry  I.  Bom  about  1011 :  died  Aug.  4,  1060. 
King  of  Prance  1031-60,  sou  of  Robert  11. 

Henry II.  BomatSt.-Germain-en-Laye,Prance, 
March  31, 1519:  died  at  Paris,  July  10, 1559.  King 
of  Prance  1547-59,  son  of  Francis  I.  He  married 
Catharine  de'  Medici  in  1533 ;  conquered  the  bishoprics  of 
Metz,  Toul,  and  Verdun  from  Germany  in  1552 ;  captured 
Calais  and  Guines,  the  last  English  possessions  in  France, 
in  1568 ;  and  was  mortally  wounded  at  a  tournament  in 
honor  of  the  marriage  of  his  daughter  Elizabeth  with 
PhUipIL  of.  Spain. 

Henry  III.  Bom  at  Pontainebleau,  Prance, 
Sept.  19,  1551:  died  at  St.-Cloud,  Paris,  Aug. 
2,  1589.  King  of  France  1574-89,  third  son  of 
Henry  II.  and  Catharine  de'  Medici.  He  was,  while 
prince,  styledDuc  d'Anjou ;  defeated  the  Huguenots  at  Jar- 
nac  and  Moncontour  in  1669 ;  was  elected  king  of  Poland 
in  1573 ;  and  succeeded  his  brother  Charles  IX.  as  king  of 
France  in  1574.  He  sought  to  maintain  a  balance  of  power 
between  the  Hugnenots  andthe  Roman  Catholics,  but  the 
favorable  peace  which  he  granted  to  the  former  in  1576 
(the  pcUx  de  mmmeur)  occasioned  the  formation  of  the 
Holy  League  by  the  Roman  Catholics  under  Henry,  duke 
of  Guise,  and  compelled  him  to  take  sides  with  the  Roman 
Catholic  party.  The  death  of  his  brother,  the  Due  d'Alen- 
Qon,  in  1684,  caused  the  question  of  the  succession  to  as- 
sume importance,  as  it  left  Henry  of  Navarre,  the  head  of 
the  Huguenot  party,  heir  presumptive  to  the  throne.  The 
Holy  League  proclaimed  the  cardinal  Charles  de  Bourbon 
heir  presumptive,  which  brought  on  a  renewal  of  the  war 
with  the  Huguenots  in  1586.  The  victory  of  Henry  of  Na. 
varre  at  Coutras,  Oct.  20, 1587,  was  followed  by  a  conspir- 
acy of  the  leading  members  of  the  League  to  depose  the 
king,  wliose  sincerity  was  mistrusted.    Henry  caused  the 


Henry  m. 

iiBsasBiiiation  of  the  Duke  of  Guise  and  Mb  brother,  Louis 
de  Lorraine,  cardinal  de  Guise,  but  was  forced  to  take 
refuge  with  Henry  of  Navarre,  in  whose  camp  at  St. -Cloud 
he  was  murdered  by  the  monk  Jacques  C16ment. 

Henry  IV.  Bom  at  Pau,  France,  Dee.  14  (13  f), 
1553:  died  at  Paris,  May  14  (13?),  1610.  King 
of  Prance  1589-1610,  son  of  Antoine  de  Bour- 
bon, king  of  Navarre,  and  Jeanne  d'Albret.  He 
became  the  head  of  the  Huguenot  party  on  the  death  of 
the  Prince  de  Cond^  in  1669 ;  succeeded  to  the  throne  of 
Navarre  In  1672 ;  married  Margaret  of  Valols,  sister  of 
Charles  IX.  of  i^ance,  at  Paris,  Aug.  18, 1572 ;  and  escaped 
the  general  massacre  of  his  partizans  inaugurated  on  the 
24th,  during  the  nuptiaHestivities.  (See  St.  Bartholomew, 
Massacre  of.)  The  death  of  the  Due  d'Alencon  in  1684 
left  him  heir  presumptive  to  the  throne  of  France,  but 
the  Holy  League  refused  to  recognize  his  title,  and  pro- 
claimed the  cardinal  Charles  de  Bourbon  heir  presump- 
tive. War  broke  out  in  consequence  in  1685.  The  car- 
dinal was  proclaimed  king  under  the  title  of  Charles  X.  by 
the  League  on  the  death  of  Henry  IIL  in  1689 ;  but  after 
defeating  the  Leaguers  under  the  Duke  of  Mayenne  at 
Ivry,  March  14,  1590,  and  embracing  the  Roman  Catholic 
religion  at  St.  Denis,  July  25, 1693,  Henry  secured  the  gen- 
eral recognition  of  the  Boman  Catholics,  and  was  crowned 
at  Chartres,  Feb.  27,  1594,  although  the  war  was  still  con- 
tinued by  the  League  in  alliance  with  Spain.  He  published 
the  Edict  of  Nantes  (which  see)  April  IS,  1598,  and  con- 
cluded the  peace  of  Vervins  with  Spain  and  the  League 
May  2, 1698,  which  ended  the  so-called  Wars  of  the  Hugue- 
nots. He  was  assassinated  by  the  Roman  Catholic  fanatic 
Ravaillac. 

Henrjr  V.  The  name  given  by  the  French  Le- 
gitimists to  the  Comti  de  Chambord.  See  Cham- 
bord. 

Henry  I.,  sumamed  "  The  Fowler.''  Born  876 : 
died  at  Memleben  on  the  Unstrut,  Prussian 
Saxony,  July  2,  936.  King  of  Germany  919-936, 
son  of  Otto,  duke  of  Saxony.  He  was  elected  king 
on  the  death  of  Conrad  L,  and  was  the  first  of  the  Saxon 
line  of  the  kings  of  Germany  and  emperors  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire.  He  consolidated  the  German 'monarchy, 
enlarged  and  improved  the  old  fortresses,  and  put  an  end 
to  the  inroads  of  the  Hungarians,  whom  he  defeated 
(probably  on  the  Unstrut)  in  933. 

Henry  II.,  Saint.  Born  in  Bavaria,  May  6,  972 
(973  f) :  died  at  (Jrona,  near  Gottiugen,  Prussia, 
July  13, 1024.  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Em- 
pire, son  of  Henry  the  Quarrelsome  of  Bavaria. 
He  succeeded  Otto  III.  as  king  of  Germany  in  1002,  and 
was  crowned  emperor  in  1014.  He  made  two  expeditions 
to  Italy  against  Arduin,  marquis  of  Ivrea,  who  had  been 
elected  king  of  Lombardy  on  the  death  of  Otto.  Arduin 
was  overthrown  in  1013. 

Henry  III.,  "  The  Black."  Born  Oct.  28, 1017: 
died  at  Bodfeld,  in  the  Harz,  Germany,  Oct.  5, 
1056.  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Eoman  Empire,  sou 
of  Conrad  H.  whom  he  succeeded  as  king  of 
Germany  in  1039.  He  curbed  the  power  of  the  feuda- 
tories, reduced  Peter  of  Hungary  to  the  position  of  a  vas- 
sal, and  during  an  expedition  to  Rome  deposed  the  three 
popes  Sylvester  III.,  Benedict  IX.,  and  Gregory  VI.,  and 
appointed  Clement  II.,  by  whom  he  was  crowned  emperor 
on  Christmas  day,  1046.  He  raised  the  imperial  power  to 
its  highest  point. 

Henry  IV.  Bom  at  Goslar,  Prussia,  Nov.  11, 
1050 :  died  at  Lifege,  Belgium,  Aug.  7, 1106.  Em- 
peror of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  son  of  Henry 
III.  whom  he  succeeded  as  king  of  Germany  in 
1056.  The  principal  occurrence  of  his  reign  was  the 
struggle  with  Hildebrand  (see  Gregory  VII.).  He  was 
crowned  emperor  in  1084  by  Clement  III.  .whom  he  had  ele- 
vated to  the  papal  see  in  opposition  to  Gregory.  On  the 
death  of  Gregory  in  1085,  his  partizans  elected  Victor  III., 
and  Henry  in  1090  made  a  new  expedition  to  Italy  to  protect 
Clement.  In  1093  his  son  Conrad  rebelled  against  him, 
having  allied  himself  with  the  papal  party.  Conrad  died 
in  1101,  but  Henry's  younger  son,  Henry,  likewise  allied 
himself  with  the  papal  party,  and  for  a  time  imprisoned 
his  father. 

Henry  V.  Bom  in  1081:  died  at  Nimwegen, 
Netherlands,  May  23,  1125.  Emperor  of  the 
Holy  Eoman  Empire,  son  of  Henry  rV.  whom 
he  succeeded  as  king  of  Germany  in  1106.  He 
was  crowned  emperor  in  1111,  and  in  1122  concluded  the 
Concordat  of  Worms  (which  see).  He  married  Matilda, 
daughter  of  Henry  I.  of  England,  in  1114, 

Henry  VI.  Bom  at  Nimweg;en,  Netherlands,  in 
1165:  died  at  Messina,  Sicily,  Sept.  28,  1197. 
Emperor  of  the  Holy  Eoman  Empire,  son  of 
Frederick  Barbarossa  whom  he  succeeded  as 
king  of  Germany  in  1190.  Having  inherited  the  king- 
dom of  the  Two  Sicilies  through  his  wife  Constance  in  1189, 
he  undertook  an  expedition  in  Italy  in  1191  to  rescue  his 
inheritance  from  the  usurper  Tancred  of  Lecce ;  but  was 
compelled  to  retire  to  Germany  in  the  same  year  after  an 
unsuccessful  siege  of  Naples.  During  this  expedition  he 
was  crowned  emperor  at  Rome.  He  subdued  the  Sicilies 
in  two  subsequent  expeditions  (1194  and  1197),  and  died  as 
he  was  about  to  undertake  a  crusade  to  the  Holy  Land. 

Henry  VII.  Bom  1262 :  died  at  Buonconvento, 
near  Siena,  Italy,  Aug.  24,  1313.  Emperor  of 
the  Holy  Eoman  Empire,  son  of  the  Count  of 
Luxemburg:  he  succeeded  Albert  L  as  German 
king  in  1808.  He  granted  the  Swiss  cantons  docu- 
mentary confirmation  of  their  immediate  feudal  relation 
to  the  empire,  and  their  consequent  independence  of 
Austria,  in  1309.    He  was  crowned  emperor  in  1312. 

Henry  I.  Died  in  July,  1274.  King  of  Navarre 
1270-74. 

Henry  H.  Bom  at  Sanguesa,  Spain,  April,  1503 : 


495 

died  at  Pau,  France,  May  25, 1555.  Titular  king 
of  Navarre.  He  was  an  unsuccessful  claimant 
to  the  throne  in  1521. 

Henry  III.,  King  of  Navarre.  See  Henry  IV., 
King  of  France. 

Henry  I.  Born  at  Lisbon,  Jan.  31,  1512:  died 
1580.    King  of  Portugal  1578-80. 

Henry,  Due  d'Anjou.  See  Menry  in.,  King  of 
Prance. 

Henry,  Prince  of  Portugal,  sumamed  "  The 
Navigator."  Bom  at  Oporto,  Portugal,  March 
4, 1394 :  died  at  Sagres,  Portugal,  Nov.  13, 1460. 
Younger  sou  of  Johnl.  of  Portugal,  distinguish  ed 
for  his  encouragement  of  science  and  geograph- 
ical discovery.  His  expeditions  rounded  Cape 
Bojador  in  1433,  discovered  Madeira,the  Azores, 
the  Senegal,  etc. 

Henry,  Prince  of  Prussia  (G.  Friedrich  Hein- 
rich Xudwlg).  Bom  at  Berlin,  Jan.  18,  1726 : 
died  at  Rheinsberg,  Prussia,  Aug.  3, 1802.  A 
Prussian  general,  brother  of  Frederick  the 
Great,  distinguished  in  the  Seven  Years'  War, 
especially  at  Prague  in  1757,  and  Freiberg  in 
1762. 

Henry,  sumamed  "  The  Lion."  Bom  probably  at 
,  Eavensburg,  WUrtemberg,  1129:  died  at  Bruns- 
wick, Germany,  Aug.  6, 1195.  Duke  of  Saxony 
and  Bavaria.  He  succeeded  as  duke  of  Saxony  in  1139 ; 
received  Bavaria  in  1166  ;  was  deposed  and  his  dominions 
divided  in  1180 ;  and  submitted  to  the  emperor  in  1181. 

Henry  of  Ghent.  Bom  near  Ghent,  Belgium, 
probably  about  1217:  died  at  Tournay,  Belgium, 
1293.  A  scholastic  philosopher,  sumamed ' '  Doc- 
tor Solennis"  ('The  Illustrious  Doctor'). 

Henry  of  Huntingdon.  Born  about  1084 :  died 
1155.  An  English  historian.  His  early  life  was  spent 
at  Lincoln,  and  he  became  archdeacon  of  Huntingdon  in 
1110. 

At  the  request  of  Alexander,  bishop  of  Lincoln  from 
1123  to  1147  (^Bist.  Anglor.  Prolog.),  he  undertook  an  Eng- 
lish history,  following  Bede  by  the  bishop's  advice,  and 
extracting  from  other  chroniclers.  The  first  edition  of 
this  work  was  carried  down  to  1129,  and  he  continued  to 
add  to  it  at  various  times,  the  last  edition  being  brought 
down  to  1154,  the  year  of  Stephen's  death,  which  could  not 
^  long  have  preceded  his  own,  as  we  find  a  new  archdeacon 
of  Huntingdon  in  1165.  The  early  portion  of  Henry's  "His-% 
toria  Anglorum  "  is  taken  from  the  usual  sources,  the  "  His- 
toria  Miscella, "  "Aurelius  Victor,"  "  Nennius, ""  Bede, "  and 
the  "Anglo-Saxon  Chronicles  " ;  he  enlarges  partly  from 
oral  tradition  (as  in  the  story  of  Cnut  and  the  sea),  and 
partlyfrom  his  own  invention.  After  1127  he  is  probably 
original,  and  his  narrative  is  written  contemporaneously 
with  the  events  he  describes.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Henry  of  Lancaster.  Bom  about  1299 :  died  at 
Leicester,  May  13, 1361.  An  English  noble,  sou 
of  Henry,  earl  of  Lancaster  (1281(?)-1345).  He 
commanded  under  Edward  III.  in  Scotland  in  1336  ;  was 
created  earl  of  Derby  in  1337 ;  fought  under  Edward  at 
Viroufosse ;  took  part  in  the  sea-fight  before  Sluys ;  was 
appointed  captain -general  in  Scotland  in  1341;  and  was 
lieutenant  and  captain  of  AquitaineMay,  1346,-Feb.,  1347, 
defeating  the  French  at  Auberoche,  Oct.  21, 1345,  and  gain- 
ing many  other  successes.  In  1349  he  was  created  earl 
of  Lincoln,  and  appointed  vice-regent  of  the  duchy  of  Gas- 
cony  and  of  the  duchy  of  Poitou.  In  1361  he  was  created 
duke  of  Lancaster,  and  made  captain  and  admiral  of  the 
western  fieet.  He  was  engaged  in  numerous  military  op- 
erations and  in  diplomatic  missions.  Among  his  contem- 
poraries he  was  famous  as  a  model  of  knighthood. 

Henry  of  Lausanne :  also  called  Henry  of  Clu- 
gny^Henry  the  Deacon,  Henry  the  Hermit, 

etc.  Died  about  1148.  A  French  itinerant  preach- 
er and  religious  reformer,  founder  of  the  sect  of 
the  Henriciansj 
Henry  of  Marlborough.  Flourished  about  1420. 

An  English  chronicler.  He  was  a  chaplain  in  Dublin, 
and  held  the  vicarages  of  Balscaddan  and  Donabate  in 
Dublin  County.  His  annals  (in  Latin)  cover  the  history  of 
England  and  Ireland  for  the  period  1133-1421. 

Henry  of  Trastamare.  See  Henry  11.,  King  of 
Castile. 

Henry  IV.  A  historical  play,  in  2  parts,  by  Shak- 
spere.  it  was  founded  on  an  old  play,  "  The  Famous  Vic- 
tories of  Henry  V."  The  first  part  was  produced  in  1697 
and  printed  in  1698 ;  the  second  part  was  produced  in  1698 
and  printed  in  1600. 

Henry  V.  A  historical  play  by  Shaksperfe,  acted 
in  1599,  printed  1600.  The  material  was  taken  from 
"The  Famous  Victories  of  Henry  V.,"  and  with  the  two 
previous  plays  completes  a  trilogy. 

Henry  VI.  A  Mstorieal  play  in  3  parts.  The  first 
part  was  acted  as  a  new  play  in  1692.  It  was  evidently 
written  in  1588-89  by  several  hands,  with  additions  by  Shak- 
spere.  The  authors  have  been  said  to  be  Marlowe,  Kyd, 
Peele,  and  Lodge,  and  perhaps  Greene.  (Fleay.)  The  sec- 
ond part  is  a  transcript  of  a  play  written  about.  1689  and 
published  in  1594  as  "  The  First  Part  of  the  Contention  be- 
twixt the  two  Famous  Houses  of  York  and  Lancaster. "  It 
is  thought  to  have  been  written  by  Greene,  Peele,  Mar- 
lowe, and  Lodge,  some  of  it  being  rewritten  by  Shakspere 
(Fleay)  and  altered  by  some  illiterate  actor.  The  third 
part  followed,  "  The  true  Tragedie  of  Richard  Duke  of 
York,  and  the  Death  of  Good  King  Henry  the  Sixt,  etc.," 
which  was  the  second  part  of  "  The  Contention,"  probably 
mostly  by  Marlowe,  with  touches  by  Shakspere.  These 
three  plays  were  placed  by  Homing  and  Condell  in  the  first 
collected  edition  of  Shakspere's  plays  in  1623. 


Henshaw 

Henry  VIII.  A  historical  play,  partly  by  Shak- 
spere, who  appears  to  have  left  it  unfinished, 
the  rest  being  by  Fletcher  and  Massinger.  It  is 
founded  on  Holinshed's  "  Chronicle  "  and  Fox's  "Christian 
Martyrs,"  and  was  produced  in  1613.  As  we  have  it,  it  is 
not  the  play  of  that  name  that  was  being  acted  when  the 
Globe  Theatre  was  burned  in  the  same  year. 

Henry,  Joseph.  Born  at  Albany,  N.  Y. ,  Dec.  17, 
1797:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  May  13, 1878. 
An  American  physicist,  especially  noted  for  in- 
vestigations in  eleetromagnetism.  He  became 
secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  (Washington)  in 
1846.  Among  his  works  are  ' '  Contributions  to  Electricity 
and  Magnetism  "  (1839).  His  collected  works  were  nub- 
lished  in  1888. 

Henry,  Matthew.  Bom  at  Broad  Oak,  Flint- 
shire, Wales,  Oct.  18,  1662:  died  atNantwich, 
England,  June  22,  1714.  An  English  biblical 
commentator,  son  of  Philip  Henry.  He  became  a 
nonconformist  minister  at  Chester  in  1687,  and  in  1712  re- 
moved to  Hackney.  His  chief  work  is  the  "  Exposition  of 
the  Old  and  New  Testament "  (1708-10).  He  also  wrote 
"A  Method  for  Prayer  "  (1710),  etc. 

Henry,  Patrick.  Bom  at  Studley,  Hanover 
County,  Va.,  May  29,  1736 :  died  at  Red  Hill, 
Charlotte  County,  Va.,  June  6,  1799.  A  cele- 
brated American  orator  and  patriot.  He  was  the 
son  of  John  Henry,  a  Scotchman,  and  Sarah  Winston,  a  de- 
scendant of  the  English  family  of  that  name.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1760.  In  1766  he  entered  the  Virginia 
House  of  Burgesses,  and  immediately  became  the  leader 
in  Virginia  of  the  political  agitation  which  preceded  tlie 
American  Revolution.  He  offered  a  series  of  resolutions 
declaring  the  Stamp  Act  unconstitutional.  May  29,  1766, 
and  in  May,  1773,  was  associated  with  Thomas  Jefferson, 
R.  H.  Lee,  and  Dabney  Carr  in  procuring  the  passage  of 
the  resolution  establishing  a  committeeof  correspondence 
for  intercourse  with  the  other  colonies.  He  was  a  promi- 
nent member  of  the  Continental  Congress  of  1774,  and  of 
the  Virginia  Convention  of  1775 ;  was  governor  of  Virginia 
1776-79  and  1784-86 ;  and  in  1788  was  a  member  of  the  Rati- 
fying Convention,  where  he  acted  with  the  Anti-Federalists. 

Henry,  Philip.  Born  at  London,  Aug.  24, 1631 : 
died  at  Broad  Oak,  Flintshire,  June  24,  1696. 
An  English  nonconformist  divine.  His  diaries 
were  published  in  1882. 

Henry,  Robert.  Bom  at  Muirton,  Stirling- 
shire, Feb.  18, 1718 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  24, 
1790.  A  Scottish  historian,  author  of  a  "His- 
tory of  England"  (1771-93). 

Henry  and  Emma.  A  poem  by  Prior  upon  the 
model  of  the  old  ballad ' '  The  Nut  Brown  Maid." 

Henry  Clay  (hen'ri  kla).  An  American  trotting 
stallion,  the  founder  of  the  Clay  family  of  trot- 
ters. He  was  by  Andrew  Jackson,  by  Grand  Bashaw,  a 
supposed  Arabian  imported  from  Algiers. 

Henry  Esmond  (hen'ri  ez'mond).  A  novel  by 
Thackeray,  published  in  185^.  The  scene  is  laid 
in  the  time  of  Queen  Anne.  The  book  is  a  reproduction  of 
the  manners,  thoughts,  and  literary  style  which  prevailed 
in  England  at  that  period.  Henry  Esmond,  the  principal 
character,  is  a  brave,  polished,  true,  and  loyal  gentleman, 
almost  too  self-sacrificing.  He  loves  Beatrix  Esmond,  but 
finally  marries  her  mother,  Lady  Castlewood.  See  Esmond, 
Beatrix. 

Henryson  (hen'ii-son),  Robert.  Bom  about 
1430 :  died  probably  before  1500  (Morley).  A 
Scottish  poet.  He  wrote  "Schoolmaster  of  Dunferm- 
line," "  Testament  of  Cresseid  "  (a  sort  of  sequel  to  Chau- 
cer's ",Troilus  and  Cressida"),  "  Robene  and  Makyne  "  (said 
to  be  the  earliest  English  pastoral  poem),  "  Fables  of  Esop  " 
(probably  written  between  1470  and  1480),  etc.  The  fables 
include ' '  The  Taill  of  the  Uponlandis  Mous  and  the  Burges 
Mous  "  ("  The  Country  Mouse  and  the  City  Mouse  ").  His 
collected  works  were  edited  by  D.  Laing  (1865). 

Henry  the  Minstrel,    See  Harry,  Elmd. 

Henschel  (hen'shel),  Georg.  Bom  at  Breslau, 
Feb.  18,  1850.  A  musical  performer  and  con- 
ductor. He  has  a  barytone  voice,  and  has  made  a  reputa^ 
tiou  as  a  concert-singer.  He  married  Lillian  Bailey,  who 
was  also  a  singer.  He  went  to  England  in  1877.  In  1881  he 
was  appointed  conductor  of  the  Boston  Symphony  Orches- 
tra. In  1886  he  organized  the  London  Symphony  Concerts^ 
and  appeared  for  the  first  time  in  London  as  a  conductor. 
From  1886  to  1888  he  was  professor  of  singing  in  Madame 
Goldschmidt's  place  at  the  Royal  College  of  Music,  London, 

Hensel(hen'sel),  Madame  (Fanny CecileMen- 
delssohn-Bartholdy).  Bom  at  Hamburg,  Nov. 
14, 1805 :  died  May  17, 1847.  A  pianist  and  com- 
poser, elder  sister  of  Felix  Mendelssohn,  and 
wife  (Oct.  3, 1829)  of  W.  Hensel,  a  German  paint- 
er.    Shepublished  several  books  of  songs. 

Hensel,  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Trebbin,  Prussia, 
July  6,  1794 :  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  26,  1861.  A 
German  historical  painter.  In  1828  he  became 
court  painter.  He  married  the  sister  of  Mendels- 
sohn. 

Henselt  (hen'selt),  Adolf.  Bom  at  Schwabach, 
Bavaria,  May  12, 1814:  died  at  Warmbrunn,  Si- 
lesia, Oct.  10,  1889.  A  noted  German  pianist. 
In  1838  he  was  made  court  pianist  and  teacher  of  the  im- 
perial children  at  St.  Petersburg.  He  visited  England  in 
1862  and  1867.  He,  with  Liszt,  invented  and  taught  the 
piano  technic  now  in  use.  He  is  especially  identified 
with  the  modern  treatment  of  extensions. 

Henshaw  (hen'sha),  John  Prentiss  Kewley, 

Bom  at  Middletown,  Conn.,  June  13, 1792:  died 
near  Frederick,  Md.,  July  19  (20  ?),  1852.    An 


Henshaw 

A.merican  bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church.  He  became  rector  of  St.  Peter's,  Baltimore,  in 
1817,  and  in  1843  became  bishop  of  Rhode  Island  and  rector 
of  Grace  Church,  Providence.  He  published  a  number  of 
theological  works,  includinfir  a  volume  of  "Hymns  "(5th 
ed.  1832). 

Henslow(heuz'16),  John  Stevens.  Born  at  Eo- 
chester,  England,  Feb.  6, 1796:  died  at  Hitcham, 
Suffolk,  May  16, 1861.  An  English  botanist,  pro- 
fessor of  mineralogy  at  Cambridge  1822-27,  and 
grofessor  of  botany  1827-61.  He  became  rector  of 
itcham  in  1837.  He  wrote  a  "  Catalogue  ol  British  Plants  " 
(1829),  "Principles  of  Descriptive  and  Physiological  Bot- 
any "  (1836),  "  A  Dictionary  of  Botanical  Terms  "  (1857),  etc. 

Eenslowe  (heuz'16),  Philip,  Died  in  1616.  An 
English  theatrical  manager.  He  began  life  as  ser- 
vant of  the  bailiff  of  Viscount  Montague,  whose  town  house 
was  in  Southwarlc.  Henslowe  took  care  of  the  property 
there,  and  gradually  made  money  and  bought  property. 
He  owned  the  Boar's  Head  and  other  inns.  In  1586  he 
bought  land  on  the  Bankside,  and  in  1591  built  the  Kose 
Theatre  there.  In  1592  he  began  to  keep  the  accounts  of 
his  theatrical  ventures  in  his  "Diary."  In  it  he  gives  the 
dates  of  new  plays  and  the  amounts  he  paid  for  them.  This 
diary  is  of  great  value  to  students  of  the  drama.  In  1600 
he,  with  AUeyn,  built  the  Fortune  Theatre.  His  "  Diary  " 
was  edited  for  the  Shakspere  Society  (1841). 

Hentz  (hents),  Mrs.  (Caroline  Lee  Whiting). 
Born  at  Lancaster,  Mass.,  1800 :  died  at  Mari- 
anna,  Pla. ,  Feb.  11, 1856.  An  American  novelist. 
She  wrote  "Aunt  Patty's  Scrap-Bag"  (1846), 
"The  Mob  Cap"  (1848). 

Henzada  (hen-za'da).  A  district  in  the  Pegu 
division,  British  Burma,  intersected  by  lat.  17° 
30'N.,  long.95°30'E.  Area,  2,298  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  380,927. 

Hepburn  (hep'bem),  James,  fourth  Earl  of 
Both  well.  Born  about  1536:  died  1578.  A  Scot- 
tish noble,  husband  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  He 
took  no  part  in  the  murder  of  Rizzio,  and  aided  Mary,  after 
that  event,  in  her  flight  from  Holyrood,  and  was  her  chief 
supporter.  He  was  the  principal  in  the  assassination  of 
Damley  ;  was  tried  for  the  murder,  under  circumstances 
which  made  his  conviction  practically  impossible,  and  was 
acquitted.  On  April  24, 1567,  while  the  queen  was  return- 
ing to  Edinburgh,  she  was  met  by  Bothwell,  who,  with  a 
show  of  force,  carried  her  to  his  castle  of  Dunbar.  He 
obtained  a  divorce  from  his  wife  early  in  May,  and  mar- 
ried the  queen  soon  after  (May  16, 1667).  They  were  di- 
vorced in  1570.    He  became  a  pirate  and  died  insane. 

Hephsestion  (he-fes'ti-on).  [Gr.  'H^aiffriuv.] 
Lived  in  the  2d  century.  An  Alexandrian  gram- 
marian, author  of  a  work  on  Greek  meters  (ed- 
ited by  Gaisford  1810) . 

Eephaestion,  Died  at  Ecbatana,  325  or  324  B.  c. 
A  Macedonian  of  Pella,  the  intimate  friend  and 
companion  of  Alexander  the  Great.  He  died  of 
fever  at  Ecbatana,  and  was  mourned  by  the  conqueror  with 
extravagant  demonstrations  of  grief. 

Hephaestus  (he-fes'tus).  [Gr.  "H^aitrrof.J  In 
Greek  mythology,  the  god  of  fire  and  metallic 
arts,  son  of  Zeus  and  Hera,  and  one  of  the  great 
Olytopians :  identified  by  the  Eomans  with  their 
Vulcan,  who  became  assimilated  to  him.  He  was 
the  creator  of  all  that  was  beautiful  and  mechanically  won- 
derful in  Olympus.  Volcanoes  were  held  to  be  his  smithy 
and  the  Cyclopes  were  his  journeymen.  In  art  he  was  rep- 
resented as  a  bearded  man,  usually  with  the  short  sleeve- 
less or  one-sleeved  tunic  (exorm8)and  the  conical  cap,  and 
holding  the  smith's  hammer  and  tongs. 

Hephzibah  (hef'zi-ba).  [Heb.,  'my  delight  is 
in  ner,']  The  wife  of  Hezekiah,  king  of  Judah ; 
also,  a  name  to  be  given  to  the  restored  Jeru- 
salem (Isa.  Ixii.  4), 

Heppenheim  (hep'pen-him).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  Starkenburg,  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
16  miles  south  of  Darmstadt.  Near  it  is  the 
ruined  castle  of  Starkenburg. 

Heptameron  (hep-tam'e  -ron).  [Irreg.  from  Gr. 
iTTTa,  seven,  and  ^/ftipa,"day.]  A  book  contain- 
ing the  transactions  of  seven  days.  The  "Hep- 
tameron "  of  Margaret  of  AngouWme,  queen  of  Navarre 
(1492-1549),  is  a  collection  of  stoiies  supposed  to  have  been 
related  during  seven  days,  modeled  on  the  '^Decameron" 
of  Boccaccio. 

The  exact  authorship  of  this  celebrated  book  is  some- 
thing of  a  literary  puzzle.  Marguerite  was  a  prolific  au- 
thor, if  all  the  works  which  were  published  under  her  name 
be  unhesitatingly  ascribed  to  her.  Besides  the  poems 
printed  under  the  pretty  title  of  "  Les  Marguerites  de  la 
Marguerite,"  she  wrote  many  other  works,  and  the  "  Hep- 
tameron," which  was  not  given  to  the  world  until  after  her 
death  (1568).  The  house  of  Valois  was  by  no  means  des- 
titute of  literary  talent.  But  that  which  seems  most  likely 
to  be  the  Queen's  genuine  work  hardly  corresponds  with 
the  remarkable  power  shown  in  the  ''Heptameron."  On 
the  other  hand.  Marguerite  for  years  maintain  ed  a  literary 
court,  in  which  all  the  most  celebrated  men  of  the  time, 
notably  Marot  and  Bonaventure  des  PMers,  held  places. 
If  it  were  allowable  to  decide  literary  questions  simply  by 
considerations  of  probability,  there  could  be  little  hesi- 
tation in  assigning  the  entire  "  Heptameron  "  to  Des  Pi- 
riers  himself,  and  then  its  unfinished  condition  would  be 
intelligible  enough.  The  general  opinion  of  critics,  how- 
ever, is  that  it  was  probably  the  result  of  the  joint  work  of 
the  Queen,  of  Des  P^riers,  and  of  a  good  many  other  men, 
and  probably  some  women,  of  letters. 

Saintebwry,  French  Lit.,  p.  190. 

Heptanomis  (hep-tan'o-mis).  [Gr.  'Eirravo/ik.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  the  part  of. Egypt  ex- 


496 


Herbert,  George 


DUB,  who  in  the  partition  of  the  conquered  territories  ob 
tained  Argos ;  ProclusandEurystheneSjWhoobtainedLacei 
dsemon  ;  and  Cresphontes,  who  obtained  Messenia.  The 
invasion  of  the  Peloponnesus  by  the  Heraclidse  in  alliance 
with  the  Dorians  was  commonly  referred  to  as  the  return 
of  the  Heraclidce. 

3.  A  tragedy  of  Euripides,  exhibited  about  420 
B.  C.  "It  celebrates  the  honourable  conduct  of  Athens 
in  protecting  the  suppliant  children  of  Heracles,  and  her 
victory  over  the  insolent  Argive  king  Eurystheus,  who  in- 
vades  Attica  to  recover  the  fugitives.  The  play  was  ob- 
viously intended  as  a  political  document,  directed  against 
the  Argive  party  in  Athens  during  the  Peloponnesian  war." 

HeraclitUS  (her-a-kli'tus).  [Gr.  'B.paiJlEiTog.'i 
Born  at  Bphesus,"probably  about  535  B.  o. :  died 
there,  probably  about  475  b.  c.    A  celebrated 

^ Greek  philosopher. 

dom  exactfy  seven,*and  Their  union  or  confederation  was  HeraclltUS.     An  elegiac  poet  of  Halicamassus, 
partial  and  temporary.    The  chief  kingdoms  were  Kent,     ^  contemporary  and  friend  of  Callimachus. 
Wessex,  Mercia,  East  Anglia,  Deira  and  Bemioia  (united  TT.-apiJ,,-  Chfir-n-lrlT'iisi)      Bom  in  CaDnadocia 
as  NorthnmhriaV  and  Sussex.    See  Enoland.  ^?'^.^'^ii-^  t^er  a  KH  us;,     ooiii  in  v^ppauocia, 

Asia  Mmor,  about  575 :  died  641.    Emperor  of 


tending  from  about  lat.  27°  N.  to  the  commence- 
ment of  the  Delta :  nearly  equivalent  to  Middle 
Egypt. 

The  Heptanomis,  or  region  of  the  seven  provinces  or 
nomes,  the  northernmost  part,  is  far  broader  and  more 
productive  than  the  Thebajs,  which  takes  its  name  from 
Thebes,  the  southernmost  district.  In  the  Heptanomis, 
about  seventy  miles  by  the  river  above  Cairo,  on  the  western 
bank,  stood  the  city  of  Hanes.  The  site  is  marked  by  the 
extensive  mounds  around  the  Arab  village  of  Ahnis-el- 
Medeeneh,  'Ahn^s  the  capital,'  a  name  probably  preserv- 
ing the  remembrance  that  in  earlier  times  this  was  the 
chief  town  of  a  province.       Poole,  Cities  of  Egypt,  p.  37. 

Heptarchy  (hep'tar-ki).  [From  Gr.  iirrd,  seven, 
and  apxv,  rule.]  Aname  formerly  loosely  given 
to  the  early  English  kingdoms  prior  to  their 
consolidation.   The  number  of  them,  however,  wassel- 


as  Northmnbria),  and  Sussex.  See  England. 
Heptateuch  (hep'ta-tiik).  [Fi?om  Gr.  iirr6., 
seven,  and  revxo^,  an  implement,  a  book.}  The 
first  seven  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  The  last 
two  (Joshua  and  Judges)  contain  the  history  of  the  Jews 
in  the  promised  land  under  the  theocratic  government 
historically  developed  in  the  preceding  five  (the  Penta- 
teuch). 

Hep'^orth  (hep'werth),  George  Hughes.  Bom 

at  Boston,  Mass.,  Feb.  4,  1833 :  died  at  New 
York,  June  7,  1902.  An  American  clergyman, 
lecturer,  and  writer.   He  was  pastor  of  the  Church  of 


the  Unity  in  Boston  1868-70,  and  of  the  Church  of  the  Mes-  H^raclius  Ca-ra-kle-iis' ) 
siah  in  New  York  city  1870-72,  when  he  abandoned  the  ";,Vi  ■'-;,. 3  ^_  MtA7 
Unitarian  and  entered  the  Presbyterian  Church.    He  sub-     PnDlisnea  m  ID*/ , 

sequently  occupied  ^         "   "      ' ' 

pies,  and  eventually .       ^_  _ 

York  "Herald."  He  wrote  "The  Whip,  Hoe,  and  Sword" 
(1864),"The  Criminal,  the  Crime,  the  Penalty"  (186B),  etc. 
Hera,  orHere  (he'ra, -re).  [Gr.  "Hpa,  "H/37.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  tte  greatest  feminine  divin- 
ity of  Olympus,  queen  of  heaven,  wife  and  sister 
of  Zeus,  and  inferior  in  power  to  him  alone. 
She  was  the  type  of  virtuous  womanhood,  and  of  the  wife 
and  mother.  In  art  she  is  represented  as  a  majestic  wo- 
man, fully  clad  In  flowing  draperies,  characteristically 
with  a  crown  on  her  brow,  and  bearing  a  long  scepter.  By 
the  Bomans  Hera  was  early  identified  with  their  Juno,  ori 


the  East.  He  was  the  son  of  Heraclius,  governor  of 
Africa,  and  succeeded  to  the  throne  as  the  result  of  a  con- 
spiracy between  his  father  and  Crispus,  the  son-in-law  of 
the  emperor  Phocas.  In  the  early  years  of  his  reign  the 
empire  was  terribly  ravaged  by  the  inroads  of  the  Avars 
and  the  Persians.  After  having  established  the  Croats  and 
the  Serbs  in  Illyricum  as  a  barrier  against  the  former  about 
620,  he  annihilated  the  power  of.  the  latter  in  a  series  of 
brilliant  campaigns  622-628.  The  subsequent  years  of  his 
reign  were  spent  in  an  inexplicable  inactivity,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  loss  of  Syria,  Palestine,  Mesopotamia,  and 
Egypt  to  the  califs. 

A  play  by  Comeille, 


the  pulpit  of  the  Church  of  the  Disci-  Horas,  Juan  Gregono  dO  las.    See  Las  Heras. 
'  accepted  an  appointment  on  the  New  Herat  (her-af).     1.  A  territory  in  western  Af- 
,.  , .    „         ,  „      J..    gjjg_jjjg(;ajj^  bordering  on  Persia. — 2.  A  city  of 

Afghanistan,  situated  near  the  river  Heri-Eud, 
lat.  34°  22' N.,  long.  62°  9' E.  It  is  a  place  of  strate- 
gic and  military  importance,  defended  by  awall  and  earth- 
work,andhas  been  called  "the  key  of  India."  Itwasoften 
captured  in  the  middle  ages ;  was  unsuccessfully  besieged 
by  the  Persians  in  1837-3§  and  taken  by  them  in  1856 ;  and 
was  taken  by  Dost  Mohammed  in  1863,  and  by  Abdurrah- 
man Khan  in  1881.  It  has  undergone  over  50  sieges.  It 
is  the  center  of  a  very  fertile  district,  and  is  a  natural 
emporium  of  trade.  Population,  about  30,000. 
ginally  a  distinct  divinity;"  and  the  Latin  name  is  often  in-  Herault  (a-ro').     1.  A  river  in  southern  Prance, 


gPorrectly  given  to  the  Greek  goddess. 

Heraclea  (her-a-kle'a).  [Gr. 'HpfifcXeia.]  In  an- 
cient geograpfiiy,  a  city  of  Magna  Grsecia,  sit- 
uated near  the  Gulf  of  Tarentum  about  lat. 
40°  10'  N.,  long.  16°  41'  B.,  near  the  modern 
Policoro.  It  was  a  Tarentine  colony,  and  was  the  scene 
of  a  victory  of  Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus,  over  the  Romans 
280  B.  c. 

Heraclea,  sumamed  "Minoa"  (Gr.  MtiK/ia).  In 
ancient  geography,  a  city  on  the  southern  coast 
of  Sicily;  18  miles  west-northwest  of  Agrigen- 
tum. 

Heraclean  Tables  (her-a-kle'anta'blz),L.Tab 


flowing  into  the  Mediterranean  31  miles  south- 
west of  Montpellier.  Length,  about  100  miles. 
—  2.  A  department  of  southern  France.  Capi- 
tal, Montpellier.  it  is  bounded  by  Aveyron  and  Card 
on  the  north,  Gard  on  the  east,  the  Mediterranean  and 
Aude  on  the  south,  and  Tain  on  the  west,  corresponding 
to  part  of  the  ancient  Languedoc.  Among  the  leading  pro* 
ducts  are  oil  and  wine.  Area,  2,393  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  461,661. 

Herault  de  Sechelles  (a-ro'  de  sa-shel'),  Marie 
Jean,  Born  at  Paris,  1760 :  guillotined  at  Paris, 
April  5, 1794.  A  French  revolutionist.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  in  1791,  of  the  Conven- 
tion in  1792,  and  of  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  in  1793. 


?i^l«.^L°it!l^«l\  Jrl'L^!^?^^''^^^^^^^^     Herbart  (her'bart),  Johann  Frie^ch    Bom 

at  Oldenburg,  Germany,  May  4,  1776 :  died  at 
Gottingen,  Prussia,  Aug.  34,  1841.  A  noted 
German  philosopher,  professor  at  Konigsberg 
(1809)  and  later  (1833)  at  Gottingen,  the  foun- 
der of  a  school  noted  especially  for  its  work  in 
psychology.  He  published  "  Lehrbnoh  zur  Einleitung 
in  die  Philosophie ''  (1813),  "Lehrbueh  zur  Psychologic" 
(1816),  "Psychologic'  (1824-26),  "Allgemeine  Metaphy- 
sik"  (1828-29),  " Encyklopiidie  der  Philosophie"  (1831). 
His  complete  works  were  edited  by  Hartenstein  (1850-52). 


tablets  discovered  nearHeracleainMagnaGree 
eia  about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century,  and 
preserved  at  Naples.    They  contain  a  Latin  inscrip- 
tion (a  copy  of  the  "Lex  Julia  munlcipalis  "),  and  also  a 
much  earlier  Greek  inscription. 

Heraclea  Perinthus.    See  Perinthus. 

Heraclea  Fontica  (pon'ti-ka).  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a  city  in  Bithynia,  Asia  Minor,  situ- 
ated on  the  Black  Sea  in  lat.  41°  17'  N.,  long. 
31°  25'  E. :  the  modern  Bender  Erekli 


Heraclea  Sintica  (sin'ti-ka).  In  ancient  ge-  Herbelin  (erb-lan'),  Madame  (Jeanne  Ma- 
ography,  a  town  in  Macedonia,  situated  about  thilde  Habert),  Born  at  Brunoy,  Seine-et- 
lat.  40°  54'  N.,  long.  23°  30'  E. :  the  modem  Oise,  Aug.  24, 1820:  died  at  Paris,  AprU  4, 1904. 
Zeruokhori.  A  French  miniature-painter.  She  painted  min- 

Heraclea  Trachinia  (tra-Mu'i-a).  In  ancient  iature  portraits  of  Guizot,  Eosa  Bonheur,  etc. 
geography,  a  town  in  Mails,  Greece,  10  miles  Herbelot  (er-bl6'),  Barth€lemy  d'.  Born  at 
west  of  ThermopylEB :  a  Spartan  colony.  Paris,  Deo.  4,  1625:    died  there,  Dec.  8,  1695. 

Heracleidse.     See  Heradlidx.  A  French  Orientalist.     He  published  "Biblio- 

Heracleitus.     See  HeracUtus.  thfeque   orientale,  ou  dictionnaire  universel" 

Heracleonites  (he-rak'lf-on-its).     The  follow-     (1697),  etc. 
ers  of  Heracleon,  a  Valen'tinian  Gnostic  of  the  Herbert  (hfer'bSrt),  Ed'Ward,  Lord  Herbert  of 
2d  century,  noted  as  a  commentator  on  the     Cherbury.    Bom  about  1582 :  died  at  London, 
Gospel  of  John.  Aug.  20, 1648.   An  English  philosopher,  soldier, 

Heracles,    See  Hercules.  diplomatist,  and  historian.    His  chief  work  is 

Heraclian(he-rak'li-an).   Died  at  Carthage,  413    "De  veritate"  ("On  Truth,"  1624), 
A.  D.    A  Eoman  general.    He  assassinated  Stilicho  Herbert,  George.   Bom  at  Montgomery  Castle, 
in  408  at  the  instance  of  the  emperor  Honorius,  for  which     Wales,  April  3,  1593:  died  at  Bemerton,  near 


service  he  was  rewarded  with  the  office  of  count  of  Africa. 
He  remained  loyal  to  Honorius  during  the  usurpation  in 
409  and  410  of  Attains,  the  creature  of  Alaric,  but  revolted 
in  413,  in  which  year  he  made  an  unsuccessful  invasion 
of  Italy.  He  was  killed  at  Carthage  by  emissaries  of  the 
emperor. 
Heraclidse  (ber-a-kll'de).  [Gr.'Hpa/cAeMoj.]  1. 
The  descendants  of  Heracles;  specifically,  in 
Greek  legend,  certain  Achaean  chiefs  claiming 
descentfromHeracles,who  in  prehistoric  times 
joined  the  Dorian  migration  to  the  Peloponne- 
sus. The  sons  of  Heracles  were  said  to  have  been  ex- 
pelled from  their  heritage  in  the  Peloponnesus  by  Eurys- 
theus, and  to  have  settled  in  Attica.  The  most  notable 
of  their  descendants  who  joined  the  Dorians  wereTeme- 


Salisbnry,  Feb.,  1633.  An  English  poet,  bro- 
ther of  Edward,  Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbuiy.  He 
graduated  B.  A.  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  fn  1614^ 
and  M.  A.  in  1616,  when  he  was  elected  fellow.  In  1618 
he  was  prelector  in-  the  rhetoric  school  at  Cambridge,  and 
in  1619  he  was  made  public  orator.  He  was  much  in  fa- 
vor at  court,  and  in  his  position  as  orator  it  was  his  duty 
to  write  all  o£9cial  letters  to  the  government.  This  brought 
himmuchin  contact  with  public  men.  In  1627  he  resigned 
the  post  on  account  of  ill  health.  In  1630  Charles  I.  pre- 
sented him  to  the  rectoiy  of  Fugglestone  with  Bemerton, 
Wiltshire.  He  repaired  Bemerton  church,  which  is  said 
to  be  the  smallest  in  England.  It  was  restored  by  Wyatt 
in  1868.  Here  he  wrote  the  religious  poems  for  which  lie 
is  principally  remembered,  and  which  were  published  after 
his  death  in  a  volume  called  "  The  Temple :  Sacred  Poema 


Herbert,  George 

and  Private  Ejaculations"  (1633).  In  1670  "more  than 
20,000  copies  had  been  sold."  I'here  have  been  many  edi- 
tions, the  most  careful  being  that  ol  Orosart  in  his  col- 
lected edition  oi  Herbert  (1874).  He  also  wrote  "A  Piiest 
to  the  Temrfe,  or  the  Country  Parson,"  in  prose  (1652),  etc. 

Herbert,  Henry  William :  pseudonym  Frank 
Forester.  Bom  at  London,  April  7, 1807:  com- 
mitted suicide  at  New  York,  May  17, 1858.  An 
An^lo-American  miscellaneous  writer,  author 
of  historical  works,  novels,  translations,  etc.  He 
is  best  known  by  his  works  on  sports :  "  Held  Sports  of  the 
United  States"  (1849),  "  Jrank  Forester  and  his  Friends" 
(1849),  "The  Horse  and  Horsemanship-  of  the  United 
States"  (1867),  etc. 

Herbert,  John  Rogers.  Bom  at  Maldon,  Essex, 
England,  Jan.  23, 1810 :  died  at  London,  March 
17,  1890.  An  English  historical  and  portrait 
painter.  He  was  elected  one  of  the  masters  of  the  gov- 
ernment school  of  design  at  Somerset  House  in  1841,  and 
royal  academician  in  1846,  He  decorated  the  peers'  rob- 
ing-room  in  the  House  of  Lords.  His  picture  "SlrThomas 
More  and  his  Daughter  "  is  in  the  Vernon  collection,  Nar 
tional  GalleiT. 

Herbert,  Sidney,  first  Lord  Herbert  of  Lea. 
Born  at  Eiehmond,  Surrey,  Sept.  16, 1810:  died 
at  Wilton,  England,  Aug.  2,  1861.  An  English 
statesman,  younger  son  of  the  eleventh  Earl  of 
Pembroke.  He  was  secretary  at  war  1845-46, 
1852-55,  and  1859-61,  and  colonial  secretary 
1855. 

Herbert,  Sir  Thomas.  Bom  at  York,  England, 
about  1606:  died  at  York,  March  1,  1682.  An 
English  traveler  and  author.  He -obtained  a  place 
In  the  suite  of  Sir  Dodmore  Cotton,  ambassador  to  the  King 
of  Persia,  in  1627.  After  the  death  of  Cotton  in  the  follow- 
ing year,  he  made  an  extensive  tour  of  the  Persian  domin- 
ions, and  returned  to  England  in  1629.  He  adhered  to  the 
Parliamentary  cause  during  the  civil  war ;  was  appointed 
to  attend  Charles  I.  during  his  confinement  at  Holdenby 
in  1647 ;  and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed  by  the  king 
as  one  of  his  grooms  of  the  bedchamber.  He  wrote  "  A 
Description  of  the  Persian  Monarchy "  (1634 :  reprinted 
with  additions  as  "Some  Yeares  Travels  into  Africa  and 
Asia  the  Great "  in  1638)  and  "  Threnodia  Carolina  "  (1678 ; 
reprinted  with  additions  as  "  Memoirs  of  the  last  two  years 
of  the  reign  of  that  Unparallell'd  Prince  of  very  blessed 
memory.  King  Charles  I.,"  in  1702). 

Herborn  (her'bom).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  39  miles  northeast  of 
Coblenz. 

Herculaneum  (her-ku-la'ne-um).  [Gr.  'Hpd- 
K%etov,  city  of  Hercules.]  An  ancient  city  of 
Campania,  near  the  coast,  6  miles  southeast  of 
Naples,  directly  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Vesuvius. 
It  was  overwhelmed  like  Pompeii  in  the  erup  fcion  of  79  A.  D., 
heing  covered  in  this  and  succeeding  eruptions  first  with 
mud  and  then  with  ashes  and  lava  to  a  depth  of  from  70  to 
112  feet.  The  ancient  town  was  forgotten,  and  modern 
Besina  grew  up  over  its  ruins.    In  1709  an  inhabitant  of 

I  Resina  sunk  a  well  which  reached  the  ancient  level  in  the 
stage  structure  of  the  theater,  and  brought  to  light  sculp- 
tures and  marble  facings.  Further  search  was  made,  solely 
for  the  marbles  and  works  of  art,  and  subsequently  exca- 
vations were  undertaken  by  the  government,  but  were  very 
ignorantly  and  irregularly  conducted,  and  the  galleries 
pierced  were  in  great  part  filled  again.  Under  the  French 
rule  (1806-15)  systematic  explorations  were  instituted ;  a 
little  was  done  between  1828  and  1837;  then  nothing  until 
Victor  Emmanuel  caused  the  resumption  of  the  work  in 
1869.  The  most  important  remains  are  the  theater,  basil- 
ica, prison,  some  interesting  private  dwellings,  and  por- 
tions of  several  streets  paved  with  lava.  In  Herculaneum 
were  found  a  number  of  carbonized  manuscripts  on  papy- 
rus, some  of  which  have  been  deciphered,  and  some  of  the 
hest-known  statues  of  the  Naples  Museum,  including  the 
Agrippina,  Sleeping  Faun,  Aristides,  and  busts  of  Plato  and 
Demosthenes. 

Herculano  de  Oarvalho  e  Araujo  (er-ko-la'nij 
de  kar-val'yo  e  a-rou'zhij),  Alexandre.  Bora 
at  Lisbon,  March  28,  1810:  died  Sept.  12,  1877. 
A  Portuguese  poet,  historian,  and  novelist.  His 
works  include  the  poem  "Avozdopropheta"  ("The  Voice 
of  the  Prophet,"  1836),  "Historia  de  Portugal"  (1846-53), 
"  Da  origem  e  estabelecimento  da  Inquisi5ao  em  Portugal " 
(1864-66),  the  novels  "Eurico  "(1847),  "OmongedeCister  ' 
("The  Monk  of  Cister,"  1848),  etc. 

Hercules  (h6r'kii-lez),  Gr.  Heracles  (her'a- 
klez).  [Gr. 'Hjoa/cAw.]  InGreekandEomanmy- 
thology,  a  mighty  hero,  originating  in  Greek  le- 
gend,but  adopted  byth6Romans,and  worshiped 
as  the  god  of  physical  strength,  courage,  and  re- 
lated qualities.  According  to  the  mythical  account, 
his  father,  Zeus  (Jupiter),  destined  him  to  the  sovereignty 
of  Tiryns  by  right  of  his  mother,  Alcmene,  granddaughter 
of  Perseus,  but  was  thwarted  by  Hera  (Juno).  After  Her- 
cules had  performed  wonderful  deeds  in  behalf  of  Thebes, 
his  birthplace,  Hera  consented  to  his  being  made  immor- 
tal, on  condition  of  his  accomplishing  certain  superhuman 
feats  for  his  rival  Eurystheus  of  Tiryns,  in  which  he  suc- 
ceeded. Thesefeats,caUedthe  "twelvelabors"ofHercules 
were  as  follows  :  (a)  the  strangling  of  the  Nemean  lion ;  (!>) 
-the  killing  of  the  Lernean  hydra ;  (c)  the  capture  of  the 
Ceryneian  stag ;  (d)  the  capture  of  the  Erymanthian  boar ; 
(e)  the  cleaning  of  the  Augean  stables ;  (/)  the  slaughter 
of  the  Stymphalian  birds ;  (g)  the  capture  of  the  Cretan 
bull ;  (h)  the  capture  of  the  man-eating  mares  of  Diomedes ; 
({)  the  securing  of  the  girdle  of  Hippolyte,  queen  of  the 
Amazons;  (f)  the  fetching  of  the  red  oxen  of  Gerypn;  (*) 
the  procuring  of  the  golden  apples  of  the  Hespendes ;  (I) 
the  bringing  to  the  upper  worid  of  the  dog  Cerberus,  guar- 
dian of  Hades.  The  subject  of  this  most  famous  of  the 
Herculean  legends  (of  comparatively  late  date)  is  distm- 
«uished  as  the  Tirynthian  Hercules  from  oth  er  persomflca- 
C  — 32 


497 

tlons  of  Hercules  worshiped  in  different  places  and  coun- 
tries (as  the  Cretan  or  the  Egyptian  Hercules,  etc.),  under 
the  same  or  other  names,  the  attributes  of  these  various  per- 
sonifications being  essentially  the  same,  but  their  legendary 
history  being  different.  Hercules  is  represented  as  brawny 
and  muscular,  with  broad  shoulders,  generally  naked,  or 
draped  merely  in  the  skin  of  the  Nemean  lion,  the  head 
of  the  lion  being  often  drawn  over  that  of  the  hero  as  a  hel- 
met. He  is  usually  armed  with  a  club,  sometimes  with  a 
bow  and  arrows.    See  Izdubar  (fifisdhubar). 

It  has  long  been  recognised  that  Herakles  was  the  bor- 
rowed Phoenician  Sun-god  ;  we  now  know  that  his  primi- 
tive prototype  had  been  adopted  by  the  Phoenicians  from 
the  Accadians  of  Babylonia.  It  is  not  strange,  therefore, 
that  just  as  in  the  Greek  myth  of  Aphrodite  and  Adonis  we 
find  the  outlines  of  the  old  Chaldean  story  of  Istar  and 
Tammuz,  so  in  the  legends  of  Herakles  we  find  an  echo  of 
the  legends  of  Gisdhubar.  Thelion  destroyed  by  Gisdhubar 
is  the  lion  of  Nemea;  the  winged  bull  made  by  Anu  to 
avenge  the  slight  offered  to  Istar  is  the  winged  bull  of 
Krete ;  the  tyrant  Khumbaba,  slain  by  Gisdhubar  in  "the 
land  of  pine-trees,  the  seat  of  the  gods,  the  sanctuary  of 
the  spirits,"  is  the  tyrant  Geryon  ;  the  gems  borne  by  the 
trees  of  the  forest  beyond  "  the  gateway  of  the  sun  "  are  the 
apples  of  the  Hesperides ;  and  the  deadly  sickness  of  Gis- 
dhubar himself  is  but  the  fever  sent  by  the  poisoned  tunic 
of  Nessos  through  the  veins  of  the  Greek  hero. 

Sayce,  Assyria,  p.  111. 

Hercules.  One  of  the  ancient  constellations,  be- 
tween Lyra  and  Corona  Borealis,  representing 
a  man  upon  one  knee,  with  his  head  toward  the 
south,  and  with  uplifted  arms.  The  ancients  did 
not  identify  the  constellation  wiith  Hercules ;  the  moderns 
place  a  club  in  one  hand  and  a  branch  of  an  apple-tree, 
with  the  three  heads  of  Cerberus,  in  the  other.  The  con- 
stellation contains  1  star  of  the  second  magnitude,  9  of  the 
third,  and  12  of  the  fourth. 

Hercules.  ABritisharmored war-ship, launched 
inl867.  Herdimenslonsare— length,325feet;  breadth, 
69  feet ;  displacement,  8,840  tons.  She  has  a  water-line 
belt  of  armor  from  5  feet  above  to  5  feet  below  the  water- 
line,  a  single-decked  central  citadel,  and  armored  bulk- 
heads at  each  end.  Thickness  of  armor,  6,  S,  and  9  inches. 
Armament,  8  10-lnch,  2  9-inoh,  and  4  7-inch  guns. 

Hercules,  Pillars  of.    See  Pillars  of  Hercules. 

Hercules  and  Stag.  A  notable  antique  bronze 
from  Pompeii,  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Palermo, 
Sicily.  The  figure  of  Hercules  is  slender  and  youthful ; 
he  seizes  the  .stag  by  one  horn,  and  forces  him  to  the 
ground.  \ 

Hercules  BufEoon.    See  Lacy,  John. 

Hercules  (InfaM)  Strangling  the  Serpents.  A 
painting  by  Sir  Joshua  Eeynolds  (1788),  in  the 
Hermitage  Museum,  St.  Petersburg.  The  child  is 
in  the  act  of  throttling  the  two  serpents ;  Iphicles  shrinks 
back,  and  Alcmena  with  attendants  rushes  in ;  while  Juno 
appears  In  a  dark  cloud  above.  It  was  ordered  by  Catharine 
II.,  and  symbolizes  Russia's  struggles,  as  a  new  nation, 
with  besetting  troubles. 

Hercynian  Forest  (her-siu'i-an  for' est),  The. 
[L.  Hereyma  Silva,  Gr.  ''Epiamid  vlr/.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  mountain-range  forming  the  north- 
ern boundary  to  the  then  known  Europe,  and 
seemingly  identified  by  Aristotle  with  the  Al- 
pine mass.  It  has  been  variously  represented  as  in 
central  Germany,  and  as  identical  with  the  Bohmerwald, 
the  Thiirlngerwald,  etc.  In  modem  geography  it  is  usu- 
ally made  to  comprise  the  mountain  elevations  of  central 
Germany  (Wesergebirge,  the  Harz,  the  Thuringlan  and 
Saxon  highlands,  Giant  Mountains,  etc.^. 

Herdecke  (her'de-ke).  A  town  in  the  pro-nnce 
of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  on  the  Kuhr  northeast 
of  Elberfeld-Barmen. 

Herder  (her'der),  Johann  Gottfried  von. 
Bom  at  Mohrungen,  in  East  Prussia,  Aug.  25, 
1744:  died  at  Weimar,  Dee.  18,  1803.  A  Ger- 
man critic  and  poet  of  the  so-called  classical  pe- 
riod of  German  literature.  He  was  the  son  of  apoor 
school-teacher.  Through  his  own  exertions  he  was  able  to 
attend  the  University  of  Kouigsberg,  where  he  supported 
himself  by  giving  private  Instruction.  From  1764  to  1769 
he  was  a  teacher  in  Riga.  In  the  latter  year  he  went  to 
Paris,  where  he  accepted  the  position  of  companion  to  the 
young  Prince  of  Holstein  on  a  journey  to  Italy.  He  ac- 
companied the  latter,  however,  only  as  far  as  Strasburg, 
where  he  remained  the  succeeding  half  year.  In  1771  he 
received  a  call  as  pastor  to  Bilckeburg,  where  he  lived 
until  1776.  At  the  recommendation  of  Goethe,  whom  he 
had  known  in  Strasburg,  he  was  called  that  year  to  Wei- 
mar as  court  chaplain  and  superintendent  of  the  church 
district,  and  here,  with  the  exception  of  a  journey  to  Italy 
In  1788,  he  lived  until  his  death.  In  1802  he  was  ennobled 
by  the  Elector  of  Bavaria.  His  first  important  works,  both 
of  which  were  published  in  Riga,  were  "Fragmente  iiber 
die  neuere  deutsche  literatur"  ("Fragments  concerning 
the  More  Recent  German  Literature,"  1767),  and  "Krl- 
tische  Walder"  ("Critical  Forests,"  1769).  In  1772  appeared, 
further,  the  treatise  "tJber  den  Ursprung  der  Sprache 
("  On  the  Origin  of  Language  ").  In  1773  he  published,  m 
collaboration  with  Goethe,  "Von  deutscher  Artund  Kunst 
einige  fliegende  Blatter  "  ("  A  Few  Flying  Sheets  on  Ger- 
man Style  and  Art").  In  1774  appeared  "Die  alteste  Ur- 
kunde  des  Menschengeschlechts  "  ("The  Oldest  Record  of 
the  Human  Race  ").  The  most  Important  of  his  works  writ- 
ten in  Weimar  are  "  Volkslieder  "  ("  Folk-Songs,  1778  and 
1779),  called  In  later  editions  "Stimmen  der  Volker  in 
Liedem  "  ("  Voices  of  the  Nations  in  Songs  ") ;  "Ideen  zur 
PhiloBophleder  Gesohichte  der  Menschhelt"  ("Ideas  on  the 
Philosophy  of  the  History  of  Mankind,"  1784-91) ;  "Brief  e 
zur  Beforderung  der  Humanltat"  ("Letters  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Humanity,"  1793-97).  The  poem  "  Der  Cid 
("The  Old"),  written  1802-03,  appeared  posthumously  in 
1806.  A  complete  edition  of  his  works  was  pubhshed  at 
Stuttgart,  1827-30,  in  60  vols. 


Herero 

H6reau  (a-ro'),  Jules.  Bom  at  Paris,  1830 :  died 
June  26,  1879.  A  French  landscape-painter, 
noted  especially  for  his  figures  of  animals. 

Heredia  (a-ra'De-a),  Jos6  Maria.  Born  at 
Santiago  de  Cuba,  Dec.  31,  1803:  died  at  To- 
luca,  Mexico,  May 7, 1839.  ASpauish-American 
poet.  He  lived  successively  In  various  parts  of  Spanish 
America;  was  banished  from  Cuba  in  1823  for  taking  part 
in  an  attempted  insurrection ;  passed  two  years  in  the 
United  States ;  and  from  1826  resided  in  Mexico,  where  he 
held  various  judicial  offices.  His  poems  have  had  numer- 
ous editions,  and  many  have  been  translated  into  other 
languages :  his  "  Ode  to  Niagara  "  is  widely  known.  Many 
critics  consider  Heredia  the  greatest  of  the  Spanish- Ameri- 
can poets. 

Heredia,  Pedro  de.  Bom  at  Madrid  about  1500 : 
died  near  Cadiz,  Jan.  27, 1554.  A  Spanish  sol- 
dier. He  was  the  lieutenant  of  VadlUo,  and  governor  of 
Santa  Marta.  He  returned  to  Spain  in  1629,  and  was  au- 
thorized to  colonize  and  govern  the  district  of  Nueva  An- 
dalucia,  corresponding  to  northwestern  Colombia.  He 
founded  Cartagena  (Jan.  14, 1633)  and  other  cities,  made 
many  expeditions  to  the  interior,  and  obtained  a  great 
amount  of  gold.  In  1637  he  was  accused  of  irregularities 
and  sent  to  Spain,  but  was  restored  in  1639.  He  was  again 
forced  to  go  to  Spain  to  answer  charges  in  1548  and  1664  : 
on  the  latter  voyage  he  was  shipwrecked  and  drowned. 

Hereford  (her'e-ford).  [ME.  Hereford,  Herford, 
Herforth,  AS.  Hereford,  army-ford,  from  here, 
army,  and  ford,  ford.]  1.  A  county  of  south 
midland  England.  It  Is  bounded  by  Shropshire  on 
the  north,  Worcester  and  Gloucester  on  the  east,  Gllouces- 
ter  and  Monmouth  on  the  south,  and  Wales  on  the  west. 
The  chief  industry  is  agriculture.  It  Is  noted  for  Its  breed 
of  cattle,  and  is  sometimes  called  "the  garden  of  Eng- 
land." Area,  840  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  116,949. 
2.  The  capital  of  Herefordshire,  situated  on  the 
Wye  in  lat.  52°  4'  N.,  long.  2°  43'  W.  It  has  a 
trade  in  agricultural  produce.  The  cathedral  is 
a  highly  interesting  monument,  founded  1079,  but  in  ^ge 
part  built  in  the  course  of  the  13th  century.  The  Lady 
chapel  is  a  beautiful  example  of  Early  English,  and  the 
great  square  central  tower  is  effective.  The  lower  part 
of  the  nave  and  choir  retains  its  massive  cylindrical  Nor- 
man piers  and  round  arches  with  chevron-molding.  The 
work  above  is  later,  that  in  the  northwest  transept  being 
of  especial  beauty.  There  are  many  fine  tombs  and  beauti- 
ful old  church  furniture.  The  city  had  formerly  a  strong 
castle.  Itwasthe  birthplace  of  Garrick.  Population(1891), 
20,267. 

Herencia  (a-ren'the-a).  A  town  in  the  prov-. 
ince  of  Ciudad  Real,  Spain,  77  miles  south  of 
Madrid.     Population  (1887),  5,924. 

Herencia  Ceballos  (a-ren'the-a  tha-bai'yos), 
Mariano.  Bom  at  Cuzco,  1820 :  died  at  Hua- 
nacu,  Feb.  2, 1873.  A  Peruvian  soldier  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  an  advanced  liberal,  took  part  in  vari- 
ous revolts,  and  was  prominent  in  Congress.  He  was  elected 
vice-president  In  the  Balta  administration,  and  was  acting 
president  after  Balta's  death,  July  26  to  Aug.  2, 1872.  Soon 
after  he  was  condemned  to  banishment,  and  was  shot  by 
the  soldiers  who  were  conducting  him  to  the  frontier. 

H^rens  (a-ron'),Val  d',  G.  Eringerthal  (a'ring- 
er-tal).  An  alpine  valley  in  the  canton  of  Va- 
lais,  Switzerland,  situated  about  20  miles  east 
of  Martiguy,  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery. 

Here  (her)  Prophecy,  The.  A  bit  of  old  Eng- 
lish rime,  which  was  preserved  by  Abbot  Bene- 
dict. It  is  connected  with  the  image  of  a  hart  set  up 
in  1289  by  Ralph  Fitzstephen  over  his  house  at  Here. 

The  date  of  the  setting  up  the  hart  was  that  of  the  death 
of  Henry  II.  and  the  accession  of  Richard  I.,  and  the 
probable  sense  of  the  lines  is  :  "  When  thou  seest  a  hart 
reared  up  In  Here,  then  shall  the  English  people  be  divided 
into  three  parts:  one  shall  go  all  too  late  into  Ireland." 
There  John,  who  was  Lord,  removed,  at  his  brother  Rich- 
ard's succession  to  the  English  crown,  the  fighting  John 
de  Courcy  from  direction  of  affairs,  and  made  him  an 
enemy ;  while  Richard's  coming  crusade,  exciting  the 
hopes  of  the  Irish  chiefs,  caused  them  to  patch  up  their 
own  quarrels  and  agree  on  a  combined  rising,  of  which  the 
most  notable  result  was  the  destruction  of  the  English 
army  at  Thurles.  The  results  would  have  been  serious  to 
England  if  the  Insurgents  had  not  again  fallen  out  among 
themselves.  Then  the  prophecy  proceeds  —  "  The  other 
Into  Apulia,  with  profitable  remaining."  On  his  way  to 
the  Holy  Land,  Richard  remained  at  Messina,  where,  in  a 
quarrel  about  his  sister's  dower,  he  extorted  from  Tan- 
cred,  the  last  of  the  Norman  kings  of  Sicily,  forty  thousand 
ounces  of  gold,  and  betrothed  his  nephew  Arthur  of  Bre- 
tagne  to  Tancred's  daughter.  Then  of  the  third  division 
the  prophecy  adds— "The  third  in  theii  highest  (?)  oaths, 
all  drawn  to  vengeance. "  That  is  to  say,  by  their  oath  as 
Crusaders  to  avenge  the  desecration  of  the  Holy  Place  by 
the  infidel.  The  last  line,  as  given  by  Hoveden,  Is  a  cor- 
ruption. This  is  my  own  guess  at  the  unsolved  riddle  of 
the  last  part  of  the  Here  Prophecy,  and,  if  not  in  every 
word  right,  it  seems  to  give  the  true  general  sense. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  III.  201. 

Herero(he-ra'r6),orOvaherero(o-va-he-ra'r6). 
A  Bantu  tribe  and  language  of  German  South- 
west Africa,  in  what  is  called  Damaraland  or 
Hereroland.  They  called  themselves  Ovaherero,  and 
their  language  Otshiherero.  By  some  they  ere  called 
Cattle-Damaras,  in  distinction  from  the  HIll-Damaras.  The 
whole  life  of  the  Herero  is  engrossed  by  his  herds  of  cat- 
tle, which  he  well  nigh  worships,  and  by  wars  with  the 
Nama-Hottentots,  whose  chief  business  is  periodically  to 
raid  Herero  cattle.  The  Ovaherero  have  been  partly 
Christianized  by  German  missionaries,  who  have  created 
a  considerable  literature  in  Otshiherero.  This  language 
belongs  to  the  same  cluster  as  that  of  the  Ovambo  and 
Ovlmbundu. 


Hereroland 

Hereroland  (he-ra'ro-land).     See  Serero. 

Hereward  (her'e-ward).  Flourished  about  1070. 
A  noted  English  outlaw  and  patriot  who  defended  Ely 
against  the  Xormans.  He  was  a  Lincolnshire  man,  incor- 
rectly said  to  have  been  a  son  of  Leofric,  earl  of  Mercia. 
In  1070  he  joined  the  Danes,  who  had  appeared  in  the 
Humber,  and  attacked  Peterborough  and  sacked  the  ab- 
bey. He  took  refuge  with  his  band  In  the  Isle  of  E^.from 
which  he  was  finally  driven  by  William  the  Conqueror. 
According  to  John  of  Peterborough,  he  was  surnamed  "the 
Wake."    Many  legends  sprang  up  about  his  name. 

Hereward  the  Wake.  A  Mstorical  novel  by 
Charles  Kingsley,  published  in  1866. 

Herford  (her'ford).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Werre  and  the  Aa,  48  miles  west-south- 
west of  Hannover,  it  has  manufactures  of  cotton  and 
fiax.  It  is  built  around  an  ancient  nunnery.  Population 
(1890),  19,265. 

H6ricourt.    See  Belfort,  Battle  of. 

Hering  (ha'ring),Constailtill,  Bom  atOschatz, 
Saxony,  Jan.  1,  1800:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
July  23, 1880.  A  German- American  homeopathic 
physician.  He  published  "Kise  and  Progress 
of  Homoeopathy  "  (1834), ' '  Domestic  Physician  " 
(1837),  etc. 

Heringsdorf  (ha'rings-dorf).  One  of  the  lead- 
ing watering-places  on  the  Baltic,  situated  in 
the  island  of  Ilsedom,  Pomerania,  Prussia,  5^ 
miles  northwest  of  Swinemiinde. 

Heriot  (her'i-ot),  George.  Bom  at  Edinburgh, 
1563:  died  at  "London,  Teb.,  1623.  A  Scottish 
goldsmith  and  philanthropist.  He  founded  Her- 
iot's  Hospital  at  Edinburgh.  He  is  a  prominent 
figure  in  Scott's  "Fortunes  of  Nigel." 

Heri-Rud  (her-e-rod'),  or  Herat-Rud,  or  Hari- 
Rud.  A  river  in  northern  Afghanistan  and  on 
the  Persian  frontier,  which,  under  the  name  of 
Tejend,  disappears  in  the  Turkoman  steppes, 
Asiatic  Russia,  about  lat.  37°  30'  N.,  long.  60° 
E. :  the  ancient  Alius.  Length,  about  650  miles. 

Herisau  (ha're-sou).  The  largest  town  in  the 
half-canton  of  Appenzell  Outer  Rhodes,  Swit- 
zerland, situated  on  the  river  Glatt  in  lat.  47° 
23'  N.,  long.  9°  16'  E.     It  manufactures  muslin. 

•Population  (1888),  12,970. 

Heristal,  or  Heristall.    See  Herstdl. 

Herjedal  (her'ye-dal).  A  district  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Jemtland,  Sweden. 

Herkimer  (her'ki-m6r),  Nicholas.  Died  at 
Danube,  N.  Y.,  in  Aug.,  1777.  An  American 
Revolutionary  general,  of  German  extraction. 
He  commanded  the  militia  of  Tryon  County,  who  in  1777 
marched  to  the  relief  of  Fort  Stanwix  on  the  Mohawk  Riv- 
er, which  was  besieged  by  the  British.  He  defeated  a  de- 
tachment of  the  British  at  Oriskany  in  Aug.  of  that  year, 
but  was  himself  wounded  in  the  battle,  and  died  in  con- 
sequence of  an  unskilful  surgical  operation. 

Herkomer  (her'ko-mer),  Hubert.  Bom  at  "Waal, 
in  Bavaria,  May  26,  1849.  An  English  genre, 
landscape,  and  portrait  painter.  He  came  to  Amer- 
ica in  1851  with  his  father,  a  wood-carver,  but  went  to 
England  in  1857  and  settled  in  Southampton,  where  he  en- 
tered the  School  of  Art.  In  1865  he  visited  Munich,  and  in 
1866  he  entered  the  schools  at  South  Kensington  under 
Frederick  Walker.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Institute 
of  Water  Colors  in  1871,  and  associate  of  the  Boyal  Acad- 
emy in  1879.  He  received  the  medal  of  honor,  Paris,  1878. 
In  1873  he  settled  in  Bushey,  Hertfordshire,  where  he  es- 
tablished an  art  school  in  1881.  He  revisited  America  in 
1882,  and  again  in  1883  and  1885.  He  was  appointed  Slade 
professor  of  art  at  Oxford  as  successor  to  John  Kuskin, 
and  became  a  member  of  the  Berlin  Academy  in  1885. 
Perkins,  Cyclopedia  of  Painters  and  Paintings. 

Henuandad  (er-man-daTH').  [Sp., 'a  brother- 
hood.'] In  Spain,  originally,  a  voluntary  organi- 
zation (the  Santa  Hermandad,  or  Holy  Brother- 
hood) for  the  maintenance  of  public  order.  The 
first  Hermandad  was  formed  in  Aragon  in  the  13th  cen- 
tury, and  another  in  CastUe  and  Leon  a  few  years  later, 
chiefly  to  resist  the  exactions  and  robberies  of  the  nobles. 
They  soon  assumed  general  police  and  judicial  powers, 
under  royal  sanction ;  and  at  the  end  of  the  15th  century 
the  organizations  were  united  and  extended  over  the  whole 
kingdom.  The  Hermandad  was  soon  after  reorganized  as 
a  regular  national  police,  which  has  been  superseded  in 
later  times  by  a  civic  guard  on  the  model  of  the  French 
gendarmerie. 

Hermann.    See  Arminius. 

Hermann  (her'man),  surnamed  "The  Lame" 
(L.  Hermannus  Contractus).  Bom  July  18, 
1013 :  died  at  Reichenau,  Lake  Constance,  Sept. 
24,  1054.  A  German  historian,  author  of  a 
"  Chronicon,"  edited  by  Pertz  in  "  Monumenta 
Germanise  historica"  (1844). 

Hermann^riedrich  BenediktWilhelm  vou. 
Bom  at  Dinkelsbiihl,  Bavaria,  Dec.  5,  1795 : 
died  at  Munich,  Nov.  23,  1868.  A  German  po- 
litical economist  and  statistician.  He  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  political  economy  at  Munich  in  1827, 
andoccupied  various  political  and  official  positions,  among 
them  that  of  head  of  the  statistical  bureau.  Bis  chief 
work  is  "  Staatswirtschaftliche  Untersnchungen  "  ("Eco- 
nomic Researches,"  1832  :  2d  ed.  1870). 

Hermann,  Johann  Gottfried  Jakob.    Bom  at 


498 

Leipsie,  Nov.  28, 1772:  died  at  Leipsic,  Dec.  31, 
1848.  A  noted  German  classical  philologist, 
professor  at  Leipsic  1798-1848.  Among  his  works 
are  "De  metris  Graecorum  et  Romanorura  poetarum" 
(1796),  "Handbuch  der  Metrik"  (1799),  "De  metris  Pin- 
dari "  (1817),  "  De  emendanda  ratione  Grsecee  grammaticse  " 
(1801).  He editedEuripides, the  "Clouds"of Aristophanes 
(1799),  "  Homeric  Hymns  "  (1806),  Bion  and  Mosohus  (1849), 
^schylus  (1852),  etc. 

Hermann,  Karl  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Frankf  ort- 
on-the-Main,  Aug.  4, 1804 :  died  at  Gottingen, 
Prussia,  Dee.  31, 1855.  A  German  archseologist 
and  philologist,  professor  at  Marburg  (1832) 
and  later  (1842)  at  Gottingen.  His  bes(>known  work 
is  "Lehrbuch  der  griechischen  Antiquitaten"(*' Manual 
of  Greek  Antiquities,"  1841-62). 

Hermanns  Denkmal  (her'manz  denk'mal).  A 
monument  of  the  chieftain  Arminius  at  Det- 
mold,  Germany,  dedicated  in  1875.  The  arcaded 
pedestal  is  100  feet  high,  and  the  colossal  statue  measures 
86  feet  to  the  point  of  the  uplifted  sword.  The  figure  is 
of  sheet-copper  secured  to  a  framework  of  iron. 

Hermannstadt  (her'man-stat).  [Hung.  Nagy 
Sgeben,  Rumanian  Sihiu,  L.  Ci'binium.']  The  cap- 
ital of  the  county  of  Hermannstadt,  Transyl- 
vania, situated  on  the  Cibin  in  lat.  45°  48'  S"., 
long.  24°  8'  E.  it  was  formerly  an  important  trad- 
ing center.  The  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  Ger- 
mans. The  Brukenthal  Palace  (with  collections)  and  the 
Rathaus  are  of  interest  It  waa  founded  by  German  col- 
onists in  the  12th  century ;  was  formerly  capital  of  Tran- 
sylvania ;  and  was  the  scene  of  several  contests  between 
Hungarians,  Austrians,  and  Russians  in  1849.  Population 
(1890),  21,465. 

Hermann  und  Dorothea  (her'man  ont  dor-6- 
ta'a).  An  idyllic  poem  by  Goethe,  published 
in  1797.  The  scene  is  laid  about  the  year  1796,  and  has 
a  basis  of  fact  in  a  story  connected  with  the  expulsion 
of  several  hundred  Protestants  from  his  territory  by  the 
Archbishop  of  Salzburg,  which  occurred  in  1731.  Her- 
mann is  an  established  citizen  of  a  little  town,  and  repre- 
sents a  settled  life  as  contrasted  with  the  wandering  and 
unsettled  one  of  the  fugitive  but  self-reliant  Dorothea  ex- 
iled from  her  home,  whom  he  finally  wins  and  marries. 

Hermanric  (her'man-rik),  or  Ermanaric  (G. 
Hermanrich).  Died  376.  King  of  the  East 
Goths.  He  was  descended  from  the  royal  family  of  the 
Amali,  and  ruled  over  a  loosely  welded  Gothic  confederacy 
extending  probably  over  northern  Hungary,  Lithuania, 
and  southern  Russia.  He  was  defeated  by  the  Huns  at 
the  beginning  of  the  migration  of  the  peoples  in  northern 
Europe,  and  fell  upon  his  sword  in  376,  having,  it  is  said, 
attained  an  age  of  over  one  hundred  years. 

HermaphroditUS  (her-maf-ro-di'tus).  [Gr. 
''EpjiaijipdSt.TOQ.']  In  Greek  mythology,  the  son  of 
Hermes  and  Aphrodite.  With  the  njrmph  of  the 
fountain  Salmacis,  in  Caria,  he  was  united  into 
one  person. 

Hermas,  Shepherd  of.  See  Shepherd  of  Hernias. 

Hermenegild  (her'me-ne-gild),  Saint.  Died  at 
Tarraco,  April  13,  585.  A  West-Gothic  prince. 
He  was  the  son  of  Leovigild,  king  in  Spain,  by  whom  he 
was  admitted  to  a  share  in  the  government  in  573.  He 
rebelled  against  his  father  and  was  put  to  death.  He  was 
canonized  by  Pope  Sixtus  V.,  tradition  having  pictured  him 
as  a  champion  of  the  Catholic  faith  against  the  Arian,  to 
which  his  father  adhered. 

Hennengyld  (her'men-gUd).  The  wife  of  the 
Constable  in  Chaucer's  "Man  of  Law's  Tale," 
of  whose  murder  Constance  (Custanoe)  was 
falsely  accused. 

Hermes(her'mez).  [Gr. 'Bp/ii7f.]  InGreekmy- 
thology,  the  herald  and  messenger  of  the  gods, 
protector  of  herdsmen,  god  of  science,  com- 
merce, invention,  and  the  arts  of  life,  andpatron 
of  travelers  and  rogues :  son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter) 
and  Maia,  bom  on  Mount  Cyllene  in  Arcadia. 
He  was  the  guide  (psychoporapus)  of  the  shades  of  the  dead 
to  their  final  abode.  In  art  he  is  represented  as  a  vigor- 
ous youth,  beardless  after  the  archaic  period,  and  usually 
but  slightly  draped,  with  caduceus,  petasus,  and  talariaas 
attributes.  The  R^oman  Mercury,  a  god  of  much  more 
material  and  solid  character,  became  identified  with  Her- 
mes.   The  name  has  also  been  given  to  quicksilver. 

Hermes,  or  a  Philosophical  Inquiry  concern- 
ing Universal  Grammar.  A  work  by  James 
Harris,  published  in  1751. 

Hermes (her'mes),  Georg.  Bomat  Dreierwalde, 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  April  22,  1775:  died  at 
Bonn,  Prussia,  May  26, 1831.  A  German  Roman 
Catholic  theologian,  founder  of  the  system  of 
Hermesianism,  a  rationalizing  theory  of  the  re- 
lation of  reason  to  faith.  He  wrote  "Binleltung  in 
die  ohristkatholische  Theologie"  (1819-29),  "Christkatho- 
lische  Dogmatik  "  (1834-86). 

HermesianaX  (her-me-si'a-naks).  Born  at 
Colophon,  Asia  Minor:  lived  in  the  last  part  of 
the  4th  century  B.  C.  A  Greek  elegiac  poet. 
Fragments  of  his  works  have  been  edited  by 
Hermann,  Bergk,  etc. 

Hermes  oi  Andros.  A  statue  so  named,  in  the 
National  Museum,  Athens.  It  is,  in  fact  a  sepul- 
chral statue  of  the  4th  century  B.  c,  the  finest  existing 
example  of  idealized  portrait-figures  of  this  cla«8. 

Hermes  carrying  the  Infant  Bacchus.    An 

original  statue  by  Praxiteles,  in  the  museum 
at  Olympia,  Greece.    The  left  arm,  with  the  child. 


Hermogenes 

rests  on  a  tree-stump,  over  which  is  thrown  the  himatioiK 
The  right  arm  was  raised,  and  held  some  object  to  amuse 
the  child.  It  is  the  finest  rendering  of  a  beautiful  youth- 
ful figure  surviving  from  antiquity. 

Hermes  (Mercury)  in  repose.  A  beautiful 
Greek  original  bronze  of  the  school  of  Lysip- 
pus,  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The  fig- 
ure leans  slightly  forward;  the  expression  is 
one  of  rest  and  amiability. 

Hermes  Trismegistus  (tris-me-jis'tus).  [Lit. 
'Hermes  the  thrice  greatest.']  The  Greek 
name  of  the  Egyptian  god  Thoth,  the  reputed 
author  of  42  encyclopedic  works  on  Egypt.  A 
partial  collection  of  Hermetic  vmtings  was 
translated  into  French  by  Menard  in  1866. 

Hermia  (hfer'mi-a).  In  Shakspere's  "A  Mid- 
summer Night's  Cream,"  an  Athenian  lady,  the 
daughter  of  Egeus :  she  is  in  love  with  Lysan- 
der. 

Hermione  (her-ml'o-ne).  [Gr.  'SpfuSvy.']  1. 
In  Greek  mythology,  the  daughter  of  Menelaus 
and  Helen,  and  wife  of  Neoptolemus,  and  later 
of  Orestes. — 2.  The  wife  of  the  jealous  Leon- 
tes  in  Shakspere's  "Winter's  Tale."  She  is  the 
Bellaria  of  Greene's  "Pandosto,"  the  story  from  which 
the  "  Winter's  Tale  "  was  taken. 

3.  A  characterin  Racine's  "  Andromaque,"  said 
to  be  "the  most  personally  interesting  on  the 
French  tragic  stage." —  4.  The  wife  of  Damon 
in  the  tragedy  ' '  Damon  and  Pythias  "  by  Banim 
and  Shell. 

Hermione,  Lady  (Lady  Erminia  Pauletti).  A 
rich  Genoese  lady  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel 
"  The  Fortunes  of  Nigel." 

Hermiones  (her-mi-6'nez),  Herminones  (hfer- 
mi-no'nez),  orIrminones(er-mi-n6'nez).  [L. 
(Tacitus)  Herminones,  the  Latinization  of  a  hy- 
pothetical Germanic  fundamental  form  *Er- 
m{e)nag,  a  name  of  the  god  *Tiwaz,  *Iiu,  AS. 
Tiw  (in  Tiwesdaeg),  ON.  l^r,  OHG.  Zio,  L.  Jm- 
piter,  Gr.  Zcif.  Cf.  AS.  Tiwesdaeg.']  According 
to  Tacitus,  one  of  the  three  great  divisions  of 
the  West-Germanic  people,  named  from  their 
ancestors,the  three  sons  of  Mannus,IngvEBones, 
Herminones,  and  IstVEeones.  The  Herminones  com- 
prehended, particularly,  the  Upper  German  tribes.  The- 
Ingvaeones  lived  by  the  sea,  and  included  the  Lower  Ger- 
man tribes.  The  Istvceones  were  the  tribes  of  the  Rhine 
region  who  ultimately  formed  a  principal  part  of  the 
Franks.  The  terms  are,  however,  of  inexact  ethnologic 
application.  Pliny  makes  a  fivefold  division  in  thai, 
he  gives,  besides  the  three  groups  of  Tacitus,  the  Vin- 
dili  and  the  Peucini-Bastarnse.  The  names  were  prob- 
ably in  their  first  use  not  ethnologic,  but  were  originally 
applied  to  Amphictyonic  unions  all  devoted  to  the  cult, 
under  different  attributes,  of  the  old  Germanic  heaven-  % 

Hermitage,  The.  1.  A  palace  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, Russia,  founded  by  Catharine  II.,  origi- 
nally in  the  form  of  a  pavilion  of  moderate  size, 
but  rebuilt  in  the  19th  century,  especially  for  a 
museum,  in  a  neo-Greek  style  of  excellent  ef- 
fect, and  forming  one  of  the  best-designed  mu- 
seums existing,  it  measures  375  by  512  feet,  and  hiia 
2  interior  courts.  The  entrance  porch  is  supported  by  10 
colossal  human  figures,  and  the  roof  of  the  grand  hall  rests 
on  16  fine  monolithic  columns.  On  one  side  of  the  build- 
ing is  a  copy  of  Raphael's  Loggie  in  the  Vatican,  which  sur- 
vives from  the  old  palace.  The  collections  include  im- 
portant ancient  sculpture,  the  unparalleled  discoveries  of 
Greek  jewelry,  textUe  fabrics,  and  other  minor  antiqui- 
ties, from  the  Crimea,  and  one  of  the  great  galleries  ot 
paintings  of  Europe. 

2.  A  fashionable  resort  at  Moscow,  Russia.  It 
is  a  garden  on  the  side  of  a  hill. — 3.  A  chalet 
built  in  the  valley  of  Montmorency,  France,  by 
Madame  d'fipinay  as  a  retreat  for  Jean  Jacques 
Rousseau.  He  passed  about  18  months  here  (1756-57), 
writing  then  a  part  of  "  La  nouvelle  H^lo'ise  "  and  of  his 
"Dictionary  of  Music."    Gr^trj-  died  here  in  1813. 

4.  An  old  house  near  Nashville,  Tennessee,  the 
residence  of  President  Andrew  Jackson. 

Hermite,  Tristan  1'.    See  Tristan. 

Hermocrates  (her-mok'ra-tez).  [Gr.  ''Ep/wKpa- 
TTic-l  Died  at  Syracuse  about  407  B.C.  A  Syra- 
cusan  general  and  politician.  Hewasoneofthethree 
generals  who  in  414  were  intrusted  with  the  defense  of 
Syracuse  against  the  Athenians,  and  who  after  several 
spirited  but  unsuccessful  engagements  were  deprived  of 
their  commands.  He  was  one  of  the  commanders  of  the 
Syracusan  squadron  in  the  naval  battle  ot  Cynossema  in 
411.  He  was  banished  In  409,  and  was  kiUed  in  an  attempt 
to  make  himself  master  of  Syracuse. 

Hermodorus  (hfer-mo-do'rus)  of  Ephesus.  A 
Greek  philosopher  who  is  said  to  have  assisted 
the  decemvirs  in  drawing  up  the  laws  of  the 
Twelve  Tables  at  Rome  in  451  b.  c. 

Hermogenes  (her-moj'e-nez).  [Gr.  'Ep/wyivTig.'i 
Born  at  Tarsus,  CUicia:  lived  in  the  second 
half  of  the  2d  century.  A  noted  Greek  rheto- 
rician. His  rhetorical  treatises  w«re  edited 
(in  the  "  Rhetores  GrsBci ")  by  Walz. 

The  greatest  technologist  of  the  period  now  under  con. 
Bideration  was  Hermogenes,  the  son  of  Calippus  of  Ta^- 


Hermogenes 

SUB.  The  year  of  his  birth  is  not  known,  but  he  was  only 
flfteen  when  the  fame  of  his  precocious  genius  as  an  ex- 
tempore speaker  led  the  emperor  M.  Aurelius  to  send  for 
him;  and  he  introduced  himself  by  saying,  "Behold,  I  am 
come  to  you^  0  prince,  an  orator  requiring  a  pedagogue, 
an  orator  stUl  looking  forward  to  maturity."  Soon  after 
this  he  became  a  public  teacher  of  rhetoric. 

E.  0.  Miiller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Auo.  Greece,  III.  166. 

^Donaldson,) 

Hermon  (lifer'moii).  [Gv.'Aep/i&v.'i  Amountain- 
ridge  andtlie  eulminating  point  in  the  range  of 
Anti-Libanus,  Syria,  situated  about  35  miles 
west-southwest  of  Damascus :  the  modem  Je- 
bel-esh-Sheikh.    Height,  9,200  feet. 

HermontUs  (hfer-mon'this).  [Gr.  "Ep/Myvdig.'} 
In  ancient  geography,  a  town  in  the  Thebaid, 
Egypt,  situated  on  the  Nile  8  miles  southwest 
of  Thebes :  the  modern  Erment.  It  was  a  seat 
of  ancient  worship,  and  important  ruins  remain,  notably 
those  of  a  temple  built  in  the  time  of  Cleopatra. 

Hermopolis.    See  SermupoUs. 

Hermopolis  (her-mop'o-lis),  or  Hermupolis 

(her-mup'6-lis),  Magna.  [Grr.  'Ep/iov  TzdXcg  fie- 
yoMl,  great  city  of  Hermes.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  of  Egypt,  situated  near  the  Nile 
in  lat.  27°  45'  N.:  the  modern  Eshmun  or  Ash- 
munein.  Near  it  are  the  tombs  and  grottoes  of 
Beni-Hassan  (which  see). 

Hermosillo  (har-mo-sel'yo).  A  city,  capital  of 
the  state  of  Sonora,Mexico,  situatedonthe  river 
Sonora  about  lat.  29°  10'  N.,  long.  110°  45'  W. 
Population  (1895),  8,376. 

Hermsdorf  (herms'dorf),  Nieder-.  A  village 
and  tourists'  resort  iU  the  province  of  Silesia, 
Prussia,  42  miles  southwest  of  Breslau.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  commune,  7,614. 

Hermunduri  (her-mun'du-n  or  her-muQ-dii'ri). 
[L.  (Pliny)  Sermwndwri,<j:^.  (Strabo)  ''&paMv- 
poi.l  A  German  tribe,  a  branch  of  the  Buevi, 
first  mentioned  by  Strabo.  They  were  situated  on 
the  Saale  eastward  to  the  middle  Elbe,  and  adjoined  the 
Chatti  on  the  west,  in  the  Harz  region.  They  are  men- 
tioned under  their  old  name  for  the  last  time  in  the  4th 
century.  They  in  all  probability  became,  finally,  the  Thu- 
ringians. 

Hermupolis  (h6r -mup ' o  -lis),  or  Hermopolis 
(her-mop'o-lis),  or  Syra  (se'ra).  [Gr.  'Epfiov 
TtdXis,  city  of  Hermes.]  A  seaport  and  the  capi- 
tal of  the  nomarchy  of  the  Cyclades,  Greece, 
situated  on  the  island  of  Syra,  lat.  37°  26'  N., 
long.  24°  57'  E.     Population  (1889),  22,104. 

Hermus  (her'mus).  [Gr.  "'Epp.og.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  river  in  western  Asia  Minor,  flow- 
ing into  the  Gulf  of  Smyrna  10  miles  northwest 
of  Smyrna :  the  modern  Ghedis-Tehai  or  Sara- 
bat.     Length,  about  180  miles. 

Hernals  (her-nalz').  A  western  suburb  of  Vi- 
enna. 

Hernandez  (ar-nan'dath),  Francisco.  Bom  at 
Toledo,  1514 :  died  about  1578.  A  Spanish  nat- 
uralist. Philip  II.  sent  him  to  Mexico  with  the  cosmog- 
rapher  Francisco  Dominguez,  to  study  the  natural  his- 
tory of  the  country.  He  traveled  there  from  1670  to  1576, 
and  prepared  16  folio  volumes  on  plants,  animals,  and 
minerals :  portions  of  these  were  published  in  1648, 1661, 

,andl79L 

Hernandez  Odrdoba,  Francisco.  See  Cordoba. 
Hernandez  Giron,  Francisco.    See  Girm. 
Hernandez  de  Oviedo  y  Vald6s,  Qonzalo. 

See  Oviedo  y  Valdes. 

Hernani,  ou  I'Honneur  Castillan.  A  tragedy 
by  Victor  Hugo,  acted,  after  much  opposition, 
Feb.  25, 1830.     See  Ernani. 

The  main  subject  of  "Hernani "  is  the  point  of  honour 
which  compels  a  nobleSpaniard  to  kill  himself,  in  obedience 
to  the  blast  of  a  horn  sounded  by  his  mortal  enemy,  at  the 
very  moment  of  his  marriage  with  his  beloved. 

Sa/lnitsbury,  Jrenoh  Lit.,, p.  520. 

Herndon  (hsm'dgn),  William  Henry.  Born 
at  Greensburg,  Ky.,  Dec.  28,  1818 :  died  near 
Springfield,  111.,  March  18, 1891.  An  American 
lawyer.  He  removed  with  his  parents  to  Illinois  in  1820, 
and  in  1843  entered  into  law  partnership  with  Abraham 
Lincoln,  which  continued  in  form  until  the  death  of  the 
latter.    He  wrote  a  "Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln  "  (1889). 

Herndon;  William  Lewis.  Bom  at  Fredericks- 
burg, Va.,  Oct.  25,  1813 :  died  Sept.  12, 1857.  An 
American  naval  officer.  In  1861-52,  being  then  a  lieu- 
tenant, he  was  sent  with  Lieutenant  Lardner  Gibbon  to 
make  an  exploration  of  the  river  Amazon  and  its  Peruvian 
tributaries.  The  results  were  published  by  the  United 
States  government  as  "  Exploration  of  the  Valley  of  the 
Amazon  "  (1863, 2  vols. :  Vol.  I.  by  Herndon,  VoL  IL  by  Gib- 
bon). Herndon  was  promoted  commander  in  1865 ;  took 
service  with  the  Panama  Mail  Steamship  Company  ;  and 
perished  in  the  wreck  of  the  Central  America,  which  went 
Sown  in  a  cyclone. 

Heme  the  Hunter.  A  traditionary  personage 
supposed  to  range  near  an  old  oak,  known  as 
Heme's  Oak,  in  Windsor  Park,  it  was  blown  down 
in  1863,  and  was  supposed  to  be  about  660  years  old. 
Queen  Victoria  planted  a  young  oak  on  the  spot. 

Hernici  (hSr'ni-si) .  In  ancient  history,  an  Ital- 
ian people,  allied  to  the  Sabines,  dwelling  in  the 


499 

Apennines  about  40  miles  southeast  of  Rome. 
Their  capital  was  Anagnia.  They  were  subju- 
gated by  Kome  306  B.  c. 

Hernosand  (her'n6-sand).  A  seaport,  capital 
of  the  laen  of  Westemorrland  (or  Hernosand), 
Sweden,  situated  on  the  island  of  Herno,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Angerman,  about  lat.  62° 
37'  N.,  long.  17°  50'  E.  It  has  some  manufac- 
tures.   Population  (1890),  5,789. 

Hero  (he'ro).  [Gr.  "Hpu.]  In  Greek  legend,  a 
priestess  of  Aphrodite  at  Sestos,  on  the  Helles- 
pont, beloved  by  Leander.  See  Hero  and  Le- 
ander. 

Hero.    See  Heron. 

Hero,  The  daughter  of  Leonato,  and  friend  and 
cousin  of  Beatrice,  in  Shakspere's  "Much  Ado 
about  Nothing."  The  real  story  of  the  play,  the  slan- 
dering of  Hero,  is  generally  left  out  in  the  stage  version. 

Hero  and  Leander.    1.  A  poem  in  340  verses, 

ascribed  to  Museeus.  "  Por  grace  of  diction,  metrical 
elegance,  and  simple  pathos,  which  avoids  all  violations  of 
good  taste,  this  little  canto  stands  far  before  the  other 
poems  of  the  same  age.  We  know  nothing  of  the  history 
of  this  Musseus,  but  his  imitations  of  the  style  of  Nonnus 
show  that  he  was  later  than  the  poet  of  Panopolis.  He  is 
indirectly  referred  to  by  Agathias,  who  flourished  in  the 
first  half  of  the  sixth  century."    K.  0.  MuUer. 

The  poem  of  "Hero  and  Leander"  belongs  rather  to 
erotic  than  to  epic  poetry.  Its  subject  is  the  well-known 
story  of  Hero,  the  beautiful  priestess  of  Venus  at  Sestos,  and 
Leander,  who  was  the  glory  of  Abydos  on  the  other  side  of 
the  water,  and  who  swam  across  the  Hellespont  every  even- 
ing to  his  fair  bride,  till  at  last  he  was  drowned  on  a  win- 
ter's night,  and  his  body  cast  up  at  the  foot  of  Hero's  tower, 
who,  in  despair,  cast  herself  down  from  the  battlements, 
and  died  by  the  side  of  her  lover.  This  tragedy  of  Hero 
and  Leander,  the  Juliet  and  Komeo  of  the  Dardanelles,  was 
of  much  older  date  than  Musseus.  It  was  well  known  to 
Ovid,  Virgil,  and  Statius,  and  had  become  a  popular  love- 
tale.  But  Musseus  is  the  author  of  the  most  complete 
version  of  the  story,  and  he  has  told  it  in  a  manner  which 
will  bear  criticism.  There  is  no  pause  in  the  brief  narra- 
tive from  the  beginning,  where  the  lovers  meet,  like  the 
hero  and  heroine  of  Heliodorus  and  Shakspere,  on  a  festive 
occasion,  down  to  the  fatal  issue  of  Hero's  passion.  The 
poet  does  not,  like  the  other  erotic  writers,  delight  in  his 
opportunity  of  describing  details.  There  is  nothing  to 
shock  the  most  delicate  reader,  and  the  grace  of  the  lan- 
guage is  sometimes  enhanced  by  a  conciseness  of  expres- 
sion which  would  have  done  credit  to  a  better  age.  The 
"  Hero  and  Leander  "  of  Musseus  is  the  dying  swan-note 
of  Greek  poetry,  the  last  distinct  echo  of  the  old  music  of 
Hellas. 

K.  0.  Miiller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  370. 

[(Doniddson.) 

3.  A  poem  of  Marlowe  and  Chapman,  based  on 
the  poem  of  Musseus.  The  first  edition  consisted  of 
Marlowe's  portion,  2  sestiads  ;  the  second  edition  gave 
the  whole  poem,  the  remaining  4  sestiads  being  written  by 
Chapman  after  Marlowe's  death.  Both  editions  appeared 
in  1598. 
Herod  (her'od)  I.,  surnamed  "  The  Great."  [Gr. 
'Hpiirf^C.]  King  of  Judea  40-4  B.  C.  Heoameof 
an  Idumean  family  which  was  converted  to  Judaism.  His 
father,  Antipater,  succeeded  during  the  conflict  between 
Hyrcanus  II.  and  his  brother  Aristobulus  II.  in  obtaining 
a  hold  in  Judean  politics  and  befriending  the  Itomans.  Ac- 
cordingly when  Antipater  was  appointed  by  Caesar  in  47  B.  c. 
procurator  of  Judea,  Herod,  though  only  15  years  old,  was 
made  governor  of  Galilee,  and  shortly  afterward  of  Coele- 
Syria.  In  40  he  had  to  flee  from  Judea  to  Kome,  and  was 
appointed  by  the  senate  king  of  Judea.  In  37  he  took  pos- 
session of  Jerusalem  with  the  aid  of  the  Eomans.  During 
the  civil  war  he  was  on  the  side  of  Mark  Antony,  but  after 
the  battle  of  Actium  (31 B.  c.)  he  secured  the  favor  of  the  vic- 
torious Octavianus,  who  not  only  confirmed  hfm  in  his  king- 
dom, but  also  considerably  increased  his  territory,  so  that 
it  extended  from  the  sea  to  Syria,  and  from  Damascus  to 
Egypt.  His  policy  toward  Ilome  was  that  of  cringing 
servility,  though  his  secret  aim  may  have  been  the  found- 
ing of  an  independent  monarchy.  His  attitude  toward  the 
people  over  whom  he  ruled  was  characterized  by  entire 
want  of  understanding  of  or  sympathy  with  its  nature, 
ideals,  and  aspirations.  His  rule  was  marked  by  unscrupu- 
lous selfishness  and  bloody  despotism.  In  his  family  rela- 
tions he  showed  himself  passionate,  jealous,  and  cruel.  At 
the  same  time,  he  was  bold,  prudent,  understanding  his 
opportunities  and  knowing  how  to  avail  himself  of  them, 
liberal,  and  fond  of  pomp  and  display.  To  these  qualities 
may  be  ascribed  his  success,  and  what  popularity  he  ob- 
tained. Thus,  to  strengthen  his  position  he  had  his  bene- 
factor Hyrcanus  IL  executed,  and  it  was  assumed  that  his 
brother-in-law  Aristobulus,  appointed  by  him  high  priest, 
was  drowned  at  his  instigation  for  fear  of  his  great  popular- 
ity with  the  people.  The  people  he  held  in  abeyance  by 
bloody  terror.  Even  the  magnificent  temple  begun  20 
E.  0.  and  finished  in  8  years  (Joseph.,  Antiq.,  XV.  11)  could 
not  gain  him  the  hearts  of  the  outraged  people.  At  the 
same  time  with  the  temple,  he  erected  everywhere  thea- 
ters, gymnasia,  and  heathen  temples.  Even  some  cities 
owe  their  origin  to  his  love  of  building,  notably  Csesarea. 
Samaria  was  turned  by  him  into  a  fortress,  and  named  Se- 
baste.  In  a  fit  of  jealousy  he  executed  his  beautiful  wife 
MariamnS;  granddaughter  of  Hyrcanus  IL,  and  later  his 
two  sons  By  her,  Alexander  and  Aristobulus,  and  five  days 
before  his  death  his  eldest  son  by  Doris,  Antipater.  His 
last  order,  according  to  a  well-known  story,  was  for  the 
massacre  of  the  nobles  immediately  after  his  decease,  so 
that  at  least  his  death  might  cause  mourning  (JosepA., 
Antiq., XVII. 6, 6).  Hediedingreatagonyfromaloathsome 
disease,  which  drove  him  to  a  suicidal  attempt,  4  B.  0.  In 
Mat.  ii.  1 B.  he  is  represented  as  having  ordered  the  massa- 
cre of  the  infants  of  Bethlehem,  in  order  to  exterminate 
the  child  .Tesus,  an  act  which  would  have  been  quite  in 
harmony  with  his  character  as  a  superstitious  despot  and 


Heron,  Matilda 

tyrant,  but  the  historicity  of  which  causes  chronological 
difficulties. 

Herod  Agrippa.     See  Agrippa. 

Herod  Antipas  (her'od  an'ti-pas).  Son  of  Herod 
the  Great,  appointed  by  his  father  successor  to 
the  throne,  but  invested  by  the  Eomans  with 
only  the  tetrarehy  of  Galilee.  He  first  married  the 
daughter  of  Aretas,  king  of  the  Nabathseans,  but  aban- 
doned  her  to  marry  Herodias,  the  wife  of  his  half-brother 
Herod  Philip,  and  was  thus  involved  in  a  war  with  Aretas. 
At  the  instigation  of  his  wife  he  had  John  the  Baptist,  who 
reproached  him  for  his  criminal  marriage,  imprisoned  and 
afterward  executed.  Jesus  called  him  "the  fox."  When 
his  nephew  Agrippa  L  was  made  king  of  Judea  by  Caligula, 
Antipas,  urged  by  his  wife,  repaired  to  Kome  also  to  ob- 
tain akingdom.  Agrippa  accused  him  of  treachery  to  Rome, 
and  Antipas  was  deprived  of  his  principality  and  banished 
to  Lyons.  He  was  followed  thither  by  his  wife,  and  both 
died  in  exUe. 

Herodes,  Atticus.    See  Atticus  Herodes. 

Herodians  (he-ro'di-anz).  A  party  among  the 
Jews  in  the  time  of  Christ  and  the  apostles,  ad- 
herents of  the  family  of  Herod.  The  Herodians 
constituted  a  political  party. rather  than  a  religious  sect. 
Some  writers  suppose  that  they  were  for  the  most  pai't  Sad- 
ducees  in  religion. 

Herodianus  (he-ro-di-a'nus),  or  Herodian  (he- 
ro'di-an).   [Gr.  'SpaSiavds.']    Born  about  170  (?) 

A.  D.  :"died  about  240  (?)  a.  d.  A  Greek  histo- 
rian, resident  in  Italy,  author  of  a  Roman  his- 
tory for  the  period  180-238  A.  D.  (Commodus  to 
Gordian). 

Herodianus,  .Slius.  Bom  at  Alexandria :  lived 
at  the  end  of  the  2d  century.  A  Greek  gram- 
marian, author  of  a  work  on  prosody. 

Herodias  (he-ro'di-as).  Lived  in  the  first  half 
of  the  1st  century.  '  The  sister  of  Herod  Agrip- 
pa I.,  wife  of  Herod  Philip,  and  afterward  sec- 
ond wife  of  Herod  Antipas,  half-brother  of 
Herod  Philip.    See  Herod  Antipas. 

Herodotus  (he-rod'o-tus).  [Gr.  MpSdoroc:.']  Bom 
at  Halioarnassus,  Asia  Minor,  probably  about 
484  B.  c. :  died  at  Thurii,  Italy,  probably  about 
424  B.  c.  A  celebrated  Greek  historian,  sur- 
named "the  Father  of  History."  According  to  the 
commonly  accepted  account  of  his  life,  gleaned  chiefly  from 
his  own  works,  he  was  the  son  of  Lyxes  and  Dryo,  persons 
of  means  and  station  at  Halicarnassus ;  assisted  in  the  ex- 
pulsion of  the  i^rant  Lygdamus  from  his  native  city ;  trav- 
eled  in  the  Persian  empire,  Egypt,  Asia  Minor,  and  Greece ; 
lived  in  Samos,  and  later  in  Athens ;  and  settled  as  a  col- 
onist in  Thurii  (probably  in  444).  He  wrote  a  history  in 
9  books  (named  after  the  nine  Muses)  of  the  Persian  inva- 
sion of  Greece  down  to  479  Bi  0.  It  was  first  printed  in  the 
original  by  Aldus  Manutius  in  1502,  a  Latin  version  by 
Valla  having  appeared  as  early  as  1474. 

About  fifteen  manuscripts  of  the  history  of  Herodotus 
are  known  to  critics;  and  of  these,  several  are  not  of 
higher  antiquity  than  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century. 
One  copy,  in  the  French  king's  library  (there  are  in  that 
collection  five  or  six),  appears  to  belong  to  the  twelfth 
century ;  there  is  one  in  the  Vatican,  and  one  in  the  Flor- 
entine library,  attributed  to  the  tenth  century ;  one  in  the 
library  of  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  formerly  the 
property  of  Archbishop  Sancroft,  which  is  believed  to  be 
very  ancient ;  the  libraries  of  Oxford  and  of  Vienna  con- 
tain also  manuscripts  of  this  author. 

Taylor,  Hist.  Anc.  Books,  p.  171. 

Herod  PMlip  (her'od  fil'ip).  Died  about  34  A.  D. 
Son  of  Herod  the  Great  and  Cleopatra,  made 
tetrarch  of  Auranitis  and  the  neighboring  re- 
gions in  4  B.  c.  His  wife  Herodias  deserted 
him  for  his  half-brother,  Herod  Antipas. 

Herold  (a-rold'),  Louis  Joseph  Ferdinand. 
Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  28,  1791:  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
19,  1833.  A  noted  French  composer  of  comic 
operas.  He  took  the  grand  prix  de  Kome  for  his  can- 
tata "  Mile,  de  la  Vallifere  "  in  1812.  His  works  include  "  La 
Gioventd  di  Enrico  Quinto"  (1816),  "Charles  de  France" 
(with  Boieldieu:  1816),  "Les  rosieres"  (1817),  "Le  pre- 
mier venu"  (1818),  "Les  troqueurs"  (1819),  "L'Aniour 
platonique"(1819),  "Le  muletier"  (1828),  "Le  roi  EenS" 
(1824),  "Le  dernier  jour  de  Missolonghi"  (1828),  "Eme- 
line"  (1828),  "Zampa"  (1831),  "La  marquise  de  Brinvil- 
liers"  (1831),  "La  mddecine  sans  m^decin"  (183^,  "Le 
pr^  aux  clercs"  (1832),  "Ludovic"  (finished  by  Hal^vy: 
1833),  etc.  He  also  wrote  a  great  deal  of  music  for  the 
pianoforte,  and  a  number  of  graceful  ballets. 

Heron  (he'ron),  or  Hero.  [Gr.  "Hpun.]  An 
Alexandrian  mathematician  of  the  3d  century 

B.  c,  the  inventor  of  "Hero's  fountain,"  in 
which  a  jet  of  water  is  maintataed  by  condensed 
air,  and  of  a  machine  acting  on  the  principle 
of  Barker's  mill,  in  which  the  motion  is  produced 
by  steam.  Fragments  of  his  works  on  mechanics 
have  been  preserved. 

Heron,  surnamed  ' '  The  Younger."  A  Byzantine 
mathematician  and  natural  philosopher,  proba- 
bly of  the  7th  century. 

Heron  (her'on),  Matilda.  Bom  at  Londonderry, 
Ireland,  Dee.  1, 1830:  died  at  New  York,  March 
7,1877.  An  actress.  She  made  her  d^but  at  Philadel- 
phia (1851),  when  quite  young,  as  Bianca  in  "Fazio."  Her 
principal  part  was  Camille.  In  1867  she  married  Robert 
Stoepel,  a  musician,  and  was  divorced  from  him  in  1869.. 
Her  daughter,  Bijou,  also  an  actress,  was  bom  at  New 
York  in  1863. 


Heroopolites  Sinus 

Heroopolites  Sinus  (her-6-op-6-li'tez  si'nus). 
[Gi:'B.paoTTo?Lhj!g  ko}i.tt6q,  gulf  of  fleroopolis,  from 
? '  llpuuv  irdTiit,  eity  of  heroes,  a  city  on  the  coast.  ] 
The  ancient  name  of  the  Gulf  of  Suez. 

HeropMlus  (he-rof 'i-lus).  [Gr.  'Hp%;iof.]  Bom 
at  Chaleedon,  Bithynia :  lived  about  300  b.  c. 
A  Greek  anatomist  and  physician. 

Herostratus  (he-ros'tra-tus).  [Gr.  'SpdarpaTOi.^ 
An  Ephesian  who  set  fire  to  the  temple  of  Diana 
(Artemis)  at  Ephesus  (as  it  happened,  on  the 
night  of  the  birth  of  Alexander  the  Great)  in 
order  to  immortalize  himself. 

It  was  remarked  by  Hegesias  the  Magnesian  that  the 
conBagration  was  not  to  be  wondered  at,  since  the  goddess 
was  absent  from  Ephesus,  and  attending  on  the  delivery 
of  Olympias :  an  observation,  says  Plutarch,  frigid  enough 
to  have  put  out  the  fire.  The  stroke  of  genius  in  question, 
however,  is  ascribed  by  Cicero,  whose  taste  it  does  not 
seem  to  have  shocked,  to  Timseus  of  Tauromenium. 

Smith,  Diet,  of  Greek  and  Eoman  Biography  and 
[Mythology,  II.  439. 

Herrada.  Juan  de.    See  Eada. 

Herran  (ar-ran'),  Pedro  Alcantara.  Bom  at 
Bogota,  Oct.  19, 1800 :  died  there,.April  26, 1872. 
A  Colombian  general  and  statesman.  He  served 
in  the  war  for  independence,  and  in  Peru  1824-26.  He 
subsequently  was  prominent  as  a  liberal  in  the  civil  wars 
of  New  Granada,  at  times  as  commander-in-chief  of  the 
government  forces,  and  was  president  1841-45.  General 
Herran  was  known  as  the  "Hdsar  de  Ayaouoho,"  from  a 
brilliant  charge  wMch  he  made  in  that  battle. 

Herrenhausen (her'ren-hou-zen).  A royalpai- 
ace  in  Hannover.  George  I.  and  George  IL  of 
England  resided  there. 

Herrera,  or  Herrera  y  Tordesillas  (er-ra'ra  e 
tor-da-sel'yas),  Antonio  de.  Bom  at  CueUar, 
Segovia,  1549:  died  at  Madrid,  March  29, 1625. 
A  Spanish  historian.  Philip  ILmade  him  chief  chron- 
icler of  America  and  one  of  the  chroniclers  of  Castile, 
offices  which  he  held  until  his  death.  His  greatest  work 
is  the  "Historia  general  de  los  hechos  de  los  Castellanos 
en  las  islas  y  Tierra  Eirme  del  Mar  Oceano,"  in  8  decades 
(Madrid,  1601).  This  includes  the  history  of  America, 
written  in  the  form  of  annals,  from  1492  to  1554,  and  is 
the  most  important  of  the  older  works  on  the  subject. 
Herrera  also  published  a  history  of  the  world  during  the 
reign  of  Philip  II.,  and  many  other  works. 

Herrera,  Fernando  de.  Bom  at  Seville,  Spain, 
1534:  died  at  Seville,  1597.  A  celebrated  Span- 
ish lyric  poet,  surnamed  "the  Divine,"  a  friend 
of  Cervantes  who  wrote  a  sonnet  in  his  honor. 
His  poetical  works  were  published  by  his  friend,  the 
painter  Francisco  Pacheco,  in  1682  and  1619.  He  also 
wrote  "Relacion  de  la  guerra  de  Chipre,  y  suceso  de  la 
batalla  naval  de  Lepanto"  (1572),  and  "Vida  y  Muerte  de 
Tomas  Moro  "  (1692). 

Herrera,  Francisco,  sumamed  el  Viejo  ('the 
Old').  Bom  at  Seville,  Spain,  about  1576:  died 
at  Madrid,  1656.  '  A  Spanish  painter,  etcher, 
engraver,  and  architect.  Among  his  best  works 
is  a  "Last  Judgment,"  at  Seville. 

Herrera,  Francisco,  sumamed  el  Mozo  ('the 
Young').  Born  at  Seville,  Spain,  1622:  died 
at  Madrid,  1685.  A  Spanish  painter,  son  of 
Francisco  Herrera. 

Herrera,  Jos6  Joaquin  de.  Bom  in  Jalapa, 
1792 :  died  at  Tacubaya,  Feb.  10, 1854.  A  Mexi- 
can general  and  statesman.  An  officer  in  the  Span- 
ish army,  he  followed  the  defection  of  Iturbide  in  1821, 
but  opposed  him  as  emperor.  He  was  several  times  min- 
ister of  war ;  was  president  of  the  Supreme  Court ;  and  was 
temporary  president  of  therepublicinl844.  He  was  elected 
president  Sept  14, 1846,  but  was  compelled  to  resign  Dec. 
30 ;  was  second  in  command  under  Santa  Anna  during  the 
war  with  the  United  States;  and  was  again  president  dur- 
ing a  peaceful  term.  May  30, 1848,  to  Jan.  16, 1851. 

Herrera  y  Obes  (ar-ra'ra  e  6'bas),  Julio.  Bom 
at  MonteTideo  about  1846.  An  Uruguayan 
statesman.  He  was  alawyer  and  journalist;  was  min- 
ister of  foreign  affairs  in  1872 ;  on  the  fall  of  Ellaury  (1876) 
was  banished ;  returned  in  1877 ;  and  was  minister  of  gov- 
ernment under  President  Tajes.  At  the  end  of  Tajes's 
i:erm  Herrera  was  elected  president,  March  1, 1890,  for  the 
term  ending  Feb.  28, 1894. 

Herreros,  Manuel  Breton  de  los.  Bom  at 
Quel,  in  Logrono,  Spain,  Deo.  19,  1800:  died  at 
Madrid,  Nov.  13, 1873.  A  Spanish  dramatic  and 
satiric  poet,  author  of  150  dramas.  Among  his 
comedies  are  "  Los  dos  Sobrinos, "  "  El  Ingenue, "  "  ElHom- 
bre  gordo,"  "Todo  es  farsa  en  este  mundo,"  etc. 

Herrick  (her'ik),  Bobert.  Born  at  London, 
Aug.,  1591:  died  at  Dean  Prior,  Devonshire, 
Oct.,  1674.  An  EngUsh  lyric  poet.  In  1613  he  was 
a  feUow-commoner  of  St.  John's,  Cambridge.  In  1616  he 
went  to  Trinity  Hall  to  study  law.  In  1629  he  accepted  the 
living  of  Dean  Prior.  He  was  ejected  in  1647  for  his  roy- 
alist principles,  and  went  to  London.  He  was  restored  in 
1662.  He  published  "Hesperides,  or  the  Works  both  Hu- 
man and  Divine  of  Robert  Herrick,  Esq. "  (1648).  His  com- 
plete poems  were  edited  by  Grosart  in  1876.  Many  of  his 
poems  were  published  anonymously. 

Herring  (her'ing),  John  Frederick.  Bom  in 
Surrey,  1795:  died  near  Tunbridge  Wells,  Sept. 
23,  1865.  An  English  painter  of  horses.  After 
some  years  of  service  as  a  coachman  he  settled  in  Doncas- 
ter.  His  best  works  were  portraits  of  race-horses.  He 
possessed  more  than  any  other  painter  of  his  day,  except 


500 

Landseer,  the  keen  sympathy  for  animal  life  which  char- 
acterizes the  English  school.  Many  important  race-horses 
were  painted  by  him.    Sice. 

Herrings,  Battle  of  the.  A  name  given  to  the 
engagement  between  the  French  under  the 
Count  of  Clermont  and  the  English  under  Sir 
John  FastoU  near  Eonvray,  in  Feb.,  1429.  Sir 
John  was  carrying  provisions  to  the  English  army  besieg- 
ing Orleans,  and  these  provisions  consisted  chiefly  of  her- 
rings intended  for  the  Lenten  fast:  hence  the  name. 

Hermhut  (hem'hot).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
mental district  of  Bautzen,  Saxony,  45  miles 
east  of  Dresden :  the  chief  seat  of  the  Moravian 
Brotherhood,  founded  1722. 

Herrnhuters  (hem'hot-fers).  A  denomination 
of  Moravians  or  United  Brethren :  so  called  in 
Germany  from  the  village  built  by  them  on  the 
estate  of  Count  von  Zinzendorf  in  Saxony, 
named  Hermhut  (which  see).     See  Moravians. 

Herschel  (her'shel).  A  name  given  for  a  time 
to  the  planet  now  known  as  Uranus,  discovered 
by  Sir  William  Herschel. 

Herschel,  Caroline  Lucretia.  Bom  at  Han- 
nover, Prussia,  March  16, 1750:  died  there,  Jan. 

9,  1848.  An  English  astronomer,  sister  and  col- 
laborator of  Sir  William  Herschel.  she  published 
a  "Reduction  and  Arrangement  in  the  Form  of  a  Cata- 
logue in  Zones  of  all  the  Star  Clusters  and  Nebulae  observed 
by  Sir  William  Herschel." 

Herschel,  Sir  John  Frederick  William.  Bom 

at  Slough,  near  Windsor,  England,  March  7, 
1792:  died  at  Collingwood,  near  Hawkhurst, 
Kent,  England,  May  11,  1871.  A  celebrated 
English  astronomer  and  physicist,  son  of  Sir 
William  Herschel.  He  continued  his  father's  re- 
searches on  double  stars  and  nebulse,  and  conducted  ob- 
servations at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  1834-38.  His  chief 
work  is  "  Results  of  Astronomical  Observations  made  1834- 
1838  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope"  (1847).  Among  his  other 
works  are  "Study  of  Natural  Philosophy"  (1830),  "  Out- 
lines of  Astronomy  "  (1849),  "Familiar  Letters  on  Scien- 
tific Subjects"  (1866),  etc. 

Herschel,  Sir  William  (originally  Friedrich 
Wilhelm).  Born  at  Hannover,  Prussia,  Nov. 
15,  1738 :  died  at  Slough,  near  Windsor,  Eng- 
land, Aug.  25,  1822.  A  celebrated  English  as- 
tronomer, of  German  birth.  He  joined  the  band  of 
the  Hanoverian  Guards  as  oboist  at  the  age  of  14 ;  de- 
serted and  went  to  England  in  1767 ;  was  engaged  in  the 
teaching  of  music ;  and  attained  considerable  success  as  a 
violinist  and  organist.  He  instructed  himself  in  mathe- 
matics and  astronomy ;  and  in  1773  constructed  a  telescope 
with  which  he  observed  tlie  Orion  nebula.  In  1775  he 
erected  his  first  large  reflecting  telescope.  On  March  13, 
1781,  he  discovered  the  planet  Uranus,  naming  it,  in  honor 
of  George  III.,  "Georgium  Sidus,"  a  name  which  was  not 
accepted  by  astronomers.  He  was  made  court  astronomer 
in  Vf%2.  On  Jan.  11,  1787,  he  discovered  two  satellites  of 
Uranus  (Oberon  and  Titania) ;  on  Aug.  28, 1789,  a  sixth  satel- 
lite of  Saturn  (Enceladu's),  and  on  Sept.  17, 1789,  a  seventh 
(Mimas).  His  great  reflecting  telescope  (tube  39  feet  4 
mches  long)  was  erected  in  1789.  "  In  nearly  every  branch 
of  modem  physical  astronomy  he  was  a  pioneer.  He  was 
the  virtual  founder  of  sidereal  science.  As  an  explorer  of 
the  heavens  he  had  but  one  rival — his  son."  JHct  Nat.  Biog. 

Hersent  (er-son'),  Louis.   Born  at  Paris,  March 

10,  1777:  died  there,  Oct.  2, 1860.  AFrenchhis- 
torical  and  portrait  painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Eegnault. 

Hersfeld  (hers'feld).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Geisa  and  Haune  with  the  Fulda,  32  miles  south 
by  east  of  Cassel.  It  was  formerly  the  seat  of  an  old 
Benedictine  abbey.  It  passed  to  Hesse-Cassel  in  1648.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  6,758. 

Herstal  (hers'tal),  formerly  Heristal,  or  Heris- 
tall  (her'is-tal).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Li6ge,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Mouse  3  miles 
northeast  of  Lifege.  It  formerly  contained  a  castle, 
the  residence  of  Pepin  of  Heristal,  and  was  the  birthplace 
of  Pepin  and  of  Charles  the  Great  (?).  Population  (1890), 
13,877. 

Hertel  (her'tel),  Albert.  Bom  at  Berlin,  April 
19, 1843.  A  Prussian  landscape-painter,  noted 
for  his  coloring. 

Hertford  (hert'ford  or  har'ford),  or  Herts 
(herts).  A  county  in  south  midland  England. 
It  is  bounded  by  Bedford  on  the  northwest,  Cambridge 
on  the  north,  Essex  on  the  east,  Middlesex  on  the  south, 
and  Buckingham  on  the  west.  The  leading  industry  is 
agriculture.  Area,  636  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
220,162. 

Hertford.  [ME.  BeHford,  AS.  Heortford,  Heo- 
rotford,  hart-ford,  from  heorot,  hart,  and  ford, 
ford.]  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Hertford, 
situated  on  the  Lea  20  miles  north  of  London. 
An  ecclesiastical  counci^called  by  Theodore,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  met  here  ii  673.    Population  (1891),  7,232. 

Hertford  College.  A  college  of  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, founded  about  1282  by  Elias  de  Hert- 
ford as  Hertford  or  Hart  Hall.  This  foundation 
(Hertford  College  from  1740)  was  dissolved  in  1805 ;  and 
the  buildings,  with  other  property,  passed  to  Magdalen 
Hall  in  1822.  In  1874  Magdalen  Mail  was  dissolved  and 
Hertford  College  reincorporated. 

Hertha.    See  Herthus. 

Hertogenbosch  (her'to-oen-bosdh''),  'S,  or  den 


Herzberg 

Bosch,  G.  Herzogenbusch  (hert'so-gen-bosh), 
F.  Bois-le-Duc  (bwa'16-duk').  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  North  Brabant,  Netherlands, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Dommel  and  Aa 
in  lat.  51°  42'  N.,  long.  5°  18'  E.  it  contains  a 
noted  cathedral,  and  was  formerly  strongly  fortified.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Prench  in  1794,  and  by  the  Prussians  in 
1814.    Population  (1889),  commune,  27,103. 

Herts.  An  abbreviation  of  Hertfordshire.  See 
Hertford. 

Hertz  (herts),  Henrik.  Bom  at  Copenhagen, 
Aug.  25,  1798:  died  there,  Feb.  25,  1870.  A 
Danish  dramatist  and  poet.  He  was  the  son  of 
Jewish  parents,  but  embraced  Christianity.  He  studied 
Jurisprudence  at  the  University  of  Copenhagen.  In  1833 
he  traveled  abroad  at  the  expense  of  the  government,  and 
upon  his  return  was  given  the  title  of  professor,  and  an 
annual  pension.  His  first  important  work  was  a  series  of 
rimed  epistles  "  Gjenganger-Breve  eller  poetiske  Epistler 
fra  Paradis"  ("Ghost  Letters,  or  Poetical  Epistles  from 
Paradise  "\  which  appeared  in  1830,  and  whose  purpose 
was  esthetic  and  critical.  The  sam  e  year  appeared  a  com- 
edy in  verse,  "  Amors  Genistreger "  ("  Amor's  Clever 
Franks  ").  Among  his  many  works  for  the  stage  are  the 
comedies  "  Emma  "  (1832),  "  Den  eneste  Fell "  ("  The  Only 
Error  "),  and  "  Sparekassen  "  ("  The  Savings  Bank,"  1S36) ; 
the  romantic  plays  "Kong  Rene's  Datter"  ("King  Rene's 
Daughter  "),  "  Svend  Dyringa  Hus  "  ("  The  House  of  Svend 
Dyring  ");  the  vaudevilles  "  Kjarlighed  og  Politi "  ("  Love 
and  Politics"),  "Arvingerne"  ("The  Heirs"),  "De  Fat- 
tiges  Dyrehave  "  ("A  Park  for  the  Poor").  During  1368- 
1859  he  edited  the  weekly  journal  "Ugenlige  Blade."  His 
poems  ("  Digte  ")  were  published  at  Copenhagen  (1851-62) 
in  4  vols. ;  his  dramatic  works  (" Dramatiske  Vaerker  ")at 
Copenhagen  (1854-73),  in  18  vols. 

Hertzberg  (herts'bero).  Count  Ewald  Fried- 
rich  von.  Born  at  Lottin,  near  Neustettin, 
Prussia,  Sept.  2,  1725:  died  May  27,  1795.  A 
Prussian  statesman.  He  negotiated  the  peace  of  Hu- 
bertsburg  in  1763,  and  conducted  the  tor^gn  affairs  of 
Prussia  1763-91. 

Hertzberg,  Gustav  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Halle- 
on-the-Saale,  Prussia,  Jan.  19, 1826.  A  German 
historian,  professor  of  history  at  Halle.  His 
works  include  "  Geschichte  Griechenlands  unter  der  Herr- 
schaft  der  Romer"  (1866-76),  "Geschichte  der  Perser- 
kriege"  (1877),  and,  for  encyclopedias,  contributions  on 
Greek,  Roman,  and  Byzantine  history,  etc. 

Hertzen,  or  Herzen  (hert'sen),  Alexander. 
Born  at  Moscow,  March  25, 1812:  died  at  Paris, 
Jan.  21,  1870.  A  Russian  author  and  political 
agitator.  He  published  in  London  and  Hamburg  in 
Russian,  French,  German,  and  English.  He  founded 
in  London  the  liberal  journal  "Kolokol"  ("The  Bell")  in 
1866.  Among  his  works  are  the  novel  "Kto  Vinovat" 
("  Whose  Fault,"  1847),  "  Le  monde  russe  et  lar^Tolution  " 
(1860-62),  etc. 

Heruli  (her'u-li),  or  Eruli,  or  .fflruli  (er'u-li). 
A  Germanic  people,  first  mentioned  in  the  3d 
century  as  dwelling  near  the  Black  Sea,  and 
as  allies  of  the  Goths.  They  joined  with  other 
tribes  under  Odoacer  in  overthrowing  the  Western  Empire 
in476.  Their  original  home  was  probably  on  the  Cimbrian 
peninsula,  whence,  according  to  Jordanes,  they  were  en- 
tirely driven  out  by  the  Danes  at  the  beginning  of  the  6th 
century.    Nothing  is  known  of  their  ultimate  fate. 

Hervds  y  Fanduro  (ar-vas'  e  pan-ds'ro),  Lo- 
renzo. Born  at  Cuenca,  Spain,  May  20,  1735 : 
died  at  Rome,  Italy,  Aug.  24,  1809.  A  Jesuit 
philologist.  He  taught  philosophy  at  Madrid,  spent 
some  years  in  America,  and  from  1804  was  librarian  of  the 
Quirinal  at  Rome.  He  published  numerous  works  on  com- 
parative philology,  in  Italian  and  Spanish,  besides  boolES  on 
astronomy,  physics,  etc.,  and  a  cosmographical  work  in  21 
vols. 

Herv6  (er-va'):  assumed  name  of  Florimond 
Bonger.  Bom  at  Houdain,  Pas-de-Calais, 
June  30,  1825:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  3,  1892.  A 
French  composer  of  operettas.  According  to  Pou- 
gin  he  claimed  to  be  the  founder  of  the  kind  of  music  ren- 
dered famous  by  Offenbach.  His  works  include  "  L'CEil 
crevS "  (1867),  "Le  petit  Faust"  (1869),  etc.  In  1887  he 
was  conductor  of  the  Empire  Theatre,  London. 

Hervey  (her'vi),  John,  Baron  Hervey  of  lok- 
worth.  BomOct.,  1696:  died  Aug.,  1748.  An 
English  politician,  lord  privy  seal  1740-42.  He 
vrrote  ' '  Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  George  H."  (ed. 
by  Croker  1848). 

Hervey  Islands.    See  Cook  Islands. 

Herward.    See  Hereward. 

Herwegh  (her'veo),  Georg.  Bom  at  Stuttgart, 
Wiirtemberg,  May  31,  1817 :  died  at  Baden-Ba- 
den,  April  7,  1875.  A  German  political  poet.  He 
emigrated  from  Wiirtemberg  in  his  youth,  and  settled  at 
Zurich,  where,  in  1841,  he  published  a  volume  of  poems  of 
a  political  tendency,  entitled  "Gedichte  eines  Lebendl- 
gen,"  which  obtained  great  popularity  with  the  Liberal 
party  in  Germany.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  un- 
suocessfnl  revolution  in  Baden  In  1848. 

Herzberg  (herts'bero),  or  Herzberg-on-the- 
Elster  (el'ster).  A  smalltown  in  the  province 
of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Black  Elster 
56  miles  south  of  Berlin. 

Herzberg,  orHerzberg-in-the-Harz  (harts),  A 
small  town  in  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prus- 
sia, on  the  Sieber  19  miles  northeast  of  G6t- 
tingen.  It  has  an  old  castle,  and  was  a  former 
residence  of  the  dukes  of  Brunswick. 


Herzegovina 

Herzegovina  (hert-se-go-ve'na),  Turk.  Hersek 
(her'sek).  Formerly  a  sanjak  of  the  vilayet  of 
Bosnia,  Turkey,  since  1878  administeredby  Aus- 
tria-Hungary. It  is  bounded  by  Bosnia  on  the  north 
and  northeast,  Montenegro  ou  the  southeast,  and  Dalmatia 
on  the  west  and  southwest.  The  surface  is  mountainous. 
The  inhabitants  are  Slavs,  and  the  language  Servian.  It 
was  conquered  by  the  Turks  in  1483 ;  was  the  scene  of  an 
insurrection  in  187B-76 ;  was  occupied  by  Austria-Hungary 
In  Aug.,  1878 ;  and  was  again  the  scene  ol  an  insurrection 
(which  proved  unsuccessful)  in  1881-82. 

Herzen,  Alexander.    See  Hertsen. 

Herz,  mein  Herz,  warum  so  traurig?  [G., 
Heart,  my  heart,  why  so  sorrowful  ? ']  A  pop- 
ular German  song.  The  words  were  written  by  J.  U. 
Wyss,  Jr.,  about  1812,  and  the  music  about  1814,  by  J.  L. 
S.  Gliiok,  a  clergyman. 

Herzog  (hert'soa),  Johann  Jakob.  Bom  at 
Basel,  Switzerland,  Sept.  12,  1805:  died  Sept. 
30, 1882.  A  German  Protestant  theologian.  He 
was  professor  at  Lausanne  1835-47,  at  Halle  1847-64,  and 
at  Erlangen  1854-77.  He  edited  the  "Keal-Bncyklopadie 
iiir  protestantiscbe  Theologie  und  Eirche  "  (1864-86). 

Herzo^enbnolisee  (hert's6-gen-b66h-za").  A 
town  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  20 
miles  northeast  of  Bern. 

Herzogenbusch.    See  Hertogenbosch,  'S. 

Herzog  Ernst  (hert'sog  ernst).  A  Middle  High 
German  poem,  written  in  Bavaria  by  an  unknown 
author  in  the  latter  part  of  the  12th  century,  it 
recounts  the  marvelous  adventures  in  the  Orient  of  the 
banished  Duke  Ernst  of  Swabia,  who  was  at  war  with  his 
stepfather,  the  emperor  Conrad  II. 

Hesekiel  (he-za'ke-el),  Gteorg  Ludwig.    Bom 

at  Halle-on-the-Saale,  Prussia,  Aug.  12,  1819: 
died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  26,  1874.  A  German  jour- 
nalist and  man  of  letters,  author  of  poems,  his- 
torical novels,  and  a  life  of  Bismarck  (1868). 

Heshbon  (hesh'bon).  In  Bible  geography,  a  city 
in  PalestiuOj  about  36  miles  east  of  Jerusalem. 
It  was  the  capital  of  Sihon,  king  of  the  Amorites,  and  af- 
terward belonged  successively  to  the  Israelites  and  to  the 
Moabites.  It  was  tributary  to  Ihothmes  III.  It  is  the 
modern  Hesb{l.n. 

Hesiod(he'si-od).  IGr. 'Saiodog.'}  A  celebrated 
Greek  poet.  He  was,  according  to  a  poem  attributed  to 
him,  born  in  the  village  of  Ascra,  inBoeotia,  and  probably 
lived  about  736  B.  C.  His  youth  was,  according  to  the  same 
authority,  spent  in  rural  pursuits  at  his  native  village.  He 
appears  to  have  lived  during  the  latter  part  of  his  life  at 
Orchomenus,  where  he  is  said  to  have  been  buried.  The 
obscurity  in  which  his  life  is  involved  has  led  some  critics 
to  adopt  the  opinion  that  the  name  does  not  represent  an 
actual  person,  but  is  a  mere  personification  of  the  Boeotian 
or  Hesiodio  school  of  poetry,  as  opposed  to  the  Homeric 
or  Ionic.  Of  the  numerous  works  commonly  ascribed  to 
him  the  most  important  are  "  Works  and  Days  "  and  "  The- 
ogony."  The  former  is  chiefly  composed  of  precepts  on 
rural  economy  and  maxims  of  morality ;  the  latter  is  an  ac- 
count of  the  origin  of  the  world  and  the  birth  of  the  gods. 

Hesione  (he-si'o-ne).  [_Q:i. 'Saidvr/.^  In  Greek  le- 
gend, a  daughter  of  Laomedon,  king  of  Troy,  and 
Leucippe .  she  was  exposed,  as  a  propitiatory  sacrifice,  to 
be  killed  by  a  sea-monster  sent  by  Poseidon  to  devastate 
the  land.  Hercules  slew  the  monster  and  set  her  free,  and, 
when  the  promised  reward  was  refused  him,  took  Troy, 
slew  Laomedon  and  his  sons,  and  gave  Hesione  to  his  com- 
panion, Telamon,  by  whom  she  became  the  mother  of 
Xeucer. 

Hesperia  (hes-pe'ri-a).  [Gr.  'Eairepla.^  Accord- 
ing to  the  ancient  Greeks,  the  region  of  the  west, 
especially  Italy,  and  sometimes,  according  to  the 
poets,  the  Iberian  peninsula. 

Hesperides  (hes-per'i-dez).  [Gr.'BaTrepW^c]  In 
Greek  mythology,  maidens,  guardians  of  the 
golden  apples  which  Gssa  (Earth)  caused  to  grow 
as  a  marriage-gift  for  Hera.  They  dwelt  in  the  ex- 
treme west,  or,  according  to  one  account,  among  the  Hy- 
Serboreans.  According  to  Hesiod  they  were  daughters  of 
ight :  in  later  accounts,  daughters  of  Atlas  and  Hesperis, 
named  .^gle,  Arethusa,  Erytheia,  and  Hesperia. 

Hesperus (hes'pe-rus).  [Gr."B(T7r£/30f.]  Theeven- 
ing  star,  in  GreoE  mythology,  son  of  Astrseus  and 
Eos  (according  to  Hesiod) .  He  was  regarded  as  iden- 
tical with  the  morning  star,  and  was  hence  called  the 
"Xight-bringer."    Compare  Phosphorus. 

Hesperus.  In  Arthurian  legend,  the  name  given 
to  Bir  Pertolope,  the  Green  Knight.  Tennyson 
calls  him  the  "  Evening  Star " :  his  famous  combat  took 
place  at  dawn.    See  Hesperm,  above. 

Hesperus,  Mount.    See  Sanded  Peak. 

Hess  (hes),  Heinrich  Maria  von.  Born  at  Diis- 
seldorf ,  Prussia,  April  19, 1798 :  died  at  Munich, 
March  29,  1863.  A  German  historical  painter, 
brother  of  Peter  von  Hess :  noted  for  his  frescos 
in  Munich. 

Hess,  Johann  Jakob.  Born  at  Zurich,  Switzer- 
land, Oct.  21, 1741:  died  there.  May  29,  1828.  A 
Swiss  Protestant  theologian.  His  chief  work  is 
"  Lebensgeschiohte  Jesu"  (1781). 

Hess,  Karl  von.  Bom  at  Diisseldorf,  Prussia, 
1801:  died  at  Eeiohenhall,  Bavaria,  Nov.  16, 1874. 
A  German  painter,  brother  of  Peter  von  Hess. 

Hess,  Karl  Adolf  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Dresden, 
1769 :  died  at  "Wilhelmsdorf ,  near  Vienna,  July 
3, 1849.  A  German  painter  of  horses  and  bat- 
tle-scenes. 


501 

Hess,  Karl  Ernst  Ohristoph.  Bom  at  Darm- 
stadt, Germany,  Jan.  22, 17^5 :  died  at  Munich, 
July  25,  1828.  A  German  engraver.  Among  his 
best  works  are  "A  Charlatan  "  after  Dow,  "Ascension  of  the 
Virgin  "  after  Guide  Keni,  portraits  after  liubens,  and  a 
"Holy  Tamily  "  after  Haphael. 

Hess,  Peter  von.  Bom  at  Dusseldorf ,  Prussia, 
,  July  29,  1792 :  died  at  Munich,  April  4,  1871. 
A  noted  German  painter  of  battles  and  genre 
scenes,  son  and  pupU  of  Karl  Ernst  Christoph 
Hess,  and  pupil  of  the  Munich  Academy.  He 
served  in  the  campaigns  of  1813-15,  and  went  to  Greece  in 
1833  and  to  Russia  in  1839  to  make  studies  for  battle  pictures 
ordered  by  the  czar.  Among  his  works  are  "Battleof  Arcis- 
sur-Aube,"  "Passage  of  the  Beresina,"  "French  Wagon- 
train"  (National  Gallery  in  Berlin),  "Battle  of  Leipsic," 
"Battle  of  Austerlitz," etc. 
Hesse  (hes),  G.  Hessen  (hes'sen).  A  landgravi- 
ate  of  the  German-Koman  Empire.  It  lay  along 
the  Main  and  the  middle  Ehine,  and  extended  northeast- 
ward to  the  Weser.  The  ancient  inhabitants  were  the 
Chatti.  The  landgraves  of  Thuringia  became  rulers  in 
Hesse  in  the  12th  century.  On  the  extinction  of  the  Thu- 
ringian  line  in  1247,  various  claimants  appeared.  In 
1263,  by  the  treaty  of  Wettin,  Henry  of  Brabant  acquired 
certain  possessions,  and  styled  himself  landgrave  and 
prince  ot  Hesse,  making  Cassel  his  capital.  Various  acqui- 
sitionswere  made  (Giessen,  Homburg,  etc.).  Philip  the  Mag- 
nanimous, landgrave  of  Hesse,  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Reformation.  At  his  death  in  1567  the  country  was  divided 
among  his  four  sons,  and  the  lines  of  Hesse-Cassel,  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  Hesse-Ehelnf  els(extinguiahed  1683),  and  Hesse- 
Marburg  (extinguished  1604)  were  formed.    See  below. 

Hesse,  Grand  duchy  of.  A  grand  duchy  and 
state  of  the  German  Empire.  It  comprises  mainly 
two  separate  parts  —  the  northern,  consisting  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Upper  Hesse  (Oberhessen),  surrounded  by  Prussia ; 
and  the  southern,  consisting  of  the  provinces  of  Starken- 
burg  (east  of  the  Rhine)  and  Rhine  Hesse  (west  of  the 
Rhine),  bounded  by  Prussia  on  the  west  and  north,  and 
Bavaria  and  Baden  on  the  east  and  south.  There  are  also 
11  smaller  exclaves.  The  chief  physical  features  are  the 
Odenwald,  the  Vogelsberg,  outliers  of  the  Taunus,  and  the 
plains  of  the  Rhine  and  Main.  Hesse  has  considerable 
production  of  wine  and  flourishing  manufactures.  The 
capital  is  Darmstadt ;  the  chief  city  Mainz.  The  govern- 
ment is  ahereditary  constitutional  monarchy  with  a  grand 
duke  and  a  Landtag  of  2  chambers.  Hesse  has  3  repre- 
sentatives in  the  Bundesrat  and  9  in  the  Reichstag.  The 
religion  of  the  majority  is  Protestant.  The  landgraviate 
of  Hesse-Darmstadt  was  constituted  in  1567.  (See  Hesse, 
above.)  It  lost  to  France  the  territories  west  of  the  Rhine 
in  the  wars  of  the  French  Revolution ;  ceded  various  terri- 
tories in  1803,  but  was  largely  increased  by  territories  from 
Mainz,  the  duchy  of  Westphalia,  etc. ;  entered  the  Confed- 
eration of  the  Rhine  in  1806,  and  became  a  grand  duchy, 
receiving  territory ;  joined  the  Allies  in  1813 ;  entered  the 
Germanic  Confederation  in  1815 ;  ceded  the  duchy  of  West- 
phalia to  Prussia  in  1815,  and  made  other  cessions,  but 
received  extensive  territories  and  the  towns  of  Mainz  and 
"Worms ;  and  received  a  constitution  in  1820.  It  sided 
with  Austria  against  Prussia  in  1866,  and  was  obliged  to 
make  contributions  and  cede  Hesse-Homburg  and  por- 
tions of  Upper  Hesse  to  Prussia,  the  grand  duke  being 
compelled  to  enter  the  North  German  Confederation  for 
his  territories  north  of  the  Main.  From  that  time  it  has 
usually  been  called  Hesse,  instead  of  Hesse-Darmstadt. 
Area,  2,966  square  miles.    Population  (1900i,  1,119,893. 

Hesse  (hes'se),  Adolf  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Bres- 
lau,  Prussia,  Aug.  30,  1809  :  died  there,  Aug.  5, 
1863.  A  German  organist  and  composer  for  the 
organ. 

Hesse  (es),  Jean  Baptiste  Alexandre.  Bom 
at  Paris,  Sept.  30,  1806 :  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  7, 
1879.  A  French  historical  painter,  nephew  of 
N.  A.  Hesse. 

Hesse,  Nicolas  Auguste.  Born  at  Paris,  1795 : 
died  at  Paris,  June  14, 1869.  A  French  histor- 
ical painter. 

Hesse-Cassel  (hes'kas'el),  or  Electoral  Hesse, 
G.  Hessen-Kassel  (hes'seu-kas'sel),  or  Kur- 
hessen  (ker'hes-sen).  A  former  landgraviate 
and  electorate  which  lay  north  of  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt. It  was  form  ed  in  1667  at  the  division  of  the  Hessian 
lands ;  was  occupied  by  the  French  in  the  Seven  Years'  War ; 
furnished  22,000  troops  for  the  British  service  against  the 
United  States ;  lost  to  France  in  1796  its  territory  west  of 
the  Rhine ;  received  a  few  accessions  and  the  electoral  dig- 
nity in  1803 ;  %vas  seized  by  the  French  in  1806 ;  was  allot- 
ted to  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia  in  1807  ;  had  its  elector 
restored  in  1813 ;  and  received  part  of  the  principality  of 
Fulda  and  other  territories  in  1816,  and  entered  the  Ger- 
manic Confederation.  A  constitution  was  proclaimed  in 
1831.  A  constitutional  struggle  between  the  liberals  and 
Hassenpflug  in  I860  led  to  the  armed  intervention  of  Aus- 
tria in  aid  of  Hassenpflug.  Hesse  sided  with  Austria  against 
Prussia  1866,  and  was  annexed  by  Prussia  1866.  The  greater 
portion  forms  part  of  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau. 

Hesse-Darmstadt  (hes'darm'stat).  A  landgra- 
viate of  Germany,  formed  in  1567,  now  called 
Hesse.  Foritshistory,seeBe«sc,Gra»c?(J«c7i2/o/. 

Hesse-Homburg  (hes'hom'berg),  G.  Hessen- 
Homburg  (hes'sen-hom'borG).  A  former  land- 
graviate of  Germany.  It  included  Homburg- vor-der- 
Hohe  (north  of  Frankfort-on-the-Main)  and  Meisenheim 
(between  theRhinePalatinateandBirkenfeld).Itbranched 
off  from  Hesse-Darmstadt  in  1696 ;  was  made  subordinate 
to  Hesse-Darmstadt  in  1806,  and  independent  in  1816 ; 
received  Meisenheim  in  1816 ;  and  entered  the  Germanic 

,  Confederation  in  1817.  By  extinction  of  the  house  in 
March,  1866,  it  reverted  to  Hesse-Darmstadt,  which  in 
Sept.,  1866,  ceded  it  to  Prussia,  It  now  forms  part  of  the 
province  of  Hesse-Nassau  and  of  the  Rhine  Province. 


Hettstadt 

Hesse-Nassau  (hes'uas'a),  G.  Hessen-Nassau 

(hes'sen-nas'sou).  A  province  of  Prussia, 
formed  in  1868.  Capital,  Cassel.  It  comprises 
nearly  all  Hesse-Cassel,  nearly  all  Nassau,  part  of  Hesse- 
Homburg,  the  other  cessions  made  by  Hesse  in  1866,  and 
those  made  by  Bavaria  in  1866.  It  is  surrounded  by  the 
Prussian  provinces  of  Saxony,  Hannover,  Westphalia,  and 
the  Rhme,  Hesse,  Bavaria,  Waldeck,  and  Saxe-Weimar ; 
and  there  are  also  several  small  exclaves.  It  surrounds 
Upper  Hesse.  The  surface  is  generally  liilly,  and  in  part 
mountainous.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Agriculture 
and  industries  are  flourishing.  There  are  2  government 
districts,  Cassel  and  Wiesbaden.  Area,  6,058  square  miles 
Population  (1900),  1,897,981. 

Hessian  (hesh'an).  The  German  dialect  of  old 
Hessian  territory  about  the  upper  Lahn,  the 
Pulda,  and  the  Eder.  With  Upper  and  Middle  Fran- 
conian  andThuringian,  it  forms  the  group  specifically  called 
Middle  German. 

Hessians  (hesh'anz).  The  natives  or  inhabi- 
tants of  Hesse  in  Germany.  The  Hessians  asarace 
are  the  representatives  of  the  ancient  Teutonic  people  the 
Catti  (Chatti);  they  formed  various  minor  states  in  Ger- 
many, of  which  the  chief  have  been  Hesse-Cassel  (an- 
nexed to  Prussia  in  1866)  and  the  grand  duchy  of  Hesse, 
called  Hesse- Darmstadt  previous  to  1866. 

Hessus  (hes'sos),  Helius  Eobanus.  Bom  at 
Halgehausen,  Hesse,  Jan.  6, 1488 :  died  at  Mar- 
burg, Prussia,  Oct.  4,  1540.  A  German  poet. 
Among  his  Latin  poems  are  versions  of  the 
Psalms  and  of  the  Iliad. 

Hestia  (hes'ti-a).  [Gr.  'EctWo.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  goddess  of  the  hearth,  daughter  of 
Cronos  and  Khea,  identified  with  the  Soman 
Vesta. 

Hestia.  -An  asteroid  (No.  46)  discovered  by  Pog- 
son  at  Oxford,  Aug.  16,  1857. 

Hesvan  (hes'van),  or  Heshvan  (hesh'van). 
[Heb.]  The  eighth  month  of  the  Jewish  year, 
corresponding  to  the  latter  part  of  Oct.  and  a 
part  of  Nov.  It  has  29  or  30  days.  Its  fuller  form 
is  Mar-heshvan,  from  Babylonian  ara^amna  (with  cus- 

u  tomary  phonetic  change),  eighth  month.  Like  the  other 
names  of  the  Hebrew  months,  it  was  borrowed  from  the 
Babylonians  about  the  time  of  the  exile. 

HesychastS  (hes'i-kasts).  [Gr.  ^avxaar^g,  one 
who  leads  a  retired  Uf  e.]  A  body  of  monks  who 
lived  on  Mount  Athos  during  the  14th  century, 
and  aimed  to  attain,  by  the  practice  of  con- 
templation and  asceticism,  perfect  serenity  of 
mind,  and  hence  supernatural  insight  and  di- 
vine light,  with  knowledge  of  the  Deity. 

Hesychius  (he-sik'i-us).  IGT.'B.avxtog.']  Put  to 
death  at  the  beginning  of  the  4th  century.  An 
Egyptian  bishop,  reputed  reviser  of  the  Septua- 
gint  and  the  New  Testament. 

Hesychius.  Lived  in  the  6th  (or  4th  T)  century. 
A  Greek  grammarian  of  Alexandria.  He  com- 
piled  a  Greek  lexicon,  edited  by  Alberti  and  Ruhnken 
1746-66,  and  by  M.  Schmidt  1857-68. 

The  most  important  Byzantine  lexicon  bears  the  name 
of  Hesychius  of  Alexandria,  who  appears  to  have  lived  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  fourth  century ;  but  has  unquestion- 
ably come  down  to  us  in  modified  form,  including  many 
additions  of  a  much  later  date.  Hesychius  hiinself  was 
probably  a  pagan,  and  a  large  portion  of  these  additions 
consists  in  Biblical  glosses  which  must  have  proceeded 
from  the  pen  of  some  Christian  grammarian.  The  value 
of  the  work  is  not  much  enhanced  by  these  later  additions. 
But  it  is  an  inestimable  aid  to  the  study  of  the  classical 
authors,  especially  Homer,  because  it  embodies  in  a  large 
measure  the  best  traditions  of  the  older  grammarians  of 
Alexandria.  It  was  derived  immediately  by  Hesychius 
from  the  dictionary,  in  five  books,  by  Diogenianus,  who 
lived  at  Heraclea,  in  the  Pontus,  in  the  time  of  Hadrian ; 
and  this,  again,  was  an  extract  from  the  great  dictionary, 
in  ninety-five  books,  by  Pamphilus  and  Zopyrion,  of  the 
school  of  Aristarchus. 

E.  0.  Midler,  Hist  of  the  Lit  of  Anc.  Greece,  HL  384. 

[(Donaldson.) 

Hesychius,  sumamed  "  The  Illustrious."  Bom 
at  Miletus,  Asia  Minor :  lived  at  the  beginning 
of  the  6th  century.  A  Greek  historical  £mS 
biographical  writer. 

Hetseria  Philike  (het-a-re'a  fe-le'ke').  [NGr. 
hmpia  (juTi.iK^.']  Asecretpoliticalsocietyfounded 
at  Odessa  in  1814  for  the  purpose  of  liberating 
Greece  from  the  Turkish  domination,  in  1820  it 
chose  as  its  leader  Prince  Alexander  Hypsilanti,  who  in 
1821  inaugurated  the  Greek  war  for  independence. 

Heth  (heth).  A  descendant  of  Canaan  (Gen.  x. 
15);  the  ancestor  of  the  family  from  whom 
Abraham  purchased  the  cave  of  Machpelah 
(Gen.  XX.).     See  Hittites. 

Hettner  (het'ner),  Hermann  Julius  Theodor. 
Bom  at  Leisersdorf,  near  Goldberg,  Prussia, 
Mareh  12,  1821 :  died  at  Dresden,  May  29, 1882. 
A  German  historian  of  literature  and  art.  He  be- 
came professor  at  .Tena  in  1851,  and  in  1855  went  to  Dres- 
den as  director  of  the  royal  collections  of  antiquities,  etc. 
Later  (1868)  he  became  director  of  the  Historical  Museum 
and  of  the  Rietschel  Museum.  His  chief  work  is  "  Lit- 
eraturgeschichte  des  18.  Jahrhunderts  "  (1856-70). 

Hettstadt,  or  Hettstedt  (het'stet).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Wipper  35  miles  south  of  Magdeburg.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  commune,  8,641. 


Heuglin 

Heuglin  (hoig'lin),  Theodor  von.    Born  at 

Hirsehlanden,  Germany,  March  20,  1824:  died 
at  Stuttgart,  Nov.  5,  1876.  An  African  trav- 
eler and  ornith-ologist.  He  was  an  able  naturalist, 
linguist,  marksman,  and  draftsman,  and  his  numerous  ex- 
peditions resulted  in  collections  and  published  works  of 
rare  scientific  value.  His  many-sided  explorations  carried 
him  to  Arabia,  Abyssinia,  and  Kordofan  (1850-56) ;  to  Ba- 
yuda,  Eed  Sea,  and  Somali  coasts  (1866) ;  to  Mensa,  Bogos, 
Barea,  Adua,  Gondar,  and  to  Djamma,  Galla-land,  where  he 
met  King  Theodoras  (1861-62);  and  to  the  land  of  the  Dors 
as  far  as  the  Dembo  River  (1863-64).  In  1858-60,  and  after 
1864,  he  published  7  important  works  on  his  journeys 
and  on  African  ornithology.  In  1870-71  he  visited  Spitz- 
bergen  and  Nova  Zembla,  on  which  regions  he  wrote  3 
volumes,  and  in  1874  he  made  his  last  African  tour  along 
the  Red  Sea  and  among  the  Beni  Amer. 

Heureaux  (6-r6'),  Ulisse.  Bom  about  1846: 
assassinated  at  Mooa,  Santo  Domingo,  July  26, 
1899.  A  general  and  politician  of  the  Domini- 
can Republic.  He  took  an  important  part  in  the  war 
with  the  Spaniards  1866  ;  became  president  of  the  republic 
1882-83,  and  again  in  1887;  and  was  afterward  continuously 
reelected,  the  last  time  in  1897. 

Heusch  (hesch),  orHeus(h6s),  Jacob  van.  Bom 
at  Utrecht,  1657:  died  there,  1701.  A  Dutch 
painter,  nephew  of  Willem  van  Heusch. 

Heusob,  or  Heus^,  Willem  van.  Lived  in  the 
17th  century.    A  Dutch  landscape-painter. 

Hevelius  (he-ve'U-us ;  G.  pron.  ha-fa'le-6s),  ori- 
ginally Hewel  (ha'vel),  or  Hewelke  (ha-vel'- 
ke),  Johannes.  Bom  atDantzie,  Prussia,  Jan. 
28, 1611 :  died  at  Dantzio,  Jan.  28, 1687.  A  Po- 
lish astronomer.  Alter  having  completed  his  studies 
at  Leyden,  he  traveled  in  Holland,  England,  France,  and 
Germany  1630-34,  when  he  returned  to  his  native  city  of 
Dantzic,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  astronomy. 
He  was  elected  a  judge  in  1641,  and  a  town  councilor  in 
1651.  Among  his  works  are  "  Selenographia  "  (1647)  and 
'*  Prodromus  astronomise  "  (1690). 

Hewitt  (ha'it),  Abram  Stevens.  Born  at  Hav- 
erstraw,  Nv  Y.,  July  31, 1822:  died  at  New  York, 
Jan.  18, 1903.  An  American  statesman,  son-in- 
law  of  PeterCooper.  He  was  a  Democratic  member  of 
Conjp'ess  from  New  York  1875-79  and  1881-86,  and  mayor 
of  New  York  1887-88. 

Hewitt,  John  Hill.  Born  at  New  York  city, 
July  11,  1801:  died  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  Oct.  7, 
1890.  An  American  author,  in  1826  he  settled  at 
Baltimore,  where  he  engaged  in  literary  work,  and  was 
brought  into  rivalry  with  Edgar  AUan  Poe.  His  best-known 
work  is  the  ballad  "The  Minstrel's  Return  from  the  War." 

Hexam  (hek'sam),  Lizzie.  One  of  the  principal 
female  characters  in  Dickens's  "Our  Mutual 
Friend." 

Hexapla  (hek'sa-pla).  [Gr.  ra  ifajr/la,  se.  BijiXia, 
sixfold  (Bible). ^  An  edition  of  the  Bible  in  six 
versions.  The  name  is  especially  given  to  a  collection  of 
textsof  theOldTestaraentcoUatedbyOrigen.  It  contained 
in  six  parallel  columns  the  Hebrew  text  in  Hebrew  char- 
acters and  in  Greek  characters,  the  Septuagint  with  criti- 
cal emendations,  and  versions  by  Symmachus,  Aquila,  and 
Theodotion.  There  were  also  fragments  of  several  other 
versions. 

Hexapolis  (hek-sap'o-lis),  Dorian.  [Gr.  'Bfd™- 
Aif ,  six  cities.]  In  ancient  Greek  history,  a  name 
given  to  a  league  of  six  Dorian  cities  —  Lindus, 
Ialysus,Camirus  (all  in  Ehodes),  Halicarnassus, 
Cnidus,  and  Cos. 

Hexateuch  (hek'sa-tuk).  [From  Gr.  ef,  six, 
and  revxog,  an  implement,  a  book.]  The  first 
six  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  The  sixth  book, 
Joshua,  relating  the  final  settlement  of  the  Jews  in  the 
promised  land,  is  a  continuation  of  the  Pentateuch,  and 
apparently  forms  with  it  a  complete  work,  homogeneous 
in  both  style  and  purpose. 

Hexham  (hek'sam).  A  tovm  in  Northumber- 
land, England,  situated  on  the  Tyne  20  miles 
west  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  It  contains  a  priory 
church.  Here,  May  15, 1464,  the  Lancastrians  under  the 
Duke  of  Somerset  were  totally  defeated  by  the  Yorkists 
under  Lord  Montacute.  Somerset  was  taken  prisoner,  and 
was  beheaded  after  the  battle.    Population  (1891),  5,946. 

Heyden  (M'den),  Jan  van  der.  Bom  at  Gor- 
kum,  Netherlands,  1637  (1640?)  :  died  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1712.    A  Dutch  architectural  painter. 

Heylin,  or  Heylyn  (hi'lin),  Peter.  Born  at  Bur- 
ford,  Oxfordshire,  England,  Nov.  29, 1600 :  died 
at  London,  May  8, 1662.  An  English  church  his- 
torian and  controversialist.  Among  his  works  are 
"Cosmography  "  (1662), "  Ecclesia  Eestaurata :  the  History 
of  the  Reformation  of  the  Church  of  England  "  (1661),  etc. 

Heyne  (hi'ne).  Christian  Grottlob.    Bom  at 

Chemnitz,  Saxony,  Sept.  25, 1729:  died  at  Got- 
tingen,  Prussia,  July  13, 1812.  A  German  clas- 
sical philologist  and  arch^ologist,  professor  at 
Gottingen  1763-1812.  He  published  "Opuscula  aca- 
demica  (1786-1812),  and  edited  Tibullus  (1766),  Vergil 
(1767-75),  Pindar  (1773),  the  Iliad  (1802),  etc. 

Heyse  (hi'ze),  Johann  Christian  August. Born 
at  Nordhausen,  Prussia,  April  21, 1764 :  died  at 
Magdeburg,  Pmssia,  June  27, 1829.  A  German 
grammarian,  teacher  successively  at  Olden- 
burg, Nordhausen,  and  Magdeburg.  He  publish- 
ed "Allgemeines  FremdwBrterbuch "  (1804),  "Deutsche 
Grammatik  "  (1814),  "  Deutsche  Schulgrammatik  "  (1816), 
etc. 


502 

Heyse,  Johann  Ludwig  Paul.  Bom  at  Berlin, 
March  15, 1830.  A  German  novelist  and  poet. 
He  is  the  son  of  the  philologist  Karl  Wilhelm  Ludwig 
He};se.  He  studied  at  Berlin  and  Bonn.  In  1849,  and 
again  in  1862,  he  traveled  in  Italy.  Since  1854  he  has  lived 
in  Munich.  His  principal  works  are  his"  Novellen,"  13  se- 
ries of  which  have  appeared  from  1856  to  1881  under  vari- 
ous titles.  Besides  these  he  has  published  "Gesammelte 
Novellen  in  Versen"  (1863),  "Syritha"(1867),  "Die  Ma- 
donna in  Olwald  "  ("The  Madonna  of  the  Olive  Grove," 
1879).  Thenovels  "DieKinderder  Welt"("TheChildren 
of  the  World  ")  and  "  In  Paradies  "  appeared  in  1873  and 
1876  respectively.  He  is  the  author  of  numerous  dramas 
written  at  various  times  from  1850  to  1881.  An  epic  poem, 
"  Thekla,"  was  published  in  1868.  "  Das  Skizzenbuch  " 
("  The  Sketch-book  "),  avolume  of  poems,  appeared  in  1877 ; 
"Der  Salamander"  in  1879;  the  collection  of  poems 
"  Verse  aus  Italien  "  in  1880.  His  collected  works  ("Ge- 
sammelte Sohriften  ")  appeared,  1872-80,  in  14  volumes. 

Heyse,  Karl  Wilhelm  Ludwig.  Bom  at  Ol- 
denburg, Germany,  Oct.  15,  1797:  died  at  Ber- 
lin, Nov.  25,  1855.  A  German  philologist,  son 
of  J.  C.  A.  Heyse:  professor  at  the  University 
of  Berlin.  He  continued  his  father's  grammatical  works, 
and  wrote  "  System  der  Sprachwissenschaft "  (1856),  etc. 

Heyst  (hist).  A  sea-bathing  resort  in  the  prov- 
ince of  West  Flanders,  Belgium,  on  the  North 
Sea  9  miles  north  of  Bruges. 

Hey  wood  (ha' wiid) .  A  manufacturing  town  in 
Lancashire,  England,  8  miles  north  of  Man- 
chester.   Population  (1891),  23,286. 

Heywood,  John.  Bom  about  1500:  died  atMeeh- 
lin,  Belgium,  about  1580.  A  noted  English  epi- 
grammatist. He  was  a  sort  of  court  jester,  though  of 
good  social  position,  and  amused  by  his  powers  of  repar- 
tee. He  was  a  favorite  with  Queen  Mary,  but  when  Eliza- 
beth ascended  the  throne  he  retired  to  Mechlin,  where  he 
is  supposed  to  have  died.  He  wrote  3  interludes  in  which 
for  the  first  time  characters  were  personal  and  not  mere 
abstractions,  and  thus  paved  the  way  for  English  comedy. 
The  best-known  of  the  interludes  is  the  "JFour  P's ;  a 
merry  interlude  of  a  Palmer,  a  Pardoner,  a  Potycary,  and 
a  Pedlar,  "printed  between  1543  and  1547.  His  "Epigrams 
and  Proverbs"  (1562)  show  both  wit  and  humor,  and  were 
very  popular.  He  wrote  also  "  The  Play  of  Love,"  "  The 
Play  of  the  Wether,"  etc. 

Heywood,  Thomas.  Born  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng- 
land :  died  about  the  middle  of  the  17tli  cen- 
tury. A  noted  English  dramatist  and  miscel- 
laneous writer.  He  speaks  of  his  residence  at  Cam- 
bridge in  his  "  Apology  for  Actors,"  but  there  is  no  record 
of  him  there.  He  was  an  actor,  a  member  of  the  Lord 
Admiral's,  Earl  of  Southampton's,  Earl  of  Derby's,  Earl  of 
Worcester's,  and  the  Queen's  companies.  After  the  death 
of  the  queen  he  went  back  to  the  Earl  of  Worcester's  com- 
pany. He  was  a  prolific  writer.  Among  his  plays  are 
"  The  Four  Prentices  of  London,  etc."  (produced  about 
1600 :  printed  1615),  "Edward  IV."  (in  2  parts),  "If  You 
Knew  not  Me,  You  Knew  Nobody,  etc."  (1605-06:  in  2 
parts),  "The  Royal  King  and  the  Loyal  Subject  "(printed 
1637 :  acted  much  earlier),  "A  Woman  Killed  with  Kind- 
ness" (aeted  1603:  printed  1607),  "The  Fan:  Maid  of  the 
Exchange  "  (1607),  "The  Golden  Age"  (1611),  "The  Silver 
Age "(1612),  "The  Brazen  Age"  (1613),  "The  Iron  Age" 
(1632  :  2  parts),  "The  Fair  Maid  of  the  West"  (acted  1617 : 
printed  1631),  "The  English  Traveller"  (printed  1633), 
"Love's  Mistress  "(1636),  "The  Wise  Woman  of  Hogsden  " 
(1638),  "  Fortune  by  Land  and  Sea"(with  William  Rowley : 
printed  1655),  "The  Late  Lancashire  Witches"  (with  Rich- 
ard Bromeu  1634).  He  wrote  the  lord  mayor's  pageants 
formanyyears.  Among  his  miscellaneous  works  aretrans- 
lations  of  Sallust,  and  selections  from  Lucian,  Ovid,  and 
others;  "Troia  Britannica,"  a  long  heroic  poem  (1609); 
"An  Apology  for  Actors"  (1612:  reprinted  with  altera- 
tions by  William  Cartwright  in  1658,  with  the  title  "The 
Actors'  Vindication") ; "  England'sEli2abeth"(1631) ; "  The 
Hierarchy  of  the  Blessed  Angels,"  a  long  didactic  poem 
(1636). 

Hezekiah  (hez-e-M'a).  [Heb., 'God  is  my 
strength.']  King ofJudah for 29 years.  Thedate 
of  his  accession  to  the  throne  is  variously  given  as  727, 
726,  and  715  B.  0.  He  restored  the  service  of  Jehovah, 
purged  the  country  of  the  idolatry  which  was  spread  under 
his  father  Ahaz,  and  inaugurated  a  kind  of  revival  of  the 
theocratic  spirit.  He  obtained  a  series  of  victories  over 
the  Philistines.  Concerning  his  relation  to  Assyria,  ac- 
counts are  found  in  the  Old  Testament  as  well  as  in  the 
cuneiform  inscriptions.  Hezekiah  undertook  to  shake  off 
the  Assyrian  supremacy  underwhich  Judah  had  groaned 
since  Uzziah.  It  would  seem  that  Shalmaneser  IV.  and 
Sargon  were  somehow  prevented  from  punishing  him. 
But  Sennacherib  made  two  invasions  into  Judah.  The  first 
(702)  is  briefly  related  in  2  Ki.  xviii.,  according  to  which, 
after  Sennacherib  had  captured  all  the  fortified  cities  in 
Judah,  Hezekiah  submitted  and  sent  to  the  conqueror  at 
Lachish  300  talents  of  silver  and  30  talents  of  gold.  The 
prism  inscription  of  Sennacherib  relates  more  f uUy  that 
he  attacked  Hezekiah  because  he  kept  Padi,  king  of  Ek- 
ron,  prisoner  in  Jerusalem ;  that  he  took  46  fenced  cities 
and  many  captives,  and  gave  a  part  of  his  territory  to  the 
kings  of  Ekron,  Ashdod,  and  Gaza;  and  that  he  besieged 
Jerusalem,  shutting  up  Hezekiah  in  it  "like  a  bird  in  a 
cage."  Returning  to  Lachish,  Sennacherib  sent  a  letter 
through  his  chief  general  ifartan)  and  prime  minister  (ro6- 
shalte)  to  Hezekiah,  demanding  the  surrender  of  the  cap- 
ital. The  result  of  this  invasion,  as  given  in  the  biblical 
record,  was  that  the  Assyrian  army  of  185,000  troops  be- 
sieging Jerusalem  was  smitten  by  the  angel  of  the  Lord  in 
the  night,  and  were  "all  dead  corpses."  The  Assyrian  in- 
scriptions contain  no  reference  to  the  catastrophe  of  the 
army,  which  Is  mostly  explained  to  have  been  caused  by 
a  pestilence ;  but  this  omission  is  easily  accounted  for  by 
national  pride.  The  extraordinary  event  is  corroborated 
by  a  tradition  preserved  in  Egypt,  and  heard  250  years  later 
by  Herodotus.  The  divergences  between  the  biblical  and 
the  Assyrian  accounts  concern  more  seriously  the  clKonol- 


Hicks,  Thomas 

ogy.  According  to  the  biblical  account  Hezekiah  reigned 
727-699 ;  for  the  destruction  of  the  kingdom  of  Israel  in 
722  is  represented  as  taking  place  in  his  6th  year,  and 
Sennacherib's  campaign,  which  fell  in  the  14th  year  of  Heze- 
kiah, wouid  have  to  be  put  in  713.  But  Sennacherib  did 
not  come  to  the  throne  before  705,  and  the  date  of  the 
campaign  in  the  inscriptions  (701)  is  therefore  preferable. 
Again,  the  illness  of  Hezekiah,  his  recovery,  and  the  con- 
gratulatory embassy  from  Merodach-Baladan,  to  whom  he 
showed  his  rich  treasures,  are  represented  in  the  Bible  as 
happening  after  thecoUision  with  Sennacherib.  Butthis 
must  have  occurred  before  the  treasury  was  emptied  to 
paythe  heavy  tribute  to  Assyria(i.  e.,  704  or  703). 

H.  B.  The  pseudonym  (for  Helen  Hunt)  of  Helen 
Maria  Fiske  (Mrs.  Hunt ;  afterward  Mrs.  Jack- 
son). 

Hiawatha  (M-a-w&'ta  or  hi-a-w&'tha).  A  per- 
sonage of  mira'eulous'birth,  Imown  by  this  name 
among  the  Iroquois,  and  by  other  names  among 
other  tribes  of  North  American  Indians.  He  was 
sent  among  them  to  teach  them  the  arts  of  peace.  "In  any 
foi-m  the  tale  has  been  known  to  the  whites  less  than  50 
years,  and  the  Onondaga  version  first  had  publicity  through 
Mr.  J.  V.  H.  Clark,  in  a  communication  to  the  New  York 
■Commercial  Advertiser.'  He  obtained  it  from  two  Onon- 
daga chiefs.  Schoolcraft  used  these  notes  before  they 
were  included  in  Clark's  history,  and  afterward  appropri- 
ated the  name  for  his  Western  Indian  legends,  where  it 
had  no  proper  place.  About  the  same  time,  Mr.  Alfred 
B.  Street  had  a  few  original  notes  from  other  Ifoquois 
sources,  which  he  used  in  his  metrical  romance  of  'Fron- 
tenac,'  along  with  some  from  Schoolcraft.  Thus,  when 
Longfellow's  'Hiawatha'  appeared,  I  was  prepared  to 
greet  an  old  friend,  and  was  surprised  at  being  introduced 
to  an  Ojibway  instead  of  an  Iroquois  leader. "  (W.  M.  Beau- 
chwmp.  Journal  Amer.  Folk-Lore,  IV.  296.)  Longfellow's 
poem  "  Hiawatha, "  published  in  1865,  was  based  on  School- 
craft. The  latter's  "  Myth  of  Hiawatha"  was  published  in 
1866,  and  dedicated  to  Longfellow. 

Hiazus.     See  Yazoo. 

Hibbert  Lectures.  A  foundation  instituted  by 
the  trustees  of  Robert  Hibbert,  a  West  India 
merchant,  who  died  in  1849.  For  many  years  the 
trustees  applied  the  funds  mainly  to  the  higher  culture 
of  students  for  the  Unitarian  ministry,  but  in  1878  re- 
solved to  institute  Hiblsert  Lectures,  with  a  view  to  capa- 
ble and  really  honest  treatment  of  unsettled  problems  in 
theology,  apart  from  the  interest  of  any  particular  church 
or  system.  Amongst  the  lecturers  have  been  Max  MUller, 
Page  Renouf,  Renan,  Rhys  Davids,  Kuenen,  Beard,  E6- 
ville,  Pfleiderer,  Rhys,  Sayce,  and  Hatch.  Chamberis  En- 
cydopasdia^  V.  702. 

Hibernia  (hi-ber'ni-a),  or  Ibernia  (i-b6r'ni-a), 
or  Ivernia  (I-ver'ni-a).  [L.  Hibernia,  Iveriia, 
Juverna,  lerna,  lerne;  Gr.  'lovepvta,  l^pvij:  all 
appar.  representing  the  Old  Celtic  form  of  Erin, 
Ire-land.']     An  ancient  name  of  Ireland. 

Hibitos  (e-be'tos).  A  tribe  of  Peruvian  Indians 
on  the  upper  Huallaga,  apparently  a  branch  of 
the  Chunchos.  From  about  1676  to  1790  they  were 
gathered  into  mission  villages ;  later  the  missions  were 
broken  up,  the  Hibitos  returned  to  a  wild  life,  and  nothing 
is  now  known  of  them.    Also  written  Xihitos. 

Hibueros  (e-bo-a'r6s),orHigueros  (e-gwa'ros). 
The  Aztec  name  for  Central  America :  some- 
times used  by  Cortes  and  others  before  1530. 

Hickathrift  (hik'a-thrift),  Tom.  A  mythical 
strong  man. 

Tom  Hickathrift  belongs  to  the  same  series  as  Jack  the 
Giant-killer,  one  of  the  popular  corruptions  of  old  north- 
ern romances.  It  seems  to  allude  to  some  ot  the  insur- 
rections in  the  Isle  of  Ely,  such  as  that  of  Hereward, 
described  in  Wright's  Essays,  ii.  91.  Spelman,  however, 
describes  a  tradition,  which  he  says  was  credited  by  the 
inhabitants  of  Tylney,  in  which  Hickifrio  appears  as  the 
assertor  of  the  rights  of  their  ancestors,  and  the  means  he 
employed  on  the  occasion  correspond  with  incidents  in 
the  following  tale.  HaZliweH,  Nursery  Rhymes. 

Hickes  (hiks),  George.  Bom  at  Newsham,  near 
Thirsk,  Yorkshire,  June  20, 1642:  died  Dee.  15, 
1715.  An  English  nonjuring  divine,  Anglo- 
Saxon  scholar,  and  controversialist.  His  chief 
works  are  "Institutiones  Grammaticse  Anglo-Saxonices " 
(1689),  "Linguarum  veterum  Septentriondium  Thesau- 
rus" (1703-05). 

Hickok  (hik'ok),  Laurens  Perseus.  Born  at 
Bethel,  Conn.,  Deo.  29, 1798  :  died  at  Amherst, 
Mass.,  May  7,  1888.  An  American  clergyman 
and  metaphysician.  He  was  president  of  Union  Col- 
lege 1866-68.  Among  his  works  are  "  Rational  Psychology  " 
(1848),  "  Moral  Science  "  (1863),  "  Empirical  Psychology  " 
(1864),  "Rational  Cosmology"(lS68),"CreatorandCreation 
(1872),  and  "  The  Logic  of  Reason  "  (1876). 

Hickory  (hik'9-ri).  Old.  A  nickname  given  to 
General  Andrew  Jackson,  from  the  toughness 
and  strength  of  his  character. 

Hickory  Pole  Canvass.  The  presidential  can- 
vass of  1828  in  behalf  of  Jackson  ("Old  Hick- 
ory"). 

Hicks  (hiks),  Elias.  Born  at  Hempstead,  N.  Y., 
March  19,  1748 :  died  at  Jericho,  N.  Y„  Feb.  27, 
1830.  An  American  preacher  of  the  Society  of 
Friends,  founder  of  the  denomination  of  the 
Hioksites.  He  published  "Observations  on 
Slavery  "  (1811),  "Doctrinal  Epistle  "  (1824),  etc. 

Hicks,  George  Edgar.  Born  at  Lymington, 
England,  1824.     An  English  genre-painter. 

Hicks,  Thomas.  Born  at  Newtown,  Bucks  Coun-- 
ty.  Pa.,  Oct.  18,  1823:  died  at  Trenton  FaUs, 


Hicks,  Thomas 

N.  Y.,  Oct.  8, 1890.  An  American  painter,  espe- 
cially of  portraits.  Among  his  works  are  "  Ed- 
win Booth  as  lago,"  "  Henry  WardBeeoher,"etc. 
Hicks  (hiks),  William,  Hicks  Pasha.  Bom 
1831 :  killed  near  El  Obeid,  Kordofan,  Africa, 
Nov.  4,  1883.  A  British  officer.  He  commanded 
the  Egyptian  army  against  the  Mahdi  in  1883,  and  was 
defeated  by  him  Nov.  3,  at  Kashgil,  near  El  Obeid. 

Hicks-Beach  (hiks'beeh'),  Sir  Michael  Ed- 
ward. Born  at  London,  Oct.  23, 1837.  An  Eng- 
lish baronet,  and  Conservative  politician.  He 
was  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  1874-78 ;  colonial  secretary 
1878-80 ;  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  and  leader  of  the 
House  of  Commons  1886-86 ;  chief  secretary  for  Ireland 
1886-87;  president  of  the  boaid  of  trade  1888-92;  and 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  1895-1902. 

Hick  or  Hycke  Scorner.  A  morality  printed  by 
Wynkjn  de  Worde. 

Hicksites  (hik'sits) .  A  seceding  body  of  Friends 
or  Quakers,  followers  of  Elias  Hicks,  formed  in 
the  United  States  in  1827,  and  holding  Socinian 
doctrines. 

Hicks's  Hall.  The  sessions  house  of  the  county 
of  Middlesex,  England,  built  in  1612  and  taken 
down  in  1782. 

Hidalgo  de  Cisueros  7  Latorre  (e-dal'go  da 
thes-na'ros  e  la-tor'ra),  Baltazar.  BornatCar- 
tagena  about  1755 :  died  there,  Jtme  9, 1829.  A 
Spanish  general  ,and  administrator.  He  com- 
manded various  ships  and  squadrons  in  the  wars  with  Eng- 
land and  France,  and  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Tiaf^- 
^ar.  He  became  lieutenant-general  in  Nov.,  1805.  Ap- 
pointed viceroy  of  Buenos  Ayres  by  the  junta  of  Seville,  he 
cook  possession  of  the  office  July  30, 1809,  but  was  deposed 
by  the  revolution  of  May,  1810  :  June  21,  1810,  he  was 
forced  to  leave  the  country.  The  Spanish  government 
«xonerated  him.  He  held  various  Important^posts :  was 
minister  of  marine  Sept.,  1818,  and  director-general  of  the 
armada  Dec,  1818,  until  deposed  by  the  revolution  of  1820. 
The  revolutionists  imprisoned  him  for  some  time.  From 
Nov.,  1823,  he  was  captain-general  of  the  department  of 
Cartagena. 

Hidalgo  y  Costilla  (e  kos-tel'ya),  Miguel.  Bom 
in  Guanajuato,  May  8, 1753 :  died  at  Chihuahua, 
Aug.  1,  1811.  The  first  leader  of  the  Mexican 
war  for  independence.  He  was  curate  of  the  village 
of  Dolores,  where  he  proclaimed  a  revolt  Sept.  16,  1810. 
The  undisciplined  army  which  he  gathered  marched  to- 
ward Mexico  and  defeated  Truxillo  Oct.  30,  1810 ;  but  it 
was  beaten  by  Calleja,  and  Hidalgo  fell  back  on  Cnadala- 
jara.  There  he  raised  his  army  to  100,000  men,  but  was 
again  disastrously  defeated  by  Calleja  at  the  bridge  of  Cal- 
deron,  Jan.  17.  1811.  He  resigned,  and  fled  toward  the 
United  States,  but  was  captured,  tried,  and  shot. 

Hidatsa  (he-da'tsa).  A  division  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  comprising  the  Hidatsa  proper  and 
the  Absaroka  or  Crow.  The  Hidatsa  proper,  also 
called  Minitari,  have  erroneously  been  styled  Gros  Ventres. 
The  Hidatsa  proper,  who  number  252,  are  in  a  village  on 
the  Fort  Berthold  reservation.  North  Dakota.  See  Siouan. 

Hiddekel.    See  Tigris. 

Hidimba  (hi-dim'ba)  (masc),  Hidimba  (H- 
dim'ba)  (fern.).  In  fiindu  mythology,  a  power- 
ful demon,  a  cannibal,  who  dwelt  in  the  forest 
to  which  the  Pandavas  retired  after  the  burning 
of  their  house.  He  sent  his  sister  Hidimba  to  lure  them 
to  him,  but  she  fell  in  love  with  Bhima.  Bhima,  refusing 
her  advances,  had  to  fight  with  Hidimba,  whom  he  slew; 
but  he  afterward  married  her. 

HierapoUs  (hi-e-rap'o-lis).  [Gr.  'lepdiroXig,  sa- 
cred city.]  1 .  An  ancient  city  of  Phrygia,  -Asia 
Minor,  situated  about  lat.  37°  57'  N.,  long.  29° 
E.:  the  modern  PambukKalessi.  Itwasheld  sacred 
on  account  of  its  hot  springs  and  cave  "Plutonium,"  and 
was  the  birthplace  of  Epictetus. 
3.  An  ancient  city  of  Syria,  situated  in  lat.  36° 
31'  N.,  long.  37°  56'  E.:  the  Greek  Bambyce 
(Bafi^vKJi),  and  the  modern  Membidj. 

Hierizim  (hi-er'i-zim).  [Origin  doubtful,  but 
probably  due  to  some  mistake.]  Rioeioli's  name 
for  the  star  ^  Cygni,  ordinarily  known  as  AlMreo. 

Hiero  (M'e-ro),  or  Hieron  (hi'g-rou),  I.  [Gr. 
'lipav.J  Died  at  Catania,  Sicily,  467b.  c.  Tyrant 
of  Syracuse,  brother  of  Gelon  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded about  478  b.  c.  He  was  noted  as  a  pa- 
tron of  literature.  In  474  he  defeated  the  Etrus- 
cans near  Cumse. 

Hiero  II.  Born  about  307  B.  c. :  died  216  b.  o. 
King  of  Syracuse.  He  became  general  of  the  Syraou- 
sans  275 ;  king  270 ;  ally  of  Carthage  264 ;  and  permanent 
ally  of  Borne  263.  ,      _      , 

Hierocles  (hi-er'o-klez).  [Gr.  'lepo/cAw.]  A  na- 
tive of  Caria,  Eoman  proconsul  in  Bithynia,  and 
later  in  Alexandria,  during  the  reign  of  Diocle- 
tian: said  to  have  incited  that  emperor  to  his 
persecution  of  the  Christians.  He  wrote  a  work  in 
Greek,  now  lost,  entitled  "Trnth-loving  Words  to  the 
Christians,"  in  which  Christ  was  unfavorably  compared 
with  ApoUonius  of  Tyana.    It  was  answered  hy  Eusebms 

Hierocles.  Lived  in  the  5th  century  A.  D.  An 
Alexandrian  Neoplatonio  philosopher,  reputed 
author  of  an  extant  commentary  on  the  "Golden 
Verses  "  of  Pythagoras. 

Hieronymus.    See  Jerome. 

Hierosolyma.    See 


503 

Hietan.    See  Comanche. 

Higden(hig'den),orHigdon(hig'don),Kanulf. 
Died  at  Chester  about  1363.  An  English  chron- 
icler. He  took  the  vows  of  a  Benedictine  in  the  Abbey 
of  St.  Werburg,  in  Chester,  about  1299.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  general  history  entitled  "  Polychronicon  "  (which 
see). 

Higginson  (hig'in-son),  Francis.  Bom  in  Eng- 
land about  1587:  died  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Aug. 
6,  1630.  An  English  clergyman.  He  emigrated 
to  Massachusetts  in  1629,  and  wrote  "New  England's  Plan- 
tations "  (16S0). 

Higginson,  John.  Bom  at  Claybrooke,  Leices- 
tershire, England,  Aug.  6,  1616:  died  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  Dec.  9, 1708.  An  American  clergyman, 
son  of  Francis  Higginson. 

Higginson.Thomas  Wentworth.  Bom  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  Dec.  22, 1823.  An  American  au- 
thor, distinguished  as  an  opponent  of  slavery. 
He  graduated  at  HarvardJn  1841,  and  was  ordained  in  1847; 
retired  from  the  ministry  in  1868 ;  and  was  colonel  of  the 
first  colored  regini  ent  in  the  Civil  War.  He  has  published 
"Outdoor  Papers"  (1863X  "Harvard  Memorial  Biogra- 
phies" (1866),  "Malbone:  an  Oldport  Eomanoe"  (1869), 
"Army  life  in  a  Black  Eegiment"  (1870),  "Atlantic  Es- 
says "  (1871),  "  Young  Folks'  History  of  the  United  States" 
(1875),  "Larger History  of  the  United  States"  (1884),  "Hints 
on  Writing  and  Speech-making  "  (1887),  etc.. 

High  Bridge.  A  bridge  built  1842-49  at  175th 
street  in  New  York,  to  carry  the  Croton  aque- 
duct across  the  Harlem  Eiver  into  the  city. 
It  is  1,460  feet  long,  and  has  13  granite  arches.  The 
arches  are  116  feet  high. 

Highflyer  (hi'fli'''6r).  A  bay  race-horse  by  Her- 
od, foaled  in  1774.  He  was  the  property  of  Richard 
Tattersall,  founder  of  ' '  Tattersall's  "  in  London,  who  made 
£25,000  by  his  purchase.  "Tattersall's"  has  always  at- 
tributed the  establishment  of  its  fortune  to  the  success 
of  this  horse.  Highfiyer  is  in  the  direct  male  line  from 
the  Byerly  Turk,  the  third  great  family  of  English  thor- 
oughbred stallions.    Sice. 

Highgate  (hl'gat).  1.  A  suburb  of  London,  in 
Middlesex,  5  miles  northwest  of  St.  Paul's,  it 
is  on  high  land,  its  highest  point  being  about  350  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  Thames. 

2.  An  old  gate  formerly  standing  at  the  south 
end  of  King  street,  which  rims  from  Whitehall 
to  Westminster.  The  gate-house  was  taken 
down  in  1723. 

High-Heels  and  Low-Heels.  Two  parties  in 
Lilliput,  in  "Gulliver's  Travels"  by  Swift,  in- 
tended to  satirize  the  Tories  and  Whigs. 

Highland  Mary.  The  name  given  to  Mary 
Campbell  and  Mary  Morison,  sweethearts  of 
the  poet  Burns. 

Highlands  (hi'landz).  The.  A  district  in  north- 
ern and  western  Scotland,  of  vague  limits.  It 
includes  the  Hebrides,  the  counties  of  Argyll,  Inverness, 
Boss  and  Cromarty,  Sutherland,  and  Caithness,  and  parts 
of  Nairn,  Elgin,  Banff,  Aberdeen,  Kincardine,  Forfar, 
Perth,  Stirling,  Dumbarton,  and  Bute.  The  inhabitants 
are  mainly  of  Celtic  stock.  The  Highlands  are  celebrated 
for  romantic  scenery:  they  contain  the  highest  mountains 
in  Great  Britain.  The  Highland  clans  took  an  active  part 
on  the  Boyalist  side  in  the  civil  wars  of  1642-50,  for  Jaines 
II.  in  1689,  and  in  the  Jacobite  risings  of  1716  and  1745. 

Highlands  of  the  Hudson.  A  range  of  hills 
and  low  mountains  in  eastern  New  York,  in 
Orange,  Putnam,  Dutchess,  and  Eockland  coun- 
ties. Prominent  points  are  Fishkill  Mountain,  Storm 
King,  Crow's  Nest,  Donderberg,  Anthony's  Nose,  and  West 
Point. 

Highland  Widow,  The.  A  story  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  published  in  1827. 

High  Life  Below  Stairs.  A  comedy  farce  by 
the  Rev.  James  Townley  (1759) .  It  was  attrib- 
uted to  Garrick. 

High  Peak  (hi  pek).  An  elevated  region  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  Peak,  in  Derbyshire,  Eng- 
land, 16  miles  east-southeast  of  Manchester, 
noted  for  the  Castleton  caverns. 

High  Peak,  or  Mount  Lincoln(mount  ling'kgn) . 
One  of  the  chief  summits  of  the  CatsMlls,  in 
New  York.    Height,  about  3,600  feet. 

Higuay  (e-gwi').  A  region  or  so-called  "prov- 
ince" of  Haiti,  in  the  time  of  Columbus.  It  was 
at  the  eastern  end  of  the  island,  and  was  governed  by  a 
chief  called  CotubanamA,  who  revolted,  but  was  finally 
subdued  about  1606.  It  is  an  Indian  name.  Also  written 
Higuey  and  Ciguay. 

Hilaz.    See  Hedjaz. 

Hi'ka  (he'ka).  [Ar.  al-Ma'a,  the  white  spot.] 
A  name  given  to  the  little  group  of  stars  in  the 
head  of  Orion,  in  which  group  /I  is  the  most  con- 
spicuous. 

Hilarion(hi-la'ri-on), Saint.  BornatThabatha, 
near  Gaza,  Palestine,  about  300  a.  d.  :  died  m 
Cyprus,  371.  A  hermit  of  Palestine.  He  intro- 
duced monasticism  into  that  country. 

Hilarius  (hi-la'ri-us).  [L.  Hilarius,  GT.'Uapwg, 
cheerful,  merry,  F.  Hilaire,  It.  llano,  Sp.  Pg. 
Silario.']  Born  in  Sardinia:  died  467.  Bishop 
of  Rome  461^67.  ^  .  ^ 

Hilarius,  or  Hilary  (hil'a-ri),  Samt:  sumamed 
Pictaviensis  ('of  Poitiers').    Bom  probably 


Hildesheim 

at  Poitiers,  Prance :  died  at  Poitiers,  Jan.  13, 
368  a.  d.  a  Gaulish  prelate  and  theologian,  a 
noted  opponent  of  Arianism.  He  became  bishop  of 
Poitiers  about  363.  His  chief  works  are  "  De  Trinitate," 
"De  synodis,"  and  commentaries. 

Hilarius,  or  Hilary,  Saint:  sumamed  Arela- 
tensis  ('of  Aries').  Born  in  Gaul  about  401: 
died  May  5, 449.  A  Gaulish  prelate.  He  became 
bishop  of  Aries  in  429,  and  was  deprived  by  Leo  the  Great 
of  his  rights  as  metropolitan  in  446. 

Hilary  (hil'a-ri).    See  Silarius. 

Hilary's  Day,  St.  A  feast  commemorated  on 
Jan.  13  by  the  Church  of  England,  and  on  Jan. 
14  by  the  Church  of  Rome.  The  Hilary  Term  at  Ox- 
ford begins  on  Jan.  14,  and  ends  on  the  Saturday  next  be- 
fore Pahn  Sunday. 

In  law,  the  Hilary  Term  is  one  of  the  four  terms  of  the 
Courts  of  Law  in  England.  It  begins  Jan.  11  and  ends 
Jan.  31.  The  Hilary  sittings  now  begin  Jan.  11,  and  end 
the  Wednesd^  before  Easter.  Formerly  the  sittings  of 
the  Coui'ts  of  Chancery  and  Common  Law  were  regulated 
by  the  terms.  Mapalje  and  Lawrence,  Law  Diet. 

Hild.    See  Hilda. 

Hilda  (hU'da),  or  Hild  (hild),  generally  called 
Saint  Hilda!  [AS.  Bild,  L.  Hilda.']  Bom  in 
the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  614: 
died  at  Whitby,  England,  Nov.  17, 680.  An  Eng- 
lish abbess,  she  was  a  descendant  of  the  royal  North- 
umbrian line,  became  abbess  of  Hartlepool  in  649,  and 
f  oimded  the  monastery  of  Whitby  in  668. 

Hilda.  A  New  England  girl,  a  painter,  in  Haw- 
thorne's novel  "The  Marble  Faun."  A  tower, 
with  the  Virgin's  image  before  which  she  is  fabled  to  have 
kept  a  pei-petual  light  burning,  and  where  the  doves  came 
to  be  fed,  is  shown  as  Hilda's  'Tower  in  Rome. 

Hildbtirghausen  (Mlt'borG-hou-zen).  A  town 
in  the  duchy  of  Saxe-Meiningen,  Germany,  sit- 
uated on  the  Werra  in  lat.  50°  26'  N.,  long.  10° 
44'  E.  Previous  to  1826  it  was  the  capital  of  the  former 
duchy  of  Saxe-Hildburghausen.    Population  (1890),  5,958. 

Hildebert  (hil'de-bert)  of  Tours.    Born  at  La- 

vardin,  near VendSme,  France,  about  1055  :  died 
at  Tours,  France,  Dec.  18, 1134.  A  French  prel- 
ate, theologian,  and  author,  bishop  of  Le  Mans 
(made  archbishop  of  Tours  in  1125). 

Hildebrand  (hil'de-brand).  See  Gregory  VII. 
(Pope). 

Hildebrand.  A  celebrated  legendary  character 
of  German  romance.  He  is  an  old  man,  part  of  whose 
story  is  told  in  the  "Hildebrandalied,"  but  who  also  ap- 
pears in  the  "Nibelungenlied,"  "Dietrich  von  Bern,""  Bite- 
rolf,"  the  "Bosengarten,"  and  the  hero  legends. 

Hildebrandslied  (hil'de-brands-led) .  [G., '  Song 
of  Hildebrand.']  An  Old  High  German  poem  in 
alliterative  verse,  of  unknown  authorship,  pre- 
served in  a  fragmentary  form  in  a  single  manu- 
script which  dates  from  the  end  of  the  8th  cen- 
tury. It  is  important  as  the  only  extant  example  of  old 
German  heroic  poetry.  Its  subject  is  the  combat  of  Hil- 
debrand with  his  son  Hadubrand. 

Hildebrandt  (hil'de-brant),  Bduard.  Bom  at 
Dantzic,  Prussia,  Sept.  9, 1818 :  died  at  Berlin, 
Oct.  25,  1868.     A  German  landscape-painter. 

Hildebrandt,  Ferdinand  Theodor.    Bom  at 

Stettin,  Prussia,  July  2,  1804:  died  at  Dussel- 
dorf,  Prussia,  Sept.  29,  1874.  A  German  his- 
torical painter.  Among  his  best  works  are  "Murder  of 
the  Sons  of  Edward  IV. "  (1836),  "  Othello  relating  his  Ad- 
ventures "  (1847). 

Hildebrandt,  Johann  Maria.  Bom  at  Diis- 
seldorf ,  Germany,  March  19, 1807:  died  in  Mada- 
gascar, May  29,  1881.  An  African  traveler  and 
botanist.  Thefieldsof  his  exploration  were— in  1872-73 
Bogos  and  Somali-land ;  in  1876  the  tract  between  Mom- 
basa and  Mount  Kenia ;  in  1879-81  Madagascar,  where  he 
died  among  the  Ankaratra  Mountains.  Accounts  of  his 
work  appeared  in  the  "Journal"  of  the  Berlin  Geographi- 
cal Society. 

Hildegard(hil'de-gard),  Saint.  Born  at  Bookel- 
heim,  diocese  of  Mainz,  Germany,  about  1098 : 
died  at  Rupertsberg,  near  Bingen,  Germany, 
Sept.  17, 1179.  A  German  abbess,  noted  for  her 
miraculous  visions.  She  founded  the  convent 
of  Rupertsberg  in  1148.  Her  revelations  were 
published  in  1698. 

Hilden  (hil'den).  A  manufacturing  town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ittei 
8  miles  east-southeast  of  Diisseldorf.  Popula- 
tion, about  7,000. 

Hildesheim  (hil'des-him).  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  In- 
nerste  19  miles  southeast  of  Hannover,  it  is 
renowned  for  its  specimens  of  medieval  and  German  Re- 
naissance buildings.  The  cathedral  is  an  early-Koman- 
esque  monument  with  a  late-Pointed  south  aisle  and  north 
transept.  The  interior  has  been  barbarized,  but  preserve* 
some  very  fine  church  furniture  and  a  noteworthy  sculp- 
tured Renaissance  rood-loft.  The  brass  doors  between  the 
vestibule  at  the  west  end  and  the  nave  date  from  1015,  and 
bear  16  interesting  reliefs  of  the  "Fall"  and"  Redemption." 
The  two-storied  cloister  is  decorated  Romanesque.  St. 
Michael's,  formerly  the  Benedictine  abbey  church,  is  one 
of  the  noblest  Romanesque  monuments  in  Germany.  It 
was  built  early  in  the  11th  century,  and  somewhat  modified 
in  the  12th  and  13th.    There  are  double  transepts,  and  a 


Hildesheim 

choir  at  each  end,  that  toward  the  west  standing  over 
a  colamned  crypt  Every  third  support  of  the  nave  is  a 
massive  pier ;  those  intervening  are  columns.  The  nave 
has  a  flat  wooden  ceiling  which  is  covered  with  remark- 
able scriptural  paintings  of  the  12th  century.  There  is 
a  fine  Romanesque  cloister  with  Pointed  vaulting.  The 
Church  of  St.  Godehaid,  one  of  the  most  notable  of  German 
Komanesque  structures,  was  built  in  the  middle  of  the 
12th  century.  The  choii'  is  French  in  character.  Three 
massive  towers  characterize  the  exterior,  and  there  is  a 
rich  sculptured  doorway  on  the  northwest.  Other  ob- 
j  ects  of  interest  are  the  Biathaus,  Knockenhauer- AJnthaus, 
Wedekind  house,  etc.  Hildesheim  became  the  seat  of  a 
bishopric  in  818,  and  was  a  Hanseatic  town.  Population 
( 1890),  commune,  33,481. 

Hildesheim.Bishopric  of.  Abishopric  of  wMch 
cte  city  of  Hildeslieim  was  the  capital,  its  seat 
was  removed  from  Elze  to  Hildesheim  in  818.  It  was  ac- 
quired by  Prussia  in  1803,  was  made  part  of  the  kingdom 
of  Westphalia  in  1807,  and  was  assigned  to  Hannover  in 
1816. 

Hildreth  (Ml'dretli),  Richard.  Bom  at  Deer- 
field,  Mass.,  June  22,  1807:  died  at  Florence, 
Italy,  July  11,  1865.  An  American  historian 
and  journalist.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1830, 
bat  abandoned  law  in  1832  and  became  a  member  of  the 
editorial  staff  of  the  Boston  "Atlas."  His  chief  work  is  a 
"History  of  the  United  States"  (6  vols.  1849-56). 

Hilgard  (Ml'gard),  Julius  Erasmus.    Bom  at 

Zweibriicken,  Bavaria,  Jan.  7,  1825:  died  at 
"Washington,  D.  C.,  May  8,  1891.  An  American 
physicist.  He  emigrated  with  his  father  from  Germany 
to  the  United  States  in  1835,  and  in  1845  was  appointed  to 
a  position  on  the  United  States  Coast  Survey,  of  which  he 
was  superintendent  1881-85. 

Hilkiah  (hil-ki'a).  [Heb., '  Jehovah  is  my  por- 
tion.'] The  high  priest  in  the  time  of  Josiah, 
king  of  Judah,  who  discovered  the  book  of  the 
law  in  the  temple. 

Hill  (hil),  Aaron.  Bom  at  London,  Feb.  10, 
1685  :  died  1750  (?).  An  English  poet,  drama- 
tist, and  general  writer. 

Hill,  Abigail.    See  Masham. 

Hill,  Ambrose  Powell.  Bom  in  Culpeper 
County,  Va.,  Nov.  9, 1825  :  killed  near  Peters- 
burg, Va.,  April  2, 1865.  An  American  general. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1847,  fought  in  the  Mexi- 
can war,  and  became  a  colonel  in  the  Confederate  army 
in  1861.  He  served  in  General  Johnston's  command 
at  the  drst  battle  of  Bull  Bun ;  commanded  a  brigade  at 
the  battle  of  Williamsburg ;  became  a  major-general  in 
1862 ;  participated  in  the  seven  days'  battles  around  Bich- 
mond  and  in  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Bun  ;  reinforced 
General  Lee  at  Antietam ;  commanded  the  right  wing  of 
General  Jackson's  corps  at  Fredericksburg ;  commanded 
the  center  at  Chancellorsville ;  became  lieutenant-general 
in  1863 ;  commanded  a  corps  at  Gettysburg ;  participated 
In  the  action  at  Bristol  Station  (1863) ;  repelled  with  Long- 
street  the  Union  attack  on  the  W'eldon  Bailroad ;  and  was 
shot  near  Petersburg  by  stragglers  from  the  Union  army. 

'Hill,  Daniel  Harvey.  Bom  at  Hill's  Iron 
Works,  York  district,  S.  C,  July  12,  1821:  died 
at  Charlotte,  N.  C,  Sept.  24, 1889.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1842; 
served  in  the  Mexican  war ;  became  professor  of  mathe- 
matics and  military  tactics  in  Washington  College,  Vir- 
ginia, in  1849 ;  professor  of  mathematics  in  Davidson  Col- 
lege, North  Carolina,  in  1864 ;  and  president  of  the  North 
Carolina  Military  Institute  at  Charlotte  in  1869 ;  and  was 
commissioned  colonel  In  the  Confederate  army  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  In  Sept.,  1862,  daring  the 
Maryland  campaign,  he  held  the  pass  In  the  Blue  Bidge, 
near  Boonesboro,  until  Jackson  had  captured  Harper's 
Ferry  and  Lee  had  crossed  the  Potomac.  He  was  pro- 
moted lieutenant-general  in  1863,  and  commanded  a  corps 
under  Bragg  at  the  battle  of  Chickamauga.  He  became 
president  of  the  Arkansas  Industrial  University  in  1877. 

Hill,  David  Bennett.  Born  at  Havana,  N.  Y., 
Aug.  29, 1843.  An  American  lawyer  and  Demo- 
cratic politician.  He  was  elected  lieutenant-governor 
of  New  York  in  1882 ;  became  governor  on  the  election  of 
Cleveland  to  the  presidency ;  was  elected  governor  in  1885, 
ami  again  inlc88;  was  United  States  senator  1891-97  ;  and 
was  defeated  for  governor  in  1894. 

Hill,  Rowland.  Bom  at  Hawkestone,  Shrop- 
shire, England,  Aug.  23, 1744 :  died  at  London, 
April  11,  1833.  An  Bug;lish  preacher.  He  grad- 
uated B.  A.  at  Cambridge  in  1769 ;  became  curate  of 
Kingston,  Somerset,  in  1773 ;  and  erected  Surrey  Chapel, 
London,  in  1783.  His  most  notable  work  is  "Village  Dia- 
logues "  (1810). 

Hill,  Rowland,  first  Viscount  Hill.  Bom  at 
Frees,  Shropshire,  England,  Aug.  11, 1772 :  died 
at  Hardwicke  Grange,  near  Shrewsbury,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  10, 1842.  AnEnglish  general,  nephew 
of  Rowland  Hill  (1744-1833).  He  entered  the  army 
as  ensign  in  1790 ;  was  promoted  lieutenant-general  in 
1809  ;  served  with  distinction  in  the  Peninsular  war  and 
at  the  battle  of  Waterloo ;  was  created  Baron  Hill  of  Al- 
marez  and  Hawkestone  in  1814 ;  was  promoted  general  in 
1825;  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  British  army  1828-42 ; 
and  was  created  viscount  in  1842. 

Hill,  Sir  Rowland.  Bom  at  Kidderminster, 
England,  Dec.  3, 1795 :  died  at  Hampstead,  near 
London,  Aug.  27, 1879.  The  author  of  the  pen- 
ny postal  system.  He  published  in  1837  a  pamphlet 
entitled  "  Post  Ofttce  Beform  :  its  Importance  and  Prac- 
ticability," in  -which  he  recommended  the  adoption 
throughout  the  United  Kingdom  of  a  uniform  rate  of  1 
penny  for  letters  not  exceeding  half  an  ounce.  An  act  em- 
bodying this  proposition  was  passed  by  Parliament  in  1839, 


504 

and  the  penny  rate  was  introduced  in  1840.  He  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  to  the  postmaster-general  in  1846  ;  was 
secretary  to  the  post-offlce  1854-64 ;  and  was  knighted  in 
1860. 

Hill,  Thomas.  Bom  at  New  Branswick,  N.  J., 
Jan.  7,  1818 :  died  at  Waltham,  Mass.,  Nov.  2, 
1891.  An  American  educator  and  Unitarian 
clergyman.  He  was  president  of  Antioch  College  1869- 
1862,  and  of  Harvard  College  1862-68  ;  and  at  the  time  of 
his  death  had  charge  of  a  Unitarian  church  at  Waltham, 
Massachusetts.  He  invented  a  number  of  mathematical 
machines,  the  best-known  of  which  is  the  occultator ;  and 
was  the  author  of  "  Curvature  "  (1850),  etc. 

Hillah  (hU'la),  or  HiUeh  (hil'le).  A  town  in  the 
vilayet  of  Bagdad,  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  on 
the  Euphrates  in  lat.  32°  28'  N.,  long.  44°  28'  E. 
It  is  the  place  situated  nearest  to  the  site  of  ancient  Baby- 
lon, and  is  built  almost  entirely  with  bricks  from  the 
mound  El-Kasr,  i.  e.  the  ruins  of  the  once  gorgeous  palace 
of  Nebuchadnezzar.  Its  inhabitants  carry  on  a  brisk  trade 
in  bricks  which  they  dig  out  of  the  mounds  and  sell  as 
building  materiaL    Population,  estimated,  about  10,000. 

Hillard  (hil'ard),  George  Stillman.  Bom  at 
Maehias,  Maine,  Sept.  22, 1808 :  died  at  Boston, 
Jan.  21, 1879.  An  American  journalist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer.  He  published  "Six  Months  in 
Italy  "(1863),  "Life  and  Campaigns  of  George  B.  McClel- 
lan  "  (1864),  school  readers,  etc. 

Hillel  (hil'el).  Bom  in  Babylonia,  a  descendant 
of  the  family  of  David.  President  of  the  San- 
hedrim 30b.  C.-9  a.  d.,  appointed  by  Herod  I.  He 
lived  in  poor  circumstances,  and  went  to  Jerusalem  to 
study  the  law  under  Shemaiyah  and  Abtalion,  becoming 
there  thereorganizer  of  Jewish  life  and  the  founder  of  Tal- 
mudic  Judaism.  By  his  introduction  of  the  seven  dialec- 
tical rules  for  the  interpretation  of  the  law,  he  gave  its 
study  a  rational  basis.  He  also  enacted  many  reforms 
which  affected  the  whole  social  fabric  of  his  time.  He  was 
the  first  of  the  presidents  of  the  Sanhedrim  to  be  honored 
with  the  title  nasi  (i.  e.,  'prince,*' patriarch  %  and  the  pa- 
triarchate remained  thenceforth  hereditary  in  his  family 
until  its  extinction.  He  was  particularly  distinguished  for 
his  humility,  gentleness,  and  liberal,  humane  spirit.  From 
his  numerous  sayings  and  maxims  may  be  mentioned  "  Do 
not  judge  thy  neighbor  until  thou  hast  stood  in  his  place," 
"Do  not  believe  in  thyself  till  the  day  of  thy  death,"  and 
the  most  celebrated,  "Do  not  unto  others  what  thou  wouldst 
not  have  done  unto  thyself.  This  is  the  whole  law :  the 
rest,  go  and  finish." 

Hillel  n.  Patriarch  360  A.  E.  He  introduced  defi- 
nite rules  for  the  calculation  and  fixing  of  the  Jewish  calen- 
dar, which  still  form  the  groundwork  of  Jewish  reckoning. 

Hiller  (hil'ler),  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Frankf  ort- 
on-the-Main,  Oct.  24, 1811:  died  at  Cologne,  May 
10, 1885.  An  eminent  German  composer,  pian- 
ist, director,  and  writer  on-  music,  of  Hebrew  de- 
scent. He  became  municipal  kapellmeister  at  Dilssel- 
dorf  in  1847,  and  at  Cologne  in  1850.  He  conducted  the 
Lower  Bhine  festivals  from  1850  whenever  they  were  held 
in  Cologne.  His  works  include  the  oratorio  "  Die  Zersto- 
rung  Jerusalems"  ("The  Destruction  of  Jerusalem,"  1839), 
symphonies  (notably  his  "  Spring  Symphony  in  E  "),  con- 
certos (notably  the  pianoforte  concerto  in  F  minor),  can- 
tatas, choral  works,  songs,  chamber  music,  etc. 

Hiller,  originally  Htiller  (hiil'ler),  Johann 
Adam.  Bom  at  Wendischossig,  near  Gorlitz, 
Prussia,  Deo.  25, 1728 :  died  at  Leipsic,  June  16, 
1804.  A  German  composer  of  operettas,  songs, 
and  church  music,  resident  in  Leipsic  after  1758 . 
He  was  the  first  to  compose  the  "  Singspiele"  (operettas), 
and  the  founder  of  a  series  of  public  concerts  since  fa- 
mous as  the  "  Gewandhans  Concerts  "  (from  being  given  in 
the  haU  of  the  Gewandhans  after  1781). 

Hillerod  (hU'le-red).  A  town  in  the  island  of 
Zealand,  Denmark,  21  miles  north-northwest  of 
Copenhagen.  It  is  noted  for  the  palace  of  Frederiks- 
borg  (the  historical  museum  of  Denmark),  an  imposing 
Benaissance  structure  of  red  brick  with  towers  and  pedi- 
ments, built  early  in  the  17th  century  by  Christian  IV. 
The  apartments  of  the  interior  are  richly  decorated.  The 
palace  church,  in  which  many  Danish  kings  have  been 
crowned,  is  excellent  artistically,  despite  its  exuberant 
richness  in  gilding  and  color. 

Hilleviones  (hiF'e-vi-o'nez).  The  name  given 
by  Pliny  to  the  Germanic  tribes  of  Scandinavia. 
It  is  of  unknown  etymology  and  uncertain  ap- 
plication. 

Hillhouse  (hil'hous),  James.  Bom  at  Mont- 
ville.  Conn.,  Oct.  21, 1754 :  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Dec.  29, 1832.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  United  States  senator  (Federalist)  from 
Connecticut  1796-1810. 

Hillhouse,  James  Abraham.  Bom  at  New  Ha- 
ven, Conn.,  Sept.  26,  1789 :  died  near  New  Ha- 
ven, Jan.  4,  1841.  An  American  poet,  son  of 
James  Hillhouse.  He  published  "The  Judgment:  a 
Vision  "  (1812),  and  the  dramas  "  Percy's  Masque  "  (1820) 
and  "Hadad  (1826).  In  1S39  he  published  his  worlS  in 
2  volumes. 

Hilliard  (hil'yard),  Henry  Washington.  Bom 

at  Fayette ville,  N.  C,  Aug.  4, 1808 :  died  at  At- 
lanta, Ga. ,  Dec.  17, 1892.  An  American  lawyer. 
He  graduated  at  South  Carolina  College  in  1826 ;  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1829 ;  and  was  a  member  of  Congress 
from  Alabama  1845-51.  He  was  appointed  Confederate  com- 
missioner to  Tennessee  by  Jefferson  Davis,  and  held  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general  in  the  Confederate  army.  He 
was  United  States  minister  to  Brazil  1877-81.'  He  wrote 
"Speeches  and  Addresses "  (1866),  "De  Vane:  a  Story  of 
Plebeians  and  Patricians  "  (1866),  and  "  Politics  and  Pen 
Pictures"  (1892). 


Hincmar 

Hilliard,  Nicholas.  Bom  at  Exeter,  1537: 
died  at  London,  1619.  An  English  miniature- 
painter. 

Hill  of  the  Nymphs.  See  Nymphseum. 
Hillsdale  (hilz'dal).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Hillsdale  County,  southern  Michigan,  85  miles 
west-southwest  of  Detroit :  the  seat  of  Hills- 
dale CoUefffi  (Freewill  Baptist).  Popidation 
(1900),  4,151. 
Hill  Tipperah  (hil  tip'e-ra).  A  tributary  state 
of  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  23°  30'  N., 
long.  91°  45'  E.  Area,  4,086  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  137,442. 
Hilo  (he'lo).  A  seaport  situated  on  the  east- 
em  coast  of  the  island  of  Hawaii,  in  lat.  19°  44' 
N.,  long.  155°  4'  W. 
Hilversum  (hil'ver-sum).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  North  Holland,  Netherlands,  16  miles 
southeast  of  Amsterdam.  Population  (1889), 
commune,  12,393. 
Himalaya  (him-a'la-ya  or  him-a-la'ya),  or  Him- 
alayas (-yaz).  [Slit., 'snow-aiJode.'i  Amoim- 
tain  system'  in  Asia,  extending  from  about  long. 
73°  to  96°  E.  along  the  northern  frontier  of  Hin- 
dustan :  the  ancient  Emodus,  Imaus,  etc.  it  is 
connected  with  theHindu  Kush  on  the  west,  and  with  the 
plateau  of  Tibet  on  the  north,  and  contains  the  sources  of 
the  rivers  Indus,  Ganges,  and  Brahmaputra.  The  mountains 
rise  from  the  plain  of  the  Ganges  in  ranges  generally  par- 
all  eL  The  two  main  chains  are  the  southern  or  Outer  Hima- 
laya, and  northern  or  Inner  Himalaya ;  there  are  also  the 
sub-Himalayan  or  Siwallk  Hills  and  various  other  outer 
ranges.  The  highest  peaks  (the  highest  in  the  world)  are 
Everest  (29,002  feet),  Godwin-Austen  (28,260  feet),  Kun- 
chiniinga(28,176feet),  Dhwalagiri (26,826 feet).  Twopeaks 
apparently  higher  than  Mt.  Everest  were  seen  by  Graham 
In  1884.  The  range  is  crossed  by  few  good  passes  (by  none 
except  in  the  western  parts).  Length,  about  1,600  miles. 
Himera  (him'e-ra).  The  ancient  name  of  two 
rivers  in  Sicily,  one  flowing  south  (the  Salso), 
and  the  other  north  past  Himera. 
Himera.  In  ancient  geography,  a  town  on  the 
northern  coast  of  SioUy,  20  miles  southeast  of 
Palermo.  Itwasfounded  by  Greek  colonists  in  the  7th 
century  B.  0.  Here,  480  B.  c,  Gelon  of  Syracuse  defeated 
the  Carthaginians.  It  was  destroyed  about  408  B.  c.  Ther- 
msB  (the  modem  Termini)  was  founded  in  the  vicinity. 
Himilco  (hi-mil'ko).  [Gr. 'I/zt^KtJv.]  1.  Lived 
about  500  (?)  B.  C.  A  Carthaginian  navigator.  Ac- 
cording to  Pliny  he  conducted  a  voyage  of  discovery  from 
Gades  northward  along  the  coast  of  Europe.  It  is  inferred 
from  passages  in  the  "  Ora  Maritima  "  of  Festus  Avienus 
that  the  voyage  of  Himilco  may  have  extended  to  the  Sar- 
gasso Sea. 

With  a  little  good  fortune  the  admiral  [Himilco]  would 
have  discovered  America  more  than  2,000  years  before  the 
birth  of  Columbus,  but  "the  magicians  on  board  "were 
too  powerful  to  allow  the  prosecution  of  the  adventurous 
voyage.    They  had  arrived  at  the  Sargasso  Sea. 

Elton,  Oiigina  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  21. 

3.  Lived  about  400  b.  o.  A  Carthaginian  gen- 
eral in  Sicily. 

Himmel  (him'mel),  Friedrich  Heinrich.  Bom 
at  Treuenbrietzen,  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  Nov. 
20, 1765 :  died  at  Berlin,  June  8,  1814.  A  Ger- 
man composer,  author  of  the  opera  "  Fanehon, 
dasLeiermadchen,"librettobyKotzebue(1805), 
"Der  Kobold"  (1804),  a  number  of  cantatas, 
oratorios,  songs,  etc. 

Himyarites  (him'ya-nts).  The  former  people 
of  southwestern  Arabia,  or  Yemen,  said  to  be 
so  called  after  an  ancient  king  Himyar :  now 
more  often  known  as  Sabeans. 

Himyaritic  (him-ya-rit'ik).  The  former  lan- 
guage of  southwestern  Arabia,  especially  of  the 
Himyaritic  inscriptions.  It  was  an  Arabic  dialect; 
more  nearly  akin  to  Abyssinian  than  is  the  classical  Ara. 
bic ;  it  has  been  crowded  out  of  existence  by  the  latter. 

Hinayana  (hi-na-ya'na).  [Skt.,  '  Little  Vehi- 
cle.'] The  southern  school  of  Buddhism.  See 
Great  Vehicle. 

Hinckley  (hingk'li).  A  town  in  Leicestershire, 
England,  13  miles  southwest  of  Leicester. 
Population  (1891"),  9,638. 

Hinckley,  Thomas.  Bom  in  England  about 
1618 :  died  at  Barnstable,  Mass.,  April  25, 1706. 
Governor  of  Plymouth  colony.  He  came  to  Scit- 
uate  with  his  parents  in  1636,  and  in  1639  removed  to  Barn- 
stable. He  was  deputy  governor  of  Plymouth  in  1680, 
and,  except  during  the  administration  of  Sir  EdmnndAn- 
dros,  was  governor  1681-92. 

Hincks  (hingks),  Edward.  Born  at  Cork,  Ire- 
land, 1792:  died  at  KiUyleagh,  County  Down, 
Ireland,  Dec.  3,  1866.  An  Irish  Assyriologist 
and  Egyptologist. 

Hincks,  Sir  Francis.  Bom  at  Cork,  1807:  died 
at  Montreal,  Aug.  18, 1885.  A  Canadian  states- 
man. He  emigrated  to  Canada  in  1832,  founded  the  To- 
ronto "Examiner"  in  1838,  and  the  Montreal  "Pilot"  in 
1844 ;  was  premier  of  Canada  1851-64 ;  and  was  governor 
of  Barbados  and  the  Wmdward  Islands  1855-62,  and  of 
British  Guiana  1862-69. 

Hinwnar  (hingk'mar).  Bom  about  806 :  died 
at  Epemay,  Dec.  21,  882.     A  French  prelate. 


Hincmar 

He  was  descended  from  a  noble  West  Frankish  family, 
was  educated  at  the  Abbey  of  St.  Denis  undei  Hilduiu,  and 
was  appointed  archbishop  of  Rheims  by  Charles  the  Bald 
in  845.  He  played  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  theological 
movements  of  his  time,  notably  in  the  predestinarian  con- 
troversy, in  which  he  supported  Paschaaius  Kadbertus. 
His  chief  work  is  the  "Annales  Bertiniani "  (from  861  to 
882).  His  complete  works  were  first  published  by  Sirmond 
in  164B. 

Hind  (hJnd),  John  Russell.  Bom  at  Notting- 
ham, May  12, 1823 :  died  Dec.  23, 1895.  An  Eng- 
lish astronomer.  He  was  superintendent  of  the  Nau- 
tical Almanac  OfiQce  for  many  years,  and  discovered  10 
planetoids  and  several  comets.  He  published  "  The  Solar 
System"  (1846),  "Astronomical  Vocabulary"  (1852),  "  Ele- 
ments of  Algebra"  (1855),  etc. 

Hind  and  the  Fantner,  The.  A  satirical  poem 
by  Dryden,  published  1687 :  a  defense  of  Eoman 
Catholicism.  The  hind  typified  the  Church  of 
Borne ;  the  panther,  the  Church  of  England. 

Hindi  (hin'de).  A  modem  dialect  of  northern 
India,  differing  from  Hindustani  in  being  a 

^urer  Aryan  dialect.     See  Hindustani. 

Bindley  (hind'li).  A  manufacturing  town  in, 
Lancashire,  England,  19  miles  northeast  of  Liv- 
erpool.   Population  (1891),  18,973. 

Hindley,  Charles.  Died  at  Brighton,  May,  1893. 
An  English  bookseller.  He  wrote  a  good  deal  tor  the 
press,  and  several  books,  but  is  best  known  as  the  author 
of  "Mother  Shipton'8  Prophecy,"  assumed  to  have  been 
published  in  1448. 

Hindol  (hin-dol').  A  tributary  state  of  Orissa, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  20°  40'  N., 
long.  85°  20'  E. 

Hindoos.    See  Hindus. 

Hinduism  (hin'do-izm).  A  term  used  to  desig- 
nate the  aggregate  of  the  religious  beliefs  and 
practices  developed  in  modern  times  from  the 
earlier  Brahmanism.  Hinduism  subordinates  the  wor- 
ship of  the  purely  spiritual  Brahman  (nom.  Brahma)  (see 
Brahma),  with  its  first  manifestation  Brahma  (brahma), 
to  that  of  Shiva  and  Vishnu,  or  of'  their  wives,  or  of  some 
form  of  these  deities,  while  each  sect  exalts  its  own  god  to 
the  place  of  the  Supreme.  The  Puranas  (which  see)  are 
its  Bible. 

Hindu  Kush  (hin'do  kosh).  A  range  of  moun- 
tains situated  mainly  in  Afghanistan  and  Kafir- 
istan,  extending  from  about  long.  67°  to  74°  E. : 
often  identified  with  the  ancient  Paropamisus. 
It  is  a  western  continuation  of  the  Himalaya 
range.    Highest  point,  over  24,000  feet. 

Hindur(hin-d6r').  Anative  state  in  the  Pan  jab, 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  31°  N. ,  long.  76°  45'  E. 

Hindus  (hin'doz),  or  Hindoos.  The  native  race 
in  India  descended  from  the  Aryan  conquerors. 
Their  purest  representatives  belong  to  the  two  great  his- 
toric castes  of  Brahmans  and  Rajputs.  Many  of  the  non- 
Aryan  inhabitants  of  India  have  been  largely  Hinduized. 
The  Hindus  speak  various  dialects  derived  from  Sanskrit, 
as  Hindi,  Hindustani,  Bengali,  Marathi,  etc.  More  loosely, 
the  name  includes  also  the  non- Aryan  inhabitants  of  India. 

Hindustan  (hin-do-stan'),  or  Hindostan  (hin- 
do-stanO,  orlndostan  (in-do-stan').  The  land 
of  the  Hindus;  the  central  peninsula  of  Asia, 
or,  in  a  more  restricted  sense,  that  portion 
north  of  the  Vindhya  Mountains,  or  even  the 
valley  of  the  upper  Ganges.    See  India. 

Hindustani(hin-d6-stan'e).Oneofthelanguages 
of  Hindustan,  a  form  of  Hindi  which  grew  up  in 
the  camps  of  the  Mohammedan  conquerors  of 
India,  since  the  11th  century,  as  a  medium  of 
communication  between  them  and  the  subject 
population  of  central  Hindustan,  it  is  more  cor- 
rupted in  form  than  Hindi,  and  abounds  with  Persian  and 
Arabic  words.  It  is  the  official  language  and  means  of 
general  Intercourse  throughout  nearly  the  whole  penin- 
sula.   Also  called  Urdv. 

Hinganghat  (hin-gan-gW).  A  small  town  in 
the  Wardha  district,  Central  Provinces,  British 
India,  situated  in  lat.  20°  34'  N.,  long.  78°  52'  E. 

Hingham(hing'am).  A  town  in  Plymouth  Coun- 
ty, Massachuset'ts,  situated  on  Boston  harbor  12 
miles  southeast  of  Boston.  Population  (1900), 
5,059. 

Hinnom  (hin'om),The  Valley  of.  See  Gehenna. 

Hinojosa  (e-no-Ho'sa),  Pedro  de.  Bom  at 
Tmjillo  about  1490:  died  at  Chuquisaca,  Upper 
Peru,  May  6, 1553.  A  Spanish  soldier.  He  was 
a  follower  of  Pizarro  in  Peru  ;  fought  against  the  Alma- 
gros  in  1638  and  1542  ;  followed  the  rebellion  of  Gonzalo 
Pizarro  in  1646 ;  and  as  captain  of  his  ships  took  Panama 
and  Nombre  de  Dios.  Gasoa  induced  Hinojosa  to  desert 
to  the  royal  side  with  his  whole  fleet  (Nov.  19, 1546),  and 
this  defection  insured  the  defeat  of  the  rebellion.  Gasoa 
gave  him  the  command  of  his  army,  and  subsequently  he 
was  made  governor  of  Charcas,  where  he  received  rich 
grants.    He  was  murdered  there  by  conspirators. 

Hinojosa  del  Duaue  (del  do'ka).  Atown  in  the 
province  of  Cordova,  Spain,  43  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Cordova.  Population  (1887),  9,470. 

Hinterland  (hin'ter-land;  G.  pron.  hin'ter- 
lant).  [G., 'back-land.']  A  German  term  used 
specifically  for  regions  in  Africa  inland  from 
the  European  coast  possessions :  as,  the  British 


505 

"Hinterland"  of  the  Gold  Coast,  or  the  German 
"  Hinterland"  of  Kamerim. 

Hinter  Bhein  (hin'ter  rin).  [G., '  Back  Rhine.'] 
A  river  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland, 
uniting  with  the  Vorder  Ehein  to  form  the  Rhine 
at  Eeichenau. 

Hinton  (hin'ton),  James.  Bom  at  Reading  in 
1822 :  died  Dee.  16, 1875.  An  English  physician 
and  philosophical  writer.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a 
clothier  at  London  in  1888;  becameamemberof  theRoyal 
College  of  Surgeons  in  1847 ;  began  the  practice  of  medicine 
at  London  in  1860 ;  andwaslectureronaural  surgery  atGuy's 
Hospital  1863-74,  when  he  abandoned  medicine  to  devote 
himself  to  philosophical  studies.  Among  his  works  are 
"Man  and  his  Dwelling-PIaoe "  (1869),  "The  Mystery  of 
Pain  "  (1866),  and  "  The  Place  of  the  Physician  "  (1873).  He 
edited  "Physiology  for  Practical  Use  "  (1874). 

Hinton  (hin'ton),  John  Howard.  Bom  at  Ox- 
ford, England,  March  24, 1791 :  died  at  Bristol, 
England,  Dec.  17,  1873.  .An  English  Baptist 
clergyman  and  author.  He  had  charge  of  Devonshire 
Square  Chapel,  Eishopsgate  street,  London,  1837-63.  He 
wrote  "Theology,  or  an  Attempt  towards  a  ConsistentView 
of  the  whole  Counsel  of  God  "  0.827),  "  The  Work  of  the 
Holy  Spirit  in  Conversion  Considered  "  (1830),  "  Memoir  of 
John  Howard  Hinton  "  (1835),  etc. ;  and  edited  "The  His- 
tory and  Topography  of  the  United  States  "  (1830-32). 

HiogO  (he-o'go).  A  seaport  in  the  main  island 
of  Japan,  situated  in  lat.  34°  40'  N.,  long.  135° 
12'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  commercial  places  of  Japan, 
opened  to  European  commerce  in  1868.  Population,  with 
Kobe  (1890),  136,968. 

Hiouen-Tsang  (he-wen 'tsang').  A  Chinese 
Buddhist  pilgrim  who  visited  110  countries  and 
places  in  India  629-645  A.  D.  Of  the  two  works  re- 
lating to  his  travels,  neither  was  written  by  himself.  The 
first  is  a  bibliographical  notice,  in  which  his  travels  form  a 
principal  feature,  composed  by  two  of  his  pupils,  Hoei-li 
and  Yen-Tsong ;  the  second  ("  Memoirs  of  the  Countries  of 
the  West ")  was  edited  by  Pien-ki.  These  works,  translated 
into  French  by  Julien,  are  an  invaluable  source  for  the  his- 
tory of  the  times.  Hiouen-Tsang  is  said  to  have  translated 
from  Sanskrit  into  Chinese  667  works. 

Hipparchus(hi-par'kus).  [Gr.  "l7r7rap;fof.]  Died 
at  Athens,  514  B.  c.  A  tyrant  of  Athens,  sou  of 
Pisistratus.  He  reigned  in  conjunction  with  his  brother 
Hippias  from  627  to  614,  when  he  was  slain  by  Harmodius 
and  Aristogiton.    See  Harmodius. 

Hipparchus.  Bom  at  Niesea,  Bithynia :  lived 
about  160-125  B.C.  A  celebrated  Greek  astron- 
omer, the  founder  of  scientific  astronomy.  He 
catalogued  the  stars,  invented  the  planisphere,  and  made 
a  number  of  most  important  discoveries,  including  the  ec- 
centricity of  the  solar  orbit,  some  of  the  inequalities  of  the 
moon's  motion,  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes,  etc. 

Hippel  (hip'pel),  Theodor  Gottlieb  von.  Bom 

at  Gerdauen,  East  Prussia,  Jan.  81, 1741:  died 
at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  April  23, 1796.  A  Ger- 
manhumorist.  His  works  include  "UberdieEhe"("On 
Marriage,"  1774),  "Lebenslaufe  nach  aufsteigender  Linie" 
("  Careers  according  to  an  Ascending  Line,"  1778-81),  etc. 
His  collected  works  were  published  1827-38. 

Hippias  (Mp'i-as).  [Or.  'Inma;.']  Died  about 
490  B.  c.  A  son  of  Pisistratus,  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded as  tyrant  of  Athens  (jointly  with  Hippar- 
chus) in  527.  He  was  sole  ruler  from  514,  and 
was  expelled  in  510. 

Hippo,  or  Hippo  Kegius  (hip'6  re'ji-us).  [Gr. 
'Ircnim paaiKmiq.']  In  ancient  geography,  a  city 
of  Numidia,  near  the  site  of  the  modern  Bona. 
Augustine  was  bishop  of  Hippo.  It  was  burned 
by  the  Vandals  in  430. 

Hippocrates  (hi-pok'ra-tez).  [(Jr.  'IinToKpdTric.'] 
Born  in  the  island  of  Cos  about  460  b.  C.  :  died 
at  Larissa,  Thessaly,  about  377.  A  famous 
Greek  physician,  surnamed  "  the  Father  of  Med- 
icine." The  87  treatises  forming  the  so-called  "Hippo- 
cratic  Collection  "  have  been  edited  by  Ktihn  1826-27,  by 
ISrmerins  1869-65,  and  by  Littr^  1839-61  (with  translation). 
See  the  extract. 

The  life  of  Hippocrates  is  shrouded  in  a  strange  mist, 
considering  the  extraordinary  celebrity  of  the  man.  In  the 
late  biographies  which  remain  to  us,  the  following  facts 
seem  worthy  of  record.  A  certain  Soranus  of  Kos,  other- 
wise unknown,  is  said  to  have  made  special  researches 
among  the  records  of  the  Asclepiad  guild,  in  which  Hip- 
pocrates was  set  down  as  the  seventeenth  in  descent  from 
the  god  AsclepioB,  and  born  on  the  26th  of  the  month  Ag- 
rianus,  in  the  year  460  E.  0.  The  inhabitants  were  still 
offering  him  the  honours  of  a  hero.  He  seems  to  have 
traveled  about  a  good  deal,  particularly  in  the  countries 
around  the  northern  Mgeaji,  and  to  have  died  at  an  ad- 
vanced age,  at  Larissa  in  Thessaly,  leaving  two  sons,  Thes- 
salus  and  Drakon.  Many  of  his  descendants  and  followers 
in  the  school  of  Kos  were  called  after  him  —  Suidas  enu- 
merates seven  in  all  — so  that  this  additional  uncertainty 
of  authorship  attaches  to  his  alleged  writings.  The  many 
statues  of  him  agreed  in  representing  him  with  his  head 
covered,  a  peculiarity  which  excited  many  baseless  and 
some  absurd  conjectures.  Abstracting  carefully  from  the 
numerous  Hippocrates  mentioned  in  contemporary  Attic 
literature,  there  are  two  undoubted  references  to  the  great 
physician  of  Kos  in  Plato,  and  one  in  Aristophanes,  which 
establish  the  epoch  assigned  to  him  in  the  biographies. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  instructed  by  Herodicus  of  Selym- 
bria,  andGorgiasof  Leontini,  a  legend  arising  merely  from 
the  confusing  of  this  Herodicus  with  another  physician  who 
happened  to  be  the  brother  of  Gorgias.  There  is  no  vestige 
of  either  Herodicus'  practice  or  Gorgias'  rhetoric  in  the  ex- 
tant treatises;  but  Hippocrates  assuredly,  like  Pericles, 


Hiram 

trained  himself  for  a  large  knowledge  of  his  special  pursuit 
by  a  familiarity  with  the  metaphysic  of  the  day.  His  al- 
leged study  of  the  great  plague  at  Athens  is  not  corrobo- 
rated by  a  comparison  with  Thucydides'  account.  The 
works  pronounced  genuine  by  Littr6  in  the  large  collec- 
tion of  Hippocratic  writings  which  still  survive  are  these  : 
the  treatises  on  "Ancient  Medicine,"  on  "Prognosis" 
(which  includes  our  diagnosis  in  the  largest  sense),  the 
"Epidemics"  (i.  and  iii.),  the  "Treatment  of  Acute  Dis- 
eases," the  tracts  on  joints,  fractures,  and  surgical  instru- 
ments applied  to  them,  on  head  wounds,  and  the  "Oath*' 
and  "  Law  "  of  the  guild. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  II.  47. 

Hippocrene  (hip'o-kren  or  hip-0-kre'ne).  [Gr. 
'InnoKp^.']  A  fountain  on  Mount  Helicon,Boe- 
otia,  sacred  to  the  Muses. 

Hippodamia  (hip"o-da-mi'a).  or  Hippodameia 
(mp"o-da-nu'a).  [Gr. 'iTTTro^a^iEio.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend: (a)  The  daughter  of  CEnomaus,  and  wife 
of  Pelops.  (6)  A  daughter  of  Atrax,  one  of  the 
Lapithse.  At  her  marriage  with  Perithous  the 
battle  of  the  Centaurs  and  Lapithse  took  place. 

Hippodamus  (hi-pod'a-mus)  of  Miletus.  [Gr. 
'Iirndda/io;.']  AGreek  sophist,  architect,  and  en- 
gineer, who  laid  out  the  Pirseus,  and  later  con- 
structed Thurion  and  Rhodes.  His  work  was  done 
on  definite  principles  and  according  to  a  carefully  devised 
system  which  was  always  followed  in  laying  outnew  Greek 
cities. 

ffippolita  (hi-pol'i-ta).  1.  See  Hmpolyte. —  3. 
In  Shakspere's  "Midsummer  Night's  Dream," 
queen  of  the  Amazons,  betrothed  to  Theseus. 
She  also  appears  as  the  bride  of  Theseus  in 
' '  The  Two  Noble  Kinsmen."—  3.  The  principal 
female  character  in  Wycherley's  comedy  "  The 
Gentleman  Dancing  Master." 

Hippolyte(hi-pori-te).  [Gr. 'IffjroXCrr^.]  In  clas- 
sical mythology,  a  queen  of  the  Amazons.  She 
was  the  daughter  of  Ares  and  Otrera,  and  wore  as  an  em- 
blem of  her  dignity  a  girdle  received  from  her  father.  This 
girdle  was  coveted  by  Eurystheus.  who  ordered  Hercules 
to  fetch  it.  Hercules  was  kindly  received  at  her  court,  and 
was  promised  the  girdle ;  but  Hera  roused  the  Amazons 
by  spreading  the  report  that  their  queen  was  bein^robbed, 
and  Hercules,  believing  that  Hippoly  te  was  plotting  against 
his  life,  killed  her  and  carried  away  the  girdle. 

Hippolyte.    See  Hyppolite. 

Hippolytus  (hi-pol'i-tus).  [Gr.  'iTzvSkvroq.l  In 
Greek  legend,  the  son  of  Theseus  and  Hippolyte 
or  Antiope,  and  stepson  of  Phsedra.  Phaedra  fell 
in  love  with  him,  but  was  repulsed,  and  in  revenge  falsely 
accused  him  to  Theseus  of  making  improper  proposals  to 
her.  Theseus  called  upon  Poseidon  to  avenge  him,  and, 
accordingly,  as  Hippolytus  was  riding  along  the  shore,  the 
god  sent  a  bull  out  of  the  sea  against  him.  His  horses 
w  ere  frightened,  and  he  was  thrown  out  of  his  chariot  and 
dragged  until  he  died.  When  Theseus  discovered  the  in- 
nocence of  his  son,  Phsedra  killed  herself  in  despair.  See 
Phadra. 

Hippol3rtus.  1 .  A  tragedy  by  Euripides,  exhib- 
ited in  428  B.  c. 

The  "  Hippolytus  "  [of  Euripides]  is  our  earliest  example 
of  a  romantic  subject  in  the  Greek  drama.  We  are  told 
that  it  obtained  the  first  place  against  lophon  and  Ion's 
competition,  but  we  are  not  told  whether  or  what  other 
plays  accompanied  it,  nor  of  the  plays  it  defeated.  The 
earlier  version  of  the  play  was  not  only  read  and  admired, 
but  possibly  copied  in  the  play  of  Seneca ;  yet  it  failed  at 
Athens,  chiefly,  it  is  thought,  because  of  the  boldness  with 
which  Phsedra  told  her  love  in  person  to  her  stepson,  and 
then  in  person  maligned  him  to  his  father. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  338. 

2.  A  tragedy  by  Seneca,  also  called  "Phsedra,'' 
founded  upon  the  same  legend. 

The  "  Hippolytus  "  of  Seneca,  from  which  the  scene  of 
Phsedra's  personal  declaration  to  Hippolytus  was  adopted 
by  Racine  in  his  famous  play,  is  still  praised  by  French 
critics.  It  was  highly  esteemed,  and  even  preferred  to  the 
Greek  play,  in  the  Renaissance.  It  was  acted  in  Latin  at 
Rome  in  1483,  and  freely  rehandled  by  Garnier  in  a  French 
version  in  1673.  The  next  celebrated  French  version  was 
that  of  Gilbert,  Queen  Christina's  French  minister,  in  1646. 
But  his  very  title,  "Hippolyte,  on  le  Garden  insensible," 
sounds  strange,  and  the  play  is  said  nevertheless  to  have 
admitted  a  great  deal  of  gallantry  in  the  hero. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  1.  336. 

Hippolytus  Bomanus.  An  ecclesiastical  writer 
of  the  3d  century.  Hewasapupiloflrenseus;  appears 
to  have  been  bishop  of  Portus  Romanus  (Porto) ;  and  was 
the  leader  of  a  disaffected  and  schismatic  party,  orthodox 
in  doctrine  and  rigoristic  in  discipline,  during  the  pontifi- 
cates of  Zephyrinus  (202-218)  and  Callistus  (218-223).  Ac- 
cording to  a  late  tradition  he  died  a  martyr  in  Sardinia  in 
236  or  236.  He  is  comifiemorated  by  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  on  Aug.  22.  His  chief  work  is  "  Pliilosophumena," 
written  in  Greek,  a  manuscript  of  which  was  discovered 
at  Mount  Athos  in  1842  and  published  by  Emmanuel  Mil- 
ler in  186L 

Hipponax  (hi-p6'naks).  [Gr.  'lirw&va^.']  Born 
at  Ephesus :  flourished  during  the  second  half 
of  the  6th  century  B.  c.  A  Greek  iambic  poet, 
generally  reckoned  as  the  third  (with  Arohilo- 
chus  and  Simonides) :  noted  as  the  inventor  of 
the  choliambus.  He  was  expelled  from  Ephesus  by  the 
tyrants  Athenagoras  and  Comas,  and  thereafter  resided  at 
Clazomense.    He  was  deformed. 

Hiragana,    See  Katakana. 

Hiram  (hi'ram),  or  Huram  fhU'ram).  [Perhaps 

shortened  from  Ahi-ram.,  exalted  brother.]     1. 

King  of  Tyre  about  1000  B.  c,  a  contemporary 


Hiram 

of  David  and  Solomon.  He  raised  Tyre  to  a  leading 
position  In  the  Pheniolan  oonlederacy,  built  many  temples, 
and  subjugated  Cyprus.  He  entertained  amicable  rela- 
tions with  David  and  Solomon,  assisted  at  the  building  of 
the  temple  at  Jerusalem  by  furnishing  materials  and  arti- 
sans, and  entered  with  Solomon  into  a  commercial  alliance. 
The  so-called  tomb  of  Hiram  is  shown  about  three  miles 
distant  from  the  modern  Tyre  (Sur),  but  it  is  said  to  have 
been  originally  built  just  outside  the  eastern  gate  of  the 
continental  town,  which  thence  sloped  down  to  the  sea. 
It  is  a  "  grey,  weath'er-beaten  "  structure,  bearing  all  the 
marks  of  a  high  antiquity. 

2.  A  distinguislied  worker  in  brass  brought  by- 
Solomon  from  Tyre  (1  Ki.  vii.  13). 

Hiram.  A  town  of  Portage  County,  Ohio,  30 
miles  southeast  of  Cleveland,  the  seat  of  Hiram 
College  (Church  of  the  Disciples). 

Hiranyagarbha  (hi-ran-ya-gar'bha).  [Skt., 
'  golden  germ '  or  '  golden  womb.']  In  the  Rig- 
veda,  a  deity  who  is  said  to  have  arisen  in 
the  beginning,  the  one  lord  of  all  beings,  who 
upholds  heaven  and  earth  and  gives  life  and 
breath,  and  whose  command  even  the  gods  obey. 
According  to  Manu  he  was  Brahma,  the  first  male,  formed 
by  the  undiscemible  First  Cause  in  a  golden  egg  resplen- 
dent as  the  sun.  After  a  year  Brahma  divided  the  egg  into 
2  parts  by  his  mere  thought.  One  part  became  the  heavens, 
the  other  the  earth ;  and  between  them  he  placed  the  sky, 
the  8  regions,  and  the  eternal  abode  of  waters. 

Hiren  (hi'ren).  [A  corruption  of  the  Greek 
Irene.'i  A  strumpet,  a  character  in  Peele's  play 
"  The  Turkish  Mahomet  and  Hiren  the  Fair 
Greek."  The  phrase,"HaTe  we  not  Hiren  here? "  which 
appears  in  Dekker's  "Satiromastix,"  Chapman's  "Eastward 
Hoe,"  and  a  number  of  17th-century  works,  is  an  allusion 
to  her.  Pistol  in  Shakspere's  2  "Henry  IV."  appears  to 
apply  the  phrase  to  his  sword.  William  Barksteed  wrote 
a  poem  called  "Hiren,  or  the  Fair  Greek  "  in  1611. 

Hirhor  (her'hor).  A  high  priest  of  Amun  at 
Thebes,  the  founder  of  the  21st  (illegitimate) 
dynasty  of  Egyptian  kings,  ruling  at  Thebes. 
Brugsch  gives  his  date  as  1100  B.  c. 

Hirlas  Horn,  The.  A  Welsh  poem,  written  by 
Owain,  prince  of  Powys,  in  the  12th  century. 
The  Hirias  horn  is  "a  drinking-horn,  long,  blue,  and  sil- 
ver-rimmed," which  Owain  fills  and  drinks  to  each  of  his 
chiefs,  with  a  song. 

Hirpini  (her-pi'ni).  In  ancient  history,  an  Ital- 
ian people,  of  Samnite  stock,  living  in  southerp 
Samnium  in  the  district  near  Beneventum. 

Hirsaa  (hir'sou),  or  Hirschau  (hir'shou).  A 
village  in  the  Black  Forest  circle,  Wiirtemberg, 
situated  on  the  Nagold  21  miles  west  of  Stutt- 
gart. It  was  noted  in  the  middle  ages  for  its  Benedic- 
tine monastery,  built  in  the  9th  century. 

Hirsch  (hirsh),  Baron  Maurice  de  (Baron  Mau- 
rice de  Hirsch  de  Gereuth).  Bom  at  Munich, 
Deo.  9,  1831 :  died  at  Ogyalla,  near  Komom, 
Hungary,  April  21,  1896.  An  Austrian  finan- 
cier, capitalist,  and  philanthropist,  of  Hebrew 
descent.  His  great  wealth  was  partly  inherited  from  his 
father,  partly  increased  by  marriage,  and  to  a  great  extent 
gained  by  banliing  and  by  transactions  in  railroads,  chiefly 
Turkish.  He  contributed  upward  of  828,000,000  for  charit- 
able purposes,  largely  for  the  education  and  alleviation  of 
the  sufferings  of  the  Jews.  Among  the  gifts  by  which  he 
is  best  known  is  that  to  the  Jewish  Colonization  Associa- 
tion ($10,000,000),  and  the  De  Hirsch  Trust  for  the  United 
States  (^,600,000). 

Hirschberg  (hirsh'bero).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Zaoken  and  Bober,  60  miles  west-southwest  of 
Breslau.  it  is  the  center  of  trade  in  the  Silesian  Moun- 
tains, and  the  center  of  the  Silesian  linen  manufacture. 
Population  (ISflOX  16,214. 

Hirsou  (er-s6n').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Aisne,  France,  on  the  Oise  33  miles  northeast 
of  Laon,  noted  for  basket-making.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  6,294. 

Hirtius  (h6r'shi-us),  Aulus.  Killed  near  Mu- 
tina,  Italy,  43  B.  c.  A  Roman  politician,  a  friend 
of  Ceesar,  the  reputed  author  of  the  eighth  book 
of  CsBsar's  "Commentaries  on  the  Gallic  War," 
and  of  the  history  of  the  Alexandrian  war.  As 
consul  with  Pansa  (43)  he  defeated  Antony  at 
Mutina. 

Hispalis  (his'parlis),  or  Hispal  (his'pal).  The 
ancient  name  of  Seville. 

Hispania  (his-pa'ni-a).  The  ancient  name  of 
the  Spanish  peninsula. 

Hispaniola.    See  Espanola  and  Haiti. 

Hissar  (his-sar').  1 .  A  dependency  of  Bokhara, 
central  Asia,  lying  between  Russian  Turkestan 
on  the  north  and  Afghanistan  (separated  by 
the  Amu  Daria)  on  the  south. — 2.  The  chief 
town  of  Hissar,  situated  on  the  river  Kafimi- 
gan  about  lat.  38°  25'  N.,  long.  68°  28'  E.  Popu- 
lation, about  15,000. 

Hissar.  1.  A  division  in  the  Panjab,  British 
India.  Area,  8,355  square  miles.  Population 
(1881),  1,311,067.-2.  A  district  in  the  Hissar 
division,  intersected  by  lat.  29°  N.,  long.  76°  E. 
Area,  5,163  square  miles.    Population  (1891), 


506 

776,006.-3.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  His- 
sar, situated  in  lat.  29°  10'  N.,  long.  75°  46'  E. 
Population  (1891),  16,854. 

Hissarlik.    See  Troy. 

Histisea  (his-ti-e'a).     [Gr. 'Iffriafo.]    SeeOreus. 

HistiaBUS(his-ti-e'us).  [Gr.'la-ialog.']  Executed 
at  Sardis,  Asia  Minor,  494  b.  o.  A  tyrant  of 
Miletus,  a  friend  of  Darius  I.  of  Persia. 

Histoire  Comic[ue  de  Francion  (es-twar'  ko- 
mek'  d6  fron-sy6n').  [F.,  'Comic  History  of 
Franoion.']  A  fiction  by  Charies  Sorel,  chiefly 
remarkable  for  the  "evidence  it  gives  of  an 
attempt  at  an  early  date  (1623)  to  write  a  novel 
of  ordinary  manners."    Saintsbury. 

Historia  Miscella  (his-to'ri-a  mi-sel'a).  See 
the  extract. 

This  curious  farrago  of  history  forms  the  first  part  of 
Muratori's  great  collection  of  the  "ScriptoresP-erum  Itali- 
carum."  The  first  eleven  books  are  substantially  the  work 
of  Eutropius  (the  familiar  Eutropius  of  our  boyhood),  and 
reach  down  to  the  death  of  Jovian.  The  authorship  of 
th"B  following  books  is  generally  attributed  to  Paulus  Dia^ 
conus,  of  Aquileia,  who  died  in  799,  and  the  completion  of 
the  work  to  Landulf  the  Wise,  who  flourished  in  the  elev- 
enth century.  Without  going  into  the  disputed  question 
as  to  this  authorship,  it  is  sufficient  to  say  that  the  writer, 
who  is  confessedly  a  mere  compiler,  interweaves  large 
passages  from  Jornandes,  Orosius,  the  Annalists,  and  the 
Ecclesiastical  Historians. 

Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  431. 

Histriomastix  (his"tri-o-mas'tiks).  [LL., '  the 
player's  scourge.']  AplaybyMarston,  produced 
before  1599,  in  which  year  Jonson  satirized  it 
in  his  ' '  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour."  It  was 
printed  in  1610. 

Histriomastix,  the  Player's  Scourge,  or  Ac- 
tor's Tragsedie.  AtreatisebyWilliamPrynne, 
published  in  1632,  though  dated  1633.  The  book 
was  designed  to  promote  the  total  suppression  of  stage- 
plays.  "  Prynne's  treatise,  as  is  weU  known,  led  to  his 
being  summoned  before  the  High  Commission  Court  and 
Star  Chamber,  which  condemned  his  book  to  be  burnt, 
and  the  author  to  be  expelled  from  the  Bar  and  his  Inn,  to 
stand  in  the  pillory,  to  lose  both  his  ears,  to  pay  a  fine  of 
£5,000  to  the  King,  and  to  be  perpetually  imprisoned.^ .  .  . 
For,  about  the  time  when  the  book  was  published  —  ac- 
cording to  one  account  on  the  day  before,  according  to  an- 
other but  shortly  afterwards  —  the  Queen  and  her  ladies 
had  themselves  acted  in  a  Pastoral  at  Whitehall."  (Ward, 
Hist.  Dram.  Lit. )  In  1649  a  mock  retractation,  entitled  "Mr. 
William  Prynn  his  Defence  of  Stage- Plays,  or  a  Retracta- 
tion of  a  former  Book  of  his  called  Histrio-Mastix,"  was 
published. 

Hit  (hit).  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of  Bagdad, 
Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  on  the  Euphrates  about 
100  miles  west-northwest  of  Bagdad:  the  an- 
cient Is.  It  is  famous  for  its  fountain  of  bitu- 
men.    Population  (estimated),  2,500. 

Hitchcock  (hich'kok),  Edward.  Born  at  Deer- 
field,  Mass.,  May  24, 1793:  died  at  Amherst, 
Mass.,  Feb.  27,  1864.  An  American  geologist, 
professor  from  1825  of  chemistry  and  natural 
history  at  Amherst  College,  and  president  of  the 
college  1845-54,  with  the  professorship  of  natu- 
ral theology  and  geology.  Among  his  works  'are 
"Geology of  the  Connecticut  valley  "(1823),  "Elementary 
Geology"  (1840),  "Fossil  Footsteps"  (1848),  "Religion  of 
Geology  "  (1851),  "  Illustrations  of  Surface  Geology  "  (1856), 
" Supplement  to  the  Ichnology  of  New  England"  (1865), 
"Elementary  and  Popular  I^eatise  on  Geology"  (with 
Charles  H.  Hitchcock,  1860),  "Anatomy  and  Physiology" 
(with  Edward  Hitchcock,  Jr.,  1860). 

Hitchcock,  Eoswell  Dwight.  Bom  at  East 
Maehias,  Maine,  Aug.  15, 1817 :  died  at  Somer- 
set, Mass.,  June  16, 1887.  An  American  clergy- 
man and  theologian.  He  was  appointed  professor  of 
church  history  at  Union  Theological  Seminary  (New  York) 
in  1865,  and  president  in  1880.  He  published  "  Complete 
Analysis  of  the  Bible"  (1869),  "Socialism"  (1879),  etc. 

Hitchin  (hich'in).  A  town  in  Hertfordshire, 
England,  33  miles  north  by  west  of  London. 
Population  (1891),  8,860. 

Hitchiti  (he-ohe-te ' ).  A  division  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians.  The  name  is  from  a  Creek  word,  *  to  look 
up '  (i.  e.,  the  stream).  The  language  was  spoken  on  the 
Chattahoochee  River,  Georgia,  and  spread  to  Flint  River 
througli  Georgia  and  Florida.  The  Seminoles  were  a  half- 
Creek  and  haU-Hitchiti  speaking  people,  and  probably  the 
Yamassi  also.    See  Creek.    Also  Echeeteet  Etchita,  Ichiti. 

Hitopadesha(hi-t6-pa-da'sha).  In  Sanskrit  lite- 
rature, the  bookof  "Good  Counsel."  Itwastheflrst 
Sanskrit  book  printed  in  Nagari  letters  (see  Devanagari): 
edited  by  Carey,  and  printed  at  Serampore  in  1803.  It  had 
been  already  translated  by  Wilkins  (Bath,  1787)  and  Sir  Wil- 
liam Jones  (London ,  1799).  It  is  ethico-didactic,  and  is  what 
theHlndus  call  a  nitishastra  or  'conduct^work.'  The  plan 
is  simple.  The  sons  of  King  Sudarshana  are  vicious.  He 
convokes  the  wise  men,  and  asks  if  any  one  is  able  to  re- 
form his  sons.  Vishnusharman  offers  to  do  so,  takes  them 
in  charge,  and  relates  to  them  the  stories  which  make  up 
the  collection.  The  Hitopadesha  is  not  an  original  work, 
but  an  excellent  compilation  of  ancient  material.  The 
sources  are  expressly  said  to  be  *'  the  Panchatantra  and 
another  work.  The  author  or  editor  is  said  to  have  been 
Narayana  and  his  patron,  the  prince  Dhavalachandra.  The 
work  is  at  least  600  years  old. 

Hitteren  (hit'ter-en).  An  island  of  Norway, 
west  of  Trondhjem.    Length,  30  miles. 


Hoare,  Sir  Bichard  Colt 

Hittites  (hit'its).  An  important  tribe,  descend- 
ed from  Heth,  son  of  Canaan,  the  son  of  Ham, 
settled  in  the  region  of  Hebron  on  the  hill,  and 
often  mentioned  as  one  of  the  seven  principal 
Canaanite  tribes,  and  sometimes  as  comprising 
the  whole  Canaanite  population.  Hittite  kings  are 
mentioned  who  seem  to  have  dwelt  north  of  Palestine. 
About  the  middle  of  the  9th  centuiy  B.  0.  they  disappear 
from  biblical  history.  Some  scholars  however,  distinguish 
the  latter  as  Syrian  Hittites,  whom  they  consider  a  Affer- 
ent tribe  from  the  Canaanite  Hittites.  They  have  lately 
been  identified  with  the  Eheta  of  the  Egyptians  and  the 
Chatti  of  the  Assyrian  monuments.  These  monuments 
agree  with  the  notices  of  the  Old  Testament  in  depicting 
the  Hittites  as  a  powerful  tribe.  Thothmes  III.,  of  the 
18th  dynasty,  fought  with  them  about  1600  B.  0.  in  Megid- 
do.  Later  Setiattackedthem  about  1360  B.  c,  and  Rameses 
n.  (the  supposed  Pharaoh  of  the  oppression),  defeated 
them  not  long  after  at  Eadesh,  on  the  Orontes.  The 
Kheta  are  also  often  referred  to  in  the  diplomatic  corre- 
spondence of  Tel-el-Amarna.  The  Chatti  are  found  early 
in  collision  with  Assyria.  They  were  defeated  by  Tiglath- 
Pileser  I.  (1120-1100).  Asumazirpal  (884-860)  carried  tneir 
princes  into  captivity.  Under  Mialmaneser  II.  the  Hit- 
tites entered  into  an  alliance  with  Ben-hadad  of  Syria,  but 
'  were  defeated  in  the  great  battle  on  the  plains  of  Syria, 
and  their  city,  Carchemish,  was  taken  in  855.  Twelve  Hit- 
tite kings  are  enumerated  as  contemporary  rulers  at  this 
time.  Sargon  finally  put  an  end  to  the  Hittite  indepen- 
dence in  717,  when  the  inhabitants  of  Carchemish  were  de- 
ported to  Assyria  and  the  city  was  repeopled  with  Assyrian 
colonists.  Monuments,  supposed  to  be  Hittite,  have  been 
discovered  since  1872  in  Hamath,  Aleppo,  Carchemish, 
Cappadocia,  Lycaonia,  and  Lydia,  which  would  show  that 
the  Hittite  empire  once  spread  over  the  greater  part  of 
Asia  Minor;  and  it  may  be  that  from  there  they  at  one  time 
pushed  their  way  into  northern  Syria.  The  question  whe- 
ther they  formed  one  race  with  the  Hittites  of  the  Canaan- 
ite stock  remains  an  open  one.  The  originators  of  these 
Hittite  monuments  are  considered  by  some  scholars  to 
have  been  a  "Mongoloid  "  race.  The  art  exhibited  on  these 
monuments  is  still  of  a  primitive,  rude  character.  The  in- 
scriptions, in  hieroglyphic  characters,  have  not  yet  been 
deciphered.  Of  late  there  isa  tendency  among  some  scholars 
to  consider  the  Hittites  as  a  race  speaking  a  Semitic  lan- 
guage akin  to  Syrian  or  Aramaic,  and  to  regard  the  so- 
called  Hittite  Inscriptions  as  the  work  of  another  people 
who  are,  for  the  time  being,  called  "pseudo-Hittites." 
Hittorff  (hit'torf ),  Jacques  Ignace.  Born  at  Co- 
logne, Aug.  20,  1792:  died  at  Paris,  March  25, 
1867.  A  French  architect.  His  chief  work  is  the 
Church  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  in  Paris.  He  published  "Ar- 
chitecture antique  de  la  Sicile  "  (1826-30),  "Architecture 
moderne  de  la  Sicile  "  (1826-36),  "Architecture  polychrome 
Chez  les  Grecs  "  (1861),  etc. 
Hitzig  (hit'siG),  Ferdinand.  Bom  at  Hauingen. 
Baden,  June  23, 1807:  died  at  Heidelberg,  Badenj 
Jan.  22,  1875.  A  Geiman  exegete,  professor  at 
Zurich  (1838)  andlater  (1861)  at  Heidelberg.  He 
published  commentaries  on  Isaiah  (1833),  the  Psalms  (1836- 
1836),  the  minor  prophets  (1838),  Jeremiah  (1841),  etc. 
Hitzig, Friedrich.  Bom  at  Berlin,  April  8, 1811 : 
died  ()ct.  11,  1881.  A  German  architect. 
Hivites  (hi'vits).  An  ancient  Canaanite  people 
in  northern  Palestine. 

Hjelmaren  (hyel'mar-en),  or  Hjelmar  (hyel'- 
mar).  A  lake  in  Sweden,  10  miles  southwest  of 
Lake  Malar,  into  which  it  discharges  ita  waters. 
Length,  about  40  miles. 
HjSrring  (hy6r'ring).  Atown  and  bathing-place 
at  almost  the  northern  extremity  of  Jutland, 
Denmark. 
Ho.    See  Hwangho. 

Hoadly,  or  Hoadley  (hod'li),  Benjamin.  Bom 
at  Westerham,  Kent,  England,  Nov.  14,  1676 : 
died  at  Chelsea,  London,  April  17,  1761.  An 
English  divine  and  controversialist,  bishop  suc- 
cessively of  Bangor  (1715),  Hereford  (1721),  Sal- 
isbiiry  (1723),  and  Winchester  (1734).  He  origi- 
nated f  he  "  Bangorian  controversy  "  (which  see)  by  his  ser- 
mon on  the  "Kingdom  of  Christ "  (1717). 
Hoadly,  Benjamin.  Born  at  London,  Feb.  10, 
1706 :  died  at  Chelsea,  London,  Aug.  10,  1757. 
An  BngUsh  physician  and  author,  son  of  Ben- 
J?J?i'^  Hoadly.  He  wrote  "The  Suspicious  Husband" 
(1747),  and  assisted  Hogarth  in  his  "Analysis  of  Beauty." 
Hoangho.    See  Hwangho. 

Hoar  (hor),  Ebenezer  Bockwood.  Born  at  Con- 
cord, Mass.,  Feb.  21,  1816:  died  there,  Jan.  31, 
1895.  An  American  jurist,  son  of  Samuel  Hoar. 
SL^^t'?.''?®  "'  ^^^  Massachusetts  Supreme  Court  1869- 
1868;  United  States  attorney-general  1869-70;  joint  high 
commissioner  on  the  treaty  of  Washington  1871;  and 
mehiber  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1873-76. 
Hoar,  George  Frisbie.  Bom  at  Concord,  Mass. , 
Aug.  29, 1826.  An  American  statesman,  son  of 
Samuel  Hoar.  He  was  a  Republican  member  of  ton- 
gress  from  Massachusetts  1869-77,  a  member  of  the  Elec- 
toral Commission  in  1877,  and  United  States  senator  1877-. 
Hoar,  Samuel.  BomatLineoln,  Mass.,Mayl8, 
1778 :  died  at  Concord,  Mass.,  Nov.  2,  1856.  An 
American  politician,  member  of  Congress  from 
Massachusetts  1835-37. 

Hoare  (hor).  Prince.  Born  at  Bath,  England, 
about  1755 :  died  at  Brighton,  Dec.  22, 1884.  An 
English  painter  and  playwright,  sou  of  William 
Hoare. 

Hoare,  Sir  Richard  Oolt.  Bom  at  Stourhead, 
Wilts,  England,  Dec.  9,  1758 :  died  there,  May 


Hoare,  Sir  Richard  Oolt 

19,  1838.  An  English  antiquary  and  topogra- 
pher. His  chief  work  is  a  "History  of  Modem 
Wiltshire  "  (1822-44). 

Hoare,  William.  Bom  about  1706 :  died  at  Bath, 
England,  Deo. ,  1792.  An  English  historical  and 
portrait  painter. 

Hobart  (no'bart),  sometimes  written  Hobarton 
(ho'bar-ton),  or  Hobart  Tovm  (ho'bart  toun  or 
ho'bar-ton).  The  capital  of  Tasmania,  situated 
on  Sullivan's  Cove,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Der- 
went,  in  lat.  42°  53'  S.,  long.  147°  21'  E.  it  was 
founded  in  1804,  and  is  the  chief  commercial  city  of  the 
colony.    Population  (1891),  24,906. 

Hobart  (ho'bart),  Augustus  Charles,  Hobart 
Pasha.  BomatWalton-on-the-'Wolds,Leieester- 
shire,  A^ril  1, 1822 :  died  at  Milan,  June  19, 1886. 
An  English  admiral  in  the  Turkish  service,  third 
son  of  the  sixth  Earl  of  Buckinghamshire.  He 
entered  the  British  navy  in  1836 ;  became  naval  adviser  to 
the  Sultan  of  Turlsey  in  1867 ;  suppressed  the  Cretan  re- 
bellion in  1867 ;  was  appointed  admiral,  with  the  title  of 
pasha,  in  1869  ;  reorganized  the  Turkish  fleet  and  operated 
against  Russia  in  the  Black  Sea  in  1877 ;  and  was  promoted 
mushir  or  marshal  of  the  Turkish  empire  in  1881. 

Hobart,  Garret  Augustus.     Bom  at  Long 

Branch,  N.  J.,  1844 :  died  at  Paterson,  N.  J., 
Nov.  21,  1899.  An  American  lawyer  and  Re- 
publican politician.  He  was  educated  at  Rutgers  Col- 
lege, and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1869.  In  1872  he  served 
in  the  State  assembly  of  New  Jersey ;  in  1876  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  State  senate,  and  in  1881  its  president; 
and  in  1806  was  elected  Vice-President. 

Hobart,  John  Henry.  Bom  Sept.  14,  1775: 
died  Sept.  10.(12?),  1830.  Protestant  Episco- 
pal bishop  of  New  York  1816-30. 

Hobbema  (hob'be-ma),  Meyndert  or  Minder- 
hout.  Born  at  Amsterdam,  or  Koeverdam, 
about  1638 :  died  at  Amsterdam,  Dec,  1709.  A 
Dutch  landscape-painter.  He  was  influenced  in  style 
by  Buisdael.  He  is  noted  for  his  atmospheric  efEeots,  tone, 
and  brilliancy.  In  many  of  his  landscapes  figures  have 
been  painted  by  other  noted  artists.  His  picture  of  "Tlie 
Hermitage,  St.  Petersburg "  (1663)  is  owned  by  the  'Sew 
York  Historical  Society. 

Hobbes  (hobz),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Westport 
(now  in  Malmesbury),  Wiltshire,  April  5,  1588 : 
died  at  Hardwick  Hall,  Deo.  4, 1679.  A  cele- 
brated English  philosopher.  His  father,  Thomas 
Hobbes,  was  vicar  of  Charlton  and  Westport.  In  1603 
Hobbes  entered  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  where  he  grad- 
uated in  1608.  He  soon  entered  the  service  of  William 
Cavendish  (later  first  earl  of  Devonshire)  as  tutor  to  his 
eldest  son  (later  second  earl  of  Devonshire),  and  retained 
this  position  until  the  death  of  his  pupil  in  1628.  They 
made  a  continental  tour  in  1610.  In  1629  he  became  trav- 
eling tutor  to  the  son  of  Sir  Gervase  Clifton,  and  visited 
Paris  and,  probably,  Italy.  He  returned  to  the  service  of 
the  Cavendishes  in  1631  as  tutor  to  the  third  Earl  of  Devon- 
shire, with  whom,  1634-37,  he  made  an  extended  tour  on  the 
Continent,  during  which  he  established  friendly  relations 
with  many  distinguished  men,  including  Galileo,  Gassendi, 
Mersenne,  and  Descartes.  Previous  to  this  time  (before 
1625  ?)  he  had  served  Bacon  as  amanuensis,  and  in  translat- 
ing some  of  his  essays  into  Latin.  He  lived  with  Devon- 
shire until  1640,  when  fear  of  persecution  by  Parliament 
for  his  political  opinions  drove  him  to  Paris,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1651,  when,  in  the  belief  that  Iiis  life  was  in 
danger  from  those  who  accused  him  of  heterodoxy  and  even 
atheism,  he  fled  back  to  England  and  became  reconciled 
to  the  (Jromwellian  government.  For  a  time  in  1646  he 
instructed  the  Prince  of  Wales  (later  Charles  II.)  in  math- 
ematics. After  the  Restoration  he  lived  with  the  Earl 
of  Devonshire.  Hobbes  was  a  pronounced  nominalist  in 
philosophy,  an  antagonist  of  scholasticism,  one  of  the 
suggesters  of  the  associational  psychology,  and  a  leader 
of  modern  rationalism.  He  insisted  especially  upon  the 
complete  separation  of  theology  and  philosophy,  and  the 
subordination  of  the  church  to  the  state.  He  is  best 
known  from  his  doctrine  that  the  power  of  the  state  is  ab- 
solute as  against  the  individual  —  tlmt  it  is  the  "Leviar 
than  "  that  swallows  all,  a  mortal  god  who,  like  the  Deity, 
governs  according  to  his  j>leasure,  and  gives  peace  and  se- 
curity to  his  subjects.  His  chief  works  are  a  translation  of 
Thuoydides,"De  cive"  (1642),  "Human  Nature,  or  theEun- 
damental  Elements  of  Policy"(1660) ,  "De  corpore  politico" 
(1660),  "Leviathan,  or  the  Matter,  Form,  and  Power  of  a 
Commonwealth,  Ecclesiastical  and  Civil "  (1661),  "  Of  lib- 
erty and  Necessity"  (1654).  His  collected  works  were  edited 
by  Sir  W.  Molesworth  1839-46,  in  16  vols.  (6  in  Latin). 

Hobbes,  John  Oliver.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs. 
Craigie. 

Hobhouse  (hob'hous),  John  Cam,  LordBrough- 
ton.  Born  at  Eedland,  near  Bristol,  June  27, 
1786 :  died  at  London,  June  3, 1869.  An  Eng- 
lish politician  and  writer.  He  entered  Parliament 
in  1820 ;  became  secretary  at  war  in  1832 ;  was  appointed 
chief  secretary  for  Ireland,  March,  1833,  but  soon  resigned 
his  oflce  and  his  seat;  reentered  Parliament  in  1834  ;  and 
was  president  of  the  board  of  control  1835-41,  and  again 
1846-52.  In  1819  he  was  arrested  and  committed  to  New- 
gate for  an  anonymous  pamphlet  ("A  Trifling  Mistake  in 
Thomas,  Lord  Erskine's  recent  Preface,  etc.");  the  publica- 
tion of  which  was  held  to  be  a  breach  of  privilege  by  the 
House  of  Commons.  He  was  the  most  intimate  friend  of 
Lord  Byron,  a  connection  which  was  formed  at  Cambridge. 
They  traveled  together  on  the  Continent  1809-10.  Hob- 
house  was  one  of  Byron's  executors.  He  was  created  Lord 
Broughton  in  1851.  He  wrote  "  Historical  Illustrations  of 
the  Fourth  Canto  of  'Childe  Harold  •"(2d  ed.  1818),  "A 
Journey  through  Albania,  etc."  (1813),  etc.  His  "Diaries, 
Correspondence,  and  Memoranda  "  are  in  the  keeping  of 
the  British  Museum,  and  could  not  be  opened  until  the' 
yeav  1900. 


507 

Hobkirk's  Hill  (hob'kerks  hil).  A  place  near 
Camden,  South  Carolina.  Here,  April  25,  i78i,  the 
British  under  Lord  Bawdon  defeated  the  Americans  under 
Greene,  in  what  Is  sometimes  called  the  second  battle  of 
Camden. 

floboken(h6'b6-ken).  Acity  in  Hudson  County, 
New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  Hudson,  opposite 
New  York,  contiguous  to  Jersey  City,  it  is  the 
terminus  of  several  steamship  and  railway  lines,  and  the 
seat  of  the  Stevens  Institute  of  Technology.  Population 
(19D0),  69,364. 

Hobson  (hob'sgn),  Richmond  Pearson.  Born 
at  Greensboro,  Ala.,  Aug.  17,  1870.  An  Amer- 
ican naval  oflScer,  noted  for  his  exploit  in  blow- 
ing up  the  United  States  collier  Merrimae  in  an 
attempt  to  block  the  channel  of  theharbor  of 
Santiago  de  Cuba  June  3,  1898.  He  was  pro- 
moted naval  constructor  June  23,  1898,  and 
captain  Feb.  26,  1901 ;  resigned  Feb.,  1903. 

Hobson,  Thomas.  Bom  about  1544:  died 
1631.  A  carrier  and  keeper  of  a  livery-stable 
at  Cambridge,  England,  in  the  first  half  of 
the  17th  century.  His  habit  of  obliging  his  customers 
to  take  the  horse  which  happened  to  be  nearest  the  door 
gave  rise  to  the  expression  "Hobson's  choice" — that  is, 
'  this  or  none.' 

Hoche  (osh),  Lazare.  Born  at  Montreuil,  near 
Versailles,  Prance,  June  25, 1768:  diedatWetz- 
lar,  Prussia,  Sept.  18  (19  ?),  1797.  A  French  gen- 
eral. He  served  with  distinction  in  Alsace  in  1793  ;  sup- 
pressed the  Vendean  revolt  1795-96 ;  and  fought  against  the 
Austrians  in  1797. 

Hochelaga  (ho-shel'a-ga).  A  tribe  or  village  of 
North  American  Indians,  on  the  site  of  Mon- 
treal when  it  was  discovered  by  Cartier  in  1535. 
It  had  disappeared  in  1603.  The  tribe  was  Iroquoian,  and 
was  surrounded  by  Algonquian  tribes.  The  name  is  de- 
rived from  a  word  meaning  'beaver  grounds.'  See  Iro- 
quoian. 

Hochheim(ho'him;  G.  pron.hooh'him).  Asmall 
town  in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia, 
situated  near  the  Main  4  miles  east  of  Mainz, 
celebrated  for  the  Hoehheimer  wines. 

Hochkirch  (hoeh'kiroh),  or  Hohkirchen  (ho'- 
kiroh-en).  A  village  in  the  governmental  dis- 
trict of  Bautzen,  Saxony,  6  miles  east-southeast 
of  Bautzen.  Here  Oct.  14,  1768,  the  Austrians  (about 
65,000)  under  Daun  defeated  the  Prussians  (about  42,000) 
under  Frederick  the  Great,  the  loss  of  the  Prussians  being 
about  9,000,  that  of  the  Austrians  about  6,000. 

Hochst  (hSohst).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Main 
6  miles  west  of  Prankf  ort-on-the-Main.  Here,  on 
June  20, 1622,  Tilly  defeated  Duke  Christian  of  Brunswick, 
and  on  Oct.  11, 1796,  the  Austrians  under  Clerfayt  defeated 
the  French  under  Jourdan.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
8,466. 

Hochstadt  (heoh'stet).  A  small  town  in  the 
governmental  district  of  Swabia,  Bavaria,  sit- 
uated on  the  Danube  23  miles  northwest  of 
Augsburg.  It  was  the  scene  of  three  battles  :  (1)  Sept. 
20, 1703,  defeat  of  the  Imperialists  by  the  Bavarians  and 
Krench ;  (2)  Aug.  13,  1704,  the  battle  of  Blenheim,  called 
the  battle  of  HOchstadt  by  the  Germans ;  (3)  June  19, 1800, 
defeat  of  the  Austrians  by  the  French  under  Moreau. 

Hochstetter  (hodh'stet-ter),  Ferdinand  von. 
Born  atEsslingen,Wiirtemberg,  April  30, 1829 : 
died  at  Oberdobling,  near  Vienna,  July  18, 1884. 
A  German  geologist,  traveler,  and  geographer. 
He  became  privat-docent  at  the  University  of  Vfenna  in 
1856,  geologist  to  the  Novara  expedition  in  1867,  and  was 
professor  of  mineralogy  and  geology  at  the  Vienna  Poly- 
technic Institute  1860-81.  He  wrote  "Neuseeland  "  (1863), 
"Geologic  von  Neuseeland "  (1864),  " PalSontologie  von 
Neuseeland  "  (1864),  etc. 

Hodeida  (ho-da'da  or  ho-di'da),  or  Hudeide. 
A  seaport  in  Yemen,  Arabia,  situated  on  the 
Bed  Sea  in  lat.  14°  47'  N.,  long.  42°  54'  E.  Pop- 
ulation, about  20,000. 

Hodel  (h^'del),  Eniil  Heinrich  Max,  called 
Lehmann,  also  Traber.  Bom  at  Leipsio,  May 
27,  1857:  executed  Aug.  16,  1878.  A  German 
Social  Democrat  who  attempted  to  assassinate 
the  emperor  William  by  firing  two  shots  from  a 
revolver,  neither  of  which  took  effect,  at  Berlin, 
May  11,  1878. 

Hodge.  The  name-  given  to  the  typical  peasant 
in  England. 

Hodge  (hoj),  Archibald  Alexander.  Bom  at 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  July  18, 1823 :  died  there,  Nov. 
11, 1886.  An  American  Presbyterian  clergyman 
and  theologian,  son  of  Charles  Hodge.  He  was 
professor  of  didactic  theology  in  Western  Theological  Sem- 
inary, Allegheny,  Pennsylvania,  1864-77,  and  in  1878  suc- 
ceeded his  father  as  professor  of  didactic  and  polemic 
theology  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary.  Among  his 
works  are  "Outlines  of  Theology"  (1860),  "The  Atone- 
ment" (1868),  and  "Manual  of  Forms"  (revised  edition, 

Hodge,  Charles.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Dec.  28, 
1797:  died  at  Princeton_,  N.  J.,  June  19,  1878. 
An  American  Presbyterian  theologian.  He  was 
professor  in  Princeton  Theological  Seminary  from  1822,  and 
was  the  founder  of  the  "Biblical  Repository  and  Prince- 
ton Review"  (1825).    His  chief  work  is  "  Systematic  The- 


Hoffmann,  Daniel 

ology  "  (1871-78).  Among  his  other  works  are  "  Commen- 
tary on  Romans  "  (1836) ,  and  essays  republished  from  the 
"Princeton  Review." 

Hodge,  Hugh  Lenox.  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
June  27,  1796:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  26, 
1873.  An  American  physician  and  medical 
writer,  brother  of  Charles  Hodge.  He  became  m 
1836  professor  of  obstetrics  in  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, a  position  which  he  retained  until  1863,  when  he 
became  professor  emeritus.  He  wrote  "  Diseases  Peculiar 
to  Women"  (1859), "  Principles  and  Practice  of  Obstetrics  " 
(1864),  and  "Foeticide  "  (1869). 

Hodgson  (hoj'son),  John  Evan.  Bom  March  1, 
1831:  died  June  19,  1895.  An  English  painter 
of  genre,  historical,  and  Moorish  subjects. 

Hdd-Mezo-V&sArhely  (hod '  m e  -  z6  -  va '  shSr- 
hely).  A  city  in  the  county  of  Csongr^d,  Hun- 
gary, situated  in  lat.  46°  27'  N.,  long.  20°  22' E. 
Population  (1890),  55,475. 

Hoe  (ho),  Richard  March.  Bom  at  New  York 
city,  Sept.  12,  1812:  died  at  Florence,,  Italy, 
June  7,  1886.  An  American  inventor.  He  per- 
fected in  1846  a  rotary  printing-press  which  received  the 
name  of  Hoe's  lightning  press,  and  subsequently  invented 
the  Hoe  web  perfecting-press. 

Hoecke  (ho'ke),  Jan  van  den.  Bom  at  Ant- 
werp, 1611 :  died  there,  1651.  A  historical  and 
portrait  painter'of  the  Flemish  school.  He  was 
court  painter  to  Archduke  Leopold  William  in 
1647. 

Hoecke,  Robrecht  van  den.  Bom  at  Antwerp, 
Nov.  30, 1622  :  died  after  1695.  A  genre,  land- 
scape, and  battle  painter  of  the  Flemish  school, 
half-brother  of  Jan  van  den  Hoecke. 

Hoedi  (he'di).  [L./i(»d«,  the  kids.]  The  two  stars 
)?  and  C  AurigEe. 

H(Enir(he'nir).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  mythology, 
one  of  the  three  gods  Odin,  Hoenir,  and  Lodur 
(ON.  Lodhurr),  who  created  out  of  trees  in 
Midgard  the  first  man  and  woman.  Ask  aud 
Embla.  Odin  gave  them  life,  Hoenir  sense,  and 
Lodur  blood  and  color. 

Hof  (hof ),  formerly  Regnitzhof  (reg'nits-hof). 
A  city  in  Upper  Pranconia,  Bavaria,  situated 
on  the  Saale  in  lat.  50°  18'  N.,  long.  11°  55'  E. 
It  has  important  mantifactures.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  24,455. 

Hofer  (ho'fer),  Andreas.  Bom  at  St.Leonhard, 
Passeyr  valley,  Tyrol,  Nov.  22,  1767:  executed 
at  Mantua,  Italy,  Feb.  20,  1810.  A  Tyrolese 
patriot,  the  head  of  the  Tyrolese  insurrection 
1809.  He  gained  victories  at  Sterzing,  Innsbruck,  Isel, 
etc.,  and  was  the  head  of  the  government  in  1809. 

HofFman,or  a  Revenge  for  a  Father.  A  tra- 
gedy by  Henry  Ohettle,  produced  in  1602. 

Hoffman  (hof'man),  Charles  Fenno.  Bom  at 
New  York  city  in  1806 :  died  at  Harrisburg,  Pa., 
June  7, 1884.  An  American  poet  and  novelist. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  about  1828,  but  shortly  aban- 
doned the  profession  of  law  in  order  to  devote  himself 
to  literature.  He  established  the  "  Kniclcerbocker  Maga- 
zine "  in  1833,  and  subsequently  became  proprietor  of  the 
"American  Magazine,"  which  he  edited  for  many  years. 
He  became  insane  in  1849,  and  during  the  rest  of  his  life 
was  confined  in  the  Harrisburg  Insane  Asylum.  The  first 
collection  of  his  poems,  "The  Vigil  of  Faith,  a  Legend  of 
the  Adirondack  Mountains,  and  other  Poems,"  appeared 
in  1842.  A  complete  edition  was  published  by  E.  i\  Hoff- 
man in  1874. 

Hoffmann  (hof 'man),. August  Heinrich,  com- 
monly called  Hoffmann  von  Fallersleben 

(fon  fal'lers-la-ben).  Born  at  Fallersleben, 
Hannover,  Prussia,  April  2,  1798:  died  at  the 
castle  of  Korvei,  near  Hoxter,  Prussia,  Jan.  19- 
20,  1874.  A  German  poet,  philologist,  and  lit- 
erary historian.  He  studied  at  Gottingen  and  Bonn. 
In  1823  he  was  made  custodian  of  the  university  library  at 
Breslau,  and  in  1830  professor  there  of  Germanic  philol- 
ogy. In  1842,  in  consequence  of  the  views  expressed  in 
his  "  Unpolitische  Lieder  "("  Nonpolitical  Songs,"  1840-41), 
he  was  deprived  of  his  position,  and  for  several  years  had 
no  settled  place  of  residence.  He  was  finally  rehabilitated 
in  1848,  in  Prussia.  In  1853  he  went  to  Weimar,  where  he 
engaged,  in  collaboration  with  the  Germanist  Oscar  Schade, 
in  the  editorship  of  the  short-lived  "Weimarische  Jalir- 
biicher  f  iir  deutsche  Sprache,Literatur  und  Kunst "  ("  Wei- 
mar Annals  for  German  Language,  Literature,  and  Art "). 
After  I860' he  lived  at  Korvei  as  librarian  to  the  Dnke  of 
Ratibor.  Among  his  many  poetical  works  are  "Lieder 
und  Romanzen  "  ("  Songs  and  Romances,"  1821),  •"  Jager- 
lieder"  ("Hunters'  Songs,"  1828),  "Kinderlieder  "  ("Chil- 
dren's Songs,"  1843-47),  "Deutsche  Gassenlieder"(" Ger- 
man Street  Songs,"  1843),  " Liebeslieder  "  ("Love  Songs," 
1851),  "Soldatenlieder"("  Soldiers'  Songs,"  1861-52),  "  Va- 
terlandslieder  "  ("  Songs  of  Fatherland,"  1871).  Among  his 
equally  numerous  scientific  writings  are  "  Fundgruben  f  iir 
Gesohiohte  deutscher  Sprache  und  Literatur"  ("Trea- 
sures for  the  History  of  the  German  Language  and  Litera- 
ture," 1830-37),  "  Geschichte  des  deutschen  Kirchenlieds 
bis  Luther  "("History  of  the  German  Church  Hymn  down 
to  Luther,"  1831),  "Horse  Belgicae"  (a  collection  of  Low 
German  folk-songs,  1833-62,  in  12  vols.),  "Deutsche  Phi- 
lologie  im  Grundriss"  ("Sketch  of  German  Philology," 
1836). 
Hoffmann,  Daniel.  Bom  at  Halle,  Prussia, 
1540-  died  at  Wolfenbiittel,  Germany,  1611.  A 
German  Lutheran  controversialist. 


Hoffmann,  Ernst  Theodor  Amadeus 

Hoffmann,  Ernst  Theodor  Amadeus  (origi- 
nally Wilnelm).  Bom  at  KSnigsberg,  Prussia, 
Jan.  24, 1776:  died  at  Berlin,  June  25, 1822.  A 
German  romance  writer.  His  works  include  "  Phan- 
tasieBtuoke  in  Cailots  Manier"  ("Phantasy  Pieces  in  Cal- 
lot's  Manner,"  1814-15),  "Blixire  des  Teufels"  (1816-16), 
"Naclitstucke"  (1817),  "Die  Serapionsbriider  "  (1819-21), 
"  Kater  Murr  "  (1820-22),  etc. 

Hoffmann,  Friedricll.  Bom  at  Halle,  Prussia, 
Feb.  19, 1660:  died  at  Halle,  Nov.  12, 1742.  A 
celebrated  German  physician,  author  of  "Sys- 
tema  medicinae  rationalis"  (1718-40).  He  be- 
came the  first  professor  of  medicine  at  Halle  in 
1693. 

Hoffmann,  Lndwig  Friedrich  Wilhelm.  Bom 
at  Leouberg,  Wiirtemberg,  Oct.  30,  1806 :  died 
at  Berlin,  Aug.  28, 1873.  A  German  Protestant 
clergyman.  He  studied  tlieology  at  Tubingen,  became 
pastor  at  Stuttgart  in  1833,  and  was  appointed  superin- 
tendent of  the  Missionary  Institute  at  Basel  in  1839.  He 
became  in  1852  court  preacher  to  Frederick  William  IV.,  on 
whose  ecclesiastical  policy  he  exerted  a  strong  influence. 

Eofgeismar  (hof'gis-mar).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Esse  14  miles  north-northwest  of  Cass^l. 

Hofhuf  (hof-hof '),orHofuf  (ho-fof ').  The  capi- 
tal of  El-Hasa,  Arabia,  situated.nearthe  Persian 
Gulf  about  lat.  25°  20'  N.,  long.  49°  50'  E.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1872.  Population, 
about  25,000. 

Hofmann  (hof'man),  August  'Wilhelm  von. 
Born  at  Giessen,  Germany,  April  8, 1818 :  died 
at  Berlin,  May  5, 1892.  Anoted  German  chemist. 
He  became  superintendent  of  theltoyal  College  of  Chem- 
istry (afterward  chemical  section  of  the  RoyS  School  of 
Mines)  at  London  in  1848 ;  warden  of  the  British  mint  in 
1855 ;  professor  of  chemistry  at  Bonn  in  1864  ;  and  was 
professor  of  chemistry  at  Berlin  from  1865  until  his  death. 
He  published  "  Handbook  of  Organic  Analysis  "  (1853), 
"Einleitung  in  die  moderne  Chemie"  (6th  ed.  187^0,  ctC' 

Hofmann,  Johann  Christian  Eonrad  von. 

Bom  at  Nuremberg,  Bavaria,  Dec.  21,  1810: 
died  at  Erlangen,  Bavaria,  Dee.  20,  1877.  A 
German  Lutheran  theologian,  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Erlangen  in  1841,  ordinary  professor 
at  Rostock  in  1842,  and  at  Erlangen  in  1845. 

Hofmann,  Bichard.  Bom  at  Manchester,  Eng- 
land, May  24,  1831.  An  Anglo-American  com- 
poser, pianist,  and  teacher.  He  has  lived  in 
New  York  since  1847. 

Hofwyl  (hof'vel).  An  estate  6  miles  north  of 
Bern,  Switzerland :  the  seat  of  the  educational 
institutions  of  Fellenberg. 

Hogarth  (ho'garth),  William.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don^ Nov.  10,  1697 :  died  at  London,  Oct.  26, 
1764.  A  celebrated  English  painter  and  en- 
graver. In  1712  he  was  apprenticed  to  Ellis  Qamble,  a 
Bilversmith;  in  1718  he  fumed  his  attention  to  engrav- 
ing ;  and  in  1726  he  first  became  known  by  his  plates  for 
*'  Hudibras."  In  1729  he  ran  away  with  Sir  James  Thorn- 
hill's  only  daughter,  and  was  married  at  Paddington 
church.  He  published  in  1738  "The  Harlot's  Progress," 
which  was  soon  followed  by  "The  Rake's  Progress."  In 
1735  Hogarth  obtained  the  passage  of  an  act  securing  the 
rights  of  artists  to  their  own  designs.  In  1736  he  painted 
on  the  stairway  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  "  The  Good 
Samaritan"  and  "The  Pool  of  Bethesda."  Among  his 
other  pictures  are  the  "  Distressed  Poet"  and  the  "Enraged 
Musician  "  (1741),  "  Marriage  k  la  Mode  "(174B),  "Industry 
and  Idleness  "  (1747).  He  made  afamoua  journey  to  France 
in  1748.  In  his  later  years  Hogarth  indulged  in  literary 
compositions,  and  wrote  "  The  Analysis  of  Beauty."  He 
painted  a  number  of  portraits  of  himself,  the  best  of  which 
is  in  the  National  Gallery,  London. 

Hogarth  is  essentially  a  comic  painter ;  his  pictures  are 
Dot  indifferent,  unimpassioned  descriptions  of  human  na- 
ture, but  rich,  exuberant  satires  upon  it.  He  is  carried 
away  by  a  passion  for  the  ridiculous.  His  object  is  "  to 
show  vice  her  own  feature,  scorn  her  own  image."  He  is 
so  far  from  contenting  himself  with  still  life  that  he  is 
always  on  the  verge  of  caricature,  though  without  ever 
falling  into  it  Haaitt,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  190. 

Hogarth  Club.  A  London  club  for  artists,  es- 
tablished in  1870.  It  has  a  life  class,  sketching 
club,  and  reading-room. 

Hogg  (hog),  James.  Bom  at  Bttrick,  Selkirk- 
shire, 1770 :  died  at  Eltrive  Lake,  Nov.  21,  1835. 
A  Scottish  poet,  called  "the  Ettrick  Shep- 
herd "  from  his  occupation.  In  1790  he  began  to  be 
known  as  a  song-maker,  and  in  1796  his  education  had  ad- 
vanced so  far  that  he  began  to  write  his  verses.  In  1802 
he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Scott.  In  1810  he  settled  in 
Edinburgh  with  a  view  of  devoting  himself  to  literature, 
but  went  to  Eltrive  Lake  in  Yarrow  about  1816.  He  was 
"the  Shepherd"  in  Wilson's  "Recreations  of  Christopher 
North."     Among  his  poems  are  "The  Queen's  Wake" 

S813),  "  The  Pilgrims  of  the  Sun  "  (1815),  "  Madoc  of  the 
oor  "  (1816),  "  The  Poetic  Mirror,  or  the  Living  Bards  of 
Great  Britain  "  (1816  :  parodies),  and  "  Queen  Hynde  " 
(1826).  Among  his  prose  works  are  "The  Brownie  o'  Bods- 
beck,  etc."  (1817),  and  "Winter  Evening  Tales"  (1820). 
His  "  Jacobite  Relics,  etc."  (1819-20),  are  both  prose  and 
verse. 

Hogue  (hog),  or  Hague  (hag ;  F.  pron.  hag). 
La.  A  promontory  at  the  northwestern  ex- 
tremity of  the  department  of  Manohe,  France, 

.  projecting  into  the  English  Channel,  in  lat. 


508 

49°  43'  N.,  long.  1°  57'  "W.  This  cape  is  generally 
incorrectly  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  great  victory 
of  the  English  and  Dutch  over  the  French  May  19  (N.  S. 
29),  1692,  off  the  fort  of  La  Hogue,  or  La  Hougue,  near  the 
northeast  extremity  of  the  peninsula. 

Hoh.    See  Quileute. 

Hohe.    See  Assiniioin. 

Hohe  Acht(h6'e  acht).  One  of  the  chief  moun- 
tains of  the  Eifel,  western  Germany.  Height, 
2,490  feet. 

Hoheneck  (ho'en-ek).  The  second  highest 
summit  of  the  Vosges,  on  the  frontier  of  France 
and  Alsace, west  of  Miinster.  Height, 4, 480feet. 

Hohenelbe  (ho'en-el-be).  A  town  in  Bohemia 
situated  on  the  Elbe  62  miles  northeast  of 
Prague.    Population  (1890),  5,736. 

Hohenems  (ho'en-emz),  orHohenembs  (ho'en- 
embz).  A  town  in  Vorarlberg,  Austria-Hun- 
gary, situated  in  lat.  47°  21'  N.,  long.  9°  41'  E. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  4,972. 

Hohenfriedeberg  (h6"en-fre'de-berG).  A  small 
town  in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  36  miles 
west-southwest  of  Breslau.  Here,  June  4, 1745,  Fred- 
erick the  Great  defeated  the  Austrians  and  Saxons  under 
Prince  Charles  of  Lorraine.  The  Prussian  loss  was  about 
2,000 ;  that  of  the  Austrians  and  Saxons  was  4,000  killed  and 
wounded  and  7,000  prisoners. 

Hohenlimburg  (ho ''  en-lim'  boro) .  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  near  Hagen. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  6,204. 

Hohenlinden  (ho^en-liu'den).  A  village  in  Up- 
per Bavaria,  19  miles  east  of  Munich.  Here,  Dec. 
3, 1800,  the  French  under  Korean  defeated  the  Austrian 
army  under  the  archduke  John.  The  Austrians  lost  8,000 
killed  and  wounded  and  12, 000  prisoners,  and  the  battle  vii*- 
tually  ended  the  war.  The  poet  Campbell  wrote  a  lyric 
on  the  battle. 

Hohenlohe  (ho''en-16'e).  A  former  county,  later 
a  principality,  of  Germany,  mediatized  in  1806, 
and  now  mainly  included  in  the  circle  of  Jagst, 
Wiirtemberg. 

Hohenlohe-Ingelfin5en(ing'el-fing-en),Prlnce 
of  (Friedrich  Ludwig).  Bom  at  Ingelfingen, 
Wiirtemberg,  Jan.  31, 1746 ;  died  near  Kosel,  Si- 
lesia, Prussia,  Feb.  15,  1818.  A  Prussian  gen- 
eral. He  gained  a  victory  over  the  French  at  Kaisers- 
lautern  in  1794,  but  was  defeated  by  Napoleon  at  Jena,  Oct. 
14, 1806,  and  compelled  to  surrender  with  17,000  men  at 
Prenzlau,  Oct.  28, 1806. 

Hohenlohe-Schillingsfiirst  (shil'lings -fiirst), 
Prince  of  (Chlodwlg  Karl  Victor),  Prince  of 
Eatibor  and  Korvei.  Born  March  31, 1819 :  died 
July  6,  1901.  A  German  statesman  and  diplo- 
matist. He  was  Bavarian  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
1866-70 ;  became  German  ambassador  at  Paris  in  1874 ; 
and  was  appointed  governor  of  Alsace-Lorraine  in  1885. 
He  was  chancellor  of  the  German  Empire  Oct.,  1894-Oct., 
190O.  succeeding  Caprivi. 

Hohenlohe- Waldenburg-Schillingsflirst 

(val'deu-bora-shil'lings-fiirst).  Prince  of  (Leo- 
pold Alexander).  Bom  at  Kupferzell,  near 
Waldenburg,  Wiirtemberg,  Aug.  17, 1794 :  died 
at  Voslau,  near  Vienna,  Nov.  13,  1849.  A 
German  Roman  Catholic  ecclesiastic.  He  was 
ordained  priest  in  1815,  and  became  a  member  of  the 
society  of  "Fathers  of  the  Sacred  Heart"  about  1816, 
canon  of  Grosswardein  in  1824,  grand  provost  in  1829, 
and  bishop  of  Sardica  in  partibus  infidelium  in  1844. 
He  several  times  came  into  conflict  with  the  civil  au- 
thorities as  a  practitioner  of  the  prayer-cure.  He  wrote 
"Der  im  Geist  der  Katholischen  Kirche  beteude  Christ" 
0.819),  etc. 

Hohenschwangau  (ho'en-shvang'ou).  A  medi- 
eval stronghold  in  Swabia,  Bavaria,  56  miles 
southwest  of  Munich,  said  to  have  been  raised 
on  Eoman  foundations,  but  entirely  rebuilt  by 
Maximilian  II.  It  is  especially  interesting  for  its  fres- 
cos, which  include  the  "Legend  of  Lohengrin,"  many  his- 
torical subjects,  the  "Life  of  a  Medieval  Lady,"  episodes 
of  chivaliy,  etc.  The  garden  exhibits  a  reproduction  of  the 
Fountain  of  Lions  in  the  Alhambra. 

Hohenstaufen  (ho'en-stou-fen).  A  village  in 
Wiirtemberg,  23  miles  east  of  Stuttgart,  its 
former  castle  was  the  seat  of  the  Hohenstaufen  family. 
Height,  2,237  feet. 

Hohenstaufen.  A  German  princely  family,  it 
furnished  sovereigns  to  Germany  1138-1208  and  1215-54, 
and  to  Sicily  1194-1266.  Conradin;  last  of  the  line,  was  exe- 
cuted 1268.  See  "  Geschiohte  der  Hohenstaufen,"  by  Rau- 
mer. 

Hohenstein  (ho'en-stin).  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernmental district  of  Zwickau,  Saxony,  48  miles 
west-southwest  of  Dresden.  Population  (1890), 
7,546. 

Hohentwiel  Oio'en-tvel).  A  mined  fortress  in 
Wiirtemberg,  near  Singen.    Height,  2,273  feet. 

Hohenzollem  (to'en-tsol-lern).  Aprovince  of 
Prussia,  inclosed  by  Wiirtemberg.  Area,  441 
square  miles.    Population  (1890),  66,085. 

HohenzoUem.  A  castle  nearHechingen,  south- 
em  Germany,  belonging  to  the  Prussian  royal 
family,  situated  in  the  Swabian  Alp.  it  was  be- 
gun in  1850,  the  medieval  fortress  having  practically  dis- 
appeared, except  the  chapel.  The  exterior  walls  and  bas- 
tions reproduce  the  old  castle.    The  entrance  is  by  com- 


Holberg 

plicated  and  well-defended  ramps.  The  inner  buUdings 
consist  of  several  wings  with  6  great  towers.  The  state 
apartments  are  adorned  with  polished  marbles,  gilding, 
and  color,  and  the  vaulting  is  admirable.  The  style  of 
the  14th  century  is  consistently  followed  throughout 
Height,  2,840  feet 
HohenzoUem.  A  German  princely  family,  it 
ruled  over  Brandenburg  from  1415,  and  has  furnished  the 
kings  of  Prussia  since  1701  (German  emperors  since  1871). 

HohenzoUern-Sigmaringen  (sig'mar-ing-en) . 
A  former  principality  of  Germany,  situated  in 
Wiirtemberg:  incorporatedwithPrussiain  1850. 

Hohe  Tauem.    See  Tauern. 

Hojeda.    See  Ojeda. 

Holbach  (G.  pron.  hol'baoh ;  F.  pron.  61-bak'), 
Paul  Henri  Thiry,  Baron  d'.  Bom  -fet  Hei- 
delsheim,  Baden,  1723 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  21, 
1789.  A  French  skeptic  and  materialistic  phi- 
losopher. He  wrote  "Le  Christianisme  d^voil^,  etc" 
(1767),  "Le  systfeme  de  la  nature "(" System  of  Nature," 
1770:  published  in  popular  form  as  "Le  bon  8enB,"1772)t 
numerous  articles  in  the  "Encyolopddie,"  etc.  He  re- 
sided in  Paris  from  his  youth,  and  his  home  became  a  ren- 
dezvous for  the  free-thinkers  of  his  time.  His  dinners 
were  exceptionally  celebrated,  and  earned  for  him,  from 
the  Abb6  Galiani,  the  title  of  the  "  premier  maltre  d'hOtel 
de  la  philosophic." 

Holbeach  (hol'bech).  A  town  in  Lincolnshire, 
England,  in  the  Holland  district.  Population 
(1891),  4,771. 

Holbein  (hol'bin),  Hans,  sumamed  "  The  Eld- 
er." Born  at  Augsburg,  Bavaria,  about  1460: 
died  there,  1524.  A  German  historical  painter. 
He  represented  the  realistic  tendency  of  the  Swabian 
school,  and  later  was  influenced  by  that  of  the  Italian  Re- 
naissance. His  "Altar  of  St  Sebastian  "  (1516),  in  the  Old 
Pinaliothek,  Munich,  is  his  masterpiece. 

Holbein, Hans, sumamed  "The Younger."  Bom 
probably  at  Augsburg,  Bavaria,  about  1497: 
died  at  London,  1543.  A  German  historical  and 
portrait  painter  and  wood-engraver,  son  of  Hans 
Holbein  (1460-1524).  He  went  to  Basel  in  1615,  and 
matriculated  in  the  painters'  gild  in  1519.  His  frescos 
in  the  city  hall  at  Basel,  and  the  ' '  Passion  "  in  the  Basel 
Museum,  were  painted  aliout  1521-22.  In  1623  he  painted 
the  portrait  of  Erasmus  at  Longford  Castle.  About  1626he 
visited  Antwerp  to  see  Quentin  Massys,  and  afterward  went 
to  England,  where  he  was  lodged  at  Sir  Thomas  More's 
house,  near  London.  In  1528  he  went  to  Basel,  and  returned 
to  England  in  1532,  where  he  remained  for  the  rest  of  his 
life.  He  became  court  painter  to  Henry  VIII.  about  1536. 
Among  his  works  are  a  series  of  89  sketches  in  red  chalk 
and  India  ink,  belonging  to  this  period,  now  in  the  Wind- 
sor collection ;  a  series  of  designs  for  wood-engraving, 
"  The  Dance  of  Death,"  engraved  by  Hans  Liitzelburger, 
published  in  1538  and  1647 ;  a  portrait  of  Sir  Thomas  More 
(1627) ;  a  portrait  of  Anne  of  Cleves  (1639) ;  a  number  of 
portraits  of  German  merchant  goldsmiths  of  the  Steel- 
yard, some  of  which  are  in  Germany ;  "  The  Ambassadors  " 
(in  the  National  Gallery,  1533) ;  and  portraits  of  Henry 
VIII.  and  of  the  principal  personages  of-the  time.  He 
also  designed  the  title-pages  to  Coverdale's  and  Cranmer's 
Bibles,  and  painted  some  important  works  with  religious 
subjects  ("  The  Last  Supper,"  "  The  Dead  Christ,  "eight  Pas- 
sion pictures,  etc. — aU  in  the  museum  at  Basel;  "The  Na- 
tivity" and  "The  Adoration  of  the  Magi,"  at  Freiburg- 
im-Breisgau ; "  Madonna, "  with  the  Meyer  family  at  Darm- 
stadt ;  "Madonna  and  Saints,"  at  Solothurn,  etc.). 

Holberg  (hol'berG),  Ludvig  von.  Born  at  Ber- 
gen, Norway,  Dec.  3,  1684 :  died  at  Copenhagen, 
Jan.  28, 1754.  The  father  of  the  Danish  drama, 
and  the  greatest  name  in  Danish  literature.  His 
father,  who  had  risen  from  a  common  soldier  to  the  rank 
of  colonel,  died  when  he  was  still  an  infant,  and  his  mother 
when  he  was  10  years  old.  He  had  been  intended  for  the 
army,  but  showed  such  an  aptitude  for  study  that  he  was 
sent  to  the  Bergen  Latin  school,  and  in  1702  he  entered 
the  Copenhagen  University.  Being  destitute  of  means,  he 
soon  came  back  again  to  Norway,  and  was  tutor  in  the 
family  of  a  clergyman  at  Voss.  A  year  later  he  again 
went  to  Copenhagen,  where  he  studied  theology  and  took 
his  examination,  but  shortly  after  returned  to  Norway  and 
was  again  a  tutor,  this  time  with  a  clergyman  at  Bergen. 
This  latter  had  been  a  great  traveler,  and  Holberg,  through 
the  perusal  of  the  journal  he  had  kept,  was  inspired  with  a 
desire  to  see  the  world.  He  accordingly  set  out  for  Hol- 
land, but  went  only  as  far  as  Aix-la^Chapelle.  The  year 
after  he  returned  to  Norway  and  settled  at  Christiansand, 
where  he  taught  French  during  the  winter.  The  following 
spring  he  went  to  England  and  remained  2  years,  chiefly  at 
Oxford,  where  he  supported  himself  byteaching  languages 
and  music.  Returning  to  Copenhagen,  he  established  him- 
self as  decent  at  the  university,  but  soon  after  accepted 
the  post  of  private  tutor,  and  accompanied  his  charge  to 
Germany,  tjpon  his  return  to  Denmark  he  was  again  a 
tutor  until  the  year  after  (1710),  when  he  was  admitted  as 
a  stipendiary  at  Borch's  Collegium  in  Copenhagen,  when 
he  was  finally  enabled  to  devote  himself  to  literary  work. 
In  1711  he  published  his  first  work,  "  Introduction  til  den 
Buropaiske  Rigers  Historic  "  ("  Introduction  to  the  His- 
tory of  the  Nations  of  Europe  ").  In  1714  he  was  made  pro- 
fessor extraordinarius,  but  without  a  stipend.  Shortly  after, 
however,  he  was  made  the  beneficiary  of  the  "  Rosenkrants 
fund,"  and  was  thus  enabled  to  go  abroad.  He  accord- 
ingly sailed  to  Holland  ;  traveled  on  foot  from  Brussels 
to  Paris,  where  he  remained  for  a  year  and  a  half ;  pro- 
ceeded again,  partly  on  foot,  to  Marseilles  and  Genoa, 
where  he  fell  ill ;  and  afterward  went  on  to  Rome,  where 
he  remained  the  whole  winter.  The  following  Feb.  he  set 
out  again  for  Denmark,  making  the  whole  journey  from 
Rome  to  Paris. on  foot.  In  1718  he  was  made  professor 
of  metaphysics  at  Copenhagen ;  later  he  became  profes- 
sor of  Latin  and  rhetoric,  and  ultimately  (1780)  of  history 
and  geography.  In  1719-20  appeared,  under  the  pseudo- 
iiym  Hans  Mikkelsen,  the  first  of  his  characteristic  pro- 


Holberg 

ductions,  the  comlo-heroic  poem  "  Peder  Paars."  In  1722 
he  began  to  write  comedies.  Up  to  this  year,  when  the 
Danish  theater  was  opened  with  a  translation  of  Molifere's 
"LAvare,"  there  had  been  French  and  German  but  no 
Danish  theaters  in  Copenhagen.  Holberg  was  applied  to 
to  write  Danish  comedies,  and  this  year  the  first  of  them 
was  produced:  "Den  politiske  Kanderstjlber"  ("The 
Pewterer  Politician  ").  I'ive  plays  were  furnished  during 
the  year,  and  ultimately  he  had  written  33.  Among  the 
most  notable  of  these,  besides  the  one  mentioned,  are  "Den 
Stunde3l08e"  ("The  Busy  Man"),  "Erasmus  Montanus," 
"Barselstuen  "  ("The  Lying-in  Pooom  "),  " Jeppe  paa  Bjer- 
get"  ("Jeppe  of  the  Mountain"),  "Jacob  von  Thybo," 
"  Den  Vaegelsindede"  ("  The  Pickle  Woman  ").  In  1725 
he  again  went  abroad,  and  remained  during  the  winter  in 
Paris.  After  1728,  the  year  of  the  great  conflagration  in 
Copenhagen,  and  during  the  reign  of  Christian  VI.,  no 
more  plays  were  written;  but  when  the  theater  was  re- 
opened in  1747,  on  the  accession  of  Frederick  V.,  several 
more  were  furnished,  inferior,  however,  to  his  earlier  com- 
edies. In  1741  was  published  in  Latin,  at  Lelpsic,  "  Nicho- 
lai  Klimii  iter  aubteiTaneum"— In  the  Danish  translation 
by  Baggesen  :  "  Niels  Klims  underjordiske  Eeise  "  ("Niels 
Elim's  Underground  Journey  ").  He  was  ennobled  in  1747. 
The  considerable  property  that  he  had  accumulated  was 
left,  at  his  death,  to  the  Sor0  Academy.  He  was  buried 
in  the  Sor0  church.  Besides  the  above,  he  wrote  various 
historical  and  other  works,  among  them  "  Danmarks  itiges 
Historic  "  ("  The  History  of  the  Kingdom  of  Denmark  ") 
in  3  vols.,  an  autobiography  in  3  letters  written  in  Latin, 
and  several  humorous  epics  and  lyrics.  He  has  been  called 
"the  founder  of  modern  Danish  literature." 

Holboru  (ho'TDorn).  A  borough  (munioipal)  of 
London.     Population  (1891),  33,503. 

Holbrook  (horbruk),  John  Edwards.  Born  at 
Beaufort,  8.  C,  Dec.  31,  1795:  died  at  Norfolk, 
Mass.,  Sept.  8, 1871.  An  American  naturalist. 
He  became  professor  of  anatomy  in  the  Medical  College  of 
South  Carolina  in  1824,  a  [losition  which  he  retained  up- 
ward of  30  years.  His  chief  work  is  "American  Herpe- 
tology"(1842). 

Holcroft  (hol'krof  t),  Thomas.  Bom  at  London, 
Deo.  10  (O.  S.),  1745:  died  there,  March  23, 1809. 
An  English  dramatist,  miscellaneous  writer,  and 
actor.  He  was  ridiculed  by  Giflford  in  the  "Baviad."  In 
1794,  having  embraced  the  principles  of  the  French  Keyo- 
lution,  he  was  indicted  for  high  treason,  but  after  remain- 
ing for  about  two  months  in  Newgate  he  was  discharged 
without  a  trial.  Among  his  plays  are  "The  Follies  of  a 
Day,"  a  translation  of  Beaumarchais.'s  "Mariage  de  Figaro  " 
(produced  in  1784,  Holcroft  appearing  as  Figaro),  "  The 
Koad  toEuin  "  (1792 :  revived  in  1873,  and  translated  into 
Danish  and  German),  "The  Deserted  Daughter,"  founded 
on  Cumberland's  "Fashionable Lover"  (1796),  etc.  Healso 
wrote  "Tales  of  the  Castle  "  from  the  French  of  Madame 
de  Genlis  (1785),  "Life  of  Baron  Frederic  Trenck,  etc." 
(1788),  "A  Tale  of  Mystery"  (the  first  melodrama,  1802), 
with  several  novels  and  translations. 

Holder  (hol'der),  Joseph  Bassett.    Bom  at 

Lynn,  Mass.,  Oct.  26,  1824:  died  in  New  York 
city,  Feb.  28,  1888.  An  American  naturalist. 
He  was  curator  of  invertebrate  zoology,  ichthyology,  and 
herpetology  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History 
in  New  York  city  from  1870  until  his  death.  He  wrote  a 
"  History  of  the  North  American  Fauna  "  (1882),  "History 
of  the  Atlantic  Eight  Whales  "  (1883),  "The  Living  World  " 
(1884),  etc. 

Holder lin  (hel'der-lin),  Johann  Christian 
Friedrich,  Born  at  Lanffien,  Wiirtemberg, 
March  20, 1770 :  died  at  Tubingen,Wurtemberg, 
June  7,  1843.  A  (Jerman  poet,  author  of  the 
romance  "Hyperion"  (1797-99),  lyric  poems 
(1826),  etc. 

Holderness  (h61'd6r-nes).  The  peninsula  be- 
tween the  North  Sea  and  the  Humber,  in  the 
East  Eiding  of  Yorkshire,  England. 

HolgerDanskeChol'gerdans'ke).  The  tutelary 
genius  of  the  Danes,  who,  according  to  the  le- 
gend, sleeps  beneath  the  Kronborg  at  Helsingoc 
(the  Elsinoreof  Shakspere's  "Hamlet"),  ready 
to  arise  when  Denmark  is  in  danger.  Local  le- 
gend places  him  also  at  Mogeltondem,  in  North 
Schleswig. 

Holies  (ho'lich).  A  Jown  in  the  county  of  Neu- 
tra,  Hungary,  45  miles  north  of  Presburg.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  5,747. 

Holinshed  (hol'inz-hed),  or  Hollingshead 
(hol'ingz-hed),  Raphael.  Bom  probably  at 
Sutton  Downes,  Cheshire :  died  about  1580.  An 
English  chronicler.  He  is  said  to  have  been  educated 
at  one  of  the  universities,  possibly  Cambridge.  His  great 
work,  "Chronicles  of  England,  Scotland.and  Ireland,"  was 
begun  for  EeginaldWolfe,aLondon  printer,  whoseservice 
he  entered  as  translator  early  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth. 
(See  the  extract.)  A  second  and  enlarged  edition,  edited 
by  John  Hooker,  was  published  after  Holinshed's  death 
(1687). 

About  1548  Wolfe  designed  a  universal  history  and  cos- 
mography, with  maps  and  illustrations.  He  had  inher- 
ited Leland's  notes,  and  he  himself  began  the  compilation 
of  the  English,  Scottish,  and  Irish  portions.  Holinshed 
worked  for  some  years  under  his  direction,  and  had  free 
access  to  Leland's  manuscripts.  "  After  flue-and-twentie 
yearea  travell  spent  therein,"  Wolfe  died  in  1673.  No  part 
of  the  great  project  was  then  ready  for  publication,  but 
three  well-known  publishers,  George  Bishop,  John  Harri- 
son, and  Luke  or  Lucas  Harrison,  determined  to  persevere 
with  it,  and  Holinshed  continued  his  labours  in  their  ser- 
vice. Alarmed  at  the  size  thework  seemed  likely  to  assume, 
Wolfe's  successors  resolved  to  limit  their  plan  to  histories 
and  descriptions  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  only, 
and  to  omit  maps.  William  parrison  was  engaged  to  as- 
sist Holinshed  in  the  descriptions  of  England  and  Scot- 


509 

land,  and  Richard  Stanihurst  to  continue  from  1509  to  1647 
the  history  of  Ireland,  which  Holinshed  had  compiled 
chiefly  from  a  manuscript  by  Edmund  Campion.  At  length, 
on  1  July,  1578,  a  license  for  publishing  "Eaphael  Hol- 
lingesheds  Cronycle"  was  issued  to  John  Harrison  and 
George  Bishop,  on  pajTnent  of  the  unusually  high  fee  of 
"xx»  and  a  copy."  Diet.  Nat.  Bwg. 

Holkar  (hol'kar).  A  Mahratta  family  in  the  18th 
and  19th  centuries. 

Holkar's  Dominions.    See  Indore. 

Holland  (hol'and ;  D.  pron.  hol'lant) .  See  Neth- 
erlands. For"  Holland,  North,  and  Holland, 
South,  see  North  Holland  and  South  Holland. 

Holland  (hol'and).  A  region  in  the  southeast- 
em  part  of  Lincolnshire,  England,  largely  com- 
posed of  fens. 

Holland,  George,  Bom  at  London,  England, 
Dec.  6,  1791 :  died  at  New  York,  Dec.  20, 1870. 
A  comedian.  After  a  career  of  some  success  in  Eng- 
land he  came  to  the  United  States  in  1827,  where  he  was  a 
popular  favorite  until  his  death. 

Holland,  Sir  Henry.  Bom  at  Knutsford,  Che- 
shire, England,  Oct.  27,  1788:  died  at  London, 
Oct.  27, 1873.  An  English  physician  and  author. 
He  published  "  Medical  Notes  and  Kefleotions  " 
(1839),  etc. 

Holland,  Josiah  Grilbert.  Born  at  Belcher- 
town,  Mass.,  July  24,  1819 :  diej,  at  New  York, 
Oct.  12,  1881.  An  American  author,  journal- 
ist, and  editor.  He  was  an  editor  of  the  "  Springfield 
Eepublican  "  1849-66,  and  editor-in-chief  of  "  Scribner's 
Monthly '■  (later  "The  Century  Magazine")  1870-81,  and 
one  of  its  founders.  He  wrote  "Timothy  Titcomb's  Let- 
ters to  the  Young  "  (1868), ' '  Gold  Foil "  (1869),  "  Plain  Talks 
on  Familiar  Subjects"  (186B);  the  poems  "Bitter-Sweet" 
(1868)  and  "Kathrina"  (1868);  and  the  novels  "Arthur 
Bonnioastle"(1873),  " Sevenoaks "  (1876),  "Nicholas  Min- 
turn  "  (1877),  etc. 

Holland,  Lord.  See  Fox,  Henry  Bichard  Vassall. 

Holland,  Philemon.  Bom  at  Chelmsford,  Es- 
sex, 1552 :  died  at  Coventry,  Feb.  9,  1637.  An 
English  writer,  noted  as  a  translator.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Cambridge  (Trinity  College)  in  1571,  and  after  1696 
lived  at  Coventry.  His  translations  include  Livy  (1600), 
the  "Natural  History"  of  Pliny  (1601),  the  "Morals"  of 
Plutarch  (1603),  the  "History of  the  Cffisars"  of  Suetonius 
(1606),  Camden's  ''Britannia  "  (1610),  and  the  "  Cyropsedia" 
of  Xenophon  (1632). 

Holland  House.  Amansion  in  Kensington,  Lon- 
don, especially  noted  as  a  social  center  during 
the  life  of  the  third  Lord  Holland.  It  took  its  name 
from  Henry  Eich,  earl  of  Holland,  by  whose  father-in-law, 
Sir  Walter  Cope,  it  was  built  in  1607. 

Hollar  (horiar),'Wenceslaus  (Vaclav  Holar). 
Born  at  Prague,  July  13,  1607:  died  March  28, 
1677.  An  engraver,  a  pupil  of  Matthaus  Merian 
at  Frankfort.  He  traveled  extensively,  making  plates  of 
views  in  the  various  cities  he  visited.  The  Earl  of  Arun- 
del, ambassador  to  the  emperor  in  1635,  discovered  Hollar 
and  brought  him  to  England.  About  1639  he  became 
teacher  of  drawing  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  was  made 
royal  designer  on  the  prince's  accession  as  Charles  II. 
Hollar  enlisted  with  the  Eoyahsts  in  the  civil  war,  and  was 
made  prisoner  at  Basing  House  in  1645.  On  regaining  his 
liberty  he  joined  the  Earl  of  Arundel  at  Antwerp,  return- 
ing to  England  in  1652.  He  was  afterward  sent  with  Lord 
Howard  to  Tangier  to  make  topographical  drawings.  In 
1640  appeared  26  plates  entitled  "  Omatus  Muliebris  An- 
gllcanus,  or  Several  Habits  of  English  Women,  etc.,"  fol- 
lowed in  1643  by  illustrations  of  feminine  costumes  in  other 
parts  of  Europe.  In  1672  he  made  plates  of  Lincoln,  York, 
etc.    His  rendering  of  architecture  is  especially  fine. 

HoUenthal  (hel'len-tal).  A  picturesque  valley 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  Black  Forest,  Ger- 
many, east  of  Freiburg. 

Holies  (holz),  Denzil,  Baron  Holies.  Bom  Oct. 
31, 1599 :  died  Feb.  17, 1679.  An  English  states- 
man, second  son  of  the  first  Earl  of  Clare.  He 
was  the  brother-in-law  of  Strafford.  In  1624  he  entered 
Parliament,  and  on  March  2, 1629,  was  one  of  the  two  who 
held  the  speaker  in  his  chair  when  he  attempted  to  adjourn 
the  House  at  the  king's  order.  Two  days  later  he  was  ar- 
rested and  sent  to  the  Tower.  He  refused  to  acknowledge 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  courts  over  what  was  done  in  Parlia- 
ment, and  was  heavily  fined.  The  sum  of  £6,000  was  voted 
to  him  by  the  Long  Parliament  as  compensation  for  his 
losses  in  the  affair.  He  was  an  influential  member  of  this 
Parliament,  was  one  of  the  members  impeached  by  the  king 
Jan.  3, 1642,  and  fought  for  the  Parliament  at  Edgehill  and 
Brentford.  Later  he  became  a  prominent  advocate  of  peace 
and  an  agreement  with  the  king,  was  opposed  to  the  Inde- 
pendents, and  in  1647  was  impeached  with  10  others  by  the 
army.  He  fled  to  France,  and  in  Jan.,  1648,  was  expelled 
from  Parliament.  On  the  Eestoration  h  e  was  created  Baron 
Holies,  and  was  ambassador  at  Paris  1663-66. 

Holies,  John.  Bom  at  Haughton,  Nottingham- 
shire, about  1564 :  died  there,  Oct.  4, 1637.  An 
English  politician,  created  first  earl  of  Clare  in 
1624. 

Hollidaysburg  (hol'i-daz-berg).  A  post-bor- 
ough and  the  capital  of  Blair  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, situated  in  lat.  40°  26'  N.,  long.  78°  25'  W. 
Population  (1900),  2,998. 

Hollingsworth  (hol'ingz-werth).  A  character 
in  Hawthorne's  "Blithedale  Romance."  He  is 
the  only  man  of  action  in  the  story. 

HoUins  (hol'inz),  Greorge  Nichols.  Bom  at 
Baltimore.  Sept.  20,  1799 :  died  there,  Jan.  18, 


Holstein 

1878.  An  American  naval  ofBeer.  He  entered  the 
navy  in  1814,  served  under  Decatur  in  the  Algerian  war  in 
1815,  and  became  commander  in  1844.  In  1864,  while  lying 
off  the  Mosquito  Coast,  he  bombarded  Greytown,  whose 
citizens.  It  was  alleged,  had  molested  the  American  red. 
dents,  in  consequence  of  which  hasty  action  serious  diffl. 
culty  was  narrowly  averted  with  Great  Britain,  who  claimed 
a  protectorate  over  Nicaragua.  He  resigned  in  1861,  in  order 
to  accept  a  commission  as  commodore  in  the  Confederate 
navy. 

Hollis(hol'is),  Thomas,  Born  in  England,  1659: 
died  1731.  An  English  merchant,  a  benefactor 
of  Harvard  College. 

Holo  (ho'lo).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West 
Africa,  settled  between  the  Kuangu  and  Luiyi 
rivers.  They  own  many  cattle,  but  live  in  a  very 
low  state  of  culture. 

HoUoway  (hol'6-wa).  A  district  in  the  north- 
em  part  of  London. 

HoUoway,  Thomas,  Bom  at  London,  1748: 
died  at  (JoltishalL,  near  Norwich,  England,  Feb., 
1827.  An  English  engraver.  His  chief  works  are 
engravings  after  Eaphael's  cartoons,  and  illustrations  for 
Lavater's  "Physiognomy." 

Holm,  Saze,  A  pseudonym  under  which  a  num- 
ber of  popular  stories  were  published  in  1874. 
The  authorship  has  never  been  acknowledged, 

Holmboe  (holm'be),  Eristoffer  Andreas. 
Bom  in  the  district  of  Valders,  southern  Nor- 
way, March  19, 1796:  died  April  2, 1882.  ANorwe- 
giau  philologist.  He  was  appointed  to  a  professorship 
m  the  University  of  Chrlstiania  in  1826.  His  works  include 
"  Das  alteste  Miinzwesen  Norwegens  "  (1846),  "  Sanskrit  og 
Oldnorsk"  (1846),  "  Det  oldnorske  Verhum  "  (1848),  etc. 

Holmby  (hom'bi)  House.  An  old  mansion  near 
Northampton  in  England,  in  which  Charles  L 
was  imprisoned  in  1647. 

Holmes  (homz),  Abiel.  Bom  at  "Woodstock, 
Conn.,  Dec.  24, 1763:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
June  4,  1837.  An  American  Congregational 
clergyman  and  historical  writer.  He  was  pastor 
of  a  church  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  1792-1832.  Au- 
thor of  "Annals  of  America"  (1805 :  new  ed.,  bringing  the 
narrative  down  to  1826, 1829). 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell.  Bom  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Aug.  29,  1809 :  died  Oct.  7,  1894.  An 
American  poet,  essayist,  and  novelist,  son  of 
Abiel  Holmes.  He  was  professor  of  anatomy  and  physl 
ology  in  the  medical  school  of  Harvard  University  from 
1847  to  1882,  when  he  resigned  and  was  appointed  professor 
emeritus.  He  contributed  to  the  "  Atlantic  Monthly  "  the 
"Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast- Table"  (1857-68),  "Professor 
at  the  Breakfast-Table  "  (1859),  "  Poet  at  the  Breakfast- 
Table  "(1872),  and  "Over  the  Tea-cups " (1891) ;  and  wrote 
the  novels  " Elsie  Venner  "  (1S61),  "The  Guardian  Angel " 
(1868),  and  "  A  Mortal  Antipathy  "  (1885).  His  poems  have 
been  collected  in  "Songs  in  Many  Keys"  (1881),  "Humor- 
ous Poems  "  (1866),  "  Songs  of  Many  Seasons  "  (1874),  "Be- 
fore the  Curiew"  (1888).  He  also  wrote  a  number  of  vol- 
umes  of  essays,  and  memoirs  of  Ealph  Waldo  Emerson 
(1886)  and  of  John  Lothrop  Motley  (1S78). 

Holofernes  (hol-o-f fer'nez).  [On.  'OTuo^tpvrig,  also 
'02xitj>kpvriQ,  'Opofipvpc-I  A  general  of  Nebuchad- 
nezzar :  the  leading  character  in  the  book  of 
Judith  (Apocrypha).    He  was  killed  by  Judith. 

Holofernes,  orHolophernes.  1.  A  conventional 
character  of  Italian  comedy :  a  pedant  or  pom- 
pous schoolmaster. —  3.  A  pedant  in  Eabelais's 
^'(Jargantua  and  Pantagruel."  He  teaches  Gar- 
gantua  to  say  the  alphabet  backward  in  5  years 
and  3  months. —  3.  A  pompous  schoolmaster 
in  Shakspere's  "Love's  Labour's  Lost,"  taken 
from  the  conventional  character  of  Italian 
comedy. 

As  for  the  notion  of  certain  critics,  that  Holofernes  was 
meant  for  a  satire  upon  John  Florio,whose  "  Second  Fruits  " 
appeared  in  1591,  containing  some  reflections  on  the  inde- 
corum of  the  English  stage,  we  cannot  discover  the  slight- 
est ground  for  it.  Shakespeare,  no  doubt,  had  ample  occa- 
sion to  laugh  at  the  pedantry  of  pedagogues  long  before  he 
knew  any  thing  of  Florio. 

Hudson,  Int.  to  Love's  Labour  's  Lost. 

Hoist  (hoist),  Hans  Peter,  Bomat  Copenhagen, 
Oct.  22, 1811:  died  June  2, 1893.  A  Danish  poet. 
After  having  been  successively  a  teacher  and  a  newspaper 
editor,  he  became,  in  1875,  dramaturgist  to  the  royal  thea- 
ter at  Copenhagen.  He  founded  in  1868  the  magazine 
" For  Eomantik  og  Historic,"  and  was  the  author  of  "  Ude 
og  Hjemme,"  "  Den  lille  Homblaeser  "  (1849),  etc. 

Hoist  (hoist),  Hermann  Eduard  von.  Bom  at 

Fellin,  Livonia,  Eussia,  June  19  (N.  S.),  1841: 
died  at  Freiburg,  Jan.  20, 1904.  A  German  his- 
torian. He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1866,  and  set- 
tled at  New  York,  where  he  contributed  to  the  press,  and 
in  1869  became  assistant  editor  of  the  "  Deutsch-Ameri- 
kanisches  Conversations-Lexikon."  He  was  professor  of 
history  at  Strasburg  University  1872-74,  at  the  University 
of  Freiburg  1874-92,  and  at  the  University  of  Chicago  1892- 
1900.  Among  his  works  are  "  Verfassungsgeschichte  der 
Vereinigten  Staaten  von  Amerika"  (1878-^5:  translated 
into  English  as  "  Constitutional  and  Political  History  of 
the  United  States"),  and  "Life  of  John  C.  Calhoun"  (1884) . 
Holstein  (hol'stin).  The  southern  part  of  the 
province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  sepa- 
rated from  Schleswig  by  the  Eider  and  the  Baltic 
Canal.  ThechiefplaceisKiel.  The  surface  is  generally 
low.  It  formed  part  of  the  realm  of  Charles  the  Great, 
and  was  for  several  centuries  ruled  by  counts  of  the  house 


Holstein 

of  Schauenberg.  SoMeswig  and  Holstein  were  formally 
united  in  1386.  In  1460  they  passed  to  the  kings  of  Den- 
mark (Oldenburg  line).  Holstein  continued  a  Hef  of  the 
empire ;  became  a  duchy  in  1474 ;  and  was  incorporated 
with  Denmark  in  1806.  The  King  of  Denmaik  entered  the 
Germanic  Confederation  for  Holstein  in  1816.  It  received 
representative  government  in  1831 ;  rebelled  against  Den- 
mark 1848-,')0  and  1863-64 ;  and  was  annexed  by  Prussia  in 
1866.    See  Schleswig  and  Schleswig-Holstein  Wars. 

Holstein-Gottorp.     See  Oldenburg. 

Holston  (hol'stgn).  A  river  in  eastern  Tennes- 
see, formed  'by  the  North  and  South  Porks  near 
Engsport.  it  unites  with  the  Clinch  to  form  the 
Tennessee  at  Kingston.  Length,  about  200  miles  (in- 
cluding the  North  Jork,  over  300  miles);  navigable  to 
Knoxnlle. 

Holtei  (hol'ti),  Karl  von.  Born  at  Breslau,  Jan. 
24,  1798:  died  there,  Feb.  12, 1880.  A  German 
poet  and  dramatist.  He  began  the  study  of  jurispru- 
dence, but  soon  abandoned  it  to  go  upon  the  stage,  and 
afterward  was  connected  with  the  theater,  in  variousplaces, 
as  actor,  director,  and  poet.  He  also  acquired  reputation 
as  a  Shaksperian  reader.  A  volume  of  poems  ("Gedichte") 
appeared  in  1826.  His  principal  fame,  however,  as  a  poet 
rests  upon  his ' '  Schlesische  Gedichte  " ("  Silesian  Poems," 
1830).  Among  his  dramas  are  particularly  to  be  mentioned 
"  Leonore,"  "  Lorbeerbaum  und  Bettelstab  "  ("Laurel  Tree 
and  Beggar  Staff"),  "Der  alte  Feldherr"  ("The  Old  Gen- 
eral "),  " Die  Berliner  in  Wien "  ("The  Berliners  in  Vien- 
na "), "  Die  Wiener  in  Berlin  "  ("  The  Viennese  in  Berlin  "), 
all  of  wliich  appeared  in  his  *'  Theater  "  (1867)  in  6  vols. 
He  is  also  the  author  of  a  number  of  novels,  among  them 
"Die  Vagabunden  "  ("The  Vagabonds,"  1852),  "Christian 
Lammfell  "(1853),"Ein  arm er Schneider  "  ("A  Poor  Tailor," 
1858),  "Der  letzte  Komodiant"  ("The  Last  Comedian," 
1863). 

Holty  (hel'ti),  Lud-wig  Heinricli  Christoph. 

Born  at  Mariensee,  near  Hannover,  Dee.  21, 
1748 :  died  at  Hannover,  Sept.  1,  1776.  A  Ger- 
man lyric  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman.  He 
studied  theology  at  Gottingen,  where  he  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  poetic  brotherhood,  the  so-called  "  Hain- 
Bund. "  He  wrote  songs,  odes,  and  elegies,  and  the  patriotic 
idyl  "Das  Feuer  im  Walde"  ("The  Fire  in  the  Forest"). 
His  collected  poems  were  first  published  posthumously  in 
1783. 

Holtzendorff  (holts'en-dorf ),  Franz  von.  Born 
at  Vietmannsdorf ,  Ukermark,  Prussia,  Oct.  14, 
1829:  died  at  Munich,  Feb.  4,  1889.  A  German 
jurist.  He  wrote  "  Franzosisohe  Eeclitsznstande  "(18B9), 
"  Die  Reform  der  Staatsanwaltschaft  in  Deutschland  " 
(1864),  "Die  Prlnzipien  der  Politik"  (1869),  etc. 

Holub(h6'lob),Emil.  Born  at  Holitz,  Bohemia, 
Oct.  7, 1847  :  died  at  Vienna,  Feb.  21,  1902.  An 
African  explorer.  After  practising  medicine  at  the 
diamond-fields  of  South  Africa  (1872),  he  took  to  scientific 
exploration  and  collecting.  He  first  explored  the  Trans- 
vaal (1873-74) ;  reached  the  Zambesi  Kiver,  via  Shoshong,  iJi 
1875 ;  and  went  as  far  as  the  Barotse,  returning  to  Europe 
in  1879.  In  1884  he  was  again  at  the  Cape  and  on  his  way 
to  the  Zambesi.  The  looting  of  liis  camp  by  the  Masliu- 
kulurabe  obliged  him  to  return  in  1887.  His  yonng  wife 
accompanied  him  on  this  second  exploration  of  the  Zam- 
besi valley,  and  rendered  heroic  service.  He  wrote 
"Seven  Years  in  South  Africa"  (1880),  etc. 

Holy  Alliance,  The,  -A  league  formed  by  the 
sovereigns  of  Russia,  Austria,  and  Prussia  in  per- 
son after  the  fall  of  Napoleon,  signed  at  Paris 
Sept.  26,  1815,  and  afterward  joined  by  all  the 
other  European  so  vereigusexeeptthose  of  Rome 
and  England.  Its  professed  object  was  to  unite  their 
respective  governments  in  a  Christian  brotherhood,  but 
its  real  one  was  to  perpetuate  existing  dynasties  by  their 
joint  opposition  to  all  attempts  at  change.  A  special 
clause  debarred  any  member  of  the  Bonaparte  family  from 
ascending  a  European  throne.  The  league  came  to  an  end 
after  the  French  revolution  of  1830. 

Holy  Bottle.    See  Dive  Bouteille.' 

Holy  Coat.    See  Treves. 

Holycross  (h6-li-kr6s').  A  village  in  Tipperary, 
Ireland,  situated  on  the  Suir  3  miles  south  of 
Thurles.  Holycross  Abbey  is  a  very  notable  Cistercian 
foundation,  now  ruined.  The  cruciform  church,  with  cen- 
tral tower,  has  round  arches  on  the  north  side  of  the  nave 
and  pointed  arches  on  the  south  side.  There  is  a  beauti- 
ful window  of  6  lights  at  the  west  end  of  the  nave,  and  a 
similar  one  in  the  chevet.  Each  transept  possesses  two 
beautifully  vaulted  and  arcaded  chapels:  those  of  the  north 
transept  are  connected  by  an  elegant  vaulted  passage.  In 
the  choir  stands  a  very  ornate  14th-century  altar-tomb  to 
a  countess  of  Desmond. 

Holy  Dying  and  Holy  Living.  Two  tractates 
by  Jeremy  Taylor. 

Holy  G^ail.  One  of  Tennyson's  "Idylls  of  the 
King."    See  Grail. 

Hol^ead  (hol'i-hed),  Welsh  Oaer-^bi  (ka'- 
er-gib'e).  A  seaport  in  Anglesea,  Wales,  sit- 
uated in  lat.  53°  19'  N.,  long.  4°  38'  W.  It  is  the 
terminus  of  the  mail-packet  line  to  Dublin.  Population 
(1891),  8,726.  ^ 

Holy  Island,  or  Lindisfarne  (liu-dis-f  am'),  l . 
An  island(at  low  water  a  peninsula)  in  the  North 
Sea,  2  miles  from  the  coast  of  Northumberland, 
and  10  miles  southeast  of  Berwick-on-Tweed. 
It  is  celebrated  for  the  ruins  of  its  monastery,  founded  by 
Oswald  635,  and  famous  under  St.  Cuthbert.  Length,  3 
miles. 

2.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  Riigen,  and  also 
to  other  islands. 

Holy  Land.    See  Palestine. 

Holy  League,  The.   1.  A  league  between  Pope 


510 

Julius  n.,  Ferdinand  of  Aragon,  and  the  states 
of  Venice  and  Switzerland,  formed  in  1511  for 
the  purpose  of  expelling  Louis  XII.  of  Prance 
from  Italy.  It  was  subsequently  joined  by  Henry  VIII. 
of  England  and  by  the  emperor  Maximilian.  It  was  dis- 
solved on  the  death  of  Julius  in  1513. 
2.  A  league  between  the  emperor  Charles  V., 
the  archbishops  of  Mainz  and  Salzburg,  and  the 
dukes  William  and  Louis  of  Bavaria,  George 
of  Saxony,  and  Erie  and  Henry  of  Brunswick, 
formed  at  Nuremberg  July  10, 1538,  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  Roman  Catholic  faith  in  Germany 
in  opposition  to  the  Smalkaldic  League. — 3. 
A  league  formed  by  the  Roman  Catholics  in 
France  in  1576  for  the  purpose  of  annihilating 
the  Huguenot  party  and  elevating  the  Guises 
to  the  throne.  It  owed  its  origin  to  the  dissatisfaction 
among  the  Roman  Catholics  with  the  peace  of  Chastenoy 
{paioi  de  monsieur),  concludfid  in  that  year,  which  granted 
the  Huguenots  free  exercise  of  their  religion  in  all  parts 
of  France  except  Paris.  It  was  supported  by  Philip  II.  of 
Spain,  and  was  finally  overthrown  by  Henry  IV.  in  1596. 

Holy  Mother  of  the  Russians.  An  epithet  of 
Moscow. 

Holyoake  (hol'i-ok),  George  Jacob.  Bom  at 
Birmingham,  April  13,  1817.  An  English  re- 
former. He  has  taken  a  prominent  part  in  promoting 
schemes  for  the  education  of  the  working-classes  and  for 
the  advancement  among  them  of  various  forms  of  coopera- 
tion. He  is  an  advocate  of  secularism.  Among  his  works 
are  "  The  History  of  Co-operation  in  England ;  its  Litera^ 
ture  and  Advocates "  (1876-78)  and  "  The  Rochdale  Pio- 
neers :  Thirty-Three  Tears  of  Co-operation  in  Rochdale  " 
(1882),  of  which  a  ninth  edition  appeared  in  1883  under 
the  title  of  "Self-Help  by  the  People." 

Holyoke  (hol'yok) .  A  city  in  Hampden  County, 
Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Connecticut  7 
miles  north  of  Springfield.  It  is  noted  for  its  manu- 
factures, especially  of  paper,  being  one  of  the  chief  paper- 
manufacturing  cities  in  the  world.  Population  (1900), 
45,712. 

Holyoke,  Mount.  The  chief  point  in  a  low 
range  (Holyoke  range)  in  western  Massachu- 
setts, southeast  of  Northampton.  Height,  955 
feet. 

Holy  Boman  Empire,  or  German-Boman  Em- 
pire, often  called  the  German  Empire,  G. 
Komisches  Reich  deutscher  Nation  (re'mish- 
es  rich  doich'ernat-se-6n'),orDeutsches  Reich 
(doieh'es  rich).  The  realm  ruled  by  the  em- 
peror who  claimed  to  be  the  representative  of 
the  ancient  Roman  emperors,  and  who  asserted 
(in  theory)  authority  over  the  nations  of  west- 
ern and  central  Europe :  called"holy"  from  the 
interdependence  of  the  empire  and  the  church. 
It  comprised  in  general  the  German-speaking  peoples  in 
central  Europe,  and  It  had  for  a  long  time  a  close  connection 
with  Italy.  Various  regions  outside  of  Germany  proper 
were  at  different  times  under  the  empire.  It  began  with 
Charles  the  Great,  king  of  the  Franks,  who  was  crowned 
emperor  of  the  West  800,  and  was  succeeded  by  various 
Carolingian  emperors.  By  the  treaty  of  Verdun  (843)  the 
Carolingian  dynasty  continued  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Charlemagne's  empire  (i.  e.  Germany).  The  German  na- 
tion grew  from  the  union  of  Thuringians,  Franks,  Saxons, 
Bavarians,  Swabians,  Lorrainers,  etc.  The  Saxon  line  of 
German  kings  began  with  Henry  the  Fowler  in  919.  The 
lasting  union  of  Germany  with  the  empire  began  in  962, 
when  Otto  I.,  king  of  Germany,  became  Roman  emperor. 
The  Saxon  line  of  emperors  continued  until  1024.  The 
Francoiiian  line  (Conrad  IV.,  Henry  III.,  Henry  IV., 
Henry  V.)  reigned  1024  to  1125 ;  the  Hohenstaufen  or  Swa- 
bian  line(Conrad  III.,  Frederick  Barbarossa,  Frederick  II., 
Conrad  IV.)  1138-1208, 1216-54.  There  was  an  interregnum 
from  1254  to  1273.  Emperors  from  the  Hapsburg,  Luxem- 
burg, and  other  houses  reigned  1273-1437.  The  continuous 
line  of  Hapsburg  emperors,  who  were  powerful  Austrian 
rulers,  began  in  1438.  After  Maximilian  I.  and  Charles  V. 
the  empire  degenerated  through  the  17th  and  18th  centu- 
ries ;  and  Francis  II.  (Francis  I.  of  Austria)  abdicated  as  the 
last  emperor  in  1806.  The  emperors  were  elected.  The 
number  of  electors  was  fixed  at  seven  by  the  Golden  Bull  of 
1356 — the  archbishops  of  Mainz,  Treves,  and  Cologne,  the 
Count  Palatineof  the  Rhine,  the  King  of  Bohemia,  the  Duke 
of  Saxony,  and  the  Margrave  of  Brandenburg.  Bavaria  and 
Hannover  were  respectively  made  electorates  in  1623  and 
1692,  and  in  the  years  imm  ediately  before  the  fall  of  the  em- 
pire Wiirtemberg,  Hesse-Cassel,  and  Salzburg.  By  Maxi- 
milian I.  the  empire  was  divided  into  10  circles  —  Bur- 
gundian,  Westphalian,  Lower  Rhine,  Upper  Rhine,  Lower 
Saxon,  Upper  Saxon,  Franconian,  Swabian,  Bavarian,  and 
Austrian.  ■  See  Oerman  Confederation,  Germany,  Prussia, 
Saxony,  and  the  different  German  states ;  also  Austria. 

Holyrood  (ho'li-rod)  Palace.  -An  ancient  royal 
palace  of  Scotland,  situated  at  Edinburgh,  it 
was  originally  an  abbey,  founded  1128 ;  was  several  times 
burned ;  and  was  the  scene  of  the  murder  of  Rizzio  1566. 
It  is  a  large  and  picturesque  castellated  structure,  in  its 
existing  form  builc  chiefly  about  1670.  The  apartments  of 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots  are  preserved.  The  palace  replaced 
Holyrood  Abbey,  to  which  belonged  the  fine  ruined  Early 
English  church,  whose  tracery,  arcades,  and  other  details 
are  admirable.  The  abbey  possessed  the  ancifent  privilege 
of  sanctuary,  and  for  debtors  this  survived  until  1880, 
when  imprisonment  for  debt  was  abolished. 

Holy  Sepulcher,  Church  of  the.  A  church  at 
Jerusalem,  consecrated  in  336.  The  original  build- 
ing was  in  the  form  of  a  rotunda,  whose  shape,  at  least, 
survives  in  the  existing  complex  structure.  It  assumed 
variousforms  in  the  course  of  the  middle  ages,  and  was  in 
great  part  rebuilt  after  a  fire  in  1808.  The  chief  entrance 
is  from  a  court  on  the  south,  and  has  handsome  recessed 


Homer 

pointed  Norman-Saracenic  arches.  In  the  interior  is  the 
sepulcher  proper,  inclosed  in  a  16-sided  chapel  beneath  a 
dome  66  feet  in  diameter  resting  on  18  piers,  together  with 
a  great  number  of  chapels  appropriated  to  dilterent  creeds 
and  nationalities,  or  marking  various  spots  traditionally 
connected  with  the  Saviour's  passion.  Much  of  the  12th- 
century  Church  of  the  Crusaders,  originally  distinct  from 
the  Holy  Sepulcher,  is  included  in  the  existing  edifice :  it 
presents  beautiful  details  of  the  French  architecture  of  the 
style  of  transition  to  the  Pointed. 

Holy  Thorn.    See  Glastonbury. 

Holy  War,  The.  1.  A  work  by  Thomas  Puller, 
published  in  1639 :  his  first  important  book.— 2. 
A  work  by  John  Bunyan,  published  in  1682. 

Holywell  (hol'i-wel).  A  town  in  Flintshire, 
North  Wales,  situated  near  the  estuary  of  the 
Dee,  14  miles  southwest  of  Liverpool.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  3,018. 

Holywell  street.  A  London  street  parallel  to 
the  Strand  from  Newcastle  street  to  St.  Clement 
Danes  Church :  so  named  from  a  "holy  well  "in 
that  locality.  It  is  occupied  chiefly  by  book-shops,  and 
was  formerly  notorious  as  a  place  of  sale  for  obscene  lit- 
erature. 

Holzminden  (holts  'min-den ) .  A  town  m  Bruns- 
wick, Germany,  on  the  Weser  40  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Hannover.  It  has  a  school  of  en- 
gineering.    Population  (1890),  8,787. 

Homam  (ho-mam').  [Ar.  sa'd  al-homam,  the 
lucky  star  of  the  hero.]  The  third-magnitude 
star  T)  Pegasi. 

Homberg  (hom'bero),  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Ba- 
tavia,  Java,  Jan.  8,  1652  :  died  at  Paris,  Sept. 
24, 1715.  A  chemist  of  German  descent.  He  dis- 
covered boracio  acid  and  "Homberg's  phos- 
phorus." 

Homburg,  or  Homburg-vor-der-Hohe  (hom'- 
borG-for-der-he'e).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  on  a  spur  of  the  Taunus 
9  miles  north-northwest  of  Prankfort-on-the- 
Main.  It  is  one  of  the  most  frequented  watering-places 
in  Germany,  noted  for  mineral  springs,  formerly  for  its 
gaming-tables.  It  has  a  castle.  It  was  the  capital  to  1866 
of  the  former  landgraviate  of  Hesse-Hombuxg.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  8,863. 

Homburg.  A  small  town  in  the  Palatinate, 
Bavaria,  43  miles  southeast  of  Treves. 

Home  (horn),  Sir  Everard.  Bom  at  Hull,  Eng- 
land, May  6, 1756 :  died  at  Loudon,  Aug.  31, 1832. 
A  Scottish  surgeon  and  anatomist.  He  was  apupil 
of  his  brother-in-law  John  Hunter,  and  later  his  assistant. 
From  1821  he  was  surgeon  to  Chelsea  Hospital.  He  wrote 
"Lectures  on  Oomparative  Anatomy"  (1814-28),  etc. 

Home,  Henry,  Lord  Kames.  Born  at  Kames, 
Berwickshire,  Scotland,  1696:  died  at  Edin- 
bu]?gh,  Dec.  27, 1782.  A  Scottish  judge  and  philo- 
sophical writer.  He  published  "Essays  on  the  Princi- 
ples of  Morality  and  Natural  Religion"  (1761),  "  Elements 
of  Criticism  "  (1762),  and  various  legal  works. 

Home,  John.  Bom  at  Leith,  Scotland,  Sept. 
21,  1722 :  died  near  Edinburgh,  Sept.  5,  1808. 
A  Scottish  clergyman  and  dramatist,  author  of 
"Douglas"  (which  see).  He  was  settled  as  minis- 
ter at  Athelstaneford  in  Bast  Lothian  in  1747.  His  con- 
nection with  the  stage  aroused  clerical  hostility,  and  pro- 
ceedings against  him  were  begun  in  the  presbytery:  but 
he  resigned  in  1767.  He  also  wrote  "  Agis  "  (acted  1758), 
"The  Fatal  Discovery"  (1769),  " Alonzo  "  (1773),  "Alfred  * 
(1778). 

Home  as  Found.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  published 
in  1838. 

Home  Counties.  A  name  given  to  the  English 
counties  containing  London  and  in  its  imme- 
diate neighborhood.  They  are  Middlesex,  Sur- 
rey, Kent,  Essex,  and  Hertford. 

Homer  (ho'mfer).  [L.  Homenis,  Gr.  "O/zTipog,  one 
who  puts  together;  a  hostage;  a  pledge  agreed 
upon  between  two  parties.]  The  poet  to  whom 
is  assignedby  very  ancient  tradition  the  author- 
ship of  the  Iliad  and  the  Odyssey,  and  of  certain 
hymns  to  the  gods  ("Homeric  Hymns").  Other 
poems  also,  as  the  "Batrachomyomachla"  ("Battle  of  the 
Frogs  and  Mice  "),  were  with  less  certainty  attributed  to 
him.  Of  his  personality  nothing  is  known.  Seven  cities  — 
SmyTna,  Rhodes,  Colophon,  Salamis  (in  Cyprus),  Chios, 
Argos,  and  Athens — contended  for  the  honor  of  being  his 
birthplace :  of  these,  the  best  evidence  connects  him  with 
Smyrna.  He  was  said  to  have  died  on  the  island  of  los. 
The  tradition  thathe  lived  on  the  island  of  Chios,  and  in  his 
old  age  was  blind,  is  supported  by  the  Hymn  to  the  Delian 
Apollo.  Modern  destructive  criticism  hasled  to  the  doubt 
whether  such  a  person  as  Homer  existed  at  all,  the  great 
epics_  which  bear  that  name  being  supposed  to  be,  in  their 
existing  form,  of  a  composite  character,  the  product  of  vari- 
ous persons  and  ages.  It  is  altogether  probable,  however, 
that  the  nucleus  of  the  Hiad,  at  least,  was  the  work  of  a 
single  poet  of  commanding  genius.  (See  Hiiid,  Odyssey, 
and  the  quotation  below.)  Various  dates  have  been  as- 
signed to  Homer.  According  to  Herodotus  he  lived  about 
860  E.  0.;  others  give  a  later  date,  and  some  a  date  as  early 
as  1200  B.  c.  His  poems  were  sung  by  professional  reciters 
(rhapsodists),  who  went  from  city  to  city.  (See  Bomeridae.) 
They  were  given  substantially  their  present  form  by  Pisis- 
tratus  or  his  sons  Hipparchus  and  Hippias,  who  ordered 
the  rhapsodists  to  recite  them  at  the  Panathenaic  festival 
in  their  order  and  completeness.  The  present  text  of  the 
poems,  with  their  division.into  books,  is  based  upon  the 
work  of  the  Alexandrine  critics. 


Homer 

We  may  assume  it  as  certain  that  there  existed  in  Ionia 
Bchools  or  fraternities  of  epic  rhapsodists  who  composed 
and  recited  heroic  lays  at  feasts,  and  often  liad  friendly  con- 
tests in  these  recitations.  The  origin  of  these  recitations 
may  be  sought  in  northern  Greece,  from  which  the  fashion 
migrated  in  early  days  to  Asia'  Minor.  We  may  assume 
that  these  singers  became  popular  In  many  parts  of  Greece, 
and  that  they  wandered  from  court  to  court,  glorifying  the 
heroic  ancestors  of  the  various  chiefs.  One  among  them, 
called  Homer,  was  endowed  with  a  geiiius  superior  to  the 
rest,  and  struck  out  a  plot  capable  of  nobler  and  larger 
treatment.  It  is  likely  that  this  superiority  was  not  recog- 
nized at  the  time,  and  that  he  remained  all  his  life  a  singer 
like  the  rest,  a  wanderingminstrel,  possibly  poor  and  blind. 
The  listening  public  gradually  stamped  his  poem  with  their 
approval,  they  demanded  its  frequent  recitation,  and  so 
this  Homer  began  to  attain  a  great  posthumous  fame.  But 
when  this  fame  led  people  to  inquire  into  his  life  and  his- 
tory, it  had  already  passed  out  of  recollection,  and  men 
supplied  by  fables  what  they  had  forgotten  or  neglected. 
The  rhapsodists,  however,  then  turned  their  attention  to 
expanding  and  perfecting  his  poem,  which  was  greatly  en- 
larged and  called  the  Iliad.  In  doing  this  they  had  recourse 
to  the  art  of  writing,  which  seems  to  have  been  in  use  when 
Homer  framed  his  poem,  but  which  was  certainly  employed 
when  the  plan  was  enlarged  with  episodes.  The  home  of 
the  original  Homer  seems  to  have  been  about  Smyrna,  and 
in  contact  with  both  ^Eolic  and  Ionic  legends.  His  date  Is 
quite  uncertain :  it  need  not  be  placed  before  800  E.  0.,  and 
Is  perhaps  later,  but  not  after  700  B.  0. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  ot  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  81. 

Homer.Winslow.  Born  at  Boston,  Feb.24,1836. 
An  American  genre-painter,  in  1861  he  went  to 
Washington,  and  three  times  accompanied  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  in  Its  campaigns.  His  first  oil  pictures  were 
war  scenes  :  among  them  Is  the  famous  "  Prisoners  from 
the  Front.  "In  later  years  he  has  lived  chiefly  in  New  York. 
He  was  elected  national  academician  in  1865.  He  has  pro- 
duced many  works  in  oils,  in  water-colors,  and  in  black 
and  white.  Among  his  pictures  are  \'  The  Lite-Line  "  (1884), 
"  launching  the  Boat "  (1884),  etc. 

Homeric  Hymns.  A  group  of  Greek  hexameter 
poems,  5  of  considerable  length  and  29  shorter, 
anciently  ascribed  to  Homer.  Each  is  inscribed  to 
and  relates  a  legend  concerning  a  god  or  goddess.  The 
most  noted  are  the  "  Hymn  to  the  Dellan  Apollo,"  In  which 
an  account  is  given  of  the  birth  of  Apollo  and  of  the  an- 
cient festival  at  Delos  (the  author  describing  himself  as 
the  blind  bard  of  rocky  Chios);  the  "Hymn  to  the  Pythian 
Apollo  ";  and  the  hymns  to  Hermes,  Demeter,  and  Aphro- 
dite. 

The  Homeric  Hymns  are  essentially  secular  and  not  re- 
ligious ;  they  seem  distinctly  intended  to  be  recited  in 
competitions  of  rhapsodes,  and  in  some  cases  even  for 
direct  pay ;  they  are  all  in  form  preludes  ...  to  longer 
recitations,  apparently  of  epic  poems,  though  the  longer 
five  are  expanded  into  substantially  independent  coropo. 
sitions.  Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  129. 


Homeridse  (ho-mer'i-de).  See  the  extract  and 
Homer. 

In  fact,  in  addition  to  Creophylus  of  Samos  and  Cynse- 
thus  of  Chios,  both  of  whom  are  mentioned  as  friends  of 
Homer,  or  early  preservers  of  his  poetry,  the  main  source 
of  early  traditions  about  Homer  seems  to  be  among  the 
clan  of  Homeridse,  at  Chios,  who  claimed  him  as  their 
founder,  and  who  recited  his  epics  through  Greece.  In 
the  Hymn  to  the  Dellan  Apollo  one  of  these  bards  speaks 
of  himself,  and  we  know  of  contests  being  held  among 
them,  such  as  are  described  In  the  alleged  contest  between 
Homer  and  Hesiod. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  ot  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  28. 

Home  Eule  Bills.  Two  bills  introduced  into  the 
British  Parliament  by  Mr.  Gladstone,  the  object 
of  which  was  to  provide  a  separate  legislature 
for  Ireland.  The  first,  introduced  in  1886,  was  defeated 
on  the  second  reading,  June  7 ;  the  second,  introduced  in 
189S,  passed  the  House  of  Commons  Sept.  1,  but  was  thrown 
out  by  the  House  of  Lords  Sept.  8,  by  419  votes  to  41. 

Homespun  (hom'spun),  Zekiel  and  Cicely. 
Brother  and  sister  in  Colman  the  younger's  play 
"The  Heir-at-Law."  Their  names  are  almost 
a  synonym  for  rustic  worth  and  simplicity. 

Homestead  (hom'sted).  A  town  near  Pittsburg, 
Pennsylvania,  noted  for  the  manufacture  of 
steel  plates  and  rails,  it  was  the  scene  of  a  strike 
and  shut-down  from  July  to  Nov.,  1892,  which  was  at- 
tended with  very  serious  disturbances.  A  body  of  de- 
tectives who  attempted  to  gain  access  to  the  steel-works 
in  two  barges  were  attacked  by  the  strikers.  Winchester 
rifies  and  cannon  were  used  in  the  fight,  and  oil  was  poured 
on  the  river  and  set  on  fire  to  burn  the  barges.  Many  on 
both  sides  were  Jdlled  or  wounded.  Population  (1900), 
12  554. 

Home,  Sweet  Home.    Afavorite  English  song. 

The  music  is  in  Bishop's  opera  "Clari,  or  the  Maid  of 
Milan."  It  is  called  a  Sicilian  air,  but  is  probably  Bish- 
op's    The  words  were  written  by  John  Howard  Payne. 

Homeward  Bound.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  pub, 
lished  in  1838.  ,    ,    .  , , 

Homildon  (hom'1-don)  Hill.  A  height  near 
Wooler,  in  Northumberland,  England,  where 
the  English  under  Percy  defeated  the  Soots  un- 
der Douglas  in  Sept.,  1402. 

Homme  Arm6,  L"  (lom  ar-ma')-  [F.,  'The 
Armed  Man';  OF.  Lome  armS,  Lomme  armi.} 
1 .  An  old  French  chanson,  the  melody  of  which 
was  used  by  some  of  the  musicians  of  the  15th 
and  16th  centuries  as  the  canto  fermo  of  a  cer- 
tain kind  of  mass  called  the  "  Missa  L'Homme 
arm^."  The  origin  of  the  song  has  given  rise  to 
much  speculation.— 3.   A  French  dance-tune 


511 

said  to  date  from  the  15th  century,  and  printed 
with  sacred  words  at  Antwerp  in  1565.    Grove. 

Homme  aui  Eit,  L'.  [F.,  'The  Man  who 
Laughs.']  A  romance  by  Victor  Hugo,  pub- 
lished in  1869. 

Hompesch  (hom'pesh).  Baron  Ferdinand  von. 
Born  at  Diisseldorf,  Prussia,  Nov.  9, 1744:  died 
at  Montpellier,  France,  1803.  The  last  grand 
master  of  the  order  of  St.  John.  He  was  elected 
in  1797,  and  was  exiled  from  Malta  by  the  French 
in  1798. 

Horns  (horns).  Hums  (hums);  Hems  (hems),  or 
Hims  (hims) .  A  city  in  Syria,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situated  on  the  Orontes  about  lat.  34°  45'  N., 
long.  36°  43'  E.:  the  ancient  Emesa.  It  was  noted 
in  ancient  times  for  its  Temple  of  the  Sun ;  was  frequently 
captured  and  recaptured ;  and  was  the  scene  of  a  victory  of 
Aurelian  over  Zenobia  in  272,  and  of  a  victory  of  Ibrahim 
Pasha  of  Egypt  over  the  Turks  in  July,  1832.  Population, 
about  20,000. 

Honan(ho-nS,n').  A  province  in  northern  Chin  a. 
Area,  65,104  square  miles.  Population,  22,115,- 
827. 

Honda,  or  San  Bartolomeo  de  Honda  (san  bar- 
to-lo-ma'o  da  on'da).  A  town  in  the  state  of 
Tolima,  United  States  of  Colombia,  situated  on 
the  Magdalena,  at  the  head  of  navigation,  about 
lat.  5°  12'  N.,long.  74°  50'  W.  Population,  about 
3,800. 

Hondekoeter  (hon'de-ko-ter),  MelcMor.  Born 
at  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  about  1636:  died  at  Am- 
sterdam, Ajjril  3, 1695.  A  Dutch  painter  of  ani- 
mals, especially  of  fowls. 

Honduras  (hon-do'ras).  [Sp.  Honduras,  lit. 
'  depths,'  pi.  of  hondur'd,  depth,  from  hondo,  deep, 
fTomL.fundiiS,hottom.  Thenameis saidtorefer 
to  the  difficulty  the  first  explorers  had  in  finding 
anchorage  off  the  coast.]  A  republic  of  Central 
America,  bounded  by  Guatemala  on  the  north- 
west, the  Caribbean  Sea  on  the  north,  Nicaragua 
on  the  southeast  and  south,  the  Pacific  Ocean  on 
the  south,  and  San  Salvador  on  the  southwest. 
Capital,  since  Nov.,  1880,  Tegucigalpa :  the  old  capital  was 
Comayagua.  The  surface  is  much  varied,  with  numerous 
mountain-chains,  especially  in  the  west,  and  high,  open 
valleys  and  plateaus  ;  on  the  northern  coast  there  are  ex- 
tensive forest-covered  alluvions.  The  climate  of  the  high 
lands  Is  temperate  and  healthful ;  portions  of  the  coast  are 
hot  and  insalubrious.  The  valleys  are  very  fertile,  and 
the  high  plains  support  large  herds  of  cattle.  Gold,  sil- 
ver, etc.,  are  mined,  though  not  on  an  extensive  scale. 
The  principal  exports  are  fruits,  cabinet  woods,  hides, 
indigo,  and  precious  metals.  A  large  proportion  of  the  in- 
habitants are  Mestizos  or  Indians.  -Spanish  is  the  com- 
mon language,  and  the  prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catho- 
lic. The  executive  is  vested  in  a  president  elected  for 
four  years ;  congress  consists  of  a  single  house.  Hondu- 
ras was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1502;  was  conquered 
by  the  Spanish  1523-36  ;  formed  a  colonial  intendencia  or 
province  in  the  captaincy  of  Guatemala ;  was  a  state  in 
the  Central  American  union  1823-39 ;  and  has  since  been 
independent.  It  has  suffered  from  political  revolutions 
and  from  wars  with  Salvador,  Guatemala,  and  Nicaragua. 
Area,  48,400  square  miles.  Population  (1893),  about  380,000. 

Honduras,  Bay  of.  An  arm  of  the  Caribbean 
Sea,  lying  north  of  Honduras  and  east  of  Brit- 
ish Honduras  and  Yucatan. 

Honduras,  British.    See  British  Honduras. 

Hone  (hon),  William.  Born  at  Bath,  England, 
June  3,  1780  (1779  ?):  died  at  Tottenham,  near 
London,  Nov.,  1842.  An  English  political  sat- 
irist and  miscellaneous  writer.  His  best-known 
works  are  "  Everyday  Book  "  (1826),  "  Table-book  "  (1827- 
1828),  "  Year-book  "  (1829). 

Honesdale  (honz'dal) .  A  postrborough  and  the 
capital  of  Wayne  County,  northeastern  Penn- 
sylvania, situated  25  miles  northeast  of  Scran- 
ton.    Population  (1900),  2,864. 

Honest  George.  A  nickname  of  George  Monk, 
Lord  Albemarle. 

Honest  Man's  Fortune,  The.  A  play  by  Fletch- 
er, Massinger,  and  others,  acted  in  1613.  It  was 
first  printed  in  the  1647  folio.  Iletoher  wrote  a  poem 
"  Upon  an  Honest  Man's  Tortune,"  printed  with  the  play. 

Honest  Man's  Revenge,  The.    See  Atheist's 


Honest  Whore,  The.  A  play  by  Dekkerand 
Middleton,  in  2  parts.  Part  1  was  printed  m 
1604 ;  the  earliest  copy  extant  of  part  2  was 
printed  in  1630. 

Honeycomb(hun'i-k6m), Henry.  Apseudonym 
of  Leigh  Hunt.  He  professes  to  be  a  descendant 
of  the  "Will  Honeycomb  in  the  "  Spectator." 

Honeycomb,  Will.  One  of  the  imaginary  club 
publishing  the  "  Spectator." 

The  characters  of  Will  Wimble  and  Will  Honeycomb  are 
not  a  whit  behind  their  friend,  Su:  Boger,  in  delicacy  and 
felicity.  The  delightful  simplicity  and  good-humoured  of- 
flciousness  in  the  one  are  set  off  by  the  graceful  affectation 
and  courtly  pretension  in  the  other. 

Badat,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  130. 

Honeymoon,  The.  A  comedy  by  John  Tobin, 
produced  in  1805.  it  is,  to  some  extent,  based  on  Shak- 


Hoocb 

spere's  "Taming  of  the  Shrew,"  with  ideas  from  Fletcher 
and  Shirley. 

Honey  wood.  The  "  good-natured  man  "in  Gold- 
smith's play  of  that  n  ame.  He  suffers  from  a  foolish 
eagerness  to  please,  even  wishing  to  give  up  the  woman  he 
loves  to  a  friend  who  also  loves  her.  He  is  cured  by  Sir 
William  Honeywood,  his  uncle.  i 

Honfleur  (6n-fler').  Aseaportinthedepartment 
of  Calvados,  France,  situated  on  the  estuary  of 
the  Seine  nearly  opposite  Havre,  it  has  consid- 
erable export  trade  to  England.  Formerly  it  was  of  much 
more  importance.  It  was  frequently  taken  and  retaken 
during  the  Hundred  Years'  War.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 9,450. 

Hong-Kong  (hong'kong').  [Properly  Hiang- 
Kiang,  fragrant  streams.]  An  island  belong- 
ing to  Great  Britain,  lying  off  the  province  of 
Kwang-tung,  China,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Can- 
ton Eiver,  in  lat.  22°  17'  N.,  long.  114°  10'  B. 
Chief  place,  Victoria.  The  surface  Is  mountainons. 
It  was  ceded  by  China  to  Great  Britain  In  1842  (confirmed 
in  1843),  and  is  a  crown  colony  and  naval  station.  It  is  an 
important  commercial  center  and  free  port.  The  chief  ex- 
ports are  tea  and  silk ;  the  chief  import,  opium.  Area,  29 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  221,441. 

Honiton  (hon'i-tou).  A  town  in  Devonshire, 
England,  situateil  on  the  river  Otter  16  miles 
east-northeast  of  Exeter.  It  has  longbeen  noted 
for  the  manufacture  of  lace.  Population  (1891), 
3,216. 

Honnef  (hon'nef).  A  small  town  in  the  Ehine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ehine  10 
miles  southeast  of  Bonn. 

Honolulu  (ho-no-lo'lo).  The  capital  of  the  Ha- 
waiian Islands,  situated  on  the  southern  coast 
of  Oahu,in  lat.  21°  18'  N.,long.  157°  52'  "W.  It  has 
the  only  good  harbor  in  the  islands,  and  Is  their  chief  sea- 
port and  seat  of  commerce.  ,  It  was  the  center  of  the  rev- 
olutionary movement  of  1893.    Population  (1900),  39,306. 

Honor6,  Rue  St.-    See  iJwe  St.-Honor4. 
Honoria  (ho-no'ri-a),  Justa  G-rata.    A  Eoman 

princess.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Cbnstantius  III.,  em- 
peror of  the  West,  and  Galla  Placidia,  and  was  bom  about 
418  A.  D.  Detected  in  her  seventeenth  year  in  an  intrigue 
with  Eugenius;  a  chamberlain  of  the  palace,  she  was  sent 
by  her  mother  to  the  court  of  Theodosius  at  Constantino- 
ple, where  for  sixteen  years  she  was  kept  more  or  less 
closely  guarded.  She  is  said  to  have  sent,  either  before 
or  after  her  disgrace,  a  ring  to  Attila,  with  the  request  that 
he  claim  her  as  his  bride.  Subsequently,  in  460,  when 
seeking  a  cause  of  quarrel  with  the  Western  Empire,  Attila 
sent  an  embassy  to  Valentinian,  claiming  the  person  of 
Honoria  and  her  share  in  the  empire.  The  date  of  her 
death  is  not  known. 
Honorius  (ho-no'ri-us)  I.  Died  638.  Pope  625- 
638.  He  delivered  an  opinion  favorable  to  Monothelitism 
in  a  letter  to  Sergius,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  about 
634,  in  consequence  of  which  he  was  condemned  by  the 
sixth  ecumenical  council,  held  at  Constantinople  in  680. 

Honorius  II.  (Peter  Cadolaus).    Died  1073. 

Antipope.  He  was  elected  by  the  Lombard  bishops, 
acting  under  the  influence  of  the  empress  Agnes,  in  oppo- 
sition to  Alexander  II.,  and  was  deposed  by  the  Council 
of  Milan  m  1064. 

Honorius  II.(LambertdiFagnano).Diedll30. 

Pope  1124-30.  He  concluded,  while  cardinal-bishop  of 
Ostia,  the  Concordat  of  Worms  with  Henry  "V.  (1122).  He 
was  elevated  to  the  holy  see  in  opposition  to  the  anti- 
pope  Celestine  III.  by  the  powerful  family  of  the  Erangi- 
pani.  He  confirmed  the  order  of  the  Templars  at  the  Synod 
of  Troyes  in  1128. 

Honorius  III.  (Cencio  SavelU).  Died  1227. 
Pope  1216-27.  He  confirmed  the  order  of  the 
Dominicans  in  1216,  and  that  of  the  Francis- 
cans in  1223. 

Honorius  IV.  (Glacomo  Savelli).  Died  1287. 
Pope  1285-87. 

Honorius,  Flavins.  Bom  at  Constantinople, 
Sept.  9, 384  A.  D. :  died  at  Eavenna,  Aug.  27, 423. 
Emperor  of  the  West.  He  was  the  second  son  of  The- 
odosius, whom  he  succeeded  in  the  western  half  of  the  em- 
pire in  395,  while  his  brother  Arcadius  inherited  the  east- 
ern half.  He  was,  by  the  will  of  his  father,  placed  under 
the  guardianship  of  Stilicho,  whose  daughter  Maria  he 
married  in  898.  Stilicho  defeated  Alaric  at  PoUentia  in  403, 
and  in  406  repulsed  the  invasion  of  Radagalsus  (who  pene- 
trated as  far  as  Florence),  but  was  put  to  death  at  the  in- 
stance of  the  emperor  in  408.  In  410'E.ome  was  taken  and 
sacked  by  Alaric.  During  the  reign  of  Honorius  the  West 
Goths,  Franks,  and  Burgundians  settled  in  Gaul,  and  the 
Suevi,  Vandals,  and  Alans  in  Spain,  while  Britain  and  Ar- 
morica  made  themselves  virtually  independent. 

Hontheim  (hont'him),  Johann  Nikolaus  von. 
Born  at  Trier,  Prussia,  Jan.  27,  1701:  died  at 
Montquintin,  Luxemburg,  Sept.  2, 1790.  A  Ger- 
man Eoman  Catholic  prelate,  bishop  in  partibus 
of  Myrioptus,  and  suffragan  bishop  of  Treves : 
an  opponent  of  Ultramontanism.  His  chief  work 
is  "  De  statu  ecclesise  et  legitima  potestate  Komani  pontifi- 
cis"  (published  under  the  pseudonym  of  Justinus  Febro- 
nius,  1768). 

Honv^d  (hon'vad).  [Hung.,  lit.  'defenders  of 
the  fatherland.']  The  landwehr  of  Hungary,  ex- 
clusive of  artillery.  The  name  was  .used  in  1848-49  to 
denote,  first  the  volunteers,  and  then  the  entire  revolu- 
tionary army. 

Hooch,  or  Hoogh  (hooh  or  hog),  Pieter  de. 
Born  at  Eotterdam  about  1632:  died  at  Haar- 


Hooch 

iem,  Netherlands,  about  1681.  A  Dutch  genre- 
painter.    He  was  a  pupil  of  Nicolas  Berghetn. 

Hoochow,  or  Hu-chau  (ho'ohou').  A  city  in 
the  province  of  Che-kiang,  China,  53  .miles 
north-northwest  of  Hang-chau:  one  of  the 
principal  centers  of  the  silk  industry. 

Hood  (hud),  John  Bell.  Born  at  OwlngsvUle, 
Bath  County,  Ky.,  June  1,  1831:  died  at  New 
Orleans,  Aug.  30, 1879.  A  Confederate  soldier 
in  the  Civil  War.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1863 ; 
entered  the  Confederate  army  at  the  beginning  ot  the  Civil 
War  ;  commanded  a  division  of  lee's  army  at  Antietam 
and  at  Gettysburg ;  commanded  a  brigade  under  General 
Bragg  at  Chickamauga;  was  promoted  lieutenant-gen- 
eral ;  and  in  1864  succeeded  General  Johnston  as  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  army  opposed  to  General  Sherman 
in  Georgia.  Abandoning  the  defensive  policy  of  his  prede- 
cessor, he  attacked  General  Sherman  20tb,  22d,  and  28th 
of  July,  1864,  but  was  repulsed  with  heavy  loss,  and  com- 
pelled to  abandon  Atlanta  Sept.  1, 1864.  He  was  defeated 
by  General  Thomas  at  the  decisive  battle  of  Nashville, 
Dec.  16, 1864,  and  was  relieved  of  Ms  command  in  Jan.,  1866. 

Hood,  Mount.  One  of  the  most  celebrated  sum- 
mits of  the  Cascade  Range,  in  Oregon,  about 
lat.  45°  24'  N.,  long.  121°  40'  W.  Height  given 
as  11,200  feet  and  as  11,934  feet. 

Hood,  Bobin.  A  traditionary  English  outlaw 
and  popular  hero.  He  is  said  to  have  been  born  at 
Locksley,  Nottinghamshii-e,  about  1160.  He  lived  in  the 
woods  with  his  band,  either  for  reasons  of  his  own  or  be- 
cause he  was  really  outlawed,  his  haunts  being  chiefly 
Sherwood  Forest  and  Barnsdale  in  Yorkshire.  He  is  also 
said  to  have  been  the  outlawed  Earl  of  Huntingdon.  He 
was  extravagant  and  adventurous,  and  though  kind  to  the 
poor  robbed  the  rich.  According  to  one  tradition  the 
prioress  of  Kirkley,  to  whose  care  he  had  intrusted  himself 
to  be  bled  when  he  was  a  very  old  man,  treacherously  al- 
lowed him  to  bleed  to  death.  His  companions  were  Friar 
Tuck,  Maid  Marian,  Little  John,  Will  Scarlett  Allen-a-Dale, 
and  George-a-Greene.  He  is  a  favorite  subject  in  ballad 
tradition,  and  in  fact  the  ballads  are  to  all  appearance  the 
original  source  of  the  legends  concerning  him.  He  is  in- 
timately associated  with  the  May-day  festivities.  There 
was  a  distinct  set  of  sports  in  vogue  at  the  beginning  of  the 
16th  century,  called  the  Eobin  Hood  sports.  They  por- 
trayed the  adventures  of  Kobin  and  his  band,  but  were 
finally  absorbed  in  one  of  the  other  sports,  the  "morris," 
which,  being  a  procession  interspersed  with  dances,  had  a 
tendency  to  absorb  the  characters  of  the  others.  A  stop 
was  put  to  the  whole  at  the  Beformation,  when  penalties 
were  imposed  by  act  of  Parliament  upon  the  performers. 
Ritson,    Child. 

Diligent  enquiries  have  been  made  to  ascertain  whether 
the  personage  known  as  Kobin  Hood  had  a  real  existence, 
but  without  positive  results.  The  story  of  his  life  is  purely 
legendary,  and  the  theories  in  regard  to  him  have  never 
been  advanced  beyond  hypothesis.  It  is  exceedingly  prob- 
able that  such  a  man  lived  in  the  12th  or  13th  century,  and 
that  the  exploits  of  other  less  prominent  popular  heroes 
were  connected  with  his  name  and  absorbed  in  his  repu- 
tation. The  noble  descent  which  has  often  been  ascribed 
to  him  is  in  all  likelihood  the  result  of  the  medieval  idea 
that  the  great  virtues  existed  only  in  persons  of  gentle 
birth.  Tuckerman,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  p.  48. 

Hood,  Samuel,  first  Viscount  Hood.  Born  Dec. 
12, 1724:  died  at  Bath,  England,  Jan.  27, 1816. 
An  English  admiral.  On  Feb.  21, 1769,  in  command 
of  the  Vestal,  he  captured  the  French  frigate  Bellona  after 
a  fight  of  three  hours.  He  was'appointed  commander-in- 
chief  in  North  America,  April,  1767,  returning  to  England 
in  1771.  In  1780  he  became  rear-admiral  of  the  blue,  and 
was  sent  to  the  West  Indies  to  reinforce  Rodney.  He  was 
sent  to  blockade  Martinique  in  1781,  but  was  prevented 
from  accomplishing  his  object  by  a  French  fleet  under  De 
Grasse.  On  Aug,  28, 1781,  he  joined  Kear-Admiral  Graves 
at  New  York.  He  commanded  the  rear  in  the  fight  with 
De  Grasse,  Sept.  5, 1781,  but  was  not  able  to  get  into  action. 
In  Nov.  he  sailed  to  the  West  Indies,  where  he  again 
met  De  Grasse.  He  was  commander-in-chief  in  the  Medi- 
terranean in  1793,  and  took  possession  of  the  harbor  and 
forts  of  Toulon  in  Aug. :  from  this  position  he  was  driven 
by  the  French  in  Dec.    He  captured  Bastia  May  19, 1794.    ■ 

Hood,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  May  23, 1798 : 
died  there,  May  3, 1845.  An  English  poet  and 
humorist.  He  began  the  study  of  engraving,  but  soon 
abandoned  the  art,  and  in  1821  became  an  under  editor  of 
the  "London  Magazine."  In  1830  he  began  the  "Comic 
Annual,"  and  in  1843  "Hood's  Magazine."  From  1836  to 
1837  he  lived  at  Coblenz,  and  from  1837  to  1840  at  Ostend. 
He  wrote  "  Whims  and  Oddities  "  (1826),  "  Plea  of  the  Mid- 
summer Fairies,  etc."  (1827),  "Lamia"  (published  1852), 
"Dream  of  Eugene  Aram  "  (1829),  "  Tylney  Hall "  a  novel 
(1834),  "ITp  the  Bhine  "  (1844),  "  Song  of  the  Shu?t "  (1843), 
"Bridge  of  Sighs,"  "Miss  Kilmansegg,"  "Epistle  to  Eae 
Wilson,"  etc. 

Hood,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Wanstead,  near  Lon- 
don, Jan.  19, 1835 :  died  Nov.  20,  1874.  An  Eng- 
lish author,  son  of  Thomas  Hood. 

Hooft  (hoft),  Pieter  Corneliszoon.  Bom  at 
Amsterdam,  March  16,1581:  died  at  The  Hague, 
May  21,  1647.  A  Dutch  poet  and  dramatist. 
He  was  the  son  of  an  Amsterdam  burgomaster.  He  stud- 
ied at  Leyden,  having  previously  traveled  extensively  in 
France,  Italy,  and  Germany  (1698-1601).  In  1609  he  was 
appointed  bailiff  of  Muiden,  and  in  the  following  years 
lived  during  the  summer  at  the  castle  of  Muiden,  and  in 
«  the  winter  at  Amsterdam,  in  which  places  he  gathered 
about  him  the  most  renowned  artists,  poets,  and  learned 
men  of  the  day,  since  known  in  Dutch  liistory  as  "the  Mui- 
den Circle."  His  lyric  poems  appeared  for  the  firat  time 
collected  in  1636.  Among  his  dramas  are  particularly  to 
be  mentioned  the  pastoral  play  "  Granida  "  (1616),  the  tra- 
geaies  ' '  Geraerdt  vanVelzen  "  (1613), "  Theseus  en  Ariadne  " 


512 

(1614),  and  "  Baeto  "  (1626).  His  principal  work  is  "  Neder- 
landsche  Historien  "  ("History  of  the  Netherlands  "),  writ- 
ten during  1628-38,  and  published  in  1642. 

Hoog  (hoQ),  Joost  van  der.  Bom  about  1550 : 
died  after  1613.  A  Dutch  captain  who,  in  1580, 
was  the  leader  of  the  first  Dutch  colonists  in 
Gruiana.  They  settled  on  the  Essequibo  Kiver,  but  were 
driven  out  by  the  Spaniards  and  Indians.  Returning  in 
greater  force,  they  formed  the  settlement  of  Demerara,  of 
which  Van  der  Hoog  was  the  governor. 

Hoogeveen  (ho-Ge-van').  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Drenthe,  Netherlands,  situated  in  lat. 
52°  43'  N.,  long.  6°  28'  E. 

Hoogh.    See  Hooch. 

Hooghiy.    See  Hugli. 

Hoogstraeten  (hoG'stra-ten).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  Antwerp,  Belgium,  20  miles 
northeast  of  Antwerp. 

Hoogstraten,  Samuel  van.  Bom  at  The 
Hague  (?)  about  1627 :  died  at  Dordrecht,  Neth- 
erlands, Oct.  19, 1678.    A  Dutch  painter. 

Hook  (huk),  James  Clarke.  Bom  at  London, 
Nov.  21, 1819.  An  English  historical,  marine, 
and  genre  painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  the  Eoyal  Acad- 
emy in  1836.  In  1864  be  began  a  series  of  English  pastorals. 

Hook,  Theodore  Edward.  Born  at  London, 
Sept.  22,  1788 :  died  there,  Aug.  24, 1841.  An 
English  humorist  and  novelist.  He  became  the  ed- 
itor of  "  John  Bull "  in  1820.  Among  his  novels  are  "  Max- 
well "  (1880),  "  Gilbert  Gurney  "  (1835),  "  Jack  Brag  "  (18371, 
etc.  He  was  the  original  of  Mr.  Wagg  in  Thackeray  s 
"Vanity  Fair." 

Hook,  Walter  Farquhar.  Bom  at  London, 
March  13,  1798 :  died  at  Chichester,  England, 
Oct.  20, 1875.  An  English  divine  (dean  of  Chi- 
chester) and  writer,  nephew  of  T.  E.  Hook. 
He  published  "A  Dictionary  of  Ecclesiastical  Biography  " 
(1846-52),  "Church  Dictionary"  (8th  ed.  1869),  "Lives  of 
the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury"  (1860-76). 

Hooke  (huk),  Nathaniel.  Bom  in  Ireland 
about  1690 :  died  July  19,  1763.  A  British  his- 
torian, authorof  a  "Roman History"  (1757-71). 

Hooke,  Robert.  Born  at  Freshwater,  Isle  of 
Wight,  England,  July  18, 1685 :  died  at  London, 
March  3, 1703.  An  English  natural  philosopher 
and  mathematician.  He  wrote  ' '  Micrographia  " 
(1664),  etc. 

Hooker  (huk'er  or  hok'er),  Joseph,  Bom  at 
Hadley,  Mass.,  Nov.  13,  1814:  died  at  Garden 
City ,  N.  Y. ,  Oct.  31, 1879.  -An  American  soldier, 
sumamed  "Fighting  Joe."  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1837;  served  with  distinction  as  a  captain  in  the 
Mexican  war ;  became  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in 
1861 ;  commanded  a  division  ot  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac in  the  Peninsular  campaign ;  commanded  a  corps  at 
South  Mountain,  Antietam,  and  Fredericksburg ;  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  Jan. 
26, 1863 ;  was  defeated  by  General  Lee  at  Chancellorsville, 
May  2-4  (when  at  a  critical  moment  he  was  stunned  by  a 
cannon-ball);  and  was  relieved  of  his  command  June  28, 
1863.  He  subsequently  served  as  a  corps  commander  in 
tlie  Chattanooga  campaign  in  1863,  and  in  the  march  to 
Atlanta  in  1864. 

Hooker,  Sir  Joseph  Dalton.  Born  at  Glasgow, 
1817.  A  noted  English  botanist,  son  of  Sir 
W.  J.  Hooker.  He  has  published  "Flora  Antarctica" 
(1845-48),  "Rhododendrons  of  the  Sikkim-Himalaya" 
(1849-61),  "Flora  of  New  Zealand"  (1853-66X  "Student's 
Flora  of  the  British  Islands  "  (1870),  etc. 

Hooker,  Mount.  A  mountain  in  British  Colum- 
bia. 

Hooker,  Richard.  Bom  at  Heavitree,  Exeter, 
England,  about  1553:  died  at  Bishopsboume, 
near  Canterbury,  England,  Nov.  2, 1600.  A  cele- 
brated English  divine  and  theological  writer. 
He  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1674,  and  obtained  a  fellow- 
ship In  1677;  was  presented  to  the  living  of  Drayton- 
Beaucbamp,  Buckinghamshire,  in  1684;  was  appointed 
master  of  the  Temple  in  1686 ;  became  rector  of  Boscombe, 
Wiltshire,  and  a  prebendary  of  Salisbury  in  1591;  and  was 
rector  of  Bishopsboume  1596-1600.  His  great  work  is  "  Of 
the  Laws  of  Ecclesiastical  Polity  "  (first  ed.,  4  books,  about 
1592 ;  fifth  book  1697 :  the  remaining  3  books  were  pub- 
lished after  his  death). 

Hooker,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Markfleld,  Leices- 
tershire, England,  about  1586 :  died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  July  7, 1647.  An  English  clergyman.  He 
emigrated  to  Massachusetts  in  1683,  and  was  one  of  the 
founders  ot  the  Connecticut  colony.  He  was  the  author 
(with  John  Cotton)of  the  "  Survey  of  the  Summe  of  Church 
Discipline"  (1648'>. 

Hooker,  Sir  William  Jackson.  Born  at  Nor- 
wich, England,  July  6, 1785 :  died  at  Kew,  near 
London,  Aug.  12, 1865.  A  noted  English  bota- 
nist, appointed  director  of  the  Royal  Botanical 
Gardens  at  Kew  in  1841.  He  published  numerous 
botanical  works,  including  "British  JungermanniEe" 
(1816),  "Flora  Scotica"(1821),  "Icones  Plantaram  "  (1837- 
1854),  "  Species  Filicum  "  (1846-63),  etc. 

Hooker,  Worthington.  Bom  at  Springfield, 
Mass.,  March  2,  1806:  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Nov.  6, 1867.  An  American  physician,  and 
medical  and  scientific  writer.  He  was  professor  of 
the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  at  Yale  from  1852  until 
his  death. 

Hookey  Walker.   See  Walker. 


Hopkins,  Mark 

Hoole  (h81),  John.  Bom  at  London,  Dec,  1727; 
died  near  Dorking,  England,  1803.  An  English 
poet,  known  only  as  the  translator  of  Tasso's 
''Jemsalem  Delivered"  (1763),  the  "Orlando 
Furioso"  of  Ariosto  (1773-83),  and  other  Italian 
poems. 

Hoonan,    See  Hunan. 

Hoopah.    See  Bwpa. 

Hooper  (hup'6r  or  h8p'6r),  John.  Born  in  Som- 
ersetshire, England,  about  1495 :  burned  at  the 
stake  at  Gloucester,  Feb.  9, 1555.  An  English 
Protestant  bishop  and  martyr.  He  fled  from  Eng- 
land to  escape  prosecution  for  heresy  inl539,  and  resided 
at  Zurich  1647-49.  In  the  latter  year  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land, and  became  chaplain  to  the  protector  Somerset.  He 
was  consecrated  bishop  of  Gloucester  (after  a  struggle 
against  the  wearing  of  vestments,  yielding  only  when  he 
was  committed  to  the  Fleet)  in  1661.  In  1552  he  became 
bishop  of  Worcester.  On  the  accession  of  Mary  he  waa 
imprisoned,  accused  of  heresy,  and,  having  refused  to  re- 
cant, executed. 

Hooper,  William.  Born  at  Boston,  June  17, 
1742:  died  at  HiUsborough,  N.  C,  Oct.,  1790. 
An  American  politician,  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

Hoorn  (horn).  A  town  in  the  province  of  North 
Holland,  Netherlands,  on  the  Hoornerhop  (a 
bay  of  the  Zuyder  Zee)  20  miles  north-north- 
east of  Amsterdam.  It  has  several  interesting  old 
buildings,  and  was  the  birthplace  of  Schouten,  who  dis- 
covered Cape  Horn.  Near  it  a  naval  battle  was  fought  be- 
tween the  Dutch  and  the  Spaniards  in  1573.  It  was  for- 
merly the  capital  of  North  Holland.  Population  (1889), 
commune,  11,170. 

Hoorn  (hom),  or  Hoorne  (hor'ne),  or  Horn 
(horn),  or  Homes  (om),  Count  of  (Philip  II. 

of  Montmorency-Nivelle).  Bom  about  1520: 
beheaded  at  Brussels,  June  5,  1568.  A  Dutch 
noble.  He  served  with  distinction  at  the  battle  ot  St.- 
Qiientin  in  1667,  and  Gravelines  in  1668,  and  was  arrested 
by  the  Duke  of  Alva  Sept.  9, 1667,  and  execnted  in  com- 
pany with  the  Count  of  Egmont. 

Hoosac  Mountain  (ho'sak  moun'tan).  An  ex- 
tension in  western  Massachusetts  of  the  Green 
Mountains. 

Hoosac  Tunnel.  A  tunnel  of  the  Fitchburg 
Railroad  through  the  Hoosac  Mountain  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, opened  in  1875.     Length,  4f  miles. 

Hopatcong  (ho-pat'kong).  Lake.  A  lake  in 
northern  New  Jersey,  about  50  miles  northwest 
of  New  York.    Length,  8J  miles. 

Hope  (hop),  Alexander  James  Beresford 
(later  (1854)  Beresford-Hope).  Bom  Jan.  25, 
1820:  died  near  Cranbrook,  Kent,  Oct.  20,  1887. 
An  English  Conservative  politician  and  writer. 
He  entered  Parliament  in  1841,  and  took  an  active  part  in 
its  debates  until  a  few  years  before  his  death.  In  part- 
nership with  John  Douglas  Cook  he  founded  the  "  Satur- 
day Review  "  in  1865.  He  devoted  himself  especially  to 
the  promotion  of  the  interests  of  the  Church  of  England. 
He  wrote  "A  Popular  View  of  the  American  Civil  War" 
(1861),  "The  Results  of  the  American  Disruption  "  (1862), 
the  novel  "Strictly  Tied  Up"  (1880),  etc. 

Hop'e,  Anthony,     See  Hawkins,  Anthony  Hope. 

Hope,  Thomas.  Bom  at  London  about  1770 : 
died  there,  Feb.  3,  1831.  An  English  novelist 
and  antiquarian.  His  works  include  the  novel  "An  as- 
tasius,  or  Memoirs  of  a  Greek:  written  at  the  Close  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century  "  (1819),  "Costume  of  the  Ancients  " 
(1809),  "  Modem  Costumes ''  (1812),  "  Historical  Essay  on 
Architecture  "(1836),  etc. 

Hopeful  (hop'ful).  A  companion  of  Christian 
iu  Bunvan's  "Pilgrim's  Progress." 

Hope  Theatre,  The.  A  playhouse  opened  on 
the  Bankside,  Southwark,  London,  about  1581. 
It  was  originally  a  bear-garden. 

On  the  same  bank  of  the  great  river  stood  the  Hope,  a 
playhouse  four  times  a  week,  and  a  garden  for  bear-bait- 
ing on  the  altemate  days.  .  .  .  When  plays  were  sup- 
pressed, the  zealous  and  orthodox  soldiery  broke  into  the 
Hope,  horsewhipped  the  actors,  and  shot  the  bears.  This 
place,  however,  in  its  character  of  Bear  Garden,  rallied 
after  the  Restoration,  and  continued  prosperous  till  nearly 
the  close  of  the  17th  century.       Daran,  Eng.  Stage,  I.  29. 

Hophra.    See  Apries. 

Hopkins  (hop'kinz) ,  Edward,  Bom  at  Shrews- 
bury, England,  1600:  died  at  London,  March, 
1657.  An  English  politician,  governor  of  Con- 
necticut in  altemate  years  from  1640  to  1654. 
The  last  election  occurred  after  his  return  to 
England  (1652). 

Hopkins,  John  Henry.  Bom  at  Dublin,  Ire- 
land, Jan.  30, 1792 :  died  at  Rock  Point,  Vt,,  Jan. 
9, 1868.  An  American  bishop  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church.  He  came  to  America  with  his  pa- 
rents in  1801 ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1818 ;  was  or- 
dained in  1824;  and  became  bishop  of  Vermont  in  1832.      r 

Hopkins,  Lemuel.  Bom  at  Waterbury,  Conn. , 
June  19, 1750 :  died  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  April  14, 
1801.  An  American  poet.  He  practised  medicine 
at  Litchfield  from  1776  until  1784,  and  at  Hartford  from  1784 
until  his  death.  He  was  one  ot  the  so-called  Hartford  wits 
associated  in  the  composition  ot  "The  Anarchiad."  He 
wrote  "The  Hyiworite's  Hope  "  and  other  poems. 

Hopkins,  Mark.  Bom  at  Stockbridge,  Mass., 
Feb.  4, 1802 :  died  at  Williamstown,  Mass.,  June 


Hopkins,  Mark 

17,1887.  An  American  educator  and  author.  He 
was  president  of  WiUiams  College  1836-72,  and  president 
of  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Mis- 
sions from  1867  until  his  death.  His  works  include  "  Evi- 
dences of  Christianity  "  (1846), "  The  Law  of  Love,  and  Love 
as  a  Law  "  (1869),  and  "An  Outline  Study  of  Man  "  (1873). 
Hopkins,  Samuel.  Born  at  Waterbury,  (Jonn. , 
Sept.  17, 1721:  died  at  Newport,  E.  I.,  Deo.  20, 
1803.  An  American  theologian,  influential  in 
the  theological  discussions  of  New  England  in 
his  day.  He  settled  at  Housatonic  (now  Great  Barring- 
ton),  Massachusetts,  in  1743,  and  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  In  1770. 
His  chief  work  is  a  "  System  of  Theology  "(1791).  His  fol- 
lowers were  known  as  Hopkinsians  (which  see). 

Hopkins,  Stephen.  Bom  at  Seituate,  B.  I., 
March  7. 1707:  died  at  Providence,  B.  I.,  July  13, 
1785.  An  American  politician.  He  was  governor 
of  Khode  Island  from  1755  to  1768,  with  three  short  inter- 
vals, and  signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence  as  a 
member  of  Congress  in  1776.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  the 
Planting  and  Growth  of  Providence." 

Hopkinsians  (hop-kin' zi-anz).  The  adherents 
of  the  theological  systern  founded  by  Samuel 
Hopkins  (1721-1803)  and  developed  by  Emmons 
and  others.  Hopkinsianism  was  Calvinistic,  and  a  de- 
velopment of  the  system  taught  by  Jonathan  Edwards.  It 
laid  especial  stress  on  the  sovereignty  and  decrees  of  God, 
election,  the  obligation  of  impenitent  sinners  to  submit  to 
the  divine  will,  the  overruling  of  evil  to  the  good  of  the 
universe,  sin  and  holiness  as  not  inherent  in  man's  nature 
apart  from  his  exercise  of  the  will  and  as  belonging  to  each 
man  exclusively  and  personally,  eternity  of  future  punish- 
ment, etc.  As  a  distinct  system  Hopkinsianism  no  longer 
exists,  but  much  of  It  reappears  in  the  so-called  New  Eng- 
land theology. 

Hopkinson  (hop'kin-son),  Francis.  Born  at 
Philadelphia,  Sept.  21"  1737 :  died  at  Philadel- 
phia, May  9, 1791.  An  American  politician  and 
author.  He  was  a  delegate  to  Congress  from  New  Jersey, 
and  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  in  1776. 
He  wrote  the  "Battle  of  the  Kegs  "  (1777),  and  other  hu- 
morous and  political  works. 

Hopkinson,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Nov. 
12, 1770 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  Jan.  15, 1842.  An 
American  jurist,  son  of  Francis  Hopkinson :  au- 
thor of  "  Hail,  CJolumbia  "  (1798). 

Hopkinsville  (hop'kinz-vil).  A  city  and  the 
capital  of  Christian  County,  southwestern  Ken- 
tucky, situated  70  miles  northwest  of  Nashville. 
Population  (1900),  7,280. 

Hop  o'  my  Thumb.  [F.  Le  petit pouoet,  the  lit- 
tlethumb.]  Theheroof  afairytaleof  the  same 
name,  taken  from  the  French  of  Perrault.  He 
should  not  be  confounded  with  Tom  Thumb.  The  stoiy 
is  an  old  one,  taken  partly  from  the  adventures  of  Ulysses 
in  the  cave  of  Polyphemus,  and  partly  from  the  fable  of 
Theseus  and  Ariadne.    Durdop. 

Hoppin  (hop'in),  Augustus.  Bom  at  Provi- 
dence, B.I.,  July  13, 1828:  diedatFlushing,N.Y., 
April  1,1896.  An  American  book-illustrator.  He 
ilmstrated  works  by  many  well-known  authors. 

Hoppher  (hop'nfer),  John.  Bom  at  London, 
April  4,  1758 :  died  Jan.  23,  1810.  An  English 
portrait-painter. 

Hor.    See  Sonis. 

Hor  (h6r).  A  mountain  in  Arabia  Petresa,  by 
some  authorities  identified  with  the  modem 
Jebel-Nebi-HarHu  (4,360  feet).  It  was  the 
scene  of  the  death  of  Aaron. 

Horace  (hor'as)  (Quintus  Horatius  Flaccus). 
Bom  at  Venusia,  Apulia,  Dec.  8,  65  b.  o.  :  died 
at  Borne,  Nov.  27, 8  b.  c.  A  famous  Boman  lyric 
and  satirical  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  a  freedman ;  was 
educated  at  Home  and  Athens ;  served  in  the  republican 
army  at  Philippi  in  42  B.  c;  and  enjoyed  the  patronage  of 
Meecenas,  by  wliom  he  was  presented  with  a  farm  or  villa 
In  the  Sabine  Hills  about  34.  His  works  are  "  Satires  "  (first 
book  35  B.  0.,  second  book  about  30),  "Bpodes  "(aboutSO), 
"  Odes  "  (first  3  books  24  or  23,  fourth  book  about  13), "  Epis- 
tles "(first  book  about  20,  second  book  and  the  "Ars  Poe- 
tica  "  about  13-8),  and  "  Carmen  Seculare  "(17).  Collective 
editions  have  been  published  by  Bentley  (1711),  Meineke, 
Haupt,  L.  Miiller,  Orelll,  etc. 

Horace  (o-ras').  A  tragedy  by  Pierre  Corneille, 
produced  in  1640:  its  subject  is  the  combat  of 
the  Horatii  and  Curiatii.  Lope  de  Vega  wrote 
a  tragedy  with  the  same  subject  and  title. 

Horace  de  Saint-Aubin.  One  of  Balzac's  early 
pseudonyms.  ,    „        ,  ,    ., 

Horse  (ho're).  [Gr.  'fipof,  L.  Ssra,  hours.]  In 
classicalmythology,goddesseswhopreBideover 
the  changes  of  the  seasons  and  the  accompany- 
ing course  of  natural  growth  and  decay.  Accord- 
ing  to  Homer,  they  are  handmaidens  of  Zeus,  who  guard 
the  gates  of  heaven  and  control  the  weather ;  according 
to  Hesiod,  they  are  daughters  of  Zeus  and  Themis,  named 
Eunomia  ('Good  Order •),  Dice  ('Justice'),  and  Birene 
('  Peace "),  guardians  of  agriculture  and  also  of  social  and 
political  order.  Their  number  varied  from  two,  as  at  Athens 
(Thallo,  goddess  of  spring  flowers,  and  Carpo,  goddess  of 
summer  fruits),  to  four.  The  dance  of  the  Horse  was  a  sym- 
bolized representation  of  the  course  of  the  seasons. 

Horatia  gens  (ho-ra'shia  jenz).     A  Boman 

patrician  gens  whose  surnames  were  Barbatus, 
Codes,  and  Pulvillus. 

Horatii  (ho-ra'shi-i),  The  Three.  In  Boman  le- 
gend, three  brothers  celebrated  m  the  reign  of 
c—  33 


513 

Tullus  Hostilius  for  their  combat  with  the  three 
Curiatii  of  Alba  Longa.  Two  of  them  were  slain,  but 
the  third  by  pretending  to  flee  vanquished  his  wounded 
opponents  one  at  a  time.  On  returning  to  B,ome  he  slew 
his  sister  Horatia,  who  expressed  her  grief  for  one  of  the 
Curiatii  to  whom  she  was  betrothed.  For  this  he  was  con- 
demned to  death,  but  escaped  with  a  humiliating  punish- 
ment. 

Horatio  (ha-ra'shi-o).  1.  The  friend  of  Ham- 
let in  Shakspere's  "Hamlet."  He  is  the  antithesis 
of  the  wavering  Hamlet.  He  takes  with  equal  thanks  the 
bulf  ets  and  rewards  of  fortune. 
2.  In  Bowe's  tragedy  "  The  Pair  Penitent,"  the 
friend  of  Altamont. 

Horatius  Codes  (ho-ra'shi-us  ko'klez).  [L., 
'One-eyed  Horatius.']  A  Boman  legendary 
hero,  celebrated  with  his  two  companions  for 
the  defense  of  the  bridge  over  the  Tiber  against 
the  Etruscans.  He  is  the  subject  of  a  poem  by 
Macaulay. 

Horb  (horb).  A  town  in  'Wtirtemberg,  situated 
on  the  Neckar  33  miles  southwest  of  Stuttgart. 

Horbury  (hdr'bm^-i).  A  town  in  the  West  Bid- 
ing of  Yorkshire,  England.  Population  (1891), 
5,673. 

Horde  (hfer'de).  A  manufacturing  town  in  the 
province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  3  miles  south- 
east of  Dortmund.    Population  (1890),  16,346. 

Horeb  (ho'reb).    See  Sinai. 

Horgen  (hor'gen).  A  town  in  the  canton  of 
Zurich,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Lake  of 
Zuiich  9  miles  south  by  east  of  Zurich.  Popu- 
lation (1888),  5,518. 

HorgOS  (hor'gosh).  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Csongrdd,  Hungary,  15  miles  east  of  Theresien- 
stadt.    Population  (1890),  5,503. 

Horicon  (hor'i-kon).    See  George,  Lake-. 

Hormakhu  (hor-ma'khO).  In  Egyptian  my- 
thology, the  rising  sun,  one  of  the  principal 
forms  of  the  sun-god  Ba,  worshiped  at  Heli- 
opolis,  and  represented  by  the  great  sphinx  on 
the  southeast  comer  of  the  great  pyramid  at 
(Jizeh.    Also  Harmachis,  Harnais,  Bar. 

Hormayr  (hor'mir),  Baron  Joseph  von.  Bom 
at  Innsbruck,  Tyrol,  Jan.  20, 1782 :  died  at  Mu- 
nich, Nov.  5, 1848.  A  noted  German  historian. 
He  wrote  "Kritisch-diplomatischeBeitrage  zurGeschichte 
TirolsimMittelalter(1802-03),"Geschiohtedergefiir8teten 
Grafsohaf t  Tirol "  (1806-08),  "  Lebensbilder  aus  dem  Be- 
freiungskriege  "  (1841-44),  etc.. 

Hormisdas^h6r-mis'das).  Pope  514^523.  He  ef- 
fected the  reunion  of  fhe  churches  of  Bome  and 
Constantinople  in  519. 

Hormizdas  (hdr-miz'das),  or  Hormuz  (h6r'- 
muz),  IV.  Killed  about  591.  King  of  Persia, 
son  of  Khosru  I.  whom  he  succeeded  in  579. 

Horn  (h6rn).  Cape.  The  southern  end  of  a 
rocky  island  in  theFuegian  Archipelago,  and  the 
southernmost  point  of  America,  lat.  55°  59'  S., 
long.  67°  16'  W.  It  was  flrst  rounded  by  Le  Mau-e 
and  Schouten  in  1616,  and  named  bythem  from  Hoom  in 
North  HoUand. 

Horn  (horn).  Count  Gustaf.  Bom  at  Orbyhus, 
Upland,  Sweden,  Oct.  23,  1592:  died  at  Skara, 
Sweden,  May  10,  1657.  A  Swedish  general, 
distinguished  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War. 

Horn,  otto.    A  pseudonym  of  Adolf  BSuerle. 

Hornberg  (horn'bera).  The  old  castle  of  GStz 
von  Berhohingen.  it  is  situated  on  the  Neckar,  below 
Hassmersheim,  on  an  elevation  200  feet  above  the  river. 

Hornberg.  AtowninBaden,intheBlaekForest 
23  miles  northeast  of  Freiburg. 

Horncastle  (h6rn'kas-l).  A  town  in  Lincoln- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Bain  18  miles 
east  of  Lincoln.    Population  (1891),  4,374. 

Home  (h&m),  George.  Bom  at  Otham,  Kent, 
England,  Nov.  1,  1730:  died  at  Bath,  England, 
Jan.  17,  1792.  An  English  bishop,  author  of 
"Commentary  on  the  Psalms"  (1776),  etc. 

Home,  Bichard  Hengist.  Bom  at  London,  Jan. 
1, 1803:  died  at  Margate,  England,  March  13, 
1884.  AnEnglishpoet  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
author  of  the  epic  "Orion"  (1843),  the  dramas 
"Cosmode'Medici"(1837),"DeathofMarlowe" 
(1838),  "Gregory  the  Seventh"  (1840),  etc. 

Home,  Thomas  Hartwell.  Bom  at  London, 
Oct.  20, 1780 :  died  at  London,  Jan.  27, 1862.  An 
English  biblical  scholar.  His  chief  workisan  "In- 
troduction to  the  Critical  Study  and  Knowledge  of  the 
Holy  Scriptures"  (1818). 

Homellsville  (h6r'nelz-vil).  A  city  in  Steuben 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Canisteo 
Eiver  55  miles  south  of  Boohester.  It  has  car 
manufactures.    Population  (1900)_,  11,918. 

Hornemann  (hor'ne-man),  FriedrichKonrad. 
Bom  at  Hildesheim,  Germany,  in  1772:  died  in 
Nupe  about  1801.  A  noted  African  explorer. 
Under  tlie  auspices  of  the  African  Association  of  London, 
he  crossed  the  African  continent  from  Cairo  over  Murrak 
to  the  lower  Niger  1798-1801.  The  place  and  the  approxi- 
mate date  of  his  death  were  not  ascertained  until  a  few 


Horten 

years  after  he  had  perished.  His  journal  was  published  in 
English,  German,  and  French. 

Homer  (hdr'ner),  Francis.  Bom  at  Edinburgh, 
Aug.  12, 1778:  died  at  Pisa,  Italy,  Feb.  8,  1817. 
A  British  politician  and  political  economist. 

Hornet  (hdr'net).  An  American  ship  of  war. 
She  was  of  18  guns  rating  and  480  tons  burden.  Her 
first  commander  was  Captain  James  Lawrence.  (See  Ches- 
apeake.) On  Dec.  13, 1812,  she  blockaded  the  Bonne  Cito- 
yenne  (18  guns  rating)  at  San  Salvador.  On  Feb.  24, 1813, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Demerara  Biver,  she  fell  in  with 
the  British  war  brigs  Espingle  (18  guns  rating)  and  Pea- 
cock, and  captured  the  Peacock. 

Home  Tooke,  John.    See  looke. 

Homisgrinde  (hor'nis-grin-de).  A  summit  of 
the  Black  Forest,  Germany,  about  10  mUes  south 
of  Baden-Baden.    Height,  3,825  feet. 

Horodenka  (ho-ro-den'ka).  AtowuinGaUcia, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  a  tributary  of  the 
Dniester.    Population  (1890),  11,162. 

Horologium(hor-o-16'ji-um).  [L.,' a  clock.']  A 
southern  constellation  of  12  stars,  inserted  by 
Laoaille  east  of  Eridanus.  Its  brightest  star  is 
of  the  fourth  magnitude. 

Horrocks.or  Horrox  (hor'oks),  Jeremiah.  Bom 
at  Toxteth  Park,  near  Liverpool,  about  1617: 
died  at  Toxteth,  Jan.  3, 1641.  A  celebrated  Eng- 
lish astronomer.  He  studied  at  Cambridge,  but  did  not 
take  a  degree,  and  was  curate  of  Hoole,  near  Preston,  1639- 
1640.  He  made  the  first  observation  of  a  transit  of  Venus 
(1639),  an  account  of  which  is  given  in  his  "Venus  in  sole 
visa  "  (1662).  Other  posthumous  works  were  published  in 
1672.  He  was  the  first  to  assign  to  the  moon  an  elliptical 
orbit  with  the  earth  at  one  of  the  foci,  and  in  a  measure 
anticipated  the  Newtonian  theory  of  gravitation. 

Horsa  (hdr'sa).  Killed  at  the  battle  of  Ayles- 
ford,  455  (?)."A  Jutish  chief,  brother  of  Hengist 
(whom  see). 

Horschelt(hor'shelt),Theodor.  Born  atMunich, 
March  16, 1829:  died  at  Munich,  April  3, 1871.  A 
German  painter  of  genre  scenes  and  battles. 

Horse-Fair,  The,  A  large  painting  by  Eosa 
Bonheur,  now  in  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of 
Art,  New  York.  It  represents  a  number  of  horses,  some 
ridden,  some  led,  trotting  toward  the  right.  It  appeared 
in  the  Salon  of  1853,  was  bought  by  Gambart  and  Co.,  Lon- 
don, for  40,000  francs,  and  from  them  by  W.  P.  Wright, 
Weehawken,  New  Jersey,  in  1867 :  it  then  passed  to  the 
Stewart  collection.  It  was  bought  and  presented  to  the 
Metropolitan  Museum,  New  York,  by  Cornelius  Tander- 
bilt.  Landseer  engraved  it  while  it  was  in  Gambart's  pos- 
session. Eosa  Bonheur  painted  f  orhis  use  a  reduced  copy: 
this  was  bequeathed  in  1859  to  the  National  Gallery.  She 
painted  other  replicas :  the  third  is  in  London ;  the  fourth, 
a  small  water-color,  is  owned  in  England. 

Horselberg  (hfer'sel-bero).  See  Venus,  Mowntam 
of,  and  TannJiduser. 

Horse-Shoe  Fall.    See  Niagara. 

Horse-Shoe  Bobinson.  A  historical  novel  by 
J.  P.  Kennedy.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the  South 
during  the  Bevolutionary  War. 

Horsens  (hor'sens).  A  seaport  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  Jutland,  Denmark,  situated  on  the  Hor- 
sens Fjord  in  lat.  55°  52'  N.,  long.  9°  51'  B. 
Population  (1890),  17,290. 

Horsford  (h6rs'ford),  Eben  Norton.  Bom  at 
Moscow,  Livingston  County,N.  Y.,  July  27, 1818: 
died  Jan.  1,  1893.  An  American  chemist.  He 
was  Bumf ord  professor  of  science  applied  to  the  arts  at 
Harvard  1847-63,  when  he  became  president  of  the  Bum- 
ford  Chemical  Works,  Providence,  Bhode  Island.  He  dis- 
covered the  method  of  preparing  baking-powder,  con- 
densed milk,  and  the  medicinal  acid  known  as  "  Horsf  ord's 
acid. "  Among  his  works  are  "  The  Theory  and  Art  of  Bread- 
Making  "  (1861),  "The  Discovery  of  America  by  the  North- 
men "  (1888),  etc. 

Horsham  (hdr'sham).  A  town  in  Sussex,  Eng- 
land, 34  miles  south-southwest  of  London.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  8,637. 

Horsley  (h6rs'li),  Charles  Edward.  Bom  at 
London,  1822:  died  at  New  York,  Feb.  28, 1876. 
An  English  composer,  son  of  William  Horsley. 

Horsley,  John.  Bom  at  Inveresk,  Midlothian, 
1685 :  died  at  Morpeth,  England,  Jan.  12, 1732. 
A  British  antiquary,  author  of  "Britannia  Bo- 
mana,  or  the  Antiquities  of  Britain  "  (1732),  etc. 

Horsley,  John  Callcott.  ^Bom  Jan.  29, 1817: 
died  Oct.  19,  1903.    An  English  painter. 

Horsley,  Samuel.  Bom  at  London,  Sept.  15, 
1733:  died  at  Brighton,  BnglandjOct.  4,1806.  An 
English  bishop  (of  St.  Asaph)  and  scholar.  He 
is  notable  for  a  controversy  with  l^-iestley,  in  which  he 
opposed  Socinianism.  Among  his  works  are  "  Biblical  Crit- 
icism on  the  first  fourteen  Historical  Books  of  the  Old  Tes- 
tament "  (1820). 

Horsley,  William.  Bom  at  London,  Nov.  15, 
1774 :  died  June  12, 1858.  An  English  composer, 
especially  noted  for  his  glees  ("  By  Celia's  Ar- 
bour," "O  Nightingale,"  etc.). 

Horta  (hor'ta ;  Pg.  pron.  or'ta).  A  seaport,  the 
capital  of  Fayal,  Azores  Islands. 

Horten  (hor'ten).  A  town  in  southern  Norway, 
on  the  western  bank  of  the  Christiania  Fjord, 
36  miles  south  by  west  of  Christiania:  a  station 
of  the  Norwegian  fleet.  Population  (1891),6,555, 


Hortense 

Hortense  (or-tons')  (Eugenie  Hortense  de 
Beauhamais).  Bom  at  Paris,  April  10, 1783 : 
died  at  Arenenberg,  Switzeriand,  Oct.  5, 1837. 
The  daughter  of  the  empress  Josephine,  wife 
of  Louis  Bonaparte,  and  mother  of  Napoleon 
III.  She  was  the  reputed  author  of  the  song 
"  Partant  pour  la  Syrie." 

Hortensia  gens  (h6r-ten'shi-a  jenz).  A  Roman 
plebeian  gens. 

Hortensian  Law  (h6r-ten'shian  la).  The.  [L. 
lex  Hortensia.2  In  the  history  of  ancient  Rome, 
a  law,  adopted  probably  in  286  b.  o.,  which  de- 
cided that  the  decrees  of  the  Comitia  Tributa 
should  be  binding  on  all  citizens,  patricians  as 
well  as  plebeians,  it  was  passed  in  consequence  of  a 
dangerous  uprising  of  theplebeians,  and  received  its  name 
from  tlie  dictator  Hortensius. 

Hortensio  (h6r-ten'sH-6).  In  Shakspere's 
"  Taming  of  the  Shrew,"  a  suitor  of  Bianea. 

Hortensius  (h6r-ten'shi-us),  QuintUS.  Born  114 
B.  c. :  died  50  B.  c.  An  eminent  Roman  orator, 
a  leader  of  the  aristocratic  party. 

Hortibonus  (h6r-ti-bo'nus),  or  Hortusbonus 
(h6r-tus-b5'nus),  Is.  The  pseudonym  of  Isaac 
Casaubon.  Caseau  in  the  Danphinois  patois  be- 
ing jardJK,  the  pseudonym  is  literally  "  bon  jar- 
din  "  ( '  good  garden '). 

Horus  (ho'rus),  or  Hor  (hdr).  In  Egyptian  my- 
thology, a  solar  deity,  the  son  of  Osiris  and  Isis, 
and  the  avenger  of  his  father  upon  Set :  called 
by  the  GreeksHarpoerates.  As  Osiris  was  tlie  sun  of 
night,  Horus  was  tlie  sun  of  day.  As  the  opponent  of  Set, 
he  figured  as  the  Elder  Horus ;  as  Horus  the  Child,  he  was 
the  rising  sun.  He  was  generally  represented  as  hawk- 
headed,  and  is  hardly  distinguishable  from  Ba,  like  whom 
he  was  the  lord  of  Upper  Egypt 

The  heaven-  or  sun-god  Horus  was  worshipped  almost 
as  generally  as  Ba.  He  was  honoured  in  various  shapes  in 
Egypt :  as  Haroeri  (the  elder),  Harpechrud  (Harpokrates, 
the  child),  as  the  son  of  Isis,  of  Nut,  or  of  Hathor,  in  many 
places  in  Upper  Egypt  (as  at  Edf  u)  and  in  Lower  Egypt. 
His  symbol  is  the  winged  sun-disc,  and  he  flies  through  the 
air  as  a  hawk.  His  chief  myth  is  that  of  the  fight  with 
Set.  But  it  is  difiicult  to  trace  his  original  form,  as  he  is 
completely  absorbed  in  the  Osiris  circle,  to  which  he  cer- 
tainly did  not  originally  belong. 

La  Saussaye,  Science  of  Beligion,  p.  408. 

Horus.  A  name  given  by  Mariette  to  Hor-em- 
hib,  an  Egyptian  king  of  the  18th  dynasty. 

After  several  insignificant  kings  came  Horus,  and  with 
him  the  series  of  legitimate  princes  begins  again ;  but  with 
him  there  also  set  in  a  violent  reaction  against  the  fanati- 
cal reform  s  of  Amenophis  IV.  The  names  of  the  dethroned 
kings  were  everywhere  chiselled  out ;  their  buildings  were 
razed  to  the  ground,  and  the  capital  at  Tell-el-Amarna  was 
so  carefully  and  patiently  demolished  that  not  one  stone 
is  left  standing.  Ma/rietle,  Outlines,  p.  43. 

HorVcLth  (hor'vat),  Mihdly,  Born  at  Szentes, 
Hungary,  Oct.  20,  1809 :  died  at  Karlsbad,  Bo- 
hemia, Aug.  19,  1878.  A  Hungarian  historian 
and  poUtioian,  minister  of  worship  and  public 
instruction  in  1849.  He  wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Hun- 
garians" (1842-46),  "Historical  Monuments  of  Hungary" 
(1867,  etc.),  "History  of  Hungary"  (1869-63). 

Hosea  (ho-ze'a),  orHosheaCho-she'a).  The  first 
of  the  "minor  prophets."  He  flourished  in  the  king- 
dom of  Israel  under  Jeroboam  II.  and  his  successors.  Inhis 
prophecies,  which  consist  of  14  cbapters,  he  represents  the 
relation  of  Israel  to  Yahveh  (Jehovah)  as  that  of  a  wife  to 
her  husband,  and  its  apostasy  as  the  faithlessness  of  a  wife. 
In  the  first  division  (i.-iii. ),  which  originated  during  thelat- 
ter  part  of  the  reign  of  Jeroboam  II.,  these  ideas  are  sym- 
bolically expressed  and  illustrated  by  the  prophet's  own 
experiences  in  his  married  life  with  a  faithless  woman ; 
the  second  division  (iv.-xiv.),  belonging  to  the  period  of 
the  kings  following,  contains,  on  the  basis  of  the  same 
ideas,  a  series  of  discourses  in  which  the  sins  of  the  peo- 
ple in  all  ranks  are  exposed  and  censured.  Hosea'a  style 
is  characterized  by  short  and  abrupt,  sometimes  obscure, 
sentences,  full  of  fervor  and  strong  feeling. 

Hosea  Biglow.    See  Biglow  Papers. 

Hoshangabad  (ho-shung'ga-bad),  or  Hushang- 
abad  (hu-shung'ga-bad).  1.  A  district  in  the 
Central  Provinces,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  22°  30'  N.,  long.  77°  30'  E.  Area,  4,594 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  529,945. —  2. 
The  capital  of  the  district  of  Hoshangabad,  sit- 
uated on  the  Nerbudda  about  lat.  22°  45'  N., 
long.  77°  37'  E.     Population  (1891),  13,495. 

Hosnea  (ho-she'a),  or  Hosea  (ho-ze'a).  [Heb., 
'  deliverance,'  '  salvation.']  The  last  king  of 
the  ten  tribes,  successor  of  Pekah  son  of  Re- 
maliah,  whom  he  assassinated  in  a  revolution, 
and  whose  throne  he  usurped.  According  to  the 
annals  of  Tiglath-Pileser  III.,  Pekah  was  killed  by  the  As- 
syrian king,  and  Hoshea  (Assyrian  AuisC)  was  appointed  his 
successor.  The  invasion  by  Tiglath-Pileser  of  the  king- 
dom of  Israel,  resulting  in  the  capture  of  many  cities,  the 
inhabitants  of  which  were  deported  to  Assyria,  is  men- 
tioned in  2  Ki.  XV.  29.  Under  Tiglath-Pileser's  successor, 
Shalmaneser  IV.,  Hoshea  "  conspired  "  against  the  Assyri- 
ans, seeking  an  alliance  with  the  Egyptian  king  Shabaka 
(biblical  So).  This  led  to  the  destruction  of  Samaria  after 
a  three  years'  siege  by  Shalmaneser,  and  the  imprisoning 
of  its  last  king. 

Hosius  (ho'shi-us),  or  Osius  (6'shi-us).     Died 


514 

in  Spain  about  358.  A  bishop  of  the  early  Chris- 
tian church  in  Spain.  He  was  appointed  to  the  see  of 
Cordova  about  300,  and  in  324  was  sentby  Constantine  the 
Great  to  Alexandria,  with  a  view  to  composing  the  diffi- 
culties between  Alexander  and  Arius.  He  is  said  by  some 
to  have  drawn  up  the  symbol  of  faith  adopted  at  the  Coun- 
cil of  Nice  in  325. 

Hosius  (ho'se-os),  Stanislaus.  Bom  at  Cracow, 
May  5, 1504:'  died  near  Rome,  Aug.  5,  1579.  A 
Polish  cardinal,  a  leading  opponent  of  Protes- 
tantism in  Poland. 

Hosiner(hos'mer),  Harriet  G.  Bom  at  Water- 
town,  Mass.,  Oct.  6,  1830.  An  American  sculp- 
tor. She  studied  with  Stevenson  of  Boston,  and  (anat- 
omy) in  the  School  of  Medicine  at  St.  Louis.  In  1862  she 
went  to  Rome,  and  studied  with  Gibson.  After  2  years 
she  produced  bustsof  "Daphne"and  "Medusa."  Among 
her  best-known  works  are  "(Enone  "  (1866),  "Zenobia  in 
Chains "  (1859),  "  The  Sleeping  Faun "  (186'0,  "TheWak- 
ing  Faun,"  "  Beatrice  Cenci,"  "  Puck  "  (1885).  The  foun- 
tain in  Central  Park,  New  York,  is  by  her. 

Hospenthal  (hos'pen-tal).  A  place  on  the  St. 
Gotthard  Pass,  Switzerland,  southwest  of  An- 
dermatt. 

Hospitalers  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  Order 
of  'the.  A  body  of  military  monks,  which  took 
its  origin  from  an  earlier  community,  not  mili- 
tary in  character,  under  whose  auspices  a  hos- 
pital and  a  church  had  been  founded  in  Jerusa- 
lem. Its  military  organization  was  perfected  in  the  12th 
century.  After  the  retaking  of  Jerusalem  by  the  Moslems, 
these  knights  defended  Acre  in  vain,  took  shelter  in  Cy- 
prus, and  in  the  14th  centuryoccupied  the  island  of  Rhodes. 
In  1522  the  island  of  Rhodes  was  seized  by  the  Turks,  and 
the  knights,  after  some  wanderings,  had  possession  given 
them  of  Malta,  the  government  of  which  island  they  ad- 
ministered until  it  was  occupied  by  Napoleon  in  1798. 
The  badge  of  the  order  was  the  cross  of  8  points,  without 
any  central  disk,  and  consisting  in  fact  of  4  barbed  arrow- 
heads meeting  at  their  points — the  weU-known  Maltese 
cross.  This  is  modified  in  modern  times,  with  slight  dif- 
ferences for  the  different  nations  in  which  branches  of  the 
order  have  survived.  At  different  times  the  order  has  been 
called  officially  Enighbs  ofUhodes  and  Knights  of  Malta. 
It  maintains  to  the  present  day  a  certain  independent  ex- 
istence. The  most  famous  grand  master  of  the  order  was 
La  Valette,  who  successfully  defended  Malta  against  the 
Turks  in  1665.  That  branch  of  the  order  called  the  baili- 
wick of  Brandenburg  was  revived  and  recognized  as  a  sep- 
arate order  by  the  King  of  Prussia  in  1852.  The  dormant 
langue  of  England  was  revived  1827-31,  and  is  again  lo- 
cated at  St.  John's  Gate,  Clerkenwell. 

Eotcangara.    See  Wirmebago. 

Hotel  de  Cluny  (o-tel'  d6  klii-ne').  The  pal- 
ace, in  Paris,  of  the  Abbots  of  Cluny  in  Bur- 
gundy, built  in  the  15th  and  16th  centuries,  and 
now  a  museum  of  medieval  and  Renaissance 
decorative  art.  It  is  a  picturesque  example  of  the  late- 
Pointed  style,  with  towers,  square  mullioned  windows, 
high  roofs,  and  tracery-framed  dormers.  The  little  chap- 
el is  elaborately  ornamented.  The  palace  occupies  the 
site  of  a  Roman  palace  assigned  to  Constantius  Chlorus. 
Of  this  the  baths  survive  in  part,  notably  the  vaulted  frigi- 
darium,  37^  by  65  feet  and  59  high,  and  decorated  with 
rostra. 

Hdtel  de  Bambouillet  (de  ron-b8-ya').  A  fa- 
mous house  in  Paris,  on  the  Rue  St.  Thomas  du 
Louvre .  it  was  destroyed  together  with  the  street  when 
the  Louvre  was  finished.  It  was  originally  the  Hdtel  Pi- 
sani,  the  residence  of  the  father  of  Madame  Bambouillet 
It  was  noted  as  being  the  center  of  a  literary  and  exclusive 
circle  out  of  which  afterward  grew  the  French  Academy. 
This  salon  was  instituted  about  1615  by  the  Marquise  de 
Rambouillet,  who  was  shocked  by  the  puerile  and  immoral 
society  of  the  period.  The  women  assumed  the  title  of 
"Les  prdcieuses,"  and  proposed  to  devulgarize  the  French 
language.  The  men  called  themselves  "Esprits  doux." 
They  had  a  vocabulary  of  their  own,  and  called  all  common 
things  by  uncommon  names.  They  also  had  a  conventional 
language  out. of  which  Saumaise  composed  his  "Diction- 
naire  des  pr^cieuses."  Richelieu,  Bossuet,  Corneille,  Des- 
cartes, La  Rochefoucauld,  Balzac,  Madame  de  S^vign^, 
and  others  were  members  of  this  coterie,  and  it  exerted  a 
good  influence.  Pedantry  and  aifectation,  however,  in- 
creased, and  the  gatherings  declined  in  interest,  and  never 
recovered  from  the  irony  of  Molifere  in  "Les  pr^cieuses 
ridicules  "  and  "  Les  f  emmes  savantes,"  though  it  was  only 
the  extravagances  of  a  few  that  he  attacked.  La  Bruyere 
also  took  occasion  to  quarrel  with  them. 

Hotel  des  Invalides  (6-tel'  da  zau-va-led').  A 
great  establishment  f oimded  in  1670  at  Paris  for 
disabled  and  infirm  soldiers.  The  monumental  fa^ 
fade,  about  660  feet  long,  has  3  stories,  and  is  adorned  with 
military  trophies  and  an  equestrian  statue  of  Louis  XIV. 
The  interior  possesses  halls  adorned  with  interesting  mili- 
tai7  paintings,  and  contains  the  Mus6ed'Artillerie,  which 
includes  a  remarkable  collection  of  medieval  and  Renais- 
sance armor..  The  Church  of  the  Invalides  consists  of  2 
parts  —  the  Eglise  St.  Louis  and  the  DOme,  since  1840  the 
mausoleum  of  Napoleon  I.  The  nave  of  the  former  is 
adorned  with  captured  battle-flags.  The  D6me  was  built 
by  J.  H.  Mansart  in  1706.  In  plan  it  is  a  square  of  198  feet, 
surmounted  by  a  gilded  dome  on  a  circular  drum  which  is 
86  feet  in  diameter,  and  with  its  cross  and  lantern  344 
high.  The  entrance  is  adorned  with  2  tiers  of  classical 
columns  and  a  pediment.  The  tomb  of  Napoleon  is  a 
large  monolithic  sarcophagus  of  red  granite,  placed  be- 
neath the  dome  in  an  open  circular  crypt  20  feet  deep  and 
36  in  diameter.  The  walls  of  the  crypt  bear  allegorical 
reliefs,  and  against  its  12  piers  stand  colossal  Victories. 
In  alternate  intercolumniations  areplaced  6trophies,  each 
of  10  flags  taken  in  battle. 

Hdtel  deVille(6-terd6  vel).  Ahistoric  building 


Houdin 

in  Paris,  of  great  size,bumedby  the  Commime  in 
1871,  but  carefully  restored  and  much  enlarged. 
The  original  structure  was  begun  in  1633  by  an  Italian,  Do- 
menico  da  Cortona :  this  is  represented  by  the  central  part 
of  the  existing  facade,  which  offers  a  picturesque  combina- 
tion of  the  Italian  and  French  Renaissance  styles,  it  is 
of  2  stories,  flanked  by  pavilions  a  story  higher,  all  with 
high  hip-roofs,  and  surmounted  by  a  high  openwork  cen- 
tra tower.  The  exterior  is  adorned  with  much  sculpture. 
The  rooms  of  state  display  splendid  sculptures  and  wall- 
paintings  by  the  most  distinguished  contemporary  artists. 

Hotho  (ho'to),  Heinrich  Gustav.  Bom  at  Ber- 
lin, May  22, 1802:  died  there.  Dee.  24, 1873.  A 
German  historian  of  art,  appointed  professor  at 
the  University  of  Berlin  in  1829.  He  was  director 
of  the  collection  of  prints  in  the  Royal  Museum  from  1869. 
He  wrote  "Geschicnte  derdeutschen  undniederlandischen 
Malerei "  (1840-43),  "  Die  Malerschule  Huberts  van  Eyck" 
(1856-68),  "Geschichte  der  christlichen  Malerei "  (1867-72), 
etc. 

Hot  Springs  (hot  springz).  A  town  and  water- 
ing-place, capital  of  Garland  County,  Arkansas, 
48  miles  west-southwest  of  Little  Rock.  It  is 
noted  for  its  hot  springs.  Population  (1900), 
9.973. 

Hotspur.    See  Percy,  Menry. 

Hottentot-Bushmen  (hot'en-tot-bush'men).  A 

South  African  race.  Ethnically Lepsius  includes  the 
Hottentots,  Bushmen,  and  Pygmies,  with  the  Bantu,  in  the 
negro  race,  but  he  classes  the  Hottentot  and  Bushman 
languages  with  the  Hamitic  family.  He  derives  the  Hot- 
tentots from  Cushitic  Hamites  blended  with  Bantu  ne- 
groes. Generally  the  Hottentots,  Bushmen,  and  Pygmies 
are  classed  as  one  race  or  two  separate  races.  There 
are  striking  differences  between  the  Hottentots  and  the 
Bushmen  in  structure  and  language,  but  their  physical 
and  linguistic  kinship  seems  to  be  well  established.  In 
the  Bushmen  the  distinctive  features  of  the  Hottentots 
with  regard  to  other  races  are  found  exaggerated.  These 
peculiar  features  are  (a)  the  color,  that  of  the  Bushmen 
being  brown,  that  of  the  Hottentots  yellow;  (6)  the  stat- 
ure, the  Hottentots  being  somewhat  shorter  than  the 
Bantu,  while  the  Busbmen  rank  with  the  Pygmies ;  (c)  the 
tufty  hair ;  (d)  the  diminutive  and  broad  nose ;  (c)  the 
perpendicular  forehead ;  (/)  the  tapering  chin  with  promi- 
nent cheek-bones;  (g)  the  wrinkled  skin.  Intellectually, 
■the  Hottentots  and  Bushmen  are  fairly  gifted.  By  no 
people  are  the  Bushmen  more  ill-treated  than  by  their 
nearest  of  kin,  the  Hottentots.  The  Hottentots  are  pas- 
toral; the  Bushmen  and  Pygmies  are  exclusively  given  to 
hunting.  The  Hottentots  are  independent,  even  aggres- 
sive ;  the  Bushmen  and  Pygmies  are  timid,  and  hover,  as 
Helots,  on  the  skirts  of  the  stronger  Bantu  settlements, 
which  they  supply  with  game.  See  Khoikhoin,  Bushmen, 
and  Africa  (with  subheadings). 

Hottentots  (hot'n-tots).  [Native  name  Khoi- 
kkoin.  Hottentot  is  supposed  to  be  imitative  of 
stammering,  with  ref .  to  the  clicking  sounds  of 
Hottentot  speech.]  A  nickname  given  by  the 
first  coloniets  to  the  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  because  of  the  clicks  and  other  strange 
sounds  of  their  language.  The  Hottentots  call  them- 
selves Khoikhoin,  'the  men.*  Sometimes  this  name  is  used 
for  the  Bushmen  and  Pygmies  as  well,  all  three  being  con- 
sidered as  one  race.  In  this  acceptation  the  name  Hotten- 
tot-Bushmen (which  see)  is  to  be  preferred. 

Hettinger  (hot' ting- er),  Johann  Heinrich. 
Bom  at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  March  10,  1620: 
drowned  in  the  river  Limmat,  near  Zurich, 
June  5, 1667.  A  Swiss  Orientalist  and  biblical 
scholar.  He  wrote  "Thesaums  philologious " 
(1644),  "Etymologicumorientale"  (1661),  etc. 

Houbraken  (hou'bra-ken).  Jacobus.  Bom  at 
Dordrecht,  Netherlands,  Dee.  25, 1698  :  died  at 
Amsterdam,  Nov.  14, 1780.  A  Dutch  engraver 
and  painter. 

Houchard  (o-shar'),  Jean  Nicolas.  Bom  at 
Porbach,  Lorraine,  1740 :  guillotined  at  Paris, 
Nov.  16,  1798.  A  French  general.  He  defeated 
the  Allies  at  Hondschoote  Sept.  6-8, 1793,  but  was  defeated 
at  Courtray  Sept.  15.  This  defeat  was  the  cause  of  his  ar- 
rest and  execution. 

Houdan  (o-don'),Luc  de.  Born  at  Eennes,  1811: 
died  at  Paris,  1846.  A  French  hydrographer. 
He  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  French  fleet  in  the  Rio  de  la 
Plata  1840-43,  made  extended  surveys,  and  published  sey- 
eral  works  on  the  Plata  and  ParanS,  and  on  South  Ameri- 
can hydrography  in  general 

Houdetot  (ed-to'),  Oomtesse  d'  (flisabeth 
FranQoise  Sophie  de  La  Live  de  Bellegarde). 

Bomat  Paris,1730:  diedJan. 22,1813.  AFrench 
lady,  known  from  her  intimacy  with  Rousseau. 
She  is  described  as  Julie  in  Rousseau's  "  Nou- 
velle  Hffloise." 

Houdin  (o-dan'),  Jean  Eugdne  Robert.  Bom 
at  Blois,  Prance,  1805 :  died  there,  June,  1871.  A 
French  conjurer  and  mechanician.  He  learned  the 
trade  of  watch-making,  but  a  friendship  with  a  traveling 
juggler  and  a  love  of  works  on  natural  magic  turned  his  at- 
tention to  conjuring.  He  constructed  the  most  compli- 
cated toys  and  automata,  and  in  1846  began  a  series  of 
juggling  exhibitions.  In  1866  he  received  the  gold  medal 
at  Paris  for  an  application  of  electricity  to  clocks.  In  1866, 
at  the  request  of  the  French  government,  he  went  to  Al- 
geria to  "hoist  with  their  own  petard,"  if  possible  the 
priests  who  were  stirring  up  the  people  with  their  tricks. 
In  this  he  was  successful  Hepublished  "RobertHoudln 
etc."  (1867), "  Confidences  "  (1869),  and  "  Les  tricheries  des 
Grecs  d^voil^es"  (1861),  exposing  gambling  cheats 


Houdon 

Houdon  (o-d6n'),  Jean  Antoine.  Bom  at  Ver- 
sailles, Prance,  about  1741:  died  at  Paris,  July 
16,  1828.  A  noted  French  sculptor.  He  won  the 
prix  de  Rome  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  and  remained  in  Italy 
10  years,  dmlng  the  period  ol  Winckelmann  and  the  exca- 
vations at  Pompeii  and  Hercnlaneum.  Wliile  in  Kome  he 
made  the  famous  statue  of  St.  Bruno  at  Sainte-Marie-des- 
Anges.  On  his  return  to  France  he  exhibited  in  the  Salon 
of  1771  a  statuette  of  Morph^e,  which  gained  him  entrance 
to  the  Academy,  and  soon  after  he  made  his  famous 
"  Ecorchd,"  reduced  copies  of  which  are  well  known  in  the 
drawing-schools.  He  visited  America  with  Franklin,  and 
resided  with  Washington  at  Philadelphia,  where  he  mod- 
eled a  bust  from  which  he  afterward  made  his  Richmond 
statue.  In  1773  he  made  busts  of  Catharine  of  Russia  and 
of  Diderot,  and  in  1775  busts  of  Turgot  and  Gluck,  and  a 
statue  of  Sophie  Arnould  as  Iphigenia.  In  the  Salon. of 
1781  he  entered  his  nude  statue  of  Diana  (which  was  ex- 
cluded), the  statue  of  Tourville,  and  the  famous  Voltaire 
of  the  Theatre  Fran^ais.  He  also  made  busts  of  Molifere, 
Rousseau,  Franklin,  and  D'Alembert.  His  bust  of  Buffon 
is  perhaps  his  finest  work.  In  the  Revolution  he  was  de- 
nounced at  the  tribunal  ol  the  Convention  for  having  a 
statue  of  a  saint  in  his  atelier,  and  escaped  through  the 
presence  of  mind  of  a  member  who  declared  that  the  work 
was  a  statue  of  Philosophy. 

Houghton  (hou'ton),  Baron.  See  Milnes,  Bich- 
ard  Monckton. 

Houghton-le-Spring  (ho'ton-le-spring')-  A 
town  in  Durham,  England,  7  miles  northeast  of 
Durham.    Population  (1891),  6,476. 

Hougomont  (o-go-m6u').  A  house  near  Water- 
loo, noted  for  its  importance  in  connection  with 
the  battle  of  Waterloo. 

Houlgate.    See  Beuzeval-Houlgate. 

Honudsditch  (hounz'dich).  A  district  in  the 
east  of  London,  near  Whitechapel,  occupied 
largely  by  Jews,  it  is  called  "Dogsditch"  contemptu- 
ously by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher.  Its  name  is  a  relic  of 
the  old  f OSS  which  encircled  the  city,  formerly  a  recepta- 
cle for  dead  dogs.    Hare. 

Hounslow  (hounz'16).  A  town  in  Middlesex, 
England,  12  miles  west  by  south  of  St.  Paul's. 
It  was  formerly  an  important  coaching  center. 

Hounslow  Heath.  A  heath  formerly  situated 
west  of  Hounslow  (now  inclosed),  it  was  long 
notorious  as  a  resort  of  highwaymen.  A  militaiy  camp 
was  formed  here  by  James  U.  in  1686. 

Hours,  The.    See  Sores. 

Housatouic  (hs-sa-ton'ik),  or  Ousatonic  (o-sa- 
ton'ik).  A  river'in  the  western  part  of  Massa- 
chusetts and  Connecticut,  flowing  into  Long 
Island  Sound  13  miles  southwest  of  New  Ha- 
ven.    Length,  about  150  miles. 

Household  Words.  A  periodical  conducted  by 
Charles  Dickens.  It  first  appeared  March  30, 
1850. 

House  of  Fame,  The.  A  poem  by  Chaucer.  The 
influence  of  Dante  is  marked  in  it,  and  Lydgate  speaks  of 
it  as  "Dante  in  English."  Its  general  idea  is  from  Ovid, 
though  the  first  book  follows  Vergil.  Pope  converted  it 
into  "The  Temple  of  Fame"  in  1716. 

House  of  the  Faun.    See  Pompeii. 

House  of  Life,  The.  A  series  of  sonnets  by 
Dante  Gabriel  Eossetti. 

Admirable  as  are  his  ballads,  "  The  House  of  Life,"  re- 
cording a  personal  experience  transmuted  by  the  imagina- 
tion, is  Rossetti's  highest  achievement  in  verse.  There  are 
two  other  "  sonnet-sequences,  "and  only  two,  in  English  po- 
etry which  can  take  rank  beside  it,  "The  Sonnets  of  Shak- 
spere"  and  "Sonnets  from  the  Portuguese." 

Dowden,,  Transcripts  and  Studies,  p.  229. 

House  of  the  Seven  Gables,  The.  A  novel  by 
Hawthorne,  published  in  1851.  it  shows  the  trans- 
mission of  personal  character  and  the  blighting  influence 
of  evil  action  to  succeeding  generations. 

Houses  of  Parliament,  London.  See  Parlia- 
ment. 

House  that  Jack  Built,  The.  -An  accumulative 
tale  given  in  "Mother  Goose'sNurseryKhymes." 
The  original  of  "  The  house  that  Jack  built"  is  presumed 
to  be  a  hymn  in  "Sepher  Haggadah,"  fol.  23.  .  .  .  The 
historical  interpretation  was  first  given  by  P.  N.  Lebe- 
recht,  at  Leipsic,  in  1731,  and  is  printed  in  the  "  Christian 
Reformer,"  vol.  xvii.,  p.  28.  The  original  is  m  the  Chaldee 
language.  HcUhwell,  Nursery  Rhymes. 

Houssa.    See  Hausa. 

Houssain.  or  Hussan,    See  Hasan. 

Houssaye  (6-sa'),  orig.Housset,  Arstoe.  Bom 

at  Bruy6res,  near  Laon,  France,  March  28, 1815 : 
died  Feb.  26,  1896.  A  French  cntic,  novelist, 
and  litterateur.  In  1848  he  was  for  a  short  time  en- 
tangled in  politics.  In  1849  he  became  director  of  the 
•  Com^dieFran«aise.  He  resigned  m  1856,  having  put  over 
a  hundred  plays  by  the  best-known  dramatisteontfies^^^^ 
He  wrote  "tagaleriede  portraits  duXVIIIesitele,,  (1844  , 
"Histoire  de  la  peinture  flamande  et  hollandaise  (1846) 
"I'Empire,  c'est  la  paix,"  a  cantata,  composed  lor  Rachel 
alter  tfie  coup  d'etat  ol  1861;  besides  a  large  humber  of 
novels,  five  or  six  volumes  ol  poems,  a  number  ol  critical 
works,  histories,  etc.,  among  which  a™„ "^/ ™'„X?Sp' 
etc."  (1858),  "Histoire  derartlranpais  (1860),  'Molifere, 
etc!"  (1880);  "Le  livre  de  minuit"  (1887),  and  "Conlessions, 
etc."  (1886-91).  „,„..„.„ 

Houssaye,  Henri.  Bom  at  Pans,  Feb.  24  1848. 
A  French  historian  and  critic,  son  of  .Arsene 
Houssaye.  His  chief  work  is  "Histoire  d'-Alcibi- 
ade  et  de  la  r^publique  ath^nienne,  etc."  (1873). 


B15 

Houston  (htis'ton  or  hous'tou).  A  city  and  the 
capital  of  Harris  County,  Texas,  situated  on 
Bimalo  Bayou  45  miles  northwest  of  (Jalveston. 
It  is  an  important  railway,  commercial,  and  manufacturing 
center.  Its  trade  is  chiefly  in  cotton,  cotton-oil,  sugar,  and 
lumber.  It  was  settled  in  1836,  and  was  the  temporary 
capital  ol  the  State  in  1837.    Population  (1900) ,  44,633. 

Houston  (hus'ton  or  hous'ton),  Sam.  Born 
near  Lexington,'  Va.,  March  2,  1793:  died  at 
Huntsville,  Texas,  July  25,  1863.  An  Ameri- 
can general  and  statesman.  He  served  in  the  War ' 
of  1812 ;  was  a  member  ol  Congress  from  Tennessee  1823- 
1827;  was  governor  ol  Tennessee  1827-29;  as  commander- 
in-chiel  ol  the  Texans  defeated  the  Mexicans  at  San  Ja^ 
ointo  April,  1836 ;  was  president  of  Texas  1836-38  and  1841- 
1844 ;  was  United  States  senator  from  Texas  1845-59 ;  and 
was  governor  of  Texas  1859-61. 

Houyhnhnms  (hou'inmz  or  ho'inmz).  A  com- 
munity of  horses  described  as  endowed  with 
reason  and  intelligence,  in  the  fourth  part  of 
"  Gulliver's  Travels,"  by  Jonathan  Swift. 

The  Houyhnhnms,  beings  endowed  with  reason  but  un- 
disturbed and  untempted  by  the  passions  or  struggles  of 
an  earthly  existence,  are  not  brutes,  and  are  not  to  be  com- 
pared with  men.   Tiuskemum,  Hist,  ol  ProseFiction,  p.  177. 

Hoveden,  Roger  of.    See  Roger. 

Howadji,  The.  A  pseudonym  of  George  William 
Curtis. 

Howard  (hou'ard),  Catharine.  Executed  Feb. 
12,  1542.  Daughter  of  Lord  Edmund  Howard, 
and  fifth  queen  of  Henry  VIII.  whom  she  mar- 
ried July  28,  1540.  She  was  convicted  of  adul- 
tery and  condemned  as  a  traitor. 

Howard,  Frederick,  fifth  Earl  of  Carlisle.  Bom 
May  28, 1748 :  died  at  Castle  Howard,  Yorkshire, 
England,  Sept.  4, 1825.  An  English  politician, 
viceroy  of  Ireland  1780-82.  He  was  chief  of  the 
commissioners  sent  to  America  by  Lord  North 
in  1778. 

Howard,  George  William  Frederick,  seventh 
Earl  of  Carlisle:  earlier  Viscount  Morpeth. 
Born  at  London,  April  18, 1802 :  died  at  Castle 
Howard,  Yorkshire,  England,  Dec.  5, 1864.  An 
Ehglish  statesman.  He  was  chief  secretary  for  Ireland 
1836-41;  chancellor  of  the  duchy  ol  Lancaster  1850-52 ; 
and  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  1865-58  and  1869-64.  He 
wrote  "Diary  in  Turkish  and  Greek  Waters"  (1854),  and 
other  works  in  prose  and  verse. 

Howard,  Henry,  Eari  of  Surrey.  Bom  about 
1517 :  beheaded  on  Tower  Hill,  London,  Jan.  21, 
1547.  -An  English  poet.  He  was  known  in  youth  as 
"Henry  Howard  of  Kenninghall," from  an  estate  owned 
by  his  grandlather  in  Norlolk.  He  received  an  unusually 
good  education,  and  Irom  1630-32  lived  at  Windsor  with  the 
young  Buke  ol  Richmond,  the  natural  son  of  Henry  VIII., 
accompanying  the  king  to  France  in  1532.  He  remained 
at  the  French  court  for  about  a  year.  In  1641  he  was  in- 
stalled Knight  of  the  Garter,  and  in  1643  joined  the  English 
forces  at  Landrecies  with  special  recommendations  from 
Henry  VIIL  to  Charles  V.,  and  a  little  later  was  appointed 
cup-bearer  to  the  king.  He  was  present  at  the  surrender 
of  Boulogne,  of  which  he  was  made  governor  in  1545,  but 
was  recalled  to  England  the  next  year.  Henry  VIII.  was 
ill,  and.when  his  death  was  near,  Surrey's  father,  the  Duke 
of  Norfolk,  who  was  premier  duke,  was  suspected  of  aim- 
ing at  the  throne.  A  month  before  the  king's  death  both 
were  arrested,  and  the  Duke  ol  Norfolk,  as  peer  of  the  realm, 
was  tried  by  his  peers.  The  Earl  of  Surrey,  however,  who 
had  only  a  courtesy  title,  was  tried  by  a  jury  picked  for 
the  occasion,  who  found  that  he  "falsely,  maliciously,  and 
treacherously  setup  and  bore  the  arms  ol  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor, then  used  by  the  Prince-  of  Wales,  mixed  up  and 
joined  with  his  own  proper  arms."  He  had  borne  these 
arms  without  question  in  the  presence  of  the  king,  as  the 
Howards  before  him  had  done  since  their  grant  by  Richard 
II.  He  was  tried  for  high  treason  and  beheaded.  His  poems 
were  first  printed  as  "Songs  and  Sonetes"  in  "Tottel's 
Miscellany  "  in  1557,  with  those  of  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt.  He 
was  the  first  English  writer  of  blank  verse,  translating  the 
second  and  fourth  books  ol  the  £neid  into  this  form,  and 
with  Wyatt  he  introduobd  the  sonnet  into  English  litera- 
ture. 

Howard,  John.  Bom  probably  at  Hackney,  Lon- 
don, Sept.  2, 1726 :  died  at  Kherson,  Russia,  Jan. 
20, 1790.  -An  English  philanthropist,  celebrated 
for  his  exertions  in  behalf  of  prison  reform.  He 
was  appointed  high  sheriff  ol  Bedfordshire  in  1773,  and  the 
acquaintance  with  prison  abuses  which  he  gained  in  the 
office  led  to  his  career  as  a  reformer.  After  a  careful  per- 
sonal inspection  of  the  prisons  of  England,  Scotland,  and 
Ireland,  he  visited  those  of  Paris,  Holland,  Flanders,  Ger- 
many, and  Switzerland,  and  later  made  a  second  tour  in 
England.  He  published  "  The  State  of  the  Prisons  in  Eng- 
land and  Wales,  etc."  (1777).  He  made  other  continental 
tours  ol  inspection  in  1778, 1781, 1783,  and  1786,  during  the 
last  ol  which  he  inspected  the  condition  of  the  lazarettos. 
His  last  journey  was  begun  in  1789,  when  he  went  to  Rus- 
sia for  the  purpose  of  examining  the  military  hospitals. 
While  engaged  in  this  work  he  was  attacked  by  camp-fever 
and  died.  He  was  buried  at  Dophinovka.  His  labors  led 
to  many  important  reforms. 

Howard,  John  Eager.  Bom  in  Baltimore 
County,  Md.,  June  4, 1752:  died  at  Baltimore, 
Oct.  12, 1827.  An  American  Eevolutionary  ofS- 
cer  and  politician.  He  served  at  the  Cowpens  in  1781, 
and  was  governor  of  Maryland  1789-92  and  United  States 
senator  1796-1803.  ■,-,■■. 

Howard,  Oliver  Otis.  Bom  at  Leeds,  Maine, 
Nov.  8,  1880.  A  Union  general  in  the  Ameri- 
can Civil  War.  He  commanded  a  brigade  at  the  battles 


Howells 

of  Bull  Run  and  Fair  Oaks,  a  division  at  the  battles  of  An- 
tietam  and  Fredericksburg,  and  an  army  corps  at  Chan- 
cellorsville,  Gettysburg,  Missionary  Ridge,  and  Chatta- 
nooga ;  and  led  the  riglit  wing  of  Sherman's  army  in  the 
march  from  Atlanta  to  the  sea.  He  was  chief  ol  the  Freed- 
men's  Bureau  1865-74,  and  was  promoted  major-general 
in  1886.    He  retired  iu  1894. 

Howard,  Thomas,  Earl  of  Surrey  and  second 
Duke  of  Norfolk.  Born  iu  1443:  died  May  21, 
1524.  An  English  soldier  and  politician.  He 
defeated  the  Scots  at  Flodden  Field,  Sept.  9, 

'1513. 

Howard,  Thomas,Earl  of  Surrey  and  third  Duke 
of  Norfolk.  Born  in  1473 :  died  at  KenninghaU, 
Aug.  25,  1554.  An  English  soldier  and  politi- 
cian. He  became  lord  high  treasurer  in  1523,  and,  on  the 
marriage  ol  his  niece  Catharine  Howard  to  Henry  VI TT. 
in  1640,  gained  great  influence  at  court.  Through  the  in- 
fluence of  his  rival  the  Earl  of  Hertford,  he  was  ordered 
for  execution  on  the  charge  ol  treason  in  1547,  but  was 
saved  by  the  death  ol  Henry  VIXI. 

Howard,  Thomas,  fourth  Duke  of  Norfolk.  Born 
March  10, 1536 :  died  June  2,,  1572.  An  English 
politician,  son  of  Henry  Howard,  earl  of  Surrey. 
He  was  the  first  subject  in  England  under  Elizabeth,  in- 
asmuch as  there  were  no  princes  ol  the  blood  and  he  was 
the  possessor  of  the  highest  title  of  nobility.  He  was  ap- 
pointed lieutenant  of  the  northern  counties  in  1659.  He 
aspired  to  become  the  husband  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 
and  joined  a  conspiracy  for  her  liberation,  in  consequence 
of  which  he  was  executed  on  the  charge  of  treason. 

Howard,  Thomas,  Earl  of  -Ajnmdel.  Born  July 
7,  1586:  died  at  Padua,  Italy,  Oct.  4, 1646.  An 
English  nobleman.  He  was  employed  in  various  dip- 
lomatic missions ;  and  formed  the  flrst  large  collection 
ol  works  ol  art  In  England,  part  of  which  was  presented 
to  the  University  of  Oxford  by  his  grandson  under  the 
name  of  the  Arundelian  marbles. 

Howard  University.  -An  institution  of  learn- 
ing at  Washingtouj  District  of  Columbia,  found- 
ed in  1867,  and  designed  especially  for  the  high- 
er education  of  the  colored  race,  but  open  to 
all  races  and  creeds,  it  comprises  preparatory,  nor- 
mal, collegiate,  theological,  medical,  law,  and  industrial 
courses.    It  has  about  50  instructors  and  700  students. 

Howe  (hou),  Elias.  Bom  at  Spencer,  Mass., 
July  9,  1819:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  3, 
1867.  -Aji  American  inventor.  He  completed 
the  first  sewing-machine  in  1845  (patented  in 
1846). 

Howe,  George  Augustus,  ViscountHowe.  Bom 
1724 :  killed  at  Ticonderoga,  N.  Y.,  July  8, 1758. 
A  British  general,  brother  of  Earl  Howe. 

Howe,  John.  Bom  at  Loughborough,  Leices- 
tershire, England,  May  17,  1630 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, April  2, 1705.  An  English  Puritan  clergy- 
man. He  became  domestic  chaplain  to  Cromwell,  and 
settled  in  London  in  1675.  His  complete  works  were  pub- 
lished in  1724,  including  the  "  Living  Temple  of  God " 

J1676-1702). 

Howe,  Joseph.  Born  neaf  Halifax,  Nova  Sco- 
tia, Dec.  13, 1804 :  died  at  Halifax,  June  1, 1873. 
A  Canadian  politician.  He  became  secretary  of  state 
and  superintendent-general  of  Indian  affairs  in  1870,  and 
in  1873  was  appointed  lieutenant-governor  of  Nova  Scotia. 
His  "Speeches  and  Public  Letters,"  edited  by  W.  Annand, 
were  published  in  1868. 

Howe,  Mrs.  (Julia  Ward).  Bom  at  New  York, 
May  27,  1819.  An  American  poet  and  philan- 
thropist, vfife  of  S.  G.  Howe.  Her  poems  were  col- 
lected in  "Passion  Flowers"  (1854),  "Words  for  the  Hour" 
(1856),  and  "Later  Lyrics  "  (1866 ;  including  "  The  Battle 
Hymn  of  the  Republic,"  which  was  written  during  a  visit 
to  the  camps  near  Washington  in  1861).  She  has  also 
written  "Sex  in  Education"  (1874),  "Modem  Society" 
(1880),  "Margaret  Fuller,  etc."  (1883). 

Howe,  Bichard,  first  Earl  Howe.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, March  8, 1726 :  died  Aug.  5, 1799.  An  Eng- 
lish admiral.  He  was  made  vice-admiral  in  1775,  and 
in  Feb.,  1776,  appointed  commander-in-chief  iu  America. 
Here  he  conducted  the  English  naval  operations  alter 
the  beginning  of  the  Revolution  until  1778,  when  he  re- 
turned to  England.  He  was  flrst  lord  of  the  admiralty  1783- 
1788.  On  June  1, 1794,  he  defeated  the  French  off  Ushant. 
In  1796  he  was  promoted  admiral  ol  the  fleet. 

Howe,  Samuel  Gridley.   Born  at  Boston,  Nov. 
10, 1801 :  died  at  Boston,  Jan.  9, 1876.  An  Amer- 
ican 
thePerTc 

and  was  United  States  commissioner  to  Santo  Domingo  in 
1871.  He  published  "  Historical  Sketches  ol  the  Greek  Rev- 
olution "  (1828),  etc. 

Howe,William,Viscount  Howe.  Bom  Aug.  10, 
1729:  died  July  12,  1814.  A  British  general, 
brother  of  Earl  Howe.  He  succeeded  Gage  as  com- 
mander-in-chiel  in  America  1776 ;  commanded  at  Bunker 
Hill  1775 ;  and  gained  the  victories  ol  Long  Island,  White 
Plains  (l776),  Brandywine,  and  Germantown  (1777). 

Howell  (hou'el),  James.  Born  in  Wales  about 
1595:  died  1666.  An  English  author,  best  known 
for  his  "  Letters"  (1645-55).  He  edited  the  third 
and  lourth  editions  of  Cotgrave's  "French  and  English 
Dictionary  "  (1650  and  1660),  and  compiled  a  polyglot  dic- 
tionary, "Lexicon  Tetraglotton  "  (1660),  with  a  classified 
nomenclator,  lists  ol  proverbs,  etc. 

Howells  (hou'elz),  William  Dean.    Bom  at 

Martinsville,  Belmont  County,  Ohio,  March  1, 


philanthropist.    He  became  superintendent  of 
eilcins  Institute  lor  the  Blind  at  South  Boston  in  1832, 


Howells 

1837.  An  American  novelist  and  poet.  He  was 
United  States  consul  at  Venice  1861-66 ;  editor-in-chief 
of  the  "Attantlc  Monthly"  1871-81;  an  associate  editor  of 
"  Harper'."!  Magazine  "  1886-91.  He  published  "  Poems  of 
Two  Friends  "  (with  J.  J.  Katt,  1860),  "  Venetian  Life " 
(1866),  "  Italian  Journeys  "  (1869),  "  Poems  "  (1867).  Among 
his  chief  novels  are  "  Their  Wedding  Journey"  (1872),  "A 
Chance  Acquaintance "  (1878),  "A  Foregone  Conclusion" 
(1874),  "The  Lady  of  the  Aroostook  "  (1875X  "The  Undis- 
covered Country"  (1880),  "Dr.  Breen's  Practice"  (1881) 
"A  Modern  Instance  "  (1882), "  A  Woman's  Reason  "(1883), 
"The  Rise  of  SUas  Lapham"  (1886),  "The  Minister^ 
Charge  "^886), "  Annie  KUburn  "  (1888), ' '  World  of  Chance 


516 

subordinate  to  the  Chancas  until  both  tribes  were  con- 
quered by  the  Inca  Pachacutec  Yupanqui,  about  1420. 
Their  descendants  are  now  merged  in  the  general  popu- 
lation of  Peru. 
Huancavelica  (wan-ka-va-le'ka).  1.  A  depart- 
ment of  central  Peru.  Ai-ea,  10,814  square 
miles.  Population,  about  100,000. — 2.  The  capi- 
tal of  the  department  of  Huancavelica,  situated 
about  170  miles  southeast  of  Lima.  It  was  for- 
merly one  of  the  richest  cities  in  Peru,  and  was  noted  for 
its  quicksilver  mines,  now  abandoned.    Population,  about 

-     -V      ■■  » '       5,000. 

ffiVc|?'HetdltId"thr"rosmop^^^^^^^^^  Huanca,T^llcas  (wan-ka-vel'kas),    A  powerful 


Howe's  Cave  (houz  kav).  A  large  and  remark- 
able cave  near  Schoharie,  New  York. 

Howitt  (hou'it),  Mrs.  (Mary  Botham).  Bom  at 
Uttoxeter,  England,  about  1804:  died  at  Rome, 
1888.  An  English  authoress,  wife  and  collabo- 
rator of  William  Howitt.    Among  her  separate  works 


tribe  of  Indians,  presumably  of  Quichua  stock, 
who  formerly  inhabited  the  lowlands  of  eastern 
Ecuador,  between  the  river  Daule  and  the  sea. 
They  were  conquered  by  Huaina  Capac  about  1500,  and, 
under  Inca  domination,  occupied  the  same  region  at  the 
time  of  the  Spanish  conquest.  Their  descendants  are 
merged  in  the  general  population  of  the  Guayaquil  valley. 


are  translations  from  Frederika  Bremer  and  Hans  Ander-  Huancayo  (wan-ka'yo).     A  city  of  Peru,  in  the 


sen,  and  juvenile  works.    Her  autobiography  was  edited 
by  her  daughter  (1889). 
Howitt,  William.  Bom  at  Heanor,  Derbyshire, 
England,  1792:  died  at  Kome,  March  3,  1879. 
An  English  poet  and  miscellaneous  author.    He 


southwestern  part  of  the  department  of  Junin, 
in  the  valley  of  Jauja,  10,880  feet  above  the  sea. 
It  gave  its  name  to  the  constitution  promulgated  there 
Nov.  10, 1839,  which  was  finally  supersede'd  by  that  of  Nov. 
25,  1860.    Population,  about  5,000. 


wrote  "Book  of  the  Seasons"  (1831),  "  Rural  Life  of  Eng-  Huanta  (wan'ta).  A  town  in  the  department 
land  (183SI,  "Visits  to  Remarkable  Places"  (1840-42),  of  Avaciif Vin  Ppni  about  200  milps  Roiifhpasit 
"Rural  and  Domestic  Life  of  Germany  "  (1842),  "Histoiy  °,  AyacueJ:o,  Jr-eru,  aDOUt  .iuu  mues  soutneast 
of  the  Supernatural,  etc."  (1863),  "Northern  Ikeights  of  _of  Lima.     Population,  about  4,000. 


London,  etc."  (1869),  etc. ;  jointly  with  his  wife, 
ture  and  Romance  of  Northern  Europe"  (1862),  "Ruined 
Abbeys  and  Castles  of  Great  Britain "  (1862-64),  of  the 
Wye,  etc.  (1863),  of  Yorkshire  (1866),  of  the  Border  (1866), 

Howie-glass.    See  Eulenspiegel. 

Howrah  (hou'ra).  A  suburb  of  Calcutta,  sit- 
uated west  of  that  city  on  the  Hugli.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  116,606. 

Howson  (hou'son),  John  Saul.  Born  at  Giggles- 
wick,  Yorkshire,  England,  May  5, 1816:  died  at 
Bournemouth,  Hants,  England,  Dee.  15,  1885. 
-An  English  clergyman  and  author.   He  published, 


Litera-  Hu&nUCO  (wa'no-ko),  or  Guanuco  (gwa'no-ko). 

1 .  A  central  department  of  Peru,  comprehending 
part  of  the  upper  valley  of  the  Huallaga  with  the 
adjacent  mountains.  The  mountains  are  rich  in  min- 
erals, and  the  valleys  near  the  Huallaga  are  covered  with 
forest.  Hu^nuco  corresponds  to  an  Inca  province  or  re- 
gion of  the  same  name.  It  was  settled  by  Gomez  de  Al- 
varado  in  1539.  Area,  23,000  square  miles.  Population, 
about  80,000. 

2 .  The  capital  of  the  department  of  Hudnuco,  sit- 
uated near  the  river  Huallaga  170  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Lima,  founded  in  1542.  Population, 


jointly  with  W.  J.  Conybeare,  "Life  and  Epistles  of  St.  tt,,j!„„-L  17j.:„ ■it„«_„„..  »i  t7j„j_  /„k/    ■■ 

Paur'(185a-52),  and  wrote  "Metaphors  of  St  Paul  "(1868),  -fuailUCO  ViejO,  or  HuanUCO  el  VlOJO  (wa  no- 
etc.  koelve-a  Ho).  An  ancient  Indian  town  of  Peru, 


Howth  (houth) .  A  peninsula  in  County  Dublin, 
Ireland,  on  the  northern  side  of  Dublin  Bay. 

Hoxter  (heks'ter).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Weser  43  miles  south-southwest  of  Han- 


nover. 

of  St.  Eilian. 

Hanseatic  town. 


about  40  miles  west-northwest  of  the  present  city 
of  Hudnuco.   The  remains  of  Incan  architecture  found 
here  are  among  the  finest  in  existence.    The  place  was  set- 
tled by  the  Spaniards  in  1639,  but  abandoned  soon  after  for 
the  present  capital.  Some  silver-mines  in  the  vicinity  were 
worked  in  the  18th  century. 
Neai'  it  is  the  castle  of  Corvei.    It  has  a  church  Huaoui  (wa'ke).     A  place  on  the  Desaguadero 
ion     Formerly  it  was  a  free  impenal  city  and     d;_q_  ■RnH-.r,'o    rt  ■       *  vn    *     iv    i,  »«     ?t        nn 
1.    Population  0890),  oommSne,  6,645.  f^lT  •  '   u-lZl\  "  is  notable  for  the  battle  of  June  20 

TT  L         /\,   t    fi.      \       A     J-  /.  J.  •      o-i         Tj_  ,      18H,inwhichtheSpanishforcesunderGoyenechedefeated 

llOXtOn  (noks  ton).  A  district  in  bhorediteh  the  patriots  of  Buenos  Ayres  and  Upper  Peru  under  Cas- 
and  Hackney,  London,    "it  was  sometimes  called     telli. 

Hogsdon  and  Hog  Lane.  .  .  .  In 'the  'Domesday 'record  Huaraca  (wa-ra'ka).  A  great  festival  of  the  an- 
it  is  entered  .as  Hocheston,  and  in  a  lease  of  the  time  of  cient  Peruvians,  held  at  the  time  of  the  summer 
Edward  III.  it  is  mentioned  as  Hoggeston.  .  .  .  Hoxton     c,„i„i;„„    ,-.  i,,      ,.   ,,  j   ^i  .     j     «  ,    i  j 

has  long  been  noted  forthe  number  of  its  charitable  insti-  Splstioe.  The  youths  who  had  attained  sufficient  ageand 
tutions."  Walter  Thombury,  Old  and  New  London,  V.  624.  strength  were  then  admitted  to  military  rank,  with  various 
(Walfcyrd.)  ceremonies  and  testa  of  endurance. 

Hoy  (hoi).  An  island  of  the  Orkneys,  southwest  Huaraz  (wa-rath').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
of  Pomona.  It  is  high  and  picturesque.  Length,  ment  of  Ancaohs,  Peru,  situated  on  the  river 
13  miles.  Santa  about  200  miles  north  by  west  of  Lima. 

Hoyden  (hoi'den).  Miss.     The  daughter  of  Sir    Population,  about  17,000. 
Tunbelly  Clumsy  in  Vanbrugh's  comedy  "  The  Huarina  (wa-re'na).    A  plain  at  the  southeast- 
Kelapse,"  a  pert  and  amorous  country  girl.   She    em  extremity  of  Lake  Titieaca,  Bolivia,   it  gave 
was  a  great  favorite  with  both  actresses  and     ita  name  to  the  battle  of  Oct.  20, 1647,  in  which  Gonzalo 
audiences  PizarroandhislieutenantCarvajaldefeatedDiegoCenteno. 

Hoyle  (hoil),  Edmund.  Bom  1672:  died  at  Huascar  (was'kar),  or  Inti  Cusi  Hualpa  (en'te 
Loudon.  Aui.  29.  1769.    An  Enrfish  writer  on     ko'se  wal'pa).    Born  about  1495  (according  to 

Cieza  de  Leon,  in  1500) :  died  at  Andamarca, 


London,  Aug.  29,  1769.  An  English  writer  on 
games.  He  published  "Short  Treatise"  on 
whist  (1742:  included  in  his  book  on  games). 
Hoz  (oth),  Pedro  Sanchez  de.  Died  at  Santi- 
ago, Chile,  1548.  A  Spaniard  who,  in  1537,  re- 
ceived from  Charles  V.  authority  to  conquer 
and  colonize  Chile.  Pizarro  had  already  given  the 
same  right  to  Valdivia,  and  to  avoid  conflict  he  arranged 
that  the  two  should  be  associated  in  the  enterprise  (1539). 
Valdivia  speedily  became  the  real  leader,  but  Hoz  re- 
ceived rich  grants  of  land  and  Indians.  During  Valdivia's 
absence  in  Peru  he  plotted  to  seize  the  command:  the 
plan  was  discovered  By  Villagra,  and  Hoz  was  beheaded. 

Hrabanus  Maurus.    See  Rdbanus. 

Hradschin.    See  Prague. 

Hrotsvltha.    See  Boswitha. 

Huaina  Capac,  or  Huayna  Ccapac  (wa-e'na 
ka'pak).  Bom  at  Tumibamba  about  1450 :  died 
Nov.,  1525.    The  eleventh  Inca  niler  of  Peru, 


Jan. ,  1533.  An  Inca  chief.  At  the  death  of  his  father, 
Huaina  Capac  (Nov. ,  1525),  the  empire  was  divided  between 
Huascar  and  his  illegitimate  brother,  Atahualpa.  Huas- 
car had  the  southern  and  larger  part,  with  his  capital  at 
Cuzco.  War  broke  out  between  the  two,  and  Huascar  was 
eventually  defeated  and  captured  (1532).  After  Atahualpa 
was  seized  by  Pizarro  he  feared  that  the  Spaniards  would 
interfere  in  favor  of  his  brother,  and  by  his  secret  orders 
Huascar  was  drowned- 
Huastecs  (was'teks).  A  tribe  of  Indians  near 
the  coast  of  eastern  Mexico,  in  southern  Tamau- 
lipas  and  northern  Vera  Cruz.  By  their  language 
they  are  allied  to  the  Mayas  of  Yucatan,  and  those  ethnol- 
ogists who  hold  that  the  Mayas  came  from  the  north  be- 
lieve that  the  Huastecs  were  a  tribe  left  behind  during 
their  migration.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  they  lived  in 
villages,  generally  of  wooden  houses,  and  practised  agri- 
culture. They  readily  submitted  to  the  whites,  and  have 
long  been  Christianized.  Also  written  HuastecaSf  Huax- 
tecos,  and  Ouatescos. 


According  to  Bias  Valera  he  had  ruled  42yearaat  the  time  ct...*..™      a„„"  /-r„,„,„„„„ 
of  his  death.    Balboa  says  33  years.    He  completed  the  con-  MUatUSOS.     bee  MiatuSOS. 

questsof  hisfather,  Tupac  Inca  Yupanqui,  penetratingfar  HuaylaS  (wi  las).  A  colonial  mtendencia  of 
south  into  Chile  and  subduing  the  province  of  Quito,  where  Peru,  now  the  province  of  Ancaehs.  Also  writ- 
he fought  a  memorable  battle.    During  his  reign  the  Inca     +„ _  JJy^ailas 

empire  attained  its  greatest  extent  and  splendor.    At  his  tt  n    '  a«     n,  „.■„«  r<„„™„ 

death  it  was  divided  between  his  two  sons,  Huascar  and  HUayna  OcapaC.     oee  Mtiama  Capac. 
Atahualpa.  Hubbard(hub'ard), William.  BommEngland, 

Hualapai.    See  Walapai.  1621 :  died  at  Ipswich,  Mass.,  Sept.  14, 1704.  An 

Huallaga  (wal-ya'ga).    A  river  of  Peru  which    American  historian  and  clergyman.    He  wrote  a 
flows  north  and  joins  the  Amazon  about  lat.  5°     "History  of  New  England "  Opublished  1815),  and  a  "Nar- 


6'  S.,  long.  75°  40'  W.    Length,  about  650  miles, 

Huamanga.,    See  Guamanga. 

Huancas  (wSn'kas).  An  ancient  tribe  of  Peru- 
vian Indians,  of  Quichua  stock  and  language, 
who  inhabited  a  portion  of  the  present  depart- 
ment of  Junin  (province  of  Jauja).    They  were 


rative  of  the  Troubles  with  the  Indians  in  New  England 

Jl677). 

Hubhardton  (hub'ard-ton).  A  town  in  Rutland 
County,  western  Vermont,  14  miles  northwest 
of  Rutland.  Here,  July  7, 1777,  the  British  under  Fraaer 
defeated  the  Americans  under  Francis  and  Warner.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  488. 


Hudibras 

Huber  (ii-bar'),  Francois.  Bom  at  Geneva, 
July  2,  1750 :  died  near  Geneva,  Dec.  31,  183L 
A  Swiss  naturalist,  best  known  from  his  obser- 
vations on  the  honey-bee.  He  waa  the  author  of 
"  Nouvelles  observations  sur  les  abeilles  "  (1792), "  M^moir« 
sur  I'infiuence  de  I'air  et  des  diverses  substances  gazeusea 
dans  la  germination  des  diff^rentes  plantes  "  (1801).  He 
early  became  blind  from  excessive  study,  and  conducted 
his  scientific  work  thereafter  with  the  aid  of  his  wife. 

Huber  (ho'ber),  Johannes.  Bom  at  Munich, 
Aug.  18, 1830:  died  at  Munich,  March  19, 1879. 
A  German  philosophical  writer  and  leader  of 
the  Old  Catholic  party,  professor  of  philoso- 
phy (1855,  extraordinary;  1864,  ordinary)  at 
Munich :  author  of  "  Philosophic  der  Kirchen- 
vater"  (1859),  "  Das  Papsttum  und  der  Staat " 
(1870),  "Der  Jesuitenorden"  (1873),  etc. 

Huber,  Johann  Budolf  .  Bom  at  Basel,  Switzer- 
land, 1668:  died  1748.  A  Swiss  historical  painter, 
sometimes  called  "the  Tintoretto  of  Switzer- 
land." 

Huber,  Madame  (Therese  Hejrne).  Bom  at  Got- 
tingen,  Pmssia,  May  7, 1764 :  died  at  Augsburg, 
Bavaria,  June  15,  1829.  A  German  author, 
wife  first  of  G.  Porster,  and  after  his  death 
of  L.  P.  Huber,  and  daughter  of  C.  G.  Heyne. 
Her  " Erzahlungen"  ("  Tales")  were  published 
1830-33. 

Huber,  Victor  Aim6.  Bom  at  Stuttgart,  Wiir- 
temberg,Mareh  10,1800:  died  near  Wemigerode, 
in  the  Harz,  July  19, 1869.  A  German  literary 
historian  and  publicist,  son  of  L.  P.  Huber.  He 
became  professor  at  Rostock  in  1833,  at  Marburg  in  18::6, 
and  at  Berlin  in  1843.  He  retired  in  1850.  He  wrote  "Die 
Geschichte  des  Cid  "  (1829), "  Chronica  del  Cid  "  (1844),  "Die 
neuromantische  Poesie  in  Frankreich"  (1833),  "Die  eng- 
lischen  Universitaten  "  (1839-40),  etc. 

Hubert  (hii'bert;  P.  pron.  ti-bar').  Saint.  [L. 
3ubertiis,lt.Uberto,8p.Tg. HubertOjF.  Subert] 
Died  727.  A  bishop  of  Li&ge,  the  traditional 
patron  of  hunters. 

Hubert.  A  character  in  Shakspere's  "King 
John."  He  is  Hubert  de  Bur^,  justice  of  Eng- 
land, created  earl  of  Kent.    He  died  1243. 

Hubert  de  Burgh.    See  Burgh. 

Hubertusburg  (h8-ber'tos-borg).  A  castle  near 
Wermsdorf,  Saxony,  25  miles  east  of  Leipsic. 
The  peace  of  Hubertusburg  was  concluded  here  between 
Prussia,  Austria,  and  Saxony,  Feb.  16,  1763,  ending  the 
Seven  Years'  War.    Prussia  retained  Silesia. 

Hubli  (ho'bli).  A  town  in  Dharwar  district, 
Bombay,  British  India,  situated  in  lat.  15°  20' 
N.,  long.  75°  12'  E.    Population  (1891),  52,595. 

Hiibner  (hiib'ner),  Emil.  Bom  1834 :  died  1901. 
AGerman  philologist,  son  of  Eudolf  Julius  Hiib- 
ner. He  became  professor  of  classical  philology  at  the 
University  of  Berlin  in  1870,  and  was  editor  of  the  periodi. 
cal  "  Hermes  "  1866-81,  and  of  the  "  Archaologische  Zei- 
tung  "  1868-73.  He  published  "  Grundriss  zu  Vorlesunpen 
iiber  die  romische  Llteraturgeschiohte "  (4th  ed.  1878), 
"  Grundriss  zu  Vorlesungen  iiber  die  lateinische  Gram- 
matik"  (2d  ed.  1881),  etc. 

Hiibner,  Baron  Joseph  Alexander  von.  Born 

at  Vienna,  Nov.  26,  1811 :  died  July  30,  1892. 
An  Austrian  diplomatist.  He  was  minister  at  Paris 
1849-59,  and  ambassador  at  Rome  1866-67.  He  has  pub, 
lished  "  Sixtus  V."  (1871),  etc. 

Hiibner,  Earl  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Konigsberg, 
Prussia,  June  14,1814 :  died  at  Diisseldorf,  Prus- 
sia, Pec.  5,  1879.     A  German  genre-painter. 

Hiibner,  Budolf  Julius  Benno.  Born  at  Ols, 
Silesia,  Prussia,  Jan.  27,  1806:  died  at  Losch- 
witz,  near  Dresden,  Nov.  7,  1882.  A  German 
historical  painter.  Among  his  works  are  "  Roland," 
"Samson,"  "Job  andhis  Friends,"  "The  Golden  Age,"etc. 

Hue  (iik),  fivariste  K.6gis.  Bom  at  Toulouse, 
Prance,  Aug.  1,  1813:  died  at  Paris,  March  26, 
1860.  A  Prenoh  Boman  Catholic  missionary  and 
traveler  in  the  Chinese  empire.  He  published 
"Souvenirs  d'un  voyage  dans  la  Tartarle,  le  Thibet,  et  la 
Chine "(1850),  "L'Empire  chinois "  (1864),  "Le  Christian- 
isme  en  Chine  "  (1857),  etc. 

Huddersfleld  (hud'  6rz-f  eld) .  A  parliamentary 
borough  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Colne  15  miles  southwest 
of  Leeds.  It  has  important  manufactures,  par- 
ticularly of  fancy  woolens.  Population  (1901 ), 
95,008. 

Hudibras  (hii'di-bras).  A  satirical  poem  by  ' 
Samuel  Butler,  directed  against  the  Puritans, 
published  1663-78:  so  called  from  the  name  of 
its  hero,  who  is  a  Presbyterian  country  justice. 
Accompanied  by  a  clerk,  one  of  the  Independents,  be 
ranges  the  country  after  the  manner  of  Don  Quixote,  with 
zealous  ignorance  endeavoring  to  correct  abases  and  re- 
press superstition. 

The  greatest  single  production  of  wit  of  this  period,  I 
might  say  of  this  country,  is  Butler's  "  Hudibras.  It  con- 
tains specimens  of  every  variety  of  drollery  and  satire, 
and  those  specimens  crowded  together  Into  almost  every 
page.  The  proof  of  this  is  that  nearly  one-halt  of  his  lines 
are  got  by  heart,  and  quoted  for  mottoes. 

Hazlitt,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  80. 


HucUbras,  Sir 

Hudibras,  Sir.  A  rash,  and  melanclioly  man  in 
Spenser's  "  Faerie  Queene."  it  is  thought  that  the 
poet  intended  to  shadow  forth  the  Puritans  in  this  char- 
acter.   See  HudibrM. 

Hudiksvall  (ho '  diks-val) .  A  seaport  on  tlie  east- 
em  coast  of  Sweden,  south  of  Sundsvall.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  4,804. 

Hudson  (hud'son).  [Named  from  Henry  Hud- 
son, who  discovered  it  in  1609.]  A  river  in  New 
York,  rising  in  the  Adirondacks  in  Essex  County, 
New  York,  flowing  south,  and  falling  into  New 
York  Bay  in  lat.  40°  42'  N.,  long.  74°  1'  "W.  it  is 
celebrated  lor  its  picturesque  scenery,  especially  in  its 
course  through  the  Highlands  and  past  the  Palisades.  In 
its  lower  course  it  is  called  the  North  Eiver.  The  Mohawli 
isits  chief  tributary.  Length,  about  360  miles ;  navigable 
to  Troy,  161  miles.  On  its  banks  are  Troy,  Albany,  Kings- 
ton, Poughkeepsle,  Newburg,  Fishkill,  Cornwall,  West 
Point,  Sing  Sing,  Yonkers,  New  York,  and  Jersey  City. 

Hudson.  A  city,  river  port,  and  the  capital  of 
Columbia  County,  New  York,  situated  on  the 
east  bank  of  the  Hudson,  28  miles  south  of  Al- 
bany.   Population  (1900),  9,528. 

Hudson,  George.  Bom  at  York,  England,  1800 : 
died  at  London,  Dec.  14,  1871.  An  BngUsh 
speculator,  known  as  "the  railway  king." 

Hudson,  Henry.  Bled  in  Hudson  Bay  (?),  1611. 
A  noted  English  navigator.  He  was,  perhaps, 
grandson  of  Henry  Hudson,  one  of  the  founders  of  tiie 
Muscovy  Company  in  1665.  In  1607  he  was  sent  out  by 
that  company,  in  the  Hopeful,  to  sail  across  the  pole  to 
the  Spice  Islands.  He  reached  the  east  coast  of  Greenland 
(lat.  69°-70°)  in  June ;  sailed  northward  along  the  coast  to 
lat  73° ;  thence  went  along  the  ice-barrier  to  Spitzbergen, 
reaching  lat.  80°  23';  and  returned  to  England,  discovering 
Jan  Mayen  (named  byhim  Hudson's  Touches)  on  the  way. 
In  1608  he  attempted  to  And  a  northeast  passage.  On 
March  25, 1609,  he  set  sail  with  the  Good  Hope  and  Half 
Moon^in  the  service  of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company, 
with  the  same  object;  but  his  crews  mutinied,  the  Good 
Hope  returned,  and  with  the  Half  Moon  he  sailed  across 
the  Atlantic  to  Nova  Scotia.  Thence  be  sailed  southward, 
exploring  the  coast  as  far  as  Chesapeake  Bay.  In  Sept. 
he  explored  the  river  afterward  named  for  him,  ascend- 
ing it  nearly  to  the  site  of  Albany.  In  1610  he  sailed  in 
the  Discovery  to  find  a  northwest  passage,  and  entered 
Hudson  Strait  and  Hudson  Bay,  H^  wintered  on  James 
Bay.  On  his  return  his  crew  mutinied,  and  on  June  23, 
1611,  he  was  bound  and  with  8  others  set  afloat  in  a  small 
boat  on  Hudson  Bay.    They  were  never  seen  again. 

Hudson,  Henry  Norman.  Bom  at  Cornwall, 
Vt.,  Jan.  28,  1814:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
Jan.  16, 1886.  An  American  Shakspeiian  scholar 
and  Episcopal  clergyman.  He  published  "  Lectures 
on  Shakspere  (1848), "  Shakspere :  his  Life,  Art,  and  Char- 
acters, etc."  (1872),  "  Studies  in  Wordsworth  "  (1874),  "  Es- 
says on  Education,  etc."  (1883).  He  edited  Shakspere  (11 
vols.)  in  1861-56  and  (20  vols.)  in  1880-81. 

Hudson,  Sir  Jeflfery  or  GeoflFrey.  Bom  at  Oak- 
ham, Eutlandshire,  England,  1619:  died  in  1682. 
A  famous  English  dwarf.  He  was  but  18  or  20  inches 
high  till  he  was  about  30  yetirs  of  age,  when  he  grew  to  the 
height  of  3  feet  9  inches.  He  made  his  first  appearance 
served  up  in  a  pie  at  the  table  of  the  Duke  of  Bucking- 
ham. After  the  marriage  of  Charles  I.  he  was  a  page  in 
the  service  of  the  queen.  He  had  many  adventures ;  was 
a  captain  in  the  royal  army  at  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
war :  and  had  his  portrait  painted  by  Vandyck.  Scott  in- 
troduces him  in  "Peveril  of  the  Peak."  He  was  Anally 
arrested  in  1682  upon  some  suspicion  connected  with  the 
Popish  plot,  and  confined  in  the  Gatehouse  prison.  He 
was  released,  and  did  not  die  there  as  Scott  and  others 
state.    Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Hudson  Bay.  An  inland  sea  in  North  America, 
inclosed  by  British  America  on  the  east,  south, 
and  west,  and  partly  inclosed  by  Southampton 
Island  on  the  north:  called  James  Bay  in  the 
south.  It  communicates  with  the  Atlantic  through  Hud- 
son Strait,  and  with  the  Arctic  Ocean  through  Fox  Channel. 
Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Churchill  and  Nelson.  It  was 
explored  by  Henry  Hudson  in  1610.  Length,  about  1,000 
miles.    Greatest  width,  about  600  miles. 

Hudson  Bay  Company.  A  British  joint-stock 
company  chartered  in  1670  for  the  purpose  of 
purchasing  furs  and  skins  from  the  Indians  of 
British  North  America.  Its  original  possessions, 
called  the  Hudson  Bay  Territory,  were  ceded  to 
the  government  in  1870. 

Hudson  Bay  Territory.  The  territory  wa- 
tered by  the  streams  flowing  into  Hudson  Bay, 
granted  to  the  Hudson  Bay  Company  in  1670. 
It  was  incorporated  with  the  Dominion  of 
Canada  in  1870.  It  is  known  also  as  Eupert's 
Land. 

Hudson  Strait.  A  sea  passage  connecting  Hud- 
son Bay  on  the  southwest  with  the  Atlantic 
on  the  east:  discovered  by  Sebastian  Cabot  in 
1517.  Length,  about  500  miles.  Breadth,  about 
100  miles. 

Hu6,  or  Hu6-fu  (ho-a'fS')-  The  capital  of  An- 
nam,  situated  on  the  river  Hu6  about  lat.  16° 
30'  N.,  long.  107°  35'  E.  It  was  fortified  by 
French  engineers.  Population  (estimated),  30,- 
000;  with  suburbs,  50,000. 

Huelva  (wel'va).     1 .  A  province  of  Andalusia, 

'  Spain,  bounded  by  Badajoz  on  the  north,  Se- 


517 

ville  on  the  east,  Cadiz  on  the  southeast,  the 
Atlantic  on  the  south,  andPortugal  on  the  west. 
Area,  4,122  square  miles.  Population  (1887), 
254,831.-2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Huelva,  situated  on  the  river  Odiel  54  miles 
west-southwest  of  Seville,  it  has  sardine  fisheries. 
Near  it  is  the  convent  of  La  K&bida,  where  Columbus  was 
sheltered  and  received  efficient  aid  for  his  voyage.  The 
simple  buildings,  with  the  iron  cross  before  the  door,  the 
two  arcaded  courts  surrounded  with  cells,  and  the  large 
hall  of  the  prior  Marchena,  remain  very  nearly  as  when 
the  discoverer  sojourned  there.   Population  (1887),  18,196. 

Huel'7a,  Alonso  Sanchez  de.  The  name  given 
by  Garcilasso  de  la  Vega  (1609)  to  a  sailor  or 
pilot  who  is  said  to  have  discovered  land  west 
of  the  Cabary  Islands  about  1484.  According  to 
the  story,  this  man  died  in  the  house  of  Columbus  alter 
having  revealed  to  him  the  secret  of  the  discovery.  The 
report,  in  a  much  less  definite  form,  and  without  the  name, 
first  appeared  in  Oviedo's  history  in  1635.  It  is  now  gen- 
erally discredited. 

Huen-Tsang  (hwen-tsang').  See  Siouen-Tsang. 

Huesca  (wes'ka).  1.  A  province  of  Aragon, 
Spain,  bounded  by  Prance  on  the  north,  Lerida 
on  the  east,  Saragossa  on  the  south,  and  Na- 
varre and  Saragossa  on  the  west.  Area,  5,878 
square  mUes.  Population  (1887),  254,958. — 3. 
The  capital  of  the  province  of  Huesca,  situated 
40  miles  northeast  of  Saragossa.  it  was  occupied 
by  the  Arabs  from  713  to  1096,  and  was  probably  the  ancient 
Osca.  It  is  noted  for  its  cathedral  of  the  15th  century. 
The  great  recessed  west  door  has  fine  statues  and  reliefs, 
and  the  alabaster  reredos,  sculptured  with  the  Passion  of 
Christ,  is  by  the  master  who  executed  that  in  the  Pilar  at 
Saragossa.    Population  (1887),  13,041. 

Hudscar  (wes'kar).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Granada,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guardal  in  lat. 
37°  47'  N.,  long.  2°  33'  W.  Population  (1887), 
7,528. 

Huet  (ii-ef),  Pierre  Daniel.  Bom  at  Caen, 
Prance,  Peb.  8,  1630:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  26, 
1721.  A  French  prelate,  bishop  o£  Avranches, 
and  a  noted  scholar.  He  wrote  "  Demonstratio  evan- 
gelica"(1679),  "Censura  philosophiss  cartesianss"  ("Cri- 
tique of  the  Philosophy  of  Descartes,"  1689),  etc. 

Huexotzinco  (wa-Hot-then'ko).  [A  Nahuatl 
name.]  A  town  on  the  eastern  base  of  the  Iz- 
tae-oihuatl,  in  the  state  of  Puebla,  Mexico.  At 
the  time  of  the  conquest  the  tribe  of  Huexotzinco  was  in- 
dependent, and  almost  always  at  war  with  the  Mexicans 
and  their  confederates.  In  1624  a  convent  was  established 
there,  parts  of  which  are  still  occupied. 

Hufeland  (hs'fe-lant),  Christoph.  Wilhelm. 

Bom  at  Langensalza,  Prussia,  Aug.  12,  1762: 
died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  25, 1836.  A  noted  German 
physician  and  medical  writer.  He  wrote  "Makro- 
biotik,  Oder  die  Kunst  da^  menschliche  Leben  zu  ver- 
langern  "  (1796),  and  numerous  other  works. 

Hufeland,  Gottlieb.  Born  at  Dantzic,  Prussia, 
Oct.  19,  1760 :  died  at  Halle,  Prussia,  Feb.  18, 
1817.    A  German  jurist  and  political  economist. 

Hug  (hoG),  Johann  Leonhard.  Bom  at  Con- 
stance, Baden,  June  1,  1765 :  died  at  Freiburg, 
Baden,  March  11,  1846.  A  G-erman  Roman 
Catholic  biblical  critic.  He  wrote  ' '  Einleitung 
in  die  Schriften  des  Neuen  Testaments  "  (1808), 
etc. 

Hugel  (hu'gel).  Baron  Karl  Alexander  An- 
selm  von.  Bom  at  Eatisbon,  Bavaria,  April 
25,  1796:  died  at  Brussels,  June  2,  1870.  A 
German  traveler  in  Asia,  the  East  Indies,  and 
elsewhere.  He  published  "  Easchmir  und  das  Eeich 
der  Sikhs"  (1840-42),  "Das  Becken  von  Kabul"  (1861-62), 
etc. 

Huger  (u-je'),  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Santee,  S.C., 
1805:  died  at  Charleston,  Dec.  7, 1877.  A  Con- 
federate general  in  the  Civil  War.  He  command- 
ed a  division  under  General  Johnston  at  Fair  Oaks,  and 
under  General  Lee  at  Malvern  Hill, 

Huger,  Francis  Kinlocll.  Bom  at  Charleston, 
S.  C,  Sept.,  1773:  died  there,  Peb.  14,  1855. 
An  American  officer,  nephew  of  Isaac  Huger. 
He  joined  Dr.  Eric  BoUman  in  the  unsuccessful  attempt 
to  liberate  La  Fayette  from  the  fortress  of  Olmiitz  in  1797, 
with  the  result  that  he  was  imprisoned  by  the  Austrian 
government  nearly  eight  months. 

Huger,  Isaac.  Bom  on  Limerick  Plantation, 
S.  C,  March  19,  1742 :  died  Oct.  17,  1797.  An 
American  general  in  the  Eevolution.  He  com- 
manded the  left  wing  at  the  battleof  Stono,  June  20, 1779 ; 
was  defeated  by  Tarleton  and  Webster  at  Monk's  Corner, 
South  Carolina ;  and  commanded  the  Virginians  at  Guil- 
ford Court  House. 

Huggins  (hug'inz),  Sir  William.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  7,  1824.  An  English  astronomer, 
noted  for  his  researches  in  spectrum  analysis. 

Hugh  (hu),  F.  Hugues  (iig),  "the  Great,"  or 
"tlie  White."  Died  June  16, 956.  Count  of  Paris 
and  Duke  of  France.  He  married  Hedwig,  sister  of 
the  emperor  Otto  I.,  by  whom  he  became  the  father  of 
Hugh  Capet. 

Hugh,  or  Hugo  (hu'go),  of  Lincoln,  or  of  Ava- 
lon.  Saint.      Born  at  Avalon,  France,  about 


Hugo,  Victor  Marie 

1135 :  died  at  London,  Nov.,  1200.  An  English 
prelate,  made  bishop  of  Lincoln  in  1186. 
Hugh  of  Lincoln.  An  English  boy  alleged  to 
have  been  put  to  death  by  Jews  at  Lincoln, 
England, 1255.  He  is  the  subject  of  the  "Prioress'sTale" 
in  Chaucer's  "Canterbury  Tales," and  of  "Alphonsus  of 
Lincoln." 

Hugh,  or  Hugo,  of  Saint  Cher.    Bom  at  St. 

Cher,  near  Vienne,  France,  about  1200 :  died  at 
Orvieto,  Italy,  1263.  A  French  cardinal  and 
theological  compiler. 

Hugh,  or  Hugo,  of  Saint  Victor.  Bom  about 
1097:  died  Feb.  11, 1141.  A  French  mystical 
theologian.     His  works  were  edited  in  1648. 

Hugh  Capet  (hu  ka'pet ;  F.  prou.  iig  ka-pa'). 
Died  Oct.  24,  996.  King  of  France  987-996,  son 
of  Hugh  the  Great  whom  he  succeeded  in  the 
duchy  of  France  and  in  the  countship  of  Paris 
in  956.  He  was  elected  king  on  the  extinction  of  the 
direct  line  of  Charles  the  Great  by  the  death  of  LoQis  le 
Faineant  without  issue  in  987.  He  found  the  royal  do- 
main restricted  to  the  region  bounded  by  the  Sbmme,  the 
Loire,  Normandy,  Anjou,  and  Champagne  ;  and  was  pow- 
erless to  resist  the  great  feudatories  —  the  dukes  of  Nor- 
mandy, Brittany,  Burgundy,  and  Aquitaine,  and  the  counts 
of  Flanders,  Champagne,  and  Vermandois  —  each  of  whom 
surpassed  the  king  in  military  power  and  in  extent  of  ter- 
ritory.   He  became  the  fotinder  of  the  Capetian  dynasty. 

Hughenden  (hu'en-den).  A  village  in  Buck- 
inghamshire, England,  31  miles  west-northwest 
of  London.  Hughenden  Manor  was  the  seat  of 
the  Earl  of  Beaoousfield. 

Hughes  (hiiz),  John.  Bom  in  County  Tyrone, 
Ireland,  June  24,  1797 :  died  at  New  York,  Jan. 
3, 1864.  A  Eoman  Catholic  prelate.  He  became 
bishop  of  New  York  in  1842,  and  archbishop  in  1850.  He 
founded  St.  John's  College,  Fordham,  in  1839. 

Hughes,  Thomas.  Bom  near  Newbury,  Oct. 
20, 1823 :  died  at  Brighton,  March  22, 1896.  An 
English  author,  reformer,  and  politician.  He 
was  educated  at  Rugby  under  Dr.  Arnold,  and  was  later  as- 
sociated with  Cauon  Kingsley  and  F.  D.  Maurice  in  the 
movement  for  improving  the  condition  of  the  poor  known 
as  Christian  Socialism.  He  lectured  in  the  United  States 
in  1870,  and  in  1880  he  founded  the  "Kugby  Colony"  in 
Tennessee.  He  was  made  queen's  counsel  in  1869,  and 
countycourtjudgeinl882.  (See Riigiy.')  Hewrote"Toin 
Brown's  School-Days"  (1856),  "The  Scouring  of  the  White 
Horse"  (1858),  "Tom  Brown  at  Oxford"  (1861),  "The  Man- 
liness of  Chiist"  (1879),  "Eugby,  Tennessee  "  (1881),  etc. 

Hugli,  or  Hooghly  (hog'le).  The  westernmost 
channel  of  the  Ganges,  at  its  delta.  Calcutta 
is  situated  on  it.    Length,  145  mUes. 

Hugli,  or  Hooghly.  A  city  of  Bengal,  on  the 
Hugh  about  25  miles  north  of  Calcutta.  Pop- 
ulation, about  31,000. 

Hugo.    See  Hugh. 

Hugo  (ho'go),  Gustav.  Bom  at  Lorraoh,  Baden, 
Nov.  23, 1764 :  died  at  Gottingen,  Prussia,  Sept. 
15,  1844.  A  German  jurist,  author  of  "Lehr- 
buch  des  civilistischen  Kursus  "  (1807-22). 

Hugo  (hii'go ;  F.  pron.  ii-go'),  Victor  Marie. 
Bom  at  Besanjon,  Peb.  26, 1 802 :  died  at  Paris, 
May  22,  1885.  A  celebrated  French  poet,  the 
recognized  leader  of  the  romantic  school  of  the 
19th  century  in  France.  His  childhood  was  spent 
partly  with  his  mother  in  Paris,  and  partly  in  Corsica,  Elba, 
Italy,  and  Spain — wherever  his  father,  an  officer  in  the 
French  army,  could  gather  his  family  about  him.  He  re- 
ceived his  early  education  from  his  mother,  and  also  at  the 
hands  of  an  old  priest,  Lariviire.  In  1816  he  went  to  school, 
and  thence  to  the  Lyo^e  Louis-le-Grand  in  Paris;  In  1816 
lie  wrote  his  first  tragedy,**  Irtamfene."  While  still  at  school 
he  began  another  teagedy,  "Ath61ie,"  and  composed  a 
melodrama, "  Inez  de  Castro,  "and  several  poems.  He  also 
competed  for  a  prize  of  the  French  Academy  with  a  poem, 
"  Sur  les  avantages  de  I'^tude  "  (1817).  Again,  in  1818,  he 
competed  with  his  poems  "Sur  I'institution  du  jury  "and 
"  Sur  les  avantages  de  I'enseignementmutuel."  His  suc- 
cess encouraged  him  to  send  to  the  Academy  of  Floral 
Games  at  Toulouse  "  Les  derniers  bardes,"  "  Les  vierges  de 
Verdun,"  and  "Le  r^tablissement  de  la  statue  de  Henri 
IV. "  (1819),  for  which  he  was  awarded  the  principal  prize. 
In  1820  he  took  another  prize  with  his  poem  "  Moise  sur 
le  Nil,"  and  was  made  maitre  &s  jeux-floraux.  In  1819  he 
had  founded  a  fortnightly  review,  "Le  Conservateur  Litt6- 
raire  " :  he  wrote  also  for  "LaMuseFran^aise  "  Hispoeti- 
cal  compositions  include  "  Odes  et  poesies  diverses  "  (1822), 
"Nouvelles  odes"  (1824),  "Odes  et  ballades"  (1826:  of 
which  a  revised  and  enlarged  edition  appeared  in  1828), 
"Les  orientales  "  (1829.),  "Les  leuilles  d'automne"  (1831), 
"Les  chants  du  crepuscule  "  (1835), "  Les  voix  int^rieures  " 
(1837),  "Les  rayons  et  les  ombres"  (1840),  "Les  ch&ti- 
ments  "  (1853),  "Les  contemplations "  (1866-57),  first  series 
of  "Lalegendedessifecles"(1859),  "Les  chansons  des  rues 
et  des  bois"  (1865),  "L'Ann^e  terrible"  (1872),  "L'Art 
d'fitre  grand-pfere"  (1877),  second  series  of  "La l^gende  des 
siJcles"  (1877),  "Le  pape  "  (1878),"  La  pitiS  supreme  "  (1879), 
' '  Ii'Ane  (1880), ' '  Religion  et  religions  "  (1880), '  'Les  quatre 
vents  de  I'esprit "  (1881),  third  series  of  "La l^gende  des 
sifecles"  (1883),  "La  fin  de  Satan"  (1886),  "Dieu"  (1891), 
"Toute  la  lyre  "  (1888-93).  As  a  dramatist  Victor  Hugo 
adapted  "Amy  Eobsart"  (1828)  from  Scott's  "Kenil- 
worth,"  and  also  wrote  "Cromwell"  (1827),  "Marion  De- 
lorme  "  0.829),  "  Hernani "  (1830),  "  Le  roi  s'amuse  "  (1832), 
"Lucrfece Borgia" (1833),  "Marie Tudor "(1833),  "Angelo" 
(1885),  "Esmeralda "(1836),  "Euy  Bias"  (1838),  "LesBur- 
graves " (1843),  "Torquemada"  (1882),  "Le  theatre  en  li- 
berty "  (1886),  and  "  Les  jumeaux  ■  (1889).  Victor  Hugo's 
prose  writings  are  "  Han  d'Islande  "  (1823),  "  Bug-Jargal " 
(1826).  "Le  dernier  jour  d'an  condamn^  "  (1829),  "Notie 


Hugo,  Victor  Marie 

Dame  de  Paris  "  (1831),  "Litt^rature  et  philosophle  mS- 
ISes  "  and  ■ '  Claude  Gueux  "  (1834),  "  Le  Rhin  "  (1842),  "  Na- 
poleon le  petit "  (1862),  "Les  mistobles "  (1862),  "Victor 
Hugo  raconte  par  un  t^moin  de  sa  Tie  "  (1863),  "  William 
Shakespeare  "  (1864),  "Les  travailleurs  de  la  mer"  (1866), 
"L'Homme  qui  rit"(1869),  "Actes  et  paroles"  (1872-76), 
"  Quatrevingt-treize  "  (1874),  "Histoire  d'un  crime  "  (1877- 
1878),  '•  CJhoses  vues  "  (1887),  "  En  voyage  :  Alpes  et  Pyre- 
nees "  (1890).  He  was  elected  to  the  French  Academy  Jan. 
7, 1841.  His  interest  In  politics  and  journalism  led  him  to 
lound  a  newspaper,  "L':fivenement,"  in  1848.  After  the 
revolution  of  this  year  he  was  exiled  (in  l85l)1from  France, 
not  to  return  till  the  fall  of  the  empire  in  1870.  He  went 
first  to  Belgium,  in  1852  to  Jersey,  and  in  1855  to  Guernsey. 
Victor  Hugo  was  elected  a  life  member  of  the  French  sen- 
ate in  1876,  and  the  last  years  of  his  life  were  devoted  to 
literary  work. 

Huguenots  (M'ge-nots).  [The  name  as  applied 
to  the  Protestants  of  France  was  first  used 
alDout  1560,  being  apparently  imported  from 
Geneva,  where  it  appears  to  have  been  for  some 
time  in  use  as  a  political  nickname.  Its  par- 
ticular origin  is  unknown :  no  contemporary 
inform|tion  has  been  found.]  The  Reformed 
or  Calvinistie  communion  of  Prance  in  the  16th 
and  17th  centuries.  The  Huguenots  were  the  Puri- 
tans of  France,  noted  in  general  for  their  austere  virtues 
and  the  singular  purity  of  their  lives.  They  were  perse- 
cuted in  the  reign  of  Francis  I.  and  his  immediate  suc- 
cessors, and  after  1562  were  frequently  at  war  with  the 
Catholics,  under  the  lead  of  such  men  as  Admiral  Coligny 
and  the  King  of  Navarre  (afterward  Henry  IV.  of  France). 
In  spite  of  these  wars  and  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew 
(Aug.  24,  1572),  they  continued  numerous  and  powerful, 
and  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  issued  by  Henry  IV.  (1698),  se- 
cured to  them  full  political  and  civil  rights.  Their 
political  power  was  broken  with  the  surrender  of  La 
Bochelle  in  1628,  and  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of 
Nantes  by  Louis  XTV.  (1685),  and  the  subsequent  persecu- 
tions, forced  hundreds  of  thousands  into  exile  to  Prussia, 
the  Netherlands,  Switzerland,  England,  etc.  Many  settled 
in  the  colonies  of  New  York,  Virginia,  etc.,  but  especially  in 
South  Carolina.  The  name  is  sometimes  applied  at  the 
present  day  to  the  descendants  of  the  original  Huguenots. 

Huguenots,  Les.  An  opera  by  Meyerbeer,  first 
produced  at  Paris  in  1836. 

Hugues  (lig),  Victor.  Bom  at  Marseilles,  1761 : 
died  near  Bordeaux,  Nov.,  1826.  A  French  ad- 
ministrator. He  went  to  Santo  Domingo  in  1778,  was  en- 
gaged in  the  revolution  of  1789,andwasdeported  to  France. 
The  Convention  made  him  commissioner  to  the  French 
West  Indies  (1794),  where  he  reconquered  Guadeloupe  and 
took  St.  Lucia  and  other  islands  from  the  English.  In  his 
government  of  Guadeloupe  he  showed  extreme  cruelty  to 
those  opposed  to  revolutionary  ideas.  He  fitted  out  several 
privateers  which  preyed  not  only  on  the  English  but  On 
North  American  commerce,  nearly  provoking  a  war  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  France  (1798).  Recalled  in 
Dec,  1798,  he  was madegovernorof  Cayenne inl799,  finally 
surrendering  to  the  English  Jan.  12, 1809.  He  was  again 
governor  of  Cayenne  1817-19. 

Huilliches(wel-ye-chas').  [Araucanian:  huilU, 
southern,  and  oM,  people.]  The  name  given  to 
various  hordes  of  Indians  of  the  Araucanian 
stock  who  inhabit  that  portion  of  Chile  near 
the  Gull  of  Ancud.     See  Araucanians. 

Huitzilibuitl  (wet-ze-le ' wetl) .  [Nahuatl, '  hum- 
ming-bird.'] Died  in  1414.  An  Aztec  sovereign 
of  Tenochtitlan  (Mexico)  from  1403.  He  was  a 
son  of  Acampichtli,  and  married  a  daughter  of  the  Tec- 
panec  chieftain, 'thus  strengthening  the  alliance  between 
the  two  tribes.  It  is  said  that  a  regular  system  of  laws  was 
first  established  during  his  reign. 

Huitzilopochtli  (wet-zel-6-p6eh'tle).  The  war- 
god  and  principal  deity  of  the  ancient  Mexicans : 
' '  the  mythic  leader  and  chief  deity  of  the  Az- 
tecs, dominant  tribe  of  the  Nahua  nation  "  {Ban- 
croft), He  was  represented  by  a  hideous  stone  idol,  be- 
lieved by  Bandelier  and  others  to  be  the  one  now  preserved 
in  tlie  museum  at  Mexico.  As  he  was  supposed  to  be  of 
avery  sanguinary  disposition,  immense  numbers  of  human 
sacrifices  were  made  before  the  idol.  When  his  great  tem- 
ple was  dedicated,  in  1486,  it  is  stated  that  70,000  victims 
(evidently  an  exaggeration)  were  slain.  It  appears  that 
he  was  also  called  Mextli  (whence  the  name  Mexico,  given 
to  Tenochtitlan). 

Hulin,  or  HuUin  (ii-lan'),  Comte  Pierre  Au- 
gustin.  Bom  at  Paris,  Sept.  6,  1758 :  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  9,  1841.  A  French  general  in  the 
Napoleonic  wars.  He  became  adjutant-general  to  Bo- 
naparte in  1796,  and  general  of  division  in  1802.  He  pre- 
sided at  the  court  martial  which  condemned  the  Due  d'En- 
ghi  en  in  1804,  and  in  1812,  when  governor  of  Paris,  put  down 
the  conspiracy  of  Malet  to  subvert  the  empire. 

Hull  (hul),  or  Kingston-Upon-Hull  (kingz'tgn- 
u-pon-hul').  A  seaport  in  the  East  Hiding'  of 
Yorkshire,  England,  situated  at  the  entrance  of 
the  Hull  into  the  Humber,  in  lat.  53°  45'  N., 
long.  0°  19'  W.  After  London  and  Liverpool,  Hull  is 
the  principal  port  in  England.  It  is  an  important  terminus 
of  steam-packet  lines  to  domestic,  continental,  and  Ameri- 
<jan  ports,  and  a  center  for  extensive  fisheries.  Trinity 
Church  is  one  of  the  greatest  of  English  parish  churches, 
in  the  Decorated  and  Perpendicular  styles:  it  exhibits 
highly  interesting  tracery.  Hull  became  an  important 
port  under  Edward  I.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  William  Wil- 
berforoe.    Population  (1901),  240,618. 

Hull.  A  town  in  Ottawa  County,  Quebec,  on  the 
Ottawa  Eiver  opposite  Ottawa.  Population 
(1901),  13,993. 

Hull,  Isaac,  Bom  at  Derby,  Conn.,  March  9, 
1773(1775?):  died  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  13, 1843. 


518 

An  American  commodore.  He  commanded  the 
Constitution,  which  defeated  and  captured  the 
Guerrifere  Aug.  19,  1812. 

Hull,  William.  Bom  at  Derby,  Conn.,  June 
24,  1753:  died  at  Newton,  Mass.,  Nov.  29, 1825. 
An  American  general .  He  served  through  the  Revo- 
lutionary War ;  was  governor  of  Michigan  Territory  1806- 
1814 ;  and  surrendered  Detroit  to  the  British  in  1812. 

HulUn.    See  Hulin. 

Hulse  (huls),  John.  Born  at  Middlewieh,  Che- 
shire, March  15,  1708:  died  Dee.  14,  1790.  An 
English  clergyman.  He  bequeathed  estates  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge,  which  form  an  endowment  for  the 
Hulsean  professorship  of  divinity,  for  the  Hulseau  lec- 
tures (on  the  Christian  evidences,  or  in  explanation  of  difii- 
oult  or  obscure  parts  of  Scripture),  and  for  certain  Hulsean 
prizes. 

Hulst  (hulst).  A  town  in  the  Netherlands,  16 
miles  west  by  north  of  Antwerp. 

Huma,  or  Wahuma  (wa-ho'ma).  A  pastoral 
tribe  of  Galla  origin  which  has  given  toKaragwe, 
Unyoro,  and  Uganda  their  royal  families.  In 
these  3  kingdoms  they  are  found  as  herdsmen,  giving  wives 
to  their  Bantu  neighbors,  but  keeping  otherwise  separate. 
In  Unyoro  and  Karagwe  they  are  honored;  in  Uganda 
they  are  rather  despised.  Like  the  Galla,  they  are  a  fine- 
looking  race.  Everywhere  they  speak  the  Bantu  languages 
of  their  neighbors  in  addition  to  their  own,  which  must 
be  of  Hamitic  structure. 

Humahuacas  (o-ma-wS'kas).  Atribe  of  Indians 
who  inhabited  the  valleys  and  plateaus  of  the 
eastern  Andes,  in  what  is  now  the  Argentine 
province  of  Jujuy  and  southern  Bolivia.  They 
made  a  brave  resisi^nce  to  the  Spaniards  from  1592  to  about 
1650,  when  the  remnants  were  t^en  to  Eioja,  farther  south ; 
there  they  soon  became  extinct  as  a  tribe. 

Humaliwi.    See  SwmawM. 

Humaita  (o-ma-e-ta').  A  town  of  southwestern 
Paraguay,  on  the  river  Paraguay  15  miles  above 
its  confluence  with  the  Parand.  The  river  is  here 
greatly  narrowed.  Humaita  and  an  advanced  post  to  the 
south,  called  CurupaitI,  were  strongly  fortified  by  the 
elder  and  younger  Lopez,  and  they  are  memorable  for  the 
long  siege  which  they  sustained  from  the  Brazilian  and 
Argentine  forces  during  the  war  of  the  Triple  Alliance. 
The  works  were  abandoned  July  25, 1868,  and  were  dis- 
mantled by  the  Brazilians. 

Humawhi  (ho-mfl,'hwe) .  An  almost  extinct  tribe 
of  North  American  Indians.     See  Falaihnihan. 

Humbaba.    See  Khumbaba. 

Hunibe(hom'be).  A  Portuguese  fort  and  county 
capital  on  the  Kunene  Eiver,  West  Africa.  Sev- 
eral wars  have  been  fought  here  between  the  Portuguese, 
the  Boers,  and  the  natives.    The  native  name  is  Unkumbi. 

Humber  (hum'ber).  [ME.  Humber,  Humbre, 
AS.  Humber,  Humbre."]  An  estuary  formed  by 
the  junction  of  the  Trent  and  the  Ouse,  England. 
It  lies  between  Yorkshire  on  the  north  and  Lincolnshire 
on  the  south.  Length,  about  40  miles.  The  chief  ports  are 
Hull  and  Grimsby.  It  was  the  boundary  of  ancient  North- 
umbria  (Deira)  and  Mercia. 

Humbert  (hum'bert), It.  Umberto(6m-ber'to), 
I. , Ranieri  Carlo  Emanuele  Giovanni  Maria 
Ferdinaudo Eugenie.  Born  at  Turin,Mareh  14, 
1844 :  assassinated  at  Monza,  near  Milan,  July 
29, 1900.  King  of  Italy,  son  of  Victor  Emman- 
uel, whom  he  succeeded  in  1878.  He  commanded, 
while  Prince  of  Piedmont,  a  division  of  General  Gialdini's 
army  at  Custozza  June  24, 1866.  The  most  notable  event  of 
his  reign  was  the  formation  of  the  Triple  Alliance  (in  1882) . 

Humboldt  (hum'bolt ;  G.  pron.  h6m'b61t),Baron 
Friedrich  Heinricb  Alexander  von.  Bom  at 
BerUn,  Sept.  14,  1769  :  died  there,  May  6, 1859. 
A  celebrated  German  scientist  and  author.  He 
studied  at  the  universities  of  Frankfort-on-the-Oder  and 
Gbttingen,  and  after  traveling  in  Holland,  Belgium,  and 
England  continued  his  studies  at  the  Mining  School  in 
Freiberg.  From  1792  lie  was  for  several  years  mining  en- 
gineer at  Steben,  near  Bayreuth,  but  resigned  the  position 
in  1797  to  travel  in  Switzerland,  Italy,  and  France.  In  Paris 
he  became  acquainted  with  Aime  Bonpland,  with  whom 
he  undertook  from  1799  to  1804  a  scientific  journey  to  South 
America  and  Mexico.  From  1809  to  1827  he  lived  for  the 
most  part  in  Paris,  engaged  in  scientific  work.  After  1827 
he  took  up  his  permanent  residence  in  Berlin.  In  1829,  at 
the  instance  of  the  Emjperor  of  Russia,  he  undertook  an- 
other scientific  expedition,  to  Siberia  and  the  Caspian  Sea. 
Subsequently.until  his  death,  he  lived  in  Berlin.  The  re- 
sults of  the  American  journey  were  published  in  a  large 
series  of  works  with  the  general  title  "  Voyage  aux  regions 
equinoxiales  du  nouveau  continent."  They  include  "Re- 
lation historique "  (1814-25,  covering  only  the  first  part  of 
the  trip),  "  Essai politique  sur  la  Nouvelle  Espagne  "  (1811), 
"Essaf  politique  sur  I'isle  de  Cuba"  (1826-27),  scientific 
monographs,  atlases,  etc.  The  "Asie  Centrale"and  other 
works  describe  the  Asiatic  journey.  The  "Examen  cri- 
tique de  I'histoire  de  la  geographic  du  nouveau  continent, 
etc.,"  a  work  showing  great  research,  was  published 
1814-34,  and  "Kosmos"  1845-58.  The  latter,  perhaps  the 
greatest  of  Humboldt's  books,  was  first  published  in  Ger- 
man.   Commonly  known  as  Alexander  von  Humboldt. 

Humboldt,  Baron  Friedricb  Willielm  Chris- 
tian Karl  Ferdinand  von,  commonly  known 
as  Wilhelm  von  Humboldt.  Bom  at  Potsdam, 
Prussia,  June  22, 1767:  died  at  Tegel,  near  Ber- 
lin, April  8,  1835.  A  German  philologist  and 
author.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  Frankfort-on-the- 
Oder  and  Gbttingen.  He  afterward  traveled  extensively 
through  Europe,  and  acquired  a  mastery  of  the  principal 
modern  languages.     From  1801  to  1808  he  was  Prussian 


Humphrey 

minister  resident  in  Rome.  The  latter  year  he  returned 
to  Berlin,  where,  as  minister  of  public  instruction,  he  was 
active  in  the  foundation  of  the  new  University  ol  Berlin. 
Afterward  he  was  minister  resident  in  Vienna  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Vienna  Congress.  Later  he  was  minister  resi- 
dent in  London,  and,  finally,  minister  of  the  interior  in 
Berlin.  After  1819  he  lived  for  the  most  part  at  Tegel.  Hia 
principal  work,  "  Ueber  die  Kawisprache  auf  der  Insel 
Jawa  "  ("  On  the  Kawi  Language  of  the  Island  of  Java  "), 
appeared  posthumously  at  Berlin  1836-40,  in  3  vols.  The 
introduction  to  this  work, "  Ueber  die  Verschiedenheit  des 
menschlichen  Sprachbaues  und  ihren  Einfluss  auf  die  geis- 
tigeEntwickelungdesMenschengeschlechts"("OntheDlf. 
f  erence  in  the  Construction  of  Language,  and  its  Infiuence 
upon  the  Intellectual  Development  of  the  Human  Race"), 
has  been  published  several  times  separately.  "  Brief  e  an 
eine  Freundm"  ("Letters  to  a  Friend,"  Charlotte  Diede) 
appeared  first  in  1847.  His  collected  works  were  published 
at  Berlin,  1841-62,  in  7  vols.    Brother  of  the  preceding. 

Humboldt  (hum'bolt)  Lake,  or  Humboldt 
Sink.  A  lake  in  the  west  of  Nevada,  with  no 
outlet  to  the  sea. 

Humboldt  Mountains.  A  range  of  mountains 
in  the  eastern  part  of  Nevada. 

Humboldt  River.  A  river  in  Nevada,  flowing 
into  Lake  Humboldt.  Length,  about  850  miles. 
Its  valley  is  traversed  by  the  Central  Pacific 
Railroad. 

Hume  (hum),  David.  [The  name  Hume  is  the 
same  as  Home.']  Born  at  Edinburgh,  April  26 
(O.  S.),  1711 :  died  there,  Aug.  25, 1776.  A  fa- 
mous Scottish  philosopher  and  historian.  He 
studied  at  Edinburgh ;  went  to  France  in  1734,  where  he 
remained  until  1737,  chiefly  at  La  Fleche  in  Anjou ;  retired 
to  Ninewells,  Berwickshire,  in  1740  ;  became  a  companion 
to  the  Marquis  of  Annandale  in  1745,  and  was  dismissed  in 
1746  ;  became  secretary  to  General  St.  Clair,  by  whom  he 
was  appointed  judge-advocate,  and  whom  he  accompanied 
on  an  embassy  to  Vienna  and  Turin;  was  appointed  keeper 
of  the  Library  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates  at  Edinburgh  in 
1752  ;  visited  France  1763-66  ;  and  was  under-secretarycf 
state  1767-68.  He  is  chiefly  celebrated  as  the  expounder 
of  skeptical  views  in  philosophy,  which  have  produced  an 
extraordinary  effect  upon  all  metaphysical  thinking  since 
his  day.  He  wrote  *'A  Treatise  of  Human  Nature,  etc." 
(1739-40),  "Essays,  Moral  and  Political"'  (1741-42),  "Philo- 
sophical Essays  concerning  Human  Understanding ''(1748 : 
afterward  called  "An  Enquiry  concerning  Human  Under- 
standing "), "  Political  Discourses  "  (1751),  "An  Enquiry  con- 
cerning the  Principles  of  Morals"  (176l),  "Four  Disserta- 
tions "  (1757), "  History  of  England  "(1764-61), ' '  Natural  His- 
tory of  Religion  "(1757),  "Two Essays "(1777),  "Dialogues 
concerning  Natural  Religion  "  (1779).  Collected  works  ed- 
ited by  Green  and  Grose  (4  vols.,  1874) ;  life  by  J.  H.  Burton 
(1846). 

Hummel  (hSm'mel),  Johann  Nepomuk.  Born 
at  Presburg,  Hungary,  Nov.  14,  1778 :  died  at 
Weimar,  Germany,  Oct.  17, 1837.  A  noted  Ger- 
man pianist  and  composer  for  the  pianoforte, 
author  of  concertos,  sonatas,  operas  (3),  etc.  He 
was  a  pupil  of  Mozart^  kapellmeister  to  Prince  Esterhizy 
1804-11,  conductor  at  Stuttgart  1816,  and  later  (1820)  con- 
ductor at  Weimar. 

Hummums,  The.    See  the  extract. 

In  the  southeast  comer  of  the  market-place  (Covent  Gar- 
den), and  occupying  that  portion  which  was  destroyed  by 
flre,  are  two  hotels,  known  by  the  strange  names  of  the 
"  Old  Hummums  "  and  the  "  New  Hummnms. "  The  name 
is  a  corruption  of  "  Humoun."  Mr.  Wright,  in  his  "  His- 
tory of  Domestic  Manners  of  England,"  says :  "Among  the 
customs  introduced  from  Italy  was  the  hot  sweating  bath 
which,  under  the  name  of  the  hothouse,  became  widely 
known  in  England.  .  .  .  These  "  Hummums,"  however, 
when  established  in  London,  seem  to  have  been  mostly  fre- 
quented by  women  of  doubtful  repute.  .  .  .  They  soon 
came  to  be  used  for  the  purpose  of  intrigue  which  grad- 
ually led  to  their  suppression. 

Thambury,  Old  and  New  London,  HL  26L 

Humorists,  The.  A  comedy  by  Thomas  Shad- 
well,  produced  in  1671.  In  this  play  the  word 
humorist  has  its  early  meaning  of  a  capricious 
person. 

Humorous  Lieutenant.The.  A  play  by  Fletch- 
er, probably  produced  between  1618  and  1625, 
printed  in  1647. 

Humperdink  (hsm'per-dingk),  Engelbert. 
Born  Sept.  1, 1854.  A  noted  German  composer. 
His  opera  "Hansel  und  Gretel,"  produced  at  Weimar 
Dec.  23, 1893,  has  earned  for  him  the  title  of  "the  modern 
Wagner." 

Humphrey  (hum'f  ri),  Duke  of  Gloucester,  called 
"Good  Duke  Humphrey."  Bom  1391 :  died  at 
Bury  St.  Edmunds,  Feb.  23, 1447.  The  youngest 
son  of  Henry  IV.  by  his  first  wife,  Mary  Bohun.  He 
studied  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford,  and  was  noted  as  a  patron 
of  learning  and  a  collector  of  books.  He  was  the  founder, 
by  his  gifts  of  books,  of  the  library  of  that  university.  In 
1420  he  was  appointed  lieutenant  of  England,  and  held  that 
oflce  until  the  return  of  Henry  V.  in  1421.  On  Henry's 
death  Gloucester,  though  only  deputy  for  Bedford,  became 
practically  protector  of  the  young  king  Henry  VI. ,  through 
Bedford's  occupation  with  affairs  in  France.  In  1422  he 
married  Jacqueline,  only  daughter  of  William  VX,  count 
of  Hainault,  to  whose  estates  she  had  succeeded,  but  ,of 
which  she  had  been  deprived;  and  in  1424  conquered  Hai- 
nault and  was  proclaimed  its  count.  In  1428  his  marriage 
with  .Tacqueline  was  annulled,  and  he  soon  married  hia 
mistress,  Eleanor  Cobham.  His  protectorate,  which  was 
throughout  unfortunate,  was  terminated  by  the  coronation 
of  Henry  VI.,  Nov.  6, 1429.  In  1441  he  was  disgraced  through 
the  dealings  of  his  wife  with  the  astrologer  Bolingbroke. 
(See  Cobhairif  Eleanor.)  In  1447  he  was  arrested  by  order 
of  the  king,  and  in  a  tew  days  died. 


Htunphrey,  Eeman 

Humphrey,  Heman.  Bom  at  West  Simsbury, 
Hartford  Comity,  Conn.,  March  26,  1779:  died 
at  Pittsfleld,  Mass.,  April  3,  1861.  An  Ameri- 
can '  Congregational  clergyman  and  educator, 
president  of  Amherst  College  1823-45.  He  pub- 
lished "Tour  ia  France,  etc."  (1838). 

Humphrey  Clinker,  The  Expedition  of.  A 
novel  by  Tobias  George  Smollett,  published  in 
1771.    It  is  written  in  the  form  of  letters. 

They  [Mr.  and  IVIrs,  Bramble  on  their  expedition  in  search 
of  heEdth]  pick  up  a  postilion  named  Humphrey  Clinker, 
a  convert  to  the  new  doctrines  of  Whitefleld  and  Wesley, 
who  afterward  turns  out  to  be  a  natural  son  of  Mr.  Bramble 
himself,  and  who,  after  converting  Miss  Tabitha  and  Mrs. 
Winifred  [Mrs.  Bramble's  maid],  marries  the  latter. 
Forsyth,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Cent.,  p.  289. 

Humphreys  (hum'friz),  Andrew  Atkinson. 
Born  at  Philadelphia,  Nov.  2,  1810:  died  at 
Washington,  Deo.  27, 1883.  An  American  gen- 
eral. He  served  with  distinction  in  the  Union  army  in 
the  Civil  War,  commanding  a  division  at  the  battle  of  Get- 
tysburg in  1863,  and  a  corps  in  the  operations  about  Peters- 
burg 1864-86.  He  was  chief  of  engineers  in  the  United 
States  army  1866-79. 

Humphreys,  David.  Bom  at  Derhy,  Conn., 
July,  1752:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Feb.  21, 
1818.  An  American  poet  and  diplomatist.  He 
published,  with  Barlow,  Hopkins,  and  Trumbull,  the  *' An- 
archiad  "  (1786-88).  His  collected  works  were  published 
1790  and  1804. 

Humphrey's  Clock,  Master.  See  Master  Hum- 
phrey. 

Humphrey's  Walk,  Duke.  A  name  given  to 
the  middle  aisle  of  St.  Paul's  Church  in  London, 
on  account  of  the  tomb  of  Duke  Humphrey,  the 
son  of  Henry  IV.,  which  was  said  to  be  there. 

Humpoletz  (hSm'po-lets).  A  town  in  south- 
eastern Bohemia,  57  miles  southeast  of  Prague. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  5,913. 

Humuya  (o-mo'ya),  or  TTlua  (o-lo'a).  A  river 
in  Honduras  which  flows  northward  and  falls 
into  the  Gulf  of  Honduras. 

Huna(h6'na).  Bom  212:  died  297.  The  prin- 
cipal of  the  Talmudic  Academy  in  Sora,  Meso- 
potamia.   He  was  distinguished  both  for  leam- 

•  ing  and  charity. 

Hunah  (ho'na).  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, living  on  Chiehagof  Island,  Alaska.  They 
number  908.    See  Kolusdhan. 

Hu-nan,  or  Hoonan  (he-nan').  A  province  in 
central  China.  Area,  82,000  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 21,002,604. 

Huncamunca  (hung'ka-mung'ka).  A  character 
in  Fielding's  burlesque  tragedy  "Tom  Thumb 
the  Great."  she  is  the  daughter  of  Sing  Arthur  and 
Queen  DollalloUa,  and  is  sweet,  gentle,  and  amorous. 

Hunchback,  The.  A  comedy  by  J.  Sheridan 
Knowles,  produced  in  1832. 

Hundred  Days,  The.  The  period  of  about  100 
days,  from  the  middle  of  March  to  June  22, 1815, 
during  which  Napoleon  I.,  after  his  escape  from 
Elba,  made  his  final  effort  to  reestablish  his  em- 
pire. It  ended  in  the  crushing  defeat  at  Water- 
loo and  his  abdication. 

Hundred  Years'  War.  The  series  of  wars  be- 
tween England  and  Prance  about  1338-1453. 
The  English,  generally  victors  in  these  wars  down  to  about 
1430  (Cr^cy,  Poitiers,  Agincourt,  etc.),  and  rulers  of  a  great 
part  of  France,  were  finally  expelled  entirely,  except  from 
Calais,  which  they  retained  for  about  a  century  longer. 

Hundsrlick  (honts'riik).  A  mountain-range  in 
western  Germany,  between  the  Moselle  and 
Nahe,  connected  with  the  Vosges. 

Hunfalvy  (hon'fol-ve),  Janos.  Bom  at  Gross- 
Sehlagendbrf,  Zips,  Hungary,  June  9, 1820:  died 
Dee.  6, 1888.  A  Hungarian  geographer,  brother 
of  P4l  Hunfalvy.  His  chief  work  is  a  "  Phys- 
ical Geography  of  Hungary"  (1863-66). 

Hunfalvy,  Pdl.  Bom  at  Gross-Sehlagendorf, 
Zips,  Hungary,  March  12,  1810:  died  Nov.  30, 
1891.  A  Hungarian  philologist  and  ethnog- 
rapher. 

Hungarian  Insurrection.  A  rising  in  Hungary 
against  the  tyranny  of  Austria,  1848-49.  Kos- 
suth was  the  chief  leader.  The  overthrow  of  Metternich, 
the  reactionary  minister,  at  Vienna  in  March,  1848,  was 
Immediately  followed  by  a  revolutionary  movement  in 
Pest.  The  emperor  Ferdinand  was  forced  to  grant  a  sepa- 
rate Hungarian  ministry,  but  encouraged  Jellachioh,  the 
Ban  of  Croatia,  to  revolt  against  Hungary.  In  Oct.,  1848, 
Hungary  rose  in  insurrection.  The  war  continued  under 
the  reign  of  Francis  Joseph  (who  succeeded  Dec.  2).  The 
chief  Hungarian  generals  were  Gorgei,  Klapka,  Bern,  and 
Dembinskl.  In  April,  1849,  the  Hungarians  declared  their 
independence,  and  proclaimed  their  country  a  republic, 
with  Kossuth  as  governor.  By  the  aid  of  Russian  armies 
the  Austrians  conquered  the  country.  Gorgei  surrendered 
the  main  army  at  VilAgos  Aug.,  1849,  and  Kossuth  escaped. 
Austria  restored  the  constitutional  liberties  of  the  king- 
dom in  1867.  _     „  .      TT 

Hungary  (hung'ga-ri).  [ME.  Bmgane,  Hon- 
qarte,  OF.  Bongwrie,  F.  Rongrie,  8p.  ^S- Sun- 
aria,  It.  Ungheria,  Ongaria,  ML.  Hungana{G. 
Vngarn),  from  Hungari,  Ungari,  Ungn,  Ugn, 


519 

MGr.  Oiyypoi,  anamegiventotheMagyars.  The 
Magyar  name  of  the  country  is  Magyarorszdg.'\ 
A  country  of  central  Europe :  a  name  used  in 
three  distinct,  more  or  less  extended  senses, 
(o)  The  Transleithan  division  of  the  Austrian- 
Hungarianmonarchy,includingHungaryproper 
with  Transylvania,  Croatia  and  Slavonia,  and 
Fiume .  in  this  sense  it  is  a  Idngdom  united  wjth^ustria 
in  apersonal  union  under  the  emperor,  but  having  its  own 
Beichstag  at  Budapest :  this  is  composed  of  a  Table  of  Mag- 
nates and  a  Chamber  of  Deputies  (numbering  453),  andlegis- 
lates  in  general  for  the  Transleithan  division,  and  in  par- 
ticular for  Hungary  and  Transylvania.  In  the  Hungarian 
part  of  the  empire  less  than  one  half  are  Magyar,  the  re- 
mainder being  Humanians,  Germans,  Slovaks,  Serbo-Croa- 
tians,  Ruthenians,  etc.  As  regards  religion,  the  Roman 
Catholics  are  more  numerous  than  the  Greek  Church,  Prot- 
estants, and  Israelites.  (For  Croatia,  Slavonia,  Transylva- 
nia, see  these  names ;  for  the  empire  in  general,  see  Axis- 
tria.)  Area,  125,039  square  miles.  Population  (1900),  19,- 
092,292.  (S)  Hungary  proper  and  Transylvania 
(now  incorporated  with  it).  This  is  the  main  part 
of  the  Transleithan  division  just  described.  Area,  108,258 
square  miles.  Population  (1900),  16,666,904.  (<.)  Hun- 
gary proper  —  that  is,  the  main  portion  of  the 
Transleithan  division,  less  Transylvania.  See 
Transylvania,  in  this  sense,  Hungary  is  bounded  by 
Moravia  (separated  by  the  Carpathians)  on  the  northwest, 
Silesia  (separated  by  the  Carpathians)  on  the  north,  Galicia 
(separated  by  the  Carpathians)  on  the  north  and  northeast, 
Bukowina  and  Transylvania  on  the  east,  Servia (separated 
by  the  Danube)  and  Croatia-Slavonia  (separated  by  the 
Drave)  on  the  south,  and  Styria  and  lower  Austria  (sepa- 
rated by  the  Leitha  and  March)  on  the  west.  The  Carpathi- 
ans are  in  the  north  and  east ;  the  Bakony  Wald  and  spurs 
of  the  Alps  are  west  of  the  Danube.  The  leading  physical 
features  are  the  great  plains  of  the  Danube  and  Theiss. 
The  country  produces  large  quantities  of  wheat,  barley, 
rye,  Indian  corn,  wine ;  the  mineral  products  are  coal,  salt, 
iron,  lead,  copper,  silver,  gold,  etc. ;  the  exports  are  wheat, 
flour,  barley,  live  stock,  etc.  Including  Transylvania,  Hun- 
gary has  63  counties.  The  capital  and  principal  city  is 
Budapest.  The  dominant  people  in  Hungary  proper  are 
the  Magyars.  Hungary  proper  was  in  part  included  in 
Pannonia  and  Dacia.  The  settlement  of  the  Magyars  un- 
der Arp4d  took  place  about  895.  The  Magyars  made  many 
attacks  on  neighboring  lands,  and  were  defeated  by  Henry 
the  Fowler  and  by  Otto  the  Great  on  the  Lechteld  (966). 
Hungary  was  Christianized  in  the  end  of  the  10th  century, 
and  became  a  kingdom  under  St.  Stephen  in  1000.  During 
the  next  two  centuries  it  increased  its  territories  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  Slavs.  The  constitution  of  the  "Golden Bull " 
was  granted  in  1222.  The  country  was  terriblyravaged  by 
the  Mongols  in  1241.  The  ArpAd  dynasty  came  to  an  end  in 
1301,  and  was  followed  by  the  house  of  Anjou  (1309),  under 
which  Hungary  came  to  occupy  a  commanding  position. 
Louis  united  the  crowns  of  Hungary  and  Poland  1370-82  ; 
and  they  were  again  united  under  Ladislaus,  who  died  in 
1444.  War  against  the  Turks  was  carried  on  under  the  lead- 
ership of  Hunyady  (1442-66).  Matthias  Corvinus  reigned 
1468-90.  The  crowns  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia  were 
united  1490-1626.  On  the  overthrow  of  the  Hungarians  by 
the  Turks  at  the  battle  of  MohAes  in  1626,  a  great  part  of 
Hungary  passed  to  the  Turks,  and  Ferdinand  of  Hapsburg 
(later  emperor)  became  king  of  the  remainder  (with  Z4- 
polya  as  rival  king).  Buda  was  recovered  from  the  Turks  in 
1686.  The  sovereignty  wasmadehereditaryin  the  Hapsburg 
family  in  1687;  and  their  Hungarian  dominions  were  ceded 
by  the  Turks  in  1699  and  1718.  An  eight  years'  rebellion 
terminated  in  1711.  The  revolution  of  1848-49,  under  the 
leadership  of  Kossuth,  was  suppressed  with  Russian  assis- 
tance. The  dual  system  of  government  was  established 
under  the  leadership  of  De4k  in  1867.  Area  of  Hungary 
proper,  91,609  square  miles.    Population  (1890),  12,996,110. 

Hungerford  (hung'ger-ford),  Mrs.  (Margaret 
Hamilton  Argles).  Died  at  Bandon,  Ireland, 
Jan.  24, 1897.  An  Irish  novelist.  Most  of  her  books 
have  appeared  under  the  pseudonym  "The  Duchess." 

Hungu,  or  Mahungu  (ma-hen'go).  A  Bantti 
tribe  of  Angola,  west  .Africa,  stretching  in 
straggling  settlements  from  the  head  waters  of 
the  Dande  eastward  to  the  Kuangu  Eiver.  The 
Mahungu  grow  coffee,  which  they  sell  at  Dondo,  Loanda, 
and  Ambriz.  They  speak  a  dialect  of  Kongo  closely  re- 
lated to  Mbamba,  and  in  a  lesser  degree  to  Kimbundu. 

Hiiningen  (hii'ning-en),  p.  Huningue  (u- 

nan'g).  A  town  and  former  fortress  of  Upper 
Alsace,  on. the  Ehine  3  miles  north  of  Basel. 
Huns  (hunz).  [LL.  HuMni,  LGr.  Oivvoi,  also  LL. 
Chunni,  Chuni,  LGr.  Xovwoi,  Xovvor,  doubtfully 
identified  with  the  Chinese  Miongnu  or  Beung- 
noo,  a  people  who,  according  to  Chinese  annals, 
constituted  about  the  end  of  the  3d  century 
B.  0.  a  powerful  empire  in  central  Asia.]  A 
Mongolian  race  which,  having  crossed  the  "Volga 
about  350  and  totally  defeated  the  Alani,  united 
with  them  and  then  attacked  the  Goths,  thus 
compelling  the  irruption  of  the  Goths  into  the 
Boman  Empire  about  375.  The  Huns,  with  various 
subject  tribes,  invaded  Gaul  under  the  leadership  of  Attila, 
and  were  defeated  near  Ch&lons-sur-Mame  in  451.  (Com- 
pare AttHa.)  The  fate  of  the  Huns  is  uncertain.  They 
were  probably  merged  in  the  later  invaders. 

But  for  one  somewhat  disputed  source  of  information, 
all  is  dark  concerning  them.  That  source  is  the  history 
of  China.  If  the  Huns  be  the  Hiong-nu,  whose  ravages 
are  recorded  in  that  history,  then  we  have  a  minute  ac- 
count of  their  doings  for  centuries  before  the  Christian  era, 
and  we  know,  in  fact,  far  more  about  them  than  about  the 
inhabitants  of  Gaul  or  Britain  before  the  time  of  Julius 
Ctesar :  if  they  are  not,  our  ignorance  is  complete.  A 
learned  and  laborious  Frenchman,  M.  Deguignes,  m  the 


Huntingdon 

middle  of  last  century,  conceived  the  idea  that  the  Huns 
might  be  thus  identified,  and  with  infinite  pains  has  writ- 
ten out  their  history  from  Chinese  sources,  and  has  exhib- 
ited it  in  its  connection  with  that  of  the  various  Tartar 
conquerors,  who,  since  their  day,  have  poured  down  upon 
the  civilised  kingdoms  of  Europe  and  Asia  and  wasted 
them.  Sodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  11.  5. 

Huns,  White,  or  EphthaUtes.  An  ancient  peo- 
ple in  central  Asia,  near  the  Oxus.  They  were  so 
called  by  the  Greeks  on  account  of  their  civilization.  It 
is  supposed  that  they  became  established  in  the  region 
after  the  great  emigration  of  the  Huns.  They  were  finally 
blended  with  the  Turlis. 

Hunt  (hunt),  James  Henry  Leigh.  [The  sur- 
name Simt  is  from  ME.  hunte,  AS.  hunta,  a 
hunter.]  Born  at  Southgate,  near  London,  Oct. 
19, 1784 :  died  at  Putney,  near  London,  Aug.  28, 
1859.  An  English  essayist,  poet,  and  miscel- 
laneous author.  His  chief  works  are  essays,  the  poem 
"  Story  of  Rimini  "  (1816), ' '  Recollections  of  lord  Byron  " 
(1828),  "Autobiography "(I860). 

Hunt,  Richard  Morris.    Bom  at  Brattleboro, 

Vt.,  Oct.  28,  1828:   died  July  31,  1895.     An 

American  architect,  brother  of  W.  M.  Hunt. 
He  designed  the  Lenox  Library,  the  Tribune  building 
(New  York),  and  residences  in  Newport,  Boston,  etc. 

Himt,  Thomas  Sterry.  Bom  at  Norwich,  Conn., 
Sept.  5,  1826  :  died  at  New  York  city,  Feb.  12, 
1892.  An  American  chemist,  mineralogist,  and 
geologist.  He  was  chemist  and  mineralogist  to  the 
Geological  Survey  of  Canada  1847-72,  and  was  professor  of 
geology  in  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology 
1872-78.  He  wrote  "Chemical  and  Geological  Essays" 
(1874),  "The  Domain  of  Physiology"  (2d  ed.  1882),  "A 
New  Basis  for  Chemistry"  (1887),  etc. 

Hunt,  William  Henry.  Bom  at  London,  March 
28,1790:  died  Feb.  10, 1864.  An  English  painter 
in  water-colors. 

Hunt,  William  Holman.  Bom  at  London, 
1827.  An  English  painter,  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  PreraphaeHte  school.  He  first  exhibited  in 
the  Royal  Academy  in  1846.  Among  his  works  are  "Awak- 
ened Conscience  "  and  "  Light  of  the  World  "  (1864), "  Find- 
ing of  the  Saviour  in  the  Temple  "  (1860),  "Isabella  and 
the  Pot  of  Basil"  (1868),  "The  Shadow  of  Death"  (1873), 
"Portrait  of  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti"  (1884). 

Hunt,  William  Morris.  Born  at  Brattleboro, 
Vt.,  March  31,  1824 :  died  at  Isles  of  Shoals, 
N.  H. ,  Sept.  8, 1879.  A  noted  American  portrait, 
landscape,  and  figure  painter,  a  pupil  of  Cou- 
ture and  Millet.  Among  his  works  are  sketches  of 
street  life  in  Paris,  mural  paintings  in  the  Capitol  at  Al- 
bany, New  York,  etc. 

Hunter  (hun'ter),  David.  Bom  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  July  21,  1802  :  died  at  Washington, 
Feb.  2,  1886.  An  American  general  in  the  Civil 
War.  He  commanded  the  main  column  of  McDowell's 
army  in  the  Manassas  campaign,  and  participated  in  the 
battle  of  Bull  Run  July  21, 1861.  He  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  Department  of  the  South  in  March, 
1862,  and  May  9,  following,  issued  an  order  liberating 
the  slaves  in  his  department  (Georgia,  Florida,  and  South 
Carolina),  which  order  was  annulled  hy  the  President  ten 
days  later. 

Hunter,  John.  Born  at  Long  Calderwood,  Lan- 
arkshire, Scotland,  Feb.  13,  1728:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  16,  1793.  A  noted  British  surgeon, 
anatomist,  and  physiologist,  brother  of  William 
Hunter.  He  collected  at  London  a  museum  of  anatom- 
ical, physiological,  and  pathological  specimens.  He  wrote 
"  Natural  History  of  the  Human  Teeth  "  (1771-7^  "  Trea- 
tise on  the  Blood,  Inflammation,  and  Gunshot  Wounds  " 
(1794),  etc. 

Hunter,  Mrs.  Leo.  The  author  of  an  ode  to 
"an  expiring  frog":  a  character  devoted  to 
celebrities,  in  Dickens's  "Pickwick  Papers." 

Hunter,  Robert  Mercer  Taliaferro.  Bom 
April  21,  1809:  died  July  18,  1887.  .An  Ameri- 
can statesman.  He  was  a  member  of  Congress  (Demo- 
cratic) from  Virginia  1837-43  and  1846-47  (speaker  1839- 
1841) ;  United  States  senator  1847-61 ;  Confederate  secre- 
tary of  state  in  1861 ;  Confederate  senator;  and  peace  com- 
missioner in  1866.  He  became  treasurer  of  Virginia  in 
1877,  and  retired  from  public  life  in  1880.  He  took  a  lead- 
ing part  in  the  framing  of  the  tariff  act  of  1867. 

Hunter,  William.  Born  at  Long  Calderwood, 
Lanarkshire,  Scotland,  May  23,  1718 :  died  at 
London,  March  30,  1783.  A  British  physician, 
anatomist,  and  physiologist.  He  was  noted  as  a  lec- 
turer on  anatomy,  and  as  the  collector  of  a  museum  (now 
in  the  University  of  Glasgow).  He  wrote  "  Anatomy  of 
the  Gravid  Uterus  "  (1774),  etc. 

Hunter,  Sir  William  Wilson.  Bom  July  15, 
1840 :  died  near  Oxford,  Feb.  7,  1900.  .An  Eng- 
lish statistician  and  author.  He  received  an  ap- 
pointment in  the  Indian  civil  service  in  1862,  and  became 
director-general  of  statistics  in  India  in  1871.  He  piib- 
lislied  "A  Coinparative  Dictionary  of  the  Languages  of 
India  and  High  Asia"  (1868),  "The Imperial  Gazetteer  of 
India"  (1881),  "The  Indian  Empire"  (1882),  "A  Brief 
History  of  the  Indian  People  "  (1882),  "  A  History  of  Brit- 
ish India,"  Vol.  I.  (1899). 

Huntingdon (hun'ting-don).  ^M^.Hwntyngdon, 
Huntendon,  Suntendun,  AS.  SuntandUn,  hun- 
ter's hill.]  1 .  A  county  in  south  midland  Bng- 
land,  also  calledHunts.  It  is  bounded  by  Cambridge 
on  the  east,  Bedford  on  the  south  and  southwest,  and  North 
ampton  on  the  west  and  north.    The  northern  portion  be- 


Huntingdon 

longs  to  the  Fen  district.  Agriculture  is  the  leading  in- 
dustry. Area, 366 squaie  miles.  Population  (1891), 67,761. 
Also  HuntiTigdonsMre. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Huntingdon, 
on  the  Ouse  57  miles  north  of  London,  it  was 
the  birthplace  of  Oliver  Cromwell  and  the  residence  o( 
Cowper.    Population  (1891),  4,349. 

Huntingdon,  Countess  of.  See  Shirley,  Selma. 

Huntingdomans  (hun-ting-do'ni-anz).  A  de- 
nomination of  Calvinistic  Methodists  in  Eng- 
land and  Wales,  adherents  of  George  Whitefield 
and  Selina,  countess  of  Huntingdon,  after  their 
separation  from  the  "Wesleys.  It  is  Congrega- 
tional in  polity. 

Huntington  (hun'ting-ton),  Daniel.  Born  at 
New  York,  Oct.  14, 1816.  Aji  American  painter, 
especially  noted  for  portraits.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Morse  and  of  Inman,  and  was  elected  national  academician 
in  1840.  He  was  for  many  years  president  of  the  National 
Academy.  Among  his  paintings  is  "  The  Republican  Court 
in  the  Time  of  Washington." 

Huntington,  Frederick  Dan.  Bom  at  Hadley, 
Mass.,  May  28,  1819.  An  American  bishop  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  He  was  pastor 
of  the  South  Congregational  Chur  .  at  Boston  1842-65,  and 
was  Plummer  professor  of  Christian  morals  in  Harvard 
University  1865-60,  when  ho  withdrew  from  the  Unitarian 
denomination  and  tools  orders  in  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church.  He  established,  with  Dr.  George  M.  Randall,  the 
"  Church  Monthly  "  in  1861,  and  in  1869  became  bishop  of 
Central  New  York. 

Huntington,  Samuel.  Born  at  Windham,  Conn., 
about  1732:  died  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  Jan.  5,  VtQQ. 
An  American  politician,  a  signer  of  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence  as  member  of  Congress 
in  1776.  He  was  governor  of  Connecticut  1786- 
1796. 

Hunts  (hunts).   An  abbreviation  of  Huntingdon 


Huntsville  (hunts'vil).  A  manufacturing  town 
and  the  capital  of  Madison  County,  Alabama, 
in  lat.  34°  45'  N.,  long.  86°  41'  W.  Population 
(1900),  8,068. 

Hunyady  (hon'yod-i),  J&nos.  Born  at  Huu- 
yad,  Transylvania,  1387:  died  at  Semlin,  Croa- 
tia-Slavonia,  Aug.  11, 1456.  A  Hungarian  geji- 
eral.  He  became  voivode  of  Transylvania  in  1442,  and 
was  chosen  regent  of  Hungary  on  the  death  of  ladislaus 
I.  of  Poland  at  the  battle  of  Varna  in  1444.  His  most 
celebrated  exploit  was  the  successful  defense  of  Belgrad 
against  the  Turlis  under  Mohammed  II.  in  1456. 

Hunyady  was  the  name  the  Christians  conjured  with. 
When  King  Sigismund  of  Hungai^  was  Hying  from  one  of 
his  unsuccessful  engagements  with  the  Ottoman  armies, 
he  met  and  loved  the  beautiful  Elizabeth  Morsiney,  at  the 
village  of  Hunyady,  and  John  Hunyady  was  believed  to  be 
the  fruit  of  this  consolatory  affection.  "Whatsoever  his 
parents  were,"  says  Knolles,  "he  himself  was  a  politic, 
valiant,  fortunate,  and  famous  captain,  his  victories  so 
great  as  the  like  was  never  before  by  any  Christian  prince 
obtained  against  the  Turl£s;  so  that  his  name  became  unto 
them  so  dreadful  that  they  used  the  same  to  fear  their  cry- 
ing children  withal."  Pooley  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  87. 

Hunza  (hSn'za).  A  small  hill  kingdom,  nom- 
inally tributary  to  Kashmir,  situated  opposite 
Nagar  along  the  Hunza  River,  it  joined  with 
Nagar  in  an  insurrection  crushed  by  British  troops  in  1891. 
It  commands  an  important  route  from  the  Pamirs  and 
Asiatic  Russia. 

Hunza  Biver,  or  Kanjat,  A  small  river,  north 
of  Kashmir,  which  unites  with  the  Gilglt. 

Huon  de Bordeaux (ii-6n'  debor-do').  APrench 
chanson  de  geste.  It  supplied  Shakspere  with 
some  of  the  dramatis  personte  of  "A  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream." 

Huon  de  Bourdeaux,  though  written  in  verse  as  far  back 
as  the  thirteenth  century,  is  not  in  its  present  form  sup- 
posed to  be  long  anterior  to  the  invention  of  printing,  as 
there  are  no  manuscripts  of  it  extant  It  is  said,  indeed, 
at  the  end  of  the  worl^  that  it  was  written  by  the  desire 
of  Charles  Seigneur  de  Rochefort,  and  completed  on  the 
29th  of  January,  1454;  but  it  is  suspected  that  the  conclu- 
sion is  of  a  date  somewhat  more  recent  than  the  first  part 
of  the  romance.  The  oldest  edition  is  one  in  folio,  with- 
out date,  and  the  second  is  in  quarto,  1516.  There  are  also 
different  impressions,  in  the  original  language,  of  a  more 
recent  period.  Huon  of  Bordeaux,  indeed,  seems  to  have 
been  a  favourite  romance  not  only  among  the  French,  but 
also  with  other  nations.  The  English  translation,  executed 
by  Lord  Berners  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  has  gone 
through  three  editions,  and  it  has  lately  formed  the  sub- 
ject of  the  finest  poem  in  the  German  language.  ...  The 
incidents  in  the  Oberon  of  Wieland  are  nearly  the  same 
with  those  in  the  old  French  romance,  and  are  universally 
known  through  the  .  .   .   translation  of  Mr.  Sotheby. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  294. 

Huon  Gulf.    A  gulf  in  the  east  of  New  Guinea. 

Hupa  (ho'pa),  or  Hoopah.  A  tribe  of  the  Pa- 
cific division  of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  formerly  in  villages  along 
the  lower  Trinity  River,  California,  now  on  the 
Hoopa  valley  Indian  reservation,  CaUfomia. 
See  Athapascan. 

Hu-pell(lio-pa'),Hu-pih  (hS-pe'),  etc.  A  prov- 
ince in  central  China.  Area,  70,450  square  miles. 
Population,  33,365,005. 

Hupfeld  (hop'feld),  Hermann.  Born  at  Mar- 
burg, Prussia,  March  31,  1796:  died  at  Halle, 


520 

Prussia,  April,  1866.  A  German  theologian  and 
Orientalist,  noted  as  a  biblical  critic.  He  was  pro- 
fessor at  Marburg  1826-43,  and  at  Halle  1843-66.  Among 
his  works  are  "Ubersetzung  und  Auslegung  der  Psalmen  " 
(1856-61X  "Die  Quellen  der  Genesis  aufs  neue  untersucht " 
(1853),  etc. 

Huram.    See  Hiram. 

Hurdwar.    See  Hardwar. 

Hurepoix  (Ur-pwa').  A  former  small  territory 
in  northern  Prance,  in  the  department  of  Seine- 
et-Oise.    Its  chief  town  was  Dourdan. 

Hurlbut  (hSrl'but),  Stephen  Augustus.  Bom 
at  Charleston,  S.  C,  Nov.  29, 1815 :  diedat  Lima, 
Peru,  March  27,  1882.  An  American  general 
and  politician.  He  became  a  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers in  the  Union  army  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
War,  and  served  with  distinction  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh  in 
1862 ;  was  promoted  major-general  of  volunteers  in  the 
same  year ;  and  commanded  a  corps  under  Sherman  in  the 
expe<Ution  to  Meridian  in  Feb.,  1864.  He  was  United 
States  minister  to  the  United  States  of  Colombia  1869-73, 
Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  1^73-77,  and 
United  States  minister  to  Peru  from  1881  until  his  death. 

Hurlothrumbo  (hfer-lo-thrum'bo).  Aburlesque 
opera  written  and  brought  out  by  Samuel  John- 
son (1691-1773)  in  1729.  He  played  the  part  of  Lord 
Flame.  The  piece  waa  successful,  through  the  imperturb- 
able conceit  of  Johnson,  and  a  Hurlotlirurabo  Society  was 
formed,  the  word  becoming  proverbial  for  absurdity  and 
nonsense. 

Huron.    See  Wyandot. 

Huron  (hu'ron).  Lake.  One  of  the  5  great  lakes 
in  the  St.  Lawrence  basin.  It  lies  between  Michi- 
gan on  the  west  and  the  province  of  Ontario  on  the  north- 
east and  south.  Its  chief  arms  are  Georgian  Bay,  Saginaw 
Bay,  and  Thunder  Bay ;  the  chief  island.  Grand  Manitou- 
lin.  It  is  connected  with  Lake  Superior  by  St.  Mary's 
River,  and  with  Lake  Michigan  by  the  Strait  of  Mackinaw. 
Its  outlet  is  St.  Clair  River.  It  is  named  from  the  Huron 
tribe  of  Indians.  Length,  270  miles.  Breadth,  excluding 
Georgian  Bay,  105  miles.  Depth,  from  300  to  1,800  feet. 
Height  above  sea-level,  681  feet.  Area,  estimated,  23,800 
square  miles. 

Hurrur.    See  Harar. 

Hurst  (h6rst)j  John  Fletcher.  Bom  near  Sa- 
lem, Md.,  Aug.  17,  1834:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  May  4, 1903.  An  American  bishop  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and  a  writer  on 
church  history.  He  became  professor  of  historical 
theology  in  Drew  Theological  Seminary  (Madison,  New 
Jersey)  in  1871,  of  which  institution  he  was  president 
1873-80,  when  he  was  elected  bishop.  He  published  a 
"  History  of  Rationalism  "  (1866),  an  "  Outline  of  Church 
History"  (1876),  "Short  History  of  the  Reformation" 
(1884),  "  Short  History  of  the  Medieval  Church"  (1887), 
"The  Success  of  the  Gospel,  etc."  (1888),  etc. 

Hurtado  de  Mendoza  (or-ta'do  da  mau-do'tha), 
Andres.  Born  at  Cuenca  about  1490:  died  at 
Lima,  Peru,  March  30, 1561.  A  Spanish  noble- 
man, marquis  of  Canete,  who  was  governor  of 
Cuenca,  and  from  June  29, 1556, viceroy  of  Peru. 
He  took  vigorous  measures  against  those  who  had  been  in 
rebellion,  and  for  the  first  time  placed  the  government  of 
'  the  country  on  a  secure  footing.  Sayri  Tupac,  the  last  of 
the  Inca  chiefs,  was  induced  to  leave  his  mountain  fasf> 
nesses  and  resign  his  sovereignty. 

Hurtado  de  Mendoza,  Garcia,  Marquis  of  Ca- 
aete  from  1561.  Bora  July  25,  1535:  died  Oct. 
15,  1609.  A  Spanish  administrator,  son  of 
Andres  whom  he  accompanied  to  Peru  in  1556. 
His  father  made  him  governor  of  Chile  1667-60,  where  he 
carried  on  a  successful  war  with  the  Araucanians.  Return- 
ing to  Spain,  he  served  in  the  war  with  Portugal.  He  was 
viceroy  of  Peru  from  Jan.  6, 1690,  to  July  24, 1596.  The 
Marquesas  Islands,  discovered  in  1696  by  an  expedition 
'  which  he  sent  out,  were  named  in  his  honor. 

Hurtado  de  Mendoza  yLuna  (e  lo'na),  Juan 
Manuel,  Marquis  of  Montes-Claros.  Born  at 
Seville  about  1560 :  died  at  Madrid,  Oct.  9, 1628. 
A  Spanish  administrator,  viceroy  of  Mexico 
1603  to  1606,  and  of  Peru  Dec.  21,  1607,  to  Dee. 
18,  1615.  He  was  an  able  and  successful  ruler. 
Often  called  Juan  de  Mendoza  y  Luna. 

Hurter  (hor'ter),  Friedrich  Emanuel  von. 
Born  at  Sehaffhausen,  Switzerland,  March  19, 
1787:  died  at  Gratz,  Styria,  Aug.  27,  1865.  A 
Swiss  historian.  He  was  Protestant  pastor  at  Sehaff- 
hausen 1825-41.  In  1844  he  went  over  to  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church,  becoming  an  exponent  of  ultramontanism. 
From  1846  (except  1848-62)  he  was  imperial  historiographer 
at  Vienna.  He  wrote  "Geschichte  Papst  Innocenz  III. 
und  seiner  Zeitgenossen "  (1834-42),  "Geschichte  Ferdi- 
nands II.  und  seiner  Eltem    (1850-64),  etc. 

Hus,  John.    See  Hilss. 

Hiisar  de  Ayacucho.  See  Herran,  Pedro  Al- 
cantara. 

Husbands  (huz'bandz),  Herman.  Born  in  Penn- 
sylvania: died  iiear  Philadelphia,  1795.  An 
American  revolutionist.  He  was  a  leader  of  the  North 
Carolina  "  Regulators  "  1768-71,  and  of  the  "  whisky  insur- 
rection "  in  western  Pennsylvania  in  1794. 

Husch  (hosh),  or  Husi  (ho'se),  or  Hush  (hosh). 
A  town  in  Moldavia,  Rumania,  situated  near  the 
Pruth  38  miles  southeast  of  Jassy.  The  peace  of 
the  Pruth  (which  see)  was  signed  here  in  1711.  Popula- 
tion (1889-90),  12,660. 

Husnang  (hS-sheng').  According  to  Firdausi, 
the  second  Iranian  king.  He  first  separated  iron  from 


Hutchinsonians 

ore,  and  practised  irrigation  and  the  breeding  of  animals. 
Hurling  at  a  serpent  demon  a  stone  which  struck  a  sparic 
from  another,  he  was  led  to  ordain  the  worship  of  fire. 

Hushiarpur  (h6sh-e-ar-p6r'),  or  Hoshiarpur 
(hosh-e-ar-por').  1.  A  district  in  the  Jalan- 
dhar  division,  Panjab,  British  India,  intersected 
by  lat.  31°  30'  N.,  long.  76°  E.  Area,  2,244 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,011,659.-2. 
The  capital  of  the  district  of  Hushiarpur,  situ- 
ated about  lat.  31°  35'  N.,  long.  75°  47'  E. 

Huskisson  (hus 'ki- son),  William.  Bom  at 
Birch  Moreton,  Worcestershire,  England,  March 
11, 1770:  accidentally  killedatBeeles,  near  Man- 
chester, Sept.  15, 1830.  An  English  statesman 
and  financier.  He  was  secretary  of  the  treasury  1804-06 
and  1807-09 ;  president  of  the  board  of  trade  1823-27 ;  and 
colonial  secretair  1827-29. 

Huss  (hus;  G.  pron.  hos),  or  Hus,  John.  Bom 
at  Husinetz,  near  Prachatitz,  southern  Bohe- 
mia, July  6, 1369 :  burned  at  Constance,  Baden, 
July  6, 1415.  A  celebrated  Bohemian  religious 
reformer.  He  was  the  son  of  well-to-do  Czech  peasants, 
and  studied  divinity  and  the  liberal  arts  at  the  University 
of  Prague,  where  he  began  to  lecture  on  the  writings  of 
Wyclil  in  1398.  He  was  appointed  dean  of  the  philosophi- 
cal faculty  in  1401,  and  was  rector  of  the  university  1402- 
1403.  In  1402  he  became  pastor  of  the  Bethlehem  Chapel 
at  Prague,  where  as  a  popular  preacher  in  the  Czech  lan- 
guagehe  spread  thedoctrinesofWyclif  amongthe  populace, 
and  sought  to  bring  about  a  reformation  of  ecclesiastical 
abuses  without  separating  himself  from  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church.  He  was  reelected  to  the  rectorship  of  the 
university  in  1409.  In  1412  he  denounced  the  bull  of  John 
ZXIII.  decreeing  a  crusade  against  Ladislaus,  king  of 
Naples  and  Hungary,  and  with  his  coadjutor,  Jerome  of 
Prague,  condemned  the  sale  of  indulgences,  with  the  re- 
sult that  he  was  excommunicated  in  1413.  He  was  in  1414 
cited  before  the  Council  of  Constance,  where  he  was  ar- 
rested in  spite  of  a  safe-conduct  from  the  emperor  Sigis- 
mund, and  burned  at  the  stake  as  a  heretic.  A  complete 
edition  of  his  works  was  published  in  1668. 

Hussars  of  Junin.  [Sp.  Hiisares  de  Junin.l  A 
title  conferred  by  Bolivar  on  the  Peruvian  cav- 
alry which  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Junin. 
They  were  commanded  by  Miller. 

Hussein.     See  Hasan. 

Hussites  (hus'its).  The  followers  of  John  Huss. 
See  Huss.  The  Hussites  organized  themselves  imme- 
diately after  Huss's  death  into  a  politico-religious  party, 
and  waged  fierce  civil  war  from  1419  to  1434.  A  compromise 
was  effected  1433-36.  They  were  divided  in  doctrine  into 
radical  and  conservative  sections  called  Taiiorties  and 
Calixtines.  The  former  finally  became  merged  with  the 
Bohemian  Brethren,  and  the  latter  partly  with  the  Lu- 
therans and  partly  with  the  Roman  Catholics. 

Husum  (ho's6m).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  situated  near  the 
Heverstrom  21  miles  west  of  Schleswig.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  commune,  6,761. 

Huszt  (host).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Mdrma- 
ros,  Hungary,  situated  in  lat.  48°  10'  N.,long. 
23°  17'  E.    Population  (1890),  7,461. 

Hutcheson  (hueh'e-son),  Francis.  Bom  in 
County  Down,  Irelanci,  Aug.  8,  1694:  died  at 
Glasgow,  1746.  A  Scottish  philosopher,  pro- 
fessor of  moral  philosophy  at  Glasgow  172S-4C. 
He  wrote  an  "Inquiry  into  the  Original  of  our  Ideas  of 
Beauty  and  Virtue  "  (1725),  "  Nature  and  Conduct  of  the 
Passions  and  Affections "  (1728),  "System  of  Moral  Philos- 
ophy "  (1766),  etc. 

Hutchinson  (huch'in-son)-.  The  capital  of  Reno 
County,  southern  Kansas,  on  the  Arkansas 
River.     Population  (1900),  9,379. 

Hutchinson,  Mrs.  (Anne  Marbury).  Bom  in 
Lincolnshire,  England,  about  1590 :  killed  by 
Indians  near  HeU  Gate,  N.  Y. ,  1643.  A  religious 
enthusiast,  the  leader  of  an  antinomian  fac- 
tion. She  emigrated  to  Massachusetts  in  1634, 
and  was  banished  from  there  in  1637. 

Hutchinson,  John.  Bom  in  Nottingham,  Eng- 
land, 1616:  died  at  Sandown  Castle,  Kent,  Eng- 
land, Sept.  11,  1664.  An  English  revolutionist 
and  regicide.  An  account  of  his  life  (written 
by  his  wife)  was  published  1806. 

Hutchinson,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Boston,  Sept. 
9, 1711 :  died  at  Brompton,  near  London,  June, 
1780.  An  American  magistrate  and  historian. 
He  became  acting  governor  of  Massachusetts  1769,  gov- 
ernor 1771,  and  resigned  in  1774.  Author  of  "History  of 
the  Colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay"  (1766-67),  "Collection 
of  Original  Papers  relative  to  the  History  of  the  Colony  of 
Massachusetts  Bay  "  (1769). 

Hutchinsonians  (huch-in-s6'ni-anz).  1.  Those 
who  held  the  views  of  John  Hutchinson  (1674- 
1737),  a  secular  English  writer  on  theology  and 
natural  philosophy.  He  and  his  followers  interpret- 
ed the  Bible  mystically,  regarded  it  as  an  infallible  source 
of  science  and  philosophy,  opposed  the  Newtonian  sys- 
tem, and  laid  great  stress  on  the  importance  of  the  Hebrew 
language.  The  Hutohinsonian  school  existed  till  the  19th 
century. 

2.  In  American  history,  the  followers  of  Mrs. 
Anne  Hutchinson  (died  1643),  an  antinomian 
teacher,  in  the  early  days  of  the  colony  of  Mas- 
sachusetts Bay. 


Hutten 

Hutten  (hst'ten),  XJlrich  von.  Born  at  Castle 
Steokelberg,  near  Fulda,  Prussia,  April  21, 1488 : 
died  on  the  island  of  Uf  enau.  Lake  Zurich,  Aug. 
23,  1523.  A  German  humanist,  intended  for  the 
church,  he  was  in  1498  placed  In  the  monastery  of  Fulda, 
whence  he  fled  in  1505.  He  subsequently  studied  the 
humanities  at  various  German  and  Italian  universities, 
including  those  of  PranMort-on-the-Oder  and  Pavia.  He 
served  in  the  imperial  army  in  1618  ;  was  crowned  poet  by 
the  emperor  Maximilian  I.  at  Augsburg  in  1617;  entered 
the  service  of  the  Archbishop  of  Mentz  in  1618 ;  joined  the 
Swabian  League  against  XJlrich,  duke  of  Wurtemberg,  in 
1519 ;  and  in  1522  fought  unsuccessfully  with  Franz  von 
Sio]£ingen  at  the  head  of  the  nobility  of  the  Upper  Rhine 
against  the  spiritual  principalities.  He  was  a  friend  and 
supporter  of  Luther;  was  one  of  the  authors  of  the  "Bpis- 
tolEC  Obscurorum  Virorum  "  (which  see) ;  and  was  one  of 
the  principal  satirical  writers  of  his  time.  Worlcs  edited 
by  E.  Bdcliing  (1859-70) ;  life  by  Strauss  (1867). 

Hutton  (hut'n),  Charles.  Bom  at  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,  England,  Aug.  14,  1737:  died  Jan.  27, 
1823.  An  English  mathematician,  professor  of 
mathematics  at  theEoyal  AeademyjWoolwich, 
1773-1807.  Among  his  works  are  "Mathematical  and 
Philosophical  Dictionary"  (1795), "  Courseof  Mathematics" 
(1798). 

Hutton,  Jame^.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  June  3, 
1726:  died  March  26, 1797.  A  Scottish  geologist 
and  natural  philosopher.  He  wrote  "Theory 
of  the  Earth,  etc."  (1795),  etc. 

Hutton,  Kicnard  Holt.  Bom  at  Lgeds,  June 
2, 1826:  died  at  Twickenham,  Sept.  9, 1897.  An 
English  journalist  and  essayist,  editor  of  the 
"  Spectator  "  1861-97. 

Huxley  (huks'li),Thonias  Henry.  Bom  at  Eal- 
ing, near  London,  May  4,  1825:  died  at  East- 
bourne, June  29,  1895.  A  celebrated  English 
biologist.  He  was  educated  atBalingSchoolandatChar- 
ing  Gross  Hospital,  London ;  served  as  assistant  surgeon 
on  board  H.  M.  S.  Rattlesnake  1846-60 ;  became  professor 
of  natural  history  at  the  Royal  School  of  Mines,  and  Ful- 
lerian  professor  of  physiology  at  the  E«yal  Institution,  in 
1865 ;  was  installed  lord  rector  of  Aberdeen  University  for 
a  term  of  three  years  in  1874 ;  was  Rede  lecturer  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1883;  and  was  president  of  the  Royal  Society  1883- 
1886.  Among  his  works  are  "Oceanic  Hydrozoa  "  (1869), 
'*  Evidence  as  to  Man's  Place  in  Nature  "(1863),  "Lectures 
on  the  Elements  of  Comparative  Anatomy  "  (1864),  "  Les- 
sons in  Elementary  Physiology  "  (1866),  "An  Introduction 
to  the  Classification  of  Animals"  (1869),  "Lay  Sermons" 
"A  Manual  of  the  Anatomy  of  Vertebrated  Animals" 
'"Critiques  andAddreases  "(1873),  "Physiography" 
A  Manual  of  the  Anatomy  of  Invertebrated  Ani- 
mals "  (1877),  "  The  Crayfish  "  (1880), ' '  Science  and  Culture  " 
(1881),  "  A  Course  of  Practical  Instruction  in  Elementary 
Biology  "  (with  H.  M.  Martin,  1876),  "Essays  upon  some 
Controverted  Questions " (1892),  "Evolution  and  Ethics" 


£ 


luy  (ii-e'),  Plem.  Hoey.  A  town  in  the  province 
of  LiSge,  Belgium.  Population  (1890),  14,486. 
Huygens,  less  correctly  Huyghens  (M'genz ;  D. 
pron.hoi'oens),  Christian.  Bom  at  The  Hague, 
April  14,  1629 :  died  there,  June  8,  1695.  A 
celebrated  Dutch  physicist,  astronpmer,  and 
mathematician,  son  of  Constantijn  Huygens. 
He  discovered  a  satellite  of  Saturn  in  1655,  and  the  ring 
of  Saturn  in  1659 ;  invented  the  pendulum  clock  in  1666 ; 
improved  the  telescope ;  and  developed  the  wave-theory 
of  light.    He  wrote  "Horologium  Oscillatorium  "  (1673). 

Huygens,  or  Huwhens,  Constantijn :  L.  Hu- 
geniUS.  Bom  at  The  Hague,  Sept.  4, 1596 :  died 
at  his  estate,  Hofwijk,  March  28, 1687.  A  Dutch 
poet,  father  of  Christian  Huygens.  He  was  the 
eon  of  a  state  secretary.  He  studied  at  Leyden,  and  sub- 
sequently was  sent  upon  various  embassies,  first  to  Eng- 
land, then  to  Venice,  and  afterward  twice  again  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  was  knighted  in  1622.  In  1625  he  suc- 
ceeded to  his  father's  position.  His  collected  poems  ap- 
peared for  the  first  time  in  1626,  under  the  title  "  Otia,  of 
ledighe  Uren  "  ("  Otia,  or  Idle  Hours  "),  later  amplified  as 
"Korenbloemen"  (_"Comflowers,"  1658-72)  in  27  books. 
His  laterpoems,  "Cluy8werk"(" Cell-Work"),  were  pub- 
lished in  1841. 

Huysum  (hoi'sum),  Jan  van.  Bom  at  Amster- 
dam, April  15, 1682:  died  there,  1749.  A  noted 
Dutch  painter  of  flowers  and  fruit:  in  this  de- 
partment the  ablest  painter  of  the  18th  century. 

Hwang-lio(hwang'h6),orHuang-lio,orHoang- 
ho,  or  the  Yellow  River.  The  northernmost  of 
the  two  chief  rivers  of  China,  it  rises  in  Kokonor, 
enters  Kan-su,  traverses  part  of  Mongolia,  reenters  China, 
flowing  south,  east,  and  northeast,  and  enters  the  Gulf  of 
Pe-chi-Ii.  It  is  called  "China's  Sorrow  "  from  its  frequent 
disastrous  floods,    length,  estimated,  2,700  miles. 

Hwen  Tsang.     See  Himen-Tsang. 

Hyacinthe  (ya-sanf),  P6re.  See  Loyson, 
Charles. 

Hyacinthus  (hi-a-sin'thus).  [(Jr.  'XamveoQ."]  In 
Greek  mythology,  a  beautiful  youth,  son  of 
Amyolas,  king  of  Amyclee  in  Laconia,  and  Dio- 
mede.  He  typified  the  early  vegetation  of  spring.  He 
was  killed  through  jealousy  by  Apollo  (the  sun)  while  the 
two  were  playing  at  quoits  on  the  banks  of  the  Eurotas. 
From  his  blood  the  god  caused  the  hyacinth  to  spring,  and 
upon  the  petals  of  the  plant  was  thought  to  be  marked 
the  exclamation  AI  ('woe !').  His  festival,  the  Hyacm- 
thia,  was  observed  at  AmyolsB  during  three  days  m  July. 

Hyades  (hi'a-dez).  [Gr.  'Td*?.]  A  group  of 
nymphs,  daughters  of  Atlas  and  JEthra,  and  sis- 
ters of  the  Pleiades.    Theynursed  the  Infant  Zeus(or 


521 

Dionysus),  and  as  a  reward  were  transferred  to  the  heav- 
ens as  a  part  of  the  constellation  Taurus.  Their  rising 
with  the  sun  was  associated  with  the  beginning  of  the 
rainy  season.  The  Romans,  through  a  mistaken  etymol- 
ogy, called  the  constellation  "the  little  pigs  "  (Succulse). 

Hybla  Hersea  (hi'bla  he-re'a).  [Gr.  'Hpak.] 
In  ancient  geography,"  a  city  of  southern  Sicily, 
about  33  miles  west  of  Syracuse. 

Hybla  Major  (hi'bla  ma'jor)  or  Magna  (mag'- 
na).  [Gr.  "T/?Aa  i) /ieif uv  or /ieydA)?.]  In  ancient 
ge  ography ,  a  city  in  Sicily,  on  the  southern  slope 
of  Etna,  11  miles  northwest  of  Catania. 

Hybla  Minor  (M'bia  mi'nor),  or  Megara  Hy- 
blsea  (meg'a-ra  hi-ble'a).  [Gr.  "Tjila  ij  ft'iKpa  or 
TO  MiyapaTa'Uphua.l  "In  ancient  geography, 
a  city  of  Sicily,  situated  on  the  east  coast  about 
12  miles  north  of  Syracuse,  it  is  celebrated  for  the 
honey  produced  in  the  vicinity.  Often  confounded  with 
Hybla  Major. 

Hydaspes  (hi-das'pez).  [Gr.  'Tddum/c.]  The 
ancient  name  of  the  river  Jhelum. 

Hyde  (hid) .  A  manufacturing  town  in  Cheshire, 
England,  situated  near  the  Tame  6  miles  east  by 
south  of  Manchester.    Population  (1891),  31,- 

.  682. 

Hyde,  Edward,  first  Earl  of  Clarendon.  Bom 
atDinton,  Wiltshire,  Feb.  18, 1608  (O.  S.) :  died 
at  Eouen,  Prance,  Deo.  9,  1674.  An  English 
statesman  and  historian.  He  entered  Parliament 
in  1640;  became  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in  1643 ;  was 
the  chief  adviser  of  Charles  I.  during  the  civil  war,  and  of 
Prince  Charles  during  his  exUe ;  and  was  lord  chancellor 
of  England  1660-67,  when  he  was  impeached  and  banished 
by  Parliament.  His  chief  works  are  a  "True  Historical 
Narrative  of  the  Rebellion  and  Civil  Wars  in  England " 
(generally  termed  "History  of  the  Rebellion,"  1702-04) 
and  "The  Life  of  Edward,  Earl  of  Clarendon,  .  .  .  Writ- 
ten  by  Himself  "  (1759). 

Hyde,  Edward,  Viscount  Combuiy  (later  third 
Earl  of  Clarendon).  Died  at  London,  April  1, 
1723.  An  English  politician.  He  was  governor 
of  New  York  1702-08. 

HydePark  (hidpark).  A  parkin  Westmiaster, 
London,  situated  2i  miles  south  by  west  of  St. 
Paul's.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  of  the  London  parks,  ex- 
tending from  Westminster  to  Kensington,  and  covering  an 
area  of  about  390  acres.  It  originally  belonged  to  the  manor 
of  Hyde,  the  property  of  the  monks  of  St.  Peter,  Westmin- 
ster, which  fell  mto  the  hands  of  Henry  VIII.  at  the  dis- 
solution of  the  monasteries.  During  the  Commonwealth, 
and  for  10  years  after  the  Restoration,  a  large  park  was 
leased  to  private  holders.  In  1670  it  was  inclosed  with  a 
wall  and  restocked  with  deer.  It  is  now  the  principal  rec- 
reation-ground of  London,  and  is  frequented  by  rich  and 
poor.  It  lias  9  carriage-entrances  and  many  gates  for  pe- 
destrians. See  Sefpentinet  St.  Jama^a  Pa/rk,  Rotten  JioWj 
and  Ladies'  Mile. 

Hyde  Park.  A  former  township  in  Cook  County, 
Illinois,  now  annexed  to  Chicago. 

Hyde  Park.-  A  town  in  Norfolk  County,  Mas- 
sachusetts, situated  on  the  Neponset  Eiver  8 
miles  south-southwest  of  Boston.  Population 
(1900),  13,244. 

Hyderabad  (hi"der-a-bad'),  or  Haidarabad 
(M-'da-ra-bad'),  or  The  Nizam's  Dominions. 
The  principal  Mohammedan  state  and  most  im- 
portant native  state  in  India,  situated  in  the 
Deccan  between  the  British  provinces  of  Bom- 
bay and  Madras.  Capital,  Hyderabad.  The  sur- 
face is  a  low  plateau.  The  ruling  people  are  Mohammedans. 
The  prevailing  languages  are  Telugu,  Marathi,  and  Eana- 
rese.  In  1687  it  was  made  a  Mogul  province.  About  1713 
the  viceroy  (Nizam-ul-Mulk)  became  independent.  In 
1748  there  was  a  disputed  succession,  one  of  the  rivals  be- 
ing supported  by  Dupleix  and  one  by  the  East  India  Com- 
pany. A  treaty  of  alliance  with  England  was  made  in  1766. 
In  the  mutiny  of  1857  Hyderabad  sided  with  England. 
Area,  82,698  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  11,637,040. 

Hyderabad,  or  Haidarabad.  The  capital  of 
the  state  of  Hyderabad,  situated  on  the  river 
Musi.  It  is  an  important  commercial  center.  The  can- 
tonment of  Secunderabad  and  the  old  city  Golconda  are 
in  the  neighborhood.  Population  (1891),  with  suburbs, 
415,039. 

Hyderabad,  or  Haidarabad.    A  city  in  Sind, 

British  India,  on  the  Indus.  It  is  a  manufactur- 
ing center.    It  was  founded  in  1768.    Population  (1891), 

68,048. 

Hyder  Ali  (hi'dfer  a'le),  or  Haidar  Ali  (hi'- 
dar  a'le).  Died  at  Chittore,  British  India,  Dec, 
1782.  A  maharaja  of  Mysore.  He  was  of  obscure 
birth;  entered  the  Mysore  army  in  1749;  became  virtual 
ruler  of  Mysore  in  1769 ;  and  usurped  the  title  of  maha- 
raja  in  1766.  The  English  having  formed  a  league  with  the 
Mahrattas  against  him,  in  1767  a  war  ensued  which  re- 
sulted in  the  defeat  of  the  English,  who  were  compelled 
to  sue  for  peace  in  1769.  In  alliance  with  the  French  and 
Mahrattas,  he  invaded  the  Cai-natic  in  1780,  but  was  de- 
feated by  Sir  Eyre  Coote  at  Porto  Novo,  Polliloor,  and  She 
lingur  in  1781.  ,     -,    ,    t 

i&rdra  (hi'dra).  [Gr.  li^po:,  water-snake.]  l.In 
(xreek  mythology,  a  monstrous  dragon  of  Lake 
Lema  in  Argolis,  represented  as  having  9  heads, 
each  of  which,  being  cut  off,  was  immediately 
succeeded  by  2  new  ones  unless  the  wound  was 
cauterized.  'The  destruction  of  this  monster  was 
one  of  the ' '  twelve  labors"  of  Hercules.—  2.  An 


Hypatia 

ancient  southern  constellation,  representing  a 
sea-serpent,  it  is  of  Babylonian  origin,  like  most  of 
the  ancient  conEtellatiOus.  It  is  bounded  by  the  ancient 
constellations  Canis  Minor,  Argo,  Centaurus,  Virgo,  Cor- 
vus.  Crater,  Leo,  and  Cancer,  and  by  the  modern  constel- 
lations Sextans  and  Monoceros  (which  separates  it  from 
Canis  Major).  It  eon  tains  1  star  of  the  second  magnitude, 
and  about  400  stars  visible  to  the  naked  eye. 
Hydra.  [Gr.  "r6pa.-\  An  island  in  the  Greek 
Archipelago,  4  miles  from  the  Peloponnesus. 
It  contains  the  seaport  of  Hydra.  It  was  noted  for  its 
trade  before  the  war  of  independence,  and  took  a  leading 
part  in  that  war.  Length,  11  miles.  Population,  about 
7,000. 

Hydriotaphia,  or  Urn-Burial.  A  work  by  Sir 
Thomas  Browne,  published  in  1658.  "it  is  a  des- 
cant on  the  vanity  of  human  life,  based  on  the  discovery 
of  certain  cinerary  urns  in  Norfolk." 

Hy^res  (e-ar').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Varj  Prance,  near  the  Mediterranean,  on  the 
Eiviera,  10  miles  east  of  Toulon :  the  ancient 
Castram  Arearum.  it  is  a  noted  winter  health-resort. 
It  was  destroyed  in  the  religious  wars.  MassUlon  was 
born  there.    Population  (1891),  commune,  14,982. 

Hygieia  (M-ji-e'ya),  orHygeia  (hi-je'ya).  [Gr. 
'Tyieia,  later  erroneously  'Tyela,  health.]  1. 
The  goddess  of  health.  She  was  the  daughter 
of  .^sculapius. — 2.  An  asteroid  (No.  10)  dis- 
coveredby  De  Gasparis  at  Naples,  April  12, 1849. 

Hyksos  (hik'soz),  or  Shepherd  Kings.  The 
name  given  to  kings  of  Egypt,  of  a  foreign  race, 
whose  rule  (about  2000  B.  c.)  fell  between  the 
13th  and  the  18th  dynasty,  and  lasted,  according 
to  Manetho,  for  511  years. 

Hyksos  is  the  Egyptian  hik-shasu,"  chief  of  the  Beduins," 
or  "  Shepherds,"  Shasu  being  the  name  given  to  the  Se- 
mitic nomades  of  Northwestern  Arabia.  The  Hyksos,  how- 
ever, are  called  Men  or  Menti  in  the  inscriptions,  Menti 
being  explained  in  the  geographical  table  of  Edfu  to  be 
the  natives  of  Syria,  In  accordance  with  this,  Manetho 
speaks  of  Jerusalem  as  a  Hyksos  town,  and  their  Egyptian 
capital,  Zoan  orTanis,  is  connected  with  Hebron  in  Numb, 
xiii,  22.  It  is  possible  that  their  leaders  were  Hittite 
princes,  though  Lepsius  believes  them  to  have  come  from 
Punt  or  Southern  Arabia ;  at  any  rate,  their  features,  as 
revealed  by  the  few  memorials  of  them  that  exist,  more 
especially  the  lion  of  S9,n,  belong  to  a  very  peculiar  and 
non-Semitic  type.  Sayee,  Ano.  Empires,  p.  31. 


The  exact  nationality  of  the  Hyksos  is  still  a  matter  of 
dispute.  AU  we  know  with  certainty  is  that  they  came 
from  Asia,  and  they  brought  with  them  in  their  train  vast 
numbers  of  Semites  who  occupied  the  northern  part  of 
Egypt.  Comparatively  few  Hyksos  monuments  have  as 
yet  been  discovered.  These  exhibit  a  peculiar  type  of 
features,  very  unlike  that  of  the  Egyptians.  The  face  is 
thickly  bearded,  the  hair  being  curly,  with  a  pigtail  hang- 
ing behind  the  head.  The  nose  is  broad  and  sub-aquiline, 
the  cheek-bones  high,  the  forehead  square  and  knitted, 
the  lips  prominent  and  expressive  of  intense  determina- 
tion. The  kindly  urbanity  so  characteristic  of  the  Egyp- 
tian face  in  statuary  is  replaced  by  an  expression  of  stern- 
ness and  vigour.  Among  th  e  ethnological  types  presented 
by  the  Egyptian  sculptures  there  is  only  one  which  can  be 
compared  with  that  of  the  Hyksos  monuments.  This  is 
the  type  peculiar  to  the  inhabitants  of  Northeastern  Syria, 
in  the  district  called  Nahrina  by  the  Egyptians  and  Aram- 
Naharaim  in  the  Old  Testament.  It  was  a  district  of  which 
the  centre  was  Mitanni  in  the  fifteenth  and  following  cen- 
turies before  the  Christian  era ;  and  since  the  cuneiform 
tablets  recently  discovered  at  Tel  el- Amamahave  disclosed 
to  us  the  fact  that  the  language  of  Mitanni  was  neither  Se- 
mitic nor  Indo-European,  we  may  perhaps  conclude  that 
the  population  which  spoke  it  was  also  non-Semitic.  How- 
ever this  may  be,  if  we  are  to  regard  the  so-called  Hyksos 
sphinxes  of  Sto  as  reproducing  the  Hyksos  type  of  coun- 
tenance, it  would  follow  that  the  hordes  which  over- 
whelmed Egypt  in  the  twenty-third  century  B.  c.  were  led 
by  princes  from  Northern  Syria. 

Sayee,  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  95. 

Hylacomylus.    See  WaldseemUller,  Martin. 

Hylas  (hi'las).  In  classical  mythology,  a  boy 
who  was  a  favorite  of  Hercules.  He  was  carried 
off  by  the  Naiads,  who  fell  in  love  with  him  while  he  was 
drawing  water  from  a  fountain  in  Mysia. 

Hymen  (hi'men),  or  Hymenseus  (M-me-ne'us). 
[Gr.  'X/i^,  'T/j.Evaios.']  Originally,  a  marriage- 
song  among  the  Greeks.  The  names  were  gradu- 
ally personified,  and  Hymen  was  invoked  as  the  god  of 
marriage.  He  is  represented  as  a  taller  and  more  serious 
youth  than  Eros,  carrying  a  bridal  torch. 

Hymettus  (hi-met'us).  [Gr. 'T^)?Tr<5?.]  The  an- 
cient name  of  a  mountain  in  Attica,  Greece, 
southeast  of  Athens :  the  modern  Trelo  Vouni. 
It.  was  celebrated  for  honey,  and  also  noted  for 
its  marble.    Height,  3,368  feet. 

Hymir  (he'mir).  [ON.]  InOld  Norse  mythology, 
a  water-demon,  the  giant  of  the  winter  sea.  He 
dwelt  far  in  the  east,  at  the  end  of  the  heavens,  by  the  sea. 
The  glaciers  resounded  when  he  returned  home  from  the 
chase,  and  his  beard  was  covered  with  ice.  He  was  the 
original  owner  of  iihe  kettle  in  which  the  gods  brewed  ale. 

Hyogo.    See  Biogo. 

Hypatia  (hi-pa'shia).  [Gr.  'Tnarla.']  A  Neo- 
platonio  philosopher  of  Alexandria,  at  the  end 
of  the  4th  and  the  beginning  of  the  5th  century, 
celebrated  for  her  beauty  and  her  unhappy  fate. 
The  celebrity  of  Theon  is  obscured  by  that  of  his  daugh- 
ter Hypatia,  whose  sex,  youth,  beauty,  and  cruel  fate  have 
made  her  the  most  interesting  martyr  of  philosophy.  After 
receiving  instruction  in  mathematics  from  her  father,  who 
was  a  professor  at  the  Museum  in  his  native  city,  she  went 


Hypatia 

to  Athens,  where  she  became  such  a  proficient  in  the  Pla- 
tonic philosophy  that,  on  her  return  to  Alexandria,  she 
presided  in  the  public  schools  there,  and  taught  at  once 
the  mathematics  of  ApoUonius  and  Diophantus,  and  the 
philosophy  of  Ammonius  and  Plotinus.  Herinfluence  over 
the  studious  and  educated  classes  in  Alexandria,  especially 
the  intimacy  which  subsisted  between  her  and  the  prefect 
Orestes,  excited  the  hatred  and  jealousy  of  the  narrow- 
minded  and  unprincipled  archbishop ;  and  Cyril  found  no 
difficulty  in  directing  the  brutal  violence  of  a  superstitious 
mob  against  one  who  was  described  as  an  enemy  of  the 
faith  and  its  ministers.  Headed  by  an  ecclesiastic  named 
Peter,  a  band  of  fanatics  attacked  Hypatia,  in  the  spring 
of  A.  D.  416,  as  she  was  passing  through  the  streets  in  her 
chariot,  dragged  her  to  one  of  the  churches,  where  they 
pulled  her  clothes  from  her  back,  and  then  cast  her  out 
into  the  street,  pelted  her  to  death  with  fragments  of  earth- 
enware, tore  her  body  to  pieces,  and  committed  her  mu- 
tilated remains  to  the  flames. 

K.  0.  Miiller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  3B1. 

[(Pffrmldsvn.) 

Hypatia.  A  novel  by  Charles  Kingsley,  pub- 
lished in  1853. 

Hyperboreans  (hi-p6r-b6're-anz).  [Gr.  'Tttep- 
36peoi,  those  who  are  beyond  the  north  wind.] 
In  early  Greek  legend,  a  people  who  lived  be- 
yond the  north  wind,  and  were  not  exposed  to 
its  blasts,  but  enjoyed  a  land  of  perpetual  sun- 
shine and  abundant  fruits.  They  were  free  from  dis- 
ease, violence,  and  war.  Their  natural  life  lasted  a  thou- 
sand years,  and  was  spent  in  the  worship  of  Apollo.  In 
later  times  the  Greeks  gave  the  name  to  inhabitants  of 
northern  countries  generally. 

Very  elaborate  accounts  have  been  given  of  the  Hyper- 
boreans both  in  ancient  and  modern  times.  Hecatseus  of 
Abdera,  a  contemporary  of  Alexander  the  Great,  wrote  a 
book  concerning  them.  They  are,  however,  in  reality  not 
a  historical,  but  an  ideal  nation.  The  North  Wind  being 
given  a  local  seat  in  certain  mountains  called  Ehipsean,  it 
was  supposed  there  must  be  a  country  above  the  north 
wind,  which  would  not  be  cold,  and  which  would  have  in- 
habitants. Ideal  perfections  were  gradually  ascribed  to 
this  region.  According  to  Pindar,  Hercules  brought  from 
it  the  olive,  which  grew  thickly  there  about  the  sources 
of  the  Danube  (OL  iii.  249).  When  the  country  had  been 
made  thus  charming,  it  was  natural  to  attach  good  quali- 
ties to  the  inhabitants.  Accordingly  they  were  made  wor- 
shippers of  Apollo  (Pindar,  1.  s.  cj,  observers  of  justice 
(Hellan.  Fr.  06),  and  vegetarians  (ibid.).  As  geographical 
knowledgegrew,  it  was  necessary  to  assign  them  a  distinct 
position,  or  to  banish  them  to  the  realms  of  fable.  Herod- 
otus preferred  the  latter  alternative,  Damastes  the  for- 
mer. Damastes  placed  them  greatly  to  the  north  of  Scy- 
thia,  from  which  they  were  separated  by  the  countries  of 
the  Issedones  and  the  Arimaspi.  Southward  their  boun- 
dary was  the  (supposed)  Rhipsean  mountain-chain ;  north- 
ward it  was  the  ocean.  (Jr.  1.)  This  arrangement  sufficed 
for  a  time.    When,  however,  it  was  discovered  that  no 


522 

mountain-chain  ran  across  Europe  above  Scythia,  and  that 
the  Danube,  instead  of  rising  in  the  north  (compare  Pind. 
01.  iii.  25  with  Xsth.  vi.  34),  rose  in  the  west,  a  new  posi- 
tion had  to  be  sought  for  the  Hyperboreans,  and  they  were 
placed  near  the  Italian  Alps,  and  confounded  with  the 
Gauls  and  the  Etruscans  or  Tarqulnians.  A  different  and 
probably  a  later  tradition,  though  found  in  an  earlier  writer, 
is  that  which  assigned  them  an  island  as  large  as  Sicily, 
lying  towards  the  north,  over  against  the  country  of  the 
Celts,  fertile  and  varied  in  its  productions,  possessed  of  a 
beautiful  climate,  and  enjoying  two  harvests  a  year.  In 
this  island  it  is  not  difficult  to  recognize  our  own  country. 
Mawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  27,  note. 

Hyperides,'or  Hypereides  (M-per-i'dez).  [Gr. 
'Tirepei&i/g,  'TivepiOTK.']  A  celebrated  Attic  ora- 
tor, a  contemporary  (and  probably  a  younger 
contemporary)  of  Demosthenes,  and  the  son  of 
Glaueippus  of  the  deme  Collytus.  He  supported 
Demosthenes  in  his  opposition  to  the  Macedonian  party ; 
later  (324)  took  part  in  his  prosecution  on  the  charge  of 
bribery  by  Alexander ;  was  chief  instigator  of  the  Lamian 
war ;  and  was  slain  at  Corinth  in  322. 
HyperioiL  (hi-pe'ri-on  or  hi-per-i'on).  [Gr.'Tn-e- 
piav.'\  1.  In  Greet  mythology,  a  Titan,  a  son 
of  Uranus  and  G«a.  By  his  sister  Theia  he  was 
the  father  of  Helios,  Selene,  and  Eos. — 2.  The 
seventh  satellite  of  Saturn,  discovered  by  Bond 
Sept.  16,  1848. 
Hyperion,  l.  A  poetical  fragment  by  Keats, 
published  in  1820. —  3.  A  prose  romance  by 
Longfellow,  published  in  1839.  The  subjects 
of  the  two  works  are  entirely  different. 
Hyphasis  (hif'a-sis).  [Gr.  "Tipamg.']  The  an- 
cient name  of  the  river  Sutlej. 
Hypocrite,  L'.  The  name  under  which  "  Tar- 
tufe"  was  first  played. 
Hypocrite,  The.  A  play  by  BickerstafEe,  in 
wMch  Gibber's  "Non- Juror,"  an  adaptation  of 
"  Tartufe,"  survives.  It  was  produced  in  1768. 
Hyppolite  (e-po-lef),  Louis  Mondestin  Flor- 
vil.  Bom  at  Cap  Haitien,  1827 :  died  March  24, 
1896.  A  Haitian  general  and  politician.  He  was 
a  mulatto,  the  son  of  one  of  Soulouque's  ministers;  first  at- 
tained prominence  in  the  civil  war  of  1865 ;  was  the  leader 
of  the  sanguinary  revolt  by  which  Legitime  was  defeated ; 
and  in  Oct.,  18S9,  was  proclaimed  acting  president.  In 
May,  1890,  he  was  elected  president  for  seven  years. 

Hyrcania  (her-ka'ni-a).  [Gr.  ^  'TpKuvla.']  In 
ancient  geography,  a  region  in  Asia  which  bor- 
dered on  the  Caspian  Sea  and  the  Oxus.  It  cor- 
responded ia  part  to  northern  and  northeastern 
Persia.  . 


Hythe 

Hyrcanus  (her-ka'nus)  I.,  or  John  Hyrcanus. 

A  Maccabean prince  of  Judea  135-105  B.o.  Under 
him  the  political  achievements  of  the  Maccabees  were  con- 
solidated and  extended.  He  cleared  the  young  state  of 
heterogeneous  and  hostile  elements  by  driving  out  theHel- 
lenists  from  Palestine  and  destroying  the  Samaritan  tem- 
ple on  Mount  Qerizim,  thus  accomplishing  the  dissolution 
of  the  Samaritans  as  a  separate  religious  nation.  The  Idu- 
means  he  forced  to  accept  Judaism.  He  also  extended, 
by  successful  wars,  the  boundaries  of  Judea,  and  assured 
its  independence.  WithEome  he  entertained  friendly  re- 
lations. His  reign  was  compared  to  that  of  Solomon. 
Hyrcanus  II.  The  last  and  most  unfortunate 
of  the  Maccabean  princes.  He  was  of  a  weak,  irres- 
olute  character,  but,  being  the  elder  of  two  brothers,  was 
at  the  death  of  his  mother,  Salome  Alexandra,  69  B.  c,  ap- 
pointed king,  while  to  his  more  energetic  but  rash  brother, 
Aristobulus  II.,  was  bequeathed  the  high-priesthood.  Soon 
a  confiict  broke  out  between  the  brothers.  The  helpless 
Hyrcanus  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  crafty  Idumean  An- 
tipater,  father  of  Herod,  whom  he  adopted  as  his  guide 
and  counselor.  Antipater's  machinations  brought  Pom- 
pey  to  Jerusalem  in  63  B.  0.,  an  event  which  was  the  begin- 
ning of  the  end  of  Judean  independence,  and  resulted  in 
supplanting  the  Maccabean  race  by  that  of  Antipater,  the 
Herodians.  Aristobulus  II.  was  led  as  a  prisoner  by  Pom- 
pey  to  Home,  and  was  there  poisoned.  The  weak  Hyrca- 
nus became  a  tool  of  Herod.  Even  of  the  dignity  of  the 
high-priesthood,  to  which  Herod  confined  him,  he  was  de- 
prived in  consequence  of  mutilation  which  he  suffered  at 
the  hands  of  the  invading  Parthians.  He  finally  died  the 
ignominious  death  of  a  criminal,  Herod  ordering  his  exe- 
cution on  the  charge  of  conspiracy,  30  B.  0. 

Hysmene  and  Hysmenias  (his'me-ne  and  his- 
me'ni-as).  A  Greek  romance  by  a  certain 
EustatSius  (or  Bmathius,  or  Eumathias),  writ- 
ten not  earlier  than  the  9th  century  A.  D. 

Hystaspes  (his-tas'pez) .  [Old  Pers.  Vishtdspa.'] 
See  the  extract. 

Hystaspes,  the  son  of  Arsames  a.ndfather  of  Daiins— the 
Gustasp  of  Persian  romance  — not  only  occurs  in  the  ge- 
nealogical lists,  Greek  and  native,  but  likewise  appears  in 
the  Behistun  Inscription  as  actually  living  in  the  reign  of 
his  son  and  serving  under  him.  According  to  Gtesias,  he 
was  accidentally  killed  as  he  was  being  drawn  up  by  ropea 
to  examine  the  sculptures  which  Darius  was  having  exe- 
cuted for  his  own  tomb.  I  have  already  noticed  the  prob- 
ability that  Hystaspes  was  the  real  heir  to  the  throne,  on 
the  failure  of  male  issue  in  the  line  of  Cyrus,  but  waived 
his  right  in  favour  of  his  eldest  son. 

Huwlineon,  Herod.,  IT.  267. 

Hsrthe  (hiTH).  [AS. -ff^*fe,  the  port.]  A  town 
in  Kent,  England,  on  the  Strait  of  Dover  11 
miles  west  of  Dover,  it  is  one  of  the  Cinque  Port% 
and  a  military  station.    Population  (1891),  4,361. 


accllUS(i-ak'us).  lQT."IaKXog.1 
In  Greek  mythology,  a  divin- 
ity peculiar  to  Athens,  and 
important  from  his  intimate 
connectionwiththe  Bleusin- 
ianmysteries.  Hewasasonof 
Demeter  and  Zeus,  and  a  brother 
of  Kora  (Proserpine),and  personi- 
fied the  male  element  in  nature, 
as  his  sister  the  female.  AtEleusis 
he  was  looked  upon  as  an  intermediary  between  the  great 
goddesses  and  their  TOtaries,  and  presided  in  person  (rep- 
resented by  an  image  crowned  with  myrtle  and  bearing  a 
torch)  over  the  splendid  procession  from  the  Elensinium 
at  Athens  to  the  sekos  at  Kleusis,  and  over  the  mysterious 
rites  in  the  latter  sanctuary.  At  a  comparatively  late  date 
lacchus  became  to  some  extent  confounded  with  a  new 
type  of  infant  Bacchus,  who,  as  a  son  of  Demeter,  was  en- 
tirely distinct  from  the  older  Dionysus. 
lachimo  (i-ak'l-mo).  In  Shakspere's  "Cymbe- 
line,"  a  worldly  and  affected  Roman  courtier: 
a  brutal  villain.  He  conceals  himself  in  a  chest  in  Im- 
ogen's room,  and  so  furnishes  himself  with  details  which 
seem  to  prove  her  unchastity. 
lago  (i-a'go).    A  character  in  Shakspere's  tra- 

tedy  "Othello."  He  is  the  ancient  of  Othello,  and  is 
lied  with  jealousy  of  his  rank  and  power.  His  cool  and 
calculating  villainy,  his  speoiousness,  and  his  bitter  sar- 
casm form  an  artistic  contrast  to  the  noble  and  large- 
natured  Othello.  In  order  to  revenge  himself  for  the  loss 
of  the  position  as  Othello's  lieutMiant  which  he  failed  to 
secure,  (and  partly  apparently  from  sheer  love  of  evil),  he 
raises  a  whirlwind  of  passion  in  the  latter's  breast  by 
adroitly  making  him  believe  in  the  unfaithfulness  of  Des- 
demona,  to  the  final  destruction  of  all  three. 

lakon.     See  Taquina. 

lamblichus  (jam'bli-kus).  [Gr.  'U/ipTuxoc^ 
Born  at  Chalcis,  Coele-Syria :  died  about330  a.  d. 
A  Syrian  Neoplatonie  philosopher.  He  wrote 
many  philosophical  and  mathematical  works,  of  which 
only  a  few  have  survived.  His  "Life  of  Pythagoras  "  and 
"Exhortation  to  Philosophy  "  were  edited  by  Kiessling 

lapetUS  (i-ap'e-tus).  [Gr.  'lairErdc']  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  Titan,  son  of  Uranus  and  Gsea, 
and  father  of  Prometheus,  Epimetheus,  Atlas, 
and  Menoetius.    He  was  thrown  by  Zeus  into 

lapygia  (i-a-pij'i-a).  [Gr.  'lairvyla.']  In  ancient 
geography','  a  name  used  vaguely  by  the  Greeks 
for  Messapia  or  Apulia. 

lapygians  (i-a-pij'i-anz).  See  the  extract. 
Under  the  general  name  of  lapygians  were  commonly 
included  three  distinct  tribes,  the  Messapians,  the  Peuce- 
tians,  and  the  Daunians.  The  first-named  are  spokenjof 
as  the  inhabitants  of  the  lapygian  peninsula,  eastward  of 
Tarentum  and  Brundusium  (Strab.  vi.  p.  401).  They  were 
generally  derived  from  Crete,  strange  as  it  may  appear 
fatrab  vi.  p.  406 ;  Athen.  xii.  p.  622,  F. ;  Plut.  Thes.  o.  16 ; 
Festus,  ad  voc.  Salentini,  etc^.  Probably  they  came  in 
reality  like  the  other  inhabitants  of  southern  Italy,  from 
the  Peloponnese,  where  there  was  a  place  called  Messa- 
pgj5,  BawUmon,  Herod.,.iv.  189,  note. 

Ibadan  Ce-ba'dan).  Atown  in  the  Yoruba  coun- 
try, "West  Africa,  about  lat.  7°  20'  N.,  long.  4° 
10'  B.    Population,  estimated,  100,000. 

Ibarra  (e-bar'ra).  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Imbabura,  northern  Ecuador,  about  55  miles 
northeast  of  (Juito.  It  was  destroyed  in  1868 
by  an  earthquake  which  killed  3,000  of  the  in- 
habitants.   Population,  about  13,000. 

Ibea  (i-be'a).  The  part  of  British  East  .Africa 
formerly  iinder  control  of  the  Imperial  British 
East  Africa  Company.  The  name  is  formed 
from  the  initials  of  the  above  words. 

Iberia  (I-be'ri-a).  [L.  J&ma,  Gr.npjipui  from 
lUres,  Hiberes,  Gr.  "iPvpeg,  the  inhabitants.] 
In  ancient  geography:  (ffl)  The  peninsula  of 
southwestern  Europe,  comprising  the  modern 
Spain  and  Portugal.  (&)  The  region  bounded 
by  the  Caucasus  Mountains  on  the  north,  Al- 
bania  on  the  east,  Armenia  on  the  south,  and 
Colchis  on  the  west.  It  corresponds  nearly  to 
the  modern  Georgia.  _ 

Iberian  (i-be'ri-an)  Mountains,  A  name  some- 
times given  to  tfe  mountains  in  central  and  east- 
em  Spain.  _  ,,        . 

Iberian  Peninsula.  The  southwestern  penin- 
sula of  Europe,  comprising  Spain  and  Portugal. 

Iberians  (i-be'ri-anz").  The  ancient  inhabitants 
of  the  Iberian  peninsula.     See  the  extract. 


for  this  short,  dark  dolichocephalic  type  we  may  adopt     and  extending  thence  to  the  north  and  east 


the  usual  and  convenient  name  "  Iberian.""  Professor  Rol- 
leston  prefers  the  term  "  Silurian,"  and  it  has  been  vari- 
ously designated  by  other  writers  as  the  Euskarian,  Basque, 
Berber,  or  Mediterranean  race.  By  some  French  writers 
it  is  called  the  "  Cro-Magnon  "  type,  from  askiiU,  possibly 
of  palaeolithic  age,  found  in  a  sepulchral  cavern  at  Cro- 
Magnon  in  P6rigord.  .  .  .  Before  the  arrival  of  the  brachy- 
cephalio  Ligurian  race,  the  Iberians  ranged  over  the  great- 
er part  of  France.    We  trace  them  in  the  yalleys^ot  Jhe  ThraTiitn  (ib-ra-Tiflm').  The  Arabic  form  of  ^&ra- 


The  chief  town,  also  called  Ibo,  is  an  emporium  of  the 
palm-oil  trade.  All  the  slaves  exported  from  the  Niger 
used  to  be  called  Ibos  in  Worth  America.  The  Ibo  tribe 
comprises  some  minor  tribes  speaking  dialects  of  Ibo, 
namely,  Isoama  (the  dialect  used  in  missionary  books), 
Elugu,  Abadja,  and  Abo.  The  Ibo,  being  a  trade  language, 
is  used  beyond  the  territory  of  the  tribe.  See  Igara  and 
Idzo. 


Seine,  the  Oise,  and  the  Marne,  frequently  in 

with  the  remains  of  the  Ligurian  invaders.    If,  as  seems  „     ,  .     ,  _„_       ,  j     •   •      j.  m 

probable,  we  may  identify  them  with  the  Aqultani,  one  of  Ibramm.    Died  in  1535.     A  grand  VlZir  or  iur- 


key.  ,He  was  the  son  of  a  sailor  at  Parga ;  was  captured 
by  corsairs  in  his  youth ;  was  sold  into  slavery  at  Magne* 
sia,  and  became  the  property  of  Soliman  II.,  by  whom  he 
was  made  vizir  in  1523.  He  fought  with  distinction  in  the 
war  against  Hungary  in  1527,  and  was  put  to  death  at  the 
instigation  of  the  sultana  in  1636. 


the  three  ^aces  which  occupied  Gaul  in  the  time  of  Csesar, 
they  must  have  retreated  to  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Pyr- 
enees before  the  beginning  of  the  historic  period.  It  is 
in  this  region,  mainly  in  the  valley  of  the  Garonne,  that 
their  sepulchral  caves  are  the  most  numerous.  .  .  .  The 
Iberians,  a  short  Southern  dolichocephalic  race,  repre- 
sented in  the  long  barrows  of  Britain  and  the  sepulchral  Tl.-.„i,t,„  ^f  A-i^„„n  nlo/q  ir,  1114.0  A  noloTira+arl 
caves  of  France  and  Spain.  The  stature  averaged  5  feet  4  Ibranim  Of  AleppO.  -Died  m  1549.  Acelebratea 
Inches,  and  the  cephalic  index  71  to  74.  They  were  orthog-  Ottoman  junst.  He  compiled  the  great  code  of  laws 
nathous  and  swarthy.  They  are  now  represented  by  some  known  as  "Multeka-al-Abhar  "  ("  Confluence  of  the  Seas  "). 
of  the  Welsh  and  Irisl^  by  the  Corsicans,  and  by  the  Span-  HjiaMm,  OU  I'lUustre  BaSSa.  A  romance  by 
ish  Basques.    Their  afiin.t.^s  ar^Atoca.  ^^_  ^^_  ^^      MademoiseUe  de  Scud^ry,  published  in  1641. 

Settle  wrote  a  tragedy  founded  on  this :  it  was 

Iberus  (i-be'rus).     The  Latin  name  of  the  Ebro.     pubUshed  in  1677. 

Iberville  (e-ber-vel'),  Pierre  le  Mojme,  Sieur  IbrallimPasha(ib-ra-hem'pash'a).  Born  at  Ga- 
el'. Born  at  Montreal,  July  16, 1661:  died  at  Ha-    yaUa,  EumeHa,  1789 :  died  at  Cairo,  Nov.  9, 1848. 
vana,  July  9,  1706.    A  French-Canadian  naval    ^^  iigyptian  general,  son  (or  adopted  son)  of 
and  military  commander.     He  entered  the  French     Mehemet  All.    He  subdued  the  Wahhabees  1816-18; 
navy  at  the  age  of  fourteen ;  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the     commanded  against  the  Greeks  1824-27 ;  stormed  Acre 
expedition  against  Schenectady  in  1690 ;  obtained  com-     jj^y  27  1332  •  defeated  the  Turks  at  Homs  and  Eonieb  in 
mand  of  a  frigate  in  1692 ;  and  took  Forts  Nelson  and  Bour-     1332  and  at  Nisib  June  24, 1839 ;  and  succeeded  Mehemet 
bon  on  Hudson  Bay  in  1694  and  1697  respectively.    In  1699,      mas  viceroy  in  1848. 
having  been  commissioned  by  the  French  government  to  tv-oVI    »,■  TTir-Qi'la       Sen  Ttrni'ln 
establish  direct  intercourse  between  l-rance  and  the  Mis-  Ibrail,  or  IftraUa.     bee  JiraiM. 
sissippi  River,  he  erected  FortBiloxi,  at  the  head  of  Biloxi  IbreeZ.     See  Ivris. 
Bay,  the  first  post  on  the  Mississippi  Biver.    He  subse-  Ti,oorviV.Ti1       Sob  4hii  fiimhpl 

quently  established  other  posts  in  the  same  region,  and  IbSambUl.     beeAOu-MVWel.  tvt^^wo^ 

was  preparing  to  attack  the  coast  of  North  Carolina  when  Ibsen  (ib'sen),  HeuriE.  Bom  at  bkien,  JN  orway, 
he  died  of  a  fever  at  Havana.  March  20,  1828.    A  noted  Norwegian  dramatic 

Ibicuhy,  orlbicui(e-be-kwe').  A  river  in  south-     poet.  He  at  first  studied  medicine,  but  soon  devoted  him- 
ern  Brazil,  joining  the  Uruguay  in  the  province     self  entireljr  to  literature.    His  first  dramatic  attempt. 


of  Eio  Grande  do  Sul,  about  lat.  29°  20'  S. 
Length,  over  300  miles. 

Iblis.    See  Eblis. 

Ibn  Batuta  (ibn  ba-to'ta),  properly  Abu  Ab- 
dallah  Mobammed.  Bom  at  Tangier,  Mo- 
rocco, about  1304 :  died  at  Fez,  Morocco,  about 
1377.  An  Arabian  traveler.  He  visited  northern 
and  central  Africa,  western  and  central  Asia,  Kussia,  In- 
dia, China,  etc.  His  "  Travels  "  were  translated  into  Eng- 
lish by  S.  Lee  in  1829,  and  into  French  by  C.  Defr^mery 
and  R.  Sanguinetti  1874-79. 

Ibn  Ezra.    See  Abraham  ben  Meir  ibn  Ezra. 

IbnHaukul(ibnhou-kul').  Died  976  A.  D.  An 
Arabian  geographer  and  traveler.  The  observa- 
tions of  his  twenty  years  of  travel  in  the  countries  of 
Islam  were  put  down  in  the  work  "  Highways  and  Coun- 
tries," which  was  translated  into  English  by  Sir  William 
Ouseley,  under  the  title  of  "The  Oriental  Geography  of 
Ibn  Haukul,"  in  1800. 

Ibn  Kbaldto  (ibn  khal-d6n'),  patronymic  of 
Abu  Zeid  Abdurrahman.  Born  at  Tunis, 
1322 :  died  at  Cairo,  March,  1406.  .Aji  Arabian 
historian.  His  chief  work  is  a  universal  history 
which  treats  especially  of  the  Arabs  and  Ber- 
bers. 

Ibn  Khallikan  (ibn  kal'H-kan).  Bom  1211  A.  D. 
at  Arbela:  died  1281  a.  d.  at  Damascus.  An 
eminent  Arabian  scholar  and  writer.  He  was 
scholar,  poet,  compiler,  biographer,  and  historian.  His 
celebrated  biographical  work, "Deaths  of  Eminent  Men 
("  Waflat-ul-Aiyan  "),  has  been  translated  into  English  and 
copiously  annotated  by  Baron  MacGuckin  de  Slane  (1842- 
1871). 

Ibn  Sina.    See  Avicenna. 

Ibn  Tofail  (ibn  to'fa-il)  (Abu  Beker  Ibn  el- 
Tofeil).    An  Arabian  philosopher  and  physi- 


the  three-act  tragedy  "Katilina,"  was  published  at  Chris- 
tiania,  in  1860,  under  the  pseudonym  Brynjoll  Bjarme. 
In  the  same  year  he  went  to  Christiania  in  order  to 
pursue  his  studies  at  the  university.  With  A.  O.  Vinje 
and  Botten-Hansen  the  bibliographer,  young  men  of 
his  own  age,  he  engaged  in  the  editorship  of  the  short- 
lived weekly  journal  "  Andhrimner,"  to  which  he  contrib- 
uted lyrics  and  satirical  pieces.  A  short  saga  piece, 
"  Ksempehoj  en  "("  The  Warrior's  Mound  "),  written  at  this 
time,  was  produced  upon  the  stage.  On  the  cessation  of 
the  journal  the  following  year,  he  obtained  from  the  vio- 
linist Ole  Bull  the  position  of  manager  in  the  newly 
opened  National  Theater  at  Bergen,  a  post  which  he  held 
until  1867.  In  1862,  in  the  interest  of  the  theater,  he  un- 
dertookashort  journey  to  Denmark  and  Germany  to  study 
scenic  art.  From  this  period  is  the  historical  drama  "  Gil- 
det  paa  Solhaug"  ("The  Banquet  at  Solhaug").  In  1867 
he  was  called  to  Christiania  as  director  of  the  Norwegian 
Theater.  From  this  year  is  the  historical  drama  "Fru 
Inger  til  Ostraat "  {"  Mistress  Inger  at  Ostraat "),  which  sub- 
sequently, however,  was  almost  wholly  rewritten.  From 
1858  is  the  historical  drama  "Hermeendene  paa  Helge- 
land  "  ("  The  Warriors  at  Helgeland  ").  "Kjserlighedens 
Komedie  "  ("Love's  Comedy  "),  the  first  of  the  satirical  so- 
cial plays  that  have  particularly  made  his  name  famous, 
was  the  next  important  work  to  appear  (in  1862).  In  1863 
appeared  the  historic  drama  "Kongs-Emnerne"  ("The 
Pretenders").  In  1864,  after  writing  the  poem  "EnBroder 
i  Nod  "  ("A  Brother  in  Need  ")  —  a  demand  to  the  people  to 
take  up  the  cause  of  Denmark,  which,  however,  fell  un- 
heeded— he  left  Norway  in  a  sort  of  voluntary  exile.  In 
Eome  in  1866  he  completed  one  of  the  greatest  of  his 
works,  the  drama  "Brand."  This  was  foUowed  the  suc- 
ceeding year  (1867)  by  the  dramatic  poem  "Peer  Gynt^" 
also  written  in  Italy.  His  next  work  was  the  satiric  com- 
edy "De  TJnges  Forbund"  ("The  Young  Men's  Union," 
1867) :  like  all  his  later  works,  written  in  prose.  This  was 
followed  in  1871  by  the  long  historic  drama  "Kejser  og 
Galilaeer"  ("Emperor  and  Galilean"),  which  consists  of 
twoparts — "Julian's  Apostasy  "and  "Julian  theEmperor." 
In  the  meantime  he  had  changed  his  place  of  residence, 
first  to  Dresden,  and  later  to  Munich,  where  he  lived  un- 
til recently,  when  he  returned  to  Christiania.     In  1877 


*«*«•»/. ■  c — -'  i ^i,ii„o„r,'hoT.     til  recently,  wnen  ne  reiurnea  to  i-mjsuBDia.     jiii  laii 

cian,aoontemporary  of  the -Arabian  pnilosopner    appeared,  further,  "  Samfundets  Stotter"  ("The  Pillars  of 


and  writer  Averroes.  He  lived  toward  the  close  of 
the  12th  century  in  one  of  the  Arabic  kingdoms  in  Spam. 
He  composed  a  phUosophical  description  of  the  imaginary 
voyages  of  Ibn  Yokdhan,  translated  into  Hebrew  by  Moses 
Narbonenais,  and  into  Latin  by  Pococke  in  1671.  Several 
English  translations  were  made  from  the  Latin,  ana  one 
from  the  original  Arabic  by  Simon  Ocklej^  published  in 
1711  under  the  title  "  The  Improvement  of  Human  Reason 
Exhibited  in  the  Life  of  Hal  Ebn  Yokdhan,  written  by  Abu 
Jaafer  Ebn  Tophall."    See  Autodidactus. 


Society  "),  another  satiric  comedy.  This  was  followed  in 
1879  by  "Et  Dukkehjem"  ("A  Doll's  House,"  translated 
under  the  name  "Nora  "),  in  the  same  vein.  His  latest 
plays  are  "Gjengangere''  ("Ghosts,"  1881),  "En  Folke- 
fiende"  ("An  Enemy  of  the  People,"  1882),  "  Vildanden" 
("The  Wild  Duck,"  1884),  "Eosmersholm'"  (1886),"Fruen 
Ira  Havet"  ("The  Lady  from  the  Sea,"  1888),  "Hedda 
Gabler  "  (1890),  and  "Bygmester  Solness"("  Architect  Sol- 
ness,"  1892).  Among  his  minor  writings  are  the  epic  "  Terj  e 
Vigen"and  the  long  poem  "  Paa  Vidderne"  (1860). 


Ibo  (e'bS).  An  island  seaport  and  town  of  Por-  Ibycus  (ib'i-kus).  [Gr.  "Ipvuog.']  A  Greek  lyric 
tuguese'East  Africa,  in  lat.  12°  23'  S.  poet  of  the  second  half  of  the  6th  century  b.  c, 

rbo(e'b6)  orlgbo  (eg'bo).  An  important  Afri-  ■born  at  Ehegium,  Italy.  He  lived  for  the  greater  part 
can  tribe  dwelling  at  the  apex  of  the  Niger  delta,  of  his  life  at  the  court  of  Polycrates  of  Samos.  Fragments 
523 


Ibycus 

of  hia  poems,  wWoh  were  chiefly  erotic,  have  survived.  Ac- 
cording to  tlie  legend,  he  was  mmdered  at  sea,  and  his 
murderers  were  found  out  through  some  cranes  that  tol- 
lowed  the  ship  :  hence  the  "cranes  of  Ibycus  "  became  a 
proverb  for  the  agency  of  the  gods  in  revealing  crime. 

Ica,  or  Yea  (e'ka) .  A  town  in  western  Peru,  160 
miles  south-southeast  of  Lima.  Population 
(1889),  about  9,000. 

Ica.  A  maritime  department  of  Peru.  Area, 
6,295  square  miles.     Population,  about  60,000. 

led,  (e-sa'),  called  Putumayo  (po-to-mi'yo)  by 
Spanish  Americans.  A  river  of  South  America 
which  rises  near  Pasto,  southern  Colombia, 
flows  east  and  southeast  through  Colombia  and 
Brazil,  and  joins  the  Amazon  near  lat.  3°  S., 
long.  69°  W.  Aportion  of  the  middle  course  is  claimed 
both  byJUcuador  and  by  Peru.  Length,  about  1,100  miles; 
navigable  for  nearly  900  miles.    Also  written  Izi. 

Icaria  (i-ka'ri-a).  [Gr. 'I/capto.]  l.Asiteiuthe 
Rapedosa  valley,  Attica,  Greece,  north  of  Mount 
Pentelicus,excavated  by  the  American  Schoolat 
Athens  in  1888,  with  the  result  of  the  discovery 
of  architectural  remains  and  interesting  sculp- 
ture, chiefly  archaic,  and  the  definitive  identi- 
fication of  the  site,  it  is  important  because  here,  ac- 
cording to  the  legend,  wine-making  and  the  Dionysiac  cult 
were  introduced  into  Attica  by  Bacchus  himself ;  and  here 
was  born  Thespis,  who,  by  the  changes  he  introduced  into 
the  old  dithyrambic  songs,  became  the  originator  of  the 
drama,  of  whose  first  essays  Icaria  was  the  theater. 
2.  See  Icarian  Sea. 

Iparia.  A  cooperative  community  established 
in  1848  in  Texas,  removed  to  Nauvoo,  in  Illinois, 
in  1850,  and  in  1857  to  Adams  County,  Iowa. 

Icarian  Sea,  The  part  of  the  ^gean  Sea  sur- 
rounding Samos  and  the  neighboring  small  isl- 
and of  Icaria.  Compare  Icarus. 

The  Icarian  sea  received  its  name  from  the  island  of 
Icaria  (now  Kikaria),  which  lay  between  Samos  and  Myco- 
nus  (Strab.  xiv.  p.  915).  It  extended  from  Chios  to  Cos, 
where  the  Carpathian  sea  be^n. 

Rawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  474,  note. 

Icarus  (ik'a-rus).  [Gr."lKapof.]  In  Greek  legend, 
the  son  of  "bssdalus,  drowned  in  the  Icarian  Sea 
(named,  according  to  the  legend,fromhim),near 
Samos,  in  his  flight  from  Crete,  by  flying  so  near 
the  sun  that  his  wings  of  wax,  made  by  DsBda- 
lus,  melted.    See  Deedalus  and  Icarian  Sea. 

Iceland  (is'land),  Dan.  Island  (es'land).  [For- 
merly Iseland,  Island,  from  Icel.  Island,  Dan. 
S  w.  Island,  land  of  ice.]  An  island  iu  the  North 
Atlantic  Ocean,  belonging  to  Denmark,  in  lat. 
63°  23'-66°  33'  N.,  long.  13°  32'-24°  35'  W. ,  about 
160  miles  east  of  Greenland.  Capital,  Reykja- 
vik. The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  Iceland  is 
noted  for  its  volcanoes  and  glaciers.  Its  leading  occupa- 
tion is  the  raising  of  cattle.  The  religion  is  Lutheran.  The 
legislative  government  (according  to  the  constitution  of 
1874)  is  vested  in  the  king  and  a  local  assembly  (Althing) 
with  an  upper  chamber  of  12  members  and  a  lower  chamber 
of  24  members;  the  executive  being  vested  in  a  governor- 
general  appointed  by  the  king.  Iceland  was  settled  in  part 
by  Irish  monks  (from  about  795),  and  was  mainly  settled  by 
Northmen  about  870-930.  Christianity  was  introduced 
about  1000.  The  island  was  united  to  Norway  in  1262,  and 
passed  to  Denmark  in  1380.  It  was  celebrated  for  its  liter- 
ary productiveness  in  the  12th  and  13th  centuries.  A  new 
constitution  was  granted  in  1874.  Length,  300  miles.  Area, 
39,756  squai-e  mUes.    Population  (1890),  70,927. 

Iceland,  which  had  remained  undiscovered  till  long  after 
the  days  of  Charles,  was,  down  to  the  year  1262,  the  only 
absolutely  free  republic  in  the  world. 

Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire,  p.  185. 

Iceni  (i-se'ni).  An  ancient  British  tribe,  in  the 
eastern  part  of  England,  whose  queen,  Boadi- 
eea,  headed  a  formidable  insurrection  against 
the  Romans  in  61  A.  D. 

Ichabod  (ik'a-bod).  [Heb.,' no  glory.']  A  child 
(the  son  of  thinehas  and  grandson  of  Eli)  so 
named  by  his  mother,  who  died  in  giving  him 
birth  (1  Sam.  iv.  21). 

Ichang  (e-chang'),  or  Y-lin  (e-len').  A  treaty 
port  in  the  province  of  Hupeh,  China,  situated 
on  the  Yangtse  about  lat.  30°  45'  N.,  long.  111° 
25'E.  Itwasmadeatreatyportinl877.  Popu- 
lation, 34,000. 

Ictaiti.     See  Hitchiti. 

Ichlil  (ik-lel').  [Ar.  iJclil  al-jeVbah,  the  crown 
of  the  brow.]  The  third-magnitude  star  ji 
Scorpii. 

Icknield  Street  (ik'neld  stret).  An  ancient 
Roman  road  which  ran  through  Britain  from 
Norfolk  to  Cornwall. 

Icolmkill.    See  lona. 

Iconilun  (i-ko'ni-um).  The  ancient  name  of 
Konieh. 

Iconoclast.  The  pseudonym  of  Charles  Brad- 
laugh. 

Iconoclast  Emperors.  Those  Byzantine  em- 
perors who  were  noted  for  their  opposition  to 
the  veneration  of  images  in  the  Eastern  Church. 
The  controversy  began  with  the  edict  of  Leo  the  Isaui'ian 
in  726,  and  continued  until  the  niiildle  of  the  9th  century. 


524 

Iconoclasts  (i-kon'o-klasts) .  A  sect  or  party  in 
the  Eastern  Empire  in  the  8th  and  9th  centuries 
which  opposed  all  use  and  honor  or  worship  of 
icons,  or  images,  and  destroyed  them  when  in 
power.  The  party  of  Iconoclasts  was  originated  by  the 
emperor  Leo  the  Isaurian,  and  afterward  continued  or  re- 
vived by  Constantine  Copronymus  and  other  emperors,  es- 
pecially Leo  the  Armenian  and  Theophilus.  The  emperors 
named  treated  those  who  honored  icons  with  great  cruelty, 
and  after  the  death  of  the  last  of  them  the  party  of  Icono- 
clasts soon  became  extinct. 

Ictinus  (ik-ti'nus).  [Gr.  'I/cr^vof.]  Lived  in  the 
middle  of  the  5th  century  B.  c.  A  Greek  archi- 
tect, chief  designer  of  the  Parthenon.  He  also  de- 
signed the  temple  of  Demeter  and  Persephone  at  Eleusis, 
and  the  temple  of  Apollo  at  Bassai,  near  Fhigalia  (the 
sculptures  of  this  temple  are  among  the  treasures  of  the 
Brit&h  Museum).  Otlier  architects  were  associated  with 
him  in  nearly  all  of  these  works.  Ictinus  and  Phidias  were 
identified  with  Pericles  in  the  execution  of  his  great  scheme 
of  public  works. 

Ida  (i'da).  [Gr.  ij  "ISri  or  "Ida.]  1.  A  mountain- 
range  in  Phrygia  and  Mysia,  Asia  Minor.  At  the 
base  of  it  was  the  Troad.  It  was  famous  in  Greek  legend 
especially  as  a  seat  of  the  worship  of  Cybele.  Highest  sum- 
mit, (Jargaron  (the  modern  Kaz  Bagh,  6,749  feet). 

Herodotus  appears  to  have  given  the  name  of  Ida  to  the 
highlands  which  close  in  the  valley  of  the  Soamander  on 
the  left,  lying  west  and  south  of  Bunarbashi. 

Rmmlimon,  Herod.,  IV.  42,  note. 

2.  The  central  mountain-range  of  Crete:  the 
modem  PsUoriti.  It  was  the  scene  of  legends 
of  Zeus.    Highest  point,  about  8,000  feet. 

Ida  (i'da).  Died  559.  A  chief  of  the  Angles, 
the  first  king  of  Bemicia.  He  began  to  reign 
in  Northumbria  in  547.  Ida's  immediate  kingdom 
did  not  probably  extend  south  of  the  Tees,  though  his 
power  may  have  been  felt  beyond  that  river ;  for  the  king- 
ship of  Deira,  between  the  Tees  and  the  Humber,  does  not 
seem  to  have  been  founded  until  his  death.  It  is  quite 
possible  that  Ida's  Bemicia  did  not  extend  as  far  as  the 
Tees.  He  is  said  to  have  had  six  sons  by  queens  and  six 
by  concubines  (Florence).  The  consolidation  and  advance 
of  the  heathen  power  under  him  and  his  sons  caused  a 
wide-spread  apostasy  from  Christianity  among  the  Picts. 
He  reigned  twelve  years,  and  died  in  559.  On  his  death 
-^Ua  (died  588)  became  king  in  Deira,  and  is  supposed  to 
have  extended  his  power  over  Bemicia  (Skene).  Diet. 
Nat.  Bioq. 

Ida,  or  Idda  (ed'da).  The  chief  city  of  Igara 
(wmch  see). 

Idaho  (i'da-ho).  One  of  the  Western  States  of 
the  United  States  of  America.  Capital,  Bois6 
City.  It  is  bounded  by  British  America  on  the  north, 
Montana  and  Wyoming  on  the  east,  Utah  and  Nevada  on 
the  south,  and  Washington  and  Oregon  on  the  wes^  lying 
between  lat.  42°  and  49"  N.,  and  long.  Ill"  and  117°  10'  W. 
It  has  21  counties ;  sends  2  senators  and  1  representative 
to  Congress ;  and  has  3  electoral  votes.  It  contains  the 
Salmon  River  Mountains,  and  on  the  eastern  border  the 
Rocky  and  Bitter  Root  Mountains.  The.  leading  occupa- 
tions are  mining  of  gold  and  silver  and  cattle-raising.  It 
formed  part  of  the  Louisiana  cession ;  was  originally  part 
of  Oregon  Territory,  and  later  of  Washington  Territory ; 
and  was  organized  as  a  separate  Territory  in  1863  (includ- 
ing the  present  Montana  and  part  of  Wyoming).  The 
present  boundary  was  settled  in  1868,  and  Idaho  was 
admitted  as  a  State  in  1890.  Area,  84,800  square  miles. 
Population  (1900),  161,772. 

Idalium  (i-da'li-um),  orldalia  (i-da'li-a).  [Gr. 
'IS&liov.']  A  town  and  promontory  on  the  coast 
of  Cyprus,  sacred  to  Aphrodite,  who  was  some- 
times called  Idalia. 

Idar  (e'dar).  A  small  town  in  Birkenf  eld,  Olden- 
burg, Germany,  about  30  miles  east  of  Treves. 

Iddesleigh,  Earl  of.    See  Northcote. 

IddM  (id'd-hi).  [The  PaU  for  the  Skt.  rddU, 
success.]  In  Buddhist  theology,  the  name  for 
the  extraordinary  powers  over  matter  possessed 
by  the  Arhat  or  Buddhist  in  the  fourth  stage 
of  moral  perfection.  In  this  stage  he  has  gained  the 
Abhinnas, "  transcendent  faculties  of  knowledge,"  the  in- 
ner eye,  the  inner  ear,  knowledge  of  all  thoughts,  and  recol- 
lection of  previous  existences  and  Iddhi.  Under -Iddhi 
are  included  :  (1)  the  faculty  of  reducing  the  body  to  the 
size  of  an  atom ;  (2)  increating  size  or  weight  at  will ;  (3) 
making  the  body  light  at  will ;  (4)  reaching  any  object, 
however  remote ;  (5)  unlimited  exercise  of  will ;  (6)  abso- 
lute power  over  one's  self  and  others ;  (7)  subjecting  the 
elements ;  (8)  the  suppression  of  all  desires.  See  Monier- 
Williams,  "Buddhism,"  pp.  133-245. 

Iddoa.    See  Edohwe. 

Ideler  (e'de-ler).  Christian  Ludwig.    Bom  at 

Gross-Brese,  Prussia,  Sept.  21,  1766:  died  at 
Berlin,  Aug.  10,  1846.  A  German  astronomer, 
professor  at  the  University  of  Berlin  from  1821. 
His  chief  work  is  "Handbuch  der  mathematischen  und 
technischen  Chronologic  "  (1825-26). 

Iden  (i '  den ) ,  Sir  Alexander.  The  slayer  of  Jack 
Cade.    He  figures  in  Shakspere's  2  Henry  IV. 

Idle  (i'dl).  1.  A  town  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  England,  situated  near  the  Aire  9 
miles  west-northwest  of  Leeds.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  woolens.  Population  (1891),  7,118. — 
2.  A  tributary  of  the  river  Trent,  in  Notting- 
hamshire, England.  JEthelfrith,  king  of  North- 
umbria, was  defeated  and  slain  in  a  battle 
on  its  banks  by  Eedwald,  king  of  East  AngUa, 
iu  617. 


Iglesias,  Jos6  Maria 

Idler,  The.  A  series  of  essays  by  Dr.  Johnson, 
published  1758-60  in  a  newspaper  called  "The 
Universal  Chronicle." 

Idomeneus  (J-dom'e-nfls).  [Gr.  'l6oiievei>Q.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a  king  of  Crete,  one  of  the  lead- 
ingheroes  of  the  Greek  army  in  the  Trojan  war. 

Idria  (id're-a).  A  town  in  the  orownland  of 
Carniola,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Idrizza  29  miles  north-northeast  of  Triest :  cel- 
ebrated for  its  qmeksilver-mtnes,  discovered 
1497.    Population  (1890),  commune,  5,084. 

Idrisi  (id're-se),  or  Edrisi.  A  noted  Arabian 
geographer  of  the  12th  century.  Little  is  known 
concerning  his  Uf  e.  His  principal  work,  a  description  of 
the  world,  is  known  by  various  titles.  It  is  of  great  im- 
portance in  the  history  of  geography. 

Idro  (e'dro),  Lake.  A  small  lake  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Brescia,  northern  Italy,  9  miles  north- 
west of  Lake  Garda. 

Idstedt  (id'stet).  A  village  in  Sohleswig-Hol- 
stein,  Prussia,  5  miles  north  of  Schleswig.  Here, 
July  24  and  25, 1860,  the  Danes  (38,000)  defeated  the  troops 
of  Sohleswig-Holstein  (27,000). 

Idumea.    See  Edom. 

Idun  (e'don).  [ON.  Idhimn.']  In  Old  Norse 
mythology,  the  goddess  who  had  in  her  keeping, 
in  Asgard,  the  apples  eaten  by  the  gods  to  pre- 
serve eternal  youth.  Later  myths  make  her 
the  wife  of  Brag. 

Idylls  of  the  King.  A  series  of  poems  by 
Alfred  Tennyson;  founded  on  the  Arthm^ian  ro- 
mances. They  comprise  "The  Coming  of  Arthur,"  "Ga- 
reth  and  Lynette,"  "Geralnt  and  Enid,"  "Merlin  and  Vi- 
vien," "Lancelot  and  Elaine,"  "The  Holy  Grail,"  "Pelleas 
and  Ettaire,"  "  The  Last  Tournament,"  "Gaineverei"and 
"The  Passing  of  Arthur"  (published  1859-86). 

Idzo  (ed'zo).  Apeople  which  inhabits  the  Niger 
delta.  West  Africa ;  also,  its  language,  iiie  ter- 
ritory of  the  Idzo  comprises  the  Bonny  Brass,  New  Calabar, 
Akassa,  and  Okrika  townships  and  dialects,  and  extends  a 
hundred  miles  up  the  Nun  branch  of  the  Niger.  Some- 
times Idzo-  and  Ibo-speaking  settlements  are  found  inter- 
mixed, and  the  two  names  are  easily  confounded.  All  the 
Idzo  and  Ibo  people  axe  now  under  British  protection. 

lerne  (i-er'ne).     An  ancient  name  of  Ireland. 

If  (ef).  A  small  island  2  miles  west-southwest 
of  Marseilles,  noted  for  its  fortress.  Chateau  d'lf 
(one  of  the  scenes  of  Dumas's  novel  "Count  of 
Monte  Cristo  ") .  Mirabeau  and  Philippe  figalit6 
were  confined  here. 

Iffland  (if 'fland),  August  Wilhelm.  Bom  at 
Hannover,  Prussia,  April  19, 1759 :  died  at  Ber- 
lin, Sept.  22, 1814.  A  noted  German  actor  and 
dramatist,  director  of  the  national  theater  at 
Berlin  after  1796,  and  general  royal  theatrical 
director  after  1811.  His  beat-known  plays  are  "Die 
Jager,"  "  Dienstpflicht,"  "Die  Advokaten,"  "Die  Miindel," 
and  "Die  Hagestolzen." 

Iffley  (if'li).  A  village  near  Oxford,  England: 
noted  for  its  church,  which  is  of  small  size,  but  in  many 
ways  remarkable  for  the  interesting  moldings  and  other  de- 
tails of  its  early  Norman  architecture.  It  has  a  massive 
square  central  tower,  also  of  Norman  date. 

Igara  (e-ga'ra),  or  Igala  (e-ga'la).  An  African 
tribe,  of  the  Nigritic  branch,  settled  on  the  east- 
em  bank  of  the  Niger,  between  the  Ibo  and  the 
junction  of  the  Niger  and  the  Binue.  Ida  is  the 
capital.  The  language  seems  to  be  a  mixture  of  the  native 
Akpotto  with  Yomba  Introduced  by  immigrants.  At  Ala, 
Ibo  is  spoken  concurrently  with  Igara.    See  Ibo  and  Idzo. 

Igbira  (eg-be'ra).  A  Nigritic  and  pagan  tribe, 
dwelling  on  both  banks  of  the  Biaue  River  above 
its  confluence.  Fanda,  or  Panda,  is  the  capitaL  The 
Igbira  language  has  two  dialects,  Hima  and  Fanda:  it 
shows  greater  affinity  with  Nupe  and  Yomba  than  with 
Igara.  The  Panda  people  have  been  driven,  by  the  Eulah' 
invasion,  from  the  right  to  the  left  of  the  Binue,  into  the 
Akpotto  territory.  Igu  is  the  chief  town  of  the  Hima,  on 
the  right  bank.  The  Igbira  people  are  semi-civilized, 
peaceful,  industrious,  and  prosperous. 

Igel  (e'gel).  A  village  in  the  Rhine  Province, 
Prussia,  near  Treves.  The  Igel  monument,  or  Heiden- 
thurm,  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  Roman  monuments 
in  northern  Europe.  It  is  a  funeral  monument  of  the 
Secundini  family,  and  is  assigned  to  the  end  of  the  3d  cen- 
tury. It  consists  of  a  tower  16i  feet  square  at  the  base, 
rising  above  the  basement  in  two  stages,  crowned  bysmall 
pediments  and  a  pyramidal  flnial.  Almost  the  whole  sur- 
face is  covered  with  reliefs  which  represent  mythological 
scenes  and  symbols,  and  incidents  of  every-day  life. 

Igerna  (i-ger'na),  or  Igeme  (i-g6m'),  or 
Yguerne  (i-gfern').  In  the  Arthurian  cycle 
of  romance,  the  wife  of  Gorlois,  and  the  mother, 
by  Uther,  of  Arthur. 

Iglau  (ig'lou).  A  city  in  Moravia,  Austria-Hun- 
gary, situated  on  the  Iglawa  48  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Briinn.  It  has  flourishing  manufactures 
of  plush,  etc.  A  treaty  was  concluded  here  in  1436  be- 
tween the  Hussites  and  Sigismund,  who  was  recognized 
as  king  of  Bohemia.    Population  (1890),  23,716. 

Iglesias  (e-gla'se-as).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Cagliari,  Sardinia,  Italy,  32  miles  west  by 
north  of  Cagliari.  It  has  a  cathedral.  Popu- 
lation, 7,000. 

Iglesias,  Jos6  Maria.  Bom  at  Mexico  City, 
Jan.  5, 1823.   A  Mexican  politician,  lawyer,  and 


Iglesias,  Jos6  Maria 

f'^J'Jl?'"  j^?  '"^  *  member  o{  the  cabinet  of  Comonfort 
J  ■'?  .'  iS*""  °'  *••**  "'  Juarez  in  1863.  He  became  presi- 
dent of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1873,  and  by  virtue  of  that 
office  assumed  the  presidency  after  the  downfall  of  lerdo 
IS  ■'^^  m '  ''"' 'l^^  success  of  Diaz  compelled  him  to  give  up 
the  ofnce.  He  is  the  author  of  several  works  on  Mexican 
history. 

Iglesias,  Miguel.  Bom  at  Cajamarea,  Aug.  18, 
1822.  A  Peruvian  general  and  statesman.  He 
was  minister  of  war  in  1880  ;  took  a  principal  part  in  the 
defense  of  Lima,  Jan.,  1881 ;  and  was  captured  by  the  Chil- 
eans, but  escaped.  During  the  confusion  of  1883  he  as- 
sumed the  presidency,  and  signed  (Oct.  20,  1883)  a  treaty 
of  peace  with  the  Chileans.  Caceres  refused  to  recognize 
Iglesias.  and  civil  war  followed.  Caceres  occupied  Lima 
Dec.  1, 1885,  and  both  the  leaders  resigned  the  government 
into  the  hands  of  an  executive  ministry,  pending  an  elec- 
tion which  resulted  in  favor  of  Caceres.  Iglesias  then  left 
the  country. 

Iglesias  de  la  Casa  (e-gla'se-as  da  IS,  ka'sa), 
Jos^.  Born  at  Salamanca,  Spain,  Oct.  31, 1748: 
died  Aug.  26,  1791.  A  Spanish,  poet.  His  col- 
lected poems  were  published  in  1798.  "Offended  at  the 
low  state  of  morals  in  his  native  city,  he  indulged  himself 
at  first  in  the  free  forms  of  Castilian  satire :  ballads,  apo- 
logues, epigrams,  and  especiaily  the  half-simple,  half-ma- 
licious letriUaSj  in  which  he  was  eminently  successful," 
Ticknor. 

Iglo  (ig'lo),  or  Neudorf  (noi'dorf).  A  mining 
town  in  the  county  of  Zips,  Hungary,  situated 
on  the  Hern&d  in  lat.  48°  56'  N.,  long.  20°  33'  E. 
Population  (1890),  7,345. 

Ignacio  (eg-na'se-p),  Joaauim  Jos6,  Marquis 
of  Inhauma  from  Sept.  177  1867,  and  Viscount 
1868.  Born  at  Lisbon,  Portugal,  July  30, 1808 : 
died  at  Bio  de  Janeiro,  March  8,  1869.  A  Bra- 
zilian naval  officer.  He  distinguished  himself  In  many 
actions  from  1822 ;  was  minister  of  marine  1861 ;  and  com- 
manded the  Brazilian  flotilla  in  the  Paraguayan  war  1867 
and  1868.  His  brilliant  passage  of  Humait&  (Feb.  19, 1868) 
was  his  greatest  exploit.  He  became  full  admiral  shortly 
before  his  death. 

Ignatieff  (ig-na'tyef),  .Nikolai  Pavlovitch. 

Bom  at  St.  Petersburg,  Jan.  29, 1832.  A  Rus- 
sian diplomatist.  He  was  ambassador  at  Peking  1869- 
1863,  and  at  Constantinople  1864-77 ;  was  influential  in 
negotiating  the  treaty  of  San  Stefano  in  1878;  and  was 
minister  of  the  interior  1881-82. 

Ignatius  (ig-na'shi-us),  Saint,  sumamed  The- 
ophorus  (L.  Deifer,  lit.  'God-bearer')-  [L., 
from  Gr.  'lyvdnoc,  ardent,  fiery ;  F.  Ignace,  It. 
Ignazio,  Sp.  Ignacio,  Inigo,  Pg.  Ignacio,  G.  Ig- 
naz.^  Died  between  lo£-117  A.  D.  A  bishop  of 
Antioch  who,  according  to  the  tradition,  suffered 
martyrdom  under  Trajan.  He  was  the  reputed  author 
of  epistles  to  the  Ephesians,  £,omans,  Polycarp,  etc,  (ed- 
ited in  "  Corpus  Ignatianum,"  1849). 

Ignatius  de  Loyola.    See  Loyola. 

Ignoramus  (ig-no-ra'mus).  A  famous  academi- 
cal comedy  written  by  George  Ruggle,  1615,  as 
a  personal  satire,  it  is  a  mixture  of  the  iambics  of 
Plautus  (from  whom  it  was  taken  through  the  Italian)  and 
Latin  and  English  prose. 

Igor  (e'gor),  Song  of  the  Band  of.  A  Russian 
epic  poem,  describing  the  struggle  of  Igor, 
prince  of  Novgorod-Severski,  with  the  pagan 
hordes  from  the  southwest,  it  is  supposed  by  some 
authors  to  have  been  inspired  by  Homer.  It  is  the  most 
ancient  of  the  Kusslan  epics  of  the  middle  ages,  and  the 
prototjrpe  of  all.  The  MS.  was  burned  in  the  great  Are  at 
Moscow  (1812).  The  story  had,  however,  been  edited  by 
Pushkin. 

IgU  (e'go).     See  IgUra. 

Iguala,  Plan  of.    See  ItwWde,  AgusUn  de. 

Igualada  (e-gwa-la'sna).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Barcelona,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Noya 
35  miles  northwest  of  Barcelona.  Population 
(1887),  10,201. 

Iguvium  (i-gu'vi-um).  An  ancient  name  of 
Gubbio. 

Ijashne  (i-jash'ne).  [Gujrati  for  the  Pahlavi 
yajishn,  from  yag,  yas,  to  worship  by  sacrifices 
and  prayers,  kindred  with  Avestan  yasna,  Skt. 
yajna,  sacrifice.]  The  name  of  the  ceremony 
attending,  amongtheParsees,  thesolemnrecital 
of  the  lasna.  See  Avesta.  in  it  are  used  conse- 
crated water,  a  kind  of  bread,  butter,  fresh  milk,  meat, 
the  branches  of  the  Homa  plant  with  one  of  the  pome- 
granate, the  juice  of  the  Homa  plant,  the  hair  of  an  ox, 
and  a  bundle  of  twigs  tied  together  by  means  of  a  reed, 
evidently  relics  of  ancient  sacrificial  usages  agreeing  in 
part  with  the  Brahmanio. 

Ikelemba  (e-ka-lem'ba),  or  Ikelembe  (-be).  A 
southern  tributary  of  the  Kongo,  which  it  joins 
near  the  equator. 

Ikenild  Street.    See  IcTmieW. 

Hanz  (e'lants),  Eomansh  Glion  (lye-6n').  A 
town  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  on 
the  Vorder  Bhein  at  the  junction  of  the  Lugnetz 
valley,  17  miles  west  of  Coire.  It  was  the  old 
capital  of  the  Gray  League. 

Ilcfiester  (il'ches-t6r),  formerly  Ivelchester 
(iv'el-ches-ter).  A  small  decayed  town  in  Som- 
erset, England,  situated  on  the  Teo  31  miles 
southwest  of  Bath.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Boger  Bacon. 


525 
Ilderim  (il'de-rim).     See  Bajazet. 
Ile-de-France  (el-ds-frons').  Isle  of  France, 

1 .  An  ancient  government  of  France.  Capital, 
Paris.  It  was  bounded  by  Pioardy  on  the  north,  Cham- 
pagne on  the  east,  Orlfenais  on  the  south,  and  Normandy 
on  the  west ;  and  was  so  called  because  included  between 
the  rivers  Seine,  Marne,  Aisne,  Oise,  and  O.urcq.  It  cor- 
responded to  the  department  of  Seine,  with  a  large  part  of 
8eine-et-0ise,  Seine-et-Mame,  Aisne,  and  Oise,  and  small 
parts  of  Nifevre  and  Loiret.  It  was  the  portion  of  the 
country  about  Paris  that  was  most  completely  under  the 
control  of  the  kings— i.  e.,  the  royal  domain. 

2.  Mauritius. 

Iletzk  (e-letsk').  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Orenburg,  Russia,  near  the  junction  of  theBek 
and  Ural.    Population,  7,355. 

II  Fiammingo,    ^ee  John  of  Bologna. 

Ilfracombe  (U'fra-kom).  A  seaport  and  water- 
ing-place in  Devonshire,  England,  situated  on 
the  British  Channel  43  miles  northwest  of  Exe- 
ter: formerly  an  important  port.  Population 
(1891),  7,692. 

Imavo  (el-ya'v6).  A  town  in  the  district  of 
Aveiro,  province  of  Beira,  Portugal,  27  miles 
north-northwest  of  Coimbra.  Population,  about 
8,000. 

Ilheos  (el-ya'QS).  Aformerhereditary captaincy 
of  Brazil,  corresponding  to  the  coast  from  Ba- 
hia  50  leagues  southward,  it  was  settled  in  1635, 
prospered  for  a  time,  but  fell  into  decay,  and  in  the  18th 
century  was  incorporated  with  Bahia. 

Ili  (e'le).  1.  A  river  in  central  Asia,  flowing 
into  Lake  Balkash  about  lat.  45°  40'  N.,  long. 
74°  20'  E.  Length,  from  800  to  900  miles ;  nav- 
igable in  its  lower  course. — 2.  A  colonial  de- 
pendency of  China,  situated  about  lat.  36°-49° 
N.,  long.  71°-96°  E.  The  surface  is  elevated.  It  is 
divided  into  the  Forth  Circuit  (Sungaria)  and  the  South 
Circuit  (Bast  Turkestan). 

3.  See  Kuldja. 

Iliad  (il'i-ad).  The.  [Gr.  'IMf,  from  "IXiov,  Bi- 
nm,  Troy.]  A  famous  Greek  epic  poem,  com- 
posed, accordingto  tradition,  by  thepoet  Homer 
(see  Somer) :  with  its  companion  poem,  the 
Odyssey,  the  greatest  of  epics  and  "among  the 
most  ancient,  if  not  the  most  ancient,  works 
of  the  human  spirit  in  a  European  tongue" 
(  Geddes) .  The  subject  of  the  Iliad  is  the  ten  years'  siege 
of  Ilium  or  Troy  by  the  confederated  states  of  Greece 
under  Agamemnon,  king  of  Mycense,  to  redress  the  injury 
done  to  Menelaus,  king  of  Sparta,  in  the  carrying  off  of  his 
wife,  Helen,  by  the  Trojan  Paris,  to  whom  Helen  was  given 
by  Aphrodite  as  a  reward  for  his  decision  in  favor  of  Aphro- 
dite in  the  contest  of  beauty  between  her,  Athene,  and 
Hera.  The  direct  narrative  relates  only  to  a  part  of  the 
last  year,  leaving  the  fall  of  the  city  untold.  The  mighty 
deeds  of  the  Greek  Achilles  and  of  the  Trojan  Hector,  son 
of  King  Priam,  supply  some  of  the  chief  episodes  of  the 
poem. 

Iliniza.    See  IlUniza. 

Ilissus  (i-lis'us).  [Gi. 'I7uaa6g.2  A  small  river 
in  Attica,  Greece,  flowing  through  Athens. 

Ilitliyia(il-i-thi'ya).  l&r.'Elleievia.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  goddess  who  presides  over  child- 
birth: corresponding  to  the  Roman  Lucina. 

Ilium  (il'i-um) .  [Gr.  "IXiov,  ij  "lAiof .]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  place  in  Mysia,  Asia  Minor,  iden- 
tified by  the  Greeks  with  the  legendary  Troy. 
It  was  frequently  destroyed  in  prehistoric  times ;  was  re- 
built by  Greek  colonists  in  the  6th  century  B.  c. ;  was  en- 
larged by  Lysimachus  at  the  end  of  the  4th  century  B.  c. ; 
and  continued  (as  New  Ilium)  to  late  Boman  times.  Its 
site  has  been  identified  by  Schliemann  at  Hissarlik,  about 
100  miles  north  by  west  of  Smyrna.    Compare  Troy. 

Ilkeston  (il'kes-ton).  A  town  in  Derbyshire, 
England,  8  miles  northeast  of  Derby.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  19,744. 

Ilkley  (Uk'li).  A  watering-place  iu  Yorkshire, 
England,  on  the  Wharf  e  northwest  of  Bradford. 
Population  (1891),  5,767. 

Ilkshidites.    See  the  extract. 

Egypt,  during  the  ninth  and  tenth  centuries,  was  the 
theatee  of  several  revolutions.  Two  dynasties  of  Turkish 
slaves,  the  Tolunides  and  the  Ilkshidites,  established  them- 
selves in  that  country,  which  was  only  reunited  to  the 
Caliphate  of  Bagdad  for  a  brief  period  between  their  usur- 
pations. Freeman,  Hist.  Saracens,  p.  IIL 

111  (el).  A  riverin  Alsace  which  joins  the  Rhine 
7  miles  below  Strasburg.  Length,  about  125 
miles ;  navigable  from  near  Colmar. 

Illa-ticsi  (el'ya-tek'se).  One  of  the  names  or 
titles  given  by  the  ancient  Peruvians  to  their 
supreme  deity,  Uiraeoeha  (which  see).  Also 
written  nia-Uci  or  lUa-ticd. 

lUe  (el).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Pyr6- 
n6es-0rientales,  France,  on  the  Tet  west  of 
Perpignan.  Population  (1891),  commxme,  3,341. 

Ille-et-Vilaine  (el-a-ve-lan').  A  department  in 
northwestern  France.  Capital,  Rennes.  It  is 
bounded  by  the  English  Channel  and  Manohe  on  the  north, 
Mayenne  on  the  east,  Loire-Inf6rieure  on  the  south,  and 
Cdtes-du-Nord  and  Morbihan  on  the  west.  It  formed  part 
of  the  ancient  Brittany.  Area,  2,596  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  626,876. 


Illyria 

lUer  (il'ler).  A  tributary  of  the  Danube,  which 
it  joins  near  Ulm.     it,  forms  part  of  the  boundary  be- 

Ti7^°  »:  urtemberg  and  Bavaria.   Length,  about  100  miles, 

lUiberiS  (i-lib'e-ris).  An  important  Roman  city 
in  Spain,  near  the  modern  Atarf  6  and  Granada. 

lUiez,  Val  d".    See  Val  d'llUez. 

imger  (U'li-ger),  Johann  KarlWilhelm.  Bom 
at  Brunswick,  Germany,  Nov.  19,  1775:  died  at 
Berlin,  May  9-10,  1813.  A  German  naturalist. 
He  edited  a  "Magazin  fiir  Insektenkunde,"  and 
published  "Prodromus  systematis mammalium 
et  avium,"  etc. 

Illimani  (el-yf-ma'ne).  A  mountain  in  the  Bo- 
livian Andes,  immediately  east-southeast  of  La 
Paz.    Height,  21,030  feet. 

Illiniza  (el-ye-ne'tha),  or  Iliniza  (e-le-ne'tha). 
A  mountain  in  Ecuador,  about  17,400  feet  high. 
See  the  extract. 

This  mountain  is  probably  seventh  in  rank  of  the  Great 
Andes  of  the  Equator.  It  is  slightly  inferior  in  elevation 
to  Sangai,  and  is  loftier  than  Carihuairazo.  It  haa  two 
peaks,  or  rather  it  is  composed  of  two  mountains  that  are 
grouped  together,  the  more  northern  of  which  is  the 
lower,  and  is  called  Little  Illiniza.  The  summits  of  both 
are  shai-p,  and  during  the  time  of  our  stay  in  Ecuador  they 
were  completely  covered  by  snow. 

Whymper,  Travels  amongst  the  Great  Andes  of  the 
[Equator,  p.  130. 

Illinois  (il-i-noi'  or  -noiz').  A  confederacy  of 
North  American  Indians,  formerly  occupying 
Illinois  and  adjacent  parts  of  Wisconsin,  Iowa, 
and  Missouri.  They  were  allies  of  the  French,  and 
therefore  the  Iroquois  in  1678  began  a  long  and  destruc- 
tive war  against  them.  The  name  is  from  ilMni, '  man '  : 
their  own  plural  uk  was  changed  by  the  French  to  their 
plural  ending  ois.  Their  five  principal  component  tribes 
were  Peoria,  Kaakaskia,  Cahokia,  Tamaroa,  and  Michega- 
mea.  The  assassination  of  Pontiac  by  a  Kaskaskia  in  1765 
was  avenged  by  the  Lake  tribes  in  a  war  of  destruction. 
There  are  a  few  at  the  Quapaw  agency,  Indian  Territory. 
See  Algonquian, 

Illinois  (il-i-noi'  or  -noiz').  One  of  the  Central 
States  of  the  United  States  of  America.  Capital, 
Springfield;  chief  city,  Chicago,  it  is  bounded  by 
Wisconsin  on  the  north  and  Lake  Michigan  and  Indiana 
on  the  east^  and  is  separated  by  the  Ohio  from  Kentucky 
on  the  south,  and  by  the  Mississippi  from  Iowa  and  Mis- 
souri on  the  west.  The  surface  is  generally  level.  The 
chief  mineral  products  are  coal  and  lead.  It  is  one  of  the 
chief  States  in  the  production  of  com,  wheat,  and  oats, 
and  has  flourishing  manufactures.  It  is  the  first  State  in 
mileage  of  railways,  and  the  third  in  population ;  has  102 
counties ;  sends  2  senators  and  25  representatives  to  Con- 
gress ;  and  has  27  electoral  votes.  It  was  settled  by  the 
French  atKaskaskia  and  elsewhere  in  1682;  was  ceded  to 
Great  Britain  in  1763,  and  to  the  tjnited  States  in  1783: 
became  part  of  the  Northwest  Territory  in  1787,  and  part 
of  Indiana  Territory  in  1800 ;  was  made  a  separate  Terri- 
tory in  1809 ;  and  was  admitted  to  the  Union  in  1818.  Among 
later  events  were  Black  Hawk's  war  in  1832,  and  the  Mor- 
mon troubles,  culminating  in  1844.  Area,  66,650  square 
miles.    Population  (1900),  4,821,650. 

Illinois.  A  river  in  the  State  of  niinois,  formed 
by  the  junction  of  the  Des  Plaines  and  Kanka- 
kee in  Grundy  County,  49  miles  southwest  of 
Chicago.  It  joins  the  Mississippi  16  miles  above  Alton, 
and  is  connected  by  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  with 
Lake  Michigan.  Total  length,  about  600  miles ;  navigable 
246  miles. 

Illuminated  Doctor,  The,  L.  Doctor  lUumi- 
natUS  (dok'tor  i-ltl-mi-na'tus).  A  surname 
given  to  the  scholastic  philosopher  Raymond 
Lully  (1235-1315),  and  also  to  the  (Jerman  mys- 
tic Johann  Tauler  (1800-1361). 

lUuminati  (i-lu-mi-na'1i).  [L.,  'the  enlight- 
ened.'] A  name  given  to  different  religious  so- 
cieties or  sects  because  of  their  claim  to  perfec- 
tion or  enlightenment  in  religions  matters.  The 
most  noted  among  them  were  the  Alumbrados  ('  the  En- 
lightened') of  Spain  in  the  16th  century;  an  ephemeral 
society  of  Belgium  and  northern  France  (also  called  Bui- 
rinets)  in  the  17th  century ;  and  an  association  of  mystics 
in  southern  France  in  the  18th  century,  combining  the 
doctrines  of  Swedenborg  with  the  methods  of  the  Free- 
masons. 

Illuminator  (i-lfi'mi-na-tor).  A  surname  given 
to  Gregory  of  Armenia. 

Illusion  ComiCLUe  (e-lii-zyfin'  ko-mek'),  L'.  A 
tragicomedy  by  Corneille,  issued  in  1636,  "of 
the  extremest  Spanish  type,  complicated  and 
improbable  to  a  degree  in  its  action,  which 
turns  on  the  motive  of  a  play  within  a  play, 
and  produces,  as  the  author  himself  remarks,  a 
division  into  prologue  (Act  i.),  an  imperfect 
comedy  (Acts  ii.-iv.),  and  a  tragedy  (Act  v.)" 
(Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  295). 

Illusions  Perdues  (par-dii'),  Les.  [F.,  'lost  il- 
lusions.'] A  work  by  Balzac,  in  3  parts,  written 
in  1837-39-43.  He  drew  in  it  a  picture  of 
the  feuilletonists  which  exasperated  the  press 
against  him. 

Illyria  (i-Ur'i-a),  F.  lUyrie  (e-le-re'),  G.  lUy- 
rien  (il-le're-en).  [Gr.  'IXlvplc  or  'I/Uvpta.] 
A  region  on  the  western  coast  of  the  Balkan 
peninsula,  north  of  Greece  proper,  its  bounda- 
ries are  vague.     It  is  included  now  in  Montenegro  and 


lUyria 

parts  of  the  Austrian  and  Turkish  empires.  The  southern 
part  o(  it  came  early  under  Greek  influence.  The  king- 
dom of  Illyria,  with  Scodra  as  its  capital,  was  important  in 
the  3d  century  B.  c,  and  was  overthrown  by  Eome  in  168 
B.  0.  I'orthe  ecclesiastical  niyricum  and  the  modern  Il- 
lyria, see  below. 

The  same  remarks  apply  to  the  second  branch  of  peo- 
ple occupying  the  north-west  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula,  the 
Illyrians:  the  last  linguistic  remains  of  this  branch  are  pre- 
served in  modern  Albanian.      According  to  the  probable 


--[■  Leleges. 

Schroder,  Aryan  Peoples  (tr.  by  Jevons),  p. 

Illyria,  A  titular  kingdom  Ibelonging  to  the 
Cisleithau  division  of  the  Austrian-Hungarian 
monarchy,  comprising  the  five  crownlands  Ca- 
rinthia,  Carniola,  Istria,  Triest,  and  Gorz  and 
Gradiska,  formed  from  the  Illyrian  Provinces 
ceded  to  Austria  1815. 

Illyrian  (i-lir'i-an)  Provinces.  A  state  under 
French  control,  formed  'by  Napoleon  in  1809 
out  of  cessions  by  Austria,  it  comprised  Carniola, 
Dalmatia,  Istria,  Fiume,  Trieste,  Gorz  and  Gradisca,  and 
parts  of  Carinthia  and  Croatia.    Restored  1815. 

Illyricuni(i-lir'i-kmn).  [Gtv.'lXkvptKdv.']  1.  One 
of  the  four  great  prefectures  into  which  the 
later  Roman  Empire  was  divided,  it  comprised 
the  dioceses  of  Macedonia  and  Dacia,  and  corresponded 
generally  to  Greece,  Crete,  Macedonia,  Albania,  and  Servia. 
2.  A  diocese  of  the  later  Roman  prefecture  of 
Italy.  It  comprised  Noricum,  Dalmatia,  and  Pannonia 
(that  is,  nearly  all  of  Bosnia  and  that  part  of  Austria  be- 
tween the  Danube  and  the  Adriatic). 

Ilmen  (il'men),  Lake.  A  lake  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Novgorod,  Russia,  about  100  miles 
south-southeast  of  St.Petersburg.  It  discharges 
by  the  river  Volkhoff  into  Lake  Ladoga. 

Ilmenau  (il'me-nou).  A  town  in  Saxe-Wei- 
mar-Eisenach,  Germany,  situated  on  the  11m 
28  miles  southwest  of  Weimar.  It  was  fre- 
quently the  residence  of  Goethe.  Population 
(1890),  6,453. 

Ilminster  (il'min-ster).  A  town  in  Somerset, 
England,  situated  on  the  Isle  31  miles  north- 
east of  Exeter.     Population  (1890),  6,764. 

Iloilo  (e-16-e'16).  .Mter  Manila,  the  principal 
port  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  it  is  situated  on  the 
island  of  Panay.  It  was  captured  from  the  Philippine 
insurgents  by  the  United  States  troops  on  Feb.  11, 1899. 
Population,  about  12,000. 

IlopangO  (e-lo-pan'go).  A  lake  near  the  city  of 
San  Salvador,  noted  for  a  recent  volcano  which 
has  formed  an  island  in  it. 

Ilori  (e-16're),  or  Ilorin  (e-16'ren).  A  town  in 
the  Toruba'country,  "West  Africa,  about  lat.  8° 
30'  N.,  long.  4°  20'  E.  Population,  estimated, 
70,000. 

Use  (il'ze) .   In  German  folk-lore,  a  princess  who 

■  was  changed  into  a  river. 

Ilsenburg  (il'zen-borG).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  in  the  Harz  18 
miles  west  of  Halberstadt. 

Ilus  (i'lus).  [6r.  "I^c.]  In  Greek  legend,  the 
son  of  Tros:  the  mythical  founder  of  Dium. 

Ilva  (il'va).     The  Latin  name  of  Elba. 

Imaus  (iin'a-us).  [Gr.  "X/iaog,  rb  "Xfiaov  fipof.] 
In  ancient  geography,  the  name  given  to  the 
mountain  system  of  central  Asia,  extending 
east  and  west :  later  the  so-called  Bolor  range. 

Imbert  (ail-bar'),  Barth^lemi.  BomatNJmes, 
France,  1747:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  23,  1790.  A 
French  poet,  noted  especially  for  his  fables. 

Imbros(im'bros).  [Gr.  "I/i/3pof .]  An  island  in 
the  .^gean  Sea,  belonging  to  Turkey,  situated 
in  lat.  40°  10'  N.,  long.  25°  45'  E.  it  was  an  an- 
cient Athenian  possession.  Area,  98  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, about  ^000  (mainly  Greeks). 

Imeritia  (e-me-rish'i-a),  or  Imeretia(e-me-ret'- 
sya).  A  region  in  the  government  of  Kutais, 
Transcaucasia,  Russia,  between  Georgia  on  the 
east  and  Mingrelia  on  the  northwest. 

Imgur-bel  (im'gSr-bel).  [' Bel  is  favorable.'] 
One  of  the  walls  of  ancient  Babylon.   See  Babel. 

ImllOtep  (em-ho'tep).  In  Egyptian  mythology, 
the  first-bom  son  of  Ptah  and  Sekhmet,  with 
whom  he  formed  the  Memphic  triad.  He  was  the 
god  of  knowledge,  akin  to  Thoth,  and  was  identified  by 
the  Greeks  with  j^sculapius. 

Imitation  of  Christ.    See  Be  imitatione  Christi. 

Imlac  (im'lak).  In  Johnson's  "Rasselas,"  a  man 
of  learning  who  accompanies  Rasselas  from  the 
monotonous  "happy  valley." 

Immanuel,  Emmanuel  (i-,  e-mau'u-el).  [Heb., 
lit.' God  with  us.']  Aname  that  was  to  be  given 
to  Jesus  Christ  (Mat.  i.  23)  as  the  son  bom  of  a 
virgin  predicted  in  Isa.  vii.  14.  As  a  personal 
name  also  written  Emanuel. 

Immenstadt  (im'men-stat).  A  small  town  in 
Swabia  and  Neuburg,  Bavaria,  near  the  Uler  23 
miles  east  of  Lake  Constance. 


526 

Immermann  (im'mer-man),  Karl  Lebrecht. 

Bom  at  Magdeburg,  Prussia,  April  24,1796:  died 
at  Diisseldorf ,  Prussia,  Aug.  25, 1840.  A  German 
dramatist,  poet,  and  romance-writer.  His  chief 
romances  are  "  Die  Epigonen  "  (1836),  "  Miinchhausen  " 
(1888-39). 

Imogen  (im'o-jen).  In  Shakspere's  play  "  Cym- 
beline,"  the  daughter  of  CymbeUne  and  wife  of 
Posthumus.  Her  characteristics  are  fidelity  and 
truth. 

Imogene  (im'o-jen).    See  Alonzo  the  Brave. 

Imola  (e'mo-lai).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Bo- 
logna, Italy,  22  miles  southeast  of  Bologna,  on 
the  river  Santerno :  the  ancient  Forum Comelii. 
It  is  the  center  of  a  wine-producing  region.  It  was  founded 
by  Sulla.    Population,  about  11,000. 

Imola,  Innocenzo  da  (originally  Innocenzo 
Francucci).  Bom  at  Imola,  Italy,  about  1494 : 
died  about  1550.    A  Bolognese  painter. 

Imperial  (em-pa-re-al' ).  Af  ormer  city  of  south- 
ern Chile(inthepresentprovince  of  Cautin),near 
the  Rio  de  las  Damas,  about  15  miles  from  the 
Pacific.  Itwas  founded  by  Valdivia  in  March,  1551,  and 
for  half  a  century  was  an  important  place,  becoming  the 
seat  of  a  bishop  in  1582.  After  withstanding  many  assaults 
from  the  Araucanians,  it  was  destroyed  by  them  in  1600. 
Nueva  Imperial,  a  small  modern  town,  is  near  the  same  site. 

Imperial  City,  The.  A  common  epithet  of 
Rome. 

Imperial  Delegates  Enactment.  [G.  Eeichsde- 
putationshauptschluss.']  A  convention  drawn  up 
Feb.  25,  1803,  by  delegates  of  the  German  Em- 
pire under  French  and  Russian  influence,  and 
ratified  by  the  Reichstag  and  emperor.  The  prin- 
cipal provisions  were :  cession  of  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine 
to  France ;  indemnification  of  the  secular  powers  who  lost 
possessions  thereby,  partly  by  the  secularizing  of  the  eccle- 
siastical powers(excepttheelectorate  of  Mainz  and  theTeu- 
tonic  Order  and  the  Order  of  St.  John),  partly  by  mediatiz- 
ing all  the  free  cities  except  Hamburg,  Bremen,  Liibeck, 
Frankfort,  Nuremberg,  and  Augsburg ;  certain  territorial 
changes  in  Prussia,  Hannover,  Bavaria,  Baden,  Wiirtem- 
berg,  etc.;  the  abolition  of  the  electorates  of  Cologne  and 
Treves ;  and  the  creation  of  the  electorates  of 'Wiirtemberg, 
Baden,  Hesse-Cassel,  and  Salzburg. 

Impertiuents,  The.    See  Shadwell. 

Impey  (im'pi),  Sir  Elijah.  Born  June  13, 1732 : 
died  Oct.  1,  1809.  A  noted  English  jurist,  the 
first  chief  justice  of  Bengal.  He  assumed  this  office 
in  1774,  and  acted  from  the  first  in  harmony  with  Warren 
Hastings.  In  1776  be  presided  at  the  trial  of  Nana  Ku- 
mar for  forgery,  and  sentenced  him  to  death.  In  1783  he 
was  recalled  and  impeached  for  his  conduct  in  this  case, 
but  was  honorably  acquitted. 

Importants  (im-p6r'tants ;  F.  pron.  an-por- 
toii' ) ,  The.  In  French  history,  a  political  clique 
formed  after  the  death  of  Louis  XIII.,  1643.  It 
intrigued  against  the  government  unsuccess- 
fully. 

Inachus  (in'a-kus).  [Gr."Ii'a;i;of.]  1.  In  ancient 
geography,  a  river  of  ArgoUs,  flowing  into  the 
Argolio  (xulf  near  Argos. —  2.  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  god  of  the  river  Inachus,  son  of 
Oceanus. 

Inagua  (e-na'gwa).  Great,  and  Inagua,  Little. 
Two  of  the  Bahama  Islands,  situated  at  the 
southern  end  of  the  group. 

InaoLllito.    Same  as  Anaquito. 

Inawashiro  (e-na"wa-she'ro).  One  of  the  two 
largest  lakes  of  Japan,  in  the  main  island,  about 
long.  140°  B.    Length,  about  10  miles. 

Inca  (ing'ka)  Empire,  The  region  ruled  by  the 
Incas.  At  first  it  was  confined  to  the  immediate  vicin- 
ity of  Cuzco.  To  this  were  successively  added  the  neigh- 
boring valleys,  the  Titicaca  basin,  parts  of  the  eastern 
slope  of  the  Andes,  the  Peruvian  coast,  Quito  with  the 
neighboring  coast^regions,  and  northern  Chile.  In  its 
greatest  extent,  under  Huaina  Capac,  it  included  nearly 
all  the  highlands  of  Ecuador,  Peru,  Bolivia,  and  northern 
Chile.  Its  length,  from  the  river  Ancasmayu,  north  of 
Quito,  to  the  river  Maule  in  Chile,  was  about  2,200  miles. 
The  breadth  varied  from  400  or  more  to  100  miles.    See 

iTUiOS. 

Inca  Manco,    See  Manco. 

Inca  Bocca  (en'ka  rok'ka),  called  Sinchi  Boca 
(sen'ke  ro'ka)  by  Montesinos.  The  sixth  Inca 
sovereign  of  Peru.  He  reigned  about  the  middle  of 
the  14th  century,  and  his  conquests  were  not  extensive. 
He  is  best  known  as  the  founder  of  public  works,  remains 
of  which  may  still  be  traced  at  Cuzco.  Bias  Valera  says  that 
he  held  the  crown  more  than  60  years,  but  this  is  very 
doubtful. 

Incas  (ing'kaz) .  [(Juiohua, '  chiefs '  or  '  lords.'] 
The  reigning  and  aristocratic  order  in  ancient 
Peru  from  the  13th  to  the  16th  century.  Mark- 
ham  and  others  believe  that  they  were  originally  a  tribe 
or  family  of  the  Quichuas  who  inhabited  certain  val- 
leys near  Cuzco  and  fu'st  became  dominant  under  Manco 
Capac  about  1240.  Their  own  traditions  described  Man- 
co Capac  as  a  child  of  the  Sun.  From  him  descended 
the  twelve  other  historical  sovereigns  of  Peru,  the  last 
reigning  one  being  Huascar,  though  the  lineage  was  pre- 
served long  after.  These  sovereigns  (the  Incas  in  a  re- 
stricted sense)  always  married  their  own  sisters,  and  the 
throne  was  inherited,  in  general,  by  the  oldest  son  pro- 
ceeding from  this  marriage.  Children  by  their  other  wives 
could  not,  by  custom  or  law,  receive  the  crown,  though 
this  rule  was  broken  when  Atahualpa  inherited  a  part  of 


India 

the  empire  in  1523.  The  iiile  of  the  Incas  was  absolute, 
but  very  mild,  and  maybe  described  as  an  extreme  form 
of  state  socialism  with  a  despotic  head ;  lands  and  a  large 
proportion  of  goods  were  held  in  common.  The  Ineas,  as 
an  order,  retained  all  the  important  civil  and  military 
offices,  and  the  sacerdotal  offices  were  confined  to  them  : 
thus  the  sovereign  was  the  head  not  only  of  the  state  and 
the  army,  but  of  the  priesthood.  It  has  been  stated  that 
the  Incas  used  a  language  distinct  from  the  Quichua,  but 
this  is  improbable.  The  word  Incas  is  often  used  for  the 
whole  Quichua  race.    See  Qidclivas  and  Peru. 

Ince-in-Makerfleld  (ins'in-ma'ker-feld).  A 
town  in  Lancashire,  England,  near  Wigan,  17 
miles  northeast  of  Liverpool.  Population  (1891), 
19  255. 

Inchbald  (inch'bMd),  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Simp- 
son). Born  at  Stanningfield,  near  Bury  St. 
Edmunds,  England,  Oct.  15, 1753 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, Aug.  1, 1821.  An  English  novelist,  dram- 
atist, and  actress.  Among  her  novels  are  "A  Sim- 
ple Story"  (1 791),  "Natture  and  Art  "(1796).  She  also  wrote 
"  Such  Things  Are  "  (1788),  and  other  plays. 

Inchcape  (inch'kap)  Bock.    See  Bell  Rock. 

InchcoItU  (inch'kom).  An  islet  in  the  Firth  of 
Forth,  Scotland. 

Incledon  (ing'kl-don),  Charles  Benjamin. 
Bom  at  St.  Keverne,  Cornwall,  England,  1763  : 
died  at  "Worcester,  England,  Feb.  11, 1826.  An 
English  tenor  singer.  He  visited  the  United 
States  in  1817.    His  forte  was  ballad-singing. 

Inconstant,  The,  or  the  Way  to  Win  him. 
A  comedy  by  George  Farquhar,  produced  in 
1702.  It  is  an  adaptation  of  Fletcher's  "  Wild- 
goose  Chase." 

Incredible  Things  in  Thnle.  -An  ancient  ro- 
mance by  Antonius  Diogenes  (about  the  1st 
century),  narrating  the  adventures  and  loves 
of  Dinias  and  Dercyllis.  The  lovers  meet  in  Thule, 
whither  each  has  fled,  Dinias  from  Arcadia  and  Dercyllis 
from  Tyre. 

Ind  (ind).  A  poetical  name  of  India  or  the  In- 
dies. 

Independence  (in-de-pen'dens).  The  capital  of 
Jackson  County,  western  Missouri,  9  miles  east 
of  Kansas  City.     Population  (1900),  6,974. 

Independence  Hall.  A  building  in  Chestnut 
street,  Philadelphia,  where  on  July  4,  1776, 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  adopted 
by  Congress  and  read  to  the  people  assem- 
bled on  Independence  Square.  The  Continental 
Congress  assembled  here,  and  Washington  was  here  chosen 
commander-in-chief  in  1775.  The  building  is  now  used 
as  a  museum  of  relics  connected  with  the  history  of  the 
country. 

Inderab.    See  Anderab. 

Index  Expurgatorius  (in'deks  eks-per-ga-to'ri- 
us).  ['Expurgatorylndex.']  Catalogues  of  books 
comprising  respectively  those  which  Roman 
Catholics  are  absolutely  forbidden  to  read,  and 
those  which  they  must  not  read  unless  in  edi- 
tions expurgated  of  objectionable  passages.  They 
are  prepared  by  the  Congregation  of  the  Index,  a  body  of 
cardinals  and  their  assistants.  Pope  PaulIV,  published 
a  list  of  forbidden  books  in  1567  and  1569.  The  Council  of 
Trent  in  1562  attempted  the  regulation  of  the  matter,  but 
flnally  referred  it  to  the  Pope.  He  (Pius  IV.)  published 
the  "Index  Tridentinus"  in  1664,  often  reprinted,  with  ad- 
ditions, under  the  title  "Index  Librorum  Prohibitorum." 

In  1539  Charles  the  Fifth  obtained  a  Papal  bull  author- 
izing him  to  procure  from  the  University  of  Louvain,  in 
Flanders,  where  the  Lutheran  controversy  would  naturally 
be  better  understood  than  in  Spain,  a  list  of  books  danger- 
ous to  be  introduced  into  his  dominions.  It  was  printed 
in  1646,  and  was  the  flrst  "Index  Expurgatorius  "  published 
under  Spanish  authority,  and  the  second  in  the  world. 
Subsequently  it  was  submitted  by  the  Emperor  to  the  Su- 
preme Council  of  the  Inquisition,  under  whose  authority 
additions  were  made  to  it ;  after  which  it  was  promulgated 
anew  in  1560.  Ticknar,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  422. 

India  (in'di-a).  [Formerly  also  Indie  (stiU 
used,  in  the  plural,  in  East  Indies  and  West 
Indies)  and  Inde;  F.  Indie,  Sp.  Pg.  It.  India,  G. 
Indien,  from  L.  India,  Gr.  'IvSia,  from  Indi,  Gr. 
'IvSol,  the  inhabitants.]  An  extensive  region 
in  southern  Asia.  The  name  India  is  and  has  been 
used  with  very  dififerent  meanings.  With  the  ancients  it 
meant  the  country  of  the  Indus ;  later  it  was  extended 
through  the  peninsula,  and  sometimes  made  to  include 
Further  India  and  the  northern  islands  of  the  Malay  Ar- 
chipelago. In  modem  times  it  may  mean  what  is  some- 
times called  Hither  or  Nearer  India,  the  peninsula  whose 
natural  boundaries  are  the  Indian  Ocean,  the  Sulimau 
Mountains,  the  Himalayas,  and  the  hill-ranges  east  of  Ben- 
gal :  In  this  sense  it  is  not  so  inclusive  as  the  political  India 
(i.  e.,  British  India),  but  includes  on  the  other  hand  the 
French  and  Portuguese  possessions.  (See  Pondicherry,  Goa, 
MaM,  KarikaX,  Panjim,  Daman,  Diu.)  The  name  India 
is  also  sometimes  used  for  the  two  peninsulas  of  Hither 
and  Further  India,  and  sometimes  as  nearly  equivalent  to 
Bast  Indies.  The  ordinary  meaning,  however,  is  British 
India,  or  the  Indian  Empire,  oflSolally  called  India.  This 
includes  Bengal,  Madras,  Bombay,  Sind,  Aden,  Assam,  Be- 
rars,  Ajmere,  Central  Provinces,  Coorg,  Northwest  Prov- 
inces, Gudh,  Panjab,  Lower  Burma,  Upper  Burma,  Anda- 
mans,and  Quetta  and  the  Bolan,  having  an  area  of  984,992 
square  miles,  and  a  population  (1891)  of  221,172,952.  In  ad- 
dition there  are  the  feudatory  native  states,  including  Hy- 
derabad, Mysore,  Kashmir,  Baroda,  states  inltajputana,  ai^ 
states  in  connection  with  the  Central  Provinces,  iCentral 


India 

India,  Panjab,  Bengal,  Madras,  Bombay,  Northwest  ProT- 
Inces,  etc.  Their  area  is  595,167  square  miles,  with  a  pop- 
ulation (1891)  of  66,060,479.  Total  area  of  India,  1,660,159 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  287,223,431.  The  approx- 
imate population  of  other  regions  under  British  supervi- 
sion, including  Sikkim,  British  Baluchistan,  tribes  on  the 
Burmese  frontier,  etc..  Is  about  600,000.  The  most  impor- 
tant exports  of  India  are  wheat,  rice,  cotton,  opium,  oil- 
seeds, jute,  hides,  tea,  and  indigo.  The  capital  is  Calcutta. 
Government  is  vested  in  a  secretary  of  state  for  India  (in 
London),  with  a  council  of  about  10  (also  in  London).  In 
India  the_ government  is  administered  by  a  governor-gen- 
eral appointed  by  the  crown,  a  council  with  a  centralized 
system  of  governors,  etc.,  for  provinces,  and  commissioners 
and  deputy  commissioners  for  divisions  and  districts.  About 
three  fourths  of  the  inhabitants  are  Hindus  in  religion ; 
Uohammedans  come  next  (over  50,000,000).  "To  them 
[the  Greeks]  for  a  long  time  the  word  India  was  for  prac- 
tical purposes  what  it  was  etymologioally,  the  valley  of  the 
Indus.  Meanwhile  in  India  itself  it  did  not  seem  so  nat- 
ural as  it  seems  to  us  to  give  one  name  to  thewhole  region. 
For  there  is  a  very  marked  difference  between  the  northern 
and  southern  parts  of  it.  The  great  Aryan  community 
which  spoke  Sanscrit  and  invented  Brahminism  spread  it- 
self chiefly  from  the  Punjab  along  the  great  valley  of  the 
Ganges,  but  not  at  first  far  southward.  Accordingly  the 
name  Etindostan  properly  belongs  to  this  northern  region. 
...  It  appears  then  that  India  is  not  a  political  name,  but 
only  a  geographical  expression  like  Europe  or  Africa."  (J. 
R.  Seeley,  Expansion  of  England,  p.  222.)  India,  mentioned 
in  Esther  i.  1,  viii.  9,  as  the  limit  of  the  territories  of  Ahas- 
uerus  on  the  east,  denotes  probably  the  country  surround- 
ing the  Indus,  the  Panjab.  The  name  Indu  (Hindu)  also 
occurs  in  the  cuneiform  inscription  of  Nakhsh-i-Rustem. 
Whether  and  how  India  was  known  to  the  Phenicians,  He- 
brews, and  Assyro-Babylonians  before  the  Persian  kings 
is  uncertain.  The  view  that  Ophlr,  whither  the  mercantile 
fleet  of  Solomon  and  Hiram  went,  was  in  India,  has  been 
generally  given  up.  The  knowledge  of  the  ancients  con- 
cerning India,  before  the  expeditions  of  Alexander  the  Great 
and  Seleucus  I.,  was  in  general  very  limited.  West  India 
(India  intra  Oangem)  was  to  the  Greeks  and  Bomans  the 
land  east  of  the  Iranian  highland  and  south  of  the  Ima- 
us.  Alexander  the  Great  penetrated  India  as  far  as  the 
Hyphasis  in  the  east  and  the  mouth  of  the  Indus  in  the 
south.  The  island  of  Ceylon  was  known  by  the  name  of 
Taprobane,  or  Salike,  the  inhabitants  being  called  Salse. 
Still  less  comprehensive  and  acciu^ate  was  their  knowledge 
of  East  India  (India  extra  Gart^em).  Alongside  of  a  land 
of  gold,  silver,  and  copper  is  mentioned  a  golden  penin- 
sula, by  which  probably  Malacca  was  meant.  As  names  of 
the  Islands  of  the  Indian  Archipelago  occur  'Hhe  island  of 
the  Good  God  "  (ayaOov  Sat^oi^osX  perhaps  meaning  Suma- 
tra, and  Jabadin,  doubtless  Java.  The  chief  authenticated 
facts  of  Indian  history  are  the  following  :  the  passage  by 
Ary^n  tribes  of  the  northern  and  northwestern  mountain 
passes,  and  their  settlement  in  the  plains,  at  an  unknown 
period ;  founding  of  Buddhism,  6th  century  B.  0. ;  conquest 
of  the  Panjab  by  Alexander  the  Great,327-325  B.C. ;  a  Greco- 
Bactrian  kingdom  in  India  down  to  about  the  2d  century 
B.  0.,  the  so-called  Scythian  invasions  following  or  accom- 
panying this ;  Buddhism  displaced  byBrahmanism,  about 
the  6th  century  of  our  era ;  invasion  of  Mahmud  of  Gbazni 
(the  first  Mohammedan  invasion),  1001 ;  invasion  of  Timur, 
1398 ;  expedition  of  Vasco  da  Gama,  1498 ;  permanent  set- 
tlement of  the  Portuguese  at  Goa,  1510 ;  foundation  of  the 
Mogul  empire  by  Baber,  1626 ;  reign  of  Akbar,  1656-1606 ; 
formation  of  the  English  East  India  Company,  1600,  and 
of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company,  1602 ;  rise  of  the  Mah- 
ratta  power  under  Sivaji,  1657;  death  of  Aurung-Zeb  and 
beginning  of  the  Mogul  decay,  1707;  rivalry  of  French  and 
English  in  India  at  its  height  in  the  time  of  Bupleix,  about 
1748 ;  Clive's  victory  at  Plassey,  1767,  followed  by  the  ac- 
quisition of  Bengal  and  Behar ;  acquisitions  made  under 
the  administrations  of  Warren  Hastings  (1772-85),  Welles- 
ley,  Cornwallis,  Mlnto,  Marquis  of  Hastings,  Amherst,  Dal- 
housie ;  Carnatic  annexed,  1801 ;  British  (Lower)  Burma  an- 
nexed, 1826  and  1852;  first  Afghan  war,  1838-42;  annexation 
of  Sind,  1843 ;  annexation  of  the  Panjab,  1849  ;  Sepoy  Mu- 
tiny, 1857  (suppressed,  1868) ;  transference  of  the  adminis- 
tration from  the  East  India  Company  to  the  crown,  1868 ; 
Queen  Victoria  proclaimed  Empress  of  India,  1877 ;  second 
Afghan  war,  1878-80 ;  annexation  of  Upper  Burma,  1886. 
decent  events  have  been  the  building  of  the  Sind-Quetta 
Railway  toward  the  Afghan  frontier,  the  acquisition  of  cer- 
tain territories  in  Baluchistan,  the  suppression  of  the 
Hunza^Nagar  insurrection  in  1891,  the  Manipur  revolt  in 
1891,  etc. 

India,  British.  Same  as  India,  in  the  present 
official  sense ;  or,  more  strictly,  that  part  which 
is  under  direct  British  administration,  exclud- 
ing the  native  states.     See  India. 

India,  Further,  or  ludo-China  (in'do-chi'na), 
or  India  beyond  the  Ganges.  The  south- 
eastern peninsula  of  Asia,  including  Burma, 
Siam,  Cambodia,  Coohin-China,  Annam,  Tong- 
king,  Straits  Settlements,  etc. 

India,  Hither  or  Neia,rer.  The  great  central 
peninsula  in  southern  Asia,  with  the  natural 
boundaries  as  described  under  India. 

Indiana  (in-di-an'a).  [NL.,  'land  of  Indians.'] 
One  of  the  Central'  States  of  the  United  States. 
Capital,  Indianapolis.  It  is  bounded  by  Lake  Michi- 
gan and  Michigan  on  the  north,  Ohio  on  the  east,  Illinois  on 
thewe8t,andKentuoky(sepaTatedbytheOhio)onthe  south. 
The  surface  is  generally  level  and  undulating.  The  lead- 
ing occupation  is  agriculture.  Indiana  is  one  of  the  chief 
States  in  the  production  of  wheat,  and  the  eighth  State  in 
population.  It  has  92  counties ;  sends  2  senators  and  13 
representatives  to  Congress ;  and  has  15  electoral  votes. 
It  was  settled  by  the  French  at  Vincennes  and  elsewhere 
early  in  the  18th  century ;  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain  in 
1763,  and  to  the  United  States  in  1783 ;  became  part  of  the 
BTorthweat  Territory  in  1787 ;  and  was  made  a  separate 
Territory  in  1800.  The  battle  of  Tippecanoe  occurred 
within  its  limits  in  1811.  It  was  admitted  to  the  Union 
in  1816.  Area,  36,360  square  miles.  Population  (1900), 
2,516.462. 


527 

Indiana,  A  novel  by  George  Sand,  published 
in  1831. 

Indiana.  A  character  in  Steele's  "Conscious 
Lovers."  Mrs.  Cibber  made  a  great  hit  in  this 
part. 

Indianapolis  (in"di-a-nap'o-lis).  The  capital 
of  Indiana  and  of  Marion  County,  situated  on 
the  West  Fork  of  White  Eiver,  in  lat.  39°  48' 
N.,  long.  86°  6'  W.,  nearly  at  the  geographical 
center  of  the  State.  It  is  the  chief  city  in  the  State, 
and  an  important  railway  center,  and  has  a  large  trade  in 
grain.  Among  its  chief  industries  are  pork-packing  and 
milling.  It  was  laid  out  in  1821,  and  was  chartered  as  a 
city  in  1847.    Population  (1900),  169,164. 

Indian  Archipelago.    See  Malay  ArcMpelago. 

Indian  Council.     See  Council  of  the  Indies. 

Indian  Emperor,  The,  or  the  Conomest  of  Mex- 
ico bythe  Spaniards.  A  play  by  JDryden,  a  se- 
quel to  "  The  Indian  Queen,"  produced  in  1665. 

Indian  Empire.  Same  as  British  India.  See 
India. 

Indian  Mutiny,  or  Sepoy  Mutiny.  The  revolt 
against  British  authority  in  India  1857-58.  its 
immediate  cause  was  the  introduction  into  the  Sepoy  army 
of  a  new  rifle  whose  use  required  the  touching  of  grease 
(on  the  cartridge) :  this  offended  the  religious  prejudices 
of  the  soldiers.  The  mutiny  began  at  Meerut  May  10.  The 
centers  of  activity  were  Delhi,  Cawnpore  (where  in  July 
a  massacre  of  the  Europeans  was  ordered  by  Nana  Sahib), 
and  Lucknow.  Lucknow's  garrison  was  relieved  by  Have- 
lock  in  September,  and  again  by  Campbell  in  November ; 
Delhi  was  besieged  and  taken  in  1857 ;  Lucknow  was  finally 
conquered  in  March,  1868;  and  the  last  resistance  was 
suppressed  in  1868.  The  last  Mogul  (titular  emperor)  was 
banished. 

Indian  Ocean.  The  part  of  the  ocean  lying 
between  Asia  on  the  north,  Africa  on  the  west, 
the  Malay  Archipelago  and  Australia  on  the 
east,  and  an  arbitrary  line  (about  lat.  38°  S.) 
connecting  the  southern  extremities  of  Austra- 
lia and  Afiica  on  the  south.  Its  chief  arms  are  the 
Bay  of  Bengal  and  the  Arabian  Sea  (with  the  Persian  Gulf 
and  Red  Sea).  It  contains  Madagascar,  Mascarene  Islands, 
Socotra,  Ceylon,  Andaman  Islands,  Nicobar  Islands,  Lakka- 
dive  Islands,  and  Maldive  Islands,  It  receives  the  drain- 
age of  the  Zambesi,  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  Indus,  Ganges, 
Brahmaputra,  Irawadi,  and  the  rivers  of  the  Deccan. 
Length  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  to  Tasmania,  about 
6,000  miles.    Average  depth,  about  14,000  feet. 

Indian  Queen,  The.  A  tragedy  in  heroic  verse 
by  Sir  Robert  Howard  and  John  Dryden,  pro- 
duced in  1664. 

Indian  Territory.    A  territory  of  the  United 

States.  It  is  bounded  by  Kansas  on  the  north,  Missouri 
and  Arkansas  on  the  east,  Texas  on  the  south,  and  Okla- 
homa on  the  west.  Its  surface  is  generally  level  and  roll- 
ing. Herding  is  the  chief  industry.  It  is  unorganized. 
The  Indian  tribes  Cherokees,Chootaws,Chickasaws,Creeks, 
and  Seminoles  conduct  their  own  affairs.  Tahleqnah  in 
the  Cherokee  land  is  the  chief  town.  The  region  was  ac- 
quired in  1808  and  1846.  In  1834  it  was  set  apart  for  the 
Indians  who  were  removed  during  this  period  from  their 
original  homes.  The  portion  north  of  lat.  37°  was  ceded 
afterward  by  the  Indians  to  the  United  States.  In  the 
Civil  War  the  Indians  sided  with  the  Confederates.  (For 
the  setting  apart  of  Oklahoma,  see  Oklahoma).  Area  (1890), 
31,400  square  miles.  Population  (1900),  392,060. 
Indians  (iu'di-anz)  (of  North  America).  The 
aboriginal  inhabitants  of  North  America.  They 
were  so  named  on  the  supposition  that  the  lands  discovered 
by  the  early  navigators  were  parts  of  India :  the  errone- 
ous name  has  continued  in  use,  notwithstanding  attempts 
at  its  correction,  Schoolcraft  invented  for  the  North 
Americans  the  names  Algic.  to  denote  the  people  of  the 
eastern  coast ;  Abanio,  for  those  west  of  the  Mississippi ; 
and  Ostic,  for  those  who  live  between  these  limits :  but  no 
other  writer  has  used  them.  The  latest  attempt;  equally 
unsuccessful,  calls  the  North  American  tribes  AoTheo-Ma- 
rafUmians — Marafion  being  a  name  for  the  river  Amazon, 
andiAoneo  a  word  connected  with  a  Northern  myth.  Seri- 
ous mistakes  in  governmental  practice  as  well  as  in  the- 
ories came  from  errors  in  the  names  of  the  ethnic  divi- 
sions of  North  America.  Each  tribe  called  itself  by  a 
name  in  its  own  language  which  often  was  metaphorical 
and  varying ;  and  its  several  neighbors  called  it  in  their 
languages  by  other  names,  which,  according  to  their  exist- 
ing relations,  might  be  terms  of  obloquy,  of  friendship,  or 
of  simple  topographic  description.  The  methods  adopted 
by  the  French,  English,  Spanish,  and  Dutch  to  express  the 
native  pronunciation  added  to  the  confusion,  and  a  large 
proportion  of  these  various  forms  afterward  appeared  in 
literature  and  in  statistics,  the  population  (which  was  it* 
self  multiplied  through  fear  or  through  interest)  being 
sometimes  duplicated  over  and  over  again,  and  thus  vastly 
exaggerated  in  the  best  official  estimates.  Subsequently 
many  of  the  erroneous  names  disappeared,  and  then  it 
was  inferred  that  the  tribes  so  named  had  become  ex- 
tinct. From  these  errors  arose,  mainly,  the  opinion,  still 
generally  entertained,  that  the  rapid  extinction  of  the 
North  Americans  is  without  a  parallel  in  history,  and 
that  it  is  due  to  an  inherent  defect,  styled  fera  ncUura, 
through  which  civilization  is  fatal  to  the  part  of  the 
human  race  found  in  the  western  hemisphere.  The  pres- 
ent number  of  Indians  in  the  United  States  is  about 
300,000.  The  number  in  British  America  is  not  so  accu- 
rately known,  and  that  in  Mexico,  being  more  affected  by 
mixture  of  blood,  is  still  less  determinable.  Besides  the 
afctually  ascertained  errors  in  nomenclature,  other  con- 
siderations afilect  the  questions  concerning  population, 
habitat,  and  migrations,  upon  which,  together  with  lan- 
guage, a  proper  classification  depends.  Before  the  Euro- 
pean invasion  the  North  American  tribes  had  reached  a 
slate  of  quasi-equilibrium,  and  were  sedentary  to  the  ex- 


Indo-Europeans 

tent  that  their  territories  were  recognized,  and,  though 
many  of  them  held  districts  too  large  for  actual  occu- 
pancy, the  limits  were  substantially  defined.  While  ag. 
riculture  had  commenced  in  some  parts  of  the  present 
area  of  the  United  States,  and  was  spreading,  it  nowhere 
sufficed  to  replace  hunting,  which  demands  enormous 
ai'cas  per  capita  tor  support ;  and  the  population  had  not 
increased,  except  perhaps  in  a  small  part  of  California,  so 
as  to  press  upon  the  food-supply.  Contrary  to  the  cur- 
rent opinion,  the  Indians  were  not  nomadic  until  after 
the  arrival  of  Europeans,  who  drove  many  tribes  from 
their  established  seats  to  those  occupied  by  other  tribes ; 
and  from  the  same  Europeans  they  procured  the  horse 
and  firearms,  both  of  which  were  necessary  to  a  nomadic 
life  under  the  existing  conditions.  The  wars  with  the 
invaders  and  those  occasioned  by  their  pressure,  in  which 
firearms  were  used,  were  far  more  destructive  than  the 
former  quarrels  between  tribes.  The  losses  and  gains  of 
most  of  the  tribes  during  recent  decades  are  now  known 
with  sufficient  precision  to  allow  an  estimate  of  the  effect 
of  civilization  upon  them.  In  this  connection  it  must  be 
noted  as  important  that  many  individuals  of  aboriginal 
blood  have  disappeared  from  the  numerical  strength  of 
tribes,  not  by  extinction  but  by  absorption.  From  all 
these  considerations  it  is  concluded  that  the  Indian  pop- 
ulation of  North  America  at  the  time  of  the  Columbian 
discovery  was  not  very  greatly  in  excess  of  that  now  ex- 
tant. The  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  established  by  Congress 
in  1879,  has  brought  the  classification  and  nomenclature 
of  the  Indians  of  North  America  into  system  and  approxi- 
mate accuracy.  The  tribes  in  British  America,  Lower 
California,  and  the  United  States,  including  those  found 
both  north  and  south  of  the  Mexican  border  and  exclud- 
ing the  remainder  of  Mexico,  are  divided  into  67  linguistic 
families  or  stocks,f  undamentally  difleringf  rom  each  other, 
and  often  apparently  as  distinct  as  the  Aryan  and  Scythian 
linguistic  stocks.  In  all  the  stocks  were  languages,  some- 
times but  one  being  now  known,  sometimes  many,  the  dif- 
ferences between  which  were  such  that  1:he  speakers  failed 
either  entirely  or  in  large  part  to  understand  each  other. 
The  names  assigned  to  these  stocks  in  this  work  are  those 
given  by  the  authority  who  first  recognized  each  particular 
stock  in  a  publication ;  and  the  termination  an  or  ian  is 
now  added  to  each  to  distinguish  between  the  stock  names 
and  tribal  names,  many  of  which  without  such  distinction 
would  be  identical  and  confusing.  The  57  linguistic  fam- 
ilies or  stocks  in  the  territory  mentioned  are  as  follows : 
Algonquian,  Athapascan,  Attacapan,  Beothukan,  Cad- 
doan,  Chlmakuan,  Chimai'ikan,  Chimmesyan,  Chinookan, 
Ghitimachan,  Chumashan,  Coabuiltecan,  Copehan,  Costap 
noan,  Eskimauan,  Esselenian,  Iroquoian,  Kalapooian,  Ka- 
rankawan,  Keresan,  Kiowan,  Kitunahan,  Koluschan,  Ku- 
lanapan,  £usan,  Lutuamian,  Mariposan,  Moquelumnan, 
Muskhogean,  Natchesan,  Palaihnihan,  Piman,  Pujunan, 
Quoratean,  Salman,  Sallshan,  Sastean,  Sahaptian,  Shosho- 
nean,  Siouan,  Skittagetan,  Takilman,  Tanoan,  Timuqua- 
nan,Tonikan,  Tonkawan,  Uchean,  Waiilatpuan,  Wakashan, 
Washoan,  Weitspekan,  Wishoskan,  Yakonan,  Yanan,  Yu- 
kian,  Yuman,  and  Zufiian.  These  stocks  differ  widely  in 
the  amount  of  territory  occupied,  in  the  number  of  com- 
ponent tribes,  and  in  the  number  of  individuals  identified 
as  belonging  to  them.  Some  claimed  the  combined  areas 
of  a  number  of  the  present  States  and  Territories  of  the 
United  States,  while  the  known  habitat  of  others  was  not 
more  than  a  modern  county  or  township.  Some  are  dif- 
ferentiated by  the  language  of  a  single  tribe  now  known  ; 
others  comprise  many  tribes,  those  of  the  Algonquian 
stock  amounting  to  600  separately  named  divisions,  each 
one  of  which  has  been  regarded  by  some  authority  to 
be  a  tribe.  Some  are  extinct,  or  are  represented  only 
by  a  score  of  living  persons,  while  others  number  tens 
of  thousands.  The  first  subdivision  of  the  linguistic 
stocks,  more  permanent  than  temporary  alliances  or 
leagues  for  special  purposes,  Is  the  "confederacy";  but  it 
is  not  a  constant  basis  of  classification.  It  is  noticed  in 
certain  stocks  where  several  neighboring  tribes  have  acted 
together  for  a  considerable  period  in  an  approach  to  the 
nationality  common  in  civilization.  These  confederacies 
do  not  embrace  all  the  tribes  of  any  stock,  and  are  not 
confined  to  people  speaking  the  same  language ;  indeed, 
interpreters  have  been  required  in  the  councils  of  a  con- 
federacy between  the  delegates  of  the  component  tribes. 
In  this  connection  it  must  be  noted  that  tribes  of  the 
same  linguistic  family  are  often  bitter  hereditary  enemies, 
so  that  language  does  not  afford  a  political  classification. 
The  unit  of  classification  is  the  tribe,  which  often  is  in- 
distinguishable from  the  village.  The  latter  often  ex- 
tended over  a  considerable  area,  and  was  normally  com- 
posed of  widely  separated  dwellings,  each  of  them  the 
home  of  a  domestic  family,  though  sometimes  several 
families  occupied  the  same  dwelling.  Another  division  la 
the  clan  or  gens ;  but^as  it  is  neither  political  nor  ethnic, 
and  as  it  interpermeates  all  other  divisions,  its  titles  are 
not  mentioned  in  this  work.  Those  appearing  here  al- 
phabetically as  the  names  of  confederacies  and  tribes  are 
selected  as  having  been  the  most  used  in  literature,  and 
are  not  expressed  in  the  determined  scientific  translitera- 
tion which  is  required  for  the  above-mentioned  57  lin- 
guistic stocks,  but  in  the  form  most  frequently  found  in 
publications. 

Indies  (in'diz),  also  formerly  Indias  (in'di-az). 
The  name  given  by  Columbus  and  early  geogra- 
phers to  the  American  islands  and  mainland, 
then  supposed  to  be  a  part  of  Asia :  later,  when 
their  true  nature  was  known,  they  were  dis- 
tinguished as  the  West  Indies,  and  the  latter 
term  was  eventually  retained  for  the  islands  now 
bearing  that  name.  Many  writers  of  the  16th  century 
use  the  word  Indies  in  a  restricted  sense  for  the  country 
now  included  in  Mexico. 

Indies,  Council  of  the.   See  Council  ofthelndies. 

Indigirka  (in-de-gir'ka).  A  river  in  eastern 
Siberia,  flowing  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  about  lat. 
71°40' N.,long.  150° E.  Length,about 900miles. 

Indo-China.    See  India,  Further. 

Indo-Europeans(in'd6-u-ro-pe'auz).  The  races 
speaking  the  Indo-European  languages;  Ar- 
yans (which  see). 


Indo-Europeans 

I  am  compelled  to  opine  that  the  absence  of  the  ass  and 
the  camel,  together  with  the  presence  of  the  horse,  in  the 
pastoral  life  of  the  Indo-Europeans,  is  in  favour  of  our  look- 
ing for  the  original  abode  of  the  Indo-Europeans  rather  in 
the  European  than  the  Asiatic  portion  of  the  steppe  district. 
Further,  the  locality  [banks  of  the  Volga)  proposed  by  us 
for  the  original  home  of  the  Indo-Europeans  affords  the 
simplest  explanation  of  the  manifold  points  of  contact  be- 
tween the  Finns  and  the  Indo-Europeans,  in  language  and 
in  habits,  to  which  we  have  referred  in  various  passages  of 
this  worli.   Schroder,  Aryan  Peoples  (tr.  by  Jevons),  p.  437. 

Indonesia  (in-do-ne'sMa).  [Nli., 'Indian  isl- 
ands.']   A  name  for  the  Malay  Arohipelago. 

Indore  (in-dor').  1.  A  native  state  in  India, 
under  the  control  of  the  Central  India  Agency. 
It  consists  of  various  detached  tracts,  partly  in  the  valley 
of  the  Nerbudda.  It  is  also  called  the  Holfcar's  Dominions, 
from  its  Mahratta  ruler  of  the  Holkar  family.  It  was 
founded  by  an  adventurer  in  the  middle  of  the  18th  centuiy. 
The  ruler  became  a  prince  feudatory  to  Great  Britain  fa 
1818.  Area,  9,825  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,094,160. 
3.  The  capital  of  Indore  state,  situated  in  lat. 
22°  42'  N.,  long.  75°  50'  E.  Population  (1891), 
92,329. 

Indra  (in'dra).  The  god -who,  in  Vedic  theology, 
stands  at  the  head  of  the  deities  of  the  middle 
realm — that  of  the  air.  The  especial  manifestation  of 
his  power  is  the  battle  which  he  wages  in  the  storm  with 
bis  thunderbolt  (Dujro)  against  the  demons  Vritra(' sur- 
rounder')>  Ahi  ('conflner'),  Shushna  ('paroher'),  and 
others,  who  in  the  form  of  mighty  serpents  or  dragons  en- 
compass the  waters  and  shut  off  their  path,  as  well  as  that 
of  the  light,  from  heaven  to  earth.  He  is  originally  not  the 
supreme,  but  the  national  and  favorite,  god  of  the  Indo- 
Aryan  tribes,  and  a  type  of  heroic  might  exerted  for  noble 
ends.  Hebecomesmore  prominentas  Vamnaisgradually 
obscured.  In  later  times  he  is  subordinated  to  the  triad 
Brahma,  Vishnu,  and  Shiva,  but  still  is  the  head  of  the 
heaven  of  the  gods.  He  is  the  subject  of  many  stories  in 
the  great  epics  and  the  Puranas. 

Indraprastha  (in-dra-prast'ha).  The  capital 
city  of  the  Pandu  princes.  The  name  is  still  known 
and  used  for  a  part  of  the  city  of  Delhi, 

Indre  (aid'r).  A  river  in  central  France,  join- 
ing the  Loire  17  miles  west-southwest  of  Tours. 
Length,  about  150  miles. 

Indre.  A  department  of  central  France.  Capital, 
Ch3;teanronx.  It  is  bounded  by  Loir-et-Cher  on  the 
north,  Cher  on  the  east,  Creuse  and  Haute- Vienne  on 
the  south,  Vienne  on  the  west,  and  Indre-et-Loire  on  the 
northwest  The  surface  is  level.  It  exports  grain.  It  was 
formed  from  the  ancient  Bas-Berry  and  parts  of  Orl^anais 
andMarche.  Area,  ^624  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
292,868. 

Indre-et-Loire  (and'r-a-lwar').  A  department 
of  Prance.  Capital,  Tours.  It  is  bounded  by  Sarthe 
on  the  north,  Loir-et-Cher  on  the  northeast,  Indre  on  the 
southeast,  Vienne  on  the  south,  and  Maine-et- Loire  on  the 
west,  and  was  formed  chiefly  from  the  ancient  Touraine. 
The  surface  isgenerallylevel.  Thedepartmentis  traversed 
by  the  Loire,  whose  valley  here  is  called  "  the  garden  ol 
France. "  It  produces  grain,  wine,  hemp,  fruit,  etc.  Area, 
2,361  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  337,298. 

Indulgence,  Declarations  of.  In  English  his- 
tory, royal  proclamations  promising  greater 
religious  freedom  to  nonconformists.  The  prin- 
cipal were  :  (a)  A  proclamation  by  Charles  11.  in  1671  or 
1672,  promising  the  suspension  of  penal  laws  relating  to 
ecclesiastical  matters  which  were  directed  against  noncon- 
formists. It  was  rejected  by  Parliament.  (6)  A  proclama- 
tion by  James  II.  in  1687,  annulling  penal  laws  against 
Koman  Catholics  and  nonconformists,  and  abolishing  reli- 
gious tests  for  ofllce.  The  refusal  to  read  this  declaration 
by  several  prelates  led  to  their  trial,  and  was  one  of  the 
causes  of  the  revolution  of  1688. 

Indus  (in'dus).  [Skt.  Sindliu."]  One  of  the  chief 
rivers  of  India,  it  rises  in  an  unexplored  region  among 
the  Himalaya  of  Tibet,  about  lat.  32"  N.,  long.  82°  E.  It 
flows  northwest  through  gorges  in  Tibet  and  Kashmir. 
Near  the  northern  part  of  Kashmir  it  turns  south  and 
flows  tlu:ongh  British  India  (Panjab  and  Sind)  into  the 
Arabian  Sea  by  a  delta  in  about  lat.  24°  N .  Its  chief  tribu- 
taries are  the  combined  rivers  of  the  Panjab  (Jhelum,  Che- 
nab,  B.avi,  and  Satlej,  through  thp  Panjnad)  and  the  Ka- 
bul.   Length,  about  1,80()  miles ;  navigable  from  EorL 

Ine  (e'ne),  or  Ini  (e'ne),  or  Ina  (i'na).  Died 
729.  King  of  the  West  Saxons  688-726.  He  con- 
quered Kent  In  694,  defeated  the  Cymry  of  Cornwall  in 
Til,  and  between  690  and  693  published  a  series  of  laws, 
commonly  called  the  Laws  of  Ine,  which  form  the  earliest 
extant  specimens  of  West-Saxon  legislation.  He  abdicated 
in  725  or  726,  and,  with  his  wife  JSthelburh,  made  a  pil- 
grimage to  Rome,  where  he  died. 

Ines  de  Castro.    See  Castro,  Ines  de. 

Inexpiable  War,  The.  A  war  between  Car- 
thage and  her  mercenaries,  241-238  b.  o.  The 
latter  were  unsuccessful. 

Infanta  Maria  Teresa.  An  armored  cruiser 
of  7,000  tons,  the  flagship  of  Admiral  Cervera 
in  the  Spanish-American  war.  She  was  sunk  In 
the  battle  of  Santiago,  July  3,  1898 ;  was  raised  under  the 
direction  of  Kaval-Constructor  Hobson ;  and  was  aban- 
doned in  a  gale  north  of  San  Salvador,  Nov.  1, 1898. 

Inferno  (in-fer'no;  It.  pron.  in-fer'no),  The. 
[It.,  'hell.']  The  first  part  of  Dante's  "Divina 
Commedia."  It  is  divided  into  34  cantos.  The  poet  is 
conducted  by  Vergil  through  the  realms  of  hell  to  an  exit 
"  where  once  was  Eden."    From  here  he  visits  Purgatory. 

Inferum  Mare  (in'fe-rum ma're).  [L.,  'lower 
sea.']     See  Tyrrhenian  Sea. 

Inflexible  (in-flek'si-bl).    An  iron-clad  British 


528 

twin-screw  double-turreted  battle-ship,  she  was 
launched  in  April,  1876.  Her  dimensions  are :  length,  320 
feet;  breadth,  75  feet;  draught,  25  feet;  displacement^ 
11,400  tons.  The  armored  region  consists  of  a  submerged 
hull  with  an  armored  deck  5  or  6  feet  below  water-line, 
and  a  central  rectangular  redoubt  or  bulwark  carryin'g  two 
turrets  placed  diagonally  at  opposite  comers.  She  car- 
ries tour  80-ton  guns  in  the  turrets. 

Inganos.    See  Mocoas. 

Ingauni  (in-g&'ni).  In  ancient  history,  aLigu- 
rian  tribe  which  dwelt  in  northwestern  Italy,  on 
the  Gulf  of  Genoa. 

Ingelheim  (ing'el-Mm),  Nieder-,  and  Ingel- 
heim,  Ober-.  Two  small  towns  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Ehine-Hesse,  Hesse,  8  miles  west  of 
Mainz :  formerly  noted  for  a  palace  of  Charles 
the  Great. 

Ingelow  (in'je-16),  Jean.  Bom  at  Boston,  Lin- 
colnshire, in  1820 :  died  at  London,  July  20, 1897. 
An  English  poet  and  novelist.  Her  works  include 
poems  (1863,  1866,  1867,  1876,  1879,  1886,  1886),  "  Studies 
for  stories"  (1864),  "Mopsa  the  Fairy"  (1869),  "Off  the 
Skelligs  "  (a  novel,  1872),  "  Fated  to  be  Free  "  (1875),  "  Sarah 
de  Berenger"  (1879),  "Don  John"  (1881),  "John  Jerome, 
etc."  (1886),  "A  Motto  Changed"  (1893)k  and  a  number  of 
children's  bool^s. 

Ingemann  (ing'e-man),  Bembard  Severin. 

Born  at  TorMldstrup,  Palster,  Denmark,  May 
28, 1789 :  died  at  Copenhagen,  Feb.  24, 1862.  A 
Danish  poet  and  novelist.  Hewrote  the  epic  "Val- 
demar  de  Store  og  bans  MSnd  "  (1824),  the  historical  novels 
"  Valdemar  Seier  "  (1826), "  Erik  MenvedsBarndom  "  (1828), 
"  Kong  Erik  "  (1833),  "  Prinds  Otto  af  Danmark  "  (1835). 

Ingenbousz  (ing'gen-hous),  Johannes.  Bom 

1730:  diedinEngland,1779.  ADutch physician. 
Ingermanland  (ing'er-man-land),  or  Ingria 
(in'gri-a).  An  ancient  district,  now  forming  a 
large  part  of  the  government  of  St.  Petersburg, 
Kussia.  It  passed  several  times  between  Sweden  and 
Bussia,  and  was  acquired  by  Sweden  1617.  It  was  con- 
quered by  Peter  the  Great. 

IngersoU  (ing'ger-sol).  Atownin  Oxford  Coun- 
ty, Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the  Thames 
54  miles  west-southwest  of  Hamilton.  Popu- 
lation (1901),  4,573. 

IngersoU,  Charles  Jared.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, Oct,  3, 1782 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  Jan.  4, 

1862.  An  American  politician  and  author,  son 
of  Jared  IngersoU.  Hewrote"AHistoricalSketchof 
the  Second  War  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Brit- 
ain "  (1846-62). 

IngersoU,  Joseph  Seed.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
June  14, 1786:  died  atPhiladelphia,  Feb.  20, 1868. 
An  American  politician,  son  of  Jared  IngersoU: 
United  States  minister  to  England  1850-53. 

IngersoU,  Robert  Green.  Born  at  Dresden, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  11, 1833 :  died  at  Dobbs  Ferry.N.  Y., 
July  21, 1899.  An  American  lawyer,  lecturer, 
^nd  poUtieian.  He  settled  as  a  legal  practitioner  at 
Peoria,  Illinois,  in  1867,  and  became  colonel  of  the  11th 
Illinois  cavalry  in  1862,  and  attorney-general  for  Illinois 
in  1866.  He  published  "  The  Gods,  and  Other  Lectures  " 
(1876),  "Some Mistakes  of  Moses "  (1879),  "Great  Speeches" 
(1887),  etc. 

Ingham  (ing'am),  Charles  Cromwell.  Bom  at 

Dublin,  about  1796 :  died  at  New  York,  Dec.  10, 

1863.  An  English- American  painter.  He  came  to 
the  United  States  in  1816.  He  was  one  of  the  original  mem- 
bers of  the  National  Academy  of  Design. 

Ingham,  Col.  Frederic.  A  pseudonym  used  by 
Edward  Everett  Hale  in  "  The  Ingham  Papers  " 
and  other  works. 

Inghamites  (ing'am-its).  An  English  denomi- 
nation founded  by  Benjamin  Ingham  (1712-72), 
a  Yorkshire  evangelist,  which  combines  ele- 
ments of  Methodism  andMoravianism.  The  con- 
version of  Ingham  to  Sandemanian  views  led  to  the  disrup- 
tion and  nearly  total  extinction  of  the  denomination. 

Inghirami  (eng-ge-ra'me),  Francesco.  Born  at 
Volterra,  Italy,  1772 :  died  at  Florence,  May  17, 
1846.  An  Italian  archseologist.  Hewrote  "Mon- 
umenti  etruschi  o  di  etrusco  nome"  (1820-27), 
etc. 

Inghirami,  Tommaso,  sumamed  Fedra.  Bom 
at  Volterra,  Italy,  1470 :  died  at  Rome,  Sept.  6, 
1516.    An  ItaUan  poet,  scholar,  and  orator. 

Ingleby  (ing'gl-bi),  Clement  Mansfield.  Bom 
at  Edgbaston,  near  Birmingham,  England,  Oct. 
29,  1823 :  died  at  Ilf  ord,  Essex,  Sept.  26,  1886. 
An  English  phUosophioal  writer  and  Shakspe- 
rian  scholar.  He  wrote  "  Outlines  of  Theoretical  Logic  " 
(1866),  "The  Shakspere  Fabrications "  (1869),  "Shakspere 
Controversy"  (1861),  "An  Introduction  to  Metaphysics" 
(1864-69),  "  Shakspeare's  Centurie  of  Prayse,  etc."  (1874), 
"  The  Still  Lion  "  (1874 :  anew  edition  1875,  entitled  "  Shak- 
spere's  Hermeneutics"),  "Shakspere:  the  Man  and  the 
Book  "(1877-81),  etc. 

Inglis  (ing'lz),  John.  Bom  at  Edinburgh  in 
1810 :  died  near  Edinburgh,  Aug.  20,  1891.  >  A 
Scottish  jurist.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow  University 
and  Balliol  CloUege,  Oxford,  and  was  called  to  the  Scottish 
bar  in  1835.  He  was  solicitor-general  for  Scotland  in  1852, 
and  lord  advocate  in  1862  and  1868.  In  1858  he  was  ap- 
pointed  lord  justice  clerk,  with  the  title  of  Lord  Glencorse, 


Inness 

and  from  1867  he  was  lord  justice  general  and  president  of 
the  Court  of  Session. 

Inglis,SirJohnEardleyWilmot.  BominNova 
Scotia,  Nov.  15,  1814:  died  at  Hamburg,  Sept. 
27,  1862.  The  defender  of  Lucknow.  He  was  the 
son  of  John  Inglis,  third  bishop  of  Nova  Scotia.  He  served 
in  Canada  in  1837,  and  in  the  Panjab  war  1848-49.  In  the 
Indian  mutiny  ol  1867  he  was  second  in  command  to  Sir 
Henry  Lawrence  at  Chinhut  June  30,  and  at  Lucknow, 
where  the  gatrison  was  besieged  in  the  residency,  July  1. 
When  Lawrence  was  wounded  July  2,  Inglis  succeeded  to 
the  command,  and  conducted  the  defense  until  the  arrival 
of  Su-  Henry  Havelock,  Sept.  26, 1857.  On  this  date  also  he 
was  promoted  to  major-general  and  created  K.  C.  B. 

Ingoldsby  Legends  (ing'goldz-bi  lej'endz  or 
le'jendz).  A  series  of  satirical  stories  in  prose 
and  verse  by  Eichard  Harris  Barham,  under  the 
pseudonym  of  Thomas  Ingoldsby,  Esq.  The  earlier 
numbers  were  published  in  "Bentley's  Miscellany,"  and 
afterward  in  "  The  New  Monthly  Magazine."  In  1840  the 
first  series  was  published  collectively :  a  second  and  third 
series  in  X847 

Ingolstadt  (ing'ol-stat).  A  fortified  town  in 
Cpper  Bavaria,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Seliutter  with  the  Danube,  44  miles  north  by  west 
of  Munich.  Its  university,  founded  in  1472,was  removed 
to  Landshut  in  1800,  and  to  Munich  in  1826.  Its  fortifica- 
tions were  razed  by  the  French  in  1800.  It  was  besieged 
by  Gustavus  Adolphus  in  1632.    Population  (1890),  17,646. 

Ingomar  the  Barbarian.  A  play  by  Maria  Anne 
Lovell,  produced  at  Drury  Lane  in  1851.  it  was 
a  translation  from  the  German.  It  has  been  a  favorite  on 
account  of  the  character  of  Parthenia, 

Ingraham  (ing'gra-am),  Joseph  Holt.  Bom  at 
Portland,  Maine,  lSb9 :  died  at  HoUy  Springs, 
Miss. ,  Dec. ,  1860;  An  American  clergyman  and 
novelist.  Among  his  works  are  "  The  Prince  of  the 
House  of  David  "  (1865),  "  The  Pillar  of  Fire  "  (1869J. 

Ingres  (ang'r),  Jean  Augusta  Domimque. 

Bom  at  Montauban,  Aug.  29, 1780 :  died  at  Pa- 
ris, Jan.  14, 1867.  A  celebrated  French  histori- 
cal painter.  At  the  age  of  16  he  went  to  Paris  and  en- 
tered the  atelier  of  David.  He  won  the  grand  prix  de 
Home  in  1801 ;  studied  for  5  years  in  Paris ;  and  went  in 
1806  to  Italy,  where  he  remained  about  16  years.  In  1824 
the  "  Vow  of  Louis  XIII."  was  exhibited  in  the  Louvre, 
and  the  artist  returned  to  Paris  in  great  favor.  He  was 
made  a  member  of  the  Institute  in  1826.  Among  his  works 
are  "(Edipus  and  the  Sphinx  "  (1808),  "Apotheosis  of  Ho- 
mer "(1826),"  Martyrdom  ol  St.  Symphor)an"(1834),"Strat- 
onioe '"  (1839), "  The  Golden  Age  "  (unfinished,  1848),  '"Joan 
of  Arc  "  (1854),  ' '  The  Spring  "  (1866). 

Ingria.    See  Ingermanland. 

Ingvaeones  (ing-ve-6'nez).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Jm«b- 
vones,  the  Latinization  of  a  hypothetical  (ler- 
manic  fundamental  form  *Jngvaz,  a  name  of 
the  god  *Iiwaz,*Tiu.  Cf.  AS.  (rune  song)  Ing, 
OHG.  Ine,  the  name  of  a  rune ;  ON.  Tngvi,  Tngii- 
iVeyr,  from  whom  the  Swedish  kings,  the  Tng- 
lingar,  derive  their  descent ;  AS.  (Beowulf )  Inp- 
loijie,  the  Danes.  From  •j/ig'fe,  to  implore.]  See 
Hermiones. 

Inhambane  (en-yam-ba'ne).  A  seaport  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  Africa,  belonging  to  Portugal, 
situated  in  lat.  23°  50'  S.  Popmation.  about 
6,000. 

Inheritance,  The.  AnovelbyMissFerrier,pub- 
Ushed  in  1824. 

Inimacas.    See  Enimagas. 

Inkerman  (ingk-er-man').  Aruinedtowninthe 
Crimea,  Russia,  near  Sebastopol.  Here,  Nov.  6, 
1864,  the  English  and  French  defeated  the  E,ussians,  who 
had  made  an  unexpected  attack  on  the  Engli^  camp.  The 
battle  was  severe,  and  the  loss  on  both  sides  great. 

Inkle  and  Yarico.  Amusieal  comedy  by  (Jeorge 
Colman  the  younger,  taken  from  the  "  Specta- 
tor" (No.  11).  It  was  produced  at  the  Haymar- 
ket  Aug.  4,  1787. 

Inland  Sea.    See  Suwonada. 

Inman  (in'man),  Henry.  Bom  at  Utioa,  N.  Y., 
Oct.,  1801 :  died  at  New  York,  Jan.  17, 1846.  An 
American  painter,  noted  for  portraits. 

In  Memoriam  (in  mf-mo'ri-am).  An  elegiac 
poem  by  Alfred  Tennyson,  pubUshed  in  1850. 
It  is  a  philosophic  lament  lor  the  poet's  friend  Arthur 
Henry  Hallam,  and  is  Tennyson's  most  charact^istic  work. 

Inn  (in).  One  of  the  chief  tributaries  of  the  Dan- 
ube, which  it  joins  atPassau:  the  ancient  CEnus. 
It  rises  in  the  Grisons,  Switzerland,  traverses  the  Upper 
and  Lower  Engadine  valleys,  the  Upper  and  Lower  Inn 
valleys  in  Tyrol,  and  Bavaria,  and  forms  part  ol  the  boun- 
dary between  Bavaria  and  Upper  Austria.  Length,  320 
miles ;  navigable  from  HaJL 

Inner  Temple.    See  Inns  of  Court,  and  Temple. 

Innes  (iu'es),  Cosmo.  Bom  in  Aberdeenshire, 
Sept.  9,  1798:  died  at  EaUin,  in  the  Highlands, 
July  31, 1874.  A  Scottish  antiquary.  From  1846 
until  his  death  he  was  professor  ol  constitutional  law  and 
history  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  Among  his  prin- 
cipal works  are  "  Two  Ancient  Records  of  the  Bishopric  ol 
.Caithness"  (1827),  "The  Book  of  the  Thanes  of  Cawdor" 
(1869),  "Scotland  In  the  Middle  Ages  "  (1860),  "Facsimiles 
of  National  Manuscripts  of  Scotland  "  (1867). 

Inness,  George.  Bom  at  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  May 
1,  1825:  died  at  Bridge  of  AUau,  Scotland,  Aug. 
3,  1894.  A  noted  American  landscape-painter. 
He  studied  for  a  short  time  with  Eegis  Gignoux,  and  also 


Inness 

abroad  at  three  different  periods.  He  was  elected  na- 
tional academician  in  1868.  He  is  noted  for  his  coloring 
and  sensitive  reproduction  ol  the  moods  of  nature.  Among 
his  works  are '■  After  the  Storm  "  (1869), "  View  near  Rome  " 
iltlH'  .,„■•  Peters,"  "The  Afterglow "  (1878),  "Spring" 
(1881),  "Niagara  Falls"  (1883),  "Sunset"  (ISSQ. 

Inmsiail  (in'is-f  al).  A  poeticalname  of  Ireland. 

Innocent  (in'o-sent)  I  Saint.  Died  March  12, 
417.  Bishop  of  Rome  402-il7.  During  his  pontifi- 
cate Rome  was  sacked  by  Alaric  (410).  He  is  commemo- 
rated in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  on  July  28. 

Innocent  II.  (Gregorio  de'  Papi  or  Papares- 
Chl).  Died  Sept.  23,  1143:  Pope  1130-43.  He 
was  elected  in  an  irregular  manner  by  a  minority  of  the 
college  of  cardinals  on  the  death  of  Honorius  II.,  where- 
upon the  majority  of  the  cardinals,  refusing  to  recognize 
the  validity  of  his  election,  chose  Anacletus  II.  as  antipope. 
He  was  forced  to  seek  refuge  in  France,  where  Bernard 
of  Clairvaux  procured  his  recognition  by  the  court  and 
the  clergy.  He  was  installed  in  the  Lateran  at  Rome  by 
the  emperor  Lothair  in  IMS,  but  did  not  gain  undisputed 
possession  before  the  death  of  Anacletus  in  1138. 

unocent  III.  (Giovanni  Lothario  Conti). 
Bom  at  Anagni,  Italy,  in  1161 :  died  at  Perugia, 
Italy,  July  16, 1216.  Pope  1198-1216.  He  was  the 
son  of  Count  Trasimundo,  of  the  house  of  Conti,  and  Clari- 
cia,  a  descendant  of  the  house  of  Scotti  at  Rome ;  was  edu- 
cated at  Rome,  Paris,  and  Bologna ;  became  a  canon  of  St. 
Peter's  in  1181,  and  cardinal  deacon  of  St.  Sergius  and  St 
Bacchus  in  1190 ;  and  was  crowned  pope  Feb.  22, 1198.  Fol- 
lowing in  the  footsteps  of  Gregory  VII.,  he  made  it  the 
chief  aim  of  his  ecclesiastical  policy  to  vindicate  the  papal 
claim  of  the  supremacy  of  the  church  over  the  state.  He 
forced  Philip  Augustus  of  lYance  to  take  back  his  repu- 
diated queen,  Ingeburga  of  Denmark,  in  1200  ;  instigated 
the  fourth  Crusade  (1202-04),  the  chief  result  of  which  was 
the  capture  of  Constantinople  from  the  Greeks  and  the 
establishment  of  the  Latin  Empire  ;  deposed  Otto  IV.,  em- 
peror of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  and  in  1215  crowned  his 
former  ward,  Frederick  of  Sicily,  emperor ;  compelled  in 
1213  John  of  England,  who  refused  to  accept  Stephen  Lang- 
ton,  the  papal  nominee  to  the  archbishopric  of  Canter- 
bury, to  acknowledge  the  feudal  sovereignty  of  the  Pope 
and  to  pay  an  annual  tribute ;  ordered  the  crusade  against 
the  Albigenses  in  1208  ;  and  presided  at  the  fourth  Lateran 
Council  in  1215.  During  his  pontificate  the  papal  power 
attained  its  greatest  height. 

Innocent  IV.  (Senibaldi  di  FiescM).  Died  at 
Naples,  Deo.  7, 1254.  Pope  1243-54.  He  inherited 
from  his  predecessors  a  feud  with  the  emperor  Frederick 
II.,  who  nad  been  excommunicated  by  Gregory  IX.  in 
1239.  After  the  death  of  Frederick  in  1250,  and  of  his  son 
the  emperor  Conrad  IV.  in  1264,  the  struggle  was  con- 
tinued with  Manfred,  the  uncle  and  guardian  of  Conrad's 
son,  Conradin  of  Sicily,  who  inflicted  a  decisive  defeat  on 
the  papal  troops  6  days  before  Innocent's  death. 

Innocent  V.  (Pietro  di  Tarantasia).    Bom  in 

1225 :  died  at  Rome,  June  22, 1276.  Pope  Jan. 
20-June  22,  1276. 

Innocent  VI.  (]6tienned' Albert).  BomatBris- 
sao,  Fran  oe :  died  Sept.  12, 1362.  Pope  1352-62. 
He  kept  his  court  at  Avignon. 

Innocent  VII.  (Cosimo  de'  MigUorati).  Bom 

at  Sulmona,  Abruzzi,  Italy,  1336:  died  at  Rome, 
Nov.  6,  1406.  Pope  1404-06.  He  was  opposed 
by  the  antipope  Benedict  XIII.,  who  resided  at 
Avignon. 

Innocent  VIII.  (Giovanni  Battista  Cibo). 
Born  at  Genoa,  1432 :  died  July  25, 1492.  Pope 
1484-92.  He  was  involved  in  war  with  Ferdinand  of  Na- 
ples, whose  crown  he  oifered  to  Renaldus,  duke  of  Lor- 
raine ;  and  kept  Zezim,  brother  of  the  sultan  Bajazet,  a 
close  prisoner  in  consideration  of  an  annual  payment  of 
40,000  ducats  and  the  gift  of  the  sacred  spear  said  to  have 
pierced  the  side  of  the  Saviour. 

Innocent  IX.  (Giovanni  Antonio  Pacchi- 
netti).  Bom  at  Bologna,  Italy,  1519 :  died  Dec. 
30,  1591.    Pope  Oct.  29-Dec.  30,  1591. 

Innocent  X.  (Giovanni  Battista  Pamfili). 
Born  at  Rome,  1572 :  died  Jan.  7,  1655.  Pope 
1644—55.  He  condemned  the  treaty  of  Westphalia  in 
1651,  and  the  Jansenist  heresy  in  1663. 

Innocent  XI.  (Benedetto  OdescalcM).   Bom 

at  Como,  Italy,  1611 :  died  Aug.  12, 1689.    Pope 
1676-89. 
Innocent  XII.  (Antonio  Pignatelli).    Bom 

at  Naples,  March  13,  1615 :  died  Sept.  27, 1700. 
Pope  3691-1700. 

Innocent  XIII.  (Michelangelo  Oonti).  Born 
at  Rome,  May  15,  1655:  died  March  7,  1724. 
Pope  1721-24. 

Innsbruck  (ins'brok),  orlnnspruck.  The  capi- 
tal of  Tyrol,  Austria,  situated  on  the  Inn  in 
lat.  47°  17'  N.,  long.  11°  24'  E. :  the  ancient  CBni 
Pons,  or  CEnipontum.  It  is  noted  for  its  picturesque 
situation.  The  Franciscan  church,  or  Hofkirche,  is  a  Re- 
naissance building,  notable  especially  for  its  magnificent 
monument  to  the  emperor  Maximilian  I.  The  kneeling 
figure  of  the  emperor,  in  bronze,  on  a  great  marble  sar- 
cophagus, is  surrounded  by  28  statues  of  his  ancestors. 
The  sides  of  the  sarcophagus  are  adorned  with  24  reliefs  of 
scenes  from  the  emperor's  life,  most  of  them  by  the  Flem- 
ing Colins.  These  reliefs  are  among  the  finest  sculpture 
of  the  16th  century ;  many  of  the  figur,es  are  portraits. 
The  Schloss  Amras  is  a  fine  castle  of  tlie  13th  century,  re- 
fitted and  enlarged  in  the  16th  by  the  archduke  Ferdinand. 
It  is  now  a  museum,  with  very  interesting  collections, 
chiefly  historical,  includingmedieval  and  modern  weapons, 
furniture,  industrial  art,  sculpture,  and  portraits.  The 
leth-oentury  Spanish  saloon  is  notable,  as  is  the  omatelate- 
Pointed  chapel.  It  has  several  other  castles  and  a  univer- 
C— 34 


529 

sity.  It  was  made  a  city  in  1234.  Desperate  fighting  be- 
tween the  Tyrolese  and  Bavarians  occurred  here  in  1809. 
Population  (1890),  23,320. 
Inns  of  Chancery.  Inns  subordinate  to  the  Inns 
of  Court  (which  see).  Clifford's  Inn,  Clement's  Inn, 
and  Lyon's  Inn  (pulled  down  in  1868,  now  the  site  of  the 
Globe  Theatre)  were  attached  to  the  Inner  Temple ;  New 
Inn  and  Strand  Inn  (which  have  disappeared),  to  the  Mid- 
dle Temple ;  Barnard's  Inn  and  Staple's  Inn,  to  Gray's  Inn ; 
Thavie's  Inn  and  Furnival's  Inn,  to  Lincoln's  Inn.  Ser- 
jeant's Inn,  in  Chancery  Lane,  was  formerly  used  by  the 
Society  of  Serj  eants-at-law,  but  this  ceased  to  exist  in  1877. 

Inns  of  Court.  Legal  societies  in  London  which 
have  the  exclusive  privilege  of  calling  candi- 
dates to  the  bar,  and  maintain  instruction  and 
examination  for  that  purpose ;  also,  the  pre- 
cincts or  premises  occupied  by  these  societies 
respectively.  They  are  tlie  Inner  Temple,  Middle  Tem- 
ple, Lincoln's  inn,  and  Gray's  Inn.  The  first  two  originally 
belonged  to  the  Knights  Templars  (whence  the  name  Tem- 
ple). These  inns  had  their  origin  about  the  end  of  the 
13tn  century.  The  inn  was  originally  the  town  residence 
of  a  person  of  quality.  "Before  the  Temple  was  leased  by 
lawyers,  the  laws  were  taught  in  hostels,  hospitia  curiae,  of 
which  there  were  a  great  number  in  the  metropolis,  espe- 
cially in  the  neighborhood  of  Holborn  ;  but  afterwards  the 
Inns  of  Court  and  Chancery  increased  in  prosperity  till  they 
formed  what  Stow  describes  as  'a  whole  university  of  stu- 
dents, practisers  or  pleaders,  and  judges  of  the  law  of  this 
realm,  not  living  on  common  stipends  as  in  the  other  uni- 
versities, as  is  for  the  most  part  done,  but  of  their  own 
private  maintenance.' "    Hare,  London,  I.  69. 

Innuit  (in'u-it).     See  Eshimauan. 

Innviertel  (in'f  er-tel).  The  region  between  the 
Inn,  Danube,  and  Salzach.  It  was  ceded  to 
Austria  in  1779,  to  Bavaria  in  1809,  and  again 
to  Austria  in  1815. 

Inowrazlaw(e-uov-rats'lav),  or  Jung-Ereslau 
(yong-bres'lou).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Posen,  Prussia,  66miles  east-northestst  of  Posen. 
There  are  salt-works  in  the  vicinity.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  commune,  16,503. 

Insatiate  Countess,  The.  A  tragedy  acted  in 
1610,  and  attributed  to  Marston,  though  altered 
by  Barksteed.  Itwas  sometimes  mentioned  as 
' '  Barksteed's  Tragedy."  The  play  which  bears  the 
latter's  name  (in  some  copies)  seems  to  have  been  con- 
densed by  him  from  two  others—  one  a  tragedy,  one  a 
comedy.   Marston  probably  wrote  the  play  in  1604.    Fleay. 

Inselsberg  (in'sels-bero).  One  of  the  chief 
summits  of  the  Thiiringerwald,  west  of  Pried- 
richroda.    Height,  3,000  feet. 

Instauratio  Magna  (in-sta-ra'shi-o  mag'na). 
[L.,  'the  great  renewal.']  The  comprehensive 
philosophical  work  planned  and  partially  carried 
out  by  Lord  Bacon,  comprising  the  "Advance- 
ment of  Learning,"  "Novum  Organum,"  etc. 
See  Bacon,  Francis. 

Insterburg  (in'ster-bbra).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  East  Prussia,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Angerapp  and  Inster,  53 miles  east  of  Konigs- 
ber§.    Population  (1890),  commune,  22,227. 

Institute  of  France.  [P.  InsUtut  de  France, 
often  simply  InsUtuf]  An  association  of  the 
members  of  the  five  French  academies,  I/Aea- 
d6mie  Franjaise,  L'Acad6mie  des  Inscriptions 
et  Belles-Lettres,  L'Acad6mie  des  Sciences, 
I/Acadtoie  desBeaux  Arts,  andl/Acad^mie  des 
Sciences  Morales  et  Politiques.  it  was  established 
by  the  Republican  Convention  in  1795,  and  is  supported 
by  the  government.  Its  purpose  is  "  to  advance  the  sciences 
and  arts  of  research  by  the  publication  of  discoveries  and 
by  correspondence  with  other  learned  societies,  and  to 
prosecute  those  scientific  and  literary  labors  which  shall 
have  for  their  end  general  utility  and  the  glory  of  the  re- 
public." It  was  originally  called  L'Institut  National,  and 
the  name  has  changed  with  the  various  changes  in  the 
government.  At  first  the  association  was  installed'  at  the 
Louvre,  but  in  1806  it  was  removed  to  the  College  des 
Quatre  Nations. .  There  is  a  general  annual  meeting  on 
the  26th  of  October,  the  anniversary  of  its  founding. 

Institutes  of  Justinian.    See  Corpus  Juris. 
Institutes  of  the  Christian  Religion.  [L.  Jn- 

stitutio  Beligionis  Christianie.']  A  theological 
work  by  Calvin,  published  in  Latin  in  1536,  and 
in  French  in  1540. 

Instituto  Historico  e  Geographico  Brazi- 
leiro.  [Pg. , '  Brazilian  Historical  and  Geograph- 
ical Society.']  A  society  established  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  Brazil,  in  1839,  for  the  encouragement 
of  historical  and  geographical  studies.  Since  its 
foundation  it  has  published  the  "RevistaTrimensal,"  now 
(1894)  numbering  over  66  volumes,  and  containing  docu- 
ments of  the  highest  interest.  It  possesses  a  very  valua- 
ble library. 

Insubres  (in'sii-brez).  In  ancient  history,  a 
Gallic  people  in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  dwelling  north 
of  the  Po,  in  the  vicinity  of  Milan.  They  were 
finally  subjected  to  Rome  in  196  B.  c. 

Interim  (in 'ter-im).  A  provisional  arrange- 
ment for  the  settlement  of  religious  differences 
between  Protestants  and  Roman  Catholics  in 
Germany  during  the  Reformation  epoch,  pend- 
ing a  definite  settlement  by  a  church  council. 
There  were  three  interims :  the  Ratisbon  Interim,  pro- 
mulgated by  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  July  29, 1641,  but 


Inverness 

Ineffective ;  the  Augsburg  Interim,  proclaimed  also  by 
Charles  V.,  May  16, 1648,  but  not  caiTied  out  by  many  Prot- 
estants ;  and  the  Leipsic  Interim,  carried  through  the  Diet 
of  Saxony,  Dec.  22, 1548,  by  the  efforts  of  the  elector  Man- 
rice,  and  enlarged  and  published  as  the  Greater  Interim 
in  March,  1649  :  it  met  with  strenuous  opposition.  Reli- 
gious  toleration  was  secured  for  the  Lutherans  bv  the  peace 
of  Passau,  1562.  ^ 

Interlaken  (in'tsr-ia-ken),  orlnterlaohen  (in'- 
ter-lach-en).  A  summer  resort  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  Switzerland,  on  the  Aare,  between  Lakes 
Thun  and  Brienz,  27  miles  southeast  of  Bern. 
It  is  a  celebrated  tourist  center.  The  chief  avenue  is  the 
Hbheweg.  It  contains  a  casino  and  an  old  monastery. 
Population,  about  2,000. 

International  (in-t6r-nash'on-al).  The.  A  so- 
ciety (in  full, "  The  International  Working-m  en's 
Association"),  formed  in  London  in  1864,  de- 
signed to  unite  the  working-classes  of  all  coun- 
tries in  promoting  social  and  industrial  reform 
by  political  means.  Its  chief  aims  were :  (1)  the  sub- 
ordination of  capital  to  labor  through  the  transference 
of  industrial  enterprises  from  the  capitalists  to  bodies  of 
working-men  ;  (2)  the  encouragement  of  men  on  strike  by 
gifts  of  money,  or  by  preventing  laborers  of  one  locality 
from  migrating  to  another  when  the  laborers  of  the  latter 
are  on  strike ;  (3)  the  overthrow  of  all  laws,  customs,  and 
privileges  considered  hostile  to  the  working-classes,  and 
the  encouragement  of  whatever  aids  them,  as  the  shorten- 
ing of  hours  of  labor,  free  public  education,  etc. ;  (4)  the 
end  of  all  wars.  By  1867  the  International  had  become  a 
powerful  organization,  though  strenuously  opposed  by  the 
continental  European  governments  ;  but  its  manifestation 
in  1872  of  sympathy  with  the  doings  of  the  Palis  Commune 
in  the  preceding  year,  and  internal  dissensions,  caused  a 
great  loss  of  reputation  and  strength. 

International  African  Association.  An  in- 
ternational commission  provided  for  at  the 
Brussels  Conference  of  1876.  its  object  was  to  be 
the  exploration  and  civilization  of  central  Africa.  National 
committees  were  formed  in  France,  Germany,  Italy,  and 
elsewhere  to  cooperate  in  the  work.  Its  seat  was  Brus- 
sels. Out  of  it  grew  the  Kongo  Committee,  the  Interna- 
tional Association  of  the  Kongo,  and  the  Kongo  Free  State. 

Interpreter,  Mr.  A  character  in  Buuy  an's  "  Pil- 
grim's Progress."  He  is  intended  to  typify  the  Holy 
Ghost.  The  house  of  the  Interpreter  was  just  beyond  the 
Wicket  Gate. 

Inti  (en'te).  The  Quiehua  name  for  the  sun, 
deified  and  worshiped  in  ancient  Peru ;  hence, 
the  god  of  the  Incas. 

Inti-huasi  (en'te-wa'se).  [Quiehua,  '  house  of 
the  Sun .']  One  of  the  names  given  by  the  an- 
cient Peruvians  to  the  Temple  of  the  Sun  at 
Cuzco.     See  Curicancha. 

Intra  (en'tra).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Novara,  northern  Italy,  on  the  western  shore 
of  Lago  Maggiore.    Population,  about  5,000. 

IntransigentlSts(in-tran'si-jen-tists).  1.  Aradr 
ical  party  in  Spain  which  in  1873-74  fomented 
an  unsuccessful  insurrection. — 2.  A  factionin 
Prance  whose  parliamentary  program  includes 
various  radical  reforms  and  socialistic  changes. 

Intrepid,  The.  1.  A  Tripolitan  vessel,  cap- 
tured and  so  named  by  Americans,  in  which 
Stephen  Decatur  sailed  into  the  port  of  Tripoli 
on  the  night  of  Feb.  16,  1804,  and  recaptured 
and  burned  the  United  States  frigate  Philadel- 
phia, which  had  fallen  into  the  enemy's  hands. 
The  vessel  was  afterward  blown  up  in  the 
harbor  to  destroy  Tripolitan  cruisers. —  2.  An 
Arctic  exploring  vessel.  She  sailed  under  Com- 
mander Austin  in  1850  from  England. 

IntrigO  (in-tre'go).  A  man  of  business  in  Sir 
Francis  Fane's  comedy  "Love  in  the  Dark,'" 
from  which  Mrs.  Centlivre  took  Marplot. 

Intronati  (en-tro-na'te).  A  literary  academy 
founded  at  Siena  in  1525. 

Invalides,  H6tel  des.    See  E6tel. 

Inveraray,  or  Inverary  (in-ve-ra'ri).  A  sea- 
port and  the  capital  of  Argyllshire,  Scotland, 
situated  on  Loch  Fyne  40  miles  northwest  of 
Glasgow :  noted  for  herring-fishery.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  822. 

Invercargill  (in-ver-kar-gil').  A  town  in  the 
South  Island,  New  Zealand,  on  an  inlet  of  Fo- 
veaux  Strait.  It  exports  mutton,  etc.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  8,551. 

Inverlochy  (in-ver-loeh'i).  A  place  in  Ar- 
gyllshire, Scotland,  situated  near  Loch  Eil  33 
miles  northeast  of  Oban.  Here,  Feb.  2, 164S, 
Montrose  defeated  the  Campbells. 

Inverness  (in-ver-nes').  1.  A  county  of  Scot- 
land, bounded  by  Ross  on  the  north,  Nairn  and 
Elgin  on  the  northeast,  Banff  and  Aberdeen  on 
the  east,  Perth  and  Argyll  on  the  south,  and  the 
Atlantic  on  the  west,  it  comprises  also  Harris, 
North  and  South  Uist,  Skye,  and  others  of  the  Hebrides. 
The  surface  is  mountainous.  It  is  noted  for  its  lakes 
and  for  picturesque  scenery.  The  prevailing  language 
is  Gaelic.  Area,  4,088  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
90,121. 

2.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  the  county  of 
Inverness,  situated  on  the  Ness  in  lat.  57°  28' 
N. ,  long.  4°  13 '  W.    It  has  flourishing  coasting  and  for- 


Inverness 

clgD  trade ;  is  a  tourist  center,  and  tlie  capital  of  tlie  nortli- 
em  Highlands ;  and  was  the  ancient  Pictish  capital.  Its 
castle  was  destroyed  by  the  army  of  the  Pretender  in  1746. 
Inverness,  Forres,  Fortrose,  and  Nairn  form  the  Inverness 
district  of  parliamentary  burghs.  Population  (1891),  20,866. 

Invincible  Armada,  The.     See  Armada. 
Invincible  Doctor,  The,  L.  Doctor  Invincibi- 

lis  (dok'tor  in-vin-sib'i-lis).  A  surname  given 
to  the  scHolastie  philosopher  WilUam  Occam. 

Invoice  (in'vois).  One  of  the  principal  charac- 
ters in  Foote's  "  Devil  upon  Two  Sticks." 

Inwood  (in'wtd),  Henry  William.  Bom  May 
22, 1794 :  supposed  to  have  been  shipwrecked 
March  20,  1843.  An  architect,  the  eldest  son 
of  William  Inwood  (1771-1843).  He  published 
"The  Erechtheum  at  Athens"  (1827),  "Of  the  Resources 
of  Design  in  the  Architecture  of  Greece,  Egypt,  and  other 
Countries"(1843). 

Inwood,  William.  Born  at  Highgate  about  1771 : 
died  at  London,  March  16,  1843.  An  English 
architect.  His  chief  work  is  St.  Pancras  New  Church, 
London  (1819-22),  which  is  an  adaptation  of  Athenian 
models,  chiefly  the  Erechtheum. 

lo  (i'o).  [(3t.  'Iu.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the 
beautiful  daughter  of  Inacbus,  king  of  Aigos, 
(Jreece,  who  was  changed  by  Hera  (Juno),  in  a 
fit  of  jealousy,  into  a  white  heifer,  and  placed 
under  the  watch  of  Argus  of  the  hundred  eyes. 
"When  Argus  was  killed  by  Hermes  at  the  command  of  Zeus, 
the  heifer  was  maddened  by  a  terrible  gadily  sent  by  Hera, 
and  wandered  about  until  she  arrived  in  Egypt.  She  re- 
covered her  original  shape,  and  bore  Epaphus  to  Zeus. 
Epaphus  became  the  ancestor  of  ^gyptus.  Damans,  Ce- 
pheus,  and  Fhineus.  According  to  another  legend,  lo  was 
carried  off  by  Phenician  traders  who  landed  in  Argos. 
The  myth  is  generally  explained  to  be  Aah  or  the  moon 
wandering  in  the  starry  skies,  symbolized  by  the  hundred- 
eyed  Argus ;  her  transformation  into  ahomed  heifer  repre- 
senting the  crescent  moon. 

Greek  mythology,  too,  knew  her  [Astarte]  as  16  and  Eu- 
ropa,  and  she  was  fitly  symbolised  by  the  cow  whose  horns 
resemble  the  supine  lunar  crescent  as  seen  in  the  south. 
Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  195. 

lolaus  (i-o-la'us).  [Gr.  'IdAaof.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, the  charioteer  and  companion  of  Hera- 
cles. 

lolcUS  (i-ol'kus).  [Gr.  'laA/cdf.]  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a  city  in  Thessaly,  Greece,  situated 
on  the  PagasBsan  Gulf  near  Mount  Pelion :  the 
modem  Volo.  It  was  the  point  of  embarkation 
of  the  Argonauts. 

Ion  (i'on).  [Gr.  "lav."]  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  ancestor  of  the  lonians,  the  subject  of  a 
tragedy  by  Euripides. 

Ion.  [Gr.  "luv.]  1.  A  play  of  Euripides,  exhib- 
ited about  424  B.  C.  Its  theme  is  the  legend  that  Ion, 
eponymous  founder  of  the  Ionian  race,  was  the  son  of 
Creusa,  daugliter  of  Erechtheus,  by  Apollo. 

There  is  no  character  in  all  Greek  tragedy  like  this  Ion, 
who  reminds  one  strongly  of  the  charming  boys  drawn  by 
Plato  in  such  dialogues  as  "Charmides"  and  "Lysis."  In 
purity  and  freshness  he  has  been  compared  to  Giotto's  chor- 
isters, and  has  afforded  Bacine  his  masterpiece  of  imita- 
tion in  the  Joas  of  the  "  Athalie. "  But  I  would  liken  him 
still  more  to  the  child  Samuel,  whose  ministrations  are 
painted  with  so  exquisite  a  grace  in  the  Old  Testament. 
.,1  _^^  gjgj  gj  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  349. 


3.  A  tragedy  by  Thomas  Noon  Talfouxd,  pri- 
vately printed  in  1835,  and  produced  the  next 
year  at  Covent  Garden.  It  is  properly  a  dra- 
matic poem,  and  is  the  author's  masterpiece. 

Ion  of  Chios.  Bom  at  Chios :  died  before  42 
B.  o.  A  Greek  poet.  Fragments  of  his  trage- 
dies and  lyrics  have  survived. 

lona  (i-6'na),  or  Icolmkill  (i-kom-kil')-  [Ori- 
ginally Hii  or  I:  written  loua  by  Adamnan, 
whence,  by  a  blunder,  lona.']  An  island  of 
the  Inner  Hebrides,  in  Ar^llshire,  Scotland,  li 
miles  southwest  of  Mull,  from  which  it  is  sep- 
arated by  the  Sound  of  lona.  The  cathedral  is  a 
small  but  very  interesting  building,  now  roofless,  though 
the  masonry  is  complete.  It  was  founded  in  the  13th  cen- 
tury, but  exhibits  some  details  as  late  as  the  16th.  Some 
specimens  of  plate-tracery  in  the  square  central  tower  are 
especially  curious.  St.  Martin's  and  Maclean's  crosses  near 
by  are  interesting  examples  of  the  many  sculptured  Bunic 
crosses  with  which  lona  formerly  abounded.  It  was  an 
ancient  seat  of  the  Druids.  Columbafounded  amonastery 
here  about  666,  which  became  a  leading  colonizer  in  the 
spread  of  Celtic  missions.  The  Culdees  were  replaced  by 
Benedictines  in  the  13th  century.  The  monastery  was  de- 
molished in  1161.  Length,  8  J  miles.  Population,  about  200. 

loni.     See  Aienai. 

Ionia  (i-6'ni-a).  [Gr.  'lowia.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  maritime  region  on  the  western  coast 
of  Lydia  and  Caria,  Asia  Minor,  with  Chios  and 
Samos  and  the  adjacent  islands.  It  comprised  on 
the  mainland  the  cities  Phocaea,  Clazomenffi,  Erythne, 
Teos,  Lebedus,  Colophon,  Ephesus,  Priene,  Myus,  Miletus, 
and  later  Smyrna.  It  was  colonized  in  prehistoric  times 
by  lonians  from  European  Greece  ;  was  conquered  by 
Croesus  in  the  middle  of  the  6th  century  B.  c. ;  passed  later 
to  Persia ;  was  the  scene  of  an  unsuccessful  revolt  500- 
494  ;  became  on  the  close  of  the  Persian  war  a  dependent 
ally  of  Athens  ;  and  passed  to  Persia  in  387,  and  to  Mace- 
donia in  334.  Later  it  fell  to  Pergamum  and  Rome.  It  was 
celebrated  for  its  wealth,  and  for  the  early  development  of 
art,  music,  philosophy,  and  literature. 


530 

Ionian  Islands  (i-o'ni-an  i'landz).  1 .  The  col- 
lective name  of  Corfu,'  Santa  Maura,  Cephalo- 
nia,  Zante,  Paxo,  Ithaca,  and  Cerigo,  and  some 
smaller  islands,  belonging  to  Greece.  Theyform 
the  modem  nomarchies  of  Corfu,  Cephalonia,  Zante,  and 
part  of  Argolis  and  Corinth.  They  were  acquired  by  Venice 
from  about  1400 ;  were  annexed  to  France  in  1797 ;  were 
conquered  by  the  Russians  and  Turks  in  1799 ;  formed  the 
republic  of  the  "Seven  United  Islands"  1800-07;  were  an- 
nexed to  France  in  1807;  were  placed  under  a  British  pro- 
tectorate in  1815 ;  and  were  ceded  to  Greece  in  1864.  See 
Corfu,  Cephalonia,  and  the  other  separate  islands. 
2.  In  ancient  geography,  the  islands  belonging 
to  Ionia  in  Asia  Minor. 

Ionian  Sea.  [L.  Ionium  Mare."]  The  part  of  the 
Mediterranean  between  Greece  and  Albania  on 
the  east  and  Calabria  and  Sicily  on  the  west. 

los  (i'os).  [Gr.  "lof.]  An  island  in  the  iEgean 
Sea,  12  miles  south-southwest  of  Naxos:  the 
modern  Nio.  It  now  belongs  to  Greece.  Popu- 
lation, about  2,000. 

lo'wa(i'o-wa).  [PI.,  also Zowas;  'Gray 'or 'Dusty 
Noses,'  a  name  given  to  the  Paqotce.]  A  tribe 
of  the  Tciwere  division  of  North  American  In- 
dians, from  which  the  State  of  Iowa  is  named. 
They  are  in  Kansas  and  Oklahoma,  and  number 
(1900)  302.     See  Tciwere. 

Iowa  (i'6-wa).  One  of  the  Northwestern  States 
of  the  Tjnit'ed  States  of  America.  Capital,  Des 
Moines.  It  is  bounded  by  Minnesota  on  the  north  and 
Missouri  on  the  south,  and  is  separated  on  the  east  by  the 
Mississippi  from  Wisconsin  and  Illinois,  and  on  the  west 
by  the  Missouri  from  Nebraska  and  by  the  Big  Sioux  from 
Dakota.  The  surface  is  level  and  undulating.  The  chief 
minerals  are  coal  and  lead.  The  chief  occupation  is 
apiculture :  it  is  one  of  the  leading  States  in  the  produc- 
tion of  corn.  It  has  99  counties,  sends  2  senators  and  11 
representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  13  electoral  votes.  It 
formed  part  of  the  "  Louisiana  Purchase  "  and  of  Missouri 
Territory,  part  of  Michigan  Territory  1834-36,  and  part  of 
Wisconsin  Territory  1836-38.  The  first  permanent  settle- 
ments were  made  at  Burlington  and  elsewhere  in  1833. 
Iowa  was  made  a  separate  Territory  in  1838,  and  was  ad- 
mitted into  the  Union  in  1846.  Area,  56,0?6  square  miles. 
Population  (19001,  2,231,863. 

Iowa.  A  river  in  the  State  of  Iowa,  joining  the 
Mississippil9milessouth  of  Muscatine.  Length, 
about  300  miles ;  navigable  from  Iowa  City  (80 
miles). 

Iowa  City.  The  capital  o£  Johnson  County, 
Iowa,  situated  on  the  Iowa  Kiver  51  miles  west 
by  north  of  Davenport :  State  capital  from  1839 
to  1857.     Population  (1900),  7,987. 

Iowa  College.  A  coeducational  institution  of 
learning,  incorporated  in  1847,  opened  at  Daven- 
port, Iowa,  in  1848,  and  removed  to  Grinnell, 
Poweshiek  County,  in  1860.  It  is  controlled  by  Con- 
gregationalists,  and  has  about  36  justructors  and  500  stu- 
dents. 

Iowa  State  University.  A  coeducational  in- 
stitution of  learning  at  Iowa  City,  Iowa.  It 
was  opened  in  1855,  and  has  about  110  instruc- 
tors and  1,300  students. 

Ipek  (e-pek'),  Serv.  Pe6  (petsh).  A  town  in  the 
vilayet  of  Kossovo,  Turkey,  situated  in  lat.  42° 
35'  N.,  long.  20°  26'  B. :  the  ancient  seat  of 
the  Servian  patriarch.  Population,  estimated, 
10,000. 

Iphicrates  (i-fik'ra-tez).  [Gr.'I0(/cpaT7?f.]  Lived 
in  the  first  half  of  the  4th  century  B.  c.  An 
Athenian  general,  noted  for  his  improvements 
in  the  equipment  of  the  peltasts.  He  defeated 
the  Spartans  near  Corinth  392  B.  O. 

Iphigenia(if'''i-je-ni'a).  \Qx.'l(piyhEm.']  InGreek 
legend,  the  daughter  of  Agamemnon  and  Cly- 
temnestra  (or  of  Theseus  and  Helena).  Accord- 
ing to  one  legend,  when  the  fleet  which  was  to  sail  against 
Troy  was  becalmed  at  Aulis,  tlirough  the  anger  of  Artemis 
with  Agamemnon,  the  seer  Calchas  (or  the  Delphic  oracle) 
declared  that  the  death  of  Iphigenia  was  the  only  means 
of  propitiating  the  goddess.  Agamemnon  sent  for  his 
daughter,  but  when  she  arrived  Artemis  carried  her  away 
in  a  cloud  to  Tauris,  and  a  stag  (or  other  animal,  or  another 
person)  was  substituted  for  her  in  the  sacrifice.  While 
she  was  at  Tauris  as  a  priestess  of  Artemis,  her  brother 
Orestes,  accompanied  by  his  friend  Pylades,  camewith  the 
intention  of  carrying  off  the  celebrated  image  of  the  god- 
dess. Iphigenia  saved  him  from  being  put  to  death  as  a 
stranger,  and  fied  with  him  and  the  image.  Her  story  has 
frequently  been  made  the  subject  of  dramatic  poetry. 

There  were  "  Iphigenias  "  by  both  JSschylus  and  Sopho- 
cles, which  were  soon  obscured  by  the  present  play  [of 
Euripides].  Both  Nsevius  andEnnius  composed  well-known 
tragedies  upon  its  model.  Erasmus  iranslated  it  into 
Latin  in  1624 ;  T.  Sibillet  into  French  in  1649.  Dolce  gave 
an  Italian  version  in  1560.  There  are  obscure  French  ver- 
sions by  Eotrou  (1640),  and  by  Leclerc  and  Coras  (1675),  the 
latter  in  opposition  to  the  great  imitation  of  Racine  In 
1674.  Racine's  remarkable  play,  written  by  a  man  who 
combined  a  real  knowledge  of  Euripides  with  poetic  talent 
of  his  own,  is  a  curious  specimen  of  the  effects  of  French 
court  manners  in  spoiling  the  simplicity  of  a  great  mas- 
terpiece. .  .  .  An  English  version  of  Racine's  play,  called 
"Achilles,  or  Iphigenia  in  Aulis,"  was  brought  out  at  Drury 
Lane  in  1700,  and  the  author  in  his  preface  to  the  print 
boasts  that  it  was  well  received,  though  another  Iphigenia 
failed  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  about  the  same  time.  Tills 
rare  play  is  bound  up  with  West's  "Hecuba"  in  the  Bod- 


loLuitos 

leian.  The  famous  opera  of  Gluck  (1774)  is  based  on  Racine, 
and  there  was  another  operatic  revival  of  the  play  in  Dub- 
lin iu  the  year  1846,  when  Miss  Helen  Faucii  appeared  as 
the  heroine.  The  version  (by  J.  W.  Calcraf  t)  was  based  on 
Potter's  translation,  and  the  choruses  were  set  to  music, 
after  the  model  of  Mendelssohn,  by  E.  M.  Levey.  I  fancy 
this  revival  was  limited  to  Dublin.  Schiller  translated 
Euripides'  play  (1790),  and  there  is  an  English  poetical 
version  by  Cartwright,  about  1867  (with  the  "Medea"  and 
"Iph.  Tanr."). 

MalMfy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit,  I.  371. 

There  yet  remains  the  very  famous  "Iphigenia"  of 
Goethe  for  our  consideration.  This  excellent  play  has  been 
extolled  far  beyond  its  merits  by  the  contemporaries  of  its 
great  author,  but  is  now  generally  allowed,  even  in  Ger- 
many, to  be  a  somewhat  unfortunate  mixture  of  Greek 
scenery  and  characters  with  modem  romantic  sentiment. 
It  therefore  gives  no  idea  whatever  of  a  Greek  play,  and 
of  this  its  unwary  reader  should  be  carefully  reminded. 
Apart  from  the  absence  of  chorus,  and  the  introduction  of 
a  sort  of  confidant  of  the  king,  Arkas,  who  does  nothing 
but  giye  stupid  and  unheeded  advice,  the  character  of 
Thoas  is  drawn  as  no  barbarian  king  should  have  been 
drawn  —  a  leading  character,  and  so  noble  that  Iphigenia 
cannot  bring  herself  to  deceive  him,  a  scruple  which  an 
Atheuian  audience  would  have  derided.  Equally  would 
they  have  derided  Orestes'  proposal,  of  which  Thoas  ap- 
proves, to  prove  his  identity  by  single  combat,  and  still 
more  the  argument  which  Iphigenia  prefers  to  all  outward 
marks— the  strong  yearning  of  her  heart  to  the  stranger. 
The  whole  diction  and  tone  of  the  play  is,  moreover,  full  of 
idealistic  dreaming,  and  conscious  analysis  of  motive, 
which  the  Greeks,  who  painted  the  results  more  accu- 
rately, never  paraded  upon  the  stage. 

Makaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  357. 

Iphigenia.  A  tragedy  by  John  Dennis,  acted 
at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  in  1700.  The  story  is 
taken  from  Euripides's  "Iphigenia  in  Tauris." 

Iphigenia  among  the  Tauri.  A  play  of  Eu- 
ripides, of  uncertain  date,  but  certainly  belong- 
ing to  the  poet's  later  period. 

Iphigenia  at  Aulis.  Aplay  of  Euripides,  brought 
out  after  his  death  by  his  son. 

Iplug6nie.  A  tragedy  by  Racine,  acted  at  court 
in  1674,  in  public  in  1675. 

Iphigenie  anf  Tauris.  A  psychological  drama 
by  Goethe,  completed  1787. 

Iphiginie  en  Aulide.  An  opera  by  Gluck,  pro- 
duced at  Paris  in  1774. 

Iphigenie  en  Tauride.    An  opera  by  Gluck, 

produced  at  Paris  in  1779.  The  story  of  "Iphigenia 
in  Aulis  "  has  been  set  to  music  by  more  than  20  composers 
besides  Gluck,  and  of  "Iphigenia  in  Tauris  "  by  9  or  10. 

Ips,  or  Ybbs  (ips).  A  town  in  Lower  Austria, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Ips  with  the 
Danube,  58  miles  west  of  Vienna.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  4,286. 

Ipsambul.    See  Abv^Simbel. 

Ipsara  (ip-sa'ra),  or  Psara  (psa'ra).  A  small 
island  in  the  .^gean  Sea,  12  miles  northwest  of 
Scio,  belonging  to  Turkey:  the  ancient  Psyra. 

Ipsus  (ip'sus).  [Gr.  "Itpog,  'Ii/)6f.]  In  ancient 
geography,  atowninPhrygia,  Asia  Minor,  about 
lat.  38°  41'  N.,  long.  30°  52'  E.  Here,  301  B.  c, 
Lysimachus  and  Seleucus  defeated  and  slew 
Antigonus. 

Ipswich  (ips'wlch).  A  seaport  and  the  capital 
of  Suffolk,  England,  on  the  OrweU  64  miles 
northeast  of  London,  it  has  a  grammar-school,  re- 
founded  by  Elizabeth,  and  was  the  birthplace  of  Wolsey. 
It  was  plundered  by  the  Danes  991  and  1000.  It  returns 
2  members  to  Parliament.    Population  (1901),  66,622. 

Ipswich.  A  river  port  in  Queensland,  Austra- 
lia, situated  on  the  Bremer  about  lat.  27°  35'  S., 
long.  152°  50'  E.     Population  (1891),  7,625. 

Ipswich.  A  river  port  in  Essex  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ipswich 
River,  25  miles  north-northeast  of  Boston.  Pop- 
ulation of  township  (1900),  4,658. 

Iquichanos  (e-ke-cha'nos^.  A  tribe  of  Peru- 
vian Indians,  of  the  Quiehua  race,  in  the  wild 
mountain  region  of  the  department  of  Ayaeu- 
cho,  west  of  Huanta.  They  have  retained  a  form  of 
tribal  independence.  During  the  revolution  they  fought 
on  the  side  of  the  royalists,  but  since  they  have  served  the 
Peruvian  government  bravely,  especially  in  the  war  with 
Chile  1880-83.    Also  written  Yquichanos. 

Iquique  (e-ke'ka).  A  seaport  in  the  territory  of 
TarapacA,  Chile,  in  lat.  20°  12'  S.,  long.  70°  11' 
W.  Near  here.  May  21, 1879,  occurred  a  naval  battle  in. 
which  the  Chilean  ship  Esmeralda  was  sunk  by  the  Peru- 
vian monitor  Huascar.  Iquique  was  ceded  to  Chile  in 
1883.    Population  (1886),  16,391. 

Iquitos  (e-ke'tos).  A  tribe  of  Indians  on  the 
northern  side  of  the  upper  Amazon,  in  the  re- 
gion disputed  between  Ecuador  and  Peru.  For- 
merly  they  were  found  about  the  rivers  Tigre  and  Nanay, 
where  missionaries  preached  to  them  from  1727  to  1768. 
Some,  at  least,  relapsed  into  barbarism,  and  the  remnantft 
live  on  the  left  side  of  the  Napo.  They  are  naked  savages, 
and  use  poisoned  arrows.  Nothing  is  known  of  their  lan- 
guage. The  town  of  Iquitos,  Peru,  was  named  from  them. 
Also  written  yguitm. 

Iquitos.  A  town  in  the  department  of  Loreto, 
Peru,  on  the  MaraHon.  Population  (1889),  about 
3,000.  " 


Iraj 

Iraj  (e-rej').  In  the  Shahnamah,  son  of  Faridun 
by  Arnivaz.  in  the  division  of  his  realm  Faridun  gave 
to  Iraj.  though  the  youngest  Iran,  and  to  Salm  and  Tur,  re- 
spectively, the  West  and  Tuian.  These  rose  against  Iraj, 
and  Tur  slew  him.  He  was  avenged  by  Minuchiiir,  who 
slew  both  Salm  and  Tur.    See  Salm. 

Irak  (e-rak' ).  The  tract  of  land  which  is  called 
Babylonia  by  Ptolemy,  bounded  on  the  north 
by  Mesopotamia,  on  the  west  by  the  Per- 
sian Gulf  and  Susiana,  and  on  the  east  by  Su- 
siana,  Assyria,  and  Media.  It  was  invaded  by 
the  Arabs  under  the  first  calif,  Abu-Bekr,  632- 
634  A.  D. 

Irak  Ajemi  (e-rak'  aj'e-me)  or  Adjemi.  A 
province  of  western  Persia,  Ij^ing  west  of  Kho- 
rasan  and  south  of  Azerbaijan,  G-hilan,  and 
Mazanderan.  It  corresponds  generally  to  the 
ancient  Media,  and  contains  Teheran  and  Ispa- 
han. 

Irak-el-Arabi  (e-rak'el-a'ra-be).  Same  as 
IraJe. 

Irala  (e-ra'la),  Domingo  Martinez  de.  Bom 
at  Vergara,  Gruiptfzcpa,  1487 :  died  at  It^,  near 
Asuncion,  Paraguay,  1557.  A  Spanish  soldier. 
He  went  to  the  Kio  de  la  Plata  with  Mendoza  in  1534,  and 
was  commodore  of  the  fleet  with  which  Ayolas  ascended 
the  Parand  and  Paraguay  in  1536.  In  1637  he  was  made 
governor  of  the  Spanish  colonies  on  the  Plata  and  Para- 
guay. Succeeded  by  Cabeza  de  Yaca  in  1542,  he  again  be- 
came governor  on  the  latter's  deposition  in  April,  1644,  and 
remained  in  power  until  his  death.  He  conducted  many 
important  expeditions,  and  flrst  opened  communications 
between  Paraguay  and  Peru. 

Iran(e-ran').  1.  Originally,  the  land  of  the  Ar- 
yans.— 2.  The  plateau  including  Persia,  Af- 
ghanistan, and  Baluchistan. — 3.  The  official 
name  of  Persia. 

Iras  (i'ras).  A  character  in  Shakspere's  "An- 
tony and  Cleopatra,"  a  female  attendant  on 
Cleopatra. 

Irawadi,  or  Irrawaddy  (ir-a-wad'i).  The  chief 

river  of  Burma.  It  is  formed  by  two  head  streams, 
Meh-kha  and  Mali-kha,  which  unite  near  Bhamo.  Its 
sources  are  unknown.  Perhaps  the  Meh-kha  is  the  Lu- 
kiang,  or  the  Nu,  a  large  river  in  Tibet.  The  Irawadi  flows 
into  the  Bay  of  Bengal  by  a  delta  about  lat.  16°  N.  The 
chief  mouths  are  the  Kangoon  and  Bassein.  Ava  and 
Mandalay  are  on  its  banks.  Length,  probably  about  1,500 
miles  ;  navigable  from  Bhamo. 

Irbit  (ir-bif).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Perm,  Kussia,  situated  on  the  Nitza  about  lat. 
57°  30'  N.,  long.  63°  20'  E. :  noted  for  its  fair. 
Popillation,  about  5,700. 
Iredell  (ir'del),  James.  Born  at  Lewes,  Eng- 
land, Oct.  5, 1751 :  died  at  Edenton,  N.  C,  Oct. 
20,  1799.  An  American  jurist,  justice  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court  1790-99. 
Iredell,  James.  Born  at  Edenton,  N.  C,  Nov. 
2, 1788:  died  at  Raleigh,  N.  C,  April  13,  1853. 
An  American  jurist  and  politician,  son  of  James 
Iredell.  He  was  governor  of  North  Carolina 
1827-28,  and  United  States  senator  1828-31. 
Ireland  (ir'land).  [ME.  Ireland,  Irland,  Trland, 
Erland  (P.  irlande,  Gr.  Irland,  from  E.),  AS.  Ira- 
land,  Irland,  land  of  the  Irish,  from  Ira,  gen. 
of  Iras,  Tras,  the  Irish,  from  Ir.  Eire,  Ireland, 
Erin.  SeeUrinandLHibernia.']  An  island  west  of 
Great  Britain,  forming  with  it  the  UnitedKing- 
dom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  Capital,  Dub- 
lin. It  is  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  north, 
west,  and  south,  and  separated  on  the  east  from  Great 
Britain  by  the  North  Channel,  Irish  Sea,  and  St.  George's 
Channel.  It  extends  from  lat.  51°  26'  to  56°  21'  N.,  long.  5°23' 
to  10°  28'  W.  There  are  mountains  near  the  coast,  but  the 
interior  is  generally  level,  and  abounds  in  lakes.  Thelead- 
ing  occupation  is  agriculture,  and  chief  products  cereals, 
potatoes,  etc.  The  chief  manufactures  are  linen,  woolen, 
spirits,  etc.  Ireland  is  divided  into  4  provinces  (Ulster, 
Leinster,  Munster,  ConnaughtX  and  subdivided  into  32 
counties.  Government  is  administered  by  a  lord  lieu- 
tenant, appointed  by  the  British  government  for  the  time 
being,  assisted  by  a  privy  council  at  Dublin  and  a  chief 
secretary  in  Parliament.  The  kingdom  is  represented  by 
103  members  in  the  House  of  Commons,  and  the  peerage, 
which  at  present  (1901)  numbers  176  members,  appoints 
28  representative  peers  to  sit  in  the  House  of  Lords.  About 
76  per  cent,  of  the  population  are  Boman  Catholics.  The 
inhabitants  are  mostly  of  Celtic  descent  (except  in  Ulster). 
The  colonizations  of  Ireland  by  Firbolgs,  Milesians,  and 
other  races  are  legendary.  The  following  are  the  leading 
events  and  incidents  of  Irish  history :  Christianity  intro- 
duced by  St.  Patrick,  5th  century;  settlements  on  the 
eastern  coasts  by  the  Northmen,  9th  and  10th  centuries ; 
Danish  invasions,  ended  in  1014  by  the  victory  at  Clontarf 
of  the  Irish  chieftain  Brian  Boru ;  conquest  of  the  Eng- 
lish Pale  made  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IL  by  Strongbow,  be- 
ginning in  1169 ;  expedition  of  Poynings  sent  by  Henry 
VII.,  leading  to  Poynings's  Act,  1494  ;  revolt  of  the  Irish 
under  the  Geraldines  suppressed  by  Henry  VIII.,  who  took 
the  title  of  King  of  Ireland  ;  rebellions  during  the  reign 
of  Elizabeth,  under  the  leadership  of  Shane  O'Neill,  later 
of  Desmond,  and  later  of  Hugh  O'Neill  (earl  of  Tyrone),  who 
was  defeated  by  Mountjoy  in  1601 ;  English  and  Scottish 
settlement  made  in  Ulster  by  James  I. ;  the  lieutenancy 
of  Strafford,  followed  by  the  "  massacre  of  1641 ";  rismg  put 
down  (1649-60)  by  Cromwell,  who  made  additional  settle- 
ments of  English  and  Soots;  adherence  of  Ireland  to 
James  II.,  1689 ;  battle  of  the  Boyne  July  1, 1690 ;  the  Irish 
Parliament  declared  independent^  1782 ;  unsuccessful  re- 


531 

hellion,  1798 ;  Act  of  Union,  ending  the  separate  Irish  Par- 
liament and  uniting  Ireland  with  Great  Britain,  carried 
through  under  the  lieutenancy  of  Comwallis  (came  into 
force  Jan.  1, 1801);  unsuccessful  rebellion  under  Emmet, 
1803 ;  Catholic  Emancipation  passed,  1829 ;  repeal  agita- 
tion under  O'C'onnell,  184&-44 ;  potato  famine  of  1846-47, 
followed  by  great  emigration  to  America;  "Young  Ire- 
land" rebellion,  1848;  Fenian  outbreaks,  1865  and  1867; 
Land  Act,  1870;  disestablishment  of  the  Irish  Church, 
1871 ;  Land  Act,  1881 ;  Land  League  suppressed,  1881 ;  Na- 
tional League  organlzed,1882  ;  Phcenix  Park  murders,  1882 ; 
Home  Rule  agitation  under  the  lead  of  Pamell ;  introduc- 
tion by  Mr.  Gladstone  of  a  Home  Eule  Bill  which  failed 
to  pass  the  House  of  Commons,  1886 ;  Home  Rule  Bill 
passed  by  the  House  of  Commons,  but  rejected  by  the 
House  of  Lords.  1893.  Area,  32,583  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1901),  4,456,646. 

Ireland,  Jobn.  Bom  near  Wem,  Shropshire : 
died  at  Birmingham,  Nov.,  1808.  An  English 
author.  He  worked  as  a  watchmaker  in  Maiden  Lane, 
London.  In  1786  he  published  the  "Letters  and  Poems" 
of  John  Henderson  the  actor.  In  1793  he  edited  for  Boy- 
dell  "  Hogarth  Illustrated  "  (1791).  In  1798,  as  a  supple- 
mentary volume  of  this  work,  he  published  his  "  Life  of 
Hogarth,"  with  engravings  of  some  hitherto  unpublished 
drawings.    This  is  the  standard  biography  of  Hogarth. 

Ireland,  John.  Born  at  Bumehurch,  County 
Kilkenny,  Ireland,  Sept.  11,  1838.  A  Eoman 
Catholic  archbishop.  He  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  in  1849 ;  was  educated  in  France;  and  was  ordained 
priest  in  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  in  186L  He  was  consecrated  co- 
adjutor to  the  bishop  of  St.  Paul  in  1876,  became  bishop  of 
that  city  in  1884,  and  archbishop  in  1888.  He  has  written 
"The  Church  and  Modern  Society"  (1896). 

Ireland,  Samuel.  Bom  at  London :  died  there, 
July,  1800.  An  English  author  and  engraver. 
Originally  a  weaver  in  Spitalflelds,  London,  he  later  went 
into  business  as  a  dealer  in  prints  and  drawings,  instruct- 
ing himself  in  drawing,  etching,  and  engraving.  In  1760 
he  won  a  medal  from  the  Society  of  Arts,  and  in  1764  ex- 
hibited at  the  Royal  Academy  for  the  first  and  only  time. 
From  1780  to  1786  he  etched  many  plates  after  Mortimer 
and  Hogarth,  also  Ruysdael  (1786)  and  Teniers  (1787).  He 
is  best  known  as  the  dupe  of  his  son,  WiUiam  Henry  Ire- 
land, in  the  affair  of  the  Shakspere  forgeries. 

Ireland,  William  Henry.  Born  probably  at 
London,  1777:  died  there,  April  17,  1835.  A 
forger  of  Shakspere  manuscripts.  He  is  supposed 
to  have  been  an  illegitimate  son  of  Samuel  Ireland.  He 
visited'Stratford-on-Avon  about  1794  with  his  father,  an  ad- 
mirer of  Shakspere,  who  fully  believed  a  story  of  the  recent 
destruction  of  Shakspere's  own  manuscripts.  On  his  re- 
turn to  London  he  began  his  famous  series  of  forgeries  of 
Shakspere  manuscripte.  Among  these  are  a  mortgage  deed 
copied  on  oldparchmentf  rom  agenuine  deed  of  1612,  which 
ha"d  been  copied  in  facsimile  by  Steevens;  Shakspere's 
signature  on  the  fly-leaves  of  old  books ;  a  transcript  of 
"Lear";  and  extracts  from  "Hamlet"  (the  orthography 
copied  from  Chatterton's  Rowley  poems).  In  Feb.,  1795, 
these  documents  were  exhibited  by  the  elder  Ireland  at 
his  house  in  Norfolk  street.  On  Feb.  25  Dr.  Parr,  Sir  Isaac 
Heard,  Herbert  Croft,  Pye,  the  poet  laureate,  and  16  others 
sign  edapaper  testifying  to  theirbelief  in  their  genuineness. 
To  these  Ireland  added  a  new  blank-verse  play, "  Vortigern 
and  Rowena,"  in  Shakspere's  autograph,  and  a  tragedy, 
"  Henry  IL,"  which  he  said  he  had  copied  from  Shakspere's 
original,  which  were  examined  by  Slieridan  of  Drury  Lane 
and  Harris  of  Covent  Garden.  On  April  2, 1796,  "Vorti- 
gern "  was  produced  by  Eemble  at  Drury  Lane.  Its  com- 
plete failure  led  to  the  exposure  of  the  entire  fraud,  and 
before  the  end  of  the  year  Ireland  published  "An  Authen- 
tic Account  of  the  Shakespearian  MSS."  He  also  published 
a  number  of  ballads,  poems,  novels,  memoirs,  and  transla- 
tions.   Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Ireland  Island.    One  of  the  Bermudas. 

Irenseus  (i-re-ne'us).  Saint.  Bom  in  Asia  Mi- 
nor :  died  at  Lyons,  probably  in  202  A.  d.  A 
celebrated  Greek  church  father.  He  was  a  native 
of  Asia  Minor ;  studied  under  Polycarp,  bishop  of  Smyrna ; 
removed  to  Rome  about  156 ;  and  became  bishop  of  Lyons 
in  177.  He  died  a  martyr  during  the  persecution  under  the 
emperor  Septimius  Severus.  He  wrote  a  Greek  work  against 
heresies,  which  is  extant  in  a  Latin  translation  entitled 
"  Contra  heretioos  "  (ed.  by  Stieren  1851-53,  and  by  Har- 
vey 1857). 

Irene  (i-re'ne).  [Gr.  'ElprjvTi,  peace.]  Born  at 
Athens  about  752 :  died  in  Lesbos,  Aug.  15, 803. 
A  Byzantine  empress.  She  became  the  wife  of  the 
emperor  Leo  IV.  in  769,  and  from  780  to  790  was  regent  for 
her  son  Constantine  VI.,  whom  she  dethroned  and  blinded 
in  797.  She  was  deposed  and  banished  by  N  icephorus  in 
802. 

Irene.  An  asteroid  (No .  14)  discovered  by  Hind 
at  London,  May  19,  1851. 

Irene.  A  tragedy  by  Samuel  Johnson,  it  was 
played  under  the  title  "Mahomet  and  Irene,"  under  Gar- 
rick's  management,  Feb.  6, 1749.  Garrick  played  Deme- 
trius. 

Ir^ne  (e-ran').  Atragedy  by  Voltaire,  produced 
March  16,  1778.  He  was  crowned  with  laurel  in  his  box 
for  this  play  on  the  first  occasion  on  which  he  was  able  to 
attend. 

Ireton  (ir'ton),  Henry.  Bom  in  Nottingham, 
England,16il:diednear  Limerick,  Ireland,Nov. 
26,  1651.  An  English  Parliamentary  general, 
son-in-law  of  Cromwell.  In  1626  he  became  a  gentle- 
man commoner  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  graduating 
B.  A.  in  1629.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  was  the 
chief  supporter  of  the  Parliamentary  interest  in  Notting- 
hamshire, and  June  30, 1642,  was  made  captain  of  the  Not- 
tingham horse.  He  attached  himself  very  intimately  to 
Cromwell,  with  whom  he  had  great  influence ;  was  made 
commissary-general  of  the  horse  at  Naseby ;  and  married 
Cromwell's  daughter  Bridget,  June  15, 1646.  On  Oct.  30, 
1645,  he  was  returned  to  Parliament  for  Appleby.  He  took 


Irnerlus 

part  in  the  treaty  between  the  commissioners  of  the  army 
and  Parliament.  He  hoped  to  lay  the  foundation  of  an 
agreement  between  the  king  and  Parliament,  and  to  es- 
tablish the  liberties  of  the  people  on  a  permanent  basis. 
When  Charles  I.,  however,  refused  the  "  Four  Bills,"  Ire- 
ton  advised  the  settlement  of  the  affairs  of  the  kingdom 
without  him.  In  the  trial  of  the  king  he  sat  regularly  m 
the  High  Court  of  Justice,  and  signed  the  wareant  for  the 
kmg's  execution.  On  Aug.  16, 1649,  he  went  with  Cromwell 
to  Ireland  as  second  in  command,  and  became  his  deputy 
May  29,  1650. 

Iriarte,  or  Yriarte  (e-re-ar'ta),  Tomas  de.- 
Born   at  Orotava,  Teneriffe,  Canary  Islands, 
Sept.  18,1750:  died  at  Madrid,  Sept.  17,1791.  A 
Spanish  poet.  His  chief  works  are  "Lamusica" 
(1779),  "Pabulas  literarias"  (1782). 

Iris  (i'ris).  [Gr.  "Ipif.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a 
female  divinity,  messenger  of  the  gods,  often 
regarded  as  the  personification  of  the  rainbow. 

Iris.  An  asteroid  (No.  7)  discovered  by  Hind  at 
London,  Aug.  13,  1847. 

Irisarri(e-re-sa're),  Antonio  Jose  de.  Bom  at 
Santiago  de  los  CabaUeros,  Guatemala,  Feb.  7, 
1786 :  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. ,  June  10, 1868.  A 
Spanish-American  statesman  and  author.  He 
settled  in  Chile,  where  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
revolution  1810-18.  Subsequently  he  held  various  diplo- 
matic posts  for  Chile,  and  from  1855  was  minister  of  Gua- 
temala and  Salvador  to  the  United  States.  He  edited  sev- 
eral journals  in  various  Spanish-American  countries,  pub- 
lished historical  and  philological  works  and  a  collection  of 
satirical  poems,  and  was  a  well-known  bibliophilist. 

Irish  (I'rish).  The  language  of  the  native  Celtic 

■race  in  Ireland,  it  is  in  age  and  philological  value  the 
most  important  language  of  the  Celtic  family,  though  its 
antiquity  and  importance  have  been  much  exaggerated  by 
tradition  and  patriotism.  The  alphabet  is  an  adaptation 
of  the  Latin.  As  heretofore  printed  the  letters,  like  the 
so-called  Anglo-Saxon  letters,  are  usually  made  to  resem- 
ble a  conventionalized  form  of  the  Latin  alphabet  in  use 
in  Britain  in  the  early  middle  ages.  Gaelic  is  a  compara- 
tively recent  form  of  the  Irish  spoken  by  the  Celts  of  Scot- 
land. It  differs  but  slightly  from  the  Irish  of  the  same 
age.  Modern  Irish  is  greatly  corrupted  in  pronunciation, 
as  compared  with  the  Old  Irish  ;  but  it  retains  in  great 
part  the  old  orthography.  Aa  a  living  speech  it  is  fast  go- 
ing out  of  use,  though  efforts  are  making  to  preserve  it. 

Irish  Sea.  A  body  of  water  lying  between  Eng- 
land on  the  east  and  Ireland  on  the  west,  and 
connected  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  the  North 
Channel  on  the  north  and  St.  George's  Channel 
on  the  south.     The  Isle  of  Man  is  in  its  center. 

Irish  Widow,  The.  A  comedy  by  David  Gar- 
rick, taken  in  part  from  MoliSre's  "  Le  mariage 
fore6."  It  was  brought  out  Oct.  23, 1772.  The  widow 
Brady  was  played  originally  by  Mrs.  Barry,  for  whom  the 
play  was  written. 

Irkalla.    See  Urugal. 

Irkutsk  (ir-kotsk').  1.  A  government  of  Sibe- 
ria, bounded  by  Yakutsk  on  the  north  and  east, 
Trans-Baikal  on  the  southeast,  the  Chinese  em- 
pire on  the  south,  and  Yeniseisk  on  the  west. 
Area,  287,061  square  miles.  Population  (1897), 
501,237. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Ir- 
kutsk, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Irkut  with 
the  Angara,  in  lat..  52°  17'  N.,  long.  104°  12'  E. 
It  was  founded  in  1652,  and  is  the  chief  commercial  city 
of  Siberia  and  the  seat  of  the  general  government,  and  is 
noted  for  its  tea  trade.  It  was  nearly  destroyed  by  fii'e  in 
1879.    Population  (1897),  61,484. 

Irmin  (Sr'min),  or  IrminO  (er'mi-no).  In  Ger- 
manic mythology,  a  god,  eponymic  ancestor  of 
the  Herminones. 

Irminones.    See  Hermiones. 

Irminsul  (er'min-s61).  A  Saxon  idol  cast  down 
by  Charlemagne,  nearEresburg,  about  772.  Her- 
mann, or  Arminius,  the  hero  of  Teutonic  independence, 
was  the  object  of  the  Saxons'  admiration,  and  they  called 
this  idol  Irmensaule  (Hermann  Saule,  'Hermann's  Pillar'), 
from  a  fancied  resemblance  of  the  word.  No  real  connec- 
tion of  the  idol  with  Hermann  existed. 

The  Irmin-Sul,  or  Column  of  Hermann,  near  Eresburg, 
the  modern  Stadtberg,  was  the  chosen  object  of  worship 
to  the  descendants  of  the  Cherusci,  the  Old  Saxons,  in  de- 
fence of  which  they  fought  desperately  against  Charle- 
magne and  his  Christianized  Franks.  "Irmin,"  says  Sir 
Francis  Palgrave,  "in  the  cloudy  Olympus  of  Teutonic  be- 
lief, appears  as  a  king  and  a  warrior ;  and  the  pillar,  the 
Irmin-Sul,  bearings  the  statue,  and  considered  as  the  sym- 
bol of  the  deity,  was  the  Palladium  of  the  Saxon  nation 
until  the  temple  of  Eresburg  was  destroyed  by  Charle- 
magne, and  the  column  itself  transferred  to  the  monastery 
of  Corbey,  where  perhaps  a  portion  of  the  rude  rock- idol 
yet  remains,  covered  by  the  ornaments  of  the  Gothic  era." 
Philip  Smith,  Hist.  World,  IIL  368. 

Irnerins  (to-ne'ri-us),or  Warnerius  (war-ne'- 
ri-us).  Lived  first  part  of  the  12th  century.  A 
noted  Italian  jurist.     See  the  extract. 

Irnerius,  by  universal  testimony,  was  the  founder  of  all 
learned  investigation  into  the  laws  of  Justinian.  He  gave 
lectures  upon  them  at  Bologna,  his  native  city,  not  long, 
in  Savigny's  opinion,  after  the  commencement  of  the  cen- 
tury. And,  besides  this  oral  instruction,  he  began  the 
practice  of  making  glosses,  or  short  marginal  explanations, 
on  the  law-books,  with  the  whole  of  which  he  was  ac- 
quainted. We  owe  also  to  him,  according  to  ancient  opin- 
ion, though  much  controverted  in  later  times,  an  epitome, 
called  the  Authentica,  of  what  Gravina  calls  the  prolix  and 
difficult  (salebrosis  atquegarrulis)  Novels  of  Justinian,  ar- 
ranged according  to  the  titles  of  the  Code. 

HaUam,  Lit.,  p.  53. 


Iron 

Iron  (i'em),  Ralph.  The  nom  de  plume  of  Olive 
Sohreiner. 

Iron  Arm,  F.  Bras  de  Per  (bra  de  far).  A  sur- 
name given  to  the  Huguenot  leader  De  Lanoue. 

Iron  Chest,  The.  A  play  by  George  Colman 
the  younger, with  music  by  Storace.  it  was  taken 
from  Godwin's  "  Caleb  Williams,"  and  was  produced  at 
Druiy  Lane  March  12, 1796. 

Iron  City,  The.  A  name  given  to  Pittsburg, 
•  Pennsylvania,  on  account  of  its  iron  manufac- 
tures. 

Iron  Duke.  A  British  war-shipjlaunehed  in  1871. 
Her  chief  dimensions  are :  length,  280  feet ;  breadth,  64 
feet;  draught,  22.7feet;  displacement,  6,010  tons;  thick- 
ness of  armor,  8  to  6  inches.  The  armored  region  consists 
of  a  belt  at  the  water-line  10  feet  wide,  and  a  double-decked 
central  citadeL  The  lower  battery  has  only  broadside  Are 
from  6  12-ton  guns.  The  upper  battery  has  1  12-ton  gun 
and  an  indented  port  at  each  angle  for  fore-and-aft  as  well 
as  broadside  fire.  The  Iron  Duke  ran  into  and  sank  her 
sister  ship  the  Vanguard  off  the  coast  of  Ireland  Sept., 
1875.  ' 

Iron  Duke,  The.  A  popular  surname  of  the 
Duke  of  Wellington. 

Iron  Gates,  The.  A  celebrated  defile  in  the  Dan- 
ube, at  the  confines  of  Hungary,  Servia,  and  Ru- 
mania.   Length,  1^  miles. 

Iron  Man,  The.    See  Talus. 

Iron  Mask,  Man  with  the.   See  Man,  etc. 

Ironmaster,  The.  A  play  translated  from  Oh- 
net's  "  Maltre  de  Forges"  (1882)  by  Pinero,  and 
produced  in  1884. 

ton  Mountain.  A  hill,  1,075  feet  in  height,  in 
St.  Fran9ois  County,  eastern  Missouri,  67  miles 
south-southwest  of  St.  Louis,  noted  for  its  de- 
posit of  iron  ore. 

Ironside.  A  surname  of  Edmund  H.,  king  of 
England. 

Ironside,  Nestor.  A  pseudonym  of  Sir  Richard 
Steele  in  "The  Guardian." 

Ironsides,  Old.    See  Old  Ironsides. 

Ironsides,  The.  The  famous  regiment  led  by 
Cromwell  in  the  English  civil  war.  The  name 
was  afterward  applied  to  the  entire  army  un- 
der his  control. 

Ironton  (i'6m-ton).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Lawrence  County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Ohio 
in  lat.  38°  33'  N.,  long.  82°  30'  "W.  It  is  the 
center  of  an  iron  district.  Population  (1900), 
11,868. 

Iroquoian  (ir-o-kwoi'an).  A  linguistic  stock  of 
North  American  Indians,  historically  of  great 
importance  though  numerically  inferior  to  sev- 
eral others.  The  conduct  of  a  part  of  these  tribes, which 
are  collectively  called  Iroquois,  in  the  coloniaJ  period 
markedly  shaped  the  history  of  America  north  of  Mexico, 
as  at  the  first  collisions  they  became  the  allies  of  the  Eng- 
lish against  the  French,  and  by  their  early  procurement  of 
firearms,  perhaps  more  than  by  the  preeminent  valor  and 
sagacity  imputed  to  them  by  most  writers,  they  mastered 
and  drove  off  from  immense  districts  all  the  tribes  before 
occupying  them  which  would  not  submit  to  their  rule. 
The  St.  Lawrence  River  valley  was  their  earliest  known 
habitat,  whence  they  gradually  moved  southwest  along  the 
shores  of  the  great  lakes.  Cartier  in  1535  found  between 
Quebec  and  Montreal  a  people  the  recorded  fragments  of 
whose  language  indicate  that  they  were  Wyandots.  (See 
Iroquois.)  The  Iroquoian  tribes  were  notably  sedentary 
and  to  a  considerable  extent  agricultural,  depending  com- 
paratively little  upon  hunting,  and  were  remarkable  for 
their  skill  in  house-building  and  fortification.  The  re- 
maining Indians  of  this  stock,  both  in  the  United  States 
and  in  Canada,  are  distinguished  for  their  advance  into 
civilization.  As  a  rule  they  are  prosperous  and  increasing 
in  numbers.  Their  whole  population  now  is  about  43,000, 
of  whom  over  34,000  are  in  the  United  States  and  nearly 
9,000  in  Canada.  They  are  divided  both  linguistically 
and  geographically  into  4  groups,  as  follows:  northern 
group —Wyandot,  Tiouontati,  Tohotaenrat,  Wenrorono, 
Neuter,  Hochelaga;  central  group  —  Mohawk,  Oneida, 
Onondaga,  Cayuga,  Seneca,  Erie,  Conestoga;  southern 
group — Tusoarora,  Nottoway,  Meherrin,  Chowanoo,  Co- 
ree;  Cherokee  group — Blati  or  Lower  Cherokee,  Middle 
Cherokee,  and  Atali  or  Upper  Cherokee.  The  name  of  the 
linguistic  stock  is  taken  from  the  form  Iroqiuois,  which  has 
been  applied  specifically  to  the  confederacy  or  league  also 
called  the  "Five  Nations,"  and  later  the  "Six  Nations." 

IrOQtUois  (ir-6-kwoi').  [The  name,  given  by  the 
French,  was  deri  vedf  rom  an  exelamationused  by 
the  speakers  of  the  confederacy.]  A  well-known 
confederacy  of  the  North  American  Indians. 
They  called  themselves  by  a  name  meaning  •  we  of  the  long 
house,'  also  by  another,  meaning  'real  men.'  The  Dela- 
ware name  for  them  was  Mengwe,  corrupted  into  Mingo. 
The  Englishknew  them  as  the  Confederates  or  Five  Nations, 
an  d,afterthe  admission  of  the  Tuscarora,  as  the  SixNations. 
The  confederacy  was,  about  1540,  composed  of  five  tribes, 
Mohawk,  Oneida,  Onondaga,  Cayuga,  and  Seneca,  extend- 
ing across  New  York  State,  in  the  order  named,  from  Hud- 
son River  to  Lake  Erie.  According  to  tradition  they  had 
before  lived  on  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  whence  they  had 
been  driven  by  Algonqnian  tribes.  After  procuringflrearras 
from  the  Dutch,  they  made  wai'  upon  all  the  surrounding 
tribes,  driving  off  some,  incorporating  some,  and  making 
others  tributary,  until  their  rule  was  acknowledged  from 
the  Ottawa  River  to  the  Tennessee,  and  from  the  Kennebec 
to  the  Illinois  and  Lake  Michigan.  During  the  Revolution 
these  tribes  sided  with  the  English,  with  whom  they  had 

^before  been  allied  against  the  French ;  and  afterward  the 

Uobawks  and  Cayugas  followed  Brant  in  abody  to  Canada. 


532 

They,  with  some  individuals  of  other  tribes  of  the  confed- 
eracy, settled  and  still  remain  at  a  reservation  on  Grand 
River,  Ontario,  and  atother  points  in  that  province.  Those 
in  the  United  States  are  on  reservations  in  New  Y6rk,  ex- 
cept the  Oneidas,  who  are  chiefly  at  Green  Bay,  Wisconsin. 
The  so-called  Seuecas  5f  the  Indian  Territory  are  really 
*'  Mingos  "  collected  from  all  the  Iroquois  tribes,  and  the 
Catholic  Iroquois  at  Caughnawaga,  St.  Regis,  and  Oka  have 
no  connection  with  the  confederacy.  The  numbers  of  the 
latter  are  now  about  15,000,  including  mixed  blood.  See 
Iroquiyian. 

Irrawaddy.    See  Irawadi. 

Irredentists  (ir-e-deu'tists).  An  Italian  politi- 
cal party,  formed  in  1878  for  bringing  about  the 
"redemption"  ortheincorporationinto  the  king- 
dom of  Italy  of  all  regions  situated  near  Italy 
where  an  important  part  of  the  population  was 
Italian,  but  which  were  still  subject  to  other  gov- 
ernments, and  hence  called  Italiairredenta  ( '  un- 
redeemed Italy')- 

Irrefragable  Doctor,  L.  Doctor  Irrefra^abilis 
(dok'tor  i-ref-ra-gab  i-Us).  A  surname  given  to 


Isabella 

"Salmagundi."  In  180»hepublishedhis"HistoryofNe\r 
York,  by  Diedrich  Knickerbocker."  Its  success  established 
his  literary  position.  In  1810  he  became  a  partner  in  a  com- 
mercial house  established  by  two  of  his  brothers.  In  1816 
however,  he  went  abroad  again,  and  lived  there  til]  183?, 
In  1826  he  was  attach^  of  the  United  States  legation  at 
Madrid,  and  in  1829  was  made  secretary  of  legation  at 
London.  He  lived  principally  at  Sunnyside  (Wolfert's 
Roost)  from  1832  till  1842,  when  he  was  appointed  min- 
ister to  Spain.  He  returned  in  1846  to  Sunnyside,  where 
he  lived  till  his  death.  Besides  the  works  above  mentioned, 
he  wrote  "The  Sketch-Book"  (which  came  out  in  parte 
in  1819,  and  collected  in  1820),  ''Bracebridge  Hall,  or  the 
Humourists "(1822),  "Talesof  aTraveler"(1824),  "Life  and 
Voyages  of  Christopher  Columbus"  (1828),  "Chronicle  of 
the  Conquest  of  Granada"  (1829),  "voyages  of  the  Com- 
panions of  Columbus"  (1831),  "The  Alhambra"  (1832), 
"Crayon  Miscellany  "(including  "Tour  on  the  Prau'ies,* 
1836),  "  Astoria,  etc. "  (with  Pierre  M.  Irving,  1836), " Adven- 
tures  of  Captain  Bonneville,  etc."  (1837),  "Oliver  Gold- 
smith"  (1849),  "Mahomet  and  his  Successors"  (1850), 
"Wolfert's  Boost "(1866),  "Life  of  George  Washington* 
(1866-69).  Works  in  the  "Geoflfrey  Crayon"  edition  (28 
vols.,  1880);  "life  and  Letters"  edited  by  Pierre  Irving 
(1861-67). 


the  scholastic  philosopher  Alexander  of  Hales.  Irvingites  (er '  ving-its).    A  religious  denomi- 


Irtysh,  or  Irtish  (ir'tish;  Russ.  pron.  ir-tish'). 
A  river  in  Sungaria  and  western  Siberia,  which 
joins  the  Obi  about  190  miles  north  of  Tobolsk. 
It  traverses  Lake  Zaisan.  Its  chief  affluents  are  the  Ishim, 
Tobol,  Bukhtarma  and  Om.  Length,  over  1,600  miles ; 
navigable  to  Lake  Zaisan. 

Irun,  or  Yrun  (e-ron').  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Guipuzooa,  Spain,  situated  near  the  French 
frontier  19  miles  southwest  of  Bayonne.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  9,264. 

Irus  (i-rus).  1.  In  Homeric  legend,  a  beggar  of 
gigantic  stature  who  kept  watch  over  the  suitors 


nation  named  from  Edward,Irving  (1792-1834). 
Irving  was  not  the  founder  of  the  sect  popularly  called  af- 
ter him,  but  accepted  and  promoted  the  spread  of  the  prin- 
ciples upon  which,  after  his  death,  the  sect  was  formed. 
Its  proper  name  is  the  Catholic  Apostolic  Church,  and  it 
has  an  elaborate  organization  derived  from  its  twelve 
"apostle^"  the  first  body  of  whom  was  completed  In  1836. 
It  recognizes  the  orders  of  apostles,  prophet,  evangelista, 
pastors  or  "angels,"  elders,  deacons,  etc.  It  lays  especial 
stress  on  the  early  creeds,  the  eucharist,  prophecies,  and 
gift  of  tongues.  It  has  an  extremely  ritualistic  service 
and  an  elaborate  liturgy.  The  adherents  are  not  numerous, 
and  are  found  chiefly  in  Great  Britain.  There  are  some  on 
the  continent  of  Europe  and  in  the  United  States. 


of  Penelope,and  was  employed  by  themasames-  Irwin  (er'win).  Sir  John.   Born  at  Dublin,  1728 
senger.     He  was  celebrated  for  his  voracity. —     ,.    -     .  ^  ^,       --...«       .„..., 

2.  The  Blind  BeggarofAlexandriain  Chapman's 
play  of  that  name.  He  assumes  many  disguises. 
Iruwai  (ir'8-wi).  A  tribe  or  division  of  North 
American  Indians  formerly  living  in  Scott  Val- 
ley, Siskiyou  County,  California.  In  1851  it  had 
seven  villages  and  an  estimated  population  of 
420.    See  Sastean 


died  at  Parma,  May,  1788.  A  British  general, 
the  son  of  Alexander  Irwin.  As  lieutenant  in  his 
father's  regiment  he  was  granted  ayear's  furlough  for  con- 
tinental travel  in  1748,  when  he  commenced  a  regular  cor- 
respondence with  lord  Chesterfield,  which  continued  for 
twenty  years.  He  is  supposed  to  have  suggested  to  Cfaes. 
terfield  his  paper  on  "  Good  Breeding,"  which  appeared  in 
the  "  World,"  Oct.  30, 1765.  Irwin  afterward  became  gov- 
ernor of  Gibraltar  (1766-68),  and  commander-in-chief  and 


'^^'.ir^±t:T^l^^AVl^.l'?^^t-h  lSF4^.lHet't"eiaugher.'  See  extract 


situated  on  the  river  Irvine  23  miles  southwest 
of  Glasgow.  Population  (1891),  4,554. 
Irving(er'ving), Edward.  BornatAnnan,Dum- 
friesshire,  Scotland,  Aug.  4, 1792:  died  at  Glas- 
gow, Dec .  7, 1834.  A  Scottishpreacherand divine. 
As  a  boy  he  was  much  infiuenced  by  the  services  of  the  ex- 
treme Presbyterian  s,  seceders  from  the  Church  of  Scotland. 
In  1812  he  obtained  the  mastership  of  the  academy  at  Kirk- 
caldy, where  heformed  a  warm  friendshipfor  Thomas  Car- 

lyle.    In  1818  hewentto  Edinburgh  to  prepare  himself  for  Isaac  I.  ComnenUS 
the  ministry,  and  Oct.,  1819,  became  assistant  to  Dr.  Chal-     riprnr  1  fl'iY-'iQ 
mors  in  Glasgow.  Heremoved  to  the  little  chapel  in  Hatton     ■'^.  ■      .    -'::  . 
Garden,  London,  July,  1822,  when  he  immediately  won  ex- 
traordinary popularity.    At  this  time  begin  the  peculiar 
mental  and  religious  aberrations  which  are  associated  wif;h 
his  career.  In  May,1828,hemadeatour  of  Scotland  with  the 
object  of  proclaiming  the  imminence  of  thesecond  advent. 
Another  expedition  to  Scotland  followed,  and  in  1830  his 
tract  on  "  'I'he  Orthodoxy  and  Catholic  Doctrine  of  Our 
Lord's  Human  Nature  "  exposed  him  to  direct  charges  of 
heresy.  The  "unknown tongues,"  a  pentecostal  phenom- 
enon, were  first  heard  in  March,  1830,  from  the  mouth  of 
Mary  Campbell.    They  were  at  first  heard  only  in  private 
assemblies,  butOot.  16, 1831,  the  services  of  his  new  Regent 


below.]    A  Hebrew  patriarch,  son  of  Abraham 
and  Sarah,  and  father  of  Jacob  and  Esau. 

The  name  of  his  father  Isaak  is  probably  also  an  abbre- 
viation for  "Isaakel,"  'He  upon  whom  God  smiles.'  It 
may  be  that  the  holy  tribe  was  so  designated  at  a  certain 
epoch ;  or  the  Isaakel  may  perhaps  have  been  a  Puritan 
group  anterior  to  that  of  the  JakobeL 

Henan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  L  90. 

Died  1061.  Byzantine  em- 
He  was  elevated  by  the  army  in  oppo- 
sition to  Michael  VI.,  who  was  defeated  and  compelled  to 
abdicate.  He  resigned  the  crown  to  Constantine  Ducas  in 
consequence  of  an  illness  supposed  to  be  mortal,  and  en- 
tered a  convent. 
Isaac  II.  Angelus.  Died  1204.  Byzantine  em- 
peror 1185-95  and  1208-04.  He  succeeded  Androni- 
cus  Comnenus,  who  was  overthrown  by  a  popular  revolt. 
He  was  dethroned  and  blinded  by  his  own  brother,  Alex- 
ius III.,  in  1196 ;  but,  on  the  latter's  fiight  before  the  Cru- 
saders, was  replaced  by  them  on  the  throne,  together  with 
his  son  Alexius  IV.,  in  1203.  Together  with  his  son,  he  was 
supplanted  by  Alexius  V.  in  1204. 
Square  church  were  disturbed  by  a  woman  who  gave  utter-  Tcaar  Snprifipp  nf  A  nniTif-iTiD'>«rT?ATnh™Tiflf 
ance  to  an  outbreak  of  unintelligible  discourse.  An  at-  ■'•?^f  C,  aacrmce  01.  A  painting  Dy  Kembranat, 
tempted  prosecution  for  heresy  failed  in  Dec,  1830 ;  but  on  ™  ''"■^  Hermitage  Museum,  St.  Petersburg.  Isaac 
April26, 1832,  he  was  removed  from  his  church.  On  March  Jf^^  bound  on  a  heap  of  fagots ;  Abraham,  kneeling  over 
13, 1833,  he  was  condemned  by  the  Presbytery  of  Annan  on  a  ''™'  ^th  his  hand  on  the  boy's  face,  is  about  to  give  the 
charge  of  heresy  concerning  the  sinlessness  of  Christ.  This  *  *'^1  blow,  when  the  angel  strikes  the  knife  from  his  hand. 
practically  terminated  his  career.  The  "Irvingite"  or  The  entangled  ram  is  seen  in  the  wooded  background. 
^Catholic  Apostolic  Church"  still  survives.    Diet.  Jfat.  Isabella  (iz-a-bel'a).     [F.  Isobeau,  Isdbelle,  It. 

Isabella,  Sp.  Tsabet,  Pg.  Isabel,  G.  and  Dan.  Isa- 


Biog. 


Irving,  Sir  Henry  (real  name  was  John  Henry 
Brodrihb).  Bom  at  Keinton,  near  Glaston- 
bury, England,  Feb.  6,  1838.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish actor.  He  made  his  first  appearance  at  the  Sun- 
derland Theatre  in  1866.  After  playing  at  Edinburgh  for 
some  time  he  made  his  first  London  appearance  at  the  Prin- 
cess's Theatre  in  1859.  He  made  no  distinct  mark  till  1870, 
when  he  played  DigbyGrantinAlbery's  "Two  Roses."  He 
played  with  success  till  1874,  when  his  performance  of  Ham^ 


belle.^  Born  1214:  die"S  at  Foggia,  Deo.  1, 1241. 
German  empress,  wife  of  the  emperor  Frederick 
n.,  and  second  daughter  and  fourth  child  of 
John,  king  of  England,  and  Isabella  of  Angou- 
leme.  Her  marriage  with  Frederick  IL  was  concluded 
July  15, 1235.  Her  daughter  Margaret  was  born  Feb.,  1237, 
and  by  marriage  with  Albert,  landgrave  of  Thnringia,  be- 
came ancesi,ress  of  the  Baxe-Coburg-Gotha  house. 


let  created  genuine  interest.    In  1878  he  undertook  the  Isabella  I.,  surnamed  "  The  Catholic."    Bom  at 

Madrigal,  April  22, 1451 :  died  at  Medina  del  Cam- 
po,  Nov.  26, 1504.  Queen  of  Castile  1474-1504, 
daughter  of  John  IL  of  Castile .  she  married,  in  1469, 
Ferdinand  of  Aragon,  conjointly  with  whom  she  succeeded 
her  brother,  Henry  I V. ,  as  monarch  of  Castile  in  1474.  She 
equipped  the  expedition  of  Columbus  in  1492.  See  Fer- 
dinand F.jKing  of  Castile. 

Isabella  n.  (Maria  Isabella  Louisa).  Born  at 
Madrid,  Oct.  10,  1830:  died  at  Paris,  April  9, 
1904.  Queen  of  Spain  1833-68,  daughter  of 
Ferdinand  VII.  whom  she  succeeded  imder  the 
regency  of  her  mother,  Maria  Christina.  See 
Maria  Christina,  and  Carlos,  Maria  Jos4  Isi- 
doro  de  Bourbon,  Don.  she  assumed  personal  con- 
trol of  the  government  in  1843 ;  was  deposed  and  banished 
by  a  revolution  which  broke  out  at  Cadiz,  Sept,  18, 1868 ; 
and  resigned  her  claim  to  the  throne  in  favor  of  her  eldest 
son  (afterward  Alfonso  XII.),  June  26, 1870. 

Isabella,  l .  A  character  in  Ariosto's  ' '  Orlando 
Purioso,"  loved  by  Zerbino,  and  killed  by  Rodo- 
mont. — 2.  A  character  in  Shakspere's  comedy 


management  of  the  Lyceum  Theatre,  where  his  success 
has  been  great.  He  has  produced  a  large  number  of  new 
plays  and  Shaksperian  revivals.  In  1883,  1884,  1886, 1893, 
1895, 1899,  and  1901  he  came  to  the  United  States  with  his 
company,  including  Miss  Ellen  Terry.  He  is  especially  dis. 
tinguished  in  "(Hamlet,"  "  Othello,"  "  Merchant  of  Ven- 
ice," "Richard  III.,"  "Richelieu,"  "The  Bells,"  "louis 
XI.,"  "Henry  VIII.,"  "Becket,"  etc.    Knighted  in  1896. 

Irving,  Theodore.  Bom  at  New  York;,  May  9, 
1809:  died  at  New  York,  Dec.  20,  1880.  An 
American  clergyman  and  author,  nephew  of 
Washington  Irving. 

Irving,Washington.  Born  at  New  York,  April  3, 
1783 :  died  at  Sunnyside,  nearTarrytown,  N.Y., 
Nov.  28,  1859.  An  American  historian,  essay- 
ist, and  novelist.  He  was  the  sou  of  an  Englishman, 
William  Irving,  who  came  from  the  Orkneys.  He  entered 
a  law  office  when  quite  young,  and  wrote  literary  squibs 
for  the  "Morning  Chinnicle,"  under  the  pseudonym  "Jon- 
athan Oldstyle."  His  health  obliged  him  to  travel,  and  nl 
1804  he  was  sent  abroad  for  two  years.  On  his  return  he 
undertook  the  publication,  with  James  K.  Paulding,  of 


Isabella 

"Measure  for  Measure,"  the  sister  of  Claudio, 
and  object  of  the  base  passion  of  Angelo,  but 
rescued  and  married  by  Vincentio,  the  duke. — 

3.  A  character  in  Webster's  tragedy  "  Vittoria 
Corombona,  or  The  White  DevU":  the  wife  of  the 
Duke  of  Braohiano,  lover  of  Vittoria.  To  shield 
him  from  the  vengeance  of  her  family  because  of  his  ill 
treatment  of  her,  she  purposely  plays  the  shrew  to  make 
them  think  her  worthless. 

4.  The  "  insatiate  countess  "  in  Marston's  play 
of  that  name.  She  alternately  attracts  her  lov- 
ers and  induces  their  successors  to  kill  them. — 

5.  The  wife  of  Biron  in  Southeme's  "Fatal 
Marriage."  she  marries  Villeroy,  being  deceived  into 
a  belief  in  Biron's  death ;  and  after  his  return  and  actual 
death  she  dies  distracted.  Isabella  was  a  favorite  part 
with  Mrs.  Barry,  Mrs.  Slddons,  and  other  tragic  actresses. 
The  play  was  afterward  known  as  "Isabella." 

6.  One  of  the  principal  characters  in  Mrs. 
Centlivre's  comedy  "  The  Wonder." 

Isabella  of  AngOUlSme.  Died  at  Fontebrand, 
1246.  Queen  of  King  John  of  England  and 
daughter  of  Eymer,  count  of  AngoulSme,  by  Ali- 
cia, daughter  of  Peter  of  Courtenay,  a  younger 
son  of  Louis  VI.  of  Prance,  she  was  married  to 
John  during  his  visit  to  France,  Aug.,  1200.  Her  first  son 
(afterward  Henry  III.)  was  born  Oct.  1, 1207.  In  Dec, 
1214,  she  was  imprisoned  in  Gloucester  by  order  of  John, 
and  was  probably  there  when  he  died.  In  1217  she  re- 
turned to  France,  and  May,  1220,  married  Hugh,  count 
of  La  Marche. 

Isabella  of  France.  Bom  1292 :  died  at  Hert- 
ford, Aug.  23, 1358.  Queen  of  Edvyard  II.  of  Eng- 
land, and  daughter  of  Philip  the  Pair,  king  of 
France.  They  were  married  at  Boulogne,  Jan.  26, 1308. 
Her  first  son  (afterward  Edward  III.)  was  born  Nov.  13, 
1312,  at  Windsor.  Edward  II.  treated  her  with  extreme 
nnkindness.  Driven  from  England  by  the  infiuence  of 
the  Despensers,  she  raised  an  army,  and  with  Roger  Mor- 
timer in  command,  Sept.  24, 1326,  landed  at  Harwich,  begin- 
ning the  campaign  which  terminated  with  the  deposition 
of  Edward  II.  by  the  Parliament  in  London,  Jan.  7, 1327, 
and  the  recognition  of  Edward  III.,  then  14  years  old.  Isa^ 
bella  and  Mortimer  ruled  in  his  name.  In  1330  Edward 
ni.  and  Henry  of  Lancaster  conspired  against  her,  and  she 
was  arrested  with  Mortimer  at  Nottingham,  Oct.  18.  Mor- 
timer was  executed. 

Isabella  of  France.  Bom  at  the  Louvre,  Paris, 
Nov.  9, 1389 :  died  at  Blois,  Sept.  13, 1409.  The 
second  daughter  of  Charles  VI.  of  France,  and 
second  queen  of  Eichard  II.  of  England.  The 
marriage  contract  was  signed  March  9, 1396,  when  she  was 
7  years  old.  After  PJchard's  death  slie  was  restored  to 
France  (July,  1401),  and  June,  1404,  married  Charles,  count 
of  Angoul^me,  the  poet. 

Isabella  (so  called  from  Isabella  of  Castile, 
queen  of  Spain).  The  first  European  city  in 
the  New  World,  founded  by  Christopher  Colum- 
bus, Deo.,  1498,  on  a  small  bay  of  the  northern 
shore  of  the  island  of  Espafiola  or  Haiti,  25  miles 
west  of  the  present  town  of  Puerto  Plata.  It  was 
abandoned  soon  after  the  founding  of  Santo  Domingo  city, 
and  only  a  few  ruins  now  remain  to  mark  its  site. 

Isabelle  (e-za-bel').  1 .  Ayoung  girl  brought  up 
by  Sganarelle  in  Molifere's  "ficole  des  maris." 
He  secludes  her  from  all  knowledge  of  the  world  or  of 
pleasure,  intending  to  marry  her.  She  eludes  his  vigi- 
lance and  marries  Yal^re.  See  Liomyre. 
2.  An  amusing  and  mischievous  girl  in  Dry- 

•den's  "  Wild  Gallant." 

Isabey  (6-za-ba'),Eug6ne  Louis  Gabriel.  Bom 
at  Paris,  July  22,  1804 :  died  at  Lagny,  Seine- 
et-Marne,  April  27,  1886.  A  French  painter, 
son  of  J.  B.  Isabey,  noted  especially  for  his  ma- 
nnes.  Hewentto Algiersinl830,asroyalmarine-painter, 
with  the  expedition  of  that  year.  He  received  medals  of 
the  first  class  in  1824, 1827, 1856,  and  became  a  member 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor  in  1832  and  officer  in  1852. 

Isabe'y,  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  at  Nancy,  France, 
April  11,  1767:  died  at  Paris,  April  18,  1855. 
A  French  miniature-painter,  a  pupU  of  Girar- 
det  and  Claudet  (at  Nancy),  and  of  Dumont 
apd  David  (at  Paris).  Among  his  portraits  are  those 
of  Josephine,  Napoleon,  his  marshals,  members  of  the 
Congress  of  Vienna,  etc. 

Isabinda  (is-a-bin'dS).  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Mrs.  Centlivre's  comedy  "The 
Busybody,"  the  daughter  of  Sir  Jealous  Traffiek, 
who  keeps  her  from  the  sight  of  all  men. 

Isaeus  (i-se'us).  [Gr. 'luaiof.]  Born  at  Chalois 
(at  Athens  ?):  lived  in  the  first  half  of  the  4th 
century  B.  o.  One  of  the  ten  Attic  orators.  His 
11  extant  orations,  mainly  on  contested  inheritances,  have 
been  edited  by  SchBnmann  (1831),  Burmann  (1883).  Eng- 
lish translation  by  Sir  William  Jones. 

Isaiah  (i-za'ya  or  i-zi'yS,).  [Heb., '  salvation  of 
Jehovah.']  A  Hebrew  prophet  who  prophesied 
from  740  B.  0.  till  701  b.  C.  He  was  the  greatest  of  the 
Hebrew  prophets  and  orators,  a  consistent  opponent  of 
the  policy  of  the  Hebrew  kings  to  enter  into  entangling 
alliances  with  foreign  powers.  Once,  however,  the  alli- 
ance with  Assyria  being  formed,  he  counseled  the  keeping 
of  faith,  continually  asserting  that  no  dependence  could 
Se  placed  on  Egypt.  Chapters  xl.-lxvi.  of  Isaiah,  which 
relate  to  the  captivity  and  return,  are  considered  by  some 
scholars  the  work  of  a  post-exilic  prophet  called  Deutero- 
Isaiah. 


533 

He  was  the  greatest  of  a  race  of  giants.  He  gave  their 
final  form  to  Hebrew  ideas.  He  is  not  the  founder  of  Ju- 
daism ;  he  is  its  classical  genius.  Semitic  speech  reaches 
in  him  its  highest  combinations. 

Sertan,  Hist  of  the  People  of  Israel  (trans.),  II.  408. 

Isaiah's  poetical  genius  is  superb.  His  characteristics 
are  grandeur  and  beauty  of  conception,  wealth  of  imagi- 
nation, vividness  of  illustration,  compressed  energy,  and 
splendor  of  diction. 

Driver,  Introd.  to  the  lit.  of  the  Old  Test.,  p.  215. 

Isandula  (e-san-dS'ia),  or  Isandlana  (e-sand- 
la'na).  A  place  in  ZulxUand,  South  Africa^  90 
miles  north-northwest  of  Durban.  Here,  Jan.  22, 
1879,  an  overwhelming  force  of  Zulus  under  Cettiwayo  de^ 
f  eated  a  detachment  of  the  British  army  under  Colonel  Pul- 
leine. 

Isar  (e'zar).  A  river  in  northern  Tyrol,  and  in 
Upper  and  Lower  Bavaria,  joining  the  Danube 
near  Deggendorf  :  the  ancient  Isarus.  Munich 
and  Landshut  are  on  its  banks.  Length,  about 
180  miles. 

Isaure  (e-z6r'),  C16mence.  Born  at  Toulouse, 
France,  about  1450 :  died  at  Toulouse  about 
1500.  A  French  lady,  restorer  of  the  floral 
games  at  Toulouse  (1490). 

Isauria  (i-s&'ri-a).  [Gr.  ij  'laavpia.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  district  in  Asia  Minor,  bounded 
by  Phrygia  on  the  north,  Lycaonia  on  the  east, 
Cilieia  on  the  south,  and  Pisidia  on  the  west. 
The  suriace  is  rugged.  The  inhabitants  were  famous  in 
guerrilla  warfare.  They  were  defeated  by  Servilius  in  76 
B.  0.,  and  by  Pompey,  but  continued  unsubdued. 

Isca  (is'ka),  or  Isca  Silurvun.  A  Boman  eity 
in  the  west  of  England,  remarkable  for  its  the- 
ater, its  temples,  and  its  palaces.  Part  of  its 
massive  walls  still  remain  at  Caerleon.  Wright, 
Celt,  etc.,  p.  137. 

Ischalis  (is'ka-lis).  An  important  town  in  an- 
cient Britain :  the  modem  Hchester. 

Ischia  (es'ke-a).  An  island  belonging  to  Na- 
ples, Italy,  near  the  entrance  of  the  Bay  of 
Naples,  16  miles  west-southwest  of  Naples :  the 
ancient  .3]naria  (sometimes  Pithecusa  or  Ina- 
rime),  and  medieval  Iscla.  it  contains  several  vol- 
canoes; is  noted  foritsfertilltyandfor  its  warm  baths;  and 
produces  wine  and  fruit.  The  capital  is  Ischia.  It  was 
visited  by  an  earthquake  in  1883,  causing  a  loss  of  about 
2,300  lives.    Area,  26  square  miles.    Population,  22,170. 

Iscbl  (ish'l).  A  watering-place  in  Upper  Aus- 
tria, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  rivers  Isohl 
and  Traun,  27  miles  east  by  south  of  Salzburg. 
It  is  the  favorite  resort  of  the  Austrian  royal  family  and 
nobility,  and  contains  salt  and  other  baths.  It  is  the  cen- 
tral point  in  the  Salzkammergut.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 8,473. 

Isegbem  (e'se-oem).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
West  Flanders,  Belgium,  25  miles  west-south- 
west of  Ghent.  It  has  manufactures  of  linen. 
Population  (1890),  9,965. 

Isenbras  (is'en-bras),  or  Isumbras  (is'um- 
bras).  Sir.    A  hero  of  medieval  romance. 

Isengrim  (is'en-grim),  Sir.  The  wolf  in  "Rey- 
nard the  Fox." 

Iseo  (e-za'6),  Lago  d'.  A  lake  in  Lombardy, 
Italy,  15  miles  east  of  Bergamo :  the  ancient 
Lacus  Sebinus.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Oglio. 
Length,  14^  miles.  Height  above  sea-level,  605 
feet. 

Is^re  (e-zar' ).  A  river  in  southeastern  France, 
joining  the  Rhone  7  miles  north  of  Valence: 
the  ancient  Isara.    Length,  about  175  miles. 

Is^re.  A  department  of  France.  Capital,  Gre- 
noble. It  is  bounded  by  Ain  on  the  north.  Savoy  on  the 
northeast,  Hautes-Alpes  on  the  southeast,  Drdme  on  the 
southwest,  and  RhOne  and  Loire  on  the  west,  and  is  formed 
from  the  northern  partof  the  ancient  Dauphin^.  The  sur- 
face is  mountainous,  particularly  in  the  southeast.  The 
chief  occupations  are  agriculture,  working  of  minerals, 
and  the  manufacture  of  gloves,  paper,  etc.  Area,  3,201 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  672,145. 

Iserlohn  (e-zer-lon').  ,  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  on  the  Baar  44  miles 
northeast  of  Cologne,  it  has  a  large  trade,  and  man- 
ufactures wire,  needles,  brass  ware,  etc.  Near  it  are  oad- 
mia  mines.    Population  (1890),  commune,  22,117. 

Isernia  (e-ser'ne-a).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Campobasso,  Italy,  52  miles  north  of  Naples: 
the  ancient  ..aEsemia.  It  contains  the  remains 
of  ancient  walls.    Population,  about  7,000. 

Iseult  (i-solf).  In  Arthurian  romance:  (a)  The 
daughter  of  Anguish,  king  of  Ireland,  known  as 
Iseult  the  Fair.  She  was  the  wife  of  Mark,  king 
of  Comwall,  and  loved  Sir  Tristram  or  Tristan. 
(&)  The  daughter  of  Hoel  or  Howell,  king  of 
Brittany.  She  was  the  wife  of  Sir  Tristram,  and 

was  known  as  Iseult  of  the  White  Hands.  See 
Tristram. 

Mr.  Leith  (on  the  legend  of  Tristan,  p.  36)  gives  the  fol- 
lowing enumeration  of  the  forms  of  name :  Isolde,  Yseus, 
Yseutz,  Yseut,  Ysseuiz,  Izeutz,  Yseul,  Ysou,  Ysolt,  Isault, 
Essyllt,  Ysoue,  Yseult,  Iset,  Ysalde,  Yseuda,  Yzeult, 
Iseulte,  Isot,  Isodda,  Ysoude,  Ysonde,  Ysote,  Isond,  Isot- 


Isidonis  Hispalensis 

ta,  Iseo,  Isawde,  Isowde,  Isod,  Isold,  Ysiaut,  and  Ysoud, 
to  which  Hisolda  may  be  added. 
Dunlop,  History  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  471  (supplementaty 

[notes). 

Isfendiyar  (is-fen-di-yftr'),  in  Pers.,  correctly, 
Asfandiyar  (es-fen-di-yar'),  or  Aspandiyar 
(es-pen-di-yar').  A  hero  of  the  Shahnamah, 
son  of  King  Gushtasp,  the  Constantino  of  the 
Zoroastrians.  After  many  exploits  he  was  called  to  con- 
quer Aqasp,  a  demon  king,  who  had  taken  captive  two 
daughters  of  Gushtasp,  and  to  restore  his  sisters.  For  this 
he  undertook  his  "seven  labors.'*  Choosing,  like  Rustam, 
the  shortest  and  most  perilous  way  to  the  enemy's  strong- 
hold, he  first  slew  two  monstrous  wolves;  secondly,  con- 
quered a  fierce  lion  and  his  mate ;  thirdly,  slew  a  fierce 
dragon ;  fourthly,  withstood  the  wiles  of  a  beautiful  wompp 
who,  caught  in  Asfandiyar's  noose,  became  first  a  cat  and 
then  a  wolf,  and  finally  a  black,  fiame-vomiting  demon  and 
was  then  slain  by  him  ;  fifthly,  slew  a  Simurgh,  a  gigantic 
bird,  which  tried  to  bear  him  away ;  sixthly,  brought  his 
troops  through  a  furious  storm  of  wind  and  snow  ;  and 
seventhly,  traversed  a  deadly  desert.  :^ipaching  the  brazen 
fortress,  Asfandiyar  collected  a  hundred  camels  and  en- 
tered it  with  his  warriors  disguised  as  a  merchant  caravan, 
when  his  brother  Bishutan  attacked  it  from  without,  as  he 
within.  After  this  success  Qushtasp  wished  Asfandiyar  to 
go  against  Rustam,  to  whom  Eaikhusrau  had  given  Zabul, 
Kabul,  and  Nimruz.  Asfandiyair  pleaded  the  nobility  and 
services  of  Rustam,  but  the  king  was  obdurate.  Rustam 
came  out  to  welcome  Asfandiyar,  but  when  told  the  errand 
of  the  latter  refused  to  yield.  The  heroes  fought  on  two 
successive  days.  Rustam  was  wounded  but  recovered  and, 
guided  by  the  Simurgh  which  had  cared  for  his  infancy,  on 
the  second  day  lodged  an  arrow,  made  by  the  Simurgh's 
direction  from  the  kazu  tree,  in  the  eye  of  his  antagonist, 
who  felL  Zal  and  Rustam  both  came  to  offer  sympathy, 
but  Asfandiyar  died,  intrusting  his  son  Bahmau  to  the 
care  of  Rustam. 

Isha  (e'sha;  with  Vedic  accent,  e-sha').  [Skt., 
'  Lord.']  A  title  of  Shiva ;  alsOj  with  a  long,  the 
name  of  an  Upanishad  of  which  Ishavasya  is 
the  first  word,  it  is  also  known  as  the  Vajasaneyisan- 
hita  Upanishad.  It  is  translated  by  Mtiller  in  "Sacred 
Books  of  the  East,"  I.  311. 

Ishbosheth  (ish-bo'sheth).  [Heb.,  'man  of 
shame.']  A  son  of  Saul,  proclaimed  king  of 
Israel  after  his  father's  death.    See  David. 

In  our  text  of  the  Books  of  Samuel,  Saul's  son  and  suc- 
cessor is  called  Ishbosheth,  but  in  1  Chronicles  viii.  33  he 
is  called  Eshba^.  Eshbaal  means  'Baal's man,'  a  proper 
name  of  a  well-known  Semitic  type,  precisely  similar  ix) 
such  Arabic  names  as  Imrau-1-Cais,  '  the  man  of  the  god 
Cais.'  W.  S.  Smith,  0.  T.  in  the  Jewish  Ch.,  p.  78. 

IsMm  (ish'im).  A  river  of  Siberia  which  joins 
the  Irtish  about  120  miles  southeast  of  Tobolsk. 
Length,  about  1,000  miles. 

Ishmael  (ish'ma-el).  [Heb., 'God  heareth.'] 
The  son  of  Abraham  and  Hagar:  regarded  by 
the  Arabs  as  their  ancestor. 

Ishmaelites  (ish'ma-el-its).  The  descendant^ 
of  Ishmael,  Abraham's  son,  who,  as  is  related 
in  Gen.  xxi.  14,  was  driven  into  the  wilderness 
with  his  mother,  Hagar.  His  twelve  sons  were 
"princes"  or  heads  of  tribes.  The  Arabs  re- 
gard him  as  their  ancestor. 

Ishpeming  (ish'pem-ing) .  A  city  in  Marquette 
County,  northern  Michigan,  14  miles  west  by 
south  of  Marquette  :  the  center  of  an  iron  dis- 
trict.    Population  (1900),  13,255. 

Ishtar  (ish'tar),  or  Istar  (is'tar).  The  prin- 
cipal and  most  popular  deity  of  the  Assyro- 
Babylonians,  the  goddess  of  love  and  war,  unit- 
ing, as  it  were,  the  Aphrodite  (Venus)  and 
Amene  (Minerva)  of  the  Greeks,  and  corre- 
sponding in  name  and  character  to  Ashtoreth 
(Astarte)  of  the  Syro-Canaanites,  only  that  she 
ruled  the  planet  Venus  while  Ashtoreth  was 
identified  with  the  moon,  in  herwarlike  character 
she  was  conceived  by  the  Babylonians  as  ruling  the  morn- 
ing star ;  as  goddess  of  love  she  ruled  the  evening  star. 
In  her  former  character  she  was  also  called  Annuit,  and 
had  her  principal  seat  of  worship  at  Agane,  in  the  temple 
E-ulbar ;  in  the  latter  character  she  was  especially  wor- 
shiped at  Erech  (Orchoe  of  the  Greeks,  modern  Warka),  In 
the  temple  E-ana  ('  House  of  Heaven '),  with  a  voluptuous 
cult.  With  the  Assyrians  she  was  the  wife  of  Bel,  and 
was  sometimes  called  Belit  ('Lady');  they  distinguished 
between  Ishtar  of  Arbela,  who  presided  over  battles,  and 
Ishtar  of  Nineveh,  in  whom  the  voluptuous  aspect  pre- 
dominated. Ishtar  also  occurs  as  an  appellation,  or  generic 
/  name,  for  a  goddess  in  general.  On  the  relation  of  Ishtar 
to  Tammuz,  see  Adonis  and  Izdubar. 

Isidorian  Decretals,  The.  A  code  of  native 
and  foreign  canons  which  circulated  in  Spain 
in  the  6th  century,  and  was  afterward  accepted 
throughout  the  Roman  Catholic  Church:  so 
called  from  Isidorus  Hispalensis,  who  was  er- 
roneously supposed  to  have  compiled  it.  Also 
called  the  Spanish  Decretals. 

Isidorus  (iz-i-do'ms)  Hispalensis,  or  Isidore 
(is'i-dor)  of  Seville.  Bom  at  Cartagena,  Spain, 
about  560:  died  April  4, 636.  A  Spanish  eccle- 
siastic and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  became  bish- 
op of  Seville  in  600.  His  works,  which  were  held  in  high 
esteem  during  the  middle  ages,  include  "Originum  sen 
etyjnologlarum  libri  xx.,"  "De  ecclesiasticis  offlcils  libri 
duo,"  and  "  Sententiarum  sive  de  summo  bono  libri  tres." 
He  has  been  erroneously  accredited  with  the  compilation 
of  the  so-called  Isidorian  Decretals  (which  see). 


Isidro,  San 

Isidro  (e-se'dro),  San.     See  the  extract. 

His  [tope'sl  subject  waawell  chosen.  It  was  that  of  the 
great  fame  and  glory  of  San  Isidro  the  Ploughman.  This 
remarkable  personage,  who  plays  so  distinguished  a  part 
in  the  ecclesiastical  history  of  Madrid,  is  supposed  to  have 
been  born  in  the  twelfth  century,  on  what  afterwards  be- 
came the  site  of  that  city,  and  to  have  led  a  life  so  emi- 
nently pious  that  the  angels  came  down  and  ploughed  his 
grounds  for  him,  which  the  holy  man  neglected  in  order 
to  devote  his  time  to  religious  duties.  From  an  early  pe- 
riod, therefore,  he  enjoyed  much  consideration,  and  was 
regarded  as  the  patron  and  friend  of  the  whole  territory, 
aawellasof  the  cityof  Madrid  itself.  But  his  great  honors 
date  from  the  year  1598.  In  that  year  Philip  the  Third 
was  dangerously  ill  at  a  neighboring  village  ;  the  city  sent 
out  the  remains  of  Isidro  in  procession  to  avert  the  im- 
pending calamity  ;  the  king  recovered ;  and  for  the  first 
time  the  holy  man  became  widely  famous  and  fashionable. 
Tidmor,  Span.  lit.,  II.  166. 

Isis(i'sis).  1.  [Grr.flffi?.]  In  Egyptian  mytliol- 
ogy,  the  chief  female  deity,  the  sister,  -wife,  and 
female  counterpart  of  Osiris,  and  the  mother  of 
Horus.  She  is  dfetlnguished  by  the  solar  disk  and  cow's 
horns  on  her  head,  often  surmounted  by  a  diminutive 
throne,  and  bears  the  lotus  scepter.  By  the  Greeks  she  was 
identified  )vith  lo.  Her  worship  in  a  modified  form,  as  a 
nature-goddess,  was  introduced  subsequently  to  the  Alex- 
andrine epoch  into  Greece,  and  was  very  popular  at  Home 
from  the  end  of  the  republic.  TheGreek  andKoman  priests 
and  priestesses  of  Isis  wore  a  special  costume,  andhad  as  an 
attribute  a  peculiar  metallic  rattle,  the  sistrum.  On  her 
statue  was  an  inscription  mentioned  by  Proclus ;  "I  am 
that  which  is,  has  been,  and  shall  be.  My  veil  no  one  has 
lifted.  The  fruit  I  bore  was  the  Sun" ;  hence  the  well- 
known  allusion  to  a  mystery  as  "  the  veil  of  Isis,"  or  as 
covered  with  "the  veil  of  Isis." 

Isis,  at  once  the  sister  and  wife  of  Osiris,  and  the  mother 
of  Horos.  At  Thebes  she  was  known  as  Mut, '  the  mother,' 
with  the  vulture's  head ;  at  Bubastis  as  Sekhet,  the  bride 
of  Ptah  and  daughter  of  Ha.  As  mother  of  Horos,  she 
was  named  Hathor  or  Athor,  '  the  house  of  Horos,'  iden- 
tified by  the  Greeks  with  their  Aphrodite,  and  confused 
with  Astoreth  by  the  Semites.  The  cow,  with  its  horns, 
symbolising  the  crescent  moon,  which  in  Egypt  appears  to 
lie  upon  its  back,  was  consecrated  to  her,  indicating  at  how 
eaf-ly  a  time  the  bride  of  Osiris,  the  Sun-god,  was  held  to 
be  the  moon.  She  was  also  identified  with  Sothis,  the 
dog-star,  and  in  later  days  with  the  planet  Venus.  AH 
that  is  good  and  beautiful  among  men  comes  from  her; 
she  watches  over  the  birth  of  children,  and  rocks  the  cradle 
of  the  Nile.  As  Neit,  too,  she  is  the  authoress  of  weaving 
and  of  the  arts  of  female  life.    Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  64. 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  42)  discovered  by  Pogson 
at  Oxford,  May  23,  1856. 

Isis.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  Thames 
(England)  in  its  upper  course. 

Iskander  (is-kan'der).  [Turk,  form  of  Alexan- 
der.']    The  pseudonym  of  Alexander  Herzen. 

Iskander  Beg.    See  Semiderbeff. 

Iskandernn  (is-kan-de-ron').  See  Alexandretta. 
Population,  about  2,500. 

Iskanderun,  Bay  of  or  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of 
the  Mediterranean,  at  its  northeastern  angle, 
situated  between  Syria  and  Cilieia. 

Iskardo.    See  Skardo. 

Isla  (es'la),  Jose  Francisco  de.  Bom  at  Sego- 
via, Spain,  1703:  died  at  Bologna,  Italy,  1781. 
A  Spanish  satirist  and  Jesuit  preacher.  He  was 
the  author  of  the  satirical  romance  "  Historia  del  famoso 
predicador  Fray  Gerundio  de  Campazas"  ("History of  tlie 
Famous  Preacher  Friar  Gerundio  of  Campazas,"  1758-70). 
It  was  an  attack  on  the  style  of  popular  preaching,  which, 
originally  corrupted  by  Paravicino,  the  distinguished  fol- 
lower of  Gbngora,  had  been  constantly  falling  lower  and 
lower,  until  at  last  it  seemed  to  have  reached  the  lowest 
point  of  degradation  and  vulgarity.  The  assaUant  was 
Father  Isla,  who  was  bom  in  1703  and  died  in  1781,  at  Bo- 
logna, where,  being  a  Jesuit,  he  had  been  sent  as  an  exile, 
on  the  general  expulsion  of  his  order  from  Spain. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  III.  286. 

Islam  (is'lam).     See  Koran,  Mohammed. 

Islamabad  (is-lam-a-bad').  A  town  in  Kashmir, 
situated  on  the  Jhelum  in  lat.  83°  43'  N.,  long. 
75°  17'  E. 

Island  City.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  Mon- 
treal. 

Island  Number  10.  An  island  in  the  Missis- 
sippi Eiver,near  the  northwestern  comer  of  Ten- 
nessee. It  was  captured  by  the  Federal  army 
(under  Pope)  and  navy  (under  Foote),  April  7, 
1862. 

Island  of  Saints,  L.  Insula  Sanctorum  (in'sii- 
la  sangk-to'rum).  A  medieval  name  given  to 
Ireland  as  an  early  stronghold  of  Christianity. 

Island  Princess,  The.  A  play  by  Fletcher,  pro- 
duced at  court  in  1621,  printed  1647.  Afterbeing 
several  times  revived  with  alterations,  this  play  was  con- 
verted into  an  opera  by  Motteux  in  1699,  the  music  being 
by  Daniel  Purcell  and  others. 

IslandsMre  (i'land-shir).  Formerly  a  part  of 
Durham,  England,  now  a  part  of  Northumber- 
land. It  comprises  the  Fame  Islands  and  some 
districts  near  Berwick. 

Islands  of  the  Blest.    See  Fnrtunate  Islands. 

Islay  (i'la),  or  Isla  (i'la).  An  island  of  the  Heb- 
rides, belonging  to  Aigyllshire,  Scotland,  15 
miles  west  of  the  mainland  of  Argyllshire.  It 
manufactures  and  exports  whisky.  Formerly  it  was  the 
seat  of  the  Lords  of  the  Isles,    Length,  25  miles.    Greatest 


534 

width,  17  miles.  Area,  220  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
8,143. 

Isle  of  Dogs.    See  Dogs. 

Isle  of  France.     See  Mauritius. 

Isle  of  Honey.    See  the  extract. 

The  Welsh  bards  indulged  their  fancy  In  describing  the 

state  of  Britain  before  the  arrival  of  man.    According  to 

the  authors  of  the  earliest  Triads,  the  swarms  of  wild  bees 

in  the  woods  gave  its  first  name  to  the  "Isle  of  Honey." 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  2. 

Isle  of  Ladies,  The.    See  Dream,  Chaucer's. 

Isle  of  Man.    See  Man. 

Isle  of  Pines.    See  Pines. 

Isle  of  Wight.    See  Wight. 

Isle  Boyale  (II  roi'al ;  F.  pron.  el  rwa-yal').  An 
island  in  Lake  Superior,  belonging  to  Michigan, 
intersected  by  lat.  48°  N.,  long.  89°  W.  Length, 
45  miles. 

Isles,  Lord  of  the.  A  title  assumed  intermit- 
tently from  the  12th  to  the  16th  century  by 
various  Scottish  chieftains  who  maintained  a 
practical  independence  among  the  islands  west 
of  Scotland.  Some  of  the  most  notable  were  John  Mac- 
donald  (died  1388)  and  Alexander  Macdonald,  and  the  elev- 
enth Earl  of  Koss. 

Isles  of  Shoals  (Hz  ovsholz).  A  group  of  small 
islands  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  10  miles  southeast 
of  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire.  They  belong 
partly  to  Hockingham  County  (New  Hampshire),  partly  to 
York  County  (Maine),  and  comprise  Appledore,  Star  Island, 
etc.    They  are  a  noted  summer  resort. 

Isleta  (es-la'ta).  [Sp., '  little  island.']  The  name 
of  two  villages  of  the  Tigua  tribe  of  New  Mexico . 
The  main  village  lies  16  miles  south  of  the  city  of  Albu- 
querque, at  the  junction  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka,  and 
Santa  F^  Eailroad  and  Atlantic  and  Pacific  lines,  on  the 
Rio  Grande.  It  is  inhabited  by  about  1,069  Indians,  mostly 
of  Tigua  stock.  "The  aboriginal  name  is  Shiehwhibak. 
Isleta  already  existed,  probably,  when  the  Spaniards  first 
colonized  New  Mexico  in  1698,  and  a  mission  was  estab- 
lished there  previous  to  1636.  Another  Isleta  in  Texas,  on 
the  Bio  Grande  9  miles  south  of  El  Paso,  was  founded, 
about  1682,  by  Indian  refugees  from  New  Mexican  Isleta. 
It  has  a  small  population. 

Islington  (iz'ling-ton).  A  municipal  and  par- 
liamentary borough  in  the  north  of  London,  2 
miles  north  of  St.  Paul's.  It  returns  4  mem- 
bers to  Parliament.  Population  (1891),  319,433. 

Islip,  Simon.  Died  1366.  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury. He  was  consecrated  in  1349.  He  derived  his 
name  from  the  village  of  Islip  on  the  Cherwell  near  Oxford. 

Isly  (ez-le').  A  small  river  in  eastern  Morocco, 
near  the  Algerian  frontier.  Here,  Aug.  14, 1844, 
the  French  imdei  Bugeaud  defeated  the  troops 
of  Morocco. 

Ismail  (is-ma-el' ) .  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Bessarabia,  Eussia,  situated  at  the  Kilia  mouth 
of  the  Danube,  in  lat.  45° 21'  N.,  long.  28°  46'  B. 
It  was  formerly  a  Turkish  fortress ;  was  taken  by  the  Hus- 
slans  in  1770, 1790  (stormed  by  Suvarofl,  when  38,000  Turks 
were  massacred),  and  1809 ;  and  was  ceded  to  Russia  in 
1812,  to  Rumania  in  1866,  and  back  to  Russia  in  1878.  Pop- 
ulation, 34,308. 

Ismail  Pasha  (is-ma-el'  pash'&).  Bom  1830: 
died  1895.  Khedive  of  Egypt  1863-79,  son  of 
Ibrahim  Pasha.  He  succeeded  Said  Pasha  as  khe- 
dlveinl863  ;  annexed  Darfur  in  1874  ;  and  was  compelled 
to  abdicate  in  favor  of  his  son  Tewflk  Pasha  in  1879. 

Ismailia  (is-ma-e'le-a).  1.  A  small  town  in  the 
Isthmus  of  Suez,  Egypt,  situated  on  the  Suez 
Canal  47  miles  south  of  Port  Said :  founded  in 
1863.— 3.  See  Gondokoro. 

Ismid  (is-med'),orIskimid(is-ke-med').  Atown 
in  Asia  Minor,  57  miles  southeast  of  Constanti- 
nople, at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Ismid :  the  an- 
cient Nicomedia  (which  see).  Population,  es- 
timated, 15,000. 

Ismi-Dagou  (is'me-da'gon).  ['  The  god  Dagon 
has  heard  me.']  The  earliest  Imown  king  or  pa- 
tesi  (priest,  king,  or  viceroy)  of  Assyria.  In  the 
ruins  of  the  ancient  city  of  Ashur  (modem  Kileh-Sher- 
ghat)  were  found  bricks  of  a  temple  bearing  his  name,  and 
from  aref  erence  to  him  in  the  annals  of  Tiglath-PUeser  I. 
(1120-1100  B.  0.)  it  was  concluded  that  he  lived  about  1840 
B.  0. 

Isnard  (is-nar'),  Maximin.  Born  at  Grasse, 
Var,  France,  Feb.  16,  1751 :  died  there,  in  1830. 

'  A  French  (Girondist.  He  became  a  member  of 
the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  1795. 

Isnik.     The  modem  name  of  Nicsea. 

Isnik,  Lake.    See  Ascania. 

Isoama,    See  Ibo. 

Isocrates  (i-sok'ra-tez).  IQt.'Ibokp&t^;.']  Bom 
at  Athens,  436  B.  cV :  died  338  B.  c.  One  of  the  ten 
Attic  orators,  distinguished  as  a  teacher  of  elo- 
quence after  about  392.  Of  his  orations  twenty- 
one  are  extant. 

Thus  this  remarkable  writer  [Isocrates]  lived  through 
three  of  the  most  eventful  generations  in  Greek  history, 
and,  though  one  of  the  most  prominent  writers  of  his  time, 
may  be  said  to  have  produced  no  infiuence  whatever  ex- 
cept upon  the  form  of  prose  writing.  For  he  was  in  no 
senseathorough-going  man.  He  was  a  curious  combination 
of  sophist  and  patriot,  of  would-be  politician  and  philoso- 
pher, of  really  private  and  public  man  at  the  same  time. 
The  candour  and  honesty  of  his  nature  made  him  in  feel- 


Israfeel 

ing  a  patriot,  while  his  want  of  appreciation  for  deeper 
politics  prevented  him  from  seeing  the  evils  of  despotism, 
or  taking  any  thorough  interest  in  the  forms  and  varieties 
of  constitutions.  His  bashfulness  compelled  him  to  re- 
main in  private  life,  while  his  vanity  urged  him  to  appear 
in  public ;  his  profession  suggested  to  him  the  study  of 
philosophy,  while  his  intellect  was  incapable  of  under- 
standing its  higher  problems.  Thus  his  egregious  vanity 
and  self-complacency  were  perpetually  wounded  by  the 
consciousness  that  he  had,  after  all,  not  madejiis  mark 
upon  the  age,  and  that,  though  eminent  and  widely  re. 
spected,  he  was  neither  consulted  nor  obeyed  by  the  men 
whom  he  most  desired  to  influence.  He  aspired  to  the  po- 
sition of  a  Swift  or  a  Junius,  with  the  talents  of  an  Addison 
or  a  Pope.    Mahaffy,  Hist  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  II.  216. 

Isola  (e's6-la).  A  small  town  in  Italy,  on  the 
Liris  about  60  miles  east-southeast  of  Rome. 

Isola  Bella  (bel'la)  and  Isola  Madre  (ma'dre). 
[It.,  'fair  island'  and  'mother  island.']  The 
two  chief  islands  of  the  Borromean  Islands 
(which  see)  in  Lago  Maggiore. 

Isola  dei  Pescatori  (da'e  pes-ka-to're).  An  isl- 
and in  Lago  Maggiore. 

IsolaGrossa(gr6s'sa),orLunga(16ng'ga).  [It., 
'great  island'  or  '  long  island.']  -An  island  in 
the  Adriatic  Sea,belongingto  Dalmatia,  10  miles 
west  of  Zara.    Length,  26  miles. 

Isolde,  Isonde,  Isoud.    See  Iseult. 

Isonzo  (e-son'z6).  AriverinGorzandGradiska, 
Austria-Hungary,  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Tri- 
est  13  miles  northwest  of  Triest.  Length,  about 
80  miles. 

Isouard  (e-z6-ar'),  or  Isoard  (e-z6-ar')j  Nicol6, 
Born  at  Malta,  Deo.  6, 1775 :  died  at  Paris,  March 
23,  1818.  A  Maltese  composer,  usually  known 
as  Nicolo.  Author  of  about  33  operas,  among  which  are 
"Michel  Ange"  (1802),  "CendrUlon"  (1810),  "Jooonde" 
(1813),  "  Jeannot  et  Colin  "  (1814),  etc. 

Ispahan  (is-pa-han'),  or  Isfahan  (is-fa-han'). 
A  city  in  the  province  of  Irak-Ajemi,  Persia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Zenderud  in  lat.  32°  39'  N.,  long. 
51°  45'  E.  The  Great  Mbsque  was  built  by  Shah  Abbas 
in  the  16th  century.  The  entrance  to  the  sanctuary  is  by 
a  keel-shaped  arch  set  in  a  square  panel  adorned  with  in- 
scriptions and  arabesques  in  colored  tiles.  The  archway 
is  flanked  by  a  double  tier  of  deeply  recessed  arcades,  and 
behind  it  rises  a  large  pointed  bulbous  dome,  whose  sur- 
face is  decorated  with  arabesques.  Before  the  dome  stand 
two  slender  cylindrical  minarets,  with  a  portion  toward  the 
top  corbeled  out  to  a  greater  diameter  and  crowned  by 
cylindrical  domed  finials.  The  interior  is  arcaded  in  two 
tiers.  TheBazarof  the  Tailors  is  a  very  rich  and  monumen- 
tal example  of  Persian  architecture.  The  distribution  con- 
sists of  wide  and  high  corridors  divided  into  bays  by  mas- 
sive keel-shaped  arches,  and  covered  with  domes  on  pen- 
dentives  having  open  eyes  for  light  at  the  apex.  The  walls 
are  ornamented  with  colored  tiles,  and  the  arches  and  bal- 
ustrades over  the  square  lateral  booths  are  filled  with  geo- 
metric pierced  openwork.  The  Caravansary  of  Amin-Abad, 
on  the  road  to  Shiraz,  is  an  octagon  inclosing  a  centra' 
court.  The  gateway  opens  beneath  ahigh  keel-shaped  arch 
which  is  flanked  on  each  side  by  two  superposed  deeply 
recessed  arches.  The  court,  in  the  middle  of  which  stands 
a  prayer-platform,  is  surrounded  by  chambers  for  travelers, 
behind  which  there  is  a  vaulted  corridor  with  quarters  for 
beasts  of  burden.  Ispahan  manufactures  fabrics,  weapons, 
etc.  It  was  captured  by  Tamerlane  1387 ;  was  the  capital 
and  an  important  city  of  600,000  inhabitants  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury ;  and  was  sacked  by  the  Afghans  in  1722.  Population, 
estimated,  60,000. 

Israel  (iz'ra-el) .  [Heb. , '  Soldier  of  God,'  or '  God 
is  a  warrior.']  A  name  given  to  Jacob  after  suc- 
cessfully wrestling  with  the  angel  (Gen.  xxxii. 
28).  Hence  his  descendants  were  called  the  peo- 
ple of  Israel.     See  Jews. 

Israel.  The  kingdom  of  the  northern  tribes  of 
the  Israelites  who  seceded  from  the  southern 
tribes  in  the  reign  of  Eehoboam,  953  B.C.  (or 
perhaps  about  975).  Thek  first  king  was  Jeroboam. 
Prominent  succeeding  kings  were  Ahab,  Jehu,  Joram,  Jero- 
boam IL,  and  Pekah.  Elijah  and  Elisha  belonged  to  the 
northern  kingdom.  Sargon,  king  of  Assyria,  captured  Sa- 
maria, ended  the  kingdom,  and  carried  a  large  part  of  the 
people  into  captivity  in  722  or  721  B.  0.  Their  ultimate 
fate  has  been  the  subject  of  much  speculation,  and  they 
are  frequently  referred  to  as  the  lost  tribes.  They  have 
been  found  in  the  Anglo-Saxons,  the  American  Indians, 
etc.  There  seems  to  be  no  doubt,  however,  that  some 
intermingled  with  the  Assyrians,  others  returned  to  the 
southern  kingdom,  and  still  others  are  to  be  found  in  the 
scattered  Jewish  communities  in  Africa,  Abyssinia,  and 
elsewhere.  Those  remaining  eventually  united  with  As- 
syrian colonists  and  formed  the  Samaritans. 

Israel  in  Egypt.  An  English  oratorio  by  Handel, 
first  performed  April  4,  1739.  The  words  are 
thought  to  have  been  selected  by  Handel  him- 
self from  the  Old  Testament. 

Israels  (ez-ra-als'),  Josef.  Bom  at  Groningen, 
1824.  A  genre-painter  of  the  Belgian  schooL 
He  studied  painting  at  Amsterdam  under  Eruseman,  then 
went  to  Paris,  where  he  worked  in  the  atelier  of  Picot.  His 
works  have  figured  at  the  expositions  of  Paris,  Brussels, 
and  Rotterdam.  He  received  a  flrs(>clas8  medal  at  Paris 
in  1878,  and  a  grand  prix  at  the  Exposition  Universelle  at 
Paris  in  1889.  Among  his  pictures  are  "Les  dormeuses" 
(1868),  "Eetora  "  (1878),  "  Le  pot  an  feu,"  and  "Le  lour  de 
repos." 

Israfeel,  or  Israfil  (es-ra-fel').  The  angel  of 
music.  His  voice  is  more  melodious  than  that  of  any 
other  creature.  He  is  to  sound  the  resurrection  trumpet 
the  last  day.    Koran. 


Issachar 

Issachar  (is'a-k9,T).  [Heb.;  meaning  doubtful.] 
1 .  One  of  the  patriarchs,  son  of  Jacob  and  Leah. 
—  2 .  One  of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Palestine,  dwell- 
ing west  of  the  Jordan,  south  of  Zebulon,  and 
north  of  Manasseh.  The  territory  included  the 
valley  of  Esdraelon. 

Issik-Kul  (is'ik-kol).  A  lake  in  the  province  of 
Semiryetohensk,  central  Asia,  about  lat.  42°  20' 
N.,  long.  77°  30' E.  Length,  112  miles.  Height 
above  sea-level,  5,300  feet. 

Issoire  (e-swar').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Puy-de-D5me,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Couze  19 
miles  south-southeast  of  Clermont,  it  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Protestants  in  1674,  and  was  destroyed  by  the 
Catholics  in  1577.  It  contains  a  church  of  St.  Paul.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  6,182. 

Issoudun(e-so-duh').  Atowninthe  department 
of  Indre,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Thiols  17 miles 
northeast  of  Ch^teauroux.  It  has  an  old  keep 
(the  "Tour  Blanche"),  and  has  been  often  be- 
sieged.   Population  (1891),  18,564. 

IsSUS  (is'us).  In  ancient  geography,  a  town  in 
Cilieia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  near  the  head  of 
the  Gulf  of  Issus  (the  modern  (xulf  of  Iskan- 
derun).  Three  notable  battles  were  fought  in  its  neigh- 
borhood :  Alexander  the  Great  defeated  the  Persians  under 
Darius  III.,  333  B.  0. ;  Septimius  Severus  defeated  his  rival 
Pescennius  Niger,  194  A.D.;  and  Heraclius  defeated  the 
Persian  army  of  Khusrau,  622. 

Issy  (e-se').  A  suburb  of  Paris,  immediately 
southwest  of  the  fortifications.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  12,830. 

Istaknr.    See  PersepoHs. 

IstambuljOr  Istamboul  (es-tam-bol').  A  Turk- 
ish name  of  Constantinople. 

Istar.    See  Ishtar. 

Ister  (is'tfir).    A  Latin  name  of  the  Danube. 

Isthmian  games.    See  Isthmian  sanctuary. 

Isthmian  sanctuary,  The.  A  sanctuary  in  the 
Isthmus  of  Corinth,  near  the  eastern  mouth  of 
the  modern  canal,  it  was  the  seat  of  the  Isthmian 
games,  which  were  celebrated  every  two  years,  and  were 
second  in  importance  only  to  those  of  Olympia.  The  sa- 
cred inclosure,  which  was  strongly  fortified  in  the  time  of 
Augustus,  is  roughly  triangular  in  shape,  about  660  feet 
from  east  to  west,  and  somewhat  more  from  north  to  south. 
Within  it  were  the  temples  of  Poseidon  (Doric)  and  Palse- 
mon  (Ionic),  portions  of  the  architecture  of  both  of  which 
have  been  recovered.  The  northern  wall  of  the  sanctuary 
coincides  with  the  great  defensive  wall  crossing  the  isth- 
mus. Outside  of  the  inclosure,  to  the  south,  lies  the  sta- 
dium, in  which  the  chief  exercises  were  held,  and  to  the 
west  is  the  Roman  theater,  close  behind  which  was  the 
Greek  theater,  and  beyond  the  Sacred  Vale,  with  temples 
to  Demeter  and  Persephone,  Artemis,  and  Eacchus.  Al- 
most all  topographical  knowledge  of  this  historic  sanctu- 
ary is  based  upon  the  exploration  made  in  1883  by  the 
JE^ench  School  at  Athens. 

Istib  (is-teb'),  or  Shtiplie  (shte'ple).  A  town 
in  the  vilayet  of  Kosovo,  European  Turkey, 
situated  in  lat.  41°  41'  N.,  long.  22°  20'  E.  Pop- 
ulation (estimated),  about  10,000. 

Istria  (is'tri-a),  formerly  Histria  (his'tri-a),  Gr. 
Istrien  (is'tre-en),  formerly  Histerreich  (his'- 
ter-rich).  [Gr.  'lijTpia.'\  A  margraviate  in  the 
Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary,  which 
forms  with  Gorz-Gradiska  and  Triest  the  ad- 
ministrative district  of  Ktistenland.  Capital, 
Parenzo.  it  is  a  peninsula,  projecting  into  the  Adriatic 
and  bounded  by  Triest,  Gorz-Gradiska,  Carniola,  and  Croa- 
tia. The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  Fruit  and 
wine  are  produced  in  abundance.  Istria  is  a  separate 
crownland,  though  belonging  administratively  to  Kusten- 
land,  and  has  a  Diet  of  33  members.  Two  thirds  of  the  in- 
habitants are  Slavs  (Croats,  Serbs,  and  Slovenes),  and  one 
third  Italians  (cities  and  coast).  It  was  incorporated  with 
Italy  about  the  time  of  Augustus ;  was  largely  settled  by 
Slavs ;  became  a  margraviate  in  the  11th  century ;  was  in 
great  part  acquired  by  Venice ;  passed  with  Venice  to  Aus- 
tria in  1797 ;  formed  a  part  of  the  lUyrian  Provinces  under 
Napoleon ;  and  was  restored  to  Austria  in  1816.  Area,  1,911 
square  miles.    Population  (1890),  317,610. 

Istria,  or  Istropolis  (is-trop'o-lis).  [Gr.'Itrrpja 
vdlti,  or  'laTp&Kolic-']     See  the  extract. 

Istria,  Ister,  or  Istropolis,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Danube 
or  Ister,  was  a  colony  of  the  Milesians,  founded  about  the 
time  of  the  Cimmerian  invasion  of  Asia  Minor.  (Peripl. 
Pont.  Eux.  p.  157.)  Its  name  remains  in  the  modern  Wis- 
teri,  but  Its  site  was  probably  nearer  to  Kostendje. 

RttwUnson,  Herod.,  III.  67,  note. 

Isturiz  (es-to-reth'),  Francisco  Xavier  de. 

Bom  at  Cadiz,  Spain,  1790:  died  April  16, 1871. 
A  Spanish  politician  and  diplomatist,  leader  in 
the  revolution  of  1820.  He  was  premier  in  1836  and 
1846,  and  subsequently  ambassador  in  London,  St.  Peters- 
burg, and  Paris.  ^       ,r,     .       > 

Istvaeones  (ist-ve-o'nez).  [L.  (Tacitus)  7s- 
txvones,  the  Latinization  of  a  hypothetical  Ger- 
manic fundamental  form  "Istnaz,  a  supposed 
name  of  the  god  *Tlwaz,  *Tlu.  Prom  •/  idh, 
to  shine.]     See  Bermiones.  ^     ^     „ 

Itaborahy  (e-ta-bo-ra-e'),  Viscount  of.  See 
Bodrigues  Torres,  Joaquim  Josi. 

Italians  (i-tal'yanz).  1.  The  primitive  inhabi- 
tants of  Italy.    See  the  extract. 


535 

But  whatever  we  make  of  the  Etruscans,  the  rest  of 
Italy  in  the  older  sense  was  held  by  various  branches  of 
an  Aryan  race  nearly  allied  to  the  Greeks,  whom  we  may 
call  the  Italians.  Of  this  race  there  were  two  great 
branches.  One  of  them,  under  various  names,  seems  to 
have  held  all  the  southern  part  of  the  western  coast  of 
Italy,  and  to  have  spread  into  Sicily.  Some  of  the  tribes 
of  this  branch  seem  to  have  been  alinost  as  nearly  akin  to 
the  Greeks  as  the  Epeirpts  and  other  kindred  nations  on 
the  east  side  of  the  Hadriatic.  Of  this  branch  of  the  Italian 
race,  the  most  famous  people  were  the  Latins ;  and  it  was 
the  greatest  Latin  city,  the  border  city  of  the  Latin  s  against 
the  Etruscans,  the  city  of  Rome  on  the  Tiber,  which  became, 
step  by  step,  the  mistress  of  Latium,  of  Italy,  and  of  the 
Mediterranean  world.  The  other  branch,  which  held  a 
much  larger  part  of  the  peninsula,  taking  in  the  Sabines, 
.  Aequians,  Volscians,  Samnites,  Lucanians,  and  other  peo- 
ple who  play  a  great  part  in  Roman  history,  may  perhaps  be 
classed  together  as  Opicans  or  Oscans,  in  distinction  from 
the  Latins  and  the  other  tribes  allied  to  them.  These  ' 
tribes  seem  to  have  pressed  from  the  eastern,  the  Hadri- 
atic, coast  of  Italy,  down  upon  the  nations  to  the  south- 
west of  them,  and  to  have  largely  extended  their  borders 
at  their  expense.  Preernan,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  45. 

2.  The  inhabitants  of  Italy  in  general,  ancient 
or  modern. 


A  surname  sometimes 
A  surname  sometimes 
A  war  between  France 


Italian  Moliere,  The. 

given  to  Goldoni. 
Italian  Pindar,  The. 

given  to  Chiabrera. 
Italian  War  of  1859. 

(under  Napoleon  HI.)  and  Sardinia  (under  Vic- 
tor Emmanuel)  allied  against  Austria,  for  the 
liberation  and  unity  of  fialy.  Victories  were  won 
by  the  allies  at  Montebello  May  20, 1859,  at  Magenta  June 
4,  and  at  Solferino  June  24.  Preliminaries  of  peace  were 
negotiated  at  Villaf  ranca  July  11,  and  the  treaty  of  Zurich 
was  signed  Nov.  10.  The  work  of  unifying  Italy,  begun  by 
this  war,  was  continued  in  1860, 1866,  and  1870. 
Italica  (i-tal'i-ka).  An  ancient  Eoman  town 
near  Seville  in  Spain,  it  has  ruins  of  an  amphithe- 
ater, and  was  the  birthplace  of  Trajan,  Hadrian,  andThe- 
odosius. 

Italiens  (e-ta-lyafi'),  Boulevard  des.  A  fa- 
mous street  in  the  central  part  of  Paris. 

Italiens,  Les.     See  Thddtre  Italien. 

Italy  (it'a-U).  [Gr.  'Ira^ia,  L.  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Italia, 
F.  Italiel'G.  Italien."]  1.  A  kingdom  of  south- 
ern Europe,  bounded  by  Switzerland  and  Aus- 
tria-Hungary on  the  northj  Austria-Hungary,  the 
Adriatic  Sea,  and  the  Mediterranean  on  the  east, 
the  Mediterranean  on  the  south,  and  Prance  and 
the  Mediterranean  on  the  west.  Capital,  Eome. 
It  comprises  also  Sicily,  Sardinia,  and  some  smaller  isl- 
ands, and  is  divided  into  69  provinces  (comprising  16  cora- 
partimenti).  The  government  is  a  hereditary  constitu- 
tional monarchy,  with  a  parhament  consisting  of  a  senate 
of  about  375  members  and  a  chamber  of  508  deputies.  The 
prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catholic ;  the  prevailing  lan- 
guage Italian.  The  northern  districts  of  the  country  are 
occupied  by  the  Alps.  South  of  these  is  the  valley  of  the 
Po ;  and  the  boot-shaped  peninsula  in  the  center  and  south 
is  traversed  by  the  Apennines.  The  leading  industry  is 
agriculture,  the  chief  products  being  cereals,  wine,  silk, 
olives,  oranges,  lemons,  etc.  The  chief  manufacture  is 
silk ;  the  chief  exports  silk,  olive-oil,  fruit,  wine,  and  sul- 
phur. The  following  are  the  leading  events  and  incidents 
in  Italian  history :  early  occupied  by  the  lapygians,  Os- 
cans, Latins,  Volscians,  Sabines,  Etruscans,  Ligurians,  Ve- 
neti(see  Eome,  Etruria,  Magna  QrsBcm) ;  entry  of  the  Gauls 
into  northern  Italy  about  the  5th  century  B.  c. ;  the  penin- 
sula consolidated  under  Eoman  rule,  lirst  half  of  the  3d 
century  B.  C. ;  Roman  Empire  of  the  West  overthrown  by 
the  Heruli  and  other  tribes  under  Odoacer,  476  A.  D. ;  Odo- 
acer  (who  became  "  patrician  ")-overthrown  by  the  East- 
Gothic  king  Theodoric,  493 ;  Narses  defeated  the  last  Gothic 
king  Teias,  553,  and  Italy  became  an  exarchate  of  the  Byzan- 
tine empire ;  Lombard  kingdom  under  Alboin  established 
in  568 ;  Lombards  in  power  through  a  great  part  of  the  pe- 
ninsula, while  part  remained  to  the  empire ;  foundation  of 
the  States  of  the  Church  through  grants  by  Pepin  to  the 
Pope  of  the  exarchate  and  Pentapolis  in  756 ;  deposition  by 
Charlemagne  of  Desiderius,  last  king  of  the  Lombards,  and 
annexation  of  his  dominions,  774 ;  Charlemagne  crowned 
emperor  of  the  Romans,  Dec.  26,  800 ;  northern  Italy  ruled 
by  Carolingians  until  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Charles  the  Fat, 
887 ;  southern  Italy  ruled  by  Lombard  dukes  and  by  the 
Byzantine  empire ;  rule  of  various  Italian  kings  in  north- 
ern Italy  until  961 ;  accession  of  Otto  I.,  king  of  Germany, 
as  king  of  Italy  (961),  and  emperor  (962 :  beginning  of  the 
permanent  connection  of  Italy  with  Germany);  rise  of 
the  Italian  cities  Genoa,  Piaa,  Venice,  Milan,  Amalfl,  etc.; 
conquest  of  southern  Italy  by  the  Normans  under  Robert 
Guisoard,  who  was  recognized  by  the  Pope  as  duke  of 
Apulia  and  Calabria  in  1059 ;  struggle  between  popes  and 
emperors  in  the  11th,  12th,  and  13th  centuries ;  quarrels 
of  the  Guelphs  and  Ghibellines  begun,  12th  century  ;  re- 
forms of  Arnold  of  Brescia  suppressed  by  Frederick  Bar- 
barossa,  1155 ;  Frederick  Barbarossa  worsted  by  the  cities 

■  of  the  Lombard  League  at  Legnano,  1176 ;  end  of  the  Nor- 
man rule  in  southern  Italy,  1194 ;  participation  of  Venice 
in  the  Crusade,  and  overthrow  of  the  Greek  empire,  1204; 
end  of  the  Swabian  line  in  Italy  with  the  overthrow  of 
Conradin,  1268 ;  the  popes  at  Avignon  1309-76 ;  spread  of 
the  Renaissance  movement  in  14th  and  15th  centuries  (the 
great  period  of  Italian  literature),  the  chief  Italian  states 
at  this  period  being  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  the  Papal 
States,  the  duchy  of  Milan,  and  the  republics  of  Venice, 
Florence,  and  Genoa ;  invasion  by  Charles  VIII.  of  France, 
1494  (beginning  of  the  period  of  foreign  interference); 
the  Two  Sicilies  attached  to  Spain  in  1503,  and  the  Milan- 
ese soon  after,  Spanish  influence  becoming  dominant  in 
Italy,  the  chief  independent  states  being  the  Papal  States, 
Tuscany,  Modena,  Ferrara,  Parma,  Venice,  and  Piedmont ; 
Italy  the  scene  of  Napoleon's  campaigns,  1796  and  1797; 
the  Cisalpine,  Ligurian,  and  Tiberine  republics  formed, 


It  is  Never  too  Late  to  Mend 

and  Venetia  granted  to  Austria,  1797;  Napoleon  king  ol 
Italy  1805,  his  kingdom  comprising  the  Cis^pine  Repub- 
lic, Venetia,  Valtellina,  the  bishopric  of  Trent,  and  the 
march  of  Anoona ;  kingdom  of  Naples  bestowed  on  Joseph 
Bonaparte  in  1806,  and  on  Murat  in  1808;  Rome  annexed 
to  France,  1809 ;  the  old  division  nearly  reestablished  by 
the  Congress  of  Vienna  (1816),  the  chief  powers  bemg  the 
kingdom  of  Sardinia,  the  grand  duchy  of  Tuscany,  the 
duchies  of  Parma  and  Modena,  the  Papal  States,  and  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  while  Austria  held  Lombardy  and  Ve- 
netia ;  unsuccessful  insurrections  in  southern  Italy,  Pied- 
mont, etc^  1820-21;  revolutions  of  1848-49,  under  the 
lead  of  Mazzmi,  suppressed  by  Austria  (battle  of  No- 
vara,  March  23,  1849) ;  France  and  Sardinia  allied  de- 
feated Austria,  1869 ;  Lombardy  annexed  to  Sardinia,  1869 ; 
Tuscany,  Parma,  Modena,  and  Romagna  annexed,  1860 ; 
Naples  invaded  by  Garibaldi  in  1860,  and  annexed  ;  Vic- 
tor Emmanuel,  king  of  Sardinia,  proclaimed  the  first  king 
of  Italy,  1861 ;  unsuccessful  attempts  of  Garibaldi  to  lib- 
erate Poome,  1862  and  1867;  capital  removed  from  Turin  to 
Florence,  1865 ;  Italy  allied  with  Prussia  against  Austria 
in  the  war  of  1866,  gaining  Venetia ;  occupation  of  Rome 
(which  became  the  capital)  Sept.  20, 1870 ;  entry  of  Italy 
into  the  Triple  Alliance  1882.  Other  recent  events  are 
the  acquisition  of  foreign  possessions  in  Africa,  1886-89 ; 
the  increase  of  the  army  and  navy ;  and  the  financial  diffi- 
culties. Area,  110,623  square  miles.  Population  (1901), 
32,475,255.  Foreign  possessions :  Massowah  District, 
Assab  Territory,  Dahlak  Archipelago,  about  260,000 
inhabitants  (see  Eritrea).  Protectorates :  Somaliland, 
Gallaland,  Afar  Country,  etc. 

The  name  of  Italy  has  been  used  in  several  meanings  at 
different  times,  but  it  has  always  meant  either  the  whole 
or  a  part  of  the  land  which  we  now  call  Italy.  The  name 
gradually  spread  itself  out  from  the  extreme  south  to  the 
north.  At  the  time  when  our  survey  begins,  the  name 
did  not  go  beyond  the  long  narrow  peninsula  itself ;  and 
indeed  it  hardly  took  in  the  whole  of  that.  During  the 
time  of  the  Roman  commonwealth  Italy  did  not  reach 
beyond  the  little  rivers  Macra  on  one  side,  near  Luna,  and 
Rubico  on  the  other  side,  near  Ariminum.  The  land  to 
the  north,  as  far  as  the  Alps,  was  not  counted  for  Italy 
till  after  the  time  of  Csesar.  Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  43. 

Northern  Italy  deserves  its  German  appellation  of 
Wallschland ;  for  neither  the  Roman  nor  the  Lombard 
conquest,  nor  the  ravages  of  Goths,  Huns,  or  Vandals, 
ever  rooted  out  the  offspring  of  those  Gallic  hordes  which 
settled  in  the  plain  of  the  Po  four  centuries  before  our 
era.  HawUnson,  Herod.,  III.  186. 

2.  One  of  the  four  great  prefectures  in  the  later 
Eoman  Empire,  it  comprised  the  dioceses  of  Italy, 
Illyricum,  and  Africa,  corresponding  to  Italy  and  neigh- 
boring islands,  that  part  of  the  Austrian  empire  and  Ger- 
many northward  to  the  Danube,  and  nearly  all  the  western 
part  of  the  Roman  possessions  in  Africa. 

3.  A  diocese  of  the  later  Roman  prefecture  of 
Italy.  It  comprised  Italy  and  neighboring  islands,  and 
Rhaetia  (Tyrol,  Grisons,  southern  Bavaria),  and  had  17 

•  provinces. 

Italy.  A  descriptive  poem  by  Samuel  Eogers, 
published  1822-28. 

Itasca  Lake  (i-tas'ka  lak).  A  small  lake  in 
northern  Minnesota,  the  source  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, lat.  47°  13'  N.,  long.  95°  12'  W.  Height 
aljove  sea-level,  1,457  feet. 

Itenez  (e-ta'naz),  or  Ites  (e-taz').  A  tribe  of 
Indians  of  northern  Bolivia,  on  the  rivers 
Guapor6  and  Mamor^.  it  appears  that  they  were 
anciently  found  as  far  east  as  the  Paraguay.  They  are  sav- 
ages of  a  low  grade,  and  have  always  been  independent. 
Their  language,  called  Itonama,  has  never  been  classified. 
Also  Itanes. 

Ites.    See  Itenez. 

Ithaca  (ith'a-ka).  [Gr. 'Moa:!?.]  One  of  the  Ionian 
Islands,  Greece,  2  mUes  northeast  of  Cephalo- 
nia:  the  modem  Thiaki.  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous.  The  chief  place  is  Vathy.  It  is  famous  as  the  re- 
puted home  of  Ulysses,  Length,  14  miles.  Area,  37  square 
miles.    Population,  about  10,000. 

Itliaca.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Tompkins 
Comity,  New  York,  situated  near  the  head  of 
Cayuga  Lake,  46  miles  south-southwest  of  Syra- 
cuse. It  is  the  seat  of  Cornell  University  (which 
see).     Population  (1900),  13,136. 

Ithake.     Bee  Ithaca. 

Ithamar  (ith'a-mar).  [Heb. ;  Gr.  'Wa/j.dp.']  The 
youngest  son  "of  Aaron. 

Ithamore  (ith'a-mor) .  A  Turkish  slave  in  Mar- 
lowe's "Jew  of  Malta."  "He  is  an  effective 
picture  of  the  basest  kind  of  villain."     Ward. 

Ithobal.    See  Ethbaal. 

Ithome  (i-tho'me).  [Gr.  'Wa/ii;.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  motmtaiu  fortress  of  Messenia, 
Greece,  28  miles  west-northwest  of  Sparta. 

Ithuriel  (i-tho'ri-el).  An  angel,  a  character  in 
Milton's  "Paradise  Lost."  He  was  sent  by  Gabriel 
to  find  out  Satan.  The  slightest  touch  of  his  spear  ex- 
posed deceit. 

Itineraries  of  Antoninus.  Two  ofleial  lists  of 
the  stations  or  the  roads  of  the  Eoman  Empire, 
with  distances  by  land  and  sea. 

Itinerary,  The.  An  accoimt  by  John  Leland 
(1506-52)  of  his  journeys  through  England,  with 
descriptions  of  routes  and  matters  of  antiqua- 
rian interest.  It  was  edited  and  published  by 
Thomas  Hearne  in  1710. 

It  is  Never  too  Late  to  Mend.  A  novel  by 
Charles  Eeade,  published  in  1856 .  He  afterward 
dramatized  it. 


Itius  Fortus 

Itius  Portus  (ish'i-us  p&r'tus).  [Gr.  to  "Inov.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  the  place  from  which 
CsBsar  sailed  for  Britain:  generally  identified 
with  Wissant  or  Boulogne. 

Ito  (e'to),  Hirobumi,  Marquis.  Born  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Chosu,  Japan,in  1840.  A  noted  Japanese 
statesman:  premier  1886-88, 1892-96,  Jan.-June, 
1898,  1900-01.  He  became  convinced  of  the  advantages 
of  "Western  civilization  through  visits  to  Europe  and  the 
United  States,  and  has  been  the  leader  in  the  introduction 
of  European  ideas  and  political  methods  into  Japan.  He 
was  the  chief  founder  of  the  Japanese  constitution  of  1889. 

Itonama.    See  Itenez. 

Itursa  (it-u-re'a).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
district  lying  northeast  of  Palestine,  its  location 
has  not  been  precisely  determined,  but  it  was  probably 
southwest  of  Damascus  and  southeast  of  Mount  Hermon. 

Iturbide  (e-tor-be'Da),  Agustin  de.    Bom  at 

Valladolid  (now  MoreUa),  Sept.  27,  1783:  died 
at  Padilla,  Tamaulipas,  July  19,  1824.  A  Mexi- 
can revolutionist,  afterward  emperor.  He  was  a 
colonel  in  the  Spanish  army,  and  in  1820  was  in  command 
of  the  forces  operating  against  Guerrero  in  the  south.  On 
Feb.  24, 1821,  he  published  the  celebrated  manifesto  known 
as  the  "  Plan  of  Iguala,"  in  which  he  proposed  that  Mexico 
should  be  made  independent  under  a  Spanish  Bourbon 
prince.  Guerrero  and  other  leaders  quicltly  adhered  to 
this  plan ;  the  viceroy  was  forced  to  resign ;  and  O'Donoju, 
who  succeeded  him,  was  induced  to  recognize  the  inde- 
pendence of  Mexico  in  his  sovereign's  name.  But  Per- 
dinand  YIL  regarded  the  movement  as  a  rebellion,  and 
refused  the  crown  which  was  offered  to  him.  After  much 
quarreling,  Iturbide  himself  was  proclaimed  emperor  May 
18, 1822,  and  was  crowned  July  21.  A  strong  opposition 
to  him  was  quickly  manifested.  Santa  Anna  proclaimed 
a  republic  at  Vera  Cruz ;  an  army  of  insurgents  marched 
on  Mexico ;  and  in  March,  1823,  Iturbide  was  forced  to  re- 
sign. He  was  allowed  to  retire  to  Europe  with  a  large 
pension,  on  condition  that  he  should  not  return.  At- 
tempting to  enter  the  country  in  July,  1824,  he  was  ar- 
rested and  shot. 
Iturbide,  Agustin  de.  Bom  1863.  Grandson 
of  the  emperor  Iturbide.  His  mother  was  a  native 
of  the  United  States.  In  1865  he  was  adopted  by  the  em- 
peror Maximilian,  and  made  heir  to  the  Mexican  tlirone. 
After  Maximilian's  death  he  was  taken  to  the  United  States, 
where  he  received  part  of  his  education.  He  is  now  an 
officer  in  the  Mexican  array. 

Ituzaing6  (e-to-za-eng-gS' ) .  A  plain  and  rivulet 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state  of  Eio 
Grande  do  Sul,  Brazil,  near  the  river  Santa 
Maria :  a  southern  branch  of  the  Ibieuy.  Here, 
Feb.  20, 1827,  the  Brazilians  (6,627)  under  the  Viscount  of 
Barbacena  were  defeated  by  the  Argentines(10,657)  under 
Carlos  de  Alvear. 

Itys  (i'tis).  In  Greek  legend,  the  son  of  Tereus 
and  Procne.     See  Tereus. 

Itzeboe  (it'se-ho).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  on  the  StSr  33 
miles  northwest  of  Hamburg.  It  is  theoldest  place 
in  Holstein,  and  was  formerly  the  place  of  meeting  of  the 
estates.    Population  (1890),  commune,  12,481. 

luka  (i-Ti'ka).  The  capital  of  Tishomingo  Coun- 
ty, northeastern  Mississippi,  110  miles  east  by 
south  of  Memphis.  Here,  Sept.  19, 1862,  a  battle  was 
fought  between  thQ  Federals  under  Hosecrans  and  the  Con- 
federates under  Price.  Darkness  put  an  end  to  the  fight. 
The  Federal  loss  was  about  700  ;  that  of  the  Confederates, 
nearly  1,400.  Population  (1900),  882. 

lulus  (i-u'lus).  In  classical  legend,  a  son  of 
Ascanius,  or,  according  to  other  accounts,  a  sur- 
name of  Ascanius  himself.     See  Ascanius. 

Ivan  (e-van')  I.,  surnamed  Kalita,  llvan  is 
Euss.  forJofen.]  Died  March  31, 1340.  Grand 
Duke  of  Moscow  1328-40. 

Ivan  II.  Born  in  1326 :  died  in  1359.  Grand 
Duke  of  Moscow  1353-59,  son  of  Ivan  I. 

Ivan  III.,  sumamed  "  The  Great."  Died  at  Mos- 
cow, Oct.  27,  1505.  Grand  Duke  of  Moscow 
1462-1505.  He  subjugated  Novgorod  in  1478, 
and  freed  himself  from  the  suzerainty  of  the 
Tatars  1480. 

Ivan  IV.,  sumamed  "  The  Terrible.''  Born  Aug. 
25,  1530 :  died  March  18, 1584.  Czar  of  Eussia. 
He  was  the  son  of  Vasili  IV.  whom  he  succeeded  as  grand 
duke  of  Moscow  in  1633.  He  assumed  in  1547  the  title  of 
Czar  of  Russia, which  has  since  been  borne  by  the  monarchs 
of  Russia.  He  annexed  Kazan  in  1552,  Astrakhan  in  1554, 
and  conquered  West  Siberia  near  the  end  of  his  reign. 

Ivan  V.  Bom  Aug.  27, 1666 :  died  Jan.  29, 1696. 
Czar  of  Eussia  1682-89.  He  was  the  half-brother 
of  Peter  the  Great,  to  whom,  being  mentally  and  physically 
unfitted  for  the  conduct  of  the  government,  he  resigned 
the  crown  in  1689. 

Ivan  VI.  Born  Aug.  24, 1740 :  died  Deo.  5, 1764 : 
Czar  of  Eussia  1740-41,  son  of  Anton  UMeh  of 
BranswickandAnnaLeopoldovna.  Hewas adopt- 


536 

ed  as  her  successor  by  the  Czarina  Anna  Ivanovna  whom 
he  succeeded  under  the  regency  of  Biron.  He  was  deposed 
by  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Peter  the  Great,  and  is  said  to 
have  been  put  to  death  in  prison  in  consequence  of  a  rev- 
olution in  his  behalf  by  Mirovitch. 

Ivanhoe  (i'van-ho).  A  historical  novel  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott','published  in  1820:  named  from  its 
hero, Wilfred,  knight  of  Ivanhoe.  The  scene  is 
laid  in  England  during  the  reign  of  Richard  I. 
(1189-99). 

Ivanoff  (e-va'nof),  Alexander  Andreyevitch. 
Born  at  St.  Petersburg.  1806 :  died  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, July  15,  1858.     A  Russian  painter. 

Ivanovo  (e-va'no-vo).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Vladimir,  Eussia,  situated  on  the  Uvo- 
da  66  miles  north-northeast  of  Vladimir.  It  is 
noted  for  its  manufactures,  especially  of  calico. 
Population,  20,910. 

Ivens,  Robert.    See  Capello,  H.  A.  de  Brito. 

Iviza  (e've-tha),  or  Ibiza  (e'Be-tha),  or  Ivipa 
(e've-tha).  One  of  the  Balearic  Islands,  50  miles 
southwest  of  Majorca:  the  ancient  Bbusus. 
The  chief  town  has  the  same  name.  Length, 
25  miles. 

Ivory  Coast.  That  part  of  the  coast  of  Upper 
Guinea,  West  Africa,  lying  west  of  the  Gold 
Coast  and  east  of  the  Grain  Coast,  or  Liberia : 
annexed  by  Prance  1892-93. 

Ivory  Gate,  The.  In  classical  mythology,  the 
gate  of  sleep  by  which  false  dreams  are  sent 
from  the  lower  world. 

Ivrea  (e-vra'a).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Dora  Baltea  29 
miles  north-northeast  of  Turin :  the  ancient 
Eporedia.  it  was  a  Roman  colony ;  was  for  a  time  the 
capital  of  a  marquisate  of  Ivrea ;  and  was  ceded  to  Savoy 
in  1248.  It  has  a  cathedral  and  castle.  Population,  com- 
mune, about  10,000. 

Ivris  (i-vres'),  orlbreez  (i-brez').  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

More  than  a  century  ago  a  German  traveller  had  observed 
two  flgui'es  carved  on  a  wall  of  rock  nearlbreez,  or  Ivris, 
in  the  territory  of  the  ancient  Lykaonia.  One  of  them 
was  a  god  who  carried  in  his  hand  a  stalk  of  com  and  a 
bunch  of  grapes ;  the  other  was  a  man  who  stood  before 
the  god  in  an  attitude  of  adoration.  Both  figures  were 
shod  with  boots  with  upturned  ends,  and  the  deity  wore 
a  tunic  that  reached  to  his  knees,  while  on  his  head  was  a 
peaked  cap  ornamented  with  horn-like  ribbons.  A  cen- 
tury elapsed  before  the  sculpture  was  again  visited  by  an 
European  traveller,  and  it  was  again  a  German  who  found 
his  way  to  the  spot.  On  this  occasion  a  drawing  was  made 
of  the  figures,  which  was  published  by  Ritter  in  his  great 
work  on  the  geography  of  the  world.  But  the  drawing 
was  poor  and  imperfect,  and  the  first  attempt  to  do  ad- 
equate justice  to  the  original  was  made  by  the  Rev.  E.  J. 
Davis  in  1876.  He  published  his  copy,  and  an  account  of 
the  monument,  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Society  of  Bib- 
lical Archseology  the  following  year.  He  had  noticed  that 
the  figures  were  accompanied  by  what  were  known  at  the 
time  as  Hamathite  characters.  Threelinesof  these  were 
inserted  between  the  face  of  the  god  and  his  uplifted  left 
arm,  four  lines  more  were  engraved  behind  his  worship- 
per, while  below,  on  a  level  with  an  aqueduct  which  fed  a 
mill,  were  yet  other  lines  of  half -obliterated  hieroglyphs. 
It  was  plain  that  in  Lykaonia  also,  where  the  old  language 
of  the  country  still  lingered  in  the  days  of  St.  Paul,  the  Hit- 
tite  system  of  writing  had  once  been  used. 

SayeCi  Hittites,  p.  61. 

Ivry-la-Bataille  (ev-re'la-ba-tay').  A  village 
in  the  department  of  Eure,  France,  42  miles 
west  of  Paris.  Here,  March  14, 1590,  Henry IV.  defeated 
the  Catholic  Leaguers  under  the  Duke  of  Mayenne.  A 
memorial  pyramid  has  been  erected  on  the  battle-field. 

Ivry-SUr-Seine  (ev-re'siir-san').  Atown  in  the 
department  of  Seine,  Prance,  situated  near  the 
Seine  immediately  south  of  the  fortifications  of 
Paris.  It  has  important  manufactures.  Its  fort 
figured  in  the  war  of  the  Commune,  1871.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  22,357. 

Ixils  (e-hels').  Atribe  of  Indians,  of  Maya  stock, 
in  Guatemala. 

Ixion(iks-i'on).  [Gr. 'Ifiou'.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a  king  of  the  Lapithse,  father  of  Pirithous,  and 
father  by  a  cloud  (which  was  caused  by  Zeus  to 
take  the  form  of  Hera)  of  the  Centaurs.  For  boast- 
ing of  the  favors  of  the  fictitious  goddess,  he  was  punished 
in  the  lower  world  by  being  fastened  to  an  ever-revolving 
wheel. 

Ixion  in  Heaven.  A  burlesque  by  Benjamin 
Disraeli,  published  in  1828. 

Ixtaccibuatl,    See  Iztaccihuatl. 

Ixtapalapa  (es-ta-pa-la'pa).  A  village  of  Mex- 
ico, in  the  Federal  District,  7  miles  southeast  of 


Iztaccihuatl 

Mexico  City.  Before  the  Spanish  conquest  it  was  a  place 
of  importance  on  the  canal  between  Lakes  Tezcuco  and 
Chalco,  and  was  noted  tor  its  gardens.  On  an  adjoining 
hill  the  sacred  fiie  was  kindled  at  the  beginning  of  each 
cycle  of  62  years.  Population,  about  3,000.  Also  written 
IztapcUapam  or  Jxtapalapan, 

IxtlilxocMtl  (est-lel-Ho-chet'l),  or  Ixlilxo- 
chitl  (es-lel-Ho-chet'l).  Born  at  Tezcuco,  Mex- 
ico, about  1500.  A  son  of  the  chief  of  Tezcuco, 
in  Mexico,  who,  on  his  father's  death,  disputed 
the  succession  with  his  brother,  Cacama  (1516). 
The  war  ended  in  a  division  of  the  kingdom.  Cortes  sup- 
ported the  pretensions  of  Ixtlilxochitl  and  deposed  Cacama. 
The  former  subsequentlyaided  Cortes  in  variouscampaigns. 

Ixtlilxochitl,  Fernando  de    Alva  Cortes. 

Bom  abput  1568 :  died  about  1648.  A  Mexican 
historian,  of  native  race,  descended  from  the 
ancient  kings  of  Tezcuco.  He  was  an  official  inter- 
preter, and,  by  order  of  the  viceroy,  wrote  various  works 
on  the  ancient  Mexicans.  His  history  of  the  Chichimecs 
was  published  in  the  Kingsborough  collection,  and  a  French 
translation  was  printed  by  Ternaux-Compans  in  1840. 

Izabal  (e-tha-bal').  A  seaport  of  Guatemala, 
situated  on  Lake  Izabal  107  miles  northeast  of 
Guatemala. 

Izabal,  Lake.  A  lake  in  Guatemala,  communi- 
cating with  the  Caribbean  Sea  by  the  Rio  Dulce. 
Length,  about  30  miles.    Also  Golfo  Dulce. 

Izabel  de  Braganga  (e-za-bel'  de  bra-gan'sa), 
Princess.  Born  at  Eio  de  Janeiro,  July  29, 1846. 
The  eldest  daughter  of  the  emperor  Pedro  II.  of 
Brazil,  and  heiress  to  the  Brazilian  throne  until 
the  abdication  of  her  father  in  1889.  On  Oct.  15, 
1864,  she  married  Louis  Gaston  d'OrWans,  Comte  d'Eu,  by 
whom  she  has  three  living  sons.  During  the  absence  of  the 
emperor  in  Europe  and  America  she  was  three  times  regent 
(1871-72, 1876-77, 1886-89).    She  favored  the  clerical  party. 

Izalco(e-thark6).  [Nahuatl.]  A  volcano  in  the 
western  part  of  Salvador,  4,937  feet  high,  which  . 
rose  quite  suddenly  in  the  latter  half  of  the  18th 
century.  Ever  since  that  time  it  has  been  almost  con- 
stantly active,  the  eruptions  occurring  at  very  short  inter- 
v^s.  Occasionally  there  are  more  violent  outbreaks,  as 
that  of  March  19, 1869. 

Izar  (e-zSr').  L-A-r.  al-igdr,  the  girdle.]  The 
bright  third-magnitude  star  e  Bootis,  a  beauti- 
fully colored  double  star  in  the  waist  of  the 
constellation. 

Izard  (iz'ard),  Ralph.  Bom  near  Charleston, 
S.  C,  174'S:  died  May  30, 1804.    An  American 

Solitician,  United  States  senator  from  South 
arolina  1789-95. 

Izcohuatl  (es-ko-wat'l),  orlzcoatzin  (es-ko-at- 
sen')-  [Nahuatl, 'obsidian  snake.']  Bom  about 
1360:  died  in  1436.  War-chief  or  (so-called) 
emperor  of  ancient  Mexico  from  1427.  Under 
him  the  city  first  rose  into  prominence,  and  became  the 
dominant  power  of  the  lake  valley.  Also  Izcocutl,  ItzcoaU, 
leicoatl,  etc. 

Izdubar  (iz-do-bar'),  also  called  Grilgamesh 
(gil-ga'mesh).  The  principal  hero  of  certain 
ancient  Babylonian  legends.  They  are  called  the 
Babylonian  "  Mmrod  Epic,  because  Izdubar  was  consid- 
ered the  prototj^e  of  Nimrod,  who  is  mentioned  in  Gene- 
sis x.  The  exploits  of  Izdubar  are  briefiy  as  follows:  Eret^ 
(Orchoeof  the  Greeks,  modem  Warka),  the  capital  of  Shi- 
nar  (Shumir),  had  been  governed  by  Du'uzu  (Tammuz, 
Adonis),  the  husband  of  Ishtar.  After  his  tragic  death  it 
was  subjected  by  the  Elamite  invaders.  In  this  emergency 
Izdubar  comes  from  his  native  place,  Marad,  to  Erech,  and 
with  the  help  of  the  demigod  Ea-bani  kills  the  last  Ela^ 
mite  usurper,  Ehumbaba,  and  delivers  Erech.  Thereupon 
Ishtar  offers  him  her  love  and  hand,  but  is  roughly  re- 
jected by  him  and  reminded  of  her  former  amours,  which 
brought  only  ruin  and  death  to  the  lovers.  The  insulted 
goddess  cries  to  her  father  Ann  for  revenge.  Ann  creates 
a  monstrous  bull  and  sends  it  against  Erech,  but  the  ani- 
mal is  easUy  kiUed  by  Izdubar  with  the  assistance  of  his 
friend  Ea-bani.  At  last  Ishtar  prevails  on  her  mother 
Anatu  to  smite  Ea-bani  with  death,  and  Izdubar  with  a 
loathsome  disease,  a  kind  of  leprosy.  To  get  rid  of  his 
malady  and  to  bring  back  his  friend  to  life,  Izdubar  decides 
to  seek  for  his  ancestor  Hasisadra,  who  was  translated  to 
the  seat  of  the  blessed  and  enjoyed  there  immortality  with 
the  gods.  After  many  adventures  he  reaches  him.  Ha- 
sisadra describes  to  him  the  deluge  which  once  took  place, 
and  how  he  with  his  friends  was  saved  in  a  ship  that  he 
had  built  at  the  advice  of  the  god  Ea,  and  then  cures  him 
of  his  disease.  Izdubar  thereupon  returns  to  Erech,  and 
upon  his  lamentation  for  Ea-bani  the  gods  grant  the  lat- 
tCT  the  privilege  of  returning  from  the  under  world. 

Iztaccihuatl  (es-tak-se'hwatl),  or  Ixtacci- 
huatl.  [Nahuatl,  from  iztac,  white,  and  d- 
huatl,  woman.]  A  mountain  in  Mexico,  north 
of  Popocatepetl.  Height,  16, 705  feet.  The  name 
originated  on  the  west  side,  where  the  mountain  bears 
some  resemblance  to  a  woman  lying  extended  in  a  white 
shroud.    The  summit  is  covered  by  glaciers. 


abal 


balpur  (jab-al-pSr'>, 
JuDbulpore  (jub-bul-poi 


or 

1 .  A  division  of  tbe  Central 
Provinoes,  Britisb  India. 
Area,  18,688  square  miles. 
Population  (1881),  2,201,- 
633.-2.  A  district  in  the 
Jabalpurdivision,interseet- 
edbylat.28°N.,long.78°E. 
Area,  3,948  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
748,146.-3.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Jab- 
alpur,  about  lat.  23°  10'  N.,  long.  80°  3'  E.  It 
is  an  important  trading  center.  Population,  in- 
cluding cantonment  (1891),  84,480. 
Jabbah.  (jab'ba).  [Ar.  iklU  alrjebah,  crown  of 
the  forehead.]'  The  fine  triple  star  v  Soorpii, 
of  the  fourth  magnitude. 

Jabbok  (jab'ok).  In  Bible  geographyj  a  moun- 
tain stream  of  Gilead,  Palestine,  joming  the 
Jordan  about  25  miles  north  of  the  Dead  Sea : 
the  modern  Zurka.  Length,  about  50  miles. 
Jabesh,  or  Jabesh-Grilead  (ja'besh-gil'e-ad). 
[Heb.,  '  dry.']  In  Bible  geography,  an  impor- 
tant town  in  Gilead,  Palestine.  Its  situation 
has  not  been  identified. 

Jabez  (ja'bez).  A  person  mentioned  in  1  Chron. 
iv.  9,  10  as  more  honorable  than  his  brethren. 
Jabin  (ja'bin).  [Heb.,  'intelligent.']  In  Old 
Testament  history :  (o)  A  king  of  Hazor  in 
Palestine,  defeated  by  Joshua  by  the  waters 
of  Merom.  Josh.  xi.  1-3.  (&)  A  king  of  Hazor, 
whose  general,  Sisera,  was  defeated  by  Barak. 
Judges  iv.  The  accounts  of  these  two  kings  and  their 
overthrow  are  very  much  alike,  and  probably  relate  to  the 
same  person  and  event. 
Jablimka  (yab-lon'ka)  Pass.  A  pass  across  the 
Carpathians  in  Austria-Hungary,  it  connects  the 
basins  of  the  Olsa  in  Austrian  Silesia  and  the  Waag  m 
Hungary,  and  is  traversed  by  a  railway.  Height,  1,970 
feet. 
Jabne  (jab'ne),  or  Jabneel  (jab'ne-el  or  jab'- 
nel),  later  Jamnia  (jam'ni-a  or  jam-ni'a).  A 
Philistine  city  which  fell  to  the  lot  of  tlie  tribe 
of  Dan,  situated  between  Joppa  and  Ashdod, 
about  an  hour  distant  from  the  Mediterranean : 
the  modern  village  of  Yebna  or  Ibna.  it  was 
conquered  by  the  Maccabeans ;  given  by  Augustus  to  Her- 
od ;  and  by  the  will  of  Salome,  sister  of  Herod,  became  pri- 
vate property  of  the  imperial  house,  but  was  destined  to 
play  an  important  part  in  Jewish  history.  During  the 
siege  of  Jerusalem  by  the  Eomans,  Titus  granted  permis- 
sion to  Joohananben  Zaccai  to  establish  there  a  Talmudic 
school.  After  the  fall  of  Jerusalem  a  Sanhedrim  was  also 
constituted,  and  Jabne  became  tor  centuries  the  center 
and  nursery  of  the  religious  and  national  life  of  the  dis- 
persed Jewish  community. 

Jaboatao  (zha-bwa-tan'),  Antonio  de  Santa 
Maria.  BornnearPernambuco,1695:  diedafter 
1761.  A  Brazilian  Franciscan  author.  He  occu- 
pied various  posts  in  his  order,  of  which  he  was  chronicler 
in  Brazil.  His  most  important  work  is  the  "Orbe  Se- 
raphico  Novo  Brasilico "  (Part  I,  Lisbon,  1761 ;  Part  II, 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  1869).  It  is  a  history  of  the  Seraphic 
Pranciscans  in  Brazil,  and  contains  much  of  general  in- 

Jaca  (HS'kS).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Hues- 
ca,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Aragon  66  miles 
north-northeast  of  Saragossa.  It  has  a  cathe- 
dral, and  was  formerly  important. 

Jachin  (ja'kin).  [Heb., '  (God)  establishes.']  1. 
The  fourth  son  of  Simeon.  Gen.  xlvi.  10.-2. 
A  priest,  head  of  the  21st  course,  in  the  time  of 
David. —  3.  A  column  set  up  in  the  court  of 
Solomon's  temple.  Its  companion  was  named 
Boaz. 

The  two  pillars,  Jachin  and  Boaz,  were  regarded  as  Hi- 
ram's chef  d'oeuvrea,  but  were  constructed,  probably,  in 
several  pieces.  The  shafts,  the  capitals,  and  the  bases 
were  certainly  distinct,  and  it  is  not  certain  that  even  the 
shafts  were  in  one  piece.  The  wonderfulness  of  the  pil- 
lars was  in  their  ornamentation  rather  than  m  the^  con- 
struction. Bach  was  adorned  with  "chain- work  and 
"  checker-work  "  (I  Kings  vii.  17),  with  "  nets  and  with 
"  pomegranates,"  two  hundred  of  these,  in  two  rows,  hemg 
embossed  on  either  column  (I  Kings  vii.  42). 

Rawlinson,  Phoenicia,  p.  100. 

Jachmann  (yaeh'man),  Eduard  Karl  Eman- 
uel. Born  at  Dantzio,  Prussia,  March  2, 1822: 
died  at  Oldenburg,  Oct.  23,  1887.    A  German 


vice-admiral.  He  defeated  the  Danes  near  Jasmund 
March  17, 1864.  He  became  president  of  the  ministry  of 
marine  in  1867,  and  vice-admiral  in  1868,  and  was  com- 
mander-in-chief in  the  North  Sea  1870-71. 

Jack  (jak),  Captain.    See  the  extract. 

Another  ally  appeared  at  the  camp.  This  was  a  person- 
age long  known  in  Western  fireside  story  as  Captain  Jack, 
the  Black  Hunter,  or  the  Black  Eifle.  It  was  said  of  him 
that,  having  been  a  settler  on  the  farthest  frontier,  in  the 
valley  of  the  Juniata,  he  returned  one  evening  to  his 
cabin  and  found  it  burned  to  the  ground  by  Indians,  and 
the  bodies  of  his  wife  and  children  lying  among  the  ruins. 
He  vowed  undying  vengeance,  raised  a  band  of  kindred 
spirits,  dressed  and  painted  like  Indians,  and  became  the 
scourge  of  the  red  man  and  the  champion  of  the  white. 
But  he  and  his  wild  crew,  useful  as  they  might  have  been, 
shocked  Braddock's  sense  of  military  fitness  ;  and  he  re- 
ceived them  so  coldly  that  they  left  him. 

Parkmcm,  Montcalm  and  Wolfe,  I.  204. 

Jack,  Colonel.    See  Colonel  Jaclc. 

Jack  and  Jill.  An  English  nursery  song.  Jill  or 
Gill  is  an  abbreviation  of  the  once  common  feminine  name 
GiUian  or  Julian  (L.  Juliana).  In  Icelandic  mythology, 
Jack  and  Jill  are  two  children  kidnapped  by  the  moon, 
while  drawing  water,  which  is  carried  on  their  shoulders 
in  a  bucket  suspended  from  a  pole.  The  Swedish  peasants 
still  account  for  the  moon-spots  in  this  way.  A  play  with 
this  title  was  popular  at  the  English  court  between  1667 
and  1578. 

Jack  and  the  Bean-stalk.  An  English  nur- 
sery tale,  founded  on  a  world-wide  myth.  It  is 
found  among  the  Zulus  of  South  Africa  and  the  North 
American  Indians,  as  well  as  among  the  races  of  Aryan 
descent. 

Jack  and  the  Bean-stalk  may  be  added  to  the  series  of 
English  nursery  tales  derived  from  the  Teutonic.  The 
bean-stalk  is  a  descendant  of  the  wonderful  ash  in  the 
"Edda."  HailiweU,  Nursery  Rhymes,  p.  176. 

Jack  the  Giant-killer.  The  hero  of  a  nursery 
legend.  The  story  wasoriginally  in  Walter  Map's  book, 
and  he  obtained  it  from  Prance  in  the  early  part  of  the 
12th  century.  It  was  written  in  British  or  Armoric,  and 
translated  into  Latin  by  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth. 

Jack  Brag.  A  novel  by  Theodore  Hook,  pub- 
lished in  1837.  Jack  Brag  is  a  vulgar  braggart  who 
contrives  to  get  into  good  society. 

Jack  Horner.  An  old  nursery  rime,  the  hero 
of  which  "  sat  in  a  corner  eating  his  Christmas 
pie."  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  of  this  class  of  rimes. 
A  copy  of  his  "  pleasant  history  "is  to  be  found  in  the 
Bodleian  Library,  which  is  in  substance  much  the  same  as 
"The  Fryer  and  the  Boy."  published  in  London  1617.  Hal- 
liwell  says  "  both  are  from  the  more  ancient  *  Jack  and  his 
Step-dame,' printed  by  Mr.  Wright." 

Jack-in-the-Green.  A  puppet  character  in  the 
English  May-day  games. 

Jackson  (jak' son).  [The  surname  Jadkson 
stands  for  Jack's  so».]  A  city  and  the  capital 
of  Jackson  County,  Michigan,  situated  on  the 
Grand  River  75  miles  west  of  Detroit.  It  has 
flourishing  manufactures  and  trade.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  25,180. 

Jackson.  The  capital  of  Mississippi  and  of 
Hinds  County,  situated  on  the  Pearl  Eiver  in 
lat.  32°  18'  N.,  long.  90°  8'  W.  it  exports  cotton. 
Here,  May  14, 1863,  the  Pederala  under  Grant  defeated  the 
Confederates  under  J.  E.  Johnston.  Federal  loss,  300; 
Confederate,  845.    Population  (1900),  7,816. 

Jackson.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Madison 
County,  Tennessee,  situated  on  the  Forked  Deer 
Eiver  77  miles  northeast  of  Memphis.  It  ex- 
ports cotton.    Population  (1900),  14,511. 

Jackson,  Andrew.  Bom  at  the  Waxhaw  set- 
tlement, N.  C,  March  15,  1767:  died  at  the 
Hermitage,  near  Nashville,  Tenn.,  June  8, 1845. 
The  seventh  President  of  the  United  States 
(1829-37).  Hewas  member  of  Congress  from  Tennessee 
1796-97 ;  United  States  senator  1797-98 ;  justice  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Tennessee  1798-1804 ;  defeated  the  Creeks 
at  Talladega  in  1813,  and  at  Emuokfau  and  Horseshoe 
Bend  in  1814 ;  captured  Pensaoola  from  the  English  in 
1814 ;  defeated  the  English  under  Sir  Edward  Pakenham 
at  New  Orleans  Jan.  8,  1815;  commanded  against  the 
Seminoles  1817-18  ;  was  governor  of  Florida  Territory  in 
1821 ;  was  United  States  senator  from  Tennessee  1823-26  ; 
was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  President  1824 ;  was 
elected  as  the  Democratic  candidate  for  President  in  1828 ; 
and  was  reelected  in  1832.  He  inaugurated  the  "spoils 
system  "  in  Federal  politics  by  dismissing  about  690  office- 
holders during  the  first  year  of  his  administration,  as 
against  74  removals  by  all  the  preceding  Presidents.  In 
July,  1832,  he  vetoed  a  bill  rechartering  the  Bank  of  the 
United  States.  He  published,  Dec.  11, 1832,  a  proclamation 
in  answer  to  the  nullification  ordinance  passed  by  South 
Carolina  Nov.  24, 1832,  declaring  void  certain  obnoxious 
637 


duties  on  imports.  In  this  proclamation  he  announced 
his  intention  of  enforcing  the  Federal  laws,  and  ordered 
United  States  troops  to  Charleston  and  Augusta,  with  the 
result  that  the  nuUifiers  submitted. 

Jackson;  Charles  Thomas.  Bom  at  Plymouth, 
Mass.,  June  21, 1805 :  died  at  SomervUle,  Mass., 
Aug.  29, 1880.  An  American  geologist  and  phy- 
sician. He  graduated  at  the  Harvard  Medical  School  in 
1829,  and  after  having  completed  his  studies  abroad  prac- 
tised medicine  for  a  time  at  Boston.  He  eventually  aban- 
doned medicine,  and  in  1838  opened  alaboratory  at  Boston 
for  instruction  in  analytical  chemistry.  He  became  State 
geologist  of  Maine  in  1836,  and  of  Rhode  Island  in  1839, 
and  in  1847  was  apxiointed  by  Congress  to  survey  the  min- 
eral lands  of  Michigan.  He  constructed  in  1834  a  tele- 
graphic apparatus  rfimilar  to  that  patented  by  Morse  in 
1835,  and  in  1852  he  received  a  prize  from  the  French  Aca- 
demy for  the  discovery  of  etherization. 

Jackson,  Mrs.  (Helen  Maria  Fiske,  later  Mrs. 
Hunt) :  pseudonym  H.  H.  Bom  at  Amherst, 
Mass.,  Oct.  18, 1831 :  died  at  San  Francisco,  Aug. 
12, 1885.  An  American  poet,  novelist,  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer.  In  1883  she  was  appointed  special 
commissioner  to  examine  into  the  condition  of  the  Mis- 
sion Indians  of  California.  Among  her  works  are  "Mercy 
Phllbrick's  Choice"(1876), '  'Hetty's  Strange  History"  (1877), 
"A  Century  of  Dishonor,  etc."  (1881),  and  "Ramona" 
(1884).  She  also  published  several  volumes  of  poems,  tales, 
"Bits  of  Talk,"  etc. 

Jackson,  John.  Bom  in  Yorkshire,  England, 
1778:  died  at  London,  June  1,1831.  An  English 
portrait-painter,  afriend  of  WilkieandHaydon. 
One  of  his  best  works  is  the  portrait  of  Canova  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1820. 

Jackson,  Thomas  Jonathan,  commonly  called 
Stonewall  Jackson.  Bom  at  Clarksburg,  W. 
Va.,  Jan.  21,  1824:  died  near  Chancellorsville, 
Va.,  May  10, 1863.  A  noted  Confederate  general 
in  the  American  Civil  War.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1846 ;  served  as  a  lieutenant  in  the  Mexican  war; 
and  resigned  from  the  army  in  1852,  having  become  (1861) 
professor  of  physics  and  artillery  tactics  in  Virginia  Mili- 
tary Institute.  He  joined  the  Confederate  army  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Civil  War,  and  served  as  a  brigadier-general 
at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  July  21, 1861.  Having  at  a 
critical  period  in  this  engagement  been  sent  forward  to  re- 
store the  battle  on  the  Confederate  left,  he  maintained  an 
exposed  position  against  great  odds  until  the  broken  forces 
were  enabled  to  rally.  In  rallying  his  troops  General  Ber- 
nard E.  Bee  cried :  "See,  there  is  Jackson  standing  like  a 
stone  wall !  Rally  on  the  Virginians  ! "  (whence  the  sobri- 
quet Stonewall  Jackson).  He  was  promoted  major-general 
in  Sept.,  1861 ;  was  defeated  by  General  Shields  near  Win- 
cliester,  March  23, 1862 ;  defeated  General  Banks  at  Win- 
chester, May  25, 1862 ;  fought  an  indecisive  battle  with  Gen- 
eral Fremont  at  Cross  Keys,  June  8, 1862 ;  commanded  a 
corps  at  the  battles  of  Gaines's  Mill,  June  27,  and  Malvern 
Hill,  July  1,1862;  defeated  General  Banks  at  Cedar  Moun- 
tain, Virginia,  Aug.  9, 1862 ;  captured  Harper's  Ferry,  Sept. 
16, 1862,-  participated  in  the  battle  of  Antietam,  Sept.  17, 
1862 ;  commanded  the  right  wing  at  Fredericksburg,  Dec. 
13, 1862 ;  was  promoted  lieutenant-general ;  and  was  mor- 
tally wounded  by  his  own  men  at  the  battle  of  Chancellors- 
ville on  the  evening  of  May  2,  1863,  as  he  was  returning 
from  a  reconnaissance  beyond  the  lines. 

Jackson,  William.  Born  at  Exeter,  May  28, 
1730:  died  there,  July  12,  1803.  An  English 
musical  composer,  known  as  Jackson  of  Exe- 
ter. He  wrote  "The  Lord  of  the  Manor  "(an  opera,  1780), 
"The  Metamorphosis"  (an  opera,  1783),  and  much  churcli 
music,  settings  for  poems,  songs,  etc.,  and  several  volumes 
of  madrigals,  canzonets,  etc. 

Jackson,  William.  Born  at  Masham,  York- 
shire, Jan.  9,  1815:  died  at  Bradford,  April  15, 
1866.  An  English  musical  composer.  Besides  a 
number  of  hymns  and  chants,  he  wrote  "The  Deliverance 
of  Israel,  etc. "  (an  oratorio,  produced  in  1847),  "Isaiah  "  (an 
oratorio,  1854),  songs,  and  a  good  deal  of  sacred  music. 
His  last  work,  "The  Praise  of  Music,"  was  composed  for 
the  Bradford  festival  (1866).  He  did  not  live  to  conduct  it. 

Jacksonville  (jak 'son -vii).  A  city  and  the 
capital  of  Duval  County,  Florida,  situated  on 
the  St.  John's  Eiver  in  lat.  30°  20'  N.,  long.  81° 
39'  W.  It  is  a  railway,  steamboat,  and  commercial  cen- 
ter, with  trade  in  grain  and  fruit ;  is  now  the  largest  city 
intheState;  andisnotedasawinter health-resort.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  28,429.- 

Jacksonville.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Morgan 
County,  Illinois,  situated  near  Mauv.iiseterre 
Creek  30  miles  west  by  south  of  Springfield,  it 
is  the  seat  of  Illinois  College,  and  has  various  other  educa- 
tional as  well  as  charitable  institutions.  Population  (1900), 
16,078. 

Jack  Sprat.    An  EngKsh  nursery  rime. 

Few  children's  rhymes  are  more  common  than  those  re- 
lating to  Jack  Sprat  and  his  wife,  "  Jiick  Sprat  could  eat  no 


Jack  Sprat 

fat,"  etc. ;  bat  it  is  little  tliought  they  Jiave  been  current 
lor  two  centuries.  Sucli,  however,  is  the  fact,  and  when 
Howell  published  his  Collection  of  Proverbs  in  1669,  p.  20, 
the  story  related  to  no  less  exalted  a  personage  than  an 
archdeacon : 

"  Archdeacon  Pratt  would  eat  no  fat. 
His  wife  would  eat  no  lean  : 
'Twixt  Archdeacon  Pratt  and  Joan  his  wife, 
The  meat  was  eat  up  clean." 

HalliweU,  Nursery  Rhymes. 

Jack  Tier.  A  novel  T3y  Cooper,  published  in  1848. 
It  is  a  recasting  of  "The  Bed  Rover." 

Jack  Upland.  An  attack  on  friars,  in  prose, 
added  by  Speght  to  Chaucer's  works  in  his  1602 
edition,  but  evidently  not  Chaucer's. 

Jacmel  (zhak-mel').  A  seaport  on  the  southern 
coast  of  Haiti,  lat.  18°  14'  N.,  long.  72°  34'  W. 
Population,  estimated,  30,000. 

Jacob  (ja'kob).  [P.  Jacobe,  Sp.  Pg.  Jacobo,  It. 
Jacopo,  Gidcolo,  G.  Dan.  Sw.  Jafco6  (in  vernacu- 
lar P.  Jacques,  Jaques,  whence  E.  Jack),  from 
LL.  Jacobus,  Gr.  'IukCi^,  Heb.  Yaqobli,  of  uncer- 
tain origin,  but  explained  as  '  supplanter.'  See 
James.']  The  son  of  Isaac  and  Eebekah  and  twin 
brother  of  Esau :  father  of  the  twelve  patriarchs, 
and  ancestor  of  the  Israelites.  The  date  of  his 
immigration  into  Egypt  is  given  by  Brugsch  as 
about  1730  b.  c. 

A  kind  of  synonym  of  Israel  was  Jakobel,  "He  whom  El 
rewards,"  or  "He  who  follows  El,  who  marches  step  by  step 
in  the  ways  that  He  has  traced."  -This  name  was  abridged 
to  Jacob,  as  that  of  Irhamel  was  to  Irham,  or  Calbel  to 
Caleb.  Beni-Jacob  or  Beni-Israel  was  the  name  of  the 
tribe ;  and  in  course  of  time  Jacob  was  taken  to  be  a  living 
person,  grandson  of  Abraham. 

Renan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  90. 

Jacobabad  (ja'kob-a-bad').  ['Jacob's  city,' 
named  from  Gen.  JoEn  Jacob,  1847.]  A  town 
and  military  station  in  Sind,  British  India,  about 
lat.  28°  14'  N.,  long.  68°  28'  E. 

Jacob  Faithful.  A  novel  by  Marryat,  published 
in  1834:  so  called  from  the  name  of  its  hero. 

Jacobi  ( ja-ko'bi ;  G.  pron.  ya-ko'be),  Abraham. 
Born  at  Hartum,  Westphalia,  May  6,  1830.  A 
German- American  physician.  He  graduated  M.  D. 
at  Bonn  in  1851,  removed  to  the  United  States  in  1853,  and 
became  professor  of  diseases  of  children  in  the  New  York 
Medical  College  in  1881,  in  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  the  City  of  New  York  in  1867,  and  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1870.  He  is  the  author 
of  •*  Dentition  and  its  Derangements  "(186.3),  "InfantDiet" 
(1874),  "A  Treatise  on  Diphtheria"  (1880),  and  "The  In- 
testinal Diseases  of  Infancy  and  Childhood  "  (1887). 

Jacobi  (ya-ko'be),  Friedrich  Heinrich.    Bom 

at  Diisseldorf,  Prussia,  Jan.  25,  1743:  died  at 
Munich,  March  10, 1819.  A  noted  German  phi- 
losopher. He  was  the  son  of  a  merchant.  After  study- 
ing in  Geneva  he  applied  himself  (1762)  to  his  father's  busi- 
ness.  In  1779  he  was  called  to  Munich,  where  he  became 
privy  councilor,  remaining  there  until  1794.  Prom  that 
date  until  1804  he  resided  in  various  places  in  northern 
(Germany,  returning  in  the  latter  year  to  Munich,  where  he 
became  (1807)  president  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences.  His 
cliief  works  are  "'Woldemar"  (1779X  "Eduard  AUwills 
Briefsammlung "  (178l),  "Uber  die  Lehre  des  Spinoza" 
(l785),  "  David  Hume  iiber  den  Glauben "  (1787),  "Send- 
schreiben  an  Fiohte"  (1799). 

Jacobi,  Johann  Georg.  Bom  at  Diisseldorf, 
Prussia,  Sept.  2,  1740 :  died  at  Freiburg,  Baden, 
Jan.  4,  1814.  A  German  poet,  elder  brother  of 
P.  H.  Jacobi,  professor  of  philosophy  and  rhet- 
oric at  Halle,  and  later  of  literature  at  Preiburg. 

Jacobi,  Karl  Gustav  Jakob.  Born  at  Potsdam, 
Prussia,  Dee.  10,  1804:  died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  18, 
1851.  Acelebrated  German  mathematician,  bro- 
ther of  M.  H.  Jacobi,  especially  noted  for  his  dis- 
coveries in  elliptic  functions.  Hewas  professor  at 
Kftnigsbergl827-42,and  latertaught  atBerlin.  His  "i'un- 
damenta  nova  theorise  f  unctionum  ellipticarum  "  was  pub- 
lished in  1829. 

Jacobi^  Moritz  Hermann.  Bom  at  Potsdam, 
Prussia,  Sept.  21,  1801 :  died  at  St.  Petersburg, 
March  10,  1874.  A  German  physicist.  He  went 
to  St.  Petersburg  in  1837,  where  he  later  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  and  a  councilor  of  state. 
He  invented  the  process  of  electrotyping  1839  (described 
in  his  "  Galvanoplastik,"  1840),  and  the  application  of  eleo- 
troraagnetism  as  a  motive  power. 

Jacobini  (ya-ko-be'ne),  Ludovico.  Bom  at  Gen- 
zano,  near  Rome,  Jan.  6,  1832:  died  at  Rome, 
Feb.  27, 1887.  An  Italian  cardinal,  papal  secre- 
tary of  state  1880-87. 

Jacobins  (jak'o-binz).  1.  In  France,  the  black 
or  Dominican  iriars :  so  called  from  the  Church 
of  St.  Jacques  (Jacobus),  in  which  they  were 
first  established  in  Paris. — 2.  The  members  of  a 
club  or  society  of  French  revolutionists  organ- 
ized in  1789  under  the  name  of  Society  of  Friends 
of  the  Constitution,  and  called  Jacobins  from 
the  Jacobin  convent  in  Paris  in  which  they  met. 
The  club  originally  included  many  of  the  moderate  leaders 
of  the  Eevolution,  but  the  more  violent  members  speedily 
gained  the  controL  It  had  branches  in  all  parts  of  France, 
and  was  all-powerful  in  determining  the  course  of  govern- 
ment, especially  after  Kobespierre  became  its  leader,  sup- 


538 

porting  him  in  the  measures  which  led  to  the  Beign  of  Ter- 
ror. Many  of  its  members  were  executed  with  Robespierre 
in  July,  1794,  and  the  club  was  suppressed  in  November. 
Jacobites  (jak'o-bits).  1.  In  English  history, 
partizans  or  adherents  of  James  II.  after  he  ab- 
dicated the  throne,  or  of  his  descendants.  The 
Jacobites  engaged  in  fruitless  rebellions  in  1716  and  1746, 
in  behalf  of  James  Francis  Edward  and  of  Charles  Edward, 
son  and  grandson  of  James  II.,  called  the  Old  and  Young 
Pretender  respectively. 

2.  A  sect  of  Christians  in  Syria,  Mesopotamia, 
etc.,  originally  an  offshoot  of  the  Mouophysites. 
Thereof  has  its  name  from  Jacobus  Bai'adseus,  a  Syrian, 
consecrated  bishop  of  Edessa  about  54L  The  head  of  the 
church  is  called  the  Patriarch  of  Antioch. 

Jacobs  (ya'kops).  Christian  Friedrich  Wil- 
helm.  Born  at  Gotha,  Germany,  Oct.  6,  1764: 
died  at  Gotha,  March  30, 1847.  A  German  clas- 
sical scholar  and  author,  librarian  and  director 
of  the  various  art  collections  at  Gotha.  He  pub- 
lished translations  and  editions  of  the  classics,  juveniles, 
and  "Elementarbuch  der  griechischen  Sprache  "  (1806). 

Jacobs,  Paul  Emil.  Bom  at  Gotha,  Aug.  18, 
1802 :  died  there,  Jan.  6,  1866.  A  German  his- 
torical pMnter,  son  of  C.  F.  "W.  Jacobs. 

Jacob's  wTell.  A  well,  near  Shechem,  where 
Jesus  conversed  with  a  woman  of  Samaria.  It 
seems  to  be  identical  with  the  Bir  Y'akub,  still  existing 
near  Nablus. 

Jacoby  (ya-ko'bi),  Johann.  Bom  at  Konigs- 
berg,  Prussia,  May  1, 1805:  died  at  Konigsberg, 
March  6,  1877.  A  Prussian  radical  politician, 
of  Hebrew  descent. 

Jacopo  de  Voragine  (ya'ko-po  de  v6-ra'ji-ne). 
Born  at  Viraggio,  near  Genoa,  1230 :  died  1298. 
An  Italian  ecclesiastic,  the  compiler  of  the  "Le- 
genda  aurea"  (ed.  by  Grasse  1846). 

Jacotot  (zha-ko-to' ) ,  Jean  Joseph.  Born  at  Di- 
jon, Prance,  March  4, 1770:  died  at  Paris,  July, 
1840.  A  French  educator,  professor  of  the 
French  language  and  literature  at  Louvain 
1818-40.  He  devised  a  method  of  instruction 
which  is  described  in  his  ' '  I/Enseignement  uni- 
versel"  (1823). 

His  method  of  teaching  is  based  on  three  principles :  1. 
All  men  have  an  equal  intelligence ;  2.  Every  man  has  re- 
ceived f rom  €rod  the  faculty  of  being  able  to  instruct  him- 
self;  3.  Every  thing  is  in  every  thing.  The  first  of  these 
principles  is  certainly  wrong,  although  Jacotot  tried  to 
explain  it  by  asserting  that,  although  men  had  the  same 
intelligence,  they  differed  widely  in  the  will  to  make  use 
of  it.  Still,  it  is  important  to  assert  that  nearly  all  men 
are  capable  of  receiving  some  intellectual  education,  pro- 
vided the  studies  to  which  they  are  directed  are  wide 
enough  to  engage  their  faculties,  and  the  means  taken  to 
interest  them  are  sufBciently  ingenious.  The  second  prin- 
ciple lays  down  that  it  is  more  necessary  to  stimulate  the 
pupil  to  learn  for  himself  than  to  teach  him  didactically. 
The  third  principle  explains  the  process  which  Jacotot 
adopted.  To  one  learning  a  language  for  the  first  time 
he  would  give  a  short  passage  of  a  few  lines,  and  encour- 
age the  pupil  to  study  first  the  words,  then  the  letters,  then 
the  grammar,  then  the  full  meaning  of  the  expressions, 
until  by  iteration  and  accretion  a  single  paragraph  took 
the  place  of  an  entire  literature.     Enayc.  BrU.,  YIL  677. 

JacoLuard  (zha-kar'),  Joseph  Marie.    Bom  at 

Lyons,  July  7, 1752 :  died  at  OuUins,  near  Lyons, 
Aug.  7, 1834.  A  French  mechanic,  inventor  of 
the  Jao^^uard  loom  about  1801. 
Jacqueline  (zhak-len'),  G.  Jakobaa  (ya-ko- 
ba'a),  of  Bavaria  or  of  Holland.  Bom  1401 : 
died  at  the  castle  Teilingen,  on  the  Rhine,  1436. 
Daughter  of  WilUam  VI.  of  Holland,  whom  she 
succeeded  in  Holland  and  Hainaut  in  1417.  she 
carried  on  a  noted  conflict  with  the  Duke  of  Burgundy,  to 
whom  she  surrendered  her  lands  in  1433. 

JacCLUemont  (zhak-m6n'),  Victor.  Born  at 
Paris,  Aug.  11,  1801:  died  at  Bombay,  Dee.  7, 
1832.  A  French  naturalist  and  traveler  in  In- 
dia (1829-32).  His  journal  and  two  volumes  of 
letters  were  published  after  his  death. 

Jacquerie  (zhak-re').  [F.,  from  Jacques,  a  com- 
mon name  for  a  peasant.]  In  French  history, 
a  revolt  of  the  peasants  against  the  nobles  in 
northern  France  in  1358,  attended  by  great  de- 
vastation and  slaughter. 

Jacques  (zhak)  I.,  Emperor  of  Haiti.    See  Bes- 


Jacques  Bonhomme.  [P. , '  Goodman  James.'] 
Among  the  French,  a  general  name  for  a  peas- 
ant: used  somewhat  contemptuously. 

Jacquin  (zha-kan'),  Baron  Nikolaus  Joseph 
von.  Bom  at  Leyden,  Netherlands,  Feb.  16, 
1727:  diedatVienna,Oct. 24,1817.  Anoted bota- 
nist, professor  of  botany  and  chemistry  in  the 
University  of  Vienna,  and  author  of  numerous 
scientific  works.  From  1755-59[he  made  exten- 
sive scientific  explorations  in  South  America. 

Jacundas  (zha-kon-das').  A  horde  of  Brazilian 
Indians  of  the  Tupi  race,  on  the  river  Tocan- 
tins,  below  the  confluence  of  the  Araguaya,  and 
on  the  head  waters  of  the  river  Capim.  Also 
written  Taeundas. 

Jade,  or  Jahde  (ya'de),  Bay  or  Estuary.    An 


Jahangir 

inlet  of  the  North  Sea,  north  of  Oldenburg,  Qer- 
many. 

Jadin  (zha-dan'),  Louis  Emmanuel.  Bom  at 
Versailles,  France,  Sept.  21, 1768 :  died  at  Paris, 
April  11, 1853.  A  French  composer,  author  of 
many  operas,  including  "  Joconde"  (1790)  and 
"Mahomet  n."(1803);  "La  bataille  d'Auster- 
litz,"  an  orchestral  piece ;  and  many  string  quin- 
tets, nocturnes,  etc. 

Jael  (ja'el).  [Heb. ;  Gr.  'la^Ti.']  In  Old  Testa- 
ment history,  the  wife  of  Heber  the  Kenite,  and 
the  slayer  of  Sisera  (Judges  iv.  17-22).  See 
Sisera. 

Jaell  (ya'el),  Alfred.  Bom  at  Triest,  Austria- 
Hungary,  March  5, 1832:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  28, 
1882.    An  Austrian  pianist  and  composer. 

Jaen  (na-en').  1.  A  province  in  Andalusia, 
Spain.  Capital,  Jaen.  it  is  bounded  by  Ciudad  Real 
on  the  north,  Albacete  and  Granada  on  the  east,  Granada 
on  the  south,  and  Cordova  on  the  west.  The  surface  is 
mountainous.  Area,  6,184  square  miles.  Population  (1887), 
437,842. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Jaen,  situated 
on  the  river  Jaen  in  lat.  37°  46'  N.,  long.  3°  49' 
W.  It  contains  a  castle  and  a  cathedral.  It  was  an  im- 
portant Moorish  city  and  the  capital  of  a  small  Moorish 
kingdom.    Population  (1887),  25,706. 

Jaffa  (Jaffa  or  yaf'fa),  or  Yafa  (ya'fa),  Heb. 
Japho  (ja'f  6).  A  seaport  of  Palestine,  situated 
on  the  Mediterranean  in  lat.  32°  2'  N.,  long.  34° 
47'  E. :  the  ancient  Joppa.  It  is  often  mentioned  in 
biblical  history.  It  was  frequently  taken  and  retaken  by 
the  Crusaders ;  was  stormed  by  the  French  under  Napoleon 
in  1799 ;  was  taken  by  Ibrahim  Pasha  in  1832 ;  and  wa«  re- 
stored to  Turkey  in  1841.  It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Jaffa. 
Jerusalem  Railway.    Population,  about  15,00a 

Jaffier.  A  conspirator  in  Otway's  "Venice  Pre- 
served."   He  is  the  husband  of  Belvidera. 

Jaffna  (jaf'na),  or  Jaffnapatam  (jaf''na-pa- 
tam').  1.  An  island  at  the  northern  extremity 
of  Ceylon. —  2.  A  seaport  on  the  western  coast 
of  the  island  of  Jaffna,  situated  in  lat.  9°  41' 
N.,  long.  80°  E.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Portuguese  in 
1617,  by  the  Dutch  in  1658,  and  by  the  British  in  1795.  Pop- 
ulation, about  40,000. 

Jagannatha.    See  Juggernaut. 

Jagas  (zha-gas').  A  Portuguese  name  of  a  sav- 
age African  tribe  which  invaded  the  kingdom  of 
the  Kongo  in  the  16th  century.  They  are  called 
Giaghi  by  Italian  writers.     See  Fan  and  Yalca. 

Jagello  (ya-gel'16),  or  Jagjello.  Died  at  Gro- 
dek,  near  Lemberg,  1434.  Grand  Duke  of  Lith- 
uania from  1381.  He  embraced  Christianity  and  mar- 
ried Hedwig,  queen  of  Poland,  whereby  he  ascended  the 
Polish  throne  as  Wladislaw  II.  in  1386.  He  defeated  the 
Teutonic  Knights  at  Tannenberg  in  1410. 

Jagellons  (ya-gel'onz).  A  dynasty,  founded 
by  Jagello,  which  reined  in  Poland  1386-1572. 
It  furnished  rulers  also  to  Lithuania,  Hungary, 
and  Bohemia. 

Jagemann  (ya'ge-man),  Karoline.  Bom  at 
Weimar,  Germany,  Jan.  5,  1778 :  died  at  Dres- 
den, July  10, 1848.  A  noted  German  singer.  §he 
made  her  d^but  in  1796  at  Mannheim,  and  the  next  year 
at  Weimar  produced  so  great  an  effect  that  both  Goethe 
and  Schiller  interested  themselves  in  her.  In  1801  she  had 
another  success  at  Berlin.  On  her  return  to  Weimar  she 
became  the  mistress  of  the  grand  duke,  but  her  caprice 
was  so  troublesome  that  in  1817  Goethe  gave  up  the  direc- 
tion of  the  theater  to  avoid  her.  She  took  the  name  of  Ma- 
dame Kegendorf,  and  remained  at  Weimar  till  the  death 
of  the  grand  duke,  when  she  retired  to  Dresden. 

Jagemdorf  (ya'gem-dorf).  A  manufacturing 
town  in  Silesia,  Austria-Hungary,  on  the  Oppa, 
near  the  Prussian  frontier,  14  miles  northwest  of 
Troppau.   Population  (1891),  commune,  14,257. 

Jagersfontein  Excelsior,  The.  The  largest 
known  diamondin  the  world,f  oundin  the  Orange 
Free  State,  South  Africa,  June  2, 1893,  and  now 
in  London.  It  was  found  in  the  mine  of  the  Jagersfontein 
Company.  Its  weight  is  971  carats ;  its  color  blue-white> 
and  almost  perfect, 

Jagic  (ya'gioh),  Vatroslav  (Ignatius).    Bom 

at  Warasdin,  Croatia,  July  6, 1838.  A  (Croatian 
philologist,  professor  of  comparative  philology 
at  Odessa  1871-74,  and  later  at  Berlin :  author 
of  works  on  Slavic  philology. 

Jagst  (yagst),  or  Jaxt  (yakst).  1.  A  river  in 
Wurtemberg,  joining  the  Neckar  6  miles  north 
of  Heilbronn.  Length,  over  100  miles.— 2.  A 
circle  of  northeastern  Wiirtemberg.  Area,  1,983 
square  miles.  Population  (1890),  402,991. 

JaguariiO  (zha-gwa-ran').  The  southernmost 
city  of  Brazil,  m  the  state  of  Rio  (Jrande  do 
Sul,  on  the  river  Jaguarao  near  its  mouth  in  the 
Lagoa  Mirim.  It  has  an  important  trade  with 
Umguay.    Population,  about  6,000. 

Jahanabad  (,ia-han-a-bad' ) .  A  to  wn  in  the  Gay  a 
district,  Bengal,  British  India,  28  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Patna.   Population,  about  20,000. 

Jahangir  (ja-han-ger').  Reigned  1605-27.  A 
Mogul  emperor,  son  of  Akbar. 


Jahde 

Jahde.   See  Ja4e. 

Jahn  (yan).  Otto.  Bom  at  Kiel,  Prussia,  June 
16,  1813 :  died  at  GSttingen,  Prussia,  Sept.  9, 
1869.  A  distinguislied  German  philologist,  ar- 
ohsBologist,  and  musical  and  art  critic,  professor 
at  Leipsio  1847-51,  and  at  Bonn  1855-69.  He  pub- 
lished ^'Telephus  und  Troilus " (1S41),  "Die  hellenische 
Kunst "  (1846),  editions  of  Latin  and  Greek  classics,  a  life 
ol  Mozart  (1856-69),  etc. 

Jaihun  (ji-hon' ).  The  Persianname  of  the  Oxus. 

Jaimini  (ji'mi-ni).  A  Hindu  saint  and  philoso- 
pher, said  to  have  been  the  pupil  of  Vyasa,  to 
have  received  from  him  the  Samaveda,  and 
to  have  founded  the  Purvamimansa  school  of 
Hindu  philosophy. 

Jainas  (ji'naz),  oj-  Jains  (jinz).  [Prom  Skt. 
jina,  the  victorious  one.]  A  Hindu  sect  which 
numbers  about  380,000,  at  least  half  of  whom 
are  in  the  Bombay  Presidency.  They  are  the  follow- 
ers of  Jina,  the  *Tlcu)rious,'  as  the  Buddhists  of  Buddha, 
the  *  awakened.'  A  Jina  is  a  sage  who  has  reached  omnis- 
cience, and  who  comes  to  reestablish  the  corrupted  law. 
There  have  been  21  Jinas,  as  Buddha  had  24  predecessors. 
They  succeeded  each  other  at  immense  intervals,  their 
stature  and  term  of  life  always  decreasing.  Like  the  Bud- 
dhas,  the  Jinas  became  deities.  They  have  goddesses,  Sha- 
sanadevis,  who  execute  their  commands.  Their  images, 
sometimes  colossal,  especially  in  the  Deccan,  are  numer- 
ous in  the  sanctuaries,  which  are  almost  all  of  a  distinctive 
and  elegant  type.  NexttotheJinasranktheirimmediate 
disciples,  the  Oanadharas,  worshiped  as  guardian  saints, 
and  many  deities  borrowed  from  the  Hindu  pantheon,  but 
who  do  not  share  the  regular  cultus.  This  cultus  is  akin 
to  the  Buddhist  in  having  the  same  offerings  and  acts  of 
faith  and  homage.  Both  use  little  bells.  In  both  women 
have  the  same  rights  as  men,  and  both  practise  confession, 
value  pilgrimages,  and  devote  four  months  of  the  year  es- 
pecially to  fasting,  readingtheir  Scriptures,  andmeditation. 
The  Jainas,  like  the  Buddhists,  reject  the  Veda  as  corrupt, 
to  which  they  oppose  their  own  Angas  as  the  true  Veda. 
They  have  no  sacerdotal  caste.  They  observe  the  rules  of 
caste  among  themselves,  but  without  attaching  to  them 
religious  significance.  They  have  promoted  literature  and 
science,  especially  astronomy,  grammar,  and  romantic  lit- 
erature. Like  the  Buddhists  they  are  divided  into  a  cler- 
ical body  and  a  lay  (Yatis,  '  ascetics,'  and  Shravakas, 
'hearers'),  but  the  monastic  system  is  less  developed. 
They  have  two  principal  sects :  the  Shvetambaras,  'having 
white  garments,'  and  the  Digambaras,  'those  having  the 
air  as  their  garment,'  who  go  naked — designations  applied 
to  both  clergy  and  laity.  The  first  have  the  highest  rank, 
but  the  second  are  more  ancient.  Both  sects  go  back  per- 
haps to  the  5th  century  A.l>.  They  are  rather  rivals  than 
enemies.  Another  division  is  that  into  Northern  and  South- 
ern Jainas,  which,  originally  geographical,  has  extended  to 
the  canon  and  the  entire  body  of  traditions  and  usages. 
The  Digambara  Yatis  now  practise  nudity  only  at  their 
meals  when  these  are  taken  in  common.  Ko  Hindu  sect 
is  more  rigorous  in  respect  for  and  abstinence  from  every- 
thing that  has  life,  though  the  Southern  Jainas  frequently 
practised  religious  suicide  in  the  middle  ages.  The  gen- 
eral doctrine  of  the  Jainas  is  nearly  like  that  of  the  Bud- 
dhists. They  are  atheists.  The  world  is  eternal.  They 
deny  the  possibility  of  a  perfect  being  existing  from  all 
eternity.  The  Jina  became  perfect.  As  the  Buddhists 
have  their  Adibuddha,  the  Jainas  have  also  returned  to  a 
sort  of  deism  in  their  Jinapati_,  a  supreme  Jina.  Beings 
are  animate  and  inanimate.  Animate  beings  are  composed 
of  soul  and  body,  and  their  souls  are  eternal — a  point  of  de- 
viation from  Buddhism.  Not  existence  but  life  is  evil  to 
the  Jainas,  and  Nirvana  is  to  them  not  annihilation,  but 
entrance  into  endless  blessedness.  The  Jina  reveals  the 
means,  the  Triratna,  the  'three  jewels,'  perfect  faith  in 
the  Jina,  perfect  knowledge  of  his  doctrine,  perfect  con- 
duct. The  parallelism  of  Buddhist  and  Jaina  doctrineand 
usage  extends  also  to  the  traditions  in  so  manypoints  that 
some  have  believed  Vardhamana  or  Mahavira,  'the  great 
hero,'  the  Jina  of  the  present  age,  to  be  identical  with  Gau- 
tama ;  but  BUhler  thinks  he  has  discovered  data  which 
grove  that  Mahavira  was  a  real  personage,  distinct  from 
autama,  whose  real  name  was  Nirgrantha  Jnatiputra, 
»'.  e.  the  ascetic  of  the  Jnatis,  a  Rajput  tribe.  Stm  Jain- 
ism  must,  in  view  of  the  atUiation  of  its  doctrines,  be  re- 
garded as  a  sect  that  took  its  rise  in  Buddhism.  The 
Scriptures  of  the  Shvetambara  Jainas  are  comprised  in  45 
works,  in  6  groups,  collectively  called  Agamas,  and  written 
in  a  Prakrit  dialect  called  Ardhamagadhi ;  those  of  the 
Digambaras  are  in  Sanskrit,  and  still  little  known. 

Jaintia  Hills.    See  Khasi  and  Jaintia  Mills. 

Jaipur.    See  Jeypore. 

Jais(ia'is).  [Ar.  aZ-foeis,  the  goat.]  The  third- 
magnitude  star  (JDraconis:  the  "Nodus  secun- 
dus"  of  the  old  catalogues. 

Jaisalmir,  or  Jaysalmir  (ji-sal-mer'),  or  Jes- 
almir  (jes-al-mer').  1-  A  state  m  Eajpu- 
tana,  India,"  intersected  by  lat.  27°  N.,  long. 
71°  E.  Area,  16,039  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  115,071.-3.  The  capital  of  the  state  of 
Jaisalmir.    Population,  about  10,000. 

Jajali  (ja'ja-li).  A  Brahman  said  in  the  Maha- 
bharata  to  have  acquired  by  asceticism  a  super- 
natural power  of  "locomotion,  of  which  he  was 
so  proud  that  he  thought  himself  superior  to 
all  men.  A  voice  from  the  sky  telling  him  that  he  was 
inferior  to  Tuladhaia,  a  Vaishya  and  a  trader,  he  went  to 
him  and  learned  of  him. 

A  sa- 
Brit- 
ish India,  situated  on  the  river  Ba'itarani  in  lat. 
20°  51'  N.,  long.  86°  23'  E.  Population,  about 
10,000. 


539 

Jakob  (ya'kop),  Ludwig  Heinrich  von.    Bom 

at  Wettin,  near  HaUe,  Prussia,  Feb.  26,  1759: 
died  at  Lauchstadt,  near  Merseburg,  Prussia, 
July  22, 1827.  A  (3-erman  philosopher  and  po- 
litical economist,  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Halle  1791-1807,  and  of  political  economy  at 
KharkofE  in  1807,  and  at  Halle  1816-27.  He 
wrote  "Grundriss  der  allgemeinen  Logik" 
(1788),  "Lehrbuoh  der  Nationalokonomie '' 
(1805),  etc. 

Jakutsk.    See  Yakutsk. 

Jalalabad.    See  Jelalabad. 

Jalal  uddin  Rumi  (ja-iai'  6d-den'  ro-me'). 
Bom  at  Balkh,  1207.  A  Persian  poet.  His  father 
was  the  founder  of  a  college  at  Iconium,  to  the  direction 
of  which  his  son  succeeded  after  studies  at  Aleppo  and 
Damascus.  The  great  work  of  Jalal  uddin  is  the  Mesnevi, 
a  series  of  stories  with  moral  maxims. 

Jalandhar  (jul'an-dhar),  or  JuUvmder  (jul'- 
lun-der).  1.  A  division  in  the  Panjab,  British 
India.  Area,  12,571  square  miles.  Population 
(1881),  2,421,881.-2.  A  district  in  the  Jalan- 
dhar division,  intersected  by  lat.  31°  20'  N., 
long.  76°  E.  Area,  1,433  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  907,583.-3.  The  capital  of  the 
division  and  district  of  Jalandhar,  75  miles 
east  by  south  of  Lahore.  Population  (1891), 
66,202. 

Jalapa,  orXalapa  (Ha-la'pa),  Aztec  Xalapan. 
[See  tlxe  extract  below.]  The  capital  of  the 
state  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  situated  about  60 
miles  northwest  of  Vera  Cruz.  Population 
(1895),  18,173. 

Jalapa  (meaning  '  place  of  water  and  Band')was  an  In- 
dian town  at  the  time  of  the  Conquest;  and  because  of  its 
position  on  what,  for  a  long  while,  was  the  main  road  be- 
tween Vera  Cruz  and  the  City  of  Mexico  it  early  became  a 
place  of  importance.  After  the  organization  of  the  Repub- 
lic it  was  for  a  time  capital  of  the  State  of  Vera  Cruz.  Be- 
tween the  years  1720  and  1777  a  great  annual  fair  was  held 
here  for  the  sale  of  the  goods  brought  yearly  by  the  fleet 
from  Cadiz;  whence  is  derived  the  name  Jalapa  de  la 
Feria,  frequently  applied  to  the  city  in  documents  of  the 
last  century.  JamAer,  Mex.  Guide,  p.  436. 

Jalann  ( ja-loun' ).  1.  A  district  in  the  Jhansi  di- 
vision, Northwest  Provinces,  British  India,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  26°  N.,  long.  79°B.  Area,  1,480 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  396,361.-2. 

,  A  town  in  the  district  of  Jalaun,  in  lat.  26°  9'  N., 
long.  79°  22'  B.     Population,  about  10,000. 

Jalisco,  or  Xalisco  (na-les'ko).  A  maritime 
state  of  Mexico,  bounded  by  Durango,  Zaoate- 
cas,  and  Aguas  Calientes  on  the  north,  Guana- 
juato on  the  east,  Michoacan  and  Colima  on  the 
south,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west.  Capi- 
tal, Guadalajara.  Area,  27,261  square  miles. 
Population  (1895),  1,107,863. 

Jalna  (jal'na).  A  small  town  in  Hyderabad, 
India,  situated  in  lat.  19° 51'  N., long.  75°  53' E. 

Jaipaiguri  (jal-jji-gS're),  or  Julpigori  (jul-pe- 
go're).  A  district  in  Bengal,  British  India,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  26°  30'  N.,  long.  88°  40'  E. 
Area,  2,962  sauare  miles.  Population  (1891), 
681,352. 

Jamadagni  ( ja-mad-ag'ni).  A  rishi  often  men- 
tioned with  Vishvamitra  as  an  enemy  of  Vasish- 
tha,  and  sometimes  as  a  descendant  of  Bhrlgu. 
In  epic  poetry  he  is  the  son  of  Bhargava  Richika  and  the 
father  of  five  sons,  of  whom  the  most  renowned  was  Pa- 
rashurama.  The  Mahabharata  and  Vishnu  Purana  contain 
various  legends  regarding  him. 

Jamaica  (ja-ma'ka).  An  island  of  the  Greater 
Antilles,  West  Indies,  belonging  to  Great  Brit- 
ain, situated  in  the  Caribbean  Sea  90  miles  south 
of  the  eastern  part  of  Cuba.  Capital,  Kingston. 
The  surface  is  generally  mountainous,  the  Blue  Moun- 
tains in  the  east  rising  to  7,360  feet.  The  island  has  abun- 
dant vegetable  and  some  mineral  resources.  The  chief 
exports  are  sugar,  rum,  coffee,  fruits,  dye-woods,  etc. 
Jamaica  is  a  crown  colony,  with  a  governor,  privy  councU, 
and  legislative  assembly.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus 
May  4, 1494 ;  was  settled  by  the  Spaniards  in  1609 ;  and 
was  conquered  by  the  English  in  1656.  Many  risings  of  the 
Maroons  (or  runaway  slaves)  occurred  in  the  18th  century. 
The  slaves  were  emancipated  by  purchase  in  1834.  A 
negro  insurrection  in  1865  was  suppressed  by  Governor 
Eyre.  The  Caicos  and  Turks  Islands,  Cayman  Islands, 
and  a  tew  smaller  islands  are  dependencies  of  Jamaica. 
Length,  144  miles.  Greatest  width,  60  miles.  Area,  4,207 
square  miles.  Population  (estimated,  March,  1892),  649,- 
524,  including  about  600,000  blacks,  120,000  colored,  and 
only  20,000  whites,  the  remainder  being  coolies. 

Jamaica  (ja-ma'ka) .  AviUage  in  Queens  County, 
Long  Island.  New  York:  incorporated  in  the 
city  of  New  York.    Pop-  (1897),  about  6,500. 

Jamaica  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic,  south 
of  Long  Island,  New  York. 

Jaman  (zha-mon'),  Col  de.  A  pass  in  the  can- 
ton of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  leading  from  Mon- 
treux  over  the  Dent  de  Jaman  to  the  vaUey  of 
the  Saane,  Pribourg.    Height,  4,974  feet. 

Jaman,  Dent  de.    See  Dent  de  Jaman. 

Jamasee.    See  Yamasi. 


James  I. 

Jambavat  (jam'ba-vat).  In  Hindu  legend,  the 
chief  of  the  bears  who  with  the  monkeys  were 
allies  of  Eama  in  his  invasion  of  Lanka. 

Jambres.    See  Jannes. 

Jambudvlpa  (jam-bo-dwe'pa).  A  name  of  In- 
dia in  Sanskrit  poetry,  and  restricted  to  India  in 
Buddhist  writings,  but  strictly  a  poetical  name 
for  the  whole  earth,  of  which  India  was  thought 
to  be  the  most  important  part,  in  the  Mahabha- 
rata the  world  is  divided  into  seven  circular  dvipas,  or 
continents,  of  which  Jambudvlpa  is  the  first,  surrounded 
respectively  by  seven  oceans  in  concentric  belts,  the  moun- 
tain Mem,  or  abode  of  the  gods,  being  in  the  center  of 
Jambudvlpa,  which  again  is  divided  into  nine  Varshas, 
or  countries  separated  by  eight  ranges  of  mountains,  the 
Varsha  called  Bharata  (India)  lying  south  of  the  Himavat 
(Himalaya)  range.  Jambudvlpa  is  so  named  from  the 
jambu  (rose-apple)  trees  which  abound  in  it,  or  from  an 
enormous  jambu  tree  on  Mount  Mem. 

Jamburg  (yam'bora).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Luga  68  miles  southwest  of  St.  Petersburg. 
Population,  4,238. 

James  (jamz).  [The  E.  name  James,  dial,  also 
Jeames  (whence  coUoq.  Jem  and  Jim),  is  from 
ME.  James,  also  Jam,  from  OP.  James,  another 
form  of  Jaques,  Jacgues,  from  LL.  Jacobus,  Ja- 
cob. SeeJacoft.]  There  are  several  persons  of 
this  name  who  hold  an  important  place  in  New 
Testament  history,  (i)  The  son  of  Zebedee  and 
brother  ol  the  apostle  John.  Originally  a  fisherman,  he 
was  called  to  be  a  disciple  of  Jesus  and  an  apostle.  He 
was  killed  by  Herod  Agrippa  (A.  D.  44),  and  is  the  only 
apostle  whose  death  is  recorded  in  the  Scriptures.  Accord- 
ing to  one  legend,  he  traveled  and  preached  in  Spain ;  ac- 
cording to  another,  his  body  was  miraculously  conveyed 
toCompostella,inSpain,  and  worshiped  there.  (2)  "James 
the  Lord's  brother,"  author  of  the  "Epistle  of  James." 
He  is  described  as  holding  office  in  the  church  at  Jerusa- 
lem, and  appears  to  have  been  president  of  the  council 
that  met  there  in  A.  D.  50  or  51.  He  is  also  called  "James 
the  less"  (or  "the  little")  (Mark  xv.  40),  and  in  early 
church  history  "James  the  Just,"  (3)  An  apostle,  dis- 
tinguished as  "James  the  son  of  Alphseus,"  identified  by 
many  with  "  James  the  Lord's  brother." 

James,  The  General  Epistle  of.  A  New  Tes- 
tament epistle,  written  by  "James  the  Lord's 
brother."  it  was  written  from  Jerusalem,  and  is  ad- 
dressed to  the  twelve  tribes  of  the  Dispersion.  Its  main 
object  is  to  inculcate  the  importance  of  practical  morality. 

James  I.  Born  at  Dunfermline,  1394 :  died  Feb. 
20,  1437.  King  of  Scotland  1406-37,  son  of 
Robert  III.  and  AnnabeUa  Drummond.  He  was 
captured  by  the  English  while  on  his  way  to  JFrance,  and 
was  detained  in  captivity  until  1423.  He  repressed  the 
great  feudatories  with  the  assistance  of  the  clergy  and  the 
burghs,  and  maintained  peaceful  relations  both  with  Eng- 
land and  with  France.  He  was  murdered  at  Perth  by  the 
Earl  of  Atholl  and  Robert  Graham. 

James  II.  Born  Oct.  16, 1430 :  died  Aug.  3, 1460. 
King  of  Scotland  1437-60,  son  of  James  I.  and 
Jane,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Somerset.  He  con- 
tinuedhisfalher's  policy  of  repressing  the  great  feudatories 
with  the  assistance  of  the  clergy  and  the  burghs ;  and  on 
Feb.  22, 1452,  stabbed  with  his  own  hand  the  Earl  of  Doug- 
las, who  had  entered  into  a  treasonable  alliance  with  the 
Earls  of  Crawford  and  of  Ross,  and  whom  be  had  enticed 
to  Stirling  by  a  safe-conduct.  He  was  accidentally  killed 
by  a  wedge  from  a  bombard  at  the  siege  of  Roxburgh. 

James  III.  Bom  July  lO,  1451:  died  June  11, 
1488.  King  of  Scotland  1460-88,  son  of  James 
H.  and  Mary  of  Guelders.  He  favored  men  of  in- 
ferior rank  to  the  neglect  of  the  great  feudal  houses,  which 
provoked  a  rising  of  the  latter  under  his  son  James.  He 
was  defeated  by  the  rebels  at  Sauchiebum,  June  11, 1488, 
and  was  killed  in  the  flight. 

James  IV.  Bom  March  17, 1473 :  died  Sept.  9, 
1513.  King  of  Scotland  1488-1513,  son  of  James 
III.  and  Margaret,  daughter  of  Christian  I.  of 
Denmark.  He  headed  the  rebellious  nobles  who  defeated 
and  killed  his  father  at  the  battle  of  Sauchiebum,  June 
11, 1488.    He  maintained  peaceful  relations  with  Henry 

VII.  of  England,  whose  daughter  Margai'et  he  married  in 
1602 ;  but  was  forced  by  the  aggressive  attitude  of  Henry 

VIII.  to  seek  an  offensive  alliance  with  France.  He  was 
defeated  and  killed  by  the  Earl  of  Surrey  at  Flodden  Field, 
Sept.  9,  1613,  during  an  invasion  of  England  in  Henry's 
absence  in  Fiance. 

James  V.  Bom  at  Linlithgow,  April  10,  1512: 
died  Dec.  14,  1542.  King  of  Scotland  1513-42, 
son  of  James  IV.  and  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Henry  VII.  of  England.  During  his  minority  the  re- 
gency was  conducted  first  by  his  mother,  and  afterward  by 
the  Duke  of  Albany.  He  assumed  personal  exercise  of  the 
royal  prerogatives  in  1528.  He  was  a  vigorous  adminis- 
trator, protected  the  poor  against  oppression  from  the 
nobles,  and  mingled  freely  with  the  commons  (sometimes 
under  the  Incognito  of  "the  Gudeman  of  Ballmbreich"), 
whence  he  is  often  called  "the  king  of  the  commons." 
He  became  involved  in  war  with  England  in  1642,  and  suf- 
fered the  loss  of  an  army  under  Sinclair  at  Solway  Moss, 
Nov.  24, 1542. 

James  I.  Bom  in  Edinburgh  Castle,  June  19, 
1566 :  died  at  Theobalds,  March  27, 1625.  King 
of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  1603-25,  son 
of  Lord  Damley  and  Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  He 
became,  on  the  abdication  of  his  mother,  king  of  Scotland 
as  James  VI.  July  24, 1567 ;  and  by  virtue  of  his  descent, 
both  through  his  fattier  and  his  mother,  from  Margaret 
'Tndor,  daughter  of  Henry  VH,,  succeeded  to  tlie  English 
throne  on  the  death  of  Elizabeth  without  issue,  March 


James  I. 

24,  1603,  being  crowned  king  of  England  (and  Ireland) 
July  25, 1603.  He  was  a  learned  but  pedantic,  weak,  and 
incapable  monarch,  whence  he  was  aptly  characterized 


540 


Janauscbek 


ginia.  In  1866  he  became  consul-general  to  Venice,  where 
he  died,  James  is  parodied  by  Thackeray  in  "Barbazure, 
by  G.  P.  B.  JeameSi  Esq." 


by  the  Due  de  Sully  as  the  "wisest  fool  in  Europe."    In  JameS,  Henry.     Born  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  June 

l°n'^°H,JSf^^Vv?n]l,h.T^H'  *?  *^?"'  ""^  theory  ol  the  di-    3  ign .  ^ied  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Deo.  18, 1882, 
Tine  right  of  kingship  and  of  episcopacy  ;  in  his  foreign      a'„     a~™-„„"    i"rii„l;?„i    „"^    „i,jil„™i,5„«i 


relations  he  strove  to  maintain  peace  at  all  hazards,  even 
to  the  prejudice  of  his  natural  allies,  the  Protestant  powers 
on  the  Continent.  He  presided,  in  1604,  over  the  Hampton 
Court  Conference  between  the  bishops  and  the  Puritans, 
at  which  the  latter  sought  but  failed  to  obtain  a  relaxa- 
tion of  the  laws  directed  against  nonconformists.  In  the 
same  year  he  concluded  peace  with  Spain,  with  which  he 
had  inherited  a  war  from  his  predecessor  in  England;  and 
appointed  a  commission  to  revise  the  English  translation 
of  the  Bible,  which  commission  completed  the  so-called 
King  James  version  in  1611.  He  sanctioned  in  1606  penal 
laws  of  increased  severity  against  the  Eoman  Catholics  in 
oon8equenceofthediscoveryoftheGunpowderPlot(which 
see)  in  the  preceding  yeas,  and  granted  a  patent  organiz- 
ing the  London  and  Plymouth  companies,  the  former  of 
which  founded  the  settlement  of  Jamestown  in  1607,  while 
a  band  of  English  separatists  from  Holland  founded,  with- 
out authority,  the  settlement  of  Plymouth  in  the  territory 
of  the  latter  in  1620.    Another  important  event  which  took 


tish  portrait-painter,  a  pupil  of  Kubens  with 
Van(fyck:  caUed  the  Scotch  Vandyck,    He  re. 
turned  to  Aberdeen  1620,  and  established  himself  in  Edin- 
burgh about  1635.     When  Charles  I.  visited  Scotland  in 
1635  he  sat  to  Jamesone,  and  paid  him  with  a  diamond 
from  his  own  hand.    Several  of  his  portraits  in  Scotland 
pass  for  Vandycks.     In  Aberdeen  are  several  of  his  por- 
traits and  his  picture  of  the  Sibyls.    His  own  portrait  of 
himself  is  in  the  gallery  at  Florence,  and  another  is  at 
CuUen  House,  Banffshire. 
loveiiHi,  auu  criin!,  Buii  ui.  James's  Palac^  St.    See  St.  James's  Palace. 
Henry  James.   HewaseduoatedprincipallyinEurope,  James's  Park,  St.     See  St.  James's  Park. 
and  studied  law  at  Harvard.    He  began  to  contribute  to  JameStOWn  (jamz'toun).     [Named  from  James 
periodicals  in  1866.    Since  1869  he  has  lived  mostly  in    j]    ffhe  first  perinanent  English  settlement  in 


An  American  theological  and  philosophical 
writer.  Among  his  works  are  "Moralism  and  Christian- 
ity "  (1852X  "  Christianity theliOgic  of  Creation  "  (1867),  etc. 
James,  Henry.  Born  at  New  York,  April  15, 
1843.    An  American  novelist  and  critic,  son  of  James's  Palace,  St, 


England.  Among  his  works  are  "Transatlantic  Sketches" 
(1876),  "A  Passionate  Pilgrim,  etc."  (1876),  "The  Ameri- 
can" (1877),  "The  Europeans"  (1878),  "  French  Poets  a«id 
Novelists''  (1878),  "Daisy  Miller"  (1878),  "Hawthorne" 
(English  Men  of  Letters  series,  1879),  "Confidence"  (1880), 

"PortraitofaLady  "(1881),"  Daisy  Miller"(acomedy,1883), 
...  _        .    ^^       „      ...         .  „  , 


the  United  States,  situatedin  JamesCityCounty, 
Virginia,  on  the  James  Eiver  37miles  northwest 
of  Norfolk.  It  was  the  site  of  the  Spanish  settlement  of 
San  Miguel,  founded  by  Ayllon  1626!  but  soon  abandoned. 
The  colonists  sent  by  the  London  Company  landed  May 
13, 1607 ;  the  settlement  grew  slowly  and  suffered  terribly, 
especially  in  the  starving  time  of  1609-10.  It  was  burned 
in  Bacon's  Rebellion,  1676.  The  only  relics  are  the  tower 
of  the  church  and  a  few  tombs. 


'A  Little  Tour  in  i'rance"  (1884),  "The  Author  of  Bel- 
trafflOi  etc."  (1886),  "The  Bostonians"  (1886X  "Princess 
Casamassima ''  (1886),  "Partial  Portraits"  (1888),  "The 

Heal  Thing,  etc."  (1893).  _     

gaoe  in  1606  was  the  restoration  of  episcopacy  in  Scotland.  James,  John  Angell.    Born  atBlandford,  Dor-  Jamestown    A  city  and  summer  resort  in  Chau- 
fo^SeT^SSCr?rtc'et^^lXfL°SlVtJ    set,  England,  Ju|e  6  1785:  died  at  Birmingham, -^^^fa"^^^ 

entered  into  a  defensive  alliancewiththe  Protestant  Union    Oct.,  1859.     An.  English  Congregational  clergy-    let  of  Lake  Chautauqua,  57  miles  south-south- 
in  Germany,  which  was  followed  in  1613  by  the  marriage    man  and  religious  writer.  His  best-known  work   west  of  Buffalo.     Population  (1900),  22,892. 

2^-?ii%'**hl''^"'f-?J,'^*''^'''  '"w"*®  f^"^'',  palatine  Fred-    jg  «The  Anxious  Inquirer."  Jamestown.    The  only  town  in  the  island  of 

enck  v.,  head  of  the  union.  He  refused  to  assist  his  son-  -r  iwtl  -r»  -u      iicno    j-   j     t.      ,  ui*iiicpuwvvii.    ^^^  j^,,J        ,       j_  n  nnn 

in-law  in  the  struggle  with  the  emperor  Ferdinandll  for  James,  Thomas.    Born  about  1593 :  died  about    gt.  Helena.    Population,  about  3,000. 
the  crown  of  Bohemia  (see  i^redericftj^.,  elector  palatine,    1635.     An  English  navigator.    On  May  3, 1631,  he  Jami  (jS,-me').     Bom  1411 :  died  1492.     A  cele- 
"  '  ....  .  .     sailed  from  Bristol  in  the  Henrietta  Maria  to  discover  the    brated  Persian  poet.    His  name  was  Nuruddm  Ab. 


Ferdinand  II, ,  emperor  of  the  Holy  Eoman  Empire,  and 
Thirty  Years'  War) ;  and  after  the  defeat  of  Frederick  by 
the  Imperialists  on  the  White  Hill,  and  the.invasionof  the 
Palatinate  by  the  Spanish  troops  in  1620,  sought  by  futile 
negotiations  to  induce  Philip  III.  of  Spain  to  reinstate  Fred- 
erick in  the  electorate  and  to  assist  in  restoring  peace.  In  James.WllUam.  Died  at  London,  May  28, 1827, 
answer  to  a  rebuke  from  the  king  for  meddling  in  aflau-s      aTS  -i'  i,      t^iTJ 1  i,;„i I     ^      I ^ 


"northwest  passage  into  the  south  sea"  and  circumnavi- 
gate the  globe.  He  reached  Greenland  in  June,  and  sailed 
on  to  Hudson  Bay,  where  he  wintered.  He  reached  Eng- 
land Oct.  22, 1632. 


I  king  for  meddling  in  affairs 
of  state  by  sending  in  a  petition  against  popery  and  the 
proposed  Spanish  marriage,  Parliament  passed,  Dec.  18, 
1621,  the  Great  Protestation,  declaring  that  affairs  which 
concerned  the  king  and  the  realm  were  proper  subjects  for 
debate  in  Parliament.  The  king  tore  the  page  containing 
the  protestation  from  the  journal  of  the  Commons.  In 
1623  he  reluctantlypermitted  Charles  and  the  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham to  depart  for  Spain  to  conclude  the  negotiations 
for  a  marriage  treaty  which  had  been  kept  up,  with  inter- 
ruptions, since  1611 ;  but  as  Philip  was  unwilling  to  pro- 
cure the  restoration  of  the  Palatinate,  Charles  and  the 
dnke  returned  in  the  same  year,  and  the  negotiations  were 
finally  abandoned. 


A  British  writer  on  naval  history.  From  I801  to 
1813  he  was  an  attorney  of  the  supreme  court  of  Jamaica, 
and  proctor  in  the  vice-admiralty  court.  In  1812  he  was 
in  the  United  States,  where  he  was  detained  as  a  prisoner. 
In  March,  1816,  he  published  "An  Enquiry  into  the  Merits 
of  the  Principal  Naval  Actions  between  Great  Britain  and 
the  United  States."  In  1817  this  pamphlet  was  enlarged 
as  "A  Full  and  Correct  Account  of  the  Chief  Naval  Oc- 
currences of  the  Late  War  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  States  of  America."  He  also  published  "TheNaval 
History  of  Great  Britain  from  the  Declaration  of  War  by 
France  in  1793  to  the  Accession  of  George  IV."  (1822-24 : 
second  edition  1826),  It  is  the  standard  work  on  the 
subject. 


durrahman,  but  he  is  known  as  Jami  from  his  birthplace. 
Jam  in  Khorasan.  He  began  his  career  as  a  general  stu- 
dent, but  later  devoted  himself  especially  to  the  philoso- 
phy of  the  Sufls  under  the  Sheilj  ul  Islam  Saaduddin  whom 
he  succeeded.  He  was  the  last  great  poet  and  mystic  of 
Persia,  and  is  said  to  have  been  the  author  of  99  works  in 
both  prose  and  verse.  "  The  Seven  Thrones  "  is  thought  by 
a  native  critic  to  combine  the  most  exquisite  compositions 
in  the  Persian  language,  with  the  exception  of  the  "Five 
Poems  "  of  Nizami.  The  7  poems  thus  termed  are  "The 
Chain  of  Gold, "  "  Salaman  and  Absal, "  "  The  Present  ol  the 
Just,"  "The  Eosary,"  "The  Loves  of  Laila  and  Majnun," 
"Yusuf  and  Zulaikha,"  and  "The.Book  of  Alexander." 
Other  works  are  a  "  Spring  Garden  "  (i.  e.  a  book  on  ethics 
containing  anecdotes  and  fables  written  in  both  prose  and 
verse),  the  "Magazine  of  Secrets,"  and  a  biography  of  the 
Sufis  entitled  "Exhalations  of  Intimacy  or  of  Holiness." 
He  was  buried  at  Herat,  the  saltans  of  which  were  his  pa- 
trons. 


^f^lf  d?ed  .%T.  t2liT^',^tr7l\'"''ilt  JamesBay.    The  southern  portion  of  Hudson  J^^^^e^on  ga/mi-s^)  Jota     B^^^^^^^^ 


ther  Charles  II.  in  1660 ;  received  a  grant  of  the  New  Neth^ 
erlands  in  1664 ;  embraced  the  Eomau  Catholic  faith  prob- 
ably before  1672 ;  and  was  forced  by  the  Test  Act  to  resign 
the  admiralty  in  1673.  Under  the  guidance  of  Father  Petre, 
his  confessor  and  chief  adviser,  he  aimed  on  his  accession 
to  make  himself  an  absolute  monarch  and  to  restore  the 
Boman  Catholic  Church.  He  increased  the  standing  army 
from  6,000  to  about  30,000  men  by  keeping  up  the  military 
force  raised  to  suppress  the  Scottish  rebellion  under  the 
Duke  of  Monmouth  in  1685,  and  granted  commissions  in 
the  new  regiments  to  Eoraan  Catholics.  He  published  a 
declaration  of  liberty  of  conscience  for  all  denominations 
in  England  and  Scotland  early  in  1687>  and  Apiil  25, 1688, 
ordered  the  declaration  to  be  read  in  all  the  churches.  A 
petition  from  the  primate  and  six  bishops  against  the  order 
was  pronounced  a  seditious  libel  by  the  king,  who  sent  the 
seven  bishops  to  the  Tower  and  brought  them  to  trial  before 
the  Comli  of  King's  Bench.  Thetrialresulted  in  acquittal 
June  30, 1688,  and  the  same  day  au  invitation,  signed  by 
the  Earls  of  Danby,  Devonshire,  and  Shrewsbury,  the  Bish- 
op of  London,  and  others,  was  despatched  to  William  of 
Orange  to  save  England  from  a  Itoman  Catholic  tyranny. 
■William  landed  at  Torbay  Nov.  5, 1688,  and  Dec.  22  James 
escaped  to  France,  where  he  was  assigned  the  ch&teau  of 
St.  Qermain  by  Louis  XIY.  as  a  place  of  refuge.  In  1689 
he  made  a  descent  on  Ireland,  but  was  totally  defeated  by 
WUliam  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  July  1, 1690. 
James.  A  river  in  Virginia,  formed  near  the 
"border  of  Botetourt  and  Alleghany  counties  by 


March  3, 1759 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  July  12, 1838. 
A  Scottish  clergyman,  antiquary,  and  philolo- 
gist. He  entered  Glasgow  University  at  the  age  of  9,  and 
was  licensed  to  preach  in  1781.  He  was  settled  in  Edin- 
burgh in  1797.  His  chief  work  is  '*An  Etymological  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Scottish  Language  "  (1808 :  supplement  1826). 


1633:  died  at  St.  Germain,  Sept.  6, 1701.  King  "S^^^^,?^" /,^rw"i''v  M  ^t"'.!,'^!,  „i,™,+  9^n 
of  England,  Seotland,_and  Ireland  1685-88,  sou    Bay  south  of  lat.  55°  15  N.   Length,  about  250 

of  Charles  I.  and  Henrietta  Maria.  Before  his  ao-  t™.--  Ti-.^^t..  tij„„-j  c!4.„„.4.  c^^o^o^" 
cession  he  was  known  as  the  Duke  of  York.  He  became  JameS  FranClS  Edward  Stuart,  surnamed 
lord  high  admiral  of  England  on  the  accession  of  his  bro-    "  The  Pretender."     See  Stuart. 

' "" "   Jameson  (ja'me-son),  Mrs.  (Anna  Brownell 

Murphy).   Bom  at  Dublin,  May  17, 1794:  died  Jamnia.    See  Jahne. 

at  Ealing,  Middlesex,  March  17,  1860.    A  Brit-  Jamrach  (yam'radh),  Johann  Christian  Carl, 

ish  author,  the  eldest  daughter  of  D.  Brownell    Bom  at  Hambm-g,  March,  1815:  died  at  Lon- 

Murphy,  an  Irish  miniaturfe-painter.  lYomtheage     '  "         

of  16  to  20  she  was  governess  in  the  family  of  the  Marquis 
of  Winchester.  About  1S21  she  entered  upon  the  same  ser- 
vice in  the  family  of  Mr.  Littleton,  afterward  Lord  Hather- 
ton.  Her  journal  was  published  anonymously  as  '*ALady's 


don,  Sept.  6,  1891.  A  dealer  in  wild  animals. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  dealer  in  curiosities  in  Hamburg.  He 
became  a  dealer  in  wild  animals  in  1840,  and  acquired  a 
monopoly  of  that  trade;,  supplying  menageries  and  zoolog- 
ical gardens. 


Diary,'"andtheiias"TheDiaryofanEnnuy6e"inl826.  In  Jamrud  (iam-rod').  A  mined  fort  9  miles  west 
1825  she  married  a  former  lover,  Robert  Jameson,  barris-  nf  Pnahnwar  Pnninh  'RintisVi  T-ndin  at  the  nn- 
ter;  but  they  soon  separated,  Jameson  going  as  judge  to  °^  i-esnawar,  jranjaD,  ±snnsn  inoia,  at  tne  en- 
Jamaica.  Her  "Characteristics  of  Women  "'^appeared  in  trance  ot  the  Jthyber  Pass. 
1832.  In  1842  she  began  the  series  of  art  works  which  Jamshld  (Pers.  pron.  iem-shed').  In  Firdausi, 
made  her  famous  with  a  ;'Companion  to  the  Public  Picture  the  fourth  king  of  the  Pishdadian  or  earliest  dy- 
nasty. He  reigned  700  years,  the  first  300  of  which  were 
happy  and  beneficent.  He  softened  iron  and  taught  its 
use  in  the  arts,  taught  weaving,  distinguished  castes,  sub- 
dued and  employed  the  devs  or  demons,  discovered  pre- 
cious stones  and  minerals,  invented  medicine,  and  first 
practised  navigation.  In  his  homage  men  first  celebrated 
the  New  Year.  Death  was  unknown,  but  Jamshld  became 
proud  and  forgot  God.  He  was  forced  to  flee  before  Dahak 
(see  Azhi  Dahaka),  and  remained  concealed  100  years,  when 
he  appeared  on  the  shore  ol  the  China  Sea  only  to  be  seized 
and  sawn  asunder  by  Dahak.  Jamshld  is  the  Avestan  Yimo 
kshaeto,  'Shining  Yima'  (see  Yima),  Sanskrit  Yama  (see 
YaTna).    Also  called  Jem. 


Qalleries  of  London."  She  traveled  extensively  in  Europe 
and  America,  and  in  1847  revisited  Italy  to  write  her  chef- 
d'oeuvre,  "Sacred  and  Legendary  Art."  This  appeared  in 
four  parte :  "Legends  of  the  Saints  "  (1848),"Legends  of  the 
Monastic  Orders"  (1850),  "Legends  of  the  Madonna  "  (1852), 
and  "The  History  of  our  Lord."  The  last  was  left  unfin- 
ished, and  was  completed  by  Lady  Eastlake  after  Mrs.  Ja- 
meson's death.  Among  her  other  works  are  "Lovesof  the 
Poeto"(1829),"Celebrated Female  Sovereigns  "(18S1),  "Vis- 
its and  Sketche8"(1834), "  Winter  Studies  and  SummerKam- 
bles  in  Canada"  (1838),  "Social  Life  in  Germany,"  a  trans- 
lation of  the  dramas  of  Princess  Amelia  of  Saxony  (1840), 
"Memories  of  the  Early  Italian  Painters"  (1846),  and  "Mis- 
cellaneous Essays,"  chiefly  artistic  (1846). 


theunionoftheJacksonand&wpastureriyers'     ;«"— ^-^^'^^^^^^^  Atown 

n.T,rt  flnwinD'hva.TifiRhiarviTitofihfisaneatB  Rav  JameSOn,  JameS  bilgo.    _^orn  at  Alloa,  (..laCK-     .     ^j-^H      .      ■'.'„„,„,  „„  +i:„i,„^  t„  f„(.  «ooaa' 


ralist  and  explorer.  He  visited  Borneo  in  1877,  South 
Africa  in  1878,  the  Kocky  Mountains  in  1882,  and  Spain  and 
Algeria  in  1884.  On  Jan.  20, 1887,  he  became  the  natural- 
ist of  the  Emin  Pasha  Relief  Expedition  under  Henry  M. 
'it  continra  fai^*lnteriude1[n  whi'oii  oTeron  Stanley,  contributing  £1,000  to  the  funds.  Hewas  left  as 
Lodge  assisted  Greene  in  this  play.  secondin  command  of  the  rear  column  under  MajorBartte- 

*  ±-    J-  lot,  and  at  Stanley  Falls  in  1888  witnessed  the  killing  of  a 


navigable  to  Kichmond  (150  miles). 
James  IV.    A  play  by  Eobert  Greene,    it  was 
written  about  1B91,  but  was  not  printed  until  1598.     The 
whole  title  is  "  The  Scottish  History  of  James  IV. ,  slain  at 
Flodden." 
appears. 


James^  Army  of  the.     A  Federal  army  m  the    gjri  of  lO  by  the  cannibals  of  Tippu  Tib. 
American  Civil  War,  which  operated  in  1864  in  Jameson,  Leander  Starr.    A  Scottish  physi 
conjunction  with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  It     ' 
was  commanded  by  General  B.  F.  Butler. 


James,  Duke  of  Berwick.  See  Mtzjames,  James, 

James, George  Payne  Rainsford.  Bom  atLou- 

don,  Aug.  9, 1801:  died  at  Venice,  May  9, 1860. 


Cian.  He  practised  medicine  in  Kimberley,  Cape  Colony, 
and  was  appointed  administrator  of  the  British  South  Si- 
rica Company;  in  this  capacity  he  organized  an  attack 
upon  the  Matabele  in  1893.    In  1895,  at  the  instigation  of 


(jan'a-ka).  In  Hindu  legend:  1.  A  king 
of  Mithila,  of  the  solar  race,  when  Nlml  died  with- 
out a  successor,  the  sages  rubbed  his  body  and  produced 
from  it  a  prince  "called  Janaka,  from  being  born  without 
a  progenitor."  He  was  the  first  Janaka,  20  generations 
earlier  than  Janaka  the  father  of  Sita. 
2.  King  of  Videha,  and  father  of  Sita.  He  was  re- 
markable for  his  knowledge  and  sanctity.  The  sage  Yajna- 
vaikva  was  his  priest.  He  refused  to  submit  to  the  pre- 
tensions of  the  Brahmans,  and  asserted  his  right  of  per- 
forming sacrifices.  He  succeeded  in  his  contention,  for  it 
is  said  that  by  his  righteous  life  hebecamea  Brahman  and 
RajarshL 


Cecil  Rhodes  and  others,  he  prepared  to  lead  an  aimed  Janamejaya  (jan-a-ma  ja-ya).      In  Hinau  le- 
force  to  Johannesburg.   He  started  (Dec.  29)  from  Pitsani,    gend,  a  king,  son  of  Parikshlt  and  great-grand- 


An  English  novelist  and  historical  writer,  while    Sp°^"Tl*,^J^i'=;!'il'l.rt'Z*tii^ifr,iSSfL^^^^^  ^°"  of  Arjuna.    He  listened  to  the  Mahabharata,  as  re 

still  youlg  he  traveled  on  the  Continent,  read  history  and    *«  ??etara"  tons  w  Jre  c™1?et  Td  w^  oSI'  to  s^    cited  by  Valihampayana,  and  so  expiated  the  sin  oftilUni 
noetfv.  and  became  acquainted  with  Cnvier,  Darwin,  and    ™5  .P™P.*Ir'a"Ly^.i!^™Pi„',,?.?;':  rr?,°?.5??„-  I™     a  Brahman. 


render  to  the  South  African  Republic  at  Doom  Kop,  Jan, 


poetry,  and  became  acquainted  with  Cnvier,  Darwin,  am 
other  distinguished  men.    Under  the  influence  of  Scott' 
works  he  began  to  write  romances  which  had  great  suc- 
cess.  Hewas  encouraged  by  Scott  and  Washington  Irving. 
"Bichelieu,"  his  first  novel,  was  published  in  1829.    He 
was  amost  prolific  andmediocre  writer.  He  was  appointed 

Sll*SIJ?CFs^oSll!'Tr^'o'heltip^^^^^ 

ish  consul  to  Boston,  and  in  1852  removed  to  Norfolk,  Vlr-    deen,  Scotland,  about  1588 :  died  1644.    A  Scot- 


renaer  10  ineBoum  aincan  nepiiuiicaiiioorn  j\.op,  Jan.  t„  —  „„„„\,„i^  /,.,«'„„„  c,T,„i,\    Ti.___ /^--^.-^-n^n. 
2, 1896.    President  Krflger  sent  him  to  Great  BritSin  for  Janauschek  (Va  nou-shelO,  Fanny  (originally 


trial.  In  July,  1896,  he  was  condemned  to  serve  a  fifteen 
months'  term  of  imprisonment  for  having  infringed  the 
foreign  enlistment  act,  but  was  released  Dec  3, 1896,  on 
account  of  ill  health. 


Franziska  Magdalena  Romance).    Bom  at 

Prague,  Bohemia,  July  20,  1830.  A  Bohemian 
tragic  actress.  ShemadeherflrstappearanceatPrague, 
and  in  1847  was  engaged  at  the  theater  at  (Jologne.  The 
next  year  she  went  to  Frankfort,  where  she  remained  for 
12  years.  She  came  to  the  United  States  in  1863,  and  played 


Janauschek 

suoeeBSfully  In  the  principal  cities.  She  learned  English 
at  this  tune  in  order  to  play  Shakspere.  In  1876  she  ap- 
peared in  London.  She  has  again  visited  the  United  States 
and  played  successtul  engagements. 

Jandal  (jen-del').  In  the  Shahnamah,  a  trav- 
eler, a  noble  of  Faridun's  court,  whom  he  sent 
to  Sarv,  the  King  of  Yemen,  to  seek  his  three 
daughters  in  marriage  for  his  three  sons,  Salm, 
Tur,  and  Iraj. 

Jane  Eyre  (jan  ar).  A  noted  novel  by  Charlotte 
BrontS,  published  in  1847  under  the  pseudonym 
Currer  Bell .  its  title  is  «ie  name  of  its  principal  char- 
acter, a  woman  who  is  made  interesting  in  spite  of  a  lack 
of  beauty,  birth,  money,  and  all  the  conventional  attributes 
of  a  heroine.  The  book  is  partly  autobiographical,  and 
caused  much  comment,  bringing  its  writer  prominently 
before  the  public. 

Jane  Grey,  Lady.  See  Grey  and  La^  Jane  Grey. 

Jane  Seymour.    See  Seymour. 

Janes  (janz)  .Edmund  Storer.  Bom  at  Sheffield, 
Mass.,  April  27, 1807:  died  at  New  York,  Sept. 
18, 1876.  An  Amerioan  bishop  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church. 

Jane  Snore  (janshor).  l.  A  tragedy  by  Chettle 
and  Day,  entered  in  Henslowe's  "Diary"  May, 
1603.  Ward  says  it  was  produced  in  1602.  It  was  thought 
to  be  a  revision  of  an  older  play. 
2.  A  tragedy  by  Eowe  (1714)..  See  Shores  Wife, 
and  Shore,  Jane. 

The  ballad  of  "  Jane  Shore "  will  be  fonnd  in  Percy's 
"Rellques."  Itiswell  known  that  the  Jane  Shore  of  real 
history  survived  Edward  IV.  for  thirty  years.  The  char- 
acter, which  had  been  rendered  very  popular  by  Church- 
yard's Legend  of  "Shore's  Wife" in  the"MirrorforMagis- 
trates"  (see  "The  Eetume  from  Farnassus,"  1.  2),  appears 
in  a  few  scenes  of  "The  True  Tragedie  of  Sichard  III." 
(1594).  Ward,  Hist  Dram.  Lit. 

Janesville  (janz'vil).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Rock  County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  the  Book 
River  64  miles  west-southwest  of  Milwaukee. 
Population  (1900),  13,185. 

Janet  (zha-na'),  Paul.  Bom  at  Paris,  April  30, 
1823 :  died  there,  Oct.  4, 1899.  A  French  philos- 
opher. He  was  professor  of  philosophy  at  the  College  of 
Bourges  1846-48,  and  at  Strasburg  1848-67.  He  became 
professor  of  logic  at  the  Lyc^e  Louis  le  Grand  in  1867,  and 
was  professor  of  the  history  of  philosophy  at  the  Sorbonne 
1864-97.  He  was  one  of  the  principal  advocates  of  liberty 
of  scientific  research.  He  was  the  author  of  "La  famille  " 
(1856),  "Histoire  de  la  philosophie  morale  et  politique, 
etc."  (1858),  "Etudes  snr  la  dialectique  dans  Flaton  et  He- 
gel "(1860i  "La philosophie  du  bonheur"  (1862),  "Lema- 
t^riallsme  contemporain  en  Allemagne,  etc." (1864),  "Les 
probl^mes  du  XIXe  sifeole"  (1872),  "Philosophie  de  la 
revolution  franoaise"(1875),  "Les  causes  finales"  (1876), 
"Saint-Simon,  etc." (1878),  "  La  philosophie  frangaise  con- 
temporaine  '  (1S79X  "Les  maitres  de  la  pens^e  moderne" 
(1883),  "Les  origines  du  socialism e  contemporain"  (1883), 
"Victor  Cousin,  etc."  (1885),  "Histoire  de  la  philosophie, 
etc."  (with  G.  S6ailles,  1887),  "Centenaire  de  1789,  etc." 
(1889),  "La  philosophie  de  Lamennais  "  (1890),  "Lectures 
variees,  etc.  (1390),  etc.  He  also  published  several  text- 
books, translated  Spinoza's  "God,  Man,  and  Happiness" 
and  Leibnitz's  "New  Essays  on  Human  Understanding," 
and  contributed  articles  on  the  liberty  of  thought  to  all 
the  principal  periodicals. 

Janiculum  (ja-nik'u-lum),  or  Mens  Janiculus 
(monz  ja-nik'u-lus).  A  long  ridge  or  hill  in 
Rome,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tiber,  extend- 
ing south  from  the  Vatican,  and  opposite  the 
CapitoUne  and  the  Aventine.  it  is  the  highest  of 
the  hills  of  Kome,  attaining  opposite  the  Porta  San  Fan- 
crazio,  at  about  the  middle  of  its  extent,  a  height  of  276 
feet  above  the  sea. 

Janik  (ja-nek'))  or  Yanik  (ya-nek').  A  district 
in  the  vilayet  of  Trebizond,  Asiatic  Turkey. 

Janin  (zha-nan'),  Jules  Gabriel.  Bom  at  St.- 
Etienne,  France,  Feb.  16,  1804:  died  at  Paris, 
June  20, 1874.  A  French  novelist,  feuilletonist, 
litterateur,  and  dramatic  critic  in  the  "  Journal 
des  D6bats."  He  wrote  "L'Ane  mort  et  la  f  emme  guil- 
lotin^e  "  (1829),  "Barnave  "(1831),  "Histoire  de  lalitt^rature 
et  de  la  po^sie,  etc."  (1832),  "Histou-e  de  France"  for  the 
plates  of  "La  galerie  historique  de  Versailles"  (1837-43), 
"Voyage  en  Italie"  (1839),  "La  Normandie  historique" 
(1843),  "La  Bretagne  historique"  (1844),  "Histoire  de  la 
litt^rature  dramatiQue"(froin  the  "Wbats,"  1851-65),"  B6- 
ranger  et  son  temps"  (1866),"Cu-oe"  (1867),  besides  many 
romances,  novels,  etc. 

Janina  (ya'ne-na).  A  vilayet  in  Albania,  Tur- 
key. Area,  7,025  scuare  miles.  Population 
(1885),  509,151.  Also  written  Yanina,  Jannvna, 
Joannina,  etc. 

Janina.  The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Janina, 
situated  on  the  Lake  of  Janina  in  lat.  39°  48'  N. , 
long.  20°  54'  E.  it  has  important  trade,  and  manufac- 
tures of  gold  lace,  etc.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  about 
1431,  and  was  flourishing  in  the  time  of  All  Pasha  (1788- 
1822).    Population,  20,000  (largely  Greeks). 

Janina,  Lake  of.  A  lake  in  Albania,  near  Ja- 
nina.   Length,  12  miles. 

Janizaries  (jan'i-za-riz).  [From  Turk.,  'new 
troops.']  A  former  body  of  Turkish  infantry, 
constituting  the  sultan's  guard  and  the  main 
standing  army,  -first  organized  in  the  14th  cen- 
tury, and  until  the  latter  part  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury largely  recruited  from  compulsory  con- 
scripts and  converts  taken  from  the  Kayas  or 


541 

Christian  subjects.  In  later  thnes  Turks  and  other 
Mohammedans  joined  the  corps  on  account  of  the  various 
privileges  attached  to  it.  The  body  became  large  and  very 
powerful  and  turbulent,  often  controlling  the  destiny  of 
the  government;  and,  after  a  revolt  purposely  provoked 
by  the  sultan  Mahmud  II.  in  1826,  many  thousand  Janiza- 
ries were  massacred,  and  the  organization  was  abolished. 

Jankau  (yan'kou).  A  village  in  Bohemia,  32 
miles  south-southeast  of  Prague.  Here^  March  6, 
1645,  the  Swedes  under  Torstenson  gained  an  unportant 
victory  over  the  Imperialists  under  Hatzfeld. 

Jan  Mayen  Island  (yan  mi' en  i'land).  An 
uninhabited  island  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  it  con- 
tains an  extinct  volcano,  Mount  Beerenberg  (5,836  feet 
high),  situated  in  lat.  71"  4'  N.,  long.  7°  36'  W.  It  was  dis- 
covered by  the  Dutch  navigator  Jan  Mayen  in  1611. 

Jannaeus.    See  Alexander. 

Jannes  (jan'ez)  and  Jambres  (jam'brez). 
Names  given  by  St.  Paul  (2  Tim.  iii.  8)  to  the 
Egyptian  magicians  who  withstood  Moses  at 
Pharaoh's  court. 

Jansen  (jan'sen;  D.  pron.  yan'sen),  Latinized 
Jansenius  (jan-se'ni-us),  Comelis.  Born  at 
Aoquoi,  near  Gorkum,  Netherlands,  Oct.  28, 
1585:  died  at  Ypres,  Belgium,  May  6, 1638.  A 
Dutch  Roman  Catholic  theologian,  founder  of  a 
sect  named  for  him.  See  Jansenists.  His  chief 
work  is  "Augustinus,  seu  doctrina  St.  Augustini  de  hu- 
manee  natursa  sanitate,  segritudine,  medicina,  etc."  (1640). 

Jansenists  (jan'sen-ists).  A  body  or  school  in 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  prominent  in  the 
17th  and  18th  centuries,  holding  the  doctrines 
of  Comelis  Jansen.  Jansenism  is  described  by  Cath- 
olic authorities  as  "a  heresy  which  consisted  in  denying 
the  freedom  of  the  will  and  the  poasibility  of  resisting 
divine  grace,"  under  "a  professed  attempt  to  restore  the 
ancient  doctrine  and  discipline  of  the  Church"  (Cath. 
Diet.).  It  is  regarded  by  Protestant  authorities  as  "  a  re- 
action within  the  Catholic  Church  against  the  theological 
casuistry  and  general  spirit  of  the  Jesuit  order,"  and  "a 
revival  of  the  Augustinian  tenets  upon  the  inability  of 
the  fallen  wUl  and  upon  efficacious  grace"  (ff.  P.  FisJter, 
Hist.  Reformation,  p.  451). 

Janson  (yan'son),  Kristoffer  Nagel.    Bom  at 

Bergen,  Norway,  May  5,  1841.  A  Norwegian 
poet  and  novelist,  author  of  poems  and  tales  in 
Norwegian  dialect. 

Janson,  or  Jenson  (zhou-sdn'),  Nicholas. 
Died  about  1481.  A  French  printer  and  en- 
graver who  set  up  a  printing  establishment  at 
Venice  about  1470.  He  is  known  chiefly  as  the 
introducer  of  the  roman  type. 

Januarius  (jan-u-a'ri-us),  Saint.  A  Christian 
martyr  who  was  beheaded  under  Diocletian. 
He  was  bishop  of  Beneventum.  Relics,  which  are  assert- 
ed to  be  his  head  and  some  of  his  blood,  are  preserved  at 
Naples.  The  blood  is  supposed  to  have  the  miraculous 
power  of  becoming  fluid  when  it  is  brought  near  the  head— 
a  miracle  which  is  performed  for  the  edification  of  large 
numbers  of  people  several  times  a  year.  His  festival  is 
kept  in  the  Koman  Church  Sept.  19. 

January  ( jah'u-a-ri) .  [L.  Januarius  (so.  mensis), 
from  Janus.]  'the  first  month  of  the  year,  ac- 
cording to  present  and  the  later  Roman  reckon- 
ing, consisting  of  thirty-one  days. 

January  and  May.  Pope's  version  of  Chau- 
cer's "Merchant's  'Tale." 

Janus  (ja'nus).  [Prob.  connected  with  Gr. 
ZetJf.]  A  primitive  Italic  solar  deity,  regarded 
among  the  Romans  as  the  doorkeeper  of  heaven 
and  the  especial  patron  of  the  beginning  and 
ending  of  all  undertakings.  As  the  protector  of 
doors  and  gateways,  he  was  represented  as  holding  a 
staif  or  scepter  in  the  right  hand  and  a  key  in  the  left; 
and  as  the  god  of  the  sun's  rising  and  setting  he  had  two 
faces,  oiie  looking  to  the  east,  and  the  other  to  the  west. 
His  temple  at  Bome  was  kept  open  in  time  of  war,  and  was 
closed  only  in  the  rare  event  of  universal  peace. 

Janus.  The  pseudonym  of  Dr.  Johann  Joseph 
Ignaz  von  Dollinger. 

Janus  Quadrifrons,  Arch  of.  See  Areh  of  Ja- 
nus Quadrifrons. 

Japan  (ja-pan').  [Corrupted  from  Zipangu  (of 
Marco  Polo),  corrupted  from  native  Niphon  or 
Nippon,  Land  of  the  Rising  Sun.;  P.  Japan, 
Sp.  Japon,  G.  and  D.  Japan,  Pg.  JapSo.'\  An 
empire  of  Asia,  lying  in  the  Pacific  east  of  Chi- 
na, Korea,  and  Siberia.  Capital,  Tokio.  it  com- 
prises four  principal  islands — the  main  island  (Hondu), 

.  Yezo,  Shikoku,  and  Eiushiu,with  about  4,000  small  islands, 
including  the  Loochoo  and  Kurile  groups.  The  surface 
is  mountainous  and  hilly,  culminating  in  Fuji-san  (12,365 
feet).  The  leading  occupation  is  agriculture.  The  chief 
exports  are  silk,  tea,  rice,  coal,  copper,  fish,  lacquer,  etc. 
The  administrative  divisions  are  8  fu  and  43  ken  (or  pre- 
fectures). There  is  also  a  subdivision  politically  into  85 
provinces.  The  government  is  a  limited  monarchy,  with 
an  emperor,  cabinet  and  privy  council,  and  an  Imperial 
Parliament  composed  of  a  House  of  Peers  and  a  House  of 
Eepresentatives.  The  prevailing  religions  are  Shintoism 
and  Buddhism.  Authentic  history  begins  about  600  A.  D. 
Korean  influence  began  at  an  early  date,  and  Buddhism 
was  introduced  from  Korea  about  560.  The  shogun  Yori- 
tomo  usurped  the  authority  in  1192.  Marco  Polo  visited 
the  islands  in  the  13th  century.  A  system  of  feudal  baron- 
age grew  up :  the  Mikados  were  the  emperors,  but  the  real 
power  belonged  to  the  shoguns.  The  Portuguese  traded 
with  Japan  from  1543  tUl  their  exclusion  in  1638,  and  the 


Jamac 

native  Christians  were  persecuted  from  1624.  The  Tokn- 
gawa  dynasty  of  shoguns  began  in  1603.  Japan  continued 
isolated,  except  for  restricted  trade  with  the  Dutch,  till  the 
American  expedition  under  Perry,  1863 :  he  forced  a  com- 
mercial treaty,  March  31,  1864,  which  was  followed  by 
commercial  relations  with  other  countries.  Iheshogunate 
was  abolished  in  1867,  and  a  civil  war  ended  in  1868  in  the 
recoveryof  fullpowerbytheMikado.  More  recent  events 
are  abolition  of  the  feudal  system,  1871 ;  annexation  of  the 
Bonin  Islands,  1876,  and  of  theLooohoo  Islands,  1879 ;  sup- 
pression of  the  Satsuma  rebellion,  1877 ;  constitution  pro- 
mulgated^ 1889 ;  first  parliament  inet,1890 ;  war  with  China 
and  acquisition  of  Formosa,  1894-96.  (See  China.)  Area 
(exclusive  of  the  territory  recently  acquired  by  treaty 
from  ChinaX  147,656  square  miles.  Population  (18931 
41,089,940. 

Japan,  Sea  of.  That  part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean 
which  lies  between  Japan  on  the  east  and  south, 
Korea  on  the  west,  and  Asiatic  Russia  on  the 
north.  It  communicates  with  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk  by  the 
Channel  of  Tatary  on  the  north  and  the  Strait  of,  La  P6- 
rouse  on  the  northeast,  and  with  the  Pacific  by  the  Chan- 
nel of  Korea  on  the  southwest  and  Sangar  s£rait  on  the 
east. 

Japetus.  The  eighth  satellite  of  Saturn,  dis- 
covered by  Cassini,  Oct.,  1671. 

Japheth  (ja'feth),  or  Japhet  (ja'fet).  Accord- 
ing to  the  account  in  Genesis,  the  third  son  of 
Noah,  and  the  ancestor  of  various  nations  in 
northern  Asia  and  in  Europe  (in  general,  of  the 
so-called  Indo-European  race).    See  Shem. 

Attempts  have  been  made  to  explain  the  names  of  the 
three  sons  ,of  Xoah  as  referring  to  the  coloiu*  of  the  skin. 
Japhet  hasbeen  compared  with  the  Assyrianippatu,' white'; 
Shem  with  the  Assyrian  samu,  'olive-coloured ';  while  in 
Ham  etymologists  have  seen  the  Hebrew  kh&m, '  to  be  hot' 
But  all  such  attempts  are  of  very  doubtful  value. 

"      e,  Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  42. 


JapurSi  (zha-po-ra'),  or  Yapurft  (ya-po-ra'), 
called  by  Spanish  Americans  Caqueta  (ka-ka'- 
ta).  A  river  in  Colombia  and  Brazil,  it  rises  in 
the  Andes  near  Fopayan  and  joins  the  Amazon  through  a 
network  of  channels  extending  from  about  long.  68"  to  67* 
W.  Length,  about  1,600  miles ;  navigable  nearly  620  miles. 
The  middle  course  lies  in  territory  claimed  by  Ecuador. 

Jaauenetta  (jak-e-net'a).  In  Shakspere's 
"Love's  Labour's  Lost^'' a  country  maid  with 
whom  the  "  high  fantastical  Armado  "  is  in  love. 

Jac[ues  (jaks  or  jaks,  or  as  F.,  zhak;  on  the 
stage  often  pron.  as  if  mod.  L.,  ja'quez).  [P. 
Jagues,  Jacques,  from  LL.  Jacobus,  Jacob.  From 
OF.  Jaques  is  derived  ME.  Jakes,  Jdk,  mod.  E. 
Jach."]  1.  In  Shakspere's  "As  you  Like  it," 
a  companion  of  the  exiled  duke.  He  is  usually 
spoken  of  as  "-the  melancholy  .Taques."  He  has  not  en- 
tered on  this  life  with  patience,  but  poses  as  a  censurer  of 
mankind.  / 

2.  A  younger  son  of  Sir  Rowland  de  Bois  in 
the  same  play  is  also  named  Jaques,  and  is 
spoken  of  sometimes  as  Jaques  de  Bois. — 3.  In 
Ben  Jonson's  comedy  "The  Case  is  Altered,"  a 
miser  with  a  likeness  to  Shakspere's  "  Shylock" 
in  the  scenes  with  his  daughter. 

Jaques  (zha'kes),  ChristovSo.  A  Portuguese 
captain  who,  in  1526,  was  sent  with  a  squadron 
to  Brazil,  with  the  title  of  governor.  He  captured 
some  French  ships  on  the  coast,  founded  the  first  Portu- 
guese settlement  atFernambuco(1527),  and  explored  as  far 
south  as  the  Rio  de  la  Plata.    He  was  recalled  in  1528. 

Jaraes.    See  CJiaraes. 

Jarasandha  (jar-a-sand'ha).  In  Hindu  legend, 
son  of  Brihadratha,  and  liing  of  Magadha.  By 
the  favor  of  Shiva  he  prevailed  over  many  kings,  and  es- 
pecially fought  against  Krishna,  attacking  him  eighteen 
times.  When  Krishna  returned  from  Dvaraka  with  Bhima 
and  Arjuna  to  slay  Jarasandha  and  release  the  captive 
kings,  Jarasandha  was  slain  by  Bhima. 

Jarchi.    See  Bashi. 

Jardine  (jar'din),  Sir  William.  Bom  at  Edin- 
burgh, Feb.  23,  1800:  died  at  Sandown,  Isle  of 
Wight,  Nov.  21,  1874.  A  Scottish  baronet  and 
naturalist.  His  chief  works  are  "Illustrations  of  Orni- 
thology "  (1830), "  The  Naturalist's  Library  "  (1846 :  which  he 
edited  and  in  part  wrote),  "The  Ichnology  of  Annandale" 
(1863),  "Birds  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland"  (1876),  etc. 

Jarita  (jar'i-ta).  In  the  Mahabharata,  a  certain 
female  bird.  The  saint  Mandapala  returned  from  the 
shades  because  he  had  no  son,  became  a  male  bird,  had  by 
her  four  sons,  and  then  abandoned  her.  In  the  burning 
of  the  Khandava  forest  she  devotedly  protected  her  chil- 
dren, who  were  saved  by  the  influence  of  Mandapala  with 
the  god  of  flre. 

Jarley  (jar'li),  Mrs.  In  Dickens's  "  Old  Curios- 
ity Shop,"  the  merry,  kind-hearted  owner  and 
exhibitor  of  Jarley's  wax-works,  "the  delight 
of  the  nobility  and  gentry,  and  the  peculiar  pet 
of  the  royal  family." 

Jarlsberg  (yarls'bero)  and  Laurvig  (lour'vig). 
A  maritime  amt  in  southern  Norway.  Area,  895 
square  mUes.    Population  (1891),  100,957. 

Jarnac  (zliar-nak').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Charente,  western  Prance,  situated  on  the 
Charente  17  miles  west  of  Angoulfime.  It  has 
important  trade  in  brandy  and  wine.  There,  March  13, 
1569,  the  Catholics  under  the  Duke  of  Anjou  defeated  the 
Huguenots  under  Cond6  and  Coligny.  Population  (1891), 
commune.  4.S80. 


Jarndyce 

Jarndyce  (jam'dis),  John.  In  Dickens's  "Bleak 
House,"  the  owner  of  Bleak  House,  and  guar- 
dian of  Richard  Carstone,  Ada  Clare,  and  Esther 
Summerson.  it  is  his  habit,  when  he  is  disappointed  in 
human  nature,  to  feel  a  severe  east  wind. 

Jarnsida  (yam-se'da).  lON.Jarnsidha:  Jam, 
iron,  and  si(ifea,  side.]  The  first  law  code  of  Ice- 
land under  Norwegian  sovereignty,  compiled 
from  old  Norwegian  laws  and  sent  to  Iceland 
by  King  Magnus  in  1271.  it  is  also  called  Hakon- 
arbok,  liaving  been  erroneously  ascribed  to  King  Hakon 
Hakonsson.  It  met  with  strong  opposition  in  Iceland,  and 
was  soon  superseded  by  the  Jonsbok. 

Jaromierz  (ya'ro-merts).  A  town  in  Bohemia, 
situated  on  the  Elbe  66  miles  east-northeast  of 
Prague.    Population  (1890),  commune,  6,925. 

JaroslafF.    See  Yaroslaff. 

Jaroslaw  (y  a'rd-slav) .  A  town  in  Galicia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  the  San  57miles  west- 
northwest  of Lemberg.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 18,065. 

Jarric  (zha-rek') ,  Louis  Etienne.  Bom  at  Les 
Cayes,  1757:  died  there,  Feb.  21, 1791.  A  Hai- 
tian mulatto  who,  in  1789,  was  delegate  to  the 
French  Assembly,  and  organized  there  the  So- 
ciety of  Amis  des  Noirs,  or  Friends  of  the  Blacks. 
Subsequently  he  was  engaged  with  Og6  in  a  revolutionary 
descent  on  Santo  Domingo,  and  was  captured  and  put  to 
death.    See  Otf^. 

Jarrow,  or  Jarrow-on-Tyne  (jar'o-on-tin').  A 
mining  and  manufacturing  town  in'  Durham, 
England,  situated  on  the  Tyne  6  miles  east  of 
Newcastle.  It  contains  the  ruins  of  a  monastery,  found- 
ed 681,  which  was  the  home  of  Bede.    Population  (1891), 


542 


Jean  de  Meun 


Buddhists,  a  former  birth  of  Shakyamuni,  and  for  the  natives  was  introduced  In  1830,  modified  by  an 
a  narrative  regarding  it;  "Birth-story."  The  agrarian  law  in  1870.  Area,  including  Madura,  50,o61 
Jatakas  are  one  of  the  sacred  6ooka  of  the  Buddhists,  a  ^9"»re  miles.  Greatest  length,  664  miles  Greatest 
divisionof  the  Khuddakanikaya,  or  "collection  of  short    JiS?*,'.  S?SRa  Population,  with  Madura 

treatises,"  in  the  Suttapitaka,  or  discourses  for  the  laity,  -(^""'y'  '7ii°,*'™''\       ,.  j.        ^     /-,. 

There  is  evidence  of  the  existence  of  acollectionso  named  Javan  (ja  van).  According  to  benesis,  son  of 
as  early  as  the  Council  of  Vesali  (about  380  B.C.X  They  were    Japhet  and  ancestor  of  EUsha,  Tarshish,  Kittim, 


put  into  their  present  form  in  the  Suttapitaka  in  the  5th 
century  A.  D.  There  were  current  among  the  Buddhists 
fables  and  parables  ascribed  to  Buddha,  the  sanctity  of 
which  they  sought  to  increase  by  identifying  the  best  char- 
acter in  any  story  with  Buddha  himself  in  a  former  birth. 
Distinguished  by  quaint  humor  and  gentle  earnestness, 
they  teach  the  duty  of  tender  sympathy  with  animals. 
Many,  if  not  all,  of  the  fables  of  the  Hitopadesha  may  be 


and  Dodanim.  In  Ezek.  xxvii.  13  he  is  mentioned  as 
carryinp^on  trade  with  the  Tyrians  (compare  also  Isa.  Ixvi. 
19).  In  all  these  passages  the  lonians  of  Asia  Minor  are 
mean^  with  whom  the  Orientals  were  earliest  and  best 
acquainted.  In  the  annals  of  Sargon  (722-705  B.  c.)  they 
are  mentioned  by  the  name  of  lavanu  (or,  by  the  frequent 
interchange  of  »  and  m  in  Assyrian,  lamanuX  and  figure  as 
pirates  on  the  coasts  of  Fhenicia  and  Asia  Minor. 


Jarvie  (jar'vi),  Baillie  Nicol.  A  magistrate  of 
Glasgow,  a  character  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel 
"Rob  Koy."  -< 

Jasher  (ja'sher).  Book  of.  [Heb.,  'upright.'] 
A  lost  book  of  Hebrew  national  songs,  narrating 
the  deeds  of  the  heroes  (upright  men).  Two  pas- 
sages in  the  Old  Testament  are  quoted  from  it :  the  famous 
song  which  mentions  the  standing  atiLl  of  the  sun  (Josh. 
X.  13),  and  the  lament  of  David  over  Saul  and  Jonathan 
(2  Sam.  i.  18).  It  is  evident  that  the  work  cannot  have 
been  completed  before  the  time  of  David,  although  the 
nucleus  of  the  collection  may  have  been  in  existence  ear- 
lier. There  are  several  Hebrew  works  of  this  title  extant, 
and  one  forgery  which  a'ppeared  in  England  in  1751. 

Jasmin  (zhas-man'),  JacOLUes.  Born  at  Agen, 
Prance,  March  6, 1798 :  died  Oct.  4, 1864.  A  Pro- 
vencal poet.  He  was  known  as  the  last  of  the  trouba- 
'dours  and  the  "Barber  Poet.'*  His  fatherwas  a  composer 
of  the  burlesque  couplets  used  at  fStes,  charivaris,  etc., 
and  he  accompanied  him  on  his  expeditions.  Put  at  last 
in  a  seminary,  he  left  it  abruptly,  and  was  employed  in  a 
barber's  shop  at  Agen ;  later  he  entered  this  businesson  his 
own  account.  His  first  work  was  called  "Charivari  "(1825). 
He  also  composed  a  great  number  of  popular  songs,  patrit 
otic  odes,  etc.,  and  "Mons  Soubenis  ("My  Souvenirs"), 
written  in  the  patois  of  Agen,  a  dialect  of  the  langue  d'oc. 
The  first  collection  of  his  works  was  published  inl835  under 
the  title,  taken  from  his  profession, '  'Papillotes. "  His  name 
reached  Paris :  he  was  presented  to  the  king,  and  received 
the  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  and  a  pension.  In  1852 
the  Academy  granted  him  a  "prlx  extraordinaire  "for  his 
Provencal  poems.  His  principal  poemsare*'L'Aveuglede 
Castel-Cuill6  "  (1836),  translated  by  Longfellow ;  "Fianoon- 
netto"  (1840);  "Marthe  la  folle"  (1844).;  "Les  deux  freres 
jumeaux  "  (1846);  "  La  semaine  d'un  flls  "  (1849);  etc. 

Jason  (ja'son).  [Gr.'Idoui',  the  healer  or  atoner.] 
In  Greek  legend,  the  leader  of  the  Argonautie 
expedition.  Hewasbornatlolcus,was  a  son  of  .^son  and 
Polymede,  and  was  brought  up  under  the  instruction  of 
Chiron.  The  legends  concerning  him  are  numerous  and 
varied.  His  greatest  exploit  was  the  expedition  to  Col- 
chis with  the  other  Argonauts  to  obtain  the  Golden  Fleece. 
This  he  secured  by  the  aid  of  the  sorceress  Medea,  daugh- 
ter of  ^etes,  king  of  Colchis,  who  fell  in  love  with  him. 
She  protected  him  from  the  bulls  breathing  fire  and  hoofed 
with  brass  which  he  was  obliged,  in  order  to  obtain  the 
fleece,  to  yoke  to  the  plow,  and  from  the  armed  men 
who  sprang  up  from  the  dragon's  teeth  which  he  was  re- 
quired to  sow  in  the  fields.  From  other  perils,  also,  she 
saved  him,  and  fled  with  him  and  the  fleece.  Jason  finally 
deserted  Medea.    See  Medea. 

Jassy,  or  Tassy  (yas'se),  or  Jash  (yash).  A 
city  in  Moldavia,  Rumania,  situated  on  the  Bach- 
lui,  near  the  Pruth,  in  lat.  47°  10'  N.,  long.  27° 
36'  E.  It  is  the  chief  city  of  Moldavia,  and  was  its  capi- 
tal from  about  1664  to  1861.  It  has  been  frequently  occu- 
pied by  the  Russians,  and  was  nearly  destroyed  by  janiza- 
ries in  1822.  It  has  a  university.  Atreaty  was  made  here 
between  Russia  and  Turkey  in  1792,  by  which  the  Russian 
frontier  was  extended  to  the  Dniester.  Population  (1889- 
1890X  72,869. 

Jastrow  (yas'tro).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
West  Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  in  lat.  53°  27' 
N.,  long.  16°  47'  E.    Population  (1890),  5,288. 

Jdsz-Ap^tM  (yas'o'pa-ti).  A  town  in  the 
county  of  Szolnok,  Hungary,  52  mUes  east  of 
Budapest.    Population  (1890),  10,401. 

Jaaz-Ber6ny  (yas'be'rany).  A  town  in  the 
county  of  Szolnok,  Hui^ary,  situated  on  the 
Zagyva  42  miles  east  of  Budapest.  Population 
(1890),  24,331. 

Jataka  (ja'ta-ka).  [Skt.  jdtalca,jiom.jdtakam, 
nativity,  principles  of  nativity.]    Among  the 


identified  with  them.    The  stories  number  550.    Theyhave  -  /  i."     ••     -/\     a       ■%t  ,   ■•     ■•    -.» 

been  edited  in  the  original  Pali  by  Fausbbll,  and  are  being  Javary(zha-va-re  ),   bp.  Yavaiy  (ya-va-re'). 

translated  by  Rhys  Davids  and  under  his  superintendence.  A   southern  affluent  of  the  Amazon,  forming 

Rhys  Davids  terms  them  "the  most  important  collection  the  boundary  between  Brazil  and  Peru.    It  rises 

of  ancient  folk-lore  extant  '  presumably,  near  lat.  7°  S.  and  long.  74°  W.,  and  after  i 

Jatayu  (ja-ta  yo).    In  the  Kamayana,  a  bird,  very  crooked  course  joins  the  Amazon  in  lat.  i°  16'  S., 

the  son  of  Vishnu's  bird  Garuda,  and  king  of  long.  69°  56'  W.  (nearly).    Most  of  the  course  is  navi- 

the  vultures.     As  aUy  of  Rama  he  fought,  to  prevent  ^M^-  z^^,  «^'sting  treaties,  the  extreme  source  of  the 

the  carrying  away  of  Sifc,  against  Ravanf  who  mortSly  J?r^i"°^r'^°L'n  ?n!i'^R„'H^^2  *?^T»  n^LwiL*™" 
wounded  hun.  In  the  Puranas  Jatayu  is  the  friend  of  dary  between  BrazU  and  Bolivia,  and  the  northwestern 
Dasharatha^  '     "      °  "'"^  "'■    terminus  of  that  between  Bolivia  and  Peru.   Also  written 

Jfttiva,  or  Xitiva  (Ha't_e-va),  or  San  Felipe  de  JavaSea.  That  portion  of  the  ocean  partly  in- 
J4tiva  (.san  f  a-le  pa  da  Ha  te-va).  A  tovm  m  closed  by  Borneo  on  the  north,  Sumatra  on  the 
^HlP'f^?"®-?*  Valencia,  Spam,  situated  on  the  .^^est,  Java  on  the  south,  and  Flores  Sea  on  the 
Albaida  31  miles  south  by  west  of  Valencia :  the    gg^g^ ' 

ancient  Ssstabis.    It  has  a  caslie;  was  noted  in  Roman  Jave'a  (Ha-va'a).    A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
times  for  linen  manufactures ;  and  was  the  birthplace  of     J  T        1      o      .'     -i      j.  S       4.1.    ■»«•  j-x 
Pope  Alexander  TI.  and  of  Ribera.    Population  (1887),    Alicante,  bpam,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean 
14,099.  48  miles  northeast  of  Alicante.     Population 

Jats,  or  JautS  (iS,ts).    A  mysterious  race,  per-    (1887),  7,441. 

haps  Hinduized  Scythians,  first  mentioned  in  Javert(zha-var').  Anofficer  of  the  police  force 
the  beginning  of  the  11th  century.  Theyopposed  in  "LesMis6rables,"by  VictorHugo.  Heisthe 
the  invasion  of  Mahmud  of  Ghazni,  by  whom  they  were  incarnation  of  inexorable  law. 
defeated,  though  they  are  said  to  have  gathered  8,000  boats  r„  -m-nrAvr  ^  vn-vn'rnv  t  nr  To  wa  ri^Tir  rva  -va  'i-n  v^ 
on  the  Indus.  In  Aurung-Zeb's  reign  they  were  banditti  ''a.WOTOWija^YO  rov;,  or  jawarOW  lya-va  rov). 
in  the  mountains  of  the  interior  of  India.  Increasing  in  -^  t°''"l  1^  Gahcia,  Austna-Hungary,  28  miles 
strength  under  their  chief  Suraj  Mai  in  the  18th  century,  west  by  north  of  Lemberg.  Population  (1890), 
they  dictated  the  policy  of  the  Moguls.    Suraj  Mai  was    commune   9  219 

killed  when  huntmg  in  bravado  in  the  imperial  park  at  Tnvarti»a/iak  HaT'tSzl    TheaTipiBTitTia-mHnf  tho 
Delhi,  which  city  he  had  undertaken  to  besiege.    After  a  "'|'-^*"®.=  QaJi-sar  tez;.    ine  ancient  name  01  tHe 
contest  between  the  sons  of  Suraj  Mai,  their  survivor.  Ran-    bir-Daria. 
jit  Singh,  secured  the  chief  ship.    When  British  power  was  Jaxt.     See  Jag's*. 

established  in  northern  India,  Ranjit  Singh  was  aUowed  to  Jay  m^,  John.  Bom  at  NewTork,  Dec.  12, 1745 : 
retain  his  territories,  viz.  Agra  and  its  district,  granted  to  fliofl  „(-T!fiHfnyVl  ■Woatf.Vioa+oi.rmint-D-  ISr  V  Mo,, 
Suraj  Mai  by  Ahmad  Shah  as  the  price  of  his  desertion  of  ?i®?„„„  ,  ,  '  "  esteHester  L/Ounty,  JN .  5( .,  May 
the  Mahrattas  before  the  battle  of  Paniput.  Disagreements    17, 1829.  An  American  statesman  and  jurist.   He 


arising  between  the  English  and  the  raja,  Lord  Comber- 
mere  stormed  and  captured  the  Jat  fortress  of  Dig  Jan.  18, 
1826,  and  ended  finally  their  power. 

Jaubert  (zho-bar'),  Am6dle  £milien  Probe. 

Born  at  Aix,  France,  June  3,  1779 :  died  at  Pa- 
ris, Jan.  20, 1847.    A  French  Orientalist,  author 


was  a  delegate  to  Congress  from  New  York  1774-77  and  1778- 
1779,  and  drewup  the  constitution  of  NewYorkin  1777.  He 
was  United  States  minister  to  Spain  1780-82 ;  jieace  com- 
missionerat Paris  1782-83;  seoretarylorforeignaflairsl784- 
1789;  contributor  to  the  "Federalist";  first  chief  justice  of 
the  United  States  Supreme  Court  1789-95 ;  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  governor  of  New  York  1792 ;  special  minister 


of  "filaments  de  lagrammaire  turque"  (1823),     to  Great  Britainl794-95;  and  governor  of  New  York  1796- 

Ta,^pWvoy,'fr^^'^"A't'.fnTfci!f^^l''^^^^^^^   Jaj^.'  William.     Bom  at  Tisbury,  Wilts,  May, 

Jauer  (you  er).    A  town  m  the  province  of _  Si-    ^f^.  ^^^  ^^  ^^y^  ^      37, 1853:    An  English 

lesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Wutende  Neisse    TT,/ior,oV,q<>r,j-  niZZL^W^  ZJ^A^^^iJ1^„\^^■^^ 

So?i^jfe?tp1in^c^ro.j^r?»»:  Sl^li="M^^^^^^^^^ 

commune,  11,576.  Jijxercises     (io^y-01;. 

Jauja  (Hou'Ha),  or  Xauxa  (Hou'na).    A  town  Jayadratha  (ja-yad'rat-ha).    A  prince  of  the 
of  the  department  of  Jtmin,  Peru,  in  a  valley    Ip^^-r  race,  and  king  of  Sindhu.     He  married  the 


11,150  feet  above  the  sea,  and  108  miles  east  of 
Lima.  It  was  a  large  native  city  at  the  time  of  the  con- 
quest, and  was  Pizarro's  temporary  capital  before  the 
founding  of  Lima.    Population,  about  3,000. 

Jaunpur  (joun-pSr').  1.  A  district  in  the  Alla- 
habad division,  Northwest  Provinces,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  25°  40'  N.,  long.  82° 
40'  E.  Area,  1,550  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  1,264,949.— 2.  The  capital  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Jaunpur,  situated  on  the  Gumti  35  miles 
north-northwest  of  Benares :  formerly  an 
important  Mohammedan  capital.  Population 
(1891),  42,819. 

Jaimthal  (youn'tal),  or  Jaunerthal  (you'ner- 
tiil),  F.  Val  de  Bellegarde  (val  d6  bel-gard'). 
An  alpine  valley  in  the  canton  of  Fribourg, 


daughter  of  Dhritarashtra,  and  was  an  ally  of  the  Kauravas. 
In  the  absence  of  the  Pandavas  he  carried  off  Draupadi. 
Seized  by  them,  he  was  spared,  to  be  slain  by  Arjuna  in  the 
great  battle. 

Jayce,  or  Jajce  (yit'se),  or  Jaitza  (yit'sa).  A 
town  in  Bosnia,  situated  on  the  Verbas  in  lat. 
44°  16'  N.  It  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  towns  in 
Bosnia,  and  contains  a  number  of  mosques.  It  has  a  noted 
waterfall.    Population  (1886),  3,706. 

Jay's  Treaty.  A  name  given  to  the  treaty  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  con- 
cluded by  John  Jay  Nov.  19,  1794,  and  ratified 
by  the  United  States  Aug.  18, 1795.  it  contained 
provisions  for  the  surrender  to  the  United  States  of  the 
northwestern  military  posts ;  for  the  settlement  of  the  east- 
ern boundary ;  for  the  payment  of  British  debts  and  Ameri- 
can claims ;  for  the  restriction  of  American  trade  in  the 
West  Indies ;  and  for  neutrally  at  sea. 


Switzerland,  joining  the  valley  of  the  Saane  at  Jazyges  (jaz'i-jez).    A  Sarmatian  people  who 
Broc.  settled  m  Hungary  about  the  beginning  of  the 

Jauregui  y  Aldecoa  (Hou'ra-ge  e  ai-da-ko'a),    Christian  era,  and  later  were  merged  in  the 
Agnstin  de.    Bom  in  Bazan,  Navarre,  1708:    Magyars. 

died  at  Lima,  Peru,  April  27, 1784.    A  Spanish  Jeaffreson  (jef '6r-son),  John  Cordy.    Bom  at 
soldier  and  administrator.  After  serving  in  the  West    Framlingham,  Suffolk,  England,  Jan.  14,  1831 


Indies  and  Portugal,  he  was  captain-general  of  Chile  1773  to 
1779,  and  viceroy  of  Peru  July  20, 1780,  to  April  13, 1784.  The 
revolt  of  Tupac  Amaru  took  place  during  his  term  in  the 
latter  country.  He  died  from  the  results  of  an  accident  a 
few  days  after  giving  up  his  office. 

Java  (ja'va).  One  of  the  Sunda  Islands,  and  the 
most  important  island  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies. 
Capital,  Batavia.  it  is  separated  from  Sumatra  on  the 
northwest  by  Sunda  Strait,  from  Borneo  on  the  north  by  the 


died  Feb.  2,  1901.  An  English  novelist  and 
miscellaneous  writer.  Amonghis  worksare  "Isabel, 
the  Young  Wife  and  the  Old  Love,"  "A  Book  about  Doc- 
tors "  (1860) ,  "  Olive  Blake's  Good  Work  "  (1862),  "  Live  it 
Down"  (1863),  "Not  Dead  Yet"  (1864),  "Life  of  Robert 
Stephenson,  etc."  (1864) ,  "  Journals  and  Journalists,  etc.," 
"A  Book  about  Lawyers"  (1866),  "A  Book  about  the 
Clergy"  (1870) ," Annals  of  Oxford"  (1870),  "The  Real 
Lord  Byron,  etc."  (1883),  "The  Real  Shelley,  etc."  (1885), 
"Lady  Hamilton  and  Lord  Nelson"  (1887).  etc. 


JavaSea,  and  from  Bali  on  the  east  by  Bali  Strait,  and  bor-  .Tpnlmia  TJirifA  Tlio  A  nr.mcA-^-h-^'r'r.^^rr.o  r^^ 
ders  on  the  Indian  Ocean  south.  It  is  traversed  by  raoun-  •'^aiOUS  WUC,  1116.  A  comedy  by  George  Col 
tains  throughout  its  length,  and  contains  many  volcanoes.  ™^ll  the  elaer,  produced  m  1761.  It  is  founded  on 
Its  soil  is  noted  lor  its  fertility.  The  chief  exports  are  tne  episode  in  Fielding's  "Tom  Jones  "where  Sophia  takes 
coffee,  tea,  sugar,  indigo,  and  tobacco.  It  is  divided  into  22     refuge  with  Lady  BeUaston. 

residencies,  under  Dutch  "residents"  and  the  governor-  JeamOS  (jemz).  [Jeames,  formerly  pron.  jamz, 
generalof  theputchEastlndies.  The  inhabitants  aremain-  is  a  var.  of  James.']  A  conventional  name  for 
ly  Javanese,  Madurese,  and  Sundanese.  Various  Hindu  «  *r,ntry,oT,  m.fl,TntoTT  tu  ,  =i-^iyiia,i  iiaiuo  i^^i 
states  were  flourishing  here  prior  to  the  introduction  of  ^  tootman  or  flunkey.  Thackeray's  "  Jeames's  Diaiy," 
Mohammedanism  in  the  15th  centusy.  Dut<!h  rule  com-  IT"'*  appeared  in  Punch,  is  the  diary  of  a  footman,  and 
menced  in  1610.  The  island  was  taken  by  the  British  in  he  occMionaUy  used  the  name  as  a  pseudonym. 
1811,  but  restored  to  HoUand  in  1816.  There  was  a  native  J  Ban  QO  Meun  (zhon  d6  mun' )  (Jean  Cloplnel) 
insurrection  in  1826-30.  Colonial  system  of  enforced  labor     (klo-pe-nel').   Bom  at  Meun-sur-Loire,  Orl6an- 


Jean  de  Meun 

ais,  about  1250 :  died  at  Paris  'before  Nov.,  1305. 
One  of  the  leading  French  poets  of  the  13th  cen- 


543 

1809).    He  was  a  member  of  the  Virginia  House  of  Bur- 
gesses 1769-76  and  1776-78,  and  of  the  Continental  Con- 


tury.    He  is  known  chiefly  as  having  continued,  after  a     ff^^  ]Ul'''%^^ttl^^J'^^vwt^^^l??c^.  Indepen- 
lapse  of  40  yeai-8, "  Le  roman  de  la  rose/'  a  poem  undertaken       ,T  ^»J^''|/°Vf '?.''',°l7Fe'"'ia  1779-81:  membei 

about  1237  by  a  young  poet,  Guillaume  de  lStIs,  and  left     PLP'SI''"'''''  1783-84 ;  Umted  States  minister  to  Francf 


Jenkins,  Thornton  Alexander 

worship  and  worshipers  of  Baal.  In  his  war  with  Hazael 
of  Syria  he  lost  the  East  Jordan  region.  He  is  mentioned 
ontheblack  obelisk  of  Shalmaneser  11.(860-824  E.  c.)amone 
the  kings  paying  tribute. 


r  by  a  young  poet,  Guillaume  de  Lorrls,  and  left 
incompleteatthetimeothis  death.  In  1277  Jean  de  Meun 
was  still  a  student  in  Paris.  His  translations  Into  French 
include  the  "  De  re  militari "  of  Vegetius  (1284),  the 
correspondence  of  Hfloise  and  Aboard,  and  Gerald 
Barri's  "Topographia  HibernisE."  "L'Amitifi  spirituelle," 
translated  from  the  English  of  the  monk  .ailred,  and  the 
French  translation  of  Boethius's  "De  consolatione  philoso- 


member 
France 
1785-89  ;  secretary  of  state  1790-93 ;  founder  of  the  Demo- 
oratio-Eepublican  party  ;  Vice-President  1797-1801 ;  and 
President  (elected  as  candidate  of  the  Democratic-Republi- 
can party)  two  terms,  1801-09.  Among  the  chief  events  of  Jetvll.  Dr..  and  Mr  Hvi1<»  Spp  Rtrannp  Cnoe 
his  administrations  were  the  war  with  Tripoli,  the  Loui-  zr."  '  "  ""  J.»ii .  .nyae.  oee  airange  l.ase. 
siana  Purchase,  the  reduction  of  the  national  debt,  the 
exploration  of  the  West,  and  the  embargo. 


Jehu.    A  common  name  for  a  coachman,  espe- 
cially a  reckless  one.     See  2  Ki.  ix.  20. 
Jeisk.    See  Yeisk. 


on  i-ransiauonoiBoetniuss-De consolatione pnuoso-  TpffpronTi  fiH-xr  Tha  t-an^tal  nf  Misannri  nnrt 
phica"  have  both  been  lost.  Betweenl291andl296Jeande ''^Ji^rSOn  Uliy.  ine  capital  oi  Missouri  ana 
" '  '  01  (Jole  Uounty,  situated  on  tne  Missouri  in  lat. 

38°  35'  N.,  long.  92°  11'  W.  Population  (1900), 
9,664. 
Jeffersonville  (jef'6r-son-vil).  A  city  and  the 
capital  of  Clarke  County,  Indiana,  situated  on 
the  Ohio  at  its  falls,  opposite  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky. Population  (1900),  10,774. 
Jeffrey  (jef 'ri),  Francis,  Lord  Jeffrey.  Born* 
at  Edinburgh,  Oct.  23, 1773:  died  Jan.  26,  1850. 
A  Scottish  critic,  essayist,  and  jurist.  He  was 
the  son  of  George  Jeffrey,  depute  clerk  in  the  Court  of 
Session.  He  studied  at  Qneen's  CoUege,  Oxford,  for  a  part 
of  one  year,  1791-92,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Scottish 
bar  Deo.  16, 1794.  The  "Edinburgh  Beview"  was  started 
by  a  coterie  of  which  Jeffrey,  Sydney  Smith,  Brougham, 
and  Homer  were  the  chiefs,  at  the  suggestion  of  Smith,  who 
at  first  assumed  control.  He  was,  however,  superseded 
by  Jeffrey,  who  became  responsible  editor.  The  first  num- 
ber was  published  Oct.  10, 1802.  Its  success  was  imme- 
diate. As  Brougham  was  the  principal  political  contribu- 
tor, the  politics  of  the  "  Review  "were  those  of  the  Whigs. 
Jeffrey's  legal  practice  continued  to  increase  until  July  2, 
1829,  whenhewas  unanimously  chosen  dean  of  the  Faculty 
of  Advocates,  and  resigned  his  editorship  of  the"Eeview" 
to  Macvey  Napier.  In  1830  he  was  appointed  lord  advo- 
cate. After  the  passage  of  the  Reform  Bill  hewas  returned 
to  Parliament  for  Edinburgh,  Dec.  19, 1832.  In  May,  1834, 
he  accepted  a  seat  in  the  Court  of  Session,  and  became 
Lord  Jeffrey.  Jeffrey  visited  America  in  1813  for  six 
months. 


Meun  wrote  his  "Testament,"  a  curious  piece  of  work  re- 
plete with  sarcasm  and  criticism,  especially  of  the  women 
and  of  themendicant  orders  of  his  day.  Also  Jeande  Meung. 

Jeanette,  The.    See  De  Long,  G.  W. 

Jean  Jacques.    See  Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques. 

Jean  Jacaues  I.    See  Dessalines. 

Jeanne  d  Albret.    See  Albret. 

Jeanne  d'Arc.    See  Joan  of  Arc. 

Jeanne  d'Arc  (zhan  dark').  An  opera  by  Gou- 
nod, produced  at  Paris  in  1873. 

Jean  Paul.    SeeBichter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich. 

Jebb  (jeb).  Sir  Bichard  Olaverhouse.  Bom 
at  Dundee,  Scotland,  Aug.  27,  1841.  A  noted 
British  seh  olar.  In  1875  he  became  professor  of  Greek 
in  Glasgow  University,  and  in  1889  regius  professor  of 
Greek  at  Cambridge.  He  has  represented  his  university 
in  the  House  of  Commons  1891,  1892-96, 1895-. 

Jebeil  (je-bil'),  or  Jubeil  (ju-bil'),  or  Jebail  (je- 

bal'  or  je-bil').    A  town  in  Syria,  situated  on 

the  Mecfiterranean  18  miles  north-northeast  of 

Beirut:  the  ancient  Byblus,  and  biblical  Gebal. 
Jebusites  (jeb'u-zits).    A  Canaanitish  nation 

which  long  withstood  the  Israelites.  The  strong- 
hold of  the  Jebusites  was  Jehus  on  Mount  Zion,  a  part  of 

the  site  of  Jerusalem,  of  which  they  were  dispossessed  by 

David. 

Jed  (yed).  [At.  yed,  the  hand.]  The  two  third- 
magnitude  stars  (5  and  e  Ophiuohij  which  mark  Jeffreys  (jef 'riz),  George,  Baron  Jeffreys.  Born 


at  Acton,  Denbighshire,  1648 :  died  at  London, 
April  18, 1689 .  .An  English  judge .  He  was  oaUed 
to  the  bar  in  1668,  and  was  appointed  common  sergeant  of 
the  city  of  London  in  1671.  Seeing  no  hope  of  further 
advancement  from  the  popular  party,  with  which  he  had 
hitherto  been  associated,  he  ingratiated  himself  with  the 
Duke  of  York,  with  the  result  that  he  was  appointed 
solicitor-general  to  the  duke,  and  was  knighted  in  1677. 
In  1678  he  was  made  recorder  of  London,  a  position  which 
he  was  compelled  by  Parliament  to  resign,  in  1680.  He 
became  chief  justice  of  Chester  in  1680,  and  of  England  in 
1683 ;  was  created  Baron  Jeffreys  of  Wem  in  1685 ;  and 
was  elevated  to  the  post  of  lord  chancellor  of  England  in 
16S5.  He  used  his  position  as  chief  justice  and  as  chan- 
cellor to  transform  the  judiciary  from  a  stronghold  of  the 
opposition  to  the  chief  a^ent  in  furthering  the  attempt 
of  James  II.  to  make  himself  an  absolute  monarch,  and 
rendered  himself  notorious  by  the  flagrant  injustice  and 
brutality  which  he  displayed  on  the  bench.  (See  Bloody 
Assizes,)  He  was  imprisoned  on  the  overthrow  of  James 
II. ,  and  died  in  the  Tower  of  London. 


the  giant's  left  hand.    6  is  Jed  prior,  and  e  Jed 
posterior. 

Jedaya  Penini  (je-da'ya  pe-ne'ne),  or  Bedar- 
shi  (be-dar'she).  A  Jewish  poet  and  writer  of 
the  14th  century  in  Provence.  The  best-known  of 
his  works  is  his  didactic  poem, "  Meditation  on  the  "World  " 
(' '  Bechinath  01am  ").  On  account  of  his  eloquence  and  the 
elegance  of  his  style,  he  was  called  "  the  Jewish  Cicero." 

Jedburgh  (jed'bur''''o).  The  capital  of  Rox- 
burghshire, Scotland)  situated  on  the  Jed  41 
miles  southeast  of  Edinburgh,  its  abbey  is  one  of 
the  chief  Scottish  ecclesiastical  ruins.  It  was  founded  in 
1118  by  David  I.,  but  the  existing  nave,  well-proportioned 
and  excellent  in  details,  is  Early  English,  what  remains 
of  the  choir  is  massive  Norman.  A  Romanesque  doorway 
presents  elaborate  moldings,  in  which  the  chevron  is  con- 
spicuous. The  nave  and  the  central  part  of  the  church  are 
practically  perfect  except  that  they  have  lost  their  vaults 
and  part  of  their  side  walls.  Jedburgh  was  famous  in  bor- 
der warfare;  and  Jeddart  justice  was  proverbially  sum-  T-X.--\,^- f-  -u:/  X.  \  TP-  JIT  1  O-IC  rrno 
mary,  hanging  the  culprit  first  and  trying  him  afterward  JehOanaZ  (je-ho  a-haz).  King  of  Israel  815-798 
(also  called  Jedwood  justice).  Population  (1891),  3,397.  B.C.  (Duacker),  son  of  Jehu.  He  was  held  in  snb- 
Jeddah  See  Jiddah.  jection  by  Hazael,  king  of  Damascus,  who  compelled  him 
JefferieS  (jef 'rlz),  John  Richard,  called  Rich-  ^^^^  Ws^arm^rto^SO  horsemen,  lO chariots,  and  10,000 
ard  Jefferies.  Bom  near  Swinaon,Wiltshire,  t«t.  •_  v*  /•-  t,'  •/ '  i  •  \  tt-  js  t  j  i,  cn^ 
England,  Nov  6,  1848:  died  at  Goring,  gusl  Jehoiachln  (je-hoi'a-km)  King  of  Judah  597 
o„w9\  ^„™  ^A  1007  A-r,  ir„„Hci,  rv„-<„>on„.r,n  B.  C.  (Duncker),  son  of  Jehoiakim.  He  was,  after 
sex  (?),  Aug.  14, 1887.  _  An  English  miscellane-    ^  ^^^  ^j  ^^^g  ^^o^t^g  ani  ten  days,  carried  into  the 

ous  writer,  noted  principally  for  his  descriptions  Babylonian  captivity,  with  10,000  of  his  subjects,  by  Nebu- 
of  nature.     Author  of  "  The  Game-Keeper  at  Home "    chadnezzar. 

(1878),  "Wild  Life  ta  a  Southern  Counts"  (1879),  "Nature  Jehoiada  (je-hoi'a-da).  High  priest  of  Judah. 
'iS^'^J^^^T,"Si^K^}^^°^^^^:^'?^A^^%^'^^,S*  ■'"len  the  usihrper  Cjiieeii  AthaliA  slew  the  members  of 
S*?  ^.'f  ^|I^(^^)'  ^«d-Deer  (1884),  Amaryllis  at  the  thg  ^oyal  house  of  Judah  in  843  B.  c,  he  saved  the  prince 
Fair    (1887),  etc.  ...  ■      tr      ,  Joash,  whom  he  brought  up  in  the  temple.     In  837  he 

Jefferson    (jef'er-son).     A   nver  m  Montana,     headed  a  rebellion  by  which  Athaliah  was  overthrown  and 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  Beaver  Head  and    Joash  placed  on  the  throne. 

Wisdom    (or   Big    Hole)    rivers   in  Madison  Jehoiakim  (je-hoi'a-kim).    King  of  Judah  609- 
Couuty.     It  unites  with  the  Madison  and  Gal-    597b.  C.  (puneker),;Son  of  Josiah.    He  succeeded 
latin  to  form  the  Missouri.    Total  length,  about 
200  miles. 

Jefferson.    The  capital  of  Marion  County,  east- 
ern Texas,   situated   on   Big  Cypress  Bayou    pelled  his  submission.  ,,    .  . 
40  miles  northwest  of  Shreveport,  Louisiana.  Jehol(ya'hol),orOheng-te(cheng  te  )•  Atow 
Population  (1900),  2,850.                                        in  Mongolia,  about  lat.  41°  N'.,  long.  118    J!.. 

Jefferson,  Joseph.    Born  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.    It  contains  a  summer  residence  of  the  Chinese 
20,  1829. '  A  noted  American  actor.    He  is  the    emperor, 
fourth  of  his  family  and  the  third  of  his  name  on  the  Jehoram.     See  Joram. 

stage.  He  made  his  first  appearance  as  the  child  in  "Pi-  Jehoshaphat  (le-hosh'a-fat).  King  of  Judah 
zarro  "  at  the  age  of  three  years.  Until  1866  he  played  „|,„,j.  87^-848  B  o  (Duncker)  son  of  Asa.  He 
S°'hrh'?rn?e"^SneXaslL°"Shtf^^^^^  maSed  hTs  sot  JeioU  toAt^Kught^^^^^ 

rerrcln'S,^.STatril'Ltl^e^rS?''rnd*li'l^  Sla^iriieTdV/tt  I'i^r'f  W  ^^^^  r^^4i?5t 
Dr.  Pangloss,  Bob  Acres,  and  Dr.  OUapod  are  well  known,     f  p?™°'iL!f ''^^'^  ^^  ^"^  ^'"^  "'  ^5^™'    ^  ^-  '^  ' 

He  is  principally  noted  for  his  performance  of  Rip  Tan  TltX;i,«wi,o+  TT-nlla^  r.f  TTionamoTiowDnvPT. 
Winkle.    His  autobiography  was  published  in  1890.  Jehoshaphat,  Valley  Of.    The  name  now  pven 

Jefferson,  Mount.    One  of  the  summits  of  the    to  the  valley  between  Jerusalem  and  the  Mount 
Presidential   Range,  Wbite  Mountains,   New   of  Olives. 
Hampshire,  near  Mount  "Washington.    Height,  Jehovah.    See  Tah/veJi. 
5,725  feet.  Jehu  (je'ha),   =""  "*  i 


his  brother  Jehoahaz,  who  was  deposed  by  Pharaoh-Necho. 
After  the  defeat  of  Pharaoh-Necho  at  Carchemish  by  Nebu- 
chadnezzar in  605,  he  remained  virtually  independent  until 
600,  when  Nebuchadnezzar  invaded  his  kingdom  and  com- 


son  of  Hanani. 


^ ^^  A  prophet  of 

Jefferson'^ivrount  A  peak  of  the  Cascade  Moun-  Judah"in-  the  time  of  Jehoshaphat,  873-848  b.  c. 
tains,  Oregon,  75*  miles  southeast  of  Portland.  Jehu,  son  of  Jehoshaphat,  son  of  Nimshi.  King 
Height  10  200  feet.  of  Israel  843-815  B.  c,  and  the  founder  of  a  new 

Jefferson    ihomas'     Bom  at  Shadwell,  Albe-    dynasty.     Hewas  captain  of  the  army  under  Jehor^n 
denerson,  X^IUdS.     J^"      o /o    S  )    1743-  died  r  son  and  successor  of  Ahab,  and  at  the  order  of  the  prophet 
mai'le  County,  Va.,  April  J  (U.  b.),  l/W.  aieu    ^^^^^  ^^^  anointed  king,  and  commissioned  with  the 
at  Monticello,  Albemarle  County,  July  4,  l»zo.     execution  of  judgment  on  the  house  of  Ahab.    He  then 
The  third  President  of  the  United  States  (1801-    ruthlessly  exterminated  the  old  dynasty,  and  with  it  the 


etc. 

Jelalabad  (jel-'a-ia-bad');  or  Jalalabad  (jal"- 
a-la-bad').  A  town  in  Afghanistan,  77  miles 
east  of  Kabul.  It  was  successfully  defended  by  the  Brit- 
ish under  Saleagainst  the  Afghans  in  1842,  and  was  held  by 
the  British  1878-80. 

Jeiai-ed-dJn-Rfiml.    See  Jalal  uddin  Bumi. 

Jeletz.    See  Yelets. 

Jelf  (jelf ),  William  Edward.  Bom  1811 :  died 
Oct.  18,  1875.  Au  English  scholar.  He  was 
the  author-of  a  Greek  grammar  (1842-45). 

Jellachich  de  Buzim  (yel'la-chich  de  bst'sem), 
Count  Joseph.  Born  at  Peterwardein,  Slavo- 
nia,  Oct.  16, 1801 :  died  at  Agram,  Croatia,  May 
19,  1859.  A  Croatian  general.  He  was  appointed 
ban  of  Croatia  in  1848,  and,  incited  by  the  court  of  Austria, 
took  up  arms  against  the  Hungarians  Sept.,  1848.  He  was 
finally  completely  defeated  in  July,  1849. 

Jellalabad.    See  Jelalaiad. 

Jellyby  (jel'i-bi),  Mrs.  Li  Dickens's  "Bleak 
House,"  a  strong-minded  woman,  completely 
occupied  with  missionary  and  charitable  work, 
particularly  with  emigration  to  Borrioboola- 
Gha,  and  having  no  time  to  attend  to  her  house- 
hold duties. 

Jemez  (ha'maz),  or  Emmes,  or  Hemes.  A  divi- 
sion of  the  Tafloan  linguistic  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  occupying  the  pueblo  of  Je- 
mez, on  Jemez  River  20  miles  northwest  of  Ber- 
nalillo, NewMexico.  The  pueblo  of  Pecos  was  formerly 
occupied  by  the  eastern  division  of  the  people  speaking  the 
Jemez  dialect,  but  since  1840  the  few  surviving  members 
of  the  Pecos  tribe  have  lived  with  their  kindred  at  Jemez 
pueblo.  The  name  is  an  adaptation  of  the  Keresan  name 
of  Jemez  pueblo.    Number,  428.    See  TafLoan. 

Jemmapes,  or  Jemappes  (zbe-map').  A vUlage 
in  the  province  of  HainautJ  Belgium,  3  miles 
west  of  Mons.  it  Is  famous  for  the  decisive  victory 
gained  by  the  French  under  Dumouriez  over  the  Austrians 
under  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Teschen,  Nov.  6, 1792.  It  was  the 
first  battle  won  for  the  republic,  and  was  followed  by  the 
occupation  of  Belgium.    Population  (1890),  11,682. 

Jemiland  (yemt'lant).    1.  A  (former)  province 
of  Sweden,  about  lat.  63°  N.— 2.  A  laen  of 
Sweden,  formed  from  the  former  province  of 
JemtlandandHerje§,dalen.  Area,  19,593  square ' 
miles.     Population  (1890),  100,455. 

Jena  (ya'na).  A  city  in  the  district  of  Apolda, 
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,  situated  on  the  Saale 
45  miles  southwest  of  Leipsic.  It  contains  a  castle. 
The  university,  founded  by  the  elector  John  Frederick  of 
Saxony,  was  formally  opened  in  1658,  and  reached  the 
height  of  its  celebrity  in  the  end  of  the  18th  century.  It 
has  a  library  of  about  200,000  volumes,  and  the  first  German 
literary  journal  was  published  under  its  auspices  in  1785. 
A  victory  was  gained  here  by  the  French  (numbering  100,- 
000)  under  Napoleon  over  the  Prussians  and  Saxons  (num- 
bering 60,000)  under  Prince  Hohenlohe,  Oct.  14, 1806.  The 
Prussian  loss  was  12,000  killed  and  wounded,  and  15,000 
prisoners.  The  same  day  at  Auerst^dt,  a  few  miles  dis- 
tant, Davout  defeated  another  Prussian  army.  See  Auer- 
etadt.    Population  (1890),  13,449. 

JenghizKhan,or  Genghis  Khan  (jen'gis  khan), 
or  Jinghis  Khan  ( jin'gis  khan),  etc.  (originally 
Temuchin).  Bom  near  the  river  Onon,  Mongo- 
lia, 1162:  died  in  Mongolia,  1227.  A  Mongol 
conqueror,  son  of  Yesukai,  a  petty  tribal  chief- 
tain. He  proclaimed  himself  khan  of  the  Mongol  nation 
in  1206 ;  completed  the  conquest  of  northern  China  with 
the  capture  of  Peking  in  1215 ;  and  conquered  central  Asia 
1218-21. 

Jeniguich.    See  Chemehuevl. 

Jenil,  or  Genii  (na-nel').  A  river  in  Andalusia, 
Spain,  joining  the  Guadalquivir  30  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Cordova.  Length,  about  150  miles. 

Jenkin  (jeng'kin),  Henry  Charles  Fleeming. 
Born  near  Dungeness,  March  25,  1833 :  died  at 
Edinburgh,  June  12,  1885.  A  British  engineer 
and  electrician,  iffe  began  his  education  at  the  Edin- 
burgh Academy,  and  entered  the  University  of  Genoa  in 
1848,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.  A.  The  practical  part 
of  his  profession  he  learned  in  Fairbairn's  shops  at 
Manchester.  In  1859  he  began,  with  Sir  William  Thom- 
son, experiments  to  determine  the  resistance  and  insula- 
tion of  electric  cables,  and  from  1868  to  1873  was  especially 
occupied  with  practical  work  in  cable  telegraphy.  The 
reports  to  the  British  Association  of  the  committee  on 
"  electric  standards  "in  1861  are  largely  his  work.  He  was 
elected  F.  R.  S.  in  1865,  and  professor  of  engineering  in 
University  College,  London,  and  in  1868  to  the  same  chair 
in  Edinburgh  University. 

Jenkins  (jeng'kinz),  Edward.    Bom  at  Banga- 
lore, India,  1838.    A  British  author.    He  is  an  ad- 
vanced Liberal,  and  has  written  a  number  of  books  and  ■ 
pamphlets  on  political  and  social  subjects :  the  best-known 
of  these  is  "  Ginx's  Baby  "  (1870). 

Jenkins,  Thornton  Alexander.  Born  in  Orange 
County,  Va.,  Dec.  11, 1811 :  died  at  Washington, 


Jenkins,  Thornton  Alexander 

D<  C. ,  Aug.  9, 1893.  An  Amerioan  naval  ofacer. 
He  -was  chief  of  staff  ot  FarraKut'«  squadron  in  the  Mis- 
Bissippi  River  daring  the  Civil  War,  and  was  promoted  rear- 
admiral  in  1870. 

Jenkinson  (jeng'kin-son),  Anthony.  Died  at 
Tighe,  Eutland,  Feb.,  1611.  An  English  sailor, 
merchant,  and  explorer.  He  began  his  career  in  the 
Levant  (1646),  visiting  most  of  the  Mediterranean  coun- 
tries.    In  1663  he  met  Soliman  the  Great  at  Aleppo,  from 


544 


Jemsalem 


'makes  free.']     A  chieftain  and  judge  of  Israel     (wWoh  see),  and  by  Ijls  knowledge  rf^  Hebrew 

1.        i-i.     -"•      •         .     Tj      ■'.*=..     ,„,         introduced  the  treasures  of  the  Eastern  Chm-ch  into  the 

whose  history  is  given  m  Judges  xi.-xu.    When     ■y,re8t    The  best  edition  of  his  works  is  that  by  Vallarsi 
he  went  to  battle  against  the  Ammonites,  he  vowed  that     (1734-42), 

whatsoever  should  come  forth  from  his  home  to  meet  him   TXr-Amii   TTincr  nf  Wns+Tilisilia       Soh  JirninnnrU 
on  his  return  "in  peace  from  the  children  otAmmon"  i^'^°™®^■'^^SF  Wllj»2r<f=»       A^fvf^  ^1?    m- 
should  be  offered  up  as  a  burntno£Eering.    The  Ammonites  Jerome  in  the  WUaenieSS.     A  pamtmg  by  Tl- 
were  routed,  and  as  J^ephthah  returned  the  first  to  come     tian,  in  the  Brera  at  Milan.   The  solitary  figure  of  the 
out  to  meet  him  was  his  daughter  and  only  child.    She     saint  is  broadly  and  vigorously  treated.    The  background 
consented  to  the  fulfilment  of  his  vow  after  a  respite  of     brings  to  mind  a  wild  scene  in  Eriuli,  with  its  rocks,  pines, 

whom  he  obtained  privileges  foVtrideln  TurkirhyoVti:   T*''''i!22.°'5f-      .  4-vTT.qij:-v,j-        and  gnarled  oaks.  r,  1.       • 

In  1657  he  was  appointed  captain-general  of  the  Muscovy  Jepnthah.  An  oratorio  Dy  Jdandel,  hmshed  m  Jerome  01  Prague.  Bom  at  Jr'rague,  Bohemia, 
Company's  fleet,  and  their  agent  for  three  years.  Their  1751.  It  was  produced  in  1752,  and  was  the  last  about  1365 :  burned  at  Constance,  Baden,  May  30, 
^Sfi  reached  the  Dwina  by  way  of  the  North  Cape  July  12,  he  composed,  as  he  became  blind  at  this  time.  1416.  A  Bohemian  religious  reformer,  an  asso- 
pel'.'^He'wl^cordfalFyTectl^  Jephthes  (jef  thez),  or  Jephtha.     Aj.lay  by    ciate  and  follower  of  Huss.  Hewas  condemned 


whoseprotectionhewasenabledtoprooeedbywayofNijni    George  Buchanan,  written  between  1539  and    for  heresy  by  the  Council  of  Constance,  1415-16. 
Novgorod,  Astrakhan,  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  Khiva  to  Bo-     1542.  JeronimO  (je-ron'i-mo),  or  Hieronimo  (hi-e- 

khara,  wher)  he  arrived  Dec.  23, 1568.    After  two  months  Jequitinhonha   (zha-ke-ten-yon'ya),  or  Eio  -si.      -     .  ...,,„, 

he  returned  to  Moscow  and  London  by  the  same  route.   In     Q^ande  dO  Belmonte   (re'o  gran'dg  do  bal- 

mon'ta).     A  river  in  Brazil  vriiioh  flows  into 

the  Atlantic  about  lat.  16°  S.,  long.  38°  50'  W. 

Length,  about  600  miles;  navigable  for  84  miles.    The 

Sslto  Grande,  about  100  miles  from  the  mouth,  is  one  of 

the  finest  cat^acts  in  South  America. 


1561  the  journey  was  repeated  as  far  as  Astrakhan  (June, 
1562),  whence  he  made  a  somewhat  unsuccessful  detour 
into  Persia.  He  returned  to  Moscow  Aug.  20, 1663,  and  to 
London,  Sept.  28,  1664.  He  was  the  first  Englishman  to 
penetrate  central  Asia. 


Jenkinson,  Charles,  first  Earl  of  Liverpool.  _         ,-..,,.„  T^       J.T., 

Born  at  Winchester,  April  26,  1727:  died  at  Jerace  (ya-ra  che),  Francesco.  Bom  at  Poles- 
London,  Dec.  17, 1808.  An  English  politician,  t™a>  Calabria,  1853.  An  Italian  sculptor, 
secretary  at  war  under  Lord  North  1778-82,  and  Jerba  U6r  ba).  An  island  m  the  Gulf  of  Ca- 
president  of  the  Board  of  Trade  1784^1801.  He  T^^s,  belonging  to  Tunis :  the  ancient  Meninx. 
wrote  "A  Treatise  on  the  Coins  of  the  Realm"  ^^ZfTtirJ^t^T^t^'S^^r^X^^J^: 
(1805),  etc.  May  11, 1660.    Poole. 

Jenkinson,  Ephraim.  A  venerable-looking  Jeremiah  (ier-e-mi'a).  [Heb.,prob.' the  Lord's 
swindler  in  Goldsmith's  "Vicar  of  Wakefield."  appointed  (or  exalted)  one.']  The  second  of  the 
He  swindles  the  vicar  out  of  his  horse.  .  -  - 

Jenkinson,  Robert  Banks,  second  Earl  of  Liv- 
erpool. Born  June  7, 1770 :  died  at  London,  Dee. 
4,  1828.  An  English  politician,  eldest  son  of 
Charles  Jenkinson,  first  Earl  of  Liverpool.  He 
was  educated  at  Charterhouse  and  at  Oxford  (1786-89).  In 
1789  he  went  to  Paris,  where  he  was  present  at  the  capture 
of  the  Bastille.  He  entered  Parliament  in  1790.  In  1796 
he  became  by  courtesy  Lord  Hawkesbury  (Baron  Hawkes- 
bury  1803),  and  in  1799  was  made  master  of  the  mint.    In 

1801  he  entered  the  Foreign  Office  with  a  seat  in  the  cabi- _ .  . 

net.   In  1803  he  was  responsible  for  the  failure  to  evacuate  JorCZ,  TrancisCO. 

Maltaaocordingtothetreatyof  Amiens.    On  May  12, 1804    Jej-gg  (or  Xerez)  dO  la  Frontera  (Ha-reth'  da 
hewastransfeiredtotheHomeOfllccandbecameleaderof    j"  fron-ta'rl)      A  city  hi  the  produce  of  Ca- 


freater  prophets  of  Israel.    He  lived  and  prophesied 
uring  the  reigns  of  the  kings  of  Judah  from  Josiah  to  Zede- 
kiah  (from  629  to  about  680  B.O.).  The  book  of  his  prophecy  Jerrold  (jer'gld),  DoUglaS  William. 


(je 
ron'i-mo).  The  first  part  of.  A  play  by  Thomas 
Kyd.  It  was  acted  in  1688  or  1692.  The  only  version  ex- 
tant was  printed  in  1606.  The  second  part  was  called  "  The 
Spanish  Tragedy  "  (which  see).  Jeronimo,  the  hero  of  both, 
is  an  old  man,  the  marshal  of  Spain,  who  goes  mad  with 
grief  over  the  murder  of  his  son.  His  ravings  were  ridi- 
culed by  contemporary  and  later  dramatists,  and  became 
regular  expletives  in  the  slang  of  the  period.  Sbakspere 
alludes  to  this  in  his  "Go  by  Jeronymy  "  in  his  "  Taming  of 
the  Shrew." 

The  two  "Jeronimo  "  or  *'  Hieronimo  "  plays  were,  as  has 
been  said,  extremely  popular,  and  it  is  positively  known  that 
Jonson  himself,  and  probably  others,  were  employed  from 
time  to  time  to  freshen  them  up,  with  the  consequence 
that  the  exact  authorship  of  particular  passages  is  some- 
what problematical.  Both  plays,  however,  display,  nearly 
in  perfection,  the  rant,  not  always  quite  ridiculous  but  al- 
ways extra  vagaiit,from  which  Shakespere  rescued  the  stage. 
Saintabury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  74. 


gives  numerous  details  of  his  personal  histoiy.  It  is  largely 
occupied  with  denunciations  of  the  sins  of  the  nation  and 
warnings  of  evils  to  come  on  account  of  them.  Some  of 
his  prophetic  utterances  were  accompanied  and  illustrated 
by  symbolical  actions. 

Jeremy.  A  witty  valet  in  Congreve's  ' '  Love  for 
Love." 

Jeremy  Diddler.    See  Diddler. 


Bom  at 


the  House  of  Lords.  During  the  Whig  ministry  1806-07  he 
led  the  opposition.  Returning  to  the  Home  Ofiice  March 
25, 1807,  he  opposed  the  Catholic  emancipation  movement ; 
he  became  earl  of  Liverpool  upon  the  death  of  his  father 
(Dec,  1808).  From  June,  1812,  to  April,  1827,  he  was  pre- 
mier in  a  Tory  ministry.  He  was  a  prime  mover  in  sending 
Napoleon  to  St.  Helena,  and  in  the  readjustment  of  French 
afiairs  in  1816  and  1818.  During  the  reform  struggle  he 
uniformly  followed  the  policy  of  forcible  repression  until 


diz,  Spain,  situated  near  the  G-uadalete  14  miles 
northeast  of  Cadiz :  probably  the  ancient  Asta 
Kegia.  it  is  celebrated  for  the  production  and  export  of 
sherry  wine.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  victory  of  the  Sara- 
cens under  Tarik  over  the  West  Goths  under  Roderic  in 
711.  Alfonso  X.  recovered  it  In  the  middle  of  the  13th 
century.    Population  (1887),  61,708. 


unitormiy  louowea  ine  policy  01  lorcioie  repression  uniu   t.___  a»  i-^™  ri-v-ri™-™  74r^  ».,+i,'  ah  ir^  i,k  ^ki 

1826,  when  he  seems  to  have  recognized  the  necessity  of  JoreZ  dO  lOS  CaballerOS  (Ha-reth   da  los  ka-Bal- 

modifying  the  Com  Laws.  ya  ros).    A  town  in  the  province  of  Badajoz, 

Jenkins's  Ear,  War  of.     The  name  popularly    Spain,  39  miles  south  of  Badajoz.    Population 

given  to  the  war  between  Great  Britain,  and    (1887),  8,953. 

Spain  which  broke  out  in  1739,  and  became  Jericho  (jer'i-ko).    In  Bible  geography,  a  city 


merged  in  the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession, 
Its  immediate  cause  was  the  grievance  of  an  English  mar- 
iner, Robert  Jenkins,  who  alleged  that  he  had  been  tortured 
by  the  Spaniards,  with  the  loss  of  his  ear. 
Jenne  (jen'ne),  or  Jinne  (jin'ne).    A  town  in 


London,  Jan.  3,  1803:  died  there,  June  8, 1857. 
An  English  dramatist,  satirist,  and  humorist. 
He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Samuel  JerroW,  an  actor,  and  was 
brought  on  the  stage  when  a  chUd.  In  later  life  he  occa- 
sionally acted,  but  was  never  inclined  to  the  profession. 
His  education  was  very  slight :  his  knowledge  of  Latin, 
French,  Italian,  and  English'  dramatic  literature  having 
been  acquired  entirely  by  his  own  efforts.  From  1813  to 
1816  he  served  as  midshipman  in  the  royal  navy,  which 
was  engaged  in  operations  against  Napoleon  in  Belgium. 
Returning  to  London  in  1816,  he  maintained  himself  as 
apprentice  to  a  printer,  and  by  contributions  to  periodical 
literature.  A  play, "  More  Frightened  than  Hurt,  was  pro- 
duced in  London  A^ril  30, 1821,  and  later  in  Paris.  "Black- 
eyed  Susan,  or  All  in  the  Downs,"  produced  June  S,  1829, 
at  the  Surrey  Theatre,  was  his  first  important  success.  It 
was  brought  out  also  at  Drury  Lane  in  1835.  In  1836  he 
undertook  the  management  of  the  Strand  Theatre  without 
success.  He  now  turned  his  attention  to  tlie  reviews  and 
magazines,  contributing  to  the  "Athenceum,"  "Black- 
wood's," etc.  He  attached  himself  to  "  Punch  "  at  its  ap- 
pearance in  1841,  and  was  a  constant  contributor  until  his 
death.  His  articles  were  signed  Q.  His  greatest  success 
was  "Mrs.  Caudle's  Curtain  Lectures,"  From  1852  until 
his  death  he  edited  "Lloyd's  Weeldy  Newspaper."  He 
wrote  about  40  plays. 


Sudan,_Vestem  Africa,  situated  near  the  Niger  Jermyn  (it^^-i-).  Henry  ^arl  of  St.  Albans 


about  250  miles  southwest  of  Timbuktu. 

Jenner  (jen'fer),  Edward.  Bom  at  Berkeley, 
Gloucestershire,  May  17, 1749 :  died  there,  Jan. 
26, 1823.  An  English  physician,  famous  as  the 
discoverer  of  vaccination.  In  I770hebecameapupil 
of  John  Hunter  fn  London,  and  also  studied  at  tHe  same 
time  in  St.  George's  Hospital.  In  1773  he  began  to  prac- 
tise in  Berkeley.  His  investigation  of  cowpox  began  very 
eai'ly,  and  was  suggested  by  the  local  rustic  tradition  that 
the  dairymaids  who  contracted  the  disease  were  exempt 
from  smallpox.  On  May  14, 1796,  he  vaccinated  a  boy  of 
eight  with  lymph  from  the  hand  of  a  dairymaid,  and  on 
July  1  inoculated  the  same  boy  with  smallpox.  The  ex- 
periment was  successful:  an  account  of  it  was  published 
June,  1798.  The  practice  of  vaccination  gradually  gained 
ground  until  in  1800  a  great  part  of  his  time  was  taken  up 
by  the  distribution  of  lymph,  much  of  it  in  America. 
Honors  came  to  him  from  every  quarter,  and  on  June  2, 1802, 
a  grant  of  ^10,000  was  made  to  him  by  Parliament. 

Jenner,  Thomas.  Flourished  1631-56.  An  au- 
thor, engraver,  and  publisher,  in  the  reigns  of 
Charles  L  and  Charles  II.  he  kept  a  print-shop  at  the  Royal 
Exchange  which  was  frequented  by  Pepys  and  Evelyn. 
Among  his  works  are  the  "Soul's  Solace  "  with  thirty curi- 


of  Palestine,  situated  west  of  the  Jordan  and  Jerrold,  William  Blanchard.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Dec.  23, 1826 :  died  at  Westminster,  March 
10, 1884.  An  English  journalist  and  author,  eld- 
est son  of  Douglas  Jerrold.  On  the  death  of  his 
father  he  succeeded  to  tlie  editorship  of  "Lloyd's  Weekly 
Newspaper."  He  was  a  Liberal  in  politics,  and  defended 
the  North  in  the  Civil  War.  His  chief  work  is  a  "Life  of 
Napoleon  III."  (1876-82).  He  wrote  a  number  of  plays, 
■'Cool  as  a  Cucumber"  (1851),  ete. 


14  miles  east-northeast  of  Jerusalem.  It  was  de- 
stroyed by  Joshua  and  rebuilt  by  Ahab ;  was  the  residence 
of  Herod  the  Great;  was  destroyed  by  Vespasian,  rebuilt  by 
Hadrian,  and  again  destroyed  by  the  Crusaders. 


Bom  in  England  about  1600:  died  at  London, 

Jan.,  1684.  An  English  statesman.    In  1624  he  was 

attached  to  the  British  embassy  in  Paris,  and  was  returned 

to  Parliament  for  Liverpool  In  1628.   On  July  2, 1628,  he  be-  Jersey  (jfer'zi).     The  largest,  most  important, 

came  vice-chamberlain  to  the  queen.    He  represented  St.  "  ■ '  .      -  . .      —  -  ^  ,       - 

Edmundsbury  in  the  Long  Parliament,  and  was  involved  in 

the  "first  army  plot"  to  overawe  Parliament,  March,  1641. 

In  the  hostilities  which  followed  he  was  engaged  mainly  in 

procuring  war  material  on  the  Continent.    He  returned 

to  England  in  1643,  was  wounded  at  Auburn  Chase  Sept. 

18, 1643,  and  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Jermyn  of 

St.  Edmondsbuiy,  Sept.  8.     He  returned  to  France  with 

the  queen  in  1644  and  directed  her  correspondence,  the  in- 


and  southernmost  of  the  Channel  Islands,  cap- 
ital St.  Heller's,  situated  in  lat.  49°  10'  N.,  long 
2°  7'  W.  It  exports  potatoes,  cattle,  fruit,  oysters,  gran- 
ite, etc.  The  government  is  vested  in  a  lieutenant-governor 
appointed  by  the  British  crown,  and  the  "states"  (a  loc^ 
legislature).  It  is  the  .ML.  Csesarea.  Length,  10  miles. 
Breadth,  6  to  6  miles.  Area,  45  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  54,618. 
terception  of  which  exposed  the  king's  attempt  to  procure  Jersey  City,  The  capital  of  Hudson  County, 
foreign  aid.  _Afterthe  death  of  ChM'lesI.  he  remained  in     -j^^^  Jersey,  situated  on  the  Hudson  opposite 


France  with  Charles  II.  On  April  27, 1660,  he  was  created 
earl  of  St.  Albans.  At  the  Restoration  Jermyn  received 
many  favors,  his  success  being  largely  due  to  his  influence 
with  the  queen  mother.  He  was  made  ambassador  to  Paris, 
and  employed  himself  in  strengthening  the  influence  of 
Louis  XIV. 


New  York,  it  is  the  terminus  of  many  railway  and 
steamer  lines,  and  has  important  manufactures  of  tobacco, 
etc.  It  was  formerly  called  Paulus  Hook,  and  was  incor^ 
porated  as  the  City  of  Jersey  in  1820,  and  as  Jersey  City  in 
1838.     Population  (1900),  206,433. 


ous  copperplate  engravings  (1631),  "Directions  for  the     -       , 

English  Traveller"  (1643),  "A  Further  Najrative  of  the  Jeroboam   II. 


Passages  of  these  Times"  (1648), "  London's  Blame  if  not  its 
Shame  "  (165%    Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 
Jennings,  Sarah.    See  Marlborough,  Duchess 

of. 

Jenyns  (jen'inz),  Soame.  Born  at  London,  Jan. 
1, 1704:  died  there,  Dec.  18, 1787.  An  English 
miscellaneous  writer,  in  1722  he  entered  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  leaving  without  a,  degree  in  1726.  He 
published  anonymously  "  The  Art  of  Dancing  :  a  poem  " 
(1727)  and  a  collection  of  poems  (1762).  He  was  returned 
to  Parliament  in  1742.  In  1757  he  published  a  "Free  En- 
quiry into  the  Nature  and  Origin  of  Evil,"  and  in  1765 
"The  Objections  to  the  Taxation  of  our  American  Colonies 
by  theLegislature  of  Great  Britain  briefly  considered.  "His 
"View  of  the  Internal  Evidences  of  the  Christian  Religion  " 
was  published  in  1776.  "Jenyns'  prose  style  was  regarded 
by  his  contemporaries  as  a  model  of  ease  and  elegance." 
Did  Nat.  Biog. 

Jephthah  (jef'tha).     [Heb., '(God)  opens'  or 


Jeroboam  (jer-5-b6'am)  I.    King  of  Israel  953-  Jerseys  (jSr'ziz),  The.    A  collective  name  for 
927  B.  c.  (Duiidker),"son  of  Nebat  of  the  tribe    East  Jersey  and  West  Jersey,  into  which  New 
of  Ephraim.    He  organized  a  revolt  of  the  ten  northern     Jersey  was  temporarily  divided  in  1676. 
tribes  against  Rehoboam,  and  founded  the  kingdom  of  Is-  Jerusalem  (je-ro' sa-Iem).     [Heb.  Yerushdlfyn 
rael(iKi.  xI.-xiv.,2Chron:ix.-xiii.).  or  YerHshdlayim,  probably 'city  of  peace';  in 

■      ■  King  of  Israel  790-749  B.  c       -       ■         .    "  .  '  ^ ■   ■■     ■'_■'-.     ^      .    '.- 


(Duncker),  son  of  Joash  whom  he  succeeded. 
He  was  the  most  prosperous  of  the  kings  of  Is- 
rael (2  Ki.  xiv.). 

Jerome  (je-rom'  or  jer'om),  Saint  (Eusebins 
Hieronymus).  [Gr.  'lipcmv/wg,  sacred  name; 
L.  Hieronymus,  It.  Gerommo,  Girolamo,  Sp.  Jero- 
nimo, Jerome,  Pg.  Jeronimo,  F.  JSr&me,  G.  Mie- 
ronymus."]  Bom  at  Stridon,  Pannonia,  about 
340 :  died  at  Bethlehem,  Sept.  30, 420.  A  father 
of  the  Latin  Church.  He  studied  at  Rome  under  Do- 
natus  the  grammarian  and  Viotorinus  the  rhetorician.  In 
373,  during  a  journey  through  the  Orient,  he  was  attacked 
with  a  severe  illness,  on  recovering  from  which  he  devoted 
himself  to  an  ecclesiastical  life.  He  became  a  presbyter  at 
Antioch  In  379,  and  in  882  removed  to  Rome,  where  he  be- 
came secretary  to  Pope  Damasus.  After  the  death  of  this 
pontiff  he  entered  a  monastery  at  Bethlehem.  He  pub- 
lished a  Latin  version  of  the  Bible,  known  as  the  Vulgate 


the  Assyrian  inscriptions  Ursalimmu;  in  .the 
tablets  of  Tel-el- Amama  Uru-Salim ,  Gr.  'lepov- 
aaTifiji,  L.  Hierosolyma.']  The  ancient  capital  of 
Palestine,  regarded  by  the  Jews  still  as  their 
sacred  city,  and  as  a  holy  city  by  both  Chris- 
tians and  Mohammedans.  Its  identity  with  Salem 
(Gen.  xiv.  18)  is  disputed.  It  first  appears  as  Jebus,  or  the 
city  of  the  Jebusites,  from  whom  David  captured  it  or  its 
site,  establishing  himself  in  the  "  stronghold  of  Zion,"  and 
making  it  his  capital.  Its  situation  was  suitable  for  a  na- 
tional metropolis :  it  lay  in  the  territory  of  the  mighty  tribe 
of  Judah,  and  virtually  in  the  center  of  the  country,  33 
miles  from  the  sea  and  about  19  from  the  Jordan,  while  it 
was  the  more  secure  from  being  some  distance  off  the  great 
highroad  of  the  nations.  It  was  also  a  mountain  city,  sit- 
uated in  the  heart  of  the  "hill  country,"  surrounded  by 
limestone  hills,  and  itself  on  the  edge  of  the  chain,  its 
highest  point  being  2,582  feet  above  sea-level.  Solomon 
beautified  it  by  erecting  the  temple  as  a  stable  national 
sanctuary,  and  otherwise,  and  surrounded  the  city  with  a 


Jerusalem 

real  wall.  The  secession  ol  the  ten  tribes  under  Solomon's 
son  Rehoboam  left  Jerusalem  the  capital  of  the  southern 
kingdom  only.  Under  Eehoboam  it  was  invaded  by  the 
Egyptian  king  Shishak,  and  the  temple  and  palace  were 
in  part  despoiled  (about  970  b.  c).  Under  Joram  (848- 
844)  the  temple  was  again  plundered  by  Arabian  and  Phil. 
Istine  hordes.  Joash,  king  of  Israel,  defeating  King  Am- 
aziah  of  Judah,  made  a  wide  breach  in  the  walls  and 
spoiled  the  city.  Under  Uzziali  (792-740)  Jerusalem  and 
all  Judah  enjoyed  prosperity,  but  w  ere  visited  by  an  earth- 
quake. Hezekiah  provided  the  city  with  water  by  means 
of  a  subterranean  canal :  in  his  reign  it  was  besieged  with- 
out success  by  Sennacherib.  After  Josiah  fell  in  the  battle 
of  Megiddo,  Judah  was  at  the  mercy  of  Egypt.  Necho  took 
Jehoahaz  prisoner,  and  exacted  a  heavy  fine  from  the  city 
and  country.  Jerusalem  was  visited  by  Nebuchadnezzar, 
king  of  Babylon,  after  his  victory  over  the  Egyptians  at 
Carchemish :  probably  the  city  was  besieged,  as  he  carried 
oB  some  of  the  vessels  of  the  temple.  In  697  the  Babylo- 
nians reappeared  before  Jerusalem:  the  city  surrendered, 
the  treasuries  of  tlie  temple  and  palace  were  pillaged,  and 
Xing  Jehoiachin,  the  whole  court,  7,000  warriors,  1,000  ar- 
tisans, etc.  (in  all  10,000),  were  carried  off  to  Babylon.  Zed- 
ekiah,  made  king  in  his  stead,  revolted  against  Babylon, 
and  Nebuchadnezzar,  after  a  terrible  siege  of  18  months, 
again  captured  Jerusalem  (686).  The  Babylonians  now 
carried  off  all  the  treasures  that  remained;  the  temple 
was  burned,  and  the  city  and  land  deserted  by  all  but  the 
very  poorest  class.  In  636  Cyrus  issued  a  decree  authoriz- 
ing the  rebuilding  of  the  temple,  and  a  large  colony,  com- 
prising all  classes,  returned  to  Judah.  After  many  delays 
the  temple  was  finished  in  616,  and  the  city  and  its  walls 
were  rebuilt  under  Nehemiah,  about  446.  In  320  Jerusalem 
was  taken  by  Ptolemy  I.  Soter.  The  high  priest  Simeon  the 
Just  (about  300-270)  eflEected  many  improvements  in  the 
city.  In  198  Judea  came  under  the  rule  of  the  Seleucidee,  and 
Jerusalem  opened  its  gates  to  Antiochus  the  Great.  Un- 
der Antiochus  Epiphanes  (176-164)  it  again  became  a  thea- 
ter of  massacre :  in  170  ne  slew  the  citizens,  plundered 
the  temple,  and  carried  off  many  captives ;  and  in  168  his 
army,  after  a  great  slaughter,  plundered  and  burnt  the 
city,  and  destroyed  the  walls.  Antiochus  endeavored  to 
enforce  the  introduction  of  heathen  worship :  the  temple 
was  desecrated  and  the  observance  of  Jewish  ceremonies 
was  absolutely  forbidden.  This  persecution  provoked  the 
successful  rising  of  the  Maccabees,  and  the  temple  was  pu- 
rified and  consecrated  anew  in  165.  The  city  enjoyed  pros- 
perity under  John  Hyrcanus  I.  (135-105),  buta  struggle  for 
the  throne  between  two  Maccabees  resulted  in  Pompey's 
coming  to  Jerusalem  in  63  and  reducing  it,  and  in  an  inva- 
sionin  40bytheParthian8.  In37B.  o.  Jerusalem  was  taken 
by  Herod  with  the  aid  of  the  Homans.  Herod  embellished 
It  with  palaces,  theaters,  gymnasia,  etc.,  and  especially  by 
the  rebuilding  of  the  temple.  He  also  completed  therecon- 
struction  of  a  fortress  built  by  John  Hyrcanus,  naming  it 
Antonia,  after  Mark  Antony.  Soon  after  Herod's  death 
Judea  was  reduced  to  a  B,oman  province,  and  Jerusalem 
was  often  the  scene  of  riots  and  bloody  encountei^  between 
the  Jews  and  the  Boman  soldiers.  The  oppressive  rule  of 
the  procurators,  especially  of  Gtessius  Florus,  led  to  resis- 
tance which  ended  in  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem.  The 
city,  with  its  triple  walls,  was  besieged  first  by  Cestius 
Ilorus,  the  governor  of  Syria,  and  for  two  years  by  the  em- 
perors Vespasian  and  Titus.  Within  it  was  ravaged  by 
party  quarrels,  famine,  and  pestilence ;  and  at  last,  after  a 
most  heroic  resistance,  it  fell  in  70  A.  D.  Its  temple  was 
burned,  and  it  lost  forever  its  political  importance.  For 
more  than  50  years  after  its  destruction  by  Titus,  Jerusa- 
lem ceased  to  exist.  About  130  the  emperor  Hadrian  erected 
a  town  on  its  site,  which  he  named  Jilia  Capitolina,  or 
simply  .Mia,  and  settled  with  a  colony  of  veterans.  About 
the  same  time  a  revolt  under  Bar-Cochba  occurred,  in 
which  the  Jews  became  masters  of  Jerusalem  and  attempt- 
ed to  rebuild  the  temple ;  and  it  took  Julius  Severus,  the 
greatestgeneral  of  his  time,  two  years  to  recapture  it.  On 
the  site  of  the  temple  various  heathen  temples  were  now 
erected.  Jews  were  forbidden  to  enter  it  on  pain  of 
death,  and  a  swine  was  sculptured  over  the  gate  leading 
to  Bethlehem.  Cliristian  pilgrimages  to  Jerusalem  began 
as  early  as  the  3d  century.  Helena,  mother  of  Constan- 
tine,  visited  it  in  326,  and  the  empress  Eudocia  in  438,  and 
numerous  churches  were  erected  on  the  holy  places.  It 
was  an  episcopal  see  subordinate  to  Csesarea  till  after  the 
Council  of  Chalcedon  (451),  when  it  became  an  indepen- 
dent patriarchate.  It  was  taken  by  the  Persians  in  614, 
but  was  regained  by  Heraclius  in  628.  In  637  it  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  Saracen  Omar :  it  had  then  about  60,000  in- 
habitants. In  969  it  passed  over  to  Egyptian  Eatimites. 
From  1099  to  1187  it  was  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Jerusalem  of  the  Crusaders,  who  slew  most  of  the  Mo- 
hammedan and  Jewish  inhabitants.  Captured  in  1187  by 
Saladin,  it  was  surrendered  in  1229  to  the  emperor  Fred- 
erick II.  Since  1244  it  has  been  in  possession  of  the  Mo- 
hammedans, and  since  1617  under  Turkish  rule.  In  1800 
Napoleon  planned  the  capture  of  Jerusalem,  but  gave  up 
his  intention.  Mehemet  Ali,  pasha  of  Egypt,  took  pos- 
session of  it  in  1832 ;  in  1834  it  was  seized  and  held  for 
some  time  by  insurgent  Bedouins ;  and  in  1841  it  was  again 
restored  to  the  sultan.  Modern  Jerusalem  is  a  city  of  the 
vilayet  of  Syria,  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  in  lat.  31"  47'  N., 
long.  35"  13'  E.  The  Christian  quarter  occupies  the  north- 
west of  it,  tlie  Mohammedan  the  northeast,  the  Jewish 
the  southeast  and  the  Armenian  the  southwest.  It  is 
the  residence  of  the  Pasha  of  Palestine,  and  is  now  con- 
nected with  Jaffa  by  raUway.  The  most  conspicuous  edi- 
fice is  the  Haram  esh  Sherif,  on  the  supposed  site  of  the 
temple.    Population,  estimated,  about  40,000. 

Jerusalem.  An  opera  by  Verdi,  prodneed  at 
Paris  in  1847. 

Jerusalem,  Council  of.  A  ootmeil  of  the  apos- 
tles, elders,  and  brethren,  convened  at  Jerusa- 
lem 50  or  51  A.  D.  for  the  settlement  of  ques- 
tions that  had  arigen  regarding  the  recognition 
of  Gentile  Christians  and  the  obligation  of  their 
being  circumcised.  The  deliverance  oftheooun- 
eil  is  given  in  Acts  xv.  23-29. 

Already  the  peace  of  the  flourishing  community  at  Anti- 
och  had  been  disturbed  by  some  of  the  more  zealous  con- 
verts from  Jerusalem,  who  still  asserted  the  indispensable 
necessiiy  of  circumcision.    Paul  and  Barnabas  proceeded 
C— 35 


545 

as  delegates  from  the  community  at  Antioch  ;  and  what 
is  caUed  the  Council  of  Jerusalem,  a  full  assembly  of  all 
the  apostles  then  present  in  the  metropolis,  solemnly  de- 
bated this  great  question. 

Milman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  I.  403. 

Jerusalem,  Kingdom  of.  A  Christian  kingdom 
in  Syria,  1100-87,  largely  under  French  influ- 
ence. It  was  continued  as  a  titular  kingdom, 
now  held  nominally  by  the  house  of  Austria.   • 

Jerusalem  Chamber,  A  room  at  the  southwest  _ 
side  of  Westminster  Abbey,  dating  from  1376' 
or  1386.    HenrylV.  died  in  this  room.    TheUpperHouse 
of  Convocation  of  the  Province  of  Canterbury  meets  in  it. 
It  probably  derives  its  name  from  tapestries  with  the  his- 
tory of  Jerusalem  on  them,  which  hung  on  the  waUs. 

Jerusalem  Coffee  House.  An  old  house  in  Com- 

hill,  London.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  of  the  city  news- 
rooms, and  is  frequented  by  merchants  and  captains  con- 
nected with  the  commerce  of  China,  India,  and  Australia. 
Timbs. 

Jerusalem  Delivered,  It.  Gerusalemme  Lib- 
erata.  An  epic  poem  by  Torquato  Tasso,  re- 
lating to  the  deliverance  of  Jerusalem  from  the 
unbelievers  by  the  Crusaders  under  Godfrey  of 
Bouillon  (published  1581 ;  English  translations 
by  Fairfax,  1600,  and  James,  1865). 

Jervis  (jer'vis),  John,  Earl  St.  Vincent.  Bom 
at  Meaford,  Jan.  9,  1735 :  died  March  14,  1823. 
An  English  admiral.  He  entered  the  royal  navy 
as  able  seaman  Jan.  4,  1749.  Sept.  24,  1787,  he  was  pro- 
moted rear-admiral,  and  in  1790  was  returned  to  Par- 
liament for  Wycombe.  Feb.  1, 1793,  he  became  vice-ad- 
miral, and  on  July  1, 1796,  was  made  admiral.  On  Nov. 
29,  1795,  he  joined  the  fleet  on  the  coast  of  Corsica  as 
commander-in-chief.  Sept.  25,  1796,  he  was  ordered  to 
abandon  Corsica  and  the  Mediterranean  and  to  defend  the 
Channel.  To  prevent  the  union  of  the  allied  fleet  with  the 
French  squadron  at  Brest,  he  took  up  a  position  off  Cape 
St.  Vincent  Feb.,  1797.  On  Feb.  14  a  battle  was  fought, 
resulting  in  the  capture  of  four  Spanish  ships.  He  was 
at  once  gazetted  to  an  earldom  with  the  title  of  St.  Tin- 
cent.  He  relinquished  his  command  June  15, 1799.  In  the 
summer  of  1800  he  again  entered  the  service  in  command 
of  the  Channel  fleet.  In  1801  he  became  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty.  On  the  collapse  of  the  Addington  ministry  and 
the  return  of  Pitt  to  power,  St.  Vincent's  retirement  from 
the  admiralty  became  necessai^.  After  the  death  of  Pitt 
he  again  entered  the  service  with  the  acting  rank  of  ad- 
miral of  the  fleet,  March,  1806,  but  was  relieved  April  24, 
1807. 

Jer'vis,  Sir  John,  Bom  Jan.  12,  1802 :  died  at 
London,  Nov.  1,  1856.  An  English  jurist,  lord 
chief  justice  of  the  Common  Pleas.  He  was  second 
cousin  of  John  Jervis,  Earl  St.  Vincent.  He  studied  at 
TEinity  CoUege,  Cambridge,  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in 
1824.  From  1826  to  1832  he  reported  in  the  Exchequer 
court.  Dec,  1832,  he  was  returned  for  Chester  as  a  liberal 
in  the  first  reform  Parliament.  He  was  appointed  solicitor- 
general  in  1846,  and  attorney-general  in  the  same  year. 
July  16, 1860,  he  was  appointed  lord  chief  justice  of  the 
Common  Pleas.  In  1848  were  passed  three  bills  which  bear 
his  name,  regulating  the  duties  of  justices  of  the  peace. 

Jesi  (ya'se).  A  city  in  the  province  of  Ancona, 
eastemItaly,situatedon  the Esiuo  16 miles  west- 
southwest  of  Aneona  :  the  ancient  .^sis  or  JEsi- 
um.  It  has  a  cathedral,  and  is  noted  as  the  biri^place  of 
the  emperor  Frederick  II.    Population,  about  12,(XK). 

Jesse  (jes'e).  The  father  of  David,  king  of  Is- 
rael. 

Jesse,  John  Heneage.  Bom  1815 :  died  at  Lon- 
don,, July  7, 1874.  An  English  historical  writer. 
He  published  "Mem  oirs  of  the  Court  of  England 
during  the  Eeign  of  the  Stuarts  "  (1840),  and 
similar  works. 

Jessel  (jes'el),  Sir  George.  Bom  at  London, 
Feb.  13, 1824:  died  there,  March  21, 1883.  An 
English  jurist.  He  was  the  son  of  a  Jewish  merchant. 
He  graduated  at  London  University  in  1843,  and  was  called 
to  the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1847.  Jessel  was  returned 
to  Parliament  for  Dover  in  Dec,  1868,  and  was  appointed 
solicitor-general  in  1871.  During  his  tenure  of  oiflce  oc- 
curred the  Geneva  arbitration.  In  1873  he  was  made  mas- 
ter of  the  roUs. 

Jesselmere.    See  Jaisalmir. 

Jessica  (jes'i-ka).  In  Shakspere's  "  Merchant 
of  Venice,"  the  daughter  of  Shylock.  she  elopes 
with  Lorenzo,  taking  her  father's  jewels  and  money.  "  A 
most  beautiful  pagan,  a  most  sweet  Jew." 

Jesso.    See  Teeo. 

Jessonda.  An  opera  by  Spohr,  first  produced 
at  Cassel  in  1823,  and  at  London  in  1840. 

Jessor,  or  Jessore  (jes-sor').  A  district  in  Ben- 
gal, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  23°  N., 
long.  89°  30' E.  Area,  2,925  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  1,888,827. 

Jests  of  Gtonnella.  The  jests  of  the  domestic 
fool  of  Nicolo  d'Este:  they  were  printed  in 
1506. 

Jesuits  (jeg'u-its).  [So  called  (first,  it  is  said, 
by  Calvinj'about  1550)  from  the  name  given  to 
the  order  by  its  founder  (NL.  Societas  Jesu,  the 
Company  (or  Society)'  of  .Jesus).]  The  mem- 
bers of  the  "  Society  of  Jesus"  (or  "Company 
of  Jesus  "),  founded  by  Ignatius  Loyola  in  1534, 
and  confirmed  by  the  Pope  in  1540.  Its  member- 
ship includes  two  general  classes  (laymen,  or  temporal  co- 
adjutors, and  priests)  and  six  grades— namely,  novices, 
formed  temporal  coadjutors,  approved  scholastics,  formed 


Jewel 

spiritual  coadjutors,  the  professed  of  three  vows,  and  the 
professed  of  four  vows.  The  professed  of  the  four  vow» 
are  the  most  influential  class :  they  form  the  general  con- 
gregation, and  fill  the  highest  ofilces  and  the  leading  mis- 
sions. The  general  is  elected  for  life  by  the  general  con- 
gregation. They  were  expelled  from  France  in  1694  ;  re- 
stored in  1603 ;  again  expelled  in  1764,  and  for  the  last 
tune  in  1880.  They  were  expelled  from  Spain  in  1767,  and 
at  different  times  from  various  other  countries.  In  1773 
the  order  was  suppressed  by  Pope  Clement  XIV.,  but  it 
was  revived  in  1814. 

Jesus  (je'zus).  [Gr.  'lijmig,  Saviour,  from  Heb. 
Jehoshua  or  Joshua,  Jehovah  is  salvation :  used 
in  Acts  vii.  45,  Heb.  iv.  8  for  Joshua.]  The 
personal  name  of  the  founder  of  Christianity, 
often  joined  with  the  official  name  Christ,  the 
Anointed  One  {Jesus  Christ  or  Christ  Jesus).  He 
is  the  central  figure  in  the  Christian  religion,  belief  in 
whom  as  the  Son  of  God  and  the  Saviour  of  men  is  its  dis- 
tinctive characteristic  His  personality  has  been  the  sub- 
ject of  much  controversy.  The  Trinitarian  doctrine  that 
there  is  but  one  God  and  yet  tlu'ee  equal  sul>jects  or  "per- 
sons "  in  one  Godhead  is  that  now  accepted  generally 
throughout  Christendom,  the  essence  of  the  Father  and 
Son  being  regarded  as  the  same,  as  was  maintained  in  the 
early  church  by  the  Homoousians  in  opposition  to  the 
Homoiousians,  who  held  that  their  natures  are  only  sim- 
ilar, and  the  HeteroSusians,  who  held  that  they  are  dif- 
ferent. According  to  the  narratives  of  the  four  gospels, 
Jesus  was  born  of  Mary,  a  virgin  of  the  tribe  of  Judah  and 
family  of  David,  in  a  stable  at  Bethlehem  ;  was  brought 
up  as  a  carpenter  in  the  workshop  of  his  reputed  father ; 
entered,  when  about  30  years  of  age,  on  a  public  ministry ; 
traveled  for  two  or  three  years  through  Judea  and  Galilee, 
teaching  and  working  numerous  miracles,  especially  of 
healing,  accompanied  more  or  less  by  twelve  men  whom 
he  had  chosen  as  his  disciples ;  was  thereafter  seized  by  the 
Jews,  subjected  to  an  irregular  trial  on  a  charge  of  blas- 
phemy, handed  over  by  the  Jews  to  Pilate,  the  Boman 
governor,  and  ultimately  sent  by  him  to  crucifixion ;  died 
on  the  cross,  was  buried,  and  on  tlie  morning  of  the  third 
day  rose  again  from  the  dead  ;  was  afterward  seen  of  many 
witnesses ;  and  forty  days  later  ascended  into  Heaven. 
The  birth  of  Jesus  is  now  generally  believed  to  have  taken 
place  about  four  years  before  the  period  from  which  we 
reckon  our  years  in  the  vulgar  or  Christian  era. 

Jestis,  Raphael  de.    See  Raphael  de  JesHs. 

Jesus  College.  A  college  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity, England,  founded  in  1496  by  John  AIt 
cock,  bishop  of  Ely,  on  the  site  of  a  Benedic- 
tine monastery.  The  chapel  is  the  old  convent  church, 
somewhatcut  down  ;  its  architecture  is  Norman  andEarly 
English,  with  some  JPerpendicular  interpolations. 

Jesus  College.  A  college  of  the  University  of 
Oxford,  founded  in  1571  by  Queen  Elizabeth: 
originally  intended  for  Welsh  students.  It  was 
rebuilt  in  1621-67,  and  restored  in  1866.  The  chapel  (bnilt 
1621)  is  notable  for  its  wainscoting  of  paneled  oak,  and  the 
hall  for  its  portraits  and  Jacobean  screen. 

Jesus  Disputing  'with  the  Doctors.  A  paint- 
ing by  Paolo  Veronese,  in  the  Eoyal  Museum  at 
Madrid. 

Jethro  (jeth'ro).  [Heb., 'excellence.']  A  priest 
or  chief  of  the  Midianites  who  inhabited  the 
southern  point  of  Sinai,  the  father  of  seven 
daughters,  one  of  whom,  Zipporah,  was  married 
to  Moses.  In  Ex.  ii.  18,  Num.  x.  29  the  name  is  given  as 
KeueL  Perhaps  the  latter  was  his  personal  name,  and 
Jethro  an  honorary  title,  or  the  discrepancy  of  the  names 
may  be  due  to  separate  and  independent  narratives.  By 
the  advice  of  Jethro,  Moses  appointed  deputies  to  judge 
the  people  and  to  share  the  burden  of  government  with 
him  (Ex.  xviii.). 

Jeu  de  Paiune  (zh6  de  pom),  Hall  of  the.  [F., 
'  tennis.']  A  building  in  Versailles,  France. 
It  is  famous  for  the  oath  to  form  a  constitution  sworn  here 
by  the  representatives  of  the  Third  Estate  June  20, 1789. 

Jeunesse  Dor6e  (zhe-nes'  do-ra').  [F., '  gilded 
youth.']  In  French  history,  a  band  of  young 
men  who  formed  a  reactionary  faction  against 
the  Jacobins  after  the  9th  Thermidor,  year  2 
(July  27,  1794). 

Jever  (ya'fer).  A  town  in  Oldenburg,  Germany, 
34  miles  north-northwest  of  Oldenburg :  former- 
ly the  chief  town  of  Jeverland,  an  old  division 
of  Friesland. 

Jevons  (jev'onz),  "William  Stanley.  Bom  at 
Liverpool,  Sept.  1,  1835 :  drowned  while  bath- 
ing near  Hastings,  Aug.  13,  1882.  An  English 
economist  and  logician.  He  was  the  son  of  a  nail- 
maker  and  iron  merchant  of  Liverpool  He  entered  Uni- 
versity College,  London,  in  1861,  and  studied  chemistry  with 
his  cousin,  Sir  Henry  Boscoe.  In  1853  he  became  assayer 
to  the  new  mint  at  Sydney,  Australia,  resigning  his  ap- 
pointment in  1859  to  return  to  University  College.  From 
1862  to  1864  he  published  numerous  dissertations  on  cur- 
rency and  finance.  In  1864  appeared  his  "Pure  Logic,  or 
the  Logic  of  Quality  apart  from  Quantity,"  based  on  l^e 
work  of  Boole.  In  1865  he  published  a  work  on  the  ex- 
haustion of  the  coal-mines.  He  was,appointed  to  the  chair 
of  logic  and  political  economy  at  Owens  College,  Manches- 
ter, in  1866,  and  to  the  professorship  of  political  economy 
at  University  College  in  1876.  This  he  resigned  in  1880. 
He  published  "The  Substitution  of  Similars"(1869),  "Stud' 
ies  in  Deductive  Logic  "  (1880),  "The  Mnciples  of  Sci- 
ence "(Wi),  "  The  Theory  of  Political  Economy  "  (1871). 

Jew,  The 'Wandering.  See  Wandering  Jew,The. 

Jewel  (jo'el),  John.  Bom  May  24, 1522:  died 
at  Monkton  Farleigh,  Sept.  23,  '1571.  Bishop  of 
Salisbury.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Merton  College)  in 
1540,  and  was  elected  fellow  of  Corpus  Christi  in  1542.  On 
the  accession  of  Mary  in  1563,  Jewel  was  deprived  of  his 


Jewel 

fellowship,  and  fled  to  Frankfort  March  13, 15B6.  On  Mary's 
death  he  returned  to  England.  His  letters  to  Peter  Mar- 
tyr and  other  friends  at  this  time  are  a  valuable  source  of 
historical  information.  He  was  appointed  a  disputant  at 
the  Westminster  Conference  in  1659,  preacher  at  Paul's 
Cross  in  June,  1560,  and  bishop  of  Salisbury  iu  July,  1560. 
In  1662  appeared  his  "Apologia  pro  Ecclesia  Anglicana," 
the  first  methodical  statement  of  the  Church  of  England's 
position  against  the  Church  of  Rome.  Jewel's  complete 
works  were  collected  under  the  direction  of  Archbishop 
Bancroft  and  published  in  1609. 
Je'W  of  Malta,  The.  A  play  by  Marlowe,  it  was 
written  after  1588,  and  was  frequently  acted  between  1591 
and  1596.  Itwas  revivedin  1601andl633,  and  in  1818  Kean 
produced  an  altered  version  at  Drury  Lane.  The  earliest 
English  edition  extant  is  dated  1633,  and  was  edited,  some- 
what altered,  by  T.  Heywood.  It  presents  the  popular 
idea  of  an  avaricious,  murderous  Jew.       , 

There  was  an  older  play  of  "The  Jew,"  named  by  Ste- 
phen Gosson  in  his  "  School  of  Abuse "  as  setting  forth 
"  the  greediness  of  worldly  choosers  and  the  bloody  minds 
of  usurers,"  which  seems  to  have  been  a  treatment  in  one 
play  of  the  two  fables  which  form  the  groundwork  of 
Shakespeare's  "  Merchant  of  Venice."  Some  years  after 
the  death  of  Marlowe  we  find  evidence  in  Germany  of  the 
existence  of  a  play  in  which  Barabas  of  "  The  Jew  of  Msd- 
ta"  is. made  one  with  the  Jew  of  the  other  play.  It  has, 
therefore,  some  rough  features  of  resemblance  to  "The 
Merchant  of  Venice,"  and  in  the  course  of  this  piece  it  is 
to  be  observed  that  Barabas  changes  his  name  to  Joseph. 
JUorley,  English  Writers,  X.  117. 

Je'WS  (joz).  [From  Judah.']  Loosely,  the  Se- 
mitic nation  that  was  earlier  called  Hebrews, 
Israelites,  or  the  children  of  Israel;  strictly, 
the  people  descended  from  the  tribes  of  Judah 
and  Benjamin  (see  Judah,  Kingdom  of).  After 
the  destruction  of  Jerusalem  (70  A.  D.)  these  were  scat- 
tered throughout  other  countries.  They  still  remain  a 
distinct  people,  often  oppressed  and  persecuted,  but  re- 
taining their  nationality  and  distinguished  by  specific 
characteristics.  Their  number  at  the  present  time  is  es- 
timated at  between  7,000,000  and  8,000,000,  about  6,500,000 
being  in  Europe. 

Jewsbury  (j6z'ber-i),  Geraldine  Endsor.  Bom 

at  Measham,  Derbyshire,  in  1812 :  died  Sept. 
23,1880.  An  English  novelist,  she  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Thomas  Jewsbury  of  Manchester.  In  1841  she 
became  associated  with  Thomas  Carlyle  and  his  wife,  and 
■  removed  to  Chelsea,  to  be  near  them,  in  1854.  Among  her 
novels  are  "Zoe"  (1845),  "The  Half -Sisters"  (1848),  "Sor- 
rows of  Gentility  (1856),  etc. ;  and  she  wrote  several 
children's  stories  and  short  tales. 

Jewsbury,  Maria  Jane  (afterward  Mrs. 
Fletcher).  Bom  at  Measham, Derbyshire, Eng- 
land, Oct.  25, 1800:  died  at  Poonah,  India,  Oct. 
4, 1833.  An  English  author,  sister  of  Geraldine. 
She  wrote  "Phantasmagoria,  etc.,"  "Letters  to  the  Young," 
"Lays  of  Leisure  Hours,"  etc.  Her  best  work  appeared 
in  the  "Athenseimi." 

Jeypore  (ji-p6r'),  or  Jaipur  (,ii-por').  1.  Ana- 
tive  state  in  Kajputana,  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  27°  N.,  long.  76°  E.  it  passed  under  British 
protection  in  1818.  Area,  15,349  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion h891),  2,832,276. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Jeypore,  situated 
iu  lat.  26°  55'  N.,  long.  75°  52'  E.  it  is  the  chief 
city  of  Bajputana,  and  an  important  financial  center,  and 
is  noted  for  its  fine  buildings.  It  was  founded  in  1728. 
Population  (1891),  168,905. 

Jezebel  (jez'e-bel).  The  wife  of  Ahab,  king  of 
Israel,  whom" she  married  before  his  accession, 
and  by  whom  she  became  the  mother  of  Atha- 
liah,  queen  of  Judah,  and  of  Ahaziah  and  Jo- 
ram,  kings  of  Israel.  She  was  a  Phenician  princess, 
daughter  of  Ethbaal,  king  of  the  Sidonians,  and  estab- 
lished the  Phenician  worship  at  the  court  of  Ahab.  She 
was  put  to  death  by  order  of  Jehu. 

Jezreel  (jez're-el),  mod.  Zerin  (ze-ren').  In 
Bible  geography,  a  city  in  the  plain  of  Jezreel, 
Palestine,  situated  near  Mount  Gilboa,  53  miles 
north  of  Jerusalem,  it  was  the  capital  of  Israel  under 
the  dynasty  of  Ahab.  Ahaziah  and  Joram  were  killed 
here  by  Jehu. 

Jhalawar  (ja'la-war).  A  native  state  of  Raj- 
putana,  Iu(Ma,  consisting  of  two  separate  por- 
tions, situated  west  of  Q-walior,  about  long. 
'76°-77°  E.  It  is  under  British  protection.  Area, 
3,043  square  mUes.   Population  (1891),  343,601. 

Jhana  (j-ha'na).    See  Dhyani  Buddha. 

Jhang  Qung)."  1.  A  district  in  the  Multan  divi- 
sion, Panjab,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat. 
31°  15'  N.,  long.  72°  15'  E.  Area,  5,871  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  436,841.— 2.  A  town 
in  the  district  of  Jhang,  about  lat.  31°  18'  N., 
long.  72°  23'  B.     Population   (1891),  23,290. 

Jhansi  (jan'se).  1 .  A  division  in  the  Northwest 
Provinces,  British  India.  Area,  4,983  square 
miles.  Population  (1881),  1,000,457.-2.  A  dis- 
trict in  the  Jhansi  division,  intersected  by  lat. 
25°  30'  N.,  long.  79°  10'  E.  '  Area,  1,640  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  409,419.-3.  A  for- 
tified town  in  Gwalior,  India,  situated  in  lat. 
25°  27'  N.,  long.  78°  33'  E.  it  was  the  scene  of  a 
massacre  of  Europeans  in  1857 ;  was  captured  by  the 
British  in  1858  ;  and  was  ceded  to  Gwalior  in  1861.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  53,779. 

Jhelnm,  or  Jhelam  (je'lum),  or  Jhylum,  or 
Jhilam  (ji'lum),"  etc.  1.  One  of  the  rivers  of 
the  Panjab,  India,  rising  in  Kashmir  and  join- 


546 

ing  the  Chenab  in  lat.  31°  10'  N. :  the  ancient 
Hydaspes.  On  its  banks  Alexander  the  Great  defeated 
Porus,  326  B.  0.  Srinagar  in  Kashmir  is  on  its  banks. 
Length,  about  450  miles. 

2.  A  district  in  the  Kawal  Pindi  division, 
Panjab,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  33° 
N.,  long.  73°  E.  Area,  3,995  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  609,056.-3.  The  capital  of 

'the  district  of  Jhelum,  situated  on  the  river 
Jhelum  in  lat.  32°  55'  N.,  long.  73°  40'  E. 
Population  (1891),  12,878. 

Jibaros.    See  Jivaros. 

Jicarilla  (ne-ka-rel'va).  The  northern  branch 
of  the  Vaquero  of  Benavides,  a  tribe  of  the 
Apache.  Prior  to  1799  they  ranged  north  of  northern 
New  Mexico  till  driven  out  by  the  Comanche.  The  Jica- 
rilla are  closely  related  to  the  Faraone. 

Jiddah  ( jid'da),  or  Jeddah  (jed'da).  A  seaport 
in  Arabia,  in  the  vilayet  of  Hedjaz,  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, situated  on  the  Red  Sea  in  lat.  21°  28'  N., 
long.  39°  11'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  commercial  cen- 
ters of  Arabia,  and  the  landing-place  for  Mecca  pilgrims. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a  massacre  of  the  Christians  1858.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  22,000. 

Jihun.    See  Amu-Daria. 

Jijona  (He-Ho'na).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Alicante,  eastern  Spain,  12  miles  north  of  Ali- 
cante.   Population  (1887),  6,198. 

Jilolo.    See  Gilolo. 

Jim  Crow  ( jim  kro).  A  dramatic  song  and  negro 
dance  brought  out  by  Thomas  D.  Rice,  the  first 
"negro  minstrel,"  in  Washington  in  1835.  Jo- 
seph Jefferson  appeared  with  him  in  this  dance 
when  only  4  years  old. 

Jimena  de  la  Frontera  (ne-ma'na  da  la  fron- 
ta'ra).  A  town  iu  the  province  of  Cadiz,  Spain, 
north  of  Gibraltar.    Population  (1887),  8,622. 

Jimenes.    See  Ximenes. 

Jim6nez  (ne-ma'nath),  Jesds.  Bom  at  Cartage, 
June  18, 1823 :  died  at  San  Jos6,  Feb.  17, 1897.  A 
Costa  Rican  statesman,  president  of  the  repub- 
lic May  8, 1863,  to  May  8, 1865,  and  again  No  v.  1, 
1868,  to  April  28, 1870,  when  he  was  overthrown 
by  a  revolution.  He  was  moderate  in  politics, 
and  under  him  the  country  progressed  steadily. 

Jina.    See  Jainas. 

Jingas  (zheng'gas).    See  Nqola. 

Jingle,  Alfred,  otherwise  dharles  Fitz  Mar- 
shall. A  swindler  with  an  airy  temperament 
and  a  glib  tongue,  in  Dickens's  "Pickwick  Pa- 
pers." 

Jinnestan  (jin-es-tan').  An  ideal  region  in  the 
mountains  of  Kaf,  the  abode  of  jinns  and  peris 
and  devs,  in  Persian  mythology. 

Jisdra,  or  Jizdra  (zhez'dra)  A  town  in  the 
government  of  Kaluga,  central  Russia,  situated 
on  the  river  Jisdra  82  miles  southwest  of  Kaluga. 

Jitomir.    See  Zhitomir. 

Jivaros  (ne-va'ros).  A  race  of  Indians  in  Ecua- 
dor and  northern  Peru,  about  the  rivers  flow- 
ing into  the  upper  Amazon.  They  are  still  numer- 
ous, and  are  divided  into  many  petty  hordes  with  differ- 
ent names.  All  are  savages  of  a  rather  low  grade,  living 
mainly  by  hunting,  and  making  war  on  other  tribes ;  their 
language  has  never  been  classified.  For  arms  they  use 
lances  and  blow-guns  with  poisoned  arrows.  They  dry 
and  preserve  their  enemies'  heads,  and  also  those  of  their 
chiefs :  these  heads  are  well  known  in  museums.  Mis- 
sionaries preached  to  the  Jivaros  in  the  16th  century,  but 
they  revolted  in  1599  and  destroyed  many  settlements; 
recently  they  have  received  Italian  missionaries.  Also 
written  Jibaros^  Givaroe,  or  Xivaros. 

Joab(j6'ab).  [Heb.,'Yahvehismyfather.']  The 
commander  of  the  Hebrew  army  under  King 
David  (about  1033-993  B.  C).  He  commanded  in  the 
war  against  Ishbosheth,  the  son  of  Saul,  as  well  as  against 
the  Gentiles.  He  treacherously  slew  Abner,  Saul's  former 
captain,  after  he  had  become  reconciled  with  David ;  and 
despatched  David's  rebellious  son  Absalom.  He  was  killed 
by  order  of  Solomon  for  conspiring  with  Adonijah. 

Joachim,  King  of  Naples.    See  Murat. 

Joachim  (yo'a-chim),  Joseph,  Bom atKittsee, 
near  Presburg,  Hungary,  June  28, 1831.  A  cel- 
ebrated German  violinist  and  composer.  He  has 
had  great  success  as  a  solo  and  quartet  player.  In  1849 
he  was  made  leader  of  the  grand  duke's  band  at  Wei- 
mar. He  was  conductor  of  concerts  and  solo  violinist  to 
the  King  of  Hanover  1864-66,  and  head  of  the  musical 
school  at  Berlin  1868.  He  received  the  honorary  degree 
of  doctor  of  music  in  1877  from  Cambridge.  He  is  a  mas- 
ter of  technic,  and  his  style  is  recognized  as  a  model  both 
in  England  and  on  the  Continent. 

Joachimites  (jo'a-kim-its).  The  followers  or 
believers  in  the  doctrines  of  an  Italian  mystic, 
Joachim  (died  about  1200),  abbot  of  Floris. 
The  most  important  feature  of  his  doctrines  was  the  belief 
that  the  history  of  man  will  be  covered  by  three  reigns: 
the  first,  that  of  the  Father,  from  the  creation  till  the  birth 
of  Christ;  the  second,  that  of  the  Son,  from  the  birth  of 
Christ  till  1260;  and  the  third,  that  of  the  Holy  Spirit, 
from  1260  onward.  This  last  view  was  developed  by  his 
adherents  into  the  belief  that  a  new  gospel  would  super- 
sede the  revelation  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments.  These 
views  had  many  supporters  in  the  13th  centuiy. 

JoacMmsthal  (yo'a-chims-tal).    A  mining  and 


Joannes  VI.  Palseologus 

manufacturing  town  in  Bohemia,  situated  in 
lat.  50°  23'  N.,  long.  12°  54'  E.  its  silver-mines 
were  celebrated  in  the  16th  century.  The  word  thaler, 
dollar,  is  derived  from  this  place.  Population  (,1890),  com- 
mune, 7,046. 

Joan,  surnamed  "The  Fair  Maid  of  Kent."  [Prom 
Joanna.']  Bom  1328:  died  at  Wallingford  Cas- 
tle, Aug.  7, 1385.  The  wife  of  Edward,  prince  of 
Wales,"the  Black  Prince,"  and  mother  of  Rich- 
ard II.,  probably  the  younger  daughter  of  Ed- 
mund of  Woodstock,  earl  of  Kent,  sixth  son  of 
Edward  I.  in  Oct.,  1330,  the  young  queen  PhUippa  took 
charge  of  her,  and  she  became  "in  her  time  the  most 
beautiful  of  all  the  kingdom  (?)  of  England  and  the  most 
lovable  "  (FroUsart).  She  was  first  married  to  Sir  Thomas 
Holland,  steward  of  the  household  to  William  de  Monta- 
cute,  second  earl  of  Salisbury.  A  few  months  after  his 
death  (Dec.  28,  1360)  she  married  the  Black  Prince.  The 
marriage  was  celebrated  by  Simon  Islip  (whom  see),  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  at  Lambeth,  Oct.  10, 1361.  Between 
13^  and  1371  she  was  with  the  prince  in  Aquitaine,  where 
her  two  sons  Edward  and  Richard  II.  were  bom.  The  Black 
Prince  died  on  June  8, 1376,  and  in  June,  1377,  Richard 
became  king.  At  her  interposition  in  1378  proceedings, 
against  Wyclif  at  La'inbeth  were  arrested.  She  also  ex- 
erted all  her  infiuence  to  heal  the  breach  between  Eichard 
and  John  of  Gaunt.    Dicf.  ifat.  Biog. 

Joan,  Queen  of  Scotland,  called  "Joan  of  the 
Tower."  Bora  in  the  Tower,  London,  about 
July,  1321 :  died  Aug.  14, 1362.  The  fourth  and 
youngest  child  of  Edward  TL.  and  Isabella, 
daughter  of  Philip  IV.  of  France,  in  the  summer 
of  1327  Isabella  and  Mortimer,  in  the  name  of  Edward  III., 
proposed  to  Robert  Bruce,  then  besieging  Norham,  the 
marriage  of  his  son  and  heir  David  to  Joan,  and  the  mar- 
riage was  included  among  the  conditions  of  the  peace  con- 
cluded at  Northampton,  April,  1328.  They  were  married 
at  Berwick,  July  12, 1328.  The  Scots  called  the  princess 
"  Joan  Make-peace."  The  children  were  crowned  at  Scone 
Nov.  24, 133L  When  Edward  Baliol  seized  the  crown  of 
Scotland  (Sept.  24, 1.S32),  David  and  Joan  fled  to  Dumbar- 
ton, and  in  1334  to  the  Ch&teau  Gaillard  in  France  until 
May,  1341,  when  they  returned  to  Scotland. 

Joan.  A  mythical  female  pope,  supposed  to 
have  reigned  about  855-858.  She  is  represented  as 
of  English  descent,  although  born  at  Ingelheim  or  Mainz. 
and  as  having  fallen  in  love  with  a  young  Benedictine 
monk,  with  whom  she  fled  in  male  attii-e  to  Athens.  After 
his  death  she  removed  to  Rome,  where  she  rose  to  the 
rank  of  cardinal.  She  was  elected  pope  as  John  VIII. 
on  the  death  of  Leo  lY.,  and  died  in  childbirth  during  a 
public  procession. 

Joan  of  Arc  (j6-an'  or  jon  ov  ark),  F.  Jeanne 
d'Ajrc  or  Dare  (zhan  dark),  called  "  The  Maid  of 
Orleans."  Bom  at  Domremy,  Jan.  6, 1412 :  died 
May  30, 1431.  The  French  national  heroine.  She 
was  the  illiterate  daughter  of  a  peasant  proprietor  at  Dom- 
remy. At  the  time  of  her  appearance  in  history  the  English 
were  masters  of  the  whole  of  France  north  of  the  Loire,  and 
thequeen  mother  Isabella  supported  the  pretensions  of  her 
grandson  Henry  VI.  of  England  to  the  throne  of  France 
in  opposition  to  her  son  Charles  VII.  of  France.  Accord- 
ing to  a  version  of  a  prophecy  by  Merlin,  which  was  cur- 
rent in  her  native  province  and  with  which  she  was  un- 
doubtedly familiar,  France  was  to  be  overwhelmed  with 
calamities,  but  was  to  be  delivered  by  a  virgin  out  of  the 
forest  of  Domremy.  She  imagined  that  she  heard  super- 
natural voices  commanding  her  to  liberate  France,  and 
eventually  gained  access  to  the  court  of  Charles  VII.,  who  . 
intrusted  her  with  the  command  of  an  army.  She  raised 
the  siege  of  Orleans  by  the  English,  May  8, 1429,  and  gained 
the  great  victory  of  Patay,  June  18, 1429,  with  the  result  that 
Charles  VH.  was  enabled,  July  17, 1429,  to  receive  the  con- 
secrated oil  at  Rheims,  where  the  kings  of  France  were 
anciently  accustomed  to  hold  the  coronation  ceremonies. 
She  was  captured  May  24, 1430,  while  defending  Compi^gne 
against  the  Duke  of  Burgundy ;  was  sold  by  the  duke  to 
his  allies  the  English ;  and  was  burned  at  the  stake  as  a 
heretic  at  Rouen,  May  30, 1431. 

Joan  of  Arc.  A  painting  by  Bastien-Lepage,  in 
the  MetropoUtau  Museum,  New  York.  The  maid, 
as  a  coarsely  dressed  Lorraine  peasant  girl,  leans  against 
an  apple-tree  amid  rustic  surroundings,  and  looks  upward 
with  a  rapt  expression.  Above  float  spectral  figures  of 
angels  and  of  knights  in  armor. 

Joanna  (j6-au'a)  I.  [Fem.  of  Joannes.']  Died 
1382.  Queen  6t  Naples  1343-82.  she  procured  the 
murder  of  her  first  husband,  Andrew,  prince  of  Hungary, 
in  1345,  and  in  1346  married  Prince  Louis  of  Tarentum. 
She  was  expelled  by  Louis,  king  of  Hungary,  who  invaded 
Naples  to  avenge  the  death  of  Andrew,  but  was  restored 
in  1352.  She  was  captured  and  put  to  death  by  the  usurper 
Charles  III.  (whom  see). 

Joanna  II.  Died  1435.  Queen  of  Naples  1414- 
1435. 

Joannes.    See  Marajo. 

Joannes  (.jo-an'ez)  I,  Zimiskes.  Died  at  Con- 
stantinople, Jan.  10,  976.  Byzantine  emperor 
969-976.  He  put  to  death  the  emperor  Nicephorus  Phocas, 
and  took  possession  of  the  throne  by  means  of  an  adulterous 
intrigue  with  the  empress  Theophano.  He  defeated  the 
Russians  in  971. 

Joannes  II.  Comnenus,    See  Calo- Joannes. 
Joannes  III.  Vatatzes.    Died  at  Nymphseum, 

Oct.  30,  1255.    Emperor  of  Niesea  1222-55. 
Joannes  IV.  Lascaris.     Emperor  of  Niesea 

1259-61,  son  of  Theodore  H.  Lascaris  whom  he 

succeeded.    He  was  deposed  and  blinded  by 

Michael  Palseologus. 

Joannes  V.  Cantacuzenus.  See  Cantacuzenus. 
Joannes  VI.  Palaeologus.  Bom  1332:  died  1391. 

Byzantine  emperor  1341-91,  son  of  Androni- 


Joannes  VI.  Palsologus 

ens  III.  whom  he  succeeded  under  the  guardian- 
ship of  Joannes  Cantaeuzenus.  He  was  forced  to 
share  the  Imperial  title  with  Cantaeuzenus  in  1347,  but 
became  sole  emperor  on  the  abdication  of  the  latter  in 
1355. 

Joannes  VII.  Palsologus.  Bom  1390:  died 
1448.  _  Byzantine  emperor  1425-48. 

Joannina.    See  Janina. 

Joannites  (jo-an'its).  The  adherents  of  John 
Chrysostom  who  supported  him  after  his  de- 
position from  the  patriarchate  of  Constantino- 
ple in  404. 

Joash  (jo'ash).  King  of  Israel  798-790  B.  c. 
(Duncker),  son  of  Jehoahaz.  He  expelled  the  Syri- 
ans from  his  kingdom,  and  defeated  and  captured  Amaziah, 
Idng  of  Judah,  and  plundered  the  temple  at  Jerusalem. 

Joash.  King  of  Judah  837-797  b.  o.  (Duncker), 
son  of  Ahaziah.  He  was  the  only  prince  of  the  royal 
house  who  escaped  massacre  on  the  usurpation  of  the 
throne  by  Athaliah  (whom  see).  He  was  proclaimed  by  the 
high  priest  Jehoiada(whom  seeX  who  overtlirew  Athaliah, 
in  837.  He  put  to  death  Zechariah,  the  son  of  Jehoiada,  in 
anger  at  being  rebuked  for  restoring  the  worship  of  Baal, 
and  was  murdered  by  his  own  servants  during  an  invasion 
of  the  Syrians. 

Job  (job).  [Heb.  Iy6b.']  The  hero  of  a  book 
of  the  Old  Testament  named  from  him.  He  is 
a  man  of  great  wealth  and  prosperity,  who  is  suddenly 
overtaken  by  dire  misfortunes.  These  give  rise  to  a  series 
of  discussions  between  Job  and  a  number  of  friends  who 
come  to  visit  him.  The  problem  discussed  is  whether  suf- 
fering is  always  the  punishment  for  sin,  and,  conversely, 
whether  sin  is  always  followed  by  punishment.  Job  as- 
serts his  righteousness,  and  his  friends  assume  that  his 
suffering  must  be  a  punishment  for  sin.  A  righteous  man 
named  .Job  is  mentioned  in  Ezek.  xiv.  14,  but  it  is  gen- 
erally assumed  that  the  book  itself  is  not  historical  in  char- 
acter. This  assumption  is  f  ound  asf  ar  back  as  the  Talmud. 
The  authorship  has  been  ascribed  to  Hoses,  Jeremiah, 
Ezra,  and  other  biblical  writers.  Some  modern  critics 
consider  it  an  Israelitish  production,  and  place  it  directly 
after  the  fall  of  Samaria  (722  B.  c),  while  others  hold  that 
it  is  a  Judaic  production  dating  from  the  period  of  the 
Babylonian  captivity.  The  work  is  poetic  in  form,  with  a 
prose  prologue  and  epilogue.  Some  writers  call  it  a  drama, 
others  a  didactic  lyric.  It  is  held  by  some  that  the  book 
in  its  present  form  is  not  the  original  poem.  The  prologue 
and  epilogue  are  considered  later  additions.  The  speeches 
of  Elihu  (one  of  the  friends)  are  held  to  be  interpolations 
made  in  the  interest  of  orthodox  beliefs,  and  some  writers 
consider  still  other  passages  interpolations  made  from  the 
same  point  of  view.  The  great  literary  merit  of  the  book 
is  recognized  by  all  modern  writers. 

Jocasta  (j6-kas'ta).  A  play  by  Gascoigne  and 
Francis  Kinwelmarsh,  acted  in  1566.  it  has  been 
supposed  to  be  the  only  Early  English  play  derived  from 
the  Greek,  but  is  really  a  translation  from  the  Italian  of 
Lodovlco  Dolce. 

Jocaste  (jo-kas'te),  or  Epicaste  (ep-i-kas'te). 
[Gr.  'lomaTTi,  Smmarii.']  In  Greek  legend,  the 
wife  of  Laius,  and  mother  of  CEdipus  whom  she 
afterward  married.    See  (Edipus. 

Jocelin,  or  Joscelia  (jos'e-lin).  Flourished 
1200.  An  English  hagiographer,  a  Cistercian 
monk  of  the  abbey  of  Pumess  iu  Lancashire, 
and  later  of  the  monastery  at  Down,  northern 
Ireland.  He  wrote  "life  and  Miracles  of  St  Walthen 
of  Melrose,"  "Life  of  David,  King  of  Scotland,"  "Life 
of  St.  Kentigem,"  "Life  and  Miracles  of  St.  Patrick,"  and 
was  probably  the  author  of  a  "Life  of  St.  Helen,"  and  a 
work  "De  Britouum  Episcopis"  mentioned  by  Stowe. 

Jocelin  de  Brakelonde.  Mourished  1200.  A 
native  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  and  chronicler  of 
St.  Edmund's  Abbey.  He  entered  the  convent  in 
1173.  His  chronicle  of  the  abbey  covers  the  period  from 
1173  to  1202,  The  graphic  account  of  the  abbot  Samson 
suggested  Carlyle's  "Past  and  Present"  (1843). 

Jochanan  ben  Zaccai  (j6-ka'nan  ben  zak'ki). 
The  celebrated  founder  of  the  school  of  Jabne 
(which  see),  and  head  of  the  Jewish  community 
after  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem  by  the  Ro- 
mans. He  had  a  school  in  Jerusalem.  At  the  outbreak 
of  the  revolution  he  urged  the  maintenance  of  peace  with 
Rome.  Later  lie  managed  to  escape  from  the  besieged  city 
into  the  Roman  camp,  being  carried  out  of  the  town  as  a 
corpse.  He  obtained  from  Vespasian  permission  to  open 
a  school  in  Jabne,  and  tlirough  the  activity  he  displayed 
as  head  of  the  school  and  president  of  the  Sanhedrim, 
which  likewise  took  up  its  abode  at  Jabne,  became  the  re- 
storer  and  regenerator  of  Jewish  national  life  out  of  Uie 
ruins  of  the  state  and  temple.  His  last  blessing  to  liis 
disciples  surrounding  his  death-bed  was :  "May  the  fear  of 
God  influence  your  actions  as-much  as  the  fear  of  man." 

Jodelle  (zho-del'),  ifitienne,  Sieur  deLymodin. 
Born  at  Paris,  1532:  died  there,  July,  1573.  A 
French  dramatic  poet,  a  member  of  the  P16iade, 
and  the  founder  of  modern  French  tragedy  and 
comedy.  He  wrote  the  tragedies  "Cl^opfttre 
captive"  (1552),  "Didon"  (1553),  the  comedy 
"  Eugene,"  etc. 
Jodhpur  (jod-por').  1.  A  native  state  in  Eaj- 
putana,  India,  intersected  by  lat.  26°  N.,  long. 
72°  E. :  called  also  Marwar.  it  passed  under  Brit- 
ish protection  in  1818.  Area,  37,446  square  miles.  Popular 
Hon  (1891X  2,521,727. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Jodhpur,  situated 
in  lat.  26°  17'  N.,  long.  73°  4'  E.    Population 
(1891),  61,849. 
Jodrell  (je'drel),  Richard  Paul.  Born  Nov.  13, 


547 

1745:  died  at  London,  Jan.  26,  1831.  An  Eng- 
lish classical  scholar  and  dramatist,  a  friend 
of  Dr.  Johnson.  He  became  member  of  Parliament 
for  Seaford,  Sussex,  in  1794.  He  wrote  "Philology  of  the 
English  Language  "(1S20),"A  Widow  and  no  Widow"  (pro- 
duced at  the  Haymarket  July  17,  1779),  "The  Persian 
Heroine,"  a  tragedy  (printed  1786,  and  acted  under  the 
patronage  of  the  Persian  ambassador  June  2, 1819). 
JoeKjo'el).  [Heb., 'Jehovah  is  God.']  The  sec- 
ond in  order  of  the  minor  prophets  of  Israel. 
His  prophecy,  which  consists  of  3  chapters,  is  spoken  partly 
in  bis  own  name  and  partly  in  that  of  Jehovah.  It  fore- 
tells judgments  that  are  to  come  in  Israel,  exhorts  the  peo- 
ple to  repentance  and  reform,  and  promises  ultimate  bless- 
ings.   Its  date  has  been  much  disputed. 

Jogues  (zhog),  Isaac.  Bom  at  Orleans,  France, 
Jan.  10,  1607:  killed  at  Caughnawaga,  N.  Y., 
Oct.  18, 1646.  A  French  Jesuit  missionary.  He 
entered  the  order  of  the  Jesuits  in  1624;  was  ordained 
priest  in  1636 ;  and  in  the  same  year  went  to  Canada,  being 
sent  there  as  a  missionary  to  the  Hurons.  He  was  cap- 
tured in  1642  by  the  Mohawks,  but  escaped  with  the  as- 
sistance of  the  Dutch  in  1643.  In  1646  he  voluntarily  re- 
turned to  the  Mohawks,  with  a  view  to  establishing  a  mis- 
sion ;  but  was  looked  upon  as  a  sorcerer  and  killed.  He 
wrote  a  ''Description  of  New  Netherlands,"  a  "Notice  of 
B.en^  Goupil,"  and  a  !' Journal"  of  his  captivity,  which 
have  been  published  in  the  "Collections  of  the  New  York 
Historical  Society." 
Johanna.  See  Joanna. 
Johanna  (jo-han'a)  Island,  or  Anzuan  (an-zii- 
an'),  or  Anjnan  (an-jo-an').  One  of  the  Co- 
moro Islands,  situated  in  Mozambique  Channel, 
east  of  Africa,  in  lat.  12°  16'  S.,  long.  44°  25'  E. 
It  is  governed  by  a  sultan  residing  at  the  head 
town,  Johanna.  Population  (estimated),  12,000. 
Johannes  (yo-han'nes),  sumamed  Parricida 
('the  Parricide')  (John  of  Swabia).  Bom 
1290 :  died  1368.  A  German  prince.  He  was  the 
nephew  of  King  Albert  I.,  whom  he  murdered  near  Win- 
disch,  Aargau,  Switzerland,  May  1, 1308,  for  withholding 
his  hereditary  domains. 
Johannesburg  (yo-han'nes-bora).  A  town  in 
Transvaal,  South  Africa,  about  300  miles  north- 
east of  Kimberiey.  It  is  the  center  of  the  Wit- 
watersrand  gold-fields,  laid  out  in  1886.  Popu- 
lation (1896),  102,714. 

Johannes  Secundus  (jo-han'ez  se-kuu'dus) 
(originally  JanEveraert's).Bornat']?heHague, 
Nov.,  1511:  died  at  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  1536. 
A  Dutch  poet,  notedforhis  Latin  lyrics,  elegies, 
etc.  His  "  Basia"  was  published  in  1539. 
Johanngeorgenstadt  (y6-han'''ga-or'gen-stat) . 
A  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  situated  in 
the  Erzgebirge,  on  the  Schwarzwasser,  29  miles 
south-southwest  of  Chemnitz.  Population(1890), 
5,124. 
Johanntsberg  (yo-han'nis-berG).  A  village  of 
Prussia,  on  the  Rhine  near  Wiesbaden.  It  is 
noted  for  its  vineyards,  which  produce  the  Jo- 
hannisberger  wine. 

Johannot  (zho-a-no'),  Alfred.  Bom  at  Offen- 
bach, March  21, 1800 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  7, 1837. 
A  French  historical  painter.  He  wasfirst  known 
as  the  engraver  of  the  pictures  of  Vemet  and 
Ary  Scheffer. 

Johannot,  Tony.  Bom  at  Offenbach,  Nov.  9, 
1803:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  4, 1852.  A  French  his- 
torical painter  and  engraver,  brother  of  Alfred. 
John  (jon),  the  Apostle.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
Jon;  also,  after  the  L.,  Johan;  ME.  Jon  (with 
long  vowel,  as  in  the  gen.  Jones,  whence  the 
mod.  surname  Jones),  also  Johan,  OP.  Johan, 
Jehan,  Jean,  P.  Jean,  Sp.  JvMn,  Pg.  Jo&o,  It. 
Giovanni,  CHanni,  Gian,  D.  Jan,  G.  J<mann,  Russ. 
loan,  etc.,  fromLL.  Joannes,  Johannes,  Gr.  'ladv- 
vvs,  Heb.  Tehohhandn  (in  Eng.  O.  T.  Johanan), 
'the  Lord  graciously  gave.'  The  form  Jack, 
often  used  as  a  familiar  substitute  for  John,  is 
really  a  short  form  of  Jacob.']  One  of  the  three 
disciples  of  Jesus  who  were  admitted  to  closest 
intimacy  with  him,  preeminently  "the  disciple 
whom  Jesus  loved."  He  was  the  son  of  Zebedee,  and 
originally  a  fisherman.  His  brother  James  and  he  were 
designated  "Boanerges,"  sons  of  thunder.  He  leaned  on 
the  bosom  of  Jesus  at  the  last  supper,  and  was  present 
at  the  crucifixion,  when  Jesus  committed  his  mother  to 
John's  special  care.  He  is  generally  believed  to  have  been 
the  author  of  the  gospel  and  the  tlu'ee  epistles  that  bear 
his  name,  and  also  of  the  Apocalypse  or  Kevelation,  though 
the  question  of  the  authorship  of  all  these  has  more  or  less 
been  matter  of  discussion.  Early  ecclesiastical  traditions 
tell  that,  after  an  enforced  or  voluntary  exile  to  the  isle  of 
Patmos,  he  returned  to  Ephesus,  and  died  there  at  a  great 
age. 

John,  The  Gospel  of.  The  fourth  gospel,  the 
authorship  of  which  is  generally  attributed  to 
the  apostle  John,  it  has  very  much  less  in  common 
with  the  other  tliree  gospels  than  they  have  with  each 
other.  Its  main  purpose  is  set  forth  in  the  book  itself : 
"These  are  written  that  ye  might  believe  that  Jesus  is  the 
Clu-ist,  the  Son  of  God,  and  that,  believing,  ye  miglit  have 
life  through  his  name  "  (xx.  31).  While  it  is  largely  nar- 
rative, the  discourses  and  sayings  of  Jesus  .have  promi- 
nence(see  especially xiv.-xvii.).  Thedateusuallyassigned 
to  it  is  from  80  to  90  A.  D. 


John 

John,  the  Baptist.  Bom  about  5  (?)  b.  c:  be- 
headed about  30  A.  D.  The  forerunner  of  Jesus, 
and  the  last  of  the  Hebrew  prophets. 

John  I.,  Saint.  Pope  523-526.  He  was  a  native  of 
Tuscany,  and  was  elevated  on  the  death  of  Hormisdas.  In 
525  he  was  sent  by  Theodoric,  king  of  the  East  Goths,  at 
the  head  of  an  embassy  to  the  Byzantine  emperor  to  obtain 
toleration  for  the  Arians,  in  which  he  was  only  partially 
BuccesBfiU.  He  was  suspected  Ijy  Theodoric  of  having 
secretly  opposed  the  object  of  the  mission,  and  was  on  his 
return  thrown  into  prison,  where  he  died.  He  is  com- 
memorated in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  on  May  27. 

John  II.,  sumamed  Mercurius  (on  account  of 
his  eloquence).    Pope  532-535. 

John  III.  Pope  560-573.  During  his  pontificate 
Italy  was  ravaged  by  frequent  incursions  of  the 
Lombards. 

JohnlV.  Pope640-642.  HewaaanativeofSalonain 
Balmatia,  and  condemned  the  Monothelitic  formula  of 
faith  prepared  by  Sergius  at  the  instance  of  the  emperor 
Heraclius. 

John  V.  Pope  685-686.  He  was  a  native  of 
Antioeh  in  Syria. 

John  VI.    Pope  701-705. 

John  VII.    Pope  705-707. 

John  VIII.  Pope  872-882,  a  Roman  by  birth.  He 
crowned  the  emperors  Charles  the  Bald  (875)  and  Charles 
the  Fat  (881),  and  paid  tribute  to  the  Saracens. 

John  IX.    Pope  898-900. 

JohnX.  Pope  914-928.  He  was  elevated  through  the 
infiuence  of  his  mistress  Theodora,  a  courtezan  at  Rome. 
He  defeated  the  Saracens  near  the  Garigliano  in  916. 

John  XI.  Born  906:  died  936.  Pope  931-932, 
son  of  Marozia  (whom  see)  and  Pope  Sergius 
in.  He  was  deposedby  his  brother  Alberic,  and 
died  in  prison. 

John  XII.  Died  964.  Pope  955-963,  son  of  Alberic 
II. ,  patrician  of  Rome,  and  grandson  of  Marozia 
(whom  see).  HecalledtohisaidagainstBerengariusII.. 
of  Italy,  Otto  I.  of  Germany,  whom  he  crowned  emperor 
in  962.  He  presently  conspired  against  the  emperor,  how- 
ever, and  was  deposed  by  him  in  963. 

John  XIII.    Pope  965-972. 

John  XIV.  Pope  983-984.  He  was  elected,  through 
the  influence  of  the  emperor  Otto  II.,  to  succeed  Benedict 
VII.,  but  was  imprisoned  by  the  antipope  Boniface  Vn.  in 
984,  and  died  probably  by  poison. 

John  XV.    Pope  985-996. 

John  XVi.  (Philagathus).   Antipope  997-998. 

He  was  elevated  by  Crescentiuson  the  expulsion  of  Gregory 
V.  in  997,  but  was  imprisoned  and  blinded  by  the  emperor 
Otto  III.  in  998. 

John  XVII.  (Sicco).    Pope  1003. 

John  XVIII.  (Fanasus  or  Fasanus).  Pope 
1003-09. 

John  XIX.    Pope  1024^33. 

John  XXI.  (or  XX.).    Pope  1276-77. 

John  XXII.  ( Jacaues  d'Euse).  Bom  at  Cahors, 
France,  about  1244:  died  1334.  Pope  1316-34. 
He  made  his  residence  at  Avignon,  and  was  wholly  sub- 
servient to  the  interests  of  the  French  court.  He  opposed 
the  emperor  Louis  the  Bavarian,  whose  imperial  dignity 
he  offered  to  Charles  the  Fair  of  France.  Louis,  however, 
installed  Nicholas  V.  as  antipope  at  Rome  in  1328,  but  on 
retiring  from  Italy  was  unable  to  prevent  Nicholas  from 
falling  into  the  hands  of  John. 

John  XXIII.  (Baltasare  Cossa).  Bom  at  Na- 
ples about  1360:  died  at  Florence,  Nov.  22, 
1419.  Pope  1410-15.  He  served  as  a  corsair  in  his 
youth ;  afterward  studied  at  thg  University  of  Bologna ; 
was  created  a  cardinal  in  1402 ;  and  in  1410  succeeded 
Alexander  V.,  whose  death  he  was  suspected  of  having 
encompassed.  He  was  opposed  by  the  antipopes  Bene- 
dict XIU.  and  Gregory  XII.,  along  with  whom  he  was ' 
deposed  by  the  Council  of  Constance  in  1415. 

John  (Sp.  Juan  (ne-an'))  I.  Bom  Dec.  27, 
1350 :  died  1395.  King  of  Aragon  1387-95,  son 
of  Pedro  IV. 

John  (Sp.  Juan)  II.  Bom  June  29,  1397 :  died 
Jan.  20, 1479.  King  of  Aragon  1458-79,  son  of 
Ferdinand  I. 

John  (Sp.  Juan)  I.  Bom  in  Aug.,  1358:  died 
1390.    King  of  CastUe  1 379-90,  son  of  Henry  II. 

John  (Sp.  Juan)  II.  Died  in  June,  1454.  King 
of  Castile  1406-54. 

John,  G.  Johann  (yo'han),  sumamed  "The 
Blind."  Born  about  1296:  killed  at  the  battle 
of  Cr6oy,  Aug.  26, 1346.  King  of  Bohemia,  of 
the  house  of  Luxemburg,  1310-46.  He  fought 
at  the  battle  of  Miihldorf  in  1322. 

John,  sumamed  Lackland.  Bom  probably  at 
Oxford,  Dee.  24, 1167  (?) :  died  at  Newark,  Oct. 
19,  1216.  King  of  England  1199-1216,  son  or 
Henry  II.  and  Eleanor.  He  ascended  the  English 
throne  on  the  death  of  his  brother  Richard  I.  without 
issue.  His  succession  was  recognized  also  in  the  duchy 
of  Normandy,  but  the  lords  of  Anjou,  Maine,  and  Tou- 
raine  declared,  according  to  their  custom  of  inheritance, 
in  favor  of  ArthiU'  as  the  sou  of  an  elder  brother.  Having 
put  Arthur  to  death  in  1203,  his  Frencli  fiefs  were  de- 
clared forfeited  by  Philip  II.  of  France,  wlio  took  Cli&teau 
Gaillard,  the  last  of  John's  strongholds  in  France,  March 
6,  1204.  On  the  death  of  Hubert  Walter,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  in  1205,  a  disputed  election  for  the  archbish- 
opric was  followed  by  a  reference  to  Rome,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  election  of  Stephen  Langton  by  the  com- 
mand of  Pope  Innocent  III.  in  1206.   John  refused  to  rec- 


John 

ognize  the  new  archbishop,  and  England  was  laid  under 
au  interdict  in  1208.  In  1212  the  Pope  issued  a  buU  de- 
posing John  and  intrusting  the  execution  of  the  deposi- 
tion to  Pliilip  II.  of  France.  John  made  his  peace  with 
the  Pope  by  consenting  to  hold  his  Itingdom  in  flef  from 
the  Pope  and  to  pay  an  annual  tribute  of  1,000  marks 
(May  15,  1213).  He  tliereupon  invaded  France  in  alliance 
with  the  emperor  Otto  IV.,  the  Flemish,  and  others,  but 
was  defeated  with  his  allies  at  Bouvines  in  1214.  In  the 
mean  time  the  barons,  with  whom  he  had  been  embroiled 
ever  since  his  accession  by  his  exactions  and  misgovem- 
ment,  had  combined  to  secure, a  reform  in  the  govern- 
ment, and  on  his  return  John  was  compeUed  to  sign  the 
Magna  Charta  (which  see)  at  Runnymede,  June  IB,  1216. 
He  appealed  to  the  Pope,  who  declared  the  charter  void. 
The  barons  retorted  by  declaring  the  crown  forfeited  and 
bestowing  It  upon  Louis,  son  of  Philip  II.  of  France,  who 
landed  in  England  in  1216.  John  died  during  the  ensuing 
war,  and  his  opportune  death  preserved  the  crown  for 
his  son  Henry  HI. 

John  (P.  Jean)  II.,  surnamed  "Le  Bon"  ('the 
Good').  Died  at  London,  April  8,  1364.  King 
of  France  1350-64,  son  of  Philip  "VI.  He  was  de- 
feated and  captured  bytheBritish  under  the  Black  Prince 
'  at  Poitiers  in  1356,  and  was  restored  to  liberty  by  the 
Beace  of  Br^tigny  in  1360. 

John  (Pg.  Joao)  I.,  surnamed  "The  Great." 
Bom  at  Lisbon,  April  22,  1357 :  died  Aug.  11, 
1433.  King  of  Portugal  1385-1433,  illegitimate 
son  of  Pedro  I.  He  became  grand  master  of  Aviz  in 
1364,  and  was  in  1385  elected  to  succeed  his  legitimate 
brother  Ferdinand  I.,  to  the  exclusion  of  Ferdinand's 
daughter  Beatrice,  wife  of  John  I.  of  CastUe.  John  of  Cas- 
tile sought  to  enforce  his  wife's  claim,  but  suffered  a  de- 
cisive defeat  at  Aljubarrota,  Aug.  14, 1385.  John  the  Great 
married  Philippa,  daughter  of  John,  duke  of  Lancaster. 

.John  II.,  surnamed  "The  Perfect."  Died  in 
Oct.,  1495.  King  of  Portugal  1481-95,  son  of 
Alfonso  V.  During  his  reign  Bartholomeu  Dias 
discovered  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  (1486), 

John  III.  Born  at  Lisbon,  1502 :  died  1557. 
King  of  Portugal  1521-57,  son  of  Emanuel  I. 
I    He  introduced  the  Inquisition  about  1526. 

John  IV.,  surnamed  "  The  Fortunate."  Died 
Nov.  6,  1656.  King  of  Portugal  1640-56.  He 
headed  the  revolution  against  Spain,  whose  authority  he 
threw  off,  although  the  independence  of  Portugal  was  not 
formally  recognized  before  1668.  He  was  the  first  of  the 
house  of  Braganza. 

John  V.  Bom  at  Lisbon,  Oct.  22,  1689 :  died 
July  31, 1750.  King  of  Portugal  1706-50,  son 
of  Pedro  II. 

John  VI.  Born  at  Lisbon,  May  13, 1767 :  died 
there,  March  10,  1826.  King  of  Portugal  1816- 
1826,  son  of  Queen  Maria  I.  He  assumed  in  1799  the 
title  of  regent  for  his  insane  mother,  whom  he  succeeded 
iu  1816.  Expelled  by  the  French  in  1807,  he  transferred 
the  government  to  Brazil,  where  he  resided  until  1821. 

John  in.  Born  1537:  died  Nov.  17, 1592.  King 
of  Sweden  1568-92,  second  son  of  Gustavus 
Vasa.  He  deposed  and  murdered  his  brother 
Eric  XIV.  whom  he  succeeded. 

John  II.  Casimir.  Bom  March  21^1609  :  died 
at  Nevers,  France,  Dec.  16, 1672.  King  of  Po- 
land 1648-68,  son  of  Sigismund  III.  He  succeed- 
ed his  stepbrother  Ladislaus,  and  waged  war  with  Swe- 
den and  Kussia,  with  which  powers  he  concluded  peace 
at  Oliva  May  3,  1660,  and  Andruasov  Jan.  20, 1667,  respec- 
tively.   He  abdicated  Sept.  16, 1668. 

John  III.  Sobieski.  Bom  at  Olesko,  Galicia, 
June  2,  1624 :  died  June  17, 1696.  King  of  Po- 
land 1674r-96.  He  fcrought  an  army  of  20,000  Poles  to 
the  relief  of  Vienna,  before  which  he  gained  a  celebrated 
victory  over  the  Turks  Sept.  12, 1683. 

John,  surnamed  "The  Fearless."  Bom  about 
1370:  assassinated  1419.  Duke  of  Burgundy, 
son  of  Philip  the  Bold  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1404.  He  assassinated  the  Duke  of  Orleans  in 
1407,  and  was  at  strife  with  the  dauphin  (Charles 
VH.). 

John,  G.  Johann,  surnamed  "The  Constant." 
Born  June  30, 1468  :  died  Aug.  16, 1532.  Elector 
of  Saxony,  co-regent  with  his  brother  Frederick 
the  Wise  until  the  death  of  the  latter  (May  5, 
1525).  He  was  the  Protestant  leader  at  Spires  1529,  and 
in  the  Smalkaldic  League  1531. 

John,  Don.  1.  In  Shakspere's  comedy  "Much 
Ado  about  Nothing,"  the  bastard  brother  of 
Don  Pedro  of  Aragon. — 2.  In  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher's  comedy  "The  Chances,"  a  hare- 
brained but  honorable  Spanish  gentleman. 

John,  Eugenie :  pseudonym  E.  Mar litt.  Bom 
at  Amstadt,  Thuringia,  Germany,  Dee.  5, 1825. 
A  German  novelist.  Among  her  novels  is 
"  Goldelse  "  (1866).    See  Marlitt. 

John,  Baron  Franz  von.  Bom  at  Brack, 
Lower  Austria,  Nov.  20, 1815 :  died  at  Vienna, 
May  26, 1876.    An  Austrian  general. 

John,  Little.    See  Little  John. 

John,  Prester.    See  Prester  John. 

John  of  Austria,  generally  called  Don  Juan  or 
John  of  Austria.  Bom  at  Ratisbon,  Bavaria, 
Feb.  24,  1547 :  died  near  Namur,  Belgium,  Oct. 
1. 1578.  A  celebrated  Spanish  general,  illegiti- 
mate son  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.  by  Barbara 
Blomberg.     He  defeated  the  Moriscos  in  Granada  1569- 


548 

1670 ;  gained  a  naval  victors'  over  the  Turks  at  lepanto 
Oct.  7, 1571 ;  captured  Tunis  1673 ;  and  was  governor  of  the 
Netherlands  from  1676  until  his  death.  He  granted  the 
"perpetual  edict "  in  1577,  and  in  1678  declared  war  against 
the  insurgent  provinces  under  William  of  Orange. 

John  of  Beverley,  Saint.  Died  at  Beverley, 
Yorkshire,  721.  An  English  prelate,  bishop  of 
Hexham  687,  and  bishop  of  York  705. 

John  of  Beverley.  Bom  at  Beverley,  York- 
shire :  executed  at  St.  Giles's  Fields,  Jan.  19, 
1414.  An  English  Carmelite  theologian,  iden- 
tified with  John  of  Beverley,  the  Lollard. 

John  of  Bologna.  [F.  Jean  de  Boulogne,  It. 
Giovanni  da  Bologna."]  Bom  at  Douai  about 
1530:  died  at  Florence,  1608.  A  celebrated 
Italian  sculptor.  He  was  surnamed  by  the  Italians  "  II 
Fiammingo,"&om  his  birth  in  the  Low  Countries.  Hewent 
to  Home  when  quite  young,  and  submitted  work  to  Michel- 
angelo. After  two  years  he  settled  in  Florence.  Thegreat 
fountain  of  Neptune  in  Bologna  was  begun  in  1563  and  fin- 
ished in  1566.  From  this  he  derived  his  name.  The  date  of 
the  "Mercury, "now in  Florence,  his  most  popular  statue, 
is  not  known.  He  also  made  the  "Rape  of  the  Sabinea" 
in  the  Loggia  del  Lanzi,  the  equestrian  statue  of  Cosmo  I. 
in  the  Piazza  della  Signoria,the  fountain  in  the  Boboll 
Gardens  (all  at  Florence) ;  the  giant  statue  of  the  Apen- 
nines at  Pratolino ;  a  charming  statuette  of  Venus  on  a 
fountain  at  Petraja ;  and  the  bronze  doors  of  the  cathedral 
of  Pisa. 

John  of  Damascus  (John  Damascene  or 
Joannes  Damascenus),  surnamed  Chrysor- 
rhoas.  Bom  at  Damascus  at  the  end  of  the  7th 
century :  died  about  760  (?).  A  theologian  and 
father  of  the  Eastern  Church.  He  is  the  reputed 
author  of  the  romance  "  Barlaam  and  Josaphat."  His  works 
were  edited  by  Le  Quien  (1712). 

John  of  Gamundia.    See  the  extract. 

John  of  Gamundia  was  a  mathematician  and  professor  of 
astronomy.  At  his  death,  in  the  year  1442,  he  was  chan- 
cellor of  the  University  of  Vienna,  The  calendars  made 
by  him  were  highly  esteemed,  and  were  engraved  and 
printed  for  many  years  after  his  death.  In  his  researches 
after  old  prints,  the  late  R.  Z.  Becker,  of  Gotha,  discovered 
one  of  the  original  blocks  of  a  placard  or  poster  edition  of 
the  Calendar  of  John  of  Gamundia.  He  deacribes  it  as 
about  lOJ  inches  wide,  15J  Inches  long,  and  IJ  inches  thick. 
The  block  was  engraved  on  both  sides. 

De  Vinne^  Invention  of  Printing,  p.  241,  note. 

John  of  Gaunt  (corrupted  from  Ghent),  Duke  of 
Lancaster.  Bom  at  Ghent,  March,  1340 :  died  at 
London,  Feb.  3,  1399.  The  fourth  son  of  Ed- 
ward in.  In  1342  he  was  created  earl  of  Richmond,  and  in 
1359  married  his  cousin  B1  anche,  second  daughter  of  Henry, 
duke  of  Lancaster.  On  the  death  of  Henry  (May,  1361) 
and  his  eldest  daughter  Maud,  duchess  of  Bavaria,  he  suc- 
ceeded by  right  of  his  wife  to  the  rank  and  possessions  of 
the  dukes  of  Lancaster.  Inl367heaccompanied  the  Black 
Prince  on  the  Spanish  expedition.  Blanche  died  in  1369, 
and  in  1371  he  married  Constance,  eldest  daughter  of  Pedro 
the  Cruel,  the  deposed  king  of  Castile.  Returning  to  Eng- 
land in  1372,  he  styled  himself  King  of  Castile  by  right  of 
his  wife,  Lancasterwas  constantly  engaged  in  the  struggle 
with  France,  but  although  a  brave  knight  he  was  never  a 
competent  general,  and  his  repeated  failures  contributed 
much  to  his  increasing  unpopularity.  The  Black  Prince 
died  June  8, 1376,  and  the  Good  Parliament,  which  under 
his  patronage  had  undertaken  to  reform  abuses,  was  dis- 
solved. On  July  6  the  supreme  power  passed  into  the 
hands  of  Lancaster.  His  most  powerfulopponent,  William 
of  Wykeham,  was  disgraced.  In  the  struggle  with  the 
clerical  party  Lancaster  was  drawn  into  an  alliance  with 
the  Reformers,  especially  Wyclif  whom  he  defended  be- 
fore the  convocation  at  St.  Paul's,  Feb.  19, 1377.  His  brutal 
behavior  excited  a  riot  in  London :  his  palace,  the  Savoy, 
was  attacked,  and  he  was  forced  to  take  refuge  with  Prince 
Richard  and  his  mother,  the  widow  of  the  Black  Prince,  at 
Kennington.  Edward  III,  died  June  21, 1377,  and  Richard 
II.  became  king,  and  Lancaster's  political  power  declined. 
He  was  engaged  in  futile  expeditions  to  France  and  Scot- 
land. While  absent  in  the  north  his  extreme  unpopularity 
was  shown  by  the  destruction  of  his  palace  of  the  Savoy 
in  Wat  Tyler's  insurrection,  June  13,  1381.  Richard  II. 
created  him  duke  of  Aquitaine  March  2, 1390,  and  he  as- 
sisted in  negotiating  the  French  treaty  May  24, 1394. 

John  of  Gischala.  One  of  the  heroes  and  leaders 
in  the  Judean  war  with  Eome.  He  first  gathered 
an  army  of  volunteers,  and  fortified  himself  in  his  native 
place,  Gischala,  a  small  city  in  Galilee.  Driven  out  by 
Titus,  he  fled  to  Jerusalem,  and  became  one  of  the  leading 
and  ruling  spirits,  distinguishing  himself  by  undaunted 
courage,  heroism,  and  military  ability.  He  had  at  last  to 
grace  the  triumphal  procession  of  Titus,  and  perished  in 
a  dungeon  at  Rome. 

John  o'  Groat's  (jon  6  grots)  House.  A  locality 
in  the  county  of  Caithness,  Scotland,  in  lat.  58° 
38' N.,  long.  3°  4' W.,  near  the  northeastern  ex- 
tremity of  the  island  of  Great  Britain. 

John  of  Hexham.  Flourished  1180.  An  Eng- 
lish historian,  prior  of  Hexham  before  1178. 
He  continued  the  chronicle  of  Symeon  of  Durham  over 
a  period  extending  from  1130-64.  It  deals  mainly  with 
the  church  in  the  north  of  England. 

John  of  Lancaster,  Duke  of  Bedford.  Born 
June  20,  1389:  died  at  Bouen,  Sept.  14,  1435. 
Regent  of  England  and  France.  He  was  the  thu-d 
son  of  Henry  IV.  of  England  by  Mary,  daughter  of  Hum- 
phrey Bohun,  earl  of  Hereford.  He  was  knighted  at  his 
father's  coronation  as  one  of  the  original  knights  com- 
panions of  the  Bath,  and  in  1403  was  made  constable  of 
England  and  warden  of  the  East  Marches.  In  May,  1414, 
he  was  created  duke  of  Bedford  and  earl  of  Kendal,  and 
later  earl  of  Richmond.  He  commanded  the  troops  in 
the  north  until  the  death  of  Henry  IV.  (March,  1413).    On 


John  Nepomtik  Maria  Joseph 

Aug.  16, 1416,  the  fleet  under  his  command  won  the  great 
victory  over  the  BYench  in  the  Channel,  and  succeeded  ii, 
relieving  the  besieged  town  of  Harfleur ;  and  in  1417  his 
expedition  into  .Scotland  was  successf uL  At  the  death  of 
Henry  V.  (Aug. ,  1422)  he  assumed  the  regency.  To  secure 
the  alliance  of  Philip,  duke  of  Burgundy,  Bedford  married 
his  daughter  Anne  in  1423.  His  administration  of  France 
continued  both  successful  and  beneficial  until  the  siege 
of  Orl&ns  (1428-29),  which  marks  the  appearance  of  Joan 
of  Arc  and  the  decline  of  English  supremacy.  Charles 
VII.  was  crowned  king  of  France  at  Eheims  July  17, 1429, 
and  Joan  of  Arc  unsuccessfully  assaulted  Paris  Sept.  8, 
1429.  She  wa«  betrayed  to  the  English,  and  executed  May 
30, 1431.  Anne,  duchess  of  Bedford,  died  Nov.  13, 1432,  and 
Bedford  sacrificed  the  alliance  of  Philip,  duke  of  Burgundy, 
by  marrying  Jacqueline,  daughter  of  Pierre,  count  of  St. 
Pol,  April  20,  1433.  Philip  entered  into  an  alliance  with 
the  French  king,  thus  thwarting  Bedford's  hopes,  and  ter- 
minating the  French  dominion  of  the  English  king. 

John  of  Leyden  (properly  Johann  Bockelson 
orBockola).  Born  at  Leyden  about  1510 :  put 
to  death  at  Miinster,  Westphalia,  Jan.  23, 1536. 
An  Anabaptist  fanatic.  Be  succeeded  Matthiesen  as 
leader  of  the  Anabaptists  in  Munster  1534,  revolutionized 
the  city,  and  established  a  theocracy  or  Kingdom  of  Zion, 
of  which  he  was  crowned  king.  He  was  imprisoned  by  the 
bishop  of  Miinster  in  1635.  He  is  the  subject  of  Meyer- 
beer's opera  "Der  Prophet." 

John  of  London,  or  John  Bever.  Died  1311. 
An  English  chronicler,  monk  of  Westminster 
Abbey.  He  was  the  author  of  "Commendatio  lamenta- 
bilis  in  transitum  Magni  Regis  Edwardi  Quarti."  He  is 
supposed  to  have  been  the  author  of  "  Flores  Historianmi " 
(from  1265  to  1306). 

John  of  Luxemhurg.  See  John,  King  of  Bo- 
hemia. 

John  of  Nepomuk.    See  Nepomuk. 

Johnof  FeterborO'Ugh.  Flourished  1380.  The 
alleged  author  of  me  "Chronicon  Petrobur- 
gense,"  probably  an  imaginary  person. 

John  of  Salisbury,  surnamed  Parvus  ( '  the  Lit- 
tle ').  Born  at  Salisbury,  Wiltshire,  England, 
about  1115:  died  at  Chartres,  France,  Oct.  25, 
1180.  A  noted  English  ecclesiastic,  scholar,  and 
author,  bishop  of  Chartres.  in  1I36  hewent  to  Paris 
to  attend  the  lectures  of  Abelard.  He  also  studied  with 
Alberic  of  Rheims,  Robert  of  Meluu,  and  William  of 
Conches.  At  Chartres  he  laid  the  foundation  of  his  classi- 
cal scholarship.  In  1141  he  returned  to  Paris  to  study  the- 
ology under  Master  Gilbert  de  la  Porr^e,  Robert  Pnllns,  and 
Simon  dePoiasy.  Inll48he  attended  theconncil  held  by 
Eugenius  III.  at  Rheims,  and  followed  the  Pope  to  Rome. 
From  1150-64  he  lived  at  the  court  of  Canterbury  with 
Archbishop  Theobald.  He  was  repeatedly  intrusted  with 
delicate  affairs  of  state,  and  frequently  visited  the  papal 
court  in  Italy.  His  close  alliance  with  thebishops  brought 
him  into  disfavor  with  Henry  II.,  which  obliged  him  to 
abandon  England  in  1164  and  find  shelter  at  Rheims.  He 
later  returned  to  Canterbury,  and  waa  present  at  the  mur- 
der of  Archbishop  Thomas  Becket.  His  works  consist  of 
his  letters,  "Policraticus,"  "Metalogicus,"  "Entheticus," 
"Vita  Sancti  Anaelmi,"  "Vita  Sancti  Thonue  Cantuar.," 
"Hiatoria  Pontiflcalis."  His  collected  works  have  been 
edited  by  Giles  (1848). 

John  of  S'wabia.    See  Johannes  Parricida. 

John  (G.  Johann)  Baptist  Joseph  Fabian 
Sebastian,  Archduke  of  Austria.  Bom  at  Flor- 
ence, Jan.  20, 1782 :  died  at  Gratz,  Styria,  May 
10, 1859.  An  Austrian  general,  younger  son  of 
the  emperor  Leopold  II.  He  was  made  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  Austrian  army  in  Bavaria  in  Sept.,  1800, 
and  was  defeated  by  the  French  under  Moreau  at  Hohen- 
linden,  Dec.  3, 1800.  In  1809  he  obtained  command  of  the 
Austrian  army  in  Italy,  and  gained  a  victory  over  the  vice- 
roy Eugene  at  Sacile  April  16,  but  was  defeated  at  Baab 
June  14, 1809.  He  commanded  on  the  Rhine  in  1816,  and 
was  chosen  administrator  of  the  empire  by  the  German 
National  Assembly  in  1848  (resigned  1849). 

John  Frederick  (jon  fred'er-ik),  G.  Johann 
Friedrich,  sumamed  "The  Magnanimous." 
Bom  at  Torgau,  Pmssia,  June  30,  1503 :  died 
at  Jena,  March  3, 1554.  Elector  of  Saxony,  son 
of  John  the  Constant  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1532.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Smalkaldic  League. 
At  Miihlberg,  April  24,  1547,  he  was  defeated  by  the  em- 
peror Charles  V.,  captured,  and  forced  to  renounce  the 
electorate.    See  Miihlberg. 

John  George  I.,  G.  Johann  Georg.  Bom  March 
5, 1585 :  died  at  Dresden,  Oct.  8, 1656.  Elector 
of  Saxony,  in  the  Albertine  line,  second  son  of 
the  elector  Christian  I.  and  Sophia,  princess  of 
Brandenburg.  He  succeeded  his  brother  Chris- 
tian II.  in  1611. 

John  George  II.,  G.  Johann  Georg.  Bom  May 
31, 1613 :  died  at  Dresden,  Aug.  22, 1680.  Elec- 
tor of  Saxony,  eldest  son  of  John  George  I. 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1656. 

John  George  III.,  G.  Johann  Georg.  Bom  June 
20, 1647 :  died  at  Tubingen,  Sept.  12, 1691.  Elec- 
tor of  Saxony,  son  of  John  George  II.  whom  he 
succeeded  in  1680.  HetookpartinwarsagainstFrance, 
aided  the  emperor  against  the  Turks,  and  supported  the 
Venetians  in  the  Morea. 


John  GeorgeIV.,G.  Johann  Georg.  Bom  Oct. 
18,  1668:  died  April  27,  1694.  Elector  of  Sax- 
ony, son  of  John  George  III.  whom  he  succeeded 
in  1691. 

John  (G.  Johann)  Nepomuk  Maria  Joseph. 
Bom  at  Dresden,  Deo.  12, 1801 :  died  at  Pillnitz, 


John  Kepomok  Maria  Joseph 

near  Dresden,  Oct.  29,  1873.  King  of  Saxony 
1854,  brother  of  Frederick  Augustus  II.  whom 
he  succeeded.  He  sided  with  Austria  in  the  Austro- 
Prussian  war  in  1866,  joined  the  North  German  Confedera- 
tion on  its  formation  in  1866,  and  became  a  member  of  the 
German  Empire  in  1871.  He  published  a  translation  of 
Dante's  "BiTina  Commedia"  (1839-49). 

JohnBuU.  TheEnglishnationpersonlfied:  used 
also  for  an  Englishman. 
John  Bull,  or  The  Englishman's  Fireside.  A 

comedy  by  Colman  the  younger,  produced  in 
1805. 

John  Bull,  The  History  of.  A  satirical  work 
by  Arbuthnot,  issued  originally  as  "Law  is  a 
Bottomless  Pit"  in  1712. 

John  Buncle.  The  title  of  a  book  by  Thomas 
Amory  (1691  (?)-1788),  published  1756-66:  so 
called  from  the  name  of  its  hero.  The  latter  mar- 
ries 7  wives  after  extremely  short  intervals.  He  is  "  a  pro- 
digious hand  at  matrimony,  divinity,  a  song,  and  a  peck." 

John  Company  (jon  kum'pa-ni).  An  old  col- 
loquial designation  for  the  Honourable  East 
India  Company,  in  familiar  use  in  India  and 
England. 

John  Dory.  A  favorite  old  ballad  frequently 
referred  to  by  writers  of  the  16th  and  17th  cen- 
turies. 

John  Gilpin.  Aballadby  William Oowper,  pub- 
lished in  1785  (printed  anonymously  in  1782) : 
so  called  from  the  name  of  its  hero. 

John  Hyrcanus.    See  Hyrcanus. 

John  Inglesant.  A  romance  by  J.  H.  Short- 
house,  published  in  1881. 

John's  College,  St.    See  St.  John's  College. 

John  Scotus.    See  Erigena. 

John,  St.  (the  Baptist),  in  the  Desert.  1.  A 
painting  by  Titian,  in  the  Accademia,  Venice. — 
2.  A  painting  by  Raphael,  in  theUflfizi,  Florence. 
St.  John  is  represented  as  a  youth  of  16,  with  a  panther- 
skin  about  his  loins,  pointing  to  a  cross  beside  him.  This 
picture  is  very  familiar  in  engravings,  etc. 

John  the  Baptist,  Life  of.  A  series  of  7  frescos 
by  Ghirlandaio  (1490),  in  the  choir  of  Santa 
Maria  Novella,  Florence.  They  begin  with  the  "An- 
gel and  Zacharias,"  and  end  with  the  "Dancing  of  Hero- 
dias,"  and  are  of  high  interest  not  only  for  their  Inherent 
merits  but  also  for  their  portraits  of  contemporary  Floren- 
tines. 

Johns  Hopkins  University.  An  institution  of 
learning  at  Baltimore,  Maryland,  founded  by 
Johns  Hopkins,  a  capitalist  of  that  city,  who  died 
in  1873,  leaving  a  bequest  of  $7,000,000  to  be  di- 
vided between  the  University  and  the  Johns 
Hopkins  Hospital,  also  at  Baltimore.  The  uni- 
versity was  incorporated  Aug.  24, 1867,  and  was  opened 
for  instruction  in  Sept.,  1876.  It  consists  of  a  philosophi- 
cal faculty,  affording  instruction  in  letters  and  science  to 
graduate  studentB.  To  this  is  attached  a  collegiate  de- 
partment for  undergraduates.  A  medical  school,  opened 
by  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital  in  1893,  forms  .practically 
part  of  the  university.  It  has  about  125  instructors  and 
660  students,  of  which  about  three  fifths  are  graduate 
students. 

Johnson  (jon'son),  Andrew.  Bom  at  Raleigh, 
N.C.  ,Dec.  29, 18'08 :  diedin  Carter  County,  Tenn., 
July  31, 1875.  The  seventeenth  President  of  the 
United  States  (1865-69).  He  was  a  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Tennessee  1813-53 ;  was  governor  of  Tennessee 
1853-57 ;  was  a  United  States  senator  1857-62 ;  was  military 
governor  of  Tennessee  1862-64 ;  was  elected  as  Bepublican 
candidate  for  Vice-President  in  1864,  being  inaugurated 
March  i,  1865 ;  succeeded  Lincoln  as  President  April  15, 
1865 ;  and  was  elected  United  States  senator  from  Tennes- 
see in  1876.  He  was  nominated  to  the  vice- presidency  by 
the  Republicans  in  order  to  conciliate  the  war  Democrats, 
and  on  his  unexpected  accession  to  the  presidency  it  was 
found  that  his  Democratic  State-right  convictions  placed 
him  hopelessly  at  variance  with  the  Bepublican  majority 
in  Congress  on  the  question  of  reconstruction.  "The  quar- 
rel with  Congress  came  to  a  head  on  his  attempting  to  re- 
move Edwin  M.  Stanton  from  the  secretaryship  of  war 
without  the  consent  of  the  Senate,  contrary  to  the  tenure- 
of-offlce  act  passed  over  his  veto  March  2, 1867.  He  was 
impeached  for  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors,  but  was 
acquitted  (by  a  vote  of  36  to  19,  very  little  short  of  the  two- 
thirds  vote  necessary  to  conviction)  after  a  trial  lasting 
from  March  23  to  May  26, 1868. 

Johnson,  Benjamin.  Bom  1365  (?) :  died  Aug., 
1742.  An  English  actor.  He  joined  the  Drury  Lane 
Company  as  a  scene-painter  in  1696,  and  in  1706  went  to 
the  Haymarket,  where,  Deo.  3, 1706,  he  played  Corbaccio 
in  Ben  Jonson's  "  Volpone."  He  played  first  grave-digger, 
Polonius,  and  other  Shaksperian  parts,  but  was  especially 
devoted  to  Ben  .Tonson. 

Johnson,  Charles.  Bom  in  1679:  died  at  Lon- 
don, March  11,  1748.  An  English  dramatist. 
Among  his  plays  are  "Force  of  Friendship  "  (1710),  "Love 
in  a  Chest '^(1710),  "The  Wife's  Belief,  or  the  Husband's 
Cure  "(1711),  "Country  Lasses,  etc, "(1716),  "Ccelia,  or  The 
Perjured  Lover"  (1733),  "The  Cobbler  of  Preston,"  based 
on  the  "Taming of  the  Shrew"  (1716),  etc, 

Johnson,  Captain  Charles.  Flourished  1724-36. 
The  name  (probably  a  pseudonym)  of  the  -writer 
of  "AGeneral  History  of  theBobberiesandMur- 
ders  of  the  most  notorious  Pyrates,  and  also  their 
Policies,  Discipline,  and  Government,  from  their 
first  Rise  and  Settlement  in  1717  to  the  present 


549 

year,  with  the  Adventures  of  two  female  Py- 
rates, Mary  Readand  Anne  Bonny  "(1724).  Some 
of  the  lives  are  reproduced  in  Howard  Pyle's  "The  Buca- 
neers  and  Marooners  of  America"(1891).   Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Johnson,  Eastman.  Bom  at  Lowell,  Maine, 
July  29, 1824.  An  American  genre-  and  portrait- 
painter.  He  studied  at  Diisseldorf,  and  later  in  Italy, 
Paris,  Holland,  and  The  Hague.  He  was  elected  national 
academician  in  1860.  Among  his  works  are  "  The  Old  Ken- 
tucky Horn  e  "  (1867),  "The  Old  Stage  Coach  "  (1871),  "  Husk- 
ing Bee  "  (1876),  "  Cranberry  Harvest "  (1880). 

Johnson,  Edward.  Bom  at  Heme  Hill,  Kent, 
about  1599:  died  at  Wobum,  Mass.,  April  23, 
1672.  A  historian  of  New  England.  He  came  to 
America  as  a  joiner,  probably  with  Governor  Winthrop  in 
1630.  From  1643  to  1671  he  was  chosen  annually  (except 
1648)  to  the  Massachusetts  House  of  Eepreaentatives,  of 
which  he  was  speaker  in  1666.  He  wrote  a  "History  of 
New  England  from  the  English  Planting  in  1628  until 
1652  "  (London,  1664). 

Johnson,  Esther.    See  Stella. 

Johnson,  Francis.  Born  1796  (?) :  died  at  Hert- 
ford, Jan.  29, 1876.  An  English  Orientalist,  in 
1824  he  accepted  the  chair  of  Sanskrit,  Bengali,  and  Telugu 
in  the  East  India  Company's  college  at  Haileybury.  His 
chief  work  is  a  "  Persian  Dictionary  "  (1st  ed,  1829 ;  2d  ed, 
1852),  "the  most  important  contribution  to  Persian  lexi- 
cography in  any  European  language  "  (Dto*.  Nat.  Biog.). 

Johnson,  Grny,  Born  in  Ireland  about  1740: 
died  in  the  Haymarket,  London,  March  5, 1788. 
An  AmerioanTory.andmilitia  colonel.  He  served 
in  the  French  war  (1757),  and  under  Jeffrey  Amherst  (1769- 
1760),  He  assisted  his  uncle.  Sir  William  Johnson,  in  the 
Indian  administration,  and  succeeded  him  as  superinten- 
dent at  his  death  in  1774. 

Johnson,  Herschel  V.  Bom  in  Burke  County, 
Ga.,  Sept.  18,  1812:  died  in  Jefferson  County, 
Ga.,  Aug.  16,  1880.  An  American  lawyer  and 
politician.  He  was  United  States  senator  from  Georgia 
1848-49;  governor  of  Georgia  1863-67;  Democratic  can- 
didate for  the  vice-presidency  in  1860 ;  and  Confederate 
senator. 

Johnson,  Isaac.  Bom  at  CUpsham,  Rutland- 
shire, England:  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Sept.  30, 
1630.  One  of  the  founders  of  Massachusetts. 
He  came  to  Salem  with  Winthrop  in  1630,  assisted  in  found- 
ing the  first  church  in  Charlestown  July  30  of  the  same 
year,  and  on  Sept.  7  superintended  the  settlement  of  Shaw- 
mut  or  Boston. 

Johnson,  James.  Died  at  Edinburgh,  Feb.  26, 
1811.  A  Scottish  engraver,  publisher,  andmusic- 
dealer.  Hepublished  atEdinburgh  "The  Soots  Musical 
Museum  "  (1787-1803),  to  which  Bums  contributed  a  num- 
ber of  pieces. 

Johnson,  Sir  John.  Bom  1742:  died  at  Mon- 
treal, Canada,  Jan.  4, 1830.  A  British  general 
in  the  Revolutionary  War,  son  of  Sir  William 
Johnson. 

Johnson,  Manuel  John.  Bom  at  Macao,  China, 
May  23,  1805 :  died  in  England,  Feb.  28,  1859. 
An  English  astronomer.  In  1829  he  began  observing 
at  St.  Helena,  and  in  1835  published  a  catalogue  of  606 
principal  stars  in  the  southern  hemisphere,  winning  the 
Astronomical  Society's  gold  medal.  On  July  27, 1832,  he 
observed  the  solar  eclipse  at  St.  Helena.  In  1835  he  ma- 
triculated at  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  and  graduated  in  1839. 
In  1839  he  succeeded  Bigaud  at  Badcliffe  Observatory, 
and  published  18  volumes  of  "BadoUffe  Observations." 

Johnson,  Eeverdy.  Bom  at  Annapolis,  Md., 
May  21, 1796 :  died  there,  Feb.  10, 1876.  A  noted 
American  lawyer  and  politician.  He  was  United 
states  senator  (Whig)  from  Maryland  1846-49 ;  attorney- 
general  1849-60;  United  states  senator  1863-68;  and  United 
States  minister  to  Great  Britain  1868-69.  He  negotiated  a 
treaty  with  England  for  the  settlement  of  the  Alabama 
claims,  which  was  rejected  by  the  Senate. 

Johnson,  Bichard.  Bom  at  London,  1573 :  died 
1659  (?).  An  English  poet  and  prose-writer. 
His  best-known  work  is  the '  'Famous  Historie  of  the  Seaven 
Champions  of  Christendom :  St.  George  of  England,  St. 
Denis  of  France,  St.  James  of  Spain,  St,  Anthony  of  Italy, 
St.  Andrew  of  Scotland,  St.  Patrick  of  Ireland,  and  St. 
David  of  Wales."  In  1603  he  published  "Anglorum  La- 
chrymfie :  in  a  sad  passion  complayning  of  the  death  of  our 
late  soveraigne  lady  Queene Elizabeth,  etc.";  in  1612  "The 
Crown  Garland  of  Golden  Eoses";  etc. 

Johnson,  Richard  Mentor.  Bom  near  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  Oct.  17, 1780 :  died  at  Frankfort,  Ky., 
Nov.  19, 1850.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
member  of  Congress  from  Kentucky  1807-19,  United  States 
senator  1819-29,  and  member  of  Congress  1829-37.  He  was 
elected  (Democratic)  Vice-President  in  1837,  and  served 
1837-41,  and  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  vice- 
presidency  in  1840. 

Johnson,  Samuel.  Born  at  G^lilford,  Conn.,  Oct. 
14,  1696:  died  at  Stratford,  Conn.,  1772.  An 
American  clergyman  and  educator,  first  presi- 
dent of  King's  CoUege  (Columbia  College),  New 
York,  1754^63. 

Johnson,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Lichfield,  England, 
Sept.  18, 1709 :  died  at  London,  Dec.  13, 1784. 
A  celebrated  English  lexicographer,  essayist, 
and  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  Michael  Johnson,  book- 
seller at  Lichfield,  a  High-churchman  and  Jacobite.  He 
lost  theuse  of  one  eye  from  scrofula,  and  was  "touched 
by  Queen  Anne.  His  uncouth  appearance  and  manner 
were  against  him  through  life.  In  1728  he  entered  Pem- 
broke College,  Oxford,  and  resided  there  continuously  until 
Dec.  12, 1729,  and  afterward  at  intervals  until  Oct.  8, 1731. 


Johnston,  Alexander  Keith 

A  Latin  translation  of  Pope's  "Messiah"  (much  admired 
by  Pope),  was  written  at  this  time.  He  began  to  suffer 
from  violent  attacks  of  the  hypochondria  which  followed 
him  through  lite.  In  1732  he  became  usher  at  Market  Bos- 
worth  school,  but  soon  abandoned  the  place  and  returned 
to  Lichfield  and  Birmingham,  in  which  latter  town  he  mar- 
ried a  Mrs.  Porter,  July  9,  1785.  He  established  a  school 
at  Edial,  near  Lichfield,  in  1736,  which  soon  failed.  Among 
his  pupils  was  David  Garrick,  with  whom  he  started  for 
London,  March  3,  1737.  In  March,  1788,  a  Latin  ode  to 
Sylvanus  Urban  appeared  in  Cave's  "Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine," to  which  he  became  a  regular  contributor.  In  May, 
1738, "  London,"  an  Imitation  of  Juvenal,  was  published  by 
Dodsley.  The  "Life  of  Savage"  appeared  in  Feb.,  1744. 
The  plan  of  his  dictionary,  inscribed  to  Lord  Chesterfield, 
was  issued  in  1747.  The  booksellers  agreed  to  pay  £1,575 
for  the  copyright,  including  the  entire  work  of  prepa- 
ration for  the  press.  He  employed  6  amanuenses,  6  of 
whom  were  Scotchmen.  The  book  was  based  on  an  in- 
terleaved copy  of  Kathan  Bailey's  dictionary,  and  appeared 
in  2  volumes,  folio,  April  16, 1756.  In  Jan.,  1749,  he  pub- 
lished the  "Vanity  of  Human  Wishes,"  the  finest  of  his 
poems.  His  tragedy  "  Irene  "  (begun  at  Edial)  was  pro- 
duced Feb.  6, 1749,  with  indifferent  success  by  Garrick  at 
Drury  Lane.  The  "Bambler"  appeared  every  Tuesday 
and  Saturday  from  March  20, 1750,  until  March  14, 1762,  and, 
with  the  exception  of  Nos.  10,  30,  44,  97,  and  100,  was  en- 
tirely his  work  (No.  97  was  written  by  Bichardson).  His 
wife  died  March  17, 1752.  On  Feb.  20, 1766,  he  received  the 
degree  of  M.  A.  from  Oxford.  His  work  "Basselas  "  was 
written  in  the  evenings  of  one  week  in  1759.  Among  his 
political  tracts  is  "  Taxation  no  Tyranny  "  (1775),  in  answer 
to  the  address  of  the  American  Congress.  After  the  ac- 
cession of  George  III.,  Johnson  received  a  pension  of 
£300.  During  his  last  years  he  devoted  himself  almost 
exclusively  to  society  and  conversation,  and  his  sayings 
and  doings  were  carefully  reported  by  Boswell  and  Mrs. 
Piozzi  (Thrale).  In  1773  he  took  his  well-known  journey 
with  Boswell,  an  account  of  which  was  published  in  1776 
as  "  A  Journey  to  the  Western  Isles  of  Scotland."  He  also 
wrote  nearly  all  the  numbers  of  "The  Idler"  (1758-60)i 
and  published  an  edition  of  Shakspere  in  8  volumes,  with 
notes,  in  1766. 

Johnson,  Sir  William.  Bom  at  Warrentown, 
County  Down,  Ireland,  1715 :  died  near  Johns- 
town, N.  Y. ,  July  4, 1774.  A  British  command- , 
er  and  magistrate  in  America,  superintendent 
of  Indian  affairs  in  the  colonies.  In  1744  he  was 
appointed  colonel  of  the  Six  Nations  by  Governor  George 
Clinton,  and  in  April,  1756,  by  General  Braddock,  superin- 
tendent of  the  affairs  of  the  Six  Nations  with  the  local  rank 
of  major-general.  He  commanded  the  provincial  forces 
in  the  attack  against  Crown  Point.  In  1760  he  commanded 
the  Indian  troops  in  the  advance  of  Amherst  on  Montreal. 
He  received  a  grant  of  land  in  the  Mohawk  valley  called 
"King's  land,"  where  he  built  (1743)  Fort  Johnson,  the  vil- 
lage of  Johnson  (now  Johnstown),  and  Johnson  Hall  (1764). 
He  introduced  sheep  and  blooded  horses  into  the  Mohawk 
valley.  He  published,  in  the  "Transactions  of  the  Philo- 
sophical Society,"  a  paper  on  the  "Languages,  Custom, 
and  Manners  of  the  Indian  Six  Nations  "  (1772). 

Johnson,  William  Samuel.  Bom  at  Stratford, 
Conn.,  (Jet.  7,  1727 :  died  at  Stratford,  Nov.  14, 
1819.  An  American  politician  and  scholar,  son 
of  Samuel  Johnson  (1696-1772),  president  of 
Columbia  College  (1787-1800). 

Johnston  (jon'ston),  Albert  Sidney.  Born  at 
Washington,  Mason  County,  Ky.,  Feb.  3, 1803 : 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  April  6, 1862.  .An 
American  general  in  the  Confederate  service. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1826 ;  was  chief  of  staff  to 
General  Henry  Atkinson  during  the  Black  Hawk  war  in 
1832 ;  resigned  from  the  army  in  1834 ;  enlisted  as  a  private 
in  the  Texan  army  in  1836;  succeeded  Felix  Huston  as 
commander  of  the  Texan  army  in  1837 ;  was  secretary  o£ 
war  for  the  republic  of  Texas  1838-40 ;  served  as  colonel  in 
the  United  States  army  during  the  Mexican  war ;  command- 
ed a  successful  expedition  against  the  revolted  Mormons  in 
Utah  in  1857 ;  and  was  appointed  commander  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  in  the  Confederate  service 
at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  in  1861.  He  occupied 
Bowling  Green,  Kentucky,  in  the  autumn  of  1861,  but  was 
forced  to  retreat  to  Corinth,  Mississippi,  by  the  fall  of  Fort 
Donelson,  Feb.  16, 1862.  Having  been  reinforced  by  Gen- 
erals Beauregard  and  Bragg,  he  attacked  General  Grant's 
aimy  at  Shiloh,  April  6, 1862,  and  was  killed  about  2  P.  M. 
by  a  ball  which  severed  an  artery  of  his  leg.  See  Shiloh,  ' 
Battle  of. 

Johnston,  Alexander.  BomatEdinburgh,l815: 
died  at  Hampstead,  Feb.  2,  1891.  A  Scottish 
portrait-  and  figure-painter.  He  is  known  from  va- 
rious portraits,  "  The  Interview  of  the  Begent  Murray  with 
MaryQueen  of  Scots  "(1841),  "The  Covenanters' Marriage" 
(1842),  etc. 

Johnston,  Alexander.  Born  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. , 
April  29,1849:  died  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  July  21, 
1889.  An  American  historian.  He  graduated  at 
Butgers  College  in  1870 ;  was  admitted  to  tije  bar  in  1876 ; 
and  was  professor  of  jurisprudence  and  political  economy 
in  Princeton  College  from  1883  until  his  death.  Among  his 
works  are  "History  of  American  Politics"  (1879),  "The 
Genesis  of  a  New  England  State  [Connecticut]"  (1883),  "A 
History  of  the  United  States  "  (1886),  "Connecticut :  a  Study 
of  a  Commonwealth-Democracy"  C1887),  and  "The United 
States :  its  History  and  Constitution"  (reprinted  from  the 
"  Encyclopsedia  Britannica,"  1887). 

Johnston,  Alexander  Keith.  Bom  at  Kirkhill, 
near  Penicuik,  Midlothian,  Dec.  28, 1804 :  died 
at  Ben  Rhydding,  Yorkshire,  July  9,  1871.  A 
Scottish  geographer.  He  was  educated  at  Edinbur^ 
University,  and  in  1826  formed  the  firm  of  W.  and  A.  K. 
Johnston  with  his  brother  William  Johnston.  In  1830  hia 
first  maps  were  published  in  "A  Traveller's  Guide  Book. 
On  Feb.  8, 1840,  he  was  made  geographer  in  ordinary  to  the 
queen.  His  chief  publications  were  Heinrich  Berghaus  a 
' '  National  Atlas  "  (1843),  "The  Physical  Atlas  "  (1848), '  Die- 


Jolmston,  Alexander  Keith 

tlonary  of  Geography  "  (1860X  "  Atlas  of  General  and  De- 
scriptive Geography  "  (1852),  "  The  Koyal  AUas  of  Modem 
Geography"  (1861). 

Johnston,  Alexander  Keith.  Bora  at  Edin- 
burgh, Nov.  24, 1844 :  died  at  Berobero,  Zanzi- 
bar, June  28, 1879.  A  Scottish  geographer  and 
map-engraver,  in  1869  he  took  chaige  of  the  geo- 
graphical department  of  the  London  branch  of  the  John- 
ston house.  From  1873  to  1876  he  accompanied  the  com- 
mission for  the  survey  of  Paraguay.  In  June,  1878^  he  was 
appointed  chief  of  the  Eoyal  Geographical  Society's  expe- 
dition to  Lake  Nyassa;  arrived  at  Zanzibar  Jan.,  1879;  and 
there  died.  His  best-known  works  are  "Xhe  Library  Map 
of  Africa"  (1866),  "  A  Map  of  the  Lake  Regions  of  Eastern 
Africa,"  "Handbook  of  Physical  Geogiaphy  "  (1870),  "  The 
Surface  Zones  of  the  Globe  "  (1874). 

Johnston,  George.  Born  at  Simprin,  Berwick- 
shire, Jidy  20, 1797 :  died  July  30, 1855.  A  Scot- 
tish naturalist.  His  chief  works  are  "  History  of  Brit- 
ish Zoophytes "  (1838),  "  History  of  British  Sponges  and 
Lithophytes  "  (1842). 

Johnston,  Henry  Erskine.  Bom  at  Edinburgh, 
May,  1777 :  died  after  1830.  An  English  actor: 
he  was  called  "the  Scottish  Eoscius."  He  first  ap- 
peared in  London  in  1797,  and  imtil  1830  was  successful  in 
such  parts  as  Romeo,  Hamlet,  Sir  Edward  Mortimer,  Lo- 
thario, Sir  Archie  Macsarcasm,  Sir  Pertinax  Macsycophant, 
Douglas,  Count  Bomaldi,  George  Barnwell,  Alonzo  in  "Pi- 
zarro,"  etc.  In  1823  he  became  manager  of  the  Caledonian 
Theatre,  Edinburgh,  but  soon  resigned.  In  Oct.,  1830,  he 
played  a  short  engagement  there,  after  which  there  is  no 
record  of  him. 

Johnston,  John  Taylor.  Bom  at  New  York, 
April  8, 1829 :  died  there,  March  24,  1893.  An 
American  business  man  and  philanthropist. 
He  was  president  of  the  Central  Railroad  of  New  Jersey 
from  its  beginning  till  1877,  when  he  sacrificed  his  fortune 
in  an  effort  to  sustain  its  credit.  He  assisted  in  organiz- 
ing the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  and  was  its  first  presi- 
dent, but  in  1889  his  health  forced  him  to  resign  this  office. 
He  was  connected  with  many  other  educational  and  benev- 
olent institutions. 

Johnston,  Joseph  Eccleston.  Bom  near  Farm- 
ville,  Va.,  Feb.  3,  1807:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  March  21,  1891.  An  American  general 
in  the  Confederate  service.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1829 ;  was  promoted  captain  in  1846 ;  served  in  the 
Mexican  war  1846-47 ;  was  commissioned  quarter-master- 
general  of  the  United  States  army  in  1860 ;  and  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  accepted  a  commission  as  briga- 
dier-general in  the  Confederate  service.  In  May,  1861,  he 
took  command  at  Harper's  Ferry,  where  he  was  opposed 
by  General  Patterson.  When  General  Beauregard  was  at- 
tacked by  General  McDowell,  July  18, 1861,  Johnston  eluded 
Patterson,  and  on  the  20th  or  21st  formed  a  junction  with 
Beauregard,  whom,  although  inferior  in  rank,  he  left  in 
tactical  command.  He  was  promoted  general  Aug.  31, 
1861.  He  afterward  (1862)  opposed  McClellan  in  the  Pe- 
ninsular campaign,  and  was  defeated  at  Williamsburg  May 
5,  and  at  Fair  Oaks  May  31, 1862.  He  was  defeated  by  Grant 
at  Jackson  May  14, 1863,  while  attempting  to  relieve  Pem- 
berton  at  Vicksburg.  In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  with  head- 
quarters at  Dalton,  Georgia,  where  he  was  required  to  op- 
pose the  advance  of  Sherman  toward  Atlanta.  He  was 
compelled  to  retreat  across  the  Chattahoochee  early  in  July, 
1864,  after  having  fought  unsuccessful  engagements  atRe- 
saca.  May  15,  and  at  Dallas,  May  28,  and  was  in  consequence 
superseded  in  his  command  by  General  John  B.  Hood,  July 
17, 1864.  Feb.  23, 1865,  he  was  restored  to  the  command 
of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  with  orders  to  oppose  Gen- 
eral Sherman,  to  whom  he  surrendered  at  Durham  Station, 
N.  C. ,  April  26, 1865,  General  Lee  having  previously  surren- 
dered to  Grant.  He  published  a  "  Narrative  of  Military 
Operations  Directed,  during  the  Late  War  between  the 
States,  by  Joseph  E.  Johnston"  (1874). 

Johnston,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Dundee,  Scotland, 
Deo.  15,  1733 :  died  near  Edenton,  N.  C,  Aug. 
18,  1816.  An  American  jurist  and  statesman. 
He  went  with  his  father  to  Ainerica  in  1736.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Continental  Congress  1781-82 ;  governor 
of  the  State  of  North  Carolina  1788-89 ;  United  States  sen- 
ator 1789-93;  and  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  1800-03. 

Johnston,  Sir  William.  Bom  at  Kirkhill,  near 
Penicuik,  Midlothian,  Oct.  27, 1802 :  died  there, 
Feb.  7, 1888.  A  Scottish  geographer.  In  1826  he, 
with  his  brother  Alexander  Keith  Johnston,  founded  the 
house  of  W.  and  A.  £.  Johnston,  geographical  publishers. 
Be  was  lord  provost  of  Edinburgh  (1848-51),and  was  knight- 
ed in  1851. 

Johnstone  (jon'ston).  AtowninEenfrewshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Black  Cart  10  miles 
west  by  south  of  Glasgow.  It  has  manufactures 
of  cotton,  etc.    Population  (1891),  9,668. 

Johnstone,  Andrew  James  Cochrane.  Born 
May  24, 1767 :  died  some  time  after  July,  1814. 
A  British  adventurer  and  swindler.  He  was  a  mil- 
itary officer,  memberof  Parliament,  and  colonial  governor. 
After  a  career  of  bribery  and  corruption,  he  speculated  in 
the  London  Stock  Exchange  on  fraudulent  reports  of  Na- 
poleon's death  Feb.  14, 1814,  was  found  guilty  of  conspiracy 
in  June,  and  was  expelled  from  the  House  of  Commons  in 
July. 

Johnstone,  Christian  Isobel.  Bom  in  Fife- 
shire,  1781 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Aug.  26, 1857.  A 
Scottish  novelist  and  journalist.  Her  chief  works 
are  "  Edinburgh  Tales,"  "Clan  Albin  "  (a  novel),  "Elizabeth 
De  Bruce,"  lives  and  voyages  of  Drake,  Cavendish,  and 
Dampier,  "Cook  and  Housewife's  Manual" 

Johnstone,  John  Henry.  Bom  at  Kilkenny, 
Ireland,  1749 :  died  at  London,  Dec.  26,  1828. 
An  Irish  actor  and  vocalist.    He  made  his  first  ap- 


550 

pearance  in  Dublin  about  1773 ;  sang  at  Covent  Garden, 
London,  1783-1803 ;  and  played  at  Drury  Lane  1803-20. 

Johnstone,  William  Borthwick.  Bom  at  Ed- 
inburgh, July  21, 1804 :  died  there,  June  5, 1868. 
A  Scottish  landscape  and  historical  painter, 
better  known  as  a  connoisseur  and  as  the  first 
principal  curator  of  the  National  Gallery  of  Scot- 
land. 

Johnstown  (jonz'toun).  A  manufacturing  city, 
capital  of  Pulton  County,  New  York,  situated 
on  Cayadutta  Creek  40  miles  northwest  of  Al- 
bany.    Population  (1900),  10,130. 

Johnstown.  A  city  in  Cambria  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, situated  on  Stony  Creek  and  Cone- 
maugh  Eiver  58  miles  east  by  south  of  Pitts- 
burg. It  has  manufactures  of  iron.  It  and  the  places 
near  it  were  destroyed  by  the  bursting  of  a  reservoir  May 
31, 1889,  with  a  loss,  at  the  lowest  estimate,  of  about  3,000 

I  lives.    Population  (1900),  35,936. 

Johore  (jo-hor').  A  native  state  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  Malay  peninsula,  it  is  under 
British  influence.  Area,  estimated,  20,000  square  miles. 
Population,  estimated,  200,000. 

Joimy  (zhwan-ye').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Yonne,  France,  situated  on  the  Yonne  14 
miles  north-northwest  of  Auxerre :  the  Eoman 
Joviniacum.  It  has  noted  wines.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  6,218. 

Joinville  (zhwan-vel')-  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Mame,  France,  situated  on  the 
Marne  51  miles  southeast  of  Chalons-sur-Mame. 
It  was  the  seat  of  an  ancient  barony,  later  of  a 
principality.  Population  (1891),commune, 4,478. 

Joinville,  Jean  de.  Bom  at  Joinville-sur- 
Marue,  Champagne,  about  1224 :  died  on  his 
ancestral  estates,  July  16,  1317.  A  French 
chronicler.  His  family  was  noble  and  wealthy,  and 
held  for  four  generations  the  office  of  seneschal  of  Cham- 
pagne. By  virtue  of  his  birth  he  had  access  to  the  court 
circles  of  Champagne  and  France.  He  followed  Louis  IX 
on  the  seventh  Crusade  with  a  retinue  of  700  men,  and 
spent  six  years  in  Egypt  and  Syria  (1248-64).  In  1260,  at 
Saint-Jean-d'Acre.  he  drew  up  the  articles  of  his  religious 
belief,  his  "  Credo,"  which  he  subsequently  revised  in 
1287.  The  great  work,  however,  to  which  he  has  left  his 
name  is  the  "Histoire  de  Saint  Louis."  The  original  copy, 
presented  in  1309  by  the  author  iu  person  to  Louis  le 
Hutin,  great-grandson  of  Louis  IX,  is  lost.  A  second  copy, 
belonging  to  Joinville,  shared  a  like  fate :  this  was  pre- 
sumably used,  however,  in  preparing  the  first  edition  in 
1547.  The  best  modern  edition  was  made  by  Natalis  de 
Wailly  for  the  Soci^t^  de  I'Histoire  de  France  in  1868. 

Joinville,  Prin6e  de  (Frangois  Ferdinand 
Philippe  Louis  Marie  d'0rl6ans).    Bom  at 

Neuilly,near  Paris,  Aug.  14, 1818:  died  at  Paris, 
.lune  16, 1900.  The  third  son  of  Louis  Philippe. 
He  was  in  the  French  naval  service  1834-48,  accompanied 
McClellan  in  the  Peninsular  campaign  in  1862,  and  served 
(incognito)  in  the  war  of  1870-71. 

Jdkai  (yo'ko-i),  M6r.  Born  at  Komorn,  Feb.  19, 
1825 :  died  May  5,  1904.  A  Hungarian  novelist 
and  politician.  Among  his  novels  are  "  A  Hungarian 
Nabob  "  (1864),  "  Black  Diamonds"  (1873),  "  The  Romance 
of  the  Coming  Century  "  (1874). 

Jokjokarta  (jok-yo-kar'ta).  1.  Aresidenoyin 
the  southern  part  of  Java,  Dutch  East  Indies. — 
3.  The  capital  of  Jokjokarta  residency,  situated 
in  lat.  7°  48'  S.,  long.  110°  21'  E.  Population, 
est.,  58,284. 

Joktan  Cjok'tan).    See  the  extract. 

Arphaxad  was  the  grandfather  of  Eberor  "Hebrew." 
"UntoEber,"  we  are  told  [in  Genesis],  "were  born  two 
sons :  the  name  of  one  was  Feleg ;  for  in  his  days  was  the 
earth  divided ;  and  his  brother's  name  was  Joktan."  The 
tribes  and  districts  of  south-eastern  Arabia  traced  their 
descent  to  Joktan.  Among  them  we  find  Hazarmaveth, 
the  modern  Hadhramaut;  Ophir,  the  famous  sea-port  and 
emporium  of  the  goods  of  the  further  east ;  Havilah,  'the 
sandy  region,'  compassed  by  the  river  Pison  (Gen.  u.  11), 
and  occupied  by  the  sons  of  Ishmael  (Gen.  xxv.  18);  and 
Amalek  (1  Sam.  xv.  7),  as  well  as  Sheba,  the  Saba  of  the 
native  inscriptions,  whose  ancient  capital  is  now  repre- 
sented by  the  ruins  of  Mareb  in  the  south-western  comer 
of  Arabia.  Sayce,  Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  66. 

Joliba.    See  Niger. 

Joliet  (jo'li-et).  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Will 
County,  Illinois,  situated  on  the  Des  Plaines 
Kiver  34  miles  southwest  of  Chicago.  It  is  a 
railway  and  manufacturing  center,  and  contains 
a  State  prison.   Pop.  (1900),  29,353. 

Joliet  (zho-lya'),  Charles.  Bom  at  St.-Hip- 
.polyte,  Doubs,  Prance,  Aug.  8, 1832.  A  French 
novelist  and  litterateur.  He  has  written,  under  the 
pseudonym  J.  Telio  and  several  others,  for  "  La  Vie  Pa- 
rislenne,"  "Charivari,"  and  a  number  of  other  joumals. 
Besides  his  novels  he  has  written  "  L'Esprit  de  Diderot" 
(1869),  "Les  pseudonymes  du  jour  "(1867:  2d  ed.  1883), 
"Curiosit^s  des  lettres,  etc."  (1884),  "  Le  tr^sor  des  cuiio- 
sitis,  I'argot,  etc."  (1891). 

Joliet,  or  Jolliet,  Louis.  Bom  at  Quebec,  Sept. 
21, 1645  :  died  in  May,  1700.  A  French-Cana- 
dian explorer.  He  was  intended  for  the  prfesthood, 
and  took  minor  orders  in  1662,  but  abandoned  divinity  in 
1667,  and  became  a  merchant.  In  1672  he  was  commissioned 
by  Frontenac,  governor  of  New  France,  to  explore  the  Mis- 
sissippi River ;  and,  In  company  with  the  Jesuit  missionary 


Jones,  Jacob 

Jacques  Marquette  and  five  other  Frenchmen,  explored  the 
Fox,  Wisconsin,  Mississippi,  and  Illinois  rivers  in  1673. 

Jolley  (jol'i),  Sir  Joslin.  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Ethespge's  comedy  "She "Would 
if  She  Could":  a  convivial  country  gentleman. 

Jollivet  (zhol-i-va'),  Pierre  Jules.  Bom  at 
Paris,  June  27, 1803 :  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  7, 1871. 
A  French  historical  and  genre  painter.  He  was 
a  pupil  of  Gros  and  De  Juinne.  Among  his  pictures  are 
"  Massacre  of  the  Innocents  "  (1845 :  Bouen  Museum),  "Es- 
tablishing the  Magistracy  "  (1865 :  bought  by  the  stateX 
"Christ  among  the  Doctors"  (1865:  Prefecture  de  la 
Seine),  etc.,  and  portraits  of  Philip  III.,  Queen  Victoria, 
Prince  Albert,  and  others. 

Jolof.    Same  as  Wolof. 

Jomini  (zho-me-ne').  Baron  Henri.  Bom  at 
Payeme,  Vaud,  Switzerland,  March  6,  1779: 
died  at  Paris,  March  24,  1869.  A  celebrated 
Swiss  military  writer,  in  the  French  military 
service  as  colonel  and  aide  to  Marshal  Ney. 
After  1813  he  was  in  the  Russian  service  as  lieutenant- 
general  and  aide-de-camp  to  the  emperor.  His  works 
include  "Traits  des  grandes  operations  militaires"(1805X 
"Principes  de  la  strategic"  (1818),  "Histoire  critique  et 
militaire  des  campagnes  de  la  revolution  de  1792  &  1801, 
etc."  (with  Eoch,  1819-24),  "  Vie  politique  et  militaire  de 
Napoleon  "  (1827),  "  Precis  de  I'art  de  la  guerre  "  (1838),  etc. 

Jommelli,  or  Jomelli  (yo-mel'Ie),  Kiccold. 
Born  at  Aversa,  near  Naples,  Sept.  11,  1714 : 
died  at  Naples,  Aug.  28, 1774.  An  Italian  com- 
poser. He  wrote  the  operas  "Merope"  (1747), 
"Didone"  (1745),  "Armida"  (1771),  etc.,  and 
cantatas,  oratorios,  and  church  music. 

Jonah  (jo'na).  [Heb.,  'a  dove';  Gr. 'luvfif,  E. 
Jonas.']  A  Hebrew  prophet  who  flourished  in 
or  before  the  reign  of  Jeroboam  II.  His  story  is 
given  in  the  Book  of  Jonal^  the  date  and  authorship  of 
which  are  unknown.  The  incident  of  the  whale  has  par- 
allels in  Babylonian,  Egyptian,  and  Greek  mythology. 

Jonas  (yo'nas),  Justus.  Bom  at  Nordhauseu, 
Prussia,  June  5,  1493:  died  at  Eisfeld,  Saxe- 
Meiningen,  Oct.  9, 1555.  A  German  Protestant 
reformer,  the  friend  and  collaborator  of  Luther. 

Jonathan  (jon'a-than).  [Heb.,  'gift  of  Yahveh.'] 
A  Hebrew  commander,  son  of  Saul  and  friend 
of  David.    See  David. 

Jonathan,  Brother.  A  popular  nickname  for 
the  American  people.  Its  origin  has  been  explained 
In  several  ways,  but  is  not  definitely  known. 

Jonathan  Maccabaeus  (mak-a-be'us).  Killed 
143  B.C.  The  fifth  son  of  Mattathias,  and  leader 
of  the  Maccabees  after  the  death  of  Judas. 

Jonathan  Wild  the  Great,  The  EQstory  of.  A 
novel  by  Fielding,  published  in  1743. 

Jon  Bee.    See  Badcock,  John. 

Jones  (jonz),  Anson.  Bom  at  Great  Barring- 
ton,  Mass.,  Jan.  20,  1798:  committed  suicide  at 
Houston,  Texas,  Jan.  7, 1858.  A  Texan  politi- 
cian, president  of  Texas  1844r-45. 

Jones,  Davy.  The  name  given  by  sailors  to  the 
evil  spirit  who  is  supposed  to  rule  over  the  sea- 
demons  (hence  "to  go  to  Davy  Jones's  locker" 
is  to  drown  or  to  die).  The  name  has  been  said 
to  be  a  corruption  of  Jonah. 

Jones,  George.  Bom  Jan.  6, 1786 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  19, 1869.  An  English  painter.  He  en- 
tered the  Royal  Academy  in  1801  and  exhibited  annually. 
He  served  in  the  Peninsular  war  and  in  the  occupation  of 
Paris  after  Waterloo.  He  was  most  successful  m  battle- 
pieces. 

Jones,  Henry,  Bom  near  Drogheda,  Ireland, 
1721:  died  at  London,  April,  1770.  An  Irish 
poet  and  dramatist.  He  published  "Poems  on  Sev- 
eral Occasions"  (1749X  "The  Earl  of  Essex,"  a  tragedy 
(1752),  etc. 

Jones,  Henry.  Bom  at  London,  Nov.  2,  1831 : 
died  there  Feb.  15, 1899.  An  authority  on  whist 
and  other  games  of  cards,  on  which  he  wrote 
under  the  name  of  Cavendish.  He  also  wrote  on 
lawn-tennis,  backgammon,  dominoes,  etc. 

Jones,  Hugh  Bolton.  Bom  at  Baltimore,  Md., 
1848.  An  American  landscape-painter.  Among 
his  works  are  "  The  Return  of  the  Cows  (Paris  Exposition, 
1878),  "The  Poplars " (Royal  Academy,  LondonX  "Near 
Maplewood  "  (Metropolitan  Museum,  New  York),  "Break- 
ing Flax  "  (^olumbian  Exposition). 

Jones,  Inigo.  Bom  at  London,  July  15,  1573: 
died  there,  June  21, 1652.  A  noted  English  archi- 
tect, styled  "the  English  Palladio."  He  went  to 
Italy  and  resided  there  many  years,  especially  in  Venice, 
whence  he  was  called  to  Denmark  by  King  Christian  IV. 
In  1620  he  was  appointed  commissioner  of  repairs  df  St. 
Paul's,  which,  however,  were  not  commenced  before  l^L 
In  1643  he  was  thrown  out  of  his  office,  and  in  1646  fined 
£346  for  being  a  royal  favorite  and  a  Roman  Catholic,  hav- 
ing been  taken  in  arms  at  the  capture  of  Basing  House. 
He  is  supposed  to  have  died  of  grief,  misfortune,  and  old 
age  at  old  Somerset  House  on  the  Strand.  He  sat  twice  to 
Vandyck,  and  a  portrait  by  this  master  has  been  sent  with 
the  Houghton  collection  to  St.  Petersburg.  Among  his 
works  are  thebanqueting-hall,  Whitehall  (161&-22),  Covent 
Garden  Piazza,  the  famous  gateway  of  St.  Mary's,  Oxford 
(1632),  the  equally  famous  portico  of  old  St.  Paul's  and  the 
reconstruction  of  that  church  (1631-41),  etc. 

Jones,  Jacob.  Born  near  Smyrna,  Del.,  1770: 
died  at  Philadelphia,  Aug.,  1850.  An  American 


Tones,  Jacob 

naval  officer,  commander  of  the  Wasp  at  the 
eaptiire  of  the  Frolic  in  1812. 
Tones,  John  FaiU,  commonly  known  as  Paul 
Jones,  Born  at  Erkbean,  Kirkcudbrightshire, 
Scotland,  July  6,  1747:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  12, 
1792.  A  Scottish-American  naval  adventurer. 
He  was  the  son  of  John  Paul,  a  Scotch  gardener.  In  1773 
lie  went  to  Virginia,  and  in  1776,  under  the  assumed  name 
of  Jon^s,  was  appointed  first  lieutenant  of  the  Alfred,  a  30- 
gun  frigate  in  the  American  navy.  In  1777  he  commanded 
the  Ranger,  a  new  20-gun  frigate ;  cruised  in  the  Irish  Sea 
and  on  the  coast  of  Scotland ;  and  on  April  24, 1778,  cap- 
tured the  Drake,  a  British  sloop  of  war.  Beturning  to 
Brest,  he  was  superseded.  When,  in  July,  1778,  war  began 
between  France  and  England,  an  old  East  Indiaman,  the 
Duo  de  Duras,  was  converted  into  a  ship  of  war  called  the 
Bonhommellichard(whichsee).  She  sailed,  nnderthe  com- 
mand of  Jones,  with  the  Alliance,  Pallas,  Cerl  and  Ven- 
geance, Aug.  14, 1779.  They  sailed  around  Ireland  and  Scot- 
land, and  on  Sept.  23  fell  in  with  the  Serapis  (44  guns)  and 
Countess  of  Scarborough  (20  guns).  The  battle  between  the 
Serapis  and  the  Bonhomme  Kichard,  one  of  the  greatest 
naval  engagements  in  history,  resulted  in  the  surrender 
of  the  Serapis  to  the  Richard,  and  the  subsequent  sinking 
of  the  latter.  Jones  abandoned  the  American  service,  and 
entered  the  French  and  later  the  Russian  navy.  After 
serving  under  Potemkin  in  the  Black  Sea,  with  the  rank 
of  rear-admiral,  he  returned  to  Paris  in  1790. 

Jones,  John  Winter.  Bom  at  Lambeth,  June 
16, 1805:  died  at  Henley,  Sept.  7, 1881.  Libra- 
rian of  the  British  Museum.  He  became  assistant 
librarian  of  the  British  Museum  in  1837.  Upon  the  retire- 
ment of  Panizzi  in  1866,  Jones  was  appointed  principal 
librarian. 

Jones,  Owen.  Born  in  Denbighshire,  Wales, 
1741 :  died  at  London,  Sept.  26, 1814.  A  Welsh 
antiquary.  He  published  "  Mjrvyrian  Archaiol- 
ogy  of  Wales"  (1801-07),  etc. 

Jones,  Owen.  Bom  at  London,  Feb.  15,  1809: 
'diedthere,  April  19, 1874.  An  English  architect 
and  writer  on  ornament,  son  of  Owen  Jones 
(1741-1814).  In  1861  he  was  appointed  superintendent 
of  the  works  and  decorations  of  the  exhibition  in  London. 
He  published  "Plans,  Elevations,  Sections,  and  Details  of 
the  Alhambra"  (1842-45),  "Grammar  of  Ornament"  (1856), 
" The  Polychromatic  Ornament  of  Italy  " (1846),  "Examples 
of  Chinese  Ornament"  (1867). 

Jones,  Paul.    See  Jones,  John  Paul. 

Jones,  Bichard.  Bom  at  Birmingham,  1779: 
died  at  London,  Aug.  30, 1851.  An  English  ac- 
tor and  dramatist.  He  was  successful  in  light  comedy 
parts  and  farce.  He  claimed  the  authorship  of  "The  Green 
Man  "  (1818)  and  of  "  Too  late  for  Dinner  "  (1820),  which 
was  also  assigned  to  Theodore  Hook. 

Jones,  Thomas  Bymer.  Bom  1810:  died  at 
London,  Dec.  10,  1880.  An  English  compara- 
tive anatomist  and  physiologist,  professor  of 
comparative  anatomy  at  King's  College,  Lon- 
don 1836-74.  His  chief  work  is  "General  Out- 
line of  the  Animal  Kingdom"  (1838-41). 
Jones,  Tom.  See  Tom  Jones. 
Jones,  T.  Percy.    The  pseudonym  of  Professor 

Aytoun. 
Jones,  William.  Bom  in  the  parish  of  Llanfi- 
hangel,  Anglesea,  1675:  died  at  London,  Jiily 
3,1749.  An  English  mathematician.  He  entered 
the  service  of  a  merchant  in  London,  and  visited  the  West 
Indies,  afterward  teaching  mathematics  on  a  man-of-war 
and  in  London.  His  "New  Compendium  of  the  Whole 
Art  of  Navigation"  appeared  in  1702,  and  his  "Synopsis 
palmariorum  matheseos,  or  a  New  Introduction  to  the 
Mathematics"  in  1706.  In  1711  he  edited  some  tracts  by 
Newton. 
Jones,  William.  Bom  at  Lowick,  Northamp- 
tonshire, July  30,  1726:  died  at  Nayland,  Suf- 
folk, Jan.  6,  1800.  An  English  clergyman  and 
theological  and  miscellaneous  writer.  Among  his 
works  are  "Catholic  Doctrine  of  the  Trinity"  (1756)  and 
"Figurative  Language  of  the  Holy  Scripture"  (1786). 
Jones,  Sir  William.  Bom  at  Westminster,  Sept. 
28,  1746:  died  at  Calcutta,  April  27,  1794.  A 
noted  English  Orientalist  and  linguist,  young- 
est son  of  William  Jones  the  mathematician. 
He  entered  University  College,  Oxford,  in  1764,  and-  be- 
came a  fellow  of  that  college  in  1766.  In  1770  he  published 
a  translation  into  French  of  the  Persian  life  of  Nadir  Shah, 
brought  to  England  by  Christian  VII.  of  Denmark.  It  was 
followed  (1770)  by  the  "Traits  sur  la  po&ie  orlentale." 
In  1771  he  issued  his  grammar  of  the  Persian  language, 
followed  by  "Poems,  consistingchiefly  of  translationsfrom 
the  Asiatiok  languages,  etc."  (1772),  "Poeseos  Asiaticss 
■Commentariorum  Libri  Sex  "  (1774).  He  was  called  to  the 
bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1774.  In  1778  he  published 
a  translation  of  the  "Speeches  of  Issbus  in  Causes  con- 
cerning the  Law  of  Succession  to  Property  at  Athens. "  His 
«ssay  on  the  "  Law  of  Bailments  "  appeared  in  1781,  and  in 
the  same  year  was  issued  the  translation  of  the  "Moalla- 
Itat."  He  was  knighted  March  19,  1783,  and  made  judge 
of  the  high  court  at  Calcutta.  In  1784  he  founded  the 
Bengal  Asiatic  Society.  He  was  the  first  English  scholar 
to  master  Sanskrit,  and  to  recognize  its  importance  for 
comnarative  philology.  In  1794  he  began  a  complete  di- 
gest" of  Hindu  law  with  the  "Institutes  of  Hindu  Law," 
followed  by  "Mohammedan  Law  of  Succession"  and  "Mo- 
hammedan Law  of  Inheritance." 
Jonesboro  (j6nz'bur"6).  The  capital  of  Clay- 
ton County,  Greorgia,  18  miles  south  of  Atlanta. 
Here  Aug.  31, 1864,  the  Federals  under  Howard  repulsed 
the  Confederates  under  Hardee,  with  a  Federal  loss 
of  1,149,  and  Confederate  loss  of  about  2,000.  Population 
<1900),  877. 


551 

Jonkoping  (y6n'ch6-ping).  1 .  A  laen  in  south- 
ern Sweden.  Area,  4,447  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1893),  193,268.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
laen  of  Jonkoping,  situated  at  the  southern  end 
of  Lake  Wetter  in  lat.  57°  48'  N.,  long.  14°  13'  E. 
It  is  noted  for  its  manufactures,  especially  of  matches. 
A  peace  between  Sweden  and  Denmark  was  concluded 
here  in  1809.    Population  (1890),  19,682. 

Jonsbok  (yons'bok).  [ON.  Jdnshdlc.']  The  law 
code  of  Iceland  under  Norwegian  sovereignty 
and  later,  brought  from  Norway  to  Iceland,  in 
1280,  by  Jon  Einarsson,  a  lawyer,  from  whom 
it  received  its  name.  Like  the  Jamsida,  which 
it  superseded,  it  was  a  compilation  by  King 
Magnus. 
Jonson  (jon'spn),  Benjamin,  usually  known  as 
Ben  Jonson."  Bom  at  Westminster,  1573  (?) : 
died  Aug.  6, 1637.  A  celebrated  English  dram- 
atist. His  parentage  is  not  certainly  known.  His  mother 
married,  while  he  was  still  a  child,  a  master  bricklayer  said 
to  have  been  named  Fowler.  He  was  sent  to  a  school  at  St. 
Martin's-in-the-Fields,  but  was  soon  removed  to  Westmin- 
ster school,  where  William  Camden  befriended  him.  After 
a  somewhat  obscure  period  he  began  to  work  for  the  stage : 
in  1 697  he  appeared  in  Henslowe's  "  Diary  "  as  a  player  and 
a  playwright  to  "  The  Admiral's  Men."  During  a  break 
withtheAdmiral's  company  his  first  extant  comedy,  "Every 
Man  in  his  Humour, "  was  offered  to  the  rival  company,  the 
"Lord  Chamberlain's  Servants. "  It  was  accepted,  and  was 
performed  at  the  Globe  in  1598,  Shaispere  playing  in  it. 
Jonson  ranked  from  this  time  with  the  foremost  drama- 
tists of  the  period.  He  became  involved  in  quarrels  with 
Dekker  and  Marston,  and  in  the  plays  of  the  two  latter 
are  characters  attacking  or  ridiculing  him,  while  he  in 
turn  satirized  them  in  several  of  his  plays.  In  1603  he 
began  to  write  "  Entertainments,"  and  in  1605  the  first 
of  his  series  of  "  Court  Masques."  He  was  in  favor  with 
the  court,  and  his  life  now  entered  its  most  successful 
phase.  The  plays  performed  during  1605-16  (' '  Eijicoene, " 
"The  Alchemist,"  "Catiline,"  "Bartholomew  Fair,"  and 
"  The  Devil  is  an  Ass")  are  among  his  best.  In  1613  he 
went  to  France  as  tutor  to  a  son  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh, 
and  in  1618  he  made  his  well-known  pedestrian  journey 
to  Scotland.  About  this  time  he  spent  some  weeks  at 
the  house  of  William  Drummond  of  Hawthornden,  whose 
notes  of  his  talk  are  the  principal  source  of  his  biography. 
On  his  return  he  wrote  a  narrative  in'verse  of  his  adven- 
tures ("  Underwoods,  No.  62").  Between  1621  and  1623  the 
king  raised  Jonson's  pension  to  £200,  and  the  greatest  ca^ 
lamity  of  his  private  life  occurred— the  burning  of  his  li- 
brary, which  was  one  of  the  finest  in  England.  In  1626  he 
was  attacked  with  palsy,  followed  by  dropsy,  and  was  con- 
fined to  his  bed  during  his  last  years.  He  was  appointed 
chronologer  to  the  city  of  London  in  1628,  which  mcreased 
his  income;  but  his  powers  were  failing  and  his  nextplay, 
"The  New  Inn,"  was  not  heard  to  the  end,  and  in  1631 
his  salary  as  chronologer  was  withdrawn.  He  brought 
out  more  plays  and  masks,  and  in  1634  his  salary  was  re- 
stored. He  lived  three  years  longer,  during  which  time 
he  wrote  little.  "The  Sad  Shepherd,"  unfinished,  was 
found  among  his  papers.  He  was  buried  in  Westminster 
Abbey,  in  the  Poets*  Corner.  The  political  crisis  at  this 
time  prevented  the  erection  of  an  elaborate  tomb  which 
was  intended,  and  a  casual  visitor.  Sir  John  Young,  caused 
"0  rare  Ben  Jonson"  to  be  cut  on  his  tomb.  Among 
his  friends  were  all  the  people  of  culture  of  the  time,  no- 
tably Chapman  and  Fletcher.  With  Shakspere  he  was 
less  intimate  :  but  the  theory  of  his  jealousy  of  the  latter 
has  been  completely  refuted  by  Giff  ord.  Among  his  plays 
are  "Every  Man  in  his  Humour"  (acted  1598,  printed  1601), 
"  The  Case  is  Altered  "  (1599,  printed  1609), ' '  Every  Man  out 
of  his  Humour"  (1599,  printed  1600),  "Cynthia's  Revels" 
(1600), "The  Poetaster,  etc."  (1601,  printed  1602),"  Sejanus, 
his  Fall,"  with  another  (1603,  printed  1605),  "Eastward  Ho, " 
with  Chapman  and  Marston  (1604,  printed  1605),"  Volpone, 
or  the  Fox"(1606,  printed  1607),  "Epiccene,  or  the  Silent 
Woman  "  (1609), "  The  Alchemist"(1610,  printed  1612),  "Cati- 
line, his  Conspiracy"  (1611),  "Bartholomew  Fair"  (1614, 
printed  (folio)  1831), "  The  Devil  is  an  Ass  "(1616,  folio  1631), 
"TheStapleof  News "(1626,  folio  1631),  "The  New  Inn, 
etc. "  (1629,  printed  1631),  "  The  Magnetick  Lady  "  (licensed 
1632,  folio  1640),  "A  Tale  of  a  Tub  "  (licensed  1633,  folio 
1640),  "The  Sad  Shepherd,  etc."  (folio  1641),  etc.  Besides 
these,  he  wrote  a  number  of  "Masques,"  "Entertain- 
ments," and  poems :  among  the  latter  are  included  "  Epi- 
grammes  "  (published  1616)  and  "  The  Forest^"  which  con- 
tains his  best  songs,  etc.,  up  to  1616,  most  of  which  were 
subsequently  published  under  the  name  of  "Under- 
woods" (his  own  title)  after  his  death  (1640).  The  lines  to 
the  memory  of  Shakspere  prefixed  to  the  Shakspere  folio 
(1623)  were  first  included  in  Jonson's  works  by  Giflord. 
He  wrote  several  prose  works,  among  which  are  "  Timber, 
or  Discoveries  made  upon  Men  and  Matter,"  usually 
known  as  "  Discoveries  "  (1641X  and  "  The  English  Gram- 
mar made  by  Ben  Jonson  for  the  benefit  of  all  strangers" 
(1640),  etc.  His  works  were  first  collected  in  a  folio  edition, 
of  which  the  first  volume,  revised  by  himself,  appeared  in 
1616,  the  second  1630-41.  Whalley  (1766)  first  edited  him, 
and  in  1816  Giflford  brought  out  an  edition,  reprinted  by 
Cunningham  in  1876. 

Jonzac  (zh6n-zak').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Charente-Inf  6rieure ,  France,  45  miles  north  of 
Bordeaux.    Population  (1891),  commune,  3,431. 

Joodpoor.    See  Jodhpur. 

Joonpoor,    See  Jaunpur. 

Joplin  City  (jop'lin  sit'i).  A  mining  city  in  Jas- 
per County,  southwestern  Missouri,  situated  in 
fat.  37°  3'  N.,  long.  94°  35'  W.  Population 
(1900),  26,023. 

Joppa.    See  Jaffa. 

Joram  (jo'ram),  or  Jehoram  (ie-ho'ram).  King 
of  Israel  851-843  b.  c.  (Dunoker),  son  of  Ahab. 

Joram,  or  Jehoram.  King  of  Judah  848-844 
B.  c,  son  of  Jehoshaphat. 


Joscelyn 

Jorat  (zho-ra'  or  zho-rat'),  (J.  Jutten  (ySr'ten). 
A  chain  of  heights  in  the  canton  of  Vaud,  Swit- 
zerland, northeast  of  Lausanne.  It  forms  part 
of  the  watershed  between  the  valleys  of  the 
Rhine  and  Rhone. 

J6rd  (ySrd).  [ON.  JdrcOi.']  In  Old  Norse  my- 
thology, the  goddess  Earth,  the  wife  of  Odin  and 
the  mother  of  Thor. 

Jordaens  (yor'dans),  Jakob.  Born  at  Antwerp 
about  1593:  died  there,  1678.  AFlemishpainter 
of  historical  and  genre  scenes  and  portraits. 

Jordan.    See  Jordanes. 

Jordan  (jor'dan).  [Heb.  Tarden,  the  descend- 
er; Gr.  'lopdavTjQ,  L.  Jordanes,  mod.  Ar.  Esli- 
Sheriah.']  The  chief  river  of  Palestine,  it  rises 
in  Anti-LibanuB,  traverses  Lake  Merom  (Hflleh)andthe  Sea 
of  Galilee,  and  fiows  into  the  Dead  Sea  19  miles  east  of  Je- 
rusalem.   Its  length  is  about  120  miles. 

Jordan.  A  river  in  Utah  which  flows  from  Utah 
Lake  into  Great  Salt  Lake.  Length,  about  40 
miles. 

Jordan,  David  Starr.  Bom  at  Gainesville, 
N.  Y. ,  Jan.  19, 1851.  An  American  naturalist  and 
educator.  He  studied  at  Cornell  University,  receiving 
the  degree  of  M.  S.  in  1872,  and  of  LL.D.  (honorary)  in  1886. 
In  1876  he  graduated  in  medicine  at  the  Indiana  Medical 
College.  He  was  assistant  on  the  United  States  Fish  Com- 
mission 1877-91 ;  professor  of  zoology  at  the  Indiana  Uni- 
versity 1879-86,  and  its  president  1885-91 ;  and  in  the  latter 
year  was  appointed  president  of  theLelandStanford  Junior 
University.  He  has  published  "  Manual  of  the  Vertebrates 
of  the  Northern  United  States  "  (1876  and  later  editions), 
"Contributions  to  North  American  Ichthyology  "  (1877- 
1883),  "Science  Sketches"  (1888),  etc. 

Jordan.  Mrs.  (assumed  name  of  Dorothy 
Bland).  Bom  near  Waterford,  Ireland,  about 
1762:  died  at  St.-Cloud,  Prance,  1816.  An  Irish 
actress,  known  as  Dolly  Jordan.  She  became 
the  mistress  of  the  Duke  of  Clarence  (William 
IV.)  in  1790. 

As  an  actress  in  comedy  Mrs.  Jordan  can  have  had  few 
equals.  Genest  says  that  she  had  never  a  superior  in  her 
line,  and  adds  that  her  "Hypolita"will  never  be  excelled. 
Rosalind,  Viola,  and  Lady  Contest  were  among  her  best 
characters.  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Jordan,  Thomas.  Bom  at  London  about  1612 : 
died  about  1685.  An  English  actor,  dramatist, 
and  poet.  He  supported  himself  by  promiscuous  literary 
work,  largely  plagiarized,  until  1671,  when  he  was  made  part 
of  thecorporation  of  London  in  the  capacity  of  poet  to  that 
body.  Jordan  conducted  the  lord  mayor's  shows  for  four- 
teen years  with  great  success.  Among  his  works  are  "  Poet- 
icall  Varieties  or  Variety  of  Fancies  "(1637),  "A  Pill  to  Purge 
Melancholy "(1637),  "TheTricksof  Youth"(1663),  "ANew 
Droll,  or  the  Counter  Scuffle"  (1663),  "Money  is  an  Ass" 
(1663),  "  Rosary  of  Rarities"  (1659),  etc. 

Jordan  (yor'dan),  Wilhelm.  Bom  Feb.  8, 
1819:  died  Jan.  27,  1903.  A  German  poet, 
He  wrote  "Die  Nibelungen "  (1st  part,  "  Sigfridsage," 
1868;  2d  part,  "Hildebrants  Heimkehr,"  1874),  dramas, 
"  Deminrgos^, "  a  poem  (1852-54),  translations,  etc 

Jordanes  (o6r-da'nez),  or  Jordanis  (j6r-da'nis), 
or  (erroneously)  Jornandes  (jor-nan'dez).  A 
Gothic  (Alan)  historian  and  ecclesiastic  of  the 
6th  century :  by  a  probably  erroneous  tradition, 
bishop  of  Ravenna.  He  wrote  (in  551)  "De  Origine 
Getarum,"  often  called  the  "Getica,"  a  history  of  the  Goths 
compiled  from  Cassiodoms  and  others,  and  "De  suma  tem- 
porum  nel  origine  actibusque  gentis  Romanorum,"  a  uni- 
versal chronicle.  The  supposition  that  he  may  have  been 
bishop  of  Croton  in  Italy  is  rejected. 

Jorg  (yerG),  Johann  Christian  Grottfried. 

BomatPredel,near  Zeitz, Prussia,  Dec.  24,1779 : 
died  at  Leipsic,  Sept.  20, 1856.  A  (German  physi- 
cian and  medical  writer,  noted  especially  for  his 
works  on  obstetrics. 

Jorg,  Joseph  Edmund.  Bom  at  Immenstadt, 
Bavaria,  Dec.  23, 1819 :  died  at  Landshut,  Nov. 
18,  1901.  A  Bavarian  ultramontane  politician 
and  historian.  His  chief  work  is  "Geschichte 
des  grossen  Bauemkriegs  "  (1850). 

Jorgenson  (yor'gen-son),  Jorgen.  Bbm  at  Co- 
penhagen, 1779 :  died  in  New  South  Wales  about 
1830.  A  Danish  adventurer,  governor  of  Ice- 
land 1809. 

Jornandes.    See  Jordanes. 

Jortin  (jdr'tin),  John.  Bom  at  London,  Oct. 
23, 1698:  died  there,  Sept.  5, 1770.  An  English 
church  historian  and  critic.  His  father,  Eenatus 
Jortin,  was  a  Huguenot  exile.  He  was  educated  at  Char- 
terhouse and  at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  grad- 
uated in  1719.  In  1749  he  was  Boyle  lecturer,  and  became 
archdeacon  of  London  in  1764.  His  chief  works  are  "  Lusus 
poetici"  (1722),  "Life  of  Erasmus"  (1758),  and  "Sermons 
and  Charges"  (1771-72). 

JoruUo  (Ho-rol'yo).  A  volcano  in  the  state  of 
Michoacan,  Mexico,  160  miles  west  by  south  of 
Mexico,  formed  in  1759.    Height,  4,265  feet. 

Jorund^'ord  (ye'ron-fy6rd).  One  of  the  most 
noted  fiords  in  Norway,  on  the  western  coast, 
southeast  of  Aalesund. 

Josaphat.    See  Barlaam  and  Josaphat. 

Joscelin.    See  Jocelin. 

Joscelyn,  or  Josselin  (jos'e-lin),  John.  Born 
1529 :  died  at  High  Roding,  Essex,  Dec.  28, 1603. 


Joscelyn 

One  of  the  earliest  students  of  Anglo-Saxon.  He 
graduated  at  Queen's  College,  Cambridge.  He  was  Latin 
secretary  to  Parker,  archbisbop  of  Canterbury  (1668),  and 
at  bis  suggestion  made  collections  of  Anglo-Saxon  docu- 
ments, wbich  be  annotated. 

Joseffly  (yo-sef'i),  Rafael.  Bom  at  Presburg, 
Hungary,  in  1852.  A  noted  Hungarian  pianist 
and  composer :  a  pupil  of  Tausig.  He  has  pub- 
lished a  number  of  pieces  for  the  pianoforte. 

Joseph  (jo'zef).  [Heb.,  of  doubtful  meaning: 
perhaps  from  a  verb '  to  add';  Gr.  'laaij'^,  L.  Jose- 
phus,  F.  Joseph,  It.  Giuseppe,  Sp.  Jos^,  Josef,  Pg. 
Josd,  Joe4,  G.  Joseph.']  The  son  of  Jacob  and 
Rachel.  He  played  an  important  part  in  traditional  He- 
brew history  He  was  sold  by  his  brethren  as  a  slave  into 
Egypt,  where  he  became  prime  minister  and  the  progeni- 
tor of  two  Israelitish  tribes,  Ephraim  and  Manasseh.  Ac- 
cording to  tradition  his  sale  took  place  in  the  reign  of  the 
Hyksos  or  shepherd  king  Aphobis.    See  Aphobis. 

Joseph.  The  husband  of  Mary  the  mother  of 
Jesus. 

Joseph  I.  Born  at  Vienna,  July  26,  1678 :  died 
April  17,  1711.  German  emperor,  son  of  Leo- 
pold I.  He  was  crowned  king  of  Hungary  in  1689,  and 
of  the  Eomans  in  1690,  and  succeeded  to  the  empire  in 
1705.  He  continued  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession. 

Joseph  II.  Born  at  Vienna,  March  13,  1741: 
died  at  Vienna,  Feb.  20, 1790.  German  empe- 
ror, son  of  Francis  I.  and  Maria  Theresa.  He 
was  crowned  king  of  the  Romans  in  1764  ;  succeeded  to  the 
empire  in  1765 ;  became  co-regent  with  Maria  Theresa  in 
the  Hapsburg  dominions  in  1765 ;  took  part  in  the  War  of 
the  Bavarian  Succession  1778-79 ;  and  became  sole  ruler  in 
1780.  He  proclaimed  the  "Edict  of  Tolerance"  in  1781; 
abolished  serfdom ;  and  joined  with  Russia  against  Turkey 
in  1788. 

Joseph,  King  of  Naples,  later  of  Spain.  See 
Bonaparte. 

Joseph,  Father  (FranQois  Leclerc  du  Trem- 
blay).  Bom  at  Paris,  Nov.  4,  1577:  died  at 
Bueil,  Deo.  18, 1638.  A  French  Capuchin  monk, 
confidential  agent  of  Richelieu. 

Joseph  of  Arimathea.  A  rich  Israelite  who  ap- 
parently was  a  member  of  the  Sanhedrim  at  the 
time  of  the  crucifixion.  He  was  afraid  to  confess  his 
belief  in  Jesas  Christ.  After  the  crucifixion,  however,  he 
went  and  begged  the  body  of  Jesus,  and  buried  it  in  his 
own  tomb.  There  is  a  legend  that  he  was  imprisoned  for 
42  years,  which  seemed  but  3  to  him  on  account  of  the 
Holy  Grail  which  he  kept  with  him  in  prison ;  and  that 
he  carried  the  Grail,  after  his  release  by  Vespasian,  to 
Britain,  where  he  built  the  abbey  of  Glastonbury.  There 
is  an  alliterative  English  romance  "Joseph  of  Arimathea," 
written  about  1350  (edited  by  Professor  Skeat  !h  1871). 
Robert  de  Borron  composed  two  versions  of  a  "  Legend  of 
Joseph  of  Arimathea,  or  The  Little  St.  Grail,"  in  verse  and 
in  prose,  which  fell  into  the  hands  of  Walter  Map,  who 
wrote  the  "Great  Saint  Grail"  from  them. 

Joseph  of  Exeter,  L.  Josephus   Iscanus. 

Flourished  about  1200.  A  native  of  Exeter,  one 
of  the  best  medieval  Latin  poets  in  England.  He 
resided  much  in  France,  and  in  1188  went  with  Archbishop 
Ba.dwin  on  a  crusade  to  the  Holy  Land,  returning  to  Eng- 
land in  1190.  His  chief  works  are  "De  Bello  Trojano"  in 
6  books,  "Antiocbeis,"  a  poem  on  the  third  Crusade, 
"Panegyricus  ad  Henricum." 

Joseph  Andrews  (jo'zef  an'drSz).  The  title  of 
a  novel  by  Fielding,  published  in  1742,  and  the 
name  of  its  hero.  He  is  represented  as  a  young  foot- 
man of  great  beauty  who  maintains  bis  uprightness  and 
chastity  through  a  long  series  of  trials.  The  moSt  promi- 
nent  and  famous  character  in  the  book  is  that  of  the  curate 
Parson  Adams.  (See  Adorns.)  The  book  (said  to  havebeen 
suggested  by  the  "Paysan  Parvenu"  of  Marivaux)  was  at 
first  intended  to  be  merely  a  satire  on  Richardson's  "Pa- 
mela," but  it  grew  as  its  author  worked  upon  it. 

Joseph  Bechor  Shor  (jo'zef  be-ehor'  shor').  A 
Jewish  scholar  and  biblical  commentator  of  the 
12th  century,  in  the  north  of  Prance. 

Josephine  (jo'ze-fen)  (Marie  Jos^phe  Bose 
Tascher  de  la  Pagerie).  Bom  at  Trois-llets, 
Martinique,  June  23,  1763:  died  at  Malmaison, 
near  Paris,  May  29,  1814.  First  wife  of  Napo- 
leon I.,  and  empress  of  the  French,  she  removed 
to  Prance  in  1778 ;  married,  Dec.  13, 1779,  the  Vicomte  de 
Beauharnais  (who  died  1794) ;  and  became  the  wife  of  Na- 
poleon March  9, 1796.  She  was  crowned  empress  in  1804, 
and  was  divorced  in  1809. 

Josephstadt  (yo'zef-stat).  A  fortified  town  in 
Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Elbe  66  miles  east  by 
north  of  Prague.    Population  (1890),  6,097. 

Josephus  (jo-se'fus),  Flavlus  (Jewish  name 
Joseph  hen  Matthias),  Bom  37  a.  d.  :  died 
about  95.  A  celebrated  Jewish  historian.  He 
was  of  illustrious  priestly  descent,  and  related  to  the  Mac- 
cabean  bouse.  A  visit  to  Rome  In  his  early  years  filled 
him  with  enthusiastic  admiration  for  it  and  its  institutions. 
At  the  outbreak  of  the  .Tudeo-Roman  war  he  was  intrusted 
by  the  Sanhedrim  with  the  governorship  of  Galilee,  and  as 
such  tookpartin  the  war  against  Rome.  But  he  weakened 
the  province  under  his  administration  by  sowing  discord ; 
and  when  the  fortress  Jotapata,  after  a  most  heroic  resis- 
tance, was  taken  by  Vespasian,  he  managed  to  save  his 
own  Ufe  after  the  remnant  of  the  besieged  had  died  by 
their  own  hands.  Vespasian,  glad  to  have  him  on  bis  side 
as  a  guide  and  adviser,  received  Iiim  with  courtesyand 
friendliness,  and  he  remained  with  Vespasian  and  Titus, 
following  them,  after  the  fall  of  his  people,  to  Rome,  and 
living  in  the  sunshine  of  their  favor.  He  received  large 
teacts  of  land  in  .Tudea  and  an  annual  pension,  and  adopted 


552 

the  name  of  Flavins  after  that  of  the  imperial  family.  In 
Rome  he  wrote  his  work  "The  Jewish  War,"  in  7  books, 
at  first  in  the  Syro-Cbaldaic  tongue  and  afterward  in  Greek. 
His  "Antiquities  of  the  Jews, "  a  history  of  the  Jewish  peo- 
ple from  the  earliest  times  to  26  A.  D.,  in  20  books,  is  a  de- 
fense of  the  Jews  against  Apion,  and  his  own  autobiogra- 
phy. In  his  writings  he  displays  a  great  love  for  his  nation 
and  religion.  His  works  are  not  only  the  most  compre- 
hensive and  important  source  of  information  for  the  his- 
tory of  his  times,  but  also  are  distinguished  for  their  ex- 
cellent historical  style,  which  gained  for  bim  the  title  of  a 
Hebrew  Livy.  He  died  under  Domitian,  and,  according  to 
some  intimations,  as  a  martyr  to  the  faith  of  liis  race. 

Joshua  (josh'u-ii).  [Heb.  Yelioshua,  whose  help 
isYahveh.  Bke  Jesus.]  The  successor  of  Moses 
as  leader  of  the  Israelites.  He  was  the  son  of  Nun, 
of  the  tribe  of  Ephraim,  and  was  one  of  tlie  two  spies  who 
reported  favorably  of  Canaan.  He  was  an  attendant  of 
Moses,  who  designated  him  as  his  successor.  He  led  the 
nation  into  the  land  of  promise,  and  was  their  captain  in 
the  wars  that  resulted  in  their  peaceful  occupation  of  it. 
The  book  that  bears  his  name  consists  mainly  of  an  account 
of  the  settlement  of  the  Israelites  in  Canaan.  It  is  of 
composite  structure. 

Josiah  (j6-si'a).  [Heb.,  'Yahveh  heals.']  King 
of  Judah  640^09  b.  C.  (Duncker),  son  of  Amon. 
He  was  defeated  and  slain  by  Pharaoh-Necho  at  the  battle 
of  Megiddo  in  the  valley  of  Esdraelon.  (  2  Ki.  xxii.-xxiv.  30, 
and  2  Chron.  xxxiv.-xxxv.)  He  brought  about  important  re- 
forms, destroying  all  forms  of  idolatrous  worship.  It  was 
under  his  reign  that  the  priest  Hilkiah  found  the  book  of 
the  law.    See  Deuteronomy. 

Jdsika  (yo'she-ko),  Baron  Mikl6s.  Bom  at 
Torda,  Transylvania,  April  28,  1796:  died  at 
Dresden,  Feb.  27, 1865.  AHungarian  historical 
novelist.  Among  his  chief  novels  are  "Abafl"  (1836), 
"The  Poet  Zrinyi"  (1840),  "The  Last  Bitory"  (1838),  "The 
Bohemians  in  Hungary  "(1840),  "A  Hungarian  Family  dur- 
ing the  Revolution"  (1851),  "The  Family  Mailly"  (1852), 
"Esther"  (1853). 

Josippon,^  The  title  of  a  history,  in  Hebrew, 
wMeu  originated  in  the  10th  century  ia  Italy, 
and  which  the  author  (under  the  pseudonjmi 
Joseph  ben  Qorion)  claims  to  be  a  free  trans- 
lation of  Josephus's  historical  works.  The  his- 
torical events  are  mingled  with  legends  and  tales  which 
the  author  has  drawn  from  the  rabbinical  literature, 
Hegesippus,  the  oldest  compendium  of  the  authentic 
Josephus,  and  the  patristic  writings.  It  was  written  in 
a  kind  of  poetical  prose,  and  was  a  great  favorite  witli  the 
Jewish  people;  it  has  been  translated  in  to  many  languages. 

Josqmn(zhos-kan')orJosseDesprez(da-pra,'), 
or  De  Pr6s  (d6  pra),  Latinized  to  Jodocus  a 
Fratis  (j6-d6'kus  a  pra'tis),  or  a  Prato,  or 
Pratensis  (pra-ten'sis).  Born  at  or  near  St.- 
Quentin,  Hainault,  about  1450 :  died  at  Cond6, 
Hainault,  Aug.  27, 1521.  A  celebrated  Flemish 
composer,  "one  of  the  greatest  masters  of  the 
Netherland  school,"  autnorofmasses,numerous 
motets,  etc. 

Josse  (zhos).  Monsieur.  A  jeweler  in  Molifere's 
"I? Amour  m^decin."  When  asked  how  to  cure  a 
love-sick  lady  he  recommends  jewelry  at  once ;  hence  the 
sarcastic  phrase  "  Vous  6tes  orffevre,  M.  Josse"  ('You  are 
a  jeweler,  Mr.  Josse ') — that  is,  you  advise  others  for  your 
own  benefit. 

Josselin  (zhos-lan').  Atowninthe  department 
of  Loire-Infdrieure,  France,  on  the  Oust  23 
miles  northeast  of  Vannes.  The  castle,  a  seat  of  the 
Rohan  family,  and  the  former  abode  of  the  Conn^table  de 
Clisson,  is  a  fine  medieval  stronghold  with  lofty  walls  over- 
topped by  cylindrical,  conical-roofed  towers.  The  interior 
fronts  in  the  Flamboyant  of  the  end  of  the  Pointed  style,  is 
highly  picturesque,  with  gables,  canopied  windows,  open- 
work parapet^  and  fiaming  tracery. 

Jost  (yost),  Isaak  Markus.  Born  at  Bemburg, 
Germany,  Feb.  22,  1793 :  died  at  Frankfort-on- 
the-Main,  Nov.  25,  1860.  A  German-Hebrew 
historian,  teacher  in  Berlin  and  later  (1835) 
in  Frankfort.  He  wrote  "Geschiohte  der  Israeliten '' 
(1820-29 :  "  Neuere  Geschichte  der  Israeliten,"  1846-47), 
"  Geschichte  des  Judentums  und  seiner  Sekten  "  (1857-59), 
etc. 

Jotapata  (j6-ta-pa'ta).  A  fortress  on  the  mod- 
ern hill  Tel  3emt  in  Galilee.  During  the  Judeo- 
Roman  war  it  was  held  by  Josephus.  Forced  by  want  of 
food  and  water  to  surrender  to  Vespasian,  the  garrison  re- 
tired to  a  cavern  and  died  by  their  own  hands,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  general,  Josephus,  and  one  other. 

Jotham  po'tham).  King  of  Judah  740-734  B.  c. 

J6tunheini(ye't5n-him).  [ON.  Jotunheimr:  Jo- 
tunn,  giant,  and  heimr,  world.]  In  Old  Norse 
mythologjr,  the  realm  of  the  giants :  also  called 
Utgard(ON.  iftgardhr),  the  outerworld.  It  was 
conceived  to  be  situated  in  the  extreme  north. 

Jotunheim  (yo'tBn-him).  A  mountain  region 
in  Norway,  about  lat.  61°  30'  N.  it  contains  the 
highest  summits  in  the  countiy,  GaldbSppigen  (8,400  feet) 
and  Glittertind. 

Joubert  (zho-bar'),  Barth61emy  Catherine. 

Bom  at  Pont-de-Vaux,  Ain,  France,  April  14, 
1769:  killed  at  the  battle  of  Novi,  Italy,  Aug. 
15,  1799.  A  French  general.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  Tyrol  in  1797,  and  in  Piedmont  in  1798,  and  suc- 
ceeded Moreau  in  Italy  in  1799. 
Joubert,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Montignac,  P6rigord, 
May  6,  1754:  died  at  Paris,  May  4,  1824.  A 
French  moralist  and  man  of  letters.  Extracts 
from  bis  mannscripts,  under  the  title  "Pensfies,"  were 


Jovellanos 

edited  by  ChMeaubriand,  and  later  (1842\  nnder  the  title 
"Pens^es,  mazimes,  et  correspondance,'  by  PaulKaynal. 

Joueur  (zhS-er'),  Le.  A  comedy  by  Regnard, 
produced  in  1696.  Mrs.  CentUvre's  "Gamester  " 
was  adapted  from  it. 

JoufElroy  (zh5-frwa'),  Theodore  Simon.  Born 
at  Pontets,  Doubs,  Prance,  July  7,  1796 :  died 
at  Paris,  Feb.  4,  1842.  A  noted  French  philo- 
sophical writer,  a  pupil  of  Cousin,  professor  at 
various  institutions  m  Paris,  and  after  1838  li- 
brarian of  the  university.  He  translated  Dougald 
Stewart  and  Keid,  and  wrote  "Melanges  philosophiques  " 
(1833),  "Cours  de  droit  naturel"  (1836),  etc 

Jougne  (zhony),  Col  de,  A  pass  over  the  Jura, 
on  the  borders  of  Vaud,Switzerland^nd  Doubs, 
Prance,  conneotingLausanne  with  Pontarlier. 

Joule  (jol),  James  Prescott.  Bom  at  Salf ord, 
England,  Deo.  24,  1818 :  died  at  Sale,  Oct.  11, 
1889.  An  English,  physicist,  noted  for  his  re- 
searches in  the  mechanical  equivalent  of  heat. 
His  paper  on  "Electro-Magnetic Forces"  (1840) describes 
one  of  the  earliest  known  attempts  to  measure  an  electric 
current  by  a  definite  unit.  In  a  paper  "  On  the  Production 
of  Heat  by  Voltaic  Electricity  "  (1840)  he  first  announced 
the  law  "that  when  a  currentof  voltaic  electricityisprop- 
agated  along  a  metallic  conductor,  the  heat  evolved  in  a 

■  given  time  is  proportional  to  the  resistance  of  the  con- 
ductor multiplied  by  the  square  of  the  electric  intensity. " 
This  discovery  was  largely  suggested  by  Ohm's  "Die  gal- 
vanische  Kette"  (1827).  In  a  paper  (1843)  "  On  the  Heat 
Evolved  during  theElectrolysis  of  Water,"  be  demonstrated 
that  the  mechanical  and  heating  powers  of  the  current 
are  proportional  to  each  other.  These  discoveries  led  to 
a  long  series  of  experiments  on  the  equivalence  of  heat 
and  energy,  which  occupied  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In 
a  paper  "On  the  Calorific  Effects  of  Magnetic  Electricity 
and  the  Mechanical  Value  of  Heat "  (1843)  it  Is  stated  that 
"the  quantity  of  heat  capable  of  Increasing  the  tempera- 
ture of  a  pound  of  water  by  one  degree  of  Fahrenheit's 
scale  is  equal  to  ...  a  mechanical  force  capable  of 
raising  838  pounds  to  a  perpendicular  height  of  one  foot " 
Joule  made  his  final  experiments  in  1878.  and  the  physical 
constant  was  determined  to  be  772.65  foot-pounds. 

Jourdain  (zh6r-dan'),  Alfonso,  Count  of  'Tou- 
louse. Bom  in  Syria,  1103 :  died  at  Acre,  Pales- 
tine, 1148.  Ruler  of  the  greater  part  of  southern 
France  1125-48. 

Jourdain,  Monsieur.  In  MoliSre's  "  Le  bour- 
geois gentilhomme,"  a  good,  plain  citizen,  con- 
sumed with  a  desire  to  pass  for  a  perfect  gentle-  ' 
man.  To  this  end  he  endeavors  to  educate  not  only  Iiim- 
eelf  but  all  his  family.  His  astonishment  at  learning  that 
he  had  been  talking  prose  all  his  life  has  passed  into  a 
proverb. 

Jourdan  (zhSr-dou'),  Comte  Jean  Baptiste. 

Bom  at  Limoges,  France,  April  29, 1762 :  died  at 
Paris,  Nov.  23, 1833.  A  French  marshal.  Hewas 
distinguished  in  the  campaigns  of  1792-93 ;  became  com- 
mander of  the  army  of  the  north ;  defeated  the  Austrians 
at  Wattignies  Oct.  16, 1793,  and  at  Fleurus  June  26,  1794 ; 
was  victorious  at  Aldenhoven ;  was  defeated  at  Hochst 
Oct.  11, 1795 :  was  commander  of  the  army  of  the  Sambre 
and  Mouse ;  was  defeated  at  Amberg  Aug.  24,  and  Wiirz- 
burg  Sept.  3, 1796 ;  was  commander  of  the  army  of  the  Dan- 
ube, and  was  defeated  at  Ostrach  March  21,  and  Stockach 
March  25, 1799;  was  made  governor  of  Piedmont  in  1800, 
and  marshal  in  1804 ;  and  attended  Joseph  Bonaparte  in 
Naples  and  Spain. 

Journey  to  London,  A.  The  name  given  by 
Vanbrugh  to  the  unfinished  comedy  afterward 
completed  by  Gibber  and  called  "The  Provoked 
Husband"  (produced  in  1728). 

Jouvenet  (zhov-na'),  Jean,  Bom  at  Rouen, 
France,  Aug.  21,  1647:  died  at  Paris,  April  5, 
1717.  AFreuchhistoricalpainter.  Amonghischief 
works  are  "Descent  from  the  Cross,"  "Esther  before  Aha- 
Buerus,"  "Miraculous  Draught  of  Fishes." 

Jouvet  (zho-va'),  or  JoTOt  (zho-va').  A  peak 
of  the  Tarentaise  Alps,  southeastern  France, 
east  of  Moutiers,  noted  for  its  view.  Height. 
8,410  feet. 

JOUX  (zho),  Fort  de.  A  fortress  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Doubs,  France,  3  miles  south-southeast 
of  Pontarlier.  Mirabeau  was  imprisoned  here 
1775,  and  Toussaint  Louverture  died  here  1803. 

JouX,  Lac  de.  A  lake  on  the  borders  of  France 
and  Switzerland,  in  the  Val  de  Joux.  Its  outlet 
is  the  Orbe.     Length,  5  miles. 

Joux,  Val  de.  A  valley  in  the  Jura,  in  Vaud, 
Switzerland,  on  the  border  of  the  departments 
of  Doubs  and  Jura,  France,  traversed  by  the 
Orbe  and  the  Lac  de  Joux. 

Jouy  (zho-e'), Victor  Joseph  Etienne  (called 
de  Jouy).  Bomat  Jouy,  nearVersailles,France, 
1764  (1769?):  died  at  St.-Germain-en-Laye, 
France,  Sept.  4, 1846.  A  French  dramatist  and 
man  of  letters.  Among  his  numerous  writings  are  "  Er- 
mite  de  la  Chauss^e  d'Antin,  ou  observations  snrles  mceurs 
et  les  usages  fran^ais  au  commencement  du  dix-neuvi^me 
sitele  "  (1812-14),  librettos,  comedies,  tragedies,  etc. 

Jova.    See  Opata. 

Jove  (jov).    See  Jupiter  and  Zeus. 

Jovellanos  (Ho-vel-yS'nos),  or  Jove-Llanos, 
Gaspar  Melchor  de.  Bom  at  Gijon,  Asturias, 
Spam,  Jan.  5,  1744 :  died  in  Asturias,  Nov.  27, 
1811.    A  Spanish  statesman,  poet,  and  man  of 


Jovellanos 

letters.  He  wrote  the  comedy  "  El  delincuente  honrado  " 
("The  Honest  Criminal"),  the  tragedy  "Pelayo,"  prose 
works  on  politics  and  political  economy,  etc. 

Jovellanos  (no-vel-ya'nos),  Salvador.  Bom  at 
Asuncion,  1833.  AParaguayan  statesman.  Driven 
out  of  the  country,  he  established  himself  in  the  Argentine 
Bepublic,  and  in  1885  Joined  the  allied  army  against  Lopez. 
At  the  end  of  the  war  he  was  made  a  member  of  the  pro- 
visional Eovemment,  and  a  new  constitution  having  been 
adopted.hewas  elected  presidentin  Oct.,  1871,  serving  from 
Dec.  12, 1871,  to  Nov.  25, 1874.  With  bun  began  the  regen- 
eration of  Paraguay. 

Jovial  Crew:  A,  or  the  Merry  Beggars.    A 

comedy  by  Biohard  Brome,  produced  in  1641, 

printed  in  1652. 
Jovian.    See  Jovianus. 
Jovianus  (j6-vi-a'nus),  Flavius  Claudius. 

Bom  about  332 :  died  at  Dadastana,  Bithynia, 
Feb.  17,  364.  Emperor  of  Rome  363-364.  He  was 
elevated  by  the  army  on  the  death  of  Julian  the  Apostate 
during  acampaign  against  Feraia,and  purchased  the  retreat 
of  himself  and  his  army  by  ceding  to  the  Persian  king  all 
the  5  Koman  provinces  beyond  the  Tigris.  The  chief  event 
of  his  reign  was  the  publication  of  an  edict  restoring  Chris- 
tianity to  the  privileges  granted  by  Constantine  the  Great, 

Jovius.    See  Giovio. 

Jowett  (jou'et),  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Camber- 
well,  London,  1817 :  died  Oct.  1, 1893.  A  noted 
English  classical  scholar,  regius  professor  of 
Greek  at  Oxford,  and  master  of  Balliol  College. 
In  1882  he  was  appointed  vice-chancellor  of  the  university. 
His  works  include  "The  Dialogues  of  Plato  translated  into 
English,  with  Analyses  and  Introductions  "  (1871,  3d  ed. 
1892),  a  translation  of  Thuoydides  (1881),  and  a  translation 
of  the  "  Politics  "  of  Aristotle  (1885).  In  1860  he  was  tried 
and  acquitted  before  the  chancellor's  court  of  the  TTni- 
vferaity  of  Oxford  on  a  charge  of  heresy. 

Jowf  (jouf),  or  Djof.  A  town  and  oasis  in 
Arabia,  about  lat.  29°  30'  N.,  long.  40°  E. 

Joyce's  Country  (jois'ez  kun'tri).  A  district  of 
County  Galway,  Ireland,  lying  north  of  Conne- 
mara. 

Joyeuse  (zhwa-y6z').  The  sword  of,  Charle- 
magne. 

Joyeuse  Garde  (zhwa-y6z'  gard).  La,  or  La 
Garde  Joyeuse.  In  medieval  romance,  the  cas- 
tle of  Lancelot  of  the  Lake,  it  was  given  to  him 
by  Arthur  for  his  defense  of  the  queen's  honor  in  a  con- 
flict with  Sir  Mador  who  had  accused  her  of  poisoning  his 
brother.  The  name  was  changed  from  Dolorous  Garde,  or 
La  Garde  Douloureuse,  in  honor  of  his  victory.  It  is  thought 
to  have  stood  at  Berwick-upon-Tweed. 

Berwick,  but  for  the  dulness  within  its  walls,  seems 

almost  as  worthy  of  being  called  Joyeuse  Garde  as,  both 

from  its  real  and  romance  history  of  siege,  conquest,  and 

reconquest,  it  is  of  being  remembered  as  Dolorous  Garde. 

Stuart  Glennie,  Arthurian  Localities,  III.  1. 

J.  S.  of  Dale.  The  pseudonym  of  F.  J.  Stimson. 

Juan  (H6-an').     Spanish  form  of  John. 

Juan,  Don.    See  Don  Juan. 

Juan,  Don.    See  John  of  Austria. 

Juana.    See  Joanna. 

Juana^or  Juanna(H8-an'iia).  [Namedinhonor 
of  Prmce  Juan,  the  son  of  Ferdinand  and  Isa- 
bella.] The  name  given  by  Columbus  in  1492 
to  Cuba.  After  his  death  it  was  changed,  by  the  king's 
desire,  to  Fernandina,  and  both  names  appear  in  some 
old  books  and  maps.    They  were  soon  abandoned. 

Juan  de  Arpli  (H8-an'  da  ar'ple).  Born  at  Leon 
about  1585 :  died  at  Madrid  about  the  beginning 
of  the  17th  century.  A  Spanish  goldsmith,  the 
most  celebrated  member  of  a  numerous  family 
of  goldsmiths:  the  Spanish  Cellini.  Philip II. 
appointed  him  assayer  of  money  at  the  Segovia.  He  left 
various  writings  on  orf  Svrerie,  sculpture,  and  architecture. 

Juan  de  Fuca  (jo'an  de  fii'ka ;  Sp.  pron,  Ho-an' 
da  fo'ka),  or  Fuca,  Straii  of.  A  sea  pas- 
sage separating  Vancouver  Island  from  "Wash- 
ington, and  connecting  the  Pacific  Ocean  with 
the  Grulf  of  Georgia  and  with  Admiralty  Inlet 
and  Puget  Sound. 

Juan  Fernandez  (H6-an'  fer-nan'deth).  1.  An 
island  belonging  to  Chile,  situated  in  the  South 
Pacific  in  lat.  33°  38'  S.,  long.  78°  53'  W.  The 
surface  is  rocky  and  mountainous.  It  was  discovered  by 
a  Spaniard,  Juan  Fernandez,  about  1583  ;  was  a  resort  of 
bucaneers  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries ;  and  is  famous 
for  the  solitary  residence  of  Alexander  Selkirk  1704-09. 
Also  called  Mas  a  TUrra.  Area,  36  square  miles. 
3.  A  group  including  the  above  island,  Mas  a 
Fuera  (100  miles  west  of  it),  and  the  islet  of 
Santa  Clara.  Total  area,  72  square  miles.  The 
population  is  very  small. 
Juarez  (Ho-a'reth),  Benito  Pablo.  Bom  at 
Guelatao,  Oajaca,  March  21, 1806 :  died  at  Mex- 
ico, July  18,  1872.  A  Mexican  liberal  politi- 
cian, of  pure  Indian  blood.  Banished  by  Santa 
Anna  in  1853,  he  returned  in  1856,  was  minister  of  justice 
under  Alvarez,  and  in  1857  was  elected  president  of  the 
supreme  court  and  vice-president  of  Mexico.  After  the 
fall  of  Comonf  ort  (Jan.,  1858),  he  became  president  by  suc- 
cession, but  the  reactionists  had  seized  the  government, 
and  Juarez  triumphed  over  them  (Dec,  iseo)  only  after 
a  civil  war.  He  was  regularly  elected  president  March, 
1861.  The  invasion  of  Mexico  by  the  French,  English, 
and  Spanish,  ostensibly  in  support  of  foreign  bondholders 
(Dec.,  1861),  ended  in  the  occupation  of  Mexico  by  the 


Judson 

the  impiety,  of  God's  people  submitting  to  a  foreign  yoke, 
and  thus  acknowledging  the  subordination  of  the  Jewish 
theocracy  to  the  empire  of  Some. 

MUman,  Hist  of  Christianity,  I.  141. 


553 

French  (June,  1863),  and  the  proclamation  of  an  empire 
under  Maximilian.  Juarez  was  driven  to  the  northern 
frontier,  but  on  the  withdrawal  of  the  French  army  (Jan., 
1867)  quickly  regained  strength,  and  Maximilian  was  cap- 
tured and  shot.    Juarez  entered  Mexico,  and  was  reelected   *    j       » 

president  Aug.,  1867.  Revolts  continued,  and,  though  he  JudaS  Iscariot  (jS'dasis-kar'i-ot).  [Heb.  (see 
was  again  elected  in  1871,  the  northern  states  were  m  in-  Judah) ;  Gr.  'lovdac  'iamot^Tnc  "  Tho  siimflmft 
surrection  when  he  died.  /^canoi  is  from  iTmoift  in  Judah.]    One  of  the 

Juarez  Cehnan  (sal-man'),  Miguel..  Bom  at    twelve  apostles,  the  betrayer  of  Jesus. 
Cordoba,  Sept.  29  1844.    An  Argentine  politi-  Judas  Maccabaeus  (jo'das  mak-a-be'us). 

eian  of  the  liberal  party.   He  became  president  Oct.     ■"«"  -    "      f"' j -jf-^,     „    ••  '.^ 

12, 1886,  but  was  forced  to  resign  Aug.  6, 1890,  by  a  revolu- 
tion brought  on  by  the  financial  panic  of  that  year. 

Juarros  (no-ar'ros),  Domingo.  Bom  at  Guate- 
mala city,  1752:  died  there,  1820.  A  Central 
American  priest  and  historian.  He  wrote  "His- 
toria  de  la  Ciudad  de  Guatemala  "  (2  vols.  1808-18).  There 
is  an  abridged  English  translation  by  John  Bailey,  entitled 
"Statistical  and  Commercial  History  of  Guatemala"  (Lon- 
don, 1828) .  The  work  is  important  for  the  history  of  Cen- 
tral America. 


,„     ^,.    Died 

160  B.  c.    The  second  of  the  five  sons  of  Matta- 
thias  the  Hasmonean.    He  succeeded  his  father  in. 
166  as  commander  and  leader  in  the  struggle  against  An- 
tiochus  Epiphanes.    In  the  battles  at  Bethhoron  and  Beth- 
zur  (south  of  Jerusalem)  he  gained  a  decisive  victory  over 
the  Syrians,  and  on  the  26th  Chislen  (December),  164,  he 
entered  Jerusalem  and  reconsecrated  the  temple :  in  mem- 
ory of  this  event  the  feast  of  dedication  (hanukah)  was. 
instituted.    Later  he  fought  many  battles,  and  at  last  fell 
in  an  encounter  with  the  Syrians  under  Bacchides. 
Judas  Maccabaeus.  An  oratorio  by  Handel,  pro- 
Juba  (jo'ba),    A  large  river  in  Africa,  which    duced  in  London  1747, 
flows  into  the  Indian  Ocean  near  the  equator,  Judd(jud),  Sylvester.    Bom  at  Westhampton,. 
Now  proved  not  to  be  the  (3mo.  Mass.,  July  23,  1813 :  died  at  Augusta,  Maine, 

Juba  (jo'ba)  L  Committed  suicide,  46  B.C.  King    Jan.  20,  1853.    An  American  Unitarian  clergy 


of  Numidia,  and  an  ally  of  Pompey.  He  defeat- 
ed the  CsBsareans  under  Curio  in  49,  and  was 
defeated  at  Thapsus  in  46. 
Juba  IL  Died  about  19  A.  d.  Son  of  Juba  I., 
made  king  of  Numidia  about  30  b.  c,  and  trans- 
ferred to  Mauretania  in  25  b.  o.  He  was  noted 
as  a  historical  and  general  writer. 


man  and  author.  His  chief  work  is  the  ro- 
mance "Margaret"  (1845). 
Jude  (j8d),  or  Judas,  Saint.  [Heb. :  see  Juddh.'] 
One  of  the  twelve  apostles,  probably  identical 
with  Thaddeus  and  Lebbseus  (doubtless  a  cor- 
ruption of  Thaddeus).    There  are  no  trustwor- 

^ thy  traditions  concerning  him. 

Jubal  (jS'bal).    According  to  Genesis,  a  son  of  Jude,  Epistle  of.    A  book  of  the  New  Testa- 

Lamech  by'Adah,  and  the  inventor  of  stringed    ment,  written,  not  by  the  apostle  Jude,  but  pos- 

and  wind  instruments.  sibly  by  a  brother  of  Jesus.    He  describes  himself 

Jubbulpore.     See  Jabalpwr.  ^  *  "brother  of  James,"  by  whom  the  brother  of  Jesus 

Juby  (jo'be),  Cape.  A  cape  on  the  western  coast     Sh^  "  authorship  and  date  are  un- 

Jucunas  (zho-ko-nas').  Atnbe  of  South  Amer-  „f  ^^^  Jordan 'and  Dead  Sea,  sometimes,  how- 
fil=  n^i  ^^'"'•r  tl^6"verJapur4  near  the  con-  ever,  including  territory  east  of  the  Jordan.- 
^!t=i^f.^r=^v^?lr^'^-  Theyareofthe  g.  inoccasioLlname  of  thelandof  the  Jews, 
Arawak  linguistic  stock.  or  of  Palestine. 

Judaea,    bee  Jwae^  Judea,  Kingdom  of.    B&e  Judah. 

■^^«™w  .9°//"^  [Heb.,  -praised';  Gr.'Io4<5«f,  Judenb^^(y6^en-b8rG).  A  town  in  Styria, 
rarely  IMa  Judas  ]  1.  One  of  the  Hebrew  Anstria-Huigary,  situated  on  the  Mur  36  mile^ 
patriarchs,  the  fourth  son  of  Jacob  and  Leah.-  ^est  by  north  of  Gratz.  Population  (1890), 
2.  The  most  powerful  of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Is-    commune  4  642  ^        '> 

"^"^-   l^^T^:iI^lT^^:^lI^^S;^f^^^Z  Judges.  Book  of!  \_m-b.SofeUm.-]  Abookofthe 

Old  Testament:  so  named  because  it  gives  an 
account  of  the  history  of  Israel  under  the  rule 


the  north,  the  Dead  Sea  and  Idumea  on  the  east,  Idumea 
and  Simeon  on  the  south,  and  the  Mediterranean  (nomi- 
nally) on  the  west.  It  was  subdivided  into  the  districts  of 
the  mountain  or  hill  country,  the  wilderness,  the  south,  and 
the  lowland. 
Judah  I.,  known  as  "  The  Prince"  Qia-Nasi),  or 
"The  Holy"  (ha-Qaddsh).  Flourished  190-220 
A.  D.  The  seventh  patriarch  and  president  of 
the  Sanhedrim  in  succession  from  Hillel.  He 
resided  first  in  Tiberias,  afterward  in  Sepphoris,  and  was, 
according  to  a  tradition,  on  friendly  terms  witli  the  emperor 
Antoninus.  The  principal  work  of  his  life  consisted  in  the 
compiling  of  the  thousands  of  decisions  (halachoth :  see 


of  a  senes  of  leaders  called  judges,  it  describes 
the  transition  period  between  the  conquest  of  Canaan  and 
the  growth  of  a  strong,  stable  government.  The  judge  was 
chieftain  in  ancient  Semitic  communities,  and  the  chief, 
of  whatever  title,  always  exercised  juridical  functions. 
The  ancient  Carthaginians  called  their  rulers  by  the  same 
name,  sufletes.  The  most  famous  judges  were  Deborah 
and  Barak,  Gideon,  Jephthah,  Samson,  Eli,  and  Samuel. 
According  to  its  own  chronology,  the  book  covers  a  period 
of  410  years,  but  there  are  many  difBculties  in  the  way  of 
the  acceptance  of  this  number. 


HoifflcAd) of  the  teachers  of  the  law,  which  he  arranged  t.,.j™™««-i.  «*!>««,•«  iFv,-     i     a        •    j.-       t-    t, 
according  to  subjects  and  redacted  as  the  Mishna (which  JUagmenT;  01  rariS,  JLne.    1.  Apamtingby  Ru- 


see)  in  6  orders  or  classes,  each  comprising  the  regulations 
of  a  certain  branch  of  religious  or  social  life. 

Judab  II.  Patriarch  about  225  A.  D.,  grandson 
of  Judah  I.  He  moderated  many  laws  bearing  on  the 
relation  of  Jews  to  heathen,  and,  according  to  a  tradition, 
was  an  intimate  friend  of  the  emperor  Alexander  Severus. 

Judah,  Kingdom  of.  The  southern  kingdom  of 
the  Jews,  comprising  the  tribes  Judah  and  Ben- 
jamin.   The  northern  kingdom  of  Israel  seceded  from 

jt  in  the  reign  of  Eehoboam  (about  953  B.  c).    Among  its  t    j-xt- /•■■/j-j.i,\      a     f     i    t?>      t  t.  ■, 

kings  were  Jehoshaphat,  Joash,  Uzziah,  Hezekiah,  and  Juaitll  (]0  dith).   An  Jiarly  Lnghsh  poem,  prob 
Josiah.    It  wasoverthrown  in  686  B.  o.  J)^  Nebuchadnez-    ably  of  the  7th  century,  first  printed  in  1698. 


bens,  m  the  museum  at  Dresden.  The  three  god- 
desses, accompanied  by  their  attributes,  and  more  or  less 
completeljr  undraped,  stand  in  the  foreground  of  a  wood- 
land. Paris  sits  on  a  stone  holding  the  apple,  with  Mer- 
cury at  his  elbow  offering  advice.  This  is  the  original  of 
the  painting  in  the  National  Gallery,  London. 

2.  A  painting  by  Rubens,  in  the  National  Gal- 
lery, London.  Mercury  offers  counsel  to  Paris,  who  is 
seated  on  a  rock,  in  shepherd's  costume ;  opposite  stand  the- 
three  goddesses,  more  or  less  undraped. 


zar,  who  carried  many  of  the  people  to  Babylon. 
Judah  ha  Levi  (jo'da  ha  la'vf).  Born  about 
1085:  died  about  1140.  A  Spanish- Jewish  poet 
and  physician,  in  him  the  Jewish-Spanish  renaissance 
of  poetry  reached  its  height  of  perfection  of  form  and  no- 
bility and  loftiness  of  subject-matter.  Of  his  works  there 
survive  more  than  800  secular  poems,  and  more  than  300 
religious  poems.  He  was  also  the  author  of  an  apolo- 
getical  work  in  Arabic,  "  The  Book  of  Argumentation  and 
Demonstration  for  the  Defense  of  the  Oppressed  Religion ," 
better  known  by  the  title  of  the  Hebrew  translation,  "  Cho- 
zari."    According  to  a  tradition  he  undertook  a  pilgrimage 


In  the  same  manuscript,  which  contains  the  only  known 
copy  of  "Beowulf,"  is  a  fragment — about  a  fourth  part  — 
of  another  First-English  poem,  its  theme  being  the  Bible- 
story  of  Judith.  Professor  Stephens  infers,  not  only  from 
its  genuine  poetic  force,  but  from  its  use  of  a  variation  in 
the  number  of  accents  marking  changes  of  emotion,  a. 
device  found  nowhere  else  in  Fiist-English  except  in 
Cffidmon's  Paraphrase,  that  the  shaping  of  this  poem  is  to- 
be  ascribed  to  Csedmon.    Mmiey,  English  Writers,  II.  180. 

Judith.    The  name  of  the  heroine  of  the  Book 
of  Judith  (which  see). 


to  Jerusalem,  and  was  there  trampled  to  death  by  a  Saracen  Judith,  Book  Of  .     One  of  the  apocryphal  books- 


rider. 

Judas  (jo'das),  sumamed  "TheGaulonite,"  or 
"The  (Jalilean."  A  Jewish  popular  leader  in 
the  revolt  against  the  census  under  the  prefect 
Quirinus. 

The  sect  of  Judas  the  Gaulonite,  or,  as  he  was  called,  the 
Galilean,  may  be  considered  the  lineal  inheritors  of  that 
mingled  spirit  of  national  independence  and  of  religions 
enthusiasm  which  had  in  early  days  won  the  glorious  tri- 
umph of  freedom  from  the  Syro-Grecian  Idngs,  and  had 
maintained  a  stern  though  secret  resistance  to  the  later 


of  the  Old  Testament,  it  is  a  historical  romance 
dating  from  the  Maccabean  period  (probably  from  about 
129  B.  c),  and  was  apparently  written  in  Hebrew.  The 
original  text  is  no  longer  extant :  it  exists  at  present  in  two 
distinct  recensions,  the  Greek  and  the  Latin.  The  hero- 
ine is  named  Judith  (whence  the  name  of  the  book),  and 
is  represented  as  a  native  of  Bethulia.  In  order  to  de- 
liver her  native  city,  which  is  besieged  by  Holof  ernes,  a. 
general  of  the  King  of  the  Assyrians,  she  enters  the  As- 
syrian camp  under  the  pretense  of  wishing  to  betray  the 
city,  gains  admission  to  the  general's  tent  tlirough  her  ex- 
traordinary beauty,  and  slays  him  in  his  drunken  sleep. 


Asnaoneans,  and  to  the  M«m ean dynasty.  Just  befo^^^^  JudSOn  (jud'son),  Adouiram.  Bom  at  Maiden, 
death  of  Herod,  it  had  induced  the  SIX  thousand  Pharisees  ■,j-„„„  k,,„  q  i7aa.  /«n/i  n+ ooo  a^..;i  io  tann 
to  refuse  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  king  and  to  his  im-  ^^ ^ss.,  Aug.  9,  1788 :  died  at  sea,  April  12, 1850. 
perial  protector,  and  had  probably  been  the  secret  incite-  An  American  Baptist  missionary.  He  settled  ia 
ment  in  the  other  acts  of  resistance  to  the  royal  authority.  Burma  in  1813.  He  translated  the  Bible  into  Burmese  in 
Judas  the  Galilean  openly  proclaimed  the  unlawfulness,     1835,  and  wrote  a  Burmese-English  dictionary. 


Juel 

Juel  (yS'el),  Niels.  Bom  at  Copenhagen,  May 
8,  1629 :  died  at  Copenhagen,  April  8,  1697.  A 
Danish  admiral,  distinguished  in  the  war 
against  Sweden  1675-77. 

Juggernaut  (jug'6r-nat).  [A  corruption  of  the 
Skt.  Jagannatha,  Lord  of  the  world.]  A  name 
of  Vishnu  or  Ki-ishna,  and  also  of  Kama  and 
Dattatreya,  both  incarnations  of  Vishnu.  He  is 
■worshiped  elsewhere  in  India,  but  the  Jagannath  festival 
at  Purl,  near  Cuttack  in  Orissa,  is  especially  celebrated. 
Its  special  feature  is  the  drawing  of  the  great  car.  Such 
cars,  attached  to  every  large  Vishnu  pagoda  in  the  south 
of  India,  typify  the  moving  active  world  over  which  the 
god  presides.  The  Jagannath  festival  takes  place  in  June 
■or  July,  and  for  weeks  before  pilgrims  come  into  Puri  by 
thousands.  The  car  is  46  feet  high,  36  feet  square,  and 
supported  on  16  wheels  7  feet  In  diameter.  Balarama,  the 
brother,  and  Subhadra,  the  sister  of  Jagannatha,  have  sep- 
arate cars  a  little  smaller.  When  the  images  are  placed 
■on  the  cars,  the  multitude  kneel,  bow  their -foreheads  in 
the  dust,  and,  rushing  forward,  draw  the  cars  down  the 
l>road  street  toward  Jagannath's  country  house.  The  dis- 
tance is  less  than  a  mile,  but  the  journey  takes  several 
-days.  When  the  zeal  of  the  pilgrims  flags,  4,200  profes- 
■fiional  pullers  drag  the  cars.  An  error  underlies  the 
common  foreign  conception  of  the  festival.  **In  aclosely- 
l>acked  eager  throng  of  a  hundred  thousand  men  and 
women  under  the  blazing  tropical  sun  deaths  must  occa- 
sionally occur.  There  have  doubtless  been  instances  of 
pilgrims  throwing  themselves  under  the  wheels  in  a 
frenzy  of  religious  excitement,  but  such  instances  have 
always  been  rare,  and  are  now  unknown.  The  few  sui- 
cides that  did  occur  were,  for  the  most  part,  cases  of  dis- 
eased and  miserable  objects,  who  took  this  means  to  put 
themselves  out  of  pain.  The  official  returns  now  place  this 
beyond  doubt.  Nothing  could  be  more  opposed  to  the 
spirit  of  Vishnu-worship  than  self-immolation.  According 
to  Chaitanya,  the  apostle  of  Jagannath,  the  destruction  of 
the  least  of  God's  creatures  is  a  sin  against  the  Creator. 
Self-immolation hewouldhaveregardedwith  horror."  Sir 
W.  W.  Hunter,  Statistical  Account  of  Bengal,  XTX.  69  ft. 

Juggernaut,  better  Jagannath  (ju-gun-naf). 
A  seaport  in  Orissa,  Bengal,  British  India,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  19°  48'  N.,  long.  85°  49'  E.,  celebrated 
for  its  temple  and  festival  of  the  deity  Jugger- 
naut (which  see).  Also  called  Puri.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  28,794. 

Jugurtha  (j5-ger'tha).  Killed  at  Eome,  104  B.C. 
Kmg  of  Numidia,  sou  of  Mastanabal  and  grand- 
son of  Masinissa.  He  usurped  western  Niunidia  in 
117,  and  eastern  Kumidia  in  112.  A  war  with  Borne  com- 
menced in  111,  and  he  contended  against  Metellus  in  109 
and  108,  and  against  Marius  in  107.  He  was  captured  by 
Sulla  in  106. 

Juif  Errant  (zhii-ef  e-ron'),  Le.  [F.,  'The 
Wandering  Jew.']  An  opera  by  Hafevy,  first 
produced  at  Paris  1852. 

Juive  (zh-iiev'),  La.  [P.,  'The  Jewess.']  An 
opera  by  HaWvy,  first  produced  at  Paris  1835. 

Jujuy  (Ho-Hwe').  1.  The  north  westernmost 
province  of  the  ArgentineConf  ederation,bound- 
ed  on  the  east  and  south  by  Salta.  Area,  17,000 
square  miles.  Population  (1895),  49,543. — 3. 
The  capital  of  the  province  of  Jujuy,  situated 
■on  the  Eio  Grande  about  lat.  24°  10'  S.,  long. 
€5°  20'  W. .  Also  called  San  Salvador  de  Jvjuy. 
Population  (1895),  4,159. 

Jukes  (joks),  Joseph  Beete.  Bom  at  Birming- 
ham, Oct.,  1811:  died  at  Dublin,  July  29,  1869. 
An  English  geologist.  In  1839  he  became  geological 
surveyor  of  Newfoundland,  and  in  1842  naturalist  to  the 
«xpeditiou  to  the  northeast  coast  of  Australia.  In  1846  he 
joined  the  British  Geological  Survey.  In  1860  he  became 
director  of  the  Irish  branch  of  the  survey,  and  lecturer  on 
geology  at  the  Royal  College  of  Science,  Dublin.  His  chief 
works  are  "Excursions  in  and  about  Newfoundland'71842), 
"  Narrative  of  the  Surveying  Voyage  of  H.  M.  S.  My  "  (1847), 
"A  Sketch  of  the  Physical  Structure  of  Australia"  (1850), 
"The  Geology  of  South  Staffordshire  Coal-flelds." 

Jukovsky(zh6-k6f'ske),VasiliAndreyevitch, 
Bom  Jan.  29,  1783:  died  at  Baden,  1852.  A 
Russian  poet  and  translator.  He  translated  Schil- 
ler's "Maid  of  Orleans,"  Byron's  "Prisoner  of  Chillon," 
Moore's  "  Paradise  and  the  Peri,"  Gray's  "  Elegy,"  etc. 

Jnli  (Ho'le).  A  village  of  Peru,  department  of 
Puno,  on  a  terrace  overlooking  the  southwest 
shore  of  Lake  Titieaca,  13,100  feet  above  the 
sea.  It  was  founded  by  the  Jesuits  as  a  mission  station 
in  1577,  and  is  celebrated  in  the  history  of  the  order. 

Julia (jo'lya).  [L.,fem.ofe7MK2M.]  Bom 39b. c: 
died  at  Rh'egium,  Italy,  14  a.  d.  The  daughter 
of  Augustus  Cassar  and  Scribonia.  She  married  in 
25  M.  Marcellus,  on  whose  death  in  23  she  became  the  wife 
of  M.  Vipaanius  Agrippa,  by  whom  she  became  the  mother 
of  C.  and  L.  Csesar,  Agrippa  Postumus,  Julia,  and  Agrippina. 
After  Agrippa's  death  in  12  B.  c,  she  married  Tiberius. 
She  was  eventually  divorced  by  Tiberius,  and  banished  by 
her  father,  first  to  the  island  of  Pandatoria,  and  afterward 
to  £hegium,  on  account  of  her  vices. 

Julia.  Bom  in  83  or  82  b.  c.  :  died  in  54  b.  c. 
The  daughter  of  Julius  Csesar  and  Cornelia,  she 
married  Cornelius  Caepio,  from  whom,  at  her  father's  com- 
mand, she  procured  a  divorce  in  order  to  become  the  wife 
of  Pompey  the  Great  in  69. 

Julia.  Died  28  a.  d.  The  daughter  of  M.  Vip- 
sanius  Agrippa  and  Julia,  daughter  of  Augustus 
Csesar.  She  became  the  wife  of  L.  .ffimllius  Paulus,  by 
whom  she  became  the  mother  of  M.  JSmilius  Lepidus  and 
.ffimiUa,  first  wife  of  the  emperor  Claudius.    She  inherited 


554 

the  vices  of  her  mother,  and  was  banished  by  Augustus 
in  9  A.  D.  to  the  island  of  Tremerus,  where  she  died. 

Julia.  1.  In  Shakspere's comedy  "Two Gentle- 
men of  Verona,"  a  girl  loved  by  Proteus. — 2. 
In  Sheridan's  comedy  "The  Rivals,"  the  long- 
suffering  object  of  the  fractiousjealousy  of  Falk- 
land.— 3.  In  J.  Sheridan  Knowles's  play  "  The 
Hunchback,"  a  type  of  commonplace  senti- 
ment. 

Julia  Domna.  Died  217  a.  d.  A  Roman  em- 
press. She  was  the  wife  of  Septimius  Severus,  whom  she 
married  about  176,  before  his  elevation  to  the  imperial 
throne,  and  by  whom  she  became  the  mother  of  Caracalla 
and  Geta.  She  was  originally  a  Syrian  priestess,  and 
through  her  influence  as  empress  made  Oriental  religious 
rites  fashionable  at  Rome. 

Julia  gens  (jo'lya  jenz).  A  celebrated  patrician 
clan  or  house  in  "ancient  Rome.  Its  eponymic  an- 
cestor was  Julus,  the  grandson  or,  according  to  some  ac- 
counts, the  son  of  JEneas.  The  Julia  gens  was  one  of 
the  leading  Alban  houses  which  Tullus  Hostllius  re- 
moved to  Rome  on  the  destruction  of  Alba  Longa.  Its 
family  names  in  the  time  of  the  republic  were  Csesar, 
lulus,  Mento,  and  Libo. 

Julian  (jo'lyan),  sumamed  "The  Apostate" 
(Flavins  Claudius  Julianus).  [L.  Julianus, 
sprung  from  or  pertaining  to  Julius;  It.  Giiir 
liano,  Sp.  Julian,  Pg.  JuliSo,  P.  Julien.']  Bom 
at  Constantinople,  probably  Nov.  17,  331  a.  d.  : 
died  June  26,  363.  Roman  emperor  361-363, 
son  of  Julius  Constantius  and  Basilina.  He  was, 
with  the  exception  of  a  half-brother,  Gallus,  the  only 
member  of  the  Mavian  family  who  escaped  massacre  on 
the  accession  of  Constantius  II.  He  was'brought  up  in  the 
Christian  faith,  and  received  an  excellent  education,  which 
was  completed  in  the  philosophical  schools  at  Athens. 
He  was  in  365  created  Csesar  by  Constantius,  whose  sister 
Helena  he  married,  and  by  whom  he  was  invested  with 
the  government  of  Graul,  Spain,  and  Britain.  He  made  his 
residence  chiefly  at  Paris,  and  in  367  defeated  the  Ala- 
manniin  agreatbattlenearStrasburg.  He  was  proclaimed 
emperor  by  his  troops  in  361,  and  was  marching  against 
Constantinople  when  the  death  of  Constantius  left  him 
undisputed  master  of  the  empire.  On  his  accession  he 
publicly  announced  his  conversion  to  paganism  (whence 

•  his  surname),  and  published  an  edict  in  which  he  granted 
toleration  to  all  religions.  In  363  he  undertook  an  expedi- 
tion against  Persia,  during  which  he  was  killed  by  an  arrow 
while  pursuing  the  enemy  after  a  bloody  engagement,  June 
26,363. 

Julian,  Count,  In  Spanish  legend,  a  governor 
of  Andalusia  in  the  8th  century.  According  to  the 
story,  his  daughter  Florindawas  seduced  byEoderie,  and 
in  revenge  he  betrayed  Ceuta  to  the  Moors. 

Julian  Alps.  The  part  of  the  eastern  Alps  east 
and  southeast  of  the  Camie  Alps,  situated  in 
Venetia,  Carinthia,  Carniola,  and  G6rz-Gra- 
diska.  The  culminating  point  is  the  Terglou  (9,394  feet). 
The  pass  over  the  Julian  Alps  into  Italy  was  of  extreme 
importance,  beingtraversed  by  the  West-Gothic  invaders, 
by  Radagals,  by  Attila,  and  by  others. 

Julian  Emperors.  A  colleetive  name  for  the 
Roman  emperors  Augustus,  Tiberius,  Caligula, 
Claudius,  and  Nero,  as  members  by  birui  or 
adoption  of  the  family  of  Julius  Csesar. 

Julianists  (jo'lyan-ists).  A  sect  of  Monophy- 
sites  which  held  the  body  of  Christ  to  be  incor- 
ruptible: so  called  from  Julian,  bishop  of  Hali- 
earnassus  early  in  the  6th  century. 

Jiilich  (yii'Uch),  F.  Juliers  (zhii-lya').  A  town 
in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Roer  16  miles  northeast  of  Aix-la-Chapelle :  the 
Roman  Juliacum,  and  formerly  the  capital  of 
the  ancient  duchy  of  Julich. 

Jiilich,  Duchy  of.  A  medieval  countship  and 
duchy  of  Germany,  which  lay  west  of  the  elec- 
torate of  Cologne.  Capital,  Julich.  it  became 
united  with  Berg  in  1423.  JiUloh,  Berg,  and  Cleves  were 
united  in  1521.  The  extinction  of  the  Cleves  ducal  house 
in  1609  brought  on  the  "  Contest  of  the  Julich  Succession," 
settled  in  1666^  when  Brandenburg  received  Cleves,  and 
Jiilich  and  Berg  passed  to  Ff  alz-Neuburg.  Jiilich  was  ac- 
quired  by  France  in  1801,  was  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1S14-15, 
and  now  belongs  to  the  Rhine  Province. 

Julie  (zhii-le').  In  Rousseau's  "Nouvelle  H6- 
loise,"  the  wife  of  Volmar,  and  the  mistress  of 
Saint-Preux. 

Julien  (zhii-lyan'),  Stanislas.  Bom  at  Orle- 
ans, Prance,  Sept.  20, 1799:  died  at  Paris,  Feb. 
14, 1873.  A  French  Sinologist.  He  published  vari- 
ous translations  from  the  Chinese,  "Syntaxe  nouvelle  de 
la  langue  chlnoise"  (1869-70),  etc. 

JuUer  (yol'yer).  A  pass  in  the  canton  of  Gri- 
sons,  Switzerland,  leading  from  the  Oberhalb- 
stein  valley  to  the  Upper  Engadine.  It  was  used 
by  the  Romans.    Height,  7,500  feet. 

Juliers.    See  JUUeh. 

Juliet  (jo'li-et).  [Dim.of  JiwZJo.]  l.Thehero- 
ine  of  Shakspere's  tragedy  "Romeo  and  Juliet" 
(which  see),  she  Is  the  daughter  of  Capulet,  and  loves 
Romeo,  the  heir  of  the  hostile  family  of  Montague. 
2.  A  character  in  Shakspere's  "Measure  for 
Measure,"  a  lady  loved  by  Claudio. 

Julius  (jol'yus)  I.  Bishop  of  Rome  337-352. 
He  was  a  supporter  of  Athanasius. 

AthanasiuB  took  up  his  residence  at  Rome,  and,  under 
the  protection  of  the  Roman  prelate,  defied  his  adversaries 


Junagarh 

to  a  new  contest.  Julius  summoned  the  accusers  of  Atha- 
nasius to  plead  the  cause  before  a  council  in  Rome.  The 
Eastern  prelates  altogether  disclaimed  his  jurisdiction,  and 
rejected  his  pretensions  to  rejudge  the  cause  of  a  bishop 
already  condemned  by  the  Council  of  Tyre.  The  answer 
of  Julius  is  directed  rather  to  the  justification  of  Athana- 
sius than  to  the  assertion  of  his  own  authority.  The  synod 
of  Rome  solemnly  acquitted  Athanasius,  Paul,  and  all  their 
adherents.  The  Western  emperor  joined  in  the  sentiments 
of  his  clergy.  A  second  council  at  Milan,  In  the  presence 
of  Constans,  confirmed  the  decree  of  Rome. 

Milman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  n.  421. 

Julius  H.  (Giuliano  della  Eovere).  Bom  at 

Albezuola,  1443 :  died  Feb.  21, 1513.  Pope  1503- 
1513.  He  joined  the  League  of  Cambrai  against  Venice 
in  1508 ;  formed  the  Holy  League  against  France  in  1611 ; 
and  convened  the  fifth  Lateran  Council  in  1512.  He  was  a 
patron  of  literature  and  art. 

Julius  III.  (Gianmaria  de'  Medici,  later  del 
Monte).    Pope  1550-55. 

Julius  Africanus.    See  Africanus. 

Julius  Caesar.    See  Cxsar. 

Julius  Caesar.  1.  A  historical  tragedy  by  Shak- 
spere,  probably  written  in  1600  or  1601.  It  was 
not  printed  till  1623.— 2.  A  tragedy  by  Sir  WU- 
liam  Alexander,  earl  of  Stirling,  published  as 
"Csesar"  in  1604,  and  as  "Julius  Csesar"  in 
1607. 

JulUen,  or  Julien  (zhii-lyan'),  Louis  Antoine. 
Bom  at  Sisteron,  Basses-Alpes,  France,  April 
23,  1812:  died  near  Paris,  March  14,  1860.  A 
French  composer  and  musical  director,  in  1842 
he  began  his  annual  series  of  concerts  at  the  English  Opera 
House.  His  aim  waste  "popularize  music."  Be  was  in 
the  United  States  from  1862  to  1854. 

Jullunder.    See  Jalandhar. 

July  (JQ-li',  formerly  jo'li).  [From  L.  JuUm, 
July,  properly  adj.  (so.  mensis),  month  of  Julius, 
so  called  after  Julius  Csesar,  who  was  bom  in 
this  month,  and  who  gave  it  this  name  when 
reformingthe  calendar.  It  was  previously  called 
Quintilis,  or  the  fifth  month.  The  name  Julius 
in  ME.  and  early  mod.  E.  was  commonly  Jm^i/.] 
The  seventh  month  of  the  year,  consisting  of 
thirty-one  days,  during  which  the  sun  enters  the 
sign  Leo. 

July,  Government  of.  In  French  history,  the 
government  of  Louis  Philippe  (1830-48),  who 
was  called  to  the  throne  in  consequence  of  the 
revolution  of  July  (which  see). 

July,  Bevolution  of.  In  French  history,  the  rev- 
olution of  July  27. 28,  and  29, 1830,  by  which  the 
government  of  Cfharles  X.  and  the  elder  line 
of  the  Bourbons  was  overthrown.  The  younger 
line  (Orleans)  was  soon  called  to  the  throne  in  the  per- 
son of  Louis  Philippe. 

Jumala  (yo-ma'la).    See  the  extract. 

The  highest  god  amongst  the  Finns  is  called  Jumala,  also 
Num,  or  Jillbeambaertje,  as  protector  of  the  flocks ;  but 
this  last  only  amongst  certain  tribes.  The  word  Jumala 
indicates  rather  the  godhead  in  general  than  a  divine  in- 
dividual ;  the  god  of  the  Christians  is  also  often  called  Ju- 
mala. Ilieref  ore  in  the  runes  another  name  is  more  prom- 
inent; namely,  Ukko,  the  old  man,  the  grandfather,  who 
sends  thunder.  Both  are  regarded  by  Castren  as  belong- 
ing to  the  air-gods ;  besides  these,  there  are  gods  of  the 
elements,  such  as  water-gods  and  earth-gods. 

La  Sausmye,  Science  of  Religion,  p.  303. 

Jumanas  (zho-ma-nSs').  A  race  of  Indians  in 
northwestern  Brazil  (Amazonas),  on  the  rivers 
Japurd  and  led,,  sometimes  found  on  the  Ma- 
ranon,  and  probably  extending  into  Colombia, 
where  they  are  called  Tecunas.  They  belong  to 
the  Maypure  linguistic  stock,  are  divided  into  many  petty 
hordes,  live  in  fixed  villages,  plant  manioc,  and  are  gener- 
ally peaceful.  Their  faces  are  tattooed  as  a  tribal  mark. 
Also  written  Chumanai,  Chimanos,  Shumanas,  Xamanas, 
Ximunas, 

Jumet  (zh1i-ma').  A  manufacturing  and  min- 
ing town  in  the  province  of  Hainaut,  Belgium, 
4  miles  northwest  of  Charleroi.  Population 
(1890),  23,927. 

Jumi6ges(zhii-myazh').  Avillageinthe  depart- 
ment of  Seine-Inf6rieure,  France,  situated  on 
the  Seine  15  miles  west  of  Rouen.  The  abbey 
church  of  the  Benedictines,  fprmerly  the  most  important 
monastic  monument  of  this  region,  is  now  a  noble  ruin, 
almost  roofless.  The  west  front  has  2  square  towers,  oc- 
tagonal above,  and  a  projecting  porch.  The  nave  and  aisles 
are  round-arched,  with  alternate  square  and  circular  piers, 
and  there  is  a  great  tower  at  the  crossing. 

Jumilla  (Ho-mel'ya).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Mureia,  Spain,  33  miles  north  of  Murcia.  Pop- 
ulation (1887),  14,334. 

Juuuna  Musjid.    See  Ahmeddbad. 

Jumna  (jum'^na),  or  Jamuna  (ya'mo-nU).  A 
river  of  fiidia,  the  chief  tributary  of  the  Ganges. 
It  rises  in  the  Himalaya,  and  joins  the  Ganges  near  AUiu 
habad.  On  its  banks  are  Delhi,  Agra,  and  Allahabad.  Length, 
860  miles. 

Junagarh  (jo-na-gar').  1 .  A  native  state  in  In- 
dia, under  British  control,  intersected  by  lat. 
21°  N.,  long.  70°  30'  E.— 3.  The  capital  of  the 
state  of  Junagarh,  situated  about  lat.  21°  30'  N., 
long.  70°  24'  E,    Population  (1891),  31,640. 


Junction 

Junction  (jungk'shon)  City.  A  city  in  Geary 
County,  eastern  Kansas.    Pop.  (1900),  4,695. 

June  (jon).  [From  L.  Juniiis,  June,  properly 
adj.  (bc.  mensis),  month  of  the  family  of  Junius, 
from  Junius,  a  Roman  gentile  name,  akin  to 
jiwetiis,  young.]  The  sixth  month  of  the  year, 
consisting  of  thirty  days,  during  which  the  sun 
enters  the  sign.  Cancer. 

-June,  Jennie,    The  pseudonym  of  Mrs.  Croly 
(Jennie  Cunningham). 
,  Juneau  (jS-no').    A  mining  town  in  Alaska. 
Population  (1900),  1,864. 

Jung  (yong),  or  Jungius  (jun'ji-us),  Joachim. 
Born  at  Liibeck,  Germany,  Oct.  22,  1587:  died 
at  Hamburg,  Sept.  17,  1657.  A  German  philo- 
sophical writer  and  .botanist.  He  was  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Giessen  1609-14,  and  at  Ilostock  1626-28, 
and  rector  of  the  Johanneum  at  Hamburg  1628-57. 

Jung,  Johann  Heinrich,  generally  called  Stil- 
ling. Born  at  Im-Grund,  Nassau,  Germany, 
Sept.  12,  1740 :  died  at  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  April 
2,  1817.  A  German  mystic.  He  was  professor  of 
economics  at  Marburg  1787-1803,  and  later  lived  in  retire- 
ment at  Heidelberg  and  Karlsruhe.  He  wrote  an  autobi- 
ography (pablished  as  "Heinrich  Stillings  Leben"  1806; 
continued  1817)  and  various  mystical  worlis. 

Jungbunzlau  (yong-bonts'lou).  Amainofaotur- 
ing  town  in  Bohemia,  on  the  Iser  Similes  north- 
east of  Prague.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
11,518. 

Jungftau  (yong'frou).  [G.,  'virgin.']  One 
of  the  chief  mountains  of  the  Bernese  Alps, 
Switzerland,  on  the  border  of  Bern  and 
Valais,  13  miles  south  by  east  of  Interlaken. 
It  was  first  ascended  in  1811.  Height,  13,670 
feet. 

Junghuhn  (ybng'hSn),  Franz  Wilhelm.  Born 
at  Mansfeld,  Prussia,  Oct.  26,  1812:  died  at 
Iiembang,  Java,  April  24, 1864.  A  German  nat- 
uralist and  explorer  in  Java  and  Sumatra.  Hia 
chief  work  is  "Java,  seine  Gestalt,  Fflanzendecke,  und  in- 
nere  Bauart"  (1862-54). 

Jungmann  (ybng'man),  Joseph..  Bom  at  Hud- 
litz,  Bohemia,  July  16,  1773:  died  at  Prague, 
Nov.,  1847.  A  Bohemian  philologist  and  hia- 
tori  an  of  literature .  Hia  chief  works  are  a  "  History 
of  Bohemian  Literature"  (1825),  and  a  "Czech-German 
Dictionary  "  (1835-39). 

Juniata  (jo-ni-at'a).  A  river  in  Pennsylvania, 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Little  Juniata 
and  the  Frankstown  Branch  at  Petersburg,  it 
joins  the  Susquehanna  13  miles  northwest  of  Harrlsburg ; 
is  noted  for  picturesque  scenery ;  and  has  a  total  length 
of  about  150  miles. 

Junin  (Ho-nen').  1.  An  interior  department  of 
Peru,  northeast  of  Lima.  Population,  about 
200,000. — 2.  Atownof  the  departmentof  Junin, 
southeast  of  Lake  Chinchay-cooha.  it  gave  its 
name  to  a  battle  fought  on  a  plain  to  the  south,  Aug.  6, 
1824,  in  which  the  patriots  under  Bolivar  defeated  the 
royalists  of  Canterac.  The  action  was  decided  entirely  by 
the  cavalry,  and  without  the  use  of  flrearma.  Population, 
about  2,000. 

Junius  (jo'nyus).  The  pseadonym  of  the  un- 
known author  of  a  series  of  letters  directed 
against  the  British  ministry,  SirWilliam  Draper, 
the  Duke  of  Grafton,  and  others.  The  letters  ap- 
peared in  the  London  "Public  Advertiser"  from  Nov.  21, 
1768,  to  Jan.  21, 1772.  Their  authorship  has  been  attributed 
to  Edmund  Burke,  Earl  Temple,  and  others;  but  they 
probably  were  written  by  Sir  Philip  Francis. 

Junius  (j6'ni-us),  Franziskus.  Bom  at  Heidel- 
berg, Baden,  1589 :  died  at  Windsor,  England, 
Nov.  19,  1677.  A  German  student  of  the  Teu- 
tonic languages,  son  of  Franziskus  Junius. 
Among  his  works  is  "Etymologicum  Anglica- 
num"  (ed.  by  Lye  1743). 

Junker  (y6ng'ker),'Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Moscow, 
April  6,  1840 :  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  13, 
1892.  An  African  explorer.  After  studying  in  Ger- 
many, Switzerland,  and  Bussia,  Junker  began  his  career  as 
an  explorer  by  tours  in  Algeria  and  Tunis  (1873-74),  in  Lower 
Egypt  (1876),  Suakun,  Kassala,  and  Khartum  (1876),  and 
Gondokoro  and  Makaraka  as  far  as  Van  (1877),  returning  to 
I  Europe  in  1878.  Accompanied  by  his  assistant  Bohndorff, 
he  returned  in  1879  to  Khartum,  where  they  embarked  on 
•the  steamer  Ismailia.  In  1880-83  he  explored  the  Nyam- 
Nyam  and  Mombuttu  countries  iu  all  directions.  He 
-  crossed  and  followed  the  Welle  River  several  times,  and 
reached  Emin  Pasha  at  Lad6,  on  the  upper  White  Nile,  at 
the  close  of  1883.  Tor  some  time  he  was  held  in  virtual 
captivity  through  the  Mahdi  insurrection,  but  he  finally 
succeeded  (alter  the  failure  of  the  relief  expedition  under 
G.  A.  Fischer)  in  making  his  way  from  Wadelai  to  the 
coast  arriving  in  Zanzibar  in  Dec,  1886.  In  1887  be  was 
again  in  Europe.  He  published  "Keisen  in  Atrika" 
(1891). 

Junkers  (yong'kferz).  The  members  of  the  aris- 
tocratic party  in  Prussia  which  came  into  power 
under  Bismarck  when  he  was  made  prime  min- 
ister in  1862. 

Junkseylon.    Same  as  Salang. 

Juno  (jo'no),  1 .  In  Roman  mythology,  the  que^n 
of  heaven,  the  highest  divinity  of  the  Latm 

races  in  Italy  next  to  Jupiter,  of  whom  she  was 


555 

the  sister  and  the  wife.  She  was  the  parallel  of  the 
Greek  Hera,  with  whom  in  later  times  she  became'to  a 
considerable  extent  identified.  She  was  regarded  as  the 
special  protectress  of  marriage,  and  was  the  guardian  of 
woman  from  birth  to  death.  In  Some  she  was  also  the 
patron  of  the  national  finances,  and  a  temple  which  con- 
tained the  mint  wa£  erected  toher,  under  thenameof  Juno 
Moneta,  on  the  Capitoline.  In  her  distinctively  Italic 
character,  Juno  (called  Lanuvtiia,  from  the  site  at  Lanu- 
vium  of  her  chief  sanctuary,  or  Hospita,  the  Protectress) 
was  a  war-goddess,  represented  as  clad  in  amantle  of  goat- 
skin, bearing  a  shield  and  an  uplifted  spear,  and  accom- 
panied, like  Athene,  by  a  sacred  serpent. 

2.  The  third  planetoid,  discovered  by  Harding 
at  Lilienthal,  Sept.  1,  1804. 

Junot  (zhu-no'),  Andoche,  Due  d'Abrantfes. 
Born  atBussy-le-Grand,  Oct.  23, 1771:  died  July 

.  29,1813.  A  French  general.  He  entered  the  army  in 
1792 ;  accompanied  Bonaparte  in  his  Italian  and  Egyptian 
campaigns ;  became  a  general  of  division  in  1800 ;  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Paris  in  1806 ;  and  in  1807  commanded 
an  army  which  invaded  Portugal  and  captured  Lisbon. 
Shortly  afterward  he  was  created  duke  of  Abrantfes.  He 
was  defeated  by  Sir  Arthur  Wellesley  at  Vimeiro  in  Aug., 
1808,  and  compelled  to  evacuate  Portugal. 

Junot,  Madame  (Laure  Permon),  Duchesse 
d'Abrantfts.  Bom  atMontpeUier,  Nov.  6, 1784: 
died  at  Paris,  June  7, 1838.  A  French  author. 
She  married  General  Junot  about  1800.  Shewas  the  author 
of  "Souvenirs  historiques  sur  Napoleon,  la  Revolution,  le 
Directoire,  le  Consulai>,  I'Empire  et  la  Restauration  "(1831- 
1835),  "Histoire  des  salons  de  Paris"  (1837),  etc. 

Junaueira  Freire  (zhon-kay'ra  fray're),  Luiz 
Jose.  Bom  at  Bahia,  Deo.,31, 1832 :  died  there, 
June  24, 1855.  A  Brazilian  poet.  From  1851  to  1854 
he  was  a  novitiate  in  a  cloister  of  Carmelite  monks,  where 
he  wrote  his  best-known  poems,  collected  in  the  "Inspira- 
goes  do  claustro." 

Junta  (jun'ta).  [Sp.  junta  (orig.  fem.  ot  junto), 
from  L.  jumcta,  fem.  of  junctus,  joined.]  In 
Spain,  a  consultative  or  legislative  assembly, 
either  for  the  whole  country  or  for  one  of  its 
separate  parts.  The  most  celebrated  juntas  in  his- 
tory were  that  convened  by  Napoleon  iu  1808  and  the  later 
revolutionary  juntas. 

Junto  (jun'to).  In  English  history,  a  group  of 
Whig  politicians  very  influential  in  the  reigns 
of  William  III.  and  Anne,  its  chief  members  were 
Somers,  Russell,  Wharton,  and  Montague.  They  were  the 
chief  leaders  of  the  party  in  Parliament.   . 

Jupille  (zhu-pely').  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  province  of  Lifege,  Belgium,  3  miles  east  of 
Li^ge. 

Jupiter  (jo'pi-ter).  [L.,  trovorJovis  (earlier Dio- 
vis,  Gr.  Zeif,  Ind.  Diaua)  andjjofer,  father  Jove.] 

1.  In  Eoman  mythology,  the  supreme  deity, 
the  parallel  of  the  Greek  Zeus,  and  the  emboi- 
ment  of  the  might  and  national  dignity  of  the 
Komans.  The  central  seat  of  his  cult  was  the  Capitoline 
Hill  at  Rome,  where  hehad  the  title  of  Optimns  Maximus 
('  Best  and  Greatest ').  He  was  primarily  a  divinity  of  the 
sky,  and  hence  was  considered  to  be  the  originator  of  all 
atmospheric  changes.  His  weapon  was  the  thunderbolt. 
He  controlled  and  directed  the  future,  and  sacrifices  were 
offered  to  secure  his  favor  at  the  beginning  of  every  under- 
taking. He  was  also  the  guardian  of  property,  whether 
of  the  state  or  of  individuals.  White,  the  color  of  the  light 
of  day,  was  sacred  to  him :  hence  white  animals  were 
oflered  to  him  in  sacrifice,  his  priests  wore  white  caps, 
his  chariot  was  drawn  by  4  white  horses,  and  the  consuls 
were  dressed  in  white  when  they  sacrificed  to  him  upon 
assuming  office.  The  eagle  was  especially  consecrated  to 
him.  The  surviving  artistic  representations  of  Jupiter  are 
comparatively  late,  and  betray  Greek  infiuence,  imitating 
the  type  of  the  Greek  Zeus.    Also  Jove. 

2.  The  brightest  of  the  superior  planets,  and 
the  largest  body  of  the  solar  system  except  the 
sun  itself,  its  sidereal  period  of  revolution  is  11.86198 
Julian  years,  and  its  synodical  period  399  days.  Its  mean 
distance  from  the  sun  is  about  483,000,000  miles.  Its  equa- 
tbrial  diameter  at  its  mean  distance  subtends  an  angle  of 
38",  so  that  its  real  diameter  is  about  one  tenth  that  of 
the  sun  (which  subtends  1,922"),  and  about  11  times  that 
of  the  earth  (the  solar  parallax  being  8".9).  Jupiter  is 
flattened  at  the  poles  by  no  less  than  one  seventeenth  of 
its  diameter.  Its  mass  is  about  ^^  of  that  of  the  sun,  or 
304  times  that  of  the  earth,  making  its  mean  density  only 
1.3,  that  of  the  eatth  being  taken  at  5.5.  Gravity  at 
its  surface  is  2i  times  that  at  the  earth.  The  most  re- 
markable feature  of  the  appearance  of  this  planet  is  the 
equatorial  fascise  or  bands  which  cross  its  disk.  These 
fasciie  subsist  generally  for  months  or  even  years,  but 
occasionally  form  in  a  few  hours.  They  sometimes  have  a 
breadth  of  one  sixth  of  the  apparent  disk  of  the  planet. 
There  are  also  spots  of  much  greater  permanence.  It  is, 
however,  probable  that  no  solid  matter  can  be  seen,  and 
quite  doubtful  whether  any  exists  in  the  planet.  The  spots 
revolve  about  the  axis  in  9  hours,  66  minutes,  and  35  sec- 
onds, but  the  white  clouds  in  5J  minutes  less  time.  From 
his  photometric  observations  ZoUner  calculates  the  albedo 
of  Jupiter  to  be  0.6 :  so  high  a  value  as  to  suggest  that  the 
planet  must  be  self-luminous.  Jupiter  has  6  satellites  or 
moons.  The  fifth  (which  is  about  111,910  miles  from  the 
planet,  and  of  very  small  diameter,  with  a  period  of  about 
12  hours)  was  discovered  by  Barnard  Sept.  9, 1892.  The 
periods  of  revolution  of  the  others  are  as  follows :  (1)  Id. 
18h.  28m.  36.945s. ;  (2)  3d.  ISh.  17m.  63.735s. ;  (3)  7d.  3h. 
59m.  36.854s. ;  '(4)  16d.  18h.  6m.  6.928s. 

Jupiter  A  Winn      Jupiter  as  identified  with  the 

Egyptian  Amon. 
Jupiter  of  Otricoli.    A  marble  mask  restored 

as  a  bust,  the  finest  surviving  antique  head  of 


Justin,  Saint 

Zeus.  The  features  are  massive  and  imposing ;  the  beard 
is  full,  separated  into  locks ;  and  the  abundant  hair  rises 
from  the  forehead  and  falls  down  on  both  sides  of  the  fact 

Jupiter-Scapin.  A  sobriquet  given  to  Napo- 
leon I.    See  Scapin. 

Jupiter  Stator.  [L.,  'he  who  stays'  flight.] 
Jupiter  as  the  giver  of  victory  in  battle. 

Jura  (jo'ra).  A  chain  of  mountains  in  eastern 
France  and  western  and  northern  Switzerland : 
the  ancient  Jura  Mons  or  Jurassus.  It  extends 
from  the  junction  of  the  Ain  and  Rhone  to  the  junction 
of  the  Aare  and  Rhine.  The  designation  is  sometimes  ex- 
tended to  include  the  prolongation  through  Baden,  Wiir- 
temberg,  and  Bavaria  to  the  valley  of  the  upper  Main, 
called  the  German  Jura,  and  subdivided  into  the  Swabian 
Jura  and  Franconian  Jura.  The  highest  peaks  are  D61e, 
Mont  Tendre,  Reculet,  CrM  de  la  Neige,  Credoz,  etc.  (over 
5,000  feet).  Length  of  French  and  Swiss  Jura,  about  180 
miles. 

Jura  (zhli-ra').  A  department  of  eastern  Prance. 
Capital,  Lons-le-Saunier.  it  is  bounded  by  Haute- 
Sa6ne  on  the  north,  Doubs  and  Switzerland  on  the  east,  Ain 
on  the  south,  and  C6te-d'0r  and  Sa6ne-et-Loire  on  the 
southeast,  and  formed  part  of  the  ancient  Franche-Comt6. 
Area,  1,927  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  273,028. 

Jura  (jo'ra).  An  island  of  the  Inner  Hebrides, 
belongingto  Argyllshire,  Scotland.  Itlies4mile8 
west  of  the  mainland,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the 
Sound  of  J  ura,  and  is  traversed  by  a  range  of  hills.  Length, 
27  miles. 

Jura,  Franconian.    See  Franconian  Jura. 

Jura,  Paps  of.  Two  conical  hills  in  the  island 
of  Jura,  Scotland,  about  2,500  feet  in  height. 

Jura,  Sound  of.  A  sea  passage  separating  the 
islan  d  of  Jura  from  the  mainlan  d  of  Argyllshire, 
Scotland. 

Jura,  Swabian.    See  Swabian  Jura. 

Juripixunas.    See  Juris. 

Juris  (zhe-res').  [Abbreviated  from  Tupi  ju- 
ripixuna,  black-mouthed,  from  their  custom  of 
tattooing  the  face  so  as  to  form  a  black  mark 
aboutthemouth.]  Atribe  of  Indians  in  the  Bra- 
zilian state  of  Amazonas,  on  the  north  side  of  the 
upper  Amazon,  between  the  Japur4  and  Ijd,  oc- 
casionally ranging  east  to  the  Rio  Negro.  For- 
merly they  were  the  most  numerous  and  poweriul  tribe  of 
this  region,  but  they  are  now  greatly  reduced  in  numbers, 
and  most  of  them  have  been  amalgamated  with  the  country 
population.  They  are  divided  into  various  hordes,  have 
fixed  villages  and  plantations,  and  are  especially  skilful  in 
the  use  of  the  blow-gun.  They  are  classed  with  the  Maypur^ 
stock,  and  are  closely  related  to  the  Passes.  The  name  has 
also  been  given  to  a  tribe  of  Argentine  Chaco  of  the  Lule 
stock. 

Jurunas  (zho-r8'nas).  [Tujjijwji,  month,  and 
una,  black.]  A  tribe  of  Brazilian  Indians  of  the 
Tupi  race,  on  the  river  Xingu  between  4°  and  8° 
S.  lat.  They  were  formerly  very  numerous  and  warlike, 
and  are  said  to  have  been  cannibals.  They  tattooed  a  large 
black  patch  on  the  face  (whence  the  name).  The  Jurunas 
still  number  several  thousands,  who  live  in  villages  and 
have  small  plantations.  Also  written  Jurunnas  and  Yu- 
runas. 

Jurupary  (zh8-ro-pa-re').  Among  Indians  of  the 
Tupi  race  iu  Brazil,  a  mythical  being  supposed 
to  persecute  and  sometimes  to  kill  men.  He 
dwells  in  the  woods,  and  is  described  under  various  mon- 
strous forms.  The  old  missionaries  identified  him  with  the 
devil. 

Jussieu  (zhii-sye'),  Adrien  de.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Dec.  23,  1797:  died  there,  June  29,  1853.  A 
French  botanist,  son  of  A.  L.  de  Jussieu.  He  wrote 
monographs  on  the  Rutacem,  MdiacesB,  and  Malpighiacex, 
a  "  Cours  ^l^mentaire  de  la  botanlque,"  etc. 

Jussieu,  Antoine  Laurent  de.  Bom  at  Lyons, 
Prance,  April  12, 1748 :  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  17, 
1836.  A  noted  French  botanist,  nephew  of  Ber- 
nard de  Jussieu.  He  wrote  "  Genera  plantarum  secun- 
dum ordines  naturales,  etc."  (1789),  "  Introdnctio  in  hlsto- 
riam  plantarum  "  (1837),  *'  Exposition  d'un  nouyel  ordre  de 
plantes,  adopts  dans  les  demonstrations  du  jardin  royal " 
(1774X  etc, 

Jussieu,  Bernard  de.  Bom  at  Lyons,  France, 
Aug.  17,  1699:  died  at  Paris,.  Nov.  6,  1776.  A 
noted  French  botanist.  At  first  a  physician,  he  later 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  botany,  and  in  1768  became 
-superintendent  of  the  garden  of  the  Trianon.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  natural  system  of  classification  of  plants. 

Jussieu,  Joseph  de.  Bom  in  1704 :  died  April 
11,  1779.  A  French  botanist,  in  1735  he  went  to 
Peru  with  Oondamine  and  Godin.  He  spent  15  years  study- 
ing the  botany  of  the  Andean  region,  paying  special  at- 
tention to  cinchona  plants.  His  collections  were  lost 
through  the  dishonesty  of  a  servant,  a  misfortune  which 
caused  Jussieu  to  lose  his  reason.  In  this  state  he  re- 
turned to  France  in  1771. 

Juste  (zhiist),  Theodore.  Bom  at  Brussels,  Jan. 
11,  1818:  died  there,  Aug.  12, 1888.  A  Belgian 
historian.  His  works  include  "Histoire  de  la  Belgique" 
(1838),  "Histoire  de  la  revolution  des  Pays-Bas  sous  Phi- 
lippe II,"  (1865-63),  "Les  fondateurs  de  la  monarchie 
beige  "(1865-84),  etc. 

Justin  (jus'tin).  Lived  before  the  5th  century 
A.  D.  A  Roman  historian,  author  of  an  epitome 
of  a  lost  history  by  Trogus  (ed.  by  Diibner  1831), 
etc. 

Justin,  Saint,  sumamed  "The  Martyr,"  or  "The 
Philosopher."    Died  probably  about  163  A.  d. 


Justin,  Saint 

A  celebrated  Greek  ehureh  father.  He  was  bom 
of  Greek  parents  at  Flavia  Neapolis,  a.  Roman  colony 
built  on  the  site  ot  the  ancient  Shechem  in  Palestine.  He 
deToted  himseU  to  tlie  study  of  philosophy,  and  became 
an  adherent  and  a  teacher  ol  the  Platonic  system.  Origi- 
nally a  pagan,  he  alterward  embraced  Christianity,  and 
is  said  to  have  been  scourged  and  beheaded  at  Home. 

Justin  I.  Died  Aug.  1,  527.  Byzantine  empe- 
ror 518-527.  He  was  of  barbarian,  probably  Gothic,  ex- 
traction, and  was  a  native  ot  Tauresitun  in  Dardania.  He 
entered  the  guards  of  the  empei'or  Leo  Z.,  and  was  com- 
mander-in-chief ol  the  imperial  guards  in  the  reign  of 
Auastasius,  on  whose  death  in  618  he  was  proclaimed  em- 
peror by  the  soldiers. 

Justin  n.  Bied  Oct.  5,  578.  Byzantine  empe- 
ror 565-578,  nephew  of  Justinian  I.  whom  he 
succeeded.  During  his  reign  northern  Italy  was  con- 
quered by  the  Lombards,  who  founded  the  Kingdom  of 
the  Lombards  in  668 ;  and  several  important  couquests 
were  made  by  the  Persians  in  the  Asiatic  provinces. 

Justina  (jus-ti'na).  [L.,fem.  ot  Justinus.'\  Pa- 
troness of  Padua  and  (with  St.  Mark)  of  Venice. 
She  is  said  to  have  been  a  native  ol  Padua,  and  to  have  suf- 
fered martyrdom  at  that  city  in  304.  Her  supposed  relics, 
said  to  have  been  recovered  in  1177,  are  preserved  at  Pa- 
dua in  a  church  which  bears  her  name.  She  is  commem- 
orated by  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  on  Oct.  7. 

Justinian  (jus-tin'i-an)  I.  (Flavins  Anicius 
Justinianus),  sumained  "The  Great."  Bom  at 
Tauresium,  Dardania,  Illyricnm,  probalbly  May 
11,  483 :  died  Nov.  14,  565.  Byzantine  empe- 
ror 527-565,  nephew  of  Justin  I.  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded. He  married  in  525  Theodora,  an  actress,  who 
exercised  great  influence  during  his  reign,  chiefly  in  eccle- 
siastical affairs.  In  632  a  flght  broke  out  in  the  hippo- 
drome between  the  Green  and  the  Blue  factions,  the  lat- 
ter of  which  favored  the  emperor  and  the  orthodox  church. 
The  flght  spread  from  the  hippodrome  to  the  city,  and 
the  Green  proclaimed  Hypatius,  nephew  of  Anastafilus 
I.,  emperor.  The  revolt  was  put  down  by  the  general 
Belisarius  with  the  assistance  of  the  Blue,  but  not  before 
30,000  of  the  insurgents  had  been  slain  and  a  large  part  of 
the  city  destroyed,  including  the  Church  of  Saint  Sophia, 
which  was  rebuilt  532-537  with  great  splendor  according  to 
plans  lumished  by  the  architect  Anthemius.  In  the  East 
Justinian  purchased  peace  Irom  the  Persians  in  531,  but 
in  the  West  the  victories  of  his  generals  Belisarius  and  Nar- 
ses  destroyed  the  Vandal  and  the  Ostrogothic  kingdoms 
in  Africa  and  Italy  respectively,  and  restored  those  coun- 
tries to  the  Byzantine  empire.  An  important  event  of  his 
reign  was  the  publication  of  the  Justinian  Code  (which 
see). 

Justinian  II.,  surnamed  Bhinotmetus  ('he 
whose  nose  is  out  off')-  Died  in  Dec,  711.  By- 
zantine emperor  685-695  and  705-711,  son  of 


556 

Constantine  IV.  He  was  deposed  in  696  by  his  gen- 
eral'Leontius,  who  cut  off  his  nose  and  banished  him  to 
Cherson.  He  made  his  escape  fromCherson,  and  regained 
his  throne  with  the  assistance  of  Terbelis,  the  king  of  the 
Bulgarians,  in  706,  but  was  overthrown  by  Philippicus  in 
711  and  killed. 

Justinian  Code.  The  body  of  Boman  law  com- 
piled and  annotated  at  the  command  of  the  em- 
peror Justinian.  This  consists  of  the  "Pandects,"  or 
the  condensed  opinions  of  the  jurists,  in  fifty  books ;  the 
"Institutiones";  and  the  "Novelise"  or  "Novelise  Consti- 
tutiones,"  a  collection  of  ordinances — the  whole  lorming 
the  "  Corpus  Juris  Civilis,"  or  body  ol  civil  law,  the  most 
important  of  all  monuments  of  jurisprudence. 

Jiiterbog  (yii'ter-boG),  or  Jliterbock  (yii'ter- 
bok).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Brandenburg, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Nuthe  40  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Berlin .  it  was  the  scene  ol  a  victory  ol 
the  Swedes  over  the  Imperialists  in  1644.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  7,181. 

Jutes  (jots).  A  Low  German  tribe  which,  with 
the  Saxons  and  Angles,  invaded  Great  Britain 
in  the  5th  century.  According  to  tradition  they  were 
invited  by  the  Britons  to  aid  them  against  the  Plots,  and 
lauded  at  Ebbsfleet,  under  Hengist  and  Horsa,  about  449. 
They  founded  the  kingdom  ol  £ent.  Their  connection 
with  Jutland  has  been  matterof  dispute.  See  the  extract. 

Now,  as  to  the  first  settlement  ol  Jutes  under  Hengist 
and Horsa(Horse  and  Mare),  who  established  themselves 
in  Kent,  Hampshire,  and  the  Isle  of  "Wight,  and  whom 
Bede  distinctly  believed  to  have  come  from  Jutland,  it  is 
to  be  observed  that  Jutland  is  now  occupied  by  Danes, 
and  that  men  from  Jutland  settling  on  our  eastern  coasts 
in  the  days  of  the  Angles  were  called  Danes ;  but  that  in 
this  case  they  are  called  "Jutes," not  "Danes,"  and  do 
not  seem  to  have  been  Danish.  Where  there  has  been  a 
Danish  settlement,  towns  commonly  are  found  with  names 
ending  in  "by."  Thus  in  Lincolnshire,  within  a  dozen 
miles  of  Great  Grimsby,  there  stand  Foresby,  IJtterby, 
Fotherby,  Ashby-cum-Fenby,  Bamoldby,  Irby,  Xaceby, 
Keelby,  Grasby,  Brocklesby,  Ulceby.  Yet  throughout  this 
"  Jute  region  ol  Kent,  Hampshire,  and  the  Isle  of  Wight 
there  is  not  even  one  place  to  be  found  that  has  a  name 
ending  in  "by."  There  is  no  clear  ground  lor  asserting, 
although  it  has  been  suggested  as  one  way  of  conquering 
this  difficulty,  that  a  Germanic  people  occupied  Jutland 
in  the  middle  ol  the  6th  century.  ...  Dr.  Latham  .  .  . 
argues  that  the  "  Jutes  "  of  the  flrst  settlement  were,  in 
fact,  Goths ;  or  that,  if  Jutes,  they  were  Jutes  who  came 
in  company  with  Goths,  and  that  they  came,  not  out  of  Jut- 
land, but  only  from  the  coast  of  Gaul,  across  the  straits 
that  divide  Gaul  from  Britain. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  I.  244-246. 

Juthungi  (jo-thun'ji).  [L.  (Ammianus)  Jvtliun- 
gi.'i    A  German  tribe,  a  branch  of  the  Suevi 


Jyotisha 

and  a  part  of  the  Alamanni,  in  the  war  in  Bheetia 
during  the  reiga  of  the  emperor  Caracalla  (A.  d. 
213).  Later  in  the  same  century  they  were  signaUy  de- 
leated  by  Aurellan  on  the  upper  Danube.  The  tribal  ap- 
pellation disappears  in  the  6th  century,  alter  which  they 
were  merged  in  the  Suevl  Their  original  ocation  Is  un- 
known. 

Jutland  (jut'land).  [Dan.  Jylland,  G.  Jutland.'] 
The  continental  portion  of  Denmark,  it  forms 
the  northern  part  ol  an  extensive  peninsula  (the  ancient 
Cimbric  Chersonese),  the  southern  part  ol  which  belongs 
to  Prussia.  It  is  bounded  by  the  North  Sea  on  the  west, 
the  Skager  Rack  on  the  north,  the  Cattegat  on  the  east, 
and  Schleswig-Holstein  on  the  south.  The  suriace  is  gen- 
erally level,  but  hilly  in  the  east.  Its  early  inhabil^ts 
are  said  to  have  been  Cimbri.  (Compare  Jvteg.)  Area, 
9,743  square  miles.    Population  (1890),  942,120. 

Juvavia  (j8-va'vi-a),  or  Juvavum  (ji5-va'vum). 
The  ancient  name" of  Salzburg. 

Juvenal  (j8've-nal)  (Decimus  Junius  Juve- 
nalis).  Lived  about  60-140  A.  d.  A  noted 
Boman  rhetorician  and  satirical  poet  of  the  age 
of  Trajan.  Little  is  known  ol  his  lile.  Sixteen  of  his 
satires  (in  five  books)  are  extant. 

Juventas  (j6-ven'tas).  In  Boman  mythology, 
the  goddess  of  youth. 

Juxon  (juks'on),  William.  Bom  at  Chichester, 
England,  158S :  died  at  Lambeth,  London,  June 
4, 1663.  An  English  prelate,  lord  high  treasurer 
of  England  and  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  in 
1598  he  entered  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  and  became 
head  ol  that  college  by  Laud's  recommendation  Dec.  10^ 
1621.  In  1626  and  1627  he  was  vice-chancellor  ot  the 
university.  On  Oct.  3, 1633,  he  was  created  bishop  ol  Lon- 
don, and  on  March  6, 1636,  lord  high  treasurer,  which  ofBce 
he  resigned  on  May  17, 1641.  He  attended  Charles  I.  during 
the  negotiation  oi  the  treaty  of  Newport^  during  his  trial, 
and  on  the  scaffold,  Jan.  30, 1649.  In  1649  he  was  deprived 
of  his  see.  At  the  Restoration  he  was  made  archbishop 
ol  Canterbury  (Sept.  1£^  1660).  As  a  churchman  he  was 
devoted  to  Laud. 

Juza  (jo'za).  [Ar.  al-jilza,  the  central :  though 
the  propriety  of  the  epithet  is  rather  obscure.] 
The  fourth-magnitude  star  /I  Draconis,  in  the 
tip  of  the  monster's  taU. 

Jyotisha  (jyo'ti-sha).  [Skt.,  '  relating  to  the, 
heavenly  bodies,'  astronomy,  astrology.]  The 
name  of  the  Vedie  calendar,  a  short  tract  giving 
the  knowledge  required  for  fixing  the  days  and 
hours  of  the  Vedic  sacrifices.  It  has  had  a  certain 
significance  from  being  ranked  with  the  Veda,  but  is  of 
very  late  origin,  dating  from  the  4th  or  5th  century  A.  D, 


2.  A  high  peak  of  the  Hima- 
laya, now  known  as  Mount 
Godwin- Austen  (which  see). 
Ka(ka).  [Skt.,'thewho?'] 
The  inexplicable;  the  un- 
known. By  an  eironeous  inter- 
pretation of  the  interrogative  pro- 
noun in  a  hymn  of  the  Kigveda 
(X,  121 — kasmai  devaya  havisha 
vidliema,'what  god  shall  we  wor- 
ship with  the  oblation?')  the  word  *a,'who,'  is  applied 
as  a  name  to  any  chief  god  or  object  of  worship,  as  ^^ja- 
pati,  Brahma,  Vishnu,  air,  the  sun,  the  soul,  Yama.  It  is 
exalted  into  a  deity.  In  the  Furanas,  Ea  as  a  recognized 
god  is  even  provided  with  an  independent  genealogy. 
Saaba,  or  Caaba  (ka'ba  or  ka'a-ba).  [Ar. 
ka'bah,  a  square  building.]  A  oiibe-shaped, 
flat-roofed  building  in  the  center  of  the  Great 
Mosque  at  Mecca:  the  most  sacred  shrine  of 
the  Mohammedans,  in  its  southeast  corner  it  con- 
tains the  sacred  black  stone  called  hajar  al  asvntdj  said 
to  have  been  originally  a  ruby  which  came  down  from 
heaven,  but  now  blackened  by  the  tears  shed  for  sin  by 
pilgrims.  This  stone  is  an  irregular  oval  about  seven 
inches  in  diameter,  and  is  composed  of  about  a  dozen 
smaller  stones  of  different  shapes  and  sizes.  It  is  the 
point  toward  whic)i  all  Mohammedans  face  during  their 
aevotions.  The  Eaaba  is  opened  to  worsliipers  twice  or 
three  times  a  year,  but  only  the  faithful  are  permitted  to 
approach  it. 

How  natural  stone-worship  was  amongst  the  Semites 
can  be  seen  in  the  name  Betylia,  which  lias  become  the 
general  name  for  all  sacred  stones :  we  need  only  remem- 
ber the  numerous  time-honoured  stones  mentioned  in  the 
Old  Testament,  and  the  Kaabah  at  Mekka. 

La  Saussaye,  Science  of  Beligion,  p.  85. 

Kaaden  (ka'den).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Eger  54  miles  west-northwest  of 
Prague.    Population  (1890),  6,889. 

Kaarta  (kar'ta).  A  Fellatah  state  in  west- 
em  Africa,  east  of  Senegambia,  intersected  by 
lat.  15°  N.,  long.  10°  W.  Capital,  Nioro.  It  is 
within  the  French  sphere  of  influence.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  300,000. 

Kabail  (ka-bil'),  or  Kabyles  (ka-bilz' ).  A  feder- 
ation of  Berber  tribes  in  Algeria,  Tunisia,  and  a 
few  oases  of  the  Sahara.  The  name  is  the  plural  of 
the  Arabic  word  for  tribe.  The  principal  dialects  spoken 
by  the  Kabail  are  that  of  Eugi,  the  Zouave,  the  Showiah  or 
Zenati,  that  of  Tuggurt,  Wargla,  that  of  the  Beni  Mzab, 
and  that  of  the  Shamba.    See  Berber. 

So  far  as  outward  appearance  is  concerned,  the  Kabyles 
or  Riffls  of  to-day  might  be  found  in  an  English  or  Irish 
Tillage.  The  antiquity  of  the  type  which  they  exhibit  is 
evidenced  by  the  monuments  of  Egypt,  where  their  an- 
cestors are  portrayed  with  the  same  blond  features  that 
they  still  display.  Dolichocephalic,  fair-haired,  blue-eyed 
and  white-skinned,  they  might  be  mistaken  for  that 
branch  of  the  Kelts  who  are  distinguished  for  their  gold- 
en hair  and  their  clear  and  freckled  skin.  Professor  de 
Quatrefages  believes  that  they  are  the  lineal  descendants 
of  the  race  whose  remains  have  been  discovered  in  the 
caverns  of  Cro-Magnon  in  the  French  province  of  P6ri- 
gord,  along  with  paleolithic  implements  and  the  bones  of 
the  mammoth  and  the  reindeer. 

Sayce,  Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  U9. 

Eabale  und  Liebe  (ka-ba'le  ont le'be).  Atrag- 
edy  by  Schiller,  published  in  1784. 

Kabandba  (ka-band'ha).  In  the  Ramayana,  a 
monstrous  Eakshasa  slain  by  Bama.  Mortally 
wounded,  he  asked  Rama  to  bum  his  body ;  and,  coming  out 
of  the  fire  in  his  real  shape  as  a  Gandharva  (which  see),  ad- 
vised Bama  as  to  the  war  with  Havana. 

Kabarda  (ka-bar'da).  A  mountainous  region 
on  the  northern  slope  of  the  Caucasus,  belong- 
ing to  the  Terek  territory,  Eussia. 

Kabbala,  or  Cabala  (kab'a-la).  [Heb.  qaVbalah, 
reception,  the  mysterious  doctrine  received  tra- 
ditionally.] The  theosophy  or  mystic  philoso- 
phy of  the  Hebrew  relisrion,  which  grewup  main- 
ly after  the  beginning' of  the  10th  century,  and 
flourished  to  the  present  time.  The  Kabbala  em- 
ployed itself  in  a  mystic  explanation  of  Deity  and  cosmog- 
ony, and  in  the  creation  of  hidden  meanings  for  the  sacred 
Hebrew  writings,  thus  drawing  into  its  province  all  the  He- 
brew  law  and  philosophy,  later  Kabbalists  pretended  to 
find  wonderful  meanings  even  in  the  letters  and  forms  of 
the  sacred  texts,  and  made  for  themselves  elaborate  rules 
of  interpretation. 

Kabeiri.    See  CaUri. 

Kabinda  (ka-ben'da).    See  Cdbinda  and  Kongo. 

Kabir  (ke-ber').  [Arabic  IcaUr,  great.]  A 
Hindu  religious  reformer.  He  was  a  weaver,  and 
probably  a  Mussulman  by  birth,  who  lived  at  Benares,  and 


also  at  Magar  near  Gorakhpur,  between  1488  and  1612. 
His  teachings  exercised  an  important  influence  in  upper 
India  in  the  15th  and  16th  centuries,  and  formed  the  basis 
of  the  Sikh  movement  in  the  Panjab.  Originally  a  Mus- 
sulman, he  became  a  pupil  of  Ramananda  and  a  Vaishnava 
with  much  of  the  democracy  and  tolerance  of  Buddhism ; 
but  he  denounced  all  idol-worship,  and  taught  Vaish- 
navism  as  a  form  of  strict  monotheism.  True  religion,  he 
said,  meant  nothing  but  devotion  to  one  God,  whether 
called  Vishnu,  Rama,  or  Hari,  or  by  Mohammedan  names. 
He  rejects  every  malevolent  distinction  of  caste,  religion, 
and  sect.  All  authority  in  faith  and  morals  belongs  to  the 
guru,  or  spiritual  guide,  though  the  rights  of  conscience 
of  the  believer  are  reserved.  Kabir's  aim  was  evidently 
to  found  a  religion  that  should  unite  Hindu  and  Mussul- 
man. 

Eabirpanthis  (ke-ber-pan't-hez).  ['  Those  who 
follow  the  path  of  Kabir.']  The  followers  of 
Kabir.  They  now  form  12  principal  branches,  which 
have  remained  in  communion  notwithstanding  some  dif- 
ferences in  faith  and  practice.  Their  center  is  Benares, 
but  they  are  found  in  Gujarat,  Central  India,  and  as  far  as 
the  Deccan.  As  they  take  pains  to  conform  in  unessen- 
tials  to  the  usages  about  them,  it  is  difficult  to  ascertain 
their  number.  At  the  end  of  the  last  century  86,000  took 
part  in  a  melah  at  Benares.  They  are  influential  rather 
than  numerous. 

Kabrega  (kab-ra'ga).    See  Nyoro. 

Kabul,  or  Cabul  (ka-bol').  1.  A  province  or 
division  in  eastern  Afghanistan. —  2.  The  capi- 
tal of  Afghanistan,  situated  on  the  river  Kabul 
in  lat.  34°  30'  N.,  long.  69°  16'  B.,  6,000  ft.  above 
sea-level.  It  is  noted  as  a  commercial  and  strategic 
center,  and  is  famous  for  its  fruit.  It  was  taken  by  Timur, 
and  by  Nadir  Shah  (1738).  The  British  occupied  it  in  the 
first  Afghan  war :  it  was  evacuated  by  them  in  Jan.,  1842, 
and  retaken  in  Sept.,  1842.  In  the  second  Afghan  war 
(1878-80)  it  was  the  scene  of  Cavagnari's  murder,  and  was 
captured  by  General  Roberts,  and  evacuated  by  the  British 
in  1880.  Population,  about  70,000. 
3.  A  river  which  rises  in  Afghanistan  and  flows 
easterly  past  Kabul,  emptying  into  the  Indus  in 
the  Panjab  at  Attok,  east  of  Peshawar.  Length, 
about  270  miles. 

Eabunga  (ka-b6ng'ga).    See  Mandmgo. 

Eabyles.    See  Kabail. 

Kacna  (ka'oha).  A  son  of  Brihaspati  who  in  the 
Mahabharata  becomes  a  disciple  of  Shukra,  the 
priest  of  the  Asuras,  to  obtain  a  charm  to  restore 
the  dead.  Twice  killed  by  the  Asuras,  Kacha  is  re- 
stored by  Shukra  at  the  intercession  of  Devayani,  his 
daughter.  A  third  time  killed,  his  ashes  are  mixed  with 
Shukra's  wine ;  but  Shukra  revives  Kacha  within  his  own 
body,  teaches  him  the  charm,  allows  himself  to  be  ripped 
open  for  Kacha's  exit,  and  is  in  turn  restored  by  Kacha. 
This  incident  is  said  to  have  caused  Shukra  to  prohibit  wine 
to  Brahmans.  When  Kacha  refuses  to  marry  Devayani, 
she  curses  him  with  the  loss  of  the  charm,  and  he  condemns 
her  to  be  sought  by  no  Brahman  and  to  wed  a  Kshatriya. 

Kachh,  or  Cutcll  (kuch).  A  native  state  under 
British  control,  south  of  Sind.  Area,6,500  square 
mUes.    Population  (1891),  558,415. 

Kachh,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Indian  Ocean, 
south  of  Kachh  and  north  of  Kathiawar. 

Kachh,  Ban  of,  or  Bunn  of  Cutch,  A  salt  mo- 
rass, flooded  at  times,  situated  north  and  east 
of  Kachh,  and  communicating  with  the  Gulf  of 
Kachh. 

Kachh  Gundava  (gun-da'va).  A  region  in 
eastern  Baluchistan,  east  of  Khelat. 

Kadambari  (ka-dam'ba-re).  A  daughter  of 
CMtraratha  and  Madira,  whose  name  is  given 
to  a  celebrated  Sanskrit  prose  work,  a  kind  of 
romance,  written  by  Banabhatta  and  continued 
by  his  son  in  about  the  7th  century. 

Kadapa,  or  Cuddapah  (kud'a-pa).  A  district 
in  Madras,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  15° 
N.,  long.  78°  30'  E. 

Kadesh  (ka'desh),  more  fully  Kadesh  Barnea 
(ka'desh  bar'ne-a).  [Heb., 'sanctuary.']  1.  A 
place  on  the  southern  boundary  of  the  East  Jor- 
dan territory,  the  modern  Aln  Kadish,  in  the 
country  of  the  Azarime.  it  was  the  headquarters  of 
the  Israelites  in  their  wanderings  in  the  desert.  Miriam, 
the  sister  of  Moses,  died  here ;  the  episode  of  the  "  waters 
of  strife  "  took  place  here ;  and  from  here  the  spies  were 
sent  out  to  investigate  Canaan. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  Hittites,  on  the  Orontes 
near  Tel  Nebi  Mende.  About  ISOO  b.  o.  Rameses  II. 
of  the  19th  dynasty  gained  there  a  decisive  victory  over 
the  Hittites. 

Like  Carchemish,Kadesh  on  the  Orontes,  the  most  south- 
ern capital  the  Hittites  possessed,  was  also  a  "holy  city. 
657 


Pictures  of  it  have  been  preserved  on  the  monuments  of 
Rameses  II.  We  gather  from  them  that  it  stood  on  the 
shore  of  the  Lake  of  Homs,  still  called  the  "  Lake  of  Ka- 
desh," at  the  point  where  the  Orontes  flowed  out  of  the  lake. 
The  river  was  conducted  round  the  city  in  a  double  chan- 
nel, across  which  a  wide  bridge  was  thrown,  the  space  be- 
tween the  two  channels  being  apparently  occupied  by  a 
wall.  Sayce,  Hittites,  p.  100. 

Kadiak  (kad-yak'),  or  Kodiak  (kod-yak').  An 
island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  belonging  to  Alas- 
ka, situated  about  lat.  57°  30'  N.,  long.  153°  W. 
Length,  about  90  aailes.  The  iohabitants  are 
Eskimos. 

KadiJah  (ka-de'ja).    The  wife  of  Mohammed. 

Kadikoi  (kad-i-ko4),  or  Kadikeui  (-ku'f).  A 
town  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  opposite  Constanti- 
nople :  the  ancient  Chaleedon. 

Kado  Hadacho  (ka'do  ha-da'ehd),  or  Caddo-  < 
QUes,  or  Cadodaquioux.    The  leading  tribe  of 
the  (Jaddo  Confederacy  of  North  American  In- 
dians.   See  Caddo. 

Kadom  (ka-dom').  A  town  in  the  government 
of  TambofE,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Moksha 
about  125  miles  southwest  of  Nijni  Novgorod. 
Population  (1885-89),  7,258. 

Kadur,  or  Cadoor  (ka-dor').  A  district  in  My- 
sore, India,  intersected  by  lat.  13°  30'  N.,  long. 
76°  E.  Area,  2,635  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  330,063. 

Kaempfer.    See  Kampfer. 

Kaf  (kaf).  In  Oriental  legend,  a  range  of  hills 
encircling  the  earth,  the  chief  abode  of  the 
iinns. 

Kaffa.    See  Feodosia. 

KafEa  (kaf 'fa) ,  or  Gomara  (go  'ma-ra) .  A  region 
in  eastern  Africa,  about  lat.  6°-8°  N.,  long.  35°- 
38°  E.  It  is  on  the  border  line  of  the  British 
and  Italian  spheres  of  influence  in  East  Africa. 

KafSr,  or  Kafir,  or  Caffre  (kaf 'er).  [Ar., ' un- 
believer,' '  infidel.']  A  name  given  by  the  Arabs 
of  East  Africa  to  all  pagan  .African  natives, 
and  adopted  by  the  Portuguese,  Dutch,  and 
English  of  South  and  East  Africa.  In  English  the 
word  has  been  used  to  signify  (a)  the  KafBrs  proper,  con- 
sisting of  the  Xosa,  Pondo,  and  Tembu  tribes ;  (6)  the  Zu- 
lus and  the  Kaffirs  proper  taken  collectively,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  Bechuana,  Hottentots,  and  other  South 
African  natives ;  (c)  the  Bantu  family,  or  all  negroes  south 
of  the  equator. 

Kaffraria  (kaf-frS'ri-a).  The  country  of  the 
Kaffirs,  in  South  Africa,  it  is  not  an  administrative 
term,  though  Transkei  in  Cape  Colony  is  sometimes  known 
as  Kaffraria  proper,  and  a  region  in  the  southeastern  part 
of  Cape  Colony  was  formerly  known  as  British  Kaffraria. 
Kaffirs  are  found  in  Natal  and  neighboring  regions,  as  well 
as  in  Cape  Colony.  The  Kaffirs  have  been  repeatedly  at 
war  with  the  British,  especially  in  1819, 1834-35, 1846-48, 
1850-62,  and  1877. 

Kafiristan  (ka-fe-ris-tan').  A  mountainous  re- 
gion in  central  Asia,  on  the  border  of  Afghan- 
istan and  the  British  sphere  of  influence.  Its  ap- 
proximate boundaries  are  the  Hindu-Kush  Mountains  on 
the  north,  and  the  rivers  Panjshir  and  Kanar.  The  in- 
habitants (estimated  at  about  200,000)  are  various  related 
heathen  tribes. 

Eagoshima  (ka-go-she'ma),  or  Kagosima  (ka- 

fo-se'ma).  A  seaport  in  the  island  of  Kiusiu, 
apan,  situated  in  lat.  31°  32'  N.,  long.  130°  30' 
E.  It  is  a  very  old  city,  the  "seat  of  the  manufacture  of 
the  celebrated  Satsuma  crackled  faience."  It  was  bom- 
barded by  the  British  in  1863.    Population  (1891),  66,643. 

Kahlenberg,  or  Kalenberg  (ka'len-bera).  A 
spur  of  the  Noric  Alps,  in  Lower  Austria  near 
Vienna,  it  is  now  ascended  by  a  mountain  railway. 
Near  this  locality  lived,  in  the  14th  century,  the  tale-writer 
"Pfafle  von  Kahlenberg"  ("Parson  of  Kahlenberg"). 
Height,  1,436  feet. 

KahnisCka'nis),  Karl  Friedrich August.  Born 
at  Greiz,  Germany,  Deo.  22, 1814:  diedatLeip- 
sic,  June  20, 1888.  A  German  Protestant  theo- 
logian. Among  his  works  are  "Der  innere  Gang  des 
deutschen  Protestantismus "  (1854),  "lutherische  Dog- 
matik"  (1861). 

Kahoda  (ka-ho'da).  A  learned  Brahman,  father 
of  Ashtavakra  (which  see). 

Kai  (ki),  pi.  Kayan  (ke-yan').  [Kindred  with 
Skt.  Team,  wise,  a  sage,  poet;  Avestan  havan, 
havya,  Team,  king.]  A  Persian  word,  meaning 
'  king,'  and  especially  a  great  king,  prefixed  to 


Eai 

the  names  of  four  old  Iranian  kings,  Kawus, 
Khusrau,  Qubad,  and  Luhrasp,  to  ■whicti  some 
add  Gayumart  (also  spelled  Kayumarth). 

Kaietur  (ka-e-tor')  Fall.  A  cataract  of  British 
Guiana,  on  the  Potaro,  a  western  branch  of  the 
Essequibo.  It  was  discovered  by  C.  B.  Brown 
in  1870,  and  is  822  feet  high  and  370  feet  broad. 

Kaifeng  (M-feng'),  or  Kai-fung  (M-fung'). 
The  capital  of  the  province  of  Honan,  China, 
situated  near  the  Hwang-ho  about  lat.  34° 
52'  N.,  long.  114°  35'  E.  Population,  about 
100,000. 

Eaigani  (ki-gS'ne) .  A  division  of  the  SMttage- 
tan  stock  of  North  American  Indians.  They  have 
seven  occupied  and  three  abandoned  villages,  all  on  For- 
ester and  Prince  ot  Wales  islands  oS  the  west  coast  of 
British  America.  The  number  on  Prince  of  Wales  Island 
is  788.    See  ^cUtagetan. 

Eaikawns  (ki-ka-w6s').  In  the  Shahnamah, 
the  twelfth  Iranian  king,  son  of  Kaiqubad, 
reigning  150  years,  a  dev  or  demon,  disguised  as  a 
singer,  sings  before  the  king  the  beauties  of  Mazandaran, 
whence  he  resolves  to  conquer  the  country.  Kaikawus 
succeeds  with  the  aid  of  Eustam,  who  has  his  seven  adven- 
tures during  this  war.  (See  RiLStam.')  The  Mng  next  in- 
vades Hamavaran,  the  king  of  which  yields  to  him  and  gives 
him  his  daughter  Saudabah  in  marriage.  The  king  of 
Hamavaran,  however,  treacherously  seizes  Kawus  and  im- 
prisons him,  during  which  time  Afrasyab  attacks  Iran. 
Kustam  defeats  the  three  hostile  kings  and  delivers  Ka- 
wus. The  war  with  Afrasyab  lasts  during  the  whole  reign. 
The  history  of  Kaikawus  contains,  besides  the  account  of 
Kustam's  seven  adventures,  that  of  Suhrab  and  that  of 
Syawaush.  (See  Suhrab,  Syawaush.)  In  his  pride  Kaika- 
wus sought  to  fly  to  the  heavens,  and  harnessed  to  his  throne 
four  eagles.  Wearied,  they  descended  and  threw  the  king 
on  the  ground  near  Amol.  He  escaped  with  his  life,  and, 
pardoned  by  God  for  his  arrogance,  ruled  on.  The  name 
is  the  Kaoaes  of  the  Byzantine  historians. 

Eaikesn  (ki-ka'ye).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a 
princess  of  Kaikeya,  wife  of  King  Dasharatha 
and  mother  of  his  third  son,  Bharata.  Carefully 
tending  Dasharatha  when  wounded,  she  induced  him  to 
promise  any  two  favors.  She  used  this  promise  to  procure 
the  exile  of  Rama  and  the  promotion  of  Bharata. 

Kaikhusrau  (present  Pers.  pron.  ki-khus-rou' ; 
earlier ki-khos-rou').  [SeeKai.  KImsrauisthe 
Skt.  sushravas,  Avestan  husravanh  (nom.  husra- 
va),  famous,  Gr.  'Oaparjg  and  Chosroes.']  In  the 
Shahnamah,  the  thirteenth  Iranian  king.  He 
reigned  60  years.  He  was  the  son  of  Syawaush  and  Faran- 
gis,  daughter  of  Afrasyab.  After  the  murder  of  Syawaush 
by  Gurwi,  Afrasyab  was  about  to  slay  Farangis,  that  none 
of  the  offspring  of  Iraj  might  live ;  but  Piran  Wisah  per- 
suaded the  king  to  put  her  in  his  care.  Piran  saved  her 
child  when  born,  and  had  him  brought  up  by  shepherds. 
Afrasyab,  frightened  by  a  dream  in  which  the  son  of  Sya- 
waush destroyed  him,  summoned  Piran,  who  allayed  the 
fears  of  Afrasyab  by  representing  the  boy  as  an  idiot.  When 
he  warred  with  Kaikawus,  Afrasyab  sent  Farangis  and 
Khusrau  to  a  remote  place,  but  Giv  found  them  and  brought 
them  to  Kaikawus,  who  appointed  Khusrau  his  successor. 
Khusrau  continued  the  war,  and  slew  Afrasyab.  The 
name  Eaikhusrau  is  identified  with  that  of  the  elder  Cyrus, 
with  the  legends  of  whom  as  told  by  the  Greeks  there  are 
accordances. 

Eailasa  (M-lS'sa).  A  mountain  in  the  Hima- 
laya, north  of  IJ'ake  Manasa.  Shiva's  paradise 
and  Kuvera's  abode  are  said  to  be  on  Eailasa. 

Kaiqubad  (earlier  Pers.  pron.  M-ko-bM';  pres- 
ent Pers.  pron.  M-ko-bM' ) .  In  the  Shahnamah, 
the  eleventh  Iranian  king,  a  descendant  of  Fari- 
dun,  brought  by  Eustam  from  Mount  Alburz  at 
the  bidding  of  Zal  after  the  death  of  Garshasp. 
He  reigned  100  years,  building  cities  after  Kustam,  de- 
feating Afrasyab,  compelled  Pashang  to  sue  for  peace.  He 
left  four  sons,  the  eldest  being  Kaikawus.    See  Qv^ad. 

Eaira  (M'ra).  1.  A  district  in  the  governor- 
ship of  Bombay,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat. 22° 40' N.,long. 72° 50' E.  Area,l,609  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  871,589.— 2.  The  capi- 
tal of  the  district  of  Kaira,  about  lat.  22°  45'  N., 
long.  72°  38'  E.    Population  (1891),  10,101. 

Kairwan  ([Mr-wan'),  or  BLirwan  (ker-wan' ).  A 
city  87  miles  south  of  Tunis,  it  is  a  holy  Moham- 
medan city,  founded  about  670.  The  Djamaat  es-Sehebi, 
or  Mosque  of  the  Companion  of  the  Prophet,  is  the  chief 
sanctuary  of  the  city.  Within  the  usual  inclosing  wall 
there  are  four  beautiful  arcaded  courts,  domed  vestibules, 
the  mosque  proper,  and  the  Shrine  of  the  Companion,  Ab- 
dullah ibn-Zemaa  el-Beloui,  a  small  domed  structure  with 
ornament  of  heterogeneous  character  and  date.  The  re- 
mainder of  the  monument  abounds  with  the  richest  Arabic 
decoration  in  plaster- work,  inlaid  tiles,  elaborate  carpentry, 
and  color.  The  square  minaret  is  incrusted  with  tiles,  and 
has  an  AJimez  window  in  each  face  at  the  top.  The  great 
mosque  of  Sidi  Akbar  is  a  venerable  monument  occupying 
the  northern  comer  of  the  city.  In  plan  it  is  a  rectangle 
which  is  divided  into  three  parts,  the  place  of  worship 
proper,  the  vestibule,  and  the  cloistered  court  in  which 
stands  the  minaret.  The  mosque  proper  consists  ot  17 
aisles  of  8  arches  springing  from  coupled  columns  of  mar- 
ble and  porphyry.  These  columns  number  296,  and  in  the 
entire  building  there  are  439,  all  taken  from  old  Roman 
and  Christian  monuments.  The  mihrab  and  mimbar  are 
beautifully  ornamented.  There  is  a  central  dome,  which 
rests  on  porphyry  columns  about  42  feet  high.  The  court 
is  surrounded  by  a  double  arcade  with  coupled  columns. 
Population,  estimated,  about  15,000.  Also  Kairoan,  Ke- 
rowm,  etc. 

Kais.    See  Kenn. 


558 

Eaisariyeh.    See  Cxsarea. 

Eaiserhaus.    See  Goslar. 

Kaisersaal  (H'zer-sal).     See  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

Kaijierslautern  (Id'zers-lou-tem).  A  city  in  the 
EhinePalatinate,Bavaria,situatedontheLauter 
32  miles  west  of  Mannheim,  it  has  manufactures  of 
iron,  beer,  etc ,  and  an  important  fruit-market.  It  was  the 
residence  of  Frederick  Barbarossa.  Here,  November  28- 
30, 1793,  the  Duke  of  Brunswick  defeated  the  French  under 
Hoche,  and  May  23, 1794,  the  Prussians  under  MSllendori 
again  defeated  the  French.    Population  (1895),  40,828. 

Eaiserswerth  (ki'zers-vert).  A  town  in  the 
Ehine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ehine 
27  miles  north-northwest  of  Cologne,  itis  theseat 
of  a  training-school  for  Protestant  deaconesses,  founded  by 
Fliednerjand  has  a  noted  medieval  church. 

Kaiser  wilhelm  (ki'zer  vil'helm)  Canal.  A 
ship-canal  connecting  the  harbor  of  Kiel  with 
the  mouth  of  the  Elbe  near  Brunsbiittel.  The 
canal  was  begun  June  3, 1887,  and  opened  for  traffic  June 
19, 18S6.  Its  breadth  at  the  bottom  is  72  feet,  and  at  the 
surface  213  feet ;  depth,  29  feet  6  inches.  The  cost  of  con- 
struction was  estimated  at  about  139,000,000. 

Kaiser  Wilhelm  Islands.  A  small  group  of 
islands  in  the  Antarctic  Ocean,  belonging  to 
Graham  Land. 

Kaiser  Wilhelm  Land.  A  German  protector- 
ate (from  1884)  in  the  northeast  of  New  Guinea. 
Area,  estimated,  about  72,000  square  miles. 
Population,  estimated,  110,000. 

Kaithal.    See  Kythul. 

Kaiyuh-Khotana  (Id'yo-cho-ta'na).  A  confed- 
eracy of  several  tribes  of  the  northern  division 
of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  American  In- 
dians, dwelling  on  the  plains  of  the  Yukon  and 
Kuskokwim  rivers,  in  the  interior  of  Alaska. 
See  Athapascan. 

Kakongo  (ka-kong'go).    See  Kongo  Nation. 

Kaku  (ka-ko'),  or  Kakui  (ka-ke-e').  In  the 
Shahnamah,  a  grandson  of  Zohak,  who  allied 
himself  with  Salm  in  the  war  of  Paridun  and 
Minuchihr  against  Salm  and  Tur,  and  was  slain 
by  Minuchihr  after  a  single  combat  lasting  al- 
most a  whole  day. 

Kalabagh  (ka-ia-bag').  A  town  in  Bannu  dis- 
trict, Panjab,  British  India,  situated  on  the  In- 
dus in  lat.  32°  58'  N.,  long.  71°  36'  E.  It  is  noted 
for  salt-quarries. 

Kalabar(ka-la-bar').  8eeCalabar,Efii:,£indIcbo. 

Kalafat  (ka-ia-f  at').  A  town  in  Wallachia,  Ru- 
mania, situated  on  the  Danube  opposite  Wid- 
din.  It  was  the  scene  of  encounters  between  the  Russians 
and  Turks,  resulting  in  the  retreat  of  the  former,  Jan.  6-10, 
1854.     Population,  5,372. 

Kalah.    See  Calah. 

Kalahari  (ka-la-ha're)  Desert.  Anelevatedand 
partially  desert  region  in  South  Africa,  north  of 
the  Orange  Eiver,  and  mainly  comprised  within 
the  Beehuanaland  protectorate. 

Kalah  Shergat  (ka'ia  sher-gat').  The  mound 
of  ruins  about  50  miles  south  of  Mosul,  repre- 
senting the  ancient  city  of  Assur. 

Kalakaua  (kal-a-kou'a)  I.,  David.  Bom  Nov. 
16,  1836:  died  aV  San  Traneisco,  Jan.  30,  1891. 
Kmg  of  Hawaii  1874r-91,  son  of  Kepaakea  and 
Keohokalole,  niece  of  Kamehameha  I.  He  was 
elected  Feb.  12, 1874,  to  succeed  Lunalilo.  He  was  com- 
pelled by  a  revolutionarymovementto  grant  in  1887  a  new 
constitution  imposing  important  restrictions  on  the  royal 
prerogative. 

Kalamata  (ka-la-ma'ta).  The  capital  of  Mes- 
senia,  Greece,  situated  on  the  Nedon,  near  the 
coast,  in  lat.  37°  2'  N.,  l9ng.  22°  8'  E. :  the  an- 
cient Pharse  or  Pherse.  it  was  held  by  the  Venetians 
1685-1718,  and  was  sacked  by  Ibrahim  Pasha  in  1825.  Pop- 
ulation (1889).  commune,  15,479. 

Kalamazoo  (kal"a-ma-z8').  A  city  and  the  cap- 
ital of  Kalamazoo  County,  Michigan,  situated 
on  the  Kalamazoo  Eiver  in  lat.  42°  19'  N.,  long. 
85°  34'  "W.  It  has  various  manufactures,  and 
is  the  seat  of  Kalamazoo  College.  Population 
?1900),  24,404. 

Kalamazoo  Biver.  A  river  in  Michigan,  flow- 
ing into  Lake  Michigan  41  miles  northwest  of 
Kalamazoo.    Length,  150  miles. 

Kalamita  (ka-la-me'ta)  Bay.  An  indentation 
of  the  western  coast  of  the  Crimea,  Russia. 

Kalanemi  (ka-la-na'me).  In  Hindu  mythology, 
in  the  Eamayana,  a  Eakshasa,  uncle  of  Eavana. 
At  Ravana's  request  he  tries  to  kill  Hanuman,  assuming 
the  form  of  a  hermit  devotee  and  offering  him  food.  Ha- 
numan refuses  and  goes  to  bathe.  His  foot  is  seized  by  a 
crocodile,  which  he  kills.  From  the  body  rises  a  lovely 
Apsaras,  who  had  been  cursed  to  live  as  a  crocodile  untU 
released  by  Hanuman.  She  warns  him  against  Kalanemi, 
who  is  seized  by  Hanuman  and  hurled  to  Lanka,  where  he 
falls  before  the  throne  of  Eavana. 

Kalanos  (kal'a-nos).  The  Greek  name  of  a 
Brahman  (oaUedinLatin  Calanus)  who  followed 
Alexander  the  Great  from  India,  and,  becoming 
ill,  burned  himself  alive  before  the  Macedoni- 


KaU 

ans,  three  months  before  Alexander's  deatto 
(323  B.  c),  which  he  had  predicted. 
Kalapooian  (kal-a-pS'yan).    A  linguistic  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,   embracing  the- 
Ahantehuyuk,  Atfalati,  Calapooya,  Chelamela^ 
Lakmiut,  Santiam,  Yamil,  and  Yonkala  divi- 
sions, with  their  numerous  bands,    it  formerly  oc- 
cupiedthemainand  tributary  valleys  of  Willamette  Riverp       ', 
Oregon,  above  the  falls.    The  tribes  were  large  early  in       ' 
the  century,  but  suffered  severely  from  disease  in  1824- 
182B,  and  later  from  the  depredatoiy  Klikitat.    The  rem- 
nants  of  these  tribes  are  on  Grande  Ronde  reservation, 
Oregon,  and  numbered  171  in  1890. 

Kalapopyah.    See  Calapooya. 

Kalarasn  (ka-la-rash'),  or  Kalarashi  (ka-ia- 
ra'she).  A  river  port  in  'Wallachia,  Rumania, 
situated  on  the  Danube  10  miles  northeast  of' 
Silistria.    Population  (1889-90),  8,125. 

Kalatamareno.  Same  as  Catamaretlo.  See^ 
Calcliaguis. 

Kalatch  (ka-lach').  1.  A  Cossack  settlement 
in  the  government  of  Voronezh,  Russia,  about 
lat.  50°  22'  N.,  long.  41°  7'  E.— 2.  A  trading^ 
place  in  the  province  of  the  Don  Cossacks, 
Russia,  situated  on  the  Don  about  lat.  48°  43*" 
N.,  long.  43°  30'  E. 

Kaiau  (ka'lou).  A  small  town  in  the  province' 
of  Branden'burg,  Prussia,  59  miles  south-south- 
east of  Berlin. 

Kalayavana  (ka-la-ya'va-na).  ['Black  Yava- 
na,'  'Greek,' or  'foreigner.']  AYavana,  or  for- 
eign king,  who  led  an  army  of  barbarians  to- 
Mathura  against  Krishna.  Krishna  lured  him  into- 
the  cave  ot  Muchukunda,  who  awoke  and  reduced  him  to- 
ashes  by  a  glance. 

Kalbe  (kal'be).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Saale  18  miles- 
south  by  east  of  Magdeburg.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  9,609. 

Kalckreuth  (kaik'roit).  Count  Priedrich  Adolf' 
von.  Bom  at  Sottershausen,  near  Sangerhau- 
sen,  Prussia,  Feb.  22, 1737:  died  at  Berlin,  June- 
10,1818.  APrussianfield-marshal,  distinguished, 
in  the  defense  of  Dantzio  in  1807. 

Kaldu.    See  Chaldea. 

Kalenberg,  or  Calenberg  (ka'len-bero).  A. 
former  principality  of  Germany,  now  included, 
in  the  circles  of  Hannover,  'W'ennigsen,  and 
Hameln,  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia. 

Kalergis  (ka-ler'gis),  Demetrius.    Bom  in. 
Crete  about  1803:  died  at  Athens,  April  24,     , 
1867.    A  Greek  general  and  politician.  .1 

Kalevala  (kSAe-Ya,'lsj,),  or  Kalewala  (ka-le- 
va'la).  IKaleva,  heroic;  la,  affix  sig.  'abode':; 
'abd'de'or  'land  of  heroes.']  The  national  epic- 
of  Finland.  The  elements  of  the  poem  are  ancient  pop- 
ular songs,  hitherto  orally  transmitted,  that  have  been  col- 
lected in  different  parts  of  Finnish  territory,  for  the  most- 
part  within  the  present  century.  Short  fragments  of  myth- 
ical poetry  had  been  known  hi  the  18th  century,  but  the- 
first  considerable  collection  was  published  by  Zacbariaa- 
TopeliuB  in  1822.  The  poem  owes  its  present  coherent 
form  to  Elias  Lbnnrott,  who  during  years  of  assiduous  labor- 
collected  the  material  in  Finland  proper,  but  principally  iiL 
Russian  Karelia  eastward  to  the  White  Sea.  lonnrott'a- 
flrst  edition,  which  appeared  in  1835,  contains  12,000  verses, 
for  the  first  time  systematically  arranged  as  a  connected^  | 
whole.  In  1849  appeared  a  second  edition,  containing  nearly  ! 
23,000  verses,  which  is  the  present  form  of  the  poem.  Tha- 
Kalevala  is  -written  in  eight-syllabled  trochaic  verse,  "with 
alliteration,  but  without  rime.  The  whole  is  divided  into- 
50  cantos  or  runes.  Its  subject-matter  is  mythical,  with  a. 
few  Christian  elements.  Its  central  hero  is'W'ainamoinent 
the  god  of  poetry  and  music.  It  is  the  prototype,  in  form, 
and  contents,  of  Longfellow's  "Hiawatha." 

Kalgan  (kal-gan').  A  city  in  the  province  of 
Chihli,  China,  situated  on  the  line  of  the  Greats 
■WaU,  120  mUes  northwest  of  Peking.  It  has. 
important  transit  trade,  especially  in  tea.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  70,000. 

Kalgneff.    See  Kolgueff. 

Kalnana  (kal'ha-na).  [Skt.]  The  name  of  tha- 
author  of  the  Eaja'tarangini,  a  history  of  Kash- 
mir, supposed  to  have  lived  about  1148. 

Kali  (ka^).  In  Sanskrit,  a  name  of  the  die  or  . 
side  of  the  die  which  is  marked  by  one  point : 
personified  as  an  evil  genius  in  the  poem  of 
Nala.  Finding  that  Damayanti  had  chosen  Nala,  Kali, 
enraged,  entered  into  him,  and  caused  him  to  be  worsted  by 
his  brother  Pushkara  in  the  game  ot  dice  in  which  Nala. 
lost  his  kingdom,  his  wife,  and  even  his  raiment,  and  in. 
consequence  of  which  he  became  an  exile. 

Kali  (ka'le).  [In  the  "Vedas  Agni  has  seven 
flickering  tongues  for  devouring  oblations:  ot 
these  KaU  is  the  black  or  terrible  tongue. 
The  word  came  to  have  the  following  meaning.] 
In  Hindu  mythology,  the  bloody  consort  of 
Shiva.  (Calcutta  is  Kalighatta,  the  ghat  or  landing- 
place  of  Kali.)  In  her  images  the  body  is  black,  or  dark- 
blue,  the  insides  of  the  hands  red.  Her  disheveled  hair 
reaches  to  her  feet.  She  has  a  necklace  of  human  heads- 
and  a  cincture  of  blood-stained  hands,  while  she  stands  on 
the  body  of  Shiva.  Her  tongue  protrudes  from  her  mouth, 
which  is  marked  with  blood.    Bloody  sacrifices  are  mada 


Kali 

to  her.  She  has  a  celebrated  temple  at  Ealighat,  near  Cal- 
cutta, which  during  her  festivals  swims  with  blood.  She 
permniSes  destroying  Time. 
Ealidasa  (ka-U-dil'sa).  The  greatest  poet  and 
dramatist  of  India.  Ail  that  is  related  of  his  personal 
history  is  that  he  lived  at  UJjaylni  or  Oujein,  and  that  he 
was  one  of  the  9  gems  of  the  court  of  Vikramadltya ;  but 
since  there  have  been  several  kings  of  that  name  at  Ujja- 
yini,  his  date  remains  uncertain.  Wilson  believed  this  Vi- 
kramadltya to  be  the  one  whose  era  begins  56  B.  o.  Bhau 
Daji  identifies  him  with  Harsha  Vikramadltya  of  the  mid- 
dle of  the  6th  century.  Monier- Williams  gives  the  begin- 
ning of  the  3d  century  as  the  date  of  Kalidasa ;  Lassen, 
the  middle  of  the  2d ;  Kern,  the  first  half  of  the  6th  ;  Ja^ 
cobi,  the  middle  of  the  4th ;  Shankar  Pandit,  a  time  prior 
to  the  middle  of  the  3th ;  and  the  southern  Buddhists,  the 
6th.  Weber  assigns  the  composition  of  Ealidasa's  three 
dramas  to  a  period  from  the  2d  to  the  4th  century  of  our 
era — the  period  of  the  Gupta  princes,  whose  reigns  corre- 
spond best  to  the  legendary  tradition  of  the  glory  of  Vi- 
krama.  Kalldasa  is  the  undisputed  author  of  the  two 
dramas  Shakuntala  and  Yikramorvaahi,  and  WeDer  and 
Shankar  Pandit  have  submitted  strong  grounds  for  ascrib- 
ing to  him  also  the  Malavikagnimitra.  The  Kaghuvansha, 
Kumarasambhava,  Meghaduta,  Kitusanhara,  Kalodaya,  and 
Shrutabodha  have  also  all  been  ascribed  to  him  with  va- 
rying degrees  of  improbability.  He  is  known  to  Euro- 
peans especially  through  the  drama  of  Shakuntala,  which, 
when  first  translated  by  Sir  William  Jones  in  1789,  pro- 
duced such  a  sensation  that  the  early  success  of  Sanskrit 
studies  in  England  and  Germany  may  be  ascribed  to  this 
masterpiece.  He  is  characterized  by  consummate  tact  in 
the  use  of  language,  delicacy  of  sentiment,  and  fertility  of 
imagination.    See  the  several  names. 

Ealika  (ka'li-ka).    The  goddess  Kali. 

Ealikapurana  (ka''li-ka-p6-ra'na).  In  Sanskrit 
literature,  one  of  eighteen  Upapiu-anas,  or  sec- 
ondary Puranas,  containing  about  9, 000  stanzas, 
the  object  of  which  is  to  recommend  the  worship 
of  Kali,  the  wife  of  Shiva,  in  one  or  other  of  her 
forms.  It  belongs  to  the  Shakta  form  of  Hindu  belief,  or 
the  worship  of  thef  emale  powers  of  the  deities.  A  remark- 
able feature  of  the  work  is  the  description  of  a  number  of 
rivers  and  mountains  in  Assam,  suggesting  to  Wilson  the 
possible  Assamese  origin,  or  origin  in  northeastern  Bengal, 
of  the  Tantrika  and  Shakta  corruptions  of  the  earlier  Hindu 
religion. 

Ealilag  and  Damnag  (ka-le'lag  and  dam'nag). 
The  name  of  the  Syriae  version  of  the  original 
of  the  Panchatantra,  and  an  important  link  in 
the  genealogy  of  Indo-European  folk-lore.  That 
original,  a  Buddhist  Sanskrit  work  in  13  chapters  treating 
of  the  conduct  of  princes,  and  inculcating  its  doctrines  in 
the  form  of  beast-fables,  was  translated  from  Sanskrit  into 
Fablavlby'a  Persian  physician  named  Barzoi  at  the  com- 
mand of  KhusrauKushlrvan  (531-579  A.D.).  From  the  Pah- 
lavi  version,  now  lost,  was  translated,  about  570  A.  D.,  the 
older  Syriae  version,  called  after  the  two  jackals,  Eara- 
taka  and  Damanaka,  who  figured  in  the  introduction  to  the 
Sanskrit  original.  A  notice  of  this  Syriae  version  had  been 
preserved  in  a  catalogue  of  Syrjao  writings  made  by  Ebed- 
jesns,who  died  in  1318,  and  published  by  Assemani  at  Borne 
in  1726.  A  Chaldean  bishop,  Georgius  Ebed-jesus  Khay- 
yath,  on  his  way  to  the  ecumenical  council  in  1870,  stum- 
bled upon  a  manuscript  of  this  version  in  the  episcopal 
library  at  Mardin.  Through  the  mediation  of  the  Italian 
scholar  Guldi,  and  a  wonderful  combination  of  accidents 
and  efforts,  "the  lost  manuscript"  was  made  known  to 
Europe,  and  at  last  published  and  translated  by  Bickell 
(Leipsic,  1876).  Blckell's  work  contains  an  important  in- 
troduction by  Benf ey  resuming  the  results  (already  pub- 
lished in  his  Pantschatantra)  of  his  studies  in  the  history 
of  fable. 

Ealilah  and  Diiunah  (ka-le'ia  and  dim'na),  or 
Fables  of  Pilpay  (pil'pa).  "fhe  name  of  the 
Arabic  translation  of  the  Pahlavi  translation 
of  the  Sanskrit  original  of  the  Panchatantra. 
It  was  made  by  Abdallah  ibn  al-Moqafla,  a  Persian  convert 
to  Islam,  who  lived  under  the  calif  Al-Mansur  and  died 
about  760.  The  Arabic  was  published  by  De  Sacy  in  1816, 
and  an  English  translation  by  KnatchbuU  (Oxford,  1819). 
Ealilaii  and  Dimnah  is  also  the  name  of  the  later  Syriae 
version  made  in  the  10th  or  11th  century,  edited  by  Wright 
and  translated  by  Keith-Falconer  (Cambridge,  1885). 
Keith-Falconer's  introduction  is  a  clear  and  full  account 
of  the  history  of  Indo-European  fable.  See  Kalilag  atid 
Damnag,  and  Pilpay. 
Ealinga  (ka-lin'ga).  An  ancient  kingdom  of 
India,  which  extended  along  the  eastern  coast 
northward  from  the  vicinity  of  Madras,  and 
sometimes  included  Orissa. 
Kalingapatam,  or  Oalingapatam  (ka-ling"ga- 
pa-tam').  A  small  seaport  in  Ganjam  district, 
Madras,  British  India,  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Vangsedhara  in  lat.  18°  21'  N. ,  long.  84°  7'  B. 
Ealir  (ka'ler),  EleazarBirrabi.  Lived  proba- 
bly in  the  9th  century  in  Palestine.  The  most 
celebrated  and  productive  writer  of  the  syna- 
gogal  poetry,  ovpiut.  About  200  of  his  poems  (ptutim) 
are  extant.  His  subjects  are  mostly  taken  from  the  Tal- 
mud. His  style  is  terse  and  perspicuous,  bold  in  the  for- 
mation of  new  words  and  phrases,  and  often  artificial  by 
reason  of  Involved  versification,  rimes,  and  acrostics, 
Kalisch(ka'lish),  David.  Bom  atBreslau,Prus- 
sia,  Feb.  23, 1820:  died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  21, 1872. 
A  German  humorist,  of  Hebrew  descent,  founder 
of  the  comic  journal  "  Kladderadatsch  "  (Ber- 
lin, 1848),  and  author  of  numerous  farces. 
Kalisch,  Marcus.  Bom  at  Treptow,  Prussia, 
May  16, 1828 :  died  at  Kowsley,  Derbyshire,  Eng- 
land, Aug.  23, 1885.  A  German  biblical  critic. 
Kailsh,  Pol.  Ealisz  (ka'lish).   1 .  A  government 


559 

of  Russian  Poland,  bordering  on  Prussia.  Area, 
4,392  square  miles.  Population,837,317.— 2.  The 
capital  of  the  government  of  Kalish,  Russian 
Poland,  situated  on  the  Prosna  in  lat.  51°  46'  N. , 
long,  18°  10'  E. :  the  ancient  Kalisia.  Here,  Oct. 
29, 1706,  the  Eussian  and  Polish  forces  defeated  the  Swedes ; 
and  here  an  offensive  and  defensive  alliance  between  Kus- 
sia  and  Prussia  was  concluded  Feb.  28, 1813.  Population 
(1890),  20,060. 

Ealitvenskaya  (ka-let-vens'ka-ya).  A  camp  in 
the  province  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  Russia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Donetz  about  81  miles  northeast  of 
Novotcherkask. 

Ealiya  (ka'li-ya).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  five- 
headed  serpent-king  dwelling  in  the  Yamuna. 
His  mouths  vomited  fire.  Krishna,  when  a  child,  jumped 
into  his  pool,  audwa^  seized  by  Ealiya  and  his  attendants. 
Placing  his  foot  on  the  middle  head  of  Ealiya,  Erishna 
reduced  him  to  submission,  and  compelled  him  to  remove 
to  the  ocean. 

Ealiyuga  (ka-li-yo'ga).  In  Sanskrit,  the  name 
of  the  last  and  worst  "of  the  four  yugas  or  ages ; 
the  iron  age.  Their  names,  Kritayuga,  Tretayuga, 
Dvaparayuga,  and  Kaliyuga,  come  from  the  marks  on  dice, 
four  being  reckoned  as  best,  and  one  as  worst.  (See  Eali.) 
The  Kali,  or  fourth  age,  contains  1,200  years  of  the  gods,  or 
432,000  years  of  men,  and  began  Feb.  IS,  3102  B.  0.  When 
it  ends,  the  world  is  to  be  destroyed. 

Ealk  (kalk) .  A  manufacturing  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  opposite  Cologne.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  13,555. 

Kalkbrenner  (kalk'bren-ner),  Friedrich  Wil- 
helm.  Bom  at  Cassel,  1784 :  died  at  Enghien, 
near  Paris,  June  11,  1849.  A  German  pianist 
and  composer  for  the  piano. 

Ealki  (kal'ki).  Aname  of  Vishnu  in  his  future 
character  of  destroyer  of  the  wicked  and  liber- 
ator of  the  world  from  its  enemies.  This  wiU  be 
the  tenth  and  last  avatar  or  incarnation  of  Vishnu,  and 
will  take  place  at  the  end  of  the  fourth  and  last  age,  the 
Ealiyuga. 

Eallapuya.    See  Calapooya. 

Eallimachos.    See  CalUmaehus. 

Ealli-Nuddi  (kal'le-nud'de).  Ariver  in  British 
India,  flowing  into  the  Ganges  47  miles  north- 
west of  Cawnpore. 

Eallundborg  (kal'lond-bora).  A  town  on  the 
western  coast  of  the  island  of  Zealand,  Den- 
mark. 

Ealm  (l»lm),  Peter.  Bom  in  Finland,  1715 : 
died  at  Abo,  Finland,  Nov.  16, 1779.  A  Swedish 
botanist.  He  published  "  En  resa  til  Norra 
Amerika  "  ( "  A  Journey  to  North  America,"  1753- 
1761),  etc. 

Ealmar,  or  Calmar  (kal'mar).  1.  A  maritime 
laen  of  southeastern  Sweden,  including  the  isl- 
and of  Oland.  Area,  4,435  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1894),  228,577.-2.  A  seaport  and  the  cap- 
ital of  the  laen  of  Ealmar,  situated  on  an  island 
in  Kalmar  Sound,  in  lat.  56°.  40'  N.,  long.  16° 
22'  E.,  opposite  the  island  of  Oland.  it  has  a  ca- 
thedral and  an  ancient  castle,  and  is  an  important  trading 
port.  A  union  of  the  kingdoms  of  Sweden,  Norway,  and 
Denmark  was  concluded  here  July  20, 1397.  Population 
(1893),  11,872. 

Ealmar  Sound.  A  sea  passage  separating  the 
island  of  Oland  from  the  mainland  of  Sweden. 

Ealmastaapada  (kal-mS-sha-pa'da).  In  Hindu 
mythology,  a  king  of  the  solar  race,  son  of  Su- 
dasa,  and  a  descendant  of  Ikshvafcu.  The  Maha- 
bharata  describes  him  as  encountering,  when  hunting, 
Shaktri,  Vasishtha's  eldest  son,  whom  he  struck  with  his 
whip.  The  incensed  Vasishtha  cursed  him  so  that  he  be- 
came a  cannibal.  After  twelve  years  he  was  restored  by 
Tasislitha.  The  Vishnupurana  varies  and  amplifies  the 
legend. 

EalmuckS,  or  CalmUCkS  (kal'muks).  Abraneh 
of  the  Mongolian  family  of  peoples,  divided  into 
four  tribes,  and  dwelling  in  the  Chinese  empire, 
western  Siberia,  and  southeastern  Russia.  They 
were  nomads,  adherents  of  a  form  of  Buddhism,  and  num- 
ber over  200,000. 

Ealna  (kal'na),  or  Culna  (kul'na).  A  town  in 
Bardwan  district,  Bengal,  British'tndia,  situated 
on  the  Bhagirathi  47  miles  north  of  Calcutta. 

Ealnoky  (kal'no-ki),  Count  Gustav.  Born  at 
Lettowitz,  Moravia,  Deo .  29, 1832 :  died  at  Briinn, 
Austria,  Feb.  13, 1898.  An  Austrian  statesman 
and  diplomatist.  He  was  appointed  minister  at  Copen- 
hagen in  1874,  and  ambassador  at  St.  Petersburg  in  1880, 
and  was  made  minister  of  foreign  affairs  from  1881  to  1895. 

Ealocsa  (ko'loeh-o).  A  cathedral  city  in  the 
coimty  of  Pest-Pilis-S61t  and  Little  Cumania, 
Himgary,  situated  near  the  Danube  67  miles 
south  of  Budapest.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  Ro- 
man Catholic  archbishop.  Population  (1890), 
18,176. 

Ealo-Johannes.    See  Calo-Joarmes. 

Ealpa  (kal'pa).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  day  of 
BraJima,  consisting  of  1,000  yugas,  or  432,000,- 
000  years.  A  month  of  Brahma  contains  SO  kalpas,  12 
months  constitute  his  year,  and  100  years  his  life.  We  are 
now  in  the  Blst  of  his  years.  The  word  also' means  'man- 
ner of  acting,'  practice  prescribed  by  the  Vedas. 


Eamcbi 

Ealpasutras  (kal-pa-s6'traz).  In  Vedic  litera- 
ture, the  works  which  describe  the  ceremonial 
necessary  in  a  Vedie  saeriiice,  expressed  in  short 
technical  rules  (sutras) ;  among  the  Jainas,  tho 
name  of  their  most  sacred  book,  it  gives  the  his- 
tory of  Mahavira,  the  last  of  the  24  deified  saints  or  Tirthan- 
karas,  and  that  of  four  others.  Its  author  was  Bhadra  Bahu, 
who  composed  it,  according  to  Stevenson,  411  a.  d.,  while 
another  authority  makes  its  date  632  A.  n.  The  Jainas  de- 
vote to  the  Kalpasutras  five  of  the  eight  days  given  in  the 
middle  of  the  rains  to  reading  their  scriptures. 

Ealpeny  (kal'pe-ni).  [A  Hiadu  name  of  un- 
certain meaning.]  The  third-magnitude  star 
§  Aquarii,  more  commonly  known  as  Sadalsund. 

Ealpi  (kal'pe),  or  Culpee  (kul'pe).  A  town  in 
Jalaun  district.  Northwest  Provinces,  British. 
India,  situated  on  the  Jumna  45  miles  southwest 
of  Cawnpore.  The  Indian  rebels  were  defeated 
here  by  Sir  Hugh  Rose,  May,  1858.  Population 
(1891),  12,713. 

Ealuga  (ka-lb'ga).  1.  A  government  of  Rus- 
sia, surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Moscow, 
Tula,  Orel,  and  Smolensk.  It  has  flourishing 
manufactures.  Area,ll,942  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 1,242,900.-2.  The  capital  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Ealuga,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Yatehenka  with  the  Oka,  in  lat.  54°  31'  N., 
long.  36°  16'  E.  It  has  flourishing  manufactures 
and  trade.    Population  (1892),  42,971. 

Eaiusz  (kal'losh).  A  town  in  Galieia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Lomnicza  58  miles 
south  by  east  of  Lemberg.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  7,526. 

Ealvaria  (kal-va're-a).  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  SuvalM,  Russian  Poland,  situated 
on  the  Shelupa  84  miles  west-southwest  of  Vil- 
na.     Population  (1890),  10,087. 

Ealw,  or  Calw  (kalv).  A  town  in  the  Black 
Forest  district  of  "Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the 
Nagold  23  miles  west  of  Stuttgart.  It  was  for- 
merly the  chief  town  of  a  countship  of  Ealw. 
Population  (1890),  4,522. 

Eama  (ka'ma).  [Skt.,  'wish,'  'desire,'  'love.'] 
The  Hindu  god  of  love.  In  the  Eigveda,  desire  is  the 
first  movement  that  arose  in  the  One  after  it  had  come  into 
life  through  the  power  of  fervor  or  abstraction.  It  is  the 
bond  which  connects  entity  with  nonentity.  In  the  Tait- 
tiriyabrahmana  he  is  the  son  of  Dharma,  'justice,'  by 
Shraddha,  'faith,'  but  according  to  the  Harivansha  the  son 
of  takshmi,  'fortune.'  In  another  account  he  springs  from 
Brahma's  heart.  He  is  armed  with  a  bow  and  arrows,  the 
bow  being  of  sugar-cane,  the  bowstring  a  line  of  bees,  and 
each  of  the  five  arrows  tipped  with  a  distinct  flower,  sup- 
posed to  conquer  one  of  the  five  senses.  He  rides  on  a  par- 
rot or  sparrow,  attended  by  nymphs,  one  of  whom  bears 
his  banner  displaying  the  Makara,  or  a  fish  on  a  red  ground. 
His  wife  is  Kati  ('pleasure')  or  Priti  ('affection'),  his 
daughter  Trisha  ('thirst'  or  'desire'),  and  his  son  Ani- 
ruddha  ('the  unrestrained'). 

Eama  (ka'ma).  A  river  in  Russia,  the  largest 
tributary  of  the  Volga,  which  it  joins  42  miles 
south  of  Kazan.  Length,  about  1,050  miles; 
navigable  from  Perm  (930  miles). 

Eamadhenu  (ka-ma-d-ha'no).  [Skt.,  '  wish- 
cow.']  In  Hindu  mythology,  the  fabulous  won- 
der-cow that  gratifies  all  wishes.  Also  called 
Kamadhuh  (ka-ma-d-ho'k),  'wish-milking,'  i.  e. 
yielding.  ' 

Eamakura  (ka-ma-ko'ra).  A  place  near  Yoko- 
hama, Japan.  It  was  the  seat  of  government 
in  the  last  part  of  the  middle  ages. 

Eamandaki(ka-man'da-ki).  In  Sanskrit  litera- 
ture, the  author  of  a  certain  Nitishastra  (which 
see). 

Eamaran  (ka-ma-ran'),  or  Cameran  (kam-e- 
ran' ) .  Anisland  in  the  Red  Sea,  belonging  to  tt'e 
British,  situated  in  lat.  15°  20'  N.,  long.  42°  34'  E. 

Eamba  (kam'ba),  orWakamba  (wa-kam'ba). 
An  African  tribe  of  British  East  Africa,  dwell- 
ing north  of  Mount  Kilimanjaro  and  bordering 
on  the  Masai.  The  country  is  called  Ukamba,  the  Ian- 
guage  Kikamba.  Very  imperfectly  known,  this  tribe  and 
language  are  often  said  to  be  Bantu ;  but  their  democratic 
government,  their  nomadic  and  pastoral  habits,  and  their 
physical  traits  show  Hamitic  affinity.  In  1882  some  Wa. 
kamba  settled  in  Usagara.  The  Kikuyu  people,  northern 
neighbors  of  the  Wakaraba,  are  said  to  speak  a  mixture  of 
Kikamba  and  Kwafl,  probably  an  intermediary  dialect. 

Eambyses.    See  Cambyses. 

Eamcnatka  (kam-ohat'ka).  [F.  Kamtchailca, 
G.  Kamtschatka.']  A  large  peninsula  in  the 
Maritime  Province  of  eastern  Siberia,  it  extends 
into  the  Pacific  between  Bering  Sea  and  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk. 
It  is  traversed  by  volcanic  mountains  (highest  point,  nearly 
16,000  feet).  The  leading  people  are  the  Kamchadales,  or 
Eamchatkans,  mostly  Bussianized.  Kamchatka  was  occu- 
pied by  Bussia  in  the  end  of  the  17th  century,  and  incor- 
porated with  the  Maritime  Province  in  1855.  Population, 
about  6,600. 

Eamcbatka,  Sea  of.    See  Bering  Sea. 

Eamchi  (kam'che),  David,  known  as  Badak 
from  the  initials  of  his  name  (Rabbi  David  Kam- 
ohi).  Lived  1160-1232  in  Narbonne,  France. 
One  of  the  most  influential  Jewish  grammari- 


Kamchi 

ans,  lexicographers,  and  exegetes  of  tte  middle 
ages.  His  Hebrew  grammar  and  dictionary  "  The  Com- 
piler "  ("MicWol "),  with  its  second  part  "Roots  "  (" Shora- 
shim"),  and  liis  commentaries  on  several  books  of  the  Old 
Testament,  retain  their  value  to  the  present  time. 

Eamehamelia  (ka-ma"'ha-ma'ha  or  ka-me-ha'- 
me-ha)  L,  surnamed  "  The  Great."  Born  1753 : 
died  at  Kailua,  Hawaii,  May  8, 1819.  King  of 
the  Sandwich  Islands  1809-19,  son  of  the  chief 
Xeona.  He  became  ruler  of  the  western  part  of  Hawaii 
in  1781,  and  with  the  aid  of  Europeans  made  himself  mas- 
ter of  all  the  Sandwich  Islands  in  1809.  He  suppressed  hu- 
man sacrifice,  and  encouraged  commerce  with  Europeans, 

Kamehameha  II.  Bom  in  Hawaii,  1797 :  died 
at  London,  July  14,  1824.  King  of  the  Sand- 
wich Islands  1819-24,  son  of  Kamehameha  I. 
He  permitted  the  establishment  of  an  American  Protes- 
tant mission  in  1820.  He  and  his  wife  died  of  measles 
at  London  during  a  visit  to  George  IV. 

Kamehameha  III.  Bom  March  17, 1814 :  died 
at  Honolulu,  Dee.  15, 1854.  Kingof  the  Sand- 
wich Islands  1824-54,  brother  of  Kamehameha 
II.  whom  he  succeeded.  He  introduced  a  con- 
stitutional form  of  government  in  1840. 

Kamehameha  IV.  Bom  Feb.  9, 1834 :  died  at 
Honolulu,"  Nov.  30, 1863.  King  of  the  Sandwich 
islands  1854-63,  nephew  of  Kamehameha  IH. 
whom  he  succeeded. 

Kamehameha  V.  Bom  Dec  11, 1830 :  died  at 
Honolulu,  Dec.  11, 1872.  King  of  the  Sandwich 
Islands  1863-72,  brother  of  Kamehameha  IV. 
whom  he  succeeded.  He  proclaimed  a  new  con- 
stitution in  1864. 

Kamenets-Podolski  (ka'me-nets-po-dol'ske) . 
The  capital  of  the  government  of  Podolia,  Rus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Smotritch  in  lat.  48°  40' 
N. ,  long.  26°  35'  E.  It  was  an  ancient  Polish  for- 
tress, and  was  held  by  the  Turks  1672-99.  Popu- 
.lation  (1890),  36,630. 

Kamenskaya  (ka-men'ska-ya).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  Russia,  70  miles 
north  of  Novotcherkask. 

Kamenz  (ka'ments).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
mental district  of  Bautzen,  Saxony,  situated  on 
the  Black  Elster  22  miles  northeast  of  Dresden: 
the  birthplace  of  Lessing.  Population  (1890), 
7,749. 

Kamerun  (ka-me-ron').  A  German  colonial 
possession  in  western  Africa,  on  the  Kamerun 
River,  extending  from  the  Bight  of  Biafra  north- 
eastward to  Lake  Chad .  it  has  some  trade  in  oil  and 
ivory.  Its  chief  place  is  Kamerun,  and  it  was  made  a  pro- 
tectorate in  1884.  The  Kamerun  Mountains  reach  a  height 
of  13,000  feet.  Area,  191,130  square  miles.  Population, 
3,000,000.    Also  Cameroon. 

Kameiun  Eiver.  A  river  of  western  Africa 
which  falls  into  the  Bight  of  Biafra  about  lat. 
4°N. 

Karnes,  Lord.    See  Bome,  Henry. 

Kamienic.    See  Kamenets-Podolski, 

Kammersee.     Same  as  the  Attersee. 

Kammin,  or  Cammin  (kam-men').  A  townin 
the  province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Kammin  Bodden  and  the  Die  venow  38  miles 
north  by  east  of  Stettin.  Population  (1890), 
5,681. 

Kampanerthal.    See  Campanerthal. 

Kampen  (kam'pen).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Overyssel,  Netherlands,  situated  on  the  Yssel 
45  miles  east-northeast  of  Amsterdam.  It  was 
formerly  a  Hanseatic  town ;  has  flourishing  trade  and  man- 
ufactures ;  and  has  a  theological  school.  Its  Stadhuis,  or 
town  hall,  is  a  picturesque  building  of  the  16th  century, 
enlarged  in  1740.  The  older  facade  is  adorned  with  a  num- 
ber of  statues  in  flamboyant  niches.  Population  (1889), 
commune,  m006. 

Kampen,  Nikolaas  Oodfried  van.  Born  at 
Haarlem,  Netherlands,  May  15,  1776 :  died  at 
Amsterdam,  March  14, 1839.  A  Dutch  historian, 
professor  of  the  German  and  Dutch  languages 
and  literatures,  and  later  of  Dutch  history, 
at  Leyden.  His  works  include  "  Geschiedenis  van  de 
fransche  heerschappij  in  Europa  "  ("History  of  the  French 
Dominion  in  Europe,"  1815-25),  etc. 

Kampfer,  or  Kaempfer  (kemp'fer),  Engel- 
brecht.  Born  at  Lemgo,  Germany,  Sept.  16, 
1651 :  died  at  Lemgo,  Nov.  2,  1716.  A  German 
physician,  traveler  in  Japan,  the  East  Indies, 
and  western  and  southern  Asia:  author  of  a 
"  History  of  Japan  and  Siam"  (London,  1727). 

Kampot  (kam'pot) .  The  only  seaport  of  Cambo- 
dia, situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Siam  about  lat. 
10°  45'  N.,  long.  103°  47'  E.    Population,  3,000. 

Kampti  (kamp'te).  A  town  in  Nagpur  district, 
Central  Provinces,  British  India,  situated  in  lat. 
21°  15'  N.,  long.  79°  15'  E.  '  Population,  about 
50,000.    Also  Kamptee  or  KamtU. 

Kamrup  (kam-rop').  A  district  in  Assam,  Brit- 
ish Imfia,  intersected  by  lat.  26°  30'  N.,  long. 
91°  B.  Area,  3,660  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  634,249. 


560 

Eamthi.    See  Kampti. 

Kamyshin  (ka- me -shin').  A  town  in  the 
government  of  SaratofE,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Volga  110  miles  south-southwest'  of  Sara- 
tofE. It  has  a  flourishing  trade.  Population, 
15,015. 

Kanada  (ka-na'da).  The  reputed  founder  of 
the  Vaisneshika  school  of  Hindu  philosophy. 

Kanagawa  (ka-na-ga'wa).  A  seaport  in  Japan, 
adjoining  Yokohama.  It  was  the  place  originally  se- 
lected in  1854  as  the  treaty  port,  but  soon  gave  way  to 
Yokohama. 

Kanakas (ka-nak'az).  [Native, 'man.']  The  ab- 
original inhabitants  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 
They  are  a  Polynesian  race,  resembling  the  New  Zealand- 
ers,  but  of  lower  stature  and  lighter  frame.  They  are 
brown  in  color,  and  have  (usually)  straight  hair.  In  tem- 
perament they  are  light-hearted  and  indolent.  They  have 
adopted  Protestantism. 

Kananur  (karua-nor'),  or  Cananore,  or  Can- 
nanore  (ka-na-nor').  AseaportinMalabar dis- 
trict, Madras,"  British  India,  situated  on  the 
Arabian  Sea  in  lat.  11°  51'  N.,  long.  75°  22'  B. 
It  was  acquired  by  the  British  in  1791,  and  is  an  important 
military  station. 

Kanara,  or  Canara  (ka'na-ra).  North.  A  dis- 
trict in  Bombay,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  15°  N.,  long.  74°  30'  E.  Area,  3,910  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  446,351. 

Kanara,  or  Canara,  South.  A  district  in  Ma- 
dras, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  13°  N., 
long.  75°  E.  Area,  3,902  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  1,056,P81. 

Kanaris,  Oonstantine.    See  Canaris. 

Kanauj  (ka-nouj').  A  city  in  Farrakhabad  dis- 
trict, NortWest  Provinces,  British  India,  lat. 
27°  2'  N.,  long.  79°  58'  E.  It  was  an  Important 
Hindu  city  early  in  the  middle  ages.  Population,  about 
17,000. 

Kanawha  Eiver.    See  Great  Kanawha. 

Kanazawa  (ka-na-za'wS).  A  town  on  the  west- 
ern coast  of  the  main  island  of  Japan,  northeast 
of  Kioto,  noted  for  its  porcelain  manufactures. 
Population  (1891),  96,666. 

Kanchinjanga.     See  Kunchinjinga. 

Kandahar,  or  Candahar  (kan-da-har'  or  kan- 
da-har').  1.  A  province  in  southern  Afghanis- 
tan.— 3.  Thechiefcityof  southern  Afghanistan, 
about  lat.  31°  42'  N.,  long.  65°  31'  E.  it  is  agreat 
commercial  center  and  an  important  strategic  point.  It  is 
said  to  have  been  founded  by  Alexander  the  Great.  It  was 
conquered  by  Mahmud  of  Ghazni,  and  successively  by 
Jenghiz,  Timur,  Baber,  Abbas,  and  Nadir  Shah.  It  was 
finally  taken  by  Ahmed  Shah  in  1747,and  was  the  capital  un- 
til 1774.  In  1839-41  it  Was  held  by  the  British  under  Raw- 
linson,  and  again  in  1879-81.  Near  it  Roberts  defeated  Ayub 
Khan,  Sept.  1, 1880.  The  British  strategic  Sibi-Pishin  rail- 
way approaches  its  neighborhood.  Population,  estimated, 
about  25,000. 

Kandarv  (ken-derv').  In  the  Shahnamah,  the 
vizir  to  whom  Zohak,  after  his  flight,  intrusted 
his  throne,  and  who  announced  to  Zohak  his  de- 
feat by  Paridun.     See  Gandarewa. 

Kandavu  (kan-da-v6').  One  of  the  Fiji  Islands, 
Pacific  Ocean,  situated  south  of  Viti  Levu. 

Kanderthal  (kan'der-tal).  A  valley  in  the  Ber- 
nese Oberland,  Switzerland,  south  of  the  Lake 
of  Thun. 

Ka^du  (kan'do).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  sage 
beguiled  from  his  austerities  by  the  nymph 
Pramlocha,  who  was  sent  by  Indra  from  heaven 
for  this  purpose.  Kandu  lived  with  her  several  hun- 
dred years,  which  seemed  as  one  day,  but  at  length  repudi- 
ated her  and  "went to theregionof Vishnu."  Pramlocha 
bore  to  him  Marisha. 

Kandy,  or  Candy  (kan'de).  A  town  in  Ceylon, 
60  miles  northeast  of  Colombo.  It  contains  various 
temples  and  royal  tombs ;  was  formerly  the  capital  of  the 
native  kingdom  of  Kandy ;  and  was  finally  occupied  by  the 
British  in  1816.    Population  (1891),  20,252. 

Kane  (kan),  Elisha  Kent.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, Pe"b.  3, 1820:  died  at  Havana,  Cuba,  Feb. 
16, 1857.  An  American  physician,  scientist,  trav- 
eler, and  Arctic  explorer.  He  traveled  extensively  in 
South  America,  Europe,  and  the  East ;  accompanied  the 
first  Grinnell  expedition  to  the  Arctic  regions,  1850-51,  in 
search  of  Sir  John  Franklin ;  and  commanded  the  second 
Grinnell  expedition,  1853-65.  He  wrote  "  The  U.  S.  Grin- 
nell Expedition"  (1854),  and  "The  Second  Grinnell  Expe- 
dition "  (1866).  He  reached  lat.  80°  66'  N.  (Cape  Constitu- 
tion :  by  some  placed  at  81'  22'  N.). 

Kanem  (ka-nem').  A  vassal  state  of  Wadai, 
Sudan,  Africa,  on  the  northern  and  eastern 
shores  of  Lake  Chad.  It  is  within  the  French 
sphere  of  influence.  Area,  about  30,000  square 
miles.     Population,  about  100,000. 

Kangaroo  (kang-ga^ro ')  Island.  An  island  off 
the  coast  of  Soutli  Australia,  about  lat.  36°  S. 
Length,  87  mUes. 

Kangra  (kan'gra).  A  district  in  the  Jalandhar 
division,  Panja'6,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  32°  N.,  long.  77°  E.  Area,  9,574  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  763,030. 


Kansas-Kebraska  Bill,  The 

Kanin  (ka-nen').  A  peninsula  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Archangel,  Russia,  projecting  into  the 
Arctic  Ocean  between  the  White  Sea  on  the 
west  and  the  Gulf  of  Tcheskaya  on  the  east. 
It  terminates  in  Cape  Kanin. 

Kanishka  (ka-nish'ka).  The  name  of  one  of 
the  three  Indo-Scythlc  kings  Hushka,  Jushka, 
and'  Kanishka,  recorded  in  the  Rajatarangini 
as  ruling  in  Kashmir.  Nothing  is  known  of  Jushka 
save  his  name  as  thus  recorded,  but  the  names  of  Hushka 
and  Kanishka  are  found  in  inscriptions  and  upon  coins. 
They  had  considerable  dominions  in  northern  India,  and 
were  zealous  Buddhists.  They  seem  to  have  reigned  just 
before  the  Christian  era  and  during  the  first  century.  Un- 
der Kanishka  the  fourth  Buddhist  council  was  held,  from 
which  arose  the  Mahayana,  'Great  Vehicle,' or  Northern 
School  of  Buddhism. 

Kanizsa  (ko'ne-sho),  Nagy,  G.  Kanischa  (ka- 
ne'sha).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Zala,  Hun- 
gary, situated  in  lat.  46°  28'  N.,  long.  17°  E. 
It  was  an  important  fortress  in  the  Turkish 
period.    Population  (1890),  20,619. 

Kanizsa,  6.  [Himg., 'old  Kanizsa.']  Atown 
in  the  county  of  Bacs-Bodrog,  Hungary,  situ- 
ated on  the  Theiss  near  Szegedin.  Population 
(1890),  15,494. 

Kanjut.    Same  as  Hunza. 

Kankakee  (kang-ka-ke').  A  city  and  the  cap- 
ital of  Kankakee  County,  Illinois,  situated  on 
Kankakee  River  54  miles  south  by  west  of  Chi- 
cago.   Population  (1900),  13,595. 

Kankakee  River.  A  river  in  northwestern 
Indiana  and  eastern  Illinois  which  unites  with 
the  Des  Plaines  in  Grundy  County,  Illinois,  to 
form  the  Illinois.    Length,  over  150  miles. 

Kanninefates.    See  Caninefates. 

Kano  (ka-no ' ) .  A  town  in  Sokoto,  Sudan  (with- 
in the  British  Niger  territories) ,  about  lat.  12°  N. , 
long.  8°  B.  It  manufactures  cloth,  shoes,  san- 
dals, etc.   Population, 35,000.   Compare  Bausa. 

Kansa  (kan'sa).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  king 
of  Mathura,  son  of  Ugrasena  and  second  cousin 
of  Krishna.  It  being  foretold  that  a  son  of  Devaki, 
Krishna's  mother,  would  destroy  him,  he  tried  to  kill  all 
her  children.  Balarama,  the  seventh,  smuggled  away  to 
Gokula,  was  brought  up  by  Rohini.  When  Krishna,  the 
eighth,  was  bom  his  parents  fied,  upon  which  the  tyrant 
ordered  a  general  massacre  of  all  vigorous  male  infants. 
Kansa  became  the  great  persecutor  of  Krishna,  but  was  at 
last  killed  by  him. 

Kansa  (kan'sa),  or  Konza,  or  Ka'w.  [Their 
own  name  is  &anze  (kan'za),  which  contains  a 
reference  to  the  wind.]  A  tribe  of  the  Dhegiha 
division  of  the  Siouan  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,  which  gave  its  name  to  the  State  of 
Kansas  and  to  the  Kansas  River.  They  are  in 
Oklahoma,  and  number  214.     See  Dhegiha. 

Kansabadha  (kan-sa-ba'd-ha).  [Skt., 'the 
slaying  of  Kansa.']  A  Sanskrit  drama  by  She- 
shakrishna,  written  about  two  centuries  ago, 
weak  in  plot  though  good  in  style.    See  Kansa. 

Kansas  (kan'zas).  [Named  from  the  Kansa  In- 
dians.] A  North  Central  State  of  the  United 
States  of  America.  Capital,  Topeka.  Itisbounded 
by  Nebraska  on  the  north,  Missouri  (separated  in  part  by  the 
Missouri  River)  on  the  east,  Indian  Territory  and  Oklaho- 
ma on  the  south,  and  Colorado  on  the  west.  It  extends 
from  lat.  37"  to  40°  N.,  and  long.  94°  40"  to  102°  W.  The  sur- 
face is  undulating,  and  the  soil  generally  fertile.  The  chief 
mineral  is  coal,  and  the  leading  industries  agriculture  and 
stock-raising.  It  has  105  counties ;  sends  2  senators  and 
8  representatives  to  Congress ;  and  has  10  electoral  votes. 
It  was  part  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase,  and  was  made  a 
Territory  in  1854.  (See  Kamas-Nebraslca  B^.)  Itwascol. 
onized  by  both  free-  and  slave-State  settlers,  and  a  bloody 
civil  war  broke  out.  The  Topeka  Constitution  prohibiting 
slavery  was  formed  in  1866,  and  the  Lecompton  Constitu- 
tion sanctioning  slaveryin  1857.  John  Brown  took  aprom- 
inent  part  as  a  partizan  antislavery  leader.  The  Wyan- 
dotte Constitution  forbidding  slavery  was  adopted  in  1859. 
Kansas  was  admitted  as  a  State  Jan.  29, 1861.  It  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  Civil  War,  and  suffered  much  from 
raids.  A  prohibitory  amendment  to  the  constitution  was 
adopted  in  1880.  Kansas  has  been  one  of  the  chief  cen- 
ters of  the  Populist  party.  Area,  82,080  square  miles. 
Population  (190O),  1,470,496. 

Kansas  City,  Kansas.  The  largest  city  of  Kan- 
sas, capital  of  Wyandotte  County,  situated  on 
the  Missouri,  contiguous  to  Kansas  City,  Mis- 
souri, with  which  it  has  much  in  common. 
Among  the  leading  industries  is  pork-packing. 
Population  (1900),  51,418. 

Kansas  City,  Missouri.  A  city  in  Jackson 
County,  Missouri,  situated  on  the  Missouri  in 
lat.  39°  5'  N. ,  long.  94°  38'  W.  It  is  the  second  city 
of  the  State,  and  an  important  railway  center.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  163,762. 

Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  The.  An  act  passed 
by  Congress  in  1854,  which  provided  for  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Territories  of  Kansas  and  Ne- 
braska. It  introduced  the  principle  of  "squatter  sov- 
ereignty," or  local  option  on  the  slavery  question,  for  the 
people  of  the  Territories,  thus  abrogating  the  Missouri 
Compromise  of  1820.  It  disrupted  finally  the  Whig  party, 
led  to  the  rise  of  the  Republican  party,  and  was  an  impor- 
tant link  in  the  chain  of  events  leading  to  the  Civil  War. 


Kansas  Biver 

Kansas  Bi  ver .  A  river  in  Kansas  which  joins  the 
Missouri  near  Kansas  City,  it  la  formed  by  the  union 
ot  the  Smoky  Hill  Fork  and  Solomon  River  near  Abilene. 
The  chief  tributary  is  the  Eepublioan  River.  Length,  in- 
cluding Smoky  HUl  Fork,  about  900  miles. 

Kan-SU  (kan-sS').  A  province  in  the  northwest 
of  China.  Capital,  Lanohow-f  u.  It  is  hounded  by 
Mongolia  on  the  north,  Shensi  on  the  east,  Szechuen  on 
the  south,  and  Tibet  on  the  southwest  and  west.  Area, 
126,450  square  miles.    Population  (1806),  est.,  9,751,000. 

Kant  (kant),  Immanuel.  Bom  at  KSnigsherg, 
Prussia,  April  22, 1724 :  died  there,  Feb.  12, 1804. 
A  celebrated  German  philosopher,  one  of  the 
most  influential  thinkers  of  modern  times: 
founder  of  the  ' '  critical  philosophy."  He  was  the 
sou  of  a  saddler  in  very  moderate  circumstances.  His  early 
education  was  obtained  in  his  native  city,  where  he  entered 
the  university  in  1740  and  began  the  study  of  theology. 
Subsequently  he  was  tutor  in  several  families,  but  took 
his  degree  in  1765  and  settled  as  docent  at  the  university. 
In  1766  he  received  a  small  salaried  position  in  the  Royal 
Library.  Finally  in  1770  he  was  made  professor  of  logic 
and  metaphysics,  a  position  which  he  held  until  his  death. 
Although  he  had  advantageous  calls  to  other  universities, 
he  preferred  to  remain  in  Eonigsberg,  and  during  his 
whole  life  is  said  never  to  have  been  further  away  than 
Pillau,  some  30  English  miles  distant.  During  his  uni- 
versity career  he  lectured  not  only  on  logic  aad  the  vari- 
ous branches  of  metaphysics,  but  also,  at  various  times, 
on  antliropology,  physical  geography,  and  mathematics. 
His  first  treatise,  "Gedanken  von  der  wahren  Schatzung 
der  lebendigen  Krafte,"  appeared  in  1747.  His  real  liter- 
ary activity  began  in  1756  with  the  treatise  on  cosmic 
physics,  "Allgemeine  Naturgeschichte  und  Theorie  des 
Himmels  "  ("General  History  of  Nature  and  Theory  of  the 
Heavens  ").  In  1764  appeared  "Beobachtungen  iiber  das 
Oefiihl  des  SchSnen  una  Erhabeneu"  ("Observations  on 
the  Sense  of  the  Beautiful  and  the  Sublime'').  Inl766he 
published  "TrSume  eines  Geistersehers "  (''Dreams  of  a 
Ohost-seer  ").  The  first  of  his  great  philosophical  works, 
the  most  important  in  modern  philosophy,  appeared  in 
1781.  This  is  the ' '  Kritik  der  reinen  VernunIt "  ("Critique 
of  Pure  Reason"),  in  which  he  endeavors  to  ascertain  the 
nature  of  the  transcendental  ideas  of  the  human  under- 
standing and  to  establish  the  province  of  certain  human 


peared  in  1788.  This  treats  of  morals :  according 
ideas  of  God,  human  liberty,  and  immortality  are  postu- 
lates of  practical  reason.  Finally,  the  third  "Critique," 
an  inquiry  into  the  faculty  of  judgment,  appeared  in  1790 
under  the  title  "Kritik  der  irrteilskraft"("  Critique  of  the 
Power  of  Judgment").  In  addition  to  the  works  men- 
tioned, he  published  a  number  of  smaller  treatises  and  es- 
says. To  1784  belongs  the  short  essay  "Was  ist  Aufkla- 
rung?"  ("  What  is  Enlightenment?"),  which  pronounces 
the  century  of  Frederick  the  Great  the  age  ot  German  en- 
lightenment. "Grundlegung  der  Metaphysik  der  Sitten" 
("Foundation  of  the  Metaphysics  of  Etliics  ")  appeared  in 
1785,  "Religion  innerhalb  der  Grenzen  der  blossen  Ver- 
nunft "  ("Religion  within  the  Limits  of  Mere  Reason  ")  in 
l793,  "Metaphysische  Anfangsgrtinde  der  Rechtslehre" 
(" Metaphysicid  Elements  of  Legal  Science")  in  1797.  A 
late  edition  of  his  collected  works  is  that  of  Berlin  (1868- 
1873),  in  8  volumes. 

Kantemir.    See  Cantemir. 
Kanth  (kant).    A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Silesia,  Prussia,  13  miles  west-southwest  of 
Breslau.  Here,  May  14, 1807,  the  Prussians  de- 
feated the  Bavarians. 

Kanuri  (ka-no're).  ANigritic  nation  of  the  cen- 
tral Sudan,  on  the  west  of  Lake  Chad,  in  physi- 
cal appearance  and  in  language  the  Kanuri  people  differ 
considerably  from  the  Hausa.  They  are  very  dark  and 
have  angular  features,  thus  resembling  their  neighbors 
the  Kanembu.  According  to'their  tradition,  corroborated 
by  resemblances,  they  descend  from  the  Tibbu  or  Teda 
in  the  Libyan  desert.  They  accepted  Islam  early,  sub- 
jected neighboring  tribes,  and  formed  the  kingdom  of 
Eomu.  Some  subjugated  tribes,  the  Bedda,  Pika,  and  An- 
yok,  are  still  pagan,  and  retain  their  dialects.  The  Kanuri 
language  has  a  literature  written  in  the  Arabic  character. 
Since  the  advent  of  the  present  dynasty,  the  Kanem  is  the 
court  dialect.  Other  dialects  are  the  Munio,  Nguru,  and 
Gazir. 
Kanva  (kan'wa).  ['Deaf,'  according  to  an  In- 
dian scholiast.]]  1 .  One  of  a  class  of  evil  beings 
against  whom  a  charm  of  the  Atharvaveda  is 
directed. — 3.  A  Eishi  regarded  as  the  author  of 
several  hymns  in  the  Eigveda. — 3.  The  founder 
of  a  Vedie  school. — 4.  The  sage,  in  Kalidasa's 
Shakuntala,who  brought  up  Shakuntala  as  his 
daughter. 
Kanva  (kan'wa).  In  Vedic  literature,  the  name 
of  one  of  the  two  recensions  (the  other  being 
the  Madhyandina)  of  the  Vajasaneyisanhita,  or 
White  Yajurveda,  and  the  Shatapathabrahmana. 
Kamas  means  properly  'the  descendants  of 
Kanva,'  and  so,  followers  of  his  school. 
Kanyakubja  (kan-ya-k6b'ja).  The  ancient 
name  of  the  modern  Indian  city  of  Kanauj,  on 
the  Kalinadi,  an  affluent  of  the  Ganges.  Kanya- 
kubja is  the  Canogyza  of  classical  geography.  In  antiquity 
it  ranked  next  to  Ayodhya  in  Oude,  and  its  ruins  are  said 
to  occupy  an  area  greater  than  that  of  London. 
Kapila  (kap'i-la).    The  reputed  founder  of  the 

Sankhya  system  of  Hindu  philosophy. 
Kapilavastu  (kap-i-la-vas't5).     ['The  abode  of 
Kapila'  (Weber).]    A  town  on  the  Echini,  an 
affluent  of  the  Bapti :  the  capital  of  Shuddho- 
dana,  father  of  Shakyamuni. 

0.— 36 


561 

Kapnist  (kap'ni8t),Vasili  Vasilievitch.  Born 
17o6:  died  (Jet.  28,  1823.  A  Eussian  dramatist 
and  lyric  poet. 

Kapodistrias.    See  Capo  d'Istria. 

KSipolna  (ka^ol-no).  A  village  in  the  county 
of  Heves,  Hungary,  59  miles  east-northeast 
of  Budapest.  Here,  Feb.  26  and  27,  1849,  the 
Austrians  defeated  the  Hungarians  under  Dem- 
binski. 

Kaposv^r  (kop'osh-var).  A  town  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Siimeg,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Kapos 
94  miles  southwest  of  Budapest.  Population 
(1890),  12,544. 

Kapp  (kap),  Friedricll,  Bom  at  Hamm,  Prus- 
sia, April  13, 1824:  died  at  Berlin,  Oct.  27, 1884. 
A  German  historian,  politician,  and  lawyer, 
resident  in  New  York  1850-70,  where  he  prac- 
tised his  profession.  He  wrote  "Die  Sklavenfrage 
in  den  Vereinigten  Staaten"  ("The  Slavery  Question  in 
the  United  States,"  1854), "  Geschichte  der  SMaverei  in  den 
Vereinigten  Staaten"  ("History  of  Slavery  in  the  United 
States, "  I860),  and  other  works  on  American  subjects.  He 
was  a  presidential  elector  in  1860,  and  commissioner  of 
emigration  1867-70.  On  his  return  to  Germany  he  became 
a  member  of  the  Reichstag. 

Kappadokia.    See  Cappadoma. 

Kappel,  or  Cappel  (kap'pel).  A  village  in  the 
canton  of  Zurich,  Switzerland,  10  miles  south 
of  Zurich.  Here,  Oct.  11, 1631,  Zwingli  waS'  defeated 
and  slain  when  leading  the  Protesliant  forces  against  those 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  cantons.  The  civil  wars  between 
the  two  faiths  about  1529  to  1681  were  called  the  Wars  of 
Kappel. 

Kaprun  (ka'pron)  Valley.  A  valley  in  the  Aus- 
trian Alps,  directly  north  of  the  Grossgloekner. 

Kapurthala  (ka-por-tha'ia),  or  Kopurthella 
(ko-pBr-thel'la).  A  native  state  in  the  Panjab, 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  81°  20'  N.,  long.  75° 
20'  E.,  tributary  to  the  British. 

Kara  (ka'ra).  A  valley  in  eastern  Siberia,  about 
300  miles  from  Chita.  It  is  noted  for  its  gold- 
mines, worked  by  political  prisoners  and  con- 
victs. 

Karabagh  (ka-ra-bag').  [Turk.,  'black  gar- 
den.'] A  region  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
government  of  Yelisavetpol,  Transcaucasia, 
Eussia. 

Karabel  (ka-rS-bel').    See  the  extract. 

The  Pass  of  Karabel  is  a  narrow  defile,  shut  in  on  either 
side  by  lofty  cliifs,  through  which  ran  the  ancient  road 
from  Ephesos  in  the  south  to  Sardes  and  Smyrna  in  the 
north.  The  Greels  historian  Herodotos  tells  us  that  the 
Egyptian  conqueror  Sesostris  had  left  memorials  of  him- 
self in  this  place.  "  Two  images  cut  by  him  in  the  rock  " 
were  to  be  seen  beside  the  road  which  led  "from  Ephe- 
sos to  Phokaea  and  from  Sardes  to  Smyrna.  On  either 
side  a  man  is  carved,  a  little  over  three  feet  in  height,  who 
holds  a  spear  in  the  right  hand  and  a  how  in  the  left.  The 
rest  of  his  accoutrement  is  similar,  for  it  is  Egyptian  and 
Ethiopian,  and  from  one  shoulder  to  the  other,  right  across 
the  breast,  Egyptian  hieroglyphics  have  been  cut  which 
declare:  *I  have  won  this  land  with  my  shoulders.'" 
These  two  images  were  the  object  of  my  journey.  Oneof 
them  had  been  discovered  by  Renouard  in  1839,  and  shortly 
afterwards  sketched  by  Texier ;  the  other  had  been  found 
by  Dr.  Beddoe  in  1866.  Sayee,  Hittites,  p.  64. 

Kara-Bugaz  (ka-ra'bo-gaz')  (or-Bogaz),  or 
Adji-Daria  (a'je-da're-a).  A  gulf  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  nearly  landlocked. 
Length,  110  miles. 

Karachi  (ka-ra'che),  or  Kurrachee  (kur-a- 
che').  1.  A  district  in  Sind,  British  India,  bor- 
dering on  Baluchistan  on  the  west,  the  Arabian 
Sea  on  the  south,  and  the  Indus  on  the  east. 
Area,  14,182  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
564,880. —  2.  A  seaport  and  the  chief  city  of 
Sind,  situated  on  Karachi  Bay  in  lat.  24°  50' 
N.,  long.  67°  2'  E.  it  has  Important  foreign  com- 
merce, ft  was  annexed  by  the  British  in  1843.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  including  cantonment,  105,199. 

Kara  George,  or  Karadjordje.    See  Cgerny. 

Karagwe  (ka-ra'gwe).  An  African  kingdom  of 
German  East  Afnca,  southwest  of  Lake  Victo- 
ria, in  a  mountainous  and  healthy  country.  The 
population  is  composed  of  two  races— the  Wanyamho, 
who  are  Bantu,  and  the  ruling  Wahuma,  of  Galla  stock. 
See  Eumu  and  Ganda. 

KaraMssar,  Aflum-.    See  Afiwm-KaraMssar. 

Karahissar  (ka-ra-hi8-sar'),Eski-.  Atownnear 
Aflum-Karahissar,onthesiteof  the  ancient  Syn- 
nada. 

Karaites  (ka'ra-its).  [Heb.  qaraim,  readers, 
scripturists.]  A  sect  among  the  Jews  which 
rejects  the  traditional  law  as  it  is  fixed  in  the 
Talmud,  and  recognizes  only  the  Pentateuch  or 
five  books  of  Moses  as  binding.  The  name  is  de- 
rived from  Hebrew g(!r(8,  'to  read'— i.  e.  adherents  of  the 
law  that  was  written  and  read  in  opposition  to  the  teadi- 
tional  law  which  originally  was  oral.  The  origin  of  the 
sect  is  ascribed  to  a  certain  Anan  ben  David,  of  Babylonia, 
in  the  8th  century  A.  D.,  who  became  leader  of  the  anti- 
Talmudic  movement  in  indignation  at  not  being  chosen 
exiliarch  or  head  of  the  Jewish  community.  The  con- 
troversy between  the  Karaites  and  Talmudists  has  been 
productive  of  an  accurate  and  rational  study  of  the  Bible 


Karczag 

on  both  sides.  The  sect  never  made  great  headway.  Small 
communities  of  it  linger  in  parts  of  Turkey  Syria,  Egypt, 
Galicia  (Austria),  Lithuania,  and  the  Crimea  (Russia). 

Karajitch  (ka-ra'yitsh),  Vuk  Stepbanovitch. 

Born  at  Trschitsch,  Servia,  Nov.  7,  1787:  died 
at  Vienna,  Jan.  26,  1864.  A  Servian  scholar. 
He  published  a  "Servian-German-Latin  Lexicon"  (1S18)l 
Servian  grammar  (1824),  collection  of  Servian  folk-songs 
(1823-66),  Servian  tales  (1863),  proverbs,  etc. 

Karak  (ka-rak' ).  A  small  island  in  the  Persian 
Gulf,  lat.  29°  15'  N.,  long.  50°  17'  E.  It  has  a 
free  haven.    Also  Karrack,  Kharah,  Kerak,  etc. 

Karakal  (ka-ra-kal').  A  town  in  Wallachia, 
Eumania,  situated  in  lat.  44°  8'  N.,  long.  24° 
16'  E.    Population,  10,915. 

Karakoram  (ka-ra-ko'rSm).  A  ruined  medi- 
eval city,  the  ancient  capital  of  Mongolia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Orkhon  River  about  lat.  47°  N., 
long.  102°  E. 

Karakoram  Pass.  A  pass  in  the  Himalaya, 
about  lat.  35°  30'  N.,  long.  78°  E.,  on  the  im- 
portant commercial  route  leading  from  Leh 
in  Kashmir  to  eastern  Turkestan.  Height, 
18,550  feet. 

Karakoram  Bange.  A  range  of- the  Hima~ 
laya.  The  preferable  name  is  Mustagh  Bange 
(which  see). 

Kara-Kul  (ka-ra-kol').  A  large  lake  in  the 
Pamirs,  central  Asia,  west  of  the  boundary  be- 
tween Chinese  Turkestan  and  the  Eussian  pos- 
sessions.   Height  above  sea-level,  13,200  feet. 

Kara-Kum(ka'ra-kom').  [Turk.,'blacksands.'] 
A  sandy  desert  in  Asia,  northeast  of  the  Cas- 
pian Sea. 

Karaman,  or  Caraman  (ka-ra-man' ).  A  small 
town  in  the  vilayet  of  Konieh,  Asia  Minor,  Tur- 
key, 65  miles  southeast  of  Konieh :  the  ancient 
Laranda.  It  was  the  capital  of  a  medieval  Turk- 
ish kingdom. 

Karamania,  or  Caramania  (ka-ra-m^'ne-a). 
A  region  in  the  vilayet  of  Konieh,  Asia  Minor: 
largely  a  table-land. 

Karamnasa.  A  short  tributary  of  the  Ganges, 
on  the  border  of  Bengal  and  the  Northwest 
Provinces. 

Kara  Mustapha  (ka'ra  mSs'ta-fa).  Executed 
1683.  Grand  Vizir  of  the  Turkish  empire  1676- 
1683.  He  was  defeated  before  Vienna  by  Sobi- 
eski  in  1683. 

Karamzin,  or  Karamsin  (ka-ram-zen'  or  -zin'), 
Nikolai  Mikbailovitch.  Bom  atMikhailovka, 
Orenburg,  Dec.  1  (0.  S.),  1765:  died  near  St. 
Petersburg,  June  3  (N.  S.),  1826.  A  Eussian  his- 
torian, novelist,  and  poet.  Hefounded  the  "Mos- 
cow Journal"  in  1789,  and  in  1802  "The European  Messen- 
ger. "  He  wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Russian  Empire,  "  Blu- 
dow,  the  minister  of  the  interior,  adding  the  last  volume 
(1816-29 :  French  translation  by  St.-Thomas  and  Jauflret), 
etc. 

Karankawan  (ka-ran'ka-wan).  A  linguistic 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  now  extinct, 
which  onca  occupied  the  middle  portions  of 
the  coast  of  Texas.  They  were  remarkably  tall  and 
athletic  (whence  they  were  named  Keles,  'wrestlers,'  by 
the  Tonkawe).  They  were  met  by  La  Salle  about  1687  un- 
der the  name  of  Clamcoet,  and  were  virtually  destroyed 
by  the  Anglo-American  settlers  of  Texas. 

Karansebes  (ko'ron-she-besh).  A  town  in  the 
county  of  Krass6-Szor6ny,  Hungary,  situated  on 
the  Temes  54  miles  east-southeast  of  TemesvAr. 
Population  (1890),  5,464. 

Kara  Sea  (ka'ra  se).  That  part  of  the  Arctic 
Ocean  which  lies  southeast  of  Nova  Zembla, 
northeast  of  European  Eussia,  and  northwest  of 
Siberia.  It  is  navigable  for  the  Siberian  trade 
via  the  Yenisei  from  July  to  September. 

Karasu  (ka-ra's6).  [Turk.,  '  black  river.']  The 
modem  Turkish  name  of  various  rivers,  partic- 
ularly of  the  ancient  Strymon  and  of  the  west- 
em  branch  of  the  Euphrates. 

Karasu-Bazar  (ka-ra'sS-ba-zar').  Atown  in  the 
Crimea,  government  of  Taurida,Eussia,  28  miles 
east-northeast  of  Simferopol.  Population  (1885- 
1889),  13,843. 

Karatcheff  <ka-ra-chef '  or  -chof ').  A  town  in 
the  government  of  Orel,  Eussia,  48  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Orel.  Population  (1885-89),  14,852. 

Karategin  (ka-ra-ta-gen').  A  moxmtainous  re- 
gion of  central  Asia,  in  Bokhara,  intersected  by 
lat.  39°  N.,  long.  70°  E.  It  was  annexed  to  Bo- 
khara in  1868.    Population,  about  100,000. 

Karauli.    See  KerauU. 

Karawanken  (ka-ra-vang'ken).  A  range  of  the 
Alps  in  Carinthia,  Austria-Hungary,  south  of 
Klagenfurt.  Highest  peak,  the  Stou  (7, 326  f  eet) . 

Karczag,  or  Kardszag  (kort'sog).  A  town  in 
the  county  of  Great  Kumania,  Hungary,  36  miles 
west-southwest  of  Debreczin.  Population  (1890), 
18,197. 


Kar-Dvmiash 

Ear-Duniash.  ['  Field  or  park  of  the  god  Dun.'] 
The  name  in  the  earliest  Babylonian  monu- 
ments for  the  district  immediately  adjoining  the 
city  of  Babylon. 

Karelia, or  Carelia  (kar-a-le'a).  An  ancient  dis- 
trict in  southeastern  Finland,  it  was  acquired  by 
Sweden  in  the  IStli  century,  and  was  ceded  in  part  to  Rus- 
sia in  1721,  the  remainder  sharing  the  fortune  of  Finland. 

Karen  (ka-ren' ) ,  or  Karens  (ka-renz ' ) .  A  native 
race  of  Burma  and  Siam,  numbering  400,000  to 
450,000.  Many  of  them  have  been  Christianized. 

Kar6nina,  Aiima.    See  Anna. 

Karia.     See  Caria. 

Karikal  (ka-ri-kal' ) .  A  town  and  settlement  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  India,  belonging  to  Prance, 
situated  in  lat.  10°  55'  N.,  long.  79°  52'  E.  Popu- 
lation (1888),  34,719. 

Earitena.    See  Karytaina. 

Karkar  (kar'kar).  A  locality  in  Syria,  on  the 
Orontes,  where,  in  854  b.  c,  Shalmaneser  n.  de- 
feated a  confederacy  of  western  princes,  includ- 
ing Ahab  and  Ben-hadad. 

Karl  (karl).  The  German  form,  of  the  name 
Charles. 

Karli,  or  Car  lee  (kar'le).  A  village  in  Bombay, 
British  India,45miles  east-southeast  of  Bombay. 
The  rock-cut  ball  or  temple  here  is  the  largest  and  finest 
of  its  type  surviving  in  India.  The  plan  strongly  resembles 
that  of  aChristian  church,  including  a  vestibule,  nave,  and 
aisles  divided  by  columns,  and  rounded  apse  with  deam- 
bulatory.  Thelengthisl26feet,  thewidth45i.  Thecolumns 
have  large  vase-formed  bases,  octagonal  shafte,  and  complex 
capitals  whose  leading  feature  is  two  Icneeling  elephants 
bearing  human  figures.  The  roof  is  of  approximately  semi- 
circular section.  In  the  place  of  the  Christian  altar  stands 
the  dagoba,  which  has  the  form  of  aplain  dome  on  a  cylin- 
drical drum.  Upon  it  stands  a  square  tee  or  relic-caslcet 
which  supports  an  emblematic  wooden  parasoL  The  en- 
trance has  3  portals  surmounted  by  a  gallery.  Before  the 
vestibule  stands  a  lat,  or  lion  pillar,  no.doubtone  of  anorigi- 
nalpair.  Thedateisplaaedat78B.C.  Somesimilarteraples, 
as  at  Ajunta,  exhibit  fagades  very  elaborately  sculptured  in 
architecturalforms  with  figure  andgeometrical  decoration. 

Kar lings  (kar'lingz).     Same  as  CaroUngians. 

Karlowitz,  or  Oarlowitz  (kar'16-vits).  A  town 
in  Croatia-Slavonia,  Austria-Hungary,  situated 
on  the  Danube  in  lat.  45°  11'  N.,  long.  19°  56'  E. 
It  is  famous  for  its  wine.  A  peace  was  concluded  here  Jan. 
26, 1699,  between  Austria,  Russia,  Venice,  and  Poland  on 
one  side  and  Turkey  on  the  other,  whereby  Austria  acquired 
Transylvania  and  Hungary  between  the  Danube  and  Theiss; 
Bussia,  Azoff ;  Venice,  the  Morea  and  conquests  in  Dalma- 
tia ;  and  Poland,  Podolia  and  the  Uloaine.  Population  (1890), 
6,490. 

Karlsbad,  or  Carlsbad  (karls'bad),  orKaiser- 
Karlsbad(M'zer-karls'bad).  Atownandwater- 
iug-place  in  Bohemia,  on  the  Tepl,  nearthe  Eger, 
68  miles  west  by  north  of  Prague.  Itisoneof  the 
principal  watering-places  in  Europe.  According  to  tradi- 
tion, its  mineral  springs  were  discovered  by  the  emperor 
Charles  IV.  in  1347.  The  principal  spring  is  the  Sprudel. 
Karlsbad  is  frequented  by  26,000  visitors  annually.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  commune,  12,033. 

Karlsbad,  Congress  of.  A  congress  of  ministers 
representing  Austria,  Prussia,  and  a  nimiber 
of  minor  Gennau  states,  held  at  Karlsbad  in 
Aug.,  1819,  to  discuss  the  democratic  movement 
in  Germany.  The  congress  resolved  to  recommend  to 
their  respective  governments  and  to  the  Diet  of  the  Ger- 
man Confederation  the  so-called  "Karlsbad  Decrees,"  the 
most  important  of  which  were  that  the  press  should  be  sub- 
jected to  a  rigorous  censorship ;  that  a  central  commission 
should  be  established  at  Mainz  for  the  investigation  of 
demagogical  intrigues ;  that  the  Burschenschaft,  a  secret 
organization  among  the  students,  should  be  suppressed ; 
and  that  the  universities  should  be  placed  under  govern- 
ment inspection.  These  resolutions  were  adopted  by  the 
Diet  Sept.  20,  1819. 

Karlsburg  (karls'bSro),  formerly  Weissen- 
burg  (vis'sen-b6rG).  [Hung.  Gyula  Fehirvdr.'] 
A  fortified  town  in  the  county  of  TJnterweissen- 
burg,  Transylvania,  situated  on  the  Maros  in 
lat.  46°  6'  N.,  long.  23°  33'  E.:  the  Eoman  Apu- 
lum.  In  the  citadel  are  the  cathedral,  Batthya- 
neum,  episcopal  palace,  etc.  Population  (1890), 
8,167. 

Karlshanm.orCarlshanin  (karls'ham).  A  sea- 
port in  the  laen  of  Blekinge,  Sweden,  situated 
on  the  Baltic  in  lat.  56°  10'  N.,  long.  14°  52'  E. 
Population  (1890),  7,191. 

Karlskrona,  or  Carlscrona  (karls'kro-na).  A 
seaport  and  the  capital  of  the  laen  of  Blekinge 
Sweden,  situated  on  several  islands  in  the  Ball 
tic,  in  lat.  56°  10'  N.,  long.  15°  36'  E.  it  was 
founded  by  Charles  XI.;  is  the  chief  station  of  the  Swed- 
ish fleet;  and  has  extensive  docks.  Population  (1890), 
20,613. 

Karlsruhe,  or  Oarlsruhe  (karls'ro-e).  1.  Adis- 
trict  of  Baden,  lying  between  Mannheim  on 
the  north  and  Freiburg  on  the  south.  Area, 
993  square  miles. —  3.  The  capital  of  Baden, 
situated  6  miles  from  the  Khine,  in  lat.  49°  1' 
N.,  long.  8°  24'  B.  it  is  built  in  the  form  of  a  fan 
radiating  from  the  palace.  It  has  recently  developed 
manufactures,  and  contains  a  noted  polytechnic  school,  a 
hall  of  art,  and  a  museum.    Population  (1890),  73,679. 


562 

Karlstad,  or  Carlstad  (karl'stad).  The  capital 
of  the  laen  of  Wermland,  Sweden,  situated  at 
the  entrance  of  Klar-Elf  into  Lake  Wener, 
about  lat.  59°  25'  N.,  long.  13°  28'  E.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  8,716. 

Karlstadt,  or  Carlstadt  (karl'stat).  A  small 
town  in  Lower  Pranconia,  Bavaria,  situated 
on  the  Main  14  miles  northwest  of  Wiirzburg. 

Karlstadt,  or  Carlstadt.  [Croatian  Karlovac.'] 
A  fortress  and  royal  free  city  in  Croatia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Korana  with  the  Kulpa,  29  miles  southwest  of 
Agram.     Population  (1890),  5,559. 

Karlstadt,  or  Carlstadt  (originally  Boden- 
stein),  Andreas  Rudolf.  Bom  at  Karlstadt, 
Franconia,  Germany,  about  1480 :  died  at  Basel, 
Switzerland,  Dec.  25,  1541.  A  German  Re- 
former, leader  at  Wittenberg  1521-22,  and  op- 
ponent of  Luther. 

Karlstein  (karl'stin).  A  castle  in  Bohemia, 
about  13  miles  southwest  of  Prague,  built  ( 1348- 
1357)  by  the  emperor  Charles  IV.  for  the  safe- 
keeping of  the  Bohemian  crown  jewels.  The 
chapel  in  the  great  tower^  in  which  they  were 
kept,  is  richly  adorned  with  inlaying,  gilding, 
and  color. 

Karmamimansa  (kar-ma-me-man'sa).  [Skt., 
'  inquiry  into  the  karman  (action),'  in  the  sense 
of  'ritual,'  of  the  Veda.]  Another  name  of  the 
Purvamimansa  system  of  Hindu  philosophy. 

Karmat  (kar'mat),  surname  of  Hamdan  ben- 
Ashath.  The  founder  of  the  Karmathiaus 
(which  see).    Also  Carmath. 

Karmathians  (kar-ma'thi-ans).  [So  named 
from  Karmat,  the  principal  apostle  of  the  sect, 
a  poor  laborer,  who  professed  to  be  a  prophet.] 
A  Mohammedan  sect  which  arose  in  Turkey 
about  the  end  of  the  9th  century.  The  Karmathi- 
ans regarded  the  Koran  as  an  allegorical  book,  rejected 
all  revelation,  fasting,  and  prayer,  and  were  communistic, 
even  in  the  matter  of  wives.  They  carried  on  wars  against 
the  califate,  particularly  in  the  10th  century,  but  disap- 
peared soonafter.  According  to  some  accounts  the  Druses 
developed  from  them. 

Kama  (kar'na).  In  Hindu  mythology,  son  of 
Pritha  or  Kunti  by  Surya, '  the  sun,'  before  her 
marriage  to  Pandu,  and  so  the  unknown  half- 
brother  of  the  Pandava  princes.  He  was  bom 
ecLuipped  with  arms  and  armor.  The  sage  Durvasas  had 
given  Kunti  a  charm  by  which  she  might  have  offspring  by 
any  god  invoked,  and  she  chose  the  sun.  Afraid  of  dis- 
grace, Kunti  exposed  the  child  by  the  Yamuna,  where  it 
was  found  by  the  charioteer  of  Dhritarashtra,  who  had 
it  reared  by  his  wife  Badha.  In  the  war  Kama  took  the 
part  of  the  Kauravas,  and  was  at  last  killed  by  Arj  una.  Af- 
ter his  death,  his  relationship  becoming  known,  great  kind- 
ness was  shown  to  his  fami^. 

Karnak  (kar'nak).  A  village  in  Egypt,  on  the 
eastern  bank  of  the  Nile,  on  the  site  of  Thebes, 
famous  for  its  remains  of  antiquity.  The  Great 
Temple  extends  to  a  length  of  about  1,200  feet  from  west 
to  east,  and  is  comparatively  regular  in  plan.  The  double 
pylon  of  the  great  court  is  about  370  feet  wide ;  the  court 
IB  colonnaded  at  the  sides,  and  has  an  avenue  of  columns 
in  the  middle.  A  second  pylon  follows,  and  opens  on  the 
famous  hypostyle  hall,  170  by  329  feet, with  central  avenue 
of  12  columns  62  feet  high  and  li\  in  diameter,  and  122 
columns  42J  feet  high  at  the  sides.  The  lintel-blocks  of 
the  portal  are  41  feet  long.  A  narrow  court  follows,  orna- 
mented with  Osiride  figures  and  containing  two  obelisks, 
one  of  which  is  erect  and  is  97^  feet  high,  being  surpassed 
only  by  that  of  St.  John  Lateran  at  Home.  This  court 
precedes  a  structure  containing  the  usual  series  of  halls 
and  chambers,  and  an  isolated  cella  or  sanctuary.  Behind 
this  building  is  another  large  open  court,  at  the  back  of 
which  stands  the  columnar  edifice  of  Thothmes  III.,  an 
extensive  building  containing  a  large  hypostyle  hall  and 
many  comparatively  small  halls  and  chambers.  The  exist- 
ing  temple  appears  to  have  been  begun  by  Usertesen  I. 
(about  2700  B.  0.),  to  whose  modest  foundation  extensive 
additions  weremade  by  Thothmes  I.  and  III., Seti  I.,  Bam  e- 
ses  II.  and  III.,  and  Shishak  (about  9S0  B.  0.).  The  mu- 
ral sculptures  are  vast  in  quantity,  and  highly  interest- 
ing in  character,  particularly  those  which  portray  the 
racial  characteristics  of  various  conquered  Asiatic  peoples. 
A  complete  temple  of  Amen,  built  by  Bameses  III.,  extends 
toward  the  south  from  the  great  court.  The  pylon  of 
Ptolemy  Euergetes  is  a  conspicuous  monument  at  the 
end  of  the  long  avenue  of  sphinxes  leading  from  Luxor. 
The  pylon  has  a  single  large  square  portal,  and  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  frieze  carved  with  the  winged  solar  disk  and 
by  the  overhanging  cornice.  It  is  covered  inside  and  out 
with  bands  of  sculpture  representing  Ptolemy  and  his 
queen  paying  honor  to  his  predecessors  and  to  the  gods. 
In  one  of  the  interior  compartments  Ptolemy  appears  in 
Greek  costume,  an  exceedingly  rare  type.  The  temple  of 
Khonsu,  one  of  the  Theban  triad,  was  founded  by  Bame- 
ses  III.  It  is  notable  chiefly  for  its  beautiful  hypostyle 
hall,  whose  great  columns  and  epistyle  beams  are  deeply 
cut  with  liieroglyphs  and  with  coelanaglyphic  reliefs  of 
kings  and  divinities.  The  exterior  wall  also  presents 
much  remarkable  sculpture.    Also  Camac. 

Kamal  (kur-nal').  1.  A  district  in  the  Panjab, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  29°  45'  N., 
long.  77°  B.  Area,  2,440  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  683,718.-3.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Kamal,  in  lat.  29°  42'  N.,  long.  76° 
57'  E.    Population  (1891),  21,963. 


Karsten,  Karl  Bembard 

Karnapravaranas  (kar " na  -  pra  -  va '  ra  -  naz) . 
[Skt.,  'havingtheir  ears  as  a  covering.']  A  fabu- 
lous people  mentioned  in  the  Mahabharata,  Ea- 
mayana,  and  other  Sanskrit  works. 

Karnata,orKarnatas(kar-na'ta,-taz).  Names 
of  a  country  in  India,  and  of  its  iribabitants, 
whence  the  modern  Carnatic.  The  name  Kamata 
was  anciently  applied  to  the  central  districts  of  the  penin- 
sula, including  Mysore,  while  the  modern  Carnatic  is  lim- 
ited to  a  not  exactly  deflned  region  on  the  east  or  Coro- 
mandel  coast  of  India,  from  Cape  Comorin  to  about  16°  N. 
It  is  no  longer  a  recognized  division,  and  exists  only  as  a 
designation  for  the  theater  of  the  struggle  between  France 
and  England  for  Indian  supremacy. 

Karnatic.    See  Carnatic. 

Karnten,  or  Karnthen  (kam'ten).  The  Ger- 
man name  of  Carinthia. 

Karnul  (kur-nol').  1.  A  district  in  Madras,. 
British  India,  interseetedby  lat.  15° 30'  N.,  long. 
78°  E.  Area,  7,514  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  817,811.-3.  The  capital  of  the  district 
of  Karnul,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  rivers 
Hundri  and  Tungabhadra,  in  lat.  15°  49'  N.,long. 
78°  4'  E.    Population  ( 1891),  24, 376. 

Karo  (ka'ro),  Joseph  ben  Ephraim.  The  great- 
est Talmudic  authority  of  the  16th  century 
(1488-1575).  When  a  child  he  and  his  parents  were  ex- 
iled from  Spain,  and  settled  at  different  times  in  Nicopo- 
lis,  Adrianople,  and  Palestine.  Of  his  numerous  works 
the  best-known  are  his  commentary,  "House  of  Joseph" 
("Beth  Joseph"),  on  the  "FourBows"("ArbaTurira")of 
Ben-Asher,  and  especially  his  "Arranged  Table"  ("Shul- 
chan  Aruch  "),  a  methodically  arranged  compendium  of  all 
the  laws  and  customs  which  regulate  Jewish  life. 

Karoliuenthal  (ka'ro-len-en-tal).  A  suburb 
of  Prague,  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Moldau 
northeast  of  the  city.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 19,540. 

K^roly  (ka'roly),  Nagy-.  Atowninthe  county 
of  SzathmAr,  Hungary,  37  miles  east-northeast 
of  Debreczin.     Population  (1890),  13,475. 

Karpathos.    See  Carpathus. 

Karr  (kar),  Jean  Baptiste  Alphonse.  Bom 
at  Paris,  Nov.  24, 1808 :  died  at  Saint  Raphael, 
Var,  Sept.  29,  1890.  A  French  novelist,  jour- 
nalist, and  satirist.  In  1839  he  became  editor  of  the 
"Figaro"  and  founded  the  very  successful  little  satirical 
review  "Les  Gufipes."  He  wrote  "Voyage  autour  de  men 
jardin"  (1845),  and  more  recently  "H^lfene"  and  "La 
maison  de  I'ogre  "  (1890).  He  also  wrote  many  political, 
literary,  and  humorous  fragments  and  sketches,  and  a 
large  number  of  novels.  He  lived  at  Nice  for  several 
years  before  his  death. 

Karroo  (ka-ro'),The  Great.  A  dry  and  elevated 
region,  partly  desert,  in  Cape  Colony,  betwe'en 
the  Zwarteberge  and  the  Nieuweveld  Berge. 
Length,  about  350  miles. 

Kars  (kars).  1.  A  province  of  Transcaucasia, 
Russia,  lying  west  of  Erivan,  and  bordering 
on  Asiatic  Turkey.  Area,  7,308  square  miles. 
Population,  214,471. — 2.  A  fortress  and  the 
capital  of  the  territory  of  Kars,  situated  on  the 
Kars  Tohai  in  lat.  40°  37'  N.,  long.  43°  8'  E., 
about  6,000f  eet  above  sea-level.  Itisnow  an  almost 
impregnable  fortress,  but  was  captured  from  the  Turks  by 
Paskevltch  in  1828 ;  was  again  taken  by  the  Bussians  Nov. 
28,  1855,  after  a  six  months'  defense  by  the  Turks  under 
General  Williams ;  was  invested  by  the  Bussians  in  1877, 
relieved  in  July,  again  besieged,  and  stormed  by  them 
Nov.  18, 1877.  With  its  territojy  it  was  ceded  to  Bussia 
in  1878.    Population  (1891),  3,94f 

Karschin  (karsh'in)  (properly  Karsch),  Anna 
Luise.  Bom  near  Sehwiebus,  Prussia,  Dec.  1, 
1722:  died  at  Berlin,  Oct.  12,  1791.  A  German 
poet.  Her  collected  poems  were  published  in 
1792. 

Karshi  (kar'she).  A  town  in  Bokhara,  central 
Asia,  98 miles  southeast  of  Bokhara:  an  impor- 
tant trading  center.     Population,  about  25,000. 

Karshvan  (karsh'van),  or  Karshvar  (karsh'- 
var).  In  the  Avesta,  the  name  of  each  of  the 
seven  divisions  of  the  world,  corresponding  to 
the  Hindu  dvipas.  (See  Jambudvipa.)  In  Per- 
sian, kishvar. 

Karst  (karst).  [It.  Carso,  Slavic  Kras.l  A  des- 
olate limestone  plateau  in  the  Maritime  Prov- 
ince, Austria-Hungary,  north  of  Triest.  In  an 
extended  sense  the  Karst  includes  portions  of  the  Alps  in 
Camiola  and  neighboring  regions. 

All  over  the  Karst  (as  the  high  plateau  behind  Trieste 
is  called)  the  rav^es  of  the  Bora,  or  north-east  wind,  have 
long  been  notorious.  Heavily-laden  waggons  have  been 
overtumed  by  its  fury,  and  where  no  shelter  is  afforded 
from  its  blasts  houses  are  not  built  and  trees  will  not  grow. 
Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  1. 166 

Karsten  (kar'sten),  Hermann,  sumamed  "The 
Younger."  Bom  at  Stralsuud,  Prussia,  Nov.  6, 
1817.  A  German  botanist  and  traveler  in  South 
America,  professor  of  botany  at  Vienna  1868- 
1872.    His  works  include  ' '  Beitrage  zur  Anato- 

.  mie  und  Physiologic  der  Pflanzen"'  (1865),  etc. 

Karsten,  Karl  Bernhard.  Born  at  Biitzow, 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  Nov.  26, 1782 :  died  at 


Karsten,  Earl  Bernhard 

Sehoneberg,  near  Berlin,  Aug.  22, 1853.  A  Ger- 
man mineralogist.  He  -wrote  "  System  der  Me- 
tallurgie  »  (1831-32),  etc. 

^^rtavirya  (kar-tarver'ya).  [Skt.,  'son  of  Kri- 
tavirya.']  A  hero  of  Hinclu  mythology,  said  to 
have  been  really  named  Arjima,  hut  usually 
called  by  his  patronymic.  Worshiping  a  portion  of 
the  divine  being  called  Dattatreya,  in  whom  a  portion  of 
Brahma,  Vishnu,  and  Shira,  or  Vishnu  was  incarnate,  he 
obtained  a  thousand  arms,  a  golden  chariot  answering  to 
his  will,  the  power  of  restraining  wrong,  the  conquest  of  the 
earth  and  the  disposition  to  rule  righteously,  invincibility, 
and  finally  death  by  a  man  of  world-wide  renown.  He 
ruled  85,000  years  with  unbroken  health  and  prosperity, 
according  to  the  Vishnupurana.  Beceived  in  Jamadagni's 
hermitage  by  the  sage's  wife,  he  carried  off  "  the  calf  of 
the  milk-cow  of  the  sacred  oblation,"  whereupon  Farashu- 
rama  cut  ofi  his  thousand  arms  and  killed  him.  He  is  the 
subject  also  of  other  legends. 

Karttikeya  (kar-ti-ka'ya).  In  Hindu  mythol- 
ogy, the  god  of  -war  and' the  planet  Mars :  also 
called  Skanda.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the  son  of 
Shiva  or  Kudra,  to  have  been  born  without  a  mother,  and 
to  liave  been  fostered  by  the  Krittikas  or  Pleiades ;  and  so'^ 
was  known  as  Karttikeya,  'son  of  the  Krittikas.'  He  was' 
born  to  destroy  Taraka,  a  Daitya,  whose  austerities  had 
made  him  formidable  to  the  gods.  He  is  represented  as 
riding  on  a  peacock,  and  holding  a  bow  In  one  hand  and  an 
arrow  in  the  other. 

Kartum,  or  Kartoum,    See  Khartum. 

Karun  (ka-rdn').  A  river  in  Persia  which  rises 
nearIspahan,andflows  first  west  and  then  south, 
joining  the  Shatt  el- Arab  (Euphrates-Tigris)  at 
Mohammerah.  It  is  navigable  (except  for  rap- 
ids at  Ahwaz)  to  Shuster. 

Karur,  or  Caroor  (ka-ror').  A  small  town  in 
Coimbatore  district,  Madras,  British  India, 
situated  on  the  Amrawati  45  miles  west  by 
north  of  Triehinopoli. 

Earwar,  or  Car-war  (kar-war')-  A  seaport  and 
the  capital  of  North  Kanara  district,  Bombay, 
British  ladia,  50  miles  south-southeast  of  Goa. 
Population  (1891),  14,579. 

Earytaiua  (ka-re-ta'ha),  or  Earitena  (ka-re- 
ta'na).  A  locality  in  Arcadia,  Greece,  on  the 
Alpheus  about  10  miles  northwest  of  Megalopo- 
lis: the  ancient  Brenthe.  The  castle  here,  a  great 
fortress  built  by  the  French  13th-oentury  princes,  is  one  of 
the  most  imposing  of  feudal  strongholds.  The  outer  walls 
with  towers,  the  great  keep,  dwellings,  magazines,  and  cis- 
terns, all  remain. 

Easan,    See  Kazan. 

Easan  (kaz'an)  Defile,  A  celebrated  defile  in 
the  Danube,  on  the  borders  of  Servia  and  Hun- 
gary, near  the  confines  of  Eumania,  long  in- 
accessible by  land,  it  has  traces  of  a  Koman  road  built 
by  Trajan.  Hear  it  are  the  Iron  Gates.  Width  of  the 
Danube,  BWfeet.   Depth,  200 feet 

EasanUk.    See  Kaganlik. 

Easbek.    See  Kazbek. 

Easbin  (kaz-ben'),  or  EaSTin  (kaz-ven').  A 
city  in  the  province  of  Irak-Ajemi,  Persia,  in 
lat.  36°  16'  N.,  long.  50°  3'  B.  it  has  an  impor- 
tant transit  trade,  since  it  is  on  the  main  route  from  Per- 
sia to  Europe.  It  was  formerly  the  capital.  Population, 
about  30,000.    Also  CaMn,  Kazrnn,  etc. 

Eascliau  (ka'shou).  Hung.  Eassa  (kosh'sho). 
A  royal  free  city  and  the  capital  of  the  county 
of  Abanj,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Hemad  in 
lat.  48°  42'  N.,  long.  21°  17'  E.  it  is  a  commercial 
center,  and  is  noted  for  Its  Qothlc  cathedral  of  St.  Eli7-a- 
belh.  Here,  Jan.  i,  1849,  the  Austrians  under  Schlik  de- 
featedtheHungariansunderM^BZ&ros.  Population  (1890), 
28,884. 

Eashan  (ka-shan').  A  city  in  the  province  of 
Irak-Ajemi,  Persia,  95  miles  north  by  west  of 
Ispahan:  noted  for  its  manufactures.  Popula- 
tion, about  25,000. 

Eashgar  (kSsh-gar').  1.  The  capital  of  East- 
em  Turkestan,  Chinese  empire,  situated  on  the 
Kizil-Su  about  lat.  39°  25'  N.,  long.  76°  7'  E. 
It  is  composed  of  an  old  and  a  new  city ;  is  an  important 
commercial  and  manufacturing  center ;  was  conquered  by 
the  Chinese  in  the  middle  of  the  18th  century ;  was  the 
scene  of  a  successful  revolt  in  186B ;  and  was  reconquered 
by  the  Chinese  1876-77.    Population,  60,000-70,000. 

2.  See  Kasligaria. 

Eashgaria  (kash-ga'ri-a),  or  Eashgar  (kash- 
gar').  That  part  of  Eastern  Turkestan,  in  the 
Tarim  basin,  which  was  independent  of  China 

1865-77. 

Eashgil,orEasgil(kash-orkas-gel  ).  A  place 
near  El-Obeid,  Kordofan,  eastern  Africa,  at 
which  the  Mahdi  annihilated  the  Egyptian 
forces  under  Hicks  Pasha  Nov.  3-4,  1883. 

Eashi  (ka'she).  A  Sanskrit  name  of  the  mod- 
em Benares,  the  latter  name  being  the  San- 
skrit Varanasi. 

Eashikhanda  (ka-she-k-han'da).  [Skt.,  'Ka- 
shi  section.']  A  Sanskrit  poem  forming  part  of 
the  Skandapurana.  It  describes  minutely  the  tem- 
ples of  Shiva  in  and  about  Benares,  and  is  presumed  to 
have  been  written  before  the  Mohammedan  conquest. 

Eashin  (ka-shen').   A  town  in  the  government 


563 

of  Tver,  Bussia,  75  miles  northeast  of  Tver. 
Population  (188S-89),  6,833. 

Eashkar.    See  Chitral. 

Eashmir,  or  Cashmere  (kash-mer').  A  na- 
tive state  imder  British  suzerainty  ^bounded  by 
Eastern  Turkestan  on  the  north,  Tibet  on  the 
east,  India'  on  the  south  and  southwest,  and 
Dardistan  and  the  Pamirs  on  the  west  and 
northwest.  Its  capital  is  Srinagar.  Eanges  of 
the  Himalaya  traverse  the  country.  Besides  Kashmir 
proper,  the  state  includes  Baltistan,  Ladak,  Jamu,  and  Gil- 
git.  The  boundaries  toward  China  and  Eussia  (Pamirs) 
are  uncertain.  The  beautiful  "Vale  of  Cashmere,"  in. 
closed  by  lofty  mountains,  and  occupying  a  general  ele- 
vation of  upward  of  5,000  feet,  has  a  length  of  about  90 
miles.  The  Jhelum  traverses  it  in  a  northwesterly  direc- 
tion. It  is  noted  for  its  agricultural  riches  and  its  manu- 
f  actures^^Jashmere  shawls,  etc.).  Kashmir  is  governed  by 
a  maharaja  of  the  Dogra  Sikh  family.  It  was  conquered 
by  Akbar  at  the  close  of  the  16th  century,  by  the  Af- 
ghans in  the  middle  of  the  18th  century,  and  by  the  Sikhs 
in  1819.  The  British  arranged  the  present  form  of  gov- 
ernment in  1846.  Its  northern  part  was  the  scene  of  the 
Hunza-Nagar  war  against  the  British  in  1891.  Area,  80,900 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  2,543,962. 

Eashshi.    See  Cosseans. 

Eashyapa  (kash'ya-pa).  A  sage  to  whom  are 
ascribed  several  vedio  hymns:  in  later  mythol- 
ogy, the  husband  of  Aditi  and  12  other  daugh- 
ters of  Daksha,  and  father  by  them  of  gods,  de- 
mons, men,  and  all  animals.  He  is  also  regarded 
as  one  of  the  seven  sages,  and  as  the  father  of  Vivasvat  and 
Vishnu.  He  is  supposed  by  some  to  be  a  personification 
of  the  race  who  resided  in  the  Caucasus,  on  the  Caspian, 
and  in  Kashmir.  Kashmira,  according  lio  Bumouf,  is  for 
Kashyapamira. 

Easimbazar  (ka''''sim-ba-zar'),  or  Cossimbazar 
(kos''''sim-ba-zar').  A  ruined  town  in  Bengal, 
British  India,  south  of  Murshidabad :  formerly 
a  flourishing  commercial  center. 

Easimoff,  or  Eassimoff  (ka-se'mof  _).  A  town 
in  the  government  of  Eiasan,  Russia,  situated 
on  the  Oka  about  lat.  55°  N.,  long.  41°  20'  E. 
Population,  15,769. 

Easkaskia  (kas-kas'M-a).  [From  an  Indian 
tribe  name  (see  TlUnois)"']  A  river  in  Illinois 
which  joins  the  Mississippi  at  Chester.  Length, 
about  300  miles. 

Easmark  (kaz'mark),  or  E6sin5.rk  (kash'- 
mark).  A  small  town  in  the  county  of  Zips, 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  PoprM  in  lat.  49°  8' 
N.,  long.  20°  28'  E.     It  manufactures  linen. 

Eassaba,  orEasaba,  orCassaba  (ka-sa'ba).  A 
town  in  the  vilayet  of  Aidin,  Asiatic  Turkey, 
about  35  miles  east-northeast  of  Smyrna.  Pop- 
ulation, about  15,000. 

Eassai  (ka-si').  A  large  southern  tributary  of 
the  Kongo,  its  principal  affluents  are  the  Sankuru  on 
the  right  and  the  Kuango  on  the  left.  It  forms  the  boun- 
dary between  the  Portuguese  sphere  of  iufiuence  and  the 
Kongo  Free  State,  and  then  traverses  the  latter. 

Eassala,  or  Easala  (ka-sa'ia).  The  chief  town 
of  Taka,  eastern  Africa,  situated  in  lat.  15°  25' 
N.,  longj  36°  14'  E. :  formerly  a  commercial  oen- 

'  ter.  It  was  captured  by  the  Italians  from  the 
Mahdists,  July  17, 1894.  It  was  ceded  to  Egypt 
in  1897.     Population,  about  3,000. 

Eassel.    See  Cassel. 

Eassr-el-Eebir  (kasr'el-ke-ber'),  or  Lxor 
(l-ks6r').  [Sp.  Alcaear-Quivir.'l  A  town  in 
northern  Morocco,  about  60  miles  south  of  Tan- 
gier. Here,  Aug.  4,  1578,  King  Sebastian  of 
Portugal  was  defeated  and  slain.  Population, 
estimated,  25,000. 

Eastamuni  (kas-ta-mo'ne).  1.  A  vilayet  in 
Asia  Minor,  Turkey,  corresponding  to  the  an- 
cient Paphlagonia  and  eastern  Bithynia.  Area, 
19,300  square  miles.  Population,  1,009,460. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Kastamuni, 
about  lat.  41°  23'  N.,  long.  33°  42'  E.  Popula- 
tion, about  40,000. 

Eastner  (kest'ner),  Abraham  Gotthelf.  Born 
at  Leipsic,  Sept.  27,  1719:  died  at  Gottingen, 
Pmssia,  June  20, 1800.  A  German  mathemati- 
cian and  epigrammatist.  He  wrote  "Anfangs- 
griinde  der  Mathematik"  (1758-69),  "Sinnge- 
dichte"  (1781),  etc. 

Eastoria  (kas-to-re'a).  A  town  in  the  vilayet 
of  Monastir,  Turkey,  "situated  on  Lake  Kastoria 
31  miles  south  of  Monastir:  the  ancient  Cele- 
trum.    It  was  taken  by  Alexius  I.  in  1084. 

Eastri.    See  Delphi. 

Eastril  (kas'tril).  In  Jonson's  "Alchemist,"  a 
young  country  fellow  anxious  to  learn  the  art 
of  quarreling. 

Easvin.    See  KasUn. 

Eataba  (ka-ta'ba),  or  Oata-wba  (ka-ta'ba).  A 
division  of  North  American  Indians,  which  in- 
cluded in  the  last  century  about  28  confederated 
tribes.  A  few  of  these  were  in  North  Carolina,  but  most 
of  them  were  in  South  Carolina.  The  principal  tribe  in  the 
latter  State  was  the  Kataba,  and  the  chief  one  in  the  f  or- 


Eatsena 

mer  was  the  Wocoon.  The  few  survivors  of  this  people  are 
on  the  Kataba  reservation  in  York  County,  South  Caro- 
lina.   See  Siouan, 

Eataghan  (ka-ta-ghan').  A  region  in  the  north- 
eastern part  of  Afghanistan,  between  the  Hindu- 
Kush  and  the  Amu-Daria. 

Eatahdin  (ka-ta'din),  or  Etaadn  (ktadn). 
Mount.  The  highest  mountain  in  the  State  of 
Maine,  situated  in  Piscataquis  County  80  miles 
north  of  Bangor.    Height,  5,385  feet. 

Eatak,orEuttack,orCattack(ku-tak').  i.  A 
district  in  Orissa,  Bengal,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  20°  30'  N.,  long.  86°  E.— 2.  The 
capital  of  the  district  of  Katak,  situated  on  the 
Mahanadi  about  lat.  20°  25'  N.,  long.  85°  56'  E.: 
the  chief  city  of  Orissa.  It  was  taken  from  the 
Mahrattas  by  the  British  in  1803.  Population, 
about  50,000. 

Eatakana(kat-a-ka'na).  [Jap.,  from  kata,  side, 
and  kana,  for  fcari-rea,  borrowed  names.]  One 
of  the  two  styles  of  writing  the  syllabary  of  48 
letters  in  use  among  the  Japanese,  the  other 
being  Hiragana.  The  Katakana  letters, which  are  said 
to  have  been  invented  by  Kibi  Dalshi  about  the  middle  of 
the  8th  century,  are  form  ed  of  a  part — one  side — of  square 
Chinese  characters  used  phonetically,  and  are  confined  al- 
most exclusively  to  the  writing  of  proper  names  and  foreign 
words.  In  Katakana  there  is  but  one  form  for  each  letter, 
whereas  in  Hiragana  many  of  the  letters  may  be  written  in 
a  variety  of  ways. 

Eatana.     See  Catania. 

Eatanga  (ka-tang'ga).    See  Garengame. 

Eatantra  (ka-tan'tra).    [Skt. ,  lit. '  what  a '  (i.  e. 

treat)  'tantra'  ('thread,'  'warp,'  'fundamental 
octrine,'  and  then  'work'  or  'division  of  a 
work').]  A  Sanskrit  grammar  by  Sarvavarman, 
of  peculiar  interest  in  its  apparent  relation  to 
the  Pali  grammar  of  Kachchayana.  It  is  said  to 
be  the  special  grammar  of  the  Kashmiras,  and  to  have  been 
the  subject  of  numerous  commentaries  from  the  12th  to 
the  16th  century. 

Eatha(ka't-ha).  1.  A  Hindu  sage,  the  founder 
of  a  school  of  the  Yajurveda. —  2.  AnUpanishad 
(which  see)  probably  more  widely  known  than 
any  other,  it  forms  part  of  the  Persian  translation  ren- 
dered into  French  by  AnquetU  Duperron,  was  translated 
into  English  by  Eammohun  Eoy,  and  is  quoted  by  English, 
French,  and  German  writers  as  a  specimen  of  the  mystic 
philosophy  of  the  Hindus,  It  has  been  most  recently  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Miiller  ("Sacred  Books  of  the  East," 
Vol.  XV)  and  Whitney  ("Trans,  of  the  American  Philologi- 
cal Association,"Vol.  XXI).  The  Dpanishad  professes  to  be 
an  explanation  of  death  and  of  a  future  lite,  drawn  against 
his  will  from  the  mouth  of  Death  himself.  Its  interest  is 
increased  by  its  stoiy  of  Nachiketas  (which  see),  which 
also  occurs  in  the  Taittiriyabrahmana. 

Eathamava  (ka-t-har'na-va).  [Skt.,  'sea  of 
stories.']  A  collection  of  about  35  compara- 
tively modern  stories,  in  Sanskrit,  attributed 
to  Shivadasa.  From  them  are  said  to  have  come  por- 
tions of  the  Hindi  Baital  Pachisi  and  the  Bengali  Eatrish 


Eathasaritsagara  (ka-t-ha-sa-rit-sa'ga-ra). 
[Skt.,  'ocean  of  the  streams  of  story.']  A 
collection  of  stories  in  Sanskrit  by  Somadeva- 
bhatta  of  Kashmir,  drawn  from  a  larger  work, 
the  Brihatkatha,  and  made  between  1063  and 
1081  A.  D.  The  work  contains  22,000  distiohs,  or  not 
quite  twice  as  much  as  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  together. 
The  text  has  been  edited  by  Brockhaus  (Leipsic,  1839-66), 
and  translated  by  Tawney  (Calcutta,  1880-84). 

Eathay.    See  Cathay. 

Eatherine,  or  Eatharine.    See  Catharine. 

Eatherine  (kath'e-rin).  1 .  The  Shrew  in  Shak- 
spere's  comedy  ''The  Taming  of  the  Shrew." 
She  is  the  daughter  of  Baptista,  and  is  married  to 
Petruchio,  and  tamed  by  his  rough  treatment. 
— 2.  A  lady  in  attendance  on  the  Princess  of 
Prance  in  Shakspere's  "Love's  Labour's  Lost." 

Eatherine  and  Petruchio,  A  play  condensed 
and  adapted  from  Shakspere's  ''Taming  of  the 
Shrew  "  by.  Garriok,  produced  in  1754.  It  is  still 
played. 

Eathiawar  (kat-e-a-war') ,  or  Eattywar  (kat-f- 

war').  Apeninsula in westernlndia, projecting 
into  the  Arabian  Sea  between  the  Gulf  of  Kachh 
and  the  Gulf  of  Cambay.  it  comprises  many  na- 
tive states.  Area,  20,559  square  miles.  jfopulationdSQl) 
2,752,404.  " 

Eatishtya,    See  San  Felipe. 

Eatkoff  (kat-kof),  Mikhail  Nikiforovitch. 

Bom  at  Moscow,  1820 :  died  near  Moscow,  Aug. 
1,  1887.  A  Eussian  joiirnalist,  editor  of  the 
' '  Moscow  Gazette  "  since  1861 :  noted  as  a  leader 
of  the  Panslavists. 

Eatlamat,    See  Cathlamet. 

Eatmandu.    See  Khatmandu. 

Eatrine_(kat'rin), Loch.  Alakeinsouthwestem 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  25  miles  north  of  Glasgow. 
It  is  noted  for  the  beauty  of  Its  scenery.  It  contains  Ellen's 
Isle,  etc.,  familiar  from  Scott's  "Lady  of  the  Lake."  The 
water-supply  of  Glasgow  is  obtained  from  this  lake. 
Length,  8  miles. 

Eatsena  (ka-tsa'na).     See  Sausa. 


Eatsena 

Eatsena,  or  Eatsina  (kat-se'na).  A  towa  Ib 
Sokoto,  Sudan,  central  Africa,  about  150  miles 
east  of  Sokoto.    Population,  7,500. 

Eattowitz  (kat'to-vits).  Amanufaeturingtown 
in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  57  miles 
southeast  of  Oppeln.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 16,513. 

Eattywar.    See  EatMawar. 

Eatunski  (ka-ton'ski),  or  Eatun,  Alps.  The 
highest  range  of  the  Altai,  in  the  government 
of  Tomsk,  Siberia.  For  the  highest  summits 
(the  KatunsM  Pillars),  see  Altai. 

Eatwa,  or  Outwa  (kut'wa).  A  town  in  Bard- 
wan  district,  Bengal,  British  India,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Bhagirathi  and  Ajai,  77  miles 
north  of  Calcutta.     Population,  about  8,000. 

Eatwyk-  or  EatwijK-aan-Zee  (kat'vik-an- 
za').  A  watering-place  in  the  province  of  South 
Holland,  Netherlands,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Old 
Rhine  23  miles  southwest  of  Amsterdam.  Popu- 
lation (1889),  commune,  6,731. 

Eatyayana  (kat-ya'ya-na).  [Skt.,' descendant 
of  the  Katya  family.']  The  celebrated  Sanskrit 
author  of  the  Varttikas  or  supplementary  rules 
to  Panini,  of  the  Yajurvedapratishakhya,  and 
of  the  Shrautasutras.  Hiouen-Tsang  represents  a 
doctor  Kia  to  yan  na  as  living  at  Tamasavana  in  the  Pan- 
jab  300  years  after  Buddha's  death,  or  60  B.  0.  (.Weher.) 
The  Kathasaritsagara  identifies  him  with  Vararuchi,  amin- 
ister  of  Kanda,  father  of  Chandragupta,  according  to  which 
he  flourished  about  350  B.  c. 

Eatzbach  (kats '  bach ) .  A  small  tributary  of  the 
Oder,  which  it  joins  30  miles  west-northwest  of 
Breslau.  it  is  noted  for  the  battle  fought  Aug.  26, 1813, 
on  its  banks,  near  WaUstatt,  in  which  the  Allies  (90,000) 
under  Bliicher  defeated  the  French  (100,000)  under  Mac- 
donald.    The  Frenchlost  12,000  in  killed  and  wounded. 

Eatzimo  (kat-se'mo).  The  Queres  name  for  a 
mesa  or  table-rock  rising  about  500  feet  above 
the  basin  of  Acoma,  and  a  few  miles  from  the 
rock  on  which  that  pueblo  is  built.  The  Spanish 
name  for  it  is  Mesa  Encantada,  'enchanted  mesa.'  The 
folk-lore  tells  that  there  was  once  a  village  on  the  top  of 
Katzimo,  but  that  one  part  of  the  rock  fell  in,  and  the  in- 
habitants, cut  off  from  the  valley  beneath,  were  starved  to 
death.    The  rock  is  inaccessible  at  present. 

Eaiiai  (kou-i').  One  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
situated  in  the  northwest  of  .the  group,  in  lat.  22° 
N.,  long.  159°  30'  W.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  The 
chief  product  is  sugar.  Area,  544  square  miles.  Also 
Ataui  or  Atoai.    Population  (1900),  20,662. 

Eaufbeiiren  (kouf 'bol-ren).  A  town  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Swabia  and  Neuburg,  Bavaria,  situated 
on  the  Wertach  47  miles  west-southwest  of 
Munich .  It  was  formerly  a  free  imperial  city. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  7,331. 

Eauffmann  (kouf 'man),  Marie  Ang^liqiue 
Catharine.  Born  at  Coire,  Grisons,  Switzer- 
land, Oct.  30, 1741 :  died  at  Eome,  Nov.  5, 1807. 
A  Swiss  historical  and  portrait  painter,  Icaown 
as  Angelica  Kauffmann .  She  went  to  England  in  1765, 
after  passing  many  years  in  Italy,  where  she  first  attracted 
attention  as  an  artist.  She  made  an  unfortunate  marriage 
with  an  adventurer  who  passed  for  a  Count  Horn  whose 
valet  he  had  been.  Her  second  husband  was  an  Italian 
painter  named  Antonio  Zucchi.  In  1781  she  left  London 
and  returned  to  JRome.  She  painted  many  pictures,  which 
are  represented  in  the  principal  galleries  of  London  and 
the  Continent. 

Eaufmann,  or  Eauffmann,  Eonstantin  Fe- 
trovitch.  Born  near  Ivangorod,  government 
of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  March  3, 1818 :  died  at 
Tashkend,  Asiatic  Russia,  May  16, 1882.  A  Rus- 
sian general.  He  was  appointed  military  governor  of 
Turkestan  in  1867 ;  conquered  Samarkand  in  1868 ;  com- 
manded the  expedition  against  Khiva  in  1873  ;  and  con- 
quered Khokand  in  1876. 

Eaulbach    (koul'baeh),    Friedrich   August. 

Bom  at  Hannover,  June  2, 1850.  A  genre-  and 
portrait-painter,  son  and  pupil  of  Friedrich 
Kaulbach.  He  settled  in  Munich  in  1872,  and 
became  director  of  the  Art  Academy  there. 
Eaulbacb,  Wilhelm  von.  Bom  at  Arolsen  in 
Waldeck,  Oct.  15,  .1805:  died  at  Munich,  April 
7, 1874.  A  historical  painter,  a  pupil,  at  the  Dtis- 
seldorf  Academy,  of  Cornelius  whom  he  fol- 
lowed in  1825  to  Munich.  In  1839  he  went  to  Home. 
In  1847  he  went  to  Berlin  to  decorate  the  Treppenhaus  of 

1  the  new  museum,  a  work  which  occupied  him  many  years. 
In  1849  he  was  appointed  director  of  the  academy  at 
Munich.  He  made  many  book  illustrations,  particularly 
for  "Keynard  the  Fox,"  Goethe's  "Faust"  and  other 
works,  and  Shakspere,  Schiller,  and  Wagner,  etc. 
Eaumains.  See  Comanche. 
Eaumodaki  (kou-mo'da-ke).  The  club  of 
Krishna,  given  him  by  Varuna  when  engaged 

-    with  him  in  fighting  against  Indra  and  burning 

'   the  Khandava  forest. 

Eaunitz  (kou'nits).  Prince  Wenzel  Anton 
von,  Count  of  Eietberg.  Born  at  Vienna,  Feb. 
2, 1711 :  died  June  27, 1794.  A  noted  Austrian 
statesman.  As  minister  to  France  (1750-62)  he  formed 
aa  allUace  between  France  and  Austria.    He  was  state 


564 

chancellor  and  chief  minister  1763-92,  and  formed  the  coa- 
lition against  Frederick  the  Great  1766. 

Eauravas  (kou'ra-vaz).  [Skt., 'descendants  of 
Kuru.'i  A  patronymic  applied  especially  to 
the  sous  of  Dhritarashtra.     See  Mahabharata. 

Eaus  (k4s).  [Ar.  ga«s,  a  bow.]  A  name  com- 
mon to  the  three  stars  a,  d,  and  c  Sagittarii.  a,  of 
the  fourth  magnitude,  is  Kaus  Borealis ;  {,  of  the  third,  is 
£aus  Media  ;  and  e,  of  the  second,  is  Kaus  Australis. 

Eaus.    See  Kusan. 

Eaushambi  (kou-sham'be).  The  capital  of 
Vatsa,  near  the  junction  of  the  Ganges  and  the 
Jumna:  the  scene  of  the  dramaRatnavali  (which 
see). 

Eautilya  (kou'tn-ya).  Another  name  of  Cha- 
nakya,  minister  of  Chandragupta.  See  Chana- 
kya. 

Eautsa  (kout'sa).  A  rationalistic  Hindu  phi- 
losopher who  regarded  the  Veda  as  devoid  of 
meaning,  and  the  Brahmanas  as  false  interpre- 
tations. He  lived  before  Yaska,  the  author  of 
the  Nirukta,  who  replied  to  him. 

Eavala  (ka-va'la),  or  Eavallo  (ka-val'lo).  A 
town  in.  the  vilayet  of  Salonild,  Turkey,  situ- 
ated on  Kavala  Bay  80  miles  east-northeast  of 
Saloniki:  the  ancient  Neapolis.  Population, 
about  5,000. 

Eavanagh  (kav'a-nah),  Julia.  Born  at  Thurles, 
Tipperary,  Ireland,"  Jan.  7,  1824:  died  at  Nice, 
France,  Oct.  28, 1877.  ABritishnovelist.  Among 
her  works  are  "Madeleine"  (1848),  "Nathalie"  (1860), 
"  Daisy  Bums  "  (1853),  "Grace  Lee  "  (1866),  "  Queen  Mah  " 
(1863), "  John  Sorrien  "  (1875),  etc.  She  also  wrote  "  French 
Women  of  Letters  "  and '  'English  Women  of  Letters  "  (1862). 

Eavasba  (ka'va-sha).  A  Rishi  to  whom  sev- 
eral hymns  of  the  JBigveda  are  ascribed.  The 
Aitareyabrahmana  relates  that  theSishis  when  sacrificing 
on  theSarasvati  drove  away  Kavasha  as  the  son  of  a  slave, 
and  unworthy  to  drink  the  sacred  water  of  the  river.  When 
Kavasha  was  alone  in  the  desert,  a  prayer  was  revealed 
to  him  by  which  he  prevailed  upon  the  Sarasvati  to  sur- 
round him,  whence  the  Hishis,  persuaded,  admitted  him  to 
their  companionship. 

Eaveri,  or  Cavery,  or  Cauvery  (k&'ve-ri).  A 
river  in  southern  India,  flowing  into  the  Bay  of 
Bengal  by  a  delta  about  lat.  11°  N.  It  is  much 
used  for  irrigation.    Length,  about  475  miles. 

Eavi(ka've).  [From  Skt.  fcow,  poet,  or  kavya, 
poem.]  Tlie  ancient  sacred  language  of  Java. 
Java  has  3  languages—  the  vulgar,  the  polite,  and  the  an- 
cient—  all  having  words  in  varying  proportions  from  the 
Sanskrit,  Arabic,  and  Telugu,  as  the  result  of  immigration 
and  commerce,  though  the  general  structure  is  Malay. 
The  Sanskrit  is  traced  to  a  Hindu  immigration  about  2,000 
years  ago.  In  the  Kavi  is  wiitten  the  Javanese  literature, 
largely  of  Hindu  origin.  The  Kavi  language  and  Hindu- 
ism were  driven  from  Java  to  the  little  island  of  Bali  in  the 
15th  century.  Wilhelm  von  Humboldt  made  a  special  study 
of  the  language  1836-40. 

Eaviraja  (ka-vi-ra'ja).  [Skt.,  'the  king  of 
poets.']  The  author  6i  the  Sanskrit  poem  Ra- 
ghavapandaviya,  which  is  highly  esteemed  in 
India.  It  treats  In  the  same  words  at  once  the  story  of 
the  Kamayana  and  that  of  the  Mahabharata,  and  is  one 
of  the  most  characteristically  artificial  poems  of  its  class. 
Its  date  is  certainly  later  than  the  10th  century. 

Eavirondo  (ka-ve-ron'do).  A  tribe  of  British 
East  Africa,  at  tlie  northeast  end  of  Lake  Vic- 
toria. It  is  split  into  many  clans,  pursues  agriculture, 
herding,  and  fishing,  and  speaks  a  language  distinct  from 
Bantu,  and  said  to  resemble  the  Shillnk.  The  tribe  is  not 
yet  satisfactorily  classified.  _ 

Kavyadarsha  (kav-ya-dar'sha).  [Skt.:  kavya, 
poem,  and  ddarsha,  mirror — 'inirrorof  poems.'] 
A  Sanskrit  treatise  on  poetics,  written  by  Dan- 
din  in  the  6th  century. 

Eavyani  (k&-vya-ne').  In  Persian  mythology, 
the  standard  of  Kawah:  a  leathern  apron  reared 
on  a  spear,  used  by  Kawah  as  a  standard  when 
he  summoned  Faridun  to  overthrow  Dahak. 
Faridun  adorned  it  with  gold  and  precious  stones,  and  until 
the  Mohammedan  conquest  it  was  the  royal  standard  of 
Persia.  Enlarged  little  by  little  to  receive  the  jewels  added 
by  successive  kings,  it  was  22  feet  by  15  feet  in  size  when 
it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Arabs  at  the  battle  of  Kadisi- 
yah(A,D.  636).  Thesoldierwhotookitreceivedinexchange 
the  armor  of  the  Persian  general  Galenus  and  30,000  pieces 
of  gold.  The  flag  was  cut  up  and  distributed  to  the  army 
with  the  general  mass  of  the  booty. 

Eavyaprakasha  (kav'ya-pra-ka'sha).  ,  [Skt., 
'  elucidation  of  poems.']  A  Sanskrit  treatise 
on  poetics,  written  by  Mammata  of  Kashmir  in 
the  12th  century. 

Eaw.    See  Kansa. 

Eawah.  (ka-we').  In  Persian  mythology,  the 
blacksmith  who  asked  redress  against  Dahak 
(see  AzhiDahaka)  for  the  sixteen  sons  slain  to 
feed  his  serpents,  and,  on  the  restoration  of  the 
remaining  son,  excited  a  rebellion  and  sum- 
moned Faridun  to  restore  justice. 

Eawita.    See  Creek. 

Eay  (M) .  A  village  in  the  province  of  Branden- 
burg, Prussia,  5  miles  west  of  ZiiUiehau.  Here, 
in  the  Seven  Years'  War,  the  Prussians  under  Von  Wedell 
were  defeated  by  the  Eussians,  with  a  loss  of  8,000  (July 
23, 1759). 


Eean,  Edmund 

Eay  (ka),  John.  Born  near  Bury,  Lancashire, 
July  16, 1704:  died,  it  is  said,  in  France,  some 
time  after  1764.  An  English  inventor,  in  1783 
he  was  granted  a  patent  for  the  "  fly-shuttle,"  and  in  1745 
another  patent  tor  a  "  power-loom  "  for  narrow  goods.  His 
inventions  were  stolen,  a  mob  wrecked  his  house,  and  he 
himself  fled  to  France  where  he  died  in  destitution. 

Eay,  John.  Born  near  Dalkeith,  April,  1742 : 
died  at  Edinbui'gh,  Feb.  21,  1826.  A  Scottish 
painter  and  etcher.  His  "Portraits  "  aire  a  col- 
lection of  clever  caricatures  of  the  Edinburgh 
celebrities  of  his  time. 

Eay,  Sir,  called  "The  Rude "  and  "  The  Boast- 
ful." In  the  Arthurian  tales,  the  foster-brother 
of  Arthur,  who  made  him  his  seneschal.  He 
was  treacherous  and  malicious.  Also  spelled 
Ke,  Kei,  Quevx,  Keux,  etc. 

Eayanian  (ke-ya'ni-an).  The  collective  name 
of  several  Iranian  tings  whose  names  begin 
with  Kai.     See  Kai. 

Eayanush  (ke-3;S,-nush').  In  the  Shahnamah, 
a  brother  of  Faridun  who,  in  envy,  with  another 
brother  Purmayah  tries  to  destroy  Faridun.  See 
Purmayah. 

Eaye  (ka),  Sir  John  William.  Bom  at  Acton, 
Middlesex,  1814 :  died  at  London,  July  24, 1876. 
An  English  historical  and  biographical  writer. 
He  succeeded  John  Stuart  Mill  in  the  political  and  secret 
department  of  the  India  Office.  His  works  include  "  His- 
tory of  the  War  in  Afghanistan  "  (1861),  "  Administration 
of  the  Bast  India  Company  "  (1863),  "The  History  of  the 
Sepoy  War  in  India  1857-68  "  (1864-76). 

Eayes  (ka-yas').  A  town  in  the  French  pos- 
sessions of  West  Africa,  on  the  Senegal  about 
lat.  14°  30'  N. 

Eaysersberg  (ki'zers-bera).  A  small  town  in 
Alsace,  6  miles  northwest  of  Colmar.  It  was 
an  imperial  residence. 

Eazall  (ka-zS'le),  or  Eazala  (-la).  A  fortified 
trading  town  in  the  government  of  Sir-Daria, 
Asiatic  Russia,  situated  on  the  Sir-Daria  in  lat. 
45°  45'  N.,  long.  62°  10'  E. 

Eazan,  or  iCasan  (ka-zSn').  1.  A  government 
of  eastern  Russia,  surrounded  by  Viatka,  Ufa, 
Samara,  Simbirsk,  and  Nijni-Novgorod.  It  is 
traversed  by  the  Volga  and  the  Kama.  Area,  24,601  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  2,208,917. 
3.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Kazan, 
situated  near  the  Volga  about  lat.  55°  47'  N., 
long.  49°  7'  E.:  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Kip- 
tchak  khanate.  It  is  a  flourishing  commercial  center ; 
manufactures  cloth,  leather,  etc. ;  and  is  the  seat  of  a  uni- 
versity founded  in  1804.  It  was  conquered  and  annexed 
byKussia  in  1652.  The  cathedral,  within  the  picturesque 
battlemented  and  towered  inclosure  of  the  Kremlin  cita- 
del, was  built  in  1662,  and  resembles  the  Cathedral  of  the 
Assumption  at  Moscow.  The  curious  belfry,  of  later  date 
than  the  church,  displays  marked  Tatar  characteristics  in 
its  old  Russian  architecture.  The  Sumbeki  Tower,  be- 
lieved to  be  the  minaret  of  the  mosque  of  the  old  khans 
of  Kazan,  with  subsequent  restorations,  is  the  most  re- 
markable structure  in  Kazan.  It  is  built  of  brick,  and  is 
pyramidal  in  outline,  rising  in  4  stages  to  a  height  of  244 
feet.  The  summit  is  crowned  by  the  imperial  arms  sur- 
mounted by  a  gilt  balL    Population  (1897),  131,508. 

Eazanlik,  or  Easanlik  (ka^zan'Uk),  or  Eezan- 
lyk  (ke-zan'lik).  A  town  in  Eastern  Rumelia, 
Bulgaria,  situated  near  the  Tundja  44  miles 
northeast  of  Philippopolis.  it  is  noted forthe  pro- 
duction of  attar  of  roses.  It  was  captured  in  Jan.,  187^  by 
the  Knssians  from  the  Turks,  who  thereupon  surrendered 
the  Shipka  Pass.    Population  (1888),  9,480. 

Eazbek,  or  Easbek  (kaz'bek).  One  of  the  chief 
peaks  of  the  Caucasus,  overlooking  the  Dariel 
Pass  about  75  miles  north  of  Tiflis.  In  legend 
this  was  the  scene  of  the  punishment  of  Prometheus. 
Height,  16,633  feet. 

Eazerun  (ka-za-ron').  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Farsistan,  Persia,  51  miles  west  of  Sniraz. 

Eazinczy  (koz'int-se),  Ferencz,  Born  at  Er- 
Semelyln,  Bihar,  Hungary,  Oct.  27,  1759 :  died 
in  the  county  of  Zemplin,  Hungary,  Aug.  22, 
1831.  A  Hungarian  author.  He  translated  va- 
rious Greek,  Latin,  German,  French,  and  Eng- 
lish classics  into  Magyar. 

Eazvin.    See  KasUn. 

Eean  (ken),  Charles  John.  Bom  atWaterford, 
Ireland,  Jan.  18, 1811:  died  at  Chelsea,  Jan.  22, 
1868.  An  English  actor,  son  of  Edmund  Kean. 
His  first  appearance  was  as  young  Norval  in  1827,  after 
which  he  played  with  his  father  till  1833.  In  1842  he  mar- 
ried Ellen  Tree.  In  1860  Charles  Kean  leased  the  Prin- 
cess's Theatre,  at  first  with  Kobert  Keeley ;  in  1861  he 
began  his  notable  series  of  spectacular  revivals.  He  was 
a  careful  but  not  a  great  actor.  His  last  appearance  was 
as  Louis  XI.  at  Liveiyool  in  1867. 

Eean,  Edmund.  Bom  at  London,  Nov.  4, 1787 : 
died  at  Richmond,  May  15, 1833.  A  celebrated 
English  actor.  His  father  was  of  Irish  descent ;  bia 
mother  was  an  itinerant  actress  named  Anne  Carey,  who 
deserted  him.  Heplayed  children's  parts  about  1790,  and 
in  1795  he  ran  away  to  sea.  Under  his  mother's  name 
(Carey)  he  led  the  life  of  a  roving  actor  until  1806,  when  he 
first  appeared  in  the  Haymarket  as  Ganem  in  the  "Moun- 
taineers." On  Jan.  26,  1814,  he  appeared  at  Drury  Lane, 
when  he  was  very  successful  as  Shylock.    This  was  fol- 


Eean,  Edmund 

lowed  by  Hamlet,  Othello,  lago,  and  Luke  in  "Eiches." 
One  <rf  his  greatest  BuccesBes  was  in  Leai  at  Drury  Lane, 
April,  1820.  His  first  appearance  in  New  York  was  Nov. 
29, 1820.  He  returned  to  Drury  Lane  in  1821  as  Richard  III. , 
and  played  there  at  intervals  until  1825  when  (Nov.  14)  he 
appeared  at  the  Fark  Theater,  New  Yorlc  He  continued 
to  act  at  Drury  Lane,  Oovent  Garden,  and  elsewhere ;  but 
the  irregularity  ol  his  life  destroyed  his  career.  From  1829 
his  health  continued  to  decline,  and  he  acted  only  occa- 
sionally from  that  time  until  May  16, 183^  when  he  died. 
He  was  probably  uneqnaled  as  Kichardlll.,  Othello,  Lear, 
and  Sir  Oiles  Overreach. 

Eean,  Mrs.  (Ellen  Tree).  Bom  1805:  died  at 
London,  Aug.  21,  1880.  An  English  actress. 
She  made  her  Irst  appearance  in  1822-23.  From  1836-39 
she  played  in  America.  In  1842  she  married  Charles  Kean, 
with  whom  she  played  leading  parts,  and  whose  success 
she  greatly  furthered. 

Kearny  (kar'ni),  Philip,  Bom  at  New  York, 
June  2,  1815:  killed  at  ChantUly,  Va.,  Sept.  1, 
1862.  An  American  general.  He  became  a  second 
lieutenant  in  1837 ;  serveoas  a  volunteer  with  the  French 
in  Algiers,  1839-40 ;  took  part  in  the  Mexican  war ;  and 
resigned  from  the  army  in  1851.  In  1847  he  was  brevetted 
major  for  gallant  and  meritorious  conduct  at  Contreras 
and  Chnrubusco.  He  fought  with  the  French  in  Italy  in 
1869,  particularly  distinguishing  himself  at  the  battle  of 
Self  erino.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  was  ap- 
pointed brigadier-general  of  volunteers  (New  Jersey),  and 
became  major-general  in  1862.  He  commanded  the  1st 
New  Jersey  brigade  in  Franklin's  division  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac,  served  in  the  battles  of  the  Peninsula  with 
the  Army  of  Virginia,  and  at  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Hun. 
He  was  killed  while  reconnoitering  near  Chantilly. 

Eearsarge (ker'sarj).  1.  AmountaininCarroll 
County,  New  Hampshire,  5  miles  north  of  North 
Conway.  Height,  ahout  3,250  feet.  Also  Kiar- 
sarge. —  3.  A  mountain  in  Merrimae  County, 
New  Hampshire,  21  miles  northwest  of  Concord. 
Height,  about  2,950  feet. 

Eearsarge,  The.  A  wooden  corvette,  launched 
at  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  Sept.,  1861. 
Her  dimensions  were:  breadth  of  beam,  SSteef;  draught, 
16  feet  9  inches.  Her  register  was  1,031  tons.  She  carried 
2  engines  of  400  horse-power  each,  and  her  armament  con- 
sisted of  4  82-ponnders,  2  11-inch  rifles,  and  1 30-pounder 
rifle.  She  carried  163  men,  including  officers,  and  was  in 
command  of  Cap^in  John  A.  Winslow.  On  June  19, 1864, 
oS  Cherbourg,  she  sank  the  Confederate  cruiser  Alabama. 
On  Feb.  2, 1894,  she  was  wrecked  upon  Roncador  reef  in  the 
Caribbean  Sea. 

Eeats  (kets),  John.  Bom  at  London,  Oct.  29, 
1795 :  died  at  Eome,  Feh.  23,  1821.  A  famous 
Bnglish  poet.  He  was  the  eldest  child  of  Thomas  Eeats, 
head  ostler  at  the  Swan  and  Hoop,  London.  His  father 
died  in  1804 ;  at  the  death  of  his  mother  (Feb.,  1810),  he 
was  apprenticed  to  a  surgeon  named  Hammond  at  Edmon^ 
ton.  In  the  autumn  of  1814  he  went  to  London,  where  he 
attended  hospital  lectures  and  passed  an  examination  at 
Apothecaries  Hall  (July,  1816),  out  never  practised.  He 
became  intimately  associated  with  Leigh  Hunt,  Shelley, 
and  Haydon.  The  sonnet "  On  first  reading  Chapman's  Ho- 
mer" was  written  in  the  summer  of  1815.  Various  poems 
were  published  in  periodicals,  and  in  March.  1817,  a  collec- 
tion of  "  Poems  by  John  Seats  "  appeared.  In  April,  1817,  he 
began  "Endymion  "  at  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  finished  it  in 
Dee.  "  Isabella,  or  the  Pot  of  Basil "  was  written  in  Feb., 
1818.  "  Endymion  "  appeared  in  May,  1818,  and  was  sharply 
criticized  in  *'  Blackwood's  " (Aug.,  1818)  and  in  the  "  Quar- 
terly "  (Sept.,  1818).  A  second  volume  of  his  more  mature 
work,  entitled  "  Lamia,  Isabella,  the  Eve  of  St.  Agnes,  and 
other  poems  by  John  Keats,  author  of  'Endymion,'  was 
published  July,  1B20.  His  health  now  rapidly  declined, 
and  he  sailed  for  Naples  Sept  18, 1820.  From  Naples  he 
went  to  Bome  (Nov.  12),where  he  died  attended  by  his  friend 
Severn.    He  was  burled  in  the  Protestant  cemetery. 

Eeble  (ke'bl),  John.  Bom  at  Fairford,  Glou- 
cestershire, England,  April  25,  1792 :  died  at 
Bournemouth,  Hampshire,  England,  March  27, 
1866.  An  English  clergyman  and  religious  poet, 
one  of  the  chief  promoters  of  the  "Oxford  move- 
ment." He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Corpus  Christi  College), 
and  from  1831  to  1841  was  professor  of  poetry  there.  He 
became  vicar  of  Huisley  (March  9, 1836),  and  remamed 
there  thirty  years.  His  influence  was  due  especially  to  his 
hymns,  which  were  published  in  the  "Christian  Tear" 
(182:0'  He  published  a  new  edition  of  Hooker  (1836),  the 
''  Library  of  the  Fathers  "  (in  conjunction  with  Newman 
and  Pusey,  begun  1838),  seven  numbers  of  the  "  Tracts  of 
the  Times,"  etc. 

Eeble  College.  A  college  of  Oxford  Univer- 
sity, founded  as  a  memorial  of  John  Keble,  and 
designed  especially  for  students  with  limited 
means.  It  was  incorporated  in  1870.  The  extensive 
buildings  are  of  brick  of  different  colors,  laid  in  patterns. 
The  chapel  is  in  the  Decorated  medieval  style :  the  style 
of  the  other  buildings  is  later.  The  chapel  possesses  Hol- 
man  Hunt's  painting  the  "Light  of  the  World." 

Eecskem6t  (keeh'kem-at).  Atownintheeounty 
of  Pest-Pflls-S61t  and  Little  Cumania,  Hungary, 
52  miles  southeast  of  Budapest.  It  has  consid- 
erable trade.    Population  (1890),  48,493. 

Eedar(ke'dar).  [Heb.,'dark,"duBky.']  A  son 
of  IshmaeJ. "  His  descendants  the  Kedarenes  were,  next 
to  the  NabatseanSjthe  most  important  tribe  of  the  ancient 
Arabs.  They  are  often  mentioned  in  the  Old  Testament. 
In  Pliny  (Histor.  Natur.,  V.  12)  they  are  called  Cedrei. 
Asurbanipal,  king  of  Assyria  (668-626  B.  c),  mentions  in  his 
annals  a  son  of  HazUu  (Hazael)  as  king  of  the  country  of 
the  Kadri  or  Kidri.  The  settlements  of  the  Kedarenes 
were  probably  in  northern  Arabia,  between  Arabia  Pe- 
treea  and  Babylonia. 

Eedesh  (ke'desh).    In  Bible  geography,  a  town 


'  565 

in  Galilee,  Palestine,  22  miles  southeast  of 
Tyre. 

Eedor  Laomer.    See  Chedorlaomer. 

Eedron  (ke'dron),  or  Eidron  (Md'ron).  In 
Bible  geography,  a  brook  that  passes'  to  the 
north  and  east  of  Jerusalem,  and  falls  into  the 
Dead  Sea. 

Eeeling  (ke'ling)  Islands,  or  Cocos  (ko'koz) 
Islands.  A  group  of  small  coral  atolls  in  the 
Indian  Ocean,  intersected  by  lat.  12°  6'  S.,  long. 
96°  55'  E.,  annexed  by  Great  Britain  in  1856. 

Eeene  (ken).  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Che- 
shire County,  New  Hampshire,  situated  on  the 
Ashuelot  43  miles  southwest  of  Concord.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  9,165. 

Eeene,  Charles  Samuel.  Born  at  Homsey, 
Aug.  10, 1823 :  died  at  London,  Jan.  4, 1891.  An 
English  illustrator  and  caricaturist.  He  worked 
for  the  "Illustrated  London  News,"  and  later 
for  "Punch." 

Eeene,  Henry  George.  Born  Sept.  30,  1781: 
died  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  Jan.  29,  1864.  An 
English  Persian  scholar,  in  1824  he  became  profes- 
sor of  Arabic  and  Persian  at  the  East  India  College  at  Eai- 
leybury,  near  Hertford,  England.  Among  his  works  are 
' '  Persian  Fables  "  (1833), ' '  Persian  Stories  "  (1835),  etc. 

Eeene,  Laura.  BominEnglandinl820:  died 
at  Montelair,  N.  J.,  Nov.  4,  1873.  An  EngUsh 
actress.  She  came  to  the  United  States  in  1852,  and  was 
known  as  a  brilliant  light-comedy  actress.  She  became 
the  manager  of  the  Varieties  Theater  in  New  York,  and  in 
1855  was  the  lessee  of  the  Olympic  (at  first  called  "Laura 
Keene's  Theater  ")  till  1863.  Here  she  brought  out  many 
new  plays,  among  which  was  "  Our  American  Cousin," 
with  Jefferson  and  Sothern  in  the  cast. 

Eeewatin  (ke-wa'tin).  A  district  in  British 
America,  lying  to  the  north  oi  Manitoba,  and  un- 
der its  government.  Area,  including  water, 
756,000  square  miles. 

Eeff  (kef),  or  El-Eeff  (el-kef).  A  small  town 
in  Tunis,  95  miles  southwest  of  Tunis. 

Eehama  (ke-ha'ma).  An  Indian  raja,  a  char- 
acter in  the  poem  ''  The  Curse  of  Kehama,"  by 
Southey. 

Eehl  (MX).  A  town  in  the  circle  of  Offenburg, 
Baden,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Kinzig 
and  the  Rhine,  opposite  Strasburg.  it  was  for- 
merly a  fortified  place,  and  was  bombardettby  the  French 
in  1870._  Population  (1890),  5,890. 

Eei  (ka),  Great.  A  river  in  South  Africa,  the 
former  boundary  between  Cape  Colony  and 
Kaffraria. 

Eei,  or  Eey,  Islands  (ka  i'landz).  A  group  of 
small  islands,  under  Dutch  protection,  about 
lat.  5°-6°  S.,  long.  133°  E.  Chief  island,  Great 
Kei.    Population,  estimated,  about  21,000. 

Eeighley  (keth'li).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  West  Biding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated 
on  the  Aire  16  miles  west-northwest  of  Leeds. 
Population  (1891),  80,811.    Also  KeWiley. 

Eeightley  (Ht'li),  Thomas.  Bom  in  Ireland, 
Oct.,  1789:  died  at  Brith,  Kent,  Nov.  4,  1872. 
An  Irish  writer.  He  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
in  1803,  but  did  not  take  a  degree.  He  settled  in  London 
in  1824,  and  was  mainly  occupied  with  the  preparation  of 
university  text-books  on  historical  and  literary  subjects. 
He  wrote  "Fairy  Mythology"  (1828). 

Eeim  (Mm),  Theodor.  Bom  at  Stuttgart,  Wiir- 
temberg,  Deo.  17, 1825:  died  at  Giessen,  Hesse, 
Nov.  17,  1878.  A  noted  German  Protestant 
theologian  and  ecclesiastical  historian,  profes- 
sor of  theology  at  Zurich  (1860)  and  at  Giessen 
(1873).  Howrote  ** GeschichteJesu von  Nazara"(" His- 
tory of  Jesus  of  Nazareth,"  1867-72),  works  on  the  Eefor- 
mation,  etc. 

Eeiser  (ki'zer),  Seinhard.  Bom  at  Leipsic, 
1673:  died  at  Hamburg,  Sept.  12, 1739.  An  emi- 
nent German  operatic  composer. 

Eeith(keth),  George,  fifth  Earl  Marisohal.  Born 
about  1553:  died  at  the  Castle  of  Dunndttar, 
April  2,  1623.  The  founder  of  the  Marischal 
College,  Aberdeen.  He  was  educated  at  King's  Col- 
lege, Aberdeen,  and  succeeded  to  the  earldom  Oct.  9, 1681. 
In  June,  1589,  he  was  sent  as  ambassador  extraordinary  to 
Denmark  to  conclude  the  match  between  the  Scottish 
king  and  Princess  Anne  of  Denmark.  In  1693  he  founded 
Marischal  College,  Aberdeen. 

Eeith,  George.  Born  in  Scotland  about  1639 : 
died  at  Edburton,  March  27, 1716.  A  Christian 
Quaker  and  Anglican  missionary.  He  went  to 
America  and  settled  as  a  schoolmaster  in  Philadelphia  in 
1689.  In  1692  he  headed  a  separate  faction  called  Chris- 
tian Quakers.  He  returned  to  London  in  1694,  and  in  1700 
he  went  over  to  the  established  church.  In  1702  he  went 
to  America  as  one  of  the  first  missionaries  sent  out  by  the 
Society  for  th  e  Propagation  of  the  Gospel.  He  returned  to 
England  in  1704,  and  was  made  rector  of  Edburton,  Sussex. 

Eeith,  George,  tenth  Earl  Marischal.  Born 
1693  (?) :  died  near  Potsdam,  Pmssia,  May  28, 
1778.  A  Scottish  Jacobite.  He  took  up  arms  for 
the  Pretender,  and  at  Sheriflmuir  commanded  two  squad- 
rons of  horse.  In  1719  he  commanded  the  Pretender's 
Spanish  expedition,  which  was  defeated  at  Glenshiel  April 
1, 1719.    In  1761  he  was  made  Prussian  ambassador  to  Paris, 


Eelly 

and  in  1762  was  made  governor  of  Neuch&tel.  He  was 
pardoned  by  George  II.  in  1769  and  restored  to  his  estates. 
In  1764  he  was  recalled  by  Frederick  the  Great. 

Eeith,  James  Francis  Edward.  Bom  near 
Peterhead,  Scotland,  June  11, 1696 :  kUled  at  the 
battle  of  Hochkirch,  Oct.  14, 1758.  A  Scottish 
general  in  the  Eussian  and  Prussian  service, 
second  son  of  William,  ninth  Earl  Marischal  of 
Scotland.  He  served  with  his  brother,  Georee  Keith, 
tenth  Earl  Marischal,  in  the  rebellion  of  1716.  He  escaped 
to  France,  where  he  resumed  his  studies.  In  1728  he  en- 
tered the  Kussian  service  as  a  major-general,  served  with 
success,  in  the  Turkish  war,  and  was  made  governor  of  the 
Ukraine.  Frederick  the  Great  made  him  a  Prussian  field- 
marshal  (1747),  and  later  governor  of  Berlin. 

Eeith,  Viscount.  SeeElphinstone,  George  Keith. 

Eej  (kej).  A  place  in  Baluchistan,  about  lat. 
26°  N.,  long.  62°  50'  E. 

Eelat.    See  Klielat. 

EelatiNadiri(kel-at'ena-de're).  Avery  strong 
fortress  in  Khorasan,  Persia,  near  the  Eussian 
frontier. 

Eele  (ke-la'),  or  Bakele  (ba-ke-la').  An  Afri- 
can tribe  of  the  Preneh  Kongo,  on  the  Ogowe 
Eiver,  back  of  the  Mpongwe,  near  the  Crystal 
Mountains.  Their  language  (Dikele)  is  of  Bantu  struc- 
ture, but  the  people  do  not  seem  to  be  of  pure  Bantu  stock. 
Aboutl825  they  invaded  their  present  territory,  impelling 
the  Shekiani  on  to  the  Mpongwe.  They  are  kinsmen  of  the 
Fan. 

Eeler  (ka'ler)  B61a  (real  name  Albert  von 
Eeler).  Bom  at  Bartfeld,  Hungary,  Feb.  13, 
1820:  died  Nov.  26,  1882.  A  Hungarian  com- 
poser and  conductor.  He  composed  popular 
waltzes,  the  "Hurrah  Sturm"  galop,  the 
"Friedrioh  Karl"  march,  etc. 

Eelheim  (kel'him).  A  small  townin  Lower  Ba% 
varia,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Altmilhl 
with  the  Danube,  12  miles  southwest  of  Eatis- 
bon.  Near  it  is  the  colossal  Befreiungshalle  ('Hall  of 
Deliverance '),  erected  in  1842-63  as  a  memorial  of  the  War 
of  Liberation  (1813-16). 

Eelland  (kel'and),  Philip.  Bom  at  Dunster, 
Somerset,  180"8:  died  at  Bridge  of  Allan,  Stir- 
lingshire. May 7,1879.  ABritishmathematician. 
He  graduated  at  Queen's  College,  Cambridge,  in  1834,  and 
in  1838  was  appointed  professor  of  mathematics  in  Edin- 
burgh University. 

Eeller  (kel'ler),  Adelbert  von.  Bom  at  Plei- 
delsheim,  Wiirtemberg,  July  5,  1812 :  died  at 
Tiibihgen,  Wiirtemberg,  -March  13,  1883.  A 
noted  German  philologist,  professor  of  German 
literature  and  librarian  at  Tiibingen  after  1841 : 
a  student  of  Eomanee  and  Teutonic  literatures. 

Eellermann  (kel'ler-man),  Frangois  Chris- 
tophe  (originally  Georg  Michael  Eeller- 
mann), Due  de  Valmy.  BomnearEothenbxu-g, 
Bavaria,  May  30, 1735:  died  Sept.  12, 1820.  A 
French  marshal,  of  German  extraction.  He  en- 
tered the  French  armyinl752,  served  with  distinction  in  the 
Seven  Years'  War,  and  in  1792  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  army  on  the  Moselle.  He  gained,  with  Du- 
mouriez,  a  brilliant  victory  over  the  Duke  of  Brunswick  at 
Valmy,  Sept.  20, 1792.  He  was  created  a  senator  in  1804,  and 
in  1806  was  intrusted  by  Napoleon  with  the  command  of  the 
reserve  army  on  the  Rhine.  He  was  created  a  peer  by  Louis 
XVni.  in  1814. 

Eellermann,  FranQois  Etienne,  Duo  de  Valmy. 
Bom  at  Metz,  Lorraine,  1770 :  died  June  2, 1835. 
A  French  general,  son  of  F.  C.  Kellermann.  He 
served  as  ai^utant-general  to  Napoleon  in  Italy  in  1796, 
and  became  a  brigadier-general  in  1797.  He  decided  the 
battle  of  Marengo  in  1800  by  a  brilliant  charge,  for  which 
service  he  was  promoted  general  of  division.  He  after- 
ward served  with  distinction  at  Austerlitz  (1805)  and  Wa- 
terloo (1815). 

Eelley(kel'i),William  Darrah.  Bom  at  Phila- 
delphia, April  12, 1814:  died  atWashington, D.C. , 
Jan.  9,  1890.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1841,  and  was  a  Kepublican  member 
of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  from  1861  until  his  death. 
He  published  "Letters  from  Europe"  (1880),  "The  New 
South  "(1887),  etc. 

Eellgren  (chel'gran),  Johan  Henrik.  Bom  at 

Ploby,  West  Gothland,  Sweden,  Dec.  1,  1751 : 
died  at  Stockholm;  April  20, 1795.  A  Swedish 
lyric  poet  and  critic.  His  collected  works  were 
published  in  1796. 

Eellogg  (kel'gg),  Clara  Louise.  Bom  at  Sum- 
terville,  S.  C,  July  12, 1842.  An  American  opera- 
singer  (soprano),  wife  of  Carl  Strakoseh.  Her 
childhood  was  passed  in  New  England.  She  made  her 
first  appearance  in  New  York  in  1861,  and  in  London  in  1867. 
In  1874  she  organized  an  English  opera  company.  With 
this  organization  she  did  much  for  music  in  America. 
Her  repertoire  was  large,  including  about  46  operas. 

Eells  (kelz).  A  small  town  in  County  Meath, 
Ireland,  situated  on  the  Blackwater  37  miles 
northwest  of  Dublin:  noted  for  antiquities. 

Eelly  (kel'i),  John.  Bom  at  New  York,  April 
21,  1821:  died  at  New  York,  June  1, 1886.  An 
American  politician,  leader  of  Tammany  Hall. 
He  was  member  of  Congress  from  New  York 
1855-58 ;  comptroller  1876-80 ;  and  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  governor  1879. 


Eelso 

Eelso  (kel'so).  A  to  wn  in  Roxburghshire,  Scot- 
land, situated  on  the  Tweed  43  miles  south- 
east of  Edinburgh,  it  contains  the  ruins  of  an  ab- 
bey founded  by  David  I.  in  the  12th  century.  Near  it 
are  Floors  Castle  (a  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Eoxburghe)  and 
ruins  of  Roxburgh  Castle.    Population  (1891),  4,174. 

Kelts.    See  Celts. 

Kelung,  or  Kilung  (ke-lung').  A  small  sea- 
port in  northern  Formosa,  bombarded  by  the 
French  in  1884. 

Kelvin,  Lord.    See  Thomson,  William. 

Kemble  (kem'bl),  Adelaide.  Bom  in  1814: 
died  Aug.  4, 1879.  An  opera-singer, the  daughter 
of  Charles  Kemble.  she  had  little  success  till  18S9, 
when  she  sang  in  Venice  as  Norma.  Herreputation  contin- 
ued to  increase  till  she  retired  from  the  stage  upon  her 
marriage  to  Frederick  XT.  Sartoris  in  1843.  She  wrote  "A 
Week  in  a  French  Country  House"  (1867). 

Kemble  (kem'bl),  Charles.  Bom  at  Brecknock, 
Wales,  Nov.  25,  1775:  died  at  London,  Nov.  12, 
1854.  A  noted  English  actor.  He  went  on  the  stage 
in  the  winter  of  1792-93,  and  played  Malcolm  in  "  Mac- 
beth "  at  Drury  Lane  in  1794.  He  was  the  original  Count 
Appiani  in  "Emilia  Galotti"(1794).  He  was  frequently 
associated  with  his  brother  John  Eemble  and  Mrs.  Sid- 
dons  in  the  production  of  new  plays.  On  July  2, 1806,  he 
married  Miss  de  Camp,  who  acted  afterward  as  Mrs.  Charles 
Eemble.  In  Aug.,  1832,  he  sailed  with  his  daughter,  Fanny 
Kemble,  to  America,  andappearedas  Hamlet  inNew  York, 
Sept.  17, 1832.  In  1835  he  returned  to  the  Haymarket. 
His  last  appearance  was  April  10,  1840. 

Kemble,  Elizabeth.    See  Whitlock,  Mrs. 

Kemble,  Frances  Anne,  generally  known  as 
Fanny.  Born  at  London,  Nov.  27,  1809:  died 
there,  Jan.  15,  1893.  An  Anglo-American  ac- 
tress, Shaksperian  reader,  andauthor:  daughter 
of  (Dharles Kemble.  Shemadeherflrstpablicappear- 
ance  in  1829,  with  the  intention  of  retrieving  the  fortunes 
of  her  family,  in  which  at  the  end  of  3  years  she  was  suc- 
cessful. She  visited  America  in  1832,  and  married  Fierce 
Butler  in  1834,  from  whom  she  afterward  obtained  a  di- 
vorce. She  resumed  her  maiden  name^  and  lived  at  Lenox, 
Massachusetts,  returning  to  Europe  at  intervals.  In  1848-49 
she  gave  her  first  series  of  Shaksperian  readings  in  Boston, 
followed  by  readings  in  other  cities.  In  these  she  was 
very  successf  uL  In  1851  she  again  went  upon  the  stage  in 
England.  From  1869  to  1873  she  was  also  in  Europe.  She 
wrote  "Journal  of  a  Residence  in  America"  (1835),  "  The 
Star  of  Seville  "  (1837,  a  play),  "Poems  "  (1844),  "A  Year  of 
Consolation"  (1847), "Records of  aGirlhood"(1878),  "Notes 
upon  some  of  Shakspere's  Plays  "il882),  "Records  of  Later 
Lite  "  (1882).  "  Life  on  a  Georgia  Plantation  "  (1863). 

Kemble,  George  Stephen.  Bom  at  Kington, 
Herefordshire,  Majr  3,  1758:  died  June  5, 1822. 
An  English  actor,  brother  of  J.  P.  Kemble. 

Kemble,  John  Mitchell,  Bom  at  London, 
April  2,  1807 :  died  at  Dublin,  March  26, 1857. 
An  English  philologist  and  historian,  son  of 
Charles  Kemble  the  actor,  and  nephew  of  John 
Philip  Kemble  and  Mrs.  Siddons.  He  graduated 
at  Cambridge  in  1830.  On  Feb.  24, 1840,  he  succeeded  his 
father  as  examiner  of  stage-plays,  and  held  that  office  until 
his  death.  He  edited  "Beowulf"  (1833-37).  His  most 
important  works  are  his  unfinished  "The  Saxons  in  Eng- 
land" (1849),  and  the  "Codex  Diplomaticus  ^vi  Saxo- 
nici "  (1839-40). 

Kemble,  John  Philip.  Born  at  Prescott,  near 
Liverpool,  Feb.  1,  1757 :  died  at  Latisanne, 
Switzerland,  Feb.  26,  1823.  A  celebrated  Eng- 
lish tragedian,  son  of  Roger  Kemble.  in  I77i  he 
left  aRoman  Catholic  school  in  Staffordshire  for  the  Eng- 
lish college  at  Douai,  where  he  received  a  good  education; 
but  he  could  not  agree  to  his  father's  plan  of  having  him 
enter  the  church.  He  played  in  his  father's  company 
while  still  a  child,  but  on  Jan.  8, 1776,  he  made  his  real 
dSbut  at  Wolverhampton  as  Theodosius,  and  played  on 
the  York  circuit,  as  well  as  in  Dublin  and  Cork, with  grow- 
ing success  till  Sept.  30,  1783,  when  he  made  his  first  ap- 
pearance in  London  at  Drury  Lane  as  Hamlet.  Here  he 
created  a  good  deal  of  excitement  and  some  unfriendly 
criticism  :  he  had  not  yet  measured  the  full  extent  of  his 
power.  He  remained  with  this  company  for  19  years.  In 
Nov.,  1783,  his  sister,  Mrs.  Siddons,  -first  played  with  him 
and  overshadowed  him.  In  1788^9  he  undertook  the 
management  of  Drury  Lane,-  and  in  1802  of  Covent  Gar- 
den. It  was  on  the  occasion  of  his  opening  the  New 
Covent  Garden  Theatre,  in  1809,  with  a  new  scale  of  prices 
rendered  necessaiy  by  the  expenses  incurred,  that  the 
famous  "old-price  riote"occurred.  He  was  a  stately  actor, 
with  a  somewhat  stilted  and  declamatory  style.  In  Corio- 
lanus  he  was  at  his  best,  but  he  won  applause  as  Richard 
III.,  Hamlet,  Cato,  Wolsey,  Zanga,  Penruddock,  Jagues, 
Pierre,  Brutus,  Hotspur,  Octavian,  etc.  In  comedy  he 
was  not  so  successful. 

Kemosh.    See  Chemosh. 

Kemp,  or  Kempe  (kemp),  John.  Bom  at  Olan- 
teigh,  near  Ashford,  1380  (?):  died  at  Lambeth, 
March  22,  1454.  Archbishop  of  Canterbury. 
He  was  a  student  and  later  a  fellow  of  Merton  College, 
Oxford.  In  1419  he  became  bishop  of  Rochester,  and  was 
translated  to  Chichester  in  1421,  and  to  the  see  of  London 
in  the  same  year.  In  1426  he  became  chancellor  and  arch- 
bishop of  York,  and  resigned  the  chancellorship  in  1432. 
He  was  made  cardinal  in  1439.  In  1452  he  was  translated 
to  the  archbishopric  of  Canterbury. 

Kempelen  (kem'pe-len),Wolfgang  von.  Bom 
at  Presburg,  Hungary,  Jan.  28,  1734:  died  at 
Vienna,  March  26, 1804.  An  Austrianmeehaui- 
cian,  noted  as  an  inventor  of  automata. 

Kempen  (kem'pen),  or  Kempno  (kemp'no).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Posen,  Prussia,  43  miles 


566 

east-northeast  of  Breslau.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  5,465. 
Kempen.  A  town  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia, 
38  miles  northwest  of  Cologne,  it  has  a  castle  and 
an  old  church,  and  is  the  supposed  birthplace  of  Thomas  a 
Kempis.    Population  (1890),  6,878. 

Kempenfelt  (kem'pen-felt),  Richard.  Bom  at 

Westminster,  1718 :  sank  with  the  Royal  Q-eorge 
off  Spithead,  Aug.  29, 1782.  An  English  rear- 
admiral.  His  father  was  Magnus  Kempenfelt,  a  Swede 
in  the  service  of  James  II.  He  served  in  the  West  Indies, 
at  the  capture  of  Portobello,  and  passed  through  various 
grades  to  captain  of  the  Elizabeth  (1757).  In  1780  he  was 
made  rear-admiral  of  the  blue.  When  Lord  Howe  took 
command  of  the  fleet  (April,  1782),  Kempenfelt  was  one  of 
his  junior  admirals,  his  flag  being  on  the  Royal  George  at 
Spithead.  In  refitting  this  ship,  the  guns  were  shifted  to 
one  side  to  give  her  a  slight  heel ;  but  the  strain  was  too 
great,  and  she  broke  up  and  went  down  with  her  admiral 
aboard. 

Kemper  (kem'per),  Beuben.  Bom  in  Fauquier 
County,  Va. :  died  at  Natchez,  Miss.,  Oct.  10, 
1826.  An  American  soldier.  He  commanded  in  I8I2 
a  force  of  about  600  Americans  which  cooperated  with 
the  Mexican  insurgents  against  Spain,  and  in  1815  served 
under  General  Jackson  against  the  British  at  New  Orleans. 

Kempis,  Thomas  a.    See  Thomas  a  Kempis. 

Kempten  (kemp'ten).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
mental district  of  S  wabia  and  Neuburg,  Bavaria, 
situated  on  the  Uler  65  miles  southwest  of 
Munich:  the  ancient  Campodunum.  Formerly  it 
was  the  seat  of  a  princely  abbacy.  It  is  the  chief  place  of 
the  Algau.    Population  (1890),  15, 760. 

Kemys,  or  Keymis  (ke'mis),  Lawrence.  Died 
in  (?uiana,  1618.  An  English  ship-captain,  a 
follower  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  and  his  principal 
lieutenant  in  the  expeditions  to  Guiana.  His 
account  of  the  first  voyage  is  given  in  Hakluyt.  Kemys 
committed  suicide  after  a  conflict  with  the  Indians  in 
which  Raleigh's  son  was  killed. 

Ken  (ken),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Little  Berkhamp- 
stead,  Hertfordshire,  England,  July,  1637:  died 
at  Longleat,  Wiltshire,  March  19,  1711.  An 
English  bishop  and  hymn-writer.  In  1679  he  waa 
chaplain  of  Mary,  sister  of  the  king  and  wife  of  William  II., 
prince  of  Orange.  He  was  created  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells 
in  1684.  On  Feb.  2, 1685,  he  attended  the  king's  death-bed. 
In  May,  1688,  he  was  one  of  the  "  seven  bishops  "  to  petition 
the  king  not  to  oblige  the  clergy  to  read  the  second  Declara- 
tion of  Indulgence;  and  in  April,  1691,  he  was  deprived  of 
his  see  as  a  nonjuror.  His  most  widely  known  hymns 
include  the  morning  and  evening  hymns  "Awake,  my 
soul,"  and  "  Glory  to  Thee,  my  God,  this  night"  (both  of 
which  end  with  the  familiar  doxology  "  Praise  God,  from 
whom  all  blessings  flow"),  etc. 

Kena(ka'na).  [Skt.,'bywhom?']  Anamegiven 
to  an  Upanishad,  also  known  as  the  Talavakara, 
from  a  school  of  the  Samaveda.  The  name,  like 
those  of  papal  bulls,  comes  from  the  initial  word  in  the  first 
sentence, "  Bj  whom  sent  forth  does  the  mind  fly  when  sent 
forth?"  It  is  translated  in  "Sacred  Books  of  the  East," 
1.  147-163. 

Kendal  (ken'dal),  or  Kirkby-Kendal  (kSrk'bi- 
ken'dal).  A  town  in  Westmoreland,  England, 
situated  on  the  Ken  40  miles  south  of  Carlisle. 
It  has  important  manufactures  of  cloth,  and  waa  the  birth- 
place of  Catherine  Parr.    Population  (1891),  14,430. 

Kendal,  Mrs.  (Margaret  Brunton  Robertson). 

Bom  at  (Jreat  Grimsby,  Lincolnshire,  March  15, 
1849.  An  English  actress.  She  is  the  sister  of  the 
dramatist  T.  W.  Robertson,  and  for  some  years  was  known 
to  the  public  as  "  Madge  Robertson,"  assuming  the  stage 
name  of  Kendal  on  her  marriage  with  W.  H.  Grimston  in 
1869.  (See  Kendal,  W.  H.)  She  made  her  first  appearance 
in  London  as  Ophelia  in  1865,  and  soon  assumed  a  position 
in  the  first  rank  of  her  profession  as  an  actress  of  high  com- 
edy. Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kendal  havemade  several  successful 
tours  in  America  (the  first  in  1889). 

Kendal,  William  Hunter  (the  stage  name  as- 
sumed by  William  Hunter  Grimston).  Bom 

in  1843.  An  English  actor.  He  first  appeared  on 
the  stage  in  1861,  and  since  his  marriage  with  Madge  Robert- 
son has  played  leading  parts  with  her.  He  is  co-lesseeof  the 
St.  James's  Theatre,  London  with  Mr.  Hare. 

Kendall  (ken'dal),  Amos.  Bom  at  Dunstable, 
Mass.,  Aug.  16, 1789 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
Nov.,  1869.  An  American  politician,  postmas- 
ter-general 1835-40.  He  was  associated  with 
S.  F.  B.  Morse  in  his  telegraph  patents. 

Kendall,  Henry  Clarence.  Born  in  Ulladalla 
district,  New  South  Wales,  April  18, 1841 :  died 
at  Redf  em,  near  Sydney,  Aug.  1, 1882.  An  Aus- 
tralian poet.  His  chief  works  are  "Leaves  from  an  Aus- 
tralian Forest"  (1869),  and  "Songs  from  the  Mountains" 
(1880). 

Kenealy  (ke-nel'i),  Ed-ward  Vaughan  Hyde. 

Born  July  2,  1819 :  died  at  London,  April  16, 
1880.  An  Irish  barrister,  in  1850  he  was  Impris- 
oned for  cruelty  to  a  natural  son,  six  years  old.  In  April, 
1873,  he  became  leading  counsel  for  the  claimant  in  the 
notorious  Tichborne  trial.  On  account  of  his  conduct  be- 
fore and  after  this  trial,  he  was  expelled  from  the  circuit 
and  disbarred  (1874).  He  waa  elected  member  of  Pariia- 
ment  for  Stoke  in  1S76,  but  on  contesting  the  seat  in  1880 
was  not  reelected. 

Keneh,  or  Kenneh  (ken'e)j  or  Geneh  (gen'e). 
A  town  in  Upper  Egypt,  situated  on  the  Nile 
in  lat.  26°  12'  N. :  the  ancient  Csenopolis.  Pop- 
ulation, about  15,000. 


Kenneth  I. 

Kenelm  Chillingly  (ken'elm  chil'ing-li).  A 
novel  by  Bulwer  Lytton,  published  after  his 
death  in  1873. 

Kenesaw,  or  Kennesaw  (ken-e-s&').  Moun- 
tain. A  mountain  in  Cobb  County,  Georgia, 
25  miles  northwest  of  Atlanta.  It  was  the  scene 
of  fighting  between  the  Federals  under  Sherman  and  the 
Confederates  under  Johnston,  .Tune,  1864. 

Kenesti  (ken'es-te).  A  tribe  of  the  Pacific  di- 
vision of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  They  live  along  the  western  slope  of  the 
Shasta  Mountains  from  North  Eel  River  above  Round 
Valley  to  Hay  Fork ;  along  Eel  and  Mad  rivers  (down  the 
latter  to  Low  Gap);  and  also  on  Dobbins  and  Larrabie 
creeks,  California.  (See  Athapascan.)  Commonly  called 
Wailakki,  though  differing  from  the  Wailakki  proper. 

Kenia  (ka'nf-a),  Mount.  An  isolated  moun- 
tain in  eastern  Africa,  about  lat.  1°  20'  S.,  long. 
37°35'E.     Height,  18,000-19,000  feet.      ' 

Kenilworth  (ken'l-wferth).  A  town  in  War- 
wickshire, England,  5  miles  north  of  Warwick. 
The  castle,  one  of  the  most  admired  of  English  feudal 
monuments,  was  founded  about  1120,  and  was  long  of  note 
as  a  royal  residence.  It  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the 
royalists  in  1266  (compare  Kenilworth,  Dictum  of) ;  was  the 
prison  of  Edward  II.  in  1327;  was  granted  to  John  of  Gaunt, 
and  in  1562  to  the  Earl  of  Leicester ;  was  the  scene  of  en- 
tertainments given  to  Queen  Elizabeth  (1575),  of  which  an 
account  is  given  in  Scott's  non-historical  novel  "Kenil- 
worth " ;  and  was  dismantled  under  CromwelL  Among 
the  notable  features  of  the  ruins  ai'e  the  Norman  keep, 
the  picturesquely  traceried  banqueting-hall,  and  the  many 
towers  of  the  outer  line  of  defense.  Population  (1891), 
4,173. 

Kenilworth.  A  novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  pub- 
lished in  1821.  The  scene  is  laid  in  England  in 
the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  Leicester 
and  Countess  Amy  Robsart  are  introduced. 

Kenilworth,  Dictum  of.  An  award,  designed 
for  the  pacification  of  the  kingdom,  made  be- 
tween King  Henry  III.  of  England  and  Parlia- 
ment in  1266,  during  the  siege  of  Kenilworth. 

It  re-established  Henry  in  all  his  authority ;  proclaimed 
amnesty  for  the  rebels  on  payment  of  a  fine ;  annulled  the 
Provisions  of  Oxford  and  the  conditions  recently  forced  on 
the  king ;  and  provided  that  the  king  should  keep  the 
charter  which  he  had  freely  sworn  to. 

Adand  and  Ransome,  Eng.  Polit.  Hist.,  p.  36. 

Kenites  (ke'nits  or  ken'its).  In  Bible  history, 
a  nomadic  Midianitish  people,  dwelling  in  the 
Sinaitie  peninsula.  Later  they  were  probably 
absorbed  in  the  Israelites. 

Kenn  (ken),  or  Keish  (kash).  An  island  in  the 
Persian  Gulf,  lat.  26°  33'  N.,  long.  54°  1'  E.: 
formerly  called  Kais  and  Kish.  It  flourished 
in  the  12th  and  13th  centuries. 

Kennan  (ken'an),  George.  Bom  at  Norwalk, 
Ohio,  Feb.  16,  1845.  An  American  writer  and 
lecturer.  In  1864  he  was  sent  to  Siberia  by  the  Russo- 
American  Telegraph  Company  to  supervise  the  construc- 
tion of  lines.  He  returned  in  1868,  but  in  1870-71  he  ex- 
plored the  eastern  Caucasus.  In  1885-86  he  was  sent  by 
"The  Century  "magazine  to  Russia  for  the  purpose  of  in-, 
vestigating  the  condition  of  the  Siberian  exiles.  He  trav- 
eled 16,000  miles  in  northern  Russia  and  Siberia,  and  the 
results  of  his  observations  were  published  in  "The  Cen- 
tury." magazine  (1890-91),  and  in  1891  in  book  form,  entitled 
"Siberia  and  the  Exile  System."  He  has  also  written 
"Tent  Life  in  Siberia"  C1870),  and  has  lectured  in  Eng- 
land and  America  on  the  exile  system. 

Kennebec  (ken-e-bek').  A  river  in  Maine  which 
rises  in  Moosehead  Lake  and  flows  into  the 
Atlantic  12  miles  south  of  Bath.  Length,  over 
160  miles;  navigable  to  Augusta. 

Kennedy  (ken'e-di),  Benjamin  Hall.  Bom  at 
Summer  Hill,  near  Birmingham,  Nov.  6,  1804: 
died  at  Torquay,  April  6,  1889.  An  English 
classical  scholar,  in  1836  he  became  head-master  of 
Shrewsbury  School,  and  in  1867  was  made  regius  profes- 
sor of  Greek  at  Cambridge,  and  canon  of  Ely.  From  1870 
to  1880  he  assisted  in  the  revision  of  the  New  Testament. 

Kennedy,  Edmund  B.  Died  near  Albany  Bay, 
Australia,  Dec.  13,  1848.  An  Australian  ex- 
plorer and  government  surveyor  in  New  South 
Wales.  In  March,  1847,  he  led  an  expedition  to  trace 
the  course  of  the  Victoria  River.  In  Jan.',  1848,  he  at- 
tempted the  exploration  of  Cape  York,  and  died,  on  his  re- 
turn, between  Weymouth  Bay  and  Albany  Bay. 

Kennedy.John  Pendleton.  Born  at  Baltimore, 
Oct.  25.  1795  :  died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  Aug.  18, 
1870.  An  American  politician  and  novelist.  He 
was  member  of  Congress  from  Maryland  1839-45,  and  sec- 
retary of  the  navy  1852-63.  His  chief  work  is  "  HorsS-Shoe 
Robinson  "  (1886). 

Kennesaw  Mountain.   See  Kenesaw  Mountain. 

Kennet,  or  Kennett  (ken'et).  A  river  in 
England  which  joins  the  Thames  at  Reading. 
Length,  about  50  miles. 

Kennet,  White.  Bom  at  Dover.  England,  1660 : 
died  at  London,  1728.  An  English  bishop,  anti- 
quarian ,  and  theological  writer.  His  chief  work 
is  a  "Compleat  History  of  England"  (1706). 

Kenneth  (ken'eth)  I.  MacAlpine.  Died  about 

860.  King  of  the  Scots.  Hewasthesonof  Alpin.Mng 
of  the  Dalriad  Scots.  Hisf  ather  died  in  battle  with  the  Plots, 


Kenneth  I. 

July  20, 834.  In  843  he  established  bis  rale  over  Alban,  or 
tbe  united  kingdom  ot  the  Ficts  and  Scots,  and  fixed  bis 
capital  at  Scone. 

Kenneth  II.  Died  995.  A  Scottish  king,  son  of 
Malcolm  I.  During  his  reign  the  central  districts 
of  Scotland  were  consolidated  and  defended. 

Kennicott  (ken'i-kot),  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Tot- 
nes,  Devonshire,  April  4, 1718 :  died  at  Oxford, 
England,  Aug.  18,  1783.  An  English  biblical 
scholar.  He  was  Badcliffe  librarian  at  Oxford  1767-S3. 
His  special  work  was  tbe  collation  of  Hebrew  manuscripts, 
in  which  be  was  assisted  by  his  wife.  She  founded  two 
Hebrew  scholarships  at  (Mord  in  memory  of  her  husband. 
Kennicott's  chief  work  is  his  "  Vetus  Testamentum  hebrai- 
cum  cum  variis  lectionibus  "  (1776-80).  His  collection  of 
manuscripts  is  deposited  at  the  New  Museum,  Oxford. 

Kenninffton  (ken'ing-ton).  ['King's  town.']  A 
district  in  Lambeth,  London. 

It  was  here  that  (1041)  Hardicanute  died  suddenly  at  a 
wedding-feast — with  a  tremendous  struggle — while  he 
was  drinking.    Nothing  remains  now  of  the  palace. 

Hare,  London,  II.  404. 

Kenosha  (ke-no'sha).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Kenosha  County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  Lake 
Michigan  34  miles  south  of  Milwaukee :  a  trad- 
ing center.     Population  (1900),  11,606. 

Kensal  Green  (ken'sal  gren;.  a  cemetery  in 
the  northwestern  part  of  London. 

Kensett  (ken'set),  John  Frederick.  Bom  at 
Cheshire,  Conn.,  March  22,  1818:  died  at  New 
Xork,  Dec.  16,  1872.  An  American  landscape- 
painter.  He  spent  several  years(1840-47)in  Europe,  paint- 
ing  in  England,  Italy,  etc.,  and  was  elected  national  acad- 
emician in  1849.  In  1859  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
commission  to  supervise  the  decoration  of  the  Capitol  at 
Washington.  Among  his  works  are  "An  October  After- 
noon" (1864),  "New  Hampshire  Scenery,"  "Afternoon  on 
the  Connecticut  Shore,"  "Lake  George,"  "Italian  Lake," 
etc. 

Kensington  (ken'sing-tgn).  A  borough  (mu- 
nicipal) of  Loudon,  north  of  the  Thames,  4 
miles  west-southwest  of  St.  Paul's,  it  contains 
Kensington  Gardens,  Kensington  Palace,  and  Holland 
House,  and  sends  2  representatives  to  Parliament.  (For 
the  museum,  etc.,  see  South  Kensington  Museum,)  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  166,321. 

Kent  (kent).  [ME.  Kent,  AS.  Cent,  Casnt,  L.  Can- 
ttum,  Can  tia,  Gr.  'Kavriov,  from  an  Old  Celtic  name 
represented  by  W.  Caint.']  The  southeastern- 
most  county  of  England,  it  is  bounded  by  Essex 
(from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Thames)  and  the  North 
Sea  on  the  north,  the  North  Sea  on  the  east,  the  Strait  of 
Dover,  the  English  Channeli  and  Sussex  on  the  south,  and 
;Surrey  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  undulating.  The  soil 
Is  highly  cultivated,  Kent  being  especially  noted  for  hop- 
raising.  It  was  the  scene  of  Caesar's  Invasions  in  55  and  64 
B.  c,  and  of  the  earliest  Teutonic  invasions  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury, and  was  the  seat  of  the  Jutish  kingdoms.  Its  conver- 
sion to  Christianity  commenced  under  Augustinein597,and 
it  was  annexed  to  Wessex  in  823.  Area,  1,552  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  1,142,324. 

Kent.PrinoeEdwardAngustus.Dukeof.Bom 
at  Buckingham  House,  London,  Nov.  2,  1767: 
died  at  Sidmouth,  Devonshire,  Jan.  23, 1820.  The 
fourth  son  of  George  III.  of  England,  and  father 
of  Queen  Victoria.  On  May  28, 1818,  he  married  Vic- 
toria Mary  Louisa,  widow  of  Emich  Charles,  prince  of  Lein- 
ingen-Dachsburg-Hardenburg.  Their  only  child,  Victoria, 
was  born  at  Kensington  Palace,  May  24, 1819. 

Kent,  Earl  of,  A  character  in  Shakspere's  "King 
Lear":  an  upright  and  faithful  counselor. 

Kent,  Fair  Maid  of.    See  Joan. 

Kent,  Maid  of  or  Nun  of.  See  Barton,  Eliza- 
beth. 

Kent,  James.  Bom  at  Philippi,  Putnam  County, 
N.  Y. ,  July  81, 1763 :  died  at  New  York,  Dec.  12, 
1847.  A  noted  American  jurist.  Hebeoamejudge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  York  in  1798 ;  was  chief  jus- 
tice ot  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  York  1804-14 ;  and  was 
chanceUor  1814-23.  His  chief  work  is  "Commentaries  on 
American  Law  "  (1826-30). 

Kent,  William.  Bom  in  the  North  Eiding  of 
Yorkshire,  1684:  died  at  London,  April  12, 1748. 
An  English  painter,  sculptor,  architect,  and 
landscape-gardener.  He  studied  in  Bome,  where  in 
1716  he  attracted  the  notice  of  Bichard  Boyle,  third  earl  of 
Burlington,  with  whom  he  resided  for  the  rest  of  his  life. 
He  is  best  known  as  the  butt  of  Chesterfield,  Hogarth,  and 
other  wits  of  the  time. 

Kentigern  (ken'ti-g6m),  or  Mungo  (mung'go), 
Saint.  Born  at  Culross,  Perthshire,  probably 
.518 :  died  Jan.  13, 603.  The  apostle  of  the  Strath- 
clyde  Britons  in  Scotland,  and  patron  saint  of 
Glasgow. 

K.entish  Town  (ken'tish  toun).  A  northern 
suburb  of  London,  3  miles  northwest  of  St. 
Paul's. 

Kent  Island.  The  largest  island  in  Chesapeake 
Bay,  situated  in  Queen  Anne  County,  Maryland, 
7  miles  east  of  Ajinapolis.  The  first  settlement  in 
Maryland  was  made  here  by  Caaiborne  In  1631.  Length, 
16  miles. 

Kent's  Carem.  A  cave  near  Torquay,  Devon- 
shire, England,  noted  for  the  paleolithic  flint 
tools  and  other  implements,  and  for  the  animal 
remains,  discovered  there. 


567 

Kentucky  fken-tuk'i).  [Prom  the  river  so 
named.  Eentuehy  is  an  Indian  word  variously 
explained  as  meaning  '  at  the  head  of  a  river,' 
'river  of  blood,'  'the  dark  and  bloody  land'  or 
'ground.']  One  of  the  Southern  States  of  the 
TJnited  States  of  America.  Capital,  Frankfort. 
Largest  city,  Louisville.  It  is  separated  by  the  Mis- 
sissippi from  Missouri  on  the  west,  by  tbe  Ohio  from  Ohio, 
Indiana,  and  Illinois  on  the  north,  and  by  the  Big  Sandy 
from  West  Virginia  on  the  east,  and  is  bounded  by  Vu'ginia 
on  the  southeast,  and  by  Tennessee  on  the  sonth.  It  lies 
between  lat.  36°  30'  and  89"  6'  N.,  and  long.  82°  and  89°  38'  W. 
It  is  mountainous  in  the  east;  the  "Blue  Grass  region"  is 
in  the  center.  The  chief  minerals  are  coal  and  iron ;  the 
leading  occupations  are  agriculture  and  the  breeding  of 
horses,  cattle,  and  mules.  It  is  the  first  State  in  produc- 
tion of  tobacco  and  hemp.  It  has  IID  counties ;  sends  2 
senators  and  11  representatives  to  Congress ;  and  has  13 
electoral  votes.  Kentucky,  the  ancient  Indian  hunting- 
ground  ("dark  and  bloody  ground"),  was  explored  by 
Daniel  Boone  in  1769.;  was  settled  at  Harrodsburg  in  1774 ; 
was  formed  into  a  county  of  Virginia  in  1776 ;  was  admitted 
into  the  Union  in  1792 ;  was  distinguished  in  the  War  of 
1812  and  the  Mexican  war ;  was  one  of  the  Slave  States ; 
attempted  to  preserve  neutrality  in  the  Civil  "War;  was 
occupied  by  Federals  and  Confederates  in  1861 ;  and  was 
the  scene  of  various  campaigns  and  raids.  Area,  40,400 
square  miles.    Population  (1900),  2,147,174. 

Kentucky.  A  river  in  the  State  of  Kentucky, 
joining  the  Ohio  45  miles  southwest  of  .Cincin- 
nati. Length,  over  250  miles;  navigable  to 
Frankfort. 

Kentucky  Resolutions.  Nine  resolutions  pre- 
pared by  Thomas  Jefferson  and  passed  by  the 
legislature  of  Kentucky  in  1798.    A  tenth  was 

Eassed  in  1799.  They  declared  the  "alien  and  sedition 
iws"  void,  and  emphasized  the  rights  of  the  several 
States. 

KenwigS  (ken'wigz),  Morleena.  In  Dickens's 
"Nicholas  Niekleby,"  a  yoimg  lady  with  flaxen 
pigtails  and  white-rufled  trousers,  who  has  a 
habit  of  fainting  at  intervals. 

Kenyon  (ken'yon),  John.  Bom  in  the  parish 
of  Trelawney,  Jamaica,  1784:  died  at  Cowes, 
Isle  of  Wight,  Dec.  3,  1856.  An  English  poet 
and  philanthropist.  He  studied  at  Charterhouse,  and 
in  1802  entered  Cambridge,  leaving  without  a  degree  in 
1808.  He  published  a  few  poems,  but  is  best  known  from 
his  charity. 

Kenyon,  Lloyd,  Baron  Kenyon.  Bom  at  Gred- 
ington,  Flintshire,  Wales,  Oct.  5, 1732:  died  at 
Bath,  England,  April  4, 1802.  A  British  jurist, 
lord  chief  justice  of  England  1788-1802. 

Kenyon  College,  A  Protestant  Episcopal  Col- 
lege at  Gambler,  Ohio.  It  is  attended  by  about  200 
students,  and  has  a  library  of  over  30,000  volumes. 

Keokuk  (ke'o-kuk).  A  city  and  one  of  the 
capitals  of  Lee  County,  Iowa,  situated  on  the 
Mississippi,  at  the  foot  of  the  rapids,  in  lat. 
40°  23'  N.,  long.  91°  26'  W.  It  is  a  railway  cen- 
ter and  canal  terminus,  and  has  iron  manufactures. 
Meat-packing  is  an  important  industry.  Population 
(1900),  14,641. 

Kephallenia.    See  Cephalonia. 

Kepler  (kep'ler),  Johann  (family  name  origi- 
nally Von  Kappel).  Bom  at  Weil  der  Stadt, 
Wiirtemberg,  JDec.  27,  1571:  died  at  Katisbon, 
Bavaria,  Nov.  15,  1630.  A  celebrated  German 
astronomer,  one  of  the  chief  founders  of  mod- 
em astronomy.  He  became  professor  of  mathematics 
at  Gratz  in  1693,  assistant  of  Tycho  at  Prague  in  1600,  and 
imperial  astronomer  in  1601,  and  was  professor  at  Linz 
1612-26.  His  name  is  especially  associated  with  the  three 
laws  of  planetary  motion  (Kepler's  laws).  The  first  two 
were  announced  in  his  "De  Motibus  Stellse  Martis"  in 
1609,  and  he  discovered  the  third  on  March  8, 1618.  The 
three  laws  are  as  follows :  (a)  The  orbits  of  the  planets  are 
ellipses  having  the  sun  at  one  focus.  (&)  The  areas  de- 
scribed by  their  radii  vectores  in  equal  times  are  equal, 
(c)  The  square's  of  their  periodic  times  are  proportional  to 
the  cubes  of  their  mean  distances  from  the  sun.  His  com- 
plete works  were  edited  by  Frisch  (1858-71). 

Keppel  (kep'pel),  Arnold  Joost  van,  first  Earl 
of  Albemarle.  Born  in  the  Netherlands,  1669 : 
died  May  30,  1718.  A  Dutch  officer  in  the  ser- 
vice of  William  III.,  and  later  of  the  States- 
General. 

Keppel,  Augustus,  Visooimt  Keppel.  Bom 
Apnl  25,  1725:  died  Oct.  2,  1786.  An  English 
admiral,  second  son  of  William  Anne  Keppel, 
second  earl  of  Albemarle,  in  1765  he  took  command 
of  the  North  American  squadron  at  Hampton  Eoads.  He 
was  made  rear-admtoal  of  the  blue  in  1762,  vice-admiral 
in  1770,  admiral  of  the  blue  in  1778,  and  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  fleet  in  1778.  On  July  27, 1778,  he  engaged  the 
French  fleet  in  the  Channel  without  result.  For  his  be- 
havior in  this  battle  he  was  courtmartialed  Jan.,  1779, 
and  acquitted.  In  Kockingham's  cabinet  he  was  appointed 
first  lord  of  the  admiralty  (1782),  and  created  Viscount 
Keppel.    He  retired  from  public  life  in  1783. 

Keppel,  George  Thomas,  sixth  Earl  of  Albe- 
marle. Bom  June  13,  1799:  died  at  London, 
Feb.  21, 1891.  An  English  general  and  vn-iter 
of  travels,  etc. 

Ker  (k6r),  John  Bellenden.  Bom  1765  (?) :  died 
at  Ramridge,  Hampshire,  June,  1842.  An  Eng- 
lish botanist  and  man  of  fashion.  He  was  the  eldest 
son  of  John  Gawler  of  Eamridge,  and  Caroline,  daughter 


Kermanshah 

of  John,  Baron  Bellenden.  On  Nov.  6,  1804,  he  took,  by 
license  of  George  III. ,  the  name  of  Ker-BeUenden,  but  was 
known  as  Bellenden  Ker.  In  1801  be  published  "Eecensio 
Plantarum."  In  1812  he  became  the  first  editor  of  the 
"Botanical  Register,"  and  served  until  1823.  In  1828  he 
published  his  "Iridearum  Genera."  A  portrait  of  Ker  by 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  was  sold  in  1887  for  £2,415. 

Kera.    See  Keresan. 

Kerak  (ke-rak').  A  town  in  Syria,  Asiatic  Tur 
key,  48  miles  southeast  of  Jerusalem:  the  an- 
cient Kir-Hareseth,  a  city  of  the  Moabites. 
The  castle  of  the  Crusaders,  built  here  about  1131  by  King 
Foulques,  is  one  of  the  most  imposing  of  medieval  monu. 
ments.  The  walls  and  towers  are  lofty  and  massive ;  the 
passages,  colonnades,  cisterns,  and  moats  are  of  great  ex- 
tent and  interest.  A  subterranean  chapel  with  frescos  is 
very  curious.    Population,  estimated,  8,000. 

Keratry  (ka-ra-tre'),  Augusts  Hilarion  de. 

Born  at  Eennes,  France,  Oct.  28,  1769:  died 
Nov.,  1859.  A  French  politician  and  miscella- 
neous writer. 

K6ratry,ComteEmile  de.  Born  at  Paris,  March 
20,  1832  :  died  there,  April  7,  1904.  A  French 
politician  and  publicist,  son  of  the  above. 

Kerauli  (ker-a-le'),  or  Karauli  (kar-a-le'),  or 
Kerowlee  (ker -ou-le').  l.A  native  state  in 
Eajputana,  India,  intersected  by  lat.  26°  30'  N., 
long.  77°  E.  It  is  xmder  British  control.— 2. 
The  capital  of  the  state  of  Kerauli,  about  lat. 
26°  27'  N.,  long.  77°  4'  E.  Population,  about 
25,000. 

Kerbela  (ker-ba'la),  or  Meshhed-Hussein 
(mesh-ed'hus-san').  A  town  in  the  vilayet  ol' 
Bagdad,  Asiatic  Turkey,  57  miles  south-south- 
west of  Bagdad:  the  sacred  city  of  the  Shiites. 
Population,  estimated,  about  60,000. 

Keres,    See  Keresan. 

Keresan  (ka-re '  san) .  A  linguistic  stock  of  North 
American  Indians  which  embraces  the  seden- 
tary tribes  occupying  the  pueblos  or  communal 
villages  of  Acoma,  Laguna,  CochitI,  Santa  Ana, 
San  Felipe,  Santo  Domingo,  andSia,  in  the  main 
and  tributary  valleys  of  the  Eio  Grande,  New 
Mexico.  The  stock  comprises  two  dialectic  groups :  one, 
the  pueblos  of  Laguna  and  Acoma,  with  their  outlying 
villages ;  the  other  or  eastern  pueblos, which  form  the  Kera 
or  Keres  group,  from  which  the  name  of  the  stock  is  de- 
rived. In  1542  the  tribes  inhabited  seven  villages ;  in  1582 
but  five  were  occupied.  Laguna  was  not  established  as  a 
pueblo  until  1699.  Except  Acoma,  none  of  the  Keresan 
pueblos  is  on  the  site  occupied  at  the  time  of  the  early 
Spanish  explorations.  They  number  3,560.  Also  Kera, 
Keres,  Quera,  Queres,  Quirie,  CJmchaeas,  Keswhawhay. 

Keresaspa  (ke-re-sas'pa).  ['  Having  lean,  slen- 
der horses.']  In  the  Avesta,  a  hero  of  the  race 
of  Sama.  He  and  Urvakhsbaya  are  sons  of  Thrita.  He 
avenges  the  murder  of  his  brother  by  Hitaspa,  and  slays 
the  dragon  Srvara  and  the  demon  Gandarewa.  In  the 
Shahnamah  the  name  appears  as  Garshasp. 

Kerethim  (ker'e-thim).    See  the  extract. 

David  instituted  a  bodyguard  of  Kerethim  and  Pelethim, 
or  rather  of  Cretans  and  Philistines  (2  Sam.  xv.  18),  to 
whom  the  Hebrew  of  2  Sam.  xx.  23  adds  a  name  which  has 
been  obliterated  in  our  English  version,  the  Garians.  These 
foreign  soldiers  were  a  sort  of  Janissaries  attached  to  the 
person  of  the  sovereign,  after  the  common  fashion  ol 
Easternmonarchs,  who  deem  themselves  most  secure  when 
surrounded  by  a  band  of  followers  uninfluenced  by  family 
connections  with  the  people  of  the  land.  The  constitution 
of  the  bodyguard  appears  to  have  remained  unchanged  to 
the  fall  of  the  Judsean  state. 

W.  S.  Smith,  0.  T.  in  the  Jewish  Ch.,  p.  249. 

Kerewe  (ke-ra'we),  orWakerewe  (wa-ke-ra'- 
we).  An  African  tribe  of  German  East  Africa, 
inhabiting  the  island  Ukerewe  and  adjacent 
mainland,  at  the  south  end  of  Lake  Victoria, 
Bukindo  is  their  capital.  Though  apparently  Bantu,  their 
dialect  is  said  to  differ  considerably  from  that  of  their 
Wasukuma  neighbors. 

Kerguelen  (kerg'e-len)  Land,  or  Desolation 
Island.  An  uninhabited  island  in  the  Southern 
Ocean,  intersected  by  lat.  49°  S.,  long.  69°  30'  E. 
The  surface  is  mountainous.  It  was  discovered  by  the 
Frenchman  Kerguflen  Tr^marec  in  1772:  annexed  by 
France  1893.    Length,  about  90  miles. 

Kerkenna  (ker-ken'na)  Islands.  A  group  of 
islands  in  the  Gulf  of  Cabes  (Syrtis  Minor),  east 
of  Tunis. 

Kerki  (ker'ke).  A  town  in  Russian  central 
Asia,  on  the  Oxus  south  of  Bokhara.  It  is  an 
important  point  on  the  caravan  route,  and  is 
garrisoned  by  Russians. 

Kerkuk  (ker-kok'),  officially  Shahr  Zul  (shar 
zol)  (or  Zor).  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of  Mosul, 
Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  on  the  Adhem  90  miles 
southeast  of  Mosul.  Population,  estimated, 
12,000-15,000. 

Kerkyra.    See  Corfu. 

Kermadec  (ker-ma-dek')  Islands.  A  group  of 
small  islands  in  the  South  Pacific,  about  lat. 
30°  S.,  long.  178°  W.:  annexed  by  Great  Britain 
in  1886. 

Kerman.    See  Kirman. 

Kermanshah,    See . 


Kern-baby 

Kem-baby  (kem'ba-bi),  or  Kernababy  (k6r'- 
na-ba-bi).     See  the  extract. 

Let  us  take  another  piece  ol  folklore.  All  North-country 
English  lolk  know  the  Kernababy.  The  custom  of  the 
"  Kernababy  "  is  commonly  observed  in  England,  or,  at  all 
events,  in  Scotland,  where  the  writer  has  seen  many  a  ker- 
nababy. The  last  gleanings  of  the  last  field  are  bound  up 
in  a  rude  imitation  of  the  human  shape,  and  dressed  in 
some  tag-rags  of  finery.  The  usage  has  fallen  into  the 
conservative  hands  of  children,  but  of  old  "the  Maiden" 
was  a  regular  image  of  the  harvest  goddess,  which,  with  a 
sickle  and  sheaves  in  her  arms,  attended  by  a  crowd  of 
reapers,  and  accompanied  with  music,  followed  the  last 
carts  home  to  th  e  farm.  It  is  odd  enough  that  the  "  Maid- 
en" should  exactly  translate  the  old  Sicilian  name  of  the 
daughter  of  Demeter.  "  The  Maiden  "  has  dwindled,  then, 
among  us  to  the  rudimenta^  kernababy ;  but  ancient  Peru 
had  her  own  Maiden,  her  Harvest  Goddess. 

Lang,  Custom  and  Myth,  p.  17; 

Kerner  (ker'ner),  Andreas  Justinns.    Bom  at 

Ludwigsburg,  Wiii'temberg,  Sept.  18, 1786:  died 
at  Weinsberg,  Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  21,  1862.  A 
German  lyric  poet  and  medical  writer.  He  was 
destined  at  the  outset  for  a  mercantile  career,  but  ulti- 
mately studied  natural  history  at  Tubingen,  where  he  was 
intimately  associated  with  Uhland  and  Gustav  Schwab, 
with  whom  he  founded  the  so-called  Swabian  school  of  poe- 
try. After  1819  he  was  district  physician  at  Weinsberg, 
where  he  died.  His  poems  are  characterized  by  a  true 
lyric  quality :  one  at  least  of  them,  the  "  Wanderlied  " 
("  Wander  Song  "),  has  become  a  genuine  folk-song.  He 
was  a  believer  in  spiritualistic  manifestations,  and  wrote 
several  works  in  this  field,  among  them  "  Die  Seherin  von 
Prevorst"  ("The  Prophetess  of  Prevorst").  His  principal 
prose  work  is  "Reiseschatten  von  dem  Schatteuspieler 
luohs"  ("Magic  Lantern  Pictures  of  Travel  by  the  Ex- 
hibitor Luohs,"  1811). 

Keroualle,  or  Querouaille  (ka-rs-al'),  Louise 
Rende  de,  Duchess  of  Portsmouth  and  Aubigny. 
Born  1649 :  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  14,  1734.  Elder 
daughter  of  G-uillaume  de  Penancoet,  sieur  de 
K(5roualle.  She  first  appears  as  maid  of  honor  to  Hen- 
rietta, duchess  of  Orleans,  sister  of  Charles  IL,  and  later 
to  Queen  Catharine.  She  became  mistress  of  Charles  II. 
in  1671,  and  on  July  29, 1672,  bore  him  a  son,  Charles  Len- 
nox, who  was  created  duke  of  Richmond.  She  was  nat- 
uralized and  in  1673  created  duchess  of  Portsmouth,  and 
made  lady  of  the  bedchamber  to  the  queen.  In  1674  she 
was  granted  by  Louis  XIV.  the  flef  of  Aubigny  in  Berry. 
After  the  death  of  Charles  II.  she  retired  to  Aubigny  for 
the  rest  of  her  life. 

Kerr  (ker),  Robert.  Born  at  Bughtridge,  Eox- 
buighshire,  1755:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Oct.  11, 
1813.  A  Scottish  author.  He  is  best  known  for  his 
*'  General  History  and  Collection  of  Voyages  and  Travels  " 
(28  volumes :  1811-24). 

Kerry  (ker'i).  A  maritime  county  in  Munster, 
Ireland.  It  is  separated  by  the  Shannon  from  Clare  on 
the  north,  and  bounded  by  Limerick  and  Cork  on  the  east, 
Cork  on  the  southeast,  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  south- 
west and  west.  It  contains  Macgillicuddy's  Keeks  and 
the  Lakes  of  Killamey.  The  chief  town  is  Tralee.  Area, 
1,8B3  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  179,136. 

Kertcu  (kereh).  A  seaport  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  Crimea,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Strait  of 
Yenikale  in  lat.  45°  21'  N.,  long.  36°  28'  E.:  the 
ancient  PanticapsBum.  It  is  noted  for  its  antiquities; 
was  an  ancient  Milesian  colony ;  was  the  capital  of  the 
kingdom  of  Bosporus ;  wasoccupiedlaterbytheByzantine 
empire,  Genoese,  Turks,  etc.;  passed  to  Eussia  in  1774; 
and  was  sacked  by  the  English  and  French  forces  in  1856. 
Population,  with  Yenikale,  80,892. 

Kesbab  Chandra  Sen  (ke-shub'  chan'dra  san). 
Bom  1838 :  died  1884.  _  The  third  great  theistio 
reformer  of  British  India,  following  Eammohun 
Roy  and  Debendranath  Tagore.  Under  his  leader- 
ship the  Brahmasamaj  or  Theistic  Church  was  led  to  break 
with  almost  all  the  traditional  Hindu  usages  spared  by 
his  predecessors,  even  the  distinction  of  caste, 

Kesbo.    See  Hanoi. 

K6siui.rk,     See  Kasmark. 

Kesselsdorf  (kes'sels-dorf).  A  village  5  miles 
southwest  of  Dresden.  Here,  Dec.  16, 1746,  the  Prus- 
sians under  Leopold  of  Dessau  defeated  the  Saxons.  The 
peace  of  Dresden,  putting  an  end  to  the  second  Silesian 
war,  immediately  followed. 

Kestenholz  (kes'ten-holts).  A  small  town  in 
Alsace,  27  miles  southwest  of  Strasburg. 

Keswhawbay.    See  Keresan. 

Kesvack  (kez'ik).  Atown  in  Cumberland,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Greta  22  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Carlisle.  Itwastheresidenceof  Southey 
and  Shelley,  and  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery.  Der- 
wentwater,  Skiddaw,  Borrowdale,  etc.,  are  in  the  neigh- 
borhood.   Population  (1891),  3,905. 

Keszthely  (kest'hely).  A  town  in  the  county 
of  Zala,  Hungary,  situated  on  Lake  Balaton 
in  lat.  46°  47'  N.,  long.  17°  15'  E.  Population 
(1890),  6,195. 

Ketch  (keeh),  John,  surnamed  Jack  Ketch. 
DiedNov.,  1686.  A  famous  English  executioner. 
On  Dec.  2, 1678,  his  name  first  appears  in  a  broadside  en- 
titled "The  Plotter's  Ballad,  being  Jack  Ketch's  incom- 
parable receipt  for  the  cure  of  Traitorous  Recusants,  etc." 
"Punchinello"  was  about  the  time  of  his  death  intro- 
duced into  England  from  Italy,  and  his  name  passed  nat- , 
uraliy  to  the  executioner  in  the  puppet-show. 

Kete  (ka'te),  or  Bakete  (ba-ka'te).  A  widely 
scattered  Bantu  tribe  of  the  Kongo  State,  on 

the  Kassai,  Luebo,  and  Lubilashi  rivers.    Their 


568 

towns  are  intermixed  with  those  of  the  Bashi-lange.    An 
American  Presbyterian  mission  has  settled  among  them. 

Ketteler  (ket'tel-er),  Baron  Wilhelm  Emanuel 
von.  Born  at  Munster,  Prussia,  Dec.  25, 1811 : 
died  at  Burghausen,  Upper  Bavaria,  July  13, 
1877.  A  German  ecclesiastic  and  Ultramontane 
leader,  made  bishop  of  Mainz  in  1850. 

Kettering  (kef  6r-ing).  A  town  in  Northamp- 
tonshire, England,  13  miles  northeast  of  North- 
ampton.   Population  (1891),  19,454. 

Kettle  (ket'l),  Tilly.  Bom  a;t  London  about 
1740  :  died  at  Aleppo,  Syria,  1786.  An  English 
portrait-painter.  His  portraits,  in  the  style  of 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  have  some  merit. 

Keux,    See  Kay,  Sir. 

Kew  (kii).  A  village  in  the  county  of  Surrey, 
England,  situated  on  the  Thames  9  miles  west 
Qf  London,  it  is  celebrated  for  its  botanical  gardens. 
These  originated  in  gardens  laid  out  by  Lord  Capel  about 
the  middle  of  the  18th  century.  They  were  extended  by 
George  III.,  and  since  1840  have  been  national  property. 
The  extent  of  the  gardens  is  75  acres,  and  that  of  1;lie  ad- 
joining arboretum  178  acres. 

Kew  Observatory.  The  central  meteorological 
observatory  of  Great  Britain,  it  is  at  Old  Rich- 
mond Park,  between  Kew  and  Richmond,  and  was  built 
by  George  III.  for  the  observation  of  the  transit  of  Venus 
in  1769, -and  called  the  "King's  Observatory."  About  70 
years  after  this  the  government  determined  to  cease  main- 
taining it,  and  in  1842  it  was  handed  over  to  the  British 
Association  under  the  name  of  "Kew  Observatory."  Iji 
1871  it  was  transferred  to  the  Royal  Society,  and  is  now 
the  central  station  of  the  meteorological  ofiQce. 

Keweenaw  (ke'we-n§,)  Bay.  An  arm  of  Lake 
Superior,  north  of  Michigan,  about  lat.  47°  N., 
long.  88°  "W. 

Keweenaw  Point.  A  peninsula  in  northern 
Michigan,  projecting  into  Lake  Superior:  noted 
for  its  copper-mines. 

Kew-kiang,  or  Kiu-kiang  (ku-ke-ang').  A 
city  in  the  province  of  Kiangsi,  China,  situated 
on  the  Yangtse,  lat.  29°  42'  N.,  long.  116°  8'  E. 
It  exports  tea.-  Population,  about  50,000. 

Key  (ke).  Sir  Astley  Cooper.  Born  1821:  died 
at  Maidenhead,  England,  March  3,  1888.  A 
British  admiral.  He  was  the  son  of  a  surgeon,  Charles 
Aston  Key ;  entered  the  navy  in  1833  ;  and  was  commis- 
sioned lieutenant  Dec.  22, 1842.  He  was  made  commander 
at  Obligado  Nov.  20, 1846.  He  commanded  the  Amphion  in 
the  Baltic  in  theRussian  war  1864-65;  went  to  China  in  1857; 
was  made  rear-admiral  in  1866 ;  organized  the  Royal  Naval 
College  at  Greenwich  in  1872,  and  became  its  president  in 
1873;  was  made  vice-admiral  in  1873,  and  admiral  in  1878; 
and  became  first  naval  lord  of  the  admiralty  in  1879. 

Key,  Francis  Scott.  Born  in  Frederick  County, 
Maryland,  Aug.  9,  1780 :  died  at  Baltimore, 
Jan.  11,  1843.  An  American  poet,  author  of 
"The  Star-Spangled  Banner."  His  poems  were 
published  in  1857. 

Key,  Thomas  Hewitt.  Bom  at  London,  March 
20,  1799 :  died  there,  Nov.  29,  1875.  An  Eng- 
lish Latin  scholar,  in  1825  he  was  made  professor  of 
mathematics  in  the  University  of  Virginia,  but  returned 
to  England  in  1827.  In  1828  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  Latin  in  London  University,  and  in  1842  professor  of 
comparative  grammar.  He  was  also  head-master  of  the 
school  attached  to  University  College  from  1842  until  his 
death.  He  published  a  "Latin  Grammar  "(1846).  His  Latin 
dictionary  appeared  in  1888. 

Keyes(kez),  Erasmus  Darwin.  Bora  at  Brim- 
fleld,  Mass.,  May  29,  1810 :  died  Oct.  14,  1395. 
An  American  general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1832  ;  was  military  secretary  to  General  Scott  1860-61 ; 
and  became  major-general  of  volunteers  in  the  Union  army 
in  1862.  He  commanded  a  brigade  at  Bull  Run,  July  21, 
1861,  and  a  corps  at  the  battle  of  Pair  Oaks,  May  31, 1862. 
He  published  "Fifty  Years'  Observation  of  Men  and 
Events"  (1884). 

Key  Islands.    See  Eei  Islands. 

Key  of  Christendom.  A  name  once  given  to 
Buda,  Hungary,  from  its  strategically  impor- 
tant position  between  Germany  and  Turkey. 

Key  of  India.    Herat. 

Key  of  Russia.  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
Smolensk. 

Key  of  the  Gulf.  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
Cuba,  on  account  of  its  position  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Key  of  the  Mediterranean,  A  name  some- 
times given  to  Gibraltar. 

Keystone  State.  A  popular  designation  of- 
Pennsylvania,  the  central  State  of  the  original 
thirteen. 

Key  West  (ke  west),  Sp.  Cayo  Hueso  (ki'6 
wa'so)  ('Bone  Reef ').  1.  An  island,  one  of 
the  Florida  Keys,  belonging  to  Monroe  County, 
Florida,  situated  60  miles  southwest  of  Cape 
Sable.  Length,  7  miles.  The  population  is 
largely  of  Cuban  and  Bahaman  descent. —  2. 
A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  Monroe  County,  and 
the  southernmost  town  in  the  United  States, 
situated  on  the  island  of  Key  West  in  lat.  24° 
33'  N.,  long.  81°  48'  W.  It  is  an  important  United 
States  naval  station,  and  manufactures  cigars.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  17,114. 


Khazars 

Kezanlyk,  or  Kezanlik,    See  Kazanlik. 

Kezdi-v&sirhely  (kez'df-va'shar-hely).  A 
town  in  the  county  of  HAromsz^k,  Transylva- 
nia, Hungary,  34  miles  northeast  of  Kronstadt. 

Khabarovka  (kha-ba-rof'ka).  The  capital  of 
the  Maritime  Province,  Siberia,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Ussuri  with  the  Amur,  about  lat. 
48°  30'  N.,  long.  135°  30'  E. 

Khadijah.    See  Kadijah. 

Khafra  (khaf'ra).  An  Egyptian  king  of  the 
4th  dynasty,  builder  of  the  second  of  the  great 

?yTamids  of  Gizeh.    Also  Kephren,  Chephren, 


The  statue  of  Khafra  [of  polished  green  diorite,  in  the 
Gizeh  palace],  the  founder  of  the  Second  Pyramid,  which 
is  remarkable  not  only  for  its  great  age — sixty  centuries  at 
least — but  for  its  breadth  ana  majesty,  as  well  as  for  the 
finish  of  its  details.  It  is  therefore  a  rare  object.  It  also 
throws  an  unexpected  light  across  the  history  of  Egyptian 
Art,  and  shows  that  six  thousand  years  ago  the  Egyptian 
artist  had  but  little  more  progress  to  make. 

Mariette,  Outlines,  p.  111« 

Khaibar  Pass.    See  Khyher  Pass. 

Khairabad,  or  Khyrabad  (ki-ra-bad').  The 
capital  of  Sitapur  district,  Oudh,  British  India, 
50  miles  north  of  Lucknow.  Population  (1891)^ 
13,773. 

Khairpur,  or  Khyrpur  (Mr-por').  A  native 
state  m  Sind,  India,  under  British  protection, 
intersected  by  lat.  27°  N.,  long.  69°  B.  Area, 
6,109  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  131,937. 

Khalid  (eha'led),  or  Kaled  (ka'led).  Died  at 
Emesa,  Syria,  642  A.  D.  A  Saracen  general,  sur- 
named "the  Sword  of  God. "  He  commanded  the  Mec- 
can  force  which  defeated  Mohammed  atOhod  in  625.  He 
afterward  became  a  follower  of  the  prophet,  and  was  placed 
by  Mohammed's  successor,  Abu-Bekr,  in  command  of  an  ex- 
pedition against  Syria.  He  defeated  the  Byzantine  army 
in  a  decisive  battle  on  the  Hieromaz  (Yarmuk)  and  cap- 
tured Damascus  in  636. 

Khamil  (cha-mel'),  or  Hami  (ha-me').  A  town 
in  Eastern  Turkestan,  (Chinese  empire,  about 
lat.  42°  50'  N.,  long.  93°  30'  E. 

Khandesb  (khan-desh'),  or  Candeish  (-dash'). 
A  district  in  Bombay,  British  India,  intersected 
by  lat.  21°  N.,  long.  75°  E.  Area,  10,907  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  1,460,851. 

Khandwa  (khand'wa),  or  Khundwa,  or  Ound- 
wah  (kund'wa).  The  capital  of  Nimar  district. 
Central  Provinces,  British  India,  situated  about 
lat.  21°  46'  N.,  long.  76°  21'  E. 

Khania.    See  Canea. 

Khanpur  (khan-p6r').  A  town  in  the  state  of 
Bhawalpur,  India,  situated  in  lat.  28°  37'  N., 
long.  70°  35'  E. 

Khan  Tengri  (khan  ten'gre).  The  highest  peak 
of  the  Thian-Shan  Mountains,  central  Asia  (24,- 
000  feet). 

Kharezm  (kha-rezm').  A  country  of  central 
Asia,  lying  about  the  lower  Oxus  and  the  Aral 
and  Caspian  seas.  Its  monarchs  for  a  short  period  at 
the  beginning  of  the  13th  century  ruled  over  a  large  part 
of  central  ASia.    Also  Khviarezm,  Khoravegmia,  etc. 

KharkoflE(char-kof').  1.  A  government  of  Rus- 
sia, surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Kursk, 
Voronezh,  Province  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  Ye- 
katerinoslaff,  andPultowa.  Area,  21,041  square- 
miles.  Population  (1892),  2,537,339.-2.  The- 
capital  of  the  government  of  Kharkoffi,  situated 
on  the  Udy  in  lat.  50°  N.,  long.  36°  11'  E.  it  has- 
fiourishing  fairs,  trade,  and  manufactures,  and  is  the  seat 
of  a  university.  The  city  was  founded  in  1660.  and  has 
been  a  center  of  Nihilism.    Population  (1897),  170,682. 

Kharput  (6har-p6t'),  orHarpoot  (har-pof).  A 
town  in  Kurdistan,  Asiatic  Turkey,  70  miles 
northwest  of  Diarbekir.  Population,  estimated, 
about  20,000. 

Khartum,  or  Khartoum  (ehar-tem').  A  city  in 
Nubia,  situated  at  the  union  of  the  White  Nile 
and  Blue  Nile,  in  lat.  15°  40'  N.,  long.  82°  35'  E. 
It  was  founded  by  Mehemet  Ali  in  1823,  and  was  formerly 
the  capital  of  the  Egyptian  Sudan  and  an  important  com- 
mercial center.  It  was  occupied  by  Gordon  in  1884-86, 
and  taken  by  the  troops  of  the  Mahdi  Jan.  26, 1885.  It  was 
reentered  by  the  British  Sept.  4. 1898.    Population,  25,000. 

Khasia  and  Jaintia  Hills.  A  district  in  As- 
sam, India,  under  British  control,  intersected 
by  lat.  25°  30'  N.,  long.  91°  30'  E.  Area,  6,157 
square  miles.    Population  (1881),  169,360. 

Khaskioi  (6has-ki-oi'),  or  Haskovo  (has-ko'- 
v6).  A  town  in  Eastern  Rumelia,  Bulgaria, 
about  45  miles  southeast  of  Philippopolis.  Pop- 
ulation (1888),  14,191. 

Khassi.    See  Tigre. 

Khatmandu,  or  Katmandu,  or  Catmandoo 
(kat-mSn-dS').  The  capital  of  Nepal,  sitaated. 
about  lat.  27°  42'  N.,  long.  85°  20'  E.  Popula- 
tion, estimated,  about  50,000. 

Khazars.    See  Chasars. 


Ehelat 


569 


Khelat,orKelat(ke-iat').  The  capital  of  Balu-  Khoramabad  (cho-ra-ma-bad').    Thecapitalof  Kiakhta  (ke-aeh'ta) 

chistan,  situated  about  lat. 28°  55 ^N.,  long. 66°    *■- = «t. ._.-.._  t> — ,.    ,.     .    f.    ,  .  .    ^^       ,    .yi 

30'  E.    It  w%s  taken  by  the  British  1839  and  1840,  and  in 
1888  Khelat  and  its  territory  were  incorporated  with  Brit-     imj,  ^oli  u  m 
islilndia.    Theohief  part  of  Baluchistan  is  under  the  suze-  ■tr\,nrai,„'r, 
rainty  of  the  Khan  of  Khelat.    Population  of  the  town,  ■l^Jlorasan, 


Eielce 


the  province  of  Luristan,  Persia,  situated  in  lat. 
33°  30'  N.,  long.  48°  25'  E.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 6,000. 

or  Khorassan  (cho-ra-san').    A 


An  Egyptian  divinity.    See  the 


14,000. 

Ehem  (£hem). 
extract. 

Kbem,  the  generative  principle  and  universal  nature, 

was  represented  as  a  phallic  figure.     He  was  the  god  of 

CoptoB  .  .  .   and  the  Pan  of  Chemmis  (Panopolia)— the 

Egyptian  Pan,  who,  as  Herodotus  justly  observes  (ch.  145. 

book  it),  was  one  of  the  eight  great  gods. 

Eawliman,  Herod.,  II.  28B. 
Elliemnitzer.    See  CJiemnitzer. 
Kheraskoff  (ohe-ras-kof),  Mikhail.    Bom 

Oct.  25, 1733:  died  at  Moscow,  Oct.  9, 1806.    A 

Russian  epic  poet.    He  wrote  "  Eossiada"  in 

12  books,  and  ''Vladimir"  in  18  books,  besides 

minor  poems. 
Klieri(khe-re').  AdistrictinOudh,BritishIndia, 

intersected  by  lat.  28°  N.,  long.  81°  E.    Area, 

2,965  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  903,615. „..„„,.«„. 

Kherson (oher-son').  1.  Agovemmentof  south-  Khota,n(6h54an''7,"or"ilchi  (el-ohe').    A  town 

em  Eussia,  surrounded  by  the  Black  Sea  and    in  Eastern  Turkestan,  Chinese  empire,  situated 

the  govemments  of  Bessarabia,  Podolia,  Kieff,    in  lat.  37°  10'  N.,  long.  80°  2'  E.     Population, 

Yekaterinoslaff,   and  Taurida.      Area.  27,523    estimated,  40  000 

square  miles.    Population  (1897),  2,728,508.—  Khotin.    See  ChoUn. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Kherson,  Khufu  (k5'f6).    An  Egyptian  king  o£  the  4th 

o'J^oJ?^  °\^]^^  Dnieper  m  lat.  46°  39'  N.,  long,     dynasty,  builder  of  the  great  pyramid  at  Gizeh. 

32°  35  E.    It  was  founded  by  Potemkin  in  1778.     See  Pyramid.    He  lived  about  2800-2700e.c.  according 

f  opulation  (1897),  69,219.  to  Lepsius ;  about  8700  B.  o.  according  to  Brugsch.    Also 

Eheta.     See  Sittites.  Cheops,  Kheops,  CJiembes,  Buphit. 

Eheyr-ed-Din  Barbarossa.    See  Bariarossa.  I^umbaba  (kum-ba'ba),  or  Chumbaba,  or 
Khilidromi  (ke-le-dro'me),  or  Khiliodromia     Humbaba.    In  the  Izdubar  legends,  or  "Nim 


province  of  northeastern  Persia,  bordering  on 
Asiatic  Russia  on  the  north  and  Afghanistan 
on  the  east.  Capital,  Meshhed.  it  is  largely  a  des- 
ert,  and  has  suffered  from  invasions  at  all  periods  of  his- 
tory. Area,  estimated,  120,000  square  miles.  Population, 
estimated,  800,000  to  900,000. 

Ehorsabad  (khor-sa-bad').  A  village  with  a 
mound  of  ruins  on  the  site  of  Dur-Sharukin 
('wall  or  city  of  Sargori'),  a  city  founded  by 
Sargon,  king  of  Assyria,  722-705  b.  c.  it  is  about 
4  hours  distant  from  ancient  Nineveh,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Jebel-el-Maklub,  and  about  12  miles  northeast  of  Mosul. 
Between  the  years  1843  and  184.5  Emil  Botta,  then  French 
consul  at  Mosul,  discovered  in  the  mound  the  palace  of 
Sargon,  the  walls  of  which  were  lined  with  bas-reliefs  con- 
taining a  full  record  of  Sargon's  reign ;  and  Botta's  suc- 
cessor, Victor  Place,  excavated  in  1852  the  gates  of  the 
city,  which  were  supported  by  gigantic  winged  bulls.  The 
sculptures  are  now  in  the  Louvre  at  Paris. 

Khosru.    See  Khusrau. 


Aji  island  in  the  .^gean   Sea,  belonging  to 
Greece,  east  of  Skopelos  and  north  of  Euboea : 
probably  the-  ancient  Peparethus  or  Halon- 
nesus.    Length,  13  miles. 
Khita.    See  HitUtes. 


rodEpie,"  represented  as  the  last  Elamitie  ruler 
of  Babylonia  in  Erech,  who  was  slain  by  Izdu- 
bar and  his  friend  Ea-bani  (see  these  names 
and  Nimrod). 
Khu-n-Aten.    See  Jmenhotep  IV. 


Khiva  (ohe'va).     1.  A  khanate  of  central  Asia,  Khuns(kh6ns),orKhonsu(khon'so).  InEgyp 


situated  in  tHe  valley  of  the  lower  Oxus,  bor- 
dering on  Bokhara  on  the  southeast,  and  nearly 
surrounded  by  Russian  territory,  it  is  governed 
by  a  khan,  vassal  ^ince  1873)  of  Kussia.  The  leading  races 
are  Uzbegs,  Sarts,  Turkomans,  and  liberated  Persians.  The 
religion  is  Mohammedan.  Khiva  was  part  of  the  ancient 
Kharezm.  It  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  Kussia  in 
1717  and  1839.  and  conquered  by  Russia  in  1873.  Area, 
estimated,  22,320  square  miles.  Population,  estimated, 
700,000. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  khanate  of  Khiva,  in 

lat.  41°  23' IST.,  long.  60°  E,     " 

5,000 


tian  mythology,  the  son  of  Amun-Ra  and  Mut, 
who  form  with  him  the  Theban  triad.  He  is  a 
lunar  deity,  and  as  such  wears  the  disk  and  crescent  of  the 
moon,  his  inferior  place  being  further  marked  by  the 
child's  plaited  side  lock.  Occasionally,  however,  he  is 
shown  as  hawk-headed,  and  thus  associated  with  the  sun. 


Khons,  the  3rd  member  of  the  Great  Triad  of  Thebes,com- 
posed  of  Amun,  Maut,  and  Khons  their  offspring.  He  is 
supposed  to  be  a  character  of  Hercules,  and'  also  of  1;he 
Moon.  In  the  Etymologicum  Magnum,  Hercules  is  called 
Chon.  RawUmson,  Herod.,  II.  286. 

Population,  about  Khurja  (kor'ja).    A  town  in  Bulandshahr  dis- 
trict, Northwest  Provinces,  British  India,  50 


Khnum.    -An  Egyptian  deity.     See  i?a.  miles  southeast  of  Delhi.    Population,  about 

Khodjend,  or  Khojend  (cho-jend').    A  town  in    27.000. 
Sir-Daria,  Turkestan,  Asiatic  Eussia,  situated  Khusrau  (khus-rou'),  or  Khosru  (kos-ro'),  or 


on  the  Sir-Daria  76  miles  west-southwest  of 
Khokaud.  Population,  estimated,  85,000. 
Khoi,  or  Choi  (ehoi).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Azerbaijan,  Persia,  situated  on  the  Kotur  in 
lat.  38°  32'  N.,  long.  45°  8'  E.  Near  this  place,  in 
1514,  the  Turks  under  Selim  I.  defeated  the  Persians  un- 
der Ismail.    Population,  estimated,  25,000. 

Khoikhoin  (koi-koin').  The  native  name  of  the 
Hottentots.  By  their  Bantu  neighbors  they  are  called 
Balawu  or  Balao.  They  occupy  the  southwestern  ex- 
tremity of  Africa,  mostly  in  German  territory  and  in  the 
Cape  Colony.  (For  their  physical  appearance,  see  Eottentot- 
Bushrmn.)  Though  involved  in  relentless  wars  with  the 
white  intruders,  with  Bantu  neighbors,  and  with  people 

■  of  their  own  kin,  they  have  maintained  themselves  to  this 
day,  and  are  not  decreasing.  They  have  subjugated  a 
Bantu  tribe,  the  Hill  Daraara,  forced  upon  it  their  own 
language,  and  almost  destroyed  another  Bantu  tribe,  the 
Ovaherero.  Most  of  them  are  now  semi-civilized.  The 
principal  tribes  are  that  of  the  Cape  (speaking  Dutch), 
the  Korana,  the  Griqua  or  Bastards  (half-breeds  of  mixed 
Hottentot  and  Dutch  blood),  the  Gonaqua  in  the  Eastern 
Province,  and  the  Namaqua  in  German  Southwest  Africa. 
The  last  is  the  strongest  tribe,  numbering  about  850,000. 
The  main  features  of  the  Khoikhoin  language  are  —  (1)  In 
phonology :  (a)  the  clicks  which  form  an  integral  part  of 
the  words ;  (0)  the  musical  tones  by  which  several  mean- 
ings of  a  monosyllabic  root  are  differentiated.  (2)  In  mor- 
phology: (c)  monosyllabic  roots ;  (d)  three  grammatic  gen- 
ders and  three  numbers ;  (e)  the  masculine  and  feminine 
letters  identical  with  the  Hamitic  ;  (/)  the  use  of  post- 
positions as  in  the  Hamitic  family.    Exoealingly  rich  in 


Chosroes  (kos'ro-ez).  [See  Kaikhmrau,']  As 
Kaikhusrau,  the  thirteenth  Iranian  king  of  the 
Shahnamah  (see  Kaikhusrau);  in  history,  the 
name  of  the  twenty-first  and  twenty-third  Sas- 
sanian  kings.  Khusrau  I.  (called  Nushirvan, '  the  gen- 
erous mind")  reigned  531-679.  He  had  several  wars  with 
the  Romans.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  first  in  632  or  533, 
Justinian  purchased  peace  by  an  annual  tribute  of  440,000 
pieces  of  gold.  One  of  the  conditions  imposed  by  Khus- 
rau was  that  seven  Greek  philosophers  who  were  pagans 
should  be  allowed  to  live  in  the  Roman  Empire  without 
persecution.  At  the  close  of  the  second  war  (540-561)  .Jus- 
tinian promised  an  annual  tribute  of  40,000  pieces  of  gold, 
and  received  in  return  the  cession  of  Colchis  and  Lazica. 
Khusrau  died  before  the  end  of  the  third  war,  which  be- 
gan in  571.  He  was  one  of  the  greatest  kings  of  Persia. 
His  empire  extended  from  the  Indus  to  the  Red  Sea,  and 
large  portions  of  central  Asia,  perhaps  also  a  part  of  east- 
ern Europe,  recognized  him  as  their  king.  He  was  des- 
potic and  cruel  but  firm,  encouraging  agriculture,  trade, 
and  learning.  He  caused  various  Greek,  Latin,  and  San- 
skrit works  to  be  translated  into  Persian.  Khusrau  II. 
(surnamed  Parviz  or  Parveez,  'the  generous ")  reigned590  or 
591-628.  He  recovered  the  throne  of  his  father  Hormisdas 
IV.  with  the  aid  of  the  Byzantine  emperor  Maurice.  After 
the  murder  of  Maurice,  Khusrau  made  war  upon  the  ty- 
rant Phocas,  conquering  Mesopotamia,  Syria,  Palestine, 
Egypt,  and  Asia  Minor,  finally  encamping  at  Chalcedon, 
opposite  Constantinople.  Heraclius  saved  the  empire,  re- 
covering the  lost  provinces  and  carrying  the  war  into  Per- 
sia. Worn  out,  Khusrau  resolved  in  628  to  abdicate  in 
favor  of  his  son  Merdaza;  but  Shirvah  or  Siroes,  his  eldest 
son,  anticipating  the  design,  put  his  father  to  death.  No 
Persian  king  lived  so  splencUdly  as  Khusrau  II. 


grammatical  forms  and  in  word-store,  the  Khoikhoin  dia.     j,ois,au,iui   u.cunuo  xcuiuu^ 

lects  are  also  well  provided  with  folk-tales,  animal  stories,  rru'.rrjt.ttl'™ '/AV.'K°^'=f+!!'J^'t"  A  ..^-n^^nc  «f  wo=+ 
and  proverbs,  many  of  which  have  been  collected,  but  few  KhUZlStan  (cho-zis-tan  ).  A  provmee  ot  west 
published.    See  Hottentots  and  BmUu.  em  Persia,  bounded  by  Luristan  on  the  north 

Khojend     See  Khodjend.  andnortheast,Farsistanontheeast,thePersian 

Khokand  (oho-kand').     1.  A  former  khanate    Gulf  on  the  south,  and  Turkey  on  the  west.   It 
of  Turkestan,  now  the  territory  of  Ferghana    was  the  ancient  Susiana. 
in  Asiatic  Russia :  annexed  by  Eussia  in  1876.—  Khyber  (ehi'ber)  Pass.    A  narrow  and  diflicult 
2.  The  chief  town  of  the  territory  of  Ferghana,    mountain  pass  in  eastern  Afghanistan,  leading 


Turkestan,  Asiatic  Russia,  situated  in  lat.  40° 
32'  N.,  long.  70°  50'  E.  It  is  an  important  trad- 
ing center.    Population  (1885-89),  54,043. 

Ehons,  or  Chons,    See  Khuns. 

Khonsar  (chon-sar').    A  town  in  the  province 

of  Irak-Agemi,  Persia,  73  miles  northwest  of  Khyrabad.    See  Khairabad. 
Ispahan.    Population,  about  12,000.  KhyrpuT.    See  Khairpur. 


from  Fort  Jummd  to  Dakka,  and  commanding 
the  route  from  Peshawar  to  Kabul,  it  has  been 
an  important  strategic  point.  It  was  traversed  by  Alex- 
ander the  Great  and  by  many  later  armies,  including  the 
British  forces  in  the  two  Afghan  wars.  Also  Ehyhar,  Khai- 
bar,  etc. 


A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Transbaikalia,  Siberia,  situated  in  lat. 
50°  10'  N. ,  long.  106°  50'  E.  It  has  border  trade, 
with  China,  particularly  in  tea. 

Kiang-si  (kyaug'se').  A  province  of  China, 
bounded  by  Hu-peh  and  Ngan-hui  on  the  north, 
Che-Mang  and  Fu-kien  on  the  east,  Kwang- 
tung  on  the  south,  and  Hu-nan  on  the  west. 
Area,  72,176  square  miles.  Population  (1896). 
est.,  24,599,000.  ' 

Kiang-SU  (kyang'so').  A  province  of  China,, 
bounded  by  Shan-tung  on  the  north,  the  Yellow 
Sea  on  the  east,  Che-kiang  on  the  south,  and 
Honan  and  Ngan-hui  on  the  west.  Area,  44,500 
sctuare miles.  Population (1896), est.,21,974,000. 

Kiao-chau  (ki-ao-chou').  A  city  and  seaport  of 
the  province  of  Shan-tung,  China.  It  was  occupied 
by  Germany  in  1897,  and,  with  adjoining  territory  amount- 
ing to  about  200  square  miles,  became  a  German  protec- 
torate in  1898. 

Kickapoo  (kik'a-po).  [PI.,  also fficfcapoos.]  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  formerly  of 
the  Ohio  valley,  and  prominent  in  the  history  of 
the  region  to  the  end  of  the  War  of  1812.  In  1852 
many  went  to  Texas  and  afterward  to  Mexico,  and  in  1873 
some  were  brought  back  and  settled  in  the  Indian  Terri- 
tory. 

Kidd  (kid),  Captain  'Williani.  Born  probably 
at  Greenock,  Scotland:  hanged  at  Execution 
Dock,  London,  May  23,  1701.  A  notorious  pi- 
rate. In  1695,  on  the  recommendation  of  Robert  Living- 
stone, a  colonist,  Richard  Coote,  earl  of  Bellamont,  gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts  Bay,  placed  Kidd  in  command  of  a 
privateer  with  a  special  commission  to  suppress  piracy. 
Bellamont,  Orford,  Somers,  Romney,  and  Shrewsbury  were 
to  pay  the  greater  part  of  the  cost.  His  ship,  the  Adven- 
ture, sailed  from  Plymouth  for  New  York,  May,  1696,  and. 
from  New  York  to  Madagascar.  It  was  soon  reported,  how- 
ever, that  Kidd  had  become  a  pirate  himself,  and  when  he 
returned  to  Boston,  July,  1699,  he  was  arrested.  He  pre- 
tended  that  he  had  been  ovei^oweredbyhis  crew,  and  that, 
acts  of  piracy  had  been  committed  against  his  will,  andi 
that  other  ships  had  been  taken  under  French  passes.  He 
failed,  however,  to  give  a  satisfactory  account  of  the  Queda 
Merchant,  his  last  prize.  Kidd  and  several  of  his  crew- 
were  sent  to  England  and  were  tried  at  the  Old  Bailey  and 
executed.  A  portion  of  the  Queda  Merchant's  treasure 
was  buried  on  Gardiner's  Island,  New  York,  and  is  popu- 
larly supposed  tever  to  have  been  recovered,  but  was  re- 
moved by  the  colonial  authorities  in  1699. 

Kidderminster  (Md'fer-min-stSr).  A  town  in 
Worcestershire,  England,  situated  on  the  Stour 
16  miles  southwest  of  Birmingham,  it  is  noted 
for  the  manufacture  of  carpets.  Tile  town  is  associated 
with  Richard  Baxter.    Population  (1891),  24,803. 

Kidnapped.  A  novel  by  R.  L.  Stevenson,  pub- 
lished in  1886. 

Kidron._   See  Kedron. 

Kieff  (ke'ef ),  or  Kie'v  (ke'ev).  1 .  A  government 
of  southwestern  Russia,  surrounded  by  the  gov- 
ernments of  Volhynia,  Minsk,  TchernigofE,  Pul- 
towa,  Kherson,  and  Podolia.  The  soil  is  fertile. 
Area,  19,691  square  miles.  Population  (1890), 
3,138,900.-2.  The  capital  of  the  government 
of  Kieff,  situated  on  the  Dnieper  in  lat.  50°  26' 
N.,  long.  30°  35'  E.  It  is  called  the  "  mother  city 
of  Russia."  The  Cathedral  of  St.  Sophia,  founded  in 
1017  and  restored  in  the  14th  century  after  injury  by  the 
Tatars,  was  finally  put  in  repair  in  1850,  It  was  originally 
a  reproduction  of  St.  Sophia  at  Constantinople  on  a  scale 
of  one  fourth,  and  this  original  structure  remains  almost 
intact,  but  subsequent  additions  on  all  sides  have  made 
the  church  much  larger.  The  plan  is  almost  a  square; 
the  interior  height  is  73^  feet;  the  height  of  the  cross  on 
the  highest  of  the  7  domes,  154  feet.  The  main  part  of  the 
Interior  is  a  Greek  cross  with  arms  96  feet  long  and  2& 
wide.  Nearly  all  the  walls  and  arches  are  covered  with 
mosaics  on  a  gold  ground',  some  of  them  Byzantine.  The' 
figure  of  the  'Virgin  occupying  the  semi-dome  of  the  chief 
apse  is  especially  noteworthy.  There  are  many  curious 
frescos  in  the  galleries  and  subsidiary  parts  of  the  church. 
There  isavery  fine  old  crypt.  The  Pecherskoi  tnonastery 
(with  its  catacombs)  and  the  university  are  also  of  Inter- 
est. The  city  was  the  capital  of  the  grand  princes  of  Kieff ;. 
was  sacked  by  the  Mongols  in  1240 ;  passed  later  to  Idthua- 
nia  and  Poland:  and  was  annexed  to  Russia  in  the  17th 
century,    population  (1897),  248,750. 

Kieff  (ke'ef).  Grand  Principality  of.  A  grand 
principality  of  Russia  in  the  middle  ages.  Un- 
der Oleg  (about  900)  the  seat  of  the  Varangian  power  waa 
transferred  to  Kieff.  After  1054  it  was  regarded  as  the 
head  of  the  other  Russian  prin  cipalities.  From  the  middle 
of  the  lath  century  it  lost  its  preeminence.  It  fell  later  to 
the  Tatars  and  Lithuanians,  and  finally  to  Russia. 

Kiel  (kel).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Sehles- 
wig-Holstein,  Prussia,  situated  on  Kiel  harbor 
in  lat.  54°  19'  N.,  long.  10°  9'  E.  it  is  the  chief 
German  naval  station  in  the  Baltic,  and  the  principal  city 
of  the  province ;  has  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  Europe ; 
and  is  the  terminus  of  a  canal  to  the  North  Sea,  opened 
1895.  Docks  and  quays  have  been  recently  greatly  de- 
veloped. It  has  several  art  and  other  museums  and  a 
university.  A  peace  was  concluded  here,  Jan.  14, 1814,  by 
which  Denmark  ceded  Norway  to  Sweden  and  Helgoland 
to  Great  Britain,  and  received  Swedish  Pomerania  and 
Riigen  from  Sweden.    Population  (1900),  107,938. 

Kielce  (ke-elt'se).  1 .  A  government  of  Poland, 
Russia,  bounded  by  Piotrkoff  and  Eadom  on 
the  north,  Austria-Hungary  on  the  east  and 
south,  and  Prussia  on  the  "west.    Area,  3,897 


Eielce 


570 


King  George's  Sound 


square  miles.  Population,  1892,328.— 2.  The 
capital  of  the  government  of  Kielee,  situated  96 
miles  south  ty  west  of  Warsaw.  Population 
(1890),  17,488. 

Kielland  (chel'and),  Alexander  Lange.  Bom 
at  Stavanger,  Norway,  Feb.  18, 1849.  A  Nor- 
wegian  novelist.     He  Btudied  at  the  XTniveraity  of 


hury,  London,  Feb.  7, 1612 :  died  at  Whitehall,    geological  formation  Kimmeridge  clay,  in  the 

London,  March  19, 1683.  An  English  dramatist.     Upper  Oolite. 

brother  of  Sir  WilUamKilUgrew.    Hewasapageof  Eimpolung  (kim-po-long'),   or  .Kimpulung 


(Wm-po-long').  A  town  in  Wallachia,  Eumania, 
81  miles  northwest  of  Bukharest.  In  the  neigh- 
borhood is  the  German  colony  Eisenau.  Pop- 
ulation, 10,180. 


Charles  I.,  and  remained  loyal  to  him  and  his  successor. 
He  produced  and  wrote  many  new  plays  and  built  several 
theaters.  He  is,  however,  best  remembered  as  a  wit. 
Among  his  plays  are  "Claracilla"  (printed  1641),  "The 

^  _.     Parson's  Wedding "  (1644),  etc.  ,      ,  . 

Christiania,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1872,  but  has  Ejlligrew,  T£omas,  known  as  "the  yoTinger."  KinbUTn  (kin-born').  A  former  fortress  in  the 
never  practised  law.  In  1889  he  edited  the  "Stavanger  Born  in  Feb.,  1657:  died  July  21, 1719.  AnEng-  governmentof  Taurida,  Eussia,  situated  at  the 
Imo'ng'ws  works'Le'f|rovelirttl?"(^8'?9)  ° '  NylTold-  Ush  di-amatist,  son  of  Thomas  Killigrew  (16ll-  mouth  of  the  Dnieper  estuary,  39  miles  east  of 
letter"  (1880),  "QarmanogWorse"(l880),  "Axbeidsfolli;"    1683).    Rewrote  "  Chit  Chat"  (1719),  etc.  Odessa. 

<,J!iiJ  "Else"  (1881),  "Skipper  Worse"  (1882),  "Gift"  KilUgrew,  Sir  William.  Baptized  at  Haworth,  Kincardine  (kin-kar'din),  or  The  Meams 

iS"fi!l?v"°T»Woh"nU^  ^^^^^'  "Sankt  Hans    near  London,  May  28,  1606 :  died  at  London,     (marnz).  Amaritimeeountyof Scotland,bound- 

Kienert  (ke'Bert)  Heimrich     Born  at  Berlin     1695.    An  English  poet  and  dramatist.    Among    ed  by  Aberdeen  on  the  north,  the  North  Sea  on 

Julv  31    1818-  did  tWeAr^riia^    ISQQ      A    ^s  works  arl  "Ttree  Playes"  (1665),  "Foi5    the  east,  and  Forfar  on  the  southwest.    Area, 

noted  German  ^a^C  fnTowVnif;!,.^    New  Playes"  (1666),  sonnets,  etc.  383  square  miles.    Population  (1891 ,  35,492. 

SsS  the  SersiTv  of  Bprlfn  ^^^    ^'  KiUington  Peak  (kil'ing-ton  pek).    A  peak  of  KincWnjinga.    See  KuncMnjinga 

fiC'^Ml^^onSelZ^-'^^O-^^^^^'^i  elM^^)'    the  G?een  MountUs  i#  Jutland  County,  Ver-  ^^^^-^^^^^  -n™.™      A  narnt^hL 

"Karte  von  Klelnasien"  (1843-45),  "Neuer  Handatlasder    mont,  7  miles  east  of  Eutland:  4,240  feet. 

Erde"  (1857-61)^ "Atlas  Antiquus"  (revised  ed.  1886),  etc.  KilUs  (kil'lis).  Atownin  the  vilayet  of  Aleppo, 

$^^^'„  ^?|..-r'* /;     ,.^  ,  n    .  Asiatic  Turkey,  34miles  north  of  Aleppo.    Pop- 

Klffa  (kif  fa).    [Ar.  laffa,  a  scale-pan.]   A  name    ulation,  about  6,000. 

of  two  stars  a  and  /3  Librse,  both  of  the  second  Kilmainham  (kil-man'am).    A  western  suburb 

magnitude.    The  former  is  Kiffa  Australis ;  the    of  Dublin.    In  the  government  prison  here  C.S. 

latter,  KiffaBorealis.    They  are  also  known  as   Parnell  was  confined  in  1882.  .at     v    i   ht     t. 

Zubenal-yenm  (a)  and  7j(5e»  al-shemdU  (/3).       Kilmansegg  (kil'man-seg),  Miss.    In  Thomas  King  (king)  Charles.  Born  at  New  York,  March 
Klkmda  (ke'ken-do),  Nagy.    A  town  in  the   Hood's  humorous  poem  so  named,  an  heiress    16,  1789 :  died  at  Fraseati,  Italy,  Sept.  27, 1867. 
county   of    Torontdl,    Hungary.      Population   with  n  coldpTi  Ipa-  AnAmericanjoumahstandeducator,  sonofEu- 

(1890),  22,768.  ■         "«    ■'  ^  witn  a  goiaen  leg.  ,,.,,,.      fus  King:  president  of  Columbia  CoUege  1849- 

TCilriivii  Ckfi  kfi'vol       Sipe.  Knmhn  Who  can  forget  her  auspicious  pedigree,  her  birth,  chris-     ,0^4 

^IKUyU  (Ke-KO  yo;.     »ee  AflTOOa.  tening  and  childhood,  her  accident,  her  precious  leg,  her  .^?°*-,  .    „  ,„     ,    ,-       iaitok.j.  j 

Kllauea  (ke-lou-a'a).     An  active  volcano  in  the    tanoybaU,  her  marriage  Ma  mode,  followed  in  swift  sue-  King,  Edward.  BomatCork,  Nov.  lb,  1795:  died 

island  of  Hawaii,  Hawaiian  Islands,  about  30    cession  by  the  Hogarthian  pictures  of  her  misery  and    at  Dublin,  Feb.  27,  1837.    An  Irish  writer  on 

miles  southwest  of  Hilo.     Height,  about  4,000    ^^^^''  xaS(«itoMm,Vict.Poets,p.80.     --     •  

feet.     Circumference  of  crater,  about  8  mUes.   Kilmarnock  (Ml-mar'nok).     A  town  in  Ayr- 
Kildare  (Ml-dar').     1.  A  county  in  Leinster,    shire,  Scotland,  situated  on  Kilmarnock  Water 

20  miles  southwest  of  Glasgow,  it  manufactures 
carpets,  and  was  formerly  noted  for  the  manufacture  of 
"  Kilmarnock  cowls. "  The  town  contains  relics  of  Burns. 
The  Kilmarnock  district  of  burghs,  returning  1  member  to 
Parliament^  comprises  Kilmarnock,  Diimbarton,  Port-Glaa- 
■    gow,  Eenfrew,  and  Kutherglen.    Population  (1891),  28,447. 


Kind-hart's  Dream.  A  pamphlet  written  by 
Henry  Chettle  in  1592.  in  the  preface  is  the  first 
allusion  to  Shakspere  after  that  in  Greene's  "  Groatsworth 
of  Wit":  "Because  myselfe  haue  scene  his  demeanor  no 
less  ciuill  than  he  exclent  in  the  qualite  he  professes :  be- 
sides diners  of  worship  haue  reported  his  vprightness  of 
dealing,  which  argues  his  honesty,  and  his  facetious  grace 
in  writting,  that  approues  his  art." 

Kind  Keeper,  The.    See  lAmherham. 


Ireland,  bounded  by  Westmeath  and  Meath 
on  the  north,  Dublin  and  Wioklow  on  the  east, 
Carlow  on  the  south,  and  King's  County  and 
■Queen's  County  on  the  west.  It  is  famous  for 
its  antiquities._  Area,  654  square  miles.    Popu- 


Mexican  antiqiuties.  He  was  a  son  of  the  third  Earl  of 
Kingston,  and  by  courtesy  had  the  title  of  Viscount  Kings- 
borough.  Most  of  bis  active  life  was  devoted  to  his  illus- 
trated work  "Antiquities  of  Mexico"  (9  vols,  andaportion 
of  a  10th  vol.,  imperial  folio,  London,  1830-48).  In  this  he 
attempted  to  prove  a  Jewish  migration  to  Mexico. 
King,  Francis  S.  Born  in  Maine  in  1850.  An 
American  engraver,  principally  noted  for  wood- 
engraving.    He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of 

^^ ,      ^  .,       _  the  Society  of  American  Wood-Engravers. 

ancient  political  and  ecclesiastical  importance,    near  Deckertown,  N.  J.,  JaiT  14,  1836 :  died  at  King,  Philip  Parker.    Born  at  Norfolk  Island, 
:_  r.-.._^-n';ij —  -vt., ._.  ^,..,_Tv„..  100,    *  TT_; 1     Dec.  13, 1793:  dicdat  Sydney, NewSouth Wales, 

Feb.,  1856.  A  British  naval  officer.  I'romisuto 
1822  he  surveyed  and  charted  the  greater  part  of  the 
north,  northwest,  and  west  coasts  of  Australia;  and  as 
commander  of  the  Adventure  was  associated  with  Captain 
Fitzroy  in  surveying  the  southern  coasts  of  South  America, 
1826-30.  (See  Fitzroy,  Robert.)  King  published  a  narra- 
tive of  his  Australian  survey,  various  chai-ts  and  sailinK 
directions  of  the  regions  surveyed  by  him,  and  contributed 
to  Vol.  I  of  the  narrative  of  the  voyage  of  the  Adventure  and 
Beagle.  During  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  resided  at 
Sydney.  He  became  rear-admiral  on  the  retired  list  in  1855. 


lation  (1891),  70,206. — 2.  A  decayed  town,  of  Kilpatrick  (kil-pat'rik),  Hugh  Judson.    Bom 

ancient  political  an  ^ — ^'~ — '■---''- '- '^     ' — ^ '^^   t    t —    -ia   looe.  j;_j  .. 

in  County  Kildare. 

Kilham  (kil'am),  Alexander.  .  Bom  at  Ep- 
worth,  Lincolnshire,  July  10, 1762 :  died  at  Not- 
tingham, Dec.  20,  1798.  The  founder  of  the 
"Methodist  New  Connection."  On  Wesley's  death 
(March  2,  1791),  Kilham  became  a  leader  of  the  party  op- 


Valparaiso,  Chile,  Dec.  4, 1881.  AUnion  general 
in  the  American  Civil  War.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1861,  and  became  brigadier-general  of  volunteers 
in  1363,  and  major-general  in  1865.  He  commanded  the 
cavalry  of  Sherman's  army  in  the  march  from  Atlanta  to 
Savannah  in  1864.    He  was  minister  to  Chile  1865-70  and 


-      .    .      1881. 

posed  to  the  established  churoh.    He  was  expelled  from  KilrUSh(kil-rush').    A  small  seaport  and  water- 

the  "Connection,     and  m  1797,  with  three  Methodist  ■»^">»5'"\   .  i    m  t    i      j      it   ^4-^a  „„ 

preachers  and  a  few  laymen,  established  at  Leeds  the    mg-plaee  m  County  Clare,  Ireland,  situated  on 

"New  Methodist  Connection."  the  Shannon  36  miles  west  of  Limerick. 

Kilhamites  (kil'am-its).    The  members  of  the  Kilsyth  (kil-sith').  A  town  in  Stirlingshire,  Seot- 

"New  Connection  of  Wesleyan  Methodists":    land,  10  miles  northeast  of  Glasgow.   Here,  Aug.  King,  Rufus.     Bom  at  Scarborough,  Maine, 

so  called  from  Alexander  Kilham  (1762-98),  the    15, 1645,  the  Royalists  under  Montrose  defeated  the  Cove-     March  24, 1755 :  died  at  Jamaica,  Long  Island, 

founder  of  the  organization.  i?^"'TVtI??'^aV°L^n?,lil«T/t£'is  B^     A  =o=.r.n.f    N.  Y.,  April  29, 1827.    An  American  statesman 

KJlia(keae,a)..l.ThenorthemmouthoftheI&;lwa(Mw^^^^^  and  dlplLatist  He  waa  a  delegate  to  Congressln  1784 


Danube. — 3.  A  town  in  the  government  of  Bes- 
sarabia, Eussia,  situated  on  the  Kilia  arm  of  the 
Danube,  97  miles  southwest  of  Odessa.  Popu- 
lation, 8,014. 
Kilikia.    See  Cilicia. 


in  (jermanEast  Africa,  situated  on  an  island  off 
the  coast,  in  lat.  8°  58'  S.,  long.  39°  31'  E.  It  was 
founded  by  the  Arabs  in  the  10th  century,  and  the  Portu- 
guese became  established  there  in  1508.  Population,  about 
10,000. 
Kilwinning  (kil-win'ing).   A  town  in  Ayrshire, 


member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787,and  of  the 
Massachusetts  ratifying  convention  1787-88;  United  States 
senator  from  New  York  1789-96 ;  United  States  minister  to 
Great  Britain  1796-1808  ;  Federalist  candidate  for  the  Vice- 
Presidency  in  1804  and  1808 ;  United  States  senator  1813-25; 
and  United  States  minister  to  Great  Britain  1825-26.     He 


has  two  summits,  connected  by  a  saddle  of  lava.    It  was     lation  (1891),  3,835.  i..t>  j. 

ascended  by  Meyer  and  Purtscheller  in  1889.    Height,  Kimball  (kim'bal),  RlChardBUTleigh.  Bornat 


19,780  feet. 

Kilkenny  (kil-ken'i).  1.  A  county  in  Leinster, 
Ireland,  bounded  by  Queen's  County  on  the 
north,  (barlow  and  Wexford  ou  the  east.  Water- 
ford  on  the  south,  and  Tipperary  on  the  west. 
Area,  796  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
87,261.-3.  The  capital  of  County  Kilkenny, 
situated  on  the  Nore  63  miles  southwest  of 
Dublin.  Its  chief  buildings  are  the  castle,  founded  in 
the  12th  century  by  Strongbow,  some  of  whose  towers  still 


An  American  Unitarian  clergyman,leoturer,  and 
author.   He  wrote  "  The  White  Hills :  their  Le- 


Plainfield,  N.  B!!,  Oct.  11,  1816:   died  at  New    gends,  Landscapes,  and  Poetry  "(1859),  etc. 
York,  Dec.  28, 1892.    An  American  author.    He  I&ng,WilliamRufus.  Bom  in  Sampson  County, 


founded  the  town  of  Kimball  in  Texas ;  built  part  of  the 
first  railroad  in  that  State,  running  from  Galveston,  and 
was  its  president  from  1854-60.  He  wrote ' '  St.  Leger,  etc. " 
(1850),"I.ettersfrom  Cuba"  (1860). "Undercurrents of  Wall 
Street "  (1861), "  Was  he  Successful  ?  "  (1863), "  Stories  of  Ex- 
ceptional Lif  e  "  (1887),  etc.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  had 
completed  *'  Half  a  Century  of  KecoUections." 
Kimberley  (kim'ber-li).  [Named  from  the  Earl 
of  Kimberley.]  The  capital  of  Griqualand  West, 
Cape  Colony,  about  lat.  28°  53'  S.,  long.  24°  40' 
E.  It  has  been  developed  by  the  diamond-mining  industry. 
The  diamond-fields  were  first  worked  in  1871.  It  is  con- 
nected by  railway  withCape  Town.  Population(1891),  28,718. 


remain  (now  a  seat  of  the  Marquis  of  Ormonde) ;  and  the 

cathedral,  founded  in  1180,  a  fine  Early  English  building 

of  medium  size.    It  has  a  large,  low, 'central  tower.    The 

western  facade  presents  a  large  window  beneath  which  are 

threequatrefoils,  and  a  fine  doorway  of  two  trefoil-headed  „.     ,,         -n     .•     j>      a       tjtu, 

openings  and  a  traoeried  tympanum.    Close  to  the  south  Kimberley,  Earl  01.     See  Wodehouse. 

transept  rises  an  old  Irish  round  tower,  100  feet  high  and  Kimbundu  (kem-bon'do).   The  native  language 

16  in  base  diameter.    The  entrance  is  8  feet  above  the    ^^  j.j^g  j^mtjundu,  or  Angola  nation,  spoken  be 


N.  C.,  April,  1786:  died  in  Dallas  County,  Ala., 
April,  1853.  An  American  statesman.  He  was 
member  of  Congress  from  North  Carolina  1811-16 ;  United 
States  senator  from  Alabama  1819-44 ;  United  States  minis, 
ter  to  France  1844-46 ;  and  United  States  senator  from  Ala- 
bama 1846-53.  He  was  elected,  as  Democratic  candidate, 
Vice-President  in  1852,  and  took  the  oath  of  office  at  Havana 
in  1853. 

King  and  No  King,  A.  Aplay  by  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  licensed  in  1611  and  printed  in  1619. 

King  Arthur.  An  epic  poem  by  Bulwer  Lytton^ 
published  in  1849. 

King  Arthur,  or  The  British  Worthy.  A  dra- 
matic opera  by  Dryden,  music  by  Puroell,  per- 


ground.    Population  (1891),  11,048. 

Killaloe  (kil-a-lo').  A  small  town  in  County 
Clare,  Ireland,' situated  on  the  Shannon  12  miles 
northeast  of  Limerick.  It  contains  a  cathedral,  a 
handsome  cruciform  12th-century  structure,  with  central 
tower,  and  a  recessed  Bomanesque  doorway,  elaborately 
sculptured.  In  the  churchyard  stands  a  curious  Irish 
stone-roofed  church. 

Killamey  (ki-lar'ni).  A  town  in  Co.  Kerry,  Ire- 
land,46mileswest-northwestof  Cork.  Intheneigh- 
borhood  are  the  Lakes  of  Killamey,  a  chain  of  three  small 
lakes,  celebrated  for  their  beauty.  Population  (1891),  5,610. 

KilUecrankie  (kil-i-krang'M).  Apass  in  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  26  miles  northwest  of  Perth. 
Here,  July  17, 1689,  the  Highlanders  under  Viscount  Dun- 
dee (Claverhouse)  defeated  the  government  forces  under 
Mackay.    Dundee  was  killed  in  the  battle. 

Killigrew  (Hl'i-gro),  Thomas.    Bom  in  Loth- 


xtmuuiiuu  v^i  .^^^  "i".  .^,»„i.^^  „  „„w^ formed  and  printed  in  1691 

tweenthe'Muni  (LiTune7,"Krang7)ran"dLonga  King  Cole.    A  nursery  rime :  a  legendary  sat 
rivers.  West  Africa,  with  the  civilized  and  semi-civ-    i?e  on  King  Cole,  who  reigned  tn  Britain,  as 


ilized  Angolans  this  language  has  extended  as  a  trade  lan- 
guage throughout  Lunda  and  Lubuku,  and  accompanied 
Portuguese  authorities  and  settlements  to  the  Benguella, 
Mossamedes,  and  Kongo  districts  of  the  province  of  Angola. 
,  In  the  islands  of  S.  TliomS  and  Principe,  just  north  of  the 
equator,  it  is  the  general  language  of  the  plantation  hands, 
being  also  understood  by  the  natives  of  these  islands.   The 


the  old  chroniclers  inform  us,  in  the  3d  century 
after  Christ.  AccordingtoEobertof  Gloucester,  he  was 
the  father  of  St.  Helena;  and  if  so,  Butler  must  be  wrong 
in  ascribing  an  obscure  origin  to  the  celebrated  mother  of 
Constantine.  King  Cole  was  a  brave  and  popular  man  in 
his  day,  and  ascended  the  throne  of  Britain  amidst  (he 
acclamations  of  the  people.     HaUiweU,  Nursery  Rhymes. 


dialects  of  Lomda  and  Mbaka  prevail  for  intertrib^  aad  gjjjg  Estmere.    A  ballad,  preserved  in"  Percy's 
litprarvnse    The  Other  dialects  are  Kisama,  Lubolo,  Haku,      iVr%i-n\   >.•       x-u     V  j; -n  j.  i* 

sSumb;ngalaorKa8anji,Mbondo,Ngolk,andMbamb        "Rehques,"  relating  the  Story  of  Estmere,  kmg 
See  these  names  and  UmMndu.  Of  England,  who  slew  the  boudan  of  Spam  and 

Kimchi  (kim'ke),  or  Kimbl  (kim'he),  David,    gained  a  wife. 
See  KamcM.  Kingfisher  (Mng'fisMfer).    A  city  in  Kingfisher 

Kimmerians.    See  Cimmerians.  County,  Oklahoma.    Population  (1900),  2,301. 

Kimmeridge  (kim'er-ij).    A  locality  in  the  Isle  King  George's  Sound.  An  excellent  harbor  at 
of  Purbeek,  England,  which  gives  name  to  the     the  southwestern  corner  of  West  Australia. 


King  George's  War 

King  George's  War.  In  American  history,  the 
war  waged  by  Great  Britain  and  its  American 
colonies  against  France  and  its  Indian  allies, 
being  the  American  phase  of  the  War  of  the 
Austrian  Succession,  1741-48 :  so  named  from 
George  II. 

King  Horn.  An  English  "geste"  of  the  13th 
century,  it  is  probably  a  translation  from  the  French 
o£  "  Horn  and  Elmenhild,"'  written  during  the  same  cen- 
tury ;  but  the  original  idea  of  the  poem  is  much  earlier. 
Morris. 

King  John,  or  Kyng  Johan.  A  morality  with 
which  is  blended  a  historical  play  by  John  Bale, 
written  probably  about  1538. 

King  John.  A  historical  play  by  Shakspere, 
founded  on  "  The  Troublesome  Eeign  of  King 
John."  It  was  written  before  1598,  and  first 
printed  in  the  1623  folio. 

£ing  John,  Troublesome  Beign  of.  A  play 
classed  as  a  chronicle  history,  it  is  in  two  parts, 
partly  prose  and  partly  verse,  probably  acted  in  lB88(rieay), 
printed  in  1691  (Ward),  reprinted  in  1611  as  "by  W.  Sh.,'" 
and  in  1622,  after  Shakspere's  death,  as  "by  William  Shak- 
spere." It  is  probably  by  Peele,  with  Lodge,  Greene,  and 
perhaps  Marlowe. 

Kinglake  (king'lak),  Alexander  William. 
Born  Aug.  5, 1809:  died  Jan.  2, 1891.  An  Eng- 
lish historian  of  the  Crimean  war.  in  1844  he  pub- 
lished "  £othen,  or  Traces  of  Travel  Brought  Home  from 
the  £ast. "  He  went  to  Algiers  in  1845.  In  1B54  he  followed 
the  army  to  the  Crimea,  and  stayed  until  the  siege  of  Se- 
bastopol.  The  "Invasion  of  the  Crimea"  appeared  in 
eight  volumes  between  1863  and  1887.  He  was  member  of 
Parliament  1857-68.  In  1860  he  vigorously  denounced  the 
annexation  office  and  Savoy. 

King  Lear.  A  tragedy  by  Shakspere,  written  in 
1605  and  printed  in  1608.  "  King  lear  was  probably  on 
the  stage  when  the  old  play  of  leir  on  which  it  was  founded 
was  published."  The  latter  is  not  tragical,  andendshappily. 
'•  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  Stalf  ord,  the  publisher,  meant 
to  pass  oil  this  old  play  as  Shakspere's."  It  was  pub- 
lished as  "  The  true  Chronicle  History  of  King  Leir  and 
his  Three  Daughters,  etc.,  as  it  hath  been  divers  and  sundry 
times  lately  acted,"  and  was  last  acted  in  1594.  Shak- 
spere's play  was  published  as  "Mr.  William  Shakspere, 
HIS  True  Chronicle  History,  etc."  The  capital  HIS  is 
thought  to  be  intended  to  distinguish  it  from  the  older 
play.  (,Fleay.)  Tate  adapted  Shakspere's  play  in  1681,  and 
Garrick  produced  "King  Lear  with  restorations  from 
Shakspere"  in  1756.  The  story  of  Lear  was  originally  told 
by  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  and  is  to  be  found  in  Layamon's 
"Brut"  and  the  "GestaKomanorum."  Holinshedrepeats 
It,  and  Spenser  gives  it  in  the  second  book  of  the  "Faerie 
Queen e.  The  old  ballad  of  "King  Leir  and  his  Three 
Daughters"  is  preserved  by  Percy.  It  is  not  certain 
whether  it  was  written  earlier  or  later  than  the  play. 

King-maker^he.  A  popular  designation  of 
the  Earl  of  Warwick  (1420-71),  on  account  of 
his  influence  in  securing  the  accession  of  Ed- 
ward rv.  and  the  restoration  of  Henry  VI. 

King  of  Bath,  The.  A  niiskname  of  Eichard 
Nash. 

King  of  Dunces.  A  name  given  to  CoUey  Gib- 
ber in  the  "Dunciad." 

King  of  Ivetot.    See  JSoi  d'Tvetot. 

King  of  Men,  The.  A  title  of  Zeus  (Jupiter) 
and  of  Agamemnon. 

King  of  the  Beggars.    Bamf  ylde  Moore  Carew. 

King  of  the  Border,  The.  A  nickname  of  Adam 
Scott. 

King  of  the  Markets,  The.  [F.  Ze  roi  des 
iMlles.^  A  name  given  to  the  Due  de  Beaufort 
^  1616-69)  from  his  popularity  frith  the  Parisian 
populace. 

"King  Philip's  War.  In  American  history,  the 
war  between,  the  New  England  colonists  and 
the  confederated  Indians  (1675-76)  under  the 
lead  of  Philip,  an  Indian  chief.  King  Philip 
was  killed  at  Mount  Hope,  K.  I. 

King  Pym.  A  nickname  given  to  John  Pym 
from  his  influence  as  a  parliamentary  leader. 

King  Bichard.    See  Richard. 

Kings,  Books  of.  The  eleventh  and  twelfth 
books  of  the  Bible.  In  Hebrew  manuscripts  they  are 
undivided,  and  forir  a  continuous  narrative  of  the  Hebrew 
people  from  the  later  days  of  King  David  to  the  captivity 
of  Judah  in  Babylon.  The  division  into  two  books  was  first 
made  in  the  Septuagint  and  retained  in  the  Vulgate,  in 
both  of  which  they  are  named  the  third  and  fourth  books 
«f  Kings  (the  two  books  of  Samuel  being  the  first  and 
second);  hence,  in  the  English  Bible,  the  double  title  "  The 
first  book  of  the  Kings,  commonly  called  the  third  book  of 
the  Kings,"  etc.  The  period  embraces  the  reigns  of  all  the 
;kings  of  Israel  and  Judah,  except  Saul'sand  mostof  David's. 
The  work  was  probably  composed  substantially  before  the 
end  of  the  captivity,  the  compiler  being  supposed  by  some 
to  have  been  a  contemporary  of  .Teremiah.  The  author- 
ship is  uncertain. 

Kingsborough,  Viscount.    See  King,  Edward. 

King's  College.  A  college  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity, founded  in  1441  by  Henry "VI.,  and  fin- 
ished by  Henry  VII.  and  Henry  "VIH.  The  charter 
was  granted  July  10, 1443 ;  the  buildings  were  begun  July 
26, 1446.  The  great  court  is  open  toward  the  street,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  a  modern  many-turreted  gate  and 
Perpendicular  screen.  On  the  west  side  stand  the  library 
«nd  the  provost's  lodge.  On  the  north  side  is  the  chapel, 
the  boast  of  Cambridge,  ranking  as  the  finest  example  of 


571 

ornate  Perpendicular.  It  was  built  between  1446  and  1615. 
The  great  windows  are  filled  with  16th-century  glass ;  the 
fan-vaulting  and  the  carved  stalls  are  remarkable.  The 
chapel  measures  290  by  85  feet.  The  other  buildings  of 
the  college  are  modern. 

King's  County.  A  county  in  Leinster,  Ireland, 
bounded  by  Westmeath  andMeathonthe  north, 
Kildare  on  the  east.  Queen's  County  on  the 
south,  Tipperary  on  the  southwest,  and  Galway 
and  Roscommon  on  the  west.  Area,  772  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  65,568. 

Kingsley  (kingz'li),  Charles.  Bom  at  Holne, 
Devonshire,  June  12,  1819:  died*  at  Eversley, 
Hampshire,  Jan.  23, 1875.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  author.  He  studied  at  King's  College,  Lon- 
don, and  then  at  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge.  He 
became  curate  and  later  rector  of  Eversley,  Hampshire, 
and  in  1845  was  made  canon  of  Middleham.  He  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  English  literature  in  Queen's  College, 
a  London  institution,  and  later  became  professor  of  modern 
history  at  Cambridge  (I860),  canon  of  Chester  (1869),  and 
canon  of  Westminster  (1873).  In  1874  he  visited  America. 
As  a  leader  in  Christian  socialism  he  published  many 
pamphlets,  and  wrote  two  novels— "Yeast"  (1848)  and 
"Alton  Locke"  (1860).  "St.  Elizabeth  of  Hungary,"  a 
drama,  appeared  in  1848,  the  historical  novel  "Hypatia" 
in  1863,  "Westward  Ho"  in  1865,  and  "Hereward  the 
Wake"  in  1866.  In  1859  he  was  made  one  of  the  Queen's 
chaplains  in  ordinary.  Among  his  other  works  are ' '  Glau- 
cus,  or  the  Wonders  of  the  Shore "  (1855),  "  Two  Years 
Ago "(1867),  "The  Water  Babies " (1863),  "Prose  Idylls" 
(1873),  "Plays  and  Puritans"  (1873),  etc. 

Kingsley,  Elbridge.  Bom  at  Carthage,  Ohio, 
1842.  An  American  wood-engraver.  His  principal 
works  aie  engravings  after  Inness,  the  Barbizon  painters, 
and  others,  and  engravings  directly  from  nature. 

Kingsley,  Henry.  Bom  at  Bamack,  Northamp- 
tonshire, England,  Jan.  2, 1880:  died  in  Sussex, 
May  24,  1876.  An  English  novelist  and  jour- 
nalist, brother  of  Charles  Kingsley.  He  wrote 
"  Recollections  of  Geoflry  Hamlyn  "  (1869),  "Eavenshoe  " 
(1862),  "Austin  EUiott"  (1863),  "The  Hillyars  and  the  Bur- 
tons"(1866),  "Leighton Court "(1866),  "Silcoteof  Silcotes" 
(1867),  "Stretton  "  (1869),  etc. 

King's  Lynn.    See  Lynn  Regis. 

King's  Mountain.  A  height  in  York  County, 
South  Carolina,  80  miles  north-northwest  of 
Columbia.  Here,  Oct.  7,  1780,  the  Americans  under 
Sevier,  Shelby,  Campbell,  etc.,  defeated  the  British  under 
Ferguson,  who  was  killed.  The  British  loss  was  466  killed 
and  wounded,  and  648  prisoners. 

Kingston  (king'ston).  A  seaport  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Jamaica,  situated  on  the  southern  coast 
in  lat.  17°  58'_  N.,  long.  76°  48'  W. :  the  chief 
commercial  city  of  Jamaica.    It  was  founded  in 

•  1693  after  the  destruction  by  earthquake  of  Port  Boyal; 
and  was  severely  injured  by  a  hurricane  in  1880,  and  by 
fire  m  1882.     Population  (1891),  46,642. 

Kingston.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Ulster 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson  80 
miles  north  of  New  York,  it  is  an  important  river 
port,  and  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  cement.  It  was 
burned  by  the  British  Oct.  16, 1777.  Population  (1900), 
24,635. 

Kingston.  A  lake  port  and  the  capital  of  Fron- 
tenac  County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the 
site  of  the  French  fort  Frontenao,  at  the  head 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  lat.  '44°  11'  N.,  long. 
76°  31'  W.  It  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1762,  and  was 
the  capital  of  Canada  from  1841  to  1844.  It  is  an  impor- 
tant naval  and  military  station.  Among  its  leading  indus- 
tries is  that  of  ship-building.    Population  (1901),  17,961. 

Kingston  (in  St. Vincent).     See  Kingstown. 
Kingston,  Duchess  of  (Elizabeth  Chudleigh). 

Born  1720 :  died  near  Paris,  Aug.  28, 1788.  An 
English  adventuress  who  married  Captain  Her- 
vey  in  1744  and  the  Duke  of  Kingston  in  1769. 
Foote  satirized  her  in  his  "  Trip  to  Calais."  She  revenged 
herself  by  securing  the  prohibition  of  the  play.  See  Foote. 

Kingston,  William  Henry  Giles.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  28, 1814:  diedatWillesden,  near  Lon- 
don, Aug.  5  (2?),  1880.  An  English  novelist. 
He  wrote  "The  Circassian  Chief  "(1844), "  The  Prime  Min- 
ister," "Lusitanian  Sketches,"  and  numerous  books  for 
boys,  including  travels  and  translations  from  Jules  Verne. 

Kingston-on-Thames  (king'ston-on-temz).  A 
town  in  the  county  of  Surrey,  England,  situ- 
ated on  the  Thames  12  miles  southwest  of  Lon- 
don. It  was  the  place  of  coronation  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
kings  in  the  10th  century.    Population  (1891),  27,069. 

Kingston-upon-HuU.    See  Bull. 

Kingstown  (kingz'toun).  A  seaport  and  water- 
ing-place in  County  Dublin,  Ireland,  situated 
on  Dublin  Bay  7  miles  southeast  of  Dublin :  for- 
merly called  Dunleary.  It  is  the  terminus  of  the 
packet  line  from  Holyhead.  Population  (1891), 
17  852 

Kingstown.  The  capital  of  St.'V^incent,  British 
West  Indies,  situated  in  lat.  13°  9'  N.,  long.  61°, 
13'  W.   Population  (1891),  4,547. 

King-te-chen  (king'te-chen').  A  city  in  the 
province  of  Kiangsi,  China,  situated  on  the 
Chang  in  lat.  29°  10'  N.,  long.  117°  30'  E. :  cele- 
brated for  its  porcelain  manufactures.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  about  500,000. 


Kiptchak,  Khanate  of 

King  William's  Town.  A  town  in  Cape  Colo- 
ny, on  the  coast  west  of  East  London.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  7,226. 

King  William's  War.  In  American  history,  the 
war  waged  by  Great  Britain  and  its  colonies 
against  France  and  its  Indian  allies,  being  the 
American  phase  of  the  contest  between  vari- 
ous European  powers  and  Louis  XI"V.  of  France 
(1689-97). 

Kinkel  (kink' el),  Johann  Gottfried.  Bom  at 
Oberkassel,  near  Bonn,  Prussia,  Aug.  11, 1815  : 
died  at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  Nov.  12,  1882.  A 
German  poet,  historian  of  art,  and  revolution- 
ist. He  published  "  Gedichte  "  (1843), "  Otto  der  Schutz  " 
(1849),  "  Mmrod  "  (1857),  "DerGrobschmied  von  Antwer- 
pen"(1868),  "Geschichte  der  bildenden  Kunste  "  (1845). 
etc. 

Kinnaird  Head  (ki-nard'  bed).  A  promontory 
in  the  northeast  of  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland, 
lat.  57°  42'  N.,  long.  2°  W. 

Kinross  (kin-res').  A  county  of  Scotland,  ly- 
ing between  Perthshire  on  the  north  and  west 
and  Fife  on  the  south  and  east.  The  surface  is 
generally  level.  Area,  73  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  6,289. 

Kinsale  (kin-sal').  A  small  seaport  in  County 
Cork,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Baudon  14  miles 
south  of  Cork,  it  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  1601  and 
retaken  by  the  English  1602,  and  was  the  place  of  landing 
of  James  II.  in  1689,  and  of  his  embarkation  in  1690. 

Kinsayder,W.  Apseudonym  under  which  Mars- 
ton  published  his  satires  entitled  "  The  Scourge 
of  Villanie."  in  the  play  "What  you  Will"  he  oddly 
enough  applies  it  to  the  antagonist  he  is  abusing.  In  the 
"Keturn  from  Parnassus"  he  is  apostrophized  as  "Mon- 
sieur Kinsayder. " 

The  name  was  taken  from  a  homely  word  for  the  cure 
of  mad  dogs  by  cropping  their  tails.  Its  root  is  in  the  old 
French  cagnon  or  kignon  ('a  little  dog'),  applied  also  in 
Picardy  to  a  pitiably  deformed  man. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  X.  406. 

Kintyre  (kin-tir'),  or  Cantire  (kan-tir').  A 
peninsula  in  the  southern  part  of  Argyllshire, 
Scotland,  lying  between  the  Firth  of  Clyde  on 
the  east  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  west. 
Its  southern  point,  the  Mull  of  Kintyre,  is  situated  in  lat. 
65°  19"  N.,  long.  6°  48'  W.  Length,  about  40  miles.  Great- 
est breadth,  11  miles. 

Kinzig  (kint'siG)  Pass.  A  pass  in  the  canton 
of  Uri,  Switzerland,  which  leads  from  Altdoilf 
to  the  Muotta  Thai  in  Sohwyz.  it  is  noted  in  con- 
nection with  Suvaroff' s  retreat  in  1799.  Height,  6,790  feet 

Kinzuani  (ken-zwa'ne).  The  language  of  Yo- 
hanna,  one  of  the  Comoro  Islands,  East  Africa. 
Kinzuani  is  a  Bantu  language,  and  coexists  with  other 
Bantu  dialects,  and  with  Malagasy  and  Arabic,  which  are 
spoken  by  the  motley  crowds  of  immigrants.  Also  called 
Hinzua  or  Anjitane. 

Kioko  (kyo'ko),  or  Makioko  (ma-kyo'ko).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  the  Upper  Kassai  valley,  also 
called  Chibokwe  or  Kibokwe.  From  the  head  waters 
of  the  Kassai  they  have  recently  extended  down  its  val- 
ley as  far  as  the  confluence  of  the  Luebo  and  Lulua.  Ori- 
ginally subjects  of  the  Lunda  tribe,  they  have  gained  the 
upper  hand  in  the  Lunda  country,  and  depopulated  it  by 
their  slave  raids. 

Kiolen  (kye'len),  or  Kjolen,  Mountains.    A 

part  of  the  chain  of  Scandinavian  Mountains, 
extending  northward  from  about  lat.  68°  N. 

Kioto,  or  Kyoto  (ke-6'to),  sometimes  Miako 
(me-a'ko)  ('metropolis')  and  Saikio  (si-ke'6) 
('western  capital').  A  city  of  Japan,  on  the 
main  island,  about  lat.  35°  N.,  long.  185°  80' E. 
It  has  manufactures  of  porcelain,  etc.  For  centuries  it 
was  the  residence  of  the  mikado  (until  1869).  It  contains 
the  imperial  palace.  I'he  pagoda  of  Kyomidzu  is  a  highly 
picturesque  Buddhist  tower  of  6  stages,  with  widely  pro- 
jecting roofs  curved  upward  at  the  angles,  and  a  lofty 
hooped  finial.  Its  carved  woodwork  is  entirely  covered 
with  red  lacquer.    Population  (1892),  297,627. 

Kiowan  (kl'o-wan).  [Comanche ^a^owe,  rat.] 
A  linguistic  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
represented  by  a  single  tribe,  the  Kiowa  (Kia- 
way  or  Kayo  we).  They  early  lived  about  the  head  wa- 
ters of  the  Platte  Kiver,  and  afterward  in  the  valley  of 
the  upper  Arkansas.  They  now  number  1,140,  on  the 
Kiowa,  Comanche,  and  Wichita  reservation  in  Oklohama. 

Kipling  (kip'Iing),  Eudyard.  Bom  at  Bombay, 
India,  in  1865.  An  English  writer.  He  is  the  son 
of  John  Lockwood  Kipling,  f  oi-merly  head  of  the  Lahore 
School  of  Industrial  Art.  He  was  educated  in  England, 
and  returned  to  India  in  1880  as  subeditor  of  the  "Lahore 
Civil  and  Military  Gazette."  He  returned  to  England 
about  1889,  and  lived  for  several  years  in  the  United  States. 
He  published  while  in  India  stories,  sketches,  and  poems 
descriptive  of  Indian  and  Anglo-Indian  military  and  civil 
life:  "Departmental  Ditties,  etc."  "  Plain  Tales  from  the 
Hills,"  "Mine  Own  People,"  "  Soldiers  Three,"  "Barrack- 
room  Ballads,  etc.,"  and  others  ;  and,  after  leaving  India, 
"The  Light  that  Failed,"  "The  Naulahka  "(with  Balestier), 
'4Many  Inventions,"  "The  JungleBook,""TheSecond  Jun- 
gle Book,"  "The  Seven  Seas,"  "Captains  Courageous,"  etc. 

Kiptchak  (kip-chak'),  or  Kaptchak  C^ap- 
chak'),Khanateof,orKingdom  of  the  Golden 
Horde.  A  Mongol  kingdom  in  Europe  and  Asia, 
founded  by  descendants  of  Jenghiz  Khan  in  the 
13th  century.    At  its  greatest  extent  it  reached  from 


Eiptchak,  Khanate  of 

the  Dniester  through  southern  Russia  and  western  Siberia 
to  central  Asia.  The  capital  was  Sarai  on  the  lower  Vol- 
ga. Novgorod  paid  homage  to  it.  It  was  overthrown  hv 
Ivan  III.  of  EjUasia  in  1480.  "  In  the  course  of  the  fifteenth 
century  the  great  power  of  the  Golden  Horde  broke  up  into 
a  number  of  smaller  khanats.  .  .  .  The  Golden  Horde  it- 
self waa  represented  by  the  khanat  of  Astrakhan."  Free- 
vmn. 

Kirby  (kfer'bi),  William.  Bom  at  "Witaesham, 
Suffolk,  England,  Sept.  19, 1759 :  died  at  Bar- 
ham,  Suffolk,  July  4,  1850.  An  English  ento- 
mologist. His  chief  works  are  "Monographia  Apum 
Angliffi"  (1802),  "History,  Habits,  and  Instincts  of  Ani- 
mals "(1835),  "  Introduction  to  Entomology  "  (with  Spence, 

Kirchbach  (kiroh'haoh),  Count  Hugo  Ewald 
von.  Born  at  Neumarkt,  Silesia,  Prussia,  May 
23, 1809 :  died  Oct.  6, 1887.  A  Prussian  general, 
distinguished  at  Weissenburg,  "Worth,  Sedan 
(1870),  and  Mont-Val6rien  (1871). 

Eirchberg  (kirch'bero).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment district  of  Zwiekau,  Saxony,  50  miles 
south  by  east  of  Leipsic.  Population  (1890), 
7,730. 

Kirchlieimbolanden  (kireh"hlm-b6'lan-den). 
A  small  town  in  the  Rhine  Palatinate,  Bavaria, 
16  miles  west  of  Worms. 

Elrchheim-unter-Teck  (kirch '  him  -  on  *  ter  - 
tek').  A  town  in  the  Danube  circle,  Wiirtem- 
berg,  situated  on  the  Lauter  15  miles  southeast 
of  Stuttgart.  It  has  an  important  wool-market. 
Population  (1890),  oommime,  7,029. 

Kirchhoff  (kirch 'hof),  Gustav  Robert.  Bom 
at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  March  12j  1824:  died  at 
BerUn,  Oct.  17,  1887.  A  noted  Gferman  physi- 
cist. He  was  professor  of  physics  at  Heidelberg  1S64-74, 
and  at  Berlin  from  1874  until  his  death.  He  discovered 
(with  Bunsen)  the  method  of  spectrum  analysis  in  1860.  BCe 
published  "  Untersuchungen  tiber  das  Sonnenspektrum  " 
(1861),  etc. 

Eirchlioff,  Johann  WiUielm  Adolf.  Bom  at 
Berlin,  Jan.  6, 1826.  A  German  philologist  and 
archseolo^st,  professor  at  Berlin.  He  published 
'*Die  homerischeOdyssee"  (1859),  "Die  umbriachen  Sprach- 
denkmaler  "  (in  cooperation  witli  Auf recht,  1848-51), ' '  Daa 
Stadtrecht  von  Bantia  "  (1853),  ''  Corpus  inscriptionum  gree- 
carum  "  (Vol.  1, 1873),  etc. 

Elirgtaiz  (kir-gez').  A  nomadic  people  of  Mon- 
golian-Tatar race,  dwelling  in  southeastern 
Russia,  western  Siberia,  Russian  central  Asia, 
and  the  western  part  of  the  Chinese  empire. 
The  chief  divisions  are  Eara-Kirghiz  and  Kirgliiz-Kazaks 
(dwelling  on  the  steppes,  and  comprising  the  Great,  Mid- 
die.  Little,  and  Inner  Hordes).  Their  numbers  are  esti- 
mated at  3,000,000. 

Kirghiz  Steppe.  An  administrative  division  of 
Asiatic  Russia,  southwest  of  Siberia.  It  com- 
prises Alonolinsk,  Uralsk,  Turgai,  Semipalatinsk,  and  Lake 
Aral.    Area,  755,793  square  miles.    Population,  2,000,970. 

Kirin  (kir'in),  or  Girin  (gir'in).  A  town  in 
Manchuria,  Chinese  empire,  situated  on  the 
Sungari  about  lat.  44°  N.,  long.  127°  E.  Popu- 
lation, estimated,  120,000. 

Kiriris  (ke-re-res  ),  or  Oariris  (ka-re-res').  A 
tribe  of  Brazilian  Indians,  formerly  numerous 
in  the  interior  of  Bahia  and  Pemambuco,  now 
reduced  to  a  few  hundred.  They  were  agricnlturiats, 
and  superior  to  most  Brazilian  tribes.  Von  den  Steinen 
regards  their  language  as  a  remote  offspring  of  the  Oarib. 

Eirjath-jearim  (ker'jath-je'a-rim).  [Heb., 'for- 
est-town.'] In  Bible  geography,  a  town  of  the 
Gribeonites,  7  miles  west-northwest  of  Jeru- 
salem. 

ITirlr  (kSrk),  John  Foster.  Born  at  Prederio- 
ton,  New  Brunswick,  1824.  An  American  histo- 
rian and  bibliographer.  He  haspublished  a  "History 
of  Charles  the  Bold  "  (1863-68),  and  a  supplement  to  Alli- 
bone*s  "Dictionary  of  English  Literature    (1891). 

Eirkbride  (kSrk'brid),  Thomas  S.  Bom  near 
Morrisville,  Bucks  County,  Pa.,  July  31,  1809: 
died  at  Philadelphia.Dec.  16, 1883.  An  American 
physician,  superintendent  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Hospital  for  the  Insane  1840-83.  He  published 
"Hospitals  for  the  Insane"  (1854),  etc. 

Kirkcaldy  (k6r-k6'dl).  A  seaport  in  Pifeshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Pirth  of  Forth  12  miles 
north  of  Edinburgh,  it  has  manufactures  of  linen, 
floor-cloth,  machinery,  etc.,and  was  the  birthplace  of  Adam 
Smith.  Klrkcaldy,Burntisland,Dy8art,andKinghornform 
the  Kirkcaldy  district  of  burghs,  returning  1  member  to 
Parliament.    Population  (1891),  27,151. 

Kirkcaldy,  Sir  William,  of  Grange.  Executed 
Aug.  3,  1578.  A  Scottish  soldier  and  knight, 
the  eldest  son  of  Sir  James  Kirkcaldy.  He  had 
a  prominent  share  in  the  murder  of  .Cardinal  Beaton,  May 
29,  1646.  He  was  imprisoned  in  France  in  1647,  but  es- 
caped, and  was  employed  by  Edward  VI.  in  secret  service. 
During  the  reign  of  Mary  he  was  alternately  her  supporter 
and  opposed  to  her.  In  the  end,  when  governor  of  Edin- 
burgh Castle,  he  renewed  his  loyalty,  and  held  the  town 
f  and  castle  for  her  until  they  were  taken  by  Sir  William 
Drury,  May  28, 1673. 

Kirkcudbright  (k6r-ko'bri).  1.  A  maritime 
county  in  the  southwest  of  Scotland,  also  called 
East  Galloway,    it  is  bounded  by  Ayr  on  the  north- 


572 


Kittim 


Area,  874  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  125,- 
516. 


JfandUn'^fisstiU  Kishineflf  (kesh-e-nef),  Rumanian  Kishlanott 
it^'),  and  afterward     (kesh-iarno'  or -ngov  ).     The  capital  of  thft 


west,  Dumfries  on  the  northeast,  the  Solway  Firth  and  the 

Irish  Sea  on  the  south,  and  Wigtown  on  the  southwest.   It 

was  part  of  the  ancient  lordship  of  Galloway ;  was  for  a 

time  under  the  rule  of  the  royal  steward  (a 

called  the  "  Stewartry  of  Kirkcudbright  ,. 

under  the  Douglases;  and  was  finally  uniteS  to  the  Scottish    government  of  Bessarabia,  Russia,  situated  on 

crown  in  1466.    The  surf  ace  is  mountainous  in  the  north-     FhA  ■Rirt  in  Inf   46°  .^iQ' N     Innw   98°  4Q' K  •  on 

west    Area,  898  square mUes.    Population  (1891), 39,986.       ■       ^I^ '^At^i„„°ltfl''-Pr^^\1^Q-^^ 

o    mi,  -i  1    J!  4.1.  i     i  17-  1      jv  •  vi      important  tradmg  center.  Pop.  (lo97),  108,506. 

2    The  oaprtal  of  the  comityof  Kirkeudbnght,  ^  ^  (^igj,^)  ^^  Tawilah.    A  barren  isiand 

situated  on  Kirkcudbright  Bay  in  lat.  M°  50'  N.,  ^^  ^he  entrance  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  belonging 
i^-|j?n^-    PoP^fi7.(1891),  2,530.  to  Persia.    Length,  55  miles.  ^ 

^kdale  Cave  (ktok  dal  kav).  Acavem  m  the  KiShon  (ki'shon).    In  Bible  geography,  a  small 

West  Riding  of  Torkshire,  England,  west  of    ^ver  of  Palestine,  flowing  into  tie  Bay  of  Acre 

Pickering  famous  for  its  remains  of  mammals,  g  „,i]eg  south-southwest  of  Acre :  the  modem 
^^^  ^itS^'..-  I  Pi,     ^°S^Ji^  ^ii^Pf'    Nahr  el-Mukatta.    It  was  the  scene  of  the  vio- 

^a^^°^'}^^^-  d;?datPerryland,Newfoundland     ^       ^f  Barak  over  Sisera. 

1656^   An  English  adventurer  in  Canada  and  Kislew.    See  Chisleu. 

Newfoundland.  .....        ^    Kisliar  (kiz-Ie-ar').    A  town  in  the  Terek  Ter- 

Kirke  s  Lambs.    A  name  ironically  given  to    ^tory,  Caucasus,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Terek 

the  English  mfantry  regiment  (Tanker  regi-    about  lat.  43°  55'  N.,  long.  46°  50'  E.    Popula- 

ment)  commanded  by  Colonel  Percy  Kirke,  m-    ^j^j^  (1889)  6  429 

famous  for  its  craelty  in  the  insurrection  of  j^gg  (\is),  Xligust.    Bom  at  Paprotzan,  near 

Monmouth,  1685._  piess,  Pmssia,  Oct.  11,  1802:   died  at  Berlin, 

Kirkl,  or  Khirkl  (k^-ke  ).    A  town  in  the    March  24, 1865     A  German  sculptor.    Amonghi^ 

governorship  of  Bombay,  India,  situated  near     •—      .'-...  ,  „    .._ „^,   .  "s"j»- 


Poena.    Population  (1891),  10,951. 

Kirkintilloch  (kerk-in-til'oeh).  Atown  in  Dum- 
bartonshire, Scotland,  7miles  north  of  Glasgow. 
Population  (1891),  10,312. 

Kirk-Kilisseh  (kirk-ke-lis'se),  or  Kirk-KiUs- 
sia  (kirk-ke-lis'f-S,).  A  town  in  the  vilayet 
of  Adrianople,  Turkey,  33  miles  east  of  Adrian- 
ople.    Population,  estimated,  about  16,000, 


chief  works  is  "Amazon  and  Panther"  (in  Berlin). 
Kissingen  (kis'sing-en).  A  town  and  watering- 
place  in  Lower  Pranconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on 
the  Frauconian  Saale  29  miles  north  by  east  of 
Wiirzburg.  it  is  noted  for  its  iron  and  salt  springs. 
Near  the  town,  July  10, 1866,  the  Prussians  defeated  the' 
Bavarians ;  and  it  was  also  the  scene  of  the  unsuccessful 
attempt  on  the  life  of  Bismarck  in  1874.  Besident  popu- 
lation, about  3,600. 


Kirkland  (kerk'land),  Samuel.    Bom  at  Nor-  Kistna  (kist'nS),  or  Krishna  (krish 'na).     1. 

■  ■    ~  —      1  -- _..  A  river  of  the  Deooan,  India,  flowing  into  th& 

Bay  of  Bengal  about  lat.  15°  50'  N.  Length, 
about  800  miles. — 3.  A  district  in  the  governor- 
ship of  Madras,  British  India,  lying  along  the 
lower  course  of  the  river  Kistna.  Area,  8,397 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,855,582. 
Kis-UjSZi,llS,S  (kish'8y'sal-lash).  A  town  in 
the  county  of  Szolnok,  Hungary,  46  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Debreczin.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  dis- 
trict court  and  contains  a  gymnasium.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  12,527. 


wich,  Conn.,  Dec.  1, 1741 :  died  at  Clinton,  N.Y., 
Feb.  28,  1808.  An  American  Congregational 
clergyman,  a  missionary  among  the  Oneidas, 
New  Tork. 

Kirkup  (ker'kup),  SeymouT  Stocker.  Bom  at 
London,  1788 :  died  at  Leghorn,  Jan.  3,  1880. 
An  English  artist,  in  1816  he  settled  in  Italy,  and  be- 
came a  leader  in  the  literary  circle  which  included  Landor, 
the  Brownings,  Trelawney,  Severne,  and  others.  With  the 
assistance  of  Bezzi  and  Henry  Wilde,  an  American,  he  dis- 
covered Giotto's  portrait  of  Dante  in  the  chapel  of  the 


Palazzo  del  Podestk,,  and  made  the  sketch  which  wa^repro-  x7--i  t.    ' /i  -/'i,-\         tt-       i.-     /i  -/  i--\       a  j.  -t. 

duced  by  the  Arundel  Society.  Kltchai  (ke'chl),  or  KeechlO  (ke'chl).    A  tnbe 

of  the  Caddoan  stock  of  North  American  Indi- 
ans. Their  habitat  in  1712  waa  northeastern  Texas  and 
the  adjacent  parts  of  Louisiana.    Now  It  is  on  the  Wichita. 

CD/  -NT  en  cro/  TIT  "  reservation.  Oklahoma.    See  Caddoan. 

58  N.,long.2°58   W.   .The  Cathedral  of  St.  Magnus,  gj^^Qat  Olub,  The.  A  London  club  which  flour- 

fftiindedin  the  15>thr,fintnrv- in  the  Ttnmanesnne  and  fiftrlv-  *r*.*^  .**,».  .       .,  ,,  .      . 


Kirkwall  (kerk'wEll).  A  seaport  and  the  cap! 
tal  of  the  Orkney  Islands,  Scotland,  situated  on 
the  island  of  Pomona  (the  Mainland)  in  lat.  58° 


founded  in  the  12th  century,  in  the  Komanesque  and  early- 
Pointed  styles,  though  not  finished  until  1640,  is  well  pro- 
portioned, and  has  a  central  tower  with  good  recessed 
Pointed  windows,  and  roses  in  the  transepts.  This  is  one 
of  the  three  old  cathedrals  in  Scotland  which  have  es- 
caped more  or  less  complete  ruin.  Population  (1891), 
3,926. 

Kirman  (ker-man'),  or  Kerman  (ker-man').  1 . 
A  province  of  southern  Persia,  lying  south  of 
Khorasan :  the  ancient  Carmania.  Area,  about 
60  square  miles.  Population,  estimated,  300,000. 
— 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Kirman,  in 
lat.  30°  16'  N.,  long.  57°  5'  E.,  formerly  of  great 
commercial  importance.  Population,  estimated, 
30,000. 

Earmanshahan  (ker-man-sha-han'),  orKer- 


ished,  according  to  the  generally  accepted  ac- 
count from  1703  to  1733.  Its  meetings  were  held  at 
the  "  Cat  and  Fiddle,"  kept  by  Christopher  Cat,  a  noted 
mutton-pieman,  near  Temple  Bar,  It  was  founded  by 
members  of  the  Whig  party,  and  among  its  frequenters 
were  Steele,  Addison,  Lord  Orford,  and  others.  Its  name- 
is  thought  to  be  derived  from  the  name  of  the  landlord  of 
the  tavern,  though  the  "  Spectator,"  No.  9,  says  it  was  from 
the  name  of  the  pies,  which  were  called  "kit-cats."  Th& 
club  occasionally  met  in  summer  at  the  house  of  Jacob- 
Tonson  at  Barn  Elms,  where  a  room  was  built  for  it,  the 
walls  of  which  were  adorned  with  portraits  of  its  members. 
As  the  ceiling  was  low,  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller,  who  painted 
them,  used  a  small  canvas  (36  by  28  inches),  which  has  sinc& 
gone  by  the  name  of  kit>cat  size. 


Kitchen  Cabinet,  The.  In  United  States  poli- 
ties, a  group  of  politicians  very  influential  with 
manshah  (ker-mau-sha').  A  city  and  the  eapi-  Andrew  Jackson  during  his  administration,  its. 
tal  of  the  district  Kirmanshahan  of  western  chief  members  were  Major  Lewis  and  Amos  Kendall.  They 
Persia,  situated  in  lat.  34°  18'  N.,  long.  47°  12'  were  "men  with  whom  he  could  smoke  and  converse  at 
■Rl  Tt  la  o  onrmran  nani^av  PrniiilnHnn  est.i.  random,  without  the  constraint  of  a  council  and  clashing 
..  i   L  nnn  ccntcr.     population,  esti-    min^g..  (Schmiler,  Hist,  ol  U.  S.,  IIL  495). 

mated,  30,000.  _       Kitchener  (kieh'e-n6r),  Horatio  Herbert,  Vis- 

Kim  (kim).    A  town  in  the  Etaie  Province,  count  Kitchener  of  Khartum  and  Aspall.  feom 
tfld  on  t.hfi  NaliA  40  miles  smith     j^^  24,  1850.     A  British  general.     He  served  to. 


Prussia,  situated  on  the  Nahe  40  miles  south 
by  west  of  Coblenz.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 5,166. 

Kirriemuir  (kir-re-miir').  A  burgh  of  barony 
in  Forfarshire,  Scotland,  15  miles  north  of  Dun- 
dee. The  chief  industry  is  weaving.  It  is  the  "Thrums" 
of  J.  M.  Barrie.    Population  (1891),  2,782. 

Kirsanoff  (kir'sa-nof).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Tamboff,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Ve- 
rona 60  miles  east  of  Tamboff.  Population 
(1885-89),  7,193. 

Kisama  (ke-sa'mS).    A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola, 


surveys  of  Palestine  and  Cyprus ;  waa  major  ol  Egyp- 
tian cavalry  1882-84  ;  served  in  the  Nile  expedition  1884 ;. 
was  governor  of  Suakin  1886-88 ;  commanded  the  Dongola 
expedition  in  1896  and  the  Khartum  expedition  in  1898, 
defeating  the  dervishes  in  the  battle  of  Omdurman  Sept. 
2,1898,  and  establishing  the  authority  of  Great  Britain  in 
the  Sudan,  of  which  he  was  made  governor  Jan.  21, 1899. 
He  was  made  adjutant-general  iu  the  Egyptian  army  itt 
1888  and  sirdar  in  1892;  was  promoted  major-generej  in 
1896,  lieutenant-general  in  1900,  and  general  in  1902 ;  was 
raised  to  the  peerage  in  1898,  and  appointed  chief  ol  staff 
under  Lord  Roberts  in  South  Africa  in  1899,  and  succeeded 
him  in  command  there  in  Dec,  1900. 


West  Africa,  between  the  Kuanza  (Quanza)  and.  Kit's  Ooty  House.    A  noted  cromlech  near 
Longa  rivers  as  far  east  as  Dondo.  Aylesford,  Kent,  England. 

Kisfaludy  (kish '  f  o  - 16  -di),  K&roly.  Bom  at  Kittatinny  (kit'a-tin-i),  or  Blue  Mountains.  A 
T6t,  County  Raab,  Hungary,  Feb.  5, 1788 :  died  range  of  low  mountains  in  southern  New  ¥ork, 
Nov.  21,1830.  A  Hungarian  dramatist  and  no V-  New  Jersey,  and  northeastern  Pennsylvania,, 
elist,  brother  of  S&ndor  Kisfaludy:  the  founder  belonging  to  the  Appalachian  system.  It  is; 
of  the  modern  Hungarian  drama.    Among  his    broken  by  the  Delaware  Water  Gap. 

s  are  "  The  Tatars  in  Hungary"  (1812),  Kittery  (Mt'e-ri).    A  seaport  in  York  County,. 

Maine,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Pisoataqua, 
opposite  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire.  It  eon- 
tains  a  United  States  navy-yard.  Population) 
(1900),  2,872. 

_  V,  Kittim  (kit'im),  or  Chittim.    IntheOldTesta- 

Kishangarh  (kish-an-gur'),  or  Kishengarh  ment,  a  name  generally  assumed  to  designate 
(kish-en-gur').  A  native  state  in  Eajputana,  the  island  of  Cyprus,  where  the  Pheniciana 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  26°  30'  N.,  long.  75°  E.    founded  the  city  of  Citium;  in  a  wider  sense. 


plays 

^' Irene"  (1820),  etc. 
Kisfaludy,  Sandor.  Bom  at  SUmeg,  county  of 
Zala,  Hungary,  Sept.  27, 1772 :  died  Oct.  28, 1844. 
A  Hungarian  lyric  poet,  best  known  as  the  au- 
thor of  the  "Love  Poems  of  Himfy"'  (1801-07). 


Eittim 

the  inhabitants  of  the  islands  and  coast  of  the 
western  Mediterranean.  The  isles  of  Chittim 
are  mentioned  in  Isa.  xxiii.  as  a  resort  of  the 
Tyrian  fleet. 

Xittistzu.    See  Gmdescliio. 

Kittlitz  (Mt'lits),  Baron  Friedrich  von.  Bom 
at  Breslau,  Prussia,  Feb.  16, 1799 :  died  at  Mainz, 
Germany,  April  10,  1874.  A  German  soldier 
(captain):  ornithologist,  and  traveler.  He  wrote 
"Denkwuialgkeiten  einer  Keise  nach  dem  rassischen 
Amerlka,  nacb  Mikionesien  und  durch  Kamtschatka" 
(1858).  etc. 

Kitto  (kit'o),  John.  Bom  at  Plymouth,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  4, 1804:  died  at  Cannstatt,  Nov.  25, 
1854.  An  English  compiler,  author  of  the  "  Pic- 
torial Bible."  He  was  the  son  of  a  Cornish  stone-mason. 
In  his  youth  he  tell  from  a  ladder  and  became  entirely 
deaf.  The  Church  Missionary  Society  sent  him  to  Malta 
as  a  printer  in  1827.  In  1829  he  went  with  a  private  mis- 
sion party  to  Bagdad,  returning  in  1832.  He  published 
"  The  Lost  Senses  "  (1845),  "  The  Pictorial  Bible  "  (1835-88), 
"  Pictorial  History  of  Palestine  and  the  Holy  Land  "  (1840), 
"Cyclopedia  of  Biblical  Literature"  (1845X  "Daily  Bible 
Illustrations  "  (1849-54).  Although  a  layman,  he  was  made 
D.  D.  by  the  University  of  Giessen  in  1844. 

Kitty  Clive.    See  Clive. 
Kitunahan  (ki-t3-nS.'han),  or  Cootenai,  orEoo- 
tenay.    A  linguistic  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,  first  known  as  occupying  the  moimtain- 
ous  tract  between  the  two  upper  forks  of  the 
Columbia  River,  British  Columbia,  and  the  ad- 
jacent parts  of  the  United  States.     Earlier  they 
probably  inhabited  the  territory  east  of  the  mountains, 
but  were  driven  across  by  the  Blackf  eet.  Their  chief  tribes 
are  Cootenai  or  Upper  Cootenai,  and  Akoklako  or  Lower 
Cootenai,    They  number  (1893)  964,  of  whom  425  are  at 
Flathead  agency,  Montana,  and  539  at  Eootenay  agency, 
British  Columbia. 
Eitzblihl  (kits'bul) .  A  town  and  summer  resort 
in  northeastern  Tyrol,  47  miles  east-northeast 
of  Innsbruck. 
Kitzbiihler  (kits'bii-ler)  Alps.    A  division  of 
the  eastern  Alps,  on  the  confines  of  Tyrol,  Ba- 
varia, and  Salzburg.     Its  highest  points  are 
over  8,000  feet. 
Kitzingen(kit'sing-en).  A  town  in  Lower  Fran- 
oonia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Main  10  miles 
southeast  of  Wiirzburg.  It  is  noted  for  its  beer. 
Population  (1890),  7,507. 
Eilikiaug,     See  Kew-Kiang. 
Kiling-cliau(ke-ong'ohou').    The  capital  of  the 
island  of  Hainan,  China,  situated  near  the  coast, 
in  lat.  20°  N.,  long.  110°  25'  E.  Population, about 
40,000. 
Kiuprili.    See  Koprili. 

Eiusiu  (kyb'syo').     The  southernmost  of  the 
four  principal  islands  of  Japan,  southwest  of 
the  main  island  and  of  SMkoku.    Chief  city, 
Nagasaki.  The  surface  is  mountainous.   Area, 
16,840  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  6,228,- 
419. 
Eizil-Irmak    (kiz'il-ir-mak'),      [Turk.,  'red 
river.']     The  largest  river  of  Asia  Minor,  Tur- 
key: the  ancient  Balys.    Its  course  ia  first  southwest 
and  then  northerly.    It  flows  into  the  Black  Sea  about  lat, 
41'  40'  K.,  long,  36'  E.    Length,  about  60O  ^iles. 
Eizil-Eum  (kiz'il-kom).     A  desert  in  central 
Asia,  southeast  of  the  Sea  of  Aral,  between  the 
Amu-Daria  and  Sir-Daria, 
Eizil-Uzen  (Mz'il-o'zen).    A  chief  head  stream 
of  the  river  Sefld,  in  Persia." 
Eizliar.    See  KisUar. 

Ejobenhavn.  The  Danishname  of  Copenhagen. 
Eladno  (klad'no).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  15  miles 
west-northwest  of  Prague.    It  has  important 
coal-  and  iron-mines.  Population  (1890),  17,215. 
Elagenfurt  (kla'gen-fort).    The  capital  of  Ca- 
rinthia,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  in  lat.  46° 
37'  N.,  long,  14°  19'  E.    Ithasmanufacturesof  white 
lead,  etc.    Its  most  noted  building  is  the  House  of  the 
Estates.    Population  (1890),  19,766. 
Klamath  (kla'mat).    A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  inhabiting  mainly  the  shores  of 
upper  Klamath  Lake  and  Spragu  6  River,  on  Kla- 
math Indian  reservation,  Oregon.    They  number 
about  600,  distributed  in  11  settlements.  Also  Clamet,  Ela- 
mel.  Tlmnath,  TlwmaM. 
Klamath  (kla'mat).    A  river  in  southern  Ore- 
gon and  California,  traversing  the  two  Klamath 
Lakes  in  southern  Oregon  und  on  the  Calif  ornian 
border,  and  flowing  Into  the  Pacific  about  lat. 
41°  35'  N.    Length,  over  200  miles. 
Klamet.    See  Mamath. 

Klapka  (klop'ko),  Gyorgy.  Bom  at  Temesvdr, 
Hungary,  April  7, 1820:  died  at  Budapest,  May 
17,  1892.  A  Hungarian  general,  distinguished 
at  Kdpolna,  Komom,  and  elsewhere  in  1849. 
He  capitulated  at  Komom,  Sept.  27,  1849, 
Klaproth  (kiap'rot),  Heinrich  Julius.  Bom 
at  Berlin,  Oct.  11, 1783:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  20, 
1835.  A  celebrated  German  Orientalist  and  Asi- 
atic traveler,  especially  noted  as  a  student  of 


573 

Chinese :  son  of  M.  H.  Klaproth,  He  was  professor 
of  Asiatic  languages  at  Paris  1816-35.  He  published  "Asia 
polyglotta,"  a  classification  of  the  peoples  of  Asia  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  affinities  of  their  languages,  with  alan- 
guage-atlas  (1823),  and  numerous  philological  and  geo- 
graphical works  and  accounts  of  his  travels. 

Klaproth,  Martin  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Werni- 
gerode,  Prussia,  Dec.  1,  1743:  died  at  Berlin, 
Jan.  1,  1817.  A  German  chemist,  professor  at 
the  University  of  Berlin. 

Klattau(klat'tou),Bohem.Klatovy(kia'to-ve). 
A  town  in  Bohemia,  68  miles  southwest  of 
Prague.    Population  (1890),  commune,  10,811. 

Klausenburg,  or  Olausenburg  (klou'  zen-bora) , 
Hung.  Kolosvir  (ko'losh-var).  The  capital 
of  Kolos  County,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Lit- 
tle Szamos  in  lat.  46*44'  N.,  long.  23°  33'  E, 
It  was  founded  by  the  Germans  in  1178,  and  was  taken  by 
Hie  Hungarians  1848.  It  contains  a  Magyar  university,  a 
Koman  Catholic  cathedral,  and  a  citadel.  Population 
(1890),  35,865. 

Elausen  (klou'zen)  Pass.  An  Alpine  pass  in 
Switzerland,  leading  from  Altdorf,  Uri,  to 
Linththal,  Glarus. 

Elausthal.    See  Clausthal. 

Kl§ber  (kla-bar'),  Jean  Eaptiste.  Bom  at 
Strasburg,  1753  (1754?) :  assassinated  at  Cairo, 
Egypt,  June  14, 1800,  A  noted  French  general. 
He  served  in  the  Vendean  war  in  1798 ;  in  tlie  eastern 
armies  1794-96 ;  and  at  Mount  Tabor  in  1799 ;  succeeded 
Napoleon  as  commander  in  Egypt  in  1799 ;  and  defeated 
the  Turks  at  Heliopolls  in  1800. 

Klein  (kUn),  Julius  Leopold.  Bom  at  Mis- 
kolcz,  Hungary,  1804 :  died  at  Berlin,  Aug,  2, 
1876,  A  German  dramatist  and  historian  of 
literature.  His  chief  work  is  a  "  Gesohiohte  des 
Dramas"  (12  vols,  1865-76). 

Kleist  (klist),  Ewald  Christian  von.  Bom  at 
Zeblin,  near  Koslin,  Prussia,  March  3,  1715 : 
died  at  Prankfort-on-the-Oder,  Prussia,  Aug. 
24,  1759.  A  German  poet  and  officer  (first  in 
the  Danish  and  then  in  the  Prussian  service). 
He  was  mortally  wounded  at  Kunersdorf  (Aug,  12, 1789). 
His  best-known  poem  is  "  Der  Friihling  "  ("  Spring,"  1749). 

Kleist  (klist),  Heinrich  Bernt  Wilhelm  von. 

Bom  at  Frankf ort-ou-the-Oder,  Oct,  18,  1777 : 
died  at  Wannensee,  near  Potsdam,  Nov.  21, 1811. 
A  German  dramatist.  He  entered  the  army  in  1795, 
but  in  1799  left  it  to  study  at  Frankfort  and  Berlin.  In 
1801  he  went  to  Paris,  and  afterward  to  Switzerland,  where 
he  again  traveled  in  1803.  In  1804  he  was  given  a  subor- 
dinate government  position  at  Konigsberg,  but  resigned 
it  after  the  disastrous  battle  of  Jena.  In  1807  he  went  to 
Dresden,  and  engaged  there  in  editorial  work  on  a  news- 
paper. In  1809  he  went  to  Prague,  where  he  wrote  as  a 
pamphleteer  against  France  in  the  war  with  Austria ;  but 
after  the  defeat  of  Wagram  he  returned  to  Berlin  and 
again  took  up  his  work  as  a  journalist.  The  first  of  his 
dramas,  the  tragedy  "  Die  Familie  Schroffenstein"  ("The 
Family  Schroffenstein  '0,  appeared  in  1803 ;  "Amphitryon  " 
in  1807 ;  the  tragedy  "Penthesilea"  in  1808 ;  thechivalric 
drama  "KSthchen  von  Heilbronn"in  1810 ;  and  the  comedy 
"  Der  zerbrochene  Krng  "  ("  The  Broken  Jug  ")  in  1811.  He 
also  wrote  "  Erza,hlungen"("Tales,"  1810-11),  and  a  few  lyr- 
ics. His  fame  is  almost  wholly  posthumous.  His  literary 
efforts  met  with  but  little  success  during  his  life,  and  he 
at  last  not  only  became  despondent,  but  was  actually 
threatened  with  need.  After  first  carrying  out  the  promise 
he  had  made  to  a  female  friend,  as  morbid  as  himself,  to 
kill  her,  he  committed  suicide  when  only  34  years  old.  Two 
dramas  were  published  after  his  death :  "  Die  Hermanns- 
schlacht  ("  The  Battle  of  Hermann,"  i,  e.  Arminius),  and 
"Der  Prinz  von  Homburg " (" The  Prince  of  Homburg"), 
"Kobert  Guiscard"  is  a  fragment.  His  collected  writings 
were  first  published  at  Berlin,  1826,  in  3  vols. 

Kleist  von  NoUendoif  (klist  fon  nol'len-dorf ), 
Count  Friedrich  Heinrich  Ferdinand  Emil. 
Born  at  Berlin,  April  9,  1762 :  died  at  Berlin, 
Feb.  17, 1823.  A  Prassian  field-marshal,  distin- 
guished in  the  War  of  Liberation,  1813-14, 

Klemm  (klem),  Friedrich  Gustav.  Bom  at 
Chemnitz,  Saxony,  Nov.  12, 1802 :  died  at  Dres- 
den, Aug,  26, 1867.  A  noted  German  historian, 
secretary  and  later  librarian  of  the  royal  library 
at  Dresden.  He  wrote  "Die  Geschichte  von  Bayern" 
(1828),  "AUgemeine  Kulturgeschichte  der  Menschheit" 
(1843-62), "  Handbuch  der  germanischen  Altertumskunde  " 
(1835),  "Die  Frauen" (1856-68),  etc, 

Klengel  (kleng'el),  Johann  Christian.    Bom 

at  Kesselsdorf ,  near  Dresden,  May  5, 1751 :  died 
at  Dresden,  Dec.  19, 1824.  A  (jerman  landscape- 
painter, 

Klenze  (klent'se),  Leo  von.  Born  near  Hildes- 
heim,  Prussia,  Feb.  29,  1784 :  died  at  Munich, 
Jan.  27, 1864,  A  German  architect.  Among  his 
works  are  the  "  Walhalla  "  (near  Katisbon),  many  buUdings 
in  Munich  (including  the  Glyptothek,  Odeon,  and  Pinako- 
thek),  etc, 

KlepntS  (klefts).  Greek  or  Albanian  brigands. 
As  a  class,  the  Klephts  were  originally  those  Greeks  who, 
after  the  Turkish  conquest  in  the  16th  century,  formed 
armed  bands  or  communities  in  mountain  fastnesses,  and 
maintained  their  independence,  defying  and  plundering 
the  Turks  and  their  adherents,-  They  gave  powerful  aid 
to  the  patriots  in  the  war  of  independence  (1821-28),  after 
which  those  who  kept  up  their  organization  became  mere 
robbers.    They  have  been  suppressed  in  Greece, 

Klettgau  (klet'gou),    A  mountainous  region 


Knapp,  Ludwig  Friedrich 

situated  partly  in  the  canton  of  SchafEhausen, 
Switzerland,  partly  in  the  adjoining  portion  of 
southern  Baden, 

Kleve.    See  Cleves. 

Klikitat  (klik'f-tat).  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  They  wintered  in  1805  on  the  Yakima  and 
Klikitat  rivers,  Washington,  in  the  region  conterminous 
with  the  two  counties  named  after  those  rivers.  At  that 
time  they  numbered  700.  There  are  now  about  116  on  the 
Yakima  reservation,  Washmgton.    See  ShahapUan. 

Klin  (klen ) ,  A  town  in  the  government  of  Mos- 
cow, Russia,  56  miles  northwest  of  Moscow: 
the  ancient  seat  of  the  Romanoffs.  Population 
(1885-89),  5,415. 

Klinger(kling'er),FriedrichMaximilianvon. 

Bom  at  Frankf ort-on-the-Main,  Feb.  17,  1752: 
died  March  9, 1831.  A  German  dramatic  poet 
and  novelist.  He  wrote  the  play  "Sturm  und  Drang" 
("  Storm  and  Stress ''  1776),  which  gave  its  name  to  the  so- 
called  "  Sturm  und  Drang ''  period  of  German  literature. 

Klintsi  (klint'se).  A  manufacturing  town  in  the 
government  of  Tchernigoff,  Russia,  situated  in 
lat,  52°  44'  N,,  long.  32°  16'  E,  Population 
(1885-89),  11,635. 

Klissow  (klis'ov),  Aplace  in  the  government  of 
KalisZj  Russian  Poland,  near  the  Prussian  fron- 
tier. Here,  July  19, 1702,  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden 
defeated  the  Poles  and  Saxons. 

Klissura  (klis-so'ra).  A  gorge  made  by  the 
Danube  on  the  frontier  of  Hungary  and  Servia, 
between  Neu-Moldova  and  Orsova. 

Klondike  (klon'dik).  A  river  in  the  North- 
west Territory,  Canada,  which  flows  into  the 
Yukon  at  Dawson,  above  the  64th  parallel  north 
latitude.  It  is  noted  for  the  gold-mines  in  its 
vicinity. 

Klonowicz  (klo-no'vich),  Sebastian  Fabian 
(called  Acernus).  Bom  at  Sulmieroyce,  Posen, 
1551 :  died  at  Lublin  about  1608,  A  Polish  poet. 
He  wrote  both  in  Latin  and  in  Polish,  Among  his  poems 
are  "Soxalana"  (1684),  a  translation  of  Cato'a  "Disticha 
moralia"  (1602),  etc, 

Klonthal  (klSn'tal).    A  valley  in  the  canton  of 
Glarus,  Switzerland,  west  of  Glarus. 
Klopstock  (klop'stok),  Friedrich  Gottlieb.. 

Bom  at  (Juedlinburg,  Prussia,  July  2, 1724 :  died 
at  Hamburg,  March  14, 1803,  A  noted  German 
poet.  Before  1745,  when  he  went  to  Jena  to  study  theol- 
ogy, he  had  already  conceived  the  plan  of  the  religious  epic 
afterward  written  as  the  "  Messiaa  "  ("The  Messiah  ").  In 
Leipsic,  in  1748,  he  published  anonymously,  in  the  journal 
"Bremer  Beitrage,"  the  first  three  cantos  of  tlie  poem.  This 
same  year  he  went  as  tutor  to  Langensalza.  In  1750  he  ac- 
cepted the  invitation  of  the  poet  and  historian  Bodmer  to 
.  Zurich,  but  the  succeeding  year  waasuminonedbytheKing 
of  Denmark  to  Copenhagen,  that  he  might  there  find  the 
leisure  to  complete  his  poem.  He  remained  there  until 
1771 ;  went  then  to  Hamburg ;  in  1776  was  for  a  year  in 
Karlsruhe ;  and  then  returned  to  Hamburg,  where  he  sub- 
sequently lived.  The  "Messias,"  a  poem  consisting  of 
twenty  cantos  written  in  hexameters,  did  not  appear  in  its 
complete  form  until  1773,  "Geistliche  Lieder"  ("Reli- 
gious  Songs")  appeared  in  1758,  and  "Oden"  ("Odes") in 
1771.  He  also  wrote  three  dramas  on  biblical  subjects : 
"  Der  Tod  Adams  "("  The  Death  of  Adam, "  1767),  "  Salomo  " 
(' '  Solomon  "),  and  "  David  "  (1772).  Three  others  were  writ- 
ten on  subjects  from  early  national  history :  "  Hermanns- 
schlacht"  ("The  Battle  of  Hermann,"  i.c.  Arminius,  1769), 
"Hermann  und  dieFiirsten"("Hermann  andthe  Princes," 
1784),  "  Hermanns  Tod  "  ("  Hermann's  Death,"  1787),  The 
last  three  dramas  were  in  prose  interspersed  with  bardic 
choruses,  so  called,  and  were  consequently  named  by  him 
"  Bardlet e."  Minor  poems  are  the  ode  "An  meine  Freunde  " 
("  To  My  Friends,"  1747),  later  changed  to  "  Wingolf,"  ad- 
dressed to  the  poets  of  the  Saxon  school ;  the  "  Kriegslied  " 
("War  Song"),  written  in  1749  in  honor  of  Frederick  the 
Great ;  and  the  ode  "  Hermann  und  Thusnelda,"  written  in 
1752.  His  principal  prose  work  is  "DieGelehrtenrepublik" 
("The  Scholars'Bepublic,"  1744),  an  art  of  poetiyfrom  his 
own  standpoint.  Hie  complete  works  appeared  (Leipsic, 
1844-45)  in  11  vols. 

Klostemeuburg  (klos-ter-noi'borG),  A  town  in 
Lower  Austria,  6  miles  north-northwest  of  Vi- 
enna.   Population  (1890),  commune,  8,988. 

Kloster-Zeven  (klos'ter-tse'fen).  Convention 
of.    See  Closter-Seven. 

Knabl  (kna'bl),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Fliess,  Tyrol, 
July  17,  1819 :  died  at  Munich,  Nov.  3,  1881.  A 
Tyrolese  sculptor.  His  works  are  chiefly  in 
Bavaria. 

K'naia-khotana  (kni'a-cho-ta'na),  or  Kenai 
(ke-ni').  A  tribe  of  the  northern  division  of  the 
Athapascan  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
living  in  villages  along  Cook's  Inlet  and  the 
Kenai  Peninsula,  southern  Alaska, 

Knapp,  Georg  Christian.  Bom  at  Halle,  Pms- 
sia,  Sept.  17, 1753 :  died  at  Halle,  Oct,  14, 1825. 
A  German  Protestant  theologian,  professor  of 
theology  at  the  University  of  Halle,  He  wrote 
"Vorlesungen  iiber  die  christliche  Glaubens- 
lehre"  (1827),  etc. 

Knapp,  Ludwig  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Michel- 
stadt,  Hesse,  Feb,  22, 1814,  A  German  chemist. 
He  became  professor  in  the  University  of  Giessen  in  1841, 
and  of  Munich  in  1853,  and  in  the  Polytechnic  School  at 


Enapp,  Ludvrig  Friedrich 

Branswick  in  1863.  Among  his  chief  works  are  "Lehr- 
buch  der  chemischen  Technologie"  (1847)  and  "Technol- 
ogische  Wandtaf  eln  "  (1855-62). 

Enaiesborough  (narz'bur^o).  A  town  in  the 
West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on 
the  Nidd  16  miles  west-northwest  of  York.  It 
has  a  ruined  castle  and  some  natural  curiosities. 
Population  (1891),  4,649. 

Knatchbnll-Hugessen  (nach '  bul  -  hu '  ges  -  en) , 
Edward  Hugesseil,  Lord  Braboume.  S'orn 
April  29, 1829 :  died  Feb.  6, 1893.  A  British  poU- 
tician  and  author.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Ox- 
ford, and  was  Liberal  member  of  Parliament  for  Sandhurst 
from  1867  till  1870,  when  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage.  He 
joined  the  Conservative  party  in  1886.  He  wrote  "  Crackers 
for  Christmas"  (1870),  "Higgledy-Piggledy"  (1875),  and 
numerous  other  books  for  children. 

Enaus  (knous),  Ludwig.  Born  at  Wiestiaden, 
Prussia,  Oct.  5,  1829.  A  noted  German  genre- 
painter,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  younger  Diis- 
seldorf  school.  HewasapupUofSohnandSchadowat 
Dusseldorf  1846-62,  studied  in  Paris  till  1860,  and  was  pro- 
fessor at  the  Berlin  Academy  from  1874  to  1884.  He  received 
flrst-class  medals  in  1855,  1867,  and  1869,  and  a  medal  of 
honor  in  1867. 

Enebel  (kna'bel),  Karl  Ludwig  von.    Bom  at 

Wallerstein,  Bavaria,  Nov.  30,  1744:  died  at 
Jena,  Germany,  Feb.  23,  1834.  A  German  au- 
thor, best  known  as  a  friend  of  Goethe. 
Knecht  Ruprecht  (kneeht  ro'preeht).  [G., 
'Knight  Rupert.']  The  German  genius  of 
Christmas,  corresponding  to  St.  Nicholas,  or 
Santa  Claus.  in  some  parts  of  Germany  he  is  supposed 
to  appear  just  previous  to  Christmas,  with  a  bag  on  his 
back  and  a  rod  In  his  hand,  to  inquire  into  the  conduct  of 
the  children,  whom  he  rewards  or  punishes  according  to 
their  deserts.  The  actual  dispenser  of  gifts  on  Christmas 
Eve  is,  however,  the  Christ-child. 

Kneller  (nel'6r).  Sir  Godfrey  (Gottfried  Knil- 
ler).  Born  at  Liibeck,  Germany,  Aug.  8, 1646 : 
died  at  London,  Oct.  19, 1723.  A  German-Eng- 
lish portrait-painter.  His  father  was  a  portrait- 
painter  of  Liibeck.  Godfrey  was  sent  to  Leyden  to  study 
mathematics  and  fortification.  He  abandoned  the  career 
of  a  soldier  and  entered  the  atelier  of  Pel-dinand  Bol  at 
Amsterdam,  receiving  probably  some  instruction  from 
Kembrandt.  In  1672  he  went  to  Italy ;  from  Italy  he  went 
to  Hamburg.    In  1675  he  found  his  way  to  England,  and  to 

,  the  patronageof  Mr.  Vernon,  secretary  to  theDukeof  Mon- 
mouth, and  later  to  that  of  the  duke  himself,  whose  por- 
traithe  painted,  and  who  recommended  him  to  Charles  II. 
Por  Charles  he  painted  the  portrait  of  Louis  XIV.  in  Paris. 
He  succeeded  to  the  patronage  of  James  11., William  III., 
and  Anne,  and  was  knighted  March  3, 1691.  Some  of  his 
best  portraits  are  in  the  series  of  admirals.  He  was  con- 
temporary and  rival  of  Sir  Peter  Lely.  He  painted  the  por- 
traits of  ten  reigning  sovereigns. 

Knep.    See  Knipp. 

Eni&erbocker  s  History  of  New  York.    A 

burlesque  history  of  New  York,  by  "Washington 
Irving,  published  in  1809.  This  he  wrote  under 
the  name  of  Diedrich  Knickerbocker. 

Eniebis  (kne'bis).  A  mountain  group  in  the 
Black  Forest,  on  the  borders  of  Baden  and  Wiir- 
temberg,  about  lat.  48°  30'  N. 

Enight  (nit),  Charles.  Bom  at  Windsor,  Eng- 
land, March  15, 1791 :  died  at  Addlestone,  Sur- 
rey, England,  March  9, 1873.  An  English  pub- 
lisher and  author.  His  chief  work  is  a  "Popular 
History  of  England"  (8  vols.  1856-62).  He  edited  "The 
Penny  Magazine"  (1S32-45),  "The  Penny  Cyolopsedia" 
(1833-44),  "The  Pictorial  Shakspere''(1841),  "The  English 
Cyclopajdia,"  etc. 

Elllight,  James.  Diedat  Marble  Island,  Hudson 
Bay,  about  1719.  An  English  erplorer,  and 
agent  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company.  He  was  gov- 
ernor of  Fort  Albany  in  1673,  and  of  the  Nelson  River  settle- 
ment in  1714.  In  1718  he  built  the  Prince  of  Wales  Fort 
at  the  mouth  of  Churchill  River.  In  June,  1719,  he  sailed 
with  two  of  the  company's  fleet  to  discover  the  fabled 
Straits  of  Anian,  and  to  search  for  gold.  The  expedition  did 
not  return,  and  a  searching  party  in  1722  failed  to  find  any 
trace  of  it.  The  wreck  of  the  ships  was  discovered  at  Mar- 
ble Island  by  a  whaling  party  in  1767.    DM.  Nat.  Biog. 

Enigbt,  Joseph  Philip.  Bom  at  Bradford- 
on-Avon,  July  26,  1812:  died  at  Yarmouth, 
1887.  An  English  composer  of  songs,  including 
"  Rocked  in  the  Cradle  of  the  Deep,"  etc. 

Knight,  Bichard  Payne.  Born  near  Ludlow, 
Herefordshire,  1750:  died  at  London,  April  23, 
1824.  An  English  numismatist  and  archssolo- 
gist.  About  1767  he  went  to  Italy,  and  again  in  1777  with 
Philip  Hackert,  a  German  painter,  and  Charles  Gore.  In 
his  biography  of  Hackert,  Goethe  translated  Knight's  di- 
ary as  the  "Tagebuch  einer  Beisenach  SiciUen."  Hewas 
again  in  Italy  in  1785,  associated  with  Sir  William  Hamil- 
ton, British  ambassador  at  Naples,  andbegan  his  collection 
of  bronzes  with  Fox.  He  wrote  "An  Account  of  the  Re- 
mains of  the  Worship  of  Priapus  lately  existing  in  Iser- 
nia"  (1786),  "An  Analytical  Essay  on  the  Greek  Alphabet,' 
"An  Inquiry  into  the  Symbolical  Language  of  Ancient  Art 
and  Mythology,"  etc.  He  bequeathed  to  the  British  Mu- 
seum his  collection  of  bronzes,  coins,  gems,  marbles,  and 
drawings. 

Knight,  Thomas  Andrew.  Bom  near  Ludlow, 
Herefordshire,  Aug.  12, 1759 :  died  at  London, 
May  11,  1838.  An  English  horticulturist  and 
botanist,  brother  of  Richard  Payne  Knight. 


574 

Elnight  of  La  Mancha.  Don  Quixote  de  la 
Mancha. 

Enight  of  Malta,  The.  A  play  by  Fletcher, 
Massinger,  and  another,  produced  before  1619, 
and  printed  in  1647. 

Enight  of  the  Burning  Pestle,  The.  A  mock- 
heroic  drama  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  pub- 
lished anonymoushr  in  1613.  it  was  intended  to 
satirize  such  plays  as  rieywood's  "Four  Prentices  of  Lon- 
don," in  which  extravagantly  chivalric  and  knightly  lan- 
guage was  put  into  the  mouths  of  the  middle  class.  It 
was  doubtless  suggested  by  "Don  Quixote." 

Enight  of  the  Bueful  Countenance.    Don 

Quixote :  so  called  by  Sancho  Panza.    . 

Enight  of  the  Swan.    See  ^waw  an  d  Lohengrin. 

Enights  (nits).  The.  A  comedy  of  Aristopha- 
nes, exhibited  in  424  b.  c. 

The  play  ["Knights"]  personifies  the  Athenian  Demos  as 
an  easy-going,  dull-witted  old  man,  with  Nikias,  Demos- 
thenes, and  Cleon  among  his  slaves,  among  whom  the  lat- 
ter has  attained  atyrannical  ascendancy  by  alternate  bully- 
ing his  fellows  and  flattering  his  master.  By  the  advice 
of  oracles,  which  play  a  great  part  all  through  the  play, 
and  which  imply  an  earnest  faith  in  religion  among  the 
Athenian  people  of  that  day,  the  former  two  persuade  a 
low  sausage-seller  (Agoracritus)  to  undertake  the  task  of 
supplanting  Cleon.  He  is  assisted  by  the  chorus  of  Knights, 
who  are  determined  enemies  of  Cleon,  and  who  come  in  to 
defend  their  friends,  and  attack  the  demagogue,  in  their 
famous  parabasis.  The  greater  part  of  the  remainder  is 
occupied  with  the  brazen  attempts  of  both  demagogues  to 
out-bully  one  another,  and  to  devise  bribes  and  promises 
to  gain  Demos*  favour.  At  last  Agoracritus  prevails  and 
retires  with  Demos,  whom  he  presently  reproduces,  appa- 
rently by  eccyclema,  sitting  crowned,  and  in  his  right 
mind,  heartily  ashamed  of  his  former  follies. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  442. 

Enights,  The.  A  comedy  by  Foote,  produced 
in  1749,  printed  in  1754,  in  which  he  played 
Hartop. 

Enightsbridge  (nits'brij).  1.  In  old  London, 
the  bridge  across  the  Tyburn,  by  which  the  old 
Reading  road  passed:  so  called  from  the  manor 
of  Neyte,  near  Kensington.  W.  J.  LofUe,  West- 
minster Abbey. — 3.  In  modem  London,  the 
street  which  forms  the  southern  boundary  of 
Hyde  Park.  The  cavalry  barracks  are  here, 
near  Rutland  Gate. 

Knights  of  the  Grolden  Circle.  A  former  secret 
order  in  the  United  States,  in  sympathy  with 
the  Secessionists. 

Knights  of  the  Bound  Table.  See  Eownd 
Table. 

Knight's  Tale  of  Palamon  and  Arcite,  The. 
One  of  Chaucer's  "  Canterbury  Tales."  It  is  a  re- 
casting by  Chaucer  of  his  version  of  Boccaccio's  "  Teseide," 
which  he  made  before  he  wrote  the  "Legend  of  Good 
Women." 

The  "Knight's  Tale,"  in  particular,  naturally  attracted 
the  attention  of  the  dramatists  of  the  Elizabethan  age, 
who  were  always  on  the  lookout  for  suitable  material, 
Upon  it  was  founded  an  early  play  called  "Palemon  and 
Arcite"  that  has  not  come  down.  It  was  the  work  of 
Richard  Edwards,  and  was  produced  in  1666  at  Oxford  Uni- 
versity before  Queen  Elizabeth.  A  play  with  this  title  is 
also  recorded  by  Henslowe  under  the  year  1594  as  having 
been  acted  four  times.  From  the  same  tale  also  was  avow- 
edly t^en  the  drama  called  "  The  Two  Noble  Kinsmen," 
which,  when  flrst  printed  in  1634,  had  on  its  title-page  as 
authors  the  names  of  Shakspeare  and  Fletcher.  Whether 
either  had  anything  to  do  with  it  is  still  a  debated  ques- 
tion. Lovmlmry,  Chaucer,  III.  68. 

Ejlight's  Vision,  The.  An  allegorical  painting 
by  Raphael,  in  the  National  Gallery,  London. 
In  the  foreground  a  youth  sleeps,  resting  on  his  shield. 
Beside  him  stand  two  girls :  one,i)ersonifying  fame,  hold- 
ing out  a  sword  and  a  book ;  and  the  other,  representing 
pleasure,  extending  a  myrtle-blossom.  The  background  is 
occupied  with  rocks,  hills,  and  towers.  The  work  is  of 
Raphael's  youth,  admirable  in  conception  and  execution. 

TfTiiti  (knen).  A  town  in  Dalmatia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  on  the  Kerka  26  miles  northeast  of 
Sebenieo.  Population  (1890),  commune,  21,077. 

Knipp  (nip),  or  Knep  (nep),  Mrs.  Flourished 
about  1670.  An  English  actress.  She  probably  first 
appeared  asEpicoene  in  Ben  Jonson's  "Silent  Woman  "in 
1664,  and  what  is  known  of  her  is  principally  from  the  en- 
tries in  Pepys's  "Diary."  She  disappears  from  the  bills  in 
1678. 

Mrs.  Knipp  (or  Knep)  .  .  .  was  a  pretty  creature,  with 
a  sweet  voice,  a  mad  humour,  and  an  ill-looking,  moody, 
jealous  husband,  who  vexed  the  Bonl  and  bruised  the  body 
of  his  sprightly,  sweet-toned,  and  wayward  wife.  Excel- 
lent company  she  was  found  by  Pepys  and  his  friends, 
whatever  her  horse-jockey  of  a  husband  may  have  thought 
of  her,  or  Mrs.  Pepys  of  the  philandering  of  her  own  hus- 
band with  the  minx,  whom  she  did  not  hesitate  to  pro- 
nounce a  "wench,"  and  whom  Pepys  himself  speaks  of  af- 
fectionately as  a  "jade  "  he  was  always  glad  to  see. 

Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  I.  59. 

Enipperdolling  (knip '  per -dol- ling),  Bern- 
hard.  Beheaded  at  Miinster,  Pmssia,  Jan.  23, 
1536.  A  German  Anabaptist,  stadtholder  of 
Miinster  1534-35,  and  supporter  of  the  revolu- 
tionary acts  of  John -of  Leyden. 

Enistineaux.    See  Cree. 

Enobel  (kno'bel),  August  Wilhelm.  Bom  at 
Tscheeheln,  near  Sorau,  Prussia,  1807:  died  at 


Enox,  John 

Giessen,  Hesse,  May  25, 1863.  A  German  Prot- 
estant exegete,  professor  at  Breslau  and  after- 
ward at  Giessen. 

Enobelsdorff  (kno'bels-dorf),  Baron  Hans 
Georg  Wenzeslaus  von.  Born  near  Krossen, 
Prussia,  Feb.  17, 1699:  died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  16, 
1753.  A  German  architect.  He  planned  the 
castle  of  Sans  Souoi, Potsdam;  the  opera-house, 
Berlin;  etc. 

Enobnoses.    See  Gwamla. 

Enolles  (nolz),  Bichard.  Bom  probably  at 
Cold  Ashby,  Northamptonshire,  about  1550: 
died  at  Sandwich,  Kent,  1610.  An  English  his- 
torian of  the  Turks.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1B65, 
and  became  master  of  the  Sandwich  grammar-school. 
His  chief  work  is  a  "  Generall  Hlstorie  of  the  Turkes  from 
the  first  beginning  of  that  Nation  "  (1603). 

EnoUys  (nolz).  Sir  Francis.  Bom  about  1514 : 
died  July  19, 1596.  An  English  statesman,  in 
1642  he  entered  Parliament  for  Horsham.  In  Dec,  1558, 
he  was  admitted  to  the  privy  council  by  Elizabeth ;  later 
was  made  vice-chamberlain  of  the  household ;  and  in  May, 
1568,  with  Henry  Scrope,  was  charged  with  the  care  of  the 
fugitive  Mary  Stuart  at  Carlisle  Castle.  In  July  he  re- 
moved her  to  Bolton  Castle,  Lord  Scrope's  seat. 

EnoUys,  or  Enolles,  Sir  Bobert.  Bom  in 
ChesMre  about  1317 :  died  at  Seulthorpe,  Aug. 
15,  1407.  All  English  soldier.  He  was  one  of  the 
principal  leaders  of  ffie  companies  of  free  lances,  and  in 

1368  commanded  the  "  Great  Company  "in  Normandy.    In 

1369  he  made  a  raid  Into  Auvergne  and  threatened  Avi- 
gnon and  the  Pope  (Innocent  VT.).  He  continued  his 
devastations  in  France  until  1367,  when  he  joined  the  Black 
Prince's  Spanish  expedition  with  his  "Great  Company." 
In  1369  he  again  joined  the  Black  Prince  in  Aquitaine. 
In  1370  he  commanded  Edward  III.'s  expedition  to  Calais* 
ravaged  Artois,  Picardy,  and  Vermandois,  and  on  Sept.  24 
drew  up  in  order  of  battle  between  Villejuif  and  Paris, 
Charles  V.  refused  to  flght^  and  Knollys  retired  into  Nor- 
mandy, where  he  lost  a  part  of  his  army  and  was  obliged 
to  return  to  England.  In  Wat  Tyler's  insurrection,  June, 
1381,  Knollys  was  placed  in  command  of  the  forces  of  the 
city  of  London,  and  rode  out  with  Richard  II.  to  the  in- 
terview at  Smithfleld. 

Enosus.    See  Cnosus. 

Enowell  (no'wel).  The  Elder.  In  Jonson's 
comedy  "  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,"  a  senten- 
tious old  gentleman.  His  humor  is  a  strained  solici- 
tude for  his  son's  morals.  This  character  is  said  to  have 
been  played  by  Shakspere. 

Enowles  (nolz),  James.  Bom  1831.  An  Eng- 
lish architect  and  editor.  He  edited  the  "  Con- 
temporary Review"  1870-77,  and  the  "Nine- 
teenth Century  "  from  1877. 

Enowles,  James  Sheridan.  Bom  at  Cork,  Ire- 
land,May  12,  1784:  died  at  Torquay,  England, 
Nov.  30, 1862.  A  British  playwright.  His  father, 
James  Knowles,  and  Richard  Brinaley  Sheridan  were  first 
cousins.  He  served  in  the  militia,  studied  medicine,  went 
on  the  stage,  and  taught  school  at  Glasgow  before  his  fii*st 
play  ("Cains  Gracchus")  was  produced  in  1S15.  In  1880' 
be  left  Glasgow  and  settled  near  Edinburgh.  In  1834  he- 
visited  the  United  States.  Until  1843  he  continued  to  act 
at  intervals  both  in  his  own  plays  and  others.  He  also- 
lectured,  and  in  1844  became  a  Baptist  and  preached  at 
Exeter  Hall  and  in  other  places  sermons  against  Roman 
Catholicism,  Cardinal  Wiseman,  etc.  Among  his  chief 
plays  are  "  Caius  Gracchus  "  (1816),  "  Virginius  "  (1820), 
"WUliamTell"  (1826),  "Alfred  the  Great "a831),  "The 
Hunchback"  (1832),  "The  Wife,  etc."  (1833),  " The  Beg- 
gar of  Bethnal  Green  "(1834:  abridged  from  "The  Beggar's 
Daughter  of  Bethnal  Green,"  1828),  "The  Love  Chase" 
(1837),  "Love"(18S9),  "John  of  Procida,  etc." (1840),  etc. 
He  also  wrote  a  number  of  poems  and  tales,  and  adapted 
several  plays,  besides  publishing  his  lectures  on  various, 
subjects. 

Enow-nothing  Party.    See  American  Party. 

Enox  (noks),  Henry.  Bom  at  Boston,  July  25, 
1750 :  died  at  Thomaston,  Maine,  Oct.  25, 1806. 
An  American  general,  distinguished  as  an  ar- 
tillery general  in  the  Revolution:  secretary  of 
war  1785-95.' 

Enox,  John.  Bom  at  Haddington,  1505 :  died  at 
Edinburgh,  Nov.  24,  1572.  A  celebrated  Scot- 
tish reformer,  statesman,  and  writer,  in  1622  he 
entered  Glasgow  University,  but  does  not  appear  to  have 
graduated.  He  studied  law  and  acted  as  notary  at  Had- 
dington. In  1544  he  became  tutor  to  Francis  and  John, 
sons  of  Hugh  Douglas  of  Longniddry,  and  Alexander  Cock- 
bum,  eldest  son  M  the  Laird  of  Ormiston.  At  this  time 
George  Wishart,  a  Lutheran,  sought  asylum  in  the  houses 
of  Douglas,  Cockbum,  and  Crichton,  and  exercised  a  pow- 
erful influence  on  Knox.  On  March  12, 1546,  Wishart  was 
burned  at  St.  Andrews  for  heresy.  His  death  was  avenged 
by  the  murder  of  Cardinal  Beaton  May  29.  Knox  took  ref- 
uge in  April,  1647,  with  his  pupils,  in  the  castle  of  St.  An- 
drews :  was  urged  to  become  a  preacher ;  and  accepted  a 
"  call "  from  the  congregation  there.  On  July  SI,  1547,  St 
Andrews  capitulated  to  the  French,  and  Knox  was  impris- 
oned in  the  galleys  until  Feb.,  1549,  when  he  was  released 
and  went  to  England.  For  two  years  he  preached  at  Ber- 
wick. In  1560  he  removed  to  Newcastle,  and  in  1561  was 
made  one  of  the  six  royal  chaplains.  As  such  he  assisted 
in  the  revision  of  the  second  prayer-book  of  Edward  VI., 
issued  Nov.  1, 1552.  On  the  accession  of  Mary  Tudor,  Knor 
fled  to  Dieppe,  and  in  1654  visited  Calvin  at  Geneva  and  Bul- 
linger  at  Zurich.  In  Nov.,  1664,  he  became  pastor  of  the- 
English  congregation  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  but  soon 
was  forced  to  return  to  Geneva.  Jn  1565  he  returned  to  Ber- 
wick, and  in  the  winter  traveled  about  Scotland  preaching 
and  -writing.  On  May  15,  1556,  he  was  summoned  by  th& 
bishops  to  appear  at  the  Blackfriars  Kirk  in  Edinburgh. 


Knox,  John 

He  came  with  so  powerful  a  following  that  the  prosecution 
was  abandoned.  He  returned  to  Geneva  in  the  summer  of 
1666.  In  1568  he  published  the  first  and  second  "Blasts 
of  the  Trumpet  Against  the  Monstrous  Kegiment  of  Wo- 
men," which,  originally  directed  against  Mary  of  Guise, 
regent  of  Scotland,  Mary,  queen  of  England,  and  Catharine 
de  Medici,  were  destined  To  complicate  his  dealings  with 
Elizabeth  and  Mary  Stuart.  Knox  returned  to  Edinburgh 
in  1659.  The  regent  Mary  had  at  this  time  renewed  her 
persecution  of  the  Keformation ;  a  riot  occurred  at  Perth, 
where  Knox  was  preaching ;  and  the  struggle  began  which 
ended  in  the  deposition  of  the  regent  by  the  Convention  in 
Edinburgh,  Oct.  21, 1659,  and  her  death  June  10, 1660.  On 
Aug.  17, 1680,  his  "  Confession  of  Faith  "  was  adopted  with- 
out change,  and  Roman  Catholicism  was  abolished  by  the 
Parliament.  Francis  II.  of  France,  the  husband  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots,  having  died  Dec.  6, 1660,  she  returned  to 
Scotland  Aug.  19, 1661 ;  and  in  the  struggle  between  her 
Ik)man  Catholic  sympathies  and  the  Protestantism  of  her 
people  Knox  had  frequent  dramatic  encounters  with  her. 
He  was,  however,  mainly  occupied  with  the  organization 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Scotland.  His  works,  of 
which  the  chief  is  his  "  Historie  of  the  E,eformation  of  Ee- 
ligioun  within  the  Kealme  of  Scotland,"  collected  and  ed- 
ilied  by  David  Laing,  were  published  in  6  volumes  in  1864. 

KilOX,  Mrs.  (Isa  Craig).  Bom  at  Edinburgh  in 
1831 :  died  at  Brockley,  Dec.  23, 1908.  A  Soot- 
tish  writer,  she  was  employed  on  tlie  staff  of  tlie 
"  Scotsman  "  for  some  time,  removed  to  London  in  1867, 
and  was  secretary  to  the  National  Association  for  the 
Promotion  of  Social  Science  till  her  marriage.  She  wrote 
"  The  Burns  Festival,"  the  prize  poem  at  theCi-ystal  Pal- 
ace celebration  Jan.  26, 1869,  and  published  several  novels, 
"  Tales  on  the  Parables  "  (1872) ,"  The  Little  Follis'  History 
of  England  "  (1872),  "  In  Duty  Bound  "  (1881),  poems,  etc. 

Knozville  (noks'vil).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Knox  County,  Tennessee,  situated  on  the  Hol- 
ston  in  lat.  35°  58'  N.,  long.  83°  56'  W.  it  is  the 
chief  commercial  and  industrial  center  of  East  Tennessee, 
nnd  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Tennessee.  It  was  set- 
tled in  1789.  Abandoned  by  the  Confederates  in  Sept., 
1863,  it  was  occupied  by  the  Federals  under  Burnside,  and 
was  besieged  by  Longstveet  in  November  without  success. 
Population  (1900),  32,637. 

Knutsford  (nuts'ford).  A  small  town  in  Che- 
shire, England,  14  miles  southwest  of  Manches- 
ter. 

Koasati  (ko-a-sa'te),  or  Coosadi,  or  Oooshat- 
ties.  A  division  of  the  Creek  Confederacy  of 
North  American  Indians.  Before  1836  their  seat  was 
on  the  northern  bank  of  Coosa  and  Tallapoosa  rivers,  Ala^ 
bama.  They  now  number  but  few  individuals,  scattered 
In  the  Indian  Territory  and  on  the  Trinity  Eiver,  Texas. 
See  Oreek. 

Eobad.    See  Qubad. 

Kobe  (ko'be).  A  seaport  on  the  southern  coast 
of  the  main  island  of  Japan,  near  Osaka.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  136,968. 

Kobell  (ko'bel),  Franz  von.  Born  at  Munich, 
July  19, 1803 :  died  there,  Nov.  11, 1882.  A  Ger- 
man mineralogist  and  poet,  professor  of  min- 
eralogy at  the  University  of  Munich.  He  wrote 
"Geschichte  der  Mineralogie  1650-1860"  (1864),  and  other 
works  on  mineralogy,  also  poems  in  the  Bavarian  dialect 
and  High  German. 

Kobelyaki  (ko-bel-ya'ke).  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Pultowa,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Vorskla  38  miles  southwest  of  Pultowa.  Popu- 
lation, 15,421. 

Koberstein  (ko'ber-stin),  Karl  August.  Born 
at  Eiigenwalde,  Prussia,  Jan.  10,  1797 :  died  at 
Pforta,  Prussia,  March  8, 1870.  A  (Jerman  his- 
torian of  literature,  professor  in  the  national 
school  at  Pforta.  He  published  "Grundriss  derGe- 
schichte  der  deutschenNationalliteratur"(1827:  revised 
ed.  bjf  Bartsch  1872-74  and  1884),  etc. 

Kobrin  (ko-bren').  A  town  in  the  government 
of  (Jroduo,  Russia,  situated  in  lat.  52°  15'  N., 
long.  24°  24'  E.    Popidation,  9,345. 

Koburg,    See  Cdburg. 

Koch  (kodh),  Joseph  Anton.  Bom  at  Ober- 
gisbeln,  Tyrol,  July  27, 1768 :  died  at  Eome,  Jan. 
12,  1839.  A  (jerman  historical  and  landscape 
painter. 

Koch,KarlHeinrich£mil.  Bom  near  Weimar, 
Germany,  June  6, 1809:  died  at  Berlin,  May  25, 
1879.  A  (Jerman  botanist  and  Oriental  traveler. 
He  wrote  "Wanderungen  durch  den  Orient"  (1846-47), 
"Dendrologie"  (1869-72),  etc. 

Koch,  Bobert.  Born  at  Klausthal,  Dec.  11, 1843. 
A  German  physician,  noted  as  the  discoverer  of 
the  bacilli  of  tuberculosis  (1882)  and  of  cholera 
(1883) .  He  led  the  German  expedition  to  Egypt  and  In- 
dia in  1883  to  investigate  cholera.  In  1890  he  announced 
the  discovery  of  a  cure  for  tubereulosis,  which  has  not 
been  supported  by  further  experience. 

Kochab  (ko-kab').  [Ar.  haukab  al-shemali,  the 
star  of  the  north.]  The  bright  third-magnitude 
starjSUrsse  Minoris,  one  of  the  two  "guardians 
of  the  pole,"  and  at  the  time  of  Ptolemy  the 
actual  pole-star,  being  then  considerably  nearer 
to  the  pole  than  our  present  pole-star  was  at 
that  time. 

Kock  (kok),  Charles  Paul  de.  Bom  at  Passy, 
near  Paris,  May  21,  1794 :  died  at  Paris,  Aug. 
29,  1871.  A  French  novelist  and  dramatist. 
He  excelled  in  descriptions  of  the  shady  side  of  lower  mid- 
dle-class life  in  Paris.  Hewrote  "Georgette  "(1820),  "Gus- 


575 


tave,  ou  le  mauvais  sujet" (1821),  "Mon  voisin  Eaymond" 
(1S2Z),  "Andr6  le  Savoyard ''(1825),  "Le  barbier  de  Paris" 
(1826),  "La  maison  blanche"  (1828),  "Lalemme,  le  mari  et 
I'amant"  (1829),  "Les  moeurs  parisiennes"  (1837),  "La 
famine  Gogo  "  (1844),  "  La  mare  d'auteuil "  (1851),  "-Les 
enfants  du  boulevard  "  (1S6S),  etc.,  and  many  other  stories, 
vaudevilles,  etc.  He  wrote,  with  Carmouche, ' '  La  chouette 
et  la  colombe."  His  collected  works  filled  66  volumes  in 
1844-46. 

Kock,  Henri  de.  Bom  at  Paris,  1819 :  died  at 
Limay,  Seine-et-Oise,  April  14, 1892.  A  French 
novelist  and  dramatist,  son  of  Paul  de  Kock 
whose  style  he  imitated. 

Kodtmgalur.    Same  as  Cranganore. 

Koekkoek  (kok'kok),  Barena  Cornelis.  Bom 
atMiddelburg,  Netherlands,  Oct.  11, 1803 :  died 
at  Cleves,  Prussia,  April  5, 1862.  ADutch  land- 
scape-painter. He  was  a  member  of  the  Rotterdam 
and  St.  Petersburg  academies  (1840),  and  founded  an 
academy  of  design  at  Cleves  In  1841. 

Kohat  (ko-haf).  1.  A  district  in  the  Panjab, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  33°  30'  N., 
long.  71°  30'  E.  Area,  2,771  pquare  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  203,175.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Kohat,  situated  in  lat.  33°  35'  N., 
long.  71°  31'  E.    Population  (1891),  27,003. 

Kohath  (ko'hath).    The  second  son  of  Levi. 

Kohathites  (ko'hath-its).  In  Jewish  history, 
the  descendants  of  Kohath,  the  second  son  of 
Levi.  The  Kohathites  were  one  of  the  three  great  fami- 
lies of  the  Levites,  and  had  charge  of  bearing  the  aik  and 
its  furniture  in  the  march  through  the  wilderness. 

Koh-i-nur  (ko'e-nor').  ['Mountain  of  light.'] 
The  largest  diamond  belonging  to  the  British 
crown.  It  was  acquired  by  Nadir  Shah  in  1739,  and  by 
Queen  Victoria  in  1850.  It  then  weighed  186^  carats,  but 
has  been  recut,  and  is  now  106^  carats.    Also  KoJtyl-^noor. 

Kohistan  (ko-his-tan').  A  wild  region  in  cen- 
tral Asia,  near  the  Indus,  west  of  Kashmir. 

Kohl  (kol),  Johann  Georg.  Bom  at  Bremen, 
April  28,  1808:  died  there,  Oct.  28,  1878.  A 
German  traveler  and  author.  After  visiting  nearly 
every  country  in  Europe,  he  traveled  extensively  in  the 
United  States  1864-68 ;  subsequently heresided  in  Bremen, 
where  he  was  state  librarian.  He  published  many  books 
describing  Russia,  Austria-Hungary,  Denmark,  the  British 
Islands,  the  United  States,  etc.,  most  of  which  have  been 
translated  into  English.  In  his  later  years  he  wrote  a 
number  of  important  works  on  early  American  geography 
and  exploration,  the  ones  best  known  being  "<5eBchichte 
der  Entdeckung  Amerikas "  (1861),  "Die  beiden  altesten 
Karten  von  Amerika"  (I860),  "A  History  of  the  Discovery 
of  the  East  Coast  of  North  America  "  (in  collections  of  the 
Maine  Historical  Society,  1869),  and  ' '  Geschiohte  der  Ent- 
deckungsreisen  und  Schifff ahrten  zur  Magellan's  Strasse  " 
(1877). 

Kohlrausch  (kai'roush),  Heinrich  Friedrich 
Theodor,  Bom  at  LandoKshausen,  near  Got- 
tingen,  Prussia,  Nov.  15,  1780:  died  at  Han- 
nover, Prussia,  Jan.  29-30,  1867.  A  German 
historian,  teacher  successively  at  Barmen,  Diis- 
seldorf ,  Miinster,  and  Hannover.  His  chief  work 
is  "Deutsche  Geschichte"  (1816). 

Kokomo  (ko'ko-mo).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Howard  County,  Indiana,  52  miles  north  of  In- 
dianapolis.   Population  (1900),  10,609. 

Koko-nor(k6'k6-ndr'),orTsing-Hai(tsing-hi'). 
1.  A  lake  in  the  Chinese  empire,  near  the  bor- 
der of  Tibet  and  Kansu,  about  lat.  37°  N.,  long. 
100°  E.  Length,  66  miles.  Height  above  sea- 
level,  about  10, 000  feet. — S.  A  district  near  the 
lake. 

Kola  (ko'la).  1.  A  peninsula  in  northern  Rus- 
sia, lying  between  the  Arctic  Ocean  and  the 
White  Sea. — 3.  A  small  seaport  in  Lapland, 
government  of  Archangel,  Russia,  about  lat.  68° 
53'  N.,  long.  33°  E. 

Kolaba  (kol'a-ba).  A  district  in  the  governor- 
ship of  Bomtayj  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  18°  20'  N.,  long.  73°  20'  E.  Area,  1,872 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  509,584. 

Kolapur,  or  Kolapoor.    See  Kolhapwr. 

Kolar,  or  Colar  (ko-lar').  A  district  of  Mysore, 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  13°  N.,  long.  78°  15'  B. 
Area,  3,059  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
591,030. 

Kolauza  (ko-ia'za).  [Of  doubtful  derivation.] 
Riocioli's  name  for  the  star  Arcturus:  seldom 
used  by  any  one  else. 

Kolb  (kolb),  Georg  Friedrich.  Born  at  Spires, 
Rhenish  Bavaria,  Sept.  14,  1808:  died  at  Mu- 
nich, May  16,  1884.  A  German  statistician, 
journalist,  and  politician.  He  published ' '  Hand- 
buoh  der  vergleiohenden  Statistik"  (1857),  etc. 

Kolbe  (kol'be),  Adolf  "Wilhelm  Hermann. 
Bom  at  Elliehausen,  near  Gottingen,  Prussia, 
Sept.  27,  1818:  died  at  Leipsic,  Nov.  25,  1884. 
A  noted  German  chemist,  assistant  of  Playf  air 
in  the  Museum  of  Economic  Geology,  London, 
1845,  and  professor  of  chemistry  at  Marburg 
1851,  and  at  Leipsic  1865:  author  of  "  Ausfiihr- 
lisches  Lehrbuch  der  organischen  Chemie" 
(1854-69). 


Koltzof 

Kolbe,  Karl  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Berlin,  March 
7,  1781:  died  at  Berlin,  April  8,  1853.  A  Ger- 
man historical  painter  and  philologist. 

Kolberg,  or  Colberg  (kol'bero).  A  seaport  and 
watering-place  in  the  province  of  Pomerania, 
Pmssia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Persante,  in  the 
Baltic,  66  miles  northeast  of  Stettin.  The  Marien- 
kirche  and  Rathaus  are  of  interest.  It  was  formerly  a 
strong  fortress,  and  is  noted  for  its  sieges.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Russians  in  1761,  and  was  successfully  defended 
against  the  French  in  1807.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
16,999. 

K61csey(k6rche-i),Ferencz.BomatSz8-Deme- 
ter,  Middle  Szolnok,  Hungary,  Aug.  8,  1790: 
died  at  Szathmdr,  Hungary,  Aug.  24,  1838.  A 
Hungarian  critic,  orator,  and  poet,  best  known 
as  joint  editor  of  the  periodical  "Life  and  Lit- 
erature" (1826-29). 

Koldaji  (kol-da'je).  An  African  tribe  of  Kor- 
dofan,  west  of  the  Upper  Nile.  Related  to  the 
Nuba,  it  is  both  ethnically  and  linguistically  of  a  mixed 
Hamitic  and  Nigritio  type. 

Kolding  (kol'ding).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Veile,  Jutland.  Denmark,  situated  on  the 
Kolding  Fjord  in  lat.  55°  30'  N.,  long.  9°  29'  E. 
Here,  April  23,  1849,  the  troops  of  Schleswig-Holstein 
under  Benin  defeated  the  Danes  under  Biilow.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  9,668. 

Kolguef  (kol-go'yef ),  or  Kolgujef  (kol-go'yef). 
An  island  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  belonging  to  the 
government  of  Archangel,  Russia.  Length, 
about  55  miles. 

Kolhapur  (ko-la-por').  1.  A  native  state  in 
southern  India,  under  British  control,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  16°  30'  N.,long.  74° E.  Area,  2,816 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  913,131.-2. 
The  capital  of  thfe  state  of  Kolhapur,  situated 
in  lat.  16°  42'  N.,  long.  74°  14'  B.  Population, 
about  39,000. 

Kolima,  or  Kolyma  (ko-le-ma'  or  ko-le'ma). 
A  river  in  the  government  of  Yakutsk,  Siberia, 
flowing  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  about  lat.  69°  30' 
N.,  long.  161°  E.   Length,  about  900-1,000  miles. 

Kolin,orKollin(ko-len').  [Bohem.  KoUnNov^.J 
A  town  in  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Elbe  34 
miles  east  of  Prague,  in  the  battle  of  Kolin,  June  18, 
1757,  the  Austrians  (about  63,000)  under  Daun  defeated 
the  Prussians  (about  34,000)  under  Frederick  the  Great. 
The  victory  led  to  the  raising  of  the  siege  of  Prague  and 
the  evacuation  of  Bohemia.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
13,566. 

Kolis  (ko'lis).  [Hind.]  An  aboriginal  tribe  in 
the  hills  of  central  India,  whither  they  were 
driven  by  the  early  Aryan  settlers.  Theyaresoat- 
tered  widely,  as  cultivators  and  laborers,  throughout  south- 
ern India,  but  have  preserved  their  original  language, 
customs,  and  superstitions. 

Koll&r  (kol'lar),  Jan.  Born  at  Mossocz,  Thu- 
r6cz,  Hungary,  July  29, 1793 :  died  at  Vienna, 
Jan.  29, 1852.  A  Bohemian  poet,  Slavic  scholar, 
and  advocate  of  Panslavism. 

KoUiker  (kel'le-ker),  Kudolf  Albert.  Bom  at 
Zurich,  Switzerland,  July  6, 1817.  A  celebrated 
Swiss  anatomist  and  physiologist,  especially 
noted  as  a  histologist.  He  became  professor  of  physi- 
ology at  Zurich  in  1846,  and  at  Wurzburg  in  1847.  Among 
his  works  £^e  " Mikroskopische  Anatomic"  (1850-64), 
"HandbnohderGewebelehredesMenschen"  (1S62),  "Ent- 
wickelungsgeschichte  des  Mensohen  "  (1861),  etc. 

Kollin.    See  Kolin. 

Koln  (k61n).    The  German  name  of  Cologne. 

Kolokol  (kol-6-kol').  ['The Bell.']  A  journal 
f  oi^nded  by  Alexander  Hertzeu  (or  Herzeu)  in 
London  in  1857.  it  was  published  in  Russian,  and 
demanded  the  emancipation  of  the  serfs  and  other  reforms. 
It  had  great  influence,  and  many  copies  were  smuggled 
into  Russia,  though  prohibited  by  the  government.  It 
was  published  till  1865.  In  1868  it  reappeared  in  Geneva, 
published  in  French,  but  without  much  success. 

Kolokol  (kol-6-kol').  Czar.  The  great  bell  in 
the  Kremlin  at  Moscow,  it  was  cast  in  its  present 
form  in  1733,  but  four  years  later,  owing  either  to  a  flaw  or 
to  a  fall,  a  large  piece  was  broken  from  the  side.  It  now 
stands  on  a  circular  base  of  stone.  The  rings  on  the  sum- 
mit are  surmounted  by 'a  large  ball  and  cross.  The  total 
height  is  26J  feet,  the  base  circumference  67  feet  11  inches, 
the  greatest  thickness  2  feet,  and  the  weight  about  200  tons. 

Kolokotronis  (kol-o-ko-tro'nis),  Theodoros. 
Born  in  Messenia,  Greece,  April  15,  1770:  died 
at  Athens,  Feb.  26,  1843.  A  Greek  patriot 
He  became,  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Greek  war  for  inde 
pendence  in  1821,  one  of  the  chief  leaders  against  Turkey, 
and  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesus in  1823. 

Kolomea  (ko-lo-ma'a),  or  Kolomyia  (ko-lo- 
me'ya).  A  town  in  Galieia,  Austria-Hungary, 
situated  on  the  Pruth  in  lat.  48°  32'  N.,  long.  25° 
1'  B.     Population  (1890),  commune,  30,235. 

Kolomna  (ko-lom'na).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Moscow,  Russia,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Kolomenka  with  the  Moskva,  60 
miles  southeast  of  Moscow.  Population  (1885- 
1889),  26,682. 

Koltzoff(k6lt-sof'),Alexei'Vasilievltch.  Bom 
at  Voronezh,  Oct.  26, 1809:  died  Nov.  12, 1842.  A 


Eoltzoff 

Sussian  poet,  known  as  "the  Russian  Bums." 
He  went  to  St.  Petersburg  in  1836.  The  flrat  edition  of  hia 
poems  appeared  after  hisdeath,  in  1846,  edited  by  Bielinslsi. 
Some  of  liis  poems  have  been  translated  by  Bodenstedt. 

Koluschan  (ko-lush'an).  A  lingmstie  stock  of 
North  American  Indians.  Their  name  is  derived  from 
an  Aleut  word,  kcdosh  or  kaluga,  meaning  "dish,"  alluding 
to  the  dish-shaped  labrets  worn  by  them.  They  are  also 
often  called  Thlinkit  or  Tlinkitt  a  name  (meaning  '  people ') 
which  they  apply  to  themselves.  They  occupy  a  narrow 
strip  along  the  northwest  coast,  together  with  adjacent 
islands,  from  the  mouth  of  Portland  Canal  in  lat.  66°  N. 
to  thai;  of  Atna  or  Copper  River  in  lat  60°,  and  are  nearly 
all  in  Alaska.  They  number  about  6,000.  The  chief 
tribes  of  the  stock  are  the  Aak,  Chilcat,  Hanega,  Hood- 
sunu,  Hunah,  Keh,  Sitka,  Stahldn,  Taku,  Tongas,  and 
Yakatat. 

Soma-ga-take  (ko-ma-ga-ta'ke).  The  second 
highest  mountain  of  Japan,  in  the  western  part 
of  the  main  island.    Height,  10,300  feet. 

£omensky.    See  Cdmenius. 

Komorn  (ko'morn),  Hung.  EomSrom  (ko'ma- 
rom).  A  royal  free  city,  the  capital  of  the 
county  of  Komom,  Hungary,  situated  on  the 
island  of  Sohiitt  at  the  junction  of  the  Waag  and 
Danube,  46  miles  west-northwest  of  Budapest. 
It  is  noted  for  its  strong  fortifications.  The  Hungarian 
insurgents  under  Mack,  Guyon,  and  Klapka  successfully 
"Withstood  a  siege  and  bombardment  by  the  Austrians,  Oct., 
1848,  to  Sept.  27, 1849,  when  they  were  induced  to  capitu- 
late on  a  promise  of  amnesty,  which  was  but  partially  kept. 
Population  (1890),  13,076. 

Eomotau  (ko'mo-tou).  A  town  in  Bohemia, 
52  miles  northwest  of  Prague.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  13,050. 

Sonde  (kon'de),  or  Makonde  (ma-kon'de).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  Portuguese  East  Africa,  on  the 
Eovuma  Eiver.  They  tattoo  themselves,  and  the  wo- 
men disfigure  themselves  by  weai'ing  the  pelele,  a  piece  of 
wood  stuck  in  the  enormously  distended  upper  lip.  Their 
neighbors,  the  Mavia  and  Matambwe,  speak  dialects  so 
closely  allied  to  Konde  that  all  three  must  be  considered 
as  dialectic  variations  of  one  language. 

Eong  (kong).  Ahighland  in  West  Africa,  back  of 
the  Grain,  Ivory,  and  Gold  coasts,  it  was  largely 
included  in  a  French  protectorate  in  1889.  The  Kong 
Mountains  of  former  maps  are  In  reality  a  high  plateau. 

Kongo,  or  Congo  (kong'go),  Pg.  Zaire  (za-e're), 
called  by  Stanley  the  Li'vingstone,  Ariverof 
central  Africa,  it  rises  as  the  Luapula  in  the  high- 
land separating  the  basins  of  Lakes  Tanganyika  and  Kyassa 
(about  lat.  10°  S.),  rounds  Lake  Bangweolo  on  the  south, 
flows  northward  through  Lake  Moero  to  Lake  Lanji,  and 
there  receives  the  Lukuga  as  an  affluent  from  Tangan- 
yika. The  united  stream,  now  known  as  the  Lualaba, 
flows  northward  to  Stanley  Ealls,  beyond  the  equator, 
whence  to  the  sea,  over  its  main  course,  it  is  called  the 
Kongo.  It  discharges  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  in  lat.  6°  S., 
about  240  miles  southwest  of  Stanley  Pool.  It  is  naviga- 
ble by  ocean  steamers  from  its  mouth  to  Matadi  (110  miles) 
and  by  river  steamers  from  Stanley  Pool  to  Stanley  Falls. 
These  two  navigable  sections  are  being  connected  by  a 
railroad.  It  is  second  in  volume  to  the  Amazon,  and  is, 
among  African  rivers,  next  to  the  Nile  in  length.  Its  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Aruwimi,  Mobangi,  and  Kassai.  It  has 
been  explored  by  Cameron,  Livingstone,  Stanley,  and 
others.    Length,  estimated,  about  3,000  miles. 

Kongo,  French,  F.  Congo  Frangais  (k6n-g6' 
fran-sa').  The  official  name,  since  1891,  of  the 
French  possessions  between  the  Kongo  and  the 
Atlantic,  lying  south  of  the  German  territory 
of  Kamerun.  Previously  they  were  called  Gaboon,  Ga- 
bun,  or  Gabonie,  and  Guest  Africain.  The  area  is  about 
425,000  square  miles,  the  population  about  12,000,000.  The 
country  is  fertile,  but  mostly  insalubrious.  The  coast  was 
discovered  by  th  e  Portuguese  in  the  15th  century,  and  held 
by  them  for  a  long  period.  In  1842  the  French  established 
their  first  trading-post  on  the  Gaboon  River,  and  extended 
their  authority,  in  1862,  to  Cape  Lopez  and  the  Ogowe 
River.  When  Stanley  revealed  the  course  of  the  Kongo, 
S.  de  Brazza  connected  the  colony  of  Gaboon  with  Stanley 
Ppol  and  annexed  large  tracts  of  country.  The  claims  of 
jFrance  were  recognized  by  the  Berlin  Conference  in  1885. 
By  an  agreement  made  with  Germany  in  1894,  French 
Kongo  extends  behind  the  Kamerun  northward  to  Lake 
Chad. 

Kongo  Free  State,  or  Kongo  Independent 
State,  or  Kongo  State :  official  n  ame,  Etat  In- 
dlpendant  du  Congo.  A  state  in  western  Af- 
rica, recognized  and  defined  by  the  conference 
of  European  powers  at  Berlin  in  1885.  it  lies 
mostly  on  the  left  bank  of  the  lower  Kongo  and  the  Mo- 
bangi, extending  to  the  northeastern  watershed  of  the 
Kongo  basin, eastward  to long.30°E., and  southward,  main- 
ly on  that  meridian,  to  about  lat.  13°  S.  It  is  the  succes- 
sor of  the  International  African  Association,  founded  by 
Leopold  II.  and  organized  by  Stanley.  This  company  es- 
tablished stations,  annexed  lands,  hoisted  its  own  flag, 
which  was  first  recognized  by  the  United  States,  and  be- 
came so  aggressive  as  to  conflict  with  Portugal,  France, 
and  England.  The  Berlin  Conference  constituted  (Feb. 
26,  1885)  the  Kongo  State,  with  Leopold  II.  as  sovereign. 
The  conditions  under  which  it  received  most  of  the  Kongo 
basin  as  its  sphere  of  influence  were  that  all  nations  and 
religions  should  have  equal  privileges  within  its  borders, 
and  that  free  trade  should  prevail.  The  latter  clause  was 
modifled  by  the  Brussels  conferences  of  1890  so  as  to  ena- 
ble the  Kongo  State  and  other  countries  concerned  in  the 
Kongo  Free  Trade  Basin  to  levy  certain  import  duties. 
By  will,  dated  Aug.  2, 1889,  Leopold  II.  bequeathed  to  Bel- 
gium all  his  sovereign  rights,  and  by  the  convention  of 
Julys,  1890  (continued  Aug.  10, 1901), lie  gave  Belgium  the 
right  to  annex  the  Kongo  State  after  a  pti-iod  of  10  years. 


576 

Government  is  in  the  hands  of  an  administrator  at  Boma 
and  of  bureaus  at  Brussels,  under  the  supervision  of  the 
King  of  the  Belgians.  The  chief  exports  are  ivory,  rub- 
ber, nuts,  coffee,  palm-oil.  The  principal  state  stations 
are  Boma  (the  capital),  Matadi,  Leopoldville,  Equator, 
Bangala,  Stanley  Falls,  and  Luluaburg.  Estimated  area, 
900,000  square  miles.     Population,  80,000,000. 

Kongo  Nation.  A  great  Bantu  nation  of  West 
Africa,  occupying  both  banks  of  the  lower 
Kongo  River,  in  its  widest  sense  it  consists  of  all  the 
tribesbetween  the  Nyanga  River,  the  upper  Ogowe,  Stanley 
Pool,  the  Kuaugo,  and  the  mouth  of  the  Lufuni  (LifUne) 
River,  south  of  Ambriz.  The  tribes  north  of  the  Kongo 
River  speak  dialects  of  the  Kongo  language,  the  principal 
being  those  of  Loango,  Kakongo,  and  Ngoio ;  and  their 
beliefs,  customs,  industries,  and  physical  appearance  show 
a  common  origin ;  but  at  the  time  of  the  Portuguese  dis- 
covery, in  1484,  their  allegiance  to  the  King  of  Kongo  had 
already  become  merely  traditional.  The  Kongo  Nation, 
in  the  strict  sense,  was  and  is  composed  of  the  tribes  (called 
duchies  and  counties)  of  Mbamba,  Sundi,Pangu,  Sonlio, 
Batta,  and  Pemba,  which  to  this  day  recognize  the  sover- 
eignty of  the  King  of  Kongo,  although  they  are  practically 
independent  of  his  control.  At  the  time  of  the  discovery, 
the  nation  of  Angola,  ethnically  and  linguistically  distinct 
from  that  of  Kongo,  though  related,  still  acknowledged  a 
dependence  upon  that  of  Kongo.  The  decadence  of  this 
great  kingdom  was  temporarily  stemmed  by  the  friend- 
ship of  the  Portuguese  and  the  nominal  adoption  of  Chris- 
tianity, which  gave  a  new  luster  and  prestige  to  the  court 
of  Kongo.  But  the  relapse  into  heathenism,  constant  civil 
wars,  and  the  suicidal  exportation  of  slaves  to  America 
undermined  the  kingdom  so  thoroughly  that  in  1847  one 
of  the  royal  pretenders  was  installed  by  the  help  of  Portu- 
guese arms,  and  virtually  accepted  a  sort  of  protectorate. 
By  the  act  of  the  Berlin  Conference,  1885,  Portugal  was 
aUowed  to  occupy  and  hold  most  of  the  Kongo  proper  and 
Ngoio  (Cabinda),  while  most  of  the  tribes  of  Kongo  stock 
dwelling  north  of  the  Kongo  River  were  allotted  to  France, 
and  the  northern  margin  of  the  river  to  the  Kongo  State. 
The  King  of  Kongo  hasbecome  a  Portuguese  vassal,  and  hia 
kingdom  has  been  organized  as  a  district  of  Angola.  The 
capital  of  the  district  is  Cabinda ;  that  of  the  native  Mug- 
dom  is  San  Salvador.  .  The  Kongo  State,  holding  only  a 
trifling  portion  of  the  old  kingdom  ofKongo,isinno  wise 
its  successor.  The  Kongo  language,  called  Kishi-kongo 
in  the  court  dialect,  and  Ki-kongo  in  the  river  dialect^  is 
purely  Bantu,  and  closely  related  to  (though  distinct  from) 
Kimbundu,  the  language  of  Angola.  Owing  t»  the  growing 
missionary  literature,  the  use  of  Ki-kongo  is  extending  far 
into  the  Kongo  State,  and  it  bids  fair  to  become  one  of 
the  great  literary  languages  of  Africa.  Tlie  dialects  corre- 
spond to  the  tribes  enumerated  above,  to  which  might  be 
added  Hungu. 

Kongo  State.    See  Kongo  Free  State. 

Kongsberg    (kongs'bera).      A   town   in   the 

Erovince  of  Buskerud,  Norway,  situated  ou  the 
laagen  45  miles  southwest  of  Christiania.  it 
contains  government  silver-mines,  discovered  about  1623. 
Population  (1891),  6,297. 

Konieh  (ko'ne-e),  or  Koniah.  (ko'ne-a).  1.  A 
vilayet  in  Asia  Minor,  Turkey.  Area,  35,373 
square  miles.  Population,  1,088,100. —  2.  The 
capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Konieh,  situated  iu  lat. 
37°  56'  N.,  long.  32°  20'  B.:  the  ancient  leonium. 
It  became  the  capital  of  a  Seljuk  sultanate  in  1097 ;  was 
taken  by  Frederick  Barbarossa  in  1190 ;  was  incorporated 
vrtth  the  Turkish  empire  in  the  end  of  the  14th  century. 
Here  Ibrahim  Pasha  defeated  the  Turks  under  Reshid 
Pasha,  Dec.  20, 1832.    Population,  estimated,  26,000. 

Konig  (k6'niG),  Friedricll.  Bom  at  Eisleben, 
Prussia,  April  17, 1774:  died  Jan.  17, 1833.  A 
German  printer,  inventor  of  the  steam-press. 
The  flrst  machine  was  patented  in  England  in  1810.  He 
patented  a  cylinder-press  in  1811. 

Konig  (ke'nia),  Heinrich  Josef.  Born  at  Fulda, 
Prussia,  March  19, 1790:  died  at  Wiesbaden,  Prus- 
sia, Sept.  23, 1869.  A  German  novelist.  Among 
his  historical  novels  are  "Die  hohe  Braut" 
(1833)  and  "Die  Klubisten  in  Mainz"  (1847). 

Koniggr3.tz  (ke'nig-grats).  [Bohem.  Sradec 
Krdlove.  J  A  cathedral  eity  in  Bohemia,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Adler  with  the  Elbe,  62 
miles  east  of  Prague.  The  decisive  battle  of  the 
Seven  Weeks'  War  (often  called  the  battle  of  Sadowa)was 
fought  near  Koniggratz,  July  3, 1866.  The  Prussians  (220,- 
984)  under  William  I.,  Crown  Prince  Frederick  William, 
Prince  Frederick  Charles,  and  Herwarth  von  Bittenfeld 
defeated  the  Austrian  army(about205,000)  under  Benedek. 
The  loss  of  the  Austrians  was  about  40,000,  that  of  the  Prus- 
sians about  10,000.  A  history  of  the  battle  by  Jahns  ap- 
peared in  1876.    Population  (1890),  7,816. 

Koniginhof  (k6'nig-in-h6f).  [Bohem.  Dvur 
Krdlove.']  A  town  in  Bohemia,  situated  on  the 
Elbe  64  miles  east-northeast  of  Prague.  Here, 
June  29, 1866,  the  Prussians  defeated  the  Aus- 
trians.   Population  (1890),  commune,  8,635. 

Koniginhof  Manuscript.  A  manuscript  con- 
taining old  Bohemian  poems  (date  about  1300), 
discovered  by  Hanka  at  Koniginhof  in  1817. 

Konig  Bother  (kS'nio  ro'ter).  [G., '  King  Bo- 
ther."] A  Middle  High  German  epic  poem,  writ- 
ten, near  the  middle  of  the  12th  century,  by  an 
unknown  author  in  Bavaria,  it  receives  its  name 
from  the  legendary  hero  Bother,  aking  of  the  Roman  Em- 
pire, who  wins  the  daughter  of  King  Constantine  of  Con- 
stantinople. Bother's  historical  prototype  was  Rothari, 
a  king  of  the  Longobardi  in  the  7th  century. 

Konigsberg  (k6' nigs -here),  Pol.  Krolewiec 
(kro-la'vyets).  A  seaport  and  fortress  and  the 
capital  o£  the  province  of  East  Prussia,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Pregel,  near  the  Frisches  Haff, 


Eopitar 

in  lat.  54°  43'*N.,  long.  20°  30'  E.  it  consists  of 
the  Altstadt,  Knelphof,  Lobenicht,  and  other  quarters, 
and  has  important  commerce  in  grain,  timber,  hemp,  flax, 
etc.  PiUau  is  its  outer  port.  The  palace  and  cathedral, 
the  statues  of  Kant^  Frederick  I.,  and  Frederick  William 
III.,  and  the  city  museum  are  noteworthy.  The  univer- 
sity, founded  by  Albert  L,  duke  of  Prussia,  in  1644,  has 
an  im  portant  observatoiy,  and  a  library  of  220,000  volumes. 
Kfinigsberg  was  founded  by  the  Teutonic  Order  in  1265. 
It  was  the  residence  of  the  grand  masters  of  the  Teutonic 
Order  1467-1625,  and  of  the  dukes  of  Prussia  1526-1618. 
Frederick  I.  took  the  title  of  king  here  in  1701.  It  is  associ- 
ated with  the  life  of  Kant.  Population  (1900),  commune, 
187,897. 

K6nigsberg-in-der-lTeuinark(k6'nigs-berG-in- 

der-noi'mark) .  A  town  in  the  province  of  Bran- 
denburg, Prussia,  52  miles  northeast  of  Berlin. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  5,864. 

Konigsh&tte  (kS'nigs-hlit-te).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  in  lat.  50° 
18'  N.,  long.  18°  58'  E.  it  was  founded  in  1797,  and 
is  noted  for  its  iron,  steel,  and  zinc  works.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  36,502. 

K6nigslutter(k6'nigs-18t-ter).  AtowninBruns- 
wiok,  Germany,  13  miles  east  of  Brunswick.  It 
is  the  ancient  seat  of  a  Benedictine  abbey,  and 
is  associated  with  Lothaire  H. 

Konigsmark  (ke'nigs-mark),  Countess  Maria 
Aurora  von.  Bom  at  Worms,  Esthonia,  Rus- 
sia, 1669 :  died  at  Quedlinburg,  Prus.sia,  Feb. 
16, 1728.  The  mistress  of  At^ustus  H.  of  Po. 
land,  and  mother  of  Marshal  Saxe. 

Konigsmark,  Count  Fhilipp  Christoph  von. 
Bom  1662 :  assassinated  at  Hannover,  Jiily  1, 
1694.  A  Swedish  officer,  brother  of  the  Coun- 
tess von  Konigsmark. 

Konigssee  (k6'nigs-za),  or  Bartholomaussee 
(bar-tol-OTma'6s-sa).  A  lake  in  the  southeast- 
ern extremity  of  Upper  Bavaria,  15  miles  south 
of  Salzburg,  noted  for  its  beautiful  scenery. 
Length,  6  miles. 

Konigsstuhl  (kS'nigs-stol).  A  stone  stracture 
on  the  left  hank  of  the  Rhine,  6  miles  south  of 
Coblenz.  It  was  the  meeting-place  of  the  Rhen- 
ish electors  in  the  14th  and  15th  centuries. 

Konigstein  (k6'nig-stin).  A  town  in  the  king- 
dom of  Saxony,  situated  on  the  Elbe  18  miles 
southeast  of  Dresden.  Its  fortress  (800  feet 
above  the  Elbe)  is  considered  impregnable. 

Konigswinter  (k6'nigs-vin-ter).  A  town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  on  the  Rhine  7  miles 
southeast  of  Bonn,  it  has  stone-quarries,  and  is  a 
center  for  excursions  to  the  Siebengebiige,  especially  to 
the  Drachenf  els. 

Konitz  (ko'nits).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
West  Prussia,  Prussia,  64  miles  southwest  of 
Dantzie.    Population  (1890),  commune,  10,107. 

Konjara  (kon-ja'ra).  An  African  tribe  of  Dar- 
fur,  connected  ethnically  with  the  Nubas.  Lin- 
guists are  not  agreed  as  to  the  classification  of 
the  language.     See  Nuha-Fulah. 

Konkan  (kon'kan)  Coast.  A  region  on  the 
western  coast  of  India,  between  the  Ghats  and 
the  sea. 

Konotop  (ko-no-top' ) .  Atown  in  the  government 
of  TchemigofE,  Russia,  about  lat.  51°  15'  N., 
long.  33°  15'  E.    Population  (1885-89),  18,420. 

Konrad  (kou'rad),  sum  amed ' '  The  Priest."  The 
date  and  place  of  his  birth  and  death  unknown. 
A  Middle  High  German  epic  poet.  He  wrote  at  the 
coiut  of  the  Guelph  duke  Henry  the  Proud,  about  1130,  the 
"  Rolandslied '  (Middle  High  German  "Ruolantes  liet,'' 
"The  Song  of  Roland"),  a  free  version  of  the  French 
"Chanson  de  Roland,"  whose  motive  is  Charlemagne's 
expedition  against  the  Moors  in  Spain.  It  was  published 
by  Wilhelm  Grimm  (GBttingen,  1838),  and  later  by  Karl 
Bartsch  (Leipsic,  1874). 

Konrad  von  Wiirzburg  (kon'rad  fon  vurts'- 
borG).  Bom  at  Wiirzburg:  died  at  Basel  in  1287. 
A  Middle  High  German  poet.  He  was  of  the  burgher 
class.  He  lived  alternately  on  the  Upper  Rhine,  at  Stras- 
burg,  and  at  Basel  where  he  died.  He  was  a  prolific  writer. 
His  works  are  "Der  Welt  Lohn"  ("The  Reward  of  the 
World  "),  written  about  1250 ;  the  legendary  poems  "  Otto 
mit  dem  Bart"  ("Otto  with  the  Beard"),  "Sohwanritter" 
("  The  Swan-Knight "),  "Engelhard  " ;  the  legends  "  Alex- 
ius, "Silvester,"  "Pantaleon" ;  an  encomium  on  the  Vir- 
gin Mary,  called  "Goldene  Schmiede"  ("The  Golden 
Smithy  ") ;  the  French  legend  "Herzmare  " ;  the  romance 
"  Partonopier  und  Meliur  " ;  a  long  poem  left  uncompleted 
and  continued  by  a  later  poe^  " Trojanerkrieg "  ("The 
Trojan  War  ") ;  and  an  allegory  called  "Klage  der  Kunst " 
("  The  Complaint  of  Art "). 

Konza.    See  Kansa. 

Kopenick.or  CSpenick  (kS'pe-nik),or  KSpnick 
(kSp'nik).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Branden- 
burg, Prussia,  situated  on  an  island  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Dahme  and  Spree,  8  mUes  southeast 
of  Berlin.   Population  (1890),  commune,  14,619. 

Kopernick.    See  Copernicus. 

Koping  (che'ping).  A  small  town  in  Sweden, 
near  the  western  extremity  of  Lake  Malar. 

Kopitar  (ko'pe-tar),  Bartholomaus.  Bom  at 
Repnje,  Camiola,  Austria-Hungary,  Aug.  23, 


Kopitar 

1780:  died  at  Vienna,  Aug.  11,  1844.  A  noted 
Slavic  philologist,  custodian  of  the  Imperial  Li- 
brary: editor  of  ''Grlagolita  Clozianus"  1836. 

Kopp  (kop),  Joseph  Eutych.  Bom  at  Bero- 
miinster,  canton  of  Lucerne,  Switzerland,  1793: 
died  Oct.  25, 1866.  A  Swiss  historian,  author  of 
"  Geschiehte  der  eidgenossischen  Biinde  "  (1845- 
1862),  etc. 

Kppparberg  (kop'par-hero).  A  laen  in  central 
Sweden,  northwest  of  Stockholm:  also  called 
Falun.  It  is  rich  in  minerals.  Area.  11,421 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  199,595. 

Koppen  (kep'pen),  Peter  von.  Bom  at  Khar- 
koS,  Russia,  Feb.  19,  1793:  died  at  Karabagh, 
Crimea,  June  4, 1864.  A  Russian  archaeologist, 
statistician,  and  scholar.  He  published  an  "Eth- 
nographical Map  of  European  Russia"  (1851), 
and  other  works  on  Russia. 

Koppenberg  (kop'en-berG).  In  the  legend  of 
the  Pied  Piper  of  Hameln  (which  see),  the 
mountain  into  which  the  sorcerer  and  the  chil- 
dren disappeared. 

Eopreinitz  (ko'pri-nits).  A  royal  free  town  in 
Croatia,  Hungary,  49miles  northeast  of  Agram. 
Population  (1890),  6,512. 

Eoprili  (ke-pre'le).  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Prisrend,  Turkey,  situated  on  the  Vardar  in  lat. 
41°  43'  N.,  long.  21°  55'  E.  Population,  about 
15,000.    Also  MMprili,  Kiuprili,  KydpriiM,  etc. 

Eorah  (ko'ra).  [Heb.,  'ice.']  In  Old  Testa- 
ment history,  a  leader  in  a  rebellion  against 
Moses  and  Aaron.  The  "sous  "  or  descendants 
"ofKorah" — the  Korahites — were  a  gild  of 
Temple  musicians. 

Koran  (ko'ran  or  ko-ran').  [Also  rarely  Coran, 
,  Quran,  formerly  also  Core;  with  the  Ar.  article, 
Alkorcm,  Alcoran;  =  Turk.  Pers.  gwrdn,  from 
Ar.  qwran,  qoran,  book,  reading,  from  qdrd, 
read .]  The  sacred  book  of  the  Mohammedans. 
It  is  the  most  important  foundation  on  which  the  Moham- 
medan religion  rests,  and  it  is  held  in  the  highest  venera- 
tion by  all  sects  in  the  Mohammedan  Church.  When  being 
read  it  must  be  kept  on  a  stand  elevated  above  the  iloor. 
No  one  may  read  it  or  touch  it  without  ilrst  making  a 
legal  ablution.  It  is  written  in  the  Arabic  language,  and 
its  style  is  considered  a  model.  The  substance  of  the  Ko- 
ran is  held  to  be  uncreated  and  eternal.  Mohammed  was 
merely  the  person  to  whom  the  work  was  revealed.  At 
first  the  Koran  was  not  written,  but  entirely  committed 
to  memory.  But  when  a  great  many  of  the  best  Koran 
reciters  had  been  killed  in  battle,  Omar  suggested  to  Abu- 
Bekr  (the  successor  of  Mohammed)  that  it  should  be  written 
down.  Abu-Bekr  accordingly  commanded  Zeid,  an  amanu- 
ensis of  the  prophet,  to  commit  it  to  writing.  This  was 
the  authorized  text  until  23  years  after  the  death  of  the 
prophet.  A  number  of  variant  readings  had,  however, 
crept  into  use.  By  order  of  the  calif  Osman  in  the  year 
80  of  the  Hejira,  Zeid  and  three  assistants  made  a  careful 
revision  which  was  adopted  as  the  standard,  and  all  the 
other  copies  were  ordered  to  be  burned.  The  Koran  con- 
sists of  114  suras  or  divisions.  These  are  not  numbered, 
but  each  one  has  a  separate  name.  They  are  not  arranged 
in  historical  order.  These  suras  purport  to  be  the  ad- 
dresses delivered  by  Mohammed  during  his  career  at  Mecca 
and  Medina.  As  a  general  rule  the  shorter  suras,  which 
contain  the  theology  of  Islam,  belong  to  the  Meccan  period ; 
while  the  longer  ones,  relating  to  social  duties  and  rela^ 
tionships,  to  Medina.  The  Koran  is  largely  drawn  from 
Jewish  and  Christian  sources,  thef  ormer  prevailing.  Moses 
and  Jesus  are  reckoned  among  the  prophets.  The  biblical 
narratives  are  interwoven  with  rabbinical  legends.  The 
customs  of  the  Jews  are  made  to  conform  to  those  of  the 
Arabians.  Mohammedandtheology  consists  in  the  study  of 
the  Koran  and  its  commentaries.  A  very  fine  collection 
of  Korans,  including  one  in  Cuflc  (the  old  Arabic  character), 
is  to  be  found  in  the  Khedival  iibrary  at  Cairo,  Egypt. 

Eorana  (ko-ra'na).    See  Khoikhoin. 

Korat  (ko-raf).  1.  A  small  state,  tributary  to 
Siam,  about  lat.  15°  N.,  long.  102°  E.  Popula- 
tion, estimated,  60,000.-2.  The  chief  town  of 
Korat.    Population,  about  6,000. 

Kordofan(kor-dd-fan').  A  country  in  Sudan, 
Africa,  about  lat.  11°  30'-15°  20'  N.,  long.  29°- 
32°  E.  Capital,  El-Obeid.  The  surface  is  a  steppe.  It 
was  conquered  by  Egypt  in  1821,  and  passed  into  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Mahdi  in  1883.  Gordon  estimated  the  area  at 
100,000  square  miles,  and  the  population  at  300,000. 

Korea,  or  Corea  (ko-re'a),  native  Cho-sen  and 
Kao-li,  sumamed  "  The  Hermit  Nation."  An 
empire  of  Asia,  bounded  by  Manchuria  on  the 
north,  Asiatic  Russia  on  the  northeast,  the  Sea 
of  Japan  on  the  east,  Korea  Strait  on  the  south- 
east, and  the  Yellow  Sea  and  China  on  the  west. 
Capital,  Seoul,  it  is  mainly  a  peninsula,  and  the  sur- 
face is  mountainous.  It  exports  cowhides  and  beans.  The 
government  is  an  absolute  monarchy.  It  became  inde- 
pendent of  China  in  1895.  (See  China.)  It  has  been  noted 
for  its  exclusiveness,  but  since  1876  has  concluded  treaties 
with  different  foreign  nations.  The  religions  are  Bud- 
dhism and  Confucianism.  Area,  estimated,  82,000  square 
miles.    Population,  about  10,600,000. 

Korea  (ko-re'a).  A  small  native  state  in  India, 
under  British"  control,  intersected  by  lat.  23° 
30'  N.,  long  82°  30'  E. 

Korea  Bay,  An  arm  of  the  Yellow  Sea,  west  of 
Korea. 

0.— 37 


B77 

Koreish  (ko-rish).  The  most  celebrated  and 
influential  of  the  Arab  tribes,  its  position  is  due 
partly  to  the  fact  that  its  chiefs  acquired  as  early  as  the 
6th  century  the  guardianship  over  the  Kaaba  in  Mecca, 
and  partly  to  their  kinship  with  Mohammed. 

KorKyra,    See  Corcyra. 

Korner  (kSr'ner),  Karl  Theodor.  Bom  at  Dreg- 
den,  Sept.  23, 1791 :  died  on  the  battle-field  at 
Gadebusch,  near  Schwerin,  in  Mecklenburg, 
Aug.  26, 1813.  AGerman  lyric  poet,  inhiseigh- 
teenth  year  he  went  to  the  mining  school  at  I^eiberg,  and 
subsequently  studied  at  Leipsic  and  Berlin.  In  1811  in 
Vienna  he  devoted  himself  to  literature,  and  in  1812  was 
made  poet  to  the  court  theater.  A  number  of  dramas  are 
from  this  period,  among  them  the  comedies  "Der  Nachfc 
wachter  "(" The  Watchman  "X  "Der  griine  Domino  "("  The 
Green  Domino  "), "  Der  Vetter  aus  Bremen  "  ("  The  Cousin 
from  Bremen"),  and  the  two  tragedies  "Eosamunde" 
and  "Zriny."  In  1813  came  the  call  to  arms  by  the  Prus- 
sian king,  and  he  left  Vienna  for  Breslau,  where  he  en- 
tered the  Liitzow  Volunteer  Corps,  and  was  afterward 
lieutenant  and  then  adjutant.  At  Kltzen,  near  Leipsic, 
he  was  severely  wounded,  but  recovered  and  returned  to 
his  corps,  only  to  be  killed  shortly  after  at  Gadebusch. 
Many  of  his  poems  were  written  in  the  field.  His  lyrics 
were  published  in  1814  under  the  title  "Leier  und 
Schwert "  ("  Lyre  and  Sword  ").  His  complete  works  were 
published  m  1834. 

Koros  (k6'r6sh).  A  river  in  Hungary,  formed 
by  the  union  of  the  Swift,  Black,  and  White 
KSros,  and  flowing  into  the  Theiss  near  Cson- 
grdd.    Total  length,  over  800  miles. 

Koros,  Nagy-.    See  Nagy-KorSs. 

Korotcha  (ko'ro-cha).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Kursk,  Russia,  77  miles  southeast  of 
Kursk.    Population,  9,726. 

Korsor  (kor'ser).  A  town  on  the  western  coast 
of  Zealand,  Denmark. 

Kortetz  (kor'tetsj,  or  Cortitz  (kor'tets).  An 
island  in  the  Dnieper,  in  the  government  of 
Yekaterinoslaff,  Russia,  about  40  miles  south 
of  Yekaterinoslaff. 

Kortiim  (kor'ttim),  Johann  Friedrich  Ohris- 
toph.  Bom  at  Eichhorst,  Mecklenburg-Stre- 
litz,  Germany,  Feb.  24,  1788:  died  at  Heidel- 
berg, Baden,  June  4,  1858.  A  German  histo- 
rian, appointed  professor  of  history  at  Bern  in 
1833,  and  at  Heidelberg  in  1840.  He  wrote 
"  Geschiehte  des  Mittelalters"  (1836-37),  "Ge- 
schiehte Griechenlands"  (1854),  etc. 

Kortum  (kor'tom),  Karl  Arnold.  Bom  at 
Miihlheim-on-the-Ruhr,  Prussia,  July  5,  1745: 
died  at  Boohum,  Prussia,  Aug.  16, 1824.  A  Ger- 
man poet.  His  best-known  work  is  the  burlesquo 
epic  "  Jobsiade"  (1784). 

Korvei.    See  Corvei. 

Kos.    See  Cos. 

Koscinszko  (kos-i-us'ko;  Pol.pron.kos-ch5sh'- 
ko),  Tadeusz.  Born  at  Mereezowszczyzna, 
Lithuania,  Russia,  Feb.  12, 1746:  died  at  Solo- 
thum,  Switzerland,  Oct.  15,  1817.  A  famous 
Polish  patriot  and  general.  He  served  with  the 
Americans  in  the  Revolution;  fought  against  the  Russians 
at  Dubienka  in  1792 ;  was  commander-in-chief  and  dicta- 
tor in  the  Polish  insurrection  of  1794 ;  was  finally  defeated 
and  taken  prisoner  at  Maciejowice  Oct.  10, 1794 ;  was  re- 
leased in  1796 ;  and  resided  in  iFrance,  Switzerland,  and 
elsewhere. 

Kosciuszko,  Mount.  The  highest  mountain  of 
Australia,  situated  in  the  Australian  Alps,  New 
South  Wales,  about  lat.  36°  27'  26"  S.,  long. 
148°  20'  E.    Height,  7,336  feet. 

Kosegartenlko'ze-gar-ten),  Johann  Gottfried 
Ludwig.  Bom  at  Altenkirchen,  Riigen,  Prus- 
sia, Sept.  10, 1792:  died  at  Greifswald,  Prussia, 
Aug.  18,  1860.  A  German  Orientalist,  son  of 
L.  T.  Kosegarten:  especially  noted  for  works 
on  the  Arabic  language  and  literature. 

Kosegarten,  Ludwig  Theobul.  Bom  at  Grevis- 
muhlen,  Mecklenburg,  Feb.  1,  1758:  died  at 
Greifswald,  Prussia,  Oct.  26,  1818.  A  German 
poet  and  novelist. 

Kosel,  or  Cosel  (ko'zel).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Oder  74 
miles  southeast  of  Breslau.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  5,761. 

Kosfeld,  or  Koesfeld  (kes'f  eld).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Berkel  20  miles  west  of  Miinster.  Population 
(1890),  5,614. 

Kosheish  (ko-shash').    See  the  extract. 

Very  rarely  are  they  built  of  hewn  stone,  like  that  great 
dike  of  Kosheish  which  was  constructed  byMena  in  primse- 
val  times,  in  order  to  divert  the  course  of  the  Nile  from 
the  spot  on  which  he  founded  Memphis.  (The  remains  of 
this  gigantic  work  may  yet  be  seen  about  two  hours  dis- 
tance to  the  southward  of  Meydoom.  See  Herodotus,  book 
ii.,  chap,  99. — Translator's  note.) 

Maspero,  Egyptian  Archseology  (trans.),  p.  34. 

KSslln,  or  Coslin  (kfez'lin).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Pomerania,  Pmssia,  in  lat;  54°  13' 
N.,  long.  16°  11'  E.    Population  (1890),  17,810. 

Kosloff,  or  Kozloff  (koz-lof).  1.  A  town  in 
the  government  of  TambofE,  Russia,  situated 


Kctzebue 

on  the  Lesnoi-Voronezh,  44  miles  west  of  Tam- 
bofE. It  has  important  trade.  Population 
(1890),  35,053.-2.  See  Eupatorla. 
Kosovo  (ko's6-v6).  ['Plain  of  the  blackbirds.'] 
A  plain  in  the  vicinity  of  Prishtina,  European 
Turkey,  near  the  Servian  frontier.  Here,  June  IB, 
1389,  the  Turks  under  Amurath  I.  completely  defeated  the 
Servians  and  their  allies  under  King  Lazarus.  Here  also, 
Oct.  18-19,  1448,  the  Hungarians  under  John  Hunyady 
were  deieated  by  the  Turks.  Also  Zmiovo,  Kosova,  Cot- 
aova,  etc. 

Kossuth  (kosh'ot),  Lajos  (Eug.  Louis).  Bom 
at  Monok,  Zemplin,  Hungary,  Sept.  19,  1802: 
died  at  Turin,  Italy,  March  20, 1894.  A  cele- 
brated Hungarian  patriot  and  orator,  leader  of 
the  Hungarian  insurrection  of  1848-49,  He  was 
a  member  (as  a  proxy)  of  the  Hungarian  Diet  1832-36 ;  was 
imprisoned  by  the  Austrian  government  for  political  rea- 
sons 1837-40;  was  editor  of  the  "  Pest  Journal "  1841-44; 
and  was  elected  deputy  to  the  Diet  in  1847.  In  1848  the 
emperor  Ferdinand  was  forced  to  grant  an  independent 
Hungarian  ministry,  of  which  Kossuth,  as  minister  of 
finance,  was  the  virtual  head.  In  the  same  year  the  deal- 
ings of  the  Austrian  court  drove  the  Hungarians  to  insur- 
rectioa  On  AprU  14,  1849,  the  Diet  declared  the  inde- 
pendence of  Hungary,  and  appointed  Kossuth  governor. 
On  August  11, 1849,  he  resigned  his  powers  into  the  hands 
of  General  Gorgey  (see  Hungarian  Insurrection).  He 
Uved  in  exile  in  Turkey  1849-51 ;  visited  the  United  States 
1851-52  ;  and  resided  later  in  London  and  Turin.  He  pub- 
lished his  memoirs  in  1881-82,  under  the  name  "Schriften 
aus  der  Emigration."  His  letters  to  Bern  in  IS49  were 
published  by  Makray  at  Peat  in  1872. 
Kostendil  (kos-ten-del'),  Kiostendil  (kyes-ten- 
del'),  Grhiustendil  (gyos-ten-del'),  etc.  Atown 
in  Bulgaria,  situated  on  the  Struma  42  miles 
southwest  of  Sofia.  Population  (1888),  10,689. 
Koster,    See  Coster. 

Kostlin  (kest'lin),  Julius.  Bom  at  Stuttgart, 
Wurtemberg,  May  17,  1826;  died  at  Halle,  May 
12, 1902.  A  German  Protestant  theologian,  pro- 
fessor successively  at  Gottingen  (1855),  JSres- 
lau  (1860),  and  Halle  (1870).  His  works  include 
"Luthers  Theologie"  (1863),  a  biography  of 
Luther  (2  vols.  1875),  etc. 

Kostomaroff(kos-to-ma'rof),NichdlasIvano- 
vich.  Bom  in  1817:  died  at  St.  Petersburg, 
April  19, 1885.  A  Russian  historian.  He  was  made 
assistant  professor  at  Kiefl  in  1846,  imprisoned  for  his  dem- 
ocratic sympathies  at  St.  Petersburg  for  a  year,  and  then 
banished  to  Saratoff ,  and  forbidden  to  publish  or  teach.  He 
was  liberated  from  surveillance  in  1854,  and  published  40 
volumes  of  historical  writings.  Prom  1858  he  was  profes- 
sor of  history  at  the  University  of  St.  Petersburg.  He  wrote 
valuable  monographs  on  "Bogdan  Khmielnitsky,"  "The 
False  Demetrius,"  and  "The  Revolt  of  Stenka  Razine," 
and  "  Studies  of  the  Nationalities  of  Northern  Russia,"  etc. 
A  dissertation  on  the  Uniat  schism  was  suppressed  in  1842. 

Kostroma  (kos-tro-ma').  1.  A  government  in 
Russia,  surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Vo- 
logda, Viatka,  Nijni-Novgorod,  Vladimir,  and 
Yaroslaff.  Area,  32,702  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1897),  1,428,893.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  Kostroma,  situated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  rivers  Kostroma  and  Volga, 
about  lat.  57°  45'  N.,  long.  40°  55'  E.  It  has  a 
cathedral.     Population  (1889),  31,981. 

Koswig  (kos'viG).  A  small  town  in  Anhalt, 
Germany,  situated  on  the  Elbe  39  miles  north 
of  Leipsic. 

Kotah  (ko'ta).  1.  Anative  state  in  Rajputana, 
India,  under  British  control,  intersected  by  lat. 
25°  N.,  long.  76°  E.  Area,  3,803  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  526,267.—  2.  The  capital  of 
the  state  of  Kotah,  on  the  Chambal,  about  lat. 
25°  9'  N.,  long.  75°  49'  E.     Pop.,  about  40,000. 

Kothen  (kfe'ten).  A  city  in  Anhalt,  Germany, 
35  miles  northwest  of  Leipsic.  It  was  formerly  the 
capital  of  the  duchy  of  Anhalt-Kothen  (definitely  united 
to  Anhalt-Dessau  in  1863),  has  a  castle,  and  mam^Eactures 
beet-root  sugar.    Population  (1890),  18.215. 

Kotri  (ko-tre').  A  town  in  Karachi  district, 
Sind,  British  India,  situated  on  the  Indus  8 
miles  west  of  Hyderabad.    Pop.,  about  8,000. 

Kottbus,  or  Cottbus  (kot'bos).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  on  the  Spree 
68  miles  southeast  of  Berlin.  It  is  a  railway  cen- 
ter, and  has  cloth  manufactures.  Population 
(1890),  34,910. 

Kotzebue  (kot'se-b6),  Alexander  von.  Bom 
at  Kijnigsberg,  Prussia,  May  28,  1815 :  died  at 
Munich,  Feb.  24,  1889.  A  Russian  painter  of 
historical  and  battle  scenes,  son  of  A.  F.  F. 
yon  Kotzebue.  He  won  the  great  gold  medal  in  1844, 
lived  in  Paris  tiU  lS4at  and  finally  settled  in  Munich. 

Kotzebue,  August  Friedrich  Ferdinand  von. 

Born  at  "Weimar,  Germany,  May  3,  1761':  assas- 
sinated at  Mannheim,  Baden,  March  23,  1819. 
A  German  dramatist.  He  filled  several  offices  in  the 
Russian  public  service,  and  besides  his  plays  wrote  many 
tales,  sketches,  historical  works,  etc.  Among  his  plays  are 
"Die  deutschen  Kleinstadter,"  "Pagenstreiche,"  "Die 
beiden  Klingsberg,"  "  Menschenhass  und  Eeue"(TtnoTO 
in  English  as  "The  Stranger"),  "Der  arme  Poet, '  "Die 
Kreuzfahrer,"  etc.    He  wrote  in  all  more  than  200  plays. 


Eotzebue 

Kotzebue,  Moritz  von.  Born  May  11,  1789: 
died  at  Warsaw,  Feb.  6, 1861.  A  Russian  mili- 
tary officer,  and  traveler  in  Persia,  son  of  A.  F. 
F.  von  Kotzebue.  He  was  captured  by  the  French  in 
the  campaign  of  1812,  and  described  his  experiences  in 
"  Der  russeische  Eriegsgef  angene  unter  den  Franzosen  " 
(1815). 

Kotzebue,  Otto  von.  Born  at  Eeval,  Bussia, 
Deo.  30,  1787:  died  at  Eeval,  Feb.  15,  1846.  A 
Russian  navigator,  son  of  A.  F.  F.  von  Kotze- 
bue. He  commanded  exploring  expeditions  in  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean  1815-18  and  1823-26,  and  wrote  narratives  of 
both  voyages  (published  1821  and  1830).  He  discovered 
numerous  islands,  and  the  sound  near  Bering  Strait  named 
from  him. 

Kotzebue,  Count  Paul  von.  Bom  at  Berlin, 
Aug.  10,  1801:  died  at  Reval,  Russia,  May  2, 
1884.  A  Russian  general,  sou  of  A.  F.  F.  von 
Kotzebue. 

Kotzebue  Sound.  An  inlet  of  Bering  Strait, 
in  the  west  of  Alaska. 

Kovalevsky  (ko'val-ef'ski),  Sonya  (Krukov- 
Sky).  Born  at  Moscow  in  1850 :  died  at  Stock- 
holm, Sweden,  Feb.  lOf  1891.  A  Russian  mathe- 
matician. She  was  professor  of  mathematics 
at  the  University  of  Stockholm. 

Kovno  (kov'no).  1.  A  government  of  Russia, 
bounded  by  Prussia  and  the  governments  of 
Courland,  Wilna,  and  Suwalki.  Area,  15,692 
square  nules.  Population  (1887),  1,587,200.— 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Kovno, 
about  lat.  54°  54'  N.,  long.  23°  53'  E.,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Vilia  with  the  Niemen.  it  has 
a  flourishing  trade.  Napoleon's  army  crossed  the  Niemen 
here  June  23-25, 1812.  The  Poles  were  defeated  here  by 
the  Russians  June  26, 1831.    Population  (1890),  58,768. 

Ko vr off  (kov-rof ' ) .  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Vladimir,  Russia,  situated  on  the  KUazma 
36  miles  northeast  of  Vladimir.  Population 
(1885-89).  6,547. 

Koweyt  (ko-waf).  A  seaport  in  Arabia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Persian  Gulf  in  lat.  29°  23'  N.,  long. 
48°  E.    Also  Kuweit,  Grane,  etc. 

Koyukukhotana  (ko-yo"kuk-eh6-ta'na,).  A 
tribe  of  the  northern  division  of  the  Athapas- 
can stock  of  North  American  Indians,  living  in 
villages  along  the  Koyukuk  River  and  its  tribu- 
taries in  the  interior  of  Alaska.  See  Athapas- 
can. 

Koyunjik,    See  Kuyunjik. 

Koza  (ko'za),  or  Makoza  fma-ko'za),  or  Kosa. 
A  Bantu  tribe  in  eastern  Angola,  West  Africa, 
on  the  Chikapa  River.  They  are  of  Lunda  descent, 
but,  having  settled  in  Kiokoland,  they  have  adopted  Eioko 
customs. 

Kozelsk,  or  Koselsk  (ko-zelsk').  A  town  in 
the  government  of  Kaluga,  Russia,  situated  on 

.  the  Zhizdra  40  miles  southwest  of  Kaluga.  Pop- 
ulation (1885-89),  5,926. 

Kozloff.    See  Kosloff. 

Kra  (kra).  The  isthmus  which  connects  the  Ma- 
lay peninsula  with  the  rest  of  the  Indo-Chinese 
peninsula. 

Arafft,  or  Kraft  (krSft),  Adam.  Bom  at  Nurem- 
berg (?)  about  the  middle  of  the  15th  century : 
died  at  Schwabach  (?),  near  Nuremberg,  1507. 
A  German  sculptor  of  the  Nuremberg  school. 
His  chief  work  is  the  tabernacle  in  St.  Lau- 
rence's Church,  Nuremberg. 

Krafft,  Peter.  Bom  at  Hanau,  Sept.  17, 1780 : 
died  at  Vienna,  Oct.  28, 1856.  An  Austrian  his- 
torical painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  the  Hanau  Academy, 
afterward  of  Fuger  in  Vienna.  He  went  to  Paris  in  1802, 
and  became  a  follower  of  the  school  of  David,  In  1806  he 
returned  to  Vienna,  but  did  not  become  known  till  1813. 
He  was  elected  member  of  the  Vienna  Academy  in  that 
year,  and  in  1815  of  the  Hanau  Academy;  professor  and  cor- 
rector at  the  Vienna  Academy  in  1823 ;  i^irector  of  the  Bel- 
vedere Gallery  in  1828  ;  and  in  1839  honorary  member  of 
the  Copenhagen  Academy. 

Krain.    See  Carniola. 

Krajova,  orKrayova,  or  Crajova  (kra-yo'va). 
A  town  in  Rumania,  situated  in  lat.  44°  19'  N., 
long.  23°  49'  E.     Population,  30,081. 

Krakatua  (kra-ka-to'a),  or  Krakatoa  (kra-ka- 
to'a).  A  small  island  in  the  Strait  of  Sunda, 
between  Sumatra  and  Java :  noted  for  a  volcanic 
eruption  which  began  Aug.  26, 1883.  The  accom- 
panying ocean  wave  destroyed  over  30,000  lives ;  and  the 
eruption  was  followed  by  extraordinary  atmospheric  phe- 
nomena, visible  over  great  portions  of  the  globe,  attributed 
to  the  presence  of  the  volcanic  dust. 

Kraliugen  (kra'ling-en).  A  small  fishing-town 
in  the  province  of  South  Holland,  Netherlands, 
near  Rotterdam. 

Kranach.    See  Cranach. 

Krapf  (krapf ) ,  Johann  Ludwig.  Bom  at  Deren- 
dingen,  near  Tubuigen,  Germany,  1810:  died  at 
Kornthal,  Nov.  26, 1881.  An  African  mission- 
ary, linguist,  and  explorer.  After  studying  theology 
at  Tubingen  and  Basel,he  entered  the  service  of  the  Church 
Missionary  Society  1837,  and  was  sent  to  Abyssinia.     Ex- 


578 

pelled  with  the  other  missionaries  he  was  able  to  labor  in 
Shoa  until  1842.  In  1844  he  founded  the  first  mission  sta- 
tion among  the  Wanyika  in  Ea«t  Africa.  Curing  one  of 
his  exploring  tours  in  the  interior  he  discovered  Mounts  Ke- 
nia  and  Amboloila,  1849.  He  returned  to  Germany  in  1853, 
but  revisited  Africa  as  interpreter  of  Lord  Napier  on  his 
expedition  to  Abyssinia.  Many  valuable  Abyssinian  man- 
uscripts  have  been  secured  through  him,  and  African  eth- 
nology and  philology  are  indebted  to  him  for  important 
contributions.  He  published  an  account  of  some  of  his 
journeys  in  "  Eeisen  in  Ostafrika  "  (1858).  His  dictionary  of 
£isuahili  appeared  in  1882,  shortly  after  Ills  death. 

Krapotkin  (kra-pot'Mn),  Prince  Peter.  Born 
at  Moscow,  1842.  A  Russian  socialist  and  an- 
archist. He  is  a  member  of  the  oldest  Hussian  nobility; 
was  brought  up  as  a  page  at  court ;  studied  geology  and 
geography  at  St.  Petersburg ;  became  secretary  of  the  Geo- 
graphical Society ;  and  was  appointed  chamberlain  to  the 
czarina.  He  was  arrested  as  an  anarchist  in  1873,  but  made 
his  escape  in  1876.  He  was  imprisoned  in  France  1883-86 
under  a  law  directed  against  the  International  Working- 
men's  Association,  of  which  he  waa  a  member.  He  is 
the  author  of  "Paroles  d'un  rSvolt6"  (1885),  "In  Russian 
and  French  Prisons  "  (1887),  etc.  Also  written  Krapotkine, 
KropotHn,  etc. 

Krasicki  (kra-set'ske),  Ignatius.  Bom  at  Du- 
bieeko,  Galicia,  Austria-Hungary,  Feb.  3,  1735 : 
died  at  Berlin,  March  14,  1801.  A  Polish  poet 
and  man  of  letters.  His  chief  poems  are  ' '  Mys- 
zeis"  ("Mousiad,"  1790),  and  "Monomachia" 
("War  of  the  Monks"). 

Krasinski  (kra-siu'ske),  Sigmund.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Feb.  19,  1812 :  died  there,  Feb.  24,  1859. 
A  Polish  poet.  Among  his  poems  are  "  Nie- 
boska  komedya"  (  "  UndiKdne  Comedy,"  1835- 
1848),  "Irydion"  (1845),  etc. 

Krasnoi  (kras-noi'),  or  fcrasnyi.  A  town  in 
the  government  of  Smolensk,  Russia,  30  miles 
southwest  of  Smolensk.  Here,  Aug.  U,  I8I2,  the 
French  under  Murat  and  Ney  defeated  the  Russians  under 
Rajevsky;  and  here,  Nov.  16-19, 1812,  the  Russians  under 
Kutusoff  defeated  the  French  under  Napoleon.  An  obe- 
lisk was  erected  in  1843  in  commemoration  of  the  latter 
battle. 

Krasuovodsk  (kras-no-vodsk').  The  capital  of 
the  Transcaspian  Territory,  Asiatic  Russia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Caspian  Sea  about  lat.  40°  N., 
long.  52°  45'  E. 

Krasnoyarsk  (kras-no-yarsk').  The  capital  of 
the  government  of  Yeniseisk,  Siberia,  situated 
on  the  Yenisei  about  lat.  56°  N.,  long.  92°  30'  E. 
Population  (1889),  16j235. 

Krasnyi  (or  Krasnoi)  Jar  (kras-noi'  yar).  A 
town  in  the  government  of  Astrakhan,  Russia, 
situated  on  a  mouth  of  the  Volga  27  miles 
northeast  of  Astrakhan.    Population,  6,230. 

Kraszewski  (kra-shev'ske),  J6zef  Ignacy. 
Bom  at  Warsaw,  July  26,  1812 :  died  at  Ge- 
neva, March  19,  1887.  A  Polish  novelist,  poet, 
critic,  historian,  and  general  writer,  author  of 
many  novels  of  Polish  life. 

Kratim  (kra-tem'),  or  Kratimer  (krat'i-m6r). 
The  dog  of  the  Seven  Sleepers.  See  the  extract. 

Mahomet  has  somewhat  imi)roved  on  the  story.  He  has 
made  the  Sleepers  prophesy  his  coming,  and  he  has  given 
them  a  dog  named  Kratim,  or  Kratimer,  which  sleeps  with 
them,  and  which  is  endowed  with  the  gift  of  prophecy. 
As  a  special  favor  this  dog  is  to  be  one  of  the  ten  animals 
to  be  admitted  into  his  paradise,  the  others  being  Jonah's 
whale.  Solomon's  ant,  Ishmael's  ram,  Abraham's  calf,  the 
Queen  of  Sheba's  ass,  the  prophet  Salech's  camel,  Moses' 
ox,  Belkis'  cuckoo,  and  Mahomet's  ass. 

BaHng-Oauld,  Curious  Myths  of  the  Middle  Ages,  p.  102. 

Krause (krou'ze),  Gottlob Adolf.  BomatOok- 
rilla,  near  Meissen,  Germany,  Jan.  5, 1850.  An 
African  traveler.  He  accompanied  Miss  Tinn^  to  the 
Upper  Nile  in  1869,  but  returned  before  her  murder.  About 
1879  he  visited  Sokoto  and  the  Ahaggar  Tuaricks.  When  a 
German  expedition  to  the  Niger  and  Binue  was  contem- 
plated in  1883,  hewas  sent  to  Lagos  in  order  to  prepare  the 
ground.  He  has  written  on  the  Fulah  and  Ghat  languages. 

Krause,  Karl  Christian  Friedrich.  Born  at 
Eisenberg,  Saxe-Altenburg,  May  6,  1781 :  died 
at  Mtmich,  Sept.  27, 1832.  A  German  philoso- 
pher, and  writer  on  freemasonry. 

Krauss  (krous),  Marie  Gabrielle.  Bom  at  Vi- 
enna, March  23, 1842.  A  noted  German  soprano 
opera-singer.  She  made  her  d^but  at  Vienna  in  1860, 
and  has  sung  with  success  in  all  the  capitals  of  Europe. 

Krauth  (krith),  Charles  Porterfield.  Bjom 
at  Martinsburg,  W.  Va.,  March  17, 1823  :  died 
at  Philadelphia,  Jan.  2,  1883.  An  American 
theologian  of  the  Lutheran  Church,  professor  of 
mental  and  moral  science  and  vice-provost  in 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  He  published 
"The  Conservative  Reformation  and  its  Theology"  (1871), 
etc.,  and  a  "Vocabulary  of  the  Philosophical  Sciences," 
including  William  Fleming's  "  Vocabulary  of  Philosophy," 
hi  1877. 

Krayova.    See  Krajova. 

Kreek.    See  Creek. 

Krefeld.    See  Crefeia. 

Kremenetz  (kre'me-nets).  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Volhynia,  Russia,  situated  in  lat. 
50°  7'  N.,  long.  25°  43'  E.     Population,  11,398. 

Krementchug  (kra-men-ch6g').    A  town  in  the 


Krishna 

government  of  Pultowa,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Dnieper  64  miles  west-southwest  of  Pultowa: 
an  important  commercial  center.  Population 
(1891),  54,831. 
Kremlin  (krem'lin).  [From  F.  Icremlin  (with 
accom.  F.  term,  -in)  =  G.  Jcreml,  from  Euss. 
hremU,  a  citadel,  fortress.]  The  citadel  of  Mos- 
cow, Russia.  It  is  a  highly  picturesque  and  interesting 
triangular  inclosure,  about  1^  miles  in  circuit,  fortified 
with  battlemented  walls  from  which  project  cylindrical 
and  square  towers,  many  of  them  terminatiug  in  spires' 
behind  which  rise  the  multiform  domes  and  belfries  of  the 
churches,  brilliant  with  gold  and  colors.  The  present 
walls  date  from  1492.  The  Kremlin  contains  the  imperial 
palace,  the  cathedrals  of  the  Assumption,  the  Archangel 
Michael,  and  the  Annunciation,  the  Miracle  monastery, 
the  Ascension  convent,  the  arsenal,  and  the  famous  Great 
Bell.  The  Great  Palace  dates  for  the  most  part  only  from 
the  middle  of  the  present  century,  its  predecessors  having 
repeatedly  been  burned,  the  last  one  by  the  soldiers  of 
Napoleon.  It  is  a  lofty  structure  of  little  architectural 
qu^ity  without,  except  for  its  great  size,  but  of  unusual 
richness  within.  Among  the  state  apartments  are  the 
hall  of  St.  George,  the  Alexander  hall,  the  hall  of  St.  An- 
drew, and  the  throne-room,  all  splendidly  adorned  with 
paintings,  sculptures,  and  other  works  of  art,  all  68  feet 
wide,  ranging  from  100  to  200  feet  long,  and  from  58  to  68 
high.  Several  of  the  chapels  also  are  noteworthy,  as 
well  as  the  Red  Staircase,  used  only  for  grand  functions 
and  recalling  many  historic  scenes  from  Ivan  the  Terrible 
and  Peter  the  Great  to  Napoleon.  The  Treasury  is  ex- 
tremely rich  in  ancient  jewels  and  plate,  including  the  old 
regalia :  here  also  are  the  thrones  of  the  last  emperor  of 
Constantinople  and  of  the  old  Persian  shahs,  and  the  coro- 
nation-robes. 

Kremnitz  (krem'nits).  Hung.  Kormocz  bS.nya 

(k6r'm6ts  ban'yo).  A  royal  free  city  in  the 
county  of  Bars,  Hungary,  situated  in  lat.  48° 
43'  N.,  long.  18°  55'  E.:  noted  for  its  gold-  and 
silver-mines.    Population  (1890),  9,179. 

Krems  (kremz).  A  town  in  Lower  Austria,  sit- 
uated on  the  D3,nube  38  miles  west-north- 
west of  Vienna.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
10,584. 

Kremsier  (krem'zer),  Slav.  Kromeriz  (kro'- 
myer-zhizh).  A  town  in  Moravia,  Austria-Him- 
gary,  situated  on  the  March  22  miles  south  by 
east  of  Olmiitz.  It  was  the  seat  of  the  Austrian 
Reichstag  1848-49.     Population  (1890),  12,480. 

Kreutzer  (kroit'ser),  Konradin.  Bom  near 
Messkirch,  Baden,  Nov.  22, 1780 :  died  at  Riga, 
Russia,  Deo.  14, 1849.  A  German  composer  and 
conductor.  He  composed  numerous  operas,  including 
"Conradin  von  Schwaben"  (1812),  "Das  Nachtlager  vor 
Granada"  (1834),  and  "Der  Verschwender";  an  oratorio, 
"  Die  Sendung  Mosis  ";  a  one-act  drama,  "  Cordelia  ";  and 
part-songs. 

Kreutzer  (kr6t-sar'),  Bodolphe.  Bom  at  Ver- 
sailles, France,  Nov.  16, 1766 :  died  at  Geneva, 
Switzerland,  June  6, 1831.  A  noted  French  vio- 
linist and  composer.  His  chief  work  is  forty  "  itudes 
on  caprices  pour  le  violon."  He  also  wrote  thirty  or  forty 
operas,  violin  concertos,  sonatas,  etc.  He  was  the  friend 
of  Beethoven,  and  to  him  Beethoven  dedicated  the  fa- 
mous "  Kreutzer  Sonata  "  for  piano  and  violin,  first  played 
by  Beethoven  and  Bridgetower  at  Augarten  in  May, 
1808. 

Kreuzburg  (kroits'bora).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Stober 
52  miles  east  by  south  of  Breslau.  Population 
(1890),  7,550. 

Kreuznach,  or  Creuznach  (kroits'nach).  A 
town  and  watering-place  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  oh  the  Nahe  21  miles 
west-southwest  of  Mainz.  It  is  noted  for  its 
springs  (iodine  and  bromine).  Population 
(1890),  commune,  18,143. 

Kriemhild,orChrienihild(krem'hild).  [MHG. 
KrimMlt.']  The  legendary  heroine  of  the  "Nibe- 
lungenlied."  She  was  the  daughter  of  King  Gibich 
(whose  seat  was  at  Worms  on  the  lower  Rhine),  Uie  sister 
of  the  Burgundian  princes  Gunther,  Gemote  and  Giselher, 
and  the  wife  of  Siegfried.  Afterward,  as  the  wife  of  Etzel 
(Attila),  king  of  the  Huns,  she  encompassed  the  death  of 
her  brothers,  and  avenged  Siegfried^  murder  at  their 
hands,  but  was  herself  slain.  In  the  Old  Norse  version  of 
the  legend  in  the  "  Volsunga  Saga  "  and  the  "  Edda,"  her 
counterpart  is  Gudrun. 

Krik.  A  pseudonym  of  Henry  G.  Crickmore,  a 
writer  on  the  turf  and  sporting  matters. 

Kriloff.    SeeKryloff. 

Krimmitschau.    See  Crimmitschau. 

Krimmler  (krim'ler)  Waterfalls.  A  series  of 
cascades  in  the  Austrian  Alps,  north  of  the 
Gross-Venediger.    Total  height,  1,300  feet. 

Krishna  (krish'na).  ['  The  black.']  A  Hindu 
deity.  Originally  the  ethnic  god  of  some  powerful  con- 
federation of  Rajput  clans,  by  fusion  with  the  Vishnu  of  the 
older  theology  Krishna  becomes  one  of  the  chief  divini- 
ties of  Hinduism.  He  is  indeed  an  avatar  of  Vishnu,  or 
Vishnu  himself.  In  his  physical  character  mingle  myths 
of  fire,  lightning,  and  storm,  of  heaven  and  the  sun.  In  the 
epic  he  is  a  hero  invincible  in  war  and  love,  brave,  but 
above  all  crafty.  HewasthesonofVasndevaand  Devaki, 
and  born  at  Mathura,  on  the  Yamuna,  between  Delhi  and 
Agra,  among  the  Yadavas.  Like  that  of  many  solar  heroes, 
his  birth  was  beset  with  peril.  On  the  night  when  it  took 
place,  his  parents  had  to  remove  him  from  the  reach  of  his 
uncle.  King  Kansa,  who  sought  his  life  because  he  had 


Krislma 

been  warned  by  a  voice  from  heaven  that  the  eighth  son 
of  Devalci  would  kill  him,  and  who  had  regularly  made 
away  with  his  nephews  at  their  birth.  Conveyed  across 
the  Yamuna,  Krishna  was  brought  up  as  their  son  by  the 
shepherd  Nanda  and  his  wife  Yashoda,  together  with  his 
brother  Balarama,  'Rama  the  strong,'  who  had  been  like- 
wise saved  from  massacre.  The  two  brothers  grew  up 
among  the  shepherds,  slaying  monsters  and  demons  and 
sporting  with  the  Gopis,  the  female  cowherds  of  Vrinda- 
vana.  Their  birth  and  infancy,  their  juvenile  exploits,  and 
their  erotic  gambols  with  the  Gopis  became  in  time  the 
essential  portion  of  the  legend  of  Krishna,  and  their  scenes 
are  to-day  the  most  celebrated  centers  of  his  worship. 
When  grown,  the  brothers  put  their  uncle  Kansa  to  death, 
and  Krishna  became  king  of  the  Yadavas.  He  cleared  the 
land  of  monsters,  warred  against  impious  kings,  and  took 
part  in  the  war  of  the  sons  of  Fandu  against  those  of 
Dhritarashtra,  as  described  in  the  Mahabharata.  He  trans- 
ferred his  capital  to  Dvaraka  ('  the  city  of  gates'),  the  gates 
of  the  West,  since  localized  in  Gujarat.  There  he  and  his 
race  were  overtaken  by  the  final  catastrophe.  After  seeing 
his  brother  slain,  and  the  Yadavaskill  each  otherto  the  last 
man,  he  himself  perished,  wounded  In  the  heel,  like  Achil- 
les, by  the  arrow  of  a  hunter.  The  bible  of  the  worship- 
ers of  Vishnu  in  his  most  popular  manifestation,  that  of 
Krishna,  consists  of  the  Bhagavatapurana  and  the  Bha- 
gavadgita.    See  these  words. 

E-rishna.  A  river  and  district  in  India.  See 
Kistna, 

Krislinagar  (krish-na-gur'),  or  Kishnugur 
(kish-nu-gur').  The  capital  of  Nadiya  district, 
Bengal,  British  India,  situated  on  the  Jalangi 
60  miles  north  of  Calcutta.  Population,  about 
26,000. 

Kriss  Kringle.    See  Criss  Kingle. 

Eristineaux.    See  Cree. 

Eristinehamn,  or  Cristinehamn  (kris-te'ne- 
hamn).  A  town  in  the  laen  of  Karlstad,  Swedeii, 
situated  on  Lake  Wener  20  miles  east  by  south 
of  Karlstad.    Population  (1890),  5,933. 

Eroia  (kroi'a),  or  Akhissar  (ak-Ms-sar').  A 
town  in  the  vilayet  of  Skutari,  Turkey,  28  miles 
northeast  of  Durazzo :  a  stronghold  of  Scan- 
derbeg. 

Erolevetz,  or  EroUevetz  (kro-lye'vets).  A 
town  in  the  government  of  TohernigoflE,  Russia, 
88  miles  east  of  Tchernigoff .  Population  (1892), 
13,208. 

Kronaclvor  Cronach  (kro'nadh).  A  small 
town  in  Upper  Prauconia,  Bavaria,  on  the  Kro- 
nach  55  miles  north  by  east  of  Nuremberg.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  Lucas  Cranaoh. 

Ei'onenberg,  or  Cronenberg  (kro'nen-bero). 
A  manufacturing  town  in  the  Ehine  Province, 
Prussia,  21  miles  north-northeast  of  Cologne. 
Population  (1890),  8,702. 

Eronoberg  (kro'no-berg),  or  Wexjo  (veks'ye). 
Alaen  in  southern  Sweden.  Area,  3,841  square 
miles.    Population  (1893),  estimated,  158,304. 

Eronos  (kron'os).     See  Cronus. 

Eronstadt,  or  Oronstadt  (kron'stat),  Hung. 
Brass6  (brosh'sho),  Eumanian  Brasov  (bra'- 
sov).  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Kronstadt, 
Transylvania,  Hungary,  situated  in  lat.  45°  37' 
N.,  long.  25°  30'  B.  It  is  the  commercial  and  manu- 
facturing center  of  Transylvania.  The  chief  building  is  the 
Protestant  or  "Black"  church.  It  was  founded  at  the 
beginning  of  the  13th  century,  and  was  the  center  of  the 
Beformation  in  Transylvania.    Population  (1890),  30,739. 

Eronstadt,  or  Oronstadt.  A  seaport  in  the 
government  of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  situated 
on  the  island  of  Kotlin-Ostrofi,  near  the  head  of 
the  Gulf  of  Finland,  in  lat.  60°  N.,  long.  29°  46' E. 
It  is  the  port  of  St.  Petersburg,  and  the  chief  seaport,  na^ 
val  fortress,  and  naval  station  of  Russia.  It  has  regular 
communication  (by  steamer)  with  Stockholm,  Stettin,  Lti- 
beck,  Havre,  etc.  It  was  founded  by  Peter  the  Great  1710. 
Population  (1897),  69,539. 

Erook  (kriak),  Mr.  A  drunkard,  in  Dickens's 
"Bleak  House,"  who  perishes  by  spontaneous 
combustion. 

Erotoschin,  Pol.  Erotoszyn  (kro'to-shen).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Posen,  Prussia,  54  miles 
south-southeast  of  Posen.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  10,646. 

Erozet,  or  Crozet  (kro-za' ),  Islands.  A  group 
of  small  uninhabited  islands  in  tbe  Indian 
Ocean.  Possession  Island  is  situated  in  lat. 
46°  22'  S.,  long.  51°  30'  E. 

Exu,  or  Croo  (kro).  A  tribe  in  Liberia,  West 
Africa,  settled  on  the  seaboard  between  the 
Bassa  and  the  Grrebos,  to  whom  they  are  related. 
The  Kru-men,  of  tfc  called  Krvrboys,  are  famous  as  a  people 
who  never  were  slaves,  as  excellentsailors,and  as  thrifty, 
hard-working  laborers.  They  hire  themselves  out  to  all 
points  of  the  West  Coast  for  a  period  rarely  exceeding  12 
moons.  They  are  an  athletic  race,  with  strong  chests  and 
arms,  but  rather  weak  legs.  Their  tribal  mark  is  a  black 
stripe  tattooed  on  the  forehead  from  the  hair  to  the  nose. 
Since  the  advent  of  the  American  missionaries  the  Kru- 
men  are  beginning  to  abandon  heathenism.  In  addition 
to  their  native  tongue,  they  speak  an  English  Creole  con- 
sisting of  an  adapted  English  vocabulaiy  combined  with 
Kru  grammar. 

Eru-boys,    See  Kru. 

Erudener  (krii'de-ner),  Baroness  of  (Barbara 
Jnliane  von  Vietinghoff-Sclieel).    Bom  at 


579 

Riga,  Russia,  Nov.  11  (O.  S.),  1764:  died  at  Ka- 
rasu-Bazar,  Russia, Dec.  13  (0. 8.),  1824.  .A.Rus- 
sian  pietist  and  authoress,  friend  of  the  czar 
Alexander  I.  She  published  "Val6rie,oulettres 
de  Gustave  de  Linar  k  Ernest  de  G."  (1803),  etc. 

Erug  (krog),  Wilhelm  Traugott.  Bom  at  Ra- 
dis,  near  Grafenhainiehen,  Prussia,  June  22, 
1770:  diedatLeipsie,  Jan.  12, 1842.  A  German 
philosopher.  He  became  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Oder  in  1801,  of  logic  and  metaphysics 
at  Kbnigsberg  in  1804  (where  he  was  successor  to  Kant), 
and  of  philosophy  at  Leipsic  in  1809.  He  wrote  "  Funda- 
mentalphilosophie"  (1803),  "System  der  theoretischen 
Philosophie  "  (1806-10),  etc. 

Eriiger  (kriig'er),  Franz.  Bom  at  Radegast, 
Dessau,  Sept.  3,  1797 :  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  21, 
1857.  A  German  portrait-  and  horse-painter, 
often  called  "Pferde  (Horse)  Kriiger." 

Er^ger  (kro'ger),  Stephanus  Johannes  Paul. 
Bom  in  Colesberg,  Cape  Colony,  Oct.  10, 1825. 
A  South  African  statesman,  the  president  of 
the  South  African  Republic.  He  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Transvaal  in 
1872,  and  has  four  times  served  as  president  (1883-88, 
1888-93,  1893-98,  1898-1900). 

Erumau  (krS'mou).  A  town  in  southern  Bo- 
hemia, situated  on  the  Moldau  14  miles  south- 
west of  Budweis.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
8,331. 

Eru-men.    See  Kru. 

Eriunmacher  (krom '  mach  -  er),  Friedrich 
Adolf.  Born  at  Tecklenburg,  Westphalia, 
Prussia,  July,  1767 :  died  at  Bremen,  April  4, 
1845.  A  German  Protestant  clergyman  and  re- 
ligious writer:  best-known  work,  "Parabeln" 

j"  Parables,  1805"). 

Erummacher,  Friedrich  Wilhelm.  Bom  at 
Mors,  Prussia,  Jan.  28, 1796 :  died  at  Potsdam, 
Prussia,  Dec.  10,  1868.  A  German  Protestant 
clergyman  and  religious  writer,  son  of  P.  A. 
Krummacher.  He  wrote  "  Elias  der  Thisbiter  " 
(182&-33),  "Elisa"  (1837-41),  etc. 

Krunmiacher, Gottfried  Daniel.  Bom  at  Teck- 
lenburg, Westphalia,  Prussia,  April  1,  1774: 
died  at  Elberfeld,  Pmssia,  Jan.  30,  1837.  A 
German  Protestant  clergyman  and  religious 
writer,  brother  of  P.  A.  Krummacher. 

Erupp(krop),  Alfred.  Bom  at  Essen,  Prussia, 
Apnf  26,  1812:  died  July  14,  1887.  A  German 
manufacturer.  He  obtained  control  in  1848  of  an  iron 
forge,  employing  three  men,  which  was  founded  by  his 
father  in  1810  at  Essen,  Prussia.  He  introduced  the  Besse- 
mer-steel process  into  Germany, was  the  first  German  manu- 
facturer to  make  use  of  the  steam  f  orging-hammer,  and  took 
a  leading  part  in  the  technical  development  of  the  German 
iron  and  steel  industry.  He  left  at  his  death  an  establish- 
ment employing  20,000  people.  It  is  known  throughout 
the  world  for  the  excellence  of  its  cannon-foundry. 

Eruse  (kro'ze),  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Stralsund, 
Dec.  15, 1815 :  died  at  Btickeburg,  Jan.  13, 1902. 
A  German  dramatist.  In  1847  he  became  one  of  the  ed- 
itors of  the  "  Cologne  Gazette  "  ;  in  1865  its  editor-in-chief ; 
and  in  1872  correspondent  at  Berlin.  Among  his  plays  are 
"DieGrafln"  (1868),  "Brutus  "  (1874),  "Marino  Paliero" 
a876),  "Witzlar  von  Riigen"  (1882),  "Alexis"  (1882), 
"Arabella Stuart "  (1888),  "  Hans  Waldmann "  (1890),  etc. 

Eruseman  van  Blten  (kro'se-man  van  el' ten), 
H.  D.  BornatAlkmaar,  Nov.  14,1829.  A  land- 
scape-painter. He  studied  in  Haarlem  and  Brussels, 
and  settled  in  Amsterdam,  whence  he  removed  to  New  York 
in  1865.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Rotterdam  and  Amster- 
dam academies,  and  of  the  I^ational  Academy  at  New  York. 

Erusenstern  (krS'zen-stem),  Adam  Johann 
von.  Born  at  Haggud,  Esthonia,  Russia,  Nov. 
8  (O.  S.),  1770:  died  at  Ass,  Esthonia,  Aug.  12 
(O.  S.),  1846.  A  Russian  admiral  and  navi- 
gator. He  circumnavigated  the  world  1803-06,  and  pub- 
lished "  Reise  um  die  Welt "  ("  Journey  Round  the  World," 
1810-12),  "Atlas  del'oc^anpaciflque"  (1824-27),  "Becueil 
de  m^molres  hydrographiques"  (1824-27),  etc. 

Eryloff,  or  Eriloff  (kre-lof '),  Ivan  Andreye- 
vitch.  Born  at  Moscow,  Feb.  13, 1768:  died  at 
St.  Petersburg,  Nov.  21, 1844.  A  Russian  fabu- 
list. His  ill  success  as  journalist  and  dramatist  induced 
him  in  1797  to  become  the  Russian  tutor  of  the  children 
of  Prince  Galitzin.  In  1812  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
librarians  in  the  Imperial  Public  Library— a  position  he 
retained  for  nearly  twenty  years.  His  fables  are  quoted 
in  Russia  as  ' '  Hudibras  "  was  in  England.  They  were  pub- 
lished in  1809, 1811,  and  1816  (English  translation  by  Ral- 
ston 1868). 

Etesias.    See  Ctesias. 

Etesiphon.    See  Ctesiphon. 

Eua  (ko'a),  or  Makua  (ma-kS'a).  A  Bantu 
tribe  of  Portuguese  East  Africa. 

Euba  (ko'ba).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Baku,  Caucasus,  Russia,  50  miles  south-south- 
east of  Derbend.    Population  (1891),  13,917. 

Euba,  or  Bakuba  (ba-k6'ba).  A  Bantu  tnbe  of 
the  Kongo  State,  dwelling  between  the  Lulua, 
Kassai,  and  Sankurn  rivers. 

Euba,  or  Makuba  (ma-ko'ba).  A  Bantu  tribe 
settled  on  the  lower  Kubango  and  Tshobe  riv- 
ers.   They  are  peaceful  fishermen. 


Eu-Elux  Klan 

Eubale  (ko-ba'le),  or  Bakubale  (ba-ko-ba'le). 
A  small  Bantu  tribe  of  southern  Angola,  West 
Africa.  They  are  herdsmen,  and  speak  a  dia- 
lect of  the  Kunene  cluster. 

Euban  (ko-ban').  1.  A  river  in  Caucasia,  Rus- 
sia, flowing  into  the  Sea  of  Azoff  and  the  Black 
Sea:  the  ancient Vardanes or Hypanls.  Length, 
about  450  miles.— 2.  A  territory  in  Ciscauca- 
sia, Russia,  in  the  basin  of  the  river  Kuban. 
Area,  39,277  square  miles.  Population  (1893), 
1,567,498. 

Eublai  Ehan  (kSb'li  khan).  Bom  about  1216: 
dipd  1294.  A  Mongol  emperor,  grandson  of 
Jenghiz  Khan,  founder  of  the  Mongol  dynasty 
in  China.  He  reigned  (1269-94)  as  ruler  of  China  and 
large  portions  of  western  and  central  Asia  and  Russia. 

Euchan,  or  Eushan  (kS-shan' ) .  A  to wn  in  the 
province  of  Khorasan,  Persia,  90  miles  north- 
west of  Meshhed.    Population,  about  20,000. 

Euch  Behar,  or  Cooch  Behar  (koeh  ba-har'). 
A  native  state  in  India,  under  British  control, 
intersected  by  lat.  26°  15'  N.,  long.  89°  20'  E. 
Area,  1,307  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
578,863. 

Eiicken  (kiik'ken),  Friedrich  Wilhelm.  Born 
at  Bleckede,  Prussia,  Nov.  16,  1810:  died  at 
Schwerin,  Germany,  April  3,  1882.  A  German 
composer,  best  known  from  his  songs. 

Eudur-Mabuk  (ko-dor'ma-bok').  An  Elamite 
ruler  who,  about  2272  B.  c,  invaded  Babylonia 
and  established  his  son  Rim-Sin  as  king  of 
Larsa  in  southern  Babylonia  (the  modem  Sen- 
kereh). 

Euenen  (kii'nen),  Abraham.  Bom  at  Haarlem, 
Netherlands,  Sept.  16,  1828:  died  at  Leyden, 
Dec.  10,  1891.  A  noted  Dutch  biblical  critic. 
He  became  extraordinary  professor  of  theology  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Leyden  in  1853,  and  ordinary  professor  in  1855. 
He  was  rector  of  the  university  1861-62.  Among  his  works 
are  "  Historisch-kritisch  Onderzoek  naar  het  ontstaan  en 
de  verzamelung  van  de  boeken  des  Ouden  Verbonds" 
("Historico-Critical  Inquiry  into  the  Origin  and  Collection 
of  the  Books  of  the  Old  Covenantj"  1861-65),  "De  Gods- 
dienst  van  Israel  tot  den  Ondergang  van  den  Joodschen 
Staat"  (1869-70),  etc. 

Euenlun.    See  Kwanlun. 

Eufstein  (kof'stin).  An  ancient  and  almost  im- 
pregnable fortress  on  the  Inn,  the  boundary  be- 
tween Austria  and  Bavaria. 

Eugler  (kog'ier),  Franz  Theodor.  Bom  at 
Stettin,  Prussia,  Jan.  19,  1808:  died  at  Berlin, 
March  18,  1858.  A  noted  German  historian  of 
art,  and  poet.  His  chief  work  is ' '  Handbuch  der 
Kunstgeschichte"  ("Manual  of  the  History  of 
Art,"  1841-42). 

Euhn  (kon),  Franz  Felix  Adalbert.  Bom  at 
Konigsberg-in-der-Neumark,  Prussia,  Nov.  19, 
1812 :  died  at  Kolln  (Berlin),  May  5,  1881.  A 
celebrated  German  philologist  and  mythologist, 
director  of  the  KoUnisohes  Gymnasium.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  science  of  comparative  mythol- 
ogy. Among  his  works  are  "Zur  altesten  Geschichte  der 
indogermanischen  Vblker "  (1845),  "Die  Herabkunft  des 
Feuers  und  des  Gottertranks  "  (1859),  etc. 

Eiihner  (kii'ner),  Rafael.  Born  at  Gotha,  Ger- 
many, March  22, 1802:  died  at  Hannover,  Prus- 
sia, April  16, 1878.  A  noted  German  philologist, 
teacher  at  the  lyceum  in  Hannover.  He  pub. 
lished  "  Ausfiihrliche  Grammatik  der  griechisohen 
Sprache"("  Complete  Grammar  of  the  Greek  Language," 
1834-35),  "Elementargrammatik  der  griechischen 
Sprache"  (1837),  and  other  Greek  and  Latin  grammars. 

Euilenburg  (koi'len-boro),  or  Culenborg  (ko'- 
len-bora).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Gelder- 
land,  Netherlands,  situated  on  the  Lek  32  miles 
south-southeast  of  Amsterdam.  Population 
(1889),  commune,  7,653. 

Kuitc  (ko-eoh'),  pr  Lower  Umpqua  (um'kwa). 
A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians.  They  for- 
merly lived  in  21  villages  along  the  lower  part  of  Umpqua 
River,  Oregon.  The  few  survivors  are  now  on  the  Siletz 
reservation,  Oregon.  These  Lower  Umpqua  Indians  should 
be  distinguished  from  the  Upper  Umpqua  people,  who  arc 
of  the  Athapascan  stock  (wMch  see).    See  Yakonan. 

Euka  (ko'ka).  A  Nigritic  tribe  of  the  central 
Sudan,  east  of  Lake  Chad  and  northeast  of  Ba- 
ghirmi.  They  are  now  subj  ected  to  the  Tula  dynasty  of 
Bulala,  which  is  related  to  the  Bornu  dynasty.  The  lan- 
guage of  the  Kuka  is  closely  allied  to  that  of  Baghirmi, 
and  distinct  from  that  of  Wadai,  its  eastern  neighbor. 

Euka  (ko'ka),  properly  Eukana,  or  Eukawa. 

The  capital  of  Bornu,  central  Africa,  situated 
near  Lake  Chad  about  lat.  12°  55'  N.,  long.  13° 
20'  E.  It  is  mostly  built  of  mud  houses,  and  was  rebuilt 
in  1847-48,  after  an  army  from  Wadai  had  destroyed  it.  It 
has  an  important  trade,  being  at  the  end  of  the  great  route 
across  the  Sahara.  Population  (estimated),  50,000. 
Eu-Elux  Elan  (ku'kluks  klan).  A  former  se- 
cret organization  in  the  southern  United  States, 
of  which  the  object  was  to  intimidate  the  ne- 
groes, carpet-baggers,  and  "scalawags,"  and  te 
prevent  them  from  political  action.   It  arose  prob' 


Eu-Eluz  Elan 

ably  in  1887 ;  was  guilty  of  numerous  outrages ;  and  was 
suppressed  in  consequence  ol  an  act  ol  Congress  (the 
"  force  bill ")  passed  in  1871. 

KukoMk  (ko'koly-nik),  Nestor.  Bom  1808: 
died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Dec.  20, 1868.  A  Rus- 
sian dramatic  poet  and  historical  novelist. 

Euku-Ehoto  (ko'kS-ko'to).  A  city  in  the  Chi- 
nese empire,  about  lat.  40°  50'  N.,  long.  111° 
oo   JBj. 

Eulanapan  (k6-la'na-pan),  [Prom  hulenapo, 
stone  house.]  Alinguistic  stock  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians.  They  were  also  called  Porno  (derived 
from  a  word  meaning  '  earth  ^  and  Mendocino  Indians. 
They  once  occupied  northwestern  California  from  the  Rus- 
sian River  watershed  to  near  Santa  Rosa,  and  from  Clear 
Lake  on  the  east  to  the  Pacifio  Ocean  on  the  west.  In  this 
family  more  than  fifty  small  tribes  were  included,  which 
together  made  a  large  population ;  but  now  only  af  ew  scat- 
tered individuals  survive. 

Euldja  (kol'ja).  The  capital  of  Hi,  Chinese 
empire,  situated  on  the  Hi  in  lat.  43°  55'  N., 
long.  81°30'E.:  an  important  trading  center.  It 
■was  held  by  Eussia  1871-81.  Population,  about 
12,500. 

Eolikovo  (kS'le-ko-vd).  [Buss., 'field  of  wood- 
cocks.'] A  plain  in  the  government  of  Tula, 
Eussia,  near  the  Don.  Here,  in  Sept.,  1380,  the  Rus- 
sians under  Dmi  tri  (surnamed  "Donskoi  from  this  famous 
''  battle  of  the  Don  "),  son  of  Ivan  II. ,  defeated  the  Mongols 
under  Mamai.  The  Mongols  are  said  to  have  lost  100,000 
men. 

Eullu  (ko-16').  A  portion  of  Kangra  district, 
Paniab,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  32°  N., 
long.  77°  30'  E. 

EuLIuka  (kel-lB'ka).  The  name  of  a  famous 
Sanskrit  commentator  on  the  so-called  Laws  of 
Manu. 

Eulm  (kSlm).  [Bohem.  Chlumec.']  Avillage  in 
Bohemia,  48  miles  north-northwest  of  Prague. 
Here,  Aag,  29  and  30, 1813,  the  Allies  under  Ostermann  and 
Eleist  defeated  the  French  (about  40,000)  under  Van- 
damme,  who  was  compelled  to  surrender  with  10,000  of 
his  men. 

Evilm,  or  Culm  (kolm).  [Pol.  Chelmno.'}  A 
town  in  the  province  of  West  Prussia,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Vistula  70  miles  south  by  west 
of  Dantzic :  the  oldest  town  in  West  Prussia. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  9,762. 

Eumbacli,  or  Culmbach  (kolm'baoh).  A  town 
in  Upper  Pranconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the 
White  Main  48  miles  north-northeast  of  Nu- 
remberg. It  Is  noted  for  its  breweries  of  Kulmbacher 
beer,  and  was  formerly  the  residence  of  the  margraves  of 
Brandenburg-Kulmbach.    Population  (1890),  6,999. 

Eulpa  (kol'pa).  Ariverin  Croatia,  Austria-Hun- 
gary, joining  the  Save  32  miles  southeast  of 
Agram.  Length,  over  200  miles.  It  is  naviga- 
ble to  Karlstadt. 

Eum  (kom),  or  Eom  (kom).  A  sacred  city  in 
the  province  of  Irak-Ajemi,  Persia,  81  miles 
south-southwest  of  Teheran.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 20,000. 

Euiua  (kS'ma).  A  river  in  the  government  of 
Stavropol,  Caucasia,  Eussia,  flowing  into  the 
Caspian  Sea  about  lat.  44°  50'  N.  Length,  about 
300  miles. 

Eumamoto  (kS-ma-mo-to').  Atownin  the  island 
of  Kiusiu,  Japan.     Population  (1891),  54,357. 

Eamania.    See  Cumania. 

Eumara  (ko-ma'ra).  [Skt.,  'new-bom  child,' 
'  youth.']  The  Youth :  an  epithet  of  the  eter- 
nally youthful  god  of  war  SkandaorKarttikeya. 

ExunarasambliaTa  (kS  -ma  -ra  -  sam'b  -ha  -  va). 
[Skt.,  'the  birth  of  Kumara,'  the  war-god.]  An 
" artificial  poem"  ascribed  to  Kalidasa. 

Eumarila  (ko-ma'ri-la).  A  celebrated  teacher 
of  the  Mimansa  system  of  Hindu  philosophy,- 
and  opponent  of  the  Buddhists,  whom  he  is 
said  to  have  extirpated  by  force  and  argument. 

Elimassi,  or  Coomassie  (ko-mas'se).  The  cap- 
ital of  .^hanti,  West  Africa,  about  lat.  6°  35' 
N.,  long.  1°  40'  W.  It  was  captured  by  the  British 
in  1874,  and  again  in  1896-96 ;  and  is  now  the  seat  of  the 
British  Resident.    Population,  estimated,  18,000. 

Emuauil  (ku-m&n').  A  division  in  the  North- 
west Provinces,  British  India,  bordering  on 
Nepal  and  Tibet.  Area,  12,438  square  miles. 
Population  (1881),  1,046,263. 

Eumbliakonani  (kom-bar-ko'nam),  or  Comba- 
conuin  (kom-ba-ko'num).  A  town  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Tanjore,  Madras,  British  India,  about 
20  miles  northeast  of  Tanjore.  Popiilation 
(1891),  54,307. 

Ktunpta,  or  Coomptah  (komp'ta),  or  Coomtali 
(kSm'ta).  A  seaport  in  North  Kanara  district, 
Bombay,  British  India,  situated  in  lat.  14°25'N., 
long.  74°  23'  B.    Population,  about  10,000. 

Elinch  (koneh).  A  town  in  the  Northwest 
Provinces,  British  India,  80  miles  southwest  of 
Cawnpore.    Population,  about  14,000. 

EtmcMnjinga  (kon-chin''jing'ga ).    One  of  the 


580 

loftiest  peaks  of  the  Himalaya  (once  consid- 
ered the  highest),  between  Nepal  and  Sikhim. 
Height,  28,176  feet.   Also  Kinchinjinga,  etc. 

Eunduz  (kon-doz').  A  region  in  Afghan  Turk- 
estan, south  of  tiie  Amu-Daria  and  west  of 
Badakshan. 

Eunersdorf  (ko'ners-dorf).  A  village  4  miles 
east  of  Prankfort-on-the-Oder,  Prussia.  Here, 
Aug,  12, 1759,  the  allied  army  of  Russians  and  Austrians 
(about  60,000)  under  Soltlkoff  and  Laudon  totally  defeated 
the  Prussians  (48,000)  under  Frederick  the  Great.  Loss  of 
Prussians,  18,600 ;  of  allies,  16,000. 

Eung(k6ng),Prince  (Eung-Tsin-Wajlg).  Bom 
Jan.  11, 1833:  died  at  Peking,  May  29, 1898.  A 
Chinese  statesman,  brother  of  the  emperor 
Hien-fung.    He  was  prime  minister  1861-84. 

Eungnr  (kong-gor').  Atown  in  the  government 
of  Perm,  eastern  Eussia,  situated  on  the  Sylva 
55  miles  south-southeast  of  Perm.  Population, 
12,106. 

Eunstmann  (konst'man),  Friedrich.  Bom  at 
Nuremberg,  Jan.  4,  1811 :  died  at  Munich,  Aug. 
15, 1867.  A  (Jerman  historical  and  geographical 
writer.  He  was  tutor  of  the  princess  Donna  Amalia  of 
Brazil,  in  Lisbon,  1841-46,  and  from  1847  was  a  professor 
in  the  University  of  Munich.  His  best-known  works  are 
"  Afrika  vor  den  Entdeokungen  der  Portugiesen"  (1863), 
and"Die  Entdeckung  Amerikas  nach  den  altesten  Quellen  " 
(Munich,  1859_,  with  atlas :  the  latter,  known  as  the  "Mu- 
nich Atlas,"  gives  facsimile  copies  of  many  early  maps). 

Eunth  (kSnt) ,  Earl  Sigismund.  Bom  at  Leipsic, 
June  18,  1788:  died  at  Berlin,  March  22,  1850. 
A  Grerman  botanist.  He  published  "  Nova  genera  et 
species  plantarum"  (1815-26),  "Enumeratio  plantarmn 
omnium,  etc."  (1833-60). 

Eunti  (kou'te).  In  Hindu  mythology,  daughter 
of  the  Yadava  prince  Shura,  whose  capital  was 
Mathura  on  the  Yamuna.  She  was  the  mother  of 
Kama  by  the  Sun.  (See  Kama.')  Afterward  she  wedded 
Pandu  and  bore  Yudhishthira,  Bhima,  and  Arjuna,  said 
respectively  to  be  the  sons  of  the  gods  Dharma,Vayu,  and 
Indra.  At  the  end  of  the  great  war  she  retired  into  the 
forest  with  Dhritarashtra  and  his  wife  Gandhari,  where 
they  all  perished  by  a  forest  fire. 

EuopiO  (ko-6'pe-6).  1.  Alaen  of  Finland,  Eus- 
sia. Area,16,499  square  miles.  Population(1889), 
284,847.-3.  The  capital  of  the  laen  of  Kuopio, 
situated  on  Lake  Kallavesi  about  lat.  63°  N., 
long.  27°  30'  E.     Population  (1890),  8,882. 

Euprili.    See  KopHU. 

Eur  (kor),  or  Eura  (ko'ra).  A  river  of  Trans- 
caucasia, Asiatic  Eussia,  flowing  by  a  delta  into 
the  Caspian  Sea,  about  70  miles  southwest  of 
Baku :  the  ancient  Cyrus.  Length,  about  700 
miles. 

Eliral  (ko-ral').  ['Proverbs.']  An  admirable 
collection  of  gnomic  stanzas  in  the  Tamil  lan- 
guage, by  Tiruvalluvar  who  lived  about  the  3d 
century  A.  n.  Its  language  is  the  norm  of  literary  ex- 
cellence, and  it  has  exercised  a  great  influence  upon  its 
people.    See  TiruvcUluva/r. 

Eurdistan  (kor-dis-tan').  The  coxmtry  of  the 
Kurds,  a  region  of  vague  boundaries  in  eastern 
Asiatic  Turkey  and  western  Persia,  about  lat. 
34°-39°  N.,  long.  38°-47°  B.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. The  inliabitants  (the  ancient  Carduchi)  belong 
to  the  Aryan  race,  but  are  Mohammedans  in  creed.  They 
have  a  quasi  independence  under  their  chiefs,  and  are 
noted  for  their  robberies.  It  is  estimated  that  they  num- 
ber about  1,600,000  in  Turkey,  and  700,000  in  Persia. 

Eurds  (kordz).    See  Kurdistan. 

Eurg,  or  Coorg  (korg).  A  province  of  British 
India, under  the  administration  of  the  governor- 
general  of  India,  intersected  by  lat.  12°  15'  N., 
long.  76°  B.  It  was  annexed  by  Great  Britain 
in  1834.  Area,  1,583  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  173,055. 

Eurgan  (kor-gan').  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Tobolsk,  Siberia,  situated  on  the  Tobol 
about  lat.  55°  30'  N.,  long.  65°  20'  E.  Popu- 
lation (1889),  9,189. 

Euria  Muria  (ko're-a  mo're-a)  Islands.  A 
group  of  small  islands  in  the  Arabian  Sea,  off 
the  Arabian  coast,  in  lat.  17°  32'  N.,  long.  56° 
3'  E. :  a  British  possession. 

Eurigalzu  (ku-re-gal'z6).  The  name  of  two 
Babylonian  kings  of  the  Cossean  dynasty.  The 
first  (' '  the  Great")  must  have  lived  at  the  beginning  of  the 
16th  century  B.  0. ;  the  second  ("  the  Small  ,  was  a  son  of 
Bumaburiash,  and  reigned  about  1400-1370  B.  0.  In  a  war 
with  Bel-Nirari,  king  of  Assyria,  he  was  defeated,  and  lost 
part  of  his  territory. 

Eurile  (ko'ril)  Islands.  [Jap.  Chishima,  Thou- 
sand Islands.]  A  chain  of  islands  (about  32 
in  number)  extending  from  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  Kamchatka  to  Yezo.  The  surface  is 
mountainous  and  volcanic.  They  were  discovered  by  the 
Dutch  navigator  De Trees  in  1634.  By  treaty  with  Russia 
in  1876  they  passed  entirely  to  Japan.  The  few  inhabitants 
are  Ainos. 

Eurisches  Haff  (ko'rish-es  haf).  A  lagoon 
north  of  the  province  of  East  Prussia,  it  issep- 
arated  from  the  B^tic  by  sand-dunes,  and  connected  with 
it  by  the  Memel  Deeps.    Length,  about  60  miles. 


Elissnacht 

Eurland.    See  Courland. 

Eurma  Avatar  (k6r'ma  av-a-tSr').  The  "tor- 
toise incarnation"  of  Vishnu  (his  second).  Hein- 
fused  a  portion  of  his  essence  into  an  immense  tortoise  to 
recover  certain  treasures  lost  in  the  deluge.  His  back 
served  as  a  pivot  for  the  mountain  Mandara,  round  which 
the  gods  and  demons  twisted  the  serpent  Vasuki.  From 
the  ocean  thus  churned  emerged  fourteen  objects :  Am- 
brosia ;  Dhanvantari,  physician  of  the  gods ;  Lakshmi  or 
Shri,  good  fortune,  or  beauty;  Sura,  goddess  of  wine; 
Chandra,  the  moon  ;  Rambha,  prototype  of  lovely  women ; 
TJchchaihshravas,  prototype  of  horses  ;  the  wonder-jewel 
Kaustubha ;  Parijata,  a  celestial  tree  yielding  all  desires ; 
Eamadhenu,  the  cow  granting  all  boons ;  Airavata,  pro- 
totype of  elephants ;  Shankha,  a  conch-shell  discomfit- 
ing enemies  by  its  sound ;  an  unerring  bow ;  and  a  deadly 
poison. 

Eurmark  (kor'mark).  The  former  name  for  the 
larger  (northern  and  western)  portion  of  the 
mark  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia.  It  comprised 
the  Altmark,  Mittelmark,  Ukermark,  etc. 

Eurnegalle  (kor-na-gal'le),orEornegalle  (kor- 
na-gal'le).  A  sacred  town  in  Ceylon,  53  miles 
northeast  of  Colombo. 

EurosMwo  (ko-ro-she'wo).  [Jap.,  from  fc«ro, 
black,  and  shiwo,' tiie.']  The  Black  Current  or 
Gulf  Stream  of  Japan.  Beginning  about  20°  N.  lati- 
tude, near  the  Bashi  Islands,  between  Luzon  and  Formosa, 
it  flows  northward  along  the  eastern  shores  of  Formosa 
and  the  south  of  Loochoo,  till  it  reaches  the  26th  parallel 
of  latitude,  where  it  divides,  the  main  current  flowing 
northeast  to  the  eastern  shores  of  Eiushiu,  Shikoku,  and 
the  main  island  of  Japan.  About  lat.  38°  it  bends  more  to 
the  east,  and  continues  southward  of  the  Aleutian  Islands 
to  the  North  American  coast,  where  it  is  known  as  the  Pa- 
cific drift.  On  the  coast  of  Japan  its  temperature  is  always 
several  degrees  higher  than  that  of  the  neighboring  waters, 
but  it  decreases  in  temperature  and  depth  as  it  runs  north- 
ward and  eastward.  Its  breadth  increases  as  it  approaches 
the  American  coast. 

Eurracliee.    See  Karachi. 

Eursk  (korsk).  1.  A  government  of  Eussia, 
surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Orel,Voro. 
nezh,  Kharkoff,  Pultowa,  and  Tchemigoff :  one 
of  the  chief  agricultural  governments  of  Eussia. 
Area,  17,937  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
2,666,573. —  2.  The  capital  of  the  government 
of  Kursk,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Kur 
and  Tuskora,  in  lat.  51°  44'  N.,  long;  36°  15'  B. 
Population  (1893),  57,320. 

Euru  (ko'ro).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  prince  of 
the  lunar  race,  ruling  in  the  northwest  of  India, 
about  Delhi,  and  ancestor  of  Dhritarashtra  and 
Pandu,  though  the  patronjTnic  Kauravas  is  gen- 
erally used  of  the  sons  of  the  former. 

Eurukshetra  (kS-rok-sha'tra).  ['  Pield  of  the 
Kurus.']  A  plain,  near  Delfii,  where  the  great 
battle  of  the  Mahabharata,  between  the  Kaura- 
vas and  the  Pandavas,  was  fought.  It  lies  south- 
east of  Thanesar,  not  far  from  Panipat,  and  has  been  the 
scene  of  many  historic  battles. 

Eurz  (kSrts),  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Paris,  April 
28,  1805 :  died  at  Aarau,  Switzerland,  Peb.  24, 
1873.  A  German  historian  of  literature.  From 
1834  he  was  professor  of  the  German  language  and  llta<- 
ature  in  various  places  in  Switzerland.  He  "wrote  "Ge- 
schichte  der  deutschen  Litteratur  "  (1851-72),  etc. 

Eurz,  Hermann.  Bom  at  Eeutlingen,  Wiirtem- 
berg,  Nov.  30,  1813 :  died  at  Tubingen,  Wfir- 
temberg,  Oct.  10,  1873.  A  German  poet,  nov- 
elist, and  litterateur. 

Eusai.    See  Strong  Island. 

Eusan  (ko'zan).  ['Lake,'  'lagoon,'  or  'inland 
bay.']  A  linguistic  stock  of  North  American 
Indians  who  formerly  lived  on  Coos  Bay  and  at 
the  mouth  of  Coquille  Eiver,  Oregon.  They  are 
now  on  the  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.  They  were  in  four 
tribes,  occupying  as  many  villages — namely,  Anasitch  and 
Melukitz,  on  Coos  Bay ;  and  Mulluk,  or  Lower  Coquille, 
and  Nacu,  or  Nasumi,  at  the  mouth  of  Coquille  River. 
Also  Cookkoo-oo&e,  Eaus,  Kwokwoos,  Coos. 

Eusel  (ko'zel).  A  small  town  in  the  Ehine 
Palatinate,  Bavaria,  39  miles  east-southeast  of 
Treves. 

Eushk-i-Nakhud  (k6shk'e-na-kh8d'),  or 
Eashk-i-Nakhud  (kashk'-)'.  A  town  in  Af- 
ghanistan, about  38  miles  west  of  Kandahar. 
Here,  July  27, 1880,  Ayub  Khan  totally  defeat- 
ed a  British  army  under  General  Burrows. 

Eusi(k6'se).  Anorthern  tributary  of  the  Ganges, 
which  rises  in  Nepal.    Length,  about  325  mues. 

Eusi-Utah.    Same  as  Gosiute. 

EuskocLuim  (kus'ko-kwim),  Eilfikokvini,  etc. 
A  river  in  Alaska,  flowing  into  Kuskoquim  Bay 
about  lat.  60°  N.,  long.  162°  15'  W.  Length, 
400-500  miles. 

Eusnetsk,  or  Euznetsk  (koz-netsk').  A  tovm 
in  the  government  of  SaratofE,  eastern  Eussia, 
115.  miles  north  by  east  of  Saratofi.  Population 
(1893),  20,919. 

Eiissnaclit  (kUs'nadht),  or  Elissnach  (kiis'- 
nach).  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Sehwyz,  Swit- 
zerland, situated  on  the  Lake  of  Lucerne,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Eigi,  7  miles  east-northeast  of 
Lucerne. 


Eustenaus 

Eustenaus  (kSs-te-nous').  A  tribe  of  Brazilian 
Indians  diseovered  by  Von  den  Steinen  on  the 
upper  Xingli  River  in  1885.  They  are  distantly 
related  to  the  Arawaks  of  Guiana. 

Kustendje  (k6s-tend'ie),  or  Kiistendje  (kiis- 
tend'je),  Rumanian  Constantza  (kon-stanf- 
sa).  _  A  seaport  and  the  chief  town  of  the  Do- 
brudja,  Rumania,  situated  on  the  Black  Sea  in 
lat.  44°  10'  N.,  long.  28°  39'  E.  it  was  the  ancient 
CoDStantiana,  situated  at  the  end  of  Trajan's  WaU.  The 
ancient  Tomi  is  in  the  vicinity.    Population,  7,994. 

Kiistenland(ktis'ten-lant),  or  Maritime  Prov- 
ince, The  collective  name  for  the  three  crown- 
lauds  Gorz  and  Gradiska),  Istria,  and  Triest,  in 
Austria-Hungary. 

Kiistrin,  or  Clistrin  (kus-tren').  A  town  and 
fortress  in  the  province  of  Brandenbxirg,  Prus- 
sia,  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Warthe 
with  the  Oder,  52  miles  east  by  north  of  Berlin. 
It  was  formerly  capital  of  the  J!ieumark.  ^Frederick  the 
Great  was  imprison  ed  here  1730-31.  It  surrendered  to  the 
French  in  1806.    Population  (1890),  commune,  16,672. 

Eusu  (kb'so),  or  Bakusu  (ba-ko'so).  A  Bantu 
tribe  of  the  Kongo  State,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Lualaba  River,  north  of  Nyangwe.  They  are 
agriculturists,  copper-smelters,  and  cannibals. 

Kutal)minar(ko'tabme-nar').  A  lofty  column 
of  red  sandstone  erected  by  the  Mussulmans  at 
Delhi  in  India,  to  commemorate  their  decisive 
victory  over  the  Rajputs  in  1193,  which  gained 
for  them  the  sovereignty  of  the  Panjab.  it  is  60 
feet  in  diameter  at  the  base,  and  13  at  the  top,  and  is  con- 
sidered the  highest  column  in  the  world.  Its  face  is  cov- 
ered with  textif  rom  the  Koran.  Named  in  honor  of  Kutab- 
uddin,  the  general  of  the  conqueror, 

Eutahia,  or  Eutaya  (ko-ti'ya).  AtowninAsia 
Minor,  Turkey,  situated  in  lat.  39°  28'  N.,  long. 
29°  52'  E.  *It  is  a  trading  center.  A  peace  was  nego- 
tiated here.  May,  1833,  whereby  the  si^tan  made  over 
Syria  and  the  province  of  Adana  to  Ibrahim  Pasha.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  40,000-60,000. 

Eutais  (k6-tis').  1.  A  government  in  Transcau- 
casia, Asiatic  Russia,  bordering  on  the  Black 
Sea  and  Asiatic  Tjirkey.  The  territories  of  Sukhum 
and  Batum  were  annexed  to  it  in  1882.  Area,  13,968  square 
miles.  Population  (1886-90),  998,620. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Kutais, 
situated  on  the  Rion  in  lat.  42°  16'  N.,  long. 
42°  40'  E.,  acquired  by  Russia  in  1810.  Popu- 
lation (1892),  22,643. 

Eutchin  (ku-chin').  A  general  name  given  to 
many  tribes  of  the  northern  division  of  the  Atha- 
pascan stock  of  North  American  Indians,  who 
live  on  and  near  the  Yukon  River  and  its  tribu- 
taries in  Alaska,  and  in  the  northwestern  part 
of  British  North  America,  west  of  the  Mac- 
kenzie River.  Sometimes  called  Loucheux  and 
Quarrelers.    They  number  about  1,974.    See 


Eutchuk-Eainardji  (kot  -  chok '  Id  -  nard '  je). 
Treaty  of.  A  treaty  between  Russia  and  Tur- 
key, concluded  at  Kutchuk-Kainardji  (a  place 
in  Bulgaria  15  miles  southeast  of  Silistria)  July 
21,  1774.  Turkey  renounced  sovereignty  over  the  Tatars 
in  southern  Kussia ;  Hussia  acquired  territory  and  strate- 
gical points  in  the  Crimea  and  on  the  Black  8ea. 

Eutno  (ket'no).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Warsaw,  Russian  Poland,  74  mileswest  of  War- 
saw.    Population  (1890),  10,056. 

Euttack.    See  Cuttack. 

Enttenberg  (k8t''ten-berG),Bohem.Hora  Eut- 
n§i  (ho'ra  kot'na).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  39  miles 
east  by  south  of  Prague.  Its  lead-mines  were 
long  noted  for  their  production  of  silver.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  commune,  13,563. 

Eutusoflf,  or  Eutuzoff  (ko-to'zof),  Mikhail, 
Prince  of  Smolensk.  Born  Sept.  16, 1745 :  died 
at  Bunzlau,  Prussia,  April  28, 1813.  A  Russian 
field-marshal.  He  served  in  the  Turkish  and  Napole- 
onic wars;  commanded  at  Austerlitz  Dec.  2,  1805;  suc- 
ceeded Barclay  de  Tolly  as  commander-in-chief  In  1812 ; 
commanded  at  Borodino  in  1812 ;  and  was  victorious  at 
Smolensk  Nov.,  1812. 

Euty  (ka'te).    A  town  in  Galioia,  Anstria-Hun- 


581 

gary,  situated  on  the  Czeremosz  in  lat.  48°  16' 
N.,  long.  25°  10'  E.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 6,353. 

Euvera  (kS-va'ra).  [Skt. :  said  to  be  from  Jcu, 
what  a  (interrogative  and  depreciative),  and 
vera,  body  (in  reference  to  his  ugliness).]  In 
Hindumythology,originally,the  chief  of  the  evil 
beings  dwelling  in  darkness,  a  sort  of  Pluto; 
later,  the  god  of  riches  and  the  regent  of  the 
northern  quarter.  His  city  is  Alaka  in  the  Himalaya, 
and  his  garden  Chaitraratha  on  Mount  Mandara.  He  was 
half-brother  of  Havana,  and  once  possessed  the  city  of 
Lanka  in  Ceylon,  from  which  he  was  driven  by  Havana. 
He  is  represented  as  white  and  deformed,  having  three 
legs  and  only  eight  teeth. 

Euyp.    See  CiK/p. 

Euyiinjik  (kS-yon-jek').  A villageand  amound 
of  ruins  on  the  site  of  ancient  Nineveh,  which 
in  the  reign  of  Sennacherib  (705-681  B.  C.)  was 
the  capital  of  Assyria,  and  remained  such  un- 
til its  destruction  in  608  B.  c. :  the  Mespila  of 
Xenophon,  It  represents  the  northern  quarter  of  Nine- 
veh. It  lies  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Tigris,  nearly  op- 
posite to  the  modem  Mosul.  Opposite  to  it  lies  the  other 
mound  of  ruins  Nebbi  Yunus,  representing  the  southern 
quarter  of  Nineveh.  Between  them  flows  the  Chosr,  an 
auxiliary  river  of  the  Tigris.  Sir  Henry  Layard,  English 
ambassador  at  Constantinople,  discovered  in  Kuyunj'ik, 
1852,  the  largest  Assyrian  palace  thus  far  known  (the  so- 
called  southwest  palace  of  Sennacherib,  which  contained 
71  rooms);  and  Hormuzd!Rasaam,  1854,  the  north  palace  of 
Asurbanipal,  with  the  great  collection  of  engraved  tablets 
known  as  "the Library  of  Asurbanipal."    See  Nineveh. 

Ewafi  (kwa'fe).  An  African  tribe,  ethnically 
allied  and  conterminous  with  the  Masai,  but 
not  on  friendly  terms  "Vrith  them.  Like  the  Masai, 
they  are  split  into  clans,  and  are  warlike,  nomadic,  and 
pagan.    They  are  called  Wakwafl  by  the  Bantu  tribes. 

Ewakiutl  (kwa-ke-otl').  Originally,  the  name 
of  a  single  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  in 
the  northeastern  part  of  Vancouver  Island;  now, 
a  collective  name  given  to  three  tribes  of  the 
Haeltzuk  division  of  the  Wakashan  stock — 
namely,  the  Kwakiutl  proper,  Walis-kwakiutl, 
and  Kueha.  In  1885  the  Kwakiutl  proper  num- 
bered 65;  the  Walis-kwakiutl,  48.  See  Hael- 
tzuk,  1. 

Ewakwa  (kwa'kwa),  also  called  Avekvom,  A 
Nigritic  tribe  of  the  Ivory  Coast^  West  Africa, 
between  Liberia  and  Ashanti,  m  the  French 
sphere  of  influence.  Like  the  Kru-men,  they 
are  muscular  and  bold  sailors. 

Ewalhiokwa  (kwal-he-o'kwa).  A  tribe  of  the 
Pacific  division  of  the  Attapasean  stock  of 
North  American  Indians,  formerly  on  Willopah 
River,  Washington,  near  the  Lower  Chinook 
Indians :  often  conf otmded  with  the  Owilapsh 
or  Whilpah.    See  Athapascan. 

Ewangsi  (kwang-se').  A  province  of  southern 
China,  bounded  byKweichowandHunanon  the 
north,  Kwangtung  on  the  east,  Kwangtung  and 
Tongking  on  the  south,  and  Yunnan  on  the  west. 
Area,  78,250  square  miles.  Population,  5,151,- 
327. 

Ewangtung  (kwang-tong').  A  province  of 
southern  China,  bounded  by  Hunan  andKianggi 
on  the  north,  Fuhkien  on  the  northeast,  the 
China  Sea  and  Gulf  of  Tongking  on  the  south, 
and  Tongking  and  Kwangsi  on  the  west.  Chief 
city.  Canton.  Area,79,456  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (with  Hainan),  29,706,249. 

Ewanlun  (kwan-lon'),  orEwunlun  (kwun-),  or 
Euenlun  (kwen-).  A  mountain-chain  in  the 
Chinese  empire  which  separates  Tibet  on  the 
south  from  Eastern  Turkestan  on  the  north. 
Highest  peaks,  about  25,000  feet.  They  were 
partially  explored  by  Prjevalski  about  1880. 

Ewapa  (kwa'pa),or  Quapaw  (kwa'pft).  Atribe 
of  the  Dhegiha  division  of  North  American  In- 
dians. The  name  they  give  themselves  is  Ukaqpa,  mean- 
ing 'those  who  went  down  stream*  or  'with  the  current,' 
the  correlative  of  £r«ia»Ao»i.  (See  OinoAffl.)  Some  of  them 
are  in  the  Indian  Territory ;  others  are  with  the  Osage  in 
Oklahoma.  Their  total  number  is  about  300.  The  Kwapa 
were  called  Akansa  by  the  Illinois ;  hence  the  name  Arkan- 
sas.    See  Dhegiha. 


Eyzikos 

Ewatami  (kwa-ta'me),  or  Sizes  (siks'ez).  A 
village  of  the  Pacific  division  of  the  Athapascan 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  formerly  on 
Sixes  Creek,  Oregon,  now  on  the  Siletz  reser- 
vation, Oregon.    See  Athapascan. 

Eweichow  (kwi-chou'),  or  Eui-chau.  A  prov 
inee  of  China,  bounded  by  Szechuen  on  the 
north,  Hunan  on  the  east,  Kwangsi  on  the 
south,  and  Yunnan  on  the  west.  Area,  64,554 
square  miles.    Pop.  (1896),  est.,  4,841,000. 

Ewichpak.    See  Yukon. 

Ewiliute.     See  Quileute. 

Ewilu,  or  Euilu  (kwe'16).  A  river  in  the 
French  Kongo,  Africa. 

Ewokwoos.    See  Kusan. 

Eworatem  (kwo'ra-tem).  A  division  of  the 
Quoratean  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
embracing  the  Ehnek,  Ikwanek,  Opigoi,  and 
Shiwo  bands  or  villages  on  Salmon  River,  north- 
western California.  The  name  is  also  applied 
by  the  natives  to  the  river.    See  Quoratean. 

Eyazares.    See  Cyaxares. 

Eybele.     See  Cybele. 

Eyd  (kid),  Thomas.  Lived  in  the  latter  half 
of  the  16th  century.  An  EngUsh  dramatist.  Ho 
wrote  usually  on  bloodcurdling  subjects,  and  is  best  known 
by  his  two  plays,  "  The  First  Part  of  Jeronirao  or  Hieroni- 
mo,  etc.,"  published  in  1605,  and  "The  Spanish  Tragedy" 
(licensed  1592,printedl599andl602),writtenafter  the  other, 
though  purporting  to  precede  it.  He  also  translated  6ar- 
nier's  "  Pompey  the  Great,"  known  as  "  Comeliaj^'  and  wrote 
"Solimon  and  Perseda,"  etc.  He  is  said  to  have  died  in 
poverty  in  1595. 

The  well-known  epithet  of  Jonson,  "sporting"  Eyd, 
seems  to  have  been  either  a  mere  play  on  the  poet's  name, 
or  else  a  lucus  a  non  lucendo;  for  both  "Jeronimo"  and 
its  sequel  are  in  the  ghastliest  and  bloodiest  vein  of  tra- 
gedy, and  "Cornelia"  is  a  model  of  stately  dullness. 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  lit.,  p.  74. 

Eydonia.    See  Cydonia. 

Eyffhanser  (kif'hoi-zer).  A  mountain  and  cas- 
tle in  Sehwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  Germany,  31 
miles  north-northwest  of  Weimar.  According 
to  tradition  it  is  the  sleepingjplaoe  of  Freder- 
ick Barbarossa.    Height,  1,395  feet. 

Eygani,  or  Eaigani.     See  Skittagetan. 

E^Ie  (Ml).  The  central  district  of  Ayrshire, 
Scotland,  between  the  Doon  and  the  Irvine. 

Eyme.     See  Cumx. 

Eymry.    See  Cymry. 

Eynaston  (kin'as-ton),  Edward.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don about  1640 :  died  in  Jan. ,  1706.  An  English 
actor.  He  was  remarkably  handsome,  and  was  noted  for 
his  impersonation  of  female  parts  in  his  youth,  and  for  his 
demeanor  in  the  parts  of  kings  and  noble  personages  in 
his  later  years. 

Eynaston,  Sir  Francis.  Bom  at  Oteley,  Shrop- 
shire, in  1587:  died  in  1642.  An  English  poet 
and  scholar,  in  1636  he  founded  the  "Musseum  Mi- 
nervBB,"  a  college  intended  to  give  instruction  to ' '  our  gen- 
tlemen before  their  taking  long  journeys  into  foreign 
parts."  It  perished  with  its  founder.  He  published  a 
version  of  Chiaucer's ' ' Troilus  and  Cressida," and  a  romance 
in  verse,  "Leoline  and  Sydanis,"  and  other  poems. 

Eyoto.     See  Kioto. 

Eypros.    See  Cyprus. 

Eyrene.     See  Cyrene. 

Esrritz  (ke'rits).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Jaglitz  51 
miles  northwest  of  Berlin.  Poptdation  (1890), 
commune,  5,086. 

Eyrie  (kerl),  John.  Bom  at  Dymock,  Glouces- 
tershire, May  22,  1637:  died  at  Ross,  Hert- 
fordshire, Nov.  7,  1724.  A  benevolent  and 
public-spirited  man,  a  general  mediator  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  estates  he  inherited  from 
his  father.  Hewasknownas  "the Manof  Ross."  Pope 
has  immortalized  him  in  his  "Moral  Essays,"  ili.  250. 

Eyros,    See  Oyrus. 

Eytkul,  or  Eaithal  (ki-thul ' ) .  A  to wn  in  Kar- 
nal  district,  Panjab,  British  India,  92  miles 
north-northwest  of  Delhi.  Population,  about 
14,000. 

Eyzikos,    See  c^j^cus. 


aach  (laoh).  A  small  lake  in 
the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia, 
16  miles  west-northwest  of 
Cohlenz. 

Laaland  (la'land),  or  Lol- 
land  (lol'and).  Ai  island  of 
Denmark,  south  of  Zealand. 
ItssurfaceisleveL  ItformswithFal- 
stertheprovinceofMaribo.  Length, 
37  miles.  Area,  446  square  miles. 
La  Antigua  (la  an-te'gwa).  1.  One  of  the 
names  given  to  the  old  colony  of  Darien:  in 
full,  Santa  Maria  de  la  Antigua  delDarien. — 2. 
Guatemala  la  Antigua.  See  Guatemala,  Old. 
Laar,  or  Laer  (lar),  Pieter  van.  Born  in  the 
Netherlands  about  1613:  died  at  Haarlem, 
Netherlands,  about  1674.  A  Dutch  genre  paint- 
er, called  Bamboccio  ( '  cripple  ')•  He  painted  with 
much  humor  and  naturalness,  and  his  style  was  imitated 
so  that  "bambocciade  "  became  a  special  artistic  term  ap- 
plied to  scenes  of  low  life. 

Labadie,  or  La  Badie  (la  ba-de'),  Jean  de. 
Born  at  Bourg-en-Guienne,  France,  Feb.  13, 
1610:  died  at  Altona,  Prussia,  Feb.  13, 1674.  A 
French  mystic  and  separatist.  Originally  a  Jesuit, 
he  joined  the  Kef  ormed  Church  in  1660,  and  founded  a  sect 
known  as  the  Labadists. 

Labadists  (lab'a-dists).  The  followers  of  Jean 
deLabadie.  Se'eLabadie.  The  Labadists  were  chris- 
tian communists.  Among  their  tenets  were  denial  of  the 
obligation  of  Sabbath  observance,  on  the  ground  that  life 
is  a  perpetual  sabbath ;  belief  in  the  direct  influence  of  the 
Holy  Spirit ;  and  belief  in  marriage  as  a  holy  ordinance 
valid  only  among  believers,  the  children  of  the  regenerate 
being  born  without  original  sin.  The  sect  disappeared 
about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century. 

Laban  (la'ban).  [Heb., 'white.']  A  Syrian,  fa- 
ther-in-law of  the  patriarch  Jacob. 

Labanoff  de  Bostoff  (la-ba'nof  de  ros'tof), 
Prince  Alexander.  Born  1788 :  died  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, Dee.  8, 1866.  A  Russian  general  and 
historian.  He  wrote  "Lettres,  instructions,  et 
m^moires  de  Marie  Stuart,  reine  d'ifioosse" 
(1844),  etc.- 

La  Barre,  Antoine  le  Ffevre  de.    See  Barre. 

LabastidayDavalos(la-bas-te'daeda'va-16s), 
Felagio  Alltonio  de.  Born  at  Zamora,  Mieho- 
aean,  March  21, 1816 :  died  at  Mexico  City,  Feb. 
5, 1891.  A  Mexican  ecolesiasticj  bishop  of  Pue- 
bla  from  July  8, 1855,  and  archbishop  of  Mexico 
from  March  19, 1863.  He  was  a  leader  of  the  conser- 
vatives and  church  party  in  the  struggles  of  1866 ;  was 
exiled ;  subsequently  was  active  in  the  movement  for  an 
empire ;  was  one  of  the  regents  in  1863 ;  and  was  again 
exiled  by  Juarez  in  1867. 

Labat  (la-ba' ),  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom  at  Paris, 
1663:  died  there,  Jan.  6,  1738.  A  French  Do- 
minican missionary  and  author,  rrom  1694  to  1706 
he  was  stationed  in  the  French  West  Indies.  During  this 
time  he  visited  many  French  and  English  islands  under 
govemmentcommission.  He  published  "Nouveau voyage 
aux  Isles  de  I'Am^rique,  etc."  Q-st  ed.,  2  vols.,  1724 ;  3d  ed., 
with  additions,  8  vols.,  1742 ;  Dutch  and  German  transla- 
tions), etc. 

Labe  (la-ba'),  Louise,  surnamed  La  belle  Oor- 
di^re  ('the  beautiful  ropemaker').  Bom  at 
Lyons,  France,  1526:  died  at  Lyons,  March, 
1566.  The  most  important  French  female  poet 
of  the  16th  century.  In  her  youth  she  was  a  soldier, 
and  was  sometimes  called  Captain  Loys.  She  was  the  au- 
thor of  elegies,  sonnets,  and  a  prose  work,  "D^bat  de  la 
folic  et  de  I'amour." 

Labeatis  Lacus  (la-be-a'tis  la'kus).  The  an- 
cient name  of  the  Lake  of  Scutari. 

La  Bella  (la  bel'la).  [It.,  'the  beautiful.']  A 
portrait  by  Titian,  in  the  GaUeria  Pitti,  Flor- 
ence. It  is  a  three-quarter  length  of  Eleonora  Gonzaga, 
duchess  of  TJrbino,  in  aveiy  rich  damask  robe  of  blue  and 
gold,  with  white  slashings. 

Labelye  (liib-le'),  Charles.  Bom  at  Vevay, 
Switzerland,  Aug.  12,  1705:  died  at  Paris  (?) 
about  1781.  The  architect  of  the  first  West- 
minster bridge.  He  came  to  England  about  1725,  and 
was  appointed  ' '  engineer  "  of  the  bridge  in  May,  1738.  The 
bridge  was  opened  to  the  public  Kov.  18, 1760. 

Laberius  (la-be 'ri-us),  Decimus.  Bom  about 
105  B.  c. :  died  at  Puteoli,  Italy,  Jan. ,  43  b.  o.  A 
Roman  knight,  author  of  mimes  or  popular 
farces,  comic  and  satirical  poems,  an  epic  poem 


on  Caesar's  GalUo  war,  and  a  prose  work  con- 
taining anecdotes,  etc. 

Labes  (la'bes).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Po- 
merania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Riga  45  miles 
east-northeast  of  Stettin.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  5,232. 

Labezares  (la-Ba-tha'res)^  Guide  de.  Bom  in 
Biscay  about  1510:  died  m  the  Philippine  Isl- 
ands about  1580.  A  Spanish  commander.  He 
went  to  Mexico ;  accompanied  Villalobos  to  the  Spice  Isl- 
ands in  1642,  returning  in  1549 ;  was  engaged  in  an  attempt  to 
settle  Florida  1558-62 ;  was  royal  factor  of  Legazpe's  expedi- 
tion to  the  Philippines  in  1564 ;  and  after  Legazpe's  death, 
Aug.  20, 1672,  remained  in  command  of  the  conquests  un- 
til Aug.  24, 1576.  His  reports  on  the  Florida  expedition 
and  on  the  conquest  of  the  Philippines  were  published  in 
the  "Cartas  de  tndias,"  1877.    Also  writter  Labazares. 

Labiau  (la'be-ou).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  26  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Konigsberg.  By  a  treaty  concluded 
here  In  1666,  between  Charles  Gustavus  of  Sweden  and 
Frederick  William  the  Great  Elector,  the  sovereignty  of 
Brandenburg  over  East  Prussia  was  recognized. 

Labicbe  (la-besh'),Eugtoe  Marie.  Bom  at 
Paris,  May  5, 1815:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  23, 1888. 
A  French  dramatist,  author  of  numerous  suc- 
cessful comedies,  farces,  and  vaudevilles.  He 
was  elfected  a  member  of  the  Academy  in  1880.  A  col- 
lected edition  of  his  plays  was  issued  in  1879. 

Labienus  (la-bi-e'nus),  Quintus.  Killed  in 
Cilicia  about  39  B.  c.  A  Roman  general,  son  of 
Titus  Labienus.  As  a  republican  and  Parthian  com- 
mander he  invaded  Syria  and  Asia' Minor  40  and  39  B.  c. 

Labienus,  Titus.  Killed  at  the  battle  of  Munda, 
Spain,  45b.  c.  A  Roman  general,  distinguished 
as  Csssar's  legate  in  the  Gallic  war.  He  joined 
the  Pompeians  in  49  B.  c. 

Labillardi^re  (la-be-yar-dyar'),  Jacques  Ju- 
lien.  Bom  at  Alenjon,  France,  Oct.  23,  1755 : 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  8, 1834.  A  French  naturalist 
and  traveler.  He  published  "Icones  plantamm  Syriae " 
(1791-1812),  '*  NovBB  HoUandissplantarum  specimen"  (1804- 
1806),  "Relation  du  voyage  k  la  recherche  de  La  P^rouse 
pendant  les  ann^es  1791-1792  "  (1800),  etc. 

Lablache  (la-blash'),  Lnigi.  Bom  at  Naples, 
Dec.  6, 1794 :  died  there,  Jan.  23, 1858.  An  opera- 
singer  of  French-Irish  descent  (his  mother  was 
Irish),  regarded  as  the  chief  basso  of  modem 
times .  He  made  his  first  appearance  in  opera  at  Naples 
in  1812,  and  from  this  time  till  1866,  when  his  health  began 
to  fail,  he  sang  with  great  success.  His  voice,  "when  he 
chose,  easily  exceeded  the  tones  of  the  instruments  that  ac- 
companied it." 

Laborde  (la-bord'),  Alexandre  Louis  Joseph, 

Comte  de.  Bom  at  Paris,  Sept.  17, 1773 :  died 
there,  Oct.  24, 1842.  A  French  scholar  andman 
of  letters,  son  of  J.  J.  Laborde.  Hewrote  "Voy- 
age pittoresque  et  historique  en  Espagne" 
(1807-18),  etc. 

Laborde,  L6on  Emmanuel  Simon  Joseph, 
Comte  ae.  Born  at  Paris^June  15,  1807 :  died 
there,  March  25, 1869.  A  French  archaeologist 
and  traveler  in  Egypt,  Arabia,  and  Asia  Minor, 
son  of  A.  L.  J.  de  Laborde.  He  wrote  ' '  Voyage 
en  Orient,  etc."  (1837-64),  etc. 

Labouchere  (la-bo-shar'),  Henry,  Lord  Taun- 
ton. Born  Aug.  15, 1798 :  died  at  London,  July 
13,  1869.  An  English  politician,  of  Huguenot 
descent,  created  Baron  Taunton  of  Taunton 
Aug.  18,  1859.  The  Labouchere  family  (of  which  Hen- 
ry's father  was  the  first  to  live  in  England)  left  France  at 
the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  and  settled  inHoUand. 
In  1824  he  traveled  in  Canada  and  the  United  States.  He 
was  elected  (Whig)  member  of  Parliament  in  1826 ;  was  ap- 
pointed a  lord  of  the  admiralty  in  1832 ;  became  master  of 
themintin  1835,  andamember  of  theprivy  council  and  vice- 
president  of  the  board  of  trade  ;  was  un  der-secretary  of  war 
and  the  colonies  and  president  of  the  board  of  trade  in  1839 ; 
was  made  chief  secretary  to  the  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland 
in  1846 ;  and  became  secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies  in 
1866.    His  title  became  extinct  on  his  death. 

Labouchere,  Henry.  Bom  1831.  An  English 
journalist  and  advanced  Liberal  politician, 
nephew  of  Henry  Labouchere,  Lord  Taunton. 
He  was  engaged  in  the  diplomatic  service  from  1864  to  1864. 
He  represented  Windsor  in  Parliament  1866-66,  and  Mid- 
dlesex 1867-68,  and  since  1880  has  sat  for  Northampton. 
He  is  owner  and  editor  of  the  London  weekly  journal 
"  Truth. "  His  "  Diary  of  a  Besieged  Kesident  in  Paris  " 
appeared  in  1871. 


Laboulaye  (lar-bo-la ' ) ,  £donard  BenSLef eb'vre 

de.  Bom  at  Paris,  Jan.  18, 1811 :  died  at  Paris, 
May  25,  1883. .  A  French  jurist,  historian,  and 
politician.  He  became  professor  of  comparative  legis- 
lation in  the  College  de  France  in  1849,  and  was  made  dep- 
uty in  1871  and  life  senator  in  1876.  His  works  include 
"Histoire  politique  des  Etats-Unis  "("  Political  History 
of  the  United  States,"  1866-66),  "Les  Etats-Unis  et  la 
France  "  (1862),  "  Paris  en  Am  toque  "(1863),  "  Eeoherches 
sur  la  condition  civile  et  politique  des  temmeB"(1843), 
translations  of  Channing's  works,  etc. 

Labourdan  (la^bor-don'),  or  Labourd  (la-bSr'). 
A  Basque  district,  situated  mainly  in  the  west- 
em  part  of  the  department  of  Basses-Pyr^n^es, 
France. 

Labourdonnais,  or  Labourdonnaie  (la-bor-do- 
na'),  Bertrand  Frangois  Mahe  de.  Bom  at 
St.-Malo,  France,  Feb.  11, 1699 :  died  Sept.  9, 
1753.  A  French  admiral,  governor-general  of 
the  Isle  of  France  and  Isle  of  Bourbon.  He  cap- 
tured Madras  in  1746. 

Labra  (la'bra),  Rafael  Maria  de.  Bom  at 
Havana  in  1841.  A  Cuban  publicist,  a  resideift 
of  Madrid,  Spain,  since  1851.  He  has  represented 
Porto  Kico  In  several  legislatures ;  was  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  abolition  party ;  and  has  published  many  works  on 
slavery,  emancipation,  and  kindred  topics,  besides  histori- 
cal studies  on  Spanish  America,  etc. 

Labrador  (lab-ra-d6r').  In  an  extended  sense, 
a  peninsula  comprised  between  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  the  Atlantic,  Hudson  Strait,  and 
Hudson  Bay  (the  southern  part  of  which  is  now 
included  in  Quebec,  while  the  western  part 
forms  the  Northeast  Territory) ;  in  a  restrict- 
ed sense,  a  dependency  of  Newioimdland,  in- 
cluding the  coast  from  Cape  Chudleigh  to  the 
Strait  of  Belle-Isle.  The  surface  is  rugged,  the  cli- 
mate rigorous.  Labrador  has  important  fisheries.  The 
inhabitants  are  mainly  Eskimos,  Indians,  andFrench.  The 
interior  near  the  Grand  Falls  has  been  recently  explored 
by  American  parties.  It  was  discovered  by  the  Norsemen ; 
and  in  1497  by  the  Cabots.  It  was  named  by  G.  Cortereal 
(1601)  "Terra  de  Lavradores"  (land  of  laborers  or  slaves). 
It  was  also  called  on  some  oldmaps  Terra  Corterealis  (from 
Cortereal),  and  by  Hudson  Magna  Britannia.  Population, 
(1901),  3,947. 

Labrunie,  GSrard.    See  GSrard  de  Nenial. 

La  Bruyfere  (la  brli-yar'),  Jean  de.  Born  at 
Paris,  Aug.,  1645:  died  at  Versailles,  May  10, 
1696.  A  French  moralist.  He  was  educated  in  Paris 
and  studied  law.  He  left  the  bar,  however,  to  fill  an  ad- 
ministrative position  in  Normandy  (1673-87),  but  resided 
in  Paris,  where  he  was  appointed  tutor  to  the  young  Duke 
of  Bourbon  in  1684.  His  claim  to  literary  recognition  rests 
on  his  great  work  "Les  caractferes,"  which  he  undertook  in 
imitation  of  TheophraBtus.  He  had  made  a  translation 
of  the  latter's  work,  and  appended  to  it  notes  on  the  cus- 
toms of  his  own  times.  The  first  edition  was  entitled  "  Ca- 
ractferes  de  Th^ophraste,  traduits  du  grec,  avec  les  carac- 
tferes  ou  les  mceurs  de  ce  sifecle  "  (1688).  It  contained  386 
' '  caractferes  " ;  the  fourth  edition  (1689)  contained  340  ad- 
ditional ones ;  the  fifth  added  141,  the  sixth  103,  the  sev- 
enth 110,  and  the  eighth  40.  The  ninth  edition,  contain- 
ing over  1,100  "  caractferes,"  was  in  press  at  the  time  of  La 
Bruyfere's  death. 

Labuan  (la-bo-an').  An  island  in  the  East  In- 
dies, situated  about  6  miles  northwest  of  Bor- 
neo, in  lat.  5°  17'  N.,  long.  115°  15'  E.  Capi- 
tal, Victoria,  it  belongs  since  1846  to  Great  Britain, 
and  has  been  administered  since  1890  by  the  British  North 
Borneo  Company.  Area,  30  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
6,853. 

Labyrinth  (lab'i-rinth).  [L.  labyrinihus,  from 
6r.  T.afiiipiMoq.']  Amaze;  especially,  a  subter- 
ranean structui'e  having  many  intricate  pas- 
sages. Several  such  mazes  were  famous  in  antiquity. 
The  greatest  was  that  which  lay  near  Lake  Moeris,  in  the 
Fayum,  Egypt,  and  was  probably  built  by  Amenemhat 
IIL  (about  2300  B.  0.).  According  to  Herodotus,  it  had 
3,000  halls  and  chambers,  half  of  them  above  ground  and 
half  below,  and  12  covered  courts.  Only  figments  of  it 
remain.  (See  the  extract  below.)  Another  famous  laby- 
rinth (that  of  Crete)  was  fabled  to  have  been  built  for  King 
Minos  by  Daedalus,  on  the  model  of  the  Egyptian, but  very 
much  smaller.  Its  real  existence  is  doubted.  There  also 
was  one  on  the  island  of  Lemnos  and  one  on  Samos. 

This  platform,  which  measures  one  thousand  feet  in 
length  by  eight  hundred  in  breadth,  represent  the  site  of 
the  Labyrinth — that  famous  building  of  which  it  was  said 
by  Herodotus  that  it  was  "larger  than  all  the  temples  of 
Gfreece  put  together,  and  more  wonderful  than  the  pyra- 
mids." The  Labyrinth  was  utterly  destroyed  by  order  of 
the  Roman  Government  some  seventeen  or  eighteen  cen- 
turies ago,  and  all  that  remains  of  its  former  magnificence 
is  this  platform,  heaped  six  feet  deep  with  thousands  and 


Labyrinth 

tens  of  thousandB  of  tons  of  limestone  and  granite  chips. 
This  tremendous  destruction  was  undoubtedly  wrought 
by  order  of  the  Roman  Government,  and  the  people  who 
smashed  up  and  quarried  out  the  most  splendid  building 
of  the  ancient  world  lived  in  that  little  town  on  the  south- 
west corner  of  the  platform.  As  they  went  on  clearing 
the  site  they  made  use  of  it  for  a  cemetery ;  and  so,  in 
course  of  time,  the  last  vestiges  of  the  labyrinth  disap- 
peared, and  the  place  thereof  became  a  city  of  the  dead. 
It  was  this  cemetery  which  Mr.  Fetiie  explored  during  the 
seasons  of  1887-88  and  1888-89 ;  and  it  was  here  that  he  dis- 
covered the  extraordinary  series  of  portraits,some  of  which 
are  here  reproduced  from  his  original  photographs. 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  95. 

LacalUe  (la-My'),  or  La  Caille,  Nicolas  Louis 

de.  BomatEumigny,  Ardennes,  Prance,  March 
15, 1713 :  died  at  Paris,  March  21, 1762.  A  noted 
French  astronomer,  professor  of  mathematics 
in  Mazarin  College.  He  wrote  numerous  scientiflo 
works,  including  "  Astronomise  fundamenta,  etc."  (1757), 
"Coelum  australe  stelligeruro.  etc."  (a  catalogue  of  over 
10,000  southern  stars,  1763),  "  Tabulse  solares"  (giving  cor- 
rections for  planetary  perturbations,  1758),  etc.  In  1739- 
1740  he  was  employed  in  remeasuring  the  French  arc  of 
the  meridian.  He  conducted  a  successful  astronomical 
expedition  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  1750-54. 

La  Calle  (la  kal  or  la  kal'la).  A  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Constantine,  Algeria,  40  miles  east 
of  Bona.    Population  (1891),  3,086. 

La  CalprenMe  (la  kal-pre-nad'),  Gautier  de 
Costes  de.  Born  at  the  Ch&tean  de  Tolgon, 
near  Sarlat,  Dordognfe,  Prance,  1610 :  died  at 
Grand- Andely,  Oct.,  1663.  A  French  novelist 
and  dramatist.  He  wrote  the  historical  romances 
"Cassandre"  (1640),  "La  Clfopatre'  (1647),  and  "Fara^ 
mond,  ou  I'hisioire  de  France  (1661);  and  several  trage- 
dies, including  "La  mort  de  Mithridate"  (1637),  "Brada- 
mante "  (1836),  "Jeanne  d'Angleterre"  (1637),  "Le  comte 
d'Essex"  (1639),  "Edouard,  roi  d'Angleterre ''(1640),  etc. 

Lacandones  (la-kan-do'nes).  {^.Laeamdons.'] 
An  Indian  tribe  of  the  Maya  stock,  in  northern 
Guatemala  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Mexico. 
Formerly  they  were  numerous,  and  until  1750  were  hos- 
tile to  the  whites.  At  present  they  ai*e  reduced  to  a  few 
thous^d.  Those  called  Eastern  Lacandones  are  friendly 
to  strangers,  though  living  in  a  state  of  semi-independence 
and  retaining  most  of  their  ancient  customs.  The  Western 
Lacandones,  on  the  Passion  River,  have  no  intercourse  with 
the  whites. 

Laccadives;  (lak'a-divz),  or  Laceadive,  or 
Lakkadiv,  Islands.  A  group  of  small  coral 
islands,  situated  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  west  of 
British  India,  about  lat.  10°-12°  N.,  long.  72°- 
74°  E.  They  belong  partly  to  Great  Britain,  partly  to 
Eanara.  The  leading  product  is  coir.  The  inhabitants 
are  Moplas ;  the  religion  is  Mohammedan.  These  islands 
were  discovered  by  Vasco  da  Gama  1499.  Population 
(1891),  14,440. 

Lacedsemon  (las-f-de'mon).  [Gr.  AaKEdai/iav.'] 
A  name  anciently  given  to  Laconia,  and  some- 
times to  Sparta. 

Ia,c6phd6  (la-sa-pad'),  Bernard  Germain 
Etienne  de  la  Ville,  Comte  de.  Bom  at 
Agen,  Prance,  Dec.  26,  1756 :  died  at  Bpinay, 
near  St.-Denis,  Sb;ance,  Oct.  6,  1825.  A  noted 
French  naturalist.  He  continued  BufEon's  "  Histoire 
naturelle  "  under  the  titles ' '  Histoire  des  quadrup^des  ovi- 

Sares  et  des  serpents "(1788-89)  and  "Histoire  naturelle 
es  reptiles"  (1789).  He  also  published  "  Histoire  natu- 
relle des  poissons"  (1798-1803),  "Histoire  des  c6tac6s" 
(1804),  etc.  His  earliest  works  were  an  "  Essai  sur  I'^ec- 
tricite  naturelle  et  artiflcielle"  (1781),  and  the  "  PoStique 
de  la  musique  "  (1785).  He  was  an  amateur  musician  of 
ability.  _         • 

Lacerda  e  Almeida  (la-sar'da  e  ai-ma'da), 
Prancisco  Jos6  de.  Bom  at  Sao  Paulo  about 
1750 :  died  near  Tete,  Mozambique,  Africa,  1798. 
A  Portuguese-Brazilian  engineer  and  traveler. 
From  1780  to  1790  he  was  engaged  in  northern  asnd  west- 
ern Brazil  on  the  commission  employed  to  mark  the 
boundaries  of  that  country  with  the  Spanish  colonies.  In 
1797  he  was  sent  to  explore  the  interior  of  Mozambique, 
where  he  died  of  malarial  fever.  Several  of  his  reports 
have  been  published. 

Lacerta  (Ia-s6r'ta).  [L., 'the  lizard.']  A  small 
constellation  which  first  appears  in  the  "Pro- 
dromus  Astronomise  "  of  Hevelius,  published  in 
1690.  It  is  bounded  by  Cepheus,  Cygnus,  Pegasus,  and 
Andromeda.  Its  brightest  star  is  of  the  fourth  magnitude. 

Lachaise,  or  La  Chaise  (la  shaz),  Frangois 
d'Aiz  de.  Bom  at  Aix,  Loire,  Prance,  Aug.  25, 
1624:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  20, 1709.  A  French 
Jesuit,  confessor  of  Louis  XTV. 

Lachaise,  P6re,  Cemetery  of.    See  Fdre  La- 

oh  oifis 

La  Chaussee  (la  sho-sa'),  Pierre  Claude  Ni- 
velle  de.  Bom  at  Paris,  1692 :  died  at  Paris, 
March  14,  1754.  A  French  dramatist,  the  in- 
troducer or  popularizer  of  the  so-called  pathetic 
comedy  (com^die  larmoyante)  or  sentimental 
play :  author  of  "  Le  pr6jug6  k  la  mode  "  (1735), 
etc. 

Laches  (la'kea).  [Gr.  Mxn^.'i  A  dialogue  of 
Plato :  a  conversation  on  courage  between  Ly- 
simachuSjthe  son  of  Aristides,  andMelesias,tne 
son  of  the  elder  Thucydides  (who  are  consid- 
ering the  question  of  the  education  of  their 


583 

sons),  the  generals  Nioias  and  Laches,  and 
Socrates. 

LachesiS  (lak'e-sis).  [Gr.  Kkxtcni,  disposer  of 
lots.]  In  Greek  mythology,  one  of  the  three 
Mosrse  or  Pates.    See  Fates. 

Lachine  (la-shen')  Rapids.  Eapids  in  the  St. 
Lawrence  River,  a  few  miles  above  Montreal. 

Lachish  (la'kish).  One  of  the  capitals  of  the 
Canaanites,  conquered  by  Joshua,  situated  on 
an  elevation  between  Gaza  and  Eleutheropolis 
(Bet  Jibrin).  it  seems  to  have  been  an  important  fron- 
tier fortress  in  the  direction  of  Egypt.  It  was  conquered 
by  Sennacherib  during  his  invasion  of  Judah  in  701  B.  c. 
A  representation  of  its  siege  was  found  on  a  slab  in  a  hall 
of  Sennacherib's  palace,  which  was  excavated  in  the  ruins 
of  Kuyunjik.  It  was  again  taken,  after  a  long  resistance, 
by  Nebuchadnezzar.  After  the  return  from  captivity  it 
was  restored.  It  is  now  represented  by  the  stone  heaps  of 
Tel-el-Hesy.  This  site  was  excavated  in  1889  and  the  fol- 
lowing years  by  Flinders  Petrie  and  Frederick  Jones  Bliss, 
and  important  ruins,  pottery,  and  a  cuneiform  tablet  were 
discovered  there. 

Lachlan  (lak'lan) .  A  river  of  New  South  "Wales, 
Australia,  joining  the  Murrumbidgee  about 
long.  144°  10'  B.    Length,  400-500  miles. 

Lacnmann  (laoh'man).  Earl.  Born  at  Bruns- 
wick, Germany,  March  4, 1793:  died  at  Berlin, 
March  13,  1851.  A  noted  German  philologist 
and  critic,  professor  at  Konigsberg  (1818)  and 
later  (1825)  at  Berlin.  He  wrote  "Zu  den  Nibelun- 
gen  und  zur  Klage  "  (1836),"  Betrachtungen  iiber  die  Ilias  " 
(1847),  and  published  editions  of  the  "  Nibelungenlied  " 
(1826),  Walther  von  der  Vogelweide, Wolfram  von  Eschen- 
bach,  Propertlus,  Catullus,  Tibullus,  Lucretius,  etc. 

Lachner  (laeh'uer),  Franz.  Bom  at  Kain,  Ba- 
varia, April  2,  1803 :  died  at  Munich,  Jan.  20, 
1890.  A  German  composer  and  noted  musical 
director  at  Munich.  Among  his.pperaB  are  "  Catarina 
Cornaro"and  "Benvenuto  Cellini."  He  also  wrote  sev- 
eral oratorios,  etc. 

Lachner,  Ignaz.  Bom  at  Bain,  Bavaria,  Sept. 
17,  1807 :  died  at  Hannover,  Feb.  25,  1895.  A 
German  composer  and  violinist,  brother  of 
Franz  Lachner.  He  was  kapellmeister,  1861-75,  at 
the  city  theater  in  Frankfort.  Among  his  works  are  the 
operas  "Der  Gefeterturm,"  "Die  Eegenbriider,"  and 
"  Loreley,"  and  a  favorite  song  "Uberall  Du." 

Lachner,  Vincenz.  Bom  at  Rain,  Bavaria,  July 
19,  1811:  died  at  Karlsruhe,  Jan.  21,  1893.  A 
German  composer,  brother  of  Pranz  Lachner. 
He  was  kapellmeister  at  Mannheim  from  1836- 
1873. 

Lackawanna  (lak-a-won'a).  A  river  in  north- 
eastern Pennsylvania,  joining  the  Susquehanna 
at  Pittston.  Its  lower  valley  is  noted  for  the 
production  of  anthracite  coal.  Length,  about 
55  miles. 

La  Cloche  (P.  pron.  la  klosh),  James.  Bom  in 
Jersey,  1647 :  date  of  death  unknown.  A  nat- 
ural son  of  Charles  11.  of  England.  He  became 
a  Jesuit  in  1667. 

Laclos  (la-klo'),  Pierre  Ambroise  Francois 
Choderlos  de.  Bom  at  Amiens,  Prance,  1741 : 
died  at  Taranto,  Italy,  Nov.  5, 1803.  A  French 
general  and  man  of  letters.  He  wrote  the  novel 
"Les  liaisons  dangereuses"  (1782),  etc. 

La  Condamine  (lak6u-da-men'),  Charles  Ma- 
rie de.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  28, 1701:  died  there, 
Feb.  4,  1774.  A  French  scientist  who  in  1785 
was  chosen,  with  Bouguer  and  Godin,  to  mea- 
sure an  arc  of  the  meridian  on  the  plain  of  Qui- 
to, South  America.  The  expedition  occupied  nine 
years,  and  in  1744  La  Condamine  descended  the  Jjnazon  on 
his  way  to  Europe.  He  published  several  works  on  the 
measurement,  besides  "Relation  abr^g^e  d'un  voyage  fait 
dans  I'intSrieur  del'Am^riquem^ridionale  "  (1745),"  Jour- 
nal d'un  voyage  fait  par  ordre  du  roi "  (1751),  various 
papers  on  inoculation,  etc.  It  is  said  that  he  carried  the 
first  knowledge  of  india-rubber  to  Europe. 

Laconia  (la-ko'ni-a) .  1 .  In  ancient  geography, 
the  southeastern  division  of  the  Peloponnesus, 
Greece,  lying  south  of  Argolis  and  Arcadia  and 
eastofMessenia.  Chief  city,  Sparta.  Itwasnearly 
surrounded  by  mountains  and  the  sea,  and  was  traversed 
by  the  Eurotas. 

2.  A  nomarchy  of  modem  Greece,  lying  south- 
west of  Lacedsemon.  Area,  457  square  miles. 
Population  (1896),  62,839. 

Laconicus  Sinus  (la-kon'i-kus  si'nus).  Gulf  of 
Laconia.  In  ancient  geography,  the  arm  of  the 
Mediterranean  south  of  Laconia. 

Lacordaire(la-kor-dar'),JeanBaptiste  Henri. 
Bom  near  Dijon,  May  12,  1802 :  died  at  Sorfeze 
(Tarn),  Nov.  22, 1861.  A  celebrated  French  di- 
vine. He  entered  the  college  at  Dijon  in  1810,  graduated 
with  honors  in  1819,  studied  law,  and  Anally  entered  an 
oflice  in  Paris.  In  1824  he  gave  up  law  for  theology ; 
was  admitted  to  the  seminary  of  Saint^Sulpice ;  and  three 
years  later  was  ordained  priest.  At  the  time  of  the 
revolution  of  July,  1830,  the  Catholic  element  in  France 
sought  new  means  of  strengthening  its  influence,  and 
thought  to  accomplish  that  end  in  preaching  the  doctrines 
of  liberty.  Lacordaire  eagerly  followed  the  movement,  and 
was  active  in  editing  a  paper  called  "  L'Avenir, "  published 
for  the  first  time  Oct.  18, 1830.    He  retired  from  the  stafl. 


Lacy,  Hugh  de 

however,  on  account  of  the  condemnation  passed  on  the 
undertaking  by  the  pontifical  court  at  Rome.  He  attained 
a  great  reputation  as  a  preacher  at  Notre  Dame.  On  April 
6, 1840,  he  Joined  the  Dominican  order  of  monks,  and  Feb.  2, 
1860,  he  was  elected  to  the  French  Academy.  Some  of  La- 
cordake'a  works  are  "Considerations  philosophlques  sur 
le  systfeme  de  M.de  Lamennais  "  (1834),  "  Vie  de  Saint  Do- 
minique "  (1840),  "Conferences  de  Notre-Dame  de  Paris  " 
(1835-50),"  Conferences  k  Lyon  et  k  Grenoble  "  (1845), "  Ser- 
mons isoies  et  oraisons  f  unfebres  "  (1844-17),  of  which  the 
finest  was  undoubtedly  the  funeral  oration  preached  over 
the  remains  of  General  Drouot  at  Nancy  on  May  26,  1847  ; 
and  lastly  a  voluminous  correspondence.  A  complete  edi- 
tion of  Lacordaire's  works  was  published  in  six  volumes  in 
1858. 

Lacordaire,  Jean  Theodore.  Bom  at  Recey- 
sur-Ource,Peb.  1,  1801:  died  at  Lifege,  Belgium, 
July  18,  1870.  A  French  entomologist,  brother 
of  J.  B.  H.  Lacordaire.  From  1825  to  1832  be  made  four 
journeys  in  South  America ;  from  1835  he  was  a  professor 
at  the  University  of  Li^ge.  His  greatest.,work  is  the  "  Gen- 
era des  coieopteres  "  (12  vols.  1854-76 :  the  last  three  by 
Chapuis).  He  alsopublished  numerous  works  and  papers 
on  the  C(Aefypte:ra,  articles  on  South  America,  and  an  "In- 
troduction k  I'entomologie  "  (2  vols.  1837-39). 

La  Coruna.     See  Corunna. 

La  Coruna,  Count  of,  fifth  Viceroy  of  Mexico. 
See  Mendoza,  Lorenzo  Suarez  cle. 

La  Cosa,  Juan  de.    See  Gosa. 

Lacressoni^re  (la-kres-so-nyar'),  stage  name  of 
Louis  Charles  Adrien  Lesot  de  la  Penne- 
terie.  Bom  at  Chauny,  Haute-Mame,  Dec.  11, 
1819 :  died  June  9, 1893.  A  noted  French  actor. 
He  first  played  in  Paris  at  the  Ambigu  in  1842.  In  1847, 
joining  the  The&tre  Historique,  he  was  for  a  long  time  the 
impersonator  of  the  principal  characters  of  Soulie  and 
Dumas.  He  was  very  successful  in  the  double  r61e  in  the 
"  Courrier  de  Lyon." 

Lacretelle  (la-kre-tel'),  Jean  Charles  Domi- 
nioLue  de.  Bom  lit  Metz,  Sept.  3, 1766 :  died  at 
M&con,  France,  March  26, 1855.  A  French  his- 
torian and  journalist.  Among  his  worksis  "Histoire 
de  l^nce  pendant  le  XVIIIn  sl^cle  "  (1808-12 :  continued 
for  the  revolution,  consulate  and  empire,  and  restoration). 

Lacroix  (la-krwa'),  Paul.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb. 
27,  1806 :  died  there,  Oct.  16,  1884.  A  French 
novelist  and  historical  and  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter under  the  pseudonym  "  Bibliophile  Jacob." 
Among  his  numerous  wor^  are  "Contes  du  Bibliophile 
Jacob,  etc.  "(1831;  reprinted  in  1844  as  "Recitshistoriques 
kla  jeunesse"),  "La  dance  Macabre,  etc."(1832),  "Convales- 
cence du  vieux  conteur"  (1832-36-^,  "Romans  relatifs  k 
rhistoire  de  France  aux  XVe  et  XVIe  sifecles"  (1838),  "Le 
moyen  age  et  la  renaissance"  (conjointly  with  Siii,  1847- 
1852),  "Curiosites  de  I'histoire  des  arts,  etc."  (1868),  "Les 
arts  an  moyen  Sge,  etc."  (1868),  "Les  moeurs,  usages,  et 
costumes  ai^  moyen  Age,  etc. "  (1871),  etc.  He  published 
many  catalogues  and  edited  a  number  of  works.  He  also 
wrote  under  the  names  of  Pierre  Dufour  and  Antony 
Dubourg. 

Lacroix,  Sylvestre  Frangois.  Bom  at  Paris, 
1765 :  died  there,  May  25, 1843.  A  noted  French 
mathematician.  His  chief  work  is  "  Traits  du 
caleul  diff6rentiel  et  du  calcul  integral"  (1797). 

La  Crosse  (la  kr6s).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
La  Crosse  County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  the 
Mississippi,  at  the  mouth  of  the  La  Crosse  and 
Black  rivers,  in  lat.  43°  48'  N.,  long.  91°  14'  "W. 
It  has  important  lumber  trade  and  sawmills. 
Population(1900),  28,895. 

Lactantius  Firmianus  (lak-tan'shi-us  fer-mi- 
a'nus),  Lucius  Cselius  (or  Csecilius).  Lived 
at  the  beginning  of  the  4th  century.  A  Chris- 
tian apologist,  preceptor  of  Crispus  in  Gaul 
about  313 :  called  ' '  the  Christian  Cicero."  His 
chief  work  is  "Divinarum  institutionum  libri 
septem"  ("Seven  Books  of  the  Divine  Institu- 
tions"). 

La  Cuba  (la  kS'ba).  A  castle  at  Palermo,  Italy, 
built  for  recreation  by  King  William  H.  in  1182. 
It  is  square.  Its  lofty  walls  are  ornamented  to  their  full 
height  with  alternately  wide  and  narrow  Saracenic  pointed 
wall-arcades,  beneath  which  open  several  tiers  of  pointed 
windows,  the  highest  single,  the  others  coupled.  The 
castle  is  built  around  an  interior  court.  The  design  pos- 
sesses much  elegance. 

La  Cueva.    See  Cueva. 

Lacunza  (la-kon'sa),  Manuel.  Bom  at  Santi- 
ago, Chile,  July  19,  1731:  died  at  Imola,  Italy, 
June  17, 1801.  A  Jesuit  author.  After  the  expul- 
sion of  his  order  from  America  (1767),  he  lived  a  very  se- 
cluded life  in  Italy.  His  commentary  "La  venida  del  Me- 
sias  "  has  had  many  editions. 

Lacy,  or  Lascy  (las'e),  Count  Franz  Moritz 
von.  Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  Oct.  16,  1725: 
died  at  Vienna,  Nov.  24,  1801.  An  Austrian 
field-marshal,  distinguished  in  the  Seven  Years' 
War. 

Lacy  (la'si),  Henry  de.  Bom  about  1249 :  died  at 
London,  Feb.  5,  1311.  An  English  nobleman, 
third  Earl  of  Lincoln :  an  influential  counselor  of 
Edward  I.  and  Edward  II.  He  took  part  in  the  siege 
of  Bordeaux,  1296,  under  the  Earl  of  Lancaster,  and  on  the 
death  of  the  latter  (June  6)  was  chosen  general. 

Lacy,  Hugh  de.  Murdered  at  Durrow,  Ireland, 
July  25, 1186.  An  English  soldier  and  conqueror 
of  Ireland,  fifth  Baron  Lacy,  and  first  Lord  of 


Lacy,  Hugh  de 

Meath.  in  Oct.,  1171,  he  followed  Heray  TL  to  Ireland. 
In  1172  he  received  the  submission  of  Roderick,  king  of 
Connaught,  and  was  granted  Meath  and  Dublin  Castle. 
He  secured  Meath  by  the  erection  of  numerous  castles. 
In  1173  he  fought  in  France.  His  administration  of  Ire- 
land was  chai'acterized  by  peace  and  good  order.  He  was 
recalled,  temporarily,  in  1181,  returning  the  next  winter. 
On  July  26, 1186,  while  inspecting  the  new  castle  at  Dur- 
row,  he  was  murdered. 

Lacy,  Hugh  de.  Died  at  Camckfergus  aljout 
1242.  An  Englisli  soldier,  created  earl  of  Ulster 
May  29, 1205 :  noted  as  a  leader  in  the  partizan 
wars  in  Ireland  in  the  early  part  of  the  13th 
century. 

Lacy,  John.  Bom  near  Donoaster :  died  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  17,  1681.  An  English  dramatist  and 
actor,  noted  in  Hs  day  as  a  comedian  and  mimic. 
He  was  the  original  Bayes  in  "The  Eehearsal."  Among 
his  plays  are  "The  Old  Troop,  or  Monsieur  Baggou  "  (about 
1665),  and  "Sir  Hercules  Buffoon,  or  the  Poetical  Squire" 
(1684). 

Lacy,  John  Williain  or  William.  Bom  in  the 
last  part  of  the  18th  century:  died  in  Devonshire 
about  1865.  An  English  bass  singer.  He  was  a 
pupil  at  Bath  of  Bauzzini,  and  also  studied  in  Italy.  His 
wife  was  also  a  singer  of  some  note.  She  died  in  March, 
1858. 

Lacy,  Peter,  Count  Lacy.  Bom  at  Killeedy, 
Limerick,  Sept.  29, 1678 :  died  in  Livonia,  May 
11,  1751.  A  noted  Irish  soldier,  made  a  field- 
marshal  in  the  Russian  army  in  1736.  He  served 
with  the  Irish  troops  in  France  and  Italy  and  on  the 
Khine  from  1692  until  the  peace  of  Ryswick ;  entered  the 
Kassian  service  as  captain  of  infantry,  and  was  employed 
by  Peter  the  Great  in  training  the  Russian  troops ;  and 
served,  with  repeated  promotions,  in  the  various  wars  in 
which  Russia  was  engaged  until  his  retirement  in  1748. 
At  the  battle  of  Pultowa  he  commanded  a  brigade  of  the 
right  wing.    He  was  governor  of  Livonia  and  Esthonia. 

Ladak,  or  Ladakh  (la-dak').  A  province  of 
Kashmir,  southeast  of  Baltistan  and  w^t  of 
Tibet,  traversed  by  the  Upper  Indus.  I%is  the 
most  elevated  inhabited  country  in  the  world.  It  was  con- 
quered by  Kashmir  in  1834-42.  Population  (1891),  28,- 
274. 

Ladd  (lad),  George  Trumbull.  Bom  at  Paines. 
viUe,  Ohio,  Jan.  19,  1842.  An  American  theo- 
logian and  psychologist,  professor  of  philoso- 
phy at  Bowdoin  College,  and  later  at  Yale  Uni- 
versity. He  has  published  "Doctrine  of  Sacred  Scrip- 
ture, etc."  (1882),  "Elements  of  Physiological  Psychology, 
etc."  (1887),  "What  is  the  Bible?  etc."  (1888),  etc.  He  also 
translated  Lotze's  "Outlines  of  Metaphysics,  etc."(1884)i 
"  Outlines  of  Practical  Philosophy,  etc."  (1885),  "Outlines 
of  the  Philosophy  of  Religion"  (1886),  "Outlines  of  Es- 
thetics"  (1886),  "  Outlines  of  Psychology "  (1886),  "  Outlines 
of  Logic  and  of  Encyclopcedia  of  Philosophy"  (1887). 

Lade  (la'de).  In  ancient  geography,  a  small 
island  in  the  ..^gean  Sea,  near  Miletus.  Near  it, 
about  495 or  494b.  c,  the  Persian  fleet  defeated 
the  Ionian  (Jreeks. 

Ladies  i,  la  Mode.  A  play  by  Drydeu,  produced 
in  1668. 

Ladies'  Battle,  The.  A  comedy  by  Robertson, 
from  the  French  of  Scribe  and  Legouv6.  It  was 
produced  in  1851. 

Ladies'  Mile,  The.  A  drive  in  Hyde  Park,  Lon- 
don, on  the  north  side  of  the  Serpentine.  The 
Coaching  and  Four-in-Hand  clubs  meet  there. 

Ladies'  Peace.  [F.  Paix  des  dames.']  See  Cam- 
hray,  Peace  of. 

Ladikieh  (la-de-ke'e),  or  Latakia  (la-ta-ke'a). 
A  seaport  in  Syria,  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated 
in  lat.  35°  .''O'  N.,  long.  35°  47'  E.  :  the  ancient 
Laodicea.  it  exports  Ladikiyeh  tobacco.  Pop- 
ulation, 5,000-6,000. 

LadislaUS  Clad'is-Us),  or  Ladislas  (lad'is-las), 
Saint.  King  of  Hungary  1077-95,  son  of  B61a  1. 
He  conquered  Croatia  and  Slavonia  in  1087. 

Ladislaus,  or  Lancelot.  Died  at  Naples,  Aug. 
6, 1414.  King  of  Naples  1386-1414,  son  of  Charles 
m.,  king  of  Naples  and  Hungary.  His  claim  to 
the  throne  was  disputed  by  Louis  U.  of  Anjou,  who  was 
supported  by  the  popes  Urban  VI.  and  Clement  VIL  Boni- 
face IX.  declared  in  his  favor,  however,  and  he  was  ena- 
bled to  take  possession  of  his  capital  in  1400.  In  1403'  he 
made  an  ineffectual  attempt  to  obtain  the  crown  of  Hun- 
gary. He  attempted  to  unite  all  Italy  under  his  sway,  in 
which  he  was  opposed  by  Boniface's  successors,  Innocent 
VII.  and  John  XXIIL,  the  latter  of  whom  he  expelled 
from  Rome  in  1413.  He  died  before  he  could  consolidate 
his  conquests.  ^ 

Ladislaus,  King  of  Poland.    See  Wladislaw. 

Ladislaw,  Will.  One  of  the  principal  charac- 
ters in  George  Eliot's  novel  "Middlemaroh": 
a  young  artist  who  marries  Dorothea  Brooke 
after  the  death  of  her  first  husband,  Mr.  Casau- 
bon. 

Ladmirault  (lad-me-ro'),  Louis  Een6  Paul  de. 
BomatMontmoriIlon,nearVienne,France,Feb, 
17,  1808 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  3, 1898.  A  French 
general.  He  commanded  a  division  at  Solferinoin  1869, 
and  an  army-corps  in  the  Franco-aerman  war  in  1870.  He 
served  with  distinction  in  the  engagements  before  Metz, 
and  was  military  governor  of  Paris  1871-78,  when  he  retii-ed 


584 

from  active  service.  He  published  "Bases  d'un  projet 
pour  le  recrutement  de  I'armte  de  terre  "  (1871). 

Lado  (la'do).  A  town  in  central  Africa,  situ- 
ated on  the  White  Nile,  near  Gondokoro,  about 
lat.  5°  N.:  founded  by  Gordon  in  1874. 

Ladoga  (la'do-ga),  Lake.  The  largest  lake  of 
Europe,  situated  in  northwestern  Russia  be- 
tween the  governments  of  Viborg,  Olonetz,  and 
St.  Petersburg.  It  receives  the  waters  of  Lakes  Salma, 
Ilmen,  Onega,  etc.,  and  has  for  its  outlet  the  Neva.  Length, 
130  miles.  Average  breadth,  68  miles.  Area,  6,996  square 
miles, 

Ladon  (la'don).  A  name  given  to  the  northern 
head  stream  of  the  Ruphia  ( Alpheus)  in  Greece. 

Ladron  de  Guevara  (lad-ron'  da  gwa-va'ra), 
Diego.  Died  in  Mexico,  1718.  A  Spanish  prel- 
ate who  was  successively  bishop  of  Panama 
(1689),  Guamanga  (1699),  and  Quito  (1703). 
From  Aug.  30, 1710,  to  March  2, 1716,  he  was  viceroy  of 
Peru.  He  was  superseded  on  th  e  ground  that  he  had  shown 
too  much  favor  to  the  colonists  in  his  expenditures,  and 
died  while  on  his  way  to  Spain. 

Ladrone  (la-dron')  Islands,  or  Mariana  (ma- 
re-a'na)  (or  Marianne  (ma-ri-an'))  Islands. 
A  chain  of  15  islands  in  the  North  Pacific, 
situated  in  lat.  13°-21°  N.,  long.  144°-146°  E. 
They  were  discovered  by  Magellan  1521,  and  were  occupied 
by  Spain  1668.  They  formed  a  dependency  of  the  Philip- 
pines. Guahan  now  belongs  to  the  United  States,  and  the 
remainder  of  the  group  was  purchased  by  Germany  in 
1899.  Area,  420  square  miles.  Population,  largely  Cha- 
niorros  and  mixed  races,  10,172. 

Lady  Hideous  (la'di  hid'f-us).  See  the  extract. ' 
On  his  [Perceval's]  arrival  he  takes  vengeance  on  the  sen- 
esch^  Kreux,  and  accompanies  Arthur  to  Carlion,  where 
that  prince  holds  a  f  uU  court.  During  his  stay  there,  he 
one  day  sees  Lady  Hideous  pass,  who  loads  him  with  her 
maledictions.  Her  neck  andhands,  says  theromance,  were 
brown  as  iron,  which  was  the  least  part  of  her  ugliness ; 
her  eyes  were  blacker  than  a  Moor's,  and  as  little  as  those 
of  a  mouse ;  she  had  the  nose  of  a  cat  or  an  ape,  and  Hps 
like  an  ox ;  her  teeth  were  red,  like  the  yolk  of  eggs ;  she 
was  bearded  like  a  goat,  was  humped  before  and  behind, 
and  had  both  legs  twisted. 

Bunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  177. 

Lady  in  Fashion,  The.    A  play  by  Gibber. 

Lady  Jane  Grey,  The.   1 .  A  play,  in  two  part^, 

by  Dekker,  Heywood,  Wentworth  Smith,  and 
Webster,  and  perhaps  Chettle.  It  was  produced  in 
1602.  The  parts  written  by  Dekker  and  Webster  were  cob- 
bled mto  a  play  called  "  The  Famous  History  of  Sir  Thomas 
Wyatt,"  published  in  1607.  Fleay. 
2.  A  tragedy  by  Rowe,  produced  in  1715.  Ma- 
dame de  Stael,  Brifaut,  Soumet,  and  Tenny- 
son have  also  written  tragedies  on  the  subject, 
though  not  all  with  the  same  title. 

Lady  of  England  JChe.  A  title  given  to  Ma- 
tilda, daughter  of  Henry  I.,  wife  of  Geoffrey  V. 
of  Anjou,  and  mother  of  Henry  H. 

Ladyof  Lyons,  The.  AplaybyBulwerLytton, 
produced  m  1838.  It  was  originally  written  under  the 
title  of  "The  Adventurer,"  which  was  alteredatMacready's 
suggestion  to  "The  Lady  of  Lyons."  The  chief  incidents 
of  the  plot  were  suggested  by  a  tale  named  "The  Bellows 
Menders."    MoUoy,  Famous  Plays. 

Lady  of  Shalott,  The.  A  poem  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson, published  in  1832.  It  is  substantially 
the  same  as  the  story  of  "Blaine." 

Lady  of  the  Lake,  F.  Dame  du  Lac.  A  name 
given,  in  Arthurian  romance,  to  Vivienne,  Vi- 
viane,  or  Vivian,  the  mistress  of  the  enchanter 
Merlin.  She  lived  In  a  splendid  palace  in  the  midst  of 
a  delusive  lake,  which  apparently  prevented  approach. 
In  the  romance  of  "Peroef orSt  "the  name  is  given  to  S^ile, 
whose  castle  was  in  the  midst  of  a  river  covered  by  a  thick 
fog.    See  ViifCan,  Merlin,  and  Percefortt. 

Lady  of  the  Lake,  The.  1 .  A  narrative  poem 
by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1810.  It  is  so 
called  from  the  surname  of  its  principal  char- 
acter, Ellen  Douglas.— 2.  A  cantata  founded 
on  Scott's  poem,  the  music  by  G.  A.  Macfarren, 
produced  in  1877.— 3.  See  Donna  del  Lago. 

Lady  of  the  Mercians.  A  name  applied  to 
.iEthelflsed,  daughter  of  Alfi-ed  the  Great,  and 
wife  of  .Sithelred,  ealdorman  of  Mercia. 

Lady's  Last  Stake,  The,  or  The  Wife's  Re- 
sentment. A  comedy  by  Gibber,  produced  m 
1707.  It  is  a  kind  of  pendant  to  "The  Careless 
Husband." 

Ladysmith  (la'di-smith).  A  village  m  Natal, 
South  Africa,  about  80  miles  north-northwest 
of  Pietermaritzburg,  at  the  junction  of  tvpo 
railroads,  one  running  into  the  Transvaal  and 
the  other  into  the  Orange  Free  State :  an  im- 
portant strategical  point  in  the  Boer  war  of 
1899.  General  White,  with  about  10,000  troops,  was  be- 
sieged here  by  the  Boers  from  Oct.  29, 1899,  to  Feb.  28, 1900, 
when  he  was  rescued  by  the  British  under  General  BuUer. 
Population,  about  8,000. 

Laeken  (la'ken).  A  village  H  miles  north  of 
Brussels,  noted  for  its  royal  castle. 

Laelius  (le'li-us).  Gains.  Lived  about  200  B.  c. 
A  Roman  general  and  consul,  a  friend  of  Seipio 
Africanus,  distinguished  in  the  second  Punic 


Lafayette 

LaUus,  Gains, Bumamed  Sapiens  ('the  Wise'). 
Lived  about  140  B.  0.  A  Roman  orator  and 
philosopher,  a  friend  of  the  younger  Seipio 
Africanus.  He  is  the  chief  character  in  the 
"De  Amicitia"  of  Cicero.    See  De  Amicitia. 

Laennec  (le-nek'),  Rend  Thdophile  Hya- 
cinthe.  Bom  at  Quimper,  France,  Feb.  17, 1781: 
died  near  Douamenez,  Finistfere,  France,  Aug. 
13, 1826.  A  French  physician,  professor  at  the 
Coll&ge  de  France  from  1822.  He  was  the  inventor 
of  the  stethoscope  (described  in  his  "Traits  de  I'ausculta- 
tion  mediate  et  des  maladies  des  poumons  et  du  coeur," 
1819). 

Laer,  Pieter  van.    See  Laar. 

Laerdal  (lar'dal).  A  valley  in  western  Norway, 
east  of  the  Sogne  Fjord,  lat.  61°  N.,  noted  for  its 
picturesque  scenery. 

Laertes  (la-er'tez).  [Gr.  Aaifyrvg.] '  In  Greek 
legend,  the  father  of  Ulysses. 

Laertes.  In  Shakspere's  tragedy  "  Hamlet,"  the 
son  of  Polonius  and  brother  of  Ophelia :  a  manly 
and  resolute  person,  a  foil  to  the  irresolute  na- 
ture of  Hamlet. 

Laestrygones  (les-trig'o-nez),  or  Lsestrygonl- 
ans  (les-tri-go'ni-anz).  In  the  Odyssey,  a  myth- 
ical race  of  cannibal  giants  visited  by  Ulysses 
in  a  northern  country,  where  "the  nights  are  so 
short  that  the  shepherd  driving  his  flock  out 
meets  the  shepherd  who  is  driving  his  flock  in." 
They  were  placed  by  later  writers  in  Sicily,  south  of  Etna, 
and  by  the  Romans  near  Formise  in  Latlum. 

Laet  (lat),  Jan  van  or  Johannes  de.  Died  at 
Antwerp,  1649.  A  Dutch  author.  His  best-known 
work  is  "De  Nieuwe  Wereld,  of  Beschrijvlng  van  West  In- 
dien  "  (1626 :  enlarged  in  1630  and  edited  in  various  lan- 
guages). It  is  a  general  description  of  America.  He  ed- 
ited Piso's  "Historia  Naturalis  Brasilise,"  and  published 
various  controversial  and  other  works. 

Laetitia  (le-tish'ia).  An  asteroid  (No.  39)  dis- 
covered by  Chacornao  at  Paris,  Feb.  8, 1856. 

Laetitia  Frampul.    See  Frampul. 

Laetitia  Hardy.    See  Sardy. 

La  Farge  (la  f  arj),  John.  Bom  at  New  York  in 
1885.  An  Arnericanlandscape-andfigure-paint- 
er,  decorator,  glass;j)auiter,  and  sculptor.  He 
was  a  pupil  of  WUliam^nt;  was  elected  national  acade- 
mician in  1869 ;  and  is  a  member  of  the  Society  of  American 
Artists.  He  painted  an  altarpiece  for  St.  Peter's,  New 
York,  In  1863,  and  decorated  Trinity  Church,  Boston,  1876, 
and  the  chancel  of  St.  Thomas's  Church,  New  York,  1877. 
His  also  are  the  battle  window  in  the  Harvard  Memorial 
Hall  (1880),  and  the  altarpiece  in  the  Church  of  the  Ascen- 
sion, New  York.  Latterly  he  has  devoted  himself  to  glass- 
painting.  His  chief  work  in  sculpture  is  the  King  family 
monument  at  Newport^  Rhode  Island. 

Lafaye,  or  Lafaist  (la-fa'),  Pierre  Benjamin. 

Bom  at  Mont-Saint-Sulpioe,  Yonne,  France, 
1808:  died  at  Aix,  June  5, 1867.  A  French  phi- 
lologist, professor  of  philosophy  in  the  faculty 
of  letters  at  Aix.  His  chief  work  is  a  "Dic- 
tionnaire  des  synonymes  de  la  langue  franoaise, 
etc."  (1858-65). 

Lafayette  (la-fa-yef),  Gilbert  de.  Bom  about 
1380 :  died  Feb.  23, 1462.  A  marshal  of  France. 
He  was  made  marshal  In  1420,  and  afterward  became  one 
of  the  chief  counselors  of  Charles  VII.  He  contributed 
to  the  victory  of  Joan  of  Arc  at  Orleans  in  1429. 

Lafayette,  or  La  Fayette,  Marquis  de  (Marie 
Jean  Paul  Roch  Yves  Gilbert  Metier).  Born 
attheCh§,teaudeChavagniae,Auvergne,France, 
Sept. 6,1757:  died  at  Paris,  May  20, 1834.  Acele- 
brated  French  general  and  statesman.  Leaving 
France  for  America,  he  entered  the  Revolutionary  army 
as  a  volunteer,  with  the  rank  of  major-general,  in  1777 ; 
served  at  Brandywine,  Monmouth,  and  Yorktown ;  was. 
sent  on  a  mission  to  France  1779,  and  in  1781  was  present 
at  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis.  He  became  a  member 
of  the  Assembly  of  Notables  in  France  in  1787,  and  of  the 
States  General  in  1789 ;  was  commander-in-chief  of  the 
national  guard  1789-91 ;  commanded  an  army  against  the 
Austrians  in  1792,  and  in  the  same  year  left  France  to 
avoid  the  consequences  of  his  opposition  to  the  Jacobins. 
He  was  imprisoned  as  a  political  suspect  by  the  Prus- 
sians and  Austrians  1792-87  ;  returned  to  France  1800;  re- 
visited America  1824-25;  and  commanded  the  national 
guard  in  the  revolution  of  1830,  when  he  was  instrumental 
in  placing  Louis  Philippe  on  the  throne.  He  has  been 
nicknamed  "Grandison-Cromwell."  See  "M^moires  et 
manuscrits  de  Lafayette  "  (6  vols.  1837-38). 

La  Fayette,  Marie  Madeleine  .Fioche  de  la 
Vergne,  Comtesse  de.  Born  at  Paris,  March  16, 
1634 :  died  at  Paris,  May,  1693.  A  noted  French 
novelist,  daughter  of  Aymar  de  la  Vergne,  gov- 
ernor of  Havre,  and  wife  of  the  Comte  de  La 
Fayette.  Some  time  after  the  death  of  her  husband  she 
formed  aliaison  with LaRochefoucauld  (1667-80).  She  was 
one  of  the  most  brilliant  of  the  "pr^cieuses  "  of  the  Hdtel 
Rambouillet.  She  wrote  "La princesse de Montpensier" 
(1660),  "Zaide"  (1670:  written  with  and  published  under 
the  name  of  Segrais),  "La  princesse  de  Cloves"  (1677,  with 
La  Rochefoucauld:  her  masterpiece),  etc.,  "Histoired'Hen- 
riette  d'Angleterre  "  (published  after  her  death),  etc  Her 
"Letters"  were  published  in  1823. 

Lafayette  (la-fa-ef ).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Tippecanoe  County,  Indiana,  situated  on  th& 
Wabash  60  miles  northwest  of  Indianapolis. 


Lafayette 

It  is  a  manufacturing  and  trading  center,  and  the  seat 
ot  Purdue  University  (agricultural).    Population  (1900), 

Lafayette,  Mount.  The  highest  peak  of  the 
Franoonia  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  18  niUes 
■west-southwest  of  Mount  Washington.  Height, 
5,269  feet. 

Lafayette  OoUege.  An  institution  of  learning 
situated  at  Easton,  Pennsylvania,  chartered  iu 
1826.  It  is  controlled  by  the  Presbyterians,  and  had  28 
instructors  and  over  300  students  in  1896-97,  with  a  library 
ot  25,000  volnmes. 

La  Thre  Champenoise.  See  FSre  Cfhampenoise, 
La.. 

Lafeu  {la-f6').  A  sagacious  old  lord  in.  Shak- 
spere's  "All's  "Well  that  Ends  WeU." 

Lafitte  (la-fef),  Jacques.  Bom  at  Bayonne, 
France,  Oct.  24,  1767 :  died  at  Paris,  May  26, 
1844.  A  French  banker  and  statesman,  pre- 
mier and  minister  of  finance  1830-31. 

Lafitau  (la-fe-to'),  Joseph  Francois.  Bom  at 
Bordeaux,  1670:  died  there,  July  3,  1746.  A 
French  Jesuit  author.  I^m  1712  to  1717  he  was  a 
missionary  among  the  Iroquois  of  Canada.  He  pulDlished 
"Moeurs  des  sauvages  ameriquains"  (1st  ed.  1724),  "His- 
toire  des  d^couvertes  et  des  conquestes  des  Portugais 
dans  le  nouveau  monde  "  (1733),  and  a  memoir  on  ginseng. 
Lafltau  argued  for  the  Asiatic  origin  of  the  American  race. 

Lafltte  (la-fef),  Jean.  Bom  in  France  about 
1780:  died  probably  in  1826.  AFrench  privateer 
and  smuggler.  He  was  the  cotnmander  of  a  band  of 
adventurers  at  Barataria,  Louisiana,  1813-14,  and  served 
with  the  Americans  at  New  Orleans  in  1815.  He  was  called 
"the  Pirate  of  the  Gulf." 

La  Fl^che.    See  Fleche,  La. 

Lafond  (13,-fdn'),  Gabriel,  called  Lafond  de 
Lurcy.  Bom  at  Lurcy-Levy,  March  25, 1802: 
died  at  Paris,  April  11,  1876.  A  French  sea- 
captain  and  author.  He  visited  various  parts  of  the 
world,  and  from  1849  was  consul-general  of  Costa  Kica  at 
Paris.  He  published  "Voyages  autour  du  monde  et  nau- 
frages  efilfebres"  (8  vols.  1844),  and  various  works  on  Span- 
ish America  and  on  commerce. 

La  Fontaine  (la  fon-tan' :  F.  pron.  la  f6n-tan'), 
Jean  de.  Bom  at  Chateau-Thierry,  Cham- 
pagne, July  8, 1621:  died  at  Paris,  April  13, 1695. 
The  most  noted  French  fabulist.  He  left  the  Col- 
lege of  Bheims  at  the  age  of  nineteen  to  study  for  the  min- 
istry, but  he  gave  up  that  pursuit  after  two  years.  He  is 
commonly  said  to  have  given  the  first  evidence  of  his  liter- 
ary genius  when  he  was  twenty-six  years  old.  His  name  is 
chiefly  associated  with  his  fables.  The  first  six  boolcs,  pub- 
lished in  1668,  were  inscribed  to  the  Dauphin  of  France. 
The  next  five  books  appeared  in  1678  and  1679,  and  were  pref- 
aced with  a  eulogy  of  Madame  de  Montespan.  The  twelfth 
book  was  dedicated  to  the  young  Duke  of  Bourgogne  (1694). 
Besides  these  fables.  La  Fontaine  wrote  his  "Coutes" 
(1665),  "Amours  de  Psyohfi  et  de  Cupidon"(1669),  "Nou- 
veaux  contes  "  (1671),  "  La  captivity  de  Saint  Malo "  (1673), 
and  "Le  Quinquina "(1682).  His  comedies,  "L'Eunuque" 
(translated  from  Terence),  "Le  Florentin,"  "La  coupe  en- 
chant^e,"  "  Je  vous  prends  sans  vert,"  "Ragotin,"  were  col- 
leotedas'  Pi^cesdethSatrede J.deLaFontaine"(1702).  He 
had  many  generous  patrons  in  the  highest  court  ou:cles,but 
never  won  favor  in  the  eyes  of  Louis  XIV.  La  Fontaine  was 
elected  to  the  French  Academy  in  1683.  The  king,  how- 
ever did  not  sanction  his  admission  till  several  months 
after  his  election.  Among  his  friends  La  Fontaine  num- 
bered Racine,  Boileau,  and  Molifere. 

La  Foole  (la  f5l),  Sir  Amorous.  A  "brave  he- 
roic coward"  in  Jonson's  comedy  "Epicoene." 

La  Force  (laf6rs').  An  ancient  Parisian  prison, 
now  suppressed,  it  was  situated  on  the  Rue  Pav^e  au 
Marais  and  the  Rue  du  Boi  de  Sicile.  It  was  built  in  1266 
by  Charles,  King  of  Naples  and  Sicily,  and  was  the  residence 
of  the  dukes  of  La  Force  in  the  16th  centuiy.  It  became  a 
prison  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XV.,  and  was  the  scene  of  the 
massacre  of  Sept ,  1792,  and  of  the  murder  of  the  Prinoesse 
de  Lamballe  and  other  atrocities  of  the  Belgn  of  Terror. 

La  Foret  (la  fo-ra').  The  servant  and  house- 
keeper of  Moli^re.  she  was  an  excellent  critic  of  his 
plays,  and  was  also  the  original  of  Hadame  Jourdain  in 
"Le  bourgeois  gentilhomme,"  and  of  Jacqueline  in  "Le 
medeoin  malgr^  lui."  _        ,     ,„  . 

Lafosse  (la-fos'),  Antoine  de  (Seigneur  d'Au- 
bigny).  Born  at  Paris  about  1653 :  died  there 
in  1708.  A  French  poet.  He  wrote  four  plays,  one 
of  which,  "  Manlius  Capitolinus  "  (1698),  is  worthy  of  note. 
In  it  he  gave  Roman  names  and  setting  to  Otway's  "Venice 
Preserved."    His  works  were  published  in  1811. 

La  Fosse,  or  Lafosse,  Charles  de.  Bom  at 
Paris,  June  15, 1640 :  died  at  Paris,  Deo;  13, 1716. 
A  French  historical  painter,  a  pupil  of  Chau- 
veau  and  Lebrun.  in  1668  he  went  to  Rome  and  Ven- 
ice where  he  studied  for  three  years.  He  was  elected 
member  of  the  Academy  in  1673,  and  chancellor  in  1715. 
He  decorated  the  country  house  of  Lord  Montague  m  Eng- 
land, the  cupola  of  the  Church  of  the  Invalides  at  Paris, 
the  choir  and  dome  of  the  Assumption,  a  part  of  the  palace 
at  Versailles,  etc. ,  and  his  pictures  are  in  nearly  all  the  royal 
palaces  and  the  museums.    Most  of  them  have  been  en- 

LTFuente  (la  fwen'te),  Antonio  Gutierrez 
de.    Bomin  Tarapacd  about  1798.   APeravian 

general.  He  was  conspicuous  in  the  civil  wars  1829  to 
1843,  was  vice-president  under  GamarraAug.,1829,  to  April 
16  1881 ;  was  one  of  the  claimants  ot  the  presidency  1834 ; 
and  led  the  revolt  which  deposed  Menendez  in  1842.  In 
later  years  he  was  senator  and  alcalde  of  Lima. 

Lafuente,  or  La  Fuente  (la  fwen'te),  Modesto. 


585 

Bom  at  Kabanal  de  los  CabaUeros,  Paleneia, 
Spain,  1806 :  died  Oct.  25, 1866.  A  Spanish  his- 
torian. His  chief  work  is  "Historia  generalde  Espafia" 
(30  vols.  1850-66).  He  was  known  also  tor  his  satirical 
writings  under  the  names  of  Fray  Gerundio  and  Tu:a- 
beque  (1844-60). 

Lafuente  y  Alctotara,  Miguel.  Bom  at  Archi- 
dona,  province  of  Malaga,  Spain,  July  10, 1817 : 
died  at  Havana,  Aug.,  1850.  A  Spanish  histo- 
rian, author  of  "Historia  de  Granada"  (1843- 
1848),  etc. 
Lagado  (la-ga'do).  In  "Gulliver's  Travels," by 
Swift,  a  city  which  figures  in  the  voyage  to  the 
flying  island  of  Laputa. 

Lagamaru  (la-ga-ma'ro).  The  name  of  one  o£ 
the  deities  of  Elam  in  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions. It  appears  in  the  name  of  the  Elamite 
king  Chedonaomer  (Assyrian  Kudur-Lagamar). 
Lagarde  (la-gard')  (originally  Botticher ),  Paul 
Anton  de.  Bom  at  Berlin,  Nov.  2, 1827 :  died 
at  Gottingen,  Deo.  22, 1891.  A  German  Orien- 
talist and  biblical  scholar.  He  held  a  profes- 
sorship in  the  University  of  Gdttingen  from  1869 
until  his  death. 

La  Gasca,  Pedro  de.    See  Gasca. 
Laghouat  (la-go-af ) .    A  town  and  military  post 
in  the  Sahara,  province  of  Algiers,  Algeria, 
about  lat.  33°  50'  N.,  long.  2°  53'  E.  Population, 
about  6,000. 

Laghukaumudi  (la-g-ho-kou'inS-de).  [Skt., 
'  the  Short  Kaumudi.']  In  Sanskrit  literature, 
the  name  of  an  epitome  by  Varadaraja  of  the 
Siddhantakaumudi  of  Bhattojidikshita. 
La  Gloire  (la  glwar).  A  French  war-ship,  the 
first  fully  equipped  iron-clad  ship,  launched  in 
1858.  Her  length  was  264  feet ;  breadth,  65  feet ;  depth, 
25  feet.  The  Napoleon,  a  two-decked  91-gun  ship  of  1867, 
was  razed  to  one  deck,  lengthened  23  feet,  and  armored 
from  stem  to  stern  with  5'inch  iron  plates. 
Lagny  (lan-ye').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Seine-et-Marne,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Mame 
15  miles  east  of  Paris.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 4,998. 

Lago  Maggiore.  See  Maggiore. 
Lagonegro  (la-go-na'gro) .  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Potenza,  Italy,  38  miles  south  of 
Potenza.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  French  victory 
over  the  Neapolitans  in  1806. 
Lagos  (la'gQS).  A  small  seaportinthe  province 
of  Algarve,  Portugal,  in  lat.  37°  8'  N.,  long.  S° 
40' W.:  probably  the  ancient  Lacobriga.  It  was 
the  point  of  departure  ot  the  expeditions  ot  Henry  the 
Navigator.  In  its  bay  the  British  ileet  under  Boscawen 
defeated  the  French,  Aug.  17, 1769. 

Lagos  (la'gos).  1.  Atown  on  the  western  coast 
of  Africa,  in  lat.  6°  28'  N.,  Ipng.  3°  26'  E.:  a  com- 
mercial center,  it  was  captured  by  the  British  in  1861 
and  annexed  by  them  in  1861. 

3.  A  British  protectorate,  situated  between 
Dahomey  (French)  and  Nigeria.  Area,  over 
21,000  square  miles.     Pop.,  about  3,000,000. 

LagOSta  (la-gos'ta).  A  small  island  of  Dalma- 
tia,  situated  in  the  Adriatic  Sea  8  miles  south 
of  Curzola. 

Lagrange  (la-gronzh'),  Anna  Caroline  de, 
Countess  of  Stanko  witch.  Born  at  Paris  in 
1825.  A  French  singer,  a  pupil  of  Bordogni. 
She  made  her  dSbut  iiT  Italy,  and  has  sung  with  success 
in  all  the  great  cities  ot  Europe  and  the  United  States.  In 
1848  she  married  Count  Stankowitch. 

La  Grange,  Charles  Varlet,  Sieur  de.  Born  at 
Amiens:  died  at  Paris,  March  1,1692.  AFrench 
actor.  He  ran  away  from  his  tutor  and  joined  the  troupe 
of  Moliere,  from  whom  he  received  instruction.  He  after- 
ward became  a  public  favorite.  He  edited,  with  Vinot,  the 
first  important  edition  of  Moliere  (1682).  His  wife  was  also 
a  popular  actress  of  comedy. 

Lagrange  (la-gronzh'),  Joseph  Louis,  Comte. 
Bom  at  Turin,  Jan.  25,  1736 :  died  at  Paris, 
April  10,  1813.  A  celebrated  mathematician, 
of  French  descent.'  He  was  appointed  professor  of 
mathematics  at  the  military  school  in  Turin  in  1764,  and 
succeeded  Euler  as  director  ot  the  Academy  of  Berlin  in 
1766.  In  1787  he  established  himself  in  Paris.  He  pub- 
lished "M^caniqueanalytique"(1788),  "Th^oriedesfonc- 
tions  analytiques  "  (1799),  etc. 

La  Granja  (la  gran'na),  or  San  Ildefonso  (§1- 
da-fon's6).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Segovia,  Spain,  37  miles  north-northwest  of 
Madrid.  It  contains  a  royal  castle  built  by  Philip  V., 
surrounded  by  a  splendid  wooded  park  with  elaborate 
fountains  and  waterworks.  The  castle  was  the  scene  of 
the  "revolution  ot  La  Granja,"  Aug.,  1836,  by  which  Queen 
Maria  Christina  was  compelled  to  restore  the  Constitution 
ot  1812. 

Lagthing  (lag'ting).  The  upper  house  of  the 
Norwegian  Storthing  or  parliament,  consisting 
of  one  fourth  of  the  members  of  the  latter  elected 
by  the  whole  body.     See  Storthing. 

La  Guaira  (la  gwi'ra).  A  seaport  of  Vene- 
zuela, situated  on  the  Caribbean  Sea  in  lat.  10° 


Laibach,  Congress  of 

37'  N.,  long.  66°  57'  W.:  the  port  of  Caracas. 
Population,  about  8,000. 
Laguna  (la-go'na).  [PI.,  also  Lagunas.  Sp., 
'  lagoon.']  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians, 
inhabiting  a  group  of  small  pueblos  on  or  near 
the  Eio  San  Jos6,  a  western  affluent  of  the  Bio 
Grande  in  New  Mexico.  The  pueblo  was  established 
in  1699,  under  the  name  Kawaiko,  by  Znfii  and  Keresan 
natives.  Since  the  advent  of  white  settlers  there  have 
been  formed  several  new  villages :  Paguate,  Punyeestye, 
Punyekia,  Pusityitcho,  Seemimah,  Wapuchuseamma,  and 
Ziarama.  These  were  formerly  summer  villages,  but  now 
are  permanently  occupied.  Population,  1,143.  See  Kere- 
san. 

La  Hague.     See  Mogue,  La. 

La  Halle  (la  al),  Adam  de.  Bom  at  Arras, 
France,  about  1240 :  died  in  Italy  about  1287. 
A  French  poet  and  dramatist,  surnamed  "Le 
Bossu  d' Arras  "  (though  he  appears  not  to  have 
been  a  hunchback).  He  was  at  first  a  monk,  but  left 
his  convent  and  married ;  later  he  abandoned  his  native 
town  and  his  family,  and  went  first  to  Donai,  and  then  with 
Robert  of  Artois  to  Italy.  "In  'Li  Jus  de  la  Feuillie'  he 
has  left  us  the  earliest  comedy  in  the  vulgar  tongue 
known ;  in  the  pastoral  drama  of  *Robin  et  Marion,'  the 
earliest  specimen  ot  comic  opera."    SainWbury. 

Laharpe,  or  La  Harpe  (la  arp),  Fr^d^ric  C6- 
sar.  Bom  at  EoUe,  Switzerland,  April  6, 1754 : 
died  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  March  30, 1838. 
A  Swiss  politician,  instructor  of  the  czar  Alex- 
ander I.  He  was  a  leader  in  the  establishment 
of  the  Helvetic  EepubUc  in  1798. 

Laharpe,  or  La  Harpe,  Jean  Francois  de. 
Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  20, 1739 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb. 
11,  1803.  AFrench  critic  and  poet.  His  chief 
work  is  "Lyc^e,  ou  cours  de  litt^rature  an- 
cienne  et  moderne"  (1800-18). 

La  Haye  (la  a').  The  French  name  of  the 
Dutch 's  Graven  Hage,  The  Hague. 

Lahidjan  (la-hed-jan' ).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Ghilan,  northern  Persia,  situated  near  the 
Caspian  Sea  30  miles  east-southeast  of  Eesht. 
Population,  about  7,000. 

La  Hire  (la  er)  (i^tienne  Vignoles).  Bom 
about  1390:  died  at  Montauban,  Jan.  11, 1443. 
A  French  general,  distinguished  in  the  war  of 
Charles  VII.  against  the  English. 

Lahire,  or  Lahyre,  Laurent  de.  Bom  at  Pa- 
ris, Feb.,  1606 :  died  there,  Deo. ,  1656.  A  French 
painter,  chiefly  of  religious  subjects. 

Lahn  (lan).  A  river  of  Germany  which  joins 
the  Ehine  4  miles  south  of  Coblenz.  Length, 
135  miles. 

La  Hogue.    See  Hogue,  La. 

Lahontan  (la-6n-ton').  Baron  de  (Armand 
Louis  de  Delondarce).  Bom  near  Mont-de- 
Marsan,  France,  about  1667:  died  at  Hannover, 
1715.  A  French  soldier  in  North  America.  He 
came  out  to  Canada,  probably  as  a  private,  in  1683,  and 
served  against  the  Iroquois  and  the  English,  becoming 
eventually  theking'slieutenantin  Newfoundland  andAcEu 
dia.  He  published  "  Nouveaux  voyages  de  M.  le  baron  de 
Lahontan  dans  I'Am^rique  septentrionale"  (1703),  "Dia^ 
logue  de  M.  le  baron  de  Lahontan  et  d'un  sauvage  dans 
I'Am^rique,  aveo  les  voyages  du  mfime  en  Portugal "  (1704), 
etc. 

Lahore,  or  Labor  (la-hor').  1.  A  division  of 
the  Panjab,  British  India.  Area,  8,987  square 
miles.  Population  (1881),  2,191,517.— 2.  Adis- 
trict  in  the  Lahore  division,  intersected  by  lat. 
31°  30'  N,  long.  74°E.  Area,  3,678  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  1,075,379.-3.  The  caj)ital  of 
the  Panjab,  and  of  the  district  and  division  of 
Lahore,  situated  near  the  Eavi  in  lat.  31°  34' 
N.,  long.  74°  19'  E.  it  is  an  important  seat  of  trade, 
and  contains  various  educational  institutions.  There  are 
notable  buildings  here  and  in  the  vicinity,  including  the 
tomb  of  Jahanglr  and  the  garden  of  Shah  Jehan.  Lahore 
was  long  noted  for  its  carpets.  It  was  held  by  the  Ghaz- 
nevids  from  1023  to  1186;  was  sacked  by  the  Mongols  in 
1241 ;  was  taken  by  Baber  in  1622 ;  became  a  Mogul  capi- 
tal under  Akbar ;  was  fiourishing  under  the  Moguls  and 
under  Banjit  Singh ;  was  occupied  by  the  British  in  1846 ; 
and  was  annexed  by  them  in  1849.  Population  (1891),  in- 
cluding cantonment,  176,864. 

Lahr  (lar).  A  town  in  the  circle  of  Offenburg, 
Baden,  situated  on  the  Schutter  17  miles  south 
by  east  of  Strasburg.  It  manufactures  tobacco, 
cigars,  etc.    Population  (1890),  10,805. 

Laianas.    Same  as  Layanas.    See  Guanas. 

Laibach,  or  Laybach  (li'bach).  [Slovenian 
Ljubljana,  It.  Lubiana.']  The  capital  of  Cami- 
ola,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Laibach 
in  lat.  46°  3'  N.,  long,  14°  31'  E. :  the  ancient 
Emona.  it  has  a  castle  and  a  cathedral.  It  was  sacked 
by  the  Huns  in  the  6th  century,  and  by  the  Magyars  in  900 ; 
passed  to  the  Hapsburgs  in  1276 ;  and  was  the  capital  of 
the  Hlyrian  Provinces  1809-13,  and  of  the  kingdom  of  II- 
lyria  1816-49.    Population  (1890),  30,606. 

Laibach,  Congress  of.  A  meeting,  Jan,- 
May,  1821,  of  the  emperors  of  Eussia  and  Aus- 
tria, the  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  the  Duke  of 
Moden  a,  an  c''  r-pvesonta  tives  from  France,  Great 


Laibach,  Congress  of 

Britain,  Prussia,  Sardinia,  etc.,  at  which  armed 
intervention  was  resolved  on  for  the  repression 
of  the  revelations  in  Piedmont  and  Naples. 

Laidley  Worm  of  Spindlestonheugh,  The.  A 
ballad  by  Duncan  Frasier  of  Cheviot,  made  in 
1270.  The  story  is  of  an  enchanted  lady  who  could  only 
be  released  from  the  form  of  a  "laidley  worm"  or  "loath- 
some serpent"  by  a  knight  brave  enough  to  give  her  three 
kisses.  The  same  story  exists  in  other  forms  as  "The 
Worme  of  Lambton,"  "The  Lambton  Worm  of  Durham," 
"Kempion,"  and  other  old  ballads.  "Thename  'Kempion' 
is  itself  a  monument  of  the  relation  of  our  ballads  to  the 
'Ksempeviser.'"  (ChUd.)  The  version  preserved  in  Child's 
"English  and  Scottish  Ballads"  is  by  Mr.  Robert  Lambe, 
vicar  of  Norham :  some  of  the  stanzas,  however,  are  of 
older  origin. 

Laigle  (lagl).  A  manufacturing  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ome,  Normandy,  France,  33  miles 
northeast  of  Alenjon.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 5,078. 

Laila  (li'la)  andMajnun  (mej-nSn').  A  hero- 
ine and  hero  of  Arab  romance,  whose  story  has 
been  versified  by  several  Persian  poets,  notably 
byNizami  (1141-1202).  Kais(oaUedMajnnn,'raad,' 
after  his  love  cost  him  his  reason)  was  the  son  of  a  proud 
chief ;  Laila,  a  member  of  ahuinble  tribe.  Chancing  to  see 
Laila,  Kais  loved  her  and  sought  her  in  a  search  in  which 
he  became  mad.  His  father  at  last  discovered  the  strong- 
hold of  Laila's  father,  and  asked  her  hand  for  his  son ;  but 
the  father  refused  to  wed  his  daughter  to  a  madman. 
Laila  goes  forth  hoping  to  encounter  Hajnun  wandering 
in  search  of  her,  and  is  seen  by  a  prince,  Ibn  Salam,  whom 
her  father  compels  her  to  wed,  Laila  is  imprisoned  bylbn 
Salam,  but  escapes  and  meets  Majnun  in  the  desert.  Not 
able  now  to  make  her  his  wife,  he  sends  her  back.  She 
dies  of  grief,  and  Majnun  also  a  little  later  at  her  grave. 
Majnun  is  burled  beside  her.  Zaid,  Laila's  faithful  page, 
sees  a  vision  of  the  lovers  happy  in  paradise. 

Laing  (lang),  Alexander  Gordon.  Bom  Dec. 
27,  1793:  murdered  by  Arabs  near  Timbuktu, 
Sept.  26, 1826. '  An  English  soldier  and  African 
explorer. 

Laing,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Kirkwall,  Orkney,  Oct. 
4,  1780 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  April  23,  1868.  A 
Scottish  author  and  traveler.  He  entered  the 
army  in  1805,  and  served  in  the  Peninsular  war  under  Sir 
Arthur  Wellesley  and  Sir  John  Moore.  In  1834,  on  the  fail- 
ure of  his  business,  he  left  Orkney  and  traveled  in  Norway 
and  Sweden.  He  published  the  "Journal  of  a  Residence 
in  Norway  during  the  Years  1834-1835  and  1836  "(1836),- 
' '  A  Tour  in  Sweden  "  (London,  1839).  In  1844  he  published 
his  most  important  work,  the  translation  of  the  "  Heims- 
kringla  or  Icelandic  Chronicle  of  the  Kings  of  Norway  " 
with  a  "  Preliminary  Dissertation  "  (1844 :  revised  by  Ras- 
mus B.  Anderson  1889). 

Laing's  Keck.  A  pass  in  the  Drakenberg, 
Soum  Africa :  the  scene  of  a  Boer  victory  over 
the  British  Jan.  28,  1881. 

Laird  (lard),  Macgregor.  Bom  at  Greenock, 
1808 :  died  Jan.  9,  1861.  A  Scottish  African 
explorer,  younger  son  of  WUliam  Laird,  ship- 
builder and  founder  of  the  Birkenhead  house  of 
Laird.  He  dissolved  partnership  with  his  father  to  as- 
sist in  forming_  a  company  in  Liverpool  to  develop  com- 
merce on  the  river  Niger. 

Lais  (la'is).  [Gr.  Aa(f.]  The  name  of  two  Greek 
courtezans celebratedfortheir beauty.  Theelder, 
probably  a  native  of  Corinth,  lived  in  the  6th  century 
B.  0.,  and  was  famous  for  the  beauty  of  her  form  and  for 
her  vices.  She  died  at  Corinth,  where  a  monument  (a 
lioness  tearing  a  ram)  was  erected  to  her.  The  younger 
(born  probably  in  Hyccara,  in  Sicily,  and  brought  to  Cor- 
inth when  a  child)  lived  in  the  middle  of  the  4th  century 
B.  0.  Apelles  is  said  to  have  induced  her  to  follow  the 
life  of  a  courtezan.  She  was  slain  in  Thessaly  by  some 
women  whose  jealousy  she  had  aroused, 

Lais,  or  Laish.    See  Dan,  3. 

Laius  (la'yus).  [Gr.  KdlogJ]  In  Greek  legend, 
a  king  of  Thebes,  husband  of  Jooaste  and  father 
of  (Edipus. 

Laiyang  (li.^ang').  A  city  in  the  province  of 
Shantung,  China,  about  lat.  37°  5'  N.,  long. 
120°  50'  E.    Population,  estimated,  50,000. 

Lajeunesse.    See  ACbanl. 

Lajennesse  (la-zh6-nes'),  Gabriel,  The  lover 
of  Evangeline  in  Lon^ellow's  poem  of  that 
name. 

Lake  (lak),  Gerard,  Viscount  Lake.  Bom  July 
27,  1744:  died  at  London,  Feb,  20,  1808.  An 
English  general.  He  commanded  a  brigade  against  the 
French  in  Holland  in  1793 ;  was  commander-in-chief  in 
Ireland  1797-98  ;  became  commander-in-chief  in  India  in 
1800  ;  gained  the  victories  of  Aligarh  and  Laswari  in  In- 
dia in  1803  ;  captured  Delhi  and  Agra  in  1803 ;  and  com- 
manded against  Holkar  1804-05. 

Lakedaimon.    See  Lacedsemon. 

Lake  District.  A  region  in  Westmoreland 
and  Cumberland,  England,  which  abounds  in 
lakes  inclosed  by  mountains.  The  lakes  include 
Windermere,  tlllswater,  Derwentwater,  and  Bassenthwaite 
"Water ;  and  Skiddaw,  Helvellyn,  and  Scaf ell  Pike  are  the 

,  principal  mountains.  The  district  is  a  celebrated  tourist 
center,  and  is  associated  with  the  poetry  of  Wordsworth. 

Lake  of  the  Thousand  Lakes.    A  name  given 

to  Lake  Saima  in  Finland. 
Lake  of  the  Woods.    A  lake  on  the  frontier 

between  Minnesota  and  Canada   Its  outlet  is  by 

the  Winnipeg  River. 


586 

Lake  School.  In  English  literature,  a  name 
given  to  a  group  of  poets  including  Words- 
worth, Coleridge,  and  Southey,  from  their  resi- 
dence in  or  connection  with  the  lake  country 
of  England  (Cumberland,  Westmoreland,  and 
Lanfeashire) :  first  given  in  derision  in  the 
"  Edinburgh  Review." 

Lake  State.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  Michi- 
gan, which  borders  on  Lakes  Michigan,  Supe- 
rior, Huron,  St.  Clair,  and  Erie. 

Lakewood  (lak'wiid).  A  town  in  Ocean  County, 
New  Jersey,  31  miles  east  of  Trenton:  noted 
as  a  winter  health-resort.  Pop.  (1900),  3,094. 

Lakhimpur,  or  Luckimpur  (luk-im-p6r').  A 
district  in  Assam,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  26°  30'  N.,  long.  95°  E.    Area,  3,724  square 

.miles.     Population  (1891),  245,053. 

Lakhmids  (lak'midz),  ELingdom  of  the.  A 
medieval  realm  in  the  Euphrates  valley  (about 
500  A.  D. ).  It  was  a  dependency  of  the  new  Per- 
sian kingdom. 

Lakonike.    See  Lacoma. 

Lakmiut  (lak'miit).  A  division  of  the  Kala- 
pooian  stock  of  North  American  Indians,  for- 
merly on  Lakmiut  River,  Oregon,  but  since  1855 
on  Grande  Ronde  reservation.  They  number  29, 
exclusive  of  the  Chepenafo,  a  Lakmiut  band  numbering 
28.  Lakmiut  is  the  name  which  they  apply  to  themselves. 
Also  Chelukama/mhA,  I/uckamiute,  etc.    See  Kalapooian. 

Lakshmana  (laksh'ma-na).  [Skt.,  'having 
lucky  marks';  from  lakshmdn,  mark,  sign.]  In 
Hindu  mythology,  son  of  Dasharatha  by  Sumi- 
tra,  and  twin  brother  of  Shatrughna  and  half- 
brother  and  special  friend  of  Rama.  One  eighth 
of  Vishnu's  divinity  was  manifest  in  him,  A  fierce  war 
resulted  from  the  mutilation  by  Lakshmana  of  Shurpa- 
nakha,  Ravana's  sister,  who  had  attacked  Sitaon  being  re- 
pulsed by  both  Rama  and  Lakshmana.  When  Sita  was  car- 
ried off  by  Ravana,  Lakshmana  accompanied  Rama  in  the 
search  for  her.  He  broke  in  upon  Rama's  interview  with 
Kala,  or  Time,  to  save  him  from  the  curse  of  Durvasas, 
knowing  that  it  would  be  fatal  to  do  so.  Wlien  he  then 
retired,  resigned,  to  the  river  Sharayu,  the  gods  showered 
flowers  upon  him  and  bore  him  to  heaven. 

Lakshmi  (laksh'me).  [Skt.,  'mark,'  'sign'; 
vrith  or  without  papi,  '  bad,'  '  a  bad  sign,' '  mis- 
fortune ' ;  in  the  older  language  usually  with 
jpunya,  'prosperous,'  'a  good  sign,'  'good  for- 
tune,' and  then  personified.]  In  Hindu  mythol- 
ogy, the  goddess  of  fortune,  wife  of  Vishnu  and 
mother  of  Kama.  The  Ramayana  describes  her  as 
springing  like  Aphrodite  from  the  foam  of  the  ocean  when 
it  was  churned  by  the  gods  and  Asuras.  (See  Eurma  Ava- 
tar.) She  appeared  in  full  beauty  with  a  lotus  in  her 
hand.  Another  legend  represents  her  as  floating  on  alotus 
flower  at  the  creation.  She  is  said  to  have  four  arms, 
typifying  her  bounty,  but  is  generally  depicted  with  only 
two,  as  the  type  of  beauty,  and  holding  a  lotus.  The  theory 
of  incarnation  identifies  her  with  the  wives  respectively  of 
Parashurama,  Ramachandra,  and  Krishna. 

Lalande  (la-lond'),  Joseph  Gerome  Lefran- 
?ais  de.  Bom  at  Bourg,  Ain,  France,  July  11, 
1732:  died  at  Paris,  April  4,  1807.  A  noted 
French  astronomer,  appointed  professor  at  the 
CoU&ge  de  France  in  1762.  He  wrote  "Traits 
d'astronomie  "  (1764),  etc. 

Lalitavistara  (la-li-ta-vis'ta-ra).  [Skt.,  'sim- 
ple, artless  detail.']  The  standaifd  Sanskrit  work 
of  the  northern  Buddhists  on  the  life  of  Buddha. 
It  is  full  of  extravagant  fictions  in  his  honor,  but  is  of 
value  in  the  comparison  of  the  later  Northern  and  earlier 
Southern  traditions.  It  was  probably  composed  in  Nepal 
and  by  some  Buddhist  poet  who  lived  between  600  and 
1,000  years  after  the  death  of  the  Buddha.  It  is  partly  in 
prose,  partly  in  verse,  and  brings  the  life  only  to  the  time 
of  Buddha's  appearance  as  a  teacher. 

Lalitpur,  or  LuUitpur  (lul-lit-p6r'_).  A  district 
in  the  Northwest  Provinces,  British  India,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  24°  30'  N.,  long.  78°  30'  E. 
-Area,  1,947  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
274,200. 

Laila  Bookh  (lal'a  rok).  A  poem  by  Thomas 
Moore,  it  was  composed  about  1815,  and  published  in 
1817.  It  is  a  series  of  four  Eastern  stories  connected  with 
a  slight  prose  narrative  showing  how  these  poems  were 
recited  to  please  Laila  Rookh,  an  Indian  princess,  on  her 
journey  to  meet  her  betrothed,  the  Sultan  of  Bucharia,  in 
the  vale  of  Cashmere.  (See  Feramorz.)  Mlicien  David 
produced  an  opera  "Laila  Eoukh,"  founded  on  this  poem, 
in  1862.  The  words  were  by  Lucas  and  Carr^.  Rubinstein 
also  composed  one,  produced  in  1863.  A  number  of  other 
musical  compositions  have  been  based  on  it^  such  as 
Schumann's  "Das  Paradies  und  die  Perl"  and  Stemdale 
Bennett's  "Paradise  and  the  Peri." 

L' Allegro  (lal-la'gro).  A  poem  by  Milton,  writ- 
ten about  1632. 

Lally  (la-le'),  Thomas  Arthur,  Baron  de  Tol- 
lendal,  Comte  de.  Born  at  Romans  Dr6me  in 
Jan.,  1702:  beheaded  at  Paris,  May  9,  1766.  A 
French  general.  He  was  of  Irish  descent^  entered  in 
his  youth  an  Irish  regiment  in  the  French  service,  and  in 
1746  accompanied  the  j)retender  Charles  Edward  to  Scot- 
land, He  was  appomted  commander-in-chief  of  the 
French  East  Indies  in  1756,  and  in  1758  assumed  the  of- 
fensive in  the  warwith  the  English  in  India.  He  was,  how- 
ever, compelled  to  surrender  to  Sir  E,  Coote  in  1761,"aJter 
having  sustained  a  siege  of  ten  months  at  Pondicherry. 


Lamas 

He  was  executed  by  order  of  the  parliament  of  Paris  ot 
the  unj  ust  charge  of  treason  and  cowardice.  The  sentence 
was  annulled  by  Louis  XVI,  in  177& 

Lally-ToUendal  (la-le'to-lon-dai'),  Trophime 
Gerard,  Marquis  de.  Bom  at  Paris,  March  5, 
1751 :  died  at  Paris,  March  11, 1830.  A  French 
politician  and  litterateur,  son  of  Count  de  Lally. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  National  Assembly  in 
1789.  . 

Lalo  (la-16'),  Edouard.  Born  at  Lille  in  1823 : 
died  at  Paris,  April  23,  1892.  A  French  com- 
poser, of  Spanish  parentage.  Among  his  composi- 
tions are  "Fiesque,"  "  Namouna,"  and  "Leroid'Ys,"alBo 
a  number  of  symphonies  and  concerted  pieces,  a  diver- 
tissement for  the  orchestra,  and  music  for  a  Roman  panto- 
mime, entitled  "N^ron,"  for  the  Hippodrome. 

La-malle.    See  Ckelamela. 

Lama-miao.    See  Dolon-nor. 

La  Mancha,  Don  Quixote  de.  See  Don  Qim-' 
oie. 

Lamar,  orLamar  y  Cortezar  (la-mar'  e  kor-ta- 
thar' ),  Jos4.  Born  at  Cuenca  (now  in  Ecuador), 
1778 :  died  at  San  Jos6,  Costa  Rica,  Oct.  11, 
1830.  A  Spanish-American  general.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  governmental  junta  in  1822 ;  commanded 
the  Peruvian  troops  at  Ayacucho  Dec,  9,  1824 ;  and  on 
Aug.  24, 1827,  was  elected  president  of  Peru.  He  at  once 
demanded  and  obtained  the  deposition  of  Sucre,  president 
of  Bolivia ;  provoked  a  war  with  Colombia ;  was  defeated 
near  Cuenca,  Feb.  26, 1829 ;  and  on  June  7,  1829,  was  de- 
posed by  his  own  officers  and  exiled. 

Lamar  (la-mar'),  Lucius  Quintus  Cincinna- 
tus.  Born  in  Jasper  County,  Ga,,  Sept.  1, 
1825:  died  at  Macon,  Ga.,  Jan.  23,  1893.  An 
American  politician  and  jurist.  He  was  a  Demo- 
cratic member  of  Congress  from  Mississippi  1867-61; 
served  in  the  Confederate  military  and  diplomatic  service 
during  the  Civil  War;  was  a  member  of  Congress  from 
Mississippi  1873-77 ;  was  a  United  States  senator  1877-85 ; 
was  secretary  of  the  interior  1886-88 ;  and  was  appointed 
an  associate  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  in  1888. 

Lamar,  Mirabeau  Buonaparte.  Bom  at  Louis- 
ville, Ga.,  Aug.  16,  1798:  died  at  Richmond, 
Texas,  Dec.  19, 1859.  An  American  politician 
and  diplomatist,  president  of  Texas  1838-41. 

Lamarck  (la-m^rk'),  Jean  Baptiste  Pierre 
Antoine  ae  Monet  de.  Bom  at  Bazentin, 
Somme,  France,  Aug.  1,  1744:  died  at  Paris, 
Dec.  18, 1829.  A  celebrated  French  naturalist. 
Ee  entered  the  military  service  in  1760 ;  soon  abandoned 
this  for  the  study  of  medicine  and  the  natural  sciences ; 
edited  for  several  years  the  "Annuaire  M^t^orologique  " ; 
then  devoted  himself  to  botany  and  published  "  Flore  f  ran- 
jaise"  (1773) ;  and  in  1792  became  professor  of  natural  his- 
tory at  the  Jardin  des  Plantes.  During  the  last  17  years 
of  his  life  he  was  blind.  His  chief  works  are  "Histoire 
naturelle  des  animaux  sans  vertfebres"  (1815-22)  and  "Phi- 
losophie  zoologlque  "  (1809),  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  doctrine  of  biological  evolution,  but  differed  from 
the  modern  (Darwinian)  theory  especially  in  his  view  of 
the  part  played  by  "  appetency  "  and  the  active  exertion 
of  the  organism. 

La  Marck,  Robert  de.    See  Flewranges. 

La  Marck,  William  de.    See  March. 

La  Marmora,  or  Lamarmora  (la-mar'mo-ra), 
Marehese  di  (Alfonso  Ferrero).  Bom  at  Tu- 
rin, Nov.  18,  1804:  died  at  Florence,  Jan.  5, 
1878.  An  Italian  general  and  statesman.  He 
served  in  the  war  with  Austria  1848-49 ;  was  minister  of 
war  1848  and  1849-55  ;  commanded  the  Sardinian  contin- 
gent in  the  Crimea  1856 ;  was  minister  of  war  1866-69 ; 
served  at  Solferino  in  1859;  was  premier  1859-60  and  1864- 
1866 ;  and  was  chief  of  staff  in  1866. 

Lamarque  (la -mark'),   Comte  Maximilien. 

Bom  at  St.-Sever,  Laudes,  France,  July  22, 
1770 :  died  at  Paris,  June  1,  1832.  A  French 
general  and  politician.  His  funeral,  which  the  re- 
publicans desired  to  utilize  as  an  occasion  for  a  public 
demonstration,  gave  rise  to  an  Insurrection  in  Paris, 

Lamartine  (la-mar-ten'),  Alphonse  Marie 
Louis.  Bom  at  Macon,  Oct.  21,  1790:  died 
at  Paris,  March  1, 1869.  A  celebrated  French 
poet,  standing  midway  between  the  agesof  classical  and 
Romantic  literature,  Lamartine  combined  a  modem  spirit 
with  the  old  form  of  expression.  He  ranks  with  Victor 
Hugo  and  Alfred  de  Musset  among  the  foremost  poets  of 
the  19th  century.  At  the  age  of  twenty  he  was  sent  to  for- 
eign countries  to  complete  his  education.  During  a  great 
part  of  the  time  he  was  away  he  lived  in  Italy.  Lamartine's 
first  work  "  Meditations  po^tiques  "  (1820)  was  epoch-mak- 
ing in  the  history  of  the  new  Romantic  school.  Its  success 
was  immediate :  it  went  rapidly  through  thirty  editions. 
The  elegy  "  Le  lac  "  is  one  of  the  most  perfect  compositions 
of  Its  kind  In  French  literature.  Further  poetic  writings 
are  '*Lea  nouvelles  meditations"  (1823),  "La  mort  de  So- 
crate  "  (1823),  "Dernier  chant  du  pelerinage  de  Childe  Har- 
old" (1825),  "Harmonies  po^tiques  et  religieuses"  (1829), 
" Jocelyn  (1836),"La  chute  d'un  ange  "  (1838)," Recuefile- 
ments  poetiques'"  Q889),  In  prose  Lamartine  wrote  "Le 
voyage  en  Orient"  (1836),  "  Histoire  des  Girondins  "  (1847), 
"  Histoire  de  la  revolution  de  f^vrier  "  (1849),  "  Grazlella  " 
(1852),  "Histoii-e  de  la  restauration  "  (1851-63),  and  many 
other  works,  remarkable  at  least  for  tneir  style.  He  was 
intimately  connected  with  the  political  life  of  his  day,  and 
attained  great  success  as  an  orator.  He  was  minister  o! 
foreign  affairs  In  the  provisional  government  of  1848.  He 
was  received  into  the  French  Academy  in  1880. 
Lamas  (la'mSs),  Andr6s.  Bom  at  Montevideo, 
Nov.  30,  1817.    An  Uruguayan  historian  and 


Lamas 

statesman.  He  has  held  various  high  civil  and  diplo- 
matic positions,  but  is  best  Known  from  his  collection  of 
liistoilcal  documents,  portions  of  which  have  been  pub- 
lished as "  Coleccion  de  obras,  documentos,  etc. ,  para  servir 
i,  la  historia  del  Eio  de  la  Plata." 

Lamb  (lam),  Lady  Caroline.  BomNov.  13, 1785: 
died  at  Melbourne  House,  Whitehall,  Jan.  26, 
1828.  An  English  novelist,  daughter  of  Fred- 
erick Ponsonby,  third  earl  of  Bessborough.  in 
1805  she  married  William  Lamb  (afterward  Lord  Mel- 
bourne), from  whom  she  was  separated  in  1825.  She  was 
involved  in  intrigues  with  Byron,  who  left  her  in  1813.  She 
wrote  "  Glenarvon  "  (1816),  which  contained  a  caricature  of 
Byron,  "  A  New  Canto  "  (1819),  "  Graham  Hamilton  "  (1822), 
"Ada  Reis :  a  Tale  "  (1823). 

Lamb,  Charles.  Bom  in  Ctowa  Oflaee  Row,  in 
the  Temple,  Loudon,  Feb.  10, 1775 :  died  at  Ed- 
monton, Dee.  27,  1834.  A  noted  English  man 
of  letters,  critic,  and  humorist.  His  father,  John 
Lamb,  was  engaged  in  his  youth  in  domestic  service,  and 
became  the  clerk  of  a  bencher  of  the  Inner  Temple.  In 
1782  Charles  entered  Christ's  Hospital  (Blue-coat  School), 
where  he  remained  until  Nov. ,  1789.  Samuel  Taylor  Cole- 
ridgewas  afellow-pupilandlifelongfriend.  Inl789Lamb 
became  a  clerk  in  the  South  Sea  House,  and  in  1792  in 
the  India  House.  The  Lambs  left  the  Temple,  and  in  1796 
lodged  in  Little  Queen  street,  Holborn.  In  1796  Mary  Lamb 
killed  her  mother  in  a  fit  of  temporary  insanity,  and  was 
placed  under  the  guardianship  o!  her  brother  Charles  (her 
father  being  almost  imbecile),  who  oared  for  her  during  the 
rest  of  his  life.  In  1796  Coleridge  published  in  "  Poems  on 
Various  Subjects"  four  sonnets  by  Charles  Lamb.  To  a 
second  edition  In  HW  Coleridge  added  poems  by  Charles 
L.\mb  and  Charles  Lioyd.  In  1798  was  published  a  little 
volume  of  blank  verse  by  Charles  Lamb  and  Charles 
Lloyd,  and  later  a  "  Tale  of  Bosamund  Gray  and  Old  Blind 
Margaret."  In  1802  appeared  "John  Woodvil,"  a  play, 
showing  the  influence  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  and  the 
writers  of  that  period.  ' '  Mr.  H. ,"  a  two-act  farce,  was  pro- 
duced atDruryLaneDec.  10, 1805,  and  hopelessly  damned. 
His  first  success  was  in  "Tales  from  Shakspere"  (1807),  in 
which  Charles  did  the  tragedies  and  Mary  the  comedies. 
This  was  followed  by  "  Specimens  of  English  Dramatic 
Poets  Contemporarywith  Shakspere  "(1808), which  secured 
his  position  as  critic.  His  contributions  to  the  "  London 
Magazine"  began  with  "EecoUections  of  the  South  Sea 
House,"Aag.,  1820,  signed  "Elia."  Twenty-five  essays  thus 
signed  were  published  in  1823  as  the  "Essays  of  Elia." 
In  1822  Charles  and  Mary  went  abroad.  In  March,  1826,  he 
was  retired  from  the  India  House  with  a  pension  of  £441 
a  year.  In  1833  were  published  the  "  Last  Essays  of  Elia," 
his  last  literary  work.  He  died  in  the  next  year.  His 
sister  survived  till  1847. 

Lamb,  Mrs.  (Martha  Joanna  Reade  Nash). 
Born  at  Plainfield,  Mass.,  Aug.  18,  1829:  died 
at  New  York,  Jan.  2,  1893.  An  American  his- 
torical and  miscellaneous  writer,  she  was  the  ed- 
itor of  the  "Magazine  of  American  History  "  from  1883,  and 
the  author  of  a  "History  o£  the  City  of  New  York"  (1877- 
1881),  Oto. 

Lamb,  Mary  Ann.  Born  in  Crown  Office  Row, 
in  the  Temple,  London,  1764 :  died  1847.  An 
English  author,  sister  of  Charles  Lamb  whom 
she  assisted  in  the  "Tales  from  Shakspere" 
(1807).    See  Lamb,  Charles. 

Lamb,William.  Born  March  15, 1779:  died  Nov. 
24, 1848.  An  English  Whig  statesman,  second 
Viscount  Melbourne.  He  was  home  secretary  under 
Grey  1830-34,  and  was  prime  minister  July  17-Nov.  16, 
1834,  and  April,  1836,-Aug.,  1841. 

Lamballe  (lon-bal').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  C6tes-du-Nord,  Brittany,  France,  situated  on 
the  Gouessant  12  miles  east-southeast  of  St.- 
Brieuo.  It  has  a  church  of  Notre  Dame.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  4,524. 

Lamballe,  Frincesse  de  (Marie  Th^r^se 
Louise  de  Savoie-Carignan).  Bom  at  Turin, 
Sept.  8, 1749:  murdered  at  Paris,  Sept.  3, 1792. 
A  French  princess,  the  daughter  of  the  Prince 
de  Caiignan.  She  was  the  intimate  friend  of  Marie 
Antoinette,  who  made  her  superintendent  of  the  royal 
household.  She  proved  her  loyalty  to  the  ctueen  by  re- 
turning to  France  from  England  after  the  unsuccessful 
fliglit  from  Versailles,  and  voluntarily  sharing  her  im- 
prisonment for  a  week  in  the  Temple.  She  refused  on  Sept. 
3  to  take  the  oath  against  the  monarchy,  and  was  literally 
torn  to  pieces  by  the  mob  aa  she  emerged  from  the  court- 
house. 

Lambe(lam),  John.calledDoctor  Lambe.  Died 
June  23, 1628.  An  English  astrologer,  a  client 
of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  killed  by  a  London 
mob  on  account  of  his  reputed  magical  influence 
over  the  duke  and  others. 

Lamber,  Juliette.    See  Adam,  Mme.  JEdmond. 

Lambert  (lam'bert),  Aylmer  Bourke.  Bom 
at  Bath,  Feb.  2,  1761 :  died  at  London,  Jan.  10, 
1842.  An  English  botanist,  vice-president  of  the 
Linnean  Society.  He  was  the  author  of  works 
on  the  genera  Cinchona  (1797)  and  P«to«s  (1803- 
1824),  etc. 

Lambert,  Daniel.  Bom  at  Leicester,  March  13, 
1770  :  died  at  Stamford,  July  21, 1809.  An  Eng- 
lishman celebrated  for  his  corpulency.  At  his 
death  he  was  5  feet  11  inches  in  height,  and 
weighed  739  pounds. 

Lambert,  John  (originally  John  Nicholson). 
Burned  at  Smithfield,  Nov.,  1538.  An  English 
priest  and  Protestant  martyr,  tried  before  the 


587 

king  and  peers  Nov.  16,  1538,  and  condemned 
for  denying  the  real  presence. 

Lambert,  John.  Bom  at  Calton,  near  Malham 
Tarn,  Yorkshire,  1619  (baptized  Nov.  7) :  died 
1683.  An  English  general,  distinguished  in  the 
Parliamentary  service  in  the  civil  war.  He  served 
as  colonel  under  Fairfax  1643-44 ;  took  part  in  the  battle 
of  Marston  Moor ;  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  a  regi- 
ment of  foot  in  the  "New  Model"  Jan.,  1646;  played  a 
prominent  part  as  leader  of  the  discontented  officers  in 
the  disputes  between  the  army  and  Parliament  in  1647 ; 
was  made  general  of  the  northern  army  in  Aug.,  1647; 
served  against  the  Scots  in  1648  (at  Preston  Aug.  17-19) ; 
received  the  surrender  of  Pontefract  March  22, 1649 ;  and 
served  as  second  in  command  under  Cromwell  in  Scotland 
1660,  and  at  Worcester  1651.  He  became  influential  on 
the  appointment  of  Cromwell  as  Protector ;  was  a  member 
of  his  council  of  state ;  advocated  the  making  of  the  pro- 
tectorship hereditary  ;  and  attained  great  civil  and  military 
influence  in  the  state.  But  he  refused  to  assent  to  the  pro- 
posed assumption  by  Cromwell  of  the  title  of  king ;  de- 
clined to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  required  by  Parlia^ 
ment  June  24,  1657 ;  and  resigned  his  commission  July, 

.  1657.  After  Cromwell's  death  he  entered  Parliament, 
regained  in  great  measure  his  influence  with  the  army  and 
in  the  state,  and  defeated  Sir  George  Booth  at  Winwick 
Bridge  Aug.  19, 1669.  He  was  cashiered  Oct.  12, 1669,  re- 
belled, Intimidated  Parliament,  and  became  major-general 
of  the  army,  member  of  the  committee  of  safety,  and  the 
principal  man  in  the  state.  When  Monk  declared  for  the 
Parliament,  Lambert  marched  against  him,  but  his  army 
went  to  pieces  and  he  was  deprived  of  all  his  commands. 
At  the  Kestoration  he  was  tried  and  exiled  to  Germany. 
In  1667  he  was  transferred  to  the  island  of  St.  Nicholas  in 
Plymouth  Sound. 

Lambert,  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Tisbury,  Wiltshire, 
Feb.  4, 1815:  died  at  London,  Jan.  27, 1892.  An 
English  lawyer,  politician,  and  writer  on  music. 
He  wrote  a  "  Grammar  of  Plain  Chant,"  ' '  Music 
of  the  Middle  Ages,"  'etc. 

Lambessa  (lam-bes'sa),  or  Lamb^se  (lon-baz'). 
A  small  town  in  the  province  of  Constantine, 
Algeria,  63  miles  south-southwest  of  Constan- 
tine :  the  ancient  Lambsesa,  or  Lambese,  and 
native  Tazz"dt.  It  contains  a  convict  establishment 
(since  1850).  It  was  an  old  Homan  military  station,  and  con- 
tains important  remains  of  antiquity.  The  Koman  pre- 
torium  is  a  rectangular  building  90  feet  long,65  wide,  and  49 
high.  The  entrance  is  on  the  north  :  it  is  flanked  by  two 
smaller  arches,  and  adorned  with  detached  columns  and 
niches  for  statues.     The  south  side  had  a  flne  Corinthian 

■  portico,  with  pilasters  on  the  wall  corresponding  to  the 
columns,  and  there  were  porticos  also  on  the  east  and 
west  sides.  The  interior  forms  a  great  hall,  with  archi- 
tectural decoration  on  the  walls.  A  temple  of  Jupiter, 
with  octastyle  facade,  has  lately  been  excavated,  and  a 
triumphal  arch  of  Commodus  survives  almost  entire. 

Lambeth  (lam'beth) .  A  municipal  and  parlia- 
mentary borough  of  London,  situated  south  of 
the  Thames,  it  contains  Lambeth  Palace.  The  bor- 
ough returns  4  members  to  Parliament.  Population 
(1891),  276,202. 

Lambeth,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  concluded  at 
Lambeth  in  1217  between  the  Earl  of  Pem- 
broke and  Prince  Louis  (Louis  Vin.  of  France), 
whereby  the  latter  agreed  to  leave  England. 

Lambeth  Articles.  Nine  articles  drawn  up  at 
Lambeth  in  1595,  intended  to  embody  the  Cal- 
vinistic  doctrine  respecting  predestination,  jus- 
tification, etc.  They  were  never  approved  by  the  church 
in  any  regular  synod,  and  therefore  possess  no  ecclesiasti- 
cal authority. 

Lambeth  Palace.  The  city  residence  of  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  situated  in  Lambeth, 
near  the  Thames,  1^  miles  southwest  of  St. 
Paul's.  It  was  acquired  by  the  archbishops  in  1197.  The 
present  building  was  commenced  in  the  13th  century.  It 
contains  a  valuable  library. 

Lambinet  (lon-be-na'),  Emile  Charles.  Bom 

at  Versailles,  Jan.  13,  1815 :  died  at  Bougival, 
Jan.  1, 1878.  AnotedFrenchlandseape-painter. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Boiselier,  Drolling,  and  Hor- 
ace Vernet. 

Lambruschini  (lam-bros-J:e'ne),  Luigi.  Bom 
at  Genoa,  May  16, 1776:  died  at  Rome,  May  12, 
1854.  An  Italian  cardinal  and  politician,  min- 
ister and  state  councilor  under  Gregory  XVI. 
and  Pius  IX. 

Lambton  (lam'ton),  John  George,  first  Earl  of 
Durham.  Bom'at  London,  April  12, 1792 :  died 
at  Cowes,  Isle  of  Wight,  July  28, 1840.  An  Eng- 
lish Whigpolitician  and.  diplomatist,  created  Ba- 
ron Durham  in  1828,  and  earl  of  Durham  in  1833. 
He  sat  in  the  House  of  Commons  1813-28;  was  appointed 
lord  privy  seal  Nov.  22, 1830 ;  took  part  in  the  preparation 
of  the  first  reform  bill ;  was  ambassador  extraordinary  to 
St.  Petersburg  July,  1832,  and  to  Vienna  and  Berlin  Sept., 
1832;  was  minister  to  St.  Petersburg  1835-37;  and  was 
made  high  commissioner  for  the  settlement  of  certain  Ca- 
nadian questions,  and  governor-general  of  the  British 
provinces  in  North  America,  March  31, 1838.  He  resigned 
in  1838. 

Lamech  (la'mek).  In  Old  Testament  history: 
(a)  The  son  of  Methusael,  a  descendant  of  Cain, 
and  the  father  of  Tubal-Cain.  His  address  to 
his  wives  (Gen.  iv.  23, 24)  is  probably  the  oldest 
extant  Hebrew  poetry.  (6)  The  son  of  Methu- 
selah, seventh  in  descent  from  Seth,  and  father 
of  Noah. 


Lament 

Lamego  (la-ma'gij).  A  town  in  the  district  of 
Vizeu,  province  of  Beira,  Portugal,  46  miles  east 
of  Oporto.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  alleged  con- 
stitutional cortes  of  1143.    It  has  a  cathedral. 

Lame  Lover,  The.  A  comedy  by  Foote,  pro- 
duced in  1770. 

Lamennais  (la-me-na'),  F^liciti  Robert  de. 
Born  at  St.  Malo,  June  19, 1782:  died  at  Paris, 
Feb.  27, 1854.  A  French  writer  and  philosopher. 
From  earliest  infancy  he  was  dwarfed  in  stature,  nervous, 
and  irritable.  He  studied  under  his  uncle's  guidance, 
and  taught  himself  Greek,  Latin,  and  several  modem  lan- 
guages. In  time  he  became  strongly  attracted  by  the  philo- 
sophical teachings  of  the  18th  century,  especially  those  of  J. 
J.  Rousseau.  After  publishing  an  essay,  "Lesphfiosophes," 
in  1802,  he  went  to  live  for  a  while  in  the  retirement  of  his 
native  region.  His  "RMexions  sur  Wtat  de  I'^glise  en 
France  pendant  leXVIIIe  sifecle,  et  sur  sa  situation  actuelle' ' 
appeared  in  1808,but  was  suppressed  by  the  police  until  1814. 
In  1811  he  taught  mathematics  in  the  Seminary  of  St. 
Malo ;  the  following  year  he  took  the  first  orders,  and  in 
1816  became  a  priest.  He  published  the  first  volume 
of  his  great  work  "Essai  sur  I'indiff^rence  en  matifere  de 
religion  "  in  1817 ;  the  second  volume  is  dated  1820,  and  the 
third  and  fourth  are  from  1822-23.  With  a  view  to  spread 
his  religious  ideas,  he  founded  a  paper  "L'Avenii-"  (1830). 
His  doctrines  favoring  freedom  in  religious  matters  were 
not  approved  by  the  clergy,  and  his  fearless  utterances  led 
to  frequent  censure  and  condemnation  before  the  courts. 
In  1848  he  founded  a  new  paper,  "Le  Peuple  Constituant." 
His  last  appearance  as  a  political  writer  was  in  connection 
withhismanagement  of  the  journal  "LaR^forme."  Among 
Lamennais's  works  are  "Melanges  religieux  et  philoso- 
phiques"  (1819-35),  "Les  paroles  d'un  croyant,"  "Lelivre 
du  peuple  "(1837),  "Questionspolitiquesetpliilosophiques" 
(1840),  "L'Esquisse  d'une  philosophic  "  (1842-46).  His  "  Dis- 
cussions  critiques"  came  out  in  1856,  and  likewise  his 
translation  of  Dante's  "  Divina  Commedia." 

Lamentation  of  Mary  Magdalen.  A  spurious 
poem  introduced  in  the  eany  editions  of  Chau- 
cer. It  was  inserted  under  the  impression  that  it  was  the 
lost  "Origenes  upon  the  Maudeleyne,"  which  was  prob- 
ably a  translation  from  a  piece  attributed  to  Origen.  This 
idea  arose  from  Chaucer's  lines  in  the  prologue  to  the  "Le- 
gend of  Good  Women," 

"He  made  also,  goone  is  a  greats  while, 
Origenfes  upon  the  Maudelain." 

Lamentations  (lam-en-ta'shonz).  A  book  of 
the  Old  Testament  of  which  the  authorship  is 
by  tradition  ascribed  to  the  prophet  Jeremiah. 
It  comprises  five  dirges.  Its  date  and  author- 
ship are  matters  of  dispute. 

Lamettrie,  or  La  Mettrie  (la  me-tre'),  Julien 
Offray  de.  Bom  at  St.-Malo,  France,  Dec.  25, 
1709 :  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  11, 1751.  A  French 
materialist.  He  wrote  "Histote  natureUe  de  r^me" 
(1745 :  ostensibly  translated  from  the  English), "  La  faculty 
veng^e"  (1747;  a  satirical  comedy),  "L'Homme  machine" 
(1748),  "L'Homme  plante"  (1748),  "Reflexions  philoso- 
phiques  sur  I'origine  des  animaux  "  (1760),  "  Les  animaux 
plus  que  machines"  (1750),  ete.  He  was  the  leader  of  French 
materialism  in  its  most  extreme  forin,  and  was  persecuted 
for  his  opinions.  He  was  driven  from  France  to  Holland, 
and  thence  to  Prussia,  where  he  found  an  asylum  with 
Frederick  the  Great. 

Lamia  (la'mi-a).  [Gr.  Axifiia.']  The  capital  of 
the  nomarchy  of  Phthiotis,  Greece,  situated 
in  lat.  38°  54'  N.,  long.  22°  27'  E.  It  was  an 
ancient  city  of  Malis.  The  modern  name  was  until  re- 
cently Zituni,  but  the  old  name  has  been  restored.  An^ 
tipaterwas  besieged  here  323  B.  0.  Population  (1889),  6,888. 

Lamia.  1.  In  classical  mythology:  (a)  A 
daughter  of  Poseidon,  the  mother  of  the  sibyl 
Herophile.  (6)  The  daughter  of  Belus.  Shewas 
a  Libyan  queen,  beloved  by  Zeus,  and  transformed  through 
Juno's  jealousy  into  a  liideous  child-devouring  monster. 

Lilith,  the  nocturnal  female  vampire  of  the  Hebrews, 
mentioned  in  Isaiah,  is  rendered  Lamia  in  the  Vulgate. 
In  the  plural  (Lamise),  they  appear  to  have  corresponded, 
very  nearly,  to  the  witches  of  the  Middle  Ages,  who,  in- 
deed, were  then  frequently  called  LamisR.  Keats's  poem 
of  "  Lamia  "  (1820),  in  which  the  bride,  recognized  by  the 
keen-eyed  sage,  returns  to  her  original  serpent-form,  rep- 
resents another  of  the  superstitions  attached  to  the  race. 
B.  Taylor,  Notes  to  Faust,  Pt.  II, 

2.  A  celebrated  Athenian  courtezan,  in  the  sea- 
fight  oil  Salamis  306  B.  C.  she  tell  Into  the  hands  of  Deme- 
trius and  captivated  him.  Her  sway  was  unbroken  for 
many  years,  and  she  was  noted  for  her  extravagance.  The 
Athenians  and  Thebans  consecrated  temples  in  her  honor 
under  the  name  of  Aphrodite. 

Lamian  War.  A  war  in  which  Athens  and  its 
allies  were  defeated  by  Macedonia  under  An- 
tipater,  323-322  b.  c.  :  so  named  from  the  siege 
of  Lamia  by  the  allies. 

Lammermuir  (lam-mer-miir' ),  or  Lammermoor 
(]am-m6r-mor'),  Hills.  A  range  of  low  moun- 
tains in  the  counties  of  Edinburgh,  Berwick, 
and  Haddington,  Scotland,  extending  to  the 
North  Sea. 

Lammle  (lam'l),  Alfred.  In  Dickens's  "Our 
Mutual  Friend,"a  mature  young  man,  a  swindler 
and  fortune-hunter.  He  marries  Sophronia 
Akershem,  each  of  the  pair  believing,  mis- 
takenly, that  the  other  was  wealthy. 

Lammle,  Mrs.  Alfred,    See  Lammle,  Alfred. 

Lament  (la'mont),  Johann  von.  Born  at 
Braemar,  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  Dec.  13, 
1805 :  died  at  Bogenhausen,  near  Munich,  Aug. 


Lamout 

6, 1879.  An  astronomer  and  magnetician,  direc- 
tor of  the  observatory  at  Bogenhansen.  He 
wrote  "Handbuch  desErdmagnetismus"  (1849), 
"Handbueh  des  Magnetismus  "  (1867),  etc. 
Lamoracke  (Lamerocke,  Lamorake,  etc.), 
Sir.  A  Knight  of  the  Eound  Table.  He  was  killed 
by  the  sons  of  King  Lot  for  adultery  wltli  tlisir  motlier. 

Lamorici6re(la-mo-re-syar'),  Ohristophe  L6on 
Louis  Juchault  de.  Bom  at  Nantes,  France, 
Feb.  5,_1806 :  died  near  Amiens,  France,  Sept. 
11,  1865.  A  noted  French  general.  He  entered 
the  army  as  an  engineer ;  served  with  distinction  in  Alge- 
ria against  Abd-el-Kadir ;  was  military  governor  of  Paris 
bom  Feb.  24  to  June  28,  1848,  and  minister  of  war  from 
June  28  to  Dec.  28  of  the  same  year ;  and  was  deputy 
to  the  Legislative  Assembly  1849-51.  He  opposed  the 
schemes  of  Louis  Napoleon,  and  was  arrested  Dec.  2, 1861, 
Imprisoned,  and  then  banished.  As  commander  of  the  pa- 
pal forces  he  was  defeated  at  Castelfldardo,  Sept  18, 1860. 

J^unolUie  (la-mof),  Pierre  Alexandre  Bessot 
de.  Born  at  P6rigueux,  Jan.  8,  1823  :  died  at 
Villeneuve-l^s- Avignon,  France,  Oct.,  1897.  A 
French  novelist.  He  is  well  known  for  his  series  of 
romances  for  the  young,  which  have  been  translated  into 
a  number  of  languages.  Among  his  other  works  are 
"Coutnnies  de  Saint  Gilles  au  XlVe  siMe"  (1873),  "Exe- 
cutions de  Camisards  faites  k  NImes  de  1702  a  1705" 
(1875),  "Histoire  populaire  de  la  Prusse"  (1872),  etc. 

LaMotte(ia  mot),Antoine  Houdart  de.  Born 
at  Paris,  Jan.  17, 1672 :  died  there,  Dec.  26, 1731. 
A  French  poet  and  critic.  He  wrote  "  L'Burope  ga. 
lante,"  a  ballet  (1697),  "  Soanderbeg,"  a  lyrical  tragedy 
(1735),  "  In^s  de  Castro,"  a  tragedy  in  one  act,  in  verse 
(1723),  "Fables,"  etc. 

La  Motte-Fouq,u6.    See  Foug%i6. 

Lampadioa  (lam-pa'di-on).  The  conventional 
name  of  a  lively,  hot-tempered  courtezan  in 
later  Greek  comedy. 

Lampatho  (lam-pa'tho).  In  Marston's  play 
"What  You  Will,"  a  cynical  observer  intended 
to  represent  Marston  himself. 

Lampe  (lam'pe),  John  Frederick.  Bom  at 
Helmstadt,  Germany,  about  1703 :  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, July  25, 1751.  A  German  musician  resi- 
dent in  Great  Britain  from  about  1725,  noted 
as  a  bassoonist  and  composer.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  music  for  several  successful  burlesque  operas  and 
masks,  and  for  songs  and  hymns. 

Lampedusa  (lam-pa-diS'sa).  A  small  island  in 
the  Mediterranean,  east  of  Tunis,  situatedinlat. 
85°  80'  N.,  long.  12°  36'  E. :  the  ancient  Lopa- 
dussa.  It  belongs  to  the  Italian  province  of  Girgenti. 
This  is  one  of  the  islands  said  to  be  the  original  of  Shak- 
spore's  "uninhabited island"  in  "The  Tempest." 

Lampertheim  (lam'pert-him).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  Starkenburg,  Hesse,  5  miles 
southeast  of  Worms. 

Lamprecht  (lam'predht),  called  "The  Priest." 
The  date  and  place  of  his  birth  and  death  un- 
known. A  Middle  High  German  epic  poet.  He 
wrote,  about  1130,  the  "Alexanderlied"(''Song  of  Alexan- 
der "X  a  free  version  of  a  Fi'ench  poem  by  Aubrey  de  Besan- 
con,  whose  subject  is  the  life  and  deeds  of  Alexander  the 
Great.  It  .was  published  at  Vienna  in  1850,  and  at  Halle  in 
1884. 

Lampridius  (lam-prid'i-us),  .Slius.  Lived  in 
the  first  part  of  the  4th  century.  One  of  the 
writers  of  the  "Augustan  History"  (which  see). 

Lanipsacus(lamp'sa-kus).  [(Jr.  Ad/i^(z/cof .]  In 
ancient  geography,  a  city  of  Mysia,  Asia  Minor, 
situated  on  the  Hellespont  in  lat.  40°  20'  N., 
long.  26°  39'  E.,  colonized  by  Ionian  Greeks. 

Lanai  (la'm).  One  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands 
9  miles  west  of  Maui.     Length,  20  miles. 

Lanark  (lan'ark) .  1 .  An  inland  county  of  Scot- 
land, lying  between  Dumbarton  and  Stirling  on 
the  north,  Linlithgow,  Edinburgh,  Peebles,  and 
Dumfries  on  the  east,  Dumfries  on  the  south, 
andDumfries,  Ayr,  Renfrew,  and  Dumbarton  on 
the  west,  it  is  divided  into  the  Upper,  Middle,  and 
Lower  Wards.  The  city  of  Glasgow  is  in  the  Lower  Ward. 
Lanark  is  mountainous  in  the  south  and  east ;  is  traversed 
by  the  Clyde ;  and  has  important  manufactures.  Area,  882 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,105,899. 
2.  The  county  town  of  Lanarkshire,  Scotland, 
on  the  Clyde  22  miles  southeast  of  Glasgow. 
If  ear  it  are  the  Falls  of  the  Clyde.  William  Wallaoe  was  in 
hiding  near  the  town.  Robert  Owen  had  mills  on  the  Clyde 
in  its  neighborhood.    Population  (1891),  4,579. 

LaNavidad  (lana-ve-THaTH').  Thename  giv- 
en by  Columbus  to  the  fort  built  by  him  on  the 
northern  coast  of  Haiti,  in  Jan.,  1493.  In  it  he  left 
43  (or  36  ?)  men,  constituting  the  first  Spanish  settlement  in 
the  New  World.  Before  his  return,  in  Nov.,  the  garrison 
hiad  all  been  killed  by  Indians,  and  the  fort  destroyed. 
The  site  was  then  abandoned  for  the  more  favorable  one  of 
Isabella.  La  Navidad  was  a  short  distance  southeast  of  the 
present  town  of  Cap  Haitien. 

Lancashire(lang'ka-shir).  Amaritime  countyof 
northwestern  England,  it  comprises  a  main  portion 
bounded  by  Westmoreland  on  the  north,  Yorkshire  on  the 
easti  Cheshire  on  the  south,  and  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  west, 
and  a  detached portion(calledFurness)west  of  Westmore- 
land. It  is  mountainous  and  picturesque  in  the  north  ;  is 
celebrated  for  the  production  of  coal,  for  commerce,  andfor 
manufactures  of  linen,  silk,  woolen,  etc. ;  and  is  the  chief 


588 

seat  of  the  cotton  manufacture  in  the  world.  It  contains 
the  cities  of  Liverpool  and  Manchester.  It  formed  part  of 
the  ancient  kingdom  of  Strathclyde  ;  was  made  a  county 
palatine  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III. ;  and  sided  with  the 
Hoyalists  in  the  civil  war.  Area,  1,887  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation n891),  3,926,760. 

Lancashire  Witches,  The,  and  Tegue  O'DiT- 
elly  the  Irish  Priest.  A  comedy  by  Shadwell 
(1681).    Conrpaxei  Late  Lancashire  Witches. 

Lancaster  (lang'kas-ter).  [From  Lan  (Lune) 
and  eeaster,  camp.]'  A  seaport  and  the  county 
town  of  Lancashire,  situated  on  the  Lune  in 
lat.  54°  3'  N.,  long.  2°  47'  W.  It  contains  a  castle  on 
the  site  of  an  ancient  Boman  camp.  It  was  twice  burned 
by  the  Scots  in  the  14th  century ;  was  taken  and  retaken  in 
the  civil  war ;  and  was  entered  by  the  Jacobites  in  1716  and 
1746.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Whewell  and  Sir  Itichard 
Owen.    Population  (1891),  31,038. 

Lancaster.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Fairfield 
County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Hocking  28  miles 
southeast  of  Columbus.  Population  (1900), 
8,991. 

Lancaster.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Lancaster 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Cones- 
toga  62  miles  west  of  Philadelphia,  it  is  a  manu- 
facturing and  commercial  center ;  is  the  seat  of  Franklin 
and  Marshall  College  and  Theological  Seminary  (Reformed 
Church) ;  and  was  State  capital  from  1799  to  1812.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  41,469. 

Lancaster,  County  of.    See  Lancashire. 

Lancaster,  Duchy  of.  A  possession  of  the  Eng- 
lish royal  family.  John  of  Gaunt  was  made  Duke  of 
Lancaster  in  1361.  The  revenues  and  title  of  the  duchy 
were  made  hereditary  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  Since 
1873  its  court  has  been  merged  in  the  system  of  the  rest  of 
England. 

Lancaster,  Dukes  of.  See  Henry  of  Lancaster 
and  John  of  Gaunt. 

Lancaster,  Edmund,  Earl  of,  sumamed 
"Crouchback."  Bom  Jan.  16, 1245:  died  at  Ba- 
yonne,  June,  1296.  The  second  son  of  Henry 
ni.  of  England  and  Eleanor  of  Provence,  made 
in  his  infancy  king  of  Sicily  and  Apulia  by  Pope 
Innocent  IV.  The  grant  of  the  kingdom  was  annulled 
by  Urban  IV.  July  29,  1263.  Lancaster  took  the  cross  in 
1268,  and  went  to  Palestine  in  1271.  His  nickname  was  due 
either  to  this  crusade  (from  the  cross  on  his  back)  or  to 
personal  deformity. 

Lancaster,  House  of.  A  line  of  English  kings 
descended  from  John  of  Gaunt,  fourth  son  of 
Edward  III.  The  kings  of  this  house  were  Henry  IV. 
(reigned  1399-1413),  Henry  V.  (reigned  1413-22),  and  Henry 
VI.  (reigned  1422-61). 

Lancaster,  Sir  James.  Died  at  London,  May, 
1618.  An  English  navigator.  He  served  under  Drake 
against  the  Armada ;  sailed  in  command  of  the  Edward 
Bonaventure  with  the  first  English  expedition  to  the  East 
Indies  in  1591,  returning  to  England  after  many  adven- 
tures in  May,  1594 ;  sailed  with  3  ships  against  the  Portu- 
guese in  1594,  capturing  Pemambuco  in  1595;  and  com- 
manded the  first  fleet  of  the  East  India  Ck>mpany  1600-03. 
From  him  Baffin  named  Lancaster  Sound. 

Lancaster,  Joseph.  Bom  at  London,  1778 :  died 
at  New  York,  Oct.  24,  1838.  An  English  edu- 
cator. He  founded  in  1801  a  private  school  in  the  Borough 
Road,  Southwark,  London,  in  which  he  employed  the 
monitorial  system  of  instruction,  which  obtained  great 
popularity.  He  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1818. 
He  published  "Improvements  in  Education"  (1803),  etc. 

Lancaster  Sound.  [Named  after  Sir  James 
Lancaster.]  A  channel  in  the  north  polar  re- 
gions, leading  from  Baffin  Bay  westward  to  Bar- 
row Strait,  about  lat.  74°  N.  Discovered  by 
Bafin  in  1616:  first  traversed  by  Parry  in  1819. 

Lance  (lans),  George.  Bom  at  Little  Easton, 
nearDimmow,  Essex,  March  24, 1802:  died  near 
Birkenhead,  June  18, 1864.  An  English  painter, 
a  pupil  of  Haydon,  chiefly  known  by  his  paint- 
ings of  fruit  and  flowers. 

Lancelot.    Same  as  Lancelot  du  Lac. 

Lancelot  duLac.  AFrench  Arthurian  romance. 
It  was  probably  the  work  of  Walter  Map  in  -the  latter  part 
of  the  12th  century :  a  Scottish  metrical  romance  "Lance- 
lot of  the  Laik"  was  made  from  this  at  the  end  of  the  15th 
century.  Chrestien  de  Troyes's  metrical  romance  "  Le  Che- 
valier de  la  Charette"  gives  some  of  Lancelot's  adventures, 
and  was  based  on  Map's  prose  romance.  Sir  Thomas  Mal- 
ory's "Morte  d'Arthur"also  does  notgive  his  entire  story. 
Sir  Lancelot  was  the  son  of  Ban,  king  of  Brittany,  and  was 
one  of  the  most  famous  knights  of  the  Round  Table.  He 
received  the  name  "du  Lac"  from  the  fact  that  he  was 
educated  at  the  castle  of  Vivian,  known  as  the  Dame  du 
Lac  or  Lady  of  the  Lake.  The  main  features  of  the  legend 
are  his  guilty  love  for  Guinevere  and  the  exploits  he  per- 
formed in  her  service,  and  the  war  with  Arthur  in  which 
his  passion  involved  him.  Guinevere  retired  to  a  convent, 
and  Lancelot  became  a  monk  and  a  holy  man,  and  died 
saying  masses  for  the  souls  of  his  old  companions  in  arms. 
He  was  the  father  of  Sir  Galahad  by  Elaine,  the  daughter 
of  King  Pellea,  who  is  not  the  Elaine  of  'Tennyson's  poem. 

Lancelot  Greaves.    See  Sir  Launcelot  Greases. 

Lan-chau  (lan-chou' ).  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Kan-su,  China,  situated  on  the  Hwang- 
ho  about  lat.  36°  8'  N.,  long.  103°  55'  E.  Pop- 
ulation (1896),  est.,  100,000. 

Lanciani  (lan-eha'ne),  Bodolfo  Amadeo.   An 

Italian  archseologist.  He  is  professor  of  arohseology 
at  the  University  of  Rome,  and  director  of  excavations  for 
the  Italian  government.  He  has  published  "Ancient  Rome 


Landnama  B6k 

in  the  Light  of  Recent  Mieoveries"  (1888)  and  "Pagan 
and  Christian  Rome"  (1892),  and  is  now  issuing  "Forma 
urbis  Romse,  etc.,"  in  eight  parts  (the  first  in  1893). 

Lanciano  (lan-oha'no).  Atownin  the  province 
of  Chieti,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  42°  14'  N.,  long. 
14°  25'  E.,  nearthe  site  of  the  ancient  Anxanum 
of  the  Frentani.    Population,  about  17,000. 

Landa  (lan'da),  Diego  de.  Bom  at  Cienfuentes, 
March  17, 1524 :  died  at  Merida,  Yucatan,  April 
30,  1579.  A  Spanish  ecclesiastic  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan order.  He  was  sent  to  Yucatan  about  1661 ;  be- 
came provincial  of  his  order  there  in  1561 ;  and  in  1672  was 
created  bishop  of  Merida.  Sis  measures  for  the  extirpa- 
tion of  idolatry  were  excestflrely  severe,  and  by  his  orders 
hundreds  of  Indian  hieroglyphic  writings  were  destroyed. 
Landa  wrote  "Relaoion  de  las  cosas  de  Yucatan,"  first  pub- 
lished in  1864. 

Landau  (lan'dou).  A  town  in  the  Bhine  Palati- 
nate, Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Queioh  18  miles 
southwest  of  Spires,  it  was  often  taken  and  retaken 
in  the  Thirty  Years'  War.  Later  it  belonged  to  France, 
and  after  the  fall  of  Napoleon  it  passed  to  Bavaria.  The 
carriages  named  landaus  were  first  made  here.  Popula- 
tion (1890i  11,047. 

Lan(leck  (lan'dek).  Atown  and  watering-place 
in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the  Biels 
54  mUes  south  by  west  of  Breslau:  noted  foi 
warm  sulphur  springs.  Population  (1890),  2,683. 

Laudells  (lan'delz),  Ebenezer.  Bom  at  New- 
eastle-on-Tyne,  April  13, 1808 :  died  at  London, 
Oct.  1, 1860.  An  English  wood-engraver,  a  pupil 
of  Bewick,  and  the  projector,  about  1840,  of 
"Punch." 

Landen  (lan'den).  A  town  in  Belgium,  23  miles 
west-northwest  of  Lifege.  it  was  the  birthplace  of 
Pepin,  founder  of  the  later  Carolingian  line.  For  the  bat- 
tle of  Landen  (l693),  see  Neermmden. 

Landen  (lan'den),  John.  Bom  at  Peakirk, 
Peterborough,  Jan.  23,  1719:  died  at  Milton, 
Northamptonshire,  Jan.  15,  1790.  An  English 
mathematician,  author  of  "Residual  Analysis" 
(1764:  only  the  first  book  published),  "A  Dis- 
course Concerning  the  Residual  Analysis" 
(1758),  etc. 

Lander (lan'd6r),  John.  Bomin Cornwall,  1807: 
died  at  Loudon,  Nov.  16, 1839.  An  English  ex- 
plorer in  Africa  (1830-31),  younger  brother  of 
Richard  Lander. 

Lander,  Bichard  Lemon.  Bom  at  Truro,  Com-, 
wall,  Feb.  8, 1804:  died  at  Fernando  Po,  Africa, 
Feb.  2(7?),  1834.  AnEnglishexplorerin Africa. 
He  was  in  Cape  Colony  as  servant  to  Major  (later  General) 
Colebrooke  1823-24 ;  accompanied  dapperton  to  western 
Africa  1825-27 ;  and  explored  the  Niger  (with  his'  brother) 
1830-31  and  1832-34.  He  published  his  journal  of  Clap- 
perton's  expedition  (1829),  another  account  of  the  expedi- 
tion (1830),  and  a  "Journal  of  an  Expedition  to  Explore  the 
Course  and  Termination  of  the  Niger"  (ed.  1832). 

Landemeau  (lon-der-no').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Fiuistfere,  France,  situated  on  the 
!filom  13  miles  northeast  of  Brest.  It  manufac- 
tures cloth.  Population  (1891),  commune,  8,497. 

Landes  (lond).  A  department  in  southwestern 
France.  Capital,  Mont-de-Marsan.  it  is  bound- 
ed by  Gironde  on  the  north,  Lot-et-Garonne  and  Gers  on 
the  east,  Basses-Pyr^n^es  on  the  south,  and  the  Bay  of 
Biscay  on  the  west,  corresponding  to  parts  of  the  ancient 
Guienne,  Gascony,  and  BSam.  It  comprises  the  sandy 
plains  called  landjes,  and  in  the  southeast  the  district 
Chalosse.  It  is  the  leading  forest  department  in  France. 
Area,  8,699  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  297,842. 

Landes,  The.  A  plain  in  the  department  of 
Landes,  France.  It  is  largely  composed  of  sands  and 
marshes,  and  much  of  it  is  covered  with  pine  forests. 
Length,  about  120  miles. 

Landeshut  (lan'des-het).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the  Bober  51  miles 
southwest  of  Breslau.  it  has  flax  manufactures. 
Au  intrenched  camp  here,  held  by  the  Prussians  under 
Fouquet  in  the  Seven  Years'  War,  was  stormed  and  taken 
by  the  Austrians  under  Laudon,  June  23, 1760. 

Landi  (lan'de),  Gaspare.  Bom  at  Piaoenza  in 
^56:  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  24, 1830.  An  Italian 
historical  and  portrait  painter,  one  of  the  foun- 
ders of  the  modem  school  of  Italian  painting. 

Landin  (Ian-din').     See  Zulu. 

Land  League,  Irish.  A  league  formed  in  Oct., 
1879,  by  the  Irish  Nationalist  party,  under 
which  organized  resistance  was  made  to  the 
payment  of  rent.  It  was  "  proclaimed  "  by  the 
Liberal  government  as  "  an  illegal  and  criminal 
association"  Oct.  20,  1881. 

Landnama  Bok.    See  the  extract. 

The  "  Landnama  B6k "  was  a  development  from  the 
work  of  the  priest  Aii  Frdthi,  the  son  of  ThorgU,  and  from 
another  of  the  same  kind.  Its  author  was  Sturla  Thor- 
tharson,  a  judge  in  the  Higher  Courts  who  died  in  1284, 
aged  seventy.  His  work  was  edited  by  Hank  Erlendsen, 
who  was  himself  a  judge  in  the  Higher  Court  from  1294 
to  1334,  and  his  "  Landnama  Brtk"  is  Thortharson's  with 
addition  of  facts  from  a  history  by  Styrmer  the  Learned, 
wherever  Styrmer  had  anything  to  add.  This  "Land- 
nama B6k  "  (Book  of  the  Taking  of  the  Land),  the  fullest 
of  the  old  Icelandic  chronicles,  is  in  five  parts.  The  first 
treats  of  the  discovery  and  settlement  of  the  Island,  and 
the  other  four  are  given  to  a  description  of  Its  several 


Landnama  B6k 

quarters,  inolnding  detail  as  to  the  families  by  which 
each  was  settled.  This  record  ia  of  great  value  for  the 
verification  of  the  Sagas.    Marley,  English  Writers,  I.  271. 

Land  of  Beulah.    See  Beulah. 

Land  of  Cakes.    Scotland:  so  named  (in  jest) 

on  account  of  the  general  use  of  oatmeal  cakes 

as  an  article  of  diet. 
Land  of  Cockaigne.    A  popular  poem  assigned 

to  the  latter  part  of  the  13th  century.     See 

Cockaigne. 

A  satire  upon  corruptions  in  the  Church,  that  paints  a 
Fool's  Paradise  for  monks,  wherein  all  the  delights  are 
sensual,  and  spiritual  life  passes  for  nothing.  The  Parsr 
disc  of  this  satire,  which  spread  through  several  countries, 
was  entitled  "  the  Land  of  Cockaigne,"  ...  or  the  land  of 
animal  delights  painted  by  popular  satire  as  the  happy 
land  of  monks  who  had  turned  their  backs  upon  thehigher 
life  to  which  they  were  devoted.  An  old  German  poet  de- 
scribed it  as  "Dat  edele  lant  van  Cockoengen."  In  what 
spirit  this  popular  satire  was  written  none  can  doubt 
when  they  find  at  the  close  how  such  a  Paradise  as  it  paints 
is  to  be  earned  only  by  seven  years'  wading  chin-deep  in 
swinish  fllth.  Marley,  English  Writers,  HI.  364. 

Land  O'  the  Leal  (land'  o thb  lei').  Amythieal 
land  of  happiness.  Xady  Naime,  in  her  poem  of  that 
name,  uses  it  for  heaven,  and  the  use  has  now  become  an 
accepted  one. 

Land  of  Steady  Habits.  A  popular  nickname 
of  Connecticut. 

Land  of  Wisdom.  [P.  Pays  de  sapience.']  A 
name  given  by  the  French  to  Normandy. 

Landon  (lan'don),  Letitia  Elizabeth  (later 
Mrs.  Maclean)":  pseudonym  L.  E.  L.  Bom  at 
London  (Chelsea),  Aug.  14, 1802 :  died  at  Cape 
Coast  Castle,  Africa,  Oct.  15, 1838.  An  English 
poet  and  novelist,  wife  (June,  1838)  of  George 
Maclean,  governor  of  Cape  Coast  Castle,  she 
was  the  aumor  of  poems  (collected  1838,  later  editions 
1850,  1873),  the  novels  "Romance  and  Reality"  (1831), 
"Francesca  Carrara"  (1834),  "Ethel  Churchill"  (1837), 
"  Lady  Grranard  "  (1842),  etc.  Her  death,  probably  acci- 
dental, was  due  to  a  dose  of  a  preparation  of  prussic  acid. 

Landor  (lan'dgr),  Walter  Savage.  Bom  at 
Warwick,  Jan!'30, 1775 :  died  at  Florence,  Italy, 
Sept.  17, 1864.  A  noted  English  poet  and  prose- 
writer.  He  entered  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  in  1793 ;  be- 
came conspicuous  for  his  advocacy  of  republican  princi- 
§les ;  and  was  rusticated  in  1794  tor  firing  a  gun  (without 
amage  to  any  one)  at  the  windows  of  an  obnoxious  Tory. 
For  some  years  he  led  an  unsettled  life,  visiting  Paris 
in  1802,  and  joining  tlie  Spaniards  at  Corunna  against 
the  French  in  1808.  In  1809  he  purchased  Llanthony  Ab- 
bey, Monmouthshire,  and  in  1811  married  Julia  Thuillier, 
daughter  of  a  jjanker.  A  combination  of  troubles  drove 
him  in  1814  to  Jersey,  then  to  Tours,  and  in  1816  to  Italy. 
In  1821  he  settled  in  Florence,  where  he  resided  until  1835, 
when,  separating  from  his  wife,  he  went  to  England.  He 
returned  to  Florence  in  1868.  He  published  "Poems" 
0795),  "  Gebir  "  (1798),  "  Simonidea  "  (1806  :  English  and 
Latin  poems),  "Count  Julian"  (1812),  "IdyUia  Heroica" 
(1814,  enlarged  1820),  "Imaginary  Conversations"  (1824- 
1848),  "  Citation  and  Examination  of  William  Shakespeare 
.  .  .  touching  Deer-stealing,  etc."  (1834),  "Pericles  and 
Aspasia"  (1836),  "The  Pentameron"  (1837),  "Andrea  of 
Hungary  and  (jiovanni  of  Naples "  (1839),  "Fra  Rupert" 
(1840),  "  Hellenics  "  (1847,  revised  1869),  "  Poemata  et  In- 
scriptiones"  (1847),  "Italics"  (1848),  "The  Last  Fruit  of 
an  Old  Tree  "  (1863_),  "  Dry  Sticks  Fagoted  by  W.  S.  Landor  " 
(1868),  "Heroic  Idylls"  (1863),  etc. 

Landrecies,  or  Landrecy  (lon-dre-se').  Atown 
in  the  department  of  Nord,  France,  situated  on 
the  Sambre  17  miles  south-southeast  of  Valen- 
ciennes. It  was  taken  from  the  French  by  Charles  V. 
in  1543  ;  passed  several  times  from  Spain  to  France  and 
back  again  in  the  17th  century ;  and  was  besieged  and 
taken  by  the  Allies  in  1794  and  by  the  Prussians  in  1816. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  Dupleis.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 3,867. 

Landsberg  (lands'berG).  A  town  in  Upper  Ba- 
varia, situated  on  the  Lech  32  miles  west  by 
south  of  Munich.    Population  (1890),  4,300. 

Landsberg-an-der-Warthe(lands'berG-an-der- 
var'te).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Branden- 
burg, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Warthe  78  miles 
east  by  north  of  Berlin.  Population  (1890), 
26  825 

Landseer  (land'ser),  Charles.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, 1799:  died  there,  July  22,  1879.  An  Eng- 
lish historical  painter,  elder  brother  of  Sir  Ed- 
win Landseer. 

Landseer,  Sir  Edwin  Henry.  Born  at  London , 
March  7,  1802 :  died  there,  Oct.  1,  1873  (buried 
in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral).  A  celebrated  English 
animal-painter,  youngest  son  of  John  Landseer. 
He  was  elected  an  associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1826, 
and  member  1831,  and  was  knighted  in  1850.  Among  his 
more  noted  paintings  are  "Fighting  Dogs  (1819),  "Cats 
Paw" (1824),  "Chevy  Chase" (1826),  "Return  from  Deer- 
stalking" (1827),  "Illicit  Whiskey  Still"  (1828),  "High 
Life"  and  "Low  Life"(1831),  "Jack  in  Office'  (1833),  "Sir 
Walter  Scott  and  his  Dogs"  (1838),  " Suspense  (1840), 
"Highland  Shepherd's  Chief  Mourner"  (1837),  "Life  s  in 
the  Old  Dog  Yet"  (1838),  "Dignity  and  Impudence  (1839), 
"Stag  at  Bay"  (1846),  "Monarch  of  the  Glen"  (1861), 
"Flood  in  the  Highlands"  (1860),  and  "Titania  and  Bot- 
tom "(1861). 

Landseer,  John.  Bom  at  Lincoln,  England, 
1769:  died  at  London,  Feb.  29,  1852.    An  Eng- 


589 

lish  painter,  engraver,  and  writer  on  art:  father 
of  Sir  Edwin  Landseer. 

Landseer,  Thomas.  Bom  at  London,  1795: 
died  there,  Jan.  20, 1880.  An  English  engraver, 
eldest  brother  of  Sir  Edwin  Landseer.  He  exe- 
cuted many  engravings  and  etchings  after  Ms 
brother's  paintings. 

Land's  End  (landz  end).  A  granite  promon- 
tory, the  southwestemmost  extremity  of  Eng- 
land, in  Cornwall,  situated  in  lat.  50°  4'  N. ,  long. 
5°  45'  W. :  the  ancient  Bolerium.  Height,  60- 
100  feet. 

Landshut  (lands'hot).  1.  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Lower  Bavaria,  Bavaria,  on  the  Isar 
38  miles  northeast  of  Munich.  The  Church  of  St. 
Martin,  Church  of  St.  Jodocus,  Holy  Ghost  Church,  castle 
of  Trausnitz,  and  new  palace  are  of  interest.  It  was  the 
seat  of  a  university  from  1800  to  1826.  Population  (1890), 
18,862. 
2.  Same  as  Landeshut. 

Landskron  (lands'kron).  A  town  in  Bohemia, 
36  miles  northwest  of  Olmiitz.  Population 
(1890),  5,843. 

Landskrona  (lands'kro-na).  A  seaport  in  the 
laen  of  Malmohus,  Sweden,  situated  on  the 
Sound  in  lat.  55°  52'  N.,  long.  12°  50'  E.    It  has 


Langendijk 

of  the  Conqueror,  he  played  an  important  part  in  English 
ecclesiastical  and  civU  atfairs.  He  wrote  "De  corpore  et 
sanguine  Domini,"  etc.  His  works  were  collected  by  Luc 
d'Achery  in  1648 ;  reprinted  by  Giles  1844. 

Lanfrey  (lou-fra' ),  Pierre.  Bom  at  Chamb^ry, 
France,  Oct.  26, 1828 :  died  at  Pau,  France,  Nov. 
15,1877.  A  French  historian  and  politician.  He 
published  "Histoire  de  Napoleon  I."  (1867-76),  "L'Eglise 
et  les  philosophes  au  XVIIIe  sitele  "  (1856),  etc. 

Lang  (lang),  Andrew.  Bom  at  Selkirk,  March 
31, 1844.  A  Scottish  miscellaneous  writer.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Edinburgh  Academy,  St.  Andrews 
University,  and  Balliol  College,  Oxford.  He  was  elected 
fellow  of  Merton,  Oxford,  in  1868,  and  appointed  Gitford 
lecturer  on  natural  religion  at  St.  Andrews  in  1888.  He  is 
the  author  of  "Ballads  and  Lyrics  of  Old  France,  etc." 
(1872),  "Oxford,  etc."  (1880),  "XXII  Balhides  in  Blue 
China  "  (1880 :  with  additions  1881),  "Theocritus,  Bion,  and 
Moschus  rendered  into  English  Prose"  (1880),  "Helen  of 
Troy"  (1882),  "Ballades  and  Verses  Vain  "(1884),  "Custom 
and  Myth,  etc."  (1884),  "Letters  to  Dead  Authors"  (1886), 
"  The  Politics  of  Aristotle  "  (1886),  "Myth,  Ritual,  and  Re- 
ligion" (1887),  "Grass of  Parnassus  " (1888),  " Aucassin  and 
Nicolette  "  (1887 :  a  translation),  "PeiTanlt's  Fairy  Tales" 
(a  translation),  "The  Blue  Fairy  Tale  Book,"  "The  Red 
Fairy  Tale  Book,"  "The  World's  Desire"  (1890:  with  Rider 
Haggard),  etc.  He  also  translated  the  Odyssey  with  Pro- 
fessor Butcher,  and  the  Iliad  with  Walter  Leaf  and  Ernest 
Myers,  and  has  published  a  series  of  critical  articles  on 
Shakspere's  plays. 


a  castle.    Near  this  place,  July  14, 1677,  the  Swedes  de-  Lang,  John  DunmorO.   Born  at  Greenock,  Scot- 
feated  the  Danes.    Population  (1890),  12,263.  ^ — ^     a.....o=   ifrnn.  ji.j-j.c_j A._.i._-i_- 

Landsthing  (lans'ting).  The  upper  house  of 
the  Danish  Eigsdag  or  parliament.  It  consists  of 
66  members,  of  whom  12  are  appointed  for  life  by  the  crown, 
and  the  others  are  elected  for  Syeails,  not  directly,  but  by 
delegates  in  each  of  the  64  electoral  districts,  chosen  by 
those  having  tlie  necessary  property  qualification. 

Landstuhl  (lant'stSl).  A  town  in  the  Palati- 
nate, Bavaria,  40  miles  west  of  Spires.  It  is  the 
seat  of  the  SicMngen  family.  Population  (1890), 
3,642. 

Landtag  (lant'tao).  In  Germany,  the  legisla- 
ture of  a  country ;  a  territorial  Diet ;  now,  spe- 
cifically, one  of  the  Parliaments  of  the  countries 


laud,  Aug.  25, 1799 :  died  at  Sydney,  Australia, 
Aug.  8, 1878.  An  Australian  Presbyterian  cler- 
gyman, journalist,  and  politician.  He  was  editor 
of  "The  Colonist"  1835-40  and  "The  Press"  1851-52,  and 
author  of  "An  Historical  and  Statistical  Account  of  New 
South  Wales"  (1834),  "Historical  Account  of  the  Separa^ 
tion  of  Victoria  from  New  South  Wales"  (1870),  and  nu- 
merous other  books  and  pamphlets  on  the  Australian 
colonies. 

Langbaine  (lang'ban),  Gerard.  Bom  at  Bar- 
ton, Westmoreland,  1609 ;  died  at  Oxford,  Feb. 
10, 1658.  AnEnglish  scholar, provost  of  Queen's 
College,  Oxford,  1646-58.  He  was  an  ardent 
Eoyalist  during  the  civil  war,  but  retained  his 
ofS.oe. 


constituting  the  German  Empire,  as  Prussia,  Langbaine,  Gerard.    Bom  at  Oxford,  July  15, 


Saxony,  Bavaria,  etc.,  and  of  some  of  the  crown- 
lands  of  Austria-Hungary,  as  Moravia  and  Bo- 
hemia. Compare  Beiohstag. 
Lane  (lan),  Edward  William.  Born  at  Here- 
ford, England,  Sept.  17, 1801:  died  at  Worthing, 
England,  Aug.  10,  1876.  A  noted  English  Ori- 
entalist and  Egyptologist.    His  works  include  "  Ac- 


1656:  died  there,  June  23,1692.  An  English 
student  of  dramatic  literature,  and  critic:  an  in- 
veterate enemy  of  Dryden.  He  wrote  "  Momus  Tri- 
nmphans,  or  the  Plagiaries  of  the  English  Stage  Exposed, 
etc."  (1687:  reissued  as  "A  New  Catalogue  of  English 
Plays"  1688),  and  "An  Account  of  the  English  Dramatic 
Poets,  etc."  (1691). 


tians"  (1836 :  best  ed.  1860),  a  translation  of  the  "Arabian  LangO  (lang'ge),  or  £asm-lange  (ba'she-lang>. 

Nights"  (1834-10),  an  "Arabic-English  Lexicon"  (1863-74 :     ge).     See  Luha. 

and,  under  the  editorship  of  S.  Lane-Poole,  1877-92).   Lane  T.n-nira  niino-'p)     'Pripdrip'h    AThprt.      Bom  fl.t 

vi«it.BrtF.,rvr,t.thrPfi«mfia:1S!>K-!!R.1S.q.<!-.1B  and  1842-49.        -Ijange    (laUg  6 ),    i  rieOnCn    AlDBni.       .DOmai 

Wald,  near  Solmgen,  Prussia,  Sept.  28,  1828: 
died  at  Marburg,  Prussia,  Nov.  21, 1875.  A  Ger- 
man writer  on  philosophy  and  economics,  pro- 
fessor at  Marburg  1873-75.  His  principal  work 
is  his  "Geschiehte  des  Materialismus "  ("His- 
tory of  Materialism,"  1866). 


visited  Egypt  three  times :  1826-28, 1833-35,  and  1842-49. 

Lane,  James  Henry.  Bom  at  Lawrenceburg, 
Ind.,  June  22, 1814:  committed  suicide  at  Leav- 
enworth, Kansas,  July,  1866.  An  American 
politician,  a  leader  of  the  Free-State  party  in 
Kansas. 

Lane,  Joseph.    Bom  in  North  Carolina,  1801 : 


dipd'thfiTR"Ai)rill9   1881      An  American  noli-  Lange,  Helene.  Bom  at  Oldenburg  in  1848.  The 
ti^iin  and  Wtneral  unsucc^  ^^^^  °f  ^  t^^^^^g  «oll«g«  f"""  ^achers  at  Ber- 

Kichard  Grenville  m  nis  expedition  to  trie  coast    -r,      „.„    't„i,,  o   -loo/      a  r'„...™„^  -Pr-^+oo+o^i 
of  North  America  in  1585,  andthe  first  governor    Pi-^^ssia,  July  9,1884.    A  German  Protestant 


of  the  colony  of  Virginia  then  founded.    The  set- 
tlers soon  removed  to  Roanoke,  and  were  all  taken  back  to 
England  by  Drake,  July,  1686. 
Laneham  (lan'am),  Robert.    An  English  mer- 
chant in  the  service  of  the  Earl  of  Leicester, 


theologian,  professor  of  theology  at  Zurich 
(1841)  and  later  (1854)  at  Bonn.  He  published  the 
commentary  "  Bibelwerk  "  (1866-76 :  English  translation  by 
Sohaft,  etc.),  "Das  Leben  Jesu"  ("  Life  of  Jesus,"  1844-47), 
"  Christliche  Dogmatik  "  (1849-62),  "Geschiehte  der  Kirche" 
(1863-64),  etc. 


and  doorkeeper  of  the  council-chamber,  who  Lange,  Ludwig.  Born  at  Hannover,  Prussia, 
left  an  account,  in  the  form  of  a  letter,  of  the  March  4, 1825 :  died  at  Leipsic,  Aug.  18,  1885. 
entertainment  given  by  Leicester  to  Queen  A  German  archseologist,  author  of  "Handbuch 
Elizabeth  at  Kenilworth  July,  1575.  Copies  of  the  der  romisehen  Altertiimer  "  (1856-71),  etc. 
letter  are  in  the  Bodleian  Library  and  the  library  of  the  Langeland  (lang'e-land).  An  island  of  Den- 
British  _  Museum.    Laneham  appears  in  Scott's  "Kenil-    j^ark,  situated  southeast  of  Piinen  and  west 

t'!.^- -D^^i,.  ns^'^Ki'N   a^■...^^^.,T     13/^--^.  o+T.rvn      of  Laaland.  Itbelongstotheamtof  Svendborg.  Town, 
Lane J»00le  (lan  pol  ),  Stanley.    BomatLon-     jj^aygting.    Length,  32  mlles.    Area,  loe  square  mUes. 
don,Dec.l8,18o4.  AnEnglish  numismatist.  He  Langenau  (lang'en-ou).  A  small  town  in  Wiir- 
wrote  the  official  "Catalogue  of  the  Oriental  Corns"  for  "tJ^ZZ  i^]  mfipg  northeast  of  TJlm 
the  British  Museum.    It  appeared  in  8  volumes  in  1876-     temoerg,  11  miies  nortneasi  01  uim. 
1883,  and  was  crowned  by  the  French  Institute.    He  also  Langenbeck    (lang  en-bek),  Konrad  JOhann 
wrote  a  "Catalogue  of  Indian  Coins  "in  1886.    Onthedeath     Martin.    Born  at  Horneburg,  Prussia,  Dec.  5, 
of  his  great-uncle  E.  W.  Lane,  the  Orientalist^  in  1876,  he     j^yyg .  ^gd  at  Gottingen,  Prussia,  Jan.  24, 1851. 
continued  the  latter's  Arabic  lexicon,  the  last  part  in  1887.      a  „„(.p,i  ftprmnn   n-natnTni<?t  and  snrtreon  Tiro- 
He  was  sent  to  Egypt  in  1883  by  the  science  and  art  de-     A.  notea  lierman  anatomisi;  ana  surgeon,  pro 
partment  of  the  British  Museum,  and  in  1886  he  went  to     f  essor  at  Gottingen  1804,  ana  surgeon-general 
Russia  and  Turkey  to  study  numismatics.    Among  his     of  the  Hanoverian  army. 
?5o^„'^T,°nn''J^?^!'?.€>Ti''<^^^^)'-''S'"^V^"AV«w°TT^^^  -A.  town  in  the 

ffia'Hot!'seSrf'£=^?lfs^c?L?^^^^^^^  Rh&e  ProLU,  Russia,  2^  miles  north-north- 

(1888),  etc.  east  of  Cologne.     Population  (1890),  6,824. 

Lanfranc  (lan'frangk).  Bom  at  Pavia,  Italy,  Langenbielau  (lang'en-be-lou).  Amanufactur- 
about  1005 :  died  at  Canterbury,  England,  May  ing  town  in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  35 
24,1089.  A  celebrated  prelate  and  scholar,  arch-  miles  south-southwest  of  Breslau.  Popula- 
bishop  of  Canterbury.    He  emigrated  from  Italy    tion  (1890),  15,768. 

and  established  a  school  at  Avranchea,  France,  about  1039;  Langendiik  (lang'en-dik),  Pieter.  Bom  at 
enteredthemOTasteryofBecinl042;andberameit3prio^  Haarlem,  1683: died there,1756.  ADuteh dram- 
about  1046.  He  opposed  the  marriage  of  William  and  "o"^»^  >  -.^.  ^  ^.  ,  j-„j 
Matilda,  but  regained  the  friendship  of  William  about  atist  and  poet.  His  father,  who  was  a  mason,  died 
lo'rwasinBtS  abbot  of  Caen  in?066 ;  and  was  m»de  early,  and  his  mother  then  r,'=.™7/„l,t?The  Hague,  where 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1070.    As  the  chief  counselor     she  supported  herself  and  him  from  the  profits  of  a  little 


Langendljk 

shop.  He  worked  at  this  time  as  a  damask-wearer  after 
patterns  of  his  o\™  designing.  Subsequently  he  went  to 
Amsterdam  as  a  designer  to  alarge  factory.  Here  appeared 
the  comedies  "  Don  Quiohot "  ("  Don  Quixote, "  1711) ;  "  De 
Zwetser"  ("XheBraggart")  and  "Het  wederzijds  Huwe- 
lyks  Bedrog  "  ("The  Mutual  Marriage  Deception  "),  both 
in  1712 ;  "  Krelis  Louwen "  and  "  De  Wiskonstenaara  " 
("The  Mathematicians"),  both  in  1716,  "  De  Windhande- 
laars"  and  "  Arlequijn  Actionist,"  both  in  1720.  In  1721 
he  published  his  poems  in  two  quarto  volumes, which  were 
followed  subsequently  by  three  more.  In  1722  he  returned 
to  Haarlem  as  a  designer,  and  lived  thereuntil  his  death. 
In  this  last  period  fall  two  other  comedies,  "Xantippe" 
and  "  Papirius,"  and,  finally,  the  comedy  not  quite  com- 
pleted at  his  death,  "Spieghel  der  vaderlandsche  Koop- 
lieden"  ("A  Mirror  of  our  Merchants").  His  collected 
works  were  published  in  1760. 
Langensalza  (lang'en-zalt-sa).  A  manufactur- 
ing town  in  the  province  of  Saxony,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Salza  19  miles  northwest  of  Er- 
furt. Near  this  town,  June  27,  1S66,  the  Hanoverians 
(18,000)  under  Arendtachildt  defeated  the  Prussians  (8,700) 
under  "Von  Flies,  and  the  Prussian  force  (increased  to  40,- 
000,  June  28)  compelled  the  capitulation  of  the  Hanoveri- 
ans June  29.    Population  (1890),  11,466. 

Laugenschwalbach  (lang'en-shval-badh),  or 
Schwalbacll  (shval'baoh).  A  small  town  and 
watering-place  in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nas- 
sau, Prussia,  8  miles  northwest  of  Wiesbaden : 
notedforits mineral  springs.  Population  (1890), 
2,698. 

Lange'vin(lonzh-van'),SirHector Louis.  Bom 
Aug.  26,  1820.    A  Canadian  politician. 

Langey,  Guillaume  du  Bellay,  Seigneur  de. 
Bom  at  the  Chslteau  de  Glatigny,  1491:  died  near 
Lyons,  1553.  A  noted  French  general  and  dip- 
lomat. He  conducted  a  number  of  missions  to  the  Pope, 
England,  and  Germany  with  great  success,  and  in  1537  was 
made  viceroy  of  Piedmont  by  Frangois  I.  He  wrote  his 
*'M6moires"underthenameof  "Ogdoadea"("huitainea"), 
because  he  divided  his  work  into  eight  books ;  they  were 
not  printed  till  1757.  He  also  wrote  "Epitome  de  I'anti- 
quite  des  Gaules  "  (1G66),  and  "Instruction  sur  le  f aict  de 
la  guerre"  (1688). 

Langham  (lang'am)^  Simon.  Died  July  22, 
1376.  An  English  prelate.  He  became  abbot  of 
Westminster  in  1349;  treasurer  of  England  in  1360;  bish- 
op of  Ely  in  1362 ;  chancellor  of  England  1363-66 ;  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  in  1366  (enthroned  March  26, 1367) ; 
and  cardinal  in  1368.  He  resigned  his  archbishopric  Nov. 
27, 1368,  and  went  to  the  papal  court  at  Avignon  in  1369.  He 
filled  a  number  of  important  places  in  England  and  in  the 
papal  service ;  was  made  cardinal-bishop  of  Preneste  in 
1373 ;  and  in  1374  was  again  chosen  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, but  the  Pope  refused  to  confirm  the  election. 

Langbolm  (lang'om).  A  town  in  Dumfries- 
shire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  Bsk.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  3,643. 

Langnorne  (lang'hSm),  Jolin.  Bom  at  Win- 
ton,  in  Westmoreland,  March,  1735 :  died  at 
Blagdon,  in  Somersetshire,  England,  April  1, 
1779.  An  English  poet  and  prose-writer,  rec- 
tor of  Blagdon  1765 :  best  known  by  his  trans- 
lation of  Plutarch's  "Lives"  (conjointly  with 
his  brother  William,  1770).  His  poetical  works 
were  collected  and  published  by  his  son  in  1804. 

Langbome,  Sir  William.  Bom  at  London, 
1629:  diedatCharlton,Kent,  Peb.26, 1715.  An 
English  merchant,  governor  of  Madras  1670-77. 

Langiewicz  (lang-gye'vieh),  Maiyan.  Bom 
at  Krotoschin,  Prussia,  Aug.  5,  1827:  died  at 
Constantinople,  May  11, 1887.  A  Polish  revolu- 
tionist, insurgent  leader  and  dictator  in  1863. 

Langland  (lang'land),  or  Langley  (lang'li), 
William.  Bom,  probably  in  South  Shrop- 
shire, about  1330 :  died  about  1400.  An  Eng- 
lish poet,  author  of  the  "  Vision  of  Piers  Plow- 
man," and  probably  of  a  poem  entitled  by 
Skeat  "  Richard  the  Eedeless."  Of  his  life  very 
little  is  definitely  known.  From  passages  in  his  poems 
it  appears  that  his  early  years  were  spent  in  the  western 
miflLand  counties  of  England  (Worcestershire,  Shropshire); 
that  he  received  a  considerable  education,  and  probably 
took  minor  orders ;  that  he  was  married  and  had  a  daugh- 
ter ;  that  he  lived  as  a  mendicant  singer ;  and  that  most  of 
his  later  life  was  spent  in  London,  where  he  dwelt  in  Com- 
hUl.    See  Vision  of  Piers  Plowman. 

Langl^s  (lon-glas'),  Louis  Matthieu.  Born 
at  Perenne,  near  St.-Didier,  France,  Aug.  23, 
1763  :  died  Jan.  28,  1824.  A  French  Orientalist, 
author  of  "  Instituts  politiques  et  militaires  de 
Tamerlan,  Merits  par  lui-meme,  en  Mongol" 
(1787),  "Alphabet  Tartare-Mandchou"  (1787), 
etc. 

Langley  (lang'li),  Edmund  de.  Bomat  King's 
Langley,  Hertfordshire,  June  5,  1341:  died  at 
Langley,  Aug.  1, 1402.  The  fifth  son  of  Edward 
ni.  by  Philippa  of  Hainault,  created  first  duke 
of  York  Aug.  6,  1385.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
council  of  regency  on  the  accession  of  Richard  II. ;  went  in 
July,  1381,  at  the  head  of  an  expedition  to  aid  the  Portu- 
guese against  the  King  of  Castile,  returning  1382 ;  and  was 
regent  Sept.,  1394,  and  Sept,  1396,  during  the  absence  of 
the  king.  Through  his  second  son  Richard,  earl  of  Cam- 
bridge, he  was  great-grandfather  of  Edward  IV. 

Langley,  Samuel  Pierpont.  BornatRoxbury, 
Boston,  Aug.  22, 1834.     An  American  astrono- 


590 

mer.  He  became  professor  of  astronomy  in  the  Western 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  Pittsburg,  in  1867,  and  in  1887 
was  appointed  secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 
He  has  published  "Researches  on  Solar  Heat  and  its 
Absorption  by  the  Earth's  Atmosphere  "  (1884),  and  "  The 
New  Astronomy  "  (1887).  Since  then  he  has  been  engaged 
in  experiments  tending  to  demonstrate  the  possibility  of 
mechanical  flight ;  and  as  a  result  of  these  has  published 
"Experiments  in  Aerodynamics"  (1891),  and  "The  Inter- 
nal Work  of  the  Wind"  (1894). 

Langlois  (lou-glwa'),  Jean  Charles.    Bom  at 

Beaumont-en-Auge,  Calvados,  July  22,  1789: 
died  at  Paris,  March  24, 1870.  A  French  painter 
of  battle-scenes.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Horace  Vernel^ 
and  in  1849  became  a  colonel  in  the  army.  He  also 
painted  several  panoramas  :  "The  Battle  of  Navarino," 
"  Burning  of  Moscow,"  "Capture  of  the  Malakoff,  etc." 

Langnau  (lang'nou).  The  chief  town  in  the 
Emmenthal,  canton  of  Bem,  Switzerland,  situ- 
ated on  the  Ilfis  and  Emme  16  miles  east  of 
Bem.     Population  (1890),  7,643. 

Langobarai  (lan-go-bar'di).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Xa»- 
gobardi,  Gr.  (Strabo)  'Kayndfiapoot,  (Ptolemy) 
A.ayyo^apSoi..']  A  people  of  northern  Germany, 
first  mentioned  by  Strabo.  At  the  time  of  Tacitus 
they  were  situated  south  of  the  lower  Elbe,  adjoining  the 
Chauci.  In  668-672,  under  Alboin,  they  conquered  the 
part  of  northern  Italy  still  called  Lombardy,  and  founded 
the  kingdom  of  that  name,  which  was  afterward  extended 
over  a  much  larger  territory,  and  was  finally  overthrown 
by  Charlemagne  in  774. 

Langon  (lon-g6n').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Gironde,  Prance,  on  the  Garonne  24  miles 
southeast  of  Bordeaux.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 4,733. 

Langres  (longr).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Marne,  France,  situated  on  the  Marne 
in  lat.  47°  53'  N.,  long.  5°  20'  E. :  the  ancient 
Andematunnum.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  ancient 
Lingones ;  is  an  important  f  oii^ress,  and  a  bishopric ;  man- 
ufactures cutlery ;  and  hasamuseumandsomeantiquities. 
The  cathedral  is  an  important  early-Pointed  monument, 
still  containing  much  that  is  Romanesque.  The  interior 
is  imposing;  the  fluted  pilasters  and  sculptured  scroll- 
ornament  are  imitations  from  the  Roman.  The  chevet  is 
covered  with  a  semi-dome.  There  is  a  Renaissance  choir- 
screen  and  calvary.  The  liying  buttresses  are  architectu- 
rally interesting  as  presenting  the  earliest  type.  Popnla- 
tion  (1891),  commune,  10,719. 

Langres,  Plateau  of.  A  table-land  lying  around 
Langres  (which  see).  It  lies  on  the  watershed 
between  the  Mediterranean  and  the  North  Sea 
and  English  Channel. 

Langside  (lang-sid').  A  village,  now  a  suburb 
of  Glasgow,  where.  May  13,  1568,  the  regent 
Murray  defeated  Mary  Queen  of  Scots. 

LangSOn  (lang-son').  A  town  in  Tongking, 
about  lat.  21°  40'  N.,  long.  106°  45'  E.  In  its  neigh- 
borhood, Feb.  12, 1885,  the  French  under  De  N^grier  de- 
feated the  Chinese,  and  March,  1885,  the  Chinese  defeated 
the  French. 

Langstaff  (lang'staf),  Esq.,  Launcelot.  The 
pseudonym  of  Washington  Irving,  William  Ir- 
ving, and  James  Kirke  Paulding  in  "Salma- 
gundi." 

Langtoft  (lang'tof t),  Peter  of.  Bom  probably 
at  Langtoft,  in  the  East  Riding  of  Yorkshire  (the 
place  from  which  he  was  named):  died  about 
1307.  An  English  chronicler,  author  of  a  his- 
tory of  England  to  the  death  of  Edward  I.,  in 
barbarous  French  verse.  The  latter  part  of  it  was 
translated  into  English  by  Robert  of  Brunne.  It  has  been 
published  by  Thorpe  in  the  Rolls  Series  1866  and  1868. 

Langton  (lang'ton),  Bennet,  Bom  in  Lincoln- 
shire, 1737:  diedat  Southampton, Dec.  18. 1801. 
An  English  Greek  scholar,  a  graduate  of  Trinity 
College,  Oxford.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  an- 
cient literature  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1788;  and  is  now 
known  only  as  the  intimate  friend  of  Dr.  Johnson. 

Langton,  Simon.  Died  1248.  An  English  eccle- 
siastic, archdeacon  of  Canterbury,  brother  of 
Stephen  Langton.  He  was  an  active  partizan  of  the 
barons  against  King  John  and  the  Pope,  but  under  Henry 
III.  possessed  great  influence  both  at  the  court  and  in 
ecclesiastical  affairs. 

Langton.  Stephen.  Died  at  Slindon,  Sussex, 
July  9  (?),  1228.  A  celebrated  English  prelate 
and  statesman,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and 
leader  of  the  confederated  barons  against  John. 
He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Paris,  and  lectured 
there  on  theology  until  1206 ;  was  made  cardinal-priest  in 
that  year;  was  elected  archbishop  of  Canterbury  (as  a 
compromise  between  the  subprior  Reginald,  chosen  by 
the  monks,  and  John  de  Grey,  supported  by  the  king),  and 
consecrated  by  the  Pope  June  17, 1207,  but  prevented  by 
the  king  (in  a  long  struggle  with  the  Pope)  from  admission 
to  his  see  until  1213 ;  and  soon  thereafter  became  the  leader 
of  the  contest  with  John.  On  April  17, 1222,  he  opened 
a  church  council  at  Osney,  the  decrees  of  which  (the  "  Con- 
stitutions of  Stephen  Laogton ")  are  the  earliest  provin- 
cial canons  still  recognized  as  binding  in  the  English  ec- 
clesiastic^ courts.  He  was  a  voluminous  writer,  and  was 
distinguished  as  a  theologian,  biblical  scholar,  historian, 
and  poet. 

Langtry  (lang'tri),  Mrs.  (Lily  Le  Breton). 
Bom  at  St.  Heller's,  Jersey,  1852.  An  English 
actress.    After  gaining  celebrity  in  English  society  as  a 


Lansdown 

beauty,  she  went  on  the  stage  in  1881.  She  has  visited 
the  United  States  several  times. 
Languedoc  (lang'gwe-dok).  All  ancient  govern- 
ment of  southern  France.  Capital,  Toulouse,  it 
was  bounded  by  Guienne,  Auvergne,  and  Lyonnais  on  the 
north,  the  Rhone  on  the  east,  the  Mediterranean  and  Rous- 
sillon  on  the  south,  and  Foix,  Gascony,  and  Guienne  on 
the  west,  and  was  traversed  by  the  Cfivennes  Mountains. 
It  was  named  from  the  langue  d'oc,  or  Provencal,  the  lan- 
guage of  the  south  of  France.  The  departments  of  Haute- 
Loire,  Loz^re,  Ardfeche,  Gard,  H^rault,  Aude,  Tarn,  and 
Haute-Garonne  correspond  to  it.  Haut-Languedoc  was  in 
the  west,  Bas-Languecloc  in  the  east.  Languedoc  formed 
part  of  Gallia  Narbonensis  and  of  the  West-Gothic  king- 
dom. It  was  overrun  by  the  Saracens  in  the  8th  century. 
The  chief  powers  were  the  marquisate  of  Septimania 
(which  became  in  the  10th  century  the  county  of  Tou- 
louse) and  Narbonne.  Narbonne  was  annexed  to  France 
in  1229,  and  Toulouse  in  1270  or  1271. 

Languedoc,  Canal  du.    See  Midi,  Canal  du. 

Languet  (lon-ga'),  Hubert.  Bom  at  Viteaux, 
Burgundy,  1518:  died  at  Antwerp,  Sept.  30,1581. 
A  French  political  writer  and  diplomatist,  au- 
thor of  "Vindicise  contra  tyrannos"  (1579),  etc. 

Languish,  Lydia,  In  Sheridan's  comedy  "  The 
Rivals,"  a  fantastical,  romantic  girl,  unwilling 
to  marry  unless  the  affair  is  conducted  on  the 
most  sentimental  principles.    See  Absolute  ana 


Lanier  (la-ner'),  Sidney.  Bom  at  Macon,  Ga., 
Feb. 3, 1842:  died  at  Lynn,  N.  C,  Sept.  7, 1881. 
An  American  poet,  critic,  and  litterateur.  In 
1879  he  was  appomted  lecturer  on  English  literature  at 
the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore.  His  works  in- 
clude the  novel  "Tiger  Lilies"  (1867),  "Centennial  Ode" 
(1876),  "Science  of  English  Verse"  (1881),  "The  English 
Novel  and  its  Development"  (1883),  and  "Poems"  (1884). 
He  edited  "Boys'  Froissart"  (1879),  "Boys'  King  Arthur" 
(1880),  "  Boys'  Mabinogion  "  (1881). 

Lanigan  (lan'i-gan),  John.  Born  at  Cashel, 
Ireland,  1758 :  died  at  Finglas  (in  an  asylum), 
July  7, 1828.  An  Irish  Roman  Catholic  clergy- 
man, author  of  an  "Ecclesiastical  History  of 
Ireland"  (1822),  etc. 

Lanjuinais  (lon-zhtie-na'),  Jean  Denis,  Comte. 
Born  at  Rennes,  France,  March  12, 1753 :  died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  13, 1827.  A  French  politician  and 
political  writer,  deputy  to  the  National  Assem- 
bly in  1789,  and  Girondist  deputy  to  the  Con- 
vention in  1792. 

Lanka  (lang'ka).  The  Sanskrit  name  of  Cey- 
lon or  its  capital,  renowned  as  the  habitation 
of  Ravana  and  his  demons,  whose  conquest  by 
Ramachandra,  after  his  wife  Sita  had  been  car- 
ried off  by  Ravana,  forms  the  subject  of  the 
Ramayana. 

Lankester  (langk'es-tfer),  Edwin.  Bom  at  Mel- 
ton, Suffolk,  April  23,  1814:  died  Oct.  30,  1874. 
An  English  physician  and  man  of  science.  He 
studied  at  London  University  1834-37,  graduated  M.  D.  at 
Heidelberg  in  1839,  and  settled  in  London  as  a  physician 
and  writer  for  the  press  in  1840.  In  1850  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  natural  history  in  New  College,  London,  and 
in  1859  was  elected  president  of  the  London  Microscopical 
Society.  He  edited  the  work  on  natural  history  in  the 
"Penny"  and  "English"  encyclopedias,  and  published  a 
"Natural  History  of  Plants  yielding  Food "(1846),  "Me- 
morials of  John  Ray  "  (1845),  eto. 

Lankester,  Edwin  Eay.  Bom  at  London,  May 

15, 1847.  An  English  anatomist  and  zoologist, 
the  eldest  son  of  E.  Lankester.  He  was  educated  at 
St.  Paul's  School,  London,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  was 
professor  of  zoology  in  University  College,  London,  1874- 
1890 ;  was  Linacre  professor  of  comparative  anatomy  at 
Oxford  1890-98 ;  and  has  been  director  of  the  natural  his- 

.  tory  departments  of  the  British  Mnseum  since  1898.  He 
has  published  many  scientific  papers. 

Lannes  (Ian  or  Ian),  Jean,  Due  de  Montebello. 
Bom  at  Leotoure,  Gers,  Prance,  April  11, 1769 : 
died  at  Vienna,  May  31,  1809.  A  celebrated 
French  marshal.  He  served  with  distinction  in  Italy 
1796-97,  and  in  the  Egyptian  expedition  1798-99 ;  gained 
the  victory  of  Montebello  in  1800 ;  served  with  distinction 
at  Marengo  in  1800,  Austerlitz  in  1806,  Jena  and  Pultusk 
in  1806,  and  Friedland  in  1807;  gained  the  victory  of 
Tiidela  in  1808 ;  captured  Saragoasa  in  1809 ;  and  was  mor. 
tally  wounded  at  Aspern,  May,  1809. 

Lannes,  Napoleon  Auguste,  Due  de  Monte- 
bello. Bom  July  30, 1801 :  died  July  19, 1874. 
A  French  diplomatist  and  politician,  son  of 
Marshal  Lannes. 

Lannion  (lan-y6n').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Cotes-du-Nord,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Guer 
34  miles  west-northwest  of  St.-Brieuc.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  6,002. 

La  None  (la  n6),  FrauQois  de,  sumamed  Bras 
de  Per  ( '  Iron  Arm ' ) .  Born  153 1 :  died  at  Mon- 
contour,  France,  Aug.  4,  1591.  A  noted  French 
Huguenot  general.  He  was  taken  prisoner  at  Jamac  and 
Moncontour  in  1569;  lost  his  arm  at  Fontenay-le-Comtein 
1570  (and  supplied  its  place  with  an  iron  one:  whence  his 
surname);  commanded  the  forces  of  La  Rochelle;  was  im- 
prisoned by  the  Spaniards  1680-85;  and  was  mortally 
wounded  at  Lamballe  in  1691.  He  wrote  "  Discours  poli- 
tiques et  militaires"  (1687). 

Lansdown  (lanz'doun).  A  place  near  Bath, 
England,  where  the  Royalists  under  Sir  E.  Hop- 


Lansdown 

ton  defeated  the  Parliamentarians  under  SirW. 
Waller,  July  5, 1643. 

Lansdowne,  Marquis  of.  See  Petty  and  Petty- 
Fitzmaurice. 

Lansing  (lan'sing).  The  capital  city  of  Michi- 
gan, situated  in  Ingham  County,  on  the  Grand 
River,  in  lat.  42°  46'  N.,  long.  84°  33'  W.  it isthe 
seat  of  the  State  Agricultural  College.  It  became  the  cap- 
ital in  1847.    Population  (1900),  16,486. 

Lansingburg  (lan'sing-b6rg).  A  village  in 
Bensselaer  County,  New  York,  situated  on  the 
Hudson  9  miles  north-northeast  of  Albany.  It 
is  noted  for  its  brush  manufactures.  Population  (1900), 
12,595. 

Lantfred  (lant'fred),  or  Lanfred  (lan'f red) .  An 
English  nagiographer  of  the  10th  century,  a 
monk  of  Winchester :  author  of  "  De  Miraculis 
Swithuni." 

Lanuviuin  (la-no'vl-um).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  town  of  Latium,  Italy,  situated  20  miles  south- 
east of  Rome :  the  modern  Civiti  Lavinia.  It 
was  noted  for  the  worship  of  Juno  Sospita. 

Lanza  (lan'za),  Giovanni.  Bom  at  Vi^nale, 
near  Casale-Monteferrato,  Italy,  1810:  died  at 
Rome,  March  9,  1882.  An  Italian  statesman, 
premier  1869-73. 

Lanzarote  (lan-tha-ro'ta).  The  easternmost  of 
the  Canary  Islands,  situated  in  lat.  28°  55'  N., 
long.  13°  40'  W.  Capital,  Puerto  del  Arreeife. 
I/ength,  31  miles.  Area,  311  square  miles.  Population, 
about  16,000. 

Lanzi  (ISn'ze),  Luigi.  Born  at  Montolmo,  near  ■ 
Macerata,  Italy,  June  13, 1732 :  died  at  Florence, 
March  31,1810.  An  Italian  antiquary  and  writer 
on  art.  His  chief  works  are  "  Saggio  di  lingua  etrusca, 
etc."  ("Essay  on  the  Etruscan  Language, '  1789),  "Storia 
pittorica  dell  Italia,  etc."  ("  History  of  Painting  in  Italy," 
1792),  etc. 

Laocoon  (la-ok'o-on).  [Gr.  AaoKduv.']  In  Greek 
legend  (post-Homeric),  a  priest  of  Apollo  at 
Troy,  who,  because  he  had  offended  the  god, 
was  strangled,  with  one  of  his  sons,  by  two  ser- 
pents while  he  was  offering  a  sacrifice  to  Posei- 
don. In  Vergil's  version  of  the  story  two  of  his 
sons  are  killed  with  him. 

Laocoon.  A  famous  antique  group  in  the  Vati- 
can, Rome,  showing  the  Trojan  priest  of  Apollo 
and  his  two  young  sons  enveloped  and  bitten 
to  death  by  serpents,  it  is  a  masterpiece  of  anatomi- 
cal knowledge  and  skilful  execution.  In  style  it  is  akin 
to  the  Gigantomachy  of  the  Pergamene  altar,  and  it  is  at- 
tributed to  the  contemporaneous  school  of  Bhodes.  The 
outstretched  arms  of  Laocoon  and  one  son  are  falsely  re- 
stored. 

Laocoon.  A  critical  treatise  on  art  by  Lessing, 
published  in  1766. 

Laodamas  (la-od'a-mas).  [Qr.  Aaoddfiag.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a  son  of  Eteocles,  and  king  of 
Thebes. 

Laodamia  (la-od-a-mi'a).  [Gr.  Aaodd/iem.']  In 
Greek  legend,  the'daugtiter  of  Acastus,  and  wife 
of  Protesilaus  with  whom  she  voluntarily  died. 
Wordsworth  published  a  poem  with  this  title. 

Laodicea  (la-od-i-se'a).  [Gr.Aaodkcia.]  1.  An 
ancient  city  in  Phrygia,  Asia  Minor,  in  the  valley 
of  Lyons,  an  auxiliary  river  of  the  Mreander  50 
miles  north  of  Aradus.  it  was  one  of  the  most  north- 
ern of  the  Fhenician  cities,  and  its  original  name  was 
Ramantha.  It  did  not  attain  great  Importance  until  the 
time  of  the  Seleucidee.  Antiochus  II.  reestablished  it  and 
named  it,  after  his  wife,  Laodicea,  and  it  soon  became  a 
prosperous  city.  In  1402  A.  D.  it  was  destroyed  by  Timur, 
but  its  great  ruins  at  Eski-Hissar  are  still  witnesses  of  its 
former  splendor.  In  the  Apocalypse  it  is  one  of  the  con- 
gregations to  which  an  epistle  is  addressed. 
2.  See  LadiMyeh. 

Laodogant.  to.  Arthurian  romance,  the  father 
of  Guinevere. 

Laomedon  (la-om'e-don).  [Gr.  Aoo^Mtw.]  In 
Greek  legend,  the  son  of  Hus  and  Eurydice,  and 
father  of  Priam,  founder  and  king  of  Troy,  ror 
an  offense  against  Poseidon  he  was  forced  to  offer  his 
daughter  Hesione  to  a  sea-monster.  Hercules  found  her 
Chained  to  a  rock,  and  agreed  to  free  her  for  a  pair  of  magi- 
cal horses  which  Zeus  had  given  to  Laomedon  in  exchange 
for  (Ganymede.  Laomedon  failed  to  keep  his  promise,  and 
Hercules  captured  his  city  and  slew  him  and  all  his  sons 
except  Priam. 

Laon  (Ion).  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Aisne,  .France,  situated  in  lat.  49°  33'  N., 
long.  3°  35'  E. :  the  Roman  Bibrax,  Laudimum, 
or  Lugdunum  Clavatum.  it  is  a  fortified  town.  Laon 
was  the  residence  of  the  early  kings ;  was  the  seat  of  a 
bishopric  from  about  500  to  the  Revolution ;  often  changed 
hands ;  and  suffered  in  the  English,  religious,  and  League 
wars.  The  French  under  Marmont  were  defeated  here 
with  heavy  loss  by  the  Allies  under  Blucher,  March  9, 
1814.  Laon  surrendered  to  the  Germans  Sept.  9,  1870. 
The  cathedral  is  one  of  the  most  splendid  of  medieval 
monuments,  possessing  the  finest  west  front  after  those 
of  the  cathedrals  of  Eheims,  PariSj-and  Amiens.   The  style 

is  early  Pointed;  the  fagade  has  a  noble  projecting  porch 

of  3  great  arches,  above  which  are  arcades  in  picturesquely 

broken  ranges,  and  a  magnificent  rose,  surmounted  by  2 
fine  towers.    The  chevet  is  square,  with  a  splendid  rose 

above  3  lancets.    The  interior  is  admirably  proportioned, 


591 

400  feet  long  and  80  high.  There  is  a  double  triforium. 
The  cathedral  was  designed  for  9  towers  and  spires,  most 
of  which  were  completed :  but  the  spires  have  all  disap- 
peared, with  some  of  the  towers.  The  accessory  buildings 
are  of  unusual  interest  Population(1891),  commune,  14,129. 

Laonnais  (la-na').  An  ancient  district  of 
France,  now  comprised  in  the  department  of 
Aisne. 

Laos  (la'os) .  A  race  of  Further  India,  northeast 
of  Siam  proper,  allied  to  the  Siamese,  to  whom 
theyaretributary.  Numbers,  estimated,  1,500,- 
000. 

Lao-tsze  (la'6-tsa').  Born  about  604  b.  c.  A 
Chinese  philosopher,  founder  of  the  system  of 
Taoism,  and  the  reputed  author  of  the  book 
"Tao-tehKing." 

La  Falata,  Duke  of.    See  Navarra  y  BocafuU. 

La  Paz  (la  path;  local  pron.  la  paz').  1.  A 
department  of  western  Bolivia,  on  the  Peru- 
vian frontier.  Area,  estimated,  171,098  square 
miles.  Population  (1888),  346,139,  exclusive  of 
wild  Indians.— 3.  A  city  of  Bolivia,  capital 
of  the  department  of  La  Paz,  situated  in  a 
valley  of  the  Andes,  12,226  feet  above  sea-level, 
in  lat.  16°  30'  S.,  long.  67°  59'  W.  it  is  an  im- 
portant commercial  place,  and  contains  a  cathedral  and  a 
university.   Population  (1893),  about  65,000. 

La  Paz.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  Lower 
Calif  omia,  Mexico,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  CaU- 
f ornia.iu  lat.  24°  10'  N.,  long.  110°  21'  W.  Pop- 
ulation (1895),  4,737. 

La  P^rouse  (la  pa-r8z'),  Jean  Frangois  de 
Galaup,  Comte  de.  Bom  near  AIM,  Prance, 
Au^.  22,  1741 :  lost  at  sea  in  1788.  A  French 
navigator.  He  commanded  an  exploring  expedition 
which  set  sail  from  Prance  in  1785  and  arrived  on  the 
northeastern  coaat  of  Asia  in  1787.  He  discovered  the 
Strait  of  Ptoouse,  Aug.  9, 1787,  and  in  the  following  year 
suffered  shipwreck  and  perished  with  his  whole  expedition 
off  the  island  of  Vanikoro. 

La  P6rouse  Strait.  [Named  for  the  Coimt  de 
la  P6rouse.]  A  sea  passage  separating  the 
islands  of  Saghalin  and  Yezo,  and  connecting 
the  Sea  of  Japan  with  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk. 

Lapham  (lap'am).  Increase  Allen.  Bom  at 
Palmyra,  N.  Y.,  March  7, 1811:  died  at  Ocono- 
mowoc.  Wis. ,  Sept.  14, 1875.  An  American  geol- 
ogist, author  of  various  works  on  Wisconsin. 

Lapitnse  (lap'i-the).  [Gr.  AamSai.']  In  Greek 
legend,  a  Thessalian  race,  descendants  of  La- 
pithes,  son  of  Apollo  and  Stilbe,  and  brother  of 
Centaurus.  They  were  governed  by  Pirithous,  a  half- 
brother  of  the  Centaurs.  On  the  occasion  of  his  marriage 
to  Hippodameia,  a  fierce  struggle  took  place  between  the 
Centaurs  (who  had  been  invited  to  the  wedding)  and  the 
Lapithse,  which  ended  in  the  expulsion  of  the  former  from 
Pelion.  The  cause  of  the  quarrel  was  the  attempt  of  a 
drunken  Centaur,  Eurytion,  to  carry  off  the  bride. 

Lapito  (la-pe-to'),  Louis  AugUSte.    Bom  at 

St.-Maur,  near  Paris,  1805:  died  at  Boulogne- 
sur-Seine,  near  Paris,  April  7, 1874.  A  French 
landscape-painter. 

Laplace  (la-plas'),  Marquis  Pierre  Simon  de. 
Born  at  Beaumont-en-Auge,  Calvados,  Prance, 
March  28,  1749:  died  at  Paris,  March  5,  1827. 
A  celebrated  French  astronomer  and  mathe- 
matician. His  father  was  a  farmer.  Laplace  went  to 
Paris  and  obtained,  through  the  influence  of  D'Alembert,  a 
position  asprof  essorof  mathematics  in  the  Ecole  MUitaire. 
In  1799  Napoleon  made  him  minister  of  the  interior,  a  post 
which  he  held  only  six  weeks.  In  1803  he  was  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  Senate.  He  was  made  a  peer  by  Louis  XVIII. 
and  marquis  in  1817.  Among  his  most  noted  researches 
are  those  on  the  inequality  of  the  motions  of  Jupiter  and 
Saturn,  on  lunar  motions,  on  probabilities,  and  on  the 
tides.  His  most  famous  work  is  the  "  M^canique  celeste  " 
(1799-1826:  English  translation  by  ITathaniel  Bowditch). 
He  published  also  "Exposition  du  syst^me  du  monde" 
(1796),  etc. 

Lapland,  or  Lappland  (lap'land).  The  country 
of  the  Lapps,  situated  in  the  extreme  north  of 
Norway,  Sweden,  Finland,  and  the  north-west- 
ern part  of  the  government  of  Archangel, 
Russia.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Lapps  (estimated 
at  28,000),  comprising  Mountain  Lapps  (chiefly  nomadic) 
and  Eisher  Lapps.  The  religions  are  Lutheran  and  Greek 
Church.  The  Lapps  were  reduced  by  the  Russians  in  the 
11th  century,  by  the  Norwegians  in  the  14th,  and  by  the 
Swedes  in  the  16th. 

La  Plata.    See  Mio  de  la  Plata. 

La  Plata  (la  pla'ta).  One  of  the  old  names  of 
Sucre  or  Chuquisaoa,  BoUvia. 

La  Plata  (la  pla'ta) .  A  port  and  the  capital  of 
the  province  of  Buenos  Ayres,  Argentine  Re- 
public, situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  San- 
tiago, an  afluent  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  24  miles 
east-southeast  of  Buenos  Ayres.  it  was  founded  in 
Nov.,  1882,  and  its  growth  has  been  phenomenal.  It  is  now 
the  most  important  port  of  the  republic,  and  has  a  cathe- 
dral, astronomical  observatory,  museum,  and  many  other 
public  institutions.  The  suburb  of  Tolosa  is  the  central 
point  of  the  Argentine  railway  system.  Population  (1893), 
about  70,000.  „     rr,. 

La  Plata,  The  United  Provinces  of.  The  of- 
ficial name  of  the  Argentine  Republic  from 


Laramie  Mountains 

1813  to  1830.  During  this  period  a  federal  system  pre 
vailed,  but  with  many  changes  and  much  confusion. 
Uruguay  was  included  during  a  part  of  the  time. 
La  Plata,  Viceroyalty  of.  A  division  and  vice- 
royalty  of  Spanish  South  America,  established 
in  1776  to  include  the  colonies  of  Buenos  Ayres, 
Tucuman,  and  Paraguay,  the  Banda  Oriental 
(Uruguay),  Charcas  (now  Bolivia),  taken  from 
Peru,  and  Cuyo  (Mendoza,  etc.),  separated  from 
Chile .  It  corresponded  nearly  to  the  present  countries  of 
the  Argentine  Republic,  Uruguay,  Paraguay,  and  Bolivia. 
The  viceroyalty  practically  came  to  an  end  in  1810,  and 
during  the  war  for  independence  the  countries  separated. 
Also  called  the  Viceroyalty  of  Buenos  Ayres,  from  the 
capital. 

Lapommeraye  (la-pom-ra'),  Pierre  Henri 
Victor  Berdalle  de.  Bom  at  Rouen,  Oct.  20, 
1839:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  23,  1891.,  A  French 
critic  and  lecturer,  in  1881  he  took  charge  of  the 
course  of  dramatic  history  and  literature  at  the  Conser- 
vatory. 

La  Porte  Ga  port').  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
La  Porte  County,  Indiana,  51  miles  east-south- 
east of  Chicago.     Population  (1900),  7,113. 

Lappenberg  (lap'pen-bero),  Johann  Martin. 
Born  at  Hamburg,  July  30, 1794 :  died  Nov.  28, 
1865.  A  German  historian,  keeper  of  the  ar- 
chives to  the  Hamburg  senate  1823-63.  He  wrote 
"Geschichte  von  England  "("History  of  England,"  1834- 
1837:  continued  by  Pauli,  translated  by  Thorpe),  the  history 
of  Hamburg  and  of  the  Hanseatic  League,  etc. 

Lapps  (laps).  AracefromwhichLapland(which 
see)  takes  its  name.  The  Lapps  are  an  inferior  branch 
of  the  Finnic  race,  physically  dwarfish  and  weak,  and  low 
in  the  scale  of  civilization. 

Laputa  (la-pii'ta).  A  flying  island  in  Swift's 
"Gulliver*s  Travels." 

In  the  voyage  to  Laputa  the  satire  is  directed  against  the 
vanity  of  human  wisdom,  and  the  folly  of  abandoning  use- 
ful occupations  for  the  empty  schemes  of  visionaries.  The 
philosophers  of  Laputahad  allowed  their  land  to  run  waste, 
and  their  people  to  fall  into  poverty,  in  their  attempts  to 
"soften  marble  for  pillows  and  pin -cushions,"  to  "petrify 
the  hoofs  of  a  living  horse  to  prevent  them  from  f ounder- 
ing,"to  "sow land  with  chaff," and  to  "extract  sunbeams 
from  cucumbers,  which  were  to  be  put  in  phials  hermeti- 
cally sealed,  and  let  out  to  warm  the  air  in  raw,  inclement 
summers."         TuckerTnan,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  p.  176. 

Lar.    See  Lares. 

Lar  (lar).  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Laris- 

tan,  Persia,  situated  about  lat.  27°  31'  N.,  long. 

54°  10'  B.   Population,  estimated,  about  12,000. 
Lara  (la'ra).     The  name  of  a  family  belonging 

to  the  Castilian  aristocracy  of  the  10th  century, 

whose  adventures  have  been  made  the  subject 

of  many  ballads.     See  the  extract. 

The  ballads  which  naturally  form  the  next  group  are 
those  on  the  Seven  Lords  of  Lara,  who  lived  in  the  time 
of  Garcia  Fernandez,  the  son  of  Feman  Gonzalez.  Some 
of  them  are  beautiful,  and  the  story'they  contain  is  one  of 
the  most  romantic  in  Spanish  history.  The  Seven  Lords 
of  Lara,  in  consequence  of  a  family  quarrel,  are  betrayed  by 
their  uncle  into  the  bands  of  the  Moors,  and  put  to  death ; 
while  their  father,  with  the  basest  treason,  is  confined  in 
a  Moorish  prison,  where,  by  a  noble  Moorish  lady,  he  has 
an  eighth  son,  the  famous  Mudarra,  who  at  last  avenges 
all  the  wrongs  of  his  race.  On  this  story  there  are  above 
thirty  ballads :  some  very  old  and  exhibiting  either  inven- 
tions or  traditions  not  elsewhere  recorded,  while  others 
seem  to  have  come  directly  from  the  "  General  Chronicle. " 
TieJenor,  Span.  Lit.,  1. 126. 

Lara.  A  narrative  poem  by  Lord  Byron,  pub- 
lished in  1814:  so  calledfrom  the  name  of  its  hero. 

Lara  (la'ra) .  A  state  of  northwestern  Venezuela, 
between  Falcon  and  Carabobo,  with  a  small  ex- 
tent of  coast  on  the  Caribbean  Sea.  Capital, 
Barquisimeto.  Area,  9,296  square  mUes.  Popu- 
lation (estimated,  1890),  260,681. 

Lara  (la'ra),  Juan  Jacinto.  Bom  at  Carora, 
Barquisimeto,  1778 :  died  at  Barquisimeto,  Feb. 
25, 1859.  A  Venezuelan  general  of  the  war  for 
independence.  He  enlisted  in  1810,  and  held  many  im- 
portant commands  in  Venezuela,  Colombia,  and  Peru ;  led 
the  Colombian  troops  at  the  battle  of  Ayacucho,  Dec.  9, 
1824 ;  and  remained  in  command  of  the  C!olombian  con- 
tingent after  Bolivar  left  Peru  in  1826.  On  Jan.  26, 1827, 
his  troops  revolted,  made  him  prisoner,  and  sent  him  to 
Bogotd,  where  he  was  released.  This  event  led  to  the  with- 
drawal of  the  Colombians  from  Peru,  and  the  rejection  by 
that  country  of  Bolivar's  constitution. 

La  Babida  (la  ra'be-da).  The  name  commonly 
given  to  the  Franciscan  convent  of  Santa  Maria 
de  R4bida,  on  a  hill  near  the  town  of  Palos, 
Spain.  It  is  associated  with  several  incidents  in  the  life 
of  Christopher  Columbus.  The  convent,  which  had  fallen 
to  ruins,  was  restored  in  1855. 

Larache,  or  Larash.    See  El-Araish. 
Laramie  City  (lar'a-me  sit'i).     The  capital  of 

AlbanyCounty,  Wyoming,  situated  onthe  Union 

Pacific  Railroad  45  miles  west-northwest  of 

Cheyenne:  a  trading  center.  Population  (1900), 

8,207. 
Laramie  Mountains.    A  range  of  mountains 

in  southern  Wyoming  and  northern  Colorado. 

It  extends  east  and  northeast  of  the  Laramie 

Plains. 


Laramie  Peak 

Laramie  Peak.  A  peak  of  the  Laramie  Moun- 
tains, situated  in  Wyoming  about  lat.42°  20'  N. 
Height,  about  10,000  feet. 

Laramie  Plains.  A  plateau  in  southern  Wyo- 
ming, northwest  of  Cheyenne.  Its  height  is 
about  7,500  feet. 

Laramie  River.  Ariverwhioh  risesin  northern 
Colorado  and  joins  the  North  Platte  at  Fort 
Laramie,  eastern  Wyoming.  Length,  about 
200  miles. 

Laranda  (la-ran'da).  The  ancient  name  of  Ka- 
raman  (which  see). 

La  Ravardifere  (la  ra-vSr-dyar'),  Daniel  de  la 
Tousche,  Sieur  de.  Bom  in  Poitou  about  1570 : 
died  after  1631.  A  French  Protestant  soldier. 
About  1609  and  1611  he  made  two  voyages  to  the  coast  of 
northern  Brazil  for  trading  purposes.  Subsequently  he 
joined  with  Frani^is  de  Hazilly  in  establishing  a  French 
colony  at  Maranh^lo  (1612),  from  whence  he  explored  the 
Lower  Amazon.  The  colony  was  taken  by  the  Portuguese 
in  1615,  and  La  Ravardi^ire  remained  a  prisoner  for  3  years. 
In  1630  he  was  vice-admiral,  under  Razilly,  in  an  expedi- 
tion against  the  Barba^  corsairs. 

Larclier(lar-sha'),PierreHenri.  BomatDijon, 
France,  Oct.  12, 1726 :  died  at  Paris,  Dee.  22, 1812. 
A  French  Hellenist,  translator  of  Herodotus 
(1786). 

Larcom  (lar'kom),  Lucy.  Bom  at  Beverly 
Farms,  Mass.,  1826:  died  April  17, 1893.  An 
American  poet.  In  her  youth  she  worked  in  a  factory 
at  Lowell,  Mass.,  and  was  a  contributor  to  the  "  Lowdl 
OflEering."  I^om  1866-74  she  was  editor  of  "Our  Young 
FoUcB."  She  was  the  author  of  "  Ships  in  the  Mist,  etc.," 
stories  (1859),  and  4  or  5  volumes  of  poems,  and  compiled 
and  edited  "Roadside  Poems,  etc."  (1876),  "Hillside  and 
Seaside  in  Poetry"  (1877),  etc.  Perhaps  her  best-known 
single  poem  is  "Poor  Lone  Hannah." 

Lardner  (lard'ner),  Dionysius.  Born  at  Dub- 
lin, April  3, 1793 :  died  at  Naples,  April  29, 1859. 
An  English  clergyman  and  scientific  writer,  a 
graduate  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin  (1817).  in 
1827  he  was  appointed  professor  of  natural  philosophy  and 
astronomy  in  London  University.  He  eloped,  1840,  with 
the  wife  of  a  cavalry  officer  (afterward  marrying  her) ;  vis- 
ited the  United  States  and  Cuba ;  and  in  1846  established 
himself  In  Paris.  Among  his  numerous  publications  are 
the  "Cabinet  Cyclopedia"  (1830-49),  to  which  he  contrib- 
uted the  articles  on  hydrostatics^,  pneumatics,  arithmetic, 
and  geometry(and  collaborated  in  others),  "TheGreat  Ex- 
hibition and  London  in  1851 "  (1852),  and  numerous  works 
and  papers  on  natural  science  and  railway  economics.  He 
is  notable  chiefly  as  a  popularizer  of  science. 

Lardner, Nathaniel.  BornatHawkhurst,Kent, 
June  6, 1684 :  died  there,  July  24, 1768.  An  Eng- 
lish nonconformist  divine  and  biblical  scholar, 
author  of  "  The  Credibility  of  the  Gospel  His- 
tory" (1727-57-:  anoted  defense  of  Christianity), 
sermons,  etc. 

Laredo  (la-ra'tho).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Santander,  Spain,  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  It  has 
a  large  trade  in  fish.    Population  (1887),  4,850. 

Lares  (la'rez).  In  Koman  antiquity,  a  class 
of  infernal  deities  whose  cult  was  primitive. 
They  were  looked  upon  as  natural  protectors  of  the  state 
and  family,  and  also  as  powerful  for  evil  if  not  duly  re- 
spected and  propitiated.  The  public  Lares,  originally  two 
In  number,  were  the  guardians  of  the  unity  of  the  state, 
and  were  honored  with  temples  and  an  elaborate  ceremo- 
nial. After  the  time  of  Augustus,  at  least,  each  division  of 
the  city  had  also  its  own  public  Lares  {Lares  compitales). 
The  private  Lares  differed  for  each  family,  and  were  wor- 
shiped daily  in  the  house,  being  domiciled  either  on  the 
family  hearth  or  in  a  special  shrine.  They  received  also 
especial  recognition  upon  every  occasion  of  festivity,  pub- 
lic or  private,  and  on  certain  days  devoted  particularly  to 
them,  and  claimed  tribute  alike  from  the  bride  upon  en- 
tering the  family  and  from  the  youth  upon  attaining  his 
majority.  The  chief  of  the  private  Lares  in  each  family,  the 
domestic  or  household  Lar  (Larfamiliaris)  in  the  fullest 
sense,  was  the  spirit  of  the  founder  of  the  family.  To  the 
family  spirits  were  often  added  in  later  times,  among  the 
household  Lares,  the  shades  of  heroes,  or  other  personal- 
ities who  were  looked  upon  with  admiration  or  awe.  In 
their  character  as  malignant  divinities,  the  Lares  were 
common^  classed  under  the  title  of  L&mures  or  Larvx. 

Largs  (largz).  A  town  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland, 
situated  on  the  Firth  of  Clyde.  Itwas  the  scene 
of  a  victory  of  Alexander  III.  over  Haco  of  Norway  in 
1263.    Population  (1891),  3,187. 

Larino  (la-re'no).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Campobasso,  Italv,  situated  in  lat.  41°  48'  N., 
long.  14°  55'  B.     Population,  about  6,000. 

Larissa,  or  Larisa  (la-res'a).  1.  A  nomarchy 
of  northern  Greece,  ceded  by  Turkey  in  1881. 
Area,  since  1899,  1,622  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1896),  86,513.-2.  The  capital  of  the  no- 
marchy of  Larissa,  situated  on  the  Salambria 
(Peueius)inlat.39°37'N.,  long.  22°22'E.:  the 
ancient  capital  (under  the  name  Larissa)  of  the 
district  Pelasgiotis.    Population  ( 1889),  13, 610. 

Larissa  Oremaste  (la-ris'a  kre-mas'te).  In 
ancient  geography,  a  town  in  Thessaly,  Greece, 
situated  in  Tat.  38°  56'  N.,  long.  22°  50'  E. 

Laristan  (lar-is-tan').  A  province  in  southern 
Persia,  bordering  on  the  Persian  Gulf  south- 
east of  Farsistan.  Capital,  Lar.  The  surface  is 
largely  mountainous.  Area,  about  20,000  square  miles. 
Population,  about  90,000. 


592 

Larius  (la'ri-us)  Lacus.  [Gr.  jJ  Adpio?  ?i,i/xv}i.'\ 
The  Roman  name  of  the  Lake  of  Como. 

La  Rive  (la  rev'),  Auguste  de.  Born  at  Ge- 
neva, Oct.  9, 1801 :  died  at  Marseilles,  Nov.  27, 
1873.  A  Swiss  physicist,  son  of  Charles  Gaspard 
de  La  Rive,  physician  and  chemist  (1770-1834). 
He  was  made  professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  the  Acad- 
emy at  Geneva  in  1823;  went  to  Paris  in  1830;  became 
corresponding  member  of  the  Institute ;  went  to  London, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  Koyal  Society ;  returned  to  Geneva 
in  1836,  and  conducted  the  "  Biblioth^que  Universelle  de 
Genfeve."  He  devoted  himself  to  the  investigation  of  the 
specific  heat  of  gases  and  the  conductibility  of  heat,  but 
especially  to  researches  in  electricity.  His  name  is  asso- 
ciated with  many  original  discoveries  in  magnetism,  elec- 
tro-dynamics, etc.  He  invented  the  process  of  electro-gild- 
ing, and  propounded  a  new  theory  of  the  aurora.  Among 
his  published  works  are  "M^moire  sur  les  caustiques" 
(1824),  "Thferie  de  la  pile  voltaique"  (1836),  and  a  com- 
plete treatise  on  electricity,  regarded  as  authoritative,  en- 
titled "Archives  de  r61ectricit6 :  Trait6  de  r61ectricit§ 
th^orique  et  appliqu^e  "  (1854-58X 

Larivey  (la-re-va'),  Pierre  de.  Bom  at  Troyes 
about  1550:  died  about  1612.  A  French  drama- 
tist. He  was  of  Italian  birth,  and  translated  his  Italian 
name  Giunti  into  Larivey.  He  may  be  considered  one  of 
the  creators  of  French  comedy.  Both  Molifere  andBegnard 
were  indebted  to  him.  His  comedies  were  published 
together  by  VioUet-le-Duc  in  1579,  and  several  editions 
followed.  He  also  translated  and  imitated  Straparola's 
"Nights,"  etc. 

Larnaka,  or  Larnaca  (lar'na-ka),  or  Larnica 
(lar'ne-ka).  A  town  and  the  chief  seaport  in 
Cyprus,  with  roadstead  in  lat.  34°  55'  N.,  long. 
33°  39'  E. :  the  ancient  Citium.  Population 
(1891),  7,593. 

Laroclie(la-r6sh'),Madame^Maria  Sophie  Gu- 
termann).  Born  atKaufbeuren,  Bavaria,  Dee. 
6, 1731 :  died  at  Offenbach,  Hesse,  Feb.  18, 1807. 
A  German  novelist.  Her  novels  are  somewhat  after 
the  manner  of  Richardson.  Among  them  are  "Fraulein 
Stemheim"(1771),  "Rosaliens  Briefe"(1779),  "Melusinens 
Sommerlieder"  (1806),  etc. 

La  Rochefoucauld  (la  rosh-fo-ko'),  Ffangois, 
sixth  Duke  of.  Prince  of  Marcillac.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Dec.  15, 1613 :  died  there,  March  17, 1680. 
A  French  moralist.  He  is  known  in  literature  through 
hismaxims,  his  memoirs,  and  his  correspondence.  Theilrat 
edition  of  the  "  Maxims"was  issued  anonymously  under  the 
title  "  Reflexions  ou  sentences  et  maximes  morales  "  (1665). 
The  fifth  edition  (1678),  published  during  the  author  s  life- 
time, is  considered  definitive. .  A  sixth  edition  (1693)  con- 
tains 50  posthumous  maxims.  The  best  modem  edition 
was  made  by  Gilbert  for  the  aeries  of  the  "  Grands  ^cri- 
vains  de  ia  France  "  (1868).  La  Rochefoucauld's  memoirs 
were  published  in  1662  under  the  title  "  M^moires  sur  la 
r6gence  d'Anne  d'Autriche."  His  correspondence  was 
made  public  in  1818  through  Belin's  edition  of  the  great 
moralist's  works. 

La  Rochefoucauld-Liancourt  (lyon-kor'),Due 
Frangois  Alexandre  Frederic  de.  Bom  Jan. 
11,  1747:  died  March  27, 1827.  A  French  phi- 
lanthropist andpolitician.  He  founded  on  his  estate, 
Liancourt,  near  Clermont,  a  model  school  for  the  education 
of , poor  soldiers'  children,  which  in  1788  received  the  name 
"Ecole  des  Enfants  de  la  Patrie."  He  emigrated  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Revolution,  and  was  created  a  peer  at  the 
restoratirai  of  the  Bourbons  in  1814.  He  wrote  "Voyage 
dans  les  Etats-Unis  d'Am^rique  fait  en  1796-97  "(1798),  etc. 

La  Roche,1acquelein  (larosh-zhak-lan'),  Henri 
du  Vergier,  Comte  de.  Bom  near  ChS,tillon, 
Deux-Sevres,  Aug.,  1772:  killed  at  Nouaill6, 
March  4, 1794.  A  French  Vendean  leader  He 
was  made  generalissimo  in  Oct.,  1793 ;  was  victorious  at 
Antrain  and  elsewhere ;  and  was  defeated  at  Le  Mans  in 
1793. 

La  Rochejacctuelein,  Louis  duVergier,  Mar- 
quis de.  Bom  at  St.  Aubin,  Deux-Sevres, 
France,  Nov.,  1777 :  killed  in  battle  at  Pont- 
des-Mathis,  near  St.-Gilles,  France,  June  4, 
1815.  A  French  Vendean  leader,  brother  of  the 
Comte  de  la  Rochepacquelein. 

La  RochejacQiuelein,  Marie  Louise  Victoire 
de  Donnisson,  Marquise  de.  Born  at  Ver- 
sailles, France,  Oct.  25,1772:  died  at  Orleans, 
Prance,  Feb.  15, 1857.  A  French  royalist,  sec- 
ond wife  of  the  Marquis  de  la  Roehejacquelein. 
She  published  "M^moires"  (1815). 

La  Rochelle  (la  ro-shel').  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Charente-Inf 6rieure,  France,  sit- 
uated on  an  arm  of  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  in  lat.  46° 
9'  N.,  long.  1°  9'  W. :  the  medieval  Eupella.  it 
is  a  strongfortress  and  an  imporiant  seaport  Its  fisheries 
are  flourishing,  and  its  trade  extensive  in  wine,  brandy, 
coal,  timber,  salti  grain,  etc.  It  has  a  good  harbor,  and 
contains  a  cathedral,  several  old  towers,  and  an  interest- 
ing hdtel  de  ville.  It  was  the  ancient  capital  of  Aunis. 
After  various  changes  it  was  finally  restored  to  France 
about  1372.  After  1668  it  was  the  Huguenot  headquarters. 
It  was  besieged  by  Richelieu  1627  and  taken  1628  (through 
the  construction  of  a  mole,  and  in  spite  of  the  relief  expe- 
dition under  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  in  1627).  The  Eng- 
lish attempted  to  destroy  the  Aench  fleet  here  In  1809. 
Population  (1891),  26,808. 

La  Rochelle,  Peace  of.  A  peace  signed  at  La 
Rochelle,  July  6,  1573,  whereby  Charles  IX. 
granted  the  Protestants  partial  toleration. 

La-Roche-SUr-Yon  (la-rosh'siir-ydn').     The 


Lasca,  II 

capital  of  the  department  of  Vendle,  France, 
situated  on  the  Yon  in  lat.  46°  41'  N.,  long.  1° 
27'  W.  The  town  was  founded  by  Napoleon,  and  was 
named  Napol^onville  1808-14,  Bourbon-Vendue  1814-48, 
and  Napoleon- Vendue  1848-70.  The  castle  Eoche-sur-Yon 
was  formerly  important  in  the  English  and  religious  wars. 
Napoleon  erected  a  nu  raber  of  buildings  in  the  town,  which 
are  not  remarkable.    Population  (1891),  commune,  12,216. 

Laromigui6re  (la-ro-me-gyar'),  Pierre.  Bom 
at  Livignac-le-Haut,  Avejron,  France,  Nov.  3, 
1756:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  12,  1837.  A  French 
philosophical  writer,  author  of  "Lefons  de 
philosophic  "  (1815-18)^  etc. 

La  RothiSre  (la-ro-tyar').  A  village  23  miles 
east  of  Troyes,  Anbe,  France.  Here,  Feb.  i,  1814, 
the  Allies  (100,000)  under  Bluoher  defeated  the  French 
(46,000)  under  Napoleon. 

Larousse  (la-ros'),  Pierre  Athanase.  Bom  at 
Toucy,  Yonne,  France,  Oct.  23,  1817 :  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  3, 1875.  A  French  grammarian,  lex- 
icographer, and  author :  editor  of  the  "  Grand 
dictionnaire  universel"  (1866-78). 

Larra  (lar'ra),  Mariano  Jos6  de.  Born  at 
Madrid,  March,  1809 :  committed  suicide,  Feb. 
13,  1837.  A  Spanish  satirist  and  dramatist. 
He  first  attracted  notice  by  his  "El  duende  Satirico" 
(1829)  and  "El  pobrecito  hablador"  (1832).  He  became 
editor  in  chief  of  the  "  Spanish  Review  "  in  1833,  and  wrote 
for  periodicals,  under  the  pseudonym  Figaro,  a  variety  of 
humorous  articles  published  in  6  volumes  as  "Figaro" 
after  bis  death  in  1837. 

Larrazabal(lar-ra-tha'bal), Felipe.  Born  about 

■  1822 :  died  1873.  A  Venezuelan  author.  He  is 
best  known  for  his  "  Vida  del  Libertador  Simon  Bolivar," 
first  published  in  1S63  (Caracas,  2  vols.),  which  has  passed 
through  several  editions.  Larrazabal  collected  a  large 
amount  of  manuscript  material  on  the  history  of  America, 
including  over  8,000  letters  of  Bolivar.  He  wason  hisway 
to  Europe  to  arrange  for  the  publication  of  several  works 
when  he  was  drowned  in  the  wreck  of  the  steamship 
Ville  du  Havre. 

Larrey  (la-ra'),  DominioLue  Jean,  Baron.  Bom 
near  Bagn&res-de-Bigorre,  France,  July,  1766: 
died  at  Lyons,  July  25,  1842.  A  noted  French 
surgeon.  He  served  first  in  the  navy,  and  then  in  the 
army,  and  became  distinguished  in  the  Napoleonic  cam- 
paigns as  the  head  of  the  medical  and  surgical  department 
of  the  army.  He  introduced  the  ambulances  volantes  (fly- 
ing ambulances).  He  published  "M^moires  de  m^decine  ' 
etde  ohirurgie    (1812-18),  etc. 

Larsa  (lar'sa).     See  Ellasar. 

La  Salle  (la  sal).  A  city  of  La  Salle  County, 
Illinois,  situated  on  the  Illinois,  at  the  head  of 
navigation,  100  miles  west-southwest  of  Chi- 
cago.    Population  (1900),  10,446. 

La  Salle  (la  sal'),  Autoine  de.  A  French  poet. 
See  the  extract. 

Critics  have  vied  with  each  other  In  heaping  unacknow- 
ledged masterpieces  on  his  head.  His  only  acknowledged 
work  is  the  charming  romance  of  **  Petit  Jean  de  Saintr^. " 
The  flrst  thing  added  to  this  has  been  the  admirable  satire 
of  the  "Quinze  Joyes  du  Mariage,"  the  next  the  famous 
collection  of  the  "Cent  Nouvelles,"  and  the  last  the  still 
more  famous  farce  of  "Pathelin."  There  are  for  once  few 
or  no  external  reasons  why  these  various  attributions 
should  notbe  admitted,  while  there  are  many  internal  ones 
why  they  should.  Antoine  de  la  Salle  was  bom  in  1398, 
and  spent  his  life  in  the  employment  of  different  kings 
and  princes:  — Louis  III.  of  Anjou,  king  of  Naples,  his 
son  the  good  King  Ren^,  the  count  of  Saint  Pol,  and  Philip 
the  Good  of  Burgundy,  who  was  his  natural  sovereign. 
Nothing  is  known  of  him  after  1461.  Of  the  three  prose 
works  which  have  been  attributed  to  him — there  are  others 
of  a  didactic  character  in  manuscript  —  the  "  Quinze  Joyes 
du  Mariage"  is  extremely  brief,  but  it  contains  the  quin- 
tessence of  all  the  satire  on  that  honourable  estate  which 
the  middle  ages  had  elaborated. 

SairOabury,  French  Lit.,  p.  147. 

La  Salle  (la  sal),  Jean  Baptiste.    Bom  at 

Rheims,  France,  April  30, 1651 :  died  at  Rouen, 
France,  April  7, 1719.  A  French  priest,  founder 
of  the  "  Brethren  of  the  Christian  Schools." 
La  Salle,  Robert  Cavelier,  Sieur  de.  Bom 
at  Rouen,  Nov.  22, 1643:  died  in  Texas,  March 
20,  1687.  A  French  explorer.  He  was  of  burgher 
descent ;  was  educated  by  the  Jesuits,  with  whom  he  was 
for  a  time  connected ;  and  in  1666  went  out  to  Canada.  In 
1669  he  set  out  upon  a  tour  of  western  exploration,  in  the 
course  of  which  he  discovered  the  Ohio  River.  In  the 
course  of  another  journey,  a  year  or  two  later,  he  explored 
the  upper  part  of  the  lUinbis.  He  was  granted  a  patent  of 
nobility  in  1673.  In  1679  he  established  Fort  Crfevecojur 
on  the  Illinois  River,  near  the  site  of  the  present  Peoria, 
which  was  intended  as  the  starting-point  of  an  expedition 
down  the  Mississippi.  Returning  in  1680  from  a  journey 
to  Canada  after  supplies,  he  found  the  fort  destroyed  by 
the  Iroquois.  The  garrison,  under  Henry  de  Toriti,  had 
made  good  its  escape,  however,  and  afterward  rejoined 
La  Salle  at  Mackinaw.  Organizing  a  new  expedition,  he 
set  out  from  Fort  Frontenao  with  Henry  de  Tonti,  thirty 
Frenchmen,  and  a  band  of  Indians  in  1681,  and,  reaching 
the  Mississippi  by  way  of  the  Chicago  portage  and  the  Illi- 
nois River,  descended  to  its  mouth,  which  he  reached  April 
9, 1682.  In  1684  he,  led  a  band  of  colonists  from  France, 
intending  to  found  a  settlement  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. He  landed  at  Matagorda  Bay,  Texas,  which  he 
mistook  for  a  western  outlet  of  the  river,  and  was  on  his 
way  to  Canada  to  procure  provisions  for  his  colony  when 
he  was  assassinated  by  some  of  his  disaffected  followers 
near  a  branch  of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas. 

Lasca,  II.    See  Grazzini. 


Lascaris,  Andreas  Joannes 

Xascaris  (las'ka-ris),  Andreas  Joannes  or 
Janos  or  Janus.  Bom  at  Ehyndaous,  in  Phry- 
gia,  about  1445:  died  at  Rome,  1535.  A  noted 
Greek  scholar,  resident  in  Italy  and  Prance  after 
the  fall  of  Constantinople.  He  first  aonght  the  court 
of  Lorenzo  de"  Medici,  and  alter  liis  patron's  death  went 
to  Paris  where  he  taught  Greek.  In  1603,  and  again  in 
160B,  he  was  French  ambassador  at  Venice,  and  after  1508 
went  to  Itome.  His  most  notable  work  is  an  edition  of 
the  Greek  anthology  (1494).  He  also  edited  the  Greek 
scholia  on  the  Iliad,  etc. 

Lascaris,  Constantino.  Plourished  in  the  sec- 
ond half  of  the  15th  century.  A  Greek  scholar, 
settled  in  Italy  after  1453.  He  wrote  a  Greek 
grammar  (1476 :  the  first  book  printed  in  Greek). 

Lascaris,  Theodore.    See  Theodore  I.  Lascaris. 

Las  Casas,  Bartolomi  de.    See  Casas. 

Las  Cases  (las  kaz;,  Comte  Emmanuel  Angus- 
tin  Dieudonn6  de.  Bom  near  Revel,  Haute- 
Garonne,  Prance,  1766 :  died  at  Paris,  May  15, 
1842.  A  French  historian,  companion  of  Na- 
poleon at  St.  Helena  1815-16.  He  served  the  royal- 
ist cause  in  the  army  of  Cond^  in  1792,  and  then  went  to 
England,  returning  to  France  in  1799.  In  1808  Napoleon 
made  him  a  baron,  and  gave  him  a  position  in  the  council 
of  state.  When  the  emperor  was  sent  to  St.  Helena,  Las 
Cases,  with  his  eldest  son,  followed  him.  He  was  sent 
away  from  the  island  in  Nov.,  1816,  for  attempting  to  lor- 
ward  a  letter  to  Lucien  Bonaparte  without  the  knowledge 
of  the  commandant,  and  was  confined  at  the  Cape  lor  8 
months.  To  him  Napoleon  dictated  a  part  of  his  memoirs. 
He  published  "Memorial  de  Sainte-Ha^ne"  (1822-23). 

Lascy,    See  Lacy. 

La  Serena  (la  sa-ra'na).  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Coquimbo,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Coquimbo  River,  in  lat.  29°  53'  S.  it  was  founded 
by  Valdivia  in  1544,  and  was  an  important  point  in  the  early 
history  of  Chile.  Coquimbo,  its  commercial  port,  is  7  miles 
southwest  of  it,  but  the  two  names  are  often  used  inter- 
changeably.   Population  (1885),  17,230. 

La  Sema  y  Hinojosa  (la  sar'na  e  en-o-Ho'sS.), 
Jos6  de.  Bom  at  Jerez  de  la  Prontera,  1770 : 
died  at  Cadiz,  1832.  A  noted  Spanish  general. 
In  1816,  with  the  rank  of  major-general,  he  was  put  in 
command  of  the  army  in  Upper  Peru.  He  was  defeated 
by  the  patriots  at  Salta  and  Jujuy,  and,  owing  to  disagree- 
ments with  the  viceroy,  resigned  in  1819,  and  was  made 
lieutenant-general  and  president  of  tlie  council  of  war'; 
soon  after  this  he  was  made  commander  of  the  army  against 
San  Martin.  On  Jan.  29, 1821,  the  viceroy  Pezuelawas  de- 
posed by  his  officers,  and  La  Sema  was  put  in  his  place. 
La  Sema  was  forced  to  evacuate  Lima  July  6, 1821,  but  he 
kept  his  giround  in  the  interior  with  great  skill  and  resolu- 
tion, making  his  capital  at  Cuzoo.  During  three  years  and 
a  half  he  was  practically  cut  oft  trora  Spain.  He  was  finally 
defeated  by  Sucre  and  captured  with  his  whole  army  at 
the  battle  ol  Ayacucho,  Deo.  9,  1824. 

Las  Heras  (las  a'ras),  Juan  Gregorio  de.  Bom 

at  Buenos  Ayres,  July  11,  1780 :  died  at  Santi- 
ago de  Chile,  Peb.  6,  1866.  A  Spanish-Ameri- 
can general,  in  1824  he  was  chosen  governor  ol  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  from  May  9  ol  that  year  until  Feb.  7, 1825,  was 
acting  president  of  the  Argentine  Confederation.  Soon 
after  he  retired  to  Chile,  where  he  resided  until  his  death. 

Lask  (lask).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Piotrkow,  Russian  Poland,  92  miles  southwest 
of  Warsaw.    Population  (1890),  5,677. 

Lasker  (las'ker),  Eduard.  Bom  at  Jarocin, 
Posen,  Prussia,  Oct.  14, 1829:  died  at  New  York, 
Jan.  5, 1884.  A  German  statesman,  one  of  the 
founders  and  leaders  of  the  National  Liberal 
party.  He  entered  the  Prussian  Landtag  in  1865,  and  the 
German  Iteichstag  in  1867,  and  headed  the  secessionists 
from  the  National  Liberal  party  in  1880. 

Lasker,  Emanuel.  Born  at  Berlinchen,  near 
Berlin,  Dec.  24,  1868.  A  noted  German  chess- 
player. A  match  with  W.  Steinitz  for  the  chess  cham- 
pionship ol  the  world,played  March  15  to  May  26,  1894, 
at  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Montreal,  resulted  in 
favor  ol  Lasker  by  10  games  to  6,  with  4  draws.  He  also 
won  the  return  match  in  1896. 

Laski  (is^s'ke),  or  a  Lasco  (a  las'kd),  John. 
Bom  at  the  castle  of  Lask,  Poland,  1499 :  died 
at  Kalisch,  Poland,  Jan.  13, 1560.  APolish  Prot- 
estant theologian,  the  second  son  of  Jaroslaw, 
baron  of  Lask.  He  studied  at  Bologna  1516-17;  was 
ordained  a  priest  and  dean  at  Gnesen  1521 ';  wentto  Basel 
in  1523,  and  lived  lor  a  year  with  Erasmus ;  returned  to 
Poland  in  Oct.,  1525 ;  and  became  bishop  ol  Vesprim  in 
1629,  and  archdeacon  ol  Warsaw  in  1638.  He  became  a  re- 
former of  the  Swiss  school.  In  1640  he  settled  in  Emden, 
Xast  Friesland ;  was  appointed  pastor  of  a  congregation 
there  in  1542 ;  went  to  England  on  the  invitation  of  Cranmer 
in  Aug.,  1548,  returning  to  Emden  in  March,  1649 ;  and  re- 
turned to  England  in  May,  1660,  remaining  there  until 
Sept.,  1563.  While  in  England  he  was  superintendent  ol 
the  Church  of  Foreign  Protestants  in  London,  and  took  an 
important  part  in  the  discussions  of  -ecclesiastical  affairs. 
He  was  a  voluminous  writer. 

La  Sorbonne.    See  Sorbonne,  La. 

Las  Palmas,     See  Palmas,  Las. 

Las  Filas  (las  pe'las).    An  extinct  volcano  in 

Nicaragua,  Central  America,  east-northeast  of 

Leon. 

Lassa.    See  Lhasa. 
Las  Salinas  (las  sa-le'nas).  A  place  about  three 

miles  north  of  Cuzco,  Peru :  so  called  because 

salt  had  been  obtained  there.    Here,  on  April  26, 


593 


1538,  the  forces  of  Diego  deAlmagro  (the  elder),  command- 
ed by  his  lieutenant,  Orgonez,  were  defeated  by  Francisco 
Pizarro's  army  under  his  brother?  Hernando.  Almagro 
was  captured  and  executed  soon  after. 


Lateran  Council 


appear  monks  and  even  popes.  The  angels  and  the  blessed 
upon  the  flowery  meadows,  and  at  the  gates  of  paradise, 
are  of  the  greatest  beauty  and  charm. 

T,„=oii..n--    •■l/^  T.     J-        J    r,         .^      ,        Last  Judgment,  The.     The  English  version  of 

Lassalle(la-sal')  Ferdinand.  BornatBreslau,    Spohr's  oratorio"Die  letztenDinge,"produced 
April  11,  1825 :  died  at  Geneva,  Aug.  31, 1864.    in  1830. 

A  German  socialist  and  agitator,  leader  in  the  Last  of  the  Barons,  The.    A  historical  novel 
social-democratic  movement.    He  published  "  Die    by  Btdwer,  published  in  1843  foiinflprf  on  thK 
Philosophic  Herakleitos  "  (1868),  "  Das  System  der  erwor-    IjJe  of  the  Earl  of  WajTriplT  '  *°'""'^''  "'^  *'"' 
benen  Eeohte-M''Systemol  acquired  Bights,"  1861),  etc.  TiV4-«/*£«  XI   *v  "^*^<"^-   „^   ^ 
He  was  kUled  in  a  duel  growing  out  of  a  love-affair.  l^&SZ  01  tne  t  athers.  The.     St.  Bernard. 

Lassalle,  Jean.   A  contemporary  French  oper-  -"^st  of  the  Goths,  The.    Roderick,  the  last 
atio  singer.    He  made  his  d^but  in  1871  at  Brassels,  and   monareh  of  the  West-Gothic  kingdom  of  Spain, 
has  sung  with  great  success  in  Paris,  London,  and  Vienna.  Last  Of  the  Greeks,  The.     PhilopcBmen. 
wi?^^^*oIl^  T^"  *°  V"?  U°"«,'l  States     His  voice  isa  Last  of  the  Knights,  The.    A  surname  of  the 
?eTC^L!?t%'S.fhTSsS,';'^t'c"  ^^''^"™''  ^'^°-  jZrr.^'^'^^'''''  ^-  n-v,        r.        .   . 

Lassell  (la-sel'),  William.    Bom  at  Bolton,  ^therstLMnKriP,''ni'^o^^ 
Lancashire,  June  18, 1799:  died  at  Maidenhead;,  ifshedinisl 
Oct.  5,  1880.     An  English  astronomer,  noted  as 


It  is  so  called  from  the  nickname 
of  Uncas,  one  of  its  leading  characters. 


oVs^e^r  °.'  '^"tih^  *f  ?i^rTrr  ^^oT  Last  of  the  T;oub;d=^ 

ODiserver.    Hediscovered  the  sateUite  of  Neptune  Oct.  T.ao+ HicrV,  nf+T>n  ii/r«n^  nft,„     q„„  j-i,„      j.       i 
10,1846,theseventhsatelliteolSaturn(Hyperion)Sept.l9   ■''^St  Sigh  01  the  Moor,  The.    See  the  extract, 


1848  (simultaneously  with  Bond),  and  the  two  inner  satel- 
lites of  Uranus  (Ariel  and  Umbriel)  Oct.  24, 1861,  and  cata- 
logued a  large  number  of  new  nebulas. 


There,  at  Padul,  on  a  spur  of  the  Alpuzarras,  Boabdil 
stood  and  gazed  back  upon  the  kingdom  he  had  lost :  the 
beautiful  Vega,  the  towers  of  the  Alhambra,  and  the  gar- 
dens of  the  Generalif  e ;  all  the  beauty  and  magnificence  of 
his  lost  home.  "AUahu  Akbar,"  he  said,  "God  is  most 
great,"  as  he  burst  into  tears.  His  mother  Ayesha  stood 
beside  him :  "  You  may  well  weep  like  a  woman,"  she  said, 
"for  what  you  could  not  defend  like  a  man."  The  spot 
whence  Boabdil  took  his  sad  farewell  look  at  his  city  from 


Lassen  (las'sen),  Christian,  Bom  at  Bergen, 
Norway,  Oct.  22,  1800:  died  at  Bonn,  Prussia, 
May  8,  1876.  A  noted  Norwegian  Orientalist, 
professor  at  Bonn  from  1830.    He  published  "In. 

dische  Altertumskunde"  ("Indian  Antiquities,"  1844-62),       ..  ,  ,  ,         ., 

etc.,  edited  various  Sanskrit  works,  and  deciphered  the  ^'ch  he  was  banished  for  ever,  bears  to  this  day  the  name 

.Old  Persian  cuneiform  inscriptions  ("Die  altpersischen  oi"elultimosospirodelMoro,"'thelaBtBighof theMoor." 

Keilinsohriften,"  1836).  Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  267. 

Lassen,  Eduard.    Bom  at  Copehhagen,  April  Last  Supper,  The.    Among  the  noted  repre- 

13,  1830 :  died  at  Weimar,  Jan.  15,  1904.  A  Bel-  sentations  of  this  subject  are  the  following,    (a) 

gian  composer.     He  went  to  Brussels  when  only  two  A  painting  by  Dierio  Bouts  (1467),  in  St.  Pierre  at  Louvain, 

years  old,  where  he  received  his  musical  education.    In  Belgium.    This  is  the  central  panel  of  a  large  altarpiece. 

1851  he  took  the  government  prize.  In  1867  his  opera  "  Le  The  side  panels  are  in  the  Berlin  Museum.    (6)  A  paint- 

Eoi  Bdgard  "  was  produced  at  Weimar  under  the  care  of  ing  by  Justus  of  Ghent,  a  pupil  of  Van  Byck,  in  the  Isti- 

Liszt.    Here  he  was  made  conductor  ol  the  court  theater  tuto  di  belle  Arti  at  Urbino.    It  is  a  beautiful  early-Flem- 


after  the  latter  retired.  Among  his  other  works  are  "  Frau- 
enlob,"  "  Der  Gefangene,"  and  "  Tristan  and  Isolde  "  —  all 
operas ;  the  music  to  Sophocles's  "  (Edipus,"  to  Goethe's 
"  Faust,"  to  Hebbel's  "  Nibelungen,"  to  Devrient's  version 
of  Calderon's  "Circe,"  and  to  Goethe's  "  Pandora."  He 
also  wrote  several  symphonies  and  a  large  number  of 
songs  which  are  famous. 

Lassus  (las'us),  Orlandus:  or  Lasso  (las'so), 
Orlando  (originally  Boland  Delattre).  Bom 

at  Mons,  Hainault,  1520  (1530  ?) :  died  at  Munich, 
Juhe^  1594.  The  leading  composer  (next  to  Pa- 
lestnna)  of  the  16th  century,  in  1566  or  1557  he 
was  made  director  ol  chamber-music  to  Albert  V.,  duke 
ol  Bavaria,  and  in  1602  was  made  chapel-master.  Here  he 
composed  the  lamous  music  lor  the  Seven  Penitential 
Psalms.  He  composed  over  2,000  works,  chiefly  sacred, 
including  between  60  and  60  masses,  anda  number  of  mad- 
rigals, songs,  etc. 


ish  picture,  one  ol  the  oldest  works  in  oils  in  Italy.  Fede- 
rigo  da  Monteleltro,  with  his  family,  and  the  Persian 
ambassador  are  introduced  as  spectators,  (c)  A  painting 
by  Luca  Signorelli  (1612),  in  the  duomo  of  Cortona,  Italy. 
It  represents  Christ  as  distributing  bread  to  3  kneeling 
apostles,  while  the  others  wait  grouped  behind,  (d)  A 
lamous  wall-painting  by  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  in  the  relec- 
toryol  Santa  Maria  delle  Grazie  at  Milan.  Christ  is  seated 
at  the  middle  ol  the  table,  while  the  apostles  are  ranged 
on  each  side  ol  him,  lull  of  excitement  at  the  announce- 
ment ol  his  impending  betrayal.  The  painting  has  sul- 
lered  greatly  Irom  damp,  abuse,  and  repainting. 
Last  Token,  The.  A  painting  by  Gabriel  Max, 
in  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  New  York. 
It  shows  a  beautilul  young  girl  in  the  Boman  arena,  ex- 
posed to  wild  beasts.  Some  spectator  has  thrown  her 
down  a  rose.  She  stands  over  it,  resting  her  hand  against 
the  wall,  and,  looking  up,  tries  to  distinguish  the  one  who 
has  pitied  her. 


Last  (last),  Doctor.    A  shoemaker  who  passes  Last  Tournament,  The.    One  of  the  "Idylls 
an  amusing  examination  for  the  degree  of  M.  D.  ^of  the  King,"  by  Tennyson, 
in  Foote's  "  The  Devil  iipon  Two  Sticks."  Las  Vegas  (las  va'gas),    A  city  in  San  Miguel 

Lastarria  (las-ta-re'a),  Jose  Victorino.  Bom  County,  New  Mexico,  east  of  Santa  F6:  arail- 
at  Rancagua,  1817:  died  at  Santiago,  June  14,  road  and  manufacturing  center.  Population 
1888.    A  Chilean  publicist  and  author.    He  held     (1900),  3,552. 

many  important  civil  positions,  and  published  works  in  Laswari  (las-war'e).     A  place  in  Raiputana, 
various  branches  ol  literature :  the  most  valuable  ol  these     India,  78  miles  south  by  west  of  Delhi.     Here, 


relate  to  the  constitutional  history  ol  Chile. 

Last  Days  of  Pompeii.  A  historical  novel  by 
Bulwer,  published  m  1834.  The  scene  is  laid 
chiefly  at  Pompeii,  79  a.  d. 

Last  Judgment,  The.  Among  the  noted  paint- 
ings with  this  subject  are  the  following,  (a)  A 
painting  by  Fra  Angelico  da  Fiesole,  in  the  Old  Museum 
at  Berlin.    It_is_  an  altarpiece  in  3  parts.    (J>)  A  lamous 


Nov.  1,  1803,  the  British  (about  4,000)  under 
Lake  defeated  the  Mahrattas  (9,000). 
Latacunga  (la-ta-kon'ga),  orTacunga  (ta-kSn'- 
ga).  A  city,  capital  of  the  pro-vince  of  Leon, 
Ecuador,  in  lat.  0°  55'  S.,  long.  78°  45'  W.  it 
was  founded  in  1584  on  the  site  ol  an  Indian  village.  Be- 
tween 1678  and  1797  it  was  destroyed  lour  times  by  earth- 
quakes.   Population  (1891),  about  12i000. 


painting  by  Michelangelo  covering  the  entire  end  wall  Latakia,  or  Latakiyah.     See  Ladikiveh. 

above  the  high  altar  ol  the  Sistine  Chapel,  Home.    The  t  «*-  t  - J:!uijTxkTii^^T.J^       «.".»«.»«<!«. 

composition  is  separated  into  5  subdivisions;  (1)  above,  Jjate  iiancasmrO  W ItcneS,  J. he.  A  comedy 
angels  with  the  emblems  ol  Christ's  Passion;  (2)  upper  by  Heywood,  revived  and  altered  by  Brome, 
middle,  Christ,  with  a  gesture  of  condemnation,  as  the  di-  acted  at  the  Globe  in  1634.  Heywood's  part  is  evi- 
vine  Avenger,  with  Mary  at  his  feet;  (3)  on  both  sides,  the  dently  founded  on  "The  Witches  of  Lancaster"  by  T 
chief  of  the  elect ;  (4)  at  Christ's  feet,  the  angel  sounding     potts,  1613.    Fleay. 

the  trump  ol  doom ;  (6)  below,  the  late  ol  those  awakened  t  ot-J^-^  n„j.r_  '  _\  iiri,„  \  ■,^„^„„„i„4^l,„„„a^■„,.^ 
from  the  dead,  the  blessed  borieuDward.  and  the  accursed  Lateran(lat  e-ran),The.  Apalaceintheeastem 


dashed  down  by  angels  and  hurled  by  devils  into  torment. 
The  painting  has  suffered  from  incense  and  taper  smoke, 
and  above  all  from  the  clothing,  by  overscrupulous  popes, 
of  many  of  Michelangelo's  undraped  figures,  (c)  A  fresco 
in  the  Campo  Santo,  Pisa,  formerly  ascribed  to  Orcagna, 
but  now  to  the  Lorenzetti  (1360).  The  blessed  and  the 
lost  are  rising  from  their  graves,  and  being  conducted  to 
one  side  or  the  other  by  angels  or  by  devils.  Many  great 
ecclesiastical  and  civil  dignitaries  are  represented  as  in 
the  latter  case.  The  subject  is  powerfully  presented; 
the  gesture  ol  condemnation  made  by  Christ  toward  the 
damned  is  lamous.  (d)  A  very  large  painting  by  Kubens 
(1617),  in  the  Old  Pinakothek  at  Munich.  The  Three  Per- 
sons ol  the  Trinity  occupy  the  central  upper  part  of  the 
canvas.  Christ  sits,  as  Judge,  with  uplifted  right  arm  mo- 
tioningtothe  dead  to  rise.  The  saints  are  gathered  about 
the  Deity.  Below,  the  dead  are  returning  to  life,  and  the 
entire  right  side  is  occupied  by  the  damned,  who  are 
hurled  down  to  perdition  by  the  archangel  Michael  with 
flaming  sword,  (c)  An  altarpiece  by  Roger  van  der  Wey- 
den  (1447),  in  the  hospital  at  Beaune,  France.  It  consists 
of  9  compartments,  with  6  more  on  the  outside  shutters, 
and  contains  portraits  ol  Chancellor  RoUin  (the  donor),  ol 
Philippe  le  Bon  ol  Burgundy,  and  other  personages.    It  is 

one  of  the  finest  ol  early  Flemish  pictures,  beautiful  in     

color.  (/')  A  painting  by  Fra  Angelico,  in  the  Accademia,  T.afprati  Oonncil 
Florence;  Clirist  turns  toward  the  blessed,  with  a  gesture  l^awran  OOUncU, 
of  doom  to  the  lost,  who,  as  they  rise  from  their  graves. 


part  ot  Rome.  The  present  edifice  dates  from  the  16th 
to  18th  centuries.  The  palace  was  originally  named  from 
the  Roman  family  Lateranus  to  which,  until  the  time  of 
Nero,  it  belonged.  Nero  put  the  last  owner,  Plautius 
Lateranus,  to  death,  and  appropriated  the  palace.  It  was 
given  by  Constantino  (who  also  built  a  church  in  its  pre- 
cincts) to  the  Bishop  of  Rome.  See  St.  John  Lateran  and 
Seala  Santa. 

Till  the  14th  century  the  Lateran  was  the  usual  residence 
of  the  pope ;  this  was  once  a  very  extensive  building,  cov- 
ering four  times  its  present  area.  The  original  house  is 
said  to  have  belonged  to  the  senator  Plautius  Lateranus  in 
the  reign  of  Nero ;  but  the  existing  part  on  the  line  of  the 
Aurelian  wall  is  of  the  3rd  century.  This  house,  which  had 
become  the  property  of  the  emperors,  was  given  by  Con- 
stantine  as  a  residence  for  S.  Sylvester ;  it  was  very  much 
enlarged  at  many  periods  during  the  next  ten  centuries ; 
in  1308  a  great  part  was  burnt,  and  in  1686  the  ancient 
palace  was  completely  destroyed  by  Sixtus  V.,  and  the 
present  palace  built  by  Domenico  Fontana.  The  Capella 
Sancta  Sanctorum  is  the  only  relic  of  the  older  palace. 
The  present  palace  has  never  been  used  as  a  papal  resi- 
dence ;  in  the  18th  century  it  was  an  orphan  asylum,  and  Is 
now  a  museum  of  classical  sculpture  and  early  Christian 
remains.  J.  3.  MiddXeton,  in  Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  835. 

The  name  of  a  number  of  ec- 
clesiastical councils  held  in  the  Lateran  Church 


are  dragged  off  by  devils' to  their  fate.    Among  the  lost     at  Rome.    The  following  five  are  regarded  by  the  Roman 


Lateran  Council 

Catholic  Church  as  ecumenical :  (1)  The  council  of  1123, 
under  Calixtus  II.,  which  oonflrmed  the  Concordat  of 
Worms  (which  see)  and  renewed  the  grant  of  indulgences 
promulgated  by  Urban  II.  in  favor  of  the  Crusaders.  (2) 
The  council  of  1139,  under  Innocent  II. ,  which  condemned 
the  antipope  Anacletus  11.  and  Arnold  of  Brescia.  (3) 
The  council  of  1179,  under  Alexander  III.,  which  declared 
that  the  popes  should  be  elected  exclusively  by  the  college 
of  cardinals,  atad  that  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  college 
should  be  necessary  to  form  a  valid  election.  (4)  The  coun- 
cil of  1215,  under  Innocent  III.,which  condemned  the  Albi- 
genses.  (6)  The  council  of  1512-17,  under  Julius  II.  and 
Leo  X.,  which  abrogated  the  canons  of  the  Council  of  Pisa. 

Lateran  Palace.    See  Lateran,  The. 

Latham  (la'tham),  John.  Born  at  Eltham, 
near  London,  June  27, 1740 :  died  Feb.  4,  1837. 
A  noted  Englisli  physician  and  ornitlioiogist, 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Linnean  Society 
(1788).  His  last  years  were  spent  in  Winchester.  He 
published  "  A  General  Synopsis  of  Birds  "  (1781-85),  "  In- 
dex Oruithologious  sive  Systema  Ornithologi8e"(179D), "  A 
General  History  of  Birds  "  (H  vols.  1821-28),  etc. :  the  illus- 
trations of  the  last-named  work  were  all  designed,  etched, 
and  colored  by  himself. 

Latham  (la'tham),  Robert  Gordon.    Bom  at 

Billingborough,  Lincolnshire,  March  24,  1812: 
died  at  Putney,  March  9,  1888.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish philologist,  ethnologist,  and  physician.  He 
was  a  graduate  of  King's  College,  Cambridge,  1832  ;  pro- 
fessor of  English  in  University  College,  London,  1839 ;  and 
lecturer  and  assistant  physician  at  Middlesex  Hospital. 
He  published  "  Norway  and  the  Norwegians  "  (1840),  "  The 
English  Language  "  (1841),  "An  Elementary  English  Gram- 
mar" (1843),  "A  Handbook  of  the  English  Language" 
(1851),  an  edition  of  Johnson's  "  Dictionary, "  and  numerous 
works  on  ethnology. 

To  the  late  Dr.  Latham  belongs  the  credit  of  having  been 
the  first  to  call  in  question  the  prevalent  belief  [with  re- 
gard to  the  origin  of  the  Aryans].  As  early  as  1861,  in  his 
edition  of  the  Germania  of  Tacitus,  he  ventured  to  assert 
that  no  valid  argument  whatever  had  been  produced  in 
favour  of  the  Asiatic  origin  of  the  Aryans.  He  maintained, 
on  the  other  hand,  that  a  European  origin  was  far  more 
probable.  Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  20. 

Lathbiury  (lath'bur-i),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Brack- 
ley,  Northamptonshire,  1798:  died  at  Bristol, 
Feb.  11, 1865.  An  English  ecclesiastical  histo- 
rian. He  was  vicar,  after  1848,  of  St.  Simon's,  Baptist 
Mills,  Bristol,  and  the  author  of  "  A  History  of  the  English 
Episcopacy,  etc."  (1836),  "The  State  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land from  the  Introduction  of  Christianity  to  the  Period 
of  the  Reformation  "(1839),  *'A  History  of  the  Convocation 
of  the  Church  of  England,  etc."  (1842),  "A  History  of  the 
Non-Jurors,  etc."  (1845),  "A  History  of  the  Book  of  Com- 
mon Prayer  and  other  Books  of  Authority  "  (1858),  etc. 

Lathom  House.  A  place  in  Lancashire,  Eng- 
land, 13  miles  northeast  of  Liverpool.  The  pres- 
ent house,  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Lathom,  was  built  in  1750. 
The  older  house  was  defended  by  Charlotte  de  la  Tr^- 
mouille,  the  Countess  of  Derby,  against  the  Parliamentary 
forces  in  1644,  and  taken  by  them  in  1645. 

Lathrop  (la'throp),  Francis.  Bom  at  sea  near 
the  Sandwich  Islands,  June  22, 1849.  An  Ameri- 
can portrait  and  decorative  painter,  brother  of 
G.  P.  Lathrop.  He  studied  with  T.  C.  Farrer  and  Madox 
Brown  and  at  the  Royal  Academy,  Dresden.  He  assisted 
Burne-Jones  and  William  Morris  in  London,  and  came  to 
the  United  States  in  1873.  His  decorative  work  is  in  the 
Metropolitan  Museum  and  Trinity  Church  (New  York), 
and  the  Bijou  Theater  (Boston),  etc. 

Lathrop  (la'throp),  George  Parsons.  Bom  at 
Honolulu,  Hawaiian  Islands,  Aug.  25,  1851 : 
died  at  New  York,  April  19,  1898.  An  Ameri- 
can journalist  and  miscellaneous  author,  son- 
in-law  of  Hawthorne.  He  was  assistant  editorof  the 
"Atlantic  Monthly"  1875-77.  He  wrote  "A  Study  of 
Hawthorne"  (1876),  "A  Masque  of  Poets"  (1878),  "An 
Echo  of  Passion"  (1882),  "Spanish  Vistas"  (1883),  "New- 
port" (1884),  "Behind  Time"  (1888),  etc. 

Latimer,  Darsie.  See  Bedgawntlet  (Sir  Arthur 
Darsie). 

Latimer  (lat'i-mer),  Hugh.  Bom  at  Thureas- 
ton,  Leicestershire,  about  1485:  burned  at  Ox- 
ford, Oct.  16, 1555.  A  celebrated  English  prel- 
ate and  reformer.  He  graduated  B.  A.  at  Cambridge 
in  1510;  became  a  priest ;  rose  in  favor  at  court,  especially 
with  Cromwell,  and  obtained  the  benefice  of  West  King- 
ton (or  Kineton),  Wiltshire ;  was  cited  to  appear  before 
the  Bishop  of  London  on  a  charge  of  heresy  Jan.  29, 1632 ; 
recanted  April  10 ;  was  made  a  royal  chwlain  1634,  and 
bishop  of  Worcester  1536 ;  and  resigned  his  bishopric 
July  1, 1539,  on  account  of  his  opposition  to  the  Act  of  the 
Six  Articles  (by  his  own  account  at  the  request  of  the 
king).  He  was  ordered  into  the  custody  of  the  Bishop  of 
Chichester,  but  was  soon  released.  During  the  reign  of 
Edward  VI.  he  regained  his  influence  at  court,  and  identi- 
fied himself  more  closely  with  the  Reformation.  On  the 
accession  of  Mary  he  was  arrested  and  committed  to  the 
Tower  (Sept.,  1563) ;  was  sent  to  Oxford  with  Ridley  and 
Cranmer  to  defend  their  doctrines  regarding  the  mass  be- 
fore the  divines  of  the  two  universities,  March,  1654  ;  was 
excommunicated  April  20  ;  and  "was  burned  with  Ridley 
"at  the  ditch  over  against  BaUiol  College,"  Oct.  16, 1555. 

Latin  America.  A  collective  term  for  all  the 
countries  and  islands  of  America  in  which  the 
Spanish,  Portuguese,  or  French  races  are  pre- 
dominant; broadly  speaking,  all  of  South 
America,  Central  America,  Mexico,  and  most 
of  the  West  Indies. 

Latin  Empire,  The.  The  empire  established  by 
the  Crusaders  of  western  and  southern  Europe 


594    • 

at  Constantinople  in  1204.  It  was  overthrown 
and  succeeded  by  the  (restored)  Byzantine  em- 
pire in  1261.        * 

Latini  (la-ti'ni).  In  ancient  history,  the  Latins, 
or  people  inhabiting  Latium. 

Latini  (la-te'ne).  Brunette.  Bom  at  Florence, 
1230 :  died  there,  1294.  An  Italian  poet,  scholar, 
and  orator.  His  most  noted  work  is  an  ency- 
clopedia ("Tr^sor")  written  in  French. 

Latin  League,  A  confederation  of  the  cities  of 
Latium,  existing  in  Italy  in  the  earliest  historic 
times,  and  continuing  till  338  B.  c,  when  the 
Latin  towns  were  finally  incorporated  in  the 
dominion  of  Eome.  According  to  the  earliest  tradi- 
tion, the  league  included  thirty  cities,  among  which  Alba 
Longa  held  the  preeminent  place.  Aftertlie  fall  of  Alba, 
Aricla,  Lanuvium,  and  Tusculutn,  with  other  important 
communities  not  originally  included,  were  united  witla  the 
league.  The  confederation  held  assemblies  in  the  grove 
of  f  erentino,  below  Marino  in  the  Alban  hills,  and  had  a 
common  religious  sanctuary  in  the  temple  of  Jupiter  La- 
tiaris  on  the  summit  of  the  Alban  Mouut  (Monte  Cavo), 
where  annual  sacrifices  were  celebrated. 

Latin  Quarter.  The  quarter  of  Paris  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Seine,  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Sorbonne.  It  has  been  frequented  for  centuries 
by  the  student  class. 

Latin  Union.  A  monetary  alliance  of  France, 
Belgium,  Italy,  and  Switzerland,  formed  by  con- 
vention Dec.  23,  1865,  and  joined  by  Greece  in 
1868.  Its  object  was  the  maintenance  and  regulation  of 
a  uniform  interchangeable  gold  and  silver  coinage,  based 
on  the  French  franc.  Its  limited  term  was  continued  by 
two  renewals  (1878  and  1886),  Belgium  withdrawing  on  the 
latter  occasion  and  adopting  the  single  gold  standard. 

Latinus  (la-ti'nus).  In  Eoman  legend,  a  king 
of  Latium,  father  of  Lavinia. 

Latin  War,  The  Great.  A  war  between  Rome 
and  Latium,  340-338  B.  c,  ending  in  the  subju- 
gation of  the  latter. 

Latium  (la'shi-um).  In  ancient  geography,  the 
part  of  central  Italy  lying  along  the  Mediter- 
ranean southeast  of  Etruria  and  northwest  of 
Campania.  Thenamewasoriginally  restricted  to  the  land 
of  the  Latins,  chiefly  comprised  in  the  Roman  Campagna. 
Its  chief  cities  formed  a  league,  which  was  at  war  with 
Rome  340-338  E.  c. ,  and  was  incorporated  with  Rome  after 
338  B.  G.  In  an  extended  sense  Latium  (also  Latium  Adjec- 
tum  or  Novum)  was  the  region  from  the  Tiber  to  the  Liris 
or  to  Mount  Massicus,  including  the  territories  of  the 
Latins,  Hemicans,  Volscians,  and  Auruncans,  and  (in  part) 
of  tlie  JSquians. 

Latmus  (lat'mus).  [Gtr.  KaTfioQ.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  mountain-range  in  Caria,  Asia 
Minor,  east  of  Miletus. 

Latobrigi  (lat-o-bri'ji  or  la-tob'ri-ji).  A  Celtic 
people  associated  with  the  Helvetiiiu  their  cam- 
paign of  58  B.  c.  They  probably  lived  in  south- 
em  Baden. 

Latona  (la-to'na).  In  classical  mythology,  the 
Eoman  nameof'the  Greek  goddess  Leto,  mother 
by  Jupiter  of  Apollo  and  Diana.     See  Leto. 

La  Torre  (la  tor'ra),  Miguel  de.  Died  after 
1823.  A  Spanish  general  who  fought  under  Mo- 
rillo  in  Venezuela  and  New  Granada  1815-20, 
and  succeeded  him  in  command  at  the  end  of  the 
latter  year.  He  was  defeated  by  Bolivar  at  Cara- 
bobo  (which  see)  Jun6  24,  1821. 

Latour  (la-tor'),  Louis  Antoine  Tenant  de. 
Bom  at  St.-Yrieix,  Haute- Vienne,  France,  Aug. 
30,  1808:  died  at  Soeaux,  Aug.  27,  1881.  A 
French  poet  and  miscellaneous  author. 

Latour,  Tomline.  A  pseudonym  of  W.  S.  Gil- 
bert. 

Latour  d'Auvergne  (la-tor'  do-vamy'),  Th§- 
ophiie  Male  Corret  de.  Bom  at  Carhaix,  Pin- 
istdre,  France,  Nov.  23,  1743:  killed  at  Ober- 
hausen,  near  Neuburg,  Bavaria,  June  27, 1800. 
A  French  soldier,  named  by  Napoleon  "  the  first 
grenadier  of  the  republic"  (he  refused  the  rank 
of  general ) .  He  was  distinguished  in  the  wars  of  1792- 
1800,  and  was  commander  of  the  "Infernal  Column."  So 
great  was  the  admiration  with  which  he  was  regarded  that 
from  his  death  to  1814  his  name  was  retained  on  the  roll- 
call  of  his  company  of  grenadiers  as  a  mark  of  honor,  the 
color-sergeant  answering,  "Dead  on  the  field  of  honor," 
when  it  was  called. 

La  Trappe  (la  trap).  A  medieval  Cistercian 
abbey  in  the  department  of  Orne,  France,  near 
Mortagne.  It  was  founded  in  1140,  and  gave 
name  to  the  Trappists.    See  Tramists. 

Latreille  (la -tray'),  Pierre  Andr6.  Bom  at 
Briv6s,Corr6ze,  France,  Nov.  29, 1762:  died  at 
Paris,  Feb.  6, 1833.  A  noted  French  zoologist. 
Among  his  works  are  "Histoire  des  salamandres"  (1800), 
"Histoire  naturelledes  singes "(1801),  "Histoire  desfour- 
mi8"(1802),  "Histoire  naturelledes  reptiles"  (1802),  "His- 
toire naturelle  des  crustacSs  et  deS  insectes "  (1802-06), 
"Families naturelles du rfegneanimal " (1825),  "  Cours d'en- 
tomologle"  (18S1),  etc. 

Latrobe  (la-trob'),  Charles  Joseph.  Born  at 
London,  March  20, 1801:  died  there,  Deo.  2, 1875. 
An  English  traveler  and  politician,  son  of  the 
musical  composer  C.  I.  Latrobe:  noted  as  an 


Lauenburg 

alpinist,  in  1832-34  he  traveled  in  North  America,  go- 
ing to  Mexico  with  Washington  Irving,  and  in  1839  was 
appointed  superintendent  of  the  Port  Philip  district  of 
New  South  Wales,  and  later  (Jan.  27, 1861)  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  Victoria,  a  post  which  he  resigned  May  6, 1854. 
He  published  several  works  of  travel. 

Latrobe,  Christian  Ignatius.  Bom  at  Leeds, 
Yorkshire,  Feb.  12,  1758:  died  near  Liverpool, 
May  6, 1836.  An  English  musical  composer.  He 
took  orders  in  the  Church  of  the  United  Brethren,  and  in 
1795  was  appointed  their  secretary  in  England.  He  com- 
posed a  number  of  anthems,  a  "Te  Deum,"  a  "Miserere,"' 
etc. ;  but  his  principal  work  was  his  "  Selection  of  Sacred 
Music  from  the  Works  of  the  most  eminent  Composers  of 
Germany  and  Italy"  (6  vols.  1806-26). 

Latter-Day  Saints.  The  Mormons :  so  called 
by  themselves.     See  Mormons. 

Latude  (la-tud'),  Jean  Henri  Masers  de.  Born 
at  Montagnac,  H^rault,  France,  March  23, 1725:: 
died  at  Paris,  Jan.  1, 1805.  A  French  ofBcer  of 
engineers.  Not  bemg  successful  in  his  profession,  he 
conceived  the  idea  of  attracting  public  attention  by  send- 
ing an  imitation  Infernal  machine  to  Madame  de  Pompa- 
dour and  going  himself  to  warn  her  not  to  open  it  as  he 
had  discovered  a  plot  against  her.  Suspicion  being  aroused, 
he  was  arrested  and  confessed  the  whole  story,  which  was. 
not  believed.  By  command  of  Pompadour  he  was  impris- 
oned in  the  Bastille  and  elsewhere  1749-84.  He  was  treat- 
ed with  extraordinary  severity,  but  continued  to  write  his 
memoirs,  which  gave  an  account  of  his  numerous  escapes 
and  arrests. 

Lauban  (lou'ban).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the  Queis  38  miles  west  by 
south  of  Liegnitz.  It  was  in  former  times  an 
important  town  of  Lusatia.  Population  (1890),, 
11,921. 

Laube  (lou'be),  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Sprottau, 
Prussia,  Sept.  18, 1806:  died  at  Vienna,  Aug.  1, 
1884.  A  German  novelist,  dramatist,  and  mis- 
cellaneous author,  one  of  the  leaders  of  "Young 
Germany."  Among  his  dramas  are  "  Rococo  "  (1846X 
"  Struensee  "  (1847),  "  Gottsohed  und  Gellert "  (1847),  "  Di& 
Karlsschiiler  "  (1847),  "Graf  Essex  "  (1866) ;  and  among  his 
novels,  "Das  junge  Europa"  (1833-37:  comprising  "Di& 
Poeten,"  "  Die  Krieger,"  "Die  Biirger"),  "Reisenovellen  *" 
a834-37), "  DieGriifln  Chateaubriand  "(1843), "  Der  deutsche 
Krieg  "  (1863-66),  etc.  He  also  wrote  "  Das  erste  deutsche 
Parlament-(1849). 

Laud  (l&d),  William.  Born  at  Beading,  Oct. 
7,  1573:  beheaded  at  London,  Jan.  10,  1645.  A 
celebrated  English  prelate,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury. He  was  the  son  of  a  clothier.  In  1694  he  gradu- 
ated at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ;  was  made  vicar  of  Stam- 
ford in  Northamptonshire  in  1607,  and  of  Caxton  in  Kent 
in  1610 ;  and  was  elected  president  of  St.  John's  College, 
May  10,  1611.  On  Jan.  22, 1621,  he  became  a  prebendary 
of  Westminster,  and  on  June  29  bishop  of  St.  David's,  re- 
signing the  presidency  of  St.  John's  in  the  same  year.  He 
was  elected  bishop  of  London  in  1628,  chancellor  of  the 
University  of  Oxford,  and  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in 
1633.  Throughout  the  reign  of  Charles  1.  he  was  one  of 
the  foremost  supporters  of  the  king  and  most  influential 
men  of  the  state.  He  was  impeached  by  the  Commons 
(Long  Parliament)  Dec.  18,  1640,  and  committed  to  the 
Tower  March  1, 1641.  His  trial  began  March  12, 1644,  and 
he  was  executed  on  Tower  Hill  Jan.  10,  1645.  His  com- 
plete works  were  published  as  a  part  of  the  "Library  of 
Anglo-Catholic  Theology"  (1847-60). 

Lauder  (M'dfer),  Robert  Scott.  Born  at  Silver- 
mills,  Edinburgh,  June  25,  1803 :  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, April  21,  1869.  A  Scottish  painter  and 
teacher  of  art.  His  subjects  were  taken  chiefly  from 
Scott's  novels,  as  "  The  Trial  of  Eifie  Deans  "  (1840),  "The 
Bride  of  Lammermoor  "  (1831),  etc. 

Lauder,  William.  Died  in  Barbados  in  1771. 
A  Scottish  literary  impostor,  a  graduate  of 
Edinburgh  University,  who  rendered  himself 
notorious  by  charging  Milton  with  plagiarism 
(1747),  and  supporting  the  accusation  by  forged, 
garbled,  and  interpolated  quotations  from  mod- 
ern Latin  authors.  The  fraud  was  laid  bare  (1760)  by 
John  Douglas,  and  Dr.  Johnson,  who  had  countenanced 
Lauder's  attack,  forced  him  to  confess  his  guilt. 

Lauderdale,  Earls  and  Dukes  of.  See  Mait- 
land. 

Laudon  (lou'don),  or  Loudon,  Baron  Gideon 
Ernst  von.  Bom  at  Tootzen,  Livonia,  Eus- 
sia,  Feb.  2,  1717 :  died  at  Neutitsohein,  Mora- 
via, July,  1790.  An  Austrian  field-marshal.  He 
served  at  Prague  and  Kolin  in  1767,  and  at  Hochkirch  in 
1758 ;  was  Austrian  commander  at  Kunersdorf  in  1759 ; 
commanded  at  Landeshut  and  Liegnitz  in  1760 ;  stormed 
Schweidnitz  In  1761 ;  served  in  the  War  of  the  Bavarian 
Succession  1778-79 ;  and  captured  Belgrad  in  1789. 

Laudonui^re  (16-do-nyar'),  Een6  de.  A  French 
Huguenot  who  was  despatched  by  Coligiy  in 
1564  to  cany  aid  to  the  Huguenot  colony  sent 
out  in  1562  under  Eibault.  Finding  Ribault's  set- 
tlement abandoned,  he  built  Fort  Carolina  on  the  St.  John's 
River  in  Florida,  in  June,  1664.  The  fort  was  stormed  and 
the  garrison  massacred  by  the  Spaniards  under  Menen- 
dez  de  Aviles,  Sept  21, 1665.  Laudonnlfere  escaped  with 
a  number  of  other  fugitives  to  England,  and  afterward 
returned  to  France.  He  wrote  "L'Histoire  notable  de  la 
Floride,  contenant  les  trois  voyages  fails  en  icelle  par  des 
capitalnes  et  pilotes  fran^ais  "  (1686). 

Lauenburg  (lou'en-bors).  A  circle  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  lying  north 
of  the  Elbe,  bordering  on  Hamburg,  Lubeck, 


Lanenburg 

Mecklenburg,  and  Hannover,  it  ia  fertile,  and 
abounds  in  forests.  The  ancient  inliabitanta  were  Poiabs. 
It  formed  part  of  the  old  Saxon  duchy.  On  the  fall  of  Hen. 
ly  the  Lion  in  1180  it  fell  to  Bernard  of  Ascania,  and  it 
continued  in  that  family  (with  the  exception  of  a  few  years 
at  the  beginning  of  the  13th  century,  when  it  belonged  to 
Denmark),  under  the  name  of  Saxe-Lauenburg,  until  the 
extinction  of  the  Ascanian  line  in  1689.  There  were  sev- 
eral claimants  to  the  duchy.  It  Anally  passed  to  Hano- 
ver in  1705,  and  followed  its  fortunes;  was  ceded  in  1815 
to  Prussia,  which  immediately  ceded  it  to  Denmark  in  ex- 
change for  Swedish  Fomerania ;  was  taken  from  Denmark 
(see  ScMeewig-Holstein  Wars)  in  1864 ;  and  was  taken  pos-, 
session  of  by  Prussia  in  1865.  Bismarck  received  the  title 
of  Duke  of  Lauenbnrg  in  1890.  Area,  t57  square  miles. 
Population  (1890),  48,874. 

Lauenburg.    A  to  wn  in  the  circle  of  Lanenburg, 

.situated  on  the  Elbe  26  miles  southeast  of 
Hamburg.    Population  (1890),  5,196. 

Lauenburg.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Pome- 
rania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Leba  38  miles 
west-northwest  of  Dantzio.  Population  (1890), 
7,827. 

Laufach  (lou'fadh).  A  village  in  Lower  Fran- 
coma,  Bavaria,  28  miles  east-southeast  of  Frahk- 
f  ort-on-the-Main.  Here,  July  13, 1866,  the  Prus- 
sians defeated  the  Hessians. 

Laugerie  Basse  (lozh-re'  bas).  See  the  extract. 
Probably  the  very  earliest  record  which  we  possess  of 
any  actual  event  is  the  scene  depicted  on  the  fragment  of 
an  antler  which  was  found  in  the  rock  shelter  at  Laugerie 
Basse,  in  Auvergne.  A  primaeval  hunter,  naked  save  for 
the  long  hair  which  protects  his  body  from  the  cold,  has 
crept  up  to  a  gigantic  IJrua  feeding  in  the  grass,  and  is 
seen  in  the  very  act  of  casting  a  spear  at  his  unsuspecting 
prey.  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  16. 

Laughing  Fhilosopber,  The.  A  name  given 
to  Democritus  of  Abdera  because  he  was  said 
to  laugh  at  the  follies  of  mankind. 

Laugier  (lo-zhya'),  C^sar  de  Bellecour,  Comte 

■  de.  Bom  at  Porto  Ferrajo,  Elba,  Oct.  5, 1789: 
died  at  Florence,  March  25,  1871.  An  Italian 
general  and  man  of  letters. 

Lauingen  (lou'ing-en).  A  town  in  Swabia  and 
Neuburg,  Bavaria,  on  the  Danube  25  miles 
northwest  of  Augsburg:  the  birthplace  of  Al- 
bertus  Magnus.    Population  (1890),  3,845. 

Laun  (loun).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  on  the  Eger  40 
miles  northwest  of  Prague.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  6,346. 

Launce  (lans).  A  character  in  Shakspere's 
' '  Two  Gentlemen  of  .Verona,"  ar  servant  of  Pro- 
teus, noted  for  his  remarks  to  his  dog  Crab. 

Launcelot.    See  Lancelot. 

Launceston  (lans'ton).  A  town  in  Cornwall, 
England,  situated  near  the  Tamar  20  miles 
north-northwest  of  Plymouth.  It  has  a  ruined 
castle.    Population  (1891),  4,345. 

Launceston.  The  second  largest  town  in  Tas- 
mania, situated  in  the  northern  part  105  miles 
north  of  Hobart.     Population  (1891),  17,208. 

Launfal  (lan'fal).  Sir.  A  knight  of  the  Round 
Table,  in  the  Arthurian  cycle  of  romance. 
Thomas  Chestre  wrote  a  metrical  romance  with  this  title 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.    See  Vision  of  Sir  Laun/al. 

La  Union  (la  o-ne-6n').  A  seaport  in  Salvador, 
Central  America,  situated  on  an  arm  of  Fonseca 
Bay  in  lat.  13°  20'  N.,  long.  87°  51'  W.  Popula- 
tion, about  2,000. 

Launitz  (lou'nits),Eduard  Schmidt  von  der. 
Bom  at  (jrobin,  Courland,  Russia,  Nov.  23, 1796 : 
died  at  Frankf  ort-on-the  -Main,  Dec.  12, 1869.  A 
Russo-German  sculptor. 

Launitz,  Kobert  Eberhard.  Bom  at  Riga,  Rus- 
sia, Nov.  4,  1806:  died  at  New  York,  Dec.  13, 
1870.     A  Russian-American  sculptor. 

Laupen  (lou'pen).  A  town  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  Switzerland,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Sense  and  Saane,  10  miles  west-southwest 
of  Bern,  it  was  the  scene  of  a  victory  of  Bern  over 
Fribourg  and  allies  in  1339. 

Laura  (l&'ra;  It.  pron.  lou'ra)  (identified  with 
Laure  de  Ifoves,  later  Madame  de  Sale).  [L., 
'alaurel';  It., eta., Laura,F. Laure.]  Bornl308: 
died  at  Avignon,  France ,  April  6, 1348.  A  French 
lady,  beloved  by  Petrarch,  and  celebrated  in 
his  poems. 

When  Petrarch  ilrst  beheld  her,  on  the  sixth  of  April, 
1327,  Laura  was  in  the  church  of  Avignon.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  Audibert  de  Noves,  and  wife  of  Hugues  de 
Sale,  both  of  Avignon.  When  she  died  of  the  plague,  on 
the  sixth  of  April,  1348,  she  had  been  the  mother  of  eleven 
children.  Simwndi,  Lit.  of  South  of  Europe,  I.  282. 

Laura  Matilda.  A  writer  of  sentimental  verse 
in  Horace  and  James  Smith's  "Rejected  Ad- 
dresses."   See  Anna  Matilda. 

Lauraguais  (lo-ra-ga').  An  ancient  division  of 
Languedoc,  France,  situated  near  Castelnau- 
dary.  It  now  forms  parts  of  the  departments 
of  Aude,  Tarn,  and  Haute-Garonne. 

Laurel  (la'rel)  Hill.  A  cemetery  near  Fair- 
mount  Park,  Philadelphia. 


595 

Laurel  Ridge.  A  range  of  low  mountains,  of 
the  Appalachian  system,  in  southwestern  Penn- 
sylvania, east  of  (Chestnut  Ridge. 

Laurence  (1& 'reus).  Saint.  [A^oLawretice;  L. 
Laurentiiis,  laurel-crowned ;  F.  Laurent,  It.  Lo- 
renzo, Sp.  Lorenzo,  Pg.  Lourengo,  G.  Lorenz.] 
A  Christian  martyr  of  the  3d  century,  roasted 
alive  in  an  iron  chair  at  Rome.  His  festival  is 
celebrated  on  Aug.  10. 

Laurence,  Saint.  A  prelate  of  the  early  Eng- 
lish church.  He  succeeded  St.  Augustine  as 
archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

Laurence.    See  Lawrence. 

Laurence,  Friar.  A  character  in  Shakspere's 
"Romeo  and  Juliet":  a  Franciscan  friar,  the 
adviser  of  Romeo  and  Juliet. 

Laureiice,  Samuel.  Born  at  Guildford,  Surrey, 
1812:  died  at  London,  Feb.  28,  1884.  An  emi- 
nent English  portrait-painter.  Among  his  works 
are  portraits  of  many  men  of  letters,  including  Carlyle, 
Whewell,  Browning,  F.  D.  Maurice,  Dickens,  Sir  Henry 
Taylor,  Froude,  Thackeray,  Tennyson,  and  Lowell. 

Laurens  (IS, 'rens),  Henry.  Bom  at  Charleston, 
S.  C,  1724:  died  there,  Dec,  1792.  An  American 
statesman.  He  became  a  delegate  to  Congress  in  1776; 
was  president  of  Congress  1777-78 ;  and  was  peace  com- 
missioner at  Paris  in  1782. 

Laurens,  John.  Born  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  1753 : 
killed  at  the  Combahee,  S.  C,  Aug.  27,  1782. 
An  American  soldier,  son  of  Henry  Laurens, 
distinguished  for  his  gallantry  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary War. 

Laurent  (lo-ron')i  Francois.  Born  at  Luxem- 
burg, July  8,  1810:  died  at  Brussels,  Feb.  11, 
1887.  A  Belgian  historian,  author  of  "  fitudes 
sur  I'histoire  de  I'humanit^  "  (1850-70),  etc. 

Laurentian  (U-ren'shi-an)  Mountains.  A 
range  of  mountains  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada, 

'  forming  the  watershed  between  the  Hudson 
Bay  and  St.  Lawrence  River  systems.  Often 
referred  to  as  the  "Height  of  Land." 

Laurentie  (16-ron-te'), Pierre  Sebastien.  Born 
at  Houga,  Gers,  France,  Jan.  21, 1793 :  died  at 
Paris,  Feb.  9,  1876.  A  French  historian  and 
Legitimist  journalist,  author  of  "  Histoire  de 
France"  (1841-43),  etc. 

Laurentius  Valla.    See  Valla,  Laurentius. 

Laurentum  (la-ren'tum).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a  city  of  Latium.  Italy,  situated  near  the 
coast,  16  miles  southwest  of  Rome:  the  ancient 
capital  of  Latium. 

Lauria  (lou're-a).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Potenza,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  40°  2'  N.,  long. 
15°  49'  E.    Population,  about  11,000. 

Laurie  (lou'ri).  Bobert,  Born  about  1755:  died 
at  Broxboxime,  Hertfordshire,  May  19,  1836. 
An  English  mezzotint  engraver.  His  name  was 
variously  written  Lowery,  Lowry,  Lawrie,  etc. 

Laurier  (16'ri-a),  Sir  Wilfrid.  Bom  at  St. 
Lin,  Quebec,  Nov.  20, 1841.  A  Canadian  states- 
man. He  was  minister  of  inland  revenue  1877-78 ;  was 
appointed  queen's  counsel  1880 ;  became  leader  of  the 
Liberal  party  1887 ;  and  is  premier  of  Canada  (1896-).  Hel 
was  knighted  in  1897. 

Laurion  (l£l'ri-on  or  l§,-ri'on),  orLaurium  (la'- 
ri-um  or  la-ri'um).  [_Gt.  Aavpiov,  Aaiipciov.]  A 
mountain  at  the  soutiteastem  extremity  of  At- 
tica, Greece.  It  was  celebrated  in  antiquity  for  its  sil- 
ver-mines. Kecently  its  mines  have  been  worked,  and 
produce  lead,  zinc,  etc. 

Laurvig  (lour'vig),  or  Larvik  (lar'vik).  A 
seaport  in  the  province  of  Jarlsberg-Laurvig, 
southern  Norway,  63  miles  south-southwest  of 
Christiania,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Laagen  on 
the  Laurvig  Fjord.    Population  (1891),  10,932. 

Lausanne  (16-zan').  The  capital  of  the  canton 
of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  situated  near  Lake  Ge- 
neva in  lat.  46°  32'  N.,  long.  6°  38'  E. :  the 
Roman  Lausonium.  It  is  an  educational  and  literary 
center,  and  has  a  museum  and  a  picture-gallery.  The  ca- 
thedral, dating  from  the  middle  of  the  13th  century,  is  by  far 
theflnestmedieval  monument  in  Switzerland,  Tbetransepts 
have  low,  arcaded  towers  on  the  east  side,  and  the  facades 
exhibit  fine  roses.  There  is  a  tower  at  the  crossing  with  a 
slender  spire,  and  a  fine  toweron  the  south  side  of  the  west 
front,  terminating  in  two  tiers  of  arcades  and  angle-pinna- 
cles. The  sculptured  portals  also  are  fine.  The  interior 
is  of  great  symmetry  and  beauty,  with  a  noteworthy  trifo- 
rium,  and  contains  many  remarkable  monuments,  among 
them  that  of  Victor  Amadous  VIII.  of  Savoy.  The  length 
of  the  cathedral  is  362  feet,  length  of  transepts  150,  height 

,  of  vaulting  66.  The  admirable  restoration  was  planned  by 
Violletle-Duc.  Lausanne  was  made  the  seat  of  a  bish- 
opric in  the  6th  century ;  was  conquered  by  Bern  in  1536 ; 
and  became  the  capital  of  the  canton  of  L^man  in  1798,  and 
of  the  canton  of  Vaud  in  1803.  Gibbon  was  a  resident  of  the 
city.    Population  (1894),  36,121. 

Lausitz.    See  Lusaka. 

Lautaro  (lou-ta'ro),  or  Latiir  (la-tor').  Bom 
about  1535 :  died  Feb.  (?),  1557.  An  Arauca- 
nian  Indian  of  Chile.  He  was  the  son  of  a  chief ;  was 
captured  by  the  Spaniards ;  and  became  a  servant  of  the 
governor  Valdivia.  Escaping  in  1563,  he  joined  his  coun- 
trymen, took  part  in  the  battle  of  Tucapel,  in  which  Val- 


Laveleye 

divia  was  killed  (Jan.  1, 1564),  and  during  the  next  three 
years  was  the  most  noted  and  successful  of  the  Indian 
leadera  He  was  eventually  defeated  and  killed  by  Villa- 
gra  at  the  battle  of  Mataquito.  Lautaro's  deeds  are  cele- 
brated in  the  "  Araucana  "  of  Ercilla. 

Lautaro  (lou-tii'ro)  Society.  [Sp,  Sodedaa  de 
Lautaro.']  A  secret  political  society,  originally 
established  in  various  Spanish  cities  during  the 
first  years  of  the  19th  century,  it  was  afaiiated 
with  the  Gran  Beunion  Americana  (which  see),  and  had  for 
its  aim  the  emancipation  of  Spanish  South  America,  The 
first  American  branch  (called  the  Lautaro  Lodge)  was 
formed  at  Buenos  Ayres,  by  San  Martin  and  others,  about 
July,  1812.  In  Jan.,  1813,  itobtained  practical  control  of  the 
government  at  Buenos  Ayres,  and  during  the  succeeding 
years,  until  about  1823,  was  the  hidden  moving  spring  of 
nearly  all  political  action  on  the  patriot  side. 

The  Lodge  of  lautaro  was  not  a  machine  of  government 
or  of  speculative  propaganda,  it  was  an  engine  of  revolu- 
tion, of  war  against  a  common  enemy  and  of  defense 
against  internal  dangers.  Under  its  auspices  was  created 
the  first  popular  assembly  which  gave  form  to  the  sover- 
eignty of  the  people  ;  to  it  was  due  that  spirit  of  propa- 
ganda which  characterized  the  Argentine  revolution,  and 
the  maintenance  of  the  alliance  with  Chile,  which  gave 
independence  to  half  the  continent. 
Mitre,  The  Emancipation  of  South  America  (Eng.  trans, 
[of  Pilling,  1S93),  pp.  48,  49. 

Lauter  (lou'ter),  F.  Lutter  (lii-tar').  A  river 
in  Germany,  forming  in  part  the  boundary  be- 
tween the  Rhine  Palatinate  and  Alsace.  It 
joins  the  Rhine  9  miles  southwest  of  Karlsruhe. 
Length,  51  miles. 

Lauterbrunnen  (lou'ter-br6n-neu).  A  valley 
and  parish  in  the  Bernese  Oberland,  Switzer- 
land, 33  miles  southeast  of  Bern.  It  is  noted  for 
the  Staubbaoh,  Triimmelbaoh,  and  other  falls. 

Lavagna  (la-van'ya).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Genoa,  Italy,  22  miles  east  by  south  of 
Genoa.    Population  (1881),  3,751. 

Laval  (la-val').  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Mayenne,  France,  on  the  Mayenne  in  lat. 
48°  5'  N.,  long.  0°  48'  W.  It  is  noted  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  ticking,  and  for  its  castle  and  cathedral.  Formerly 
abarony,  it  was  made  a  countship  in  1429.  Near  it  the  Ven- 
deans  under  La  Rochejacquelein  defeated  the  republicans 
Oct.  24-25, 1793.    Population  (1891),  commune,  30,374. 

La  Valette,  Jean  Parisot  de.    See  Valette. 

Lavalle  (la-val'ya),  Juan.  Bom  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  Oct.  16, 1797 :  assassinated  at  Jujuy,  Oct. 
9,1841.  An  Argentinian  general.  He  fought  under 
San  Martin  in  Chile  and  Peru,  and  against  the  Brazilians 
1826-28.  In  Dec,  1828,  he  deposed  and  shot  Dorrego,  the 
Federalist  governor  of  Buenos  Ayres,  and  was  himself 
governor  for  a  year.  Subsequently  he  was  the  leader  o£ 
the  opposition  to  Kosas,  and  in  1839,  at  the  head  of  pro- 
vincial forces,  marched  on  Buenos  Ayres;  but  after  repeated 
defeats  he  was  forced  to  fly  to  Jujuy. 

La  Vallidre  (lava-lyar'),Fran5oise  Louise  de 
La  Baume  Le  Blanc,  Duchesse  de.  Bom  at 
Tours,  France,  Aug.  7, 1644 :  died  at  Paris,  June 
6, 1710.  A  mistress  of  Louis  XIV.,  whose  at- 
tention she  attracted  in  1661.  She  was  created  a 
duchess  in  1666,  and  retired  to  a  convent  in  1674,  after 
having  been  superseded  in  the  king's  affections  by  the 
Marquise  de  Montespan,  She  is  the  reputed  author  of 
"Reflexions  sur  la  mis&icorde  de  Dieu  "  (1685). 

Laval-Montmorency  (la-varm6n-m6-ron-se'), 
Frangois  de.  Born  at  Laval,  France,  March  23, 
1622:  died  at  Quebec,  May,  1708.  A  French 
prelate  in  Canada. 

Lavater  (la'va-ter),  Johann  Caspar.  Bom  at 
Zurich,  Nov.  15, 1741 :  died  there,  Jan.  2,'  1801. 
A  Swiss  poet  and  theologian,  the  founder  of  the 
so-called  science  of  physiognomy.  He  studied 
theology  at  Zurich,  where  he  subsequently  lived  as  a 
clergyman,  and  where  he  died  from  the  effects  of  a  wound 
received  from  a  French  soldier  at  the  capture  of  the  city 
in  1799.  As  a  poet  he  is  chiefly  known  by  his  "  Schwei- 
zerlieder"  ("Swiss  Songs,"  1767).  "Aussichten  in  die 
Ewigkeit "("  Looks  into  Eternity  ")  appeared  the  following 
year.  His  principal  work,  in  which  he  gives  an  account 
of  his  science  of  physiognomy  and  attempts  its  justifica- 
tion, is  "  Physiognomische  Fragmente  zur  Befbrderung 
der  Menschenkenntniss  und  Menschenliebe  "  ("  Physiog- 
nomical Fragments  for  the  Promotion  of  a  Knowledge  of 
Man  and  of  Love  of  Man,"  1775-78).  Goethe  contributed 
to  it  a  chapter  on  the  skulls  of  animals.  His  complete 
works  were  published  1836-38,  in  6  volumes. 

Lavaur  (la-vor').  A  cathedral  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Tarn,  France,  situated  on  the 
Agout  20  miles  east-northeast  of  Toulouse.  It 
was  the  leading  town  of  the  Albigenses.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  6,477. 

La  Vaux,  or  Lavaux  (la-v6'),  G.  Ryflthal 
(ref'tal).  A  district  in  the  canton  of  Vaud, 
Switzerland,  north  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva  and 
east  of  Lausanne. 

Lavedan  (lav-don'),  Henri  Lion  Emile.  Born 
at  Orleans,  April,  1859.  A  French  litterateur, 
elected  to  th?  Academy  in  1898.  He  writes  for  "La 
Vie  Parisienne '"  under  the  name  of  Manchecourt^  and  is 
the  author  of  comedies,  tales,  etc. 

Laveleye  (lav-la'),  Emile  Louis  Victor  de. 

Bom  at  Bruges,  Belgium,  April  5,  1822 :  died 
at  Doyon,  near  Li6ge,  Jan.  3, 1892.  A  Belgian 
political  economist  and  political  writer.  Among 
his  works  are  "De  la  proprfet6  et  de  ses  formes  pnmi- 


Laveleye 

tive8'(1873),  "Le  parti  cWrical  en  Belgique " (1874),  "Le 
protestantisme  et  le  catholloisme  "  (1876),  "  Le  socialisme 
contemporain  "  (1881);  etc. 

Lavello  (la-vel'lo).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Potenza,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  41°  3'  N.,  long. 
15°  46'  E.    Population,  about  6,000. 

La  Vendue.    See  Vendue. 

Lavigerie  (la-vezli-re' ) ,  Charles  Martial  Alle- 
mand.  Born  at  Bayonne,  Oct.  31,  1825 :  died 
at  Algiers,  Nov.  26,  1892.  A  Frenoli  cardinal, 
•chiefly  known  as  an  opponent  of  the  slave-trade 
m  Africa.  He  became  bishop  of  Nanoy  in  1863,  arch- 
tishopof  Algiers  and  Carthage  in  1867,  and  cardinal  in  1882. 

La  Villeinarqu6  (la  vel-mar-ka'),  Vicomte  de 
(Theodore  Cflaude  Henri  Hersart).  Born  at 
Quimperl6,  PinistSre,  Prance,  1815:  died  1895. 
A  French  philologist,  noted  for  works  on  the 
lan^age  and  literature  of  Brittany. 

Lavinia  (la-vin'i-a).  1.  In  Roman  legend,  the 
•daughter  of  Lati'nus  and  wife  of  .2]neas. — 
2.  The  daughter  of  Titus  Andronicus  in  Shak- 
spere's  (?)  "Titus  Andronicus." 

Lavinium  (la-vin'i-um).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  citjr  of  Latium,  Italy,  15  miles  south  of  Eome. 

Lavoisier  (la-vwa-zya'),  Antoine  Laurent. 
Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  16,  1743:  guillotined  at 
Paris,  May  8, 1794.  A  celebrated  French  chem- 
ist, the  chief  founder  of  modern  chemistry,  and 
the  reformer  of  chemical  nomenclature.  He -was 
the  son  of  a  tradesman,  and  was  educated  at  the  College 
Mazarin.  In  1769  he  was  appointed  farmer-general  of  the 
revenue,  and  in  1776  director  of  the  government  powder- 
mills.  In  May,  1794,  he  was  attacked  in  the  Convention  as 
an  ex-farmer-general,  and  was  sentenced  to  death  by  the 
Eevolutionanr  tribunal.  He  overthrew  the  old  "phlo- 
gistic "chemistry.  His  chief  work  is  "Traits  ^l^mentaire 
de  ohimie  "  (1789). 

Lavoro,  Terra  di.    See  Caserta. 

Law  (14),  Edmund.  Born  at  Cartmel,  Lanca- 
shire, June  6,  1703:  died  at  Carlisle,  Aug,  14, 
1787.  An  English  prelate  (bishop  of  Carlisle) 
and  theological  and  philosophical  writer.  Hewas 
made  archdeacon  of  the  diocese  of  Carlisle  in  1743 ;  master 
of  Peterhouse  in  1756 ;  librarian  of  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge in  1780 ;  Knightbridge  professor  of  moral  philoso- 
phy in  1764 ;  and  bishop  of  Carlisle  in  1768.  He  published 
an  "Enquiry  into  the  Idea  of  Space  and  Time"  (1734), 
■**  Considerations  on  the  State  of  the  World  with  Regard  to 
the  Theory  of  Keligion  "  (1745),  etc. 

Law,  Edward.  Bom  at  Great  Salkeld,  Cum- 
berland, Nov.  16, 1750 :  died  at  London,  Dec.  13, 
1818.  A  noted  English  jurist,  son  of  Bishop 
Edmund  Law.  made  Baron  EUenborough  April 
19,  1802.  He  graduated  at  Peterhouse,  Cambridge,  in 
1771;  was  called  to  the  bar  June,  1780;  was  leading  coun- 
sel for  Warren  Hastings,  and  appeared  in  other  famous 
trials ;  became  attorney-general  under  Addington,  Feb.  14, 
1801 ;  entered  Parliament  March,  1801 ;  and  became  lord 
chief  justice  of  England  April  12,  1802.  In  1806  he  ac- 
cepted a  seat  in  the  cabinet,  under  Addington,  without 
office.  His  most  important  attempt  in  legislation  was  the 
act  which  bears  his  name  (now  repealed),  by  which  the 
number  of  capital  felonies  was  largely  increased. 

Law,  Edward.  Born  Sept.  8,  1790:  died  Deo. 
22, 1871.  An  English  statesman,  earl  of  Ellen- 
T3orongh,eldest  son  of  Baron  Ellenborough,chief 
justice  of  England.  He  graduated  (M.  A.)  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1809 :  was  appointed  lord  privy  seal 
under  Wellington  in  1828 ;  was  transferred  to  the  presi- 
dency of  the  board  of  control  in  the  same  year,  and  became 
interested  in  Indian  affairs;  went  out  of  office  in  1830;  and 
was  appointed  governor-general  of  India  (succeeding  Lord 
Auckland)  Oct.  20, 1841,  a  post  which  he  held  until  1844. 
During  his  administration  he  annexed  Siud  (which  was 
conquered  by  Sir  Charles  Napier)  and  invaded  Gwallor, 
conquering  the  Mahrattas  at  Manarajpore,  Dec.  28, 1848. 
He  succeeded  his  father  as  Lord  EUenborough  in  1818,  and 
was  advanced  to  an  earldom  in  1844. 

Law  (P.  pron.  la'6),  Jacques  Alexandre  Ber- 
nard, Marquis  of  Lauriston.  Bom  at  Pondi- 
cherry,  India,  Feb.  1, 1768:  died  at  Paris,  June 
10,  1828.  A  French  marshal  and  diplomatist. 
He  served  with  distinction  at  Eagusa,  Wagram, 
Bautzen,  Leipsio,  etc. 

Law  (M),  John.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  April,  1671 : 
died  at  Venice,  March  21,  1729.  A  celebrated 
financier  and  projector  of  commercial  schemes, 
the  son  of  a  goldsmith  and  banker,  in  April,  1694, 
he  killed  "Beau"  (Edward)  Wilson  in  a  duel  in  London 
and  was  condemned  to  death,  but  escaped  to  the  Continent 
where  for  a  time  he  led  a  roving  life,  largely  that  of  a  gam- 
bler :  at  the  same  time  endeavoring  to  secure  the  adoption 
by  various  governments  of  his  banking  and  other  financial 
schemes,  especiallyof  his  plansfortheissueofpapermoney, 
of  which  he  was  an  earnest  advocate.  In  May,  1716,  he, 
with  others,  founded  the  Banque  G6n6rale,  and  succeeded 
in  carrying  out  with  success  his  views  with  regard  to 
paper  currency,  his  notes  being  accepted  in  payment  of 
taxes,  and  commandingapremium  over  specie.  Soon  after 
this  he  acquired  from  the  French  government  control  of 
the  territory  then  called  "  Louisiana  "  for  colonization  and 
trade,  the  "Compagnie  d'Occident"  being  incorporated 
fbr  this  purpose  in  1717  :  an  enterprise  which  became  fa- 
mous under  the  name  of  "The  Mississippi  Scheme"  or 
"  The  System. "  This  company  soon  absorbed  the  East  In- 
dia and  China  companies  (being  thereafter  known  as  the 
"  Compagnie  des  Indes  "),  the  African  Company,  the  mint, 
and  the  power  of  receivers-general,  thusbecoming  supreme 
both  in  the  American  and  Asiatic  commerce  of  France  and 


596 

in  its  internal  financial  aifairs.  Meanwhile,  in  1718,  the 
"Banque  G^n^rale"  had  been  transformed  into  the  "Banque 
Koyale,"  with  Law  as  director-general  and  Its  notes  guar- 
anteed by  the  king.  On  Jan.  5, 1720,  Law  was  made  con- 
troller.general  of  finance,  and  on  Feb.  23  the  company 
and  tho  bank  were  combined.  For  a  while  the  "  System  " 
prospered,  fortunes  were  made  in  speculation,  and  Law 
possessed  great  power ;  but  the  overissue  of  paper  money 
and  the  hostile  action  of  the  government  brought  on  the 
catastrophe,  and  in  May,  1720,  the  "System"  collapsed. 
Law  was  driven  from  France  and  his  estates  were  confis- 
cated. In  Dec,  1790,  however,  he  was  invited  by  the  czar 
Peter  to  take  charge  of  the  finances  of  Ilussia,but  declined. 
Later  (1721)  he  returned  to  England,  remaining  there  until 
1725,  when  he  went  to  Italy. 

Law,  Thomas.  Born  at  Cambridge,  England, 
Oct.  23, 1759:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Oct., 
1834.  The  seventh  son  of  Edmund  Law,  bishop 
of  Carlisle.  He  emigrated  to  America  in  1793,  became 
a  friend  of  Washington,  and  mai'ried,  as  his  second  wife, 
Eliza  Parke  Custis,  granddaughter  of  Martha  Washington. 
He  wrote  several  works  on  financial  topics. 

LaWgWilliam.  Bom  at  King's  Cliffe,  near  Stam- 
ford, Northamptonshire,  1686:  died  there,  April 
9,  1761.  An  English  controversial  and  devo- 
tional writer,  a  graduate  of  Emmanuel  College, 
Cambridge,  and  for  a  time  tutor  of  Edward  Gib- 
bon, father  of  the  historian :  author  of  "A  Se- 
rious Call  to  a  Devout  and  Holy  Life"  (1728), 
etc.  About  1740  he  came  under  the  influence 
of  the  mysticism  of  Jakob  BShme. 

Lawes  (l§.z),  'Reniy,  Bom  at  Dinton,  Wiltshire, 
Dec.  (?),  1595:  died  at  London,  Oct.  21, 1662.  An 
Engllshmusician(amemberof  the  king's  band), 
composer  of  the  music  for  Milton's  Comus" 
(1634),  and  of  numerous  songs  and  anthems. 
He  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Lawes.William.  Killed  at  the  siege  of  Chester, 
Sept.,  1645.  AnEnglish  composer,  elder  brother 
of  Henry  Lawes.  He  wrote  the  music  for  va- 
rious masks,  instrumental  pieces,  etc. 

Lawfeld  (law'feld).  A  village  in  the  province 
of  Limburg,  Netherlands,  near  Maastricht.  Here, 
July  2, 1747,  the  French  under  Marshal  Saxe  defeated  the 
allies  under  the  Duke  of  Cumberland. 

Lawgiver  of  Parnassus,  The.  A  nickname  of 
Nicholas  Boileau. 

Lawrence.    See  Laurence. 

Lawrence  (l&'rens).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Douglas  County,  Kansas,  situated  on  the  Kan- 
sas River  25  miles  east  by  south  of  Topeka. 
It  is  a  railway  center,  has  flourishing  manufactures  and 
trade,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  State  University.  It  was 
founded  by  Free-Soil  settlers  in  1854,  became  an  anti- 
slavery  center,  and  was  sacked  and  burned  by  Confederate 
guerrillas  under  Quantrell  in  1863.    Pop.  (1900),  10,862. 

Lawrence.  A  city  and  one  of  the  capitals  of 
Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the 
Merrimao  25 miles  north  of  Boston.  It  wasmade 
a  city  in  1853,  and  is  one  of  the  leadingmanufacturing  cities 
of  New  England.  Cotton  and  woolen  are  the  chief  manu- 
factures (mills:  Pacific,  Atlantic  Cotton,  Washington, 
Everett,  Pemberton,  etc.).    Population  (1900),  62,669. 

Lawrence,  Abbott.  Bom  at  Groton,  Mass., 
Deo.  16,  1792:  died  at  Boston,  Aug.  18,  1855. 
An  American  merchant  and  politician,  brother 
of  Amos  Lawrence.  He  was  United  States  minister 
to  Great  Britain  1849-62,  and  founded  the  Lawrence  Scien- 
tific School  at  Harvard. 

Lawrence,  Amos.  Bom  at  Groton,  Mass., 
April  22,  1786:  died  at  Boston,  Dec.  31,  1852. 
An  American  merchant  and  philanthropist.  He 
gaveaboutS20,000  to  the  academy  aiGroton,whicii  received 
the  name  of  Lawrence  Academy  in  1843. 

Lawrence,  Charles.  Died  at  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia,  Oct.  17, 1760.  An  English  general  (com- 
mander of  a  brigade  at  the  siege  of  Louisburg), 
lieutenant-governor  of  Nova  Scotia  1754,  and 
governor  1756. 

Lawrence,  George  Alfred.  Bom  1827:  died 
Sept.  23, 1876.  An  English  novelist.  He  wrote 
"(5uy  Livingstone"  (1857),  etc. 

Lawrence,  Sir  George  St.  Patrick.  Bom  at 
Trincomalee,  Ceylon,  March  17,  1804 :  died  at 
London,  Nov.  16,  1884.  An  English  general, 
elder  brother  of  Sir  Henry  M.  Lawrence.  He 
served  with  distinction  in  India  from  1822  to  1864,  except 
for  a  brief  period,  and  was  made  major-general  in  1861. 
He  wrote  "Forty-three  Years  in  India "(1874). 

Lawrence,  Sir  Henry  Montgomery.  Bom  at 
Matura,  Ceylon,  June  28,  1806:  died  at  Luck- 
now,  July  4,  1857.  A  noted  English  general 
and  administrator  in  India.  He  was  the  fourth  son 
of  Colonel  Alexander  Lawrence  (an  Indian  officer),  and 
brother  of  Lord  Lawrence  and  Sh-  George  St.  P.  Lawrence. 
He  served  in  India  from  1822,  and  was  appointed  resident 
at  Lahore  Jan.  8, 1847 ;  president  of  the  board  of  adminis- 
tration in  the  Panjab  April  14, 1849 ;  governor-general's 
agent  in  Bajputana  1853;  and  chief  commissioner  of  Oudh 
1857.  When  the  mutiny  broke  out.  May,  1857,  he  was  in 
Lucknow,  the  defense  of  which  he  organized,  and  where 
he  died  from  a  wound  received  July  2.  He  was  the  author 
of  several  works  on  India. 

Lawrence,  James.  Bom  at  Burlington,  N.  J., 
Oct.  1,  1781:  died  at  sea,  June  5,  1813.  An 
American  naval  oflcer.     While  in  command  of  the 


Layamon 

Hornet  he  captured  the  British  ship  Peacock,  Feb.,  1813, 
He  was  defeated  and  mortally  wounded  as  commander  of 
the  Chesapeake  against  the  Shannon,  June  1, 1813.    See 


Lawrence,  John  Laird  Mair,  Lord  Lawrence. 
Bom  at  Richmond,  Yorkshire,  England,  March 
4, 1811 :  died  June  26, 1879.  An  English  states- 
man and  administratorin  India,  younger  brother 
of  Sir  Henry  M.  Lawrence.  He  went  to  India  in 
1829 ;  became  one  of  the  administrators  of  the  Panj  ab  1849, 
chief  commissioner  1853,  and  governor-general  of  India 
1863-69.  The  services  which  he  rendered  as  governor  of 
the  Panjab,  during  the  Sepoy  mutiny,  earned  for  him  the 
title  of  "savior  of  India." 

Lawrence,  Slingsby.  A  pseudonym  of  George 
Henry  Lewes. 

Lawrence,  Stringer.  Bom  at  Hereford,  March 
6,  1697:  died  at  London,  Jan.  10,  1775.  An 
English  soldier,  distinguished  by  his  services 
in  India  1748-59,  made  major-general  in  the 
East  Indies  in  1759.  He  went  to  India  as  major  to 
take  command  of  the  troops  of  the  East  India  Company, 
and  at  once  began  thelabors  in  military  organization  which 
earned  for  him  the  title  of  "father  of  the  Indian  army." 
He  was  chiefiy  occupied  in  fighting  the  French  and  check- 
ing the  growth  of  their  influence  in  India.  His  last  service 
was  the  defense  of  Fort  St.  George  during  its  famous  siege 
by  the  French  under  Lally,  1768-69. 

Lawrence,  Sir  Thomas.    Bom  at  Bristol,  May 

4,  1769:  died  at  London,  Jan.  7,  1830.  A  cele- 
brated portrait-painter,  son  of  an  innkeeper  of 
Bristol.  He  was  knighted  April  22,  1816,  and  elected 
president  of  the  Eoyal  Academy  to  succeed  Benjamin 
West,  March  20, 1820.  He  was  patronized  by  George  IIL, 
and  among  his  sitters  were  a  large  number  of  notable  per- 
sons. 

Lawrence,  Sir  William.  Bom  at  Cirencester, 
England,  July  16,  1783 :  died  at  London,  July 

5,  1867.  A  noted  English  surgeon  and  anato- 
mist. He  was  appointed  professor  of  anatomy  and  surgery 
at  the  College  of  Surgeons  in  1315,  and  in  1829  successor 
of  Aberuethy  as  lecturer  on  surgery  at  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital.  Of  his  works  his  "Lectures  on  the  Physiology, 
Zoology,  and  Natural  History  of  Man  "  are  noted  from  flie 
fact  that  the  courts  (led  by  Lord  Eldon)  refused  to  protect 
their  author's  rights  in  them  because  they  were  held  to 
contradict  the  Scriptures. 

Lawrence,WilliamBeach.  Born  at  New  York, 
Oct.  23, 1800 :  died  at  New  York,  March  26, 1881. 
An  American  jurist  and  politician.  Among  his 
works  are  "  Law  of  Charitable  Uses"  (1846),  "Visitation  and 
Search"  (1858),  "Commentaire  sur  les.^l^ments  du  droit 
international  (1868-80).  He  edited  Wheaton's  "Elements 
of  International  Law  "  (1856). " 

Laws  of  Candy,  The.  A  play  by  Massinger  and 
Fletcher,  printed  in  1647.  it  was  probably  written 
about  1619.    The  plot  is  from  one  of  Cinthio's  novels. 

Lawson  (la'son),  Cecil  Gordon.  Bom  at  Wel- 
lington, in  Shropshire,  Dec.  3, 1851 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, June  10,  1882.  An  English  landscape- 
painter,  fifth  son  of  the  painter  William  Lawson. 

Lawson,  Sir  John.  Died  at  Greenwich,  June 
29,  1665,  from  a  wound  received  in  the  action 
off  Lowestoft  June  3.  An  English  sailor,  com- 
mander in  the  service  of  Parliament  1642-56  and 
1659,  and  then  in  that  of  the  king.  He  served  under 
Vice- Admiral  Penn  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  under  Blake 
in  the  North  Sea,  and  became  vice-admiral  in  1653  In 
1669  he  took,  by  order  of  Parliament,  command  of  the 
fleet  in  the  "Narrow  Seas.  •  In  166'l-64  he  commanded  a 
fleet  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  succeeded  temporarily  in 
coercing  the  corsairs  of  Tunis  and  Algiers. 

Lawson,  John.  Died  1712.  A  Scotch  surgeon 
who  came  to  America  as  surveyor-general  of 
North  Carolina  in  1700.  He  traveled  extensively 
through  the  Carolinas  in  the  prosecution  of  his  business, 
writing  down  his  experiences  and  observations  as  he  went 
He  became  an  object  of  suspicion  to  the  Indians,  and  in 
1712  they  waylaid  and  murdered  him.  His  book  "A  New 
Voyage  to  Carolina,  etc.,"  was  published  in  London  in  1709. 

Lawson,  Sir  Wilfrid.  Born  in  Cumberland, 
England,  Sept.  4,  1829.  An  English  baronet 
and  Radical  politician.  He  represented  Carlisle  in 
Parliament  1859-65  and  1868-86,  and  from  1886  to  1900  sat 
for  a  division  of  Cumberland.  He  is  one  of  the  most  stren- 
uous advocates  of  the  cause  of  temperance,  and  was  recog- 
nized as  the  leading  humorist  of  the  House  of  Commons. 

Lawton  (l&'ton),  Henry  W.  Bom  at  Toledo, 
Ohio,  March  17,  1843 :  died  at  San  Mateo,  near 
Manila,  Philippine  Islands,  Dec.  18,  1899.  An 
American  general.  He  served  as  a  volunteer  on  the 
Union  side  in  the  Civil  War,rising  to  the  brevet  rank  of  colo- 
nel ;  entered  the  regular  army  in  1866 ;  served  in  the  West 
against  the  Indians,  and  became  famous  for  his  successful 
operations  against  Geronimo ;  was  commissioned  briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers  in  1898 ;  commanded  a  division 
in  the  attack  on  Santiago ;  captured  El  Caney  July  1 ;  was 
promoted  major-general  of  volunteers  July  8 ;  and  was 
assigned  to  the  command  of  a  corps  in  the  Philippines  in 
the  same  year. 

Laxenburg  (laks '  en-bBro),  or  Lachsenburg 
(laks'en-bSrG).  A  village  in  Lower  Austria, 
9  miles  south  of  Vienna,  noted  for  its  royal 
castle  and  park. 

Layamon  (la'ya-mon),  or  Laweman  G^'man). 
[ME.  Layamon,  also  in  a  later  text  of  the  poem 
Laweman,  in  other  places  Lagemann  (ML.  Lage' 


Layamon 

manrms),  from  AS.  *laguman,  lahman  (=  Icel. 
lagamadhrf  logmadhr),  'law-man,'  a  judge  or 
juror.]  Lived  about  1200.  An  English  priest, 
author  of  a  semi-Saxon  paraphrase  of  Waoe's 
"  Roman  de  Brut."  See  Brut.  All  that  is  known 
of  his  life  is  contained  in  a  few  passages  of  his  worlc  which 
refer  to  himself.  From  these  it  appears  that  he  was  a  priest 
and  lived  af'Ernley"— that  is,  Areley  Eegls  in  North 
Worcestershire. 

Layanas  (li-a'nas).  An  Indian  tribe  of  Matto 
Grosso,  Brazil,  a  branch  of  the  Guanas  (which 
see). 

Layard  (la'ard).  Sir  Austen  Henry.  Bom  at 
Paris,  March  5,  1817 :  died  at  London,  July  5, 
1894.  An  English  arehteologist  and  diploma- 
tist, noted  for  nis  archaeological  discoveries  in 
Asiatic  Turkey.  He  was  a  member  of  Parliament  for 
Southwarlc  1860-70;  under-seoretary  for  foreign  affairs 
1861-66 ;  commissioner  of  worlcs  1868-69 ;  minister  to  Spain 
1869-77 ;  and  ambassador  to  Constantinople  1877-80.  He 
published  "Nineveh  and  its  Eemains"  (1848),  "  Fresh 
Discoveries  at  Nineveh,  and  Researches  at  Babylon" 
(18B3),  "The  Monuments  of  Nineveh"  (1849-53),  "In- 
scriptions in  the  Cuneiform  Character  from  Assyrian 
Monuments  "  (1851),  etc. 

Laybach.    See  Laibach. 

Laycock(la'kok),  Thomas.  BominWetherby, 
Yorkshire,  1812 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Sept.  21, 
1876.  An  English  physiologist,  professor  of  the 
practice  of  physic  in  Edinburgh  University.  He 
wrote  "A  Treatise  on  the  Nervous  Diseases  of  Women" 
(1840),  "Mind  and  Brain"  (18B9),  etc. 

Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel.  A  narrative  poem 
by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1805.  The  scene 
is  laid  on  the  Scottish  border,  16th  century. 

Lays  of  Ancient  Kome,  The.  A  volume  of 
poems  by  Macaulay,  published  in  1842. 

Lazarillo(laz-a-ril'16).  1.  A  character  in  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher's  "  The  Woman-Hater,"  de- 
scribed as  a  voluptuous  "smell-feast"  in  the 
old  dramatis  personje.  He  is  a  poor  and  hungry  cour- 
tier, whose  whole  soul  is  given  to  the  subject  of  delicate 
eating,  with  a  particular  desire  toward  an  umbrana's  (fish's) 
head,  which  he  pursues  through  the  play  and  finally  ob- 
tains by  marrying  its  possessor. 
3.  A  character  in  Middleton's  play  "Blurt,  Mas- 
ter Constable,"  a  Spanish  gentleman  of  exag- 
gerated etiquette. 

Lazarillo  de  Tonnes  (la-tha-rel'yo  da  tor'mes). 
A  work  by  Diego  Hurtado  de  Mendoza  (first 
known  edition  1553),  the  autobiography  of  a  boy, 
"Little  Lazarus,"  who  began  life  as  the  guide  or 
a  blind  beggar.  "  with  an  inexhaustible  fund  of  good- 
humor  and  great  quickness  of  parts,  he  learns,  at  once,  the 
cunning  and  profligacy  that  qualify  him  to  rise  to  still  great- 
er frauds  and  a  yet  wider  range  of  adventures  and  crimes  in 
the  service  successively  of  a  priest,  agentleman  starving  on 
his  own  pride,  a  friar,  a  seller  of  indulgences,  a  chaplain, 
and  an  alguazil,  until,  at  last,  from  the  most  disgraceful 
motives,  he  settles  down  as  a  married  man ;  and  then  the 
story  terminates  without  reaching  any  proper  conclusion, 
and  without  intimating  that  any  is  to  follow."  (Ticknor.) 
The  book  enjoyed  great  popularity.  Starvation  is  raised 
to  the  dignity  of  an  art.  It  was  "the  foundation  for  a 
class  of  fictions  essentially  national,  which  under  the  name 
of  the  gusto  picaresco^  or  the  style  of  the  rogues,  is  as  well 
known  as  any  other  department  of  Spanish  literature,  and 
one  which  the  'Gil  Bias'  of  Le  Sage  has  made  famous 
throughout  the  world."    Ticknair, 

Lazarus  (laz'a-rus).  1.  In  New  Testament  his- 
tory, thebrotlier  of  MaryandMartha,  and  friend 
of  Jesus,  who  raised  him  from  the  dead. — 2.  A 
character  in  one  of  the  parables  of  Jesus,  a 
beggar  at  the  gate  of  Dives,  a  rich  man. 

Lazarus  (laz'a-rus),  Emma.  Bom  at  New  York, 
July  22,  1849:  died  there,  Nov.  19,  1887.  An 
American  poet,  of  Hebrew  origin,  she  wrote 
"Admetus"  (1871),  "Songs  of  a  Semite"  (1882),  a  prose 
work  "  Alide :  an  Episode  of  Goethe's  Life  "  (1874),  etc. 

Lazarus  (lat'sa-ros),  JlfforitZ.  Bom  at  Pilehne, 
Poaen,  Sept.  15,  1824:  died  at  Meran,  Tyrol, 
April  13, 1903.  A  German  philosopher  of  Her- 
bartian  tendencies,  professor  of  psychology  at 
Bern  (1860-66)  and  later  (1873)  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Berlin.  He  wrote  "  Das  Leben  der  Seele  in  Mo- 
nogiaphien liber  seine  Erscheinungen undGesetze"(1866- 
1867),  etc.,  and  edited,  with  Steinthal,  the  "  Zeitschriftfur 
Volkerpsychologie  und  Sprachwissenschaft." 

Lea  (le).  A  river  in  England  which  joins  the 
Thames  near  the  Isle  of  Dogs,  London.  Length, 
about  45  miles. 

Lea,  Henry  Charles,  Born  at  Philadelphia, 
Sept.  19,  1825.  An  American  author  and  pub- 
lisher, son  of  Isaac  Lea.  He  has  published  "  Super- 
stition and  Force"  (1866),  "Sacerdotal  Celibacy  "  (1867), 
"Studies  in  Church  History"  (1869),  "A  History  of  the 
Inquisition  of  the  Middle  Ages  "  (1887-88),  etc. 

Lea,  Isaac.  Bom  at  Wilmington,  Del.,  March 
4, 1792:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Dec.  7,  1886.  An 
American  naturalist.  Among  his  works  are  "Contri- 
butions to  Geology  "(1833),  "  Fossil  Footmarks  "  (1853),  and 
numerous  important  papers  on  conchology. 

Leach  (lech),  William  Elford.  Bom  at  Ply- 
mouth, England,  1790 :  died  of  cholera  at  the 
Palazzo  San  Sebastiano,  near  Tortona,  Italy, 
Atig.  25, 1836.    An  English  physician  and  natu- 


697 

ralist,  assistant  librarian,  and  later  assistant 
keeper,  of  the  natural-history  department  in  the 
British  Museum :  noted  especially  for  his  work 
in  entomology  and  malacology.  He  withdrew  from 
the  museum  in  1821.  He  published  "The  Zoological  Mis- 
cellany "  (1814-17),  "  Malacostraoa  podophthalma  Britan- 
niee,  or  a  Monograph  on  the  British  Crabs,  etc."  (1815-16), 
"  Systematic  Catalogue  of  the  Specimens  of  the  Indigenous 
Mammalia  and  Birds  that  are  preserved  in  the  British 
Museum,  etc. "  (1816), ' '  A  Synopsis  of  the  Mollusca  of  Great 
Britain,  etc."  (ed.  by  J.  B.  Gray  1862 ;  but  in  part  printed 
and  circulated  as  early  as  1820). 

Leadbeater  (led'he'-'ter),  Mrs.  (Mary  Shackle- 
ton),  Bom  at  Ballitore,  County  Kildare,  Ire- 
land, Dec,  1758 :  died  there,  June  27, 1826.  An 
English  writer,  of  (Quaker  birth,  a  friend  and 
correspondent  of  Burke.  She  published  "Poems" 
(1808),  "Cottage  Dialogues  among  the  Irish  Peasantry" 
(1811),  "  Cottage  Biography  "  (1822),  "Annals  of  Ballitore  " 
(published  1862  as  "The  Leadbeater  Papers"  by  B.  D. 
Webb). 

Leadville  (led'vil).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Lake  County,  Colorado,  situated  about  10,200 
feet  above  sea-level,  78  miles  southwest  of  Den- 
ver. It  is  noted  for  the  mining  of  silver  and  lead  (and 
formerly  of  gold).    Settled  1877.    Pop.  (1900),  12,466. 

League  (leg),  The.  [P.  La  Ligue.']  Specifically, 
in  French  history,  the  Holy  League,  formed  in 
the  Roman  Catholic  interest  in  1576.  The  Guise 
family  was  at  its  head,  and  it  carried  on  for  many  years  a 
contest  against  Henry  of  Navarre.    See  Holy  League. 

League  of  the  German  Princes,  The.    [G. 

Der  Furstenbund.']  A  league  formed  at  the  in- 
stance of  Frederick  the  Great  in  July,  1785,  be- 
tween Prussia,  Hannover,  and  the  electorate  of 
Saxony,  against  the  emperor  Joseph  II.  It  was 
afterward  joined  by  Brunswick,  Mainz,  Hesse-Cassel,  Ba- 
den, Mecklenburg,  Anhalt,  and  the  Thuringian  lands. 

League  of  the  Public  Weal,  [P.  Ugue  du  Men 
puhlique.']  A  union  of  powerful  French  nobles 
formed  against  Louis  XI.  about  1465. 

Leah  (le'a).  [Heb.,  probably 'wild  cow.']  Elder 
daughter  of  Laban,  and  first  wife  of  Jacob  (Gen. 
xxix. ) .  She  became  the  ancestress  of  the  six  tribes  Reu- 
ben, Simeon,  Levi,  Judah,  Issachar,  and  Zebulon.  She  also 
became  the  mother  of  Dinah,  the  only  daughter  of  Jacob 
mentioned.  She  was  buried  in  the  double  cave  {Mach- 
pelah),  the  family  burial-place  of  the  patriarchs,  at  Hebron. 
Gen.  xlix.  31. 

Leahy  (le'hi),  Edward  Daniel.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, 1797 :  died  at  Brighton,  Feb.  9,  1875.  An 
English  painter,  best  known  from  his  portraits. 

Leake  (lek).  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Eotherhithe, 
England,  1656:  died  at  Greenwich,  Aug.  21, 
1720.  An  English  sailor.  He  was  knighted  Feb.,  1704, 
and  made  rear-admiral  of  Great  Britain  May  20, 1709.  He 
relieved  Barcelona,  April,  1706 ;  received  the  submission 
of  Cartagena  in  May ;  and,  with  the  cooperation  of  the  land 
forces,  captured  the  city  of  Alicante,  and  secured  the  sur- 
render of  Majorca  and  Iviza.  He  was  appointed  admiral 
and  commander-in-chief  in  the  Mediterranean  Jan.  16, 
1708,  and  cooperated  in  the  reduction  of  Sardinia  and  Mi- 
norca. In  Dec.  he  again  received  a  commission  as  admiral 
and  commander-in-chief.  In  1709  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  lords  of  the  admiralty. 

Leake,  William  Martin.  Bom  at  London,  Jan. 
14, 1777:  died  at  Brighton,  Jan.  6, 1860.  A  noted 
English  antiquarian  and  classical  topographer. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Royal  Military  Academy  at  Wool- 
wich ;  served  in  the  West  Indies  1794-98 ;  went  (with  the 
rank  of  captain)  to  Constantinople  as  instructor  in  artil- 
lery practice  in  1799 ;  traveled  through  Asia  Minor  and 
Cyprus  in  1800;  and  joined  the  Turkish  army  in  Egypt  (via 
Athens,  Cyprus,  and  Syria)  1801.  He  was  employed  in  a 
survey  of  Egypt  until  March,  1802.  In  1805  he  visited 
Greece,  and  remained  there  engaged  in  surveys  and  ex- 
plorations and  diplomatic  negotiations  until  1807.  In 
1808  he  went  to  Greece  on  business  of  the  British  govern- 
ment, returning  to  England  in  1809.  He  was  ai>pointed 
brevet  lieutenant-colonel  June  4, 1813.  'Among  his  publi- 
cations are  "The  Topography  of  Athens  "  (1821),  "Journal 
of  a  Tour  in  Asia  Minor"  (1824),  "Travels  in  the  Morea" 
(1830),  "Travels  in  Northern  Greece  "(1835),  "Numismata 
Hellenica"  (1854-69). 

Leamington  (lem'ing-ton),  or  Bqyal  Leaming- 
ton Spa,- formerly  Leamington  Priors.  A  town 

and  watering-place  in  Warwickshire,  England, 
situated  on  the  Learn  2  miles  east  of  Warwick. 
Saline  springs  were  discovered  here  about  1786.  It  is  a 
central  point  for  various  excursions  (Warwick,  Stratford- 
on-Avon,  Kenilworth,  Coventry,  etc.).  Population  (1891), 
26,930. 

Leander  (le-an'der).  [Gr.  Aeiavrfpoc.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a  youth  of  Abydos,  the  lover  of  Hero. 
Each  night  he  swam  the  Hellespont  to  visit  her  in  her 
tower  at  Lesbos.  One  stormy  night  the  light  in  the  tower, 
by  which  his  course  was  guided,  was  extinguished,  and 
he  perished.  His  body  was  washed  ashore,  and  on  discov- 
ering it  Hero  threw  herself  from  her  tower  and  was  killed. 

Ldandre  (la-on'dr).  1.  The  rival  of  L61ie  in 
Molifere's  comedy  "L'fitourdi."— 2.  The  son  of 
G^ronte  in  "Les  fourberies  de  Scapin." — 3. 
The  lover  of  Lucinde  in  "Le  m6decin  malgr;S 
lui." 

Leaning  Tower.    See  Pisa. 

Lear  (ler),  also  Leir,  Lir,  and  Leyr.  A  mythi- 
cal king  of  Britain.  See  the  extracts,  and  King 
Lear. 


Lebanon 

"LIr"  was  another  Ocean-god  who  was  worshipped  both 
in  Ireland  and  Britain.  He  appears  in  the  Irish  romance 
on  "  the  fate  of  the  Children  of  Lir  "  as  a  king  of  the  divine 
race  whose  children  were  turned  into  swans  by  enchant- 
ment :  "and  the  men  of  Erin  were  grieved  at  their  depar- 
ture, and  they  made  a  law  and  proclaimed  it  throughout  the 
land,  that  no  one  should  kill  a  swan  in  Erin  from  that 
time  forth."  In  the  Welsh  histories  he  appears  as  "Lear." 
According  to  the  version  in  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth's  his- 
tory, which  Shakespeare  adopted  as  the  framework  of  his 
tragedy,  King  Lear  built  the  town  of  Leicester  about  the 
time  when  Amos  was  a  prophet  in  Israel ;  and  his  daugh- 
ter Cordelia  is  represented  as  burying  him  in  a  vault  under 
the  River  Sore,  which  had  been  originally  built  as  a  Tem- 
ple of  Janus.  ElUm,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  279. 

After  the  death  of  Brutus  the  author  of  Perceforest  drags 
us  through  the  history  of  his  numerous  descendants.  One 
of  these  monarchs  is  King  Leyr,  whose  story  was  first 
related  of  a  Roman  emperor  in  the  Gesta  Jlomanornm, 
and  was  afterwards  told  of  the  British  monarch  in  the 
Chronicle  of  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth.  These  works  were 
the  origin  of  Shakspeare's  celebrated  tragedy,  which,  how- 
ever, differs  so  far  from  them  that  both  in  Geoffrey's  Clu-on- 
icle  and  Perceforest  the  events  have  a  happy  conclusion, 
as  Cordelia  defeats  her  sisters  and  reinstates  her  father 
on  the  throne.  From  Perceforest  the  tale  had  found  it» 
way  into  Fabyan's  "Concordance  of  Histories,"  written  in 
the  time  of  Henry  VIL,  and  thence  passed  into  various  la- 
mentable ballads  of  the  death  of  King  Leyr  and  his  three 
daughters,  of  which  the  catastrophe  probably  suggested  to 
Shakspeare  the  tragic  termination  which  he  has  given  to 
his  drama.  The  story  of  King  Lear  is  also  in  the  fifteenth 
chapter  of  the  third  book  of  Warner's  "Albion's  England," 
and  in  Spenser's  "Faery  (}ueen  "(book  2,  canto  10),  where, 
in  conformity  with  the  romance  and  chronicle,  the  war 
against  the  sisters  has  a  successful  termination : 
"So  to  his  crown  she  restored  him  again. 
In  which  he  dyde,  made  ripe  for  death  by  eld." 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  240, 

Lear,  Edward.  Bom  at  London,  May  12, 1812  r 
die(i  at  San  Kemo,  1888.  An  English  artist  and 
writer,  best  known  from  his  ornithological  and 
other  zoological  drawings.  He  assisted  as  drafts- 
man J.  Gould,  Swainson,  Grey,  and  others.  Among  his. 
publications  are  "Illustrations  of  the  Family  of  the  Psit- 
taoidsB"  (1832),  "Book  of  Nonsense"  (1846),  "Journal  of  a 
Landscape  Painter  in  Corsica"  (1870). 

Lear  of  the  Steppe.    A  novel  by  Turgenieff, 

Learmont,  Thomas.    See  Thomas  the  Rhymer. 

Learned  Blacksmith,  The.  A  name  given  to 
Elihu  Burritt. 

Leatherhead,  Lanthorn.  In  Ben  Jonson's  com- 
edy '  'Bartholomew  Fair,"  a  toy-man  who  is  said, 
though  on  doubtful  authority,  to  be  intended  to 
ridicule  Inigo  Jones,  with  whom  Jonsou  had  a 
continual  quarrel. 

Leatherstocking.  A  name  given  to  Natty 
Bumpo  in  some  of  Cooper's  novels,  which  are 
hence  called  the  "Leatherstocking novels."  Ho 
is  also  called  Mawheye,  the  Trapper,  the  Path- 
finder, and  the  Deerslayer. 

In  "The  Pioneers,"  "The  Last  of  the  Mohicans,"  "The 
Prairie,"  "The  Pathfinder,"  and  "The  Deerslayer"  figures 
the  character  of  Leatherstocking,  than  whom  no  fictitious 
personage  has  agreater  claim  to  interest.  His  bravery,  reso- 
lution, and  woodland  skill  make  him  a  type  of  the  hardy 
race  who  pushed  westward  the  reign  of  civilization. 

Tuckerman,  Hist  of  Eng.  Prose  Fiction,  p.  307- 

L6au  (la-6'),  Plem.  Zout-Leeuw.  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Brabant,  Belgium,  18  miles  east  of 
Louvain :  noted  for  the  church  of  St.  Leonhard. 

Leavenworth  (lev'en-wferth).  A  city  and  the 
capital  of  Leavenworth  County,  Kansas,  situ- 
ated on  the  Missouri  in  lat.  39°  19'  N.,  long.  94°' 
58'  W,  It  is  a  railway,  commercial,  and  manufacturing 
center.  It  was  settled  in  1854,  and  was  formerly  the  largest 
city  in  the  State,  but  is  now  the  fourth  in  population. 
Population  (1900),  20,735. 

Leaves  of  Grass.    A  collection  of  poems  by 

Walt  Whitman.  The  first  edition,  containing  12  poems, 
was  published  in  1855 ;  the  second  edition  (32  poems),  in 
1866 ;  the  third,  including  the  first  and  second  editions, 
in  1860. 

Leavitt  (lev'it),  Joshua.  Bom  at  Heath,  Mass., 
Sept.  8,  1794:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  16, 
1873.  An  American  journalist,  lecturer,  and 
antislavery  politician.  He  founded  the  New  York 
"Evangelist  in  1831,  and  became  managing  editor  of  the 
New  York  "Independent"  in  1848. 

Lebadeia,  or  Lebadea.    See  Livadia. 

Lebanon  (leb'a-non).  [Heb., 'the  white.']  The 
lofty  mountain-range  in  the  southern  part  of 
Syria,  which  runs  on  its  western  skirts  from, 
northeast  by  north  to  southeast  by  south,  and 
extends  in  one  unbroken  dorsal  ridge  to  a  dis- 
tance of  more  than  100  miles :  the  classical  Liba- 
nus,andthe  el-Libnan  of  the  Arabs.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  the  Nahr  el-Kebir  (the  classical  Eleuthe- 
rus)  near  Tripolis  and  Homs.  Its  highest  summits  rise  ht 
the  north.  Beginning  with  the  Jebel  el-Akra  (4,600  feet), 
it  rises  till  it  attains  near  Beirut  and  Tripolis  in  the  Jebel . 
el-Machmal  the  height  of  10,016  feet,  and  in  the  Dahr  el- 
Kodib  10,052  feet,  which  is  overtowered  by  the  Timarun 
(10,539  feet).  At  the  height  of  7,600  feet  the  French  built 
in  1863  a  post-road  leading  from  Beirut  to  Damascus.  From 
this  pass  the  mountain  gradually  slopes  down  to  the  val- 
ley of  the  Litany.  Lebanon  consists  mainly  of  limestone. 
It  is  cut  through  by  many  gorges,  ravines,  and  glens,  with 
here  and  there  tremendous  chasms  and  precipices  that  de- 
scend for  nearly  a  thousand  feet.    The  peaks  of  the  Mach- 


Lebanon 

mal  and  Kodib  are  clothed  with  snow  eight  months  in  the 
year,  while  in  the  ravines  the  snow  never  melts.  From 
these  snow-peaks  the  name  of  the  mountain  is  derived. 
Of  the  chief  ornament  of  Lebanon  in  ancient  time,  the 
cedars,  there  still  exist  small  groups  on  many  places  in  the 
mountain,  the  largest  consisting  of  about  350  trees,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Machmal.  Lebanon  is  still  covered  with  in- 
dustrious villages  and  monasteries,  and  adorned  with 
gardens  of  olives,  dates,  figs,  mulberries,  and  other  fruit- 
trees.  It  exhibits  the  greatest  variety  in  its  climatic  con- 
ditions and  the  character  of  its  soil,  so  that  an  Arabian 
poet  has  said  of  it:  "The  winter  is  upon  its  head,  the 
spring  upon  its  shoulders,  the  autumn  in  its  bosom,  and 
at  its  feet  slumbers  the  summer."  Lebanon  is  inhabited 
by  Mohammedans,  Druses,  and  Maronite  Christians.  Op- 
posite Lebanon  on  the  east  side  is  Anti-Lebanon  or  Anti- 
Libanus  (which  see).  Between  the  two  ranges  is  inclosed 
the  great.and  fertile  valley  of  Bik'ah,  called  by  the  Greeks 
and  Romans  Coele-Syria  ('  hollow  Syria'),  cut  through  by 
the  rivers  Asi  and  Litany  (the  classical  Orontes  and  Leon- 
tes),  and  containing  the  city  of  Baalbeo,  with  its  magnifi- 
cent ruins.  In  the  Assyrian  inscriptions  Lebanon  is  men- 
tioned by  the  name  of  Libndnu  as  the  chief  source  from 
■which  the  Assyrian  kings  procured  costly  woods  for  their 
iDuildings. 

Iiebanon.  A  town  in  Grafton  Coimty,  New 
Hampshire,  situated  on  the  Conneeticnt  about 
50  miles  northwest  of  Concord.  Population 
(1900),  4,965. 

Lebanon.  A  manufaotviring  city,  the  capital 
of  Lebanon  County,  Pennsylvania,  25  miles 
cast  by  north  of  Harrisburg.  Population  ( 1900), 
17,628. 

Lebanon  Springs.    See  New  Lebanon. 

Lebas  (le-ba'),  Philippe.  Bom  at  Paris,  1794: 
died  1861.  A  French  archaeologist  and  philolo- 
gist. He  wrote ' '  Voyage  aroh^ologique  en  Grftoe 
et  en  Asie  Mineure,"  etc. 

Xebbaeus  (le-be'us).  [Gr.  Ae/3;8oioc.]  A  sur- 
name (Mat.  X.  3)  of  Jude,  one  of  the  apostles. 

Lebda  (leb'da).  The  modern  name  of  Leptis 
Magna. 

Le  Beau.  A  character  in  Shakspere's  "As  you 
Like  it,"  a  courtier  in  attendance  on  Frederick 
the  usurping  duke. 

Le  Beau  (le bo),  Charles.  BomatParis,Oet.  15, 
1701 :  died  at  Paris,  March  13, 1778.  A  French 
historian,  professor  of  eloquence  at  the  College 
de  France  1752:  author  of  "Histoire  du  Bas- 
Empire  "  (1756-79),  etc. 

Lebeau,  Jean  Louis  Joseph.  Born  at  Huy, 
Belgium,  Jan.  2,  1794:  died  at  Huy,  March  19, 
1865.  A  Belgian  statesman,  prominent  at  the 
time  of  the  Belgian  revolution  (1830).  He  was 
minister  of  justice  1832-34,  and  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
1840-41. 

Lebedin  (leb-e-den').  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Kharkoff,  JBussia,  85  miles  northwest 
of  Kharkoff.     Population  (1898),  16,419. 

Lebedos  (leb'e-dos).  [Gr.  A^/Serfof .]  In  ancient 
geography,  an  Ionian  seaport  of  Lydia,  Asia 
Minor,  25  miles  northwest  of  Ephesus. 

Lebedyan  (leb-e-dyan')-  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Tamboff,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Don  106  miles  west  by  north  of  Tamboff.  Popu- 
lation (1893),  7,250. 

Lebert  (la'bert),  Hermann.  Bom  at  Breslau, 
Prussia,  June  9, 1813:  died  at  Bex,  Switzerland, 
Aug.  1,  1878.  A  German  physician,  noted  as  a 
pathologist.  He  practised  medicine  for  a  time  in  Paris, 
and  was  professor  at  Zurich  in  1853-59,  and  at  Breslau 
1869-74.  He  wrote  "Physiologic  pathologique "  (1845), 
"  Anatomie  pathologique  "  (1854-62),  "  AUgemeine  Patho- 
logie  "  (1866),  etc. 

Leblond  (le-bl6n'),  Jacques  (Jacob)  Chris- 
tophe.  Born  at  Frankf  ort-on-the-Main  in  1670 : 
died  at  Paris  in  1741.  A  German  painter  and 
engraver.  He  was  noted  for  his  miniatures,  and  in  1720 
set  on  foot  in  London  a  process  of  printing  engravings  in 
color,  which  he  explained  in  "  II  Coloretto  "  U730)i 

Leblond  (le-bl6n'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born  near 
Autun,  Dec.  2,  1747:  died  at  Guzy,  Aug.  15, 
1815.  A  French  naturalist  and  traveler.  From 
1767  to  1802  he  resided  in  Guiana,  part  of  the  time  engaged 
In  government  scientific  work.  He  published  "Voyage 
aux  Antilles  et  ii  1' Am^rique  MMdional  e  "  (1813),  and  works 
on  Guiana,  on  applied  botany,  etc. 

Leb(BUf(16-bef'),Edmond.  Bom  at  Paris,  Deo. 
6, 1809 :  died  near  Argentan,  Ome,  June  7, 1888. 
A  French  marshal.  He  was  chief  of  the  artillery  staff 
during  the  Crimean  war ;  commanded  the  artillery  of  the 
JFrench  army  in  Italy  in  1869 ;  was  minister  of  war  1869- 
1870 ;  and  was  made  a  marshal  of  France  in  1869.  On  be- 
ing asked  by  the  emperor,  when  war  seemed  imminent 
with  Prussia,  as  to  the  condition  of  the  army,  he  answered 
that  it  was  perfectly  equipped  down  to  the  buttons  on  the 
gaiters.  He  was  compelled  to  resign  when  its  actual  condi- 
tion became  manifest  at  the  beginning  of  the  war.  He 
lived  in  retirement  after  the  restoration  of  peace. 

Le  Bossu  (16  bos-sii'),  Bene.  Bom  at  Paris  in 
1631:  died  in  1680.  Subprior  of  the  Abbey  of 
St.  Jean  de  Chartres.  He  published  "  Traits  du 
poeme  6pique"  (1675). 

Lebrija  (la-bre'na).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Seville,  Spain,  34  miles  south  by  west  of  Seville. 
Population  (1887),  11,933. 


598 

Lebrun  (16-brun'),  Charles.  Born  at  Paris,Feb. 
22,  1619 :  died  there,  Feb.  12,  1690.  A  noted 
French  historical  painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Vouet, 
and  studied  at  Rome  1642-46,  where  he  met  Poussin  who 
instructed  him  in  the  antiquities  of  Rome.  On  his  return 
to  France  he  undertook  notable  works,  and  in  1648  became 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Academic  Royale  de  Peinture. 
In  1660  he  was  appointed  durector  of  th  e  Gobelins,  and  was 
charged  by  Louis  XI V.  with  the  series  of  pictures  from  the 
life  of  Alexander  the  Great  reproduced  in  tapestry.  In  1679 
he  undertook  the  great  works  in  the  Galerie  de  Versailles. 
Lebrun  exercised  despotic  power  in  art.  After  the  death 
of  Colbert  in  1683  he  met  with  more  opposition. 

Lebrun,  Charles  Frangois,  Due  de  Piacenza. 
Born  at  St.-Sanveur-Landelin,  Manche,  France, 
March  19,  1739 :  died  near  Dourdan,  France, 
June  16,  1824.  A  French  politician.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  National  Assembly ;  was  elected  to  the 
Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  1795 ;  became  third  consul  in 
1799,  archtreasurer  of  the  empire  in  1804,  and  duke  of 
Piacenza  about  1806 ;  and  was  governor  of  Holland  1810-13. 

Lebrun,  Mme.  (Marie  Anne]^lisabethVig£e). 
Born  at  Paris,  April  16, 1755 :  died  there,  March 
30,  1842.  A  French  portrait,  historical,  and 
landscape  painter.  In  1783  she  was  made  a  member 
of  the  French  Academy.  She  was  also  an  associate  mem- 
ber of  the  academies  at  Bologna,  Parma,  Berlin,  St.  Peters- 
burg, Copenhagen,  and  Geneva.  She  left  over  650  por- 
traits, 200  landscapes,  and  IS  historical  pictures. 

Lebrun.  Pierre  Antoine.  Bom  at  Paris,  Nov. 
29, 178o :  died  at  Paris,  May  27, 1873.  A  French 
lyric  and  dramatic  poet.  Among  his  dramas  is  "Ma- 
rie Stuart "  (1820).  "Voyage  en  Grtee,"  a  series  of  epic 
fragments,  reflections,  etc. ,  was  published  in  1827.  He  ^o 
wrote  a  number  of  occasional  odes,  etc. 

Lebrun,  Ponce  Denis  !l^ouchard,  surnamed 
Pindare.  Bom  at  Paris,  Aug.  11, 1729:  died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  2, 1807.  A  French  lyric  poet.  His 
works  were  published  (4  vols.)  in  1811. 

It  has  been  said  that  the  glory  of  Delille  as  the  greatest 
poet  of  the  last  quarter  of  the  century  was  shared  by 
a  writer  whom  his  contemporaries  surnamed  (absurdly 
enough)  Pindar.  Escouchard  Lebrun  had  a  strange  resem- 
blance to  J.  B.  Rousseau,  of  whom,  however,  he  was  by  no 
means  a  warm  admirer.  Like  his  forerunner,  he  divided 
his  time  between  bombastic  lyrics  and  epigrams  of  very 
considerable  merit.  Lebrun  was  not  destitute  of  a  certain 
force,  but  his  time  was  too  much  for  him. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit,  p.  398. 

Lecce  (leeh'e).  1.  A  province  in  the  comparti- 
mento  of  Apulia,Italy :  formerly  called  Terra  di 
Otranto.  Area,  2,623  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  620,265.-3.  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Lecce,  situated  in  lat.  40°  23'  N.,  long.  18° 
11'  E.  It  stands  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  Lupise,  has 
a  cathedral,  and  numbers  tobacco  and  Lecce  oil  among  its 
products.    Population  (1891),  estimated,  about  29,000. 

Lecco  (lek'ko).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Como, 
Italy,  at  the  southern  end  of  the  Lake  of  Leeeo, 
30  miles  north-northeast  of  Milan.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  silk,  cotton,  etc.,  and  is  one  of  the  scenes  of 
Manzoni's  "Promessi  Sposi." 

Lecco,  Lake  of.  The  southeastern  arm  of  the 
Lake  of  Como,  Italy.     Length,  12  miles. 

Lech  (leeh).  A  river  in  Tyrol  and  southern  Ba- 
varia, joining  the  Danube  25  miles  north  of 
Augsburg:  the  ancient  Licus.  Length,  177 miles. 
Near  the  mouth  of  the  Lech,  Gustavus  Adolphus  defeated 
the  Imperialists  under  Tilly  (who  was  mortally  wounded 
in  the  battle),  April  16, 1632. 

Lechevalier  (le-she-va-lya'),  Jean  Baptiste. 

Born  near  Coutances,  France,  Julyl,  1752:  died 
at  Paris,  July  2,  1836.  A  French  archaeologist. 
He  wrote  "Voyage  de  la  Troade,  etc."  (3d  ed.  1802), 
"Voyage  de  la  Propontide  et  du  Pont-Euxin*'  (1800), 
"Ulysse-Homer,"  a  work  on  the  authorship  of  the  Iliad 
and  Odyssey  (1829),  etc. 

Lechfeld  (lech'felt).  A  large  plain  in  Bavaria, 
south  of  Augsburg,  between  the  Lech  and  the 
Wertach.  Here,  Aug.  10,  955,  Otto  I.  defeated 
the  Magyars. 

Lechhausen  (leeh'hou-zen).  A  town  in  Upper 
Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Lech  opposite  Augs- 
burg.    Population  (1890),  10,341. 

Lechthal  (G.  pron.  lech'tal)  Alps.  A  group  of 
the  Alps  near  the  valley  of  the  upper  Lech,  on 
the  borders  of  Bavaria  and  Tyrol. 

Lecky  (lek'i),  William  Edward  Hartpole. 
Bom  near  Dublin,  March  26, 1838:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  22,  1903.  A  noted  British  historian. 
He  represented  (Unionist)  Dublin  University  in  theHouse 
of  Commons,  1896-1903.  His  works  include  "  The  Leaders 
of  Public  Opinion  in  Ireland  "  (1861),  "  History  of  the  Rise 
and  Influence  of  the  Spirit  of  Rationalism  in  Europe  " 
(1865),  "History  of  European  Morals  from  Augustus  to 
Charlemagne"  (1869),  "  History  of  England  in  the  Eigh- 

•  teenth  Century"  (1878-90). 

Leclerc,  or  Le  Clerc  (16  klar),  Jean.  Bom  at 
Geneva,  March  19,  1657:  died  at  Amsterdam, 
Jan.  8,  1736.  A  Swiss  Protestant  theologian. 
He  published  biblical  commentaries,  edited  the  "Biblio- 
thfeque  universeUe  et  historique  "  (1686-93),  etc. 

Leclerc,  Victor  Emmanuel.  Bom  at  Pontoise, 
near  Paris,  March  17,  1772:  died  at  Cap  Hai- 
tien,  Santo  Domingo,  Dec.  2,  1802.  A  French 
general,  in  1797  he  married  Pauline,  sister  of  Napoleon 


Leda 

Bonaparte ;  accompanied  his  brother-in-law  to  Egypt ; 
and  was  prominent  in  the  overthrow  of  the  Directory.  In 
Dec,  1801,  he  was  sent  with  25,000  men  and  a  large  fleet 
under  Admiral  Villaret-Joyeuse  to  subdue  the  island  of 
Santo  Domingo.  Toussaint  Louverture  made  a  desperate 
resistance,  but  finally  capitulated,  and  was  subsequently 
arrested  in  June,  1802,  and  sent  to  France.  New  uprisings 
of  the  blacksfollowed,and  the  French  army  was  decimated 
by  yellow  fever,  of  which  Leclerc  himself  finally  died.  In 
the  end  the  French  were  obliged  to  abandon  the  island, 
having  been  beaten  rather  by  disease  than  by  the  natives. 

Lecocq  (16-kok'),  Alexandre  Charles.    Bom 

at  Paris,  June  3,  1832.  A  French  composer  of 
comic  operas.  His  works  include  "  Fleur  de  thS  " 
(1868), "  Le  beau  Dunois  "  (1870),  "Le  barbier  de  Trouville  " 
(1871), "  La  fllle  de  Madame  Angot "  (1873), "  Les  Pr^s  Sainf- 
Gervais"  (1874),  "Girofi^-Girofla"  (1874),  "Le  pompon" 
(1876),  "La  petite  marine"  (1876),  '^Kosikl"  (1877),  "La 
Marjolaine  "  (1877),  "  La  petite  mademoiseUe  "  (1879),  "  La 
prlncesse  des  Canaries  "  (1883),  etc. 

Lecompton(le-komp'ton).  Asmallcity  in  Doug- 
las County,Kansas,situatedontheKansasRivOT 
16  miles  east  of  Topeka :  formerly  the  capital 
of  the  Territory  of  Kansas.     Pop.  (1900),  408. 

Lecompton  Constitution.  A  pro-slavery  con- 
stitution framed  during  the  agitation  for  the 
admission  of  Kansas  to  the  Union  by  a  consti- 
tutional convention  at  Lecompton,  Sept.  5- 
Nov.  7,  1857,  and  rejected  as  a  whole  by  the 
people,  Jan.  4,  1858.  The  clause  sanctioning 
slavery  was  separately  submitted,  Dec.  21, 1857, 
and  adopted. 

Le  Conte  (ISkont),  John.  Bom  in  Liberty  Coun- 
ty, Ga.,  Dec.  4,  1818 :  died  at  Berkeley,  Cal., 
April  29,  1891.  An  American  physicist.  He  was 
professor  of  physics,  industrial  mechanics,  and  physiology 
in  the  University  of  California  from  1869  until  his  death, 
and  president  of  the  university  1876-81.  He  was  the  author 
of  numerous  papers  printed  in  scientific  journals  both  in 
the  United  States  and  abroad. 

Le  Conte,  John  Lawrence.  Bom  at  New  York, 
May  13, 1825 :  died  atPhUadelphia,  Nov.  15,1883. 
An  American  naturalist.  He  made  scientific  journeys 
in  various  parts  of  the  United  States  and  elsewhere:  was  a 
United  States  surgeon  of  volunteers  during  the  Civil  War ; 
and  was  chief  clerk  of  the  United  States  mint  at  Philadel- 
phia from  1878  until  his  deatli.  He  was  the  author  of  "Clas- 
sification of  the  Coleoptera  of  North  America"  (1862-73: 
later  editions  with  Dr.  G.  H.  Horn),  "List  of  Coleoptera  of 
North  America  "  (1866),  and  many  important  entomological 
papers.  His  collections  were  bequeathed  to  the  Museum 
of  Comparative  Zoblogy,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

Le  Conte,  Joseph,  Bom  in  Liberty  County,  6a., 
Feb.  26,  1823 :  died  in  the  Yosemite  Valley, 
July  6,  1901.  An  American  physicist.  He  was 
professor  of  geology  and  natural  history  in  the  University 
of  California  1869-1901.  He  published  "Religion  and 
Science"  (1874),  "Elements  of  Geology"  (1878),  "Sight: 
an  Exposition  of  thePrinciplesof  Monooularand  Binocular 
Vision  '  (1881),  "Compend  of  Geology"  (1884),  and  "Evo- 
lution" (1888). 

Leconte  de  Lisle  (16-k6nt'  ds  lei)  (Charles 
Marie  Ben4).  Bom  on  the  He  Bourbon,  Oct. 
25,  1818:  died  at  Louveciennes,  July  17,  1894. 
A  French  poet.  After  graduating  with  honors  he  spent 
some  time  in  India,  then  came  to  France  and  settled  down 
permanently  in  Paris.  His  works  bear  ample  testimony  to 
his  fondness  for  antiquity.whether  Scandinavian,  Hellenic, 
or  Oriental.  His  first  volume  of  Greek  studies,"  Po^mes 
antiques,"  appeared  in  1862,  and  was  followed  by  "  Poemes 
et  poSsies  "  (1854),  "  Le  chemin  de  la  croix,"  published  in 
the  "  Revue  Frangaise  "  (1869),  "  Pofemes  barbares  "  (1862), 
"  Kain,"  published  in  "  Le  Parnasse  contemporain  "  (1869), 
and  "Po&mestragiques"(1884).  Leconte  de  Lisle  is  widely 
known  as  a  translator :  in  this  capacity  he  published 
"  L'lliade  "  (1866),  "  Hymnes  orphiques "  (1869),  and 
"  L'Odyss^e  "  (1867).  He  translated  Hesiod  in  1869,  Hor- 
ace in  1873,  Sophocles  in  1877,  and  Euripides  in  1885.  He 
made  two  attempts  to  write  for  the  stage :  "  Les  Erinnyes  " 
(1872)  is  a  study  of  JJschylus  and  of  the  Greek  tragic  poets, 
and  "  L'ApoUonide  "  is  a  lyric  drama  based  on  the  "  Ton  "  of 
Euripides.  A  candidate  for  the  Fiench  Academy  in  1873 
and  1877,  he  was  defeated  in  spite  of  the  support  of  Victor 
Hugo ;  but  ultimately,  Feb.  11,  1886,  he  was  elected  to  fill 
the  vacancy  caused  by  Hugo's  death. 

Lecoq  (16-kok'),  Henri.  Born  at  Avesnes, 
France,  1802 :  died  1871.  A  French  naturalist. 
His  chief  work  is  "  fitude  de  la  gfiographie  bo- 
tanique  de  I'Burope"  (1854-58). 

Lecouvreur  (le-kov-r6r')  (originally  Cou- 
vreur ),  Adrienne.  Bom  at  Damery,  near  Eper- 
nay,  April  5,  1692:  died  at  Paris,  March  20, 
1730.  A  noted  French  actress.  She  made  her  de- 
but at  the  ComMie  Frangaise  May  14, 1717,  and  attained 
a  high  rank  in  both  comedy  and  tragedy.  She  was  one  of 
the  mistresses  of  Maurice  of  Saxony,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  poisoned,  from  jealousy,  by  another,  the  Duchease  de 
Bouillon.  She  was  buried  secretly.  Voltaire  wrote  a  poem 
upon  her  death  and  burial,  and  she  has  been  made  the 
subject  of  a  drama  by  Scribe  and  Legouv6  (1849). 

Le  Creusot,  or  Le  Creuzot.    See  Creusot,  Le. 

Lectoure  (lek-tor').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Gers,  France,  situated  on  the  Gers,  lat.  43° 
56'  N.,  long.  0°  38'  E. :  the  ancient  Lactora. 
It  was  taken  from  the  Armagnacs  in  1473.  The  church 
was  formerly  a  cathedral.    Population  (1891),  2,931. 

Leda(le'da).  [Gr.Aiyda.]  1.  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  wife  of  Tyndareus,  and  mother  of  Helen 
Clytemnestra,  Castor,  and  Pollux.  According  to 
the  later  legends,  she  was  approached  by  Zeus  in  the 


Leda 

/orm  of  a  awan,  and  brought  forth  two  eggs,  from  one  of 
which  came  Castor  and  Cljtemnestra,  and  from  the  other 
Pollux  and  Helen. 

8.  An  asteroid  (No.  38)  discovered  by  Cha- 
oornao  at  Paris,  Jan.  12,  1856. 

Ledebour  (la'de-bor),  Karl  Friedrich  von. 
Bom  at  Stralsund,  Prussia,  July  8,  1785 :  died 
at  Munich,  July  4,  1851.  A  German  botanist, 
professor  of  natural  histoiy  at  Dorpat  1811-36. 
He  wrote  "Flora  Altaica"  (1829-33),  "Flora 
Eossica  "  (1841-53),  etc. 

Led6cllOWSki  (led-a-ehov'ske),  Count  Mieczys- 
law.  Bom  Oct.  29, 1822 :  died  July  22,  1902.  A 
Polish  cardinal,  made  archbishop  of  Posen  and 
Gnesen  1865,  and  removed  in  1874  for  opposi- 
tion to  the  May  laws.  In  1892  he  was  made 
general  prefect  of  the  Propaganda. 

Ledru  (16-dru' ),  AndrS  Pierre.  Bom  at  Chan- 
tenay,  Jan.  22, 1761 :  died  at  Mans,  July  11, 1825. 
A  French  priest  and  author.  He  was  naturalist  In 
Baudin's  expedition  to  the  Canaries  and  West  Indies  1796- 
1798,  and  published  an  account  of  the  voyage  (2  vols.  1810), 
a  "  Hiatoire  de  la  prise  de  Mans  en  1662,"  an  essay  on  the 
Guanches,  etc. 

Iiedru-Kollin  (16-dru'ro-lan'),  Alexandre  An- 
guste.  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb.  2,  1808:  died  at 
Fontenay-aux-Boses,  near  Paris,  Dec.  31, 1874. 
A  French  Radical  politician  and  advocate  of 
universal  suffrage.  He  was  provisional  minister  of 
the  interior  in  1848,  and  a  candidate  for  the  presidency  in 
the  same  year. 

Ledyard  (led 'yard),  John.  Bom  at  Grpton, 
Conn. ,  1751 :  die!  at  Cairo,  Egypt,  Nov.  17, 1789. 
An  American  traveler.  He  acconuianied  Captain 
Cook  on  his  third  voyage  aroond  the  world  1776-80.  and  in 
1786  setout  on  a  journey  through  northern  Europe  and  Asia, 
but  was  arrested  at  Irkutsk  as  a  spy  Feb.  24, 1788,  and  com- 
pelled to  abandon  his  project.  He  set  out  onavoyageol  dis- 
covery to  central  Africa,  under  the  patronageof  the  African 
Association,  in  June,  1788,  in  the  course  of  which  he  died. 

ledyar«L  William.  Born  at  Groton,  Conn., 
about  17d0  :  died  Sept.  6,  1781.  An  American 
Eevolutionary  officer.  He  defended  Tort  Griswold, 
near  New  London,  Connecticut,  against  a  greatly  superior 
force  of  British  under  Lieutenant-ColonelEyre,  Sept.  6,1781. 
The  fort  was  eventually  carried  by  Major  Bromfield,  on 
whom  the  command  had  devolved  by  the  death  of  his  su- 
perior officers.  Ledyard  is  said  to  have  been  run  through  the 
body  with  his  own  sword  by  Bromfield  after  the  surrender. 

lee  (le).  A  town  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachu- 
setts, situated  on  the  Housatonic  37  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Springfield:  a  summer  resort. 
Population  (1900),  3,596. 

Jjee,  Alfred.    Born  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Sept. 

9,  1807:  died  at  Wilmington,  Del.,  April  12, 
1887.  An  American  bishop  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church.  He  wrote  a  "Life  of  the 
Apostle  Peter"  (1852),  etc. 

Lee,  Alice.  One  of  the  principal  characters  in 
Scott's  "Woodstock." 

Lee,  Ann.  Bom  at  Manchester,  England,  Feb. 
29, 1736:  diedatWatervliet,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  8, 1784. 
The  foundress  of  the  American  Society  of  Shak- 
ers. She  was  the  daughter  of  a  blacksmith;  was  em- 
ployed as  a  factory  hand  and  cook ;  and  was  entirely  un- 
educated. About  1758  she  joined  the  Shakers,  a  band 
of  seoeders  from  the  Society  of  Friends ;  in  1762  was  mar- 
ried to  a  blacksmith,  one  Abraham  Standerin  (Standley,  or 
Stanley);  in  1770  was  imprisoned  as  a  Sabbath-breaker  for 
preaching  her  newly  discovered  gospel  of  celibacy,  and 
-posed  as  a  wonder-worker  and  recipient  of  the  gift  of 
tongues  I  in  1774  emigrated  to  America ;  and  in  1776  found- 
ed, at  what  was  afterward  Watervliet,  the  American  So- 
ciety of  Shakers.  She  was  balled  by  her  followers  **  Mother 
Ann." 

Lee,  Arthur.  Bom  in  Westmoreland  County, 
Va.,  Dec.  20,  1740:  died  in  Middlesex  County, 
Va.,  Dec.  12,  1792.  An  American  diplomatist 
and  statesman,  brother  of  E.  H.  Lee.  He  became 
American  agent  in  England  in  1770 ;  was  appointed  com- 
missioner to  France  1776;  conducted  negotiations  with 
France,  Spain,  Prussia,  and  Holland;  and  returned  to 
America  in  1780.   He  was  a  member  of  Congress  1782-86. 

Lee,  Charles.  Bom  at  Dernhall,  Cheshire,  Eng- 
land, 1731:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Oct.  2,  1782. 
A  general  in  the  American  Eevolutionary  ser- 
vice. He  was  appointed  major-general  by  the  Continental 
Congress  in  1776;  was  captured  by  the  British  at  his  head- 
quarters at  Basking  Eidge,  New  Jersey,  4  miles  from  his 
army,  in  1776 ;  and  was  exchanged  in  1778.  He  disobeyed 
the  orders  of  General  Washington  at  the  battle  of  Mon- 
mouth in  1778,  and  was  sentenced  by  a  court  martial  to 
one  year's  suspension  from  military  service.  He  was  after- 
ward dismissed  altogether  by  Congress. 

Lee,  Fitzhugh.  Bom  in  Fairfax  County,  Va., 
Nov.  19, 1835.  An  American  soldier  and  poli- 
tician, nephew  of  General  E.  E.  Lee.  He  was 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1866 ;  served  as  cavalry  com- 
mander in  all  the  campaigns  of  the  Army  of  Northern  Vir- 
ginia (Confederate),  rising  to  the  rank  of  major-general 
in  Aug.,  1863  ;  was  governor  of  Virginia  1886-89;  and  was 
United  States  consul-general  in  Havana,  Ctiba,  June,  1896,- 
April,  1898.  He  was  appointed  major-general  of  volun- 
teers in  1898. 

Lee,  Francis.  Born  at  Cobhani,in  Surrey,  March 
12, 1661:  died  at  Gravelines,  Flanders,  Aug.  23, 
1719.  An  English  physician  and  scholar,  a  grad- 


599 

uate  of  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  especially 
noted  for  his  knowledge  of  Oriental  literature. 
He  was  a  voluminous  writer. 

Lee,  Francis  Lightfoot.  Bom  at  Stratford, 
Westmoreland  County,  Va.,  Oct.  14, 1734:  died 
at  Eichmond,  April  3,  1797.  An  American 
politician,  brother  of  E.  H.  Lee.  He  signed 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  as  member  of 
Confess  from  Virginia. 

Lee,  Harriet.  Bom  at  London,  1757:  died  at 
CUf  ton,  near  Bristol,  England,  Aug.  1, 1851.  An 
English  author,  daughter  of  John  Lee  the  actor, 
and  sister  of  Sophia  Lee,  her  collaborator  in  the 
"Canterbury  Tales"  (1797-1805).  she  also  pub- 
lished "The  Errors  of  Innocence,"  a  novel  (1786),  "The 
New  Peerage,  or  our  Eyes  may  Deceive  us, "  a  comedy  (1787), 
"Clara  Lennox,"  a  novel  (1797),  etc.  "Kruitzner,"  one  of 
her  "Canterbury  Tales,"  was  dramatized  by  Lord  Byron  as 
"Werner." 

Lee,  Henry.  Bom  in  Westmoreland  County, 
Va.,  Jan.  29, 1756:  died  at  Cumberland  Island, 
Ga.,  March  25,  1818.  An  American  general, 
sumamed  "Light  Horse  Harry."  He  was  distin- 
guished in  the  Bevolution  as  the  commander  of  "Lee's 
Legion";  was  governor  of  Virginia  1792-96;  took  part  in 
the  suppression  of  the  whisky  insurrection  in  1794 ;  and 
was  member  of  Congress  1799-1801.  He  wrote  "Memoirs 
of  the  War  in  the  Southern  Department"  (1809). 

Lee,  Henry.  Bom  in  Nottingham,  Oct.  27, 1765 : 
died  at  London,  March  30,  1836.  An  English 
writer  and  actor.  He  was  the  author  of  the  farce 
"  Caleb  Qnotem, "  first  acted,  under  the  title  "  Throw  Physic 
to  the  Dogs,"  at  the  Haymarket,  July  6, 1798. 

Lep,  Holme.    The  pseudonym  of  Harriet  Parr. 

Lee,  John  Edward.  Bom  at  Hull,  Dec.  21, 1808 : 
died  at  Torquay,  Aug.  18, 1887,  An  English  anti- 
quarian and  geologist.  His  works  hiclude  "Isca  Si- 
lurum,  or  an  Illustrated  Catalogue  of  the  Museum  of  An- 
tiquities at  Caerleon"  (1862),  "Selections  from  an  Anti- 
quarian's Sketch-book  "  (1869),  ' '  Note-book  of  an  Amateur 
Geologist"  (1881),  etc.,  and  translations  of  several  archseo- 
logicsd  works. 

Lee,  Nathaniel.  BomatHatfie]d,1653(?):  died 
at  London,  1692.  An  English  dramatist.  He 
was  a  graduate  of  Westminster  School  and  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge.  He  wrote  "Nero"  (1676),  "Gloriana" 
(1676), "  Sophonisba,  or  Hannibal's  Overthrow  "(1676), "  The 
Bival  Queens,  or  the  Death  of  Alexander  the  Great  (167*7 : 
in  which  appeared  the  line  "When  Greeks  joined  Greeks 
then  was  the  tug  of  war  "),  "  Mithridates,  Xing  of  Pontus  " 
(1678),  "CffisarBorgia"(1680),  "Theodorus"(1680),  "Lucius 
Junius  Brutus "(1681,  published  1686);  with  Dryden,  "The 
Duke  of  Guise  "  (1682)  and ' '  Constantino  the  Great "  (1684). 
Lee  became  insane  in  1684,  and  was  confined  in  an  asylum 
for  5  years.    He  died  in  a  fit  of  intoxication. 

Lee,  Patty.    A  pseudonym  of  Alice  Gary. 

Lee,  Bichard  Henry.  Bom  at  Stratford,  West- 
moreland County,  Va.,  Jan.  20,  1732:  died  at 
ChantiUy,  Va.,  June  19,  1794.  An  American 
statesman  and  orator.  He  was  a  prominent  member 
of  the  Virginia  house  of  burgesses ;  was  a  member  of  the 
Continental  Congress  in  1774 ;  was  the  authorof  the  memo- 
rial to  the  people  of  British  America,  and  probable  author 
of  the  address  to  the  king  (1774) ;  was  a  member  of  Congress 
1776 ;  wrote  the  address  to  the  people  of  Great  Britain  in 
1775 ;  introduced  the  resolutions  for  independence  June 
1, 1776 ;  was  several  times  reelected  to  Congress ;  and  was 
United  States  senator  from  Virginia  1789-92. 

Lee,  Robert.  Bom  at  Tweedmouth,  England, 
Nov.  ll,  1804:  died  at  Torquay,  England,  March 
14, 1868.  Aolergymanof theestabUshedchurch 
of  Scotland,  professor  of  biblical  criticism  in 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and  dean  of  the 
chapel  royal  (1847).  He  was  conspicuous,  and  ulti- 
mately successful,  as  an  advocate  of  the  use  of  instrumen- 
tal music  and  other  so-called  "innovations"  in  public 
worship.  He  published  a  Eeference  Bible  (1854),  "The 
Reform  of  the  Church  in  Worship,  Government,  and  Doc- 
trine (Part  I,  Worship)"  in  1864,  and  various  devotional 
works,  sermons,  etc. 

Lee,  Bobert  Edward.  Bom  in  Westmoreland 
County,  Va.,  Jan.  19,  1807 :  died  at  Lexington, 
Va.,  Oct.  12, 1870.  A  celebrated  American  gen- 
eral in  the  Confederate  service,  son  of  Henry 
Lee.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1829 ;  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Mexican  war;  was  superintendent  of 
West  Point  Military  Academy  1852-66 ;  commanded  the 
forces  opposed  to  John  Brown  in  1869 ;  resigned  his  com- 
mission in  the  United  States  army  April,  1861 ;  was  ap- 
pointed major-general  of  the  Virginia  forces  in  April, 
1861 ;  was  the  third  in  order  of  seniority  of  the  five  Con- 
federate generals  appointed  in  1861;  was  made  command- 
er of  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia  June  3,  1862 ;  com- 
manded in  the  Seven  Days'  Battles  and  in  the  Manassas 
campaign ;  invaded  Maryland  and  commanded  at  Antietam 
and  Fredericksburg  in  1862,  and  at  ChanoellorsviUe  in  1863 ; 
invaded  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania,  and  was  defeated  at 
Gettysburg  in  1863 ;  was  opposed  to  Grant,  1864-66,  at  the 
Wilderness,  Spottsylvania,  Cold  Harbor,  Petersburg,  etc.; 
abandoned  Petersburg  April  2,  1865;  and  surrendered  to 
Grant  at  Appomattox  April  9,  1866.  He  was  president  of 
Washington  College  (Lexington,  Virginia)  1866-70. 

Lee,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Longnor,  near  Shrews- 
bury, May  14,  1788:  died  at  Bailey,  Hertford- 
shire, Dee.  16,  1852.  An  English  clergyman 
and  linguist  (originally  a  carpenter  by  trade), 
professor  of  Arabic  in  Cambridge  University 
1819,  regius  professor  of  Hebrew  1831-48,  and 
rector  of  Bailey  1838-52.     He  was  the  author  of 


Le  Fanu 

works  (translations  of  parts  of  the  Bible,  etc.)  in  Syriac, 
Malay,  Persian,  Arabic,  Coptic,  and  Hindustani ;  a  Hebrew 
grammar ;  a  Hebrew,  Chaldee,  and  English  lexicon ;  etc. 

Lee,  Mrs.  (Sarah  Wallis).  Bom  at  Colchester, 
Sept.  10, 1791:  died  at  Erith,  Kent,  Sept.  22, 1856. 
An  English  writer  and  artist.  She  was  married  in 
1813  to  the  naturalist  Thomas  Edward  Bowdich  (died  1824), 
and  again  (1829)  to  Robert  Lee.  Author  of  "Taxidermy  " 
(1820),  "Excursions  in  Madeira  and  Porto  Santo"  (1825), 
"The  Fresh-water  Fishes  of  Great  Britain  "  (1828 :  illus- 
trated by  herself),  "Adventures  in  Australia'*  (1861),  etc. 
She  accompanied  her  first  husband  to  Africa  in  1815. 

Lee,  Sophia.  Bom  at  London,  1750:  died  at 
Clifton,  March  13,  1824.  An  English  novelist 
and  dramatist,  a  sister  of  Harriet  Lee,  with 
whom  she  collaborated  in  the  production  of  the 
"Canterbury  Tales."  Author  of  "The  Chapter  of 
Accidents,"  a  comedy  (produced  Aug.  6, 1780),  "  The  Re- 
cess," a  novel  (1786),  "Almeyda,  Queen  of  Grenada,"a 
tragedy    (1796),  etc. 

Lee,  Vernon.    A  pseudonym  of  Violet  Paget. 

Lee,  William.  Bom  at  Calverton  (?),  Notting- 
hamshire :  died  at  Paris  about  1610.  An  Eng- 
lishman, a  graduate  of  Cambridge  University 
the  inventor  of  the  stocking-frame.  In  1698  he 
produced  a  pair  of  silk  stockings,  knit  by  his  machine, 
which  he  presented  to  the  queen.  His  invention  was  op- 
posed, in  the  interest  of  the  hand-knitters,  and  he  took  it 
to  France,  only  to  meet  with  failure  there  also.  His  death 
is  said  to  have  been  the  result  of  this  disappointment. 

Leech  (lech),  John.  Bom  at  London,  Aug.  29, 
1817:  died  at  London,  Oct.  29,  1864.  A  cele- 
brated English  caricaturist,  especially  noted  for 
his  contributions  to  "Punch."  His  father  was  an 
Irishman,  the  proprietor  of  a  coffee-house,  and  a  man  of 
some  culture.  John  went  to  Charterhouse  school,  where 
he  gained  the  friendship  of  Thackeray.  He  left  the  school 
at  16,  and  was  apprenticed  to  one  Whittle,  a  surgeon,  at 
Haxton,  an  extraordinary  character  who  furnished  him 
with  much  material.  He  continued  his  medical  studies 
with  Dr.  John  Cockle  of  the  Royal  Free  HospitaL  He 
finally  abandoned  medicine,  and  at  18  published  "Etch- 
ings and  Sketches  by  A.  Pen,  Esq."  When  Seymour  shot 
himself  in  1836,  Leech  applied  to  Dickens  for  the  place  of 
illustrator  of  "Pickwick  Papers,"  but  failed  to  obtain  it. 
It  was  only  about  1840  that  Leech  matured  the  style  and 
manner  which  afterward  made  him  famous.  In  1841  he 
joined  the  staff  of  "Punch,"  on  which  he  remained  23 


Leeds  (ledz).  [ME.  Ledes,  Ledis,  AS.  Loidis  (in 
translation  of  the  L.  text  of  Beda).  The  name 
has  been  attributed  by  conjecture  to  a  chief 
named  Xeo(i;  if  so,  the  proper  AS.  form  would 
be  Leodes  (sc.  iurh  or  tun).']  A  city  in  the  West 
Elding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Aire  in  lat.  53°  48'  N.,  long.  1°  31'  W.  it  is  the 
largest  city  of  Yorkshire,  and  the  fifth  in  point  of  size  in 
England,  the  chief  seat  of  the  English  woolen  manufac- 
ture, and  an  important  railway  center.  The  leading  manu- 
factures are  woolen,  flax,  iron,  machinery,  clothing,  caps, 
leather,  boots.  The  city  contains  Yorkshire  College,  li- 
brary (founded  by  Priestley),  town  hall,  exchanges,  etc., 
and  has  triennial  musical  festivals.  The  principal 
churches  are  St.  Peter's,  St.  Saviour's,  St.  John's,  and  All 
Souls.  Mill  Hill  Chapel,  which  was  founded  in  1672, 
was  rebuilt  in  1849.  Dr.  Joseph  Priestley  was  its  minister 
for  seven  years.    Population  (1901),  428,953. 

Leek  (lek).  A  town  in  Staffordshire,  England, 
26  miles  south  by  east  of  Manchester.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  14,128. 

Leer  (lar).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Han- 
nover, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Leda,  near  the 
Ems,  in  lat.  53°  14'  N.,  long.  7°  27'  B. :  a  trad- 
ing town.    Population  (1890),  11,075. 

Lees  (lez),  William  Nassau.  Bom  Feb.  26, 
1825:  died  at  London,  March  9, 1889.  An  Eng- 
lish major-general  (Indian  army)  and  Oriental 
scholar,  for  a  time  principal  of  the  Mohamme- 
dan College  in  Calcutta.  He  was  the  author  of  nu- 
merous books  and  papers  on  Oriental  subjects. 

Leeuwarden  (la' war-den).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Friesland,  Netherlands,  situated  on 
the  Ee  in  lat.  53°  12'  N.,  long.  5°  47'  E.  it  has 
considerable  trade,  manufactures  gold  and  silver  wares, 
and  has  several  interesting  buildings.  Population  (1892), 
oQ  689 

Le'euwenhoek  (la'wen-hok"),  or  Leuwenhoek, 
Antoninsvon.  BomatDel£t,'Netherlands,Oct. 
24, 1632 :  died  at  Delft,  Aug.  26, 1723.  A  Dutch 
mlcroscopist  and  naturalist.  He  discovered  red 
blood-corpuscles,  infusoria,  spermatozoa,  and  the  capillary 
circulation  of  blood.  His  complete  works  (4  vols.)  were 
published  1719-22. 

Leeuwin  (le'win  or  la'vin),  Cape^  A  cape  at 
the  southwestern  extremity  of  Australia. 

Leeward  (lu'ard)  Islands.  A  name  applied 
to  three  distinct  groups  of  the  islands  form- 
ing the  West  Indies  (which  see) .  (a)  The  group  of 
islands  north  of  Venezuela  and  west  of  Trinidad :  the 
Leeward  Islands  of  the  Spaniards,  (b)  Same  as  Greater 
Antilles.  See  Antilles,  (c)  A  British  colony  in  the  north- 
em  division  of  the  Lesser  Antilles,  West  Indies,  which 
comprises  Antigua,  Barbuda,  Redonda,  St.  Kitts,  Nevis, 
Virgin  Islands,  Montserrat,  Anguilla,  and  Dominica.  They 
are  ruled  by  a  governor,  federal  executive  council,  and 
federal  legislative  counciL  Area,  701  square  miles.  Popu- 

■  lation  (1891),  127.723. 

Le  Fanu  (le-fa'nii  or  lef'a-nu),  Joseph  Sheri- 
dan.   Bom  at  Dublin,  Aug.  28,  1814:  died  at 


Le  Fanu 

Dublin,  Feb.  7,  1873.  An  Irish  journalist  and 
novelist,  of  Huguenot  descent.  As  a  Journalist  he 
was  connected  wlm  the  "Dublin  University  Magazine," 
"The  Evening  Mail,"  and  other  journals.  He  wrote  the 
ballads  "Phaudhrig  Crohoore"  and  "Shamus  O'Brien" 
P837).  Among  his  novels  are  "The  House  by  the  Church- 
yard "  (1863),  "Uncle  Silas"  (1864),  "Guy  Deyerell "  (1866), 
"The  Tenants  ol  Malory  "  (1867),  "A  Lost  Name"  (1868), 
"The  Wyvem  Mystery "(1869X  "Checkmate"  (1870),  "The 
Eose  and  the  Key"  (1871),  "Chronicles  of  Golden  Friars  " 
(1871),  "In  a  Glass  Darkly"'  (1872),  etc. 

Lefebvxe  (16-favr'),  Francois  Joseph,  Due  de 
Dantzig.  Born  at  RufEaoh,  Alsace,  Oct.  25, 
1755 :  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  14, 1820.  A  French 
marshal.  He  fought  at  Fleurus  in  1794,  Altenkirchen 
in  1796,  and  Stookach  in  1799 ;  captured  Dantzio  in  1807 ; 
and  served  throughout  the  Napoleonic  campaigns. 

Lefebvre-Desnoaettes  (16-favT'da-no-et'), 
Comte  Charles.  Bom  at  Paris,  Sept.  14, 1773 : 
lost  at  sea,  April  22,  1822.  A  French  cavalry 
general. 

Lef^bvre  d'Etaples.     See  Fdber,  Jacques. 

Le  Fevre  (16  f  avr).  A  poor  lieutenant  in  Sterne's 
"Tristram  Shandy,"  with  reference  to  whose 
death  Uncle  Toby  swore  his  famous  oath  which 
the  recording  angel  dropped  a  tear  upon  "  and 
blotted  it  out  for  ever." 

Lefkosia.    See  Nicosia. 

Le  Fid  (le  flo),  Adolphe  Emmanuel  Charles. 
Bom  at  Lesneven,  Finistfere,  France,  Nov.  2, 
1804 :  died  at  Nechoat,  Nov.  16, 1887.  A  French 
general,  politician,  and  diplomatist,  minister 
of  war  1870-71,  and  minister  at  St.  Petersburg 
1871-79. 

Lefroy  (16-froi'),  Sir  John  Henry.  Born  at 
Ashe,  Hampshire,  Jari.  28,  1817:  died  at  Le- 
warue,  Cornwall,  April  11,  1890.  An  English 
soldier,  administrator,  and  man  of  science.  He 
was  occupied  in  taking  magnetic  observations  at  St.  He- 
lena 1840-42 ;  was  transferred  to  the  observatory  at  Toronto 
In  1842 ;  journeyed  to  Hudson  Bay,  traveling  by  canoe 
and  on  snow-shoes  about  5,500  miles,  to  observe  magnetic 
phenomena  1843-44,  and  obtained  very  valuable  results ; 
returned  to  England  in  1853 ;  was  made  inspector-general 
of  army  schools  in  1857,  colonel  in  1866,  and  director-gen- 
eral of  ordnance  in  1868 ;  and  was  appointed  governor  and 
commander-in-chief  of  the  Bermudas  in  1871,  and  governor 
of  Tasmania  in  1880,  returning  to  England  in  1882.  He 
published  works  on  military  affairs,  and  numerous  scien- 
tific books  and  papers, 

Legar6  (la-gre'),  Hugh  Swinton.  Bom  at 
Charleston,  S.  C,  Jan.  2, 1789:  died  at  Boston, 
June,  1843.  An  American  politicianand  lawyer. 
He  was  member  of  Congress  from  South  Carolina  1837-39, 
attorney-general  1841-43,  and  secretary  of  state  1843. 

Legaspi,  BEguel  Lopez  de.    See  Legaepe. 

L6gataire  Universe!,  Le.  A  comedy  by  Reg- 
nard,  produced  in  1708. 

Legate  (leg'at),  Bartholomew.  Bom  in  Essex 
about  1575:  burned  at  Smithfield,  March  18, 
1612.  An  English  preacher  of  the  Seekers,  a 
sect  of  Mennonite  Baptists:  the  last  person 
burned  for  heresy  at  Smithfield. 

Legations,  Siege  of  the.    See  Siege. 

Legazpe  (la-gath'pa),  or  Legaspi  (la-gas'pe), 
lulguel  Lopez  de.  Bom  at  Zumarraga,  Gui- 
puzcoa,  about  151():  died  at  Manilla,  .X.ug.  20, 
1572.  The  Spanish  conqueror  of  the  Philip- 
pines. For  some  years  he  was  chief  secretary  of  the  city 
government  of  Mexico.  In  1564  he  was  made  general  of 
the  forces  destined  to  conquer  and  settle  the  IPhilippine 
Islands.  He  founded  San  Miguel  In  Zebii,  May,  1665 ;  took 
possession  of  various  other  islands ;  began  the  conquest  of 
Luzon  in  1571 ;  and  founded  Manila  in  May  of  that  year. 

Legend,  Sir  Sampson.  In  Congreve's  "Love 
for  Love,"  an  overbearing  old  man  with  a  per- 
verse and  ill-natured  wit. 

Legenda  Aurea.    See  Golden  Legend. 

L^gende  des  Si4cles,  La.  [F.,  'the  legend  of 
the  centuries.']  A  collection  of  short  epic 
poems  by  Victor  Hugo,  published  in  1859-77. 

Legend  of  Good  Women.  An  unfinished  poem 
by  Chaucer,  based  on  stories  from  Ovid,  Livy, 
and  others.  Nearly  all  are  in  Boccaccio's  "De  Claris 
mulieribus,"  but  Chaucer  follows  the  original  authorities. 
He  also  borrowed  from  Dante,  Vergil,  and  Guide  da  Co- 
lonna. 

Legend  of  Jubal,  and  other  Poems.  Poems 
by  George  Eliot,  published  in  1874. 

Legend  of  Montrose.  A  historical  novel  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1819.  The  scene 
is  laid  in  Scotland  in  the  middle  of  the  17th 
century. 

Legendre  (16-zhoudr'),  Adrien  Marie.  Bom  at 
Toulouse,  Sept.  18, 1752:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  10, 
1833.  A  celebrated  French  mathematician.  He 
became  professor  of  mathematics  at  the  Eoole  Militaire 
and  then  at  the  ilcole  Normale  in  Paris ;  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Academy  in  1783 ;  and  in  1787  took  part  in 
measuring  a  degree  of  latitude  bejtween  Dunkirk  and  Bou- 
logne. His  chief  works  are  "Elements  de  gtom^trie" 
S794X  "Essai  sur  la  th^orie  des  nombres"  (1798X  "Traits 
58  fonctions  elllptiques"  (1827-32). 

Leges  BegiS  (le'jez  re'ji-e).  [L.,  'laws  of  the 
kings.']    Ancient  laws  which  are  "supposed  to 


600 

be  decrees  and  decisions  of  the  Roman  kings, 
but  which  in  reality  represent  traditional  laws 
of  a  very  high  age,  wmch  were  not,  however, 
written  down  till  a  later  time,  and  were  then 
arbitrarily  assigned  to  single  kings"  (Teuffeland 
Sehwabe  (trans.)). 

Legge  (leg),  George,  Baron  Dartmouth.  Born 
1648 :  died  in  the  Tower,  Oct.  25, 1691.  An  Eng- 
lish admiral,  grandnephew  of  the  first  Duke  of 
Buckingham.    He  was  created  Baron  Dartmouth  Dec. 

2,  1682,  and  appointed  admiral  and  commander-in-chief 
by  James  II.,  Oct.,  1688,  for  the  purpose  of  attacking  and 
repelling  the  Dutch  fleet.  This  he  failed  to  do,  remaining 
inactive,  and  after  the  flight  of  the  king  submitted  to  the 
Prince  of  Orange  and  was  relieved  of  his  command,  Jan. 
10, 1689.  He  was  accused  of  treason  (conspiracy  to  betray 
the  country  to  the  French  in  the  interestof  James)  and  was 
committed  to  the  Tower  1691. 

Legge  (Bilson-Legge  after  1754),  Henry.  Bom 
May  29,  1708:  died  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  Aug. 
23,  1764.  An  English  politician,  fourth  son  of 
the  first  Earl  of  Dartmouth.  He  was  private  secre- 
tary to  Sir  Robert  Walpole ;  was  appointed  secretary  for 
Ireland  under  the  Duke  of  Devonshire  Oct.,  1739 ;  entered 
Parliament  in  1740 ;  became  a  lord  of  the  admiralty  April, 
1745 ;  was  appointed  envoy  extraordinary  to  the  King  of 
Prussia  Jan.,  1748 ;  became  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
April  6, 1764,  in  Newcastle's  administration,  retiring  Nov. 
20, 1765 ;  resumed  this  office  under  the  Duke  of  Devonshire 
Nov.  16, 1766,  retiring  in  April,  1757 ;  and  was  appointed  to 
it  a  third  time  Juiy  2, 1757.  He  assumed  the  name  Bilson- 
Legge  to  secur^an  inheritance  left  him,  on  this  condition, 
by  a  cousin,  Leonard  Bilson. 

Legge,  James.  Bom  at  Huntly,  Aberdeenshire, 
Dec.  20, 1815 :  died  at  Oxford,  Nov.  29, 1897.  A 
Scottish  sinologist.  He  labored  as  missionaiy  at  Ma^ 
lacca  and  Hongkong  from  1839  to  1873,  and  in  1876  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  Chinese  at  Oxford  University.  He 
published  a  noteworthy  edition  of  the  Chinese  classics, 
with  translation,  prolegomena,  and  notes,  in  28  volumes 
(1861-S6),  for  which  he  received  the  Julien  piize  of  the 
French  Institute  in  1875. 

Legge,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Norwich,  1535 :  died 
at  Cambridge,  July  12, 1607.  An  English  scholar 
and  Latin  dramatist.  He  was  a  graduate  and  fellow 
of  Trinity  College,  and  later  fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  was  appointed  master  of  Calus  College  June 
27, 1673.  He  was  vice-chancellor  of  the  university  in  1588 
and  1593.  His  best-known  work  is  a  Latin  tragedy  "Kich- 
ardus  Tertius  "  ("Richard  HI."). 

Legge,  William.  Bom  Oct.  14, 1672:  died  at 
Blackheath,  Dee.  15,  1750.  An  English  noble- 
man, son  of  the  first  Baron  Dartmouth,  created 
Viscount  Lewisham  and  Earl  of  Dartmouth 
Sept.  5,  1711.  He  was  appointed  secretary  of  state  for 
the  southern  department  June  15, 1710. 

Legge,William,seeondEarl  of  Dartmouth.  Born 
June  20,  1731 :  died  at  Blackheath,  Kent,  July 

•  15, 1801.  An  English  politician  who  was  sec- 
retary of  state  for  the  colonies  1772-75.  He  became 
president  of  the  trustees  of  a  fund  collected  in  England 
for  the  benefit  of  the  Indian  charity  school  founded  by 
Eleazar  Wheelock  at  Lebanon,  Connecticut.  Wheelock 
afterward  removed  to  Hanover,  New  Hampshire,  where  he 
founded  a  college  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Dartmouth 
in  1769.    See  Dartmouth  College. 

Leggett  (leg'et),  William.  Bom  at  New  York, 
1802 :  died  at  NewEochelle,  N.  Y.,  May  29, 1839. 
An  American  author.  He  was  connected  with  the 
New  Xork  "Evening Post"  1829-36.  Among  his  works  are 
"Leisure  Hours  at  Sea  "  (1825),"  Tales  of  a  Country  School- 
master" (1835),  and  "Naval Stories"  (1835). 

Leghorn  (leg'hdm  or  leg-h6rn').  A  province 
in  Tuscany,  Italy.  Area,  133  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  124,603. 

Leghorn,  It.  Livomo  (le-vor'no),  F.  Livourne 
(le-v6m').  [F.Idvourne,  8p.Liorna,lt.IAvorno, 
ML.  lAburnum,  Libwrni  Portas.']  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Leghorn,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
Mediterranean  in  lat.  43°  33'  N. ,  long.  10°  17'  E. 
Next  to  Genoa  it  is  the  most  important  seaport  in  Italy. 
It  has  a  large  trade  with  the  Levant  and  Black  Sea,  and  is 
engaged  in  iron  ship-building  and  other  manufacturing 
industries.  The  trade  is  in  grain,  cotton,  wool,  silk,  etc. 
It  is  a  frequented  watering-place,  and  is  the  seat  of  the 
Royal  Naval  Academy.  It  was  acquired  by  Florence  in 
1421;  rose  to  importance  under  the  Medici;  and  ceased 
to  be  a  free  port  in  1867.     Pop.  (1901),  commune,  98,321. 

Legion  of  Honor.  In  France,  an  order  of  dis- 
tinction and  reward  for  civil  and  military  ser- 
vices, instituted  in  May,  1802,  during  the  consul- 
ate, by  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  but  since  modified 
from  time  to  time  in  important  particulars. 
Under  the  first  empire  the  distinctions  conferred  invested 
the  person  decorated  with  the  rank  of  legionary,  ofllcer, 
commander,  grand  officer  or  grand  cross.  The  order  holds 
considerable  property,  the  proceeds  of  which  are  paid  out 
in  pensions, principallyto wounded anddisabled  members. 

Legislative  Assembly.  1.  The  collective  title 
of  the  legislature  in  the  State  of  Oregon  and 
the  Territories  of  the  United  States ;  also,  the 
title  of  the  lower  house  or  of  the  single  legis- 
lative body  in  many  of  the  British  colonies. — 

3.  In  French  history,  the  legislative  bodies  of 
1791-92  and  1849-51,  as  distinguished  from  the 
Constituent  Assemblies  of  1789-91  and  1848-49. 

Le^ago  (len-ya'go).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Verona,  northern  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adige 


Leibnitz 

22  miles  southeast  of  Verona:  one  of  the  for 
tresses  of  the  "  Quadrilateral." 
Legnano  (len-ya'no) .  Atown  in  the  province  of 
Muan,  Italy,  18  miles  northwest  of  MUan.  Here^ 
May  29,  1176,  the  Lombard  League  defeated  Frederick 
Barbaiossa. 

Legouvd  n^-sro-va'),  Gabriel  Jean  Baptiste 
jErnest  Wilfrid.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  15, 1807 : 
died  there,  March  14, 1903.  A  French  drama- 
tist, litterateur,  and  member  of  the  Academy : 
son  of  G-.  M.  J.  B.  Legouv6.  In  1881  he  received  the 
appointment  of  director  of  studies  at  the  Normal  School 
at  Sevres,  with  the  title  of  inspector-general  of  public  in- 
struction. Among  his  dramas  (written  alone  or  conjointly 
with  Scribe)  are  "  Adrienne  Lecouvreur  "  (1849),  "  Contcs 
de  la  reine  de  Navarre"  (1850),  "Bataille  des  dames" 
(1851),  "M6d&"(1865),  "Le8doigtsdef^e"( "Fairy Fin- 
gers," 1858),  "Beatrix,"  a  comedy  written  to  introduce 
Rlstori  in  a  French  play  (1861),  "Miss  Suzanne"  (1867), 
"  Leg  deux  reines  de  France"  (produced  in  1872),  "Une  Se- 
paration "  (1877),  etc.  His  plays  were  published  1887-90. 
He  also  published  nearly  20  volumes  of  poems,  dramatic 
essays,  etc    Elected  member  of  the  Afiademy  in  1866. 

Legouv^,  Gabriel  Marie  Jean  saptiste.  Bom 
at  Paris,  June  23, 1764 :  died  there,  Aug.  30, 1812. 
A  French  poet  and  dramatist.  Among  Ms  plays 
are  "La  mort  d'Abel "(1792),  "Jlpicharis " (1793),  "EtSocle " 
(1799),  and  "La  mort  de  Henri  IV."  (1806). 

Legree  (le-gre'),  Simon.  A  brutal  slave-dealer 
in  "Uncle Tom's  Cabin," by  Mrs.  Stowe. 

Legros  (le-gro'),  AJphonse.  Bom  at  Dijon, 
France,  May  8,  1837.  An  historical,  genre,  and 
portrait  painter.  He  was  pupil  of  Lecoq  de  Boisbau- 
dran  and  of  the  Beaux  Arts.  He  went  to  reside  in  London 
in  1863.  He  became  professor  of  etching  at  South  Kensing- 
ton, and  was  Slade  professor  of  fine  arts  at  University  Col- 
lege, London,  1876-98.  Hisportraitof  hisfother(1857)  and 
"The  Angelus"(1869)  first  attracted  attention.  Among 
his  other  works  are  "Ex  Voto"  (1861),  "Amende  honor- 
able" (1868),  "Old  Woodbumer"  (1881),  etc.  He  is  also 
noted  as  an  etcher,  and  for  his  drawings  in  sepia  and  chalk. 

Legros,  Pierre.  Bom  at  Paris,  1666 :  died  at 
Rome,  1719.  A  French  sculptor.  Amonghisworks 
are  the  Vestal  of  the  Tuileries  garden  and  numerous  re- 
ligious groups  in  the  churches  of  Rome  and  Paris. 

Leh,  or  Le  (la).  A  chief  town  in  Ladak,  Kash- 
mir, near  the  upper  Indus.  It  is  11,600  feet  above  sea- 
level,  and  an  important  trading  center  for  the  routes 
between  India,  Turkestan,  and  Tibet.  Population,  about 
5,000. 

Lehigh  (le 'hi).  Ariverin  eastern  Pennsylvania, 
which  joins  the  Delaware  at  Easton.  Length, 
about  120  miles.  It  is  navigable  to  White  Haven.  Its 
valley  is  noted  for  anthracite  coal. 

Lehigh  University.  An  institution  of  learning 
at  South  Bethlehem,  Pennsylvania,  founded  in 
1866  by  Asa  Packer,  it  is  non-sectarian,  and  has 
about  40  instructors  and  326  students. 

Lehmann  (la'man),  Charles  Ernest  Bodolphe 
Henri,  Bom  at  Kiel,  Prussia,  April  14, 1814: 
died  at  Paris,  March  30, 1882.  A  noted  German- 
French  historical  painter.  He  was  the  pupil  of  his 
father  Leo  Lehmann  and  of  Ingres.  In  1847  he  was  natural- 
ized at  Paris  as  aFrench  citizen.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Institute  (1864)  and  of  the  superior  council  of  the  Beaux 
Arts  (1875X  and  also  a  professor  there. 

Lehmann,  Lilli.  BomatWurzburginl848.  A 
German  soprano  singer.  She  was  the  pupil  of  her 
mother,  also  an  opera-singer.  She  made  her  d^but  at 
Prague,  and  first  appeared  in  Berlin  in  1870.  She  has  sung 
in  German  opera  for  several  seasons  in  the  United  States, 
and  has  been  especially  successful  in  her  rendering  of 
Wagner's  music.   She  married  Herr  Kalisch,  a  tenor  singer. 

Lehnin  (la-nen').  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  30  miles  southwest  of 
Berlin,  noted  for  its  Cistercian  monastery. 

Lehrte  (ler'te).  A  town  and  important  railway 
junction  in  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia, 
12  miles  east  of  Hannover. 

Leiah,  or  Leia  (la'ya).  A  town  in  the  district 
of  Dera  Ismail  Khan,  Panjab,  British  India,  sit- 
uated in  lat.  30°  59'  N.,  long.  70°  59'  E.  Pop- 
ulation, about  17,000. 

Leibl  (li'bl),  Wilhelm,  Bom  Oct.  23,  1844; 
died  Dec.  5, 1900.  A  portrait-  and  genre-painter, 
a  pupil  of  Piloty  in  Munich.  He  went  to  Paris  in 
1869,  and  returned  to  Munich  in  1870.  He  studied  the 
manner  of  Holbein  very  closely, 

Leibnitz,  or  Leibniz  (lib 'nits).  Baron  Gottfried 
Wilhelm  von.  Bom  at  Leipsic,  July  6, 1646: 
died  at  Hannover,  Nov.  14, 1716.  A  celebrated 
German  philosopher  and  mathematician.  His 
father  was  professor  of  law  at  Leipsic.  He  entered  the 
university  there  in  1661,  devoting  himself  to  the  study  of 
jurisprudence  and  philosophy;  studied  mathematics  at 
Jena  in  1663 ;  returned  to  Leipsic ;  and  in  1666  took  the  de- 
gree of  doctor  of  law  at  Altdorf.  In  1667  he  entered  the 
service  of  the  elector  of  Mainz,  where  he  remained,  occu- 

?ied  with  literary  and  political  labors,  until  about  1678. 
n  1676  he  established  similar  relations  with  the  Duke  of 
Brunswick-Luneburg,  and  served  him  and  his  successors 
for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  Leibnitz  is  celebrated  for  the 
universality  of  his  genius,  as  well  as  for  his  special  achieve- 
ments in  mathematics  and  philosophy.  In  the  former  he 
was  the  inventor  of  the  differential  and  inte^l  calculus 
(the  principle  of  which  was  independently  discovered  by 
Newton) ;  and  in  the  latter,  of  the  doctrine  of  monads  and 
the  preestablished  harmony.  Among  his  numerous  works 
are  "  De  Arte  combinatoria"  (1666),  a  history  of  the  house 
of  Brunswick  (edited  by  Pertz  1843-46),  "Codex  juris  gen- 


Leibnitz 

tiam(iiplomatioaB"(ieg3),  "Th^odlc«e"(mo),  "Nouveaux 
esBais  BUT  rentendementhumaln"(wTittea  1704 :  published 
after  Leibnitz's  deathX  etc. 
Leicester  (les'ter).  [Formerly  also  Leycester 
(and  in  the  title  and  surname  Lester) ;  ME.  Lei- 
cester, Leiceter,  Leyoeter,  AS.  Legceaster,  Lega- 
ceaster,  Ligeraceaster,  Ligoraceaster,  jyrob,  orig. 
L.  Legionis  castra,  camp  of  the  legion.]  1. 
The  capital  of  Leicestershire,  on  the  Soar,  lat. 
52°  38'  N.,  long.  1°  8'  W.:  the  Roman  Eatse. 
The  leading  manufacture  is  hosiety,  but  boots,  etc.,  are 
also  manufactured.  The  town  contains  remains  of  a  cas- 
tle, several  old  churches,  the  Jewry  Wall,  and  other  Ro- 
man antiquities.  It  was  an  ancient  British  and  Koman 
town,  and  one  of  the  "Five  Boroughs"  of  the  Danes.  It 
was  associated  with  Eiohard  III.  Stormed  by  Charles  I., 
May,  1645,  it  was  retaken  by  Fairfax,  June,  164B.  It  re- 
turns 2  members  to  Parliament.  Population  (1901),  211,- 
574. 

2.  A  north  midland  county  of  England,  it  is 
bounded  by  Derby  on  the  northwest,  Nottingham  on  the 
north,  Lincoln  and  Rutland  on  the  east,  Northampton  on 
the  southeast,  and  Warwick  on  the  southwest.  The  surface 
Is  undulating ;  the  chief  mineral  coal.  It  manufactures 
woolen  hosiery,  and  is  noted  for  Leicester  sheep  and  as  a 
hunting  county.  Area,  824  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
373,684. 

Leicester,  Earls  of.  See  Montfort,  Dudley,  Sid- 
ney, and  CoJce. 

Leicester  Square.  A  square  in  the  West  End 
of  London,  it  has  been  the  most  popular  resort  of  for- 
eigners of  the  middle  classes,  especially  of  French  visi- 
tors to  London,  and  ^migr^s.  Till  the  present  century  the 
square  was  known  as  "  Leicester  Fields,"  and  until  the 
time  of  Charles  II.  it  continued  to  be  uninclosed  country. 
On  what  is  the  north  side  of  the  square  Leicester  House 
was  built  for  Robert  Sidney,  earl  of  Leicester,  from  whom 
it  was  rented  by  Elizabeth,  queen  of  Bohemia — "the 
Queenof  Hearts"  — who  died  there  Feb.  13, 1662.  Fred- 
erick, prince  of  Wales,  resided  there  in  1737.  Hare,  Lon- 
don, II.  124. 

Leichhardt  (lieh'hart),  Friedrich  Wilhelm 
Ludwig.  Bom  at  Trebatsch,  near  Beskow, 
Prussia,  Oct.  23,  1813 :  disappeared  in  Austra- 
lia, 1848.  A  German  explorer  in  Australia.  He 
traversed  Queensland  and  Arnhem  Land  1844-45,  and  at- 
tempted to  traverse  the  continent  in  1848.  He  was  last 
heard  from  April  3,  1848,  being  then  on  the  river  Cogoon. 
He  published  a  "Journal  of  an  Overland  Expedition  in 
Australia,  from  Moreton  Bay  to  Port  Essington,  during 
the  Years  1844-45"  (1847). 

Leichlingen  (lich'ling-en).  A  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Wupper  12 
miles  north  by  east  of  Cologne.  Population, 
about  5,000. 

Leidy  (li'di),  Joseph,  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
Sept.  9,  1823:  died  there,  April  30,  1891.  An 
American  naturalist,  professor  of  anatomy 
(1853)  and  director  of  the  department  of  biol- 
■  (1884)  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 


He  was  'also  president  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  (1882),  and  held  other  ofQces,  Among 
his  works  are  "Elementary  Treatise  on  Human  Anatomy  " 
(I860:  rewritten  1889),  "Cretaceous  Reptiles  of  the  United 
States "(1865),  "Extinct  Mammalian  Fauna  of  Dakota  and 
Nebraska,  etc."  (1870),  "Extinct  Vertebrate  Fauna  of  the 
Western  Territories"  (Vol.  1,1874),  "  Description  of  Verte- 
brate Remains  from  the  Phosphate  Beds  of  South  Carolina  " 
(1877),  "Tape-Worm  in  Birds"  (1887),  etc. 

Leigb  (le).  A  manufacturing  town  in  Lanca- 
shire, England,  20  miles  east-northeast  of  Liv- 
erpool.    Population  (1891),  28,702. 

Leigh,  Edward.  Bom  at  Shawell,  Leicester- 
shire, March  24,  1602:  died  at  Rushall  Hall, 
Staffordshire,  June  2, 1671.  An  English  Puri- 
tan theologian.  He  wrote  "Critica  Sacra,  or  Philolo- 
gicall  and  Theologicall  Observations  upon  all  the  Greek 
Words  of  the  New  Testament,  etc."  (1639), "  Critica  Sacra : 
Observations  on  all  the  Radices  or  Primitive  Hebrew 
Words  of  the  Old  Testament,  etc."  (1642),  etc. 

Leigh,  Egerton.  Bom  in  Cheshire,  1815 :  died 
at  London,  July  1,  1876.  An  English  soldier 
(lieutenant-colonel  of  militia)  and  antiquarian: 
author  of  "A  Glossary  of  Words  used  in  the  Di- 
alect of  Cheshire"  (1877). 

Leigh,  Sir  Amyas.  The  principal  character  in 
Kingsley's  novel  "Westward  Ho!" 

Leighton  (la'ton),  Alexander.  Bom  in  Scot- 
land, 1568 :  died  1649.  A  Scottish  physician  and 
divine.  He  was  a  fierce  opponent  of  Romanism,  and 
was  fined,  mutilated,  and  imprisoned  (1630-40)  for  his  at- 
tack upon  the  episcopacy  and  the  queen,  and  released  and 
recompensed  with  a  gift  of  £6,000  by  *e  Long  Parliament. 
He  wrote  "  Speculum  Belli  Sacri,  or  tiie  Looking  Glass  of 
War"  (1624),  and  "An  Appeal  to  the  Parliament,  or  Sjon's 
Plea  against  the  Prelacie  "  (1628). 

Leighton,  Alexander.  Born  at  Dundee  in  1800 : 
died  Dec.  24, 1874,  A  Scottish  writer  and  editor : 
writer,  in  part,  of  the  "  Tales  of  the  Borders." 

Leighton,  Frederick,  Lord.  Born  Deo.  3, 1830 : 
died  Jan.  25, 1896.  A  noted  English  historical 
and  portrait  painter,  when  ll  years  old  he  studied 
drawing  in  Rome  under  Francesco  Meli.  He  studied  at  the 
Berlin  Academy,  the  Florence  Academy,  at  Frankfort,  at 
Brussels,  at  the  Louvre  life  school  at  Paris,  and  finally  for 
three  years  at  Rome.  He  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy 
"The  Procession  of  Cimabue's  Madonna"  (1855):  it  is  at 
Buckingham  Palace.  He  then  returned  to  Paris  to  study 
under  Ary  Soheffer,  and  sent  pictures  nearly  every  year  to 
the  Royal  Academy.    He  was  elected  royal  academician  in 


601 

1869,  and  president  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1878,  when  he 
was  knighted.  He  was  made  a  baronet  in  1885.  He  traveled 
extensively  in  Europe,  Egypt,  and  the  ISast.  He  wa£  also 
a  fine  sculptor  and  musician.  Among  his  paintings  are 
"Romeo  and  Juliet"  (1858),  "Odalisque"  and  "Star  of 
Bethlehem"  (1862),  "Orpheus  and  Eurydice"  (1864),  "Her- 
cules wrestling  with  Death"  (1871),  "Industrial  Arts  of 
Peace"  (1873),  "Daphnephoria"  (1876),  "Wedded"  (1882), 
' '  Cymon  and  Iphigenia  "  (1884).  He  also  painted  a  triptych 
illustrating  Music  for  a  ceiling  in  Mr.  Marquand's  house 
in  New  York.  He  was  raised  to  the  peerage  Jan.  1, 1896. 
Perkins,  Cyclopedia  of  Painters  and  Paintings. 
Leighton  (la'ton),  Kobert.  Bom  1611:  died  at 
London,  June"  25,  1684,  A  Scottish  prelate, 
originally  a  Presbyterian  divine.    He  was  made 

Srincipal  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh  and  professor  of 
ivinity  in  1663 ;  was  bishop  of  Dunblane  (on  the  restora- 
tion of  the  episcopacy)  1661-70 ;  and  was  archbishop  of 
Glasgow  1670-74.  His  ''Rules  and  Instructions  for  a  Holy 
life"  and  other  works  were  published  posthumously. 

As  saint,  author,  and  peacemaker,  Leighton  presents  a 
combination  of  qualities  which  has  called  forth  almost 
umivalled  tributes  of  admiration.  TKct.  Nat.  Biog. 

Leighton-Buzzard  (la'ton-buz'ard).     A  town 

■  in  Bedfordshire,  England',  situated  on  the  Ouse 
38  miles  northwest  of  London.  Population  of 
parish  (1891),  6,704, 

Leila,  or  the  Siege  of  Granada,  A  novel  by 
Bulwer  Lytton,  published  in  1838. 

Leine(li'ne).  Ariverin  Germany,  joining  the  Al- 
ler25milesnorthby  west  of  Hannover.  Length, 
about  120  miles. 

Leiningen  (li'ning-en). .  A  former  ooimty  of 
Germany,  situated  in  the  modern  Hesse  and 
Rhine  Palatinate,  it  was  made  a  principality  in  1779; 
an  exchange  of  territories  was  made  in  1803 ;  and  the  princi- 
pality was  mediatized  1806. 

Leinster  (len'ster  or  lin'stfer).  One  of  the  four 
provinces  of  Ireland,  occupying  the  southeast- 
ern part  of  the  island,  it  is  made  up  of  leinster 
proper  in  the  south  and  Meath  in  the  north,  and  com- 
prises the  following  counties :  Louth,  Meath,  Westmeath, 
Longford,  King's  County,  Kildare,  Dublin,  Wicklow,  Wex- 
ford, Carlow,  Kilkenny,  and  Queen's  County.  The  king- 
dom of  Leinster  was  under  native  rulers  until  the  Anglo- 
Norman  invasion  in  the  12th  century.  Area,  7,622  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  1,187,760. 

Leipa.    See  Bdhmisch-Leipa. 

Leipnik  (lip'nik) .    A  town  in  Moravia,  Austria- 

■  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Betschwa  16  miles 
east-southeast  of  Olmiitz.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  5,389. 

Leipsic  (lip'sik),  G.  Leipzig  (Hp'tsio) .  [Of  Slav. 
origin, from%, lipa, ahnden; li.IApsia.']  Acity 
in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  situated  on  the  El- 
ster,  Pleisse,  and  Parthe  in  lat.  51°  20'  N.,  long. 
12°  23'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  commercial  centers 
in  Germany,  the  first  city  in  Saxony,  the  center  of  the 
German  book  trade,  and  the  leading  city  in  the  world  in 
bookselling  and  publishing,  and  one  of  the  leading  musical 
centers.  Its  annual  fairs  at  Jubilate,  Michaelmas,  and 
New  Year  are  celebrated.  The  sales  at  the  fairs  include 
furs,  cloth,  leather,  linen,  glass,  etc.  There  are  manufac- 
tures of  pianos,  tobacco,  cigars,  etc.  Among  the  objects 
of  interest  are  the  theater,  museum  (with  picture-gallery), 
Augusteum  (seat  of  the  university),  Old  Oewandbaus,  New 
Gewandhaus,  Rathaus,  war  monument,  Marktplatz,  Pleis- 
senburg  (former  citadel),  bourse,  Reformation  monument. 
Ethnographical  Museum,  and  Museum  of  the  Book  Trade. 
The  university,  founded  in  1409  on  the  secession  of  German 
students  from  the  University  of  Prague,  ranks  as  the  second 
or  third  in  size  of  the  German  universities.  It  has  about 
3,000  students,  and  a  library  of  over  500,000  volumes.  The 
city  is  the  seat  of  the  supreme  courts  of  the  empire.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  Leibnitz  and  of  Richard  Wagner. 
Leipsic  was  an  ancient  Slavic  settlement.  It  received  privi- 
leges from  the  Margrave  of  Meissen  in  the  12th  century,  and 
developed  into  a  great  commercial  center  in  the  later  mid- 
dle ages;  was  besieged  and  taken  in  the  Thirty  Years' 
War ;  was  the  scene  of  riots  in  1848-49 ;  and  was  occupied 
by  the  Prussians  1866.  (For  battles  fought  here,  see  below.) 
Population  (1900),  with  incorporated  subui'bs,  455,089. 

Leipsic,  Battles  of.  1 .  A  victory  gained  Sept. 
7  (O.  S.),  1631,  by  the  Swedes  and  Saxons  un- 
der Gustavus  Adolphus  over  the  Imperialists 
under  Tilly.  Also  called  the  first  battle  of 
Breitenfeld. —  2.  A  victory  gained  Oct.  23 
(O.  S.),  1642,  by  the  Swedes  under  Torstenson 
over  the  Imperialists  under  Leopold  of  Austria 
and  Piocolomini.  Also  called  the  second  battle 
of  Breitenfeld.— 3.  A  victory  gained  by  the 
Prussians,  Russians,  Austrians,  and  Swedes 
(200,000  at  first,  300,000  later)  under  Schwarz- 
enberg  over  the  French  (about  180,000)  under 
Napoleon,  Oct.  16-19, 1813.  The  loss  of  the  Allies  is 
estimated  at  54,000  killed  and  wounded ;  that  of  the  French 
at  40,000  killed  and  wounded  and  30,000  prisoners.  The 
victory  vttually  secured  the  liberation  of  Germany.  Also 
called  "the  Battle  of  the  Nations"  ("Valkerschlacht"). 

Leipsic  Colloouy.  A  conference  between  Lu- 
theran and  Reformed  theologians,  held  at  Leip- 
sic in  1631. 

Leipsic  Disputation.  A  theological  contro- 
versy between  Luther  and  Karlstadt  on  one 
side  and  Eok  on  the  other,  held  at  Leipsic 
June  27-July  15, 1519. 

Leipsic  Interim.  A  statement  of  belief  drawn 
up  by  Melanchthon  and  other  German  Protes- 


Lekain 

tanttheologians,  making  important  concessions 
to  the  Roman  Catholics.   It  was  formally  adont- 
ed  in  Dec,  1548. 
Leise'witz  (li'ze-vits),  Johann  Anton.    Bom 

at  Hannover,  May  9,  1752 :  died  at  Brunswick. 
Germany,  Sept.  10,  1806.  A  German  drama- 
tist, author  of  the  tragedy ' '  Julius  von  Tarent " 
(1776),  etc. 
Leisler  (lis'lfer),  Jacob.  Died  at  New  York, 
May  16,  1691.  An  American  patriot.  He  was  a 
native  of  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Germany;  came  to  Amer- 
ica in  1660  as  a  soldier  in  the  service  of  the  Dutch  West 
India  Company ;  acquired  a  fortune  by  trade  with  the  In- 
dians; and  beoameacaptain  in  the  military  force  stationed 
at  New  York.  He  headed  the  movement  which  deposed 
the  Jacobite  lieutenant-governor  Francis  Nicholson  and 
proclaimed  William  and  Mary  in  June,  1689.  He  assumed 
without  formal  authority  the  functions  of  a  royal  lieuten- 
ant-governor, but  laid  down  his  power  on  the  arrival  of 
Henry  Sloughter  as  governor  in  1691,  in  spite  of  which  he 
was  tried  and  executed  for  treason.  The  sentence  was 
so  manifestly  unjust  that  it  is  said  Sloughter  hesitated  to 
sign  the  death-warrant  until  heated  with  wine. 

Leisnig  (lis'nio),  A  to'wn  in  Saxony,  situated 
on  the  Freiberger  Mulde  28  miles  southeast  of 
Leipsic. 

Leitch  (lech),  William  Leighton.  Bom  at 
Glasgow,  Nov.  22, 1804 :  died  AprU  25, 1883.  A 
Scotch  painter,  vice-president  of  the  Royal 
Institute  of  Painters  in  Water  Colors,  and  espe- 
cially noted  as  a  teacher  of  his  art. 

Leith  (leth).  A  seaport  and  parliamentary- 
borough  in  the  county  of  Edinburgh,  Scotland, 
situated  on  the  Firth  of  Forth  north-northeast 
of  Edinburgh,  and  contiguous  to  that  city.  It 
has  important  docks,  ship-building,  and  foreign 
and  coasting  trade.     Population  (1901),  76,667. 

Leith,  Sir  James,  Bom  at  Leithhall,  Aber- 
deenshire, Aug,  8,  1763:  died  at  Barbados, 
Oct,  16,  1816,  A  Scottish  soldier,  appointed 
lieutenant-general  in  1813.  He  served  at  Toulon 
in  1793 ;  in  Ireland  (as  colonel)  1798-1803 ;  at  Lugo  1809 ;. 
at  Corunna,  at  the  siege  otBadajoz,  and  at  Salamanca  1812 ; 
and  at  St.  Sebastian  1818.  He  was  appointed  commander- 
in  the  West  Indies  and  governor  of  the  Leeward  Islands, 
1814. 

Leitha  (li'ta).  A  river  in  Lower  Austria  and 
Hungary,  which  joins  the  Danube  near  Unga- 
risoh-Altenburg.  Length,  110  miles.  It  forms  in 
part  the  boundary  between  Austria  and  Hungary  (hence- 
the  terms  Cisleithan  and  Transleithan). 

Leitmeritz  (lit'mer-its).  A  town  in  Bohemia, 
situated  on  the  Elbe  34  miles  north-northwest, 
of  Prague,  It  is  the  center  of  a  rich  agricultural  region 
("the  Bohemian  Paradise"),  and  has  manufactures  of 
beer.    Population  (1890),  commune,  11,342. 

Leitomischl  (li'to-mishl),  A  town  in  Bohemia, 
situated  on  the  Lautsohna  46  miles  north  by- 
west  of  Briinn,  Population  (1890),  commune,. 
8,012, 

Leitrim  (le'trim).  The  northeastemmost  coun- 
ty in  Connaught,  Ireland,  it  is  bounded  by  Donegal 
Bay  on  the  northwest,  Fermanagh  and  Cavau  on  the  north- 
east, Longford  on  the  southeast,  and  Roscommon  and  Sligo 
on  the  southwest.  Area,  610  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  78,618. 

Leiva  (lay'va),  Ponciano,  Born  about  1828.  A 
politician  of  Honduras.  Aided  by  Guatemala  and 
Salvador,  he  deposed  Arias,  Jan.,  1874,  taking  the  title  of 
provisional  president ;  was  elected  president  Feb.  1, 1876 ; 
put  down  an  insurrection  in  1876 ;  andresigned  June  8, 1876, 
to  prevent  another  civil  war.  Subsequently  he  was  minis- 
ter of  war  under  Bogran,  and  succeeded  him  as  president 
Nov.  10, 1891,  but  resigned  Aug.  3, 1893. 

Leiva  y  de  la  Cerda  (lay'va  §  da  la  ther'THa), 
Juan  de.  Marquis  of  Leiva  and  Labrada  and 
Count  of  Banos.  Born  about  1610 :  died  after 
1667.  A  Spanish  nobleman,  viceroy  of  Mexico. 
Sept.  16,  1660,  to  June  28, 1664.  He  was  one  of  the 
worst  rulers  that  the  country  ever  had,  and,  when  finally  de-- 
posed,  he  schemed  to  retain  his  place  until  forced  by  the 
Audience  to  give  it  up.  Returning  to  Spain  in  1666,  he  en- 
tered the  Carmelite  order. 

Lejean  (16-zhon' ),  Gruillaume,  Born  at  Ploufi- 
gat-Gu4rand,  Finistfere,  Prance,  1828:  died  at. 
Plou^gat-Gu^rand,  Feb.  1,  1871.  A  French 
traveler  in  southeastern  Europe,  the  Nile  val- 
ley, and  western  Asia. 

Lejeune  (le-zhto'),  Baron  Louis  Francois, 
Born  at  Strasburg,  1775:  died  at  Toulouse, 
France,  1848.  A  distinguished  French  general, 
and  painter  of  battles. 

Le  Jeune,  Claude  or  Claudin,  Bom  at  Valen- 
ciennes about  1530  (?):  died  about  1598.  A 
French  composer.  His  fame  rests  on  his  setting  of 
Marot  and  Beza's  psalms,  printed  after  his  death.  This 
went  through  many  editions,  and  was  used  in  all  the  Calvin- 
Istic  churches,  except  in  Switzerland. 

Lekain  (le-kah')  (originally  Cain),  Henri 
Louis,  Bom  at  Paris,  April  14,  1728 :  died  at 
Paris,  Feb.  8, 1778.  A  noted  French  tragedian. 
He  was  the  son  of  agoldsmitb,  and  was  noted  as  a  maker  of 
delicate  surgical  instruments.  In  1750  he  created  a  rdle  in 
"Le  mauvais  riche  "  which  attracted  the  attention  of  Vol- 
taire, who  remained  his  friend.  It  was  the  custom  to  com- 
pare him  with  Garrick,  but  they  bad  little  in  common.    Ha 


LeKain 

left  interesting  memoirB,  with  letters  from  Garrick,  Vol- 
taire, etc.  These  were  published  by  his  son,  and  reedited 
by  lalma  in  1826. 

X.  £.  L.  The  initials  (used  as  a  pen-name)  of 
Letitia  Elizabeth  Landon  (Mrs.  Maclean). 

leland  (le'land),  Charles  Godfrey.  Bom  at 
Philadelphia,  Aug.  15, 1824 :  died  at  Florence, 
Italy,  March  20,  1903.  An  American  author. 
He  resided  principally  at  London  1869-80,  and  gave  much 
time  to  the  study  of  the  language  and  customs  of  the  Gip- 
sies. Among  hia  works  are  "Hans  Breitmann's  Party, 
and  Other  Ballads  "  (1868 :  burlesque  poems  in  Pennsyl- 
vania Batch:  there  were  four  series  of  these),  "Poe- 
try and  Mystery  of  Dreams  "  (1865),  "English  Gypsies,  etc. " 
(1873),  "Minor  Arts, etc "(1880),  "The Gypsies "(1882), and 
"  Practical  Education  "  (1888). 

Iieland  (lel'and),  or  Leyland,  John.  Bom  at 
London  about  1506:  died  April  18,  1552.  A 
noted  English  antiquary.  He  studied  at  Cambridge 
(Christ's  College,  where  he  proceeded  B.  A.),  Oxford  (All 
Souls  College),  and  Paris,  and  entered  the  church.  He  was 
appointed  king's  antiquary  in  1533,  with  a  commission  to 
search  for  English  antiquities  in  all  libraries  and  other 
places  where  they  might  be  found ;  and  for  this  purpose 
journeyed  for  six  years  (1636-42),  through  England,  making 
exhaustive  researches  and  minutely  recording  his  observa- 
tions. He  was  adjudged  insane  in  1560.  Most  of  his  work 
was  left  in  manuscript  at  his  death.  His  "  Itinerary  "  was 
published  in  1710,  and  his  "Collectanea  "  in  1715. 

Xeland,  John.  Bom  at  Wigan,  England,  Oct. 
18,  1691 :  died  at  Dublin,  Jan.  16, 1766.  -An 
English  Presbyterian  clergyman  and  controver- 
sialist, pastor  in  Dublin.  He  was  the  author  of  "A 
View  of  the  Principal  Deistical  Writers  that  have  Appeared 
in  England  During  the  last  and  ftesent  Centuries  "  (1764- 
1756),  etc. 

Xeland (le'land),  John.  BornatGrrafton,  Mass., 
May  14, 1754' :  died  at  North  Adams,  Mass.,  Jan. 

14,  1841.  -An  American  Baptist  clergyman. 
Iieland  Stanford  Junior  University.  A  co- 
educational institution  of  learning  at  Palo  Alto, 
CaUfomia,  founded  in  1891  by  Leland  Stan- 
ford in  memory  of  his  son.  It  has  about  85  in- 
structors and  1,225  students. 

Xeleges  (lel'e-jez).  In  ancient  history,  a  people 
represented  as  living  on  the  coasts  of  (Jreeee, 
Asia  Minor,  and  the  islands  of  the  .3!gean. 

Iieleux  (16-le'),  Adolphe.    Bom  atParis,  Nov. 

15,  1812 :  died  there,  July  27,  1891.  A  French 
painter  of  landscape  and  genre  scenes. 

lieleux,  Armand.  Bom  at  Paris,  1818 :  died 
there,  June,  1885.  A  French  genre-painter, 
brother  of  Adolphe  Leleux,  and  pupil  of  Ingres. 

Lelewel  (le'le-vel),  Joachim.  Bom  at  Warsaw, 
March  21, 1786 :  died  at  Paris,  May  29, 1861.  A 
Polish  historian,  noted  especially  for  his  studies 
in  the  geography  of  the  middle  ages.  His  works 
include  "G&graphie  des  Arabes"  (1861),  "G&graphie  du 
TOoyen  age  "  (1852-57),  and  various  works  on  Polish  history 
and  antiquities.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  history  at 
the  University  of  Warsaw  in  1816,  and  soon  after  at  Wilna. 
In  1824  he  was  deprived  of  his  position  for  political  reasons, 
and  became  one  of  the  cMefa  of  the  Polish  revolution  of 
1830. 

lielie  (la-le').  The  "  6tourdi "  in  Molifere's  play 
of  that  name.  His  singular  carelessness  and  ^tourde- 
rie  bring  to  naught  all  the  astonishing  schemes  for  his 
benefit  concocted  by  Mascarille,  his  valet. 

Lely  (le'li),  Sir  Peter  (originally  Van  der  Vaes 
or  Faes).  Bom  at  Soest,"Westphalia,  Sept.  14, 
1618:  died  at  London,  Nov.  30, 1680.  A  famous 
Dutch-English  artist,  court  painter  to  Charles 
II.  He  studied  in  Haarlem  under  Eranz  Pietersz  de  Greb- 
ber  (Grelber),  and  worked  there  until  1641,  when  he  went 
to  England  with  the  Prince  of  Orange,  who  wedded  the 
Princess  Mary  in  that  year.  He  remained  in  England  and 
enjoyed  untU  his  death  great  popularity  as  a  portrait- 
painter,  his  pictures  of  the  beauties  of  the  court  of  Charles 
_II.  being  especially  famous.  He  executed  portraits  of 
William  of  Orange,  of  Mary,  and  of  a  large  number  of  the 
most  eminent  men  and  women  in  England  during  his  time. 
The  name  Lely  was  assumed  by  his  father,  who  was  born 
in  a  house  bearing  the  sign  of  a  lily. 

Iiemaire,  or  Le  Maire  (le  mar),  Jean.  Bom  at 
Beiges,  or  Baria,  in  Hainautj  1473 :  died  about 
1548.  A  Belgian  poet  and  historian,  after  1504 
secretary  and  librarian  to  Margaret  of  Austria. 
His  most  important  work  is  his  "Illustrations 
de  Gaule  Belgique"  (1812). 

Lemaire,  Nicolas  ifiloi.  Bom  at  Triaucourt, 
Mouse,  France,  Dec.  1, 1767:  died  Oct.  3, 1832. 
A  French  classical  scholar.  He  was  appointed  pro- 
lessor  of  Latin  poetry  in  the  Faculty  of  Letters,  Paris,  in 
1811,  of  which  he  became  dean  in  1826.  After  the  Bcsto- 
ration  he  undertook,  as  chief  editor,  the  publication  of  the 
"Bibliotheca  classica  latina,"  a  series  of  Latin  authors, 
wliich  he  did  not  live  to  complete. 

Lemaitre  (le-matr'),  Frederic.  Born  at  Havre, 
France,  July 21,1800:  diedatParis,Jan.26,1876. 
A  noted  French  actor.  He  studied  two  years  at  the 
Conservatoire,  but  made  his  first  public  appearance  on  four 
feet  as  the  Hon  in  a  poor  melodrama, "  Pyrame  et  Thisb6," 
owing  to  the  fact  that  the  Od^on  refused  to  engage  him 
though  he  was  backed  by  Tahna.  He  made  slow  progress, 
but  in  1823,  being  oast  for  the  melodramatic  part  of  Robert 
Macaire  in  a  tame  play  in  wWch  he  feared  he  could  make 
no  impression,  he  conceived  the  idea  of  playing  it  as  a 
comic  part    From  this  time  hia  success  as  a  comedian  was 


602 

complete.  He  was  considered  in  France  the  greatest  dra- 
matic artist  of  his  time,  with  the  exception  of  Talma.  His 
play  "Kobert  Macaire,"  with  Saint-Amand  and  Antier, 
was  played  over  five  hundred  times  In  succession. 

Ldman  (la-mon').  A  French  department  and 
Swiss  canton  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Lake 
of  Geneva  during  the  era  of  the  French  Revo- 
lution. 

Leman,  Lake.    See  Geneva,  Lake  of. 

Lemanic  Bepuhllc.  The  name  assumed  by  the 
canton  of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  Jan.,  1798,  as  an 
independent  state.  It  entered  the  Helvetic  Re- 
public as  the  canton  of  Leman  in  April,  1798. 

Lemannus  (le-man'us),  or  Lemanus  (le-ma'- 
nus),  Lacus.  The  Roman  name  of  the  Lake  of 
Geneva. 

Le  Mans.    See  Mans,  Ze. 

Le  Marchant  (16  mar-shon')>  John  Gaspard. 
Bom  in  Guernsey,  1766 :  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Salamanca,  July  22, 1812.  An  English  soldier, 
made  major-general  in  1810.  He  served  in  Flanders 
1793-94 ;  was  governor  of  the  Royal  Militaiy  College  1801- 
1810 ;  and  commanded  a  brigade  of  cavalry  in  the  Penin- 
sula 1810-12. 

Le  Marchant,  Sir  John  Gaspard.  Bom  1803 : 
died  at  London,  Feb.  6,  1874.  A  son  of  Major- 
General  J.G.  Le  Marchant,  appointed  lieuten- 
ant-general in  1864.  He  was  lieutenant-governor  of 
Newfoundland  1847-62,  and  of  Nova  Scotia  1852-57 ;  gover- 
nor of  Malta  1859-64 ;  and  commander-in-chief  at  Madras 
1865-88. 

Lemberg  (lem'bero),  Polish  Lwdw  (Ivov).  [L. 
LeopoUs,  F.  L4opol.2  The  capital  of  Galicia, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Peltew  in  lat. 
49°  51'  N.,  long.  24°  E.  Its  trade  is  important.  Itis 
an  archiepiscopal  see  of  the  Roman  Catholic,  Armenian, 
and  United  Greek  churches,  and  has  cathedrals  of  these 
churches.  It  also  contains  a  university,  a  polytechnic 
institution,  and  Osaolinski's  National  Institute.  It  was 
founded  in  the  13th  century ;  conquered  by  Casimir  the 
Great  of  Poland  in  1340 ;  besieged  by  the  Cossacks  in  1648, 
and  by  the  Turks  in  1672  ;  taken  by  Swedes  in  1704 ;  an- 
nexed by  Austria  in  1772;  and  bombarded  in  the  outbreak 
of  1848.    Population  (1900) ,  159,618. 

Lemercier  (le-mer-sya'),  Jacques.     Bom  at 

Pontoise  about  1585:  died  at  Paris,  1660.  A 
celebrated  French  architect,  in  1618  he  was  ap- 
pointed architect  du  roi,  and  in  1620  he  rebuilt  the  bridge 
at  Rouen.  In  1624  he  took  charge  of  the  works  at  the. 
Louvre,  which  had  not  advanced  beyond  the  constructions* 
of  Pierre  Lescot :  these  he  doubled  on  the  western  and 
southern  sides,  quadrupling  the  intended  size  of  the  court. 
In  the  middle  of  the  western  side  he  built  the  Pavilion 
d'Orloge,  crowned  by  the  famous  caryatids  of  Jacques  Sar- 
rozin.  In  1B27  he  constructed  the  Chateau  de  Lilly.  He 
was  the  favorite  architect  of  Richelieu,  and  in  1629  built 
the  Palais  Richelieu,  later  developed  into  the  Palais  Roy- 
al. About  the  same  time  also  he  built  the  church  and 
buildings  of  the  Sorboune.  He  superseded  Francois  Man- 
sart  as  architect  of  the  Church  of  Val  de  GrAce.  In  1636, 
with  Salomon  de  Brosse,  he  built  the  lanterns  of  the  ca^ 
thedral  of  Troyes.  In  1652  he  succeeded  Clement  Mete- 
zeau  at  the  Oratoire  at  Paris,  and  in  1663  he  built  the  choir 
and  part  of  the  nave  of  St.  Roche, 

Lemercier,  Louis  JeanN^pomuc^ne.  Bom  at 

Paris,April21,17'71:  died  June  7, 1840.  AFrench 
poet  and  dramatist.  He  wrote  a  number  of  plays, 
among  which  are  "Tartuffer6volutionnaire"(1795),  "Aga- 
memnon "  (produced  1794), '  'Ophis  "(1798), ' '  Charlemagne," 
"Baudouin,""St.  Louis,'  etc.  Among  his  poems  are"  Pan- 
hypocrisiade,  ou  la  com^die  inf  ernale  du  seizi^me  si^cle  " 
(1819),  "  Les  ages  fran^aiSj"  etc. 

L6mery  (lam-re'),  Nicolas.  Born  at  Rouen, 
France,  Nov.  17,  1645 :  died  at  Paris,  June  19, 
1715.  A  noted  French  chemist,  author  of 
"Cours  de  chimie  "  (1675),  etc. 

Lemgo  (lem'go).  A  town  in  the  principality  of 
Lippe,  Germany,  41  miles  southwest  of  Hanno- 
ver. It  has  manufactures  of  meerschaum  pipes. 
Population  (1890),  7,290. 

Leinnos  (lem'nos),  mod.  Limno  (lim'n6),or 
Limni  (lem'ne).  It.  Stalimene  (sta-le-ma'ne). 
[Gr.  A^fivog."]  An  island  in  the  .^gean  Sea,  be- 
longing to  Turkejr,  situated  in  lat.  39°  50'  N., 
long.  25°  20'  E.  (Jhief  town,  Kastro.  The  sur- 
face is  hilly.  It  was  long  famous  for  Its  earth  ("  terra  sigil- 
lata  Lemnia").  It  was  sacred  to  Hephsestua  in  ancient 
times ;  was  conquered  by  Miltiades ;  and  was  in  1667  ac- 
quired by  the  Turks  from  the  Venetians.  Length,  about 
20  mUea.    Population,  about  20,000  (mainly  Greeks). 

The  myth  ran  that  in  Lemnos  at  the  time  of  the  Argo- 
nautic  expedition  there  were  no  males,  the  women  having 
revenged  their  ill-treatment  upon  the  men  by  murdering 
them  alL  The  Argonauts  touched  at  the  island,  and  were 
received  with  great  favour.  They  stayed  some  months,  and 
the  subsequent  population  of  the  island  was  the  fruit  of 
this  visit.  Hypsipyle,  the  queen,  had  twin  sons  by  Jason. 
Sophocles  wrote  a  tragedy,  which  is  lost,  upon  this  piece 
of  ancient  story.  Bawlineon,  Herod.,  III.  116. 

Lemoine.    See  Ze  Moyne. 

Lemoine  (le-moin'),  Henry.  Bom  at  London, 
Jan.  14,  1756 :  died  there,  April  30, 1812.  An 
English  bookseller  and  writer.  He  published  "  Ty- 
pographical Antiquities :  the  History,  Origin,  and  Progress 
of  the  Art  of  Printing,  etc."  (1797),  etc. 

Lemoine,  Jean  Baptiste.    See  Bienville. 
Lemon  (lem'on),  Mark.    Bom  at  London,  Nov. 
30, 1809 :  dinii  at  Oawley,  Sussex,  May  23, 1870. 


Lensea 

An  S!nglish  journalist,  dramatist,  and  novelist, 
one  of  the  founders  and  the  first  editor  of 
"Punch"  (1843-70).  Among  his  numerous  plays  are 
"Hearts  are  Trumps,"  "Lost  and  Won,"  "Self- Accusa- 
tion," and  "Love  and  War."  He  also  wrote  a  number  of 
fairy  tales,  and  published  a  "jest-book"  In  1867. 

Lemonnier  (le-mo-nya'),  Pierre  Charles.  Bom 

at  Paris,  Nov.  23,  1715 :  died  near  Bayeux, 
Prance,  1799.    A  French  astronomer. 
Lemos,  Count  of.     See  Fernandee  de  Castro 
Andrade  y  Portugal,  Pedro. 

Le  Mojrae  (16  mwan'),  Antoine,  Sieur  de  Cha- 
teauguay.  Bom  at  Montreal,  July  7, 1683 :  died 
at  Rochef  ort,  France,  March  21, 1747.  A  French- 
Canadian  commander,  son  of  (Jharles  Le  Moyne. 
He  served  under  Iberville  against  the  English  1705-06 ;  was 
made  commandant  of  tlie  troops  in  Louisiana  in  1717,  ani" 
king's  lieutenant  of  the  colony  in  1718 ;  was  governor  o' 
Martinique  1727-44 ;  and  became  governor  of  Me  Eoyale, 
or  Cape  Breton,  in  1746. 

Le  Moyne,  Charles,  Sieur  de  Longueuil.  Bora 
in  Normandy,  France,  1626:  diedat  Villemarie, 
Canada,  1683.  A  French  pioneer  in  Canada. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  the  border  warfare  against  the 
Iroquois  and  the  English,  and  was  ennobled  by  Louis  XIV. 
in  1668. 

Le  Moyne,  Charles,  Baron  de  Longueuil.  Bom 
at  Montreal,  Dec.  10,  1656 :  died  at  Montreal, 
June  8, 1729.  A  French-Canadian  commander, 
son  of  Charles  Le  Moyne.  He  was  made  governor 
of  Montreal  and  created  a  baron  in  1700 ;  became  comman- 
dant-general of  Canada  in  1711,  and  governor  of  Three 
Rivers  in  1720 ;  and  was  reappointed  governor  of  Montreal 
in  1724. 

Le  Moyiie,  Jacques,  Sieur  de  Sainte-H61&ne. 
Bonjat  Villemane,  Canada,  April  16, 1659 :  died 
at  Qnebec,  Oct.,  1690.  A  French-Canadian  oflS- 
cer,  son  of  Charles  Le  Moyne.  He  was  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  expedition  which  captured  and  plundered 
Schenectady  in  1690.  He  fell  mortally  wounded  at  the  mo- 
ment of  victory,  while  defending  the  passage  of  the  St. 
Charles  against  the  British  admiral  Phips. 

Le  Mo3me,  Joseph,  Sieur  de  Serigny.  Born  at 
Montreal,  July  22,  1668:  died  at  Roohefort, 
France,  1734.  A  French  naval  officer,  son  of 
Charles  Le  Moyne.  He  was  made  governor  of 
Rochef  ort  in  1723. 

Le  Moyne,  Paul,  Sieur  de  Maricourt.  Bom  at 
Montreal,  Dec.  15, 1663:  Mlled  March  21, 1704. 
A  French-Canadian  commander,  son  of  Charles 
Le  Moyne. 

Le  Moyne,  Pierre.    See  Iberville. 

Lempa  (lem'pa).  A  river  in  San  Salvador,  Cen- 
tral America,  flowing  into  the  Pacific  about  40 
miles  southeast  of  San  Salvador.  Length,  about 
200  miles. 

Lempri^re  (lem-prer'),  John.  Bom  in  Jersey 
about  1765 :  died  at  London,  Feb.  1, 1824.  An 
English  classical  scholar.  He  became  assistant  mas- 
ter of  the  grammar-school  at  Reading  in  1788 ;  was  master 
of  the  grammar-school  at  Abingdon  1792-1808  ;  and  later 
(1809)  was  master  of  the  grammar-school  at  Exeter.  He 
published  "Bibliotheca  Classica,  or  a  Classical  Diction- 
ary, etc."  (1788),  etc. 

Lemuel  (lem'u-el).  [Heb. :  etym.  unknown.] 
An  unknown  Iting  mentioned  in  Prov.  xxxi.  1, 
4.  The  rabbinical  commentators  identified  him 
with  Solomon. 

Lemuria  (le-mti'ri-a).  Selater's  name  for  a 
land  supposed  to  have  formerly  existed  in  the 
Indian  (Jcean,  connecting  Madagascar,  the  pen- 
insula of  India,  and  Sumatra. 

Lena  (le'na ;  Russ.  pron.  la-na').  One  of  the 
chief  rivers  of  Siberia,  it  rises  near  La:ke  Baikal, 
flows  northeast  and  north,  and  empties  by  a  delta  into  the 
Arctic  Ocean  about  lat.  72-73°  N.  Yakutsk  Is  on  its  banks, 
and  the  chief  tributaries  are  the  Vitim,  Vilui,  and  Aldan. 
Its  delta  was  noted  in  the  De  Long  expedition,  and  is  also 
famous foritsmammothivoiy.   Length,about 2,S00mlles. 

Leneea  (le-ne'a).  [Gr.  Aijvmo.]  The  "feast  of 
vats,"  an  ancient  Greek  festival  in  honor  of  Dio- 
nysus. It  was  held  at  Athens  in  the  month  Gamelion 
(Jan.-Feb.),  at  the  Lenteum.  There  was  a  great  public 
feast,  and  then  the  people  went  in  procession,  with  jesting 
and  mockery,  to  the  theater. 

Fragments  of  lists  of  dramatic  authors,  and  their  vic- 
tories, are  still  being  found  about  the  acropolis  and  the 
theatre  at  Athens,  ^nd  from  the  publications  of  them  by 
Komanudes  in  the  Athenaion,  Bergk  has  endeavoured  to 
reconstruct  the  chronology  of  the  drama.  His  conclusions 
have  been  contested  by  Kohler,  and  are  as  yet  uncertain. 
But  he  has  probably  established  this  much,  tliat  while  the 
tragic  contests  were  carried  on  at  the  greater  Dionysia, 
in  the  city,  and  in  spring  time,  and  recorded  since  about 
01.  64,  the  winter  feast  of  the  Lensea  in  the  suburbs  was 
originally  devoted  to  comedy,  which  was  not  recognised 
by  the  state  till  about  01.  79.  In  01.  84  new  regulations 
were  introduced,  probably  by  Pericles,  according  to  which 
tragic  contests  were  established  at  the  Leniea,  and  comic 
admitted  to  the  greater  Dionysia.  From  this  time  both 
kinda  of  contests  were  carried  on  at  both  feasts,  and  in 
the  great  theatre.  But  as  the  Leneea  was  only  a  home  feast, 
and  not  attended  by  strangers,  a  victory  gained  there  was 
by  no  means  of  the  same  importance  as  a  victory  before 
the  great  concourse  of  citizens  and  visitors  in  the  spring, 
and  consequently  they  were  separately  catalogued. 

Xakaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  L  247, 


Lenau 

Lenau  Oa'nou),  Nikolaus.  The  pseudonym  of 
Niembsch  von  Strehlenau. 

IienbachClen'baoli^.Rranzvon.  BomatSohro- 
benhausen,  Bavaria,  Dec.  13,  1836:  died  May 
5,  1904.  A  German  portrait-painter.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  the  Munich  Academy  and  of  Grafle  and  Piloty, 
whom  in  1858  he  accompanied  to  Bome.  In  1860  he  be- 
came professor  in  the  Weimar  Art  School,  hut  resigned  in 
1862  and  went  to  Italy  and  Spain,  where  he  studied  and 
copied  the  old  masters  for  Baron  Schack's  gallery  in 
Munich.  After  his  return  to  Munich  he  devoted  himself 
exclusively  to  portraiture.  From  1872  to  1879  he  worked 
in  Viennaj  visited  Morocco,  and  spent  the  winter  of  1876- 
1876  in  Egypt  with  Makart  and  Leopold  Miiller.  He  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Berlin  Academy  in  1883. 

liencas  (lan'kas).  A  race  of  Central-American 
Indians  in  central  and  southern  Honduras  and 
northern  Nicaragua.  At  present  they  are  semi-civ- 
ilized.  Of  their  history  and  relations  to  the  whites  little 
Is  known.  Their  language,  divided  into  several  dialects, 
shows  no  relation  with  those  of  the  surrounding  tribes.  It 
is  known  as  Chontal,  a  term  also  applied  to  the  languages 
of  various  other  tribes.    SeeChontcUs. 

Lenclos  (lon-klo'),  or  L'Enclos,  Anne,  called 
Ninon  de.  Bom  at  Paris,  May  15,  1616:  died 
there,  Oct.  17, 1706.  A  noted  French  woman  of 
pleasure.  Although  she  gave  herself  up  to  a  free  life,  she 
was  never  a  public  courtezan.  She  retained  her  beauty  and 
charm  to  very  old  age.  Mademoiselle  Scud^ry  drew  her  por- 
trait In  "  Cl^lie  "  under  the  name  of  Clarisse.  She  received 
the  highest  society  in  her  salon,  which  has  been  compared 
for  its  tone  with  the  Hdtel  BambouiUet.  Madame  Scai'- 
ron  (afterward  de  Maintenon),  Madame  de  Lafayette,  and 
Christina  of  Sweden  were  her  friends.  St.  Evremond, 
La  Kochefoucauld,  D'Estr^es,  the  great  Cond6,  and  three 
generations  ol  the  family  of  S^vign^  were  among  her  lov- 
ers. According  to  Voltaire,  Biehelieu  was  the  first  of 
these.  * 

Xendinara  (len-de-na'ra).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Eovigo,  northern  Italy,  situated  on 
the  Adigetto  26  miles  southwest  of  Padua. 

Le.Neve  (le  nev),  John.  Born  at  Bloomsbury, 
London,  Dee.  27,  1679 :  died  1741.  An  English 
antiquary,  author  of  "Fasti  Ecclesise  Anglica- 
ns9"  (1716),  "Monumenta  Anglicana"  (1717), 
etc. 

Le  Neve,  Peter.  Bom  at  Loudon,  1661 :  died 
in  Norfolk,  Sept.  24,  1729.  An  English  anti- 
quary. He  left  extensive  manuscript  collec- 
tions, but  printed  nothing. 

Lenfant  (lon-fon'),  Jacques.  Bom  at  Ba- 
zoches,  France,  April  13,  1661:  died  at  Ber- 
lin, Aug.  7, 1728.  A  noted  French  Protestant 
theologian  and  church  historian,  author  of 
"  Histoire  du  concile  de  Constance"  (1714),  etc. 

Lengnas,  orLengoas(lan'gwaz).  [Sp.,  'tongues': 
so  called  from  their  custom  of  inserting  in  the 
lower  lip  a  piece  of  wood  which,  at  a  distance, 
made  them  appear  as  if  their  tongues  were  pro- 
truded.] A  tribe  of  South  American  Indians, 
formerly  numerous  and  formidable  in  the  Gran 
Chaco  region,  west  of  the  river  Paraguay. 
They  appear  to  have  been  an  offshoot  of  the  Chlquitos  of 
Bolivia  (which  see).  They  were  long  at  war  with  the  set- 
tlements, and  were  nearly  exterminated :  in  1828  only  about 
300  remained  near  Oorrlentes.  The  remnants  are  merged 
In  other  tribes. 

Lenk  (lengk).  A  town  and  watering-place  in 
the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the 
Simme  35  miles  south  of  Bern. 

Xenkoran  (leng-ko-ran').  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Baku,  Transcaucasia,  Eussia,  situated 
on  the  Caspian  Sea,  lat.  38°  46'  N.,  long.  48° 
50'  B. :  stormed  and  annexed  by  the  Eussians 
1813. 

Iiennep  (len'nep).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  Ehine  Province,  Prussia,  22  miles  northeast 
of  Cologne.    Population  (1890),  6,455. 

Lennep,  David  Jakob  van.  Bom  at  Amster- 
dam, July  15,  1774 :  died  at  Amsterdam,  Feb. 
10,  1853.    A  Dutch  classical  philologist. 

Lennep,  Jacob  van.  Bom  at  Amsterdam,  March 
24,1802:  diedatOosterbeek, near Amhem,  Aug. 
25,  1868.  A  Dutch  novelist  and  poet.  He  was 
the  son  of  the  Amsterdam  professor  and  poet  David  Jakob 
van  Lennep.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  Xeyden,  and 
subsequently  practised  law  in  Amsterdam.    For  a  short 

term  he  was  conservative  member  of  the  second  chamber. 
His  "Academisohe  Idyllen"  ("Academic  Idyls  "),  a  collec- 
tion of  poems  on  student  life,  appeared  In  1826.  A  second 
volume  of  poems  was  "Nederlandsche  Legenden  "  ("Le- 
gends of  the  Netherlands  "),  upon  which  is  chiefly  based  his 
fame  as  a  poet.  He  also  wrote  numerous  dramatic  pieces, 
a,mong  them  the  comedies  "Het  Dorp  an  de  Grenzen" 

<"The  Tillage  on  the  Frontier")  and  "Het  Dorp  overde 
Grenzen" ("The  Village  over  the  Frontier").  His  most 
celebrated  works  are  his  historical  novels,  in  the  manner 
of  Sir  WalterScott.  The  principal  of  them  are  "De  Pleeg- 
^oon"  ("The  Foster-son,"  1829),  "De  Eoos  van  Dekama" 
("The  Rose  of  Dekama,"  1836),  the  series  of  narratives 
under  the  common  title  "Onze  Vooronders"("Our  Ances- 
tors," 1838-44),  "Ferdinand  Huyok"  (1840),  "Elisabeth 
Musoh"  (1850),  "De  Lotgevallen  van  Klaasje  Zevenster" 
("  The  Adventures  of  Claus  Sevenstars,"  1865).  His  poeti- 
cal works  were  published  1859-72,  in  13  volumes;  his 
romances  1855-72,  in  23  volumes. 

Lenni-Lenape.    See  Delaware. 


603 

Lennox  (len'oks).  An  old  division  of  Scotland. 
It  corresponded*  to  Dumbartonshire,  a  large  part  of  Stir- 
ilngshire,  and  parts  of  Perth  and  Renfrew. 

Lennox,  Charles,  first  Duke  of  Eiohmond.  Born 
July  29, 16  72 :  died  at  Goodwood,  in  Sussex,  May 
27,  1723.  A  natural  son  of  Charles  11.  and  the 
Duchess  of  Portsmouth.  He  went  to  Paris,  at  the 
Bevolution,  in  the  service  of  James,  but  later  changed 
both  his  politics  and  his  religion,  becoming  reconciled  to 
King  ■William  and  entering  the  Church  of  England.  He 
was  an  unprincipled  adventurer. 

Lennox,  Charles,  third  Duke  of  Eichmond  and 
Lennox.  Bom  at  London,  Feb.  22, 1735 :  died 
at  Goodwood,  Sussex,  Dee.  29,  1806.  An  Eng- 
lish diplomatist  and  politician .  He  was  minister  at 
Paris  1765 ;  secretary  of  state  for  the  southern  department 
1766 ;  and  master-general  of  the  ordnauce.with  a  seat  in  the 
cabinet,  1782-95.  He  defended  the  action  of  the  American 
colonies  in  resisting  the  government,  advocated  the  redress 
of  grievances  in  Ireland,  and  pronounced  in  favor  of  uni- 
versal suffrage. 

Lennox,  Mrs.  (Charlotte  Ramsay).  Bom  at 
New  York,  1720:  died  in  England,  Jan.  4, 1804. 
An  English  novelist  and  poet,  daughter  of  Colo- 
nel James  Eamsay,  lieutenant-governor  of  New 
York.  She  published  "The  Female  Quixote"  (1752), 
"Shakespeare  Illustrated"  (1753-54),  "Hie  Sister,"  a  com- 
edy (acted  1769),  etc. 

Lennox,  Lord  William  Pitt.  Bom  at  Winestead 
Abbey,  Yorkshire,  Sept.  20,  1799:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  18, 1881.  An  English  soldier,  writer, 
and  journalist,  fourth  son  of  the  fourth  Duke  of 
Eichmond.  He  wrote  several  novels,  books  on 
sports,  etc. 

Lenoir  (l6-nwar'),  Alexandre  Albert.  Bom 
at  Paris,  1801:  died  there,  Feb.  17,  1891.  A 
French  architect  and  archseologist,  son  of  M.  A. 
Lenoir.  He  wrote  a  number  of  works  on  archi- 
tecture ancient  and  modern. 

jLenoir  (le-nwar'),  Marie  Alexandre.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Dec.  26,  1761:  died  at  Paris,  June  11, 
1839.  A  French  arohssologisfe  His  works  include 
"Mus^e  des  monuments  franpais"  (1804),  "Histoire  des 
arts  en  France,  prouv6e  par  les  monuments  "  (1810),  etc. 

Le  Noir,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Anne  Smart).  Born 
about  1755:  died  at  Caversham,  May  6,  1841. 
An  English  novelist  and  poet,  daughter  of  the 
poet  Christopher  Smart :  author  of ' '  Village  An- 
nals" (1803),  "Village  Anecdotes" (1804),  "Mis- 
cellaneous Poems"  (1825),  etc. 

Lenore  (le-uor').  AballadbyBlirger:  so  called 
from  the  name  of  its  heroine. 

Lenormand  (16-nor-mon'),  Marie  Anne  Ade- 
laide. Bom  at  Alenjon,  Prance,  May  27, 1772 : 
died  at  Paris,  June  25,  1843.  A  celebrated 
French  fortune-teller.  She  wrote  a  number 
of  books  on  subjects  connected  with  her  pro- 
fession. 

Lenormant  (16-nor-mon'),  Charles.  Bom  at 
Paris,  June  1,  1802 :  died  at  Athens,  Nov.  24, 
1859.  A  French  arehseologist  and  numisma- 
tist. His  chief  works  (with  collaborators)  are  "  Tr^sor  de 
nuralsmatique  et  de  glyptique  "  (1836-50), "  llllite  des  monu- 
ments c6ramo-graphiques  "  (1844-57). 

Lenormant,  Frangois.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  17, 
1837:  died  at  Paris,  Deo.  10,  1883.  A  noted 
French  arehseologist  and  historian,  son  of 
Charles  Lenormant.  His  works  include  "Manuel 
d'histoire  ancienne  de  I'Drient"  (1868),  "Lettres  assyrlo- 
logiques  et  ^pigraphiques "  (1871-72),  "Les  sciences  oc- 
cultes  en  Asie"  (1874-75),  "Les  origines  de  I'histoire 
d'aprfes  la  Bible  "  (1880-82),  etc. 

Lenotre  (le-notr'),  Andr6.  BomatParis,  March 
12,  1613:  died  at  Versailles,  Sept.  15,  1700.  A 
noted  French  architect  and  landscape-garden  er. 
In  1676  Louis  XIV.  accorded  to  him  letters  of  ennoble- 
ment. His  first  work  was  the  park  and  gardens  of  the 
ChMeau  de  Vaux-le-Vicompte.  He  also  designed  the  gar- 
dens and  parks,  wholly  or  in  part,  at  Versailles,  Rambouil- 
let,  Saint-Cloud,  Chantilly,  Meudon,  Fontaiuebleau,  the 
Chateau  de  la  Belne  de  Navarre,  etc.  In  England  he  laid 
out  Kensington  Gardens,  St.  James's  Park,  and  Greenwich 
Park.  In  Eome  he  designed  the  gardens  of  the  Villa 
Ludovisi,  the  Villa  Pamphlli,  the  Qnirinal,  the  Vatican, 
and  the  Villa  Albanl. 

Lenox  (len'oks).  A  town  and  summer  resort 
in  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  situated 
near  the  Housatonic  40  miles  west-northwest 
of  Springfield.    Population  (1900),  2,942. 

Lenox.  A  character  in  Shakspere's ' '  Macbeth," 
a  thane  of  Scotland. 

Lenox,  James.  Bom  at  New  York,  Aug.  19, 
1800:  died  there,  Feb.  18, 1880.  -An  American 
bibliophilist  and  philanthropist,  founder  of  the 
Lenox  Library  in  New  York  city. 

Lenox  Library.  A  public  reference  library 
founded  in  New  York  in  1870  by  James  Lenox. 
The  building  is  on  Fifth  Avenue  between  70th  and  71st 
streets,  facing  Central  Park.  It  contains  a  museum,  art 
galleries,  library  (containing  about  110,000  volumes),  and 
lecture-room.  Its  principal  aim  is  in  the  direction  of 
American  history  and  historical  study  of  the  English  Bi- 
ble. An  annex  has  been  built  in  70th  street,  through  a 
bequest  from  Mrs.  Robert  L.  Stewart,  to  contain  a  fine  col- 


LeoX. 

lection  of  paintings  which  she  gave  to  the  art  galleries  ol 
the  library.  It  has  been  combined  with  the  Astor  and  the 
proposed  Tilden  Library  as  the  New  York  Public  library. 

Lens  (Ions).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Pas- 
de-Calais,  northern  France,  9  miles  north  by 
east  of  Arras,  it  is  in  the  center  of  Important  coal. 
fields.  Here,  Aug.  20,  1648,  the  French  under  Cond«  de- 
feated the  Spaniards  under  the  archduke  Leopold  William. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  13,862. 

Lenten  Stuffe.  A  pamphlet  by  Nashe,  pub- 
lished in  1599.  It  is  a  lively  description  of  Great  Yar- 
mouth, where  he  had  found  a  safe  shelter,  with  a  pane- 
gyric on  the  red  herring,  its  staple  commodity. 

Lenthall  (lent'al),  William.  Bom  at  Henley- 
on-Thames,  June,  1591:  died  Sept.  3, 1662.  An 
English  lawyer  and  politician.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Short  Parliament  and  speaker  of  the  Long  Par- 
liament (Nov.  3, 1640,-  April  20, 1663),  a  position  which  he 
filled  with  ability  and  success.  He  became  famous  from 
his  refusal  to  tell  Charles  whether  or  not  any  one  of  the 
"five  members"  was  present  when  the  king  attempted  to 
arrest  them  in  the  House  of  Commons.  He  was  also  speaker 
of  the  first  Parliament  summoned  by  Cromwell,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  Parliament  of  1656.  When  the  Long 
Parliament  reassembled  he  resumed  his  office  in  It,  and 
later  contributed  to  bring  about  the  Bestoration. 

Lentienses  (len-ti-en'sez).  [L.  (Ammianus) 
Lentienses.'\  AGermantribe,a  southembranch 
of  the  Alamanni,  dwelling  in  the  3d  century  in 
the  region  to  the  north  of  the  Boden  See,  where 
Constantius  Chlorus  (298)  led  an  expedition 
against  them. 

Lentini  (len-te'ne).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Syracuse,  Sicily,  21  miles  northwest  of  Syra- 
cuse:  the  ancient  Leontini.  It  was  founded  by  colo- 
nists from  Naxos  in  729  B.  c,  became  subject  to  Syracuse, 
and  was  a  prosperous  Greek  city.  Population  (1881),  12,740. 

Lentulus  (len'ju-lus),  Publius  Cornelius,  sur- 
named  Sura.  Executed  at  Eome,  Dec,  63  B.  c. 
A  Eoman  politician,  pretor  and  conspirator 
with  Catiline  in  63  B.  c. 

Lenz  (lents).  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Grisons, 
Switzerland,  13  miles  south  of  Coire.  It  was 
formerly  a  strategic  point. 

Lenz,  Eeinrich  Oskar.  Bom  at  Leipsic,  AprU 
13, 1848.  A  German  geologist  and  African  trav- 
eler. After  a  few  geological  explorations  in  Austria,  he 
accompanied  the  expedition  of  Giissfeldt  to  West  Africa 
(1874),  and  exploredMorocco,  Timbuktu,  andSenegal(1870). 
Foiled  in  his  attempt  to  determine  the  watershed  of  the 
Nile  and  Kongo  basins  (1885),  he  crossed  the  continent  by 
way  of  Tanganyika  and  Nyassa  lakes,  returning  to  Vienna 
in  1887.  Since  then  he  has  been  professor  of  geography  at 
Prague.  He  wrote  "Skizzen  aus  West-Afrika"  (1878),  "Tim- 
buktu :  Eeise  durch  Marokko,  Sahara,  und  Sudan  "  (1884). 

Lenz,  Jakob  Michael  Keinhold.  Born  at  Sess- 
wegen,  Livonia,  Jan.  12  (N.  S.  23),  1751:  died 
near  Moscow,  May  23-24, 1792.  A  German  poet 
of  the  "  Sturm  und  Drang"  period.  His  works 
were  edited  by  Tieck  (1828). 

Lenzburg  (lents'bore).  A  small  town  in  the 
canton  of  Aargau,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the 
Aa  east  of  Aarau. 

Lenzen  (lent'sen).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  66  miles  north  of 
Magdeburg.  Here,  Sept.  4,  929,  the  Germans 
defeated  the  Slavs. 

Leo(le'o).  [L., 'the lion.']  An  ancient  zodiacal 
constellation,  the  Lion,  containing  Eegulus,  a 
star  of  magnitude  If,  and  two  stars  of  the  second 
magnitude.  It  is  easily  found,  for  the  pointers  of  the 
Great  Bear  point  southerly  to  ite  brightest  star,  distant 
about  45  degrees  from  the  southernmost  of  them.  Four 
stars  in  the  body  of  Leo  form  a  characteristic  trapezium, 
and  those  about  the  neck  and  mane  make  a  sickle.  It  is 
the  fifth  sign  of  the  zodiac,  its  symbol  as  such(fii)  showing 
the  lion's  mane. 

Leo  I.,  Saint,  sumamed  "The  Great."  Born 
probably  at  Bome :  died  at  Eome  461.  Pope 
440-461.  He  extended  the  authority  of  the  Itoman  see, 
and  in  452  Induced  Attila  to  leave  Italy  without  attacking 
Eome.  His  works,  including  sermons  and  letters,  have 
been  edited  by  Ballerini  (1763-67). 

Leo  II.     Pope  682-683. 

Leo  III.  Died  May  25,  816.  Pope  795-816.  He 
crowned  Charles  the  Great  Eoman  emperor  in 
800. 

Leo  IV.    Pope  847-855. 

Leo  V.    Pope  903. 

LeoVL     Pope  928-929. 

LeoVIL    Pope  936-939. 

LeoVIIL     Pope  963-965. 

Leo  IX.  (Bruno) .  Bom  in  Alsace,  June  21, 1002 : 
died  at  Eome,  April  19,  1054.  Pope  1049-54. 
He  was  defeated  and  captured  by  tlie  Normans 
at  Astagnum,  near  Civitella,  June  18,  1053. 

Leo  X.  (Griovanni  de'  Medici).  Bom  at  Flor- 
ence, Dee.  11, 1475:  died  at  Eome,  Dec.  1, 1521. 
Pope  1513-21,  second  son  of  Lorenzo  de'  Medici. 
He  expelled  the  petty  tyrants  from  the  ecclesiastical  states, 
added  Perugia,  Sinigaglia,  and  Termo  to  the  domains  of 
the  church,  and  restored  Parma  and  Placenza  to  the  holy 
see.  During  his  pontificate  the  Reformation  began  with 
Luther's  protest  against  the  sale  of  indulgences  in  1617. 
(See  Luther,  Martin,  and  ReforrmMm,  The.)  He  was  a 
liberal  patron  of  art  and  literature. 


Leo  XI. 

Leo  XI.  (Alessandro  de'  Medici).  Bom  1535: 
died  April  27,  1605.     Pope  1605. 

Leo  XII.  (Annibale  della  Genga).  Bom  1760 : 
died  Feb.  10,  1829.    Pope  1823-29. 

Leo  XIII.  (Giacchino  Pecci).  Bom  at  Carpi- 
neto,  near  Anagni,  Italy,  March  2,  1810 :  died 
at  Eome,  July  20,  1903.  Pope  1878-1903.  He 
was  sent  as  nuncio  to  Brussels  in  1813 ;  was  created  arcli- 
bishop  ot  Perugia  In  1846,  and  cardinal  in  1853;  and 
was  elected  auccessor  of  Pius  IX.  Feb.  20, 1878. 

Leo  I.,  surnamed  "The  Thraeian"  and  "The 
Great."  Born  in  Thrace  about  400 :  died  Feb. 
3,  474.  Byzantine  emperor  457-474.  His  army 
under  Anthemius  defeated  the  Huns  at  Sardica  about  466. 
He  afterward  concerted  with  Anthemius,  who  had  in^the 
meantime  been  elected  emperor  of  Home,  a  joint  attack 
on  Genserio  in  Africa,  which  failed  through  the  treachery 
of  the  Byzantine  general  Aspar. 

Leo  II.  Byzantine  emperor  474,  grandson  of 
Leo  I. 

Leo  III.,  surnamed  "The  Isaurian."  Born  at 
Grermanicia,  Armenia  Minor :  died  June  18,  741. 
Byzantine  emperor  718-741.  He  successfully  de- 
fended Constantinople  against  the  Arabs  who  besieged 
the  city  717-720.  He  prohibited  the  veneration  of  images 
in  726. 

Leo  v.,  surnamed  "The  Armenian."  Killed  at 
Constantinople,  820.  Byzantine  emperor  813- 
820.     Defeated  the  Bulgarians  in  814  and  815. 

Leo  VI.,  surnamed  "The  Wise"  and  "The  Phi- 
losopher." Died  911.  Byzantine  emperor  886- 
911,  son  of  Basil  I. 

Leo  (la-o'),  AndrS.  A  pseudonym  of  Madame 
Champseix. 

Leo  (la'6),  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Rudolstadt,  Ger- 
many, March  19,  1799 :  died  April  24, 1878.  A 
German  historian,  from  1828  professor  of  history 
atHalle.  His  works  include  **Ge8chicbtederitaJienischen 
Staaten"  (1829-30),  "ZwoU  Buoher  niederlandischer  Ge- 
schichten  (1832-^),*' Lehrbuch  derUniversalgeschichte " 
(1885-44),  works  on  German  philosophy,  etc. 

Leo,  Leonardo.  Bom  at  San  Vito  degli  Sehiavi, 
Italy,  1694:  died  1746.  A  noted  Neapolitan 
composer  and  professor  of  music.  He  was  the 
author  of  nearly  50  operas  (among  them ' '  Sof  onisbe,"  1719), 
dramatic  cantatas,  about  100  sacred  compositions,  etc. 
Among  his  sacred  work*  is  a  celebrated  *'  Miserere  "  com- 
posed in  1743.  For  this  he  received  a  pension  from  the 
Duke  of  Savoy. 

Leo  Africanus  (le'6  af-ri-ka'nua)  (Hasan  ibn 
Mohammed).  Died  after  1526.  A  Moorish 
geographer,  author  of  a  description  of  Africa 
(published  in  Italian  in  1588). 

Leoben  (la-6'ben).  A  town  in  Styria,  Austria- 
Hungary,  28  miles  northwest  of  Gratz.  Here, 
April  18, 1797,  Bonaparte  signed  a  provisional  treaty  with 
the  Austrians,  secretly  agreeing  to  give  them  the  greater 
part  of  the  mainland  territory  of  Venice  in  return  for  the 
Netherlands.  It  was  modified  by  the  peace  of  Campo- 
Formio  (which  see).    Population  (1890),  6,613. 

Leobschiitz  (la'op-shUts).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  on  the  Zinna  73  miles 
south-southeast  of  Breslau.  Population  (1890), 
12,559. 

LSocadie  (la-6-ka-de').  A  lyrical  drama  by 
Scribe  and  M61esville,  music  by  Auber.  It  was 
produced  at  the  Op6ra  Comique  Nov.  4,  1824. 

Leochares(le-ok'a-rez).  [Gr.  Aea^dp?;;.^  Lived 
about  the  middle  of  the  4th  century  b.  c.  An 
Athenian  sculptor,  a  pupil  of  Scopas  and  asso- 
ciated with  him  on  the  mausoleum  of  Halioar- 
nassus.  He  Is  probably  represented  by  the  Ganymede 
and  eagle  of  the  Vatican,  supposed  to  be  a  copy  of  his 
celebrated  work. 

Leofric  (le-of'rik).  Died  at  Bromley,  Stafford- 
shire, Aug.  31, 1057.  An  earl  of  Mercia,  son  of 
Leofwine,  ealdorman  of  the  Hwiceas,  a  power- 
ful nobleman  who  shared  with  Godwin  and 
Siward  the  chief  influence  in  the  kingdom  dur- 
ing the  reigns  of  Hardicanute  and  Edward  the 
Confessor.  His  wife  was  Godiva  (Godgifu),  the 
subject  of  a  well-known  legend.     See  Godiva. 

Leofric.  Died  Feb.  10,  1072.  An  English  prel- 
ate, appointed  bishop  of  Devonshire  and  Corn- 
wall in  1046.  The  seat  of  the  bishopric  was,  at  his  re- 
quest, removed  from  Crediton  to  Exeter  in  1060. 

Leofwine  (le-of 'wi-ne).  Killed  at  the  battle 
of  Hastings,  Oct.  14,  1066.  A  younger  son  of 
Earl  Godwin.  He  was  governor  after  1067  of  a  part  ot 
the  kingdom  comprising  Kent,  Surrey,  Essex,  Middlesex 

gxcept  London),  Hertfordshire,  and  Buckinghamshire, 
e  fell  fighting  under  the  standard.  His  death  is  repre- 
sented in  the  Bayeux  tapestry. 

Leoline(le'6-lin),Sir.  AcharqiOterinColeridge's 
"  Christabel." 

LeoMinor(le'o  mi'ngr).  [L., 'the  lesser  lion.'] 
A  constellation  betweenLeo  and  the  Great  Bear, 
first  introduced  in  1690  by  Hevelius. 

Leominster  (lem'stfer).  A  town  in  Hereford- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Lug  12  miles 
north  of  Hereford.  It  had  formerly  a  priory. 
Population  (1891),  5,675. 

Leominster  (lem'in-stSr). 


604 


Leopold  I. 


ter  County,  Massachusetts,   situated   on  the  Leonidas  of  Modern  Greece,  The, 
Nashua  River  38  miles  west-northwest  of  Bos-    given  to  Markos  Bozzaris, 
ton.     Population  (1900),  12,392.  "        '  ''     ''"''"" 

Leon  (la-6n').  l.  A  former  kingdom  in  Spain, 
bounded  by  Asturias  on  the  north.  Old  Castile 
on  the  east,  Estremadura  on  the  south,  and  Por- 
tugal and  Galicia  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  gen- 
erally mountainous.  It  comprised  the  modern  provinces 
of  Leon,  Zaraora,  and  Salamanca.  The  name  of  Kingdom 
of  Leon  was  given  to  the  Asturian  dominions  (see  Astu- 
rias) early  in  the  10th  century.  Leon  was  united  with  Cas- 


A  name 


Leonine  (le'6-nin).  In  Shakspere's  "  Perioles,"^ 
the  attendant  of  Dionysia,  employed  to  murder 
Marina:  he,  however,  sells  her  for  a  slave. 

Leonine  City.  That  part  of  the  city  of  Eom& 
which  is  west  of  the  Tiber  and  north  of  Tras- 
tevere.  it  contains  the  Vatican,  the  Castle  of  St.  Angelo, 
and  the  district  between  (known  as  the  Borgo),  and  is  in- 
closed within  a  separate  line  of  walls.  It  was  first  forti- 
fied by  Pope  Leo  IV.  (whence  the  name).' 


tile  in  1037,  separated  in  1167,  and  finally  reunited  in  1230.  LeonistS  (le'6-nists).  A  name  sometimes  used 
2.  A  province  of  Spain,bounded  by  Oviedo  on  f^,.  ^-^g  members  of  the  religious  body  known 
the  north,  Paleneia  on  the  east,  Valladolid  on    j^g  j^j^g  Waldenses 

the  southeast,  Zamora  on  the  south,  and  Orense  Leonnatus  (le-o-nk'tus).  [Gr.  Atowdrof.]  Died 
and  Lugo  on  the  west.  Area,  6,_167square  miles.     322  b.  c.    A  general  of  Alexander  the  Great,  one 


Population  (1887),  380,229.-3.  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Leon,  situated  on  the  Torio  and 
Bemesga  in  lat.  42°  37'  N.,  long.  5°  38'  "W. :  the 
Roman  Legio  Gemina.    The  cathedral,  one  of  the 


of  the  ablest  of  his  officers.  On  Alexander's  death, 
Leonnatus  received  the  satrapy  of  Hellespontine  Phrygia. 
He  fell  in  battle  against  the  Athenians  and  their  allies  while 
seeking  to  relieve  Antipater  who  was  blockaded  in  Lamia. 


finest  in  Spain,  is  of  the  13th  century,  and  evidently  by  a  LeonnoyS.     See  Lyonesse. 

French  arcliitect.    There  are  three  great  roses,  and  the  LdonorO  (la-O-nor').     In  Moliere  S  "Boole  des- 


vaulting  is  bold  and  lofty.  The  triple  recessed  and  sculp- 
tured western  doors  are  the  best  in  Spain.  The  chapel  of 
Santiago  has  Flemish  windows.  Leon  was  a  Koman  fron- 
tier town,  and  was  very  early  reconquered  from  the  Moors. 
Population  (1887),  13,446. 

Leon.    The  capital  of  the  department  of  Leon, 

Nicaragua,  situated  about  lat.  12°  25' N.,  long.  _,  -        _„.  .,,.  n     ■       1 

86°53'W.    It  contains  a  cathedral.    Founded  on  Lake  L^OnorO   (la-O-nor'),  OU  L  AmOUr  CODJUgal, 


maris,"  the  sister  of  Isabelle.  She  has  been  brought 
up  by  Ariste,  the  brother  of  Sganarelle,  on  a  system  the 
reverse  of  that  pursued  by  the  latter  with  Isabelle. 
Leonora  d'Este.  The  daughter  of  the  Duke  of 
Ferrara,  with  whom  Tasso  fell  in  love.  For  this, 
her  father  imprisoned  him  In  a  madhouse  for  seven  years. 


Managuain  1525,  it  was  removed  to  its  present  site  in  1610. 

Population,  estimated,  26,000. 
Leon  (in  Mexico).     See  Leon  de  los  Aldamas. 
Leon  (la-6u').  In  Beaumarchais's ' '  La  m^re  eou- 

pable,"  the  supposed  son  of  Count  Almaviva : 

really  the  son  of  the  countess  and  Ch^rubin  her 

page. 
Leon  (le'on).    A  character  in  Fletcher's  "Rule 

a  Wife  aiid  Have  a  Wife." 
Leon,  Juan  Ponce  de.     See  Ponce  de  Leon. 
Leon  (la-6n'),  Luis  Ponce  de.  BominBelmonte*  May,  1814.    Grme. 

in  1528 :  died  in  1591.  A  distinguished  Spanish  Leontes  (le-on'tez) 


An  opera  by  Bouilly,  music  by  Gaveaux,  pro- 
duced at  the  Op6ra  Comique  Feb.  19,  1798. 
The  book  was  translated  into  Italian,  composed  by  Paer, 
and  produced  at  Dresden  Oct.  3, 1804.  It  was  also  trans- 
lated into  German  by  Jos.  Sonuleithner  (late  in  1804)  and 
composed  by  Beethoven.  (See  FIdelio.)  The  dates  of 
Beethoven's  overtures  are  as  follows :  L6onore  Wo.  2,  in 
C,  for  the  production  of  the  opera,  Nov.  20, 1806  ;  Lto- 
nore  No.  3,  in  C,  for  the  production  of  the  modified  opera, 
March  29, 1806 ;  Ltonore  No.  1,  in  C,  for  a  performance 
of  the  opera  at  Prague,  May,  1807,  which  did  not  take  place  ;. 
Fidelio,  in  E,  for  the  second  and  final  revision  of  the  opera. 


scholar,  theologian,  and  poet.  He  was  a  monk  of 
the  order  of  St.  Augustine,  and  professor  of  theology  and 
sacred  literature  at  the  University  of  Salamanca.  He  was 
persecuted  by  the  Inquisition  and  imprisoned,  but  finally 
was  set  at  liberty. 

Leon,  New.    See  Ifuevo  Leon. 

Leon,  Nuevo  Beino  de.    See  Nuevo  Leon. 

Leon,  Pedro  de  Cieza  de.     See  Ciena  de  Leon. 

Leon,  Ponce  de.    See  Ponce  de  Leon. 

Leonais,    See  Lyonesse. 

Leonardo  Aretino.    See  Bruni. 

Leonardo  da  Pisa.  Bom  at  Pisa,  1175 :  date  of 
death  unknown.  An  Italian  mathematician. 
He  studied  mathematics  in  the  Orient,  and  was  the  first 


A  prominent  character  in. 


Shakspere's  "Winter's  Tale,"  the  King  of  Si- 
cily. His  jealoMsy,  unlike  that  of  Othello,  is  wilful  and  ty- 
rannical. He  is  the  Egistus  of  Greene's  "  Pandosto,"  froni- 
which  the  play  was  taken. 

Leontes.    See  lAtany. 

Leontini.     See  LenUni. 

Leopardi  (la-o-par'de),  Alessandro.  Bomin  the. 
second  half  of  the  15th  century :  died  some  tima. 
before  1545.  A  Venetian  sculptor  and  architect. 
In  1487  he  was  banished  from  Venice  for  forgery,  but  was 
recalled  about  1490  to  finish  the  GoUeoni  statue  begun  by' 
Verocchio :  this  he  did  in  1496.  He  signed  his  name  on 
the  girth  of  the  saddle,  and  was  called  ever  after  "del  Ca- 
ballo."    He  also  made  the  pedestal  of  the  statue. 


to  apply  algebraical  fonnulse  to  geometrical  demonstra-  iieoparai,  Count  IriaCOmO.     ±Sorn  at  Kecanatl, 


tions'in  his  treatise  "Algebra  et  Almuchabala."  His  real 
name  was  Leonardo  Bonacci,  more  frequently  known  as 
Fibonacci  (Alius  Bonacci). 

Leonardo  da  Vinci.    See  find. 

Leonato  (le-o-na'to).  A  character  in  Shakspere's 
"Much  Ado  about  Nothing,"  the  governor  of 
Messina  and  the  uncle  of  Beatrice. 

Leon  de  los  Aldamas  (la-6n'  da  16s  ai-da'mas), 
or  Leon.  A  city  in  the  state  of  Guanajuato, 
Mexico,  situated  on  the  Torbio  about  190 
miles  northwest  of  Mexico.  Population  (1894), 
47,739. 

Leonforte  (la-on-for'te).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Catania,  Sicily,  Italy,  40  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Catania.  Population  (1881), 
15,645. 

Leonhard  (la'on-hart),  Gustav.  Bom  at  Mu- 
nich, Nov.  22, 1816:  died  Dec.  27, 1878.  A  Ger- 
man geologist  and  mineralogist,  son  of  K.  C. 
von  Leonhard.  He  was  professor  at  Heidelberg.  His 
chief  work  is  "  HandwOrterbuch  der  topographischen 
Mineralogie  "  (1843). 

Leonhard,  Karl  Casar  von.  Bom  atRumpen- 
heim,  near  Hanau,  Prussia,  Sept.  12, 1779:  died 
at  Heidelberg,  Baden,  Jan.  23, 1862.  A  German 
geologist  and  mineralogist,  professor  of  miner- 
alogy and  geognosy  at  Heidelberg  1818-62. 

Leoni  (la-6'ne),  Leone.  Bora,  probably  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Arezzo,  about  1509:  died  at 
Milan,  July  22,  1590.  An  Italian  sculptor  and 
medallist.  He  first  appears  in  Venice  associated  with 
Titian  and  Pietro  Aretino.  In  1537  he  met  Benvenuto 
Cellini  at  Padua  in  competition  for  the  medal  of  Bembo. 


Italy,  June  29,  1798:  died  at  Naples,  June  14, 
1837.  An  Italian  poet  and  philologist.  Hewasfrom 
his  youth  sickly  and  deformed,  was  educated  at  home,  and. 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  clas- 
sics. He  published  in  1818  an  ode  to  Italy,  in  which  he- 
lamented  the  political  and  intellectual  degeneracy  of  his 
country,  and  which  created  a  profound  impression.  Other- 
odes  in  the  same  vein,  notably  one  occasioned  by  Cardi- 
nal Mai's  discovery  of  pai-t  of  Cicero's  "  De  republic^"' 
shortly  secured  for  him  a  place  among  the  first  lyric  poets 
of  Italy.  His  writings  are  marked  by  a  tone  of  despair 
which  has  placed  him  among  the  leaders  of  modem  pes- 
simism. He  went  in  1822  to  Kome,  where  he  prosecuted. 
the  study  of  philology.  He  afterward  resided  during^ 
short  periods  at  Kecanati,  Bologna,  Florence,  Bome,  and. 
Naples.  The  first  collective  edition  of  his  poems  was  pub- 
lished in  1824.  A  collection  of  miscellaneous  prose  essays, 
which  are  hardly  inferior  to  his  poems  in  point  of  style,, 
was  published  in  1827  under  the  title  of  "Operette  mo- 
rali."  His  works  have  been  edited  by  Ranieri  ("Opere,"" 
1846-80)  and  Cugnoni  ("Overe  inedite,"  1878-80). 

Leopold  (le'o-pold)  I.  [G.  Leopold,  Leupold,. 
F.  Liopold,  'Sp.  Pg.  It.  Leopoldo,  from  (5HG. 
Liuipald,  Liutbald  (G.  Luiipold),  bold  for  the 
people.]  Born  at  Coburg,  Germany,  Dec.  16, 
1790:  died  at  Laeken,  near  Brussels,  Dec.  10, 
1865.  King  of  the  Belgians  1831-65,  youngest 
son  of  Francis,  duke  of  Saxe-Coburg.  He  married 
Princess  Charlotte,  daughter  of  George  IV.  of  England, 
in  1816 ;  refused  the  crown  of  Greece  in  1830 ;  was  elected 
king  of  the  Belgians  1831 ;  and  married  Princess  Louise, 
daughter  of  Louis  Philippe,  in  1832. 

Leopold  II.  Born  at  Brussels,  April  9,  1835. 
King  of  the  Belgians  since  1865,  son  of  Leopold. 
I.  He  married  the  archduchess  Marie  Henriette  of  Aus- 
tria in  1858.  He  founded  in  1876  the  International  African 
Association.    See  also  Kongo  Free  State. 


A  town  in  Woroes- 


Through  the  good  will  of  FerranteGonzaga  he  entered  the  T.-n-nrtlil  n^'n-nnlrlM      Rnrn  .Tiiti'b  Q  IfidO-  died 
servici  of  ChSrles  v.,  and  remained  attached  to  the  impe-  JjeopOia  (16  0-pom;  1      Horn  June  9,ib4U.  aieCL 

-  -  -    at  Vienna,  May  5, 1705.    Emperor  of  the  Holy^ 

Roman  Empire  1658-1705,  second  son  of  Ferdi- 
nand III.  He  succeeded  his  father  in  the  empire,  in  the 
hereditary  Hapsburg  dominions,  and  in  Hungary  in  1668. 
War  broke  out  with  the  Turks  in  1661,  and  lasted  until  1664, 
when  a  victory  of  the  imperial  general  Montecucculi,  at  St. 
Gottbard  on  the  Raab,  secured  the  conclusion  of  a  truce  for 
20  years.  In  1672  the  emperor  joined  Brandenburg  in  sup- 
port of  Holland  against  LouisXIV.  of  France.  Peace  was  con- 
cluded in  1679  at  Nimwegen,  where  the  emperor  was  forced 
to  cede  Freiburg  in  the  Breisgau  to  France.  In  1682  a  sec- 
ond war  broke  out  with  the  Turks,  who  were  called  in  by 
the  Hungarian  magnates  under  Tdkbly.  The  grand  vizir 
Kara  Mustapha  invested  (July  14, 1683)  Vienna,  which  was 


rial  household  during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  Many  of 
his  works  are  in  the  MusSe  de  Prado  at  Madrid.  Statues 
of  Charles  V.  and  the  Queen  of  Hungary  are  at  Madrid. 
Medallions  of  Charles  V.  are  at  the  Louvre  and  at  Vienna. 

Leonidas  (le-on'i-das)  I.  [Gfr.  AeaviSag.']  Killed 
at  Thermop'ylw,  Greece,  480  B.C.  A  Greek  hero, 
king  of  Sparta,  famous  for  his  defense  of  the 
pass  of  ThermopylsB  against  the  Persian  army. 
He  was  slain  in  company  with  300  Spartans  and 
700  Thespians.    See  Thermopylse. 

Leonidas.  An  epic  poem  by  Glover,  published 
in  1737. 


Leopold  I. 

defended  by  BUdlger  von  Starhemberg.  The  siege  was 
jraised  by  John  Sobieski,  king  of  Poland,  and  Charles,  duke 
•of  Lorraine,  Sept.  12, 1683.  A  victory  by  the  Imperial  gen- 
eral Prince  Eugene  at  Zenta,  in  1697,  brought  about  the 
peace  of  Carlowitz  (which  see^  in  1699.  Ihrough  the  clidm 
of  his  family  to  the  throne  of  Spain,  vacated  by  the  death 
of  Charles  II. ,  he  became  Involved  in  the  War  of  the  Span- 
ish tiuccession  (see  Spamuh  Succession,  War  of),  which  was 
continued  under  his  successors  Joseph  I.  and  Charles  VI. 

Xeopold  II.  Bom  May  5, 1747 :  died  Marcli  1, 
1792.  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Eomau  Empire 
1790-92,  third  son  of  Francis  I.  and  Maria 
Theresa.  He  was  grand  duke  of  Tuscany  1766-90,  and 
succeeded  his  brother  Joseph  II.  as  emneror  in  1790.  He 
formed  an  alliance  with  Prussia,  Feb.  7,  1792,  against 
revolutionary  France,  and  died  just  as  hostilities  were 
about  to  begin. 

Leopold,  Prince  of  Anhalt-Dessau,  called  "Der 
Alte  Dessauer"  ('The  Old  Dessauer')-  Bom 
at  Dessau,  Germany,  July  3, 1676:  died  at  Des- 
sau, April,  1747.  A  Prussian  field-marshal. 
He  was  distinguished  at  Eiichstadt  in  1703,  Blenheim  in 
1704,  Cassano  in  1705,  Turin  in  1706,  etc.;  was  made  field- 
marshal  in  1712 ;  captured  Kugen  in  1715 ;  and  gained  the 
victories  of  Neustadt,  JSigerndorf,  and  Kesaelsdorf  in  1745. 

Xeopold  I.,  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany.  See  Leo- 
pold II. ,  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

Leopold  II.  Born  Oct.  3, 1797 :  died  at  Brandeis, 
Bohemia,  Jan.  29, 1870.  GrandDuke  of  Tuscany 
1824-59,  second  son  of  the  grand  duke  Ferdi- 
nand ni.  He  granted  in  1847  a  liberal  constitution, 
which|  however,  he  abolished  in  1852.  He  was  expelled  by 
the  democratic  party  in  1859,  and  Tuscany  was  united  with 
Sardinia. 

Leopold  George  Duncan  Albert,  Bom  at 
Buckingham  Palace,  April  7, 1853:  died  March 
28,  1884.  Duke  of  Albany^  youngest  son  of 
Queen  Victoria,  noted  for  his  patronage  of  lit- 
erature and  education. 

Leopoldvllle  (le'o-pold-vil).  A  station  in  the 
Kongo  Free  State,  situated  on  the  Kongo,  at 
Stanley  Pool,  in  lat.  4°  22'  S.,  long.  15°  16' B.  It 
was  founded  by  Stanley  in  1882.  A  railway  has  been  con- 
structed between  this  place  and  Matadi. 

leosthenes  (If-os'the-nez).  [Gr.  AeoaB^Kii.'] 
Died  323  b.  C.  An  Athenian  general,  command- 
er of  the  combined  Greek  armies  in  the  Lamian 
vrar,  323  B.  C. 

Leotychides  (le-o-tik'i-dez).  [Gr.  Aeorvxi^i;.^ 
Died  at  Tegea,  Greece,  about  469  B.  c.  A  Spar- 
tan king,  victor  at  Mycale  in  479  B.C. 

Leovlgila.  King  of  the  Visigoths  in  Spain  569- 
586.    See  the  extract. 

Leovigild  was  in  many  ways  one  of  the  greatest  kings  of 
his  time.  A  bold  and  skilful  general,  he  subdued  the  king- 
dom of  the  Sueves  in  the  northwest  of  Spain,  wrested  from 
the  emperor's  soldiers  several  of  the  cities  which  they  had 
occupied,  and  brought  the  native  inhabitants  of  the  penin- 
sula into  complete  subjection.  He  built  fortresses  and 
bounded  cities,  established  a  new  system  of  administration 
•of  the  kingdom,  and  made  many  new  laws  suited  to  the 
altered  needs  of  his  people.  It  was  under  his  firm  rule  that 
the  Goths  and  the  Bomanised  natives  were  taught  to  feel 
themselves  to  be  the  fellow. subjects  of  one  kingdom,  and 
so  the  process  began  which  ended  in  the  complete  blending 
of  the  two  peoples  into  one.  .  .  .  Itwill  be  remembered 
that  Southey,  in  his  poem  of  "Koderick,"  in  the  complete 
blending  speaks  of : 

"The  golden  pome,  the  proud  array 
Of  ermine,  aureate  vests,  and  jewelry, 
With  all  which  Xeovigild  for  after  kings 
left,  ostentatious  of  his  power." 
The  name  of  Leovigild,  however,  is  best  known  on  account 
of  the  tragic  story  of  the  rebellion  of  his  eldest  son  Ermene- 

'  igild,  honoured  in  later  ages  as  a  saint  and  martyr  of  the 
Catholic  Church.  The  cause  of  trouble  was,  in  this  in- 
stance as  in  many  others  in  Visigoth  history,  a  Frankish 
marriage.  The  bride  whom  Leovigild  obtained  for  his  son 
was  Ingunthis,  the  young  daughter  of  Sigebert  and  Brun- 
liild,  and  the  wedding  was  celebrated  in  Toledo  with  the 
splendid  ostentation  of  which  the  king  was  so  fond.  Er- 
menegild  had  already  received  from  his  father  a  share  in 
the  kingly  dignity,  and  Leovigild  hoped  that  the  marriage 
with  a  Frankish  princess  would  help  to  ensure  his  son's 
succession  to  the  crown.  But  the  young  daughter  of  Brun- 
hild belonged  of  course  to  the  Catholic  faith ;  and  Queen 
Ooiswintha  (th  e  widow  of  Athanagild,  whom  Leovigild  had 
married)  was  a  bigoted  Arian.  The  Franldsh  historian 
Gregory  of  Tours  tells  the  story  that  Goiswintha  dragged 
Ingunthis  to  the  ground  by  her  hair,  beat  her  cruelly,  and 
then  forced  her  to  undergo  baptism  by  an  Arian  priest. 
Very  likely  this  is  pure  fiction,  butitseemstobe  true  that 
Queen  Goiswintha  and  her  daughter-in-law  quarreled  so 
much  that  Leovigild,  for  the  sake  of  peaee,was  glad  to  send 
his  son  to  Seville  as  niler  of  Southern  Spain. 

Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  pp.  321, 322. 

Lepage,  Bastion-.    See  Bastien-Lepage. 

Lepanto  (le-pan'to).  A  small  town  in  the  nom- 
arohy  of  Acamania  and  .SItolia,  Greece,  situ- 
ated on  the  Gulf  of  Lepanto  in  lat.  38°  25'  N., 
long.  21°48'  E. :  the  ancient Naupaetus.  Itwas 
an  Athenian  military  station  5th  century  B.  c, 
and  was  taken  from  the  Venetians  by  the  Turks 
in  1499. 

Lepanto,  Battle  of.  A  naval  victory  gained  Oct. 
7, 1571,  by  the  Italian  and  Spanish  fleets,  under 
Don  John  of  Austria,  over  the  Turka,  west  of 
Lepanto. 

Lepanto,  Bay  of.  An  arm  of  the  Mediterranean 
Sea,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  the  Gulf  of 


605 

Patras :  the  ancient  Corinthiacus  Sinus  (Gulf  of 
Corinth) .  It  separates  Middle  Greece  from  the 
Peloponnesus. 

Lepe  (la'pa),  Diego  de.  Bom  in  Spain  about 
1460:  died,  probably  in  Portugal,  before  1515. 
A  Spanish  navigator,  in  Dec,  1499,  he  sailed  from 
Falos  with  two  vessels,  following  nearly  in  the  track  of 
Pinzon  and  reaching  the  coast  of  South  America  south 
of  Cape  St.  Augustine :  thence  he  followed  the  shore  to 
Venezuela,  returning  to  Spain  in  June,  1600. 

Lepidus  (lep'i-dus),  Marcus  .ffimilius.    A  Eo- 

man consul (lS7 B.  C.)and orator.  Hewassentinto 
Spain  during  his  consulsliip,  and  conducted  an  unsuccess- 
ful war  against  the  VaccaeL 

Lepidus,  Marcus  .Smilius.  Died  about  77  b.  c. 
Father  of  Lepidus  the  triumvir.  He  was  consul  in 
78  B.  0.,  and  was  defeated  by  Pompey  and  Catulus  at  Rome 
77  B.  0. 

Lepidus,  Marcus  .ffimiUus.  Died  13  b.  c.  a 
Roman  politician,  a  member  of  the  triumvirate 
with  Ootavian  and  Antony  in  43  B.  c.  He  was 
deposed  in  36. 

Lepontii  (le-pon'shi-I).  In  ancient  geography, 
an  Alpine  jpeople  in  Rhsetia,  chiefly  in  what  is 
now  the  canton  of  Ticino,  Switzerland. 

Lepontine  (le-pon'tin)  Alps.  [Named  from 
the  Lepontii.]  That  part  of  the  Alps  which  ex- 
tends from  the  Simplon  Pass  eastward  to  the 
Spliigen  Pass,  it  comprises  the  St.  Gotthard,  Ticmo, 
and  Adula  Alps.     Monte  Leone  is  11,660  feet  in  height. 

Leporello  (le-po-rel'ld).  The  valet  of  Don  Gio- 
vanni in  Mozart's  opera  of  that  name.  He  exe- 
cutes the  perfidious  orders  of  his  master,  sympathizes  with 
his  success,  helps  him  out  of  scrapes,  and  is  a  physical  and 
moral  coward.    Compare  Mascarille  and  Sganarelle. 

Lepsius  (lep'se-os),  Karl  Richard.  Bom  at 
Naumburg,  Prussia,  Dec.  23, 1810:  died  at  Ber- 
lin, July  10, 1884.  A  celebrated  German  Egyp- 
tologist and  philologist.  He  conducted  the  Prussian 
expedition  to  Egypt  1842-46,.  Among  his  works  are  "  Denk- 
maler  aus  Agypten  und  Athiopien"  ("Monuments  of 
Egypt  and  Ethiopia,"  1849-69), ' '  Chronologic  der  Agyptor  " 
(1848-49),  "Briefe  aus  Agypten,  etc."  (1852X  "Tjberden 
ersten  agyptischen  GBtterkreis  "  (1861),  etc.  He  also  pub- 
lished "A  Standard  Alphabet  for  reducing  Unwritten 
Languages  and  Foreign  Graphic  Systems  to  a  Uniform 
Orthography  in  European  Letters  "  (1855). 

Leptis  Magna  (lep'tis  mag'na),  or  Neapolis 
(ne-ap'o-lis).  [Gr.  AeTmf.]  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a  seaport  in  northern  Africa,  situated  in 
lat.  32°  38'  N.,  long.  14°  13'  E. :  the  modem 
Lebda.    It  was  a  Phenician  colony.        • 

Lepus  (le'pus).  [L.,' the  Hare.']  An  ancient 
southern  constellation,  situated  south  of  Orion 
and  east  of  Canis  Major.  Its  brightest  star,  of  2.7 
magnitude,  is  in  a  line  from  the  middle  star  of  Orion's 
belt  through  the  sword  of  Orion. 

Le  Put.    See  Puy. 

Lerdo  de  Tejada  (lar'do  da  ta-na'Tna),  Miguel. 
Bom  at  Vera  Cruz,  1814 :  died  in  Mexico  City, 
March22, 1861.  A  Mexican  liberal  politician  and 
author,  in  1866  he  was  Comonfort's  minister  of  the 
treasury ;  held  other  important  ofSces ;  was  a  judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  from  1860 ;  and  was  twice  a  presidential 
candidate.  His  best-known  book  is  "Apunteshistiricos 
de  la  heroica  ciudad  de  Vera  Cruz  "  (5  parts,  1860-65). 

Lerdo  de  Tejada  y  Correal  (e  kor-ra-al'),  Se- 
bastian. Bom  in  Jalapa,  April  25, 1825 :  died 
at  New  York,  April  21, 1889.  A  Mexican  states- 
man, brother  of  Miguel  Lerdo  de  Tejada.  Hewas 
the  leading  minister  of  Juarez  1863-71.  Elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Supreme  Court,  he  became,  by  virtue  of  that 
office,  president  of  Mexico  on  the  death  of  Juarez  (July  18, 
1872).  He  was  confirmed  in  the  position  by  an  election, 
and  claimed  to  have  been  reelected  in  1876 ;  but  in  Nov. 
of  that  year  he  was  driven  from  Mexico  by  the  revolu- 

•  tlonaiy  army  of  Diaz. 

Lerici  (ler'e-che).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Genoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Giilf  of 
Spezia  35  miles  northwest  of  Pisa. 

Lerida  (ler'e-tha).  l.  A  province  in  Catalonia, 
Spain,  which  borders  on  France.  Area,  4,775 
square  miles.  Population  (1887).  285,417.-2. 
The  capital  of  the  province  of  Lerida,  situated 
on  the  Segre  in  lat.  41°  33'  N.,  long.  0°  39'  E. : 
the  ancient  Ilerda.  it  is  strongly  fortified ;  has  a  ca- 
thedral, one  of  the  best  existing  examples  of  early-Pointed 
architecture  ;  and  formerly  had  a  university.  The  place 
was  the  scene  of  Csssar's  victory  over  the  Pompeians  (Afra- 
nius  and  Petreius)  in  49  B.  0.  It  surrendered  to  the  French 
in  1707  and  1810.    Population  (1887),  21,886. 

Lerins  (la-ran'),  iles  de.  A  group  of  small  isl- 
ands in  the  Mediterranean,  opposite  Cannes, 
southeastern  France.  The  chief  islands  are 
St.-Honorat  and  Ste. -Marguerite. 

Lermontoff  (ler'mon-tof),  Mikhail  Yurie- 
Vltch.  Bom  at  Moscow,  Oct.  15, 1814 :  killed 
in  the  Caucasus,  July  27, 1841.  A  Russian  poet 
and  novelist,  sumamed  "the  poet  of  the  Cau- 
casus," whither  he  was  twice  exiled  (1837, 1840), 
and  where  he  was  killed  in  a  duel.  His  best^known 
works  are  the  novel  "Hero  of  our  Time,"  and  the  poems 
"Song  of  the  Tsar  Ivan  Vassilievitch,"  " Ismail-Bey,"  and 
"The  Demon." 

Lerna  (ler'na).     [Gr.  A^pra.]    In  ancient  geog- 


Lesina 

raphy,  a  marshy  region  in  Argolis,  Greece,  south 
of  Argos.  It  is  notable  in  Greek  mythology  for 
the  Lemean  hydra.    See  Hercules. 

Lero  (la'ro).  A  small  island  of  the  Sporades, 
^gean  Sea,  belonging  to  Turkey,  situated  32 
miles  south  of  Samos :  the  ancient  Leros. 

Leroux  (16-r6'),  Pierre.  Bom  at  Paris,  April 
17, 1797 :  died  there,  April  12, 1871.  A  French 
philosophical  writer,  journalist,  and  socialist, 
leader  of  the  Humanitarians.  His  chief  work 
is  "De  rhumanit6"  (1840). 

Leroy-Beaulieu  (le-rwa'bo-ly6'),  Pierre  Paul. 
Born  at  Saumur,  France,  Dec.  9, 1843.  A  French 
political  .economist.  He  became  professor  of  political 
economy  at  the  Ecole  Libre  des  Sciences  PoUtiques  at 
Paris  in  1872,  and  in  the  same  year  founded  "  L'Eoono- 
mistefrancais."  Among  his  works  are  "De  I'itat  social 
et  intelleciuel  des  populations  ouvriires"  (1868),  "Traits 
de  la  science  des  finances  "  (2d  ed.  1879). 

Lerojr  de  Saint-Arnaud.    See  Saint-Amaud. 

Lerwick  (ler'wik  or  ler'ik).  A  seaport  and  the 
chief  town  of  the  Shetland  Islands,  Scotland, 
situated  in  lat.  60°  9'  N.,  long.  1°  9'  W.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  3,783. 

L6ry  (la-re'),  Jean  de.  Born  at  La  Margelle, 
Burgundy,  1534:  died  at  Bern,  Switzerland, 
1611.  A  Protestant  minister  and  author.  Hewas 
with  Villegaignon  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  1656-£8.  Sub- 
sequently he  preached  in  the  soutti  of  France ;  narrowly 
escaped  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  (1672) ;  and  was 
among  the  Protestants  besieged  in  Sancerre.  His  last 
years  were  passed  in  Switzerland.  He  wrote  "Voyage 
f  aicten  la  terre  du  Br^sil "  (1678,  and  numerous  subsequent 
editions),  and  "Kelation  du  sifege  de  Sancerre  "  (1674). 

Le  Sage,  or  Lesage  (16-sazh'),  Alain  Ben£. 
Bom  at  Sarzeau,  Morbihan,  May  8, 1668 :  died 
at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  Nov.  17, 1747.  A  noted 
French  novelist  and  dramatist.  He  studied  phi- 
losophy and  law  at  Paris,  and  was  enrolled  as  a  parliamen- 
tary advocate,  but  soon  devoted  himself  to  literature. 
His  chief  work  is  the  novel  "Gil  Bias"  (1715-36).  Among 
his  other  works  are  the  novel "  Le  diable  boiteux  "  (1707) ; 
the  plays  "Le  point  d'honneur"  (from  the  Spanish  of 
Eojas,  1702), "  Crispin  rival  de  son  maltre  "  (1707),  "Tur- 
oaret  (1708),  etc. ;  the  short  works  "La  vaiise  trouvSe" 
and  "TTne  journ^e  des  Parques";  and  "Guzman  d'Alfa- 
rache,"  "Est^vanille  Gonzales,"  " Le  bachelier  de  Salaman- 
que,"  and  "  Vie  et  aventures  de  M.  de  Beauch^ne,"  ro- 
mances all  more  or  less  borrowed  from  Spanish  originals. 
He  also  translated  Boiardo's  "  Orlando  innamorato,"  and 
wrote  for  the  th^^tre  de  la  foire  (see  the  extract). 

Lesage  is  said  to  have  written  no  less  than  twenty-four 
farce-operettas,  as  they  may  perhaps  best  be  termed,  for 
these  boards  [the  theatre  de  la  foire],  and  the  total  number 
which  he  wrote  for  them  as  whole  or  part  author  is  some- 
times put  at  sixty-four  and  sometimes  at  a  hundred  and 
one.  Saintsbury,  French  Novelists,  p.  73. 

Lesath  (If-sath').  [Ar.  les'ah,  the  sting.]  The 
third-magnitude  star  v  Scorpii,  at  the  end  of  the 
creature's  tail. 

Lesbia  (lez'bi-a).  The  name  by  which  Clodia, 
the  favorite  of  Catullus,  is  referred  to  in  his 
poems. 

Lesbian  Adventures,  The,  or  Lesbiaca  (les- 
bi'a-ka).  A  Greek  romance,  attributed  to  Lon- 
gus.    See  Daphnis  and  Chloe, 

Lesbos  (lez'bos).  [Gr.  AiaPog.']  An  island  in 
the  .^gean  Sea,  intersected  by  lat.  39°  N. ,  long. 
26°  20'  E.,  west  of  Mysia,  Asia  Minor :  the  mod- 
ern Metelino.  Chief  town,  Mytilene.  The  surface 
is  mountainous;  soilfertile.  It  was  colonized  by.^olians; 
was  celebrated  as  a^eat  of  literature  ;  and  was  acquired 
by  the  Turks  in  1462.  (See  further  under  i[ytilene.y 
Length,  about  43  miles.  Population,  estimated,  about 
36,000  (mainly  Greeks). 

Lesches  (les'kez),  or  Lescheus  (les'kus).  [Gr. 
Aeaxm,  Aeaxsvg.']  Bom  at  Pyrrha,  near  Myti- 
lene, about  700,^B.  c.  One  of  the  so-called  cyclic 
poets,  author  of  an  epic  entitled  "  The  Little 
Iliad  "  ('lAmf  fiwpd),  in  four  books.  It  was  designed 
to  be  a  supplement  to  the  Iliad  of  Homer,  and  related  the 
events  which  followed  the  death  of  Hector — namely,  the 
fate  of  Ajax,  the  exploits  of  Ulysses,  the  fall  of  Troy,  etc 

Lescot  (les-ko'),  Pierre.  Bom  at  Paris  about 
1510 :  died  Sept.  10, 1578.  Anoted  French  archi- 
tect. About  all  that  is  known  of  his  personal  history  is  de- 
rived f  rom  apoem  by  Eonsard,  and  the  accounts  of  the  royal 
buildings.  He  was  practically  the  first  architect  of  France 
to  employ  the  classic  forms  in  a  truly  classic  way,  previous 
attempts  being  largely  influenced  by  Gothic  feeling.  His 
work  is  considered  the  best  that  the  Kenaissance  produced 
in  France.  He  was  made  architect  of  the  Louvre  Aug.  3, 
1546,  and  retained  the  office  as  long  as  he  lived.  That  part 
of  the  Louvre  which  was  built  by  Lescot  consists  of  the 
western  side  south  of  the  Tour  d'Orloge,  which  stands  upon 
the  foundations  of  the  great  hall  of  Philippe  Auguate,  and, 
with  a  lower  roof,  remains  just  as  Lescot  left  it ;  the  Pa- 
vilion da  Eoi,  remodeled ;  and  the  western  half  of  the 
south  side,  also  remodeled.  It  is  the  oldest  portion  of  the 
present  palace,  and  has  furnished  the  type  which  has  been 
followed  throughout  the  building. 

Lesghians  (les'gi-anz).  A  collection  of  tribes 
living  in  Daghestan,  Caucasus,  Russia.  Their 
religion  is  a  form  of  Mohammedanism.  Num- 
ber estimated  at  461,000. 

Lesina  (les'e-na).  1.  An  island  in  the  Adriatic 
Sea,  belonging  to  Dalmatia,  Austria-Hungary, 


Lesina 

intersected  by  lat.  43°  8'  N.,  long.  17°  E. 
Length,  43  miles. — 2.  A  seaport  on  the  island 
of  Lesina.    Population  (1890),  3,596. 

LeskovatZ  (les'ko-vats).  A  town  in  Servia, 
situated  on  the  Vetemitza  in  lat.  42°  56'  N., 
Ion§.  21°  57'  E.    Population  (1890),  12,132. 

Leslie  (les'U  or  lez'li),  Alexander,  first  Earl  of 
Leven.  Bom  about  1580:  died  at  Balgonie, 
Fifeshire,  April4, 1661.  A  Scottish  general,long 
in  the  service  of  Charles  IX.  of  Sweden,  and 
Gustavus  Adolphus,  in  the  campaigns  against 
Russia,  Poland,  Denmark,  and  Austria,  in  1628 
he  compelled  Wallenateiu  to  raise  the  siege  o(  Stralsund, 
and  in  1630  seized  the  island  o(  Kiigen  for  the  Swedish  king. 
He  was  made  fleld-marshal  in  1636.  He  returned  to  Scot- 
land,  and  identified  himself  with  the  Covenanters,  resign- 
ing from  the  Swedish  service  in  1638.  The  organization 
and  command  of  the  Scottish  army  were  intrusted  to  him. 
He  captured  Aberdeen  and  Edinburgh  Castle  in  1639,  but 
resigned  in  June  of  that  year  in  order  that  there  might  be 
no  obstacle  to  the  proposed  peace  with  Charles.  On  the 
rupture  of  the  peace,  he  resumed  his  position  as  general 
(April,  1640).  In  1644  he  led  an  army  into  England  to  sup- 
port the  Parliament^  and  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Marston 
Moor,  where  the  troops  under  his  command  were  routed. 
(See  Marston  Moor.)  He  was  relieved  of  his  command 
May  11, 1648,  but  assumed  it  again  in  1648  when  Cromwell 
threatened  Scotland.  In  1651  he  was  surprised  and  cap- 
tured by  a  body  of  English  horse,  carried  to  London,  and 
imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  from  which  he  was  soon  released. 

Leslie,  or  Lesley,  Charles,  Bom  at  Dublin, 
Ireland,  July  17, 1650 :  died  at  Glaslough,  Mona- 
ghan,  Ireland,  April  13,  1722.  A  British  non- 
juror (Jacobite)  and  controversialist.  He  was  an 
opponent  of  William  III.  whom  he  attacked  in  a  pamplilet 
"  Gallienus  Bedivivus,  or  Murther  will  out "  (1695 :  a  princi- 
pal authority  on  the  Glencoe  massacre),  of  Bumet("Tem- 
pora  mutantur,"  1689),  Tillotson,  and  others.  He  also  at- 
tacked the  Quakers  ("The  Snake  in  the  Grass,  or  Satan 
transformed  into  an  Angel  of  Light "  (1696),  and  other  pam- 
phlets) and  the  Jews,  and  enga^edin  political  controversies. 
His  best-known  work  is  "A  Short  and  Easy  Method  with 
the  Deists  "(1698).  He  was  obliged  to  leave  England  (1711) 
to  avoid  arrest  on  account  of  his  political  opinions,  and 
later  joined  the  household  of  the  ;^etender,  whom  he  ar- 
dently supported. 

Leslie,  Cnarles  Robert.  Bom  at  London,  Oct. 
19, 1794 :  died  there,  May  5, 1859.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish painter  and  writer,  son  of  Kobert  Leslie, 
an  American.  He  went  to  America  with  his  parents  in 
1799,  returned  to  England  in  1811  to  study  art,  and  became 
a  pupil  of  Allston  and  West,  and  a  close  friend  of  Consta- 
ble. In  1833  he  was  for  a  brief  period  instructor  of  drawing 
at  West  Point.  He  was  professor  of  painting  at  the  Itoyal 
Academy  184S-52.  Among  his  works  are  numerous  por- 
traits (Washington  Irving,  Scott,  Dickens  asBobadil,  eto.), 
"SirKogerde  Coverley  going  to  Church"  (1819),  "Among 
the  Gypsies  "(1829),  illustrations  of  Irving's  "Sketch-book 
and  "Knickerbocker,  '*  May-day  Revels  in  the  Time  of 
Queen  Elizabeth"  (1821),  "The  Taming  of  the  Shrew" 
(1831),  "Columbus  and  the  Egg"  (1835),  etc.  He  wrote 
"Memoirs  of  John  Constable'^'  (1846),  "Handbook  for 
young  Painters  "  (1865),  "  Autobiographical  Eecollections" 
(edited  by  Taylor,  1865),  "  Life  of  Keynolds  "  (completed  by 
Taylor,  1865X 

Leslie,  David.  Died  1682.  A  Scottish  general, 
first  Lord  Newark.  He  was  colonel  of  horse  under 
Gustavus  Adolphus,  but  returned  to  Scotland  in  1640  to 
support  the  cause  of  the  Covenanters,  and  was  appointed 
major-general  in  the  Scottish  array  underthe  Earl  of  Leven. 
At  the  battle  of  Marston  Moor,  in  which  the  troops  under 
Leven  were  routed  by  Rupert,  he  with  Cromwell  stood 
firm,  and  won  the  day.  His  part  in  the  victory,  which  was 
ignored  by  Cromwell,  has  been  much  discussed,  but  it  was 
certainly  an  important  one.  On  Sept.  13, 1645,  he  defeated 
Montrose.  He  later  supported  the  cause  of  Charles  11., 
and  was  defeated  by  Cromwell  at  Dunbar  Sept.  3, 1660, 
and  again  at  Worcester.  He  was  captured  and  confined 
In  the  Tower  until  1660.  After  the  Restoration  he  was 
created  Lord  Newark. 

Leslie,  Eliza.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Nov. ,  1787 : 
died  at  Gloucester,  N.  J.,  Jan.  2,  1858.  An 
American  authoress,  sister  of  C.  E.  Leslie :  pub- 
lished "Domestic  Cookery  Book"  (1837),  etc. 

Leslie,  Frank  (the  assumed  name  of  Henry 
Carter).  Bom  at  Ipswich,  England,  1821 :  died 
at  New  York,  Jan.  10, 1880.  An  American  pub- 
lisher, founder  (1855)  of  "Prank  Leslie's  Illus- 
trated Newspaper." 

Leslie,  or  Lesley,  Jolin.  Bom  Sept.  29, 1527: 
died  at  Guirtenburg,  near  Brussels,  May  30, 
1596.  A  Scottish  Roman  Catholic  prelate  and 
historian,  bishop  of  Boss,  a  partizau  and  influ- 
ential adviser  of  Mary  Queen  of  Soots,  and  her 
agent  in  many  affairs  during  her  imprisonment. 
He  was  involved  in  the  Norfolk  conspiracy,  and  was  con- 
fined in  the  Tower,  and  later  transferred  to  jarnham  Castle. 
In  1673  he  was  released.  He  wrote  a  history  of  Scotland, 
partly  in  Latin  (1678)  and  partly  in  Scoteh  (published 
1830X  and  various  other  works. 

Leslie,  Sir  John,  Bom  at  Largo,  Fifeshire, 
Scotland,  April  16,  1766:  died  at  Coates,  near 
Largo,  Nov.  3,  1832.  A  Scottish  physicist  and 
geometrician,  made  professor  of  mathematics 
at  Edinburgh  1805.  He  wrote  an  "Inquiry  into  the 
Nature  and  Properties  of  Heat"  (1804),  "Elements  of 
Geometry  "  (1809),  '"Geometrical  Analysis"  (1821),  "Ele- 
ments of  Physics"  (1823),  etc. 

LesUe,  Thomas  Edward  Cliffe.  Bom  in  Ire- 
land, 1827:  died  at  Belfast,  Ireland,  Jan.  27, 
i882.    A  British  political  economist.    He  was  ap- 


606 

pointed  professor  of  jurisprudence  and  political  economy 
in  Queen's  College,  Belfast,  in  1863.  He  wrote  "  Land 
Systems  and  Industrial  Economy  of  Ireland,  England,  and 
Continental  Countries  "  (1870),  "Essays  on  FoUtical  and 
Moral  Philosophy  "  (1879),  etc. 

Lesly, LudoviC.  InScott's  "QuentiuDurward," 
an  archer  of  Louis  XL's  body-guard,  called  Le 
BalafrS  from  a  scar  on  his  face. 

Lespinasse  (la-pi-nas').  Mademoiselle  Julie 
Jeanne  El^onore  de.  Bom  at  Lyons  (baptized 
Nov.  19, 1732) :  died  at  Paris,  May  22, 1776,  A 
French  letter-writer  and  leader  of  society.  She 
was  the  illegitimate  daughter  of  the  Countess  d'Albon.  In 
1754  MadameduDeff  and,  who  had  become  blind,  iuvitedher 
to  live  with  her.  For  ten  years  they  presided  together  over 
their  fashionable  and  literary  salon.  At  the  end  of  that 
time  they  quarreled,  and  Mademoiselle  Lespinasse  estab- 
lished herself  elsewhere  with  D'Alembert,  who  lived  with 
her  in  a  curious  sort  of  relationship  till  her  death. 

Baring  this  time  she  was  a  gracious  hostess,  and  a  bond 
of  union  to  many  men  of  letters,  especially  those  of  the 
younger  philosophe  school.  But  this  is  not  what  gives  her 
her  place  here.  Her  claim  rests  upon  a  collection  of  love- 
letters,  not  addressed  to  D'Alembert.  She  was  thirty-four 
when  the  earliest  of  her  love  affairs  began,  and  had  never 
been  beautiful.  When  she  died  she  was  forty-four,  and 
her  later  letters  are  more  passionate  than  the  earlier. 
Her  first  lover  was  ayoung  Spaniard,the  Marquis  Gonsalvo 
de  Mora;  her  second,  the  Count  de  Guibert,  a  poet  and 
essayist  of  no  great  merit,  a  military  reformer  said  to  have 
been  of  some  talent,  and  pretty  evidently  a  bad-hearted 
coxcomb.    To  him  the  epistles  we  have  are  addressed. 

Saintsbury,  Short  Hist.  French  Lit.,  p.  417. 
[Published  by  the  widow  of  Guibert  i)i  1809.] 

Lesseps  (les'eps;  F.  pron.  le-se^s'),  Vicomte 
Ferdinand  de.  Bom  at  Versailles,  France, 
Nov.  19,  1805:  died  near  Paris,  Dec.  7,  1894. 
A  celebrated  French  engineer  and  diplomatist. 
He  was  ambassador  at  Madrid  in  1848,  and  was  sent  on  a 
special  mission  to  Rome  in  1849.  He  is  chiefly  known  as 
the  projector  and  engineer  of  the  Suez  Canal,  work  on 
which  was  commenced  in  1869,  and  which  was  opened  in 
1869.  He  afterward  formed  a  company  for  the  purpose  of 
cutting  a  canal  through  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  and  work 
on  the  canal  began  in  1881.  The  scheme  collapsed,  and  a 
judicial  inquiry  into  the  affairs  of  the  company  resulted 
in  a  sentence  of  imprisonment  against  De  Lesseps  in  1893, 
which  was  not  carried  into  effect.  He  published  "Lettres, 
etc.,  pour  servir  k  I'hlstoire  du  canal  de  Suez"  (1876). 
See  Suez  Canalj  Panama  Canal. 

Lessines  (les-sen').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hainaut,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Dender  26 
miles  west-southwest  of  Brussels.  Population 
(1890),  8,225. 

Lessing  (les'sing),  Gotthold  Ephraim.  Bom 
at  Camenz,  Upper  Lusatia,  Jan.  22,  1729:  died 
at  Brunswick,  Feb.  15, 1781.  A  celebrated  Ger- 
man dramatist  and  critic.  His  father  was  a  clergy- 
man. He  attended  school  at  Camenz  and  Meissen,  and 
in  1746  went  to  Leipsic  to  study  theology.  Instead,  how- 
ever, of  pursuing  his  studies  in  this  direction,  he  soon  gave 
his  principal  attention  to  the  theater.  In  1748,  in  his  third 
semester  at  the  university,  was  produced  his  first  comedy, 
"Der  junge  Gelehrte"(''The  Young  Scholar").  His  asso- 
ciation with  the  theater  having  given  offense  to  his  parents, 
he  was  summoned  home.  He  soon,  nevertheless,  returned 
to  Leipsic,  where  he  matriculated  as  a  student  of  medi- 
cine. This  same  year  (1748)  he  went  to  Berlin,  where  he 
supported  himself  by  making  translations  and  writing 
criticisms,  reviews,  and  original  work.  In  1751  he  went 
to  Wittenberg  to  complete  his  studies  at  the  university. 
After  taking  the  degree  of  master,  he  returned  to  Berlin 
in  1752.  In  1751  he  had  already  published  a  collection  of 
poems  under  the  title  "Kleinigkeiten"  ("Trifles").  In 
1753  he  began  the  publication  of  his  collected  works,  two 
volumes  of  which  were  issued  that  year,  two  in  1754,  and 
two  more  in  1755,  in  which  year  he  also  wrote  his  first 
tragedy,  "Miss  Sara  Sampson."  Several  comedies  fall  in 
this  early  period,  namely,  "Der  Misogyn"  ("The  Misogy- 
nist"), "Die  Juden"  ("The  Jews"), "  Der  Freigeist"  ("The 
Freethinker"),  "Der  Sohatz"  ("The  Treasure").  He  had 
also  written  a  number  of  Anacreontic  poems,  poetic  fables, 
epigrams,  and  didactic  poems.  In  the  autumn  of  1766  he 
returned  once  more  to  Leipsic,  where  with  slight  interrupt 
tions  he  remained  until  1757.  In  1758  be  went  back  to 
Berlin,  and  began  there  the  following  year,  in  conjunction 
with  Moses  Mendelssohn  and  the  bookseller  Nicolai,  his 
"  Litteraturbrief  e  '■'  ("  Letters  on  Literature  "),  which  were 
continued  down  to  1765.  He  published  too,  at  this  time, 
a  collection  of  prose  fables,  a  number  of  odes  in  prose,  and 
the  one-act  tragedy  "  Philotas,"  and  sketched  the  plan  of 
a  "Faust,"  which,  however,  was  never  written.  In  1760 
he  went  to  Breslau  as  secretary  to  General  von  Tauentzien. 
In  1763  he  wrote  the  comedy  "Minna  von  Bamhelm," 
which  was  not  published  until  1767.  From  Breslau  he 
returned  in  1765  to  Berlin,  where  he  next  wrote  his  great 
critical  work  "Laokoon,"  which  was  published  in  1766. 
The  succeeding  year  he  went  to  Hamburg  in  order  to  take 
part  as  a  critic  in  the  foundation  of  a  German  national 
theater.  The  result  of  this  undertaking  was  the  series  of 
dramatic  criticisms  published  twice  a  week  from  1767  to 
1769  underthe  title  "Hamburgische  Dramaturgie"("  Ham- 
burg Dramaturgy").  In  1768  appeared  " Brief e  antiqua- 
rischen  Inhalts  "  ("  Antiquarian  Letters  "),  directed  against 
Professor  Klotz  of  Halle.  In  1769  appeared  the  archeso- 
logical  treatise  "Wie  die  Alten  den  Tod  gebildet"  ("How 
the  Ancients  depicted  Death").  In  this  year  he  received 
a  call  as  librarian  to  the  ducal  library  in  Wolfenbiittel,  a 
position  which  he  held  from  the  spring  of  1770  until  his 
death.  In  1772  appeared  the  tragedy  "Emilia  Galotti." 
From  1773  to  1781  were  published  a  series  of  "Contribu- 
tions to  History  and  Literature  from  the  Treasures  of  the 
Wolfenbiittel  Library  "  ("Beitrage  zur  Geschichte  und  Lit- 
teratur  aus  den  Schatzen  der  Wolfenbiittel.  Bibliothek  "). 
"Fragmente  eines  Wolfenbiittelschen  ITngenannten," 
theological  criticisms  purporting  to  be  extracts  from  the 
writings  of  "an  anonymous  Wolf enbUtteler, "  but  really 


Lettres  £difiantes 

written  by  the  Hamburg  professor  and  philosopher  H.  S. 
Reimarus,  published  from  1774  to  1778,  involved  him  in  a 
bitter  controversy  with  Pastor  Goeze  of  Hamburg.  Against 
him  he  wrote  the  scathing  polemics  contained  in  bis  "Antl- 
Goeze,"  which  appeared  also  in  1778.  This  same  year 
was  published  "Ernst  und  Falk,  Gesprache  fiir  Frei- 
maurer"  ("Ernst  and  Falk,  Dialogues  for  Freemasons"). 
In  1779  appeared  the  drama ' '  Nathan  der  Weise  "  ("Nathan 
the  Wise  '0,  and  in  1780,  flnall}-,  the  treatise  "  Die  Erzie- 
hung  des  Menschengeschlechts  "  ("  The  Education  of  the 
Human  Race '^  — like  the  "Anti-Goeze  "papers  and  "Na- 
than," a  result  of  the  theological  controversies  of  the  last 
years  of  his  life.  His  collected  works  were  published  in 
Berlin  1826-28,  in  32  vols. ;  and  again,  by  Karl  Lachmann, 
in  Berlin  1838-40,  in  13  vols. 

Lessing,  Karl  Friedrich.  Born  at  Breslau, 
Prussia,  Feb.  15, 1808 :  died  at  Karlsruhe,  Baden, 
June  5,  1880.  A  German  historical  and  land- 
scape painter,  grandnephew  of  G.  E.  Lessing. 
Many  of  his  subjects  were  taken  from  scenes  in 
the  life  of  Huss. 

Lessinian  (le-sin'i-an)  Alps,.  A  group  of  the 
Alps  on  the  border  of  Tyrol  and  Italy,  between 
the  Adige  and  the  Brenta. 

Lesson  in  Anatomy,  The,  A  painting  by  Rem- 
brandt (1632),  in  the  museum  at  The  Hague, 
Holland,  it  represents  Nicolaus  Tulp,  a  noted  anato- 
mist, demonstrating  the  anatomy  of  the  dissected  arm  of  a 
corpse  to  several  students,  in  presence  of  two  members  of 
the  gild  of  surgeons.    All  the  figures  are  portraits. 

Lestocn  (les-tok').  Count  Johann  Hermann 
von.  Bom  at  Celle,  Prussia,  April  29,  1692: 
died  June  23,  1767.  A  surgeon  at  the  Russian 
court,  a  favorite  and  councilor  of  the  empress 
Elizabeth  1741-48. 

L'Estrange  (les-tranj').  Sir  Roger.  Bom  at 
Hunstanton,  Norfolk,  Dee.  17,  1616:  died  at 
London,  Dec.  11,  1704.  An  English  journalist 
and  royalist  pamphleteer,  licenser  of  the  press 
under  Charles  H.  and  James  H.  He  served  in  the 
royal  army  against  the  Parliament,  and  in  an  attempt  to 
carry  out  a  plot  for  the  capture  of  Lynn  was  betrayed, 
arrested,  and  condemned  to  death,  but  remained  at  New- 
gate until  1648,  when  he  escaped  to  Holland.  He  returned 
to  England  in  1653.  In  1663  he  was  appointed  surveyor 
of  printing-offices  and  licenser  of  the  press,  and  founded 
"The  Intelligencer"  (Aug.  31)  and  "The  News,"  both  of 
which  ceased  to  exist  in  1666.  From  1681  to  1687  he  issued 
the  "Observator."  He  published  a  great  number  of  pam- 
phlets political  and  personal,  "The  Fables  of  .^sop  and 
other  Eminent  My  thologists  with  Moral  Reflections  "(1692^^ 
"The  Works  of  Flavius  Josephus  compared  with  the  Origi- 
nal Greek"  (1702),  a  translation  of  the  "Vision  of  Queve- 
do,"  eto. 

Lesueur  (l6-su.-6r'),  Eustache.  Born  at  Paris, 
Nov.  19,  1617:  died  there,  Ai)ril  30,  1655.  A 
French  historical  painter.  His  chief  work  is 
"Life  of  St.  Bruno"  (Louvre). 

Lesueur,  Hubert.  Bom  at  Paris  about  1595: 
died  at  London  about  1652.  A  French  soulp- 
tor,.resident  in  England  after  1628.  He  completed, 
in  1634,  bronze  statues  of  the  king  and  queen,  now  in  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford,  and  executed  many  works  for  the 
king. 

Lesueur,  Jean  Francois,  Bom  at  Dmcat-Ples- 
siel,  near  Abbeville,  France,  Jan.  15,  1763: 
died  at  Paris,  Oct.  6, 1837.  A  French  composer, 
author  of  the  opera  "Les  bardes"  (1804),  etc. 

Leszczynski,    See  Stawislaus  LeszczynsM. 

Lethe  (le'the),  [Gx.K^.']  InGre.ekmythology: 
(a)  The  personification  of  oblivion,  a  daugh- 
ter of  Eris.  (6)  The  river  of  oblivion,  one  of 
the  streams  of  Hades,  the  waters  of  which  pos- 
sessed the  property  of  causing  those  who  drank 
of  them  to  forget  their  former  existence.  Ari- 
osto  places  it  ia  the  moon,  and  Dante  in  purga- 
toiy. 

Lethe,  A  play  by  Garrick,  produced  April  15, 
1740,  and  subsequently  enlarged, 

Letheby  (leth'bi),  Henry,  Bom  at  Plymouth, 
1816 :  died  at  London,  March  28, 1876.  An  Eng- 
lish chemist,  lecturer  on  chemistry  at  the  Lon- 
don Hospital:  author  of  "Food:  its  Varieties, 
etc."  (1870), 

Letmathe  (let'ma-te).  Atown  in  the  province 
of  Westphalia,  Pmssia,  east  of  Elberfeld-Bar- 
meu. 

Leto  (le'to).  [Gr.  A7T(i.]  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  daughter  of  the  Titan  Coeus  and  Phoebe, 
and  mother  by  Zeus  of  Apollo  and  Artemis.  Ac- 
cording to  the  earlier  form  of  the  myth,  she  was  the  wife 
of  Zeus  before  he  married  Hera ;  according  to  the  later 
form,  his  mistress  after  his  marriage  with  Hera.  Her 
name  became  Latona  in  Roman  mythology. 

Leto  (la'to),  PomponiO,  The  nom  de  plume  of 
the  Marchese  Vitelleschi. 

Letton  (let'on),  John.  A  printer,  living  in  the 
second  half  of  the  15tii  century,  who  was  "the 
first  printer  who  set  up  a  printing-press  ta 
.the  city  of  London.  .  ,  ,  He  probamy  died  or 
ceased  printing  about  1483"  {Diet.  Nat.  Biog  ). 

Lettres  fidifiantes :  in  full "  Lettres  fidifiantes 
et  Curieuses,  6crites  des  missions  6trangferes  par 
quelques  missionaires  de  la  compamiie  de  JS- 
sus."    A  collection  of  letters  from  Jesuit  mis- 


Lettres  fdifiantes 

eionaries,  piineipally  in  America  and  Asia,  first 

?ublished  at  Paris,  in  34  vols.  12mo,  1702-76. 
here  are  many  other  edltlans,  that  of  1780-83  in  26  vols, 
being  generally  preferred ;  later  ones  have  various  addi- 
tions ;  and  there  is  a  second  collection  entitled  "  Nouvelles 
Iiettres  £diflantes  des  missions  de  la  Chine  et  des  Indes 
Orientales  "  (8  vols.  1818-23).  Spanish  and  Italian  editions 
have  been  published,  and  an  abridged  one  in  English. 
Many  of  these  letters  are  of  great  historical  and  ethno- 
graphical Interest. 

Letts  (lets).  A  branch,  of  the  Lithuanian  or 
Lettic  race,  inhabiting  chiefly  the  Russian  prov- 
inces of  Courland,  Livonia,  and  Vitebsk.  The 
Letts  call  themselves  Latvis. 

Letzten  Dinge,  Die,  [G., '  The  Last  Things.'] 
An  oratorio  by  Spohr,  produced  at  Cassel  on 
Good  Friday,  1826.  It  is  known  in  English  as 
"  The  Last  Judgment." 

Leucadia,  or  Leucas.    See  Santa  Maura. 

LeucllteilDerg  (loich'ten-bera).  Formerly,  a 
small  princely  landgraviate  in  the  Upper  Palati- 
nate .  It  came  into  the  possession  of  the  Bavarian  dynasty 
in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century.  Eug6ne  de  Beauhar- 
nais  was  made  duke  of  Leuchtenberg  in  1817. 

Leucippe  and  Cleitophon  (lu-sip'e  and  kli'to- 
fon).  A  Greek  romance  by  Achilles  Tatius, 
■written  in  the  5th  century. 

The  story  [by  Achilles  Tatius]  is  entitled  "the  adven- 
tures of  leucippe  and  Cleitophon,"  in  eight  books.  Its 
chief  merit  consistsluthe  descriptions  in  which  itabounds; 
the  incidents  are  complicated  and  tedious,  and  the  char- 
acter of  the  hero  is  below  contempt.  The  probability  of 
the  narrative  is  quite  overthrown  by  the  awkward  machin- 
ery. The  hero,  Cleitophon,  tells  his  own  story,  from  the 
third  chapter  of  the  first  book  down  to  the  end  of  the  ro- 
mance, without  any  interruption  from  the  unknown  lis- 
tener, who  happens  to  be  looking,  with  him,  at  a  picture 
of  the  rape  of  Europa.  The  drtwiatispersotiss  are  Hippias 
of  Tyre,  who  has  two  children  by  different  mothers,  Cleito- 
phon and  Calligone ;  Sostratus,  the  brother  of  Hippias, 
his  wife  Pauthia,  and  his  daughter  Leucippe ;  Cleinias,  the 
cousin  of  Cleitophon ;  a  cunning  slave,  Satyrus ;  Menelaus, 
an  Egyptian,  whose  acquaintance  Cleitophon  makes  when 
he  runs  away  with  Leucippe  from  Berytus  to  Alexandria; 
certain  pirates  and  soldiers;  Melitte,  a  supposed  widow 
of  Ephesus,  but  residing  at  Alexandria,  who  falls  in  love 
with  Cleitophon,  and  induces  him  to  marry  her,  in  the  be- 
lief that  Leucippe  is  dead ;  Thersander,  the  husband  of 
Melitte,  who  had  escaped  from  shipwreck  without  her 
knowledge ;  and  Sosthenes,  the  slave  of  Thersander.  All 
tliese  parties  make  their  entries  on  the  stage  with  melo- 
dramatic exactness;  everybody  appears  at  the  critical 
time ;  and,  in  spite  of  all  difficulties,  the  lovers  are  united 
at  the  end  of  the  piece. 

K.  0.  JUiiUer,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  IIL  356. 

[{Donaldson.) 

Leucippns  (lu-sip'us).  [Gr.  Aei/wimog.']  Lived 
about  500  B.  c.  A  noted  Greek  philosopher, 
founder  of  the  atomic  school  of  philosophy. 

Lenckart  (loik'art),  Karl  Georg  Friearicli 
Sudolf.  Born  at  Hehnstedt,  Germany,  Oct.  7, 
1822 :  died  at  Leipsic,  Feb.  6, 1898.  A  German 
zoologist,  professor  at  Leipsio  from  1869 :  espe- 
cially noted  as  a  helminthologist.  He  published 
"Die  Parasiten  des  Mensehen"  (1863-76),  etc. 

Leucopetra  (lu-kop'e-tra).  [Gr.  KevKOTrhpa.'] 
In  ancient  geography:  \a)  A  promontory  at 
the  southwestern  extremity  of  Italy:  the  mod- 
ern Capo  dell'  Armi.  (6)  A  village  on  the  Isth- 
mus of  Corinth.  Here,  146  b.  c,  the  Romans 
under  Mummius  defeated  the  Aohsean  League 
under  Diseus. 

2ieucotIiea  (lu-ko-the'a).  [Gr.  KsvKoBka.l  A 
name  of  Ino. 

Leucothea,  or  Leukothea.  An  asteroid  (No. 
35)  discovered  by  Luther  at  Bilk,  April  19, 1855. 

Leuctra  (liik'tra) .  [Gr.  to,  AevnTpa.  ]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  village  in  Boeotia,  Greece,  about 
7  mSes  southwest  of  Thebes,  it  is  celebrated  for 
the  victory  gained  here,  371  B.  0.,  by  the  Thebans  under 
Epaminondas  over  the  Spartans  under  Cleombrotus. 

Leuk  (loik),  F.  LouSche  (lo-esh').  A  village  in 
the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  situated  on 
the  Rhone  14  miles  northeast  of  Sion. 

Leuk,  Baths  of,  G.  Leakerbad  (loi'ker-bM). 
A  village  5  miles  north  of  Leuk,  noted  for  its 
hot  mineral  baths. 

Leukas.    See  Santa  Maura. 

Leuthen  (loi'ten).  A  village  in  the  province 
of  Silesia,  Prussia,  10  miles  west  of  Breslau.  it 
was  the  scene  of  a  victory  gained  Dec.  5, 1767,  by  the  Prus- 
sians (30,000)  under  Frederick  the  Great  over  the  Austrians 
(80,000)underPrinceCharles.  The  Austrian  loss  was  about 
7,000  in  killed  and  wounded,  and  many  thousands  were 
taken  prisoners.  The  Prussian  loss  was  about  6,000.  This 
battle  is  a  remarkable  instance  of  Frederick's  superiority 
in  tactics. 

Leutkirch  (loit'kirch).  A  small  town  in  Wiir- 
temberg,  41  miles  south  of  Ulm. 

Leutschau  (loit'shou).  Hung.  Locse  (16'cha). 
The  capital  of  the  county  of  Zips,  Hungary,  sit- 
uated in  lat.  49°  2'  N.,  long  20°  35'  E.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  6,818. 

Leutze  (loit'se),  Emanuel.  Bom  at  Gmilnd, 
Wlirtemberg,  May  24,  1816:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  July  18, 1868.    A  German-American 


607 

historical  painter  of  the  Diisseldorf  school. 
Among  his  works  are  "Washington  Crossing  the  Dela- 
ware," "Washington  at  Monmouth,"  "Landing  of  the 
Norsemen,"  "Cromwell  and  his  Daughter,"  etc, 

Leuwenhoek.    See  Leeuwenhoek. 

Levadia.    See  Livadia. 

Levaillant  (le-va-yon'),  Francois.  Bom  at 
Paramaribo,  Dutch  Guiana,  1753:  died  at  Su- 
zanne, France,  Nov.  22,  1824.  A  French  orni- 
thologist, and  traveler  in  southern  Africa  1781- 
1785.  He  published  accounts  of  his  travels 
(1790  and  1796). 

Levambert  (le-von-bar'),  Louis.  Bom  at  Pa- 
ris, 1614:  died  1670.  A  French  sculptor.  Much 
of  his  work  is  in  the  park  of  Versailles. 

Ldvan  (la-von'),  Louis.  Bom  in  1612:  died  in 
1668.  A  noted  French  architect.  Hisflrst  work,  ap- 
parently, was  in  1643  at  the  Chateau  de  Vaux-le-Vicompte. 
He  was  afterward  charged  with  the  transformation  of  the 
Chd,teau  de  Vincennes.  He  succeeded  Lemercier  as  archi- 
tect of  the  Louvre  and  Tuileries,  and  completed  the  eastern 
and  northern  sides,  except  the  portico  of  Perrault.  At  the 
Tuileries  Louis  XIV.  ordered  Mvan  to  remodel  the  pal- 
ace, which  he  did  at  the  expense  of  De  I'Drme's  work, 
leaving  intact  only  the  order  of  the  Eez  de  Chauss^e.  He 
also  built  the  Pavilion  de  Marsan  and  the  old  Pavilion  de 
Flore.  In  1661  he  built  the  Palais  des  Quatres  Nations, 
now  the  Institut.  He  was  also  the  first  architect  of  Saint 
Sulpioe,  and  built  the  Chapel  de  la  Salp  toi  to,  Saint-Louis 
en  rile,  etc.  He  added  two  pavilions  and  an  orangerie  to 
the  old  Chateau  de  Versailles  built  by  Louis  XIII. 

Levana  (le-va'na).  In  Roman  mythology,  a 
goddess,  the  protectress  of  children. 

Levana.  An  educational  treatise  by  Richter, 
published  in  1807. 

Levanna  (le-van'na) .  A  peak  of  the  Graian  Alps, 
on  the  frontier  of  France  and  Italy.  Height, 
11,940  feet. 

Levant  (If-vanf),  The.  [D.  levant,  G.  Levante, 
Dan.  Bw.' levant,  F.  levant,  Sp.  Pg.  It.  levante, 
from  ML.  levan{t-)s,  the  sunrise,  the  east,  the 
orient;  prop,  adj.,  rising:  applied  to  the  sun.] 
The  region,  east  of  Italy,  lying  on  and  near  the 
Mediterranean,  sometimes  reckoned  as  extend- 
ing east  to  the  Euphrates  and  as  taking  in  the 
Nile  valley,  thus  including  Greece  and  Egypt; 
more  specifically,  the  coast  region  and  islands 
of  Asia  Minor  and  Syria:  a  name  originally 
given  by  the  Italians. 

Levantina,  Valle.     See  Zeventina. 

Levanto  (le-van'to).  A  small  town  in  north- 
ern Italy,  on  the  Riviera  12  miles  northwest  of 
Spezia. 

Leven,  Earl  of.    See  Leslie,  Alexander. 

Leven  (le'vn),  Loch.  1.  A  salt-water  loch  on 
the  boundary  of  Argyll  and  Inverness,  Scotland. 
It  joins  Loch  Linnhe. —  2.  See  Lochleven. 

Leventina  (la-ven-te'na),  or  Levantina  (la- 
van-te'na),  Valle,  G.  Llvinenthal  (le-fe'nen- 
tal).  The  valley  of  the  upper  Ticino  from 
Airolo  to  Biasoa,  in  the  canton  of  Ticino,  Swit- 
zerland.   Length,  about  22  miles. 

Lever  (le'vfer).  Sir  Ashton.  Bom  at  Alkriug- 
ton,  near  Manchester,  March  5,  1729:  died  at 
Manchester,  Jan.  24,  1788.  An  English  natu- 
ralist, noted  as  a  collector.  His  extensive  collection 
of  various  objects  of  interest — the  Leverian  Museum- 
was  for  many  years  one  of  the  sights  of  London.  It  was 
disposed  of  by  lottery  in  1788,  and  dispersed  by  auction  in 
1806. 

Lever,  Charles  James.  Bom  at  Dublin,  Aug. 
31, 1806 :  died  at  Triest,  June  1, 1872.  An  Irish 
novelist,  of  English  descent.  He  graduated  at  Trin- 
ity College,  Dublin ;  studied  medicine  (which  he  prac- 
tised in  Brussels  1840-42) ;  was  editor  of  the  "Dublin  Uni- 
versity Magazine"  1842-45;  settled  in  Florence  in  1847; 
and  was  appointed  consul  at  Spezia  in  1857,  and  at  Triest 
in  1867.  He  wrote  "Harry  Lorrequer"  (1837),  "Charles 
O'Malley"  (1840),  "Tom  Burke  of  Ours"  (1844),  "Arthur 
0'Leary"(1844),  "Koland  Cashel "  (1860),  "The  Dodd Fam- 
ily Abroad"  (1863-64),  "Con  Cregan"  (1849),  "The  Dal- 
tons  "  (1862),  "Lord  Kilgobbin  "  (1872),  etc. 

Leverett  (lev'er-et),  Frederick  Percival. 
Born  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  Sept.  11, 1808:  died 
at  Boston,  Oct.  6, 1836.  An  American  classical 
scholar,  author  of  a  Latin  lexicon  (1887). 

Leverett,  Sir  John.  Born  in  England,  1616 : 
died  March  16,  1679.  A  colonial  governor  of 
Massachusetts  1673-79. 

Leveridge  (lev'6r-i j),  Richard.  Bom  in  1670 : 
died  March  22, 1758.  An  English  singer.  He  had 
a  very  deep  bass  voice,  which  was  unimpaired  for  many 
years.  About  1719  he  opened  a  coffee-house  in  Covent 
Garden.  He  published  a  volume  of  songs  with  music  in 
1727. 

Leverrier  (16-va-rya'),  Urbain  Jean  Joseph. 
Born  at  St.-Ld,  France,  March  11, 1811 :  died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  23,  1877.  A  noted  French  astrono- 
mer, who  shares  with  J.  C.  Adams  the  honor  of 
discovering  the  planet  Neptune  in  1846.  (See 
Neptune.)  He  became  director  of  the  Paris 
Observatory  in  1854. 

Leveson  (W'son),  Sir  Richard.  Bom  1570:  died 
at  London,  J'iily,  1605.     An  English  admiral, 


Levites 

appointed  vice-admiral  of  England  in  1604.  He 
commanded  a  squadron  despatched  (unsuccessfully)  to  the 
Azores  to  capture  the  Spanish  treasure-ships  in  1600,  and. 
defeated  the  Spaniards  in  the  harbor  of  Kinsale  Oct.,  1601,. 
and  in  Cezimbra  Bay  June  3,  1602. 

Leveson-Gower;  Lord  Francis.  See  Egerton, 
Francis. 

Leveson-Gower  (Wsou-gor'),  George  Gran- 
ville, first  Duke  of"  Sutherland.  Bom  at 
London,  Jan.  9,  1758 :  died  July  19,  1833.  An 
English  nobleman,  eldest  son  of  the  first  Mar- 
quis of  Stafford  by  his  second  wife,  daughter 
of  the  first  Duke  of  Bridgewater:  created  duke 
of  Sutherland  in  1838.  He  was  a  member  of  the- 
House  of  Commons  1778-98  (except  1784-87),  and  was  am- 
bassador at  Paris  1790-92.  By  inheritance  and  by  marriage 
with  the  Countess  of  Sutherland,  he  became  possessed  of 
vast  wealth. 

Leveson-Gower,  Lady  Georgiana  Charlotte. 
Born  Sept.  28,  1812 :  died  Jan.  19,  1885.  An 
English  novelist,  daughter  of  the  fir  st  Earl  Gran- 
ville :  after  her  marriage  in  1883  Lady  Georgi- 
ana FuUerton.  she  wrote  "  Life  of  St.  Francis  of  Eome,. 
etc."  (1886),  "Lauientia"  (1861),  "Hose  Leblanc "  (1861), 
' '  Too  Strange  not  to  beTrue  (1864), "  Constance  Sherwood  " 
(1866),  "A  Stormy  Lite  "  (1867), "  Mrs.  Gerald's  Niece  "  (1869),. 
"A  Will  and  a  Way"  (1881),  and  various  lives  of  saints, 
and  translations,  principally  from  the  French. 

Leveson-Gower,  Granville,  first  Marquis  of 
Stafford.  Bom  Aug.  4,  1721:  died  Aug.  15, 
1805.  An  English  nobleman.  The  third  son  of  th& 
first  Earl  Gower,  he  succeeded  his  father  in  1764,  and  was 
created  marquis  of  Stafford  in  1786.  He  was  a  lord  of  the. 
admiralty  in  1749,  lord  privy  seal  1766-67  and  1784-94,  and, 
president  of  the  council  1767-79  and  1783-84. 

Leveson-Gower,  Granville,  first  Earl  Gran- 
ville. Bom  Oct.  12,  1778 :  died  at  London,  Jan. 
8,  1846.  An  English  diplomatist,  created  Earl 
Granville  in  1883 :  third  son  of  the  first  Mar- 
qius  of  Stafford.  He  was  ambassador  extraordinary  at 
St.  Petersburg  1804-06,  minister  at  Brussels  1816,  and  am- 
bassador at  Palis  1824-41  (with  interruptions). 

Leveson-Gower,  Grranville  George,  second 
Earl  Granville.  Born  at  London,  May  11, 1815 : 
died  at  London,  March  31,  1891.  An  English 
Liberal  statesman,  eldest  son  and  successor 
(1846)  of  the  first  Earl  Granville.  He  entered  the- 
House  of  Commons  in  1836,  and  the  House  of  Lords  in  1846. 
He  was  under-secretary  of  state  for  foreign  affairs  1840-41 ;. 
vice-president  of  the  board  of  trade  and  paymaster  of  the 
forces  1848-51  (entering  the  cabinet  1861) ;  successor  to 
Palmerston  in  the  foreign  office  1861-62  ;  and  president  of 
the  council  1862-64.  In  June,  1869,  he  attempted,  with- 
out success,  to  form  a  cabinet,  and  accepted  the  presi- 
dency of  the  council  under  Palnlerston.  He  was  appoint- 
ed secretary  of  state  for  the  colonies  under  Gladstone  in 
1868,  and  was  secretary  for  foreign  affairs  1870-74.  It  was. 
during  this,administration  that  the  treaty  of  Washington 
was  signed.  (See  Alabama  claims,  and  Washington,  Treaty 
of.)  Hereassumedchargeoftheforeignofflce  underGlad- 
stone  1880-86. 

Levi  (le'vi).  A  sou  of  Jacob  and  Leah,  the  an- 
cestor of  the  Levites. 

Levi  (la've  or  le'vi),  Leone.  Bom  at  Anconar 
Italy,  June  6, 1821 :  died  May  7, 1888.  A  noted 
jurist  and  statistician,  of  Hebrew  descent^  re- 
siding from  1844  in  England.  He  became  professor 
of  commerce  at  King's  College  1862,  and  was  the  author  of 
"Commercial  Law:  its  Principles  and  Administration, 
etc. "  (1860-52),  "Manual  of  the  Mercantile  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland"  (1854),  "Annals  of  British  Legislation,"  "His- 
tory of  British  Commerce  and  of  the  Economic  Progress- 
of  the  British  Nation,  1763-1870"  (1872),  etc.  He  early 
became  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  England. 

Leviathan,  The.    See  Bolhes. 

Leviathan  of  Literature,  The.  A  surname  of 
Dr.  Samuel  Johnson. 

Levico  (lev'e-ko).  A  town  in  Tyrol,  Austria- 
Hungary,  9  miles  east-southeast  of  Trent.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  commune,  5,651. 

Levin,  Rahel.    See  Varnhagen  von  Ense. 

Levis  (la-ve'  or  lev'is),  or  Point  Levi  (le'vi). 
A  river  port  in  the  province  of  (Quebec,  Canada, 
situated  on  the  St.  Lawrence.opposite  Quebec. 
Population  (1901)  7,783. 

Levita,  Elias.     See  Elias  Levita. 

Levites  (le'vits).  1.  In  Jewish  history,  the  de- 
scendants of  Levi,  one  of  the  sons  of  Jacob  ; 
the  tribe  of  Levi. — 2.  Specifically,  a  body  of 
assistants  to  the  priests, in  the  tabernacle  and 
temple  service  of  the  Jews.  This  body  was  com- 
posed of  all  males  of  the  tribe  of  Levi  between  SO  (or  26> 
and  60  years  of  age,  exclusive  of  the  family  of  Aaron, 
which  constituted  the  priesthood.  Originally  they  guard- 
ed the  tabernacle,  and  assisted  in  carrying  it  and  its  ves- 
sels, and  in  preparing  the  corn ,  wine,  oil,  etc. ,  for  sacrifice ; 
they  furnished  the  music  at  the  services,  and  had  charge 
of  the  sacred  treasures  and  revenues.  After  the  settle- 
ment in  Palestine  they  were  relieved  of  some  of  these- 
duties;  but  assumed  those  of  religious  guides  and  teach- 
ers.  Later  they  were  also  the  learned  class,  and  became 
scribes,  judges,  etc.  They  were  allowed  no  territorial  pos. 
sessions,  except  thirty-five  cities  in  which  they  lived,  sup. 
ported  by  tithes  on  the  produce  of  the  lands  of  the  tribes. 
The  Levites  were  divided  into  three  families,  which  bor» 
the  names  of  the  sons  of  Levi  —  the  Gershonites,  the  Ko. 
hathites,  and  the  Merarites. 


Leviticus 

Leviticus  (le-vit'i-kus).  ['  The  book  of  the  Le- 
vites.']  A  eanomcal  book  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, the  third  book  of  Moses  or  of  the  Pen- 
tateuch, containing  principally  the  laws  and 
regulations  relating  to  the  priests  and  ievites 
and  to  religious  ceremonies,  or  the  body  of  the 
ceremonial  law. 

Levkas  (lev'kas),  Amaxiki,  AmaxicM  (a- 
maks-e'ke),  Santa  Maura  (san'ta  mou'ra), 
Hamaxiki  (ha-maks-e'ke),  etc.  A  seaport  and 
the  chief  place  in  the  island  of  Santa  Maura, 
Ionian  Islands,  Greece,  situated  at  the  north- 
eastern extremity  of  the  island.  Population 
(1889),  5,539. 

Levkosia.    See  Nicosia. 

Levroux  (16-vr6').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Indre,  central  Prance,  13  miles  north  by  west 
■of  Chateauroux.  Population  (1891),  oommune, 
4,203. 

Levuka  (la-v6'ka).  A  town  in  the  Fiji  Islands : 
formerly  the  capital. 

Levy  (le'vi),  Amy.  Bom  at  Clapham,  Nov.  10, 
1861 :  committed  suicide  Sept.  10,  1889.  An 
English  poet  and  novelist,  of  Hebrew  descent. 
She  wrote  several  volumes  of  poems  ("  Xantippe  and  other 
Poems"  (1881),  "A  Minor  Poet"  (1884),  "A  London 
Plane-tree  "  (1889))  and  the  novel "  Keuben  Sachs  "  (1889). 

L6vy  (la-ve'),  Calmann,  Born  at  Phalsbourg, 
Lorraine,  Oct.  19, 1819:  died  June  18, 1891.  A 
French  bookseller  and  editor,  brother  of  Michel 
L6vy,  with  whom  and  a  third  brother  he  formed 
the  firm  of  Michel  L6vy  fr^res. 

L6vy  (la-ve'),  fimile.  Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  29, 
1826 :  died  there,  April  4, 1890.  A  French  genre- 
and  portrait-painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  the  :6cole  des 
Beaux  Arts,  of  De  Pujol,  and  of  Picot,  and  won  the  grand  prix 
de  Borne  in  1854.  Among  his  works  are  *'  Le  repaalibre  des 
martyrs  "  (1859), "  Vercingetorix  se  pendant  i  CSsar  "  (1863), 
"Venus  ceignant  sa  oeinture"(188S),  "Lamortd'Orph^e" 
(1866), "  Le  jugement  de  Midas  "  (1870), "  Le  saule  "  (1876), 
"  Jeune  m^re  "  (1881),  "  Circe  "  (1889),  "Sil&ne  "  (1890),  etc. 
He  decorated  the  mairie  of  the  16th  arrondissement  1885- 
1887,  and  had  much  success  in  pasteL 

L6vy,  Michel.  Born  at  Phalsbourg,  Lorraine, 
Deo.  20,  1821:  died  at  Paris,  May  6,  1875.  A 
French  bookseller  and  publisher. 

Lewald  (la'vald),  Fanny,  later  Madame  Stahr. 
Bom  at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  March  24,  1811 : 
•died  at  Dresden,  Aug.  5,  1889.  A  German  nov- 
■elist  and  writer  of  travels.  Among  her  novels  are 
"Prinz  Louis  Ferdinand"  (1849),  "Von  Geschlecht  zu 
Geschlecht"  (1863-66). 

Lew-chew  Islands.    See  Loodhoo  Islands. 

Lewes  (Wes).  The  capital  of  Sussex,  England, 
situated  on  the  Ouse  45  miles  south  of  London. 
Here,  May  14, 1264,  Henry  III.  was  defeated  by  the  baronc 
under  Simon  de  Montfort.  Henry  and  his  son  gave  them- 
selves up  to  the  barons  after  the  battle.  Population  (1891), 
10,997. 

Lewes,  or  Lewis  (lu'is),  Charles  Lee.  Bom  at 
London,  Nov.  29, 1740 :  died  Jtdy  23  (June  26  ?) , 
1803.    A  noted  English  comedian. 

Lewes  (lii'es),  George  Henry.  Bom  at  London, 
April  18,  1817:  died  at  London,  Nov.  28,  1878. 
An  English  philosophical  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  largely  influenced  by  the  philosophy  of 
August  Comte.  Lewes  was  married  in  1840,  but  In 
1854  left  his  wife,  living  thereafter  with  Miss  Mary 
Anne  Evans  (George  Eliot).  He  wrote  a  "Biographical 
History  of  Philosophy"  (1845-46),  "The  Spanish  Drama" 
<1S47),  "The  Life  of  Goethe " (1865),  "Seaside  Studies" 
■(1868),  "  Physiology  of  Common  Life  "  (1869-60),  "Studies 
In  Animal  Life  "  (1862),  "Aristotle  "  (1864),  "  Problems  of 
Life  and  Mind"  (1874-79),  "Actors  and  the  Art  of  Acting" 
(1876),  "  Physical  Basis  of  Mind  "  (1877).  He  was  the  first 
editor  of  the  "Fortnightly  Review  "  (1865-66). 

Lewes,  Mise  of.  [From  OF.  mise,  a  settling,  a 
judgment.]  An  agreement  between  the  English 
defeated  party  under  Henry  IH.  and  the  barons 
Tinder  Simon  de  Montfort,  in  1264,  directly  after 
the  battle  of  Lewes.  It  provided  for  native 
councilors  and  the  reorganization  of  Parlia- 
ment. 

Lewin  (lii'in),  Thomas.  Bom  April  19,  1805: 
died  Jan.  5, 1877.  An  English  lawyer,  antiquary, 
and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  wrote  "  A  Practical 
Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Trusts  and  Trustees"  (1837),  "  The 
Life  and  Epistles  of  St.  Paul "  (1861),  "An  Essay  on  the 
Chronology  of  the  New  Testament  "(1854),  etc. 

Lewis  (lu'is),  or  The  Lews  (liiz).  The  north- 
em  and  larger  portion  of  the  main  island  of  the 
Hebrides,  Eoss-shire,  Scotland,  situated  27 
miles  west  of  the  mainland,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  Minch.  Chief  town,  Storno- 
way.     Area,  575  square  miles. 

Lewis,    See  Louis. 

Lewis,  Andrew.  Bom  in  Donegal,  Ireland, 
about  1720 :  died  in  Bedford  County, Va.,  Sept. 
26,  1781.  An  American  soldier.  He  was  major  in 
Washington's  regiment  in  Braddoclc's  expedition  in  1755, 
and  commander  of  an  expedition  against  the  Shawnesse 
Indians  in  1766 ;  served  in  the  attack  on  Fort  Duquesne  in 
1758,  and  was  captured  and  taken  to  Montreal ;  gained  the 


608 

victory  of  Point  Pleasant  over  the  Indians,  Oct.  10, 1774 
(as  major-general) ;  and  served  as  brigadier-general  in  the 
Continental  army  March  1, 1776,  to  April  6, 1777. 

Lewis,  Charles.  Bom  at  Gloucester,  England, 
1753 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  July  12,  1795.  An 
English  painter  of  still  life. 

Lewis,  Charles  George.  Bom  at  Enfield,  Mid- 
dlesex, June  13,  1808 :  died  June  16, 1880.  An 
English  engraver,  best  kno'vm  for  his  engrav- 
ings of  Landseer's  works. 

Lewis,  David.  Bom  in  Wales  about  1683 :  died 
at  Low  Leyton,  Essex,  April,  1760.  A  British 
poet,  author  of  "Philip  of  Macedon,"  a  tragedy 
(1727). 

Lewis,  Dio.  Bom  at  Auburn.  N.  T.,  March  3, 
1823 :  died  at  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  May  21, 1886.  An 
American  homeopathic  physician,  well  known 
as  a  lecturer  on  hygiene  and  an  advocate  of 
various  methods  of  physical  culture.  He  wrote 
"New  Gymnastics"  (1862),  "Weak  Lungs"  (1863^  "Our 
Girls  "  (1871),  etc. 

Lewis,  Edmonia.  Bom  near  Albany,  N.  Y., 
1845.  An  American  sculptor,  of  African  and 
Indian  descent.  Her  first  known  work  was  a  bust  of 
Colonel  Shaw  who  commanded  the  first  colored  regiment 
in  the  Civil  War.  She  went  to  Rome  in  1867.  Among  her 
works  are  "The  Death  of  Cleopatra"  (1876),  "The  Old 
Arrow-maker  and  his  Daughters,"  "The  Marriage  of  Hia- 
watha," etc. 

Lewis,  Mrs.  (Estelle  Anna  Robinson).  Bom 

near  Baltimore  about  1824 :  died  at  London, 
Nov.  24,  1880.  An  American  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer.  Among  her  works  is  the  tragedy 
"Sappho  of  Lesbos  "  (1868),  which  was  translated  into  Greek 
and  played  at  Athens. 

Lewis,  Francis.  Bom  at  LlandaffjWales,  March, 
1713:  diedatNewYork,Dee.l9,1803.  AnAmer- 
iean  patriot,  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence as  member  of  Congress  from  New 
York. 

Lewis,  Frederick  Christian.  Bom  at  London, 
March  14,  1779 :  died  at  Enfield,  Dee.  18, 1856. 
An  English  engraver  and  landscape-painter. 
He  engraved  works  of  Raphael,  Michelangelo,  Claude, 
Poussin,  Flaxman,  Turner,  Landseer,  etc. 

Lewis,  Sir  George  Oornewall.  Bom  at  London, 
April  21,  1806:  died  at  Harpton  Court,  Radnor- 
shire, April  13,  1863.  An  English  statesman, 
scholar,  and  author.  He  was  poor-law  commissioner 
for  England  and  Wales  1839-47 ;  under-seoretary  for  the 
home  department  1848;  financial  secretary  to  the  treasury 
1860-62 ;  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  1856-58 ;  home  sec- 
retary 1859-61 ;  and  secretary  for  war  1861-63.  His  chief 
work  is  an  "Enquiry  into  the  Credibility  of  the  Early  Ro- 
man History"  (1856). 

Lewis,  Ida.  Bom  at  Newport,  E.  I.^  in  1841. 
The  daughter  of  the  keeper  of  the  Lime  Eock 
lighthouse.  She  is  noted  for  her  courage  in  sav- 
ing Uf  e.  She  married  William  H.  Wilson  in  1870. 

Lewis,  John.  Born  at  Bristol,  England,  Aug. 
29,  1675:  died  Jan.  16, 1747.  An  English  biog- 
rapher, antiquarian,  and  bibliographer,  author 
of  biographies  of  Wyclif,  Caxton,  Pecook,  and 
Fisher,  and  of  numerous  other  works  on  various 
topics. 

Lewis,  John  Frederick.  Bom  at  London,  1805 : 
died  at  Walton  on  the  Thames,  Aug.  15,  1876. 
An  English  etcher  and  painter,  at  m'st  of  ani- 
mals, but  later  of  Highland,  Italian,  Spanish 
(for  which  he  was  called  "Spanish  Lewis"); 
and  Oriental  subjects.  His  latest  (Oriental) 
pictures  are  the  best-knovm. 

Lewi^  Matthew  Cfregory.  Bom  at  London, 
July  9, 1775 :  died  at  sea  (of  yellow  fever),  May 
14,  1818.  An  English  poet,  dramatist,  and  ro- 
manoe-'writer,best  knovra  as  the  authorof  "Am- 
brosio,  or  the  Monk"  (1795),  from  which  he  was 
commonly  known  as  "Monk"  Lewis.  Hevisited 
Weiniarl792-93;  became  an  attach^  of  the  British  legation 
at  The  Hague  1794 ;  satintheHouseof  Commonsl796-1802 ; 
and  went  to  J'araaica(where  he  owned  property)  Nov,_,1816, 
and  again  toward  the  end  of  1817.  He  also  wrote  "Village 
Virtues,"  a  satire  (1796),  "The  Castle  Spectre"  (acted  at 
Drury  Lane  Dec.  14, 1797),  "Tales  of  Horror"  (1799),  "Al- 
phonso.  King  of  Castile,"  a  tragedy  (1801),  "Adelgitha,"  a 
tragedy  (acted  at  Drury  Lane  April  30, 1807),  etc. 

Lewis,  Meriwether.  Born  near  Charlottesville, 
Va.,  Aug.  18,  1774:  committed  suicide  near 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  Oct.  8,  1809.  An  American 
explorer,  joint  commander  with  Clark  of  an  ex- 
ploring expedition  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
the  United  States  1804.-06. 

Lewis,  Morgan.  Bom  at  New  York,  Oct.  16, 
1754 :  died  at  New  York,  April  7,  1844.  An 
American  general,  jurist,  and  politician,  son  of 
Francis  Lewis:  governor  of  New  York  1805-06. 

Lewis,  Tayler.  Bom  at  Northumberland,  N.  Y., 
March  27,  1802 :  died  at  Schenectady,  N.  Y., 
May  11, 1877.  An  American  scholar  and  author. 
He  became  professor  of  Greek  at  the  University  of  New 
York  in  1838,  and  at  Union  College  in  1849.  Among  his 
works  are  "Six  Days  of  Creation  "  (1856),  "The  Bible  and 
Science "  (1856),  "The  Divine  Human  in  the  Scripture" 
(ISBO). 


Leyden,  John 

Lewis,  William  Thomas.  Bom  at  Ormskirk, 
Lancashire,  about  1748 :  died  at  London,  Jan. 
13,1811.  A  noted  English  comedian.  Among  th» 
parts  which  he  created  are  Falkland  in  the  "Rivals," 
Wyndham  in  the  "Man  of  Reason,"  Sir  Charles  Racket  in 
"Three  Weeks  after  Marriage,"  Counsellor  Witmore  in 
Eenrick's  "Duellist,"  Beverly  in  Colman's  "Man  of  Busi- 
ness," Arviragus  in  Mason's  "Caractacus,"  MiUamour  in 
Murphy's  "Know  your  own  Mind,"  Doricourt  in  the 
"Belle's  Stratagem,"  and  Egerton  in  the  "Man  of  the 
World."    Did.  Nat.  Biog. 

Lewis  River.    See  Snake  River. 

Lewfston  (lii'is-tgn).  A  city  in  Andioseoggin 
County,  Maine,  situated  on  the  Androscoggin, 
opposite  Auburn,  31  miles  north  of  Portland. 
Its  leading  manufactures  are  woolen  and  cotton.  It  is  the 
seat  of  Bates  College  (FreewillBaptist).  Population  (1900), 
23,761. 

Lexington  (lek'sing-ton).  A  city  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Fayette  County,  Ken  tucky,  22miles  south- 
east of  Frankfort,  it  is  a  commercial  and  manufac- 
turing center ;  has  a  famous  horse-market ;  and  is  the  seat 
of  Kentucky  University.  It  was  settled  in  1776.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  26,369. 

Lexington.  A  small  town  in  Middlesex  County, 
Massachusetts,  11  miles  northwest  of  Boston. 
It  is  noted  as  the  scene  of  the  first  bloodshed  of  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution,  April  19,  1776.  The  British(800  men)un- 
der  Colonel  Smith  left  Boston  on  the  night  of  April  18,  to 
take  tlie  military  stores  in  Concord.  The  advance  under 
Major  Pitcairn  was  confronted  at  Lexington  Green  by  about 
50  minute-men  under  Captain  Parker,  and  this  force  was 
dispersed  with  the  loss  of  7  Americans  killed.  The  British 
proceeded  to  Concord,  and  a  part  of  the  force  was  repulsed 
at  the  Concord  bridge  by  the  minute-men.  Colonel  Smith 
ordered  a  retreat^  and  maintained  a  running  fight  back  to 
Charlestown  with  the  constantly  increasing  Americans. 
At  Lexington  he  was  reinforced  by  1,200  men  under  Lord 
Percy.  The  British  loss  was  273 ;  the  American  loss,  88. 
The  fighting  at  Concord  is  often  called  the  battle  of  Con- 
cord, while  the  entire  day's  fighting  is  called  the  battle  of 
Lexington.    Population  (1900),  3,831. 

Lexington.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Lafayette 
County,  Missouri,  situated  on  the  Missouri  40 
miles  east  by  north  of  Kansas  City.  The  Federals 
under  Mulligan  surrendered  here  to  the  Confederates  un- 
der Price,  Sept.  21, 1861.    Popnlation  (1900),  4,190. 

Lexington.  The  capital  of  Eockbridge  County, 
Virginia,  situated  on  North  Kiver  108  miles  west 
by  north  of  Eichmond.  it  is  the  seat  of  the  Virginia 
Military  Institute  and  of  Washington  and  Lee  University 
(which  see).    Population  (1900),  3,203. 

Lexington.  A  famous  American  bay  race-horse, 
foaled  in  1851. 

Lexinton.orLessington  (les'ing-tpn),  Stephen 
de.  Lived  about  the  middle  of  the  13th  century. 
Ail  English  ecclesiastic,  abbot  of  Stanley  in 
Wiltshire,  later  abbot  of  Savigny  in  Normandy 
(1229)  and  ^1243)  of  Clairvaux. 

Lexovii  (leks-o'vi-i).  In  ancient  history,  a  Cel- 
tic people  in  northern  Gaul,  which  lived  near 
the  English  Channel  west  of  the  Seine. 

Ley  (le),  James.  Bom  1550:  died  March  14, 1629. 
An  English  jurist  and  politician,  created  first 
Earl  of  Marlborough  Feb.  5,  1626.  He  was  ap- 
pointed lord  chief  justice  of  the  King's  Bench  for  Ireland 
in  1604,  lord  chief  justice  of  England  1622,  and  lord  high 
treasurer  1624.  He  succeeded  Bacon  as  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Lords,  and  pronounced  the  judgment  of  the 
Lords  upon  him. 

Leybourn  (le'bfem),  William.  Bom  1626:  died 
about  1700.  An  English  surgeon  and  mathema- 
tician. He  was  the  author,  with  Vincent  Wing,  of  the 
first  English  treatise  on  astronomy,  "Urania  Iftuctica" 
(1648).  He  also  published  "  Planometria  "  (1660 :  repub- 
lished as  "The  Complete  Surveyor"  1663),  "Arithmetick, 
Vulgar,  Decimal,  and  Instrumental"  (1667),  "Census 
Mathematicus "  (1690),  "Panarithmologia,"  the  earliest 
English  ready  reckoner  (1693),  etc. 

Leycester  (les'ter),  Sir  Peter.  Bom  at  Nether 
Tabley,  Cheshire,  March  3,  1614:  died  there, 
Oct.  11, 1678.  An  English  antiquary,  author  of 
"  Historical  Antiquities"  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  and  particularly  of  Cheshire  (1653). 

Leyden,  or  Leiden  (li'den).  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  South  Holland,  Netherlands,  situated 
on  the  Old  Rhine  6  miles  from  the  North  Sea 
and  22  mUes  southwest  of  Amsterdam :  the  Ro- 
man Lugdunum  Batavorum,  and  the  medieval 
Leithen.  it  was  the  birthplace  of  Rembrandt,  Jan 
Steen,  Gerard  Douw,  and  other  painters.  The  university, 
founded  in  1676,isattendedbyaboutl,000students,and  has 
valuable  museums  of  natural  history,  ethnography,  archse- 
ology,  e  to. ,  an  observatory,  anda  1  ibrary  ot200,000volumes. 
Other  objects  of  interest  are  the  Stadhuis,  Church  of  St. 
Pancraa,  Church  of  St  Peter,  the  mound  Burg,  Museum  ol 
Antiquities,  Natural  History  Museum,  MunicipalMuseum, 
Ethnographical  Museum,  and  Botanic  Garden.  Leyden 
was  formerly  noted  for  its  cloth  manufacture ;  was  unsuc- 
cessfully besieged  by  the  Spaniards  in  1573-74 ;  and  was 
the  residence  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  1609-20.  Population 
(1900),  54,421. 

Leyden,  John.  Bom  at  Denholm,  Eoxburgh- 
smre,  Sept.  8, 1775:  died  at  Batavia,  -Java,  Aug. 
28,  1811.  A  noted  Scottish  poet,  physician, 
and  Orientalist.  He  was  appointed  assistant  surgeon 
at  Madras  1803 ;  traveled  extensively  in  India;  settled  in 
Calcutta  in  1806;  was  made  assgy-master  of  the  mint 
there  in  1810 ;  and  went  to  Java  in  1811,  where  he  died. 


Leyden,  John 

fie  published  "A  Historical  and  FliiloBophical  Slcetch  of 
the  DiBcoveries  and  Settlements  ol  the  Europeans  in  I^orth 
em  and  Western  Africa  at  the  Close  of  the  Eighteenth  Gen' 


609 

June  9,  1875.    A  Polish  politician  and  philo- 
sophical writer. 


Lichfield 

antislavery  party,  founded  1839-40.  it  opposed 
the  annexation  of  Texas,  and  nominated  James  Q.  Birney 
for  President  of  the  United  States  in  1840,  and  again  in 
1844,  when  he  polled  62,283  votes.  This  vote  incidentally 
causedthedefeatof  Henry  Clay  and  the  election  of  James 
onysTis  (Bacchus).  K.  Polls. 

Libera  (lib'g-ra).  In  Italian  mythology,  a  god-  Liberty  Tree,  The.  An  elm-tree  formerly  stand- 
•f^^l-J^^®  °L*i®  ^e-god  Liber,  afterward  ingonWashington  street,  Boston.  Effigies  of  ob- 
identifaed  with  the  tjreek  i'ersepnone.  jeotionable  persons  were  hung  upon  it  during  the  Stamp 


emanu  wesLerniuncaai'i'neL'lOBeoi  i^neJ!iigni<eeni>nueu-  t  iw*-  /it/t,a-\       t—  t+„14«„  ,^u„i _  j     j» 

tury"  (1799),  an  "Essay  on  the  Languages  and  Literature  Liber  (h  bfer).     In  Italian  mythology,  a  god  of 
of  the  Indo-Chinese  Nations  "(in  "Asiatic  Researches"),     Wine,  afterward  identmed  with  the  Greek  Di- 


etc.    His  poetical  remains  were  published  in  1819. 

Leyden,  John  of.    See  Johm,  of  Leyden. 
Leyden,  Lucas  van.    See  Lucas  van  Leyden. 

Leys  (lis  or  la).  Baron  Hendrik.    BomatAnt-  _ ^ ^  _^ ^  __ 

werp,  Feb.  18,  1815 :  died  there,  Aug.  26, 1869.  Liberal  Party.  In  British  politics,  the  name    Act  excitement,  a  building  now  covers  its  site. 


Palmerston,  Gladstbne,  and  Kosebery  as  prime  ministers.' 
In  British  politics,  a  party 


A  Belgian  historical  and  genre  painter. 

Leyte(la'e-taorla'ta).  An  island  of  the  Philip- 
pines, aboutlat.  11° N., long.  124°  50' E.  Length, 
about  115  miles.    Population,  about  270,000. 

Lhameos.    See  Llameos. 

Lhasa  (Iha'sS),  or  Lassa  (las'sa).  The  capi- 
tal of  Tibet,  situated  in  lat.  29°  39'  N.,  long.  90°  Liberal  Unionists, 
57'  E.,  about  11,900  feet  above  sea-level,  it  is 
an  important  trading  center ;  is  celebrated  as  the  residence 
of  the  grand  lama  and  as  a  place  of  pilgrimage;  and  is  re- 
markable lor  the  number  of  its  convents.  The  chief  build- 
ing is  the  grand  temple.  It  became  the  residence  of  the 
dalal  lama  in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century.  It  has  been 
visited  by  very  few  Europeans  (as  by  Hue  in  1846).  Popula- 
tion, about  26,000. 

L'Hdpital,  or  L'Hospital  (16-pe-tal'),  Michel 
de.  Born  at  Aigueperse,  Puy-de-D6me,  France, 
about  1505 :  died  March,  1573.  A  noted  French 
statesman.  He  was  in  1B47  sent  on  a  mission  to  the 
Council  of  Trent,  which  was  at  that  time  sitting  at  Bo- 
logna.   He  was  made  superintendent  of  the  royal  finances  Liberator,  The, 

in  1554,  and  in  1660  became  chancellor  of  France.    He     ~- '        — 

caused  the  States-Oeneral  to  be  assembled  at  Orleans  in 
1560,  and  procured  the  passage  in  1662  ol  the  Edict  of 
Jan.,  which  granted  toleration  to  the  Huguenots.  His 
liberal  policy  was,  however,  distasteful  to  the  Guises,  and 
civil  war  broke  out  In  1562  in  spite  of  his  efforts  to  main- 
tain peace.  He  was  dismissed  from  office  in  1568.  His 
complete  works  were  edited  by  Duf  ey  (1824-25). 
Lhuyd  (loid),  Edward.    Bom  1660:  died  June  „     „ 

30, 1709.    A  British  scholar  and  naturalist,  best  Lii)er  de  HydaTli'^b6rlle"M'da), 
known  from  his  researches  in  Celtic.    He  was  the    tract. 
author  of  "Llthophylacii  Britannici  iohnographia,  etc." 
(1699),  a  catalogue  of  the  figured  lossUs  ol  the  Ashmolean 
Museum,  "  Arohseologia  Britannica"  (1707),  etc.    He  be- 
came a  fellow  of  the  Boyal  Society  in  1708. 
Liais  (lya),  Emmanuel.    Bom  at  Cherbourg, 
Feb.  15,  1826 :  died  there,  March  5,  1900.    A 
French  astronomer.    He  was  attached  to  the  Bureau 
ol  Longitudes  from  1852 ;  was  sent  to  Brazil  on  a  scientifln 
mission  in  1868 ;  and  had  charge  ol  the  Astronomical  Ob- 
servatory at  Uio  de  Janeiro  lor  several  years.    He  pub- 
lished several  works  on  Brazilian  geography,  etc.,  and  on 
astronomy. 
Liakhoff  (le'ach-of ).  An  island  in  the  New  Sibe- 
ria group,  in  the  Arctic  Ocean. 
Liancourt-sous-Clermont  (lyon  -  kor  'so  -  kler- 
m6n').    A  manufacturing  town  in  the  depart- 


by  which  the  Whig  party  has  been  known  since  Liber  Veritatis  (ver-i-ta'tis).  [L., 'book  of 
about  the  time  of  the  first  Beform  Bill,  it  has  truth.']  A  collection  of  original  drawings  by 
generally  advocated  relorms  in  government  and  extension  Claude  Lorrain.  There  are  six  copies  in  existence : 
ol  power  to  the  people,  has  favored  Iree  trade,  and  in  the     one  is  at  Cbatswortti,  England. 

last  lew  years  has  advocated  Home  Kule  lor  Ireland  It  Libitiua  (lib-i-ti'na).  -An  ancient  Italian  god- 
hasheldofflceunder  Grey,  Melbourne, Bussell,  Aberdeen,     ^^^^  ^f    gardens, '^neyards,   and  voluptuous 


pleasures,  identifiedwith  Venus  as  "Venus  Libi- 
tina."  She  was  also  goddess  ol  death  and  of  the  dead, 
and  in  this  aspect  was  later  identified  with  Proserpine.  A 
piebe  ol  money  was  deposited  in  her  temple  lor  every  one 
who  died  in  Bome. 


formed  in  1886  by  the  secession  from  the  Lib 
eral  party  of  those  who  objected  to  Gladstone's 
Home  Rule  proposals.    They  act  generally  with  the 

Conservatives,  their  recognized  leader  being  the  Marquis   t  1V.5«<.  Co^o^mo /UK';  ,,=  =«  ■.TS'-„=^       A  T?n».«n 
ol  Hartington  (now  Duke  of  Devonshire).  LlblUS  SeverUS  (hb  1-us  se-ve  rus).    A  Roman 

Liberation,  War  Of.     [G.  Sefreiungslcrieg.J    A     emperor,  a  Lucaman  by  birth,  proclaimed  em- 
name  giveiby  the  Germans  to  thewar  of  the     Ppror  at  Ravenna  Nov.  19,  461.     He  died  at 
-Allies  againstthe  French  in  1813-14.  Aleadtagre-  ,.  °™f'      „^-  ^^'  *  ,' 
suit  was  the  freeing  ol  various  German  states  from  K'ench  LlbOllO.     aee  Luoolo. 

occupation  and  influence.  LiboUTne  (le-b6m').  A  town  in  the  department 

Liberator,  The.     -An  antislavery  paper  pub-    of  Gironde,  France,  situated  at  the  confluence 
lished  at  Boston  1881-65,  edited  by  Garrison.       of  the  Isle  and  Dordogne,  18  miles  east-north- 
jiberator,  The.    1.  [8p.  Ml  Libertador.'i    The    east  of  Bordeaux.    It  exports  wine,  brandy,  etc. 
title  of  Simon  Bolivar.    The  municipality  of  Caracas,     Population  (1891),  commune,  17,867. 
alterhehadtakenthatoitylromtheSpanlards,proclaimed  Libra  (K'bra).    PL., 'the balance.'!    An  ancient 
„,™  n„.  „  ,«,  "Salvador  de  la  Pat™,  Libertador  de     zodiacal  Constellation,  representing  an  ordi- 
nary pair  of  scales.    This  constellation  was  not  com- 
monly used  among  the  Greeks,  its  place  being  occupied 
by  the  Chelse,  or  Scorpion's  Claws.    It  is  lound,  however, 
in  all  the  Egyptian  zodiacs  going  back  to  600  B.  0. ;  but 
there  is  reason  to  believe  that  it  is  not  so  old  as  the  rest  ol 
the  zodiac  (that  is,  2,000  years  or  more  B.  0.).  Its  principal 
stars,  Kiffa  borealis  and  Eiffa  australis,  2,7  and  3.0  mag- 
nitudes respectively,  are  at  the  base  ol  an  isosceles  triangle 

._  ol  which  Antares  lorms  the  vertex. 

ol  Oxford  in  the  year  886  is  to  be  lound  in  the is6erdeH!/(te,  Libreville  (lebr-vel').     The  capital  of  French 


him  Oct.  13,  1813, 

Venezuela  "  ('  Savior  ol  the  Country,  and  Liberator  ol  Vene- 
zuela ■).  The  title  ol  Liberator  ol  Ifew  Granada  was  con- 
ferred on  him  after  the  battle  ol  Boyaci,  Aug.,  1819 ;  and 
that  of  Liberator  of  Peru  after  the  victory  of  Ayacucho  in 
1824. 
2.  A  surname  of  O'Connell. 

See  the  ex- 

A  circumstantial  account  ol  the  loundation  of  the  schools 


a  monastic  record  which  seems  to  have  been  compiled  dur- 
ing the  second  half  of  the  fourteenth  century.  It  prolesses 
to  give  a  list  of  the  original  staff  of  teachers.  St.  Keot  and 
St.  Grimbald  are  stated  to  have  given  lectures  on  theology, 
Asser  on  grammar  and  rhetoric,  John,a  monk  of  St,  David's, 
on  logic,  music,  and  arithmetic,  and  another  monk  of  the 
same  name,  on  geometry  and  astronomy.  The  absence  ol 
any  allusion  to  lectures  on  medicine  or  law  may  be  due  to 
the  fact  that  the  compiler  ol  the  Liber  de  Hyda  was  a  monk 


Kongo,  about  32  nules  north  of  the  equator,  on 
the  Bay  of  Gaboon,  it  consists  ol  the  French  town, 
where  the  government  buildings,  the  hospital,  and  the 
Catholic  mission  attract  attention,  and  of  the  suburbs 
Glasstown  and  Baraka,  where  foreign  traders  reside  and 
American  Presbyterians  have  their  mission  station.  The 
nucleus  ol  the  native  population  was  lormed  by  a  settle- 
ment ol  liberated  slaves. 


who,  as  such,  had  no  interest  in  either  ol  these  branches  ol  LibrO  de  TasaS  (le'bro  da  ta'sas).      [Sp.,  'book 


study.  He  shows  himsell  singularly  inaccurate  as  to  the 
liistory  ol  Oxlord  in  his  own  century,  for  he  states  posi- 
tively that  the  University  had  its  abode  outside  the  North 
Gate  until  the  year  1354,  and  used  the  chiu'ch  ol  St.  Giles 
as  its  lormal  place  ol  assembly.  Lyte,  Oxlord,  p.  241. 


ment  of  Oise,  France,  30  miles  north  of  Paris.  Liberia  (H-be'ri-a).    A  negro  republic  on  the 


It  contains  a  ruined  castle  ol  its  dukes.  Pop.  (1891),  5,617. 

Liao-yang  (lyou-yang').  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Sheng-king,  Manchuria,  southwest  of 
Mukden. 

Liar,  The.  An  adaptation  by  Foote  of  Cor- 
neilie's  "  Le  menteur."  He  himself  played  the 
part  of  Young  Wilding  the  liar. 


western  coast  of  Africa,  extending  from  about 
go  4Q/  ^  about  400  miles  along  the  coast  to  the 
northwest.  Capital,  Monrovia.  The  coast  is  low. 
Tropical  products  are  exported.  The  government  is  vested 
in  a  president  and  a  congress  comprising  a  senate  and  a 
house  ol  representatives.  Liberia  was  founded  by  free 
negroes  sent  by  the  American  Colonization  Society  in  1822, 
and  was  declared  independent  in  1847.  Area,  estimated, 
57,000  square  miles.    Population,  estimated,  1,068,000, 


Libanius  (li-ba'ni-us).  Bom  at  Antioeh,  Syria,  Liber  Pontificalis(li'b6rpon-tif-i-ka'Iis).  [L., 
about  314  A.  D.  A  Greek  sophist.  His  era-  <  t^qq^  of  the  Pope.']  A  work  containing  the 
tions  and  declamations  were  edited  by  Reiske  Hyes  of  the  popes  from  St.  Peter  to  Stephen  VI. 
(1791-97).  It  has  been  attributed  to  Anaatasius  Bibllothecarius,  but 

From  his  autobiography  and  letters,  as  well  as  from  the  t  ii.«*.  c.i...jj»«.«.   /i^Va-  „4.,-;  .q;  ;;/ \        rr 

numerous  works  which  he  has  left  us,  libanius  is  better  Liber  Studiorum  (h  bfer  stu-di-o  rum).      [L., 
known  to  modern  scholars  than  any  sophist  of  the  fourth    _book  of  studies.']     A  volume  of  studies  by 


century.  He  was  bom  about  A.  ]>.  314  at  Antioeh  on  the 
Orontes,  of  a  distinguished  family,  and  after  receiving 
there  some  part  of  his  early  training,  to  which,  however, 
he  does  not  revert  with  much  respect  or  gratitude,  he  be- 
took himsell  to  Athens,  at  the  age  ol  twenty,  in  the  ardent 
hope  of  finding  there  all  the  teaching  which  he  required. 
The  account  which  he  gives  of  his  adventures  in  that  uni- 
versity furnishes  us  with  a  curious  picture  ol  the  state  of 


'  Liber 


Turner,  the  English  landscape-painter, 
lished  it  1806-16  with  a  desire  to  rival  Claude's 
Veritatis." 

Libertad(le-ber-tasH').  Amaritime department 
in  northwestern  Peru.  Capital,  Trujillo.  The 
old  depsuiiment  of  Libertad,  lormed  in  1826  from  the  colo- 
nial intendency  ol  Trujillo,  embraced  also  the  present  de- 


of  rules'  or  'laws.']  A  code  of  laws  and  regu- 
lations compiled  under  the  direction  of  the  vice- 
roy Toledo  for  the  government  of  Peru.  They 
were  promulgated  at  different  times,  the  first  instalment 
being  dated  Oct.  18, 1672.  The  Llbro  de  Tasas  was  lounded 
partly  on  the  unwritten  Inca  laws,  partly  on  ancient  Spanish 
legislation,  and  partly  on  rules  established  by  the  Council  ol 
the  Indies.  The  country  was  divided  into  corregimientog 
(abolished  in  1784) ;  the  duties  of  officers  were  defined ;  and 
it  was  directed  that  the  Indians  should  be  governed  by 
their  own  chiefs,  subject  to  the  viceroy.  The  mitta,  or 
lorced  labor  ol  the  Indians,  was  confirmed  and  regulated. 
These  rules  were  the  basis  ol  the  Peruvian  colonial  laws, 
and  to  some  extent  of  those  of  the  republic. 
Libro  d'Oro  (le'bro  do'ro).  [It., 'book  of  gold.'] 
1 .  A  roll  or  register  of  the  noble  families  of  a 
state  or  province,  with  the  list  of  their  estates ; 
an  institution  of  the  Italian  republics  of  the 
middle  ages,  the  most  famous  being  that  of  Ven- 
ice. Hence — 2.  By  extension  and  in  the  way 
of  allusion,  any  list  or  imaginary  list  of  titles  of 
honor,  or  the  like. 
He^?^b-  Libumla  (li-bSr'ni-a).  [Gr.  AifSovpyla."]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  "country  in  Illyria,  along  the 
Adriatic,  corresponding  to  the  western  part  of 
modern  Croatia  and  northern  Dahnatia,  and 
neighboring  islands.  The  inhabitants  were 
celebrated  as  navigators  and  pirates. 


rival  professors  had     partments  of  Amazonas,  Cajamarca,  Lambayeque,  and  PI-  LJWa  (lib'ia).     [Gl.  AlBvv.']     In  ancient  geog- 
„...Jn^arc"a^^i^d*rm    ^Ji^aTltm  Z^r^^rt^|a°foi\|^fl4^^        rapVana^of  Uryin|si^fication,denltin^g 
off  to  their  own  lecture-room.    Although  Libanius  had  Libertine,  The. 


learning  in  the  fourth  century.    The 
press-gangs  ol  students  who  had  sworn 

rfl'toVeri^rit?^r°e.^o^m'f"]:irurh'^SSsX'SL^^^^^  Africa,  or  Africa  excluding  Egypt,  or  Africa  ex"- 
determined  belorehand  which  of  the  sophists  he  wished  -vyell,  produced  in  1676.  It  is  professedly  derived  from  ciuding^gypt  and.  Jlitniopia. 
to  attend,  he  was  kidnapped,  as  soon  as  he  entered  the  « ji  Atheisto  Fulminate,"  but  apparently  from  MoUfere's  Libyan  Dosort.  In  ancient  times,  the  Sahara : 
city,  by  the  adherents  ol  another  teacher,  Irom  whom  he  "Don  Juan."  '  now  restricted  to  its  eastern  portion. 
rakirUfto\hL"maTer*fotgufhrallm^^^^^  Liberty  Bell,  The  A  famous  beU  cast  in  Lon-  Libyan  languages.  &ee  Berbers  ^nd  Handtes. 
detained  lor  five  years,  when  the  riotous  sophistswere  lor  don  m  1752.  It  bore  the  motto  "Proclaim  liberty  Libyan  Sea  (lib'ian  se).  In  ancient  geography, 
-■                   -^--- ...      ,    .         throughout  the  land  unto  all  the  inhabitants  thereof     It    that  part  of  the  Mediterranean  which  extends 

Sp^SV,^afr5.n1IKSlte=^lS^n'o?fnTe;S:    from^Africa  proper  eastward  to  Egypt:  the  Ro- 
dence  was  adopted  by  Congress.  It  is  now  in  Independence 
Hall  in  Philadelphia. 


a  time  displaced  and  he  was  promoted  to  one  ol  the  chairs, 
K.  0.  MiiUer,  Hist,  ol  the  Lit.  ol  Anc.  Greece,  III.  294. 

[(Donaldson.) 


man  Libycum  Mare. 

jji.uaii.iio.     u..^^  — «,.,^ — .  -, X- —  ™t    ij      A      1        ,  Licata  (le-ka'ta),  or  Alicata  (a-le-ka'ta).    A 

Iiibau  (le'bou),  Lettish  Leepaja  (la'pa-ya).    A  Liberty  Enlightening  the  World,    a  colossal    seaport  in  the  province  of  Girgenti,  Sicily,  situ- 


Iiibanus.    The  Latin  name  of  Lebanon. 


seaport  in  the  government  of  Courland,  Russia,  figure  formed  of  plates  of  bronze  on  an  iron  ^ted  on  the  southern  coast  27  miles  southeast 
situated  on  the  Baltic  Sea  in  lat.  56°  31'  N.,  long,  framework,  supported  on  a  high  granite  pedes-  ^f  Girgenti,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Salso.  It  ex- 
21°  E.:  an  important  export  place.    Population    tal,  on  Bedloe's  Island  in  New  York  Bay.   The    ports  sulphur.    Population  (1881),  17,478. 

?51?.i:,f?y.l^?°i^"°*.'},fyJnfdeZTS^^^^^^^  Lichfield  (lich'feld),    ['The  field  of  the  dead.'] 


(1885-89),  32,588, 

Iiibby  Prison,  The.  A  notorious  Confederate 
military  prison  in  Richmond,  Virginia,  during 
the  Civil  War:  originally  a  tobacco  warehouse. 
It  was  afterward  taken  down,  carried  to  Chi- 
cago, and  there  set  up  as  a  war  museum. 

Libelt  (le'belt),  Karol.  Bom  at  Posen,  Prus- 
sia, April  8, 1807 :  died  near  GoUantsch,  Pmssia,  Liberty  Party, 

C— 39 


in  Greek  tunic  andmantle,  and  diademed,  holding  a  torch 
in  her  uplifted  right  hand.  The  height  ol  the  statue  is 
161  leet:  ol  the  pedestal,  165.  It  is  by  the  sculptor  Bar- 
tholdi,  and  is  a  gift  made  to  the  United  States  by  popular 
subscription  by  the  people  of  France.  Tlie  pedestal  was 
designed  by  Richard  M.  Hunt,  and  paid  for  by  popular  sub- 
scription in  the  United  States.  The  statue  was  inaugurated 

iti  1  AAA 

'    ^  In  United  States  politics,  an 


A  city  in  Staffordshire,  England,  14  miles  north 
by  east  of  Birmingham.  The  cathedral  is  a  large 
and  impressive  church,  mostly  ol  the  13th  and  14th  cen- 
turies. The  exterior  is  marked  by  its  three  lolty  spires, 
the  central  one  built  by  Wren.  Thewest  front  is  covered, 
except  the  space  taken  by  the  great  central  window,  with 
arcades  lorming  niches  lor  about  100  statues.  The  details 
ol  the  ornament  are  ol  great  beauty.    The  nave  has  a  fine 


Lichfield 

triforium;  the  choir  has  none.  The  Lady  chapel  terminates 
in  a  polygonal  chevet)  said  to  be  the  only  example  of  this 
normal  Pointed  form  in  an  English  cathedral.  The  hand- 
some 16th-century  windows  were  brought  from  a  convent 
near  Libge.  The  cathedral  measures403  by66  feet ;  length 
of  transepts,  149 ;  height  of  vault,  60 ;  height  of  central 
spire,  260.  There  is  an  interesting  oblong  octagonal  chap- 
ter-house. Lichfield  was  the  birthplace  of  Samuel  John- 
son. It  was  made  a  bishopric  about  666,  and  was  an  arch- 
bishopric for  a  few  years  at  the  close  of  the  8th  century. 
It  was  besieged  by  the  Parliament  in  1643.  It  manufac- 
tures ale.    Population  (1891),  7,864. 

Lichtenberg  (lich'ten-bera).  A  former  princi- 
pality of  Germany,  lying  between  the  Ehine 
Palatinate  and  Birkenf  eld.  It  was  granted  to  the 
Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg  in  1816 ;  was  made  a  principality  in 
1819 ;  was  ceded  to  iS'ussia  in  1834 ;  and  is  now  the  circle 
of  Sankt-Wendel,  Rtiine  Province. 

Lichtenberg,  Greorg  Christoph.  Bom  at  Ober- 
ramstadt,  near  Darmstadt,  Germany,  July  1, 
1742:  died  at  Gottingen,  Feb.  24,  1799.  A  Ger- 
man physicist  and  satirist,  professor  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Gottingen.  He  is  best  known  as  the  dis- 
coverer of  the  electrical  figures  named  from  him.  His 
works  were  published  1800-05. 

Lichtenstein  (lidh'teu-stin).  A  town  in  the 
kingdom  of  Saxony,  14  miles  west-southwest  of 
Chemnitz.     Population  (1890)^  8,804. 

Lichtenstein,  Martin  Heinrich  Karl.  Bom 
at  Hamburg,  Jan.  10,  1780:  died  at  sea,  Sept.  3, 
1857.  A  German  African  traveler  and  zoolo- 
gist, appointed  professor  of  zoology  at  Berlin 
in  1811.  He  lived  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  1802-06. 
He  wrote  "Eeisen  im  sildlichen  Afrika"  ("Travels  in 
Southern  Africa,"  1810-11). 

Lichterfelde  (lieh'ter-fel-de).  Avillage  6mil6s 
southwest  of  Berlin.    It  has  a  school  for  cadets. 

Licinia  gens  (li-sin'i-a  jenz).  A  celebrated 
plebeian  clan  or  house,  of  uncertain  origin,  in 
ancient  Rome.  The  first  member  of  the  gens  who  ob- 
tained the  consulship  was  C.  Licinius  Calvus  Stolo,  364  B.  c. 
The  Licinii  alnlost  constantly  occupied  high  ofiices  of  state 
until  in  the  4th  century  they  obtained  the  imperial  dignity. 
Their  family  names  are  Calvus  (with  the  agnomens  Esqui- 
linus  and  Stolo),  Crassus  (with  the  agnomen  Dives),  Geta, 
LucuUus,  Macer,  Murena,  Nerva,  Sacerdos,  Varus.  The 
following  cognomens  are  more  in  the  nature  of  personal 
surnames  than  family  names :  Archias,  Ceecina,  Damasip- 
pus,  Imbrex,  Lartius,  Lenticulus,  Nepos,  Proculus,  Regu- 
lus,  Rufinus,  Squillus,  and  Tegula. 

Licraian  (li-sin'i-an)  Laws  or  Rogations.    A 

collection  of  laws  proposed  by  the  Eoman  trib- 
unes Licinius  Stolo  and  Sextius  376  B.  c,  and 
passed 367  after  a  long  obstructive  contest.  They 
provided  that  one  of  the  consuls  must  be  a  plebeian  ;  that 
no  person  could  occupy  more  than  600  jugera  of  the  pub- 
lic land ;  that  interest  on  debts  should  be  deducted  from 
the  principal  and  the  balance  paid  in  three  years;  and 
that  plebeians  should  be  admitted  to  the  College  of  the 
Sibylline  Books.  There  were  provisions  limiting  the  cattle 
on  the  public  lands  and  limiting  the  slave  labor  on  large 
estates. 

Licinius  (li-sin'i-us)  (Gains  Licinius  Calvus 
Stolo).  A  Eoman  tribune  who  proposed  the 
Licinian  Laws  (which  see). 

Licinius  (Caius  Flavius  Valerius  Licinia- 
nus).  BominDacia:  kiUedatThessalonica,324 
A.  T>.  A  Eoman  emperor.  He  was  made  Augustus 
by  Qalerius  in  307.  In  313  he  married  Constantia,  sister 
of  Constantino  the  Great.  He  defeated  Maximinus  in  tlie 
same  year,  whereby  he  became  sole  ruler  of  the  East.  In 
314  he  became  involved  in  war  with  Constantine,  who  had 
made  himself  sole  ruler  of  the  West.  Peace  was  shortly 
concluded,  but  a  new  war  begun  in  323  ended  in  his  defeat 
and  death. 

Licking  (lik'ing).  A  river  in  Kentucky,  join- 
ing the  Ohio  at  Newport,  opposite  Cincinnati. 
Length,  about  200  miles. 

Lick  (lik)  Observatory.  An  observatory  found- 
ed and  endowed  by  James  Lick,  a  wealthy  Cali- 
fornian  (1796-1876),  and  transferred  to  the  re- 
gents of  the  University  of  California  in  1888. 
It  is  situated  on  the  summit  of  Mount  Hamilton  in  Santa 
Clara  County,  California,  east  of  San  Jo86.  It  is  in  lat,  37° 
21'  3"  N.,  long.  121°  21'  40"  W.  It  contains  a  refracting  tele- 
scope of  36-inch  aperture,  made  by  Alvan  Clark  and  Sons. 

Liddell  (lid'el),  Henry  Greorge.  Bom  1811 : 
died  at  Ascot,  Berks,  Jan.  18, 1898.  An  English 
clergyman  and  classical  scholar,  dean  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  1855-92.  HepublishedwithR.  Scott 
a  Greek  lexicon  (1843:  7th  ed.  1883),  and  wrote  a  "His- 
tory of  Rome  "  (185ij),  etc. 

Liddesdale  (lid'ez-dal).  The  valley  of  the  Lid- 
del,  a  small  tributary  of  the  Esk,  in  Eoxburgh- 
shire,  Scotland. 

Liddon  (lid' on),  Henry  Parry.  Bom  at  North 
Stoneham,  Hampshire,  Aug.  20,  1829 :  died  at 
Weston-super-Mare,  Sept.  9,  1890.  An  English 
High-chureh  clergyman,  celebrated  as  apreaeh-, 
er.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Christ  Church)  1860,  where 
he  identified  himself  with  the  Oxford  (High-church)  move- 
ment. In  1854  he  became  vice-principal  of  the  theological 
college  at  Cuddesdon  (resigning  in  1869),  and  in  1869  vice- 
principal  of  St.  Edmund's  Hall,  Oxford.  In  1863  he  was 
appointed  select  preacher  to  the  university  (reappointed 
1870  1877, 1884) ;  in  1870  a  canon  of  St  Paul  s,  where  he 
preached  with  great  effect ;  and  in  1886  chancellor  of  St. 
Paul's.  He  published  several  series  of  sermons  and  other 
religious  works. 


610 

Lidkoping  (lid'ch6-ping).  A  town  in  the  laen 
of  Skaraborg,  Sweden,  situated  on  Lake  Wener 
70  miles  northeast  of  Gothenburg.  Population 
(1890),  5,180. 

Lie  (le),  Jonas  Lauritz  Edemil,  Bom  at  Eger, 
near  Drammen,  Norway,  Nov.  6,  1833.  A  Nor- 
wegian novelist.  He  entered  the  naval  academy  at 
Frederiksviern,  but  a  year  later  was  forced  to  give  up  this 
career  because  of  near-sightedness.  Subsequently  he  stud- 
ied jurisprudence  at  Cliristiania,  and  ultimately  settled  at 
Kongsvinger  in  the  practice  of  his  profession.  Here  he 
also  found  time  for  journalistic  work,  and  made  frequent 
contributions  to  journals  and  periodicals.  In  1864  ap- 
peared a  first  collection  of  poems.  In  1865  he  removed  to 
Christiania  in  order  to  devote  himself  wholly  to  literature. 
His  first  novel,  "Den  Fremsynte"  ("The  Foreseef"),  ap- 
peared in  1870.  With  government  assistance  he  now  spent 
a  summer  in  travel  in  the  north,  the  fruit  of  which  was 
" Fortsellinger  og  Skildringer  fra  Norze "  ("Tales  and  De- 
scriptions of  Norway  "),  and  then  was  enabled  to  undertake 
a  journey  to  Rome,  His  next  novel,  "  lYemasteren  Frem- 
tiden  eller  Liv  nordpaa"  ^"  The  Bark  Future,  or  Life  up 
North,"  1872),  was  a  description  of  Norse  life  at  sea,  the 
direction  in  which  he  has  made  his  particular  fame.  This 
was  followed  in  1874  by  his  most  widely  known  novel, 
"Lodsen  og  hans  Hustiu"  ("The  Pilot  and  his  Wife"). 
Results  of  his  Italian  journey  were  "Fanfulla,"  "Antonio 
Banniera,"  and  the  lyrical  drama  "Faustina  Strozzi"  (all 
from  1875).  "  Thomas  Ross  "  (1878)  and  "AdamSchrader" 
(1879)  are  novels  of  city  life.  "Rutland"  (1881)  is  a  sea 
story.  A  three-act  comedy,  "  Grabows  Kat,  was  success- 
fully produced  in  Christiania  and  Stockholm.  Of  late  years 
he  has  lived  much  abroad  (alternately  in  Stuttgart,  Berch- 
tesgaden,  and  Dresden),  but  has  recently  again  taken  up 
his  residence  in  Norway. 

Liebau  (le'bou).  A  manufacturing  town  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  54  miles  southwest 
of  Breslau.     Population  (1890),  5,036. 

Liebenstein  (le'ben-stin).  A  watering-place  in 
Saxe-Meiningen,  in  the  Thuringian  Forest  12 
miles  south  of  Eisenach. 

Lieber  (le'ber),  Francis.  Bom  at  Berliu,March 
18, 1800 :  died  at  New  York,  Oct.  2, 1872.  A  Ger- 
man-American publicist.  He  was  imprisoned  by  the 
Prussian  authorities  in  1819  and  1824 ;  removed  to  the 
United  States  in  1827;  edited  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Ameri- 
cana "  (1829-33) ;  and  was  professor  of  history  and  political 
economy  in  South  Carolina  College  1835-56,and  in  Columbia 
College  1867-72.  His  works  include  "Manual  of  Political 
Ethics"  (1838),  "Legal  and  Political  Hermeneutics"  (1839), 
"Civil  Liberty  and  Self -Government"  (1863),  "GuerrUla 
Parties"  (1862),  "Instructions  for  the  Government  of  the 
Armies  of  the  United  States  in  the  Field"  (1863),  etc. 

Lieber,  Oscar  Montgomery.  Bom  at  Boston, 
Sept.  8,  1830  :  died  at  Eichmond,  Va.,  June  27, 
1862.  An  American  geologist  and  chemist,  son 
of  Francis  Lieber. 

Lieberkiihn  (le'ber-kUn),  Johann  Nathanael. 
Born  1711:  died  at  Berlin,  1765.  A  noted  Ger- 
man anatomist.  The  Lieberkiihnian  glands  were 
named  from  him. 

Liebig  (le'bie).  Baron  Justus  von.  Bom  at 
Darmstadt,  May  12, 1803:  died  at  Munich,  April 
18,  1873.  A  celebrated  German  chemist,  ap- 
pointed professor  of  chemistry  at  Giessen  in 
1824,  and  at  Munich  in  1852.  He  established  at 
Giessen  a  noted  laboratory  for  researches  in  organic  chem- 
istry and  the  application  of  chemistry  to  agriculture,  food, 
etc.  With  Poggendorff  he  wrote  the  "HandwOrterbuch 
der  Chemie"  ("Dictionary  of  Chemistry,"  1837-64).  His 
works  include  "Handbuch  der  organiachen  Chemie  "(in 
Geiger's  "Handbuch  der  Pharraacie,"  1839),  "Die  orga- 
niache  Chemie  in  ihrer  Anwendung  auf  Agrikultur  "  ("  Or- 
ganic Chemistry  in  its  Application  to  Agriculture,"  1840), 
"  Die  Tierchemie  oder  organische  Chemie  in  ihi-er  Anwen- 
dung auf  Physiologic  und Pathologic  "  ("Animal Chemistry 
or  Organic  Chemistry  in  its  Application  to  Physiology  and 
Pathology,"  1842), '  *  Chemische  Brief  e"  (translated  into  Eng- 
lish as  "Familiar  Letters  on  Chemistry,"  1844),  "Grund- 
satze  der  Agrikulturchemie  "  (1865),  "'Theorie  und  Praxis 
der  Landwirthschaft "  (1866),  "Naturwissenschaftliche 
Briefe  fiber  die  modeme  Landwirthschaft "  (1869),  etc. 

Liebknecht  (lep'kneeht),  Wilhelm.  Bom  at 
Giessen,  Hesse,  March  29,  1826:  died  at  Char- 
lottenburg,  Aug.  6,  1900.  A  German  politician 
and  journalist.  He  took  part  in  the  revolutionary 
movement  in  Baden  in  1848,  and  lived  in  exile  in  Switzer- 
land and  England  from  1849  to  1862,  when  he  returned  to 
Germany.  He  joined  the  International  in  1864,  became 
the  leader  of  the  Verband  deutscher  Arbeitervereine  in 
1868,  and  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Reichstag  by  the 
Social  Democrats  in  1874. 

Liechtenstein  (lioh'ten-stin).  An  independent 
principality  of  Europe,  bounded  by  Vorarlberg 
on  the  east,  the  canton  of  Grisons  ( Switzerland) 
on  the  south,  and  the  canton  of  St.-Gall  on  the 
west.  Capital,  Vaduz.  The  surface  is  generally  moun- 
tainous. The  government  is  vested  in  the  Pi-ince  of  Liech- 
tenstein and  a  Landtag ;  they  are  under  Austrian  influence. 
The  religion  is  Roman  Catholic.  Itwasmadea  principality 
in  1719,  and  belonged  to  the  German  Confederation  until 
1866.     Area,  65  square  mUes.    Population  (1891),  9,434. 

Lieder  ohne  Worte  (le'der  o'ne  vor'te).  [G., 
'  songs  without  words.']  A  series  of  pianoforte 
pieces  by  Mendelssohn,  six  books,  containing  six 
songs  each,  were  published  before  his  death,  and  two 
others  after  it. 

Li§ge  (lyazh),  G.  Liittich  (Itit'tid'h),  D.  Luik 
(loik).     1.  A  province  of  Belgium,  bounded  by 


Light  Brigade,  Charge  of  the 

Limburg  and  the  Netherlands  on  the  north, 
Ehenish  Prussia  on  the  east,  Luxemburg  on  the 
south,  Namur  on  the  southwest,  and  Brabant  on 
the  west.  The  inhabitants  are  ehiefljr  Walloons. 
Area,  1,117  square  miles.  Population  (1893), 
789,151. — 2.  [L.  Leodium.]  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Lifege,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Ourthe  and  Meuse,  in  lat.  50°  39'  N.,  long.  5°  33' 
E.  It  is  the  center  of  an  important  mining  region  of  coal, 
iron,  etc. ;  is  famous  for  the  manufacture  of  firearms ;  and 
has  also  manufactures  of  engines,  zinc,  etc.  The  cathedral  is 
of  very  early  foundation,  but  the  existing  nave  was  rebuilt 
in  1628,  and  the  choir  in  1280.  The  dimensions  are  276  by 
111  feet ;  height  of  vaulting,  80.  St.  Jacques  is  a  late- 
Pointed  church  with  polygonal  chevet  and  radiating  chap- 
els, and  a  fine  Romanesque  west  tower.  On  the  north  is 
a  notable  Renaissance  portal  of  the  16th  century.  The  inte- 
rior is  very  rich,  with  intricately  carved  moldings  around  the 
arches,  color-decoration  on  the  vaulting,16th-century  glass, 
and  a  sculptured  stone  choir-screen.  The  dimensions  are 
260  by  100  feet ;  height  of  vaulting,  75.  The  state  univer- 
sity, founded  in  1817,  has  about  1,600  students.  The  Palais 
de  Justice  was  formerly  the  episcopal  palace.  Li^ge  was 
sacked  by  Charles  the  Bold  in  1467  and  1468,  and  was  often 
besieged  and  taken.  It  belonged  to  France  from  1794  to 
1814.    Population  (1900),  173,708. 

Li^ge,  Bishopric  of.  A  former  bishopric  extend- 
ing northward  and  southwestward  of  the  city  of 
Liege.  It  belonged  to  the  Westphalian  circle  of  the  em- 
pire ;  was  acquired  by  France  in  1794 ;  passed  by  the  Con- 
gress of  Vienna  to  the  Netherlands ;  and  in  1831  was  ceded 
to  Belgium. 

Liegnitz  (leg'nits).  The  capital  of  the  govern- 
ment district  of  Liegnitz,  Silesia,  Prussia,  situ- 
ated at  the  junction  of  the  Schwarzwasser  and 
Katzbaeh,  in  lat.  51°  13'  N.,  long.  16°  9'  E.  its 
manufactures  are  extensive  and  varied,  and  it  has  a  flour- 
ishing trade.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  principality  of 
Liegnitz  down  to  1675,  when  it  was  acquired  by  Austria. 
It  was  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1742.  Near  it  was  fought  the 
battle  of  Katzbaeh  1813.    Population  (1890),  46,874. 

Liegnitz,  Battles  of.  1.  A  battle  fought  at 
Wahlstatt,  near  Liegnitz,  April  9,  1241.  It  was 
a  victory  for  the  Mongols  under  Batu  over  the  Germans 
and  Poles ;  but  the  Mongol  advance  into  central  Burope 
was  checked,  and  the  contest  is  hence  regarded  as  one  of 
the  decisive  battles  of  the  world. 
2.  A  victory  gained  near  Liegnitz,  Aug.  15, 
1760,  by  Frederick  the  Great  over  the  Austriaus 
under  Laudon.  It  prevented  the  junction  of 
the  Austrians  and  Eussians. 

Lierre  (le-ar'),  Flem.  Lier  (le'er).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Antwerp,  Belgium,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Great  and  Little  Neethe,  10 
miles  southeast  of  Antwerp.  It  has  silk  factories, 
and  the  Church  of  St.  Gomarius  is  noteworthy,  f  opula- 
tion  (1890),  20,133. 

Liestal  (les'tal).  The  capital  of  the  half-can- 
ton of  Basel-Land,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the 
Ergolz  8  miles  southeast  of  Basel.  Population 
(1888),  4,927. 

Lievens,  or  Livens  (le' vens),  or  Lievenz,  Jan. 
Bora  at  Leyden,  Oct.  24, 1607 :  died  at  Antwerp 
about  1663.     A  Dutch  painter  and  engraver. 

Li6vin  (lya-van').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Pas-de-Calais,  northern  France,  situated  near 
Lens.     Population  (1891),  12,417. 

Life  Let  us  Cherish.  [G.  Freut  euch  des  Lebem.  ]  i 
A  favorite  (German  song,  written  by  Martin  Us- 
teri  of  Zurich,  published  in  1796.  The  music  was 
written  by  Hans  Georg  Nageli  in  1793.     Grove. 

Life  of  Christ,  The.  A  remarkable  series  of  six 
paintings  by  Eembrandt,  executed  about  1640  ■ 
for  the  Stadliolder  of  the  Netherlands,  and  now 
in  the  Old  Pinakothek,  Munich.  The  finest  of  ths 
series  is  the  "Entombment,"  whose  chief  group  is  thrown 
into  vigorous  relief  by  a  ray  of  strong  light  amid  the  som- 
ber surroundings.  In  the  "  Nativity,"  the  Virgin  sits  be- 
side the  infant  Jesus,  who  lies  on  a  bed  of  straw  before  the 
wondering  shepherds.  St.  Joseph  holds  a  lamp,  from  which 
all  the  light  of  the  picture  proceeds. 

Liflfey  (lif'i).  A  river  in  eastern  Ireland  which 
flows  into  Dublin  Bay  at  Dublin.  Length,  about  • 
50  miles. 

Ligarius  (li-ga'ri-us),  Quintus.    Lived  in  the 
middle  of  the  1st  century  B.  c.    A  Eoman  com- 
mander, an  adherent  of  Pompey,  defended  be-- 
fore  Crosar  by  Cicero. 

Liger  (li'jfer),  or  Ligeris  (-is).  [Gr.  A.eiynp.'] 
The  Latin  name  of  the  Loire. 

Light  Brigade,  Charge  of  the.  A  celebrated 
charge  made  by  the  Light  Brigade  of  670  men, 
under  Lord  Cardigan,  on  a  Eussian  battery  at 
Balaklava,  Oct.  25,  1854.  The  command  to  charge 
(about  which  there  has  been  much  dispute)  was  given  to 
Lord  Cardigan  by  Lord  Lucan,  in  pursuance  of  orders  is- 
sued by  Lord  Raglan.  There  was  a  battery  in  front,  a  bat- 
tery on  each  fiank,  and  Russian  riflemen  on  both  sides. 
According  to  Cardigan's  account  (Kinglake),"  the  time  oc- 
cupied from  the  movement  of  the  brigade  to  the  attack  to  ' 
the  time  of  re-forming  on  the  same  ground  did  not  exceed 
twenty  minutes  —  the  distance  passed  over  was  one  mile 
and  a  quarter,  at  the  lowest  calculation  —  and  in  that  space 
of  time  300  men  who  had  gone  into  action  were  kiUed, 
wounded,  or  missing,  and  396  horses  were  put  hors  de  com- 
bat. Of  the  670  men  who  had  gone  into  action,  only  196- 
were  mounted  when  the  brigade  re-formed  on  the  ground  , 


Light  Brigade,  Charge  of  the 

from  which  they  had  moved  off,  and  during  the  engage- 
ment 24  offlcers  were  killed  orwounded."  Tennyson'alyrio 
on  the  charge  is  well  known. 
Lightfoot  (lit'fut),  John.  Born  at  Stoke-upon- 
Trent,  England,  Mareh  29,  1602 :  died  at  Ely, 
Dec.  6, 1675.  An  eminent  Hebraist  and  rabbini- 
cal scholar.  He  was  rector  successively  of  Stone  (Staf- 
ford), St.  Bartholomew's  (London),  and  Great  Munden 
(Hertfordshire) ;  a  member  of  the  Westminster  Assembly ; 
and  vioe-chanoellor  of  Cambridge  University  (1664).  He 
was  appointed  to  a  prebend  at  Ely  in  1668.  His  chief  works 
are  "Horae  Hehraicae  et  Talmudicse  "  (1658-74)  and  a  "Har- 
mony of  the  Four  Evangelists,  etc."  (1644). 

Lightfoot,  Joseph  Barber.  Bom  at  Liverpool, 
April  13,  1828 :  died  at  Bouruemouth,  Deo.  21, 
1889.  An  English  prelate  and  scholar,  made 
bishop  of  Durham  m  1879.  He  graduated  at  the 
University  of  Camhridge  (Trinity  College)  in  1861,  became 
a  fellow  of  Trinity  in  1852,  and  Hulsean  professor  of  divin- 
ity in  1861.  In  1871  he  was  appointed  a  canon  of  St.  Paul's. 
He  was  an  influential  member  of  the  committee  for  the 
revision  of  the  New  Testament.  He  published  commen- 
taries on  St.  Paul's  Epistles  to  the  Galatians  (1865),  the 
Philippians  (1868),  and  the  Colossians  and  Philemon  (1876), 
"A  Fresh  Revision  of  the  New  Testament"  (1871),  an  edi- 
tion of  Ignatius  and  Folycarp  (1885),  sermons,  addresses, 
etc. 

Light-Horse  Harry.  A  surname  of  the  Ameri- 
can cavalry  commander  Henry  Lee. 

Lighthouse  of  San  Salvador,  The.  The  Izalco 
volcano,  in  the  republic  of  Salvador:  so  called 
because  the  light  of  its  almost  constant  erup- 
tions is  visible  far  at  sea, 


611 

cient  geography,  thatpart  of  the  Mediterranean 
which  lies  near  Liguria. 
Li  Hung  Chang  (le  hong  chang).  Born  about 
1823  in  the  province  of  Anhwei :  died  at  Peking, 
Nov.  7,  1901.  A  noted  Chinese  statesman, 
known  as  "the  Bismarck  of  Asia."  He  joined 
General  Gordon  in  opposing  theT'ai-p'ingrebellionagainst 
Tatar  rule :  they  were  successful,  both  receiving  the  yellow 
jacket  and  the  three-eyed  peacock's  feather,  the  highest 
orders  bestowed  by  the  emperors.  He  was  appointed 
viceroy  of  Chi-li  province  and  senior  grand  secretary  of 
state  in  1870,  remaining  the  intermediary  between  China 
and  the  world  at  large  until  the  heginning  of  the  war  jvjth 
Japan.  With  the  first  reverses  of  the  war  of  1894,  on  the 
Chinese  side,  his  enemies  prevailed  upon  the  emperor  to 
strip  him  of  his  highest  decorations,  and,  later,  he  was 
obhged  to  share  the  command  of  the  army  with  Prince 
Kung,  the  emperor's  uncle.  Later  stillheandPrinceKurg 
were  superseded  in  command  of  the  army  by  Liu-kun-yi, 
an  enemy  of  Li.  But  at  the  close  of  thewar,  afterineffec- 
tual  efforts  by  others,  Li  Hung  Chang  was  made  the  high 
oommissionerforChina,with  absolute powers.and brought 
about  an  agi-eement  for  peace  between  his  country  and 
Japan.  He  was  the  organizer  of  the  only  hody  of  modern 
soldiersChina  employed,  the  founder  of  hernavyof  modern 
ships,  the  builder  of  her  first  railway.  The  faults  of  the 
Chinese  army  for  which  he  was  degraded  early  in  the  war 
were  due  to  the  weakness  and  ignorance  of  the  Tsung-li- 
yamen,  the  board  which  condu  cted  the  war,  and  to  which 
Viceroy  LI  was  subordinated.  He  was  prime  minister  of 
China  1896-98.  He  visited  Europe  and  the  United  States 
in  1896.  In  July,  1900,  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Chi-li, 
and  played  an  important  part  in  the  negotiations  which 
accompanied  and  followed  the  siege  of  the  legations.  He 
was  oue  of  the  Chinese  peace  commissioners. 


I.iirTitof  Asia  Thp     A  Doem  bv  Sir  Edwin  Ar- ^^^l'''""!®  (^l'^^™)»  John.   Born  at  Greenwich 
ijlgniiOI  ASia,  Ane.     A  poem  ay  oir  aixwm.  at     -n,     ,      ,   a>,m,f  ifiU-  /n»fl  o(-  Tiiu^,,.™    A„o.  9Q 


nold,  published  in  1878, 
Light  of  the  World,  The.  1.  An  oratorio  in 
two  parts  by  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan,  produced  in 
1873. — 2.  A  poem  by  Sir  Edwin  Arnold,  pub- 
lished in  1890. — 3.  A  noted  picture  by  Holman 
Hunt.  It  represents  the  Saviour  standing  at  night  be- 
fore a  closed  door  with  a  lighted  lantern  in  his  hand.  It  was 
presented  to  Keble  College,  Oxf  ord,hy  Mrs.  Thomas  Combe. 

Ligne  (leny),  Prince  Charles  Joseph  de.  Bom 

at  Brussels,  May  12, 1735 :  died  at  Vienna,  Deo. 
13,  1814.  An  Austrian  field-marshal.  He  wrote 
"  Melanges  militaires,  littdraires,  et  sentimentaires"  (1795- 
1811),  "  (Euvres  posthumes"  (1817),  etc 


England,  about  1614:  died  at  Eltham,  Aug. 
1657.  An  English  political  agitator  and  Puri- 
tan pamphleteer.  He  was  arrested  Dec.  11, 1637,  on  the 
charge  of  printing  unlicensed  books  (Prynne's  and  others), 
whipped  and  pilloried,  and  imprisoned  until  released  at 
the  opening  of  the  Long  Parliament.  At  the  battle  of  Brent- 
ford he  was  taken  prisoner,  and  was  subsequently  tried  for 
treason,  but  was  exchanged  in  1643,  and  became  (1644)  lieu- 
tenantcolonel  of  dragoons.  He  was  several  times  im- 
prisoned and  fined  for  scandalous  attacks  on  persons  of 
authority,  and  finally  tried  for  sedition.  Notwithstanding 
his  acquittal,  he  was  transferred  to  the  Tower,  thence  to 
Elizabeth  Castle,  Guernsey,  and  from  there  to  Dover 
Castle  (Oct.,  1655).  He  became  a  Quaker,  and  shortly  after 
that  Cromwell  released  him.  He  wrote  a  large  number 
of  controversial  pamphlets. 


LignitZ.    See  LiegniU.  ■„  ,      ^    -^ 

Llgny  (len-ye').     A  village  in  the  province  of  IjilDurne,  Kobert.  Bom  m  Durham,  1613:  died 
Namur,  Belgium,  25  miles  south-southeast  of    at  St.  Nicholas  Island,  1665.    An  English  "  regi- 


Brussels.  A  victoiy  was  gained  here  by  Napoleon  over 
thePrussiansunderBlucher  Juneie,  1815.  Loss  of  the  Prus- 
sians, 12,000;  of  the  French,  8,000. 

Ligny-en-Barrois  (len-ye'on-ba-rwa')-  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Mouse,  Prance,  sit- 
uated 11  miles  southeast  of  Bar-le-Duc,  on  the 
Omain.    Population  (1891),  5,101. 

Ligon  (lig'on),  Richard.  An  English  royalist  Lilienstein  (lel'yen-stin).  One  of  the  chief 
who,  having  lost  his  fortune,  emigrated  to  Bar-  heights  of  the  Saxon  Switzerland,  southeast  of 
bados  in  1647.    Soon  after  his  return  in  1660,  his  credi-    Dresden.     Height,  1,325  feet. 


cide,"  brother  of  John  Lilbume.  He  was  an  officer 
(colonel  of  infantry)  In  the  Parliamentary  army  and  in 
Dec. ,  1648,  was  appointed  one  of  Charles's  j  udges,  and  signed 
his  death-warrant.  In  the  Scottish  campaigns  (1651)  he 
served  with  distinction,  and  was  rewarded  by  Parliament. 
At  the  Eestoration  he  was  tried  and  condemned  to  death, 
but  the  sentence  was  not  executed.    He  died  a  prisoner. 

Lili,     ~        - 


Ligonier  (lig-o-ner'),  John  (Jean  Louis),  Earl  'night.']  A  demon  that  dwells  in  deserted 
Ligouier.  Born  at  Castres,  Prance,  Nov.  7, 1680 :  places,  mentioned  in  Isa.  xxxiv.  14 :  in  rabbin- 
died  April  28,  1770.  A  distinguished  English  ical  literature  depicted  as  a  female  roaming  in 
soldier,, of  Huguenot  descent,  made  field-mar-  tlie  nigM,  and  especially  dangerous  to  children 
shalandEarlLigonierof  Eipley,  Surrey,  in  1766.  and  to  women  in  childbirth.  The  demon  is  proba- 
He  came  to  Englandin  1697;  entered  the  army  under  Marl-  bly  of  Babylonian  origin  :  its  name  occurs  frequently  in 
borough  in  1702,  and  took  part  in  all  the  military  events  'he  incantations.  The  Talmudists  say  that  the  name  of 
till  1710 ;  was  appointed  governor  of  Fort  St.  Philip,  Mi-  Adam's  first  wife  was  Lilith. 

norca;  became  brigadier-general  and  major-general  in  Liliuokalani  (le-le-w6-ka-la'ne).   Born  Sept.  2, 

commanded  the  English  infantry  at  the  battle  of  j^ggg^     rpj^g  ex-queen  of  the  Hawaiian  Islmdsr 


1739 , 

Fontenoy,  May  11,  1745 ;  and  was  commander-in-chief  of 

the  British  forces  at  the  battle  of  Kaucoux,  Oct.  11, 1746. 

He  was  made  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Lawfeld,  July  2, 

1747. 

Liguori  (le-gwo're),  Alfonso  Maria  de'.  Bom 

at  Marianella,  near  Naples,  Sept.  26, 1696:  died 
at  Noeera  dei  Pagani,  Italy,  Aug.  1, 1787.    An 


sister  of  King  Kalakaua.  She  married  an  American, 
John  0.  Dominis,  who  was  governor  of  Oahu.  He  died  in 
1891,  and  in  the  same  year,  on  the  death  of  the  king,  she 
ascended  the  throne.  In  1893  she  was  deposed.  (See 
Hawaiimi  Islands.)  Her  heiress  presumptive  was  her 
niece,  daughter  of  her  younger  sister  and  A.  S.  Cleghorn, 
governor  of  Oahu  after  the  death  of  Dominis. 


(ris'sel).  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Nord,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Deule  in  lat. 
50°  38'  N.,  long.  3°  2'  E.  it  is  an  important  fortress; 
is  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  France,  and  a  great  manufac- 
turing center ;  has  grown  largely,  in  late  years  ;  and  has 
manufactures  of  woolen,  cotton,  and  linen  goods,  thread, 
sugar,  machinery,  etc.  Lille  was  fortified  by  Baldwin  IV. 
of  Flanders  (about  1030)  ;  passed  to  Burgundy,  and  later  to 
the  H  ouse  of  Hapsburg ;  was  taken  by  Louis  XIV.  in  1667 ; 
was  taken  by  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  in  1708,  but  restored 
to  France  in  1713 ;  and  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the 
Austrians  in  1792.    Population  (1901),  215,431, 


Italian  theologian,  founder  of  the  order  of  the  Lille  (lel),  formerly  L'Isle  (lei),  Plem.  Byssel 
Eedemptorists  in  1732.     Among  his  works  are     -  -  -    -  •  ..,».,      ,         ,         ,     „ 

"Theologia  moralis"  (1755),  "Homo  apostoli- 
cus"  (1782),  etc. 

Liguria  (li-gu'ri-a).  In  ancient  geography,  the 
country  of  the  Ligurians,  in  northwestern  Italy 
and  southeastern  Prance.  Atthetime  of  Augustus 
it  was  included  between  the  Mediterranean  and  the  rivers 
Var,  Po,  Trebbia,  and  Magra.  Originally  it  extended  be- 
yond these  limits.  It  was  at  war  with  Kome  from  about 
200  B.  0.  to  about  120  B.  0. ;  and  was  finally  subjugated  14 
B.  0. 

Liguria  (It.  pron.le-g8're-a).    A  oompartimento  LiUebonne  (la-bon').    A  town  in  the  depart 
of  modern  Italy,  comprising  the  provinces  of   jnent  of  Seine-Inf^rieure,  Prance,  on  the  Bolbec 
(Jenoa  and  Porto  Maunzio.  19  miles  east  of  Havre  :  the  Eoman  Juliobana. 

LigUrian  (li-gfi'ri-an)  Alps.  That  part  of  the  it  contains  a  ruined  medieval  castle  and  Eoman  antiqui- 
AIps  in  northwestern  Italy  which  extends  from  ties,  including  a  theater  which  Is  the  best-preserved  exam- 
the  Col  di  Giovi  to  the  Col  di  Tenda.  Pl«  ^o  far  north.    Population  (1891),  commune.  6,600. 

Ligurian  Apennines.  That  part  of  the  Apen-  Lillehammer  (lil'le-ham-mer).  A  small  town 
nines  which  extends  from  the  Ligurian  Alps  in  southern  Norway,  situated  on  Lake  Mjosen. 
to  the  borders  of  Tuscany.  Lillers  (le-lar' ).    A  town  in  the  department  ot 

Ligurian  Bepublic.  The  name  assumed  by  the  Pas-de-Calais,  northern  Prance,  23  miles  norm- 
republic  of  Genoa,  formed  on  the  model  of  west  of  Arras.  It  is  said  to  have  contained  the 
France,  in  1797.    It  was  annexedto  France  1805.    earliest  artesian  well.    Population  (1891),  com- 

Ligurian  Sea.     [L.  LigusUcwm  Mare.']    In  an-    mune,  7,609. 


Lima  e  Silva,  Luiz  Alves  de 

LlUibullero  (lil'l-bu-le'ro),  or  Lilliburlero 

(-ber-le'ro).  A  political  song  satirizing  James 
II.  of  England,  who  had  made  an  unwelcome 
nomination  to  the  lord-lieutenancy  of  Ireland. 
It  was  written  by  Lord  Wharton  about  1686.  The  musicwas 
by  Henry  Purcell,  originally  a  march  or  quickstep.  The 
song  is  the  merest  doggerel,  but  contributed  a  great  impe- 
tus to  the  revolution  of  1688.  The  whole  army  and  the  peo- 
ple sang  it  constantly.  The  taking  refrain  "  Lilliburlero 
buUen  a  la"  (which  is  said  to  have  been  a  watchword  of 
the  Irish  IU>man  Catholics  in  their  massacre  of  the  Prot- 
estants in  1641)  was  specially  adapted  to  the  music  of  the 
quickstep  with  which  the  soldiers  were  familiar. 
Lilliput  (lil'i-put).  A  country  on  the  shore  of 
which  Gulliver  is  wrecked,  in  Swift's  "  Gulli- 
ver's Travels."  The  inhabitants  (the  LUliputians)  were 
so  small  that  Gulliver  was  a  giant  to  them. 

Lilliput.  A  play,  takeip.  from  "  Gulliver's  Trav- 
els," produced  by  Garriek  in  Dee.,  1756.  It  was 
played  by  children  whom  he  trained  himself. 

Lillo  (lil'o),  George.  Born  near  Moorfields, 
Feb.  4,1693:  died  at  London,  Sept.  3, 1739.  An 
English  dramatist.  He  was  the  son  of  a  Dutch  jew- 
eler (his  mother  was  English),  and  was  bred  to  his  father's 
trade.  Hewrote  "Sylvia,  or  the  Country  Burial,  "a  ballad- 
opera  (acted  1730) ;  "  The  Merchant,"  renamed  "  The  Lon- 
don Merchant,  or  the  History  of  George  Barnwell,"  and 
usually  called  "  George  Barnwell "  (acted  1731),  long  a  suc- 
cessful play ;  "  Britannia,  or  the  Koyal  Lovers  "  (acted  1734) ; 
"  The  Christian  Hero  "  (acted  1736) ;  "  Fatal  Curiosity  " 
(acted  1736) ;  and  an  adaptation  of  an  old  play,  "  Arden  of 
Feversham,"  completed  after  Lillo's  death  by  John  Hoad- 
ley  (acted  1769). 

Lilly,  John.     See  Lyly. 

Lilly  (lil'i),  William.  Born  at  Dise worth,  Lei- 
cestershire, May  1, 1602 :  died  at  Hersham,  June 
9, 1681.  A  notedEnglish  astrologer  and  prophet. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  series  of  almanacs  (1644-80,  yearly), 
of  many  prophetic  pamphlets,  of  the  "Christian  Astrology  " 
(1647),  long  an  authority  on  the  art  (reprinted  as  an  "Intro- 
duction to  Astrology,"  1852),  of  the  "  True  History  of  King 
James  I.  and  King  Charles  I."  (1661),  and  of  "The  History 
of  Lilly's  Life  and  Times"  (1715),  an  autobiography  He 
resided  in  London  1620-66,  and  after  that  at  Hersham. 

Lily  (lil'i),  William.  Bom  at  Odiham,  Hamp- 
shire, England,  about  1468:  died  at  London, 
1522.  A  noted  English  grammarian,  a  friend  of 
Colet,  Erasmus,  and  More,  and  one  of  the  first 
teachers  of  Greek  in  England.  He  studied  the  class- 
ics in  Italy  under  Sulpicius  and  Pomponius  Lsetus,  and  in 
1612  was  appointed  high  master  of  Colet's  school  in  Ht. 
Paul's  Churchyard.  He  contributed  a  Latin  syntax  ('  'Gram- 
maticesRudimenta")tothe  "J5ditio"of  Colet  (1609?),  and, 
with  the  aid  of  Erasmus,  wrote  a  syntax  ("Absolutissimus 
de  octo  orationis  partium  constructione "),  published  in 
1513.  The  two  (".aiditio"  and  "Absolutissimus  ")  were 
revised  and  combmed  as  a  Latin  grammar  (1540),  entitled 
"Institutio  compendiaria  totius grammaticse,  etc.,"which 
was  again  issued,  in  altered  form,  in  1574,  under  the  title 
"A  Short  Introduction  ot  Grammar,  etc."  In  this  form  it 
was  used  and  quoted  by  Shakspere.  It  was  the  national 
Latin  grammar,  and  continued  in  popular  use  in  various 
editions  for  many  years. 

Lilybaeum  (lil-i-be'um).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  city  near  the  promontory  of  Lilybseum  (at  the 
western  extremity  of  Sicily :  now  Cape  Bo&o), 
founded  by  Carthage:  the  modern  Marsala 
(which  see).  It  was  besieged  and  finally  taken 
by  the  Eomans  250-241  B.  C. 

Lily  Maid  of  Astolat.  The  name  given  to 
Elaine  in  the  story  of  Sir  Lancelot. 

Lily  of  the  Valley,  The.  See  Lys  dans  la  Val- 
ue, Le. 

Lima  (le'ma).  The  capital  of  Peru  and  of  the 
department  of  Lima,  situated  in  lat.  12°  2'  S., 
long.  77°  7'  W.,  7  miles  east  of  its  seaport  Cal- 
lao.  It  is  the  leading  commercial  center  of  Peru.  The 
cathedral  is  a  large  building  in  a  style  based  on  the  Kenais- 
sance.  The  university,  chartered  by  Charles  V.  in  1561,  is 
the  oldest  in  America.  Lima  was  founded  by  Pizarro  in 
1636 ;  has  been  often  visited  by  earthquakes,  most  disas- 
trously Oct.  28, 1746 ;  has  been  the  scene  of  frequent  in- 
surrections ;  was  entered  by  the  army  of  San  Martin  1821 ; 
and  was  occupied  by  the  Chileans  from  Jan.  17,  1881,  to 
Oct.  21,  1883.     Population  (1891),  103,666. 

Lima  (li'ma).  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Allen 
County,  western  Ohio,  84  miles  northwest  of 
Columbus:  noted  as  the  center  of  a  petroleum 
region.     Population  (1900),  21,723. 

Lima  (le'ma),  Audience  of.  The  supreme  court 

of  Peru  during  the  colonial  period,  it  was  estab- 
lished  in  1544,  and  originally  there  was  no  appeal  from  its 
decisions  except  in  civil  cases  involving  more  than  10,000 
pesos  de  oro :  later  its  powers  were  somewhat  restricted. 
The  audiences  of  Chile,  Charcas,  etc.,  were  subordinate  to 
it.  The  viceroy  was  ex-oflicio  president  of  the  audience ; 
in  case  of  a  vacancy  in  his  oflice  one  of  the  auditors  became 
president,  and  acted  ad  inteHm  as  viceroy. 

Lima  e  Silva  (le'ma  §  sel'va),  Francisco  de. 
Born  at  Eio  de  Janeiro,  July  5, 1785 :  died  there, 
Dec.  2,  1853.  A  Brazilian  general  and  states- 
man. In  1824  he  suppressed  the  revolt  at  Pernambuco. 
After  the  abdication  of  Pedro  I.  (April  6,  1831)  he  was  a 
member  of  the  temporary  regency,  and,  by  the  death  of  one 
of  his  colleagues  and  the  retirement  of  the  other,  remained 
the  sole  ruler  until  Oct.  12, 1835.  Soon  after  this  he  was 
elected  senator. 

Lima  e  Silva,  Luiz  Alves  de,  Baron,  Count, 
Marquis,  and,  from  March  23,  1869,  Dake  of 


Lima  e  Silva,  Luiz  Aires  de 

Caxias.  Born  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Aug.  25, 1803 : 
died  near  that  city,  May  7, 1880.  A  Brazilian  sol- 
dier and  statesman,  son  of  Francisco  de  Lima  e 
Silva.  Aspresidentof  M:aranhao(Feb.,  1840,  to  May,  1841), 
Sao  Paulo  (May,  1842,  to  Dec,  1842),  and  Rio  Grande  do  Su] 
(Dec. ,  1842,  to  Oct.,  1846),  he  crushed  rebellions  in  all  those 
provinces.  In  1861-52  he  commanded  the  Brazilian  army 
which,  in  alliance  with  Urquiza,  di-ove  the  dictator  Uosas 
from  Buenos  Ayres.  A  conservative,  he  was  senator  from 
1856 ;  minister  o£  war  June,  1865 ;  and,  by  the  death  of 
the  Marquis  of  Farani,  premier  Sept.  3, 1866,  to  May  3, 
1867,  and  again  March  3, 1861,  to  May  4, 1862.  From  Oct., 
T866,  to  Feb.,  1869,  he  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  Bra- 
zilian forces  in  Paraguay,  and  during  a  portion  of  the  time 
commanded  the  Argentine  forces  also.  This  period  was 
marked  by  the  great  successes  of  the  war,  including  the  oc- 
cupation of  Humaiti,  July,  1868,  and  of  Asuncion,  Jan.  6, 
1869.  He  was  for  a  third  time  premier  June  25,  1875,  to 
Jan.  1,  1878;  attained  the  military  rank  of  marshal  Dec, 
1862;  and  was  the  only  duke 'created  during  the  empire. 

Limagne  (le-many').  A  fertile  district  in  the 
basin  of  the  AHier,  Auvergne,  France,  forming 
part  of  the  department  of  Puy-de-D6me. 

Limasol,  or  Limassol  (le-ma-aol').  A  seaport 
on  the  southern  coast  of  Cyprus,  situated  in  lat. 
34°  40' N.,  long.  33°  3' E.  It  exports  wine.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  7,388. 

Limbach  (lim'baeh).  A  town  in  the  kingdom 
of  Saxony,  8  miles  west-northwest  of  Chemnitz. 
It  manufactures  stockings,  etc.  Population 
(1890),  11,834. 

Limberham,  or  The  Kind  Keeper.    A  play  by 

Dryden,  produced  in  1678.  The  character  of  Lim- 
berham  is  said  to  be  a  satire  of  the  Duke  of  Lauderdale, 
but  there  were  also  features  of  Shaftesbury  in  it. 

Limborch  (lim'boroh),  Philippus  van.    Bom 

at  Amsterdam,  June  19, 1633:  died  there,  April 
30, 1712.  A  Dutch  Armiuian  theologian,  pastor 
and  later  (1668)  professor  in  the  College  of  the 
Remonstrants  in  Amsterdam.  He  was  a  friend 
of  Locke,  who  addressed  to  him  his  "Epistola 
de  tolerantia." 

Limburg  (lau-bor').  A  province  of  Belgium, 
bounded  by  the  Netherlands  on  the  north  and 
east.  Capital,  Hasselt.  Area,  931  square  miles. 
Population  (1893),  226,997. 

Limburg  (lim'bijrG).  A  province  of  the  Nether- 
lands, bordering  on  Prussia  and  Belgium.  Cap- 
ital, Maestrieht.  Area,  850  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  259,593. 

Limburg.  A  former  duchy,  corresponding  to 
the  two  provinces  defined  above.  Itpassed  to  Bra- 
bant in  1288 ;  was  divided  between  Spain  and  the  Nether- 
lands in  1648 ;  was  under  French  rule  from  1794  to  1814 ; 
was  allotted  to  the  Netherlands  in  1814-15 ;  joined  Belgium 
in  1830 ;  and  in  1839  was  divided  between  Belgium  and  the 
Netherlands. 

Limburg.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Lifege,  Bel- 
gium, on  the  Vesdre  17  miles  east  of  Li6ge.  It 
was  the  former  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Limbui^.  Near  it, 
at  Herve,  the  Limburger  cheese  is  manufactured. 

Limburg-on-tlie-Lahn(lim'bora-on-THe-lan'). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Lahn  21  miles  east  of  Co- 
blenz:  noted  for  its  cathedral  (13th  century), 
andf  or  the  "  Limburg  Chronicle,"  which  records 
its  history. 

Limburg-on-the-Lenne  (-len'}.  See  Sohenlim- 


Limerick  (lim'e-rik).  1.  A  county  in  Munster, 
Ireland.  It  is  bounded  by  Clare  (separated  by  the  Shan- 
non) and  Tipperary  on  the  north,  Tipperary  on  the  east,  Cork 
on  the  south,  and  Kerry  on  the  west.  The  soil  is  fertile, 
especially  near  the  Shannon  and  in  the  "Golden  Vale." 
Area,  1,064  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  168,912. 
2.  The  capital  of  Coxmty  Limerick,  situated  on 
the  Shannon  in  lat.  52°  40'  N.,  long.  8°  37'  W. 
It  consists  of  English  Town  (on  an  island),  Irish  Town,  and 
Newtown  Perry,  and  is  an  important  river  port.  The  cathe- 
dral was  founded  in  the  12th  century,  but  modified  through 
the  later  middle  ages.  It  has  no  transepts,  and  possesses  a 
fine  tower  over  the  west  end.  The  extenor  is  battlemented. 
The  nave  has  Early  English  arches,  but  round  arches  in 
the  triforium ;  the  choir  has  a  square  chevet  with  a  win- 
dowof  early-Pointed  type.  The  aisleshavebeen  encroached 
upon  to  form  an  extensive  series  of  chapels.  Limerick  was 
a  Danish  town  in  the  9th,  10th,  and  11th  centuries ;  was  con- 
quered by  the  English  in  1174 ;  was  taken  by  the  English 
under  Ireton  in  1651 ;  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  Wil- 
liam ni.  1690 ;  and  was  the  last  Jacobite  stronghold,  sur- 
rendering to  the  English  Oct.  3, 169L  It  was  known  as 
"  the  City  of  the  Violated  Treaty  "  (see  below).  Population 
(1891X  37,072. 

Limerick,  Treaty  of,  or  Pacification  of.    A 

treaty  concluded  between  the  English  com- 
mander Ginkel  and  the  Irish  commander  Sars- 
field,  Oct.,  1691,  granting  amnesty,  liberty,  and 
other  privileges  to  the  Insh  Catholics,  and  per- 
mission to  volunteer  in  the  French  service .  The 
Irish  Parliament,  however,  insisted  on  its  being 
virtually  ignored 

Limfjord  (lim'f  ydrd) .  A  sea  passage  cutting  off 
the  northern  portion  of  Jutland,  Denmark,  from 
the  main  division.    Length,  about  100  miles. 

limmat  (Um'mat).  A  river  in  northern  Swit- 
zerland which  flows  through  the  Lake  of  Zurich 


612 

and  joins  the  Aar  near  Bragg  (Aargau).  It  is 
called  the  Linth  in  its  upper  course.  Total 
length,  about  80  miles. 

Limnse  (lim'ne).  [L.,  from  Gr.,'the  marshes.'] 
A  region  in  ancient  Athens,  important  as  the 
seat  of  the  earliest  cult  of  Bacchus  and  the  first 
rudimentary  dramatic  performances  in  Athens, 
and  also  important  from  the  standpoint  of  to- 
pography. It  has  long  been  placed  on  the  maps  to  the 
south  01  the  Acropolis  and  the  Dionysiac  theater ;  but  Dorp- 
feld  has  adduced  reasons  which  may  be  accepted  as  con- 
clusive for  shifting  it  far  to  the  northwest,  so  that  it  em- 
braces the  neighborhood  of  the  Dipylon  gate. 

Limoges  (le-mozh').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute- Vienne,  France,  situated  on  the 
Vienne  in  lat.  45°  50'  N.,  long.  1°  16'  E. :  the 
Roman  Augustoritum.  Its  porcelain  manufactures 
are  celebrated,  and  there  are  also  manufactures  of  textiles 
and  shoes.  Kaolin  is  exported.  The  cathedral  was  begun 
in  the  13th  century,  but  the  nave  was  only  partly  com- 
pleted by  the  16th ;  the  remainder  has  lately  been  added. 
The  interior  is  high  and  imposing.  It  possesses,  though 
displaced,  a  remarkable  rood-loft  of  1633,  covered  with 
sculptures.  Limoges  was  the  capital  of  the  Lemovices,  and 
was  a  flourishing  Koman  city.  It  consisted  of  *.wo  towns 
in  the  middle  ages.  Itsuflered  in  the  English  and  Hugue- 
not wars;  waa  sacked  by  the  Black  Prince  in  1370;  was  the 
former  capital  of  Limousin;  and  suffered  from  plague  and 
flres.  It  was  a  center  of  the  enameling  industry  from  the 
12th  to  the  16th  century.    Population  (1901),  83,669. 

Limousin  (le-mo-zan').  An  ancient  government 
of  Prance.  Capital,  Limoges.  It  was  bounded  by 
Marche  on  the  north,  Auvergne  on  the  east,  and  Guienne 
on  the  south  and  west,  corresponding  generally  to  the 
department  of  Corrize  and  a  large  part  of  Haute- Vienne. 
The  ancient  inhabitants  were  the  Lemovices.  It  passed 
with  Eleanor  of  Aquitaine  to  Henry  II.  (of  England),  a  cen- 
tury later  to  Brittany,  and  in  the  16th  century  to  the  house 
of  Albret.    Henry  IV.  united  it  with  the  French  crown. 

Limousin,  Leonard.  Bom  at  Limoges  about 
1505:  died  before  Feb.  10,  1577.  A  French 
painter,  enameler,  and  engraver,  the  greatest 
of  the  enamelers  of  Limoges.  His  portraits  are  es- 
pecially celebrated.  At  the  commencement  of  his  work 
Leonard  copied  the  engravers  very  closely.  His  oldest 
known  work  (1632)  is  a  copy  of  an  engraving  from  Albrecht 
Diirer.    The  latest  date  given  for  his  enamels  is  1574. 

LimoUX  (le-mo').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Aude,  southern  France,  situated  on  the  Aude 
13  miles  south-southwest  of  Carcassonne.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  6,371. 

Limp,  Sir  Luke.  The  principal  character  in 
Foote's  play  of  "  The  Lame  Lover,"  played  by 
himself. 

Limpopo  (Iim-p6'p6).  A  river  in  southern  Af- 
rica, forming  part  of  the  northern  boundary  of 
the  Transvaal  Colony,  and  flowing  into  the 
Indian  Ocean  near  lat.  25°  S.  Length,  esti- 
mated, about  900  miles.  Also  called  Bempe, 
Crocodile  Ewer,  Ouri,  Inhampwa,  etc. 

Linacre  (lin'a-ker),  Thomas.  Bom  probably 
at  Canterbury,  England,  about  1460:  died  at 
London,  Oct.  20,  1524.  A  noted  English  physi- 
cian and  classical  scholar,  the  projector  and 
one  of  tlie  founders  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
in  London,  and  the  founder  of  lectureships  at 
Oxford  and  Cambridge.  He  was  elected  fellow  of  All 
Souls  College,  Oxford,  in  1484,  and  traveled  and  studied  In 
Italy,  taking  the  degree  of  M.  D.  at  Padua.  He  returned  to 
Oxford,  and  had  among  his  pupils  in  Greek  More  and  Eras- 
mus. Soon  after  Henry  VIII.  came  to  the  throne,  Linacre 
was  appointed  one  of  his  physicians,  and  thereafter  lived 
chiefly  in  London.  He  received  priest's  orders  in  1520. 
He  published  grammatical  works  and  translations,  espe- 
cially of  Galen,  from  Greek  into  Latin. 

Linares  (le-na'res).  1.  An  interior  province  of 
Chile.  Area,  3,488  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  estimated,  116,656.-3.  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Linares,  situated  90  miles  north- 
east of  Conoepcion.     Population  (1885),  7,711. 

Linares.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Jaen, 
southern  Spain,  29  miles  north-northeast  of 
Jaen :  probably  the  ancient  Silpia.  It  is  the 
center  of  a  copper-  and  lead-mining  region. 
Population  (1887),  29,692. 

Linares  (le-na'res),  Jos6  Maria.  Born  at  Po- 
tosl,  July  10,  1810 :  died  at  Valparaiso,  Chile, 
1861.  A  Bolivian  statesman.  He  was  minister  of 
the  interior  under  Santa  Cruz ;  president  of  the  senate  and 
acting  president  of  the  republic  1848 ;  and  in  1857  was 
elected  president.  His  rule  was  progressive,  but  he  was 
deposed  by  a  revolution  Jan.,  1861. 

Lincei (lin-oha'e), The.  ['Lynxes.']  Anitalian 
academy,  founded  in  the  latter  part  of  the  16th 
century  by  Frederic  Cesi,  the  son  of  the  Duke 
of  Acqua  Sparta,  its  special  object  was  the  study  of 
physical  science,  and  its  members  called  themselves  the 
Lynxes  from  their  desire  to  pierce  into  the  depths  of  truth. 
Porta,  Galileo,  Colonna,  and  others  were  members. 

Lincoln  (ling'kon).  A  maritime  county  of  Eng- 
land, next  to  Yorkshire  the  largest  in  the  coun- 
try. It  is  bounded  by  Yorkshire  (separated  by  the  Hum- 
■  her)  on  the  north,  the  North  Sea  on  the  east,  Norfolk  on 
the  southeast,  Cambridge  and  Northampton  on  the  south, 
Rutland  on  the  southwest,  Leicester  and  Notts  on  the  west, 
and  Yorkshire  on  the  northwest.  The  surface  is  gen- 
erally level.     It  is  partly  occupied  by  the  Fens  (drained 


Lincoln,  Fair  of 

in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries) ;  is  an  important  agricul- 
tural county ;  and  is  noted  for  the  beauty  of  its  parish 
churches.  It  formed  part  of  ancient  Mercia,  later  of  the 
Danelagh.  Area,  2,646  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
472,878. 

Lincoln.  The  capital  of  Lincolnshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Witham  in  lat.  53°  14' 
N.,  long.  0°  33'  "W.:  the  Roman  Lindum  Colo- 
nia,  or  simply  Lindum.  The  cathedral  is  a  grand 
building,  founded  in  the  lltb  century,  but  rebuilt  in  the 
end  of  the  12th  and  the  first  half  of  the  13th.  The  exte- 
rior is  characterized  by  its  3  square  towers— the  central 
tower  262  feet  high,  and  the  2  of  the  west  front  200  feet 
high.  The  west  front  has  3  great  arches  corresponding 
to  the  nave  and  aisles,  around  which  and  in  front  of  the 
towers  is  built  a  wide  arcaded  screen  flanked  by  turrets. 
The  gable  between  the  towers  is  very  richly  ornamented. 
The  portals  are  Norman.  The  square  east  end  and  the  lat- 
eral elevations,  with  their  double  transepts,  are  of  beau- 
tiful Early  English.  The  imposing  interior  is  for  the  most 
part  Early  English.  The  choir,  inclosed  by  a  Decorated 
screen,  is  Early  English  except  the  6  easternmost  bays  (fin- 
ished 1280),  which  constitute  the  celebrated  Angel  Choir, 
so  called  fromits  sculptured  figures  of  angels.  The  stalls 
are  of  the  14th  century.  The  dimensions  of  the  cathedral 
are  480  by  80  feet ;  length  of  western  transepts,  220  feet ; 
height  of  vaulting,  82.  The  cloister  and  chapterhouse  are 
of  the  13th  century.  The  city  contains  many  medieval 
buildings  of  Interest.  It  has  some  trade  and  manufac- 
tures agricultural  implements.  It  was  important  in  the 
Soman  and  Saxon  periods,  and  was  a  chief  town  of  the 
Danelagh.  Stephen  captured  its  castle,  and  was  defeated 
near  it  by  partizans  of  Matilda  in  1141.  The  castle  was 
token  by  the  barons  in  1216,  and  by  the  Parliamentarians 
in  1644.    Population  (1891),  41,491. 

Lincoln.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Logan  Coun- 
ty, central  Illinois,  28  miles  northeast  of  Spring- 
field. It  is  the  seat  of  Lincoln  University  (Chim- 
beriand  Presbyterian).     Pop.  (1900),  8,962. 

Lincoln.  The  capital  of  Nebraska  and  of  Lan- 
caster County,  situated  on  Salt  Creek,  lat.  40° 
49'  N.,  long.  96°  46'  W.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  State 
university ;  is  a  railroad  center ;  and  has  a  trade  in  grain 
and  cattle.  It  was  settled  in  1867.  Population  (1900), 
40,169. 

Lincoln,  Abraham.  Bom  in  Hardin  County, 
Ky.,  Feb.  12,  1809 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
April  15,  1865.  The  sixteenth  President  or 
the  United  States.  He  was  descended  from  a  Quaker 
family,  of  English  origin,  residing  in  the  middle  of  the 
18th  century  in  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania.  His  grand- 
father emigrated  from  Virginia  to  Kentucky  about  1780. 
His  father,  Thomas  Lincoln,  settled  with  his  family 
in  Indiana  in  1816,  and  in  Illinois  in  1830.  His  mother  was 
Nancy  Hanks,  Thomas  Lincoln's  first  wife.  He  left  his 
father's  home  soon  after  settling  in  Hlinois,  and  after  fol- 
lowing various  occupations,  including  those  of  a  farm  la- 
borer, a  salesman,  a  merchant,  and  a  surveyor,  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1836,  and  began  the  practice  of  law  at 
Springfield  in  1837.  He  served  first  as  a  captain  and  after- 
ward as  a  private  in  the  Black  Hawk  war  in  1832 ;  was  a 
Whig  member  of  the  Illinois  State  legislature  1834-42 ; 
and  was  a  Whig  member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  1847- 
1849.  In  1S58,  as  Kepublican  candidate  for  United  States 
senator,  he  held  a  series  of  joint  discussions  throughout 
Illinois  with  the  Democratic  candidate,  Stephen  A.  Doug- 
las, in  which  he  took  a  pronounced  stand  against  the  in- 
stitution of  slavery.  This  debate  attracted  the  attention 
of  the  country,  and  in  1860  he  was  nominated  as  candidate 
for  President  by  the  Kepublican  party.  The  disunion  of 
the  Democratic  party  secured  for  him  an  easy  victory. 
He  received  180  electoral  votes  against  72  for  John  C. 
Breckenridge,  candidate  of  the  Southern  Democrats ;  39  for 
John  Bell,  candidate  of  the  Constitutional  Union  party; 
and  12  for  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  candidate  of  the  Northern 
Democrats ;  and  was  inaugurated  on  March  4, 1861.  His 
election  was  the  signal  for  the  secession,  one  after  ano- 
ther, of  the  slave  States  of  the  South,  and  for  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Confederate  States  (which  see).  Hostilities  be- 
gan with  an  attack  by  the  Secessionists  of  South  Carolina 
on  the  Federal  troops  at  Fort  Sumter,  April  12, 1861.  The 
fort  surrendered  on  the  13th.  On  the  15th  a  call  was  is- 
sued by  the  President  for  75,000  volnnteers,  and  the  con- 
trol of  events  passed  from  the  cabinet  to  the  camp.  (See 
CwU  War.)  He  proclaimed  a  blockade  of  the  Southern 
ports  April  19,  1861 ;  and  Sept.  22, 1862,  issued  a  procla- 
mation emancipating  all  slaves  in  States  or  parts  of  States 
which  should  be  in  rebellion  on  Jan.  1, 1863.  He  was  re- 
elected president  by  the  Kepublican  party  in  1864,  receiv- 
ing 212  electoral  votes  against  21  for  George  B.  McClellan, 
candidate  of  the  Democratic  party.  He  began  his  second 
term  of  office  March  4, 1865.  He  entered  Kichmond  with 
the  Federal  army  April  4, 1865,  two  days  after  the  fiight  of 
the  Confederate  government ;  and  was  occupied  with  plans 
for  the  reconstruction  of  the  Soutn  when  he  was  shot  by 
John  Wilkes  Booth  at  Ford's  Theater,  Washington,  April 
14, 1865,  and  died  on  the  following  day.  Numerous  biog- 
raphies of  Lincoln  have  been  published,  the  most  compre- 
hensive of  which  is  that  by  J.  G.  Nlcolay  and  John  Hay 
(1890).  ' 

Lincoln,  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Hingham,  Mass., 
Jan.  24, 1733 :  died  there,  May  9, 1810.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  served  through  the  Eevolution :  un- 
successfully besieged  Savannah  in  1779;  and  surrendered 
Charleston  to  the  British  in  1780.  He  was  secretary  of 
war  1781-84,  and  suppressed  Shays's  rebellion  in  1787. 

Lincoln,  Earls  of.    See  Lacy  and  Clinton. 

Lincoln,  Enoch.  Bom  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  Dee. 
28,  1788:  died  at  Augusta,  Maine,  Oct.  8,  1829. 
An  American  politician  and  author,  son  of  Levi 
Lincoln.    He  was  governor  of  Maine  1827-29. 

Lincoln,  Fair  of.  A  battle  fought  at  Lin- 
coln, England,  1217,  in  which  the  Earl  of  Pem- 
broke defeated  the  French  under  Louis,  son  of 
Philip  U. 


Lincoln,  Hugh  of 

Lincoln,  Hugh  of.    See  Hv^h. 

Lincoln,  Levi.  Bom  at  Eingham,  Mass.,  May 
15,  1749:  died  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  April  14, 
1820.  An  American  politician,  attorney-general 
1801-05,  and  acting  governor  of  Massachusetts 
1808-09. 

Lincoln,  Levi.  Born  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  Oct. 
25,1782:  died  there,  May  29, 1868.  An  American 
politician,  son  of  Levi  Lincoln  (1749-1820).  He 
■was  governor  of  Massachusetts  1825-34,  and 
member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1835- 
1841. 

Lincoln,  Mount.  A  peak  of  the  Bocky  Moun- 
tains, in  Colorado,  northeast  of  Leadville.  On 
its  summit  is  a  meteorological  station.  Height, 
14,297  feet. 

Lincoln,  Robert  Todd.  Bom  at  Springfield, 
111.,  Aug.  1, 1843.  An  American  politician,  son 
of  Abraham  Lincoln,  secretary  of  war  1881-85 
and  minister  to  England  1889-93. 

Lincoln  College.  A  college  of  the  University 
of  Oxford.  It  was  founded  by  Richard  Fleming,  bishop 
of  Lincoln,  in  14e7,  asadefense  of  the  Catholic  faith  against 
heretical  opinions;  and  refounded  in  1478  by  Thomas 
Rotheram,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  later  lord  chancellor  of  Eng. 
land  and  archbishop  of  York. 

Lincoln's  Inn.  One  of  the  London  Inns  of  Court. 
It  takes  its  name  from  the  Earl  of  Lincoln  who  built  his 
town  house  here  in  the  14th  century,  on  property  originally 
belonging  to  the  Black  Friars.    See  Inns  of  Court. 

Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.    The  largest  square  in 

London,  it  is  near  the  junction  of  High  Holborn  and 
Chancery  Lane,  and  is  surrounded  by  lawyers'  offices,  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  the  Koyal  College  of  Surgeons,  and  the  Soane 
Museum.  It  was  laid  out  by  Inigo  Jones.  The  spot  for- 
merly bore  an  evU  reputation.  Babington  and  other  con- 
spirators for  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  were  *  'hanged,  bowelled, 
and  quartered"  here  in  1686,  and  William,  Lord  Russell, 
unjustly  suffered  tor  high  treason  here  in  1683.  See  lAn- 
coin's  Inn, 

Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  Theatre.  A  theater  for- 
merly standing  on  the  south  side  of  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields.  Itwasbuiltby  Christopher Richand  opened 
by  John  Rich  in  1714.  In  1734  Italian  operas  were  given 
here.  In  1766  it  was  converted  into  barracks  and  used  for 
other  purposes  till  1848,  when  it  was  demolished  to  make 
room  for  an  addition  to  the  College  of  Surgeons.  Two 
other  theaters  near  its  site,  the  Duke's  Theatre  (1662-71)  ■ 
and  the  theater  in  Little  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  (1695-1706), 
are  sometimes  confounded  with  it. 

Lind  (lind),  Jenny  (Madame  Goldschmidt). 

Bom  at  Stockholm,  Oct.  6, 1820 :  died  at  Wynd's 
Point,  Malvern,  Nov.  2, 1887.  A  famous  Swe- 
dish singer,  she  first  appeared  at  the  royal  theater, 
Stockholm,  as  Agatha  in  "Der  Freischiitz,"  March  7, 1838; 
studied  in  Paris  1840-42 ;  returned  to  Stockholm  1842-44; 
studied  and  sang  in  Germany  1844-47 ;  and  sang  in  England 
1847-48,  and  in  America  1860-62.  She  was  married  to 
Otto  Goldschmidt,  a  musical  conductor  and  composer,  in 
Boston,  Feb.  6, 1852.  From  1883-86  she  was  professor  of 
singing  at  the  Royal  College  of  Music. 

Lindahrides  (lin'da-bridz).  A  character  in  the 
' '  Mirror  of  Knighthood."  she  is  often  mentioned  by 
old  writers.  From  her  celebrity  Lindahrides  became  with 
them  a  common  name  for  a  mistress  or  a  courtezan. 

Linda  di  Chamouni  (len'da  de  sh^-mS'ni).  An 
opera  by  Donizetti,  first  produced  at  Vienna 
1842. 

Lindau  (lin'dou).  A  town  in  Swabia,  Bavaiia, 
situated  on  two  islands  in  Lake  Constance,  in 
lat.  47°  33'  N.,  long.  9°  42'  E.  Formerly  a  free  im- 
perial city,  it  passed  to  Bavaria  in  1805.  It  is  a  favorite 
summer  resort.    Population  (1890),  6,349. 

Lindau,  Paul.  Born  at  Magdeburg,  Prussia, 
June  3,  1839.  A  German  critic,  dramatist,  and 
novelist. 

Lindau,  Rudolf.  Born  at  Gardelegen,  Prussia, 
Oct.  10, 1830;  AGermannovelist,  journalist,  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  brother  of  Paul  Lindau. 

Linde  (lin'de),  Samuel  Bogumil.  Bom  at 
Thorn,  Prussia,  1771:  died  at  Warsaw,  Aug.  8, 
1847.  A  Polish  lexicographer.  He  published  a 
dictionary  of  the  Polish  language  (6  vols.  1807- 
1814). 

Linden  (lin'den).  A  manufacturing  suburb  of 
Hannover,  Pmssia.    Population  (1890),  28,035. 

Lindesey.    See  lAndsey. 

Lindesnas.    See  Naze,  The. 

Lindisfarne.    See  Holy  Island. 

Lindley  (lind'li),  John.  Born  at  Catton,  near 
Norwich,  Feb.  5,  1799:  died  Nov.  1,  1865.  A 
noted  English  botanist  and  horticulturist,  pro- 
fessor of  botany  in  the  University  of  London 
(University  College)  1829-60.  He  wrote  "Synopsis 
ol  the  British  Flora"  (1829),  "Key  to  Structural  and  Sys- 
tematic Botany" (1835 :  enlargedas  the  "Elements of  Bot- 
any' 1841),  "The  Theory  of  Horticulture"  (1840:  enlarged 
at  "The  Theory  and  Practice  of  Horticulture"  1842),  "The 
■Vegetable  Kingdom"  (1846),  etc.  He  was  the  editor  of 
the  '  Botanical  Register"  (1826),  of  the  "Journal  of  the 
Horticultural  Society"  (1846-66),  and  of  the  "Gardeners 
Chronicle"  (1841-65). 

Lindo  (len'do),  Juan.  A  Central-American  poli- 
tician, president  of  Salvador  for  a  short  time 
(1841^2),  and  president  of  Honduras  Jan. .  1847, 


613 

to  March,  1852.  He  subdued  a  revolt  attempted 
by  Guardiola  in  1850. 

Lindor  (lin'd6r).  A  poetical  name  for  a  lover, 
usually_  a  shepherd  lover. 

Lindpaintner  (lint' pint -ner),  Peter  Joseph 
von.  Bom  at  Coblenz,  Prussia,  Dec.  8,  1791: 
died  at  Nonnenhom,  Lake  Constance,  Aug.  21, 
1856.     A  German  composer. 

Lindsay  (Un'za).  The  capital  of  VietoriaCounty, 
Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the  Scugog  56  miles 
northeast  of  Toronto.   Population(1901),  7,003. 

Lindsay,  Alexander.  Died  1454.  A  Scottish 
noble,  fourth  earl  of  Crawford,  surnamed  "the 
Tiger  Earl"  and  "Earl  Beardie,"  made  heredi- 
tary sheriff  of  Aberdeen  in  1446,  and  warden  of 
the  Marches  in  1451.  He  raised  a  force  against  James 
II.,  after  the  murder  of  his  ally  the  Barl  of  Douglas  (Feb. 
21, 1452),  but  was  defeated  at  Brechin  May  18,  1462. 

Lindsay,  Alexander.  Died  June  5, 1607.  A 
Scottish  noble,  created  Lord  Spynie  in  1590, 
second  son  of  the  tenth  earl  of  (>awf  ord,  and 
■vice-chamberlain  to  James  VI.  He  was  accidentally 
slain  while  endeavoring  to  stop  a  quarrel  between  two 
kinsmen.    His  death  is  the  subject  of  an  old  ballad. 

Lindsay,  Alexander.  Bom  Jan.  18, 1752 :  died 
near  Wigan,  Lancashire,  May  27, 1825.  A  Scot- 
tish noble,  sixth  earl  of  Baloarres  from  1768  and 
twenty-third  earl  of  Crawford  from  1808,  made 
general  of  the  British  army  in  1803.  He  served  as 
commander  of  an  infantry  battalion  at  Ticonderoga,  July  7, 
1777j  and  was  involved  in  Burgoyne's  surrender,  remaining 
a  prisoner  until  1779.  In  1793  (then  major-general)  he  was 
appointed  commander  of  the  forces  in  Jersey,  and  in  1794 
governor  of  Jamaica,  where  he  remained  till  1801.  He  en- 
gaged in  a  duel  with  Benedict  Arnold,  but  refused  to  shoot 
in  his  turn,  preferring,  as  he  said,  to  leave  Arnold  "to  the 
executioner." 

Lindsay,  or  Lyndsay,  Sir  David.  Bom  1490 : 
died  before  April  18, 1555.  A  Scottish  poet, 
appointed  LyonMng  at  arms  about  1529.  He  was 
the  son  of  David  Lyndsay  of  the  Mount  in  Monimail,  Fife, 
and  of  Garmylton,  near  Haddington.  He  was  the  author 
of  "The  Dreme/'"The  Complaynt  to  the  King "(1629), 
"  The  Complaynt  of  Bagsche,  the  Kingis  auld  Hound,  to 
Bawtie,  the  Kingis  beat  belovit  Dog  "  (a  satire  on  the  court), 
"  Ane  Satyre  of  the  Three  Bstaits  "  (1540 :  a  dramatic  poem 
satirizing  abuses  in  church  and  state,  acted  again  in  1566), 
"The  Monarchic  "  (1643 :  his  last  and  longest  poem), ' '  The 
Register  of  the  Arms  of  the  Scottish  Nobility  and  Gentry  " 
(first  published  in  1821),  "Kittie's  Confession  "(a  satire  on 
the  confessional),  etc. 

He  was  a  reformer  before  the  Reformation,  and'an  advo- 
cate for  the  "common  weil"  before  the  word  common- 
wealth had  a  place  in  English  speech. 

Mackay,  in  Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Lindsay,  Patrick.  Died  Dec.  11, 1589.  A  Scot- 
tish noble,  sixth  Lord  Lindsay  of  the  Byres,  said 
to  have  been  the  first  of  the  nobles  to  give  open 
support  to  the  cause  of  the  Eef  ormers.  He  played 
a  prominent  part  in  the  affairs  of  Scotland  during  Mary's 
reign  and  the  regencies  of  Murray  and  Morton.  He  sup- 
ported the  plot  for  the  murder  of  Rizzio;  was  guardian  with 
Lord  Ruthven  of  Queen  Mary  in  Lochleven  Castle ;  was 
deputed  to  obtain  the  signature  to  the  deed  of  abdication ; 
and  decided  by  his  skill  the  result  of  the  battle  of  Lang- 
side,  in  which  she  was  defeated. 

Lindsay,  Bobert.  Bom  at  Pitscottie,  Pif  eshire, 
about  1500:  died  about  1565.  A  Scottish  writer, 
author  of  a  history  of  Scotland,  first  published 
in  1728. 

Lindsey  (lin'zi),  Parts  of.  A  district  (riding) 
in  the  northern  and  central  parts  of  Lincoln- 
shire, England. 

Lind'um  (lin'dum).  [Gr.  Mviov.l  The  Eoman 
name  of  Lincoln  (England). 

Lindus  (lin'dus).  [Gr.  A&dof.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  town  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Rhodes : 
the  modem  Lindo. 

Line  (lin),  Francis  (alias  Hall).  Bom  probably 
at  London,  1595:  died  at  Li&ge,  Nov.  25,  1675. 
An  English  Jesuit,  professor  of  Hebrew  and 
mathematics  in  the  Jesuit  college  of  Li&ge.  He 
wrote  "Refutation  of  the  Attempt  to  Square  the  Circle" 
(1660),  "  Tractatus  de  corporum  inseparabilitafce  "  (1661), 
"An  Explication  of  the  Diall  set  up  in  the  King's  Garden 
at  London,  an.  1669,  etc."  (1673),  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Ba- 
rometer," etc. 

Linet  (li-uef).  In  Arthurianromance,  the  sister 
of  LionSs  of  Castle  Perilous.  In  the  "Morte  d'Ar- 
thur"  she  engages.  Gareth  to  rescue  LionSs.  He  does  so, 
and  marries  her :  but  Tennyson  in  "Gareth  and  Lynette" 
makes  him  marry  Lynette. 

Ling  (ling),  Peter  Henrik.  Bom  at  Ljunga, 
Smlland,  Sweden,  Nov.  15,  1776:  died  at 
Stockholm,  May  3, 1839.  A  Swedish  poet,  and 
founder  of  the  so-caUed  "movement  cure." 

Linga  Purana  (ling'ga  pS-ra'na).  The  Purana 
in  which  Shiva  explains  the  objects  of  life :  ■nr- 
tue,  wealth,  pleasure,  and  final  liberation.  It 
contains  11,000  stanzas,  and  is  not  earlier  than 
the  8th  or  9th  century. 

Lingard(ling'gard),  John.  BomatWinchester, 
England,  Feb.  5,  1771:  died  at  Hornby,  Lan- 
cashire, England,  July  17,  1851.  An  English 
Roman  Catholic  priest  and  historian.    He  was 


Linlithgow 

vice-president  of  the  Roman  Catholic  College  atCrookhall, 
near  Durham  (later  St.  Cuthbert's  College,  Ushaw).  until 
1811.  From  that  time  until  his  death  he  lived  in  retire- 
ment at  Hornby.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  England"  (8 
vols.  1810-30 :  last  edition,  revised  by  the  author,  10  vols. 
1849-61),  "Antiquities  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Church"  (1806; 
enlarged  as  "The  History  and  Antiquities  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  Church,"  1846),  etc. 

Lingen  (ling'en).  A  town  in  the  pro^vince  of 
Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ems  36 
miles  northwest  of  Osnabriick.  Population 
(1890).  6,304. 

Lingo  (ling'go).  A  character  in  Foote's  "Agree- 
able Surprise." 

There  are  in  this  [play]  some  of  the  most  felicitous  blun- 
ders in  situation  and  character  that  can  be  conceived ;  and 
in  Lingo's  superb  replication,  "  A  scholar  I  I  was  a  master 
of  scholars,"  he  has  hit  the  height  of  the  ridiculous. 

EazliM,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  230. 

Lingoa  Geral  (leng'gwa  zha-ral').  tPg.,' com- 
mon language.']  The  Indian  language  f  ormer- 
ty  universal  in  the  settlements  of  the  interior  of 
Brazil,  and  still  spoken  on  the  upper  Amazon. 
At  the  time  of  the  conquest  various  dialects  of  the  Tupi 
tongue  were  spoken  over  the  greater  part  of  Brazil,  and 
the  Jesuits  adopted  them  as  the  medium  for  their  teach- 
ings. These  dialects  became  amalgamated  through  in- 
tercourse between  the  missions :  Indians  of  other  tribes 
brought  into  the  missions  readily  learned  the  Tupi,  and 
modified  it  by  words  from  their  own  languages;  other 
words  were  introduced  from  the  Portuguese ;  and  gradusdly 
a  language  was  formed  which,  though  based  on  the  originsd 
Tupi,  differed  from  it  considerably.  It  is  closely  allied  to 
the  modem  Guarany  of  Paraguay. 

Lingones  (ling'go-nez).  [Gr.  Kiyyavsg.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  Celtic  tribe  living  in  eastern 
Gaul,  in  the  ■vicinity  of  the  modem  Langres. 
(Haute-Mame). 

Liniers  y  Bremont  (Sp.  len-e-ars'  e  bra-mont'), 
Santiago  Antonio  Maria  de  (F.  Jacg.ues  An- 
toine  Marie  Deliniers-Brlmont).  Bom  at 
Niort  (Deux-S6vres),  France,  Feb.  6, 1756:  died 
near  Buenos  Ayres,  Aug.  26,  1810.  A  royalist 
in  the  Spanish  naval  service.  He  commanded  a 
force  on  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  retaking  Buenos  Ayres  from 
the  English  in  1806,  and  defending  it  against  Whitelook  in 
1807.  The  people  deposed  the  weak  viceroy  Sobremonte, 
and  put  Liniers  in  his  place,  Aug.  14, 1806 ;  but  he  was 
dismissed  by  the  Spanish  central  junta  in  July,  1809. 
He  retired  to  Cordoba  and,  on  hearing  of  the  revolution  of 
May  10, 1810,  collected  a  force  and  attempted  to  reestablish 
royal  authority,  but  was  captured  and  shot. 

Link  (lingk),  Heinrich  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Hil- 
desheim,  Prussia,  Feb.  2, 1767:  died  at  Berlin, 
Jan.  1, 1851.  A  noted  German  botanist.  He  was 
appointed  professor  of  natural  history,  chemistry,  and 
botany  at  Rostock  in  1792,  professor  of  chemistry  and  bot- 
any at  Breslauin  1811,  and  professor  of  botany  and  director 
of  the  botanical  garden  at  Berlin  in  1816. 

Linkin^water  (ling'kin-watfir),  Tim.  In  Dick- 
ens's "Nicholas  Nickleby,"  ■the'  faithful  and 
trustworthy  clerk  of  Cheeryble  Brothers. 

Linkdping  (lin'oh6-ping).  The  capital  of  the 
laen  of  Linkoping,  situated  on  the  StS.ng4n  107 
miles  southwest  of  Stockholm.  It  is  an  ancient 
town.  The  cathedral  (begun  1160,  finished  1499)  is  Roman- 
esque in  architecture  except  the  fine  Pointed  choir.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  12,968. 

Linley  (lin'li),  Eliza  Ann.  Born  at  Bath,  Eng- 
land, 1754:  died  at  Bristol  in  1792.  An  English 
soprano  singer,  she  was  the  daughter  of  Thomas 
Linley,  and  in  1773  married  R.  B.  Sheridan  under  romantic 
circumstances.  Foote  used  them  for  the  plot  of  his  "Maid 
of  Bath."    See  Linnet,  Kitty. 

Linley  (lin'li),  George.  Bom  at  Leeds,  1798 : 
died  at  London,  Sept .  10, 1865 .  An  English  mu- 
sical composer  and  poet,  best  known  as  the  au- 
thor of  numerous  popular  songs. 

Linley,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Wells,  England,  1732 : 
died  at  London,  Nov.  19,  1795.  An  English 
composer  and  teacher  of  music.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  music  of  the  opera  "The  Duenna"  with  his  son 
Thomas  (1756-78)  as  collaborator  (1776),  "The  Camp" 
(1778),  "The  Carnival  of  Venice"  (1781),  "The  Strangers 
at  Home,"  etc.  In  1776  he  left  Bath,  where  he  had  lived, 
for  London,  and  ■with  his  son-in-law,  Sheridan,  and  Rich- 
ard Ford  bought  Garrick's  share  in  Drury  Lane  Theatre, 
where  he  was  director  of  music  for  a  number  of  years. 

Linley,  William.  Born  at  Bath,  1771:  died  at 
London,  May  6,  1835.  An  English  writer  and 
composer,  youngest  son  of  Thomas  Linley,  for 
a  time  (1790-96,  and  again  1800-06)  in  the  ser- 
■nce  of  the  East  India  Company  at  Madras.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  operatic  pieces,  glees,  etc., 
"  Shakspere's  Dramatic  Lyrics  (1816),  and  several  novels 
and  poems. 

Linlithgo'W  (lin-lith'go),  or  West  Lothian  (16'- 
5Hi-an) .  A  county  in  Scotland,  bounded  by  the 
Forth  on  the  north,  Edinburgh  on  the  east  and 
south,  Lanark  oh  the  southwest,  and  Stirling  on 
the  northwest.  The  surface  is  diversified.  The  lead- 
ing industries  are  agriculture  and  coal-mining.  Area,  120 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  62,808. 

Linlithgow.  The  county  to^wn  of  Linlithgow, 
Scotland,  16  miles  west  by  north  of  Edinburgh. 
Its  palace,  a  residence  of  the  sovereigns  of  Scotland,  and 
the  birthplace  of  Mary  Queen  ol  Scots,  was  buUt  between 
the  14th  and  the  17th  century,  and  forms  a  square  mass 
with  low  towers  at  the  angles.    Population  (1391),  4,166. 


Linnaeus 

Linnaeus  (li-ne'us),  Carolus(KarlvonLinne). 
Born  at  Eashult,  SmSJand,  Sweden,  May  13, 
1707:  died  at  Upsala,  Sweden,  Jan.  10,  1778. 
A  celebrated  Swedish  botanist  and  naturalist, 
founder  of  the  "Linnean  system"  in  botany. 
He  made  a  journey  to  Lapland  in  1732 ;  resided  In  the 
MetherlandB  1736-38;  and  became  professor  of  medicine 
(later  of  botany)  at  TJpsala  in  1741.    Among  his  works  are 

"SystemanaturiB"  (1736),  "Fundamenta  botanica'' 

"Genera  plantarum"  (1737),  "Flora  lapponica" 
"  Philosophia  botanica  "(1751),  "Species  plantarum ' 

Linne  (lin-na').  [Named  from  Linnseus.]  A 
large  crater  in  the  moon. 

Linnell  (lin'el),  John.  Bom  at  London,  June 
16, 1792:  died  at  Redhill,  Surrey,  Jan.  20,  1882. 
A  noted  English  painter  in  oil  and  water-color, 
best  known  for  his  landscapes. 

Linnet  (lln'et),  Kitty.  A  poor  and  pretty  ac- 
tress, the  chief  character  in  Foote's  "  The  Maid 
of  Bath." 

Linnhe  (lin'e),  Loch.  An  arm  of  the  sea  in  Ar- 
gyllshire, Scotland,  connected  with  Loch  Eil 
on  the  northeast,  the  Sound  of  Mull  on  the  west, 
and  the  Firth  of  Lorn  on  the  south.  Length, 
about  20  miles. 

Linos,     See  Limis. 

Linskill (lin'skil), Mary.  Bomat Whitby, York- 
shire, Deo.  13,  1840:  died  at  "Whitby,  April  9, 
1891.  An  English  novelist  (pseudonym  Stephen 
Yorke) :  author  of  ' '  Tales  of  the  North  Riding  " 
(1871),  "CJleveden"  (1876),  "The  Haven  under 
the  Hill"  (1886),  etc. 

Linth  (lint).  The  name  given  to  the  Limmat  in 
its  upper  course. 

Lintntal  (lint'tal).  A  small  manufacturing 
town  in  the  canton  of  Glarus,  Switzerland,  on 
the  Linth  10  miles  south  of  (jlarus. 

Linton  (lin'ton),  Mrs.  (Eliza  Lynn).  Bom  at 
Keswick,  Feb.  10,  1822:  died  at  London,  July 
14, 1898.  An  English  novelist  and  author, wife 
of  W.  J.  Linton. 

Linton,  William.  Bom  at  Liverpool,  April  22, 
1791:  died  at  London,  Aug.  18,  1876.  An  Eng- 
lish landscape-painter  and  writer,  author  of 
"The  Scenery  of  Greece  and  its  Islands"  (1856), 
"Colossal  Vestiges  of  the  Older  Nations" 
(1862),  etc. 

Linton,  William  James.  Bom  at  London, 
1812 :  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Dec.  29, 1897. 
An  English-American  engraver,  Radical  politi- 
cian, and  author.  He  removed  to  the  United  States 
in  1867,  living  first  at  New  York,  and  then  at  New  Haven, 
Connecticut,  where  he  had  an  engraving  establishment. 
His  works  include  "Claribel,  and  Other  Poems"  (1865), 
"Life  of  Thomas  Paine,"  "  The  English  Republic,"  a  "  His- 
tory of  Wood  Engraving  in  America  "  (1882),  "  Poems  and 
Translations  "  (1889X  etc.  He  edited  "Golden  Apples  of 
Hesperus,"  which  he  printed  himself  (1862),  "  jElare  Poems 
of  the  16th  and  17th  Centuries  "  (1883),  etc. 

Lintot  (lin'tot),  Barnaby  Bernard.    Bom  at 

Southwater,Sussex,Dec.l,1675:  diedatLondon, 
Feb.  3, 1736.  An  English  bookseller,  noted  as  the 
publisher  of  the  translations  of  the  Iliad  and 
Odyssy  and  other  works  of  Pope :  a  prominent 
iigure  in  the  literary  anecdotes  of  the  period. 
Linus  (U'uns).  [Gr.  A&of.J  An  exclamation  of 
grief  or  lamentation,  of  Eastern  origin,  per- 
sonified in  ancient  Greek  poetry  through  ig- 
norance of  its  meaning. 

The  words  were  carried  across  the  western  sea  to  men 
of  an  alien  race  and  language.  "  Cry  ailinon,  ailinon ! 
woe,  woe  ! "  says  the  Greek  poet  of  Athens,  and  already  in 
Homeric  days  the  dirge  was  attributed  to  a  mythic  Linos 
whose  tragic  fate  was  commemorated  in  its  opening  words: 
"0  Litios,  Linos  I"  Linos,  however,  had  no  existence  ex- 
cept in  a  popular  etymology ;  the  Greek  aUinos  is  in  reality 
the  Fhcenician  aiUnu,  "alas  for  nsl"with  which  the  la- 
mentations for  the  death  of  the  divine  Addnis  were  wont 
to  begin.  Sayce,  Anc.  Babylonians,  p.  228. 

Linz  (lints).  The  capital  of  Upper  Austria,  situ- 
ated on  the  Danube  in  lat.  48°  17'  N.,  long.  14° 
17'  E.  It  has  flourishing  manufactures  and  trade,  and 
contains  a  cathedral  and  a  museum.  It  was  unsuccess- 
fully besieged  by  insurgent  peasants  in  1626,  and  was 
taken  by  the  Bavarians  in  1741.  Here,  May  17, 1809,  the 
troops  of  Saxony  and  Wiirtemberg  defeated  the  Austrians. 
Population  (1890),  47,686. 

Linz.  Asmall  town  inthe  Rhine  Province,  Prus- 
sia, on  the  Rhine  15  miles  southeast  of  Bonn. 

Lion  (le-6n),  Golfe  du.  [F.,  'gulf  of  the  lion.'] 
An  arm  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  south  of 
France  :  erroneously  called  the  Gulf  of  Lyons. 

Lionarte  (li-o-narf).  In  the  romance  of  Ama- 
dis  de  Gaul :'  (a)  A  king  of  England,  father  of 
Oriana.  (jb)  A  son  of  Esplandian  and  grandson 
of  Amadis. 

Lionel  Lincoln.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  published 
in  1825. 

Lionel  (li'6-nel)  of  Antwerp.  Bomat  Antwerp, 
Nov.  29, 1338 :  died  at  Alba,  Italy,  Oct.  7, 1368. 
An  English  noble,  earl  of  Ulster  and  duke  of 
Clarence,  third  son  of  Edward  IH.  and  Philippa. 


614 


Lismore 


In  1362  he  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  William  de  Lippstadt  (lip'stat).     A  town  in  the  province  ot 

Burgh,  lord  of  Connaught  and  earl  of  Ulster,  and  Maud     Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Lippe  37 

f^'^^^Si^r^Z^^^^lt^l^:S'il^^?&T.^    milesJoutheastofMiinster.    Population (1890), 

who  thus  transmitted  to  the  Yorkist  house  her  claim  to     10, 183. 

the  throne.     lYom  1361  to  1366  he  was  the  king's  lieuten-  Lipsia  (lip'si-a). 

antin  Ireland.    Elizabeth  haying  died  (1362),  he  was  again  Lipgiug  (Up'se-os),  JUStUS  (Joest  Lips).   Bom 

Mnai''juner°1368      '^''®'"^''  °'  «»leazzo  Visoonti  of  ■"„t*^n™^=<i.h«  nflflrRrussels.  Oct.  18. 1547:  diert 

LionSs.    See  lAnet. 

Lionesse.     See  Lyonesse. 

Lion  Hunt.  Ala^epainting  by  Rubens,  in  the /.'"i^?o°%^.\^^""«i,^";"^;+    Ti„r„,ta«r„  c 
Old  Pinakothek  ft  ^Munich^    A  number 'of  men.  ^Xri'?b!'?4"\i^fdKje^^^^^^^^^ 

A  German  Protestant  theologian,  professor  at 
Jena.     His  chief  work  is  "Lehrbuch  der  evangelisch- 


The  Latin  name  of  Leipsic. 


at  Overyssche,  near  Brussels,  Oct.  18, 1547:  died 
at  Louvain,  Belgiumj  March  23, 1606.  A  Flemish 
philologist  and  critic.  His  chief  work  is  an 
edition  of  Tacitus  (1575). 


mounted  and  on  foot,  are  fighting  two  lions,  which  have 
wounded  or  killed  three  of  their  assailants. 

Lion  of  Chseronea.    A  recumbent  figure  form- 
ing  the  monument  on  the  common  tomb  of  the     protestantisohen  Dogmatik  "  (1876). 
Greeks  who  fell  in  the  battle  against  Philip  of  Lir,  Lyr.  _See  Lear.  _ 

Macedon  in  338  B.  c.  Lma  (le're-a).     A  town  m  the  province  of  Va- 

Lion  of  God.    A  surname  of  the  calif  Ali.  If^cia,  Spain  12  miles  northwest  of  Valencia. 

Lion  of  Lucerne.     See  Lucerne,  Lion  of.  Population  (1887),  9, 089. 

Lion  of  the  North.    A  surname  of  Gustavus  Lins.    See  Gartghano. 
Adolphus  of  Sweden.  Lisaine  (le-zan')      A  smaU  tnbutary  of  the  Sa- 

Lion's  Mouth.  [It.  Boccadi  Leone.-]  A  famous  voureuse,  department  of  Haute-Sa6ne,  eastern 
hole  or  opening  in  the  wall  of  the  antechamber  ^l^P^'^%-^  i"  its  yicinity,  near  H^ricour^  was  fought  the 
of  the  Great  Jouncil  in  the  Doge's  palace,  iS^'^a^^llti^'fjolo  Francisco.    Bom  at 

Iguara,  Maranhao,  March  22, 1812:  diedatLis- 


Venice,  through  which  anonymous  accusations 
were  passed  in.    Wheeler. 

Liotard  (lyo-tar'),  Jean  ^tienne.  Bom  at 
Geneva,  1702:  died  there,  1789.  A  noted  por- 
trait- and  genre-painter  of  the  French  school. 
His  portraits  in  pastel  still  preserve  their  color.     Among 


bon,  Portugal,  April  26,  1863.  A  Brazilian  au- 
thor. He  is  best  known  for  his  "  Jornal  de  Timon,"  issued 
in  12  numbers  from  1852  to  1868,  and  consisting  of  satiri- 
cal, political,  and  historical  essays.    His  "  Vida  do  Padre 

xx.=,i,i,r..»,..=  .uL,»=,>,ci-„w.i,„».=i,=,.,u,=.i^uiui.     ^mu.n5     AntonioVieira"  was  published  in  1874. 

his  works  are  "La  belle  Liseuse  "  (1746),  "  La  belle  Choco-  LlSDOU  (liz'bon),  Pg.  and  bp.  IilSDOa  (lez-DO  a) 


latifere  "  (1746),  etc.,  and  portraits  of  the  Pope  and  many  of 
the  crowned  heads  of  Europe. 

Lipan  (le-pan').  A  tribe  of  the  Apache  group 
of  North  American  Indians.  In  1799  the  Lipan  oc- 
cupied the  central  part  of  Texas,  extending  from  the  Co- 
manche country  about  Red  River  south  to  the  Rio  Grande. 
More  recently  they  have  moved  southward  into  Mexico, 
where  they  extend  as  far  as  Durango.    See  Apaches. 

Lipara.    See  Lipari. 

Lipari  (le'pa-re).  1.  The  chief  island  of  the 
Lipari  group :  the  ancient  Lipara.  it  was  colo- 
nized by  the  Greeks,  and  was  held  later  by  Carthage  and 
Rome. 

2.  A  seaport  on  the  island  of  Lipari :  the  chief 
town  of  the  group. 

Lipari  Islands.  A  group  of  volcanic  islands 
north  of  Sicily :  the  ancient  .^oliaa,  Vxdcanise, 
etc.,  Insulss.  The  principal  islands  are  Lipari,  Strom- 
boli,  Panaria,  Vulcano,  Salina,  Filiouri  (or  Micudi),  and 
Alicuri  (or  Alicudi).  They  are  the  scene  of  ancient  le- 
gends; were  occupied  by  the  Saracens  and  Normans;  and 
were  finally  annexed  to  Sicily,  now  belonging  to  the  prov- 
ince of  Messina.  Area,  45  square  miles.  Population, 
17,312. 

Lipetsk  (le-petsk').  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Tamboff,  central  Russia,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Lipovka  with  the  Lesnoi- Vo- 
ronezh, 82  miles  west  by  south  of  Tamboff.  It 
has  mineral  springs.    Pop.  (1893),  16,834. 

lappa  (lip'po).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Temes, 
Ilingary,  situated  on  the  Maros  30  miles  north- 
east of  Temesvdr.    Population  (1890),  7,000. 


F.  Lisbonne  (lez-bon'),  G.  Lissabon  (lis'sa- 
bon).  The  capital  of  Portugal,  situated  in  the 
province  of  Estremadura,  on  the  Tagus  near 
its  mouth,  in  lat.  38°  43'  N.,  long.  9°  ll'^W. :  the 
ancient  Olisipo  and  Felicitas  Julia.  It  has  impor- 
tant commerce,  especially  with  Great  Britain  and  Brazil, 
and  is  the  terminus  of  various  steamer  lines.  The  cele- 
brated aqueduct  of  the  Aguas  Livres,  finished  in  1749, 
crosses  the  valley  of  Alcantara  on  a  bridge  of  35  pointed 
arches,  the  largest  204  feet  high  with  a  span  of  95  feet.  The 
cathedral  was  originally  a  fine  Romanesque  building,  but 
has  been  disfigured  by  earthquakes  and  modernization. 
The  royal  palace  of  Ajuda  is  a  large  building  in  a  com- 
manding situation  above  the  Tagus,  with  a  library  con- 
sidered the  finest  in  Portugal.  Lisbon  was  an  ancient  Ro- 
man city ;  was  captured  by  the  Saracens  about  716 ;  was 
taken  from  them  by  Alfonso  I.  in  1147 ;  was  made  the  capi- 
tal in  1422 ;  was  in  its  most  flourishing  state  about  1520 ; 
was  occupied  by  the  Spaniards  1680-1640 ;  was  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  an  earthquake  Nov.  1, 1765  (with  a  loss  of  about 
40,000  lives) ;  was  held  by  the  Ifrench  1807-08 ;  suffered 
from  a  series  of  military  revolts  about  1831,  and  in  1869 
was  ravaged  by  yellow  fever.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  St. 
Anthony  of  Padua,  Camoens,  and  Pope  John  XXI.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  367,000. 

Lisbum  (lis'bem).  A  town  in  the  counties  of 
Antrim  and  Down,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  La- 
gan 8  miles  southwest  of  Belfast.  It  manufac- 
tures linen,  and  has  a  cathedral.  Population 
(1891),  12,250. 

Liscow  (lis'ko).  Christian  Ludwig.  Bom  at 
Wittenberg,  Mecklenburg,  April,  1701:  died 
near  Eilenburg,  Germany,  Oct.  30, 1760.  A  Ger- 
man satirical  writer. 


Lippe  (lip'Pe)-   A  river  in  Germa,ny  which  rises  Lisieux  (le-zye').    A  town  in  the  department  of 


in  the  Teutoburgerwald  and  joins  the  Rhine 
at  Wesel.  Length,  158  miles. 
Lippe,  sometimes  called  Lippe-Detmold  (lip'- 
pe-det'molt ).  Aprincipalityof  the  German  Em- 
pire, surrounded  by  the  provinces  of  Westphalia, 
Hesse-Nassau,  Hannover  (Prussia),  and  Wal- 
deck,  and  comprising  also  three  small  enclaves.  ^„^._  „.  „„„  „„„,„ 
Capital,  Detmold.  ItistraversedbytheTeutoburger-  Li&ear'd'(lis-kard').' 


Calvados,  Prance,  at  the  junction  of  the  Orbi- 
quet  and  Touques,  26  miles  east  of  Caen :  the 
ancient  Noviomagus.  It  manufactures  woolens  and 
flannela  The  cathedral  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  of 
Norman  churches,  exhibiting  the  long,  sharp  Norman  lan- 
cets, the  central  lantern,  and  other  characteristic  local 
architectural  and  sculptural  forms.  It  was  the  ancient 
capital  of  the  Lexovii.    Population  (1891),  16,260. 

A  town  m  Cornwall,  Eng- 


Popu- 


wald,  and  abounds  in  forests.  Its  government  is  a  constitu-     ir|„^    Ifirriilps  TirvH-'hwoat  nf  Plv-mnntl, 

tionld  hereditary  monarchy,  and  it  sends  1  member  to  the     \l^.>    ,..  Si\  %  (S  Plymouth. 

Bundesrat  and  1  member  to  the  Reichstag.  Theprevailing     lacion  (l»yi),  diyB*. 

religion  is  Protestant.  The  ancient  inhabitants  were  Che-  L  Isle-Adam.     See  Villiers  de  L'Isle-Adam,  Phi- 

rusci ;  later  they  were  Saxons.    Lippe  joined  the  Rhine     lippe  de. 

Confederation  in  1807,  the  German  Confederation  in  1816,  T  iolo  n?n    A14na     ll/Mn.  n'hn..^.  iai/I  .  .^-^.i  a-  4. 

and  the  North  German  Confederation  in  1866.    Area,  469  ^i^le^^S}"),  AllCC.  ^  Bom  about  1614 :__  died  Sept, 


sq\iare  miles.    Population  (1900),  138,952. 

Lippe,  Schaumburg-.    See  Schaumburg-Lippe. 

Lippi  (lep'pe),  Filippino  or  Lippino.  Bom 
about  1460 :  died  about  1505.  An  Italian  paint- 
er, illegitimate  son  of  Filippo  Lippi:  works 
chiefly  at  Florence. 

Lippi,  Fra  Filippo.    Born  at  Florence,  1402  (?) 


2, 1685.  An  Englishwoman,  wife  of  John  Lisle 
the  regicide,  executed  on  the  charge  of  harbor- 
ing a  dissenting  minister,  John  Hickes,  who  was 
accused  of  treason.  She  was  tried  before  Jeffreys,  and 
her  death  was  a  judicial  murder.  Her  second  daughter, 
Bridget,  was  the  wife  of  Leonard  Hoar,  president  of  Har- 
vard College. 
Lisle,  Leconte  de.    See  Leconte  de  Lisle. 


died  at  Spoleto,  Italy,  Oct.  9,  1469.    A  noted  L'lsle,  Rouget  de.    See  Bouget. 

Italian  painter.    His  chief  works  are  frescos  in  Lisle,  or  LTsle  (lei),  William,    Bom  at  Tand- 


Prato, 
Lippi,  Lorenzo.    Born  at  Florence,  1606:  died 

there,  1664.     An  Italian  poet  and  painter. 
Lippincott    (lip'in-kot),   Mrs.  (Sara  Jane 

Clarke) :  pseudonym  Grace  Greenwood.  Born 


ridge,  Surrey,  about  1579 :  died  at  Wilbraham, 
Sept. ,  1637.  An  English  scholar  and  poet,  noted 
especially  for  his  studies  in  Anglo-Saxon.  He 
published  in  1623,  with  an  English  translation,  the  treatise 
on  the  Old  and  New  Testaments  by  .^Ifric  Orammaticus,  a 
nt  PoTniiov-  N  Y  Spt>+  91  1891-r!iBfl  ot  Now  .translation  of  parts  ot  Du  Bartas's  "  Weeks "  (1625)i  etc. 
c  i?^f  ^T  V  A  -i^on  loni  A  A  •  LismahagO  (lis-mar-'ha'go).  Captain.  A  proud, 
Rochelle,  N.  Y.,  April  20,  1904  An  American  disputatious,  but  tonofable  Scottish  officer,  in 
autnor.  Among  her  works  are  "  Greenwood  Leaves  a™7,ii«(.(.)c,  iiTTT,TnT.V,n.oTr  PlinVo..  "  tt„  ™„™icn 
(1860-52),  "  Poeml •■  (18.51),  "Five  Years "  (18671,  " New  °™°.V:!**  I,  Humphrey  Olmker.  He  marries 
Life  in  New  Lands' (1873),  etc.  Tabitha  Bramble  alter  romantic   adventures 

Lippspringe  (lip'spring-e).  A  town  in  the  prov-    among  the  Indians, 
inoe  of  Westphalia,  Pmssia,  6  miles  northeast  Lismore  (liz-mor').     An  island  in  Loch  Linnhe, 
ofPaderbom.   It  is  at  the  source  of  the  Lippe,  and  has     Argyllshire,  Scotland,  6  miles  north  of  Oban. 
warm  springs  of  Glauber's  salt.    Population  (1890),  2,431.     Length,  nearly  10  miles. 


Lismore 

Iiismore.  A  small  town  in  the  counties  of  Wa- 
terford  andCork,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Blaek- 
water  28  miles  northeast  of  Cork.  It  has  a  castle 
and  cathedral. 

Lissa  (lis'sa).  1.  An  island  of  Dalmatia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, about  lat.  43°  3'  N.,  long.  16°  10' 
£. :  the  ancient  Issa.  it  is  famous  for  its  wine.  In 
a  naval  battle  fought  near  the  island,  July  20, 1866,  the 
Aaetrians  under  TegetthoS  defeated  the  Italians  imder 
Peraano.  Length,  11  miles.  Population  (1880),  7,87L 
2.  A  forti&ed  town  on  the  island  of  Lissa.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  commune,  4,822. 

Lissa,  Pol.  Leszno  (lyesh'no).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Posen,  Prussia,  40  miles  south  by 
west  of  Posen.  it  was  founded  by  the  Moravian  Breth- 
ren in  the  middle  of  the  16th  century,  and  became  their 
chief  seat  in  Poland.    Population  (1890),  13,040. 

Lissardo  (li-sar'do).  A  conceited  man-servant 
in  Mrs.  CentHvre's  comedy  "The  Wonder."  His 
voluble  love-affair  with  Flora  forms  the  under- 
plot of  theplay. 

List  (list),  Friedricb,  Bom  at  Keutlingen,  WUr- 
temberg,  Aug.  6,  1789 :  committed  suicide  at 
Kufstein,  Tyrol,  Nov.  30,  1846.  A  noted  Ger- 
man political  economist.  For  an  attack  upon  the 
government  of  Wilrtemberg  he  was  imprisoned  in  1822,  and 
again  in  1821.  He  emigrated  to  the  Unite  j  States  in  182S ; 
returned  to  Germany  in  1832 ;  and  resided  at  Hamburg  and 
later  in  Leipsic,  Paris,  and  Augsburg.  His  chief  works  are 
"Outlines  of  a  New  System  of  Political  Economy  "  (1827), 
" Das  nationale  System  der  politischen  Okonomie "  ("The 
National  System  of  Political  Economy,"  1841). 

Lista  y  Aragon  (les'ta  e  a-ra-gon'),  Alberto. 
Born  at  Triana,  near  Seville,  Spain,  Oct.  15, 
1775 :  died  at  Seville,  Oct.  5, 1848.  A  Spanish 
lyric  poet,  critic,  and  mathematician. 

Lister  (lis't^r),  Joseph,  first  Baron  Lister. 
Born  Aprils,  1827.  An  English  surgeon,  noted 
for  his  introduction  of  the  antiseptic  method  of 
bandaging:  prof essoratKing'sCoUege,  London, 
1877-92.  Made  a  baronet  1883,  and  a  baron  1896. 

Lister,  Joseph.  Jackson,  Bom  at  London,  Jan. 
11, 1786:  died  Oct.  24, 1869.  An  English  wine 
merchant  and  optician,  noted  for  the  improve- 
ments which  he  introduced  in  the  construction 
of  the  object-glasses  of  microscopes,  due  to  his 
discovery  of  the  principle  of  aplanatic  foci. 

Lister,  Thomas  Henry.  Bom  near  Lichfield 
in  1800:  died  at  Kent  House,  Knightsbridge, 
June  5, 1842.  An  English  novelist  and  drama- 
tist, registrar-general  of  England  and  Wales 
(1836).  He  was  the  author  of  "Eomance  of  Heal  Life," 
"Flirtation,"  "  Granby,"  • '  Epicharis  " (a tragedy), "  life  and 
Administration  of  Edward,  first  Earl  of  Clarendon  "  (1837- 
1838),  etc. 

Lister  (lis'ter)  and  Mandal  (man'dal).  The 
southernmost  province  of  Norway.  Area,  2,804 
square  miles.     Population  (1891),  78,738.       * 

Listen  (lis'ton),  John.  Bom  at  London  about 
1776:  died  there,  March  22, 1846.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish actor.  He  played  first  in  the  north  of  England,  ap- 
peared at  the  Haymarket  June  10,  1805,  and  at  Govent 
Garden  Oct.  15, 1806,  and  was  connected  with  these  thea- 
ters for  many  years.  He  acted  later  at  Drury  Lane  and 
the  Olympic,  retiring  in  1837.  He  acted  a  large  number 
of  comic  parts,  of  which  the  most  successful  was  his  "Paul 
Fry."  His  wife  (died  1854)  was  a  successful  comic  actress 
and  singer. 

Listen  .  .  .  belonged  rather  to  farce  than  comedy.  Like 
Suett,  he  excited  more  laughter  than  he  ever  enjoyed  him- 
self. He  suffered  from  attacks  of  the  nerves,  and,  in  his 
most  humorous  representations,  was  the  more  humorous 
from  his  humor  always  partaking  of  a  melancholy  tone. 
Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  II.  351. 

Listen,  Sir  Bobert.  Bom  at  Overtoun,  parish 
of  Kirkliston,  Scotland,  Oct.  8, 1742 :  died  near 
Edinburgh,  July  15, 1836.  A  British  diplomatist . 
He  was  secretary  of  embassy  at  Madrid  March,  1783 ;  min- 
ister plenipotentiary  there  May,  1783,  to  Aug. ,  1788 ;  envoy 
extraordinary  at  Constantinople  1793-96 ;  and  ambassador 
at  Washington  1796.  He  vras  later  envoyat  The  Hague,  and 
ambassador  at  Constantinople. 

Listen,  Robert.  -  Bom  at  Eoclesmachan,  Lin- 
lithgowshire, Oct.  28, 1794:  died  at  London,  Dec. 
7, 18-t7.  A  Scottish  surgeon,  professor  of  chem- 
ical surgery  in  the  University  of  London  (from 
1835),  noted  especially  for  his  skill  as  an  oper- 
ator, and  as  the  inventor  of  a  splint,  named  from 
him,  which  is  used  in  cases  of  dislocation  of  the 
thigh. 

Lisuarteof  E^land.  In  the  romance  "Amadis 
of  Gaul;"  the  Mng  of  England,  and  the  father  of 
Oriana,  the  wife  of  Amadis. 

Lisuarte  of  Greece.  The  grandson  of  Amadis, 
and  son  of  Esplandian.  Two  of  the  books  of  the 
Amadis  of  Gaul  romance  contain  his  adventures:  the 
seventh,  by  Felioiano  de  Silva  (1514);  and  the  eighth,  by 
Juan  Diaz  (1526). 

Liszt  (list),  Franz,  Born  at  Raiding,  Hungary, 
Oct.  22,  1811:  died  at  Bayreuth,  Bavaria,  July 
31,  1886.  A  celebrated  Hungarian  composer, 
and  one  of  the  greatest  of  pianists.  He  made  his 
first  public  appearance  when  only  9  years  old  at  Oden- 
burg.    In  1823  at  a  concert  in  Vienna  he  was  received  with 


615 

much  enthusiasm,  and  Beethoven  kissed  him  after  he  had 
finished  playing.  He  went  to  Paris  to  study,  and  became 
intimate  with  Victor  Hugo,  Lamartine,  George  Sand,  and 
others.  From  1836  to  1845  lasted  his  connection  with  the 
Comtesse  d'Agoult  (Daniel  Stern),  by  whom  he  had  three 
children,  one  of  whom  married  Von  Biilow  and  afterward 
Richard  Wagner.  In  1849  he  became  musical  director  at 
Weimar,  where  he  brought  out  Wagner's  "Tannhauser" 
and  "Lohengrin  "  and  Berlioz's  "Benvenuto  Cellint"  He 
resigned  his  appointment  in  1859  and  divided  his  time  be- 
tween Weimar,  Beme,  and  Budapest.  He  revisited  Eng- 
land in  1886.  In  1865  he  entered  the  church,  and  is  known 
as  the  Abb^  Liszt.  Among  his  numerous  works  are  "  Sym- 
phonic Poems," the  oratorios  "  Christua  "  and  "Saint  Eliza- 
beth," "Rhapsodic  hongroise,"  and  other  arrangements 
and  many  pianoforte  pieces,  etc.  He  published  8  or  9 
books,  among  which  are  "Die  Zigeuner  und  ihre  Musik  " 
C'The  Gipsies  and  their  Music,"  1861),  "Lohengrin  et 
Tannh^user,"  works  on  Franz,  Chopin,  Schumann,  etc. 

Litany  (le'ta-ne).  A  river  of  Syria  which  flows 
into  the  Mediterranean  4  miles  north  of  Tyre: 
the  ancient  Leontes.  It  is  called  near  its  mouth 
the  Nahr-el-Kasimiyeh.  Length,  over  100  miles. 

Litchfield  (lieh'f  eld).  The  capital  of  Litchfield 
County,  Connecticut,  27 miles  west  of  Hartford. 
It  was  the  seat  of  a  noted  law  school  1784^1838. 
Population  (1900),  3,214. 

Literary  Club,  The.  A  club  founded  in  1764 
by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson, 
and  others.  It  met  originally  at  the  Turk's  Head  in 
Gerard  street,  and  continued  to  meet  there  till  1783.  Af- 
ter several  removals,  in  1799  they  settled  in  the  Thatched 
House  in  St.  James's  street.  "  So  originated  and  was 
formed,"  says  ITorster,  "  that  famous  club  which  had  made 
itself  a  name  in  literary  history  long  before  it  received,  at 
Garrick's  funeral,  the  name  of  the  Literary  Club."  The 
name  was  changed  to  "the  Johnson  Club,"  and  on  the 
taking  down  of  the  Thatched  House  the  club  removed  to 
the  Clarendon  Hotel  in  Bond  street,  where  it  celebrated 
its  centennial  in  1864.  It  is  still  in  existence.  Chambers; 
Timbs. 

Litemum  (li-ter'num).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  town  in  Campania,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
coast  about  14  miles  northwest  of  Naples. 

LithgOW  (lith'go),  William,  Born  at  Lanark, 
1582:  died,  probably  at  Lanark,  about  1645.  A 
Scottish  traveler  in  Europe  and  the  East.  He 
was  the  author  of  "  The  Totall  Discourse  of  the  Rare  Ad- 
ventures and  Painfull  Peregrinations  of  Long  Nineteen 
Years,  etc."  (London,  1632),  "a  book  of  uncommon  value 
and  interest  for  its  descriptions  of  men  and  manners  even 
more  than  of  places,  .  .  .  probably  the  earliest  authority 
for  coifee-drinking  in  Europe,  Turkish  baths,  etc."  (Diet, 
Nat.  Biog.). 

Lithuania  (Uth-u-a'ni-a).  [Pol.  lAtwa,  G.  lA- 
tauen,  F.  Lithudnie,  Li'  JAtuania."]  A  former 
grand  duchy  of  Europe,  in  its  later  history  unit- 
ed with  Poland.  It  comprised  what  are  now  the  gov- 
ernments of  Kovno,  Grodno,  Vilna,  Minsk,  MohUeff,  Vi- 
tebsk, and  Suwalki  of  Russia.  The  surface  is  level.  It 
is  noted  for  its  horses,  cattle,  and  game.  Lithuania  proper 
was  the  region  about  Viln^  which  was  its  capital.  The  in- 
habitants are  principally  Lithuanians  and  White  Russians. 
Lithuania  became  consolidated  in  the  beginning  of  the 
13th  century.  Gedimin  (1315-40)  was  the  real  founder  of 
its  power.  It  made  various  conquests  at  the  expense  of 
the  Russians,  including  KiefE ;  cleared  the  lower  Dnieper 
of  the  Mongols  in  1368 ;  was  united  with  Poland  under 
Jagello  in  1386 ;  and  was  also  Christianized  under  Jagello. 
Under  Vitov,  its  grand  prince  (1392-1430),  it  gained  Smo- 
lensk and  acquired  great  power.  It  was  definitely  united 
with  Poland  in  1501,  and  the  union  was  made  closer  by  the 
Diet  of  Lublin  in  1569.  After  that  it  followed  the  fortunes 
of  Poland. 

Litorale.    See  Kustenland. 

Litta  (let'ta).  Count  Pompeo.  Bom  at  Milan, 
Sept.  27,  1781:  died  at  Milan,  Aug.  17,  1852. 
An  Italian  historian,  author  of  "PamigUe  eele- 
bri  d'ltalia"  ("  Celebrated  PamiUes  of  Italy," 
1819-83),  etc. 

Littell  (li-tel'),  Eliakim,  Bom  at  Burlington, 
N.  J.,  Jan.  2,  1797:  died  at  Brookline,  Mass., 
May  17,  1870.  An  American  publisher.  He 
established  the  periodical  "Littell's  Living 
Age"  (Boston,  1844). 

Little  (lit'l),  Thomas.  A  pseudonym  of  Thomas 
Moore.  He  published  a  volume  of  amatory  poems  in 
1808  under  this  name.  He  is  also  spoken  of  as  "Master 
Little." 

Little  Bear.    See  Ursa  Minor. 

Little  Belt.    The  strait  between  Piinen  and  the 

geninsula  of  Jutland.  The  Swedish  army  under 
harles  X.  marched  across  it  on  the  ice  to  Piinen 
in  1658. 

Little  Corporal,  The.    See  Corporal. 

Little  Dog.    See  Canis  Minor. 

Little  Dorrit.  A  novel  by  Dickens.  It  was  pub- 
lished serially  from  Dec,  1855,  to  June,  1857. 

Little-endians,    See  Big-endians. 

Little  Falls.  A  city  in  Herkimer  County, 
New  York,  situated  at  falls  of  the  Mohawk,  64 
miles  west-northwest  of  Albany.  It  has  man- 
ufactures and  a  cheese-market.  Population 
(1900),  10,381. 

Little  French  Lawyer,  The.  A  comedy  by 
Fletcher  and  Massinger,  written  about  1620, 
and  printed  in  1647.  The  plot  is  from  "The  Spanish 
Rogue,"  a  novel  which  was  also  used  by  Aleman  in  his 
"Guzman  de  AJfaraohe." 


Little  Venice 

Little  Giant,  The,  A  popular  surname  of  Ste- 
phen A.  Douglas. 

Littlehampton  (lit-1-hamp'ton),  A  watering- 
place  in  the  county  of  Sussex,  England,  situ- 
ated at  the  mouth  of  the  Aran,  on  the  English 
Channel,  18  miles  west  of  Brighton.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  4,452. 

Little  Iliad,  The.  A  Greek  epic  poem  of  the 
Trojan  cycle,  by  Lesches,  a  Lesbian.  It  contin- 
ued the  Iliad  to  the  fall  of  Troy. 

Little  John.  One  of  the  chief  followers  of  Robin 
Hood,  said  to  have  been  one  John  NaUor.  He 
was  enormously  tall  and  strong. 

Littlejohn  (Ut'ljon),  Hugh,  The  name  given 
to  John  Hugh  Lockhart,  son  of  John  Gibson 
Loekhart,  and  grandson  of  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
for  whom  the  latter  wrote  "  Tales  of  a  Grand- 
father." 

Little  Kanawha,  A  river  in  West  Virginia 
which  joins  tiie  Ohio  at  Parkersburg.  Length, 
over  100  miles. 

Little  Mac,  A  nickname  of  General  George  B. 
McClellan. 

Little  Magician,  The,  A  popular  name  of  Mar- 
tin Van  Buren. 

Little  Marlborough,  The.  A  surname  of 
Schwerin. 

Little  Missouri,  A  river  in  eastern  Wyoming, 
southeastern  Montana,  and  western  Dakota.  It 
joins  the  Missouri  83  miles  northwest  of  Bismarck.  Length, 
about  400  miles. 

Little  Nell.  A  child  character  in  the  novel 
"Old  Curiosity  Shop,"  by  Dickens. 

Littlepage  (lit'l-paj),  Cornelius,  The  pseudo- 
nym of  James  Fenimore  Cooper,  under  which  he 
wrote  "Sataustoe." 

Little  Paris,  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
Brussels. 

Little  Parliament,  The  Parliament  convened 
by  Cromwell  July  4,  1653 :  so  called  from  the 
small  number — about  140 — of  its  members.  It 
constituted  Cromwell  Lord  Protector.  It  is  also  called, 
from  one  of  its  members, "Barebone's  Parliajnent."  See 
Barlxm. 

Little  Phil,  A  nickname  of  General  Philip  H. 
Sheridan. 

Little  Popo.  [G.  Klein-Popo,  native  name  Arie- 
/jo.]  The  capital  of  Togoland  (which  see),  a 
seaport  on  the  Slave  Coast,  western  Africa,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  6°  12'  N.,long.  1°  46'  E. 

Little  Red  Biding-hood,  F.  Le  Chaperon 
Bouge,  G.  Bothkappchen,  A  nursery  tale  of 
a  little  girl  who  forgets  her  mother's  command 
"  to  speak  to  no  one  whom  she  meets."  she  tellsa 
■wolf  that  she  is  going  to  her  grandmother's  cottage  with 
some  wine  and  bread.  He  reaches  the  cottage  before  her, 
eats  her  grandmother,  and,  when  Little  Red  Riding-hood 
arrives,  devours  her.  In  the  German  at  this  point  a  hun- 
ter comes  who  rips  open  the  wolf,  and  Red  Riding-hood 
and  her  grandmother  are  restored  to  life.  This  legend  is 
found  in  many  countries,  but  comes  to  us  from  Perrault's 
French  version,  which  he  probably  derived  from  the  Italian 
stories  of  Straparola  and  the  "Pentamerone." 

Little  Bock,  The  capital  of  Arkansas  and  of 
Pulaski  County,  situated  on  the  Arkansas  River 
about  lat.  34°  44'  N.,  long.  92°  16'  W.  It  has  -.. 
flourishing  trade  in  cotton.    Population  (1900),  38,307. 

Little  Bussia,  A  name  given  to  the  division  of 
Russia  comprising  the  governments  of  Khar- 
koff,  KiefE,  Pultowa,  and  TchemigofE.  in  some 
classifications  Volhynia  and  Podolia  are  included. 

Little  Tibet,    Same  as  Baltistan. 

Littleton  (lit'1-tgn),  Adam,  Bom  at  Hales- 
owen, Worcestershire,  Nov.  2, 1627 :  died  June 
80, 1694.  An  English  scholar.  He  was  rector  of 
Chelsea  1669,  chaplain  of  Charles  II.  1670,  rector  of  Over- 
ton, Hampshire,  1683,  and  of  the  Church  of  St,  Botolph, 
Aldersgate,  1685-89.  His  principal  work  is  a  Latin  dic- 
tionary, ' '  Linguae  latinse  liber  dictionarlus  quadripartitus  " 
(London,  1673). 

Littleton,  Edward,  Lord  Littleton.  Bom  at 
Mxmslow,  Shropshire,  1589:  died  at  Oxford, 
Aug.  27,  1645.  An  English  jurist.  He  was  chief 
justice  of  North  Wales  1621 ;  recorder  of  London  Dec.  7, 
1631 ;  solicitor-general  Oct.  17, 1634 ;  chief  justice  of  the 
Common  Pleas  Jan.  27, 1640 ;  lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal 
Jan.  18, 1641 ;  and  first  commissioner  of  the  treasury  May 
18, 1641.  He  argued  against  Hampden  in  the  ship-money 
ca^e,  and  was  a  firm  partizan  of  the  king.  In  May,  1642,  he 
followed  the  king  to  York,  taking  the  seal  with  him. 

Littleton,  Sir  Thomas,  Born  at  Frankley, 
Worcestershire,  1402:  died  at  Frankley,  Aug. 
23, 1481.  A  noted  English  jurist,  eldest  son  of 
Thomas  Westcote  of  Westcote,  near  Barn- 
staple, and  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Thomas  de 
Littleton  of  Frankley,  Ifi  baptism  he  received  his 
mother's  surname.  He  was  made  justice  of  the  Common 
Pleas  April  27, 1466,  and  was  the  author  of  a  famous  work, 
in  law-French,  on  tenures,  which,  with  Coke's  commentary, 
was  long  the  authority  on  the  English  law  of  real  property. 

Little  Vehicle,    See  Great  Vehicle. 
Little  Venice.     A  name  sometimes  given  to 
Arendal,  Norway,  on  account  of  its  situation. 


Littlewit 

Littlewit  (lit'1-wit),  John.  A  foolish  proctor 
in  Ben  Jonsou's  "Bartholomew  Fair."  He 
adores  his  hypocritical  wife  Winifred. 

Litton  (lit'on),  Marie  (Mary  Lowe).  Bom  in 
Derbyshire,  1847:  died  at  London,  April  1, 1884. 
An  English  actress,  wife  of  Mr.  W.  Robertson, 
successful  as  a  player  of  comedy,  and  a  theatri- 
cal manager.  She  first  appeared  at  the  Prin- 
cess's Theatre  March  23,  1868. 

Littorale.    See  Eustenland. 

Littr6  (le-tra'),  MaximiUen  Paul  fimile. 
Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  1, 1801:  died  there,  June  2, 
1881.  A  French  philologist  and  philosopher.  He 
graduated  with  high  honors  from  college,  and  took  up  the 
study  of  medicine,  which  he  never  completed.  His  decided 
taste  lor  literary  labors  induced  him  to  turn  his  attention 
to  the  acquisition  of  Greek,  Arabic,  and  Sanskrit.  As  a  jour- 
nalist he  wrote  for  the  "Journal  Hebdomadaire  de  M^de- 
cine,"  "  Le  National, " '  'Experience," ' '  Journaldes  Savants, " 
"  Kevue  de  Fhilosophie  Positive,"  etc.  He  was  a  fervent 
advocate  of  the  doctrine  of  positivism,  and  greatly  admired 
Auguste  Comte.  At  the  death  of  Comte,  Littr6  was  recog- 
nized as  the  head  of  the  positivist  school.  His  great  work 
is  unquestionably  the  "Dictionnaire  de  la  langue  fran- 
Saise  "  (1863-72).  He  made  a  French  translation  of  the 
works  of  Hippocrates  (10  vols.  1839-61),  and  also  published 
translations  of  Strauss's  "  Life  of  Jesus  "  (1839-40)  and 
Pliny's  "  Natural  History  "  (1848).  He  edited  the  works  of 
Armand  Carrel  (1857),  and  a  new  "  Dictionnaire  de  m^de- 
cinede  Nysten."  Besides  a  number  of  books  and  papers  on 
positivism,  he  wrote  "Le  cholera  oriental"  (1832),  "His- 
toirede  la  langue  franoaise  "  (1862),  "Etudes  sur  les  bar- 
bares  et  le  moyen-ftge  '^  (1867),  "  M^decine  et  m^decins  " 
(1872),"Ee8tauration  delalSgitimitS  etdeses  allies  "(1873), 
"La  science  au  point  de  vue  philosophique  "  (1873),  "Lit- 
t^rature  et  histoire  "  (1876),  "  De  I'^tablissement  et  la  troi- 
sifeme  r^publique  "  (1880),  etc.  Littr^  was  one  of  the  finest 
linguists  and  scientists  of  his  century.  He  was  elected 
to  the  I'rench  Academy,  Dec.  30,  1871. 

Littrow  (lit'trou),  Joseph  Johann  von.   Bom 

at  Bischof-Teinitz,  Bohemia,  March  13,  1781: 
died  Nov.  30,  1840.  An  Austrian  astronomer, 
director  of  the  observatory  at  Vienna,  author  of 
"Die  Wunder  des  Himmels"  ("The  Wonders  of 
the  Heavens,"  1836),  etc. 

Littrow,  Earl  von.  Bom  at  Kazan,  Russia, 
July  18, 1811 :  died  at  Venice,  Nov.  16, 1877.  An 
Austrian  astronomer,  son  of  J.  J.  von  Littrow. 

Linkiu  Islands.     See  Loochoo  Islands. 

Liutprand  (li-ot'prand),  or  Luitprand  (lo'it- 
prand).  King  of  the  Lombards  from  about  712 
to  744. 

Liutprand,  or  Luitprand.  Died  972.  An  Ital- 
ian chronicler.  He  wrote  "Antapodosis "  and  other 
histories  of  his  time(ed.  by  Pertz  in  "Monumenta  Ger- 
manise "  1839,  and  by  Dummler  1877). 

Livadia  (li-va'de-a).  Au  estate  and  summer 
resort  of  the  Russian  imperial  family,  situated 
on  the  southern  coast  of  the  Crimea,  about  32 
miles  east-southeast  of  Sebastopol. 

Livadia  (liv-a-de'a),  or  Levadla  (lev-a^de'a). 
1.  A  town  in  Bceotia,  Greece,  57  miles  north- 
west of  Athens  :  the  ancient  Lebadeia  (Greek 
Ae^ddeca).  It  was  noted  for  its  oracle  of  Tro- 
phonius. — 3.  A  name  formerly  given  to  Middle 
Greece. 

Live-Oak  State.    The  State  of  Florida. 

Liverpool  (liv'6r-pol).  A  seaportinLancashire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Mersey,  3  miles  from 
the  Irish  Sea,  in  lat.  53°  24'  N.,  long.  3°  4'  W. 
It  is  the  principal  seaport  in  England  and  m  the  world, 
and  in  respect  of  population  the  second  city  of  England ; 
is  the  terminus  of  many  steamship  lines,  especially  trans- 
atlantic (Cunard,  White  Star,  International,  etc.)  to  New 
York ;  has  large  trade  with  the  United  States,  Canada,  In- 
dia, China,  Australia,  South  America,  Ireland,  etc. ;  exports 
cotton  goods  and  other  manufactured  articles,  coal,  etc.; 
imports  cotton,  provisions,  cattle,  grain,  timber,  sugar,  to- 
bacco, etc,  and  has  extensive  shipbuilding,  and  manufac- 
tures of  ropes,  sugar,  iron,  chemicals,  etc.  St.  George's  Hall, 
opened  in  1854,  a  modern  classical  building,  forms  the  chief 
architectural  ornam  ent.  Other  obj  ects  of  interest  are  the 
town  hall,  exchange,  revenue  buildings,  LiverpoolUniver- 
sity  College,  Museum  of  Japanese  Art,  Walker  and  other 
art  galleries,  and  the  veiy  extensive  docks.  Liverpool  re- 
ceived a  charter  from  King  John  in  1207 ;  was  incorporated 
in  1229 ;  and  was  taken  by  Prince  Rupert  in  1644.  The  com- 
mencement of  its  prosperity  dates  from  the  last  half  of  the 
17th  century.  It  was  largely  engaged  in  the  African  slave- 
trade  and  in  smuggling.  It  developed  greatly  in  the  18th 
and  still  more  in  the  19th  century.  It  was  the  birthplace 
of  W.  E.  Gladstone  and  Mrs.  Hemans,  Population  (1901), 
684,947. 

Liverpool.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  Queen's 
County,  Nova  Scotia,  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Mersey,  70  miles  southwest  of  Halifax.  Pop- 
ulation (1901),  1,937. 

Liverpool,  Earls  of.    See  Jenkinson. 

Livia  (liv'i-a).  In  Middleton's  play  "Women 
beware  Women,"  an  artful  and  malicious  court 
lady  who,  with  consummate  knowledge  of  the 
world,  betrays  Bianca  (hence  the  title  of  the 
play). 

Uvla  Drusilla  (liv'i-S  dro-sil'la).  Bom  about 
56  B.  C. :  died  29  A.  D.  Ifhe  wife  at  Augustus,  and 
mother  of  Tiberius  and  Drusus.  she  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Livius  Drusus  Claudianus,  and  was  married  to  Ti- 
berius Claudius  Nero  (the  father  of  her  sons  Tiberius  and 


616 

Drusus),  who  was  compelled  to  divorce  her  in  order  that 
she  might  become  the  wife  of  the  future  emperor.  She 
was  accused  of  committing  various  crimes,  even  of  hasten- 
ing the  death  of  her  husband  in  her  endeavor  to  secure 
the  succession  to  her  son  Tiberius.  For  a  time  after  the 
accession  of  the  latter  she  was  all-powerful  in  the  state, 
but  was  soon  forced  to  retire  from  public  affairs. 

Livigno  (le-ven'yo),  Valle  di,  G.  Welsch-Li- 
vinen  (velsh'le-ve'nen).  The  upper  valley  of 
the  Spol,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  province 
of  Sondric,  northern  Italy,  bordering  on  the 
Grisons  (Switzerland). 

Living,  or  Lyfing.  Died  June  12, 1020.  Anarch- 
bi  shop  of  Canterbury,  the  successor  of  iElfheah . 
He  crowned  Edmund  Ironside  and  Canute. 

Living,  or  Lyflng.  An  Anglo-Saxon  prelate, 
bishop  of  Crediton  (1027),  of  Cornwall  (date  un- 
certain), and  also  of  Worcester  (1038).  He  was 
a  coun  cilor  of  Canute,  and  his  companion  in  his  pilgrimage 
to  Uome,  and  was  later  a  partizan  of  Earl  Godwin  and  a 
supporter  of  his  house. 

Livingston  (liv'ing-ston),  Brockholst.  Bom 
at  New  York,  Nov.  25, 1757:  died  at  Washiugton, 
D.  C,  March,  1823.  An  American  jurist,  son  of 
William  Livingston.  He  was  a  judge  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court  1806-23. 

Livingston  (liv'ing-ston),  Edward.  Bom  at 
Clermont,  Columbia  Comity,  N.  T.,  May  26, 
1764:  died  at  Rhinebeek,  N.  T.,  May  23,  1836. 
All  American  jurist  and  statesman,  brother  of 
R.  R.  Livingston.  He  was  member  of  Congress  from 
New  York  1795-1801 ;  mayor  of  New  York  1801-03 ;  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Louisiana  1823-29;  XJnlted  States 
senator  1829-31 ;  secretary  of  state  1831-33 ;  and  United 
states  minister  to  France  1833-36.  He  prepared  a  code  of 
criminal  law  and  procedure  (1833).  His  complete  works 
(2  vols.)  were  published  in  1873. 

Livingston,  John  Henry.  Bom  at  Poughkeep- 
sie,  N.  Y„  May  30,  1746:  died  at  New  Bmns- 
wick,  N.  J.,  Jan.  20, 1825.  An  American  clergy- 
man of  the  Dutch  Reformed  Church,  president 
of  Rutgers  College,  New  Brunswick. 

Livingston,  Philip.  Bom  at  Albany,  N.T.,  Jan. 
15,  1716 :  died  at  York,  Pa.,  June  12,  1778.  An 
American  politician,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  as  member  of  Congress  from 
New  York,  1776. 

Livingston,  Eobert  R.  Bom  at  New  York, 
Nov.  27, 1746 :  died  Feb.  26, 1813.  An  American 
statesman  and  jurist.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Con- 
tinental Congress;  chancellor  of  the  State  of  New  York 
1777-1801;  secretary  of  foreign  affairs  1781-83 ;  and  United 
States  minister  to  France  1801-06.  He  negotiated  the  Loui- 
siana Purchase  in  1803,  and  was  associated  with  Fulton  in 
furthering  steamboat  navigation. 

Livingston,  William.  Bom  1723 :  died  at  Eliza- 
bethtown,  N.  J.,  July  25,  1790.  An  American 
politician,  brother  of  Philip  Livingston.  He  was 
governor  of  New  Jersey  1776-90,  and  a  member 
of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787. 

Livingstone  (liv'ing-ston).  A  name  proposed 
by  Stanley  for  the  Kongo. 

Livingstone,  Alexander.  Died  April  2, 1622. 
A  Scottish  noble,  created  first  earl  of  Linlith- 
gow in  Dec,  1600. 

Livingstone,  Charles.  Bom  at  Blantyre,  Lan- 
arkshire, Feb.  28,  1821:  died  near  Lagos,  Oct. 
28, 1873.  A  clergyman  and  missionary,  brother 
of  David  Livingstone.  He  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  in  1840 ;  graduated  at  the  Union  Theological  Semi- 
nary, New  York  city,  in  1850 ;  returned  to  England  in  1857 ; 
and  went  with  his  brother  to  Africa,  remaining  with  him 
until  1863.  In  1864  he  was  appointei^  British  consul  at 
Fernando  Po. 

Livingstone,  David.  Bom  at  Blantyre,  near 
Glasgow,  Scotland,  March  19, 1813 :  died  at  Chi- 
tambo,  central  Africa,  April  30,  1873.  A  cele- 
brated African  explorer  and  missionary.  From 
1840-49  he  was  medical  missionary  among  the  Bechuana 
of  South  Africa.  He  discovered  Lake  Ngami  in  1849 ;  ex- 
plored the  Zambesi  and  Kuanza  basins  to  Loanda  1851-54 ; 
recrossed  the  continent  from  Loanda  to  Eilimane,  discov- 
ering Victoria  Falls,  in  1855 ;  led  a  government  expedition 
up  the  Zambesi  and  Shire  rivers,  and  discovered  Lakes 
Shirwa  and  Nyassa,  1858-69 ;  explored  the  Eovuma  val- 
ley in  1866,  the  Chambezi  in  1867,  and  Lakes  Tanganyika, 
Moero,  and  Bangweolo  1867-68 ;  was  at  Ujiji  in  1869 ;  navi- 
gated Tanganyika,  and  was  driven  back  by  the  Manyema; 
was  relieved  by  Stanley  at  Ujiji  in  1871 ;  parted  with  Stan- 
ley in  Unyanyembe  in  1872,  and  returned  to  Lake  Bang- 
weolo ;  and  died  at  Chitambo  from  dysentery  in  1873. 
His  body  was  carried  to  the  coast,  and  was  buried  in  West- 
minster Abbey  April  18,  1874.  He  wrote  "Missionary 
Travels  in  South  Africa  "  (1857),  and  a  "  Narrative  of  an 
Expedition  to  the  Zambesi "  (1865).  "  The  Last  Journals  of 
David  Livingstone  "  were  published  in  1874. 

Livius  (liv'i-us).  Saint.  Died  656  (?).  An  ec- 
clesiastic, called  "the  Apostle  of  Brabant,"  con- 
cerning whose  life  (if  indeed  he  existed  at  all) 
little  is  recorded. 

Livius  Andronicus.    See  Andromcus. 

Livny  (liv'ne).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Orel,  central  Russia,  situated  on  the  Sosna  75 
miles  southeast  of  Orel.    Population,  20,358. 

Livonia  (li-v6'ni-a),  G.  Livland  or  Liefland 
(lef 'lant),  F.  Livohie  (le-v6-ne').    A  govern- 


Llanos  de  Chiqiuitos 

ment  of  Russia,  one  of  the  Baltic  provinces. 
Capital,  Riga,  it  is  bounded  by  Esthonia  on  the  north. 
Lake  Peipus,  Pskoff,  and  Vitebsk  on  the  east,  Courland 
(separated  by  the  Diina)  on  the  south,  and  the  Gulf  of  Riga 
on  the  west.  The  island  of  Osel  belongs  to  It.  The  surface 
is  mainly  level.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Letts  and  Es- 
thonians.  The  nobility  is  German.  The  prevailing  reli- 
gion is  Protestant.  Livonia  was  the  nucleus  of  the  do- 
minions of  the  Livonian  (Sword-Bearer)  Knights,  who 
began  their  settlements  in  1201.  In  1237  they  united  with 
the  Teutonic  Order.  The  Prussian  and  Livonian  Knights 
were  separated  in  1521.  After  the  dissolution  of  the  order 
(1668-61)  Livonia  was  for  a  short  time  a  kingdom.  After 
some  changes  it  became  Polish  in  1582 ;  passed  to  Sweden 
1660  (having  been  conquered  by  Sweden  in  1621-26) ;  and 
was  annexed  toBussiain  1721.  It  isheing  RussiSed  like  the 
other  Baltic  provinces.  Area,  18,168  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (18859,  1,229,468. 

Livorno.    See  Leghorn. 

Livy  (liv'i)  (Titus  Livius).  Bom  at  Patavium 
(Padua),  59  B.  c. :  died  there,  17  A.  d.  The  great- 
est of  Roman  historians,  and  the  most  impor- 
tant prose-writer  of  the  Augustan  age.  Hewrote 
a  comprehensive  history  of  Eome,  from  the  founding  of 
the  cifyto  the  death  of  Drusus,  in  142  books,  of  which  only 
35  are  extant  (1-10  and  21-46),  and  also  several  philosophi- 
cal dialogues  and  a  work  on  rhetorical  training.  He  spent 
the  greater  part  of  his  life  (over  40  years  of  which  were 
given  to  his  history)  at  Rome. 

Lixouri  (liks-b're).  A  town  in  Cephalonia, 
Greece.    P<^ulation  (1889),  5,740. 

Lizard,  The.     See  Lacerta. 

Lizard  Head,  or  Lizard  Point,  or  Lizard  (liz'- 
ard).  The  southernmost  point  of  England, 
situated  in  Cornwall,  lat.  49°  58'  N.,_  long.  5° 
12'  W.  The  name  is  sometimes  applied  to  the 
whole  peninsula. 

Lizars  (li-zarz'),  John.  Bom  at  Edinburgh 
about  1787 :  died  May  21, 1860.  A  Scottish  sur- 
geon, professor  of  surgery  in  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons,  Edinburgh:  noted  for  the  intro- 
duction of  the  operation  for  the  removal  of  the 
upper  jaw.  He  published  "A  System  of  An- 
atomical Plates  of  the  Human  Body"  (1822), 
etc. 

Llameos  (lya-ma'os).  A  race  of  Indians  of 
northern  Peru,  on  the  river  Maranon  near  Nau- 
ta,  the  lower  Huallaga,  audthe  Javary:  formerly 
found  between  the  Tigre  and  Napo.  The  Llameos 
are  rather  undersized,  but  were  formerly  very  warlike. 
They  are  agriculturists  and  industrious.  The  remnants  are 
mostly  merged  in  the  general  country  population.  Their 
language  appears  to  have  no  relation  to  those  of  other 
tribes.  Also  Yameos,  Lamas,  or  Latmstas,  and,  in  Portu- 
guese, Lha/meoE, 

Llanberis  (lan-ber'is).  A  town  in  Carnarvon- 
shire, Wales,  at  the  base  of  Snowdon,  10  miles 
south  of  Bangor:  a  tourist  center. 

Llandaff  (lan-daf ').  The  smallest  British  city, 
situated  on  the  Taff  in  Glamorgan,  South  Wales : 
a'  mere  suburb  of  Cardiff.  Llandaff  is  said  to  be  the 
oldest  episcopal  see  in  Great  Britain.  The  cathedral  is  a 
small  building,  representing  in  its  construction  all  the 
stages  of  medieval  architecture.  It  has  been  thoroughly 
restored  in  the  present  century.  The  fine  west  front  has 
more  of  a  French  character  than  is  usual  in  Great  Britain. 
There  are  no  transepts.  The  interior  is  imposing ;  the 
Norman  arch  of  the  Lady  chapel  is  notable ;  and  there  is  a 
square  chapter-house  with  central  pillar. 

Llandudno  (lan-dlld'no).  A  watering-place  in 
Carnarvonshire,  North  Wales,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Conway,  on  the  Irish  Sea,  38  miles 
west  of  Liverpool.  There  is  a  fine  "marine  drive" 
round  Great  Orme's  Head.    Population  (1891),  7,833. 

Llanelly  (la-neth'li) .  A  seaport  in  Carmarthen- 
shire, South  Wales,  situated  on  an  inlet  of  Car- 
marthen Bay,  11  miles  west-northwest  of  Swan- 
sea. There  are  manufactures  of  iron,  copper,  tin,  etc. 
and  coal  is  exported.    Population  (1891),  23,937. 

Llanero  (lya-na'ro),  corrupted  into  Tanero 
(ya-na'ro).  ['People  of  the  plains.']  A  tribe 
of  the  Apache  group  of  North  American  Indians. 
In  1799  the  Llanero  were  on  the  great  plains  between  the 
Elo  Pecos  and  theleft  bank  of  theBio  Grande.  See  Apaches. 

Llangollen  (lan-goth'len).  A  town  in  Denbigh- 
shire, North  Wales,  situated  on  the  Dee  31 
miles  south-southwest  of  Liverpool.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  3,225. 

Llanos  (8p.  pron.  lya'nos).  [Sp.,  from  llano, 
a  flat  field.]  A  name  given  in  many  parts  of 
Spanish  America  to  large  tracts  of  open  land: 
in  a  special  manner,  and  in  a  geographical  sense, 
to  the  Llanos  del  Orinoco  or  de  Venezuela,  ly- 
ing principally  in  Venezuela,  with  extensions 
into  Colombia.  They  comprise  nearly  aU  the  space  be- 
tween the  Orinoco  and  its  delta,  the  coast-range  of  Vene- 
zuela, and  the  Eastern  Cordillera  of  Colombia  as  far  as  the 
Vichada  branch  of  the  Orinoco  (about  lat  6°  N.).  The 
total  area  Is  probably  160,000  square  miles,  and  most  of  it 
Is  quite  flat  and  near  the  sea-level;  but  some  parts  are 
varied  with  table-topped  hills  a  few  hundred  feet  high. 
During  the  rainy  season  large  areas  are  overflowed.  The 
llanos  are  thinlyinhabited,  and  the  only  industry  is  grazing, 
immense  herds  of  cattle  being  kept  in  a  nearly  wild  st^te. 

Llanos  de  Chiquitos,  or  Llanos  de  los  CM- 
quitos  (da  16s  che-ke'tos).  An  extensive  iplain 
in  eastern  Bolivia,  in  the  departments  of  Santa 


Llanos  de  Chiauitos 

Cruz  andChuquisaca,  extending  from  the  moun- 
tains of  Santa  Cruz  de  la  §ierra  nearly  to  the 
river  Paraguay.  ItiscontinnouswiththeGranChaco 
on  the  south,  consists  of  grass-lands  varied  ivith  woods 
or  with  scattered  trees,  has  occasional  isolated  hills,  and 
contains  few  iuhahitants  except  Indians.  Portions  in  the 
east  are  annually  overflowed. 

Llanos  de  Gkiarayos  (gwa-ra'yos) .  A  northern 
extension  of  the  Llanos  de  Chiquitos,  near  the 
river  San  Miguel. 

Llanos  de  Manso  (man'so)  or  de  Manzo  (man'- 
tho).  A  portion  of  the  Chaoo  region  of  South 
America,  in  the  extreme  southeastern  part  of 
Bolivia,  between  the  rivers  Piloomayo  and 
Paraguay.  In  the  16th  century  this  region  was 
conceded  to  Andres  Manso  for  colonization. 

Llanqnihue  (lyan-ke'wa).  A  province  of  Chile, 
about  lat.  41°  S.  Capital,  Puerto  Moutt.  Area, 
7,823  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  esti- 
mated, 74,818. 

Llerena  (lya-ra'na).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Badajoz,  southwestern  Spain,  55  miles  north 
of  Seville.    Population  (1887),  6^79. 

Llewelyn,  or  Llywelyn  (in  full  Llywelyn  ab 
Gruffydd  (le-eriri  ab  grtt'feWH)),  Died  1282. 
Prince  of  Wales  1246-82,  nephew  of  David  II. 
whom  he  succeeded.  He  supported  the  English 
barons  under  Simon  de  Montfort  against  Henry  III.,  and 
was  defeated  with  them  at  Evesham  in  1265.  He  refused 
to  do  homage  to  Edward  I. ,  whereupon  the  latter  subdued 
Wales  in  1277.  He  subsequently  revolted,  and  fell  in 
battle. 

LlociueYnpanqui(lyo'kayo-pan'ke).  [Quiohua: 
lloque,  left-handed;  yupanqui,  you  will  count, 
i.  e.  great.]  Third  sovereign  of  the  Inca  line  of 
Peru.  According  to  the  best  chronologies,  he  ruled  in  the 
last  quarter  of  the  14th  century.  He  made  few  conquests. 
Acosta  calls  Mm  Jaguarhuarque.  Also  written  Loque  Yu- 
pa/nqwi,  etc. 

Llorente  (lyo-ran'ta),  Juan  Antonio.  Born 
near  Calahorra,  Aragon,  March  30,  1756:  died 
at  Madrid,  Feb.  5, 1823.  A  Spanisn.  historian. 
He  was  a  priest,  though  holding  rationalistic  views,  and 
from  1789  to  1801  was  general  secretary  of  the  Inquisition. 
Under  Joseph  Bonaparte  he  received  charge  of  the  con- 
fiscated property  of  the  Inquisition  and  the  religious  orders, 
and  in  1809  was  ordered  to  examine  the  archives  of  the 
Inquisition  and  write  its  history.  When  the  French  were 
driven  out  of  Spain  he  retired  with  them  to  Paris,  where 
his  history  of  the  Inquisition  was  published  1817-18.  It 
was  strongly  condemned  by  the  Roman  Catholic  authori- 
ties, and  he  was  interdicted  from  performing  priestly  func- 
tions. In  1822  he  published  a  French  edition  of  the  prin- 
cipal works  of  Las  Casas,  with  a  biography ;  and  the  same 
year  a  work  on  the  popes,  which  was  condemned  by  the 
government :  he  was  ordered  to  leave  Paris.  He  pub- 
lished various  other  works,  principally  on  Spanish  history, 

•  Lloyd  (loid),  Charles.  Born  at  Birmingham, 
Feb.  12, 1775 :  died  at  Chaillot,  near  Versailles, 
Jan.  16,  1839.  An  English  poet,  a  friend  (and 
pupil)  of  Coleridge  (with  whom  he  lived  for  some 
•time)  and  of  Lamb.  He  became  insane  about 
■  1815,  and  died  in  a  madhonse. 

Lloyd,  Edward.  Flourished  about  the  begin- 
ning of  the  ISth.  century.  The  keepet  of  a  eof- 
feeiouse  in  Tower  street,  London,  and  later 
(1692)  of  "Lloyd's  Coffee  House"  in  Lombard 
street.  His  coffee-house  became  the  center  of  ship-brok- 
ing and  marine  Insurance.  He  published  a  paper, "  Lloyd's 
News"  (Sept.,  1696,-Feb.,  1697),  which  was  revived  as 
"Lloyd's  Iiist  (1726),  containing  shipping  and  commer- 
cial news.  From  him  the  association  and  the  corporation 
now  known  as  "Lloyd's"  were  named. 

Lloyd,  Edward.  Bomat  Thornton  Heath,  Sur- 
rey, Feb.  16, 1815:  died  at  Westminster,  April 
'  8,  1890.  A  London  publisher,  founder  (1842) 
of  "  Lloyd'sniustratedLondon  Newspaper,"and 
after  1876  proprietor  of  the  "Daily  Cm-onicle." 

Lloyd,  Edw;ard.  Born  March  7, 1845.  An  Eng- 
lish tenor  singer.  He  made  his  first  great  success  in 
1S71,  at  the  Gloucester  festival,  singing  in  Bach's  "St.  Mat- 
thew "  passion  music.  He  has  since  been  successful  In 
oratorio  and  concert  music. 

Lloyd,  Henry.  Bom  in  Merionethshire  about 
1720:  died  at  Huy,  Belgium,  June  19, 1783.  A 
Welsh  soldier  of  fortune,  for  a  time  lay  brother 
in  a  religious  house,  and  successively  in  the 
service  of  the  Pretender,  of  Prance,  of  Austria, 
and  of  Prussia.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  the  War  be- 
tween the  King  of  Prussia  and  the  Empress  of  Germany 
and  her  Allies '^(London,  1768-82),  "A  Political  and  Mili- 
tary Khapsody  on  the  Defense  of  Great  Britain  "  (1779),  etc. 

Lloyd,  Humplirey.  Bom  at  Dublin,  April  16, 
1800:  died  there,  Jan.  17, 1881.  A  British  man 
of  science,  provost  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1867-81.  He  is  noted  for  his  researches  in  optics  and 
magnetism,  and  particularly  for  his  experimental  discovery 
of  conical  refraction  in  biaxial  crystals,  the  existence  of 
which  had  been  theoretically  determined  by  Sir  W.  E. 
Hamiltoa  His  works  include  "A  Treatise  on  Light  and 
Vision  "  (1831),  "Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Wave  Theory 
of  Light'"  (1857),  "Treatise  on  Magnetism,  General  and 
Terrestrial    (1874),  etc. 

Lloyd,  Robert.  Bom  at  Westminster,  1733: 
died  in  the  Fleet  Prison,  Dee.  15, 1764.  A  Brit- 
ish poet.    He  was  a  graduate  of  Westminster  School  and 


617 

of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  later  was  usher  at  West- 
minster School.  He  wrote  "The  Actor:  a  Poetical  Epistle  " 
(1760),  "The  Tears  and  Triumphs  of  Parnassus,"  etc.  He 
was  imprisoned  for  debt  in  1763. 

Lloyd,  William.  Bom  at  Tilehurst,  Aug.  18, 
1627:  died  at  Hartlebury  Castle,  Worcester- 
shire, Aug.  30, 1717.  -An  English  prelate,  bishop 
successively  of  St.  Asaph  (1680),  Lichfield  and 
Coventry  (1692),  and  Worcester  (1700).  He  was 
one  of  the  six  bishops  tried  on  the  charge  of  publishing  a 
seditious  libel,  and  acquitted  June  29,  1688,  and  was  an 
earnest  supporter  of  the  Revolution. 

Lloyd's  (loidz).  An  association  at  the  Royal 
Exchange,  London,  comprising  underwriters, 
merchants,  shipowners,  and  brokers,  for  the 
furtherance  of  commerce,  especially  for  marine 
insurance  and  the  publication  of  shipping  news. 
It  originated  in  meetings  at  Lloyd's  Coffee  House  about 
1688.  The  present  rooms  include  a  restaurant  accessible 
only  to  members  of  Lloyd's  and  theirfriends.  See  I^vycL, 
Edward  (18th  century),  above. 

Lloyd's,  Austrian.  [It.  Lloyd Austro-wngarico, 
Gr.  Osterreiehisch-Ungarisoher  Lloyd.']  A  mer- 
cantile company  in  Triest,  founded  in  1833  for 
the  furtherance  of  Austrian  commerce.  It  com- 
prises 3  sections :  (a)  insurance ;  (6)  steamship  lines  in  the 
Mediterranean,  Black,  and  Red  seas,  etc. ;  (c)  publication 
of  periodicals. 

Lloyd's,  North  German.  [Gr.  Norddeutscher 
Lloyd.]  A  company  in  Bremen,  founded  in 
1857,  for  maintaining  regular  steamship  lines 
between  Bremen  and  New  York,  Baltimore,  and 
other  ports:  also  between  New  York  and  va- 
rious Mediterranean  ports. 

Lloyd's  List.  A  periodical  containing  shipping 
intelligence,  issued  by  Lloyd's  (London)  since 
1716,  as  a  daily  since  1800. 

Llywarch  Hen.  A  Cymric  poet,  living  in  the 
last  part  of  the  6th  century. 

Llyw^lsm  ab  Gruflfydd.    See  Llewelyn. 

Loadstone,  Lady.  The  "  magneticlady,"  a  char- 
acter in  Ben  Jonson's  play  of  that  name.  She  is 
magnetic  in  the  sense  of  making  her  house  attractive,  and 
so  drawing  to  it  a  variety  of  guests. 

Loaisa,  or  Loaysa  (lo-i'sa),  G-arcia  Jofre  de. 

Bora  at  Placencia,  Caceres,  about  1485:  died 
July  30,  1526.  A  Spanish  captain,  commenda- 
dor  of  the  order  of  St.  John,  who,  in  1525,  was 
put  in  command  of  a  fleet  destined  to  follow  up 
the  discoveries  of  Magalhaes.  He  left  Spain  with 
7  ships,  July  24, 1525 ;  reached  the  Strait  of  Magellan  in 
Jan.,  1526;  lost  there  one  of  his  ships;  passed  the  strait 
safely  with  the  rest ;  but  died  during  the  voyage  across  the 
Pacific.    One  ship  only  reached  the  Moluccas. 

Loanda  (l6-an'da),  properly  Sao  Faulo  de 
Loanda  (sau  pou'lo  de  lo-an'da).  A  seaport 
and  the  capital  of  the  Portuguese  province  of 
Angola,  Africa,  in  lat.  8°  48'  S.,  long.  13°  13'  E. 
Population,  estimated,  about  14,000. 

LoangO  (16-ang'g6).  A  region  on  the  western 
coast  of  Africa,  extending  from  the  mouth  of 
itho  Kongo  to  about  lat.  4°  S.  It  is  now  divided  be- 
tween the  Kongo  Free  State,  Portugal,  and  France. 

Loano  (16-a'n6).  A  small  town  in  Italy,  situ- 
ated on  the  coast  39  miles  southwest  of  Genoa. 
Here,  Nov.  23-24,  1795,  the  French  under  Sch6- 
rer  defeated  the  Austrians.  The  victory  was 
mainly  due  to  Mass^na. 

Loayza(lo-i'tha),  orLoaysa  (16-i'sa),  Geronymo 
de.  Born  at  Truxillo,  Estremadura,  Spain,  about 
1500 :  died  at  Lima,  Peru,  Oct.  25, 1575.  A  Span- 
ish Dominican  ecclesiastic.  He  was  a  missionary 
at  Cartagena,  Newtiranada,  1526-31,  and  in  1637  was  ap- 
pointed bishop  of  that  diocese ;  became  bishop  of  Lima 
in  1643 ;  and  was  the  first  archbishop  in  1548.  During  the 
rebellions  of  Gonzalo  Pizarro  and  Giron  he  adhered  to  the 
king,  but  did  his  best  to  prevent  bloodshed.  In  1552  and 
1567  he  presided  over  provincial  councils. 

Lobau  (16'bou).  jSn  island  in  the  Danube,  near 
Vienna.  It  was  oe.cupied  by' the  French  after 
the  battle  of  Aspem  in  1809. 

Loban  (16'bou).  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Sax- 
ony, 41  miles  east  of  Dresden :  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal towns  of  ancient  Lnsatia.  Population 
(1890),  8,378. 

Lobau.  A  town  in  the  province  of  West  Prus- 
sia, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Sandelle  75  miles 
southeast  of  Dantzio.  Population  (1890),  4,593. 

Lobeira  (lo-ba'e-ra),  or  Loveira  (16-va'e-ra), 
Vasco  de.  Bom  at  Oporto,  Portugal,  about 
the  middle  of  the  14th  century:  died  at  Elvas, 
Portugal,  about  1403.  A  Portuguese  romance- 
writer  and  soldier  (in  the  seirice  of  John  I.  of 
Portugal,  by  whom  he  was  knighted  in  1385) : 
reputed  author  of  the  famous  romance  "Amadls 
of  Gaul"  (which  see). 

Lobengula  (16-beng-go'la).  ['  The  defender.'] 
Bom  about  1833 :  died  1894.  King  of  the  Mata- 
bele  (see  Matabele),  a  son  of  Mosilikatse.  He  was 
long  feared  as  a  powerful  warrior  and  persistent  oppo- 
nent of  Christianity  and  civilization  in  his  kingdom  ;  but 
finally  the  British  South  African  Company  succeeded  in 
obtaining  from  him,  in  exchange  for  improved  flrearms 
and  ammunition,  permission  to  settle  in  Mashonaland  and 


Locke,  John 

to  exploit  Its  gold-mines.  As  soon  as  the  company  had 
built  Fort  Salisbury  and  supplied  it  well  with  men,  artil- 
lery, ammunition,  and  provisions,  it  provoked  the  Mata- 
bele with  a  view  to  seizing  their  territory.  In  the  war 
which  ensued,  in  1893,  the  brave  Matabele  regiments  were 
mowed  down  by  Maxim  guns  and  dispersed  by  cavalry  in 
several  engagements.  A  decisive  battle,  in  which  50O 
Matabele  and  only  one  white  man  fell,  was  fought  on  Oct. 
23,  some  thirty  miles  from  Buluwayo,  Lobengula's  capital. 
The  latter  was  taken  without  further  resistance  and  the 
king  pursued  as  a  fugitive.  In  his  flight  he  managed  to 
entrap  and  kill  Major  Wilson  and  his  detachment. 

Lobenstein  (lo'ben-stin).  A  town  and  health- 
resort  in  Eeuss  (younger  Une),  Germany,  39 
miles  south-southeast  of  Weimar.  Population 
(1890),  2,603. 

Lob-Nor  (lob'nor').  A  lake  iu  Eastern  Tur- 
kestan, about  lat.  39°  N.,  long.  89°  E.  It  re- 
ceives the  Tarim,  and  has  no  outlet. 

Lobo  (lo'b?),  Jeronimo.  Bom  at  Lisbon  about 
1593 :  died  at  Lisbon,  Jan.  29, 1678.  A  Portu- 
guese Jesuit,  missionary  in  Abyssinia. 

Lobos  (lo'bos)  or  Seal  Islands.  A  group  of 
small  islands  west  of  Peru,  situated  (Lobos  de 
Tierra)  in  lat.  6°  27'  S.,  long.  80°  49'  W.  They 
are  noted  for  guano  deposits. 

Lobositz  (lo'bo-zits).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Elbe  35  miles  north-northwest  of 
Prague.  Here,  Oct.  l,  1766,  Frederick  the  Great  de- 
feated the  Austrians  under  Browne.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  4,269. 

Locarno  (16-kar'nd).  A  town  in  the  canton  of 
Ticino,  Switzerland,  situated  on  Lago  Mag- 
giore  11  miles  west  of  Bellinzona.  It  was  an- 
nexed to  Switzerland  in  1513.  Pop.  (1888),  2,556. 

Locatelli  (16-ka-tel'le),  Pietro.'  Bom  at  Ber- 
gamo, 1693 :  died  at  Amsterdam,  1764.  A  noted 
violinist.     He  was  a  pupil  of  Corelli  at  Eome.' 

Lochaber  (loeh-a'bfer) .  Amountainous  district 
in  the  southern  part  of  Inverness-shire,  Scot- 
land. 

Lochaber  No  More.  .An  air  claimed  for  both 
Scotland  and  Ireland,  of  which  some  two  or  three 
versions  are  extant.  The  source  of  these  is  in  Scot- 
tish minstrelsy  called  "Lord  Ronald  (or,  according  to  Sir 
W.  Scott,  Randal)  my  son."  The  airin  Ireland  is  known  as 
"Limerick's  lamentation."  .  .  .  The  verses  "Farewell  to 
Lochaber, "  ending  "And  then  I  '11  leave  thee  and  Lochaber 
no  more,"  were  written  by  Allan  Ramsay.    Grove. 

Loches  (losh).  A  town  in  the  department  of  In- 
dre-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on  the  Indre  22 
miles  southeast  of  Tours.  The  chateau,  a  residence 
of  the  old  counts  of  Anjou,  of  the  Plantagenet  kings,  and 
of  the  kings  of  France  as  late  as  the  16th  century,  is  a  great 
pile  of  massive  walls  and  square  and  cylindrical  towers, 
several  of  which  are  occupied  by  the  grim  dungeons  of 
Louis  XI.  It  was  the  place  of  imprisonment  of  La  Balue, 
Commines,  and  Sforza.  The  palace,  of  the  16th  and  16m 
centuries,  with  fine  Renaissance  front,  is  now  the  sous-pre- 
fecture. The  interesting  Chapel  of  St.  Ours  displays  rich 
Romanesque  ornament.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
5,132. 

Lochiel's  (loch-elz')  Warning.  A  poem  by 
Thomas  Campbell:  so  called  from  its  subject, 
Donald  Cameron  of  "Lochiel. 

Lochinvar  (loeh-in-var').  A  ballad  in  the  poem 
of  "  Marmion,"  by  Sir  Walter  Scott :  so  called 
from  the  name  of  its  hero,  the  young  Lochinvar. 

Lochleven  (loeh-le '  vn) .  A  lake  in  Kmross-shire , 
Scotland,  18  miles  north-northwest  of  Edin- 
burgh. On  an  island  in  it  are  the  remains  of  a  castle 
which  was  the  scene  in  1567-68  of  the  imprisonment  of 
Mary  Queen  of  Soots.  The  Leven  carries  its  waters  to  the 
Firth  of  Forth.    Length,  3J  miles. 

Lochnagar  (loeh-na-gar').  A  mountain  in  the 
southwest  part  of  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland. 
Height,  3,780  feet. 

Locke  (lok),  David  Boss.:  pseudonym  Petro- 
leum V.Nasby.  Born  at  Vestal,  Brome  County, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  20, 1833 :  died  in  1888.  An  Ameri- 
can political  satirist.  He  commenced  in  1860  the  pub- 
lication of  the  "Nasby  Letters,"  contributed  chiefly  to  the 
"  Toledo  Blade." 

Locke,  John.  Bom  at  Wrington,  Somerset,  Aug. 
29, 1632 :  died  at  Oates,  High  Laver,  Essex,  Oct. 
28, 1704.  A  celebrated  English  philosopher,  one 
of  the  m  ost  influential  thinkers  of  modern  times. 
His  father  was  a  lawyer,  and  a  captain  in  the  Parliamen- 
tary army.  Locke  was  educated  at  Westminster  School  (of 
which  Busby  was  head-master),  and  at  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  graduated  iu  Feb.,  1656.  He  continued  to 
reside  at  Oxford,  and  was  for  brief  periods  lecturer  on 
Greek,  lecturer  on  rhetoric,  and  censor  of  moral  philoso- 
phy. In  Dec,  1665,  and  Jan.,  1666,  he  accompanied  Sir 
Walter  Vane  as  secretary  on  a  mission  to  the  Elector  of 
Brandenburg.  On  his  return  he  again  went  to  Oxford  to 
study  medicine,  but  did  not  take  a  degree.  In  1667  he  be- 
came a  member  of  the  family  of  the  flater)  Earl  of  Shaftes- 
bury, at  first  as  physician  and  afterward  as  confidential 
agent.  In  1669  he  drew  up  a  constitution  for  the  colonists 
of  Carolina,  of  which  Shaftesbury  (then  Ashley)  was  one  of 
the  lords  proprietor's.  Through  his  patron  Locke  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  presentations  in  1672,  and  secretary  of 
the  council  of  trade  1673-75.  He  visited  France  in  1672, 
an  d  again  1676-79.  After  the  fall  of  Shaftesbury,  Locke  be- 
came an  object  of  suspicion,  and  found  it  necessary  (1688) 
to  escape  to  Holland  where  he  remained  until  1689.  In 
thisyear  he  became  commissioner  of  appeals.    From  1691 


Locke,  Jolin 

he  resided  at  Gates,  High  Laver,  Essex,  in  the  family  of 
Sir  Francis  Masham.  His  chief  work  is  the  "Essay  con- 
cerning Humane  Understanding  "  (1690 :  four  subsequent 
editions,  revised  by  Locke,  appeared  1694, 1696, 1700, 1706). 
Among  his  other  writings  are  several  letters  "Concerning 
Toleration"  (1689  (Latin  and  English),  1690),  "Two  Trea- 
tises on  Government"  (1690),  "  Some  Thoughts  concern- 
ing Education  "  (1693),  etc.  Vaiious  collective  editions 
of  his  works  have  been  published.  Locke  was  the  founder 
of  the  English  and  French  "sensational"  philosophy  and 
psychology,  and  the  skeptical  application  of  his  principles 
by  David  Hume  led  Kant  to  the  development  of  the  "  orit^ 
ical "  philosophy. 

Locker  (lok'er),  Frederick.  Bom  1821:  died 
May  30,  1895.  An  Englisb.  poet,  writer  of 
"vers  de  SOei6t6."  He  married  as  his  second  wile 
the  daughter  of  Sir  Curtis  Lanipson,  and  assumed  the 
name  of  Locker-Lampson.  Among  his  poems  are  "Lon- 
don Lyrics"  (1867  and  1870),  "Patchwork"  (1879).  He 
edited  "  Lyra  Elegantiarum"  in  1869,  and  contributed  to 
various  periodicals. 

Lockerbie  (lok'6r-bi).  A  town  in  Dumfries- 
shire, Scotland,  11  miles  east-northeast  of  Dum- 
fries.   Population  (1891),  2,391. 

Lockhart  (lok'art),  John  Gibson.  Bom  at 
Camhusnethan,"  Lanarkshire,  July  14,  1794 : 
died  at  Abbotsford,  Nov.  25,  1854.  A  Scottish 
author,  noted  as  the  biographer  of  Sir  Walter 
Scott.  He  became  an  advocate  in  1816 ;  joined  the  staff 
of  "Blackwood's  Magazine"  in  1818;  married  Sophia,  the 
eldest  daughter  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  1820 ;  and  edited  the 
"Quarterly  Review"  1826-63.  His  principal  work  is  the 
"Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  Sir  Walter  Scott"  (7  vols.  1836- 
1838).  Among  his  other  publications  are  "Peter's  Letters 
to  his  Kinsfolk "(1819);  "Adam  Blair"  (1822)  and  other 
novels;  translations  of  "Ancient  Spanish  Ballads"  (1823); 
and  "The  Ballantyne  Humbug  Handled"  (1839). 

Lock  Ha'ven  (lok  ha'vn).  A  city,  the  capital 
of  Clinton  County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on 
the  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  69  miles 
northwest  of  Harrisburg.  it  has  a  flourishmg  lum- 
ber trade.     Population  (1900),  7,210. 

Lockport  (lok'port).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Niagara  County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Erie 
Canal  22  miles  north-northeast  of  Buffalo. 
It  has  flourishing  manufactures.  Population 
(1900),  16,581. 

Lockrpy  (lok-rwa')  (properly  Simon),  £dou- 
ard  Etienne  Anioine.  Bom  at  Paris,  July 
18, 1838.  A  French  journalist  and  Radical  poli- 
tician, son  of.  J.  P.  Lockroy.  He  was  minister  of 
commerce  and  industry  1886-87;  minister  of  public  in- 
struction 1883 ;  minister  of  marine  1898- June,  1899. 

Lockroy,  Joseph  Philippe  Simon,  called.  Bom 
at  Turin,  Feb.  17,  1803:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  19, 
1891.     A  French  dramatist  and  comedian.         , 

Locksley  (loks'U).  The  name  assumed  by 
Rohin  Hood  at  the  tournament  at  Ashhy  de 
la  Zouche,  in  Scott's  "Ivanhoe." 

Locksley  Hall.  A  poem  by  Tennyson,  pub- 
lished in  1842. 

Lockyer  (lok'yer),  Sir  (Joseph)  Norman.  Born 
a,t  Rugby,  England,  May  17, 1836.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish astronomer.  He  has  published  "  Elementary  Les- 
sons in  Astronomy"  (1868),  "  Contributions  to  Solar  Phys- 
ics" (1873),  "The  Spectroscope"  (1S73),  "Studies  in  Spec- 
trum Analysis  "  (1878),  "The  Dawn  of  Asixonomy  "(1894),  etc. 

Locle  (lok'l),  Le.  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Neu- 
oh§,tel,  Switzerland,  10  miles  northwest  of  Neu- 
eh3,tel.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of 
watches  (established  in  1680)  and  of  lace.  Pop- 
ulation (1888),  11,312. 

Locmariaq[uer  (lok-ma-rya-kar')-  A  seaport  in 
the  department  of  Morbihan,  France,  11  miles 
west-southwest  of  Vannes,  celebrated  for  me- 
galithic  monuments. 

Locofocos  (16-k6-f6'k6z;.  In  United  States  his- 
tory, the  equal-rights  or  radical  section  of  the 
Democratic  party  about  1835 ;  by  extension,  in 
disparagement,  any  of  the  members  of  that 
party.  The  name  was  given  in  allusion  to  an  incident 
which  occurred  at  a  tumultuous  meeting  of  the  Democratic 
party  in  Tammany  Hall,  New  York,  in  1835,  when  the  radi- 
cal faction,  after  their  opponents  had  turned  off  the  gas, 
relighted  the  room  with  candles  by  the  aid  of  locofoco 
matches.  The  Locofoco  faction  soon  disappeared,  but  the 
name  was  long  used  for  the  Democratic  party  in  general 
by  its  opponents..   Often  abbreviated  Locos. 

Locri Epicnemidii  (16'kri  e-pik-ne-mid'i-i).  In 
ancient  geography,  a  Greek  people  dwelling 
V  along  the  Maliac  Gulf,  north  of  Phocis:  so 
named  from  Mount  Cnemis. 

Locri  Epizephyrii  (ep'''i-ze-fir'i-i),  or  Locri.  In 
ancient  geography,  a  city  in  southern  Italy,  situ- 
ated on  the  coast  in  lat.  38°  15'  N.,  long.  16°  15' 
E.  Its  site  is  near  the  modem  Gerace.  It  was  founded  by 
the  Locrians  of  Greece ;  was  closely  allied  with  Syracuse  in 
the  4th  century  B.  c. ;  and  vacillated  between  Rome,  Pyr- 
rhus,  and  Carthage  in  the  3d  century  B.  0.  A  Greek  Ionic 
temple  of  Persephone,  of  the  6th  century  B.  0.,  has  been 
recovered  by  excavation  here. 

Locrine  (lo'kiin).  Amythioal  king  of  England. 
He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Brute  or  Brutus,  and  the  father 
of  Sabrina,  celebrated  in  Milton's  '*Comus."  His  story  is 
told  in  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth. 

Locrine.    A  tragedy  published  anonymously  in 


618 

1595,  probably  written  by  Peele  and  Tilney 
about  1585.  It  has  been  ascribed  to  Shakspere  (from  the 
initials  W.  S.  on  the  title-page)  and  to  Marlowe.  The 
plot  was  taken  from  Holinshed,  based  on  Geoffrey  of  Mon- 
mouth. 
Locri  Opuntii  (o-pun'shi-i).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a  Greek  people  living  north  of  Boeotia  and 
opposite  Euboea:  so  named  from  Opus,  their 


Logistilla 

ous.  The  chief  islands  are  Hindtt,  LangS,  And6,  dst-Vaagii, 
and  Vest-VaagO.  The  chief  industry  is  the  cod  and  her- 
ring fishery.    PopulaiilDn,  about  20,000. 

Loftus  (lof 'tus).  Lord  Augustus  William 
Frederick  Spencer.  Born  (5et.  4, 1817 :  died 
March  7,  1904.  An  English  diplomatist,  fourth 
son  of  the  second  Marquis  of  Ely:  ambassador 
to  Russia  1871-79. 


chief  town.    The  name  sometimes  includes  the  Loftus,  William  Kennett.    Bom  at  Eye,  Eng. 


country  of  the  Locri  Epicnemidii, 

Locri  Ozolse  (6'zo-le).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
Greek  people  living  along  the  Corinthian  Gulf, 
west  of  Phocis.  The  origin  of  the  name  is 
doubtful. 

Locris  (16'kris).  In  ancient  geography,  a  divi- 
sion of  middle  Greece,  occupied  by  the  Locri 
Epicnemidii  and  Locri  Opuntii,  or  eastern  Lo- 
crians, and  the  Locri  Ozolse,  orwestern  Locrians. 


land,  about  1820:  died  at  sea,  Nov.,  1858.  An 
English archseologist.  He  published  "Travels 
andResearchesinChald8BaandSusiana"(1857), 
etc. 
Log  (log).  King.  In  .aisop's  "  Fables,"  a  worth- 
less and  heavy  log  sent  by  Jove  to  the  frogs  who 
prayed  for  a  king.  They  complained  to  him 
of  this  inert  monarch,  and  he  sent  them  a  stork 
who  ate  them  up. 


Locusta  (16-kus'ta).    A  professional  poisoner  Logan  (16'gan),  George.    Born  at  Stenton,  near 


living  at  Rome  about  54  A.  D.  Juvenal  speaks  of 
her  as  the  agent  for  ridding  many  a  wife  of  her  husband, 
and  Tacitus  as  "long  reckoned  as  among  the  instrument 
of  government. "  She  was  employed  by  Agrippina  to  pre- 
pare a  poison  for  the  emperor  Claudius.  She  was  exe- 
cuted in  the  reign  of  Galba. 
Lod^ve  (lo-dav').    A  town  in  the  department  of 


Philadelphia,  Sept.  9,  1753:  died  there,  April 
9,  1821.  An  American  politician,  grandson  of 
James  Logan.  He  went  to  France  in  1798  with 
the  design  of  averting  a  war  with  that  country, 
and  was  United  States  senator  from  Pennsyl- 
vania 1801-07. 


Hfoault,  southern  France,  situated  on  the  Ergue  Logan,  James.  Bom  at  Lurgan,  County  Ar- 
29  miles  west-northwest  of  Montpellier:  the  magh,  Ireland,  Oct.  20,  1674:  died  near  Ger- 
RomanLuteva.  It  has  important  manufactures,  par-  mantown.  Pa.,  Oct.  31,  1751.  An  American 
ticularly  of  woolen  (military  cloth),  and  contains  a  cathe-    „„i„-,;_i  .A„i;+;i;„„     „  .        .  it    «    .  . 

dral.    It  was  formerly  ruled  by  viscounts.     Population    colonial  politician.    He  was  a  member  of  the  Society 


(1891),  commune,  9,060. 


of  Friends,  and  accompanied  William  Fenn  to  America  as 


his  secretary  in  1699.  He  was  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Pennsylvania  1731-39,  and  as  president  of  the  coun- 
cil was  for  two  years  acting  governor  of  the  colony  after 
the  death  of  Governor  Gordon  in  1736.  He  bequeathed 
over  two  thousand  volumes  to  the  city  of  Philadelphia, 
which  now  form  part  of  the  Philadelphia  library  under  the 
title  of  the  Loganian  Library.  He  wrote ' '  Experimenta  et 
Meletemata  de  Plantarum  Generatione  "  (1739),  etc. 


T.nilirpno-il  TTpTmrna'hnt,  BnrnatBns+nTi  Mav  ms  secretary  in  ie»9.  Me  was  cniet  justice  of  the  Suj 
,Tr??Jli  ■'V  ■llfury  uaoOT!.  i5ornaT;.eoston,  May^  Courtof  Pennsylvania  1731-39,  and  as  president  of  the 
12,1850.  An  American  historian  and  politician.  ■■  -  ■  ■•  '  .  .  . 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1871;  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in- 1876 ;  was  university  lecturer  on  American  history  at 
Harvard  1874-79 ;  was  editor  of  the  "North  American  Re- 
view "  1873-76,  and  of  the  "  International  Review  "  1879-81 ; 
and  was  a  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Massa- 
chusetts 1886-93,  when  he  was  transferred  to  the  United  t  „„„_  /•ln'™oT.^  TnT.T<  acai.n^o,^  n«^»  „*  IP.I. 
States  Senate.  He  has  published  "A  Short  Histoiyof  the  Logan  (lo  gan),  John,  assumed  name  of  Tah- 
Engllsh  Colonies  in  America"  (1881),  "Alexander  Hamil-  gah-JUte.  Bom  about  1725:  killed  near  De- 
ton"(1882),  "Daniel  Webster"(1883),"StudiesinHlstory"  troit,  1780.  An  Indian  chief .  He  was  a  Cayuga  by 
(1884),  etc.  birth ;  lived  many  years  near  Keedeville,  Pennsylvania,  in 

Lodge,  Thomas.     Bom  at  West  Ham,  near  Lon-  friendly  intercourse  with  the  whites ;  and  became  a  chief 

don,  about  1556 :  died  1625.     An  English  nov-  ampng  the  Mingoes.    His  family  was  murdered  by  the 

filist   dvamafiHt   Ivrip  -nnnt    ayiH  TnlaPAllaTiBnna  whites  on  the  Ohio  in  1774,  whereupon  he  instigated  a 

eiiOT,  oramarast,  lyric  poet,  ana  miscellaneous  ^^^  against  them.     He  was  killed  in  a  skirmish  with 

writer.     Among  his  works  are  the  novel  "Eosalynde ;  a  party  of  Indians. 

'^^^^lf^l\^^^P^^^)'^:^^^^i:^XX-l  Logan,  John     Bom  in  Scotland  in  1748:  died 

War  "  a  tragedy  (1594),  poems  (1689),  "Phillis"  and  "Life  at  Ijontton,  Uec,  1788.     A  beottish  lync  poet, 

and  Death  of  William  Longbeard,  etc."  (169^,  "  A  Fig  for  He  published  his  poems,  with  those  of  Michael  Bruce,  in 

Momus,"  satires  (1696).    He  also  wrote,  with  Greene,  an-  1770.    The  much-debated  question  whether  the  "Ode  to 

other  play,  "  A  Looking-glass  for  London  and  England  "  the  Cuckoo  "  is  the  production  of  Bruce  or  of  Logan  is  still 

(1694),  which  was  very  popular.  matter  of  dispute. 
Lodi  (16'de).    A  city  in  the  province  of  Milan,  Logan,  John  Alexander.     Born  in  Jackson 

Italy,  situated  on  the  Adda  in  lat.  45°  18'  N.,  County,  111.,  Feb.  9, 1826 :  died  at  Washington, 

long.  9°  30' E.    It  contains  a  cathedral,  and  the  church  D.  C,  Dec.  26, 1886.    An  American  general  and 

Incoronata,  begun  in  1476  from  a  design  by  Bramante.  statesman,  unsuccessful  Republican  candidate 

It  IS  especially  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  Parmesan  f-r  thn  viaa  rvroalrlATin-n-  in  IHBi.     -a            j  ■    ^^ 

cheese  and  of  iajolica.  It  was  founded  by  Frederick  Bar-  wL„„  J^"®  P^^®"*?"''^J?  ^°*'*-.  He  served  m  the 

barossa,  in  place  of  the  neighbormg  Lotli  Vecchio  (the  n^f.''™.Zf5U^S'i?t"''??''''*''i^^^?'-?'^™  "'",™i^^*: 

Roman  Laus  Pompeia),  destroyed  iS  1168.     Population  ?f ^U^JT  fSrv?^?  h  ""'''°" '°  ^''^  ^VilS*^  "l"?^"^  °^5* 

a891)  18  689  ™  ^^^  '"  the  Vicksburg  campaign  of  1863,  and  In  north- 

_     .  ''     '             ...                 .      ,,,      ,„   ,„„„  em  Georgia  under  Sherman  in  1864 ;  was  member  of  Con- 

Lodl,  Battle  of.    A  victory  gamed  May  10,  1796,'  gress  from  Illinois  1867-71 ;  and  was  United  States  sena- 

by  the  French  under  Napoleon  over  the  Austri-  tor  1871-77  and  1879-86.     He  published  "The  Great  Con- 

ans  under  Beaulieu.    "WoT.niortT.v.?,«aoifiorH.ii«/>»,aT.wn  ^      a   \      )• 
at  the  _ 
The  AustrianS] 

cording    .  -     ,       .-  .        . 

first  man  across  the  bridge,  Napoleon  (who  won  this  day  in  K14.  f  .„<. .  -.if  „_'  iir„,°  1"^;^  V-*  1-  "  '     ""'e""i 

the  epithet"Little  Corporal")  the  second.    The  Austrian  f?'  f .  T       .     ^r^  Mount  McKinley,  probably 

loss  was  2,600;  the  French  loss,  probably  2,000.     The  tue  Highest  in  North  America, 
battle  is  known  as  "the  terrible  passage  of  the  bridge  of  Logan,  Olive.     See  Sykes. 

L^domSl^ll^A^I)r' "Snameof  ^OSB^^^  ^'T.^"^!'  T  ^^^  Springs.     A 

the  medievll  principality  of  Yladimir  in  Yol-  SeXd^'l^r.^^Se^;  '^^l^&ei    hi 

hynia,  which  became  part  of  the  kingdom  of  t]i„j„_.i„  „.., j„„  mu'  "       j' /  i  j  2't.    vs  '  J^  j 

p'oland.     The  EmE_er?r  of  _ Austria-|ungai7  Sr^toCritWen. ''*''^*'' *"' ^°"'^'- 


bears  the  title  of  King  of  Galicia  and  Lodo 

meria. 
Lodore  (16-d6r').    A  cascade  in  Cumberland, 

England,  near  Keswick. 
Lodoyico  (lo-do-ve'ko).   A  kinsman  of  Braban- 

tio  in  Shakspere's  "Othello." 
L6dz  (lodz).    A  city  in  the  government  of  Piotr 


See  Mill  Spririgs. 
Logansport  (lo'ganz-port).  A  city  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Cass  County,  Indiana,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Eel  and  Wabash  rivers,  70  miles 
north  by  west  of  Indianapolis.  It  has  flourish- 
ing trade  and  car-works.  Population  (1900), 
16,204. 


kow,RussianPoland,67 miles  southwest  of  War-  Logau  (16'gou),  Friedrich  von.  Bom  in  Silesia, 


saw.  It  is  the  center  of  the'  Polish  textile  manufacture, 
the  leadingmanufacture  being  cotton.  Population  (1897), 
314,780. 

Loegres,  Logres.  The  name  by  which  Geoffrey 
of  Monmouth  calls  England,  from  Logris  or 
Locrine,  son  of  the  legendary  King  Brute. 

L6fling(16f'ling),  Peter.  BomatTolltorsbruch, 
near  Walb6,  Sweden,  Jan.  31, 1729 :  died  in  Ven- 
ezuela, Feb.  22,  1756,      ■    "      ' 

pupil  and  friend  of  Linnseus.  In  1761  he  accom 
panied  a  Spanish  scientiflo  expedition  to  Venezuela,  and, 
after  traveUng  extensivelyin  the  province  of  Cuman&,wenti 
to  the  missions  of  Gnayana,  where  he  died  of  a  fever.  An 
account  of  his  travels  was  published  in  Swedish,  under  the 
direction  of  Linnseus,  in  1758. 

Lofoten  (16-f6'ten)  (less  correctly  Lofoden  or 


1604:  died  at  Liegnitz,  July  25,  1655.  A  Ger- 
man poet.  He  was  councilor  to  the  Duke  of  Brleg  and 
Liegnitz.  He  belonged  to  the  first  Silesian  school  of  poeti 
and  was  the  principal  epigrammatist  of  the  period,  and 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  in  Gennan  literature.  In  1664 
he  published,  under  the  title  "Sinngedichte "  ("Epi- 
grams "),  a  collection  of  more  than  8,600  poems,  many  of 
which  are,  however,  but  rimed  couplets.  A  complete 
edition  was  published  at  Tubingen  in  1872. 
A  Swedish  botanist,  a  Loggia  dei  Lanzi  (loj'ja  da'e  land'ze).  A  me- 
dieval vaulted  portico,  one  of  the  characteristic 
buildings  of  Florence,  begun  1374.  The  front  haa 
three  great  round  arches  with  molded  columns,  a  rich 
bracketed  cornice  and  balustrade,  and  medallions  of  the 
Theological  Virtues  in  the  spandrels.  In  the  portico  are 
placed  Cellini's  "  Perseus,"  Donatello's  "  Judith,"and  other 
important  Renaissance  and  antique  statues. 


Loffoden  (lof-fo'den))  Islands.     A  group  of  Logic,  Bob.    See  Tom  and  Jerry. 
islands  belonging  to  the  province  of  ISfordland,  Logistilla  (lo-jis-til'la).  In  "  Orlando  Furioso," 
Norway,  situated  west  of  the  mainland  about    the  sister  of  Aloina  and  Morgana.    She  repre- 
lat.  67°  30'  to  69°  20'  N.    The  surface  is  mountain-    sents  reason  or  virtue. 


Logone 

Logone(lo-g6'ne).  Atribe  of  the  central  Sudan, 
southeast  of  Lake  Chad,  between  Bornu  and 
Baghirmi.  They  number  about  260,000.  They  are  vassals 
of  Bornu,  but  are  sell-governing ;  they  are  related  alike  to 
the  Makaris  and  the  Musgu  ;  and  their  language  is  said  to 
have  affinity  with  Hausa  and  Oalla. 

L9grono  (lo-gron'yo).  A  province  in  Old  Cas- 
tile, Spain.  It  is  bounded  by  Alava  and  Navarre  on  the 
north,  Navarre  and  Saragossa  on  the  east,  Soria  on  the 
south,  and  Burgos  on  the  west.  It  belongs  to  the  Ebro  val- 
ley. Area,  1,945  square  miles.    Population  (1887),  181,466. 

Logrono.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Lo- 
grono,  situated  on  the  Ebro  about  lat.  42°  26' 
N.,  long.  2°  36'  "W.:  the  Eoman  Julia  Briga. 
Population  (1887),  15,667. 

Logrono,  Pedro.  Born  at  Guadalajara,  Spain : 
died,  probably  in  Mexico,  after  1567.  .A  Span- 
ish priest.  His  "Manual  de  los  adultos  para  bautizar" 
(known  only  in  a  fragment)  is  probably  the  oldest  existing 
book  published  in  America.  It  was  printed  at  Mexico  in 
1540. 

Lohardaga  (16-har-da'ga),  or  Lohardugga  (16- 
har-dug'ga).  A  district  in  Bengal,  British  In- 
dia, intersected  by  lat.  23°  30'  N.,  long.  85°  E. 
Area,  7,140  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
1,128,885. 

Loheia,  or  Lohejryah  (16-ha'ya).  A  seajiort  in 
Yemen,  Arabia,  situated  on  the  Eed  Sea  in  lat. 
15°  42'  N.,  long.  42°  39'  E.  Population,  5,000- 
6,000. 

Lohengrin  (16'en-grin).  [MRGc.  Lohercmgrin, 
Lohengrin.']  In  German  legend,  the  mythical 
knight  of  the  swan,  the  son  of  Parzival,  and 
a  knight  of  the  Holy  Grail.  He  is  carried  in  a  boat 
drawn  by  a  swan  to  Antwerp,  where  he  becomes  the  hus- 
band of  the  Princess  of  Brabant,  on  the  condition  that  she 
shall  never  ask  his  name.  She  nevertheless  breaks  the 
agreement,  and  the  swan  comes  with  the  boat  and  bears 
him  away  to  the  Grail.  Allusion  is  made  to  his  history  at 
the  end  of  the  poem  "Parzival,"  written  by  "Wolfram  von 
Eschenbach  between  1205  and  1215.  He  is  also  mentioned 
in  the  "Titurel,"  written  by  one  Albrecht  between  1260 
and  1270 ;  and  the  same  legend  is  the  subject  of  the  poem 
"Sohwanritter"  ("The  Swan  Knighf'X  by  Konrad  von 
Wiirzburg  (died  1287),  who  does  not^  however,  connect 
his  hero  with  the  Grail.  A  poem, "  Lohengrin,"  later  re- 
modeled under  the  name  "  Lorengel,"  written  by  an  un- 
known author  in  Bavaria  before  1290,  gives  a  detailed 
history  of  the  mythical  knight.  The  legend  has  been 
localized  on  the  lower  Hhine  as  well  as  on  the  Schelde. 

Lohengrin.  Aromantic  drama,  composed( words 
and  music)  by  Eichard "Wagner  in  1847,  founded 
on  the  poem  of  "Lohengrin."  It  was  first  produced 
at  Weimar  under  the  direction  of  Liszt  in  1850,  and  was 
produced  at  London  May  8,  1875. 

Lohenstein  (lo'en-stin),   Daniel  Kaspar  von. 

Bom  at  Nimptseh,  Silesia,  Jan.  25,  1635 :  died 
at  Breslau,  April  28, 1683.  A  German  poet  of 
the  second  Silesian  school. 

Lohr  (lor).  A  town  in  Lower  Franconia,  Bava- 
ria, situated  on  the  Main  40  miles  east  by  south 
of  Frankfort.     Population  (1890),  4,207. 

Loi  (loi),  or  Baloi  (ba-loi').  A  Bantu  tribe  set- 
tled on  the  lower  Mobangi  Eiver  in  the  Kongo 
State  and  French  Kongo. 

Loigny  (Iwan-ye').  A  village  in  the  department 
of  Eure-et-Loir,  Prance,  south  of  Chartres.  it 
gives  name  to  the  battle  of  Loigny-Poupry,  Dec.  2, 1870, 
gained  by  the  Germans  under  the  Grand  Duke  of  Mecklen- 
burg over  the  French  under  Aurelle  de  Paladlnes,  and 
forming  part  of  the  battle  before  Orleans. 

Loir  (Iwar).  A  river  of  northwestern  Prance, 
joining  the  Sarthe  5  miles  north  of  Angers :  the 
Eoman  Liderieus.    Length,  about  190  mUes. 

Loire  (Iwar).  The  largest  river  of  France :  the 
Eoman  Liger.  it  rises  in  the  Gerbier-des-Joncs,  de- 
partment of  Ard^ch  e,  flows  first  toward  the  north  and  then 
toward  the  west,  and  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay  at  St.- 
Nazaire,  33  miles  west  of  Nantes.  It  is  noted  for  its  inun- 
dations, and  is  important  in  history.  Its  chief  tributaries 
are  the  Alller,  Cher,  Indre,  and  Vienne  on  the  left,  and  the 
Maine  on  the  right.  Length,  over  600  miles ;  navigable 
for  ships  to  Nantes. 

Loire.  A  department  of  central  France.  Capi- 
tal, St.-Etienne.  it  is  bounded  by  Alller  on  the  north- 
west, Sa6ne-et-Loire  on  the  north.  Bhdne  and  Isfere  on  the 
east,  Ardfeche  on  the  south,  Haute-Loire  on  the  southwest^ 
and  Puy-de-D6me  on  the  west,  and  formed  part  of  the  an- 
cient Lyonnais.  The  surface  is  largely  mountainous.  It 
is  traversed  by  the  river  Loire,  and  has  important  indus- 
tries, especially  coal-mining  and  dependent  manufactures. 
Area,  1,838  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  616,227. 

Loire,  Army  of  the.  1.  A  French  army  im- 
provised after  the  battle  of  Sedan  (Sept.  1, 
1870)  for  the  relief  of  Paris.  It  was  commanded 
by  Aurelle  de  Paladlnes.— 2.  After  the  begin- 
ning of  Dec,  1870,  the  part  of  the  first  army 
commanded  by  Chanzy  (the  remaining  part  be- 
ing commanded  by  Bourbaki). 

Loire,  Haute-.    See  Eaute-Lowe. 

Loire-Inf&ieure  (Iwar'an-fa-ryer').  Adepart- 
ment  of  western  Prance.  Capital,  Nantes,  it 
is  bounded  by  Morbihan  and  Uleet-Vilaine  on  the  north, 
Maine-et-Loire  on  the  east.  Vendue  on  the  south,  and  the 
Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  west,  and  formed  part  of  the  ancient 
Brittany.    The  surface  is  flat.    It  has  flourishing  agricul- 


619 


r 


tural  industries,  commerce,  and\  manufactures.  Area, 
2,653  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  645,263. 

Loiret  (Iwa-ra').  A  department  of  central 
Prance.  Capital,  Orleans,  it  is  bounded  by  Bure- 
et-Loironthe  northwest,  Seine-et-Oise  and  Seine-el>Mame 
on  the  north,  Yonneontheeast,  Nifevre,  Cher,  and  Loir-et- 
Cher  on  the  south,  and  Loir-et-Cher  on  the  west,  being 
formed  principally  from  part  of  the  ancient  Orl^anais.  It 
has  flourishing  agricultural  industries  and  manufactures. 
Area,  2,614  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  377,718. 

Loir-et-Cher  (Iwar'a-shar').  A  department  of 
central  France.  Capital,  Blois.  it  is  bounded  by 
Eure-et-Loir  on  the  north,  Loiret  on  the  northeast,  Cher 
on  the  southeast,  Indre  on  the  south,  Indre-et- Loire  on  the 
southwest,  and  Sarthe  on  the  northwest,  being  formed 
from  parts  of  Orl^anais  and  a  small  part  of  Touraine.  It  is 
a  rich  agricultural  department.  Area,  2,451  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  280,358. 

Loja,  or  Loxa  (lo'na).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Granada,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Jenil  29  miles 
west  of  Granada.  It  was  formerly  a  strong  fortress. 
It  was  taken  from  the  Moors  in  1486.  Population  (1887), 
19,120. 

Loja,  or  Loxa  (lo'Ha).  A  town  in  Ecuador, 
about  lat.  3°  55>  S.,  long.  79°  25'  "W. :  noted  for 
cinchona.     Population,  about  10,000. 

Loka(16'ka).  [Skt.,' world.']  A  world.  In  Hin- 
du works,  the  triloka,  or  three  worlds,  are  generally  heaven, 
earth,  and  hell.  Another  division  gives  seven,  exclusive  of 
seven  hells  (patalas).  The  upper  worlds  are  (1)  the  earth ;  (2) 
the  space  between  earth  and  sun,  the  region  of  the  saints ; 
(3)  Indra's  heaven,  between  the  sun  and  the  pole-star ;  (4) 
Maharloka,  the  usual  abode  of  Bhrigu  and  other  saints ; 
(5)  the  abode  of  Brahma's  sons,  Sanaka,  Sananda,  and  Sa- 
natkumara ;  (6)  the  abode  of  the  Vairagins ;  (7)  the  abode  of 
Brahma.  The  first  three  are  destroyed  at  the  end  of  each 
kalpa,  or  day  of  Brahma ;  the  last  four  at  the  end  of  his  life. 
The  Sankhya  and  Vedanta  schools  recognize  eight  lokas : 
(1)  that  of  the  superior  deities ;  (2)  that  of  the  Pitris,  Rishis, 
and  Prajapatis ;  (3)  that  of  the  moon  and  planets ;  (4)  that 
of  the  inferior  deities;  (5)thatof  theGandharvas;  (6)  that 
of  the  Rakshasas ;  (7)  that  of  the  Yakshas ;  (8)  that  of  the 
Pishachas.    See  these  words. 

Lokapalas  (lo-ka-pa'laz).  [Skt.,'  guardians  of 
the  world.']  In'Hindu  mythology,  the  deities 
who  preside  over  the  eight  points  of  the  com- 
pass: i.  e.,  the  four  cardinal  and  four  interme- 
diate. They  are  Indra,  B. ;  Agni,  S.B. ;  Yama,  S. ;  Surya, 
S-V.;  Varuna,W.;  Vayu,N.W.;  K;uvera,N.;  Soma,  N.  E. 
Each  of  these  has  an  elephant  who  helps  to  protect  the 
region :  these  are  also  known  83  Lokapalas. 

Lokeren  (16'ker-en).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  East  Flanders,  Belgium,  situated  on  the 
Durme  23  miles  northwest  of  Brussels.  It  has 
flourishing  manufactures  and  trade.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  19,667. 

Loki  (16'ke).  [ON.:  Xok,  end;  y'ATca,  liika,  to 
close,  end.i  In  Old  Norse  mythology,  the  god 
of  destruction.  His  father'was  the  giant  Farbautl  (ON. 
Fdrbauti),  his  mother  Laufey  or  Nal  (ON.  Ndl).  By  the 
giantess  Anguiboda  (ON.  Angrbodha)  he  had  3  children : 
the  Midgard-serpent,  the  Fenris-wolf,  and  Hel.  Loki 
had  throughout  a  twofold  nature.  He  was  of  handsome 
appearance  but  of  evil  disposition,  and  was  at  the  same 
time  the  friend  and  the  enemy  of  the  gods.  For  his  evil 
deeds  he  was  flnally  seized  by  the  gods  and  bound.  Over 
him  was  set  a  serpent  whose  poison  would  have  fallen  in 
drops  upon  his  face  had  not  his  wife,  Sigyn,  caught  them 
in  a  bowl.  He  was  freed  at  Eagnarok,  when  he  and  Heim- 
dall  slew  each  other. 

Lokman  (lok-man').  [Ar. Lugman,  called  "The 
Wise."]  The  reputed  author  of  a  collection  of 
fables  in  Arabic.  Luqman  is  the  title  of  the  Slst  su- 
rah of  the  Koran,  in  the  11th  verse  of  which  are  found  the 
words  "  We  gave  to  Luqman  wisdom."  To  this  shadowy 
character  have  been  ascribed  the  circumstances  and  say- 
ings of  a  number  of  men  :  hence  Lokman  has  been  rep- 
resented as  a  nephew  of  Job  or  Abraham,  a  councilor  of 
David  or  Solomon,  Balaam,  an  ugly  Ethiopian  slave,  a  king 
of  Yaman,  a  tailor,  a  carpenter,  a  shepherd.  The  fables 
are  very  like  those  of  .^sop,  and  still  more  like  those  of  Syn- 
tipas.  Many  are  of  Greek  origin,  and  a  number  of  them 
go  back,  s&  do  the  tables  of  Pilpay,  to  Indian  originals. 
They  were  first  put  into  their  present  form  by  an  Egyptian 
Christian  named  Barsuma,  probably  toward  the  end  of  the 
13th  century.  They  were  first  edited  (with  a  Latin  trans- 
lation) by  Erpenius  (Leyden,  1615).  Recent  editions  are  by 
imdiger  (2d  ed.  1839)  and  Derenbourg  (1850). 

Lola  Montez.    See  Gilbert,  Marie  D.  E.  M. 

Lollards  (lol'ardz).  [From  MD.  Lollaerd,  one 
who  mumbles  prayers  or  hymns.]  1.  A  semi- 
monastic  society  for  the  care  of  the  sick  and  the 
burial  of  the  dead,  which  originated  at  Antwerp 
aboutlSOO.  Also  called  CeiZites.— 3.  TheEnglish 
followers  of  Wyclif,  adherents  of  a  wide-spread 
movement,  partlypoliticalandsocialistio,!andin 
some  respects  anticipating  Protestantism  and 
Puritanism,  in  the  14th  and  15th  centuries.  They 
were  also  called  Bible  men,  from  their  reverence  for  the 
Bible.  They  differed  on  some  points  both  among  them- 
selves and  from  Wyclif,  but  in  the  main  condemned  the 
use  of  images  in  churches,  pilgrimages  to  the  tombs  of 
saints,  the  temporal  lordship  of  the  clergy,  the  hierarchi- 
cal organization,  papal  authority,  religious  orders,  ecclesi- 
astical decorations,  the  ceremony  of  the  mass,  the  doc- 
trine of  transubstantiation,  waging  of  wars,  and  capital 
punishment.  Some  of  them  engaged  in  seditious  proceed- 
ings, and  they  were  severely  persecuted  for  more  than  a 
hundred  years,  especially  after  the  adoption  of  a  special 
statute  ("  De  heeretico  comburendo  ")  against  them  in 
1401.  Lollards  were  very  numerous  at  the  close  of  the 
14th  century,  and  perhaps  formed  later  part  of  the  Lancas- 
trian party  in  the  Wars  of  the  Roses. 


Lombard  street 

LoUi  (lol'le),  Antonio.  Bom  at  Bergamo,Italy, 
about  1730 :  died  in  Sicily,  1802.  A  noted  Ital- 
ian violinist.  He  played  with  success  in  Stuttgart,  St. 
Petersburg,  Paris,  and  infrequently  at  London.  "Owing  to 
the  eccentricity  of  his  style  of  composition  and  execution, 
he  waa  regarded  as  a  madman  by  most  of  the  audience." 
Burney,  Hist.  Music,  IT.  680. 

LollillS  (lol'i-us).  An  unknown  author  from 
whomCjhaueer  professed  to  have  derived  various 
things  in  his  poems.  He  seems  to  stand  for  Petrarch, 
Boccaccio,  and  others,  and  "occupies  in  English  poetry 
very  much  the  same  position  as  Junius  in  English  politics  " 
{Lounsbury,  Studies  In  Chaucer,  n.  411). 

Lolo  (lo'lo),  or  Balolo  (ba-16'lo).  A  great 
Bantu  nation  of  the  Kongo  State,  occupying  the 
basins  of  the  Lulongo,  Tshuapa,  and  Lomami 
rivers  in  the  horseshoe  bend  of  the  Kongo  Eiver, 
between  Lake  Leopold  and  Stanley  Falls. 

L'Olonnois  (lo-lo-nwa'),  Francois.  Died  in 
Costa  Eica  about  1668.  A  French  buoaneer 
and  pirate,  noted  for  his  ferocity.  He  was  trans- 
ported to  the  West  Indies  for  crimes,  joined  the  bnca- 
neers  as  a  common  sailor,  rose  to  high  command  among 
them,  and  from  1660  ravaged  the  coasts  of  Central  Ameri- 
ca. He  was  eventually  wrecked,  and  was  kiUed  by  Indians. 
His  real  name  is  supposed  to  have  been  Jacques  Jean 
David  Nau. 

Lolos  (lo'loz),  A  race  of  aborigines  in  west- 
ern China,  on  the  Tibetan  frontier. 

Lom  (lom).  A  river  in  Bulgaria,  joining  the 
Danube  at  Eustchuk.  It  was  the  scene  of  Turk- 
ish victories  over  the  Eussiaus,  Aug.-Sept., 
1877. 

Lomami  (lo-ma'me).  One  of  the  great  aflu- 
ents  of  the  Kongo  Eiver,  which  it  joins  on  the 
left  bank  midway  between  Stanley  Palls  and 
the  Aruwimi.  it  has  its  source  near  lat.  10°  S.,  and  its 
mouth  near  lat.  1°  N.,  running  parallel  with  the  Lualaba 
from  south  to  north.  It  was  discovered  by  Cameron,  and 
is  also  called  Boloko.  Lomami  is  also  the  name  of  an 
affluent  of  the  Sankuru. 

Lombard  (lom'bard),  Peter,  L.  Petrus  Lom- 
bardllS  (pe'trus  lom-bar'dus).  Bom  at  No- 
vara,  Italy,  about  1100 :  died  at  Paris,  1160.  An 
Italian  theologian,  appointed  bishop  of  Paris 
in  1159.  He  was  surnamed  "  Master  of  Sentences,"  from 
his  work  "  Sententiarum  libri  IV  "  ("  Four  Books  of  Sen- 
tences ").    See  Book  of  Sentences. 

Lombard!,  I.  An  opera  by  Verdi,  produced  at  La 
Scala,  Milan,  in  1843.  Much  of  the  music  was 
afterward  used  by  him  in  the  opera  "  Gemsa- 
lemme." 

LombardLeague.  An  association  between  Bres- 
cia, Bergamo,  Mantua,  Verona,  Cremona,  Tre- 
viso,  and  other  cities  of  Lombardy  and  north- 
em  Italy,  founded  in  1167  for  protection  against 
Frederick  Barbarossa.  It  rebuilt  Milan,  defeated 
Frederick  at  Legnano  in  1176,  and  secured  liberties  by  the 
peace  of  Constance  in  1183.  It  was  renewed  against  Fred- 
erick IL  in  1226. 

Lombardo  (lom-bar'do),  Pietro.  Died  in  1515. 
A  Venetian  architect.  The  name  Lombardo  was  the 
patronymic  of  many  north  Italian  artists  who  flourished  in 
Venice  from  the  middle  of  the  15th  to  the  beginning  of  the 
16th  century.    It  is  associated  with  a  large  class  of  works 

Seculiar  to  the  early  Renaissance  in  Venice.  The  most 
eflnite  personality  of  the  school  is  Pietro  the  architect, 
to  whom  are  attributed  two  altars  in  the  choir  of  San 
Marco  (1462,  1471),  the  Church  of  Santa  Maria  del  Mira- 
coli  (begun  in  1480),  the  monument  to  Dante  (1482)  at  Ra- 
venna, the  Vendramini  palace,  the  tomb  of  Doge  Pietro 
Mocenigo  in  San  Giovanni  e  Paolo,  and  the  Moro  chapel 
in  San  Giobbe.  He  was  made  director  of  pubUc  works 
March  15, 1499.  The  anonymous  marbles  which  have  been 
classed  as  belonging  to  the  school  of  the  Lombardi  com- 
prehend nearly  all  the  Renaissance  work  produced  about 
1475-1550.  Martino  Lombardo  is  also  noted  as  having 
built  the  Scuola  dl  San  Marco  and  the  San  Zaccaria  in 
Venice.  It  is  not  known  whether  or  not  he  waa  the  son 
of  Pietro.  To  the  Lombardi  family  also  belong  Tullio,  An- 
tonio, and  Giulio  (sons  of  Pietro),  Santi,  and  Moro.  The 
last  probably  came  from  Bergamo. 

Lombardo- Venetian  Kingdom.  A  kingdom 
constituted  by  Austria  in  1815  out  of  the  Italian 
territories  assigned  to  her  by  the  Congress  of 
Vienna.  It  comprises  Lombardy,  Venetia,  and  Mantua. 
Lombardy  was  ceded  to  Victor  Emmanuel  in  1859,  and 
Venetia  and  Mantua  were  surrendered  to  him  in  1866. 

Lombards  (lom'bardz,  formerly  lum'bardz). 
[Appar.  'long-beariis.']  The  natives  or  inhab- 
itants of  Lombardy  in  Italy.  The  name  is  used 
more  specifically  for  the  members  of  the  Germanic  tribe 
(Longobards)  who  about  568,  under  Alboin,  conquered  the 
part  of  northern  Italy  still  called  Lombardy,  and  founded 
the  kingdom  of  that  name,  which  was  afterward  extended 
over  a  much  larger  territory,  and  was  finally  overthrown 
by  Charlemagne  in  774.  In  old  London  the  name  Lom- 
bards was  generic,  and  was  applied  to  foreign  merchants 
from  southern  Europe,  hut  more  especially  to  represen- 
tatives of  the  great  houses  of  the  northern  Italian  cities. 
They  also  established  themselves  in  France,  chiefly  at 
Nlmes  and  Montpellier.    See  Lombard  street. 

Lombard  street.  A  street  in  the  City,  London, 
where  the  Lombard  merchants  of  the  middle 
ages  established  themselves  before  the  reign 
of  Edward  II.  With  the  Germans  of  the  Steelyard  they 
engrossed  the  more  profitable  branches  of  English  trade. 
The  goldsmiths  seem  to  have  had  the  most  ready  money. 
On  occasion  they  lent  money  on  interest,  and  gradually 


Lombard  street 

took  up  the  business  of  banking,  as  it  was  then  understood. 
They  did  not  call  themselves  bankers,  but  kept  "running 
cashes  "  or  current  accounts.  In  1677  there  were  uo  less 
than  thirty-seven  goldsmiths  keeping  "running  cashes" 
in  Lombard  street.  The  seizure  by  Charles  I.  of  £200,000 
stored  in  the  Tower  forced  them  to  keep  their  money  in 
circulation,  and  was  practically  the  origin  of  modern  sys- 
tematic banking.  (Compare  lUomhardi.')  Lombard  street 
is  now  a  great  banking  center. 

Lombardy  (lom'bar-di).  A  Teutonic  kingdom, 
founded  in  568  "bj  Alboiu,  ■which,  comprised  at 
its  height  a  large  part  of  northern  and  central 
Italy.  Its  capital  was  Pavia.  Various  Lombard  duchies 
(as  Benevento)  were  founded  further  south  in  Italy.  See 
Loinbards. 

Lombardy.  [It.  iowftardia.]  A  compartimento 
in  northern  Italy,  it  includes  the  provinces  Como, 
Milan,  Pavia,  Bergamo,  Sondrio,  Brescia,  Cremona,  and 
Mautua,  comprising  the  alpine  and  suhalpine  regions  in 
the  north  and  the  Lombard  plain  of  the  Po. 

Lombardy.  A  theme  (province)  of  the  Byzan- 
tine empire,  in  the  early  part  of  the  middle 
ages,  situated  in  southeastern  Italy. 

Lombok,  or  Lomboc  (lom-bok').  An  island  of 
the  Lesser  Sunda  group,  Bast  Indies:  the  native 
Tanah  Sasak.  it  is  separated  from  Bali  on  the  west  by 
the  Strait  of  Lombok,  and  from  Sumbawa  on  the  east  by  the 
Strait  of  Alias.  The  siirface  is  generally  mountainous. 
It  is  under  native  rulers,  and  the  inhabitants  are 
chiefly  Sassaks  (Mohammedan) .  Area,  about  2,000  square 
miles. 

Lombroso  (lom-hro'zo),  Cesar.  Born  at  Ven- 
ice, Nov.,  1836.  A  noted  Italian  criminologist 
and  alienist.  Among  his  works  are  "The  Criminal :  an 
Anthropological  and  Medico-legal  Study,"  "The  Man  of 
Genius,  '"Epileptic  Insanity,"  "  Political  Crime  and  Revo- 
lutions," "The  Physiognomy  of  the  Anarchist,"  and  "The 
Female  Offender  "  with  William  Terreri  (1894). 

Lombroso,  Jacob  or  John.  A  Jewish  physician 
who  lived  in  the  colony  of  Maryland  1656-65. 
He  practised  his  profession  and  acquired  land ;  was  ar- 
rested on  the  charge  of  blasphemy ;  but  escaped  through 
the  general amnestvproclaimed  by  Bichard  CromweU. 

Lome  (16'ma).  The  principal  port  of  Togoland, 
Slave  Coast,  western  Africa. 

Lome  Axm^.    See  Homme  Arm4,  V. 

Lom^nie  (lo-ma-ne'))  Louis  Leonard  de.  Bom 
at  St.-Yrieix,  Haute-Vienne,  Prance,  Dec.  3, 
1815 :  died  at  Menton,  France,  April  2,  1878. 
A  French  man  of  letters,  author  of  "  Galerie 
des  contemporains"  (1840-47),  "  Beaumarehais 
et  son  temps  "  (1855),  etc. 

Lpm^uie  de  Brienne  (lo-ma-ne'  d6  bre-en'), 
Etienne  Charles  de.  Born  at  Paris,  1727:  died 
in  prison,  Feb.  15-16, 1794.  A  French  politician 
and  prelate .  Hebecame  archbishop  of  Toulouse  in  1763 ; 
was  a  member  of  the  Assembly  of  Notables  in  1787 ;  and 
succeeded  Calonne  as  comptroller-general  of  finances  in 

1787.  He  was  made  premier  and  archbishop  of  Sens  in 

1788.  but  was  forced  to  resign  the  premierstdp  in  the  same 
year,  after  having  convoked  the  States-i^eneral  for  May  1, 

1789.  He  was  succeeded  by  Keeker. 

Lomond  (lo'mond),  Loch.  A  lake  in  Scotland, 
the  largest  in  Great  Britain.  It  lies  between  Dum- 
bartonshire on  the  west  and  Stirlingshire  on  the  east,  and 
is  famous  for  its  beauty.  Length,  25  miles.  Greatest  width, 
7  miles.    Its  outlet  is  the  Leven. 

tomwe  (16'mwe).  See  K-Aa. 
omza  (lom'zha).  1 .  A  government  of  Russian 
Poland,  bordering  on  East  Prussia.  Area,  4,667 
square  miles.  Population  (1887-89),  608,683.— 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Lomza, 
situated  on  the  Narew  78  miles  northeast  of 
"Warsaw.     Population  (1890)^  18,405. 

Lonato  (16-ua  to).  A  town  m  the  province  of 
Brescia,  northern  Italy,  14  miles  east-soutleast 
of  Brescia.  Here,  Aug.  3, 1796,  the  French  un- 
der Bonaparte  defeated  the  Austrians  under 
Wurmser. 

Londinium  (lon-din'i-um).  The  Roman  name 
of  London. 

London  (lun'don).  [L.  Londinium,  origin  un- 
certain ;  P.  Londres,  It.  Londra,  Sp.  Ldndres.'] 
The  capital  of  England  and  seat  of  the  govern- 
ment of  the  British  empire,  the  largest  and  most 
important  city  in  the  world,  and  its  principal 
business  and  financial  center,  it  is  situated  in  the 
counties  of  Middlesex,  Surrey,  and  Kent,  on  both  sides  of 
the  Thames,  about  50  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  lat.  51°  30' 
48"  N.,  long.  0°5'  48"  W.  (St.  Paul's  Cathedral).  In  its  wid- 
est extent  (the  Metropolitan  Police  District  with  the  City 
of  London  Police  District,  which  together  form  "Greater 
London  ")  it  occupies  an  area  of  690  square  miles  and  con- 
tains (1901),  6,681,372  inhabitants.  Of  these,  according 
to  the  census  of  1901,  4,536,641  reside  within  the  "Inner 
Ring  "  (see  County  of  L(md<m,  below),  or  Reglsti'ation 
District  and  2,044,831  within  the  "  Outer  Ring  "  or  subur- 
ban district.  For  administrative  purposes  this  vast  cen- 
ter of  population  is  variously  subdivided.  The  City  of 
London  proper  (generally  called  "  The  City  ")  is  little  over 
a  square  mile  in  extent,  and  had  in  1901  a  population  of 
only  26,923.  It  extends  along  the  north  bank  of  the 
'Iiiames  from  the  Temple  to  the  Tower,  and  northward 
as  far  as  Holborn  and  Finsbury  Circus,  and  is  the  business 
center,  its  "  day  "  population  exceeding  300,000  in  1901. 
It  has  a  distinct  administration  under  the  lord  mayor, 
with  26  other  aldermen  and  a  court  of  common  council. 
The  rest  of  "Inner"  London  forms  an  administrative 
county,  which  since  1888  has  been  under  the  control 
of  th  J  London  County  Council  of  118  members.    For  par- 


620 

liamentary  purposes  London  is  divided  into  68  constitu- 
encies with  1  member  each,  except  the  City,  which  returns 
2  members  (West  Ham  is  sometimes  included  in  parlia- 
mentary London,  making  60  divisions):  Battersea,  Ber- 
mondsey,  Bethnal  Green  (2),  Bow  and  Bromley,  Brixton, 
Camberwell  North,  Chelsea,  City  of  London,  Clapham, 
Deptford,  Dulwich,   Finsbury  (2),  Fulham,  Greenwich, 
Hackney  (3),  Haggerston,    Hammei-smith,  Hampstead, 
Holborn,  Hoxton,  Islington  (4), Kensington  (2),  Lambeth 
(2),  Lewisham,  Limehouse,   Marylebone  (2),  Mile  End, 
Newington  West,  Norwood,  Paddington  (2),  Peckham, 
Poplar,  Rotherhithe,  St.  George   (Hanover  Square),  St. 
George's-in-the-East,  St.  Pancras  (4),  Southwark  West, 
Stepney,  Strand,  Walworth,  Wandsworth,  West  Ham  (2), 
Westminster,  Whitechapel,  Woolwich.    The  University 
of  London  is  also  represented.    London  was  probably 
an  ancient  British  town.    It  appears  to  have  been  reset- 
tled by  the  Romans  about  43  A.  s.,  and  Londinium  (called 
also  Augusta)  was  the  capital  of  Britannia  in  the  last  part 
of  the  Roman  period.    After  the  departure  of  the  Romans 
(about  410)and  in  the  early  Saxon  period  its  history  is  ob- 
scure, though  there  were  bishops  of  London  from  the  7th 
century.    It  was  plundered  by  the  Danes,  and  rebuUt  by 
Alfred  and  Athelstan.    It  received  a  charter  from  Wil- 
liam I.,  and  many  privileges  from  Henry  I.    By  the  14th 
century  its  commerce  had  greatly  developed.    'The  insur- 
rection of  Wat  Tyler  occurred  in  1381.    London  sided  with 
the  Yorkists  in  the  Wars  of  the  Roses,  and  with  the  Par- 
liamentarians in  the  civil  war.    It  was  scourged  by  the 
plague  in  1665,  and  was  almost  entirely  destroyed  by  the 
great  fire  of  1666.    A  financial  panic  happened  in  1720,  and 
the  "No-Popery"  riots  in  1780.    The  "Great  Exhibition" 
of  1851  was  the  first  of  theintemational  expositions :  it  was 
followed  by  another  in  1862.    (Forvariousobjects  of  inter- 
est (the  British  Museum,  the  Guildhall,  the  Monument, 
the  National  Gallery,  the  Houses  of  Parliament,  Royal 
Academy,  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  the  Tower,  Westminster 
Abbey,  etc-X  and  for  very  many  local  details,  see  the  spe- 
cial headings.)  "The  London  Government  Act  of  1899  di- 
vided the  administrative  county  of  London  (with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  City)into  28  municipal  boroughs :  Battersea, 
Bermondsey,  Bethnal  Green,  Camberwell,  Chelsea,  Dept- 
ford, Finsbury,  Fulham,  Greenwich,  Hackney,  Hammer- 
smith, Hampstead,  Holborn,  Islington,  Kensington,  Lam- 
beth, Lewisham,  Marylebone,  Paddington,  Poplar,  St. 
Pancras,  Shoreditch,  Southwark,  Stepney,  Stoke  Newing- 
ton, Wandsworth,  Westminster,  Woolwich. 
London.     A  city  and  the  capital  of  Middle- 
sex County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the 
Thames  in  lat.  43°  N.    It  is.  a  manufacturing 
and  commercial  center.     Population  (1901), 
37,983. 
London,  Convention  of.    A  convention  con- 
cluded between  England  and  France,  Oct.  22, 
1832,  for  the  purpose  of  coercing  Holland  into 
withdrawing  its  troops  from  Belgium. 
London,  Treaty  of.     The  name  of  a  number  of 
treaties  concluded  at  London  between  England 
and  other  powers,  chief  among  which  are  the 
following,    (a)  The  treaty  of  July  6, 1827,  between  Eng- 
land, France,  and  Russia,  whereby  those  powers  agreed 
to  compel  Turkey  and  Greece  to  accept  their  mediation 
with  a  view  to  restoring  peace  in  the  East.    Greece  was 
to  be  made  autonomous  under  the  sovereignty  of  the  sul- 
tan, the  Mohammedan  population  was  to  be  removed,  and 
the  Greeks  were  to  receive  possession  of  all  Turkish  prop- 
erly in  Greece  on  the  payment  of  an  indemnity.    The  of- 
fer of  mediation  was  rejected  by  Turkey,  which  resulted 
in  armed  intervention.    (6)  The  treaty  of  Nov.  16,  1831, 
between  Great  Britain,  France,  Austria,  Prussia,  and  Rus- 
sia, for  the  settlement  of  the  Belgian  question.    It  pre- 
scribed, among  other  things,  that  Belgium  and  Holland 
shouldbear  separately  the  debtswhich  they  had  contracted 
before  the  union,  and  that  they  should  share  the  liabili- 
ties contracted  since.    The  treaty  was  eventually  carried 
out.     (c)  The  treaty  of  1832  between  England,  France, 
Russia,  and  Bavaria,  by  which  the  crown  of  Greece  was 
given  to  Frederick  Otho,  second  son  of  the  king  of  Bava- 
ria.   {cC)  The  treaty  of  March  13, 1871,  by  which  the  signa- 
tory powers  of  the  treaty  of  Paris  (which  see)  of  1856  ac- 
ceded to  the  demand  of  Russia  to  strike  out  the  clauses 
neutralizing  the  Black  Sea. 

London,  University  of.  An  educational  insti- 
tution, founded  at  London  in  1836,  which  con- 
fers degrees  after  examination,  but,  until  1900, 
provided  no  courses  of  instruction. 
London  Bridge.  The  first  of  the  bridges  across 
the  Thames  at  London,  situated  at  the  head  of 
navigation,  half  a  mile  above  the  Tower.  The 
earliest  structure  of  which  there  is  historical  record  was 
destroyed  Nov.  16,  1091,  by  a  storm  and  high  tide.  The 
first  stone  bridge  was  built  1176-1209  on  awooden  tounda- 
tion.  It  consisted  of  20  aiches.  The  roadway  was  926  feet 
long,  60  feet  above  water,  and  40  feet  wide.  Houses  were 
built  upon  it,  and  in  course  of  time  it  became  a  continuous 
street  with  3  openings  on  each  side  to  the  river.  A  chapel 
of  St.  Thomas  Becket  stood  upon  the  east  side.  The  super- 
structures were  repeatedly  devastated  by  fire,  most  notably 
the  great  fire  of  1686.  The  eleventh  span  from  the  South- 
wark end  formed  a  drawbridge  flanked  by  a  tower  built  in 
1426,  on  the  top  of  which  were  stuck  the  heads  of  persons 
executed  for  treason.  All  the  superstructures  were  re- 
moved in  1757.  The  present  stone  bridge,  built  by  the 
Rennies,was  begun  March  15, 1824,  and  opened  Aug.  1, 
1831.  It  stands  about  180  feet  above  the  site  of  the  old 
structure,  which  was  pulled  down  in  1832.  It  is  920  feet 
long,  66  feet  wide,  and  66  feet  high,  and  the  central  span  is 
160  feet. 
London  Company.  A  company  of  merchants 
and  others  dweUingin  and  near  London,  formed 
for  the  purpose  of  planting  colonies  in  Ameri- 
ca. It  was  chartered  in  1606,  founded  a  colony 
at  Jamestown  in  1607,  and  was  dissolved  in  1624. 
Londonderry  (lun'don-der-i).  1.  A  maritime 
county  in  Ulster,  Ireland,    it  is  bounded  by  the  At- 


Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth 

lanticon  the  north,  Antrim  and  Lough  Neagh  on  the  east, 
Tyrone  on  the  south,  Tyrone  and  Donegal  on  the  west,  and 
Lough  Foyle  on  the  northwest.  Its  chief  manufacture  is 
linen.  Area,  816  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  152,009. 
2.  'The  capital  of  the  county  of  Londonderry, 
situated  on  the  Foyle  in  lat.  55°  N.,  long.  7°  19' 
W. :  formerly  called  Derry.  Its  chief  manufacture 
is  linen.  It  contains  a  cathedral.  A  monastery  was  founded 
here  by  Columba  in  646.  The  city  is  celebrated  for  its  suc- 
cessful defense  by  the  Irish  Protestants  against  James  II. 
(April-Aug.,  1689).    Population  (1891),  32,893. 

Londonderry,  Marquises  of.  See  Stewart  and 
Vane-Tempest-St^wart. 

London  Protocol.  1.  The  protocol  of  May  8, 
1852,  by  which  the  great  powers  recognized 
Prince  Christian  of  (jliicksburg  and  his  male 
desoondants  as  heirs  to  Denmark,  including 
Schleswig  and  Holstein.  It  was  not  ratified  by 
the  German  Diet  or  the  estates  of  Schleswig  and 
Holstein.— 2.  The  protocol  of  March  31, 1877, 
by  which  the  great  powers  called  upon  Turkey  to 
make  peace  with  Montenegro  and  to  carry  out 
certain  reforms  affecting  the  Christian  popula- 
tions in  the  sultan's  dominions.  It  was  rejected 
by  the  Porte,  and  Russia  alone  took  up  arms 
against  Turkey. 

London  Wall.  A  Roman  wall  built  between  350 
and369  around  London,  it  inclosed  380  acres.  There 
were  two  gates  in  it  —  the  western  gate,  now  Newgate,  for 
the  R-etorian  way  or  Watling  street;  and  the  northern 
gate,  for  the  road  to  York,  or  Ermine  street,  now  Bishops- 
gate.  There  was  also  a  gate  at  the  bridge  at  Dowgate,  and 
possibly  one  at  Billingsgate.  During  the  Danish  invasion 
the  wall  was  broken  down,  but  was  restored  by  Alfred  in 
886.  Posterns  were  then  opened  at  Ludgate,  at  Cripple- 
gate,  and  probably  at  what  was  later  Moorgate.  The  wall 
was  kept  up  till  comparatively  modem  times,  and  frag- 
ments of  it  are  still  discernible.  The  most  notable  portion 
is  in  the  street  now  called  London  Wall,  between  Wood 
street  and  Aldermanbury. 

Long  (16ng),  Charles  Chaill§-.  Bom  at  Prin- 
cess Anne,  Somerset  Cotmty,  Md.,  July  2, 1842. 
An  American  soldier.  He  served  as  a  volunteer  in  the 
American  Civil  War,  attaining  the  rank  of  captain  :  and  in 
1869  received  an  appointment  as  lieutenant-colonel  in  the 
Egyptian  army.  He  was  made  chief  of  staff  to  General 
Gordon  in  1874,  and  in  the  same  year  was  employed  on  a 
diplomatic  and  geographical  mission  to  the  interior  of 
A&ica.  He  resigned  his  commission  in  the  Egyptian  ser- 
vice in  1877,  and  in  1887  was  appointed  United  States  con- 
sul-general and  secretary  of  legation  in  Corea.  He  has 
published  "Central  Africa"  (1876)  and  "The  Three  Pro- 
phets— Chinese  Gordon,  the  Mahdi,  and  Arabi  Pasha  " 
(1884). 

Long,  George.  Bom  at  Poultou,  Lancashire, 
En^and,  Nov.  4, 1800 :  died  at  Chichester,  Aug. 
10, 1879.  An  English  classical  scholar,  historian, 
geographer,  and  miscellaneous  author. 

Long,  George  Washington  de.    See  De  Long. 

Long,  John  Davis,  Born  at  Buckfield,  Maine, 
Oct.  27, 1838.  An  American  statesman.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  House  of  Representatives 
1876-78,  and  three  times  speaker  of  the  House ;  lieutenant- 
governor  1879 ;  governor  1880-82 ;  United  States  congress- 
man 1883-89 ;  and  secretary  of  the  navy  1897-1902.  He 
published  a  translation  of  Vergil's  "  .tflneid  "  in  1879. 

Long,  Loch.  An  arm  of  the  Firth  of  Clyde,  be- 
tween Dumbartonshire  and  Argyllshire,  Scot- 
land.   Length,  17  miles. 

Long  Acre.  -A  street  in  Loudon,  near  Covent 
Garden,  running  into  Drury  Lane.  It  is  or  was 
the  headquarters  of  carriage-buUders. 

Longaville  (long'ga-vil).  A  lord  attending  on 
the  King  of  Navarre  in  Shakspere's  "Love's 
Labour 's  Lost." 

Long  Branch.  A  town  in  Monmouth  County, 
New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  Atlantic  coast  29 
miles  south  of  New  York.  It  is  a  fashionable 
seaside  resort.    Population  (1900),  8,872. 

Long  Bridge.  A  bridge  about  a  mile  long,  built 
across  the  Potomac  at  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia.  It  was  the  main  avenue  of  communication 
with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  during  the  Civil  War,  and 
was  strongly  fortified. 

Longchamp,  or  Longchamps  (l6n-shon')-  A 
race-course  at  the  end  of  the  Bois  de  Boulogne, 
west  of  Paris.  It  was  long  noted  for  its  prom- 
enade.   An  abbey  formerly  stood  here. 

Longchamp  (l6n-shon'),  William  of.  Died 
at  Poitiers,  Jan.  31, 1197.  An  English  prelate, 
bishop  of  Ely  and  chancellor  of  Richard  I. 

Longfellow  (16ng'fel-6),  Henry  Wadsworth. 
Bom  at  Portland,  Maine,  Feb.  27,  1807 :  died 
at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  March  24,  1882.  A  dis- 
tinguished American  poet.  He  graduated  at  Bow- 
doin  College  in  1826 ;  traveled  in  Europe  1826-29 ;  was 
professorof  modem  languages  at  Bowdoin  1829-36 ;  again 
visited  Europe  1835-36 ;  and  was  professor  of  modem  lan- 
guages and  belles-lettres  at  Harvard  College  1836-64.  He 
continued  to  reside  at  Cambridge.  His  poetical  works  in- 
clude "Voices  of  the  Night"  (18.'i9),  "Ballads  and  other 
Poems  "  (1841),  "  Poems  on  Slavery  "  (1842),  "  Spanish  Stu- 
dent"(1843),  "Poets  of  Europe"  0846:  trans.),  "Belfry  of 
Bruges  and  other  Poems  "  (1845),  "Evangeline :  a  Tale  of 
Acadie  "  (1847),  "  Seaside  and  Fireside  "  (1849),  "  The  Gold. 
en  Legend  "  (1861),  "  The  Song  of  Hiawatha  "  (1855X  "  The 


Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth 

Courtship  of  Miles  Standish  "  (1858),  "  Birds  of  Passage  " 
<1868-63X  "Tales  of  a  Wayside  Inn"  (1863),  "Hower-de- 
Luce"  (1867),  a  translation  of  the  "Divine  Comedy"  (1887- 
1870),  "  New  England  Tragedies  "  (1868),  "  The  Divine  Tra^ 
gedy  "  (1871),  "  Thi'ee  Books  of  Song  "  (1872), ' '  Aftermath  " 
(1873),  "Hanging  of  the  Crane"  (1874),  "Morituri  Salu- 
tamus"  (1875),  "Mask  of  Pandora"'  (1876),  "Keramos  and 
other  Poems"  (1878),  "Ultima  Thule"  (1880),  "Hermes 
Tri8megistus"(1882),  "In  the  Harbor "(1882).  His  prose 
works  are  "  Ontre-Mer  "  (1835),  and  the  novels  "  Hyperion  " 
(1839)  and  "Kavanagh"  (1849).  He  also  edited  "Poems 
of  Places"  (31  vols.  1876-79). 

Longfellow,  Samuel,  Bom  at  Portland,  Maine, 
June  18,  1819:  died  there,  Oct.  3,  1892.  An 
American  Unitarian  clergyman  and  hymn-wri- 
ter, brother  of  H.  W.  Longfellow.  He  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1839,  and  at  the  Divinity  School  in  1846.  He 
was  pastor  of  a  church  in  Fall  River,  Massachusetts,  1848- 
1853;  in  Brooklyn  1853-60;  and  in  Germantown,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 1878-82.  He  then  returned  to  Cambridge.  He  edited 
a  "  Life  of  Henry  Wadsworth  Longfellow  "  (1886)  and  "Final 
Memorials,"  etc.  (1887),  and  published  a  number  of  books 
of  hymns,  and  "  Thalatta :  a  Book  for  the  Seaside  "  (with 
T.  W.  Higginson,  1853). 

Longford  (long'  ford) .  1 .  A  county  in  Leinster, 
Ireland,  it  is  bounded  by  Leitrim  on  the  northwest, 
Cavan  on  the  northeast,  Westmeath  on  the  east  and  south, 
and  Lough  Kee  and  Koscommon  on  the  west.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  level.  Area,  421  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  52,647. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Longford,  situ- 
ated on  the  Camlin  68  miles  west-northwest  of 
Dublin.    Population  (1891),  3,827. 

Longhl  (long'ge),  Giuseppe.  Bom  at  Monza, 
near  Milan,  Oct.  13,  1766:  died  at  Milan,  Jan. 
2,  1831.  A  noted  Italian  engraver.  His  best- 
known  works  aie  engravings  after  Correggio  and  Kaphael. 

Longimanus.    See  Artaxerxes  I. 

Longinus  (lon-ii'nus),Dionysius  Cassius.  Bom 

about  210  A.  D. :  executed  273.  A  celebrated 
(Jreek  critic  and  philosopher,  chief  counselor 
of  Zenobia,  and  the  instructor  of  her  children. 
"To  him  is  ascribed,  though  doubtfully,  the  essay  'On 
Sublimity,"  one  of  the  best  pieces  of  literary  criticism  in 
the  language."  (Jebb.)  On  the  fall  of  Zenobia,  Longinus 
was  beheaded  as  a  traitor  by  the  command  of  the  emperor 
Aurelian. 

Longis  (lon'jis),  or  Longius  (lon'ji-us).  The 
name  given  in  the  middle  ages  to  the  soldier 
who  pierced  the  side  of  Jesus  with  his  lance. 

Long  Island.  An  island  forming  part  o£  the 
State  of  New  Tork.  it  is  separated  from  Connecti- 
cut on  the  north  by  Long  Island  Sound,  and  from  the 
mainland  ot  New  Tork  on  the  northwest,  and  Manhattan 
IslandonthewestjbyliOnglslandSoundandtheBastRiver; 
it  is  also  bordered  on  the  west  by  New  York  Bay  and  the 
Narrows.  The  surface  is  diversified,  and  the  coast-line  is 
much  indented.  It  is  divided  into  3  counties — Suffolk, 
Queens,  and  Kings  (containing  Brooklyn)— and  contains 
many  seaside  resorts.  It  was  discovered  by  the  Dutch  in 
1609,  and  was  first  settled  by  them  about  1632-36.  Length, 
118  miles.  Greatest  width,  23  miles.  Area,  1,682  square 
miles. 

Long  Island,  Battle  of.  A  battle  fought  at  the 
western  extremity  of  Long  Island,  Aug.  27, 1776, 
in  which  the  British  under  Howe  defeated  the 
Americans  under  the  immediate  command  of 
Sullivan,  Stirling,  and  Putnam. 
Long  Island  City.  A  former  city  of  Queens 
County,  Long  Island,  New  York,  separated  from 
Brooklyn  on  the  south  by  Newtown  Creek :  in- 
corporatedinNew  York  city  (act  of  1896).  it  com- 
prises Hunter's  Point,  Astoria,  Ravenswood,  etc.,  and  has 
extensive  manufactures.  Population  (1897),  about  45,000. 
Long  Island  Sound.  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  which  separates  Connecticut  and  the 
mainland  of  New  York  on  the  north  from  Long 
Island  on  the  south,  it  is  conneoted  with  the  ocean 
on  the  east  by  the  Race,  and  with  New  York  Bay  by  the 
East  River  on  the  southwest.  Length,  about  110  miles. 
Greatest  width,  about  20  miles. 
Longjumeau  (Idn-zhii-mo').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine-et-Oise,Franoe,on  the  Yvette 
12  miles  south  of  Paris.  A  treaty  of  peace  between 
the  Catholics  and  Protestants  was  signed  here  March  23, 
1568,  but  war  broke  out  again  six  months  later.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  2,551. 
Longland.  See  Langland. 
Longman  (16ng'man),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Bris- 
tol, England,  1699 :  died  at  London,  June  18, 
1755.  An  English  publisher.  He  was  apprenticed 
to  his  uncle,  John  Osborn,  a  London  bookseller,  with  whom 
he  later  entered  into  partnership,  and  to  whose  business 
he  ultimately  succeeded  about  1734.  He  was  part  owner  of 
"Chambers's  Cyclopedia ""  and  of  Johnson"s  " Dictionary. " 
Longman,  Thomas.  Born  at  London,  1730: 
died  near  London,  1797.  An  English  publisher, 
nephew, partner,and  successor  of  ThomasLong- 
man  (1699-1755). 

Longman,  Thomas  Norton.  Born  at  London, 
1771:  died  at  Hampstead,  Aug.  29,  1842.  An 
English  publisher,  son  and  successor  of  Thomas 
Longman  (1730-97).  de  published,  with  Rees,  Lard- 
ner"s  and  Rees"s  cyclopaedias,  Lindley  Murray"s  "English 
Grammar,""  and  works  of  Scott,  Moore,  Maoaulay,  Words- 
worth, Sonthey,  and  others.  After  1826  they  were  sole 
proprietors  of  the  "Edinburgh  Review."' 

Long  Meg  of  Westminster.  A  name  given  to 
a  noted  scold  and  procuress  in  the  time  of  Henry 


621 

VIII.  A  play  with  this  name  was  performed  at  the  For- 
tune Theatre  in  1694.  The  name  "  Long  Meg  "  has  since 
been  given  to  a  number  of  things  of  unusual  length,  par- 
ticularly to  a,  column  of  red  freestone  near  Penrith,  Eng- 
land. It  is  15  feet  in  circumference  and  18  feet  high,  and 
is  supposed  to  be  part  of  a  Druidical  temple. 

Longobardi,  Longobards.    See  Langohardi. 

Long  Parliament.  The  Parliament  which  as- 
sembled on  Nov.  3,  1640,  and  carried  on  the 
civil  war.  On  its  showing  a  disposition  to  come  to  terms 
with  the  party  of  Charles  I.,  it  was  "  purged,"  Dec.  6, 1648, 
by  the  expulsion  of  a  large  number  of  its  members.  It 
then  abolished  the  House  of  Lords,  and  appointed  the 
High  Court  of  Justice  which  tried  and  condemned  the 
king.  The  Parliament  was  forcibly  dissolved  by  Cromwell 
on  April  20, 1663,  but  was  twice  restored  in  1669,  and  was 
finally  dissolved  in  March,  1660,  after  providing  for  the 
summoning  of  a  free  Parliament.  In  its  later  history  it 
was  known  as  the  Rump  Parliament. 

Long's  Peak  (16ngz  pek).  A  peak  in  the  Eocky 
Mountains,  Colorado,  about  45  miles  northwest 
of  Denver.     Height,  14,270  feet. 

Longstreet  (16ng'stret),  Augustus  Baldwin. 
Bom  at  Augusta,  Gra.,  Sept.  22,  1790:  died  at 
Oxford,  Miss.,  Sept.  9, 1870.  An  American  cler- 
gyman of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  edu- 
cator, and  humorous  writer.  Heisbestknownfrom 
his  "Georgia  Scenes'"  (1840).  He  also  wrote  "Master 
William  Mitten"  (1858),  etc. 

Longstreet,  James.  Bom  in  Edgefield  district, 
S.  C,  Jan.  8,1821:  died  at  Gainesville,  Ga.,  Jan. 
2, 1904.  An  American  general  in  the  Confed- 
erate service.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1842  ; 
served  in  the  Mexican  war ;  entered  the  Confederate  ser- 
vice with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  in  1861 ;  was  pro- 
moted major-general  in  the  same  year ;  commanded  a 
corps  at  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run  ;  commanded  the 
right  wing  of  Lee's  army  at  Antietam ;  commanded  a 
corps  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general  at  Gettysburg; 
led  the  left  wing  at  Chickamauga;  unsuccessfully  at- 
tacked Burnside  at  Knoxville  in  1863 ;  and  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Wilderness  in  1864,andbefore  Richmond 
1864^65.  He  was  United  States  minister  to  Turkey  1880-81. 

Longsword  (Idng'sord),  Richard.    A  son  of 

Henry  II.  Rosamond  Clifford  has  long  been  said  to  be 
his  mother. 

The  evidence  of  longsword  being  Rosamund's  son  is 
equally  untrustworthy,  and  the  fact  is  discredited  by  all 
sound  recent  historical  writers.  The  name  of  his  true 
mother  is  unknown  even  in  early  tradition.  The  argu- 
ment, drawn  from  the  grant  made  to  Longsword  by  his 
father,  shortly  before  his  death,  in  1188,  of  the  manor  of 
Appleby  in  Lincolnshu'e,  rests  on  a  confusion  between  that 
manor  and  the  manor  of  Appleby  in  Westmoreland,  which 
was  held  by  Rosamund's  family,  the  Cliffords. 

Nates  and  Queries,  8th  ser.,  III.  293. 

Long  Tom.  A  42-pound  gun,  originally  part  of 
the  armament  of  the  French  line-of -battle  ship 
Hoche,  captured  by  the  English  1798,  and  sold 
to  the  Americans,  it  was  used  during  the  French  at- 
tack on  Haiti  in  1804 ;  was  dismounted  till  1812 ;  and  was 
placed  on  the  General  Armstrong,  which  ran  the  blockade 
of  the  British  at  New  Orleans,  Sept.  9, 1814.  This  vessel 
ran  into  the  bay  near  Horta,  Fayal,  for  water  after  an  en- 
counter with  a  British  squadron,  in  which  she  was  rendered 
helpless.  Long  Tom  was  dismantled,  and  lay  at  Fayal  till 
it  was  brought  back  to  New  York  on  the  steamship  Vega 
April  18, 1893,  through  the  efforts  of  Colonel  Reid,  the  son 
of  the  commander  of  the  General  Armstrong. 

Long  Tom  Coffin.    See  Coffin. 

Long  Tom  Indians.    See  Chelamela. 

Longton  (16ng'ton).  A  town  in  Staffordshire, 
England,  34  miles  south  of  Manchester.  It  has 
manufactures  of  pottery,etc.  Population(1891), 
34,327. 

Longueville  (I6ng-vel'),  Duchesse  de  (Anne 
G-enevi6vedeBourbon-Cond6).  BomatVin- 
cennes,  near  Paris,  Aug.  28, 1619 :  died  at  Paris, 
April  15,  1679.  Sister  of  the  great  Cond6,  and 
one  of  the  chief  leaders  of  the  Fronde.  She 
was  afterward  a  leading  Jansenist. 

LongUS  (long'gus).  [Grr.  ASyyog.']  A  Greek  ro- 
mancer and  sophist,  probably  of  the  5th  century 
A.  D. :  author  of  the  pastoral  romance ' '  Daphnis 
and  Chloe"  (which  see).  Nothing  is  known  of  his 
life,  and  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  name  "  Longus  "  has 
been  rightly  assigned  to  him. 

Longus  (the  grammarian).    See  Velius  Longus. 

Longuyon  (16n-gydn').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  France,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Crusne  and  Chiers,  35  miles 
northwest  of  Metz.  It  has  important  hardware 
manufactures.     Pop.  (1891),  commune,  2,618. 

Long  Walk,  The.  A  straight  avenue,  about  3 
miles  long,  in  Windsor  Park  near  London. 

LongWOOd  (16ng'wud).  A  farm-house  in  the 
interior  of  the  island  of  St.  Helena:  the  resi- 
dence of  Napoleon  in  his  exile. 

Longwy  (16n-we').  A  fortified  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  northeastern 
France,  situated  on  the  Chiers  34  miles  north- 
west of  Metz.  It  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Prus- 
sians In  Aug.,  1792,  and  Sept.,  1816,  and  by  the  German 
forces  in  1871.    Population  (1891),  commune,  6,978. 

Lonigo  (16-ne'g6).  A  smaU  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Vioenza,  northeastem  Italy,  situated  on 
the  Gua  19  miles  east  by  south  of  Verona. 


Lopez,  Carlos  Antonio 

Lonnrot  (16n'rot),  Elias.  Born  at  Sammatti, 
Nyland,  Finland,  April  9,  1802:  died  there, 
March  19, 1884.  A  Finnish  scholar,  one  of  the 
founders  of  modem  Finnish  literature.  He  ed- 
ited the  "Kalevala"  (1836-49),  and  collections  of  Finnish 
poems,  proverbs,  and  riddles,  and  published  a  Finnish- 
Swedish  lexicon  (1874-80). 

Lons-le-Saunier  (16u'16-s6-nya').  The  capital 
of  the  department  of  Jura,  Prance,  situated  on 
the  ValU^re  in  lat.  46°  41'  N.,  long.  5°  33'  E. : 
the  Roman  Ledo  Salinarius.  it  oontainsnoted  salt- 
springs,  and  has  a  museum.  It  was  an  ancient  Gallic  and 
Romau  town.  Rouget  de  lisle  was  born  here.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  12,610. 

Loocnoo  (16-ch6'),  or  Liu-Mu  (lyo'kyo'),  or 
Riu-kiu  (ryo  kyo)  Islands.  A  group  of  islands 
southwest  of  Japan,  to  which  they  belong.  The 
chief  islands  are  Okmawa  and  Oshima.  The  chief  port  is 
Nafa.  They  were  annexed  to  Japan  in  1874.  Area,  960 
square  miles.    Population  (1893),  410,881. 

Looking  Backward:  2000-1887.  A  story  by 
Edward  Bellamy,  published  in  1888.  in  it  he  sets 
forth  his  views  of  the  "  next  stage  in  the  industrial  and  so- 
cial development  of  humanity."  His  idea  is  a  pure  so- 
cialism. 

Looking-Grlass  for  London  and  England,  A. 

A  play  by  Lodge  and  Greene,  published  in  1594. 
The  plot  is  the  story  of  Jonah  and  the  Ninevites,  with  ap- 
plication to  London  and  England.  It  was  probably  written 
about  1590. 

Lookout  (luk'out),  Cape.  A  cape  in  North  Car- 
olina, projecting  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  in  lat. 
34°  37'  N.,  long.  76°  31'  "W. 

Lookout  Mountain.  A  ridge  in  northwestern 
Georgia  and  adjacent  parts  of  Tennessee  and 
Alabama.  It  is  1,600  feet  above  the  Tennessee 
River. 

Lookout  Mountain,  Battle  of.  A  part  of  the 
battle  of  Chattanooga,  a  Federal  victory  won 
by  General  Grant  over  the  Confederates  under 
Bragg.  In  the  storming  of  Lookout  Mountain,  Nov.  24, 
1863,  the  Federals- were  under  the  immediate  command 
of  Hooker,  and  advanced  up  the  northern  face.  Owing  to 
the  heavy  mist  on  the  mountain-side,  the  battle  is  often 
called  "the  battle  above  the  clouds."' 

Loomis  (lo'mis),  Elias.  Bora  at  'Willington, 
Conn.,  Aug.  7, 1811:  died  at  New  Haven,  Aug. 
15,  1889.  An  .American  mathematician  and 
physicist.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1830,  and  was  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  Western  Reserve  College  1837-44, 
of  natural  philosophy  at  the  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York  1844-60,  and  of  natural  philosophy  and  astronomy  at 
Yale  1860-89.  He  published  a  series  of  mathematical  text- 
books, including  "Plane  and  Spherical  Trigonometry" 
(1848) ,  "  Elements  of  Algebra "'  (1861),  "  Elements  of  Geom- 
eiiy  and  Conic  Sections  "  (1861). 

Loos  (16s).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Nord, 
France,  immediately  west  of  Lille.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  7,924. 

Loosjes  (los'yes),  Adriaan.  Bom  on  the  island 
of  Texel  in  1761 :  died  at  Haarlem  in  1818.  A 
Dutch  novelist  and  poet.  He  was  intended,  at  the 
outset,  for  the  church,  but  became  a  bookseller,  a  calling 
which  he  followed  until  his  death.  He  wrote  the  volume 
of  poems  "Minnezangen"  ("Love  Songs,"  1783),  the  epic 
"De  Ruyter"  (1784),  and  a  number  of  dramas.  His  prin- 
cipal  work  is,  however,  his  romances.  These  are  the  his- 
torical novels  "Frank  van  Borselen  en  Jacoba  \an  Bei- 
ieren  "  (1790-91),  "Charlotte  van  Bourbon"  (1792),  "Hugo 
de  Groot  en  Maria  van  Reigersbergen ""  (1794),  "  Louise  de 
CoUigny"  (1803),  "  Johan  de  Witt"  (1806).  They  were  fol- 
lowed by  a  series  of  contemporary  character  sketches  in 
three  parts,  under  the  title  "Zedelijke  Vertalen  "  ("Moral 
Tales,*  1804-06).  The  novel  "Historic  van  Mejnfvrouw 
Susanna  Bronkhorst"  ("The  History  of  Miss  SusannaBronk- 
horst,"  1806-07)  was  in  epistolary  form.  His  principal 
historical  novel,  "  Maurits  Lijnslager,'"  was  the  next  to  ap- 
pear (1808).  This  was  followed,  finally,  by  four  others : 
"HillegondaBuisman"(1808),  "LotgevaUenvandenHeere 
R.  J.  van  Golstein"  (**The  Adventures  of  Mr.  R.  J.  van 
Golstein,"  1809-10),  "Robert  Hellemans'"  (1816),  and 
"  Johan  Wouter  Blommestein  "  (1816). 

Lopamudra  (16-pa-mo'dra).  In  Hindu  mythol- 
ogy, a  girl  whom  the  sage  Agastya  formed  from 
the  most  graceful  parts  of  different  animals 
and  introduced  into  the  palace  of  the  King  of 
Vidarbha,  who  believed  her  to  be  his  daughter. 
When  she  was  grown,  Agastya,  who  had  formed  her  that 
he  might  have  a  wife  after  his  own  heart,-  asked  her  in 
marriage.  Her  name  is  explained  as  meaning  that  the 
animals  suffered  loss  flopa)  by  her  engrossing  of  their  dis- 
tinctive beauties  (mudra),  such  as  the  eyes  of  the  deer. 

Lope  de  Bueda.    See  Bueda. 

Lope  de  Vega.    See  Vega. 

Lopez  (16'path),  Cape.  A  cape  on  the  western 
coast  of  Africa,  Bituatedinlat.0°36'S.,long.  8° 
44' E. 

Lopez  (16'path,  locally  16'paz),  Carlos  Anto- 
nio. Born  near  Asuncion  about  1795:  died 
there,  Sept.  10, 1862.  President  of  Paraguay. 
He  was  made  first  consul  March  12, 1841,  and  from  that 
time  was  practically  dictator.  Elected  president  for  10 
years  in  1844,  he  was  reelected  for  3  years  in  1854,  and  for  7 
years  in  1857 :  hut  these  elections  were  merely  nominal, 
since  Congress  simply  obeyed  his  orders.  His  arbitrary  acts 
caused  constant  quarrels  with  foreign  nations,  and  in  1859 
the  United  States  sent  a  squadron  to  the  Plata  to  enforce 
demands  against  him ;  in  this  case  he  offered  to  submit 
the  question  of  damages  to  arbitration,  but  subsequently 
evaded  the  claim. 


Lopez,  Francisco  Solano 

Lopez,  Francisco  Solano.  Bom.  at  Asuncion, 
July  24, 1826  or  1827 :  died  near  the  Aquidaban, 
March  1, 1870.  A  Paraguayan  soldier  and  states- 
man, son  of  Carlos  Antonio  Lopez.  On  the  death 
of  the  elder  Lopez,  Sept.  10, 1862,  he  assumed  the  execu- 
tive hy  virtue  of  his  father's  will,  and  convoked  a  congress 
which  elected  him  president  for  10  years.  Having  pre- 
viously made  secret  preparations  for  war,  he  interfered  in 
the  quarrel  of  Brazil  and  Uruguay,  and  finally,  without 
previous  declaration  of  hostilities,  seized  a  Brazilian  mail 
steamer  which  was  ascending  the  river  (Nov.,  1364).  Soon 
after  this  he  sent  a  large  force  to  invade  Matto  Grosso,  a 
Brazilian  province,  and  made  war  on  the  Argentine.  This 
led  to  the  alliance  oi  Brazil,  Uruguay,  and  Argentina 
against  Paraguay,  and  a  long  and  bloody  struggle.  (See 
Triple  Alliance,  War  of  the.)  As  the  events  of  the  war 
turned  against  him,  his  despotism  and  cruelty  bordered  on 
insanity.  In  many  of  his  worst  acts  he  appears  to  have 
been  influenced  by  his  Irish  mistress,  known  as  Madam 
Lynch.  In  1868  several  hundred  natives  and  foreigners 
were  arrested,  tortured,  and  executed  on  an  entirely  un- 
proved charge  of  conspiracy:  they  included  generals, 
ministers,  judges,  bishops,  priests,  merchants,  foreign  con- 
suls, and  his  own  brothers  and  brothers-in-law.  The  Amer- 
ican minister,  Mr.  Washburn,  was  only  saved  by  the  timely 
anival  of  a  United  States  gunboat,  and  two  members  of 
the  legation  were  tortured.  Driven  at  length  from  Asun- 
cion, he  retreated  to  the  interior  with  a  small  force,  was 
surprised  near  the  river  Aquidaban  by  a  Brazilian  force, 
and  was  killed  with  his  eldest  son. 

Lopez,  Hermdgenes.  A  Venezuelan  politician, 
president  of  the  republic  Feb.  20, 1886,  to  Feb. 
20, 1888. 

Lopez,  Jos6  Hilario.  Bom  at  Popayan,  Feb. 
18, 1798:  died  at  Neiva,  Nov.  27, 1869.  A  New 
(Jranadan  (Colombian)  general  and  politician. 
From  March  7, 1849,  to  March  7, 1852,  he  was  president  of 

.  New  Granada.  Under  him  slavery  was  abolished  (Jan., 
1852),  and  various  changes  were  made  in  the  direction  of 
a  federal  form  of  government.  In  1854,  and  again  from 
1859  to  1862,  he  fought  on  the  side  of  the  federalists,  part  of 
the  time  as  commander-in-chief ;  and  on  the  triumph  of 
his  party  was  made  a  member  of  the  provisional  govern- 
ment 1862-63.  Later  he  was  president  of  Tolima,  and  in 
1867  was  named  commander-in-chief  of  the  army,  but  soon 
retired. 

Lopez,  Narciso.  Born  in  Venezuela,  1798  or 
1799:  died  at  Havana,  Cuba,  Sept.  1,  1851.  A 
Spanish-American  general  and  filibuster.  He 
fought  against  the  patriots  in  Venezuela,  and  subsequently 
against  the  Carlists  in  Spain,  where  he  was  governor  of 
Valencia  1839,  and  became  general  in  1840.  In  1841  he 
went  to  Cuba,  became  involved  in  revolutionary  plots,  and 
in  1849  fled  to  the  United  States.  Thence  he  organized 
three  filibustering  expeditions.  The  fir8t(1849)  was  stopped 
by  the  United  States  authorities ;  the  others  (May,  1850, 
and  Aug.,  1851)  left  New  Orleans  and  reached  Cuba,  but 
resulted  disastrously,  and  Lopez  was  finally  captured  and 
shot  with  many  of  his  followers. 

Lopez,  Vicente  Fidel.  Bom  at  Buenos  Ayres, 
1814.  An  Argentine  author,  son  of  Vicente 
Lopez  y  Planes,  in  1874  he  was  made  rector  of  the 
University  of  Buenos  Ayres.  Among  his  works  are  "  Bazas 
del  Perii  anteriores  a  la  conquista,"  "Tratado  de  derecho 
Bomano,"  and  "Historiade  la  Bepiiblica  Argentina."  He 
edited  the  '•  Revista  del  Rio  de  la  Plata," 

Lopez  de  Gomara,  Francisco.    See  Gomara. 

Lopez  de  Villalobos  (da  vel-ya-l6'b6s),  Eui. 
Died  at  Amboyna,  East  Indies,  1546.  A  Span- 
ish navigator,  a  relative  of  Antonio  de  Mendoza, 
viceroy  of  Mexico,  in  Nov.,  1542,  he  sailed  from  the 
west  coast  of  Mexico  with  a  small  fleet  destined  to  form  a 
colony  in  the  Philippine  Islands ;  but  his  ships  were  scat- 
tered by  storms,  he  quarreled  with  the  Portuguese  of  the 
Moluccas,  and  in  the  end  the  enterprise  was  given  up. 
Most  of  the  members  of  the  expedition  returned  to  Europe 
by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Villalobos  dying  on  the  way. 

Lopez  de  Zuniga  (th6u'ye-ga),  Diego  de,  Count 
of  Nieva.  Bom  in  Spain  about  1520:  died  at 
Lima,  Peru,  Feb.  20,  1564.  Viceroy  of  Pem 
from  April  17,  1561.  He  led  a  loose  life,  and, 
as  was  supposed,  was  assassinated  by  a  jealous 
husband. 

Lopez  Facheco  Cabrera  yBobadilla  (pa-cha'- 
ko  ka-bra'ra  e  bo-ba-THel'ya),  Diego,  Duke  of 
Escalona  and  Marquis  of  Villena.  Died  after 
1643.  A  Spanish  administrator.  He  became  vice- 
roy of  Mexico  Aug.  28, 1640.  Owing  to  his  being  related 
to  the  royal  house  of  Portugal,  which  at  this  period  sepa- 
rated from  Spain,  he  was  an  object  of  suspicion,  and  this 
was  increased  by  his  quarrels  with  the  visitador  Palafox. 
On  June  9, 1642,  he  was  arrested,  and  soon  alter  sent  to 
Spain.  There  he  cleared  himself  of  all  charges,  and  was 
appointed  viceroy  of  Sicily. 

L'orbrulgmd  (lor'bml-grud),  The.  The  capital 
of  Brobdingnag  in  Swift's  "  Gulliver's  Travels." 

Lorca  (lor'ka).  A  city  in  the  province  of  Mur- 
cia,  southeastern  Spain,  situated  on  the  San- 
gonera  35  miles  southwest  of  Murcia.  It  has 
a  castle.    Population  (1887),  58,327. 

Lord  (16Td),  John.  Born  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H., 
Dec.  27,  1810:  died  at  Stamford,  Conn.,  Deo. 
15  1894.  An  American  historian.  He  was  pastor 
of  Congregational  churches  in  New  Marlborough,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  U  tica.  New  York ;  lecturer  on  history  at  Dart- 
mouth College  1866-76 ;  and  public  lecturer  from  1843.  He 
wrote ''  Modern  History  "  (1860),  "  The  Old  Roman  World 
fl867y.  "Ancient  States  and  Empires"  (1869),  "Ancient 
History  "  (1876),  "  Beacon  Lights  of  History  ••  (1883-94),  etc. 

Lord  (Idrd),  Nathan.  Bom  at  Berwick,  Maine, 
Nov.  28, 1793 :  died  at  Hanover,  N.  H.,  Sept.  9, 


622 

1870.  An  American  Congregational  clergyman, 
president  of  Dartmouth  College  1828-63. 

Lord  Cromwell.  A  play  once  attributed  to 
Shakspere  on  account  of  the  initials  W.  S.  on 
the  title-page  of  the  edition  of  1602. 

Lord  Fanny.    See  Fanny. 

Lord  of  Burleigh.  A  poem  by  Alfred  Tenny- 
son, showing  the  disadvantages  of  an  unequal 
marriage. 

Lord  of  the  Age.  A  title  of  Solimau  the  Mag- 
nificent. 

Lord  of  the  Isles.    See  Isks,  Lord  of  the. 

Lord  of  the  Isles.  A  narrative  poem  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  published  in  1814.  The  scene  is 
laid  in  Scotland  early  in  the  14th  century. 

Lorel  (16'rel).  InBen  Jonson's  "  Sad  Shepherd," 
a  swineherd,  a  rustic  lover  of  Earine.  There  is 
very  beautiful  rustic  imagery  in  his  part,  taken  from  Ovid's 
song  of  Polyphemus  to  Galatea. 

Lorelei,  or  Loreley  (lo're-li),  or  Lurlei  (lor'li). 
A  dangerous  cliff  on  the  Rhine,  between  St. 
Goar  and  Oberwesel,  the  traditional  abode  of  a 
river  siren,  it  is  the  subject  of  poems  by  Heine  and 
others,  and  of  operas  by  Mendelssohn  (fragmentary)  and 
Lachner.    Height  above  the  Rhine,  430  feet. 

Lorelei,Die.  1.  An  opera  begun  by  Mendelssohn 
in  1847.  The  words  are  by  Geibel.  It  has  since 
been  composed  by  Max  Bruch  (1864). — 3.  An 
opera  by  Lachner,  with  words  by  Molitor,  pro- 
duced at  Munich  in  1846. 

Lorencez  (16-ron-sa'),  Comte  de  (Charles  Fer- 
dinand Latrille).  Bom  at  Paris,  May  23, 1814 : 
died  in  B6arn,  April  25,  1892.  A  French  gen- 
eral. He  distinguished  himself  in  the  Crimean  war,  and 
from  April  to  Nov.,  1862,  commanded  the  French  army  of 
invasion  in  Mexico.    On  May  6  he  was  repulsed  at  Puebla. 

Lorente  (16-ren'te),  Sebastian.  Bom  about 
1820:  died  at  Lima,  Nov.,  1884.  A  Peruvian  his- 
torian .  From  1845  he  was  professor  of  history  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  San  Marcos.  His  most  important  works  are  "His- 
toria  del  Peril "  (5  vols.  1860)  and  "  Historia  de  la  Conquista 
del  Peril "  (1861).  He  contributed  various  importent  arti- 
cles to  the  "Revista  Peruana." 

Lorenz  (16'rents),  Ottokar.  Bom  at  Iglau, 
Moravia,  Sept.  17, 1832.  An  Austrian  historian,, 
professor  of  history  in  Vienna  from  1862.  His 
works  include  "  Deutsche  Geschichte  im  13.  imd  14.  Jahr- 
hundert"  (1863-67),  with  Scherer  "Geschichte  des  Elsass" 
(1871),  etc. 

Lorenzana  y  Butron  (16-ren-tha'na  e  bo-tron' ), 
Francisco  Antonio.  Born  in  Leon,  Spain, 
Sept.  22, 1722 :  died  at  Rome,  April  17, 1804.  A 
Spanish  prelate  and  historian.  He  was  bishop  of 
Plasencia  1765 ;  archbishop  of  Mexico  1766-72 ;  and  arch- 
hishop  of  Toledo  and  primate  of  Spain  1772-1800.  In  1789 
he  became  a  cardinal.  During  the  French  Revolution 
he  protected  many  banished  priests,  and  by  du'ection  of 
Charles  IV.  he  accompanied  and  aided  the  Pope  during 
his  French  captivity.  After  1800  he  resided  at  Rome.  His 
most  important  works  are  "Historia  de  Nueva^Espafia" 
(1770 :  founded  on  the  letters  of  Cortes),  and  several  books 
(in  Latin)  on  the  Mexican  ecclesiasticfd  councils. 

Lorenzo  (lo-ren'zo).    See  Laurence. 

Lorenzo.  1.  A  Venetian  gentleman  in  love  with 
Jessica,  in  Shakspere's ' '  Merchant  of  Venice." — 
3.  The  principal  character  in  Shirley's  tragedy 
' '  The  Traitor,"  the  kinsman  and  favorite  of  the 
duke :  a  subtle  and  traitorous  schemer  for  the 
duke's  death. 

Lorenzo  de'  Medici.     See  Medid,  Lorenzo  ffe". 

Lorenzo  Marctues  (16-ran's5  mar'kes).  A  sea- 
port in  Portuguese  East  Africa,  situated  on  Del- 
agoa  Bay  in  lat.  25°  58'  S. ;  also,  the  province  of 
which  this  is  the  capital. 

Loreto  (16-ra't6),or  Loretto  (16-ret't6).  A  small 
town  in  the  province  of  Ancona,  eastern  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Musone  13  miles  south  by  east 
of  Ancona.  The  Chiesa  della  Santa  Casa  here  is  a  beau- 
tiful late-Pointed  building  of  1465,  with  a  Renaissance 
marble  facade  and  three  celebrated  bronze  doors  bearing 
Old  and  New  Testament  reliefs.  The  three-aisled  interior 
incloses  beneath  the  central  dome  the  Santa  Casa,  a  famous 
pilgrimage  shrine,  reputed  to  be  the  veritable  house  of  the 
Virgin,  transported  by  angels  from  Nazareth  and  miracu- 
lously set  down  in  Italy  on  Dec.  10, 1294.  The  Santa  Casa 
is  44  feet  long,  29^  wide,  and  36  high ;  it  is  incased  in 
marble,  with  columns  and  niches,  and  panels  sculptured 
by  Sansovino  with  scenes  from  the  life  of  the  Virgin ;  and 
in  its  present  form  is  oneof  the  most  beautiful  productions 
of  the  Renaissance.  The  Interior  is  disposed  as  a  chapel, 
and  displays  the  rough  masonry  of  the  original  structure. 

Loreto,  An  inland  department  of  Peru.  Area, 
about  17,000  square  miles.    Pop.  (1876),  61,125. 

Lorient,  or  L'Orient  (16-ryon').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Morbihan,  France,  situated  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Scorff  and  Blavet  into  the 
ocean,  in  lat.  47°  45'  N.,  long.  3°  22'  W.  It  is  an 
important  seaport,  is  strongly  fortified,  and  has  a  noted 
dockyard  and  arsenaL  It  was  developed  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury when  the  French  East  India  Company  founded  their 
shipbuilding  yards  there.  It  was  unsuccessfully  attacked 
by  the  British  in  1746.    Population  (1891),  42,116. 

Loring  (lor'ing),  William  Wing,  called  Lor- 
Ing  Pasha.  Bom  in  North  Carolina,  1818: 
died  Dec.  30, 1886.    An  American  soldier.     He 


Lorraine,  Henri  n.  de 

served  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  during  the  Civil  War  was 
first  a  brigadier-general  and  afterward  a  major-general  in 
the  Confederate  army.  He  served  in  the  Egyptian  army 
1869-79,  attaining  the  rank  of  a  general  of  divisioa  He 
published  "  A  Confederate  Soldier  in  Egypt "  (1884). 

Lorinser  (lo'rin-ser),  Karl  Ignaz.  Born  at 
Niemes,  Bohemia,  July  24, 1796 :  died  at  Patseh- 
kau,  Silesia,  Oct.  2, 1853.  A  Gerrnan  physician, 
known  from  his  studies  of  contagious  diseases. 
He  wrote  "Untersuchungen  iiber  die  Rinderpest "  (1831X 
"Die  Pest  des  Orients  "  (1837),  etc. 

Loris-Melikoff  (16'ris-mel'i-kof),  Mikhail  Ta- 
rielowitch  Tainoff,  Count.  Bom  at  Tiflis, 
Russia,  Jan.  1, 1826 :  died  at  Nice,  Deo.  22, 1888. 
A  Russian  general  and  statesman,  of  Armenian 
descent.  He  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the 
Russian  army  in  Armenia  in  1877 ;  was  defeated  by  Mnkh- 
tar  Pasha  at  Zewin  and  at  Guediklar  in  the  same  year ; 
stormed  Ears  in  1877 ;  was  created  a  count  in  1878 ;  was 
appointed  governor-general  of  EharkoS  in  1879  ;  and  was 
minister  of  the  interior  1880-81. 

Lorme,  Marion  de.    See  Delorme. 

Lormes  (lorm).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
NiSvre,  France,  39  miles  northeast  of  Nevers. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  2,979. 

Lorna  Doone  (16r'na  don),  a  Romance  of  Ex- 
moor.  A  novel  by  R.  D.  Blackmore,  published 
in  1869. 

Lome  (16m),  Marquis  of  (John  George  Ed- 
ward Henry  Douglas  Sutherland  Camp- 
bell). Bom  at  London,  Aug.  6, 1845.  A  British 
statesman,  eldest  son  of  the  eighth  Duke  of  Ar- 
gyll :  succeeded  to  the  dukedom  April,  1900.  He 
married  the  Princess  Louise,  fourth  daughter  of  Queen  Vic- 
toria, in  1871.  He  represented  Argyllshire  in  Parliament 
1868-78,  and  was  governor-general  of  Canada  1878-83. 

Lorrach  (ler'raoh).  A  town  in  the  district  of 
Freiburg,  Baden,  situated  on  the  Wiese  6  miles 
northeast  of  Basel.  It  has  considerable  manu- 
factures.   Population  (1890),  9,147. 

Lorrain,  Claude.    See  Claude  Lorrain. 

Lorraine  (lo-ran' ),  G.  Lothringen  (lot'ring-en), 
L.  Lotharingia  (16-tha-rin'jia).  Aregion which 
as  a  lordship  has  varied  greatly  in  medieval 
and  modern  times,  but  has  always  been  on  the 
border  between  France  and  Germany,  it  was 
originally  the  realm  of  Lothaire(sonof  Lothaire  I.,  empe- 
ror of  the  Romans),  who  inherited  it  in  855.  This  king- 
dom, which  existed  but  for  a  few  years,  was  included 
mainly  between  the  Rhine,  Schelde,  Meuse,  Sadne,  and 
the  Alps.  Lorraine  appears  as  a  duchy  about  911,  and  be- 
came  an  imperial  flef  under  Henry  the  Fowler.  About 
959  the  division  was  made  of  Lower  Lorraine  (which  de- 
veloped into  the  separate  duchies  of  Brabant,  Limbnrg, 
etc.)  and  Upper  Lorraine.  The  latter  continued  an  im- 
perial flef.  The  bishoprics  of  Metz,  Toul,  and  Verdun 
were  annexed  to  France  1552.  Lorraine  was  several  times 
conquered  by  France  in  the  17th  century.  It  was  given 
to  Stanislaus  of  Poland  in  1737,  and  on  his  death  in  1766 
reverted  to  France.  The  region  thus  annexed  constituted 
a  grand  government  with  its  capital  at  Nancy,  and  was 
bounded  by  Luxemburg  and  Prussia  on  the  north,  the 
Palatinate  on  the  northeast,  Alsace  on  the  east,  Franche- 
Comt^  on  the  south,  and  Champagne  on  the  west.  It  was 
afterward  transformed  into  the  departments  of  Meuse, 
Moselle,  Meurthe,  and  Yosges.  In  1871  part  of  it  (Ger- 
man Lorraine)  was  ceded  to  Germany.  This  forms  the 
district  (Bezirk)  of  Lothringen  in  Elsass-Lothringen  (Al- 
sace-Lorraine), with  Metz  as  capital,  having  an  area  of 
2, 431  square  miles,  and  a  population  (1890)  of  610,392.  The 
remaining  part  (French  Lorraine)  comprises  the  depart- 
ments of  Meuse,  of  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  and  also  that  of 


Lorraine,  Cardinal  of  (Charles  de  Guise).  Bom 
Feb.  17,  1524:  died  Dee.  26,  1574.  A  French 
prelate,  diplomatist,  and  politician,  brother  of 
the  second  Duke  of  Guise.  He  became  archbishop  of 
Rheims  in  1538,  and  cardinal  in  1547,  and  was  minister  of 
finance  under  Francis  II.  and  Charles  IX.  He  was,  with 
his  brother,  the  leader  of  the  Roman  Catholic  party  against 
the  Huguenots. 

Lorraine,  Charles  de,  fourth  Duke  of  Guise. 
Bom  Aug.  20, 1571:  died  near  Siena,  Italy,  1640. 
A  French  noble,  sou  of  the  third  Duke  of  (Juise. 

Lorraine,  Claude  de,  first  Duke  of  Guise.  Bom 
Oct.  20,  1496:  died  at  Joiuville,  France,  April 
12, 1550.  A  French  general  and.  politician,  son. 
of  Ren6  II.,  duke  of  Lorraine. 

Lorraine,Fran5oisde,sumamed"LeBalafr6,"^ 
second  Duke  of  Guise.  Bom  Feb.  17, 1519 :  died 
Feb.  24,  1563.  A  French  general  and  states- 
man, son  of  the  first  Duke  of  Guise.  He  defended 
Metz  against  Charles  V. ,  1652-63 ;  captured  Calais  in  1558 ; 
gained  the  victory  of  Dreux  over  the  Huguenots  in  1662  ; 
and  was  mortally  wounded  at  Orleans,  Feb.  18, 1663. 

Lorraine,  Henri  I.  de,  sumamed  "Le  Balafr^,"^ 
third  Duke  of  Guise.  Bom  Dec.  31, 1550 :  died 
at  Blois,  Franeej,  Dec.  23, 1588.  A  French  gen- 
eral and  politician,  son  of  the  second  Duke  of 
Guise.  He  became  head  of  the  Catholic  League  in  1676 ; 
and  in  1588  entered  Paris  with  an  army,  with  a  view  to  de- 
posing the  king,  Henry  III.,  .at  whose  instigation  he  was- 
assassinated  at  Blois. 

Lorraine,  Henri  II.  de,  fifth  Duke  of  Guise. 
Bom  at  Blois,  France,  April  4,  1614:  died  at 
Paris,  June,  1664.  A  French  general  and  ad- 
venturer, son  of  the  fourth  Duke  of  Guise.  H& 
took  part  in  the  insurrection  at  Naples  1647-48. 


Lorraine,  Louis  de 

Lorraine,  Louis  de,  second  Cardinal  of  Guise. 
Born  at  Dampierre,  Jura,  Prance,  July  6, 1555 : 
assassinated  at  Blois,  France,  Dee.  24, 1588.  A 
French  ecclesiastic  and  politician,  son  of  the 
second  Duke  of  Guise. 

Lorraine,  Louis  de,  third  Cardinal  of  Guise. 
Born  about  1580:  died  at  Saintes,  France,  June 
21, 1621.  A  French  eeclesiastio,  son  of  the  third 
Duke  of  Guise. 

Lorraine,  or  Hapsburg-Lorraine,  House  of. 
A  royal  house  descended  from  Francis  of  Lor- 
raine, who  became  grand  duke  of  Tuscany  in 
1737,  married  Maria  Theresa  (the  last  Haps- 
burg),  and  was  Holy  Roman  emperor  1745-65. 
It  furiiished  thenceforth  the  emperors,  Austrian 
sovereigns,  and  rulers  of  Tuscany. 

Lorris  (lo-res'),  Qiiillaume  de.  Died  about 
1240  (or  1260).  A  French  trouvfere,  author  of 
the  beginning  (4,670  lines)  of  the  "  Koman  de  la 
Eose,"  which  was  continued  by  Jean  de  Mevin. 
Of  his  life  nothing  is  known. 

Lorsch  (lorsh).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Star- 
kenburg,  Hesse,  on  the  Weschnitz  9  miles  east 
of  Worms.  It  is  a  very  ancient  town.  The  Mi- 
ehaelskapelle  dates  from  the  9th  centxiry.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  3,683. 

Lortzing  (lort'sing),  Gustav  Albert.  Bom  at 
Berlin,  Oct.  28, 1803:  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  21, 1851. 
A  German  composer  of  comic  opera.  Among 
his  operas  are  "  Zarund  Zimmermann"  (1837), 
"Wildschiitz"  (1842),  "Undine"  (1845). 

Losada  (ld-s9,'THa),  Diego  de.  Bom  in  San 
Lucar  de  Barrameda,  Spain,  alsout  1520 :  died 
at  Tocuy'o,  Venezuela,  1569.  A  Spanish  soldier. 
He  served  for  several  years  in  Venezuela,  and  in  1667  was 
sent  to  conquer  the  country  o(  the  Caracas  Indians ;  tound- 
ed  Caracas  1667  or  1668 ;  and  carried  on  a  bloody  war  with 
the  Indians,  who  submitted  only  alter  the  death  of  their 
chief ,  Guaicaipuro.  Quarrelsaboutthe  distribution  of  en- 
conmendas  led  to  Losada's  deposition  from  command  in 
1569.    Also  written  Lozada. 

Losada,  or  Lozada,  Manuel,  Bom  near  Topic 
about  1825:  died  there,  July  19, 1873.  A  Mexi- 
can bandit.  He  was  of  mixed  blood,  but  always  lived 
among  the  Topic  Indians,  becoming  their  acknowledged 
chief.  Though  often  engaged  in  cattle-thieving  and  high- 
way robbery,  his  power  made  him  feared,  and  he  was  flat- 
tered by  the  various  governments :  Maximilian  even  ac- 
knowledged his  rank  as  general.  Early  in  1873  he  headed 
an  uprising  in  which,  it  is  said,  20, 000  Indians  were  engaged. 
Defeated  by  General  Corona  near  Guadalajara,  Jan.  28, 1873, 
he  was  soon  after  captured  and  shot. 

LosAltos  (los'al'tos).  The  name  given  to  a  por- 
tion of  western  Guatemala  which,  on  Feb.  2, 
1838,  seceded  to  form  a  sixth  state  of  the  Cen- 
tral American  Confederacy,  it  embraced  the  de- 
partments of  Solold,  Totonicapan,  and  Quezaltenango,  cor- 
responding nearly  to  the  present  departments  of  those 
names,  together  with  Huehuetenango,  San  Marcos,  Eetal- 
huleu,  and  Suchitepequez.  A  constitution  was  adopted, 
and  Marcelo  Molina  was  elected  president,  Dec.,  1838.  The 
state  was  recognized  by  Salvador,  and  at  first  by  Guatemala, 
but  was  destroyed  by  Carrera  in  Jan.,  1840,  and  reincorpo- 
rated with  Guatemiila. 

Los  Angeles  (los  an'je-les;  Sp.  pron.  los  3,ng'- 
He-les).  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Los  Angeles 
County,  California,  situated  on  the  river  Los 
Angeles  in  lat.  34°  5'  N.,  long.  118°  13'  W.  it 
is  the  center  of  an  orange-  and  grape-growing  district,  and 
is  a  winter  health-resort.  It  was  founded  by  the  Spaniards 
in  1781,  and  was  taken  from  the  Mexicans  in  1846.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  102,479. 

Los  Angeles,  or  Anjeles.    The  capital  of  the 

Province  of  Biobio,  Chile.  Population,  about 
0,000. 

Losecoat  Field.  The  battle  of  Stamford  (1470) : 
so  called  because  the  defeated  rebels  threw 
away  their  coats  in  their  flight. 

Los  Herreros.  See  Merreros,  Manvsl  Breton  de 
los.    •■ 

Los  Lunas  (los  lo'nas).  A  settlement  on  the 
Atchison,  Topeka,  and  Santa  F6  Eailroad,  23 
miles  south  of  Albuquerque.  The  name  is  de- 
rived from  the  Spanish  families  of  Luna. 

Los  Eeyes,  Ciudad  de.  See  Cvudad  de  los  Eeyes 
and  Lima. 

Lossing  (los'ing),  Benson  John.  Bom  at  Beek- 
man,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  12,  1813:  died  near  Dover 
Plains,  N.  Y.,  June  3, 1891.  An  American  his- 
torian and  journalist.  Among  his  works  are  "Pic- 
torial Meld-Book  of  the  Kevolution  "  (1860-52),  "History 
of  the  United  States  "  (1854-66),  "History  of  the  Civil  War 
in  the  United  States  "  (1866-69),  "Pictorial  Field-Book  of 
the  W^ar  of  1812  "  (1869),  etc. 

L5ssnitz  (les'nits).  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of 
Saxony,  17  miles  southwest  of  Chemnitz.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  5,886. 

Lost  Leader.The.  ApoembyEobertBrownmg, 
referring  to  Wordsworth. 

Lost  Tales  of  Miletus,  The.  Avolume  of  poems 
by  Bulwer  Lytton,  published  in  1866. 

Lot  (lot).  In  Old  Testament  history,  the  son 
of  Haran  and  nephew  of  Abraham. 


623 

Lot.  In  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  a  king  of  Nor- 
way; in  Malory's  "Morte  d' Arthur,"  a  king  of 
Orkney,  in  the  first  he  marries  Anne,  sisterof  Arthur; 
in  the  second  he  marries  Margawse,  the  sister  of  Arthur. 
Tennyson  makes  him  the  husband  of  Bellicent  and  king  of 
Orkney. 

Lot  (16).  A  river  in  southern  France,  joining 
the  Garonne  at  Aiguillon.  Length,  300  miles ; 
navigable  from  Entraygues  (194  miles). 

Lot.  A  department  of  southern  France,  capi- 
tal Cahors,  formed  chiefly  from  the  ancient 
Quercy  in  Guienne.  ItisboundedbyCorrfeeon  the 
north,  Gantal  and  Aveyron  on  the  east,  Tarn-et-Garonne 
on  the  south,  and  Lot-et-Garonne  and  Dordogne  on  the 
west.  The  chief  occupation  is  agriculture.  Area,  2,012 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  263,886. 

Lot  (lot),  Parson.  A  pseiidonym  of  the  Rev. 
Charles  Kingsley  1848-56. 

Lot-et-Garoune  (lo-ta-ga-ron').  A  department 
of  France,  capital  Agen,  formed  from  parts  of 
the  ancient  Guienne  and  Gascony.  It  is  bounded 
by  Dordogne  on  the  north.  Lot  and  Tam-eWJaronne  on 
the  east,  Gers  on  the  south,  and  Landes  and  Gironde  on  the 
west.  It  is  mainly  an  agricultural  department.  Area, 
2,067  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  296,360. 

Lothair  (16-thar')  I.,  G.  Lothar  (lo'tar),  F. 
Lothaire  (lo-tar').  Bom  about  795:  died  at 
Priim,  Prussia,  Sept.,  855.  Emperor  of  the  Holy 
Eoman  Empire  840-855,  eldest  son  of  Louis  le 
D^bonnaire.  On  the  death  of  his  father  a  war  broke 
out  between  him  and  his  brothers  Louis  the  German  and 
Charles  the  Bald  over  the  division  of  the  empire.  He  was 
defeated  by  them  at  Fontenay  841,  and  consented  to  the 
treaty  of  Verdun  in  843,  by  which  he  was  left  in  poBsession 
of  the  imperial  title  and  of  the  territory  included  between 
the  Alps,  the  Rhine,  the  Mouse,  the  Sadne,  and  the  Ithone. 

Lothair  II.,  called  "  The  Saxon."  Died  near 
Trent,  Tyrol,  Dec.  3, 1137.  Emperorof  theHoly 
Eoman  Empire  1125-37.  He  was  made  duke  of  Sax- 
ony in  1106 ;  was  elected  king  of  Germany  in  1125 ;  and 
was  crowned  by  the  Pope  in  1133. 

Lothair.  Bom  941 :  died  986.  King  of  France 
954-986,  son  of  Louis  IV. 

Lothair  (lo-thar').  1.  A  Norman  knight  in 
M.  G.  Lewis's  tragedy  "Adelgitha."  He  proves 
to  be  Adelgitha's  son.  The  part  was  played  by 
Macready. — 2.  The  principal  character  in  Dis- 
raeli's novel  of  that  name,  published  in  1870. 

Lotharingia.    See  Lorraine. 

Lothario  (lo-tha'rf-o).  1.  The  principal  male 
character  in  Eowe's  play  "  The  Fair  Penitent." 
He  is  a  libertine  ("that  haughty  gallant,  gay  Lothario  "), 
the  seducer  of  Calista,  the  fair  penitent.  His  name  has 
become  the  synonym  for  a  fashionable  and  unscrupulous 
rake.  He  was  the  original  of  Richardson's  Lovelace. 
2.  A  German  gentleman  and  aristocrat  in 
(Joethe's  "Wilhelm  Meister's  Lehrjahre."  He 
bears  an  undoubted  resemblance  to  Karl  August,  and  is 
worshiped  by  Wilhelm  Meister. 

Lothian  (lo'^Hi-an).  A  former  division  of  Scot- 
land, reaching  at  one  time  from  the  English  bor- 
der to  the  Forth.  For  Bast  Lothian,  Midlothian,  and 
West  Lothian,  see  Haddington,  Edinburgh,  and  Linlithgow. 

Lothringen.    See  Lorraine. 

Loti  (16-te'),  Pierre.    See  Viand,  Louis  Marie 


Lotophagi  (lo-tof'a-ji).  [Gr.  Kuto^joi,  lotus- 
eaters.]  The  lotus-eaters;  in  Greek  legend, 
especially  as  given  in  the  Odyssey,  the  name  of 
a  people  who  ate  the  fruit  of  a  plant  called 
the  lotus,  conjecturally  identified  with  various 
plants  which  have  borne  that  name .  Those  of  the 
followers  of  Odysseus  or  Ulysses  who  ate  of  it  are  described 
as  being  rendered  forgetful  of  their  friends  and  unwilling 
to  return  to  their  own  land.  In  historical  times  a  people 
known  under  the  name  of  Lotophagi  lived  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Africa  in  Tripoli,  and  on  the  island  of  Meninx 
(Lotophagitis,  modern  Jerba)  in  Tunis. 

Lotschenthal  (let'shen-tal).  The  valley  of  the 
Lonza,  a  right-hand  tributary  of  the  Rhone, 
canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  about  13  miles 
west-northwest  of  Brieg. 

Lotte.    See  Charlotte. 

Lotus-eaters,  The.    See  Lotophagi. 

Lotze  (lot'se),  Rudolf  Hermann.  BomatBaut- 
zen,  Saxony,  May  21, 1817:  died  at  Berlin,  July 
1, 1881.  A  noted  German  philosopher,  psycholo- 
gist, and  physiologist,  professor  of  philosophy 
at  GSttingen  1844r-81.  in  188l  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Berlin.  He  opposed,  as  a  physi- 
ologist, the  theory  of  a  "vital  force";  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  physiological  psychology ;  and,  as  a  metaphy- 
sician, elaborated  a  system  of  ideal-realism  or  teleologi- 
cal  idealism.  He  published  notable  articles  in  Wagner  s 
"Handworterbuchder  Physiologic, "  "Metaphysik  "  (1840), 
"AUgemeine  Pathologic  und  Therapie  als  mechanische 
Haturwissensohaften"  (1842),  "System  der  Philosophic 
("  Logik,"  1843,  revised  1874  ;  "Metaphysik,"  1878),  "AU- 
gemeine Physiologic  des  korperlichen  Lebens"  (1861), 
"MedizinischePsychologie"  (1862), "Mikrokosmus "(1866- 
1864),  "Geschichte  der  XsthetikinDeutschland"  (1868), 
etc. 

Lotzen  (let'sen).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
East  Prussia,  Prussia,  68  miles  southeast  of 
Konigsberg.    Population  (1890),  5,272. 

Loubet  (18-ba'),  Emile.    Born  at  Marsanne, 


Louis  II. 

France,  Dec.  31,  1838.  A  French  statesman. 
He  was  elected  in  1876  to  the  chamber  as  aRepubllcan,  and 
was  reelected  in  1877  and  1881;  elected  to  the  senate  in 
1886 ;  minister  of  public  works  Dec,  1887,-April,  1888 ; 
president  of  the  council  and  minister  of  the  interior  1892 ;  . 
minister  of  the  interior  (under  M.  Ribot)  Dec.  6-10, 1892 ; 
president  of  the  senate  1896-99 ;  president  of  France  Feb. 
18, 1899-. 

Loucheux.    See  EutcMn. 

Loudon,  Baron  Gideon  Ernst  von.  See  Laudon. 

Loudon  (lou'don),  John  Claudius.  Bom  at 
Cambuslang,  near  Glasgow,  April  8, 1783 :  died 
at  London,  Dec.  14,  1843.  Aji  English  land- 
scape gardener  and  horticulturist.  He  published 
"Encyolopsedia  of  Cottage,  Farm,  and  Villa  Architecture  " 
(1832),  "Arboretum  et  Fruticetum  Britannicum"  (1838), 
and  other  encyclopedic  works. 

Loudun  (16-dun').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Vienne,  France,  39  miles  southwest  of  Tours. 
An  edict  or  treaty  was  published  here  1616,  favoring  Cond^ 
and  the  malcontent  nobles  and  the  Protestants.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  4,662. 

Lough  (luf),  John  Graham.  Bom  at  Green- 
head,  Northumberland,  England,  about  1804: 
died  at  London,  April  8,  1876.  An  English 
sculptor. 

Loughborough  (luf'bur"6).  Atown  in  Leices- 
tershire, England,  10  miles  north  by  west  of 
Leicester.  It  manufactures  hosiery,  etc.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  18.196. 

Louhans  (lo-on').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Sa6ne-et-Loire,  France,  23  miles  southeast 
of  ChS.lon-sur-Sa&ne.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 4,548. 

Louis  (16'is  or  16'e)  I.,  sumamed  "Le  Pieux" 
and  "LeD^bonnaire."  .[E.  Lewis,  F.  Louis,  It. 
Luigi  or  Lodovico,  Sp.  Luis,  Pg.  L/uiz,  L.  Ludo- 
vieus,  G.  Ludwig.']  Bom  778:  died  on  an  island 
in  the  Rhine,  near  Mainz,  June  20,  840.  Em- 
peror of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  814-840,  son 
of  Charles  the  Great  whom  he  succeeded.  He  es- 
tablished in  817  an  order  of  succession  in  accordance  with 
which  his  eldest  son  Lothair  was  to  inherit  the  imperial  title 
with  Austrasia  and  the  greater  part  of  Germany,  while  the 
rest  of  the  empirewas  to  be  divided  amonghis  younger  sons 
Pepin  and  Louis.  He  married  a  second  wife  in  819,  and  in 
829  modified  the  order  of  succession  adopted  in  817  in  such 
amanner  as  to  give  Charles,  a  child  of  his  second  marriage, 
Alamannia,  with  the  title  of  king.  The  three  elder  sous  re- 
volted in  consequence,  and  he  was  compelled  to  surrender 
by  the  defection  of  his  troops  on  the  Field  of  Lies,  near 
Colmar,  in  Alsace,  in  833.  He  was  liberated  by  Louis  and 
restored  to  the  throne  in  834. 

Louis,  sumamed  "  The  German.''  Bomtabout 
804:  died  at  Frankfort,  Aug.  28,  876.  King  of 
Germany  843-876,  son  of  the  emperor  Louis  I. 
(whom  see).  On  the  death  of  his  father  he  united  with 
his  brother  Charles  against  Lothair,  whom  they  defeated 
at  the  battle  of  Fontenay  in  841.  By  the  treaty  of  Verdun 
in  843,  which  finally  settled  the  dispute  as  to  the  division 
between  the  brothers,  he  received  the  whole  of  Germany 
east  of  the  Rhine,  and  Mainz,  Spires,  and  Worms  on  the 
west.  He  is  commonly  regarded  as  the  founder  of  the 
German  kingdom. 

Louis  II.  Born  about  822 :  died  875.  Emperor 
of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  855-875,  son  of  the 
emperor  Lothair  I.  whom  he  succeeded  in  Italy. 
He  was  crowned  king  of  Lorraine  by  the  Pope  in  872,  in 
opposition  to  his  uncles  Charles  the  Bald  and  Louis  the 
German,  the  throne  of  Lorraine  having  been  vacated  by 
the  death  of  his  brother  Lothair  in  869. 

Louis  III.  Died  929  (917?).  Emperor  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire  901-905,  son  of  Boso,  king  of 
Provence.  Heaccededto  the  throne  of  Provence  in  890 ; 
was  crowned  emperor  in  901 ;  and  was  deposed  in  905  by 
Berengarius  I.  of  Italy,  by  whom  he  was  blinded  and  sent 
back  to  Provence. 

Louis,  surnamed  "The  Child."  Bom  893:  died 
911.  King  of  Germany  900-911,  son  of  the  em- 
peror Amulf .  He  acceded  at  the  age  of  six,  and  the 
government  was  conducted  chiefly  by  Hatto,  archbishop 
of  Mainz.  During  his  reign  Germany  was  devastated  by 
the  Magyars  or  Hungarians.  He  was  the  last  of  the  Caro- 
lingians  in  Germany. 

Louis  IV.,  sumamed  "  The  Bavarian.''  Bom 
1286 :  died  near  Munich,  Oct.  11, 1347.  Emperor 
of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  1314r-47,  son  of  the 
Duke  of  Bavaria.  He  was  opposed  by  Frederick,  duke 
of  Austria,  whom  he  made  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Miihl- 
dort  in  1322.  He  was  crowned  emperor  in  1328.  In  1338 
the  electoral  princes  met  at  Rhense,  where  they  adopted 
resolutions  to  the  effect  that  the  emperor  derived  his  right 
to  the  German  and  imperial  crowns  by  virtue  of  his  elec- 
tion by  the  electoral  princes,  independent  of  any  corona- 
tion by  the  Pope. 

Louis  I.  Born  at  Strasburg,  Aug.  25, 1786 :  died 
at  Nice,  Feb.  29,1868.  King  of  Bavaria  1825-48, 
son  of  Maximilian  I.  Joseph.  He  was  a  patron  of 
art  and  literature.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  revolution  in 
1848  he  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son  Maximilian  n. 

Louis  II.  Born  at  Nymphenburg,  near  Munich, 
Aug.  25, 1845 :  died  June  13, 1886-  King  of  Ba- 
varia 1864-86,  son  of  Maximilian  II.  He  supported 
Austria  against  Prussia  in  1866,  and  Prussia  against  France 
in  1870-71.  He  joined  the  North  German  ZoUverein  in 
1867,  and  became  a  member  of  the  German  Empire  in  187L 
He  is  chiefly  known  as  the  patron  of  Richard  Wagner. 


Louis  n. 

Having  become  insane,  he  was  confined  in  the  palace  of 
Berg  on  Lake  Starnberg,  near  Munich,  in  1886,  and  com- 
mitted suicide  by  drowning  In  the  lake. 

Louis  I.,  King  of  France.  See  Lmiig  I.,  Empe- 
ror of  the  Holy  Eoman  Empire. 

Louis  II,,  sumamed  "  Le  Bfegue  "  (F. , '  the  Stam- 
merer'). Bom846:  died  at  Compifegne,  France, 
April  10,  879.  King  of  Prance  877-879,  son  of 
Charles  the  Bald. 

Louis  III.  Bom  about  863 :  died  882.  King  of 
Prance  (conjointly  with  his  brother  Carloman) 
879-882,  sou  of  Louis  II. 

Louis  IV.,  surnamed  "lyOutre-Mer"  (P.,  'from 
beyond  seas')-  Bom  921:  died  954.  King  of 
Prance  936-954,  sou  of  Charles  the  Simple.  Dur- 
ing his  reign  the  kingdom  was  practically  governed  by 
Hugh  the  Great  and  other  powerful  vassals.  He  received 
his  surname  from  the  fact  that  he  was,  on  the  death  of  his 
father,  carried  to  England  by  his  mother,  Badgifu,  sister 
of  Athelstan,  king  of  England,  to  avoid  falling  Into  the 
hands  of  his  rival,  Eudolph  of  Burgundy,  who  had  been 
elected  king  of  France  by  the  nobles.  He  returned  from 
England  on  the  death  of  Rudolph  in  936. 

Louis  v.,  surnamed  "Le  Faineant"  (P.,  'the 
Sli^gard').  Born  966:  died  May,  987.  King 
of  France  986-987,  son  of  Lothair.  He  was  the 
last  of  the  Carolingians  in  Prance. 

Louis  VI,, sumamed  "LeGrros"  (P., 'the  Fat'). 
Born  about  1078:  died  1137.  King  of  Prance 
1108-37,  son  of  Philip  I.  He  made  Suger,  abbot 
of  St.  Denis,  his  chief  minister. 

Louis  VII.,  sumamed  "Le  Jeune"  and  "Le 
Pieux"  (P.,  'the  Young'  and  'the  Pious'). 
Bom  about  1120:  died  1180.  King  of  Prance 
1137-80,  son  of  Louis  VI.  He  took  part  (1147-49)  in 
the  second  Crusade,  and  in  1152  divorced  his  wife,  Eleanor 
of  Poitou(whom  see),  who  married  Henry  of  Anjou  (after- 
ward Henry  II.  of  England)  in  the  same  year.  He  retained 
during  the  earlier  part  of  his  reign  his  father's  great  min- 
ister, Suger. 

Louis  Vm.,  surnamed  "Le  Lion.''  Born  1187 : 
died  at  Montpensier,  Auvergne,  France,  Nov.  8, 
1226.  King  of  France  1223-26,  son  of  Philip 
Augustus.  He  married  Blanche  of  Castile,  grand- 
daughter of  Henry  II.  of  England,  in  1200,  and  in  1216  was 
offered  the  English  crown  by  the  barons  in  opposition  to 
John.  He  landed  in  England  in  1216 ;  but  after  the  death 
of  John  the  barons  gradually  went  over  to  the  court  party, 
which  recognized  John's  son,  Henry  III.;  and  he  returned 
to  France  in  1217. 

Louis  IX.  (St.  Louis).  Born  at  Poissy,  France, 
April  25, 1215:  died  near  Tunis,  Aug.  25, 1270. 
King  of  Prance  1226-70,  son  of  Louis  VIH.  He 
undertook  a  crusade  in  1248;  captured  Bamietta  in  1249; 
and  during  an  expedition  against  Cairo  was  defeated  by  the 

■  Ayoubite  sultan  Toor^nshdh  (Almoaden)  and  captured, 
with  the  whole  French  army,  in  April,  1250.  He  was  liber- 
ated on  the  evacuation  of  Bamietta  and  the  payment  of  a 
ransom,  and  returned  to  France  in  1254.  He  surrendered 
P6rigord,  the  Limousin,  and  southern  Saintonge  to  Henry 
III.  of  England  in  1259,  in  return  for  which  the  latter  re- 
nounced his  claim  to  Kormandy,  Anjou,  Maine,  Touraine, 
Foitou,  and  northern  Saintonge.  He  undertook  a  crusade 
against  Tunis  in  1270,  during  which  he  died.  He  was  can- 
onized by  Boniface  Till,  in  1297. 

Louis  X.,  sumamed  "Le  Hutin"  (P.,  'the 
Quarreler').  Bom  1289 :  died  1316.  King  of 
Prance  1314-16,  son  of  Philip  IV.  He  inherited 
the  kingdom  of  Kavarre  through  his  mother,  Joan  of  Na- 
varre, in  1305. 

Louis  XI.  Bom  at  Bourges,  France,  July  3, 
1423:  died  at  Plessis-les-Tours,  near  Tours, 
Prance,  Aug.  30, 1483.  King  of  Prance  1461- 
1483,  son  of  Charles  VH.  He  destroyed  the  power 
of  the  great  feudatories,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  the 
absolute  monarchy  which  afterward  obtained  in  France. 
The  arbitrary  and  perfidious  measures  which  he  adopted 
provoked  a  conspiracy  of  the  nobles  under  the  lead  of 
Charles  the  Bold  of  Burgundy.  The  conspirators  organ- 
nized  a  "  leaeue  of  the  public  weal, "  and  fought  a  drawn  bat- 
tle at  Montlh6ry  in  1465,  but  succumbed  to  the  diplomacy 
of  the  king,  who  detached  Charles  the  Bold  and  the  Duke 
of  Berry  by  bribery.  After  having  destroyed  his  less  for- 
midable opponents,  he  made  war  on  Charles,  who  allied 
himself  with  Edward  IV.  of  England.  On  the  death  of 
Charles,  at  the  battle  of  Nancy  against  the  Swiss  in  1477, 
he  united  the  duchy  of  Burgundy  with  the  crown.  In  1481 
he  obtained  possession  of  Frovence,  Anjou,  and  Maine  by 
the  extinction  of  the  house  of  Anjou. 

Louis  XII.,  surnamed  "The  Father  of  the  Peo- 
ple." Born  at  Blois,  Prance,  June  27,  1462: 
died  Jan.  1,  1515.  King  of  Prance  1498-1515, 
a  descendant  of  the  younger  son  of  Charles  V., 
and  founder  of  the  branch  line  of  Valois-Or- 
l^ans.  He  divorced  his  wife,  Jeanne,  daughter  of  Louis 
XI.,  and  married  (1499)  Anne  of  Brittany,  widow  of  Charles 
VIII.,  in  order  to  retain  the  duchy  of  Brittany  for  the 
crown.  In  1499  he  expelled  Ludovioo  Moro  and  took  pos- 
session of  Milan,  to  which  he  laid  claim  as  the  grandson  of 
Valentina  Visconti.  He  conquered  Naples  in  1501  in  alli- 
ance with  Ferdinand  the  Catholic  of  Aragon,  but  disagreed 
with  his  ally  over  the  division  of  the  spoil,  with  the  result 
that  his  army  was  defeated  by  the  Spanish  general  Gon- 
zalvo  de  Cordova  on  the  Garigliano  in  1503.  In  1508  he 
joined  the  emperor  Maximilian,  Pope  Julius  n.,  and  Ferdi- 
nand theCatholic  in  the  League  of  Cambray  against  Venice. 
The  Pope,  however,  who  feared  the  presence  of  the  French 
tn  Italy,  negotiated  in  1611  the  Holy  League  with  Venice 
and  Ferdinand  the  Catholic  for  the  expulsion  of  the  French: 
the  league  was  afterward  joined  by  the  emperor  and  Henry 


624 

VIII.  of  England.  Henry  and  the  emperor  defeated 
Longueville  at  Guinegate  in  the  "  battle  of  the  spurs," 
Aug.  16, 1513,  and  the  French  were  in  the  same  year  ex- 
pelled from  Italy ;  but  Louis  succeeded  in  breaking  up  the 
league  by  diplomacy,  and  was  preparing  to  reconquer  Milan 
when  he  died. 

Louis  XIII.  Born  at  Pontainebleau,  Prance, 
Sept.  27,  1601:  died  at  St.  Germain-en-Laye, 
Prance,  May  14,  1648.  King  of  Prance  1610- 
1643,  son  of  Henry  IV.  He  succeeded  under  the 
regency  of  his  mother  Marie  de  M^dicis;  was  declared  of 
age  in  1614 ;  and  married  Anne  of  Austria  in  1616.  In  1614 
he  summoned  the  States-General,  which  were  not  sum- 

■  moned  again  before  the  Revolution  of  1789.  In  1624  he 
chose  as  his  prime  minister  Richelieu,  whom  he  main- 
tained in  office  until  Richelieu's  death  in  1642.  The  chief 
results  of  his  reign,  due  to  the  policy  of  Richelieu,  were 
the  destruction  of  the  political  power  of  the  Huguenots, 
which  was  completed  by  the  siege  and  capture  of  Rochelle 
1627-28 ;  the  centralization  of  the  government  in  the  hands 
of  the  king,  who  was  made  independent  of  the  nobles  and 
the  parliament ;  and  the  abatement  of  the  power  of  the 
house  of  Austria,  whose  preponderance  in  Europe  was  irre- 
trievably lost  by  the  intervention  of  France  and  Sweden 
in  the  Thirty  Years'  War.    See  Michelieu. 

Louis  XlV,,  sumamed  "Le  Grand"  (P.,  'the 
Great').  Born  at  St.-Germain-en-Laye, France, 
Sept.  5  (16?),  1638:  died  at  Versailles,  Prance, 
Sept.  1,  1715.  King  of  Prance  1643-1715,  sou 
of  Louis  Xin.  and  Anne  of  Austria.  He  ascended 
the  throne  under  the  guardianship  of  his  mother,  who  chose 
Cardinal  Mazarin  as  her  chief  minister.  He  was  declared 
of  age  at  fourteen,  but  retained  Mazarin  in  office  until  the 
cardinal's  death  in  1661,  when  he  assumed  personal  con- 
trol of  the  government.  He  assumed  the  direction  of  af- 
fairs at  a  time  when  the  policy  inaugurated  by  Richelieu 
and  continued  by  Mazarin  had  made  the  Bourbons  abso- 
lute at  home  and  paramount  abroad.  The  reforms  of  Col- 
bert, his  comptroller-general  of  the  finances  (1661-83), 
swelled  his  treasury  while  promoting  industry  and  econ- 
omy; and  those  of  Louvois,  his  minister  of  war  (1666-91), 
transformed  his  army  into  the  most  perfect  military  organi- 
zation ui  Europe.  His  desire  of  conquest  and  dreams  of  a 
French  universal  monarchy  embroiled  him  in  numerous 
wars,  in  which  his  arms  were  sustained  by  Turenne,  Cond6, 
Luxembourg,  Catinat,  ViUars,  Venddme,  and  Vauban.  His 
first  war  (1667-68)  was  fought  with  Spain  on  account  of  the 
Spanish  Netherlands,  which  he  claimed  through  his  wife 
Maria  Theresa,  daughter  of  Philip  IV.  of  Spain.  It  was 
ended  by  the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  and  resulted  in  the 
acquisition  of  a  number  of  fortified  towns  on  the  Belgian 
frontier.  His  second  war  (1672-78)  was  directed  against 
Holland  supported  by  the  Empire,  Spain,  Brandenburg, 
and  Sweden,  and  resulted  in  the  acquisition  of  territory 
from  Spain  and  Austria  at  the  peace  of  Nimwegen.  In 
1681  he  annexed  Strasburg  (see  Iteunion,  dwrnbars  of  ),  and 
in  1685  revoked  the  Edict  of  Nantes  (which  see).  His  third 
war  (1688-97)  was  with  England,  the  Netherlands,  the  Em- 
pire, Spain,  and  Savoy,  and  concerned  the  Palatinate,  to 
which  he  laid  claim.  It  was  unsuccessful,  and  was  ended 
by  the  peace  of  Ryswick,  by  whic^  Alsace  and  Strasburg 
were  formally  ceded  to  France.  His  fourth  war  (1701-14) 
concerned  the  succession  in  Spain,  whose  throne  he  claimed 
for  his  grandson,  Philip  of  Anjou.  In  this  war  he  fought, 
after  1703,  almost  single-handed  against  the  bulk  of  Eu- 
rope. (See  Spanish  StuxessUm,  War  of.)  The  peace  of 
Utrecht  (1713)  and  of  Rastatt  and  Baden  (1714)  secured 
Spain  for  his  grandson,  but  left  Louis  with  an  exhausted 
treasury  and  a  broken  army.  As  a  result  of  these  wars, 
of  the  vicious  fiscal  policy  which  he  introduced  after  the 
death  of  Colbert,  and  of  his  bigoted  and  intolerant  policy 
toward  the  Huguenots,  which  drove  50,000  families  from 
France,  the  country  was  prostrated,  and  the  way  prepared 
for  the  Revolution.  The  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  has  been 
styled  the  Augustan  Age  of  France. 

Louis  XV,  Born  at  Versailles,  Prance,  Peb.  15, 
1710 :  died  at  Versailles,  May  10, 1774.  King  of 
Prance  1715-74,  great-grandson  of  Louis  SSV. 
During  his  minority  the  government  was  administered  by 
the  Duke  Of  Orleans.  He  was  declared  of  age  in  1723,  and 
in  1725  married  Marie  Leczinska,  daughter  of  Stanislas, 
the  dethroned  king  of  Poland.  On  the  death  of  the  Duke 
of  Orleans  in  1723,  the  Duke  of  Bourbon  was  appointed 
prime  minister.  He  was  in  1726  superseded  by  Fleury, 
after  whose  death  in  1743  the  government  was  conducted 
by  appointees  of  the  king's  mistresses  Pompadour  and  Du 
Barry.  In  1741  Louis  joined  the  coalition  against  Maria 
Theresa  of  Austria  (see  Aitstrian  SuccessUm,  War  of),  and 
was  a  party  to  the  peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  in  1748.  In  1754 
hostilities  broke  out  between  the  French  and  the  English 
in  America  without  any  declaration  of  war  (see  French 
and  Indian  War),  and  in  1756  he  became  involved  in  the 
Seven  Years'  War  as  the  ally  of  Maria  Theresa  and  Russia 

'  against  Prussia  and  England.  He  lost  by  the  treaty  of 
Paris  in  1763  Canada  and  Louisiana,  and  at  his  death  left 
the  kingdom  impoverished,  oppressed,  and  discontented. 

Louis  XVX.  Bom  at  Versailles,  France,  Aug. 
23,  1754:  guillotined  at  Paris,  Jan.  21,  1793. 
King  of  France  1774-92,  grandson  of  Louis  XV. 
He  married  in  1770  Marie  Antoinette,  daughter  of  Maria 
Theresa  of  Austria,  who  was  at  first  extremely  popular,  but 
afterward  incurred  the  dislike  of  the  people,  and  whose 
influence  was  exerted  for  the  maintenance  of  the  system 
of  favoritism  which  obtained  at  court.  On  ascending  the 
throne  in  1774,  he  appointed  Turgot  minister  of  finance. 
The  finances  were  in  extreme  disorder,  dating  from  the 
closing  years  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  the  temper 
of  the  nation  had  been,  roused  by  the  waste  and  incompe- 
tence under  Louis  XV.  Turgot  began  a  series  of  reforms 
which  were  opposed  by  the  nobility  and  the  clergy,  with 
the  result  that  he  was  superseded  by  Necker  in  1777.  Louis 
recognized  the  independence  of  the  United  States  in  1778, 
and  sent  an  army  and  a  fleet  to  their  support,  which  ma- 
terially assisted  in  securing  the  peace  of  Paris  between 
the  United  States  and  Great  Britara  in  1783.  Prance  con- 
cluded a  separate  treaty  with  Great  Britain  in  the  same 
year.  On  the  conclusion  of  peace,  the  French  troops  which 
had  been  employed  in  America  returned  enthusiastic  for 
freedom  and  a  republican  form  of  government.    In  1781 


Louisiana 

Necker  resigned,  owing  to  the  failure  of  the  court  to  suji- 
port  his  financial  reforms,  and  Calonne  became  minister 
of  finance  in  1783.  He  gratified  the  court  by  securmgnew 
loans,  but  the  increasing  deficit  compelled  him  to  resign 
in  1787.  He  was  followed  by  De  Brienue,  who  advised  the 
king  to  convoke  the  States-General,  which  had  not  met 
since  1614.  The  States-General  convened  at  Versailles  in 
May,  1789,  and  enabled  the  nation  to  give  expression  to 
the  revolutionary  tendencies  which  had  been  fostered  by 
generations  of  misrule.  (See  French  Seoolvtion.)  The 
weak  and  vacillating  king,  acting  on  the  advice  of  his 
queen,  refused,  until  too  late,  to  grant  the  demands  of  the 
popular  party,  but  could  not  be  induced  to  adopt  energetic 
measures  to  resist  them.  France  was  declared  a  republic 
in  1792,  and  Louis  was  executed  Jan.  21, 1793,  after  a  mock 
trial  by  the  Convention. 
Louis  X  VH.  Born  at  Versailles,  Pranpe,  March 
27,  1785:  died  in  the  Temple,  Paris,  June  8, 
1795.  Titular  Mug  of  France,  second  son  of 
Louis  XVT.  and  Marie  Antoinette.  He  became 
dauphin  in  1789,  was  imprisoned  in  the  Temple  in  1792, 
andwas  proclaimed  king  by  the  ^migr^s  on  the  execution 
of  his  father  in  1793,  but  died  in  prison.  See  WiUiaimi,  E, 

Louis  XVIII.  (Stanislas  Xavier).  Born  at 
Versailles,  Prance,  Nov.  17, 1755:  died  at  Paris, 
Sept.  16, 1824.  King  of  Prance  1814^24,  young- 
er brother  of  Louis  XVI.  He  emigrated  in  1791,  and 
assumed  theroyal  title  on  the  death  of  Louis  XVII.  (whom 
see)  in  1795.  He  ascended  the  throne  on  the  fall  of  Napo- 
leon in  1814,  and  promulgated  a  constitution  based  on  the 
English  model.  He  was  expelled  by  Napoleon  in  March, 
1815  (see  Hundred  Days),  and  was  restored  by  the  allied 
armies  in  June,  1815. 

Louis  XL  A  melodrama  by  Casimir  Delavigne, 
produced  in  1832.  Boucicault  wrote  an  English  ver- 
sion in  1846.  Henry  Irving  is  identified  with  the  character. 

Louis,  Pierre  Charles  Alexandre,    Bom  at 

Ai,  Mame,  France,  1787:  died  at  Paris,  1872. 
A  French  physician.  He  wrote  "Beeherohes 
sur  la  fi&vre  typhoide"  (1828),  etc. 

Louis  Kapoleon.    See  Napoleon  III. 

Louis  Philippe  (18'e  fi-lep'),  sumamed  "Eoi 
Citoyeu"  (F.,  'Citizen  King').  Bom  at  Paris, 
Oct.  6, 1773 :  died  at  Claremont,  England,  Aug. 
26,  1850.  King  of  the  French  1830-48,  son  of 
Philippe  !figalit6,  due  d'Orl^ans.  He  favored  the 
Revolution,  and  served  under  Dumouriez  against  the  Aus- 
trians,  but  became  involved  in  the  conspiracy  of  his  chief 
against  the  republic,  and  found  himself  compelled  to  join 
the  ^migr^s.  He  returned  to  France  on  the  restoration  of 
the  Bourbons  in  1814,  and  was  restored  to  his  hereditary 
estates.  On  the  deposition  of  Charles  X  in  1830,  he  was 
elected  by  the  deputies  and  peers  to  the  vacant  throne, 
chiefly  at  the  instance  of  Lafayette.  He  was  deposed  by 
the  revolution  of  Feb.,  1848. 

Louis  William  I.  Bom  at  Paris,  April  8, 1655 : 
died  at  Eastatt,  Baden,  Jan.  4, 1707.  Margrave 
of  Baden.  He  fought  with  distinction  against  the  Turks 
1683-91,  and  against  the  Fi'ench  in  the  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession. 

Louisa  (le-e'za),  G.  Luise  (16-e'ze).  Bom  at 
Hannover,  March  10,  1776 :  died  at  Hoheuzie- 
ritz,  MecMenburg-Strelitz,  July  19,  1810.  A 
celebrated  queen  of  Prussia,  wife  of  Frederick 
William  IH. 

Louisa,  or  Luisa,  Miller.  An  opera  by  Verdi, 
first  produced  at  Naples  1849. 

Louisa  Ulrica  (16-e'za  iU-re'ka),  Queen  of  Swe- 
den. Bom  July  24,  1720 :  died  July  16,  1782. 
Wife  of  Adolphu^  Frederick  of  Sweden,  and 
sister  of  Frederick  the  Great :  a  patron  of  art 
and  science. 

Louisburg  (lo'is-bferg  or  lo'e-berg),  A  ruined 
fortress  on  the  coast  of  Cape'  Breton,  Nova  Sco- 
tia, situated  in  lat.  45°  53'  N.,  long^  60°  W.  It 
was  built  by  the  French  after  the  peace  of  Utrecht  (1718); 
was  besieged  and  taken  by  a  New  England  force  under 
Pepperell,  June  17, 1745 ;  was  restored  in  1748 ;  and  was 
again  besieged  and  taken  by  the  British  under  Amherst 
July  27, 1768. 

Louise  (18-ez')  of  Savoy.  Bom  at  Pont-d'Ain, 
France,  1476:  died  about  1531.  The  mother  of 
Francis  I.  of  France.  She  was  twice  regent, 
and  negotiated  the  peace  of  Cambray  ( ' '  Ladies ' 
Peace")  in  1529. 

Louisiade  (Ib-e-ze-ad')  Archipelago.  An  ar- 
chipelago of  smaU  islands,  belonging  since  1885 
to  Great  Britain,  southeast  of  Papua,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  11°  S.,  long.  153°  E. 

Louisiana  (15-e-zi-an'a).  One  of  the  Southern 
States  of  the  United  States  of  America.  Capi- 
tal, Baton  Rouge ;  chief  city.  New  Orleans,  it  is 
bounded  by  Arkansas  and  Mississippi  on  the  north,  Mis- 
sissippi and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  east,  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  on  the  south,  and  Texas  on  the  west.  Its  north- 
ern boundary  is  lat.  33"  N.  It  is  separated  partly  from 
Texas  by  the  Sabine,  and  from  Mississippi  by  the  Missis- 
sippi and  Pearl.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  in  part  oc- 
cupied by  swamps  and  alluvial  lands.  It  abounds  in  for- 
ests. The  chief  industry  is  agriculture.  The  leading  pro- 
ducts are  cotton,  sugar,  rice,  and  Indian  com.  It  is  the 
leading  State  in  the  production  of  sugar.  It  has  69  par- 
ishes (corresponding  to  the  counties  of  the  other  States), 
sends  2  senators  and  7  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has 
9  electoral  votes.  It  was  explored  by  De  Soto  in  1641,  by 
Marquette  in  1673,  and  by  La  Salle  in  1682 ;  was  settled  by 
the  French  under  Iberville  and  Bienville  about  1700 ;  was 
granted  to  Law's  company  in  1717,  but  in  1732  reverted  to 
the  crown ;  was  ceded  by  France  to  Spain  in  1763;  was 


Louisiana 

retroceded  to  France  In  1800 ;  was  purchased  by  the  United 
States  in  180i  (see  L&uieiana  Purchase) ;  was  made  a  sep- 
arate Territory  (the  Territory  of  Orleans)  in  1804 ;  had  the 
portion  east  of  the  Mississippi  annexed  in  1810 ;  was  admit- 
ted to  the  Union  in  1812 ;  seceded  Jan.  26, 1861 ;  was  large- 
ly occupied  by  the  Federals  1862-63 ;  and  was  readmitted 
in  June,  1868.  There  were  rival  State  governments  under 
Kellogg  (Republican)  and  McEnery  (Democrat)  in  1872- 
1874.  The  disputed  electoral  vote  for  President  in  1876 
was  given  to  Hayes  by  the  Electoral  Commission  in  1877. 
Ares,  48,720  square  miles.    Population  (1900),  1,381,625. 

Iiouisiana  Purchase.  The  territory  wluoh  the 
United  States  in  1803,  under  Jefferson's  admin- 
istration, acquired  by  purchase  from  France, 
then  under  the  government  of  Bonaparte  as 
first  consul.  The  price  was  $16,000,000.  The  purchase 
consisted  of  New  Orleans  and  a  vast  tract  extending  west- 
ward from  the  Mississippi  River  to  the  Socky  Mountains, 
and  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  British  America. 

Louisiana  Territorjr.  That  part  of  the  Louisi- 
ana Purchase  which  is  not  included  in  the  pres- 
ent State  of  Louisiana.  It  was  formed  in  1804. 
The  name  was  changed  to  Missouri  Territory 
in  1812. 

Louisville  (18'is-vil  or  18'i-vil).  The  capital  of 
Jefferson  County,  Kentucky,  situatedatthef  alls 
of  the  Ohio  Eiver  in  lat.  38°  15'  N.,  long.  85° 
45'  W.  It  is  the  largest  city  of  Kentucky,  and  has  im- 
portant trade  in  tobacco,  provisions,  and  whisky.  The 
other  leading  industries  are  pork-packing  and  the  manu- 
facture of  agricultural  implements,  leather,  wagons,  ce- 
ment, wood-work,  etc.  It  was  founded  tn  1778,  and  is 
often  called  Falls  City.    Population  (1900),  204,731. 

Louis  (16-la').  A  town  in  the  province  of  Al- 
garve,  Portugal,  situated  in  lat.  87°  4'  N.,  long. 
7°  54'  W.     Population  (1890),  18,872. 

Loupgarou  (lo-ga-r6').  [P., 'a  werwolf.']  A 
leader  of  the  giants  in  EaTjelais's  "Gargantua 
and  Pantagruel."  Pantagruel,  becoming  angry  with 
him,  picked  mm  up  by  the  ankles  and  used  him  like  a  quar- 
ter-staff. 

Loups.    See  Delaware  and  Mohican. 

Lourdes  (lord).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Hautes-Pyr6n6es,  Prance,  on  the  Gave  de  Pau 
13  miles  south-southwest  of  Tarbes.  it  contains 
an  ancient  castle,  and  is  famous  as  a  place  of  pilgrimage. 
The  basilica  and  the  subterranean  Church  of  the  Sosary 
are  noteworthy,  but  interest  centers  in  the  grotto  in  which 
the  Virgin  is  said  to  have  appeared  to  a  peasant  girl,  Ber- 
nadette  Soubirous,  In  1868,  and  disclosed  to  her  the  mirac- 
ulous properties  of  the  spring  which  the  pilgrims  visit. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  6,976. 

Lourenco  Marg.ues.    See  Lorenzo  Marques. 

Louth  (louTH  or  louth).  A  maritime  county  in 
Leiuster,  Ireland,  it  is  bounded  by  Armagh  on  the 
north,  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  east,  Meath  on  the  south,  and 
Meath  and  Monaghan  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  undu- 
lating and  in  the  northeast  mountainous.  The  chief  towns 
areDroghedaandDundalk.  Area,  316  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  71,038. 

Louth.  A  town  in  Lincolnshire,  England,  sit- 
uated on  the  Lud  24  miles  east-northeast  of 
Lincoln.    Population  (1891),  10,040. 

Louvain  (16-van'),  Plem.  Leuven  (l&'ven  or 
lii'ven)  or  Loven  (16'veu),  G.  Lowen  (16'ven), 
L.  Lovania  (16-va'ni-a).  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Brabant,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Dyle 
16  miles  east  of  Brussels.  The  chief  manufacture  is 
beer.  The  hdtel  de  ville,  or  town  hall,  is  one  of  the  most 
elegant  of  the  characteristic  late-Fointed  Flemish  civic 
ediHces.  St.  Pierre  is  a  handsome  16th-century  church 
containing  many  fine  paintings,  especially  the  "  St.  Eras- 
mus "and  the  "Last  Supper  "of  Dieric  Bouts,  and  a  sculp- 
tured tabernacle  60  feet  high.  The  pulpit,  in  the  peculiar 
Flemish  style  (1742),  represents  "  St.  Peter's  Denial "  and 
the  "  Conversion  of  St.  Paul,"  with  life-size  figures  beneath 
palm-trees.  The  university,  founded  in  1426,  is  attended  by 
about  1,300  students.  In  the  middle  ages  Louvain  was 
the  capital  of  Brabant,  and  a  leading  center  of  cloth  manu- 
facture. An  unsuccessful  insurrection  of  the  weavers 
against  the  nobility  in  1378  was  followed  soon  afterward 
by  the  emigration  of  many  citizens.  Population  (1893), 
41,003. 

Louverture,  or  L'Ouverture,  Toussaint.   See 

Toussaint  Louvertvre. 

Louvet  de  Couvray  (16-va'  d6  ko-vra'),  Jean 
Baptiste.  Born  at  Paris,  June  11,  1760 :  died 
at  Paris,  Aug.  25,  1797.  A  French  revolution- 
ist and  novelist,  a  deputy  to  the  Convention  in 
1792.  He  wrote  the  novel  "Les  amours  du 
chevalier  de  Paublas"  (1787-89). 

Louviers  (18-vya').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Eure,  northern  Franc^e,  situated  on  the  Eure 
14  miles  south  by  east  of  Eouen.  It  has  flour- 
ishing manufactures,  especially  of  cloth.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  9,979. 

Louvois  (18-vwa'),  Frangois  Michel  Letellier, 
Marquis  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  18, 1641 :  died 
July  16, 1691.  A  noted  French  statesman,  min- 
ister of  war  under  Louis  XIV.  1666-91.  He  or- 
ganized the  French  standing  army. 

Louvre  (18vr).  A  castle  (in  Paris)  of  the  kings 
of  France  from  or  before  the  13th  century,  and 
the  chief  royal  palace  until  Louis  XIV.  built 
Versailles.  The  existing  palace  was  begun  by  Francis  I. 
in  1B41,  and  was  extended  by  his  successors  down  to  Louis 
XIV.,  who  added  much,  including  the  imposing  east  front 
.0.-40 


625 

with  its  celebrated  Corinthian  colonnade,  670  feet  long, 
with  28  pairs  of  coupled  columns.  Napoleon  I.  made  some 
additions,  to  which  Napoleon  III.  added  very  largely;  and 
the  present  republic  has  rebuilt  a  large  section  of  the 
north  wing  which  was  burned  by  the  Commune.  The 
whole  forms  one  of  the  most  extensive  and  historically  in- 
teresting buUdlngs  in  the  world.  Thefapade  on  the  west 
side  of  the  court  ranks  as  the  most  perfect  example  of  the 
early  French  Benaissance ;  the  additions  of  Catharine  de 
MMicis  are  also  architecturally  important.  Those  of  Napo- 
leon III.,  while  less  pure  in  style,  are  of  great  richness, 
with  profuse  use  of  sculpture.  In  the  interior  the  splen- 
did Galerie  d'Apollon,  rebuilt  by  Louis  XIV.,  is  one  of  the 
few  apartments  which  retain  their  original  aspect.  A 
great  part  of  the  interior  has  been  occupied  since  1793  by 
the  famous  museum,  and  successive  governments  have 
employed  the  best  artists  at  their  command  for  its  deco- 
ration. 

Lovania,    The  Latin  name  of  Louvain. 

Lovat  (lo'vat).  A  river  in  Russia,  flowing  into 
Lake  Ilmen  opposite  Novgorod.  Length,  about 
300  miles. 

Lovat  (lo'vat).  Lord.    See  Fraser,  Simon. 

Lovatz  (16'vats),  Turk.  Loftcha  (lof'cha).  -A 
small  town  in  Bulgaria,  situated  on  the  Osma 
about  lat.  43°  10'  N.,  long.  24°  42'  E.  It  was 
stormed  by  the  Russians  Sept.  3,  1877. 

Love,  A  play  by  J.  Sheridan  Knowles,  pro- 
duced in  1839. 

Love  di  la  Mode.  A  farce  by  Macklin,  printed 
in  1793:  written  in  1759. 

Love  and  a  Bottle.  A  comedy  by  George  Far- 
quhar,  produced  in  1699. 

Love  and  Business.  A  miscellany  by  George 
Farqiihar,  printed  in  1702. 

Love  and  Death,  and  Love  and  Life.  Com- 
panion paintings  by  George  Frederick  Watts, 
of  London,  in  the  former  Death,  a  white-draped  figure, 
crushes  Love  back  among  garlands  of  roses,  and  forces  his 
way  through  a  portal.  In  the  latter  Love  guides  and  aids 
Life,  a  fair  young  girl,  undraped,  up  a  rough  ascent,  while 
flowers  spring  up  in  his  footsteps. 

Love  and  Honour,  A  play  by  Davenant,  li- 
censed 1634,  printed  1649,  and  revived  with 
great  success  after  the  Restoration. 

Love  at  a  Venture.  A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Cent- 
livre,  printed  in  1706.  It  is  founded  on  T.  Cor- 
neille*s  "Le  galant  double."  See  Double  Gal- 
lant, The. 

Loveby  (luv'bi).  The  wild  gallant  in  Dryden's 
play  of  that  name. 

Love  Chase,  The.  A  comedy  by  J.  Sheridan 
Knowles,  produced  in  1837. 

Love  for  Love,  A  comedy  by  Congreve,  printed 
in  1695. 

Those  who  will  take  the  pains  to  read  this  tedious  drama 
[Otway's  "Friendship  in  Fashion  ")  will  perceive  that  Con- 
greve deigned  to  remember  it  in  the  composition  of  his 
exquisite  masterpiece,  "Love  for  Love."  Theheroin  each 
case  is  named  Valentine,  and  Malagene,  Otway's  tiresome 
button-holer  and  secret-monger,  is  a  clumsy  prototype  of 
the  inimitable  Tattle.  Gosse. 

Love  in  a  Forest.  A  pJay  adapted  from  Shak- 
spere's  "As  you  Like  it"  by  <5harles  Johnson 
in  1723. 

Love  in  a  Maze.  A  comedy  by  Shirley,  licensed 
in  1631.  The  title  was  borrowed  by  Dion  Bouci- 
cault  for  a  comedy  in  1844. 

Love  in  a  Biddle.  Apastoralby  Gibber,  printed 
in  1729.  This  was  written  in  imitation  of  the  "  Beggar's 
Opera,"  and  played  at  Drury  Lane  on  Jan.  7, 1729.  It  was 
hissed  by  Cibber's  enemies,  and  converted  into  "Damon 
and  Phillida."    Diet.  Nat.  Biog. 

Love  in  a  Tub,    See  Comical  Revenge,  The. 

Love  in  a  Village,  A  comic  opera  by  Isaac 
Biokerstaffe,  produced  in  1762,  printed  in  1763. 
The  music  is  by  Ame. 

Love  in  a  Wood,  or  St.  James's  Park.  A  play 
by  Wycherley,  produced  in  1672. 

Loveira.    See  Lobeira. 

Lovejoy  (luv'joi),  Elijah  Parish.  Bom  at  Al- 
bion, Maine,  Nov.  9, 1802 :  killed  at  Alton,  LI., 
Nov.  7,  1837.  An  American  clergyman  and 
journalist,  an  opponent  of  slavery,  MUed  by  a 
pro-slaveiy  mob  at  Alton. 

Lovejoy,  Owen.  Bom  at  Albion,  Maine,  Jan.  6, 
1811 :  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  T.,  March  25,  1864. 
An  American  clergyman  and  antislavery  poli- 
tician, brother  of  E.  P.  Lovejoy.  He  was  a 
member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  1857-64. 

Lovel  (luv'el).  In  Ben  Jonson's  comedy  "  The 
New  Inn/'  a  soldier  and  scholar,  and  a  chivalric 
lover.  This  part  contains  some  of  Jonson's 
most  beautiful  poetry. 

Lovel.  The  name  under  which  CJharles  Lamb 
describes  hisl  father,  John  Lamb,  in  "Old 
Benchers  of  the  Inner  Tem;ple." 

Lovelace  (luv'las).  The  principal  male  char- 
acter in  Richardson's  novel  "Clarissa  Har- 
lowe  " :  an  unscrupulous  libertine  whose  name 
has  become  a  synonym  for  characters  of  that 
nature.    He  is  an  expansion  of  Rowe's  Lothario. 

Lovelace  (luv'las),  Countess  of  (Augusta  Ada 


Love's  Cure 

Byron).  Bom  Dec.  10, 1815 :  died  Nov.  29,1852. 
The  daughter  of  Lord  Byron. 
Lovelace,  Eichard,  Bom  in  Kent,  1618 :  died 
at  London,  1658.  An  English  Cavalier  poet.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Charterhouse  and  at  Gloucester  Hall, 
Oxford.  He  was  imprisoned  by  the  Parliament  in  1642  ; 
took  part  in  the  siege  of  Dunkirk  in  1646 ;  and  was  im- 
prisoned on  his  return  to  England  in  1648.  He  was  released 
after  the  king's  execution,  but  his  estate  was  spent,  and  he 
died  in  poverty  in  the  purlieus  of  London.  In  1649  he  pub- 
lished "Luoasta"  (from  Lux  Casta,  his  name  for  Lucy 
Saoheverell) :  this  was  revised  while  he  was  in  prison. 
After  his  death  his  brother  collected  and  published  his 
poems  as  **Lucasta:  Posthume  Poems'*  (1659).  His  name 
survives  chiefly  on  account  of  his  lyrics  "  To  Althea  from 
Prison  "  and  "  To  Lucasta  on  going  to  the  Wars." 

Loveless  (luv'les).  A  character  in  Cibber's 
comedy  "Love's  Last  Shift,"  and  in  its  continu- 
ation, Vanbrugh's"  The  Relapse":  a  debauched 
libertine.  He  grows  weary  of  his  wife,  Amanda,  in  six 
months;  leaves  the  country  and  his  debts  behind  him; 
and  returns  penniless  to  England  to  reform  and  be  for- 
given (after  a  "Kelapse  "  with  Berinthia)  by  Amanda  whom 
he  really  loves. 

Loveless,  Elder.  The  principal  male  charac- 
ter in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  play  "  The 
Scornful  Lady."  He  is  a  suitor  of  the  lady,  who  scorns 
and  flouts  him ;  but  in  the  end  he  wins  her  by  a  trick. 

Loveless,  Young.  The  brother  of  the  elder 
Loveless :  a  heartless,  callous  prodigal. 

Love  Lies  a  Bleeding.    See  PMlaster. 

Lovell  (luv'el),  George  WilUam.  Bom  in  1804 : 
died  at  Hampstead,  May  13,  1878.  An  English 
dramatic  writer.  Among  his  plays  are  "The  Provost 
of  Bruges "  (1836),  "Love's  Sacrifice  "  (1S42),  "Look  before 
you  Leap"  (1846),  "The  Wife's  Secret " (1846),  "The  Trial 
of  Love  "(1862). 

Lovell,  Mansfield.  Bom  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
Oct.  20, 1822 :  died  at  New  York,  June  1, 1884.  An 
American  general  in  the  Confederate  service. 

Lovel  the  Widower.  A  novel  by  Thackeray, 
published  in  1861. 

Lovely  (luv'li),  Ann.  A  character  in  Mrs.  Cent- 
livre's  comedy  "A  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Lover": 
an  heiress  to  win  whom  Colonel  Pain  well,  her 
lover,  disguises  himself  as  the  real  Simon  Pure 
whom  she  was  intended  by  her  guardian  to 
marry. 

Love  makes  the  Man,  or  the  Fop's  Fortune. 
A  comedy  by  Cibber,  made  from  Fletcher  and 
Massinger's  "  Custom  of  the  Country"  and  "  El- 
der Brother."  It  was  acted  and  printed  in 
1701. 

Lover  (luv'Sr),  Samuel,  Bom  at  Dublin,  Feb. 
24,  1797 :  died  at  St.  Heliers,  July  6,  1868.  An 
Irish  novelist,  song-writer,  and  painter.  His  chief 
novels  are  "Kory  O'More  "  (1837 :  it  was  dramatized  and  had 
a  run  of  108  nights)  and  "Handy  Andy  "  (1842).  His  "  Songs 
and  Ballads"  were  published  in  1839,  including  "The 
Angel's  Whisper,"  "The  Low-backed  Car,"  "The  Four- 
leaved  Shamrock,"  "Molly  Bawn,"  "Father  Molloy,"  etc. 

Lovere  (16-va're).  A  town  in  northern  Italy, 
on  the  Lake  of  Iseo  21  miles  north-northwest 
of  Brescia. 

Lover's  Complaint,  A.  A  poem  by  Shak- 
spere,  written  probably  in  1593-94,  but  pub- 
lished with  the  sonnets  in  1609.    Fleay. 

Lover's  Leap.  A  promontory  at  the  south- 
western extremity  of  Leucas  (Santa  Maura), 
Ionian  Islands:  the  traditional  scene  of  the 
death  of  Sappho. 

Lover's  Life,  Complaint  of  a.  A  poem  in- 
serted in  the  16th-century  editions  of  Chaucer, 
and  attributed  to  him.  Manuscript  authority 
gives  it  to  Lydgate. 

Lovers'  Melancholy,  The.  Aplayby Ford ,  pro- 
duced in  1628,  printed  in  1629.  This  play  contains 
the  celebrated  contention  between  the  nightingale  and  the 
musician  from  Strada. 

Lovers'  Progress,  The,  Aplayby  Fletcher  and 
Massinger,  printed  in  1647.  "The plot  is  takm  from 
D'Audignier's  'Histoire  tragi-comique  de  notre  temps," 
1615.  .  .  .  This  play  is  unquestionably  a  revised  version 
of  the  '  Wandering  Lovers,'  a  play  licensed  6  Dec,  1623, 
and  may  be  identified  with  the  '  Tragedy  of  Oleander '  ^as- 
cribed to  MsBsinger),  which  was  performed  at  Blackf  riars 
7  May,  1634.  A  play  called  *  The  Wandering  Lovers  or  The 
Picture'  was  entered  in  the  'Stationers' Register'  9  Sept., 
1653,  as  a  work  of  Massinger.  In  spite  of  the  puzzling 
after-title  the  entry  probably  refers  to  the  '  Lovers'  Pro- 
gress.' "    BvUen. 

Lovers'  Quarrels.  A  play  by  King,  altered 
from  Vanbrugh's  "The  Mistake"  in  1790. 

Lover's  Vows.  A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Inchbald, 
produced  at  Covent  Garden  Oct.  11, 1798.  It  is 
from  Kotzebue. 

Love's  Contrivance,  or  Le  MIdecin  Malgr6 
lui,  A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre,  acted  and 
printed  in  1703.  it  was  taken  from  "  Le  m^decin  mal- 
gr6  lui "  and  "Le  mariage  forc6  "  by  Molifere. 

Love's  Cure,  or  the  Martial  Maid.  A  play, 
probably  by  Massinger  and  Middleton  accord- 
ing to  Bullen.  Fleay  thinks  it  was  by  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  altered  by  Massinger.  It  was  produced  about 
1623,  printed  1647. 


Lore's  Labour  's  Lost 

love'sLabour  'sLost.  A  comedy  by  Shakspere, 
produced  in  1589,  printed  in  1598.  Various  changes 
were  made  in  it  in  1597,  when  it  was  retouched  for  a  court 
performance.  The  title  is  "A  pleasant  conceited  Comedy 
as  it  was  presented  betore  her  Highness  this  last  Clirist- 
mas.  Newly  corrected  and  augmented  by  W.  Shakespeare. 
Imprinted  1598."  This  is  the  first  appearance  of  Shak- 
spere's  name  on  a  play  title-page.  There  is  no  doubt  that 
an  earlier  version  existed.    Morley  ;  Fleay. 

Love's  Labour 's  Won.  A  lost  play  by  Shak- 
spere, printed  in  1600,  and  entered  in  the  "  Sta- 
tioners' Register"  Aug.  23, 1600.  it  is  probably  the 
original  of  "Much  Ado  about  Nothing,"  as  it  was  called 
"  Benedict  and  Bettris  "  when  acted  before  King  James  in 
1612-13,  although  presented  that  same  Christmas  to  Prince 
Charles,  the  Palatine,  and  Lady  Elizabeth  under  its  proper 
name.    Fleay. 

Love's  Last  Shift,  or  the  Fool  in  Fashion.  A 

comedy  by  CSbber,  jjrodueed  in  Jan.,  1694.  Van- 
brugh's  ' '  Relapse  "  is  a  sequel  to  this.  See  Fop- 
pington.  Lord. 

Love's  Metamorphosis.  A  comedy  by  John 
Lyly,  published  in  1601. 

Loves  of  the  Angels,  The.  A  poem  by  Thomas 
Moore,  published  in  1822. 

Loves  of  the  Plants,  The.  The  second  part 
of  the  "  Botanic  Garden,"  a  versified  treatise  on 
botany,  by  Erasmus  Darwin,  published  in  1789. 
The  first  part,  "  The  Economy  of  Vegetation," 
did  not  appear  till  1792. 

Loves  of  the  Triangles,  The.  A  satirical  poem 
by  Canning  and  Frere,  published  in  the  "  Anti- 
Jacobin."  It  was  in  ridicule  of  Erasmus  Dar- 
win and  his  "Loves  of  the  Plants." 

Love  Spell,  The.    See  Elisire  d'Amore. 

Love's  Pilgrimage.  A  romantic  comedy  by 
Fletcher  and  another,  probably  written  by  1612. 
It  was  printed  in  1647.  The  plot  is  from  a  novel  of  Cer- 
vantes, and  a  part  of  Jonson's  "  New  Inn  "  is  incorporated 
in  it.    Fleay  identifies  it  with  "The  History  of  Cardenio," 

Low  (lo),  Seth.  Bom  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Jan. 
18,  1850.  An  American  educator.  He  was  elected 
mayor  of  Brooklyn  in  1881  and  again  in  1883,  and  president 
of  Columbia  University,  New  York,  in  1890.  In  1901  he 
resigned  the  presidency  of  the  university  and  was  mayor 
of  New  York  1902—3 

Low,  Will  H.  Bom  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  May  31, 
1853.  An  American  figure-painter,  noted  also 
for  his  decorative  work  and  designs  for  stained 
glass,  and  as  an  illustrator.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Carolus  Duran. 

Low  (16)  Archipelago,  or  Panmota  (pou-mo'- 
ta),  orPaumotu(-t6),  orTuamotu(twa-m6'to) 
Islands.  An  extensive  group  of  small  islands, 
chiefly  coral,  situated  in  the  South  Pacific,  east 
of  the  Society  Islands  and  south  of  the  Marque- 
sas Islands.     They  are  a  French  protectorate. 

Low  Countries.  A  name  given  (a;  to  the  Neth- 
erlands ;  (6)  to  the  low  region  near  the  North 
Sea  comprised  in  the  modem  Netherlands  and 
Flanders  (Belgium). 

Lowe  (16),  Sir  Hudson.  Bom  at  Galway,  Ire- 
land, July  28, 1769:  died  at  London,  Jan.  10, 
1844.  A  British  general,  governor  of  St.  He- 
lena during  the  captivity  of  Napoleon,  1815-21. 

Lowe  (I6've),  Johann  Karl  Gottfried.  Bom 
at  Lsbejiin,  near  Halle,  Prussia,  Nov.  30, 1796 : 
died  at  Kiel,  Prussia,  April  20,  1869.  A  Ger- 
man composer  of  ballads,  songs,  and  oratorios. 

Lowe,  Johanna  Sophie.  Bom  at  Oldenburg, 
Germany,  March  24,  1815:  died  at  Budapest, 
Nov.  29,  1866.     A  German  opera-singer. 

Lowe  (16),  Bobert,  Viscount  Sherbrooke.  Bom 
at  Bingham,  Nottinghamshire,  Dec.  4, 1811 :  died 
at  London ,  July  27, 1892.  An  English  politician. 
Be  was  vice-president  of  the  board  of  trade  and  paymas- 
ter-genersd  1855-59 ;  vice-president  of  the  education  board 
1869-64  ;  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  1868-73 ;  and  home 
secretary  1873-74.  He  was  a  Liberal,  but  opposed  his  party 
as  an  "  Adullamite  "  on  the  question  of  reform  in  1866. 

L5we  (I6've),  VTllhelm,  called  L5we-Ealbe. 

Bom  at  Olvenstedt,  near  Magdeburg,  Prussia, 
Nov.  14,  1814:  died  at  Meran,  Tyrol,  Nov.  2, 
1886.  A  German  politician,  member  of  the 
Frankfort  Parliament  (1848),  president  of  the 
Stuttgart  Parliament  (1849),  and,  later,  liberal 
leader  in  the  Reichstag  and  Prussian  Landtag. 
Lowell  (lo'el).  One  of  the  capitals  of  Middle- 
sex County,  Massachusetts,  situated  at  the  falls 
of  the  Merrimac  and  its  junction  with  the  Con- 
cord, 24  miles  north-northwest  of  Boston,  it  is 
not«d  for  manufactures,  especially  of  cotton  and  woolen 
goods,  and  was  long  the  chief  seat  of  cotton  manufacture 
in  America  (established  1823).  It  is  sometimes  called  the 
"  Manchester  of  America  "  and  the  "  Spindle  City."  It 
became  a  town  in  1826;  a  city  in  1836.    Pop.  (1900),  94,969. 

Lowell,  Francis  Cabot.  Bom  at  Newburyport, 
Mass. ,  April  7, 1775 :  died  at  Boston,  Sept.  2, 1817. 
An  American  merchant,  one  of  the  pioneers  of 
the'cotton  manufacture  atWaltham  andLowell. 

Lowell,  James  Russell.  Bom  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Feb.  22, 1819:  died  there,  Aug.  12, 1891. 
An  American  poet,  essayist,  scholar,  and  diplo- 


626 

matist,  son  of  Charles  LoweU.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  College  in  1838.  In  Jan.,  1856,  on  the  resigna- 
tion of  Longfellow,  LoweU  was  elected  to  his  professor- 
ship at  Harvard.  He  did  not  assume  it  at  once,  but  went 
abroad  and  spent  two  years  in  the  study  of  modem  lan- 
guages, and  in  perfecting  himself  in  Old  French  and  Pro- 
vengal  poetry.  On  his  return  he  took  the  chair  of  belles- 
lettres.  He  was  editor  of  the  "Atlantic  Monthly"  1857- 
1862,  and  of  the  "North  American  Review"  1863-72.  He 
was  sent  as  tJnited  States  minister  to  Spain  1877-80,  and 
to  Great  Britain  1880-85.  He  delivered  many  public  ad- 
dresses both  in  England  and  in  the  United  States,  and  a 
course  of  lectures  on  the  English  dramatists  at  the  Lowell 
Institute  in  1887.  These  were  published  after  his  death. 
Among  his  poetical  works  are  "A  Year's  Life"  (1841), 
"Poems"  (1844,  1848,  1849,  1854),  "Complete  Poetical 
Works"  (1850,  1868, 1880),  "The  Vision  of  Sir  Launfal" 
a846),  "A  Fable  for  Critics"  (1848),  "The  Biglow  Papers," 
(two  series,  1848  and  1867),  "Mason  and  Slidell,  etc." 
(1862),  "Commemoration  Ode"  (1865),  "Under  the  Wil- 
lows, etc. "  (1868),  "  The  Cathedral "  (1869),  "  Three  Memo- 
rial Poems  "  (1876), ' '  Heartsease  and  Kue  "  (1888),  etc.  His 
prose  works  and  essays  are  collected  in  "Conversations  on 
Some  of  the  Old  Poets  "(1845),  "Fireside  Travels"  (1864), 
"Among  my  Books"  (1870  and  1876),  "My  Study  Win- 
dows" (1871),  "  Democracy "  (1886),  and  "Political  Essays  " 
(1888).  His  "Letters"  were  edited  by  Professor  Norton  in 
1893. 

Lowell,  John.  Bom  at  Boston,  May  11,  1799: 
died  at  Bombay,  March  4, 1836.  An  American 
merchant,  son  of  F.  C.  Lowell:  founder  of  the 
Lowell  Institute  at  Boston. 

Lowell,  Mary.    See  Putnam,  Mrs. 

Lowell,  Robert  Traill  Spence.  Bom  at  Bos- 
ton, Oct.  8,  1816:  died  at  Schenectady,  N.  Y., 
Sept.  12,  1891.  An  American  Episcopal  cler- 
gyman, instructor,  poet,  and  novelist:  son  of 
Charles  Lowell  and  elder  brother  of  James 
Russell  Lowell.  He  published  the  novel  "The  New 
Priest  in  Conception  Bay"  (1858), '  'Fresh  Hearts  that  Failed 
Three  Thousand  Years  Ago,  and  Other  Poems  "  (1860),  "An- 
tony Erode,"  a  story  (1874),  etc. 

Lowenberg  (le'ven-bera).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Bober 
64  miles  west  of  Breslau.  Population  (1890), 
4,782. 

Lowenburg  (16'ven-borG).  A  peak  of  the  Sie- 
bengebirge,  in  the  Rhineland.  Height,  1,505 
feet. 

Lower  Bavaria,  G.  Kiederbayern  (ne'der- 
bi'em).  A  government  district  in  the  south- 
east of  Bavaria,  lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Dan- 
ube. Area,  4,152  square  miles.  Population 
(1890),  664,798. 

Lower  California.    See  CaUfomia,  Lower. 

Lower  Canada.    See  Ontario,  Quebec. 

Lower  Chinook.  One  of  the  two  divisions  of 
the  Chinookau  stock  of  North  American  Indi- 
ans. Its  chief  tribes  are  the  Artsmilsh  (col- 
lective), Chinook  proper,  and  Clatsop.  See  CM- 
nooTcan. 

Lower  Coquille.    See  Kusan. 

Lower  Empire.  [P.  Bas-Empire.']  A  name 
given  to  the  Byzantine  empire. 

Under  the  names  of  the  "Greek  Empire,"  the  "Lower 
Empire  " —  whatever  may  be  the  exact  meaning  of  that  last 
strange  formula — not  a  few  readers  and  writers  are  con- 
tent to  conceal  their  ignorance  of  a  thousand  years  of  event- 
ful history.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  232. 

Lower  Rhine  Circle,  G.  Niederrheinischer 
Kreis  (ne-der-ri'nish-er  kiis),  or  Electoral 
Rhine  Circle,  G.  Kurrheiniscner  Kreis  (k5r- 
ri'nish-er  kris).  One  of  the  ten  circles  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire,  comprising  electoral 
Mainz,  Treves,  and  Cologne,  the  Rhine  Palati- 
nate, etc. 

Lower  Saxon  Circle,  G.  Niedersachsischer 
Kreis  (ne-der-zek'sish-er  kris).  One  of  the 
ten  circles  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  com- 
prising Magdeburg,  Liineburg,  Wolfenbttttel, 
Liibeck,  Bremen,  Hamburg,  Hildesheim,  Hal- 
berstadt,  Mecklenburg,  Holstein,  etc. 

Lower  Spokane,    See  SpoJcane. 

Lower  Impqua.    See  Kuitc. 

Lowerzer  See  (lo'vert-ser  za).  A  lake  in  the 
canton  of  Sehwyz,  Switzerland,  northeast  of 
the  Lake  of  Lucerne.    Length,  2J  miles. 

Lowestoft  (16'stoft  or  16'e-stoft).  A  seaport  and 
seaside  resort  in  Suffolk,  England,  situated  on 
the  North  Sea  10  miles  south  of  Yarmouth.  Near 
it  in  1665  the  British  fleet  under  the  Duke  of  York  defeated 
the  Dutch.    Population  (1891),  28,847. 

Lowlcz  (16'vich).  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Warsaw,  Russian  Poland,  situated  on  the 
Bzura  47  miles  west  by  south  of  Warsaw.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  8,740. 

Lowin  (16'win),  John.  Bom  1576:  died  1659. 
An  EngUsh  actor,  contemporary  with  Shak- 
spere. He  played  some  of  the  greater  characters,  includ- 
iiife  Hamlet,  and  ended  his  days  keeping  the  Three  Pigeons, 
a  tavern  at  Brentford. 

Lowth  (louth),  Robert.  Bom  at  Winchester, 
Nov.  27,  1710:  died  at  Fulham,  near  London, 
Nov.  3,  1787.    An  English  divine  and  scholar. 


Lubbock,  Sir  John 

bishop  of  London.  He  published  "Prslectiones  de 
sacra  poesi  Hebrseorum  "  ("Lectures  on  the  Sacred  Poeti^ 
of  the  Hebrews,"  1763),  a  translation  of  Isaiah  (1778),  etc 

Loza.    See  Lcfja. 

Loyal  (loi'al),  Monsienr.  A  catchpoll  in  Mo- 
lifere's  "Tartufe":  a  very  small  part  made  fa- 
mous by  Coquelin. 

Loyal  Legion  (official  title :  Military  Order 
of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  the  United  States). 
A  society  organized  at  Philadelphia,  April  15, 
1865,  to  commemorate  the  services  and  perpetu- 
ate the  memory  of  those  who  served  in  the  Union 
army,  and  to  afford  relief  to  soldiers  who  sur- 
vived the  war.  Membership  descends  to  the  eldest 
male  lineal  descendant  according  to  the  rules  of  primo- 
geniture. 

Loyalty  (loi'al-ti)  Islands.  A  group  of  small 
islands  belonging  to  France,  situated  in  the 
South  Pacific,  east  of  New  Caledonia,  in  lat.  21° 
S.,  long.  167°  E.  The  chief  islands  are  Lifu,  Uea,  and 
Mare  (or  Nengone).  The  group  is  a  dependency  of  New 
Caledonia. 

Loyola  (16-y6'la),  Ignatius  de  (Inigo  Lopez 
de  Recalde).  Bom  at  the  castle  of  Loyola, 
Guipuzcoa,  Spain,  1491:  died  at  Rome,  July  31, 
1556.  A  Spanish  soldier  and  prelate,  founder 
of  the  Society  of  Jesus.  He  was  educated  as  a  page 
at  the  court  of  Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  and  afterward 
Joined  the  army.  While  recovering  from  a  severe  wound 
received  at  the  siege  of  Pamplona  by  the  French  in  1521, 
he  was  converted,  and  dedicated  himself  to  the  service 
of  the  Virgin.  He  entered  in  1528  the  University  of  Paris, 
where,  with  a  number  of  fellow-students,  among  whom 
were  Laynez,  Bobadilla,  Kodriguez,  and  Pierre  Leffevre,  he 
projected  in  1534  a  religious  order,  which  received  the 
name  of.  the  Society  or  Company  of  Jesus,  for  the  conver- 
sion of  the  infidels,  and  to  counteract  the  Protestant  Eef- 
ormation.  The  order  waa  confirmed  by  Pope  Paul  III,  in 
1640,  and  Loyola  became  its  first  general  in  1641,  although 
Laynez  was  from  its  inception  really  the  controlling  spirit 
of  the  organization.  He  remained  in  office  until  his  death. 
He  wrote  in  Spanish  "Constitution  of  the  Order"  and 
"Spiritual  Exercises  "  (1548).  His  life  has  been  written  by 
Kibadeneira,  Maffei,  Bouhours,  and  Spuller. 

Loyola,  Martin  Garcia  Onez  de.  Bom  in  Gui- 
puzcoa about  1548:  died  between  Imperial  and 
Angol,  Chile,  Nov.  22,  1598.  A  Spanish  cava- 
lier, nephew  of  Ignatius  Loyola.  He  went  to  Peru 
in  1568,  distinguished  himself  in  the  campaign  against  the 
Inca  Tupac  Amaru,  and  finally  captured  him  in  1671.  Sub- 
sequently he  married  the  Inca's  niece.  In  1592  he  was 
appointed  captain-general  of  Chile.  There  he  prosecuted 
the  Araucanian  war  with  vigor,  but  was  eventually  sur- 
prised by  the  Indians  at  a  camp  and  killed  with  60  com- 
panions. In  the  general  Indian  uprising  which  followed, 
the  Spaniards  were  driven  beyond  the  Biobio. 

Loyson  (lwa-z6n'),  Charles,  called  Fhie  Hya- 
cinthe.  Bom  at  Orleans,  France,  March  10, 
1827.  A  French  pulpit  orator.  He  became  a  priest 
in  1851,  and  afterward  entered  the  order  of  the  Carmelites, 
About  1865  he  removed  to  Paris,  where  he  acquired  a  repu- 
tation for  eloquence  in  the  pulpit,  and  for  boldness  in  de- 
nouncing abuses  in  the  Koman  Catholic  Church.  He  mar- 
ried in  1872 ;  was  chosen  curate  of  a  congregation  of  Liberal 
Catholics  at  Geneva  in  1873;  and  founded  a  "Galilean" 
congregation  at  Paris  in  1879. 

Lozire  (16-zar').  A  department  in  southern 
France,  capital  Mende,  formed  chiefly  from  the 
ancient  G6vaudan  in  Languedoc.  it  is  bounded 
byCantal  on  the  northwest,  Haute-Loire  on  the  northeasts 
Ardfeche  on  the  east,  Gard  on  the  southeast  and  south,  and 
Aveyronouthewest.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  Area, 
1,996  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  185,627. 

Lualaba  (lo-a-la'ba).  A  name  given  to  the 
upper  part  of  the  Kongo  and  to  one  of  its  head 
streams. 

Luapula  (16-a-po'la).  The  main  head  stream 
of  the  Kongo. 

Luba  (lo'ba),  or  Baluba  (ba-16'ba).  A  great 
Bantu  nation  of  the  Kongo  State.  It  extends  from 
the  confluence  of  the  £assai  and  Lulua  to  Lake  Tangan- 
yika and  to  Katanga,  and  includes  the  Bashilange,  Ba- 
songe,  Warua  (of  Cameron),  Moluas  (of  the  Portuguese 
authors),  and  the  Baluba  of  Katanga,  All  these  tribes  are 
independent,  and  speak  dialects  of  theone  Luba  language. 
In  physical  appearance  the  Baluba  are  tall,  well  formed, 
bronze-colored,  and  intelligent.  The  tribe  of  the  Bashi- 
lange^ forming  the  western  wing  of  the  nation,  is  said  to 
be  mixed  with  the  first  occupants  of  its  territory.  This  is 
called  Lubuku — i.  e.  'friendship' — by  the  people  of  An- 
gola, 

Liibben  (lllb'ben).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Spree 
45  miles  south-southeast  of  Berlin.  Population 
(1890),  6,198. 

Lubberland.    See  Cockaigne. 

Lubbock  (lub'ok).  Sir  John  William.  Bom  at 
London,  March  26,  1803:  died  near  Fambor- 
ough,  Kent,  June  20, 1865.  Aji  English  astron- 
omer and  mathematician,  treasurer  and  vice- 
president  of  the  Royal  Society  1830-35.  He  wrote 
"On  the  Theory  of  the  Moon  and  on  the  Perturbations  of 
the  Planets  "  (1833),  etc. 

Lubbock,  Sir  John,  Baron  Avebury.  Born 
April  30,  1834.  A  noted  English  naturalist 
and  politician:  son  of  Sir  John  William  Lub- 
bock ;  raised  to  the  peerage  Jan.  1,  1900.  He 
represented  the  University  of  London  1880-1900.  He  is 
president  of  the  Linnean  Society  and  of  the  Institute  of 


Lubbock,  Sir  John 

Bankers,  a  trustee  of  the  British  Museum,  a  vice-president 
of  the  Boyal  Souiety,  etc.  His  works  include  "Prehistoric 
Times"  (1866),  "Origin  of  Civilization  and  the  Primitive 
CJondition  of  Man"  (1870),  "Origin  and  Metamorphoses 
of  Ineecte  "  (1873),  "  On  British  WUd  Mowers,  etc."  (1876), 
"Relations  between  Plants  and  Insects  "  (1878),  "Scienti- 
fic Lectures"  and  "  Addresses  Political  and  Educational" 
(1879),  "  Ants,  Bees,  and  Wasps,  etc."  (1882),  "  JFifty  Years 
of  Science"  (1881),  "Chapters  in  Popular  Natural  History" 
(1883),  and  "  On  the  Senses,  Instincts,  and  Intelligence  of 
Animals,  etc."  (1888). 

Liibeck  (Iti'bek).  A  state  of  the  German  Em- 
pire, comprising  the  city  of  Llibeek  and  a  small 
adjoining  territory,  inclosed  by  the  Baltic, 
Mecklenburg,  Holstein,  and  the  principality  of 
Liibeck  (belonging  to  Oldenburg),  it  Is  a  repub- 
lic, government  being  administered  by  a  senate  of  14  mem- 
bers and  a  Biirgerschaft,  or  bouse  of  burgesses  (120  mem- 
bers). It  has  1  member  in  the  Bundesrat,  and  1  in  the 
Beichstag.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Protestant.  Area, 
116  square  miles.    Population  (1900),  98,775. 

Liibeck.  A  free  city  of  Germany,  forming  with 
its  territory  a  state  of  the  German  Empire .  The 
city  is  situated  on  the  Trave  and  Wakenitz  in  lat.  63°  62' 
N.,  long.  10°  41'  E.  It  is  among  the  leading  German  sea- 
ports, and  has  a  large  trade  in  timber,  tar,  wine,  grain, 
etc.,  with  Bussia,  Sweden,  and  Denmark,  and  regular  steam 
communication  with  the  Baltic  ports.  The  cathedral  was 
built  between  the  12th  and  the  14th  century.  The  nave 
and  transepts  are  B^manesque,  the  aisles  and  choir  Point- 
ed. The  spires  are  394  feet  high.  The  Eathaus,  completed 
in  1442,  is  a  characteristic  example  of  the  style  of  medieval 
brick  building  developed  here.  It  consists  of  two  wings  at 
right  angles,  with  large  gables  and  picturesque  spires.  A 
fine  Benaissance  entrance-hall  and  stair  were  afterward 
added.  The  interior,  late-Pointed  in  character,  contains 
much  that  is  of  artistic  interest.  The  Holsten  Thor  is  a 
picturesque  medieval  gateway,  built  in  1477.  Liibeck  was 
founded  in  1143  ;  was  ceded  to  Henry  the  Lion ;  became  a 
free  imperial  city  in  1226 ;  took  the  lead  among  the  cities 
of  the  Hanseatic  League ;  sided  with  the  Reformation  in 
1531 ;  was  incorporated  with  France  in  1810 ;  became  in- 
dependent in  1813 ;  and  has  been  successively  a  member 
of  the  Germanic  Confederation,  the  North  German  Con- 
federation, and  the  German  Empire.  Population  (1890), 
63,690. 

Liibeck,  Principality  of.  A  district  forming  a 
part  of  the  dominions  of  Oldenburg,  situated 
north  of  the  free  city  of  Liibeck.  Chief  city, 
Eutin.  Under  the  old  German  Empire  it 
was  ruled  by  prince-bishops,  and  in  1803  was 
annexed  to  Oldenburg.  Population  (1890), 
34,718. 

Ltiben  (lu'ben).  A  town  in  the;province  of  Si- 
lesia, Prussia,  14  miles  north  of  Liegnitz.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  6,131. 

Liibke  (Ifib'ke),  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Dortmund, 
Prussia,  Jan.  17, 1826 :  died  at  Karlsruhe,  April 
5,1893.  A  noted  German  historian  of  art.  He 
was  professor  of  the  history  of  art  and  of  archaeology  at 
the  polytechnic  school  at  Zurich  1861-66,  at  the  similar 
school  in  Stuttgart  1866-86,  and  at  the  technical  high  school 
atKarlsruhe  1885-93.  Among  his  works  are  "Geschlchte 
der  Architektur  "  (1865),  '*  Grundriss  der  Kunstgeschlchte  " 
(•'Outlines  of  the  History  of  Art,"  1860),  "Gesohiohte  der 
Plastik"  ("History  of  the  Plastic  Art,"  1863),  etc. 

Lublin  (lo'blin).  1.  A  government  of  Eussian 
Poland,  bordering  on  Galicia  and  the  govern- 
ments of  Volhynia,  Siedlee,  and  Radom.  Area, 
6,499  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,059,- 
959. —  3.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Lu- 
blin, situated  on  the  Bistrzyca  92  miles  south- 
east of  Warsaw,  it  is  the  chief  town  of  Russian  Po- 
land after  Warsaw  and  L<idz,  and  has  manufactures  of 
woolens,  etc.  It  was  a  place  of  importance  under  the 
Ja^ellons.  The  union  of  Poland  and  Lithuania  was  pro- 
claimed here  in  1669.  The  city  was  taken  by  Charles  in 
1703,  and  by  the  Russians  in  1831.  Population  (1893), 
61,930. 

Lubolo  (16-b6'l6).  A  country,  tribe,  and  dialect 
of  Angola,  West  Africa,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Kuanza  River,  between  Dondo,  Pungo  Andou- 
go,  and  Bailundo.  The  country  Is  mountainous  and 
fertile ;  the  tribe  is  Independent,  and  governed  by  petty 
chiefs.     The  dialect  belongs  to  the  Kimbundu  language. 

Lubuku  (18-bo'ko).     See  Luba. 

Luca  Giordano.    See  Giordano. 

Lucan  (lii'kan)  (Marcus  Annseus  Lucanus). 
Bom  at  Cordova,  Spain,  39  A.  d.  :  committed 
suicide  65a.  d.  A  Roman  poetandprose-writer, 
author  of  the  "  Pharsalia,"in  10  books,  an  epic 
poem  on  the  civil  war  between  Csesar  and  Pom- 
pey.  See  Pharsalia.  He  was  forbidden  by  Nero, 
through  jealousy,  to  recite  in  public,  and  in  revenge  joined 
the  conspiracy  of  Piso.  He  was  betrayed,  and  by  a  promise 
of  pardon  w^s  induced  to  turn  informer ;  but,  after  denoun- 
cing his  mother  and  his  other  accomplices,  he  was  con- 
demned to  death.  He  anticipated  his  punishment  by  caus- 
ing his  veins  to  be  opened. 

Lucan,  Earl  of.    See  Sarsfield,  Patrick. 

Lucan,  Third  Earl  of  (George  Charles  Bing- 
ham). Bom  at  London,  April  16,  1800:  died 
Nov.  10, 1888.  A  British  general  and  fleld-mar- 
shal.  He  became  a  major-general  in  1851,  and  com- 
manded the  cavalry  in  the  Crimean  war.  He  was  largely 
responsible  for  the  charge  of  the  Light  Brigade. 

Lncania  (lu-ka'ni-a).  in  ancient  geography,  a 
division  of  southern  Italy.  It  was  bounded  by  Cam- 
pania, Samnlum,  and  Apulia  on  the  north,  the  Gull  of 


627 

Tarentum  on  the  east,  Bruttium  on  the  south,  and  the 
Tyrrhenian  Sea  on  the  southwest.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. The  Inhabitants  were  Luoanians  (a  branch  of  the 
Samnites)  and  Greeks  on  the  coast.  It  was  reduced  by 
Rome  in  the  3d  century  B.  C. 

Lucaris  (lo-ka'ris),  Cyrillus.  Bom  about  1572: 
murdered  1638.  A  reforming  prelate  of  the 
Greek  Church.  He  became  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople in  1621. 

Lucasta.    See  Lovelace.  Richard. 

Lucas  van  Leyden  (lo'kas  van  li'den)  (Lucas 
Jacobsz).  Bom  at  Leyden  about  1494:  died 
there,  1533.    A  Dutch  engraver  and  painter. 

Lucayans  (IS-ki'anz).  [Sp.  Zueayos,  from  some 
Indian  word.]  The  aboriginal  inhabitants  of 
the  Bahama  Islands.  They  were  the  first  Americans 
encountered  by  Columbus,  who  described  them  as  a  mild 
and  indolent  race,  living  partly  by  agriculture,  and  going 
naked.  It  appears  that  theirlanguage  was  related  to  that 
of  Cuba  and  Haiti,  and  probably  they  were  ol  Arawak 
stock.  Their loreheadswereartificiallyflattened.asis shown 
by  recently  discovered  skulls.  Early  in  the  16th  century 
many  thousands  of  them  were  induced,  by  false  promises, 
to  go  to  EspafLOla,  where  they  were  enslaved;  others  were 
carried  off  by  force,  and  in  a  few  years  all  had  perished. 

Lucayos  (lo-ld'6s).  The  name  originally  given 
by  the  Spaniards  to  the  Bahama  Islands,  from 
the  Indians  who  inhabited  them.  It  is  still  used 
occasionally,  principally  by  Spanish  authors. 

Lucca  (lok'ka).  A  province  of  Tuscany,  Italy. 
It  was  made  a  principality  by  Napoleon  for  his  sister  Elisa 
Bacciocchl;  was  granted  as  a  duchy  to  Maria  Louisa  of 
Spain  in  1816 ;  and  was  annexed  by  Tuscany  in  1847.  Area, 
668  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  288,687. 

Lucca,  F.  Lucques  (liik).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Lucca,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  43°  51' 
N. ,  long.  10°  31'  E. :  the  Roman  Luca.  it  is  noted 
especially  for  silk  manufactures,  and  also  for  oil  and 
woolen  manufactures.  The  cathedral  (duomo)  is  a  notable 
medieval  church  with  arcaded  exterior.  The  exterior  is 
remarkable  (or  its  rich  inlaid  work  In  colored  stone,  repre- 
senting hunting  scenes.  The  interior  has  round  arches 
below  with  massive  piers,  a  high  triforium  with  rich  tra- 
cery, and  a  low  clearstoiy  with  circular  windows.  The 
so-called  "Templetto,"  in  one  aisle,  is  a  little  octagonal 
domed  Renaissance  temple,  built  in  1482  to  receive  the 
Oriental  crucifix  called  the  Volto  Santo.  San  Giovanni  is 
an  early  basilica  with  later  medieval  alterations.  The 
chief  portal  has  a  fine  Romanesque  relief  of  the  Virgin, 
with  the  apostles  and  angels.  The  fluted  columns  of  the 
nave  are  Roman.  The  old  Lombard  baptistery  is  69  feet 
square ;  it  has  a  remarkable  14th-century  dome  on  pen- 
dentlves.  TheDeposito  di  Mendioitk  (poorhouse),  formerly 
the  Palazzo  Borghl,  is  a  fine  example  of  an  Italian  medie- 
val palace  (1413)  designed  for  defense.  It  is  of  red  brick, 
with  traceried  windows,  and  has  a  high  tower.  There  are 
considerable  remains  existing  of  a  Roman  amphitheater, 
of  date  about  100  A.  D.,  though  the  arena  Is  occupied  by 
the  Piazza  del  Mercato.  It  had  two  tiers  of  54  arches,  and 
could  seat  about  10,000.  One  of  the  entrance  gates,  in  rus- 
ticated masonry,  survives.  Lucca  was  an  ancient  Italian 
town,  and  became  a  Roman  colony  about  177  B.  C. ;  was 
the  seat  of  a  medieval  duchy,  and  later  of  a  republic ;  be- 
longed to  Pisa  in  the  14th  century;  and  became  inde- 
pendent in  1369.  It  was  conquered  by  the  French  in  1797. 
Population  (1891),  about  76,000. 

Lucca,  Bagni  di.  [It.,  'baths  of  Lucca.']  A 
watering-place  in  Italy,  situated  on  the  Lima 
14  miles  north  by  east  of  Lucca. 

Lucca,  Pauline.  Bom  at  Vienna,  April  24, 1841. 
A  noted  German  opera-singer.'  Her  parents  were 
Italian.  Her  voice  is  a  full  soprano.  She  made  her  d^but 
at  Olmiitz  in  1859  as  Elvira  in  "Brnani."  In  1861  she  roused 
great  enthusiasm  at  Berlin,  andwas  engaged  as  court  singer 
for  life  there.  She  was  also  successful  in  London  in  1863, 
and  sang  there  nearly  every  season  till  1872.  In  that  year 
she  resigned  her  position  at  Berlin  and  came  to  the  United 
States.  She  returned  to  Europe  in  1874,  and  sang  in  nearly 
aU  the  great  cities  except  Berlin.  She  married  Baron 
Bahden  in  1865,  and  was  divorced  from  him.  Later  she 
married  M.  de  Wallhofen,  who  recently  died. 

Luce  (los).  In  Shakspere's  "  Comedy  of  Errors,'' 
a  female  servant. 

Lucena  (lo-tha'na).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Cordova,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Cascaiar_37 
miles  south-southeast  of  Cordova.  Population 
(1887),  21,271. 

Lucentio  (16-sen'shi6).  In  Shakspere's  "Tam- 
ing of  the  Shrew,"  an  accomplished  young  stu- 
dent from  Pisa,  whose  skilful  wooing  of  Bianoa 
forms  the  underplot  of  the  play. 

Lucera  (lo-cha'rS).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Poggia,  Ital^,  10  mUes  west-northwest  of  Pog- 
gia :  the  ancient  Luceria.  it  has  a  cathedral  and  a 
castle.  The  latter,  built  on  the  site  of  the  classical  citadel 
by  the  emperor  Frederick  II.,  is  of  great  extent  and  Impos- 
ing  aspect.    Population,  about  14,000. 

Lucerne  (lu-sem';  P.  pron.  lii-sam'),  G.  Lu- 
zern  (lo-tsem')-  1.  A  canton  of  Switzerland, 
bounded  by  Aargau  on  the  north,  Zug  and 
Schwyz  on  the  east,  ITnterwalden  on  the  south- 
east, and  Bern  on  the  south  and  west,  its  surface 
is  hilly  and  mountainous.  It  is  one  of  the  four  Forest  Can- 
tons, and  sends  7  members  to  the  National  CounoiL  The 
prevailing  language  is  German,  and  the  religion  Boman 
Catholic.  Lucerne  join  ed  the  League  of  the  Forest  Cantons 
in  1332.  It  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Sempach  in  1386,  and 
annexed  the  Entlebuoh  at  the  beginning  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury. It  was  part  of  the  Helvetic  Republic.  In  1847  it 
was  the  leading  member  of  the  Sonderbund  (wiich  see). 
Area,  579  square  miles.    Population  (1888),  136,360. 


Luciana 

3.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Lucerne,  situ- 
ated at  the  outflow  of  the  Reuss  from  the  Lake 
of  Lucerne,  in  lat.  47°  3'  N.,  long.  8°  18'  E.  it 
is  a  central  point  for  tourists.  The  Beuss  is  crossed  here 
by  two  interesting  old  bridges.  The  KapeUbrilcke  is  a 
roofed  bridge,  having  154  subjects  painted  on  the  interior 
of  the  roof,  most  of  them  from  the  legends  of  Sts.  Mauritius 
and  Leodegar,  the  patrons  of  Lucerne.  The  picturesque 
medieval  Wasserthuim  stands  in  the  middle  of  the  river, 
beside  the  bridge.  The  MUhlen-  or  Sprener-Brttcke  is 
another  roofed  bridge :  the  inner  side  of  its  roof  is  painted 
with  an  elaborate  Dance  of  Death.  Other  objects  of  in- 
terest are  the  Lion  of  Lucerne  (see  below),  Hotkirche, 
Gletsoher-Garten,  and  Rathaus  (with  antiquarian  mu- 
seum). Near  the  city  are  the  Rigi,  Pilatus,  etc.  It  was 
founded  on  the  site  of  a  monastery.  It  was  occupied  by 
the  federal  troops  in  the  Sonderbund  war  (1847).  Popula- 
tion (1888),  20,571. 

Lucerne,  Lake  of,  or  Lake  of  the  Four  Forest 
Cantons,  G.  Vierwaldstattersee  (fer-valf- 
stet-ter-za).  A  lake  in  Switzerland,  border- 
ing on  the  four  cantons  Lucerne,  Schwyz, 
Uri,  and  Unterwalden.  it  is  irregular  In  shape.  Lo- 
cally it  is  divided  into  the  Luzernersee,  Alpnacherse^ 
Kilssnachtersee,  Umersee  or  Bay  of  Uri,  Gersauersee,  and 
Weggisersee.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Reuss,  which  has  its 
outlet  at  Lucerne.  Violent  winds  prevail  on  it.  It  is  bor- 
dered by  lofty  mountains  (Rigi,  etc.),  and  is  famous  for  its 
magnificent  scenery  and  for  the  legendary  history  of  Wil- 
liam TeU.  Length,  23  miles.  Height  above  sea-level,  1,436 
feet. 

Lucerne,  Lion  of.  A  famous  piece  of  sculpture, 
by  Thorwaldsen,  commemorating  the  heroism 
and  devotion  of  nearly  800  Swiss  guards  who 
died  to  save  Louis  XVI.  in  the  attack  on  the 
Tuileries,  Aug.  10,  1792.  The  colossal  figure  of  the 
crouching  lion,  transfixed  and  dying  but  stiU  faithfully 
defending  the  lilied  shield  of  France,  is  carved  in  the  round 
in  a  recess  in  the  face  of  an  upright,  vine-draped  rock,  in  a 
littlepark,  at  Lucerne.  A  commemorativeinscriptlon,with 
the  names  of  the  officers  killed,  is  cut  in  the  rock. 

Lucetta  (16-set'ta).  A  waiting-woman  in  Shak- 
spere's "  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona." 

Luchaze  (lo-cha'ze),  or  Baluchaze  (ba-lo-cha'- 
ze).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West  Africa. 
They  live  between  the  head  streams  of  the  Kuito  River, 
southeast  of  Bihe,  in  a  beautiful  wooded  counlry.  They 
are  related  to  the  Ambuela  and  Ngangela  tribes,  file  their 
fore  teeth,  wear  skins  and  baobab  cloth,  and  are  clever 
iron-  and  copper-smiths.  They  obtain  their  pottery  by  bar- 
ter. Their  granaries  are  lai'ge,  and  their  villages  clean  and 
well  built. 

Luchon.    See  Bagnires-de-Luchon. 

Lucia  (lii'shia).  Saint.  [L.,  fem.  of  Lucius;  E. 
Lucy.']  A  martyr  of  the  primitive  church  in 
Syracuse,  who  perished  during  the  persecution 
of  Diocletian.  According  to  the  legend,  she  rejected 
a  pagan  suitor  whom  her  mother  desired  her  to  marry,  was 
denounced  as  a  Christian,  and  was  condemned  to  be  out- 
raged, but  escaped  this  fate  and  died  in  prison.  She  is  the 
patroness  especially  of  those  who  suffer  from  distemper  of 
tlie  eyes. 

Lucia.  In  Southeme's  "  Sir  Antony  Love,  or  The 
Rambling  Lady,"  a  young  girl  who  disguises 
herself  as  a  man  (Sir  Antony)  and  follows  her 
lover  to  win  him.  She  is  the  "  rambling 
lady." 

Lucia  di  Lammermoor  (lo-che'a  de  lam-mer- 
mor').  An  opera  by  Donizetti,  produced  at 
Naples  in  1835,  at  Paris  in  1839,  at  London  in 
1838  in  Italian  and  in  English  in  1843.  The 
plot  is  from  Scott's  "Bride  of  Lammermoor." 

Lucian  (lii'shian).  [Gr.  AovKiavdg,  L.  Luoianus.'] 
Born  at  Samosata,  Syria,  about  120  a.  d.  :  died 
about  200.  A  celebrated  Greek  satirist  and 
humorist.  He  was  a  free-thinker,  attacking  with  pun- 
gent satire  the  religious  beliefs  of  his  time  :  for  this,  ac- 
cording to  Suidas,  he  was  called  "the  Blasphemer,"  and 
was  torn  to  pieces  by  dogs — doubtless  a  pious  invention. 
He  wrote  rhetorical,  critical,  and  biographical  works,  ro- 
mances, dialogues,  poems,  etc. 

Lucian  (160  A.  D.),  anative  of  Samosata  on  the  Euphrates, 
lived  to  write  Attic  prose  which?  though  by  no  means  fault- 
less, was  the  best  that  had  been  written  for  400  years.  His 
"  Dialogues  of  the  Gods, "  almost  Homeric  in  their  freshness 
and  almost  Aristophanic  in  their  fun,  bring  out  the  ludi- 
crous side  of  the  popular  Greek  faith  ;  the  "Dialogues  of 
the  Dead  "  are  brilliant  satires  on  the  living.  In  his  "Auc- 
tion of  Philosophers "  the  gods  knock  down  each  of  the 
great  thinkers  to  the  highest  bidder ;  Socrates  goes  for 
about  £600 ;  Aristotle  for  a  fifth  of  that  sum.  .  .  .  Much 
historical  interest  belongs  to  his  sketch  of  "Peregrinua," 
a  man  whom  he  represents  as  having  been  a  Christian.  .  . 
His  "Timon,"  the  misanthrope,  is  interesting  In  connec- 
tion with  Shakspere's  play.  The  "Veracious  History,"  a 
mock  narrative  of  travel,  is  the  original  of  such  books  as 
"Gulliver's  Travels."  Lucian  has  much  in  common  with 
Swift,  and  more,  perhaps,  with  Voltaire. 

Jehb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  153. 

Lucian.  Born  at  Samosata,  Syria,  about  240  a.d.: 
martyred  at  Nicomedia^,  Bithynia,  about  312.  A 
theologian  and  bibUeal  critic,  presbyter  of  An- 
tioch,  who  was  put  to  death  as  a  Christian  under 
Maximin.  Little  is  known  of  his  career.  He  was  the 
reputed  author  of  a  creed  which  was  submitted  to  the 
Synod  of  Antioeh  (341)  as  a  substitute  for  the  Nicene  Creed, 
and  which  is  said  to  have  been  adopted  by  a  Semi-Arian 
synod  in  C!aria  in  367. 

Luciana  (lo-si-a'na).  In  Shakspere's  "Comedy 
of  Errors,"  the  sister  of  Adriana. 


Lucianists 

Luciauists  (lu-shian-ists).  The  follo-wers  of 
Lueian  or  Lucan,  a  Maroionite  leader  in  the 
2d  century,  who  taught  that  the  actual  soul 
and  body  o.C  a  man  ■would  not  come  forth  in  the 
resurrection,  but  some  representative  of  them. 
Lucifer  (lu'si-ffer).  [L.,  'light-bringing.']  The 
morning  star ;  the  planet  Venus  when  it  appears 
in  the  morning  before  sunrise :  when  it  follows 
the  sun,  or  appears  in  the  evening,  it  is  called 
Hesperus,  or  the  evening  star.  The  name  "  day-atax" 
is  applied  by  Isaiah  figuratively  to  a  king  of  Babylon : 
this  was  rendered  in  the  authorized  version  by  "Lucifer." 
Prom  this  passage  (Isa.  xiv.  12)  the  name  was,  by  mistake, 
also  given  to  Satan. 

PandBemonium,  city  and  proud  seat 
Of  Lucifer  ;  so  by  allusion  call'd 
Of  that  bright  star  to  Satan  paragon'd. 

Matm,  P.  L.,  X.  426. 

Lucifer.  Died  371  A.  D.  A  bishop  of  Caliris 
(Cagliari)  in  Sardinia,  a  fierce  controversialist, 
and  founder  of  a  sect  of  Luoif  erians  named  from 
him,  whose  chief  tenet  was  that  no  bishop  who 
had  conformed  in  any  m  easure  to  Arianism  could 
retainhis  rank  if  he  rejoined  the  orthodoxparty. 

Lucile  (lu-sel').  A  narrative  poem  by  the  Earl 
of  L^jtton  (Owen  Meredith),  published  in  1860. 

Luciuus  (lu-sil'i-us),  Caius.  Bom  at  Suessa 
Aurunea,  Campania,  about  180  B.  c. :  died  at 
Naples,  103  b.  c.  A  Latin  satirical  poet,  author 
of  "  SatursB,"  miscellaneous  poems  containing 
a  very  free  criticism  of  contemporary  life. 

Lucina  (lii-si'na).  In  Roman  mythology,  the 
goddess  who  presided  over  childbirth,  consid- 
ered as  a  daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Juno,  but  fre- 
quently confused  with  Juno  or  mth  Diana.  She 
corresponded  more  or  less  closely  to  the  Greek 
goddess  Ilithyia. 

Lucinde  (Ill-sand').  1.  The  daughter  of  Sgana- 
relle  in  Molifere's  "L'Amour  m^decin." —  2.  The 
daughter  of  G6ronte  in  MoliSre's  "Le  m^decin 
malgr6  Itii."  It  is  to  cure  her  that  Sganarelle  is 
obliged  to  pretend  to  be  a  doctor. 

Lucio  (lu'shio).  A  fantastic  and  profligate  char- 
acter in  Shakspere's  "  Measure  for  Measure." 

Lucius  (lu'shius).  [L.,  'pertaining  to  the  light  or 
daybreak';  Gr.  Aov/ctof,  It.  Lucio,  Sp.Luoio,  Pg. 
Lucto,  F.  Luce.']  Bishop  of  Adrianople  in  the 
4th  century.  He  was  expelled  from  his  see  by  the 
Arians  about  340 ;  appealed  to  the  Koman  Council  under 
Julius,  which  ordered  his  restoration — a  decree  which  was 
resisted  by  the  Eusebians  in  his  diocese ;  and  was  finally 
reestablished  in  his  see  by  Constantius„in  accordance  with 
the  decision  of  the  Council  of  Sardica. 

Lucius  I.    Bishop  of  Rome  253-254. 

Lucius  II.  (Gerhard  da  Caccianamichi).  Died 
Feb.  25,  1145.  Pope  1144-45.  He  was  kUled 
by  a  stone  thrown  during  the  insurrection 
against  the  papal  government. 

Lucius  III.  (tJbaldo  AUucingoli).  Died  Nov. 
24,  1185.    Pope  1181-85. 

Lucius.  1.  In  Shakspere's  tragedy  "Julius 
Csesar,"  a  boy,  a  servant  of  Brutus. —  3.  In 
Shakspere's  "  Cymbeline,"  a  general  of  the  Ro- 
man forces. — 3.  In  Shakspere's  (?)  "Titus  An-' 
dronicus,"  the  son  of  Titus.  He  has  a  son  who  is 
also  namedLucius. — 4.  In  Shakspere's  "  Timon 
of  Athens,"  a  flattering  lord ;  also,  in  the  same 
play,  a  servant  who  waits  on  Timon's  creditors. 

Lucius  Junius  Brutus.  A  tragedy  by  Andrieux, 
produced  at  the  Com6die  Fran9aise  in  1830. 

Lucius  Junius  Brutus.Father  of  his  Country. 
A  tragedy  by  Nathaniel  Lee,  produced  in  1681. 

Lucka  (16k'  a) .  A  small  to  wn  in  Saxe-Altenburg, 
Germany,  situated  on  the  Schnauder  18  miles 
south  of  Leipsie.  Here,  May  31, 1307,  the  Thu- 
ringians  defeated  th6  Imperialists  under  Philip 
of  Nassau. 

Luckau  (16k' ou).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Berste 
47  miles  south  by  east  of  Berlin.  Here,  June  4, 
1813  the  Prussians  and  Russians  under  Von  Biilow  defeated 
the  French  under  Oudinot. 

Lucke  (lu'ke),  Gottfried  Christian  Friedrich. 

Born  at  Egeln,  near  Magdeburg,  Prussia,  Aug. 
23,  1791  •  died  at  Gottingen,  Feb.  14,  1855.  A 
German  theologian,  professor  successively  at 
Berlin,  Bonn,  and  Gottingen.  He  wrote  "Kom- 
mentar  uber  die  Schiiften  des  Evangellsten  Johannes" 
("Commentary  on  the  'Writings  of  the  Evangelist  John," 
1820-32),  etc. 

Luckenwalde  (16'ken-val-de).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Nuthe  29  miles  south  by  west  of  Berlin.  It 
manufactures  cloth,  etc.  Population  (1890), 
18,008. 

Luckuer  (lak'ner).  Count  Nikolaus.  Bom  at 
Cham,  Bavaria,  Jan.,  1722:  guillotined  at  Paris, 
Jan.  4, 1794.  A  general  in  the  Dutch  and  Ger- 
man and  (after  the  Seven  Years'  War)  in  the 
French  service.     He  became  a  marshal  m  1791-  and 


628 

was  condemned  and  put  to  death  by  the  Bevolutionary  tri- 
bunal on  a  charge  of  treason. 

Lucknow,  or  Lakhnau  (luk'nou).  l.  A  divi- 
sion in  Oudh,  British  India.  Area,  4,504  square 
miles.  Population(1881),  2,622,681.— 2.  A  dis- 
trict in  the  division  of  Lucknow,  intersected  by 
lat.  27°  N.,  long.  81°  E.  Area,  967  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  774,163.-3.  The  capital  of 
Oudh  and  of  the  district  of  Lucknow,  situated 
ou  the  Gumti  about  lat.  26°  52'  N.,  long.  80° 
55'  E.  It  manufactures  gold  and  silver  brocade,  muslin, 
etc.  Among  the  chief  buildings  is  the  mausoleum  Imam- 
bara,  a  great  hall  dating  from  the  middle  of  the  last  cen- 
tury, and  one  of  the  most  interesting  productions  of  the 
later  Indian-Saracenic  style.  The  plan  is  rectangular,  263 
by  146  feet  The  fine  central  hall,  162  by  53J  feet,  is  ar- 
caded  on  both  sides  and  flanked  in  front  by  a  porch  and  at 
the  back  byagallery.  Bachendpresentsanoctagonalroom 
and  two  closed  side  chambers.  The  vaults  are  formed  in 
thick,  solid  masses  of  concrete,  precisely  according  to  the 
ancient  Boman  system.  The  general  elf  ect  is  picturesque 
and  impressive,  though  the  ornamental  details  show  de- 
cadence. Lucknow  was  defended  (at  first  under  Sir  Henry 
Lawrence)  gainst  the  Indian  mutineers  July-Sept.,  1867 ; 
relieved  by  Havelook  Sept.  25 ;  again  relieved  by  Campbell 
Nov.  17;  and  finally  captured  by  Campbell  March,  1858. 
Population  (1891),  with  cantonment,  273,028. 

Luck  of  Eden  Hall,  The.  A  drinking-cup  long 
preserved  at  Eden  Hall  in  Cumberland.  Accord- 
ing to  "Notes  and  Queries,"  Feb.  18, 1893,  it  is  still  in  ex- 
istence. It  is  a  chalice  of  enameled  glass,  and  is  of  10th- 
century  workmanship,  presumably  Venetian.  There  is  a 
legend  that  the  luck  of  the  Kusgrave  family  depends  on 
its  preservation : 

"If  this  cup  either  break  or  fall. 
Farewell  the  luck  of  Eden  Hall." 

Lu^on  (lii-s6n').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Vendue,  western  France,  20  miles  north  of  La 
Rochelle.  Here,  1793,  the  French  republicans  defeated 
the  Vendeans.  It  has  a  cathedral.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  6,636. 

LuQon.    See  Luzon. 

Lucrece  (lii-kres').  \li.  iMcreUa."]  A  poem  by 
Shakspere,  published  in  1594. 

Lucretia  (lii-kre'shia).  In  Roman  legend,  the 
wife  of  Tarquinius  CoUatiuus.  HerrapebySextus 
Tarquinius  led  to  the  overthrow  of  the  Tarquins  and  the 
establishment  of  the  republic.    See  SexUts. 

Lucretia,  or  the  Children  of  Night.  A  novel 
by  Bulwer  Lytton,  published  in  1846. 

Lucretia  gens  (Iti-kre'shia  jenz).  A  Roman 
patrician,  and  later  also  plebeian,  clan.  Its  sur- 
names were  (patrician)  Triciptinus,  (plebeian) 
Gallus,  Ofella,  Vespillo,  and  Carus. 

Lucretius  (lu-kre'shius)  (Titus  Lucretius  Ca- 
rus). Bom  at  Rome,  probably  about  96  b.  c.  : 
died  Oct.  15,  55  B.  c.  A  celebrated  Roman  phil- 
osophical poet.  He  was  the  author  of  "  De  rerum  na- 
tura  ("  On  me  Nature  of  Things  "),  a  didactic  and  philo- 
sophical poem  in  six  books,  treating  of  physics,  of  psy- 
chology, and  (briefly)  of  ethics  from  the  Epicurean  point 
of  view.  He  committed  suicide  probably  in  a  fit  of  insan- 
ity. According  to  a  popular  but  doubtless  erroneous  tra- 
dition, his  madness  was  due  to  alove-philter  administered 
to  him  by  his  wife. 

Lucrezia  Bori[ia.    See  Borgia. 

Lucrezia  Borgia  (16-krat'se-a  bor'ja).  An  opera 
by  Donizetti,  first  produced  at  Milan  in  1834. 
The  words  were  adapted  from  Victor  Hugo's  play  of  the 
same  name,  produced  at  Paris  in  1833.    The  opera  was 

g reduced  at  the  Italiens  in  1840,  and  was  at  once  stopped 
y  Victor  Hugo.    The  words  were  rewritten  and  called 
"La  Kinegata."    Grove. 

Lucrezia  Floriani  (fl6-re-5'ne).  A  novel  by 
George  Sand,  published  in  1846. 

Lucrine  (lu'krin)  Lake.  In  ancient  ^eo^aphy, 
a  small  salt-water  lake  in  Campania,  Italy,  9 
miles  west-northwest  of  Naples:  the  Roman 
Laous  Luerinus,  modem  Lago  Lucrino.  It  was 
famous  for  its  oysters. 

Luc-SUr-Mer  (llik'sfir-mar').  A  watering-place 
in  the  department  of  Calvados,  France,  on  the 
English  Channel  10  miles  north  of  Caen. 

LucuUus  (lii-kul'us),  Lucius  Licinius,  sur- 
named  Fonticus.  Born  probably  about  110 
B.  c:  died  about  57  b.  c.  A  Roman  general. 
He  served  under  Sulla  in  the  East ;  was  curule  edile  in  79, 
and  consul  in  74 ;  defeated  Mithridates  in  Asia  Minor  74- 
71 ;  defeated  Tigranes  near  Tigranocerta  in  69 ;  and  was  re- 
called to  Rome  in  66.  He  was  afterward  famous  for  his 
wealth  and  his  luxury.  His  villas  at  Tusculum  and  near 
Neapolis  were  famous  for  their  splendor,  and  he  is  said  to 
have  expended  fabulous  sums  on  his  table.  He  was  the 
first  to  introduce  cherries  Into  Italy.  He  was  also  a  col- 
lector of  books  and  a  patron  of  learning. 

Lucy  (lu'si).  [FromL.X^tcia  (which  see).]  1. 
In  Sheridan's  comedy  "The  Rivals,"  a  clever 
waiting-maid  of  great  apparent  simplicity. — 
2.  The  rival  of  Polly  in  Ga/s '  'Beggar's  Opera." 

Lud  (lud).  In  Gen.  x.,  the  fourth  in  the  list  of 
the  children  of  Shem. 

The  name  Lud,  which  follows  that  of  Arphaxad,  cannot 
be  correct.  The  reading  must  be  corrupt,  though  it  is 
impossible  to  conjecture  what  it  could  originally  have 
been.  Lud  or  Lydia belongs  to  a  different  zone  from  that 
of  the  children  of  Shem,  and,  as  we  have  seen,  is  already 
referred  to  under  the  name  of  Magog. 

Sauce,  Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  64. 


Ludovlsi  Ares 

Lud  (lud).    A  mythical  king  of  Britain. 

The  association  of  Llfid,  or  "  King  Lud  "  as  he  has  come 
to  be  called  in  English,  with  London,  is  apparently  found- 
ed on  a  certain  amount  of  fact :  one  of  the  Welsh  names 
for  London  is  Caer  Lfid,.or  Lud's  Fort,  and  if  this  is  open 
to  the  suspicion  of  having  been  suggested  first  by  Geof. 
f  rey  that  can  hardly  be  supposed  possible  in  the  case  of 
the  English  name  of  Ludgate  Hill.  The  probability  is 
that,  as  a  temple  on  a  hill  near  the  Severn  associated  him 
with  that  river  in  the  west,  so  a  still  more  ambitious 
temple  on  a  hill  connected  him  with  the  Thames  in  the 
east ;  and  as  an  aggressive  creed  can  hardly  signalize  its 
conquests  more  effectually  than  by  appropriating  the  fanes 
of  the  retreating  faith,  no  site  could  be  guessed  with  more 
probability  to  have  been  sacred  to  the  Celtic  Zeus  than 
the  eminence  on  which  the  dome  of  St.  Paul's  now  rears 
its  magnificent  form.      Ehys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  129. 

Luddites  (lud'its).  A  name  given  to  the  riot- 
ers who  attempted  to  destroy  machinery  at  Not- 
tingham and  elsewhere  in  England,  1811-12 
and  1816 :  so  called  from  a  man  named  Lud. 

Luden  (16'den).  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Loxstedt, 
near  Bremen,  April  10, 1780 :  died  at  Jena,  Ger- 
many, May  23,  1847.  A  German  historian,  pro- 
fessor of  history  at  Jena.  His  chief  work  is  a 
"Geschichte  des  deutsohen  Volks"  (1825-37: 
"  History  of  the  German  People  "  to  1237). 

Llidenscheid  (Ifi'den-shid).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  "Westphalia,  Prussia,  34  miles  northeast 
of  Cologne.     Population  (1890),  16,169. 

Liideritzland  (lii'der-its-land).  The  region 
around  Angra  Pequena,  annexed  by  Germany 
1884.  It  is  now  included  in  German  Southwest 
Africa. 

Liiders  (Iti'ders),  Count  Alexander.  Bom  Jan. 
26, 1790 :  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  13, 1874. 
A  Russian  general.  He  served  in  the  Turkish  war 
1828-29,  in  the  Polish  insurrection  1831,  and  in  the  Cauca- 
sus ;  defeated  the  Hungarians  at  Sch&ssburg  Jidy  31, 1849 ; 
was  commander-in-chief  in  the  Crimea  1866 ;  and  was  gov- 
ernor of  Poland  1861-62. 

Ludewig  (lo'de-vio),  Hermann  Ernst.  Bom 
at  Dresden,  Oct.  14,  1809:  died  at  Brooklyn, 
Dec.  12, 1856.  A  German-American  bibliogra- 
pher. He  published  "  Literature  of  American 
Local  History"  (1846-48),  etc. 

Ludgate  (lud'gat).  [Possibly  from  the  legen- 
dary British  king  Lud.]  An  old  gate  of  the  City 
of  London.  In  the  earlier  history  of  the  city,  all  the  re- 
gion between  the  city  and  Westminster  yvaa  a  marsh  or  fen, 
and  the  only  western  egress  was  by  Watling  street  at  New- 
gate. Laterthe  fen  was  filled  up,  the  "  Straunde  "road  was 
made,  and  Ludgate  was  built  some  time  in  the  12th  cen- 
tury. The  gate  itself  was  for  a  long  time  used  as  a  prison, 
but  was  abandoned  when  Newgate  was  built.  Ludgate 
was  destroyed  in  1760,  except  the  statue  of  Elizabeth,  which 
still  stands  by  St.  Dunstan's  Church. 

Ludgate  Hill.  A  London  street  running  di- 
rectly west  from  St.  Paul's. 

Ludhiana  (16-de-a'na).  1.  A  district  in  the 
Panjab,  British  India*,'  intersected  by  lat.  30°  50' 
N.,  long.  76°  E.  Area,  1,453  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  648,722.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Ludhiana,  about  lat.  30°  ^'  N.,  long. 
75°  54'  E.    Population,  about  40,000. 

Ludington  (lud'ing-tgn).  A  city  in  Mason 
County,  Michigan,  situated  on  Lake  Michigan, 
at  the  mouth  of  P6re  Marquette  River,  in  lat. 
43°  56'  N.,  long.  86°  26'  W.  Population  (1900), 
7,166. 

Ludlow  (lud'16).  A  town  in  Shropshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Teme  and 
Corve,  25  miles  south  of  Shrewsbury.  The  castle 
is  a  magnificent  ruin,  ohiefiy  of  the  12th  century,  with 
many  huge  square  towers  on  its  outer  walls,  a  great  keep 
with  angle-turrets,  and  ruins  of  a  circular  Norman  chapeL 
It  was  the  residence  of  the  lords  president  of  Wales,  and 
for  a  time  a  royal  abode.  Ludlow  was  taken  by  the  Par- 
liament in  1646.    Population  (1891),  4,460. 

Ludlow,  Edmund.  Bom  at  Maiden  Bradley, 
Wilts,  England,  1617  (?) :  died  at  Vevay,  Swit- 
zerland, 1692.  An  English  general  and  repub- 
lican politician.  He  was  one  of  King  Charles's  judges 
in  1649,  and  signed  his  death-warrant ;  was  deputy  of  Ire- 
land 1661-52 ;  and  lived  In  exile  after  1660.  His  "Me- 
moirs "  were  published  1698-99. 

Ludlow,  Johnny.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs. 
Henry  Wood. 

Ludlow's  Code.    See  Code  o/1650. 

Ludolf  (16'dolf ),  Hiob.  Bom  at  Erfurt,  Prussia, 
1624:  died  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  April  8, 
1704.  A  German  Orientalist,  noted  especially 
for  his  works  on  the  language  and  history  of 
Abyssinia. 

Ludovisi  Ares  (16-d6-ve'ze  a'rez)  or  Mars.  An 
antique  marble  statue  in  the  Villa  Ludovisi, 
Rome,  discovered  in  the  Renaissance  period 
near  the  Piazza  CampitelU.  The  figure  is  of  colossal 
size.  The  god  is  represented  seated  in  an  easy  position, 
as  if  resting  from  effort,  on  a  rock,  against  which  lean  his 
greaves  and  circular  shield.  The  right  leg  is  extended ;  the 
left  is  raised  and  supported  on  the  helmet,  which  rests  on 
the  ground.  The  hands  are  crossed  on  the  left  knee,  the 
left  holding  a  sword.  The  face  bears  a  calm  expression, 
the  glance  being  directed  forward,  as  in  reflection.  The 
chlamys,  the  only  garment,  has  slid  down  from  the  shoul- 


Ludovisi  Axes 

dero,  and  its  folds  lie  looBeljr  about  the  hips  and  over 
the  thighs.  An  Eros,  with  quiver  beside  him,  sits  on  the 
ground  behind  the  god's  right  leg.  From  marks  on  the  left 
shoulder  and  below,  a  figure  completing  the  group  appears 
to  be  missing :  tliis  may  have  been  another  Eros,  a  Nike, 
or  an  Aphrodite.  The  work  is  held  by  most  authorities  to 
be  a  good  copy  of  an  original  of  the  school  of  Lysippus. 
Ludovisi  Juno.  A  colossal  head  in  the  Villa 
Ludovisi,  Bome.  it  is  one  of  the  most  impressive  con- 
ceptions of  the  Greek  Hera,  ascribed  by  the  best  critics  to 
an  Attic  artist  of  the  early  4th  century  B.  0.  The  calm  oval 
face  is  crowned  with  an  ornamented  stephane. 

Ludovisi  Palace.    See  Villa  ludovisi. 
Ludwig.    The  German  form  of  the  name  Louis. 
Ludwig  (lod'vlG),  Karl  Friedrich  Wilhelm. 

Born  Deo.  29, 1816:  died  April  23, 1895.  A  noted 
German  physiologist,  professor  suooessirely  at 
Marburg  (1846),  Zurich  (1849),  Vienna  (1855), 
and  Leipsio  (1865).  He  published  "Lehrbuoh  der 
Physiologie  des  Menschen  "  (1S52-66),  etc.,  and  numerous 
important  papers. 

Ludwig,  otto.  Born  at  Eisfeld,  Saxe-Meinin- 
gen,  Feb.  11,  1813:  died  at  Dresden,  Feb.  25, 
1865.  A  German  poet  and  novelist.  His  chief 
works  are  the  tragedies  " Der  ErbfSrster" (1868)  and  "Die 
Makkab^er"  (1854),  and  the  tale  "Zwischen  Himmel  und 
Erde  "  (1866). 

Ludwigsburg  (16d'viGs-bora).  A  town  in  the 
Neckar  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  8  miles 
north  of  Stuttgart,  it  was  founded  at  the  beginning 
of  the  ISth  century ;  contains  the  second  royal  residence 
and  a  noted  royal  palace ;  tnanufactures  organs,  etc.;  and 
is  an  important  military  station.  Population  (1890),  17,332. 

Ludwig's  Canal.  A  canal  in  Bavaria  which 
joins  the  Danube  and  Main,  it  connects  Bamberg 
on  the  Regnitz  with  DIetfurt  on  the  AltmiibL  Length, 
110  miles. 

Ludwigshafen  (lod'vios-ha-fen).  Atowninthe 
Bhine  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the 
Bhine  opposite  Mannheim:  formerly  called 
Bheinschanze.  It  is  the  chief  commerci^  place  of 
the  Palatinate.    Population  (1890),  28,768. 

Ludwigslied  (lod'vios-led).  ['Song  of  Lud- 
wig.'] A  poem,  in  Old  High  German,  on  the 
victory  of  King  Loids  HI.  over  the  Normans  in 
881. 

Ludwigslust  (lod'viGs-15st).  [G.,  'Ludwig's 
delight.']  A  town  in  Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 
Germany,  22  miles  south  of  Schwerin.  it  is  the 
second  grand-dacal  residence.    Population  (1890),  6,600. 

Lugano  (IS-ga'no).  A  town  in  the  canton  of 
Ticino,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Lake  of 
Lugano  13  miles  south  by  west  of  Bellinzona. 
It  is  the  chief  commercial  place  of  the  canton,  and  is  a 
central  point  for  tourists.  It  was  annexed  to  Switzerland 
about  1512,    Population  (1888),  5,244. 

Lugano,  Lake  of,  it.  Lago  di  Lugano  (la'gd  de 
16-ga'n6)  or  Lago  Ceresio  (che-ra'ze-o).  A 
lake  situated  partly  in  northern  Italy,  partly  in 
the  canton  of  Ticino,  Switzerland,  its  outlet  is 
the  Tresa  (into  Lago  Maggiore).  It  is  noted  for  its  beauty. 
Length,  20  miles.  Greatest  breadth,  2  miles.  Height  above 
searlevel,  890  feet. 

Lugansk  (IB-gansk').  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Yekaterinoslaff,  Bussia,  situated  on  the  Lu- 
gan  about  lat.  48°  80'  N.,  long.  39°  25'  B.  It  is 
the  center  of  a  coal-mining  region,  and  has  iron  manufac- 
tures.   Population  (1886-89),  16,046. 

Luganski,  Kosak.    See  bahl,  Vladimir. 

LngdunensiS;  or  Gallia  Lugdunensis  (gal'i-a 
lug-du-nen'sis).  A  province  of  the  Bomaii 
Empire,  situated  in  Gaul,  it  extended  from  Lugdu- 
nura  (Lyons),  northward  to  the  line  of  the  lower  Seine  (in- 
cluding Paris),  and  northwestward  throughBrittany  to  the 
ocean,  comprehending  the  upper  course  of  the  Seine  and 
nearly  the  entire  course  of  the  Loire.  It  was  conquered 
by  Julius  Csesar  68-61  B.  0. 

Lugdunum  (lug-dii'nuni).  TheBomanname  of 
Lyons. 

Lugdunum  Batavorum  (bat-a-vo'mm).  The 
Eoman  name  of  Leyden. 

Liigenfeld  (lu'gen-felt).  [G.,  'field  of  lies.'] 
The  name  given  to  the  field  near  Colmar  (Al- 
sace) where,  in  833,  Louis  the  Pious  was  led 
by  treachery  to  surrender  to  his  sons. 

Luggnagg  (lug'nag).  An  imaginary  island 
mentioned  in  "  Gulliver's  Travels  "  by  Swift. 

Lugii  (lu'ji-i),  or  Lygii  (lij'i-i).  [L.  (Taci- 
tus) ImqU,  Gr.  (Strabo)  ABirytoQ  The  collective 
name  of  a  Germanic  people,  first  mentioned  by 
Strabo,  in  the  region  between  the  middle  and 
upper  Vistula  and  the  Oder,  in  the  present 
Silesia,  Posen,  and  Poland.  The  Burgundii  formed 
their  northern  part.  The  Burii  and  the  Vandali  were  also 
Included  under  the  common  name.  The  Lugii  were  early 
in  the  1st  century  under  the  sovereignty  of  Maroboduus, 
the  Marcomannic  king. 

Lugnetz  (IBg'nets)  Valley.  A  valley  in  the 
western  part  of  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzer- 
land, south  of  Hanz.    Length,  18  miles. 

Lugo  (IS'go).  1.  A  province  of  Galicia,  Spain. 
ItTs  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  north,  Oviedo  and 
leon  on  the  east,  Orense  on  the  south,  and  Pontevedra 
and  Comnna  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  generally  moun- 
tainous. Area,  3,787  square  miles.  Population  (1887), 
432,166. 


629 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Lugo,  situated 
on  the  Miuho  in  lat.  42°  59'  N.,  long.  7°  32'  W. : 
the  ancient  LucusAugusti.  The  cathedral  is  a  large 
church  of  the  12th  and  13th  centuries.  From  time  im- 
memorial the  consecrated  host  ha«  here  been  permanently 
exposed  day  and  night.  The  circuit  of  the  city  walls,  of 
Eoman  foundation,  and  still  in  great  part  Roman,  is  com- 
plete. There  are  sulphur  baths  in  the  vicinity.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  19,952. 

Lugo.  A  small  town  in  the  province  of  Ba- 
venaa,  Italy,  14  miles  west  of  Eavenna. 

LugOS  (16'gosh).  The  capital  of  the  county 
of  Krass6-8zor6ny,  Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Temes  32  miles  east  by  south  of  Temesvdr. 
It  was  the  last  place  of  resort  of  the  Hungarian  revolu- 
tionists in  1849.    Population  (1890),  12,489. 

Luhrasp  (Pers.  pron.  Ion-rasp').  [According 
to  Oppert,  for  ruch-aspa,  having  red  or  bay 
horses.]  In  the  Shahnamah,  the  name  of  the 
fourteenth  Iranian  king,  successor  of  Kaikhus- 
rau,  and  a  descendant  of  Kaipishin,  third  son  of 
Kaiqubad.  He  is  said  to  have  enlarged  and  beautified 
Balkh,  and  to  have  there  built  a  fire-temple  called  Adar 
Burzin.  He  had  two  sons,  Guahtasp  and  Zarir.  To  the 
former,  represented  as  the  patron  of  Zoroaster,  he  left  his 
kingdom,  retiring  to  his  fire-temple  at  Balkh. 

Luimbe  (Iwem'be),  or  Ovaluimbe  (6-va-lwem'- 
be).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West  Africa, 
east  of  Bihe.  They  are  a  good-looking  and  peaceful 
people,  given  to  fishing  and  herding,  and  are  frequently 
harassed  by  their  neighbors  of  Bihe. 

Luini  (le-e'ne),  or  Luvini  (l8-ve'ne),  Bernar- 
dino. Bom  at  Luino,  Italy,  about  1475 :  died 
about  1535.  An  Italian  painter  of  the  Lombard 
school.    Many  of  his  works  are  in  MUan. 

Luino  (lo-e'no),  or  Luvino  (lo-ve'no).  A  small 
town  in  the  province  of  Cpmo,  Italy,  situated 
on  Lago  Maggiore  43  miles  northwest  of  Milan. 

Luitpold  (18'it-p61t),  Prince.  Bom  March  12, 
1821.  Third  son  of  Louis  I.  of  Bavaria,  and 
uncle  of  Louis  H.  and  Otto  I. :  regent  of  Bava- 
ria since  June,  1886. 

Luitprand.    See  Liwtprand. 

Luiz.    See  Louis.  ■ 

Luke(lok).  [L.iMcas,  Gr.Aomfif.]  "The  author, 
according  to  tradition,  of  the  third  gospel  and 
also  of  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles.  He  has  been  re- 
garded as  identical  with  the  Luke  several  times  mentioned 
in  the  New  Testament  as  a  companion  of  St.  Paul  (called 
in  Golossians  "the  beloved  physician").  Of  his  life  little 
is  known.  According  to  tradition  he  was  a  painter  as  well 
as  a  phj^sician.  Whether  or  not  he  suffered  martyrdom  is 
uncertain.  His  symbol  is  the  ox  (often  winged),  which 
was  given  him  as  an  emblem  of  sacrifice  and  priesthood 
because  "he  devised  about  the  priesthood  of  Jesus  Christ." 

Luke,  Gospel  of.  The  third  gospel,  attributed 
by  tradition  to  Luke,  the  companion  of  St.  Paul. 

Lukmanier  (16k-man'yer).  A  pass  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  cantons  of  Grisons  and  Ticino,  Swit- 
zerland. It  connects  Dissentis,  in  the  valley  of  the 
Rhine,  with  Biasca,  in  the  valley  of  the  Ticino.  Height, 
6,290  feet. 

Lukow  (lo'kov).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Siedlce,  Eussian  Poland,  58  miles  east-south- 
east of  Warsaw.    Population,  7,156. 

Lukoyanoff  (16-k6-ya'nof).  A  small  town  in 
the  government  of  Nijni-Novgorod,  Bussia,. 
about  80  miles  south  of  Nijni-Novgorod. 

Lukuga  (lo-k6'ga).  The  western  outlet  of  Lake 
Tanganyika  into  the  Kongo  system, 

Lulei,  (lo'le-fi,').  The  capital  of  the  laen  of  Norr- 
botten,  Sweden,  situated  on  the  Gtdf  of  Both- 
nia, at  the  mouth  of  the  LuleS,  Elf,  about  lat.  65° 
36'  N.,  long.  22°  10'  E.  It  has  trade  in  timber. 
Population  (1891),  5,032. 

LuleSi  Elf.  A  river  in  northern  Sweden  which 
fiows  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia.  Length,  about 
200  miles. 

Lules  (lo'les).  A  South  American  Indian  tribe, 
formerly  inhabiting  the  plains  of  the  Gran 
Chaco,  west  of  the  river  ParanA,  about  lat.  30° 
S.  The  Jesuit  Barcena  preached  to  them  in  1690,  and 
wrote  a  grammar  of  their  language,  which  he  called  Toni- 
cote.  Since  that  time  the  tribe  has  disappeared,  and  is 
either  extinct  or  is  known  by  some  other  name.  Possibly 
the  modem  Vilelas  are  descended  from  it. 

Lule  (18'le)  stock.  The  name  given  by  some 
ethnologists  to  a  group  of  South  American  In- 
dian tribes  of  the  Chaco  region.  TheVilelas,Ma- 
taras,  the  ancient  Lules,  and  others  are  included  in  it.  The 
tribes  are  very  imperfectly  known,  and  the  proposed  clas- 
sification is  doubUul. 

LuUy,  or  Lulli  (lii-le'),  Giovanni  Battista. 
Born  at  Florence,  1633 :  died  at  Paris,  March 
22, 1687.  A  noted  French  composer,  chiefly  of 
operas.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  French 
grand  opera. 

LuUy  (liU'i), Raymond.  [L . BairmmdusLullus. ] 
Bom  at  Palma,  Balearic  Islands,  about  1235 : 
died  on  his  return  from  Africa,  June  30, 1315. 
A  Spanish  scholastic  and  alchemist,  missionary 
to  the  Mohammedans.  His  missionary  labors  ledhim 
to  Asia,  and  several  times  to  Africa.  He  was  the  author  of 
a  system  of  logic,  "Ars  Magna,"  and  of  many  other  works. 


Lundy's  Lane 

Lulongo  (lo-long'go).  An  aflluent  of  the  Kongo 
Eiver  which  drains  the  country  between  the 
equator  and  the  bend  of  the  Kongo.  The  Lo- 
pori  and  the  Maringa  are  its  principal  arms. 

Lummi  (lum'g).  A  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  now  on  the  Lummi  reservation,  on 
Bellingham  Bay,  Whatcom  County,  Washing- 
ton.    They  number  about  300.     See  Salishan. 

Lumpkin  (lump'kin),  Tony.  In  Goldsmith's 
comedy  "She  Stoops  to  Conquer,"  an  ignorant, 
noisy,  conceited  country  squire,  both  loutish 
and  vicious.  Listen  was  noted  for  his  perform- 
ance of  this  part. 

The  widow  Blackacre  and  her  son  are  like  her  lawsuit 
—  everlasting.  A  more  lively,  palpable,  bustling,  ridicu- 
lous picture  cannot  be  drawn.  Jerry  is  a  hopeful  lad, 
though  undutiful,  and  gets  out  of  bad  hands  into  worse. 
Goldsmith  evidently  had  an  eye  to  these  two  precious  char- 
acters in  "She  Stoops  to  Conquer."  Tony  Lumpkin  and 
his  mother  are  of  the  same  family,  and  the  incident  of  the 
theft  of  the  casket  of  jewels  and  the  bag  of  parchments  is 
nearly  the  same  in  both  authors. 

HaiAiU,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  103. 

Luna  (lu'na).  [L.,  'the  moon.']  The  Italian 
goddess  of  the  moon,  she  had  at  Rome  an  ancient 
sanctuary  on  the  Aventine  and  a  temple  on  the  Palatine. 
The  latter  was  illuminated  at  night. 

Luna.  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  in  Italy, 
near  the  site  of  the  modem  Spezia. 

Luna  (lo'na),  Alvaro  de.  Bom  1388:  died 
1453.  A  Spanish  courtier  and  poet.  He  became 
a  page  at  the  court  of  John  11.  of  Castile  1408,  rising  quickly 
to  the  position  of  favorite  and  minister.  He  was  made 
constable  of  Castile  in  1423 ;  exiled  thi-ough  the  infiuence 
of  the  grandees  in  1427  ;  recalled  in  14S0,  and  made  grand 
master  of  the  order  of  St.  James  of  Compostella;  exiled 
1439,  and  recalled  1445 ;  and  intrusted  with  the  command 
of  the  army.  Having  lost  the  favor  of  the  king,  he  fell  a 
victim  to  a  conspiracy  of  the  court  nobles  ;  was  arrested 
in  Burgos  April  6, 1463 ;  and  shortly  after  was  executed  at 
Valladolid. 

Luna,  Pedro  de.     See  Benedict  XIII. 

Lunalilo  (16-na-le'16).  Born  at  Honolulu, 
Hawaiian  Islands,  Jan.  31,  1835:  died  there, 
Feb.  3,  1874.  King  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands 
1873-74. 

Luna  y  Arellano  (lo'na  e  a-ral-ya'no),  Tristan 
de.  Born  in  Aragon  early  in  the  16th  century. 
A  Spanish  captain.  He  served  under  Coronado  in 
northern  Mexico  va.  1639.  In  1569  he  was  given  command 
of  an  expedition  destined  to  conquer  and  colonize  Florida, 
of  which  he  was  named  governor.  He  sailed  from  Vera 
Cruz  in  June,  with  13  ships  and  a  force  variously  given  at 
from  600  to  2,000  men ;  and  in  Aug.  formed  a  settlement, 
probably  on  Santa  Rosa  Bay.  Most  of  his  ships  were  shortly 
after  lost  in  a  hurricane ;  the  men,  after  great  suffering, 
mutinied ;  and  in  1661  the  enterprise  was  abandoned. 
Luna  went  to  Havana,  and  thence  returned  to  Mexico  in 
1562. 

Lund  (lond).  A  city  in  the  laen  of  Malmohus, 
Sweden,  situated  9  miles  northeast  of  Malmb 
and  23  miles  east  of  Copenhagen :  the  medieval 
Londinum  Gothorum.  The  cathedral,  reputed  the 
finest  church  in  Scandinavia,  was  built  about  the  middle 
of  the  11th  century,  and  has  been  well  restored.  In  style 
it  is  Romanesque,  with  a  group  of  6  towers  and  a  semi- 
circular apse.  The  remarkable  crypt  contains  a  monu- 
mental well.  The  university  was  founded  in  1668,  and 
has  about  600  students.  Lund  is  an  important  medieval 
city ;  was  the  seat  of  an  archbishopric  from  1104  to  1536 ; 
and  was  the  scene  of  a  defeat  of  the  Danes  by  the  Swedes  in 
1676,  and  of  a  treaty  between  Denmark  and  Sweden  in  1679. 
It  was  frequently  a  royal  residence,  and  was  the  place  where 
Tegner  lived.    Population  (1891),  15,091. 

Lund,  Peter  William.  Bom  at  Copenhagen, 
Denmark,  June  14,  1801 :  died  at  Lag6a  Santa, 
Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  May  5,  1880.  A  Danish 
naturalist.  He  traveled  in  Brazil  from  1827  to  1830,  and 
returned  to  that  country  in  1831  on  a  scientific  mission 
from  the  government  of  Russia.  In  1834  he  fixed  his  resi- 
dence at  Lagda  Santa,  and  the  remainder  of  his  life  was 
passed  in  the  exploration  of  the  numerous  limestone  caves 
of  Minas  Geraes,  and  the  study  of  the  fossil  (Quaternary) 
animals  found  in  them.  Of  these  he  discovered  several 
hundred  species. 

Lunda  (lon'da).  A  great  Bantu  nation  and 
kingdom,  recently  divided  between  Portuguese 
Angola  and  the  Kongo  State.  Muata-Yamvua,  the 
ruler  of  Lunda,  was  at  one  time  the  head  of  an  empire  ex- 
tending from  the  Kuango  River  to  the  Lualaba,  including,  at 
the  extreme  northwest  and  southeast,  the  vassal  states  of 
Muene  Putu  Kassongo  and  Muata  Cazembe,  and  in  the 
southwest  the  Eioko  nation.  The  Lunda  tribe  occupies 
the  basins  of  the  upper  Kassai  and  Lulua.  They  have  a  fine 
physique,  like  the  Baluba,  and  are  friendly  to  the  whites, 
but  are  lazy  and  given  to  slave-trading.  Weakened  by 
feuds,  they  are  victimized  by  the  Makioko,  their  nomind 
vassals,  and  are  powerless  to  resist  the  encroachments  of 
the  whites.  The  Lunda  language  differs  little  in  struc- 
ture from  Eimbundu,  the  language  of  Angola. 

Lundy  (lim'di)  Island.  A  small  island  in  the 
Bristol  Channel,  27  miles  west-northwest  of 
Barnstaple,  Devonshire,  England. 

Lundy's  Lane  (lun'diz  Ian).  A  road  leading 
westward  from  Niagara  Eiver,  near  Niagara 
Palls.  Here,  July  25, 1814,  a  battle  was  fought  (called 
also  the  battle  of  Bridgewater  or  of  Niagara)  between  tha 
Americans  (2,600)  under  Brown  and  the  British  (4,500)  nn. 


Londy's  Lane 

der  Dnimmond.  The  British  were  repulsed,  but  afterward 
returned  and  kept  possession  of  the  field.  American  loss, 
862 ;  British,  878. 
Liineburg  (lu'ne-bSrG).  l.  A  former  princi- 
pality, now  a  government  district  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  proyinoe  of  Hannover,  Prussia. 
The  surface  is  generally  leveL  It  was  the  ancient  inher- 
itance of  the  Welf  family.  The  duchy  of  Liineburg  grew 
into  the  electorate  (later  the  kingdom)  of  Hannover  (which 
see). 

2.  The  capital  of  Liineburg,  situated  on  the 
Ilmenau  26  miles  southeast  o2  Hamburg.  It  has 
manufactures  of  salt  and  cement.  It  is  an  ancient  Hanse 
town.  The  War  of  Liberation  opened  here  with  a  defeat 
of  the  French  under  Morand,  April  2, 1813.  Population 
(1890),  20,327. 

Liineburg  Heath,  G.  Liineburger  Heide  (Ifi'- 
ne-boro-er  hi'de).  A  moor  in  the  province  of 
Hannover,  Prussia,  north  of  Celle. 

Lunel  (lii-nel').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
H6rault,  southern  France,  15  miles  east-north- 
east of  Montpellier.  It  has  trade  in  muscat 
wines.    Population  (1891),  commune,  6,793. 

Lnn^ville  (lu-na-vel').  A  eityin  the  department 
of  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  Prance,  near  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Meurthe  and  Vezouze  16  miles 
east-southeast  of  Nancy,  it  is  a  commercial  and 
manufacturing  center,  and  contains  a  noted  riding-school 
and  a  ch&teau.  It  was  the  capital  of  Lorraine  in  the  18th 
century.  The  emperor  Francis  I.  was  bom  here.  Popular 
tion  J1891),  21,542. 

Luneville,Peace  of.  Atreaty  which  the  emperor 
concluded  with  Prance  at  Lun^ville  Feb.  9,1801. 
France  received  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine.  The  arrange- 
ments made  with  Austria  by  the  peace  of  Campo-Formio 
were  confirmed ;  Tuscany  was  ceded  to  Parma ;  aud  the 
Cisalpine,  Ligurian,  Helvetic,  and  Batavian  republics  were 
recognized.  It  was  the  beginning  of  the  end  of  the  Holy 
iRoman  Empire. 

Lnngasi  (long-ga'se).  An  African  river  and 
tribe  of  Kamerun. 

Lupaca  (lo-pa-ka').  The  dialect  formerly  spoken 
by  a  branch  of  the  Aymard  Indians  of  Bolivia. 
See  Aymards. 

Lupercal(lu'p&r-kal).  [SeeZitpercits.]  Agrotto 
near  the  western  angle  of  the  Palatine  HiU,  in 
ancient  Rome,  dedicated,  according  to  tradition, 
by  the  ori^nal  Arcadian  settlers  to  Luperous,  a 
Latin  rustic  deity,  it  was  the  den  of  the  she-wolf  that 
BuckledBomulusandltemus.  AstimewentontheLupercal 
was  adorned  architecturally,  and  its  decoration  was  re- 
newed by  Augustus.  Near  the  Lupercal  was  the  Ficus 
Huminalis,  the  fig-tree  beneath  which  Komulus  and  Ee- 
mus  were  left  by  the  retiringwaters  of  the  Tiber,  and  above 
it  was  the  primitive  thatched  hut  preserved  to  imperial 
days  as  a  relic  of  Eomulus. 

Lupercalia  (lii-per-ka'li-a).  [See  iMpereal.'] 
One  of  the  most  ancient  of  Roman  festivals,  cel- 
ebrated every  year  in  the  middle  of  February. 
The  origin  of  the  festival  is  older  than  the  legend  of  Bom- 
olus  and  the  wolf,  with  which,  as  with  the  Greek  cult  of 
Pan,  it  was  sought  later  to  connect  it.  It  was  originally  a 
local  purification  ceremony  of  the  Palatine  city,  in  which 
human  victims  were  sacrificed  in  the  Lupercal  cave  near 
the  Porta  Romana,  after  having  been  conducted  around  the 
walls.  In  historic  times  the  victims  were  goats  and  a  dog, 
and  the  celebrants  ran  around  the  old  line  of  the  Palatine 
walls,  striking  all  whom  they  met  with  thongs  cut  from 
the  skins  of  the  slaughtered  animals.  These  blows  were  re- 
puted to  preserve  women  from  sterility.  The  divinity  of 
the  Lupercalia  was  the  old  Etrurian  god  Inuus,  akin  to 
Mars. 

Lnpercus  (lii-p6r'kus).  [L.,  'he  who  wards  ofE 
the  wolves.']  The  god  Inuus  as  the  protecting 
deity  of  shepherds. 

Lupus  (lu'pus).  [L.,  'a  wolf.']  An  ancient  south- 
em  constellation,  the  "Wolf,  representing  a 
beast  held  by  the  hand  of  the  Centaur.  It  has 
two  stars  of  the  third  magnitude. 

LuT  (lor).  A  tribe  of  central  Africa,  occupying 
a  wide  district  northwest  of  Albert  Nyanza. 
Their  customs  are  similar  to  those  of  the  Wanyoro,  whose 
nominal  suzerainty  they  acknowledge.  The  accent  and 
the  ground-words  of  the  Lur  language  are  identical  with 
those  of  the  Shuli,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Madi. 
Both  may  belong  to  one  cluster  with  Shilluk. 

Luray  (lii-ra,')  Cave.  A  cave  in  Page  County, 
Virginia,  near  Luray,  78  mUes  west  by  south 
of  Washington.  It  consists  of  numerous  chambers 
extending  over  a  large  area,  and  is  especially  remarkable 
for  its  enormous  stalactites.    It  was  discovered  in  1878. 

Lure  (liir).  Atownin  the  department  of  Haute- 
Sa6ne,  Prance,  17  miles  east  by  north  of  Vesoul. 
Population  (1891),  communfe,  4,838. 

Lurewell  (Itir'wel),  Mistress.  A  character  in 
Farquhar's  comedy  "The  Constant  Couple": 
a  jilt  with  a  strong  desire  to  wreak  vengeance 
on  men  for  the  wrongs  done  her. 

Lurgan  (ISr'gan).  A  town  in  County  Armagh, 
Ireland,  19  imles  southwest  of  Belfast.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  11,447. 

Luria  (16're-a),  Isaac.  Bom  at  Jerusalem, 
1534 :  died  1672.  One  of  the  most  celebrated 
and  influential  Jewish  cabaUsts  and  mystics. 
His  teachings  were  published  by  his  disciple  Hayim  Vital 
G^abrese  in  the  works  "Tree  of  Life "  (" Ez  ha-Hayim  "), 
"Book  of  Transmigrations " ("Sepher  harGilgulm "),  and 
"Book  of  Gleamlngs  "  ("Sepher  ha-Likutim  "). 


630 

Luristan  (16-ris-tan').  A  province  of  western 
Persia,  bordeiing  on  Turkey.  The  surface  is 
moimtainous.    Population,  estimated,  300,000. 

Lurlei.    See  Lorelei. 

Lurline  (ler-len').  An  opera  by  Wallace,  first 
produced  at  Covent  Garden  in  1860. 

Lusatia  (lu-sa'shia),  G.  Lausitz  (lou'sits).  A 
region  in  Germany,  nowincludedinthekingdoms 
of  Saxony  aud  Prussia,  its  early  inhabitants  were 
Slavs,  and,  though  partly  Germanized,  it  still  has  a  lai^e 
population  of  Slavs  (Wends).  It  was  a  mark  or  march  on 
the  border  of  the  empire.  Upper  Lusatia  (Ober-Lausitz), 
in  the  southern  part,  was  acquired  by  Brandenburg  from 
Bohemia  about  1253.  Lower  Lusatia  (Nieder-Lausitz),  in 
the  northern  part,  was  acquired  by  Brandenburg  earfy  in 
the  14th  century.  Upper  Lusatia  was  gained  by  Bohemia 
in  1346,  and  Lower  Lusatia  in  1373.  Lusatia  belonged  tem- 
porari^  to  Hungary  in  the  second  half  of  the  15th  centuiy. 
With  Bohemia  it  passed  to  the  house  of  Hapsburg  in 
1526.  It  was  ceded  by  Austria  to  Saxony  in  1635.  Lower 
Lusatia  and  part  of  Upper  Lusatia  were  ceded  by  Saxony 
to  Prussia  in  1816. 

Lushais,  A  nomadic  race  living  on  the  frontier 
of  Assam,  Bengal,  and  Burma,  about  lat.  24° 
N.,  long.  93°  E. 

Lusiad  (lii'si-ad).  The.  The  national  epic  of 
Portugal,  by  Camoens,  published  in  1572.  It  has 
been  translated  into  English  by  Fanshawe,  Mickle,  Mus- 
grave,  Mitchell,  and  others.  It  is  in  10  cantos,  containing 
1,102  stanzas.    See  the  extract. 

The  poem  on  which  the  general  reputation  of  Camoens 
depends,  usually  known  under  the  name  of  the  Lusiad,  is 
entitled  by  the  Portuguese  "Os  Lusiadas,"  or  the  Lusi- 
tanians.  It  appears  to  have  been  the  object  of  the  author 
to  produce  a  work  altogether  national.  It  was  the  exploits 
of  his  fellow-countrymen  that  he  undertook  to  celebrate. 
'Bvi,  though  the  great  object  of  the  poem  is  the  recital  of 
the  Portuguese  conquests  in  the  Indies,  the  author  has  very 
happily  succeeded  in  embracing  all  the  illustrious  actions 
performed  by  his  compatriots  in  other  quarters  of  the 
world,  together  with  whatever  of  splendid  and  heroic 
achievement  historical  narration  or  popular  fables  could 
supply.  It  is  by  mistake  that  Vasco  da  Gama  has  been 
represented  as  the  hero  of  Camoens,and  that  those  portions 
of  the  work  not  immediately  connected  with  that  com- 
mander's expedition  are  regarded  as  episodes  to  the  main 
action.  There  is,  in  truth,  no  other  leading  subject  than 
his  country,  nor  are  there  any  episodes  except  such  parts 
as  are  not  immediately  connected  with  her  glory. 

SiSTtumdi,  Lit.  of  South  of  Europe,  IL  480. 

Lusignan  (Iti-zeu-yon').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Vienne,  western  France,  16  miles  south- 
west of  Poitiers.  It  is  noted  for  its  ruined  castle 
(built,  according  to  fable,  by  the  fairy  M^lusine).  The 
family  of  Lusignan  furnished  kings  to  Jerusalem  and 
Cyprus.    Population  (1891),  commune,  2,164. 

Lusignan,  Gujr  of.    See  Guy  of  Lusignan. 

Lusitania  (lu-si-ta'ni-a) .  In  ancient  geo^aphy, 
the  country  of  the  Lusitanians,  comprising  the 
modem  Portugal  to  the  river  Duero,  and  adjoin- 
ing parts  of  western  Spain,  in  a  later,  more  extended 
use,  it  was  one  of  the  Roman  provinces  into  which  His- 
pania  was  divided  by  Augustus. 

Lussin  (los-sen').  Anisland  in  the  Adriatic  Sea, 
about  lat.  44°  35'  N.,  belonging  to  the  crown- 
land  of  Istria,  Austria-Hungary.  Length,  about 
20  miles. 

Lussin-Ficcolo  (18s-sen'pik'k6-16).  A  seaport 
on  the  island  of  Lussin,  Istria,  Austria-Hungary. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  7,634. 

Lust's  Dominion,  or  the  Lascivious  Queen. 

A  play  published  in  1657.  it  was  attributed  to  Mar- 
lowe, and  was  published  as  his  in  1657 ;  but  it  is  probably 
the  same  play  as  "The  Spanish  Moor's  Tragedy,  now  at- 
tributed to  Dekker,  Haughton,  and  Day,  published  Feb.  13, 
1600.  Although  the  play  as  it  exists  dates  from  1600,  it 
was  certainly  founded  on  a  much  older  one.  Fleay, 
Lute-Player  (Mt'pla'''6r),  The.  A  painting  by 
Caravaggio,  in  the  Hermitage  Museum,  St.  Pe- 
tersburg. A  youth,  who  wears  a  white  shirt,  is  seated 
at  a  table  singing  tohislute.  On  the  table  are  flowers,  fruit, 
and  books. 

Lutetia,orLutetiaParisionun(lu-te'shi-apar- 
is-i-6'rum).  [F.LuUce.'i  1.  The  Roman  name  of 
Paris.  The  town,  the  chief  seat  of  the  Parisii, 
was  an  inconsiderable  place  in  Roman  times. 
— 3.  An  asteroid  (No.  21)  discovered  by  Gold- 
sohmidt  at  Paris,  Nov.  15, 1852. 

Luther  (IS'thto),  Martin.  Bom  at  Eisleben, 
Prussian  Saxony,  Nov.  10,  1483:  died  there, 
Feb.  18, 1546.  A  German  reformer  and  trans- 
lator of  the  Bible.  His  father,  who  was  a  slate-cutter 
by  trade,  removed  with  his  family  to  Mansf eld  the  year 
after  the  birth  of  the  son.  His  early  education  was  ob- 
tained at  Magdeburg,  and  at  Eisenach  (1498),  where  he 
lived  with  Frau  Ursula  Cotta.  In  1501  he  matriculated  at 
the  University  of  Erfurt  for  the  study  of  jurisprudence. 
He  took  his  examination  in  1505,  and  subsequently  deliv- 
ered lectures  on  the  physics  and  ethics  of  Aristotle.  This 
same  year,  against  the  wishes  of  his  family,  he  determined 
to  become  a  monk,  and  entered  the  Augustine  monastery 
at  Erfurt.  In  1607  he  was  consecrated  a  priest,  and  in 
1508  was  called  as  professor  of  philosophy  to  the  Univer- 
sity of  Wittenberg.  In  1610  he  went  to  Rome  on  business 
connected  with  his  monastic  order.  In  1512,  after  his  re- 
turn to  Wittenberg,  he  was  made  doctor  of  theology.  His 
first  important  action  in  the  direction  of  ecclesiastical  re- 
foim  was  his  publication,  Oct.  31, 1517,  on  the  church  door 
at  Wittenberg,  of  ninetjr-flve  theses  against  the  sale  of 
indulgences  by  the  Dominican  Tetzel.    His  propositions 


Lutuamian 

were  immediately  condemned  as  heretical,  and  violent  at- 
tacks were  made  upon  him  from  various  quarters,  both 
before  and  after  a  summons  to  Rome,  which  he  did  not 
obey.  In  1620  he  published  his  famous  "Address  to  the 
Christian  Nobles  of  the  German  Nation,"  which  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  tract  "On  the  Babylonian  Captivity  of  the 
Church  of  God."  This  same  year,  together  with  his  adher- 
ents, he  was  formally  excommunicated  by  Leo  X.,  and 
his  writings  were  burned  at  Rome,  Cologne,  and  Louvain. 
He  retaliated  by  publicly  burning,  at  Wittenberg,  the  bull 
of  excommunication  and  the  decretals  of  the  Pope,  to 
whom  he  now  renounced  all  allegiance.  At  the  Diet  of 
Worms,  April,  1621,  whither  he  was  summoned  by  the 
emperor  Charles  V.,  he  made  the  celebrated  speech  which 
ended  with:  "There  I  take  my  stand.  I  can  do  naught 
else.  So  help  me,  God.  Amen."  In  spite  of  his  vigorous 
defense  of  his  doctrines,  he  was  proscribed  by  the  em- 
peror. On  his  return  from  Worms,  through  the  Thurlngian 
Forest,  he  was,  by  order  of  his  friend,  the  Elector  of  Sax- 
ony, ostensibly  taken  prisoner  and  conveyed  to  the  Wart- 
burg,  at  Eisenach,  where  he  remained  in  disguise  the  fol- 
lowing ten  months  under  the  name  of  Junker  Georg. 
During  this  time  he  translated  the  New  Testament  into 
German,  and  had  already  completed  it  when  he  left  the 
Wartburg  in  March,  1522.  At  this  time,  in  spite  of  a  new 
proscription  by  the  emperor,  he  returned  to  Wittenberg, 
and  delivered  there  a  series  of  sermons  against  the  fanati- 
cism of  the  puritanical  image-breakers.  Here,  too,  was 
published  this  same  year  the  translation  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment. He  had  already  begun  the  translation  of  the  Old 
Testament,  of  which  the  books  of  Moses  were  put  into 
print  in  1523  and  the  Psalms  in  1524 ;  and  in  this  latter 
year  appeared  also  his  first  hymn-book.  In  1624,  further, 
he  laid  aside  his  cowl,  and  in  1626  married  Zatharina  von 
Bora,  a  nun,  who  had  renounced  her  vows  and  left  the 
convent.  From  1626-29  he  was  engaged  in  the  prepara. 
tion  of  a  new  church  service.  In  this  latter  year,  also,  he 
engaged  in  the  conference  at  Marburg  with  Zwingli  and 
other  Swiss  divines.  The  Lutheran  translation  of  the 
whole  Bible,  completed  in  1532,  was  finally  published  in 
1534.  It  was  revised  in  1641,  and  the  subsequent  editions 
of  1543  and  1646  also  received  a  few  amendments.  During 
the  whole  of  his  struggles  for  theRef ormation,  he  wrote  nu- 
merous polemical  pamphlets  which  exhibitedhimksamost 
powerful  though  passionate  controversialist.  His  "Tisch- 
redeu  "  ("  Table-Talk  '■)  contains  his  opinions  on  a  variety  of 
subjects,  the  principal  source  of  the  material  being  liu- 
terbach's  "Tagebuch"  ("Diary")  from  1638.  In  1630  he 
began  to  make  a  new  version,  in  prose,  of  .^sop's  and 
other  classical  fables.  Besides  prose,  he  also  wrote  a  num- 
ber of  sacred  hymns,  whose  prototype  in  construction  and 
melody  he  found  in  the  folk-songs.  The  "Hymn-Book  "of 
1524  contains  four  hymns  written  by  him;  that  of  1545 
thirty-seven.  In  the  edition  of  1528  was  published  for  the 
first  time  the  most  celebrated  of  his  hymns,  "Ein  feste 
Burg  1st  unser  Gott,"  written  in  1527,  the  melody  of  which 
he  is  also  said  to  have  composed.  Luther  is  to  be  re- 
garded as  the  founder  of  the  present  literary  language  of 
Germany — that  is,  of  New  High  German,  so  called.  In 
his  "Tischreden"  he  states  his  language  to  be  that  of  the 
Saxon  Chancery,  to  which,  in  reality,  his  early  writings 
closely  conform.  It  is,  howeven  not  the  language  of  the 
court,  but  of  the  people,  and  much  of  the  vocabulary  of  the 
Bible  translation  has  been  drawn  from  Low  German  as 
well  as  from  High  German  sources.  In  this  sense  he  is,  as 
he  is  frequently  asserted  to  be,  the  real  creator  of  the 
present  language.  His  own  language,  contrasted  in  his 
early  and  later  writings,  shows  a  distinct  progression  to- 
ward a  more  consistently  normalized  and  universal  form. 
The  Bible  translation  permanently  established  the  literary 
language  of  Germany.  Books  were  written  afterward,  no- 
tably in  Switzerland,  in  dialect,  but  they  are  in  an  ever  de- 
creasing minority,  and  writers  and  printers  in  all  parts  of 
German-speaking  territory  soon  accepted  the  language  of 
Luther  as  a  standard  to  which  they  consciously  or  un- 
consciously conformed.  A  good  complete  edition  of  his 
works  is  that  published  at  Erlangen,  1826-67,  in  67  vol- 
umes. 

Liitke  (liit'ke).  Count  Feodor  Petrovitch. 

Bom  at  St.  Petersburg,  Sept.  17  (O.  S.),  1797: 
died  at  St.  Petersburg^  Aug.  8  (O.  S.),  1882. 
A  Russian  navigator.  His  narrative  of  his  jour- 
ney around  the  world  was  published  1834r-36. 
Luton  (lut'on).  A  town  in  Bedfordshire,  Eng- 
land, 30  miles  north-northwest  of  London,  it  is 
the  chief  seat  of  English  straw-phiit  manufacture.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  30,005. 

Lutrin  (lu-tran'),  Le.  [F.,  'the  lectern.']  A 
mock-heroic  poem  by  Boileau-Despr^aux,  pub- 
lished in  1674. 

Lutter  am  Barenberge  (lot'ter  am  ba'ren- 
berg-e).  A  village  in  Brunswick,  Germany,  23 
miles  south-southwest  of  Brunswick.  Here,  Aug. 
27, 1626,  the  Imperialists  under  Tilly  defeated  the  Danes 
under  Christian  IV. 

Lutterworth  (lut'6r-w6rth).  A  small  town  in 
Leicestershire,  England,  29  miles  east  of  Bir- 
mingham. Wyclif  was  rector  of  the  parish  for 
the  last  ten  years  of  his  life. 

Liittich  (liit'tioh).    The  German  name  of  Li6ge. 

Llittringhausen  (liit'tring-hou-zen).  A  town 
in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  23  miles  north- 
east of  Cologne.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
10,498. 

Lutuamian  (lo-to-am'i-an).  A  linguistic  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  comprising  the  Kla- 
math and  Modoc  tribes  which  formerly  occu- 
pied the  region  of  Little  and  Upper  Klamath 
lakes,  Klamath  marsh,  and  Sprague  River,  Ore- 
gon, extending  into  northern  California.  This 
territory  is  mainly  embraced  by  the  Elamath  reservation, 
where  about  760  survivors  of  the  two  tribes  reside.  There 
are  also  84  Modoc  in  Indian  Territory.  The  name  is  de- 
rived from  a  Pit  River  word  meaning  'lake. ' 


Llitzen 

Lfitzen  (Ittt'sen).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Saxony,  Prussia,  11  miles  southwest  of  Leip- 
sio.  Two  Important  battles  were  fought  here.  (1)  A 
victory  was  gained  by  the  Swedes  (about  18,000)  under 
GuBtaTOS  Adolphua  over  the  Imperialists  (towards  30,000) 
under  Wallensteln,  Nov.  16, 1632.  The  Swedish  king  was 
killed,  and  was  succeeded  In  command  by  Bemhard  of 
Saxe- Weimar.  (2)  On  May  2, 1813,  a  victory  was  gained  by 
the  French  army  (116,000)  under  Napoleon  over  the  aUied 
Russians  and  Prussians  (about  70,000)  under  Wittgenstein. 
Napoleon  was  Unable  to  follow  up  his  victory.  The  battle 
is  frequently  called  the  battle  of  Orossgbrschen. 

Lutzk  (lotsk),  or  Luck  (letsk).  A  town  in  the 
government  of  Volhynia,  Eussia,  situated  on 
the  Styr  about  lat.  50°  45'  N.,  long.  25°  20'  B. 
Population  (1885-89),  14,165. 

Liitzow  (liit'so).  Baron  Ludwig  Adolf  Wil- 
belm  von.  Bom  at  Berlin,  Prussia,  May 
18,  1782:  died  at  BerUn,  Dec.  5-6,  1834.  A 
Prussian  general,  commander  of  the  Liitzow 
"free  corps"  or  "black  troop"  in  1813. 

Lux  (loks),  Adam.  Bom  at  Obernbuig,  Bava- 
ria, 1766:  guillotined  at  Paris,  Nov.  4, 1793.  A 
Girondist  deputy  to  the  Convention  from  Mainz 
in  1793. 

Luxembourg  (lilk-son-bSr'),  Due  de  (FranQois 
Henri  de  Montmorency-Bouteville).  Bom 
at  Paris,  Jan.  8, 1628 :  died  at  Versailles,  France, 
Jan.  4, 1695.  A  French  marshal,  a  relative  and 
a  companion  of  Cond6.  He  served  in  the  wars  against 
Spain  and  Holland;  defeated  the  Prince  of  Waldeck  at 
Meurus  in  1690 ;  and  defeated  William  of  Orange  at  Steen- 
kerke  in  1692,  and  at  Neerwinden  in  1693. 

Luxembourg,  Palace  of  the.  A  palace  in  Pa- 
ris, built  by  Debrosse  (1615-20)  for  Maria  de' 
Medici.  There  are  3  stories,  the  lowest  arcaded,  with 
entablatures  and  coupled  pilasters  between  the  windows. 
The  well-proportioned  fronts  are  marked  by  projecting, 
high-roofed  pavilions.  The  smaller  diameter  of  the  rec- 
tangle is  about  300f  eet.  The  large  court  is  now  colonnaded. 
Many  of  the  interior  apartments  are  splendidly  painted 
and  adorned  with  sculpture.  Since  the  devolution  this 
former  royal  palace  has  served  as  the  House  of  Peers  or  of 
the  Senate,  and  has  long  contained  a  museum  of  art.  The 
Museum  of  Modem  Art  is  now  removed  to  anew  building 
on  the  west  of  the  Petit-Luxembourg,  Bue  Vaugirard. 
Luxemburg  (luk'sem-b6rg ;  F.  pron.  liik-son- 
bor').  A  province  of  Bel^um.  Capital,  Arlon. 
It  is  bounded  by  Namur  and  Li^ge  on  the  north,  Ehenish 
Prussia  and  the  grand  duchy  of  Luxemburg  on  the  east, 
France  on  the  south,  and  France  and  Namur  on  the  west. 
The  surface  is  hilly.  It  has  important  miu  erals,  including 
iron  and  slate.  Annexed  to  Belgium  1839.  Area,  1,706 
square  miles.  Population  (1893),  213,166. 
Luxemburg  (luk'sem-b6rg;  D.  pron.  l(5k'sem- 
boro),  F.  Luxembourg  (iSk-son-bor'),  oldform 
Ltitzelburg.  A  grand  duchy  of  Europe.  Cap- 
ital, Luxemburg,  it  is  bounded  by  the  Ehine  Prov- 
ince of  Prussia  on  the  northeast  and  east,  Lorraine  on  the 
south,  France  on  the  southwest,  and  Belgium  on  the  west. 
The  surface  is  a  low  table-land.  It  lies  mainly  in  the  basin 
of  the  Moselle,  which  is  on  its  eastern  border.  The  lead- 
ing occupation  is  agriculture.  Iron  ore  occurs  in  abun- 
dance. The  government  is  a  constitutional  monarchy,  ad- 
ministered by  a  grand  duke  and  a  chamber  of  46  deputies. 
It  belongs  to  the  German  ZoUverein.  The  religion  is  Ro- 
man Catholic.  The  prevailing  language  is  German.  Lux- 
emburg formed  part  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  It  was 
a  countship  in  the  middle  ages.  It  furnished  the  empe- 
rors Henry  VII.  (1308),  Charles  IV.  (1347),  Wenceslaus 
(1378),  and  Sigismuud  (1411).  It  was  united  in  personal 
union  with  Bohemia  in  1310 ;  became  a  duchy  in  1354 ; 
and  passed  to  Burgundy  in  1443.  It  passed  with  the  Neth- 
erlands to  the  house  of  Hapshurg,  and  to  Spain.  Part  of 
it  was  ceded  to  France  in  1669.  It  was  ceded  to  Austria 
in  1713,  and  was  conquered  by  France  1794-96.  By  flie  Con- 
gress of  Vienna  (1816)  it  was  made  a  grand  duchy  under 
the  rule  of  the  King  of  the  Netherlands,  and  became  a 
member  of  the  Germanic  Confederation.  It  joined  the 
Belgian  revolt  against  the  Netherlands,  and  continued 
provisionally  in  Belgian  hands  until  18S9,  when  part  of  it , 
was  ceded  to  Belgium,  the  King  of  the  Netherlands  ruling 
as  grand  duke  over  the  remainder.  It  entered  the  ZoU- 
verein in  1842,  and  ceased  to  be  a  part  of  Germany  in  1866. 
Its  neutrality  was  guaranteed  by  the  treaty  of  London  in 
1867.  In  1890  the  crown  passed  to  Adolf  of  Nassau. 
Area,  998  square  miles.    Population  (1890),  211,088. 

Luxemburg,  formerly  Liitzelburg.  The  capi- 
tal of  the  grand  duchy  of  Luxemburg,  situated 
on  the  Petrusse  and  Alzette  in  lat.  49°  37'  N., 
long.  6°  7'  E.  It  has  a  remarkably  picturesque  situa- 
tion, and  consists  of  the  Oberstadt  and  TTnterstadt.  For- 
merly it  was  celebrated  for  its  fortifications,  strengthened 
by  Vauban  and  others ;  and  it  has  often  been  besieged.  It 
was  garrisoned  by  the  Prussians  1S16-67.  The  fortifica- 
tions were  in  great  part  demolished  after  the  treaty  of 
1867.    Population  (1890),  1S,187. 

Luxeuil  (liik-s^y').  [L.  Imxovivm.']  A  town 
in  the  department  of  Haute-Sadne,  situated  17 
miles  northeast  of  Vesoul.  it  has  noted  mineral 
springs.  It  had  an  abbey  in  the  middle  ages.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  4,811. 

Luxor  (luk's6r  or  16k's6r).  A  village  in  Upper 
Egypt,  situated  on  the  Nile,  in  lat.  25°  39'  N., 
on  part  of  the  site  of  the  ancient  Thebes,  it  is 
celebrated  for  its  antiquities,  which  include  a  very  large 
and  complex  temple  built  by  Amenhotep  III.  and  Rame- 
ses  11.  The  buildings  of  Rameses  form  the  present  front 
of  the  temple,  and  were  preceded,  at  the  end  of  a  great 
dromos  of  sphinxes  leading  to  Kamak,  by  two  beautiful 
obelisks  of  red  granite,  one  of  which  remains  in  situ,  and 
the  other  stands  in  the  Place  de  la  Concorde,  Paris.    Be- 


631 

fore  the  large  double  pylon  of  Bameses's  court  are  two  co- 
lossal seated  statues  of  himself.  The  court  is  surrounded 
by  a  double  range  of  columns.  Beyond,  the  avenue  to  the 
buildings  of  Amenhotep  makes  a  sharp  angle  and  meets 
the  pylon  of  the  court,  which  is  surrounded  by  a  double 
colonnade.  The  buildings  behind  thecourtcontain  a  great 
number  of  chambers  and  an  isolated  sanctuary,  all  pro- 
fusely sculptured  and  colored. 

Luynes  (lu-en'),  Due  de  (Charles  d' Albert). 

Born  at  Pont-St.-Bsprit,  Gard,  Prance,  Aug.  5, 
1578:  died  Dec.  15,  1621.  A  French  courtier, 
a  favorite  of  Louis  Xm. 

Luynes,  Due  de  (HonorS  Th^odoric  Paul  Jo- 
seph d  Albert).  Bom  at  Paris,  Dee.  15, 1802 : 
died  at  Rome,  Deo.,- 1867.  A  French  archseolo- 
gist. 

Luz  (18z).  A  district  in  southeastern  Balu- 
chistan. 

Luz  (lliz).  A  town  in  the  department  of  Hautes- 
Pyrln^es,  France,  26  miles  south  of  Tarbes.  it 
is  noted  for  its  springs  and  for  its  fortified  church.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  1,607. 

Luzem.     The  German  name  of  Lucerne. 

Luzon,  or  Lu?on  (lo-zon' ;  Sp.  pron.  lo-thon'). 
The  largest  island  of  the  Philippines.  The  sur- 
face is  largely  mountainous.  It  contains  Manila,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  group.  Area,  40,876  square  mUes.  Population 
(1887),  8,442,941. 

Luzzara  (lot-sa'ra).  A  village  in  the  province 
of  Eegg^o  nell'  Emilia,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
Po  14  miles  south-southwest  of  Mantua,  it  was 
the  scene  of  a  drawn  battle  between  the  Imperialists  under 
Prince  Eugene  and  the  French  and  Spanish  forces  under 
Vendftme,  Aug.  16, 1702. 

Lvoff  (1-vof '),  AJexei,  Bom  at  Eeval,  Eussia, 
May  25  (N.  S.  June  5),  1799:  died  near  Kovno, 
Eussia,  Dec.  16  (N.  S.  28),  1870.  A  Eussian 
composer,  author  of  the  Eussian  national  hymn 
(1833). 

Lyaeus(li-e'us).  [Gx.  Amjof.]  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, the  god  who  frees  from  care:  a  surname 
of  Bacchus. 

Lyall  (li'al),  Edna.  The  pseudonym  of  Ada 
Ellen  Bayly. 

LycabettUS  (lik-a-bet'us).  [Gr.  Ama/3)?Tr(5f.] 
A  red  rocky  hill  rising  amid  the  northeastern 
outskirts  of  Athens  to  a  height  of  910  feet  above 
the  sea,  or  670  above  the  city,  it  is  a  very  con- 
spicuous object  in  the  landscape,  presenting  from  most 
points  of  the  city  the  general  form  of  an  abrupt,  slightly 
concave  cone ;  there  is,  however,  beyond  a  slight  depres- 
sion, a  long  ridge  behind  it.  Upon  the  top  stands  a  small 
chapel  of  St.  George.  The  view  is  very  extensive.  On  the 
southern  slope  is  the  large  reservoir  built  by  Hadrian 
and  Antoninus  Plus,  which  still  supplies  the  city. 

Lycaeus  (li-se'us).  [Gr.  AvKolog,  the  Lycsean; 
from  Moimt  LycsBum  in  Arcadia.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  surname  of  Zeus. 

Lycaon  (li-ka'gn).  [Gr.  AvKdav.']  In  Greek  le- 
gend, a  king  of  !Arcadia,  for  his  impiety  changed 
into  a  wolf  (or  killed  by  lightning). 

Lycaonia  (Uk-a-o'ni-a).  [Gr.  Amaovfo.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a  province  of  Asia  Minor. 
Chief  city,  Iconium.  it  was  hounded  by  Galatia  on 
the  northj  Cappadocia  on  the  east,  Cilicia  on  the  south, 
and  Pisidia  ana  Fhrygia  on  the  west.  Sometimes  it  in- 
cluded Isauria,  and  sometimes  it  was  included  in  Cappa- 
docia.   Surface  elevated. 

Lyceius,  Lyceus  (li-se'us).  [Gr.  Aiimof,  per- 
haps (from/lfcof,  wolf)  'wolf-slayer.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  an  epithet  of  ApoUo. 

Lyceum  (fi-se'um).  [Gx.  AiKciov."]  Agymnasium 
and  exercise-ground  of  ancient  Athens,  lying 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Hissus,  at  the  place 
now  called  Ilissia,  a  short  distance  east  of  the 
palace  garden,  it  was  dedicated  to  Apollo  Lyceius, 
and  was  already  the  chief  gymnasium  of  Athens  in  the 
time  of  Pislstratus.  It  was  noted  for  its  fine  groves  of 
plane-trees.  Aristotle  and  his  disciples  formed  the  habit 
of  discussing  their  philosophy  while  following  the  shady 
walks  of  this  gymnasium,  and  hence  received  the  name  of 
Peripatetics. 

Lycia  (lis'i-3,).-  [Gr.  Am^a.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  division  of  Asia  Minor,  bordering  on 
the  Mediterranean  and  on  Caria,  Phrygia,  Pi- 
sidia, and  Pamphylia.  The  surface  is  mountainous. 
The  Lycians  aided  the  Xhita  against  Rameses  II.  Its  23 
cities  formed  the  Lycian  League.  It  was  conquered  by 
Persia  in  the  6th  century  B.  0.,  and  afterward  passed  to 
Macedon,  Egypt,  Syria,  and  finally  to  Rome. 

Lycians  (lis'i-anz').  The  inhabitants  of  Lycia; 
especially,  a  race  inhabiting  ancient  Lycia,  Ar- 
yan or  Indo-Eflj-opean  in  language,  as  is  shown 
by  important  inscriptions  in  a  peculiar  char- 
acter recently  recovered  and  elucidated.  The 
Lycians  seem  to  have  exerted  considerable  infiuence  in 
early  days  on  the  Greeks,  especially  through  their  worship 
of  Apollo.  Interesting  monuments  of  their  architecture 
and  sculpture  have  been  brought  together  in  the  British 
Museum.  Some  sculptures  found  in  Lycia  vie  in  refine- 
ment with  the  riper  archaic  art  of  Attica. 

Lycidas  (lis'i-das).  A  shepherd  in  Vergil's  third 
Bucolic. 

Lycidas.  An  elegiac  poem  by  Milton  (published 
1637),  commemorating  the  death  of  his  friend 
Edward  King. 


LyeU 

Lyck  (lik).  A  town  in  the  province  of  East 
Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  river  and  lake 
Lyck  in  lat.  53°  49'  N.,  long.  22°  21'  E.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  9,682. 

Lycon  (li'kon).  [Gr.  Ainav.}  Lived  in  the  3d 
century  B.  c.    A  Greek  Peripatetic  philosopher. 

Lycophron  (li'kof-ron).  [(5r.  A.via^pov.']  Bom 
at  Chalcis,  Euboea:  lived  in  the  3d  century  b.  c. 
A  noted  Alexandrian  tragic  poet  and  gramma- 
rian. His  only  extant  poem  is  the  "Alexandra  "  or  "Cas- 
sandra," comprising  about  1,400  iambic  verses,  in  Which 
Cassandra  predicts  the  results  of  the  voyage  of  Paris  to 
Sparta. 

LycopoliS_(ll-kop'o-lis).  [Gri.^Aiia^rvirdhg.']  An 
ancient  city  in  Egypt,  whose  ruins  are  near  the 
modem  Siftt. 

LycurgUS  (U-k6r'gus).  [Gr.  A.vmvpyog.']  Lived 
probably  in  the  9th  century  b.  c.  A  Spartan 
legislator,  the  traditional  author  of  the  laws 
and  institutions  of  Sparta. 

LycurgUS.  Bom  at  Athens  about  396  b.  c. :  died 
about  323  b.  c.  An  Attic  orator,  son  of  Ly- 
cophron of  the  aristocratic  family  of  the  Eteo-  , 
butadse.  He  was  thrice  appointed  manager  of  the  Athei 
nian  finances  for  terms  of  5  years  each.  Only  one  entire 
oration  of  Lycurgus  is  extant. 

Lydda  (lid'a).  A  place  in  the  territory  of  Ben- 
jamin :  in  the  Old  Testament  Zod.  In  Acts  it  is 
mentioned  in  connection  with  a  miracleperiormed  byPeter. 
During  the  Judeo-Roman  war  it  was  destroyed  by  Cestius 
Gallus.  After  the  uprising  of  Bar-Cochba  it  became  the 
seat  of  a  Talmudical  school.  It  was  also  an  episcopal  see, 
and  in  445  a  council  was  held  there  at  which  Pelagius  de- 
fended himself.  Tradition  makes  it  the  birthplace  of  St. 
George,  where  he  also  was  buried.  In  1191  it  was  de- 
stroyed by  Saladln,  and  in  1271  sacked  by  the  Mongols.  At 
present  it  is  a  village  (Ludd)  with  a  church  of  St.  George, 
situated  between  Ramleh  and  Jaffa. 

Lydgate  (Hd'gat),  Doctor.  A  physician  in 
George  Eliot's  "  Middlemareh."  He  is  ambitious, 
but  a  selfish  wife  takes  the  savor  out  of  his  ambition,  and 
he  dies  a  comparatively  young  and  obscure  man. 

Lydgate,  who  has  received  a  true  vocation,  whose  intel- 
lectual passion  predestines  him  to  far-resonant  action  in 
the  world  of  scientific  research, — Lydgate,  against  whom 
the  temptations  of  the  fiesh  and  the  devil  would  have  been 
idle,  is  subdued  by  that  third  enemy  of  man,  the  world, 
incarnated  in  the  form  of  a  creature  [Rosamond]  with 
feminine  voice,  swan-like  neck,  perfectly  turned  shoulders, 
exquisite  curves  of  lip  and  eyelid,  and,  hidden  behind 
these,  the  hardness  of  a  little  sordid  soul. 

Dowden^  Studies  in  Literature,  p.  281. 

Lydgate,  John.  Bom  at  Lydgate,  near  New- 
market, about  1370 :  died  about  1451.  An  Eng- 
lish poet.  He  is  said  to  have  studied  at  both  Oxford  and 
Cambridge,  and  later  in  France  and  Italy  (but  this  is  doubt- 
ful). He  entered  the  church  in  1389.  He  gained  a  posi- 
tion as  poet  at  the  court  of  Henry  IV.,  which  he  held  dur- 
ing the  reign  of  Henry  V.  and  after  the  accession  of  Henry 
VI.  After  1390  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Chaucer,  and 
often  calls  himself  "Chaucer's  disciple."  His  numerous 
works  include  "Falls  of  Princes,"anarrative  poem  written 
between  1430  and  1438 ;  "Troy  Book,"  in  heroic  couplets, 
containing  a  panegyric  on  Chaucer  (1412-20 :  first  printed 
by  Pynson  in  1513) ;  "The  Story  of  Thebes,'  intended  as 
an  additional  Canterbury  tale  (about  1420);  "The  Life  of 
Our  Lady,"  a  religious  narrative  poem,  printed  by  Caxton 
in  1484 ;  "  The  Dance  of  Death,"  from  the  French,  printed 
first  in  1554  (also,  with  Holbein's  drawings,  in  1794) ;  "  The 
Court  of  Sapience,"  a  philosophical  work,  printed  by  Cax- 
ton  (1481?);  "The  Temple  of  Glass,"  printed  by  Caxton 
(1479?) ;  and  a  number  of  lives  of  saints,  allegories,  fables, 
historical  and  political  poems,  satires,  etc.  "The  Com- 
plaint of  the  Black  Knight, "  which  was  attributed  to  Chau- 
cer, is  by  Lydgate,  and  also  a  number  of  the  minor  poems 
which  have  been  attributed  to  Chaucer. 

Lydia  (lid'i-a).  [Gr.  AvMa.']  A  country  occu- 
pying the  western  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  border- 
ing on  the  .3!gean  Sea  and  on  Mysia,  Phrygia, 
and  Caria.  The  old  name  of  it  seems  to  have  been 
Mseonia,  and  its  inhabitants  a  division  of  the  adjacent 
Phrygians.  Later  it  was  invaded  by  Semites,  who  gave  it 
the  name  of  Lydia  (compare  the  Old  Testament  Lud,  de- 
scendants of  Shem,  Gen.  x.  22).  The  name  Meeonia  was 
afterward  confined  to  the  eastern  part  of  the  country,  and 
Lydia  to  the  western.  About  700  B.  c.  a  revolution  over- 
threw the  Semitic  reign,  and  brought  the  native  dynasty 
of  the  Mermnadse  to  the  throne,  with  Gyges  as  first  king. 
Under  them  Lydia  rose  to  the  position  of  a  mighty  kingdom 
extending  from  the  coast  to  the  river  Halys,  with  Sardes  ap 
capital.  The  prosperous  Greek  cities  were  brought  either 
to  subjection  or  alliance.  But  under  the  fifth  and  best- 
known  of  the  dynasty,  Citesus,  the  Lydian  empire  was 
brought  to  a  sudden  end  by  the  Persian  conqueror  Cyrus, 
who  in  646  B.  c.  captured  Sardes  and  the  king  himself. 
From  the  Persians  Lydia  passed  over,  through  Alexander 
the  Greaf^  to  Syria,  and  later  to  Eumenes  of  Pergamum. 
During  the  Roman  period  Lydia  formed  a  separate  prov- 
ince, with  Sardes  as  capital.  Sardes  was  a  prominent  epis- 
copal see  (compare  Eev.  ill  1),  but  was  destroyed  by  Timur 
in  1402  A.  D.  Lydia  is  now  a  Turkish  province,  with  the 
cities  Smyrna,  Manissa  (the  classical  Magnesia),  and  Aidin. 
To  the  Lydians  is  ascribed  the  invention  of  coins,  and  the 
oldest  coins  thus  far  found  are  those  of  Lydia. 

Lye  (li),  Edward.  Bom  at  Totnes,  Devonshire, 
1694:  died  at  Yardley-Hastings,  Northampton- 
shire, Aug.  19,  1767.  An  English  philologist, 
author  of  an  Anglo-Saxon  and  Gothic  diction- 
ary (1772). 

Lyell  (li'el),  Sir  Charles.  Bom  at  Kinnordy, 
Forfarshire,  Scotland,  Nov.  14,  1797:  died  at 


Lyell 

London,  Feb.  22,  1875.  A  celebrated  British 
geologist.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Exeter  College)  in 
1819 ;  studied  law ;  was  secretary  of  the  Geological  Society 
1823-26;  traveled  on  the  Continent  with  Murchison  in 
1828 ;  became  professor  in  King's  College,  London,  in  1831 ; 
was  elected  president  of  the  Geological  Society  in  1836  and 
1836,  and  again  in  1849  and  1860 ;  traveled  and  lectured 
in  the  United  States  in  1841,  1845-4^  1862,  and  18B3 ;  was 
Knighted  in  1848 ;  and  was  president  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion in  1864 .  He  is  especially  famous  as  an  opponent  of  the 
older  catastrophism  in  geology.  His  works  include  "Prin- 
ciples of  Geology  "  (3  vols.  1830-33), "  Elements  of  Geology  " 
(1888 :  later  editions  called  "A  Manual  of  Elementary  Geol- 
ogy 'X  "The  Antiquity  of  Man  "  (1863),  "Travels  in  North 
America"  (184B)i  "A  Second  Visit  to  the  United  States  of 
North  America  "(1849),  "  The  Student's  Elements  of  Geol- 
ogy "  (1871). 

Lyell, Mount.  [Namedfrom  SirCharles  Lyell.] 
A  peak  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  Yosemite.  Height,  13,190 
feet. 

Lyflng.    See  Living. 

Lygdamis  (lig'da-mis).  Lived  in  the  6th  cen- 
tury B.  c.    A  Greek  tyrant  of  Naxos. 

Lying  Lover,  The,  or  the  Ladies'  Friendship. 
A  comedy  by  Steele,  produced  in  1703.  It  was 
taken  from  P.  Corneille's  "Le  menteur." 

Lying  Valet,  The.  A  play  by  David  Garrick, 
adapted  by  him  from  Motteux's  "  Novelty." 

Lykia.    See  Lyda. 

Lyly  (Ul'i),  John.  Born  in  the  Weald  of  Kent 
about  1554:  died  at  London,  Nov.,  1606.  An 
English  dramatist  and  novelist.  He  graduated  at 
Oxford  (Magdalen  College)  in  1573 ;  went  to  London,  where 
he  entered  upon  literary  work  and  endeavored  to  establish 
himself  at  court ;  championed  the  bishops  in  the  "Martin 
Marprelate"  controversy ;  and  became  a  member  of  Par- 
liament in  1689  (reelected  in  1693,  1697,  and  1601).  His 
principal  work  is  "Euphues,  or  the  Anatomyof  Wit"(which 
see),  which  brought  into  prominence  the  affected  style 
named  from  it  "Euphuism."  In  the  Marprelate  contro- 
versy he  wrote  "Pappe  with  a  Hatchet,  etc."  He  also 
wrote  a  number  of  plays,  including  "Alexander  and  Cam- 
paspe,"  "Sapho  and  Phao,"  "Endimion,  the  Man  in  the 
Moon,''  etc. 

Lyly's  two  secrets  are  in  the  first  place  an  antithesis 
more  laboured,  more  monotonous,  and  infinitely  more 
pointless  than  Macaulay's  —  which  antithesis  seems  to 
nave  met  with  not  a  little  favour,  and  was  indeed  an  ob- 
vious expedient  for  lightening  up  and  giving  character  to 
the  correct  but  featureless  prose  of  Ascham  and  other 
"Latiners."  The  second  was  a  fancy  which  amounts  to  a 
mania  for  similes,  strung  together  in  endless  lists,  and 
derived  as  a  rule  from  animals,  vegetables,  or  minerals, 
especially  from  the  Fauna  and  Flora  of  fancy.  It  is  impos- 
sible to  open  a  page  of  ''Euphues "without  finding  an  ex- 
ample of  this  eccentric  and  tasteless  trick,  and  in  it,  as 
far  as  In  any  single  thing,  must  be  found  the  recipe  for 
euphuism  pure  and  simple.  As  used  in  modern  language 
for  conceited  and  precious  language  in  general,  the  term 
has  only  a  very  partial  application  to  its  original,  or  to  that 
original's  author.  Indeed  Lyly's  vocabulary,  except  occa- 
sionally in  his  similes,  is  decidedly  vernacular,  and  he 
very  commonly  mingles  extremely  homely  words  with  his 
highest  flights. 

Suinisburyj  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  37. 

Lyme-Regis  (lim're'jis).  A  seaport  and  bath- 
ing-place in  Dorset,  England,  situated  on  the 
English  Channel  26  miles  east  of  Exeter.  The 
Duke  of  Monmouth  landed  here  in  his  rising  of 
1685.    Population  (1891),  2,365. 

Lym^ord.    See  jAmfjord. 

Lymington  (lim'ing-ton).  A  seaport  and  water- 
ing-]^laee  in  Hampshire,  England,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Lym  with  the  Solent,  13 
miles  southwest  of  Southampton:  noted  for 
yacht-building.    Population  (1891),  4,551. 

Ljmch  (linch),  Charles.  Bom  1736:  died  1796. 
A  Virgmia  planter  and  colonel.  He  is  said  to  have 
set  himself,  in  conjunction  with  two  neighbors,  to  secure 
good  order  by  punishing  offenders  with  stripes  or  banish- 
ment without  process  of  law.  Thisissaid  to  betheorigin 
of  the  expression  "lynch  law." 

Lynch,  Patricio.  Born  at  Santiago,  Chile,  1824 : 
died  at  sea,  May,  1886.  A  Chilean  naval  officer, 
of  Wsh  descent.  After  entering  the  navy,  1838,  he 
was  permitted  to  take  service  with  the  Biiti^  marine 
1840-47.  In  1866  he  fought  against  the  Spaniards.  In  1880 
he  ravaged  the  northern  coast  regions  of  Peru;  subse- 
quently commanded  a  division  in  the  attack  on  Lima; 
and  was  military  governor  of  that  city  for  the  Chileans, 
May  4, 1881,  to  Oct.  22, 1883.  He  dei>OBed  and  imprisoned 
,  President  Calderon,  Nov.,  1881,  and  in  1883  invested  Igle- 
siaa  with  supreme  power.  He  carried  away  a  vast  amount 
of  plunder.    From  1884  to  1886  he  was  minister  to  Spain. 

Lynch,  Thomas.  Bom  in  Prince  George  par- 
ish, S.  C,  Aug.  5,  1749:  lost  at  sea,  1779.  An 
American  politician,  a  signerof  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  as  delegate  to  Congress  from 
South  Carolina  in  1776. 

LynchjWilliain  F.  Bom  in  Virginia,  1801 :  died 
at  Baltimore,  Oct.  17, 1865.  An  American  naval 
officer.  He  commanded  an  exploring  expedition  tf  the 
Jordan  and  Dead  Sea  in  1848,  and  published  a  narrative  of 
ihe  expedition  (1849).  Later  lie  was  in  the  Confederate 
service. 

.^nchblin;  (linoh'bferg).  A  city  in  Campbell 
County,  Virginia,  situated  on  the  James  River 
91  miles  west  by  south  of  Eichmond.    The  chief 


,  632 

industry  is  tobacco  manufacture.  It  was  founded  in  1786. 
The  Confederates  used  it  as  a  base  of  supplies  in  the  Civil 
War.    Population  (1900),  18,891. 

L3rndhurst,  Baron.    See  Copley,  John  Singleton. 

Lyndsay.    See  Lindsay. 

LyngenQord  (liing'en-f  y6rd).  One  of  the  finest 
fiords  in  Norway,  on  the  northern  coast,  near 
lat.  70°  N.  It  is  hemmed  in  by  mountains  and 
glaciers. 

Lynmouth  (lin'muth).  A  village  of  Devon- 
shire, England,  near  Barnstaple :  noted  for  its 
picturesque  situation. 

Lynn  (lin).  A  city  in  Essex  County,  Massachu- 
setts, situated  on  Lynn  harbor  10  miles  north- 
east of  Boston.  It  is  noted  for  its  extensive  manufac- 
ture of  shoes,  and  for  leather  manufacture.  It  was  settled 
in  1629,  became  a  city  in  1860,  and  was  devastated  by  fire 
in  1889.    Population  (1900),  68,613. 

Lynn,  Ethel.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs.  Beers 
(Ethelinda  Eliot). 

Lynn  Begis  (lin  re'jis),  or  King's  Lynn.  A 
seaport  in  Norfolk,  England,  situated  on  the 
Great  Ouse,  near  the  Wash,  in  lat.  52°  45'  N., 
long.  0°  24'  E.  It  has  important  commerce.  It  was  a 
famous  port  in  old  times,  and  was  visited  by  various 
monarchs.    Population  (1891),  18,265. 

Lynton  (lin'tgn).  A  village  of  Devonshire, 
England,  near  Barnstaple:  noted  for  its  pic7 
turesque  situation. 

Lynx  (lingks).  The.  A  smallnorthem  constella- 
tion, introduced  by  Hev«lius  in  1690,  the  name 
bein^chosenbeoausethesharp-sightednessof  a 
lynx  is  required  to  distinguish  any  of  its  stars. 
It  is  placed  between  the  Great  Bear  and  Auriga,  north  of 
the  Twins.  Its  ten  brightest  stars  are  of  the  fifth  magni- 
tude, 

Ly6-Baa.    See  Mitla. 

Lyon  (li'on),  Mary.  Bom  at  Buokland,  Mass., 
Feb.  28,"  1797:.  died  at  South  Hadley,  Mass., 
March  5, 1849.  An  American  teacher,  founder 
of  Mount  Holyoke  Female  Seminary  (South 
Hadley),  of  which  she  was  principal  1837-49. 

I^on,  Matthew.  Bom  in  Wicklow  County, 
&eland,  1746:  died  at  Spadra  Bluff,  Ark.,  Aug. 
1,  1822.  An  American  politician,  member  of 
Congress  from  Vermont  1797-1801,  and  from 
Kentucky  1803-11. 

Lyon,  Nathaniel.  Born  at  Ashf  ord,  Conn. ,  July 
14, 1818 :  killed  at  Wilson's  Creek,  Mo.,  Aug.  10, 
1861.  An  American  general.  He  served  in  the 
Mexican  war,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  ren- 
dered efficient  service  to  the  Union  cause  as  commander 
of  the  United  States  arsenal  at  St.  Louis.  He  captured  a 
force  of  Secessionists  at  Camp  Jackson,  Missouri,  in  May, 
1861 ;  was  appointed  commander  of  the  Department  of  Mis- 
souri in  June,  1861 ;  defeated  the  Secessionists  at  Boone- 
ville,  June  17, 1861 ;  and  was  defeated  and  killed  at  Wil- 
son's Creek,  Missouri,  Aug.  10, 1861. 

Lyonesse  (H-o-nes'),  or  Leonnoys,  A  mythi- 
cal region  near  Cornwall,  in  the  Arthurian  cycle 
of  romance.  Itwas  the  land  from  which  Arthur  came, 
and  of  which  Meliadus  was  king.  Tristram,  the  son  of  the 
latter,  was  also  born  there.  It  is  said  to  be  more  than  40 
fathoms  under  water  between  the  Land's  End  and  the  isles 
of  Scilly,  the  sea  having  gradually  encroached  upon  the 
land. 

Lyonnais  (le-o-na').  An  ancient  government 
of  France,  it  was  bounded  by  Burgundy  on  the  north, 
the  Sadne  and  Ithone  on  the  east,  Languedoc  on  the  south, 
and  Auvergne  and  Bourbonnais  on  the  west.  It  com- 
prised Lyonnais  proper,  Forez,  and  Beaujolais,  and  formed 
essentially  the  departments  of  B.hdne  and  Loire.  Lyon- 
nais proper  was  a  medieval  county.  It  was  unjted  to 
France  by  Philip  the  Fair  in  1307. 

Lyons  (li'onz),  F.  Lyon  (le-6n').  The  capital 
of  the  department  of  Eh6ne,  France,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Sa&ne  with  the  Rhone,  in 
lat.  45°  46'  N.,  long.  4°  49'  E. :  the  ancient  Lug- 
dunum.  It  is  the  third  city  in  France,  a  fortress,  and 
a  great  railway,  commercial,  and  manufacturing  center. 
It  has  the  largest  silk  manufactures  in  the  world.  The  ca- 
thedral, chiefly  of  the  12th  and  13th  centuries,  has  an  ex- 
ceedingly impressive  interior.  There  are  double  aisles, 
and  fine  roses  in  both  transepts  and  in  the  west  front.  The 
medieval  glass  is  magnificent  and  thetracery  illustrates  the 
entire  development  of  medieval  architecture.  The  exterior 
is  much  masked  by  abutting  buildings,  but  is  admirable 
where  visible.  The  churches  of  Notre  Dame  de  Fourviferes 
(modern),  of  Ainay  (chiefly  Komanesque),  and  of  St.-Ni- 
zier,  the  hfltel  de  ville,  thepalais  des  arts  (containing  pic- 
ture-galleries, sculpture,  antiquities,  natural-liistory  col- 
lections, marbles),  the  bourse,  and  the  Academic  Universi- 
taire  (with  5  faculties)  are  noteworthy.  Lyons  was  founded 
by  Greeks  in  660  B.  0. ;  was  developed  especially  by  the 
Boman  consul  Plancus  41  B.  0. ;  w,as  the  capital  of  Lugdu- 
nensis ;  was  made  by  Claudius  a  Boman  colony ;  was  the 
capital  of  the  first  Burgundian  kingdom,  and  afterward 
passed  to  the  Franks ;  was  plundered  by  the  Saracens  in 
the  8th  century ;  came  under  the  power  of  the  Archbishop 
of  Lyons ;  and  was  united  to  France  at  the  beginning  of 
the  11th  century.  Two  important  councils  were  held  there 
(1245  and  1274).  Its  silk  Industry  suffered  from  the  revo- 
cation of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  in  1686.  Kevolting  against 
the  Convention,  it  was  besieged  in  1793  and  paruy  de- 
stroyed by  CoUot  d'Herbois.  Since  then  it  has  been  the 
scene  of  several  insurrections,  especially  in  1834.  A  great 
inundation  visited  it  in  1866.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Claudius,  Caracalla,  Suchet,  and  Ampere.  Population 
(1901),  463,146. 


Lysippus 

Lyons  (li'onz).  Aformercity  in  Clinton  County, 
Iowa,  situated  on  the  Mississippi ;  now  incor- 
porated in  the  city  of  Clinton. 

Lyons.  The  capital  of  Wayne  County,  New 
York,  situated  on  Ihe  Erie  Canal  33  miles  east  by 
south  of  Rochester.   Pop.  (1900),  village,  4,300. 

Lyons,  Edmund,  Lord  Lyons.  Bom  at  Burton, 
Hampshire,  Nov.  29, 1790:  died  at  Arundel  Cas- 
tle, Nov.  24, 1858.  A  British  admiral  and  diplo- 
matist. He  was  minister  at  the  court  of  Athens  1836-49, 
to  the  Swiss  Confederation  1849-61,  and  then  to  Sweden. 
In  1863  he  was  appointed  (then  a  rear-admiral)  second  ia 
command  in  the  Mediterranean.  He  played  an  important 
part  in  the  Crimean  war,  becoming  naval  commander-in- 
chief  in  Jan. ,  1865.    He  was  created  Baron  Lyons  in  1856. 

Lyons,  Gulf  of.    See  Lion,  Golfe  du. 

Lyons,  Bichard  Bickerton  Pemell,  first  Earl 
Lyons.  Bom  at  Lymington,  England,  April  26, 
1817:  died  at  London,  Dee.  5,  1887.  An  Eng- 
lish diplomatist,  son  of  the  first  Baron  Lyons. 
He  was  minister  to  the  United  States  1858-65,  and  ambas- 
sador to  Turkey  1866-67,  and  to  France  1867-87.  He  suc- 
ceeded his  father  as  the  second  Baron  Lyons  in  1858,  and. 
was  created  Viscount  Lyons  in  1881  and  Earl  Lyons  in  1887. 

Lyra(Ii'ra).  [L.,' the  lyre.']  An  ancient  north- 
ern constellation,  representing  the  lyre  of  Her- 
mes or  of  Orpheus.  Also  called  The  Harp.  The 
brightest  star  of  this  constellation  is  Yega  (a  Lyrse).  It 
is  the  seventh  in  order  of  brightness  in  the  heavens,  and 
the  third  brightest  in  the  northern  hemisphere,  being  half 
a  magnitude  brighter  than  a  standard  star  of  the  first  mag- 
nitude. It  forms,  with  two  small  stars  near  it^  an  equilat- 
eral triangle,  one  of  the  most  striking  configurations  or 
the  summer  sky.  Yega,  Arcturus,  and  Polaris  form  alarge 
triangle  nearly  right-angled  at  Vega. 

Lyrical  Ballads.  A  coUeetion  of  poems  by 
Wordsworth  and  Coleridge,  including  the  lat- 
ter's  "Ancient  Mariner,"  published  in  1798. 

Lys  (les),  or  Leye  (li'e).  A  river  in  northeast- 
em  France  and  western  Belgium,  which  joins- 
the  Schelde  at  Ghent.  Length,  127  miles ;  navi- 
gable 98  miles. 

Lysander  (li-san'd6r).  [Gr.  hiaavSpoq.'}  Ejlled. 
near  Haliartus,  Boeotia,  Greece,  395  b.  c.  A 
Spartan  commander.  He  gained  the  victory  of  No- 
tium  in  407,  and  that  of  ./Egospotami  in  405,  and  took  Athens, 
and  destroyed  its  walls  in  404. 

lysander.  InShakspere's  "Midsummer Night's- 
Dream,"  a  young  Athenian  in  love  with  Hermia. 

Lys  dans  la  Valine,  Le.  A  novel  by  Balzac, 
written  in  1835-36. 

LyseQord  (lu'se-fy6rd).  A  fiord  on  the  south- 
western coast  of  Norway,  near  Stavanger.  it  is- 
inclosed  by  high  mountains,  and  the  scenery  is  of  remark- 
able grandeur.    Length,  23  miles. 

Lysias  (Ug'i-as).  [Gr.  Awi'of.]  Died  about 
380  B.  c.  One  of  the  ten  Attic  orators.  He  lived 
at  Thurii  until  about  412,  and  later  at  Athens,  and  lived 
in  exile  under  the  rule  of  the  Thirty  Tyrants,  404.  See  the 
extract. 

Lysias  did  a  great  work  tor  Attic  prose,  and  Is,  in  his- 
own  style,  one  of  its  most  perfect  writers.  He  broke  away 
from  the  stiff  monoton;^  of  the  old  school,  and  dared  to  be- 
natural  and  simple,  using  the  language  of  daily  life,  but 
with  perfect  purity  and  grace.  His  father  was  a  Syracusan, 
and  Lysias,  though  born  at  Athens,  had  not  the  rights  of 
a  citizen.  After  passing  his  youth  and  early  manhood  at 
Thurii  in  south  Italy,  he  settled  at  Athens,  a  wealthy  man, 
in  412  B.  0.  In  404  h£  fled  from  the  Thirty  Tyrants,  who 
had  put  his  brother  Polemarchus  to  death ;  and,  after  the 
restoration  of  the  Democracy,  impeached  Eratosthenes,  on  e 
of  the  Thirty,  in  the  most  splendid  of  his  extant  speeches- 
(403  B.  0.),  the  only  one  which  we  know  that  he  himself 
spoke  at  Athens.  But  in  388  B.  0.  he  addressed  the  as- 
sembled Greeks  at  Olympia,  in  a  fine  speech  of  which  we 
have  a  fragment,  urging  them  to  unite  against  the  two 
great  foes  of  Greece — Dionyslus,  tyrant  of  Syracuse,  in 
the  west,  and  Persia  in  the  east.  The  speech  "  Against 
Agoratus  "  (399  B.  0.  7)  was  written  for  the  impeachment  of 
an  informer  who  had  slandered  away  the  lives  of  citizens- 
under  the  Thirty  Tyrants.  The  great  majority  of  our  34 
speeches  were  composed  by  Lysias  for  his  clients  to  speak 
in  public  or  private  causes.  JeVb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  118. 

Lysicrates  (li-sik'ra-tez),  OhoragicMonument- 

of.  The  finest  surviving  example  of  this  class 
of  Greek  monuments,  it  consists,  above  a  cubical 
base,  of  a  cylindrical  structure  9  feet  in  diameter  with  6- 
engaged  Corinthian  columns.  The  roof  is  out  from  a  sin- 
gle block  of  marble,  and  is  crowned  by  a  rich  anthemion- 
acroterium.  The  graceful  reliefs  of  the  frieze  represent 
the  chastisement  of  the  Tyrrhenian  pirates  by  Bacchus. 
Lysimachus  (li-sim'a-kus).  [Gr.  J^valfmxoQ.I 
Bom  at  Pella  (?),  in  Macedonia  (of  Thessalian 
parentage),  about  361  b.  o.  :  killed  at  the  battle 
on  the  plain  of  Corns,  Asia  Minor,  281  b.  c.    A 

feneral  of  Alexander  the  Great.  After  the  latter's 
eath,  he  received  the  kingdom  of  Thrace.  He  joined 
the  league  against  Antigonus  in  815 ;  assumed  the  title  of 
king  in  306 ;  was  one  of  the  victors  at  Ipsus  In  301 ;  re- 
ceived a  large  part  of  Asia  Minor;  obtained  Macedonia 
287-286 ;  and  was  finally  defeated  by  Selencus  Nicator. 
Lysippus  (li-sip'us).  [Gr.  A{)<TOT7rof.]  Flourished 
about  372-316  b.  c.  A  Greek  sculptor,  a  native 
of  Sicyon.  According  to  Pliny  he  revised  the  canon  of" 
Folyclitus,  making  the  head  smaller,  the  legs  longer,  and 
adjusting  details  to  a  grefiter  elongation.  This  new  canon 
has  been  preserved  in  the  Apoxyomenus  of  the  Vatican, 
which  was  discovered  in  1849,  and  is  a  very  perfect  copy" 
of  the  great  bronze  original  placed  by  Agrippa  before  hiei 


Lysippus 

baths  in  Itome.  Lysippus  also  developed  and  fixed  the 
extreme  athletic  type  in  Hercules,  whom  he  repeatedly 
represented.  A  small  table  figure  of  Hercules  in  bronze 
was  made  for  Alexander,  and  carried  about  with  him  in 
his  campaigns.  It  was  afterward  owned  by  Hannibal  and 
Sulla.  The  Torso  Belvedere  is  supposed  to  have  been  copied 
from  this  figure  by  ApoUonius  of  Athens!  Through  Chares 
of  Lindus  his  characteristics  were  transmitted  to  the  great 
Ehodian  school  which  produced  the  Laocoon.  Lysippus 
was  the  favorite  sculptor  of  Alexander  the  Great,  and  author 
of  most  of  his  portraits  in  sculpture. 

Lysis  (li'sis).  A  dialogue  of  Plato :  the  narra- 
tion by  Socrates  of  a  conversation  on  friend- 
ship -which  took  place  in  a  paleestra  outside  the 
walls  of  Athena,  between  himself,  the  boyish 
friends  Lysis  and  Menexenus,  Hippothales,  and 
Ctesippus. 

Lysistrata  (li-sis'tra-ta).  A  comedy  of  Aristo- 
phanes, exhibited  iii  4'll  b.  o. 

Ijyskamm  (les'kam).  A  peak  of  the  Valais 
Alps,  immediately  west  of  Monte  Rosa.  Height, 
14,890  feet. 

Lysterflord  (lus'ter-fy6rd).  A  northeastern 
arm  of  the  Sogne  Fjord,  on  the  western  coast  of 
Norway.    Length,  25  miles. 

Lystra(lis'tra.).  [Gr-Aiarpa.']  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  m  Lyoaonia,  Asia  Minor :  position 
undetermined. 


633 

Lyte  (lit),  Henry  Francis.  Bom  at  Kelso, 
Scotland,  June  1,  1793:  died  at  Nice,  France, 
Nov.  20, 1847.  A  British  hymn-writer,  author 
of  "Abide  with  me,"  etc. 

Lyttelton  (lit'el-ton),  George,  first  Baron  Lyt- 
telton.  Born  at  flagley,  Worcestershire,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  17,  1709:  died  there,  Aug.  22,  1773. 
An  English  author  and  politician.  He  was  chsm- 
cellor  of  the  exchequer  1766-56.  His  chief  works  are  "Ob- 
servations on  the  Conversion  and  Apostleship  of  St.  Paul " 
(1747),  "Dialogues  of  the  Dead "(1760),  "History  of  Henry 
II."  (1767-71),  and  poems. 

Lytton  (lit'on),  Edward  George  Earle  Lytton 
Bulwer,  first  Baron  Lytton.  Born  at  London, 
May  25,  1803 :  died  at  Torquay,  Jan.  18,  1873. 
A  noted  English  novelist,  poet,  dramatist,  poli- 
tician, and  orator.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (B.  A. 
1826) ;  was  a  member  of  Parliament  1831-41  and  1862-66 ; 
was  colonial  secretary  1858-69 ;  and  was  raised  to  the  peer- 
age in  1866.  He  wrote  "ralIcland"(1827\"Pelham,  or  the 
Adventures  of  a  Gentleman  "  (1828),  "The  Disowned  "  (1829), 
"Devereux"(1829),  "Paul Clifford "(1830),  "EugeneAram" 
(1832),  "Godolphin"  (1833),  "England  and  the  English" 
(1833),  "  Pilgrims  of  the  Khine  "  (1834),  "  Last  Days  of  Pom- 
peii'' (1884),  "Kienzi"  (1835),  ''The  Student"  and  "The 
Crisis"  (1836),  "Ernest  Mai travers " (1837),  "Alice,  or  the 
M:ysteries"(1838),  "Athens,  it8RiseandPall"(1837),"I.eila" 
(1838),"  Night  and  Morning "(1841),  "Zanoni" (1842), "Last 
of  the  Barons  "  (1843),  "Lucretia,  or  the  Children  of  the 


Lytton 

Night "(1846), "  Harold  "(1848),  "The  Caxton8"(1860),  "My 
Novel,  or  Varieties  of  English  Life  "  (1868), "  What  will  He 
do  with  It  2  "  (1858),  "A  Strange  Story  "  (1861),  "  Caxtoniana  " 
(1863),  "KenelmChmingly"(1873),  "  The  Parisians  "(1873\ 
"  The  Coming  Kace  "  (1871),  "  Pausanias,"  an  unfinished 
romance,  edited  by  his  son  (1876).  Among  his  poems  are 
"Poems  and  Ballads  of  Schiller  (translation,  1844),  "  The 
New  Timon  "(1847), "  King  Arthur  "  (1849),  "  St.  Stephens  " 
(1860),  "Lost  Tales  of  Miletus"  (1866),  translation  of  Hor- 
ace's "Odes"  (1869).  Among  his  dramas  are  "The  Lady 
of  Lyons "  (1838),  "Richelieu "  (1839),  " Cromwell "  (1842), 
"Money"  (1840),  "Not  so  Bad  as  we  Seem"  (1852),  "The 
Rightful  Heir"  (1869>, 

Lytton,  Edward  Robert  Lytton  Bulwer,  first 
Earl  of  Lytton:  pseudonym  Owen  Meredith. 
Born  at  London,  Nov.  8,  1831:  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.  24,  1891.  An  English  diplomatist,  poli- 
tician, and  poet:  son  of  the  first  Baron  Lytton. 
He  succeeded  his  father  as  the  second  Baron  Lytton  in 
1873,  and  was  created  earl  of  Lytton  in  1880.  He  was  min- 
ister to  Portugal  1874-76 ;  governor-general  of  India  1878- 
1880 ;  ambassador  to  France  1887-91.  He  wrote  "  Clytem- 
nestra"  (1855),  "The  Wanderer"  (1869),  "Lucile"  (1860), 
"SerbskiPesme:  National  Songs  of  Servia "  (1861),  "The 
Ring  of  Amasis"  (1868),  "Chronicles  and  Characters"  and 
"Poems"  (1867),  "Orval"  (1869),  "Julian  Fane "(1871), 
"Pables  in  Song  "  (1874),  "  Poems  "  (1877),  "  The  Life,  Let- 
ters, and  LiteraryRemains  of  Edward  Bulwer,  Lord  Lytton," 
Vols.  I  and  11(1883),  "Glenaveril,  or  the  Metamorphoses" 
(188B),  "After  Paradise"  (1887),  etc.  "King  Poppy"  was 
published  posthumously  in  1892. 


aartens,  Maarten.  Thenom 
de  plume  of  J.  M.H.  van.  der 
Poorteu-Schwarz,  a  modern 
novelist. 

Maas.  See  Meuse,  a  river 
in  Prance  and  Belgium. 
Maassluis  (mas'slois),  or 
Maaslandsluis  (mas'lant- 
slois).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  South  Holland,  Netherlands,  situ- 
ated on  the  Meuse  10  miles  west  of  Kotterdam. 
Maastricht.  See  Maestricht. 
Mab  (mab),  Queen.  [Orig.  Ir.  Medb, '  queen'  of 
Connaught,  mentioned  in  Irish  poems  about  the 
year  1100.  The  ordinary  etym.  from  W.  mab,  a 
child,  has  no  basis  of  fact.  See  Mabinogion.'] 
In  fairy  and  folk  lore,  the  fairies'  midwife.  She 
is  first  mentioned  as  Queen  Mab  in  Shakspere's  *'Komeo 
and  Juliet,"  i.  4.  Drayton  introduces  her  in  his  "Nym- 
phidia,"  written  several  years  later,  and  Ben  Jonson  in 
his  "  Entertainment  of  the  Queen  and  Prince  at  Althrope. " 
Shaliispere  represents  her  not  only  as  adroit  in  all  kinds  of 
teasing  and  mischief,  but  as  the  hag  Nightmare  herself. 
She  is  the  fairies*  midwife  —  that  is,  the  fairy  whose  duty 
It  is  to  deliver  the  fancies  of  men  and  to  produce  dreams 
by  driving  over  the  sleeper  in  her  chariot,  Titania,  the 
fairy  queen,  is  not  the  same  person.  In  Shelley's  "Queen 
Mab"  she  has  a  wider  sphere,  and  is  made  to  rule  over 
men's  thoughts. 
Maba  (ma'ba).  The  largest  tribe  of  Wadai,  liv- 
ing in  the  northern  portion  of  central  Sudan, 
Africa.  It  is  of  Nigritic  stock,  largely  Mohammedan, 
and  composed  of  22  tribes  (Kodoi,  Ma^ga,  Madaba,  Mat- 
lamba,  Kondongo,  Kadjanga,  Karanga,  etc.),  all  speaking 
different  dialects  of  Maba,  which  is  understood  beyond  ite 
own  territory.  Mabaslavesusedtobeexportedtotheeast 
coast,  while  their  neighbors  went  to  the  west  coast.  The 
ruler  of  Wadai  must  be  bom  of  a  Maba  woman. 

Mabillon  (ma-be-y&n'),  Jean.  Bom  at  St.- 
Pierremont,  Ardennes,  Prance,  Nov.  23,  1632; 
died  at  Paris,  Dee.  27,  1707.  A  noted  Prench 
scholar  and  historian,  a  member  of  the  Bene- 
dictine order.  He  lived  after  1664  in  the  Abbey  of  St.- 
Germain-des-Pr^s  in  Paris.  His  works  include  "Acta  sanc- 
torum ordinis  8.-Benedicti "  (166&-1702),  "  Vetera  analec- 
ta" (1676-85),  "De  re diplomatioa "  (1681^  "Musseumltali- 
cum  "  (1687-8%  etc. 

Mabinogion  (mab-i-no'gi-on).  The,  The  fairy 
tales  and  romances  of  the  Welsh.  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

Mabinogion  is  the  plural  of  the  Welsh  word  maMnogi, 
which  means  instruction  for  the  young  —  the  word  being 
derived  from  mab,  a  child,  and  the  same  root  running 
through  many  words  with  a  like  sense.  Queen  Mab  herself 
included,  .  .  .  The  great  collection  of  these  tales  is  at 
Jesus  College,  Oxford,  in  a  MS.  volume  of  the  fourteenth 
century,  known  as  the  Eed  Book  of  Hergest,  of  which  the 
tales  have  been  published,  both  in  the  original  Cymric  and 
in  a  delightful  English  translation,  as  the  Mabinogion,  by 
Lady  Charlotte  Guest  (now  Sohreiber),  who  talces  the  word 
Mabinogion  as  simply  meaning  stories  for  the  young.  The 
Mabinogion  thus  represented  contains  Welsh  versions  of 
three  of  the  French  Arthurian  romances  by  du-estien  de 
Troyes,  namely,  "  The  Lady  of  the  Fountain,"  and  among 
the  notes  to  it  the  text  of  the  "Chevalier  au  Lion,"  with 
which  that  story  corresponds ;  '•  Peredur,  the  son  of  Ev- 
rawc,"  corresponding  to  the  "  Percival  le  Gallois  "  of  Chres- 
tien;  and^Geraint,  the  sonof  Erbin,"which  is  his  "Erec 
and  Enide."  Besides  these,  in  the  Mabinogion  are  two  Brit- 
ish tales  ascribed  to  the  time  of  King  Arthur,  "Kilhwch 
and01wen"and  the  "Dream  of  Uhonabwy."  The  rest  are 
tales  in  which  King  Arthur  does  not  appear,  or  is  named 
only  as  by  interpolation  — namely,  "Pwyll,  Prince  of 
Dyved  " ;  "Branwen,  the  Daughter  of  Llyr  " ;  "Math,  the 
Son  of  Mathonwy  " ;  these  four  being  the  sections  which 
Professor  Rhys  regards  as  the  foundation  of  the  Mabino- 
gion ;  the  rest,  being  later  editions,  are,  besides  the  Arthur 
romances  already  named,  the  "Dream  of  Emperor  Maxi- 
mus,"  "  Lludd  and  Llevelys,"  and  the  romance  of  "  Ta^ 
liesin."  Morley,  English  Writers,  III.  257-259. 

Since  the  publication  of  Lady  Charlotte  Guest's  edition 
of  the  Mabinogion  the  idea  seems  to  prevail  that  any  Welsh 
tale  of  respectable  antiquity  may  be  called  a  Mabinogi, 
plural  Mabinogion,  but  there  is  no  warrant  for  so  extend- 
uig  the  use  of  the  word ;  and,  of  the  eleven  stories  contained 
in  Lady  Charlotte  Guest's  collection,  only  four  are  entitled 
to  be  called  Mabinogion.  More  strictly  speaking,  they  are 
not  Mabinogion  so  much  perhaps  as  the  "  four  branches  of 
the  Mabinogi."  The  word  Mabinogi  is  derived  from  Mabi- 
nog,  and  that  was  a  term  belonging  to  the  bardic  system, 
meaning  a  sort  of  a  literary  apprentice  or  young  man  who 
was  receiving  instruction  from  a  qualified  bard;  and  the 
lowest  description  of  Mabinog  was  one  who  had  not  ac- 
quired the  art  of  making  verse.  The  inference  to  be  drawn 
is  that  Mabinogi  meant  the  collection  of  things  which 
formed  the  Mabinog's  literary  training  and  stock  in  trade, 
so  to  say.    He  was  probably  allowed  to  relate  the  tales 


tormingthe  four  branches  of  the  Mabinogi  at  a  fixed  price, 
but  he  was  usually  a  young  man,  not  a  child  in  the  nursery, 
and  it  is  utterly  wrong  to  suppose  the  Mabinogion  to  be 
nursery  tales.  Shyi,  Arthurian  Legend,  pp.  1, 2. 

Mably  (ma-ble'),  Gabriel  Bonnot,  Abb6  de. 
Bom  at  Grenoble,  Prance,  March  14, 1709 :  died 
at  Paris,  April  23, 1785.  A  Prench  publicist, 
elder  brother  of  Condillac.  For  a  time  he  was  sec- 
retary to  his  uncle  Cardinal  Tencin,  and  was  occupied  with 
diplomatic  affairs ;  but  he  soon  gave  up  his  office,  and  there- 
after lived  in  retirement.  He  wrote  "Parallele  des  do- 
mains etdes  Francais"  (1740X  "Observations  but  les  Eo- 
mains"  (1761),  "Observations  sur  I'histoire  de  France" 
(1765),  "Droit  publique  del'Europe"  (1748),  "Entretiens 
de  Phocion  "  (1763),  etc. 

Mabuse.    See  Gossaeri. 

Mac,  [Gael,  mac,  Ir.  mac,  W.  map,  mab,  also 
ap,  ah,  a  sou,  Goth,  magus,  a  son.]  An  ele- 
ment, usually  a  conjoined  prefix,  in  many 
Scotch  and  Irish  names  of  Celtic  origin,  cog- 
nate with  the  Welsh  Ap-,  signifying  'son,'  and 
being  thus  equivalent  to  the  Irish  0',  the  Eng- 
lish -son  or  -s,  and  the  Norman  Fits-.  The  prefix 
is  either  written  in  full,  Mac-,  or  abbreviated  to  Me-  or  MO-, 
which  in  works  printed  in  the  British  Isles  almost  invari- 
ably appears  as  M'— the  abbreviated  form  being  followed 
by  a  capital  letter,  while  Mac-  takes  a  capital  after  it  but 
rarely.  Thus  a  name  may  be  variously  spelled  as  Macdonald 
(rarely  MacDonald),  McDmwld,  or  M'Donali;  so  Macketme, 
McKemie,  or  M'Serme,  etc.  In  alphabetical  lists,  names 
with  this  prefix,  however  written,  are  properly  entered  in 
the  place  of  Mac-, 

Macaber,  or  Macabre,    See  Dance  of  Death. 
Macadam  (mak-ad'am),  John  Loudon.    Bom 

at  Ayr,  Sept.  21, 17S6:  died  at  MofEat,  Nov.  26, 
1836.  A  Scottish  engineer,  inventor  of  the  sys- 
tem of  macadamizing  roads. 
Macaire  (ma-kar').  A  chanson  de  geste,  written 
in  a  mixed  Prench  and  Italian  dialect.  The  MS. 
was  discovered  in  Venice,  and  was  published  in  1866  by  M. 
Guessard  at  Paris.  It  contains  the  original  of  the  well- 
known  story  of  the  dog  of  Montargis. 

Macaire,  Robert.  A  tjrpical  villain  in  Prench 
comedyj  originally  an  assassin  heavily  loaded 
with  crimes.  He  was  transformed  by  Fr^d6rio  Le- 
maltre  into  an  adroit  highwayman  and  fripon,  which  is 
an  amiable  diminutive  of  thief.    See  Mobert  Macaire. 

McAllister,  Fort.    See  Fort  McAllister. 

Macao  (ma-kou'  or  ma-ka'o),  A  Portuguese 
settlement  and  city,  situated  on  an  island  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Canton  River,  China,  in  lat. 
22°  11'  N.,  long.  113°  33'  E. :  formerly  the  seat 
of  important  commerce.  It  was  occupied  by  the 
Portuguese  in  the  second  half  of  the  16th  century.  Popu- 
lation, 67,030. 

Macarians(ma-ka'ri-aiiz).  1.  The  followers  of 
the  monastic  system"  or  customs  of  the  elder 
Maoarius  of  Egypt,  or  of  the  younger  Macarius 
of  Alexandria,  contemporary  moi]is  of  the  4th 
century,  who  were  noted  for  their  severe  asceti- 
cism.—  2.  The  followers  of  the  Mouothelite 
Macarius,  patriarch  of  Antioch  in  the  7th  cen- 
tury. 

Macarska.    See  Maharsha. 

McArthur  (mak-ar'th6r),  Duncan,  Bom  in 
Dutchess  County,  N.  T.,  June  14,  1772:  died 
near  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  April  28,  1839.  An 
American  pioneer  in  Ohio,  general  in  the  War 
of  1812,  and  governor  of  Ohio  1830-32. 

Macartney  (ma-kart'ni),  George,  Earl  Macart- 
ney. Bom  at  Lissanoure,  Antrim,  Ireland, 
May,  1737:  died  at  Chiswick,  England,  March 
31,  1806.  A  British  diplomatist  and  colonial 
governor,  appointed  the  first  British  envoy  to 
China  in  1792. 

Macassar  (ma-kas'sax).  1.  A  former  native 
kingdom  in  Celebes.— 2.  A  department  in  the 
residency  of  Celebes. —  3.  The  capital  of  the 
residency  of  Celebes,  situated  on  the  coast  in 
lat.  5°  8'  S.,  long.  119°  24'  E.  it  has  a  flourishing 
trade,  and  was  made  a  tree  port  in  1846.  Population  (1892), 
18,787. 

Macassar,  Strait  of,  A  sea  passage  separating 
Borneo  on  the  west  from  Celebes  on  the  east, 

Macaulay  (ma-ka'li),  Mrs.  (Catharine  Saw- 
bridge),  Bom  in  Kent,  England,  1733 :  died 
June  22, 1791.  An  English  historian,  author  of 
a  "History  of  England"  (1763-83),  etc. 

Macaulay,  Thomas  Babington,  Baron  Macau- 


lay.  Born  at  Kothley  Temple,  Leicestershire, 
England,  Oct,  25,  1800:  died  at  Kensington, 
London,  Dec,  28,  1859.  A  celebrated  English 
historian,  essayist,  poet,  and  statesman.  He  en- 
tered Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  1818,  and  was  called 
to  the  bar  in  1826.  He  was  a  member  of  Parliament  183&- 
1834 ;  a  member  of  the  supreme  council  in  India  1834-38 ; 
member  of  Parliament  1839-47 ;  secretary  at  war  1839- 
1841 ;  and  paymaster-general  1846-47.  He  reentered  Par- 
liament in  1852,  and  was  raised  to  the  peerage  in  1857. 
His  chief  work  is  a  "  History  of  England  (reigns  of  James 
IL  and  WiUiam  IIL:  Vols.  I  and  II  published  1848; 
in  and  IV,  1855;  V,1861).  He  published  "Lays  of  An. 
cient  Bome  "  (1842).  His  complete  works,  including  es- 
says, biographies,  and  speeches,  were  edited  in  8  vols, 
by  Lady  Trevelyan  in  1866.  See  life  by  G.  O.  Trevelyan 
(2  vols.  1876). 

Ma^ayo.    See  Maeeid. 

Macbeth  (mak-beth').  Killed  at  Lumphanan, 
Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  1057(1056!).  A  Scot- 
tish chieftain.  He  killed  Duncan  1040  (1039 1),  and  was 
proclaimed  king  of  Scotland.  He  was  defeated  by  Si- 
ward  at  Dunsinane,  Perthshire,  in  1054.  He  is  the  hero 
of  a  tragedy  of  the  same  name  by  Shakspere.  See  the 
following. 

Macbeth.  A  tragedy  by  Shakspere.  its  first 
recorded  production  is  April  20, 1610,  but  it  is  thought 
to  have  been  played  before,  and  revised  by  Shak- 
spere in  1606.  It  is  thought  to  have  been  reduced 
to  the  form  of  the  1623  folio  by  Middleton  about 
1622  (Ileay).  The  story  is  from  Holinshed.  Davenant 
producedan  adaptation  printed  in  1674 — not  1673,  as  is  usu- 
ally said,  which  is  probably  Betterton's  version  (Fumess). 
It  is  not  known  precisely  when  it  was  first  produced^  but 
probably  before  1664.  It  was  more  like  an  opera,  with 
music  by  Matthew  Lock,  and  it  held  the  stage  till  Garrick 
restored  the  Shalsapere  version.  In  1773  Macklin  first 
dressed  Macbeth  in  his  native  costume ;  Garrick  had  been 
accustomed  to  wear  the  uniform  of  a  military  officer  of 
the  time.  The  character  of  Macbeth  is  that  of  a  man  of 
acquired  though  not  constitutional  courage,  tempted  by 
ambition  to  treachery  and  murder.  Before  he  commits  the 
crime  he  wavers  and  shudders  at  both  end  and  means ; 
but,  once  made  resolute  through  the  courage  of  his  wife, 
he  goes  forward  to  subsequent  murders  t^vugh  fear  of 
discovery  and  defeat.  "  Lady  Macbeth,  like  all  in  Shak- 
spere, is  a  class  individualized :  of  high  rank,  left  much 
alone,  and  feeding  herself  with  day-dreams  of  ambition, 
she  mistakes  the  courage  of  fantasy  for  the  power  of  bear- 
ing the  consequences  of  the  realities  of  guilt.  Hers  is  the 
mock  fortitude  of  a  mind  deluded  by  ambition ;  she  shames 
her  husband  with  a  superhuman  audacity  of  fancy  which 
she  cannot  support^  but  sinks  in  the  season  of  remorse,  and 
dies  in  suicidal  agony."  Coleridge,  Lects.  on  Shak.,  etc., 
p.  376. 

Macbeth.  An  opera  by  Verdi,  first  produced  at 
Plorenoe  in  1847,  and  at  Paris  in  1865. 

Maccabaeus,  Judas,    See  Judas  Maccabseus. 

Maccabees  (mak'a-bez),  The,  [Prom  Maeea- 
bi  (see  below).]  A  family  of  heroes  who  be- 
came the  deliverers  of  Judea  and  Judaism  dur- 
ing the  bloody  persecutions  of  the  Syrian  king 
Antiochus  Epiphanes,  175-164  B.  c.,'  arid  after- 
ward established  a  dynasty  of  priest-kings 
which  lasted  until  supplanted  by  Herod  in  40 
B.  0,  The  original  name  of  the  family  was  the  Hasmo- 
neans.  It  consisted  of  the  aged  Mattathias  and  his  five 
sons,  Jochanan,  Simon,  Judas,  Eleazar,  and  Jonathan,  liv- 
ing at  Modin,  a  small  town  near  .Terusalem.  When  the 
sufferings  of  the  Judeans  at  the  hands  of  the  Syrians  be- 
came unbearable,  and  the  existence  of  the  Jewish  religion 
was  at  stalse,  Mattathias  and  his  sons  became  the  leaders 
of  an  open  rebellion  against  Antiochus.  On  Mattathias 
and  his  sons  being  summoned  by  Apelles,  one  of  the  Syr- 
ian overseers,  to  sacrifice  to  the  gods,  Mattathias  an- 
swered, "If  all  the  people  in  the  kingdom  obey  the  order 
of  the  monarch  to  depart  from  the  faith  of  their  fathers, 
I  and  my  sons  will  abide  by  the  covenant  of  our  forefa- 
thers." When  one  of  the  Judeans  approached  the  altar  to 
sacrifice  to  Jupiter,  Mattathias  rushed  upon  the  apostate 
and  killed  him  at  the  altar.  His  sons  then  fell  upon  Apel- 
les and  his  troops,  killed  them,  and  destroyed  the  altar. 
Gradually  an  army  of  religious  patriots  rallied  around 
these  hero-leaders,  and  carried  on  a  kind  of  guerrilla  war- 
fare against  the  oppressing  Sjrrians.  Mattathias  died  in 
167,  appointing  Judas  as  his  successor  in  the  command, 
and  Simon  as  the  man  of  counsel.  Judas  bore  the  name 
"  Maccabl,"  either  made  up  of  the  Initials  from  the  He- 
brew words  mt  kamocha  baeli/m  Jehovah  (*Who  is  like 
thee  among  the  gods,  Jehovah?"),  or  derived  from  the  He- 
brew word  makeb,  '  a  hammer,'  expressive  of  his  heroism 
(compare  Charles  Martel),  and  gave  by  his  genuinely  he- 
roic bearing  his  name  to  this  whole  glorious  epoch  of  Jew- 
ish history.  For  the  rest  of  the  history  of  this  race,  with 
which  that  of  Judea  is  intimately  Interwoven,  see  Alex- 
ander Jannaus,  Aristobulus,  Herod,  and  Judas  Mcus- 
cabseus. 

Maccabees,  Books  of  the.  The  last  two  books 

of  the  Apocrypha.    They  contain  a  record  of  the  he- 


Maccabees,  Books  of  the 

role  straggles  of  the  Maccabees  from  168  to  1S6  B.  C.  The 
first  book  was  written  in  Hebrew,  the  second  in  Greek. 

Maccabees,  The,  G.  Die  MakkabEler.     An 

opera  by  Rubinstein,  first  produced  at  Berlin, 
1875. 

McCall  (ma-kar),  George  Archibald.  Bom  at 
Philadelpliia,  Mareli  16, 1802 :  died  at  West  Ches- 
ter, Pa.,  Feb.  25,  1868.  An  American  general. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1S22,  and  served  in  the 
Florida  and  Mexican  wars,  and  in  the  Federal  army,  Vir- 

Sinia,  1861-62.  In  May,  1861,  he  was  commissioned  briga- 
ier-general  of  volunteers.  He  commanded  at  the  battle 
of  Mechanicsville,  June  26,  1862,  and  was  taken  prisoner 
on  June  80,  and  confined  for  several  weeks  in  Libby  prison. 
He  resigned  in  March,  1863. 

MacCalllun  More  (ma-karum  mor).  A  name 
given  to  the  earls,  marquises,  and  dukes  of 
Argyll. 

M'Oarthy(ma-kar'thi),  Justin,  Bom  at  Cork, 
Nov.  22, 1830."An  Irish  journalist,  politician,his- 
torian,  and  novelist.  He  was  a  Home  Rule  member  of 
Parliament  1879-1900,  and  on  the  fall  of  Parnell  became  the 
chairman  of  the  Irish  Parliamentary  party ;  resigned  Jan. , 
1896.  His  works  include  "History  of  Our  Own  Times" 
(1878-80),  "History  of  the  Four  Georges"  (1884),  "The 
Epoch  of  Reform  "  (1882),  "My  Enemy's  Daughter  "  (1869), 
"Lady  Judith"  (1871),  "A  Fair  Saxon"  (1873),  "Donna 
Quixote"  (1879),  "Camiola"  (1885), etc.  With  Mrs.  Camp- 
bell-Praed  he  wrote  the  novels  *'  The  Right  Honorable" 
(1886),  "The  Rebel  Rose"  (1887),  etc. 

Macchiavelli,    See  MachiavelU. 

McOlellan  (ma-klel'an),  George  Brinton.  Bom 

at  Philadelphia,  Dec.  3, 1826:  died  at  Orange, 
N.  J.,  Oct.  29,  1885.  A  celebrated  American 
general  and  politician.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
In  1846 ;  served  in  the  Mexican  war  1846-48 ;  was  sent  to 
Europe  during  the  Crimean  war  to  report  on  military  sys- 
tems (1856-56);  and  was  occupied  with  railroad  business 
1857-61.  In  May,  1861,  he  was  commissioned  major-general 
in  the  United  States  army,  and  was  appointed  commander 
of  the  Department  of  the  Ohio.  His  success  in  West  Vir- 
ginia in  June  and  July  led  to  his  appointment  as  com- 
mander of  the  Department  of  the  Potomac  in  August.  He 
organized  the  Army  of  the  Potomac ;  was  general-in-chief 
of  the  armies  Nov.  1, 1861,-March  11, 1862 ;  conducted  the 
Peninsula  campaign  March-August,  1862 ;  commanded  at 
Antietam  Sept.  17,  1862 ;  and  was  superseded  by  Burnslde 
Nov.  10, 1862.  He  was  the  unsuccessful  candidate  of  the 
Democratic  party  for  the  presidency  in  1864,  and  was  gov- 
ernor of  New  Jersey  1878-81.  He  wrote  "  McClellan's 
O^  Story"  (1886),  military  reports,  tex1>-books,  etc. 

McClemand(ma-kler'nand),  John  Alexander. 
Bora  May  30,  1812:  died  Sept.  20,  1900. 
An  American  general  and  politician.  A  lawyer 
by  profession,  he  joined  the  Federal  army  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Civil  War,  and  was  appointed  a  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers.  He  served  at  Belmont  and  at  Fort 
Donelson  (where  he  commanded  the  right  of  the  line,  and 
for  his  services  was  promoted  major-general),  and  led  a 
division  at  Shiloh.  He  relieved  Sherman  in  the  command 
of  the  expedition  against  Vicksburg  in  1863,  and  captured 
Arkansas  Post  in  the  same  year.  He  led  the  13th  army 
corps  until  July,  1863,  and  resigned  in  Nov.,  1864. 

Macclesfield  (mak'lz- f eld).  A  town  in  Che- 
shire, England,  16  miles  south-southeast  of  Man- 
chester: noted  for  silk  and  other  manufactures. 
Population  (1891),  36,009. 

M'Clintock  (ma-klin'tok).  Sir  Francis  Leo- 
pold. Born  at  Dundalk,  Ireland,  1819.  A  Brit- 
ish admiral  and  arctic  explorer.  He  took  part  in 
various  Franklin  relief  expeditions,  commanding  the  final 
expedition  1857-59.  In  1851  he  made  a  sledge  jdurney  of 
about  760  miles  along  the  north  shore  of  Parry  Sound. 

McClintock,  John.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Oct. 
27, 1814 :  died  at  Madison,  N.  J.,  March  4, 1870. 
An  American  clergyman  and  theologian  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  president  of  Drew 
Theological  Seminary  (Madison,  New  Jersey) 
1867-70.  He  was  the  leading  editor  of  McClintock  and 
Strong's  "Cyclopaedia  of  Biblical,  Theological,  and  Eccle- 
siastical Literature  "  (1867-81). 

McCloskey  (mg-klos'ki),  John.  Bom  at  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  March  20,  1810:  died  at  New  York, 
Oct.  10,  1885.  An  American  prelate.  He  was 
president  of  St.  John's  College,  Fordham,  New  Toik,  1841- 
1842 ;  was  appointed  bishop  inparUbus  in  1844 ;  was  bish- 
op of  Albany  1847-64 ;  became  archbishop  of  New  York  in 
1864 ;  and  was  created  the  first  American  cardinal  in  1875. 

McCluer  Inlet.  An  arm  of  the  sea  on  the  north- 
western coast  of  New  Guinea. 

M'Olure  (ma-klor'),  Sir  Robert  John  Le  Me- 
surier.  Born  at  Wexford,  Ireland,  Jan.  28, 
1807 :  died  at  London,  Oct. ,  1873.  A  British  na- 
val ofBicer  and  arctic  explorer.  He  discovered  the 
northwest  passage  from  the  Pacific  to  the  Atlantic,  1860-64. 

McCook  (ma-kuk'),  Alexander  McDowell. 

Bom  April  22,  1831 :  died  June  12,  1903.  An 
American  general.  He  gi-aduated  at  West  Point  in 
1863 ;  served  in  New  Mexico  against  the  Indians  1862-67, 
commanded  the  1st  Ohio  regiment  at  Bull  Run,  and  was 
brevetted  major ;  became  brigadier-general  of  volunteers 
in  Sept.,  1861,  and  major-general  in  1862 ;  and  served  at 
Shiloh,  Murfreesboro,  Chickamanga,  and  elsewhere.  He 
was  brevetted  brigadier-general  in  the  regular  army  in 
1865.  In  1880  he  became  colonel  of  the  6th  infantry,  and 
later  took  charge  of  the  military  school  at  Fort  Leaven- 
worth. Brigadier-general,  U.  S.  A.,  1890 ;  major-general 
1894;  retired  1895. 

McCormick  (ma-k6r'mik),  Cyrus  Hall.   Bom 


635 

at  Walnut  Grove,  W.  Va.,  Feb.  15,  1809:  died 
at  Chicago,  May  13, 1884.  An  American  manu- 
facturer, the  inventor  of  a  reaping-machine. 

McCosh  (ma-kosh'),  James.  Born  at  Carske- 
ooh,  Ayrshire,  April  1, 1811 :  died  at  Princeton, 
N.  J.,  Nov.  16,  1894.  A  Scottish- American 
philosopher  and  educator.  He  was  professor  at 
Belfast,  belaud,  1851-68 ;  president  of  Prmceton  College, 
New  Jersey,  1868-88.  Among  his  works  are  "  Method  of 
the  Divine  (Government "  (1850),  "  Intuitions  of  the  Mind  " 
(1860),  "The  Supernatural  in  Relation  to  the  Natural" 
(1862),  "Examination  of  Mill's  Philosophy,  ete."  (1866), 
"  Laws  of  Discursive  Thought "  Q.869),  "  Ctaistianity  and 
Positivism  "  (1871),  "The  Scottish  Philosophy  "  (1874),  "The 
Development  Theory,  etc."  (1876),  "Philosophic  Series" 
(1882-86 :  republished  as  "Realistic  Philosophy  defended 
in  a  Philosophic  Series,"  1887),  "Psychology,  etc."  (1887), 
"Religious  Aspects  of  Evolution '"  (1888). 

McCrea  (ma-kra'),  Jane.  Born  in  New  Jersey, 
1754:  killed  near  Fort  Edward,  N.  Y.,  July  27, 
1777.  An  American  woman,  murdered  (it  is 
said)  by  Indian  allies  of  Burgoyne. 

M'Orie  (ma-kre'),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Duns, 
Nov.,  1772  -'died  at  Edinburgh,  Aug.  5, 1835.  A 
Scottish  Presbyterian  clergyman  and  author. 
His  works  include  a  "Life  of  John  Knox  "(1812),  "lifeof 
Andrew  Melville"  (1S19),  "The  Reformation  in  Italy" 
(1827),  etc. 

McCulloch  (ma-kul'o),  Ben.  Bom  in  Ruther- 
ford County,  'Tennessee,  Nov.  11,  1811:  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Pea  Kidge,  Ark.,  March  7, 1862. 
An  American  general  in  the  Confederate  ser- 
vice. He  served  in  Texas  under  Houston,  and  in  the 
Mexican  war.  He  commanded  at  Wilson's  Creek  1861,  and 
led  a  corps  at  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge. 

Macculloch  (ma-kul'o6h),  Horatio.    Bom  at 

Glasgow  in  Nov.  J 1805:  died  at  Edinburgh,  June 
24, 1867.  A  Scottish  landscape-painter.  He  be- 
gan to  exhibit  at  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy  in  1829,  and 
was  elected  an  academician  in  1838,  about  which  time  he 
settled  at  Edinburgh.  Among  his  best-known  pictures 
are  "Inverlochy  Castle,"  "Evening,"  and  "A  Lowland 
River"— all  in  the  National  Gallery  In  Scotland. 

McCulloch,  Hugh.  Bom  at  Kennebunk,  Maine, 
Dec.  7, 1808 :  died  May  24,  1895.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  comptroller  of  the  currency 
1863-65,  and  secretary  of  the  treasury  1865-69 
and  1884-85.  He  funded  the  national  debt  dur- 
ing his  first  term  as  secretary. 

Macculloch  (ma-kul'och),  John.  Born  in 
Guemsey,  Oct.  6',  1773:"died  Aug.  20,  1835.  A 
Scottish  geologist.  He  graduated  as  M.  D.  at  Edin- 
burgh in  1793 ;  became  chemist  to  the  board  of  ordnance 
in  1803 ;  practised  medicine  at  Blackheath  1807-11 ;  and 
was  employed  by  the  government  in  various  scientiiic  ca- 
pacities, being  appointed  geologist  to  the  trigonometrical 
survey  about  1814.  He  was  for  a  time  lecturer  on  chem- 
istry and  mineralogy  at  the  Royal  Military  Academy,  Wool- 
wich, and  afterward  at  the  East  India  Company's  College 
at  Aadiscombe.  Among  his  works  are  "A  Description  of 
the  Western  Isles  of  Scotland^ncluding  the  Isle  of  Man" 
(1819),  and  "Highlands  and  Western  Isles  of  Scotland" 
0824). 

M'CuUoch,  John  Ramsay.  Bom  at  Whithom, 
Wigtownshire,  March  1, 1789 :  died  at  London, 
Nov.  11,  1864.  A  Scottish  statistician  and  po- 
litical economist.  He  studied  at  Edinburgh  without 
taking  a  degree;  was  editor  of  the  "Scotsman"  1818-20; 
was  professor  of  political  economy  at  the  University  of 
London  (now  University  College)  1828-32;  and  was  comp- 
troller of  the  stationery  oflfice  from  1838  until  his  death. 
Among  his  chief  publications  are  "The  Principles  of  Polit- 
ical Economy  "  (1825),  "A  Dictionary,  Practical,  Theoreti- 
cal, and  Historical,  of  Commerce  and  Commercial  Naviga- 
tion "  (1832),  and  "A  Statistical  Account  of  the  British  Em- 
pire "  (1837),  the  last  of  which  was  written  in  collaboration 
with  others. 

McCuUough  (ma-kvQ'o),  John  Edward.  Bom 

at  Coleraine,  Ireland,  Nov.  2,  1837  :  died  at 
Philadelphia;  Nov.  8,  1885.  An  American 
tragedian.  He  was  brought  to  the  United  States  in 
1863,  and  in  1866  made  his  first  appearance  at  Philadelphia. 
He  played  much  with  Forrest,  who  left  him  his  manu- 
script plays  and  regarded  him  as  his  histrionic  successor. 
In  1884  he  broke  down  both  mentally  and  physically,  and 
died  insane. 

Macdonald  (mak-do-nai'),  Btienne  Jacctues 
Joseph  .Alexandre,  Due  de  Tarente.  Bom  at 
Sancerre,  Cher,  France,  Nov.  17, 1765 :  died  at 
his  chateau  Courcelles,  near  Guise,  Loire,  Sept. 
25, 1840.  A  French  marshal.  He  adopted  the  cause 
of  the  French  Revolution ;  fought  as  colonel  at  Jemappes 
in  1792,  becoming  brigadier-general  in  the  same  year  and 
general  of  division  in  1795  for  his  services  under  Piche- 
gru ;  fought  on  the  Rhine  and  in  Italy  in  1796 ;  was  made 
governor  of  the  Roman  States  in  1798  and  of  Naples  in 
1799;  was  defeated  by  Suvaroff  at  the  Trebbia  June  17-19, 
1799 ;  made  the  passage  of  the  Splugen  in  1801 ;  was  espe- 
cially distinguished  at  Wagram  July  6,  1809,  where  he 
earned  the  rank  of  marshal ;  commanded  the  left  wing  in 
the  Russian  invasion  in  1812  ;  and  served  in  the  campaigns 
of  1813-14.    He  was  defeated  at  Katzbach  in  1813. 

Macdonald  (mak-don'ald),  Flora.  Bom  in 
1722:  died  at  Kingsburgh,  March  5,  1790.  A 
Scottish  Jacobite  heroine.  She  was  the  daughter  of 
Ranald  Macdonald,  a  farmer  in  South  Uist,  an  island  of 
the  Hebrides.  She  assisted  Prince  Charles  Edward,  who 
was  a  fugitive  after  the  battle  of  Culloden,  to  escape,  dis- 
guised as  her  female  attendant,  from  the  island  of  Ben- 
beoula  to  Skye,  June  27, 1746.    In  1760  she  married  Allan 


Macedonia 

Macdonald,  with  whom  she  emigrated  to  North  Caroltina 
in  1774,  aiid  who  became  a  brigadier-general  in  the  British 
army  in  the  American  Revolution.  She  returned  in  1779 
to  Scotland,  where  she  was  afterward  rejoined  by  her  hus- 
band. 

Macdonald,  George.  Born  at  Huntly,  Scotland, 
in  1824.  A  Scottish  novelist  and  poet.  Among 
his  works  are  "  Phautastes,"  a  poem  (1868), "  David  Elgin- 
brod  "  (1862),  "Alec  Forbes  of  Howglen  "  (1865),  "  Annals 
of  a  Quiet  Neighborhood  "  (1866),  "  The  Seaboard  Parish  " 
(1868),  "Robert  Falconer "(1868), "Wilfrid  Cumbermede" 
(1871),  "Malcolm  "(1874), "The  Marquis  of  Lossie  "(1877), 
"Sir  Gibbie"  (1879),"  What 's  Mine\  Mine "(1886), "The 
Elect  Lady  "  (1888),  ete.  He  has  also  written  a  number  of 
books  for  the  young,  and  "  Unspoken  Sermons  "  (1866-89) 
and  "The  Miracles  of  Our  Lord"  (1870). 

Macdonald,  John.  Died  about  1498.  The  fourth 
and  last  Lord  of  the  Isles,  and  eleventh  Earl  of 
Boss. 

Macdonald,  John,  called  "The  Apostle  of  the 
North."  Born  at  Keay,  Caithness,  Nov.  12, 1779: 
died  at  Urquhart,  April  16,  1849.  A  Scottish 
Presbyterian  clergyman.  He  was  a  man  of  great  in- 
fiuence  as  a  maintainer  and  promoter  of  evangelical  reli- 
gion in  the  north  of  Scotland. 

Macdonald,  Sir  John  Alexander.  Bom  at  Glas- 
gow, Jan.  11, 1815 :  died  at  his  residence,  Eams- 
eUffe  HaU,  near  Ottawa,  June  6, 1891.  A  noted 
Canadian  Conservative  politician.  He  became  re- 
ceiver-general in  1847 :  attorney-general  for  Canada  West 
(an  office  which  he  repeatedly  held)  1864 ;  prime  minister 
1867-68  (Oartier  assuming  the  premiership  in  the  latter 
year,  the  ministry  being  known  as  the  "Cartier-Macdon- 
ald  "  until  its  downfall  in  1862) ;  prime  minister  1868-73 ; 
and  again  1878-91.  He  was  one  of  the  British  commis- 
sioners who  signed  the  treaty  of  Washington.  His  great 
political  service  was  the  effecting  of  Canadian  federation. 

Macdonald,  Lawrence.  Bom  at  Gask,  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  1798:  died  at  Bome,  March  4, 
1878.     A  Scottish  sculptor. 

McDonough  (mak-don'o),  Thomas.  Bom  in 
New  Castle  County,  Del.,  Dec.  23, 1783:  died  at 
sea,  Nov.  16, 1825.  An  American  naval  officer. 
He  defeated  the  British  squadron  under  Dowuie  on  Lake 
Champlain  Sept.  11,  1814,  and  was  appointed  captain  in 
that  year. 

McDougall  (mak-do'gal),  Alexander.  Bora 
on  the  island  of  Islay,  Scotland,  1731 :  died  at 
New  York,  June  8,  1786.  An  American  Bevo- 
lutionary  general.  He  was  defeated  at  White  Plains 
1776.  In  1777  he  was  promoted  major-general  He  was 
chosen  a  delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress  in  1780  and 
1784. 

McDowell  (mak-dou'el),  Irvin.  Bom  near 
Columbus,  Ohio,  Oct.  15, 1818 :  died  at  San  Fran- 
cisco, May  5, 1885.  An  American  major-general. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1838,  and  taught  there  1841- 
1846 ;  served  in  the  Mexican  war  as  aide-de-camp  to  Gen- 
eral Wool,  and  acting  adjutant-general,  being  brevetted 
captain  for  his  services  at  Buena  Vista ;  was  made  briga- 
dier-general May  14, 1861,  and  given  command  of  the  De- 
partment of  Northeastern  Virginia,  and  in  a  few  days  (May 
29)  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  He  commanded  at  BuU 
Run  in  1861;  was  commander  of  a  corps  (Army  of  the  Rap- 
pahannock) in  Virginia  in  1862 ;  served  at  Cedar  Mountain 
and  in  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run ;  and  was  later  a  de- 
partment commander.  He  was  promoted  major-general 
in  the  United  States  army  in  1872. 

Macdowell,  Patrick.  Bom  at  Belfast,  Aug.  12, 
1799 :  died  at  London,  Dec.  9,  1870.  An  Irish 
sculptor.  He  studied  under  Pierre  Franeois  Chenu,  a 
French  sculptor,  at  London ;  first  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  in  1822 ;  and  became  an  academician  in  1846.  He 
executed  marble  statues  of  William  Pitt  and  the  Earl  of 
Chatham,  and  designed  the  group  typical  of  Europe  for 
the  Albert  memorial  in  Hyde  Park. 

Macduff  (mak-duf').  A  Scottish  hero,  thane  or 
earl  of  Fife.  According  to  tradition,  he  was  the  chief 
instrument  in  overthrowing  the  usurper  Macbeth  at  the 
battle  of  Lumphanan  in  Aberdeenshire,  Aug.  15, 1067,  and 
in  restoring  Malcolm  Canmore  to  the  Scottish  throne.  For 
this  service  he  was  granted,  among  other  privileges,  that 
of  a  sanctuary  to  which  he  and  his  successors  might  flee  in 
case  of  committing  unpremeditated  slaughter.  This  sanc- 
tuary consisted  of  a  cross,  called  the  Cross  Macduff,  which 
stood  north  of  Newburgh,  in  the  pass  leading  to  Strath- 
earn  :  its  pedestal  still  remains :  the  cross  itself  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  Reformers  in  1559.  He  appears  in  Shak- 
spere's  "  Macbeth  "as  a  man  once  mild  and  compassionate, 
but  divested  of  the  milk  of  human  kindness  by  the  exter- 
mination of  his  family. 

McDn£B.e  (mak-duf 'i),  George.  Bom  in  Colum- 
bia County  (now  Warren  County),  Ga.,  1788: 
died  in  Sumter  district,  S.  C,  March  11, 1851. 
An  American  statesman  and  orator,  a  promi- 
nent supporter  of  nullification.  He  was  member 
of  Congress  from  South  Carolina  1821-34;  governor  of 
South  Carolina  1834-36 ;  and  United  States  senator  1843- 
1846. 

Macedo  (ma-sa'd5),  JoacLnim  Manuel  de. 

Bom  at  Itaborahy,  province  of  Bio  de  Janeiro, 
June  24,  1820:  died  at  Bio  de  Janeiro,  April 
11,  1882.  A  Brazilian  author,  in  i860  he  became 
professor  of  history  in  the  Pedro  II.  College.  He  is  best 
known  for  his  romances  "A  Moreninha,"  "0  Forasteiro," 
etc.,  and  "A  Nebulosa,"  a  romance  in  blank  verse  which 
appeared  in  1857.  His  "Corographia  do  Brasil"  (2  vols. 
1873)  had  a  wide  circulation. 

Macedon.    See  Maeedonia. 

Macedonia  (mas-e-do'ni-a).  [GT.MaKeSovta.'i  In 
ancient  geography,  a  country  of  southeastern 


Macedonia 

Europe,  of  vague  limits.  It  lay  north  of  the  ^ean 
Sea  and  Thessaly,  east  of  Illyria,  and  west  of  Thrace,  sepa- 
rated from  Illyria  by  the  Scardus  Mountains.  The  chief 
rivers  were  the  Axius  (Vardar)  and  Sbymon;  the  chief 
cities,  Edessa,  Pella,  and  Thessalonica.  Macedonia  was 
not  originally  a  part  of  Hellas.  It  first  became  powerful 
undei'  Philip.  (See  Macedonian  Empire.)  Its  possession 
was  contested  by  Alexander's  successors,  and  was  finally 
obtained  by  Antigonus  Gonatas  about  278.  The  Macedo- 
nians were  defeated  by  Home  at  Cynoscephato  in  197,  and 
flnaUy  at  Pydna  in  168,  and  Macedonia  was  made  a  Eoman 
province  in  146.  It  is  now  a  part  of  Turkey,  its  inhabitants 
being  chiefly  Bulgarians,  Greeks,  and  Turks. 

Macedonia.  A  diocese  in  the  south.em  part  of 
the  later  Roman  prefecture  of  Illyricum  (Mace- 
donia^ E^inis,  and  Greece). 

Macedonian  (mas-e-do'ni-an)  Empire.  The 
empire  built  up  by  thilip  (who  reigned  359-336 
B.  0.)  and  Alexander  the  Great  (336-323).  it 
included  at  its  greatest  extent  Macedonia,  Greece,  Thrace, 
Asia  Minor,  Syria,  Egypt,  Mesopotamia,  Babylonia,  As- 
syrta,  part  of  Armenia,  and  the  countries  comprised  in  the 
modem  Persia,  Afghanistan,  Baluchistan,  western  India, 
and  a  large  part  of  central  Asia.  The  empire  was  divided 
under  Alexander's  successors  — the  chief  divisions  being 
Macedonia,  Egypt,  Syria,  Pergamum,  Bithynia,  Bhodes, 
and  Greek  states. 

Macedonians  (mas-f-do'ni-anz).  1.  The  natives 
or  inhabitants  of  ancient  Macedonia.  The  Macedo- 
nians, the  conquerors  of  Greece  and  of  many  other  coun- 
tries, have  generally  been  regarded  as  not  Hellenes,  or  gen- 
nine  Greeks,  although  they  used  the  Greek  language. 

West  of  the  Thraciau  district  in  antiquity  was  the  abode 
of  the  Macedonians,  whose  language,  in  spite  of  the  scanty 
remains  in  which  it  is  preserved  to  us,  shows  itself  un- 
doubtedly to  be  Greek  andnearly  related  to  Doric.  There 
has  then  rightly  been  a  tendency,  gathering  strength  of 
late,  to  regard  the  tribe  of  the  Macedonians  as  the  portion, 
left  behind  in  the  north,  of  the  Greek  people,  whose  origi- 
nal abode  was  at  the  foot  of  Olympus,  and  perhaps  even 
further  north  still. 

Schroder,  Aryan  Peoples  (tr.  by  Jevons),  p.  43L 

2.  The  followers  of  Macedonius,  bishop  of  Con- 
stantinople in  the  4th  century,  who  denied  the 
distinct  existence  and  Godhead  of  the  Holy 
Spirit,  which  he  conceived  to  be  a  creature  or 
merely  a  divine  energy  diffiused  through  the 
universe.  Members  of  this  sect  were  also  known  as 
Marathonians  and  Pneumatomachi.  The  Semi- Arians  were 
often  called  by  this  name,  and  the  name  of  Semi-Arians 
was  also  given  to  the  Ma<:edonians  in  the  proper  sense. 
Macedonian  Wars.  Wars  between  Eome  and 
Macedonia :  (1)  214-205  b.  o.,  when  Philip  V. 
fought  in  alliance  with  Carthage ;  (2)  200-197, 
when  Philip  V.  was  defeated  by  Flamininus  at 
CynoseephalsB  (197)  |  (3)  171-168,  when  Perseus 
was  def  eatedby  .^milius  Paulus  at  Pydna  (168) ; 
(4)  149-148,  soon  after  which  Macedonia  was 
made  a  Roman  province. 

Macedonius  (mas-e-do'ni-us).  Died  about  360. 
Patriarch  ot  Constantinople.  He  was  ordained 
by  the  Arian  party  in  341,  and  deposed  in  360. 

Maceid  (ma-sa-yo'),  or  Ma^ayo  (ma-si-6').  The 
capital  of  the  state  of  Alagoas,  Brazil,  situated 
nearthe  coast,  lat.  (of  lighthouse)  9°  40'  S.,  long. 
35°  45' W.    Population,  about  12,000. 

McEntee  (mak'en-te),  Jervis,  Bom  at  Eon- 
dout,  N.  T.,  July  14, 1828:  died  there,  Jan.  27, 
1891.  An  American  painter  of  landscapes  and 
figures.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  National  Aca^ 
demy  in  1861.  He  is  particularly  noted  for  his  autumn 
and  winter  landscapes. 

Macerata  (m&-cha-ra'ta).  1.  A  province  in 
the  compartimento  of  the  Marches,  Italy.  Area, 
1,087  square  mUes.  Population  (1891),  242,479. 
—  2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Macerata, 
situated  in  lat.  43°  18'  N.,  long.  13°  26'  E.  It 
has  a  university  and  a  cathedral.  Population 
(1891),  estimated,  23,000. 

Maceroni  (It.  pron.  ma-cha-ro'ne),  Francis. 
Bom  at  Manchester  in  1788:  died  at  London, 
July  25,  1846.  An  English  inventor  and  mili- 
tary adventurer.  He  was  of  Italian  extraction ;  was 
an  aide-de-camp,  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  to  Murat,  king 
of  ^Naples,  in  1814 ;  and  afterward  received  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general  in  the  service  of  the  Eepublio  of  Colom- 
bia, for  which  he  procured  supplies  of  men  and  arms  at 
Paris  and  London.  He  invented  an  improved  steam-coach 
for  common  roads,  which  was,  however,  rendered  valueless 
by  the  introduction  of  railways.  He  published  "Interest- 
ing Facts  Belating  to  the  Fall  and  Death  of  Joachim  Mu- 
rati  King  of  Naples"  (1817). 

Macfarren  (mak-far'en).  Sir  George  Alexan- 
der. Bom  at  London,  March  2,  1813:  died 
there,  Oct.  31, 1887.  An  English  composer  and 
writer  on  music.  He  was  professor  at  the  Koyal  Acad- 
emy of  Music  1834,  and  principal  1876.  Among  his 
works  are  the  operas  "The  Devil's  Opera"  (1838),  "Don 
Quixote "(1846),  "Robin  Hood  "  (1860),  "Jessy  Lea'"  (1863), 
etc.,  and  the  oratorios  "St.  John  theBaptist"  (1873).  "The 
Ilesun'ection"(1876),  "Joseph"  (1877),  besides  a  number 
of  cantatas  andlnumerous  cathedral  services,  etc.  He  also 
published  the  "Sudiments  of  Harmony  "  (1860), "  Six  Lec- 
tures on  Harmony"  (1866),  etc.,  and  harmonized  Chap- 
pell's  "Popular  Music  of  the  Olden  Time."  His  eyesight 
gradually  failed,  and  from  about  1860  he  was  totally  blind. 

McFingal  (mak-flng'gal).  A  Hudibrastio  epic 
poem  by  John  Trumbull.    The  first  canto  was  pub- 


636 


McEean 


lished  in  1775  and  the  whole  in  1782.   It  describes  the  char-  Machin  (mak'in),  or  Macham  (-am),  Robert 


acter  and  manners  of  the  times,  and  contains  an  account 
of  the  "American  Contest."  Many  editionswere  published. 

Macfirbis  (mak-fer'bis),  Duald :  Eng.  Dudley 
Ferbisie,  Ir.  Dubhaltach  MacFirbhisigh. 
Born  in  1585:  died  in  1670.  The  last  of  the 
hereditary  chroniclers  of  Ireland.  His  chief 
workis  a  manuscript  treatise  on  Irish  genealogy, 
completed  in  1650. 

MacFlecknoe.  or  a  Satire  on  the  True  Blue 
Protestant  Poet  T.  S.  A  satirical  poem  by 
Dryden  (1682),  directed  against  Shadwell:  it 
served  as  a  model  for  the  "Duneiad."  Flecknoe 
was  a  Boman  Catholic  priest  very  much  addicted  to  scrib- 


The  legendary  discoverer  of  Madeira.  He  is  rep- 
resented as  an  English  squire  who  fled  from  England  with 
his  inamorata,  Anna  d'Arsetor  Dorset,  daughterofapower- 
f  ul  noble  at  the  coiu-t  of  Edward  III.  The  vessel  in*  which 
he  sailed  was  driven  by  stress  of  weather  to  the  coast  of 
an  unknown  island,  where  he  landed  with  part  of  the  crew 
at  a  port  which  they  named  Machico.  During  their  ab- 
sence the  ship  was  (&iven  out  to  sea,  and  Anna,  who  had 
remained  on  board,  died  of  grief  and  fatigue,  while  Machin 
and  his  companions  made  their  way  to  Spain  and  thence 
to  England.  His  story  incited  the  Spanish  and  the  Portu- 
guese to  search  for  the  island,  which  was  found  by  Gonsal- 
vez  Zarco  in  1419.  The  legend  was  first  printed  in  the 
'  ■  Descobrimentos  "  of  Antonio  Galvano  (1603-£7X  «'  which 
Hakluyt  published  a  translation  in  1601. 


blmg  verses.   Hm  name  has  been  chiefly  preserved  by  this  Machpelah  (mak-pe'la).  In  Old  Testament  his- 

satire,  in  which  the  author  has  depicted  Shadwell  as  the    tzT„%,„^^oir.  TT^lirXVi    ■Pal^eH-na-  +!,<,  -h,,^! 

literary  son  and  heir  of  this  "wretched  poetaster."  *°^y>  ^  ^^^^  in  Hebron,  Palestane :  the  bunal- 

McFlimsey  (mak-flim'zi),  Flora.    The  subject  ,Elaee  of  the  patriarchs,    iyee  Hebron 

of    William    AUen    Butler's    satirical   poem  Macias  el  Enamorado  (ma-the  as  el 

"Nothing  to  Wear." 
MacGahan  (ma-gan'),  Januarius  Aloysius. 

Bom  in  Ohio,  Jime  12, 1844:  died  at  Constanti- 
nople, June  10,  1878.    An  American  journalist 

and  war  correspondent.    He  was  correspondent  for 

the  "  New  York  Herald "  during  the  Franco-Prussian 

war  1870-71 ;  went  on  the  Russian  expedition  against 

Khiva  in  1873,  described  in  "  Campaigning  on  the  Oxus, 

and  the  Fall  of  Khiva  " ;  accompanied  the  Arctic  expedi- 
tion on  the  Pandora  in  1875,  described  in  "Under  thf 

Northern  Lights."    In  1876  he  began  a  celebrated  series 

of  letters  to  the  London  "Daily  News,"  on  the  Bulgarian 

atrocities. 


a-na-mo- 

ra'THo).  [' Maeias  the  lover.']  A  Spanish  gen- 
tleman and  troubadour  of  the  first  half  of  the 
15th  century.  He  fell  in  love  with  the  wife  of  a  knight 
of  Porcuna.  He  expressed  his  passion  in  his  verses,  and 
was  finally  imprisoned  and  killed  by  the  husband  while  he 
was  singing  her  praises  at  the  window  of  his  prison.  His 
tew  poems  were  greatly  admired,  and  constant  allusions 
to  him  and  his  fate  were  made  in  ballads  and  popular 
songs.    Ticknor. 


Und5^  the  Maciejowice  (ma-cha-yo-vit'se);    A  village  in 
Poland,  about  45  mUes  south-southeast  of  War- 
saw.    Here,  Oct.  10,  1794,  the  Russians  under 
-      ,_,  T.,  •  T^  Person  defeated  the  Poles  under  Kosciuszko. 

McGee  (ma-ge  ),  Thomas  DArcy.    Born  at  Maciejowski(ma-cha-yov'ske),WaclawAlex- 
Carhngford,  Ireland,  AgriUS,  1825j  kdled  at  Ot-*    ander.  Born  1793 :  died  Feb.  10, 1883.  A  PoUsh 


tawa,  Canada,  April  7, 1868.  An  Irish  journal- 
ist in  Great  Britain,  the  United  States,  and 
Canada.  He  wrote  "Irish  Settlers  in  Amer- 
ica" (1851),  "History  of  Ireland"  (1862),  etc. 

MacGMllicuddy's  Keeks  (ma-gil-i-kud'iz  reks). 
The  highest  mountain-range  in  Ireland,  situ- 
ated in  County  Kerry  west  of  the  Lakes  of  Kil- 
lamey.    Height,  about  3,400  feet. 

McQillivray  (ma-gil'i-vra),  Alexander.  Bom 
in  Alabama  about  1740:  died  at  Pensacola,  Pla., 
Feb.  17, 1793.    A  chief  of  the  Creek  Indians. 


historian,  professor  at  Warsaw.  He  wrote  a 
"History  of  Slavic  Jurisprudence"  (1833-35), 
etc. 
Maciel  Parente  (ma-se-al'  pa-ran'te),  Bento. 
Bom  about  1570:  died  in  Rio  Grande  do  Norte, 
Feb.,  1642.  A  Portuguese  soldier.  He  was  promi- 
nent m  the  conquest  of  Maranhao  and  Par^  1615-20.  As 
governor  of  Pari  (1621-26)  he  founded  the  first  Portu- 
guese settlements  of  the  lower  Amazon.  In  1637  the  cap- 
raincy  of  Cabo  do  Norte  (Brazilian  Guiana)  was  formed 
and  granted  to  him  in  perpetuity ;  and  in  1638  he  was  made 
governor-general  of  Pard  and  Maranhao.  In  Nov.,  1641,  he 
surrendered  to  the  Dutch  expedition  which  conquered 
MaranhSo,  and  shortly  after  died  in  captivity. 


MacGillivray,  William.    Bom  at  Old  Aber- 
deen, Jan.  25, 1796:  died  at  Aberdeen,  Sept.  4,  „  ., _   „  _,      ,     _  ,^.^  ^ 

1852.    A  Scottish  naturaUst,  especially  noted  Mcllvaine  (mak-il-vaji'),  OharlfiS  Pettlt.  Born 
as  an  omithologist.  He  was  professor  of  natural  Us-    at  Burlington,  N.  j;.,  Jan^  18, 1799 :  died  at  Plor 


tory  in  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  from  1841.  His  chief 
work  is  a  "  History  of  British  Btds"  (1837-62). 
Macgregor  (ma-greg'or),  John,  Bom  atGraves- 
end,  England,' Jan.  24','  1825:  died  at  Boscombe, 
near  Bournemouth,  July  16, 1892.    An  English 


ence,  Italy,  March  13, 1873.  An  American  bishop 
and  theologian  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church.  He  was  bishop  of  Ohio  1832-73.  His 
best-known  work  is  "  Evidences  of  Christian- 
ity" (1832). 


traveler.    He  wrote  "A  Thousand  Miles  in  the  Bob  Eoy  Macintosh  (mak'in-tosh),  Charles.     Bom  at 
Canoe  on  BivCTs  and  L^es  in  Europe"  aseer 'The  E«b    Glasgow,  Dec.  29,  1766:    died  at  Dunchattan, 

Eoyonthe  Jordan,  Bed  Sea,  and  Gennesareth" (1869),  etc. >ii„„„„„    t,,w  ok  lO/ia      a  a»„+tj»i,  „v„™ 

Macgregor,  or  Campbell,  Robert,  commonly  ?ear  (Jlasgow,  July  25,  1843.  A  Scottish  chem- 
callld  Rob  Ro^y,  Bom  ii  1671:  died  Dec.  28,  '«*  ^^^  inventor.  FTe  introd„nefl  fmm  TToii».nfl  th, 
1734.    A  Scottish  freebooter.    See  Rob  Boy. 


Machault,  or  Machaut  (mS/-sho'),  Guillaume 
de.  Bora  about  1284:  died  after  1370.  A  French 

poet  and  musician.  Chaucer's  indebtedness  to  him  is  ^„„„,^  ,„  ,„„. 

marked.     "A  native  of  Champagne  and  of  noble  birth,  he  ^^  ,     ti 

early  entered,  like  most  of  the  lessernohility  of  the  period,  MacIVOr  (mak-e  vorj,  lergUS. 


ist  and  inventor.  He  introduced  from  Holland  the 
manufacture  of  sugar  of  lead  in  1786 ;  started  the  first  alum- 
works  in  Scotland  in  1797 ;  and  in  1828  assisted  J.  B.  Neil- 
son  in  bringing  into  use  his  "hot-blast "  process  for  con- 
verting iron  into  steeL  He  is  chiefiy  known  as  the  inventor 
of  the  water-proof  fabric  called  macintosh  or  mackintosh 
cloth,  patented  in  1823. 

A  Highland 


the  service  of  great  feudal  lords.  He  was  chamberlain  to  chief,  a  character  in  Scott's  novel  "  Waverley." 
Philip  the  Fair,  and  at  his  death  became  the  secretary  of  j^g  ^^s  beheaded  after  the  rout  of  the  Jacobite 
John  of  Luxembourg,  the  well-known  king  of  Bohemia. .  . 

After  the  death  of  this  prince  at  Crtey,  he  returned  to  the    JJ^niJ-  mi.      ■  x        ^-n  ,r     t 

service  of  .the  court  of  France  and  served  John  and  Charles  MacIVOr,  Flora.  The  Sister  of  Fergus  Maclvor, 
V.,flnallylas  it  appears,becoming  in  someway  connected  and  the  principal  female  character,  in  Scott's 
with  Pierre  de  Lusignan  king  of  Cyprus.  IBs  works  were    j^^^^i  k  Waverley."  She  refuses  Waverley,  and 

very  numerous,  amounting  in  all  to  some  80,000  Unes,of    „,„.„„  .  „„  -u^nj*, „!>„  j„„ii, « „  t.^  Ji  -   "• 

which,  until  recently,  nothing  but  a  few  extracts  was  in  ^.ttei  her  brottier;s  death  retires  to  a  convent, 
print.  In  the  last  few  years,  however,  'La  Prise  d'Alexan-  Mack  VOnLeibenCh(makfon]i'be-rieh),Baron 
drie,"  a  rhymed  chronicle  of  the  exploits  of  Lusignan,  and  Karl.  Bom  at  Nenslingen,  Franconia!  Aug.  24, 
tVeltn^n^TTe^^\^Z%^wl^^^c^L'it  "52  =  died  at  St.  Polten.  Austria.  Oct.'22.  W. 
merous  ballades,  etc.,  and  several  long  poems  in  the  style 
of  those  of  Froissart."     Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  102. 

Macheath  (mak-heth').  Captain.  The  principal 
character  iu  Gay's  "  Beggars  Opera  " :  a  gay  and 
dissolute  highwayman.  ■»«■    ,        /       i-,s   »,  ji      -••.     ^     i.    t. 

Machias  (ma-chi'as).  A  seaport  and  the  capi-  Mackay  (ma-la  ),  Alexa,nder  Murdoch.  Bom 
tal  of  Washington  County,  Maine,  situated  on  at  Rhyme,  Aberdeenshire,  Scotland,  Oct.  13, 
Machias  River  in  lat.  44°  43'  N.,  long.  67°  27'  1849:  diedm  TJsambiro,  Africa,  Feb.  8,  1890. 
W.    Population  (1890),  2,035.  A  noted  African  missionary.    As  a  mechanical  en 

Machiavelli  (mak-i-a-vel'li),  Niccolo.   Born  at 

author.  Hewasdescendedfromanoblebutunpoverished     very  popular  among  the  people,  and  rendered  invaluable 

family  and  was  the  son  of  Bernardo  MachiaveUi,  a  jurist,     services  as  a  pioneer  of  civilization. 

Heis said tohave studied underMarcelloVirgilioAdriani,  Mackay,  Charles.     Bom  at  Perth,  March  27, 


1752 :  died  at  St.  Polten,  Austria,  Oct.  22, 1828. 
An  Austrian  general.  In  1798  he  commanded  the 
Neapolitan  army  against  the  French.  He  was  sent  as  pris- 
oner of  war  to  Paris,  whence  he  escaped  in  1800  by  violat- 
ing his  parole.  He  capitulated  at  Ulm  to  Napoleon  Oct. 
17,  1806. 


although  little  is  known  of  his  youth  and  education.  He 
was  in  1498  appointed  secretary  to  the  Dieci  di  Libert^  e 
Pace  at  Florence,  by  whom  he  was  employed  in  numerous 
diplomatic  missions  to  the  petty  states  of  Italy,  to  France, 
and  to  Germany.  He  was  deprived  of  office  on  the  return 
of  the  banished  Medici  in  1512,  and  in  1513  was  impris. 


1814:  died  at  London,  Dec.  24,  1889.  A  Scot- 
tish poet.  He  was  editor  of  the  "  Glasgow  Argus  "  1844- 
1847,  editor  of  the  "Illustrated  London  News  "  1862-59, 
and  special  correspondent  of  the  London  "Times  "  at  New 
York  during  the  Civil  War.    Herevealed  in  the  "Times" 

oneTanrnut  tolhe*  tortli^i"oii  suspicion  of  conspfrlie     i?  1862  the  existence  of  the  Fenian  conspiracy  in  America. 

SisTaiOTanS  de-  iKicL    He  w£,  however,  refeasea     ^™e  Jj!, J^^^  Salamandrine,  or  Love  and  Im- 

in  the  same  year,  and  retired  to  a  country  estate  near  San     ™"''  " 

Casciano,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits, 


His  chief  works  are  "  H  Principe  "  ("  The  Prince  "),  "  Isto- 
rie  florentine  "  ("  Florentine  History  "),  "Arte  della  guerra" 
("Art  of  War"),  "Discorsi"  (essays  on  Livy  and  govern- 
ment), "Mandragola"  and  other  comedies.  His  complete 
works  were  edited  in  8  vols,  in  1818.  (See  Principe,  II.) 
Also  MaccMaveUi, 


mortality  "  (1842), "  Voices  from  the  Crowd  "  (1846),  "Voices 
from  the  Mountains"  Q&H),  and  "History  ot  the  Mor- 
mons "  (1861). 

McEean,  or  Mackean  (ma-ken'),  Thomas. 
Bom  at  New  London,  Chester  County,  Pa., 
March  19,  1734:  died  at  Philadelphia,  June  24, 
1817.  An  American  politician  and  jurist.  He  was 


McKean 

a  member  of  Congress  from  Delaware  1774-83 ;  signed  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  in  1776 ;  was  cliief  justice  of 
Pennsylvania  1777-99 ;  and  was  governor  of  Pennsylvania 
1799-1808. 

McKeesport  (mar-kez'port).  A  borough  ia  Al- 
legheny County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  at  the 
junotionoftheYoughioghenyandMonongahela, 
10  miles  southeast  of  Pittsburg.  Population 
(1900),  34,227. 

Mackenna,  Benjamin  VicuSa.  See  VievMa 
Mackenna. 

Mackenzie  (ma -ken '  zi).  [Named  for  its  dis- 
coverer, Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie.]  A  river  in 
British  North  America,  it  rises  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains as  the  Athabasca,  traverses  Lake  Athabasca,  issues 
thenceas  the  Slave  River,  traverses  the  Great  Slave  Lake, 
and  issues  thence  as  the  Mackenzie.  Itflows  into  the  Arc- 
tic Ocean  about  lat.  69°  N.  Total  length,  over  2,000  miles. 

Mackenzie,  Sir  Alexander.  Died  at  Muluain, 
near  Duukeld,  March  11,  1820.  A  Scottish  ex- 
plorer. He  entered  the  service  of  the  Northwest  Fur 
Company  in  1779,  and  in  1789  commanded  an  exploring  expe- 
dition to  the  ]S'orthwest,  during  which  he  discovered  the 
Mackenzie  River,  June  29, 1789.  He  afterward  conducted 
an  expedition  from  Fort  Chippewayan  to  the  Pacific  coast, 
which  he  reached  near  Cape  Menzi^es,  June  22, 1793,  being 
the  first  white  man  to  make  the  overland  journey.  He  was 
knighted  in  1802.  He  published  "Voyages  on  the  River 
St.  Lawrence  and  through  the  Continent  of  North  America 
to  the  Frozen  and  Pacific  Oceans  in  the  years  1789  and  1793  " 
(1801). 

Mackenzie,  Alexander.  Born  at  Logierait, 
near  Dunkeld,  Perthshire,  Scotland,  Jan.  28, 
1822 :  died  at  Toronto,  April  17, 1892.  A  Cana- 
dian politician.  He  emigrated  to  Canada  In  1842 ;  be- 
came editor  of  the  "Lambton  Shield"  at  Sarniain  1852; 
was  elected  to  the  provincial  parliament  of  Ontario  in 
1861 ;  entered  the  first  Dominion  House  of  Commons  in  1867 ; 
and  was  premier  1873-78. 

Mackenzie,  Sir  George.  Bom  at  Dundee,  Scot- 
land, 1636:  died  at  London,  1691.  A  Scottish 
lawyer.  He  became  king's  advocate  in  Scotland  1677. 
He  strained  his  powers  as  prosecutor  to  such  excess,  espe- 
cially against  the  Covenanters,  that  he  was  known  as  the 
"Bloody  Mackenzie." 

Mackenzie,  Henry.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Aug., 
1745 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Jan.  14, 1831.  A  Scot- 
tish novelist.  He  wrote  "  The  Man  of  Feeling  "  (1771), 
"  The  Man  of  the  World  "  (1773),  "Julia  de  Roubign^  " 
(1777),  etc. 

Mackenzie,  Sir  Morell.  Bom  at  Leytonstone, 
July  7,  1837:  died  at  London,  Feb.  3,  1892.  A 
Scottish  physician.  He  graduated  (B.  M.)  at  London 
University  in  1861 ;  was  assistant  physician  to  the  London 
Hospital  1866-73 ;  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Hos- 
pital for  Diseases  of  the  Throat  at  London  in  1863.  He  was 
invited  to  Berlin  in  1887  to  attend  the  Crown  Prince  of  Ger- 
many (afterward  Frederick  III.),  who  was  attacked  with 
a  malady  which  eventually  proved  to  be  cancer  of  the 
throat,  and  which  terminated  fatally  JunelB,  1888.  Among 
his  works  are  "  Manual  of  Diseases  of  the  Throat  and  Nose  " 
(1880-84)  and  "  Use  of  the  Laryngoscope  "  (1866). 

Mackenzie,  Robert  Shelton.  Bom  at  Drews 
Court,  County  Limerick,  June  22, 1809:  died  at 
Philadelphia,  Nov.  30,  1880.  An  Irish  author. 
He  came  to  the  United  Stales  in  1862.  He  wrote  "Titian, 
a  Venetian  Art-Novel"  (1843),  "Life  of  Guizot"  (1846), 
"Mornings  at  Matlock"  (1850),  "Tresilllan"  (18B9),  and 
"  Partnership  'en  Commandite,'  "a  legal  commercial  work 
(1847).  He  edited  with  many  notes  Shell's  "  Sketches  of 
the  Irish  Bar,"  the  "  Noctes  Ambrosianse,"  De  Quincey's 
**Klosterheim,"  Dr.  Maginn's  works,  etc. 

Mackenzie,  William  Lyon.  Bom  in  Scotland, 
March  12, 1795:  died  at  Toronto^  Canada,  Aug. 
28, 1861.  A  Canadian  politician  and  journalist, 
a  leader  of  the  Canadian  rising  1837-38. 

Mackinac,  or  Mackinaw  (mak'i-na),  formerly 
Michilimackinac  (mik"'i-li-inak'i-na),  strait 
of.  A  strait  connecting  Lakes  Michigan  and 
Huron,  and  separating  the  northern  and  south- 
erupeninsulas  of  Michigan. 

McKinley  (ma-kin'li;,  William.  BomatNiles, 
Trumbull  County,  Ohio,  Jan.  29, 1843 :  died  at 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  14,  1901.  An  American 
statesman.  He  served  in  the  Civil  War,  attaining  the 
rank  of  major;  was  attorney  of  Stark  County,  Ohio,  1869- 
1871;  was  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Ohio 
1877-91 ;  was  chairman  of  the  platform  committee  in  the 
Republican  National  Conventions  of  1884  and  1888;  was 
chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means  in  Con- 
gress 1889-91 ;  was  defeated  as  Republican  candidate  for 
member  of  Congress  in  1890 ;  was  elected  governor  of  Ohio 
by  the  Republicans  in  1891 ;  was  reelected  in  1893 ;  and 
was  elected  President  in  1896,  and  again  in  1900.  On 
Sept.  6, 1901,  while  attending  the  Pan-American  Exposi- 
tion at  Buflialo,  he  was  shot  by  Leon  Czolgosz,  an  an- 
archist. 

McKinley  Act.  A  tariff  act,  named  from  the 
chairman  ("William  McKinley)  of  the  Ways  and 
Mean  s  (Committee,  which  became  law  Oct. ,  1890. 
Some  of  its  leading  provisions  are  increased  duties  on  tin- 
plates,  and  on  barley  and  some  other  agricultural  products ; 
a  general  increase  in  the  duties  on  wool  and  woolen  and 
cotton  manufactures ;  and  the  remission  of  the  duty  on  raw 
sugar  (with  a  bounty  to  domestic  sugar  producers).  An- 
other important  part  was  the  reciprocity  feature,  which 
provided  for  the  remission  of  duties  on  sugar,  molasses, 
tea,  coSee,  and  hides  from  countries  which  should  remove 
duties  on  American  imported  products.    Repealed  1894. 


637 

Mackintosh,  Sir  James.  BomatAldourle,  near 
Inverness,  Scotland,  (5ct.  24, 1765:  died  at  Lou- 
don, May  30, 1832.  A  Scottish  philosopher.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  London,  in  1795 ; 
accepted  the  recordership  of  Bombay  in  1803 ;  was  com- 
missioned judge  in  the  court  of  vice-admiralty  at  Bombay 
in  1806  ;  returned  to  England  in  1811 ;  entered  Parliament 
in  1813  ;  and  was  professor  of  law  at  Haileybury  1818-24. 
Among  his  works  are  "Dissertation  on  the  Progress  of 
Ethical  Philosophy  "  (1830)  and  "  History  of  the  Revolution 
in  England  in  1688  "  (1834). 

Macklin  (mak'lin),  Charles.  Bom  in  Ireland, 
1697  (?) :  died  at  London,  July  11,  1797.  A^ 
English  actor  and  dramatist.  He  was  the  son  of 
William  M'Laughlin,  but  changed  his  name  to  Mechlin, 
afterward  Mac^in.  In  1713  he  was  a  scout  or  badgeman 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  Little  is  known  of  his  early  life. 
He  was  playing  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Theatre  about  1725,  and 
rose  steadily  in  public  favor  till  his  famous  appearance  as 
Shylock  in  1741.  From  this  time  he  played  constantly  in 
tragedy,  comedy,  and  farce  for  nearly  60  years.  When 
about  90  years  old  he  created  the  part  of  Sir  Pertinax  Mae- 
sycophant  in  his  own  play  "  The  Man  of  the  World,"  one 
of  the  most  arduous  characters  in  his  large  repertory.  Dur- 
ing this  time  he  also  wrote  plays,  taught  acting,  and  kept 
a  coifee-house  for  some  years  in  Covent  Garden.  His  ex- 
treme quarrelsomeness  embittered  his  life  andendangered 
his  success.  He  wrote  "King  Henry  VII."  (produced 
1746),  "Love  ^  la  Mode"  (1769),  and  "The  Man  of  the 
World  "  (1781 :  originally  "  The  True-bom  Scotchman," 
1766). 

Mackonochie  (ma-kon'o-ki),  Alexander  Her- 
iot.  Bom  at  Fareham,  Hampshire,  Aug.  11, 
1825 :  found  dead  near  Ballachulish,  Scotland, 
Dec.  17, 1887.  An  English  clergyman.  He  was 
prosecuted  from  1867  to  1882  for  ritualistic  practices  at  his 
church,  St.  Albans,  Holboru,  where  for  20  years  he  worked 
among  the  lowest  poor.  He  resigned  in  accordance  with 
the  dying  wish  of  Archbishop  Tait.  The  practices  in  ques- 
tion have  been  generally  allowed  since. 

McLane  (mak-lan'),  Louis.  Bom  at  Smyrna, 
Del.,  May  28,  1786:  died  at  Baltimore,  Oct.  7, 
1857.  AJn.  American  politician.  He  was  United 
States  senator  from  Delaware  1827-29 ;  United  States  min- 
ister to  Great  Britain  1829-31 ;  secretary  of  the  treasury 
1831-33 ;  and  secretary  of  state  1833-34. 

McLane,  Bobert  Milligan.  Bom  at  Wilming- 
ton, Del.,  June  23, 1815:  died  at  Paris,  April  16, 
1898.  An  American  diplomatist,  son  of  Louis 
McLane.  He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Maryland 
1847-51,  and  United  States  minister  to  China  1853-65,  to 
Mexico  1859-60,  and  to  France  1886-88. 

Maclaren  (ma-klar'en),  Archibald.  Bom  in 
the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  March  2, 1755 :  died 
at  London,  1826.  A  Scottish  playwright.  He 
wrote  80  or  90  plays,  operas,  farces,  etc.,  many 
of  them  successfid. 

Maclaren,  Ian.  Pseudonym  of  Dr.  John  Watson. 

Maclaurin  (mak-lS,'riu),  Colin.  Bom  at  Kil- 
modan,  Argyllshire,  Feb.,  1698:  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, June  14, 1746.  A  noted  Scottish  mathe- 
matician and  physicist.  He  graduated  at  Glasgow 
about  1713 ;  became  professor  of  mathematics  in  Mari- 
Bchal  College,  Aberdeen,  in  1717 ;  and  in  1724  was  appointed 
a  deputy  professor  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He 
wrote  "  Geometria  Organica,  sive  Descriptio  Linearum  Cur- 
varum  Universalis  "  (1720), '  'A  Treatise  of  Fluxions  "  (1742), 
"A  Treatise  of  Algebra,  with  an  Appendix  De  Linearum 
Geometricarum  Proprietatibus  Generalibus"  (1748),  and 
"  An  Account  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton's  Philosophy  "  (1748). 

McLaws  (mak-l&z'),  Lafayette.    Bom  at  Au- 

fusta,  Ga.,  Jan.  15, 1821:  died  at  Savannah,  Ga., 
uly  23, 1897.  An  American  soldier  in  the  Con- 
federate service.  He  was  promoted  major-general 
May  23, 1862,  and  commanded  a  division  at  Gettysburg  and 
in  other  important  battles.  it 

McLean  (mak-lan'),  John.  Born  in  Morris 
County,  N.  J.,  March  IX,  1785:  died  at  Cincin- 
nati, April  4,  1861.  An  American  jurist  and 
politician .  He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Ohio  1813- 
1816;  postmaster-general  1823-29;  associate  justice  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court  1829-61 ;  and  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  the  Republican  nomination  for  President  in 
1856  and  1860. 

Maclean  (mak-lan'),  John.  Bom  at  London, 
1835  (?) :  died  there,  March  15, 1890.  An  Eng- 
lish actor.  He  made  his  first  appearance  in 
1859.     He  was  a  good  but  not  eminent  actor. 

McLennan  (mak-leu'an),  John  Ferguson. 
Bom  at  Inverness,  Oct.  14, 1827 :  died  at  Hayes 
Common,  Kent,  June  16, 1881.  A  Scottish  sociol- 
ogist. He  was  admitted  to  the  Scottish  bar  in  1867,  and 
in  1871  became  parliamentary  draftsman  for  Scotland. 
He  is  known  chiefly  from  his  researches  in  connection  with 
the  history  of  the  evolution  of  marriage,  which  led  him  to 
adopt  the  theory,  in  which  he  had  to  some  extent  been  an- 
ticipated by  the  Swiss  jurist  Bachofen,  that  the  primitive 
form  of  marriage  was  exogamy,  of  which  polyandry  and 
polygamous  or  monogamous  monandry  were  successive 
developments.  This  theory  is  expounded  in  his  principal 
work,  "  An  Inquur  into  the  Origin  of  the  Form  of  Capture 
in  Marriage  Ceremonies  "  (1866). 

McLeod  (mak-loud'),  Alexander.     Bom  in 

Mull,  Scotland,  June  12, 1774:  died  at  New  York, 
Feb.  17, 1833.  An  American  clergyman  of  the 
Eeformed  Presbyterian  Church,  and  religious 
writer.  He  was  pastor  of  the  First  Eeformed 
Presbyterian  Church  of  NewYorkaboutl801-33. 
MacLeod,  Henry  Dunning.    Bom  at  Edin- 


Macon 

burgh,  1821 :  died  July  16, 1902.  A  Scotch  polit- 
ical economist.  He  wrote  "Theory  and  Practice  of 
Banking"  (1866), "Elements  of  Political  Economy"  (1868). 

Dictionary  of  Political  Economy  "  (YoL  1, 1862),  "  Prin- 
ciples of  Economical  Philosophy"  (1873),  "Elements  of 
Jianiiing    -(1876),    "Economics   for  Beginners"   (1878), 

Elements  of  Economics"  (1881-86),  "  Theory  and  Prac- 
tice of  Banking  "  (1883-86). 
Macleod,  Norman.  Bom  at  Campbeltown, 
Argyllshire,  June  3,  1812:  died  at  Glasgow, 
June  16,  1872.  A  Scottish  clergyman.  He  was 
parish  minister  successively  of  Loudoun,  in  Ayrshire ;  Dal- 
keith, near  Edinburgh ;  and  Barony  parish,  Glasgow ;  and 
was  editor  of  the  Edinburgh  "  Christian  Instructor  "  from 
1849,  and  of  "  Good  Words  "  from  1860.  In  1867  he  was 
sent  by  the  General  Assembly  to  visit  the  mission  stations 
in  India.  Among  his  works  are  "Parish  Papers "  (1862)l 
"Wee  Davie"  (1864),  "The  Starling"  (1867),  "Character 
Sketches  "(1872),  etc. 

McLeod,  Xavier  Donald.  Bom  at  New  York, 
Nov.  17,  1821 :  killed  near  Cincinnati,  July  20, 
1865.  An  American  poet  and  miscellaneous 
author,  son  of  Alexander  McLeod. 

McLeod  Case,  The.  The  case  of  a  British  sub- 
ject, Alexander  McLeod,  tried  in  New  York 
State,  1841,  for  his  part  in  the  burning  of  the 
steamer  Caroline  in  Niagara  River  in  1837. 
McLeod  was  acquitted. 

Maclise  (mak-les'),  Daniel.  Bom  at  Cork,  Ire- 
land, Feb.  2,  1806:  died  at  London,  April  25, 
1870.  A  British  historical  and  figure  painter. 
He  left  a  bank  clerkship  for  the  studio  of  uie  Cork  Society 
of  Arts.  In  1828  he  entered  the  academy  at  London,  and 
won  the  gold  medal  (1831)  for  his  historic  composition 
"TheChoiceof  Hercules."  He  was  made  an  academician 
in  1840.  He  painted  a  portrait  of  Dickens  (1839),  but  his 
later  years  were  chiefly  engrossed  with  the  decorations  of 
the  Houses  of  Parliament,  especially  with  the  famous 
water-glass  pictures  "The  Meeting  of  Wellington  and 
Blucher"  and  "The  Death  of  Nelson."  His  drawings  of 
The  Story  of  the  Norman  Conquest "  are  notable.  He 
also  designed  illustrations  for  many  books,  among  them 
Moore's  "Irish  Melodies,"  Lytton's  "Pilgrims  of  the 
Rhine,"  etc. 

Maclure  (mak-liir'),  William.  Born  at  Ayr, 
Scotland,  17'63 :  died  at  San  Angel,  near  Mexico, 
March  23,  1840.  An  American  geologist.  Me- 
moirs of  his  geological  survey  of  the  United  States  were 
published  in  1809  and  1817. 

MacMahon  (mak-ma-6n'),  Comte  Marie 
Edme  Patrice  Maurice  de.  Due  de  Magenta. 
Bom  at  Sully,  Sa6ne-et-Loire,  France,  June  13, 
1808:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  17, 1893..  A  marshal  of 
France,  and  president  of  the  French  republic. 
He  was  the  descendant  of  an  Irish  family  which  fled  to 
France  on  the  faU  of  the  Stuarts,  and  was  of  noble  birth, 
his  father  being  a  peer  of  France.  He  entered  the  army 
in  1825 ;  served  in  Algeria  1830-50 ;  and  in  the  siege  of  Sebas- 
topol,  during  the  Crimean  war,  led  the  division  which 
stormed  the  Malakoff  Sept.  8, 1855.  He  commanded  an 
army  corps  in  Italy  during  the  war  of  France  and  Sardinia 
against  Austria  in  1869,  in  which  year  he  was  made  a  mar- 
shal of  France  and  created  duke  of  Magenta  as  a  reward 
for  his  services  at  the  battle  of  that  name.  He  was  gov- 
ernor-general of  Algeria  1864-70,  and  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  Franco-Prussian  war  he  was  placed  in  command  of 
the  first  army  corps.  He  was  totally  defeated  at  Worth, 
Aug.  6, 1870,  and  was  overwhelmed  at  Sedan,  Sept.  1.  He 
was  for  a  time  a  prisoner  of  war  in  Germany  1870-71, 
suppressed  the  Commune  at  Paris  in  1871,  and  was  presi- 
dent of  the  French  republic  1873-79. 

McMaster  (mak-mas't6r),  John  Bach.  Bom 
at  Brooklyn,  fJ'.  Y.,  1852.  An  American  histo- 
rian. He  became  professor  of  history  in  the  University 
of  Pennsylvaniain  1883.  He  has  published  "  A  Histoiy  of 
the  People  of  the  United  States"  (1883  et  seg.),  etc. 

MacMonnies  (mak-mun'iz),  Frederick  Wil- 
liam. Born  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  28,  1863- 
An  American  sculptor.  He  studied  in  New  York, 
Paris,  Munich,  and  London.  His  principal  works  are  a 
fountain  at  the  Columbian  Exposition,  "Nathan  Hale" 
(City  Hall  park.  New  York),  "Fame"  (West  Point),  "Di- 
ana," "  Bacchante,"  and  "Pan  of  Rohallion." 

McNab  (mak-nab').  Sir  Alan  Napier.  Bom  at 
Niagara,  Canada,  Feb.  19, 1798 :  died  at  Toron- 
to, Canada,  Aug.  8,  1862.  A  Canadian  states- 
man. He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1826;  was  elected 
to  the  legislature  of  Upper  Canada  in  1830 ;  and  as  colonel 
of  militia  repressed  the  rebellion  of  1837-38.  He  was 
knighted  in  1838 ;  was  prime  minister  of  the  united  prov- 
inces of  Canada  1854-56 ;  and  was  made  a  baronet  in  1867, 
and  a  member  of  the  legislative  council  in  1860. 

McNiel  (mak-nel' ),  John.  Bom  at  Hillsborough, 
N.  H.,  1784:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Feb. 
23, 1850.  An  American  officer,  distinguished  at 
the  battles  of  Chippewa  and  Lundy's  Lane  1814. 

Macilish(mak-nish'), Robert.  BomatGlasgow, 
Feb.  15,  1802:  died  at  Glasgow,  Jan.  16,  1837. 
A  Scottish  medical  and  miscellaneous  writer. 

Macomb  (ma-kom'  or  ma-kom'),  Alexander. 
Bom  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  April  13,  1782:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  June  25,  1841.  An  Ameri- 
can major-general.  He  defeated  the  British  under 
Prevost  at  Plattsburgh,  Sept.  11, 1814,  and  was  command- 
er-in-chief of  the  army  1828-41. 

Micon  (ma-k6n').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Sadne-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on  the 
SaSne  in  lat.  46°  19'  N.,  long.  4°  49'  E.  :  the 
Boman  Matisco  .^duorum.    It  has  flourishing  com- 


M§,coii 


638 


Madison,  James 


merce  and  mannfactuTes,  and  contains  a  mined  cathedral 
and  some  Boman  antiquities.  It  was  a  place  of  some  im- 
portance in  the  time  of  Ccesar.  It  suffered  in  the  Hugue- 
not ware.    Population  (1891),  commune,  19,573. 

Macon  (ma'kon).  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Bibb 
County,  central  Georgia,  situated  on  the  Ocmul- 
gee  80  miles  southeast  of  Atlanta,  it  is  a  railway, 
commercial,  and  manufacturing  center ;  has  a  large  trade 
in  cotton ;  and  is  the  seat  of  various  educational  institu- 
tions.   Population  (1900) ,  23,272. 

MaQ0n(ma-s6n'),  Le.  A  comic  opera  by  Auber,  ,     ■, /- i,     ^^     o-     -n  .^• 

words  by  Scribe  and  Bela^gne,  produced  in  Macsycophant    (mak-sik  o-fant),    Sir   Pertl- 


1825. 

Macon  (ma'kon),  Nathaniel.  Bom  in  Warren 
County,  N.  Cf.',  1757 :  died  there,  June  29, 1837. 
An  American  politician.  He  was  a  member  of  Con- 
gress from  North  Carolina  1791-1815,  speaker  1801-06,  and 


it:  from  Pg.  madeira,  wood,  from  L.  materies, 
matter.]  The  chief  of  the  Madeira  Islands, 
belonging  to  Portugal,  situated  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  west  of  Africa.  The  chief  town  is  Funchal,  lat. 
32°  38'  S.,  long.  16°  64'  W.  The  surface  is  mountainous  and 
picturesque.  The  chief  products  are  wine  and  sugar.  The 
inhabitants  are  of  Portuguese  descent.  The  island  is  noted 
as  a  health-resort.  It  was  visited  by  the  Portuguese  in  1419, 
and  colonized  by  them  about  1420.  It  was  occupied  by  the 
British  in  1801,  and  from  1807  to  1814.  Length,  32  miles. 
Madeira  Islands.   A  group  of  islands  forming  a 

-    ,-,      ,     •     ,,,      ,-, ,,    ,,.  ,      Portusruese  province,  including  Madeira,  Porto 

??•    A  hard^  worldly  old  man  in  Macklm's    g°Xfand  some  smaller  islands.     Area,  505 
•'ManoftheWorld,"ambitiousforhisson,and    °    are  miles.    Population  (1890),  134,040. 

a,?=i'°  &rz.ta"is  >ssr  iSfiSi^  SA^.  i^-  „i 


about  38  A.  D.  A  prefect  of  the  Boman  pre- 
torians  under  Tiberius  and  Caligula. 
Macrobius  (ma-kro'bi-us),  Ambrosins  Theo- 
dosius.  Lived  probably  at  the  beginning  of  the 
5th  century.  A  Roman  grammarian.  His  extant 
works  are  a  collection  of  essays,  "Satumatioruin  convivi- 
orum  libri  septem  "  (imperfect),  and  a  commentaiy  on 
Cicero's  ''Dream  of  Scipio." 

MacSarcasm  (mak-sar'kazm).  Sir  Axchy.    A 
noted  character  in  Macklin's  "Love  a  la  Mode." 


nax. 


worldly  influence.     Maoklin  created  the  part 
himself  when  about  90  years  old. 


United  states  senator  1816-28.    He  was  chosen  president  MacTab  (mak-tab').  The  Hon.  MiSS  Lucretia, 


One  of  the  principal  characters  in  Cobnan's 
"Poor  Gentleman":  a  proud  and  prudish  old 

It  was  united  to  Prance  under  Macu'sis  (ma-ko-sez').   A  tribe  of  Indians  of  the 

Carib  stock,  inhabiting  the  open  lands  of  south- 
western British  Guiana  and  the  adjacent  parts 
of  Brazil  and  Venezuela.  Formerly  they  ranged 
northwestward  to  the  Orinoco,  and  were  verynumerous  and 
warlike.  They  are  now  reduced  to  a  few  thousands,  who 
are  friendly  to  the  whites,  but  are  practically  independent. 
They  are  of  darker  color  llian  the  other  Guiana  tribes,  well 
formed  and  athletic,  and  very  cleanly.    Their  houses  are 


vro  tempore  of  the  Senate  in  1825. 

M§,COnnais  (ma-ko-na')-  A  former  district  of 
Prance,  now  comprised  in  the  department  of 
Sa6ne-et-Loire,  ..    -  .    ™ 

Louis  XI. 

Macorix,  or  Macoris.  In  the  early  history  of 
Haiti,  a  region  or  "province"  wmch,  at  the 
time  of  the  conquest,  was  under  the  chief  Guari- 
onex.  It  was  in  the  interior,  south  of  the  set- 
tlement of  Isabella,  and  included  a  large  part 
of  the  Vega  Real. 

Macpherson  (mak-fer'son),  James,  Bom  at 
Buthven,  Inverness-shire,  Oct.  27,  1736:  died 
Feb.  17, 1796,    ~      - 

sianic  poems.  In  1759,  while  a  schoolmaster  in  his  na- 
tive village,  he  showed  to  "Jupiter"  Carlyle  and  John 
Bome  some  fragments  of  Gaelic  verse  with  translations. 
They  were  published  in  1760,  and  excited  so  much  interest 
that  he  was  sent  to  the  Highlands  for  the  purpose  of  dis- 
covering more  of  these  poems.  The  result  was  that  he 
published  the  "Poems  of  Ossian,"  consisting  of  "Fingal, 
an  Epic  Poem  in  six  books  "  (1762),  and  "  Temora,  an  Epic 
Poem  in  eight  books"  (1763).  The  controversy  which  at 
once  arose  as  to  their  genuineness  (as  Gaelic  remains)  has 
not  yet  been  settled,  though  opinion  is  generally  against 
Macpherson.  In  1764  he  was  sent  as  governor-general  to 
the  Floridas  ;  in  1779  was  made  agent  to  the  Nabob  of  Ar- 
cot ;  and  in  1780  entered  Parliament,  where  he  sat  for  10 
years.    He  also  wrote  "History  of  Great  Britain"  (1776), 

Macpherson,  James  Birdseye.  Bom  in  San- 
dusky County,  Ohio,  Nov.  14,  1828:  killed  be- 
fore Atlanta,  Ga.,  July  22, 1864.    An  American 


grouped  in  small  villages,  and  they  cultivate 


Louis  XVI.,  but  not  finished  until  1842.  At  the 
end  of  the  18th  century  it  was  determined  to  build  the  pres- 
ent church  in  the  Rue  Royale,  to  complete  the  architec- 
tural scheme  of  the  Place  de  la  Concorde ;  and  the  first 
stone  was  laid  April  13, 1764.  Coutant  d  Ivry,  the  archi- 
tect, died  in  1777,  and  was  succeeded  by  Couture,  who  de- 
molished the  works  already  under  way  and  substituted  a 
plan  of  his  own.  The  Rfivolution  put  an  end  to  the  work, 
but  the  empire  revived  it  under  the  name  of  the  Temple 
h.  la  Gloire ;  and  the  work  owes  its  present  character  to 
Vignon.  It  is  a  huge  Roman-Corinthian  temple,  measur- 
ing 141  by  364  feet,  and  100  high,  on  a  raised  basement. 
It  is  a  peripteros  of  8  by  18  columns,  without  wmdows, 
with  frieze  richly  sculptured  with  garlands,  and  the  tym- 
panum of  the  south  facade  filled  with  a  colossal  group  of 


other  plants.    Also  written  MaeticHs  or  Macuxis. 
The  alleged  translator  of  the  Os-  MacVeagh  (mak-va'),  WajTie.    Bom  at  Phoe- 
"  -  -        -     -  -  -  -  nixville,  Chester  County,  Pa.,  April  19,  1833. 

An  Ameri  can  poUtieian.   He  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1866:  was  United  States  minister  to  Turkey  1870-71; 
was  United  States  attorney-general  under  President  Gar- 
field in  1881 ;  and  was  ambassador  to  Italy  1893-97. 
Madagascar  (mad-a-gas'kar).   An  island  in  the 


manioc  and     sculpture  representing  Christ  as  the  judge  of  the  world 
^  The  interior  forms  a  great  haU  lighted  from  above :  it 


is  effective,  and  richly  adorned  with  painting  and  sculp- 
ture. 
Madelon  (mad-16n').  Oneof  the"pr6eieuses 
ridicules"  in  Molifere's  play  of  that  name.  She 
takes  the  more  romantic  name  of  Polixena. 
Mademoiselle,  La  Grande,  or  Mademoiselle. 
See  Montpensier. 

Indian  Ocean,  east  of  soiithem  Africa,  from  Mademoiselle  de  Belle-Isle.     AplaybyAlex- 

which  it  is  separated  by  the  Mozambique  Chan-     andre  Dumas,  produced  in  1839. 

nel.   Capital,  Antananarivo.    Itextendsfromabout  Mademoiselle  de  Maupin.     A  novel  by  Th6o- 

lat.l2°to26:35'S.  The  surface  in  the  interioris  generally       j^    Gautier,  published  in  1835. 

elevated  and  mountainous.    The  productions  are  tropical.   _i,    ,     v"™"!"*^^,  >■         »  ...    „      t,     x. 

Tamatave  is  the  chief  port.    The  governmentwas  a  mon-  Madenassana  (ma-den-as-sa  na).  iseeHusnmen. 

archy.    The  inhabitants  and  language  are  Malagasy.   The  Maderaner  Thai  (ma,-de-Ta'nertal).  An  Alpine 

ir  Ma^di^^car  w^°r^iy^vi^i?X"t'S^^  ^fW,^  f  ^  ^''tl  1  ^'1'  Switzerland,  south 

discovered  by  the  Portuguese  in  1606.    The  introduction  oi  Aitaort.     Ijengtn,  »  miies. 

of  ChristianitynnderRadama  I.  (1810-28)  was  followed  by  Madge   Wildfire.      A  madwoman   in   Scott's 

a  persecution  of  the  Christians  under  Queen  Ranavalona  I.  iccr^w-  nf  Mirn^fTiian  " 

(1828-61).    A  war  with  France  in  1883-86  was  terminated  -tteart  01  iVLiaiOtman. 


general.  HegraduatedatWestPomtmlSSS;  waschief  |  uy  a  treaty  (Dec.  12, 1885)  establishing  a  French  protec-  Maohava (ma  dtia-va),orMaanavacarya(-va- 
engineer  on  the  staff  of  General  Grant  in  1862 ;  was  ap-  I  torate.  In  1896  it  became  a  French  colony,  and  in  Febru-  ehar-ya).  [Skt.,  Hhe  learned  Madhava/  01 
pointedtothecommandof  a  corps  of  Grants  army  in  1863;     ary,  1897,  the  queen  was  deposed.  Length,  about  976  miles.      <f,hA  i-,pn,fi]ier  Madhava ' :  from  dedrva.  teacher, 


ary,  1897,  the  queen  was  deposed.  Length, 

Greatest  breadth,  about  350  miles.    Area,  about  228,600 

square  miles.     Population,  estimated^  3,500,000. 


pointed .  t,  t-i.     i.     i- 

and  in  the  same  year  routed  part  of  Joseph  E.  Johnston  a 
army  at  Raymond,  and  with  the  aid  of  Sherman's  corps 

defeated  Johnston  at  Jackson,    He  also  served  with  dia-  -_    ,    .  ,     -/ j-\       »  ■         •     n  •    _ 

tiBcHon  at  Campion  Hill  and  in  the  assaults  on  Vicksburg  Madai  (ma'di).  A  name  given  m  Genesis  x.  as 
in  1863,  and  in  1864  took  part  in  Sherman's  campaign  in  that  of  the  third  son  of  Japhet :  commonly  re- 
Georgia  as  commander  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee.  garded  as  the  eponymic  ancestor  of  the  Medes. 
Macpherson,  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Sleat,  in  the  Madame  Bovary  (bo-va-re').  AnovelbyFlau- 
Isle  of  Skye,  in  1745 :  died  at  Brompton  Grove,  bert,  published  in  1857.  It  is  notable  as  an  ex- 
Jan.  12,  1821.    A  Scottish  politician.    He  went    pression  of  "realism." 

out  to  Madras  as  purser  in  an  East  India  shipin  1767 ;  re-  JjJadan  (mad'an),  Martin.     Bom  in  1726 :  died 
turned  to  England  as  a  financial  agent  of  the  Nabob  of  the     ^^  Epsom,  May  2, 1790.     An  EngUsh  Methodist 


Carnatic  in  1768 ;  became  a  writer  in  the  East  India  Com. 
pany's  service  at  Madras  in  1770 ;  was  appointed  to  the  su- 
preme council  at  Calcutta  in  1781;  and  on  Warren  Hast- 
ings's resignation  succeeded  to  the  governor-generalshin 
of  India  as  senior  member  of  the  council  in  1785.  He  was 
created  a  baronet  in  1786,  and  in  the  same  year  was  super- 
seded as  governor-general  by  Lord  Comwallis. 
Macguarie  (ma-kwor'e).  [Named  from  Lach- 
lan  Maoquarie','  governor  of  South  Wales  1809- 
1821.]    A  river  in  New  South  Wales,  which 


divine.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1748,  but  shortly 
abandoned  law  in  order  to  enter  the  ministry,  and  was  for 
many  years  chaplain  to  the  Lock  Hospital.  He  is  chiefly 
known  as  the  author  of  "  Telyphthora  (1780),  in  which  he 
advocated  polygamy. 

Mad  Anthony.  A  nickname  often  given  An- 
thony Wayne  on  aeoount  of  his  reckless  bravery. 

Mad  Cavalier,  The.  A  surname  of  Prince  Ru- 
pert, nephew  of  Charles  I.  of  England. 

^^_  J  J  M  1  ««w«  j   /-win  ei     An    l^'-n  a\  a   "f-j-tiKT-n  i-n  'f  1 


flows  through  marshes  into  the  Darling  about  ]]i|addaloni(mad-da-16'ne).    Atownintheprov- 
lat.  30°  15'  S.    Length,  about  400  miles.  jjige  of  Caserta,  Italy,  situated  15  miles  north- 

Macquarie  Islands.   A  group  of  small  uninhab-    east  of  Naples.    Population  (1881),  17,072. 
ited  islands  southwest  of  New  Zealand.    The  jiiadden  (mad'en),  Sir  Frederick.     Bom  at 
northern  end  is  situated  in  lat.  54°  19' S.,  long.     Portsmouth,  Feb.  16,  1801:  died  at  London, 


the  teacher  Madhava';  from  acdrya,  teacher, 
especially  of  the  Veda.]  A  great  Hindu  scholar 
of  the  14th  century.  He  was  the  author,  or  reputed 
author,  of  great  commentaries  on  the  Kig-  (in  conjunction 
with  Sayana),  Yajur-,  and  Samaveda,  of  the  Nyayamala- 
vistara,  the  Sarvadarshanaaangraha,  the  Parasharasmritiv- 
yakhya,  the  Sankshepashankaravijaya,  the  Kalanirnaya, 
and  other  works.  He  was  the  prime  minister  of  Sangama, 
who  began  to  reign  at  Vijayanagara  about  1336,  and  of 
Bukka  I.,  who  began  to  reign  about  1361.  He  died  at 
the  age  of  90.  The  circumstance  that  so  many  works  are 
ascribed  to  Madhava  and  his  brother  Sayana  is  explained 
by  the  Hindu  practice  according  to  which  works  composed 
by  order  of  a  distinguished  person  bear  his  name.  Accord- 
ing to  BuxneU  the  two  names  denote  one  person,  Sayana 
being  the  Bhoganatha  or  mortal  body  of  Madhava,  the 
soul,  identified  with  Vishnu ;  and  the  29  writings  current 
under  the  name  of  Madhava  all  proceed  from  Madhava 
himself,  and  were  composed  during  30  of  the  66  years 
between  1331  and  1386,  which  he  spent  as  abbot  of  the 
monastery  at  Shringeri  under  the  name  of  Vidyaranya,  'for- 
est of  knowledge.'  Weber  disputes  the  identification  of 
Madhava  and  Sayana  ("Literarisches  Centralblatt,"  1873, 
p.  1421). 

Mad  Heracles  (Hercules),  The.  A  tragedy  by 
Euripides,  exhibited  about  420  b.  c.  it  portrays 
Heracles's  rescue  of  his  family  from  Lycus,  a  Theban  ^- 
rant ;  the  slaughter  of  his  wife  and  children  by  him  in  a 


158°  56'  E. 

Macauart,    See  Bougon-Macguart. 

Macready (mak-re'di),William  Charles.  Bom 
at  London,  March  3, 1793 :  died  at  Cheltenham, 
April  27, 1873.  A  noted  English  tragedian.  His 
f  amer  was  an  actor  and  manager  of  the  theater  at  Bir- 
mingham where  Macready  made  his  first  appearance  in 
1810  In  1816  he  appeared  in  London  at  Oovent  Garden. 
In  1837  he  had  advanced  to  the  front  rank  of  his  profes- 
sion, having  for  many  years  struggled  for  supremacy  with 
Eean  Young,  and  Charles  Kemble.  He  then  undertook 
the  management  of  the  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  and  pro- 
duced Shakspere's  plays.  After  two  seasons  he  abandoned 
it  and  played  in  the  provinces  and  in  Paris.  He  managed 
the  Drury  Lane  Theatre  1841-43.  He  made  several  visits 
to  America,  during  the  last  of  which  occurred  the  famous 


,,       ,  r,  -^^ix     <     Ti      i-  T_      i-  J      1        ■      sudden  attack  of  madness ;  and  his  return  to  sanity. 

March8,1873.  AnEnglish antiquary  andpaleog-  jyj^^.  ^^^,^^^_    ^  ^j^^^  ^^^^  ^^^^^     ^^ 

?.aPt«:  .=«  .^?°™«=J^,'iS**°*Jl^?5  ?l  5??°.??^^?.*!..^    the  banks  of  the  Nile,  north  of  Albert  Nyanza. 


the  British  Museum  in  1828,  and  head  of  the  manuscript 
department  in  1837.  He  edited  "  Havelok  the  Dane  "  (1828), 
Layamon's  "Brut"  (1847),  Matthew  Paris's  "Historia  An- 
glorum"  (tlolls  Series,  1866-69),  and,  with  Josiah  Forshall, 
Wyclif 's  Bible  (1850). 

Madden,  Sir  George  Allan.    Bom  at  London, 
Jan.  3,  1771:  died  at  Portsmouth,  Dec.  8, 1828. 

A  British  general.    He  entered  the  British  army  in  __,, s       »     -a.         j  it.  -^  -,    i: 

1788 ;  served  in  Corsica  in  1794,  in  Portugal  1797-1800,  and  MaaiSOn  (mad'i-spn) .  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
in  Egypt  in  1801 ;  and  was  compelled  to  retire  from  the  Jefferson  County,  Indiana,  situated  on  the  Ohio 
service  about  1802  in  consequence  of  a  ouarrel  with  a  su-  33  miles  north-northeast  of  Louisville.  It  has 
perior  officer.    He  was  appoints  briga4ier-gener^^^^^^  pork-packing  and  other  flourishing  industries.  Population 

Portuguese  army  in  1809,  and  commanded  a  brigade  of  cav-     (iqqo)   7  836. 


and  bordering  on  the  Lur  and  Shuli  tribes,  with 
whom  it  is  related  in  physique  and  customs  but 
not  in  language.  The  latter  shows  aftoity  with  the 
Makaraka  dialect  of  Nyam-Nyam,  and  also  with  the 
Nyangbara.  It  is  rich  in  monosyllables,  and  has  a  jerk- 
ing accents  A  subtribe  of  the  Uttu  is  also  called  Madi, 
but  the  two  are  not  related. 


to  America,  during  tne  last  01  wmcu  occuiTcu  me  laiuoua     ;,„, -?^,,„f.  s.  fi„_tA. /opnt  ir.  iginl  where  he  saved     >'"""'>  """"• 

Stor  Place  riot  (|hich  see)     In  1861  he  left  the  stage.     gS^g^' ^X^^y  by^Mfa  su-peSoTforce  of  French  MadiSOn.     Aborough  in  the  township  of  Chat- 

Wo  woa  nnted  for  his  Macbeth.  Cassius.  Lear.  Henry  IV.,     yue  opamou  iumj  "'_~r~?._?..,  f ,•_  j.v.  tj—i,,      v,„™   hi — .;„  n i-T  tvt t 00  _f -i ^ 


He  was  noted  for_hiB  Macbeth,  Cassius,  Lear,  Henry  IV.,  ^"^j"^^"' He"wi^  Sade  m°are°chal  de'Vampo  in  the  Portu-    ham,  Morris  Countv"  New  Jersey,  23  iiles  west 

Z,.„,,i,f\i^^M-„a   Tl,^™  guese  service  in  1813,  and  in  1819  was  promoted  major-       ""      —     ■       ■        -    .     -_         --       -  - 

,  .        arCUS  UpeUUS.  Jsom  „„„„,.„,  ,„  th^  British  armv  fin  which  he  had  nreviously 

at  Csesarea,  Mauretania, 


nJ^^^^J^^/^'p^wlffi'tS^fr.^TiSonrf^^^     Bom    8'^^"««  '^"'^'^  '''^^  *°*  in  1819  was  promoted  major-    of  New  York:  the  s^at  of  Drew  Theological  Sem 
MacnnUS  (ma-kn  nus),  Marcus  UpeUUS. -Born     general  in  the  British  army  (m  which  he  had  previously    innrv  (Methodists      PonulatioT,  nQOOl    ^7'\i 
[lia,  164  a.  D.:    killed  in     been  reinstated  In  recognition  of  his  services  in  the  Penin-    ™^Fy '■'"^''"O    .?'''•     f  opuiation  (IMUU),  d,/04. 


Cappadocia;218.     Koman  emperor 217-218.    He     beenr^mstatedinrecogn.ti„„-_. -----  -— ---  Madigpn.    A  city  and  the  capital  of  Wisconsin 

was  of  humble  origin;  was  admitted  to  the  service  of  the  Madeira  (ma-da' e-ra).  The  largest  tributary  of    and  ot  Dane  County,  situated  between  Lakes 


emperor  Septimius  Severus  at  the  instance  of  the  favorite 
Plautianus ;  and  was  appointed  prefect  of  the  pretorians 
by  Caracalla,  whose  murder  he  instigated  and  whom  he 
succeeded.  He  was  signally  defeated  by  the  Parthians  at 
Nisibis,  and  was  defeated  and  killed  by  the  partizans  of 
Elagabalus  who  succeeded  him.  _ 

Macro  (ma'kro),  Nsevius  Sertonus.    Killed 


The  Amazon,  into  which  it  flows  about  lat.  3°' 25'  Mendota  and  Monona,  in  lat.  43°  5'  N.,long. 
8.,  lone.  58°  48' W.  The  chief  head  streams  are  the  89°  30' W.  It  has  flourishing  manufactures  and  trade; 
Mamore  Beni  and  Itenez  (or  Guapor^).  Total  length,  in-  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin  ;  and  is  a  health 
eluding  the  MamorS,  about  2,000  miles.  and  summer  resort.    Population  (1900),  19,164. 

Madeira  (ma-de'ra ;  Pg.  pron.  ma-da'e-ra) .  [So  Madison,  James.  Born  in  RockinghamCounty, 
called  with  ref.  to 'the  forest  which  once  covered  Va.,  Aug.  27, 1749:  died  March6, 1812.  AnAmer- 


Madison,  James 

lean  Mshop  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church, 
president  of  William  and  Mary  College  1777- 

Madison,  James.  Bom  at  Port  Conway,  Va., 
March  16,  1751 :  died  at  Montpelier,  Orange 
Connty,  Va.,  June  28, 1836.  The  fourth  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  (1809-17).  He  graduated 
at  Princeton  College  in  1771 ;  was  a  delegate  to  Congress 
from  Virginia  1780-83,  and  to  the  Constitutional  Convention 
of  1787 ;  was  member  of  Congress  from  Virginia  1789-97  ; 
drew  up  the  Virginia  Resolutions  of  1798 ;  was  secretary  of 
state  1801-09 ;  was  elected  President  as  Democratic  candi- 
date in  1808 ;  and  was  reelected  in  1812,  War  was  declared 
with  Great  Britain  in  1812  (see  Wat  of  1812).  He  was  asso- 
ciated with  Jay  and  Hamilton  in  the  composition  of  the 
"Federalist  "(which  see).  He  left  manymanuscripts,  some 
of  which  have  been  published  in  "Madison  Papers"  (3 
vols.  1840)  and  "  letters  and  other  Writings  "  (4  vols.  1866). 

Madison  Square.  A  public  park,  six  acres  in 
extent,  in  New  York  city,  bounded  by  Fifth 
Avenue,  23d  street,  Madison  Avenue,  and  26th 
street.  It  was  originally  the  junction  of  the  Blooming- 
dale  road  and  old  Boston  road. 

Madison  Square  Garden.  A  place  of  amuse- 
ment in  New  York  city,  architecturally  notable 
not  only  for  its  great  size,  but  also  for  its  suc- 
cessful artistic  treatment,  completed  in  1890. 
Iv  combines  an  amphitheater  300  feet  long  and  200  wide,  a 
theater,  a  concert-hall,  a  dining-hall,  and  a  roof-garden. 
The  architecture  is  a  plain  rendering  in  yellow  brick  and 
terra-cotta  of  a  good  type  of  the  Spanish  Benaissance,  with 
a  single  main  story  of  round-arched  windows  above  the 
basement.  The  front  is  adorned  above  the  cornice  with 
colonnaded  loggias  of  considerable  extent,  and  below  with 
fine  arcades  covering  the  sidewalk  and  springing  from 
shafts  of  polished  granite.  At  the  angles  are  placed  tur- 
rets terminating  in  pavilions,  which  are  repeated  in  the 
middle  of  the  &ont  and  at  the  base  of  the  great  square 
tower  which  rises  from  the  south  side.  This  tower  re- 
produces the  famous  Giralda  at  Seville,  upon  a  somewhat 
reduced  scale  and  with  the  ornament  greatly  simplified. 
It  is  332  feet  high  to  the  head  of  the  crowning  statue. 

Madler  (mad'ler),  JohannHeinrich von.  Bom 
at  Berlin,  May  29, 1794 :  died  at  Hannover,  March 
14,  1874.  A  German  astronomer,  jprof  essor  at 
Berlin  1837-40,  and  professor  and  director  of  the 
observatory  at  Dorpat  1840-65.  He  published  a 
map  of  the  moon  (1834-36),  "  Allgemeine  Selenographie  " 
(1837), "  PopulBre  Astronomie  " (1841),  "Die  Centralsonne " 
(1846),  "Die  Eigenbewegungen  der  Fixsterne"  (1866),  etc. 

Mad  Lover,  The.  A  play  by  Fletcher,  produced 
before  1618,  printed  in  1647.  it  is  founded  on  Jo- 
sephus,  Ant.  J  xviii.  Bandello  has  the  same  story.  It  con- 
tains a  fool  quite  in  the  Shaksperian  vein. 

Madman  of  the  North.    A  surname  given  to 

Charles  XH.  of  Sweden. 
Madoc  (mad'ok).    A  legendary  Welsh  prince, 
said  to  have  discovered  America  about  1170. 
He  is  the  subject  of  a  poem  by  Southey  (1805). 
Madonna  (ma-don'a).    [It., 'my lady';  specifi- 
cally, '  Our  tady,'  the  Virgin  Mary.]      Of  the 
numerous  pictures  wdth  this  subject,  the  follow- 
ing are  among  the  most  noted,   o.)  Madonna  and 
Child,  with  St.  John,  sometimes  called  the  Aldobrandini 
or  Garvagh  Madonna  :  a  painting  by  Kaphael,  in  the  Na^ 
tional  Gallery,  London.    (2)  Madonna  and  Child,  with  St. 
John  and  Angels :  apaintlngbySandroBotticelli.intheH'a- 
tional  Gallery,  London.    The  picture  is  characterized  by 
the  beautiful  roses  of  the  hedge  in  the  background.    (3) 
Madonna  and  Child,  with  SS.  Jerome  and  Sebastian,  called 
the  Madonna  della  Eondine  from  the  swallow  which  figures 
in  the  composition :  a  small  painting  by  Crivelli,  in  the  Na- 
tional Gallery,  London.    (4)  Madonna  and  Child :  a  paint- 
ing by  Murillo,  in  the  museum  at  Dresden.  The  Virgin  sits 
on  a  stone  bench,  holding  the  Child,  who  leans  his  head  on 
his  hand  against  her  breast.  '  (5)  Madonna  and  Child,  with 
SS.  John  and  Catharine :  a  painting  by  Titian,  in  the  Na- 
tional Gallery,  London.    (6)  Madonna  degli  Ansidei  ('  of 
the  Ansidei'),  from  the  Marlborough  collection :  a  paint- 
ing by  Raphael  (1606),  in  the  National  Gallery,  London.  The 
Virgin  is  seated  on  a  high  throne,  holding  the  Child  and 
reading  from  a  book ;  on  either  side  stand  St.  John  and  St. 
Nicholas  of  Bari.  This  is  the  finest  Raphael  in  Great  Brit- 
ain.    It  is  sometimes  called  the  Blenheim  Madonna.    (7) 
Madonna  de  la  Servilleta  ('  of  the  napkin  ■) :  a  celebrated 
painting  by  Murillo  (about  1676),  in  the  museum  at  Se- 
ville, Spain.    The  Virgin,  seen  in  half-length,  holds  the 
Child  on  her  left  arm.   He  appears  to  be  straggling  to  es- 
cape. According  to  tradition  it  was  painted,  in  the  absence 
of  canvas,  on  a  table-napkin  supplied  by  the  cook.  (8)  Ma- 
donna della  Casa  d'Alba  ('of  the  house  of  Alva  ■) :  a  small 
but  noted  painting  by  Raphael  (1S09),  in  the  Hermitage 
Museum,  St.  Petersburg.    The  picture  is  circular,  with  a 
landscape  background.  TheVirgin  is  seated  on  the  ground ; 
the  Child  rests  partly  on  her  knee,  and  seizes  a  cross  held 
by  the  infant  St.  John,  who  kneels  beside  him.    ffl)  Ma- 
donna della  Cesta  ('of  the  basket'):  a  painting  by  Correg- 
glo,  in  the  National  Gallery,  London.  The  Virgm  is  seated 
on  a  grassy  bank,  holding  the  Child  on  her  knee ;  in  the 
background  St.  Joseph  is  seen  working.  (10)  Madonna  della 
Rosa  ('  of  the  rose ") :  a  painting  by  Parmiglanino,  in  the 
museum  at  Dresden.  TheVirgin  has  given  the  Child  arose, 
which  he  holds  as  he  lies  with  one  hand  resting  on  a  globe 
typifying  the  earth.    (11)  Madonna  della  Verdura  ('  of  the 
meadow ') :  a  painting  by  Raphael  (1606),  in  the  Imperial 
Gallery  at  Vienna.    The  Virgin  sits  in  a  meadow  studded 
with  fiowers :  before  her  are  the  infant  Christ  and  the  boy 
St  John,  who  kneels  and  presents  a  cross  to  Jesus.    The 
Igrpe  is  that  of  the  Belle  JarSinifere  and  the  Madonna  del 
Cai-dellino.    (12)  Madonna  del  Rosario  ('of  the  rosary ') :  a 
large  painting  by  Caravaggio,  in  the  Imperial  Gallery  at 
Vienna.    The  Virgin  is  enthroned ;  SS.  Peter  Martyr  and 
Dominic  are  distributing  wreaths  of  roses  among  the  as- 
sembled people.    (13)  Madonna  del  Rosario  ('of  the  ro- 


639 

sary ') :  a  painting  by  Murillo,  in  the  Dulwich  Gallery,  Eng- 
land. The  Virgin,  seated  among  clouds,  has  the  Child  on 
her  lap.  He  holds  a  rosary,  which  the  Virgin  holds  also. 
Beneath  are  angels.  (14)  Madonna  del  Rosario :  one  of  Van 
Dyck's  finest  paintings  (1623),  in  the  chapel  of  the  same 
name  at  Palermo,  Sicily.  The  Virgin,  surrounded  by  cher- 
ubim and  attended  by  saints,  extends  a  rose-garland  to 
St.  Dominic,  wliile  St.  Rosalie  kneels  before  her.  (15)  Ma- 
donna di  Casa  Tempi :  a  painting  by  Raphael  (1606),  in 
the  Old  Pinakothek  at  Munich.  TheVirgin,  in  half-length, 
stands,  holding  the  Child  in  her  arms,  in  a  landscape  with 
a  town  in  the  background.  (16)  Madonna  di  San  Sisto,  or 
Sistine  Madonna :  a  famous  painting  by  Raphael  (1618),  in 
the  museum  at  Dresden.  It  was  bought  by  the  elector 
Augustus  III.  in  1754  from  the  Benedictine  monastery  at 
Piacenza.  It  represents  the  Virgin,  holding  the  Child,  ad- 
vancing among  clouds,  surrounded  by  cherub  faces ;  at  the 
left  Pope  Sixtus  II.  kneels  in  adoration,  and  at  the  right 
St.  Barbara  looks  down  and  out  of  the  picture.  Below,  two 
winged  cherubs,  familiar  in  popular  reproductions,  lean 
on  a  parapet  looking  upward.  (17)  Madonna  in  Adoration : 
a  painting  by  lYancescoPrancia  (about  1500),  in  the  Old 
Pinakothek  at  Munich.  The  Virgin,  standing,  adores  the 
Child,  who  lies  before  her  in  a  bower  of  roses.  (18)  Madon- 
na Niccolini:  a  painting  by  Raphael  (1608),  inPanshanger 
House,  England.  The  Virgin  sits  holding  the  Child  on  a 
white  cushion.  Also  called  the  large  Cowper  Madonna. 
(19)  Madonna  of  Burgomaster  Meyer :  a  famous  painting 
by  Hans  Holbein  the  younger  (about  1626),  belonging  to 
the  Princess  Charles  of  Hesse-Darmstadt.  It  represents 
the  Virgin,  crowned,  standing  in  a  niche,  holding  against 
her  breast  the  Child,  whose  left  arm  is  extended  in  bless- 
ing. At  tlie  Virgin's  feet  kneel  Burgomaster  Meyer  of 
Basel,  his  first  and  second  wives,  his  daughter,  and  a  boy 
who  supports  a  nude  child.  An  old  copy  in  the  Dresden 
museum  was  until  1871  held  to  be  the  original.  (20)  Ma- 
donna of  St.  Erancis :  a  painting  by  Correggio  (1614-16), 
in  the  museum  at  Dresden.  The  Virgin  is  enthroned  be- 
neath a  canopy ;  about  her  head  are  a  radiant  nimbus  and  a 
circle  of  cherubs.  Before  the  throne  are  ranged  SS.  Francis 
and  Anthony  of  Padua,  and  SS.  John  and  Catharine.  (21) 
Madonna  of  the  Rocks :  a  painting  by  Leonardo  da  Vinci, 
in  the  National  GaUery,  London.  Itrepresents  the  Virgin 
and  Child,  with  the  adoring  St.  John  and  an  angel,  amid  a 
landscape  of  cliffs.  It  is  a  replica,  with  some  modifications, 
of  the  Vierge  aux  Rochers  in  the  Louvre.  (22)  Madonna 
of  the  Chenies :  a  painting  by  Titian  (about  1608),  in  the 
Imperial  Gallery  at  Vienna,  The  Virgin  sits  behind  a  para- 
pet on  which  the  Child  stands  holding  a  bunch  of  cherries. 
The  boy  St.  John  stands  below,  and  SS.  Joseph  and  Zach- 
arias  at  the  sides.  (23)  Madonna  of  the  Grapes  ;  a  small 
painting  by  Martin  Schongauer,  in  the  Imperial  Gallery  at 
Vienna.  The  Virgin,  who  is  seated  on  a  bench,  plucks  a 
berry  from  a  bunch  of  grapes  and  offers  it  to  Jesus,  who 
stands  in  her  lap  with  his  arms  around  her  neck.  St. 
Joseph,  with  an  ox  and  an  ass,  is  seen  in  the  background. 
(24)  Madonna  with  Saints :  apainting  by  Titian,  sometimes 
called  the  Madonna  with  the  White  Lady,  in  the  museum 
at  Dresden.  The  Child  is  held  on  the  Vii'gin's  lap  by  St. 
John,  and  adored  by  S3.  Paul  and  Jerome  and  the  Mag- 
dalen. The  Magdalen  is  richly  robed  in  white  (whence  the 
popular  name  of  the  picture).  (26)  Madonna  with  St.  John 
the  Baptist  and  St.  Mark,  and  outside  St.  Peter  and  St. 
Mark :  a  triptych  by  Fra  Angelico,  in  the  ITfflzi,  Florence, 
one  of  his  most  admired  works.  The  Madonna  is  sur- 
rounded by  twelve  angels  playing  on  musical  instruments. 
(26)  Madonna  with  Angels :  one  of  the  most  noted  paint- 
ings of  Sandro  Botticelli,  in  the  TTffizi,  Florence.  The  Vir- 
gin sits  writing,  attended  by  angels,  while  others  support 
a  crown  over  her  head.  The  Child  holds  a  pomegranate 
and  reaches  out  for  his  mother's  writing  hand.  (27)  Ma- 
donna with  Angels,  Apostles,  and  Saints :  a  noted  paint- 
ing by  Duccio  di  Buoninsegna  (end  of  13th  century),  in  the 
Duomo  at  Siena,  Italy.  It  is  tbe  chief  Sienese  painting  of 
itstime,somewhatarchaicintype.  (28)  Madonna  del  Sacco 
(*  of  the  sack ') :  a  fresco  by  Andrea  del  Sarto  (1525),  in  the 
Chiostro  del  Morti  of  Santissima  Annunziata,  Florence.  It 
is  a  Holy  Family,  and  is  named  from  the  sack  against 
which  Joseph  is  leaning  reading.  (29)  Madonna  del  Divino 
Amore  Oof  the  divine  love ') :  a  painting  by  Raphael,  in  the 
Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The  Virgin,  with  hands  clasped 
behind  the  Child  pressed  to  her  breast,  is  praying.  Christ 
blesses  the  youthful  Baptist  while  holding  St.  Elizabeth  by 
the  hand.  Joseph  is  walking  slowly  behind  the  group. 
(30)  Madonna  della  Sedia  or  Seggiola  ({chair '  or  '  little 
chair ') :  a  famous  painting  by  Raphael,  in  the  Pitti  Gal- 
lery, Florence,  perhaps  the  master's  most  popular  work. 
The  picture  is  circular.  'The  young  mother,  a  "beautiful 
peasant  girl,  sits  in  an  arm-chair  pressing  her  Child  to  her 
bosom  with  an  air  of  calm  happiness,  while  the  boy  St. 
John  stands  reverently  at  her  Imee.  (31)  Madonna  della 
Scodella  ('  of  the  little  bowl ') :  a  painting  by  Correggio,  in 
the  Pinacoteca  at  Parma,  Italy.  It  is  an  episode  of  rest 
during  the  fiight  into  Egypf^  described  as  a  painted  poem 
of  family  happiness,  beautiful  in  light,  color,  and  thought, 
and  with  accompaniment  of  Correggio's  charming  angels. 
(32)  Madonna  della  Misericordia  ('of  pity '),  the  Virgin  in- 
terceding for  the  people  of  Lucca :  a  beautiful  painting  by 
Fra  Bartolommeo,  in  the  Palazzo  Pubblico  at  Lucca,  Italy. 
Christ  appears  above,  a  majestic  figure.  (33)  Madonna  del 
CardeUino  ('  of  the  thistle-finch  ■) :  a  painting  by  Raphael, 
in  the  Ufflzi,  Florence.  The  Virgin,  graceful  and  of  very 
sweet  expression,  sits  on  a  mossy  bank,  with  the  child 
Christ  and  St.  John  at  her  knee.  (34)  Madonna  del  Bal- 
dacchino  ('of  the  canopy'):  a  painting  by  Raphael,  in  the 
GaUeriaPitti,Florence.  The  Virgin  isenthronedinadomed 
niche,  beneath  a  canopy  whose  draperies  are  supported 
by  two  long-robed  angels.  The  Child  sits  smiling  on  her 
knee,  playing  with  his  toes.  Several  saints  are  in  atten- 
dance. (35)  A  painting  by  Cimabue  (1270),  in  Santa  Maria 
Novella,  Florence.  It  was  the  most  notable  painting  of 
its  day,  and  when  finished  was  borne  to  the  church  in  a 
popular  procession.  The  Virgin  is  enthroned,  with  the 
Child  on  her  knee,  and  six  attendant  angels,  the  whole  on 
a  gold  ground.  Some  of  the  Byzantine  stiffness  and  con- 
ventionality remains,  but  in  expression  and  in  naturalness 
of  drapery  and  movement  the  picture  justifies  the  admira- 
tion if  excited.  (36)  Madonna  with  two  Angels  playing  on 
musical  instruments :  an  altarpieoe  by  Giovanni  Bellini; 
in  Santa  Maria  del  Frari  at  Venice.  The  side  compartments 
contain  St.  Benedict  and  St.  Nicholas,  each  with  a  com- 
panion. (37)  Madonna  of  Pesaro:  a  votive  picture  over  17 
feet  high,  by  Titian,  in  Santa  Maria  dei  Frari  at  Venice.  In 


Madrid 

technical  perfection  and  splendor  of  color  this  is  one  of 
Titian's  finest  paintings.  The  seated  Madonna,  holding 
the  Child  on  her  knee,  inclines  graciously  toward  the  kneel- 
ing donor  of  the  picture,  the  senator  Benedetto  Pesaro,  in 
presence  of  St.  Francis,  St.  Anthony  of  Padua,  and  St.  Peter, 
and  of  other  dignitaries  of  the  PesarL  (38)  Madonna  of  the 
Green  Cushion :  a  painting  by  Andrea  Solario  of  Milan,  in 
the  Louvre.Paris.  The  Virgin,her  head  shrouded  in  white, 
IS  suckling  the  Child,  who  lies  on  a  green  pillow.  The  land- 
scape background  is  pleasing,  and  the  color  very  brilliant. 

(39)  Madonna  del  Coniglio  ('of  the  rabbit') :  a  celebrated 
painting  by  Titian,  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  The  Virgin  is 
seated  on  the  ground  with  her  hand  on  a  white  rabbit,  to 
the  delight  of  the  infant  Christ,  who  is  held  by  St.  Catharine. 

(40)  Madonna  della  Vittoria :  a  beautiful  painting  byMan- 
tegna,  intheLouvre,  Paris.  TheVirgin,  holding  the  infant 
Christ,  sits  in  an  overarched  bower,  between  SS.  Michael 
and  Maurice ;  in  frontare  St.  Elizabeth  with  St.  John,  and 
Francesco  Gonzaga  of  Mantua,  kneeling,  over  whom  the 
Virgin  makes  a  gesture  of  blessing.  A  relief  of  the  Fall 
of  Man  appears  on  the  pedestal  of  the  Virgin's  throne.  (41) 
Madonna  with  the  Diadem :  a  painting  by  Raphael,  in  the 
Louvre,  Paris.  The  Virgin,  wearing  a  coronel^  kneels,  with 
the  boy  St.  John  beside  her,  and  lifts  the  covering  from 
the  sleeping  Child.  (42)  Madonna  and  Child  with  St.  Anna : 
one  of  the  finest  paintings  of  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  in  the 
Louvre,  Paris.  The  Virgin  is  seated  in  St.  Anna's  lap,  and 
supports  the  Child,  who  is  playing  with  a  lamb,  amid  a  fair 
landscape.  (43)  See  OrUans  MadanrM. 

Mador  (ma'ddr),  Sir.  In  Arthurian  romance, 
a  Scottish  knight  slain  by  Sir  Lancelot  of  the 
Lake  on  account  of  his  attack  on  the  reputation 
of  (juiuevere. 

Madou  (ma-do'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom  at  Brus- 
sels, Jan.  26, 1796  :  died  there,  April  3, 1877.  A 
Belgian  genre-painter  and  lithographer.  He  pub- 
lished a  number  of  illustrated  works,  "Scenes  of  Society," 
"Picturesque  Views,"  etc.,  from  1821-40.  Many  of  his 
pictures  are  humorous. 

Madoz  (ma-doth'),  Pascual.  Born  at  Pam- 
plona, Spain,  May  17, 1806 :  died  at  Genoa,  Deo. 
11,  1870.  A  Spanish  author  and  liberal  poli- 
tician. He  published  ' '  Dieeionario  geogrdfico, 
estadlstico  6  histdrico  de  Espana "  (1848-50), 
etc. 

Mad  Parliament.    See  Parliament,  Mad. 

Madras  (ma-dras').  1.  A  governorship  and 
presidency  of  British  India,  comprising  the  east- 
ern or  Coromandel  coast,  a  large  part  of  the  in- 
terior of  the  Deecan,  and  part  of  the  western 
or  Malabar  coast.  The  iirincipal  mountains  are  the 
East  and  West  Ghats ;  the  chief  rivers,  the  Godavari,  Ka- 
veri,  and  Eistna.  The  leading  occupation  is  agriculture. 
Government  is  administered  by  a  governor  and  council. 
The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Hindus.  This  province  was 
formed  from  the  states  of  the  Camatic,  Tanjore,  parts  of 
Mysore,  etc.,  in  the  last  half  of  the  18th  century  and  the  be- 
ginning of  the  19th.  Area,  141,189  square  miles.  Popular 
tiou  (1891),  35,630,440. 

2.  The  capital  of  Madras,  situated  on  the  coast 
in  lat.  13°  4'  N.,  long.  80°  15'  E.  Its  commercial 
quarter  is  the  Black  Town.  Madras  is  the  third  in  impor- 
tance of  the  seaports  of  British  India ;  exports  coffee,  cot- 
ton, etc. ;  and  is  the  seat  of  various  societies  and  educa- 
tional institutions.  It  wasfounded  by  Francis  Day  of  the 
East  India  Company  in  1639 ;  was  made  a  presidency  in 
1653 ;  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  the  natives  in  1702 
and  1741 ;  was  captured  by  Labourdonnais  in  1746,  and  re- 
stored to  the  British  in  1748 ;  and  was  unsuccessfully  be- 
sieged by  the  French  in  1768-69.  Its  (exposed)  roads  are 
often  visited  by  hurricanes,  most  disastrously  in  1872. 
Population  (1891),  452,618. 

Madrazo  (ma-THra'tho),  Jos6  de.  Bom  at  San- 
tander,  Spain,  April  28, 1781 :  died  May  8, 1859. 
A  Spanish  historical  and  portrait  painter. 

Madrazo,  Baimundo  de.  Bom  at  Bome,  July 
24,  1841.  A  genre-  and  portrait-painter,  the 
son  and  pupil  of  Federico  Madrazo.  Among  his 
works  are  "  The  End  of  a  Masked  Ball "  (1878),"  F6te  dur- 
ing Carnival,"  "El  Jaleo,"  "Pierrette"  (1S78),  "La  Sou- 
brette  "  (1882),  "The  Domino  "  (1883X  etc. 

Madrazo  (ma-sHra'tho)  y  Kunt,  Federico. 

BomPeb.  12, 1815 :  died  June  11, 1894.  A  Spanish 
historical  and  portrait  painter,  son  of  Jos6  de 
Madrazo.  He  studied  at  Paris  with  Winterhalter.  He 
was  court  painter  and  professor  at  the  Madrid  Academy. 
He  founded,  with  Ochoa,  "  El  Artista,"  an  art  journal,  in 
1836,  and  was  made  foreign  associate  of  the  Beaux  Arts  in 
1873.  Among  his  works  are  "  Godefroy  de  Bouillon  pro- 
claimed King  of  Jerusalem  "  (1839),  "  Maria  Christina  as 
a  Nun,  etc."(1843),  "The  Women  at  the  Sepulcher"  (1846), 
and  many  portraits  of  noted  persons. 

Madre  de  Deus(ma'dre  de  da'os),  Gaspar  da. 
Born  at  Santos,  Sao  Paulo,  1714 :  died  in  Sao 
Paulo,  1804.  A  Brazilian  Benedictine  monk  and 
historian.  He  is  best  known  for  his  "  Memorias  paraa 
historia  da  Capitania  de  S.  Vicente  •  (Lisbon,  1797 ;  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  1847),  a  work  of  great  historical  value. 

Madrid  (ma-drid';  Sp.  pron.  ma-THreTH'). 
[Sp.  Madrih,  Ar.  Majrlt,  ML.  Majoritwm,']  1. 
A  province  in  New  Castile,  Spain.  Area,  2,997 
square  miles.  Population  (1887),  682,644.-2. 
The  capital  of  Spain  and  of  the  province  of  Ma- 
drid, situated  on  the  Manzanares  in  lat.  40°  25' 
N. ,  long.  3°  42'  W.  it  stands  on  a  plateau  2,160  feet 
above  sea-level,  nearly  in  the  geographical  center  of  Spain. 
The  Church  of  San  Francisco,  finished  in  1784,  is  a  great  ro- 
tunda, witha  dome  163  feet  high,  an  apse,  and  three  domed 
chapels  radially  arranged  on  each  side.  The  interior  is  re- 
markable for  its  spaciousness,  and  for  its  profuse  decoration 
in  sculpture  and  painting  by  modern  masters.  The  royal  pal- 
ace, begun  in  1737,  is  imposing  from  its  great  size  and  its 


Madrid 

fine  situation  on  a  lotty  terrace  above  tlie  river  Manza- 
nares.  The  royal  armory  is  a  unique  collection  of  splen- 
did medieval  and  Kenaissance  armor,  arms,  banners,  and 
trappings,  a  large  proportion  of  which  was  actually  used 
by  some  of  the  most  famous  personages  in  Spanish  history 
^Charles  V. ,  Philip  II.,  Isabella  the  Catholic,  the  Gran  Capi- 
tan,  Pedro  the  Cruel,  Don  John  of  Austria,  etc.).  The 
bronze  statue  of  Philip  IV.,  by  Montanes  (19  feet  high), 
in  the  Flaza  del  Oriente,  cast  in  Florence  in  1640,  ranks 
as  one  of  the  finest  equeetrian  statues  existing :  the  horse 

S ranees,  with  no  support  but  his  own  hind  legs.  The 
[useo  del  Frado,  or  Koyal  Museum,  ranks  as  one  of  the 
great  galleries  of  paintings  of  the  world,  excelling,  more 
especially,  in  the  masterpieces  of  Murillo  and  Velasquez. 
Madrid  was  a  Moorish  outpost ;  was  taken  from  the  Moors 
in  1083 ;  became  a  favorite  residence  of  Charles  V.,  and 
was  made  the  capital  by  Philip  II.  in  1560 ;  was  occupied 
by  the  French  in  1808-13 ;  and  has  been  the  scene  of  vari- 
ous insurrections  (1868,  etc.).    Population  (1897) ,  512,150. 

Madrid,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  'between  the  em- 
peror Charles  v.  and  Francis  I.  of  Prance,  signed 
Jan.  14. 1526.  Francis  was  released  from  captivity  in 
return  for  the  cession  of  Burgundy  and  other  concessions. 

Madridejos  (ma-THre-WHa'Hos).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Toledo,  Spain,  37  miles  southeast 
of  Toledo.     Population  (1887),  6,578. 

Madrigal  de  las  Altas  Torres  (mad-re-gal'  da 
las  al'tastor'ras).  A  smaU  place  near  Medina 
del  Campo,  Spain,  said  by  some  to  be  the  birth- 
place of  Isabella. 

Madura  (ma-do'ra).  An  island  of  the  Dutch 
East  Indies,  north  of  Java,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  the  Strait  of  Madura.  Length,  about 
100  miles. 

Madura.  1.  AdistriotinMadras,BritishIndia, 
intersected  by  lat.  10°  N.,  long.  78°  B.  Area, 
8,808  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  2,608,- 
404. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Madura, 
situated  on  the  vaigai  in  lat.  9°  55'  N.,  long. 
78°  9'  E.  The  great  temple  here  was  built  for  themost 
part  in  the  early  17th  century.  The  inclosure  forms  a  rec- 
tangle 720  by  840  f eet>  with  a  lofty  pyramidal  gopura  or 
pylon  in  the  middle  of  each  face.  The  choltry,  or  columned 
hall,  of  Tiruraulla  IJTayak  (about  1650),  built  to  receive  the 
chief  local  divinity  during  his  annual  visit  to  the  king,  is 
333  feet  long  and  105  wide,  with  4  ranges  of  cruciform  piers, 
all  richly  sculptured,  and  presents  an  imposing  effect. 
The  piers  of  the  facade  exhibit  figures  in  the  round  of 
prancing  horses  resting  their  fore  feet  and  bodies  on  groups 
of  soldiers  beneath  them.    Population  (1891),  87,428. 

Madvig  (mad'vig),  Johan  Nicolai.  Bom  at 
Svaneke,  Bomholm,  Denmark,  Aug.  7,  1804: 
died  at  Copenhagen,  Dee.  13, 1886.  A  celebrated 
Danish  philologist  and  statesman.  He  was  pro- 
fessor at  Copenhagen,  at  first  (1829)  of  the  Latin  language 
and  literature,  and  later  of  classical  philology;  minister 
of  public  worship  1848-51;  and  later  inspector  of  public 
instruction.  His  chief  works  are  a  Latin  grammar  (1841), 
' 'Adversaria  critica  "  (1871-73),  "Die  Verf assung  una  Ver- 
waltung  des  rSmischen  Staats  "  (18^1),  etc. 

Mad  World,  A,  my  Masters.  1.  A  dialogue 
by  Nicholas  Breton,  printed  in  1603. — 2.  A 
play  by  Middleton,  probably  produced  in  1606. 
It  was  printed  In  1608.  Mrs.  Aphra  Behn  copied  it  in 
"The  City  Heiress,"  and  it  was  used  by  Charles  Johnson 
in  "Country  Lasses." 

Mseander  (me-an'd6r).  The  ancient  name  of 
the  Mendere. 

Maeatse  (me-a'te).  A  warlike  tribe  in  the  south 
of  Scotland  and  north  of  England,  just  beyond 
the  Eoman  wall. 

Msecenas  (me-se'nas),  Oaius  Cilnius.    Died  8 

'  B.  o.  A  Eoman  statesman  and  patron  of  litera- 
ture. He  was  descended  from  an  ancient  Etruscan  fam- 
ily, and  belonged  to  the  equestrian  order.  He  appears  in 
40  as  the  agent  of  Octavianus  (afterward  emperor  under 
the  title  of  Augustus)  in  negotiating  a  marriage  with  Scri- 
bonia,  daughter  of  Libo,  the  father-in-law  of  Sextus  Pom- 
peius.  He  was  intrusted  with  the  administration  of  Rome 
during  the  absence  of  Octavianus  on  an  expedition  against 
Pompeius  in  36 ;  and  after  the  battle  of  Actium  in  31,  when 
Octavianus  made  himself  master  of  the  Koman  world, 
urged  him  to  establish  an  empire  instead  of  restoring  the 
republic.  He  remained,  with  Agrippa,  the  chief  adviser 
of  Augustus  down  to  16,  when  he  became  estranged  from 
his  master  and  retired  to  private  life.  He  was  the  friend 
and  patron  of  Horace  and  Vergil,  and  wrote  a  number  of 
works,  fragments  only  of  which  are  extant. 

Maelar.    See  Malar. 

Maelstrom  (mal'strom).  A  celebrated  whirl- 
pool or  violent  current  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  near 
the  western  coast  of  Norway,  between  the  isl- 
ands MoskenasS  and  Varo,  formerly  supposed 
to  suck  in  and  destroy  anything  that  approached 
it  at  any  time,  but  now  known  not  to  be  danger- 
ous except  under  certain  conditions. 

Mssonia  (me-6'ni-a).  The  ancient  name  of 
Lydia,  Asia  Minor. 

Mseonides  (me-on'i-dez).  [Grr.  iS.aidvidriQ.']  A 
surname  of  Homer,  a  native  (according  to  one 
account  )of  Mseonia. 

Mseotis  Palus  (me-6'tis  pa'lus).  [Grr.  '^  Maia- 
ng^fiv^.']  The  ancient  name  of  the  Sea  of 
AzofE. 

Maerlant  (mar'lant),  Jacob  (de  Coster)  van. 
Bom  probably  at  Maerlant,  on  the  island  of 
Voome  (date  unknown):  died  at  Damme,  near 
Bruges,  after  1291.  A  Flemish  poet.    He  was  ap- 


640 

paxently  a  sacristan  in  Maerlant^  as  is  inferred  from  the 
title  "de  Coster"  given  him  in  one  of  his  works.  He  be- 
came, ultimately,  town  clerk  at  Damme,  where  he  died, 
and  where  a  statue  has  been  erected  to  him.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  didactic  school  of  poetry  in  the  Netherlands. 
His  principal  work  is  the  long  poem  (after  a  Latin  original) 
"  Spieghel  Historiel "  (' '  Mirror  of  History  "),  begun  in  1283 
and  left  uncompleted  at  his  death.  Among  his  other  works 
are  the  romantic  poems  "Troyen"and  "Alexander  "(after 
French  originals);  "Der  Naturen  Bloeme"  ("Flowers  of 
Nature"'),  "Heimelijkheid  der  Heimelijkheiden "  ("The 
Secret  of  Secrets"),  "Bijmbijbel"  ("Rime  Bible")— aU 
after  Latin  originals ;  a  strophic  dialogue, "  Wapene  Mar- 
tijn";  and  the  poem  "Van  den  Lande  van  over  Zee"  ("Of 
the  Lands  over  the  Sea  "),  a  summons  to  the  Crusades.  He 
has  been  called  "the  father  of  Dutch  poets." 

Maestricht,  or  Maastricht  (mas'trioht),  G. 
Mastricht  (mas'trioht).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Limburg,  Netherlands,  situated  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Mouse,  in  lat.  50°  51'  N., 
long.  5°  42'  E. :  the  Eoman  Trajeetum  Superius, 
and  medieval  Trajeetum  ad  Mosam.  it  has  flour- 
ishing manufactures  and  trade.  Formerly  it  was  a  very 
strong  fortress.  The  chief  attractions  are  the  old  church 
of  St  Servatius,  and  in  the  vicinity  the  Petersberg  sand- 
stone quarries.  It  was  a  Roman  town,  and  later  frequently 
a  Frankish  royal  residence ;  was  afterward  held  by  the 
dukes  of  Brabant  and  bishops  of  Lifege ;  was  taken  by  Alex- 
ander of  Parma  in  1679,  by  Prince  Frederick  Henry  of 
Orange  in  1632,  by  the  French  in  1673  and  1748,  and  again 
by  the  French  under  Either  in  1794 ;  and  was  held  by  the 
Dutch  against  the  Belgians  in  1830.  Population  (1890), 
32,676. 

Maeterliiick(met'6r-lingk),Maurice(Mooris). 

Born  in  1864.  A  noted  Belgian  poet.  He  went  to 
Paris  in  1886,  where  he  came  under  the  influence  of  Vil- 
liers  de  risle-Adam.  Among  his  works  are  "Serres 
chaudes "  (poems),  the  dramas  "  Les  aveugles,"  "  La 
princesse  Maleine,"  "Les  sept  princesses,"  "Llntruse," 
"  Pell^as  et  M61isande,"  "  La  quenouille  et  la  besace," 
"Trois  petits  drames  pour  marionnettes,"  and  various 
critical  works. 

Mseviad,  The.    See  Baviad,. 

Maevius.    See  Bavius. 

Mafeking  (maf 'e-king).  A  town  in  British  Be- 
ehuanaland,  in  lat.  25°  51'  S.,  long.  23°  41'  E. 

Maffei  (maf-fa'e),  Francesco  Scipione,  Mar- 
quese  di.  Born  at  Verona,  Italy,  June  1, 1675 : 
died  at  Verona,  Feb.  11, 1755.  An  Italian  poet, 
arehsBologist,  and  litterateur.  Hewrotethetragedy 
"  Merope  "  (1713),  "  Verona  illustrata  "  (1731-S2),  etc.  His 
complete  works  were  published  in  1790. 

Mama,  or  Mafla  (ma-fe'a).  A  formidable  se- 
cret society  in  Sicily,  organized  for  the  purpose 
of  promoting  smuggling  and  proteotingitsmem- 
bers  against  the  police. 

Mafra  (ma'fra).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Es- 
tremadura,  Portugal,  18  miles  northwest  of  Lis- 
bon. The  royal  palace,  founded  in  1717  in  emulation  of 
the  Escorial,  is  an  enormous  rectangle,  the  long  sides  mea- 
suring 770  feet,  and  contains  866  rooms,  the  finest  of  which 
is  the  great  library.  The  domed  church  is  well  propor- 
tioned and  incrusted  in  good  taste  with  colored  marbles. 
Population,  about  3,000. 

Magadha,  or  Magada  (mag'a-da).  An  an- 
cient empire  in  India,  corresponding  generally 
to  the  modem  Behar  and  Oudh.  Its  capital  was 
PataUputra.  It  was  flourishing  about  300  B.  c. 

Magadoxq  (mag-a-dok's6 ;  Pg.  pron.  ma-ga-do'- 
sho).  A  fown  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa, 
situated  in  lat.  2°  2'  N.,  long.  45°  25'  E.  Pop- 
ulation, estimated,  4,000. 

Magalhaes  (raa-gal-yins'),  Benjamin  Con- 
stant Botelho  de,  generally  known  as  Ben- 
jamin Constant.  Bom  at  Bio  de  Janeiro,  1838 : 
died  there,  Jan.  22,  1891.  A  Brazilian  repub- 
lican, one  of  the  leaders  of  the  revolution  of 
Nov.  15,  1889.  He  was  secretary  of  war,  and 
for  a  time  of  posts  and  telegraphs,  in  the  pro- 
visional government. 

Magalhaes,  Domingos  Joa6  Gongalves  de, 
Visoonde  de  Araguaya.  Born  Aug.  13,  1811: 
died  July  10, 1882.  A  Brazilian  poet  and  diplo- 
matist. He  is  regarded  as  the  leader  of  the  romantic 
school  in  Brazilian  literature.  Of  his  numerous  poetical 
works  the  best  known  are  "  A  Conf  ederagao  dos  Tamoyos, " 
an  epic  (1857),  "Mysterlos  "  (1868),  and  "  Urania  "  (1862). 

MagalhSes,  FemSo  de.  [Sp.  Fernando  de  Ma- 
gallanes;  P.,  G-.,  and  E.  generally  Ferdinand 
Magellan.']  Bom  at  Saborosa,  Traz-os-Moutes, 
Portugal,  about  1480 :  died  on  the  island  of  Mac- 
tan,  PHlippines,  April  27, 1521.  The  discoverer 
of  the  Strait  of  Magellan  and  of  the  Philippine 
Islands.  He  served  with  the  Portuguese  in  the  East 
Indies  1605-12,  and  in  Morocco  in  1514.  He  complained 
that  his  services  were  not  properlyrewarded,  and  formally 
renounced  allegiance  to  Portugal  in  1517 ;  went  to  Spain ; 
and,  in  conjunction  withRuy  Faleiro,  another  Portuguese, 
offered  to  find  for  Spain  a  western  passage  to  the  Moluc- 
cas, maintaining  that  those  islands  were  outside  of  the 
hemisphere  which,  by  treaty,  had  been  assigned  to  Portu- 
gal for  conquest.  (See  TardegUhai.y  Charles  V.  accepted 
the  plan,  and  fitted  out  for  the  expedition  a  government 
squadron  of  6  ships  and  205  men.  At  first  Magalhaes  and 
Faleiro  were  made  joint  commanders,  but  later  Faleiro 
was  separated  from  the  expedition,  and  MagalMes  re- 
mained in  full  command.  The  squadron  sailed  from  San 
Lucar,  Sept.  20, 1619,  and  touched  at  Madeira,  Soon  after 
the  veedor,  or  inspector,  Juan  de  Cartagena,  refused  to 


Magdalene  College 

obey  commands,  and  was  arrested.  Beaching  the  Bra- 
zilian coast,  they  stopped  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  Bay,  Dec.  IS- 
26 ;  explored  Rio  de  la  Plata  Jan.  10-Feb.  7, 1520 ;  and  on 
March  31  reached  the  port  of  San  Julian  on  the  Patago- 
nian  coast,  where  Magalhaes  decided  to  winter.  Three  of 
the  captains,  with  their  ships'  crews,  joined  by  Juan  de 
Cartagena,  mutinied  against  this  order,  but  were  subdued, 
one  being  killed  in  the  struggle  and  another  executed. 
Cartagena  and  a  priest  were  abandoned  on  the  coast.  One 
of  the  ships  was  lost  in  a  reconnaissance  southward ;  and 
the  Spaniards  had  slight  encounters  with  the  Indian^, 
whom  they  described  as  a  race  of  giants.  On  Oct.  21  the 
squadron  reached  the  entrance  to  the  Strait  of  Magellan 
(called  by  the  commander  Todos  los  Santos),  and  passed 
through  after  losing  another  ship,  which  became  separated 
and  returned  to  Spain.  They  reached  the  Pacific  (so  called 
by  Magalhaes)  Nov.  28, 1620 ;  kept  at  first  to  the  north, 
then  northwest  and  west ;  discoveredafewislands,.among 
others  the  Ladrones ;  suffered  greatly  from  bad  food  and 
water,  and  from  scurvy ;  and,  misinformed  of  the  position 
of  the  Moluccas,  kept  too  far  north,  discovering  the  Phil- 
ippines  March  16,  1621.  The  King  of  Zebu,  one  of  the 
islands,  was  very  friendly  to  the  Spaniards,  made  a  formal 
act  of  allegiance  to  Spain,  and  was  baptized  with  several 
hundred  of  his  subjects ;  but  in  an  attack  on  the  unfriendly 
natives  of  Mactan,  Magalhaes  was  killed  with  several  of 
his  men.  Soon  after  the  King  of  Zebu  revolted  and  mur. 
dered  27  Spaniards,  including  Serrano  and  Barboza  whom 
they  had  elected  captains.  The  survivors  burned  one  of 
their  vessels,  and  in  the  remaining  two,  after  various  wan- 
derings (in  which  they  discovered  Borneo  and  lost  more 
men),  reached  the  Moluccas.  There  they  loaded  with 
spices ;  one  of  the  ships,  the  Trinidad,  attempted  to  reach 
Panama,  but  failed ;  and  the  Victoria,  with  IS  men,  ar- 
rived in  Europe  by  the  Cape  of  Oood  Hope,  thus  making 
the  first  voyage  around  the  world.  See  Cano,  JvanSebae- 
tian  del. 

Magalhaes  de  Gandavo,  Pero  de.  See  Gan- 
davo. 

Magallanes  (ma-gal-ya'nes).  A  territory  of 
Chile,  comprising  the  region  south  of  about  lat. 
47°  8.,  the  coasts  of  the  Strait  of  Magellan,  and 
the  western  portion  of  Tierra  del  Fuego.  Area, 
75,292  square  miles.     Population  (1893),  3,283. 

Magallanes,  Fernando  de.  See  Magalhaes, 
Fernao  de. 

Magan  (ma-gan'),  or  Makan  (ma-kSn').  A  geo- 
graphical name  occurring  in  the  cuneiform  in- 
scriptions. Its  meaning  is  not  certain,  but  it 
probably  designated  the  Arabian  coast. 

Magariuos  Cervantes  (ma-ga-ren'yos  ther- 
van'tes),  Alejandro,  Bom  in  Montevideo, 
1826.  An  Uruguayan  author.  He  has  published 
"Estudios  historicos  sobreelRiodelaPlata,"  "Lalglesia 
y  el  Estado,"  several  volumes  of  poems,  ete. 

Magdala  (mag'da-la).  [6r.  M.aySaU;  prefer- 
ably Mayadav,']  In  biblical  geography,  a  town 
in  Palestine,  situated  on  the  western  shore  of 
the  Sea  of  (Jalilee:  the  modem  El-Mejdel.  The 
form  Magadan  is  preferable. 

Magdala  (mag-da'la).  A  stronghold  in  Abys- 
sinia, situated  in  lat.  11°  22'  N.,  long.  39°  25'  E. 
It  was  captured  in  1868  by  the  British  under  Sir  Robert 
Napier,  who  in  consequence  was  created  Baron  Napier  of 
Magdala. 

Magdalen  (mag'da-len).  See  Mary  Magdalen. 
Among  thenumerouspain  tings  of  this  subject  thefollowing 
arenotable.  (1)  ApaintingbyCorreggio,inthemu8eumfS 
Dresden.  The  Magdalen  lies  on  the  ground  amid  a  tJiicI^ 
wooded  landscape,  supporting  her  head  on  one  elbow  and 
reading  intently.  Her  form  is  wrapped  in  dark-blue  drapery, 
whichleavesthebustandfeetbare.  (2)  A  picture  by  Paolo 
Veronese,  by  some  considered  his  masterpiece,  in  the  Pina- 
coteca  at  Turin.  Mair  is  portrayed  anointing  the  Saviour's 
feet.  (3)  A  painting  by  Tintoret,  in  the  Scuola  di  San  Roc- 
co  at  Venice.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  wild-landscape  back- 
ground, full  of  stormy  light  and  fantastic  with  tangled 
laureL  The  figure  of  the  Magdalen  is  small  (4)  A  paint- 
ing by  Titian  (familiar  in  reproductions),  in  the  HttI  Gallery, 
Florence.  It  is  the  picture  of  a  beautif  ol  woman,  her  un- 
draped  shoulders  and  bust  enveloped  in  her  rich  golden 
hair,  and  with  uplifted,  tearful  face  and  eyes.  (6)  A  paint- 
ing by  Titian  (about  1561),  in  the  Hermitage  Museum,  St 
Petersburg.  The  figure,  seen  half-length,  is  lightly  draped: 
the  partly  exposed  neck  and  breast  are  veiled  by  the  flow- 
ing hair.  The  skull  and  open  book  are  introduced  as  at- 
tributes. (6)  Death  of  the  Magdalen :  a  celebrated  paint- 
ing by  Rubens,  in  the  mus^e  at  LiUe,  France. 

Magdalena  (mag-da-la'na).  The  chief  river  of 
Colombia.  It  flows  by  a  delta  into  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
about  lat  11°  N.  Its  chief  tributary  is  the  Cauca.  Length, 
about  1,050  mUes ;  navigable  to  the  vicinity  of  Hbnda(620 
miles). 

Magdalena.  A  department  in  the  northeastern 
part  of  the  Republic  of  Colombia,  bordering 
on  the  Caribbean  Sea  on  the  north  and  on  Vene- 
zuela on  the  east.  Capital,  Santa  Marta.  Area 
(including  the  peninsula  of  Goajira),  about 
27,900  square  miles.  Population  (1890),  about 
140,000. 

Magdalen  (mag'da-len or  mM'lin)  College:  in 
full  St.  Mary  Magdalen  College.  A  college 
of  Oxford  University,  founded  in  1457  by  Bishop 
Waynflete.  The  charter  was  issued  in  1458,  and  the 
foundation-stone  was  laid  May  5, 1474.  The  most  notable 
feature  of  the  college  is  a  tower  of  singular  beauty. 

Magdalene  (mag'djr-len)  College.  A  college 
of  Cambridge  University,  England,  founded  m 
151 9.  The  Pepysian  Building  in  the  second  court  con« 
tains  Pepys's  library,  the  MS.  of  his  "Diary,"  and  many 
other  literary  treasures  and  curiosities. 


Magdalene  College 

The  College  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene  originated  in  two 
messuages  granted  by  Henry  VI.  in  1428  to  the  Benedic- 
tine House  of  Croyland  for  the  convenience  of  those  monlis 
■who  wished  to  study  at  Cambridge.  Out  of  these  mes- 
suages, or  on  their  site,  a  house  was  gradually  constructed 
lor  the  general  use  of  the  Benedictine  Order,  "different 
monasteries  building  different  portions ;  thus  Ely  built 
one  chamber,  Walden  a  second,  Bamsey  a  third,"  says  Dr. 
Caius ;  and  so  late  as  1777  Cole  saw  the  arms  of  Ely  in  the 
spandrels  of  the  door  at  the  north-west  corner  of  the  court. 
Clark,  Cambridge,  p.  210. 

Magdalen  (mag'da-len)  Islands.  A  group  of 
small  islands  in  tlie  Grulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  be- 
longing to  Quebec,  Canada,  situated  northeast 
of  Prince  Edward  Island.  The  chief  occupa- 
tion is  iishing.    Population,  about  3,000. 

Magdeburg  (mag'de-bora).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Elbe  in  lat.  52°  8'  N.,  lohg.  11°  39'  E.  it  con- 
sists of  the  city  proper  and  four  suburbs,  and  is  a  powa-- 
f ul  fortress.  It  is  the  center  of  the  German  sugar  traal ; 
is  one  of  the  leading  commercial  centers  in  Germany ;  and 
has  manufactures  of  cotton,  wool,  tobacco,  spirits,  chicory, 
etc.  The  cathedral,  of  the  12th  and  13th  centuries,  with 
later  towers,  measures  390  by  106  feet :  height  of  the  spire 
of  the  north  tower,  337  feet.  The  choir  and  radiating  chapels 
recall  in  style  the  Prench  Romanesque :  the  western  por- 
tions are  Pointed,  The  sculptured  west  portal  is  magnifi- 
cent. There  are  choir-stalls  of  the  14th  century,  and  many 
beautiful  tombs,  especially  that  of  Archbishop  Ernst  by 
the  noted  Vischer,  with  figures  of  the  twelve  apostles. 
Magdeburg  was  founded  in  the  9th  century.  A  Benedic- 
tine monastery  was  established  there  by  Otto  the  Great. 
It  became  an  archbishopric  about  967,  and  was  an  impor- 
tant Hanseatic  town.  The  Reformation  W£(s  introduced  in 
1524.  It  was  besieged  and  taken  by  Maurice  of  Saxony  in 
1550-51;  resisted  Wallenstein  in  1629;  was  stormed  and 
sacKed  by  Tilly  in  1631  (with  the  massacre,  it  is  said,  of 
30,000  persons) ;  was  governed  after  the  Reformation  by 
archbishops  and  administrators ;  was  secularized  in  1648 ; 
was  annexed  to  Brandenburg  in  1680 ;  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1806 ;  and  was  restored  to  Prussia  in  1814.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  229,663. 

Magdeburg,  Centuries  of.  An  ecclesiastical 
history  of  the  first  1,300  years  of  the  Christian 
era,  in  which  the  records  of  each  century  oc- 
cupy a  volume,  it  was  compiled  by  a  number  of  Prot- 
estants  at  Magdeburg,  and  was  published  at  Basel  1660- 
1674. 

Magellan  (ma-jel'an),  Ferdinand.  See  Magal- 
haes,  Fernao  de. 

Magellan  (ma-jel'an),Straitof.  Asea  passage 
separating  the  mainland  of  South  America  from 
the  group  of  Tierra  del  Fuego,  and  connecting 
the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans.  Length,  over 
300  miles.     See  MagalhUes,  Ferndio  de. 

Magellan's  Sea..    See  Mar  Magallanico. 

Magendie  (ma-zhon-de'),  Frangois.  Bom  at 
Bordeaux,  Prance,  Oct.  15, 1783 :  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  7, 1855.  A  French  physiologist,  professor 
of  anatomy  in  the  Gollfege  de  France,  especially 
noted  for  experiments  on  the  physiology  of  the 
nerves.  Among  his  works  are  "Precis  ^Umentaire  de 
physiologie"  (1816),  "Lecons  sur  les  ph^nom^nes  phy- 
siques de  la  vie "  (1835-38),  "Lemons  sur  les  fonctions  et  les 
maladies  du  systfeme  nerveux"  (1839). 

Magenta  (ma-jen'ta).  A  small  place  near  the 
river  TicinoinLombardy,  Italy,  about  15  miles 
west  of  Milan.  Here,  June  4, 1869,  a  notable  victory 
was  won  by  the  allied  French  and  Sardinians  (55,000?)  over 
the  Austrians  (75,000?)under  Gyulai.  The  emperor  Napo- 
leon III.  was  nominally  in  command  of  the  allies,  but  the 
chief  credit  belonged  to  MacMahon,  who  was  afterward 
created  duke  of  Magenta,  The  loss  of  the  victors  was 
4,000 ;  that  of  the  Austrians,  10,000,  besides  prisoners.  The 
battle  led  to  the  occupation  of  Milan. 

Magenta,  Due  de.    See  MacMahon. 
Magero  (ma'ge-r6).    The  island  of  Norway  on 
which  the  North  Cape  is  situated. 
Maggia   (mad'ja),  Valle.     An  Alpiue  valley 
in  the  canton  of  Ticino,  Switzerland,  north  of 
Lago  Maggiore. 

Maggiore  (mad-jo're),  Lago,  F.  Lac  Majeur. 
[It.,  'greater  lake.']  .  One  of  the  chief  lakes  of 
northern  Italy,  situated  on  the  border  of  Italy 
and  the  canton  of  Ticino  in  Switzerland:  the 
Roman  Lacus  Verbanus.  it  is  traversed  by  the 
Ticino:  other  tributaries  are  the  Fosa  and  Maggia.  It 
contains  the  Borromean  Islands,  and  is  famous  for  pictu- 
resque scenery.  On  its  banks  are  Luino,  locamo,  Intra, 
Pallanza,  etc.  Its  northern  part  is  called  the  Lake  of  lo- 
cai'no.  Height  above  sea-level,  645  feet.  Length,  37  miles. 
Maghiana  (ma-ge-a'na).  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Jhang,  Panjab,  British  India,  situ- 
ated about  lat.  31°  16'  N.,  long.  72°  21'  E.  Pop- 
ulation, about  10,000. 
Maghreb  (mag-reb' ) .  An  Arabic  word  for '  sun- 
set' and  'west,'  applied  by  Arabs  to  Morocco 
and  to  all  northwestern  Africa  and  Spain.  Com- 
pare Arabic. 

Magi  (ma'ji).  [L.,  from  Gr.  Mayoj.]  1.  The 
members  of  the  learned  and  priestly  caste  in 
ancient  Persia,  who  had  oflScial  charge  of  the 
sacred  rites,  practised  interpretation  of  drearas, 
professed  supernatural  arts,  and  were  distin- 

fuished  by  peculiarities  of  dress  and  insignia, 
heir  origin  may  be  traced  to  the  Akkadians,  the  earliest 
c— 41 


641 

settlers  of  the  lower  Euphrates  valley.  The  first  biblical 
reterence  to  the  Magi  occurs  in  Jer.  xxxix.  3,  13,  where  a 
Babylonian  rab-mag,  or  chief  of  the  Magi,  is  mentioned 
in  connection  with  the  siege,  capture,  and  rule  of  Jeru- 
salem. 

2.  The  "  wise  men''  who,  according  to  the  Gos- 
pel of  Matthew  (ii.  1,  2),  came  from  the  East  to 
Jerusalem  to  do  homage  to  the  new-bom  King 
of  the  Jews,  a  tradition  as  old  as  the  2d  century  (rest- 
ing on  Ps.  Ixxii.  10,  Isa.  xlix.  7)  makes  them  kings,  and  at 
a  later  period  the  names  Melchior,  Kaspar,  and  Balthasar 
became  attached  to  them.  As  the  first  of  the  pagans  to 
whom  the  birth  of  the  Messiah  was  announced,  they  are 
honored  at  the  f  eastof  the  Epiphany :  in  the  calendar,  how- 
ever, the  three  days  immediately  following  the  first  of  the 
new  year  are  called  after  them.  In  works  of  art  the  young- 
est of  them  is  represented  as  a  Moor. 

Magians  (ma'ji-anz).     See  Magi,  1. 

Magic  Flute,  TEe.    See  Zauberfldte. 

Maginn  (ma-gin'),  William.  Bom  at  Cork, 
July  10, 179S :  died  at  Walton-on-Thames,  Aug. 
21,1842.  An  Irish  author.  He  graduated  fB.  A.)  at 
Trinity CoUege, Dublin,  inlSll;  conducted aprivate  school 
at  Cork  1813-23 ;  and  founded  "Eraser's  Magazine  "  in  1830. 
He  is  known  chiefly  as  the  author  of  "The  City  of  Demons" 
and  "  Bob  Burke's  Duel  with  Ensign  Brady."  His  "  Mis- 
cellanies" were  edited  by  Dr.  Shelton  Mackenzie  1865-67. 

Magister  Sententiarum.  [L.,  'master  of  sen- 
tences.']    See  Book  of  Sentences. 

MagliabecM  (mal-ya-bek'e),  Antonio.  Bom 
at  Florence,  Oct.,  1633:  died  July  4, 1714.  An 
Italian  bibliophile.  He  was  for  many  years  librarian 
of  Cosmo  III.,  grand  duke  of  Tuscany ;  and  was  famous 
lor  his  vast  and  varied  knowledge  of  languages  and  anti- 
quities. He  bequeathed  to  the  grand  duke  a  valuable  col- 
lection of  manuscripts  and  early  editions,  which  now  forms 
part  of  the  Biblioteca  Nazionale  at  Florence. 

Magna  Charta,  or  Magna  Carta  (mag'na  kar'- 
ta).  The  great  charter  of  the  liberties  (Magna 
Charta  Libertatum)  of  England,  granted  and 
sealed  by  King  John  in  a  conference  between 
him  and  his  barons  at  Kimnymede,  June  15, 
1215.  Its  most  important  articles  are  those  which  pro- 
vide that  no  freeman  shall  be  taken,  or  imprisoned,  or 
proceeded  against,  except  by  the  lawful  judgment  of  his 
peers  or  in  accordance  with  the  law  of  the  land,  and  that 
no  scutage  or  aid  shall  be  imposed  in  the  kingdom  (except 
certain  feudal  dues  from  tenants  of  the  crown),  unless  by 
the  common  council  of  the  kingdom.  The  remaining  and 
greater  part  of  the  charter  is  directed  against  abuses  of 
the  king's  power  as  feudal  superior.  The  charter  granted 
^  Henry  III.  is  only  a  confirmation  of  that  of  his  father, 
Xing  John. 

Magna  Grsecia  (mag'na  gre'shia).  [L.,  'great 
Greece.']  In  ancient  geography,  the  name  given 
to  the  part  of  southern  Italy  colonizedby  Greeks. 
Among  the  leading  cities  were  Cumse,  Crotona,  Sybaris, 
Metapontum,  Locri,  Rhegium,  Tarentum,  Thurii,  Hera- 
clea,  and  Neapolis.  Its  most  flourishing  period  was  the 
7th  and  6th  centuries  B.  0. 

Magnalia  Christi  Americana.  [L.,  'the 
mighty  works  of  Christ  in  America.']  An  ec- 
clesiastical history  of  New  England,  by  Cotton 
Mather,  published  in  1702  "(new  ed.  1853). 

Magnan  (man-yon'),  Bernard  Pierre.  Bom 
at  Paris,  Dee.  7,  1791:  died  at  Paris,  May  29, 
1865.  A  French  marshal.  He  repressed  the  insur- 
rection in  Lyons  in  1849,  and  aided  in  the  coup  d'etat  of 
1861. 

Magnano  (man-ya'no).  A  place  in  northern 
Italy,  26  miles  west  of  Parma.  Here,  April  5, 1799, 
the  Austrians  under  Kray  defeated  the  French  under 
Scherer. 

MagnentiuS  (mag-nen'shius).  Died  353  A.  D. 
Eoman  emperor  350-353.  He  murdered  Constans 
and  usurped  the  western  provinces  of  the  empire  in  350, 
but  was  defeated  by  Constantius  at  Mursa  In  361^  and 
committed  suicide  to  avoid  capture  in  353. 

Magnesia  (mag-ne'shia).  [Gr.  Mayvriaia."]  In 
ancient  geography,  the  easternmost  district  of 
Thessaly,  Greece,  bordering  on  the  jiEgean  Sea 
and  the  Pagasean  GuK.  it  is  supposed  that  mag- 
netic ore  was  first  found  here,  and  that  from  this  the  word 
magnet  is  derived. 

Magnesia.  1.  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  in 
Ionia,  Asia  Minor,  14  miles  southeast  of  Ephe- 
sus :  often  called  Magnesia  ad  Mteandrupi.  The 
temple  of  Ai'temis  Leucophryne,  here,  is  one  of  the  most 
magnificent  of  ancient  monuments,  rebuilt  about  300  B.  0. 
as  an  Ionic  pseudodipteros  of  8  by  16  columns,  measuring 
100  by  186  feet.  The  cella  had  pronaos  and  opisthodomofl 
with  2  columns  in  antis.  The  frieze,  now  in  the  Louvre, 
bears  reliefs  of  combats  between  Greeks  and  Amazons. 
The  temple  stood  in  a  splendid  peribolos  surrounded  by 
Doric  porticos.  There  are  also  remains  of  a  theater  of 
the  4th  century  B.  c,  with  later  modifications,  and  of  a 
large  stadium. 

2.  A  city  in  Lydia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  on  the 
Hermus  20  miles  northeast  of  Smyrna:  often 
called  Magnesia  ad  Sipylum:  the  modem  Ma- 
nissa  (which  see).  Here,  IOOb.c,  the  Romans  under 
Scipio  Asiaticus  defeated  Antioohus  the  Great. 

Magnetick  Lady,  The.  or  Humours  Kecon- 
ciled.  A  comedy  by  Ben  Jonson.  It  was  li- 
censed and  acted  in  1632,  but  not  published  till 
1640. 

Magnificat  (mag-nif 'i-kat).  [L.  magnificat;  as 
used  in  the  Vulgate,  Luke  i.  46,  "Magnificat 


Maguana 

anima  mea  Dominum."]  The  song  or  hymn  of 
the  Virgin  Mary  in  Luke  i.  46-55,  beginning 
"My  soul  doth  magnify  the  Lord."  Itisvery  sim- 
ilar to  the  song  of  Hannah  (Sam.  ii.  1-10),  which  has  ac- 
cordingly been  called  the  Old  Testament  Magnificat  The 
Magnificat  was  in  use  in  the  hours  or  daily  service  of  the 
Christian  church  as  early  as  about  500  A.  B.  In  the  Greek 
Church  it  is  called  the  Ode  of  the  Theotocos.  It  was  at 
first  omitted  from  the  American  Prayer-book,  but  was  re- 
stored in  1886. 

Magnin  (man-yan'),  Charles.  Born  at  Paris, 
Nov.  4,  1793 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  8,  1862.  A 
French  dramatic  critic.  He  wrote  "Les  originesdu 
theatre  en  Europe  "  (1838),  "  Histoire  des  Marionettes  " 
(1862),  etc. 

Magnus  (mag'nus)  I.,  surnamed  "The  Good." 
King  of  Norway  1035-47,  and  of  Denmark  1043- 
1047,  son  of  St.  Olaf. 

Magnus  III.,  surnamed  ' '  Barf od  "  ( '  Barefoot  ')■ 
Died  Aug.  24, 1103.  King  of  Norway  1093-1103. 
He  conquered  the  Orkneys  and  the  Hebrides,  and  was 
killed  before  Dublin  during  an  invasion  of  Ireland. 

Magnus  VIL,  surnamed  "Lagaboeter"  ('Ee- 
formerof  theLaws').  Died  May  9,1280.  King  of 
Norway  1262-80.  He  collected  and  published 
a  new  code  of  laws. 

Magnus  IL,  surnamed  "Smek.''  Bornin  1316: 
died  at  sea,  Dec.  1, 1374.  King  of  Sweden  1319- 
1363.  He  was  deposed  by  the  nobles,  who  ele- 
vated Albert  of  Mecklenbui'g. 

Magnus  (mag'nos),  iCduard.    Bom  at  Berlin, 
Jan.  7,  1799:  died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  8,  1872.    A. 
German  portrait-paijiter  and  writer  on  art. 

Magnus,  Heinrich  Gustav.  Bom  at  Berlin, 
May  2,  1802:  died  at  Beriin,  April  4,  1870.  A 
noted  German  chemist  and  physicist,  professor 
of  physical  technology  at  Berlin  1834-69.,  He 
published  in  Poggendorff's  "Annalen,"  and  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Berlin  Academy  of  Sciences,  a  number  of  im- 
portant papers  on  chemistry  and  physical  topics. 

Magnusen,orMagnussen(mag'n6s-sen),Finn. 
Bora  at  SkaUiolt,  Iceland,  Aug.  27, 1781 :  died  at 
Copenhagen,  Dec.  24, 1847.  A  noted  Icelandic 
archaeologist,  appointed  professor  at  Copenha- 
gen in  1815.  He  was  the  author  of  important  works  on 
the  elder  Edda,  and  on  Norse  mythology,  literature,  and 
antiquities. 

Magnusson  (mag'nos-son),  Arne  or  Arni.   [L. 

Magnieus.']  Bom  in  Iceland,  1663 :  died  at  Co- 
penhagen, Jan.,  1730.  A  noted  Icelandic  his- 
torian and  arohssologist.  He  became  secretary  of 
the  royal  archives  in  1697,  and  professor  of  history  and 
Danish  antiquities  at  the  University  of  Copenhagen  in 
1713.  He  made  a  notable  collection  of  Icelandic  manu- 
scripts. 

Magny  (man-ye'),  Olivier  de.  Bom  at  Cahors : 
died  about  1560.  A  French  poet,  author  of 
"Les  amours"  (1558),  "Les  gayet^s"  (1554), 
"Les  soupirs"  (1557),  and  "Les  odes"  (1559). 

Mago  (ma'go).  A  Carthaginian  general  of  the 
6th  century  B.  c,  the  reputed  organizer  of  the 
military  system  of  Carthage. 

Mago.  A  Carthaginian  naval  commander  of  the 
4th  century  B.  C,  distinguished  in  the  wars 
with  the  Syracusans  396-392,  and  later  suffete 
or  king  of  Carthage. 

Mago,  The  commander  of  the  Carthaginian 
forces  in  Sicily  343  b.  C,  the  ally  of  Hicetas  in 
his  struggle  with  Timoleon.  His  conduct  of  the 
campaign  was  marked  by  cowardice,  and  on  his  return  to 
Carthage  he  committed  suicide. 

Mago.  Died  203  b.  c.  (about  193  b.  c.  ?).  A 
Carthaginian  general,  younger  brother  of  Han- 
nibal. He  accompanied  his  brother  to  Italy  218  B.  0.,  sup- 
ported Hasdrubal  in  Spain  215  B.  C,  and  was  defeated  by 
Scipio  at  Silpia  206  B.  c. 

Magog.    See  the  extract,  and  Gog. 

For  an  explanation  of  Magog  we  must  go  to  the  prophet 
EzekieL  He  tells  us  (xxxviii.  2)  that  Magog  was  the  land 
of  Gog,  "  the  chief  prince  "  of  Tubal  and  Meshech.  Gog 
is  the  Gugu  of  the  Assyrian  inscriptions,  the  Gyges  of  the 
Greeks :  and  in  Magog,  therefore,  we  must  see  a  title  of 
Lydia.  The  name  is  evidently  a  compound  of  that  of  Gog; 
perhaps  it  represents  the  Assyrian  Mat  Gugi,  or  'country 
of  Gugu.'  Sayce,  Races  ol  the  0.  T.,  p.  45. 

Magoon  (ma-gon'),Elias  Lyman.  Born  at  Leb- 
anon, N.  S.,  Oct.  20,  1810 :  died  at  Philadel- 
phia, Nov.  25, 1886.  An  American  Baptist  clergy- 
man and  writer.  His  works  include  "  Orators  of  the 
American  Revolution  "  (1848),  "  Republican  Christianity  " 
(1849),  etc.  I 

Magruder  (ma-gro'der),  JohnBankhead.  Bom 

in  Winchester,  Va. ,  Aug.  15, 1810 :  died  at  Hous- 
ton, Texas,  Feb.  19,  1871.  An  American  gen- 
eral in  the  Confederate  service.  He  gi-aduated  at 
West  Point  in  1830 ;  served  in  the  Mexican  war  1846-47 ; 
served  as  a  major-general  at  the  battle  of  Malvern  Hill, 
July  1, 1862 ;  and  was  appointed  commander  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Texas,  Oct.  16, 1862.  He  afterward  served  under 
the  emperor  Maximilian  of  Mexico. 
Maguana (ma-gwa'na).  Aregionor  "province'^ 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  island  of  Haiti 
at  the  time  of  the  conquest.  Its  principal 
cacique  was  Caonabo. 


Maguelonne 

Maguelonne  (mag-lon').  A  former  seaport 
on  the  Mediterranean,  about  10  miles  south  of 
Montpellier,  France,  it  was  buUt  by  the  Phoosana, 
and  destroyed  by  Charles  Martel  737,  and  finally  by  Louis 
XIII.  1633.    There  is  a  ruined  cathedral  on  the  site. 

Magui.     See  Tusayan. 

Magnindanao.    See  Mindanao. 

Maguire  (ma-gwir'),  John  Francis.  Bom  at 
Cork,  Ireland,  1815:  died  at  Cork,  Nov.  1, 1872. 
An  Irish  journalist  and  author.  He  published 
;'  The  Pontificate  of  Pius  IX. "  (1870),  "  The  Irish  in  Amer- 
ica "  (1868),  etc. 

Magyar  (mo'dyor),  L4szl6.  Bom  at  Maria-The- 
resiopol,  Austria-Hungary,  1817:  died  at  Cuio, 
nearBenguella,  West  Africa,  Nov.  9, 1864.  An 
African  traveler.  After  many  voyages  as  officer  and 
captain  of  Austrian  and  American  ships,  he  went  to  Bra- 
zil (1844),  and  thence  to  the  Kongo  and  Angola  (1847-48), 
settling  in  Bihe.  He  visited  the  Muata  Yamvo  in  18S0  and 
the  Kunene  River  in  1862 ;  then  entered  the  Portuguese 
service  and  founded  a  settlement  at  Lucira  Bay.  Only  the 
first  volume  of  his  "  Keisen  in  SUdafrika,  1849-67,"  has 
been  published  (1859). 

Magyars  (mo'dyorz).  [Hung.,  from  Turk,  mo- 
jdr.^  The  members  of  a  race,  of  the  Finno- 
Ugrian  stock,  which  invaded  Hungary  about 
the  end  of  the  9th  century,  and  settled  there, 
where  it  still  forms  the  predominant  element 
of  the  population.     See  Hungary. 

Mahabaleshwar  (m^-ha-ba-lesh-wur').  A 
health-resort  in  BomlJay,  British  India,  situated 
on  the  Western  Ghats  about  lat.  17°  57'  N., 
long.  73°  40'  E. 

Mahabharata  (ma-ha-bha'ra-ta).  [^Mahdiha- 
rata-akhyana,  great  Bharata  story;  or,  more 
briefly,  MahaVharata.  ]  The  name  of  one  of  the 
two  great  epics  of  ancient  India,  the  other  being 
the  Bamayana.  it  contains  over  100,000  distichs,  di- 
vided into  18  parvans  ('  knots '  or  '  joints,*  and  then  *  sec- 
tions,' 'chapters  *)■  It  is  about  eight  times  as  large  as  the 
Iliad  and  Odyssey  together.  The  tales  originally  compos- 
ing it  were  probably  first  circulated  in  prose,  and  put  later 
into  metrical  form.  They  may  have  existed  several  cen- 
turies before  our  era,  but  there  is  no  satisfactory  evidence 
as  to  their  date.  Neither  is  there  better  as  to  their  au- 
thors. They  are  ascribed  to  Vyasa,  "  the  arranger,"  called 
also  Krishna  Dvaipayana ;  but  as  the  same  Vyasa  is  the 
reputed  compiler  of  the  Vedas,  Puranas,  and  other  works, 
no  historical  value  can  be  attached  to  the  detail.  Scarcely 
a  fourth  of  the  poem  is  taken  up  by  the  main  narrative. 
The  rest  consists  of  inserted  episodes  and  diverse  accre- 
tions, which  are,  aside  from  minor  additions,  either  nar- 
ratives of  the  ancient  or  mythical  history  of  India,  the- 
ogouy  and  cosmogony,  or  didactic  and  dogmatic  matter. 
To  the  first  class  belong  the  episodes  of  Nala  and  Shakun- 
tala,  to  the  thurd  the  Bhagavadgita.  Thus  through  con- 
stant accretion  the  Mahabharata  became  a  sort  of  encyclo- 
pedia of  India,  intended  by  the  Brahmanic  authors  for 
the  Kshatriya  or  military  caste,  Krishna  Dvaipayana  is 
said  to  have  taught  the  poem  to  his  pupil  Vaishampayana, 
who  recited  it  at  a  festival  before  King  Janamejaya.  The 
leading  subject  is  the  great  war  between  the  Kauravas 
and  the  Pandavas,  who  were  descendants  through  Bharata 
from  Puru,  the  ancestor  of  one  branch  of  the  lunar  race. 
The  following  is  a  brief  summary  of  the  main  story :  The 
two  brothers  Dhritarashtra  and  Pandu  were  brought  up  in 
their  royal  home  atHastinapura,  about  60  miles  northeast 
of  Delhi.  Dhritarashtra,  the  elder,  being  blind,  Pandu  be- 
came king  Pandu  had  5  sons  —  Yudhishthira,  Bhima,  and 
Arjuna  by  Kunti,  and  Ijakula  and  Sahadeva  by  MadrL 
These  are  called  the  Pandavas,  and  are  types  of  heroic  ex- 
cellence. Dhritarashtra  had  lOO  sons,  of  whom  the  chief 
was  Duryodhana.  These  are  called  the  Kauravas,  and  are 
represented  as  altogether  bad.  After  Pandu's  death  the 
Pandavas  were  brought  up  with  the  Kauravas  by  Dhrita^ 
rashtra,  who  made  his  nephew  Yudhishthira  heir  appa- 
rent. Yudhishthira's  exploits  having  excited  the  ill  will  of 
the  Kauravas,  the  Pandavas  went  to  the  King  of  Panchala, 
whose  daughter  Draupadi  became  their  common  wife. 
After  this  alliance,  in  order  to  reconcile  the  feud,  Dhri- 
tarashtra divided  his  kingdom,  giving  Hastinapura  to  his 
sons,  aud  to  his  nephews  a  district  in  the  southwest^  where 
they  built  Indraprastha,  the  modem  Delhi.  Here  the 
Pandavas  lived  for  a  time  happily  under  the  rule  of  Yu- 
dhishthira. Once,  however,  Dhritarashtra  held  at  his  cap- 
ital a  great  assembly  to  which  came  the  Pandavas.  In  a 
game  of  dice  with  Duryodhana,  Yudhishthira  lost  wealth, 
kingdom,  brothers,  and  wife,  when  by  a  compromise  the 
Pandavas  agreed  to  give  up  their  portion  of  the  kingdom 
for  12  years  and  remain  incognito  for  a  thirteenth.  They 
retired  with  Draupadi  to  the  Kamyaka  forest  on  the  Saras- 
vati,  and  dwelt  there  12  years.  In  the  fourteenth  year  they 
demanded  their  possessions,  but  in  vain ;  hence  the  great 
war,  in  which  they  overthrew  the  reigning  house,  slew 
Duryodhana,  and  got  back  their  kingdom.  In  th  e  present 
poem  the  story  of  the  combat  is  extended  through  several 
books.  When  Yudhishthira  is  crowned  in  Hastinapura, 
Bhishma,  leader  ot  the  Kauravas,  though  mortally  wound- 
ed, instructs  him  on  the  duties  of  kings  through  20,000 
distichs  and  then  dies.  In  the  17th  book  the  Pandavas 
renounce  the  kingdom,  and  in  the  18th,  the  last,  they  as- 
cend to  heaven  with  Draupadi.  (For  a  fuller  account,  see 
Monier-Williams's  "Indian  Wisdom," xiiL  xiv.)  Thecom- 
plete  text  of  the  Mahabharata  has  been  printed  at  Bom- 
bay and  at  Calcutta,  An  attempt  at  a  complete  translation 
into  iVench  by  Fauche  was  interrupted  by  his  death.  This 
translation  is  in  many  respects  untrustworthy.  Several 
episodes  have  been  often  translated  into  various  modem 
languages,  notably  the  Nala  and  the  Bhagavadgita  (which 
see), 

Mahabliashya(ma-ha-bha'shya).  [Skt., 'great 
commentary ' ;  contracted  from  vyakaranamdha- 
bhdshya,  great  commentary  on  grammar.]  In 
Sanskrit  Uterature,  Patanjali's  commentary  on 


642 


Mahon 


of  the  Jainas  (which  see).  His  legendary  history 
is  given  in  the  Kalpasutra  and  the  Mahavu^charitra,  sacred 
books  of  the  Jainas,  The  points  of  contact  between  his 
legend  and  that  of  Buddha  have  led  some  to  identify  the 
two.  According  to  Biihler,  however,  Mahavira  was  a  dis- 
tinct personage  whose  real  name  was  Nirgrantha  Jnati- 
putra,  "the  ascetic  of  the  Jnatis, "  a  Rajput  tribe.  Accord- 
ing  to  Williams,  most  scholars  are  now  of  opinion  that  Ma- 
havira was  a  contemporary  of  Gautama  Buddha,  and  that 
the  Jainas  were  an  independent  skeptical  sect  a  little  ante- 
cedent to  the  Buddhists  and  their  rivals.  Williams's  "Bud- 
dhism,"p.  629;  Earth's  "Religions  of  India,"  p.  148fl. 

Mahaviracliarita  (ma -ha-ve -ra-  cha '  ri  - ta). 
[Skt., '  the  exploits  of  the  great  hero '  (Eama).] 
1.  A  Sanskrit  drama  by  Bhavabhuti,  translated 
by  Wilson  and  Pickford.— 2.  [In  this  sense 
usually  written  -charitra.']  The  exploits  of  Ma- 
havira (the  Arhat),  a  work  in  Jaina  Prakrit 


the  grammatical  sutras  of  Panini,  written  some 

time  between  b.  c.  140  and  60  a.  d.    It  is  not  a 

full  commentary  on  Panini,  but  with  some  exceptions  a 

commentary  on  the  Varttikas,  or  critical  remarks  of  Katya- 

yanaon  PaninL    It  is  a  paramount  authority  in  all  matters 

relating  to  classical  Sanskrit  grammar.    There  is  a  photo- 
lithographed  edition  by  Goldstiicker  and  a  translation  of 

40  pages  by  Ballantyne. 
Mahadeva  (ma-ha-da'va).     [Skt.,  'the  great 

god.']     1.  Aname  of  Shiva. —  2.  Inthehistory 

of  Buddhism,  a  schismatic  teaeher  who  js  said 

to  have  lived  200  years  after  Buddha's  death. 
Mahadevi  (ma-ha-da've).     [Skt.,  'the  great 

foddess.']    A  name  of  Devi,  the  wife  of  Shiva, 
ee  Devi. 
Maha^  (ma-haf 'i),  John  P.    Bom  in  Switzer- 
land, 1839.  'An  Irish  classical  scholar,  professor    >- —  ,,     . 

of  ancient  history  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,    held  in  great  estimation  by  the  Jamas. 
1871-1901.  Hehaswritten"SocialLifeinGreece"(1874),     Mahavira. 
"AHistory  of  Greek  Classical  Literature  "  (18801,  etc. 

MahaJsashyapa  (ma-ha,*kash'ya-pa).  The  dis- 
ciple of  Buddha  to  whom  are  ascribed  the  ar- 
rangement of  the  Abhidharma  and  the  found- 
ing of  the  Sthavira  division  of  the  Vaibhashika 
school. 

Mahan  (ma-han'),  Alfred  Thayer.  Bom  Sept. 
27, 1840.  An.  American  sailor  and  writer  on  naval 
history.  He  became  midshipman  in  1850,  lieutenant  in 
1861,  lieutenant-commander  in  1865,  commander  in  187% 
captain  in  1885 ;  and  retired  in  1896.  He  was  made  lecturer 
on  history,  atrategetics,  and  tactics  in,  and  president  of,  the 
United  States  Naval  War  College.  In  1894  he  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  Chicago.  He  has  written  several  important 
works:  "TheGulf  and  InlandWaters"(1883),  "Influence 
of  Sea  Power  upon  History  1660-1783  "  (1890^  "Influence 
of  Sea  Power  upon  the  French  Revolution  andEmpire  1793- 
1812"  (1892),  a  "Life  of  Admiral  Farragut"  (1894),  and  a 
"Life  of  Nelson "(1897). 

Mahan  (ma-han'),  Asa.  Bom  atVemou,  N.  Y., 
Nov.  9,  1800 :  ^ed  at  Eastbourne,  England, 
April  4,  1889.  An  American  clergyman,  edu- 
cator, and  author.  He  became  president  of  Oberlin 
College  in  1835,  a  position  which  he  held  until  about  1850.  Mah6  (ma-ha').  The  chief  island  of  the  Sey- 
He  afterward  held  similar  positions  at  Cleveland  Univer-     ohelles  group  Indian  Ocean 

sity  and  Adrian  CoUege,  Michigan.  Among  his  works  are  TLir.-i,i  A  qna^ort  and  smal^sett^PTnfintbRlon^- 
"System  of  Intellectual  Philosophy  "(1846),  "Science  of  JM.ane.  A  seaport  ana  small  settlement;  oeiong 
Logic  "  (1857),  and  "  Critical  History  of  Philosophy  "  (1883).     ing  to  Prance,  situated  on  the  Malabarjeoast  or 


Mahayana  (ma-ha-ya'na).    See  Great  Vehicle. 

Mahdl(ma'de).  [Also  sometimes  JfeMee;  lit. 
'  the  guided  or  directed  one.']  According  to 
Mohammedan  belief,  a  spiritual  and  temporal 
ruler  destined  to  appear  on  earth  during  the 
last  days.  Some  sects  hold  that  the  Mahdi  has  appeared, 
and  in  concealment  awaits  the  time  of  his  manifestation. 
There  have  been  a  number  of  pretended  Mahdis,  of  whom 
the  latest  of  importance  was  the  chief  whose  armed  fol- 
lowers resisted  the  advance  of  the  British'  troops  into  the 
Sudan  in  1884-85,  and  overthrew  the  Egyptian  power  in 
that  region,  which  they  continued  to  hold.  The  belief  ap- 
parently grew  out  of  the  Jewish  belief  in  the  coming  of  the 
Messiah. 

It  is  from  the  descendants  of  'Alee  that  the  more  devout: 
Moslems  expect  the  Mehdee,  who  is  to  reappear  on  eartli, 
in  company  with  the  Prophet  Blias,  on  the  second  coming 
of  Christ.  J.  P.  Brown,  The  Dervishes,  p,  74, 

Mahdi, or  'the  well-guidec^'ls  the  name  given  by  the 
Shi'ites  to  that  member  of  the  family  of  'Ali  who,  accord- 
ing to  their  belief,  is  one  day  to  gain  possession  of  the 
whole  world,  and  set  up  the  reign  of  righteousness  in  it. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  670. 


Mahan,  Dennis  Hart. .  Bom  at  New  York,  April 
2, 1802 :  died  near  Stony  Point,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  16, 
1871.  An  American  military  engineer.  He  was 
professor  of  engineering  at  West  Point  from  1832  until  his 


Pop- 


See 


India,  in  lat.  11°  42'  N.,  long.  75°  32'  E. 
ulation  (1888),  8,349. 
Mahe  (B.  F.  Mah6  de  Labourdonnais) 

„_  __   _  Labourdonnais. 

5eath,  holding  also  the'offlce  of  dean  after  1838.    Hecom-  Mahican  (nia-hik'an).     [Native  name:  'wolf 
mitted  suicide  by  drowning  in  a  At  of  insanity.    Amon^     according  to  some','  or  '  seaside  people '  accord- 


Ms  works  are  "Treatise  on  Field  Fortifications"  (1S36) 
and  "Military  Engineering"  (1865-67). 

Mahan,Milo.  Bomat Suffolk, Va.,May24,1819: 
died  at  Baltimore,  Sept.  3, 1870.  An  American 
clergyman  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church, 
brother  of  D.  H.  Mahan.  His  chief  work  is  a 
"History  of  the  Church"  (1860:  new ed.  1872). 

Mahanadi,  or  Mahanuddy  (ma-ha-nud'i).  A 
river  in  British  India,  wHoh  flows  by  a  delta 
into  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  about  lat.  20°  N. 
Length,  over  500  miles.  Itnas  a  large  discharge. 

Mahanaim  (ma-ha-na'im).  [Heb.,  'double 
camp.']  In  Old  Testament  geography,  a  place 
in  Palestine,  east  of  the  Jordan  and  north  of  the 
Jabbok.  Its  exact  position  is  unknown.  It 
was  taken  by  Shishak, 


ing  to  others.]  A  tribe  or  a  loose  confederacy 
of  North  American  Indians.  When  first  known  they 
occupied  both  b«mk8  of  the  upper  Hudson  River,  extending 
north  nearly  to  Lake  Champlain,  west  to  Catskill  Creek, 
and  east  into  Massachusetts.  Their  council-fire  was  first  at 
Schodac,  on  an  island  near  Albany ;  but,  owing  to  the  pres- 
sure of  the  Mohawks,  many  of  them  migrated  to  the  Sus- 
quehanna River  at  and  near  Wyoming  valley,  Pennsylva- 
nia, in  the  vicinity  of  the  Delawares  and  Munsees,  with 
whom  they  afterward  removed  to  Ohio  and  lost  their  iden- 
tity. In  1736  those  in  the  Housatonio  valley  were  col- 
lected at  Stockbridge  and  called  by  that  name.  The  French 
included  them  with  other  tribes  under  the  name  Loups. 
Their  two  principal  divisions  known  to  the  English  were 
the  Mahican,  or  Mohican,  on  the  upper  Hudson  and  Hous- 
atonio rivers,  and  Mohegan  (which  see),  or  Monhegan,on 
the  lower  Connecticut  River,  both  of  which  were  often 
called  River  Indians  and  confounded,  though  historical^ 

Mahanataka  (ma-ha-na'ta-^).      [Skt.,  'the  Mamdpore,  or^^edpore.    ^seMehadpur. 
great  •drama.']    In  Sanslsrit  literature,  aname  jjiahi  Kantha  (ma'he  kan'tha).  .A  collection 


of  the  Hanumannataka  (which  see). 

Mahanoy  City  (ma-ha-noi'  sit'i).  A  borough 
in  Schuylkill  County,  Pennsylvania,  109  miles 
northwest  of  Philadelphia :  the  center  of  a  coal- 
mining region.    Population  (1900),  13,504. 

Mahapralaya  (ma-ha-pra'la-ya).  [Skt.,  'the 
great  dissolution.']  In  Hindu  belief,  the  total 
destruction  of  all  things  at  the  end  of  a  kalpa, 
when  the  seven  Lokas  and  their  inhabitants. 


of  native  states  in  India,  under  tfie  protection 
of  Great  Britain,  intersected  by  lat.  24°  N.,  long. 
73°  E.  Area,  9,300  square  mUes.  Population 
(1891),  581,568. 
Mahmnd  (ma-mSd')  I.  [A  form  of  Moham- 
med.'] Bom  1696:  died  1754.  Sultan  of  Turkey 
1730-54,  son  of  Mustapha  H.,  and  nephew  of 
Ahmed  HI.  whom  he  succeeded.  He  compelled 
Austria  to  cede  Belgrad  in  1739. 


saints,  gods,  and  Brahma  himself,  are  annihi-  Mahmud  II.    Born  July  20,  1785 :  died  July  1, 

lated.  — "       "  '•  -  ~    -       .       . 

Mahapnranas  (ma-ha-p6-ra'naz).     [Skt.,  'the 

great  .Puranas.']     The  Vishmipurana  and  the 

Bhagavatapurana. 
Maharajpur     (ma-hSr-raj-pBr').    A  village  in 

(Jwalior,  India,  51  miles  south  of  Agra.    Here, 

Dec,  1843,  the  British  under  Gough  defeated  the 

Mahrattas. 
Maiiavansha(ma-ha-van'sha,).    [Skt.,  'history 


1839.  Sultan  of  Turkey  1808-39,  brother  of 
Mustapha  IV.  whom  he  succeeded.  He  carried  on 
an  unsuccessful  war  against  Russia  1809-12.  In  1821  the 
Greeks  began  a  war  of  Independence^  and  after  the  defeat 
of  his  fleet  by  the  allied  fleets  of  France  England,  and 
Russia  at  Navarino  (1827),  and  the  capture  of  Adrianople 
by  the  Russians  (1829),  he  was  compelled  in  1829  to  sign  the 
peace  of  Adrianople,  which  secured  the  independence  of 
Greece.  He  massacred  a  large  number  of  the  janizaries 
in  1826  and  reorganized  the  army,  and  at  his  death  was 
engaged  in  a  war  with  Mehemet  Ali,  viceroy  of  Egypt 


JIir«  ~^„+  fo\v,jHQ<!>  rr.f  r<yiAr.n\  1     Tlio  tiottiq     eugagcu  m  a  waT  witu  jHenemCT  All,  viceroy  01  JSgypu 

o  wol'uwo^olt^^h^To^^^^^^^  'l^^^?? ,^^^i^;,T?r^''-"A?^  ^^f-" 

re  ™",7^„=j- +i^.=  t.^  ti,»  fl^^d  nf  v\i^  Mav,„-    ?.<??  about  9/1 :  di_ed  at  Ghazni,  Afghanistan, 


the  earliest  times  to  the  death  of  King  Maha- 
sena(302A.D.).  The  older  work,  probably  composed  by 
monks  at  Anuradhapura  in  Ceylon,  was  read  in  public  by 
command  of  King  Dhatusena  (459-477  A.  B. ).  The  younger 
work,  a  continuation  of  the  elder,  was  composed  by  Ma- 
banama,  son  of  an  aunt  of  Dhatusena.    The  Pali  form  of 

the  name  is  Mahavanso,  the  above  the  Sanskrit.  The  first  iijr.v„™„t  o„„  iLr«j,„™™„j 
volume  of  a  text  and  translation  by  Tumour  appeared  at  Manomet.  bee  Mohammed. 
Colombo,  1887.  Mahomet.  AplaybyVoltaire,producedatBrus- 

Mahavira  (ma-ha-ve'ra).     [Skt., 'great  hero.']    sels  in  1741. 
A  name  of  Bama  and  other  personages,  but  es-  Mahometans.    See  Mohammed. 
peciaUy  of  the  24th  or  last  Jina,  or  deified  saint  Mahon.    See  Port  Mahon, 


.-««^«  ^.  J.,  viiovi  au  ^ixa,^i±i,  Afghanistan, 
1030.  Sultan  of  Ghazni  997-1030,  son  of  Su- 
buktigin.  He  professed  Islam,  and  made  twelve  great 
expeditions  against  the  infidels  of  India,  besides  carrying 
on  important  wars  in  central  Asia.  He  extended  his  vic- 
tories from  the  Tigris  to  the  Ganges,  and  from  the  Indian 
Ocean  to  the  Oxus. 


Mahon,  Charles  James  Patrick 

Uahon  (ma-hon'),  Charles  James  Patrick, 
called  The  O'Gorman  Mahon.  Bom  at  Ennis, 
County  Clare,  March  17, 1800 :  died  at  London, 
June  15, 1891.  An  Irish  politician  and  adven- 
turer. He  was  member  ol  Parliament  for  Ennis  1847-62 ; 
served  under  the  Russian,  Turkish,  and  Austrian  flags ; 
was  a  general  in  the  government  army  during  the  civil  war 
in  Uruguay ;  commanded  a  Chilean  fleet  against  Spain  ; 
was  a  colonel  in  the  Brazilian  service ;  fought  in  the  Union 
army  during  the  American  Civil  War ;  was  a  colonel  under 
Louis  Napoleon  ;  became  an  intimate  of  Bismarck ;  and 
was  member  of  Parliament  for  Clare  1879-86,  and  for  Car- 
low  from  1887  until  his  death. 

Mahon,  Lord.    See  Stanhope. 

Mahone  (ma-hon'),  William.  Born  in  South- 
ampton County,  Va.,  Dec.  1, 1826:  died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  Oct.  8,  1895.  An  American  poli- 
tician. He  served  in  the  Confederate  army  during  the 
Civil  War,  obtaining  the  rank  of  major-general ;  became 
afterward  the  leader  of  the  Readjuster  party  in  Virginia ; 
and  was  United  States  senator  from  Virginia  1881-87. 

Mahony  (mah'o-ni),  Francis.  Bom  at  Cork, 
Ireland,  about  1804 :  died  at  Paris,  May  18, 1866. 
An  Irish  journalist  and  poet,  known  by  the 
pseudonym  of  "  Father  Prout."  He  was  educated 
for  the  priesthood  in  Paris  and  Some,  and  was  ordained, 
but  about  1834  gave  up  his  calling  and  began  to  write  on 
the  staff  of  "Fraser's  Magazine."  The  articles  which  he 
contributed  were  published  as  "  Reliques  of  Father  Prout " 
in  1836 :  a  final  volume  was  published  in  1876  by  Blan- 
chard  Jerrold.  He  contributed  to  "Bentley's  Magazine," 
and  wrote  to  the  "Daily  News"  fromRomeforsomeyears. 
These  letters  were  published  as  "Facts  and  Figures  from 
Italy,  by  Don  Jeremy  Savonarola,  Benedictine  Monk,"  in 
1847.    He  retired  to  a  monastery  in  1864,  and  died  there. 

Mahrattas^  or  Marhattas  (ma-rat'az) .  A  race 
of  Hindus,  inhabiting  western  and  central  India, 
who  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries  conquered 
and  ruled  many  states,  of  which  they  formed  a 
confederation,  but  which  are  now  largely  under 
British  rule.  They  are  Brahmana  in  religion,  but  differ 
physically  from  other  Hindus,  and  have  a  distinct  Hindu 
dialect^  the  Mahratti  (Marathi).  Their  power  was  at  its 
height  about  1760.  They  were  defeated  by  Ahmed  Shah 
at  Fanipat  in  1761.  The  war  In  which  they  were  engaged 
with  the  British  in  1776-82  was  undecisive ;  in  that  of  1803 
Wellesley  (Wellington)  gained  the  victories  of  Assaye  and 
Argaum,  and  Lake  those  of  Aligarh  and  Laswari ;  and  in 
that  of  1816-13  the  Mahrattas  were  again  decisively  beaten. 
They  number  about  12,000,000. 

Mslbren  (ma'ren)  .The  Germanname  of  Moravia. 
Mahu,  A  flend  alluded  to  in  Shakspere's ' '  King 
Lear." 
Mai  (ma'e  or  mi),  Angelo,  Born  at  Sohilpario, 
province  of  Bergamo,T[taly,  March  7, 1782 :  died 
near  Eome,  Sept.  9, 1854.  An  Italian  cardinal, 
noted  as  a  philologist  and  antiquary.  He  dis- 
covered various  manuscripts  and  palimpsests,  and  edited 
Cicero's  "De  republica"  (1822),  etc. 

Maia  (ma'ya).  [(Jr.MosZa.]  1.  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, the  eldest  of  the  Pleiades,  mother  by  Zeus 
of  Hermes. — 2.  In  Roman  mythology,  the  Bona 
Dea. — 3.  The  star '20  Pleiadum,  which  is  sur- 
rounded with  an  adhering  nebulosity  that  was 
discovered  by  photography. 

Maida  (mi'da).  A  place  in  Calabria,  Italy,  13 
miles  west  of  Catanzaro.  •  Here,  July  4, 1806, 
the  British  defeated  the  French  under  Eeynier. 

Maideh.    See  Maidu. 

Maiden,  The.  A  name  given  to  a  sort  of  guil- 
lotine which  the  regent  Morton  introduced  into 
Scotland.  He  was  himself  beheaded  by  it  in 
1581. 

Maidenhead  (ma'dn-hed).  A  town  in  Berk- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Thames  28  miles 
west  of  London.    Population  (1891),  10,607. 

Maiden  Lane.  1.  A  street  in  London,  hetween 
Covent  Garden  and  the  Strand.  Andrew  Marvell, 
Turner  the  landscape-painter,  and  Voltaire  lived  here  at 
different  times.  The  name  is  said  to  have  been  givenfrom 
an  image  of  the  Virgin  which  once  stood  there. 
2.  A  street  in  New  York,  running  from  Broad- 
way, opposite  Cortlandt  street,  southeast  to  the 
East  Eiver. 

Maiden  Queen,  The.  Queen  Elizabeth  of  Eng- 
land. 

Maid  in  the  Mill,  The.  A  comedy  by  Fletcher 
and  Eowley,  produced  in  1623.  "The  plot  is  taken 
partly  from  Gonsalo  de  Cespides's  'Gerardo'^  and  partly 
from  a  novel  of  Bandello."  (BviUn.)  A  droll,  called  "The 
Surprise,"  was  made  from  this  play,  and  is  in  "The  Wits." 

Maid  Marian.  Eobin  Hood's  sweetheart  in  the 
old  ballads.  She  was  the  daughter  of  an  earl,  and  loved 
Eobin  Hood  when  he  was  earl  of  Huntingdon.  When  he  was 
banished  to  the  "merry  greenwood,"  she  dressed  herself 
as  a  page  and  followed  him,  living  with  his  company  as  a 
virgin  huntress  till  the  marriage  rites  could  be  performed. 
This  is  the  most  popular  of  the  legends  concerning  her. 

Maid  of  ArtoiS,  The.  An  opera  by  Balfe,  pro- 
duced in  1836.  It  contains  the  song ' '  The  Light 
of  Other  Days." 

Maid  of  Athens.    The  daughter  of  Theodore 

Macri,  a  consul  at  Athens.  She  made  Byron's  ac- 
quaintance, and  he  Is  said  to  have  addressed  to  her  the 
song  beginning  "Maid  of  Athens,  ere  we  part" 

Maid  of  Bath,  The.    A  comedy  by  Foote,  pro- 


643 

dueed  in  1771.  The  play  holds  up  to  ridicule  (as  Mr. 
Flint)  Mr.  Walter  Long,  who  behaved  shamefully  to  the 
Maid  of  Bath,  the  Miss  Linley  who  afterward  married 
Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan. 

Maid  of  Honor,  The.  1 .  A  play  by  Massinger, 
printed  in  1632.  Kemble  altered  and  produced 
it  in  1785,  with  Mrs.  Siddons  in  the  cast. — 2. 
An  opera  by  Balfe,  produced  in  1847.  The  sub- 
ject is  the  same  as  that  of  Flotow's  "  Martha." 

Maid  of  Mariendorpt,  The.  A  play  in  verse 
by  James  Sheridan  Knowles,  produced  in  1838. 

Maid  of  Norway,  The.  A  surname  of  Marga- 
ret^ queen  of  Scotland  1285-90. 

Maid  of  Orleans,  The.  Joan  of  Arc :  so  named 
on  account  of  her  efforts  for  the  relief  of  Or- 
leans. Schiller  produced  a  play  with  this  title, 
"  Die  Jungfrau  von  Orleans,"  published  1802. 

Maid  of  Sker,  The.  A  novel  by  E.  D.  Black- 
more,  published  in  1872. 

Maid  of  the  Mill,  The.  A  play  by  Isaac  Bick- 
erstaffe,  printed  in  1765.  It  was  founded  on 
Eichardson's  "Pamela." 

Maid  of  the  Mist,  The.  Anne  of  Geierstein 
in  Scott's  novel  of  that  name. 

Maidstone  (mad'ston).  The  county  town  of 
Kent,  England,  situated  on  the  Medway  32 
miles  east-southeast  of  London,  it  has  manu- 
factures of  paper  and  beer.  The  Church  of  All  Saints  and 
the  buildings  of  the  former  College  of  All  Saints  are  note- 
worthy. The  Kentish  Royalists  were  defeated  here  by 
Fairfax,  June  2, 1648.    Population  (1891),  32,160. 

Maid's  Tragedy,  The.  A  play  by  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  first  acted  not  later  than  1611, 
printedinl619.  Waller  altered  it  in  1682,  andMacready 
produced,  with  Sheridan  Knowles,  an  adaptation  called 
' '  The  Bridal "  about  1834. 

Malella  (mi-el'la).  One  of  the  loftiest  groups 
of  the  Apennines,  in  central  Italy,  southwest  of 
CSiieti  and  south  of  the  Gran  Sasso.  Height, 
9,170  feet. 

Maienfeld,  or  Mayenfeld  (mi'en-felt).  An 
old  town  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland, 
on  the  Ehine  near  Eagatz. 

Maikop,  or  Maykop  (mi'kop).  Afortifiedtown 
in  the  territory  of  Kuban,  Caucasus,  Russia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Byelaya  about  65  miles  southeast 
of  Yekaterinodar.    Population  (1889),  24,494. 

Mailand.    The  German  name  of  Milan. 

Mail&th  (mi'lat).  Count  Janos.  Bom  at  Buda- 
pest, Hungary,  ()ct.  3, 1786 :  committed  suicide 
in  the  Starnbergersee,  Bavaria,  Jan.  3, 1855.  A 
Hungarian  historian  and  poet.  His  chief  works 
are  "Geschichte  der  Magyaren"  (1828-31)  and 
"(Jeschichte  des  osterreichisehenKaiserstaats" 
(1834-50). 

Maillet  (ma-ya' ) ,  Jacques  Leonard.  Bom  July 
12, 1823 :  died  Feb.  15, 1894.  A  French  sculptor. 
He  studied  with  Pradier,  and  obtained  the  prix  de  Rome 
in  1847  with  his  "Ta^maque."  He  exhibited  at  the  Salons, 
and  executed  a  number  of  decorative  groups  at  the  new 
Louvre,  the  Opera  House,  the  churches  of  Saint  Severin, 
Sainte  Clotilde,  Saint  Leu,  etc. 

Maimansinh  (mi-man-sin'),  or  Mymensing 

(mi-men-sing').  A  district  in  Bengal,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  24°  30'  N.,  long.  90°  E. 
Area,  6,332  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
3,472,186. 

Maimatchin  (mi-ma-chen').  A  trading  town 
in  Mongolia,  on  the  Siberian  frontier  opposite 
Kiakhta. 

Maimbourg  (man-feor'),  Louis,  Bom  at  Nancy, 
France,  1610:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  13, 1686.  A 
French  Jesuit  church  historian. 

Maimene  (mi-ma'ne),  orMaimana  (mi-ma'na). 
1.  A  district  in  northern  Afghanistan,  about 
lat.  36°  N.,  long.  64°  40'  E.— 2.  The  chief  town 
of  the  district  of  Maimene. 

Maimonides  (mi-mon'i-dez)  (Moses  ben  Mai- 
mun,  also  called  Maimtmi  or,  after  the  initials 
of  his  name  (Eabbi  Moses  ben  Maimtm),  Bam- 
bam :  in  Arabic,  Abu  AmramMusabenMai- 
mun  Obaid  Allah).  Bom  at  Cordova,  Spain, 
in  1135:  died  in  1204.  The  most  celebrated 
Jewish  scholar,  philosopher,  and  writer  of  the 
middle  ages.  In  him  the  scientific  development  of  Ju- 
daism in  Spain  reached  its  climax.  He  brought  order  and 
system  into  the  chaotic  masses  of  Talmudic  literature, 
pointed  out  the  aims  and  directions  of  religio-philosophioal 
studies,  and  brought  —  as  far  as  this  can  be  done— Judaism 
and  philosophy  into  harmony.  His-f  amily  had  to  fly  before 
the  persecutions  of  the  Almohades  to  Fez,  where  for  many 
years  they  were  obliged  to  conceal  their  religion.  Here 
Moses  became,  by  association  with  Mohammedan  schol- 
ars, thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  Aristotelian  philoso- 
phy. In  1166  the  family  emigrated  from  Fez  by  way  of 
Palestine  to  Egypt,  and  settled  in  Fostat  (old  Cairo),  where 
'the  father  of  Maimun  died.  Moses  first  supported  the 
family  by  trading  in  jewels.  He  next  devoted  himself  to 
medicine,  and  subsequently  became  physician  to  Saladin's 
successor.  At  the  same  time  he  was  chief  rabbi  of  Cairo. 
Of  his  writings  maybe  mentioned  ashort  scientific  treatise 
on  the  Jewish  calendar,  and  another  on  the  terms  used  in 
logic  ("  Miloth  higgayon  "),  written  before  his  twenty-third 
year.   lu  1168  he  produced  his  first  great  work,  a  commen- 


Maine,  Sir  Henry  James  Sumner 

tary  on  the  Mishnah,  written  in  Arabic.  His  greatest  and 
most  comprehensive  work,  on  which  he  labored  for  ten 
years  (1170-80),  is  the  "Repetition  of  the  Law  "(■'  Mishneh 
Tor^"),  also  called  the  "Strong  Hand"  ("Yad  Hahaza- 
qah"),  written  in  Hebrew.  It  is  a  masterly,  systematic 
exposition  in  14  books  of  the  whole  of  the  Jewish  law  as 
contained  in  the  Pentateuch  and  the  vast  Talmudical  lit- 
erature. It  was  preceded  by  a  small  Arabic  introduc- 
tion, "Book  of  the  Commandments  "  ("  Seferha-Mi^voth"), 
containing  a  treatise  on  the  613  precepts  of  the  law.  His 
philosophical  work  par  excellence  is  the  "Guide  of  the 
Perplexed "("Dalalt  al  Hairin":  Hebrew  "More  Nebu- 
chim  " ),  written  in  Arabic.  It  is  divided  into  tliree  parts. 
Theflrsttreatsoftheanthropomorphicexpressionsfonndin 
the  Bible,  and  of  the  religio-philosophical  sects ;  the  sec- 
ond of  eternity  and  the  creation  of  the  world ;  the  third 
contains  a  rational  explanation  of  the  commandments  of 
Scripture.  Of  his  lepser  writings  may  be  mentioned  "An 
Epistle  on  Apostasy"  (  "Iggereth  ha-Shemad"),  in  which 
he  contends  that  Islam  is  not  as  bad  as  paganism,  and 
that  the  feigned  accommodation  to  it  was  not  absolutely 
culpable ;  "An  Epistle  to  Yemen  "  (  "Iggereth  Temftn  "), 
an  exhortation  to  the  Jews  in  South  Arabia  not  to  be  led 
astray  by  false  Messialis ;  "ATreatiseof  Moses"  ("Pirke 
Mosheh")  on  medical  subjects;  "A  Treatise  on  Happi- 
ness "  ("  Peraklm  be-Hai;lachah  ");  and  "A  Treatise  on  the 
Unity  of  God  "  ("Ma'amar  ha-Yihud").  He  was  also  the 
first  to  cohdense  the  dogmatical  tenets  of  Judaism  into  13 
articles  of  faith,  which  found  a  place  in  the  Jewish  liturgy. 
His  writings  caused  bitter  disputes.  He  was  condemned 
by  many  as  a  heretic,  and  his  works  were  burned.  But 
at  last  he  was  recognized  as  "the  light  of  the  West" 
(ner  ha-ma'arbl)  and  "the  great  eagle"  (ha-neSer  ha^ 
gaddl),  and  the  saying  was  applied  to  him  that  "from 
Moses  (the  lawgiver)  unto  Moses  (Maimonides)  there  has 
been  none  like  unto  Moses." 

Main  (man;  G.  pron.  min),  P.  Mein  (man). 
The  most  important  of  the  right-hand  tributa- 
ries of  the  Rhine:  the  ancient  Moenus.  It  is 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  White  Main  and  Red  Main  near 
Kulmbach,  Bavaria,  and  joins  the  Rhine  opposite  Mainz. 
It  is  navigable  to  its  junction  with  the  Regnitz.  The  chief 
towns  on  its  banks  are  Schweinf  urt,  Wiirzburg,  Aschaffen- 
burg,  Offenbach,  and  Frankfort.  Length,  about  300  miles. 

Main,  Spanish.     See  Spanish  Main. 

Maina  (mi'na).  A  rugged  peninsula  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  Peloponnesus,  Greece,  east 
of  the  Gulf  of  Koron. 

Mainas.    See  Maynas. 

Mainau  (mi'nou).  A  small  island  in  the  tjber- 
lingersee  of  the  Lake  of  Constance,  the  prop- 
erty of  the  Grand  Duke  of  Baden.  It  had  for- 
merly a  commandery  of  the  Teutonic  Order. 

Maine  (man).  [F„  perhaps  from  the  second 
element  of  the  Old  Cfeltic  name(L.  Cenoma/nni).'\ 
A  former  government  in  northern  France :  the 
country  of  the  ancient  Cenomanni.  Chief  city, 
Le  Mans.  Including  Perche,  it  was  bounded  by  Nor- 
mandy on  the  north,  Orl^anais  on  the  east,  Touraine  and 
Anjou  on  the  south,  and  Brittany  on  the  west,  correspond- 
ing generally  to  the  departments  of  Mayenne  and  Sartbe. 
It  was  a  countship  in  the  middle  ages ;  was  conquered  by 
William  of  Normandy  in  1063 ;  was  united  to  Anjou  1110, 
and  with  Anjou  became  united  to  England  in  1154 ;  was 
conquered  by  Philip  Augustus  of  France  about  1204 ;  and 
after  several  separations  was  reunited  to  France  in  1481.' 

Maine.  A  river  in  the  department  of  Maine-et- 
Lolre,  France.  It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Ma- 
yenne and  Sartbe,  and  joins  the  Loire  near  Angers.  Length, 
about  7  miles. 

Maine.  [In  the  charter  granted  by  Charles  I. 
in  1639  named  "The  Province  or  Countie  of 
Mayne,"  because  regarded  as  a  part  of  "the 
Mayne  Lande  of  New  England."]  The  north- 
easternmost  State  of  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica, and  one  of  the  New  England  States.  Capi- 
tal, Augusta ;  chief  city,  Portland,  it  is  bounded 
by  the  province  of  Quebec  on  the  north.  New  Brunswick 
on  the  east^  the  Atlantic  on  the  southeast  and  south,  and 
New  Hampshire  and  Quebec  on  the  west,  extending  from 
lat.  43°  4'.to  4r  28'  N.,  and  from  long.  66°  67'  to  71°  7' 
W.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  in  the  northwest  and  north 
mountainous,  the  highest  summit  being  Mount  Katahdin. 
The  chief  lake  is  Moosehead  Lake ;  the  chief  rivers,  the 
Saco,  Androscoggin,  Kennebec,  Penobscot,  and  St,  John. 
"Ihe  coast-line  is  deeply  indented.  The  State  contains 
many  places  of  summer  resort.  The  leading  occupations 
are  agriculture,  fishing,  lumbering,  ship-building,  and  com- 
merce. Among  the  chief  products  are  lumber,  ice,  build- 
ing-stone, and  cotton  goods.  It  is  the  second  State  in  the 
Union  in  fisheries.  It  has  16  counties,  sends  2  senators 
and  4  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  6  electoral 
votes.  It  was  early  visited  by  the  Cabots,  Verrazano,  Gos- 
nold,  Pring,  and  other  explorers.  Attempts  at  colonizar 
tion  were  made  by  the  French  under  Du  Monts  in  1604,  and 
by  the  English  in  1607.  The  first  permanent  settlement 
dates  from  about  1623.  Maine  was  merged  in  the  "prov- 
ince of  Massachusetts  Bay"  in  1691,  and  became  a  sepa- 
rate State  in  1820.  A  boundary  dispute  with  Great  Brit- 
ain was  settled  in  1842.  The  "Maine  liquor  law"  was 
passed  in  1861.  There  was  a  dispute  for  the  governorship 
between  the  Republicans  and  the  "  Fusionists  "  (Demo- 
crats and  Greenbackers)  1879-80.  Area,  33,040  square 
miles.    Population  (1900),  694,466. 

Maine,  A  United  States  battleship,  blown 
up  in  the  harbor  of  Havana,  Feb.  15,  1898. 
She  was  of  6,682  tons  displacement,  and  was  launched  in 
1890.  The  naval  court  of  inquiry  appointed  by  the  United 
States  government  reported  (March  22)  that  "the  Maine 
was  destroyed  by  the  explosion  of  a  submarine  mine, 
which  caused  the  partial  explosion  of  two  or  more  of  her 
forward  magazines." 

Maine,  Sir  Henry  James  Sumner.  Born  Aug. 
15,  1822:  died  at  Cannes,  Feb.  3,  1888.    A  dis- 


Maine,  Sir  Henry  James  Sumner 

tinguished  English  jurist.  He  studied  at  Cambridge, 
where,  in  1847,  he  became  regius  professor  of  civil  law,  a 
position  which  he  held  until  1864.  He  was  called  to  the 
bar  in  1860 ;  became  reader  on  Koman  law  and  jurispru- 
dence at  the  Inns  of  Court,  London,  in  1852 ;  was  legal 
member  of  council  in  India  1862-69 ;  was  Corpus  prof  essor 
of  jurisprudence  at  Oxford  1869-78;  was  elected  master 
of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  in  1877 ;  and  in  1887  became 
Whewell  professor  of  international  law  at  Cambridge. 
Among  his  works  are  "Ancient  Law  "  (1861X  "Village  Com- 
munities "  (1871),  "Early  History  of  Institutions "  (1876), 
"  Dissertations  on  Early  Law  and  Custom  "  (1883),  "  Popu- 
lar Government"  (1886),  and  "International  Law"  (1888). 

Maine  de  Biran  (man  de  be-ron')  (Marie  Fran- 
gois  Pierre  Gonthier  de  Biran).  Bom  Nov. 
29, 1766 :  died  at  Paris,  July  16, 1824.  A  French 
royalist  politician  and  noted  philosophical  "wri- 
ter. He  was  one  of  the  administrators  of  the  department 
of  Dordogne  in  1795,  and  a  member  of  the  Council  of  Five 
Hundred  in  1797.  His  works  were  edited  by  Cousin  1834- 
1841,  and  in  1869  were  published  his  "CEuvres  inSdites," 
edited  by  F.  Naville  and,  after  his  death,  by  B.  Naville. 

Maine-et-Loire(mau'a-lwar').  A  department 
of  western  Prance.  Capital,  Augers.  Itis  bounded 
by  Mayenne  and  Sarthe  on  the  north,  Indre-et-Loire  on 
the  east,  Vienne,  Deux-S6vres,  and  Vendue  on  the  south, 
and  Loire-Inf6rieure  on  the  west,  and  is  formed  cliiefly 
from  the  ancient  Anjou.  The  surface  is  hilly.  The  de- 
partment, which  is  traversed  by  the  Loire,  is  rich  in  agri- 
cultural produce  and  has  flourishing  manufactures.  Area, 
2,748  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  618,689. 

Maine  Liquor  Law.  A  stringent  law  directed 
against  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  as  a  bev- 
erage, enacted  in  Maine  in  1851.  It  was  the 
first  prohibitory  law  in  the  United  States. 

Maingau  (min'gou).  A  former  district  on  the 
lower  Main,  now  divided  between  Bavaria, 
Hesse,  and  Prussia. 

Mainland  (man'land),  or  Pomona  (po-mo'na). 
The  largest  of  the  Orkney  Islands. 

Mainland.   The  largest  of  the  Shetland  Islands. 

Main  Plot.Tlie.  A  conspiracy  in  1603  in  favor  of 
Arabella  Stuart  against  James  I.  of  England. 
Haleigh  was  implicated  in  it,  and  was  imprisoned.  It  was 
the  principal  or  "main"  plot  of  two  organized  against 
James  on  his  accession.    Compare  Bye  Plot. 

Mainpuri,  or  Mynpuri  (miu-po're).  1.  A  dis- 
trict in  the  Northwest  Provinces,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  27°  N.,  long.  79°  E.  Area, 
1,701  square  miles.  Population  (1891),762,163.— 
2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Mainpuri,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  27°  14'  N. ,  long.  79°  3'  E.  Popula- 
tion, about  20,000. 

Maintenon  (mant-n6n').  A  small  town  in  the 
department  of  Eure-et-Loir,  Prance,  situated 
on  the  Eure  37  miles  west-southwest  of  Paris. 
It  was  a  place  of  some  importance  in  the  time 
of  Louis  XrV.  and  Louis  XV. 

Maintenon,  Frangoise  d'AubignS,  Marquise 
de.  Bom  in  a  prison  at  Niort,  France,  Nov. 
27, 1635:  died  at  St.-Cyr,  near  Versailles,  April 
15,  1719.  The  second  wife  of  Louis  XIV.  She 
was  the  granddaughter  of  Agrippa  d'Aubign^,  and  the 
daugliter  of  Constant  d'Aubign^  who  was  imprisoned  as 
a  malcontent.  On  the  death  of  her  mother  she  found  her- 
self in  abject  poverty,  and  was  married  in  1652  to  the  kind- 
hearted  wit  and  poet  Scarron,  who  offered  either  to  pay 
for  her  entrance  to  a  convent  or  to  make  her  his  wife.  She 
lived  nine  years  with  him,  and  their  salon  was  frequented 
l)y  the  intellectual  society  of  the  time.  In  1660  he  died, 
and  left  her  again  in  poverty.  Her  pension  was  discon- 
tinued in  1666  at  tlie  death  of  Anne  of  Austria,  who  had 
augmented  W^  and  it  was  not  till  1669  that  Madame  de 
Montespan  gave  her  the  charge  of  her  son  by  Louis  XIV. 
She  was  given  a  large  income  and  a  house  at  Vaugirard  in 
which  to  bring  up  this  child  and  another,  born  later,  in  se- 
crecy. She  was  devoted  to  them,  and  established  an  as- 
cendancy over  the  heart  of  the  king,  who  advanced  her  to 
various  positions  in  the  court.  In  1674  she  purchased  the 
estate  of  Maintenon,  and  in  1678  the  king  made  it  a  mar- 
guisate.  In  1685,  two  years  after  the  death  of  the  queen, 
Madame  Maintenon  married  Louis  privately.  Her  influ- 
ence was  almost  unbounded  in  matters  both  of  church  and 
state,  and  she  was  a  patroness  of  letters  and  the  fine  arts. 
Her  somewliat  questionable  position  induced  her  to  behave 
with  rigid  propriety,  and  her  reputation  for  orthodoxy  was 
extreme.  She  founded  a  home  for  the  daughters  of  poor 
gentlemen  at  St.-Cyr,  and  on  thje  death  of  tlie  king  she  re- 
tired there  for  the  rest  of  her  lite. 

Mainz  (mints),  P.  Mayence  (ma-yons'),  E. 
sometimes  Mentz  (ments).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Ehiue-Hesse,  Hesse,  situated  on  the 
left  bani  of  the  Rhine,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the 
Main,  in  lat.  50°  N.,  long.  8°  16'  E. :  the  Roman 
Mogontiacum  or  Magontiaoum .  It  is  an  important 
strategic  point,  and  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  in  Ger- 
many ;  has  extensive  commerce  by  the  river  and  by  rail- 
way, especially  in  wine;  and  has  important  manufactures, 
particularly  of  leather  and  furniture.  The  cathedral,  one 
of  the  most  interesting  monuments  of  the  Rhenish  Ko- 
manesque,  was  founded  in  975  on  a  different  site.  It  has 
been  repeatedly  ruined  by  fire,  and  was  finally  restored 
much  in  its  existing  form  after  the  fire  of  1181.  It  is  a 
large  cruciform  church,  with  pseudo-transepts  at  the  west 
end  also.  Both  east  and  west  ends  are  flanked  by  towers, 
and  larger  polygonal  arcaded  towers  siu-mountboth  cross- 
ings. The  eastern  apse,  with  its  rich  arcading  beneath 
the  roof  and  its  curious  gables,  is  highly  picturesque.  The 
main  entrance  is  on  the  north  side.  The  interior  has 
been  adorned  with  mural  paintinjts  designed  by  Veit :  it 
contains  a  remarkable  number  of  monumental  tombs  of 


644 

all  ages.  There  are  many  statues  of  emperors  and  elec- 
tors, and  some  fine  glass.  The  cathedral  is  366  feet  long 
and  160  wide ;  the  vaulting  is  89  high.  The  cloister  is  of 
the  early  16th  century.  Other  objects  of  interest  are  the 
electoral  palace  (with  library,  picture-gallery,  and  coUec- 
tionsi  statue  of  Gutenberg  (a  native  of  Mainz),  Chraoh  of 
St.  Stephen,  and  citadel.  Mainz  was  a  Celtic  town  and 
was  the  site  of  a  Koman  camp,  and  capital  of  Germania 
Superior.  It  was  ruled  by  the  archbishops  (electors)  of 
Mainz,  except  for  a  period  of  about  200  years,  terminating 
in  1462,  during  which  time  it  was  a  prominent  member  of 
the  League  of  Khenish  Towns.  It  was  called  "the  Golden 
Mainz."  Formerly  it  had  a  university.  It  was  conquered 
by  the  Swedes  in  1631,  and  by  the  French  in  1644  and  1688  ; 
was  occupied  by  the  French  in  1792,  retaken  after  a  siege 
in  1793,  ceded  to  France  in  1801,  and  assigned  to  Hesse- 
Darmstadt  in  1816.    Population  (1890),  72,069. 

Mainz,  Electorate  of.  One  of  the  three  ecclesi- 
astical electorates  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 
The  archbishopric  of  Mainz  appears  in  the  time  of  Boniface 
(about  750)  as  the  most  important  in  the  eastern  Frankish 
dominions.  It  was  recognized  as  one  of  the  seven  elec- 
torates in  1366.  In  1801  its  possessions  left  of  the  Rhine 
were  ceded  to  France.  In  1803  Erfurt,  Eichsfeld,  and  the 
Thuringian  possessions  were  ceded  to  Prussia.  Other  pos- 
sessions passed  in  1803  to  Hesse-Cassel,  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
Nassau,  etc.  The  coadjutor  Dalberg  received  Ratisbon, 
Aschatfenburg,  and  Wetzlar,  and  the  archiepiscopal  dig- 
nity passed  to  Ratisbon.  The  elector  renounced  his  pos- 
sessions in  1813.  In  1814-16  the  recent  territories  of 
Mainz  fell  to  Hesse-Darmstadt,  Bavaria,  Nassau,  etc. 

Maipo,  or Maipu(mi'po):  often, butincorrectly, 
written  and  pronounced  Maipii  (nai-po').  A 
river  of  Chile,  crossing  the  province  of  Santiago 
about  7  miles  south  of  Santiago  City.  It  gave  its 
name  to  a  battle  fought  on  a  plain  by  its  northern  bank, 
April  6, 1818,  in  which  6,000  patriots  under  San  Martin  de- 
feated 6,600  Spaniards  under  Osorio.  The  patriots  lost  1,000 
in  killed  and  wounded,  and  1,000  Spaniards  were  killed. 
Osorio  escaped,  but  all  his  principal  officers  and  2,200  men 
surrendered.  This  victory  retrieved  the  defeat  of  Cancha 
Rayada,  and  practically  secured  the  independence  of  Chile. 

Maipnres.    See  Maypures. 

Mairet  (ma-ra'),  Jean.  Born  at  Besanjon  in 
1604:  died  there  in  1686.  A  French  dramatist. 
He  has  been  called  "the  French  Marston."  In  1631  (16295) 
hismost  noted  play,  "Sophonisbe,"  was  produced.  Among 
his  other  plays  are  "Sylvie,"  "Virginie,"  "Roland  Furi- 
eux,"  " Sidonie,"  " Sylvanire,"  "AthSnais,"  " Marc  Antoine, 
ou  la  Ca^opatre,"  etc. 

Maison  (ma-z6ii' ),  Marquis  Nicolas  Joseph  de. 
Born  at  fipinay,  near  Paris,  Dec.  19, 1771:  died 
at  Paris,  Feb.  13, 1840.  A  French  marshal.  He 
served  in  the  Napoleonic  campaigns,  and  commanded  the 
expedition  to  the  Morea  1828-29. 

Maison  Carrie  (ma-z6u'  ka-ra').  [P.,  'square 
house.']  An  ancient  building  at  NImes,  France, 
perhaps  the  most  perfect  of  surviving  Roman 
temples,  it  is  assigned  to  the  2d  century.  It  is  a  Co- 
rinthian hexastyle  pscudoperipteros,  with  11  columns  on 
the  flanks,  on  a  raised  basement  with  steps  in  front,  and 
measures  40  by  76  feet,  and  40  feet  high.  "It  is  constructed 
with  the  optical  refinement  of  the  curved  horizontal  lines 
hitherto  considered  peculiar  to  the  Parthenon  and  other 
Greek  temples  of  the  5th  and  6th  centuries  B.  0."  (TT.  S. 
Qoodyear,  Amer.  Jour,  of  Archseol.,  X.  1). 

Maison  Dor^e,  La  (la  ma-z6n'  do-ra').  [P., '  the 
gilded  house.']  A  noted  restaurant  in  Paris, 
situated  on  the  Boulevard  des  Italiens.  It  was 
built  by  Lemaire  in  1839. 

Maisonneuve  (ma-zo-nev'),  Jules  Germain 
Frangois.  Bom  in  1809:  died  in  1894.  A 
French  surgeoii,  author  of  many  surgical  works. 

Maisonneuve,  Sieur  de  (Paul  de  Gnomedey). 
Died  at  Paris,  Sept.  9,  1676.  Governor  of  Mon- 
treal 1642-64.  He  was  a  native  of  Champagne,  entered 
the  French  army  in  his  youth,  and  was  the  leader  of  a 
band  of  colonists  who  arrived  at  Quebec  in  1641  and  set- 
tled at  Montreal  in  1642.  He  remained  governor  of  the 
colony  at  Montreal  until  1664,  when  he  was  removed  from 
office,  and  returned  to  France. 

Maistre  (mastr),  Joseph  Marie,  Comte  de. 
Born  at  Chamb6ry,  Savoy,  April  1,  1754 :  died 
at  Turin,  Feb.  26, 1821.  A  French  statesman, 
writer,  and  philosopher.  Joseph  de  Maistre  was  one 
of  the  greatest  writers  in  the  French  language  since  the 
days  of  Voltaire  and  Rousseau.  His  family  was  of  J?rench 
origin,  but  this  particular  branch  had  settled  in  Savoy  as 
early  as  the  17th  century,  and  had  sworn  allegiance  to  the 
King  of  Sardinia.  The  eldest  of  ten  children,  he  prepared 
to  follow  his  father's  calling  and  become  a  magistrate.  On 
completing  his  classical  studies  under  the  .Jesuits,  he  left 
home  and  took  up  the  study  of  law  in  Turin.  In  1788  he 
became  senator  of  Savoy,  but  at  no  time  was  he  in  sympathy 
with  the  judiciary  duties  of  his  office.  He  emigrated  at 
the  time  of  the  French  Revolution,  and  spent  several  years 
in  Switzerland  and  northern  Italy.  After  residing  some 
time  in  Sardinia  in  a  diplomatic  capacity,  he  finally  went 
to  St.  Petersburg  as  envoy  extraordinary  andminister  pleni- 
potentiary of  the  Kin^  of  Sardinia  (1802-17) :  this  is  by  far 
the  most  brilliant  period  in  his  political  and  literary  life. 
One  of  his  earlier  publications  that  had  made  his  name 
known  throughout  Europe  was  the  "  Considerations  sur  la 
revolution  francaise  "  (1793).  During  the  period  of  his  resi- 
dence at  the  Russian  capital  he  kept  up  a  voluminous 
correspondence.  He  wrote  an  "Essai  sur  leprincipe  g^n^ra- 
teur  des  institutions  humaines"  (1810),  "Des  deiais  de  la 
justice  divine "(1816),  "Du  pape"(1819),  "Del'^glise  galli- 
cane"  (1821),  "Soirees  de  Saint-P^tersbourg"  (1821),  and 
"Examen  de  la  philosophic  de  Bacon  "  (1836).  On  the  ex- 
minister's  return  to  Turin,  the  King  ot£ardinia  bestowed 
numerous  honors  upon  him.  Joseph  de  Maistre's  letters 
were  edited  many  years  after  his  death,  and  afford  a  valu- 
able insight  into  the  privacy  of  his  thought  and  life.    Two 


Majldth 

separate  publications  exist:  "Lettres  et  opuscules  in^dits 
du  Comte  Joseph  de  Maistre  "  (1861)  and  "  M^moires  poll- 
tiqueset  correspondance  diplomatique  de  Joseph  de  Mais- 
tre "  (1868). 

Maistre,  Comte  Xavier  de.  Born  at  Chamb&y, 
Savoy,  Oct.,  1764 :  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  June 
12, 1852.  A  Savoyard  soldier  and  author,  brother 
of  Joseph  de  Maistre .  He  served  in  youth  in  the  army 
of  Piedmont,  and,  alter  the  occupation  of  Piedmont  by  the 
French  in  1798,  took  part  in  the  Austrian  and  Russian  cam- 
paign in  Italy  (1799).  In  the  same  year  he  went  to  Russia, 
where  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  major-general.  He  wrote 
"Voyage  autour  de  ma  chambre"  ("Journey  round  my 
Room,  "  1794,  in  the  style  of  Sterne :  written  while  under 
arrest  for  taking  part  in  a  duel),  "Le  l^preux  de  la  cite 
d'Aoste"(1812),  "La  jeune  Siberienne"(1816),  "Prisonniers 
du  Caucase  "  (1816),  "Expedition  nocturne  autour  de  ma 
chambre  "(1825). 

The  chief  merit  of  these  works  [of  de  Maistre],  as  of  the 
less  mannerised  and  more  direct  "Prisonniers  du  Caucase  " 
and  "JeuneSiberienne, '  resides  in  their  dainty  style,  in 
their  singular  narrative  power  (Sainte-Beuve  says  justly 
enoughthatthe"PrisonniersduCaucase"has  been  equalled 
byno  other  ivriter  except  Merimee),  and  in  the  remarkable 
charm  of  the  personality  of  the  author,  which  escapes  at 
every  moment  from  the  work. 

Saintsbury,  French  Novelists,  p.  144. 

Malta  Capac.    See  Mayta  Ccapoc. 

Maitland  (mat' land).  A  town  in  New  South 
Wales,  Australia,  situated  on  Hunter  River  83 
miles  north  by  east  of  Sydney.  Population 
(1891),includingEastand"WestMaitland,10,214. 

Maitland,  Sir  Frederick  Levris.  Bom  at  Ran- 
keilour,  Fife,  Sept.  7,  1777 :  died  off  Bombay, 
Nov.  30, 1839.  A  British  rear-admiral.  He  was 
stationed  off  Rochefort  in  command  of  the  Bellerophon  af- 
ter the  battle  of  Waterloo,  under  instructions  to  intercept 
Napoleon,  who  opened  negotiations  with  him  July  10, 1816, 
for  permission  to  sail  for  the  United  States.  He  refused 
his  consent  in  the  absence  of  instructions  from  the  govern- 
ment, but  offered  to  carry  Napoleon  to  England.  Napo- 
leon embarked  in  the  Bellerophon  July  16,  and  Aug.  7  was 
transferred  to  the  Northumberland  off  Berry  Head.  Mait- 
land was  promoted  rear-admiral  in  1830,  and  was  appointed 
commander-in-chief  in  the  East  Indies  and  China  in  1837. 
He  wrote  "Narrative  of  the  Surrender  of  Buonaparte  and 
of  his  Residence  on  board  H.  M.  S.  Bellerophon,"  etc. 
Q826). 

Maitland,  John,  Lord  Maitland  of  Thirlestane. 
Born  about  1545 :  died  at  Thirlestane,  Oct.  3, 
1595.  A  Scottish  politician.  He  became  lord  privy 
seal  of  Scotland  in  1567,  and  spiritual  lord  of  session  in 
1668 ;  supported  the  cause  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  against 
the  Presbyterian  party ;  in  1587  was  made  chancellor  by" 
James  VI.  (afterward  James  I.  of  England) ;  and  was 
raised  to  the  peerage  as  Lord  Maitland  of  Thirlestane  in 
1690.  By  his  advice  James  consented  to  the  act  establish- 
ing the  church  on  a  strictly  Presbyterian  basis. 

Maitland,  John,  second  Earl  and  first  Duke  of 
Lauderdale.  Bom  at  Lethington,  May  24, 1616 : 
died  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  Aug.  20  (24 1) ,  1682.  A 
Scottish  politician,  son  of  John  Maitland,  first 
Earl  of  Lauderdale.  He  became  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners for  the  Solemn  League  and  Covenant  in  1643,  and  a 
member  of  the  joint  committee  of  the  i^o  kingdoms  in 
1644 ;  afterward  joined  Prince  Charles  in  his  exile ;  and  on 
the  Restoration  became  the  chief  adviser  of  Charles  II.  in 
Scottish  affairs,  a  position  which  he  used  to  establish  the 
absolutism  of  the  crown  both  in  the  church  and  in  the 
state.    He  was  created  duke  of  Lauderdale  in  1672. 

Maitland,  Samuel  Boffey.  Bom  at  London, 
Jan.  7, 1792 :  died  at  Gloucester,  Jan.  19,  1866. 
An  English  clergyman,  and  theological  and  his- 
torical writer.  He  was  librarian  to  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  1838-48.  Among  his  works  are  "  The  Dark 
Ages  "(1844)  and  "The  Reformation  in  England "(1849). 

Maitland,  Thomas.  The  nom  de  plume  of 
Robert  Buchanan. 

Maitland,  William,  of  Lethington.  Born 
about  1528:  died  at  Leith,  June  9,  1573.  A 
Scottish  politician.  He  studied  at  the  University  of 
St.  Andrews  and  on  the  Continent,  and  afterward  became 
secretary  to  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  whose  cause  he  sup- 
ported against  the  Sfottish  reformers.  He  was  captured 
at  the  surrender  of  Edinburgh  Castle  to  the  English  May 
29, 1673,  and  died  in  prison. 

Maittaire  (ma-tar' ),  Michel.  Bom  in  France, 
1668 :  died  at  London,  Sept.  18, 1747.  A  French 
bibliographer  and  classical  editor.  He  was  a  teacher 
in  Westminster  School  1696-1747.  His  chief  work  is  "  An- 
nales  typographici "  (1719-41). 

Maiwand  (mi- wand' ) .  A  locality  west  of  Kan- 
dahar, Afghanistan.  Here,  July  27, 1880,  the  Afghans 
(9,000)  under  Ayub  Khan  defeated  the  British  (2,476)  under 
Burrows.  The  British  loss  was  964  kUled  and  167  wounded. 
This  has  also  been  called  the  battle  of  Kushk-i-Nakhud. 

Majano  (ma-ya'no),  Benedetto  da.  Born  at 
Majano,  1442  :  died  May  24, 1497.  A  Florentine 
sculptor  and  architect.  He  began  as  a  worker  in  wood 
mosaic.  Early  in  life  he  went  to  Hungary  in  the  service 
of  King  Corvinus.  After  his  return  he  designed  the  Strozzi 
palace,  the  corner-stone  of  which  was  laid  in  1489.  In 
1491  he  made  the  monument  to  Filippo  Strozzi  in  Santa 
Maria  Novella.  He  went  to  Faeiiza  to  sculpture  the  monu- 
mental altar  of  San  Savinoforthe  Duomo  1471-72.  On  his 
return  to  Florence  he  made  the  marble  pulpit  of  Santa 
Croce. 

Majano,  Giuliano  da.  Bom  at  Majano,  1432 ! 
died  1490.  A  sculptor  and  builder,  elder  bro- 
ther of  Benedetto  da  Majano. 

Majlith.    See  Maildth. 


Majnun 

Majnun.    See  Laila  and  Majnun. 

Major  (ma' jor),  Richard  Henry.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  3, 1818 :  died  at  Kensington,  Jtme  25, 
1891.  An  English  historian  and  geographer. 
He  was  connected  with  the  British  Museum  library  X844- 
1880  ;  was  honorary  secretary  of  the  Hakluyt  Society  1849- 
1868 ;  and  was  vice-president  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society.  He  published  a  "  life  of  Prince  Henry  of  Portu- 
gal, surnamed  the  Navigator  "(1868),  "The  Discoveries  of 
Prince  Henry  the  Navigator  and  their  Results"  (1877), 
"  Bibliography  o£  the  First  Letter  of  Christopher  Colum- 
bus" (1872),  and  edited  for  the  Hakluyt  Society  "Select 
Letters  of  Christopher  Columbus  "  (1847  j  and  various  other 
works. 

Majorano.    See  CaffarelU. 

Majorca  (ma-j6r'ka),  or  Mallorca  (mal-yor'- 
ka).  The  largest  of  the  Balearic  Islands,  Spain. 
Capital,  Palma.  it  is  mountainous  in  the  northwest. 
Olive-oil,  wine,  etc.,  are  exported.  The  museum  in  the 
castle  of  the  Conde  de  Montenegro  is  a  very  remarka- 
ble and  valuable  collection  of  antiquities,  chiefly  Roman, 
formed  by  Cardinal  Despuig  toward  the  close  of  the  18th 
century  by  extensive  excavations  during  ten  years  at  Aric- 
oia,  near  the  Alban  Lake.  The  chief  treasure  is  a  head  of 
Augustus.  Area,  about  1,300  square  miles.  SeeBalearie 
Islands. 

Majorian.    See  Majorianus. 

Majorianus  (ma-j6-ri-a'nus),  Julius.  Roman 
emperor  of  the  West  457-461.  He  was  elevated  by 
Ricimer  (whom  see)  in  457,  defeated  the  Vandals  on  the 
coast  of  Campania  in  458,  but  lost  his  fleet  through  treach- 
ery at  the  battle  of  Carthagena  in  460.  He  was  forced  to 
abdicate  by  Ricimer,  who  viewed  with  concern  his  grow- 
ing popularity.  He  died  shortly  after,  probably  put  to 
death  by  order  of  Ricimer. 

Majuba  (ma-jo'ba)  Hill,  A  height  in  the  Dra- 
kenberge,  South  Africa.  Here,  Feb.  27,  1881,  about 
450  Boers,  with  slight  loss,  defeated  about  700  British. 
Of  the  latter  92,  including  Gen.  Sir  G.  P.  Colley,  were 
killed,  and  about  150  wounded. 

Makah.    See  Tlaasaht. 

Makallali  (ma-kai'la),  or  MacuUa  (ma-kul'ia). 
A  seaport  in  Hadramaut,  southern  Arabia,  sit- 
uated in  lat.  14°  32'  N.,  long.  49°  3'  E. 

Makari  (ma-ka're) .  A  Nigritic  tribe  of  Bornu, 
central  Sudan,  whioh  inhabits  the  province  of 
Kotoko  and  the  vassal  kingdom  of  Logone. 
They  are  kinsmen  of  the  Gamergu,  Musgu,  and  Mandara ; 
are  darker  and  shorter  than  the  Kanuri ;  and  profess  Islam- 
ism.    See  Masa. 

Makarieif  (ma-ka're-ef).  1.  A  town  in  the 
government  of  Kostroma,  Eussia,  situated  on 
the  Unsha  110  miles  north  of  Nijni-Novgorod. 
Population  (1893),  6,095.-2.  A  small  town 
in  the  government  of  Nijui-Novgorod,  Eussia, 
situated  on  the  Volga  45  miles  east-southeast 
of  Nijni-Novgorod :  formerly  noted  for  its  fair. 

Makarska,  or  Macarska  (ma-kars'ka).  A 
small  seaport  in  Dalmatia,  on  the  Adriatic  34 
miles  southeast  of  Spalato. 

Makart  (mak'art),  Hans.  Bom  at  Salzburg, 
Anstria,  May  28,  li840 :  died  at  Vienna,  Oct.  3, 
1884.  A  noted  Austrian  historical  and  figure 
painter.  He  studied  at  Vienna  under  Ruben,  and  at 
Munich  under  Piloty,  and  after  visiting  Paris,  Rome,  Ven- 
ice, and  other  cities  Anally  settled. in  Vienna  in  1869  at 
the  request  of  the  emperor  Francis  Joseph,  who  in  1879 
gave  him  the  title  of  professor.  Among  his  chief  Vorlja 
are  the  "Homage  of  the  Venetians  to  Catarina  Comaro," 
"  Entry  of  Charles  V.  into  Antwerp,"  "  Hunt  of  Diana," 
"Plague  in  Florence,"  "Cleopatra,"  "The  Five  Senses," 
"  Ophelia,"  etc. 

Makd  (mo'ko).  The  capital  of  the  county  of 
CsanM,  Hungary,  situated  near  the  Maros  15 
miles  east  by  south  of  Szegedin.  Population 
(1890),  32,663. 

Makololo (ma-k6-16'16).  SimNgangasnABotse. 

Makrisi  (mak-re'ze),  Al-  (Taki-uddin  Ah- 
mad). Born  1366:  died  1442.  An  Arabian  his- 
torian. The  name  Makrisi  is  derived  from  his  birth- 
place, Makris  near  Baalbec.  His  "Egyptian  History  and 
Topography  "  is  still  an  important  work,  and  some  of  his 
works  have  been  translated  into  Latin  and  French. 

Makua  (ma-kS'a).     See  Kua. 

Malabar  (mal-a-bar').  A  district  in  Madras, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  11°  N.,  long. 
76°  E.  Area,  5,585  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  2,652,565. 

Malabar  Coast.  A  name  often  given  to  the 
western  coast  of  British  India,  bordering  on 
the  Arabian  Sea:  it  is  properly  confined  to  the 
southern  part. 

Malacca  (ma-lak'a).     1.  Bee  Makm  Peninsula. 

,—  2.  A  territory  in  the  British  colony  of  the 
Straits  Settlements,  Malay  Peninsula.  Area, 
659  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  92,170.— 
3.  A  seaport,  capital  of  theterritory  of  Malacca, 
situated  on  the  Strait  of  Malacca  in  lat.  2°  12' 
N.,  long.  102°  16'  E.  it  was  formerly  under  Portu- 
guese and  later  under  Dutch  rule.  Pop.,  estimated,  16,557. 
Malacca,  Strait  of.    A  sea  passage  separating 

Sumatra  from  the  Malay  Peninsula,  and  con- 
necting the  China  Sea  with  the  Indian  Ocean. 

Width,  30-200  miles. 
Malachi  (mal'a-ki).    [Heb.,  '  my  messenger/  or 


645 

'messenger  of  Yahveh.']   The  last  of  the  minor 
prophets. 

Malachy  (mal'a-H),  Saint.  Bom  in  Armagh, 
Ireland,  about  1094 :  died  at  Clairvaux,  France, 
Nov.  2,  1148.  An  Irish  prelate,  archbishop  of 
Armagh  and  ^apal  legate  iu  Ireland. 

Malade  Imaginaire,  Le.  [P.,  'the  imaginary 
invalid.']  A  comedy  by  Moliere,  produced  in 
1673. 

Maladetta  (ma-la-det'ta),  or  Monts-Maudits 
(m6n-m6-de').  A  group  of  the  central  Pyre- 
nees, on  the  Spanish  side,  south  of  the  main 
range.  It  contains  the  highest  summit  of  the 
Pyrenees,  the  Pic  de  N6thou. 

Malaga  (mal'a-ga;  Sp.  pron.  ma'la-ga).  1.  A 
province  in  Andalusia,  Spain,  it  is  bounded  by 
Seville  on  the  northwest,  Cordova  on  the  north,  Granada 
on  the  east,  the  Mediterranean  on  the  south,  and  Cadiz  on 
the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  mountain-ranges.  The  chief 
products  are  grapes,  sugar,  and  tropical  fruits.  The  area 
is  2,824  square  miles.  Population  (1887),  519,977. 
2.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  the  province  of 
Malaga,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean  in  lat. 
36°  43'  N.,  long.  4°  25'  W. :  the  ancient  Malaca. 
It  is  the  chief  seaport  of  Spain  after  Barcelona,  exporting 
grapes,  raisins,  wine,  olive-oil,  oranges,  lemon^  iigs,  lead, 
etc.  The  cathedral,  begun  in  1638,  but  not  completed 
until  1719,  is  very  large  (the  vaulting  being  130  feet  high), 
but  is  built  in  a  heavy  bastard  Corinthian  architecture, 
with  tawdry  decoration.  The  carved  wooden  Renaissance 
choir-stalls,  however,  are  superb,  the  58  large  figures  of 
saints  with  their  emblems  being  especially  noteworthy. 
Malaga  was  probably  founded  by  the  Phenicians ;  was  taken 
by  the  Moors  about  711 ;  was  besieged  and  taken  by  Fer- 
dinand the  Catholic  in  1487 ;  and  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1810.  It  figured  conspicuously  in  the  troubles  of  1868 
and  1873.    Population  (1897),  125,579. 

Malagasy  (mal-a-gas'i).  [PI.  and  sing.]  The 
inhabitants  of  Madagascar.  They  are  an  off- 
shoot from  the  Malay-Polynesian  group. 

Malagigi  (ma-ia-je'je).  In  the  Charlemagne 
cycle  of  romances,  an  enchanter  and  magician, 
the  cousin,  of  Einaldo. 

Malagrowther  (mal-a-grou'THer),  Malachi. 
A  pseudonym  of  Sir  "Walter  Scott  in  "Three 
Letters  by  Malachi  Malagrowther"  on  paper 
money,  first  published  in  the  "EdinburghWeek- 
ly  Journal"in  1826.  In  1830  a  fourth  letter  was  added. 
Sir  Mungo  Malagrowther  is  a  malicious  old  courtier  in 
Scott's  novel  "The  Fortunes  of  Nigel." 

Malahide.  -An  ancient  fortified  mansion  near 
Dublin,  Ireland,  formerly  the  residence  of  the 
Talbot  family,  and  still  in  their  possession.  It 
is  one  of  the  best  specimens  of  pure  Norman 
architecture  in  Grreat  Britain. 

Malakoff,  or  Malakhoff  (ma'la-kof ).  A  forti- 
fication which  formed  one  of  the  principal  de- 
fenses of  Sebastopol,  Crimea.  On  Sept.  8, 1865,  the 
French  carried  it  by  storm.  The  evacuation  of  Sebastopol 
commenced  immediately  after  its.capture. 

MalaUs  (ma-la-lez').  A  horde  of  South  Amer- 
ican Indians  of  the  Tapuya  stock,  in  Minas 
Geraes,  Brazil,  near  the  head  waters  of  the  Kio 
Doce.    As  a  tribe  they  are  nearly  extinct. 

Malaprop  (mal'a-prop),  Mrs.  A  vain,  good- 
natured  woman  in  Sheridan's  "Eivals,"  remark- 
able for  her  misapplication  of  words. 

Mrs.  MaZ.  There,  sir,  an  attack  upon  my  language !  what 
do  you  think  of  that? — an  aspersion  upon  my  parts  of 
speech  1  was  ever  such  a  brute  f  Sure  if  I  reprehend  any- 
thing in  this  world,  it  is  the  use  of  my  oracular  tongue, 
and  a  nice  derangement  of  epitaphs. 

Sheridan,  Rivals,  ill.  3. 

Malar,  or  Maelar  (ma'lar),  or  Malaren  (ma'- 
lar-en).  A  lake  in  eastern  Sweden,  connecting 
with  the  Baltic  at  Stockholm,  it  contains  over  l,2oo 
islands.  Stockholm  is  situated  on  it.  Length,  about  80 
miles. 

Malatesta  (ma-liii-tes'ta).  [It.,  'bad  head.'] 
An  Italian  family  ruling  in  Eimini,  Italy,  and 
in  other  parts  of  the  Eomagna,  from  the  13th 
to  the  15th  century. 

Malatia  (ma-la-te'a),  or  Malatiyeh  (ma-la-te'- 
ye).  A  townin  the  vilayet  of  DiarbeMr,  Asiatic 
Turkey,  about  lat.  38°  30'  N.,  long.  38°  25'  E.: 
the  ancient  Melitene.  The  Persians  were  defeated 
here  by  the  Byzantine  forces  in  677.  Population,  about 
20,000. 

Malatimadhava  (ma'aa-te-ma'd-ha-va).  A 
Sanskrit  drama  by  Bhavabhuti :  so  called  from 
its  heroine  and  hero,  Malati  and  Madhava.  it 
has  been  translated  by  WUson.  For  plot,  see  Williams's 
"  Indian  Wisdom,"  p.  480. 

Malavikagnimitra  (ma-la-vi-kag-m  mi-tra). 
[Skt.,  'Malavika  and  Agnimitra.']  A  Sanskrit 
drama,  very  probably  by  Kalidasa.  It  treats  of 
the  loves  of  King  Agnimitra  and  Malavika,  a  girl  in  the 
train  of  his  queen  Dharini.  There  is  an  epitome  by  Wil- 
son in  his  "  Hindu  Theatre."  For  the  plot,  see,  also,  Wil- 
liams's "  Indian  "Wisdom,"  p.  478.   Translation  by  "Tawney. 

Malay  (ma-la')  Archipelago,  Eastern  Archi- 
pelago, or  Indian  Archipelago.  An  exten- 
sive group  of  islands  lying  south  and  southeast 
of  Asia.    It  includes,  among  others,  Sumatra,  Java,  Bor- 


Malcontent,  The 

neo,  Celebes,  Bali,  Lombok,  Sumbawa,  Hores,  Sandalwood 
Island,  Timor,  and  the  Moluccas.  The  Philippines  are 
often  included,  and  sometimes  Papua,  the  Andaman  Isl- 
ands, and  the  Nicobar  Islands.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
of  Malay  or  Papuan  race.  With  the  exception  of  the  north- 
ern face  of  Borneo,  almost  the  en  tire  region  is  under  Dutch 
domination.  The  eastern  half  of  Timor  is  a  Portuguese 
government.    See  the  respective  names. 

Malay  Peninsula,  or  Malacca  (ma-lak'a).  A 
peninsula  at  the  southern  extremity  of"Asia, 
connected  with  the  rest  of  Further  India  by  the 
Isthmus  of  Kra,  and  terminating  in  Cape  Eoma- 
nia.  It  lies  between  the  Gulf  of  Siam  and  the  China  Sea  on 
the  east  and  the  Bay  of  Bengal  and  the  Strait  of  Malacca  on 
the  west ;  is  traversed  by  a  mountain-range ;  and  is  divided 
politically  into  Siamese  possessions,  British  possessions 
(Straits  Settlements),  and  Malay  states (Perak.Johor,  etc., 
in  alliance  with  Great  Britain).  The  chief  races  are  Malays, 
Siamese,  Chinese,  and  Negritos.  Area,  estimated,  70,000 
square  miles.    Population,  estimated,  650,000. 

Malay-Polynesian  (ma-la '  pol  -i  -ne  'gian).  A 
family  of  languages  occupying  most  of  the  isl- 
ands of  the  Pacific,  from  Madagascar  to  Easter 
Island  (not,  however,  Australia  and  Tasmania, 
nor  the  central  parts  of  Borneo  and  New  Gruiaea, 
and  of  some  other  of  the  large  islands),  toge- 
ther with  the  Malay  Peninsula,  its  principal 
branches  are  the  Malayan,  of  the  peninsula  and  the  islands 
nearest  it,  and  the  Polynesian,  of  the  great  mass  of  scat- 
tered islands  (including  Madagascar  and  New  Zealand) ;  to 
these  is  added  by  many  the  Melanesian,  of  the  Fiji  Archi- 
pelago and  its  vicinity,  which  others  regard  as  a  separate 
family.  The  languages  are  of  extreme  simplicity  in  regard 
both  to  phonetic  and  to  grammatical  structure. 

Malays  (ma-laz').  [E.  Malay,  P.  Malais,  Gr. 
Malaje,  Euss.  Malai,  etc.,  Malay  Orang  Malayu, 
Malay  man.]  The  natives  of  Malacca  or  the 
Malay  Peninsula,  or  of  the  adjacent  islands. 

Malbone  (mal-bon'),  Edward  G.  Bom  at  New- 
port, E.  I.,  Aug.,  1777:  died  at  Savannah,  Ga., 
May  7,  1807.  An  American  portrait-painter. 

Malbrough  (mal-brok'),  or  Malbrook  (mal- 
bruk').  AcelebratedFrenchsong, commencing 
"  Malbrough  s'en  va-t-en  guerre.''  The  authors  of 
words  and  music  are  not  certainly  known,  but  it  probably 
dates  from  about  1709.  Marie  Antoinette  took  a  fancy  to  it 
in  1781,  and  it  became  popular  throughout  France,  after 
which  Beaumarchais  introduced  it  in  "Le  mariage  de 
Figaro  "  in  1784,  and  Beethoven  repeated  it  in  his  "  Battle 
Symphony  "  (ISlS),  as  the  symbol  of  the  French  army.  The 
air  is  that  to  which  "We  won't  go  home  till  morning"  is 
sung,    drove. 

Malchin  (mai-ohen').  A  tovsm  in  Mecklenburg- 
Schwertn,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Peene  57 
miles  east  by  north  of  Schwerin.  Population 
(1890),  7,298. 

Malcolm  (mal'kom  or  m^'kom)  I.  [ME.  Mal- 
colm, Malcolyn,  !A.S.  Mselcotm;  Gael.  Calum.l 
Died  in  954.  King  of  Scotland  943-954.  He  an- 
nexed Moray  to  the  Scottish  kingdom  in  943. 

Malcolm  II.  Mackenneth.  Died  Nov.  25, 1034. 

King  of  Scotland  1005-34.  He  gained  the  throne 
by  defeating  and  killing  Kenneth  HI.  at  Monzievaird, 
Perthshire,  in  1005 ;  was  repulsed  with  great  slaughter  by 
Uchtred,  son  of  Waltheof,  ealdorman  of  Northumbria,  in 
an  attack  on  Durham  in  1006 ;  and  married  his  daughter 
to  Sigurd,  jarl  of  Orkney,  in  1008.  During  his  reign  Lo- 
thian and  Cumbria  north  of  the  Solway  were  annexed  to 
Scotland. 

Malcolm  III.,  called  Canmore.  Died  Nov.  13, 
1093.  King  of  Scotland  1054^^93,  son  of  Dun- 
can I,  He  ascended  the  tlirone  on  th^  defeat  of  the 
usurper  Macbeth  by  Earl  Siward  of  Northumbria  July  27, 
1054,  which  was  followed  by  his  own  victory^  at  Lumpha^ 
nan  in  Aberdeenshire,  where  Macbeth  was  sl'ain.  He  was 
crowned  at  Scone  April  26, 1057,  and  in  1058  married  Mar- 
garet as  his  second  wife,  through  whose  influence  the 
Roman  ritual  was  introduced  into  Scotland,  In  1070  he 
supported  the  cause  of  his  brother-in-law,  Edgar  Atheling, 
but  was  obliged  to  do  homage  to  William  the  Conqueror 
at  Abernethy  in  1072.  He  was  defeated  and  slain  by  Mo- 
rel of  Bamborough  near  the  Alne,  at  a  place  which  after- 
ward received  the  name  of  Malcolm's  Cross.  Shakspere 
introduces  him  in  "Macbeth." 

Malcolm  IV.,  sumamed  "The  Maiden."  Bom 
in  1141:  died  at  Jedburgh,  Dec.  9, 1165.  King 
of  Scotland  1153-65,  son  of  Henry,  and  grandson 
of  David  I.  whom  he  succeeded.  He  was  compelled 
to  surrender  to  Henry  II.  of  England  at  Chester  in  1157 
the  flef s  granted  to  his  grandfather  by  Matilda,  mother  of 
Henry  II.,  in  return  for  the  assistance  of  the  Scots  against 
Stephen,  and  in  1159  served  as  an  English  baron  in  the  ex- 
pedition against  Toulouse. 

Malcolm,  Howard.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Jan. 
19,  1799:  died  at  Philadelphia,  March  25,  1879. 
An  American  Baptist  clergyman  and  writer. 
Among  his  works  are  a  "Dictionary  of  the  Bible"  (1828), 
"Travels  in  South-eastern  Asia"  (1839),  etc. 

Malcolm,  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Burnfoot,  Dum- 
friesshire, May  2,  1769:  died  May  30,  1833.  A 
Scottish  politician.  He  received  a  commission  in  the 
East  India  Company's  service  in  1781 ;  was  governor  of  _ 
Bombay  1827-30 ;  and  was  Tory  member  of  Parliament  for' 
Launceston  1831-32.  He  wrote  a  "  Political  History  of  In- 
dia" (1811),  a  "History  of  Persia"  (1816),  etc. 

Malcontent,  The.  A  play  by  Marston,  acted 
in  1601,  printed  in  1604.  Another  edition,  aug- 
mented by  Webster,  appeared  the  same  year. 


Malcontent,  The 

Then  came  Marston's  completest  work  in  drama,  "The 
Malcontent,"  an  anticipation,  after  Elizabethan  fashion,  of 
"  Le  Misanthrope  "  and  "  The  Plain  Dealer. "  Though  not 
free  from  Marston's  two  chief  vices  of  coarseness  and  exag- 
gerated cynicism,  it  is  a  play  of  great  merit,  and  much  the 
best  thing  he  has  done,  though  the  reconciliation,  at  the 
end,  of  such  a  husband  and  such  a  wife  as  Kero  and  Au- 
relia,  between  whom  there  is  a  chasm  of  adultery  and  mur- 
der, again  lacks  verisimilitude. 

Saintsbury,  Histi  of  Elizabethan  Lit,  p.  198. 


Malczewski  (mal-chev'ske),  or  Slalczeski 
(mal-ches'ke),  Antoni.  Bom  about  1792:  died 
at  Warsaw,  May  2,  1826.  A  PoUsli  poet.  His 
chief  work  is  a  narrative  poem, ' '  Marja  "  (1825). 

Maldah  (mal'da) .  A  district  in  Bengal,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  25°  N.,  long.  88°  E. 
Area,  1,902  square  miles.  Popnlation  (1891), 
814,919. 

Maiden  (m&l'den).  A  city  in  Middlesex  County, 
Massachusetts,  situated  on  Maiden  River  5  miles 
north  of  Boston.    Population  (1900),  33,664. 

Maiden  Island.  A  small  island  in  the  Pacific, 
northwest  of  the  Marquesas.  It  is  a  British  pos- 
session. 

Maldive  (mal'div)  Islands.  [Native  name  Mal- 
diva,  Mdldiva  ;  from  mal-  (uncertain)  and  diva, 
Skt.  dvipa,  island.  Cf .  Laceadive  Islands.']  An 
archipelago  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  about500miles 
southwest  of  Ceylon.  Capital,  Mali.  The  islands 
comprise  17  atolls,  and  are  ruled  by  a  sultan,  tributary  to 
the  British  government  of  Ceylon.  The  religion  is  Moham- 
medan.   Population,  about  30,000. 

Maldon  (mar don).  A  river  port  in  Essex,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Blackwater  37  miles  east- 
northeast  of  London.  Here,  991,  the  Danes 
defeated  the  English.  The  battle  is  described 
in  an  Anglo-Saxon  poem.  Population  (1891), 
5,397. 

Malea  (ma'le-a).  [Gr.  MaMa.'i  1.  The  ancient 
name  of  Cape  Slalia. — 3.  In  ancient  geography, 
the  southernmost  point  of  the  island  of  Lesbos. 

Male-bolge  (ma'le-bol'je).  In  Dante's  "In- 
ferno," the  eighth  circle.  It  was  filled  with  bolgi 
or  pits. 

Malebranche  (mal-bronsh'),  Nicolas.  Bom 
at  Paris,  Aug.  6,  1638:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  13, 
1715.  A  French  metaphysician,  a  follower  of 
Descartes.  He  sought  to  overcome  the  dualism  of  the 
Cartesian  philosophy  by  the  doctrine  that  God  is  the  real 
ground  of  all  being  and  knowing,  and  that  we  "see  all 
things  in  him."  His  principal  work  is  "Kecherche  de  la 
v^rit^"  ("Search  for  Truth,"  1674).  He  also  wrote  "Con- 
versations chr^tieunes  "  (1677),  "Traits  de  la  nature  et  de 
la  gr&ce"  (1680),  "Meditations  chr^tlennes  et  m^taphy- 
siques"  (1683),  "Traits  de  morale"  (1684),  "Entretiens  sur 
la  m^taphysique  et  la  religion"  (1687),  etc. 

Maler  Eotla  (ma'ler  kot'la).  A  small  native 
state  in  India,  protected  by  iihe  British,  situated 
about  lat.  30°  30'  N.,  long.  75°  50'  E.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  75,755. 

Malesherbes  (mal-zarb'),  Chretien  Ghiillaume 
de  Lamoignon  de.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dec.  6, 1721 : 
guillotined  at  Paris,  April  22,  1794.  A  noted 
French  statesman,  president  of  the  "cour  des 
aides"  (1750)  and  director  of  the  press.  He  was 
minister  under  Louis  XVI.  and  his  counsel  (1792-93)  before 
the  Convention.  He  was  arrested  (Dec,  1793)  and  con- 
demned to  death  by  the  Eevolutionaiy  tribunal  on  a  charge 
of  treason. 

Malespin  (ma-las-pen' ),  Francisco.  Born  about 
1800 :  died  at  San  Femando,  Salvador,  1846.  A 
Central  American  soldier  and  politician.  He  was 
commandant-general  of  Salvador  in  1841,  and  on  Sept.  20 
of  tliat  year  headed  the  revolution  which  deposed  Cafias 
and  put  the  aristocratic  party  in  power.  Thereafter  he  was 
the  leading  spirit  in  Salvador,  and  became  president  Feb. 
5,  1844.  He  had  two  wars  with  Guatemala  in  1844,  and  at 
the  end  of  that  year,  in  alliance  with  Honduras,  invaded 
Nicaragua,  taldng  Leon  after  a  terrible  siege  (Jan.  24, 1S46), 
and  committing  many  atrocities.  In  his  absence  he  was 
deposed  (Feb.  2, 1845),  and,  attempting  to  recover  his  place, 
was  captured  and  shot. 

Malespina  (ma-las-pe'na),  Alejandro.  Bom 
about  1750 :  died  at  Cadiz  about  1810.  A  Span- 
ish navigator  who,  from  1789  to  1794,  command- 
ed a  surveying  expedition  on  the  western  coast 
of  South  and  North  America.  He  penetrated  to  lat. 
60°  N.  in  search  of  a  passage  from  the  Pacific  to  the  At- 
lantic, and  subsequently  returned  to  Spain  by  way  of  the 
East  Indies. 

Malespina  Glacier.  [Named  in  honor  of  A.  Ma- 
lespina.] A  glacier  in  Alaska,  between  Mount 
St.  Elias  and  the  Pacific. 

Malet  (ma-la'),  Claude  Francois  de.  Bom  at 
D61e,  France,  June  28, 1754 :  executed  at  Paris, 
Oct.  29,  1812.  A  French  general,  head  of  an  un- 
successful conspiracy  against  Napoleon  in  Oct., 
1812.  He  was  of  noble  family,  an  ardent  republican,  and 
entered  the  army  at  the  age  of  sixteen. 

Malet,  Lucas.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs.William 
Harrison,  the  youngest  daughter  of  Charles 
Kingsley. 

Malevole.  The  name  assumed  by  Griovamii 
Altofeonto,  formerly  duke  of  Genoa,  a  character 


646 

in  Marston's  play  "The  Malcontent,"  to  which 
he  gives  its  name. 

Mamerbe  (mal-arb'),  Frangois  de.  Bom  at 
Caen  in  1555 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  16, 1628.  A  cele- 
brated French  poet.  His  studies,  begun  in  his  native 
city,  were  continued  at  Paris,  and  completedat  Basel  and 
Heidelberg.  He  was  married  in  1581,  and  spent  much  of  his 
time  in  southern  France.  Oneofhisfirstcompositions,"Les 
larmes  de  Saint-Pierre,"  was  published  at  Paris  in  1587. 
Before  the  close  of  the  century  he  had  written  his  ode  to 
Dup^rier  entitled  "Consolation  sur  la  mort  de  sa  fllle," 
and  had  addressed  odes  to  Heniy  IV.  and  Marie  de 
M^dicis.  His  ambition  to  become  court  poet  was  realized 
about  1605.  He  was  presented  to  the  king,  and  remained 
in  residence  at  court  till  the  death  of  Henry  IV.  in  1610, 
and  was  then  further  retained  diuing  the  minority  of  Louis 
XHL  The  best  modern  edition  of  his  works  is  that  of 
Ludovic  Lalanne  and  Ad.  Begnier  for  the  "Collection  des 
grands  ^crivains  de  la  France  "  (Paris,  6  vols.  1862-69).  Mal- 
herbe's  claims  to  recognition  lie  in  the  nicety  of  his  vocabu- 
lary, the  purity  of  his  expression,  and  the  perfection  of  his 
verse.  Boileau,  in  his  "Art  po^tique,"  hailed  him  in  the  oft- 
quoted  words:  "EnflnMalherbevint"  Contemporaneous 
writers,  however,  sumamed  Malherbe  "le  tyran  des  mots 
et  des  syllabes"  ('  the  tyrant  of  words  and  syUables  ')• 

Mall.    See  Mandingo. 

Malia  (ma'le-a).  Cape.  A  promontory  at  the 
southeastern  extremity  of  Laconia,  Greece :  the 
ancient  Malea. 

Maliacus  Sinus  (ma-li'a-kus  si'nus).  [L., '  Ma- 
Uac  Gulf.']  In  ancient  geography,  an  arm  of 
the  .^gean  Sea,  south  of  Thessaly,  Greece :  the 
modern  Gulf  of  Lamia. 

Malibran  (ma-le-bron'),  Madame  (Maria  Fe- 
licita  Garcia),  later  Madame  de  Beriot.  Bom 
at  Paris,  March  24,  1808 :  died  at  Manchester, 
England,  Sept.  23,  1836.  A  celebrated  opera- 
singer,  daughter  and  pupil  of  Manuel  del  Popolo 
Vicente  Garcia.  Her  voice  was  a  contralto.  In  1824 
she  appeared  in  public  for  the  first  time  at  a  musical  club. 
Her  operatic  d^butwas  on  June  7, 1825,  in  London,  where 
she  took  the  place  of  Pasta,  who  was  ill.  She  made  a  great 
sensation,  and  was  at  once  engaged  for  the  rest  of  theseason. 
Shortly  after  this  she  went  to  New  York  with  her  father.  In 
the  midst  of  a  successful  season  there  he  married  her  to 
Mr.  Malibran,  who  soon  became  bankrupt.  In  1827  she  left 
him  and  returned  to  France.  She  sang  with  increasing 
success  in  Paris,  London,  and  other  cities  till  the  time  of 
her  death.  In  1836  she  married  the  violinist  De  Beriot, 
with  whom  she  had  lived  from  1830. 

Malignants  (ma-lig'nants).  The.  In  English 
history,  the  adherents  of  Charles  I.  and  his  son 
Charles  II.  during  the  civil  war ;  the  Royalists ; 
the  Cavaliers:  so  called  by  the  Roundheads,  the 
opposite  party. 

Malinche.     See  Malintmn. 

Malines.    See  Mechlin. 

Malintzin  (ma-lent-zen').  The  name  given  by 
the  Mexican  Indians  to  Marina,  the  Indian  mis- 
tress of  Hernando  Cortes.  See  Marina.  Either 
her  original  Indian  name  was  Malina,  or  the  Indians  so 
pronounced  her  Spanisli  name ;  and  the  sufQx  -tzin  (*  chief,' 
*  lady  ^  was  added  out  of  respect.  Subsequently  Corres  him- 
self was  called  Malintzin,  the  name  in  this  case  meaning 
'lord  of  Marina.'  The  Spaniards  corrupted  Malintnn  to 
Mdlinche. 

Mails  (ma'lis).  [Gr.  ^  Ma^if  ysy.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  district  of  Greece,  south  of  Thes- 
saly and  north  of  Doris. 

Mall  (mel  or  mal).  The.  A  broad  promenade 
in  St.  James's  Park,  London,  planted  with  rows 
of  trees.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a  somewhat  similar 
promenade  in  the  Central  Park,  New  York.  See  PaU  Mali. 

Mallarino  (mal-ya-re'no),  Manuel  Maria. 

Bom  in  Cauoa,  1798:  died  at  Bogot^',  Jan.  6, 
1872.  A  politician  of  New  Granada  (Colombia). 
He  was  vice-president  under  Obando  in  1853, 
and  president  1855-57. 

Mallet  (mal'et),  originally  Malloch  (mal'loeh), 
David.  Bom  at  Crieff,  Perthshire,  about  1700 : 
died  in  England,  April  21, 1765.  A  Scottish  poet 
and  author.  He  wrote  the  plays  "Mustapha"  (1739), 
"Eurydice"(1731iand  "Elvira "(1763).  "Alfred,aMasque," 
was  written  with  Tliomson,  and  "Rule,  Britannia,"  one  of 
the  songs  contained  in  it^  has  been  claimed  for  both. 
Among  his  poems  were  "The  Excursion"  (1728),  "The 
Hermit"  (1742),  and  several  volumes  of  miscellaneous 
verse. 

Mallet  (ma-la'),  Paul  Henri.  Bom  at  Geneva, 
1730:  died  there,  Feb. 8, 1807.  A  Swiss  historian 
and  student  of  Scandinavian  antiquities,  pro- 
fessor of  belles-lettres  at  the  Academy  of  Copen- 
hagen 1752-60.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  history 
at  the  Academy  of  Geneva  in  the  latter  year.  He  pub- 
lished an  "Introduction  ii  I'histoire  du  Danemark,  etc." 
(1755-56),  "Northern  Antiquities"  (1770),  "  Monuments  de 
la  mythologie  et  de  la  po^sie  des  Celtes  et  particuli^rement 
des  anciens  Scandlnaves"(1766),"Histoire  du  Danemark" 
(1758-77),  etc. 

Mallet  du  Pan  (ma-la'  dii  pon),  Jacaues.  Bom 

at  Geneva,  1749 :  died  in  England,  May  10, 1800. 
A  Swiss  pubUeist.  He  was  professor  of  French  liter- 
ature at  Cassel  in  1772 ;  soon  went  to  London,  where  he  oc- 
cupied himself  with  journalism;  founded  the  "Mtooires 
Historiques,  Politiques,  et  Litt^raires  "  at  Geneva  in  1779 ; 
went  to  Paris  in  1783,  where  he  founded,  with  Pankoucke, 
the  "Journal  Historique  et  Politique,"  later  combined 
with  the  "Mercure  de  France"  (suppressed  in  1792);  fled 


Malone 

from  France  in  1792 ;  and  settled  in  London  in  1799,  where 
he  founded  the  "Mercure  Britannique." 

Mallock  (mal'qk),  William  Hnrrell.  Bom  in 

Devonshire  (?),  1849.  An  English  author.  He 
was  educated  at  Balliol  College,  Orford,  and  gained  the 
Newdigate  prize  there  in  1871.  Among  his  works  are  "  The 
New  Eepublic,  etc."  (1877),  "  The  New  Paul  and  Virgmia, 
etc."  (1878),  "Lucretius"  (1878),  "Is  Life  worth  living?'' 
(1879),  "Poems"  (1880),  "A  Bomance  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century "(1881),  " Social  Equality,  etc."  (1882), "Property 
and  Progress,  etc."  (1884),  "landlords  and  the  National 
Income"  (1884),  "Atheism  and  the  Value  of  Life,  etc." 
ftS84),  "  The  Old  OrdCT  Changes  "  (1886). 

Mallorca.    See  Majorca. 

Mallory  (mal'6-ri),  Stephen  Russell.  Bom  in 
Trinidad,  West  Indies,  1813 :  died  at  Pensacola, 
Fla.,  Nov.  9, 1873.  An  American  politician.  He 
was  a  Democratic  United  States  senator  from  Florida  1861- 
1861,  when  he  resigned  on  the  secession  of  his  State.  He 
was  in  the  latter  year  appointed  by  President  Davis  sec- 
retary of  the  navy  of  the  Confederate  States,  a  position 
which  he  held  until  the  end  of  the  war  in  1866. 

Mallow  (mal'6).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Cork, 
Ireland,  situated  on  the  Blackwater  18  miles 
north-northwest  of  Cork.  It  contains  a  warm 
mineral  spring.    Population  (1891),  4,366. 

Malmaison  (mal-ma-z6n').  A  hamlet  a  few 
miles  west  of  Paris,  noted  for  its  castle,  the 
residence  of  the  empress  Josephine  1798-1814. 

Malmedy  (mal'me-de).  A  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Warche  25 
miles  south  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  Population 
(1890),  4,447. 

Malmesbury  (mamz  'ber-i) .  A  town  inWiltshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Lower  Avon  23  nules 
east-northeast  of  Bristol,  it  formerly  contained  a 
Benedictine  monastery.  Hobbes  was  bom  there.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  2,964. 

Malmesbury,  Earl  of.    See  Harris,  James. 

Malmo  (mal'me).  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  laen 
of  Malmohus,  situated  on  the  Sound,  nearly  op- 
posite Copenhagen,  in  lat.  55°  36'  N.,  long.  13°  E. 
It  is  the  thu'd  city  of  Sweden  in  importance ;  has  manu- 
factures of  gloves ;  exports  grain,  etc. ;  and  was  formerly 
one  of  the  leading  northern  seaports.  A  truce  between 
Prussia  and  Denmark  was  concluded  here  in  1848.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  49,402. 

Malmohus  (mal'me-hos).  The  southernmost 
laen  of  Sweden,  bordering  on  the  Baltic,  Sound, 
and  Cattegat.  Area,  1,347  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1893),  estimated,  374j621. 

Malmstrom  (mS,lm'strem),  Bemhard  Elis. 
Borii  in  Nerike,  Sweden,  March  14, 1816 :  died 
at  Upsala,  June  21, 1865.  A  Swedish  poet  and 
writer.  He  studied  at  Upsala,  where  in  1843  he  became 
decent,  and  in  1866  professor  of  esthetics  and  the  history 
of  literature.  His  first  work  was  the  epic  poem  "Ariadne, " 
which  appeared  in  1838.  In  1840  he  was  awarded  the  prize 
of  the  Swedish  Academy  for  the  elegiac  cycle  "  Angelica. " 
Among  his  other  poetical  works  are  the  narrative  poem 
"Fiskarflickan  frJin  Tunnelso  "  ("  The  Fisher  Maid  of  Tun- 
nelso  ")  and  a  number  of  lyrics.  In  the  field  of  criticism 
he  is  the  author  of  "  Literatui'historiska  Studier"  ("  Studies 
in  Literary  History")  and  the  collection  of  lectures  "  Grund- 
dragen  af  Svenska  Vitterhetens  Historia"  ("Elements  of 
the  History  of  Swedish  literature,"  published  after  his 
death,  1866-68,  5  vols.).  > 

Maloja  (ma-16'ya).  It.  Maloggia  (ma-lod'ja). 
A  pass  in  the  southern  part  of  the  canton  of 
Grisons,  Switzerland,  connecting  the  Upper  En- 
gadinewithChiavenna  (in  Italy).  Height,  5,960 
feet. 

Malojaroslavetz,  orMaloyaroslavetz  (mil'<'ld- 
ya-ro-sla'vets).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Kaluga,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Lusha  66  miles 
southwest  of  Moscow.  Here,  Oct.  24, 1812,  Na- 
poleon was  checked  by  the  Russians.  Popula- 
tion (1885-89),  4,479. 

Malone  (ma -ion').  The  capital  of  Franklin 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  Salmon  River, 
42  miles  west  by  north  of  Plattsburg.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  village,  5,935. 

Malone,  Edmund.  Bom  at  Dublin,  Oct.  4, 1741 : 
died  at  London,  April  25, 1812.  An  Irish  literary 
critic  and  Shaksperian  scholar.  He  graduated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  in  1763  went  to  London  and  be- 
came alaw  student  in  the  Inner  Temple.  Returning  to  Ire- 
land, he  was  called  to  the  Irish  bar  in  1767.  Not  long  after 
this  his  father's  death  left  him  in  possession  of  asmaU  estate 
and  Buiflcient  money  to  live  upon.  He  therefore  returned 
to  London  to  devote  himself  to  literature.  He  soon  entered 
the  best  political  and  literary  society,  and  counted  among 
his  friends  Johnson,  Sir  Joshua  Eeynolds,  Bishop  Percy, 
Burke,  Canning,  Horace  Walpole,  and  others.  His  edition 
of  Shaksperewas  published  in  1790,  but  he  had  previously 
written  an  "  Attempt  to  ascertain  the  order  in  which  the 
plays  of  Shakspere  were  written  "  (1778X  a  supplement  to 
Johnson's  edition  of  Shakspere  (1780),  containing  observa- 
tions on  the  Elizabethan  stage  and  the  text  of  6  plays 
wrongly  ascribed  to  Shakspere,  etc.  He  published  an  edi- 
tion of  Sir  Joshua  Keynolds's  works  in  1797,  and  an  edition 
of  Dryden,  4  volumes  of  which  appeared  in  1800.  Besides 
writing  anumber  of  minor  works,  he  found  time  to  devote 
himself  tobook-collecting,  and  accumulated  a  large  library. 
After  his  death  the  greater  part  of  it  was  sent  to  Oxford. 
He  left  material  for  another  edition  of  Shakspere,  which 
was  published  by  James  Boswell  the  younger  in  1821,  and 
is  known  as  the  "third  variorum  Shakspere,"  sometlmea 
as  "Boswell's  Malone." 


Malory 

Malory  (mal'o-ri),  Sir  Thomas.  Bom  probably 
about  1430 :  died  after  1470.  The  author  of  the 
prose  romance  "Morte  Arthure"  (which  see). 
Little  is  known  of  him. 

Malou  (ma-l6'),  Jules.  Bom  at  Ypres,  Belgium, 
Oct.  19,  1810:  died  at  Brassels,  July  11,  1886. 
A  Belgian  politician  of  the  clerical  party,  pre- 
mier 1871-78  and  1884. 

MalpigM  (mal-pe'ge),  Marcello.  Borh  near 
Bologna,  Italy,  March  10,  1628 :  died  at  Borne, 
Nov.  29,  1694.  An  Italian  anatomist  and  physi- 
ologist, the  founder  of  microscopic  anatomy. 
He  was  lecturer  on  medicine  at  Bologna  (1666),  professor 
at  Pisa  0657),  at  Bologna  (1660),  at  Messina  (1662),  and 
again  at  Bologna.  In  1691  he  went  to  Borne  as  physician 
to  Fope  Innocent  XII. 

Malplaciuet  (ni£ll-pla-ka').  A  village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nord,  France,  near  the  Belgian 
frontier,  20  miles  east  of  Valenciennes,  it  was 
the  scene,  Sept.  11, 1709,  of  a  victory  of  the  allied  English, 
Dutch,  and  Austrian  forces  (about  120,000)  under  the  Duke 
of  Marlborough  and  Prince  Eugene  over  the  French  (about 
90,000)  under  Villars.  The  loss  of  the  Allies  was  about 
20,000;  that  of  the  I^enoh,  probably  from  11,000  to  14,000. 

Malstatt-Burbach  (mal'stat-bSr'baoh).  A 
town  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Saar,  opposite  Saarbriicken,  32  miles 
south-southeast  of  Treves.  It  has  iron  manu- 
factures.   Population  (1890),  18,134. 

Malstrom.    See  Maelstrom. 

Malta  (mai'ta),  F,  Malte  (malt).  [Probably 
Pheniciah,  'refuge.']  The  chief  of  the  Maltese 
Islands,  situated  about  lat.  35°  55'  N.,  long.  14° 
30'  E. :  the  ancient  Melita.  Chief  town,  Valetta. 
The  surface  is  hilly.  It  is  an  important  strategic  point. 
The  island  anciently  belonged  to  the  Phenicians,  and  later 
to  the  Komans.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  shipwreck  of  St. 
Paul.  (For  further  history,  see  MaUese  Island)!.)  Length, 
17  miles.    Breadth,  9  miles.    Area,  about  95  square  miles. 

Malta,  Knights  of.  See  Hospitalers  of  St.  John 
of  Jerusalem,  Order  of  the. 

Malte-Brun  (mal'te-brSn;  F.pron.  malt-brun'), 
Conrad  (originally  Malte  Oonrad  Brunn). 
Bom  at  Thisted,  Denmark,  Aug.  12,  1775 :  died 
at  Paris,  Dec.  14, 1826.  A  noted  Danish-French 
geographer  and  publicist,  author  of  "  Precis  de 
g^ographieuniverselle"  (commenced  1810,  con- 
tinued by  Huot),  collaborator  with  Mentelle 
and  Herbin  in  "  Gfiographie  math^matique, 
etc."  (1803-07),  and  founder  of  the  "Annales 
des  voyages"  (1808). 

Malte-Brun,  Victor  Adolphe.  Bom  1816: 
died  1889.  A  French  geographer,  son  of  Con- 
rad Malte-Brun :  general  secretary  of  the  Geo- 
graphical Society  of  Paris. 

Maltese  (mal-tes'  or  mftl-tez')  Islands.  A 
British  colony  in  the  Mediterranean,  compris- 
ing Malta,  Gozo,  Comino,  and  two  islets.  Capi- 
tal, Valetta.  Theyproduce  corn,  cotton,  tropical  fruits, 
etc.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Maltese.  The  islands 
were  conquered  by  the  Vandals,  Goths,  and  Saracens  (6th 
to  9th  century) ;  belonged  to  Sicily  from  the  12th  to  the 
16th  century ;  were  granted  to  the  Knights  of  St.  John  in 
1630  ;  resisted  the  Turks  1565,  when  a  siege  of  Malta  con- 
ducted by  Mustapha  Pasha  was  successfully  opposed  by  the 
Knights ;  were  conquered  by  Bonaparte  in  1788 ;  and  were 
taken  by  the  English  in  1800,  their  possession  being  con- 
firmed by  treaty  in  1814.  The  colony  is  administered  by  a 
governor  with  an  executive  council  and  a  council  of  govern- 
ment.   Area,  119  square  mUes.    Population  (1892),  166,889. 

Malthus  (mal'thus),  Thomas  Robert.  Bom 
near  Guildford,  Surrey,  Feb.  17,  1766 :  died  at 
St.  Catharine's,  near  Bath,  Dee.  23,  1834.  An 
English  political  economist.  He  graduated  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1788,  and  became  a  fellow  of  Jesus  College  in 
1793.  In  1798  he  took  orders,  and  was  made  curate  of  Al- 
bury,  Surrey.  In  1798  he  published  his  first  essay  on  the 
"Principle  of  Population,  which  he  defines  to  be  that 
population  increases  in  a  geometrical  and  means  of  subsis- 
tence in  an  arithmetical  ratio,  and  that  vice  and  crime  are 
necessary  checks  of  this  increase  in  numbers  (the  so-called 
"  Malthusian  doctrine  ").  He  published  in  1803  a  revision 
of  the  "  Essay  on  Population. "  In  1806  he  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  history  and  political  economy  at  Haileybury. 
His  other  works  are  "  The  Nature  and  Progress  of  Kent " 
(1816X  which  stated  the  now  generally  accepted  theory  of 
rent,  and  "Political  Economy  "(1820).  In  politics  he  was 
a  Whig ;  he  supported  the  Catholic  emancipation,  and  ac- 
cepted the  Reform  BilL 

Maltitz  (mal'tits).  Baron  ApoUonius  von. 
Bom  at  Gera,  Germany,  June  11, 1795 :  died  at 
Weimar,  Germany,  March  2,  1870.  A  German 
poet,  dramatist,  and  novelist,  brother  of  P.  P. 
von  Maltitz. 

Maltitz,  Baron  Pranz  Friedrich  von.  Bom  at 
Nuremberg,  June 6, 1794:  diedatBoppard,Prus- 
eia,  April  25, 1857.  A  German  dramatic  and  lyric 
poet. 

Maltitz,  Baron  Grotthilf  August  von.  Bom  at 
K8nigsberg,  Pmssia,  July  9, 1794:  died  at  Dres- 
den, June  7, 1837.    A  German  poet. 

M^llton  (m3,r  ton),  A  town  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
Jand,  situated  on  the  Derwent  17  miles  northeast 
oi  York.  It  comprises  New  Malton,  Old  Malton, 
and  Norton,    Population  (1891),  4,910, 


647 

Maltzan  (malt'san),  'Heinrich  Earl  Eckardt 
Hebnuth  von,  Baron  of  Wartenberg  and  Penz- 
lin.  Bom  at  Dresden,  Sept.  6,  1826:  committed 
suicide  at  Pisa,  Italy,  Feb.  22, 1874.  A  German 
traveler,  ethnologist,  philologist,  andarchEeolo- 
gist.  He  published  works  descriptive  of  his  travels  in  Ara- 
bia, northern  Africa,  and  the  East  generally  (including 
"Meine  Wallfahrt  nach  Mekka,"  1866). 

Malula  (ma-lo'la).  A  village  in  Syria,  situated 
between  Damascus  andBaalbee.  it  fs  inhabited  by 
Christians  only,  and  the  Aramaic  dialect  of  the  time  of 
Christ  is  still  spoken  there. 

Malus  (ma-liis'),  ftienne  Louis.  Bom  at  Paris, 
June  23, 1775 :  died  there,  Feb.,  1812.  A  French 
physicist  and  engineer,  noted  for  discoveries  in 
optics,  especially  the  polarization  of  light  by  re- 
flection. 

Malvasia.    See  Monembama. 

Malvern  (mai'vton).  A  health-resort  in  ■Wor- 
cestershire, England,  7  miles  southwest  of  Wor- 
cester. It  comprises  the  town  of  Great  Malvern  and  sev- 
eral villages.  Near  it  are  the  Malvern  Hills.  Ithasapriory 
church,  anda  college  and  other  schools.  Population  (1891 ), 
6,107. 

Malvern  Hill  (mal'vfem  hil).  A  plateau  near 
the  James  River,  Virginia,  southeast  of  Rich- 
mond. Here,  July  1, 1862,  the  Federals  under  McClel- 
lan  defeated  the  Confederates  under  Lee  (the  last  of  the 
"Seven Days'  Battles "). 

Malvern  Hills  (m&l'v6m  hilz).  Arange  of  hills 
on  the  borders  of  Worcestershire  and  Hereford- 
shire, England.  Highest  point, Worcester  Bea- 
con (1,444  feet)._ 

Malvolio  (mal-vo'li-6).  In  Shakspere's  comedy 
'.'  Twelfth  Night,"  Olivia's  steward,  a  conceited, 
grave,  self-important  personage  forced  into 
comic  positions  by  the  fantastic  nature  of  the 
situation. 

Malwa  (m&l'wa).  A  former  kingdom  in  central 
India,  and  afterward  a  Mogul  province.  It  be- 
longsnowehiefly  toIndore,Bhopal,  Sindhia,  and 
other  native  states. 

Malynes,  or  Malines  (ma-len' ),  or  de  Mallnes, 
Gerard.  Flourished  1586-1641.  An  EngUshmer- 
chant  and  economist,  the  son  of  anEngUshmint- 
master.  He  came  to  England  with  his  father  in  1561.  In 
1686  Ije  was  commissioner  of  trade  in  the  Low  Countries, 
and  in  1609  was  appointed  commissioner  of  the  mint.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  English  economists  to  recognize  the 
natural  laws  on  which  modern  economy  is  based.  Among 
his  works  are  "A  Treatise  of  the  Canker  of  England's  Com- 
monwealth "(1601),  "St.  George  for  England"  (1601),  "The 
Maintenance  of  Free  Trade"  (1622),  "Consuetude  vel  lex 
mercatoria  "  (1622). 

Mama  Occlo  Huaco  (ma 'ma  ok '16  wa'ko). 
[Quichua:  TOawa,  mother;  ocelo,  from  occlani, 
to  hatch ;  huaco,  probably  from  huacco,  a  spar- 
row-hawk. ]  The  traditional  first  mother  of  the 
Inca  princes  of  Peru,  daughter  of  the  sun  and 
sister  and  wife  of  Manco  Capac,  whom  she  ac- 
companied in  his  wanderings  uutU  he  founded 
Cuzeo.  Subsequently  she  taught  the  Indian 
women  to  spin  and  weave.  Also  written  Mama 
Oello  Suaca. 

Mamsea,  or  Mammsa  (ma-me'a),  JuUa.  Bom 
at  Emesa,  Syria.  The  wife  of  Gessius  Marcia- 
nus,  and  the  mother  of  Alexander  Severus.  she 
was  the  first  cousin  of  CaracaHa  and  the  aunt  of  Elagabalus. 
She  was  in  many  respects  a  woman  of  high  character. 

Mambrino  (mam-bre'no).  A  pagan  king  in  an 
old  romance,  "  Innamoramento  di  Rinaldo,"  an- 
terior to  Ariosto's  "Orlanda  Purioso."  He  is 
killed  by  Binaldo, ,  No  mention  is  made  in  this  romance  of 
his  helmet,  but  in'  **  Orlando  Purioso  "  Kinaldo  is  said  to 
have  won  it.  It  is  the  same  helmet  so  frequently  men- 
tionedin  "Don  Quixote,"made  of  pure  gold,  and  rendering 
its  wearer  Invisible.  Don  Quixote  took  possession  of  a 
barber's  basin  which  he  conceived  to  be  the  helmet  of  King 
Mambrino. 

Mamelucos  (ma  -ma  -is '  kos).  [Pg.  Mamelueo, 
a  Mameluke;  applied  in  Brazil  to  persons  of 
mixed  Indian  and  negro  blood.]  A  name  given 
by  the  Jesuits  of  Paraguay  to  bands  of  Brazil- 
ian (Sao  Paulo)  slave-hunters  who,  in  the  17th 
century,  attacked  their  missions,  carrying  off 
thousands  of  Indians.  Some  of  the  Jesuit  writers  er- 
roneously described  the  Mamelucos  as  an  independent 
race  forming  what  they  called  the  "Mamelueo Republic," 
a  mistake  which  has  been  copied  by  various  English  his- 
torians. 

Mamelukes  (mam'e-luks).  A  corps  of  cavalry 
formerly  existing  in  Egypt,  whose  chiefs  were 
long  the  sovereign  rulers  of  the  country.  They 
originated  with  a' body  of  Mingrelians,  Turks,  and  other 
slaves,  who  were  sold  by  Jenghiz  Khan  to  the  Egyptian 
sultan  in  the  18th  century.  About  1261  they  established 
their  government  in  Egypt  by  making  one  of  their  own 
number  sultan.  Their  government  was  overthrown  by 
Selim  I.  of  Turkey  in  1517,  but  they  formed  part  of  the 
Egyptian  army  until  1811,  when  Mehemet  All  destroyed 
most  of  them  by  a  general  massacre. 

Mamers  (ma'merz).  An  Italian  (Osoan)  name 
of  the  god  Mars.  He  was  worshiped  by  the  Somans 
as  a  rustic  diyiBity,  me  of  the  rural  Lares. 


Manacicas 

Mamers  (ma-mar ' ) .  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Sarthe,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Dive  24  miles 
north-northeast  of  Le  Mans.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  6,016. 

Mamertines  (mam'6r-1inz).  [L.  Mamertini.'] 
In  ancient  history,  a  band  of  Campanian  mer- 
cenaries who  became  rulers  of  Messina  about 
282  B.  C.  Their  request  for  aid  from  the  Romans  and 
Carthaginians  (caused  by  an  attack  from  Hiero  of  Syra- 
cuse) brought  about  the  first  Punic  war,  264  B.  0. 

Mames  (ma'mas),  or  Mams  (mamz).  [Said  to 
be  a  corruption  of  the  CJakchiquel  mem,  a  stut- 
terer, applied  to  the  Maya-spealdng  nations.] 
An  ancient  Indian  tribe  of  Guatemala,  of  the 
Maya  stock.  They  occupied  the  region  now  included 
in  the  department  of  Totonlcapan  (northwest  of  Guate- 
mala City),  and  under  their  chief,  CaibU  Balam,  made  a 
brave  resistance  to  the  Spaniards.  They  were  conquered 
by  Gonzalo  de  Alvarado  in  1526,  and  their  descendants  are 
now  amalgamated  with  the  country  population. 

Mamiani  della  Rovere  (ma-me-a'ne  del'laro'- 
ve-re).  Count  Terenzio.  Bom  at  Pesaro,Italy, 
1800:  died  at  Rome,  May  21, 1885.  An  Italian 
philosopher,  poet,  and  statesman  in  the  papal 
and  later  in  the  Italian  service.  He  was  minister 
of  the  interior  to  Pius  IX.  in  1848,  and  minister  of  foreign 
affairs  for  a  short  time  in  the  same  year;  professor  of 
philosophy  at  Turin  1867-60 ;  and  in  1860  minister  of  pub- 
lic instruction  under  Cavour.  His  works  include  "Rinno- 
vamento  della  filosofia  antica  italiaua"  ("Revival  of  the 
Ancient  Italian  Philosophy,"  1834),  "Dialoghi  di  scienza 
prima"  (1846),  "Confessioni  d'un  metaflsico"  (1866),  etc. 

Mamilia  gens  (ma-mil'i-a  jenz).  A  Roman 
plebeian  gens,  comprising  the  families  Limeta- 
nus,  Turrinus,  and  Vitulus. 

Mamilius  (ma-mil'i-us).  In  Shakspere's  play 
"The  Winter's  Tale,"  a  boy,  the  young  prince 
of  Sicilia. 

Mammsea.    See  Mamsea. 

Mammon  (mam'on).  [Syr.  mdmSnd,  riches.] 
A  Syriac  word  used  once  in  the  New  Testament 
as  a  personification  of  riches  and  worldliness, 
or  the  god  of  this  world;  hence,  the  spirit  or 
deity  of  avarice ;  cupidity  personified. 

Mammon,  Sir  Epicure.  In  Jonson's  ' '  Alchem- 
ist," a  worldly  sensualist  finally  gulled  by  his 
own  rapacity. 

The  judgment  is  absolutely  overwhelmed  by  the  torrent 
of  magnificent  images  with  which  Mammon  confounds  the 
incredulity  of  Surly,  and  infiames  the  supposed  ambition 
of  Dol.  There  is  a  "towering  bravery"  in  his  sensuality 
which  sets  him  above  all  power  of  imitation.         Giford. 

Mammoth  Cave  (mam'pth  kav).  The  largest 
known  cave,  situatedinfidmonson  County,  near 
Green  River,  Kentucky,  75  miles  south-south- 
west of  Louisville,  it  extends  over  an  area  of  8  or  10 
miles  in  diameter,  and  consists  of  numerous  chambers  con- 
nected by  avenues  which  are  said  to  be  in  the  aggregate 
150  miles  in  length.  The  stalactitio  formations  are  of 
great  beauty,  and  the  animal  inhabitants  are  of  great  in- 
terest.   The  cave  was  discovered  in  1809. 

Mamor6  (ma-mo-ra').  A  river  in  Bolivia,  one 
of  the  principal  head  streams  of  the  Madeira. 

Mamre  (mam're).  In  Old  Testament  geogra- 
phy, a  place  in  Palestine,  probably  near  He- 
bron. 

Mamun.    See  Al-Mamun. 

Man  (man),  Isle  of.  An  island  in  the  Irish  Sea, 
belonging  to  (Sreat  Britain,  intersected  by  lat. 
54°  15'  N.,  long.  4°  30'  W.,  17  miles  south  of 
Scotland,  and  nearly  equidistant  from  England 
and  Ireland:  the  ancient  Eubonia  and  Manx 
Mannin  or  Vannin.  Capital,  Douglas.  The  cen- 
tral part  is  mountainous,  the  highest  point,  Snaef  ell,  rising 
to  2,034  feet.  The  government  is  vested  in  a  lieutenant- 
governor,  executive  council,  and  House  of  Keys  (forming 
the  Tynwald).  English  Is  generally  spoken,  and  the  na- 
tive Manx  is  fast  disappearing.  The  island  was  ruled 
by  Northmen  from  the  9th  or  10th  to  the  13th  century ; 
was  annexed  to  Scotland  by  Alexander  III.;  and  was  af- 
terward ruled  by  various  kings.  It  was  ruled  by  the 
Stanley  (Derby)  family  from  the  beginning  of  the  15th 
century  to  1736,  when  it  passed  to  the  earls  of  Athole.  In 
1765  the  British  government  acquired  most  of  the  royal 
rights  of  the  Athole  family,  the  last  rights  falling  to  the 
crown  in  1829.  Length,  32  miles.  Area,  220  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  55,598. 

Manaar,  or  Manar  (ma-nar').  A  small  island 
northwest  of  (Deylon. 

Manaar,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Indian  Ocean, 
partly  inclosed  by  Ceylon,  the  southern  extrem- 
ity of  India,  and  the  chain  of  islands  connect- 
ing them. 

Manabi  (ma'na-Be).  A  maritime  province  of 
Ecuador,  north  of  Guayaquil.  Population, 
64,123. 

Manacicas  (ma-na-se'kas).  A  division  of  the 
Chiquitos  Indians  who,  in  the  17th  century,  oc- 
cupied the  region  now  embraced  by  northeast- 
em  Bolivia,  near  the  river  Paraguay.  They  were 
very  numerous,  and  were  divided  into  many  petty  hordes 
or  villages,  defended  by  stockades.  The  Manacicas  were 
gathered  into  mission  villages  by  the  Jesuits,  and  became 
amalgamated  with  the  other  Chiquitos  tribes. 


Manacor 

Manacor  (ma-na-kor').  A  town  in  Majorca, 
Balearic  Islands,  Spain,  30  miles  east  of  Palma. 
Wine  is  exported.    Population  (1887),  19,635. 

Managua  (ma-na'gwa) .  The  capital  of  Nicara- 
gua, situated  on  Lake  Managua  iu  lat.  12°  7'  N., 
long.  86°  12'  W.    Population,  about  17,000. 

Managua.Lake.  AlakeinNicaragua,uortliwest 
of  Lake  Nicaragua,  into  wkich  it  discharges 
its  waters  by  the  Tipitapa.  Length,  about  40 
miles. 

Manantadi.  A  town  in  the  Malabar  district, 
Madras,  British  India,  situated  about  lat.  11° 
48'  N.,  long.  76°  E.    Population,  about  10,000. 

Manaos  (ma-na'§s).  A  tribe  of  Indians  on  the 
northern  side  of  the  Amazon,  about  the  lower 
course  of  the  Kio  Negro.  They  are  of  Arawak  stock, 
and  are  closely  allied  to  the  Bares  of  the  same  region. 
An  agricultural  and  pacific  nation,  they  readily  received 
the  Jesuit  missionaries,  and  during  the  18th  century  were 
partly  civilized.  Their  descendants  have  adopted  the  Por- 
tuguese language  and  customs.  The  city  of  Handos,  for- 
merly a  mission  village  and  fort  in  this  territory,  derived 
its  name  from  them.    Also  written  Manaus. 

Manaos  (ma-ua'os),  formerly  Baixa  do  Rio 
Negro  (bar'ra  do  re'o  na'gro).  The  capital 
and  principal  city  of  the  state  of  Amazonas, 
Brazil,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Kio 
Negro,  6  miles  above  its  mouth  in  the  Amazon. 
It  has  an  important  trade,  especially  in  rubber,  and  is 
connected  with  the  upper  Amazon  and  its  branches,  and 
with  Par4,  Eio  de  Janeiro,  Europe,  and  the  United  States, 
by  regular  lines  of  steamers.  Population  (1893),  about 
20,000. 

Manassas  (ma-nas'as).  A  village  in  Prince 
William  County,  Virginia,  31  miles  west-south- 
west of  Washington.  The  battles  of  Bull  Eun  were 
named  battles  of  Manassas  by  the  Confederates. 

Manasseh  (ma-nas'e).  [Heb.,' who  causes  for- 
getfulness ' ;  Gr.  Mavao-uiyf.]  1 .  One  of  the  sons 
of  the  patriarch  Joseph. —  2.  One  of  the  ten 
tribes  of  the  Hebrews,  dwelling  partly  east  of 
the  Jordan  and  partly  west  of  the  Jordan  and 
north  of  Ephraim. — 3.  AMngof  Judah,  son  of 
Hezekiah.   He  reigned  697-642  B.  c.  (Duneker). 

Manasseh  ben  Israel  (ma-nas'e  ben  iz'ra-el). 
Bom  in  Portugal,  1604:  "died  at  Middleburg, 
Nov.  20, 1657.  A  Jewish  theologian  and  states- 
man. After  the  death  of  Charles  I.  he  undertook  to 
abolish  the  legal  exclusion  of  the  Jews  from  England 
which  had  existed  since  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  Cromwell 
appointed  an  assembly  of  lawyers  and  divines  to  consider 
ms  petition.  In  Dec,  1666,  the  legal  prohibition  was  re- 
moved.   More  fully  Manas&eh  hen  Joseph  hen  Israel. 

Manayunk  (man-a-yungk').  A  manufacturing 
suburb  of  Philadelphia,  situated  east  of  the 
Schuylkill  and  northwest  of  the  city  proper. 

Manbhum  (man'bhom).  A  district  in  Bengal, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  23°  30'  N. ,  long. 
86°  30'  E.  Area,  4,147  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  1,193,328. 

Mancera,  Marquis  of,  Viceroy  of  Peru.  See 
Toledo  y  Leyva,  Pedro  de. 

Mancha  (man'cha).  La.  A  former  province  of 
Spain,  nearly  identical  with  the  modem  prov- 
ince of  Ciudad  Real,  in  a  wider  sense  it  included 
also  parts  of  Albacete,  Cuenca,  and  Toledo.  It  is  the  coun- 
try celebrated  in  "  Don  Quixote,"  and  is  adistrict  composed 
of  monotonous  steppes  traversed  by  the  rivers  Guadiana, 
Azuer,  Jabalon,  Zancara,  and  Giguela.  It  is  the  most 
sparsely  populated  province  of  Spain. 

Manche  (monsh),  La,  [F.,  lit.  'the  sleeve.']  1. 
The  French  name  for  the  English  Channel. —  3. 
A  department  in  northwestern  France,  capital 
Saint-L6,  formed  from  the  ancient  Normandy. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  English  Channel  on  the  west  and 
north,  the  English  Channel,  Calvados,  and  Orne  on  the 
east,  and  Mayenne  and  Ille-ei>-Vilaine  on  the  south.  Its 
surface  is  hilly.  It  produces  cider,  live  stock,  etc.  Area, 
2,289  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  613,816. 

Manchester  (man'ches-ter).  A  city  in  Lanca- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Irwell  in  lat. 
53°  29'  N.,  long.  2°  15'  W.  Salford,  on  the  opposite 
bank,  is  practically  part  of  Manchester.  It  is  the  chief 
manufacturing  place  of  England,  the  center  of  the  Eng- 
lish cotton  manufacture  and  trade,  and  one  of  the  princi- 
pal cotton  centers  in  the  world.  It  has  also  manufactures 
of  woolen,  silk,  machinery,  and  chemicals,  and  has  many 
manufacturing  suburbs.  It  is  connected  with  Liverpool 
by  theBridgewater  Canal  and  by  aship-canal.  The  cathe- 
dral has  double  aisles,  and  though  short  is  exceptionally 
wide :  it  measures  -220  by  112  feet.  It  is  Perpendicular, 
of  the  early  14th  century,  but  much  restored.  The  choir- 
stalls,  dating  from  1605,  show  excellent  carving,  and  the 
clearstory  is  of  unusual  beauty.  Other  objects  of  interest 
are  the  cotton-factories,  Free-Trade  Hall,  exchange,  town 
hall,  Royal  Infirmary,  Owens  College,  Chetham  College, 
Athenseimi,  several  art  galleries,  and  the  Assize  Courts. 
Manchester  occupies  the  site  of  the  Koman  Mancunium. 
It  was  known  as  a  manufacturing  place  by  the  14th  cen- 
tury; developed  rapidly  during  the  last  half  of  the  18th 
century;  was  a  leading  center  of  the  reform  agitation  in 
the  early  part  of  the  19th  century  (the  scene  of  the  "Peter- 
loo  massacre  "  in  1819) ;  and  became  the  center  of  the  anti- 
cowi-law  andifree-trade  movements  under  the  lead  of  Cob- 
den  and  Bright.    Population  (1901),  548,969. 

Manchester.  A  town  in  Hartford  County ,  Con- 
necticut, 7miles  east  of  Hartford.    Ithasmanu- 


648 

factures  of  silk,  paper,  etc.  Population  (1900), 
10,601. 
Manchester.  A  city  and  formerly  one  of  the 
capitals  of  Hillsborough  County,  New  Hamp- 
shire, situated  on  the  Merrimae  16  miles  south 
by  east  of  Concord.  It  is  the  largest  city  of  the  State, 
and  one  of  the  chief  seats  of  cotton  and  woolen  niantifac- 
tures  in  the  country,  manafacturing  also  engines,  machin- 
ery, etc.  It  was  incorporated  as  Derryfield  in  1761 ;  the 
name  was  changed  to  Manchester  in  1810 ;  and  it  became 
a  city  in  1846.  Population  (1900),  56,987. 

Manchester,  Earl  of.    See  Montagu,  Edtoard. 

Manchester  New  College.  A  college  at  Oxford, 
founded  originally  at  London  in  the  interest  of 
the  Unitarians. 

Manchester  Poet,  The.    Charles  Swain. 

Manchester  Ship-Canal.  A  canal  for  sea-ves- 
sels connecting  Manchester,  England,  with  the 
Mersey  at  Eastham  in  Cheshire :  opened  May  21, 
1894. 

Manchuria,  orMantchuria  (man-cho'ri-a).  A 
dependency  of  China.  It  lies  to  the  northeast  of 
Chma  proper,  and  borders  also  on  Mongolia,  Siberia,  and 
Korea,  and  is  divided  into  three  provinces :  Shingking,  'S.i- 
rin,  and  Hilung-chiang.  The  ranges  of  the  Long  White 
Mountains  are  in  the  east  and  center.  The  chief  towns  are 
Mukden,  Kirin, and  New-chwang.  TheManchuscouquered 
China  in  1644,  and  established  the  present  dynasty.  Area, 
about  400,000  square  miles.    Population,  about  7,000,000. 

Manchus,  or  Manchoos  (man-choz').  [Also 
Manchows,  Mantchoos  (Chin.  Manchu),  from 
Mauchu  Manchu,  lit.  'pure':  applied  by  the 
founder  of  the  Manchu  dynasty  to  his  family 
or  the  people  over  whom  he  ruled.]  A  race  be- 
longing to  the  Tungusio  branch  of  the  Ural- 
Altaic  family,  from  which  Manchuria  takes  its 
name,  and  which  conquered  China  in  the  17th 
century. 

Mancilla,  Lucio.    See  MansiUa. 

Mancini  (man-che'ne),  Hortense,  Duchesse  de 
Mazarin.  Bom  at  Rome  in  1640 :  died  at  Chelsea, 
England,  in  1699.  Sister  of  Laure  and  Olympe 
Mancini,  noted  at  the  court  of  Charles  H.  She 
was  the  most  beautiful  andintelligent  of  Cardinal  Mazarin's 
nieces,  and  he  received  many  offers  for  her  hand.  Among 
her  lovers  were  Charles  II.  (not  then  king),  Tureune,  Pe- 
dro II.  the  future  king  of  Portugal,  Charles  of  Lorraine, 
and  others.  He  finally  married  her  to  the  Marquis  de  La 
Meilleraye,  who  took  the  name  and  arms  of  Mazarin.  He 
treated  her  with  gloomy  severity,  and  she  found  a  refuge 
from  his  jealousy  in  England,  where  she  engaged  in  an  in- 
trigue with  Charles  II. 

Mancini,  Signora(LauraBeatriceOliva).  Bom 

at  Naples,  1823 :  died  at  Florence,  July  17, 1869. 
An  Italian  poet,  wife  of  Pasquale  Stanislaus 
Mancini,  best  known  from  her  patriotic  poems. 

Mancini,  Laure,  Duchesse  de  Mercoeur.  Bom 
at  Rome,  1635:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  8,  1657.  A 
niece  of  Cardinal  Mazarin,  and  mother  of  the 
Due  de  Vend6me. 

Mancini,  Olsnupe,  Comtesse  de  Soissons  and 
Prineesse  de  Cari^an.  Bom  about  1639:  died 
at  Brussels,  1708,  A  sister  of  Laure  Mancini, 
and  mistress  of  Louis  XIV.  She  was  the  wife  of 
Eugene  (of  Savoy)  and  mother  of  Prince  Eugene.  She  was 
a  kind  of  Lucrezia  Borgia,  and  fled  from  France  to  escape 
the  consequences  of  her  crimes. 

Mancini,  Pasquale  Stanislao.  Bom  at  Cas- 
tel-Baronia,  near  Ariano,  Italy,  March  17, 1817 : 
died  at  Rome,  Dec.  26,  1888.  An  Italian  states- 
man and  jurist.  He  was  minister  of  public  instruction 
March,  1862 ;  minister  of  justice  and  worship  1876-78 ;  and 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  1881-85. 

Manciple's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's  ' '  Can- 
terbury Tales."  It  is  partly  from  Ovid's  "  Metamor- 
phoses, being  the  story  of  the  crow  that  was  turned  white 
for  telling  Apollo  of  the  deceitf ulness  of  Coronis. 

Manco  Capac  or  Ccapac  (man'ko  ka-pak'). 
The  traditional  first  father  of  the  Inoas  of  Peru, 
and  founder  of  the  Inea  monarchy.  According  to 
the  legend,  he  was  the  child  of  the  sun,  and  was  sent  with 
his  sister  and  wife.  Mama  Occlo  Huaco,  to  civilize  the  In- 
dians. One  of  the  stories  represents  him  as  advancing 
northward  from  Lake  Titicaca,  with  a  golden  wand,  which 
sank  into  the  ground  at  the  place  where,  warned  by  this 
sign,  he  founded  the  city  of  Cuzco.  Another  fable  makes 
him  one  of  four  brothers  who  issued  from  a  cave  in  the 
valley  of  the  Vilcamayu.  It  is  believed  that  Manco  Capac 
was  a  real  personage,  probably  the  chief  of  a  small  tribe 
in  the  Vilcamayu  valley,  whence  by  force  or  policy  he 
reached  Cuzco  (though  he  did  not  found  it),  and,  acquiring 
the  leadership  there,  laid  the  foundations  of  the  Inca  em- 
pire. 

Manco  (man'ko):  called  Manco  Inca,  Inca 
Manco,  Manco  Inca  Yupangui,  and,  incor- 
rectly, Manco  Capac  or  Ccapac  ll.  Bom  about 
1500:  died  1544.  Son  of  the  Inca  Huaina  Ccapac 
of  Peru,  and  brother  of  Huascar.  After  the  death 
of  Atahualpa  and  Huascar  he  was  recognized  by  Pizarro 
(Nov.,  1633)  as  the  rightful  sovereign  of  Peru,  and  was 
crowned  at  Cuzco ;  but  he  had  no  real  power,  and  was  vir- 
tually a  prisoner.  In  April,  1636,  he  escaped,  raised  an 
army,  and  besieged  Cuzco  and  other  Spanish  strongholds. 
Knally  defeated  in  1537,  he  retired  to  the  mountains  of 
Vilcabamba,  whence  he  kept  up  a  predatory  warfare.  He 
was  killed  by  some  fugitive  followers  of  the  younger  Alma- 
gro  who  had  taken  refuge  with  him. 


Manetho 

Mandseans  (man-de'anz).  [From  NL.  Man- 
dxus,  from  Mandsean  Manda,  knowledge,  gno- 
sis.] A  very  ancient  religious  body,  stiU  found, 
though  its  members  are  few,  in  the  southern 
part  of  Babylonia.  The  religion  of  the  Mandseans  is 
a  kind  of  Gnosticism  retaining  many  Jewish  and  Parsee 
elements.  They  worship  as  divine  beings  a  number  of 
personifications,  especially  of  the  attributes  or  names  of 
God.  Also  called  Mendaites,  Nasoreang,  and  Sdbians,  and, 
by  a  misunderstanding.  Christians  qf  St.  John. 

Mandalay  (man'da-la),  or  Mandelay  (man', 
de-la).  The  capital  of  the  former  kingdom  of 
Burma,  situated  near  the  Irawadi  about  lat. 
22°  N.  It  was  founded  in  1856,  and  contains  the  royal 
palace.    Population,  with  cantonment  (1891),  188,816. 

Mandan  (man'dan).  A  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians.  They  were  originally  in  several  tribes  or  vil- 
lages which  have  been  consolidated  since  the  latter  part 
of  the  18th  century.  They  were  nearly  exterminated  by 
smallpox  in  1837.  The  survivors  number  252,  and  occupy 
a  village  in  common  with  the  Hidatsa  and  Arikara  on  the 
Fort  Berthold  reservation.  North  Dakota.    See  Sioiuan. 

Mandane  (man-da'ne).  [Gr.  MavSavi].']  The 
mother  of  Cyrus.  According  to  Herodotus,  she  was 
the  daughter  of  Astyages,  king  of  Media,  and  wife  of  Cam- 

.  hyses,  a  Persian  noble,  and  on  the  birth  of  Cyrus  Astyages 
was  induced  by  a  dream  to  order  the  infant  to  be  put  to 
death.  (See  Harpagus.)  '  On  discovering  his  grandson, 
ten  years  later,  Astyages  sent  him  to  his  parents  in  Persia. 

Mandara(man-da'ra),orUandala(wan-da'la). 
A  Nigritic  (partly  Mohammedan)  tribe,  north  of 
Lake  Chad,  Africa,  its  language  is  allied  with  that 
of  the  Gamergu.  In  the  Mahdi  wars  the  Mandaras  joined 
the  Baggaras  and  Nuers  in  destroying  Egyptian  posts. 

Mandelay.    See  Mandalay. 

Mandeville  (man '  de  -  vil),  Bernard.  Bom  at 
Dordrecht,  Holland,  about  1670:  died  Jan.  21, 
1733.  A  Dutch-English  writer.  He  studied  at  the 
Erasmus  school  in  Rotterdam,  took  his  degree  in  medicine 
at  Leyden  in  1691,  and  settled  in  London.  In  1714  he  pub- 
lished his  "Inquiry  into  the  Origin  of  Moral  Virtue,"  with 
notes,  under  the  title  "The  Fable  of  the  Bees,  or  Private 
Vices  Public  Benefits,"  which  was  pronounced  a  nuisance 
by  the  grand  jury  of  Middlesex  in  1723.  His  other  works 
are  "Treatise  of  Hypochondriack  and  Hysteric  Passions" 
(1711),  "Free  Thoughts  on  Religion  "  (1720),  "A  Modem 
Defense  of  Public  News  "  (1740). 

Mandeville,  Sir  John.  The  reputed  writer  of 
a  14th-eentury  book  of  travels.  The  author  calls 
himself  Jehan  de  Mandeville,  or  John  Maundevylle,  knight 
of  St.  Aubin  orSt.  Albans,  England,  and  says  that,  starting 
on  Michaelmas  day,  1322  (or  1332),  he  visited  Turkey,  Ar- 
menia, Tatary,  Persia,  Syria,  Arabia,  Egypt,  Libya,  Ethio- 
pia, Chaldea,  Amazonia,  and  India.  The  book  is,  how- 
ever, a  compilation  intended  as  a  guide  to  pilgrims  to  the 
Holy  Land,  based  upon  William  of  Boldensele  (1336)  and 
Friar  Odoric  of  Pordenone  (1330).  The  original  was  in 
French,  and  theoldest  manuscript  is  in  thatlanguage,  dated 
1371.  The  English  version  was  made  in  the  early  part  of 
the  16th  century  by  an  unknown  hand.  The  manuscripts 
are  numerous. 

Mandeville,  William  de.  Died  at  Rouen, 
Nov.  14,  1189.  Third  Earl  of  Essex  and  Earl  or 
Count  of  Aumale.  In  1177  he  went  on  a  crusade  with 
Philip,  count  of  Flanders.  In  1189  he  accompanied  Heniy 
II.  in  his  flight  from  Le  Mans. 

Mandingo  (man-deng'go),  or  Mandenga  (mSji- 
deng'ga) .  An  important  negro  nation  of  West 
Africa.  The  principal  tribes  and  dialects  are  the  So- 
ninke,  Malinke.and  Bambara ;  the  smallertribes,  Eabunga, 
Toronka,  and  Jalunka.  The  suffix  -nga  or  -nJca  signifies 
'people.'  The  Mandingos,  though  negroes,  are  less  dark 
than  the  Wolofs,  and  are  good  metal-workers,  agricultur- 
ists, traders,  and  herdsmen.  They  are  mostly  Mohamme- 
dan. In  the  middle  ages  Mali,  on  the  Niger,  was  the 
capital  of  a  great  negro  kingdom  which  finally  succumbed 
to  the  attacks  of  the  Mossi,  the  Twarick,  and  the  Sonrhai 
(160O). 

Mandla,  or  Mundlah  (mund'la).  A  district 
in  the  (Jentral  Provinces,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  22°  45'  N.,  long.  81°  E.  Area, 
5,056  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  339,373. 

Mandogarh.  A  ruined  city  in  India,  southwest 
of  Indore.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  old  kingdom 
of  Malwa. 

Mandricardo  (man-dri-kar'do).  The  son  of 
Agrioan  in  Boiardo's  and  Ariosto's  "  Orlando." 
He  laid  siege  to  Albracca  for  the  love  of  Angelica,  and 
was  slain  by  Orlando.    He  is  noted  for  his  pride  and  cruelty. 

Mandubii  (man-du'bi-I).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a  people  living  in  central  France,  north  of 
the  .^dui.    Their  chief  town  was  Alesia. 

Manduria  (man-do're-5).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Leece,  southeastern  Italy,  situated  25 
miles  southwest  of  Brindisi.  Population  (1881), 
8,865. 

Manes  (ma'nez).    See  Mani. 

Manet  (ma-na'),  lldouard.  Bom  at  Paris  in 
1833:  died  there,  April  30,1883.  A  Fi-ench  genre- 
painter,  pupil  of  (Jouture.  He  was  the  founder  and 
head  of  the  Impressionist  school,  and  had  great  infiuence 
in  his  time,  though  his  merit  has  been  much  disputed. 

Manetho  (man'e-tho).  An  Egyptian  historian 
and  priest.  He  was  a  native  of  Sebennytus,  in  Lower 
Egypt,  and  lived  about  260  B.  c.  He  wrote  a  history  of 
Egypt  in  Greek,  fragments  only  of  which  are  extant 

Egyptian  by  birth  and  priest  by  profession,  Manetho,  be- 
sides being  instructed  in  all  the  mysteries  of  his  religion, 
must  have  also  been  conversant  with  foreign  literature. 


Manetho 

for  he  was  a  Greek  scholar,  and  equal  to  the  task  of  writ- 
ing a  complete  history  of  his  own  country  in  that  lan- 
guage. Uariette,  Outlines,  p.  3. 

Manfred  (man'fred).  Born  about  1231:  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Benevento,  Italy,  Feb.  26, 1266. 
King  of  Sicily,  an  illegitimate  son  of  the  em- 
peror Frederick  11.  He  was  prince  of  Tarentum  and 
regent  till  the  accession  of  Conrad  IV.  in  1252 ;  became  re- 
gent for  Conradin  in  1254 ;  was  crowned  king  in  1268 ;  and 
was  defeated  and  slain  at  Benevento  by  Charles  of  Anjou. 

Manfred,  The  Prince  of  Otranto,  the  principal 
character  in  Walpole's  "  Castle  of  Otranto." 

Manfred.  A  dramatic  poem  by  LordByron,  pub- 
lished in  1817.  It  was  so  called  from  the  name  of  its 
hero,  Manfred,  who  in  Byron's  own  words  is  "  a  kind  of  ma- 
gician who  suffers  from  a  half-unexplained  remorse."  He 
lives  in  a  castle  among  the  Alps,  and  is  substantially  alone 
throughout  the  piece.  Schumann  wrote  music  for  this 
drama  and  adapted  it  for  the  stage  himself :  it  was  first 
produced  by  liszt  in  Weimar  in  1852.  It  was  put  on  the 
stage  as  a  play  in  Kngland  in  1863,  Mr.  Fhelps  playing  Man- 
fred. 

Manfredonia  (mau-fre-do'ne-a).  A  seaport  in 
the  province  of  Foggia,  Italy,  situated  in  lat. 
41°  38'  N.,  long.  15°  55'  E.  It  is  near  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Sipontum,  whose  inhabitants  were  transferred  to 
Manfredonia  by  Manfred  about  1261.  Population  (1881), 
&324. 

Manfredonia,  Gulf  of.  An  indentation  of  the 
eastern  coast  of  Italy,  east  of  Manfredonia. 

Mangalia  (man-ga-le'a).  A  small  seaport  in  the 
Dobrudja,  Rumania,  situated  on  the  Black  Sea 
27  miles  south  of  Kustendji.  Population  (1889- 
1890),  7,888. 

Mangalore(mang-ga-16r'),orMangalur(mang- 
ga-lor'),  A  seaport,  the  capital  of  South  Kanara 
district,  Madras,  British  India,  situated  in  lat. 
12°  52'  N.,  long.  74°  51'  E.  it  was  taken  by  Tippu 
Saibinl784.  In  1799  it  became  British.  Population  (1891), 
40,922. 

Mangalore,  Treaty  of,  A  peace  concluded 
1784  between  the  Britisli  and  Tippu  Saib,  on  the 
basis  of  a  mutual  restitution  of  conquests. 

Mangan  (mang'gan),  James,  Bom  at  Dublin, 
May  1,  1803 :  died  in  Meath  Hospital,  June  20, 
1849.  Anirishpoet.  His  chief  works  are  "Romances 
and  Ballads  of  Ireland"  (I860),  "German  Anthology" 
aU9),  "Poets  and  Poetry  of  Munster "  (1849). 

Mangbuttu  (maug-bot'to).     See' Momhuttu. 

Mangi  (mang'ge),  or  MangU  (mang'go).  A 
coiintry  of  Asia,  described  by  Marco  Polo.  It 
is  supposed  to  be  the  same  as  southern  China. 

Mangoni  (man-go'ne).    See  Zulu. 

Mangues  (man'gas),  or  Chorotegans  (cho-ro- 
ta'gans).  A  tribe  of  Indians  which,  at  the  time 
of  tte  conquest,  occupied  the  vicinity  of  Lake 
Managua  in  Nicaragua.  They  formed  numerous 
populous  Tillages.  The  Mangues  are  believed  to  have 
been  an  offshoot  of  the  Chiapanecs  (which  see). 

Mangum  (mang'gum),Willie  Person.  Born  in 
Orange  County,  N.  C,  1792:  died  at  Red  Moun- 
tain, N.  C,  Sept.  14, 1861.  An  American  Whig 
politician.  He  was  United  States  senator  from 
North  CaroUna  1831-36  and  1840-53. 

Manhattan  Island  (man-hat'an  I'land).  An 
island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson,  lying  be- 
tween that  river  on  the  west,  Spuyten  Duyvil 
Creek  an  d  Harlem  River  on  the  north,  East  River 
on  the  east,  and  New  York  Bay  on  the  south. 
It  forms  the  principal  part  of  tlie  city  of  New  York.  Length, 
14  miles.  Greatest  width,  2^  miles.  Area,  about  22  square 
miles. 

Manhelm.    See  Marmh&im. 

Mani  (ma-ne').  A  ruined  city  of  Yucatan,  Mex- 
ico, about  45  miles  south  of  Merida.  According 
to  Indian  accounts  it  was  settled  by  the  Mayas,  under  the 
Totul  Xiu  chiefs,  after  the  abandonment  of  Mayapan.  The 
last  chief  submitted  to  the  Spaniards  in  1541, 

Mani  (ma'ne),  or  Manes  (ma'nez),  or  Mani- 
cliseus  (man-i-ke'us).  The  founder  of  Maniche- 
ism.  The  only  source  of  information  about  him  that  is 
comparatively  credible  is  the  Mohammedan  tradition.  He 
was  born  215-216  A.  v.,  and  received  a  careful  education 
from  his  father,  futak,atCtesiphon.  Futakconnectedhim- 
self  later  with  the  sect  of  the  Moghtasilah,  or  'Baptists,' 
in  southern  Babylonia,  which  had  absorbed  Cliristian  ele- 
ments, and  thus  made  his  son  acquainted  with  different 
forms  of  religion.  Only  at  the  age  of  25  or  80  did  Mani  begin 
to  proclaim  his  new  religion,  and  this  he  did  at  the  court  of 
Sapor  I.  He  undertook  long  journeys  into  Transoxiana, 
western  China,  and  southward  as  far  as  India,  and  sent  forth 
disciples  in  tlie  interest  of  his  faith.  Keturning  to  the  Per- 
sian capital  inthelastyearsof  Saporl.(about270),  hegained 
adlierents  even  at  court,  but  was  at  last  imprisoned  and  put 
to  flight  through  the  hostility  of  the  Magians  on  whom  the 
king  was  dependent.  Sapor's  successor  Hormuz  seems  to 
have  been  more  favoral)le,  but  Bahram  I.  abandoned  Mani 
to  the  Magians  and  had  him  crucified  in  the  year  276-277 
A.  D.  Mani  composed  a  number  of  works  and  epistles, 
which  were  known  to  the  Mohammedan  historians,  but 
are  now  lost.  The  Tihrist  reckons  seven  principal  works 
— six  in  Syriac  and  one  in  Persian.  The  name  of  the  Per- 
sian work  is  not  given  in  the  extant  form  of  the  Fihrist,  but 
it  is  conjectured  that  it  may  have  been  the  Artang  (pron. 
4r-teng-g'),  or  'Holy  Gospel,"  of  which  mention  is  made 
in  the  "Acta  Archelai"  and  elsewhere  among  Western 
writers.  These  "  Acta,"  extant  in  a  Latin  translation  from 
a  Oieek  original  ol  which  some  extracts  are  preserved  in 


649 

Epiphanius,  purport  to  describe  a  dispute  between  Ar- 
chelaus,  bishop  of  Carchar  in  Mesopot^imia,  and  Manes. 
They  are  a  chief  source  of  the  Western  tradition  as  to 
Manes,  but,  besides  being  of  entirely  uncertain  authorship 
and  date,  bear  upon  their  face  marks  indicating  that  they 
are  only  a  polemic  treatise  put  on  literary  grounds  in  the 
form  of  an  alleged  debate.  They  have  the  authority  of  a 
historical  novel,  not  that  of  a  history. 

Mania  (ma'ni-a).  An  old  Italian  goddess  of  the 
dead  (Manes),  inother  of  the  Lares  by  Mercury. 
She  was  a  daughter  of  the  river-god  Almo,  and  was  origi- 
nally named  Lara.  Jupiter  deprived  her  of  her  tongue  for 
betraying  his  secret  amours. 

Manica  (ma-ne'ka).  See  Nilca,  Monomotapa, 
and  Mashonaland. 

Manicheans,  or  Manicliaeans  (man-i-ke'anz). 

The  followers  of  Mani.  See  Mani.  Manicheism 
was  the  old  Babylonian  religion  of  nature,  modified  by 
Christian  and  Persian  elements,  elevated  into  a  gnosis,  and 
subjecting  human  life  to  stringent  regulation.  According 
to  Mani,  a  realm  of  light  and  a  reidm  of  darkness  have 
always  been  opposed  to  each  other.  In  the  visible  world 
both  are  mingled.  The  object  of  the  world  is  to  free  the 
light  from  the  intermingled  darkness.  Christ  was  sent  for 
this  end,  but  the  apostles  misrepresented  his  doctrine. 
This  Mani  was  sent  to  restore.  The  object  of  Manichean 
ethics  was  to  purify  the  elements  of  light  and  attain  free- 
dom from  those  of  darkness ;  hence  the  tliree  seals — those 
of  the  mouth,  the  hand,  and  the  bosom.  The  first  forbids 
unclean  food,  such  as  the  fiesh  of  animals  and  wine ;  the 
second,  any  traffic  in  things  involving  the  elements  of  dark- 
ness ;  the  third,  every  gratification  of  sexual  desire,  even 
marriage  being  forbidden.  There  was  a  rigorous  system 
of  fasts,  Sunday  being  regularly  and  Monday  generally  so 
observed.  The  Manichean  prayed  4  times  a  day,  preceding 
each  prayer  by  ablution,  and  turning  toward  the  sun,  the 
moon,  or  the  north  as  the  seat  of  light.  The  prayers  were 
addressed  to  the  God  of  light,  to  the  whole  kingdom  of  light, 
to  the  angels,  and  to  Mani.  The  rigidity  of  the  system  was 
mitigated  by  distinguishing  between  the  electi  or  perf  ecti 
(perfect  Manicheans)  and  the  catechumeni  or  auditores  (the 
secular  Manicheans).  For  the  latter  the  stringencyof  the 
requirements  was  somewhat  relaxed.  The  church  had  in  all 
five  gradations :  (1)  the  teachers  Mani  and  his  successors ; 
(2)  the  administrators,  bishops ;  (3)  the  elders,  presbyters ; 
(4)  the  electi ;  and  (5)  the  auditores.  The  worship  was  sim- 
ple, and  consisted  of  prayers,  hymns,  and  ceremonies  of  ad- 
oration. Manicheism  first  gained  a  firm  footing  in  Persia, 
Mesopotamia,  and  Transoxiana.  The  seat  of  its  pope  was 
for  centuries  at  Babylon,  and  then  at  Samarkand.  It  pene- 
trated the  Roman  Empire  in  the  reign  of  Probus  (about  280 
A.  D.),  and  spread  rapidly  after  330,  finding  its  most  numer- 
ous adherents  in  North  Africa,  Augustine  being  an  auditor 
for  nine  years.  Traces  of  Manicheism  are  found  in  the 
history  of  the  Catholic  Church  until  the  13th  century. 

Manihiki  (ma-ne-he'ke)  Islands.  A  group  of 
small  islands  in  the  central  Pacific,  between  the 
Marquesas  and  Union  Islands. 

Manila  (ma-ne'ia),  sometimes  written  Manilla 
(ma-nira).  The  capital  of  the  Philippine  Isl- 
ands and'  of  Luzon,  situated  in  Luzon,  on  Ma- 
nila Bay,  in  lat.  14°  36'  N.,  long.  120°  58'  E.  it 
comprises  the  city  proper,  Binondo,  and  various  suburbs, 
and  was  the  chief  seat  of  Spanish  commerce  in  the  Pacific. 
Hemp,  cigars,  coffee,  sugar,  etc.,  are  exported ;  the  lead- 
ing manufacture  is  cigars.  It  contains  a  cathedral  and  a 
university.  Manila  was  founded  by  the  Spaniards  in  1671; 
was  taken  by  the  English  in  1762  ;  was  captured  by  the 
United  States  forces  Aug.  13, 1898 ;  and  lias  often  been  dev- 
astated by  earthquakes.  The  Spanish  fleet  was  destroyed 
by  a  United  States  squadron  under  Commodore  Dewey 
off  CavitS,  near  Manila,  May  1,  1898.  Battles  with  the 
Philippine  insurgents  occurred  near  Manila  Feb.  6, 1899. 
and  later,  in  which  the  American  troops  were  victorious. 
Pop.  (1887),  154,062 ;  (1898),  with  suburbs,  est.,  300,000. 

Manilian  Law  (ma-nil'i-an  M).  In  Roman  his- 
tory, alawproposedby  Caius  Manilius  in  66  b.  c. , 
granting  to  Pompey  extraordinary  powers  in 
the  East,  including  the  command  of  the  Mithri- 
datic  war.  It  was  supported  by  Cicero  in  his 
oration  "Pro lege  Manilla"  ("For  the  Manilian 
Law"). 

Manilius  (ma-nil'i-us),  Caius.  Lived  in  the 
first  half  of  the  1st  century  B.C.  A  Roman  trib- 
une (66  B.  c),  proposer  of  the  Manilian  Law. 

Manin  (ma-nen'),  Daniele,  Born  at  Venice, 
May  13, 1804:  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  22, 1857.  An 
Italian  patriot.  He  was  the  leader  of  the  revolution 
which  broke  out  against  Austria  at  Venice  in  1848,  and  in 
the  same  year  was  chosen  president  of  the  republic  of  St. 
Mark  proclaimed  by  the  insurgents.  The  city  was,  how- 
ever, compelled  to  surrender  to  the  Austrians  in  1849  after 
a  heroic  resistance,  and  he  spent  the  rest  of  hi?  life  in  exile 
at  Paris. 

Manipur,  or  Mannipur  (man-i-por').  Anative 
state  in  India,  intersected  by  lat.  24°  40'  N., 
long.  94°  E.,  under  British  influence.  Capital, 
Manipur.  A  serious  rising  against  the  Brit- 
ish occurred  here  in  1891.  Population  (1881), 
221,070. 

Manissa  (ma-nis'a),  or  Manisa  (ma-ne'sa).  A 
city  in  the  vilayet  of  Aidin,  Asia  Minor,  Tur- 
key, situated  on  the  Hermus  (Sarabat)  20  miles 
northeast  of  Smyrna :  the  ancient  Magnesia  ad 
Sipylum.  {Bee' Magnesia.)  It  has  manufactures 
of  cotton,  etc.  Population,  estimated,  40,000- 
50,000. 

Manistee  (man-is-te ' ) .  Ariver in  Michigan,flow- 

ing  into  Lake  Michigan  at  Manistee.  Length, 
about  130  miles. 

Manistee.    A  city  and  the  capital  of  Manistee 


Manlius  Imperiosus  Torquatus 

County,  Miehigan,situatedonLakeMichigan,at 
the  mouth  of  the  Manistee  River,  in  lat.  44°  14' 
•V ;  ^'i?^  noted  for  its  manufacture  and  export  of  lumber; 
It  has  the  largest  shingle  manufactures  in  the  world.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  14,260. 

Mailitenerys(ma-ne-ta-na-res').  A  tribe  of  Bra- 
zilian Indians,  living  in  a  wild  state  on  the  river 
Puriis.  They  have  been  variously  referred  to 
the  Pane,  Carib,  and  J^aypure  stocks. 

Manito  (man'i-to),  or  Manitou  (-to).  [Algou- 
kin.]  Among  certain  of  the  American  Indians, 
a  spirit  or  other  object  of  religious  awe  or  rev- 
erence, whether  a  good  or  evil  spirit  or  a  fetish. 
Two  manitos  or  spirits  are  spoken  of  by  preeminence,  the 
one  the  spirit  of  good,  the  other  the  spirit  of  evil. 

The  Pfere  Paul  le  Jeune  remarks,  "  The  savages  give  the 
name  of  Manitou  to  whatsoever  in  nature,  good  or  evil,  is 
superior  to  man.  Therefore,  when  we  speak  of  God,  they 
sometimes  call  him  "The  Good  Manitou,"  that  is,  "I'he 
Good  Spirit.""  The  same  Pfere  Paul  le  Jeune  says  that  by 
Manitou  his  flock  meant  nn  ange  ou  quelque  nature  puis- 
sante.    II  y'en  a  de  bons  et  de  mauvais. 

Lantj,  Myth,  etc.,  II. 45. 

Manitoba  (man-i-to'ba  or  man"i-t6-ba').  A 
province  of  Canada,  it  is  bounded  by  Assiniboia  on 
J  the  west,  Saskatchewan  on  the  northwest,  Keewatin  on 
the  north,  the  Northeast  Territory  and  Ontario  on  the 
east,  and  the  United  States  on  the  south.  The  surface  is 
generally  level.  The  province  is  noted  for  its  wheat.  It  is 
governed  by  a  lientenant-governor  and  a  legislative  assem- 
bly. The  inhabitants  are  of  British  origin,  with  many 
French  Canadians  and  Russian  Mennonites.  Manitoba  was 
a  part  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company's  territory.  It  was  set- 
tled in  1812,  its  early  name  being  the  Red  River  Settlement. 
It  entered  the  Dominion  in  1870.  The  Riel  insurrection 
occurred  in  1869-70.  In  1886  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad 
wasfinished;  Capital,  Winnipeg.  Area,  73,956  squaremiles. 
Population  (1901),  255,211. 

Manitoba,  Lake.  A  lake  in  Manitoba,  south- 
west of  Lake  Winnipeg.  It  discharges  into 
Lake  Winnipeg.     Length,  over  100  miles. 

Manitou.    See  Manito. 

Manitou  (man'i-t(5).  Atown  and  summer  resort 
at  the  foot  of  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado.  It  is  noted 
for  its  mineral  springs.     Pop.  (1900),  1,303. 

ManitOUlin  (man-i-to'lin)  Tslands.  A  group  of 
islands  in  Lake  Huron,  comprising  Grand  Mani- 
toulin  (length  about  80  miles),  Little  Manitou- 
lin,  Drummond,  etc.  They  belong  to  Ontario 
(except  Drummond,  which  belongs  to  Michi- 
gan). 

Manitowoc  (man'-'i-to-wok').  A  city  and  the 
capital  of  Manitowoc  County,  Wisconsin,  situ- 
ated on  Lake  Michigan,  at  the  mouth  of  Mani- 
towoc River,  76  miles  north  of  Milwaukee. 
Population  (1900),  11,786. 

Manivas  (ma-ne'vas).  A  tribe  of  South  Amer- 
ican Indians  on  the  upper  Rio  Negro,  Cassiqui- 
are,  Orinoco,  and  Guaviare.  They  are  of  Maypure 
stock,  live  in  fixed  villages,  subsist  by  agriculture  and 
fishing,  and  are  of  a  mild  and  tractable  disposition.  At 
present  most  of  them  are  partly  civilized,  and  they  are 
much  employed  as  rubber-gatherers.  They  still  number 
several  thousands.  Also  written  Maniwas,  Manitivas, 
Sanivas. 

Mankato  (man-ka'to).  A  manufacturing  city, 
the  capital  of  Blue  Earth  County,  Minnesota, 
situated  on  Minnesota  River  70  miles  south- 
west of  St.  Paul.     Population  (1900),  10,599. 

Manley  (man'li),  Mrs.  (Mary  de  la  Eivi^re). 
Born  in  the  isle  of  Jersey,  or  Guernsey,  about 
1672:  died  atLambethHill,  July  11, 1724.  ABrit- 
ish  novelist,  dramatist,  and  political  pamphle- 
teer, daughter  of  Sir  Roger  Manley,  and  biga- 
mous wife  of  John  Manley  of  Truro.  On  May  26,1709, 
she  published  "Secret  Memoirs  and  Manners  of  Sevei^l 
Persons  of  Quality  of  both  Sexes,  from  the  New  Atalantis," 
usually  known  as  "  The  New  Atalantis,"  devoted  entirely 
to  intrigue  and  scandal.  She  was  arrested  for  libel  Oct. 
29, 1709,  and  discharged  Feb.  13, 1710.  She  also  published 
"  The  Power  of  Love,  in  Seven  Novels  "  (1720),  "  Memoirs 
of  Europe,  etc."  (1710),  etc.  She  died  at  the  house  of  Bar- 
ber, a  printer,  with  whom  she  had  lived  2or  some  years. 

Manlius  CapitolinuS  (man'li-us  kap"i-t6-li'- 
nns),  Marcus,  Died  384  B.  c.  The  'deliverer 
of  the  Capitol  at  Rome  from  the  Gauls.  He  was 
a  patrician  by  birth,  and  was  consul  in  392.  According  to 
tradition,  he  was  aroused  by  the  cackling  of  geese  one 
night  when  the  Gauls,  who  were  besieging  the  Capitol  un- 
der Brennus  in  390,  attempted  to  surprise  the  fortress,  and, 
collecting  a  handful  of  men,  repelled  the  attack.  "To  this 
circumstance  the  origin  of  his  surname  CapitolinuS  is  com- 
monly ascribed,  although  it  was  alsoborneby  his  father  and 
had  already  acquired  the  force  of  a  family  name  in  his 
gens.  In  385  he  began  to  champion  the  cause  of  the  ple- 
beians against  the  patricians,  with  a  view  to  making  him- 
self tyrant  of  Rome,  and  in  the  following  year  was  arrested 
by  the  dictator  Camillus.  He  was  tried  in  the  Pcetelinian 
grove,  instead  of  on  the  Campus  Martins,  which  com- 
manded a  view  of  the  Capitol,  and  was  sentenced  to  be 
thrown  from  the  Tarpeian  rock, 

Manlius  Imperiosus  Torquatus  (im-pe-ri-6'- 
sus  tor-kwa'tus),  Titus.  A  Roman  hero.  He 
was  a  son  of  the  dictator  L.  Manlius  CapitolinuS  Imperio- 
sus ;  was  elected  military  tribune  in  362  B.  c. ;  and  in  361 
served  under  the  dictator  T.  Quintius  Pennus  against  the 
Gauls.  During  this  campaign  lie  slew  a  gigantic  Gaul  in 
single  combat  in  the  presence  of  the  two  armies,  and  de- 


Manlins  Imperiosus  Torquatus 

spoiled  him  of  a  chain  (torques),  which  he  placed  around 
his  own  neclc  (whence  the  surname  Torquatus).  He  was 
appointed  dictator  in  353,  and  again  in  349,  and  was  consul 
in  347,  344,  and  340.  During  his  third  consulship,  while 
engaged  with  his  colleague,  P.  Decius  Mus,  in  a  campaign 
against  the  Latins,  he  put  to  death  his  own  son,  who,  con- 
trary to  orders,  fought  and  killed  in  single  combat  an  ene- 
my from  the  opposing  army. 

Manlius  Torciuatus,  Titus.    Di$d  202  b.  c.   A 

Roman  general.  He  was  consul  in  235  and  224,  and 
dictator  in  208.  During  his  first  consulship  he  conquered 
the  Sardinians,  after  whose  subjugation  the  Romans  en- 
joyed a  brief  period  of  universal  peace,  the  temple  of 
Janus  being  closed  for  the  flrst  time  since  Numa  Pom- 
pilius.  He  opposed  the  ransom  of  the  prisoners  taken  by 
Hannibal  at  Cannse  in  216,  and  gained  a  decisive  victory 
over  the  Carths^inians  in  Sardinia  in  215. 

Manlius  Vulso  (vul'so),  Cnseus.  A  Roman 
consul  189  B.  c.  He  defeated  the  Galatians  in 
Asia  Minor. 

Manly  (man'li).  1.  In  Jonson's  "Devil  is  an 
Ass,'"a  young  gallant,  the  friend  of  Wittipol. — 
2.  The  "plain  dealer"  in  Wyeherley's  play  of 
that  name.  He  is  a  brutalized  caricature  of 
Moliftre's  Alceste. — 3.  In  Vanbrugh  and  Gib- 
ber's "Provoked  Husband,"  a  man  of  worldly 
good  sense. 

Mann  (man),  Sir  Horace.  Bom  1701:  died  at 
Florence,  Italy,  Nov.  6, 1786.  An  English  diplo- 
matist and  virtuoso.  In  1740  he  became  envoy  ex- 
traordinary and  minister  plenipotentiary  to  the  court  of 
Florence,  and  retained  that  post  until  his  death.  His  prin- 
cipal duty  was  to  watch  the  Old  Pretender  (James  Stuart, 
prince  of  Wales).  He  is  chiefly  known  from  his  corre- 
spondence with  Horace  Walpole  1741-86. 

Mann,  Horace.  Bom  at  Franklin,  Mass.,  May 
4,  1796:  died  at  Yellow  Springs,  Ohio,  Aug.  2, 
1859.  An  American  educator,  noted  for  his  re- 
forms in  the  Massachusetts  school  system.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1823 ;  was  secretary  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts board  of  education  1837-48 ;  was  a  Whig  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1848-53 ;  was  presi- 
dent of  Antioch  College  (Yellow  Springs)  1852-59 ;  and  was 
unsuccessful  Free-Soil  candidate  for  governor  of  Maasa^ 
chusetts  in  1852. 

Mannering  (man'er-ing),  Max.  A  pseudonym 
of  Josiah  Gilbert  Holland. 

Manners  (man'erz),  Charles,  fourth  Duke  of 
Rutland.  Bom  March  15, 1754 :  died  at  Dublin, 
Oct.  24, 1787.  An  English  statesman,  eldest  son 
of  John  Manners,  marquis  of  Granby.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge  (M.  A.  1774),  and  became 
member  of  Parliament  for  the  University  of  Cambridge  in 
1774.  In  1775  he  protested  against  the  taxation  of  the 
American  colonies.  He  succeeded  his  grandfather  as 
duke  of  Rutland  May  29,  1779,  and  on  Feb.  11, 1784,  was 
appointed  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland.  He  advocated  the 
legislative  union  of  Ireland  with  England. 

Manners,  John,  Marquis  of  Granby.  Bom  Aug. 
2, 1721:  died  at  Scarborough,  Oct.  18, 1770.  An 
English  general,  eldest  son  of  John,  third  duke 
of  Rutland.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge. 
In  1741  he  became  member  of  Parliament  for  Grantham ; 
in  1745  he  was  made  colonel  of  the  "Leicester  Blues  ";  in 
1755  major-general;  in  1759  lieutenant-general,  serving  at 
Minden  (Aug.  1,  1759);  and  commander-in-chief  of  the 
British  contingent  in  Germany  Aug.  14, 1759.  He  fought 
with  great  bravery  at  Warburg  (July  31, 1760),  at  Villings- 
hausen  (July  15, 1761),  at  Gravenstein  (June  24, 1762),  and 
at  Hombnrg  (Aug.  6, 1762).  His  portrait  was  twice  painted 
by  Reynolds. 

Manners,  John  James  Robert,  seventh  Duke 
of  Rutland,  better  known  as  Lord  John  Man- 
ners. Bom  Dec.  13,  1818.  An  English  Con- 
servative politician,  second  son  of  the  fifth  Duke 
of  Rutland.  Hewascommlssionerof  worksl852,1868-69, 
and  1866-68,  postmaster-general  1874-80  and  1885-86,  and 
chancellorofthednchy of  Lancaster  1886-92.  He  succeeded 
his  brother  in  the  dukedom  March  2, 1887.  He  was  one  of 
the  leaders  of  the '  *  Young  England  "  movement.  He  pub- 
lished "  England's  Trust,  and  Other  Poems  "  (1841),  "  Notes 
of  a  Cruise  in  Scotch  Waters"  (1850),  etc. 

Manners-Sutton  (mau'6rz-sut'on),  Charles. 
Born  Feb.  14, 1755 :  died  at  Lambeth,  July  21, 
1828.  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  fourth  son 
of  Lord  George  Manners-Sutton,  and  grandson 
of  John,  third  duke  of  Rutland.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Charterhouse  and  at  Cambridge ;  was  rector  of 
Averham-with-Kelham  in  Nottinghamshire  in  1785 ;  was 
hishop  of  Norwich  in  1791 ;  and  was  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury in  1805. 

Mannheim  (man'Mm).  The  northern  admin- 
istrative district  of  Baden. 

Mannheim,  or  Manheim.  A  city  of  Baden,  sit- 
uated at  the  junction  of  the  Neckar  with  the 
Rhine,  in  lat.  49°  29'  N.,  long.  8°  28'  E.  it  is  very 
regularly  built ;  is  the  chief  commercial  center  of  the  up- 
per Rhine ;  has  trade  in  grain,  tobacco,  coffee,  petroleum, 
etc. ;  and  has  manufactures  of  cigars,  machinery,  mirrors, 
etc.  The  river,  harbor,  and  docks  are  extensive.  The 
chief  building  is  the  grand-ducal  castle  (with  antiquarian 
collections  and  picture-gallery).  There  is  a  noted  theater. 
Mannheim  was  founded  in  1606 ;  was  destroyed  in  the 
Thirty  Tears'  War,  and  by  the  French  in  1688 ;  became 
the  capital  of  the  Palatinate  in  1720 ;  was  bombarded  and 
taken  by  the  French  in  1794  ;  and  was  ceded  to  Baden  in 
1803.     Population  (1900),  commune,  140,384. 

Manning  (man'ing),  Daniel.  Bom  at  Albany, 
N  Y.,  Aug.,  1831:  died  at  Albany,  Dec.  24,1887. 


650 

An  American  Democratic  politician,  secretary 
of  the  treasury  1885-87. 

Manning,  Henry  Edward.  Bom  at  Totter- 
idge,  Hertfordshire,  July  15,  1808:  died  at 
Westminster,  Jan.  14, 1892.  An  English  cardi- 
nal. He  was  the  youngest  son  of  William  Manning,  a 
West  India  merchant.  He  entered  Harrow  in  1822,  and 
Balliol  College,  Oxford,  in  1827,  where  Charles  Wordsworth 
was  his  tutor,  and  William  E.  Gladstone  an  associate.  He 
was  made  a  fellow  of  Merlon,  Oxford,  in  1832,  and  was  or- 
dained rector  of  WooUavington-cum-Graflham  in  1838.  He 
was  married  Nov.  7, 1833,  and  his  wife  died  July  24, 1837. 
In  1840  he  was  created  archdeacon  of  Chichester.  He  took 
no  part  in  the  secession  of  Ward  and  Newman,  but  con- 
tinued a  leader  of  the  High-church  party  until  1848.  In 
May,  1848,  he  visited  Rome,  and  on  lUs  return  found  him- 
self in  opposition  to  the  established  church.  In  April, 
1850,  he  resigned  his  archdeaconry,  and  on  June  14, 1851, 
was  ordained  a  priest  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  In 
1854  he  was  made  D.  D.  by  the  Pope,  and  installed  as  su- 
perior of  the  "Congregation  of  the  Oblates  of  St.  Charles" 
at  Bayswater  (March  31,  1857).  On  April  30, 1865,  he  suc- 
ceeded Cardinal  Wiseman  as  archbishop  of  Westminster, 
and  -was  created  cardinal  March  31, 1875.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  "Unity  of  the  Church"  (1842),  "Temporal  Mission 
of  the  Holy  Ghost "  (1865),  "  Temporal  Power  of  the  Pope  " 
(1866),  "England  and  Christendom  "  (1867),  etc. 

Manning,  James.  Bom  at  Elizabethtown,  N.  J., 
Oct.  22,  1738:  died  at  Providence,  R.I.,  July, 
1791.  An  American  Baptist  clergyman,  first 
president  of  Brown  University  (Providence) 
1765-90. 

Manning,  or  Mannyng,  Robert,  or  Robert  of 
Brunne.  Lived  in  the  latter  part  of  the  13th 
and  the  commencement  of  the  14th  century.  An 
English  chronicler  and  poet.  He  was  a  native  of 
Brunne  in  Lincolnshire,  and  in  1288  joined  the  Gilbertine 
canons  at  Sempringham.  He  wrote  "  Handlyng  Synne " 
(1303),  a  translation  of  the  "Manuel  des  Pechiez  "  of  Wil- 
liam of  Wadington,  who  wrote  in  the  time  of  Edward  I.; 
"The  Chronicle  of  England  "  (finished  in  1338) ;  and  "  Medl- 
tacyuns  of  the  Soper  of  our  Lorde  Ihesus,  etc."  He  was  in 
no  sense  a  historian,  as  his  work  was  not  original;  and  his 
importance  is  entirely  literary.    tUct.  Nat.  Mog. 

Manny  (man'i),  or  Mauny,  Sir  Walter,  after- 
ward Lord  de  Manny.  Died  at  London,  Jan. 
15,  1372.  The  founder  of  the  Charterhouse, 
London.  He  was  a  native  of  Manny,  near  Valenciennes, 
Hainaut,  and  a  fellow-townsman  of  Froissart.  He  prob- 
ably came  to  England  with  Queen  Philippa  in  1327,  and 
was  knighted  in  1331.  He  was  one  of  the  ablest  of  the  sol- 
diers of  Edward  III.  In  1371  he  was  licensed  to  found  a 
house  of  Carthusian  monks  to  be  called  "La  Salutation 
M^re  Dieu."  This  Chartreuse  became  the  London  Charter- 
house (which  see). 

Manoa  (ma-no '  a) .  The  fabled  city  ruled  by  El 
Dorado,  or  the  gilded  king.  According  to  most  of 
the  accounts  it  was  built  on  an  island  in  a  lake  called  Pa- 
rima,  or  on  its  shores.    See  El  Dorado, 

Manoah  (ma-no'a).  In  Bible  history,  the  fa- 
ther of  Samson. 

Manoas.    See  Combos. 

Manoel  (ma-no-el'),  or  Manuel,  I.,  King  of 
Portugal.     See  Umanuel. 

Man  of  Blood,  The.  A  name  given  by  the  Eng- 
lish Puritans  to  Charles  I. 

Man  of  Blood  and  Iron,  The.  A  name  given 
to  Bismarck. 

Man  of  Business,  The.  A  comedy  by  George 
Cohnau  the  elder,  produced  in  1774. 

Man  of  December,  The.  [F.  Vhomme  de  B4- 
eembre.']  A  name  given  to  Napoleon  IH.  in 
1870,  when  he  was  deposed,  in  allusion  to  Ms 
coup  d'etat  in  Dec,  1851. 

Man  of  Destiny,  The.    Napoleon  I. 

Man  of  Feeling,  The.  A  novel  by  Henry  Mac- 
kenzie, published  in  1771. 

Man  of  Law's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's 
"Canterbury  Tales."  Gower  tells  the  story  in  his 
"Confessio  Amantis."  It  was  taken  from  the  Anglo-Nor- 
man chronicle  of  Nicolas  Trivet.  The  prologue  contains 
a  list  of  some  of  Chaucer's  works. 

Man  of  Mode,  The,  or  Sir  Fopling  Flutter. 

A  comedy  by  Etherege  (1676). 

Man  of  Ross,  The.    See  Kyrle,  John. 

Man  of  SedaUjThe.    Napoleon  IH. 

Man  of  Steel,  The.  An  epithet  (L.  Adaman- 
tius)  given  to  Origen  on  account  of  his  strength 
and  tireless  industry. 

Man  of  the  People,  The.  A  name  given  to 
Charles  James  Fox  on  account  of  a  satire  by 
George  Colman  the  younger. 

Man  of  the  World,  The.  1.  A  novel  by  Mac- 
kenzie, published  in  1773. —  3.  A  comedy  by 
Macklin,  first  played  in  1781. 

Manon  Lescaut  (ma-n6n'  les-ko').  A  romance 
written  by  the  Abb6  Pr6vost,  published  in  1733, 
appended  to  "Memoirs  of  a  Man  of  Quality." 

But  he  [Provost]  would  have  been  long  forgotten  had  it 
not  been  for  an  episode  or  postscript  of  the  "M6moires" 
entitled  "Manon  Lescaut,"  in  which  all  competent  criti- 
cism recognises  the  first  masterpiece  of  French  literature 
which  can  properly  be  called  a  novel.  Manon  is  a  young 
girl  with  whom  the  Chevalier  des  Grieux,  almost  as  young 
as  herself,  falls  frantically  in  love.  The  pair  fly  to  Paris, 
and  the  novel  is  Qccupied  with  the  description  of  Manon's 


Mansfeld,  Count  Ernst  von 

faithlessness  —  a  faithlessness  based  not  on  want  of  love 
for  Des  Grieux,  but  on  an  overmastering  desire  for  luxury 
and  comfort  with  which  he  cannot  always  supply  her. 
The  story,  which  is  narrated  by  Des  Grieux,  and  which 
has  a  most  pathetic  ending,  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  the 
perfect  simplicity  and  absolute  lifelikeness  of  the  char- 
acter-drawing. Saintsbury,  French  Lit,  p.  420. 

Manosque  (ma-nosk').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Basses-Alpes,  Prance,  40  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Marseilles.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  5,572. 

Manresa  (man-ra'sa).  A  manufacturing  town 
in  the  province  of  Barcelona,  Spain,  situated 
on  the  Cardoner  32  miles  northwest  of  Barce- 
lona.   Population  (1887),  22,685. 

Man 's  Bewitched,  The,  or  The  Devil  to  Do 
about  Her.  A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre,  pro- 
duced in  1709. 

Mans  (mon),  Le,  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Sarthe,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Sarthe  in  lat. 
48°  1'  N.,  long.  0°  11'  E. :  the  ancient  Vindinum 
or  Suindinum.  it  has  a  trade  in  poultry  and  manufac- 
tures of  linen,  sail-cloth,  etc.  The  cathedral  has  a  massive 
round-arched  12th-century  nave,  and  a  very  fine,  light  13th- 
century  choir,  5-aisled,  having  12  radiating  chapels,  bean- 
tifnl  tracery,  and  a  world-famous  display  of  medieval 
glass.  The  Church  of  Notre  Dame  de  la  Couture,  the  an- 
cient abbey  buildings  (containing  the  prefecture,  museum, 
and  library),  and  the  Museum  of  Historical  Monuments  are 
also  of  interest.  Xe  Mans  was  the  capital  of  the  ancient 
Aulerci  Cenomani,  and  the  capital  of  Maine ;  was  thebirth- 
place  of  Henry  II.  of  England ;  and  was  many  times  be- 
sieged, especially  by  Henry  IV.  in  1589.  Here,  Dec,  1793, 
the  French  republicans  under  Marceau  defeated  the  Ven- 
deans  under  La  Rochejacquelin ;  and  here,  Jan.  10  and  12, 
1871,  the  Germans  under  Prince  Frederick  Charles  defeated 
the  French  army  of  the  Loire  under  Chanzy.  Population 
(1901),  63,948. 

Mansart,  or  Mansard  (mon-sar'),  Frangois. 
Bom  at  Paris,  Jan.  23, 1598 :  died  there,  Sept.  23, 
1666.  A  noted  French  architect.  He  revived  the 
use  of  "  Mansard "  roofs  about  1660 :  they  had  been  em- 
ployed about  100  years  before  by  Lescot,  but  Mansart's 
name  was  now  given  to  them.  He  built  the  churches  of 
Salute- Marie  de  Chaillot,  the  Minimes  de  la  Place  Royale, 
the  Visitation  de  Salnte-Marie  in  the  Rue  Saint- Antoine, 
etc.,  and  numerous  chateaus :  that  known  as  the  Ch&teau 
de  Maisons-sui--Seine  is  the  most  famous. 

Mansart,  Jules  Hardouin.  Born  at  Paris,  April 
16, 1645:  diedat Versailles,  May  11, 1708.  Acele- 
brated  French  architect,  nephew  of  Francois 
Mansart.  He  built  the  Ch&teau  de  Clagny  for  the  resi- 
dence of  Madame  de  Montespan,  and  was  so  much  of  the 
courtier  as  to  gain  not  only  an  enormous  fortune  but  the 
notice  of  the  king,  who  heaped  honors  upon  him.  He  di- 
rected all  the  principal  architectural  works  of  Louis  XIV., 
including  the  building  of  the  palace  of  Versailles,  the 
Maison  de  Saint-Cyr,  the  Grand  Trianon,  the  dome  of  the 
Hdtel  des  Invalides  (perhaps  his  greatest  work),  the  Place 
Venddme,  the  Place  des  Yictoirea,  etc. 

Mansel  (man'sel),  Henry  Longueville.    Bom 

at  Cosgrove,  Northamptonshire,  Oct.  6,  1820 : 
died  at  Cosgrove  Hall,  July  30, 1871.  An  Eng- 
lish metaphysician.  He  matriculated  at  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford,  June  11,1839;  was  ordained  in  1845;  was 
appointed  Bampton  lecturer  in  1858 ;  and  in  1868  was  made 
dean  of  St.  Paul's.  In  metaphysics  he  was  a  follower  of 
Sir  William  Hamilton,  and  developed  the  latter's  theory  of 
"  the  conditioned."  Among  his  works  are  "  Phrontisterion, 
orOxford  in  the  Nineteenth  Century,"  an  imitation  of  Aris- 
tophanes (1850),  "The  Limits  of  Demonstrative  Science 
Considered  "  (1853),  "On  the  Philosophy  of  Kant "  (186Q, 
the  article  on  metaphysics  in  the  eighth  edition  of  the 
" Encyclopedia Britannica "  (1857),  "Bampton  Lectures' 
(1S58),  etc 

Mansel,  or  Maunsel  (ml,n'sel),  John.  Died  at 
Florence,  Jan.,  1265.  An  English  military  ec- 
clesiastic, keeper  of  the  seal  and  counselor  of 
Henry  HI.  He  was  brought  up  at  court,  and  on  Nov. 
8, 1246,  received  the  custody  of  the  privy  seal.  He  was  one 
of  Henry's  chief  advisers.  He  held  at  one  time  300  bene- 
fices, with  a  rental  of  18,000  marks.  In  the  struggle  with 
the  barons  in  1262  he  fled  to  France,  and  his  holdings  were 
taken  from  him. 

Mansfeld  (mans'felt).  1.  A  former  county  of 
Germany,  which  lay  west  of  the  Saale,  and  is 
now  in  the  government  district  of  Merseburg, 
Prussian  Saxony,  it  f eU  in  1780,  on  the  extinction  of 
the  reigning  house,  partly  to  Prussia  and  partly  to  Saxony. 
Since  the  Napoleonic  period  it  has  belonged  entirely  to 
Prussia. 

3.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Saxony,  Prus- 
sia, 88  miles  south  of  Magdeburg,  capital  of  the 
former  county  of  Mansfeld.  Luther  lived  here 
in  his  early  youth.  Population  (1895),  2,775. 
Mansfeld,  Count  Ernst  von.  Bom  1580:  died 
near  Zara,  Dabnatia,  Nov.  29,  1626.  A  cele- 
brated German  general,  natural  son  of  Count 
P.  E.  von  Mansfeld.  He  was  educated  by  his  god- 
father Ernest,  archduke  of  Austria,  and  distinguished  him- 
self as  a  soldier  in  the  Spanish  and  in  the  imperial  service. 
In  1610  he  embraced  the  Reformed  faith,  and  entered  the 
service  of  the  Protestant  Union.  In  1618,  when  the  head 
of  the  union,  the  elector  palatine  Frederick  V.,  was  ele- 
vated to  the  throne  by  the  Protestant  estates  in  Bohemia, 
he  became  commander-in-chief  in  that  country.  After  the 
disastrous  battle  on  the  White  Hill  (which  see),  at  which 
he  was  not  present,  he  maintained  a  brilliant  but  unequal 
contest  against  the  Imperialists  in  Germany.  He  was  de- 
feated by  Wallenstein  at  Dessau,  April  2S,  1626. 


Mansfeld,  Count  Peter  Ernst  tou 

Mansfeld,  Count  Peter  Ernst  von.  Bom  July 
10, 1517 :  died  May  22, 1604.  A  German  general. 
He  served  under  the  emperor  Charles  V.  and  under  his  son 
Philip  II.  of  Spain  ;  was  for  a  time  governor  of  Luxem- 
burg ;  and  In  1592  succeeded  the  Duke  of  Parma  as  gover- 
inor-general  of  the  Netherlands,  a  post  which  he  held  two 
years. 

Mansfield  (manz'f  eld) .  A  town  in  Nottingham- 
shire, England,  15  miles  north  of  Nottingham. 
Population  (1891),  15,925. 

Mansfield.  A  city,  capital  of  Richland  County, 
Ohio,  64  miles  north-northeast  of  Columbus.  It 
is  a  railway  and  industrial  center.  Population 
(1900),  17,640. 

Mansfield,  Charles  Blachf ord.  Bom  at  Eoyner, 
Hampshire,  May  8, 1819 :  died  at  London,  Feb. 
26, 1855.  Aa  Knglish  chemist  and  traveler.  He 
discovered  the  method  of  extracting  benzol  from  coal-tar, 
and  thus  laid  the  foundation  for  the  aniline  industry.  In 
1850  he  traveled  in  Brazil  and  Paraguay.  He  died  from 
the  effects  of  an  explosion  of  naphtha  while  preparing 
benzol.  He  wrote  "  Aerial  Ifavigation  "  (1850),  and  "  Let- 
ters from  Brazil  and  Paraguay"  (posthumous). 

Mansfield,  Earls  of.    See  Murray,  Damd,  and 
Murray,  William. 
Mansfield,  Joseph  King  Fenno.  Bom  at  New 

Haven,  Conn.,  Deo.  22, 1803 :  died  Sept.  18, 1862. 
An  American  general .  He  commanded  at  WasBing- 
ton  1861,  and  was  mortally  wounded  at  Antietam  1862. 

Mansfield,  Mount.  The  most  noted  sumiuit  of 
the  Green  Mountains,  Vermont^  20  miles  east 
of  Burlington.  It  was  long  considered  to  be  the 
highest  of  the  range.    Height,  4,070  feet. 

Mansfield,  Richard.  Bom  in  Helgoland,  in 
1857.  A  German-American  actor.  He  has  ob- 
tained success  in  America  both  as  tragedian 
and  comedian. 

Mansfield  College.  A  college  founded  at  Ox- 
ford in  1886,  especially  for  members  of  non-es- 
tablished churches.  Students  must  be  graduates 
in  arts  of  some  recognized  university. 

Mansfield  Park.  A  novel  by  Jane  Austen,  writ- 
ten in  1796,  published  in  1814. 

Mansilla  (man-sel'ya),  Lupio.  Bom  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  1792:  died  1871.  An  Argentine  general, 
brother-in-law  of  the  dictator  Rosas,  in  1845  he 
was  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  under  Bosas,  and  was 
defeated  at  Punta  de  Obligado  by  the  combined  British 
and  French  fleet,  Nov.  20. 

Mansilla  de  Garcia  (man-sel'ya  da  gar-the'a), 
Eduarda  (n^e  Mansilla).  Bom  at  Bu,enos 
Ayres,  1838.  An  Argentine  novelist,  in  1866  she 
married  Manuel  Garcia,  a  diplomatist.  She  has  published 
several  novels  of  Argentine  customs  and  historical  episodes, 
including  "  El  Medico  de  San  Luis,"  "  Lucia  Miranda,"  and 
"  Pablo,  o  la  vida  en  las  pampas  " :  the  last  was  translated 
into  French. 

Mansion  House,  The.  The  official  residence 
of  the  lord  mayor  of  London,  situated  i  mile 
east  of  St.  Pali's,  it  was  begun  in  1739.  The  front 
has  a  fine  hexastyle  Corinthian  pedimented  portico.  The 
suite  of  state  apartments  contains  some  excellent  modern 
statues  and  paintings. 

Manso  deVelasco  (man'so  da  va-las'ko),  Jose 
Antonio,  Count  of  Superunda.  Born  in  Biscay 
about  1695:  died  after  1762.  A  Spanish  soldier 
and  administrator.  He  served  in  the  War  of  Succes- 
sion ;  was  captain-general  of  Chile  1736-45 ;  and  viceroy  of 
Peru  July  12, 1746,-Oct.  12,  1761.  His  administration  in 
the  latter  country  was  longer  than  that  of  any  other  vice- 
roy, and  was  distinguished  for  excellence.  The  great  earth- 
quake which  destroyed  Lima  and  Callao,  Oct.  28,  1746, 
occurred  during  his  rule. 

Manson  (man'son),  George.  Bom  at  Edin- 
burgh, Deo.  3,  1850 :  died  in  Devonshire,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  27,  1876.  A  Scottish  painter  in 
water-colors.  .  . 

Mansos  (man'sos).  [Sp.,  from  OTa»so, tame.]  A 
tribe  of  semi-nomadic  aborigines,  from  the  banks 
of  the  Rio  Grande  in  southern  New  Mexico, 
who  were  Christianized  by  Fray  Garcia  de  San 
Francisco,  a  Franciscan,  in  the  first  half  of  the 
17th  century,  and  in  1659  were  transferred  to 
the  present  site  of  El  Paso  del  Norte  in  northem 
Chihuahua.  There  are  still  a  few  families  dwelling  at 
the  latter  place,  but  they  have  adopted  the  mode  of  life 
and  customs  of  the  northern  Mexicans.  Some  of  the  older 
men,  however,  still  preserve  the  language  of  the  tribe  and 
many  of  the  primitive  rites  and  religious  practices. 

Mansur.    See  AhMansur. 

Mansurah(man-s6'ra).  A  town  in  Lower  Egypt, 
situated  on  the  Damietta  branch  of  the  Nile, 
50  miles  west  by  south  of  Port  Said.  Near  it,  in 
1260,  Louis  IX.  of  France  was  defeated  by  the  Egyptians. 
Population  (1897),  36,131. 

Mant  (mant),  Bichard.  Bom  at  Southampton, 
England,  Feb.  12,  1776:  died  at  Ballymoney, 
Ireland,  Nov.  2, 1848.  An  English  author,  bishop 
of  Down,  Connor,  and  Dromore  in  Ireland.  He 
■was  joint  author  with  D'Oyly  of  an  "Annotated  Bible" 
(1814),  and  published  a  "History  of  the  Church  of  Ireland  * 
O840),  etc.  ,      ,        ,    „,, 

Mantalini  (man-ta-le'ne).  The  husband  of  Ma- 
dame Mantalini  in  Dickens's  "  Nicholas  Nickle- 
by,"  a  feeble-minded,  elegant  person. 


651 

Mantchurla,    See  Manchuria. 

Mantegna  (man-tan'ya),  Andrea.  Born  near 
Padua,  Italy,  1431:  died  at  Mantua,  Italy,  Sept. 
13, 1506.  A  celebrated  Italian  historical  painter 
and  engraver.  Among  his  works  are  "The  Triumph 
of  Caesar  "  (Hampton  Court),  "  Madonna  della  Vittoria  " 

gjouvre),  "Christ  in  the  Garden  "  (Baring  collection),  "St. 
eorge  "  (Venice  Academy),  "  The  Dead  Christ "  (Brera, 
Milan),  "Parnassus,"  "The  Man  of  Sorrows  "(Copenhagen), 
"  The  Crucifixion  "  and  "Adoration  of  the  Magi "  (New 
York  Historical  Society),  "St.  Sebastian"  (Vienna  Mu- 
seum), "Summer  and  Autumn,"  "Samson  and  Delilah," 
"  Triumph  of  Scipio  "  (National  Gallery,  London),  etc. 

Mantell  (man'tel),  Gideon  Algernon.    Bom 

at  Lewes,  Sussex,  1790 :  died  at  London,  Nov. 
10,  1852.  An  English  geologist.  He  was  the  son 
of  a  shoemaker,  and  was  apprenticed  to  JamesMoore,  a 
surgeon,  at  Lewes,  with  whom  he  later  entered  into  part- 
nership. His  collection  of  fossils  was  sold  to  the  British 
Museum.  Among  his  works  are  "  Fossils  of  the  South 
Downs  "  (1822), "  The  Geology  of  the  Southeast  of  England" 
(1833),  "Geological  Excursions  round  the  Isle  of  Wight 
and  along  the  Adjacent  Coast  of  Dorsetshire  "(1847),  etc. 
He  was  made  a  fellow  of  the  Boyal  Society  in  1825. 
Mantes  (mont).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Seine-et-Oise,  France,  situated  on  the  Seine  35 
miles  west-northtvest  of  Paris,  its  chnroh  of  Notre 
Dame,  of  the  end  of  the  12th  century,  is  interesting  as  a 
reduced  reproduction  (including  the  west  front  with  its 
galleries,  rose,  and  twin  square  towers)  of  Notre  Dame  in 
Paris.    Population  (1891),  7,032. 

Manteuffel  (man'toif-fel).  Baron  Karl  Bochus 
Edwin  von.  Bom  at  Dresden,  Feb.  24, 1809: 
died  at  Karlsbad,  Bohemia,  June  17,  1885.  A 
Prussian  field-marshal.  He  became  chief  of  the  mili- 
tary cabinet  in  1867 ;  served  in  the  Danish  war  1864 ;  was 
governor  of  Schleswig  1866-66 ;  as  commander  of  the  Main 
army  defeated  the  South  Germans  at  Hochhausen  and 
elsewhere  in  1866 ;  commanded  the  1st  army  corps  at 
Colombey-Nouilly  Aug.  14, 1870,  and  Noisseville  Aug.  31- 
Sept.  1 ;  as  commander  in  the  north  defeated  the  French 
at  Amiens  1870 ;  commanded  the  army  of  the  south  in 
1871,  and  the  army  of  occupation  in  France  1871-73 ;  and 
was  appointed  governor  of  Alsace-Lorraine  in  1879. 

Manteuffel,  Baron  otto  Theodor  von.  Bom  at 
Liibben,  Prussia,  Feb.  3,  1805 :  died  near  Gols- 
sen,  Prussia,  Nov.  26,  1882.  A  Prussian  reac- 
tionary politician,  minister  of  the  interior  1848- 
1850,  and  prime  minister  1850-58. 

Mantianus  (man-ti-a'nus),  orMatianus  (ma-ti- 
a'nus).    An  ancient  name  of  Lake  Urumiah. 

Mantinea  (man-ti-ne'a),  or  Mantineia  (-ni'a). 
[Gr.  MavTJVEjcz.]  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  in 
Arcadia,  Greece,  situated  43  miles  southwest  of 
Corinth,  it  was  the  scene  of  several  battles :  in  418  B.  0. 
the  Spartans  defeated  the  Athenians  and  Argives ;  in  362 
B.  0.  the  Thebans  under  Epaminondas  defeated  the  Spar- 
tana  and  allies  ;  and  in  207  or  206  B.  0.  Philopcemen,  gen- 
eral of  the  Acl^an  League,  defeated  the  Spartans. 

Mantinino  (man-te-ne'no).  An  island  reported 
to  Columbus,  1492-93,  by  the  Indians  of  Haiti. 
He  understood  them  to  say  that  it  was  inhabited  by  Ama- 
zon women.  The  name  was  a  corruption  of  the  Carib  Ma- 
dinina,  corresponding  to  the  modern  Martinique. 

Manton  (man'ton),  Joseph.  Bom  about  1766 : 
died  at  Maida  Sill,  June  29, 1835.  An  English 
gunsmith.  He  patented  many  Improvements  in  large 
and  small  arms,  and  was  a  principal  mover  in  the  intro- 
duction of  the  percussion  system. 

Mantua  (man'tu-a).  A  province  in  Lombardy, 
Italy.  Area,  "9l2  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  307,768. 

Mantua,  It.  Mantova  (man'to-va).  The  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Mantua,  Italy,  situated 
on  an  island  in  the  Mincio,  in  lat.  45°  9'  N., 
long.  10°  47' E.  It  is  a  strong  fortress.  The  chief  ob- 
jects of  interest  are  the  Church  of  San  Andrea,  cathedral, 
ducal  palace,  museum  of  antiquities,  and  Palazzo  del  Tfe 
(with  works  by  Giulio  Komano).  It  is  noted  in  art  history 
for  its  connection  with  Mantegna  and  Komano,  and  has  an 
academy  of  sciences  and  arts.  It  was  the  home  of  Vergil, 
who  was  born  in  the  neigfcborhood.  It  was  a  Guelph 
town ;  was  ruled  by  the  Gonzaga  family ;  and  was  capital 
of  the  duchy  of  Mantua.  It  was  sacked  by  the  Imperial- 
ists in  1630 ;  besieged  by  the  French  under  Bonaparte  in 
1796-97,  and  taken  in  1797 ;  and  held  by  the  French  under 
the  Napoleonic  regime  but  restored  to  Austria  in  1814. 
It  was  one  of  the  fortresses  of  the  Austrian  "Quadri- 
lateraL  "  In  1866  it  was  ceded  to  Italy.  Population  (1891), 
estimated,  30,000. 

Mantua,  Duchy  of.  A  former  Italian  marqui- 
sate  and  duchy.  The  territory  was  ruled  by  the  fam- 
ily of  Gonzaga  from  about  1328  to  1708,  and  by  Austria 
1708-97 ;  belonged  to  the  Cisalpine  Uepublio,  kingdom  of 
Italy,  etc.,  1797-1814 ;  passed  to  Austria  in  1814  ;  and  was 
ceded  to  Italy  in  1859  and  1866. 

Mantuan(man'tu-an)Bard,orMantuanSwan. 
A  surname  of  Vergil  as  a  native  of  Mantua. 

Mantuan  War.  A  war  for  the  suocessign  to 
the  duchy  of  Mantua,  1628-30.  The  Duke  of  Nevers, 
supported  by  France,  was  confirmed  as  duke  in  opposition 
to  the  Imperialist  candidate. 

Manu  (ma'no).  In  Sanskrit,  man;  man  collec- 
tively; mankind;  the  Demiurge;  one  of  a  class 
of  fourteen  demiurgic  beings,  each  of  whom 
presides  over  a  Manvantara,  'interval  or  period 
of  a  Manu.'  The  first  in  order  of  these  is  called  Sva- 
yambhuva,  as  sprung  from  Svayambhu,  the  self-existent, 
identified  with  Brahma,  who  divided  himself  into  two 
persons,  male  and  female,  whence  was  produced  Vuraj, 


Manutius,  Paulus 

and  from  him  the  first  Mann.  This  Manu  Svayambhuva 
is  a  sort  of  secondary  creator.  He  produced  ten  Praja- 
patis,  'lords  of  creatures,'  and  these  again  seven  other 
Manus.  Of  these  the  seventh,  Manu  Vaivasvata,  'the  sun- 
born,'  is  the  Manu  of  the  present  period,  and  is  regarded 
as  the  progenitor  of  the  present  race  of  beings.  He  has 
been  compared  to  Noah,  from  various  legends  of  his  preser- 
vation from  a  deluge  by  Vishnu,  or  by  Brahma,  in  the 
fonn  of  a  fish.  He  was  the  founder  and  first  king  of 
Ayodhya,  aftenvard  reigned  over  by  Ikshvaku,  his  son, 
founder  of  the  solar  race.  Manu  vaivasvata's  daughter 
Ila  married  Budha,  son  of  Soma, '  the  moon,'  and  ancestor 
of  the  lunar  race.  To  Manu  Vaivasvata  are  ascribed  the 
so-called  "Laws  of  Manu"  and  a  work  on  Vedic  rituaL 
Upon  the  first  seven  are  to  follow  seven  other  Manus. 

Manu,  Laws  of.  Until  recently,  the  desig- 
nation commonly  employed  for  the  Manava- 
dharmashastra,  which  native  tradition  regarded 
as  the  law-book  of  Manu  (see  Manu),  but  which 
the  scholars  of  to-day  view  as  the  law-book 
of  the  Manavans.  The  works  constituting  the  Veda 
in  its  broader  sense  fall  into  the  three  classes  of  Sanhita, 
Brahmana,  and  Sutra,  or  text>  exposition,  and  brief  rule. 
Chief  among  the  last  are  the  Kalpasutras,  or  '  ceremony 
rules,'  many  important  families  having  each  its  distinct 
Ealpasutra.  This  Kalpasutra  was  divided  into  Shrauta- 
sutra, 'rules  for  the  fire  sacrifices ' ;  Grhyaautra,  'domestic 
usages' ;  and  Dharmasutra,  *  sacred  law.'  The  Sutras  are 
in  mingled  prose  and  verse ;  the  Dharmashastras  are  a 
later  metrical  recast  in  the  ordinary  epic  meter  of  ante- 
cedent Dharmasutras  ;  and  the  Manavadharmashastra  is 
such  a  recast  of  a  Manavadharmasutra,  or  is  the  law- 
book of  the  Manavans.  Out  of  clannish  differences  grew 
various  Caranas,  or  '  schools,'  in  which  Vedic  traditions 
were  handed  down.  The  Manavans  were  a  school  of  the 
Black  Yajurveda.  Of  the  Maiirayaniya  branch  of  the 
schools  of  the  Black  Yajurveda  there  are  still  some  sur- 
vivors in  western  India  who  call  their  Sutras  Manavasu- 
tras.  The  occasion  of  the  recast  was  the  development — 
beside  the  sectarian  schools,  which  studied  exclusively  a 
single  branch  of  theVeda — of  non-sectarian  schools,  whose 
teachings  claimed  validity  for  all  Aryans,  These  compiled 
from  the  only  locally  valid  sectarian  Sutras  a  school-book 
intended  to  be  systematic,  complete,  and  generally  valid, 
and  the  Manavan  Dharmasutra  was  chosen  as  its  basis 
from  the  greatness  of  the  name  of  the  legendary  Manu. 
By  interpreting  the  title  as  'of  Manu,'  they  had  an  authori- 
tative name  to  commend  their  work.  Perhaps  one  half 
of  the  present  work  consists,  however,  of  additions  to  the 
origingd,  drawn  from  popular  metrical  maxims,  and  made, 
as  Biihler  thinks,  at  the  date  of  the  recast,  which  he  con- 
siders to  be  between  100  B.  c.  and  the  2d  century  A.  D.  (For 
a  general  account  of  the  character  and  contents,  see  Wil- 
liams's "Indian  Wisdom,"  pp.  211-294.  For  the  literature, 
see  Lanmau's  ".Sanskrit  Reader  "  (Boston :  Ginn  and  Co.), 
p.  340,  from  which  the  above  view  is  taken.)  It  was  first 
translated  from  the  original  by  Sir  William  Jones.  The 
most  recent  translations,  accompanied  by  valuable  intro- 
ductions, are  those  of  Biihler  ("  Sacred  Books  of  the  East, " 
vol.  XXV.3  and  Burnell  (Triibner). 

Manuel  (man'u-el).  A  tragedy  by  Charles 
Robert  Maturin,'  produced  at  Drury  Lane  March 
8,  1817,  with  Kean  in  the  title  rdle. 

Manuel  I.  Comnenus.  Born  about  1120 :  died 
Sept.  24,  1180.  Byzantine  emperor  1143-80, 
son  of  the  emperor  Calo-Joannes.  He  permitted 
the  Crusaders,  under  Conrad  IIL,  emperor  of  the  Holy 
Soman  Empire,  and  Louis  VII.  of  France,  to  pass  through 
his  dominions  in  1147,  and  in  1148  repelled  an  invasion  of 
Greece  by  the  Normans  under  Roger,  king  of  Sicily.  .  He 
was  totally  defeated  by  the  Turks  at  Myriocephalns  in 
1176. 

Man.uel  II.  PalseologUS.  Died  1425.  Byzan- 
tine' emperor  1391-1425,  son  of  John  VH.  Being 
besieged  in  Constantinople  by  the  sultan  Bajazet,  he  im- 
plored the  aid  of  western  Europe,  and  an  army  composed 
of  the  chivalry  of  France,  Germany,  and  Hungary  came  to 
his  assistance,  but  was  totally  defeated  by  the  sultan  at 
Nicopolis  in  1396.  Bajazet  was,  however,  compelled  to 
raise  the  siege  in  1402  in  order  to  meet  the  Tatar  con- 
queror Timur,  by  whom  he  was  defeated  and  captured  at 
Angora.  Manuel  passed  the  subsequent  years  of  his  reign 
in  peace,  tliough  in  a  state  of  semi-dependence  on  Mo- 
hammed, the  son  of  Bajazet. 

Manuel  (ma  -  no  -  el ' ),  Don  Juan.  Bom  1282 : 
died  1347.  A  Spanish  statesman  and  writer,  of 
the  royal  house  of  Castile  and  Leon.  His  best- 
known  work  is  the  "Conde  Lucanor,"  a  collection  of  fifty 
tales  in  the  Oriental  style. 

Manuel  (ma-no-el'),  E.  The  nom  de  plume  of 
Ernest  L'fipine,  a  French  writer,  who  is  not  to 
be  confounded  with  Eug&ne  Manuel,  the  author 
of  "Pages  Intimes,"  etc. 

Manuel  (ma-no-el' ),  Nikolaus.  Bom  at  Bern, 
Switzerland,  about  1484:  died  at  Bern,  1530.  A 
Swiss  painter  and  poet. 

Manutius  (ma-nu'sMus),  Aldus,  It.  Aldo  Ma- 
nuzio  (al'do  ma-not'se-o)  or  Manucci.  Born 
at  Bassiano,  near  Velletri,  Italy,  about  1450 : 
died  at  Venice,  Feb.  3, 1515.  An.  Italian  classi- 
cal scholar  and  celebrated  printer,  the  founder 
of  the  Aldine  press  at  Venice  about  1490.  He  pub- 
lished editions  of  Aristotle,  Aristophanes,  Herodotus,  De- 
mosthenes, Plato,  and  other  Greek  classics,  and  Latin  and 
Italian  works. 

Manutius,  Aldus,  "The  Younger."  Bom  at 
Venice,  Feb.  13,  1547:  died  at  Rome,  Oct.  28, 
1597.  An  Italian  printer  and  classical  scholar, 
son  of  Paulus  Manutius. 

Manutius,  Paulus.  Bom  at  Venice,  June  12, 
1511:  died  there,  April  6, 1574.  An  Italian  clas- 
sical scholar,  author,  and  noted  printer,  son  of 
Aldus  Manutius. 


Man  with  Pinks 

Man  with  Finks.  A  noted  painting  by  Jan  van 
Eyok,  in  the  Old  Museum  at  Berlin,  it  is  a  bust 
portrait  of  a  man  wearing  a  fur-lined  cloak  and  a  high  f ur 
cap,  and  holding  white  pinks  in  one  hand  and  red  in  the 
other. 

Man  with  the  Iron  Mask,  The.  A  French  state 
prisoner,  confined  in  the  Bastille  (where  he  died 
Nov.  19, 1703),  Pignerol,  and  other  prisons  in  the 
reign  of  Louis  XIV.  His  name  was  never  mentioned, 
but  he  was  buried  under  that  of  Marchlali,  and  he  always 
wore  a  mask  of  iron  covered  with  black  velvets  He  has 
been  supposed  to  be  (1)  the  Duke  of  Vermandois,  a  natural 
son  of  Louis  XIV.  and  Mademoiselle  de  la  Vallifere ;  (2)  an 
elder  brother  of  Louis  XIV.,  the  son  of  Anne  of  Austria 
and  the  Duke  of  Buckingham ;  (3)  a  twin  brother  of  Louis 
XIV. ;  (4)  Count  Matthioli,  a  minister  of  the  Duke  of  Man- 
tua, imprisoned  for  treachery;  (6)  a  soldier  of  fortune 
named  Marechiel,  the  head  of  a  conspiracy  to  assassinate 
the  king  and  his  ministers.  This  last  conjecture  was  consid- 
ered the  most  reasonable  until  1891,  when  Captain  Baze- 
rifes,  of  the  garrison  of  Nantes,  published  in  the  "Progrfes 
de  Nantes"  (republished  in  "Le  Temps,"  Aug.  7, 1891)  a 
translation  of  some  cipher  despatches  of  Louis  XIV.  and 
of  Louvois,  apparently  showing  that  the  prisoner  was 
G6n6ral  de  Bulonde,  who  raised  the  siege  of  Cuneo  unne- 
cesaarily  and  compromised  the  success  of  the  campaign. 
Louis  shut  him  up  at  Pignerol  for  reasons  of  his  own,  in- 
stead of  dooming  him  to  the  fate  of  a  traitor,  which  was 
his  due.  Opinions  still  differ  as  to  the  identity  of  the 
prisoner. 

Manx  (mangks).  The  native  language  of  the  in- 
habitants of  the  Isle  of  Man,  which  belongs  to 
the  Gadhelic  branch  of  the  Celtic  tongues,  and 
is  thus  closely  allied  to  the  Irish  and  the  Gaelic. 

Manzanares  (man-tha-na'res).  A  small  tribu- 
tary of  the  river  Jarama,  in  Spain.  Madrid  is 
situated  on  it. 

Manzanares.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Ciu- 
dad  Real,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Azuer  in  lat. 
39°  N.,  long.  3°  27'  W.  Population  (1887). 
9,699. 

Manzanillo  (man-tha-nel'yo).  A  seaport  on 
the  southern  coast  of  Cuba.  It  has  a  trade 
in  coffee,  sugar,  and  fruit.  Population  (1899), 
14,464. 

Manzano  (man-za'no).  El.  [Sp.  mamana,  ap- 
ple.] A  settlement  of  recent  origin  in  central 
New  Mexico,  east  of  the  Rio  Grande.  It  lies 
on  the  eastern  border  of  well-known  and  ex- 
tensive deposits  of  rock-salt, 

Manzoni  (man-z6'ne),  Alessandro.  Bom  at 
Milan,  March  7,  1785 :  died  at  Milan,  May  22, 
1873.  A  noted  Italian  novelist  and  poet,  the 
chief  of  the  Italian  romantic  school.  He  went  in 
his  early  youth  to  Paris  with  his  mother,  who  was  a  daugh- 
ter of  the  Marquis  Beccaria,  and  who  introduced  him  to 
literary  society.  He  became  acquainted  with  Volney,  Ma- 
dame Condorcet,  Fauriel,  and  others,  and  became  imbued 
with  many  of  their  deistical  and  other  opinions.  In  1807 
he  returned  to  Italy,  and  was  made  a  member  of  the 
Italian  senate  in  1860.  He  wrote  the  historical  novel 
"I  Promessi  Sposi"  (1826-27:  translated  into  English  as 
"  The  Betrothed  Lovers  ").  Among  his  other  works  are 
the  tragedies  "  II  Conte  di  Carmagnola  "  (1820),  "Adelchi " 
(1823),  the  lyric  poem  "II  cinque  Maggio"("The5th  of 
May,"  an  ode  on  Napoleon's  death,  1821),  "Inni  sacri" 
(1810:  sacred  lyrics),  "Osservazioni  suUa  morale  cattoli- 
ca  "  (a  vindication  of  Catholic  morality),  "  Storia  della  Co- 
lonna  infame"  (a  historical  treatise,  1842). 

Maoris  (ma'o-riz  or  mou'riz).  [From  maori, 
lit.  '  native,'  'indigenous.']  The  primitive  in- 
habitants of  New  Zealand,  a  Polynesian  race  of 
the  Malay  family,  distinguished  for  their  natu- 
ral capacity  and  vigor.  Most  of  them  now  profess 
Christianity,  but  they  have  vigorously  though  unsuccess- 
fully resisted  English  dominion. 

The  Maoris,  when  first  discovered  by  Europeans,  were 
in  a  comparatively  advanced  stage  of  barbarism.  Their 
society  had  definite  ranks,  from  that  of  theBangatira,  the 
chief  with  a  long  pedigree,  to  the  slave.  Their  religious 
hymns,  of  great  antiquity,  have  been  collected  and  &ans- 
lated  by  Orey,  Taylor,  Bastian,  and  others, 

Lanfff  Myth,  etc.,  II.  27. 

Map  (map),  or  Mapes  (maps),  Walter.  Born 
probably  about  1140 :  died  about  1210.  A  medi- 
eval author  and  satirist.  He  was  of  a  Welsh  family 
in  Herefordshire,  and  studied  in  Paris  from  about  1154  to 
1160.  He  was  present  at  the  court  of  Henry  II.,  while 
Thomas  Becket  was  still  chancellor,  as  one  of  the  clerks  of 
the  royal  household,  and  was  employed  as  an  itinerant  jus- 
tice. In  1179  Henry  II.  sent  him  to  the  Lateran  Council 
at  Rome.  In  1197  he  was  made  archdeacon  of  Oxford.  The 
only  undoubted  work  extant  by  Map  is  the  "  De  nugis  cu- 
rialium  "  ("  Courtiers'  Triflings  "),  composed  between  1182 
and  1192.  He  has  also  been  credited  with  a  large  share  in 
the  composition  of  the  Arthurian  romances,  and  it  is  prob- 
able that  the  "Lancelot"  is  based  on  an  Anglo-French 
poem  by  him.  A  great  part  of  the  "  Goliardic"  or  satiri- 
cal verse  of  thel2th. and  13th  centuries  is  doubtless  by  Map. 

Mapimi  (ma-pe'me),  Bolson  de.  [Origin  of 
name  unknown.]  A  section  of  the  Mexican 
states  of  Chihuahua  and  Coahuila  in  northern 
Mexico,  parts  of  which  are  quite  arid  and  low, 
while  others  are  very  fertile  and  well  watered, 

Mapures.    See  Maypures. 

Maquet  (ma-ka'),  Auguste.  Bom  at  Paris,  Sept, 
13, 1813 :  died  at  Saint-M6en,  Jan.  8,  1888.  A 
French  novelist  and  dramatist,  collaborator 


652 

with  the  elder  Dumas  in  some  of  his  chief 
works. 

Maqui.    See  Tusayan. 

Maquiritares  (ma-ke-re-ta'res).  An  Indian 
tribe  of  Venezuela,  on  the  Ventuari,  a  branch 
of  the  upper  Orinoco,  ranging  at  times,  it  is 
said,  as  far  east  as  the  confines  of  British  Gui- 
ana. They  are  of  Carib  stock,  have  rarely  had  any  inter- 
course with  the  whites,  and  still  retain  their  savage  inde- 
pendence. Though  living  in  regular  villages  and  having 
small  plantations,  they  are  much  given  to  wandering.  The 
tribal  relations  are  very  loose. 

Mar  (mar).  A  district  of  Aberdeenshire,  Scot- 
land, forming  the  southern  part  of  the  county. 
The  Earls  of  Mar  derive  their  title  from  it. 

Mar,  Juan  Manuel  del.  Born  at  Cuzco,  1806 : 
died  at  Lima,  June  15, 1862.  A  Peruvian  states- 
man. He  was  minister  of  war  under  Castilla  1855-60, 
and  in  1859  was  temporarily  in  charge  of  the  executive. 
In  1860  he  was  elected  first  vice-president  under  the  new 
constitution. 

Mara  (ma'ra),  Madame  (Gertrud  Elisabeth 
Schmeling),  Bom  at  Cassel,  Germany,  Feb. 
23,  1749 :  died  at  Revel,  Russia,  Jan.  20,  1833. 
A  noted  German  soprano  singer.  She  studied 
with  Hiller  at  Leipsio,  and  about  1771  made  her  d^but 
at  Dresden,  where  she  had  immediate  success  and  was 
made  court  singer.  In  1784  she  went  to  London,  where 
she  sang  to  enthusiastic  audiences.  She  was  connected 
with  the  opera  in  London  till  1791,  but  was  better  suited 
for  concerts  and  oratorios  on  account  of  her  weak  physique 
and  lack  of  knowledge  of  acting.  After  singing  in  Paris, 
Vienna,  and  the  German  cities  with  success,  she  lost  her 
voice  in  1802  or  thereabouts,  and  supported  herself  by 
teaching.  She  married  Mara  the  violoncellist  about  1771. 

Marabouts  (mar'a-bots).  [Also  Maraboot.'] 
The  members  of  a  Moorish  priestly  order  or  race 
of  northern  Africa,  successors  of  the  Morabits 
or  Almoravides,  a  Mohammedan  sect  or  tribe 
who  ruled  Morocco  and  part  of  Spain  in  the  11th 
and  12th  centuries.  The  Marabouts  are  reputed  as 
saints,  prophets,  and  sorcerers,  and  exercise  great  influence 
over  the  Berbers  and  Moslem  negroes. 

Maracaibo,  or  Maracaybo  (ma-ra-H'bo).  A 
seaport  in  Venezuela,  situated  on  the  outlet  of 
Lake  Maracaibo  about  lat.  10°  48'  N.,  long.  71° 
45'  W.  It  is  an  important  commercial  city,  exporting 
coffee,  hides,  cocoa,  etc.;  is  the  seat  of  a  national  college; 
and  was  formerly  the  seat  of  a  Jesuit  college.  It  was 
founded  in  1571.    Population  (1888),  34,284. 

Maracaibo,  Gulf  of,  or  Gulf  of  Venezuela. 

An  arm  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  north  of  Vene- 
zuela.   Length,  aboutlSO  miles. 

Maracaibo,  Lake,  A  large  lake  or  lagoon  in 
northern  Venezuela,  communicating  with  the 
Gulf  of  Maracaibo.  The  water  is  brackish. 
Length,  about  110  miles. 

Maragha  (ma'ra-ga).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Azerbaijan,  Persia,  60  miles  south  of  Ta- 
briz.   Population,  about  15,000. 

Maraguas.    See  MaraiMs. 

Marah  (ma'rg,).  In  Old  Testament  history,  a 
place  in  the  peninsula  of  Sinai,  southeast  of 
Suez,  containing  a  spring  noted  for  its  bitter- 
ness. 

Marahuas,    See  Marauas. 

Marais(ma-ra'),  Le.  [F.,' the  marsh.']  Inthe 
politics  of  the  first  French  Revolution,  the  group 
of  members  who  sat  in  the  lower  part  of  the  as- 
sembly. 

Marais,  Le.  1.  The  name  especially  applied  to 
the  region  lying  east  of  the  Rue  St. -Denis  and 
north  of  the  Rue  St.-Antoine,  within  the  fortifi- 
cations of  Charles  V.  in  Paris.  It  was  subject  to 
Inundation.  A  largepart  of  it  was  held  in  the  middle  ages 
by  the  Knights  of  the  Temple. 

2.  A  swampy  region  «in  the  western  part  of 
France,  near  La  RocheUe.  In  ancient  times  it 
was  an  arm  of  the  sea. 

Maraj6  (ma-ra-zho') :  formerly  also  Joannes 
(zho-an'nas).  An  island  between  the  estuaries 
of  the  Amazon  and  the  Par4,  belonging  to  the 
state  of  Par4,  Brazil.  Length,  165  miles.  Great- 
est width^  about  100  miles. 

Marandaise.     The  sword  of  Ryance. 

Maranhao,  or  Maranham  (ma-ran-ySn').  A 
state  of  Brazil,  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on  the 
north,  Piauhy  on  the  east  and  southeast,  Goyaz 
on  the  southwest  and  west,  and  Pard  on  the  west 
and  northwest.  Area,  177,566  square  miles. 
Population,  estimated  (1894),  550,000. 

Maranhao,  or  Maranham,  or  Sao  Luiz  do 
Maranhao  (san  16-ezh'  do  ma-ran-yan').  A 
seaport,  capital  of  the  state  of  Maranhao,  situ- 
ated on  the  island  Sao  Luiz  in  lat.  2°  32'  S., 
long.  44°  18'  W.  It  exports  hides,  cotton,  sugar,  rice, 
etc.  Maranhao  was  founded  by  the  French  in  1612,  but 
was  taken  by  the  Portuguese  three  years  after.  Population 
(1890),  88,000. 

Maranhi.0,  State  of.  [Pg.  Estado  doMaranhao.'] 
A  colonial  division  of  Portuguese  South  Amer- 
ica.   In  1621  Portuguese  America  was  divided  into  two 


Marblehead 

•  states— Brazil  and  Maranhao.  The  latter  included  at  first 
all  from  Ceari  northward.  CearA  was  subsequently  sep- 
arated from  it,  and  the  remaining  portion  was  divided  into 
various  captaincies,  eventuaUy  reduced  to  four  which  cor- 
respond to  the  modern  states,  Piauhy,  Maranhao,  Pari, 
and  Rio  Negro  (now  Amazonas).  The  colonial  state  was 
suppressed  in  1774. 

Maranon  (ma-ran-yon').  [Probably  corrupted 
from  the  Tlu-pi  parand,  the  sea,  a  name  given  by 
the  Indians  to  this  and  other  great  rivers.]  A 
Spanish-American  name  for  the  Amazon,  it  ig 
used  especially  in  Peru,  and  geographers  have  adopted  the 
term,  somewhat  vaguely,  to  indicate  the  upper  or  Peru- 
vian portion  of  the  river. 

Maranones  (ma-ran-yo'nes).  [Lit.  'conspira- 
tors': from  the  Spanish  maraHa,  a  plot,]  The 
name  adopted  by  the  followers  of  Aguirre.  (See 
Aguirre.)  It  has  been  erroneously  supposed 
that  the  word  Maranon  was  derived  from  it. 

Marash  (ma-rash').  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Aleppo,  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  near  the  Jihun 
100  miles  north  by  west  of  Aleppo.  In  ancienttimes 
it  was  probably  a  city  of  the  Hittites.  Numerous  inscrip- 
tions have  beenfound  there.  Population,estimated,  15,000, 

Marat  (ma-ra'),  Jean  Paul.  Bom  at  Boudry, 
Switzerland,  May  24, 1744 :  assassinated  at  Pa- 
ris, July  13,  1793.  A  French  revolutionist.  He 
stuaied  medicine  at  Bordeaux ;  practised  his  profession 
with  conspicuous  success  at  London  and  at  Paris ;  and 
wrote  a  number  of  meritorious  scientific  works,  chiefly  on 
electricity  and  optics.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Revolu. 
tion  in  1789  he  began  to  publish  a  paper  entitled  "  L'Ami 
du  Peuple,"  in  which  he  boldly  advocated  a  repubUcan 
form  of  government  and  incited  the  populace  to  violence. 
He  was  in  1792  elected  to  the  National  Convention,  in 
which,  as  the  most  ultra-revolutionary  of  the  Jacobin 
party,  he  was  attacked  by  the  Girondists,  who  were  in  a 
majority.  He  was  tried  before  the  Revolutionary  tribu- 
nal, but  was  acquitted  April  24, 1793,  and  with  Danton  and 
Robespierre  overthrew  the  Girondists  June  2,  1793.  He 
was  stabbed  to  death  by  Charlotte  Corday  while  in  his  bath 
seeking  relief  from  a  skin-disease. 

Maratea  (ma-ra-ta'a).  A  small  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Potenza,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf 
of  Policastro  in  lat.  39°  59'  N.,  long.  15°  43'  E. 

Marathon  (mar'a-thou),  [Gr.  MapaBav.}  A 
plain  in  Attica,  (rreeee,  18  miles  northeast  of 
Athens,  between  Mount  Pentelicus  and  the  sea. 
It  is  celebrated  for  the  battle  of  Sept.,  490  B.  0.,  between 
the  Greeks  (10,000  Athenians  and  1,000  Platseans),  under 
Miltiades,  and  over  100,000  Persians,  under  Datis  and  Ar- 
taphernes.  The  result  was  a  Greek  victory,  due  to  the 
tactics  of  Miltiades.  The  Greek  loss  was  192 ;  the  Persian, 
6,400.  The  victory  ended  Darius's  attempt  against  Greece, 
and  is  classed  among  the  decisive  battles  of  the  world. 
The  conical  mound,  40  feet  high  and  200  in  diameter, which 
covers  the  Athenian  dead  marks  the  central  point  of  the 
famous  battle.  All  doubt  as  to  its  identification  was  set  at 
rest  by  a  recent  excavation  of  the  Archeeologlcal  Society  of 
Athens,  which  disclosed  ashes,  charred  remnants  of  the 
funeral  pyre,  and  fragments  of  pottery  of  the  beginning  of 
the  5th  century  B.  c.  ^ 

Maratre  (ma-ra'tr),  La.  A  play  by  Balzac,pro- 
duced  at  the  Th63,ta?e  Historique,  Paris,  in  June, 
1848. 

Maratti  (ma-rat'te),  or  Maratta  (ma-rat'ta), 
Carlo.  Bom  near  .Ancoua,  Italy,  1625 :  died  at 
Rome,  Dec.  15, 1713.  An  Italian  painter  of  Ma- 
donnas and  other  religious  subjects. 

Marauas  (ma-ra-was').  A  tribe  or  horde  of  In- 
dians of  Brazil  and  Peru,  on  the  south  side  of 
the  Amazon,aboutthe  rivers  JuruA,  Jutahy,  and 
Javary.  They  are  said  to  be  closely  allied  in  language 
and  customs  to  the  Mayorunas  (which  see).  Formerly, 
according  to  report,  they  were  cannibals.  Most  of  the 
Marauas  have  submitted  to  the  whites,  and  the  missions 
(now  villages)  of  Fonte  Boa  and  Caifara  were  formed  by 
them.  The  remnants  in  the  forests  still  retain  their  sav- 
age customs.    Also  written  Marahutzs,  MarcLgvAis. 

Marbach  (mar'baoh).  A  small  town  in  Neekar 
cirole,Wiirtemberg,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Murr  with  the  Neekar,  12  miles  north  by 
east  of  Stuttgart :  the  birthplace  of  Schiller. 

Marbella  (mar-bel'ya).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Malaga,  Spain,  30  miles  west-southwest 
of  Malaga.  There  are  rich  iron-mines  in  the 
vicinity.    Population  (1887),  8,811. 

Marble  Canon,  The.  A  noted  canon  of  the 
Colorado  River,  in  northern  Arizona,  above  the 
Grand  Canon. 

Marble  Faun,  The.  A  romance  by  Hawthome, 
published  in  1860.  The  English  edition,  published  in 
the  same  year,  is  called  "Transformation,  or  the  Romance 
of  Monte  Beni. "    See  Donatello. 

The  sole  idea  of  the  "  Marble  Faun  "  is  to  illustrate  the 
intellectually  and  morally  awakening  power  of  a  sudden 
impulsive  sin,  committed  by  a  simple,  joyous,  instinctive, 
"natural"  man.  The  whole  group  of  characters  is  ima- 
gined solely  with  a  view  to  the  development  of  this  idea. 
B.  H.  Hutton,  Essays  in  Lit.  Crit. 

Marblehead  (mar'bl-hed).  A  seaport  and  sum- 
merresort  in  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  situ- 
ated on  Massachusetts  Bay  15  miles  northeast 
of  Boston.  It  has  manufactures  of  boots  and  shoes ;  was 
formerly  one  of  the  chief  towns  of  the  State ;  and  is  noted 
for  its  fisheries.  The  original  settlers  were  largely  from 
the  Channel  Islands.    Population  (1900),  7,582. 


Marbois 

Marbois  (mar-bwa'),  Francois,  Marquis  de 
Barb6-.  Bom  at  Metz  in  1745 :  died  at  Paris  in 
1837.  A  French  statesman  and  writer,  in  1803 
he  conducted  tbe  treaty  of  the  cession  of  Louisiana  to  the 
United  States. 

Marburg  (mar'boro).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Lahn 
49  miles  north  of  Frankf  ort-on-the-Main.  it  has 
manufactures  of  pottery,  etc.  The  chief  buildings  are  the 
Church  of  St.  Elizabeth  (13tb  century)  and  the  castle  (noted 
lor  its  Bittersaal  (1280-1320)  and  chapel).  The  university, 
founded  by  Philip,  landgrave  of  Hesse,  has  from  800  to  900 
students,  and  a  library  ol  160,000  volumes.  Marburg  was 
the  residence  of  St.  Elizabeth  in  the  13th  century,  became 
oneof  thecapitalsof  Hesse,  and  was  thesceneot  outbreaks 
of  the  Hessian  peasants  against  the  Krench  in  1806  and 
1809.    Population  (1890),  13,681. 

Marburg,  A  town  in  Styria,  Austria-Hungary, 
situated  on  the  Drave  36  miles  south  by  east  of 
Gratz.  It  is  in  the  center  of  a  fruit  region. 
Population  (1890),  19,898. 

Marburg  Conference.  A  fruitless  conference 
held  at  Marburg,  Prussia,  Oct.,  1529,  between 
Luther  and  others  on  one  side  and  Zwingli  and 
other  Swiss  reformers  on  the  other. 

Marcantonio.    See  Saimondi. 

Marceau  (mar-so'),  Francois  Sfiverin  des  Gra- 
viers.  Bom  at  Chartres,  France,  March  1, 1769 : 
died  at  Altenkirchen,  Prussia,  Sept.  23, 1796.  A 
French  general.  He  served  in  Vendue  in  1793,  and  at 
Fleurus  in  1794;  captured  Coblenz  in  1794;  and  served 
along  the  Rhine  1796-96. 

Marcellians  (mar-sel'i-anz).  The  professed 
followers  of  Marcellus,  bishop  of  Aucyra  in  the 
4th  century.  The  Marcellians  held  the  doctrine,  nearly 
agreeing  with  that  of  the  Sabellians,  that  the  Holy  Spirit 
and  the  Word,  or  Logos,  are  merely  impersonal  agencies 
and  qualities  of  God,  and  that  the  incarnation  of  the  Lo- 
gos is  temporary  only.  It  has  been  doubted  by  some 
whether  Marcellus  held  the  views  ascribed  to  him. 

Marcellinists  (mar-se-lin'ists).  The  adherents 
of  Marcellina,  a  female  gnostic  of  the  2d  cen- 
tury, and  a  teacher  of  Gnosticism  in  Eome. 
Also  Marcellinians. 

Marcellinus  (mar-se-li'nus).  Bishop  of  Eome 
from  June  30,  296,  to  Oct.  25  (?),  304.  He  Is  said 
to  have  yielded  during  the  persecution  under  Diocletian 
to  the  demand  to  offer  incense  to  the  pagan  gods,  and  to 
have  repented  and  suffered  martyrdom. 

Marcellinus,  or  Marcellianus  (mar-sel-i-a'- 
nus).  A  Roman  officer,  in  the  5th  century,  who 
became  the  independent  prin  ce  of  Ulyricum,  and 
after  the  death  of  ValentinianHI.  an  unsuccess- 
ful aspirant  to  the  throne.  During  the  reign  of  Ma- 
jorian  the  title  "Patrician  of  the  West"  (Patricius  Occi- 
dentis)  was  conferred  upon  him,  and  he  aided  that  emperor 
in  defending  Sicily  from  the  Vandals.  He  again  opposed  the 
Yandalsin  Sicily  464-468.  He  was  assassinated  by  his  allies. 

Marcellinus.  A  count  of  Illyria,  and  one  of  the 
first  ministers  of  Justinian,  living  in  the  first 
half  of  the  6th  century :  author  of  a  chronicle 
of  the  events  from  the  accession  of  Theodosius 
to  the  year  534  (continued  by  a  later  hand  to 
566).  It  is  much  fuller  for  the  affairs  of  the 
East  than  for  those  of  the  West. 

Marcellinus,  Ammianus.    See  Ammianus. 

Marcello  (mar-ohel'lo),  Benedetto.  Bom  at 
Venice,  July  31  (?),  1686 :  died  at  Brescia,  Italy, 
July  24,  1739.  A  noted  Italian  composer.  His 
most  important  work  is  the  musical  setting  of  50  of  the 
psalms  (1724-27),  paraphrased  by  Girolamo  Giustiniani. 

Marcellus  (mar-sel'us).  [L.,  dim.  of  Marcus.'] 
An  illustrious  Roman  plebeian  family  of  the 
Claudia  gens. 

Marcellus.  An  officer  of  the  guard  in  Shak- 
spere's  "Hamlet." 

Marcellus  I.    Bishop  of  Rome  307-309  a.  d. 

Marcellus  II.    Pope  1555. 

Marcellus,  Marcus  Claudius.  Born  before 
268  B.  c. :  slain  near  Venusia,  Apulia,  208  b.  c. 
A  celebrated  Roman  general  and  statesman. 
He  was  five  times  consul  (first  in  222) ;  defeated  the  Gauls, 
during  his  first  consulship,  at  Clastidium,  slaying  with  his 
ownhand  their  leader,  Brltomartus;  defendedJ!Tola  against 
Hannibal  216 ;  captured  Syracuse  212 ;  and,  taking  the  com- 
mand in  Apulia,  contended  against  Hannibal  in  southern 
Italy  until  his  death  in  a  skirmish  near  Venusia. 

Marcellus,  Marcus  Claudius.  Killed  about 
46  B.  c.  A  Roman  consul  (51  b.  c),  an  adher- 
ent of  Pompey. 

Marcellus,  Marcus  Claudius.  Bom  43  b.  o.  : 
died  at  Baias,  Italy,  23  b.  c.  The  son  of  C.  Clau- 
dius Marcellus  and  Octavia,  sister  of  Augustus, 
and  the  adopted  son  and  favorite  of  the  latter, 
whose  daughter  Julia  he  married. 

Marcellus,  Nonius.  A  Roman  grammarian 
who  flourished  about  the  beginning  of  the  4th  (?) 
century :  author  of  an  extant  treatise, "  De  eom- 
pendiosa  doctrina  per  litteras  ad  fllium." 

The  work  is  intended  to  assist  in  explaining  the  authors, 
both  as  regards  their  diction  (cap.  1-12)  and  their  subject- 
matter  (cap.  13-20),  and  it  is  invaluable  to  us  on  account 
of  its  numerous  quotations  from  early  Roman  literature, 


653 

In  spite  of  the  author's  total  want  of  solid  information, 
judgment,  and  accuracy. 

Teuffa  and  Schwabe,  Hist,  of  Bom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr), 

[IL  328. 

March  (march).  [From  L.  Martius,  the  month 
of  Mars.]  The  third  month  of  our  year,  con- 
sisting of  thirty-one  days,  it  was  the  first  month 
of  the  ancient  Roman  year  till  the  adoption  of  the  Julian 
calendar,  which  was  followed  by  the  Gregorian.  Previous 
to  the  latter  it  was  reckoned  the  first  month  in  many  Eu- 
ropean countries,  and  so  continued  in  England  untU  1762, 
the  legal  year  there  before  that  date  beginning  on  the  2Stli 
of  March. 

March  (march),  Slav.  Morava  (mo-ra'va).  A 
river  in  Moravia,  and  on  tlie  boundary  between 
Hungary  on  the  east  and  Moravia  and  Lower 
Austria  on  the  west :  the  Roman  Mams.  It  joiiis 
the  Danube  6  miles  west  of  Presburg.  Length, 
220  miles;  navigable  to  GSding. 

March  (march).  A  town  in  Cambridgeshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Nen  24  miles  north  of 
Cambridge.    Population  (1891),  6,995. 

March,  Ausias  or  Augustin.    Bom  at  Valen- 

.cia  toward  the  end  of  the  14th  century:  died 
about  1460.  A  noted  Spanish  poet,  of  noble 
rank,  seignior  of  Beniarjo  and  a  member  of  the 
Cortis  of  Valencia  in  1446.  "He  has  been  called 
the  Petrarch  ol  Catalonia,  and  is  said  to  have  equalled 
the  lover  ol  Laura  in  elegance,  in  brilliancy  of  expression, 
and  in  harmony ;  and  while,  like  him,  he  contributed  to 
the  formation  of  his  language,  which  he  carried  to  a  high 
degree  of  polish  and  perfection,  he  possessed  more  real 
feeling,  and  did  not  suffer  himsell  to  be  seduced  by  a  pas- 
sion for  concetti  and  false  brilliancy."  Sisjrwndi,  Lit.  of 
South  of  Europe,  I.  172. 

March,  Earls  of.    See  Mortimer. 

March,  Francis  Andrew.  Bom  at  Millbury, 
Mass.,  Oct.  25, 1825.  An  American  philologist, 
especially  noted  as  an  Anglo-Saxon  scholar. 
He  becameprolessorot  the  English  language  and  compara- 
tive philology  at  Lafayette  College  (Easton,  Pennsylva- 
nia) in  1858.  Among  his  works  are  "  Method  of  Philolo- 
gical Study  of  the  English  Language  "(1866), "  Comparative 
Graiiimar  ol  the  Anglo-Saxon  Language"  (1870),  an  "Anglo- 
Saxon  Reader  "  (1871),  .etc. 

Marche  (marsh).  An  ancient  government  of 
France.  Capital,  Gu6ret.  it  is  bounded  by  Berry 
on  the  north,  Bourbonnais  on  the  northeast,  Auvergne  on 
the  east,  Limousin  on  the  south,  and  Poitou  and  Angou- 
mois  on  the  west,  and  corresponds  generally  to  the  modern 
department  ol  Creuse  and  part  of  Haute- Vienne.  It  be- 
came a  countship  in  the  10th  century,  and  was  a  flel  united 
permanently  to  France  in  the  middle  ol  the  16th  century. 

Marche.  A  small  town  in  Belgium,  27  miles 
southeast  of  Namur. 

Marchena  (mar-cha'na).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Seville,  Spain,  32  miles  east  of  Seville. 
Population  (1887),  14,752. 

Marches  (march  ez).  It.  Marche  (mar'ke).  A 
compartimento  of  Italy,  lying  along  the  Adri- 
atic Sea  east  of  Umbria.  It  comprises  the  provinces 
Pesaro-ed-TJrbino,  Ancona,  Macerata,  and  Ascoli-Piceno. 

Marches.  The  border  regions  of  England  and 
Wales. 

Marchesi  (mar-ka'se),  Fompeo.  Born  at  Sal- 
trio,  near  Milan,  Aug.  7,  1789 :  died  at  Milan, 
Feb.  7, 1858.  An  Italian  sculptor.  Hisbest-,known 
work  is  "  The  Good  Mother"  (in  Milan). 

Marchfeld  (march'felt).  A  plain  in  Lower 
Austria,  near  Vienna,  between  the  Danube 
and  the  March.  Here,  July  13, 1260,  Ottocar,  king  of 
Bohemia,  defeated  B^la  IV.  of  Hungary ;  and  in  the  neigh- 
borhood, Aug.  26, 1278,  Rudolf  of  Hapsburg  defeated  Ot- 
tocar. It  also  contains  the  battle-fields  ol  Aspem  and 
Wagram. 

Marchi  (mar'ke),  Giuseppe  Filippo  Liberati. 

Bom  at  Eome  about  1735:  died  at  London, 
April  2, 1808.  An  Italian  painter  and  engraver. 
He  came  to  England  in  1762,  studied  in  St.  Martin's  Lane 
Academy,  and  was  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds's  chief  assistant. 
He  practised  mezzotint  engraving,  and  from  1766  to  1776 
exhibited  engravings  with  the  Society  ol  Artists. 

Marchienne-au-Pont  (mar-shyen'o-p6n').  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  situ- 
ated on  the  Sambre  31  miles  south  of  Brussels. 
Population  (1890),  22,308. 

Marchioness,  The.  A  little  servant  in  the  "  Old 
Curiosity  Shop,"  by  Dickens :  so  nicknamed  by 
Dick  Swiveller. 

Marcian.    See  Mardanus. 

Marciana  (mar-cha'na).  A  small  town  in  the 
island  of  Elba,  Italy. 

Marcian  Codex.    See  the  extract. 

TIio  discovery  ol  the  Marcian  codex  ol  the  Iliad  at  Ven- 
ice, by  Villoison,  and  the  publication  ol  its  text  and  scho- 
lia (Venice,  1778),  known  as  Schol.  Ven.  A,  lorm  an  epoch 
in  the  history  of  Homeric  studies.  It  is  Irom  these  notes 
that  we  derive  all  our  inlormation  about  the  several  old 
editions  used  or  produced  by  the  Alexandrian  critics. 
The  text  is  also  lumished  with  the  critical  marks  ol  Aris- 
tarohus  and  his  piipils,  which  are  explained  in  a  prefatory 
note.  Mahagy,  Hist,  ol  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  L  41. 

Marcianus  (mar-shi-a'nus),  or  Marcian  (mar'- 
shi-an).  Born  about  391 :  died  457.  Emperor 
of  the  East  450-457.  He  was  raised  to  the  throne  by 
Pulcheria,  widow  ol  the  emperor  Theodosius  the  younger, 
whom  he  married  at  her  own  request,  and  is  represented 


Marcy,  Mount 

as  a  wise  and  firm  ruler.  He  refused  to  continue  the  trib- 
ute paid  by  his  predecessor  to  Attila,  saying  to  the  Hun- 
nish  ambassador,  "I  have  iron  for  Attila,  but  no  gold." 
Marcion  (mar'shion).  A  noted  heretic  of  the 
2d  century,  son  of  a  bishop  of  Sinope  in  Pontus. 
He  founded  an  important  sect  (see  Ifarcionites),  and  was 
the  author  ol  a  recension  ol  the  Gospel  ol  Luke  and  ol  the 
Epistles  6f  Paul. 

Marcionites  (mar'shion -its).  The  followers 
of  Marcion  of  Sinope,  a  Gnostic  religious  teacher 
of  the  2d  century,  and  the  founder  at  Eome  of 

.the  Mareionite  sect,  which  lasted  imtil  the  7th 
century  or  later.  Marcion  taught  that  there  were  three 
primal  forces :  the  good  God,  first  revealed  by  Jesus  Christ ; 
the  evil  matter,  ruled  by  the  devil ;  and  the  Demiurge,  the 
finite  and  imperfect  God  ol  the  Jews.  He  rejected  the 
Old  Testament,  denied  the  incarnation  and  resurrection, 
and  admitted  only  a  gospel  akin  to  or  altered  Irom  that  of 
St.  Luke  and  ten  ol  St.  Paul's  epistles  as  inspired  and  au- 
thoritative. He  repeated  baptism  thrice,  excluded  wine 
Irom  the  eucharist,  inculcated  an  extreme  asceticism,  and 
allowed  women  to  minister. 

Marck  (mark),  William  de  la.  Died  1485.  A 
historical  character  in  Scott's  novel  "  Quentin 
Durward, "  nicknamed  the ' '  Boar  of  Ardennes  " 
on  account  of  his  resemblance  to  the  animal 
both  in  looks  and  in  disposition. 

Marcke  (mark),  ifimile  van.  Born  at  Sevres, 
Aug.  20, 1827 :  died  at  Hy^res  in  1891.  A  noted 
French  landscape-  and  animal-painter,  pupil  of 
Troyon.    Many  of  his  works  are  in  America. 

Marcomanni  (mar-ko-man'ni).  [L.  (CsBsar) 
Marcomanni,  Gr.  (Ptolemy)  MapKo/iavoi.']  A 
(German  tribe,  a  branch  of  the  Suevi,  first  men- 
tioned by  Csesar  as  in  the  army  of  Ariovistus.  In 
the  campaigns  ol  Drusus  they  were  on  the  middle  and  up- 
per Main,  but  under  their  king  Maroboduus  they  moved 
eastward  into  Bohemia,  and  were  later  further  to  the  south 
in  the  Danube  region,  between  the  Lech  and  the  Inn.  In 
the  2d  century  they  were  signally  deleated  by  Marcus  Au- 
relius  in  the  so-called  Marcomannic  war.  They  were  in 
Irequent  conflict  with  the  Romans  down  to  the  4th  cen- 
tury, when  the  name  disappeared. 

Marconi  (mar-ko'nf),  Guglielmo.  Bora  at 
Bologna,  Italy,  April  25,  1874.  An  Italian  elec- 
trician, noted  as  the  perfecter  of  a  system  of 
wireless  telegraphy.  He  studied  at  Bologna,  Flor- 
ence, and  Leghorn,  and  lor  short  periods  at  Bedlord  and 
Rugby,  England.  His  experiments  in  wireless  telegraphy 
were  begun  in  1895,  and  in  March,  1899,  he  succeeded  in 
sending  messages  across  the  English  Channel  between 
Dover  and  Boulogne. 

Marco  Folo.    See  Polo. 

Marcos  de  Obregon  (Vida  del  Escudero).  A 
Spanish  romance  by  Vicente  Espinel  (1618). 
Le  Sage  was  said  by  Voltaire  to  have  based  his  "  Gil  Bias  " 
on  it,  but  this  is  an  exaggeration. 

MarCOU  (mar-ko'),  Jules.  Bom  at  Salins, 
France,  April  20, 1824:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
April  17, 1898.  A  French  geologist.  He  explored 
various  points  on  Lake  Superior  with  Agassis  in  18&,  and 
alterward  many  other  portions  of  the  United  States  both 
alone  and  with  government  expeditions.  Among  his 
works  are  "Geological  Map  ol  the  United  States"  (1863), 
"Geology  ol  North  America"  (1868),  "Carte  g^ologique 
delaterre"  (1862),  " Recherohes  g^ologiques  sur  le  Jura 
salinois"  (1846),  "Lias  et  Trias,  ou  le  nouveau  gihs  rouge 
en  Europe,  etc."  (1859),  "  Lettres  sur  les  roches  du  Jura  " 
(1860),  "  De  la  science  en  France  "  (1869). 

Marcct-en-Baroeul (mark'on-ba-rfely').  Atown 
in  the  department  of  Nord,  France,  near  Lille. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  9,752. 

Marcus  (mar'kus).    Bishop  of  Eome  336  a.  d. 

Marcus  Aurelius  Antoninus  (mar'kus  a-re'- 
li-us  an-to-ni'nus),  originally  Marcus  Annius 
Verus,  commonly  known  as  Marcus  Aurelius. 
Born  at  Eome,  April  20, 121  A.  D. :  died  in  Pan- 
nonia,  March  17,  180.  A  celebrated  Eoman 
emperor  161-180.  He  was  the  son  ol  Annius  Verus, 
and  was  a  nephew  ol  Antoninus  Pius,  by  whom  he  was 
adopted  in  138,  and  whom  he  succeeded  as  emperor  in  161, 
with  Lucius  Verus,  also  an  adopted  son  ol  Antoninus  Pius, 
as  his  associate  in  the  government.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
the  Stoic  Cornelius  Fronto,  and  is  Irequently  called  "  the 
philosopher"  on  account  ol  his  devotion  to  philosophy 
and  literature.  In  162  Verus  undertook  an  expedition 
against  the  Parthians,  but  soon  abandoned  himsell  to  dis- 
sipation at  Antiochia.  His  generals,  however,  stormed 
Artaxata,  burned  Seleucia  and  Ctesiphon,  reconquered 
Mesopotamia,  and  enabled  him  to  dictate  i^rms  of  peace 
in  165.  In  166  a  war  broke  out  with  the  Marcomanni  and 
Quadi,  which  was  continued  with  various  lortunes  during 
the  rest  ol  the  reign  ol  Aurelius.  Verus  died  in  169,  leav- 
ing his  colleague  sole  emperor.  In  175  the  general  Avid- 
ius  Cassius  organized  a  revolt  in  Syria,  but  was  killed  by 
his  own  officers  in  the  same  year.  Aurelius  died  in  Pan- 
nonia,  either  at  Vindobona  (Vienna)  or  at  Sirmium,  March 
17,  180,  alter  a  wise  and  prosperous  reign.  He  wrote  a 
work  in  Greek,  entitled  "The  Meditations  ol  Marcus  An- 
toninus." There  is  a  bronze  equestrian  statue  ol  Marcus 
Aurelius  in  the  Piazza  del  Campidoglio,  Rome,  the  finest 
piece  ol  ancient  bronze-work  surviving.  The  emperor, 
simply  robed,  extends  his  ami  in  token  ol  peace ;  the  horse 
is  ol  heavy  build.  It  was  set  on  its  present  pedestal  by 
Michelangelo  in  1538. 

Marcus  Aurelius,  Column  of.  See  Column  of 
Marcus  Aurelius. 

Marcy  (mar'si),  Mount,  or  Taha'wus.  [Named 
from  W.  L.  Marcy.]  The  highest  summit  of  the 
Adirondacks,  New  York,  situated  in  Keene,  Es- 


Marcy,  Mount 

sex  County,  45  miles  south-southwest  of  Platts- 
burg.  Height,  5,345  feet. 
Marcy,  Bandolph  Barnes.  Bom  at  Greenwich, 
Mass.,  April  9, 1812:  died  at  Orange,  N.  J.,  Nov. 
22,  1887.  An  American  general,  father-in-law 
of  General  McClellan.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1832  ;  served  in  the  Mexican  war,  daring  wbich  he  was 
promoted  captain ;  was  appointed  chief  ol  staff  to  General 
HcClellan  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  in  1861 ;  was 
commissioned  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  the  same 
year ;  and  in  1868  was  made  inspector-general  of  the  United 
States  army,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  being  r?- 
Kred  in  1881.  He  wrote  "Explorations  of  the  feed  River 
in  1862"  (1853),  "The  Prairie  Traveller"  (1859),  "Thirty 
Years  of  Army  Lite  on  the  Border"  (1866),  and  "Border 
^Reminiscences  "  (1872). 

Marcy,  William  Learned.  Born  at  South- 
bridge,  Mass.,  Dee.  12,  1786:  died  at  Ballston 
Spa,  N.  Y.,  July  4, 1857.  An  American  states- 
man. He  served  in  the  War  of  1812 ;  was  United  States 
senator  (Democratic)  from  New  York  1831-33 ;  was  gov- 
ernor of  New  York  1833-S8 ;  was  Mexican  claims  commis- 
sioner 1839-42 ;  was  secretary  of  war  1845-49 ;  and  vaa  sec- 
retary of  state  1853-57. 

Mardia  (mar'di-a).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
place  in  Thrace,  near  Adrianople.  Here  Con- 
stautine  defeated  Licinius  314  a.  d. 

Mardian  (mar'di-an).  An  attendant  of  Cleo- 
patra, a  character  ia  Shakspere's  "Antony  and 
Cleopatra." 

Mardi  gras  (mar'de  gra).  [F.,  lit.  'fat  Tues- 
day': so  called  from  the  French  practice  of 
parading  a  fat  ox  (bceufgras)  during  the  cele- 
bration of  theday.]  Shrove  Tuesday;  the  last 
day  of  carnival;  the  day  before  Ash  Wednes- 
day (the  first  day  of  Lent),  whichin  some  places, 
as  in  New  Orleans,  is  celebrated  with  revelry 
and  elaborate  display. 

Mardin  (mar-den').  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Diarbekir,  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  about  55 
miles  southeast  of  DiarbekiT.  Population  (esti- 
mated), 15,000. 

Mardonius  (mar-do'ni-us).  [Gr.  Map66vtoc, 
OPers.  Marduniya.^  Killed  at  the  battle  of 
Platssa,  479  b.  c.  A  Persian  general,  son  of 
Gobyras  and  a  sister  of  Darius.  He  married  the 
daughter  of  Darius  and  sister  of  Xerxes.  He  commanded 
an  unsuccessful  expedition  against  Greece  in  492,  and  was 
commander  in  Greece  after  the  battle  of  Salamis  (480).  He 
was  defeated  and  probably  slain  at  the  battle  of  Platsea. 
According  to  Gtesias  he  was  wounded  at  Plateea,  and,  being 
afterward  sent  by  Xerxes  to  plunder  Delphi,  was  killed 
tliere  by  hailstones. 

Marduk.    See  Merodadh. 

Marduk-idin-acM  (mar '  dok  -i  -  den '  g, '  che). 
['  Merodach  gave  the  brother.']  A  Babylonian 
Mng  about  1115-1106  B.  C.  He  engaged  in  war  with 
Tiglath-Pileser  I.,  king  of  Assyria  1120-UOO  B.  0.,  and  was 
at  first  victorious,  conquering  Ekalate  ('city  of  palaces') 
and  carrying  ofl  the  images  of  the  god  Bamman  to  Baby- 
lon, where  they  remained  until  the  time  of  Sennacherib 
(705-681 B.  0.).  In  the  second  year  of  the  war  (1106)  he  was 
defeated  and  lost  his  life.  Tiglath-Pileser  then  took  Baby- 
lon, Sippara,  and  other  Babylonian  cities. 

MardlUL-nadln-slmm  (mar'dok-na'din-shSm) . 
['  Merodach  is  giver  of  the  name.']  King  of  Ba- 
bylonia about  852-840  B.  C.  when  his  brother  Mar- 
duk-bel-usati  had  Jiriven  him  out  of  his  Idngdom,  he  in- 
voked the  help  of  the  Assyrians.  Thereupon  Shalmaneser 
II.  invaded  Babylonia  (852),  killed  Marduk-bel-usati,  and 
restored  Marduk-nadin-shum  to  the  throne. 

MareaiiDiable.La.  [P., 'the  devil's  pool.']  A 
prose  idyl  by  George  Sand,  published  in  1846. 

Maree  (ma-re').  Loch,  A  lake  in  the  western 
part  of  Eoss-shire,  Scotland.  Its  outlet  is  the 
Ewe.    Length,  12J  miles. 

Mare  Island  (mar  i'land).  An  island  in  San 
Pablo  Bay,  western  CaUfomia,  near  San  Fran- 
cisco.   It  contains  a  United  States  navy-yard. 

Marenuna  (ma-rem'ma).  An  unhealthy  swampy 
region  on  the  coast  of  Tuscany,  Italy,  extending 
from  Orbetello  to  the  mouth  of  the  Cecina. 

MarencO  (ma-reng'ko).  Carlo.  Born  atCassolo, 
Piedmont,  May  1,  1800:  died  at  Savona,  Italy, 
Sept.  20, 1843.  An  Italian  tragic  poet.  Among 
his  tragedies  are  "Pia  de'  Tolomei,"  "Corso 
Donati,"  "Amaldo  da  Brescia,"  etc. 

Marengo  (ma-reng'go).   A  village  about  3  miles 

■  southeast  of  Alessandria,  Italy.  It  is  celebrated 
for  the  battle  of  June  14, 1800,  which  completed  Napoleon's 
campaign  in  northern  Italy.  There  were  really  two  bat- 
tles :  in  the  first  the  Austrian  general  Melaa  defeated  Na^ 
poleon  after  seven  hours'  fighting ;  Desaix  anived  with 
French  reinforcements,  and  the  battle  was  resumed  at  three 
in  the  afternoon,  and  decided  by  Kellermann's  cavalry. 
Besides  Desaix  (killed  in  the  battle),  Lannes  was  especially 
distinguished.  The  French  numbered  about  28,000 ;  the 
Anstrians,  about  33,000.  French  loss,  about  7,000;  Austrian 
loss,  10,000  to  12,000.  The  result  was  the  gaining  of  Upper 
Italy. 

Marennes  (ma-ren').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Charente-Inf^rieure,  western  France, 
situated  near  the  Bay  of  Biscay  23  miles  south 
of  La  Eochelle.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
5,415. 

Miirenzio  (ma-ren'ze-o),  Luca.    Bom  at  Cooea- 


654 

flia,  between  Brescia  and  Bergamo,  Italy,  about 
560 :  died  at  Kome,  Aug.  22,  1599.  A  noted 
Italian  musician,  best  known  from  his  books  of 
madrigals. 

Mareotis(ma-re-6'tis).  [Gr.  Maptunc.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  lake  in  Lower  Egypt,  south 
and  east  of  Alexandria :  the  modem  Birket-el- 
Mariftt. 

Maret  (ma-ra' ),  Hugnes  Bernard,  Duke  of  Bas- 
sano.  Born  at  Dijon,  March  1,  1763:  died  at 
Paris,  May  13, 1839.  A  French  publicist,  diplo- 
matist, and  statesman.  After  the  outbreak  of  the  Kev- 
olution  he  established  the  "Bulletin  del' Assemble,"  which 
was  united  with  the  "Moniteur."  He  was  ambassadorto 
England  in  1792,  and  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Naples  in 
1793,  but  was  arrested  by  the  Austrians  and  imprisoned  for 
nearly  three  years  in  Briinn.  He  was  a  confidential  agent  of 
Napoleon,  and  conducted  his  official  correspondence.  In 
1811  he  became  minister  of  foreign  affairs.  Exiled  at  the 
restoration,  he  returned  and  became  a  peer  in  1831. 

Marfak  (mar'fak).  [Ar.  aUmirfaq,  the  elbow.] 
A  name  given  to  the  two  stars  6  and  /i  Cassio- 
peisB,  of  the  fourth  and  fifth  magnitudes  respec- 
tively, situated  in  the  queen's  right  elbow. 

Marnk  (mar'fik).  [Ar.  aPmirfaq,  the  elbow.] 
The  fourth-magnitude  binary  star  /I  Ophiuehi. 

Marforio  (mar-fo'ri-6).  An  ancient  statue  of  a 
river-god  (thought  to  be  of  Mars),  now  in  the 
Capitoline  Museum  at  Eome.     See  Pasquin. 

Margarelon.  A  character  in  Shakspere's  "Troi- 
lus  and  Cressida" :  a  bastard  son  of  Priam, 
king  of  Troy.  He  appears  also  in  Lydgate's 
"Book  of  Troy." 

Margaret  (mar'ga-ret),  Saint.  [Gr.  /mpyapiTijg, 
a  pearl ;  It.  Margherita,  Sp.  Margarita,  Pg.  Mar- 
garita, F.  Marguerite.'l  Bom  between  1038  and 
1057 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  16, 1093.  Queen 
of  Scotland,  daughterof  Edward,  son  of  Edmund 
Ironside,  and  sister  of  Edgar  .^theling.  She 
married  Malcolm.  HI.  of  Scotland  about  1067. 

Margaret.  Bom  a,t  Windsor,  Oct.  5, 1240 :  died 
at  Cupar  Castle,  Feb.  27, 1275.  Queen  of  Scot- 
land, eldest  daughter  and  second  child  of  Henry 
in.  of  England  and  his  queen,  Eleanor  of  Pro- 
vence. At  the  age  of  two  she  was  betrothed  to  Alexander, 
son  of  Alexander  II.  of  Scotland,  and  afterward  Alexander 
III.  After  the  death  of  Alexander  II.  they  were  married 
at  York  (Dec.  26, 1251). 

Margaret,  called  "  The  Maid  of  Norway."  Bom 
in  Norway,  1283 :  died  at  sea,  1290.  Queen  of 
Scotland,  daughter  of  Erie  of  Norway,  and 
granddaughter  of  Alexander  HI.  of  Scotland 
whom  she  succeeded  in  1285.  Her  death  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  contests  of  the  families  of  Bruce  and  Baliol 
for  the  throne. 

Margaret.  Bom  about  1282 :  died  Feb.  14, 1318. 
Second  wife  of  Edward  I.,  youngest  daughter 
of  PhiUp  in.  and  sister  of  Philip  IV.  At  the 
peace  of  Montreuil  in  1299  she  was  betrothed  to  Edward  L 
of  England,  then  a  widower,  and  they  were  married  at  Can- 
terbury Sept  9, 1299.    She  was  never  crowned  queen. 

Margaret.  Bom  1353:  died  Oct.  28,  1412. 
Daughter  of  Waldemar  IV.  of  Denmark,  and 
queen  of  Denmark  (1387),  Sweden  (1388),  and 
Norway  (1388).  She  resigned  the  throne  of 
Sweden  in  1397.  The  Union  of  Kalmar  was  con- 
cluded in  1397. 

Margaret.  1.  In  Shakspere's  comedy  "Much 
Ado  about  Nothing,"  a  gentlewoman  attending 
Hero. —  2.  See  Gretchen. 

Margaret.  Anovelby  Sylvester  Judd,  published 
in  1845.  It  has  been  called  "the  New  England  classic." 
An  edition  was  published  with  illustrations  in  outline  by 
F.  0.  C.  Darley. 

Margaret  of  Angoiil§me,  or  of  Valois,  or  of 
Alengon,  or  of  Navarre.  Bom  at  Angouleme, 
France,  April,  1492:  died  in  Bigorre,  France, 
1549.  Queen  of  Navarre,  daughter  of  Charles 
of  Orleans  (duo  d'Angouleme)  and  sister  of 
Francis  I.  of  Prance,  she  married  (1609)  the  Due 
d'Alengon,  and  later  Henri  d'Albret,  Idng  of  Navarre.  After 
the  death  of  the  king  in  1544,  she  assumed  the  direction  of 
the  government.  For  a  time  she  was  favorably  disposed 
toward  Protestantism,  but  later  abandoned  it.  She  is  es- 
pecially famous  as  a  patroness  of  literature  and  as  the 
author  of  the  "Heptameron"  (which  see).  A  number  of 
her  poems  were  published  (1547)  by  Sylvius  de  la  Haye 
under  the  title  "Marguerites  de  la  marguerite  des  prin- 
cesses, etc."    Her  letters  were  published  1841-42. 

Margaret  of  Anjou.  Born  probably  at  Pont-S,- 
Mousson  or  Nancy,  France,  March  23,  1430 : 
died  at  Dampierre,  near  Saumur,  Aug.  25, 1482. 
Queen  consort  of  Henry  VI.  of  England,  she 
was  the  daughter  of  Een6  of  Anion  and  Isabella  of  Lor- 
raine, and  was  married  to  Henry  VI.  at  Titchfleld  Abbey, 
April  22, 1445.  The  marriage  was  brought  about  by  Wil- 
liam de  la  Pole,  earl  (afterward  duke)  of  Suffolk,  in'con- 
flrmation  of  a  truce  with  France,  and  was  extremely  un- 
popular with  the  nation,  wbich  desired  a  continuance  of  the 
war  (the  Hundred  Years' War).  Margaret,  after  her  mar- 
riage, supported  the  peace  policy  of  Suffolk  and  afterward 
of  the  Duke  of  Somerset.  In  August,  1453,  Henry  was 
seized  with  his  first  attack  of  insanity,  and  in  the  following 
October  the  queen  gave  birth  to  her  only  son,  Edward.  A 
contest  for  the  regency  ensued  between  her  and  the  Duke 


Margites 

of  York  (until  the  birth  of  Edward  heir  presumptive  to 
the  throne),  who  represented  the  popular  party,  and  who 
was  appointed  protector  of  the  rezdm  in  March,  1454.  The 
protectorate  came  to  an  end  with  the  king's  recovery  in 
January,  1456 ;  but  the  birth  of  an  heir  apparent  and  the 
hostile  attitude  of  the  queen  induced  the  Duke  of  York  to 
take  up  arms  in  1456,  thereby  inaugurating  the  series  of 
wars  between  the  houses  of  Lancaster  and  York  known  as 
the  Wars  of  the  Koses  (which  see),  which  ended  in  the  de- 
feat and  capture  of  Margaret  and  the  death  of  her  son  at 
Tewkesbury,  May  4, 1471,  and  in  the  death  of  her  husband 
in  the  Tower  of  London,  May  21,  1471.  Margaret  was  lib. 
crated  in  1475  on  the  renunciation  of  her  claim  to  the 
throne  and  on  the  payment  of  a  ransom  by  Louis  XI.  of 
France,  and  returned  to  the  Continent. 

Margaret  of  Austria.  Bom  at  Ghent,  Bel- 
gium, Jan.  10, 1480:  died  at  Mechlin,  Be^um, 
Dec.  1,  1530.  Daughter  of  the  emperor  Maxi- 
milian I.,  regent  of  the  Netherlands  1507-30. 
She  married  the  infante  John  of  Spain  in  1497,  and  Phili- 
bert  n.  of  Savoy  in  1501.  She  negotiated  tlie  peace  of 
Cambray  in  1529. 

Margaret  of  Austria.  See  Margaret  of  Parma. 

Margaret  of  Burgundy.  Bom  at  Potheringay 
Castle,  Nottinghamshire,  May  3,  1446 :  died  at 
Mechlin,  1503.  The  third  daughter  of  Eichard, 
duke  of  York,  and  sister  of  Edward  IV.  On  July 
3, 1468,  she  married  the  young  duke  Charles  of  Burgundy 
at  Damme.  Caxton  learned  the  new  art  of  printing  in  her 
household. 

Margaret  of  Navarre.  See  Margaret  of  An- 
gouUme. 

Margaret  of  Parma,  or  of  Austria.  Born  1522 : 
died  at  Ortona,  Italy,  1586.  Duchess  of  Parma, 
illegitimate  daughter  of  the  emperor  Charles  V. 
She  married  in  1633  Alexander,  duke  of  Florence,  who 
died  in  1537.  In  1542  she  married  Ottavio  Famese,  duke 
of  Parma.    She  was  regent  of  the  Netherlands  1559-67. 

Margaret  of  Scotland.  Bom  1425  (?):  died  at 
ChMons,  France,  Aug.  16, 1445.  The  eldest  child 
of  James  I.  of  Scotland,  and  wife  of  the  dauphin 
Louis  (Louis  XI.).  She  was  married  at  Tours, 
June  25,  1436.  She  wrote  rondeaux,  and  con- 
sidered herself  a  pupil  of  Alain  Chartier. 

Margaret  of  Valois.     See  Margaret  of  Angou- 


Margaret  of  Valois,  or  of  France.  Born  at  st.- 
Germain-en-Laye,  1553:  died  at  Paris,  March 
27, 1615.  Daughter  of  Henry  H.  and  Catharine 
de'  Medici,  she  married  Henry  of  Navarre  (later  Henry 
IV.  of  France)  Aug.  18,  1572.  The  marriage  was  the  pre- 
cursor of  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew.  Henry  fled 
from  the  court,  and  Margaret  did  not  rejoin  him  until  1578. 
In  1582  she  abandoned  him,  later  rejoined  him,  and  was 
divorced  in  1599.  In  her  last  years  she  became  a  patroness 
of  science  and  literature.  Her  "M6moires''were  published 
in  1628. 

Margaret  Beaufort.    See  Beaufort. 

Margaret  Tudor.  Bom  at  "Westminster,  Nov. 
29, 1489:  died  at  Methven  Castle,  Scotland,  Oct. 
18, 1541.  (Jueeu  of  James  IV.  of  Scotland,  and 
eldest  daughter  of  Henry  VII.  of  England.  She 
was  married  at  Holyrood,  Aug.  8,  1603.  Dunbar  wrote  a 
poem  on  the  occasion,  and  was  her  constant  attendant. 
Her  fourth  child  (later  James  T.)  was  bom  April  10, 1512. 
James  IV.  was  killed  at  Flodden,  1513.  On  Aug.  6, 1514, 
she  married  Archibald  Douglas,  sixth  earl  of  Angus,  and 
on  Oct.  8, 1518,  gave  birth  to  Margaret  Douglas,  later  coun- 
tess of  Lenox  and  mother  of  Lord  Damley.  She  was  di- 
vorced March  11, 1527,  and  in  March,  1528,  acknowledged 
her  marriage  with  Henry  Stewart,  created  Lord  Methven 
by  James  V. 

Margarita  (mar-ga-re'ta).  A  mountainous  isl- 
and belonging  to  Venezuela,  in  the  Caribbean 
Sea  north  of  Cumand.  Capital,  Asuncion.  It 
was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1498,  and  was  long  noted 
for  its  pearl-fisheries.  Area,  450  square  miles.  Population, 
about  40,000. 

Margate  (mar'gat).  A  seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  Kent,  England,  situated  on  the  Isle  of 
Thanet  64  miles  east  by  south  of  London.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  18,419. 

Margaux  (mar-go').  A  village  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gironde,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Gi- 
ronde  16  miles  north-northwest  of  Bordeaux. 
The  vicinity  is  noted  for  the  production  of  Cha- 
teau-Margaux  wines. 

Margelan  (niar-ge-lan'),Margilan,  orMarghi- 
lan  (mar-ge-lan').  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Ferghana,  Asiatic  Eussia,  situated  about  lat. 
40°  30'  N.,  long.  71°  45'  E.  Population  (1888), 
26,080.  f  y        ;, 

Marggrav  (marg'graf),  Georg,  Latinized  Ge- 
orgius  Margravius  (ie-6r'ji-us  mar-gra'vi-us). 
Bom  at  Liebstadt,  Saxony,  1610:  died  on  the 
coast  of  Guinea,  1644.  A  German  naturalist 
who  accompanied  the  Dutch  expedition  of  Nas- 
sau to  Brazil  in  1636,  remaining  in  the  country 
several  years.  He  published  "  Historia  naturalis  Bra- 
silise  "  (1640),  "Itinerarium  Brasilise,"  etc. 

Margiana  (mar-ji-a'na).  [(Jr.  Mapyiav^."]  In 
ancient  geography,  a'regiou  in  central  Asia, 
east  of  Hyrcania. 

Margites  (mar-jt'tez).  [Gr.  MapyiriK,  from 
li6.p:yos,  mad.]  "The  Booby,"  an  ancient  Greek 
comic  poem  (perhaps  about  700  B.  o.)  "  on  a  silly 


Margites 

jack-of-all-trades,  half  milksop  half  coxcomb." 
It  was  considered  by  Aristotle  as  the  first  germ 
of  comedy.    JeVb. 

Marguerite.    See  Margaret. 

Margum  (mar'gum).  [Gr.  Mdpyov.]  An  aueient 
city  of  McBsia,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Morava  (Margus)  with  the  Danube,  a  battle  was 
fought  here  in  285,  in  which  the  emperor  Caiinus,  alter 
gaining  an  advantage  over  Diocletian,  waa  Icilled  by  a  pri- 
vate enemy. 

Marhattas.    See  Mahrattas. 

Marheineke  (mar-hi'ne-ke),  Philipp  Konrad. 
Bom  at  HUdesheim,  Prussia,  May  1, 1780:  died 
at  Berlin,  May  31, 1846.  A  German  Protestant 
theologian  and  chuieh  historian.  He  became  uni- 
versity preacher  at  Erlangen  in  18M ;  professor  there  in 
1806 ;  professor  at  Heidelberg  in  1807 ;  and  professor  and 
preacher  at  Berlin  in  1811.  He  was  the  author  of  "Ge- 
Bcliichte  der  dentschen  Reformation"  (1816-34),  etc. 

Maria  (ma-ri'a).     [LL.  Maria,  Mary.]     1.  In 

^  Shakspere's  comedy  "Twelfth  Night," Olivia's 
■witty  waiting-woman. — 2.  In  Shakspere's  com- 
edy "Love's  Labour's  Lost,"  a  lady  attending 
the  Princess  of  Trance. — 3.  In  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher's  comedy  "The  Woman's  Prize,  or  the 
Tamer  Tamed," a  sequel  to  Shakspere's  "Tam- 
ing of  the  Shrew,"  the  daughter  of  Petrovius  and 
second  wife  of  Petruchio,  whom  she  subjugates 
by  a  series  of  witty  and  well-planned  attacks,  as 

;  com;pletely  as  his  first  wife  Katharine  was  tamed 
by  him. — 4.  In  Massinger's  "Bashful  Lover," 
the  daughter  of  Octavio.  Disguised  as  a  page, 
and  called  Ascanio,  she  resembles  Imogen. —  5 . 
In  Sheridan's  "School  for  Scandal,"  a  witty 
young  girl  who  marries  Charles  Surface. 

Maria  (ma-re'a),  Princess.  Said  to  be  an  ille- 
gitimate daughter  of  King  Eobert  of  Sicily,  be- 
loved by  Boccaccio  and  portrayed  by  him  tmder 
the  name  Piammetta. 

Maria  II.  (Maria  da  Gloria).  Bom  at  Eio  de 
Janeiro,  April  4, 1819 ;  died  at  Lisbon,  Nov.  15, 
1853.  Queen  of  Portugal,  daughter  of  Pedro  I. 
of  Brazil.  On  the  death  of  her  paternal  grandfather, 
John  VI.  of  Portugal,  in  1826,  her  father  resigned  the  Por- 
tuguese crown  in  her  favor.  Before  she  could  assume  the 
throne  it  was  seized  by  her  uncle,  Don  Miguel,  in  1828,  and 
a  civil  war  ensued  which  resulted  in  her  restoration  in  1833. 
(See  Pedro  I.  of  Brazil.)  She  was  declared  of  age  In  1834, 
and  married  Augustus,  duke  of  Leuchtenberg,  in  1836,  and 
in  1836  Duke  Ferdinand  of  Saze-Coburg-Eohary. 

Maria  Christina.  Bom  at  Naples,  April  27, 
1806:  died  at  Havre,  Aug.  22, 1878.  Queen  of 
Spain,  wife  of  Ferdinand  VII.  She  was  regent 
for  her  daughter  Isabella  II.  1833-40. 

Maria  Ohristina,  Born  July  21, 1858.  Queen 
Regent  of  Spain  Nov.,  1885-1902,  mother  of 
Alfonso  XIII.  She  is  the  second  daughter  of  Arch- 
duke Earl  Ferdinand  of  Austria,  and  married  Alfonso  XII. , 
King  of  Spain,  Nov.  29, 1879. 

Maria  del  Occidente.    See  Brooks,  Mrs. 

Maria  de'  Medici  (ms>-re'9;  da  ma'de-che),  F. 
Marie  de  M6dicis  (ma-re'  d6  ma-de-sls') .  Bom 
at  Florence,  April  26, 1573 :  died  at  Cologne, 
July  3,  1642.  Queen  consort  of  Henry  XV.  of 
France,  she  was  the  daughter  of  Francis  of  Tuscany ; 
married  Henry  IV.  in  1600 ;  was  regent  of  France  1610-17 ; 
and  was  exiled  by  Bichelieu  in  1631. 

Maria  Louisa,  F.  Marie  Louise.  Bom  at  Vi- 
enna, Dec.  12,1791:  died  at  Vienna,  Deo.,  1847. 
Empress  of  the  French,  she  was  the  daughter  of 
Francis  I.  of  Austria,  and  became  the  second  wife  of  Na- 

goleon  in  1810.  She  left  France  on  the  overthrow  of  her 
usband  in  1814,  and  was  appointed  ruler  of  the  duchies  of 
Parma,  Piacenza,  and  Guastalla  by  the  Allies.  She  con- 
tracted a  morganatic  marriage  with  Count  Keipperg,  her 
chamberlain,  in  1821. 

Maria  Stuarda  (ma-re'Si  stiJ-Sr'da).  An  opera 
by  Mercadante,  first  produced  at  Bologna  in 
1821. 

Maria  Stuart.  A  tragedy  by  Schiller,  founded 
on  the  fortunes  of  Mary  Queen  of  ^cots,  pub- 
lished in  1801. 

Maria  Theresa  (ma-re'a  te-re'sa).  Born  Sept. 
10,  1638 :  died  at  Versailles,  France,  July  30, 
1683.  Queen  consort  of  Louis  XTV.  of  France. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  Philip  IV.  of  Spain,  and  married 
Louis  XIV.  in  16W.  She  is  frequently  called  Maria  Theresa 
of  Austria  (i.  e.,  of  the  house  of  Austria  or  Hapsburg). 

Maria  Theresa  (or  Theresia).  Born  at  Vien- 
na, May  13, 1717 :  died  at  Vienna,  Nov.  29, 1780. 
Archduchess  of  Austria  and  queen  of  Hungary 
and  Bohemia,  daughter  of  the  emperor  Charles 
VI.  She  married  Francis  of  Lorraine  in  1736,  and  on  the 
death  of  her  father  in  1740  succeeded  to  the  hereditary 
possessions  of  the  house  of  Austria  by  virtue  of  the  Prag- 
matic Sanction.  Her  title  being  disputed,  she  became 
involved  in  the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession,  which, 
with  the  exception  of  some  unimportant  cessions,  includ- 
ing that  of  Silesia  to  Prussia,  left  her  in  the  possession  of 
her  inheritance.  Her  husband  was  elected  emperor  as 
Francis  L  in  1745.  Her  desire  to  recover  Silesia  led  to  the 
Seven  Years'  War  (1756-63),  which,  however,  ended  in  a 
confirmation  of  the  cession.  She  made  her  son  Joseph  II. 
co-regent  in  1765.  See  PragmaMe  Sanction;  A-uMrian  Sue- 
eeesim,  War  of;  and  Seven  Years'  War. 


655 

Mariagens  (ma'ri-a  jenz).    A  Roman  plebeian 

fens.  Its  most  celebrated  member  was  Caius 
[arius. 
Mariage  de  Figaro,  Le,  ou  La  FoUe  Journ6e  k 
la  Mode.  Acomedy  by  Beaumavehais,  produced 
in  1784.  It  is  the  continuation  of  the  "  Barbier  de  S^ 
vUle. "  In  1793  it  was  arranged  to  Mozart's  music  and  rep- 
resented at  the  Opera  House,  but  in  this  shape  was  not 
successful    See  Figaro  and  Nozze  di  Figaro. 

Mariage  Forc6,  Le.  A  oomedyballetby Moli&re, 
acted  at  the  Louvre  in  1664.  Louis  xiv.  appeared 
-in  it  as  a  gipsy,  and  the  play  was  hence  called  the  "Ballet 
duroi."    See  SganareUe. 

Mariage  Secret,  Le.    See  Matrimonio  Segreto. 

Mariamne (ma-ri-am'ne).  [Gr.  Mapid/imi,  aform 
of  the  Heb.  Miriam.']  1.  In  Jewish  history, 
granddaughter  of  Hyreanus  II.,  daughter  of 
Alexandra,  and  wife  of  Herod  I.,  executed  by 
Herod  in  a  savage  fit  of  jealousy.  She  became 
famous  in  history  by  her  beauty,  noble  charac- 
ter, and  tragic  fate. — 3.  A  daughter  of  the  priest 
Simon,  and  wife  of  Herod  I.  who  raised  her 
father  to  the  high-priesthood. —  3.  A  sister  of 
Agrippa  II. 

Mariamne.  1.  A  tragedy  by  Alexandre  Hardy, 
produced  in  1610. — 2.  A  tragedy  by  Tristan 
I'Hermite  (1637).— 3.  A  tragedy  by  Elijah  Fen- 
ton  (1723).— 4.  A  tragedy  by  Voltaire  (1724). 

Mariana  (ma-ri-a'na).  In  American  colonial 
history,  the  name  given  by  John  Mason  to  the 
territoiy  granted  to  him  between  the  Salem 
River  and  the  Merrimae. 

Mariana.  1.  In  "All 'sWell  that  Ends  Well," 
by  Shakspere,  a  Florentine  girl. — 3.  In  "Mea- 
sure for  Measure,"  by  Shakspere,  a  lady  be- 
trothed to  Angelo.  it  was  in  allusion  to  her  that 
Tennyson  wrote  his  * '  Mariana  in  the  Moated  Grange  "  and 
"Mariana  in  the  South." 

3.TheprincipalcharacterinSheridanKnowles's 
play  "The  Wife,"  a  faithful  and  constant  wife 
entangled  in  a  mesh  of  circumstantial  evidence. 

Mariana  (ma-re-a'na),  Juan  de.  Bom  at  Tala- 
vera,  Spain,  1536 :  died  1623.  A  Spanish  histo- 
rian. His  chief  work  is  a  "  History  of  Spain" 
(published  in  Latin  1592-1605,  in  Spanish  1601). 
From  the  nature  of  their  subjects,  however,  neither  of 
them  [Bibadeneira  and  Siguenza]  rose  to  be  the  great  his- 
torian of  his  country :  an  honor  which  belongs  to  Juan 
de  Mariana,  a  foundling,  who  was  bom  at  Talavera  in  1536, 
and  whose  extraordinary  talents  attracted  the  attention  of 
the  Jesuits,  then  fast  advancing  into  notice  as  a  religious 
power.  Tidawr,  Span.  Lit.,  III.  176. 

Mariana  Islands.    See  Ladrone  Islands. 

Marianna  (ma-re-a'na).  The  episcopal  city  of 
the  state  of  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  situated  about 
170  miles  north  by  west  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
Population,  about  6,000. 

Marianne  (mar-yan').  La.  A  French  repub- 
lican secret  society  which  was  formed  to  over- 
turn the  government  instituted  by  the  coup 
d'6tat  of  1851.  It  received  orders  from  the  society  in 
London  of  which  Ledru-KoUin  and  Mazzini  were  members. 
One  of  its  passwords  was  "Connaissez-vous  Marianne?" 
and  the  answer  was  "De  la  montagne."  In  1854  the  gov- 
ernment arrested  many  members  of  the  society,  and  pun- 
ished them  by  longer  or  Sorter  terms  ^imprisonment 
Also  called,  in  English,  Mary  Ann. 

Marianne,  on  les  Aventures  de  la  Comtesse 
de.  ...  A  novel  by  Marivaux,  published  in 
eleven  volumes  1731-41. 

Marianne  has  been  said  to  be  the  origin  of  "Pamela," 
which  is  not  exactly  the  fact.  But  it  is  certein  that  it  is 
a  remarkable  novel,  and  that  it,  rather  than  the  plays, 
gaveRrise*  to  the  singular  phrase  "Marivaudage,"  with 
which  the  author,  not  at  all  voluntarily,  has  enriched  lit- 
erature. The  plot  is  simple  enough.  A  poor  but  virtu- 
ous girl  has  adventures  and  recounts  them,  and  the  man- 
ner of  recounting  is  extremely  original.  A  morally  faulty 
but  intellectually  admirable  contemporary,  Or^biUon  the 
younger,  described  this  manner  excellently  by  saying  that 
the  characters  not  only  say  everything  that  they  have  done 
and  everything  that  they  have  thought,  but  everything 
that  they  would  have  liked  to  think  but  did  not. 

SairUsburg,  French  Lit.,  p.  418. 

Marianne  Islands.    See  Ladrone  Islands. 

Marias  (ma-re'as).  Las  Tres.  [Sp.,  'the  three 
Maries.']  A  group  of  three  small  islands  in 
the  Pacific,  west  of  Mexico,  about  lat.  21°  30'  N., 
long.  106°  30'  W. 

Maria-TheresiopoL    See  Theresiensfadt. 

Mariazell  (ma-re-a-tsel').  A  village  in  Styria, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Salzabach 
57  miles  southwest  of  Vienna.  It  is  the  most  fre- 
qnented  place  of  pilgrimage  in  the  empire,  on  account  of 
its  shrine  of  the  Virgin.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
1,263. 

Maribois  (ma-re-bo-es').  A  tribe  of  Indians 
which,  at  the  period  of  the  conquest,  inhabited 
Nicaragua,  near  the  present  site  of  Leon,  prob- 
ably their  descendants  are  those  now  occupying  the  Indian 
suburb  of  Subtiaba,  adjacent  to  Leon,  and  called  Nagran- 
dians  by  Squier  and  others,  from  the  ancient  name  of  this 
region.  Then:  language  appears  to  constitute  a  distinct 
stock. 


Mariette 

Maricopa  (ma-rf-ko'pa).  [PL,  aiao Marieopas.'i 
A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  living  in 
Arizona  ou  the  middle  course  of  the  Qila,  River. 
There  are  several  hundred  at  the  Pima  agency, 
Arizona.     See  Tuman. 

Marie  Amllie  (ma-re'  a-ma-le').  Bom  at  Ca- 
serta,  Italy,  1782:  died  at  Claremont,  near  Wind- 
sor, England,  1866.  Queen  consort  of  Louis 
Philippe  of  France.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Ferdi- 
nand I.,  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  and  married  Louis  Phi- 
lippe, duke  of  Orleans,  who  was  chosen  king  of  the  French 
in  1830.  She  retired  with  her  husband  to  EngUnd  on  his 
deposition  in  1848. 

Marie  Antoinette  (mar'i  an-toi-net' ;  F.  pron. 
ma-re'  an-twa-net'),  Jos^phe  Jeanne.  Bom 
at  Vienna,  Nov.  2, 1755 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  16, 
1793.  Queen  of  Prance,  daughter  of  the  em-' 
peror  Francis  I.  and  Maria  Theresa,  she  mar- 
ried the  Dauphin  of  France  (afterward  Louis  XVI.)  in  1770. 
After  the  accession  of  her  husband  she  acquired  consid- 
erable influence  in  public  affairs,  which  was  exercised  to 
oppose  the  demands  of  the  popular  party.  She  displayed 
great  fortitude  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution,  and 
sought  in  vain  to  induce  her  luisband  to  take  decisive 
measures  for  the  suppression  of  the  movement.  She  waa 
imprisoned  in  Aug.,  1792,  and  was  executed  Oct.  16, 1793. 

Marie  Antoinette  and  her  Children.  A  por- 
trait by  Madame  Vig^e-Lebrun,  in  the  palace 
of  Versailles. 

Marie  de  France  (ma-re'  d6  f  rons).  Lived  prob- 
ably in  the  first  part  of  the  13th  century.  A 
French  poet.  She  was  born  in  France,  but  lived  in  Eng- 
land. Her  works  include  narrative  poems  ("  Lais  "),  a  col- 
lection of  fables  ("  Ysopet "),  and  a  poem  on  the  pu^ator^ 
of  St.  Patrick.    Works  edited  by  Koquefort  (1820). 

Marie  de  M6dicis.    See  Maria  de'  Mediei. 

Marie  de  MIdicis,  Life  of.  A  series  of  21  large 
paintings  by  Rubens,  executed  for  the  Luxem- 
bourg Palace;  and  now  in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 
The  first  painting  shows  the  Fates  spinning  out  the  destiny 
of  the  future  queen,  and  the  series  proceeds  with  her  birth, 
her  youth,  her  marriage  to  Henry  IV.,  the  Idng's  death 
and  the  queen's  regency,  the  assumption  of  power  by 
Louis  XIII.,  and  his  quarrel  and  reconciliation  with  his. 
mother.  Tlie  subjects  are  treated  allegorically,  with  plen- 
tiful introduction  of  mythology. 

Marie  Galante  (ma-re'  ga-lont').  An  island  of 
the  French  West  Indies,  southeast  of  Guade- 
loupe, of  which  it  is  a  dependency.  Area,  58 
square  miles.    Population  (1890),  13,850. 

Marien  (ma-re-an').  A  region  on  the  north 
coast  of  the  island  of  Haiti:  so  named  "when 
Columbus  first  visited  the  island.  It  was  gov- 
erned by  Guaeanagari. 

Marienbad  (ma-re'en-bad).  Atown  and  water- 
ing-place in  Bohemia,  75  miles  west  of  Prague. 
It  is  famous  for  its  salt-springs.  Population; 
(1890),  commune,  2,119. 

Marienberg  (ma-re'en-bero).  A  to'wn  in  the 
kingdom  of  Saxony,  38  miles  southwest  of  Dres- 
den.   Population  (1890),  6,300. 

Marienburg(ma-re'en-b6rG).  A  town  in  the- 
province  of  west  Prussia,  Prussia,  on  the  Nogat 
26  miles  southeast  of  Dantzic.  The  castle  of  the  Teu- 
tonic Order,  the  finest  medieval  secular  monument  in 
Germany,  was  founded  in  1274  as  an  outpost  against  the- 
heathen  Prussians,  and  soon  became  the  seat  of  the  grand 
master.  In  1335  the  Mittelschloss  was  added.  The  Hoch- 
schloss,  next  the  town,  incloses  a  quadrangle  surrounded, 
by  beautiful  cloisters,  and  includes  the  Marienkirche,  a. 
fine  Pointed  church  with  admirable  sculpture.  The  Mit- 
telschloss also  incloses  a  quadrangle,  and  measures  about 
300  by  270  feet.  It  contains  the  residence  of  the  grand 
master  and  the  state  apartments.  The  splendid  vaulting  of 
the  great  hall  is  supported  by  a  single  column  38  feet  highi 
and  only  10  inches  thick.  The  assembly  hall  is  also  ad- 
mirably vaulted,  and  has  3  slender  central  columns.  The 
Vorburg,  the  third  division  of  the  castle,  constituting  the- 
outer  defenses,  has  been  in  part  destroyed.  Marienburg 
was  the  residence  of  the  grand  masters  of  the  Teutonic-. 
Order  1309-1457.  Later  it  belonged  to  Poland.  Population 
(1890),  9,624. 

Marien'Werder  (ma-re'en-ver-der).  A  town  inL 
the  pi'ovince  of  West  Prussia,  Prussia,  45  miles, 
south  by  east  of  Dantzic.  it  was  an  ancient  town 
of  the  Teutonic  Order,  and  has  a  cathedral  and  a  castle. 
Population  (1890),  8,295. 

Marietta  (ma-ri-et'a).  A  city,  capital  of  Wash- 
ington County,  Ohio,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Muskingum  with  the  Ohio,  94  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Columbus.  It  occupies  the  site  of  pre- 
historic mounds,  and  is  the  oldest  town  in  Ohio  (founded 
in  1788).  It  is  the  seat  of  Marietta  College,  founded  in 
1835.    Population  (1900),  13,348. 

Mariette  (ma-ry et ' ) ,  Augoste  Edonar d.  Bom 
at  Boulogne,  Feb.  11, 1821:  died  at  Cairo,  Egypt, 
Jan.  18,  1881.  A  French  Egyptologist,  noted 
for  his  discoveries  in  Egypt,  beginning  with  the 
excavation  of  the  Serapeum  and  the  Apis  bulls 
in  1850.  He  founded  the  Egyptian  Museum  at  Bulak, 
near  Cairo  (now  at  Gizeh),  the  French  school  of  Egyptol- 
ogy, and  the  Egyptian  Institute.  His  works  include  •'  Le 
Sirap^um  de  Memphis "  (1857-60),  "Karnak,  etc."  (1876), 
"Aperou  de  I'histoire  d':figypte,'"  "  Dend^rah  "  (1870-76), 
"Abydos"  (1869),  "  Deir-el-Bahari  "  (1877),  "Monuments- 
divers"  (1876),  "Itinfiraire  de  la  Haute-Egypte,"  audi 
"Mastabas." 


Marigliano 

Marigliano(ina-rel-ya'n6).  A  townin  the  prov- 
ince of  Caserta,  Italy,  12  miles  east-northeast 
of  Naples.    Population  (1881),  11,461. 

Marignano.    See  Melegnano. 

Marignolli  (ma-ren-yol'le),  Giovanni  de'.  An 
Italian  traveler  in  China.  He  was  sent  by  Pope 
Benedict  XII.  on  a  mission  to  the  Khan  of  Cathay  or  China 
in  1338,  resided  several  years  at  Peking,  and  returned  to  the 
papal  court  at  Avignon  in  1353.  He  became  chaplain  to 
the  emperor  Charles  IV.  in  1364,  and  was  afterward  ap- 
pointed bishop  of  Bisignano.  He  incorporated  notes  of 
his  travels  in  a  chronicle  of  Bohemia  which  he  compiled 
by  order  of  the  emperor. 

Marihueno  (ma-rf-wa-no').  A  rocky  hill  on  the 
coast  of  Chile,  fronting  the  bay  of  Aranco  and 
a  few  miles  north  of  the  town  of  that  name. 

_  The  coast  road  passes  along  its  side.  This  hill  was  a  favorite 
stronghold  of  the  Araucanian  Indians,  and  on  or  near  it 
many  of  the  bloodiest  battles  of  the  Araucanian  war  were 
fought,  especially  in  15B4, 1B63,  and  1568.  A  fort  was  built 
on  the  top  of  the  hill  by  Sotomayor  in  1689.  Also  written 
Marigueno. 

Mariinsk  (ma-re-insk'),  or  Marinsk  (ma- 
rinsk').  A  small  town  in  the  government  of 
Tomsk,  Siberia,  situated  on  the  Kiya  about  100 
miles  east-southeast  of  Tomsk. 

Marina  (ma-re'na).  Bornin Groazacoaleo (Mex- 
ico) about  1501:  died  in  Mexico  after  1550. 
A  Spanish  name  given  to  the  Indian  woman  who 
befeame  the  mistress  of  Hernando  Cort6s,  and 
was  a  prominent  character  in  the  conquest  of 
Mexico.  She  was  sold  as  a  slave  to  the  Tabasoan  Indians, 
and  was  one  of  the  girls  given  by  them  to  the  Spaniards  in 
1519 :  owing  to  her  knowledge  of  the  Mexican  language, 
she  acted  as  interpreter.  She  bore  several  children  to 
Cortes.  In  1624  she  was  married  to  a  Spanish  captain 
named  Juan  Jaramillo.  The  name  Marina  was  corrupted 
by  the  Indians  to  Molina,  to  which  they  added  the  titular 
suffix  tzin,  making  Mdlintzin.  This  name  was  also  given 
to  Cortes. 

Marina  (ma-ri'na).  In  Shakspere's  (?)  "  Peri- 
cles, Prince  of  Tyre,"  the  daughter  of  Periclbs 
and  Thaisa.  She  was  sold  by  perfidy  as  a  slave 
at  Mytilene,  where  Pericles  found  her. 

Marineo  (ma-re-na'o).  Atown  in  the  province 
of  Palermo,  Sicily,  12  miles  south  of  Palermo. 
Population,  commune,  9,673. 

Marini  (ma-re'ne),  or  Marino  (ma-re'no),  Gio- 
vanni Battista.  Bom  at  Naples,  Oct.  18, 1569 : 
died  at  Naples,  March  25, 1625.  A  noted  Italian 
poet,  known  in  Prance  as  Le  Cavalier  Marin. 
His  works  include  "Adone "(1623),  "La  strage  degli  inno- 
centi"  ("The  Massacre  of  the  Innocents,"  1633),  sonnets, 
etc. 

Giovanni  Battista  Marini,  the  celebrated  innovator  on 
classic  Italian  taste,  and  who  first  seduced  the  poets  of 
the  seventeenth  century  into  that  labored  and  affected 
style  which  his  own  richness  and  vivacity  of  imagination 
were  so  well  calculated  to  recommend.  The  most  whim- 
sical comparisons,  pompous  and  overwrought  descriptions, 
with  a  species  of  poetical  punning  and  research,  were  soon 
esteemed,  under  his  authority,  as  beauties  of  the  ven^  first 
order.  Sisrrwndi,  Lit.  of  the  South  of  Europe,  I.  451. 

Marino  (ma-re'no).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Eome,  Italy,  13  miles-southeast  of  Rome.  Pop- 
ulation (1881),  6,136. 

Marino  (ma  -  ren '  yo) ,  Santiago.  Bom  on  the 
island  of  Margarita  about  1788:  died  at  La  Vic- 
toria, Sept.  4,  1854.  A  Venezuelan  general, 
prominent  in  the  war  for  independence.  After 
the  first  defeat  of  the  patriots  he  invaded  eastern  Vene- 
zuela with  only  45  men,  rapidly  gained  ground,  and  was 
soon  master  of  a  large  territory ;  but  the  rivalry  between 
Marifio  and  Bolivar  prevented  them  from  coSperating  until 
forced  to  do  so,  and  eventually  led  to  the  defeat  of  both. 
Mariilo  was  prominent  in  later  campaigns  and  at  Carabobo. 

Marino  Faliero  (ma-re'no  fa-le-a'ro).  A  tra- 
gedy by  Lord  Byron,  published  in  1820. 

Marinus  (Popes).    See  Martin. 

Mario  (ma're-o),  Marchese  di  Candia.  Born  at 
Cagliari  in  1812  (Grove) :  died  Dec.  11, 1883.  A 
celebrated  Italian  opera-singer.  His  voice  was  a 
tenor.  He  made  his  d^but  in  1828  as  Itobert  le  Diable, 
laving  previously  sung  only  in  the  fashionable  society  to 
which  his  noble  birth  admitted  him.  It  was  not  till  1846 
that  he  took  the  high  rank  in  his  profession  which  he 
afterward  held.  He  sang  with  Grisi  for  twenty-five  years 
in  London,  Paris,  and  St.  Petersburg,  and  married  her  on 
the  dissolution  of  her  previous'  marriage.  He  left  the 
stage  in  1867.  He  was  considered  the  best  lover  on  the 
operatic  stage. 

Marion  (mar 'i -on).  The  capital  of  Marion 
County,  eentral(!Jhio.    Pop.  (1900),  11^62. 

Marion  (mar'i-on),  Francis.  Bom  at  Winyaw, 
near  (Jeorgetown,  S.  C,  1732:  died  near  Eutaw, 
S.  C,  Peb.  27, 1795.  An  .American  Eevolution- 
ary  general,  distinguished  as  a  partizan  leader 
in  South  Carolina  1780-82.  He  served  at  Eutaw 
Springs  in  1781. 

Marion Delorme  (ma-re-6n'  de-16rm').  Aplay 
by  Victor  Hugo,  produced  in  1831.  Marion  De- 
lorme also  appears  in  Bulwer's  play  "Riche- 
lieu." 

Mariotte(inS-ryot'),Edme.  Born  in  Burgundy 
about  1620 :  died  at  Paris,  May  12,  1684.  A 
rioted  French  physicist,  prior  of  St.-Martin-sous- 


656 

Beaune,  near  Dijon.  He  made  many  discoveries  in 
hydrodynamics.  His  "  Traits  du  mouvement  des  eaux  " 
was  published  in  1786.  The  name  "Mariotte's  law"  has 
been  given  to  the  principle  (earlier  discovered  by  Boyle) 
that  at  any  given  temperature  the  volume  of  a  given  mass 
of  gas  varies  inversely  as  the  pressure  which  it  bears. 

Mariposa (ma-re-po'sii).  [Sp., 'butterfly':  first 
applied  to  a  county  of  California,  and  afterward 
taken  for  the  stock  name.]  A  county  in  the 
central  part  of  California,  east  by  south  of  San 
Francisco.  It  contains  the  Yosemite  Valley  and 
the  Big  Tree  Grove. 

Mariposa  Grove.  A  grove  of  gigantic  trees 
(Sequoia)  in  Mariposa  County,  California. 

Mariposan  (mar-i-po'san).  [From  Mariposa.'] 
A  linguistic  stock  of  K'orth  American  Indians, 
comprising  the  Yokut  and  Cholovone  divisions, 
which  embraced  about  25  small  tribes.  The  Yo- 
kut, or  southern  division,  formerly  inhabited  that  portion 
of  California  which  is  drained  by  the  Fresno,  the  upper  San 
Joaquin  above  the  Fresno,  Kings,  Kaweah,  and  Tule  rivers ; 
the  northern,  eastern,  and  western*  shores  of  Tulare  Lake; 
and  a  narrow  strip  in  and  along  the  toot-hUls  from  the 
middle  of  the  western  shore  of  the  lake  to  Mount  Pinos  on 
the  south.  The  Cholovone,  or  northern  division,  which  was 
separated  from  the  Yokutsby  tribes  of  Moquelumnan  stock, 
occupied  the  east  bank  of  ttie  San  Joaquin  from  the  Stan- 
islaus to  the  point  where  the  former  turns  westward  to 
enter  Suisun  Bay.  In  1850  the  tribes  of  the  stock  contained 
2,000  to  3,000  individuals,  but  the  number  has  gradually 
diminished  until  in  1890  but  167  remained.  These  are 
under  the  mission  agency. 

Marischal,  Earls.    See  Keith. 

Marisco  (ma-ris'ko),  or  Marsh  (marsh),  Rich- 
ard de.  Died  at  Peterborough,  May  1,  1226. 
Bishop  of  Durham  and  chancellor,  in  1209  he  was 
appointed  rector  of  Bampton,  Oxfordshire,  and  in  1210  was 
John's  adviser  in  the  persecutions  of  the  Cistercians.  In 
1212  he  was  sheriff  of  Dorset  and  Somerset,  and  in  1214 
chancellor  (an  office  which  he  retained  after  John's  death). 
In  1217  he  was  made  bishop  of  Durham. 

Maritana  (mar-i-ta'na).  A  tambourine  dancer 
in  "DonCsBsar  de  Bazan."  Don  Csesar  marries 
her  to  save  his  life. 

Maritana.  An  opera  by  Wallace,  first  produced 
at  London  in  1845. 

Maritime  Alps.  A  division  of  the  Alps  which 
lies  on  the  border  of  France  and  Italy,  south- 
west of  the  Ligurian '  and  the  Cottian  Alps : 
sometimes  made  to  include  the  Ligurian  Alps. 

Maritime  Andes.  The  so-called  branch  of  the 
Andes  on  the  coast  of  Venezuela. 

Maritime  Province,  Euss.  Primorskaya  (pre- 
mor'ski-a).  A  province  in  eastern  Siberia,  ex- 
tending alongthe  Pacific.  Capital,  Khabarovka ; 
chief  port,  Vladivostok.  Area,  '715,982  square 
miles.     Population,  102,786. 

Maritime  Province.    See  KUstenland. 

Maritza  (ma-ret'sa).  A  river  in  Eastern  Rumelia 
and  European  Turkey:  the  ancient  Hebrus.  It 
fiows  past  Philippopolis  and  Adrianople,  and  empties  into 
the  jEgean  Sean  ear  Enos,  Length,  270  miles.  Itisnavlga- 
ble  in  its  lower  course. 

In  1364  the  first  encounter  between  the  northern  Chris- 
tians and  the  invaders  took  place  on  the  banks  of  the  Ma- 
ritza, near  Adrianople,  whither  Louis  I.,  king  of  Hungary 
and  Poland,  and  the  princes  of  Bosnia,  Serbia,  and  Wal- 
lachia,  pushed  forward  to  put  an  end  once  for  all  to  the 
rule  of  the  Ottoman  in  Europe,  Lala  Shahin,  Murad's 
commander-in-chief,  could  not  muster  more  than  half  the 
number  of  troops  that  the  Christians  brought  against  him ; 
but  he  took  advantage  of  the  state  of  drunken  revelry  in 
which  the  too  confident  enemy  was  plunged  to  make  a 
sudden  night  attack,  and  the  army  of  Hungary,  heavy  with 
sleep  after  its  riotous  festivities,  was  suddenly  aroused  by 
the  beating  of  the  Turkish  drums  and  the  shrill  music  of 
their  fifes.  The  Ottomans  were  upon  them  before  they 
could  stand  to  arms.  "  They  were  like  wild  beasts  scared 
from  their  lair,"  says  the  Turkish  historian  Sa'-ud-din ; 
"  speeding  from  the  field  of  fight  to  the  waste  of  flight, 
those  abjects  poured  into  the  stream  Maritza  and  were 
drowned."  To  this  day  the  spot  is  called  Sirf  Sindughi, 
"Serbs'  rout."  Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  36. 

Mariupol  (m5-re-8'poly).  A  seaport  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Yekatei-inoslaff,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Sea  of  Azoff,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kalmius, 
about  lat,  47°  7'  N.,  long,  37°  35'  E,  Population 
(1893),  19,926. 

MariuS  (ma-re-iis').  A  character  in  the  novel 
"Les  Mis^rables,"  by  Victor  Hugo. 

Marius  (ma'ri-us),  Caius.  Bom  near  Arpinum, 
Italy,  about  155  B,  C:  died  86  B.  c,  A  celebrated 
Roman  general.  He  served  in  the  Numantine  war  in 
134 ;  was  tribune  in  119,  and  pretor  in  116  ;  was  legate  un- 
der Metellus  in  the  Jugurthine  war  109-108 ;  was  consul 
in  107, 104,  103,  102, 101, 100,  and  86 ;  commanded  against 
Jugurtha  107-106,  and  against  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones 
104-101 ;  defeated  the  Teutones  at  Air  in  102,  and  the  Cim- 
bri at  the  Baudian  Fields,  near  Vercellte,  in  101 ;  and  de- 
feated the  Marsl  in  the  Social  War  in  90.  His  rivalry  with 
Sulla  oaused  the  first  civil  war  in  88,  He  was  driven  from 
Home  in  that  year,  but  returned,  and  with  Cinna  captured 
Eome  in  87,  and  proscribed  the  aristocrats, 

Marivaux  (ma-re-v6'), Pierre  Oarletde  Cham- 
berlain de.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  4, 1688 :  died 
Feb,  12, 1763,  A  French  dramatist  and  novelist. 
The  plays  he  wrote  previous  to  1720 were  distinct  failures. 
His  best  work  was  done  betweenl722andl746  :  in  thattime 
he  wrote  some  twenty-five  plays,  foremost  among  which 


Markham,  John 

stand  "Le  jeu  de  I'amour  et  du  haBard"(1730),  "L'fioolo 
des  moeurs  "  (1732),  ''Les  fausses  confidences  "  (1736),  '•  Le 
legs  "(1736),  and  "  L'Epreuve  "(1740),  All  Marivaux's  plays 
are  more  or  less  alike  in  their  subject-matter.  As  Sainte- 
Beuve  remarks,  the  various  situations  are  effected  not 
through  outside  events,  but  by  the  expression  of  inner 
feelings  on  the  part  of  the  different  characters.  Diffi- 
culties arise  entirely  through  the  fault  of  the  lovers  them- 
selves, either  in  their  curiosity,  their  timidity,  their  ig- 
norance, their  pride,  or  their  pique.  As  a  novelist  Mari- 
vaux  wrote  "  Marianne  "  (which  see),  his  masterpiece ;  also 
"Le  paysan  parvenu  "  (1735)  and  " Pharamond,  ou  les folies 
romanesques"  (1737),  Marivaux's  peculiar  style  has  been 
named  for  him  marivwudage.  The  term  is  now  generally 
used  in  a  depreciative  sense.  On  the  whole,  Marivaux  is 
original  in  his  conceptions,  and  may  be  ranked  next  to 
Molifere,  He  was  received  into  the  French  Academy  in  1743, 

Mark  (mark).  An  ancient  countship  of  Ger- 
many, now  comprised  in  the  province  of  West- 
phalia, Prussia,  in  the  government  district  of 
Amsberg.  The  countship  arose  in  the  middle  ages,  and 
became  united  with  Cleves  about  1400.  In  1666,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  contest  of  the  Jiilich  succession,  it  passed  to 
Brandenburg.  It  passed  to  France  in  1807,  and  formed  part 
of  the  duchy  of  Berg.    In  1813  it  was  restored  to  Prussia. 

Mark  (mark).  Saint.  [L.  Marcm,  Gr.  Mdp/tof.] 
The  writer  to  whom  is  assigned  by  tradition  the 
authorship  of  the  second  gospel.  He  has  been  gen- 
erally supposed  to  be  identical  with  the  "John  whose  sur- 
name was  Mark,"  mentioned  in  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles 
(particularly  as  a  companion  of  Paul  and  Barnabas,  and 
EUCter  their  separation  of  Barnabas  alone),  and  with  the 
Mark  whose  name  occurs  in  other  passages  fn  the  New 
Testament  (Pauline  Epistles  and  1  Peter).  Probably  the 
person  mentioned  in  the  Acts  and  the  Pauline  Epistles  is 
not  the  same  as  the  one  named  in  the  Epistle  of  Peter. 

Mark,  Gospel  of.  The  second  gospel,  the  author- 
ship of  which  is  traditionally  assigned  to  Mark. 
It  is  the  most  original  of  the  synoptical  gospels.  It  has 
been  regarded  as  reflecting  especially  the  influence  of 
Peter. 

Mark,  St.,  Basilica  of.  A  famous  Venetian 
basilica,  founded  in  880  to  receive  the  relics  of 
the  evangelist  brought  from  Alexandria,  rebuilt 
in  976,  and  given  its  definitive  form  in  1052. 
It  is  the  most  famed  Byzantine  structure  of  western  Eu- 
rope, cruciform  in  plan,  with  five  great  domes  on  penden- 
tives,  and  many  smaller  domes  in  subordinate  positions. 
The  outer  aisle  or  atrium  was  added  later :  with  its  five  deep, 
many-columned  arches,  repeated  and  fantastically  cano- 
pied above,  its  rich  mosaics,  and  the  wonderful  color  of  its 
incrusted  marbles,  it  gives,  with  the  domes  and  many  pin- 
nacles, to  the  exterior  its  picturesque  and  unique  charac* 
ter.  The  four  celebrated  bronze  horses  in  front  of  the 
upper  middle  arch  came  from  Constantinople,  and  prob- 
ably adorned  originally  a  Homan  triumphal  arch.  The 
interior,  though  it  measures  only  205  by  164  feet,  is  one  of 
the  most  impressive  in  the  world.  Almost  the  whole  sur- 
face of  walls,  domes,  and  arches  is  covered  with  magnifi- 
cent mosaic^  representing  Old  and  I^ew  Testament  scenes 
on  a  gold  ground.  Most  of  the  capitals  of  the  columns  are 
of  the  finest  Byzantine,  though  some  are  classical ;  and  the 
rood-screen,  surmounted  by  its  long  row  of  statues,  is  at 
once  beautiful  and  venerable.  Externally  and  internally, 
and  despite  regrettable  restorations,  St,  Mark's  is  the  most 
superb  piece  of  architectural  coloring  in  the  world. 

Mark.  The  cowardly  and  treacherous  king  of 
Cornwall,  in  Arthurian  romance. 

Mark  appears  in  his  more  general  form  in  the  older  ro- 
mance as  evidence  that  the  later  romance- writer  found  in 
the  king's  treachery  some  sort  of  palliation  for  what  Sir 
"Walter  Scott  calls  the  extreme  ingratitude  and  profligacy 
of  the  hero.  Cox,  Pop.  Romances,  Int,  p.  38. 

Markab  (mar'kab).  [Heb,  and  Ar.,  usually  '  a 
wagon'  or  'a  chariot,'  sometimes  'a  saddle.' 
The  name  is  from  the  Alphonsine  tables.]  The 
bright  second-magnitude  star  a  Pegasi,  at  the 
base  of  the  horse's  neck. 

Mark  Antony.    See  Antony. 

Market  Harborongh  (mar'ket  har'bur-o).  A 
town  in  Leicestershire,  England,  12  miles  south 
of  Leicester.  It  is  a  hunting  center.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  5,876. 

Markham  (mark'am),  Clements  Bobert,  Born 
at  Stillingfleot,  near  York,  July  20,  1830.  An 
English  traveler,  geographer,  and  historian. 
He  served  in  the  navy ;  took  pm  in  an  arctic  expeditio.i 
1851;  traveled  in  Peru  1852-54;  and  in  1860  visited  Peru 
and  India  as  commissioner  to  introduce  cinchona  plants 
into  the  latter  country.  He  was  secretary  of  the  Koyal 
Geographical  Society  1863-88,  and  was  attached  to  the 
Abyssinian  expedition  of  1867-68.  His  works  include 
"Travels  in  Peru  and  India"  (1862),"  History  of  the  Abys- 
sinian Expedition"  (1869),  "The  War  between  Pern  and 
Chile"  (1882),  "History  of  Peru "(1892),  works  on  arctic 
exploration,  etc.  He  has  edited  various  reprints  of  works 
ou  South  America  for  the  Hakluyt  Society. 

Markham,  Frederick.  Bom  near  Lewes,  Sus- 
sex, Aug.  16,  1805:  died  at  London,  Dec.  21, 
1855.  An  English  lieutenant-general.  He  served 
as  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  Panjab  campaign  1848^9.  In 
1854  he  was  made  major-general,  and  in  1855  received  the 
local  rank  of  lieutenant-general.  He  commanded  the  sec- 
ond division  before  SebastopoL 

Markham,  Gervase  or  Jervis.  Bom  about 
1568:  died  at  London,  Feb.,  1637.  An  English 
author.  He  fought  in  the  Low  Countries  and  in  Ireland, 
and  was  a  poet  and  dramatist. 

Markham,  John.  Bom  at  Westminster,  June 
13,  1761:  died  at  Naples,  Feb.  13,  1827,  An 
English  admiral,  the  second  son  of  William 


Markham,  John 

Markham,  archbishop  of  York,  in  March,  1776,  he 
entered  the  navy,  and  in  1776  joined  Lord  Hovre  in  New 
York.  He  was  made  post-captain  Jan.  3,  1783.  Wlien  in 
Feb.,  1801,  Lord  St.  Vincent  was  appointed  first  lord  of 
the  admiralty,  he  made  Markham  a  member  ot  the  board. 
Markham,  William.  Born  at  Kinsale,  Ireland, 
April,  1719 :  died  at  London,  Nov.  3, 1807.  Arch- 
bishop of  York.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1742.  In 
1753  he  became  head-master  of  Westminster  School ;  in 
1767  dean  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford  ;  in  1771  bishop  of  Ches- 
ter ;  and  in  1777  archbishop  of  York. 

Markneukirchen  (mark"noi'kireh-en).  Atown 
in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  43  miles  southwest 
of  Chemnitz,  it  has  manufactures  of  musical  instru- 
ments.   Population  (1890),  6,662. 

Mark  Twain.    See  Clemens. 

Marlborough  (marl'bur-o  or  marbur-o).  A 
town  in  Wiltshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Kennet  27  miles  east  of  Bath,  it  contains  a  school 
(Marlborough  College)  near  the  site  of  its  ancient  castle. 
There  are  megalithic  remains  in  the  neighborhood.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  3,012. 

Marlborough,  or  Marlboro'  (marl'bur-o).  A 
oity  m  Middlesex  County,  Massajjhusetts,  26 
miles  west  of  Boston,  it  has  manufactures  of  boots 
and  shoes.    Population  (1900),  13,609. 

Marlborough,  Dukes  of.    See  Churchill  and 


Marlborough,  Sarah  Jennings,  Duchess  of. 

Born  near  St.  Albans,  May  29, 1660 :  died  (prob- 
ably) at  Marlborough  House,  Oct.  18, 1744.  A 
celebrated  favorite  of  Queen  Anne,  she  married 
John  Churchill,  afterward  Duke  of  Marlborough,  in  1678. 
In  1683  she  was  appointed  one  of  the  ladies  of  the  bed- 
chamber to  Anne,  then  the  princess  Anne,  with  whom  she 
was  very  intimate.  Her  imperious  nature  and  strong  in- 
tellect for  a  while  entirely  dominated  the  latter,  but  her 
rule  became  unbearable,  and  she  waa  superseded  in  the 
queen's  affection  by  Mrs.  Masliam.  In  1711,  on  the  dis- 
missal of  Marlborough  from  office,  she  retired  from  the 
queen's  service,  and  passed  the  rest  of  her  life  in  a  series 
of  bitter  quarrels.    See  Morley^  Mrs. 

Marlborough  House.  The  London  residence 
of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  it  is  a  large  building  of 
brick  trimmed  witli  stone,  with  extensive  gardens  front- 
ing on  tlie  Mall.  It  was  built  for  the  first  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough by  Wren  in  1710. 

Marlitt  (mar'lit),  E.,  pseudonym  of  Eugenie 
John.  Bom  at  Arnstadt,  in  Thuringia,  Dec. 
5, 1825 :  died  there,  June  22, 1887.  A  German 
novelist.  Her  father  was  a  portrait-painter.  In  her 
seventeenth  year  she  was  sent  by  her  foster-mother,  the 
Princess  of  Schwarzhurg-Sondershausen,  to  Vienna  to  re- 
ceive instruction  in  vocal  music,  but  became  deaf  and  was 
obliged  to  give  up  a  contemplated  musical  career.  Subse- 
quently she  lived  for  eleven  years  at  the  court  of  the 
princess,  but  ultimately  took  up  her  residence  in  her  na- 
tive place.  Beginning  with  "Die  zwolf  Apostel^C'The 
Twelve  Apostles  "),  which  was  published  in  1866,  all  her 
stories  have  first  appeared  in  the  journal  "Die  Garten- 
laube."  Otherworksare"6oldelse"("6oldEisie"),"Blau- 
bart"  ("Blue  Beard"),  "Das  Geheimuiss  der alten Mam- 
sell"  ("The  Old  Mamselle's Secret"),  all  1868,  "  Thuringer 
Erzahlungen"  ("Thuringian  Tales,"lS69),  "Reichsgratln 
Gisela"  ("Countess  Gisela,"  1870),  "Heideprinzesschen" 
("The Moorland  Princess, "  1872), " Die zweite Frau  " ("  The 
Second  Wife,"  1874),  "  Im  Haus  des  Kommerzienrats  " 
("In  the  House  of  the  Counselor,"  1877),  "Im  Schillings- 
hof"(1879),  etc. 

Marlow,  Great.    See  Great  Marlow. 

Marlow  (mar'16).  Young.  The  son  of  Sir  Charles 
Marlow  in  (Goldsmith's ' '  She  Stoops  toConquer." 
He  is  extremely  rfiy  with  women  of  reputation  and  virtue, 
but  an  impudent  fellow  among  women  of  another  stamp ; 
hence  Miss  Hardcastle  "  stoops  "  to  the  disguise  of  a  bar- 
maid "to conquer"  him. 

Marlowe  (mar'16),  Christopher.  Born  at  Can- 
terbury(baptizedPeb.26,1564):  killed  in  astreet 
flght  at  Deptf  ord,  June  1, 1593.  An  English  poet . 
and  dramatist,  son  of  John  Marlowe,  a  shoe- 
maker of  Canterbury.  He  graduated  B.  A.  at  Corpus 
Christ!  College,  Cambridge,  in  1583.  He  may  have  seen 
some  military  service,  but  more  probably  settled  in  London 
at  once,  and  attached  himself  to  the  "Lord  Admiral's  Com- 
pany "  as  dramatist.  Most  of  his  plays  were  produced  by 
that  company.  "Tamburlaine  "  was  licensed  for  publica- 
tion Aug.  14, 1590,  and  is  ascribed  to  Marlowe  on  internal 
evidence  alone.  His  second  play,  "The  Tragedy  of  Dr. 
Faustus,"was  entered  on  the  "Stationers' Register"  Jan.  7, 
1601.  Twenty-three  performances  were  given  by  Hens- 
lowe  between  1594  and  1697,  and  by  English  companies  at 
Gratz  in  1608,  at  Dresden  in  1626,  and  frequently  in  Vienna. 
"  The  Jew  of  Malta"  was  written  after  1688,  and  was  fre- 
quently acted  between  1691  and  1596,  and  by  English  com- 
panies at  Passau  in  1607  and  Gratz  in  1608.  On  April  24, 
1818,  a  version  by  S.  Penley  was  brought  out  by  Edmund 
Xean  at  Drury  Lane.  "Edward  II."  was  entered  on  the 
"  Stationers  'Register  "  July  6, 1 693.  He  was  also  concerned 
in  "The  Massacre  at  Paris"  and  "The  I^ragedy  of  Dido," 
and  there  are  indications  that  he  assisted  in  writing  some 
of  the  earlier  Shaksperian  plays.  He  wrote  two  sestiads  of 
a  paraphrase  of  the  "  Hero  and  Leander  "  of  Musseus, which 
was  finished  by  George  Chapman.  "  Come  live  with  me 
and  be  my  love  "  was  first  printed  in  the  "  Passionate  Pil- 
grim" in  1599. 

Marlowe,  Owen.  Bom  in  England,  Aug.  1, 
1830 :  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  May  19, 1876.  An 
American  actor.  His  first  stage  apjjearanoe  in  America 
was  in  Sept.,  1855.  He  was  noted  as  Sir  Lucius  O'Trigger, 
Captain  Hawtree,  etc. 
C— 42  , 


657 

Marly-le-Eoi  (mar-le'16-rwa').  A  village  in  the 
department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  situated 
on  the  Seine  10  miles  west  of  Paris,  it  was  for- 
merly noted  for  its  chateau  of  Louis  XIV.  Near  it  is 
Marly-la-Machine,  a  hamlet  noted  for  its  hydraulic  works 
for  supplying  Versailles  with  water.    Population,  1,200. 

Mar  Magallanico  or  Magalhanico.    ['  Sea  of 

Magellan.']  A  name  sometimes  given  by  geog- 
raphers o^  the  16th  century  to  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean. 

Marmande  (mar-mond').  Atown  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lot-et-Garonne,  Prance,  situated  on 
the  Garonne  42  miles  southeast  of  Bordeaux. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  10,341. 

MS.rmaros-Sziget.      See  Sziget. 

Marmier  (mar-mya'),  Xavier.  Born  at  Pon- 
tarlier,  Prance,  June  24,  1809:  died  Oct.  11, 
1892.  A  French  litterateur,  author  of  travels 
and  translator  from  the  German.  He  made  a  jour- 
ney to  Scandinavia  and  Lapland  at  the  expense  of  the  gov- 
ernment in  1836-38 ;  was  appointed  professor  of  foreign 
literature  at  Rennes  in  1839  ;  and  became  librarian  of  the 
ministry  ot  public  instruction  at  Paris  in  1841,  and  in  1846 
custodian  of  the  library  of  Sainte-Genevi^ve.  He  pub- 
lished histories  of  the  German,  Danish,  and  Swedish  lit- 
eratures, a  history  of  Iceland,  translations  from  the  Ger- 
man and  Scandinavian,  etc. 

Marmion  (mar'mi-on).  A  narrative  poem  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1808.  Macready 
adapted  it  for  the  stage,  and  played  it  at  his 
benefit. 

Marmion,  Shakerley  or  Shackerley.  Born 
near  Brackley,  Northamptonshire,  Jan.,  1603: 
died  at  London,  Jan.,  1639.  An  English  drama- 
tist and  poet.  Hewrote"Holland'sLeaguer"(licenBed 
and  printed  1632),  "A  Fine  Companion"  (1633),  "The  An- 
tiquary "  (his  best-known  play :  acted  in  1636,  printed  1641). 
He  also  wrote  "Cupid  and  Psyche,"  and  otjier  poems. 

Marmol  (mar-mol'),  Jos6.  Born  in  Buenos 
Ayres  about  1818:  died  there,  Aug.  12,  1871. 
An  Argentine  author.  He  was  exiled  by  Rosas,  fought 
against  nim,  and  was  subsequently  a  member  of  Congress 
and  director  of  the  national  library.  His  works  include 
many  poems  and  dramas,  and  "  La  Amalia,"  a  romance  of 
the  time  of  Rosas,  which  has  been  translated  into  French 
and  German. 

Marmolada  (mar-mo-la'da).  The  highest  sum- 
mit of  the  Dolomite  Alps,  near  the  border  of 
southern  Tyrol  and  Italy.    Height,  11,045  feet. 

Marmolejo,  Alonso  de  GKSngora.  See  Gdngora 
Marmolejo. 

Marmont  (mar-m6n ' ) ,  AugusteFr  6d6ric  Louis 
Viesse  de.  Due  de  Raguse.  Born  at  Chfttillon- 
sur-Selne,  Prance,  July  20, 1774:  died  at  Venice, 
March  2,  1852.  A  French  marshal.  He  served 
with  distinction  in  the  Napoleonic  campaigns,  particularly 
at  Marengo  (1800)  and  Ulm  (1806),  and  in  the  campaigns 
of  1809  and  1813-14 ;  was  governor-general  of  the  Illyrian 
Provinces  1809-11 ;  was  defeated  by  Wellington  at  Sala- 
manca July  22,  1812;  and  surrendered  his  army  to  the 
provisional  government  April,  1814.  He  unsuccessfully 
attempted  to  suppress  the  revolution  of  1830.  His  "M6- 
moires"  were  published  1856-57. 

Marmontel  (mar-m6n-tel'),  Jean  Frangois. 

Bom  at  Bort,  Limousin,  July  11,  1723:  died  at 
Abbeville,  Eure,  Dec.  31, 1799.  A  French  writer. 
He  was  brought  up  by  the  Jesuits,  and  destined  for  the 
church.  In  1741  he  was  appointed  substitute  instructor  in 
philosophy  at  Toulouse.  His  first  piece  of  literary  work, 
an  ode  (1743),  proved  a  failure.  Encouraged  by  Voltaire's 
sympathy,  however,  he  came  to  Paris,  and  took  several 
prizes  in  literary  competition  (1745-47).  He  wrote  several 
tragedies,  "Denys  le  tyran "  (1748),  "Arsitom^ne"  (1749), 
"Cldopatre  "(1760), "  Les  H^raclides  "(1762),  and  "  Bgyptus  " 
(1753),  but  his  success  was  not  great  as  a  poet.  Then  he 
turned  his  attention  to  prose,  and  contributed  largely  to 
the"EncyclopSdie."  He  recast  several  of  his  articles  and 
published  them  subsequently  in  book  form,  such  as  his 
"  Po^tique  tran;aise  "  (1763),  and  his  "  Elements  de  litt^ra- 
ture  "  (1787) :  tUs  latter  work  places  him  second  to  La  Harpe 
only  as  a  propagandist  of  literature  in  the  18th  century. 
He  had  already  acquired  renown  by  his  "Oontes  moraux" 
(1761),  his  philosophical  novel  "B^isaire"  (1767),  and  his 
historical  novel  "Les  Incas  "  (1777).  He  published  further 
"La  Pharsale,"  translated  from  Luoan  (1761),  and  wrote 
the  words  for  several  comic  operas,  as  "  Le  Huron  "  (1768), 
" Z^mire  et  Azor  "  (1771),  " Didon  " (1783),  and  "Ptoaope  " 
(1786).  Between  1789  and  1792  he  published  in  "  Le  Mer- 
cure"  a  second  series  of  "Contes  moraux."  His  posthu- 
mous works  are  "  M^moires  d'un  pfere  k  aes  enfanta  "  (1804), 
and  "Lemons  d'un  yire  h,  ses  entants  sur  la  langue  fran- 
(jaise"  (1806).  He  was  elected  to  the  French  Academy  in 
1763.    He  is  a  truly  representative  disciple  of  Voltaire. 

Marmora  (mar'mo-ra).  An  island  in  the  Sea 
of  Marmora,  belonging  to  Turkey,  about  70  miles 
west-southwest  of  Constantinople :  the  ancient 
Proconnesus.    Length,  about  11  mUes. 

Marmora,  Sea  of.  A  sea  between  European 
and  Asiatic  Turkey,  communicating  with  the 
Black  Sea  on  the  northeast  by  the  Strait  of 
Bosporus,  and  with  the-Slgean  Seaonthe  south- 
west by  the  Dardanelles :  the  ancient  Propontis. 
Length,  about  170  miles.  Greatest  width,  about 
50  miles. 

Marmore  (mar'mo-ra),  Cascate  delle,  or  Falls 
of  Terni  (ter'ne).  A  series  of  cascades  near 
Temi,  Italy,  in  the  Velino  near  its  mouth  in  the 


Marozia 

Nera,  celebrated  for  its  beauty.  Height  of  the 
falls,  65  feet,  330  feet,  and  190  feet  respectively. 

Marne  (mam).  A  river  in  France  which  joins 
the  Seine  2  miles  southeast  of  Paris:  the 
Roman  Matrona.  Length,  306  miles ;  naviga- 
ble from  St.-Dizier. 

Marne.  A  department  in  Prance.  Capital, 
Chaions-sur-Mame.  it  is  bounded  by  Aisne  and  Ar- 
dennes on  the  north,  Meuse  on  the  east,  Haute-Marne  and 
Aube  on  the  south,  and  Aisne  and  Seine-et-Marne  on  the 
west,  forming  part  of  the  ancient  Champagne.  The  sur- 
face is  partly  level  and  partly  hilly.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
Marne.  The  leading  product  is  champagne.  Area,  3,159 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  434,692. 

Marne,  Haute-.    See  Haute-Mame. 

Marniz,  Philipp.    See  Sainte-Aldegonde. 

Marno  (mar'no),  Ernst.  Born  at  Vienna,  1844: 
died  at  Khartum,  1883.  An  African  traveler. 
A  specialist  in  zoblogy,  he  accompanied  Casanova  as  far  as 
Abyssinia  in  1866 ;  visited  Khartum  in  1869,  and  Sennaar 
and  Fazogl  in  1870 ;  explored  the  Bahr  es-Seraf  1871-72 ; 
and  published  in  1874  "ReisenimGebietedesBlauen  und 
Weissen  NiL"  Called  again  to  the  Egyptian  Sudan  by  Gor- 
don, he  explored  the  Makar^ka  and  Kordofan,  and  returned 
and  wrote  "Reisen  in  der  Aquatorialprovinz  und  in  Kor- 
dofan "  (1876).  In  1879  he  was  again  with  Gordon  fight- 
ing the  slave-traders. 

Maro  (ma'ro).  The  family  name  of  Vergil 
(Publius  Vergilius  Maro). 

Marocco.    See  Morocco. 

Marochetti  (ma-ro-ket'te).  Carlo.  Bom  at 
Turin,  1805 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  4,  1868.  An 
Italian  sculptor,  royal  academician,  and  baron 
of  the  Italian  kingdom.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Lyc6e  Napoleon  at  Paris,  and  studied  sculpture  with  Baron 
Bosio.  His  chief  works  are  equestrian  statues  of  the  Duke 
of  Orleans,  the  equestrian  statue  of  Richard  Cceur  de  Lion 
at  Westminster,  the  equestrian  statues  of  the  Queen  and 
Duke  of  Wellington  at  Glasgow,  and  the  Inkerman  monu- 
ment at  St.  Paul's. 

Maronites  (mar'o-nits).  A  section  of  the  Syrian 
population,  settled  chiefly  on  and  around  Mount 
Lebanon,  from  Tripolis  in  the  north  to  Tyre 
and  the  Sea  of  Galilee  in  the  south.  Their  num- 
ber is  above  200,000.  They  live  by  cattle-breeding,  agri- 
culture, and  silk-culture.  They  form  a  separate  ecclesi- 
astical community,  having  been  originally  Monothelites 
(holding  that  in  Christ  there  was  only  one  will).  Since 
1182  they  have  been  gradually  united  to  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  but  still  retain  some  of  their  special  privi- 
leges, as  the  Syrian  litui'gy  and  marriage  of  the  lower 
clergy.  They  also  consider  themselves  politically  a  sepa- 
rate nation,  being  ruled  by  a  Christian  pasha  and  by 
sheiks  chosen  from  their  aristocracy,  and  only  paying  a 
tribute  to  the  Turkish  government.  The  name  Maronites 
is  derived  from  an  old  monastery  which  was  situated  on 
the  Orontes  (modern  al-Azi)  between  Hamah  and  Emesa, 
and  was  so  named  after  a  saint  who  lived  in  the  4th  cen- 
tury {rruir  meaning  in  Syrian  'lord,'  'master,'  then  'saint'; 
maron,  my  lord).  Some  derive  it  from  a  village,  Maronea, 
situated  east  of  Antiocli. 

Maroons  (ma-rSnz').  The  name  formerly  given 
in  Jamaica  to  bands  of  fugitive  slaves  and 
their  descendants.  They  formed  villages  in  the  moun- 
tajns  in  the  17th  century.  Early  in  the  18th  century  they 
became  formidable  under  their  leader,  Cudjoe,  attacking 
plantations  and  openly  opposing  government  troops.  In 
1738  Governor  Trelawney  made  a  treaty  of  peace  with 
them,  securing  their  freedom  and  granting  them  lands. 
They  rebelled  in  1795,  were  partially  reduced  in  1796,  and 
many  of  them  were  sent  to  Nova  Scotia  and  Sierra  Leone. 
The  last  outbreak  of  the  survivors  was  in  1798.  The  name 
(French  ntgres  mctrrcms)  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  bush 
negroes  of  Guiana. 

Maros  (mor'osh).  A  river  in  Transylvania  and 
Hungary  which  joins  the  Theiss  near  Szegedin. 
Length,  about  600  miles ;  navigable  from  Karls- 
burg. 

Mar  OS- Vasi,rhely  (mor '  osh  -  va '  shar  -  hely ) , 
G.  Neumarkt  (noi'markt).  The  capital  of 
the  county  of  Maros-Torda,  Transylvania,  sit- 
uated on  the  Maros  in  lat.  46°  28'  N.,  long.  24° 
35'  E. :  the  chief  town  of  the  Szeklers-  Popu- 
lation (1890),  14,212. 

Marot  (ma-ro'),  Clement.  Bom  at  Cahors, 
1497:  died  at  Turin,  1544.  AnotedPrenohpoet. 
He  was  sent  to  Paris  at  an  early  age  to  study  law,  but  the 
work  was  not  to  his  taste,  and  he  soon  gave  it  up.  His 
father  had  been  court  poet  to  the  Queen  of  France,  Anne  de 
Breta^ne,  and  througli  him  the  son  obtained  access  to  the 
court  circles,  where  he  won  the  good  will  of  Marguerite 
de  Valois.  When  Francis  I.  came  to  the  throne  of  France 
in  1516,  Clement  Marot  attracted  the  king's  attention  by 
his  poem  "Le  temple  de  Cupidon,"  and  was  retained  by 
him  at  court.  The  poet  followed  his  royal  patron  on  his 
expeditions,  and  led  on  the  whole  an  eventful  life.  Besides 
a  great  deal  of  original  poetry,  Marot  translated  portions 
of  Vergil,  Ovid,  and  Petrarch,  also  52  psalms  of  David. 
His  complete  works  have  been  variously  edited :  the  last 
edition  from  the  author's  lifetime  is  dated  1644.  His 
modem  editors  are  Fresnoy  (1731),  Eapilly  (1824),  Jannet 
(1868-72),  and  Guiffrey,  whose  work  is  still  (1894)  in  course 
of  publication. 

Marozia  (ma-ro'zi-a).  Died  before  945.  A 
Roman  woman  notorious  for  her  profligacy  and 
for  the  influence  she  exercised  over  the  papal 
court.  She  was  the  daughter  of  the  infamous  Theodora 
and  Theophylactus,  became  the  mistress  of  Pope  Sergiua 
III.,  and  married  successively  Alberic  I.,  prince  of  Rome, 
her  stepson  Guido,  and  Hugo,  king  of  Italy.    She  was  in- 


Marozia 

strumental  In  raising  three  popes  to  the  tluone,  anions 
whom  was  her  son  by  Sergius,  John  XI.  She  was  eventu- 
ally imprisoned  by  her  son  ^beric.    See  Alberic  II. 

Marplot,  or  the  Second  Fart  of  The  Busy 
Body.  A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre,  produced 
in  1710.  Henry  Woodward  altered  It,  and  called  It 
"Marplot  in  Lisbon."  Martin  Marplot  Is  a  silly,  cowardly 
fellow,  who  spoils  everything  he  undertakes.  He  differs 
somewhat  from  Mar-all  in  I^den's  play,  and  is  the  origi- 
nal of  the  more  modem  Paul  Pry. 

Marprelate  Controversy,  The.  A  vigorous  and 
vituperative  pamphlet  war  waged  by  the  Puri- 
tans against  the  defenders  of  English  Church 
disciphne  about  1589.  The  pamphlets  were  written 
by  a  number  of  persons,  but  were  published  under  the 
name  of  Martin  Marprelate.  TJdall  was  the  originator  of 
the  controversy,  but  afterward  announced  his  disapproval 
of  the  Martinist  methods.  The  press  which  printed  the 
tracts  was  moved  from  place  to  place  to  avoid  government 
suppression,  and  was  once  seized,  near  Manchester,  but 
the  publications  were  continued.  Penry,  Barrow,  Job 
Throckmorton,  Fenner,  John  Keld,  and  others  have  all 
been  supposed  to  be  the  authors  of  the  tracts,  but  some 
think  Martin  Marprelate  to  have  been  a  layman  about  the 
court.  The  controversy  was  suppressed  by  the  death  of 
tldall  in  prison,  and  the  execution  of  Penry  and  Barrow 
In  1593. 

So  great  waa  the  stir  that  a  formal  answer  of  great 
length  was  put  forth  by  "  T.  C."  (well  known  tobe  Thomas 
Cooper,  Bishop  of  Winchester),  entitled,  "An  Admonition 
to  the  People  of  England."  The  Martinists,  from  their 
invisible  and  shifting  citadel,  replied  with  perhaps  the 
cleverest  tract  of  the  whole  controversy,  named,  with  de- 
liberate quaintness.  Hay  any  Work  for  Cooper?  ("Have 
You  any  Work  for  the  Cooper?  "  said  to  be  an  actual  trade 
]x>ndon  cry).  Thenceforward  the  mSUe  of  pamphlets,  an- 
swers, *' replies,  duplies,  quadruplies,"  became,  in  small 
space,  indescribable.  Petheram's  prospectus  of  reprints 
(only  partially  carried  out)  enumerates  twenty-six,  almost 
all  printed  in  the  three  years  1688-1690 ;  Mr.  Arber,  includ- 
ing the  preliminary  works,  counts  some  thirty. 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Eng.  Lit.,  n.  246. 

Marquesas  (mar-ka'sas)  Islands.  [So  named 
from  the  Marquis  of  Canete  (see  Hurtado  de 
Mendoza,  dareia) ;  F.les  Marquises.']  A  group 
of  islands  in  the  South  Pacific,  north  of  the  Low 
Archipelago,  situated  about  lat.  7°  50'-10° 
30'  S.,  long.  138°  30'-140°  50'  W. :  also  called 
the  Mendana  Islands.  Nukahiva  and  Hivaoa  are  the 
largest.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  They  were  discov- 
ered by  Mendafia  in  1695,  and  again  by  Cook  in  1774.  In 
1842  they  became  a  French  protectorate.  Area,  480  square 
miles.    Population,  6,145. 

Marouette  (mar-kef).  A  city  and  the  capital 
of  Marquette  County,  Michigan,  situated  on 
Lake  Superior  about  lat.  46°  32'  N.,  long.  87° 
26' W.  It  exports  iron  ore.  Population  (1900), 
10,058. 

Marquette,  Jacques.  Bom  at  Laon,  France, 
1637'  died  near  Lake  Michigan,  May  18,  1675. 
A  French  Jesuit  missionary  and  explorer  in 
America.  He  accompanied  Joliet  in  his  voyage  down 
the  Wisconsin  and  Mississippi  and  up  the  Illinois  in  1673. 
He  died  while  attempting  to  establish  a  mission  among 
the  Illinois.  He  wrote  a  description  of  the  expedition  of 
1673,  entitled  "Voyage  etd^couverte  de  quelques  pays  et 
nations  de  I'Am^rique  Septentrionale.'* 

Marquez  (mar'keth),  Jos§  Arnaldo.  Born 
about  1825 :  killed  in  the  defense  of  Lima,  Jan. 
15,  1881.  A  Peruvian  poet.  He  took  part  in  the 
early  civil  wars,  was  several  times  banished,  and  traveled 
In  Chile,  Cuba,  and  the  tTnited  States.  In  later  life  he 
occupied  various  consular  and  diplomatic  positions.  Mar- 
quez is  regarded  as  the  best  of  modern  Peruvian  poets, 
especially  in  the  lyric  style.  He  published  a  book  of 
travels  in  the  United  S&tes.  and  various  other  prose 
works. 

Marquez,  Jos6  Ignacio.  A  Colombian  politi- 
cian, president  of  New  Granada  for  a  short  time 
in  1832,  and  again  1837-41.  During  the  latter  period 
a  civil  war  broke  out^  in  which  Marquez  was  victorious, 
but  which  did  great  injury  to  the  country. 

Marquez.Leonardo.  Born  in  the  city  of  Mexico 
about  1820.  A  Mexican  general,  prominent  un- 
der Miramon  in  the  struggle  against  Juarez 
(1858—60).  Subsequently  he  sustained  the  French  in^- 
tervention ;  was  Maximilian's  minister  to  Constantinople ; 
returned  in  1866,  and  undertook  the  defense  of  Mexico 
(April,  1867) ;  was  closely  besieged  by  Diaz,  and  repeatedly 
defeated ;  and  resigned  on  June  19,  and  escaped  to  Ha- 
vana. Hewa£  accused  of  great  cruelty,  and  was  called  "the 
tiger  of  Tacubaya,"  in  allusion  to  his  massacre  of  pris- 
oners at  that  place  in  April,  1859. 

Marquis  (mar'kwis).  The.  1 .  In  early  Peruvian 
history,  Francisco  Pizarro,  who  was  created  a 
marquis  by  Charles  V.  in  1535.  There  is  no  rec- 
ord of  a  special  designation  for  the  marquisate. 
— 3.  In  early  Mexican  history,  Hernando  Cor- 
tes, marquis  of  the  Valley  of  Oaxaca  from  1529. 

Marquise  (mSi-kez').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  14  miles  south- 
west of  Calais.  It  has  marble-quarries.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  3,511. 

Marr  (max),  Carl.  Bom  at  Milwaukee,  Wis., 
1859.  An  American  figure-paiiiter.  He  studied 
at  Berlin  and  at  Munich.  Among  his  works  are  "The  Mys- 
tery of  Life"  (at  the  Metropolitan  Museum,  New  York), 
"The  Flagellants"  (1889),  and  "1806  in  Germany"  (1890). 

Marracci  (mar-ra'che),  Lodovlco.     Born  at 


658 

Lucoa,  Italy,  1612 :  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  5, 1700. 
A  distinguished  Italian  Orientalist.  His  most  im- 
portant work  is  an  edition  of  the  Koran  with  a  Latin 
translation  (1698),  to  which  he  devoted  nearly  forty  years 
of  labor. 

Marrast  (ma-ra'),  Armand.  Bom  at  St.-Gau- 
dens,  France,  June  5, 1801 :  died  at  Paris,  March 
10,  1852.  A  French  politician  and  journalist. 
He  was  secretary  and  member  of  tjjie  provi- 
sional government  and  mayor  of  Paris  in  1848, 
and  president  of  the  Constituent  Assembly 
1848-49. 

Marriage.  A  novel  by  Miss  Susan  Edmonstone 
Ferrier,  published  anonymously  in  1818.  This 
novel  was  begun  in  concert  with  Miss  Clavering,  a  grand- 
daughter of  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  who  soon,  however,  relin- 
quished her  share  of  the  work,  and  Miss  Ferrier  completed 
it  alone. 

Marriage  k  la  Mode.  [P.  manage  &  la  mode, 
fashionable  marriage.]  1.  A  play  by  Dryden, 
acted  in  1673. —  3.  A  series  of  six  paintings  by 
Hogarth(1745),inthe  National  Gallery, London. 
The  subject  is  the  disastrous  consequences  of  marriage, 
without  love,  in  high  lite ;  and  is  iUustoated  through  scenes 
of  hollow  festivity,  profligacy,  dueling,  the  execution  of  the 
victor  for  murder,  and  the  suicide  of  the  guilty  wife. 

Marriage  k  la  Mode,  or  the  Comical  Lovers. 

A  comedy  by  CoUey  Cibber,  a  combination  of 
the  comic  scenes  of  Dryden's  "  Marriage  k  la 
Mode  "  and  "  The  Maiden  Queen,"  produced  in 
1707. 

Marriage  at  Cana.  1.  A  painting  by  Paolo 
Veronese,  in  the  museum  at  Dresden.  The  table 
is  in  an  open  court  with  monumental  architecture.  Christ 
is  seated  with  a  brilliant  company,  for  the  most  part  in 
Venetian  dress. 

3.  A  painting  by  Paolo  Veronese  (1563),  in  the 
Louvre,  Paris.  The  picture  measures  32  by  21  feet,  and 
is  throughout  a  triumph  of  coloring.  The  subj  ect  is  treated 
as  a  sumptuous  banquet,  in  a  rich  architectural  setting. 
Many  of  the  personages  are  portraits  of  sovereigns  and 
other  distinguished  people  of  the  16th  century.  The  musi- 
cians represent  the  chief  Venetian  painters. 
3.  A  famous  picture  by  Tintoret,  in  the  sa- 
cristy of  Santa  Maria  della  Salute,  Venice. 
Marriage  of  St.  Catharine.  There  are  numer- 
ous paintings  of  the  "SposaUzio,"  or  Mystical 
Marriage  of  St.  Catharine  of  Siena,  thus  desig- 
nated. The  following  are  the  more  important :  (1)  A 
masterpiece  by  Correggio  (1519),  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  The 
child  Christ,  seated  on  the  Virgin's  knee,  holds  St.  Catha- 
rine's ring-flnger,  upon  which  he  is  about  to  place  a  ring. 
St.  Sebastian,  holdinghis  arrows,  looks  over  St.  Catharine's 
shoulder.  (2)  A  painting  (called  the  Piccolo  Sposalizlo  in  dis- 
tinction from  the  Louvre  masterpiece)  by  Correggio,  in  the 
Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  (3)  A  painting  by  Innocenzo  da 
Imola,  in  San  GiacomojMaggiore,  Bologna,  Italy.  (4)  A  trip- 
tych by  Hans  Memling  (1479),  in  the  Hospital  of  St.  John  at 
Bruges,  Belgium.  The  Virgin,  holding  the  Child,  sits  un- 
der a  portico,  attended  by  floating  angels ;  St.  Catharine 
kneels,  about  to  receive  the  ring.  At  the  sides  stand  the 
two  Sts.  John,  St.  Barbara,  angels,  and  monks.  On  one 
wing  is  painted  the  story  of  Salome,  on  the  other  the  vi- 
sion of  St.  John  the  Evangelist.  (6)  A  painting  by  Murillo, 
in  the  Church  of  Los  Capuchinos  at  Cadiz.  While  at  work 
on  this  picture,  in  1682,  the  painter  fell  from  his  scaffold- 
ing and  received  injuries  which  caused  his  death.  (6)  A 
painting  by  Rubens,  in  the  Church  of  the  Augustiniaus  at 
Antwerp,  Belgium.  The  Virgin  is  enthroned  ;  the  Child 
on  her  knee  leans  toward  St.  Catharine,  extending  the  ring ; 
behind  are  St.  Joseph,  several  apostles  and  other  saints, 
and  angels.  (7)  A  decorative  painting  by  Paolo  Veronese, 
in  Santa  Catenna  at  Venice.  The  youthful  figure  of  the 
saint  is  especially  beautifuL 

Marriage  of  the  Virgin.  1.  One  of  the  most 
important  paintings  of  Perugino,  in  the  mus6e 
at  Caen,  France. —  3.  A  celebrated  painting  by 
Eaphaei,  in  the  Brera  at  Milan.  Mary  and  her  at- 
tendant maidens  stand  at  the  spectator's  left;  Joseph, 
bearing  the  flowering  staff,  and  behind  him  the  suitors 
with  the  barren  staves,  face  them  at  the  right ;  while  the 
venerable  high  priest  in  the  middle  performs  his  function, 
and  a  youth  in  the  foreground  breaks  his  dry  staff  across 
his  knee.  The  temple  occupies  the  background,  in  the 
form  of  a  domical  16-Bided  building  with  an  arcaded  peri- 
style of  16  columns. 

Married  Man,  The.  A  play  by  Mrs.  Inchbald, 
produced  in  1789.  It  is  taken  from  "Le  phUo- 
sophe  maris"  of  Destouches. 

Marro'w  Controversy.  A  controversy  in  the 
C!hurch  of  Scotland,  about  1719-22,  relating  to 
the  doctrines  which  were  of  the  type  more  re- 
cently called  "evangelical,"  set  forth  in  the 
book  entitled  "  The  Marrow  of  Modem  Divin- 
ity" by  Edward  Fisher  (1644).  Bbenezer  and 
Ralph  Erskine  and  Thomas  Boston  were  among 
the  "Marrow  men." 

Marrucini  (mar-8-si'ni).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  people  in  Italy,  dweUing  near  the  Adriatic, 
north  of  Samnium.  They  were  allied  to  the 
Marsi. 

Marryat(mar'i-at),  Florence.  BomatBrighton 
in  1837 :  died  at  London,  Oct.  27, 1899.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist,  thedaughterofFrederickMarryat. 
She  married  first  Colonel  Boss  Church,  and  afterward 
Colonel  Francis  Lean.  She  was  also  known  as  a  dramatic 
reader.  She  was  editor  of  "  London  Society  "  1872-76,  and 
published  many  novels,  and  a  life  of  her  father  (1872). 


Marseillaise,  La 

Marryat  (mar'i-at),  Frederick.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don,  July  10,  1792:  died  at  Langham,  Norfolk, 
Aug.  9,  1848.  A  captain  in  the  British  navy, 
and  novelist,  in  I8O6  he  entered  the  navy,  and  in  1815 
was  made  commander.  He  was  serving  on  the  St.  Helena 
station  when  Napoleon  died.  He  resigned  1830,  and  de- 
voted himself  to  literature.  He  published  "Frank  Mild- 
may,  or  Adventures  of  a  Naval  Officer  "  (1829),  "The  King's 
Own"  (1830X  "Peter  Simple"  (1834),  "Mr.  Midshipman 
Easy"  (1836),  "Japhet  in  Search  of  a  Father"  (1836X 
"Snarleyyow"  0837),  "Jacob  Faithful"  (1834),  "The 
Phantom  Ship"  (1839),  "Masterman  Beady"  (1841),  "The 
Children  of  the  New  Forest"  (1847),  "The  Little  Savage" 
(1848).  He  edited  the  "Metropolitan  Magazme"  from 
1832  to  1835. 

Mars  (marz).  1.  A  Latin  deity,  identified  at 
an  early  period  by  the  Romans  with  the  Greek 
Ares,  with  whom  he  originally  had  no  connec- 
tion. He  waa  principally  worshiped  as  the  god  of  war, 
and  as  such  bore  the  epithet  Gradivus ;  but  he  was  earUer 
regarded  as  a  patron  of  agriculture,  which  procured  him 
the  title  of  Silvanus,  and  as  the  protector  of  the  Soman 
state,  in  virtue  of  which  he  was  called  Quirinus.  In  works 
of  art  Mars  is  generally  represented  as  of  a  youthful  but 
powerful  fignre,  armed  with  the  helmet^  shield,  and  spear; 
in  other  examples  he  is  bearded  and  heavily  armed. 
3.  The  planet  next  outside  the  earth  in  the  so- 
lar system,  its  diameter  (about  4,300  miles)  isonlyO.53 
that  of  the  earth,  its  superficies  0.28,  and  its  volume  0.147. 
Its  mean  density  is  0.71  that  of  the  earth,  so  that  the  density 
of  its  crustmay  very  likely  be  the  sameas  the  earth's;  but  the 
weight  of  a  given  mass  at  the  surface  of  Mars  is  only  three 
eighths  of  the  weight  of  the  same  mass  on  the  earth.  The 
strength  of  materials  is  therefore  relatively  much  greater 
there,  and  mountains,  animals,  and  buildings  would  natu- 
rally be  much  larger.  The  mean  distance  from  the  sun  is 
141,500,000miles.  The  eccentricity  of  its  orbit  is  very  much 
greater  than  that  of  the  earth,  being  0.093  as  compart 
with  0.017 ;  the  inclination  of  its  equator  to  its  orbit  is 
about  the  same.  Its  day  is  half  an  hour  longer  than  ours. 
Its  year  is  687  of  our  days.  The  surface  of  Mars  has  been 
carefully  mapped,  and  is  characterized  by  the  predomi- 
nance of  land  and  the  great  number  of  canals  and  straits. 
Its  color  is  strikingly  red.  Its  climate  is,  perhaps,  not 
very  different  from  that  of  the  earth.  It  has  two  moons, 
discovered  by  Professor  Asaph  Hall  in  Washington  in 
1877,  conformably  to  the  prediction  of  Kepler,  and  realiz- 
ing the  fancies  of  Swift  and  Voltaire.  The  inner  of  these, 
Phobos,  revolves  in  less  than  eight  hours,  so  that  to  an  ob- 
server on  the  planet  it  rises  in  the  west  and  sets  in  the  east ; 
the  outer,  Deimos,  revolves  in  thirtjr  hours,  so  that  it  ap- 
pears nearly  stationary  for  a  long  time.  The  symbol  of 
Mars  is  S ,  which  seems  to  show  the  shield  and  spear  of 
the  god. 

Mars  in  Bepose.  A  colossal  Greek  statue  of 
the  school  of  Lysippus,  in  the  Villa  Ludovisi, 
Rome.  The  god,  in  the  guise  of  a  strong,  healthy  youth, 
sits  quietly  with  both  hands  on  one  raised  knee ;  he  holda 
his  sheathed  sword,  and  his  round  shield  stands  beside 
him.    An  Eros  sits  at  his  feet. 

Mars,  Hill  of.    See  Areopagus. 

Mars  (mS,rs),  MUe.  (Anne  Frangoise  Hip- 
polyte  Mars-Boutet).  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb. 
9,  1779 :  died  there,  March  20,  1847.  A  cele- 
bratedFrench  actress,  distinguished  in  comedy. 
She  made  her  d6but  at  the  age  of  14  at  the  Th^&tre  Fey- 
deau,  and  shortly  after  entered  the  Com^die  Fyan^aise.  She 
made  her  first  great  success  in  "L'Abb6  de  Mp^e  "  in  1803, 
and  later  worked  a  great  reform  in  stage  costume,  playing 
her  parts  in  dress  of  a  proper  date.  Her  manner  in  high 
comedy  was  periectly  simple  and  true,  and  she  was  un- 
equaled  in  the  pr^cieuses  and  coquettes  of  Moli^re  and 
Mjstnvaux.  She  left  the  stage  in  1841  with  a  large  fortune. 

Mar  Saba  (mar  sa'ba).  A  monastery  of  the 
Greek  Church,  situated  in  the  Kedron  valley  3^ 
hours  distant  from  Jerusalem,  it  derives  its  name 
from  the  founder,  St.  Sabas,  who  was  bom  in  Cappadocia 
about  439,  and  died  632. 

Marsala  (mar-sa'la).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Trapani,  Sicily,  situated  in  lat.  37°  47'  N., 
long.  12°  26'  E.  it  occupies  part  of  the  site  of  the  an- 
cient Lilybseum,  is  a  cathedral  city,  and  has  an  export 
trade  in  wine.  Garibaldi  landed  here  in  I860.  Popula- 
tion (1881)>  19,732. 

Marschner  (marsh'ner),  Heinrich.    Bom  at 

Zittau,  Saxony,  Aug.  16,  1795:  died  at  Han- 
nover, Dec.  14, 1861.  A  noted  German  composer. 
He  was  joint  kapellmeister  with  Weber  and  Morlacchl  ol 
the  opera  at  Dresden  (1823-26),  kapellmeister  of  the  Leip- 
sic  theater  (1827-31),  and  court  kapellmeister  at  Hannover 
after  the  last  date.  He  was  the  author  of  the  operas  "  Der 
Vampyr"  (1828),  "  Hans  Heiling  "  (1833),  eto. 
Marsden  (marz'den),  William.  Bom  at  Ver- 
val,  Ireland,  Nov!' 16, 1754:  died  near  London, 
Oct.  6, 1836.  An  English  Orientalist  and  numis- 
matist. He  received  an  appointment  in  the  service  of 
the  East  India  Company  at  Sumatra  in  1771.  In  1786  he- 
returned  and  established  an  East  India  agency  in  Gower 
street,  London.  In  1804  he  was  made  first  secretary  of  the 
admiralty.  His  chief  works  are  "History  of  Sumatra"' 
(1783),  "Dictionary  and  Grammar  of  the  Malayan  Lan- 
guage" (1812),  "Numismata  illustrata  orientalia"  (1828- 
1826).  He  presented  his  colleoHon  of  8,447  Oriental  coinfr 
to  the  British  Museum. 

Marsdiep  (mars  -  dep ' ).  A  strait  in  the  Neth- 
erlands, separating  the  island  of  Texel  from. 
the  mainland. 

Marseillaise,  La  (la  mar-se-yaz').  A  popular 
French  patriotic  song.  The  words  and  music  are  by 
Claude  Joseph  Bonget  de  Lisle,  a  captain  of  engineers,, 
and  were  composed  at  Strasburg  in  a  fit  of  enthusiasm  on 
the  night  of  April  24, 1792.  It  was  first  called  "  Chant  de 
guerre  pour  Tarmfie  du  Rhin." 


Marseillaise,  La 

The  "Chant  de  guerre"  was  Bung  in  Dietrich's  [the 
mayor's]  house  on  April  25,  copied  and  arranged  for  a  mili- 
tary band  on  the  following  day,  and  performed  by  the  band 
of  the  Garde  Nationale  at  a  review  on  Sunday,  the  29th. 
On  June  25  a  singer  named  Mireur  sang  it  at  a  civic  ban- 
quet at  Marseilles  with  so  much  effect  that  it  was  imme- 
diately printed  and  distributed  to  the  volunteers  of  the 
battalion  Just  starting  for  Paris.  They  entered  Paris  on 
July  80,  singing  their  new  hymn ;  and  with  it  on  their  lips 
they  marched  to  the  attack  on  the  Tuileries  on  August 
10, 1792.  From  that  day  the  "  Chant  de  guerre  pour  I'arm^e 
du  Rhln"  was  called  "Chanson  "  or  "Chant  des  Marseil- 
lais,"  and  finally  "La  Marseillaise."  The  "Marseillaise" 
has  often  been  made  use  of  by  composers.  Of  these,  two  may 
be  cited :  Salieri,  in  the  opening  chorus  of  his  opera  "Pal- 
mira" ^796),  and  Grison,  in  the  introduction  to  the  ora- 
torio "Esther"  (still  in  MS.),  both  evidently  international. 
Schumann  uses  it  in  his  song  of  the  "  Two  Grenadiers" 
with  magnificent  effect ;  and  also  introduces  it  in  his  over- 
ture to  "Hermann  und  Dorothea." 

Qrme,  Diet,  of  Music,  II.  220. 

Marseilles(inar-salz'),F-Marseille(mar-say'). 
[L.  Massilia,  Gr.  M.aaaiVia.']  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Bouohes-du-Kh6ne,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Mediterranean  in  lat.  43°  18'  N., 
long.  5°  24'  E.  It  is  the  second  city  and  the  principal 
seaport  of  France,  and  afeo  the  chief  seaport  of  the  Medi- 
terranean. In  Europe  it  ranlis  after  London,  Liverpool,  and 
Hamburg.  Its  commerce  is  with  Africa,  Italy,  the  Levant, 
the  Indies,  etc.  It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Messageries  Mari- 
times  and  other  steamer  lines.  Its  especial  trade  is  in 
grain,  coffee,  hides,  silk,  wool,  and  oil-seeds.  The  leading 
manufacture  is  soap.  It  has  a  large  artificial  harbor.  The 
chief  promenade  is  the  Prado.  Among  its  notable  build- 
ings are  the  Museum  of  Eine  Arts,  the  bourse,  the  Palais  de 
Justice,  and  the  cathedral,  amodern  building  by  Vandoyer, 
iu  a  modified  Byzantine  style,  built  in  alternate  courses  of 
dark  and  light  stone.  The  Palais  de  Longchamp  is  a  fine 
modem  Renaissance  building,  forming  a  monumental  ter- 
mination to  the  great  Durance  aqueduct.  It  consists  of 
two  wings  which  contain  the  museums  of  painting  and  nat- 
ural history,  and  are  connected  by  a  colonnade  with  a  cen- 
tral pavilion  from  which  issues  a  beautiful  fountain  in  the 
form  of  a  cascade.  The  city  was  founded  by  Greek  colon- 
ists from  Phocsea  about  600  B.  c. ;  became  an  Important 
colonizing  and  commercial  center  in  southern  Gaul ;  was 
destroyed  by  the  Saracens,  and  rebuilt ;  was  ruled  by  vis- 
counts ;  was  independent  for  a  short  time  in  the  I3th  cen- 
tury ;  was  deprived  of  its  freedom  by  the  counts  of  Pro- 
vence ;  was  united  to  France  in  1481 ;  had  its  privileges 
taken  away  in  1660 ;  was  punished  for  its  royalist  princi- 
ples in  the  Bevolution;  and  was  noted  in  1792  for  the 
march  of  its  volunteers  to  Paris  with  the  "  Marseillaise  " 
(which  see).  It  has  frequently  Buffered  from  epidemics. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  Thiers.  Population  (1901),  494,769. 

Marsh  (marsh),  or  de  Marisco,  Adam.    Bom 

prohably  in  Somerset:  died  about  1257.  A  learn- 
ed English  Franciscan  monk.  He  was  educated  at 
Oxford,  and  later  taught  in  the  Franciscan  school  there. 
He  was  a  friend  of  Orosseteste  and  Simon  de  Montfort. 

Friar  Eoger  Bacon,  awriterbyno  means  inclined  toflat- 
ter  the  members  of  his  own  order,  can  hardly  find  words 
strong  enough  to  express  his  admiration  of  his  friend  Adam 
Marsh.  In  one  passage  he  classes  him  with  Solomon,  Aris- 
totle, Avicenna,  and  Grosseteste  as  "perfect  in  all  know- 
ledge " ;  in  another  he  describes  Grosseteste  and  Marsh  as 
"  the  greatest  clerks  of  the  world,  and  men  perfect  in 
knowledge  divine  and  human. "  Some  of  the  letters  of  "  the 
IllustriousDoctor,"  as  Marsh  was  formerly  styled,  h  ave  been 
preserved,  and,  if  they  scarcely  warrant  ijie  high  enco- 
mium of  Bacon,  they  are  at  least  interesting  records  of  an 
unselfish  and  honourable  life.  The  Oxford  friar  had  as  his 
two  chief  correspondents  Kobert  Grosseteste,  the  cham- 
pion of  the  English  church,  and  Simon  de  Montfort,  the 
champion  of  the  English  people.         i/i/te,  Oxford,  p.  61. 

Marsh,  Mrs.  (Anne  Caldwell).  Bom  in  Staf- 
fordshire about  1798 :  died  there,  Oct.,  1874.  An 
English  novelist.  Among  her  woriss  are  "Two  Old 
Men's  Tales"  (1846),  ''Emilia  Wyndham"  (1846  and  1888), 
and  "Norman's  Bridge." 

Marsh,  George  Perkins.  Bom  at  Woodstock, 
Vt. ,  March  15, 1801 :  died  at  Vallombrosa,  Italy, 
July  24, 1882.  An  American  philologist,  diplo- 
matist, and  politician.  He  was  member  of  Congress 
from  Vermont  1842-49 ;  and  United  States  ministerto  Tur- 
key  1849-53,  and  to  Italy  1861-82.  He  published  a  "Com- 
pendious Grammar  of  the  Old  Northern  or  Icelandic  lan- 
guage "  (1838),  "The  Camel  "(1856),  "Lectures  on  the  Eng- 
lish Language  "  (1861),  "  Origin  and  History  of  the  English 
Language"  (1862),  "Man  and  Nature"  (1864:  revised  as 
"The  Earth  as  Modified  by  Human  Action,"  1874). 

Marsh,  Herbert.  Bom  1757:  died  at  Peter- 
borough, England,  1839.  Bishop  of  Peterbor- 
ough. His  chief  work  is  a  translation  of  the  "Introduc- 
tion to  the  New  Testament"  by  Michaelis  (1792-1801). 

Marsh,  Othniel  Charles.  Born  at  Lockport, 
N.  Y.,  Oct.  29, 1831 :  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
March  18,  1899.  A  distinguished  American 
paleontologist,  professor  at  Yale  University 
1866-99.  His  special  study  was  the  extinct  vertebrates 
of  the  United  States.  His  works  include ' '  Odontornithes : 
a  Monograph  on  the  Extinct  Toothed  Birds  of  North  Amer- 
ica" (1880),  "  Dinocerata :  a  Monograph  on  an  Extinct 
Order  of  Gigantic  Mammals  "  (1884),  etc. 

Marshal  (mar'shal),  William.  Bom  about 
1146:  died  at  Caversham,  near  Eeadine,  May 
14,  1219.  First  Earl  of  Pembroke  and  Striguil 
of  the  Marshal  line,  and  regent  of  England. 
When  King  Stephen  besieged  John  Marshal  at  Newbury 
in  1162,  William  was  made  hostage  for  his  father  at  the 
royal  court.  In  1170  he  was  placed  by  Henry  II.  in  charge 
of  his  oldest  son,  Henry.  At  the  death  of  Henry  IL  he 
served  Eichard  I.  On  Richard's  death  Marshal  declared 
for  John.    He  was  present  at  Kunnymede,  June  15, 1215. 


659 

John  died  Oct.  19, 1216,  and  on  Kov.  11, 1216,  Marshal  was 
chosen  regent. 

Marshal  Forwards.    A  nickname  of  Bliicher. 

Marshall  (mSr'shal).  A  city  and  the  capital  of 
Calhoun  County,  southern  Michigan,  situated 
on  the  Kalamazoo  100  mQes  west  of  Detroit. 
Population  (1900),  4,370. 

Marshall.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Harrison 
County,  eastern  Texas,  situated  about  245  miles 
northeast  of  Austin.    Population  (1900),  7,855. 

Marshall,  Humphrey.  Bom  in  Kentuol^,  Jan. 
13,  1812:  died  at  LouisviUe,  Ky.,  March  28, 
1872.  An  American  poIiticiaiU  and  soldier.  He 
was  member  of  Congress  from  Kentucky  1849-52  and  1866- 
1859 ;  United  States  commissioner  to  China  1852-63 ;  and 
later  a  Confederate  general  and  member  of  Congress. 

Marshall,  John.  Bom  in  Fauquier  County,  Va., 
Sept.  24,  1755:  died  at  Philadelphia,  July  6, 
1835.  A  celebrated  American  jurist.  He  served 
in  the  Revolutionary  War;  was  a  member  of  the  Virginia 
convention  to  ratify  the  constitution  in  1788 ;  was  a  United 
States  envoy  to  France  1797-98 ;  was  a  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Virginia  1799-1800 ;  was  secretary  of  state  1800- 
1801 ;  and  was  chief  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court  1801-35.  He  published  a  "Life  of  Washington  "  (5 
vols.  1804-07),  the  first  volume  of  which  was  published 
separately  under  the  title  of  "A  History  of  the  American 
Colonies  "  (1824). 

Marshall,  John.  Bom  at  Ely,  Cambridgeshire, 
Sept.  11,  1818:  died  Jan.  1, 1891.  An  English 
anatomist  and  surgeon,  in  1838  he  entered  Univer- 
sity College,  London,  and  in  1844  was  admitted  a  member, 
and  on  Dec.  7, 1849,  a  fellow,  of  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons of  England.  He  was  appoiuted  professor  of  sur- 
gery at  University  College  in  1866,  and  of  anatomy  at  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1873.  In  1883  he  became  president  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons. 

Marshall,  William.  Flourished  1630-50.  An 
English  engraver.  He  engraved  portraits  of 
Donne,  Milton,  Shakspere,  Bacon,  and  Charles 
I.  on  horseback. 

Marshall,  William  Oalder.  Bom  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1813:  died  June  16,  1894.  A  Scottish 
sculptor.  Among  his  works  are  "Sabrina,"  a  statue  of 
Sir  Robert  Peel  (in  Manchester),  decorations  in  the  Houses 
of  Parliament  and  St.  Paul's,  etc. 

Marshall,  Gent.,  William.  The  pseudonym 
under  which  Horace  Walpole  wrote  "  The  Cas- 
tle of  Otranto." 

Marshall  Islands.  An  archipelago  of  atolls 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  under  German  protection 
since  1885,  situated  about  lat.  5°-12°  N.,  long. 
161°-172°  E.  It  comprises  two  main  groups,  Ralik  and 
Ratak.  They  were  discovered  by  Saavedra  in  1529,  and 
explored  by  Marshall  and  Gilbert  in  1788.  Area  (with 
Brown  and  Providence  Islands),  about  160  square  miles. 
Population,  about  16,000. 

Marshall  Pass.  A  noted  pass  in  the  Cordil- 
leras of  Colorado,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Gun- 
nison. It  is  traversed  by  a  railway.  Height, 
10,841  feet. 

Marshalltown  (mar'shal-toun).  A  city,  capi- 
tal of  Marshall  County"  Iowa,  situated  on  the 
Iowa  Eiver  48  miles  northeast  of  Des  Moines. 
Population  (1900),  11,544. 

Marshalsea  (mar'shal-se)  Prison,  A  prison  in 
Southwark,  London,"used  latterly  for  debtors, 
and  abolished  in  1849.  "This  prison  was  used  for 
persons  guilty  of  offences  on  the  high  seas,  or  within  the 
precincts  of  the  court  The  marshal  of  this  prison  was 
seized  and  beheaded  by  the  rebels  under  Wat  Tyler  in 
1381.  Connected  with  the  prison  was  the  Marshalsea 
Court,  the  seat  ('si^ge ')  of  the  marshal  of  the  king's  house- 
hold, '  to  decide  differences  and  to  punish  criminals  within 
the  royal  palace,  or  on  the  verge  thereof,  which  extended 
to  twelve  miles  around  it.'  This  court  was  united  with 
that  of  Queen's  Bench  in  1842. "    Sare,  London,  I.  465. 

Marshman  (marsh'man),  John  Clark.    Bom 

Aug.,  1794 :  died  at  London,  July  8,  1877.  -An 
English  historian,  son  of  Joshua  Marshman 
(1768-1837).  He  went  to  Serampore  with  his  father  in 
1800.  He  started  the  first  paper-mill  in  India,  and  estab- 
lished the  Serampore  College  for  the  education  of  the  na- 
tives. He  returned  to  England  in  1852.  He  was  a  secular 
bishop  for  20  years.  His  chief  works  are  a  "  Dictionary  of 
the  Bengalee  Language,"  abridged  from  Carey's  diction- 
ary (1827),  "History  of  India  from  Remote  Antiquity  to 
the  Accession  of  the  Mogul  Dynasty"  (1842),  "Memoes  of 
Major-General  Sir  Henry  Havelock  "  (1860). 

Marshman  (marsh'man),  Joshua.  Bom  at 
Westbury  Leigh,  Wiltshire,  England,  April  20, 
1768 :  died  at  Serampore,  Bengal,  India,  Deo. 
5,  1837.  An  English  Baptist  missionary  and 
Orientalist,  originally  a  weaver  by  trade.  He 
was  missionary  at, Serampore  1799-1837,  and  published 
"  The  Works  of  Confucius  "  (1811),  "  Elements  of  Chinese 
Grammar,"  etc. 

Marsi  (mar'si).  [L.  (Tacitus)  -Mam,  Gr.  (Stra- 
bo)  Mupo-oJ.]  A  German  tribe  first  mentioned 
by  Strabo.  They  took  part  in  the  uprising  under  Ar. 
minius,  but  disappear  after  the  campaigns  of  Germanicus. 
They  were  probably  a  part  of  the  Sygambn,  whom  they 
adjoined  on  the  southeast,  west  of  the  Cherusci  and 
Chatti. 

Marsic  (mar'sik) .  [Ar. ,  perhaps  modified  from 
marfici  or  marfaq,  the  elbow.]    The  fifth-mag- 


Martabau,  Gulf  of 

nitude  double  star  k  Hereulis,  situated  in  the 
right  elbow  of  the  giant  as  usually  drawn. 

Marsico  Nuovo  (mar'se-ko  no-o'v6).  A  small 
town  in  the  province  of  Potenza,  southern  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Agri  20  miles  south  of  Potenza. 

Marsic  War.    See  Social  War. 

Marsigli  (mar-sel'ye),  Count  Luigi  Ferdi- 
nando.  Bom  at  Bologna,  Italy,  June  10, 1658 : 
died  there,  Nov.  1,  1730.  An  Italian  soldier, 
naturalist,  and  geographer.  He  was  in  the  Austrian 
military  service,  and  for  the  surrender  of  the  fortress  of 
Altbreisach  in  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession  was 
degraded  by  a  court  martial.  He  wrote  a  "  Physical  His- 
tory of  the  Sea"  (1711),  "Danubius  Pannonico-Mysious, 
cum  observationibus  geographicis  "  (1726), "  State  militare 
deU'  imperio  Ottomano"  (1732). 

Marsiglio  (mar-sel'yo),  or  Marsirio,  or  Mar- 
silius,  etc.  A  Saracen  king  in  the  Carolingian 
cycle  of  romance. 

Marsivan  (mar-se-van').  A  manufacturing 
town  in  the  vilayet  of  Sivas,  Asia  Minor,  25  miles 
northwest  of  Amasia.   Population,  about  5,000. 

Mars-la-Tour(mars'la-t6r').  A  village  in  the 
department  of  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  France,  14 
miles  west  of  Metz.  For  the  battle  of  Aug.  16, 
1870,  see  Vionville. 

Marston  (mars'ton),  John.  Bom  about  1575 : 
died  at  London,"  June  25,  1634.  An  English 
dramatist,  satirist,  and  divine.  He  graduated  at 
Oxford  (Brasenose  College)  in  1694,  and  was  rector  of 
Christchurch,  Hampshire,  1616-31,  giving  up  writing  for 
the  stage  after  his  appointment.  He  was  involved  in  the 
endless  quarrels  with  Jonson  and  Dekker  referred  to  in 
their  plays  and  his  ;  and  also  attacked  Joseph  Hall  in  his 
satires,  in  reply  to  an  assault  in  Hall's  ' '  Virgidemice. "  He 
wrote  "The  Metamorphosis  of  Pygmalion's  Image,"  a 
poem  (1598),  "The  Scourge  of  Villanie,"  three  books  of 
satires  (1598).  Among  his  plays  are  "History  of  Antonio 
and  Mellida"  (1602),  "The  Malcontent"  (1604),  "Bast- 
wardHo,"with  Jonson  and  Chapman  (1606),  "The  Dutch 
Courtezan"  (1605),  " Parasitaster,  or  the  Fawn"  (1606), 
"The  Wonder  of  Women,  or  the  Tragedy  of  Sophonisba" 

§607),  "The  Insatiate  Countess,"  also  attributed  to  W. 
arlfsteed  (1613).   He  also  wrote  parts  of  "  Histriomastix  " 
(1610)  and  "  Jack  Drum's  Entertainment "  (1616). 

Marston,  John  Westland.  Bom  at  Boston, 
Lincolnshire,  Jan.  30,  1819:  died  at  London, 
Jan.  5,  1890.  An  English  dramatist.  In  1834  he 
entered  the  office  of  his  uncle,  a  Loudon  solicitor.  He  waa 
closely  associated  with  a  group  of  mystics  corresponding 
somewhat  to  the  Transcendentalists  of  New  England.  He 
wro(»  "The Patrician's  Daughter " (performed Dec,  1842), 
"Strathmore  "(1849)," Marie  deMSranie  '  .1850), "A  Life's 
Ransom  "  (1857), ' 'A  Hard  Struggle  "  (1858),  "  Donna  Diana," 
his  best  play  (1863),  "  The  Favourite  of  Fortune  "  (1866). 
He  contributed  much  poetical  criticism  to  the  "Athe- 
nseum, "  including  a  review  of  ' '  Atalanta  in  Calydon. "  In 
1888  appeared  "Our  Recent  Actors  "and  "Recollections 
of  Late  Distinguished  Performers  of  both  Sexes."  Some 
of  his  smaUer  poems  were  very  successful,  especially  that 
on  the  charge  of  Balaklava. 

Marston,  Philip  Bonrke.  Bom  at  London, 
Aug.  13, 1850 :  fed  Feb.  13, 1887.  An  English 
poet,  son  of  John  Westland  Marston.  From  his 
youth  he  was  almost  totally  blind.  He  published  "Song- 
tide,  and  Other  Poems "  (1871),  "All  in  All"  (1876),  and 
"  Wind  Voices  "  (1883).  After  his  death  appeared  "  For  a 
Song's  Sake,  and  Other  Stories"  (1887),  "Garden  Secrets  " 
(1887),  and  "A  Last  Harvest"  (1891).  His  "Collected 
Poems  "  were  edited  by  Mrs.  Louise  Chandler  Moulton  in 
1892. 

Marston  Moor.  A  plain  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, 8  miles  west-northwest  of  York.  Here,  July 
2,  1644,  the  Parliamentary  forces  and  Scots  (about  24,00(( 
under  the  Fairfaxes,  Leven,  Cromwell,  and  Manchester  de- 
feated the  Royalists  (about  22,000)  under  Prince  Rupert. 

Marstrand  (mSr'strand),  Vilhelm.  Bom  at 
Copenhagen,  Deo.  24, 1810 :  died  at  Copenhagen, 
March  25, 1873.  A  Danish  painter  of  historical 
and  genre  subjects.  He  was  professor  at  the 
Academy  of  Copenhagen  from  1848,  and  its  di- 
rector 1853-59. 

MarsuS  (mar'sus),  Domitius.  Bom  54  (?)  B.  c. : 
died  4  <?)  B.  c.  A  Roman  poet  of  the  Augustan 
age,  author  of  a  collection  of  epigrams  ("Ci- 
cuta ")  and  comic  tales,  a  work  on  oratory,  an 
epic  ("Amazonis"),  and  erotic  elegies.  He 
was  noted  for  the  severity  of  his  satire. 

Marsyas(mar'si-as).  [Gr.  MapiTiiof.]  In  Greek 
mythology,aPhrygian(in  some  accounts  a  peas- 
ant, and  in  others  a  satyr)  defeated  by  Apollo 
in  a  musical  contest.  According  to  the  myth,  Marsyas 
picked  up  the  fiute  of  Athene,  which  the  goddess  had 
thrown  away  in  disgust  on  seeing,  from  the  reflection  of  Her 
face  in  water,  how  playing  distorted  her  features,  and 
found  that  when  he  blew  it  beautiful  strains  came  forth 
from  it  of  their  own  accord.  He  challenged  Apollo  to  a 
combat,  flute  against  lyre,  and  only  when  he  added  his 
voice  to  his  instrument  was  the  god  declared  victor  by  the 
umpires,  the  Muses  (or,  in  some  accounts,  the  Nysseans). 
For  his  presumption  ApoUo  flayed  him  alive.  Chaucer,  in 
his  "House  of  Fame,"  makes  Marsyas  a  woman,  Marcia. 

Martaban  (mar-ta-ban').  A  small  town  and 
former  fortress  in  British  Burma,  opposite 
Maulmain :  the  medieval  capital  of  Pegu,  it  was 
stormed  and  taken  by  the  British  Oct.  29, 1826,  and  April 
16, 1862. 

Martaban,  Gulf  of.  -An  arm  of  the  Bay  of  Ben- 
gal, west  of  Burma,  in  about  lat.  16°  N. 


Martano 

Martano  (mar-ta'no).  A  character  in  Ariosto's 
"  Orlando  Furioso,"  evidently  the  original  of 
Spenser's  Braggadocchio. 

Martel,  Charles.    See  Charles  Martel. 

Martel  (mar-tel'),  Louis  Joseph.  Bom  at  St.- 
Omer,  Sept.  15, 1813:  died  at  fivreux,  March  4, 
1892.  A  French  politician.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Legislative  Assembly  iu  1849;  was  elected  member  of  the 
legislative  bodies  in  1863  and  1869 ;  and  was  a  member  and 
Tice- president  of  the  National  Assembly  (1871),  in  which  he 
belonged  to  the  left  center.  He  became  a  life  senator  in 
1875 ;  Was  minister  of  justice  Dec,  1876,-M:ay,  1877 :  and 
was  president  of  the  Senate  in  1879. 

Martel  de  Janville  (mar-tel'  de  zhon-vel'),  Si- 
bylle  Gabrielle  Marie  Antoinette  de  Ei- 
Quetti  de  Mirabeau,  Comtesse  de.  Bom  at 
the  Chateau  de  Koetsal,  Morbihan,  about  1850. 
A  French  writer,  known  under  her  pseudonym 
"Gyp."  She  has  written  for  " La  Vie  Parisienne,"  and 
more  recently  for  "La  Eevue  des  Deux  Mondes.''  She 
has  created  several  well-known  types  (notably  Paulette, 
Loulou,  and  le  petit  Bob),  which  appear  in  her  sketches 
and  have  given  titles  to  several  of  her  books.  Among  the 
latter  are  "Autour  du  mariage"  (1883:  dramatized  in  the 
same  year  with  M.  Cr^mieux),  "Ce  que  femme  vent!" 
(1883),  "  Sans  voiles"  (1885),  "Autour  du  divorce "  (1886), 
"Bob  au  salon,"  with  illustrations  by  "Bob"  (1888-90) 
"C'est  nous  qui  sont  I'histoire"  (1890),  "Passionette" 
(1891),  etc. 

Martens  (mar'tens),  Georg  Friedrich  von. 

Born  at  Hamburg,  Feb.  22, 1756:  diedatFrank- 
fort-on-the-Main,  Feb.  21, 1821.  A  German  pub- 
licist and  diplomatist.  He  became  professor  of  law 
at  Gottingen  in  1784.  His  chief  workis  "  Eeoueil  des  traltSs  " 
(2d  ed.  1817-36). 

Martens  (mar'tens),  Baron  Karl  von.  Born 
at  Frankf ort-on-the-Main,  1790 :  died  at  Dres- 
den, March  28,  1863.  A  German  diplomatist, 
nephew  of  G.  F.  von  Martens.  He  wrote 
" Guide  diplomatique"  (5th  ed.  1866),  etc. 

Martensen  (mar' ten-sen),  Hans  Lassen.  Bom 
Aug.  19, 1808 :  died  at  Copenhagen,  Feb.  4, 1884. 
A  Danish  theologian.  He  became  professor  of  theol- 
ogy at  Copenhagen  in  1840,  court  preacher  in  1845,  and 
bishop  of  Zealand  in  1864. 

Martext  (mar'tekst),  Sir  Oliver.  In  Shak- 
spere's  comedy  "As  you  Like  it,"  a  country 
curate.  The  title  Sir  was  a  pontifical  style  sold  by  the 
legates  of  the  Pope  to  those  clergymen  who  could  pay 
for  it,  and  was  frequently  bestowed  on  parsons  by  the  old 
dramatists.  Martext  was  perhapsasatiricalnameforone 
whose  style  was  rustic  ana  unlearned.    Furness. 

Martha  (mar'tha).  [Aramean,  'lady';  It.  Sp. 
Marta,  Pg.  Martha,  F.  Marthe.']  (5ne  of  the 
adherents  of  Jesus,  sister  of  Mary  and  Lazarus, 
whose  house  in  Bethany  Jesus  often  visited. 
A  later  tradition  makes  her  come  with  her  brother  Laza- 
rus to  the  south  of  Prance.  She  is  the  patron  saint  of 
good  housewives. 

Martha.  An  opera  by  Flotow,  first  produced 
at  Vienna  iu  1847. 

Martha's  Vineyard  (mSr'thaz  vin'yard).  An 
island  southeast  of  Massachusetts,  to  which  it 
belongs,  forming  the  chief  part  of  Dukes  Coun- 
ty. It  is  separated  from  the  mainland  by  Vineyard  Sound 
(about  5  miles  wide),  and  is  a  summer  resort.  It  was  dis- 
covered by  Gosnold  in  1602,  and  was  named  by  him. 
Length,  21  miles. 

Martial  (mar'shial)  (Marcus  Valerius  Mar- 
tialis).  Born  at  Bilbilis,  Spain,  43  A.  D. :  died 
in  Spain  about  104.  A  Latin  poet,  author  of 
14  books  of  epigrams.  He  resided  chiefly  at 
Rome.    Little  is  known  of  his  life. 

Martial  Maid,  The.  _  See  Love?s  Cure. 

Martigny  (mar-ten-ye'),  G.  Martinach  (mar'- 
te-naeh),  Roman  Octodurum,  A  town  in  the 
canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  situated  near  the 
Rhone  in  lat.  46°  7'  N.,  long.  7°  4'  E.  It  con- 
tains  the  communes  Martigny- Ville,  Martigny-Bourg,  and 
Martigny-Combe,  and  is  a  tourist  center. 

Martigues  (mar-teg'),  Les.  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Bouohes-du-Rh6ue,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  fitang  de  Berre  18  miles  northwest 
of  Marseilles.  It  was  once  the  capital  of  a  small 
principality.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
5,918. 

Martin  (mar'tin),  Sauit.  [LL.  Martinus,  of 
Mars,  or  little  Mars.]  Bom  at  Sabaria,  Pan- 
nonia,  about  316:  died  about  397  (400?).  A 
saint  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  He  became 
bishop  of  Tours  about  371.  He  founded  the  famous  mon- 
astery of  Marmontier.  His  festival  iu  the  Soman  and 
Anglican  churches  is  Nov.  11.  Martinmas  is  the  name 
given  to  the  day  in  England :  it  is  the  time  when  cattle  are 
killed  for  winter  use,  and  new  wine  is  drawn  from  the  lees 
and  tasted.  The  celebration  was  common  over  most  of 
Christendom,  and,  being  a  somewhat  jovial  occasion,  St. 
Martin  became  a  very  popular  saint,  the  patron  saint  of 
publicans  and  tavern-keepers,  the  beggars  being  taken 
from  him  and  given  to  St.  Giles.    Chambers. 

Martin.  In  Dryden's ' '  Hind  and  Panther,"  the 
Lutheran  party. 

Martin  I.  Died  in  the  Crimea,  Sept.  16,  655. 
Pope  649-653.  He  condemned  the  Monothelites  atthe 
Lateran  Synod  of  649,  in  consequence  of  which  he  was  de-. 
posed  by  the  emperor  Constans  II. 


660 

Martin  11^  or  Marinus  L    Pope  882-884. 

Martin  III.,  or  Marinus  11.    Pope  94^-946. 

Martin  IV.  (Simon  de  Brion).  Bom  in  France 
about  1210:  died  at  Pemgia,  Italy,  March,  1285. 
Pope  1281-85. 

Martin  V.  (family  name  Colonna).  Died  Feb. 
20,  1431.  Pope  1417-31.  He  was  elected  by  the 
Council  of  Constance  after  the  deposition  of  John  XXIII., 
Gregory  XII.,  and  Benedict  XIII. 

Martin,  Alexander.  BorninNew  Jersey  about 
1740:  died  at  Danbury,  N.  C,  Nov.,  1807.  An 
American  politician  and  Revolutionary  oflcer. 
He  was  elected  governor  of  North  Carolina  in  1782 ;  was  re- 
elected iu  1789 ;  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Con- 
vention of  1787 ;  and  served  in  the  United  States  Senate 
1793-99. 

Martin,  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Worplesdon,  Sur- 
rey, 1704:  died  at  London,  Feb.  9,  1782.  An 
English  mathematician  and  instrument-maker. 
He  wrote  "Bibllotheca  Technologica"(1737),  an  "English 
Dictionary"  (1749),  "Martin's  Magazine"  (1755),  "Mathe- 
matical Institutions"  (1769-64),  etc. 

Martin  (mar-tan'),  Bon  Louis  Henri.  Bom  at 

St.-Quentin,  Aisne,  Feb.  20, 1810 :  died  at  Paris, 
Dec.  14, 1883.  AneminentPrenehhistorian.  He 
studied  for  the  bar  and  servedas  clerk  in  a  law  office  in  Paris. 
Through  a  happy  concourse  of  circumstances,  he  was  led  to 
concentrate  his  energies  on  a  "Histoire  de  France  par  les 
principauxhistoriens"(1834-36),whichismerelyasequence 
of  excerpts  from  the  works  of  leading  chroniclers  and  his- 
torians. Next  he  undertook  a  "Histoire  de  France"  on 
bis  own  account,  and  the  results  of  his  arduous  andpatient 
investigations  were  published  in  19  volumes  (1837-54).  Im- 
mediately on  completion  of  this  task,  Martin  revised  and 
enlarged  his  work,  and  replaced  the  original  publication 
by  a  new  edition  in  16  volumes  (1855-60).  Besides  his 
early  writings  and  his  numerous  contributions  to  periodi- 
cals, he  published  "Minuit  et  Midi"  (1832),  "Histoire  de 
Soissons"  (1837),  "De  la  France,  de  son  g^nie  et  de  ses 
destin^es"(1847),"  Daniel  Manin  "(1859),"  L'Unit^italienne 
et  la  France  "(1861),  "Jean  Eeynaud"  (1863),  "Pologne  et 
MoBCovie"  (1863),  a  heroic  drama  "Vercing6torix"  (1865), 
"La  Bussie  d'Eurppe "(1866),  "Histoire de  France  popu- 
laire"  (1867-76),  "Etudes  d'arcMologie  celtique"  (1871), 
and  "  Napoleon  et  les  f rontiferes  del?  Fran  ce  "  (1874).  He 
served  his  country  in  various  political  capacities,  and  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  French  Academy  in  1878. 

Martin,  Frangois  Xavler.  Bom  at  Marseilles, 
March  17, 1764:  died  at  New  Orleans,  Dee.,  1846. 
An  American  jurist.  He  was  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Louisiana  1815-46.  He  published  a  history  of 
North  Carolina  (1829)  and  of  Louisiana  (1827). 

Martin  (mar'tin).  Homer  D.  Bom  at  Albany, 
N.Y.,  Oct.,  1836:  died  at  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  Feb. 
12, 1897.  An  American  landscape-painter.  He 
,waB  elected  national  academician  in  1876. 

Martin  (mar'tin),  John.  Bom  atHaydon  Bridge, 
near  Hexham,  Northumberland,  Jidy  19, 1789 : 
died  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  Feb.  17, 1854.  An  Eng- 
lish historical  painter  and  engraver.  His  chief 
works  are  "Belshazzar's  Feast"  (1821),  "The  Fall  of  Nine- 
veh"(1833),  "The  Deluge  "  (1837),  "The  Last  Man"  (1839), 
and  "The  Eve  of  the  Deluge"  (1840). 

Martin,  Luther.  Bom  at  New  Bmnswick,  N.J. , 
1744:  died  at  New  York,  July  10,  1826.  An 
American  lawyer.  He  was  attorney-general  of  Mary- 
land 1778-1805,  and  in  1787  was  a  member  of  the  conven- 
tion which  framed  the  United  States  Constitution.  He  left 
the  convention  to  avoid  signing  the  Constitution.  He  was 
reappointed  attorney-general  in  1818,  but  two  years  later 
was  disabled  by  a  stroke  of  paralysis.  In  1822  the  legisla- 
ture of  Maryland  passed  an  act  requiring  every  lawyer  in 
the  State  to  pay  annually  a  license  f  ee  of  |6.00  for  the  bene- 
fit of  Luther  Martin. 

Martin,  Mary  Letitia  (Mrs.  Bell).  Bom  at 
BaUinahinch  Castle,  County  Galway,  Ireland, 
Aug.  28, 1815:  died  at  New  York,  Nov.  7, 1850. 
A  British  novelist,  known  as  Mrs.  Bell  Martin 
and  the  "I*riucess  of  Connemara."  Her  chief 
work  is  "  JuUa  Howard :  a  Romance"  (1850). 

Martin,  Sir  Theodore.  Bom  at  Edinburgh  ,1816. 
A  British  author.  He  settled  in  London  as  a  parlia- 
mentary agent  In  1846,  He  has  translated  "  Poems  and  Bal- 
lads of  Goethe  "  (1868),  Horace's  odes  (1880),  Catullus  (1861), 
Dante's  "Vita  nuova"  (1862),  Goethe's  "Faust"  (1862), 
and  written  "Life  of  the  Prince  Consort"  (1874-80),  "Life 
of  Lord  Lyndhiirst "  (1883),  etc. 

Martin,  Sir  Thomas  Byam.  Bom  July  25, 
1773:  died  at  Portsmouth,  Oct.  21,  1854.  An 
English  admiral.  As  commander  of  the  Fisgard  he 
captured  the  Immortality  oft  Brest,  Oct.  20, 1798;  in  1808 
and  1809  he  served  in  the  Baltic.  He  was  niade  rear-ad- 
miral in  1811,  vice-admiral  in  1819,  and  admiral  in  1849. 

Martin,  Sir  William.  Born  at  Birmingham, 
1807:  died  at  Torquay,  Nov.  8,  1880.  An  Eng- 
lish scholar  and  jurist.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge 
(St.  John's  College)  in  1826,  and  was  made  fellow  in  1831. 
He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1836,  and  was  made  chief  justice 
of  New  Zealand  in  1841,  resigning  in  1867.  In  New  Zealand 
he  defended  the  rights  of  the  natives.  Hepublished  "In- 
quiries concerning  the  Structure  of  the  SemiticLanguages  " 
0876-^78). 

Martina  (mar-te'na).  A  town  in  southeastern 
Italy,  northeast  of  Taranto. 

Martina  Franca  (mar-te'nafrang'ka).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Lecce,  Italy,  34  miles  west 
by  north  of  Brindisi.  Population  (1881),  com- 
mune, 19,355. 

Martin  Chuzzlewit  (chuz'1-wit).    A  novel  by 


Martini,  Giovanni  Battista 

Dickens,  produced  in  20  monthly  parts,  the  first 
coming  out  in  1843.  it  was  published  in  one  volume 
in  1844,  and  in  Dickens's  own  words  was  intended  "to  show 
how  selfishness  propagates  itself ,  and  to  what  a  grim  giant 
it  may  grow  from  small  beginnings."    See  Chuzzlewit. 

Martin  de  Moussy  (mar-tan'  d6  mo-se'),  Jean 
Antoine  Victor.  Born  at  Moussy-le-Vieux, 
June  26, 1810:  died  near  Paris,  March  26, 1869. 
A  French  physician  and  traveler.  He  established 
himself  at  Montevideo  in  1842,  and  from  1855  to  1859  made 
extensive  explorations  of  the  Argentine  provinces  under 
the  auspices  of  the  government.  The  results  were  pul> 
lished  as  "Description  g^ographique  et  statistique  de  la 
Confederation  Argentine "  (Paris,  3  vols,  and  atlas,  1860- 
1864),  and  in  various  scientific  papers. 
Martine  (mar-ten').  The  wife  of  Sganarelle 
in  Moli^re's  "  Le  mfidecin  malgr6  lui." 
Martineau  (mar'ti-no),  Harriet.  Bom  at  Nor- 
wich, June  12, 1802:  died  at  Clappersgate,  near 
Ambleside,  Westmoreland,  June  27,  1876.  A 
noted  English  author,  sister  of  Dr.  James  Mar- 
tineau. At  the  age  of  16  she  became  very  deaf,  and  she 
never  possessed  the  senses  of  taste  and  smell.  In  1820  she 
became  interested  in  the  writings  of  Hartley  and  Priestley, 
who  exerted  a  strong  influence  upon  her  philosophical 
and  religious  beliefs.  Her  first  literary  success  was  with 
a  series  of  stories  illustrating  the  political  economy  of  Mai- 
thus,  Bicardo,  and  James  Mill  (1832).  In  1834  she  visited 
America  and  assisted  the  abolitionists.  Among  her  works 
are  "The  Essential  Faith  of  the  Universal  Church,"  "The 
Faith  as  Unfolded  by  Many  Prophets,"  "  Providence  Mani- 
fested through  Israel"  (these  were  prize  essays  published 
by  the  Unitarian  Society) ;  "Society  in  America  "  (1836), 
"Betrospect  of  Western  Travel"  (1838),  "Deerbrook,"  a 
novel  (1839),  "Forest  and  Game-Law  Tales"  (1845),  "His- 
tory of  England  during  the  Thirty  Years'  Peace"  (written 
for  Charles  Enight,184S),  "  The  Philosophy  of  Comte,  freely 
translated  and  condensed  "  (1853),  " British  Bule in  India" 
(1867), "  The  Endowed  Schools  of  Ireland  "(1869),  "  Health, 
Husbandry,  and  Handicraft"  (1861),  etc.  Her  autobiog* 
raphy  was  edited  by  Maria  Weston  Chapmaq  in  1877. 

Martineau,  James.  Bom  at  Norwich,  England, 
April  21,  1805  :  died  at  London,  Jan.  11,  1900. 
An  English  Unitarian  clergyman.  He  removed 
to  London  in  1857,  and  was  principal  of  Manchester  New 
College  1868-85.  He  was  the  author  of  "Endeavours 
after  the  Christian  Life  "  (1843-47) ,  "  Miscellanies  "  (1852), 
"Studies  of  Christianity"  (1858),  "Essays"  (1866),  "A 
Word  for  Scientific  Theology"  (1868),  "Eeligion  as  Af- 
fected by  Modem  Materialism  "(1874),  "  Modem  Material- 
ism, etc."  (1876),  "  The  Belation  between  Ethics  and  Reli- 
gion "  (1881),  "  A  Study  of  Spinoza  "  (1882),  "  Types  of  Ethi- 
cal Theory  "(1886),  "A  Study  of  Religion,  etc."(1888),  "The 
Seat  of  Authority  in  Beligion  "  (1890),  etc. 

Martinestje,  or  Martinesti  (mar-te-nes'te).  A 
village  in  Rumania,  situated  on  the  Bimnik 
about  37  miles  west  of  Galatz.  Here,  Sept.  22, 1789, 
the  allied  Austrians  and  Russians  under  Suvaroff  defeated 
the  Turks. 

Martinet  (mar-te-na'),  Achille  Louis.  Bom 
at  Paris,  Jan.  21,  1806:  died  at  Paris,  Dee.  11, 
1877.    A  French  engraver. 

Martinez  (mar-te'neth),  Enrico.  Born eitherin 
Holland  or  in  Andalusia,  about  1570 :  died  in 
the  city  of  Mexico,  1632.  An  engineer  who, 
from  1607,  was  engaged  in  works  for  the  drain- 
age of  the  Mexican  lake.  He  wrote  a  work  on 
New  Spain. 

Martinez  (mar-te'neth),  Tomas.  Bom  in  Leon 
about  1812 :  died  at  Managua,  March  12,  1873. 
A  Nicaraguan  general  and  statesman.  He  fought 
against  Walker  1866-67 ;  governed  Nicaragua  conjointly 
with  Jerez,  June-Oct.,  1867 ;  commanded  the  army  against 
Costa  Bica;  and  was  president  Nov.  15,  1857,-March  1, 
1867.  This  period  was  the  most  prosperous  in  the  history 
of  the  republic.  From  Sept. ,  1862,  to  May,  1863,  Nicaragua 
and  Guatemala  were  engaged  in  a  war  with  Honduras  and 
Salvador,  in  which  the  latter  were  victorious. 

Martinez  Campos  (kam'pos),  Arsenio.  Bom 
Dee.  14, 1834:  died  Sept.  23,  1900.  A  Spanish 
general  and  politician.  He  served  with  distinction 
m  Spain  against  the  Carlists,  and  in  Cuba;  was  premier 
for  a  time  in  1879 ;  and  in  1881  with  Seftor  Sagasta  fonned 
a  cabinet  which  was  in  power  until  1883.  In  1896  he  was 
charged  with  the  suppression  of  the  Cuban  insurrection. 

Martinez  de  la  Bosa  (da  laro'sa),  Francisco. 
Bom  at  Granada,  Spaiu,  March  10,  1789 :  died 
at  Madrid,  Feb.  7, 1862.  A  Spanish  statesman 
and  man  of  letters.  He  was  premier  1820-23  and  1834- 
1836,  and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1844r-46.  Among 
his  works  are  "Edipo,"  "La Conjuracion de  Venecia,"  and 
"La  hija  en  casa  y  la  madre  en  la  mascira." 

Martinez  de  Kozas  (ro'zas),  Juan.  Bora  at 
Mendoza  (theninChile,nowin  Argentina),  1759: 
died  there,  March  3, 1813.  A  Chilean  patriot. 
He  was  intendente  of  Concepcion,  and  acquired  great  Infiu- 
ence  in  the  south  of  Chile.  Appointed  secretary  of  the 
captain-general  Carrasco  in  1808,  he  virtnally  controlled 
his  policy,  preparing  the  way  for  the  revolution.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  first  revolutionary  junta  (Sept.,  1810,- 
July,  1811)  and  its  leading  spirit,  but  the  intrigues  of  Oar- 
rera  eventually  gave  that  leader  the  ascendancy,  and  in 
1812  Bozas  was  banished. 

Martini(mar-te'ne),GiovanniBattista  (called 
Padre  Martini).  Bom  at  Bologna,  Italy,  April 
25,  1706:  died  at  Bologna,  Aug.  4  (t),  1784.  A 
Franciscan  monk,  noted  as  a  writer  on  music. 
His  principal  works  are  "Storia  della  muslea  "  (1767-81 : 
3  vols,  on  the  history  of  music),  "  Saggio  di  contrapunto  " 
("Essay  on  Counterpoint,"  1774-76). 


Martini,  Simone 

Martini,  Simone,  or  Simone  di  Martino :  in- 
correotly  Simone  Memmi.  Bom  at  Siena, 
Italy,  1283 :  died  at  Avignon,  Prance,  1344.  An 
Italian  painter,  of  the  Sienese  school. 

Martinique  (mar-ti-nek').  An  island  of  the 
Lesser  Antilles,  West  Indies,  belonging  to 
France,  situated  south  of  Dominica  and  north 
of  St.  Lucia,  and  intersected  by  lat.  14°  40'  N., 
long.  61°  10'  W.  Capital,  Fort  de  France ;  chief 
port,  St. -Pierre.  The  surface  is  mouritainoua.  The 
leading  product  is  sugar.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  ne- 
groes and  half-castes.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in 
1502,  and  in  1635  was  colonized  by  the  Prench.  At  the  end 
of  the  Seven  Years'  War,  and  at  two  periods  in  the  Nano- 
leonio  wars,  it  was  held  by  the  British.  On  May  8, 1902, 
an  eruption  of  Montague  Belie,  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  island,  entirely  destroyed  St.  Pierre  and  the  sur- 
rounding district,  with  the  loss  of  about  40,000  lives.  Area, 
381  square  miles.    Population  (1888),  176,891. 

Martinists  (mar'tin-ists).  The  members  of  the 
school  of  religionists  formed  originally  by  the 
Chevalier  St.-Martiu  (1743-1803),  a  few  years 
before  the  French  Kevolution  broke  out :  a  kind 
of  pietistic  imitation  of  freemasonry.  The  Mar- 
tinists were  transplanted  to  Russia  during  the  reign  of 
Catharine  II.    Blunt,  Diet,  of  Sects. 

Martin  Mar-all.    See  Sir  Martin  Mar-all. 

Martino,  Simone  di.    See  Martini. 

MartinSDUrg  (mar'tinz-bferg).  The  capital  of 
Berkeley  County,  West  Virginia,  60  miles  north- 
west of  Washington.     Population  (1900),  7,564. 

Martin's  summer,  Saint.  A  period  of  fine 
weather  occurring  about  St.  Martin's  day 
(Nov.  11). 

Martinus  Scriblerus  (mar-ti'nus  skrib-le'rus). 
Memoirs  of.  A  satire  written  principally  by 
John  Arbutlmot,  published  in  1741.  Pope  and 
Swift  were  also  among  the  contributors  and 
members  of  the  Scriblerus  Club. 

The  famous  Martinus  Scriblerus  Club,  in  which  Pope, 
Swift,  and  Arbuthnot  took  the  leading  parts,  was  formed, 
at  Pope's  suggestion,  for  the  purpose  of  satirizing  broadly 
all  literary  incompetence.  During  the  latest  period  of 
Pope's  career  the  projects  of  Scriblerus  were  constantly 
present  to  the  mind  of  that  poet,  and  "  the  great  and  won- 
derful work  of  'The  Dunciad'"  is  the  most  celebrated  of 
his  fragmentary  contributions  to  the  labours  of  the  club. 
Swift,  on  the  other  hand,  was  to  exert  himself  on  the 
creation  of  a  satirical  romance,  and  the  ilrst  intima- 
tion which  the  world  received  of  this  production  was  a 
mysterious  series  of  allusions  in  Pope's  "Memoirs  of 
Scriblerus,"  in  which  the  four  parts  of  Martin's  Travels 
were  rudely  sketched. 

Gosse,  Eighteenth-Century  Lit.,  p.  16!). 

Martin  Vas  (or  Vaz)  (mar-ten'  vSz).  A  group 
of  islets  belonging  to  (jreat  Britain,  situated  in 
the  South  Atlautio,  near  Trinidad,  in  lat.  20° 
28'  S.,  long.  28°  53'  W. 

Martins.  A characterin Shakspere's (?)  "Titus 
Andronicus":  a  son  of  Titus  Andronicus. 

Martins  (mart'se-6s),  Karl  Friedrich  Philipp 
von.  Born  at  Erlangen,  April  17,  1794:  died 
at  Munich,  Dec.  13, 1868.  A  Bavarian  natural- 
ist. From  1817  to  1820  he  traveled  with  Spix  in  Brazil, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Bavarian  government.  On  his 
return  he  was  knighted.  In  1826  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  botany  in  the  University  of  Munich,  and  in  1832 
conservator  of  the  botanical  garden,  but  resigned  both  posi- 
tions in  1864.  The  results  of  the  Brazilian  expedition  were 
published  at  the  expense  of  the  Bavarian  government  as 
"Reise  in  Brasilien"  (3  vols,  and  atlas,  1823-31),  and  in  a 
series  of  richly  illustrated  worksonanimalsand  plants,  the 
latter  by  Martins.  Hisworkonpalmswaspublishedfrom 
1823  to  1860  in  3  folio  volumes.  He  planned  and  edited 
the  first  volumes  of  the  "Flora  Brasiliensis "  (begun  in 
1840),  one  of  the  greatest  botanical  works  ever  under- 
taken. His  contributions  to  Brazilian  ethnology  are  im- 
portant.   His  minor  works  embrace  over  160  titles. 

Martos  (mar'tos).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Jaen,  Spain,  41  miles  north-northwest  of  Gra- 
nada.   Population  (1887),  16,356. 

Martyn  (mar'tin),  Henry.  Bom  at  Truro,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  18, 1781 :  died  at  Tokat,  Armenia,  Oct. 
16,  1812.  An  English  missionary.  He  graduated 
at  Cambridge  (St.  John's  College)  in  1801,  and  became  a 
fellow  of  his  college  in  1802.  His  career  was  suggested  by 
reading  the  life  of  David  Brainerd.  He  arrived  at  Calcutta 
as  chaplain  of  the  East  India  Company  in  1806,  and  began 
to  preach  to  the  natives  at  Cawnpore.  In  1811  he  visited 
Persia,  and  in  1812  started  on  his  return  to  England  byway 
of  Constantinople.  He  died  on  the  way  at  Tokat.  His 
"  Journals  and  Letters  "  appeared  in  1837.  His  works  in- 
clude "  The  New  Testament  translated  into  the  Hindoo- 
stanee  language  from  the  Original  Greek"  (1814)  and 
"TheiHew  Testament  translated  into  Persian"  (1827). 

Martyn,  John.  Bomat London,  Sept.  12, 1699: 
died  at  Chelsea,  Jan.  29, 1768.  An  English  bot- 
anist, son  of  Thomas  Martyn,  a  Hamburg  mer- 
chant. In  1725  he  contributed  the  technical  botanical 
terms  to  Bailey's  dictionary ;  in  1728  issued  the  first  decad 
of  his  '  Historia  plantarum  rariorum  " ;  in  1730  entered 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge ;  and  in  1732  was  elected 

professor  of  botany  at  Cambridge. 

Martyr,  Justin.    See  Jystin,  Saint. 

Martyr,  or  Martir  (mar'ter),  Peter:  com- 
monly called  Peter  Martyr  de  Angliierra  or 
Angleria.  Bom  at  Anghierra,  in  the  state  of 
Milan,  Feb.  2,  1455:  died  in  Grranada,  1526. 


661 

An  Italian  courtier  and  historian,  in  I487hewent 
to  Spain  with  the  Count  of  Tendilla,  and  remained  in  the 
service  of  Queen  Isabella.  In  1492  he  opened  a  sciiool  for 
young  nobles  in  Madrid ;  later  he  was  tutor  of  the  Span- 
ish princes;  and  in  1601  he  was  sent  as  ambassador  to 
Venice  and  Egypt.  In  1624  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  the  Indies,  and  he  held  other  public  ofiices. 
"De  Orbe  Novo,"  his  principal  historical  work,  treats  of 
the  first  thirty  years  of  American  discovery.  His  pub- 
lished letters  are  also  of  historical  value. 

Martyrdom  of  St.  George,  A  picture  by  Paolo 
Veronese,  over  the  high  altar  of  the  Church  of 
San  Giorgio  in  Braida,  in  Verona. 

Martyrdom  of  St.  Lawrence.  A  painting  by 
Eubeus,  in  the  Old  Pinakothek  at  Munich.  The 
saint  is  being  forced  down  on  the  gridiron  by  an  execu- 
tioner and  a  soldier ;  an  attendant  is  putting  wood  on  the 
fire,  and  soldiers  and  spectators  complete  the  group.  An 
angel  with  the  martyr's  crown  and  palm  hovers  above. 

Martyrios  mine  (mar-te're-6s  min).  A  gold- 
mine said  to  have  been  discovered  in  the  in- 
terior of  Brazil,  in  the  region  now  embraced  in 
northern  Matto  Grosso,  about  1685.  The  know- 
ledge of  the  locality,  if  it  ever  existed,  was  lost.  Numerous 
expeditions  were  made  in  search  of  it,  and  these,  though 
without  the  desired  result,  were  important  in  other  re- 
spects. Search  for  the  mine  is  occasionally  made  even  at 
the  present  day. 

Martyrs,  Les.  [F., 'The  Martyrs.']  A  prose 
epic  on  the  triumph  of  Christianity,  by  Chateau- 
briand (1809). 

The  unequal  but  remarkable  prose  epic  of  "  Les  Martyrs  " 
[of  Chateaubriand).  This,  the  story  of  which  is  laid  in  the 
time  of  Diocletian,  shifts  its  scene  from  classical  countries 
to  Gaul,  where  the  half-mythical  heroes  of  the  Franks  ap- 
pear, and  then  back  to  Greece,  Rome,  and  Purgatory. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  427. 

Martyrs,  Les.  An  opera  by  Donizetti,  produced 
at  Paris  in  1840,  in  London  as  "I  Martiri"  in 
1852:  an  adaptation  of  Donizetti's  "Poliuto." 

Marure  (ma-ro'ra),  Alejandro.  Bom  near 
Quezaltenango,  1803 :  died  in  Guatemala  City, 
1866.  A  Guatemalan  politician  and  historian. 
His  principal  works  deal  with  the  history  of  Central 
America  from  1811  to  1844. 

Mar'7ejols  (marv-zhol').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lozfere,  southern  France,  situated  on 
the  Colagne  11  miles  west-northwest  of  Meude. 
Population  (1891),  4,672. 

Mar'vel  (mar'vel),  Ik.  The  pseudonym  of  Don- 
ald Grant  Mitchell. 

Marvell  (mar'vel),  Andrew.  Bom  March  31, 
1621 :  died  Aug.  18, 1678.  An  English  poet  and 
satirist.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1638.  In  1663  he 
became  tutor  of  Cromwell's  ward,  William  Dutton,  and  in 
1667  was  appointed  Milton's  assistant  in  the  Latin  secre- 
taryship. He  is  known  chiefly  for  his  satires  on  Charles 
II;  and  the  Stuarts,  originally  circulated  in  manuscript 
and  collected  in  "  Poems  on  Affairs  of  State  "  (1689).  His 
most  notable  poem  is  the  "Horatian  Ode"  to  Cromwell 
(printedl776).  Healso  wrote^TheRehearsalTransprosed," 
a  successful  attack  on  Parker  for  his  assaults  on  the  non- 
conf  ormists(1672-73).  Perhaps  the  most  noted  of  his  minor 
poems  is  his  '*Nymph  Complaining"  (or  "The  White 
Faun  "). 

Marvellous  Boy,  The.  Aname  given  to  Thomas 
Chatterton. 

Marwar,    See  Jodhpur. 

Marwood  (mar'wud),  Mrs,  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Congreve's  comedy  "The  Way  of 
the  World." 

Marx  (marks),  Adolf  Bernhard.  BomatHalle, 
Pmssia,  Nov.  27, 1799:  died  at  Berlin,  May  17, 
1866.  A  German  composer  and  writer  on  music, 
author  of  "Lehre  von  der  musikaUschen  Kom- 
position"  (1837-47),  etc. 

Marx,  Karl.  Bom  at  Treves,  Prussia,  May  5, 
1818 :  died  at  London,  March  14,  1883.  A  Ger- 
man socialist.  He  studied  jurisprudence,  philosophy, 
and  history  at  Bonn  and  Berlin,  and  in  1842  became  editor 
of  the  "Eheinische  Zeitung  "  at  Cologne,  on  the  suppres- 
sion of  which  in  1843  he  went  to  Paris,  where  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  sociology  and  political  economy. 
He  was  soon  expelled  from  France  at  the  instance  of  the 
Prussian  government,  and  took  refuge  at  Brussels.  On 
the  outbreak  of  the  revolutionary  movement  in  Germany 
in  1848,  he  returned  to  Cologne,  where  he  founded  the 
"Neue  Eheinische  Zeitung."  He  was,  however,  expelled 
from  Prussia  again  in  1849,  and  eventually  settled  at  Lon- 
don, where  he  continued  his  socialistic  agitation.  He  was 
the  controlling  spkit  of  the  International  from  its  founda- 
tion in  1864  to  its  disruption  in  1872.  His  chief  work  is 
"  Das  Kapital"  (1867). 

Mary  (ma'ri).  [Heb.  Miriam,  Gr.  Mapla  or 
Mapiifi,  L.  Maria,  F.  Marie,  It.  Sp.  Pg.  G.  Maria. 
See  Miriam.']  The  mother  of  Jesus.  According 
to  the  Gospel  narrative,  the  angel  Gabriel,  sent  from  God  to 
Mary, ' '  a  virgin  espoused  to  a  man  whose  name  was  Joseph, 
of  the  house  of  David, "  told  her  that  she  was  to  brmg  forth  a 
son,  adding  the  explanation  that  the  holy  thing  to  be  born  of 
her  was  to  be  conceived  of  the  Holy  Ghost.  This  "annuncia- 
tion "  is  commemorated  as  a  church  festival  on  March  25, 
which  is  hence  known  as  Lady-day.  In  due  time  she  gave 
birth  to  the  child  Jesus  in  a  stable  at  Bethlehem.  Very 
little  is  told  in  the  New  Testament  of  Mary's  personal  his- 
tory. The  doctrine  of  her  immaculate  conception  and  con- 
sequent sinlessness  is  an  article  of  faith  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  promulgated  Dec.  8,  1854,  by  a  bull  of 


Mary  of  Egypt,  Saint 

Pope  Pius  IX.  which  declares  that  from  the  first  instant 
of  her  conception  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary  was  kept  free 
from  all  taint  of  original  sin.  In  that  church,  and  m  the 
Greek  Church,  she  is  regarded  as  the  most  exalted  of  cre- 
ated beings :  while  angels  and  saints  have  that  secondary 
veneration  or  worship  paid  to  them  which  is  called  "  dulia, 
she  alone  is  entitled  to  "hyperdulia,"  and  her  intercession 
is  invoked  more  than  that  of  all  others.  She  is  often 
called  "  The  Virgin,"  and  in  art  "The  Madonna." 
Mary.  The  sister  of  Martha  and  Lazarus,  resi- 
dent at  Bethany. 

Mary  I.  (Mary  Tudor),  called  "Bloody  Mary." 
Born  at  Greenwich  Palace,  Feb.  18,  1516:  died 
Nov.  17,  1558.  Queen  of  England  and  Ireland, 
only  surviving  child  of  Henry  VIII.  and  Catha- 
rine of  Aragon.  she  was  affianced  first  to  the  dauphin 
in  1518,  and  later  to  Charles  V.  in  1622.  An  attempt  was 
also  made  to  marry  her  to  Francis  I.  in  1626.  At  the  di- 
vorce of  Catharine  in  1533,  Mary  was  adjudged  illegiti- 
mate, but  on  Feb.  7,  1644,  the  crown  was  entailed  upon 
her  after  Edward  or  any  lawful  child  of  the  king.  Edward 
VI.  died  July  6,  1663,  and  on  July  13,  1663,  Mary  was  pro- 
claimed queen  at  Norwich,  and  crowned  at  Westminster 
Oct.  1,  1563.  The  council  proclaimed  Lady  Jane  Grey 
queen ;  but  Mary  quickly  overcame  opposition.  She  mar- 
ried Philip  of  Spain  (later  Philip  II.)  at  Winchester,  July 
25, 1664.  An  insurrection  headed  by  the  Duke  of  Suffolk 
in  favor  of  his  daughter.  Lady  Jane  Grey,  and  one  of 
Kentishmen  led  by  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  were  suppressed 
early  in  this  year.  In  1665  Parliament  restored  the  papal 
power,  andrevived  the  penal  laws  against  heresy.  The  first 
martyr  was  burned  at  Smithfleld,  Feb.  4, 1666.  After  1666 
her  principal  adviser  was  Cardinal  Pole.  (See  Pole,  Segi- 
nald.)  On  Nov.  10,  16.58,  the  last  heretics  were  burned  at 
Canterbury,  the  total  number  of  martyrs  during  her  reign 
being  300. 

Mary  II.  Born  at  St.  James's  Palace,  April  30, 
1662:  died  at  Kensington  Palace,  Dec.  28,  1694. 
Queen  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  eldest 
child  of  James  II.  By  the  death  of  her  younger  bro- 
ther, Edgar,  in  1671,  she  became  heiress  presumptive  to  the 
crown,  and  on  Nov.  4,  1677,  married  William,  prince  of 
Orange.  In  the  struggle  with  James  II.  she  identified 
herself  with  her  husband.  On  Dec.  22,  1688,  James  II.  fled 
to  France,  and  on  Feb.  13, 1689,  William  and  Mary  assented 
to  the  "Declaration  of  R^ht,"  and  were  crowned  joint 
sovereigns.  She  took  little  interest  in  public  business,  and 
in  the  king's  absence  ruled  through  the  council. 

Mary  Queen  of  Scots  (Mary  Stuart).  Born 
in  LinUthgow  Palace,  Deo.  7  (8 1),  1542 :  be- 
headed at  Fotheringay,  Feb.  8,  1587.  Third 
child  and  only  daughter  of  James  V.  of  Soot- 
land  and  Mary  of  Guise.  By  the  death  of  James 
(Dec.  14, 1542)  she  became  queen,  and  was  crowned  at  Stir- 
ling Castle  Sept.  9,  1643.  On  July  7, 1648,  a  marriage  wltli 
the  dauphin  (Francis  II.)  was  agreed  upon.  She  was  sent 
to  Saini>Germains  on  Oct.  11,  and  educated  with  the  royal 
children  of  France.  They  were  married  at  Notre  Dame 
April  24, 1658.  At  the  death  of  Mary  Tudor  (see  Mary  I.) 
on  Nov.  17,  1668,  Mary  Stuart  laid  claim  to  the  English 
throne,  as  great-granddaughter  of  Henry  VII., on  theground 
of  Elizabeth's  illegitimacy.  Francis  II.  succeeded  Henry 
II.  of  France  on  July  10, 1669,  and  the  union  of  the  three 
kingdoms  seemed  probable  :  but  he  died  Dec.  5,  1660.  On 
Aug.  19, 1661,  Mary  landed  at  Leith.  Her  scheme  for  a 
marriage  with  Don  Carlos  of  Spain  having  been  thwarted, 
on  July  29,  1665,  she  married  Lord  Darnley,  son  of  Lady 
Margaret  Douglas,  next  heir  after  Mary  to  the  English 
throne.  She  labored  assiduously  to  restore  the  Roman 
Catholic  faith  in  her  kingdom,  and  to  establish  an  absolute 
royal  authority.  Her  refusal  to  grant  Darnley  the  crown 
matrimonial,  and  his  part  in  the  murder  of  Rizzio,  created 
an  estrangementwhich  terminated  in  the  murder  of  IDarn- 
ley  with  her  consent  Feb.  10, 1667.  She  married  Bothwell,. 
the  murderer  of  Darnley,  May  16,  1667;  was  seized  by 
the  lords,  June  16,  1667,  and  imprisoned  in  Lochleven  Cas- 
tle ;  and  was  compelled  to  abdicate  in  favor  of  her  son 
(James  VI. )  in  July.  She  escaped  May  2, 1668 ;  was  defeated 
at  the  battle  of  Langside  May  13,  1668 ;  and  fled  to  Eng- 
land. Elizabeth  confined  her  first  at  Carlisle,  and  then  in 
various  other  castles.  She  was  removed  to  Fotheringay 
Sept.  26, 1586 ;  tried  Oct.  14-16  on  the  charge  of  conspiring 
against  the  life  of  Elizabeth;  and  beheaded  Feb.  8, 1687. 

Mary  of  Burgundy.  Bom  at  Brussels,  Feb. 
13,  1457:  died  at  Bmssels,  March  27,  1482. 
Daughter  of  Charles  the  Bold.  She  married 
Maximilian  (later  German  emperor)  in  1477. 

Mary  of  Egypt,  Saint.  A  half-my thical  African 
saint  whose  history  is  founded  on  that  of  a  fe- 
male anchoret  who  lived  and  died  in  a  desert 
near  the  river  Jordan  in  Palestine :  she  be- 
wailed her  sins  there  for  many  years,  and  was 
accidentally  discovered.  This  is  a  very  ancient  tra- 
dition, and  is  supported  by  contemporary  evidence.  Many 
picturesque  and  miraculous  additions  have  been  made  to 
her  story,  which  in  its  present  form  is  attributed  to  St.  Je- 
rome. She  is  said  by  him  to  have  lived  in  Alexandria 
about  the  year  366,  and  to  have  far  exceeded  Mary  Magda- 
lene, with  whom  she  is  frequently  confounded,  in  the  in- 
famy of  her  early  life  :  they  are  sometimes  united  in  pic- 
tures as  joint  emblems  of  female  penitence.  Mary  of 
Egypt  is  distinguished  by  three  loaves  which  she  took  to 
the  desert  with  her  when  she  repented  of  her  sins.  The 
earliest  pictures  of  her  are  thought  to  be  in  a  series  on  the 
wall  of  the  chapel  of  the  Bargello,  Florence,  and  there  is 
a  celebrated  picture  of  her  by  Tintoretto  at  the  Scuola  di 
San  Rocco,  Venice. 

St.  Mary  of  Egypt  was  early  a  popular  saint  in  France, 
and  particularly  venerated  by  the  Parisians,  till  eclipsed 
by  the  increasing  celebrity  of  the  Magdalene.  She  was 
styled,  familiarly,  La  Gipsienne  (the  Gipsy),  softened  by 
time  into  La  Jussienne.  The  street  in  which  stood  a  con- 
vent of  reformed  women  dedicated  to  her  is  still  la  Rue 
Jussienne.    We  find  her  whole  story  in  one  of  the  ricbl; 


Mary  of  Egypt,  Saint 

painted  windows  of  the  cathedral  of  Chartres ;  and  again 
in  the  "  Vitraux  de  Bourgea,"  where  the  inscription  under- 
neath is  written  "  Segiptiaca." 

Mrs.  Jameson,  Sacred  and  Legendary  Art,  I.  389. 

Mary  of  France.  Bom  about  Mareli,  1496 :  died 
at  Westhorpe,  Dec.  24, 1533.  The  third  daugh- 
ter of  Henry  VII.  of  England.  On  Oct.  9, 1614,  she 
married  Louis  XIL  of  France,  who  died  Jan.  1, 1616.  She 
soon  after  married  Charles  Brandon,  duke  of  Su&olk  :  their 
daughter  Frances  was  the  mother  of  Lady  Jane  Grey. 

Mary  of  Guise,  or  of  Lorraine.  Bom  at  Bar- 
le-Duc,  Nov.  22, 1515 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  June 

10,  1560.  Queen  of  James  V.  of  Scotland,  and 
mother  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots :  the  eldest 
daughter  of  Claude,  duke  of  Guise.  On  Aug.  4, 
1534,  she  married  Louis  of  Orleans,  who  died  June  9, 1637.' 
She  married  James  T.  of  Scotland  in  June,  1538,  and  Mary 
Stuart  was  horn  Dec.  7  (8?),  1542.  James  V.  died  Deo. 
14,  1542.  On  April  12,  1664,  Mary  was  made  regent  of 
Scotland.  In  March,  1659,  Henry  IL  of  France  sent  her 
Instructions  to  suppress  heresy  in  Scotland.  A  conflict 
with  Knox  and  the  Reformers  resulted  in  her  suspension 
from  the  regency  Oct.  21, 1659. 

Mary  of  Modena.  Bom  at  Modena,  Oct.  5, 1658 : 
died  at  Saint-Germain,  France,  May  7,  1718. 
Queen  of  James  II.  of  England,  the  only  daugh- 
ter of  Alfonso  rV.  of  Modena  (Este).  Her  mar- 
riage with  the  Duke  of  York  (James  ILWas  concluded  at 
Dover,  Nov.  21, 1673.  The  Prince  of  Wales  (see  Slvart, 
James  Francis  Edward)  was  bom  June  10, 1688  (0.  S.). 
Her  previous  children  had  died  in  infancy,  and  rumors 
of  substitution  were  immediately  credited.  On  the  inva- 
sion of  England  by  WUliam  of  Orange,  she  joined  James 

11.  at  Saint-Oennain. 

Mary  Barton.  A  novel  hy  Mrs.  Gaskell,  pub- 
lished in  1848. 

Mary  de  Medici.    See  Maria  d^  Medici. 

Mary  Magdalene  (mag-da-le'ne,  or  as  English 
mag 'da-Ten),  or  Magdalen  (mag'da-len) 
(Mary  "of  Magdala).  A  woman  described  by 
Luke,  and  mentioned  elsewhere  in  the  gospels, 
as  ademoniac  from  whom  seven  devils  had  been 
cast  out,  and  who  was  closely  associated  with 
Jesus,  especially  at  the  resurrection,  she  has 
commonly  been  identified,  erroneously,  with  the  woman 
who  was  "  a  sinner  "  mentioned  in  Luke  (vii.  37-60),  and 
also,  with  even  less  ground,  with  Maty  of  Bethany.  See 
Magdalen. 

Mary  Tudor.    See  Mary  I. 

Maryborough  (ma 'ri- bur -6).  A  seaport  in 
Queensland,  Australia,  situated  on  the  Mary 
Eiver  140  miles  north  of  Brisbane.  Popula- 
tion (1886),  9,000. 

Maryland  (mer'i-land).  pS^amed  in  honor  of 
Henrietta  Maria,  wile  of  Ciharles  I.]  One  of  the 
thirteen  original  States  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  comprised  (according  to  the  common 
classification)  in  the  Southern  States.  Capital, 
Annapolis ;  chief  city,  Baltimore,  it  is  bounded 
by  Pennsylvania  on  the  north,  Delaware  and  the  Atlantic 
on  the  east,  Chesapeake  Bay  on  the  south,  Virginia  and 
West  Virginia  (separated  by  the  Potomac)  on  the  south 
and  west,  and  West  Virginia  on  the  west.  It  extendsfrom 
lat.  ZT  63'  to  39°  43'  N.,  and  from  long.  76"  4'  to  79°  33'  W. 
The  boundaries  on  the  south  and  west  are  very  irregular. 
It  is  divided  into  two  parts  (the  eastern  called  the  East- 
ern Shore)  by  Chesape£dce  Bay.  It  is  mountainous  in  the 
west.  The  chief  agricultural  products  are  tobacco,  Indian 
corn,  and  wheat ;  the  leading  manufactures  are  iron  and 
steel,  and  cotton.  It  is  noted  for  the  production  of  oysters. 
It  contains  24  counties,  sends  2  senators  and  6  representa- 
tives to  Congress,  and  has  8  electoral  votes.  Maryland  was 
formeriy  a  proprietary  colony  under  the  Baltimore  family 
(patent  issued  1632 ;  colony  established  at  St.  Mary's  1634). 
It  had  serious  disputes  with  Claiborne  in  the  17th  century ; 
was  noted  for  its  religious  tolerance  ;  was  governed  as  a 
royal  province  1691-1718;  had  a  boundary  dispute  with 
Pennsylvania  which  was  settled  by  the  establishment  of 
"Mason  and  Dixon's  line"  in  1767;  ratified  the  XTnlted 
States  Constitution  in  1788 ;  was  plundered  by  the  Brit- 
ish in  1813  and  1814;  was  one  of  the  slave  States;  and 
was  the  scene  of  the  battle  of  Antietam,  and  of  various 
other  engagements  in  the  Civil  War.  Area,  12,210  square 
miles.    Population  (1900),  1,188,044 

Maryland!  My  Maryland!  A  song  popular 
among  the  Confederates  in  1861-65,  written  by 
J.  R.  KandaU  in  1861.  It  was  sung  to  the  college 
tune  of  "Lauriger  Horatius." 

Marylebone  (ma'ri-le-bon;  popularly  mar'li- 
bun).  A  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  London,  between 
St.  Paneras  and  Paddington.  It  returns  2  mem- 
bers to  Parliament.   Population  (1891),  142,381. 

Marylebone  Gardens.  A  formerly  celebrated 
place  of  entertainment  in  London.  It  consisted 
principally  of  a  garden  at  the  back  of  "The  Rose  "  tavern 
on  High  street,  Marylebone.  It  was  in  existence  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  17th  century.  It  was  planted  with  trees  and  had 
a  large  bowling-green.  In  1738  an  orchestra  was  added,  and 
morning  and  evening  performances  of  burletta,  etc.,  were 
given.  Thegardenswerealsousedfortea-drinking.  Itspop- 
ularity  gradually  died  out^  and  about  1778  the  site  was  built 
over.  Beaumont  street  and  part  of  Devonshire  Place  now 
cover  it.  The  tavern  was  rebuilt  in  1855,  and  the  Maryle- 
bone Music  Hsdl  was  built  behind  it.    Orom. 

Mary-le-Bo'W,  St.     See  St.  Mary  de  Arcubus. 
Marypprt  (ma'ri-port).    A  seaport  in  Cumber- 
land, England,  situated  on  the  Irish  Sea,  at  the 


662 

mouth  of  the  Ellen,  26  miles  southwest  of  Car- 
Usle.    Population  (1891),  8,784. 

Marys'Ville  (ma'riz-vil) .  A  city,  capital  of  Yuba 
County,  California,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Yuba  and  Feather  rivers,  110  miles  north- 
northeast  of  San  Francisco.  It  has  a  flourish- 
ing trade,  and  is  a  fruit  center.  Population 
(1900),  3,497. 

Mar  Zutra(mar  zo'tra).  Adistinguishedteaoh- 
er  of  the  law  ( Talmud)  at  the  Academy  of  Sora, 
and  head  of  the  Jewish  community,  or  Prince 
of  the  Captivity  {Eesh-galiitJia),  in  Babylonia,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  5th  century. 

Masa  (ma'sa).  An  ethnic  and  linguistic  clus- 
ter of  the  Central  Sudan,  embracing  the  Musgu, 
Makari,  Logone,  Mandara,  Gamergu,  andBatta 
tribes  and  dialects. 

Masaba  Heights.  A  range  of  hills  in-  north- 
eastern Minnesota,  famous  for  their  iron-ores. 

Masaccio(ma-sat'cho)(TominasoGuidi:  called 
Masaccio.'careless  Thomas')-  BomatCastello 
San  (Jiovanni  di  Valdamo,  Tuscany,  Deo.  21, 
1401:  died  at  Eome  (?)  about  1429.  A  noted 
Italian  painter,  of  the  Florentine  school,  called 
the  father  of  modem  art,  as  he  rescued  it  from 
medievalism.  His  most  celebrated  works  are  frescos 
in  the  Brancacci  chapel  in  the  Carmine,  and  in  Santa  Maria 
Novella,  at  Florence,  and  several  pictures  now  in  the  Ber- 
lin Museum.  The  frescos  have  been  a  school  of  instruction 
for  all  succeedingpainters :  even  Michelangelo  andEaphael 
have  been  indebted  to  him. 

Mas  a  Fuera  (mas  a  fwa'ra).  [Sp., '  more  out- 
ward.'] A  small  island  100  miles  west  of  Juan 
Fernandez. 

Masai  (ma-si'),  or  Elmoran  (el-m6-ran')_.  An 
African  nation  occupying  the  vast  and  arid  pla- 
teau between  Lake  Baringo  and  Nguru.  Like 
their  northern  neighbors,  the  Wakwafi,  they  call  themselves 
Eloikob, '  men. '  They  are  of  mixed  Hamitic  and  Negro  type, 
but  are  included  by  some  in  the  Nuba-Fulah  group.  The 
young  and  able-bodied  men  lead  a  military  life  in  camp, 
having  women  in  common ;  the  old  men,  children,  and 
women  inhabit  villages  and  tend  the  cattle.  The  despised 
tribe  of  the  Andorobo  are  hunters  and  middlemen  between 
their  proud  brethren  and  the  agricultural  Bantu. 

Masalit  (ma-sa'lit).  -A  Nigritie  tribe  of  the 
Eastern  Sudan,  inWadai  and  on  the  borders  of 
Darfur,  found  in  scattered  independent  clans 
who  pretend  they  are  Arabs. 

Masaniello  (ma-sa-nyel'16),  properly  Tom- 
maso  Aniello.  Bom  ahout  1622 :  died  at  Na- 
ples, July  16,1647.  ANeapolitan insurrectionist. 
He  was  a. fisherman  and  a  fruit- vender.  Provoked  by  the 
loss  of  his  scanty  possessions,  which  were  sold  to  pay  a 
fine  imposed  on  his  wife  for  attempting  to  smuggle  a  bag 
of  flour  into  the  city,  he  headed  a  revolt  of  the  populace  in 
July,  1647,  against  the  Duke  of  Arcos,  Spanish  viceroy  of  Na- 
ples, who  was  compelled  to  abolish  the  taxes  on  the  neces- 
saries of  life  and  to  restore  the  charter  of  exemption  granted 
by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  He  was  assassinated  by  the 
adherents  of  the  viceroy  after  he  had  given  orders  to  his 
own  followers  to  return  to  their  occupations. 

Masaniello.    See  Mv^tte  de  Portioi. 

Masarwa  (ma-sar'wa).    See  Bushmen. 

Mas  a  Tierra(mas  ate-er'ra).  [Sp., 'more land- 
ward.']    Another  name  for  Juan  Fernandez. 

Masaya  (ma-si' a).  A  town  in  Nicaragua,  Cen- 
tral America,  about  20  miles  southeast  of  Mana- 
gua.   Population  (1890),  about  14,000. 

Mascagni  (mas-kan'ye),  Paolo.  Bom  at  Cas- 
telleto,  near  Siena,  Italy,  Feb.  5, 1752 :  died  at 
Florence,  Oct.  19, 1815.  A  noted  Italian  anato- 
mist. He  was  professor  of  anatomy  at  Siena  1774-1800,  at 
Pisa  1800-01,  and  at  Florence  (at  the  hospital  of  Santa  Ma- 
ria Meora)  after  180L  He  is  best  known  from  his  study  of 
the  lymphatics. 

Mascagni,  Pietro.  Bom  at  Leghorn,  Dec.  7, 
1863.  An  Italian  musical  composer,  director 
of  the  Philharmonic  Society  at  Cerignola.  Be- 
sides  various  orchestral  works  and  songs,  he  has  written 
the  operas  "  CavaUeria  Kusticana,"  "  L'Amico  Fritz,"  and 
"I  Santzau." 

Mascali  (mas-ka'le) .  A  small  to wn  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Catania,  SieUy,  18  miles  north-northeast 
of  (Catania. 

Mascara,  or  Maskara  (mas-ka-ra').  A  forti- 
fied town  in  the  department  of  Oran,  Algeria, 
about  50  miles  southeast  of  Oran.  it  became  the 
residence  of  Abd-el-Kader  in  1832 ;  was  burned  by  the 
French  1835 ;  and  was  taken  by  them  in  1841.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  16,482. 

Mascarene  (mas-ka-ren')  Islands,  or  Masca- 
renhas  ( Pg.  pron.  mas-ka-ren'y as)  Islands.  A 
name  given  to  Mauritius,  Reunion  (or  Bourbon), 
and  Rodriguez  collectively,  in  the  Lidian  Ocean : 
so  called  because  Reunion  was  discovered  by  the 
Portuguese  navigator  Mascarenhas  in  the  16th 
century. 

Mascarille  (mas-ka-rel').  An  adroit,  ingenious, 
unscrupulous  valet  who  appears  in  three  of  Mo- 
liSre's  plays :  "  L'Etourdi,"  "Le  d^pit  amou- 
reux,"  and  "Les  pr6cieuses  ridicules."  in  the 
last  he  is  at  his  best,  and  assumes  the  rOle  of  a  marquis 


Masks  and  Faces 

to  oblige  his  master.  His  name  has  passed  into  the  lan- 
guage, and  has  become  a  synonym  tor  skilful  impudence^ 
effrontery,  lying,  and  intrigue. 

Mascaron  (mas-ka-r6n'),  Jules.  Bom  at  Aix, 
March,  1634:  died  at  Agen,  France,  Nov.  20, 1703. 
A  French  ecclesiastic,  bishop  of  Tulle  (1671), 
celebrated  as  a  pulpit  orator. 

Mascezel(ma-se'zel).  Abrotherof  Gildo,whoin 
398commanded  a  Roman  armyin Africaagainst 
his  brother,  and  defeated  him.    See  Gildo. 

The  fate  of  Mascezel,  the  re-vindicator  of  Africa,  is  an 
enigma.  The  version  given  by  Zosimus  is  that  generally 
accepted.  He  says  that  he  returned  in  triumph  to  Italy ; 
that  Stilicho,  who  was  secretly  envious  of  his  reputation, 
professed  an  earnest  desire  to  advance  his  interests ;  but 
that  when  the  Vandal  was  going  forth  to  a  suburb  (prob- 
■  ably  of  Milan),  as  he  was  crossing  over  a  certain  bridge 
with  Mascezel  and  others  in  bis  train,  at  a  given  signal  the 
guards  crowded  round  the  African  and  hustled  him  off 
into  the  river  below.  "  Thereat  Stilicho  laughed ;  but  the 
stream,  hurrying  the  man  away,  caused  him  to  perish  for 
lack  of  breath."    Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  266. 

Mascogee.    See  Creek. 

Mas^res  (ma-zar'),  Francis.  Bom  at  London, 
Dec.  15,  1731 :  died  at  Reigate,  May  19,  1824. 
An  English  mathematician,  historian,  and  re- 
former. He  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  17S2,  and  in  1768 
was  called  to  the  bar.  (He  is  introduced  by  Charles  Lamh 
in  his  "Old  Benchers  of  the  Inner  Temple.'^  From  1766 
to  1769  he  was  attorney-general  of  Quebec,  and  cursitor 
baron  of  the  exchequer  from  1773  to  1824.  Among  his 
works  are  "Dissertation  on  the  Use  of  the  Negative  Sign 
in  Algebra  "  (1768), "  Doctrine  of  Permutations  and  Combi- 
nations "  (1796),  "  Scriptores  optici  "  (1823),  "  A  View  of  the 
English  Constitution* (1781),  etc. 

Maserfeld  (ma'ser-feld).  Aloeality,  apparently 
near  Oswestry,  where,  in  642,  Oswald,  king  of 
Northumbria,  was  defeated  and  slain  by  Penda. 

Masers  de  Latude.    See  Latude. 

Mash  (mash).  In  Babylonian  and  Assyrian  lit- 
erature, the  name  of  the  great  Syrian  and  Ara- 
bian desert  which  forms  the  southern  and  south- 
western border  of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris 
territory.  It  is  considered  by  some  to  be  identical  with 
Mesha,  in  Gen.  x.  30,  and  the  small  kingdom  Mesene,  on 
the  Persian  Gulf. 

Masham  (mash'am).  Lady  (Abigail  Hill).  Died 
Dec.  6, 1734.  An  intimate  friend  of  Queen  Anne, 
the  daughter  of  Francis  Hill  of  London,  she 
entered  the  service  of  Lady  Elvers,  and  afterward  of  her 
cousin  the  Duchess  of  Marlborough  at  St.  Albans,  and  later 
became  lady  of  the  bedchamber  to  Queen  Anne,  in  whose 
favor  she  at  length  supplanted  the  duchess.  In  1707  she 
married  Samuel  Masham,  who  was  created  Baron  Masham 
in  1712.  In  1711  she  was  given  charge  of  the  privy  purse 
of  Queen  Anne.  She  was  a  woman  of  plain  appearance, 
but  intelligent,  and  very  serviceable  to  the  queen,  over 
whom  she  exerted  considerable  influence. 

Mashita  (ma-she'ta).  AlocalityinMoab,Pales- 
tine,  notable  for  a  palace  built  by  Khusrau  11. 
in  620.  It  is  a  square  of  730  feet  a  side.  The  walls  are 
strengthened  by  semicircular  towers,  and  the  interior  con- 
tains spacious  courts,  a  series  of  vaulted  halls,  and  a  triap- 
sidal  hall  which  was  covered  by  a  dome  on  pendentives. 
The  chief  facade,  almost  200  feet  long,  displays  a  square 
doorway  between  polygonal  towers.  Though  never  fln- 
ished,  this  fagade  is  remarkable  for  its  decoration  of  zig- 
zags, rosettes,  pediments,  ete.,  all  sculptured  with  diaper- 
work  of  vines  and  foliage  combined  with  birds  and  animals, 
as  delicate  in  execution  as  the  ornament  of  the  Alhambra. 

Mashonaland  (ma-sho'na-land  or  ma-sho'na- 
land).  [Named  after  the'Mashonatribe,  which 
is  subject  to  the  Matabele.]  A  high,  salubri- 
ous, and  gold-bearing  country  between  the  Ma- 
tabele and  the  Zambesi.  Formerly  considered  Por- 
tuguese, it  was  annexed  by  England  in  1888  and  placed 
under  the  British  South  Africa  Company  in  1889.  The  pio- 
neer expedition  reached  Mount  Hampden  in  1890.  In 
1893  the  white  population  numbered  3,000,  of  whom  1,600 
were  able-bodied  men.  Salisbury,  the  capital,  has  a  bank, 
hospital,  churches,  newspapers,  etc.,  and  the  townships 
Victoria,  Bulawayo,  and  Umtali  are  rising  centers.  The 
railroad  has  reached  Bulawayo,  and  one  from  Beira  to 
Fort  Salisbury  is  nearly  completied.  For  interesting  ruins 
there,  see  Zimbabwe. 

Masinissa,  or  Massinissa  (mas-i-nis'a).  [Gr. 
Maawiaaag, Maaaaviaa^c.']  Bom  about '^38 B.C.: 
died  148  b.  c.  A  king  of  Numidia,  ruler  at  first 
of  the  Massylians  in  eastern  Numidia.  He  was  at 
war  with  Syphax ;  fought  as  ally  of  the  Carthaginians  in 
Spain ;  as  ally  of  Kome  served  with  Scipio  against  Syphax 
204-203 ;  and  served  at  Zama  202.  He  became  ruler  of  all 
Numidia  in  201. 

Masis  (ma-ses').  Mount,  The  native  name  of 
Mount  Ararat. 

Masked  Ball,  The.    See  Ballo  in  Maschera. 

Maskelyne  (mas'ke-lin),  Nevil.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  6,  1732 :  died  at  Greenwich,  Feb.  9, 
1811.  A  noted  English  astronomer.  He  grad- 
uated at  Cambridge  in  1754 ;  became  curate  of  Barnet  in 
Hertfordshire  in  1765 ;  succeeded  Nathaniel  Bliss  as  astron- 
omer royal  Feb.  26, 1765 ;  and  established  the  "  Nautical 
Almanac  "  in  1767.  He  is  best  known  from  his  experi- 
ments upon  the  attraction  of  mountains  as  shown  by  de- 
viations of  the  plumb-line,. 

Maskoki.    See  Creelc. 

Masks  and  Faces.  Adramaticversionof  Charles 
Reade's  novel ' '  Peg  Woffington,"  by  Reade  and 
Tom  Taylor  (1854). 


Maskwell 

Maskwell (mask'wel).  The  "double dealer"  in 
Congreve's  play  of  that  name :  an  unmitigated 
scoundrel,  almost  too  sinister  for  a  comedy. 

The  audience  was  shocked  hy  the  characters  of  Mask- 
well  and  Lady  Touchwood,  And,  indeed,  there  is  some- 
thing strangely  revolting  in  the  way  in  which  a  group  that 
seems  to  belong  to  the  house  of  Laius  or  of  f  elops  is  in- 
troduced into  the  midst  of  the  Brisks,  Froths,  Carelesses, 
and  Flyants.  Maeaulay,  Essays,  II.  390. 

Masmliuster  (mas'mtin-ster),  or  Massemiiu- 
ster  (mas'se-miin-ster),  F.  Massevaux  (mas- 
vo').  A  small  town  in  Alsace,  17  miles  west  of 
MUlhausen. 

Masnadieri  (maz-nS-de-a're),  I.  [It. , '  The  Brig- 
ands.'] An  opera  by  Verdi,  produced  in  Lon- 
don in  1847  with  Jenny  Lind  In  the  cast.  The 
libretto  is  by  Maffei  from  Schiller's  "Eauber" 
('Bobbers'). 

Masolino  da  Fanicale  (ma-s6-le'no  da  pa-ne- 
ka'le)  (Tommaso  di  Cristofano  di  Fiuo). 
Bom  at  Panieale  di  Valdese,  near  Florence, 
1383:  died  Oct.,  1440.  A  Florentine  painter. 
He  was  a  master  of  Hasaccio.  He  established  himself  in 
Florence,  where  he  was  received  in  1423  into  the  gild  of 
<lruggists  or  physicians,  which  Included  the  painters.  From 
1423-26  he  worked  on  the  capella  of  the  Carmine.     In 

1427  he  was  in  Hungary  in  the  service  of  the  famous  Flor- 
entine adventurer  Filippo  Soolari  (Pippo  Spano).    From 

1428  to  1435  he  painted  the  frescos  of  the  baptistery  at 
Castlglione  d'Olona.  His  compositions  are  especially  no- 
table for  the  improvement  of  perspective.  His  picture  of 
the  "  Baptism  of  Christ"  at  Castlglione  contains  a  group  of 
nude  figures  putting  on  their  garments,  which  suggested 
to  Michelangelo  the  composition  of  his  famous  cartoon. 

Mason  (ma'son),  Charles.  Bom  about  1730: 
died  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.,  1787.  An  English 
astronomer.  He  was  an  assistant  of  Bradley  at  Green- 
wich 1756-60 ;  was  sent  by  the  Royal  Society  with  Jere- 
miah Dixon  to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus  (June  6, 1761) 
in  Sumatra,  but  succeeded  only  in  reaching  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope ;  and  was  employed  with  Dixon  by  Lord  Balti- 
more and  William  Penn  to  establish  the  boundary  between 
Maryland  and  Pennsylvania.  The  line  fixed  (1763-67)  ran 
to  a  point  244  miles  west  from  the  Delaware  fiiver,  in  lat. 
39°  43'  Jf.  It  is  famous  as  (in  part)  the  boundary  between 
the  free  and  the  former  slave  States. 

Mason,  Francis.  Bom  at  York,  England,  April 
2, 1799:  died  at  Rangoon,  British  Burma,  March 
3,  1874.  An  American  Baptist  missionary  to 
the  Karens  in  Burma.  He  published  "Burmah :  its 
People  and  Natural  Productions  "  (2d  ed.  1860),  etc. 

Mason,  George.  Bom  at  Doeg's  Neck,  now  in 
Fairfax  County,  Va.,  1725  :  died  there,  Oct.  7, 
1792.  An  American  politician.  He  drafted  the 
Virginia  declaration  of  rights  and  constitution  in  1776; 
was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787, 
where  he  presented  liberal  views,  but  refused  to  sign  the 
Constitution ;  and  with  Patrick  Henry  led  the  opposition 
to  its  ratification  in  the  Virginia  convention  of  1788. 

Mason,  George  Homing.  Bom  at  Stoke-upon- 
Trent,  Staffordshire,  March  11, 1818:  died  Oct. 
22,  1872.  An  English  painter.  He  established  his 
studio  in  Rome  in  1845,  and  delighted  in  subjects  from  the 
Campagna. 

Mason,  James  Murray.  Bom  in  Fairfax  Coun- 
ty, Va.,  Nov.  3,  1798:  died  near  Alexandria, 
Va.,  April,  1871.  An  American  politician,  grand- 
son of  George  Mason.  He  became  United  states  sen- 
ator from  Virginia  in  1847;  drafted  the  "fugitive-slave 
law  "  in  1850 ;  was  expelled  from  the  Senate  in  1861 ;  was 
.  sent  as  Confederate  commissioner  with  Slidell  to  England 
and  France  in  1861 ;  and  was  captured  by  Wilkes  on  the 
Trent  Nov.  8, 1861,  and  imprisoned  at  Boston  until  Jan.  2, 
1862.    See  Trent,  The. 

Mason,  Jeremiah.  Born  at  Lebanon,  Conn., 
April  27,  1768:  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  14,  1848. 
An  American  lawyer  and  politician.  United 
States  senator  from  New  Hampshire  1813-17. 

Mason,  John.  Bom  at  King's  Lynn,  England, 
Deo.,  1586:  died  at  London,  Dec,  1635.  The 
founder  of  New  Hampshire.  He  went  to  Oxford, 
(Magdalen  College)  in  1602 ;  soon  entered  the  service  of 
a  commercial  house  In  London ;  and  in  1610  was  sent  in 
command  of  several  war-ships  to  the  Hebrides  to  assist 
Andrew  Knox.  In  1615  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
Newfoundland,  and  in  1622  a  patent  lor  all  land  between 
the  Nahumheik  and  Merrimac  rivers  in  New  England 
was  granted  to  him.  In  1623  he  established  himself  as 
deputy  governor  at  New  Plymouth,  but  in  1624  returned 
to  ilngland.  In  1629  he  returned  to  New  England  and 
joined  Gorges  and  others  In  forming  the  laconia  Com- 
pany the  purpose  of  which  was  the  founding  of  an  agri- 
cultural settlement:  this  was  effected  on  a  new  grant  on 
the  Pisoataqua  River.  His  rights  in  New  Hampshire  were 
sold  to  Governor  Samuel  Allen  In  169L 

Mason,  John.  Bom  in  England,  1600:  died  at 
Norwich,  Conn.,  1672.  A  colonial  commander. 
He  served  in  New  England  as  early  as  1633.  In  1636  he 
assisted  in  the  migration  of  the  Dorchester  settlers  to 
Windsor,  Connecticut ;  and.  in  1637  commanded  the  colo- 
nial troops  in  the  Pequot  war.  He  wrote  a  "Brief  His- 
tory  of  the  Pequot  War."  . 

Mason,  John Toung.  Bomm  GreMisville Coun- 
ty, Va.,  April  18,  1799:  died  at  Pans,  Oct.  3, 
1859.  An  American  politician.  He  was  a  repre- 
sentative from  Virginia  1831-37;  secretary  of  the  navy 
1844-45 ;  attorney-general  1S45-46 ;  secretary  of  the  navy 
1846-49 ;  6na  United  States  minister  to  France  1853-69. 

Mason,  Lowell.    Bom  at  Medfield,  Mass  ,  Jan. 


663 


Massillon 


8,1792:  died  at  Orange,  N.  J.,  Aug.  11, 1872.  An  Massa-e-Carrara  (mas'sa-a-kar-ra'ra).  Aprov- 
American  musical  composer,  especially  noted  inee  in  Tuscany,  Italy,  formerly  a  duchy,  be- 
as  a  teacher.  He  published  many  coUeetions,  longing  to  Modena.  Capital,  Massa.  Area,  687 
principally  of  church  and  Sunday-school  music,  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  178,644. 
Mason,  William.  Born  Feb.  12,  1724:  died  Massafra  (mas-sa'fra).  A  town  in  the  province 
April  J,  1797.    An  Enghsh  poet,  a  fnendof  the    of  Lecoe,  Apulia,  Italy,  12  miles  northwest  of 


poet  Gray.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (St.  John's  Col- 
lege) 1745,  and  was  rector  of  Aston,  Yorkshire.  He  pub 
lished  the  "Life  and  Letters  of  Gray"  (1774),  the  dramas 
"Elfrida"  (1762),  "Caractacus"  (1759),  "English  Garden" 
(1772-82),  etc. 
Mason,  William.    Bom  at  Boston,  Mass. ,  Jan 


Taranto.  Population,  (1881),  9,463. 
Massagetse  (ma-saj'e-te).  [Gr.  M.aaaayh-at.'] 
In  ancient  history,  a  nomadic  people,  allied  to 
the  Scythians,  dwelling  northeast  of  the  Cas- 
pian Sea. 


24,1829.    An  American  musician  and  composer.  Massalia  (ma-sa'li-a).     [Gi.  ^acaaMa.']    The 


He  was  a  pupil  of  Moscheles,  Liszt,  and  Dreyschock,  and 

has  published  a  pianoforte  method  and  many  studies,  etc. 

He  has  taught  music  in  New  York  for  a  number  of  years. 
Mason  and  Dizon's  Line.  See  Mason,  Charles. 
Masovia  (ma-s6'vi-a),  or  Mazovia  (ma-z6'- 

vi-a).    A  medieval  ctuchjr  in  Poland,  along  the 


middle  Vistula,  in  the  neighborhood  of  and  in-    -'^-"-»";''"»«f.''  "-  --F-;-..      ..  .. 

eluding  Warsaw.     It  was  reunited  with  the  Massa  Manttima  (mas'sa  ma-rit'te-ma. 


eluding 

Polish  crown  in  1526. 
Maspero    (mas-pe-ro'),    Gaston    Camille 
Charles.    Born  at  Paris,  June  24,  1846.    A 


Greek  name  of  Marseilles. 
Massalia.    An  asteroid  (No.  20)  discovered  by 

De  Gasparis  at  Naples,  Sept.  19, 1852. 
Massa-Lubrense  (mas'sa-lo-bren'se).   A  small 

town  in  the  province  of  Naples,  Italy,  16  imles 

south-southeast  of  Naples. 

).    A 

town  in  the  province  of  Grosseto,  Italy,  30  miles 

southwest  of  Siena. 
Massaruni,    See  Mazaruni. 


=T--l^Eg;^tologist.    in  H^-oc^ed  Massasoit  (mas^^ 


De  Roug^  as  professor  of  arohseology  and  Egyptian  philol- 
ogy in  the  College  de  France,  and  from  1881  to  1886  con- 
tinued the  work  of  Mariette  as  director  of  the  museum  at 
Bulak  (now  at  Gizeh).  His  works  include  "Histoire  an- 
oienne  des  peuples  de  I'Orient"  (1876),  etc. 

MascLUe  oe  ffer.    See  Man  with  the  Iron  Mask. 

MasoLuerier  (mask-e-rer'),  John  James.  Born 
at  Chelsea,  Oct.,  1778:  died  at  Brighton,  March 
13, 1855.  An  English  painter,  of  French  parent- 
age. He  is  extensively  represented  in  the  col- 
lection of  the  Baroness  Burdett-Coutts. 

Massa  (mas'sa).  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Massa-e-Carrara,  situated  on  the  Fregido  in 
lat.  44°  3'  N.,  long.  10°  9'  E.  It  has  marble 
quarries.  Population  (1891),  commune,  esti- 
mated, 23,000. 

Massachnset(mas-a-ch8'set).  [Native,' at  the 
great  hills,'  i.  e.  the  Blue  Hills  of  Milton.]  A 
tribe  or  undefined  confederacy  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  formerly  living  about  Massachu- 


1580  :  died  1661."  A  chief  of  the  Wampanoag 
Indians  in  southeastern  Massachusetts  and 
Ehode  Island,  in  alliance  with  the  Plymouth 
colonists  1621-61. 

Mass6  (ma-sa'),  Victor  (F^lix  Marie).  Bom  at 
Lorient,  France,  March  7,  1822 :  died  at  Paris, 
July  5, 1884.  A  French  operatic  composer.  He 
gained  the  grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1844 ;  from  1868-76  was 
professor  of  composition  at  the  Conservatoire ;  and  in  1872 
was  elected  to  the  Institut.  Among  his  works  are  "  Gala- 
t^e"(1852),  "Les  noces  de  Jeannette"  (1863),  "La  reine 
Topaze" (1856),  "Les  saisons  "(1866)," Fior d'AJiza " (1866), 
"Paul  et  Virginie  "  (1876),  etc.  "  La  mort  de  C16op&tre," 
upon  which  he  was  engaged  justbefore  his  death,  was  per- 
formed in  his  honor  April  26, 1886. 

Mass6na  (ma-sa-na'),  Andr^,  Due  de  Kivoli, 
Prince  d'Essling.  Bom  at  or  near  Nice,  May, 
1758 :  died  at  Paris,  April  4,  1817.  A  French 
marshal.  He  won  the  victory  of  Loano  in  1796;  served  with 
distinction  under  Napoleon  in  Italy;  as  commander-in- 
chief  in  Switzerland  defeated  Korsakoff  at  Zurich,  Sept. 


i.1.     -D       .o  '        Til   — "     n,  +«  a„i„™  /■i^ni^.q;^™  26,  1799  (see -ZmWcA,  Baitteso/);  defended  Genoa  in  1800; 

setts  Bay  from  Plymouth  to  Salem  (including  ga'inea  the  victory  of  Caldierodct.  80, 1806;  capturedGaet^ 

the  basins  of  the  Neponset  and  Charles  rivers),  in  1806 ;  served  at  Landshut,  Eckmuhl,  Essling,  and  Wa- 

Their  number  was  much  reduced  by  pestUence  in  1617.  gram  in  1809  ;  and  commanded  in  the  Peninsula  1810-11. 

About  1650  they  were  gathered  into  the  villages  of  the  -ii/r„ _„„._. -i.  tma«  nS'l     Tiiloa   TSmilp  VrSH^rip 

Pi-avinff  Indians,  and  lost  their  tribal  autonomy.    See  ^!-  -KiaSSenettmas-na  ;,  JUieS   ^miiO  ireaenc, 


Praying  Indians,  and  lost  their  tribal  autonomy.  See  Al- 
goihguian. 
Massachusetts  (mas-a-cho'sets).  [From  the 
Massachuset  Indians.]'  One  of  the  New  Eng- 
land States,  and  one  of  the  thirteen  original 
States  of  the  United  States  of  America.  Capi- 
tal, Boston.  It  is  bounded  by  Vermont  and  New  Hamp- 
shire on  the  north,  the  Atlantic  on  the  east,  the  Atlantic, 
Ehode  Island,  and  Connecticut  on  the  south,  and  New 
York  on  the  west.  It  extends  from  lat.  41°  14'  to  42°  63'  N., 
and  from  long.  69°  53'  to^7S°  32'  W.    The  surface  is  gener- 


Bom  at  Montaud,  near  St.-fitienne,  France, 
May  12, 1842.  A  French  composer.  He  won  the 
grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1863,  and  in  1878  was  elected  to  the 
chair  of  advanced  composition  at  the  Conservatoire  and 
member  of  the  Beaux  Arts.  In  addition  to  orchestral  and 
pianoforte  music  ("  Scenes  hongroises,"  etc.),  he  has  writ- 
ten many  operas,  among  which  are  "  Don  C6sar  de  Bazan  " 
(1872),  "  Les  l^rynnies  "  (1873),  "  Le  roi  de  Lahore  "  (1877), 
"Herodiade"  (1881),  "Manon"  (1884),  "Le  Cid"  (1886). 
He  has  also  written  several  oratorios :  "  Marie  Made- 

^_  _  leine "(1873),  "Eve  "(1876),  "La  Vierge"  (1879),  etc. 

aiiy  hilly  (Taoonic  and  Hoosac  ranges  in  the  west),  but  is  Massev  (mas'i),  Eartlo.  A  schoolmaster,  a 
low  in  the  southeast.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Connecti-  „u„„„ 'j-pi.  \^  +1ib  -nnvel  "Artntn  Tiprlfi  "  hv  Gpotd-b 
cut,  Housatonic,  Merrhnac,  and  Charles.  The  leading  oc-  Character  m  tne  novel  Attam  iseae  Dy  ircorge 
cupations  are  commerce,  manufactures,  and  fisheries.    I^     JLliOt.  ,     -r^ 

is  the  first  State  in  the  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes  MaSSOy  (m&s'i),  SirFdward,  Born  about  1619 : 
and  of  cotton  and  woolen  goods.  Massachusetts  contains  died  in  Ireland  about  1674.  An  English  gen- 
eral. At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  of  1642  he  was 
in  the  service  of  the  king,  but  later  became  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  the  Parliamentary  army,  serving  near  Glouces. 
ter.  Later,  in  the  struggle  between  Parliament  and  the 
army,  he  served  Parliament,  and  was  made  lieutenant-gen- 
eral of  the  horse  April  2, 1647-  He  was  impeached  by  the 
army,  and  fled  to  Holland.  Entering  the  service  of  Charles 
II.,  he  assisted  as  lieutenant-general  during  the  invasion, 
and  was  captured  and  confined  in  the  Tower  in  Nov.,  1651. 
He  escaped  to  Holland,  and  assisted  in  the, Restoration. 


14  counties,  sends  2  senators  and  14  representatives  to  Con- 
gress, and  has  16  electoral  votes.  It  was  explored  by  Gos- 
nold  in  1602,  and  by  John  Smith  in  1614,  and  was  settled 
by  the  English  (by  the  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth  in  1620,  and  by 
the  Puritans  at  Salem  in  1628  and  at  Boston  in  1630).  The 
confederate  union  of  the  Massachusetts,  Plymouth,  New 
Haven,  and  Connecticut  colonies  existed  from  1643  to  1684. 
King  Philip's  war  took  place  in  1676-76 ;  the  union  with 
Plymouth  Colony  in  1691;  the  Salem  "witchcraft"  trials  in 
1692.    The  State  took  an  important  part  in  the  colonial 

wars,  and  in  the  resistance  to  British  oppression ;  was  the  -i,t.  im.        t-.i       -.nr 

scene  of  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution  in  1775;  and  was  Massey,  Grerald.   Born  at  Tnng,  England,  May 


the  scene  of  Shays's  Rebellion  in  1786-87.  Called  the  "  Old 
Bay  State."  Area  8,316  square  miles.  Population  (1900), 
2,805,346. 

Massachusetts  Bay.  A  colony  founded  at 
Salem,  Massachusetts,  in  1628,  under  John  En- 
dicott,  and  greatly  increased  in  1630  by  the  ar- 
rival of  a  large  force  under  Winthrop.  Its  capital 
was  removed  to  Boston.  "^  ^^  ^ 

1691  incorporated  with  it 

Massachusetts  Bay  Company. 


29,1828.  An  English  poet.  He  has  written  "Bal- 
lad of  Babe  Christabel "  (1864), "  Craigcrook  Castle  "  (1866), 
"Shakspere's  Sonnetsneverbefore  Interpreted,  etc."(18e6), 
"A  Tale  of  Eternity"  (1869),  "Concerning  Spiritualism" 
(1871),  "A  Book  of  the  Beginnings,  etc."  (1881),  "The  Natu- 
ral Genesis  "  (1883 :  the  second  part  of  "Book  of  the  Begin- 
nings "),"  The  Secret  Drama  of  Shakspere's  Sonnets  "  (1888), 
etc. 
The  Plymouth  Colony  was  in  MassiCUS  (mas'i-kus),  Mons.  In  ancient  geog- 
A  nr,-\nni'7i-ncr    raphy,  a  range  of  hills  on  the  border  of  Cam- 

.„-.___„  -f^if----,-_*;^°„„,t„f    pania  and  Latium,  Italy:  the  modern  Monte 

company  chartered  m  1629,  and  growmg  out  of    ^^^^^^^_    n-  j^  famous  for  wines. 

the  Dorchester  Company,  its  i^^^^"?^.^^^^^,^^  Massilia  (ma-sil'i-a).    The  Latin  name  of  Mar- 
the  danger  to  political  and  religious  freedom  in  Jinglana  .uj.»£>k>.i-iii«  \  ..  ^ 

under  Charles  L    Endioott  was  the  first  local  governor,     seilies,  ,       m^.  i,  j. 

In  1630  Winthrop,  as  the  new  governor,  conducted  a  large  MaSSlliaUS  (ma-sil'i-anz).     The  members  of  a 
expedition,  wliich  founded  Boston.  -.a       ■  ^      Christian  school,  most  numerous  at  Marseilles, 

Massacre  of  the  Innocents,  The,  1.  Apamt-  ^^^^^  g^^^^  ^^^^  usually  called  Semi-Pelagians, 
ing  by  Tintoretto,  in  the  Scuola  di  San  Koeeo  jjjassillon  (mas'il-on).  A  city  in  StarkCounty, 
at  Venice. —  3,  A  painting  by  Eubens,  m  the  northern  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Tuscarawas  50 
Old  Pinakothek  at  Munich.  miles  south  of  Cleveland.  It  has  coal-mines  and 

Massada  (mas-sa'da).  A  stronghold  on  a  hiU  gandstone-quarries.  Population  (1900),  11,944. 
in  the  desert  of  Judah,  on  the  western  bank  ot  Tyr-ggjii™  (ma-se-y6n'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom 
the  Dead  Sea,  founded  by  the  Maccabees  and  ^ffX^  France,  Juiie  24, 1663 :  died  Sept.  18, 
made  impregnable  by  Herod,  it  played  a  great  part  ^^^  •'  ^  ^.^^  French  pulpit  orator,  a  member 
t^&J^^li^^'^w'^^t&lTnl^^st^'.  of  the  Congregation  of  fheWy.  He  lived  for 
risen  consisHSgoA  000  Zealots  under  the  command  of  many  years  in  a  monastery  (Sept-Fonte) ;  and  m  1896  was 
Flpa/arS  killed  their  wives  and  chUdren,  and  then  caUed  to  Paris,  where  he  became  director  of  the  semmarj 
fhlSves  lhe?e  are  stiU  ruins  of  a  castle  on  the  hUl,  of  8t.-Magloire  =f  dm  1704  court  prej>cher,attainmg_gr^^^^^ 
and  their  modem  name  is  Sebbeh. 


celebrity  as  a  pulpit  orator.    In  1717  he  was  made  bishop 


Massillon 


664 


of  Clermont,  and  became  an  academician  in  1719.     His 
works  (including  sermons,  funeral  orations,  etc.)  were  pub- 
lislied  in  15  vols.  1745-48. 
MSiSSina  (ma-se'na).     See  Fulah. 


Fifty  of  his  novels,  in  the  Neapolitan  dialect,  were  pub- 
lished in  1476  under  the  title  "  II  Novellino  con  le  largo- 
menti  e  morali  conclusioni  d'alcuni  esempli."  Oneof  these 
is  the  same  as  "Romeo  and  Juliet."    The  scene  is  laid  in 

iM!assinger(mas'in-j6r),Pliilip.  BaptizedatSt.  -I'™*-,. ,    ..    ..,,_,    .,      -r^.   ,  ^^„     .     .     ,. 
Thnmas's  Snlishm-v  Nrvv  9A  ^p,fi^^  Aio^  at  tho  Masudl  (ma-so  de),  A1-.    Died  957.    An  Arabi- 
an historian.    He  is  called  "  the  Herodotus  of  Arabian 


Thomas's,  Salisbury,  Nov.  24, 1583 :  died  at  the 
Bankside,  Southwark,  March,  1640.  An  English 
dramatist.  He  entered  Oxford  in  1602,  and  left  in  1606 
(without  a  degree),  when  he  went  to  London  and  devoted 
himself  to  writing  plays,  sometimes  worlting  alone,  but 
more  frequently  in  collaboration  with  Nathaniel  Field, 
Robert  Dabome,  Dekker,  Cyril  Toumeur,  and  Fletcher  : 
with  the  last  he  was  associated  from  1613  to  1625.    He  is 


history."  Of  his  numerous  works  the  principal  one  is 
"Meadows  of  Gold  and  Mines  of  Gems,"  which  has  been 
published  in  &  volumes,  with  the  Arabic  text  above  and 
a  French  translation  below,  by  Barbier  de  Meynard  in 
collaboration  with  Pavet  de  Courteille  1861-77.  One 
volume  has  been  translated  into  English  (1841)  by  A. 
Sprenger.  ' 


soleauthorofl5plays,amongthemostimpoitantofwhichii|r„      ij      i  ('Tv,Q.=o//li.nn.tam''>       A  saa-nnrt 

are"  The  Unnatural  Combat"  (1619),"The  Duke  of  Milan '•■'"''■^SJllipatam  (ma-SO  ll-pa-tam  ;.     A  seaporc, 

(1623),  "  The.Bondman  "  (1624),  "The  Parliament  of  Love  "    capital  of  the  Kistna  district,  Madras,  British 
(licensed  to  be  played  Nov.  3, 1624),  "  A  New  Way  to  Pay   India,  situated  on  the  Coromandel  coast  in  lat. 
Old  Debts"  (1632),  "The  Maid  of  Honour"  (1632).    In  col-    i6o  9'  N.,  long.  81°  9'  E.     It  has  manufactures 
laboration  with  Fletcher  he  wrote  "The  Honest  Man  s    nf  nnt+on    oto      Primilntinn   n«Qn    qs  snQ 
Fortune  "  (acted  1613),  "  The  Knight  of  Malta"  (acted  be-    °^  cotton,  etc.     Ir-opnlatiou  (I»yi),  dS,»09. 
fore  1619),  and  others.     "Henry  VIIL"  is  doubtless  the  Masym  (ma'sim).     A  rarely  used  name  for  the 
work  of  Massinger  and  Fletcher.    "  Sir  John  Van  Olden    fifth-magnitude  Star  %  Herculis,  in  the  left  hand 
Barnaveldt"  is  assigned  by  BuUen  to  these  authors  :  it  was    gf  the  giant- 
first  printed  from  manuscript  by  him  in  his  "Old  Plays."  ■n.-j.-^j.,,    ■  Tn  TiloTm+ijlTl  Tn-o+lmlnwv   fho  <»fvrl 
Thirty-eight  plays  in  all  may  be  attributed  to  Massinger  J»J-aat  (mat),     in  J^gymian  mytnologj;,  tne  gott- 
alone  and  with  others.  dess  of  truth,  child  of  the  sun,  wearing  on  her 

Massinissa.     See  Masinissa.  head  the  ostrich  plume,  emblematical  of  truth. 

MaSSOn  (mas'on),  David.  Born  at  Aberdeen,  she  was  often  called  "the  Two Jftuths."  In  her  haU  the 
Scotland,  Dec."2, 1822.  A  Scottish  author,  pro!  t^"^',?,' *?,"  '^r'^1-Tr>?5"1«f  nr  M=^Lia  r^H  fn 
fessor  of  rhetoric  and  English  Uterature  ii  the  ^^^}^}^  feltaH  Vl'a  ta^f^l^'^^^A^^  ;tt 
University  of  Edinburgh  1865-95.  Hischief  work  }''-}^h°^  ^l^^^^}l  i™^"*^-^"^ }^\.^ ^^'^^^^ 
is  his  "Life^of  John  Milton  and  History  of  his  Time"  tribeof  British  South  Africa,  north  of  the  Traus- 
(1859-80).  He  has  also  written  "Essays,  Biographical  and  vaal,  claiming  territory  from  about  lat.  20°  S. 
Critical  '(1856-74)  and  "British  Novelists  and  their  Styles"  to  the  Zambesi  River,  especially  Mashonaland. 
(1869),  and  for  a  number  of  years  (from  its  commencement   Jt  jg  organized  on  the  Zulu  model.    See  Zolen- 

m^^XoKeJo^Ta^su4rBoTn atLon-  ■"«'«' Maslwnaland, Manica.  Also Taiele, TeUle. 
dof  Mareh  K9-^ted  at  EwWst  ^S^^^  Matabeleland  (ma-ta-ba'le-land).  A  region 
Aug.  29!  1888.'  AnEnglih  edu^atlSnalS?:  *-  ^outh  Africa  north  of  the  Transvaal,  pro- 
His  father  had  been  a  soldilr  under  Napoleon  in  Russia,  clamed  m  1888  to  be  Within  the  British  sphere 
Masson  was  educated  at  Tours,  and  was  made  French  mas-  of  influence.  It  was  forcibly  taken  possession  of  by  the 
ter  at  Harrow  in  1856.  He  published  "  Introduction  to  the  British  South  Africa  Company  1893-94.  See  Loiengula. 
Study  of  French  Literature"  (I860),  "La  lyre  fran(!aise"]V[ataCO  (ma-ta-ko'),  or  Mataguava  (ma-ta- 
a867),  "The  Huguenots"  (1881),  "Richelieu "(1884),  etc.    gwi'a),  stOCk.     A  Unguistic  group   of   South 

He  was  principally  occupied  with  educational  compila-    ^ '' j^S-„^„   j„  fi,„  ri«„«  /~ii,„„„   ««;    „■ 

tions  and  translations.  American  Indians,  m  the  Gran  Chaco,  pnnei- 

Massorah(mas-so'ra).  [Heb., 'tradition.']  The  pally  between  the  rivers  Vermejo  and  Pilco- 
name  given  to  the  work  of  the  Jewish  scholars  niayo.  It  includes  the  Matacos,  Mataguayas,  Enimagas, 
in  establishing  the  traditional  pronunciation    Ocolos,^nd  various  other  hordes,  all  of  more  or  less  wan- 


and  accents  of  the  Hebrew  Old  Testament.  The  MaraVor(ma-t"k6s')!°  Atribe  of  Indians  of  the 

Argentine  Republic,  in  the  Chaco  region,  about 


men  who  were  engaged  in  this  work  were  called  Masso- 
retes.  The  work  of  the  Massorah  went  on  for  centuries, 
beginning  soon  after  the  return  from  the  Babylonian  cap- 
tivity, when  the  study  of  the  law  became  the  center  of  the 
life  of  the  Jews.  Of  later  Massoretes  the  most  promin  ent 
were  the  family  of  Asher,  called  ben  Asher,  who  flour- 
ished in  the  8th  to  the  10th  centuries  A.  D.  The  last  of 
the  family,  Aaron  ben  Moses  ben  Asher  (see  Aaron  hen 


the  upper  course  of  the  Rio  Vermejo.  They  have 
considerable  herds  of  cattle  and  horses,  and  migrate  from 
time  to  time  in  search  of  fresh  pastures.  In  color  they  are 
dark.  The  Matacos  have  long  been  at  war  with  the  Tobas. 
They  are  friendly  to  the  whites,  and  readily  work  for  them 
on  sugar-plantations  or  as  servants. 


Asher),  in  the  10th  century  brought  the  Massorah  to  a  Matagalpan  (ma-ta-gal'pan)  stock.  The  name 
close.  Their  rivals  and  opponents  with  regard  to  the  vo-  ^y^^  i,y  Dp.  Brinton  to  tlie  so-called  Chontales 
calization  of  the  texti  originally  merely  consonantal,  werq  t.,j;„„„  ;„  ■«;„„..„«„„  ^,i»«««i^^»»^n  ««  •\ir„i-^ 
the  family  of  Ben  Naftali  in  Babylonia.  The  system  of  Indians  m  Nicaragua  (departments  of  Mata- 
the  ben  Asher  has  prevailed.  The  Massoretes  worked  galpa,  Segovia,  and  Chontales).  He  regards  their 
with  the  minutest  care  and  conscientiousness.  Their  ob-  language  as  essentially  different  from  that  of  other  known 
servations  they  either  noted  on  the  margin  of  the  text    stocks. 

(Masora  marginalis,  which  is  distinguished  as  maorui  and  Matagorda  Bay  (mat-a-g6r'daba).  An  inlet  of 
pan)a)or  in  separate  works.  Where  the  traditwnal  read-  ^j^  (j^jf  <,£  Mexico,  south  of  Texas,  at  the 
ing  of  a  passage  seemed  to  them  untenable,  they  added  A.     j.  A,     /-i  i        i        i,      j-i  nai-m 

their  emendation  on  the  margin,  as  "  that  which  is  to  be    mouth  of  the  Colorado,  about  long.  96°  W. 
read  "  (qri),  opposed  to  "that  which  is  written"  (kethtb).    Matagorda  Island.     An  island  on  the  coast  of 
Massowall(mas-sou'a),orMassawa.  Theehief    Texas,  southwest  of  Matagorda  Bay; 


Mataguayas  (ma-ta-gwi'as).  A  tribe  of  In- 
dians of  the  Argentine  Republic,  in  the  Chaco 
region  north  of  the  Rio  Verme  jo.  They  are  closely 
allied  to  the  Matacos,  but  are  more  savage,  and  have  ad- 
mitted little  intercourse  with  the  whites.  Old  authors 
used  this  name  somewhat  loosely  for  various  tribes  of  the 
Mataco  and  Guaycuru  stocks. 

Massys   (mas-sis'),  or  Matsys  (mat-sis'),  orMatambwe(rna-W^^^^^^^    |;'^::f-ma-ta- 

TWot.c!TTn/Tnel:.aTa'1   OiionHn  nv  Onint.in      T!mm   JM.atamOr03    (mat-a-mo  TOS ,    Op.   pron.    ma-ta- 

mo  ros).     A  port  and  city  m  the  state  of  Ta- 


seaport  on  the  western  coast  of  the  Red  Sea, 
Africa,  situated  on  a  small  island  in  lat.  15°  37' 
N.,  long.  39°  27'  E.  It  is  the  chief  portfor  Abyssinia 
and  the  neighboring  regions.  It  was  formerly  under  Turk- 
ish, and  after  1865  under  Egyptian,  rule.  The  Italians  took 
military  possession  in  ISS.S.    Population,  about  20,000. 

Massuccio.     See  Masuceio. 


Metsys  <met-sis' ),  Quentin  or  Quintin.  Bom 
at  Louvain,  Belgium,  about  1466 :  died  at  Ant- 
werp, 1530.     A  noted  Flemish  painter. 
Mastabat-el-Faraun  (mSs-ta'bat-el-f  a-ra-on') . 
See  the  extract. 

The  name  of  Unas  is  not  found  at  the  Wady  Magarah ; 
but  several  small  objects  inscribed  with  if^_  probably  de- 
rived from  the  tombs  at  Gizeh,  are  in  the  different  muse- 
ums of  Europe.  He  reigned  thirty-three  years,  and  was 
buried  in  the  long  building'  constructed  of  enormous 
blocks  of  limestone,  anciently  inlaid  with  hard  stones,  at 
Saldcarah,  and  known  at  the  present  day  by  the  name  of 
the  " Mastabat-el-Faraoun "  or  "Pharaoh's  board."  His 
name  has  been  found  upon  a  stone  near  the  entrance. 

Birch,  Egypt,  p.  52. 

Master  Adam,  E.  Maitre  Adam.    The  poet 

Adam  Billaut. 

Master  Builder,  The.    A  play  by  Ibsen,  pro- 
duced in  1892. 
Master  Humphrey's  Clock.    A  collection  of 

tales  by  Charles  Dickens,  published  in  1840-41. 

Tbey  included  "The  Old  Curiosity  Shop"  and  "Bamaby 

Rudge."    The  stories  were  related  by  Master  Humphrey: 

this  part,  however,  was  afterward  taken  out. 
Masterman  Keady.    A  sea  story  by  Erederiok  Matape  (ma-ta'pa).    A  pueblo  in  central  So 

Marryat,  published  in  1841.  nora,  known  to  the  Spaniards  in  1540  under 

Master  of  Sentences.    Peter  Lombard.    See    tte  name  Vacapa.    It  was  later  a  considerable 

Book  of  Sentences.  mission  of  the  Jesuits. 

Masuceio  di  Salerno  (ma-sot'eho  de  sa-ler'no).  Mataras  (ma-ta'ras).    An  Indian  tribe  of  the 

Bom  at  Salemo  about  1420:  died  after  1476.    Argentine  Republic,  in  the  Chaco  region  on 

An  Italian  novelist.    He  was  a  man  of  some  rank,  and    the  river  Pilcomayo.     They  are  classed  with 

passea  most  of  his  life  in  the  service  of  the  Duke  of  lUilan.     the  Lule  stock. 


maulipas,  Mexico,  situated  on  the  Eio  Grande 
opposite  Brownsville  in  Texas.  It  was  taken  by 
Taylor  May  18, 1846.   Population  (1894),  7,312. 

Matamoros  (ma-ta-mo'ros),  Mariano.  Bom 
about  1770:  executed  at  Valladolid,  Feb.  8, 
1814.  A  Mexican  priest  and  patriot,  the  prin- 
cipal lieutenant  of  Morelos  (Dec,  1811,-Jan., 
1814).  He  gained  the  victory  of  San  Agustin  del  Pal- 
mar (Oct.  14, 1813),  and  shared  in  the  repulse  at  Vallado- 
lid and  tbe  defeat  at  Puruaran  (Jan.  6, 1814),  where  he  was 
captured. 

Matanzas  (ma-tau'zas ;  Sp.  pron.  ma-tan'thas). 
A  seaport  on  the  northern  coast  of  Cuba,  situ- 
ated on  the  Bay  of  Matanzas  in  lat.  23°  2'  N., 
long.  81°  43'  W.  It  is  the  chief  commercial  city  of 
Cuba  next  to  Havana.    Population  (1899),  36,374. 

Matapan  (ma-ta-pan'),  Cape.  A  promontory 
at  the  extremity  of  Laconia,  Greece,  situated 
in  lat.  36°  23'  N.,  long.  22°  29'  E. :  the  ancient 
Tsenarum.  It  is,  after  Cape  Tarifa,  the  south- 
ernmost point  of  continental  Europe 


Mathews,  Charles 

Matard  (ma-ta-ro').  A  seaport  and  manufac< 
turing  town  in  the  province  of  Barcelona,  Spain, 
17  miles  northeast  of  Barcelona.  Population 
(1887),  18,425. 

Matejko  (ma-tay'ko),  Jan.  Bom  at  Cracow, 
July  30, 1838:  died  Nov.  1, 1893.  A  Polish  his- 
torical painter.  His  subjects  were  taken  from 
Polish  history. 

Matelica  (ma-tel'e-ka).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Macerata,  eastern  Italy,  22  miles 
west  of  Macerata. 

Matera  (ma-ta'ra).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Potenza,  southem  Italy,  37  miles  west-north- 
west of  Taranto.    Population  (1881),  15,700. 

Mater  Dolorosa  (ma'tSr  dol-o-ro'sa).  [L.,'  the 
sorrowfulmother.']  Apainting  by  Titian  (1554), 
in  the  royal  museum  at  Madrid.  It  is  a  bust  of 
the  Virgin,  in  violet  robe,  with  blue  mantle  drawn  over  the 
white  cap  on  her  head,  mourning  her  son  with  upraised 
hands.  It  is  a  companion  piece  to  the  master's  "Ecce 
Homo"  in  tlie  same  museum. 

Materna  (ma-ter'na),  Amalie  (Prau  Fried- 
rich),  Born  at  St.  Georgen,  Styria,  1847.  A 
noted  German  opera-singer,  she  made  her  first  ap- 
pearance at  Gratz  about  1864.  In  1869  she  made  her  first 
success  as  Selika  in  "L'Africaine  "  at  Vienna,  and  in  1876 
created  her  great  reputation  as  a  Wagnerian  singer  by  her 
impersonation  of  Brunhild  at  the  Wagner  festival  at  Bay- 
reuth.  She  has  also  sung  in  England  and  the  United  States. 

Maternus,  Julius  Firmicus.    See  Mrmicus. 

Mather  (maTH'fer),  Cotton.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  Feb.  12,  1663:  died  there,  Feb.  13, 1728. 
An  American  Congregational  clergyman,  au- 
thor, and  scholar :  son  of  Increase  Mather.  He 
became  the  colleague  of  his  father  in  the  North  Church  in 
Boston  in  1684,  andremained  in  that  pulpit  until  his  death. 
He  took  an  active  part  in  the  persecutions  for  witchcraft. 
His  chief  works  are  "Magnalia  Christi  Americana"  (on 
New  England  ecclesiastical  history,  1702 ;  new  ed.  1853), 
"  Wonders  of  the  Invisible  World  "  (1692),  "  Manuductio 
adMinisteriura,"  "Biblia  Americana,  or  Sacred  Scriptures 
of  the  Old  and  New  Testament,  Illustrated"  (in  MS.). 

Mather,  Increase.  Born  at  Dorchester,  Mass., 
1639  :  died  at  Boston,  Aug.  23,  1723.  President 
of  Harvard  College,  youngest  son  of  Richard 
Mather.  He  graduated  (M.  A.)  at  Harvard  in  1656,  vis- 
ited England  in  1657,  and  graduated  (M.  A.)  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  in  1658.  He  preached  at  Great  Torrington, 
Devonshire,  until  May,  1659,  and  afterward  in  Guernsey. 
At  the  Restoration  he  refused  to  conform,  and  returned  to 
Boston,  where  he  was  ordained  minister  of  the  new  North 
Church  on  May  27, 1664.  In  1680  he  presided  at  the  Synod 
of  Boston.  In  1685  he  was  elected  president  of  Harvard 
College.  In  1687  Mather  was  charged  by  the  New  England 
ministers  to  convey  a  vote  of  thanks  to  James  H.  for  his 
declaration  of  liberty  of  conscience,  and  visited  England 
in  1688.  In  1701  he  resigned  the  presidency  of  Harvard 
College,  but  retained  his  Boston  pastorate  until  his  death. 

Mather,  Nathaniel.  Born  at  Much  Woolton, 
Lancashire,  March  20, 1631:  died  at  London, 
July  26, 1697.  The  second  son  of  Richard  Math- 
er. He  went  with  his  father  to  America,  and  graduated 
(M.  A.)  at  Harvard  College  in  1647.  He  returned  to  Eng- 
land about  1650.  In  1656  he  received  from  the  Protector 
the  vicarage  of  Barnstaple,  Devonshire,  and  at  the  Resto- 
ration became  pastor  of  the  English  church  at  Rotterdam. 
In  1671  he  succeeded  his  brother  Samuel  at  the  church  in 
New  Row,  Dublin,  and  in  1688  took  charge  of  the  Indepen- 
dent church  in  Paved'Alley,  Lime  street,  London.  He  wrote 
"  The  Rigliteousness  of  God  through  Faith  "  (1694),  etc. 

Mather,  Bichard.  Bom  at  Lowton,  Lanca- 
shire, 1596:  died  at  Dorchester,  Mass.,  April 
22,  1669.  A  Congregational  divine.  He  entered 
Brasenose  College,  Oxford,  May  9, 1618,  but  soon  went  to 
Toxteth  Park,  Liverpool,  preaching  his  first  sermon  Nov. 
30.  In  1634  he  was  suspended  for  nonconformity,  and  went 
to  New  England,  arriving  in  Boston  Aug.  16, 1636.  He  was 
settled  at  Dorchester,  Aug.  23, 1636,  and  remained  there 
until  his  death.  Among  his  sons  were  Samuel,  Nathaniel, 
and  Increase. 

Mathers,  Helen.    See  Reeves,  Mrs. 

Mathew  (math'ii),  Theobald,  called  "The 
Apostle  of  Temperance."  Born  at  Thomastown 
Castle,  near  Cashel,  Ireland,  Oct.  10, 1790:  died  at 
Queeustown,  Dec.  8, 1856.  An  Irish  priest  and 
temperance  advocate.  He  entered  the  college  at 
Maynooth  in  1807,  and  was  ordained  in  the  Franciscan 
order  in  1841.  His  first  charge  was  "the  Little  Friary  "  in 
Cork.  On  AprU  10,  1838,  he  signed  the  total  abstinence 
pledge,  and  began  a  temperance  crusade.  As  a  result 
nearly  one  half  of  the  adult  population  of  Ireland,  it  is 
said,  joined  him ;  and  "  the  duties  on  Irish  spirits  fell  from 
£1,434,673  in  1839  to  £852,418  in  1844."  The  results  of  his 
work  were  largely  destroyed  by  the  Irish  famine,  which 
he  also  did  more  than  any  one  else  to  relieve.  Father 
Mathew  visited  America  in  1849.    . 

Mathews  (math'iiz),  Charles.  Bom  at  London, 
June  28, 1776:  died  at  Plymouth,  June  28, 1835. 
An  English  comedian,  son  of  James  Mathews, 
a  Wesleyan  preacher.  He  was  educated  at  the  Mer- 
chant Taylors'  School,  London.  After  a  successful  tour  of 
the  York  circuit,  he  appeared  in  the  Haymarket  Theatre 
under  George  Colman  the  younger  May  16, 1803,  and  at 
Drury  Lane  for  the  first  time  Sept.  18, 1804.  On  March  28, 
1803,  he  married  as  his  second  wife  Anne  Jackson,  an 
actress,  who  often  appeared  in  his  support.  In  1822  and 
again  in  1834  he  visited  New  York.  Mathews  was  espe- 
cially  successful  as  a  mimic,  and  was  in  his  way  inimitable. 
His  series  of  "At  Homes  "  were  his  most  memorable  per- 
formances.   They  consisted  of  songs,  recitations,  ventri- 


Mathews,  Charles 

loqnlal  imitations,  etc.  In  these  Ms  wite  aided  him.  She 
also  edited  his  memoirs,  and  wrote  "Anecdotes  of  Actors," 
etc. 

Mathews,  Charles  James.  Bom  at  Liverpool, 
Dec.  26,  1803:  died  at  Manchester,  June  24, 
1878.  An  English  actor  and  dramatist,  son  of 
Charles  Mathews.  He  was  educated  at  the  private 
school  of  Richardson  the  lexicographer,  and  copied  extracts 
for  his  dictionary.  On  May  i,  1819,  he  entered  the  atelier 
of  Augustus  Pugin  the  architect,  and  continued  to  practise 
architecture  for  several  years.  On  April  26, 1822,  he  ap- 
peared for  the  first  time,  as  an  amateur,  at  the  Lyceum, 
London.  On  July  18, 1838,  he  rnarried  Madame  Vestris,  his 
manager.  In  Oct.,  1842,  they  were  engaged  by  Macready 
at  Drury  Lane,  and  on  Nov.  14, 1842,  they  went  to  the  Hayr 
market.  On  July  4, 1866,  he  was  imprisoned  for  debt  in 
Lancaster  Castle.  Madame  Vestris  died  Aug.  8,  1856;  a 
year  later  he  visited  New  York,  where  he  married  Mrs. 
Davenport,  an  actress  at  Burton's  Theater.  On  April  9, 
1870,  he  appeared  in  the  Theatre  Royal,  Melbourne.  In 
1S7S  he  played  in  Calcutta,  and  after  his  return  made  his 
last  appearance  June  8,  1875,  at  Stalybridge.  Among  his 
own  compositions  are  "The  Black  Domino,"  "Dead  for  a 
Ducat,"  "  Married  for  Money,"  "  The  Court  Jester,"  "  My 
Awful  Dad,"  "  Little  Toddlekins,"  "  Mathews  &  Co.,"  etc. 
His  best  parts  were  Sir  Charles  Coldstream,  Sir  AJfable 
Hawk,  Lavater,  Puff  in  "  The  Critic,"  etc. 

Mathews,  Lucia  Elizabeth  or  Elizabetta 
(Madame  Vestris).  Born  at  London,  Jan.,  1797 : 
died  there,  Aug.  8,  1856.  An  English  actress, 
daughter  of  Gaetano  Stefano  Bartolozzi.  on 
Jan.  28,  1813,  she  married  Auguste  Armand  Vestris,  bal- 
let-master at  the  King's  Theatre.  She  had  a  fine  contralto 
voice,  and  iirst  appeared  as  Proserpina  in  Peter  Winter's 
opera  "II  Ratto  di  Proserpina  "(July  20, 1816).  She  ap- 
peared first  in  English  at  Drury  Lane  on  Feb.  19, 1820, 
and  continued  to  play  until  Jan.  3, 1831,  when  she  under- 
took the  management  of  the  Olympic.  On  Dec.  7, 1835, 
Charles  James  Mathews  made  his  debut  under  her  man- 
agement, and  they  were  married  July  18, 1838.  She  under- 
took the  managem^t  of  the  Lyceum  in  1847,  and  appeared 
there  for  the  last  time  July  26, 1854. 

Mathews,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Llandaff  Court, 
Oct.,  1676:  died  at  London,  Oct.  2,  1751.  An 
English  admiral.  He  entered  the  navy  about  1690,  and 
in  1703  was  promoted  captain  of  the  Yarmouth.  In  1736 
he  vas  made  commissioner  of  the  navy  at  Chatham,  and 
on  March  13, 1742,  was  created  vice-admiral  of  the  red,  com- 
mander-in-chief in  the  Mediterranean,  and  minister  to 
Sardinia.    He  resigned  in  Aug.,  1744. 

Mathias  (ma-thi'as).    The  principal  character 
in  "The  Bells,"  dxamatized  by  Leopold  Lewis 
from  Ware's  "The  Polish  Jew":  a  oonsoienoe- 
striokeu  murderer,  very  powerfully  and  poeti- 
cally drawn.    Henry  Irving  has  been  remark- 
ably successful  in  this  part. 
Mathias  (ma-thi'as),  Thomas  James.    Bom 
about  1754:  died  at  Naples,  Aug.,  1835.    An 
English  satirist  and  Italian  scholar.  He  graduated 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.    He  went  to  Italy  in  1817, 
and  remained  there  the  rest  of  his  life.    His  "  Pursuits  of 
Literature  "  was  begun  in  1794.    Other  satires  are  "  The 
Political  Dramatist"  (1796),  "An  Equestrian  Epistle  in 
Verse  to  the  Earl  of  Jersey  "  (1796),  "An  Imperial  Epistle 
from  Kien  Long,  Emperor  of  China,  to  George  III.  in  1794. " 
His  "Works  of  Gray  "  were  published  in  1814.    In  Italian 
he  wrote  "Poesie  Liriche  "  and  "Canzone  Toscane." 
Mathura  (ma'tho-ra).  A  celebrated  city  of  India, 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Jumna,  the 
name  of  which  survives  in  the  modem  Muttra. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  Krishna,  and  one  of  the 
seven  saered  cities. 
Matilda(ma-til'da).  [ML.,fvomM'KGr. Mahthilt, 
Mahtilt,  Mehtilt,  G.  dial.  Mechtild  (Gr.  Mathilde, 
F. Matilde,iiom'ilL.),  AS.  Mahtild;  lit.'mighty 
in  battle.'     Hence  OP.  Mahald  (whence  late 
AS.  Mahodld,  ME.  Molde),  Mahaud,  whence  E. 
Maiid.']  DiedinNormandy,Nov.  3, 1083.  Queen 
of  William  the  Conqueror  and  daughter  of 
Baldwin  v.,  count  of  Flanders.  Shemarried  William 
about  1063,  and  was  crowned  at  Westminster  May  11, 1067. 
Matilda,  or  Maud  (m&d).    Bom  1080 :  died  at 
Westminster,  May  1,  1118.     The  first  wife  of 
Henry  I.  of  England,  and  daughter  of  Malcolm 
III.,  king  of  Scotland,  and  St.  Margaret,    she 
was  baptized  Eadgyth  (Edith),  but  was  always  known  as 
Matilda  or  Maud.    Malcolm  III.  and  Margaret  died  in 
1093,  and  Matilda  was  sheltered  in  England  by  her  uncle 
Edgar  .^thellng.    On  Nov.  11, 1100,  she  was  married  to 
Henry  I.  at  Westminster  Abbey  by  Anselm.    She  founded 
the  first  Austin  priory  in  England  in  1108.    She  was  pious 
and  learned,  and  had  great  influence  on  the  life  of  the 
time.    She  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
Matilda.      Bom  1103  (?) :  died  at  Hedingham 
■  Castle,  May  3,  1152.     Queen  of  Stephen,  king 
of  England,    she  was  the  only  child  of  Eustace  III., 
count  of  Boulogne,  and  Mary,  daughter  of  Malcolm  III.  of 
Scotland  and  St.  Margaret.     Before  1125  she  married 
Stephen  de  Blois,  nephew  of  Henry  I.  of  England,  who 
seized  the  English  crown  in  1135.    In  the  civil  war  which 
followed  the  empress  Matilda's  invasion,  she  took  the  field 
in  person,  and,  after  Stephen's  imprisonment,  with  her 
general  William  of  Ypres  and  the  aid  of  the  citizens  drove 
the  empress  from  London.    In  1148  she  founded  the  hos- 
pital of  St.  Katharine  by  the  Tower. 

Matilda,  or  Maud,  or  Mold  (.ffithelic  or 
Aaliz).  Born  at  London,  1102:  died  at  Notre 
Dame  des  Pr6s,  near  Eouen,  Sept.  10,  1167. 
Empress,  the  daughter  of  Henry  I.  of  England 
and  his  first  wife  Matilda.   She  married  the  German 


665 

king  Henry  V.  at  Mainz  Jan.  7,  1114,  and  may  have  been 
with  him  when  he  was  crowned  at  Rome  in  IIH.  When 
Henry  V.  died  (1125)  she  returned  to  Normandy,  and  in 
1126  to  England.  On  June  17, 1128,  she  married  Geoffrey 
Plantagenet,  son  of  the  Count  of  Anjou.  Their  first  child 
(Henry  II.)  was  born  March  6, 1133.  On  the  death  of  Henry 
1.  (Dec.  1, 1135)  her  cousin  Stephen  assumed  the  crown. 
On  Sept.  30, 1139,  she  invaded  England,  captured  Stephen 
(Feb.,  1141),  was  acknowledged  lady  of  England  and  Nor- 
mandy (April  8, 1141),  and  established  herself  at  Westmin- 
ster. She  misused  her  power,  was  driven  from  the  city, 
and  fled  to  Oxford.  She  returned  to  Normandy  in  1148. 
After  the  accession  of  her  son  Henry  Plantagenet,  she  set- 
tled at  Notre  Dame  des  Pr^s,  near  Rouen,  where  she  died. 
Her  most  noted  exploit  was  her  escape  from  Oxford  with 
three  of  her  knights  at  Christmas  time.  They  clothed 
themselves  in  white,  and  fled  over  the  frozen  river  and 
tIu:ough  Stephen's  camp. 

Matilda.  Bom  about  1046:  died  about  1115. 
Countess  of  Tuscany,  and  ruler  also  of  a  large 
part  of  northern  Italy.  She  was  a  supporter  of 
Gregory  VII.  and  other  popes  against  the  em- 
pire. 

Matilda.  Bom  1156:  died  at  Brunswick,  Ger- 
many, June  28,  1189.  Duchess  of  Saxony,  the 
third  child  and  eldest  daughter  of  Henry  H.  of 
England  and  Eleanor  of  Aquitaine.  On  Feb.  l, 
1168,  she  married  Henry  the  Lion,  duke  of  Saxony,  and 
cousin  of  Frederick  Barbarossa. 

Matlalzincos  (mat-lal-zen'kos).  A  tribe  of 
Mexican  Indians  who  occupied  thedistriet  west 
of  the  lakes.  They  were  of  Otomi  stock,  and  at  the 
time  of  the  Spanish  conquest  had  been  recently  subdued 
by  the  Aztecs.  In  the  wai  with  the  Spaniards  they  ad- 
hered at  first  to  the  Mexican  chiefs,  and  shortly  before 
Mexico  was  taken  they  were  defeated  by  Sandoval,  and 
their  town  of  Matlalzinco  was  burned.  Their  descendants 
inhabit  the  valley  of  Mexico  and  portions  of  Michoacan. 

Matlock  (mat'lok).  A  town  in  Derbyshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Derwent  15  miles 
north  by  west  of  Derby.  Near  it  is  Matlock 
Bath,  noted  for  hot  springs.  Population  (1891), 
5,285. 

Matrimonio  Segreto  (ma-tre-mo'nf-o  se-gra'- 
to),  II  ('The  Secret  Marriage').  An  opera  by 
Cimarosa,  first  produced  at  Vienna  in  1792: 
known  in  Prenen  as  "  Le  mariage  secret." 

Matris(ma'trez).  [Skt., 'mothers.']  In  Hindu 
theology,  the  personified  energies  of  the  great 
gods .  Their  number,  at  first  small,  later  became  count- 
less. They  are  the  special  object  of  the  worship  of  the 
Shaktas  (which  see). 

Matrona  (mat'ro-na).  The  Latin  name  of  the 
Mame. 

Matsumai  (mat-s6-mi'),  or  Matsumaye  (mat- 
so-mi'a).  A  town  at  the  southern  extremity  of 
Yezo,  Japan,  40  miles  southwest  of  Hakodate. 
Population  (1891),  34,563. 

Matsjra  Avatara  (mat'sya  a-va-ta'ra).  [Skt., 
'fish  incarnation.']  The  first  incarnation  of 
Vishnu.  He  is  believed  to  have  infused  a  portion  of  his 
essence  into  a  fish,  or  to  have  taken  the  form  of  a  fish,  to 
save  Manu,  the  primeval  man,  from  the  universal  deluge. 
Conciliating  the  Deity  by  his  piety,  Manu  was  warned  of 
the  deluge  and  commanded  to  build  a  ship  andgo  on  hoard 
with  the  seven  Rishis,  or  patriarchs,  and  the  seeds  of  all 
existing  things.  When  the  flood  came,  Vishnu  appeared  as 
a  vast  fish  with  a  horn  on  its  head,  to  which  the  ship's  cable 
was  fastened.  The  ship  was  thus  drawn  along  and  secured 
to  a  high  crag  till  the  flood  passed. 

Matsya  Purana  (mat'sya  po-ra'na).  In  San- 
skrit literature,  a  Purana  of  between  fourteen 
and  fifteen  thousand  stanzas,  compiled  from  va- 
rious materials.  Many  chapters  are  identical  with 
parts  of  the  Vishnu  and  Padma  Puranas,  and  much  is  taken 
from  the  Mahabharata.  It  is  so  called  as  narrated  to  Manu 
by  Vishnu  in  the  form  of  a  fish  (matsya). 

Matsys.    See  Massys. 

Matta  (mat'ta),  Guillenno.  BominCopiap6, 
1829:  died  1899.  A  Chilean  politician  and  poet. 
His  lyrics  are  popular. 

Mattathias  (mat-a-thi'as),  sumamed  "The 
Hasmouean."  [See  Matthew.']  The  father  of 
the  Maccabees.    See  Maccabees. 

Matter  (ma-tar'),  Jacques.  Bom  at  Alt-Eck- 
endorf ,  Alsace,  May  31, 1791 :  died  at  Strasburg, 
June  23, 1864.  A  French  historian  and  philos- 
opher. His  works  include  "  Histoire  critique  du  gnos- 
ticisme"  (1828),  "Histoire  universeUe  de  I'Sglise  etui- 
tienne"  (1828-36),  "Histoire  de  la  philosophie  dans  ses 
rapports  aveo  la  religion  "  (1864),  etc. 

Matterhorn  (mat'ter-horn),  F.  Mont  Cervin 
(m6n  ser-van'),  It.  Monte  Silvio  (mon'te  sel'- 
ve-6).  A  peak  of  the  Pennine  -Alps,  situated 
on  the  border  between  Valais  (Switzerland)  and 
Piedmont  (Italy),  west  of  Monte  Bosa.  it  is 
noted  for  its  steepness.  It  was  first  ascended  in  1865  by 
Whymper's  party,  four  of  whom  lost  then-  lives.  Height, 
14,703  feet.  „      ,         -„ 

Matteucci  (mat-ta'o-che).  Carlo.  Bom  at 
Porli,  Italy,  June  20,  1811:  died  at  Leghorn, 
Italy,  June  25,  1868.  An  Italian  physicist  and 
politician.  He  became  professor  at  Bologna  in  1832,  at 
Ravenna  in  1837,  and  at  Pisa  in  1840.  In  1860  he  became 
a  senator  and  superintendent  of  the  Italian  telegraph  sys- 
tem, and  later  also  of  the  meteorological  bureau.  For  a 
short  time  in  1862  he  was  minister  of  public  instruction 


Mattiaci 

under  Rattazzi.  He  is  best  known  from  his  works  on 
electricity. 

Mattheson.orMatheson  (mat'e-son),  Johann. 
Born  at  Hamburg,  Sept.  28,  1681 :  died  there, 
April  17, 1764.  A  German  composer  and  writer 
on  music. 

Matthew  (math'ti),  Saint.  [Heb.,  a  contraction 
ot  Mattathiah,  gift  of  God;  Gr.  MaeBaloc,  Mar- 
Oalog,  L.  Mattlmus,  It.  Matteo,  Sp.  Mateo,  F. 
MattMeu.2  One  of  the  apostles,  and,  according 
to  tradition,  the  author  of  the  gospel  which 

'  bears  his  name.  He  is  described  as  a  tax-gatherer. 
In  Mark  and  Luke  he  is  called  Levi.  According  to  the 
earlier  legends  he  labored  as  a  missionary  on  the  shores  of 
the  Black  Sea ;  according  to  others,  in  Ethiopia.  In  the 
latter  country  he  was  said  to  have  suffered  martyrdom, 
but  he  was  also  asserted  to  have  died  a  natural  death. 

Matthew,  Gospel  of.  The  first  gospel,  attrib- 
uted by  tradition  to  the  apostle  Matthew. 

Matthew,  Master.  In  Ben  Jonson's  comedy 
"Every  Man  in  his  Humour,"  "a  town-bred 
gull,"  half  fool,  half  coxcomb,  vain  of  his  own 
poetry,  his  affairs  with  women,  and  his  associa- 
tion with  those  above  him  in  rank. 

Matthew,  Sir  Tobie.  Bom  at  Salisbury,  Oct. 
3,  1577:  died  at  the  English  College,  Ghent, 
Oct.  13, 1655.  An  English  diplomatist  and  man 
of  letters,  son  of  Tobias  Matthew,  archbishop  of 
York.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Christ  Church)  in  1694, 
and  was  admitted  of  Gray's  Inn  in  1699.  He  became  a 
member  of  Parliament  in  1601.  In  1604  he  visited  Italy, 
and  entered  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  March,  1606. 
He  was  imprisoned  in  the  Fleet  prison  for  his  religion  un- 
til Feb.  7,  1608.  He  was  ordained  a  priest  at  Some  in 
1614,  and  remained  in  Italy  until  1617.  He  was  banished 
from  Jan. ,  1619,  to  Dec,  1621.  He  busied  himself  with  vari- 
ous Jesuitical  schemes  until  1640,  when  he  retired  to  Ghent, 
where  he  died.  His  letters  were  published  five  years  after 
his  death. 

Matthew  of  Paris,  or  Matthew  Paris.    Bom 

probably  about  1200:  died  1259.  A  celebrated 
English  chronicler.  His  surname  probably  originated 
in  the  circumstance  that  he  studied  at  the  University  of 
Paris.  He  entered  the  Benedictine  monastery  of  St.  Al- 
bans in  1217 ;  was  present  at  the  nuptials  of  Henry  III. 
and  Eleanor  of  Provence  in  1236;  and  was  sent  on  a  mis- 
sion to  the  Benedictine  monastery  of  Holm  (Trondhjem) 
in  1248.  He  enjoyed  the  favor  ot  Henry  III. ,  who  admitted 
him  to  his  table  and  to  private  conversations  during  a  visit 
of  a  week's  duration  at  St.  Albans  in  March,  1257.  His 
chief  works  are  "Historia  Major"  (also  called  "  Chronica 
Majora")  and  "Historia  Anglorum,  which  is  mainly  com- 
piled from  the  first-mentioned  work.  The  "  Historia  Ma- 
jor "  is  a  chronicle  of  events  from  the  creation  of  the  world 
to  the  year  1259.  Down  to  1235  it  is  a  modified  transcrip- 
tion of  an  earlier  work,  entitled  "Flores  Historiarum," 
begun  by  John  de  Cella  and  completed  by  Roger  of  Wen- 
dover ;  from  1235  to  1269  it  ,7a5  compiled  exclusively  from 
original  sources. 

Matthews  (math'iiz),  James  Brander.    Bom 

at  New  Orleans,  La.,  Feb.  21, 1852.  An  American 
writer ;  professor  of  English  literature  at  Co- 
lumbia University,  New  York,  1892-. 

Matthew's  Bible.  A  folio  Bible,  published  in 
1537,  which  professed  to  be  translated  into  Eng- 
lish by  Thomas  Matthew.    See  Sogers,  John. 

Matthias  (ma-thi'as  or  mat-thi'as).  [See  Mat- 
thew.'] The  aposliie  chosen  to  fill  the  place  of 
Judas  Iscariot. 

Matthias  (ma-thl'as ;  G.  pron.  mat-te'as)!  Born 
Feb.  24, 1557:  died  March  20, 1619.  Emperor  of 
the  Holy  Koman  Empire  1612-19,  younger  son  of 
Maximilian  II.  He  intrigued  against  his  brother  the 
emperor  Rudolf  II.,  whom  he  displaced  as  ruler  in  Hun- 
gary, Moravia,  Silesia,  Lusatia,  and  Bohemia  in  1608-11. 
He  was  elected  emperor  on  the  death  of  his  brother  in 
1612.  Being  childless,  he  secured  the  succession  in  Bo- 
hemia and  Hungary  for  his  cousin  Ferdinand,  duke  of 
Styria  (afterward  emperor  Ferdinand  II.),  in  1617  and  1618, 
respectively, 

Matthias  I.  Corvinus,  sumamed  "The  Great." 
Bom  1443 :  died  at  Vienna,  1490.  King  of  Hun- 
gary 1458-90,  younger'  son  of  John  Hunyady. 
He  carried  on  wars  with  the  emperor,  the  Turks,  the 
Bohemians,  and  the  Poles ;  conquered  Vienna,  which  ho 
made  his  residence ;  and  was  a  patron  of  learning. 

Matthiesen  (math'i-sen),  Augustus.  Bom  at 
London,  Jan.  2, 1831:  committed  suicide  Oct.  6, 
1870.  An  English  chemist  and  physicist.  After 
1853  he  spent  four  years  with  Bunsen  at  Heidelberg.  He 
was  the  first  to  isolate  calcium  and  strontium  in  the  pure 
state,  and  made  valuable  investigations  on  the  physical 
properties  of  metals  and  alloys.  In  1867  he  fitted  up  a 
laboratory  in  London.  He  was  a  lecturer  on  chemistry  at 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  in  1868. 

Matthisson(mat'tis-son),  Friedrichvon.  Bom 

at  Hohendodeleben,  near  Magdeburg,  Prussia, 
Jan.  23,  1761:  died  at  Worlitz,  near  Dessau, 
Germany,  March  12, 1831.  A  German  lyric  poet. 
Mattiaci  (ma-ti'a-si).  [L.  (Pliny)  Mattiaci.]  A 
German  tribe,  a  branch  of  the  Chatti  (first  men- 
tioned by  Pliny),  in  the  Taunus  region,  south- 
ward to  the  Main,  about  the  present  Wies- 
baden (called  by  the  Eomans  Aquae  Mattiacee). 
They  took  part  in  the  rising  under  Civilis,  but 
were  soon  afterward  subjugated  by  Eome- 


Matto  Grosso 

Matto,orMato,GTOSSO(inat't(j gros'sS).  [Pg., 
'  great  forest.']  A  westeijii  state  of  Brazil,  bor- 
dering on  Bolivia.  Capital,  CuyaM.  it  is  rich  in 
agricultural  and  mineral  productB.  Area,  632,708  square 
miles.    Population  (1890),  170,417. 

Mattocks  (mat'oks),  Isabella.  Bom  1746 :  died 
at  Kensington,  June  25,  1826.  An  English  ac- 
tress, daughter  of  LewisHallam,  alow  comedian. 
At  four  and  a  half  years  of  age  she  played  children's  parts 
at  Covent  Garden.  She  married  Mattocks  in  1765,  and 
was  chief  support  of  Covent  Garden  until  her  retirement 
in  180S.  Her  best  rdles  were  chambermaids  and  old  women. 

Mattoon  (ma-ton')-  A  city  in  Coles  Coimty, 
eastern  Illinois,  73  miles  east-southeast  of 
Springfield.    Population  (1900),  9,622. 

Maturin  (mafii-rin),  Charles  Robert.  Bom 
at  Dublin,  1782:  died  there,  Oct.  30,  1824.  An 
Irish  novelist,  of  a  French  refugee  family.  He 
graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1800,  and  became 
cnrate  of  St.  Peter's,  Dublin.  He  published  "The  Fatal 
Kevenge,  or  the  Family  of  Montorio"  (1807),  "The  Wad 
Irish  Boy  "  (1808),  and  the  "Milesian  Chief  "  (1812),  which 
attracted  the  attention  of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  His  tragedy 
"  Bertram  "  was  brought  out  by  Kean  at  Drury  Lane,  May 
9, 1816.  He  also  wrote  the  tragedies  ' '  Manuel "  (181'n  and 
"Fredolfo"  (1817).  His  best  novel,  "Melmoth  the  Wan- 
derer," appeared  in  1820,  and  is  said  to  have  influenced  the 
romantic  school  in  France,  especially  Balzac. 

Matzner  (mets'ner),  Ednard  Adolf  Ferdi- 
nand. Bom  at  Eostock,  Germany,  May  25, 1805 : 
died  at  Berlin,  July  14, 1892.  A  noted  German 
philologist.  He  taught  at  the  French  gymnasium  in 
Berlin  and  at  the  gymnasium  in  Brombeig  1830-34,  and 
was  director  of  the  "  Luisenschule,"  the  principal  female 
school  in  Berlin,  from  1838.  He  published  "  Englische 
Grammatils  "(3d  ed.  1880-85),  "AltenglischeSprachproben" 
(1867-),"Altenglisches  Worterbuch  "  (1872-),  and  works  on 
Romance  philology. 

Maubeuge  (mo-biizh').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  France,  situated  on  the  Sambre, 
near  the  Belgian  frontier,  22  miles  east  by  south 
of  Valenciennes,  it  has  manufactures  of  tools  and 
metal  goods.  It  was  the  ancient  capital  of  Hainaut,  and 
was  fortified  by  Tanban.  It  surrendered  to  the  Prussians 
July  11, 1816.    Population  (1891),  communei  18,863. 

Mauch  Chunk  (mftk  ehungk).  The  capital  of 
Carbon  County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the 
Lehigh  74  miles  north-northwest  of  Philadel- 
phia. There  are  important  anthracite-coalmines 
in  its  vicinity.    Population  (1900),  4,029. 

Maud.     [A  contraction  of  Matilda.2    See  Mor- 


Maud.  A  poem  by  Tennyson,  published  in  1855. 

Maud  Muller.    A  short  poem  by  "Whittier. 

Maud  S.  An  American  trotting  mare,  by  Har- 
old, dam  Miss  Eussell.  At  Cleveland  in  1885 
she  made  the  record  of  one  mile  in2:08},  but  lost 
it  to  Sunol  (2:08i)  in  1891. 

Maudsley  (madz'li),  Henry.  Born  at  Giggles- 
wick,Yorkshire,  Feb.  5, 1835.  An  English  phys- 
iologist. He  has  been  president  of  the  Medico-Psycho- 
logical Association,  professor  of  medical  jurisprudence  at 
University  College,  London,  and  editor  of  the  "Journal  of 
Mental  Science."  His  chief  works  are  "The  Physiology 
and  Pathology  of  the  Mind"  (1867),  "Body  and  Mind" 
(1870),  "Eesponsibility  in  Mental  Disease"  (1874),  "The 
Physiology  of  Mind"  (1876),  "The  Pathology  of  Mind" 
(1879),  "Body  and  Will"  (1883),  "Natural  Causes  and 
Supernatural  Seemings"  (1886),  etc. 

Mauer  See  (mou'er  za).  A  lake  in  the  province 
of  East  Prussia,  Prussia. 

Maues,  or  Mauhes  (mou-az').  A  tribe  of  Bra- 
zilian Indians,  occupying  a  region  to  the  south  of 
the  Amazon,  between  the  Tapajos  and  Madeira 
(states  of  Pard  and  Amazonas) .  Their  best-known 
TiUag  ea  are  on  the  Maue-assn.  They  are  classed  with  the 
great  Tupi  stock,  but  are  more  degraded  than  most  of  the 
Tupi  tribes;  they  practise  agriculture,  live  in  fixed  vil- 
lages, and  since  about  1820  have  had  some  intercourse  with 
the  whites.  Much  of  the  drug  called  guarana  (PauUinia 
eorbUis),  used  as  a  beverage  in  western  Brazil  and  Bolivia, 
Is  prepared  by  them  and  sold  to  the  traders.  They  still 
number  several  thousands. 

Maugis.    Same  as  Malagigi. 

MaiSes.     See  Maues. 

Maui  (mou'e),  formerly  Mowee  (mou'e).  The 
second  in  size  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  situated 
25  miles  northwest  of  Hawaii.  Chief  town, 
Lahaina.  it  contains  one  of  the  largest  (extinct)  craters 
in  the  world,  on  Mount  Haleakala.  Length,  54  miles.  Area, 
728  square  miles.    Population  (1900),  25,416. 

Maui  (mou'e).  A  hero  in  New  Zealand  legend. 
See  the  extract. 

Though  all  these  mythical  beings  are  in  a  sense  depart- 
mental gods,  they  yield  in  renown  to  a  later  child  of  their 
race,  Maui,  the  great  culture-hero,  who  is  an  advanced 
form  of  the  culture-heroes,  mainly  theriomorphic,  of  the 
lowerraces,  Maui,  like  many  heroesof  myth,  was  ayoang- 
est  son.  He  was  prematurely  born  (a  similar  story  comes 
in  the  Brahmanic  legend  of  the  Adityas) ;  his  mother 
wrapped  him  up  in  her  long  hair,  and  threw  him  out  to 
sea.  A  kinsman  rescued  him,  and  he  grew  up  to  be  much 
the  most  important  member  of  his  family ;  like  Qat  in  his 
larger  circle  of  brethren,  Maui  it  was  who  snared  the  sun, 
beat  him,  and  taught  him  to  run  his  appointed  course,  in- 
stead of  careering  at  wUl  and  at  any  pace  he  chose  about 
the  heavens.  Hewas  the  culture-hero  who  invented  barbs 
for  spears  and  hooks ;  he  turned  his  brother  into  the  first 


666 

dog,  whence  dogs  are  sacred ;  he  fished  New  Zealand  out 
of  the  sea ;  he  stole  fire  for  men.  How  Maui  performed 
this  feat,  and  how  he  "brought  death  into  the  world  and 
all  our  woe,"  are  topics  that  belong  to  the  myths  of  Death 
and  of  the  Fire-Stealer.  Maui  could  not  only  change  men 
into  animals,  but  could  himself  assume  animal  shapes  at 
wilL  Lang,  Myth,  etc.,  II.  30. 

Maul  (m&l).  A  giant  in  Bunyan's  "Pilgrim's 
Progress." 

Maulbronn  (moul'bron).  A  town  in  "Wiirtem- 
berg,  23  miles  northwest  of  Stuttgart.  It  has  a 
noted  abbey  church  and  a  Protestant  theologi- 
cal seminary.    Population  (1890),  1,146. 

Maule  (mou'la).  1.  A  river  of  Clhile,  rising  in 
the  Andes  and  reaching  the  Pacific  Ocean  in 
lat.  35°  18'  S.  It  formed  the  southern  limitof  thelnca 
conquests,  and  long  separated  the  Spanish  colonies  from 
Arancania.    Length,  145  miles ;  navigable  for  60  miles. 

2,  A  maritime  province  in  Chile,  intersected 
by  lat.  36°  S.  Capital,  Cauqu&es.  Area,  2,930 
mUes.    Population  (1891),  127,771. 

Maule,  Fox.    See  Ramsay,  Fox  Maule. 

Mauley  (ma'li),  Sir  Edward.  TJie  "black 
dwarf''  in  Scott's  novel  of  that  name.  He  is 
also  called  Elshender  the  Recluse. 

Maulmain  (mM-man'),  or  Moulmein  (moul- 
mJn').  A  seaport  in /Amherst  district,  Burma, 
situated  on  the  river  Salwin  in  lat.  16°  26'  N., 
long.  97°  38'  E.  It  has  been  developed  since  1826,  and 
is  noted  for  its  export  of  timber,  rice,  etc.,  and  for  ship- 
building.   Population  (1891),  66,785. 

Maumbury  (mam'ber-i)  Rings.  The  best-pre- 
served Roman  amphitheater  in  England.  It  is 
south  of  Dorchester. 

Maumee  (m4-me').  A  river  in  Indiana  and  Ohio. 
It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  St.  Mary's  and  St.  Jo- 
seph's at  Fort  Wayne,  and  flows  into  Maumee  Bay,  lake 
Brie,  5  miles  northeast  of  Toledo.  Length  (including  the 
St.  Mary's),  over  200  miles. 

Maumee  Rapids,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained 
b^  the  Americans  under  Wayne  over  the  In- 
dians, in  northwestern  Ohio,  Aug.  20,  1794. 

MaunaKea(mou'naka'a).  An  extinct  volcano 
in  the  island  of  Hawaii.  It  is  the  highest  peak 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean.    Height,  13,953  feet. 

Mauna  Loa  (mou'na  16'a).  An  active  volcano 
in  the  island  of  Hawaii,  south-southwest  of 
Mauna  Kea.  There  have  been  noted  eruptions  in  1843, 
1859, 1868,  1877,  and  1899.    Height,  13,650  feet. 

Maundeville,  Sir  John.    See  Mandeoille. 

Maundrell  (man'drel),  Henry.  Bom  at  Comp- 
ton  Bassett,  near  Calne,  Wiltshire,  1665:  died 
at  Aleppo,  1701.  An  English  Oriental  traveler. 
He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Exeter  College)  in  1685,  and  was 
curate  of  Bromley  in  Kent  1689-96.  He  was  made  chap- 
lain of  the  Aleppo  factory  of  the  Company  of  Levant  Mer- 
chants in  1695.  "A  Journey  from  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem  at 
Easter  A.  D.  1697"  was  printed  at  Oxford  in  1703. 

Maupassant(m6-pa-son'),  Henri  Een6  Albert 
Guy  de.  Bom  at  the  C!hS.teau  de  MiromesniL, 
Seine-Inf6rieure,  Aug.  5,  1850:  died  at  Passy, 
Paris,  July  6, 1893.  A  French  novelist.  He  went 
to  school  at  Yvetot,  and  graduated  from  the  college  of 
Rouen,  while  Gustave  Flaubert,  his  godfather,  looked  after 
his  literary  training.  He  spent  about  ten  years  in  civil 
service  in  the  navy  department.  In  Feb.,  1879,  his  one-act 
play  "Hiatoire  du  vieux  temps"  was  performed  in  Paris, 
without,  however,  attracting  any  special  attention.  The 
next  year,  however,  the  success  of  his  short  story  "Boule 
de  suif  "  stamped  him  at  once  as  a  writer  of  marked  ability. 
Then  he  published  in  rapid  succession  "La  maison  Tel- 
lier"  (1881),  "Mademoiselle  Fifl  "  (1882),  "Contes  de  la  b6. 
casse " (1883X  " TTne vie  " (1883), "Miss Harriet " (1884),  "Les 
soeurs  Bondoli  "  (1884),  "  Au  soleil "  (1884),  " Clair  de  lune" 
(1884),  "Tvette  "(1884),  "Eel-Ami  "(1885),  "Contes  du  jour 
et  de  la  nuit"  (1885),  "Contes  et  nouvelles"  (1885),  "M. 
Parent" (1886),  "La  petite  Koque " (1886),  "Tome" (1886), 
"Contes  choisis  "  (1887),  "Moni^Oriol "  (1887),  "Le  Horla  " 
(1887),  "Pierre  et  Jean"  (1888),  "Sur  I'eau''  (1888),  "Le 
rosier  de  Mme.  Husson "  (1888),  "Fort  comme  la  mort" 
(1889X  "La  main  gauche"  (1889),  "Histoire  d'une  flUe  de 
f erme " (1890),  "Lavieerrante"(1890),  "Llnutile beauts" 
(1890),  "Notre  coeur  "  (1890).  Among  his  other  works  are 
"Trois  contes,"  "Enmer,"  "L'Homme  de  lettres"  (1892X 
and  two  plays  "Musette  "(1891)  and  "La  paixdu  manage  " 
(Com^die  Francaise,  March  6,  1893).  The  insanity  and 
death  of  a  brother  unbalanced  him,  and  he  attempted 
suicide  during  a  fit  of  depression  in  Dec,  1891;  general 
paresis  set  in,  and  he  had  to  be  confined  in  a  private  asylum. 

Maupeou  (m6-p6' ),  Ken6  Nicolas  Charles  Au- 
gustin  de.  Bom  at  Paris,  1714:  died  near 
Andelys,  France,  July  29, 1792.  A  French  poli- 
tician, chancellor  of  Prance  1768-74.  He  was  in- 
strumental in  the  overthrow  of  the  Parliament  of  Paris  in 
1771. 

Maupertuis  (mo-per-ttte'),  Pierre  Louis  Mo- 
reau  de.  Bom  at  St.-Malo,  France,  July  17, 
1698:  died  at  Basel,  Switzerland,  July  27, 1759. 
A  French  mathematician,  astronomer,  and  phi- 
losopher, appointed  president  of  the  Academy 
of  Berlin  in  1740.  His  most  important  scientific  per- 
formance was  his  work  as  head  of  the  expedition  sent  by 
Louis  XV.  to  Lapland  (1736-37)  to  measure  a  degree  of 
longitude.  The  results  of  this  expedition  were  published 
by  him  in  "  La  figure  de  la  terre  d^termin^e  par  les  ob- 
servations, etc."  (1738).  He  was  a  supporter  of  the  Newto- 
nian theoiy  against  the  Cartesians.    He  took  part  in  sev- 


Maurice,  Frederick  Denison 

eral  other  controversies,  the  most  notable  being  one  with 
Voltaire,  who  satirized  him  in  the  "  Diatribe  du  Docteur 
Akalda." 

Maupin  (mo-pan').  Mademoiselle  de.  Anovel 
by  Th^ophUe  Gautier.     See  GauUer. 

Mauprat  (mo-pra').  A  novel  by  George  Sand, 
published  in  1836.  It  was  put  on  the  stage  in 
1853. 

Maurepas  (mo-r6-pa'),  Comte  de  (Jean  Fr£d6- 
ricPhelippeaux).  Bom  July9,1701:  died  Nov. 
21,  1781.  A  French  politician.  He  was  minister 
under  Louis  XT. ;  was  banishedf  rom  court  in  1749  through 
the  influence  of  Madame  Pompadour  whom  he  bad  at- 
tacked ;  and  was  made  prime  minister  by  Louis  XVI.  in 
1774.    He  restored  the  Parliament  of  Paris. 

Maurepas  (mor-pa').  Lake.  A  lake  in  eastern 
Louisiana,  west  of  Lake  Pontchartrain,  with 
which  it  communicates.  Length,  about  14  miles. 

Maurer  (mou'rer),  Georg  Ludwig  von.  Bom 
at  Erpolsheim,  Rhine  Palatinate,  Nov.  2, 1790: 
died  at  Munich,  July  9, 1872.  A  noted  German 
jurist  and  politician,  member  of  the  regency  in 
Greece  1832-34,  and  Bavarian  minister  of  for- 
eign affairs  and  justice  in  1847.  He  published  "Das 
griechische  Volk  "  (1836),  "  Geschichte  der  Dortverfassung 
in  Deutschland "  (1865-66),  "Geschichte der  Stiidteverfas- 
sung  in  Deutscliland"  (1869-71),  etc. 

Maurer,  Konrad  von.  Born  April, 29, 1823: 
died  Sept.  16, 1902.  A  German  writer,  son  of  6. 
L.  von  Maurer  :  professor  at  Munich  from  1847. 
His  worlds  include  "Die  Entstehung  des  islandischen 
Staats  "  (1852),  and  other  books  on  Scandinavian  history, 
literature,  and  law. 

Mauretania  (mS,-re-ta'ni-a),  or  Mauritania 
(mfi:-ri-ta'm-a).  [0r.MavpcTavia;  tiovajj.  Mau- 
rus,  Gr.  MoSpof,  a  Moor.]  In  ancient  geography, 
the  northwestern  part  of  Africa,  corresponding 
to  the  northern  parts  of  Morocco  and  of  western 
Algeria.  Juba  n.  of  Numidia  was  confirmed  king  of 
Mauretania  by  Augustus,  25  B.  c.  It  was  annexed  to  the 
Soman  Empire  by  Claudius  in  42  A.  n.,  and  was  divided 
into  the  provinces  Mauretania  Tingitana  in  the  west  and 
Mauretania  Csesariensis  in  the  east.  It  was  overrun  by 
the  Vandals  in  429. 

Maurice  (m^'ris).  Saint.  [LL.  Mauricius,  Mau- 
ritius, Moorish;  It.  Maurizio,  Sp.  Maurido,  F. 
Maurice,  G.  Moritz.  Also  Morris.}  A  Clhris- 
tian  martyr.  According  to  the  legend,  he  was  com- 
mander of  the  "Theban  Legion,"  and  was  put  to  death  in 
Valais  (Switzerland)  in  286. 

Maurice  (Flavius  Tiberius  Mauricius).  Bom 
in  Cappadocia  about  539 ;  killed  near  (Dhalee- 
don,  Asia  Minor,  Nov. ,  602.  Byzantine  emperor 
582-602.  He  served  with  distinction  against  the  Persians : 
was  appointed  by  Tiberius  as  his  successor ;  and  married 
Tiberius's  daughter  Constantina.  Heproved  himself  a  wise 
and  vigorous  ruler.  He  was  deposed  and  murdered  by  the 
general  Phocas,  commander-in-chief  of  an  army  operating 
against  the  Avars. 

Maurice.  Bom  at  Freiberg,  Saxony,  March  21, 
1521:  died  at  Sievershausen,  near  Hannover, 
July  11, 1553.  Duke  of  Saxony,  sou  of  Henry  the 
Pious.  He  succeeded  to  the  duchy  of  Saxony  in  1641: 
assisted  the  emperor  Charles  V.  against  the  Turks  and 
the  French  1542-43 ;  joined  the  emperor  against  the  Smal- 
kaldic  League  in  1546;  was  made  elector  of  Saxony  in 
1547;  formed  au  alliance  with  France  and  various  German 
states  against  the  emperor  in  1651 ;  compelled  the  emperor 
to  sign  the  peace  of  Fassan  in  1562;  and  was  mortally 
wounded  in  his  victory  over  Albert  of  Brandenburg  at 
Sievershausen,  July  9, 1563. 

Maurice.  Bom  at  Dillenburg,  Pmssia,  Nov.  14, 
1567 :  cHed  at  The  Hague,  April  23, 1625.  Prince 
of  Orange  and  Count  of  Nassau,  a  younger  son 
of  William  the  Silent.  He  was  elected  stadholder  of 
the  provinces  of  Holland  and  Zealand  on  the  assassination 
of  his  father  in  1584,  and  became  stadholder  of  the  Seven 
United  Provinces  in  1687.  He  expelled  the  Spaniards  from 
the  Seven  United  Provinces  inaseriea  of  brilliantcampaigns 
which  entitle  him  to  a  place  among  the  foremost  genends 
of  modem  times.  Groningen,  the  last  stronghold  of  the 
Spaniards,  fell  in  1594.  In  1609  a  truce  of  12  years  was  con- 
cluded with  Spain  at  the  instance  of  Olden-Barn eveldt^ 
the  head  of  the  aristocratic  republican  party,  who  feared 
that  a  continuance  of  the  war  might  enable  Maurice  to 
usurp  the  sovereignty.  A  political  contest  ensued,  which 
was  further  embittered  by  religious  strife,  inasmuch  as 
Maurice,  who  was  supported  by  the  populace,  favored  the 
Gomarista,  while  Olden-Barneveldt  favored  the  Arminians 
or  Eemonstrants.  This  contest  resulted  in  the  execution 
of  Olden-Bameveldt  in  1619,  and  in  the  victory  of  Maurice, 
who  renewed  the  war  with  Spain  at  the  expu-ation  of  the 
truce  in  1621. 

Maurice,  Frederick  Denison.  Bom  at  Nqr- 
manston,  near  Lowestoft,  England,  Aug.  29, 
1805 :  died  a,t  London,  April  1,  1872.  A  noted 
English  divine.  He  entered  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  1823,  and  Exeter  CoUege,  Oxford,  in  1830.  He 
was  appointed  curate  of  Bubbenhall,  near  Leamington,  in 
1834 ;  chaplain  of  Guy's  Hospital  in  1836 ;  and  in  1840  pro- 
fessor of  English  literature  and  history,  and  in  1846  pro- 
fessor of  theology,  at  King's  College,  London.  From  1839 
to  1841  he  edited  the  "Educational  Magazine."  In  1848  he 
assisted  in  establishing  Queen's  College,  London.  During 
the  revolutionary  movement  of  1848  he  became  the  leader 
of  the  "Christian  Socialists."  His  "Theological  Essays," 
published  in  1853,  excited  so  much  criticism  that  he  was 
obliged  to  resign  his  professorship  at  King's  CoUege.  On 
Oct  80, 1854,  he  became  principal  of  St.  Martinis  Hall, 
Queen  Square,  a  working-men's  college.    On  Oct.  25,  I8681 


Maurice,  Frederick  Denison 

he  was  elected  prof  essor  of  moral  philosophy  at  Cambridge. 
He  wrote  "  Eustace  Conway,  or  the  Brother  and  Sister :  a 
novel''  ^1834),  the  article  " Moral  and  Metaphysical  Phi- 
losophy '  lor  the  "BncyclopsediaMetropolitana"  (subse- 
quently enlarged  and  published  in  3  volumes:  "Ancient 
Philosophy  "  (18B0),  ■'  Philosophy  of  the  First  Six  Centu- 
ries "  (1863),  and  "  Hedisval  Philosophy  "  (1857)),  "  Modem 
Philosophy  "  (1862),  and  numerous  other  works  on  religious, 
historical,  theological,  and  philosophical  topics. 

Maurice,  or  Mauntz,  Johann.  See  Nassau-Sie- 
gen. 

Maurice,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Hertford,  England, 
1754:  diedatLondon,  March  30, 1824.  An  Eng- 
lish clergyman.  Orientalist,  and  poet.  He  became 
assistant  keeper  of  manuscripts  at  the  British  Museum, 
and  vicar  of  Cudham,  Kent,  in  1804.  He  wrote  various 
works  on  India  ("Indian  Antiquities,"  1793-1800,  etc.),  and 
poems  (Including  "Bichmond  Hill,"  180^. 

Maurice,  Walter.  A  nom  de  plume  of  Walter 
Besant. 

Maurice  of  Nassau,  Governor-Cieneral  of  Bra- 
zil.    See  Nassau-Siegen. 

Maurice  of  Saxony.    See  Saxe. 

Mauricius,  Emperor  of  the  East.    See  Maurice. 

Maurienne  (mo-ryen').  A  small  region  in  the 
department  of  Savoie,  Prance,  in  the  upper  val- 
ley of  the  Are,  from  Modane  eastward  to  the 
Italian  frontier.  It  was  a  medieval  county,  and 
developed  into  the  county  of  Savoy. 

Mauritania.    See  Mauretania. 

.Mauritius  (ma-rish'ius),  formerly  called  Isle 
of  France.  An  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  be- 
longing to  the  Mascarene  group,  intersected  by 
lat.  20°  15'  S.,  long.  57°  30'^E.  Capital,  Port  Louis. 
Its  surface  is  largely  hilly.  The  chief  export  is  sugar. 
Mauritius,  with  its  dependencies  Kodrigues,  Seychelles, 
andDiegoOarcia,isa  British  colony.  The  inhabitants  are 
Hindus,  mixed  races,  and  Europeans  of  French  and  British 
origin.  Mauritius  was  discovered  by  the  Portuguese  in 
1506.  From  1698  to  1710  It  was  held  by  the  Dutch.  In  1716 
the  French  took  possession.  The  island  was  the  scene  of 
"  Paul  and  Virginia. "  It  was  conquered  by  the  British  in 
1810.  It  has  been  severely  visited  by  epidemics  and  hurri- 
canes.  Area,  70S  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  371,665. 

Maurocordatos,  or  Mavrocordatos  (mav-ro- 
kor-da'tos),  Alexander.  Bom  1639 :  died  1709. 
A  (xreek  physician.  He  was  physician  to  the 
Sultan  of  Turkey,  and  dragoman  of  the  Porte. 

Maurocordatos,  Alexander.  Bom  at  Constan- 
tinople, Feb.  15, 1791 :  died  at  .^^na,  Greece, 
Aug.  18,1865.  A  (Jreek  statesman,  distinguished 
as  a  leader  in  the  war  of  independence,  and  later 
as  a  minister  and  diplomatist. 

.Itlaurus  (m&'rus).  Saint,  F.  Maur  (mor).  Died 
584.  The  traditional  founder  and  first  abbot  of 
the  Benedictine  monastery  of  Glanfeuil  or  St.- 
Maur-sur-Loire,  Prance.  He  was  sent  into  Gaul  by 
St.  Benedict  about  643,  and  established  his  monastery  by  the 
favor  of  King  Theodebert.  His  feast  is  observed  on  Jan.  15. 

'Maurus,  Babanus.    See  Eabanus. 

JUaury  (mo-re'),  Jean  Siffrein.  Bom  at  Val- 
r^as,  Prance,  June  26, 1746:  diedatEome,  May 
11,  1817.  A  French  cardinal  and  politician, 
distinguished  as  a  royalist  orator  in  the  Con- 
stituent Assembly  1789-91.  He  was  archbishop 
of  Paris  1810-14.  His  "  Selected  Works  "  were 
published  in  1842. 

Maury,  Louis  Ferdinand  Alfred.  Bom  at 
Meaus,  France,  March  23, 1817 :  died  at  Paris, 
Feb.  12,  1892.  A  French  archssologist  and  li- 
brarian. He  was  appointed  assistant  librarian  of  the  In- 
stitute in  1844 ;  imperial  librarian  of  the  Tuileries  in  1860 ; 
professor  of  history  at  the  College  de  France  in  1862 ;  and 
general  director  of  the  national  archives  in  1868.  His  works 
include  "Essai  sur  les  legend es  pieuses  du  moyen  age" 
(1843),  "Histoire  des  grandes  forSts  de  la  Gaule"  (1860), 
' '  Histoire  des  religions  de  la  Grfece  antique  "  (1867-60),  etc. 

Maury  (ma'ri),  Matthew  Fontaine.  Born  in 
Spottsylvania  County,  Va.,  Jan.  14, 1806:  died 
at  Lexington,  Va.,  Feb.  1, 1873.  An  American 
hydrographer,  and  naval  officer.  He  was  superin- 
tendent of  the  hydrographical  ofl&ce  and  national  observa- 
tory in  Washington  1844-61,  when  he  entered  the  Confed- 
erate navy.  He  established  the  Confederate  naval  sub- 
marine battery  service  at  Richmond  in  1862.  At  the  close 
of  the  Civil  War  he  retired  to  Mexico,  where  he  accepted 
a  position  under  the  government  of  Maximilian.  He  was 
afterward  professor  of  physics  in  the  Virginia  Military  In- 
stitute. He  was  the  first  to  give  a  complete  description 
of  the  Gulf  Stream,  and  to  mark  out  specific  routes  to  be 
followed  in  crossing  the  Atlantic.  His  chief  work  is  "  Phys- 
ical Geography  of  the  Sea"  (1865). 

-Mausoleum  (ma-so-le'um).  i¥vom Mamohis.'\ 
See  Salicarnassus. 

MaUSOluS  (mft-so'lus).  [Gr.  Mavaalo(  or  Vlaia- 
CTuAof .]  Died  about  353  b.  c.  A  king  or  dynast 
of  Caria,  who  first  appears  in  history  in  the  re- 
volt of  the  satraps  against  Artaxerxes  Mnemon 
362  B.  C.  Be  married  his  sister  Artemisia,  who  after  his 
death  erected  at  Halicarnassus  in  his  honor  the  celebrated 
monument  named  from  him  the  Mausoleum.  A  Greek 
;  statue  of  Mausolus  from  the  Mausoleum  (362  B.  0.)  is  in  the 
British  Museum.  It  is  admirable  in  its  characterization 
of  the  somewhat  rude  type  of  the  king.  It  was  believed 
that  this  figure  and  tlie  companion  statue  of  Artemisia 
stood  in  the  chariot  on  the  summit  of  the  monument,  but 

'this  view  is  now  considered  erroneous. 


667 

Mauvaises  Torres.    See  Bad  Lands. 

Mauve  (mov),  Anton.  Bom  at  Zaandam, 
North  Holland,  Sept.  18, 1838 :  died  at  Arnhem, 
Gelderland,  Feb.  5, 1888.  A  celebrated  Dutch 
painter.  He  received  medals  at  Vienna,  Philadelphia, 
Antwerp,  Amsterdam,  and  Paris.  Among  his  piincipal 
works  are  "Crepuscule"  (formerly  in  the  George  I.  Seney 
and  David  H.  King,  Jr.,  collections),  "Cattle  in  the  Haarlem 
Meadows"  (owned  by  S.  tintermyer.  New  York  city),  "A 
Summer  Day  in  Holland"  (owned  by  H.  N.  Slater,  Boston), 
"The  Departure  of  the  Flock  "  (owned  by  Joseph  Jefferson), 
"  Eeturning  to  the  Fold  "  (formerly  in  the  Mrs.  F.  C.  Crosby 
collection),  etc. 

Mavia  (ma-ve'a).     See  Konde. 

Maviti  (ma-ve'te).    See  Zulu. 

Mavrocordatos.    See  Maurocordatos. 

Max  (maks),  Cornelius  Gabriel.  Born  at 
Prague,  Aug.  23,  1840.  A  German  historical 
and  genre  painter.  He  is  the  son  of  Joseph  Max,  a 
sculptor,  and  was  a  pupil  of  Piloty  at  Munich.  He  was 
professor  at  the  Academy  of  Munich  1879-83.  Among  his 
works  are  "The  Anatomist"  (1869),  "The  Last  Token" 
(1874 :  now  in  the  Metropolitan  Museum,  New  York), 
"Nydia"  (1874),  "The  Lion's  Bride "(1879),  etc. 

Maxen  (maks'eu).  A  village  in  Saxony,  lOmUes 
south  of  Dresden.  Here,  Nov.  20, 1759,  the  Prussians 
(12,000-13,000)  under  Finck  surrendered  to  the  Austrians 
under  Daun. 

Maxentius,  Circus  of.   See  Circus  of  Bomulus. 

Maxentius  (mak-sen'shius),  Marcus  Aurelius 
Valerius.  Drowned  iu.the  Tiber, Oct., 312  A.  D. 
Eoman  emperor  306-312,  son  of  Maximianus 
Herculius.  On  the  abdication  of  his  father  andDiocletian 
as  Augusti  and  the  promotion  of  the  Caesars  Constantius 
and  Galerius  in  305,  he  was  passed  over  in  the  appoint- 
ment of  the  new  Csesars,  the  choice  falling  on  Severus  and 
Maximinus.  In  the  following  year,  however,  he  had  him- 
self proclaimed  Csesar  by  the  pretorians  at  Itome,  and 
with  the  assistance  of  his  father,  who  resumed  his  former 
rank,  he  overthrew  Severus,  who  had  ruled  in  Italy  and 
Africa.  He  next  banished  his  father,  and  eventually  de- 
clared war  against  Constantine  (the  Great),  son  of  Con- 
stantius, who  had  assumed  the  administration  of  his  fa- 
ther's provinces  (Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain)  on  the  latter's 
death  in  306.  He  was  totally  defeated  by  Constantine  at 
Saxa  Rubra,  Oct.  27,  312,  andperished  in  the  flight. 

Maxim  (maks'im),  Sir  Biram  Stevens.  Bom 

at  Sangerville,  Me.,  Feb.  5,  1840.  An  Ameri- 
can-English engineer  and  inventor.  He  invented 
the  automatic  system  of  firearms,  etc.,  and  has  devoted 
much  time  to  the  study  of  explosives  and  of  aerial  navi- 
gation.   Knighted  1901. 

Maximes  (mak-sem').  [F., '  Maxims.']  A  col- 
lection of  moral  maxims  by  La  Bochefoucauld 
(1665).  _ 

Maximian.     See  Maximianus. 

Maximianus  (mak'''sim-i-a'nus),  Marcus  Au- 
relius Valerius,  sumamed  Herculius.  Died 
in  Feb.,  310.  Eoman  emperor  286-305  and  306- 
308.  He  was  a  Pannonian  peasant  by  birth,  rose  to  the 
highest  offices  in  the  army,  and  was  made  Ceesar  by  Dio- 
cletian in  285  and  Augustus  in  286.  (See  Diocletian.)  He 
resigned  the  imperial  dignity  simultaneously  with  Diocle- 
tian in  305,  but  reasEumed  it  in  306  at  the  instance  of  his 
son  Maxentius,  who  had  caused  himself  to  be  proclaimed 
Csesar  by  the  pretorians  at  Borne.  He  captured  Severus 
(who  commanded  in  Italy  and  Africa)  in  307,  but  was  him- 
self expelled  from  Home  by  Maxentius  in  308,  and  eventu- 
ally found  refuge  with  his  son-in-law  Constantine  at  Aries. 
Having  been  twice  discovered  in  conspiracy  against  his 
son-in-law,  he  was  ordered  to  choose  the  manner  of  his 
death,  and  strangled  himself. 

Maximilian  (mak-si-mil'i-an ;  G.  pron.  maks-e- 
me'le-an)  I.  [ML.  Maximilianus  (=Maxi[mus 
Mimiliawus),  P.  Maximilien.']  Born  March  22, 
1459:  diedatWels,Upper  Austria,  Jan.  12, 1519. 
Emperor  of  the  Holy  Eoman  Empire  1493-1519, 
son  of  Frederick  in.  He  married  Mary,  daughter  and 
heiress  of  Charles  the  Bold  of  Burgundy,  in  1477,  and  was 
elected  king  of  the  Romans  in  1486.  He  became  emperor 
in  1493.  In  order  to  suppress  the  system  of  private  war  and 
restore  the  imperial  authority,  he  proclaimed  a  perpet- 
ual public  peace  in  1495 ;  established  the  imperial  cham- 
ber (Reichskammergericht)  in  1496,  and  the  imperial  au- 
lie  council  (Beichshofrat)  in  1601 ;  and  divided  Germany 
into  six,  ana  afterward  (1612)  into  ten,  circles  (Landfried- 
enskreise),  over  each  of  which  was  placed  a  captain  with  a 
force  of  standing  troops  for  the  punishment  of  disturbers 
of  the  peace.  In  1499  he  carried  on  an  unsuccessful  war 
against  the  Swiss  Confederacy,  which  resulted  in  the 
practical  independence  of  the  latter.  Through  the  in- 
fluence of  his  second  wife,  Bianca  Sforza,  daughter  of 
the  Duke  of  MUan,  whom  he  married  in  1494,  he  became 
involved  in  a  contest  with  France  for  the  sovereignty 
of  Milan  and  Naples.  In  1508  he  joined  the  League  of 
Cambray  against  Venice.  In  1613  he  joined  the  Holy 
League  against  France;  and  in  the  same  year  assisted 
Henry  VIII.  of  England  in  gaining  the  brilliant  victory  over 
the  French  at  Guin^ate  ("  the  battle  of  the  spurs  "). 

Maximilian  II.  Bom  at  Vienna,  Aug.  1,  1527: 
died  Oct.  12, 1576.  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Eoman 
Empire  1564r-76,  son  of  Ferdinand  I.  He  suc- 
ceeded his  father  in  1664  as  emperor,  archduke  of  Austria, 
and  king  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia.  At  his  accession 
to  the  imperial  throne  he  found  the  empire  at  war  with 
the  Turks.  He  concluded  a  truce  with  Selim  II.  in  1668, 
each  party  retaining  its  possessions.  He  was  of  a  mild 
and  tolerant  disposition,  and  left  the  Protestants  undis- 
turbed in  the  exercise  of  their  religion. 

Maximilian  I.     Bom  at  Landshut,  Bavaria, 


Maxwell,  James  Clerk- 
April  17,  1573:  died  at  Ingolstadt,  Bavaria, 
Sept.  27, 1651.  Duke  of  Bavaria.  He  was  the  chief 
instrument  in  organizing  the  Catholic  League  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  Protestant  Union  in  1600.  As  the  head  of  the 
Catholic  League,  he  assisted  the  emperor  Ferdinand  II. 
against  the  elector  palatine  Frederick  V.  in  the  Thirty 
Years  War  (see  Ferdinand  II.,  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Ro- 
man Empire),  in  return  for  which  he  received  in  1623  the 
electoral  vote  forfeited  by  Frederick,  and  in  1628  was  in- 
vested with  the  Upper  Palatinate. 

Maximilian  II.  Maria  Emanuel.  Bom  July 
11, 1662 :  died  Feb.  26, 1726.  Elector  of  Bavaria 
1679-1726.  He  was  allied  with  the  French  in 
the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession. 

Maximilian  I.  Joseph.  Bom  at  Schwetzingen, 
Baden,  May  27, 1756:  died  at  the  castle  of  Nym- 
phenbpg,  near  Munich,  Oct.  13,  1825.  King  of 
Bavaria  1806-25.  He  became  elector  of  Bavaria  in 
1799.  In  1805  he  sided  with  France  against  the  allied 
powers,  with  the  result  that  he  acquired  considerable  ter- 
ritory at  the  peace  of  Presburg,  Deo.  26,  1806.  In  accor- 
dance with  the  same  treaty,  he  assumed  the  title  of  kinn 
in  1806. 

Maximilian  II.  Joseph.  Bom  Nov.  28,  I8ii: 
died  at  Munich,  March  10, 1864.  King  of  Bava- 
ria 1848-64,  son  of  Louis  I.  He  was  a  liberal 
patron  of  art  and  literature. 

Maximilian(FerdinandMaximilian  Joseph), 
Sp.Maximillano(mak-se-me-le-a'n6).  Bom  at 
Vienna,  July  6,  1832 :  shot  at  Quer^taro,  Mex- 
ico, June  19,  1867.  Archduke  of  Austria,  and 
emperor  of  Mexico  from  1864.  He  was  the  second 
son  of  the  Archduke  Francis  Charles,  and  brother  of  Fran- 
cis Joseph  who  became  emperor  of  Austria  in  1848. 
Trained  for  the  navy,  he  was  placed  at  its  head  in  1854. 
On  July  27, 1857,  he  married  Princess  Charlotte  of  Belgium 
(see  Charlotte),  and  during  the  succeeding  two  years  was 
viceroy  of  the  Lombard-Venetian  kingdom.  After  the 
French  had  conquered  Mexico  in  part,  an  assembly  of 
notables,  called  under  French  influence,  and  formed  al- 
most entirely  of  opponents  of  Juarez,  adopted  an  imperial 
form  of  government  for  that  country  (July,  1863),  and  of- 
fered the  throne  to  Maximilian.  He  formally  accepted  on 
April  10, 1864 ;  reached  Vera  Cruz  May  28,  and  Mexico 
June  12 ;  and  was  received  with  great  apparent  enthusi- 
asm. Aided  by  the  French,  his  forces  drove  Juarez  over 
the  northern  frontier,  and  on  Oct.  3, 1865,  he  decreed  that 
those.taken  in  arms  against  the  empire  should  be  treated 
as  bandits.  This  decree  was  loudly  condemned,  and  did 
much  to  weaken  the  emperor's  personal  popularity.  The 
United  States  government  had  refused  to  recognize  the 
empire,  and  on  its  urgent  demand  (note  of  Feb.  12, 1866) 
the  French  troops  were  withdrawn,  contrary  to  the  express 
stipulation  which  IJapoleon  III.  had  made  with  Maxi- 
milian. The  latter  at  first  resolved  to  resign,  but  was 
induced  to  remain ;  took  personal  command  of  his  army 
at  QuerStaro,  Feb.,  1867;  was  besieged  by  a  republican 
army  in  March ;  and  was  forced  to  surrender  May  15. 
Condemned  to  death  by  a  court  martial,  he  was  refused 
mercy  on  the  ground  of  his  severe  edict  against  the  Juar- 
ists,  and  was  shot  with  his  generals  Miramon  and  Mejia. 

Maximilian  Alexander  Fhilipp,  Prince  of 
Neuwied.    See  Neuwied. 

Maximilian  Joseph.  Bom  at  Bamberg,  Bava- 
ria, Dec.  4, 1808  :  died  at  Munich,  Nov.  15, 1888. 
Duke  in  Bavaria.  He  wrote  "  Wanderung  nach  dem 
Orient,  etc."  (1839),  and  a  number  of  novels  and  dramas. 
He  used  the  pseudonym  Phantasus. 

Maximin.    See  Maximinus. 

Maximinus  (mak-si-mi'nus),  or  Maximin 
(mak'si-min),  Caius  Julius  Verus,  sumamed 
Thrax  ('the  Thracian').  Killed  near  Aqui- 
leia,  Italy,  May,  238.  Eoman  emperor  235-238. 
He  was  a  Thracian  of  extraordinary  size  and  strength,  who 
was  elevated  by  the  soldiers  on  the  Rhine  on  the  murder 
of  Alexander  Severus.  His  cruelty  and  exactions  caused 
a  revolt  under  Grordianus  in  Africa.  He  was  killed  by  his 
own  soldiers. 

Maximinus,  or  Maximin,  Galerius  Valerius. 

Bom  in  Illyria :  died  at  Tarsus,  Asia  Minor, 
313.  Eoman  emperor  308-313,  nephew  of  Ga- 
lerius. He  became  Csesar  in  305,  and  Augustus  in  308 ; 
was  defeated  by  Licinius  in  313 ;  and  perished  in  the  flight. 

Maximus  (mak'si-mus).  Saint.  Bom  about 
580 :  died  in  Lazica,  Aug.  13,  662.  An  eastern 
theologian,  noted  as  an  opponent  of  the  Mo- 
nothelites. 

Maximus.  See  Petronius  Maximus  and  Pupie- 
nus  Maximus. 

Maximus,  Magnus.  Bom  in  Spain :  executed 
at  Aquileia,  Italy,  388  a.  d.  Eoman  emperor 
383—388.  He  headed  an  insurrection  of  the  legions  sta- 
tioned in  Britain  in  383,  and,  crossing  over  into  Gaul,  de- 
feated Gratian,  who  was  killed  in  the  flight.  He  was 
afterward  recognized  by  Theodosius  and  Valentinian  II. 
as  Augustus  in  Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain.  He  conquered 
Italy  from  Valentinian  in  387,  hut  was  defeated  and  put 
to  death  by  Theodosius  in  383. 

Maximus,  Valerius.    See  Valerius  Maximus. 

Maximus  Tyrannus  (ti-ran'us).  Killed  at  Ea- 
venna,  Italy,  422.  Eoman  emperor  409-411.  He 
was  elevated  by  the  rebel  Gerontius  about  409,  but  was  de- 
feated and  deposed  by  Constantine,  emperor  in  Britain, 
Gaul,  and  Spain,  in  411.  He  afterward  raised  an  unsuc- 
cessful insurrection  in  Spain. 

Max  O'Bell.    The  pseudonym  of  Paul  Blouet. 

Maxwell  (maks'wel),  James.  Bom  1581:  died 

about  1640.     A  Scottish  man  of  letters. 
Maxwell,  James  Clerk-.    See  Cleric-Maxwell. 


Maxwell,  William  Hamilton 

Maxwell, William  Hamilton.  BomatNewry, 
County  Down,  Ireland,  1792:  died  at  Mussel- 
burgh, near  Edinburgh,  Dec.  29, 1850.  An  Irish 
novelist.  He  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1807, 
and  in  1812  was  made  captain  in  an  infantry  regiment,  and 
served  in  tlie  Peninsular  war  and  at  Waterloo.  He  tookholy 
orders  and  was  made  rector  of  Ballagh  in  Connemara.  His 
best-known  works  are  "O'Hara,  or  1798,'  a  novel  (1825), 
"Sports  of  the  West,  etc."  (1832),  "Stories  of  Waterloo" 
(1834),  and  a  "Life  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington  "  (1839-41). 
He  edited  the  military  and  naval  almanac  for  1840. 

Maxwell,  Sir  William  Stirling-.  See  SUrling- 

Maxwell. 
Maxyes  (maks'i-ez).     [Qr.  Mdf wf .]    In  ancient 

geography,  a  Libyan  tribe. 

About  the  Hashnash  [of  the  Egyptian  inscriptions]  there 
Is  no  dispute.  They  are  the  Maxyes  of  Herodotos  (iv.  191), 
in  the  modem  Tunisia,  of  whom  we  are  told  that  they  left 
a  long  lock  of  hair  on  the  right  side  of  the  head  and 
painted  their  bodies  red.  We  learn  from  the  Egyptian 
texts  that  while  the  Lebu  were  circumcised,  the  Mashuash 
were  not.  The  lock  of  hair  which  characterises  them  on 
the  Egyptian  monuments  is  also  wanting  in  the  case  of 
the  Lebu.  But,  like  the  Lebu,  they  have  a  good  deal  of  hair 
on  the  face,  the  eyebrows  are  well  defined,  and  the  nose  is 
straight  and  leptorrhine.  The  forehead  is  high,  the  lips 
thin,  and  the  jaws  orthognathous. 

Sayce,  Eaces  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  161. 

May  (ma).  [From  L.  Mains,  Majus  (sc.  mensis), 
the  third  month  of  the  Eoman  year,  usually 
associated  with  Maia  or  Maja  (see  Maia).'] 
The  iif  th  month  of  the  year,  consisting  of  thirty- 
one  days,  reckoned  on  the  continent  of  Europe 
and  in  America  as  the  last  month  of  spring,  but 
in  Great  Britain  commonly  as  the  first  of  sum- 
mer. 

May,  Thomas.  Bom  1595 :  died  Nov.  13, 1650. 
An  English  poet  and  prose-writer.  He  graduated 
at  Cambridge  (Sidney  Sussex  College)  in  1612,  and  entered 
Gray's  Inn  in  1615.  He  turned  to  the  stage,  and  in  1620 
produced  "  The  Heir,"  a  comedy.  May  published  several 
plays,  translations  from  the  classics,  a  "Continuation  of 
Lucan  "  (1630)  in  English  and  Latin,  etc.  He  sided  with 
the  Parliament  against  the  king  in  the  civil  war,  and  in 
1647  published  a  "  History  of  the  Long  Parliament"  (his 
most  important  work). 

May  Sir  Thomas  Erskine,  Lord  Famborough. 
Born  at  London,  Feb.  8,  1815 :  died  at  West- 
minster Palace,  May  17,  1886.  An  English 
jurist.  He  was  educated  at  Bedford  Grammar  School ; 
was  appointed  in  1831  assistant  librarian  of  the  House  of 
Commons ;  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1838.  He  published 
"  A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Law,  privileges,  Proceedings, 
and  Usage  of  Parliament "  (1844).  After  1871  he  was  clerk 
of  the  House  of  Commons.  In  1^54  his  "  Eules,  Orders, 
and  Forms  of  Procedure  of  the  House  of  Commons  "  was 
printed  by  order  of  Parliament.  His  other  works  are 
"The  Constitutional  History  of  England  since  the  Acces- 
sion of  George  III. "  (1861),  "  Democracy  in  Europe  "  (1877), 
etc.    He  was  made  Baron  Famborough  in  1886. 

Mayaguez  (mi-a-gwath').  A  seaport  in  Porto 
Bico,  West  Indies,  situated  in  lat.  18°  14'  N., 
long.  67°  12'  W.    Population,  about  22,000. 

Mayapan  (mi-ya-pan').  A  mined  city  of  Yu- 
catan, situated  in  a  plain  20  miles  south  of 
MeridA.  According  to  tradition  it  was  founded  by  Maya 
Indians  about  1160 ;  was  long  their  principal  city  and  cap- 
ital; and  was  destroyed  or  abandoned  during  civil  wars 
about  1420.  The  remains  include  great  quantities  of 
sculptured  stones,  and  several  pyramids,  one  well  pre- 
served.   Mayapan  gave  its  name  to  a  district, 

Mayas  (mi'az  or  ma'yaz).  A  race  of  Indians 
inhabiting  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan^  Mexico. 
At  the  time  of  the  conquest  they  were  divided  into  a  num- 
ber of  tribes  (Acalans,  Tipuans,  Cocames,  Itzaecs,  etc.), 
which  were  often  at  war  with  one  another.  Their  princi- 
pal cities  were  well  built,  in  part  of  stone ;  they  had  written 
(hieroglyphic)  records,  and  preserved  legends  of  former 
greatness  during  a  period  when  all  Yucatan  or  Maya  was 
governed  by  a  single  ruler,  who  lived  at  Mayapan.  The 
Mayas  were  idolaters,  but  appear  to  have  believed  in  a 
supreme  deity  whom  they  called  Hunab-ku.  Crimes  were 
severely  punished.  Several  of  thetribes  resisted  the  Span- 
iards bravely,  and  some  of  those  in  the  interior  and  south 
have  never  been  entirely  subdued.  Descendants  of  the 
conquered  Indians  form  the  great  bulk  of  the  population 
of  Yucatan,  and  the  Maya  language  is  still  commonly  used 
in  country  districts.  Under  some  of  their  chiefs  they  re- 
belled (1847-53),  and  for  a  short  time  held  possession  of  a 
great  part  of  the  peninsula.    See  Maya  stock. 

Maya  (mi'a  or  ma'ya)  stock,  A  well-marked 
linguistic  group  of  American  Indians,  in  south- 
eastern Mexico  and  Central  America.  It  includes 
among  others  the  Mayas  of  Yucatan,  the  Tzendals  and 
Ghinantecs  of  Chiapas,  the  Cakchiquels,  Ixils,  Mames,  and 
Quiches  of  Guatemala,  and  the  outlying  Huastecs  to  the 
north  of  Vera  Cruz.  Traces  of  the  stock  are  found  in  Hon- 
duras. Among  American  races  the  Mayas  ranked  with 
the  Aztecs  in  advancement,  and  in  many  respects  were 
their  superiors.  They  excelled  in  sculptured  building,  in 
weaving  (cotton),  feather-work,  etc. ;  they  dwelt  in  popu- 
lous cities  (Chichen  Itza,  Peten,  Uxmal,  etc.),  and  had 
almost  certainljr  built  the  older  towns  of  Copan,  Palenque, 
and  others,  which  were  in  ruins  when  the  Spaniards  ar- 
rived. Many  of  their  strongholds,  especially  in  Guate- 
mala, were  chosen  and  fortified  with  great  skill,  and  the 
Spaniards  took  them  only  after  long  sieges.  Chieftain- 
ship was  generally  hereditary ;  the  laws  were  often  com- 
plex afld  severe.  The  Maya  calendar  resembled  that  of 
the  Nahuatl  tribes,  and  there  was  also  some  resemblance 
in  their  complicated  mythology.  The  Mayas,  QuicMa, 
Cakchiquels,  and  others  had  pictographic  records  painted 
on  prepared  bark  or  sculptured :  a  few  of  these  have  sur- 


668 

vived  in  translations,  but  the  original  pictograpbs  have 
baflSed  nlodem  research.  The  records  and  traditions  ap- 
pear to  show  that  the  Maya  races  were  formerly  united 
and  very  powerful ;  back  of  that  they  go  vaguely  to  a  re- 
mote period,  possibly  to  the  beginning  of  the  Christian 
era,  and  speak  of  a  migration  from  the  north.  Many  writers 
believe  that  this  connects  them  with  the  ancient  Toltecs, 
said  to  have  occupied  the  highlands  of  Mexico.  Brasseur 
de  Bourbourg  and  others  have  formed  ingenious  theories 
on  Maya  history,  which  have  not  been  generally  accepted. 

Maybole  (ma'bol).  A  town  in  Ayrshire,  Soot- 
land,  39  miles  south-southwest  of  Glasgow. 
Population  (1891),  5,467. 

May-day  (ma'da).  The  firstday  of  May:  a  day 
on  which  the  opening  of  the  season  of  flowers 
and  fruit  was  formerly  celebrated  throughout 
Europe :  it  is  still  marked  in  some  places  by 
various  festive  observances.  The  chief  features  of 
the  celebration  in  Great  Britain  (where,  however,  it  has 
nearly  disappeared)  are  the  gathering  of  hawthorn-blos- 
soms and  other  fiowers,  the  crowning  of  the  May-queen, 
dancing  round  the  May-pole,  etc. 

May  Day.  A  comedy  by  Chapman,  acted  in  1601, 
printed  in  1611.  it  is  thought  to  be  founded  on  aplay 
of  the  same  name  acted  in  1595.  A  play  also  with  the 
same  name  was  produced  in  1775,  and  attributed  to  Gar- 
rick. 

Mayen  (nu'en).  Atown  in  theEhine  Province, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Nette  17  miles  west 
of  Coblenz.    Population  (1890),  9,449. 

Mayence.    See  Maim. 

Mayenne  (mi-en' or  ma-yen').  A  river  in  north- 
western Prance  which  unites  near  Angers  with 
the  Sarthe  to  form  the  Maine.  Length,  127  miles; 
navigable  from  Laval. 

Mayenne.  1.  A  department  of  northwestern 
France,  capital  Laval,  formed  from  parts  of  the 
ancient  Maine  and  Anjou.  it  is  bounded  by  Manche 
and  Ome  on  the  north,  Sarthe  on  the  east^  Maine-et- Loire 
on  the  south,  and  lUe-et-Vilaine  on  the  west.  It  has  im- 
portant agricultural  and  mineral  resources.  Area,  1,996 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  332,387. 
2.  A  town  in  the  department  of  Mayenne, 
France,  on  the  Mayenne  17  miles  north  by  east 
of  Laval,  it  has  flourishing  cloth  manufactures,  and 
contains  a  castle  and  a  church  of  iNotre  Dame.  Formerly 
it  was  the  seat  of  a  marquisate  and  duchy.  Population 
(1891),  10,428. 

Mayer  (ma'er),  Brantz.  Bom  at  Baltimore, 
Sept.  27,  1809:  died  there,  Feb.  23,  1879.  An 
American  author.  He  was  a  lawyer ;  was  editor  of  the 
"  Baltimore  American  " ;  and  in  1841-42  was  secretary  of  the 
United  States  legation  in  Mexico.  During  the  Civil  War  he 
was  commissioned  colonel  in  the  Federal  army.  *He  pub- 
lished "  Mexico :  Aztec,  Spanish,  and  Eepublican  "  (2  vols. 
1853) ;  several  other  works  on  Mexico;  "Captain  Canot," 
a  novel  (1854);  etc. 

Mayer  (mi'er),  Johann  Tobias.  Bom  at  Mar- 
bach,  Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  17, 1723:  died  at  Got- 
tingen,  Feb.  20,  1762.  A  German  astronomer, 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Gottingen.  He  wrote 
"Theoria  lunse,  etc."  (1767),  "Tabulae  motuum  solis  et 
lunae  "  (revised  edition,  1770). 

Mayer,  Julius  Robert  von.  Bom  at  Heilbroun, 
Wiirtemberg,  Nov.  25, 1814:  died  at  Heilbronn, 
March  20, 1878.  AGerman physician.  He  studied 
medicine  at  Tubingen,  Munich,  and  Paris ;  and,  after  a 
journey  to  Java  as  ship's  surgeon  in  1840-41,  settled  as 
a  Burgeon  at  Heilbronn.  He  is  by  many  regarded  as  the 
originator  of  the  mechanical  theory  of  heat.  A  collective 
editioiw  of  his  works  appeared  in  1867  under  the  title  of 
"Die  Mechanik  der  Warme." 

Mayer,  Karl.  Bom  at  Kiinigsberg,  Prussia, 
March  21, 1799:  died  at  Dresden,  July  2,  1862. 
A  German  pianist  and  composer. 

Mayer,  Karl  Friedrich  Hartmann.  Bom  at 
Neckarbischofsheim,  Baden,  March  22,  1786: 
died  at  Tiibingen,  Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  25,  1870. 
A  German  poet.  His  "  Poems  "were  publishedin  1833 
(later  editions  1839, 1864).  He  also  wrote  "Ludwig  Uh- 
land,  seine  Freunde  und  Zeitgenossen  "  (1867),  etc. 

Mayes  (ma'yes).  ['Dizziness.']  A  tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  formerly  in  northern 
Texas,  near  the  coast.    See  lonhawan. 

MayeUX  (ma-ye').  One  of  the  types  of  modem 
French  caricature,  very  popular  between  1830 
and  1848.  He  is  a  compound  of  Panurge,  Falstaff,  and 
Polichinelle,  deformed,  sensual,  patriotic,  and  witty.  The 
creator  of  Mayeux  was  Charles  Travifes. 

Mayfair  (ma'far).  A  fashionable  locality  in 
London,  east  of  Hyde  Park.  All  streets  north  of 
Piccadilly  now  lead  into  the  district  of  Mayfair,  which 
takes  its  name  from  a  fair  which  used  to  be  held  in  Shep- 
herd's Market  and  its  surrounding  streets.  (Hare.)  The 
fair  became  an  excuse  for  license  and  profligacy  in  the 
time  of  George  II.,  and  was  abolished  in  1708. 

Mayflower  (ma'flou''''6r).  r.  A  ship,  of  about 
180  tons  burden,  in  which  the  English  Pilgrims 
sailed  from  Southampton  to  Plymouth,  Massa- 
chusetts, in  1620.  Some  of  them  had  left  Leyden  for 
Delfshaven  and  embarked  there  in  the  Speedwell  some 
weeks  before,  joining  the  others  at  Southampton. 
2.  An  American  wooden  center-board  sloop 
yacht,  designed  by  Edward  Burgpss,  launched 
May  6,  1886.  G?he  dimensions  are :  length  over  all,  lOO 
feet ;  length,  load  water-line,  86.7;  beam,  23.6 ;  beam,  load 
water-line,  22.3;  draught,  10  feet ;  displacement,  128  tons. 


Mayorunas 

She  was  selected  to  defend  America's  cup  against  the 
Galatea  in  1886,  on  Sept.  7  and  9,  and  won  both  races. 

Mayhew  (ma'hu).  Experience.  Bom  in  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard,  Mass.,  Jan.  27, 1673 :  died  there, 
Nov.  29, 1758.  An  American  missionary  to  the 
Indians  in  Martha's  Vineyard. 

Mayhew,  Henry.  Born  at  London,  Nov.  25, 
1812:  died  July  25,  1887.  An  English  journal- 
ist and  writer  of  juveniles  and  miscellaneous 
works.  With  his  brothers  Augustus  and  Horace  ("The 
Brothers  Mayhew  ")  he  wrote  a  number  of  popular  works 
of  fiction.  He  was  one  of  the  originators  and  first  editor 
of  "Punch."  His  chief  work  is  "London  Labour  and  the 
London  Poor  "(1861). 

Mayhew,  Jonathan.  Bom  in  Martha's  Vine- 
yard, Mass.,  Oct.  8,  1720:  died  at  Boston,  July 
9,  1766.  An  American  clergyman,  controver- 
sialist, and  advocate  of  liberalism,  son  of  Ex- 
perience Mavhew.  His  writings  were  edited  by 
A.  Bradford  (1838). 

Maykop.    See  Maikop. 

May  Laws,  A  series  of  Prussian  laws  passed 
1873-74,  and  modified  in  1887,  regulating  eccle- 
siastical matters.  They  restricted  the  power  of  the 
church  over  individuals  and  property.  So  named  because 
first  promulgated  in  May,  1873 :  also  called  Folk  Laws,  from 
the  name  of  the  minister  who  furthered  them. 

Maynard  (ma'nard),  Horace.  Bom  at  West- 
boro,  Mass.,  Aug.  30,  1814:  died  at  Knoxville, 
Tenn.,  May  3,  1882.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  congressman  from  Tennessee ;  United  States  min- 
ister to  Turkey  1876-80;  and  postmaster-general  1880-81. 

Miaynas  (mi'nas).  Various  Indian  hordes  of 
northern  Peru  and  Ecuador,  in  the  forests  of 
the  upper  Maranou  and  on  the  Pastaza  and  Mo- 
rona  affluents.  They  are  very  savage,  lead  a  wander- 
ing life,  and  subsist  by  hunting  and  fishing.  A  few  have, 
from  time  to  time,  been  gathered  iiito  the  mission  vil- 
lages. The  different  bands  have  distinct  names  (Chapos, 
Coronados,  Humuranos,  etc.).  All  speak  harsh  and  difli- 
cult  languages.  Brinton  and  others  have  united  them  in 
a  single  linguistic  stock,  the  Mayna.  Hervas  believed  that 
they  constituted  two  stocks,  which  he  called  the  Mayna 
and  Chayavita,    Also  written  Mainas. 

Maynas  y  Quijos  (mi'nas  e  ke'nos).  A  colonial 
inteudencia  of  Peru,  subsequently  a  depart- 
ment. It  corresponded  to  the  present  departments  of 
Amazonas  and  Loreto,  together  with  a  region  north  of  the 
Maraiion  which  is  claimed  both  by  Ecuador  and  by 
Peru. 

Maynooth  (ma-noth').  A  town  in  the  county 
of  Kildare,  Ireland,  14  miles  west  by  north  of 
Dublin.  It  is  the  seat  of  aRoinan  Catholic  college  for  the 
training  of  priests,  founded  1795.  A  parliamentary  grant 
to  this  college  was  the  subject  of  keen  discussion  in  1845. 
The  increase  and  perpetuation  of  it  were  eventually  car- 
ried. 

Mayo(mi'6).  [PI.,  also  Jfa^os.  Probably  from 
the  Otomi  mayo,  shepherd,  or  the  Opata  mayot, 
deer.]  A  division  of  the  Cahita  branch  of  the 
Piman  stock  of  North  Americanlndians,  inhabit- 
ing the  valleys  of  the  lower  MayoandtheF  uerte 
in  southern  Sonora  and  northwestern  Sinaloa, 
Mexico.  They  are  peaceable  and  have  been  almost  com- 
pletely Mexicanized.  Theirdialectcloselyresemblestltet 
of  the  Yaqui,  The  Mayos  were  easily  brought  to  submis- 
sion in  the  later  years  of  the  16th  century,  and  adopted  the 
Catholic  faith  without  resistance.  Their  original  number 
is  said  to  have  been  about  30,000.  Their  present  num- 
ber is  about  6,600.    See  Cahita. 

Mayo  (ma'6).  A  county  in  Connaught,  Ireland, 
bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  west  and  north, 
Sligo  and  Roscommon  on  the  east,  andGalway 
on  the  south.  It  is  mountainous  in  the  west. 
Area,  2,126  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
219,034. 

Mayobanex  (mi-6-ba-naks').  Died  1498  or  1499. 
An  Indian  cacique  of  the  eastern  part  of  the 
island  of  Haiti,  in  1498  he  joined  with  Guarionex  in 
war  on  the  Spaniards,  and  was  captured  and  executed. 
Also  written  Maiobanex. 

Mayon  (ma-yon'),  or  AlbJiy  (al-bi').  A  vol- 
cano in  the  southern  part  of  Luzon,  Philippines, 
near  the  town  of  Albay. 

Mayorga  (mi-or'ga),  Martin  de.  Bom  in  Cata- 
lonia about  1715 :  died  at  sea,  1783,  A  Spanish 
general  and  administrator.  He  was  captain-general 
of  Guatemala  June,  1773,-April,  1779,  during  which  period 
Old  Guatemala  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  (July  29, 
1773)  and  the  new  city  was  founded.  From  Aug.  23,  mi, 
to  April  29,  1783,  he  was  viceroy  of  Mexico.  He  died 
while  returning  to  Spain,  and  it  was  suspected  that  he  was 
poisoned. 

Mayor  of  Garratt,  The,   A  play  by  Poote,  pro- 
duced in  1763.    See  Garratt. 
Mayor  of  Quinborough,  The.    A  comedy  by 

Middleton,  printed  in  1661.  it  was  probably  written 
or  sketched  before  1602,  and  owed  its  publication  after  the 
Restoration  to  the  caricature  of  a  Puritan. 

Mayorunas  (mS-yo-ro'nas).  [Quichua,  'river- 
men.']  An  Indian  horde  of  northeastern  Peru 
and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Brazil,  south  of  the 
Amazon,  and  in  the  forests  about  the  rivers 
Javary,  Ucayale,  and  Tapichi.  They  are  very  sav- 
age, subsist  mainly  by  hunting,  use  poisoned  arrows,  an(S 


Mayorunas 

have  frequently  attacked  explorers.  They  have  been  ac- 
cused oJ  cannlbalisiD,  but  this  is  unproved.  The  men  are' 
said  to  have  beards,  and  perhaps  for  this  reason  there  are 
traditions  that  they  are  descended  from  early  Spanish 
explorers.  Their  language  has  been  referred  to  the  Pano 
stock,  and  they  appear  to  be  closely  related  to  the  semi- 
civilized  Marauas. 

Mayotte  (ma-yof),  or  Mayotta  (ma-yot'ta). 
A  small  island  of  tlie  Comores  group,  in  the  Mo- 
zambique Channel,  east  of  Africa,  situated  in 
lat.  12°  47'  S.,  long.  45°  20'  E.  It  has  been  a 
French  possession  since  1843. 

Maypu.    See  Maipo. 

Maypures  (mi-pS-ras').  An  Indian  tribe  of 
Venezuelan  Gruiana,  on  the  upper  Orinoco  and 
its  afSuent,  the  Ventuario.  They  belong  to  the  Ara- 
wak  stock,  are  gentle  In  disposition,  agriculturists,  and 
live  in  fixed  villages.  The  tribe  was  formerly  very  large. 
It  was  among  the  first  on  the  upper  Orinoco  to  be  gathered 
into  mission  villages.  Some  of  the  Maypures  have  been 
amalgamated  with  the  country  population ;  others  live  in 
a  semi-independent  state  in  the  interior.  Also  written 
Maipures  and  Manures. 

Maypure  (mi-po-ra')  stock,  or  Arawak  (ar'a- 
waik)  stock.  An  extensive  linguistic  group  of 
South  American  Indians,  consisting  of  many 
tribes  which  are  scattered  from  southwestern 
Brazil  andBoliviatoGuiana:  formerlymembers 
of  the  same  stock  appear  to  have  occupied  nearly 
all  the  West  Indian  Islands.  They  were  found  by 
Columbus  on  the  Bahamas  and  in  the  Greater  Antilles, 
and  possibly  extended  into  Florida;  but  they  had  recently 
been  driven  from  the  Windward  Islands  by  incursions  of 
Caribs.  All  the  Indians  of  this  stock  are  well  formed,  with 
small  hands  and  feet,  light-colored  and  olive  rather  than 
reddish  in  complexion,  and  generally  intelligent  and  in- 
dustrious. They  live  in  fixed  villages  of  large  size,  culti- 
vate manioc,  maize,  etc.,  and  are  of  a  pacific  disposition. 
They  readily  received  the  whites  as  friends,  and  have 
never  rebelled  against  them  unless  driven  to  do  so  by  great 
oppression.  The  stock  includes  at  present,  among  others, 
the  Arawaks,  Tarumas,  and  Guinaus  of  G  uiana ;  the  Guanas, 
Bares,  Manaos,  Passes,  and  Juris  of  Brazil ;  the  Baures  and 
Mojos  of  Bolivia ;  and  the  Campas  and  Piros  of  Peru. 

May  Queen,  The.  1.  A  cantata  by  W.  Stern- 
dale  Bennett,  produced  in  1858.  The  words  are 
by  Chorley.  —  3.  A  poem  by  Tennyson,  pub- 
lished in  1832. 

Mayr  (mir),  or  Mayer  (nu'er),  Johann  Simon. 
Born  at  Mendorf,  Bavaria,  June  14,  1763:  died 
at  Bergamo,  Italy,  Dec.  2, 1845.  A  German  op- 
eratic composer.  Donizetti  was  one  of  his  pupils 
at  the  musical  institute  at  Bergamo,  and  he  is  said  to  have 
been  the  first  to  introduce  the  crescendo  of  the  orchestra  to 
whichKossiniowessomuchothisfame.  (Grove.)  Among 
his  operas  are  "Saflo,"  "Lodoiska,"  "Ginevra  di  Scozia," 
"lauso  e  Lidia, "  "  Medea,  ""Eosabiancae  Rosarossa, "  etc. 

Maysville  (maz'vil).  A  city,  capital  of  Mason 
County,  Kentucky,  situated  on  the  Ohio  52 
miles  southeast  of  Cincinnati.  It  has  an  im- 
portant tradeinhemp.  Po;pulation  (1900),  6,423. 
Mayta  Ccapac  (mi'ta  ka'pak).  Died  about 
1300  (according  to  Acosta  in  1255,  and  by  other 
accounts  about  1211).  The  fourth  Inoa  ruler 
of  Peru.  He  was  the  son  and  successor  of  Llo- 
que  Yupanqui,  and  made  few  conquests. 
Mazaca  (maz'a-ka).  The  ancient  name  of 
CsBsarea  (in  Cappadoeia). 
Mazade(ma-zad'),  Louis  Charles  Jean  Bobert 
de.  Born  at  Castel-Sarrazin,  Tarn-et-Garonne, 
in  1820:  died  at  Paris,  April  27, 1893.  A  French 
author,  editor,  and  critic,  member  of  the  Acad- 
emy 1882,  Among  his  works  are  "La  guerre  de  France 
1870-71,"  "M.  Thiers ;  cinquante ann^es d'histoire  contem- 
poraine,"  "L'Espagnemoderne,""L'Italiemoderne,"  "La- 
martine,  sa  vie  Utwraire  et  politique, "etc.  He  edited  the 
"  Correspondance  du  Mar^chal  Davout. " 
Mazamet  (ma-za-ma').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Tarn,  southern  France,  situated  on  the 
Arnette  50  miles  east  by  south  of  Toulouse. 
It  has  cloth  manufactures.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  14,361. 
Mazandaran  (ma-zen-de-r4n').  A  province  of 
Persia,  south  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  mostly  low 
coast-land,  about  200  miles  long  and  50  broad. 
Capital,  Sari.  Population,  300,000. 
MazariegOS  (ma-tha-re-a'gos),  Diego.  Bom  at 
Ciudad  de  la  Mancha  about  1495 :  died  after  1565. 
A  Spanish  soldier,  conqueror  of  Chiapas  (1524^ 
1529).  He  was  governor  of  Cuba  1556-65, 
Mazarin  (maz'a-rin;  F.  pron.  ma-za-ran') 
(properly  Mazarini),  Jules.  Bom  at  Piscina, 
Italy,  July  14, 1602 :  died  at  Vincennes,  France, 
March  9, 1661.  A  French  statesman.  Hewas  de- 
scended from  a  noble  Sicilian  family,  studied  ata  Jesuit  col- 
lege at  Rome  and  at  the  University  of  AlcalA,  and  in  1622 
entered  the  papal  military  service.  He  was  afterward  em- 
ployed in  various  diplomatic  missions,  and  attracted  the 
attention  of  Eichelieu,  at  whose  instance  he  entered  the 
French  service.  He  became  a  naturalized  Frenchman  in 
1639,  and  inl641wasmadeacardinalbythe  Pope  on  the  pres- 
entation of  Louis  Xni. ,  although  he  had  never  taken  any- 
thing but  minor  orders.  He  was  appointed  prime  minister 
on  the  death  of  Kiohelieu  in  1642,  and  was  retained  in  of- 
floe  by  the  queen  regent,  Anne  of  Austria,  after  the  death 
of  Louis  XIII.  in  1643.  He  continued  the  foreign  policy  of 
Elohelieu,  which  looked  to  the  abatement  of  the  power  of 


669 

the  house  of  Austria  by  interfering  in  favor  of  the  Protes- 
tants in  the  Thirty  Yeai's'  War,  and  which  resulted  in  com- 
plete success  at  the  peace  of  Westphalia  in  1648.  At  home 
his  policy  of  centralizing  all  administrative  authority  in  the 
crown  —  also  a  legacy  from  Richelieu  —  was  opposed  by 
the  nobles  and  the  Parliament  of  Paris,  and  gave  rise  to  the 
wars  of  the  Fronde  (which  see),  during  which  he  was  twice 
expelled  by  his  opponents  from  the  court  (1651-62  and 
1662-63).  In  1659 he  concluded  the  peace  of  the  Pyrenees, 
putting  an  end  to  the  hostilities  with  Spain  which  had 
sprung  up  during  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  and  securing  an 
increase  of  French  territory. 

Mazarin  Bible,  An  edition  of  the  Bible  printed 
by  Gutenberg  at  Mainz  in  1450-55,  being  the 
first  book  ever  printed  with  movable  types.  It 
is  so  named  because  the  first  known  copy  of  it  was  dis- 
covered in  the  Mazarin  library  at  Palis  in  1760. 

Mazarron  (ma-thar-ron' j.  A  town  in  the  prov-^ 
ince  of  Muroia,  Spain,  situated  near  the  Medi- 
terranean 30  miles  south  of  Murcia.  Population 
(1887),  16,445. 

Mazaruni  (ma-za-rS'ne),  or  Massaruni  (ma- 
sa-ro'ne).  Ariver  in  British  Guiana  which  joins 
the  Essequibo  about  45  miles  southwest  of 
Georgetown.    Length,  about  400  miles. 

Mazas  (ma-za').  A  prison  in  Paris,  situated  on 
the  Boulevard  Mazas,  opened  in  1850.  It  is  offi- 
cially called  Maison  d'ArrSt  Cellulaire,  having  renounced 
in  1858,  at  the  request  of  the  family  of  Mazas,  the  name  it 
had  hitherto  borne.  It  is  still,  however,  popularly  called 
the  Prison  Mazas. 

Mazatenango  (ma-tha-ta-nan'go).  A  town  of 
southwestern  Guatemala,  the  capital  of  themod- 
ern  department  of  Suchitepequez,  about  lat.  14° 
45'  N.,  long.  91°  30'  W.  it  was  a  stronghold  of  the 
Mames  Indians,  and  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1523. 
Population  (1898),6,970. 

Mazatlan  (ma-sat-ian').  [Nahuatl,  'place  of 
the  deer' ;  from  masatl,  a  deer.]  A  town  of  about 
12,000  inhabitants,  on  the  southern  coast  of  the 
Mexican  state  of  Sinaloa,  in  lat.  23°  10'  37"  N. 
The  town  has  been  besieged  a  numberof  times  in  the  course 
of  the  numerous  revolutions  of  Mexico.  In  1847  it  was 
taken  by  the  American  forces.  On  March  31, 1864,  the 
French  corvette  Cordellifere  attacked  the  port  and  was  re- 
pulsed, but  on  ITov.  13  of  the  same  year  a  French  fleet  cap- 
tured it  after  a  short  bombardment.  On  Nov.  13, 1866,  the 
Mexican  general  Corona  took  the  place  again.  It  is  the 
capital  of  the  district  of  the  same  name,  and  the  principal 
port  of  entry  for  the  state  of  Sinaloa. 

Maze  (maz),  Hippolyte,  Bom  at  Arras,  Nov. 
5, 1839 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  25, 1891.  A  French 
statesman  and  historian.  Hewas  elected  deputy  for 
Versaillesin  1879,  and  took  his  seat  with  the  republicanleft, 
and  was  reelected  in  1881.  He  was  noted  for  his  speeches 
on  public  education  and  mutual  benefit  associations.  He 
was  elected  senator  in  1886,  and  again  in  1891  at  the  head 
of  the  list  of  four.  Among  his  works  are  "Les  gouverne- 
ments  de  la  Frmce  du  XVIIe  au  XIXe  sifecle"  (1864),  "la 
r^publique  des  Etats  Unis,  etc. "  (1869),  "La  fin  de  la  revolu- 
tion, etc."  (1872),  "  La  lutte  centre  la  mis^re  "  (1883),  "  Les 
g6neraux  de  la  r^publique  "  (1889),  etc. 

Mazeppa  (ma-zep'a),  Ivan.  Bom  1644 :  died  at 
Bender,  1709.  A  Cossack  chief.  He  was  descended 
from  a  poor  but  noble  family  at  Mazepintzui  in  the 
palatinate  of  Podolia,  and  was  educated  as  a  page  at  the 
court  of  John  Casimir,  king  of  Poland.  Having  been  de- 
tected in  an  intrigue  with  a  Polish  lady  of  high  rank,  he 
was  by  order  of  the  injured  husband  bound  naked  on  the 
back  of  an  untamed  horse  from  the  Ukraine.  The  horse 
on  being  let  loose  galloped  oil  to  its  native  haunts,  where 
it  was  caught  by  some  Cossack  peasants.  Mazeppa  re- 
mained among  the  Cossacks,  whose  hetman  or  chief  he  be- 
came in  1687.  He  enjoyed  the  favor  of  Peter  the  Great, 
who  gave  him  the  title  of  Prince  of  the  Ukraine.  With  a 
view  to  making  himself  independent  of  Russia,  he  con- 
spired first  with  Stanislaus  Leszczynski  of  Poland,  and  af- 
terward with  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden.  Besieged  by  the 
Russians  in  his  capital  Baturin,  he  escaped  to  the  camp  of 
Charles  XII.,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Bender  after  the 
battle  of  Pultowa.  He  committed  suicide  by  taking  poison. 
Lord  Byron  made  him  the  subject  of  a  poem  in  1819. 

Maz^res.    See  Masires. 

Mazillier,  Bom  at  Marseilles  in  1797 :  died  at 
Paris  in  1868.  A  noted  French  dancer  and  com- 
poser of  ballets.  He  began  his  career  at  Bordeaux  in 
1820.  His  pantomime  was  noted  as  particularly  good. 
Among  his  ballets  (in  which  he  performed  at  the  Op^ra 
in  Paris)  are  "Le  diable  amoureux ,"  (1845),  "Le  diable  h 
quatre"  (1846),  "Le  corsaire"  (1856),  "Marco  Spada" 
(1857),  etc.  In  these  he  had  the  collaboration  of  PaulFou- 
cher,  St.-Georges,  Th^ophile  Gautier,  and  others. 

Mazuranic  (ma-zhS-ra'nioh),  Ivan.  Born  1814: 
died  1890.  A  Croatian  poet,  ban  of  Croatia 
1873-80.  Hisohief work isanepionationalpoem. 

Mazzara,-or  Mazzara  del  Vallo  (mat-sa'ra  del 
val'lo).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Trapani, 
Sicily,  53  miles  southwest  of  Palermo.  It  has  a 
cathedral  and  ruined  castle.  Population  (1881), 
13,074. 

Mazzarino  (mat-sa-re'no).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Caltanissetta,  Sicily,  47  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Catania.  Population  ( 1881),  12,964. 

Mazzini  (mat-se'ne),  G-iuseppe.  Bom  at  Genoa, 
June  28  (22  ?),  1805  (1808?) :  died  at  Pisa,  Italy, 
March  10,  1872.  An  Italian  patriot  and  revo- 
lutionist. He  graduated  at  the  University  of  Genoa  in 
1826,  became  a  member  of  the  bar  of  that  city,  and  joined 
the  Carbonari.  In  1830  he  was  arrested  by  the  authorities 
of  Piedmont  on  the  charge  of  conspiring  against  the  gov- 
ernment, but  after  an  imprisonment  of  six  months  was 


Meade,  Richard  Kidder 

released  for  want  of  sufficient  evidence  to  procure  a  con. 
viction.  He  thereupon  left  Italy  and  resided  successively 
at  Marseilles,  Paris,  and  London,  whence  he  conducted 
agitations  for  the  liberation  of  Italy.  He  founded  about 
1832  the  secret  revolutionary  society  of  "Young  Italy," 
whose  object  was  the  unification  of  Italy  under  a  repub- 
lican government.  He  returned  to  Italy  at  the  outbreak 
of  the  revolutionary  movements  of  1848,  and  in  1849  be- 
came a  member  of  the  triumvirate  in  the  short-lived  re- 
public at  Rome,  being  again  driven  into  exile  on  the  res- 
toration of  the  papal  government  (1849).  He  afterward 
organized  insurrections  in  Mantua  (1862),  Milan  (1863), 
and  Genoa  (1867),  but  played  a  subordinate  part  in  the 
movement  which  resulted  in  the  unification  of  Italy  (except 
Veniceand  the  Patriraonium  Petri)under Victor  Emmanuel 
in  1861.  UnwiUing  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  a 
monarchy,  he  remained  abroad.  In  1870  he  took  part  m 
an  insurrection  at  Palermo,  during  which  he  was  cap- 
tured.  He  was,  however,  released  by  the  general  am- 
nesty published  by  the  Italian  government  after  the  occu- 
pation of  Rome. 

Mazzola.    See  Parmigiano. 

Mazzolini  (mat-so-le'ne),  Lodovico.    Bom 

about  1481:  died  about  1530.  An  Italian  painter, 
the  most  noted  member  of  the  school  of  Fer- 
rara. 

Mazzuola.    See  Parmigiano. 

Mbamba  (mbam'ba).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola, 
West  Africa,  dwelling  between  the  Mbidiji  and 
Loji  rivers,  and  scattered  in  small  villages 
around  Malange.  The  Duke  of  Mbamba  was  one  of 
the  great  dignitaries  of  the  kingdom  of  Kongo.  The  mod- 
ern Mbamba  grow  coffee,  which  is  exported  via  Loanda 
andAmbriz:  the  Mbamba  of  Malange  are  carriers.  Their 
dialect  is  half  Eimbundu  and  half  Kongo. 

Mbangala  (mbang-ga'la),  or  Imbangala  (em- 
bang-ga'la).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West 
Africa,  dwelling  between  the  Kuangu  Eiver  and 
the  Tala  Mungongo  range :  also  called  Kasanji 
or  Cassange,  from  the  title  of  the  head  chief. 
The  dialect  is  Umbangala.  This  tribe  is  independent  and 
enterprising  in  trade,  but  fond  of  rum  and  quarrelsome. 

Mbayas  (mba-yas').  The  Guarany  and  Para- 
guayan name  for  the  Guayourus  Indians  and 
other  related  hordes  in  the  Chaco.  See  Chiay- 
ourus. 

Mbocobis.    See  Mocobis. 

Mbondo  (mbon'do).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola, 
West  Africa,  dwelling  to  the  northeast  of  Ma- 
lange. They  wear  skins,  are  in  a  lower  state  of  culture 
than  the  I^gola,  and  speak  a  dialect  of  Kimbundu. 

Mbuiyi  (mbwe'ye).     See  Sumbe. 

Mbunda  (mbon'da),  or  Mambunda  (mam-bon'- 
da).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  the  Barotse  kingdom,  in 
the  upper  Zambesi  valley,  often  comounded 
with  the  dominant  Barotse.  Theyare  strong  enough 
to  excite  fear,  and  in  1880  the  Barotse  weakened  them  by 
a  massacre. 

Mbundu  (mbon'do).  See  Kimbundu  and  JJm- 
bundu. 

Mdewakantonwan  (mda  -  wa'kan  -  ton  -  wan' ) . 
['Mysterious  lake  village.']  A  tribe  of  the 
Dakota  division  of  North  American  Indians: 
the  Mindawacarton  of  Lewis  and  Clark,  the 
original  Isanyati  or  Santee.  They  were  conspicu- 
ous in  the  Minnesota  outbreak,  under  the  leadership  of 
Little  Crow,  in  1862.  Most  of  them  are  farmers  in  Knox 
County,  Nebraska.    See  Dakota. 

Mead  (med),  Larkin  Groldsmith.     Bom  at 

Chesterfield,  N.  H.,  Jan.  3, 1835.  An  American 
sculptor.  He  went  to  Florence  in  1862,  where  he  resides. 
Among  his  works  are  a  colossal  statue  of  "  Vermont " 
(l867); "  Ethan  Allen  "  (1861),  at  Montpelier,,Vermont ; "  Lin- 
coln ''(1874),  at  Springfield,  Illinois ;  "Ethan  Allen"(1874), 
at  Washington  ;  etc.  He  has  also  executed  four  colossal 
groups  representing  the  different  branches  of  the  army  and 
navy  service. 

Mead,  Richard,  Bom  at  Stepney,  London,  Aug. 
11, 1673:  died  at  London,  Feb.  16,  1754.  An 
English  physician.  He  entered  the  University  of 
Utrecht  in  1689,  and  studied  under  Grsevius  for  three  years. 
In  1692  he  went  to  Leyden,  and  took  his  degree  of  M.D.  at 
Padua  in  1695.  He  was  made  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety in  1703.  In  1703  he  was  elected  physician  at  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital,  London,andin  the  same  year  discovered 
the  itch-mite.  He  became  the  most  popular  physician  of 
the  day,  and  a  famous  collector  of  books,  coins,  etc.  In 
1727  he  was  made  court  physician  to  George  II.  He  pub- 
lished "  De  Variolis  et  Morbilis"  (1747),  "  Monita  et  Prte- 
cepta  Medica  "  (1751).  He  is  best  known  as  the  friend  of 
Pope,  Johnson,  and  other  famous  men. 

Meade  (med),  George  Gordon.  Born  at  Cadiz, 
Spain,  Dec.  31, 1815 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
Nov.  6, 1872.  An  American  general.  He  graduated 
at  West  Point  in  1835,  served  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  a  brigade  of  volunteers  in 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
War  in  1861.  He  served  in  the  Peninsular  campaign,  and 
commanded  a  division  at  Antietam  and  a  division  at  Fred- 
ericksburg. He  succeeded  General  Hooker  as  commander 
of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  June  28, 1863,  and  defeated 
General  Lee  at  Gettysburg  July  1-3, 1863.  He  remained  in 
command  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  during  the  rest  of 
the  war.  He  was  promoted  major-general  in  the.regular 
army  Aug."  18, 1864  (having  held  a  corresponding  rank  in 
the  volunteer  service  sibce  1862). 

Meade,  Richard  ELidder.  Bom  in  Nansemond 
County,  Va.,  July  14,  1746:  died  in  Frederick 
(now  (Clarke)  County,  Va.,  Feb.,  1805.  An 
American  Kevolutionary  officer. 


Meadows,  Drinkwater 

Meadows  (med'oz),  Drinkwater.     Bom  in 

Yorkshire  or  Wales,  1799 :  died  at  Barnes,  June 
12, 1869.  An  English  aetor.  After  playing  in  pro- 
vincial theaters,  lie  made  his  first  appearance  in  London 
at  Covent  Garden  in  1821,  and  remained  there  until  1844, 
when  he  went  to  the  Lyceum,  and  later  to  the  Princess's. 

Meadows,  Sir  Philip.  Born  at  Chattisham,  Suf- 
folk, 1626 :  died  Sept.  16, 1718.  An  English  diplo- 
matist. He  graduated  at  Cambridge,  and  in  Oct,  1663, 
relieved  Milton  as  Latin  secretary  to  Cromwell's  council. 
In  1666  he  represented  Cromwell  at  Lisbon  at  the  ratifica- 
tion ol  the  Anglo-Portuguese  treaty.  In  1667  he  was  sent 
as  envoy  to  Frederick  IIL  of  Denmarif,  and  afterward 
acted  as  negotiator  between  Sweden  and  Poland.  In  1668 
he  was  knighted  and  made  ambassador  to  Sweden.  At  the 
Restoration  he  retired,  and  in  1677  published  "A  Narra- 
tive of  the  Principal  Actions  occurring  in  the  Wars  betwixt 
Sueden  and  Denmark,"  and  in  1689  "  Observations  concern- 
ing the  Dominion  and  Sovereignty  of  the  Seas."  At  the 
KevolQtiou  (1688)  he  was  restored  to  favor,  and  in  1692  was 
appointed  commissioner  for  taking  public  accounts. 

Meadville  (med'YU).  A  oitjr,  capital  of  Craw- 
ford County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  French 
Creek  84  miles  north  of  Pittsburg,  ithasflourish- 
ing  manufactures  (of  iron  and  woolens)  and  trade,  and  is 
the  seat  of  Allegheny  College  (Methodist  Episcopal)  and  of 
a  Unitarian  theological  seminary.    Pop.  (1900),  10,291. 

Meagher  (ma'ner),  Thomas  Francis.  Born  at 
Waterford,  Ireland,  Aug.  3, 1823 :  drowned  near 
Port  Benton,  Montana,  July  1, 1867.  An  Irish- 
American  general,  in  1844  he  became  an  orator  of 
the  Irish  repeal  association,  andforadvocatinginsurrection 
was  dubbed  "Meagher  of  the  Sword  "  by  Thackeray.  In 
July,  1848,  he  was  appointed  to  the  war  directory  of  the 
Irish  Confederation.  He  was  arrested  Aug.  13, 1848,  and 
transported  to  Van  Diemen's  Land  in  July,  1849.  He  es- 
caped to  New  York  in  1862,  where  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1856.  In  1861  he  entered  the  Federal  army,  orga- 
nized the  Irish  Brigade,  and  was  made  brigadier-general 
Feb.  3, 1862.  He  fought  in  the  first  and  second  battles  of 
Bull  Hun,  in  the  Seven  Days'  Battles  before  Bichmond,  at 
Antietam,  at  Fredericksburg,  and  at  Chancellorsville,  re- 
signing in  May,  1863.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  became 
secretary  (1866)  and  governor  (1866)  of  Montana,  where  he 
died.  With  John  Savage  he  published  "Speeches  on  the 
legislative  Independence  of  Ireland,  etc."  (1863).  He  also 
wrote  "Recollections  of  Ireland  and  the  Irish,    etc. 

Meal-Tub  Plot.  Apretendedeonspiracy  against 
the  Protestants,  fabricated  by  Dangerfield  in 
1679 :  so  named  because  the  papers  were  kept 
in  a  meal-tub.  Dangerfield  subsequently  con- 
fessed, and  was  whipped  and  pilloried. 

Meander.    See  Mxander. 

Meanee.    See  Miani. 

Mearns,  The.    See  Kincardine. 

Measure  for  Measure.  A  comedy  by  Shakspere, 
first  acted  in'  1604,  printed  in  1623.  The  play  is 
founded  on  Whetstone's  "Promos  and  Cassandra "(1682); 
the  story  had  previously  appeared  as  the  SSthnovel  in  Cin- 
thio's  "Hecatommithi.''  Davenant  produced  an  alteration 
of  "Measure  for  Measure  "  in  1662,  called  "Law  against 
Lovers,"  in  which  he  introduced  Benedick  and  Beatrice. 
It  was  again  recast  by  0ildon,  and  produced  in  1700  with 
the  second  title  of  "Beauty  the  Best  Advocate." 

Meath  (meth).  A  maritime  county  of  Leinster, 
Ireland.  Capital,  Trim,  it  is  bounded  by  Cavan  and 
Honaghan  on  the  north,  Louth  on  the  northeast,  the  Irish 
Sea  on  the  east  Dublin  on  the  southeast,  Kildare  on  the 
south,  King's  County  on  the  southwest,  and  Westmeath  on 
the  west  The  surface  is  level  and  undulating.  Area,  906 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  76,987. 

Meaux  (mo) .  A  town  in  the  department  of  Seine- 
et-Mame,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Marne  27 
miles  east  by  north  of  Paris.  Its  cathedral,  begun 
In  the  12th  century,  has  a  very  beautiful  choir  of  early- 
Pointed  work,  and  a  nave  109  feet  high.  Bossnet  was 
bishop  of  Meaux.  It  was  the  scene  of  disorders  in  the  war 
of  the  Jacquerie  (1368)  and  in  the  religious  wars  (16th  cen- 
tury).   Population  (1891),  commune,  12,833. 

Mehsuta  (meb-so'ta).  [Ar.  al-mel>s4tahj  the 
outstretched  (sc.  arm).]  The  third-magnitude 
star  e  Geminorum.  On  some  globes  and  maps 
it  is  written  Meboula.  Neither  name  is  in  very 
common  use. 

Mecca  (mek'a).  The  capital  of  Arabia,  and  the 
most  sacred'city  of  the  Mohammedan  world, 
as  the  birthplace  of  Mohammed  and  thesite  of 
the  Kaaba.  It  is  situated  in  a  sandy  vaUeyTrOmffes 
from  the  Red  Sea,  about  lat  21"  26'  N. ,  long.  40°  16'  E.  Its 
principal  building  is  the  Great  Mosque,  Masjiiu  l-Harami, 
in  the  center  of  which  is  the  Kaaba  (which  see).  Every 
Moslem  is  bound  to  undertake  once  in  his  life  a  pilgrimage 
to  Mecca,  and  in  the  rites  performed  on  this  occasion  are 
included  the  circuit  around  the  Kaaba  and  the  Idssing  of 
the  black  stone.  Mecca  is  now  governed  by  a  sherif ,  who 
is  chosen  by  the  people  from  the  descendants  of  the 
prophet  but  holds  his  authority  from  the  Turkish  sultan. 
Mecca  was  sacked  by  the  Carmathians  in  930,  and  passed 
to  the  Turks  in  1517.  Population,  about  60,000.  See  He- 
dina. 

Mechain  (ma-shan'),  Pierre  Francois  Andr6. 
Born  at  Laon,  Prance,  Aug.  16,  1744:  died  at 
Castellon  de  la  Plana,  Spain,  Sept.  20, 1804.  A 
French  astronomer,  best  known  as  an  observer 
particularly  of  comets,  of  iphich  he  discovered  a 
number.  He  was  employed  in  measuring  the  arc  of  the 
meridian  between  Dunkirk  and  Barcelona. 

Mechanicsville  (me-kan'iis-vil).  A  place  in 
Virginia,  7  miles  north  by  east  of  Eiohmond. 
B.eie,  June  26, 1862,  a  part  of  McCleUan's  army  under  Fitz 


670 

John  Porter  defeated  a  part  of  Lee's  under  Longstreet  and 
A.  P.  Hill.  This  is  also  called  battle  of  Beaver  Dam  Creek, 
and  formed  part  of  the  Seven  Days'  Battles. 

Mechant  (ma-shon'),  Le.  [P.,  'The  Wicked 
One.']  A  comedy  by  De  Gtresset,  produced  in 
Paris  in  1745.  Villemain  says  it  is  the  ezaqjb  refiection 
of  the  salons  of  the  18th  century.  The  hero  perhaps  might 
more  properly  be  called  a  rou& 

Mechi  (mek'i),  John  Joseph.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, May  22, 1802 :  died  Dec,  1880.  An  English 
agricultural  reformer. 

Mechitar.    See  Mekhitar. 

Mechitarists.    See  Mekhitarists. 

Mechlin  (mek'lin;  D.  pron.  mech'lin).  [Flem. 
Mechelen,  G.  Mecheln,  F.  Malmes.'\  A  city  in 
the  provinoe  of  Antwerp,  Belgium,  situated  on 
the  Dyle  13  miles  north-northeast  of  Brussels. 
It  is  a  railway  center,  and  still  has  manufactures  of  Mech- 
lin lace  (formerly  very  important).  The  archbishop  is  the 
priiiiate  of  Belgium.  The  cathedral  was  built  chiefly  in  the 
13th  century,  but  in  considerable  partrebuUt  inthe  14th  and 
15th,  in  consequence  of  a  fire.  The  choir  is  unusually  rich. 
The  pulpit,  carved  in  wood,  embodies  a  group  represent^ 
ing  the  Conversion  of  St  Paul,  flanked  by  Adam  and  Eve, 
and  having  above  St  John  and  the  holy  women  beneath 
the  cross.  There  are  a  number  of  fine  paintings,  includ- 
ing a  notable  Crucifixion  by  Vandyck.  The  massive  west 
tower  is  324  feet  high.  The  church  is  306  feet  long  and  89 
high.  The  Tribunal,  several  works  of  art  and  old  build- 
ings are  also  notable.  Mechlin  was  under  the  rule  of  the 
bishops  of  Li^ge  from  the  10th  century  to  1333,  and  passed 
later  to  Brabant  and  Burgundy.    Population  (1893),  62,693. 

Mechlin  (mek'lin).  The  name  under  which 
Charles  Macklin  made  his  first  appearance  at 
Drury  Lane  as  Captain  Brazen,  Oct.  31, 1738. 

Mechoacan.    See  Michoacan. 

Mecklenburg  (mek'len-boro) .  A  land  in  north- 
ern Germany,  lying  along  the  Baltic  Sea:  it  is 
divided  into  Mecklenburg-Sohwerin  and  Meok- 
lenburg-Strelitz . 

Mecklenburg  (mek'len-b6rg)  Declaration  of 
Independence.  A  declaration  of  independence 
of  England,  said  to  have  been  made  at  (Charlotte, 
North  Carolina,  by  the  citizens  of  Mecklenburg 
County,  North  Carolina,  May  20  or  31,  1775. 

Mecklenburg-Schwerin  (mek'len-borG-shva- 
ren').  A  grand  duchy,  a  state  of  the  German 
Empire.  Capital,  Sehwerin.  It  is  bounded  by  the 
Baltic  on  the  north,  Pomerania  and  Mecldenburg-Strelitz 
on  the  east,  Brandenburg  and  Hannover  on  the  south,  and 
Liibeck,  Ratzeburg,  and  Schleswig-Holstein  on  the  west. 
It  comprises  also  a  few  enclaves.  The  surface  is  generally 
level.  Thechiefoccupationisagriculture.  Thegovemment 
isaconstitutionalhereditarymonarchy(peasantry  unrepre- 
sented), with  2  members  in  theBundesrat  and6  members  in 
the  Reichstag.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Protestant.  Meck- 
lenburg was  early  peopled  by  Slavs ;  was  conquered  by  the 
Germans  in  1160 ;  and  was  made  a  duchy  in  1348.  The 
region  was  variously  divided,  finally  into  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin  and  Mecklenburg-Strelitz  in  1701.  Mecklen- 
burg-Schwerin joined  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  in 
1808;  became  a  grand  duchy  in  1815;  joined  the  Ger- 
manic Confederation  in  1B15 ;  abolished  serfdom  in  1820  ; 
was  the  scene  of  an  unsuccessful  agitation  to  change  the 
feudal  conditions  in  1848;  sided  with  Prussia  in  1866; 
and  joined  the  North  German  Confederation  in  1867,  and 
the  new  German  Empire  in  1871.  Area,  5,135  square 
miles.    Population  (1900),  607,770. 

Mecklenburg-Strelitz  (mek '  len  -  bSro  -  stra  '- 
Uts).  Agrand  duchy,  one  of  the  states  of  the  Ger- 
manEmpire.  Capital,Neustrelitz.  Itcomprisestwo 
divisions :  Stargard,  lying  east  of  Mecldenburg-Schwerin 
andnorthwest  of  Brandenburg  ;andRatzeburg,  lyinguorth- 
west  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin.  The  surface  is  nearly 
level.  The  chief  occupation  is  agriculture.  The  govern- 
ment is  a  constitutional  hereditary  monarchy  (general  con- 
ditions as  in  Mecklenburg-Schwerin),  with  1  member  in  the 
Bundesrat  and  1  in  the  Reichstag.  The  prevailing  reli- 
gion is  Protestant.  It  became  a  separate  duchyin  1701,  and 
adopted  the  constitution  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin  in  1765. 
Its  later  history  is  generally  the  same  as  that  of  Mecklen- 
burg-Schwerin. Area,  1,131  square  miles.  Population 
(1900),  102,602. 

Medal,  The.  A  satire  by  Dryden,  which  ap- 
peared in  1682. 

Medamothi  (me-da-mo-te').  An  island  in  Ba- 
belais's  "Life  of  Gargantua  and  Pantagruel." 
"Thus,  the  firstplace  touched  at  (chap,  iv.)  is  the  island  of 
Medamothi  (fujSiifiofli,  Nowhere);  and  in  the  account  of  the 
rarities  with  which  this  country  abounds,  the  improbable 
fictions  of  travellers  are  ridiculed."  DuiUop,  Hist.  Prose 
Fiction,  II.  306. 

Meddle  (med'l).  In  Dion  Boucicault's  comedy 
"London  Assurance,"  a  pettifogging  lawyer. 

Medea  (me-de'a).  [6r.  M^fca.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, a  sorceress,  daughter  of  .Sletes,  king  of 
the  Colchians,  and  wif  e  of  J^son.  'When  Jason  came 
with  the  Argonauts  (see  Jason)toobtain  the  Golden  Fleece, 
Medea  aided  him  by  her  magic  arts,  and  escaped  with  him 
to  Corinth,  where,  ten  years  later,  she  murdered  Creusa  or 
Glance,  daughter  of  King  Creon,  for  whom  Jason  had  de- 
termined to  abandon  her.  Fi'om  Corinth  she  fled  to  Athens, 
and  married  ^geus  (father  of  Theseus),  by  whom  she  had 
a  son,  Medus,  regarded  by  the  Greeks  as  the  ancestor  of 
the  Medes.  Having  plotted  against  the  life  ol  Th  eseus,  she 
was  obliged  to  flee,  and  finally  returned  to  Colchis. 

Medea.  1.  Aplay  by  Euripides.  Seethe  extract. 

The  "Medea  "came  out  in  431 E.  0.  along  with  the  poet's 
"Philoctetes,""Dic(7S,"and  the  satyric  "Reapers  '  (the 
last  was  early  lost).  It  was  based  upon  a  play  of  Neo- 
phron's, and  only  obtained  the  tbu:d  prize,  Euphorion 


Media 

being  first  and  Sophocles  second.  It  may  accordingly  be 
-regarded  as  a  failure  in  its  day— an  opinion  appaiently 
confirmed  by  the  faults  (viz.,  iEgeus  and  the  winged 
chariot)^selected  from  it  as  specimens  in  Aristotle's  "Po- 
etic. "  There  is  considerable  evidence  of  there  being  a  sec- 
ond edition  of  the  play,  and  many  of  the  variants,  or 
Bo-called  interpolations,  seem  to  arise  from  both  versions 
being  preserved  and  confused.  Nevertheless,  there  was 
no  play  of  Euripides  more  praised  and  imitated  by  both 
Romans  and  moderns. 

Mahaffy,  Hist  of  Classical  Greek  Lit,  I.  329. 

2.  A  tragedy  by  Seneca,  written  in  the  1st  cen- 
tury. It  was  inspired  by  Euripides,  but  is  not  a  slavish 
translation.  John  Studley  translated  this  for  the  English 
stage  (1666). 

3.  A  tragedy  by  Richard  Glover,  published  in 
1'761. — 4.  -An  opera  by  Mayr,  produced  in  1812. 
— 5.  See  MiMe. 

M^decin  malgr^  lui  (mad-san'  mal-gra'  liie), 
Le.  [P., 'The Doctor  in  Spite  of  Himself.']  A 
farce-comedy  by  Molifere,  produced  in  1666.  The 
story  is  taken  from  a  fabliau  of  the  middle  ages, ' '  Le  vilain 
mire."  (See  Sganaretle.)  Gounod  wrote  music  for  an  adap- 
tation of  this  comedy,  and  it  was  produced  in  1868  in  Pans. 
It  was  brought  out  as  "  The  Mock  Doctor  "  in  England  in 
1866.  Mrs.  Centlivre's  "  Love's  Contrivance  "  (1703)  is  made 
from  "Le  m^decin  malgr^  lui"  and  "Le  mariage  toici." 

M^decin  Volant  (mad-san'  v6-lon'),  Le.  [P., 
'  The  Plying  Doctor.']  An  early  comedy  of  Mo- 
li6re,  in  the  Italian  style,  acted  in  1659.  Parts 
of  it  were  afterward  incorporated  in  "Le  m^decin  malgr6 
lui"  and  "L'Amour  mMecin." 

M6d^e  (ma-da').  1.  A  tragedy  by  La  Peruse, 
played  in  1553.  It  was  the  second  tragedy  played 
in  Prance. —  2.  A  tragedy  by  Pierre  Comeille, 
played  in  1635 : ' '  incomparably  the  best  French 
tragedy  up  to  its  date"  (Saintsbury). —  3.  Alyric 
tragedy  by  Thomas  Comeille,  with  music  by 
Charpentier,  produced  in  1693. — 4.  .An  opera 
by  Cherubini,  produced  in  1797.  The  words  are 
by  Hoffman. —  5.  AtragedybyLegouv6,  played 
in  1855. 

Medellin  (ma-del-yen').  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Badajoz,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Guadiana  53  miles  east  of  Badajoz.  it  was  the 
birthplace  of  Cortes.  Here,  March  28, 1809,  the  French 
under  Victor  defeated  the  Spaniards. 

Medellin.  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Antioquia,  Colombia,  about  40  miles  southeast 
of  Antioquia.    Population,  about  40,000. 

Medelpaa(ma'del-pad).  A  territory  in  the  laen 
(province)  of  Westemorrland,  Sweden. 

Medes  (medz).  [Gr.  M^doj.]  The  inhabitants 
of  Media.    See  the  extract,  and  Media. 

Madai  are  the  Medes,  the  Madfl  of  the  Assyrians.  We 
first  hear  of  them  in  the  cuneiform  records  under  the  name 
of  Amad4,  about  B.  c.  840,  when  their  country  was  invaded 
by  the  Assyrian  monarch.  They  were  at  that  time  settled 
in  the  Kurdish  Mountains,  considerably  to  the  east  of  Lake 
Urumiyeh.  Some  fifty  years  later,  however,  we  find  tliem 
in  Media  Rhagiana,  where  they  are  called  no  longer  Amad& 
but  MadA.  It  was  from  the  latter  form  of  the  name  that 
the  Greeks  took  the  familiar  "Mede."  The  Medes  proper 
were  an  Aryan  people  who  claimed  relationship  to  the 
Aryans  of  northern  India  and  the  Aryan  populations  of 
Europe,  and  one  of  the  tribes  belonging  to  them  was  that 
of  the  Persians,  who  had  established  themselves  further 
south,  on  the  eastern  shores  of  the  Persian  Gulf.  But  in 
classical  times  the  older  inhabitants  of  the  regions  into 
which  the  Medes  migrated  were  classed  along  with  them 
under  the  general  title  of ' '  Medes, "  so  that  the  name  ceased 
to  be  distinctive  of  race.     Sayce,  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  45. 

Medford  (med'ford).  A  city  in  Middlesex 
County,  Massacliusetts,  situated  on  Mystic 
Kiver  5  miles  northwest  of  Boston :  the  seat  of 
Tufts  College  (non-sectarian).  Population 
(1900),  18,244. 

Medhurst  (med'hferst),  Walter  Henry.  Bom 
at  London,  1796:  died  at  Loudon,  Jan.  24, 1857. 
An  English  missionary  in  China  and  the  East 
Indies,  and  Sinologist.  He  translated  the  Bible  into 
Chinese ;  edited  the  "  Chinese  Repository  "  (1838-51) ;  and 
published  "A  Chinese-English  Dictionary  "  (1842-43),  "An 
English-Chinese  Dictionary"  (1847-48),  "China:  its  State 
and  Prospects  "  (1838),  etc. 

Media  (me'di-a).  [Gr.Miydto.]  An  ancient  coun- 
try comprising  the  northwest  of  the  Iranian 
highland,  extending  from  the  Caspian  Sea  to 
the  Araxes.  it  was  bounded  on  the  northeast  by  Hyr- 
oania,  on  the  east  by  Parthia,  on  the  south  by  Susiana- 
Persia,  and  nearly  corresponded  to  the  modern  Persian 
provinces  Azerbaijan,  Ardilan,  and  Irak- Ajemi.  Later  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  country  was  called  Great  Media, 
and  the  northwestern,  or  Atropatene,  Little  Media.  The 
Medes  (Hebrew  and  Assyrian  Madai,  Old  Persian  JUada) 
are  enumerated  in  Genesis  x.  2  as  among  the  descendants 
of  Japhet ;  and  they ,  together  with  the  Persians,  constituted 
the  most  important  and  powerful  Aryan  population  in 
western  Asia,  It  is  assumed  that  the  country  was  origi- 
nally settled  by  another  (perhaps  Turanian)  tribe,  and  that 
the  Medes  gradually  advanced  from  the  northeast  to  the 
west  and  southwest.  Media  came  into  contact  with  Assyria 
at  least  as  early  as  Ramannirari  III.  (811-782  B.  c),  who 
mentions  Media  as  a  conquered  and  tributary  land.  Tiglath- 
Pileser  III.  was  the  first  Assyrian  king  who  annexed 
Median  territory;  and  Sargou  transplanted  Israeiitish  war 
captives  to  Median  cities,  and  claims  in  his  annals  of  712 
B.  c.  to  have  received  tribute  from  46  Median  chiefs. 
Sennacherib  also  received  tribute  from  the  Medes.  Un. 
der  Esarhaddon  the  Medes  entered  into  alliance  with  the 


Media 

Mlneans  (see  Armenia)  and  the  Cimmerians  against  As- 
syria, apparently  witliout  success.  But  from  that  time  the 
Medea  grew  more  united  and  more  powerlul  against  tyran- 
nical Assyria.  The  Median  kings  ol  this  period  axe,  accord- 
ing to  Herodotus,  Deioces  (about  700-647),  Phraortes  (647- 
626),  and  Cyaxares  (625-586).  The  first  Median  expedition 
against  Assyria  was  undertaken  by  Phraortes,  and,  accord- 
ing to  Herodotus,  ended  with  the  complete  defeat  of  the 
Medes  and  the  death  of  Phraortes.  Cyaxares  repeated  the 
undertaking,  and  defeated  the  Assyrian  army.  The  attack 
on  the  Assyrian  capital,  Nineveh,  was  delayed  for  a  while 
in  consequence  of  the  invasion  of  the  Scythians.  After 
these  were  driven  out,  the  Medes,  in  alliance  with  the 
Babylonians  under  14'ahopalassar,  advanced  once  more 
against  Nineveh,  and  brought  about  its  downfall  (608  or 
606  B.  c).  In  the  division  of  the  Assyrian  empire,  Assyria 
proper  and  Mesopotamia  as  far  as  Haran  fell  to  Media, 
which,  however,  could  not  develop  into  a  world's  emphe 
on  account  of  the  rise  of  the  new  Babylonian  empire  un- 
der Nabopolassar  and  Nebuchadnezzar.  Even  the  inde- 
pendence of  Media  was  ol  but  short  duration,  for  Astyages 
(586-649)  lost  in  649  his  crown  to  Cyrus. '  Alter  that  the 
late  ol  Media  was  bound  up  in  that  ol  Persia.  Still  it  seems 
to  have  preserved  a  kind  ol  independence  or  particularism 
while  united  to  Persia.  Thus,  the  Old  Testament  writings 
speak  of  an  empire  of  "  the  Persians  and  Medes."  Only 
the  Book  of  Daniel  seems  to  assume  the  existence  of  a 
Median  empire  between  the  last  Babylonian  king,  Nabonl- 
duB  (Belshazzar),  and  Cyrus.  Alter  the  destruction  of  the 
f  ersian  empire,  Media  fell,  in  the  division  of  Alexander's 
empire,  to  Seleucus,  the  founder  of  the  Syrian  monarchy, 
and  later  to  the  Parthian  empire.  Since  the  Mohamme- 
dan conquest,  the  name  of  Media  has  given  place  to  that 
ol  Irak  (Arjaka),  also  Irak-Ajemi  (Persian)  to  distinguish 
it  from  the  Arabic  or  Babylonian  Irak.  The  old  Medes 
were,  according  to  the  classical  writers,  a  warlike  people : 
in  Isa.  xiii.  they  are  described  as  hard  and  cruel.  The 
religion  ol  the  Medes  was,  according  to  Strabo(XV.  7, 32), 
the  same  as  that  of  the  Persians,  i.  e.  dualism.  They 
worshiped,  besides  the  sun-god  Mitboras,  the  moon,Venus, 
Are,  the  earth,  winds,  and  water.  The  oldest  capital  ol 
Media  was  Kha^gse,  on  the  site  ol  modern  Teheran.  Deioces 
moved  the  capital  to  Ecbatana,  lounded  by  himself,  in  the 
western  part  of  the  country,  which  remained  the  summer 
residence  of  the  Persian  and  Parthian  kings.  To  Media 
belonged  also  Behistun  (Baghastana,  'place  ol  the  gods'), 
which  became  lamous  through  the  great  trilingual  cunei- 
lorm  inscription  discovered  there. 

Median  Wall  (me'di-an  w&l).  [L.  Mediee  mu- 
rus.']  In  ancient  history,  a  wall  north  of  Baby- 
lon, extending  from  the  Tigris  to  the  Euphrates, 
■built  as  a  defense  of  Babylonia. 

Mediasch  (ma'de-ash).  A  town  in  the  county 
of  Nagy-Kiiklillo,  Transylvania,  situated  on  the 
river  Nagy-Kiikiillo  26  miles  north-northeast  of 
Hermannstadt.  It  has  a  trade  in  wine.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  6,766. 

Medicean  Stars  (med-itse'an  starz).  The  name 
given  by  Galileo,  in  honor  of  the  Medici,  to  the 
satellites  of  Jupiter  discovered  by  him. 

Medici  (med'e-che  or  ma'de-ohe).  [It.,  'physi- 
cians.'] An  Italian  family  which  formerly  ruled 
inFlorence  andTusoany,celebratedf  orthe  num- 
ber of  statesmen  which  it  produced,  and  for  its 
patronage  of  art  and  letters,  its  origin  is  uncer- 
tain. The  first  member  ol  the  lamily  to  play  a  part  in  his- 
tory was  Silvestro  de"  Medici,  who  took  part  in  the  revolt 
ol  the  Ciompi  in  1378.  Giovanni  de'  Medici  (died  1429) 
amassed  a  large  lortune  as  a -banker,  and  became  the 
founder  ol  the  political  greatness  ol  the  lamily.  He  ruled 
the  city  by  means  ol  his  wealth,  without  holding  office. 
He  lelt  two  sons  Cosmo  (1389-1464)  and  lorenzo  (1395- 
1440),  each  ol  whom  became  the  lounder  of  a  branch  line 
of  the  family.  T^e  elder  branch,  descended  from  Cosmo, 
ruled  in  Florence  until  its  extinction  in  1637,  except  dur- 
ing two  periods  when  it  was  in  exile  (1494-1512  and  1627- 
1630).  Its  rule  was  exercised  under  the  forms  of  republi- 
can institutions  down  to  about  1631,  when  Alessandro  de' 
Medici  was  made  hereditary  duke  of  Morence  by  the  em- 
peror. Among  the  notable  members  ol  this  branch  were 
Cosmo  the  Elder,  Lorenzo  the  Magnificent,  and  the  popes 
Leo  X.  and  Clement  VII.  The  elder  branch  became  ex- 
tinct at  the  death  ol  Alessandro  in  1537.  He  was  succeeded 
as  duke  ol  Morence  by  Cosmo  I.,  who  represented  the 
younger  branch  ol  the  lamily,  descended  from  Lorenzo. 
Cosmo  I.  obtained  possession  of  Siena  and  its  territories, 
and  in  1669  received  the  title  of  grand  duke  of  Tuscany 
from  the  Pope,  although  the  imperial  confirmation  was 
first  received  by  his  successor  Francesco  I.  in  1676.  The 
younger  branch  ruled  as  grand  dukes  ol  Tuscany  until  its 
extinction  at  the  death  ol  Giovan  Gastone  de'  Medici  in 
1737. 

Medici,  Alessandro  de'.  Assassinated  Jan.  5, 
1537.  First  duke  of  Florence,  illegitimate  son 
of  Lorenzo  (1492-1519).  in  1623  the  head  of  the  Me- 
dici at  Florence,  Cardinal  Giulio,  became  pope  under  the 
title  ol  Clement  VII.  He  appointed  his  nephews  Alessan- 
dro and  Ippolito  joint  rulers  ol  Florence  in  his  place  un- 
der the  regency  ol  Cardinal  Silvio  Passerini.  In  1627  the 
populace  expelled  Isoth  Alessandro  and  Ippolito ;  but  in 
1631  the  former,  who  had  married  Margaret  ol  Austria, 
natural  daughter  ol  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  was  restored 
hy  his  lather-in-law  and  made  hereditary  duke  of  Florence, 
the  Medici  having  till  that  time  exercised  power  under  the 
forms  of  republican  institutions. 

Medici,  Catharine  de*.  See  Catharine  0^  Me- 
dici. 

Medici,  Cosmo  or  Cosimo  de',  sumamed  "  The 
Elder/'  Bom  1389:  died  Aug.  1,  1464.  A  Flor- 
entine banker,  statesman,  and  patron  of  liter- 
ature, son  of  Giovanni  de'  Medici  (died  1429). 
He  inherited  his  iEather's  vast  lortune,  and,  like  him,  prac- 
tically ruled  the  republic  through  his  skill  in  securing  the 
elevation  of  his  own  creatures  to  the  chief  offices  m  the 
commonwealth.    He  was  expelled  with  his  whole  family 


671 

by  the  rival  family  of  the  Alblzzi  in  1433,  but  returned  in 
1434.  He  was  a  magnificent  patron  of  art  and  literature, 
and  his  palace  became  an  asylum  for  Greek  scholars  exiled 
by  the  fall  of  Constantinople  in  1453. 

Medici,  Cosmo  or  Cosimo  de',  called  "The 
Great."  Born  1519 :  died  1574.  Grand  Duke  of 
Tuscany,  son  of  Giovanni  de' Medici  (1498-1526). 
He  represented  the  younger  branch  of  the  Medici,  de- 
scended from  Lorenzo  de'-Medici  (1396-1440),  and  became 
duke  ol  Florence  on  the  extinction  of  the  elder  branch  in 
1637.  He  conquered  Siena  in  1565,  and  had  the  title  of 
grand  duke  of  Tuscany  conferred  on  him  by  the  Pope  in 
1569.    See  Medvsi. 

Medici,  Ferdinand  I.  de'.  Bom  about  1549 : 
died  1609.  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany  1587-1609, 
yotmger  son  of  Cosmo  the  Great.  He  succeeded 
his  brother  Francesco  I. 

Medici, FrancescoI.de'.  Boml541:  diedl587. 
Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany  1574^87,  son  of  Cosmo 
the  Great  whom  he  succeeded. 

Medici,  Giovanni  de'.  Died  1429.  A  Floren- 
tine merchant.  He  amassed  an  immense  lortune,  and 
by  his  adroitness  in  procuring  the  elevation  of  his  crea- 
tures to  the  chief  offices  became  virtual  ruler  ol  the  repub- 
lic. He  left  two  sons  Cosmo  (1389-1464)  and  Lorenzo  (1396- 
1440),  who  became  the  founders  ol  the  elder  and  younger 
branches  of  the  Medici  respectively. 

Medici,  Griovanni  de'.    See  Leo  X. 

Medici,  Giovanni  de',  called  "Giovanni  delle 

Bande  JSTere."   Bom  1498 :  kUled  in  battle,  1526. 

An  Italian  general.    He  was  a  descendant  ol  Lorenzo 

de'  Medici  (1396-1440),  lounder  ol  the  younger  branch  ol 

the  Medici. 

Medici,  Giulio  de'.    See  Clement  Til. 
Medici,  Ippolito  de'.    Bom  1511 :  died  1535. 

An  Italian  cardinal,  grandson  (illegitimate)  of 

Lorenzo  the  Magnificent. 
Medici,  Lorenzo  de',  sumamed  "n  Magnifieo" 

('the  Magnificent').  Bomaboutl449:  died  April 

8, 1492.    AoelebratedFlorentine  statesman  and 

Satron  of  letters,  grandson  of  Cosmo  the  Elder, 
n  the  death  ol  his  lather  Piero  in  1469,  he  succeeded  to 
the  immense  wealth  and  political  power  ol  his  lamily  con- 
jointly with  a  younger  brother  Giuliano.  The  latter  was 
assassinated  by  a  rival  family,  the  Pazzi,  in  1478,  leaving 
Lorenzo  sole  ruler  of  Florence.  Like  his  predecessors,  he 
governed  the  republic  without  any  title,  merely  by  a  free 
use  ol  his  wealth  and  by  his  adroitness  in  procuring  the 
elevation  ol  his  own  creatures  to  the  chiel  offices  in  the 
state. 

Medici,  Lorenzo  de'.  Bom  1492 :  died  1519. 
Duke  of  Urbino,  grandson  of  Lorenzo  de'  Me- 
dici (the  Magnificent).  He  became  the  head  ol  the 
republic  of  Florence  on  the  elevation  of  his  uncle  to  the 
papal  chair  under  the  title  of  Leo  X.  in  1613,  and  in  1616 
was  appointed  by  the  latter  duke  of  Urbino. 

Medici,  Maria  de'.    See  Maria  d^  Medici. 

Medicine  Bow  Mountains.  A  chain  of  the 
Eoeky  Mountains,  in  northern  Colorado  and 
southern  Wyoming. 

Medill  (me-dil'),  Joseph.  Bom  at  St.  John, 
New  Brunswick,  April  6,  1823:  died  at  San 
Antonio,  Texas,  March  16, 1899.  An  American 
journalist.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1848,  but 
abandoned  law  and  took  up  journalism  about  1849.  In 
1865  he  became  connected  with  the  Chicago  "Tribune," 
of  which  he  obtained  control  in  1874. 

Medina  (me-de'na),  Ar.  Medinat-Easul- Allah 
(me-de'nat-ra-sol'al'la),  or  Medinat-el-iRabi 
(me-de'nat-el-ra'be).  A  city  in  Hedjaz,  Ara- 
bia, the  second  holy  city  of  the  Mohammedans, 
situated  about  lat.  24°  30'  N.,  long.  40°  B. :  the 
ancient  Yathrib,  called  by  Ptolemy  Lathrippa. 
It  is  celebrated  as  the  place  where  Mohammed  took  renige 
at  the  Sight  (622  A.  D.)  (see  Hejira),  and  where  he  died  and 
was  buried.  R'om  this  it  is  sometimes  designated  "the  city 
of  the  prophet."  The  Great  Mosque  contains  Mohammed's 
tomb.  The  inclosure  measures  about  500  by  390  feet,  and  as 
usual  is  surrounded  by  arcaded  galleries.  The  tomb  is  in  an 
inclosure  in  the  southeastern  comer,beneath  a  conspicuous 
pointed  dome :  the  pavement  ol  this  part  ol  the  mosque  is 
formed  ol  beautiful  mosaics.  The  tomb  consists  of  a  struc- 
ture ol  black  stones,  with  two  pillars :  it  is  wholly  concealed 
Ia)m  the  eyes  ol  the  prolane  by  precious  draperies.  The 
actual  buildings  ol  the  mosque  are  at  least  in  large  part 
very  modern,  the  arches,  though  of  pointed  horseshoe-form, 
not  being  extradosed,  while  thecolumns  are  pseudo-classi- 
cal. Medina  was  the  capital  of  the  Mohammedan  empire 
down  to  the  accession  ol  the  Ommiads  (661).  Population, 
estimated,  16,000. 

Medina  (mf-di'na).  In  Spenser's  "Faerie 
Queene,"  the  second  of  the  three  sisters  Elissa, 
Medina,  and  Perissa.  She  far  excelled  the  other  two, 
representing  the  golden  mean,  while  Elissa  was  froward 
and  always  discontented,  and  Perissa  was  loose  and  ex- 
travagant, and  indulgent  in  all  pleasures. 

Medina  (ma-de'na).  Sir  John  Baptist.  Bomat 
Brussels  in  1659 :  iiied  at  Edinburgh,  Oct.  5, 1710. 
A  Belgian-English  portrait-painter,  pupil  of 
Frangois  Du  Chlitel  of  Brussels.  He  was 
knighted  in  1707. 

Medina  (ma-5He'na),  Jos6  Maria.  Bom  about 
1815:  died  at  Santa  Eosa,  Feb.  8, 1878.  ACentral 
Americanpoliticiaujpresidentof  HondurasPeb. 
15, 1864,  to  Aug. ,  1872.  During  this  period  the  country 
was  brought  to  bankruptcy  by  reckless  financiering  in  con- 
nection with  an  interoceanic  railway  scheme.    Salvador 


Mediterranean  Sea 

and  Guatemala  having  made  war  on  Honduras,  Medina 
was  defeated  and  deposed  by  his  own  troops.  He  revolted 
against  Leiva  (Dec,  1875,  to  May,  1876),  but  was  defeated, 
and  for  a  second  attempted  revolt  was  shot. 

Medina-Celi (-tha'le).  Asmalltowninthe prov- 
ince of  Soria,  Spain,  situated  12  miles  north- 
east of  Siguenza :  noted  for  an  ancient  castle. 

Medina  del  Campo  (ma-THe'na  del  kam'po). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Valladolid,  Spain, 
situated  on  the  Zabardiel  25  mUes  south-south- 
west of  Valladolid.  TheCastillo  delaMotais  averyin- 
teresting  castle,  built  ol  brick  in  1440,  now  ruinous  within 
but  comparatively  perfect  without,  with  its  broad  moali 
strongly  lortified  gate,  square  keep,  round  angle-towers, 
and  numerous  projecting  bartizans.  Here  Queen  Isabella 
died  in  1604.    Population  (1887),  6,581. 

Medina  de  Eio  Seco  (da  re'o  sa'ko).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Valladolid,  Spain,  24  miles 
northwest  of  Valladolid.  Here,  July  14,  ISOS,  the 
French  under  Bessiferes  deleated  the  Spaniards  under 
Cuesta.    Population  (1887),  4,776. 

Medina  Sidonia  (ma-THe'na  se-do'ne-a).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Cadiz,  Spain,  24  miles 
east  by  south  of  Cadiz :  noted  in  Spanish  his- 
tory.    Population  (1887),  11,705. 

Medinat-ez-Zahra  (me-de'nat-ez-za'ra).  See 
the  extract. 

One  ol  his  [the  calif's]  wives,  whose  name  was  Ez-Zahra, 
'the  Fairest,'  to  whom  he  was  devotedly  attached,  once 
begged  him  to  buUd  her  a  city  which  should  be  called 
alter  her  name.  The  Great  Khalif ,  like  most  Mohamme- 
dan sovereigns,  delighted  in  building,  and  he  adopted  the 
suggestion.  He  at  once  began  to  found  a  city  at  the  foot 
ol  the  mountain  called  the  "Hill  ol  the  Bride,"  over  against 
Cordova,  and  a  lew  miles  distant.  Every  year  he  spent  a 
third  ol  his  revenues  upon  this  building ;  and  it  went  on 
all  the  twenty-tfve  remaining  years  of  his  reign,  and  fifteen 
years  ol  the  reign  of  his  son,  who  made  many  additions  to 
it.  Ten  thousand  workmen  laboured  daily  at  the  task, 
and  six  thousand  blocks  of  stone  were  cut  and  polished 
every  day  for  the  construction  of  the  houses  ol  the  new 
city.  Some  three  thousand  beasts  of  burden  were  daily 
used  to  carry  the  materials  to  the  spot,  and  four  thousand 
columns  were  set  up  many  of  which  were  presents  from 
the  Emperor  ol  Constantinople,  or  came  Irom  Home,  Car- 
thage, Sfax,  and  other  places,  besides  the  home  marbles 
quarried  at  Tarragona  and  Almeria.  There  were  fifteen 
thousand  doors,  coated  with  iron  or  polished  bra^s.  The 
Hall  of  the  Khalifs  at  the  new  city  had  a  roof  and  walls 
of  marble  and  gold,  and  in  it  was  a  wonderful  sculptured 
fountain,  a  present  Irom  the  Greek  Emperor,  who  also  sent 
the  KhaUl  a  unique  pearl.  In  the  midst  ol  the  hall  was  a 
basin  ol  quicksilver ;  at  either  side  were  eight  doors  set  in 
ivory  and  ebony  and  adorned  with  precious  stones.  When 
the  sun  shone  through  these  doors  and  the  quicksilver 
lake  was  set  quivering,  the  whole  room  was  filled  with 
flashes  like  lightning,  and  the  courtiers  would  cover  their 
dazzled  eyes.  The  Arabian  authors  delight  in  telling  of 
the  wonders  ol  this  "City  of  the  Fairest,"  Medinat-ez- 
Zahra,  as  it  was  called,  after  the  Khalifs  mistress. 

Poole,  Story  ol  the  Moors,  p.  140, 

Medinet-Abu  (me-de'net-a-bo')  or-Habu(-ha- 
bo').  One  of  the  villages  on  the  site  of  Thebes, 
Egypt,  noted  for  its  ruins.  The  temple  and  palace 
ol  Bameses  III.  here  are  notable.  The  Iront  buildings, 
lacing  the  south,  constitute  the  royal  palace.  Many  of 
the  very  interesting  mural  sculptures  reproduce  the  pri- 
vate lile  61  the  king.  From  the  palace  a  dromos  265  feet 
long  leads  to  the  massive  outer  pylon  ol  the  temple,  which 
opens  on  a  court  over  100  leet  square  with  Osirid  figures 
on  the  north  side  and  columns  with  bell-capitals  on  the 
south.  A  second  pylon  with  portal  between  pyramidal 
towers  leads  to  an  imposing  court  123  by  133  feet,  sur- 
rounded by  a  peristyle  having  Osirid  figures  in  front  and 
rear  and  columtis  on  the  sides.  Behind  the  rear  figures  is 
a  range  ol  8  splendid  columns  with  colored  ccelanaglyphic 
sculptures.  The  portal  ol  this  court  gives  access  to  the 
hypostyle  hall,  bordered  with  chambers,  behind  which  two 
columned  vestibules  precede  the  sanctuary  and  a  laby- 
rinth ol  corridors  and  small  chambers.  The  sculptures  of 
this  temple  are  ol  great  importance.  They  include  in  the 
interior  ceremonial  scenes  ol  the  cult,  the  king's  corona- 
tion, and  battle-scenes,  many  ol  them  very  richly  colored. 
The  exterior  of  the  temple  is  covered  with  sculptures  which 
are  even  more  remarkable,  illustrating  B.ameses's  cam- 
paigns against  the  Libyans  and  an  Asiatic  people.  Among 
the  scenes  a  naval  battle  is  of  especial  interest. 

Medinet-el-Fayum  (me-de'net-el-fl-6m').  The 
capital  of  the  province  of  Fayum,  Egypt,  54 
miles  southwest  of  Cairo,  it  is  situated  on  the  ruins 
ol  the  ancient  Arsinoe  or  Crocodilopolis.  Population 
(1882),  26,799. 

Meding  (ma'ding),  Johann  Ferdinand  Mar- 
tin Oskar:  pseudonym  Ciregor  Samarow. 
Born  at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  April  11, 1829.  A 
German  statesman  and  historical  novelist. 

Mediolanum  (me-'di-o-la'num).  The  Latin 
name  of  Milan. 

Mediomatrici  (me'di-o-mafri-sl).  In  ancient 
geography,  a  tribe  of  eastern  Gaul,  whose  cap- 
ital was  Metz  (Divodurum  or  Mediomatrica). 

Meditations.  The.  name  generally  given  to- 
the  philosophical  work  by  the  emperor  Marcus 
Aurelius  (English  translation  by  George  Long, 
1862). 

Mediterranean  Sea  (med"i-te-ra'n§-an  se). 
[P.  M6diterranie,  G.  MiUellan'disches  'Meer,  L. 
Mare  Internum,  etc.,  the  midland  sea.]  A  sea, 
the  most  important  extension  of  the  Atlantic, 
separating  Europe  on  the  north  from  Africa 
on  the  south,  and  communicating  with  the 


Mediterranean  Sea 

Atlantic  Ocean  by  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  and 
with  the  Black  Sea  by  the  Dardanelles,  Sea  of 
Marmora,  and  Bosporus.  It  is  divided  into  two 
basins,  tlie  western  reaching  from  Gibraltar  to  Sicily  and 
Tunis,  and  tlie  eastern  from  tliere  to  Syria.  Its  chief 
branches  are  the  Golfe  du  Lion,  GuU  of  Genoa,  Tyrrhenian 
Sea,  Ionian  Sea,  Adriatic  Sea,  JSgean  Sea,  Levant,  Gulf  of 
Sidra,  and  Gulf  of  Cabes.  The  chief  islands  are  the  Balearic 
Islands,  Corsica,  Sardinia,  the  Lipari  Islands,  Sicily,  the 
Maltese  Islands,  the  Ionian  Islands,  Crete,  Cyprus,  and 
the  Grecian  Archipelago.  The  chief  tributaiy  rivers  are  the 
Ebro,  Rhone,  Po,  and  Nile.  Its  coasts  are  famous  in  the 
history  of  civilization.  Length,  about  2,200  miles.  Great- 
est width  of  sea  proper,  about  TOO  miles.  Greatest  depth, 
about  14,000  feet    Area,  about  900,000  square  miles. 

Medjerda,  or  Mejerda  (me-jer'da) .  A  river  in 
eastern  Algeria  and  Tunis,  which  flows  into  the 
Gulf  of  Tunis  24  miles  north  of  Tunis :  the  an- 
cient Bagradas.    Length,  about  200  miles. 

Medjidi  (me-jed'e).  [Turk., 'glorious.']  A 
Turkish  order  of  knighthood,  instituted  in  1852 
by  the  sultan  Abdul-Medjid,  and  conferred  on 
many  foreign  officers  who  took  part  with  Turkey 
in  the  Crimean  war. 

Medjidieh  (me-jed'ye).  A  Tatar  town  in  the 
Dobrudja,  Rumania,  20  miles  west-northwest 
of  Kustendji. '  Population  (1889),  1,942. 

Medley  (med'li).  In  Etherege's  comedy  "The 
Man  of  Mode,"  the  friend  of  Young  Bellair :  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  a  portrait  of  Sir  Charles  Sed- 
ley,  by  others  a  portrait  of  the  author  himself. 

Medmenham  Abbey.  A  ruined  house  near 
Great  Marlow  in  Buckinghamshire,  England, 
formerly  a  Cistercian  monastery.  It  acquired  no- 
toriety as  the  scene  of  the  scandalous  orgies  of  a  convivial 
association  known  as  the  Monks  of  St.  Francis  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  18th  century. 

M^doc  (ma-dok').  A  district  in  the  department 
of  Gironde,  Prance,  extending  along  the  Gi- 
roude:  noted  for  its  production  of  wines. 
Length,  about  48  miles. 

Medusa  (me-do'sa).  [Gr.  M.idovaa.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  one  of  the  Gorgons,  according  to 
some  legends  originally  a  beautiful  maiden 
whose  hair  was  transformed  into  serpents  by 
Athene  because  with  Poseidon  (by  whom  she 
was  the  mother  of  Chrysaor  and  Pegasus)  she 
had  violated  one  of  the  temples  of  that  goddess. 
Her  head  was  so  fearful  to  look  upon  that  whoever  saw  it 
was  changed  into  stone.  Accordingly  when  Perseus  sought 
her  to  cut  off  her  head,  he  attacked  her  with  averted  face, 
seeing  only  her  reflection  in  the  shield  of  Athene,  who  also 
guided  his  hand.    See  Perseus. 

Medusa  Kondanini..  An  antique  mask  in  the 
Gljrptothek  at  Munich.  It  is  the  well-known  late  type 
of  the  Gorgon,  in  which  the  distorted  grimacing  face  gives 
place  to  calm  regular  features,  and  only  two  serpents  ar- 
ranged as  ornaments  appear  amid  the  locks  of  the  hair. 
Over  each  temple  a  small  wing  is  set. 

Medway  (med'wa).  A  river  in  southeastern 
England  which  joins  the  Thames  at  Sheerness. 
Length,  about  70  miles ;  navigable  to  Maidstone. 

Medyn  (ma-din'),  or  Medysy  (ma-dis'i).  A 
town  in  the  government  of  Kaluga,  86  miles 
southwest  of  Moscow.  Population  (1893), 
8,218. 

Meeanee.    See  Miani. 

Meek  (mek).  Fielding  Bradford.  Bom  in  Iowa, 
Dec.  10,  1817:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Dec. 
28,  1876.  An  American  geologist  and  paleon- 
tologist. 

Meer  (mar),  Jan  van  der,  the  elder.  Bom  at 
Haarlem  about  1632 :  died  there,  Aug.,  1691.  A 
Dutehpainter. 

Meer,  Jan  van  der.  Bom  at  Delft,  Netherlands, 
1632:  died  there,  1675.    A  Dutehpainter. 

Meer,  Jan  van  der,  the  yoxmger.  Bom  at  Haar- 
lem, 1656 :  died  May  28, 1705.  A  Dutch  painter, 
son  of  Jan  van  der  Meer  (1632-91). 

Meerane  (ma-ra'ne).  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of 
Saxony,  35  miles  south  of  Leipsic.  it  has  manu- 
factures of  woolen  and  half-woolen  cloth.  Population 
(1890),  22,446. 

Meeraugspitze  (mar'oug-spit-se).  A  peak  of  the 
T^tra,  Carpathians,  noted  for  its  view.  Height, 
8,230  feet. 

Meercraft  (mer'kraft).  In  Ben  Jonson's  com- 
edy "  The  DevU  is  an  Ass,"  a  clever  rogue,  a 
projector  or  speculator  who  carries  about  with 
him  prospectuses  to  suit  all  tastes. 

Meerut  (me'rut),  or  Mirat  (me'rat),  or  Mirath 
(me'rath).  1.  A  division  in  the  Northwest  Prov- 
inces,"British  India.  Area,  11,819  square  miles. 
Population  (1881),  5,141,204.— 2.  A  district  in 
the  division  of  Meerut,  intersected  by  lat.  29° 
N.,  long.  77°  45'  E.  Area,  2,370  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  1,391,458.-3.  The  capital 
of  Meerut  district,  situated  on  a  tributary  of  the 
Ganges,  20  miles  northeast  of  Delhi,  it  is  an  im- 
portant military  station,  and  was  the  scene  of  the  outbreak 
of  the  Sepoy  mutiny.  May  10, 1857.  Population,  including 
cantonment  (1891),  119,390. 

Meewoc.    See  Miwok. 


672 

Mefistofele(ma-fes-t6'fe-le).  AnoperabyBoito 
first  produced  at  Milan  in  1868.  See  Mephis- 
toplieles. 

Megsera  (me-je'ra).  [Gr.  M^yatpa.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  one  of  the  Eumenides  (which  see). 

MegalesianGames(meg-a-le'shi-angamz).[(Jr. 
MeyaTi^aia.']  In  Boman  antiquity,  a  magnificent 
festival,  with  a  stately  procession,  feasting,  and 
scenic  performances  in  the  theaters,  celebrated 
at  Rome  in  the  month  of  April,  and  lasting  for 
6  days,  in  honor  of  "the  greatmother,"  Cybele. 
The  ima^s  of  this  goddess  was  t)roughtto  Kome  from  Pes- 
sinus  in  Galatia,  about  203  B.  c,  and  the  games  were  in- 
stituted then  or  shortly  afterward,  in  consequence  of  a 
sibylline  oracle  promising  continual  victory  to  the  Romans 
if  due  honors  were  paid  to  her. 

Megalokastron  (meg-a-lo-kas'tron).  A  seaport 
on  the  northern  coast  of  Crete. 

Megalopolis  (meg-a-lop'o-lis).  [Gr.  MeyaAdjro- 
hg,  the  great  city.!]  In  ancient  geography,  a 
city  in  Acadia,  (jreeoe,  situated  on  the  Helis- 
son  in  lat.  37°  25'  N.,  long.  22°  9'  E.  it  was  built 
in  370  B.  0.  as  an  Arcadian  outpost  against  Sparta.  There 
are  extensive  ruins  near  the  modem  Sinanu.  An  ancient 
theater  has  been  lately  excavated.  The  cavea,  475  feet  in 
diameter,  is  entirely  supported  by  an  artificial  embank- 
ment with  massive  retaining- walls.  The  monastery,  the 
most  famous  in  Greece  proper,  was  founded  by  Constan- 
tino Palseologus.  The  great  building,  five  stories  high,  is 
erected  In  a  cave,  100  feet  deep  and  high  and  200  wide,  in 
the  face  of  a  cliff :  the  distant  view  is  highly  picturesque. 
The  church  possesses  one  of  the  miracle-working  icons  of 
the  Madonna,  attributed  to  St.  Luke. 

Megara  (meg'a-ra).  IQv.  M^yapa;  Semitic  .Mis- 
'drdh,  cave.]  "  Ji.'  city  in  Greece,  with  its  ter- 
ritory, Megaris,  situated  between  the  Halcyon 
Sea,  the  Corinthian  Bay,  and  the  Saronic  Gulf. 
The  city  of  Megara,  with  its  port  Nisssa,  was  situated  on 
the  pass  leading  from  central  Greece  to  the  Peloponne- 
sus. Its  primitive  inhabitants  were  Garians.  From  it 
went  out  the  colonies  Byzantium,  Chalcedon,  Heracleia 
on  the  Pontus,  and  Megara  Hyblssa  in  Sicily.  It  had  two 
citadels :  on  the  Acropolis  Caria  stood  a  celebrated  tem- 
ple of  Demeter  (the  Megaron).  It  fell  later  into  the  hands 
of  the  Macedonians,  and  afterward  of  the  Romans.  The 
modem  Megara,  situated  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  city, 
has  about  6,000  inhabitants. 

MegaraHyblsea(meg'a-ralu-ble'a).  In  ancient 

feography,  a  Megarian'oo'lony  in  Sicily,  north  of 
yraeuse.     See  Mybla  Minor. 

Megarics  (me-gar'iks).  The.  A  school  of  Greek 
philosophy,  founded  by  Euclid  of  Megara,  which 
combined  the  ethical  doctrines  of  Socrates  and 
the  metaphysics  of  the  Eleatics. 

Megaris  (meg'a-ris).  [GrT.M.eyapig.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  district  in  Greece  which  formed 
part  of  the  isthmus  connecting  the  Peloponne- 
sus with  central  Greece  and  lay  southwest  of 
Attica  and  northeast  of  Corinthia.  Chief  town, 
Megara.     The  surface  is  mountainous. 

Megastbenes  (me-gas'the-nez).  [Gr.  Meyaa- 
Sei^f .]  Lived  about  300  B.C.  A  Greek  writer, 
a  friend  and  companion  of  Seleucus  Nicator, 
and  his  ambassador  to  Sandrocottus,  king  of 
the  Prasii  in  India,  whose  capital,  Palibothra, 
was  probably  near  the  modern  Patna.  He  wrote 
a  work  on  India  which  wa^  the  chief  source  of  the  later 
Greek  information  on  the  subject, 

Megerle,  or  Megerlin.  See  Abraham  a  Sancta- 

Clara. 
Meghazil  (me-gha-zel').    See  the  extract. 

The  "  tomb  of  Hiram  'has  been  already  described.  Four 
monuments  of  a  more  or  less  similar  character  exist  on  the 
Syrian  mainland  opposite  Aradus,  in  the  near  vicinity  of 
Amrit.  Two  are  known  as  "the  M6ghazils."  They  stand 
near  together  on  a  low  hill,  at  some  little  distance  from 
the  coast,  between  the  Nahr  Amrit  and  the  Nahr  Kubl6. 
The  more  striking  of  the  two  has  been  described  as  a 
"real  masterpiece  in  respect  of  proportion,  elegance,  and 
majesty."  It  consists  of  a  basement  story,  which  is  circu- 
lar and  flanked  by  four  stone  lions,  whereof  the  effect  is 
admirable,  with  a  second  story  of  a  cylindrical  shape,  and 
a  third  similar  one,  of  smaller  dimensions,  crowned  by  a 
dome  or  half-sphere.  The  whole,  except  the  basement- 
story  or  plinth,  which  consists  of  four  blocks,  is  cut  out  of 
a  single  stone.  The  double  cylinder  is  decorated  round 
the  summit  of  each  of  its  parts  with  a  row  of  carved  cren- 
ellations  standing  out  about  four  inches  from  the  general 
surface.  The  lions,  whose  heads  and  fore-quarters  alone 
project  from  the  mass  of  the  base,  are  roughly  carved  and 
seem  to  have  been  left  unfinished,  but  the  mouldings,  and 
the  gener^  dressing  of  the  stone,  nave  been  executed  with 
much  care.  The  entire  height  of  the  monument  is  thirty- 
two  feet.  RawHmim,  Phoenicia,  p.  260. 

Megi  (ma'ge),  or  Wamegi  (wa-ma'ge).  See 
Sagara. 

Megiddo  (me-gid'o).  [Heb.,  'host,'  'garrison.'] 
An  ancient  town  in  the  plain  of  Jezreel,  Pales- 
tine, at  the  southeastern  foot  of  Mount  Carmel, 
nowrepresentedbythe  ruins  of  Lejjun:theLegio 
of  Eusebius .  It  was  one  of  the  Canaanltish  capitals,  and 
became  one  of  the  strongholds  of  the  tribe  of  Manasseh, 
and  the  valley  dominated  by  it  became  a  celebrated  battle- 
field in  the  history  of  Israel.  Near  it  Deborah  and  Barak 
defeated  the  Canaanites  under  Sisera.  Solomon  made  it 
a  fortress.  In  609  B.  0.  Josiah  succumbed  here  to  Pharaoh- 
Necho  of  Egypt. 

Megna  (meg'na),  or  Meghna  (megh'na).    The 


Meije 

name  given  to  the  Brahmaputra  in  the  lower 
part  of  its  course,  and  to  the  principal  mouth 
of  the  united  Brahmaputra  and  Ganges :  noted 
for  its  bore. 

Megrez  (me'grez).  [Ar.  maghrez-al-dub,  the 
root  of  the  bear's  tail.]  The  bright  third-mag- 
nitude star  d  UrsBS  Majoris,  the  faintest  of  the 
seven  stars  which  form  the  Dipper. 

Mebadia  (me-ha'de-o).  A  town  in  the  county 
of  Krass(5-Sz6r6ny,  Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Bella-Reka  in  lat.  44°  55'  N.,  long.  22°  22'  E. 
Near  it  are  the  sulphur  "Hercules  Baths,"  celebrated 
since  Roman  times.  It  was  stormed  by  the  Turks  in  1716, 
1738,  and  1789.    Population,  about  2,000. 

Mebadpur  (me-had-p6r'),  or  Mahidpore  (ma- 
hid-por'),  or  Metidpur  (me-hid-p6r'),  etc.  A 
town  in  central  India,  56  miles  north  of  Indore. 
Here,  Dec.  21, 1817,  the  British  under  Hislop  de- 
feated the  forces  of  Holkar. 

Mehemet  Ali  (ma'he-inet  a'le),  or  Moham- 
med Ali  (mo-ham'ed  a'le).  Born  at  Kavala, 
Macedonia,  about  1769:  died  at  Cairo,  Aug.  2, 
1849.  Viceroy  of  Egypt.  He  went  as  a  military  com- 
mander to  Egypt  in  1799 ;  was  appointed  governor  of  Egypt 
in  1805 ;  massacred  the  Mamelukes  in  1811 ;  suppressed 
the  Wahhabee  revolt  in  Arabia  in  1818  ;  introduced  vari. 
ous  internal  improvements ;  conquered  Nubia,  Sennaar, 
and  Kordofan  1820-22 ;  assisted  the  Turks  in  the  Greek 
war  of  independence ;  conquered  Syria  1831-32 ;  defeated 
Turkey  in  1839 ;  and  was  compelled  by  the  European  pow- 
ers to  give  up  Syria  in  1841. 

Mehemet  Ali  Pasha  (Karl  Detroit).  Born  at 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  Nov.  18,  1827:  assassi- 
nated in  Diakova,  Sept.  7, 1878.  A  Turkish  gen- 
eral. In  1877  he  commanded  the  main  army  in 
Bulgaria,  and  was  successful  against  the  Rus- 
sians on  the  Lom,  Aug.-Sept.,  but  was  super- 
seded by  Suleiman  Pasha. 

Meherrin  (me-her'in).  Atribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  formerly  living  on  the  river  of  the 
same  nam-e  in  southern  Virginia.  In  1710  they 
attacked  the  neighboring  settlements  and  were 
driven  away.    See  Iroquoian. 

M^hul  (ma-iil'),  i^tienne  Henri.  Born  at  Givet, 
Ardennes,  Prance,  June  24, 1763 :  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  18, 1817.  A  French  composer.  He  wrote  the 
operas  "Stratonice"  (1792),  "Le  jeune  Henri"  (1797), 
"Uthal,""GabrieUe  d'Estr^es"  (1806),  "Joseph  "  (1807), 
"La  journ^e  aux  aventures  "(1816),  etc.,  and  many  patriotic 
songs  and  cantatas  (the  "Chant  du  depart,"  "Chant  du 
retour,"  etc.). 

Mehun-SUr-Y&vre  (me-un'siir-yav'r).  A  town 
in  the  department  of  Cher,  Prance,  situated  on 
the  Y&vre  10  mUes  northwest  of  Bourges.  it 
contains  a  ruined  castle  (the  place  of  death  of  Charles 
VII.).    Population  <1891),  commune,  6,672. 

Meidericn  (mi'der-ich).  A  manirtaoturing  vil- 
lage in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  about  37 
miles  north  of  Cologne.     Population,  20,417. 

Meidoo.    See  Maidu. 

Meidum  (ma-dom').  A  locality  in  Egypt,  west 
of  the  Nile.  The  pyramid  here  is  important  not  only 
from  its  peculiar  form,  but  as  the  oldest  dated  monument 
in  Egypt.  It  was  built  by  Sneferu,  of  the  3d  dynasty, 
about  3766  B.  0.  It  stands  on  a  small  hill,  and  rises  in 
three  Inclined  and  recessed  stages  of  orange-colored 
masonry  to  the  height  of  115  feet.  The  entrance  is'on  the 
north  side ;  the  simple  descending  and  ascending  passage 
leads  to  an  empty  chamber.  On  the  east  side  a  very  per- 
fect pyramid-temple  lies  before  the  pyramid,  with  which 
it  is  connected  architecturally  by  a  court  containing  an 
altar  and  two  small  obelisks. 

Meiggs  (megz),  Henry.  Bom  in  CatskUl,  N.  Y. , 
July  7,  1811:  died  at  Lima,  Peru,  Sept.  29, 
1877.  An  American  contractor.  He  was  a  lumber 
merchant  in  San  Francisco,  but  failed  in  1854,  and  left  the 
country.  He  engaged  in  railway  construction  in  Chile, 
and  after  1867  in  Peru,  where  he  undertook  and  carried 
out  extensive  public  works,  the  greatest  being  the  Oroya 
railroad  over  the  Andes. 

Meigs  (megz).  Fort.  A  fort  at  the  Maumee 
Rapids,  northwestern  Ohio,  held  by  the  Ameri- 
cans under  Harrison  against  the  British  and 
Indians,  May  and  July,  1813. 

Meigs,  Montgomery  Cunningham.  Bom  at 
Augusta,  Ga.,  May  3, 1816 :  died  at  "Washington, 
Jan.  2,  1892.  An  American  engineer  and  gen- 
eral. He  became  quartermaster-general  of  the  ai-my  in 
1861,  and  was  brevetted  major-general  in  the  United  States 
array  in  1864.  The  plans  of  several  government  buildings  in 
Washington  were  prepared  by  him.    He  retired  in  1882. 

Meigs, Beturn Jonathan.  BomatMiddletown, 
Conn.,  Dec,  1734 :  died  at  the  Cherokee  agency, 
Jan.  28, 1823.  An  American  Revolutionary  of- 
ficer. 

Meigs,  Return  Jonathan.  BomatMiddletown, 
Conn.,  1765 :  died  at  Marietta,  Ohio,  1825.  .An 
American  politician  and  jurist,  son  of  R.  J. 
Meigs.  He  was  United  States  senator  from  Ohio  1809-10^ 
governor  of  Ohio  1810-14,  and  postmaster-general  1814- 
1823. 

Meije  (mazh).  One  of  the  chief  summits  of  the 
Pelvoux  range,  Dauphin6  Alps.  Height,  13,080 

feet. 


Meikle 

Meikle,  or  Mickle,  William  Julius.     See 

Mickle. 
Meiltaac  (ma-yak'),  Henri.  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb. 
23,  1832:  died  there,  July  6,  1897.  A  French 
dramatist  and  author.  Among  his  plays  written  alone 
are  "Pichi  cach«  '  (1868),  "Un  petit-flls  de  Mascarille" 
(1859),  "  Ce  qui  plait  aux  hommes  "  (1860),  "  La  vertu  de  C6. 
limine"  (1861),  "Lea  Bourguignonnea  (op^ra  comique, 
1862),  "Fabienne"  (1866),  "Les  demoiselles  Clochart" 
(1886),  "D«cor6"(1888X  "Margot"(1890),  "Brevet  sup^ri- 
eur"  (1892).  From  about  1860  he  wrote  in  collaboration  with 
Ludovic  HaUvy  (see  Halivy  (or  list  ot  plays,  operabouffes, 
etc.),  *id  also  with  Delavigne  ("  L'Bchlance,"  "  L'Elixir  du 
Docteur  Gorn^Uas,"  etc.),  with  NarreyC  Vert-Vert "),  with 
MassenetCManon  Lescaut "),  and  with  a  number  of  others. 
He  also  wrote  a  dramatic  poem,  "  Les  paiens,"  in  the  "  Ee- 
vue  de  Paris,"  and  a  number  of  articles  in  "La  Vie  Pari- 
slenne"  (signed  Ivan  Baslsofl),  etc. 

Meineke  (nu'ne-ke),  Johann  Albert  Friedrich 
August.  Born  at  Soest,  Prussia,  Deo.  8, 1790 : 
died  at  Berlin,  Deo.  12, 1870.  A  German  philol- 
ogist, director  of  the  Joachimsthal  Gymnasium 
at  Berlin  1826-57.  He  edited  fragments  of  the  Greelc 
comic  poets  (1839-57),  Horace  (1834),  Strabo  (1862-63),|Aris- 
tophanes  (1860),  etc. 

Meiners  (mi'ners),  Christopll.  Bom  near  Ot- 
temdorf ,  Hannover,  Prussia,  July  31, 1747 :  died 
at  Gottingen,  May  1,  1810.  A  German  philo- 
sophical and  historical  writer,  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  GBttingen. 

Meiningen  (mi'ning-en).  The  capital  of  Saxe- 
Meiningen,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Werra  in 
lat.  50°  34'  N.,  long.  10°  25'  E.  The  ducal  theater 
and  a  castle  (with  picture-gallery)  are  of  interest.  It  was 
for  a  time  the  residence  of  Elchter.  Population  (1890), 
12,029. 

Meiringen,  or  Meyringen  (nu'ring-en).  Avil- 
lage  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  situ- 
ated in  the  valley  of  the  Aare,  38  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Bern.  It  is  the  chief  place  in  the 
Hasli  Thai,  and  a  totu-ist  center. 

Meissen  (mi'sen).  [OHG.  Mmia,  MHG.  Misne, 
Missen,  Miszen,  Meichsen,  G.  Meissen,  ML.  Mis- 
nia.']  A  medieval  margraviate  of  Germany, 
which  developed  in  the  region  around  Dresden 
and  Meissen,  and  was  the  nucleus  of  the  modem 
kingdom  of  Saxony.  It  came  under  the  house  of 
Wetlin  (the  present  reigning  house  of  Saxony)  in  1089. 
Its  margrave  Frederick  received  from  Sigismund  the 
Saxon  electorate  in  1423  (confirmed  1426). 

Meissen.  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony, 
situated  on  the  Elbe  13  miles  northwest  of 
Dresden,  it  is  noted  for  its  manufactures,  especially  of 
porcelain.  The  cathedral  is  of  the  13th  century  and  later. 
The  southeast  tower  and  spire  (264  feet  high)  are  of  the 
16th  century.  The  doors  are  admirably  sculptured.  The 
Interior  is  chiefly  remarlcable  for  the  Princes'  Chapel,  In 
which  are  buried  the  medieval  representatives  of  the 
Saxon  royal  family.  Some  of  the  monuments  are  very 
fine,  especially  a  brass  designed  by  Diirer.  (For  the  castle. 
Bee  Alvrechtslktrg.)  Meissen  is  an  ancient  town.  Itwasthe 
capital  of  the  medieval  margraviate  of  Meissen,  and  suf- 
fered in  the  Hussite  and  Thirty  Years'  wars.  Population 
(1890),  17,875 ;  with  suburbs,  26,407. 

Meissner  (mis'ner),  Alfred.  Born  at  Teplitz, 
Bohemia,  Oct.  15, 1822 :  died  at  Bregenz,  Tyrol, 
May  29,  1885.  A  German  novelist,  poet,  and 
dramatist.  His  works  Include  the  epic  "Ziska  "  (1846), 
the  novels  "Zwischen  Fiirst  und  Volk  "  (1865),  "Sansara" 
0858),  "Sohwarzgelb"(1864),  etc. 

Meissonier  (ma-so-nya'),  Jean  Louis  Ernest. 

Bom  at  Lyons,  Feb.21,1815:  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
31,  1891.  A  celebrated  French  genre  and  his- 
torical painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Cogniet,  and  was 
made  a  member  of  the  Beaux  AHb  in  186L  He  first  made 
himself  known  as  an  illustrator  of  books  ("Les  franfais 
points  par  eux-mSmes,"  etc.),  but  soon  began  to  paint 
genre-pictures  on  a  small  scale,  with  the  microscopic 
detail  and  finish  for  which  he  was  famous.  He  painted 
between  450  and  500  of  these,  about  75  of  which  are 
owned  in  America.  His  favorite  subjects  were  military, 
and  many  of  bis  pictures  represent  men  at  arms,  guards, 
cavaliers,  or  soldiers  playing  cards,  drinking,  etc.  The 
most  celebrated  of  his  pictures  are  the  four  known  as 
"The  Napoleon  Cycle."  One  of  these,  "1807,"  was  pur- 
chased in  1887  for  $66,000,  and  presented  to  the  Metropoli- 
tan Museum  of  Art,  New  York.  Among  his  other  works 
may  be  mentioned  "Le  petit  messager"  (1836),  "Reli- 
gieuseconBolantimmalade"(1838),  "Le  liseur" (18401, "La 
partie  d'^cheos  "  (1841),"Le  peintre  dans  son  atelier  "  (1843), 
"Le  0011)8  de  garde,"  "  Jeune  homme  regardant  les  des- 


'' Un' mariohal-ferrant,"  "Un  musicien,"  "Un  peintre 
(I861X  "Suite  d'une  querelle  de  jeu  "  (1866),  "  Une  lecture 
chez Diderot^"  "Le  oapitaine,"  "Cavaliers  se  faisant  ser- 
vir  &  bolre,"  "L'Ordonnance,  "Le  g^n^ral  Desaix  k  I'ar- 
m^e  du  Ehin,"  "Le  portrait  de  Monsieur  Delahante" 
(1867),  "Charge  de  cuirassiers"  (186'r),  "Madonna  del 
baccio"  (1871%  "Le  billet-doux,"  "VMette,"  "Le  voya- 
geur,"  and  "L'Adieu"  (1880),  "Le  guide"  (1883_).  He 
presented  to  the  state  two  of  his  most  celebrated  pictures, 
"Le  graveurM'eau forte"  and  "Le  cavalier i.safen6tre." 
They  are  now  in  the  Louvre. 

Meistersinger  von  Nurnberg  (mis'ter-zing-er 
fon  num'berG),  Die.  An  opera  by  Richard 
Wagner,  produced  at  Munich  in  1868  by  Von 
Billow. 

Mejerda.    See  Medjerda. 

0.— 43 


673 

Mejfa  (ma-He'a),  Tomas.  Bom  in  Guanajuato 
about  1812:  died  at  Quer^taro,  June  19,  1867. 
A  Mexican  general,  of  Indian  race.  He  was  con- 
spicuous in  the  civil  wars  as  an  adherent  of  the  conserva/. 
tive  or  church  party ;  was  one  of  the  most  trusted  lieuten- 
ants of  Maximilian  ;  and  was  executed  with  him  after  the 
fall  of  Queritaro. 

Mekbuda  (mek-bu'da).  [Ar.  aUmakhMdah,  the 
contracted  (arm),  in'antithesis  to  al-mebs^tah.} 
A  seldom  used  name  of  the  fourth-magnitude 
star  f  Geminorum. 

Mekhitar  (mek-i-tar'),  Peter.  Born  at  Sebaste, 
Armenia,  Feb.  7,  1676:  died  at  San  Lazzaro, 
near  Venice,  April,  1749.  An  Armenian  eccle- 
siastic, founder  of  a  congregation  of  Armenian 
monks  (Roman  Catholic)  at  San  Lazzaro.  Also 
Mechitar. 

MekhitaristS  (mek-i-tar 'ists).  An  order  of  Ar- 
menian monks  in  communion  with  the  Church 
of  Rome,  under  a  rule  resembling  the  Bene- 
dictine, founded  by  Peter  Mekhitar  at  Con- 
stantinople in  1701,  confirmed  by  the  Pope  in 
1712,  and  finally  settled  on  the  island  of  San 
■Lazzaro,  near  Venice,  in  1717.  This  is  stm  theu: 
chief  seat,  while  they  have  an  independent  monastery  at 
Vienna,  and  branches  in  Russia,  France,  Italy,  Turkey,  etc. 
The  MekhitaristS  are  devoted  to  the  religious  and  literary 
interests  of  the  Armenian  race  wherever  found,  and  have 
published  many  ancient  Armenian  manuscripts  as  well 
as  original  works ;  and  their  society  is  also  organized  as 
a  literary  academy  which  confers  honorary  membership 
without  regard  to  race  or  religion.    Also  Stechitarists. 

Meknez,  or  Mekinez.    See  Mequineg. 
Mekong,  or  Mekhong  (ma-kong' ),  or  Cambodia 

(kam-bo'di-a).  A  river  in  southeastern  Asia. 
It  rises  in  Tibet,  flows  through  Yunnan  (in  China),  Burma, 
Siam,  Cambodia,  and  French  Cochin-Cnina,  and  empties 
by  a  delta  into  the  China  Sea  about  lat.  10°  N.  Length,  es- 
timated, about  2,800  miles ;  navigable  to  Kratieh  In  Cam- 
bodia. 

Mekran  (mek-ran'),  or  Makran  (mak-ran').  A 
region  on  the  coast  of  the  Arabian  Sea,  in  south- 
western Baluchistan  and  southeastern  Persia, 
correspondingin  part  to  the  ancient  Gedrosia. 

Mela  (me'la),Pomponius.  Bom  at  Tingentera 
in  Spain :  flourished  about  the  middle  of  the  1st 
century.  A  Roman  geographer,  author  of  three 
books  "De  Chorographia,"  a  compendium  of 
geography  and  of  manners  and  customs.  It  is  the 
earliest  extant  account  of  theancientworld  written  in  Latin. 

Melampus  (me -lam 'pus).  [Gr.  M.e7iAimovg, 
black-footed.]  In  Greek  legend,  a  sooth- 
sayer, the  son  of  Amythaon  and  Eidomene, 
brother  of  Bias,  the  sage,  and  ancestor  of  the 
MelampodidsB,  a  family  of  seers.  According  to  the 
myth,  some  serpents  which  he  saved  from  death  cleansed 
his  ears  with  their  tongues  while  he  was  asleep,  and  on 
awakening  he  understood  the  voices  of  birds  and  beasts, 
and  thus  learned  many  secret  things.  Thus,  by  listening 
to  the  worms  in  the  woodwork  of  the  prison  in  which 
he  was  confined,  he  learned  that  it  was  soon  to  fall. 

Melancbthon  (me-langk'thgn ;  G.  pron.  me- 
lanch'ton),  or  Melanthon  (ine-lan'thgn),  Phi- 
lipp.  [Grecizedfrom/Scfejoar^ferd,  black  earth.] 
Bom  at  Bretten,  Baden,  Feb.  16,  1497:  died 
at  Wittenberg,  Germany,  April  19,  1560.  A 
German  Reformer,  famous  as  the  collaborator 
of  Luther.  He  was  educated  at  Tubingen ;  became  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  at  Wittenberg  in  1518 ;  revised  the  "Augs- 
burg Confession  "  in  1630,  and  drew  up  the  "Apology  "  in 
1630 ;  and  took  part  in  the  various  Protestant  conferences 
with  the  Roman  Catholics.  His  chief  theological  work 
is  the  "Loci  communes "  (1521).  The  best  edition  of  his 
works  is  by  Bretachneider  andBindseil  in  the  "Corpus  re- 
formatorum  "  (1834-60). 

Melanesia  (mel-a-ne'shi-a).  [LL.,  'islands  of 
the  blacks.'].  A  name  given  to  a  collection  of 
island  groups  in  the  Pacific,  whose  inhabitants 
are  related,  it  comprises  New  Guinea,  New  Britain, 
New  Ireland,  the  Solomon  Islands,  Santa  Cruz,  the  Banks 
Islands,  the  New  Hebrides,  New  Caledonia,  the  Loyalty 
Islands,  the  Fiji  Islands,  and  some  smaller  groups. 

Melantha  (me-lan'tha).  In  Dryden's  comedy 
"  Marriage  it  la  Mode,"  an  attractive  and  im- 
pertinent fashionable  lady,  said  by  Gibber  to 
exhibit  the  most  complete  system  of  female 
foppery  that  could  possibly  be  crowded  into 
the  tortured  form  of  a  fine  lady. 

Melanthus  (me-lan'thus),  or  Melanthius  (me- 
lan'thi-us),  of  Sicyon.  [Gr.  MaavBog,  J&eUv- 
tof.]  A  (Jreek  painter,  especially  noted  as  a 
colorist:  one  of  the  great  Sicyonian  school 
founded  by  Eupompus.  Qee  Ewpompus.  He  was 
a  pupil  of  Pamphilus.  Like  his  teacher,  he  baaed  his  work 
on  the  scientiflc  training  which  characterized  the  artistic 
activity  of  the  Peloponnesian  cities.  He  wrote  a  work 
much  used  by  Pliny  in  the  compilation  of  his  35th  book. 
Quintilian  distinguishes  Pamphilus  and  Melanthus  for 
"  ratio,"  referring  to  the  intellectual  quality  of  then:  work. 

Melantius  (me-lan'ti-us).  In  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher's  "  Maid's  Tragedy,"  a  rough,  honest 
soldier,  the  brother  of  Evadne. 

The  Elisabethan  drama  has  few  better  types  of  the  he. 
roic  soldier,  jealous  of  his  honour  and  faithful  as  a  friend. 


Melegnano 

a  man  of  acts  rather  than  of  words,  unflinching  in  pursuit  oi 
his  purpose,  but  big  of  heart  withal.   Ward,  Hist.  Dram.  Lit 

Melas  (ma'ias).  Baron  Michael  von.  Bom  at 
Sohassburg,  Transylvania,  1729 :  died  at  Elbe- 
Teinitz,  Bohemia,  May  31,  1806.  An  Austrian 
general.  He  commanded  with  Suvaroft  at  Cassano,  the 
Trebbia  and  Novi  in  1799,  and  alone  at  Genola  in  1799,  and 
Marengo  in  1800. 

Melas  Sinus  (me'las  si'nus).  [Gr.  MeTm^  K6%- 
vrof.]     The  ancient  name  of  the  Gulf  of  Saros. 

Melazzo.     See  Milazzo. 

Melba  (mel'ba),  Nellie  (Mitchell).  Born  at 
Melbourne,  Australia,  May  19,  1865.  A  noted 
soprano  sin  ger.  She  was  a  pupil  of  Marchesi,  and  made 
her  d^but  at  Brussels  Oct.  15,  1887,  in  "Rigoletto." 

Melbourne  (mel'b^m).  The  capital  of  Victoria, 
and  the  largest  city  of  Australia,  situated  on 
the  Yarra  River  and  Port  Phillip  Bay,  in  lat.  37° 
50'  S.,  long.  144°  59'  E.  it  comprises  the  city  proper 
and  numerous  suburbs  (including  Fitzroy,  Richmond, 
Emerald  Hill,  Collingwood,  and  Prahran).  It  has  impor- 
tant commerce  and  general  manufactures,  and  exports 
gold,  wool,  hides,  etc.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  seaports  of 
the  southern  hemisphere,  and  is  noted  for  its  flne  public 
buildings  and  parks.  The  buildings  include  the  univer- 
sity, national  museum,  mint)  exhibition  building,  parlia- 
ment houses,  treasury,  government  offices,  library,  etc.  It 
was  settled  in  1836,  and  made  the  capital  in  1861.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  with  suburbs,  490,896. 

Melbourne,  Viscount.    See  Lamb,  William. 

Melcarth.    See  Melkarfh. 

Melchers  (mel'cherz),  Gari.  Bom  at  Detroit, 
Mich.,  1860.  An  American  painter.  He  studied 
at  Siisseldorf,  Munich,  and  Paris ;  received  a  third-class 
medal  at  the  Salon  in  1888 ;  two  flrst-class  medals  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1887, 1888 ;  and  two  medals  of  honor,  Paris,  1889, 
and  Berlin,  1891.  He  painted  the  large  frescos  "  I'he  Arts 
of  War"  and  "  The  Arts  of  Peace,"  in  the  tympana  of  the 
tower  of  the  Liberal  Arts  Building  at  the  Chicago  Fair. 

Melchiades  (mel-M'a-dez),  or  Miltiades  (mil- 
ti'a-dez).    Bishop  of  Rome  310-314. 

Melchites  (mel'luts).  [From  Ar.  melelc,  king.] 
The  orthodox  Eastern  Christians,  as  distm- 
guished  from  the  Monophysites  or  Nestorians. 
The  name  was  originally  given  to  the  orthodox  as  belong- 
ing to  the  imperial  church,  the  title  of  king  being  that 
which  was  commonly  given  in  Greek  and  Oriental  lan- 
guages to  the  Roman  and  to  the  Byzantine  emperor.  Al- 
though the  term  Melchites  is  older  than  the  Council  of 
Chalcedon  (461),  its  wider  use  dates  from  its  adoption  after 
that  council  by  the  Monophysites,  who  rejected  the  de- 
crees of  the  council,  and  employed  this  name  to  represent 
the  orthodox  as  receiving  them  merely  in  submission  to 
the  edict  of  the  emperor  Marcian.  The  name  Melchites 
is  sometimes  given  also  to  members  of  communities  of 
Christians  in  Syria  and  Bgypii  formerly  in  communion 
with  the  Orthodox  Greek  Church,  who  have  submitted  to 
the  Roman  see. 

Melchizedek,  or  Melchisedec  (mel-kiz'e-dek). 
[Heb., '  king  of  righteousness.']  In  Old  Testa- 
ment history,  a  king  of  Salem  and  priest  of  the 
most  high  God,  who  entertained  and  blessed 
Abraham  and  received  tithes  from  him.  His 
relation  to  Christ  as  a  type  is  discussed  in  Heb. 
v.-vii. 

Melchthal  (melch'tal).  A  valley  in  the  canton 
of  IJnterwalden,  Switzerland,  south  of  Samen. 
The  valley  of  Little  Melchthal  lies  west  of 
Melchthal. 

Melchthal,  Arnold  von.  The  youngest  of  the 
three  Swiss  liberators,  representing  Unterwal- 
den.  He  is  one  of  the  principal  characters  in  Schiller's 
"  Wilhelm  Tell "  and  in  Rossini's  opera  "  Guillaume  Tell." 

Melcombe-Begis.    See  Weymouth. 

Meleager  (mel-e-a'j6r).  [Gr.  Mc/Uaypof.]  In 
Greek  legend,  a  celebrated  hero,  son  of  CEnens 
of  Calydon  and  Althsea:  one  of  the  Argonauts 
and  slayer  of  the  Calydonian  boar.  See  Caly- 
donian  Hwnt.  He  slew  his  uncles  (brothers  of  Althsea), 
who  attempted  to  rob  Atalantaof  the  boar's  hide,  and  was 
brought  to  death  through  the  agency  of  Ills  mother,  who 
in  turn  put  an  end  to  herself. 

Meleager.  Killed  about  323  B.  c.  A  Macedo- 
nian general,  distinguished  under  Alexander 
the  Great. 

Meleager.  A  Greek  epigrammatist  of  Gadara, 
in  Palestine,  who  flourished  about  the  middle 
of  the  1st  century  B.  c.  His  collected  epigrams, 
entitled  "Stephanos"  ('Wreath'),  formed  the 
nucleus  of  the  Greek  Anthology. 

Meleager,  A  statue  of  early  imperial  date,  in 
the  Vatican,  Rome.  The  body  of  the  youthful  hunter 
is  nude  except  for  a  chlamys  wound  about  the  neck  and 
left  arm.  A  hunting-dog  sits  at  his  master's  feet,  and  a 
boar's  head  is  introduced  at  one  side  as  a  support. 

Meleager,  House  of.    See  Pompeii. 

Meleager  and  Atalanta.  A  painting  by  Ru- 
bens, in  the  Old  Pinakothek,  Munich.  Meleager, 
surrounded  by  hunting-dogs,  and  with  attributes  of  the 
chase,  is  offering  the  head  of  the  Calydonian  boar  to  Ata- 
lanta, who  is  seated  under  a  tree. 

Meleda  (mel'a-da).  An  island  in  the  Adriatic 
Sea,  belonging  to  Dalmatia,  situated  in  lat.  42° 
45'  N. :  the  ancient  Melita.     Length,  23  miles. 

Melegnano  (ma-len-ya'no),  formerly  Marigna- 
no  (ma-ren-yS'no).     A  town  in  the  province 


Melegnano 

of  Milan,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Lambro  9  miles 
soutlieast  of  Milan.  It  is  noted  for  the  victory  gained 
tliere  by  the  French  under  Francis  I.  over  the  Swiss  Sept. 
13  and  14, 1515,  and  lor  the  victory  of  the  French  over  the 
Austriaus  June  8,  1859. 
Melema  (me-la'ma),  Tito.  A  young  Greek  of 
great  beauty  and  ability,  but  unprincipled  and 
treaclierons,  bnsband  of  Romola,  in  George 
Eliot's  novel  of  that  name. 

Tito  is  pictured,  not  as  originally  false,  liut  as  naturally 
pleasure-loving,  and  swerving  aside  before  every  unpleas- 
ant obstacle  in  the  straight  path,  at  the  instance  of  a 
quick  intelligence  and  alceen  dislike  both  to  personal  col- 
lisions and  to  personal  sacrifices. 

li.  H.  Hutton,  Essays  in  Lit.  Crit. 

Melendez  Valdes  (ma-len'deth  val-das'), 
Juan.  Born  at  Ribera  del  Fresno,  Spain,  Maroli 
11,  1754:  died  at  Montpellier,  France,  May  24, 
1817.  A  Spanish  poet.  His  vrorks,  including 
lyrics  and  pastorals,  were  published  in  1820. 

MeleSTille.     See  Duveyrier. 

Meletians  (me-le'shanz).  1 .  A  sect  of  the  4th 
and  5th  centuries,  followers  of  Meletius.  a  schis- 
matic bishop  of  Lycopolis  in  Egypt.  After  his 
death  they  adopted  Arian  views. — 2;  Follow- 
ers of  Meletius,  made  bishop  of  Antioch  about 
360.  He  was  supposed  to  be  an  Arian,  but  proceeded 
immediately  to  profess  the  Nicene  faith,  and  the  Arians 
appointed  another  bishop  in  his  stead.  Among  the  or- 
thodox some  were  adherents  of  Meletius,  and  therefore 
known  as  Mdetians;  others  remained  separate,  and  were 
known  (from  the  last  canonioally  ordained  bishop,  Eusta- 
thius,  then  dead)  as  Buatathians.  Further  difficulty  was 
occasioned  by  the  two  orthodox  parties  using  the  word 
"hypostasis"  in  different  senses.  The  schism  between 
them  continued  till  the  end  of  the  century. 

Melfi  (mel'fe).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Po- 
tenza,  Italy,  situated  in  lat.  41°  N.,  long.  15° 
39'  E.  It  has  a  noted  cathedral.  It  was  made 
the  Norman  capital  of  Apulia  in  1041.  Popu- 
lation (1881),  11,765. 

Melgar  (ma,l-gar'),Mariano.  Bomat Arequipa, 
1791 :  died  at  Cuzco,  March  11,  1815.  A  Peru- 
vian poet.  He  joined  the  patriots  under  Vicente  An- 
gulo,  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  TJmachiri  and 
immediately  shot.  His  songs  are  very  popular  in  Spanish 
America. 

Melgarejo  (mal-ga-ra'no),  Mariano.  Bom  in 
Cochabamba,  1818 :  assassinated  at  Lima,  Peru, 
by  his  son-in-law,  Nov.  23,  1871.  A  Bolivian 
general  and  revolutionist.  Hewasinvolvedinmany 
revolts ;  finally  deposed  his  brother-in-law,  General  Ach4, 
in  1865,  and  had  himself  made  president.  He  was  driven 
from  La  Paz  in  1865,  but  very  soon  recovered  it,  and 
shot  his  rival  Belzd  with  his  own  hand.  He  ruled  amid 
constant  disorders,  and  on  Jan.  15, 1871,  was  overthrown  by 
an  Indian  revolt  after  a  hot  battle  in  the  streets  of  the 
capital 

MeU  (ma'le), Giovanni.  BomatPalermo,March 
4,  1740:  died  at  Palermo,  Deo.  20, 1815.  A  Si- 
cilian poet.  His  works,  including  odes,  sonnets, 
and  pastorals,  were  published  1830-39. 

Meliadus(me-]i'a-dus).  In  Arthurian  romance, 
the  father  of  Tristram,  and  king  of  Lyonesse. 

Melibocus(me-lib'o-kus).  [Gr.  M/jXipoicov  6pog.'\ 
1.  In  ancient  geography ,_a  moimtain-range  in 
Germany,  probably  theHarz. — 2(mel-i-b6'kus). 
A  mountain  in  the  Odenwald,  Hesse,  10  miles 
south  of  Darmstadt.    Heirfit,  about  1,700  feet. 

Meliboeus  (mel-i-be'us).  The  name  of  a  shep- 
herd in  Vergil's  first  eclogue. 

Meliboeus,  The  Tale  of.  One  of  Chaucer's 
"Canterbury  Tales."  It  is  a  prose  translation  of 
the  Latin  "Liber  consolationis  et  concilii"of  Albertano 
da  Brescia,  tlu*ouffh  a  free  French  version  of  the  latter,  the 
*'  Livre  de  Melibee  et  Dame  Prudence,"  probably  by  Jean 
de  Meung. 

Melicerte  (ma-le-sert')-  A  pastoral  by  MoliSre, 
produced  at  Saint-Germain-en-Laye  in  1666, 
though  unfinished. 

Melicertes  (mel-i-s6r'tez).  [Gr.  Me/ljK^pr)??.] 
In  Greek  mythology,  a  son  of  Athamas  and  Lio, 
changed,  after  her  death  by  drowning,  into  a 
sea  divinity  with  the  name  of  Palremon.  He  is 
identified  with  the  Phenician  Melkarth,  and  was  wor- 
shiped on  the  coast,  especially  at  M^ara  and  the  Isthmus 
of  Corintli.  By  the  Romans  he  was  identified  with  Portu- 
nus,  god  of  harbors. 

Melikoff.    See  Loris-Melikoff, 

Melinde  (ma-len'da),  or  Melinda  (ma-len'da). 
A  town  in  British  East  Africa,  situated  on  the 
coast  in  lat.  3°  13'  S.,  long.  40°  11'  E.  It  was 
successively  an  Arabian,  Portuguese,  and  Zan- 
zibar! trading-place. 

Melissa  (me-Us'a).  [Gr.  M.iTi.taaa.']  In  Greek 
legend,  the  wife  of  Periander,  tyrant  of  Corinth. 
Her  husband  murdered  her  in  a  fit  of  jealousy. 

Melissa.  An  enchantress  in  Ariosto's  "Orlando 
Furioso."  She  assists  Eogero  and  Bradamant, 
and  restores  the  lovers  of  Alcina  to  their  natural 
shapes. 

Melissns  (me -lis 'us).     [Gr.  MiTuaaog.']     Lived 

about  440  B.C.    A  Greek  philosopher  of  Samos, 


674 

a  disciple  of  Parmenides  and  a  representative 
of  the  Eleatie  school.  Fragments  of  his  writ- 
ings have  been  preserved. 

Melita  (mel'i-ta).  [Gr.  MertTij.'i  The  ancient 
name  (a)  of  Malta,  and  (6)  of  Meleda. 

Melite  (ma-lef).  A  comedy  by  Pierre  Cor- 
neille,  produced  in  1629. 

Melitene  (mel-i-te'ne).  [Gr.  MeA(t^.]  1.  In 
ancient  geography,  a  district  in  eastern  Cappa- 
docia,  Asia  Minor. — 2.  The  chief  town  of  Meli- 
tene :  the  modern  Malatia. 

Melito  (mel'i-to).  [Gr.  M.eHtov.']  Lived  in  the 
second  half  of  the  2d  century.  A  bishop  of 
Sardis,  noted  as  a  Christian  writer. 

Melitopol  (me-le-to'poly).  A  tovrai  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Taurida,  southern  Russia,  situated 
on  the  Molotehna  135  miles  east  of  Kherson. 
Population,  8,707. 

Melkarth  (mel'karth).  ['City  king.']  The 
tutelary  god  of  Tyre :  the  Greek  Melicertes.  He 
was  merely  another  aspect  of  the  Canaanitish  supreme  god 
Baal.  His  temple  at  Tyre  was  celebrated  for  its  magnifi- 
cence. By  the  Greeks  he  was  identified  with  Hercules,  an 
idea  which  was  caught  by  the  Phenicians,  and  on  their 
later  coins  Baal-Melkarth  is  frequently  represented  as  Her- 
cules. Therefore  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar  were  also  called 
"The  Pillars  of  Hercules,"  properly  of  Mellcarth,  the  Phe- 
nicians believing  that  they  were  the  boundary  of  him  in 
his  aspect  as  the  sun-god,  and  therefore  also  of  navigation. 

Mellefont  (mel'e-font).  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Congreve's  comedy  "  The  Double 
Dealer."    He  is  in  love  with  "Cynthia. 

Mellen(meren),Grenville.  BomatBiddeford, 
Maine,  June  19,  1799:  died  at  New  York,  Sept. 
5,  1841.     An  American  poet. 

Mellifluous  Doctor,  The.  A  surname  of  St. 
Bernard. 

Mellin  (mel-l§n'),  Gustaf  Henrik.  Bom  at 
Revolax,  Finland,  April  23,  1803:  died  Aug.  2, 
1876.  A  Swedish  novelist,  especially  noted  for 
historical  novels. 

Mellitus  (mel'i-tus).  Died  April  24,  624.  The 
first  bishop  of  London  and  third  archbishop  of 
Canterbury.  He  was  sent  by  Pope  Gregory  the  Great 
to  St^  Augustine  in  Canterbury  in  601.  Many  of  Gregory's 
epistles  to  Mellitus  are  extant.  He  was  consecrated  bishop 
about  604,  and  in  619  became  archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

Mello  (mSi'lS),  Oustodio  Jos6  de.  Bom  about 
1845  :  died  m  March,  1902.  A  Brazilian  naval 
officer  and  revolutionist.  As  captain  in  1889  lie  was 
prominent  in  tlie  overthrow  of  the  empire ;  was  promoted 
to  admiral ;  and  for  a  time  was  minister  of  marine.  On 
Sept.  6, 1893,  he  secretly  seized  the  Brazilian  war-ships  in 
the  harbor  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  at  the  head  of  this  force 
declai-ed  against  President  Peixoto.  Some  of  the  har- 
bor forts  yielded  to  him ;  an  Intermittent  bombardment 
of  the  loyal  forts,  of  Nictheroy,  and,  to  some  extent,  of 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  was  kept  up  for  6  months,  and  there  were 
several  sharp  land  engagements.  Foreign  powers-refused 
to  recognize  the  rebels  as  belligerents,  and  they  were  hence 
unable  to  establish  a  blockade.  During  much  of  this  time 
Mello  operated  on  the  southern  coasts,  leaving  the  com- 
mand of  the  ships  at  Rio  to  Saldanha  da  Gama.  Santa 
Catharina  was  taken  late  in  Sept.,  1893,  and  a  provisional 
government  established  there,  and  communications  were 
opened  with  the  insurgents  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul.  During 
Mello's  absence  a  government  fieet,  which  hjad  been  hastily 
orderedf  rom  Europe  and  the  United  States,  arrived  before 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  Saldanha  da  Gama  gave  up  the  ships 
there  (March  12, 1894),  taldng  refuge  on  a  Portuguese  man- 
of-war.  Mello  still  retained  several  of  the  strongest  ves- 
sels, including  tlie  Republica  and  the  Aquidaban,  as  well 
as  portions  of  the  southern  states.  He  attacked  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul  early  in  ApriL  1894,  but  was  repulsed,  and  on  April 
16  gave  himself  up  to  the  Argentine  authorities  at  Buenos 
Ayres.  On  April  17  the  Brazilian  forces  recovered  Santa 
Catharina,  the  Aquidaban  being  sunk  by  torpedoes. 

Melloni  (mel-16'ne),  Macedonio.  Bom  at  Par- 
ma, Italy,  April  11, 1798 :  died  near  Naples,  Aug. 
11, 1854.  An  Italian  physicist,  noted  especially 
for  his  discoveries  in  radiant  heat. 

Melmoth  (mel'moth),  Courtney.  The  pseudo- 
nym of  Samuel  Jackson  Pratt,  an  English  poet 
and  novelist. 

Melo  (ma'l5),  or  Mello  (mel'16),  Francisco 
Manuel  de.  Bom  at  Lisbon,  Nov.  23, 1611 : 
died  at  Lisbon,  Oct.  13,  1666.  A  Portuguese 
historian  and  poet.  He  was  a  soldier  in  the  service 
of  Spain  until  1640,  when  he  entered  the  service  of  tlie 
house  of  Braganza.  He  wrote  "  Historia  de  los  movimien- 
tos,8eparacion,yguerradeCatalufla"  ("History  of  the  Sedi- 
tions, Separation,  and  War  of  Catalonia,"  1645),  and  poems 
and  other  works  in  both  Portuguese  and  Spanish. 

Melo  de  Portugal  y  Villena  (ma'lo  da  por-to- 
gal'  e  vel-ya'na),  Pedro.  Born  about  1725 :  died 
at  Montevideo,  April  15, 1797.  A  Spanish  naval 
officer  and  administrator,  governor  of  Paraguay 
1778,  and  sixth  viceroy  of  the  Platine  colonies 
from  March,  1795. 

Melos  (me'los),  It.  Milo  (me'16).  [Gr.  M^Aof.] 
A  volcanic  island  in  the  nomarchy  of  the  Cyo- 
lades,  Greece,  situated  in  lat.  36°  42'  N.,  long. 
24°  30'  E.  It  is  noted  for  the  Tonus  of  Melos,  found  in 
the  mins  of  the  city  of  Melos.  Population,  about  5,000. 
Length,  13  miles.    See  Venus  of  Mdoi, 

Melozzo  da  Forli.    See  ForU. 


Melville,  Sir  James 

Melpomene  (mel-pom'e-ne).  [Gr.  Me/liro/iiw?.] 
1.  In  Greek  mythology,  the  Muse  of  tragedy. 
SeeilfMseg. — 2.  An  asteroid  (No.  18)  discovered 
by  Hind  at  London,  June  24,  1852. 

Melpomene.  An  antique  statue  in  the  Louvre, 
Paris,  remarkable  not  only  for  its  excellence, 
but  as  one  of  the  largest  ancient  sculptures  sur- 
viving. It  is  13  feet  high,  carved  in  a  single  block  of  Pen- 
telic  marble.  The  Muse  stands,  fully  draped,  with  calm, 
expression,  holding  a  bearded,  open-mouthed  mask. 

Melrose  (mel'roz).  A  village  in  Roxburghshire, 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  Tweed  29  miles  south- 
east of  Edinburgh.  Abbotsford  is  in  the  neighbor- 
hood. The  abbey  is  considered  the  finest  ruin  in  Scotland, 
though  more  dilapidated  than  Jedburgh.  The  great  church 
was  founded  by  David  I.,  but  what  remains  is  almost  en- 
tirely of  the  IBth  century.  The  choir  is  characterized  by 
slender  clustered  columns  with  rich  capitals;  both  the 
square  chevet  and  the  transepts  exhibit  large  traceried 
windows.    A  few  bays  retain  their  vaulting. 

Melrose.  A  city  in  Middlesex  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, 7  miles  north  of  Boston.  Population 
(1900),  12,962. 

Melton  Mowbray  (mel'ton  mo'bre).  A  town 
in  Leicestershire,  England,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Wreak  and  Eye,  13  miles  northeast 
of  Leicester.  It  is  noted  as  a  fox-hunting  center,  and 
for  its  cheese  trade  and  its  pork  pies.  Population  (1891), 
6,392. 

Melucha  (me-18-cha').  In  the  cuneiform  in- 
scriptions, a  name  designating  probably  the. 
west  coast  of  Arabia. 

Melukitz  (mel-o-kits').  A  tribe  of  the  Kusan 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  it  formerly  had 
a  village  on  the  north  side  of  Coos  Bay,  Oregon.  The  sur- 
vivors are  on  the  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.    See  Kusan, 

Melun  (me-lun' ) .  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Mame,  France,  situated  on  the  Seine 
in  lat.  48°  32'  N.,  long.  2°  39'  E. :  the  ancient 
Melodunum.  it  was  taken  by  Labienus  52  B.  o. ;  was 
ravaged  by  the  Northmen ;  was  an  early  Capetian  resi- 
dence ;  and  was  held  by  the  English  from  1420  to  1480.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  Amyot.    Population  (1891),  12,792. 

Melun.  AminoroharacterinShakspere's  "King 
John,"  a  French  lord. 

Melusina  (mel-6-si'na),  F.  M^lusine  (ma-lil- 
zen').    In  French  legend,  a  water-fay  of  great 

gower  and  wealth,  she  married  Raymond,  son  of  a 
omte  de  la  Forfit,  who  found  her  near  a  f ouniain  or  spring 
in  the  forest  of  Colombiers,  in  Poitou.  The  marriage  took 
place  in  a  castle  which  she  built  around  the  fountain.  This, 
she  called  Lusinia,  after  herself — a  name  corrupted  into 
Luaignan,  which  the  place  still  bears.  They  lived  happily 
till,  breaking  a  promise  he  had  made  before  marriage  that 
he  would  never  intrude  on  her  seclusion  on  Saturdays,  he 
discovered  her,  half  fish  or  serpent  half  woman,  swimming 
in  a  bath.  His  breach  of  faith  compelled  her  to  leave  him. 
Until  the  destruction  of  Lusignan  (1574)  she  was  said  to. 
appear  on  its  towers,  and  to  shriek  shrilly  thrice  whenever 
the  head  of  that  family  or  the  King  of  France  lay  dying. 
The  story  of  Jean  d'Arras,  compiled  by  the  order  of  his  mas- 
ter, the  Duke  of  Berry,  in  1387,  differs  somewhat  from  the 
legend.  Stephan,  a  Dominican  of  the  house  of  Lusignan, 
developed  the  work  of  Jean  d'Arras,  and  made  the  story  so 
famous  that  the  families  of  Luxembourg,  Rohan,  and  Sas- 
senaye  altered  their  pedigrees  so  as  to  be  able  to  clalmi 
descent  from  the  illustrious  M^lusine.  She  is  connected 
with  the  legends  of  both  the  Banshee  and  the  Mermaid. 
Baring'Q&uldf. 

Melusine,  M3,rchen  von  der  schonen.  [G., 
'  Story  of  the  Beautiful  Melusine.']  An  over- 
ture by  Mendelssohn,  produced  in  1833. 

Melvill,  Sir  James.    See  Melville,  Sir  James. 

Melville,  or  Melvill  (mel'vil),  Andrew.  Bom 
at  Baldovie,  Forfarshire,  Scotland,  Aug.  1, 1545  j 
died  at  Sedan,  France,  1622.  A  Scottish  re- 
former, scholar,  and  Presbyterian  leader,  in  156» 
he  entered  St.  Mary's  CoUege,  St.  Andrews ;  in  1564  went  to 
Paris  and  in  1566  to  Poitiers,  where  he  became  regent  of  the 
College  of  St.  Marceon ;  and  in  1569  went  to  Geneva.  He  was 
principal  of  Glasgow  Unlversity_iB74-80,  of  St.  Maiy's  Col- 
lege, St.  Andrews,  1580-1606.  He  was  an  active  leader  in 
the  organization  of  the  Scottish  Presbyterian  Church,  and 
assisted  In  drafting  the  second  "book  of  discipline"  in 
1581.  He  reorganized  the  Scottish  universities,  particu- 
larly St.  Andrews,  of  which  he  became  rector  in  1590.  In 
the  long  struggle  against  the  spiritual  authority  of  the 
king  and  hierarchy,  he  was  repeatedly  imprisoned.  He  was 
sent  to  the  Tower  of  London  AprU,  1607.  At  his  release 
he  was  mstalled  in  the  chair  of  biblical  theology  at  Sedan, 
1611,  and  died  there. 

Melville,  George  John  Whyte-.    See  Whyte- 

MelMlle. 

Melville,  Herman.  Bom  at  New  York,  Aug.  1, 
1819 :  died  there,  Sept.  28, 1891.  An  American 
novelist.  He  had  a  roving  spirit,  and  went  to  sea  as  a 
cabin-boy,  returning  but  once  till  1844.  From  1857  to  1860 
he  lectured  in  the  United  States,  and  traveled  in  England 
and  on  the  Continent.  He  was  a  district  officer  in  the  New 
York  custom-house  1866-85.  His  adventures  in  the  Mar- 
quesas Islands  are  described  in  "Typee"  (1846)  and 
'  Omoo  "  (1847),  and  his  other  adventures  in  "Mardi,  etc." 
(1849),"R6dbum,  his  First  Voyage"  (1849),  "White  Jacket 
or  the  World  in  a  Man-of-War  "  (I860),  "  Moby  Dick  or  th& 
White  Whale"  (1851),  and  "Pierre,  or  the  Ambiguities" 
(1852).  After  this  his  popularity  declined.  He  published 
several  volumes  of  poems,  "Battle  Pieces,  etc."  (1866). 
"  Clarel,  a  Poem  "  (1876X  "  Timoleon  "  (1891). 

Melville,  Sir  James.  Bom  1535 :  died  at  his. 
estate  of  Hallhill,  Fife,  Nov.  13, 1617.    A  Scot- 


Melville,  Sir  James 

tish  soldier,  diplomat,  and  hiBtorieal  writer.  He 
was  privy  councilor  and  gentleman  of  the  bedchamber  to 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  later  held  the  same  position  in 
the  court  of  Anne,  queen  of  James  VI.  His  autobiog- 
raphy ("  Memoirs'^  is  important  historically. 

Melville,  or  MelvlU,  James.  Born  July  26, 
1556 :  died  at  Berwick-on-Tweed,  Jan.  13, 1614. 
A  Scottish  reformer,  nephew  of  Andrew  Mel- 
ville. He  shared  his  uncle's  fortunes  in  the  struggle  for 
Presbyterianism,  and  when  Andrew  was  confined  in  the 
Tower,  James  was  forbidden  to  enter  Scotland.  He  was 
allowed  to  return  in  1B13,  but  died  on  his  way  at  Berwick. 
Among  his  works  are  "  A  Spiritual  Propine  of  a  Pastor  to 
his  People"  (1598);  "The  Black  Bastill,"apoem;  and  the 
"Diary,"  an  inTaluable  historical  record. 

Melville,  Viscount.    See  Dundas. 

Melville  Island.  1.  An  island  north  of  North 
Australia. —  2.  A  large  island  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  intersected  by  lat.  75°  N.,  long.  110°  W. 

Melville  Peninsula.  A  peninsula  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  British  America,  west  of  Fox  Chan- 
nel, and  separated  from  Cockbum  Island  on  the 
north  by  Fury  and  Hecla  Strait. 

Melville  Sound.  An  inlet  of  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
south  of  Melville  Island. 

Melvill  van  Carnbee  (mel'vil  van  kam'ba), 
Baron  Pieter.  Born  at  The  Hague,  May  20, 
1816  :  died  at  Batavia,  Oct.  24,  1856.  A  Dutch 
geographer,  author  of  works  on  the  hydrography 
and  geography  of  the  East  Indies. 

MembrS  (mon-bra'),  Zenobius.  Bom  at  Ba- 
paume,  France,  1645 :  killed  in  Texas  about  1687. 
A  French  missionary,  companion  of  La  Salle  in 
his  coloring  expeditions. 

Memel  (ma'mel).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
East  Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Dange,  and  at  the  entrance  of  the  Kurisches 
HafE,  in  lat.  55° 44'  N.,  long.  21°  7'  E.:  the  north- 
ernmost city  in  Germany,  it  exports  lumber,  grain, 
etc.  It  was  founded  about  1263.  The  Russians  captured 
it  in  1757  and  in  1812.  The  treaty  between  England  and 
Prussia  was  concluded  here  in  1807.  Population  (1890), 
19,023. 

Memel.  The  name  given  to  the  Niemen  in  its 
lower  course. 

Memling  (mem'ling)  (wrongly  Hemling), 
Hans.  Died  1494.  A  Flemish  painter  of  Bruges. 
His  works  include  a  "Shrine  of  St.  Ursula"  (Bruges), 
"Seven  Griefs  of  Mary"  (Turin),  "Seven  Joys  of  Mary" 
(Munich),  an  altar  at  Bruges,  etc. 

Memmii  Simone.    See  Martini,  Simone. 

Memmingen  (mem'ing-en).  Atown  in  the  gov- 
ernment district  of  Swabia  and  Neuburg,  Ba- 
varia, 42  miles  southwest  of  Augsburg.  It  was  a 
free  imperial  city  from  1286  to  1802,  and  was  one  of  the 
protesting  cities  at  the  Diet  of  Spires,  1529.  Population 
0890),  9,600. 

Memminger  (mem'min-j6r),  Christoplier  Gus- 
tavus.  Born  in  Wiirtemberg,  Germany,  Jan. 
17,  1803 :  died  March  7,  1888.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  Confederate  secretary  of 
the  treasury  1861-64. 

Memnon  (mem'non).  [Gr.  Ml^vuv.]  An  Ori- 
ental or  Ethiopian  hero  in  the  Trojan  war,  slain 
by  Achilles.  He  was  a  solar  hero,  son  of  the  Dawn 
(Eos),  or  of  Day  (Hemera),  symbolized  as  a  youth  of  mar- 
velous beauty  and  strength.  The  Greeks  gave  his  name 
to  one  of  the  colossi  of  Amenophis  III.  at  Thebes  in  Egypt, 
"the  vocal  Memnon,"  so  called  because  the  stone,  when 
reached  by  the  rays  of  the  rising  sun,  gave  forth,  it-was 
believed,  a  sound  resembling  that  of  a  breaking  chord. 

The  fable  of  Memnon  is  one  of  those  in  which  it  is  dif- 
ficult to  discover  any  germs  of  truth.  Memnon,  the  son 
of  Tithdnus  and  E6s  (Dawn)  or  Hemera  (Day),  is,  accord- 
ing to  most  accounts,  an  Ethiopian  king.  His  father  Ti- 
thouus,  however,  reigns  at  Susa,  and  he  himself  leads  a 
combined  army  of  Susianians  and  Ethiopians  to  the  as- 
sistance of  his  father's  brother,  Priam,  king  of  Troy.  We 
seem  here  to  have  nothing  but  the  wildest  imaginations 
of  pure  romancers.  Homer  makes  very  slight  and  passing 
allusions  to  Memnon.  Hesiod  calls  him  king  of  the  Ethi- 
opians. So  Pindar  (Nem.  iii.  62, 63,  Dissen.).  This  seems 
to  have  been  the  first  form  of  the  legend,  from  which  all 
mention  of  Susa  was  omitted.  The  earliest  author  who  is 
known  to  have  connected  Memnon  with  Susa  is  .Sischylus, 
who  made  his  mother  a  Cissian  woman.  It  is  clear,  how- 
ever, that  by  the  time  of  Herodotus  the  story  that  he 
built  Susa,  or  its  great  palace,  was  generally  accepted  in 
Greece.  Perhaps  the  adoption  of  this  account  may  be  re- 
garded as  indicating  some  knowledge  of  the  ethnic  connec- 
tion which  really  existed  between  Ethiopia  and  Susiana. 
Rawlinson,  Herod,  III.  254,  note. 

Memnon.  The  "  mad  lover"  in  Fletcher's  play 
of  that  name. 

Memnonium.     See  Tliebes  (Egypt). 

Memphis  (mem'fis).  [Egyptian  Jfe»«.M/er,Jlfe»- 
nofer,  city  of  the  good ;  Gr.  Mi/i^«f .]  In  ancient 
geography,  the  early  capital  of  Egypt,  it  was 
on  the  western  bank  of  the  Nile,  south  of  (Tairo.  It  is  said 
to  have  been  built  by  Menes.  In  the  4th  dynasty  it  was 
the  capital.  It  suffered  from  the  Hyksos,  and  m  the  new 
empire  was  second  to  Thebes.  It  was  captured  by  the 
Assyrians  and  stormed  by  Cambyses.  It  continued  to 
exist  under  the  Eoman  Empire,  but  was  graduaUy  aban- 
doned and  ruined  after  the  Mohammedan  conquest.  The 
ruins  of  Sakkara  are  near  it. 

The  new  city  received  a  name  which  reflects  the  satis- 
faction of  the  ancient  founder :  he  called  it  Mennvfre, '  the 


675 

Good*  or 'Perfect  Mansion.'  This  was  the  civil  name. 
.  .  .  The  civil  name  is  the  parent  of  the  Greek  Memphis 
and  the  Hebrew  Moph,  also  found  in  the  form  Noph. 
Lately,  scholars  have  thought  that  the  famous  capital  of 
Ethiopia,  the  royal  seat  of  Tirhakah,  the  classical  Napata 
and  Egyptian  Nap,  is  intended  by  Noph. 

Poole,  Cities  of  Egypt,  p.  22. 

Memphis.  A  city,  capital  of  Shelby  County, 
Tennessee,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  in  lat. 
35°  8'  N.,  long.  90°  5'  W. :  the  chief  place  on  the 
Mississippi  between  St.  Louis  andNew  Orleans. 
It  has  manufactures  of  lumber,  etc.;  is  one  of  the  chief 
cotton  markets  in  the  United  States ;  and  has  important 
river  commerce.  It  was  founded  in  1820.  The  Mississippi 
is  crossed  here  by  the  only  bridge  that  spans  it  below  St. 
Louis ;  it  is  built  of  steel,  on  the  oantaliver  system,  with  6 
spans ;  is  2,597  feet  long ;  and  was  opened  for  trafBc  May  12, 
1893.  Near  Memphis  the  Federal  fleet  defeated  the  Con- 
federates June  6, 1862,  and  the  city  was  taken  by  the  Fed- 
erals. The  Confederates  under  Forrest  raided  it  in  1864. 
It  was  disastrously  ravaged  by  yellow  fever  in  1873. 1878, 
and  1879.    Population  (1900),  102,320. 

Memphremagog  (mem-fre-ma'gog).  Lake.  A 
lake  on  the  border  of  Vermont  and  the  province 
of  Quebec,  Canada,  it  discharges  by  the  rivers  Ma^ 
gog  and  St.  Francis  into  the  St.  Lawrence.  Length,  about 
35  miles. 

Mena.    See  Menes. 

Mena  (ma'na),  Juan  de.  Bom  at  Cordova, 
Spain,  about  1411:  died  1456.  A  Spanish  poet. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  didactic  allegory  oMled  "El  labe- 
rinto"  ("The  Labyrinth")  or  "Las  tres  oientas"  ("The 
Three  Hundred"),  published  in  1496. 

Menabrea  (ma-na-bra'a).  Count  Luigi  Fede- 
rigO.  Bom  at  Chamb^ry,  Sept.  4,  1809 :  died 
May  25,1896.  An  Italian  generaland  statesman. 
He  was  appointed  chief  of  the  engineer  corps  in  the  Sar- 
dinian army  at  the  beginning  of  the  war  of  Sardinia  and 
France  against  Austria  in  1869 ;  was  made  minister  of 
marine  in  1861 ;  and  was  prime  minister  1867-69,  ambassa- 
dor at  London  1876-82,  and  ambassador  at  Paris  1882-92. 

Menaechmi  (me-nek'mi) .  A  celebrated  comedy 
of  Plautus,  the  plot  of  which  turns  upon  the 
comical  mistakes  arising  from  the  resemblance 
of  twin  brothers.  It  was  translated  into  English 
in  1595 by  "■W.W."("WilUam Warner).  See  Com- 
edy of  Errors. 

M&age  (ma-nazh'),  GiUes.  Born  at  Angers, 
Prance,  Aug.  15, 1613 :  died  at  Paris,  July  23, 
1692.  A  French  philologist.  He  wrote  "Origines 
de  la  langue  f ran^aise  "  (1650),  "  Origini  della  lingua  itali- 
ana "  (1669X  etc.     "  Menagiana  "  appeared  in  1693. 

Menaggio  (ma-nM'j^.  A  small  town  in  north- 
em  Italyv  on  the  western  bank  of  Lake  Como, 
16  miles  northeast  of  Como. 

Meuahem  (men'a-hem).  [Heb.,  'comforter.'] 
King  of  Israel  748-738  B.  O.  He  was  general  under 
Zechariah,  son  of  Jeroboam  II.,  and  obtained  the  throne 
by  a  revolution  after  having  killed  Shallum,  the  murderer 
of  Zechariah.  To  secure  his  throne  he  applied  for  support 
to  the  Assyrian  king  Tiglath-Pileser  III.  (in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment called  Phul),  for  which  he  paid  a  thousand  talents. 
From  that  time  on  the  northern  kingdom  remained  tribu- 
tary to  Assyria.  In  the  Assyrian  inscriptions  he  is  men- 
tioned by_  the  name  of  Minihimmi  of  Samirina, '  Menahem 
of  Samaria.' 

Menai  Strait  (men'i  strat).  A  strait  separat- 
ing Anglesea  from  Camarvonshire,North  Wales, 
and  connecting  Carnarvon  Bay  with  Beaumaris 
Bay.  Length,  about  13 miles.  ItiscrossedbytheBri- 
tannia  tubular  bridge  (which  see)  and  the  Menai  bridge. 
The  latter,  built  by  Telford  between  1819  and  1826,  is  580 
feet  long  between  the  piers,  and  the  roadway,  supported 
by  16  chains,  is  100  feet  above  the  high-tide  level. 

Menam  (ma-nam').  A  river  in  Siam  which  flows 
into  the  Gulf  of  Siam  a  few  miles  below  Bang- 
kok.   Length,  estimated,  about  600  miles. 

Menander(me-nan'der).  [Gr.  M^i/dvdpo?.]  Boi-n 
at  Athens,  342  b.  c.  :  said  to  have  been  drowned 
about  291  B.  c.  A  celebrated  Athenian  comic 
poet,  the  chief  of  the  writers  of  the  "  new  com- 
edy," sou  of  the  general  Deiopeithes  and  Hege- 
sistrate.  Many  fragments  of  his  plays  have 
been  preserved. 

Menant  (ma-non');  Joachim.  Bom  at  Cher- 
bourg, France,  April  16,  1820:  died  at  Paris,  Aug. 
30,1899.  A  French  jurist  and  Assyriologist.  He 
published  "LesbriquesdeBabylone  "  (1869),  "Les  inscrip- 
tions cun^iforiries  "  (1860),  "Inscriptions  de  Hammou- 
rabi "  (1864),  "  Expose  de  la  grammaire  de  la  langue  assy- 
rienne"(1868),  "Annales  des  rols  d'Assyrie"  (1873),  with 
Oppert  "La  grande  inscription  de  Khorsabad  "  (1863),  etc. 

Menaphon  (men'a-f  on) :  Camilla's  Alarom  to 
Slunftering  Euphues.  A  love-story  by  Robert 
Greene.  It  was  published  in  1689,  and  as  "Greene's 
Arcadia,  or  Menaphon  "  in  1699.  It  contains  his  best  lyri- 
cal verses.  Sidney's  "  Arcadia  "  was  published  in  1690,  a 
year  after  the  first  appearance  of  "  Menaphon." 

Menapia  (me-na'pi-a)'.    See  the  extract. 

The  forms  "  Menapia  "  and  "  Menevia  "  are  applied,  with 
trifling  variations,  to  the  city  of  St.  David's,  the  Isle  of  Man, 
th&Menai  Straits,  and  the  coast  between  Dublin  and  Wick- 
low  ;  and  we  can  hardly  attribute  their  occurrence  to  any 
contact  with  the  "Menapii "  of  the  coast  of  Flanders. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  160. 

Menapii  (me-na'pi-i).  In  ancient  history,  a 
people  in  Gallia  Belgica,  living  in  the  modern 
Belgium  and  Netherlands. 


Mendelssohn-Bartholdy 

Menasseh  ben  Israel.    See  Manasseh. 

Mencheres.    See  Menlcawra. 

Menchikoff.    See  Menshi'koff. 

Mencius  (men '  shi-us).  Latinized  from  Meng-tse 
(meng-tse' ).  Born  early  in  the  4th  century  B.  o. : 
died  about  289  b.  c.  A  Chinese  philosopher, 
one  of  the  most  noted  of  the  expounders  of 
Confucianism. 

Mencke  (meng'ke),  Johann  Burkhard.  Bom 
at  Leipsic,  March  27, 1675:  died  at  Leipsic,  April 
1, 1732.  A  German  scholar,  son  of  Otto  Mencke : 
professor  of  history  at  Leipsic,  and  historiogra- 
pher to  Frederick  Augustus.  He  published  "Scrip- 
tores  rerum  Germanicamm,  praecipue  Saxonicarum." 

Mencke,  Otto.  Bom  at  Oldenburg,  Germany, 
March  22,  1644 :  died  at  Leipsic,  Jan.  29,  1707. 
A  German  scholar,  founder  ot  the  "Acta  Erudi- 
torum"  in  1682. 

Mendaites.    See  Mandseans. 

Mendana  de  Neyra  (man-dan'ya  da  na'e-ra), 
Alvaro,  Bom  at  Saragossa,  1541 :  died  in  the 
Solomon  Islands,  Oct.  17, 1596.  A  Spanish  nav- 
igator. He  went  to  Peru  in  1665,  and  in  1567  his  uncle, 
the  viceroy  Garcia  de  Mendoza,  sent  him  with  two  ships 
to  explore  the  Pacific  Ocean.  He  discovered  and  named 
the  Solomon  Islands,  and  brought  back  exaggerated  re- 
ports of  their  riches.  In  1694  Philip  II.  commissioned 
him  governor  of  one  of  the  islands.  He  sailed  from  Cal- 
lao,  April  11, 1596,  to  colonize  it ;  discovered  and  named 
the  Marquesas  group;  and  arrived  at  the  Solomon  Islands, 
where  he  died.    The  expedition  then  went  on  to  Manila. 

Mendana  Islands.    See  Marquesas  Islands. 

Mende  (mond).  'The  capital  of  the  department 
of  LozSre,  France,  situated  on  the  Lot  in  lat. 
44°  31'  N.,  long.  3°  29'  E.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  7,878. 

Mendelejeff  (meu-da-la'yef),  Dmitrii  Ivano- 
vitch.  Bom  at  Tobolsk,  Siberia,  Feb.  7, 1834.  A 
celebrated  Russian  chemist,  professor  of  chem- 
istry at  the  University  of  St.  Petersburg  1866-. 
He  discovered  theperiodic  system  of  the  chemicalelements. 

Mendelssohn  (men'dels-son),  Moses.  Bom  in 
Dessau,  Germany,  Sept.  6, 1729:  died  Jan.  4, 1786. 
A  noted  Jewish  philosopher.  Premature  and  severe 
intellectual  labor  weakened  his  health  and  injured  the 
growth  of  his  spine.  In  1743  he  went  to  Berlin,  where  he 
at  first  lived  in  great  poverty,  devoting  himself  to  the  ac- 
quisition of  knowledge,  until  he  obtained  a  position,  first 
as  tutor  and  then  as  accountant^  with  a  rich  silk  manu- 
facturer, and  at  last  became  a  partner  in  the  house.  He 
became  acquainted  with  and  was  befriended  by  Lessing, 
Nicolai,  Herder,  Wieland,  Jacobi,  Lavater,  and  others. 
Lessingjin  his  great  drama  "Nathan  the  Wise,"  has  erected 
a  lasting  memorial  to  his  Jewish  friend.  Mendelssohn 
soon  became  known  as  a  writer  upon  esthetic  subjects. 
His  writings  were  distinguished  by  beauty  and  elegance 
of  style,  as  much  as  by  largeness  of  intellect  and  wisdom. 
He  obtained  from  the  Berlin  Academy  the  prize  for  an 
essay  "On  Evidence  in  the  Metaphysical  Sciences," 
among  his  competitors  being  Immanuel  Kant.  His  best- 
known  works  are  "Jerusalem,"  a  sort  of  comprehensive 
survey  of  Judaism  in  its  religious  and  national  aspects, 
published  in  1783 ;  and  especially  his  "  Phcedo,"  puhlished 
in  1767,  a  summary  of  all  that  religion,  reason,  and  experi- 
ence urge  in  support  of  the  belief  in  the  immortality  of 
the  soul.  For  the  Jews  his  translation  of  the  Pentateuch 
and  the  Psalms  into  pure  German  was  epoch-making,  in- 
asmuch as  it  opened  the  way  for  them  to  German  litera- 
ture and  culture.  He  also  wrote  commentaries  on  several 
books  of  the  Old  Testament.  The  Berlin  Academy  of  Sci. 
ences  elected  him  a  member,  but  King  Frederick  II.  re- 
fused to  ratify  the  election  of  a  Jew.  In  1786  Mendels- 
sohn died,  mourned  by  all  as  "the  German  Socrates." 

Mendelssohn-Bartholdy  (men'dels  -son-bar- 
tol'de),  Jakob  Ludwig  Felix.  Bom  at  Ham- 
burg, Feb.  3, 1809 :  died  at  Leipsic,  Nov.  4, 1847. 
A  celebrated  German  composer  and  musician, 
grandson  of  Moses  Mendelssohn.  He  and  his  sister 
Fanny  (Madame  Hensel)  were  first  taught  music  by  their 
mother ;  but  in  1816,  when  they  were  7  and  11  years  old  re- 
spectively, they  were  taken  to  Paris  and  placed  under  the 
instruction  of  Madame  Bigot.  On  the  return  of  Felix  to 
Berlin,  he  studied  with  Berger,  Zelter,  and  Henning,  and 
afterward  with  Kietz.  He  made  his  first  appearance  in 
public  Oct.  24, 1818,  and  was  much  applauded  in  the  piano- 
forte part  of  a  trio  for  pianoforte  and  two  horns  by  Woelfi. 
He  began  to  compose  regularly  in  his  twelfth  year,  and  the 
symphonies,  quartets,  concertos,  etc.,  which  he  produced 
after  this  time  were  performed  at  the  musical  parties 
which  took  place  at  his  father's  house  on  alternate  Sunday 
mornings,  his  brother  and  two  sisters  assisting — he,  how- 
ever, always  conducting  and  generally  playing  the  piano- 
forte parts.  Many  great  artists  visited  the  house  on  these 
occasions.  He  visited  Paris  in  1825,  and  in  1829  trium- 
phantly conducted  Bach's  "  Passion  Music  "  at  Berlin,  after 
much  opposition,  for  the  first  time  after  the  death  of  the 
composer.  The  same  year  he  went  to  England,  where  he 
was  enthusiasticallyreceived ;  and  he  traveled  there  and  on 
the  Continent  till  July,  1832.  In  1833  he  was  made  musical 
director  at  Diisseldorf ;  in  1834  member  of  the  Berlin  Acad- 
emy of  Fine  Arts ;  and  in  1835  conductor  of  the  Gewand- 
haus  concerts  at  Leipsic,  where  he  became  the  idol  of  the 
town.  He  became  engaged  to  Cyclic  Charlotte  Sophie  Jean- 
renaud  in  1836 ;  was  married  in  1837 ;  went  to  Berlin  in 
1841  to  assist  in  founding  an  academy  of  arts ;  and  paid 
his  ninth  visit  to  England  in  1846,  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 
ducing "Elijah"  (went  again  in  1847).  On  his  return  he 
heard  of  the  death  of  his  sister  Fanny.  This,  with  the 
severe  work  which  was  beginning  to  tell  on  him,  produced 
illness  and  depression  from  which  he  did  not  recover.  He 
left  between  one  and  two  hundred  works,  among  which 
are  the  opera  "The  Wedding  of  Camacho  "  (1825),  songs. 


Mendelssohn-Bartholdy 

chamber  and  orchestral  muBic,  the  oratorios  "Elijah" 
(1846>  and  "St  Paul"  (1836),  overture  (1826)  and  music 
(1843)  of  "  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,"  "Marchen  vender 
Bchonen  Melusine"  ("Story  of  the  Beautiful  Melusine," 
1833),  " Die  Hebriden"  ("The  Hebrides"),  "liederohne 
Worte  "  ("Songs  without  Words  "),  music  to  Goethe's ' '  Wal- 
purgisnacht,"  " Antigone "(1841X  "CEdlpu3Coloneus,"and 
"Athalie,"  sonatas,  and  fragments  of  the  opera  "Die  Lore- 
lei,"of  theoratorio  "Christus,"  etc.  His  letters  from  1830 
to  1832  were  published  in  1861 ;  from  1833  to  1847,  in  1863. 
Other  letters  are  in  his  biographies  by  Hiller,  Devrient, 
Benedict,  Schubring,  etc.,  and  in  Hensel's  "Die  Familie 
Mendelssohn." 

Menden  (men'den).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Honne  50 
miles  northeast  of  Cologne.  Population  (1890), 
eommime,  6,654. 

Mendenhall  (men'den-hal),  Thomas  Oorwin. 
Born  near  Hanoverton,  Ohio,  Oct.  4, 1841.  An 
American  physicist.  He  was  professor  of  physics  and 
mechanics  in  Ohio  University  1873-78,  when  he  became 
professor  of  physics  in  the  Imperial  University  at  Toliio, 
Japan.  He  returned  to  the  United  States  in  1881,  and  re- 
sumed his  chair  in  Ohio  University.  He  held  a  professor- 
ship in  the  United  States  signal-service  1884-S6,  when  he 
became  president  of  Eose  Polytechnic  Institute,  Terre 
Haute,  Indiana.  He  was  superintendent  of  the  United 
States  Coast  Survey  1889-94,  and  president  of  the  Worces- 
ter Polytechnic  Institute  1894-1901. 

Mendere(meu' de-re).  1 .  AriverinwestemAsia 
Minor,  which  flows  into  the  .^gean  Sea  65  miles 
south  of  Smyrna:  the  ancient  Mseander.  Its 
windings  are  proverbial.  Length,  about  200 
miles. — 3.  The  modern  name  of  the  Scamander. 

Mendes(men'dez).  In  ancient  geography,  a  city 
in  Egypt,  situated  in  the  Delta  about  100  miles 
east  of  Alexandria. 

Mendesian  (men-de'shian)  Goat,  The.  In 
Egyptian  mythology,  one  of  the  three  most 
famous  sacred  animals,  the  others  being  the 
bulls  Apis  and  Mnevis.  He  was  called  the  Ram,  and 
the  seat  of  liis  cult,  which  was  similar  to  that  of  Apis,  was 
Mendes  in  the  Delta.  He  was  held  to  be  a  manifestation 
of  Osiris,  with  whom  were  associated  in  him  Ba  and  Shu, 
and  was  a  symbol  of  the  productive  force  in  nature. 

Mendez,  or  Mendes,  Pinto.    See  Pinto. 

Mendibnru  (men-de-bo  'ro ) ,  Manuel  de.  Bom 
at  Lima,  1805 :  died  there,  Jan.  21, 1885.  A  Pe- 
ruvian general  and  historian.  He  was  minister  of 
war  under  Oamarra  and  of  finance  under  Echenique,  and 
special  envoy  to  Europe  18B1.  His  "Diccionario  histdrico- 
biogr&fico  del  Peril "  is  a  work  of  the  highest  value:  only 
the  first  part,  including  the  Inca  and  colonial  periods,  has 
been  published  (8  vols.  1874  et  seq.). 

Mendieta  (men-de-a'ta),  Geronimo  de.    Bom 

at  Victoria,  Guipuzcoa,  about  1530:  died  at 
Mexico  City,  May  9, 1604.  A  Spanish  Eraueis- 
can  author.  He  resided  in  Mexico  from  1554,  held  high 
positions  in  his  order,  and  was  noted  for  his  wisdom  and 
justice.  He  is  best  known  for  his  "Hlstoria  Eclesiastica 
Indiana, "'first  published  in  1870  with  notes  by  Icazbal- 
ceta :  it  is  of  great  historical  value. 

Mendinueta  y  Musquiz  (men-de-nis-a'ta  § 
mos-keth'),  PedlO.  A  Spanish  administrator, 
viceroy  of  New  (Sranada  1797-1803. 

Mendip  Hills  (men'dip  hilz).  A  range  of  hills 
in  Somerset,  England,  south-southwest  of  Bris- 
tol.    Highest  point,  1,065  feet. 

Mendive  (men-de'va),  BafaelMaria.  Bom  at 
Havana,  Oct.  24, 1821:  died  at  Matanzas,  1886. 
A  Chiban  poet  and  journalist.  He  was  involved  in 
the  revolts  of  1869,  was  arrested  and  sent  to  Spain,  and  re- 
turned to  Cuba  only  in  1878. 

Mendizabal  (men-de-tha'bal),  Juan  Alva- 
rez y.  Born  at  Cadiz,  Spain,  about  1790:  died 
at  Madrid,  Nov.  3, 1853.  A  Spanish  poUtieian, 
several  times  minister  of  finance. 

Mendocino  (men-do-se'no).  Cape.  The  west- 
ernmost point  of  California,  in  lat.  40°  26'  N., 
long.  124°  25'  "W. 

Mendocino  Indians.    See  Kulanapan. 

Mendota  (men-do'ta).  A  city  in  La  Salle  Coun- 
ty, northern  IlUnois,  80  miles  west  by  south  of 
Chicago.    Population  (1897),  about  4,500. 

Mendota,  La£e.  A  small  lake  in  Dane  County, 
southern  Wisconsin. 

Mendoza  (men-do'tha).  1.  A  province  in  the 
western  part  of  the  Argentine  Confederation, 
lying  south  of  San  Juan  and  east  of  Chile.  It  is 
mountainous  in  the  west,  but  is  generally  rich  in  agricul- 
tural products.  Area,  62,000  square  miles.  Population 
(1887),  160,000. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Mendoza,  sit- 
uated about  lat.  32°  50'  S.,  long.  68°  40'  W.,  on 
the  trans-Andean  railroad,  at  ttie  eastern  base 
of  the  mountains.  It  was  founded  in  1669 ;  was  capi- 
tal of  the  former  province  of  Cuyo ;  and  was  the  point 
whence  San  Martin  made  his  celebrated  march  over  the 
Andes.  On  March  20, 1861,  it  was  entirely  destroyed  by 
an  earthquake,  in  which  13,000  people  perished,  only  1,600 
surviving.    Population  (1892),  about  20,000. 

Mendoza,  Andres  Hurtado  de.   See  Hurtado. 
Mendoza  (men-do'tha),  Antonio  de.    Bom 

about  1590 :  died  in  1644.  A  Spanish  dramatist 
and  lyric  poet,  secretary  of  state,  and  member 


676 

of  the  Inquisition.  He  wrote  7  or  8  plays,  a  "Life  of 
Our  Lady  "  in  about  800  redondiUas,  and  a  number  of  bal- 
lads and  short  poems. 

Mendoza,  Antonio  de.  Bom  about  1485:  died 
at  Lima,  Peru,  July  21,  1552.  A  Spanish  ad- 
ministrator. He  was  the  first  viceroy  of  New  Spain,  or 
Mexico,  Oct.,  1B36,  to  Nov.,  1649,  and  viceroy  of  Peru  from 
Sept.  23, 1661.  In  the  former  country  settlements  were 
pushed  to  the  north  and  northwest,  and  new  mines  of  great 
wealth  were  discovered.  The  viceroy  evaded  the  execu- 
tion of  the  new  laws  in  favor  of  the  Indians.  In  Peru 
Mendoza  ordered*  the  preparation  of  the  code  of  laws 
called  the  "Libro  de  Tasas"  (which  see). 

Mendoza,  Diego  Hurtado  de.  Born  at  Grana- 
da, Spain,  about  1503:  died  atValladolid,  1575. 
A  Spanish  diplomatist,  politician,  novelist,  his- 
torian, and  poet.  He  studied  at  Granada  and  Sala- 
manca, and  in  Italy;  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Pavia  in 
1525 ;  was  ambassador  of  Charles  V.  to  England  in  1537, 
and  to  Venice  in  1538 ;  was  imperial  plenipotentiary  at  the 
Council  of  Trent ;  and  was  ambassador  to  the  papal  court 
in  1547,  and  governor  of  Siena.  He  lived  at  the  court  of 
Philip  II.  untU  1564.  His  works  include  the  novel  "  La- 
zaiillo  de  Tonnes"  (1553),  "Guerra  de  Granada"  ("War 
of  Granada,"  1776),  poems  (1610),  etc.  See  LazariMo  de 
Tonnes, 

Mendoza,  Garcia  Hurtado  de.  See  Hwiado 
de  Mendoza. 

Mendoza,  Inigo  Lopez  de.    See  Santillana. 

Mendoza,  Juan  Gonzalez  de.  Bom  at  Toledo 
about  1540:  died  at  Popayan,  New  Granada, 
1617.  A  Spanish  prelate  and  author,  a  member 
of  the  Augustine  order.  He  was  in  China  from  1580 
to  1583,  and  on  his  return  spent  two  years  in  Mexico  :  sub- 
sequently he  was  bishop  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  of  Chiapas, 
and  of  Popayan.  His  account  of  China,  published  in  1586, 
contains  ^so  much  of  interest  concerning  America.  An 
English  translation  has  been  published  by  the  Hakluyt 
Society  (1853-54). 

Mendoza,  Lorenzo  Suarez  de.  Count  of  La 
Coruna.  Born  about  1510 :  died  at  Mexico,  June 
19, 1582.  A  Spanish  nobleman,  viceroy  of  New 
Spain,  or  Mexico,  from  Oct.  4,  1580. 

Mendoza,  Pedro  de.  Bom  at  Gaudix,  Grana- 
da, about  1487:  died  at  sea,  1537.  A  Spanish 
captain,  in  1584  he  undertook,  at  his  own  expense,  the 
colonization  of  the  region  about  the  Bio  de  la  Plata; 
sailed  from  San  Lucar,  Sept.  1,  with  14  ships  and  2,650  men ; 
and  founded  the  first  colony  of  Buenos  Ayres  Eeb.  2, 1535. 
The  Spaniards  suffered  greatly  from  Indian  attacks  and 
from  famine.  Mendoza  finally  left  for  Spain  with  a  few 
companions,  and  died  a  maniac  on  the  voyage.  The  colony, 
removed  to  Asuncion,  subsequently  prospered  and  led  to 
the  settlement  of  that  part  of  South  America. 

Mendoza  Caamano  (ka-a-man'yo),  JosI  An- 
tonio de.  Marquis  of  Villa  Garcia.  Born  about 
1680:  died  1746.  A  Spanish  diplomatist  and 
statesman.  He  was  ambassador  to  Venice,  viceroy  of 
Catalonia,  and  from  Jan.  4, 1736,  to  July  12, 1745,  viceroy 
of  Peru.  During  his  rule  New  Granada  was  separated 
from  Peru.    He  died  at  sea  while  returning  to  Spain. 

Mendoza  Codex,  A  famous  Aztec  manuscript, 
or,  rather,  a  copy  on  European  paper  with  a 
Spanish  translation,  it  was  sent  from  Mexico  by  the 
viceroy  Antonio  de  Mendoza  as  a  present  to  Charles  V.; 
fell  into  the  hands  of  a  French  cruiser  ;  and  after  various 
vicissitudes  was  taken  to  England,  and  was  published  by 
Purchas  in  1625.  Subsequently  it  became  a  part  of  the 
Bodleian  Library,  and  was  published  in  the  Eingsborough 
collection.  Other  copies  (one  perhaps  the  original)  are 
known.  The  manuscript  relates  to  the  history  of  the  Az- 
tecs and  their  domestic  and  civil  economy. 

Mendoza  y  Luna,  Juan  Manuel  Hurtado  de. 

See  Hwtado  de  Mendoza  y  Luna. 

Meiidrisio(men-dTe'ze-6).  Asmall towuinthe 
canton  of  Tioino,  Switzerland,  near  the  south- 
ern end  of  the  Lake  of  Lugano. 

Menelaus  (men-e-la'us).  [Gr.  Meve/laof  or 
Msvi'XoQ.']  In  Greek  legend,  the  son  of  Atreus, 
brother  of  Agamemnon,  and  husband  of  Helen. 
See  Trepan  War. 

Menelaus.  The  brother  of  Agamemnon,  a  char- 
acter in  Shakspere's  "Troilus  and  Cressida." 

Menelaus  with  the  Corpse  of  Patroclus.  An 
antique  group  in  marble,  in  the  Loggia  dei  Lanzi, 
Florence,  Menelaus,  lightly  draped  and  wearing  a  heavy 
helmet,  lifts  from  the  ground  the  sinking;,  nude  body  of  the 
dead  youth.  This  is  a  good  Boman  copy  of  a  Greek  original. 

Menendez  (ma-nen'deth),Manuel.  Bom  about 
1790 :  died  after  1845.  A  Peruvian  politician. 
He  was  president  of  the  council  of  state  under  Gamarra 
in  1840,  and  on  Gamarra's  death  (Nov.  20, 1841)  became,  by 
the  constitution,  acting  president  of  Peru.  He  was  de- 
posed by  Torrico  in  Aug.,  1842,  but  was  restored  by  Cas- 
tilla  in  1844,  and  held  the  post  until  Castilla's  election, 
April  20,  1845. 

Menendez  de  Avills  (ma-nan'dath  da  a-ve- 
las'),  Pedro,  Born  at  Avil6s,  Asturias,  1519: 
died  at  Santander,  Sept.  17,  1574.  A  Spanish 
captain.  Hewas  captain-general  in  the  navy  under  Philip 
II.,  and  served  that  monarch  in  many  important  enter- 
prises ;  was  disgraced  and  imprisoned  in  1560 ;  but  re- 
gained favor,  and  in  1665  was  appointed  governor  of  Cuba 
and  Florida,  with  orders  to  colonize  the  latter  country.  He 
sailed  from  Cadiz,  June  29, 1665,  with  19  vessels  and  1,600 
men.  The  fleet  was  scattered  by  a  storm,  and  he  reached 
Florida  with  only  7  ships.  He  founded  St.  Augustine  Sept. 
8, 1665,  captured  a  colony  of  French  Protestants  on  the  St. 
John's  Biver  and  massacred  nearly  all  of  them,  and,  after 


Mennonites 

the  privations  of  the  first  winter  had  passed,  succeeded  in 
establishing  Spanish  rule  firmly  in  Florida.  In  subse- 
quent voyages  Menendez  founded  apost  on  Port  Boyal  Bay, 
now  in  South  Carolina,  and  left  a  mission  on  Chesapeake 
Bay.  The  latter  was  destroyed  by  the  Indians,  and  in  1672 
he  ascended  the  Chesapeake  and  Potomac  and  killed  many 
of  them.  In  1574  he  was  put  in  command  of  a  large  Span- 
ish fleet  destined  to  make  a  descent  on  the  Netherlands, 
but  he  died  soon  after. 

Menenius  Agrippa  (me-ne'ni-us  a-grip'a).  In 
Eoman  legend,  the  patrician  ambassador  to  the 
plebeians  during  their  secession  to  the  Sacred 
Mount  (about  494  B.  C).  He  is  represented  as  hav- 
ing persuaded  the  plebeians  to  accept  a  compromise  by 
relating  the  fable  of  the  belly  and  the  members. 

Menephtah,  Menephthah,  Menephthes.  See 


Menes  (me'nez),  or  Mena  (me'na),  or  Men 
(men).  [Gr.  M^v.]  The  founder  of  the  1st  dy- 
nasty of  Egyptian  kings.  His  date  is  variously 
given  by  Egyptologists,  from  5702  b.  c.  to  2691. 
Brugsoh  gives  it  as  4445. 

Menezes  (me-na'zes),  Luiz  de.  Bom  at  Lis- 
bon,' July  22,  1682:  committed  suicide  there. 
May  26, 1690.  A  Portuguese  historian,  general, 
and  politician,  third  count  of  Erieeira.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is  "Historia  de  Portugal  restaurado"  (two 
parts,  1679-98 ;  various  subsequent  editions).  It  compre- 
hends the  military  events  in  the  war  between  Portugal  and 
Spain  from  1640  to  1668. 

Menfl  (men'fe),  orMenfrici  (men-fre'che).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Girgenti,  Sicily,  situated 
43  miles  southwest  of  Palermo.  Population 
(1881),  10,003. 

Mengs  (mengs),  Anton  Saphael.  Bom  at  Aus- 
sig,  Bohemia,  March  12,  1728 :  died  at  Bome, 
June  29,  1779.  A  German  historical  and  por- 
trait painter.  Augustus  in.,  lung  of  Poland,  made  him 
his  court  painter  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  and  he  went 
soon  after  to  Home,  where  about  1764  he  was  made  di- 
rector of  the  school  of  painting  then  recently  established 
there.  From  this  time  his  reputation  was  great,  and  in 
1761  he  was  made  court  painter  to  Charles  III.  of  Spain, 
who  had  urged  him  to  go  to  Madrid.  He  worked  chiefly 
in  Bome  and  in  Spain.  Among  his  works  are  decorations 
in  'the  banqueting-hall  of  Madrid,  and  various  worJES  in 
Dresden,  the  chief  of  which  is  an  "Ascension." 

Mengwe.    See  Iroquois. 

Menin  (mS-nan'),  Elem.  Meenen  (ma'nen).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  West  Flanders,  Bel- 
gium, on  the  French  frontier,  situated  on  the 
Lys  32  miles  southwest  of  Ghent.  It  is  the 
center  of  a  flourishing  tobacco  trade.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  13,710. 

M6nipp6e,  Satire.    See  Satire  MinippSe. 

Menippus  (me-nip'us).  [Gr.M^wTnrof.]  Born  at 
Gadara,  Syria :  lived  probably  about  250  b.  c. 
A  Cynic  philoso;pher,  originally  a  slave,  noted 
for  his  satirical  jests  upon  the  follies  of  man- 
kind, especially  of  philosophers.  His  writings, 
which  combined  prose  and  verse,  are  lost. 

Menkallnan  (men-ka-lf-nan'  or  men-kal'i- 
nan).  [Ar.  menMbSi-Vinan,  the  shoulder  of 
the  driver.]  The  bright  second-magnitude  star 
P  AurigSB.  The  star  is  one  of  the  first  discovered  and 
most  remarkable  "spectroscopic  binaries,"  the  two  com- 
ponents moving  in  an  orbit  about  8,000,000  miles  in  diam- 
eter, with  a  relative  velocity  of  about  150  miles  a  second, 
and  thus  causing  the  alternate  doubling  and  undoubling 
of  the  lines  in  t£e  spectrum  of  the  star  once  in  two  days. 

Menkar  (men'kar).  [Ar.  al-minlchir,  the  snout.] 
The  2-}-magnitude  star  a  Ceti,  in  the  nose  or 
jaw  of  the  sea-monster.  Sometimes  'written 
Menlcab. 

Menkaura  (men-kft-ra'),  or  Mencheres  (men- 
che'rez).  An  Egyptian  king  of  the  4th  dynasty, 
builder  of  the  third  of  the  great  pyramids  at 
Gizeh.  His  date  is  given  by  Bmgseh  as  3633  b.  o. 

Menkib  (men-kib').  [Ar.«ie»fcJ6-aZ-/aras, shoul- 
der of  tlie  horse.]  A  rarely  used  Arabic  name 
for  the  second-magnitude  star  /3  Pegasi,  more 
usually  called  Scheat. 

Menno  (men'no)  Simons,  or  Symons,  or  Si- 
monis.  Bom  at  Witmarsmn,  Priesland,  1492 : 
died  at  Oldesloe,  Holstein,  Jan.  18,  1559.  A 
Friesian  preacher  and  reformer,  chief  founder 
of  the  Mennonites.  His  works  were  published 
in  1681. 

Mennonites  (men'on-its).  AChristian  denomi- 
nation which  originated  in  Priesland  in  the 
early  part  of  the  16th  century,  and  holds  doc- 
trines of  which  Menno  Simons  (1492-1559)  was 
the  chief  exponent.  The  leading  features  of  the  Men- 
nonite  bodies  have  been  t)aptlsm  on  profession  of  faith, 
refusal  of  oaths,  of  civic  ofiBces,  and  of  the  support  of  the 
state  in  war,  and  a  tendency  to  asceticism.  Many  of  these 
beliefs  and  practices  have  been  modified.  The  sect  be- 
came divided  in  the  17th  century  into  the  Upland  (Obere) 
Mennonites,  or  Ammanites,  and  the  Lowland  (Untere)  Men- 
nonites, the  former  being  the  more  conservative  and  rigor- 
ous. Members  of  the  sect  are  found  in  the  Netherlands, 
Germany,  Eussia,  etc.,  and  especially  in  the  United  States. 
In  the  last-named  country  they  are  divided  into  Untere 
(or  Old)  Mennonites,  Obere  Mennonites  (or  Ammanites), 
New  Mennonites,  Evangelical  Mennonites,  and  Eeformed 
Mennonites  (or  Herrians). 


Meno 


677 


Mercia 


the  orchestra  of  the  Collegio  di  San  Sebastiano  near  Naples^ 
where  he  was  educated,  he  began  composing  lor  the  stage : 
his  first  worls,  a  cantata,  was  written  in  1818.  He  became 
maestrp  di  capella  at  the  cathedral  ol  Novara  in  1888,  and 
director  o(  the  Conservatorio  at  Naples  in  1840.  In  1862 
he  became  totally  blind.  Among  his  operas  are  "  Ellsa  e 
Claudio"  (1822),  "1  Briganti"  (1886),  "II  Giuramento  " 
(18S7).  V       />  -* 


Meno  (me'no),  or  Menon  (me'non).     [Gr.  M^-    em  An(Hermonthis).  Hewas represented  as  Ea 
VIM.]    A  dialogue  of  Plato :  a  conversation  be-    with  the  addition  of  the  tall  plumes  of  Amun. 
tweenSocrates,Meno  (Menon),  a  slave  of  Meno,  Mentu-hotep  (men'to-ho'tep).    An  Egyptian 
and  Anjtus  upon  the  teachableness  of  virtue,    kiug  of  the  11th  dynasty.    He  is  represented  in  a 

Menominee  (me-nom'i-ne).  [PI.,  also  Me-  bas-relief  carved  on  the  rocks  o£  the  island  of  Konono,  near 
nominees.  ]   A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians     ??'^>  '■^"^.^  ancient  Syene  (Assuan).    There  were  several 

and  west  to  the  Mississippi  Biver.  Thenamemeans  Moti+!7      «5oq  Mm««. 

'wUd  rice  men,'  from  their  staple  food,  translated  by  the  ,,""'•     °<^B_m.mng. 

French  to  "  FoUes  Avoines,"  by  which  the  tribe  is  known  in  MenU.     bee  Manu. 

early  literature.    They  number  about  1,300  at  Green  Bay  Menza  (men'za).     See  Tigre. 

agency,  Wisconsin.    See^i^owwn.  Menzaleh  (men-za'le),  Lake.    Alagoonorarm 

Menon  (me  non).  [(Jr.  Mfo<OT.]  Killed  a,bout  of  the  Mediterranean,  situated  in  the  Delta, 
399  B.  0.  A  Thessalian  mercenary,  one  of  the  Egypt,  east  of  the  Damietta  branch  of  the  Nile. 
leading  generals  in  the  expedition  of  Cyrus  the  Menzel  (ment'sel),  Adolf  Friedricli  Erd- 
younger.  mann.    Bom  at  Breslau,  Prussia,  Dec.  8, 1815. 

Menorca,    afieMmorca.  _  A  noted  German  historical  and  genre  painter. 

MenOU  (me-no  ;,  Baron  Jacques  Francois  de.     He  first  made  a  name  as  an  illustrator,  and  was  made  pro- 
Born  at  Boussay,  Touraiue,  1750 :  died  at  Ven-     fessor  at  Berlin  in  1866.    His  subjects  are  taken  chiefly 
--    -—  -        ■    —         -  -  from  Prussian  history. 


ice,  Aug.  13,  1810.    A  French  general.    He  be-  _  _  - 

came  commander  of  the  army  in  Egypt  in  1800,  and  was  Msnzel,  Karl  Adolf.     Bom  at  Grlinberg,  Prus- 


defeated  at  Alexandria  March  21,  1801,  by  the  English 
under  Abercromby. 

MensMkoff  (ilaen'she-lsof),  Prince  Alexander 
DanilOTitch.  Bom  at  Moscow,  Nov.  16, 1672 : 
diedatBerezoff,  Siberia,  1729  or  1730.  AEus- 
sian  general  and  minister  of  state.  He  was  of  ob- 
scure origin,  became  a  page  at  the  court  of  Peter  the  Great, 
served  with  distinction  against  the  Swedes,  and  in  1704 
was  promoted  general.  At  the  instance  of  Peter  the  Great 
he  was  also  appointed  a  prince  of  the  Holy  Boman  Em- 

Sire.     On  the  death  of  Peter  in  1725  hecausedthe  empress 
owager  to  be  proclaimed  empress  under  the  title  of  Cath 


sia,  Dec.  7, 1784:  died  at  Breslau,  Prussia,  Aug. 
19, 1855.  A  German  historian,  professor  at  Bres- 
lau. He  wrote  "Gesohichte  der  Deutschen"  (1815-23), 
"Keuere  Geschichte  der  Deutschen  "  (1826-48),  etc. 
Menzel,  Wolfgang.  Bom  atWaldenburg,  Prus- 
sia, June  21,  1798:    died  at  Stuttgart,  'Wiir- 


produoed  at  the  Gymnase,  Paris,  in  1851.  The 
original  play  was  called  "  Le  laiseur  "  ("  The  Speculator  "), 
and  was  not  played  in  the  author's  lifetime.  After  his  death 
it  was  shortened  and  brought  out  under  its  present  title. 
Mercator  (m6r-ka'tor;  D.  pron.  mer-ka'tor) 
(properly  Gerhard  ICremer).  [L.  Mercator, 
equiv.  to  D.  Kramer,  LG.  Kremer,  G.  Kramer, 
merchant,  peddler.]  Born  at  Rupelmonde,  Bel- 
gium, March  5, 1512 :  died  at  Duisburg,  Pmssia, 
Dec.  2, 1594.  A  Flemish  geographer.  He  studied 
philosophy  and  mathematics  at  the  University  of  Louvain, 
and  afterward  devoted  himself  to  geography.  Through 
the  influence  of  Cardinal  Granvella,  he  received  a  com- 
mission from  the  emperor  Charles  V.  to  manufacture  a 
terrestrial  globe  and  a  celestial  globe,  which  are  said  to 
have  been  superior  to  any  that  had  then  appeared.  He 
took  up  his  residence  at  Duisburg  in  J1559,  and  eventually 
became  cosmographer  to  the  Duke  of  Jtilich  and  Cleves. 
He  invented  the  Mercator  system  of  projection.  His  chief 
works  are  "  Tabuto  geographicro  "  (1578-84)  and  "Atlas  " 
0596). 

Merced  (mer-sad')  River.  A  riverin  Califomia. 
It  traverses  the  Yosemite  Valley,  and  joins  the  San  Joaquin 
86  miles  east^southeast  of  San  Francisco.  Length,  about 
150  miles. 


temberg,  AprU  23,  1873.    A  German  historian,  Mercedes  (mer-tha'THes),  or  Soriano  (s6-re-a 


critic,  poet,  and  novelist.  He  wrote  "Gesohichte 
der  Deutschen"(1824-25),"  Die  deutscheLitteratur '(1828), 
and  historical  works  on  modem  times,  the  wars  of  1866 
and  1870-71,  etc. 


arine  I.  She  died  in  1727,  leaving  him  regent  lor  her  Meopham  (mep'am),  or  Mepeham,  Simon. 
grandson  Peter  n.  He  was  about  to  marry  his  daughter  gom  probably  a?  Meopham,  near  Eochester, 
Maryto  the  emperorwhen  the  latter  revolted  against  his     ir^^t  >^  ".^t,"/  "^^     ,?  .V  ?ni(.  19  1PQP      aJt,! 


domination,  and  exiled  him  to  Siberia  in  1727. 

Menshikoff,  Prince  Alexander  Sergevitch. 

Bom  Sept.  11, 1787 :  died  May  2, 1869.  A  Eus- 
sian  general,  diplomatist,  and  politician,  great- 
OTandson  of  Alexander  Dauilovitch  Menshikoff. 
He  served  in  the  Napoleonic,  Persian,  and  Turkish  wars. 


Kent  (date  unknown) :  died  Oct.  12, 1333.  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford ; 
was  elected  archbishop  against  the  opposition  of  Queen 
Isabella  and  Mortimer ;  and  was  consecrated  in  1328  at 
Avignon.  He  was  involved  in  constant  quarrels  with  his 
clergy,  which  finally  resulted  in  his  excommunication  in 


no).  A  town  in  Uruguay,  situated  on  the  Eio 
Negro  20  miles  above  its  junction  with  the 
Uruguay.    Population,  about  9,000. 

Mercedes  of  Castile.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  pub- 
lished in  1840. 

Mercedonius  (mer-se-do'ni-us),  or  Mercedinus 
(mer-se-di'nus).  In  the  Eoman  calendar  com- 
monly ascribed  to  NumaPompilius,  second  king 
of  Eome,  an  intercalary  month  inserted  every 
second  year  between  the  23d  and  the  24th  of 
February,  and  having  22  or  23  days. 


iXB   Hcrvcu  III  Luo  xiix^uLcuiiiu,  xcjiaiau,  auu  X.UltUBU  W2UB,        1333.  — —  /  '    •     /     •     \      i"i^        1  Tl        A."  ~  Tt 

and  was  commander  of  the  Euasiau  naval  and  military  MeuhiboslietllCme-fib'o-sheth*  Heb  won  mef-  ■"■'•ercer  (mer  ser),  Gnarles  Fenton.    Born  at 
iTmaai'dSlnki^'an'Fn^li    He  was  defeated  at  the    i.i^^.gi^eth).    In  Old  Testament  histo^,  the  son    Pjederieksburg,  Va.,  June  6,1778 :   died  near 
Montana  (men-ta'na).  '  A  small  town  in  the    of  Jonathan,  and  grandson  of  Saul, 
province  of  Eome,  Italy,  13  miles  northeast  of  Mephistoplieles  (mef-is-tof  e-lez).      [Written 


Eome.  Here,  Nov.  3, 1867,  the  Italian  insurgents  under 
Garibaldi,  alter  gainingan  advantage  over  the  papal  lorces, 
were  deleated  by  the  French  troops  sent  to  the  relief  of 
Pius  IX.  The  former  lost  about  1,000  killed  and  wounded, 
the  latter  only  171. 

Menteitb  (men-teth').  A  district  in  the  south  of 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  lying  between  the  Teith 
and  the  Forth. 

Menteith.  A  thane  of  Scotland,  a  minor  char- 
acter, in  Shakspere's  "Macbeth." 

Mentel  (men'tel),  Johann.  A  German  printer 
of  Strasburg  in  the  15th  century.  He  was  con- 
nected in  business  with  Gutenberg  after  the  lattcr's  quar- 
rel with  Fust.  After  his  death  the  claim  that  he  was  the 
inventor  of  printing  was,  without  ground,  made  for  him  by 
his  grandson. 


Mephost^Mlua  in  Shakspere,  Fletcher,  etc. 


Alexandria,  Va.,  May  4,  1858.  An  American 
politician.  Federalist  and  Whig  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Virginia  1817-39. 


MephostopUUs  in  Marlowe,  but  now  generally  Mercer,  Hugh.    Born  in  Scotland  about  1721: 


The  claim  that  Mentel  was  the  inventor  of  typography 
was  first  made  in  1520  by  John  Schott,  son  of  Martin  Schott, 
who  had  married  Mentel's  daughter  and  inherited  his 
business.  In  the  year  1621  Jerome  Gebweiler,  misled  by 
the  assertions  of  Schott,  undertook  to  controvert  the  pre- 
tensions ol  Fust  and  Schoeller  as  the  first  printers.  He 
writes  that  printing  was  practised  in  Strasburg  by  John 
Hdntel,  who  had  obtained  the  new  art  ol  chalcography,  or 
of  making  books  with  tin  pens  (types),  about  the  year  1447 ; 

that  Mentel,  and  Eggestein,  his  partner,  made  an  agree-  »     i\ 

ment  that  they  should  keep  secret  the  new  art ;  that  John  MeppeJ.  (mep  pel). 


Mephistopheles,  as  in  Goethe :  a  made-up  name, 
like  most  of  the  names  of  the  medieval  devils, 
but  supposed  by  some  to  be  formed  (irregularly) 
from  (5r.  /i^,  not,  (pag  (fc-n-),  light,  and  (p'lAoc,  lov- 
ing. ]  A  familiar  spirit  mentioned  in  the  old  le- 
gend of  Sir  John  Faustus,  and  a  priucipal  agent 
in  Marlowe's  play  "Dr.  Faustus"  and  iu  Goethe's 
"  Faust."  "He  is  frequently  referred  to  as  'the  DevU,' 
but  it  was'well  understood  that  he  was  only  adevil.  Goethe 
took  only  the  name  and  a  few  circumstances  connected 
with  the  first  appearance  of  Mephistopheles  from  the  le- 
gend :  the  character,  from  first  to  last,  is  his  own  creation ; 
and,  in  his  own  words, '  on  account  of  the  irony  and  know- 
ledge of  the  world  it  displays,  is  not  easily  comprehended.' 
Although  he  sometimes  slyly  used  it  (though  less  fre- 
quently than  Faust)  as  a  mask  through  which  to  speak  with 
his  own  voice,  he  evidently  drew  the  germ  of  some  char- 
acteristics from  his  early  associate,  Merck.  .  .  .  The  ori- 
ginal form  of  this  name  was  Mephostophiles.  There  has 
been  much  discussion  in  regard  to  its  meaning,  but  DUnt- 
zen's  conjecture  is  probably  correct, — that  it  was  imper- 
fectly formed  by  some  one  who  knew  little  Greek,  and  was 
intended  to  signify  'not  loving  the  light.'"  B.  Taylor, 
Notes  to  Faust. 

A  town  iu  the  province  of 


Schott,  whom  "he  praises,  showed  him  a  manuscript  book,  Dreuthe,  Netherlands,  59  miles  east-northeast 

without  date,  written  by  Mentel,  in  which  were  drawings  <,£  Amsterdam.     It  has  considerable  manuf  ae- 

ot  typographic  instruments,  and  observations  on  the  man-  *„_„_  „„j  i_„j_       T>n„„i„+i^„    ami 

ufaoturl  of  printing-ink.    It  was  by  similar  methods  that  t^ires  and  trade.     Population;  9,011. 

John  Schott  induced  James  Spiegel  to  declare,  in  a  book  Meppon  (mep'pen).     A  town  in  the  province  of 

printed  in  1531,  that  John  Mentel  invented  printing  in  Hannover,  Prussia,  at  the  junction  of  the  Haase 

Strasburg  in  the  year  1444.  ^^^^...^...      ^  ^„^  and  Ems,  43  miles  northwest  of  Osnabruok: 

De  7^nne.  Invention  ol  Printing,  p.  488.  ^^j^j  ^^^  ^j  ^j^^  ^^^j^^  ^^  Arenberg-Meppen. 

Menteur  (moii-ter'), Le.     [F., 'The  Liar.']    A  Population  (1890),  3,526. 

comedy  by  Comeille,  produced  in  1642.    it  was  Meauinez  (mek'i-nez),  or  Meknez  (mek'nez), 

the  loundation  ol  good  comedy  in  France,  and  gavedthe  qj.  Mekinez  (mek'i-nez).     A  city  iu  Morocco, 


waylorMoIfere.  "La  suite  du  menteur  "("The  Sequel  to 
the  Liar'^  came  out  in  1645.  The  characters  are  in  part 
the  same,  but  the  piece  is  not  so  interesting. 
Mentone  (men-to'ne),  or  Menton  (mon-t6n'). 
A  seaport  in  the  department  of  Alpes-Mari- 
times,  France,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean 
15  miles  northeast  of  Nice.    It  is  a  leading  winter 


about  35  miles  west-southwest  of  Fez :  one  of 
the  royal  residences.  Population,  about  30, 000. 
Merak  (me'rak).  [Ar.  merdq  al-dub,  the  loin 
of  the  bear.]  The  second-magnitude  star  /3 
Urs»  Majoris,  the  southern  of  the  two  "point- 
ers." 


Hungary,  situated  onthePasser,neartheAdige, 
44  miles  south  by  west  of  Innsbruck.  It  is  a  noted 
health-resort,  with  grape-cure  and  whey-cure  establish- 
ments. Near  it  are  several  noted  castles,  including  that 
ol  Tyrol.    Population  (1890),  7,176. 


health-resort  ol  the  Kiviera,  and  has  a  trade  in  Iruit  and  Meran  (ma-rSn').     A  town  m  Tyrol,  Austria- 
essence.    The  noted  bone-caves  ol  Mentone,  with  prehis-     ■" ^i-ii      -i    t. j.t..  aj; — 

toric  remains,  are  in  the  vicinity.  It  belonged  to  Monaco 
prior  to  1848,  was  then  occupied  by  Sardinia,  and  ceded  to 
fiance  in  1861,    Population  (1891),  commune,  9,050. 

Mentor  (men'tor).     [Gr.  Mcjtuio.]     In  Greek  „  ^^„..    ^^^^, 

legend,  an  Ithacan  to  whom  Odysseus,  when  Merbal  (m6pbal5.''King  of  Tyre  about  556-552 

about  to  depart  for  the  Trojan  war,  intrusted  b.  c.    Before  his  accession  to  the  throne  he  was 

the  care  of  his  house  and  the  education  of  his  a  hostage  in  Babylon. 

son  Telemaohus.    His  name  has  become  a  syn-  Mercadante  (mer-ka-dan'te),  Saverio.    Bora 

onym  for  a  faithful  monitor.  at  Altamura,  Italy,  about  1797 :  died  at  Naples, 

Mentu  (men'to).     In  Egyptian  mythology,  the  Deo.  13,  1870.    An  Italian  operatic  composer, 

rising  sun,  a  double  of  Ra,  worshiped  at  south-  Being  suddenly  dismissed  from  his  position  as  leader  ol 


died  near  Princeton,  N.  J.,  Jan.  12,  1777.  An 
American  general.  He  served  in  the  French  and  In- 
dian war ;  was  distinguished  at  Trenton  1776';  and  was 
mortally  wounded  at  Princeton  1777. 

Merchant  of  Bruges,  The.  An  alteration,  by 
Kinnaird,  of  "The  Beggar's  Bush  "by  Fletcher 
and  others,  produced  in  1815,  Kean  taking  the 
part  of  Flores. 

Merchant  of  Venice,  The.  A  comedy  by  Shak- 
spere, entered  on  the  "Stationers'  Eegister" 
in  1598,  published  in  quarto  in  1600,  1637, 1652. 
See  Jew  of  Malta,  and  Barlaam  and  Josaphat. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  play  was  new  in  1698. 
The  two  stories  interwoven  by  it  are  mediEoval  myths ;  the 
germ  ol  each  is  in  Latin  in  the  collection  ol  the  "Gedta 
Eomanorum,"  and  the  story  of  the  Jew  was  developed  iu 
the  direction  of  Shakespeare's  play  as  the  "Adventures  of 
Giannetto"  in  a  collection  of  Italian  tales  called  the  "Pe- 
corone,*'  produced  in  1378  by  one  of  the  imitators  ol  Boc- 
caccio's "Decameron,"  Ser  Giovanni  Fiorentino.  This  is 
an  Italian  collection  ol  which  there  is  no  known  translation 
into  English  that  could  have  been  seen  by  Shakespeare.  In 
1579,  in  his  pamphlet  against  the  stage  as  "The  School  of 
Abuse,"  Stephen  Gossoh  referred  to  a  play  known  as  "  The 
Jew,"  which  set  forth  "the  greediness  of  worldly  choosers, 
and  the  bloody  minds  ol  usurers. "  So  it  may  be  that  a  pre- 
vious play,  now  lost,  had  interwoven  the  tales  of  the  caskets 
and  the  pound  of  flesh,  and  that  the  transmuting  power 
of  Shakespeare's  genius  was  exercised  upon  this. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  X.  238. 
[Poor  versions  and  adaptations  of  "The  Merchant  ol  Ven- 
ice "  were  made  by  Dryden,  Otway,  Shadwell,  Lansdowne, 
and  others,  which  held  the  stage  until  1741,  when  Macklin 
restored  Shakspere.  See  Shylock.] 
Merchant's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's ' '  Can- 
terbury Tales."  It  is  the  story  of  the  deeeption'of  an 
old  husband  by  a  young  wile  with  the  friendly  assistance 
of  an  enchanted  tree.  The  original  is  Eastern :  an  ac- 
count of  the  Indo-Persian,  Turkish,  Arabian,  Singhalese, 
and  other  versions  of  it  is  given  in  the  Chaucer  Society's 
"Originals  and  Analogues."  The  Latin  versions  are  Boc- 
caccio's and  Caxton's ;  the  immediate  source  of  Chaucer's 
version,  however,  is  thought  to  be  the  Latin  fable  of 
Adolphe  (about  1316).  Pope  modernized  it  as  "January 
and  May. 

Mercia  (mfer'shia).  [ML.,  from  AS.  Mierce, 
Myrce,  Merce,  pi.,  the  people,  Miercna  land  or 
rice,  the  land  of  the  Mercians,  from  mearc, 
mark,  border.]  An  ancient  Anglian  kiugdom 
in  the  interior  of  England,  which  lay  south  of 
Northumbria  and  north  of  Wessex,  and  reached 
westward  to  the  Welsh  "Mark."  it  was  founded 
probably  in  the  second  half  ol  the  6th  century ;  was  flour- 
ishing under  Penda  and  his  successors  in  ihe^  7th  century ; 
attained  the  overlordship  under  Ethelbald  and  Offa  in  the 
8th  century ;  passed  under  the  supremacy  ol  Wessex  about 
827 ;  and  later  was  one  ol  the  great  earldoms  until  the 
Norman  conquest. 


Merci6 

Merci6  (mer-sya'),  Marius  Jean  Antoine. 

Bom  at  Toulouse,  Oct.  30,  1845.  A  Prenoli 
sculptor,  a  pupil  of  Falgui&re  and  JoufEroy. 
He  gained  the  prix  de  Itome  in  1868.  Among  liis  works 
axe  tlie  statue  of  " David" (1872), "Dalila" (1872:  a  bust  in 
.  bronze),  "Gloria  victis"  (1874 :  bought  by  the  state  and 
placed  in  the  Square  Montholon),  "Le  loup,  la  mfere  et 
I'enfant"  (1875:  a  bas-relief),  "David  avant  le  combat" 
and  "Fleur  de  Mai"  (1876),  "le  gtoie  des  arts"  (1877:  for 
the  Guichet  des  Tuileries),  tomb  of  Michelet  at  Pfere-la- 
Chaise  (1879),  and  "  Judith  "  (1880 :  a  portrait). 

Mercier  (mer-sya'),  Louis  Sebastien.  Bom  at 
Paris,  June  6,  1740:  died  at  Paris,  April  25, 
1814.    A  French  litterateur  and  politician. 

Mercier,  Philip.  Bom  at  Berlin,  1689 :  died  at 
London,  July  18,  1760.  An  English  portrait- 
painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Antoine  Pesne  at  Berlin ; 
went  to  London  1716  ;  and  was  appointed  court  painter 
and  librarian  inl727.  Hewasa  cleverpainterinthe style 
of  Watteau.  His  portrait  of  Peg  Wofflngton  is  in  the  Gar- 
rick  Club. 

Merciless  Parliament,  The.  An  English  par- 
liament of  1388 :  so  named  on  account  of  the 
cruelty  exercised  by  it  toward  the  adherents  of 
Richard  II. 

Merck  (mark),  Johann  Heinrich.  Bom  at 
Darmstadt,  Germany,  April  11, 1741:  committed 
suicide,  June  27, 1791.  A  German  literary  critic 
and  author,  a  friend  of  Herder  and  Goethe.  He 
exercised  great  influence  upon  the  life  of  the 
latter. 

MercuriUS  Aulicius  (mer-ku'ri-us  a-lish'i-us). 
A  journal  in  the  BoyaUst  interest  which  was 
written  and  published  by  Sir  John  Birkenhead 
at  Oxford  while  the  king  and  court  were  there. 
The  first  number  was  issued  in  Jan.,  1642,  and  it  appeared 
continuously  till  1645,  after  which  it  was  issued  occasion- 
ally as  a  weelcly.  It  has  never  been  reprinted  or  edited. 
Birkenhead  received  very  little  help  from  others.  In  lit- 
erary quality  it  is  far  superior  to  the  "Mercurius  Britan- 
nicus."    JHot.  Nat.  Biag. 

Mercury  (m6r'ku-ri).  [L.  Mercurius,  Mercury 
(the  deity  and  the  planet) :  so  called  (apparent- 
ly) as  the  god  of  trade,  from  merx,  merchan- 
dise.] 1.  In  Eoman  mythology,  the  name  of 
a  Eoman  divinity  who  became  identified  with 
the  Greek  Hermes.  He  was  the  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Maia,  and  was  the  herald  and  ambassador  of  Jupiter.  As 
a  god  of  darkness,  Mercury  is  the  tutelary  deity  of  thieves 
and  tricksters ;  he  became  also  the  protector  of  herdsmen, 
the  god  of  science,  commerce,  and  the  arts  and  graces 
of  life,  and  the  patron  of  travelers  and  athletes.  It  was 
he  who  guided  the  shades  bf  the  dead  to  their  final  abid- , 
ing-place.  He  is  represented  in  art  as  a  young  man,  usu- 
ally wearing  a  winged  hat  and  the  talaria  or  winged  san- 
dals, and  bearing  the  caduceus  or  pastoral  staff,  and  often 
a  purse. 

2.  The  innermost  planet  of  the  solar  system. 
Its  mean  distance  from  the  sun  is  0.387  that  of  the  earth. 
The  inclination  (74egrees)  and  the  eccentricity  (0.2056)  of 
its  orbit  are  exceeded  only  by  some  of  the  minor  planets. 
Its  diameter  is  only  3,000  miles,  or  about  g  of  that  of  the 
earth  ;  its  volume  is  to  that  of  the  earth  as  1  to  18.6.  It 
performs  its  sidereal  revolution  in  88  days,  its  synodical 
in  116.  Its  proximity  to  the  sun  prevents  its  being  often 
seen  with  the  naked  eye.  The  mass  of  Mercury,  though 
as  yet  not  very  precisely  determined,  is  less  than  that  of 
any  other  planet  (asteroids  excepted).  According  to  Schia- 
parelli  it  rotates  on  its  axis  in  the  same  way  as  the  moon 
does,  once  in  each  orbital  revolution. 

Mercury,  Belvedere.  A  Greek  statue  of  the 
period  of  full  development  of  Hellenic  sculp- 
ture, in  the  Vatican,  Eome.  The  statue  is  undraped 
except  for  a  himation  wound  about  the  left  arm  and  shoul- 
der. 

Mercury  Fastening  his  Sandal.  An  antique 
marble  statue,  undraped,  in  the  Glyptothek  at 
Munich. 

Mercutio  (mSr-ku'shio).  In  Shakspere's  "Bo- 
meo  and  Juliet,"  the  friend  of  Eomeo.  Se  is 
endowed  with  courage,  an  easy  mind,  wit,  fancy, 
and  a  light  heart. 

Mercutio  is,  I  think,  one  of  the  best  instances  of  such  a 
comic  person  as  may  reasonably  and  with  propriety  be 
admitted  into  tragedy. 

Scott,  Life  of  Dryden  (Vol.  I.  of  Works),  p.  193. 

Mercy  (m^r'si).  In  Bunyan's  "Pilgrim's  Pro- 
gress," the  friend  and  companion  of  Christiana. 

Mercy  (mer-se'),  Claudius  Florimond,  Count. 
Bom  in  Lorraine,  1666 :  killed  near  Parma,  Italy, 
June  29,  1733.  An  Austrian  field-marshal.  He 
served  in  Italy  in  1706,  at  Peterwardein  in  1716,  and  at 
TemesvSr  in  1717.  In  1720  he  became  governor  of  Temes- 
vAr,  and  in  1733  was  appointed  commander  in  Italy. 

Mercy,  Baron  Franz  von.  Killed  at  the  battle 
of  NordUngen,  Aug.  3, 1645.  A  Bavarian  field- 
marshal  in  the  imperial  service.  He  defeated 
Turenne  at  Mergentheim  May  5,  1645. 

Mer  de  Qlace  (mar  d6  glas).  [F.,'sea  of  ice.'] 
A  glacier  on  the  northern  slope  of  Mont  Blanc, 
above  the  valley  of  Chamonix.  The  Arveyron 
conveys  its  waters  to  the  Arve. 

M^re  coupable,  La,  ou  L' Autre  Tartufe.  A 
comedy  by  Beaumarehais,  played  in  1792:  a 
sequel  to  the  "  Barbier  de  Seville  "  and ' '  Mariage 
de  Figaro." 


678 

Meredith (mer'e-dith),  George.  BominHamp- 

shire,  England,  about  1828.  An  English  nov- 
elist and  poet.  He  was  educated  in  Germany,  and 
studied  law,  but  gave  it  up  for  literature.  Among  his 
works  are  "Poems"  (1851),  "The  Shaving  of  Shagpat," 
a  burlesque  tale  (1856),  "The  Ordeal  of  Eiohard  Fev- 
erel,"  a  novel  (1859),  "Modern  Love,  etc.,"  poems  (1862), 
"Khoda Fleming,"astory (1865),  "Vittoria,"a novel (1866), 
"Beauchamp's  Career"  (1875),  "The  Egoist,  a  Comedy  in 
Narrative"  (1879),  "The  Tragic  Comedians,  etc."  (1880), 
"Poems"  (1883),  "Diana  of  the  Crossways"  (1886),  "Bal- 
lads, etc."  (1887),  "A  Reading  of  Earth,"  a  poem  (1888), 
"One  of  our  Conquerors"  (1891),  "Lord  Ormont  and  his 
Aminta"  (1894),  "The  Amazing  Marriage"  (1895),  etc. 

Meredith,  Owen.  The  pseudonym  of  the  first 
Earl  of  Lytton. 

Meres  (merz),  Francis.  Born  in  Lincolnshire, 
1565:  died  at  Wing,  Eutland,  Jan.  29, 1647.  An 
English  divine  and  author.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Cambridge  (Pembroke  College),  became  rector  of  Wing  in 
1602,  and  kept  a  school  there.  Among  his  works  is  "  Pal- 
ladis  Tamia,  Wits  Treasury ;  being  the  second  part  of  Wits 
Commonwealth  "  (1598),  one  of  a  series  of  volumes  of  col- 
lected apothegms,  etc. 

Meres  passes  in  review  all  literary  effort  from  the  time 
of  Chaucer  to  his  own  day,  briefly  contrasting  each  Eng- 
lish author  with  a  writer  of  like  character  in  Latin,  Greek, 
or  Italian.  In  other  sections,  on  "Bookes,"  "Beading  of 
Bookes,"  "Philosophie,"  "Poets  and  Poetrie,"  he  makes 
casual  references  to  contemporary  English  authors,  and 
in  his  section  on  "  Painting  "  and  "Music  "  he  supplies  a 
few  comments  on  contemporary  English  painters  and  musi- 
cians. He  thus  commemorates  in  all  125  Englishmen  ;  and 
his  list  of  Shakespeare's  works,  with  his  commendation  of 
the  great  dramatist's  "  fine  filed  phrase,"  and  his  account 
of  Marlowe's  death  are  loci  dasgwi  in  English  literary  his- 
tory. The  work  was  reissued  in  1634  as  "  Wits  Common- 
wealth, the  second  part :  A  Treasurie  of  Diuine,  Moral, 
and  Phylosophical  Similes,  generally  useful,  but  more  par- 
ticularly for  the  use  of  schools."  iket.  Nat.  Biog. 

Mergentheim  (mer'gent-him),  formerly  Mari- 
enthal  (ma-re'en-tal).  A  town  in  the  Jagst 
circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the  Tauber  56 
miles  northeast  of  Stuttgart.  It  was  the  seat  of  the 
grand  master  of  the  Teutonic  Order  from  1527  to  1809. 
Here,  May  5, 1646,  the  Imperialists  under  Mercy  defeated 
the  French  under  Turenne.    Population  (1890),  4,397. 

Mergui  (mer-ge').  1 .  A  maritime  district  in  the 
division  of  Tenasserim,  British  Burma,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  12°  N.  Area,  7,810  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  73,748.-2.  The  capital  of 
Mergui  district  and  a  seaport,  situated  on  an 
island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tenasserim,  in  lat. 
12°  27'  N.,  long.  98°  35'  B.  Population,  about 
10,000. 

Mergui  Archipelago.  A  group  of  islands  west 
of  the  southern  part  of  British  Burma,  to  which 
they  belong. 

Merian  (ma 're -an),  Maria  Sibylla  (Frau 
Graff).  Born  at  Frankfort,  Germany,  April  2, 
1647 :  died  at  Amsterdam,  Jan.  13, 1717.  A  Ger- 
man naturalist  and  artist.  In  1666  she  married  a 
Nuremberg  artist  named  Graff,  but  she  is  generally  known 
as  Madame  Merian.  Her  best-known  work  is  on  the  meta- 
morphoses of  insects  of  Surinam,  the  result  of  a  visit  to 
that  country  1699-1701.  It  was  first  published  in  Latin, 
1705,  and  republished  in  French  after  her  death,  together 
with  a  similar  work  on  the  insects  of  Europe.  The  large 
plates  illustrating  these  books  are  among  the  best  of  early 
zo(}logical  drawings,  and  the  accompanying  observations 
are  generally  very  accurate. 

Merian,  MatthSus,  sumamed  "The  Elder." 
BornatBasel,Switzerland,1593:  diedat  Sehwal- 
bach,  Jjine  19,  1650.    A  Swiss  engraver. 

Merian,  Matthaus,  sumamed  "  The  Younger." 
Born  at  Basel,  Switzerland,  1621 :  died  atFrank- 
f  ort,  1687.  A  Swiss  portrait-painter,  son  of  M. 
Merian  (1593-1650). 

Meribah  (mer'i-ba).  [Heb.,  'strife.']  In  Old 
Testament  geography,  the  name  of  two  places 
in  the  wilderness  south  of  Palestine,  noted  in 
the  history  of  Moses. 

There  are  a  few  palm-trees  and  a  little  water,  but  the 
name  of  these  pools  is  characteristic,  for  they  were  called 
the  waters  of  Meriba,  that  is  "  of  strife,"  on  account  of  the 
incessant  fights  which  took  place  there  between  the  Bed- 
ouins when  they  came  to  let  their  flocks  drink  of  them. 
Benan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  1. 164. 

M6rida  (mer'e-THa).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Badajoz,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadiana  30 
miles  east  of  Badajoz :  the  Eoman  Emerita  Au- 
gusta. It  is  noted  for  many  relics  of  antiquity,  including 
a  Roman  bridge  (built  by  Trajan,  consisting  of  81  arches, 
and  2,6'75  feet  in  length),  a  ruined  castle,  the  Roman  arch 
of  Santiago,  an  aqueduct,  the  Circus  Maximus,  an  amphi- 
theater, and  a  theater.  There  are  Roman  reservoirs  in 
the  vicinity.  A  very  old  church  and  museum  of  antiqui- 
ties are  also  noteworthy.  Merida  was  founded  about  25 
B.  0.,  and  was  the  ancient  capital  of  Lusitania.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Arabs  about  712,  and  retaken  by  the  Span- 
iards about  1230.    Population  (1887),  10,063. 

Merida.  -A  colonial  intendencia  of  New  Spain, 
or  Mexico,  founded  in  1786,  and  continued  until 
the  independence.  It  corresponded  to  the  older  prov- 
ince of  Yucatan,  and  to  the  modem  states  of  Yucatan, 
Carapeche,  and  Tabasco. 

M6rida.  A  city  in  Venezuela,  capital  of  the 
state  of  Los  Andes,  situated  about  lat.  8°  16' 


Merlin 

N.,  long.  71°  10'  W.     It  was  founded  in  1558. 

'Population  (estimated,  1888),  12,018. 

Merida.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Yucatan, 
Mexico,  situated  about  lat.  20°  58'  N.,  long.  89° 
40'  W.  It  was  founded  in  1542  on  the  site  of  a  Maya 
town ;  has  flourishing  manufactures  and  trade ;  and  has  a 
cathedral  and  many  educational  institutions.  Population 
(1895),  36,720. 

Meriden  (mer'i-den).  A  city  in  New  Haven 
County,  Connecticut,  18  miles  north-northeast 
of  New  Haven,  it  is  the  seat  of  flourishing  manufac- 
tures, and  is  especially  noted  for  Britannia-metal  wares. 
Population  (1900),  24,296. 

Meridian  (mf-rid'i-an).  A  city,  capital  of  Lau- 
derdale County,  eastern  Mississippi,  86  miles 
east  of  Jackson.    Population  (1900),  14,050. 

M^rim^e  (ma-re-ma').  Prosper.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Sept.  28, 1803 :  died  at  Cannes,  Sept.  23, 1870.  A 
French  author,arch8eologist,historian,andliter- 
ary  critic.  After  spending  some  timeinthe  studyoflaw, 
he  entered  public  life,  and  rose  finally  to  the  dignity  of  sena- 
tor under  the  empire  (1863).  His  achievements,  however, 
in  this  line  of  life  were  surpassed  by  his  sucoessin  literature. 
He  first  published  two  apocryphal  works, "  Th^&tre  de  Clara 
Gazul "  (1825)  and  "  La  Guzla  "  (1827).  He  gave  further  evi- 
dence of  his  talentin  "La  Jacquerie"(1828)  and  "Lafamille 
Carvajal."  He  wrote  a  novel,  "Chronique  du  temps  de 
Charles  IX.  "(1829),  which  testifies  to  oaref  ulhistorioal  prep- 
aration ;  and  in  1830  he  published  "  Colomba,"  his  master- 
piece, which  deals  with  the  Corsican  vendettas.  From 
1836  to  1843  M6rim6e  published  a  number  of  works  de. 
scribing  his  travels  in  France.  Asa  historian  he  wrote  an 
"  Bssai  sur  la  guerre  sociale  "  (1841),  "  Histoire  de  Don  P6- 
dre"  (1843),  "La  conjuration  de  Catilina"(1844Xand"Les 
faux  Dtoetrius  "  (1862).  He  appears  as  a  translator  from 
the  Russian  of  stories  by  Pushkin,  Turgenieff,  and  Gogol. 
In  1865  he  edited  the  works  of  Brantdme  and  Agrippa 
d'Aubign^.  He  wrote  frequently  for ' '  La  Revue  de  Paris," 
"  La  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,"  and  "  Le  Moniteur."  These 
articles  and  other  papers  by  M6rim6e  have  appeared  in 
book  form,  aa,  for  instance,  "Mflanges  historiques  et 
litt^raires"  (1855),  "Nouvelles,"  "Derni^res  Nouvelles" 
(1873), "  Portraits  bistoriques  et  litt^raires  "  (1874), "  Etudes 
sur  les  arts  au  moyen  age  "  (1874).  Another  posthumous 
publication  is  "  Lettres  h,  une  inconnue  "  (1873) :  who  this 
"inconnue"  was  has  not  yet  been  determined.  M^rim^e 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  French  Academy  in  1844. 

Merino  (ma-re'no),  Ignacio.  Bom  at  Piura, 
1819.  A  Peruvian  painter.  He  was  principal  of  the 
Academy  of  Design  at  Lima  1841-50,  and  in  1861  took  up 
his  residence  at  Paris.  Among  his  best-known  works  are 
"  Columbus  and  the  Council  of  the  Indies,"  purchased  by 
the  Peruvian  government,  and  "Hamlet,"  exhibited  at  the 
exposition  of  1872. 

Merioneth  (mer-i-on'eth).  A  county  of  North 
Wales.  Ca|l)ital,  Dolgelly.  it  is  bounded  by  Carnar- 
von and  Denbigh  on  the  north,  Denbigh  and  Montgomery 
on  the  east,  Montgomeiy  on  the  south,  and  Cardigan  Bay 
on  the  west.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  Area,  669 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  49,212. 

Merivale  (mer'i-val),  Charles.  Bom  at  Barton 
Place  in  Devonshire,  1808 :  died  Dec.  27, 1893. 
An  English  historian  and  divine,  brother  of 
Herman  Merivale.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (St 
John's  College);  was  rector  of  Lawford,  Essex,  1848-^9; 
and  became  dean  of  Ely  in  1869,  His  chief  work  is  the 
"History  of  the  Romans  under  the  Empire  "  (1850-62).  He 
also  wrote  "  A  General  History  of  Rome  "(1875),  "Lectures 
on  Early  Church  History  "  (1879), ' '  Contrast  between  Chris- 
tian and  Pagan  Society  "  (1880),  a  translation  of  the  Iliad 
in  rimed  verse,  etc. 

Merivale^  Herman.  Bom  at  Dawlish,  Devon- 
shire, Nov.  8,  1806:  died  at  London,  Feb.  9, 
1874.  An  English  lawyer,  author,  and  politician, 
brother  of  Charles  Merivale.  He  was  professor  of 
political  economy  at  Oxford  1837-42 ;  assistant  under-secre- 
tary  of  state  for  the  colonies  in  1847,  and  under-secretaiy 
1848-59 ;  and  under-secretaiy  for  India  1859-74.  He  wrote 
"  Historical  Studies  "  (1866),  etc. 

Merivale,  John  Herman.  Bom  at  Exeter,  Aug. 
5,1779:  died  April  25, 1844.  An  English  scholar 
and  poet.  He  studied  at  St.  John's  CoUege,  Cambridge ; 
entered  Lincoln's'  Inn  in  1798,;  and  was  called  to  the  bar 
in  1804.  In  1831  he  was  appointed  commissioner  in  bank- 
ruptcy. In  1814  he  published  "  Orlando  in  Boncesvalles  " ; 
a  collection  of  his  "  Poems  "  appeared  in  1838.  Byron  was 
his  friend  and  admirer. 

Merle  d'Aubign6  (merl  do-ben-ya'),  Jean 
Henri.  Bom  at  Eaux-Vives,  near  Geneva,  Aug. 
16, 1794 :  died  at  Geneva,  Oct.  20, 1872.  A  cele- 
brated Swiss  Protestant  church  historian,  after 
1830  professorof  historical  theology  at  the  ifioole 
de  Th^ologie  Evang61ique  at  Geneva.  He  wrote 
"Histoire  de  la  reformation  "("History  of  the  Reforma- 
tion," 1835-53),  continued  in  "Histoire  de  la  reformation 
au  temps  de  Calvin  "  ("History  of  the  Reformation  in  the 
Time  of  Calvin,"  1863-76),  etc. 

Merlin  (mfer'lin),  or  Myrddhin.  A  half-legen- 
dary bard  of  the  6th  century,  to  whom  a  number 
of  poems  (none  genuine)  are  attributed.  In 
the  course  of  time  popular  imagination  and  confusion  with 
another  of  the  same  name  made  him  the  enchanter  Mer- 
lin, but  "more  associated  with  fable  than  even  Taliesin. 
The  true  history  of  Merlin  seems  to  be  that  he  was  born 
between  the  years  470  and  480,  during  the  invasion  of  the 
Saxons,  and  took  the  name  of  Ambrose,  which  preceded 
his  surname  of  Merlin,  from  the  successfnl  leader  of  the 
Britons,  Ambrosius  Aurellanus,  who  was  his  first  chief,  and 
from  whose  service  he  passed,  as  bard,  into  that  of  King 
Arthur,  the  southern  leader  of  the  Britons.  After  he  had 
been  present  in  many  battles,  on  one  disastrous  day  be- 
tween the  years  560  and  574,  in  a  field  of  horrible  slaughter 


Merlin 

on  the  Solway  Tirth,  he  lost  his  reason,  broke  his  sword, 
and  forsook  human  society,  finding  peace  and  consolation 
only  in  his  minstrelsy.  He  was  at  last  found  dead  on 
the  bank  of  a  river"  {Marley,  English  Writers,  I.  218). 
The  enchanter  Merlin  of  Arthurian  romance  also  held  the 
position  of  companion  and  counselor  to  Arthiu*,  but  his 
adventures  and  the  manner  of  his  death  ditter  from  the 
above.  The  romances  state  that  he  was  of  miraculous 
birth,  was  an  adept  in  magic,  and  was  beguiled  by  the  en- 
chantress Nimue  or  Ninive,  who  buried  him  under  a  rock 
from  which  he  could  not  escape ;  also  that  his  mistress, 
Vivien,  the  Lady  of  the  Lake,  left  him  spellbound  in  the  tan- 
gled branches  of  a  thorn-bush,  where  he  still  sleeps,  though 
sometimes  his  voice  is  heard.  Tennyson,  in  his  "Idylls  of 
the  King, "  adopts  nearly  the  latter  version.  Among  other 
famous  deeds  Merlin  instituted  the  Bound  Table  at  Car- 
duel.  He  first  appears  in  Nennius  as  Ambrosius.  Geof- 
frey of  Monmouth's  "Vita  Merlin!"  (1139-49)  waatranslated 
by  Waoe  into  French  verse  (1165),  and  was  probably  adapted 
by  Robert  de  Borron  about  1160-70.  About  1200  roiie 
de  Borron  wrote  the  French  prose  romance  of  Merlin, 
"Which  contained  what  are  called  Merlin's  prophecies  in 
the  appendix.  Robert  de  Borron's  poem  was  translated 
Into  Italian  in  1379,  Spanish  in  1498,  and  German  in  1478. 
The  English  prose  romance  of  Merlin  (c.  1460-60)  was  taken 
from  the  French  original  attributed  to  Robert  de  Borron. 
It  was  printed  by  the  Early  English  Text  Society  for  the 
first  time. 

Merlin  de  Douai  (mer-lan'  de  d6-a')j  Comte 
Philippe  Antoine.  Bom  at  Arleux,  near  Douai, 
France,  Oct.  30,  1754:  died  at  Paris,  Dee.  26, 
1838.  A  French  jurist  and  revolutionary  poli- 
tician. Hewasamemberof  theNationalAssembly;  went 
over  to  the  radical  party  in  1792 ;  was  president  of  the  Con- 
vention after  the  Reign  of  Terror ;  was  later  minister  of 
justice ;  and  on  the  revolution  of  the  18th  Fructidor  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Directory. 

Merlin  de  Thionville  (ty6n-ver),  Antoine 
Christophe.  Bom  at  Thionville,  Lorraine, 
Sept.  13, 1762 :  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  14, 1833.  A 
French  revolutionist,  a  member  of  the  Legis- 
lative Assembly  1791-92,  and  of  the  Convention 
1792-95. 

Mermaid  Club,  The,  A  celebrated  club  said 
to  have  been  established  by  Sir  "Walter  Raleigh 
in  1603.  It  met  at  the  Mermaid  Tavern.  Jonson,  Beau- 
mont. Fletcher,  Selden,  and  probably  Shakspere  were 
among  its  members. 

Mermaid  Tavern,  The.    See  Mermaid  Club. 
Mermnadse  (merm'na-de).   The  last  dynasty  of 
the  Lydian  kings,  beginning  with  Gyges  (about 
700  B.  c.)  and  ending  with  Croesus  (560-546). 
Besides  these  kings  it  included  Ardys,  Sadyat- 
tes,  and  Alyattes. 
Merodach  (mer '  o  -  dak).     [In  the  inscriptions 
Marduk.']    One  oi  the  12  great  gods  of  the  As- 
syro-Babylonian  pantheon,  son  of  Ea.    His  wife 
was  Zarpaint.    He  was  especially  the  tutelar  divinity  of 
the  city  of  Babylon,  and  during  the  supremacy  of  Baby- 
lonia his  temple,  Esagila  ('the  exalted  house '),  restored 
■with  great  splendor  by  Nebuchadnezzar,  became  the  na- 
tional sanctuary  of  the  whole  empire.     He  also  had  an 
old  and  famous  sanctuary  at  Sippar.    He  was  especially 
considered  the  compassionate  god  of  mankind,  relieving 
their  ills  with  the  knowledge  and  power  his  father,  the 
god  of  profound  wisdom,  gave  him.    He  was  also  the  pa- 
tron of  the  magi.    His  son  Is  Nebo  (Nabu),  the  god  of 
learning.   Of  the  planets,  Jupiter  was  sacred  to  him.  He  is 
mentioned  in  Jer.  1. 2,  but  is  referred  to  as  Bel  in  Isa.  xlvi.  1 
and  Jer.  IL  44. 
Merodach-baladan  (mer'o-dak-bal'a-dan).  [In 
the  cuneiform  inscription's  Marduk"batAddina, 
Merodaoh  has  given  the  son.]     The  name  of 
several  kings  of  Babylon.   The  most  important  of 
these  appears  first  as  the  ruler  of  Bit  Yakin.    He  submit- 
ted and  paid  tribute  to  tlie  Assyrian  king  Tiglath-Pileser 
III.  (746-727  B.  0.).    From  722  to  709  he  appears  in  the  in- 
scriptions as  king  of  entire  Babylonia.    Afterward  he  en- 
tered into  alliance  with  the  Elamites  against  Sargon.    The 
allies  were  defeated  by  the  Assyrian  king,  and  Merodach- 
baladan  saved  himself  only  by  flight.    He  reappears  In  the 
first  year  of  Sennacherib  (706),  and  is,  in  all  probability, 
identical  with  the  Merodach-baladan  mentioned  in  Isa.. 
xxxix.,  2  Ki.  XX.  12 'ff.  (under  the  form  Berodach-baladan) 
as  having  sent  ambassadors  to  Hezekiah  to  congratulate 
him  upon  his  recovery  from  sickness.     This  embassy  was 
also,  no  doubt,  intended  to  draw  Hezekiah  into  an  alliance 
against  Assyria.    He  was  defeated  by  Sennacherib,  who 
placed  a  certain  Belibus  on  the  Babylonian  throne  (702- 
699).    In  699  Merodach-baladan  is  again  found  in  rebellion 
against  Assyria,  and,  again  defeated,  he  escapes  to  Elam. 
He  must  have  died  shortly  afterward,  but  his  descendants 
continued  to  stir  up  rebellions  in  Babylonia  against  As- 
syria.   The  last  scion  of  this  house,  when  about  to  be  de- 
livered to  Asurbanipal,  caused  his  armor-bearer  to  slay  him. 
Meroe  (mer'6-e).     [Gr.  yLepdri.J    In  ancient  ge- 
ography, the'  capital  of  the  later  kingdom  of 
Ethiopia,  situated  between  the  Nile  and  the 
Attaara,  about  lat.  17°  N. 
Merom  (me'rom),  'Waters  of.    A  lake  in  Pal- 
estine, lOi  miles  north  of  the  Sea  of  Galilee, 
traversed  by  the  Jordan:  the  modem  Bahr-el- 
Huleh,  and  the  Semechonitis  Lake  of  Josephus 
Length,  4  miles.    It  was  the  scene  of  a  great 
victory  of  Joshua  over  Jabin,  king  of  Hazor. 
Merope  (mer'6-pe).   [Gr.  Uepd-KTj.']   1.  In  Greek 
mythology,  one  of  the  Pleiades  (which  see).— 2. 
The  44 magnitude  star  23  Pleiadum.  Itis enveloped 
in  a  nebulosity  which  was  discovered  before  the  applica- 
tion of  photography,  but  is  difficult  to  observe  visually. 
M^rope  (ma-rop').    A  play  by  Voltaire  (1743). 


679 

Merovingians  (mer-o-vin'ji-anz).  A  dynasty  of 
Frankish  kings,  whose  eponyiaio  ancestor,  Mer- 
wig  or  MerovsBus,  lived  in  the  5th  century,  it 
rose  to  power  under  Clovis,  king  of  the  Salian  Franks,  who 
defeated  the  Roman  governor  Syagrius  in  486,  accepted 
the  Roman  faith  in  496,  and  died  in  611,  after  having 
made  himself  sole  ruler  of  all  the  Franks.  His  kingdom 
■was  divided  among  his  four  sons,  one  of  whom,  Clotaire 
I.,  reunited  the  several  parts  in  558.  A  second  division  of 
the  Frankish  kingdom  took  place  among  the  M  erovingians 
on  his  death  in  661.  This  was  also  a  quadruple  division. 
In  567  the  parts  were  reduced  to  three  in  number,  whence 
arose  the  kingdoms  of  Austrasia  (capital  Metz),  iNeustrla 
(capital  Soissons),  and  Burgundy  (capital  Orleans),  of  which 
the  first  contained  a  German,  the  last  two  a  Romance  pop. 
ulation.  Burgundy  was  eventually  united  with  Neustria, 
leaving  two  principal  divisions,  JSTeustria  and  Austrasia. 
Violent  family  feu(^  as,  for  instance,  that  between  Brune- 
hilde  of  Austrasia  and  Fredegunde  of  Neustria  in  the  6th 
century,  caused  the  power  of  the  Merovingians  to  wane, 
both  in  Neustria  and  in  Austrasia,  before  that  of  the  mayors 
of  the  palace,  until  in  687  Pepin  of  Heristal,  mayor  of  the 
palace  in  Austrasia,  made  himself  practically  ruler  of  both 
kingdoms.  His  grandson,  Pepin  the  Short,  finally  deposed 
the  Merovingians  and  caused  himself  to  be  crowned  king 
of  the  Franks  in  751. 
Merowig  (mer'o-wig),  or  Merwig  (mer'wig). 
[L.  MerovsBus.']  '  An  alleged  chief  or  king  of  a 

gart  of  the  Salian  Franks,  and  grandfather  of 
lo^sds.  Some  suppose  Merowig  or  Merovseus  to  have 
been  the  patronymic  of  the  family  or  clan  of  Clovis,  de- 
rived from  a  more  remote  ancestor. 

Merrick  (mer'ik),  James.  Bom  at  Eeading, 
Eng.,  1720 :  died  there,  1769.  An  English  poet. 
He  wrote  sacred  poems,  and  the  "  Chameleon." 

Merrifield  (mer'i-feld),  Charles  'Watkins. 
Born  at  London  or  Brighton,Oct.  20,1827:  died 
at  Brighton,  Jan.  1, 18M:.  An  English  mathe- 
matician. About  1867  he  became  principal  of  the  Royal 
School  of  Naval  Architecture  and  Marine  Engineering  at 
South  Kensington.  Among  his  works  are  *'  Miscellaneous 
Memoirs  on  Pure  Mathematics"  (1861),  and  "Technical 
Arithmetic  "  (1872).  He  contributed  numerous  papers  to 
the  "  Transactions  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects." 

Merrilies(mer'i-lez),  Meg.  In  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
novel  "Guy  Mannering,"  a  weird  and  masculine 
gipsy  who  is  devoted  to  Bertram's  family.  She 
remonstrates  in  vain  against  the  theft  of  Harry  Bertram, 
and  on  his  return  helps  him  to  his  own  at  the  cost  of  her 
life.  Charlotte  Cushman  was  noted  in  this  part  in  the 
dramatization  of  the  noveL 

Merrimac,  or  Merrimack  (mer'i-mak).  Ariver 
in  New  Hampshire  and  northeastern  Massachu- 
setts. It  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Pemigewasset 
and  Winnepiseogee  at  Franklin,  New  Hampshire,  and  flows 
into  the  Atlantic  4  miles  east  of  Newburyport.  It  furnishes 
water-power  to  Manchester,  Nashua,  Lowell,  Lawrence, 
etc.  Length,  about  120  miles  (including  the  Pemigswasset, 
about  90  miles). 

Merrimac.  1.  A  40-gun  screw  frigate  built  for 
the  United  States  government  in  1855.  On  AprillS, 
1861,  the  Norfolk  navy-jrardwas  abandoned  by  the  Federal 
government,  and  the  ships  there,  including  the  Merrimac, 
were  sunk.,  The  hull  was  raised  by  the  Confederates  and 
cut  down  to  the  berth-deck.  On  the  midship  section  a 
casemate  of  timber  170  feet  long  was  built,  protected  by 
a  double  iron  plating  4  inches  thicl^  The  prow  was  of  cast- 
iron.  She  was  named  the  Virginia,  and  was  commanded 
by  Commodore  Franklin  Buchanan.  On  March  8, 1862,  she 
destroyed  the  Congress  (a  sailing  ship  of  50  guns)  and  the- 
Cumberland  (a  sailing  ship  of  30  guns)  at  Newport  News. 
On  March  9  she  attacked  the  Minnesota,  and  was  met  by 
the  Monitor,  which  had  arrived  the  night  before.  The 
battle  lasted  from  8  A.  M.  until  noon,  and  resulted  in  favor 
of  the  Monitor.  See  Monitor. 
2.  A  collier  sunk  by  Assistant  Naval-Con- 
structor Hobson  June  3,  1898,  in  an  attempt  to 
block  the  entrance  to  Santiago  harbor. 

Merriman,  Henry  Seton.  The  pseudonym  of 
Hugh  S.  Scott. 

Merritt  (mer'it),  'Wesley.  Bom  at  New  York, 
June  16,  1836.  An  American  general.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  United  States  Military  Academy  in  1860 ; 
promoted  captain  in  1862,  and  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers June  29, 1863 ;  breveted  major-general  of  volunteers 
Oct.  19, 1864,  and  major-general  in  the  United  States  army 
March  13, 1866;  and  appointedmajor-general  of  volunteers 
April  1, 1866,  brigadier-general  April,  1887,  and  major-gen- 
eral April,  1895.  He  was  superintendent  of  the  United 
States  Military  Academy  Sept.,  1882,-June,  1887 ;  and  com- 
manded the  Department  of  the  Missouri  1887-91  and  1895- 
1897,  the  Department  of  Dakota  1891-96,  and  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Bast  1897-98.  He  was  in  command  of  the 
United  States  troops  at  the  capture  of  Manila,  Aug.  13, 
1898 ;  retired  June,  1900. 

Merry  (mer'i),  Felix.  A  pseudonym  of  Evert 
Augustus  DuycMnck. 

Merry,  Robert.  Bom  at  London,  April,  1755 : 
died  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  Dec.  14, 1798.  An  Eng- 
lish dilettante.  He  became  a  member  of  the  English 
Delia  Cruscan  Academy  at  Florence,  and  his  pseudonym 
"  Delia  Crusca  "  gave  its  name  to  the  school.  His  affected 
and  tastelesi-  style  is  exhibited  in  the  correspondence  with 
"Anna  Matilda,"  which  continued  in  the  "World  till 
1789,  when  the  writers  met  and  were  disenchanted.  (See 
Anna  MaMlda.)  The  best  and  worst  poems  were  collected 
in  the  "British  Album"  in  1789.  Giflords  "Baviad,  a 
satire  on  it,  sold  a  fourth  edition  of  this  in  1791. 

Merry  Dancers.    A  name  given  to  the  aurora. 
The  meteoric  rays  which  have  given  the  name  of  the 
"  Merry  Dancers  "  to  the  flickering  Northern  Lights. 

Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  71. 

Merry  Devil  of  Edmonton.  The.    A  comedy 


Merton,  'Walter  de 

acted  by  the  King's  Men  at  the  Globe  before 
Oct.  22,  1607.  Fleay  believes  from  internal  evidence 
that  this  play  was  originally  called  "Sir  John  Oldcastle  " 
and  was  written  by  Drayton  for  the  Chamberlain's  Men 
before  Dec. ,  1597.  A  prose  tract,  "The  Life  and  Death  of 
the  Merry  Devil  of  Edmonton,  etc.,"  was  entered  on  the 
"  Stationers'  Register  "in  1608  by  "T.  B. "  (Thomas  Brewer) 
The  popularity  of  the  comedy  probably  suggested  this 
tract,  which  does  not  cover  quite  the  same  ground.  The 
latter  has,  however,  been  ascribed  to  Tony  (Antony)  Brewer 
on  the  strength  of  the  initials  in  the  above  entry,  the  tract 
having  been  confounded  with  the  play.  (fiuOen.)  Theplay 
has  also  been  ascribed  withoutreason  to  Shakspere,  on  the 
authority  of  Ku-kman  the  bookseller. 

Merrygreek,  or  Merigreek  (mer'i-grek),  Mat- 
thew. In  Udall's  play  "Ealph  Bolster  Doister," 
a  parasite  and  mischievous  boon  companion  of 
Ealph.  He  adroitly  gets  his  own  way  by  flattery 
and  abuse. 

Merry  Monarch,  The.    Charles  11.  of  England. 

Merrymount  (mer'i-mount).  A  settlement 
within  the  present  city  of  Quiney,  Massachu- 
setts, made  by  Thomas  Morton  and  others  in 
1625.  The  Pilgrims  of  Plymouth  dispersed  it 
in  1628,  and  it  was  again  dispersed  a  few  years 
later. 

Merry  'Wives  of  "Windsor,  The.   A  comedy  by 

Shakspere,  produced  about  1600.  Itwas  first  printed 
as  we  know  it  in  the  first  folio,  1623.  In  1602  an  imperfect 
and  probably  unauthorized  version  in  quarto  was  printed 
(reprinted  in  1619).  It  seems  to  have  been  based  on  a 
mangled  repetition  stolen  from  the  theater,  or  else  was  hur- 
riedly written  by  command.  Rowe  in  1709  says,  probably 
without  foundation,  that  Queen  Elizabeth  was  so  pleased 
with  the  Falstafl  of  "Henry  I V. "  that  she  commanded  Shak- 
spere to  show  how  he  conducted  himself  when  in  love. 
For  the  plot  he  was  probably  but  little  indebted  to  other 
writers.  "The  Two  Lovers  of  Pisa  "from  Straparola,  in 
Tarleton's  "News  Out  of  Purgatory"  (1690),  and  a  story 
from  "II  Pecorone"  of  Ser  Giovanni  Fiorentino  which 
suggests  the  hiding  of  Falstafl  in  the  soiled  linen,  may  pos- 
sibly have  suggested  some  of  the  incidents.  John  Dennis 
wrote  a  play,  "The  Comical  Gallant,  or  the  Amours  of  Sir 
John  Falstaff,"  in  1702,  in  which  "  The  Merry  Wives  "  may 
be  recognized ;  and  an  opera,  "Die  lustigen  Weiber  von 
Windsor,"  by  Otto  Nicolai,  words  from  Shakspere  by  Mo- 
senthal,  was  produced  at  Berlin  in  1849,  at  London  in  1864, 
and  at  Paris,  as  "  Les  joyeuses  comm^res  de  Windsor."  in 
1866. 

Mers  (mars).  A  sea-bathing  resort,  a  suburb  of 
Le  Tr^port,  France,  northeast  of  Dieppe. 

Merscheid  (mer'shlt).  A  town  in  the  Ehine 
ProvLuce,  Prussia,  17  miles  north  by  east  of  Co- 
logne. Population  (1890),  8,542:  commune, 
15,600.     Since  1891  called  Ohligs. 

Merse  (mers).  The.  The  lower  valley  of  the 
Tweed,  Scotland. 

Merseburg  (mer'ze-bSro).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Saale 
16  miles  west  of  Leipsic.  its  chief  buildings  are  the 
cathedral  and  the  castle.  It  was  formerly  noted  for  its 
beer.  It  was  one  of  the  leading  medieval  German  cities, 
the  seat  of  a  bishopric  from  the  10th  to  the  16th  century, 
and  of  the  dukes  of  Saxe-Merseburg  from  1656  to  1738. 
Near  it  Henry  the  Fowler  won  an  important  victory  over 
the  Hungarians  in  933.    Population  (1890X  17,669. 

Mersenne  (mer-sen'),  Marin.  Bom  at  La  Soul- 
tifere,  Maine,  France,  Sept.  8, 1588 :  died  at  Paris, 
Sept.  1,1648.  A  noted  French  theologian,  mathe- 
matician, and  philosopher,  a  friend  of  Descartes. 
He  discovered  the  laws  wliich  show  the  dependence  of  the 
time  of  vibration  of  a  string  upon  its  length,  tension,  and 
density— namely,  thatthetimevaries  directly  as  the  length 
and  as  the  square  root  of  the  density,  and  inversely  as  the 
square  root  of  the  tension. 

Mersey (mer'zi).  AriverinEngland.  Itisformed 
by  the  union  of  the  Tame  and  Goyt  near  Stockport,  and 
flows  by  an  estuary  into  the  Irish  Sea  below  Liverpool. 
Length,  70  miles ;  navigable  to  the  mouth  of  the  Irwell. 

Mertetefs  (mer-te-tafs')-    See  the  extract. 

The  oldest  historical  portrait-statue  yet  discovered  is  that 
of  Queen  Mertetefs,  wife  of  Senef eru,  the  last  king  of  the 
Third  Dynasty,  and  wife,  by  her  second  marriage,  to  Khuf u, 
the  first  king  of  the  Fourth  Dynasty,  who  was  no  less  fa- 
mous a  personage  than  the  builder  of  the  Great  Pyramid. 
The  statue  is  one  of  a  limestone  group  of  three  figures, 
representing  Queen  Mertetefs,  her  Ka,  and  a  priest  named 
Kennu,  who  was  her  private  secretary. 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  135. 

Merthyr^dfil,  or  Merthyr  Tydvil  (mer'ther 
tid'vil;  W.  pron.  mer'ther  tud'vil).  [Said  to 
have  received  its  name  from  a  martyred  British 
saint  Tydfil  (merthyr  =  E.  martyr).']  A  to-wn 
in  Glamorganshire,  South  "Wales,  situated  on 
the  TafE  in  lat.  51°  45'  N.,  long.  3°  23'  "W.  its 
importance  is  of  modern  growth.  It  is  the  center  of  an  ex- 
tensive coal  region,  and  is  noted  for  iron  and  steel  manu- 
factures. It  returns  2  members  to  Parliament.  Popula- 
tion (1901),  69,227. 

Merton  (mer'ton),  Ambrose.  A  pseudonym  of 
W.  J.  Thorns,  the  editor  of ' '  Notes  and  Queries." 

Merton,  Lower.  A  village  in  Surrey,  10  miles 
southwest  of  London. 

Merton  (mer'ton),  Walter  de.  Died  Oct.  27, 
1277.  Bishop  of  Eochester,  and  founder  of  Mer- 
ton CoUege,  Oxford.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford  ;  in 
1261  was  appointed  chancellor ;  and  was  elected  bishop  of 
Rochester  in  1274.  He  originated  the  collegiate  system 
of  the  English  universities  by  the  establishment  in  1264  of 


Merton,  Walter  de 

Merton  College,  the  "final  statutes"  of  which  date  from 
Aag.,  1274.  The  chapel  of  the  college  is  marked  by  its  large 
square  pinnacled  Perpendicular  tower :  its  choir  was  built 
by  the  founder,  and  the  remainder  is  of  the  early  IBth  cen- 
tury. The  library,  as  well  as  the  college,  has  the  distinc- 
tion of  being  the  oldest  in  England.  The  picturesque 
inner  quadrangle  is  Jacobean.  The  Meadow  front  of  the 
buildings,  with  their  long  range  of  gables,  is  characteristic. 
This  system  (which  has  been  beneficial  in  its  eflects 
down  to  our  own  time,  for  many  of  our  most  distinguished 
scholars  entered  the  university  as  sizars)  was  part  of  the 
deliberate  purpose  that  animated  the  design  of  Walter  de 
Merton,  who  may  be  called  the  founder  of  the  whole  col- 
legiate system.  He  sought  to  attract  the  most  capable 
men  of  a^  classes,  and  so  to  raise  up  secular  schools  which 
should  check  the  influence  of  the  monasteries,  and  through 
them  of  the  pope.  Clark,  Cambridge,  p.  36. 

Mem  (mer'o).  In  Hindu  mythology,  the  cen- 
tral mountain  of  the  earth,  of  prodigious  size 
and  precious  material,  having  on  its  summit 
the  abode  of  the  gods. 

Merv  (merv),  or  Merve.  An  oasis  in  Russian 
central  Asia,  lying  along  the  river  Murgab 
about  lat.  37°  30'  N.,  long.  62°  E.  Its  inhabitants 
are  Tekke-Turkomans.  From  its  strategic  and  commer- 
cial position  between  Persia,  Bokhara,  and  Herat  it  has 
been  important  from  remote  times.  It  formerly  contained 
Merv  and  other  cities.  It  was  conquered  by  Alexander, 
and  belonged  successively  to  the  Parthians,  Saracens,  and 
Seljuks.  It  was  ravaged  by  the  Mongols  in  1221.  later 
it  belonged  in  turn  to  TJzbegs,  Persians,  and  Bokharans. 
The  Russians  overran  and  annexed  it  in  1883-84.  It  is 
now  traversed  by  the  Transcaspian  Railway.  Population, 
about  250,000.  The  locality  now  called  Merv  is  merely  a 
large  village. 

Merveilleuse  (mer-va-y6z').  [F.,' marvelous.'] 
The  sword  of  Doolin  of  Mayence. 

Merville  (mer-vel').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  France,  situated  on  the  Lys  18 
miles  west  of  Lille.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 7,573. 

M6ry  (ma-re'),  Joseph.  Bom  near  Marseilles, 
Jan.  21,  1798 :  died  at  Paris,  June  17, 1866.  A 
French  litterateur.  Among  his  numerous  works  are 
novels,  books  of  travel,  plays,  and  poems.  Conjointly 
with  Barth^lemy  he  wrote  satirical  verses. 

Meryon  (ma-ry6n'),  Charles.  Bom  at  Paris 
in  1821 :  died  at  Charenton,  near  Paris,  in  1868. 
A  French  etcher  and  engraver.  Among  his  works 
are  "  Le  pont  du  change,"  "La  vieille  morgue,"  "  Le  petit 
pont,"  "  La  rue  de  la  Pirouette,"  etc. 

Merzig  (mert'sio).  A  small  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Saar  20  miles 
south  by  east  of  Treves. 

Mesa.    See  Mesha. 

Mesartim  (me-sar'tim).  [Deriv.  uncertain.] 
A  commonly  iised  name  for  the  4J-magnitude 
double  star  y  Arietis. 

Mescala(mes-ka'la),orMeXcala(mas-ka'ia),or 
Mercala(mer-ka'la),  orRlode  las  Balsas  (re '6 
da  las  bal'sas).  A  river  in  Mexico  which  flows 
into  the  Pacific  between  the  states  of  Michoa- 
can  and  G-uerrero.     Length,  500  miles. 

Mescalero  (mez"ka-la'r6).  ['Eaters  of  the  mes- 
cal.'] A  tribe  of  the  Apache  group  of  North 
American  Indians,  north  of  San  Carlos  agency 
in  1883.    See  Apaches. 

Meschede  (mesh'a-de).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  10  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Amsberg. 

Mescua  (mes'ke-a),  Antonio  Mirade.  See  the 
extract. 

Contemporary  with  these  events  and  discussions  lived 
Antonio  Mira  de  Mescua,  well  known  from  1602  to  1636  as 
a  writer  for  the  stage,  and  much  praised  by  Cervantes  and 
Lope  de  Vega,  He  was  a  native  of  Guadix  in  the  kingdom 
of  Granada,  and  in  his  youth  became  archdeacon  of  its  ca- 
thedral ;  but  in  1610  he  was  at  ^Naples,  attached  to  the 
poetical  court  of  the  Count  de  Lemos,  and  in  1620  he 
gained  a  prize  in  Madrid,  where  he  died  in  1635  while  in 
the  ofBce  of  chaplain  to  Philip  the  Fourth,  He  wrote 
secular  plays,  autos,  and  lyrical  poetry, 

Ticlmar,  Span,  Lit,,  n.  329. 

Mesembria.    See  Misivri. 

Meseritz  (ma'ze-rits).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Posen,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Obra  55  miles 
west  of  Posen.     Population  (1885),  5,783. 

Mesha  (me'sha),  or  Mesa  (me'za).  [Heb.j'help,' 
' deliverance.']  Aking  of  Moalb  about850 b.  c. 
He  is  mentioned  in  2  Ki.  iii.  as  having  been  subject  to 
the  kings  of  Israel,  but  after  Ahab's  death  he  fell  away. 
Hereupon  Joram,  king  of  Israel,  in  alliance  with  Jehosh- 
aphat,  king  of  Judah,  undertook  an  expedition  against 
him,  and  shut  him  up  in  Kir-Haresheth,  situated  a  little 
to  the  east  of  the  southern  end  of  the  Dead  Sea.  In  this 
emergency  Mesha  sacrificed  his  first-born  son  to  Chemosh. 
The  Israelites  thereupon  departed  to  their  land.  In 
1868  a  stele  was  discovered  near  Dibon,  the  ancient  cap- 
itsd  of  Moab,  on  which  Mesha  had  recorded  this  event. 
It  is  written  in  the  Moabite  dialect,  which  only  slightly 
differs  from  Hebrew,  with  the  ancient  Hebrew  charac- 
ter, the  so-called  Samaritan  or  Phenician,  and  is  the  oldest 
Semitic  monument  Imown.  The  stone,  badly  damaged, 
is  now  in  the  Louvre  at  Paris.    See  Moabite  Stone. 

Mesha.    See  Mash. 

Meshech.    See  MusJd. 

Meshhed  (mesh'hed),  or  Meshed  (mesh'ed),  or 
Mashhad  (mash 'had).     The  capital  of  the 


680 

province  of  Khorasan,  Persia,  situated  about 
lat.  36°  18'  N.,  long.  59°  35'  B.  it  is  a  commercial 
center,  and  a  noted  place  of  pilgrimage.  Tlie  mosque  con- 
tains the  Shiite  shilne  of  the  imam  Riza.  Population,  es- 
timated, 60,000. 

Meshhed-Ali  (mesh'hed  a'le).  A  town  in  the 
vilayet  of  Bagdad,  Asiatic  Turkey,  97  miles 
south  of  Bagdad,  it  is  a  Shiite  place  of  pilgrimage, 
on  account  of  the  mosque  containing  the  shrine  of  Alt 
Population,  estimated,  about  12,000. 

Meshhed-Hussein.    See  Kerhela. 

Meshtseraks  (mesh-tse-raks').  A  people  of 
Finnish  origin,  living  in  eastern  Russia.  They 
are  in  part  Hussianized,  in  part  (about  125,000)  allied  to 
the  Bashkirs  in  language  and  religion. 

Meshtshovsk  (mesh-ohofsk').  A  town  in  the 
government  of  Kaluga,  Russia,  42  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Kaluga.  Population  (1885-89), 
5,129'. 

Mesilla  (ma-sel'ya).  [Sp.,  'little  mesa.']  A 
town  in  southern  New  Mexico,  on  the  Rio 
Grande,  founded  about  1830. 

Mesmer  (mes'mer),  Friedrich  Anton.  Bom 
near  Constance,  Baden,  May  23,  1733 :  died  at 
Meersburg,  Baden,  March  5, 1815.  A  German 
physician,  originator  of  the  theory  of  mesmer- 
ism or  animal  magnetism.  He  studied  divinity  at 
Dillingen  and  Ingolstadt,  but  afterward  studied  medicine 
at  Vienna,  where  he  took  his  degree  in  1766,  He  began 
about  1771  an  investigation  into  the  supposed  curative 
powers  of  the  magnet,  which  led  him  to  adopt  the  theory 
of  animal  magnetism.  This  he  made  public  in  1776  in  a 
pamphlet  entitled  "  Sendsuhreiben  an  einen  auswiirtigen 
Arzt  iiber  die  Magnetkur."  In  1778  he  settled  at  Paris, 
where  he  created  a  sensation  as  a  practitioner  of  mesmer- 
ism. In  1785  the  French  government  appointed  a  com- 
mission of  eminent  physicians  and  scientists  to  investi- 
gate his  system.  An  adverse  report  followed,  and  he  fell 
into  disrepute  and  spent  his  last  years  at  Meersburg. 

Mesocco.    See  Misocco. 

Mesolonghi.    See  Missolonghi. 

Mesopotamia  (mes"o-po-ta'mi-a).  [Gr.-  Meoon-o- 
ra/iia,  the  laud  between  the  rivers.]  The  great 
plain  between  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris :  in  the 
Old  Testament  called  Aram  Naharaim.  It  is 
usually  divided  into  Upper  Mesopotamia,  covering  ancient 
Assyria,  and  Lower  Mesopotamia,  comprising  ancient 
ChaJdea  and  Babylonia.  It  was  conquered  by  Thothmes 
III.,  Seti  I.,  Eameses  11.,  and  other  Egyptian  monarchs, 
and  has  belonged  at  different  times  to  the  Median,  Per- 
sian, Macedonian,  Syrian,  Parthian,  Roman,  New  Persian, 
Saracenic,  and  Turkish  empires,  and  is  now  a  Turkish 
province  with  Bagdad  as  capital.  See  also  Ara/m  and 
Babylon. 

Mesopotamia,  The  Argentine.  [Sp.  Mesopo- 
tamia Argentina.']  A  name  frequently  given 
to  that  portion  of  the  Argentine  Republic  which 
lies  between  the  rivers  Parang  and  Uruguay. 
It  includes  the  provinces  of  Entre  Rios  and  Corrientea  and 
the  territory  of  Missiones. 

Mesrob  (mes-rob'),  or  Miesrob  (myes-rob'). 
Lived  in  the  5th  century  A.  D.  A  patriarch  of 
Armenia,  a  reputed  founder  of  Armenian  liter- 
ature, who  devised  the  Armenian  alphabet  of 
36  letters,  to  which  after  his  time  two  more  were 
added,  and  the  Georgian  alphabet  of  39  or  40 
letters,  still  in  use. 

Messala  (me-sa'la),  or  Messalla  (me-sal'la), 
Corvinus  Marcus  Valerius.  Lived  in  the 
second  half  of  the  1st  century  B.  C.  A  Roman 
general,  official,  orator,  historian,  and  patron 
of  literature. 

Messalina.orMessallina  (mes-a-li'na),  Vale- 
ria. Executed  48  a.  d.  Wife  of  the  emperor 
Claudius.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Marcus  Valerius 
Messala  Barbatus,  and  became  the  third  wife  of  Claudius, 
who  afterward  ascended  the  imperial  throne.  She  was  a 
woman  of  infamous  vices,  and  during  a  temporary  absence 
of  her  husband  publicly  married  her  favorite,  C.  Silius. 
She  was  put  to  death  by  order  of  Claudius. 

Messana  (me-sa'na).  An  ancient  name  of  Mes- 
sina. 

Messapia  (me-sa'pi-a).  [Gr.  MeffffOTrto.]  Li 
ancient  geography,  the  peninsula  at  the  south- 
eastern extremity  of  Italy:  often  used  as  synony- 
mous with  Calabria  or  lapygia. 

Messene(me-se'ne).  [Gr.MEcro^!?.]  l.Inanoient 
geography,  a  city  in  Messenia,  Greece,  on  the 
slope  of  Mt.  Ithome  in  lat.  37°  11'  N.,  long.  21° 
56'  E.  It  was  founded  as  a  fortress  against  Sparta,  under 
the  influence  of  Epaminondaa,  in  369  B.  c,  and  is  noted  now 
for  its  extensive  ruins  at  the  modern  village  of  Mavromati. 
2.  An  ancient  name  of  Messina. 

Messenger  (mes'en-jSr).  A  gray  thoroughbred 
horse,  by  Mambrino,  which  was  imported  into 
the  United  States  from  England  about  1788. 
All  the  main  lines  of  trotting-horaes  except  the  Morgans 
and  Clays  are  derived  from  him.  The  Hambletonians  trace 
directly  to  him  by  way  of  Hambletoniah  (10),  Abdallah, 
and  Mambrino. 

Messenia (me-se'ni-S).  [Gd.'UleaoTivia.']  l.Inan- 
cient  geography,  a  division  of  the  Peloponnesus. 
It  was  bounded  by  Elis  and  Arcadia  on  the  north,  Laconia 
(separated  by  Mount  Taygetus)  on  the  east^  and  the  sea  on 
the  south  and  west.  It  contained  the  fertile  valley  of  the 
Famlsus ;  was  early  settled  by  Dorians ;  was  at  war  with 


Messina 

Sparta  from  about  743  to  724  B,  C,  and  was  subjugated; 
attempted  unsuccessfully  to  shake  off  the  Spartan  yoke 
about  648-631 ;  had  its  independence  restored  S69  B.  0, ; 
and  was  annexed  to  Rome  about  146  B.  0. 
2.  A  nomarohy  of  modern  Greece,  situated  be- 
tween Triphylia  and  Laoedsemon.  Area,  667 
square  miles.    Population  (1896),  119,327. 

Messenia,  or  Koron  (ko'ron),  Gulf  of.  An  inlet 
of  the  Mediterranean,  south  and  east  of.  Messe- 
nia, Greece. 

Messer  (mes'6r),  Asa.  BornatMethuen,  Mass., 
1769:  died  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  Oct.  11,  1836. 
An  American  educator,  president  of  Brown 
University  1802-27. 

Messiah  (me-si'a).  [Heb.,  'anointed' ;  Gr.  Metr- 
(Tiaf.]  A  designation  of  Jesus  as  the  Saviour  of 
the  world;  the  Hebrew  equivalent  of  Christ, 
the  Anointed:  from  prophetic  passages  in  the 
Hebrew  Scriptures  (where,  except  in  two  in- 
stances in  Daniel,  it  is  translated  Anointed, 
often  as  a  noun)  interpreted  by  Jesus  and  by 
Christians  as  referring  to  him  and  universal  in 
scope,  but  regarded  by  the  Jews  as  promising  a 
divinely  sent  deliverer  for  their  own  race.  This 
belief  in  a  coming  Messiah  is  still  held  as  a  doctrme  by 
many  Jews ;  and  at  various  periods  of  the  Christian  era 
impostors  have  assumed  the  name  and  character,  and  have 
had  many  adherents.  Thetitle  is  also  applied  figuratively 
to  historical  characters  who  have  been  great  deliverers. 
Sometimes  written,  after  the  Greek  of  the  New  Testament, 
Messias. 

The  connection  of  ideas  in  this  prophecy  is  so  clear,  and 
it  sets  forth  with  so  much  completenesslsaiah's  whole  view 
of  JehovaJi's  purpose  towards  Judah,  that  we  may  regard 
it  as  a  typical  exampleof  what  is  usually  called  Messianic 
prediction.  The  name  Messiah  is  never  used  in  the  Old  Tes- 
tament in  that  special  sense  which  we  are  accustomed  to  as- 
sociate with  it  The  Messiah  (with  the  article  and  no  other 
word  in  apposition)  is  not  an  Old  Testament  phrase  at  all, 
and  the  word  Messiah  (Mashiah),  or  **  anointed  one,"  in  the 
connection  *' Jehovah s  anointed  one"  is  no  theological 
term,  but  an  ordinary  title  of  the  human  kingwhom  Jeho- 
vah has  set  over  IsraeL  Thus  the  usual  way  in  which  the 
time  of  Israel's  redemption  and  final  glory  is  called  the 
Messianic  time  is  incorrect  and  misleading.  So  long  as 
the  Hebrew  kingdom  lasted,  every  king  was  "Jehovah's 
anointed,"  and  it  was  only  after  the  Jews  lost  their  inde- 
pendence that  the  future  restoration  could  be  spoken  of 
in  contrast  to  the  present  as  the  days  of  the  Messiah.  To 
Isaiah  the  restoration  of  Israel  is  not  the  commencement 
but  the  continuation  of  that  personal  sovereignty  of  Jeho- 
vah over  His  people  of  which  the  Davidic  king  was  the 
recognised  representative.  As  the  holy  seed  which  re- 
peoples  the  land  after  the  work  of  judgment  is  done  is  a 
fresh  growth  from  the  ancient  stock  of  the  nation  (vi.  13), 
so  too  the  new  Davidic  kingship  is  a  fresh  outgrowth  of 
the  old  stem  of  Jesse.  We  are  apt  to  think  of  the  Messiah 
as  an  altogether  new  and  miraculous  dispensation.  That 
was  not  Isaiah's  view.  The  restoration  of  Jerusalem  is  a 
return  to  an  old  state  of  things,  interrupted  by  national 
sin.  W.  S.  Smith,  Prophets  of  Israel,  p.  302. 

Messiah,  The.  1.  A  sacred  pastoral  by  Pope, 
published  in  the  "Spectator"  May  14, 1712. 

Technically  this  is  one  of  the  most  faultless  of  Pope's 
writings.  .  .  .  This  poem  is  marked  by  the  broken  pause 
and  by  the  use  of  alexandrines — features  which  he  had 
hitherto  eschewed.  The  Messiah  is  a  dexterous  cento  of 
passages  from  Isaiah  foretelling  the  advent  of  Christ. 
Wordsworth  has  attacked  it  with  great  severity,  and  it  no 
longer  holds  its  former  popularity. 

Gosse,  Eighteenth-Century  Literature,  p.  116. 

2.  An  oratorio  by  Handel,  composed  in  1741 
(first  produced  atDublinin  1742).  Thewords  are  by 
Charles  Jennens  from  the  Scriptures.  Mozart  composed 
additional  accompaniments  to  it  in  1789.  Probably  no 
musical  composition  has  created  such  lasting  and  deep 
enthusiasm. 

Messias(TheMessiah).  An  epic  poem  by  Klop- 

stock,  in  20  cantos.  The  first  3  cantos  were  published 
in  1748  in  the  "Bremer  BeitrHge,"  but  he  did  not  finish  it 
till  1773.  The  model  before  him  was  Milton's  "Paradise 
Lost,"  but  he  did  not  profit  sufficiently  by  his  example. 
The  poem  suffers  from  excess  of  sentiment,  and  the  lyric 
quality  is  more  nearly  related  to  the  religious  oratorios 
than  to  a  genuine  epic, 

Messidor  (mes-si-d6r' ) .  [P.,  from  L.  messis,  har- 
vest, and  Gr.  Sapov^  a  gift.]  The  name  adopted 
in  1793  by  the  National  Convention  of  the  first 
French  repablio  for  the  tenth  month  of  the 
year.  It  consisted  of  30  days,  beginning  in  the 
years  1  to  7  with  June  19,  and  in  8  to  13  with 
June  20. 

Messin,  Pays  (pa-e'  me-san').  An  ancient  dis- 
trict of  eastern  France,  whose  chief  town  was 
Metz.  With  Verdunois  it  formed  one  of  the 
small  governments  of  Prance  prior  to  1790. 

Messina  (mes-se'na).  1.  A  province  in  Sicily, 
Italy.  Area,  1,246  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  505,159.—  2.  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Messina,  a  seaport,  situated  on  the  Strait  of 
Messina  in  lat.  38°  12'  N.,  long.  15°  34'  E. :  the  an- 
cient Messana,  and  earlier  Zancle.  Ithas  an  excel- 
lent harbor  and  a  fine  situation ;  is  the  second  commer- 
cial place  in  Sicily ;  and  exports  fruit,  olive-oil,  wine,  silk, 
etc.  It  has  a  cathedral  and  a  university.  It  was  founded  by 
Chalcidians  and  others,  and  received  a  colony  of  Messe- 
nians  ;  was  destroyed  by  the  Carthaginians  and  rebuilt  by 
DionysiuB ;  came  under  the  rule  of  the  Mamertlnes  in  282 
B.  c. ;  gave  rise  to  the  first  Punicwar  and  was  annexed  by 
Rome ;  passed  successively  to  the  Saracens,  Norman^ 


Messina 


681 


Meulen 


plague  in  1743.  and  from  an  earthquake  in  1783  :  was  bom-     erature  "  ri8n8V  "  Ths  liinnUn  in  T^fif«n7"7,  »«5^"?°  ^'^     S'"''  Sl«S  °' ^^^  """^n  'o™.     They  are  earlier  in  style 


1  earthquake  in  1783  ;  was  bom-     erature  "  (1858). 


B.  c.    A  'fe"margen1^L  "  As  pio*^  ^^1°?^?  i"^??^  Temple  C  at  Selinus.     Three 


about  221 

consul  he  defeated  the  Carthaginians  at  Panor- 
^^^^^  „i    ^'^^  "^  250. 
"Width  in  Metellus,  Quintus  Caecilius,  sumamed  Mace- 

donicus  ('the  Macedonian').     Died  115  b.  c. 

A  Roman  general 


,      ^.      .       „        -ai.    As  pretor  he  was  distinguished  MBtrn^T,nmrr"T^^^^^ 

for  his  victories  in  Macedonia  and  Greece  148-146  B.  0.  JM-.etrOpoUtan  Museum  of  Art.      An  institu 


He  was  consul  in  143,  and  censor  in  131. 


the  Neapolitans  against  Garibaldi  in  1860-61.    Ponulation 
(19011,  cDmmune,  149,778. 

Messina,  Strait  of.    A  strait  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, separating  Sicily  from  the  mainland  of 
Italy :  the  ancient  Fretum  Siculum. 
narrowest  part,  2^  mUes. 

Messkirch  (mes'kirch),  or  Mosskirch  (m6s'- 
kirch).  A  small  town  in  Baden,  24  miles  north 

Meston  (mes'ton),  William.  Bom  in  Aher-  guaicusCthe  Numidian').  Died  99  b.  o.  A 
deenshire  about  1688:  died  at  Aberdeen,  1745  f°^^^  general,  nephew  of  Metellus  Maoe- 
A  Scottish  burlesque  poet.     He  was  educated  at    ^°^«^s.    As  consul  and  proconsul  he  defeated 

Marisohal  College,  Aberdeen,  of  which  he  became  a  regent  JJ^^'^^  ^^  Numidia  109  and  108  B.  0.  uienT.a.tra-»  NB»rii . 

??n"i-K     ™'  poems  are  mostly  imitations  of  Butler's  MetelluS,  QuintUS  OaeciUuS,  SUinamed  Pius.  Mptln       ^l^Mpf^,, 

"Hudibras."    Among  them  are  "The  Knight  of  the  Kirk"  Died  about  64  B    O       A  RoTnan  wflTiPral    oi^yT^f  ^^^^^^'     '^^^ -'^^f^^' 
ffl'  (m^.r'^''  ^°''"  '■"''^-  "Ol'^^o'I'^'  G^i-'»    MeteCN,™,-^,v";«   tZT.T.l^^Zf:.^°l?l  Metsys.    See  Mass. 

Mestre  (mes'tre).    A  town  in  the  province  of 
Venice,  Italy,  6  miles  northwest  of  Venice 


metopes  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Palermo,  Si- 
°iy  •  Tliey  ^e  a  quadriga  with  three  personages  (Helios 
"S**?"^™ '''  ^^'■'^rSf  ^'^y'^e  Medusa,  and  Hercules  Bearing 
off  theCercopes.  The  style  is  highly  archaic.  Th^e  met 
^.llZ^^'Tii^J^"  ^"1  ""he  nh  century  B.  o..  and 


tion  organized  in  1870,  and  afterward  incor- 
porated, having  for  its  object  the  collection  of 
works  of  art  and  the  promotion  of  art  culture 
m  New  York  city.  It  is  situated  in  Central  Park,  op- 
posite  East  82d  street.  The  buUding  was  inaugmated 
in  1880.  Near  it  stands  the  Egyptian  obelisk  kwiwB  i 
Cleopatra  s  Needle. 


Mesurado  (mes-o-ra'do).  Cape.  A  headland  on 
the  coast  of  Liberia,  Africa,  situated  in  lat.  6° 
19'  N.,  long.  10°  50'  W. 

M^SZJiros  (ma'sa-rosh),  LAzkl.  Bom  at  Baia, 
Hungary,  Feb.  20, 1796:  died  at  Eywood,  Here- 
fordshire, England,  Nov.  16, 1858.  A  Hunga- 
rian revolutionary  general  and  politician.  He 
was  minister  of  war  1848-49,  and  succeeded  G6r- 
gey  as  commander-in-chief  in  1849. 

Meta  (ma'ta) .  A  small  town  in  the  province  of 
Naples,  Italy,  east  of  Sorrento. 

Meta.  A  river  in  Colombia  and  Venezuela, 
which  joins  the  Orinoco  about  lat.  6°  15'  N., 
long.  67°  45'  W.  Length,  about  750  miles; 
navigable  for  about  400  miles, 


Metellus Numidious.  ie was comma'nde^ unto Suul  Metsys.     Hee^assj/s, 

m  the  civil  wtas ;  was  consul  in  80  B.  0.;  and  commanded  JVletterniCn-Winneburg  (met'ter-nioh-vin'ne- 

later  in  Spain  against  Sertorius.  borG),   Prince    Clemens    Wenzel   Nepomuk 

Metellus,  ^intus  Caecilius,  sumamed  Creti-    Lothar  von.    Bom  at  Coblenz,  Prussia,  May 


cus('the  Cretan').  Died  probably  about  56 
B.C.  A  Roman  general.  He  was  consul  in  69, 
and  subdued  Crete  68-67. 
Metellus  Celer  (se'ler),  Quintus  Caecilius. 
Died  59  B.  c.  A  Roman  statesman.  He  was 
pretor  in  63 ;  opposed  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline ; 
and  was  consul  in  60, 


15,1773:  died  at  Vienna,  June' 11,  1859,'  An 
Austrian  statesman  and  diplomatist.  He  became 
minister  at  Dresden  in  1801,  at  Berlin  in  1803,  and  at  Pa- 
ris m  1806 ;  was  appointed  minister  of  foreign  affairs  in 
1809,  and  chancellor  in  1821 ;  and  was  chief  minister  1809- 
1848.  He  was  the  leader  of  the  reactionary  party  in  Eu- 
rope 1816-48 ;  was  prominent  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna 
1814-16 ;  and  was  overthrown  by  the  disturbances  of  1848 


jrj  o/uv^uK  ±0.1,.  iu  t±  i>.  jLu  was  one  objec- 
tive point  of  Stewart's  division  of  Wolseley's 
relief  expedition  in  1885. 

Metamorphoses  (met-a-mfir'fo-sez).  A  poeti- 
cal work  by  Ovid,  based'  on  the'principal  classi- 
cal legends. 

Metaphysical  School  of  Poets,  The.  A  name 
wrongly  given  by  Dr.  Johnson  to  Donne,  Cow- 
ley, and  other  poets  of  the  17th  century,  who 
were  noted  for  fantastic  language  and  strained 
style. 

Metaphysics  (met-a-fiz'lks)  of  Aristotle. 
[From  the  Greek  title,  rov  fiera  to,  ^vaucd  A-N, 
'  The  (Books)  after  the  Physics,  1-50,'  probably 


Metellus  Nepos  (ne'pos),  Quintus  Caecilius.  _^'«  memoirs  (8  vols.)  were  published  i88o-84. 
Died  about  55  b.  c.     A  partizan  of  Pompey,  Metternich-Winneburg,      Prince      Eichard 
tribune  in  62,  and  consul  in  57.  V   q?®°®  Lothar  Hermann  VOn.    Bom  Jan. 

Metellus  Pius  Scipio  (pi'us  sip'i-6),  Quintus    l'■^^  ^^^  at  Vienna,  March  1, 1895.  An  Aus- 
Caecilius.     Committed  suicide  16  b.C.     A  son    t^^^Ji 'JiPjomatist,  son  of  C.W.N. L.  von  Metter- 
of  Scipio  Nasica,  and  adopted  son  of  Metellus  nS^^*     ^^  Z^^  ambassador  at  Paris  1859-71. 
Pius.     He  was  consul  with  Pompey  in  52  B.  o     J^lettmann  (met'man).     A  town  in  the  Rhine 
and  Pompeian  commander  in  Syria  and  Egypt.     „  °"^','^??'  ^'^J^„^F?'  ^2  miles  north  of  Cologne. 

1/r.i. A.      c.,,,,         ,       J'  sj'i' •     Population  (1890),  commune,  7,829. 

Mettray  (met-ra').     An  agricultural  peniten- 
tiary establishment  for  juvenile  criminals,  6 
miles  north  of  Tours,  France,  on  the  Choisille : 
™™,  ^^^acaLj.  founded  by  Demete  in  1840. 

Metliodius  (me'-tho'di-us).    Died  885.    Brother  -^f^*^  (mets).    The  capital  of  Lorraine,  Alsace 


[From  Gr.  /leriopo^, 
lofty.]  A  group  of  monasteries,  built  on  nearly 
perpendicular  rooks,  14  miles  northwest  of  Tii- 
kala,  Thessaly, 


of  Cyril,  and  co-laborer  with  him  as  missionary 
among  the  Slavic  peoples  in  the  Danube  basin : 
called  "  the  Apostle  of  the  Slavs." 

Methow  (me,t-hou').  A  tribe  of  North  .Ameri- 
can Indians  which  occupied  the  drainage-area 
of  Lake  Chelan  and  that  of  the  Methow  and 
Enteeatook  rivers,  in  what  is  now  Okanogan 
County,  Washington.    See  Salishan. 

Methuen(me-thii'en).  A  town  in  Essex  County, 
Massachusetts,  27  miles  north  by  west  of  Bos- 
ton.    Population  (1900),  7,512. 


probably 
given  by  Andronicus  of  Rhodes,  in  the  1st  cen- 

t=L^J''»=  ^=^°"^  of  Aristotelian  books  not  M^thuen^'Treaty.  A  commercial  treaty  be- 
designed  as  a  connected  treatise.]  A  oele-  tween  England  and  Portugal,  negotiated  in 
brated  work  by  Aristotle.  It  consists  of  13  books,  1703  bv  Palil  Ma+Iiiipti  t>„.^„„.  "e""''*''""  i" 
more  or  less  disconnected  and  imperfect,  dealing  with  the  in  to  Bn&^rwip  Vrt  mi?tM  w  ^,^5?v  .i7"^%'"l'"'.^'"^ 
doctrines  of  his  predecessors  and  with  various  metaphys-     French  wfnes  «''i™'"«'i  '»■■  o°«  third  less  duty  than 

iCAl  topics.  

Metapontum  (met-a-pon'tum),  or 
tium   (met-a-pon'shi-um).    [Gr.  MeTaTrdv-rcov,^ 
In  ancient  geography,  a!  city  in  southern  Italy^ 


TWoto«n„  Methusael(me-thu'sa-el).  [Heb.,'manof  God.'] 
■7r;t/,ZS^,i  ^"^^  °^  ^^^  patriarchs  of  the  race  of  Cain,  f  a- 
TaTrdvTioy.-]    ther  of  Lamech. 

Methuselah  (me-thu'se-la).  [Heb.,  '  man  of 
the  dart '(?).]  According  to  the  account  in 
Genesis,  the  son  of  Enoch.  He  died  at  the  age 
of  969  years,  the  oldest  man  mentioned  in  the 
Bible. 


situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Tarentum  25  miles  south- 
west of  Tarentum.  It  was  one  of  the  flourishing 
cities  of  Magna  GrsBCia.  Pythagoras  died  here.  Near  the 
modern  Torremare  are  the  ruins  of  a  temple  of  Apollo, 
Greek  Doric  of  the  6th  century  B.  0.,  hexastyle,  peripteral, 

with  sculptured  metopes ;  and  of  a  temple  called  the  Ta.  Methvmna  fme-thim'na)  FGr  M^iBvava  1  Tn 
vola  dei  Paladini.  Greek  Doric  of  about  600  B.  a,  hexastyle,  'T^«S,+ „f^i^t,w  „  „■+ '  •  t  t^"'/"'"^-!  "^ 
with  12  columns  on  the  flanks.  ''    ancient  geography,  a  city  m  Lesbos. 

Metastasio  (ma-tas-ta'ze-6) :  the  assumed  name  MetlOja  (ma-te  ja).    A  fertile  plain  in  Algeria, 
of  Pietro  Antonio  Domenico  Bonaventura    south  and  southwest  of  Algiers. 
Trapassi.  Born  at  Rome,  Jan.  13, 1698 :  died  at  Metis  (me  tis).  [Gr.  M)?t(?.]  1.  In  Greek  mythol- 
Vienna,  April  12,  1782.    A  noted  Italian  poet,    "STj  a  goddess  personifying  pradence,  daughter 


Lorraine,  Germany,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Seille  with  the  Moselle,  in  lat.  49°  7'  N., 
long.  6°  11'  E. :  the  ancient  Mediomatrica  and 
Roman  Divodurum.  it  is  one  of  the  strongest  for- 
tresses in  Europe,  with  a  large  garrison,  and  is  of  great 
strategic  importance.  Its  commerce  is  considerable.  The 
cathedral  is  a  beautiful  light  Pointed  structure  of  the 
14th  century,  with  two  towers  of  openwork  flanking  the 
nave,  one  of  them  crowned  with  a  slender  spire.  The  in- 
terior is  370  feet  long  and  141  high.  There  are  practically 
no  walls :  the  architecture  constitutes  merely  frames  tor 
the  splendid  windows.  The  town  has  a  museum,  and  is 
the  seat  of  several  learned  societies.  A  large  colony  of 
Germans  has  recently  settled  there.  Metz  was  an  impor- 
tant Gallic  town  and  Eoman  fortress ;  was  plundered  by 
the  Vandals  and  Huns ;  was  the  capital  of  Austrasia  •  and 
later  was  a  free  imperial  city.  The  latter  part  of  the 
"Golden  Bull  was  issued  there  in  1366.  It  was  seized 
by  France  in  1662  and  annexed;  was  defended  against 
Charles  V.  1652-53 ;  was  formally  ceded  to  France  in 
1648 ;  and  figured  very  prominently  in  the  Franco-German 
war  1870-71.  (See Metz,  Siege  o/.)  Population  (1890),  60,136. 

Metz,  Bishopric  of.  A  medieval  bishopric, 
around  Metz.  It  was  taken  by  France  in  1552, 
and  formally  ceded  to  France  in  1648. 

Metz,  Siege  of.  1 .  A  noted  siege  by  Charles  V. 
which  occurred  1552-53,  when  the  city  was  suc- 
cessfully defended  by  the  French  under  the 
Duke  of  Guise.— 2.  The  investment  by  the  Ger- 
man army,  as  a  result  of  the  battles  of  Cour- 
celles,  Vionville,  and  Gravelotte,  Aug.  14-18, 
1870,  of  Bazaine's  army  in  Metz.  On  Oct.  27 
Bazaine  surrendered  the  fortress  and  173,000 


court  poet  at  Vienna  1730-82.  He  was  the  author 
of  numerous  lyric  dramas  (various  composers  supplying 
the  music  for  each) :  "Didone  abbandonata  "  (1724),  "Ca^ 
tone  in  TJtica,"  "Ezio,"  "Semiramide,"  "Alessandro  nell' 
Indie,"  "Artaserse,"  "Demetrio,"  "Adriano  in  Siria," 
"Olimpiade,"  " Demofoonte,"  "la  clemenza  di  Tito" 
(1734),  "Achille  in  Sciro,"  "Antigone,"  "II  trionfo  di  Cle- 
lia,'  "Partenope,"eto.  He  also  wrote  poems  for  cantatas, 
oratorios,  etc.    Bumey  wrote  his  memoirs  (1796). 


oFdceanus  ana  Tethys;  and  first  wif'e  of  Zeus:  tT^^J"^  .    ^^    ^ 

—  3.  The  ninth  of  the  planetoids  in  the  order  Metzingen  (met  sing-en).  A  town  m  the  Black 
of  discovery,  first  observed  by  Graham  at  Mark-  Forest  circle,  Wurtemberg,  situated  on  the 
ree,  Ireland,  in  April,  1848.  S™^,  V-  ™5^1!fn„®^°'i*^:^°'^*'^^*®*  °^  Stuttgart. 

Metkovic  (met'ko-vioh).    A  town  on  the  fron- t^Xw  ""Ji  A?f  °)' ^^H"      .     .,  ,^   «  v  , 
tier  of  Dalmatia  and  Herzegovina,  37  miles  ^^^^  (.met  zii),  or  Metsu  (met'sil),  (Jabriel. 


north  of  Ragusa.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
4,198. 


Metapo  (ma-tou'ro).    A  small  river  in  Italy,  Meton  (me'ton).    [Gr.  M^ruv.]    A  Greek  of  the 


which  flows  into  the  Adriatic  28  miles  north 
west  of  Ancona :  the  ancient  Metaurus.  The  bat- 
tle of  the  Metaurus  was  a  victory  gained  at  the  river,  south 
of  Bimini,  in  207  B.  0.,  by  the  Bomans  under  the  consuls 
Livius  ana  Nero  over  the  Carthaginians  under  Hasdrubai. 
Nero  had  elnded  Hannibal  in  southern  Italy,  and  made  a 
forced  march  of  250  miles  with  7,000  men.  Hasdrubai 
was  slain,  and  his  army  nearly  annihilated.  This  victory 
Is  ranked  as  one  of  the  decisive  battles  of  the  world. 

Metcalfe  (met'kaf),  Charles  Theophilus, 
Baron  Metcalfe.  Born  in  Calcutta,  Jan.  30, 1785 : 
diednear  Basingstoke,  Hampshire,  Sept.5,,1846. 
A  British  administrator.  He  was'provisional  gover- 
nor-general of  British  India  1835-36 ;  lieutenant-governor 
of  the  Northwest  provinces  1836-38  ;  governor  of  Jamaica 
1839-42 ;  andgovemor-general  of  Canada  1843-45. 

Metcalfe,  Frederick.  Born  1815 :  died  Aug.  24, 
1885.    An  English  Scandinavian  scholar.    He 


5th  century  B.  c,  the  discoverer  of  the  Metonic 
cycle.    See  the  extract. 


Bom  at  Leyden  about  1630:  died  at  Amster- 
dam, Oct.  22, 1667.  A  noted  Dutch  genre-  and 
portrait-painter.  He  studied  with  Gerard  Douw  or 
was  influenced  by  him.  In  1660  he  settled  in  Amsterdam 
and  received  the  freedom  of  the  city  in  1669.  Among  his 
works  are  "Music  Lesson"  (National  Gallery),  "Gentle- 
man playing  Violoncello " (Buckingham  Palace),  "Sleep- 
ing Huntsman,"  "Corset  Bleu,"  "Corset  Eonge,"  etc.,  all 
owned  in  London.  There  are  also  specimens  of  hia  work 
in  all  the  famous  galleries  on  the  Continent. 


Meton's  cycle  was  corrected  a  hundred  years  later  (330 
B.  0.)  by  Calippus,  who  discovered  the  error  of  it  by  ob- 
serving an  eclipse  of  the  moon  six  years  before  the  death 

of  Alexander.    In  this  corrected  period,  four  cycles  of  19  ■iit„„j„„  /„.  ja  ■ 's      a  j.  ■     ^t.     j 

years  were  taken,  and  a  day  left  out  at  the  end  of  the  76  ■"■'■f'^^9'1  (me-clon  ).  A  town  m  the  department 
years,  in  order  to  make  allowance  for  the  hours  by  which,     of   Seme-et-Oise,  France,  5  miles  west-south- 
west of  Paris,    its  castle,  long  a  royal  residence,  was 
destroyed  in  the  siege  of  1870-71.     Population  (1891), 
commune,  8,005. 

Meulebeke  (me'le-ba-ke).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  West  Flanders,  Belgium,  20  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Ghent.     Population  (1890),  &,035, 


as  already  observed,  6,940  days  are  greater  than  19  years 
and  than  235  lunations :  and  this  Calippio  period  is  used  in 
Ptolemy's  Almagest  in  stating  observations  of  eclipses. 
WheweU,  Ind.  Sciences,  1. 130. 

Metopes  from  the  Temple  of  Hera  at  Selinus. 

Four  metopes  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Palermo 


Sicily,  representing  Hercules  fighting  an  Ama-  Meulen  (me'len),  Antoine  Francois  van  der. 
zon,  Zeus  and  Hera,  Actseon  and  Artemis,  and  Born  at  Brussels,  Jan.  11,  1632 :  died  at  Paris, 
Athene  and  Enceladus.     They  date  from  about  the     Oct.  15,  1690.     A  French  battle-painter. 


Meung-sur-Loire 

Meiing-Sur-Loire  (mxm'sttr-lwar').  A  town  in 
the  depaTtment  of  Loiret,  Prance,  on  the  Loire 
11  miles  west-southwest  of  Orleans.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  3,373. 

Meursius  (m6r'se-os),  Johannes,  surnamed 
"The  Elder":  Latinised  from  Jan  de  Meurs. 
Bom  at  Loosdninen,  near  The  Hague,  Feb.  9, 
1579:  died  at  Soroe,  Denmark,  Sept.  20,  1639. 
A  Dutch  classical  philologist  and  antiquarian. 

Meurthe  (mert).  l.  A  river  in  eastern  France 
which  joins  the  Moselle  at  Frouard,  northwest 
of  Nancy.  Length,  100  miles. — 2.  A  former 
department  of  northeastern  France.  Part  was 
ceded  to  Germany  in  1871 :  the  remainder  forms  part  of 
tlie  department  of  Meurthe-et-Moselle. 

Meurthe-et-Moselle  (mert'a-mo-zel').  A  de- 
partment of  northeastern  France.  Capital, 
Nancy.  It  is  bounded  by  Belgium  and  Luxemburg  on 
the  north,  German  Lorraine  on  the  northeast  and  east^ 
Vosges  on  the  south,  and  Meuse  on  the  west.  It  belongs 
to  the  Moselle  basin ;  is  an  important  manufacturing  de- 
partment ;  and  is  the  leading  department  in  the  production 
of  iron  and  salt.  The  department  consists  of  territory  com- 
prised formerly  in  Lorraine  and  the  bishoprics  of  Metz, 
Toul,  and  Verdun.  It  was  formed  in  1871  from  parts  of  the 
former  departments  of  Meurthe  and  Moselle.  Area,  2,025 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  444,150. 

Meuse  (muz ;  F.  pron.  mez),  D.  Maas  (mas).  A 
river  in  France,  Belgium,  and  the  Netherlands: 
the  Roman  Mosa.  It  rises  in  the  plateau  of  Langres,  de- 
partment of  Haute-Mame ;  unites  with  the  Waal ;  divides 
at  Dordrecht  into  two  arms ;  and  flows  into  the  North  Sea. 
Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Chiers,  Semoy,  Sambre,  Ourthe, 
and  Roer ;  the  chief  cities  on  it  are  "Verdun,  Sedan,  MSzi&res, 
Namur,  Li^ge,  Maestricht,  Roermond,  Venloo,  Gorkum, 
Dordrecht,  and  Rotterdam.  Length,  600  miles ;  navigable 
from  Verdun. 

Meuse,  A  department  of  northeastern  France, 
formed  from  parts  of  the  ancient  Lorraine. 
Capital,  Bar-le-Duc.  It  is  bounded  by  Ardennes  and 
Luxemburg  on  the  north,  Meurthe-et-Moselle  on  the  east, 
Vosges  and  Haute-Mame  on  the  south,  and  Marne.and 
Ardennes  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  river  Meuse, 
and  contains  ranges  of  the  Ardennes  and  Argonnes.  It  has 
considerable  mineral  wealth,  and  flourishing  manufac- 
tures ;  and  the  rearing  of  live  stock  is  an  important  indus- 
try.   Area,  2,405  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  292,263. 

Mewar.    See  Udaipur. 

Mexicans,  Ancient,    See  Aztecas  and  Ndhuas. 

Mexican  war,  A  war  between  the  United 
States  and  Mexico,  occasioned  by  the  annexa- 
tion of  Texas  in  1845.  War  was  declared  in  May, 
1846,  and  General  Taylor  won  the  battles  of  Palo  Alto 
May  8  and  Resaca  de  la  Palma  May  9,  and  forced  Monterey 
to  surrender  Sept.  24, 1846.  On  Feb.  23, 1847,  he  gained  the 
victory  of  Buena  Vista,  The  next  month  General  Scott 
took  Vera  Cruz,  and  thence  marched  on  Mexico.  He  won 
the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo  April  18 ;  the  battles  of  Contre- 
ras  and  Chiu-ubusco  Aug.  20,  Molino  del  E-ey  Sept.  8,  and 
Chapultepec  Sept.  13 ;  and  entered  the  city  of  Mexico  Sept, 
14, 1847.  Other  events  were  the  reduction  of  California  by 
Fremont  and  Stockton,  and  the  long  marches  of  Kearny 
and  Doniphan.  The  war  was  ended  Feb.  2, 1848,  by  the 
treaty  of  Guadalupe-Hidalgo  (which  see). 

Mexico  (mek'si-ko ;  Sp.  pron.  ma'ne-ko),  F, 
Mexigue  (meks-ek'),  officially  Estados  Uni- 
dos  MexicanOS.  A  republic  of  North  Amer- 
ica, extending  from  about  lat.  15°  to  32°  42' 
N.,  long.  86°  40°  to  117°  10'  W,  Capital,  Mex- 
ico. It  is  bounded  by  the  United  States  on  the  north, 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Caribbean  Sea  on  the  east,British 
Honduras,  Guatemala,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  south, 
and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west.  It  comprises,  besides 
the  main  portion,  the  peninsulas  of  Lower  California  and 
Vncatan.  Tlie  surface  is  generally  a  table-land  traversed 
by  high  mountain-ranges.  The  leading  mineral  products 
are  silver,  gold,  copper,  and  lead.  The  chief  occupations 
are  agriculture  and  the  raising  of  live  stock  (in  the  north), 
the  chief  agricultural  products  being  sugar,  maize,  coffee, 
tobacco,  hemp,  etc.  It  is  divided  into  27  states,  1  federal 
district,  and  2  territories.    The  government  is  republican 

gargely  modeled  on  that  of  the  United  States), with  a  presi- 
ent  as  exectftive,  and  a  congress  (senate  of  2  members  from 
\  each  state  and  the  federal  district,  and  lower  house  of  227 
members).  The  inliabitants  are  chiefly  Creoles  (of  Spanish 
descent),  Indians,  and  mixed  races  (including  Mestizos, 
Zambos,  etc.).  The  prevailing  language  is  Spanish;  the 
prevailingreligion, Roman  Catholic.  Theearlyinhabitants 
were  Aztecs  And  other  native  races.  The  following  are  the 
leading  historical  events :  invasion  of  Cort6s  1519;  conquest 
of  the  capital  1521 ;  the  country  made  a  Spanish  colony 
under  the  name  of  New  Spain  (a  viceroyalty  after  1535); 
revolution  under  Hidalgo  begun  1810 ;  partially  suppressed 
1815;  guerrilla  warfare  until  the  revolution  under  Iturbide 
in  1821 ;  last  Spanish  viceroy  deposed  1831 ;  empire  under 
Iturbide  1822-23 ;  secession  of  Texas  1836 ;  war  with  the 
United  States  1846-48  {^qq  Guadalupe-Hidalgo);  frequent 
changesof  governmentfor  sometime :  foreign  intervention 
1861 ;  war  with  France  commenced  in  1862;  empire  under 
Maximilian  (upheld  by  French  troops)  1864-67 ;  French 
troops  withdrawn  1867 ;  and  restoration  of  the  republic 
1867.  Area,  767,005  square  miles.  Pop,  (1895),  12,570,196. 
Mexico.  A  state  in  the  interior  of  the  republic 
of  Mexico,  Capital,  Toluea.  The  Federal  District 
of  473  square  miles,  containing  the  City  of  Mexico,  has  been 
sepai'ated  from  it.  Area,  9,247  square  miles.  Population 
(1895),  838,737. 

Mexico.  The  capital  of  the  republic  of  Mexico, 
situated  in  the  Federal  District  (473  square 
miles  in  extent)  in  the  valley  of  Mexico,  in  lat. 
1 9°  25 '  45"  N.,  long.  99°  7'  18"  W, ,  about  7,400  feet 
above  sea-level,     it  is  the  largest  city  of  Mexico  and 


682 

the  finest  in  Spanish  America.  It  is  built  in  the  form  of 
a  square,  and  contains  a  cathedral  (a  large  Renaissance 
buUding  founded  in  1573) ,  a  national  library,  museum,  and 
picture-gallery,  and  various  educational  institutions  and 
learned  societies.  It  was  founded  by  the  Aztecs  about 
1325 ;  was  besieged,  taken,  and  destroyed  by  the  Spaniards 
in  1521 ;  has  been  several  times  inundated ;  and  has  been 
the  scene  of  various  revolutions.  Battles  were  fought  near 
it  between  the  Mexicans  and  Americans  in  1847,  and  it  waa 
occupied  by  the  Americans  in  1847-48.  The  city  was  for- 
merly situated,  on  islands,  within  the  confines  of  Lake  Tez- 
cuco.  Its  ancient  name  was  Tenochtitlan,  Population 
(18'J5),  339,930. 

Mexico,  Gulf  of.  A  large  gulf  of  the  Atlantic, 
lying  south  of  the  United  States  and  east  of 
Mexico,  It  communicates  with  the  Atlantic  on  the  east 
by  Florida  Strait,  and  with  the  Caribbean  Sea  southeast  by 
the  Channel  of  Yucatan,  and  receives  the  Mississippi,  Rio 
Grande,  and  other  large  rivers.  Length  (east  to  west), 
about  1,000  miles ;  width  (north  to  south),  about  800  miles. 

Mexico,  Valley  of.  An  inclosed  basin  of  the 
Mexican  plateau,  in  which  the  <Atj  of  Mexico 
is  situated,  it  Is  about  60  miles  long  by  40  miles  wide, 
and  7,400  feet  in  average  elevation  above  the  sea,  and 
shows  many  evidences  of  volcanic  action.  It  contains 
5  principal  lakes;  Xochimilco,  Chalco,  Tezcuco,  Xaltocan, 
and  Zumpango,  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  these  appear 
to  have  been  much  more  extensive  than  at  present  and 
nearly  confluent,  entirely  surrounding  the  city  of  Mexico 
or  Tenochtitlan,  which  was  reached  by  causeways. 

Mextli,  or  Mexitl,  or  Mecitl.  See  Huitzilo- 
pochtU. 

Meyer  (mi'er),  Ernst,  [The  common  Gr,  sur- 
name Meyer  means  'steward,'  'bailiff';  =  E, 
mayor,  formerly  maire,  ult.  fromL.  major.']  Bom 
at  Altona,  May  11, 1797:  died  at  Eome,  Feb.  1, 
1861.  A  genre-painter,  pupil  of  the  Co;^en- 
hagen  Academy,  and  of  Cornelius  at  Mimich, 
Many  of  his  works  are  Italian  in  subject, 

Meyer,  FeUx,  Bom  at  Winterthur,  Switzer- 
land, Feb,  6,  1653:  died  near  Husen,  1713.  A 
Swiss  landscape-painter,  regarded  as  the  head 
of  that  class, 

Meyer,  Georg  Friedrich,  Bom  at  Mannheim, 
1735 :  died  at  Ermenonville,  Oise,  France,  1809, 
A  genre-  and  landscape-painter,  pupUof  Daniel 
Hien,  Helivedfor  ashorttimewith  Jean  Jacques  Rous- 
seau in  the  park  of  M.  de  Girardin  at  Ermenonville. 

Meyer,  Hans,  Born  at  Hildburghausen,  Ger- 
many, 1858.  An  African  explorer.  He  traveled 
in  America,  Asia,  and  Polynesia ;  visited  South  Africa 
in  1886 ;  explored  German  East  Africa  in  1887 ;  and  as- 
cended Kilimanjaro  to  5,700  meters.  On  a  new  expedition 
he  was  made  prisoner  by  the  Arabs,  but  was  ransomed. 
In  1889,  accompanied  by  the  Austrian  alpinist  Purtschel- 
ler,  he  scaled  the  summit  of  Kibo,  the  highest  peak  of 
Kilimanjaro,  to  the  height  of  6,000  meters,  and  discovered 
its  crater  and  glacier.  He  wrote  "  Eine  Weltreise  "  (1885), 
"Zum  Schneedom  des  Kilima-Ndscharo  "  (1888). 

Meyer,  Heinrich  August  Wilhelm,  Born  at 
Gotha,  Germany,  Jan,  10, 1800 :  died  June,  1873, 
A  German  exegete,  author  of  a  commentary  on 
the  New  Testament  (1832-47), 

Meyer,  Johann  Georg,  called  Meyer  von  Bre- 
men. Born  at  Bremen,  Germany,  Oct,  28, 1813 : 
died  there,  Dec,  3, 1886.  Anoted  (German  genre- 
painter.  He  studied  at  Dusseldorf  with  Karl  Sohn  and 
Schadow,  moved  to  Berlin  in  1852,  and  was  made  professor 
there  in  1863,  His  pictures  of  children  are  among  his  best 
productions.    Many  of  them  are  in  the  United  States. 

Meyer,  Johann  Heinrich,  Bom  at  Staf  a,  Swit- 
zerland, March  16, 1759 :  died  at  Weimar,  Ger- 
many, Oct,  14,  1832,  A  German  writer  on  art, 
one  of  the  editors  of  Winckelmann's  works. 
He  published  "  Geschichte  der  bildenden  Kiinste  bei  den 
Grieohen  "  (1824-36),  etc. 

Meyer,  Jiirgen  Bona,  Bom  Oct,  25, 1829 :  died 
June  30, 1897,  A  German  philosophical  writer, 
appointed  professor  of  philosophy  at  Bonn  in 
1868,  He  wrote  "Kants  Philosophie"(1869),  etc, 

Meyer,  Leo,  Born  at  Bledeln,  Hannover,  July 
3,  1830,  A  German  philologist,  professor  at 
Dorpat  1865-99,  Among  his  works  is  "Die 
gotisehe  Sprache  "  (1869), 

Meyerbeer  (mi'er-bar),  Giacomo  (originally 
Jakob  Meyer  Beer).  Bom  at  Berlin,  Sept,  5, 
1791 :  died  at  Paris,  May  2, 1864.  A  celebrated 
German  composer  of  opera.  He  lived  chiefly  at 
Paris  after  1826.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Lauska,  who  was  a  pu- 
pil of  Clementi,  and  the  latter  ^so  gave  him  lessons.  When 
only  7  years  old  he  played  Mozart's  D  minor  concerto  in 
public.  He  early  obtained  fame  as  a  pianist,  but  his  com- 
positions were  not  successful  till  he  went  in  1815  to  Italy  to 
study  vocal  composition.  Therehebegan  to  produce  operas 
in  the  style  then  recently  introduced  by  Rossini ;  and  "II 
Crociato  in  Egitto,"  produced  in  Venice  in  1824,  was  com- 
pletely successful,  while  three  or  four  other  operas  were 
well  received.  From  1831  till  1849  he  produced  operas  in 
a  new  style,  the  result  of  a  study  of  French  art.  In  1849 
he  turned  his  attention  to  op^ra  comique.  Among  his 
operas  are  "Robert  le  Diable"  (1831),  "Les  Huguenots" 
(1836),  "  Bin  Feldlager  in  Schlesien  "  (1840),  overture  and 
entr'actes  to  "Stmensee"  (1846),  "Le  prophfete"  (1849), 
"L']fitoile  du  Nora"(1864),  "Le  pardon  de  Ploermel "  (in 
Italian  "Dinorah,"  1859),  "L'Africaine"  (1865),  Among 
his  other  compositions  are  a  number  of  cantatas  and  songs, 
and  several  Fackeltanze,  marches,  and  overtures,  besides 
pianoforte  music  some  of  which  has  never  been  published. 


Miani 

Meyerheim  (mi'er-Mm),  Friedrich  Eduard. 

Born  at  Dantzic,  Prussia,  Jan.  7, 1808:  died  at 
Berlin,  Jan.  18, 1879.    A  (lerman  genre-painter. 

Meyerheim,  Wilhelm  Alexander,  Born  1815 : 
died  at  Berlin,  Jan,  13, 1882,  A  German  painter 
of  battle-scenes,  horses,  etc, :  brother  of  F,  E, 
Meyerieim, 

Meyer  von  Bremen.    See  Meyer,  Johann  Georg. 

Meyr  (mir),  Melchior.  Bom  at  Ehringen,  near 
Nordlingen,  Bavaria,  June  28,  1810:  died  at 
Munich,  April  22,  1871,  A  German  novelist, 
poet,  and  philosophical  writer, 

Meyrick  (mi'rik),  Hans.  One  of  the  prinoijial 
male  characters  in  George  BUot's  novel  "Daniel 
Deronda," 

Meywar.    See  Udaipur. 

M^ze  (maz),  A  town  in  the  department  of  B.6- 
rault,  southern  France,  situated  on  the  Etang 
de  Thau  19  miles  southwest  of  Montpellier, 
Population  (1891),  commune,  6,326, 

Mezen,  or  Mesen  (mez-any').  A  river  in  north- 
em  Eussia  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Mezen, 
a  branch  of  the  White  Sea,  about  lat,  66°  N. 
Length,  about  375  miles. 

Mezentius  (me-zen'shi-us).  A  mythical  Etrus- 
can king,  noted  for  his  cruelty,  alleged  to  have 
formed  an  alliance  with  the  Butulians. 

Mezeray  (maz-ra'),  FranQois  Eudes  de.  Bom 
at-Ey,  near  Falaise,  Normandy,  1610  :  died  at 
Paris,  July  10,  1683,  A  French  historian.  His 
chief  work  isa"HistoiredeFranoe"  (1638-51:  published 
as  "  Abr^g^  chronologique  de  I'histoire  de  France,"  1668). 

Mezi^res  (ma-zyar' ) .  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Ardennes,  France,  situated  on  the 
Meuse  in  lat.  49°  46'  N,,  long.  4°  42'  E,  It  is  an 
important  fortress ;  was  successfully  defended  by  Bayard 
against  the  Imperialists  in  1521 ;  and  was  besieged  and 
taken  by  the  Germans  in  1815  and  in  1870-71,  Population 
(1891),  commune,  6,700. 

M^ziferes,  Alfred  Jean  Francois,    Bom  at  Ee- 

hon.  Moselle,  France,  Nov,  19,  1826,  A  French 
critic,  member  of  the  Academy  from  1874,  He 
took  part  in  the  repression  of  the  insurrection  of  June,  1848 ; 
served  in  the  Franco- Prussian  war;  and  was  elected  as 
republican  member  of  the  legislature  for  the  arrondisse- 
ment  of  Briey  in  1881,  1885,  1889.  His  works  include 
"  Shakespeare,  ses  oeuvres  et  ses  critiques  "  (1861),  "Pr6- 
d^cesseurs  et  contemporains  de  Shakespeare  "(1863:  this 
work  took  the  prix  de  Montyon),  "  Contemporains  et  suc- 
cesseurs  de  Shake^eare"  (1864),  "Ptoarque"  (186'r), 
"Goethe "(1872-73),  "En  France,  etc."  (1883),  "Hors  de 
France,  etc."  (1888),  "Vie  de  Mirabeau"  (1891). 

Mezo-Tlir  (me'ze-t6r) .  A  townin  the  county  of 
Great-Kumania-Szoluok,  situated  on  the  Beret- 
ty6  80  miles  east-southeast  of  Budapest.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  23,757. 

Mezzofanti  (med-z6-fan'te),  Giuseppe.  Bom 
at  Bologna,  Italy,  Sept.  17, 1774:  died  at  Eome, 
March  14,  1849.  An  Italian  linguist.  He  jvas  or- 
dained priest  in  1797 ;  became  professor  of  Arabic  at  Bo- 
logna in  1804 ;  was  appointed  chief  keeper  of  the  Vatican 
libraiy  in  1833 ;  and  was  made  cardinal  in  1838.  He  is  said 
to  have  spoken  58  languages. 

Mfumbiro  (mlonl-be'ro).  A  volcano  in  east- 
central  Africa,  west  of  Lake  Victoria  Nyanza, 
It  falls  within  British  East  Africa.  Height, 
10,000-12,000  feet. 

Mglin  (m-glen'),  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Tchemigoff,  Eussia,  situated  on  the  Sudinka 
128  miles  south  by  east  of  Smolensk,  Popula- 
tion (1885-89),  8,412, 

Mhow  (m-hou'),  A  town  and  cantonment  in 
Indore,  India.    Population,  about  27,000. 

Miako.    See  Kioto. 

Miall  (mi'41),  Edward.  Bom  at  Portsmouth, 
England,  May  8, 1809:  died  at  Sevenoaks,  Kent, 
.A.pril  29, 1881.  An  English  joumalist  and  poli- 
tician. He  studied  for  the  Independent  ministry.  In 
Feb.,  1881,  he  took  charge  of  the  congregation  at  Ware  in 
Hertfordshire.  In  1840  he  established  the  "  Nonconfor- 
mist," and  devoted  his  life  to  the  advocacy  of  the  freedom 
of  religion  from  state  control.  In  1862ihe  was  elected  mem- 
her  of  Parliament  for  Rochdale,  and  in  1858  served  on  the 
royal  commission  on  education. 

Miami  (mi-am'e).  A  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  first  known  in  1675  in  southern  Wis 
consin.  After  several  changes  they  settled,  about  1690, 
on  the  St.  Joseph  River  in  southern  Michigan,  and  after- 
ward in  treaty  negotiations  were  considered  as  owners  of 
the  entire  Wabash  country  and  western  Ohio.  There  is 
much  confusion  in  literature  between  the  Miami  and  the 
Illinois.  The  Pottawottomi  translated  the  name  'crippled,' 
and  the  northern  tribes  called  them  "  walkers  " — the  two 
epithets  probably  referring  to  their  not  using  canoes.  The 
English  called  them  Twightwees,  derived  from  their  own 
name  for  themselves,  which  was  an  imitation  of  the  crane's 
cry.    See  Algonquian. 

Miami  (mi-am'i).  Ariver  in  Ohio  which  joins  the 
Ohio  at  the  southwestern  comer  of  the  State, 
Length,  over  150  miles, 

Miani,  or  Meanee  (me-a'ne),  A  village  near 
Hyderabad,  Sind,  British  India,  Here,  Feb,  17, 
1843,  Sir  Charles  J.  Napier  (with  2,800  men)  de- 
feated the  army  of  Sind  (30,000), 


Miantonomoh 

Miantonomoll  (mi-an-to-no'mo).  Died  1643. 
A  saohem  of  the  Narraganset  Indians,  nephew 
o£  Canonicus.  He  maintainedWendly  relations  with  the 
English,  and  In  1637  aided  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts 
in  defeating  the  Feqaots.  Having  become  involved  in  a  war 
with  Uncas,  sachem  of  the  Mohegans,  he  was  defeated  and 
captured  by  the  latter  in  1643,  and  was  put  to  death  in  the 
same  year,  with  the  approval  of  the  English,  who  claimed 
a  protectorate  over  both  tribes. 

Miao-tse  (myoii-tza')i  or  Miautse.  A  general 
name  of  numerous  Chinese  tribes  dwelling  in 
the  raovinoes  of  Yunnan,  Kweiohow,  Kwangsi, 
and  Kwangtung. 

Miaulis  (me-on'lis),  Andreas  Vokos.  Bom  in 
Negropont,  1772  (1768  ?) :  died  at  Athens,  June 
24, 1835.  A  Greek  admiral,  commander-in-chief 
in  the  war  of  independence. 

Miautse.    See  Miao-tse. 

Miava  (me'o-vo).  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Neutra,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  river  Miava  46 
miles  northeast  of  Presburg.  Population  (1890), 
9,997. 

Micall(nu'ka).  [Heb.,'whoislikeJehovahr]  In 
Old  Testament  history :  (a)  An  Bphraimite  ■frho 
stole  1,100  pieces  of  silver  from  his  mother,  but, 
alarmed  by  her  imprecations  on  the  thief,  con- 
fessed the  deed  and  returned  the  money:  she 
thereupon  dedicated  it  to  the  Lord,  and  made 
with  it  a  graven  and  a  molten  image  (teraphim), 
which  Micah  set  up  in  his  house  and  then  hired  a 
Levite  as  apriest.  (6)  A  prophet,  anative  of  Mo- 
resheth  of  Gath,  near  Bleutheropolis,  and  a  con- 
temporary of  Isaiah.  He  is  reckoned  as  the  sixth  of 
the  minor  prophets  (the  third  in  the  Septuagint).  He  pro- 
phesied near  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Hezekiah. 

Micali  (me-ka'le),  Griuseppe.  Bom  at  Leghorn, 
Italy,  about  1776:  died  at  Florence,  March  27, 
1844.  AnltaUanarchssologist,  author  of  "Storia 
degli  antiohi  popoli  d'ltalia  "  (1832),  etc. 

Micawber  (mi-M'ber),  Wilkins.  One  of  the 
principal  characters  in  Dickens's  "David  Cop- 

Serfield."  He  is  remarkable  for  his  rapid  alternations  of 
epression  and  elevation  of  spirits,  his  "temporary  em- 
barrassments of  a  pecuniary  nature,  and  his  constant  per- 
suasion that  "something  will  turn  up."  His  wife,  as  far  as 
the  elasticity  of  her  spirits  goes,  is  quite  his  equal.  Her 
devotion  to  "the  parent  of  her  children  and  the  father  of 
her  twins  "  induces  her  frequent  well-known  exclamation, 
"  I  never  wUl  desert  Mr.  Micawber  1 "  The  couple  appear 
to  have  been  suggested  more  or  less  by  Dickens's  father 
and  mother. 
Michabo.  The  Great  Hare,  in  Algonquian  le- 
gends. 

What  loskeha  was  to  the  Iroquois,  Michabo  or  Mani- 
bozho  was  to  the  Algonkin  tribes.  There  has  been  a  good 
deal  of  mystification  about  Michabo,  or  Manibozho,  or 
Messou,who  was  probably  from  the  first  a  hare  sans  phrase, 
but  who  has  been  converted  by  philological  processes  into 
a  personification  of  light  or  dawn.  It  has  already  been  seen 
that  the  wild  North  Pacific  peoples  recognise  in  their  hero 
and  demiurge  animals  of  various  species :  dogs,  ravens, 
muskrats,  and  coyotes  have  been  found  in  this  lofty  esti- 
mation, and  the  tjtes  believe  in  "  Gin-an-av,  the  ancient 
of  wolves."  It  would  require  some  labour  to  derive  all  the 
ancient  heroes  and  gods  from  misconceptions  about  the 
names  of  vast  natural  phenomena  like  light  and  dawn,  and 
it  is  probable  that  Michabo  or  Manibozho,  the  Great  Hare 
of  the  Algonkin  s,  is  only  a  successful  apotheosised  totem 
like  the  rest.  His  legend  and  his  dominion  are  very  widely 
spread.  Dr.  Brinton  himself  (p.  153)  allows  that  the  great 
hare  is  a  totem.  Perhaps  our  earliest  authority  about  the 
mythical  great  hare  in  America  is  William  Strachey's  "Tra- 
vaile"  into  Virginia.  Lang,  Myth,  etc.,  II.  Si. 

Michael  (mi'kelormi'ka-el).  [Heb.,' who  is  like 
God?'  F.  Michel,  It.  Miohele,  Sp.  Pg.  Miguel,  G. 
Michael.'\  An  archangel  mentioned  in  the  Bible. 
He  is  regarded  as  the  leader  of  the  whole  host  of  angels, 
and,  owing  to  miraculous  appearances  recorded  inKoman 
Catholic  legends,  is  considered  by  that  church  to  be  the 
representative  of  the  church  triumphant.  His  feast  occurs 
on  Sept.  29  in  that  church  and  in  the  Anglican  Church 
silso.  He  is  spoken  of  five  times  in  the  Bible,  always  as 
fighting :  John  mentions  him  as  fighting  at  the  head  of 
the  angels  against  the  dragon  and  his  host. 

Probably,  on  the  hint  thus  given  by  St.  John,  the  Kom- 
Ish  church  taught  at  an  early  period  that  Michael  was  em- 
ployed, in  command  of  the  loyal  angels  of  God,  to  over- 
throw and  consign  to  the  pit  of  perdition  Lucifer  and  his 
rebellious  associates— a  legend  which  was  at  length  em- 
balmed in  the  sublimest  poetry  by  Milton.  Sometimes 
Michael  is  represented  as  the  sole  archangel,  sometimes  as 
only  the  head  of  a  fraternity  of  archangels,  which  includes 
likewise  Gabriel,  Raphael,  and  some  others.  He  is  usually 
represented  in  coat-armour,  with  a  glory  round  his  head, 
and  a  dart  in  his  hand,  trampling  on  the  fallen  Lucifer.  He 
has  even  been  furnished,  like  the  human  warriors  of  the 
middle  ages,  with  a  heraldic  ensign  —namely,  a  banner 
hanging  from  a  cross.  We  obtain  a  curious  idea  of  the 
religious  notions  of  those  ages  when  we  learn  that  the 
red-velvet-covered  buckler  worn  by  Michael  in  his  war 
with  Lucifer  used  to  be  shewn  in  a  church  in 'Normandy 
down  to  1607,  when  the  bishop  of  Avranohes  at  length  for- 
bade its  being  any  longer  exhibited. 

CJumbers's  Book  of  Days,  II.  388. 

Michael  I.  Rhangabe  or  Rhagabe.  Died  about 
845.  Byzantine  emperor  811-813.  He  was  the  son 
of  one  of  the  high  functionaries  at  court,  and  was  made 
master  of  the  palace  by  Nicephorus  I.,  whose  daughter 
Procopia  he  married.  He  succeeded  his  wife's  brother 
Stauracius.  He  was  deposed  by  Leg  V.,  and  retired  to  a 
convent. 


683 

Michael  II.  Balbus  ('the  Stammerer').  By- 
zantine emperor  82(V-829.  He  was  of  obscure  origin, 
but  rose  to  the  highest  dignities  under  Leo  V.,  whom  he 
had  assisted  in  deposing  Michael  1.,  and  whom  he  deposed 
in  turn. 

Michael  III.  Byzantine  emperor  842-867,  son 
of  TheophUus.  He  undertook,  with  his  uncle  Bardas, 
an  expedition  against  the  Bulgarians  in  861,  which  resulted 
in  the  conversion  of  the  Bulgarian  king.  In  868  his  uncle 
Petronas  gained  a  splendid  victory  over  the  Saracens  in 
Asia  Minor.  He  was  assassinated  in  867  by  Basilius  the 
Macedonian,  whom  he  had  associated  with  himself  in  the 
government  in  866. 

Michael  IV.,  sumamed  "  The  Paphlagonian.'' 
Byzantine  emperor  1034r-41.  He  was  a  younger  bro- 
ther of  John  the  Eunuch,  prime  minister  under  Constan- 
tine  IX.  and  Romanus  III.  He  became  chamberlain  to 
Zoe,  wife  of  Romanus  III.,  who  in  1034  poisoned  her  hus- 
band in  order  to  marry  Michael.  He  was  a  man  of  weak 
character,  and  was  a  mere  instrument  in  the  hands  of  his 
brother. 

Michael  V.  Calaphates  ('the  Calker').  By- 
zantine emperor  1041-42,  nephew  of  Michael 
IV.  He  banished  his  uncle  John  the  Eunuch,  which  led 
to  an  insurrection  at  Constantinople.  He  was  dethroned, 
and  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  a  convent. 

Michael  VI.,  surnamed  "  The  Warrior."  By- 
zantine emperor  1056-57.  Hewas  appointed  by  the 
empress  Theodora  as  her  successor  on  account  of  his  mili- 
tary virtues.  He  was,  howevCT,  old  and  feeble,  and  was 
deposed  by  Isaac  Comnenus.  Hewas  allowed  to  retire  to 
a  convent. 

Michael  VII.  Ducas  or  Parapinaces.  Byzan- 
tine emperor  1071-78,  son  of  Constantine  XI. 

MichaelVIII.  Palaeologus.  Bom  1284:  died 
in  Dec. ,  1282.  Byzantine  emperor  1261-82,  grand- 
sou  (through  Ms  mother  Irene  Angela)  of  the 
Byzantine  emperor  Alexius  Angelus.  He  became 
commander  of  the  French  mercenaries  in  the  service  of 
the  Emperor  of  Nicsea,  and  In  1269  became,  with  the  patri- 
arch Arsenius,  guardian  of  the  emperor  John  Lascaris. 
He  caused  himself  to  be  proclaimed  joint  emperor  of  Ni- 
csea  in  1260.  In  1261  he  conquered  Constantinople  from 
the  Latins,  thus  restoring  the  Byzantine  empire,  of  which 
he  was  crowned  emperor  in  the  same  year.  He  deposed 
and  blinded  John  Lascaris  in  1261. 

Michael  IX.  Palaeologus.  Died  1320.  Byzan- 
tine emperor  1295-1320,  son  and  associate  of 
Andronicus  II.  who  outlived  him. 

Michael.  Czar  of  Eussia  1613-45.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  EomanofE  dynasty. 

Michael.  Bom  Oct.  25,  1832.  Grand  Duke  of 
Eussia,  fourth  son  of  the  czar  Nicholas. 

Michael.  A  bark  of  25  tons,  one  of  the  ships 
of  Probisher's  first  expedition.  It  early  aban- 
doned the  other  ship,  the  Gabriel,  and  returned 
to  England. 

Michael,  Archangel.  A  celebrated  painting 
by  Guido  Eeni,  in  Santa  Maria  dei  Cappuccini, 
Eome.  Thesaint,  because  of  his  beauty  of  face  and  form 
often  called  "  the  Catholic  Apollo,"  is  in  the  act  of  enchain- 
ing Lucifer.    The  color  is  vigorous  and  good. 

Michael,  Order  of  Saint.  An  order  instituted 
in  Prance  by  Louis  XI.,  Aug.  1,  1469. 

Michael  Angelo.    See  Michelangelo. 

Michael  Obrenovitch  (6-bren'6-vich),  Prince 
of  Servia.  Bom  at  Kragujevatz,  Servia,  Sept. 
4, 1825:  murdered  near  Belgrad,  June  10, 1868. 
A  younger  son  of  Milosh.  He  reigned  1839-42 
and  1860-68.  _ 

Michaelis  (me-6ha-a'lis),  JohannDavid.  Bom 
at  Halle,  Prassia,  Feb.  27, 1717:  died  at  Gottia- 
gen,  Aug.  22, 1791.  A  German  biblical  scholar, 
professor  at  Gottingen  1745-91 .  His  works  include 
an  introduction  to  the  New  Testament  (4th  edition,  178S), 
"  Supplementa  "  to  Hebrew  lexicons  (1784-92),  "Mosaisches 
Recht"  (1770-71),  etc. 

Michaelmas  Day.    See  the  extract. 

Michaelmas  Day,  the  Z9th  of  September,  properly  named 
the  day  of  St.  Michael  and  All  Angels,  is  a  great  festival  in 
the  Church  of  Rome,  and  also  observed  as  a  feast  by  the 
Church  of  England.  In  England  it  is  one  of  the  four  quar- 
terly terms,  or  quarter-days,  on  which  rents  are  paid,  and 
In  that  and  other  divisions  of  the  United  Kingdom,  as  well 
as  perhaps  in  other  countries,  it  is  the  day  on  which  bur- 
gal  magistracies  and  councils  are  reelected.  The  only 
other  remarkable  thing  connected  with  the  day  is  a  widely 
prevalent  custom  of  marking  it  with  a  goose  at  dinner. 

Ohambera's  Book  of  Days,  II.  387. 

Michaelmas  Terme.  A  play  by  Thomas  Mid- 
dleton,  licensed  and  printed  in  1607:  a  lively 
and  effective  comedy  of  city  iatrigue. 

Michaud  (me-sho'),  Joseph  Frangois.  Bom 
at  Albens,  Savoy,  June  19, 1767:  died  at  Passy, 
near  Paris,  Sept.  30, 1839.  A  French  poet,  his- 
torian, and  Bourbon  publicist.  His  principal  his- 
torical works  are  "Histoire  des  progrfes  et  de  la  chute  de 
I'empire  de  Mysore,"  etc.  (1801),'"  Histoire  des  croisades" 
(1812-17).  With  his  brother  L.  G.  Michaud  he  edited  the 
"  Biographie  universelle. " 

Michaud,  Louis  Gabriel.  Bom  at  Bourg,  1772 : 
died  at  Temes,  March  13,  1858.  A  French  lit- 
terateur, brother  of  J.  F.  Michaud,  and  Ms  col- 
laborator in  editing  the  "Biographie  univer- 
selle." 

Michaux  (me-sho'),  Andre.     Bom  near  Ver- 


Michelangelo 

sallies,  March  7,  1746:  died  in  Madagascar, 
Nov.  1 3, 1802.  A  French  botanist  and  traveler 
in  Asia  and  America.  He  wrote  a  "Histoire  dea 
chtoes  de  I'Am^rique  Septentrionale  "  (1801),  "Flora  Bo- 
reali-Americana  "  (1803),  etc. 

Michaux,  Frangois  Andr  6.  Bom  at  Versailles, 
France,  1770:  died  near  Poutoise,  France,  1855. 
A  French  botanist,  son  of  Andr6  Michaux.  He 
wrote  "Histoire  des  arbres  forestiers  de  I'Am^riaue  Sep- 
tentrionale "  (1810-13),  etc. 

Michegamea.    See  Illmois. 

Michel  (mieh'el),  or  Cousin  Michel.  Ahumor- 
ous  personification  of  the  German  nation,  as 
John  Bull  is  of  the  English. 

Michel  (mich'el)of  Northgate,  Dan.  Abrother 
of  the  cloister  of  St.  Austin  at  Canterbury.  He 
is  noted  as  having  completed  in  1340  a  translation  of  "  La 
somme  des  vices  et  des  vertus,"  known  a^  "The  Ayenbite 
of  Inwyt "  (which  see). 

Michel  (me-shel'),  Francisque  Xavier.    Bom 

at  Lyons,  Feb.  18, 1809 :  died  at  Paris,  May  21, 
1887.  A  French  arehseologist,  philologist,  and 
historian,  professor  at  Bordeaux. 
Michel  (me-shel'),  Louise.  Bom  1839.  APrench 
anarchist.  Shcopened  a  school  in  the  Quartier  Mont- 
martre,  Paris,  in  1860.  In  1871  she  took  part  in  the  uprising 
of  the  Commune,  and  for  this  was  sentenced  in  the  same 
year  to  deportation  for  life  to  New  Caledonia.  She  was  re- 
leased by  the  amnesty  of  1880,  and  returned  to  Paris,  where 
she  became  prominent  as  an  agitator  of  anarchism. "  In  1883 
she  was  sentenced  to  six  years'  imprisonment  for  inciting 
the  poor  to  plunder  the  bakers'  shops.  She  refused  to  ac- 
cept a  pardon  in  1885.  She  is  at  present  (1901)  living  in 
London. 

Michelangelo  (mi-kel-an'je-lo ;  It.  pron.  me- 
kel-an'je-16)  (Michelagnolo  Buonarroti). 

Bom  at  Caprese,  March  6,  1475 :  died  at  Eome, 
Feb.  18, 1564.  A  famous  Italian  sculptor,  paint- 
er, architect,  and  poet.  He  came  of  an  ancient  but 
poor  Florentine  family.  He  was  apprenticed  to  the  painter 
Ghirlandajo  April  1, 1488,  and  with  other  boys  from  the 
atelier  began  soon  after  to  study  the  antique  marbles  col- 
lected by  Lorenzo  de'  Medici  in  the  garden  of  San  Marco. 
Lorenzo  discovered  him  there,  and  in  1489  took  him  into 
his  palace,  where  he  had  every  opportunity  for  improve- 
ment and  study.  The  Centaur  relief  in  the  Casa  Buonar- 
roti was  made  at  this  time,  at  the  suggestion  of  Angelo 
Poliziano.  In  1491  he  came  under  the  influence  of  Savon- 
arola, whom  he  always  held  in  great  reverence.  In  1492 
Lorenzo  died,  and  Michelangelo's  intimate  relations  with 
the  Medici  family  terminated.  In  1493  he  made  a  large 
wooden  crucifix  for  the  prior  of  S.  Spirito,  and  with  the  as- 
sistance of  the  prior  began  the  profound  study  of  anatomy 
in  which  he  delighted.  Before  the  expulsion  of  the 
Medici  he  fied  to  Bologna,  where  he  was  soon  engaged 
upon  the  Area  di  San  Domenioo  begun  by  Niccolo  Pisano 
in  1265,  to  which  he  Sdded  the  well-known  kneeling  angel 
of  Bologna.  He  was  probably  much  influenced  by  the 
reliefs  of  Delia  Querela  about  the  door  of  San  Petronio : 
two  of  these  he  af  terw^d  imitated  in  the  Sistine  Chapel. 
In  1495  he  returned  to  Florence,  when  he  is  supposed  to 
have  made  the  San  Giovannino  in  the  Berlin  Museum. 
From  1496  to  1501  he  lived  in  Rome.  To  this  period  are 
attributed  the  Bacchus  of  the  Bargello  and  the  Cupid  of 
the  South  Kensington  Museum.  The  most  important  work 
of  this  time  is  the  Pietk  di  San  Pietro  (1498).  In  1601  he 
returned  to  Florence,  and  Sept.  13  began  the  great  David 
of  the  Signoria,  made  from  a  block  of  marble  abandoned 
by  Agostino  di  Duccio,  which  was  placed  in  position  May  18, 
1504.  The  two  roundels  of  the  Madonna  and  Child  in  Bur- 
lington House  and  the  Bargello  were  probably  made  then, 
and  also  the  picture  of  the  Holy  Family  in  the  Ufiizi.  In 
1503  Piero  Soderini,  goufaloniere,  projected  two  frescos 
for  the  Sala  Grande  of  the  Palazzo  Vecchio.  The  commis- 
sion for  one  was  given  to  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  that  for  the 
other  to  Michelangelo  in  1604.  For  it  he  prepared  the 
great  cartoon  of  the  Battle  of  Cascina,  an  incident  in  the 
war  with  Pisa  when,  July  28, 1864,  a  band  of  400  Floren- 
tines were  attacked  while  bathing  by  Sir  John  Hawk- 
wood's  English  troopers.  This  cartoon  contained  288  square 
feet  of  surface,  and  was  crowded  with  nude  figiu-es  in  every 
position.  It  had,  probably,  more  influence  upon  the  art  of 
the  Renaissance  than  any  other  single  work.  To  about 
this  time  may  be  attributed  the  beginning  of  his  poetic 
creations,  of  the  multitude  of  which  undoubtedly  written 
a  few  only  have  come  down  to  us.  In  Nov.,  1605,  he  was 
called  to  Rome  by  Pope  Julius  II.  to  design  his  mauso- 
leum, the  history  of  which  runs  through  the  entire  life  of 
the  master.  Repeated  designs  and  repeated  attempts  to 
carry  them  out  were  made,  only  to  be  frustrated  by  the  suc- 
cessors of  the  great  Pope.  The  matter  finally  ended  in 
the  reign  of  Paul  III.  by  the  placing  in  San  Pietro  in  Vin- 
coli  of  the  statue  of  Moses  surrounded  by  mediocre  works 
finished  by  RaSaeUo  da  Montelupo  and  others.  The  Two 
Captives  of  the  Louvre  are  part  of  the  work  as  originally 
designed.  In  the  spring  of  1506  he  assisted  in  the  discov- 
ery of  the  Laocoon  in  the  palace  of  Titus.  His  favorite 
antique  was  the  Belvedere  Torso,  supposed  to  be  a  copy 
of  the  Hercules  Epitrapezius  of  Lysippus.  In  April,  1506, 
probably  as  a  result  of  the  intrigues  of  Bramante,  he  was 
forced  to  abandon  Rome  for  Florence.  In  the  autumn  he 
joined  the  Pope  at  Bologna,  and  made  (1606-07)  the  bronze 
statue  of  Julius  which  stood  over  the  door  of  San  Petro- 
nio and  was  destroyed  in  1511.  The  ceiling  of  the  Sistine 
Chapel  was  begun  early  in  1608,  and  finished  in  Oct.,  1512. 
Julius  II.  died  Feb.  21, 1613,  and  was  succeeded  by  Cardi- 
nal Giovanni  de*  Medici,  son  of  the  great  Lorenzo,  as  Leo 
X.  Michelangelo  was  diverted  from  the  tomb  of  Julius  by 
Leo,  and  employed  from  1517  to  1620  in  an  abortive  atteumt 
to  build  the  f  agade  of  San  Lorenzo  in  Florence,  and  in  de- 
veloping the  quarries  of  Carrara  and  Seravezza.  In  1520 
he  began,  by  order  of  Caidinal  Giulio  de'  Medici,  the  sacristy 
of  San  Lorenzo  and  the  tombs  of  Giuliano  and  Lorenzo  de' 
Medici  with  the  famous  reclining  figures  on  the  sarcoph- 
agi, perhaps  the  most  thoroughly  characteristic  of  all  his 
worto.    Leo  X.  was  succeeded  by  Adrian  VI.  in  1521,  and 


Michelangelo 

ne  In  turn  by  Giulio  de'  Medici  as  Clement  Vn.  in  1523. 
On  April  6,  1629,  Michelangelo  was  appointed  "goveinor 
and  procurator-general  over  the  construction  and  fortifi- 
cation of  the  city  walls  "  in  Florence.  On  Sept.  21, 1629, 
occurred  his  unexplained  flight  to  Venice.  He  returned 
Nov.  20  of  the  same  year,  and  was  engaged  in  the  defense 
of  the  city  until  its  capitulation,  Aug.  12, 1530.  Before 
the  end  of  the  year  1634  he  left  I'lorenoe,  never  to  return. 
The  statues  of  the  sacristy,  including  the  Madonna  and 
Child,  were  arranged  after  his  departure.  Alessandro 
Farnese  succeeded  Clement  VII.  as  Paul  HI.,  Oct.,  1634. 
The  Last  Judgment  was  begun  about  Sept.  1,  1536,  and 
finished  before  Christmas,  1641.  Michelangelo's  friend- 
ship f  or  Vittoria  Colonna  began  about  1638.  (See  Colonna, 
Vittmia.)  The  frescos  of  the  Pauline  Chapel  were  painted 
between  1642  and  1649.  They  represent  the  conversion  of 
St.  Paul  and  the  martyrdom  of  St.  Peter.  He  succeeded 
Antonio  da  Sangallo  in  1646  in  the  offices  which  he  held, 
and  became  architect  of  St.  Peter's  Jan.  1, 1647.  From  this 
time  until  his  death  he  worked  on  the  church  without  com- 
pensation. The  dome  alone  was  completed  with  any  regard 
to  his  plans. 

Mlchelet  (mesh-la'),  Jules.  Bom  at  Paris,  Aug. 
21, 1798:  died  at  Hyferes,  southern  Prance,  Feb. 
9,  1874.  An  eminent  French  historian. ,  He  be- 
gan his  literary  studies  under  the  guidance  of  an  old  book- 
seller, and  in  his  spare  moments  helped  his  father,  a  print- 
er by  trade,  in  setting  type.  He  went  through  the  College 
Charlemagne,  and  entered  then  on  a  higher  course  of  study. 
In  1821  he  graduated  with  the  highest  university  honors, 
and  waa  called  at  once  to  the  chair  of  history  in  the 
CoUfege  Bollln  (1821-26).  His  first  works  were  a  "Tab- 
lean  clironologique  de  I'histoire  modeme"(1825),  "Tab- 
leaux synchroniquea  de  I'histoire  moderne"  (1826),  and 
*'  Precis  de  I'histoire  moderne  "  (1827).  He  was  appointed 
lecturer  at  the  Bcole  Normale  in  1827,  and  published  his 
"Introduction  h  I'histoire  univcrselle"  (1831),  "(Euvres 
choisies  de  Vico "  (1835),  "  Origines  du  droit  franjais " 
(1837),  and  "  Histoire  romaine :  r^publique "  (1839),  etc. 
Michelet  began  his  famous  courses  of  lectures  at  the  Col- 
lege de  France  In  1838,  and  wrote  in  that  connection  "Dea 
J^suite8"(1843),  "Du  pr«tre,de  la  femmeetdelafamffle" 
(1844),  and  "Du  peuple  "  (1845).  The  clergy  succeeded  at 
last  in  silencing  him,  and  he  retired  to  a  life  of  study.  The 
publication  of  his  "Histoire  de  France  "  in  sixteen  volumes 
(1833-67)  was  interrupted  by  his  "Histoire  de  la  revolution 
f ranijaise  "  (1847-53),  "  Le  proems  des  templiers  "  (1851),  and 
"  Mgendes  d^mooratiques  du  Nord  "  (1854).  Michelet  was 
maiTied  twice.  He  wrote,  further,  "Les  femmes  de  la 
revolution  "(1854),  "L'Oiseau  "  (1856),  "L'Insecte"  (1868), 
"L" Amour  "  (1859),  "la  femme  '^  (1860),  "  La  mer  "  (1861), 
"  La  bible  de  I'humanite  "  (1864).  Michelet  made  a  last 
return  to  history  in  attempting  to  bring  his  great  work 
down  to  date.  Death  stopped  him  after  he  had  published 
but  few  volumes  of  his  "  Histoire  du  XIXe  siecle  "  (1872- 
1873). 

Michelet  (me-she-la'),  Karl  Ludwig.  Born  at 
Berlin,  Ceo.  1,  1801:  died  at  Berlin,  Dee.  16, 
1893.  AGrermanphilosophical(Hegelian) writer, 
appointed  professor  of  philosophy  at  BerUu  in 
1829.  He  wrote  works  on  Aristotle,  "Geschichte  der 
letzten  Systeme  der  Philosophie  in  Deutschland "  (1837- 
1838),  "  Entwlckelungsgeschlchte  der  neuesten  deutschen 
Philosophie"  (1843),  "Die  Personlichkeit  Gottes"  (1841), 
"Die  Epiphanie  der  ewigen  Personlichkeit  des  Geistes" 
(1844-62),  "Geschichte  der  Mensohheit"  (1859-60),  "Sys- 
tem der  Philosophie"  (1876-81),  etc. 

Michelis  (me-cha'hs),  Friedrich.  BomatMiin- 
ster,  Prussia,  July  27,  1815:  died  at  Freiburg, 
Baden,  May  28,  1886.  A  noted  German  theo- 
logian and  philosopher,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Old  Catholic  morement. 

Michelozzo  Michelozzi  (me -ke -lot 'so  me- 
ke-lot'se),  Bartolomineo  di  Gherardo  di. 
Boi-n  at  Florence,  1396 :  died  1472.  An  eminent 
sculptor,  engraver  of  gems,  and  architect,  wiiile 
associated  with  Donatello  in  making  the  monuments  of 
Pope  John  XXIII.,  Cardinal  Braucacci,  and  Bartolommeo 
Aragazzi,  he  was  employed  by  Cosmo  de'  Medici  to  design 
and  build  the  Medici  Palace — now  called  the  Riccardi  Pal- 
ace, as  it  was  enlarged  by  the  Marchese  Riccardi  in  the 
17th  century.  He  created  adistinctlyFlorentinetypewhich 
was  subsequently  followed  in  the  Strozzi  and  other  Flor- 
entine palaces.  During  his  exile  (1433-34)  \vith  Cosmo  de' 
Medici  in  Venice,  he  built  the  library  of  San  Giorgio  Mag- 
giore,  adjoining  the  Convent  of  San  Marco,  which  Cosmo 
endowed  with  many  precious  manuscripts  and  books.  In 
Milan  he  designed  the  chapel  of  St.  Peter  Martyr  in  Santo 
Eostorgio,  and  other  bull^ngs.  After  his  return  to  Flor- 
ence, Michelozzo  displayed  greatskillin  restoring  the  lower 
part  of  the  Palazzo  Vecchio,  which  had  been  dangerously 
we^ened  by  the  weight  of  the  upper  stories.  He  also 
built  the  Villas  Careggi,  Calf  agiolo,  and  Mozzi,  and  en- 
larged and  rebuilt  the  Convent  of  San  Marco.  Among  the 
few  remaining  examples  of  his  skill  as  a  sculptor  are  a 
silver  statuette  of  St.  John  Baptist  on  the  altar  of  the 
Opera  del  Duomo  in  Florence,  and  a  small  St.  John  over 
the  door  of  the  Canonica  opposite  the  Baptistery. 

Michelstadt  (me'chel-stat).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Starkenburg,  Hesse,  21  miles  southeast 
of  Darmstadt :  the  chief  town  of  the  Odenwald. 
Population  (1890),  3,068. 

Michigan  (mish'i-gan).  One  of  the  western 
States  of  the  United  States  of  America,  extend- 
ing (exclusive  of  islands)  from  about  lat.  41° 
45'  to  47°  30'  N.,  and  from  long.  82°  25'  to  90° 
30'  W.  Capital,  Lansing ;  chief  city,  Detroit. 
It  consists  gf  two  peninsulas  (separated  by  the  Strait  of 
Mackinaw).  The  southern  is  bounded  by  Lakes  Huron, 
St.  Clair,  and  Erie  and  St.  Clair  and  Detroit  rivers  on  the 
east  Lake  Michigan  on  the  west,  and  Ohio  and  Indiana  on 
the  south ;  and  the  northern  lies  between  Lake  Superior 
on  the  north  and  Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan  and  the  State 
of  Wisconsin  on  the  south.  The  surface  in  the  south  is  gen- 
erally level  ;  in  the  north  it  is  rugged.  There  is  rich  mineral 
wealth  in  tlie  north.    Michigan  is  one  of  the  first  States  in 


684 

the  production  of  copper,  salt,  and  iron  ore,  the  fourth  in 
wool,  and  one  of  the  first  in  lumber  and  wheat.  It  pro- 
duces also  apples,  Indian  corn,  etc.,  and  has  important 
fisheries  of  lake-trout,  whiteflsh,  etc.  It  has  83  counties, 
sends  2  senators  and  12  representatives  to  Congress,  and 
has  14  electoral  votes.  It  was  explored  by  the  French  in 
the  17th  century,  and  first  permanently  settled  by  them 
at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  in  1668 ;  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain 
in  1763;  was  the  scene  of  Pontiac's  war;  was  formally 
surrendered  to  the  United  States  in  1796 ;  formed  part  of 
the  Northwest  Territory,  and  later  of  Indiana  Territory; 
and  was  constituted  Michigan  Territory  in  1806.  Detroit 
was  taken  by  the  British  in  1812.  Michigan  was  recovered 
by  the  United  States  in  1813,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Union 
in  1837.  Its  name  is  from  that  of  the  lake.  Area,  68,915 
square  miles.     Population  (1900),  2,420,982. 

Michigan,  Lake.  [.Algonkin,' great  lake.']  One 
of  the  five  great  lakes  of  the  United  States, 
inclosed  by  Michigan  on  the  north  and  east, 
Indiana  on  the  south,  and  Illinois  and  Wis- 
consin on  the  west,  its  chief  bays  are  Green  Bay 
and  Grand  Traverse  Bay ;  its  chief  tributaries  the  Fox, 
Menominee,  Manistee,  Muskegon,  Grand,  Kalamazoo,  and 
St  Joseph.  Chicago  and  Milwaukee  are  the  chief  cities  on 
its  banks.  It  discharges  by  the  Strait  of  Mackinaw  into 
Lake  Huron.  Length,  about  340  miles.  Greatest  widthi 
about  85  miles.  Greatest  depth,  870  feet  Mean  height 
above  sea-level,  582  feet    Area,  over  22,000  square  miles. 

Michigan,  University  of.  An  institution  of 
learning,  for  both  sexes,  situated  at  Ann  Arbor, 
Michigan,  it  is  under  State  control;  waa  opened  in 
1841 ;  contains  collegiate,  medical,  and  law  departments, 
with  an  observatory,  dental  college,  school  of  pharmacy, 
scientiflr  museums,  and  library  of  146,udo  volumes;  and 
is  attended  by  about  3,700  students. 

Michigan  City.  A  city  in  La  Porte  County, 
Indiana,  situated  on  Lake  Michigan  40  miles 
east-southeast  of  Chicago.  It  has  a  lumber 
trade.    Population  (1900),  14,850. 

Michilimackinac.    See  Mackinac. 

Michmash  (mik'mash) .  In  Old  Testament  his- 
tory, a  place  in  Palestine,  7  miles  north  by  east 
of  Jerusalem:  the  modem  Mukhmas. 

Michoacan  (me-cho-a-kan'),  or  Mechoacan 
(ma-oho-a-kan').  A  maritime  state  in  Mexico. 
Capital,  Morelia.  It  is  surrounded  by  the  states  of 
Colima,  Jalisco,  Guanajuato,  Quer^taro,  Mexico,  and  Guer- 
rero, and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  surface  is  elevated  and 
mountainous.  Area,  23,703  square  miles.  Population  (1895), 
889,796. 

Micikctwutme  Tunne  (me-she'kwut-ma' 
tu-ne').  ['People  of  the  Mici ' or  Coquille  Eiver, 
Oregon.  ]  A  tribe  of  the  Pacific  division  of  the 
Athapascan  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
now  on  the  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.     See 


Micipsa  (mi-sip'sa).  Died  118  B.  c.  A  son  of 
Masinissa,  and  clilef  ruler  of  Numidia  after  the 
latter's  death  in  148  B.  c. 

Mickiewicz  (mits-ke-ev'ich),  Adam.  Bom  near 
Novogrodek,  Lithuania,  Deo.  24,  1798 :  died  at 
Constantinople,  Nov.  26,  1855.  A  noted  Polish 
poet.  He  resided  ohiefiy  at  Paris  after  1828.  He  was  the 
author  of  the  epic  "  Eonrad  Wallenrod  "  (1830 :  translated 
into  English  both  in  prose  and  verse).  His  poem  "  Pan 
Tadewsz  "  is  one  of  the  masterpieces  of  Slavonic  literature. 

Mickle  (mik'l),'William  Julius.  Bom  at  Lang- 
holm, Dumfriesshire,  Scotland,  Sept.  28,  1735 : 
died  at  Forest  Hill,  Oct.  28,  1788.  A  Scottish 
poet.  He  translated  the  "  Lusiad  "  (1775),  and  is  the  re- 
puted author  of  the  song  "  There  's  nae  luck  aboot  the 
hoose." 

Micmac  (mik'm,ak) .  A  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  occupying  Nova  Scotia,  Cape  Breton, 
and  Prince  Edward  Island,  the  north  of  New 
Brunsvrick,  and  adjacent  parts  of  Quebec,  and 
also  ranging  over  Newfoundland.  They  number 
about  4,000.  The  name  is  translated  as  'secrets-practis- 
ing men,'  alluding  to  Shamanistic  jugglery.  The  French 
called  them  Souriquois,  imit.ating  words  meaning  'good 
canoe-men. '    Also  Mikmak.    See  Algmiquian. 

Micon  (mi'kon)  of  Athens.  [Gr.  Mikuv.]  a 
Greek  painter,  a  contemporary  of  Polygnotus, 
known  principally  from  the  works  executed  in 
conjunction  with  the  latter  in  the  Stoa  Poikile, 
Theseum,  and  temple  of  the  Dioscuri  at  Athens. 
He  made  the  statue  of  the  Athenian  Calliaa,  victor  in 
Olympiad  77<or  468  B.  C).  His  methods  were  probably  the 
same  as  those  of  Polygnotus. 

MicromSgas.  A  philosophical  romance  by  Vol- 
taire, published  m  1752:  imitated  from  Swift's 
"Gulliver's  Travels." 

Micronesia  (mi-kro-ne'§ia).  [NL.,  'little 
islands.']  A  collection  of  island  groups  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  comprising  principally  the  Car- 
oline, Ladrone,  Gilbert,  and  Marshall  groups. 
The  islands  (except  the  Ladrones)  are  generally  small,  low, 
and  mainly  of  coral  formation.  The  inhabitants  are  re- 
lated in  race  and  language. 

Microscopium  (mi-kro-sko'pi-um).  [LL.,  'the 
Microscope.']  A  constellation  south  of  Capri- 
corn, introduced  by  LaeaiUe  in  1752. 

Mictlan.    See  Mitla. 

Midas  (mi'das).  [Gr.  Mirfof.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a  king  of  Phrygia,  son  of  Gordius  and  Cybele. 
According  to  the  common  form  of  the  myth,  the  god  Diony- 


Middleton,  Arthur 

BUS,  from  gratitude  for  kindness  which  had  been  shown  t« 
his  teacher  Silenus  by  Midas,  promised  to  grant  whatever 
the  latter  might  ask.  Midas,  accordingly,  requested  that 
whatever  he1»uched  might  turn  to  gold ;  but  when  he  found 
that  even  his  food  was  not  excepted,  and  that  he  was  likely 
to  starve,  he  prayed  that  the  gift  might  be  taken  away,  and 
on  bathing  in  the  Pactolus  was  restored  to  his  natural  con- 
dition.  The  sands  of  the  river,  however,  were  ever  after 
full  of  gold.  On  his  refusing  to  award  the  prize  of  a  musi- 
cal contest  between  Pan  and  Apollo  to  the  latter,  the  god 
changed  his  ears  into  those  of  an  ass.  These,  which  he  con- 
cealed under  his  cap,  were  discovered  by  his  barber,  who, 
afraid  to  mention  the  secret  to  any  one,  relieved  himself  by 
digging  a  hole  in  the  ground,  whispering  into  it  "King 
Midas  has  ass's  ears,"  and  then  covering  it  up. 

Middelburg  (mid'del-bSrG).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Zealand,  Netherlands,  situated  on 
the  island  of  Walcheren  in  lat.  51°  30'  N.,  long. 
3°  37'  E.  It  has  a  noted  town  hall,  an  abbey,  and  some 
collections;  was  formerly  a  flourishing  Hanseatic  town; 
was  taken  by  the  Dutch  from  the  Spaniards  in  1674  ;  and 
was  taken  by  the  English  in  1809.  Population  (1889). 
16,180. 

Middle  Ages.  A  period  of  about  a  thousand 
years,  between  the  close  of  what  is  technically 
considered  ancient  history  and  the  first  definite 
movements  in  Europe  of  the  distinctively  mod- 
ern spirit  of  freedom  and  enterprise.  Its  begin- 
ning is  synchronous  with  that  of  the  dark  ages,  and  it  is 
variously  reckoned  as  extending  to  the  faU  of  Constan- 
tinople (1463),  the  invention  of  printing,  the  Benaissance, 
or  the  discovery  of  America,  in  the  15th  century,  or  to  the 
Reformation,  in  the  early  part  of  the  16th. 

For,  in  truth,  through  all  that  period  which  we  call  the 
Dark  and  Middle  Ages,  men'sminds  were  possessed  by  the 
belief  that  all  things  continued  as  they  were  from  the  be- 
ginning, that  no  chasm  never  to  be  recrossed  lay  between 
them  and  that  ancient  world  to  which  'they  had  not  ceased 
to  look  baclc.  We  who  are  centuries  removed  can  see  that 
there  had  passed  a  great  and  wonderful  change  upon 
thoughl^  and  art  and  literature,  and  politics,  and  society 
itself :  a  change  whose  best  illustration  is  to  be  found  in  the 
process  whereby  there  arose  out  of  the  primitive  basilica 
the  Romanesque  cathedral,  and  from  it,  in  turn,  the  endless 
varieties  of  Gothic.  But  so  gradual  was  the  change  that 
each  generation  felt  it  passing  over  them  no  more  than  a 
man  feels  that  perpetual  transformation  by  which  his  body 
is  renewed  from  year  to  year ;  while  the  few  who  had  learn- 
ing enough  to  study  antiquity  through  its  contemporary 
records  were  prevented  by  the  utter  want  of  criticism,  and 
of  that  which  we  call  historical  feeling,  from  seeing  how 
prodigious  was  the  contrast  between  themselves  and  those 
whom  they  admired.  There  is  nothing  more  modern  than 
the  critical  spirit  which  dwells  upon  thedifference  between 
the  minds  of  men  in  one  age  and  in  another  ;  which  endea- 
vours to  make  each  age  its  own  interpreter,  and  judge 
what  it  did  or  produced  by  a  relative  standard. 

Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire,  p.  261. 

Middleborough  (mid'l-bur-o).  A  town  in  Ply- 
mouth County,  Massachusetts,  34  miles  south 
by  east  of  Boston.     Population  (1900),  6,885. 

Middlebury  (mid'l-ber'''i).  The  capital  of  Ad- 
dison County,  Vermont,  situated  on  Otter  Creek 
33  miles  southwest  of  Montpelier :  the  seat  of 
Middlebury  College  (Congregational).  Popula- 
tion (1900),  3,045. 

Middle  Flowery  Kingdom.  A  native  appella- 
tion of  China. 

Middlemarch(mid'l-niareh).  Anovel by  George 
Eliot,  published  in  1871  in  "Blackwood's  Mag- 
azine," and  in  book  form  in  1872. 

Middle  Park.  A  plateau  or  elevated  valley  in 
Grand  County,  northern  Colorado.  Length,  from 
60  to  70  miles. 

Middlesbrough  (mid'lz-bro),  or  Middlesbor- 
OUgh  (mid'lz-bur-o).  A  seaport  and  parliamen- 
tary borough  in  the  North  Biding  of  Yorkshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Tees,  near  its  mouth. 
44  miles  north  of  York.  It  is  the  chief  seat 
of  the  English  iron  trade.  Population  (1901), 
91,oL7. 

Middlesex  (mid'1-seks).  [ME.  Middelsexe,  AS. 
Middelseaxe,  Middle  Saxons.]  A  south  midland 
county  of  England.  It  lies  to  the  south  of  Herts,  and 
is  separated  from  Essex  on  the  east  by  the  Lea,  from  Kent 
and  Surrey  on  the  south  by  the  Thames,  and  from  Bucks 
on  the  west  by  the  Colne.  The  surface  is  generally  level. 
Next  to  Rutland,  it  is  the  smallest  English  county ;  but 
next  to  Lancashire,  it  has  the  largest  population,  2,687,084 
of  the  inhabitants  of  London  being  included  in  it  It  waa 
an  ancient  Saxon  kingdom  dependent  on  Essex.  From 
1101  it  was  subject  to  the  city  of  London.  In  1888,  by  the 
Local  Government  Act,  parts  of  Middlesex,  Kent,  and  Sur- 
rey were  incorporated  into  a  county  of  London.  Area,  283 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  3,261,671. 

Middle  States.  A  name  given  collectively  to 
the  States  of  New  York,  ^^ew  Jersey,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Delaware,  and  (sometimes)  Maryland. 

Middle  Temple.   See  Inns  of  Court,  and  Temple. 

Middleton  (mid'1-tpn) .  A  town  in  Lancashire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Irk  5  miles  north  of 
Manchester.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  etc  • 
Population  (1891),  21,330 

Middleton.  A  small  to  wu  in  the  county  of  Cork, 
Ireland,  situated  on  Cork  harbor  13  miles  east 
of  Cork. 

Middleton,  Arthur.  Bom  June  26, 1742 :  died 
Jan.  1,  1787.    An  American  patriot.    He  was  a 


Middleton,  Arthur 

delegate  from  South  Carolina  to  the  Continental  CongreBs 
in  1776,  and  signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  He 
sat  again  in  Congress  1781-83. 

Middleton^harles,  second  Earl  of  Middleton 
and  titiilar  Earl  of  Monmouth.  Bom  about  1640 : 
died  1719.  Secretary  of  state  to  James  II.  At 
the  Hestoration  he  was  appointed  envoy  extraordinary  to 
Vienna,  became  earl  by  succession  in  1674,  and  on  Aug. 
25, 1684,  succeeded  Godolphin  as  secretary  of  state.  After 
the  reign  of  James  IL  he  remained  in  Engl  and,  and  in  May, 
1692,  was  committed  to  the  Tower.  In  1693  he  joined 
James  at  St.-Germain.  At  the  death  of  the  king  he  was 
m*oclaimed  earl  of  Monmouth  by  the  titular  James  III. 
He  assisted  in  the  Pretender's  Scottish  expedition  in  1708. 

Middleton,  Ohristopher.  Died  Feb.  12, 1770. 
An  English  naval  commander  and  arctic  ex- 
plorer. About  1720  he  entered  the  employment  of  the 
Hudson  Bay  Company.  In  1721  he  observed  the  variation 
of  the  needle  at  Churchill  Uiver.  He  became  a  commander 
in  the  navy  in  1741,  and  in  the  same  year  made  a  voyage 
of  discovery  in  Honduras  Bay. 

Middleton,  Conyers.  Born  in  Yorkshire,  Deo. 
27, 1683:  died  at  Hildersham,  July  28, 1750.  An 
English  divine .  In  1724  he  went  to  Home,  and  in  1729 
published  the  "Letter  from  Home"  upon  pagan  beliefs 
and  ceremonies  in  the  Homan  Catholic  Church.  In  his 
' ' Letter  to  Waterland  "he ridiculed  some  parts  of  the  Book 
of  Genesis,  and  showed  a  skeptical  tendency  in  an  "Intro- 
ductory Discourse"  (1747).  Of  his  numerous  works  the 
best-known  is  his  "Life  of  Cicero." 

Middleton,  Henry.  Bom  1771 :  died  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C,  June  14, 1846.  An  American  politi- 
cian and  diplomatist,  son  of  Arthur  Middleton. 
He  was  governor  of  South  Carolina  1810-12 ;  was  a  repre- 
sentative in  Congress  1815-19 ;  and  was  minister  to  Kussia 
1820-31. 

Middleton,  Thomas.  Bom  at  London  (?)  about 
1570 :  died  at  Newington  Butts,  1627.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatist.  He  entered  Gray's  Inn  about  1593,  be- 
came a  playwright  about  1599,  and  wrote  in  conjunction 
with  William  Rowley,  Munday,  Drayton,  Webster,  and 
others.  He  arranged  lord  mayor's  shows  and  court  masks, 
and  in  1620  was  appointed  city  chronologer.  Among  his 
plays  are  '•  The  Old  Law  "  with  Massinger  and  Rowley  (print- 
ed 1656), "  The  Mayor  of  Quinborough  "  (1661), ' '  Blurt,  Mas- 
ter Constable " (1602),  "The  Phoenix " (1607),  " Michaelmas 
Terme"  (1607),  "The  Family  of  Love''  (licensed  1607),  "A 
Trick  to  Catch  the  Old  One"  (licensed  1607),  "Your  Five 
Gallants  "(1608),  "  A  Mad  World,  my  Masters  "  (1608),  "The 
Roaring  Girl"  with  Dekker  (printed  1611),  "A  Fair  Quar- 
rel "  with  Rowley"  (1617),  "The  Changeling"  and  "The 
Spanish  Gipsy  "  with  Rowley  (1663),  "  More  Dissemblers 
besides  Women  "  with  "Women  beware  Women  "(licensed 
before  1622,  printed  1657),  "  A  Game  at  Chess  "  (1624).  The 
date  of  the  following  plays  is  conjectural :  "A  Chaste  Maid 
in  Cheapside  "  (1630),  "  No  Wit,  no  Help  like  a  Woman's  " 
(1657),  "  The  Witch  "  (which  see)  (first  printed  in  1778), 
>'  Anything  for  a  Quiet  Lite  "  (1662),  «  The  Widow  "  with 
Ben  Jonson  and  Fletcher  (1652).  He  wrote  also  about  20 
masks,  entertainments,  and  pageants ;  some  miscellaneous 
verse,  including  " Microcynicon:  Six  Snarling  Satires" 
(1599);  and  various  prose  pamphlets,  including"  The  Black 
Book"  (1604),  "Father  Hubberd's  Tales,  etc."  (1604),  etc. 
Middleton's  works  were  not  collected  till  1840,  when  Dyoe's 
edition  appeared,  which  is  now  out  of  print.  In  1886  Mr. 
Bullen's  edition,  in  8  vols.,  appeared.      Diet.  Sai.  Biog, 

Middleton,  Thomas  Fanshaw.  Born  at  Ked- 
leston,  Derbyshire,  England,  Jan.  26, 1769:  died 
at  Calcutta,  July  8, 1822.  An  English  scholar 
and  divine,  appointed  first  bishop  of  Calcutta 
in  1814.  He  published  -'Doctrine  of  the  Greek  Article 
applied  to  the  Criticism  and  Illustration  of  the  New  Tes- 
tament ■'  (1808),  etc. 

Middletown  (mid'1-toun).  A  city,  one  of  the 
capitals  of  Middlesex  County,  Connecticut,  sit- 
uated on  the  Connecticut  15  miles  south  of 
Hartford,  it  is  a  port  of  entry,  and  is  the  seat  of  Wes- 
leyan  University  (Methodist  Episcopal),  Berkeley  Divinity 
School  (Episcopal),  a  State  insane  asylum,  and  an  industrial 
school  for  girls.    Population  (1900),  9,689. 

Middletown.  A  manufacturing  city  in  Orange 
County,  New  York,  54  miles  north-northwest  of 
New  York  city.    Population  (1900),  14,522. 

Middlewich  (mid'1-wich).  A  town  in  (Che- 
shire, England,  26  miles  southeast  of  Liverpool. 
Population  (1891),  3,706. 

Midgard  (mid'gard).  [ON.  Midhgardhr,  Goth. 
Midjungards,  OHQ-.  MitUlgart,  Miftigart,  OS. 
Middilgard;  AS.  Middangeard,  the  middle  yard 
or  inelosure,  i.  e.  the  earth.]  In  Old  Norse 
mythology,  the  abode  of  the  human  race, 
formed  in  the  midst  of  Ginnungagap  out  of 
the  eyebrows  of  the  giant  Ymir,  the  first  created 
being,  and  joined  to  heaven  bjr  the  rainbow 
bridge  of  the  gods.  The  word  is  common  to 
the  Germanic  languages. 

Midgardsorm  (mid'gard-sorm).  [ON.  Midh- 
gardhsormr:  Midhgardhs  and  ormr,  serpent, 
worm.]  In  Old  Norse  mythology,  a  water- 
demon,  the  monstrous  serpent  which  lies  about 
the  earth  in  the  encircling  sea.  it  was  the  off- 
spring of  Loki  and  the  giantess  Angurboda(01d  TSoiseAngr- 
bodha).  At  Ragnarok  Thor  slays  the  seroen^  but  falls 
dead  from  the  poison  which  the  monster  breathes  forth. 
It  was  also  called  Jbrmungand  (Old  Norse  Jiirmungandr). 

Midhat  Pasha  (mid'hat  pash'a).  Born  an  Bul- 
garia, 1822:  died  in  Arabia,  May  8,  1884.  A 
Turkish  politician,  grand  vizir  m  1872  and 
1876-77. 


685 

Midhnrst  (mid'h6rst).  A  small  town  in  Sussex, 
England,  situated  on  the  West  Bother  46  miles 
southwest  of  London. 

Midi  (me-de').  Canal  dii,  or  Oanal  du  Langue- 
doc.  [P.,  'canal  of  the  south'  or  '  of  Langue- 
doo.']  A  canal  uniting  the  Mediterranean  with 
the  Atlantic,,  it  extends  from  the  Garonne,  near  Tou- 
louse, to  the  Xtang  de  Thau,  near  Agde.  It  was  opened 
in  1681.    Length,  149  miles. 

Midian  (mid'i-an).  An  Arabian  tribe  settled  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  Syro-Arabian  desert. 
In  Gen.  xxv.  2  the  Mldianites  are  represented  as  descen- 
dants of  Abraham  and  Keturah.  They  harassed  the  Israel- 
ites in  the  period  of  the  judges,  crossing  the  Jordan  with 
their  hordes  and  despoiling  the  country,  until  they  were 
defeated  by  Gideon.  Later  they  disappear  more  and  more 
from  history,  and  are  mentioned  only  as  a  trading  people 
(Isa.  Ix.  6). 

Midland  (mid'land).  The  district  of  Virginia 
which  extends  from  Tidewater  westward  to  the 
base  of  the  Appalachians. 

Midland  Counties.  A  name  given  collectively 
to  nearly  the  whole  of  the  inland  counties  of 
England,  in  the  registration  system  they  are  grouped 
as  South  Midland,  West  Midland,  and  North  Midland 
counties. 

Midlothian,  or  Mid-Lothian  (mid-16 'sni-an). 
The  county  of  Edinburgh,  Scotland. 

Midnapur  (mid-na-i)8r').  1 .  A  district  in  Ben- 
gal, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  22°  N., 
long.  87°  B.  Area,  5,186  square  mUes.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  2,631,516.-3.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Midnapur,  situated  on  the  Kasai  70 
miles  west  of  Calcutta.  Population,  about 
30,000. 

Midrash  (mid'rash).  [Heb., '  exposition,'  '  ex- 
planation.'] The  name  for  the  old  rabbinical 
commentaries  on  biblical  books,  which  grew 
out  of  the  popular  discourses  and  lectures  de- 
livered during  the  services  in  the  synagogue. 
Among  the  older  llidrashim  are  Meohilta  on  a  part  ofTilxo- 
dus,  Siplira  on  Leviticus,  and  Siphre  on  Numbers  and  Deu- 
teronomy, all  of  which  belong  to  the  period  of  the  Mishnah 
(which  see).  The  most  popular  of  tho  Midrashim  was  that 
of  Rabbah  or  Rabboth  (magnum)  on  the  Pentateuch  and 
the  so-called  "Five  Rolls" — i.  fi.,  the  books  of  Canticles, 
Ruth,  Lamentations,  Ecclesiastes,  and  Esther — which  was 
composed  between  the  6th  and  12th  centuries. 

Midshipman  Easy,  Mr.  See  Mr.  Midshipman 
Easy. 

Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  A.  A  comedy 
by  Shakspere,  acted  in  1595.  it  is  mentioned  by 
Meres  in  his  "  Palladis  Tamia,"  which  was  issued  in  1598, 
and  was  entered  on  the  "  Stationers'  Register  "  Oct.  8, 1600. 
Two  editions  were  printed  in  that  year — one  by  James 
Roberts,  the  other  by  Thomas  Fisher.  Roberts's  copy  was 
used  for  the  folio  reprint. 

Chaucer's  legend  of  "Thisbe  of  Babilon,"  andGolding's 
translation  of  th  e  same  story  from  Ovid,  probably  furnished 
the  matter  for  the  Interlude.  So  much  as  relates  to  Bot- 
tom and  his  fellows  evidently  came  fresh  from  nature  as 
she  had  passed  under  the  poet's  ejre.  The  linking  of  these 
clowns  m  with  the  ancient  tragic  tale  of  Pyramus  and 
Thisbe,  so  aa  to  draw  the  latter  within  the  region  of 
modem  farce,  thus  travestying  the  classic  into  ttie  gro- 
tesque, is  not  less  original  than  droll. 

Sudson,  Int.  to  Midsummer  Night's  Dream. 

Midsummer  Night's  Dream.  An  overture  by 
Mendelssohn,  written  in  1826.  [The  music  for 
the  drama  was  written  in  1843.] 

Miel  (mel),  or  Meel  (mal),  Jan,  called  Gio- 
vanni della  Vite.  Bom  near  Antwerp,  1599 : 
died  1664.    A  Flemish  painter. 

Mierevelt  (me're-velt),  Janszen  van.  Born  at 
Delft,  May  1, 1567 :  died  there,  July  27, 1651.  A 
noted  Dutch  portrait-painter. 

Mierevelt,  Pieter  van.  Bom  1596:  died  1632. 
A  Dutch  portrait-painter,  son  of  J.  van  Miere- 
velt. 

Mieris  (me'ris),  Frans  van,  the  elder.  Bom 
at  Delft,  April  16, 1635:  died  at  Leyden,  March 
12, 1681.    A  Dutch  genre-painter. 

Mieris,  Frans  van,  the  younger.  Bom  1689: 
died  1763.  ADutch  painter  and  historian,  grand- 
son of  Frans  van  Mieris  (1635-81). 

Mieris,  Willem  van.  Bom  at  Leyden,  1662: 
died  there,  Jan.  24, 1747.  A  Dutch  painter,  son 
of  Frans  van  Mieris. 

Mieroslawski  (mya-rorslav'ske),  Ludwig. 
Bom  at  Nemours,  France,  1814:  died  at  Pans, 
Nov.  23, 1878.  A  Polish  revolutionist  and  mili- 
tary writer.  He  was  the  leader  in  the  attempted  rising 
of  the  Poles  in  1846,  and  in  the  insurrections  in  Posen  m 
1848,  in  Sicily  and  Baden  in  1849,  and  in  Poland  in  1863. 

Miers,  John.  Born  at  London,  Aug.  25,  1789 : 
died  at  Kensington,  Oct.  17, 1879.  An  English 
engineer  and  botanist.  He  resided  in  Buenos  Ayres 
and  Rio  de  Janeiro  1819-38 ;  made  several  journeys  across 
the  pampas  to  Chile ;  and  erected  mints  for  the  govern- 
ments of  La  Plata  and  Brazil.  He  published  "  Travels  m 
Chile  and  La  Plata"  (1825),  and  several  monographs  on 
South  American  plants. 

Mies  (mes).  A  mining  town  in  westem  Bohe- 
mia, situated  on  the  Mies  65  miles  west-south- 


Mihrgan 

west  of  Prague.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
3,978. 

Mifflin  (mif'lin),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, 1744:  died  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  Jan.  20, 1800. 
An  American  Revolutionary  general  and  politi- 
cian, a  member  of  the  "Conway  Cabal"  (see 
Conway,  Thomas)  in  1777.  He  was  president  of  the 
executive  council  of  Pennsylvania  1788-90,  and  governor 
of  Pennsylvania  1790-99. 

Migdol  (mig'dol).  A  station  on  the  route  of 
the  Israelites  from  Egypt  to  the  Red  Sea  (Ex. 
xiv.  2).  The  Migdol  of  EzeMel  was  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Pelusium. 

Mighty  Dollar,  The.  A  play  by  B.  E.  Woolf, 
produced  in  1875. 

Mignard  (men-yar'),  Pierre.  Bom  at  Troyes, 
France,  Nov.,  1610 :  died  at  Paris,  May  13, 1695. 
A  French  painter  of  portraits  and  historical 
pieces. 

Migne  (meny),  Jacques  Paul.  Bom  at  Saint- 
Flour,  Cantal,  France,  1800 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct. 
25, 1875.  A  French  priest,  noted  as  an  editor 
and  publisher  of  religious  works.  He  served  for  a 
time  as  curate  at  Puiseaux  in  the  diocese  of  Orleans; 
but  in  1833  a  quarrel  with  his  bishop  drove  him  to  Paris, 
where  he  founded  "L'Univers  Religieux,"  and,  having 
soon  sold  this  paper,  established  a  large  publishing  house. 
The  works  issued  by  him  include  "Scripturse  sacrse  cnr- 
sus  completus"  (28  vols.),  "TheologiaB  cursus"  (28  vols.), 
"Collection  des  orateurs  sacr^a"  (100  vols.),  "Patrologise 
cursus  completus"  (383  vols.),  "Encyclopedic  th6olo- 
gique  "  (171  vols.). 

Mignet  (men-ya'),  Francois  Auguste  Marie. 

Bom  at  Aix,  southern  France,  May  8,  1796: 
died  at  Paris,  March  24, 1884.  One  of  the  fore- 
most French  historians  of  the  19th  century.  In 
181S  he  studied  law  in  his  native  town,  and  .enjoyed  there 
the  companionship  of  a  young  fellow-student,  M.  Thiers, 
for  whom  he  kept  up  a  lifelong  friendship.  In  1830  Mi- 
gnet and  Thiers  founded  a  newspaper,  "  Le  NationaL"  Mi- 
gnet was  at  heart  a  liberal,  and  was  always  ready  to  take  up 
his  pen  in  defense  of  his  ideas.  He  appeared  for  the  first 
time  before  the  public,  in  successful  competition  for  a 
prize  offered  by  the  Academic  des  Inscriptions,  with  an  es- 
say entitled  "  De  la  f^odalit^,  des  institutions  de  Saint- 
Louis,  et  de  la  legislation  de  ce  prince "  (1821).  There- 
upon he  came  to  Paris,  where  he  published  his  "Histoire 
de  la  revolution  francaise  de  1789  k  1814"  (1824),  "NSgo- 
ciations  relatives  k  la  succession  d'Espagne  sous  Louis 
XIV."  (1836-42), "Notices  et  memoires  historiques"  (1843, 
and  agam  1853  and  1864),  "Vie  de  Franklin  "  (1848),  "His- 
toire de  Marie  Stuart"  (1851),  "Charles-Quint''  (1864), 
"  iiloges  historiques  "  (1863  and  1877),  various  "  Notices 
historiques"  (1872-75)>  "Rivalite  de  Francois  I.  et  de 
Charles-Quint  '  (1875),  etc.  As  dramatist  Mignet  wrote 
"Antonio  Perez  et  Philippe  II."  (1845  and  1846).  He  was 
received  into  the  French  Academy  in  1836. 
Mignon  (men-ydn').  In  Goethe's  "Wilhelm 
Meister's  Lehrjahre,"  a  mysterious  Italian 
maiden,  the  daughter  of  an  old  harper.  She 
loves  Wilhelm,  and  dies  in  despair  when  she 
finds  that  her  love  is  not  returned. 

Two  tragic  figures  are  added  to  these,  wandering  in  a 
twilight  of  mystery  over  the  earth — Mignon  and  the  harp- 
er ;  they  are  daughter  and  father,  unknown  to  each  other, 
exiles  from  their  native  country,  and  united  to  Wilhelm 
Meister  by  ties  of  love  and  gratitude.  None  of  Goethe's 
creations  appeal  more  strongly  to  the  depths  of  the  human 
soul  than  these  two  characters,  with  their  touching  songs. 
Solemn  echoes  of  old  mysticism  seem  revived  in  these 
songs  full  of  earthly  misery  and  longing  for  heaven ;  the 
laments  of  the  loving  but  unloved  maiden,  the  homeless, 
friendless  child,  who  may  not  reveal  her  inmost  soul  be- 
cause her  lips  are  sealed  by  a  vow,  alternate  with  the  tears 
of  the  guilty,  God-forsaken,  lonely,  and  remorseful  old  man. 
Scherer,  History  of  German  Lit.  (trans.),  II.  183. 

Mignon.  An  opera  by  Ambroise  Thomas,  first 
produced  at  Paris  in  1866,  and  at  London  in 
1870.  The  words,  founded  on  "Wilhelm  Meis- 
ter," are  by  Carr6  and  Barbier. 

Mignon  (men-y6n'),  Abraham.  BomatPrank- 
fort-on-the-Main  about  1640:  died  atWetzlar, 
Prussia,  1679.  A  noted  painter  of  flowers,  fruit, 
and  stm  life. 

Mignot,  Louise.    See  Denis,  Louise. 

Miguel  (me-gel')  (Maria  Evaristo):  generally 
called  DomMiguel.  Bom  at  Lisbon,  Oct.  26, 
1802 :  died  at  Bronnbach,  near  Wertheim,  Baden, 
Nov.  14,  1866.  The  third  son  of  John  VI.  of 
Portugal.  He  was  the  head  of  the  absolutist  party ; 
was  expelled  from  the  kingdom  in  1824 ;  became  regent 
in  1828 ;  usurped  the  kingdom  1828-34 ;  and  was  deposed 
and  capitulated  at  Evora,  May  26, 1834. 

Migulinskaia  Stanitsa  (me-g8-len'ska-ya  sta- 
ne'tsa).  A  town  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
government  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  southern  Rus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Don.  Population  (1885), 
18,689. 

Mihrgan  (me-her-gan').  Among  the  Persians, 
the  festival  of  the  autumnal  equinox,  begin- 
ning on  the  16th  day  of  the  month  Mihr  (Sep- 
tember), and  lasting  six  days.  Firdausi  ascribes  its 
institution  to  Faridun.  "It  is  he  who  has  instituted  the 
festival  Mihrgan,  and  the  custom  of  resting  then  and  of 
seating  one's  self  at  the  banquet  comes  from  him.  To-day 
the  month  of  Mihr  still  recalls  his  memory.  Do  not  then 
show  a  countenance  anxious  and  sad."    Shahnarruih. 


Mikado,  The 

Mikado,  The.  An  opera  by  Sullivan,  words  by 
W.  S.  Gilbert,  produced  in  London  1885. 

Mikhailovskaia  Stanitsa  (me-cM-lov'ska-ya 
sta-ne'tsa).  A  town  in  the  government  of  the 
Don  Cossacks,  southern  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Khoper  115  miles  south  of  Tamboff.  Popula- 
tion (1885),  17,848. 

Miklosich  (mik'16-zioh),  Franz  von.  Born 
near  Luttenberg,  Styria,  Nov.  20,  1813:  died  at 
Vienna,  March  7, 1891.  A  noted  Slavic  scholar, 
professor  of  the  Slavic  languages  and  literature 
at  Vienna.  He  published  "  Vergleichende  Grammatik 
der  alawisclien  Sprachen  "  ("  Comparative  Grammar  of  the 
Slavic  Langaages,"1852-74),  "Etymologisches  Worterbuch 
der  slawischen  Sprachen  "  ("  Etymological  Dictionary  of 
the  Slavic  Languages,"  188S),  etc. 

Mikmak.    See  Miemae. 

Miknas.    See  Mequinez. 

Mikono  Tunne  (me-ko-no'tu-ne')-  ['People 
among  the  white  clover  roots.']  One  of  the  vil- 
lages of  the  Pacific  division  of  the  Athapascan 
stock  of  North  Americanlndians.  It  was  formerly 
on  the  lower  B-ogue  River,  Oregon,  but  is  now  on  the  Siletz 
reservation,  Oregon.    See  Athapascan. 

Milan  (mi-lan'  or  mil'an).  A  province  of  Lom- 
bardy,  Italy.  Area,  l"223  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  1,235,150. 

Milan.  A  former  duchy  in  Lombardy,  north- 
ern Italy.  Gian  Galeazzo  Visconti  was  the  first  duke 
(1395) ;  and  the  end  of  the  Visconti  line  came  in  1447. 
The  duchj;  was  ruled  by  the  Sforza  family  1460-1535  (pos- 
session being  disputed  with  France  1499-1526) ;  passed  to 
Spain  in  1535,  and  to  Austria  in  17ia-14 ;  was  conquered 
by  France  in  1796 ;  formed  part  of  the  Cisalpine  Bepublic 
from  1797,  of  the  Italian  Republic  from  1802,  and  of  the 
kingdom  of  Italy  from  1805 ;  was  ceded  to  Austria  in  1814 ; 
and  was  annexed  to  Sardinia  in  1859. 

Milan,  It.  Milano  (me-la'no),  G.  Mailand  (mi'- 
land).  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Milan, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  river  Olona,  in  the  Lom- 
bard plain,  in  lat.  45°  28'  N.,  long.  9°  11'  B. : 
the  Boman  Mediol'auum.  It  is  the  second  city  in 
size  in  Italy,  the  chief  city  in  Lombardy,  and  the  chief  com- 
mercial and  financial  center  of  the  country.  As  the  center 
of  a  rich  agricultural  district  it  exports  dairy  and  other 
farm  products.  It  has  important  manufactures  of  furni- 
ture, woolens,  silk,  machinery,  gloves,  etc. ;  and  is  noted 
also  as  an  educational,  musical,  and  theatrical  center.  The 
cathedral,  begun  in  its  present  form  in  1387,  is  popularly 
celebrated  for  the  profusion  of  its  sculptured  decoration 
and  pinnacles,  and  the  beauty  of  its  material  (white  mar- 
ble) ;  but  as  an  architectural  whole  it  does  not  justify  its 
reputation,  despite  the  beauty  of  such  details  as  the  Flam- 
boyant tracery  of  the  great  windows  of  the  apse,  and  the 
majestic  effect  of  the  interior.  The  central  lantern  and 
spire  are  graceful,  but  the  other  parts  are  not  well  propor- 
tioned, and  the  west  front,  with  its  semi-modem  jumble 
of  Pointed  and  classical  forms,  is  barbarous,  while  the 
decoration  is  cold  and  without  the  vigorous  life  of  good 
medieval  art.  There  are  5  aisles.  The  chief  dimensions 
are :  length,  486  feet ;  breadth,  252  ;  transepts,  288  ;  height 
of  vaulting,  153 ;  height  of  spire,  355.  It  is  surpassed  in 
size  in  Italy  by  St.  Peter's  only.  The  cathedral  contains 
many  beautiful  tombs.  The  Ospedale  Maggiore,  founded 
by  Francesco  Sforza  in  1466,  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
creations  of  Lombard  brick  architecture,  with  two  tiers 
of  rich  Pointed  arches  inclosing  double  Pointed  windows, 
the  lower  tier  inclosed  in  a  Corinthian  arcade.  Other  ob- 
jects of  interest  are  the  gallery  Vittorio  Emmanuele,  Bre- 
ra  (with  picture-gallery  and  library).  Museum  Poldi-Pez- 
zoli,  archseological  and  some  other  museums,  Ambrosian 
library,  Piazza  de'  Mercanti,  the  churches  of  the  Monas- 
tero  Maggiore,  of  Santa  Maria  delle  Grazie  (with  the  "  Last 
Supper  "  of  Leonardo  da  Vinci),  of  San  Ambrogio,  and  of 
San  Lorenzo,  the  Arco  della  Pace,  and  the  Scala  theater. 
The  tradition  is  that  Milan  was  founded  by  the  Celtic  prince 
Bellovesus  about  600  B.  c.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  In- 
subrian  Gauls;  was  taken  by  the  Romans  222  B.  0.;  and 
was  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  the  later  Roman  Empire,  and 
an  imperial  residence.  Ambrose  was  bishop  of  Milan  374- 
397.  It  was  sacked  by  Attila  in  462 ;  was  destroyed  by  the 
Goths  in  539;  belonged  to  Lombardy  and  later  to  the  em- 
pire ;  was  taken  and  nearly  destroyed  by  Frederick  Bar- 
barossa  in  1162 ;  was  rebuilt  by  the  Lombard  League  in 
1167 ;  was  ruled  by  the  Torre,  Visconti,  and  Sforza  fami- 
lies ;  and  has  Ijeen  the  capital  of  the  Milanese,  or  duchy  of 
Milan  (which  see),  the  Cisalpine  Republic,  the  kingdom 
of  Italy  (1805),  and  the  Lombardo-Venetian  kingdom.  It 
was  the  scene  of  an  insurrection  against  Austrian  rule  in 
1848,  and  of  outbreaks  in  1849  and  1853.  In  1859  it  was 
united  to  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia.  It  has  been  noted  in 
art  as  tlie  residence  of  Bramante,  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  etc. 
Population  (I'JOl),  commnue,  491,460. 
Milan  (mil'an)  I.  Born  Aug.  22,  1854:  died 
Feb.  11,  1901.  King  of  Servia  1882-89.  He  be- 
came prince  of  Servia  on  the  assassination  of  his  cousin 
Michael  in  1868,  the  government  being  conducted  by  a 
regency  until  he  became  of  age  in  1872.  Be  married 
Natalie,  princess  of  Stourdza,  in  1875,  He  allied  himself 
with  Russia  in  the  Turco-Russian  war  (1877-78), -with  the 
result  that  Servia  was  made  independent  of  Turkey  in  1878. 
He  was  proclaimed  iting  in  1882  (Servia  havingbeenerected 
into  a  kingdom),  and  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son  Alexan- 
der in  1889,  in  consequence  of  a  quarrel  with  Queen  Natalie. 

Milan,  Edict  of.  An  edict  proclaiming  toler- 
ation of  the  Christians,  promulgated  by  Con- 
stantino and  Licinius  313. 

Milan  Decree.  A  decree  issued  by  Napoleon  at 
Milan,  Dee.  17,  1807.  it  declared  the  forfeiture  of  all 
vessels  bound  to  or  from  British  ports,  and  of  all  which 
paid  licenses  or  duties  to  Great  Britain  or  had  submitted 
to  search  by  British  cruisers. 


686 

Milanese  (mil-an-es'  or  -ez'),  The.  A  name 
often  given  to  the  duchy  of  Milan,  or  to  Milan 
and  the  surrounding  district. 

Milan6s  y  Fuentes  (me-lan-as'  e  fwen'tes), 
Jose  Jacinto.  Bom  at  Matanzas,  Aug.  16, 
1814 :  died  there,  Nov.  14, 1863.  A  Cuban  poet. 
He  was  poor  arid  self-educated.  After  1842  he  suffered 
from  mental  disease,  and  at  length  fell  into  hopeless  mel- 
ancholia. His  verses  are  mostly  lyrics  of  a  moral  tone. 
He  published  several  plays,  the  best  being  "El  Conde 
Alarcon,"  a  tragedy  (1838).  Next  to  Heredia  he  is  the  most 
popular  of  the  Cuban  poets, 

Milazzo  (me-lat'so),  or  Melazzo  (ma-lat's6). 
A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Messina,  Sicily,  18 
miles  west  of  Messina :  the  ancient  Mylse.  Near 
this  place  the  Roman  fleet  under  Duilius  gained  its  first 
naval  victory  over  the  Carthaginians  in  260  B.  0.,  and  Agrip- 
pa  defeated  Sextus  Pompey's  fleet  in  36  B.  0. ;  and  here, 
July  20, 1860,  Garibaldi  defeated  the  Neapolitans.  Popu- 
lation (1881),  8,427. 

Milcom.    See  Milkom. 

Mildmay  (mild'ma).  Sir  Walter.  Bom  1520  (f ): 
died  at  Hackney,  May  31,  1589.  Chancellor 
of  the  exchequer,  and  founder  of  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge.  He  was  educated  at  Christ's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  entered  Gray's  Inn  in  1546.  He  was 
a  good  financier,  and  was  appointed  examiner  of  the  king's 
mints  in  1560.  He  was  elected  member  of  Parliament  for 
Maldon  in  1553,  Although  a  Calvinist,  he  was  employed 
by  Queen  Mary,  On  the  accession  of  Elizabeth  he  was 
made  treasurer  of  her  household,  and  on  April  21, 1566,  suc- 
ceeded Sir  Richard  Lockville  as  chancellor  of  the  exche- 
quer. In  1686  he  was  one  of  the  judges  of  MaryQueen  of 
Scots  at  Fotheringay.  On  Nov.  23,  1683,  he  bought  the 
site  of  the  Black  Friars'  Monastery  at  Cambridge,  and  on 
Jan.  11, 1684,  was  licensed  to  establish  Emmanuel  College, 
the  statutes  of  which  date  from  Oct,  1, 1685, 

Miles  (milz).  Bacon's  servant  in  Greene'splay 
"  Priar  Bacon  and  Friar  Bungay." 

He  plays  the  fool  unabashed  by  either  living  monarchs  or 
supernatural  phenomena,  and  in  the  end  cheerfully  con- 
sents to  be  carried  off  by  a  devil,  on  being  given  to  under- 
stand that  in  the  quarters  for  which  he  is  bound  he  will 
find  a  lusty  fire,  a  pot  of  good  ale,  a  "  pair  "  of  cards,  and 
other  requisites  for  a  comfortable  life.  Ward. 

Miles,  Nelson  Appleton.  Born  at  "Westminster, 
Mass.,  Aug.  8, 1839.  An  American  general.  He 
served  as  a  volunteer  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  through- 
out the  Civil  War,  attaining  the  rank  of  major-general  of 
volunteers.  He  accepted  a  commission  as  colonel  in  the 
regular  army  at  the  close  of  the  war,  and  was  promoted 
major-general  in  1890,  and  lieutenant-general  in  1900,  He 
has  conducted  several  campaigns  againsthostile  Indians  on 
the  western  frontiers,  notably  that  against  the  Apaches  un- 
der Geronimo  and  Natchez,  both  of  whom  surrendered 
Sept.  4, 1886.  In  1895  he  was  appointed  general-in-chief. 
During  the  Spanish-American  war  he  led  a  successful 
expedition  to  Porto  Rico,  landing  at  Guanica  July  25, 
1898.    Retired  Aug.,  1903. 

Milesians  (mi-le'shianz  or-zhanz).  1.  The  in- 
habitants of  Miletus. — 3.  The  natives  of  Ire- 
laud:  members  of  the  Irish  race.  They  have  been 
so  called  from  the  tradition  of  an  ancient  conquest  and 
reorganization  of  the  country  by  two  sons  of  Milesius,  a 
fabulous  king  of  Spain. 

Milesian  Tales  or  Fables.  Short  stories  of 
a  witty  and  obscene  nature,  greatly  in  vogue 
among  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  The  name  has 
arisen  from  a  collection  of  tales  by  Antonius  Diogenes, 
compiled  by  Arlstides  of  Miletus ;  they  were  translated 
intoXatin  by  Cornelius  Sisenna  (119-67  B.  0, ).  These  tales 
are  now  lost,  but  the  name  is  still  given  to  stories  of  a  like 
nature.  Bulwer  published  in  1866  a  volume  of  poems  en- 
titled "  The  Lost  Tales  of  Miletus." 

Miles  Wallingford.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  pub- 
lished in  1844. 

Mileto  (me-la'to).  A  town  in  Calabria,  Italy, 
48  miles  northeast  of  Beggio. 

Miletus  (mi-le'tus).  [Gt.  WAifro^.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  situated  in  Caria,  Asia  Minor, 
on  the  Latmie  Gulf,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the 
Mffiander,  about  lat.  37°  30'  N.,  long.  27°  10'  E. 
The  temple  of  Apollo  Didymseus  here  was  restored  in  its 
final  form  about  the  time  of  Alexander.  The  ancients  con- 
sidered it  one  of  the  most  splendid  four  existing.  It  was 
an  Ionic  dipteros  of  10  by  21  columns,  on  a  stylobate  of  3 
steps,  measuring  160  by  350  feet.  The  columns  were  over 
6  feet  in  base  diameter,  and  64  high.  The  ceUa,  in  plan 
97  by  290  feet,  had  a  deep  pronaos  with  4  columns  in  antis, 
and  2  subordinate  interior  chambers.  The  main  chamber 
was  divided  into  3  aisles  by  ranges  of  columns.  Remains 
exist  of  an  ancient  theater,  entirely  built  of  masonry,  and 
enormous  in  mass :  there  is  much  sculptured  ornament, 
including  rich  Composite  capitals  with  Victories  amid  the 
foliage.  It  was  early  colonized  by  Ionian  Greeks ;  was 
one  of  the  leading  Greek  cities,  a  colonizer,  and  a  center 
of  philosophy  and  literature ;  headed  the  Ionian  revolt 
against  Persia  in  500  B,  c;  and  was  stormed  and  sacked 
by  the  Persians  494  B.  0.    It  is  now  a  village  (Palatia), 

Milford  (mil'fqrd).  A  seaport  in  Pembroke- 
shire, South  Wales,  situated  on  Milford  Haven 
in  lat.  51°  44'  N. ,  long.  5°  3'  W.  It  was  formerly 
an  important  seaport,  arid  was  the  landing-place 
of  Henry  VH.  in  1485.  Population  (1891),  4,070. 

Milford  (mil'f  Srd).  A  town  in  Worcester  Coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  28  mUes  southwest  of  Bos- 
ton. It  has  manufactures  of  boots,  etc.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  11,376. 

Milford  Haven.  A  landlocked  estuary  in  South 
Wales,  an  arm  of  St.  George's  Channel.     It  is 


Mill,  John  Stuart 

one  of  the  best  harbors    in    Great   Britain. 
Length,  about  17  miles. 

This  northern  peninsula,  itself  made  up  to  a  considera- 
ble extent  of  smaller  peninsulas,  is  cut  off  from  its  south, 
em  fellow  by  the  haven  of  Milford.  Here  again  we  seem 
to  see  a  Scandinavian  trace.  The  ford  here  is  surely 
neither  an  English  ford  nor  a  Welsh  ffordd,  but  a  Scandi- 
navian flord,  like  Waterf ord  and  Wexford. 

Freeman,  English  Towns,  p,  41. 

Milford  Sound.  -An  inlet  on  the  southwestern 
coast  of  the  South  Island,  New  Zealand. 

Milfort  (mil'fort ;  P.  pron.  mel-for'),  Le  Clerc. 
Born  near  M6zi6res,  France,  about  1750 :  died 
at  M6zi6res,  1817.  .A  French  adventurer.  He 
was  a  chief  among  the  Creek  Indians,  and  later 
became  a  general  under  Napoleon. 

Milhau,    See  Millau. 

Milicz  (me'lioh)  of  Kremsier.  Bom  at  Krem- 
sier,  Moravia:  died  at  Avignon,  France,  Jime 
29, 1374.  A  Bohemian  preacher,  one  of  the  pre- 
cursors of  the  Beformation. 

Milindapanha  (mi-lin-da-pan^'ha).  [Skt,, 
'  the  questions  of  Melinda.']  A  Pali  work,  con- 
taining a  conversation  between  the  Buddhist 
monk  Nagasena,  supposed  to  have  lived  about 
140  B.  C,  and  King  MiUnda  or  Menander,  the 
powerful  Greco-Bactrian  sovereign.  It  has 
been  edited  in  PaU  and  in  part  translated  into 
English  by  Trenckner. 

Military  Frontier,  The.  [G.  Militargrenze.] 
Formerly  a  part  of  the  Austrian-Hungarian 
monarchy,  bordering  on  the  Turkish  empire, 
and  under  special  military  regulations.  It  was 
formed  in  the  16th  century  for  defense  against  the  Turks ; 
made  a  crownland  in  1849 ;  abolished  and  united  in  part  to 
Transylvania  in  1851,  in  part  to  Hungary  in  1872,  and  the 
remainder  to  Croatia-Slavonia  in  1881. 

Milkom  (mil'kom) .  The  god  of  the  Ammonites. 
See  Moleeli. 

Milk  (milk)  Kiver.  A  river  in  Montana  and  Brit- 
ish -America,  which  joins  the  Missouri  in  Daw- 
son County,  northeastern  Montana.  Length, 
over  400  miles. 

Milky  Way,  The.  In  astronomy,  the  (Jalaxy, 
a  luminous  band  extending  around  the  heavens. 
It  is  produced  by  myriads  of  stars,  into  which  it  is  resolved 
by  the  telescope.  It  divides  into  two  great  branches, 
which  remain  apart  for  a  distance  of  150°  and  then  reunite ; 
there  are  also  many  smaller  branches.  At  one  point  it 
spreads  out  very  widely,  exhibiting  a  fan-like  expanse  of 
interlacing  branches  nearly  20°  broad ;  this  terminates 
abruptly  and  leaves  a  kind  of  gap.  At  several  points  are 
seen  dark  spots  in  the  midst  of  some  of  the  brightest  por- 
tions. 

Mill  (mil) ,  James.  Bom  at  North  water  Bridge , 
Porf  arshire,  April  6, 1773 :  died  at  Kensington, 
June  23, 1836.    .An  English  utilitarian  philoso- 

Eher.  He  was  the  son  of  a  shoemaker.  He  entered  Edin- 
urgh  University  in  1790,  and  from  1794  to  1798  studied  di- 
vinity. He  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1798.  He  sought 
literary  employment  in  London  in  1802,  and  in  1806  began 
the  '•  History  of  India,''  which  was  finished  10  years  later. 
He  also  formed  a  close  intimacy  with  Bentham,  whose  dis- 
ciple he  became,  revising  his  writings  and  advancing  his 
principles.  The  "  Histoiy  of  India  "  appeared  in  1817,  and 
became  a  standard  work  immediately.  In  1819  he  entered 
the  India  House.  His  intimacy  with  Ricardo  began  in 
1811,  other  disciples  were  George  Qrote,  Henry  Bicker- 
steth,  John  Black,  and  Albany  Fonblanque.  He  assisted 
in  establishing  the  "  Westminster  Review  "  in  1824.  His 
"Analysis  of  the  Human  Mind"  was  published  in  1829, 
his  "Elements  of  Political  Economy"  in  1821. 

Mill,  John.  Born  at  Shap,  Westmoreland, 
England,  about  1645:  died  June  23,  1707.  An 
English  biblical  scholar.  He  published  a  criti- 
cal edition  of  the  New  Testament  (1707),  etc. 

Mill,  John  Stuart.  Bom  at  London,  May  20, 
1806:  died  at  Avignon,  France,  May  8,  1873. 
A  celebrated  English  philosophical  writer, 
logician,  and  economist :  eldest  son  of  James 
MMl.  He  was  a  precocious  child,  and  was  put  through  an 
extraordinary  system  of  forcing  by  his  father,  who  took 
entire  charge  of  his  education.  He  was  brought  up  an  ag- 
nostic from  his  infancy,  and  never  acquired  any  religious 
beliefs.  In  1820  he  visited  France,  and  in  1823  entered  the 
India  House  as  his  father's  assistant.  He  became  chief 
examiner  in  1856,  His  first  important  literary  work  was 
the  editing  of  Buchanan's  "  Treatise  upon  Evidence  "  (1825). 
His  "  Essays  on  Unsettled  Questions  of  Political  Economy  " 
were  written  about  1830  (published  1844).  In  1836  the 
"  London  Review,"  established  in  1836,  was  amalgamated 
with  the  "Westminster  Review,"  and  Mill  became  practi- 
cally ita  superintendent:  he  was  its  proprieiior  1837-40.  In 
1836  he  passed  through  a  severe  mental  crisis,  probably  as 
a  result  of  his  extraordinary  training,  and  was  led  to  modi^ 
the  strict  utilitarianism  of  his  father's  school.  His  inti- 
macy with  Mrs,  Taylor  (whom  he  married  in  1851)  began 
in  1830.  Mill's  "  Logic,"  his  first  successful  work,  was 
published  in  1843.  His  "Political  Economy  "was  pub- 
lished in  1848.  His  most  carefully  written  work,  the 
"Essay  on  Liberty,"  was  published  in  1859.  He  was  elected 
member  of  Parliament  for  Westminster  in  1866.  His  book 
"On  the  Subjection  of  Women  "was  published  in  1869; 
his  "Autobiography  "  appeared  in  1873,  Among  his  other 
publications  are  "  Thoughts  on  Parliamentary  Reform  " 
(1859), "Dissertations andDiscussions " (1859-67),  "Consid- 
erations on  Representative  Government "  (1861),  "  Utilita- 
rianism "  (1863),  "Examination  of  Sir  William  Hamilton's 
Philosophy,  etc,"(1865),  "AugusteComtfi  and  Positivism  " 


Mill,  John  Stuart 

.  0866), "  England  and  Ireland  "  (1868),  "  On  the  Irish  Land 
Question "  (1870),  "  Nature,  the  Utility  ol  Ueligion,  and 
Theism  "  (1874). 

Millais  (mil-la'),  Sir  John  Everett.  Born  at 
Southampton,  June  8,  1829:  died  at  London, 
Aug.  13,  1896.  A  noted  Englisli  genre-,  land- 
scape-, and  portrait-painter.  He  won  the  silver 
medal  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1843,  and  the  gold  medal 
in  1847.  In  1848,  with  Holman  Hunt,  D.  G.  Eoasetti,  and 
others,  he  founded  tlie  association  which  was  afterward 
known  aa  the  Preraphaelite  Brotherhood  (which  see),  and 
began  to  paint  with  the  precision  and  attention  to  detail 
which  characterize  that  school.  He  became  associate  royal 
academician  in  1854,  royal  academician  in  1863,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1896.  He  was  created  baro- 
net in  1885.  In  1883  he  was  elected  to  the  French  Insti- 
tute. Among  his  works  are  "  Isabella  "  (1849),  "  Christ  in 
the  House  of  his  Parents  "(1860),  "The  Huguenot "  (1852), 
"  Ophelia  "  (1852),  "  The  Proscribed  Royalist "  (1853),  "  The 
Order  of  Release"  (18531,  "  Autumn  Leaves"  (1856),  "Sir 
Isumbras  at  the  Ford"  (1867),  "The  Black  Brunswicker" 
(1880),  "Charlie  is  my  Darling"  (1864),  "TheMinuet"(1866), 
"Rosalind  and  Celia  "  (1868),  "The  Gambler's  Wife"  (1869), 
"  The  Boyhood  of  Raleigh  '■  (1870),  ' '  Chill  October  "  (1871), 
' '  The  Northwest  Passage  "  (1874), "  if  es  or  No  ?"  (1876),  "Yeo- 
man of  the  Ouard  "  (1876),  "  Jersey  Lily  "  (1878),  "Bride  of 
Lammermoor  "  (1S78), "  Olivia  "  (1882),  "Idyl  of  1745  "  (1884), 
"Lady  Peggy  Primrose "  (1885)^" Dew-drenched  Furze 
(1890),  "  Dorothy^  (1891),  etc.  He  also  designed  illustra- 
tions for  a  number  of  books,  including  Tennyson's  poems 
and  some  of  Trollope'a  novels. 

Millamant  (mil'a-mant).  The  principal  female 
character  in  Congreve's  comedy  "The  Way  of 
the  World."  she  is  an  incarnation  of  elegance,  indiffer- 
ence, impertinence,  and  affectation ;  and,  though  a  brilliant 
coquette  and  flne  lady,  is  not  without  heart. 

The  chase  and  surrender  of  Millamant,  superior  to  any- 
thing that  is  to  be  found  in  the  whole  range  of  English 
comedy  from  the  civil  war  downwards. 

Macaiilai/,  Essays,  II.  403. 

Millail,  or  Milhau  (me-yo')-   A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aveyron,  southern  Prance,  situated 
on  the  Tarn  54  miles  northwest  of  MontpeUier. 
It  has  manufactures  of  kid  gloves.    Population 
(1891),  commune,  17,429. 
Millbank  Prison.     A  London  penitentiary,  on 
the  Thames,  near  Vauxhall  Bridge,  between 
Chelsea  and  Westminster.  It  was  built  from  de- 
signs by  Jeremy  Bentham,  and  is  now  disused. 
Millbank  Sound  Indians.    See  Haeltzuk,  2. 
Mill-Boy  of  the  Slashes.    A  name  sometimes 
given  to  Henry  Clay,  on  account  of  the  circum- 
stances of  his  boyhood. 
Millbury  (mil'bu-ri).     A  town  in  Worcester 
County,  Massachusetts,  38  miles  west-southwest 
of  Boston.    Population  (1900),  4,460. 
Milledge  (mil'ej),  John.    Bom  at  Savannah, 
Ga.,  1757 :  died  Feb.  9,  1818.     An  American 
Revolutionary  soldier  and  politician. 
Milledgeville  (mil'ej-vil).    A  city,  capital  of 
Baldwin  County,  Georgia,  situated  on  the  Oco- 
nee 85  mUes  southeast  of  Atlanta.    It  was  the 
State  capital  before  1868.    Population  (1900), 
4,219. 
Millenary  Petition.    A  petition  presented  by 
about  a  ttiousand  Puritan  ministers  to  James  I. 
on  his  progress  to  London  in  April,  1603,  ask- 
ing for  certain  changes  in  ceremonial,  etc. 
Miller  (me-ya'),B6nigne  Emmanuel  Clement. 
Born  at  Paris,  1812 :  died  at  Nice,  France,  1886. 
A  French  Hellenist,  noted  as  a  paleographer. 
Miller,  Cincinnatus  Heine.    See  Miller,  Joa- 
quin. 
Miller  (mil'^r),  Hugh,    Born  at  Cromarty,  Oct. 
10,  1802:  committed  suicide  near  Edinburgh, 
Deo.  24, 1856.  A  Scottish  geologist,  editor  from 
1840  of  "  The  Witness,"  an  Edinburgh  news- 
paper.   In  his  youth  he  worked  as  a  stone-mason.    In 
1829  he  published  "  Poems,  Written  in  the  Leisure  Hours 
of  a  Journeyman  Mason."    In  1834  he  became  an  accoun- 
tant in  the  Commercial  Bank  of  Cromarty.    His  "  Scenes 
and  Legends  of  the  North  of  Scotland,"  with  a  chapter  on 
geology,  appeared  in  1836.  He  corresponded  with  Murohi- 
son  and  Agassiz,  and  published  "The  Old  Red  Sandstone" 
(1841),  "The  Footprints  of  the  Creator,  or  the  Asterolepis 
of  Stromness  "  (1847),  "  My  Schools  and  Schoolmasters  " 
(1862),  etc.    "  The  Testimony  of  the  Rocks,"  explainmg  the 
six  days  of  creation  as  six  periods,  was  published  in  1867. 
His  death  occurred  in  a  fit  of  insanity  caused  by  excessive 
brain-work. 

Miller,  James.  Bom  at  Peterborough,  N,  H., 
April  25,  1776:  died  at  Temple,  N.  H.,  July  7, 
1851,  An  American  general  and  politician,  dis- 
tinguished at  Lundy's  Lane  in  1814, 
Miller,  Joaauin  (originally  Cincinnatus  Heine 
Miller).  Bom inWabash  district,  Indiana,  Nov, 
10, 1841,  An  American  poet.  He  removed  to  Ore- 
gon in  1854 ;  was  afterward  a  miner  in  California;  studied 
law :  edited  the  "  Democratic  Register  "  in  Eugene,  Ore- 
gon ;  and  was  judge  of  Grant  County,  Oregon,  1866-70.  He 
was  led  to  adopt  his  pseudonym  from  having  written  in 
defense  of  Joaquin  Murietta,  a  Mexican  brigand.  He  was 
a  joumallst  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  and  m 
1887  returned  to  California.  He  is  the  author  of  'Songs  of 
the  Sierras"  (1871),  "  Songs  of  the  Sun  Lands  (1872),  The 
Ships  in  the  Desert"  (1875),  "The  First  Families  of  the  Si- 
erras "  (1875), "  Songs  of  Italy  "(1878),  "Shadows  of  Shasta 
(1881)  "The  Destruction  of  Gotham  "(1886),  "Songs  of  the 


687 

Mexican  Seas"  (1887),  "Building  of  the  City  Beautiful " 
(1893),  and  other  works. 

Miller,  Johann  Martin.  Bom  at  Ulm,  Wiir- 
temberg,  Dec.  3, 1750 :  died  there,  June  21, 1814, 
A  German  novelist  and  lyric  poet,  author  of  the 
novel  "  Siegwart"  (1776),  etc. 

Miller,  Joseph.  Bom  1684:  died  at  London, 
1788.  An  English  comedian.  The  collection  of 
Jests  known  as  ' '  Joe  Miller's  Jests  "  appeared  originally  in 
1739  as  "Joe  Miller's  Jest  Book,  or  the  Wit's  Vade  Mecum, 
etc."  It  was  made  by  John  Mottley  and  received  its  name 
unwarrantably  from  Joseph  Miller,  who  is  popularly  said 
never  to  have  made  a  joke  in  his  life,  and  could  neitlier 
read  nor  write.  It  has  been  many  times  enlarged  and  re- 
printed. Any  stale  jest  is  now  Jmown  as  a  "Joe  Miller" 
from  the  fact  that  it  is  supposed  to  have  at  some  time 
emanated  from  this  source. 

Miller,  Samuel  Freeman.  Born  at  Bichmond, 
Ky.,  April  5, 1816 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
Oct.  13, 1890.  An  American  jurist'.  He  practised 
medicine  for  a  time,  but  afterward  became  a  lawyer,  and 
in  1850  removed  from  Kentucky  to  Eeoknk,  Iowa.  He 
was  appointed  associate  justice  of  the  TTnited  States  Su- 
preme Court  by  President  Lincoln  in  1862,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  United  States  Electoral  Commission  of  1877,  He 
was  a  Republican  in  politics. 

Miller,  Thomas,  Born  at  Gainsborough,  Eng- 
land, 1807 :  died  at  London,  Oct,  24, 1874,  An 
English  poet,  novelist,  and  writer  on  rural  life, 
known  as  "the  Basket-maker."  Among  his  works 
are  "Royston  Gower,"  a  novel  (1838),  "Rural  Sketches," 
in  verse  (1839), "  Gideon  Giles  the  Roper  "  (1840),  "Godfrey 
Malvern  (1843), "  History  of  the  Anglo-Saxons,  etc. "  (1848 : 
this  went  through  five  editions).  He  also  wrote  the  fifth 
volume  of  G.  W,  Reynolds's  "  Mysteries  of  London  "  (1849), 

Miiler,William.  BomatPittsfield,  Mass.,  1782 : 
died  in  Washington  County,  N.  Y. ,  Dec.  20, 1849. 
An  American  religious  enthusiast,  the  founder 
of  the  Millerites  or  Adventists.  He  commenced 
lecturing  on  the  millennium  in  1831. 

Miller,  William.  Bom  at  Wingham,  Kent,  Dec, 
2, 1795 :  died  at  Callao,  Peru,  Oct,  31, 1861.  An 
English  general  in  the  service  of  Peru.  He  fought 
with  the  British  in  the  Peninsula  1811-14,  and  in  the  United 
States  in  1816 ;  took  service  with  the'  patriots  at  Buenos 
Ayres  in  1816,  and  distinguished  himself  in  the  invasion 
of  Chile  1817-19,  and  io  Peru,  where  he  held  independent 
commands  and  led  the  cavalry  at  Junin  (Aug.  6, 1824)  and 
Ayacucho  (Dec.  9,  1824).  He  remained  in  the  service  of 
Peru,  became  grand  marshal  under  Santa  Cruz,  and  on  his 
defeat  (1839)  was  banished.  He  returned  and  was  rein- 
stated in  rank  in  1859.  His  "Memoirs "  were  published  in 
1829  by  his  brother,  John  Miller :  they  give  one  of  the  best 
accounts  of  the  Spanish-American  revolution. 

Miller,  William.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  May  28, 
1796 :  died  at  Shefdeld,  England,  Jan.  20,  1882, 
A  Scottish  line-engraver.  He  was  apprenticed  in 
1811  to  William  Archibald,  engraver,  and  in  1819  studied 
with  George  Cook  in  London.  He  returned  to  Edinburgh, 
and  his  first  plates  were  for  Williams's  "Views  in  Greece" 
(1822).  In  1824  he  began  to  engrave  after  Turner,  of  whom 
he  was  the  chief  interpreter. 

Miller,  William  Allen.  Bom  at  Ipswich,  Dec. 
17, 1817 :  died  at  Liverpool,  Sept.  30, 1870,  An 
English  chemist.  He  was  educated  at  MerchantTaylors' 
School  and  at  aQuaker  seminary  at  Aclcworth  in  Yorkshire. 
About  1837  he  entered  the  medical  department  of  King's 
College,  London,  and  in  1840  studied  with  Liebig  at  Gies- 
sen.  In  1842  he  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  from  the 
University  of  London,  and  in  1845  he  was  made  an  F.  R.  S. 
His  first  experiments  in  spectrum  analysis  were  pub- 
lished in  a  paper  before  the  British  Association  in  1845,  in 
which  diagrams  of  fiame  spectra  were  first  shown.  In 
1862  this  was  followed  by  a  paper  on  the  "  Photographic 
Transparency  of  Various  Bodies,"  illustrated  by  photo- 
graphs of  the  spectra  of  twenty-five  metals.  With  the  as- 
sistance of  Dr.  Huggins  he  began  in  1862  experiments  on 
the  spectra  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  procuring  the  first 
trustworthy  results  in  solar  chemistry.  They  were  award- 
ed the  gold  medal  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  for 
their  results.  In  1861  he  published  a  "  Report  on  the  Mei> 
ropolitan  Water  Supply."  He  invented  a  self-registering 
thermometer  for  deep-sea  soundings. 

Miller's  Tale  of  the  Carpenter,  The.    One  of 

Chaucer's  "Canterbury  Tales."  Its  source  is 
unknown,  but  it  is  probably  from  some  rough 
jest  of  the  day, 

Millesimo  (mil-la'se-mo).  A  village  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Genoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Bormida 
36  miles  west  of  Genoa.  Here,  April  13  and  14, 1796, 
the  French  under  Bonaparte  defeated  the  Austrian  and 
Sardinian  forces. 

Millet  (me-la'),  Aim6.  Bom  at  Paris,  Sept.  27, 
1819 :  died  there,  Jan.  13, 1891,  A  French  sculp- 
tor. Hestudied  both  painting  and  sculpture,  and  was  for  a 
time  in  the  studio  of  David  d'Angers.  He  first  exhibited 
drawings  at  the  Salon  of  1842,  and  until  1862  his  exhibits 
were  both  paintings  and  statues.  After  that  he  confined 
himself  entirely  to  sculpture.  Among  his  worlcs  are  "Une 
Bacchante"  (1846);  "Ariane"  (1857),  now  at  the  Luxem- 
bourg ;  "  Vercing^torix,"  a  colossal  statue  in  copper  setup 
at  Alise-Sainte-Reine,  Cflte-d'Or  (1865);  a  number  of  por- 
trait busts,  including  George  Sand  and  Edmond  Adam; 
"  Tombeau  de  la  Princesse  Christine  de  Montpensier,  for 
the  city  of  Seville  (1881);  "La  Physique,"  for  the  Nice  Ob- 
servatory (1881) ;  various  colossal  figures  for  public  build- 
ings iu  Paris  (1882) ;  a  bronze  statue  of  Edgar  Quinet  (1886) ; 
"  Phidias,"  for  the  Luxembourg  Gardens  (1887) ;  etc. 

Millet  (mil'let),  Francis  Davis.  Bom  at  Mat- 
tapoisett,  Mass.,  Nov,  3,  1846.  -An  American 
figure-  and  portrait-painter.   He  studied  at  Antwerp 


Milman 

at  the  Royal  Academy  with  Van  Lerius  and  De  Keyser,  He 
was  correspondent  for  the  London  "Daily  News"  in  the 
war  between  Russia  and  Turkey.  Among  his  worlts  are 
"  Bay  of  Naples  "  (1875), '  'Bashi  Bazouk  "  (1880),  "A  Window 
Seat " (1886), "The  Handmaid "  and  "A  C!osy  Comer  " (1886), 
"How  the  Gossip  Grew  "  (1890). 

Millet  (me-la'),  FrauQois  (Frans  Mille),  often 
called  Francisque.  Bom  at  Antwerp,  1642: 
died  at  Paris,  1679.  A  Flemish  landscape- 
painter,  a  pupil  of  Laurens  Franeken,  and  after- 
ward a  follower  of  Poussin, 

Millet,  Jean  Frangois,  Bom  at  Gmchy,  near 
Gr6ville,  Manehe,  France,  Oct,  4,  1814:  died 
at  Barbizon,  near  Pontainebleau,  Prance,  Jan. 
20,  1875,  A  celebrated  French  painter,  noted 
for  his  simple  and  pathetic  representations  of 
peasant  life  in  France,  He  worked  with  his  father, 
afarmer,  asafarm-laborerinhisyouth;  butinl832,  having 
shown  ability  in  drawing,  he  was  placed  at  Cherbourg  with 
Monchel,  who  secured  for  him  an  annuity  to  enable  him 
to  proceed  with  his  studies.  He  went  to  Paris  in  1837,  and 
studied  with  Paul  Delaroche ;  and  in  1840  his  first  work,  a 
portrait,  was  accepted  at  the  Salon.  He  struggled  tomain- 
tain  himself  for  some  years,  and  in  1848  fought  at  the  bar- 
ricades in  Paris.  The  next  year  he  settled  at  Barbizon, 
where  he  remained  for  the  rest  of  his  life.  Among  his 
works  are  "The  Sower  "  (1849), " Peasants  Grafting  "  (1856), 
"  The  Gleaners  "  (1867),''  The  Angelus  "  (1859 :  which  see), 
"Death  and  the  Wood-cutter  "  (1859), "  Waiting  "  and  "The 
Sheep-shearers"  (I860),  "The  Man  with  the  Hoe"  and 
"Wool-Carding"  (1863),  "Shepherdess  and  Sheep  "  (1864), 
"Goose  Girl"  (18650,  "Evening  Prayer"  (1868),  "Potato 
Planters" (1868),  etc. 

Millevoye  (mel-vwa'),  Charles  Hubert.  Born 
at  Abbeville,  1782 :  died  at  Paris,  1816.  A  French 
poet.  He  published  a  volume  of  poems  in  1801.  His 
article  on  "Le  danger  des  romans"  (1804)  and  a  series  of 
his  poems  (1806-12)  were  crowned  by  the  Academy. 

At  the  head  of  the  poets  of  this  minor  band  has  to  be 
mentioned  Millevoye,  who  might,  perhaps  with  equal  or 
greater  appropriateness,  have  found  a  place  in  the  pre- 
ceding book.  He  is  chiefly  remarkable  as  the  author  of 
one  charming  piece  of  sentimental  verse,  "  La  Chute  dea 
Feuilles" ;  and  as  the  occasion  of  an  immortal  criticism  of 
Sainte-Beuve's,  "II  se  trouve  dans  les  trois  quarts  des 
hommes  un  po^te  qui  meurt  jeune  tandis  que  I'homme 
survit."  Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  541. 

Milliken's  Bend  (mil'i-kenz  bend),  A  village 
in  Madison  parish,  Louisiana,  situated  on  the 
Mississippi  17  miles  northwest  of  Vicksburg.  A 
body  of  3,000  Confederates  was  repulsed  here  by  the  Fed- 
erals June  7,  1863. 

Mill  on  the  Floss,  The.    A  novel  by  George 
Eliot,  published  in  1860, 
Millot  (me-yo'),  Claude  Frangois  Xavier. 

Born  at  Ornans,  Prance,  March  5,  1726:  died 
at  Paris,  March  21,  1785.  A  French  historical 
writer,  a  member  of  the  Jesuit  order. 

Mills  (milz),  Charles.  Bom  near  Greenwich, 
England,  July  29,  1788 :  died  at  Southampton, 
Oct,  9,  1826,  An  English  historian,  author  of 
a  "History  of  Mohammedanism "  (1817),  etc. 

Mills,  Clark.  Bom  in  Onondaga  County,  N,  Y. , 
Dec.  1,  1815:  died  at  Washington,  D,  C,  Jan, 
12,  1888,  An  American  sculptor.  Among  his 
works  are  equestrian  statues  of  Jackson  and  Washington 
(at  Wasliington),  a  statue  of  "Liberty"  (Capitol, Washing- 
ton), etc. 

Mills,  Eoger  Quarles.  Bom  in  Todd  County, 
Ky ,,  March  30, 1832.  An  American  Democratic 
politician.  He  settled  in  Texas  in  1849,  served  as  a  Con- 
federate officer  in  the  Civil  War,  and  was  a  member  of 
Congress  from  Texas  1873-92,  He  was  chairman  of  the 
Ways  and  Means  Committee  1887-89,  and  as  such  intro- 
duced the  Mills  Bill  (which  see)  in  1888.  He  represented 
Texas  in  the  United  States  Senate  1892-98. 

Mills  Bill,  A  tariflE  bill,  named  from  the  chair- 
man (R.  Q,  MiUs)  of  the  Ways  and  Means  Com- 
mittee, passed  by  the  Democratic  House  in  1888, 
andrejected by  the  Eepublioan  Senate,  it  placed 
wool,  lumber,  hemp,  and  flax  on  the  free  list,  and  reduced 
duties  on  pig-iron,  woolen  goods,  etc. 

Mill  Springs  (milspringz),  Avillage  in  Wayne 
County,  southern  Kentucky,  situated  on  the 
Cumberland  89  miles  south  of  Frankfort,  Near 
it,  Jan.  19, 1862,  the  Federals  under  Thomas  defeated  the 
Confederates  under  Crittenden  and  ZoUicoffer.  The  Fed- 
eral and  Confederate  losses  were  respectively  about  250 
and  350. 

Millville  (mil' vil).  A  city  in  Cumberland  Coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  situated  on  Maurice  Eiver  40 
miles  south  of  Philadelphia,  It  manufactures 
glass,  cotton,  etc.    Population  (1900),  10,583. 

Milman  (mil'man),  Henry  Hart.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  10,  1791:  died  near  Ascot,  Sept.  24, 
1868,  An  English  clergyman,  the  third  son  of 
Sir  Francis  Milman,  physician  of  George  IH. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Brasenose  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  graduated  in  1814.  In  1812  he  won  the  Newdi- 
gate  prize  with  an  English  poem  on  the  "Apollo  Belve- 
dere, and  in  1821  was  elected  professor  of  poetry  at  Ox- 
ford. "Fazio,"  a  drama,  composed  at  Oxford,  was  pub- 
lished in  1816,  and  performed  at  Covent  Garden  Feb.  5, 
1818,  with  Miss  O'Neill  in  the  cast.  It  was  also  used  by 
Madame  Ristori  in  1856.  "Samor,"  an  epic,  appeared  in 
1818;  "  The  Fall  of  Jerusalem  "  in  1820 ;  and  the  "Martyr  of 
Antioch  "  In  1822.  In  1835  he  published  translations  from 
Sanskrit  poems.  In  1827  he  delivered  the  Bampton  Lec- 
tures.   His  "History  of  the  Jews,"  which  appeared  in  1830, 


Milman 

treated  them  as  an  Oriental  tribe,  with  little  attention  to 
the  miraculous  element.  In  1835  Sir  Robert  Peel  made 
him  canon  of  Westminster  and  rector  of  St.  Margaret's. 
In  1840  he  published  the  "History  of  Christianity  under 
the  Kmpire.  Although  shunned  by  the  clergy  for  Ms  un- 
conventional views,  he  was  advanced  to  the  deanery  of  St 
Paul's  in  1849.  In  1838  he  edited  Gibbon,  and  in  1856  pub- 
lished the  "History  of  latin  Christianity  down  to  the 
death  of  Pope  Nicholas  V. "  The  remainder  of  Ws  life  was 
devoted  to  the  administration  of  his  ofBoe. 

Milne  Edwards  (mel-na-dwar'),  Alphonse. 
Born  at  Paris,  Oct.  13,  1835 :  died  there,  April 
21,  1900.  A  French  naturalist,  son  of  Henri 
Milne  Edwards:  director  of  the  Museum  of  Nat- 
ural History  of  Paris. 

Milne  Edwards,  Henri.  Born  at  Bruges,  Bel- 
gium, Oct.  28, 1800:  died  at  Paris,  July  28, 1885. 
A  noted  French  naturalist.  Hisworks  include  "iii^- 
ments  de  zoologie  "  (1835),  "  Histoire  naturelle  des  crus- 
tacSs"  (1834-41),  "Recherches  pour  servir  i,  I'histoire  na- 
turelle des  mammif feres"  (1864-74),  "Lemons  sur  la  physi- 
ologic et  I'anatomie  compar^e  de  I'homme  et  des  aniuiaux" 
(1857-83),  etc. 

Milner  (mil'nfer),  Isaac.  [The  surname  Miltier 
is  an  older  form  of  Miller,  from  miller.^  Born 
at  Leeds,  Jan.  11,  1751 :  died  at  Kensington, 
April  1, 1820.  An  English  mathematician  and 
divine.  He  entered  Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  in  1770 ; 
became  rector  of  St.  Eotolph's,  Cambridge,  in  1778;  and 
first  Jackson  professor  of  natural  philosophy  in  1782.  He 
was  made  dean  of  Queens'  College  in  1788,  vice-chancellor 
of  the  university  in  1792,  and  Lucasian  professor  of  mathe- 
matics in  1798.  He  was  intimate  with  William  Wilber- 
force,  and  died  at  his  home  in  Kensington  Gore. 

Milner,  John.  Bom  at  London,  Oct.  14,  1752 : 
died  at  Wolverhampton,  April  19, 1826.  An  Eng- 
lish bishop  and  vioar-apostolic  of  the  Eomau 
Catholic  Church.  In  1766  he  entered  the  English  col- 
lege at  Douai ;  was  ordained  priest  in  1777 ;  and  was  ap- 
pointed pastor  of  the  Catholic  congregation  at  Winchester. 
In  1803  he  was  appointed  by  Pope  Pius  VII.  bishop  of 
Castabala  in  partibus,  and  vioar-apostolic  of  the  Midland 
district.  In  politics  he  opposed  any  plan  for  Catholic  eman- 
cipation which  should  recognize  a  right  of  veto  in  tlie 
English  crown.  As  an  archseologist  he  published  "  The 
History,  Civil  and  Ecclesiastical,  and  Survey  of  the  Anti- 
quities of  Winchester"  (1798-1801).  A  "Treatise  on  the 
Ecclesiastical  Architecture  of  England  during  the  Middle 
Ages  "  was  published  in  1835. 

Milner,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Leeds,  England,  Jan. 
2, 1744 :  died  at  Hull,  England,  Nov.  15,  1797. 
An  Enrfish  church  historian. 

Milner,  Miss,  The  principal  character  in  Mrs. 
Inchbald's  "  Simple  Story." 

I^he  tale  of  a  young  lady,  Miss  Milner,  left  to  the  care 
of  a  Roman  Catholic  priest,  Dorriforth,  with  whom  she 
falls  in  love ;  and,  as  he  becomes  theEarl  of  Elm  wood,  and 
is  released  from  his  ordination  vows,  she  marries  him ;  and 
afterward  becomes  unfaithful,  and  dies  in  great  misery. 

Fonyth,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Cent.,  p.  172. 

Milnes  (mUz),  Richard  Monckton,  first  Lord 
Houghton.  Bom  at  London,  June  19,  1809 : 
died  at  Vichy,  Aug.  11, 1885.  An  English  states- 
man, poet,  and  litterateur:  only  son  of  Robert 
Pemberton  Milnes,  member  of  Parliament  for 
Pontefraet  in  1806.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (Trin- 
ity College)  in  1831,  and  was  intimate  there  with  Tenny- 
son, Hallam,  and  Thackeray.  He  visited  Germany,  Italy, 
and  Greece,  and  settled  in  London  in  1835.  He  became 
member  of  Parliament  for  Pontefraet  in  1837,  joined  the 
Liberal  party,  and  assisted  in  passing  the  Copyright  Act. 
In  1863  he  was  created  Baron  Houghton.  He  visited  Amer- 
ica in  1875.  He  published  several  volumes  of  poems, "  The 
Life  and  Letters  of  Eeats"  (1848),  etc. 

Milo.    See  Melos. 

Milo  (mi'16),  or  Milon  (mi'lon).  [Gr.  Mi^aw.] 
Born  at  Crotona,  Magna  GrsBcia,  Italy:  lived  in 
the  last  part  of  the  6th  century  B.  0.  A  Greek 
athlete,  famous  for  his  strength.  He  was  six  times 
victor  in  wrestling  at  the  Olympic  games  and  six  times  at 
the  Pythian,  and  many  stories  were  told  of  his  extraordi- 
nary feats  of  strength,  of  which  the  best-known  is  his  car- 
rying a  heifer,  four  years  old,  on  his  shoulders  through  the 
stadium  at  Olympia,  then  slaying  it  and  eating  the  whole 
of  it  in  a  day.  He  is  said  to  have  been  eaten  by  wolves 
which  attacked  him  while  his  hands  were  caught  in  a  cleft 
tree  which  he  liad  endeavored  to  rend. 

Milo,  Titus  Annius  Papianus.  EUled  in  Lu- 
cania,  Italy,  48  B.  0.  A  Roman  partizan  leader, 
tribune  57  B.  c. :  a  rival  of  (Jlodius  whom  he 
Mlled  at  Bovillse  52.  He  was  exiled  to  Massilia.  The 
oration  of  Cicero  in  his  behalf  which  we  possess  is  not 
the  speech  actually  delivered  (which  was  unsuccessful), 
but  a  subsequent  revision  of  it. 

Miloradovitch  (me-lo-ra'do-vieh),  Count  Mi- 
khail. Bom  at  St.  Petersburg,  1770:  killed  at 
St.  Petersburg,  Deo.  26,1825.  A  Russian  general, 
distinguished  in  the  Napoleonic  wars. 

Milosh  Obrenovitch  (mil'osh  6-bren'6-vieh). 
Born  at  Dobrinia,  Servia,  1780:  died  at  Belgrad, 
Servia,  Sept.  26, 1860.  The  leader  in  the  second 
Servian  war  of  liberation  (1815).  He  became  ruler 
of  Servia  in  1817;  was  proclaimed  hereditary  prince  in  1827; 
was  compelled  to  abdicate  in  1839 ;  and  was  again  prince 
1858-60. 

Miltiades  (mil-ti'a-dez).  [Gr.  MiTirddjic.']  Died 
about  489  b.  c.  A  celebrated  Athenian  general. 
He  defeated  tlie  Persians  under  Datis  and  Artaphemes  at 
Marathon  Sept.  12, 490.    Having  failed  in  an  expedition 


688 

against  Paros,  he  was  fined  fifty  talents,  which  he  was  un- 
able to  pay,  and  died  in  prison. 

Milton  (mil'ton),  John,  Bom  about  1563 :  died 
in  March,  16^7.  The  father  of  John  Milton  the 
poet,  and  son  of  Richard  Milton  of  Stanton  St. 
John,  near  Oxford.  He  was  educated  at  Clirist  Church, 
Oxford,  where  he  became  a  Protestant.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  Company  of  Scriveners  in  London  Feb.  27,  1600. 
He  married  Sarali,  daughter  of  Paul  Jeffrey,  a  merchant 
tailor.  He  was  a  man  of  high  character,  a  good  scholar, 
and  devoted  to  music. 

Milton,  John.  BomatLondou,Dec.9,1608:  died 
there,  Nov.  8, 1674.  A  celebrated  English  poet. 
He  was  the  son  of  John  Milton,  a  scrivener.  His  tutor  was 
Thomas  Young,  graduate  of  St.  Andrews  University,  after- 
ward well  known  as  a  Presbyterian  clergyman  and  master 
of  Jesus  College,  Cambridge.  He  also  attended  St.  Paul's 
School  until  1624.  At  16  he  entered  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  the  grade  of  pensioner,  and  graduated  in  1629. 
To  this  period  belong  most  of  his  Latin  poems,  the  "  Ode 
on  the  Nativity  "  (1629),  the  sonnet  to  Shakspere  (1630),  and 


Minersville 

A  Greek  elegiac  poet  of  Colophon,  who  flour- , 
ished  about  630-600  b.  C.  His  poetry,  fragments  of 
which  have  been  preserved,  is  of  the  erotic  type.  He  was 
a  contemporary  of  Solon.  His  elegiac  poemsform  an  epoch 
in  the  history  of  that  form  of  verse.  He  was  the  first  sys- 
tematically to  make  it  the  vehicle  for  plaintive,  mournful, 
and  erotic  strains.  *'  His  name  has  passed  into  a  proverb 
for  luxurious  verse,  saddened  by  reflexionB  on  the  fleeting 
joys  of  youth  and  on  the  sure  and  steady  progress  of  old 
age  and  death."    Symonds. 

Min  (men).    See  Khem. 

Mina  (me'na),  Francisco  Jaiaer.  Bom  at 
Otan,  near  Monreal,  Navarre,  Dec.  3, 1789:  died 
in  the  province  of  Guanajuato,  Mexico,  Nov.U, 
1817.  A  Spanish  soldier.  Hewas  a  noted  guerrilla 
leader  against  the  French  (1808-10),  and  against  Ferdinand 
VII.  (1814);  organized  in  England  and  the  United  States 
an  expedition  in  aid  of  the  patriots  of  Mexico ;  landed  in 
Tamaulipas,  April,  1817 ;  marched  into  the  interior  and  re- 
peatedly defeated  the  Spanish  forces ;  but  was  eventually 
captured  by  surprise  and  shot. 


the  sonnet  to  the  "nightingale,  etc.    For  the  next  six  years  MinaS  (me'nas)Basin.     The  easternmost  arm 
he  devoted  himself  to  literature  at  Horton,  near  Windsor,     of  the  Bav  6i  Fundv.  Nova  Scotia :  noted  for 
where  he  wrote  "Ad  Patrem,"  "L'Allegro,"  "H  Pensero-     :<.„  i,^_t,  iii^a      T.oTurth    ahnnt.  fiO  Tnilna 
so,""Comus"(1684),and"Lycidas"(Nov.,1637).    IniesS  ,,.^ '^„J;^'^''®-  ,*#*"'  T^°?A,°"t?^,i.      , 
he  went  to  Italy,  meeting  Grotius  in  Paris  and  Galileo  in  Minas  Channel.   A  branch  ot  the  Bay  01  if'undy, 
Florence.   The  Scottish  war  called  him  Ijack  in  1639.   The     connecting  it  with  Minas  Basin, 
first  suggestion  of  "Paradise  Lost,"  in  tlie  form  of  a  tra-  Mjnas  GoraeS  (me'naS  zhe-ris').    An  interior 
gedy,  dates  from  1640,   Aftothe.  meetmg^ofjhe  _Long     ^^^^.^  ^j  Brazil,  between  SSo  Pailo  and  Bahia. 


Parliament  (Nov.,  1640X  Milton  joined  in  the  attaclis  on 
the  Episcopacy,  and  began  his  political  writings  with  "  Of 
Reformation  touching  Church  Discipline  in  England" 
(1641),  "  The  Reason  of  Church  Government  urged  against 
Prelacy  "  (1642),  and  others.  In  1643  he  married  as  his  first 
wife  Mary  Powell,  of  Forest  Hill,  Oxfordshire.    She  was 


Capital,  Ouro  Preto.  it  is  crossed  by  several  moun- 
tain-chains, and  is  rich  in  metals  and  precious  stones,  bat 
most  of  the  mines  are  now  abandoned  and  agricultm^e  la 
the  principal  industry.  Area,  222,160  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (estimated,  1894),  3,604,622. 


the  daughter  of  a  Itoyalist,  and  was  only  17  years  old ;  she  Minch  (minch) .  A  sea  passage  separating  Lewis 
found  life  dull  with  hun,  and  abandoned  hun  a  month  later.     „Jj   rr„™j«  *-„™   +1,=  ™„i„io^/f  ^e   a^^ti^^A 
Thisdesertionwastheoccasionofhispamphletsondivorce,     f;?^  p3,rns  from  the  mainland  of  bootland. 
and  the  persecution  which  followed  suggested  the  "Areo-     Width,  about  25  to  40  miles, 
pagitioa,"  a  plea  for  a  free  press  (the  most  popular  of  his  Minch,  Little.     A  sea  passage  separating  the 
prose  works).    Slie  returned  to  him  alter  a  few  years,  and     Outer  Hebrides  from  Skye, 

inCongreve's 
■■  Millamant's 
waiting-maid,  a  good  specimen  of  her  class 
Mincing  Lane.  A  street  in  Loudon  connecting 
Fenchurch  street  with  Great  Tower  street:  the 
center  of  colonial  (wholesale)  trade.  It  received 
its  namefromthe  ''minchens"(nuii8)  of  St.  Helen's,  apart 

_ of  whose  domain  it  once  was. 

By  May,  1662,  he  had  become  totalfy  blind.    In  1656  he  MinHn  CmiTi'f'hfi'*       A  rivnr  in  nm+liPTTi  Ttnlv 
married  Catharine  Woodcock,  whodiedinl658;  andinl663  ■'»;111C10  (mm^cno;.     ^  nver  m  nortnem  Italy, 
he  married  Elizabeth  Minshull,  who  survived  him.    Up 
to  the  period  of  his  third  marriage  his  domestic  life  had 


new  Commonwealth  (March,  1649).  Of  his  political  writ- 
ings during  this  period  the  most  important  are  the  "Ei- 
konoldastos"  (1649),  in  answer  to  the  "Eikon  Basillke"  of 
John  Gauden,  and  the  famous  "Defensio  prima  "or  "Pro 
Populo  Anglicano 'Defensio"  (1650),  an  answer  to  the 
"Defensio  Regia  pro  Carolo  I."  by  Claude  de  Saumaise  of 
Leyden.    The"Defensio  secunda"  appeared  in  May,  1654. 


been  rendered  unhappy  by  the  undutif  ulness  of  his  daugh- 
ters, who  were  impatient  of  the  restraints  and  employ- 
ments his  blindness  imposed  upon  them.  At  the  Restorar 
tion  he  was  freed  from  all  legal  consequences  of  his  actions 
by  the  Indemnity  Act  (Oct.,  1660).  "  Paradise  Lost"  was 
actually  begun  in  the  epic  form  in  1658,  finished  before 
July,  1666,  and  publi^ed  in  1667.    He  sold  his  rights  in 


the  ancient  Mincius.  It  rises  in  Tyrol  as  the  Saroa, 
traverses  the  Lake  of  Garda,  and  falls  into  the  Fo  11  miles 
southeast  of  Mantua.  Near  it,  Dec.  26  and  26, 1800,  the 
French  under  Brune  defeated  llie  Austrians  under  Belle- 
garde  ;  and  in  1814  Eugene  de  Beauharnais  defeated  the 
Austrians.  The  battle  of  Solf  erino  is  sometimes  called  the 
battle  of  the  Mincio.  The  river  formed  the  boundary  be- 
tween the  dominions  of  Victor  Emmanuel  and  Austria 
from  1859  to  1866.    Total  length,  about  120  miles. 


the  poem  to  Samuel  Simmons,  printer,  for  £6  down,  and  Mind  (mind),  Gottfried,  called  "The  Bernese 

Suggestions  for  "Paradise  Lost  "may  have  come  from  the  Bern,  bwitzerland,  1768:  died  at  Bern,  Nov.  7, 
Anglo-Saxon  poem  attributed  to  Cssdmon  (published  in  1814.  A  Swiss  painter,  especially  remarkable 
1656),  the  "Adamo"  of  Andreini,  and  the  "Lucifer"  of     for  his  pictures  of  cats 

Joost  van  Vondel  (1654).  In  1669  appeared  his  history  of  Ti/rinJono-  /~5„  jk  _a/s^  »^  1urom.;'...1_««. 
Britain  to  the  Norman  Conquest,  and  in  1671  "Paradise  JMindanaO  (men-da-na  o),  or  MagUindanaO 
Regained"and"SamsonAgoni8tes."  His  numerous  other  (ma-gen-da-na  o).  One  of  the  southern  islands 
works  in  Latin  and  English  were  mostly  polemical.  His  of  the  Philippines.  Next  to  Luzon,  it  is  the  largest 
last  political  pamphlet,  "Of  True  Religion,  Heresy,  Schism,  of  the  group.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  It  came  into 
Toleration,  ete.,"  was  published  in  1673.  the  possession  of  the  United  States  in  1898.    Area,  37  266 

Milton,  The  Anglo-Saxon.    Caadmon.  ,S9"*r  S."^-"-   ?°P?i^*i°?'J??o.'>«'- .  .,        .    „     ' 

Miltsin  (melt-sen').   Apeakof  the  Atlas  Moun-  Mindelheim  (min  del-him).  A  town  in  Swabia 
tains,  Morocco,  S.E.  of  the  city  of  Morocco,  once    ^^*  Neuburg,  Bavaria,  jon  the  Mindel  29  miles 


considered  the  culminating  point  of  the  chain 
Milvian  Bridge,  See  Pons  Milmus. 
Milwaukee  (mU-wa'kf).  The  capital  of  Mil- 
waukee County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  Lake 
Michigan  and  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Menomi- 
nee rivers,  in  lat.  43°  3'  N.,  long.  87°  56'  W. 
It  was  settled  in  1835 ;  is  the  largest  city  of  Wisconsin ; 
exporte  grain  and  flour ;  and  is  an  important  railway,  manu- 


southwestof  Augsburg.  Population(1890), 8, 771. 
Minden  (min'den).  A  city  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Weser  35 
miles  west  by  south  of  Hannover,  it  has  a  cathe- 
dral. It  was  under  the  rule  of  bishops  till  1648;  tben  as 
a  secular  principality  it  passed  to  Brandenburg.  Near  it, 
Aug.  1, 1769,  the  English  and  German  forces  under  Duke 
Ferdinand  of  Brunswick  defeated  the  French  under  Con- 
tades.    Population  (1890X  19,346. 


factnrlng,  and  commercial  center.  Pork-packingand  the  iiirj— j___^_5_  j^»_s\  A^jni^-js  a.  ■ax.-i- 
manufacture  of  flour  and  beer  are  among  the  leading  in-  -IniliaorO  (men-do  ro).  An  island  in  the  Philip- 
dustries.  It  is  sometimes  called  "the  Cream  City,"  from  pmes,  soutii  of  Luzon,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
the  cream-colored  bricks.  It  has  a  very  large  German  rated  by  San  Bernardino  Strait.  Area,  3,934 
population.    Population  (1900),  285,316.  square  miles 

Milyas  (mil'i-as).    [Gr.  Uthik-']    In  ancient  Mineo  (me-nk'6).    A  town  in  the  provinee  of 
geography,  a  region  m  Asia  Minor,  of  varying    Catania,  Sicily,  25  miles  southwest  of  Catania, 
boundaries,  usually  including  parts  of  Lycia    Population  (1881),  9,519. 
andPisidia.  Mineptah(mi-nep'ta)n.,orMenephthe8(me- 

Mimas  (mi'mas).   The  first  satellite  of  Saturn,    nef 'thez).    An  Egyptian  Mne  of  the  19th  dv- 
discovered  by  Herschel,  Sept.  17,  1789.  _..-i._  xi..  x^i_.L  _   s  .      „    ».       .,    „        i. 

MimhreSo  (mim-bran'yo).  A  subtribe  of  the 
Gileno  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  inhab- 
iting the  Mimbres  Mountains.    See  Gileflo. 


Mimbres  (mem'bres),  Rio,  [Sp.]  A  stream  in 
southern  New  Mexico  which  empties  into  the  in- 
land basin  occupied  by  the  lagoons  of  northern 
(Siihuahna. 

Mimbres,  Sierra.  A  mountain-range  in  south- 
em  New  Mexico.    Also  called  the  Black  Range. 


nasty,  the  thirteenth  (or  fourteenth  [Sayce]) 
son  of  Rameses  II.,  and  his  successor  (about 
1300  B .  c. ) .  It  is  supposed  that  the  Exodus  took 
place  during  his  reign.  Also  Menephtah,  Am- 
menephthes. 

Miner  (mi'n6r),Alonzo  Ames.  BomatLemp- 
ster,  N.  H.,  Aug.  17,  1814:  died  June  14,  1895. 
An  American  Universalist  clergyman  and  anti- 
slavery  and  total-abstinence  lecturer :  president 
of  Tufts  College,  Massachusetts,  1862-74. 


Mimir(me'niir).  [ON.  Mmir.]  In  Old  Norse  Mineral  Point  (min'e-ral  point).  A  city  m 
mythology,  a  water-demon  in  the  form  of  a  Iowa  County,  Wisconsm,uortheastof  Dubuque, 
giant.    He  dwelt  under  the  root  of  the  ash  Tggdrasil  at     Population  (1900),  2,991. 

the  so-called  well  of  Mimir  (ON.  Jftmisin-jmnr),  the  source  TVritiprRvillprmi'nJTZ-vill  Abnroii<»>iJTi<?<.>.iivl. 
of  all  wisdom,  from  which  he  drank  with  the  Gjallarhorn.  ""^^SVllieimi  nerz  vii;.  ADorougnmbchuyl- 
Odin,  to  obtain  a  drink  from  the  well,  was  obliged  to  leave  kill  County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  west 
one  ot  his  eyes  in  pawn.  _  branch  of  the  Schuylkill,  81  miles  northwest  of 

Mimnermus  (mim-ner'mus).     [Gr.  Mi/ivep/iog.']     Philadelphia.     Population  (1900),  4,815. 


Minerva 

.Minerva  (mi-ner'va).  In  Roman  mythology, 
one  of  the  three  cJiief  divinities,  the  other  two 
being  Jupiter  and  Jtmo.  The  chief  seat  of  the  cult 
of  all  three  was  the  great  temple  on  the  CapitolineHill.  Mi- 
nerva was  a  virgin,  the  daughter  of  Jupiter,  the  supreme 
god,  and  hence  was  identified,  as  the  Romans  came  more 
and  more  under  the  influence  of  Hellenic  culture,  with 
the  Greek  Athene  (or  Athena)  or  PaUas,  the  goddess  of 
wisdom,  of  war,  and  of  the  liberal  arts.  Like  Athene,  Mi- 
nerva was  represented  in  art  with  a  grave  and  majestic 
countenance,  armed  with  helmet,  shield,  and  spear,  and 
wearing  long  full  drapery,  and  on  her  breast  the  segis. 

Jllinerva,  An  antique  statue  in  marble,  in  the 
Glyptothet  at  Munich.  The  goddess  wears  the  scaled 
segis,  with  tunic  and  himation.  The  helmeted  head,  though 
antique,  does  not  belong  to  this  statue,  and  the  right  arm 
is  incorrectly  restored  as  raised  to  hold  a  spear :  it  was 
probably  extended,  supporting  a  Victory.      See  Famese. 

.Minerva  Medica.  [So  called  from  the  contorted 
serpent  at  the  goddess's  feet.]  An  impressive 
antique  statue  in  Parian  marble,  in  the  Vatican, 
Rome.  It  is  a  copy  from  a  fine  Greek  original,  and  is 
believed  to  have  been  the  cult-statue  of  the  temple  re- 
placed by  Santa  Maria  sopra  Minerva.  The  goddess  stands 
erect  as  guardian,  holding  her  spear.  She  is  clad  in  a  long 
diploidion-tunic,  with  the  eegis  and  himation,  and  wears  a 
Corinthian  helmet. 

IVIinerva  Pacifera.  ['The  peace-bringer.']  A 
fine  statue  found  at  Velletri,  now  in  the  Capi- 
toline  Museum,  Rome.  The  goddess  holds  her  spear, 
and  wears  diplo'idion  and  himation  and  Corinthian  hel- 
met, but  no  segis,  and  is  attended  by  no  serpent.  The 
type  is  closely  similar  to  that  of  the  Minerva  Medica. 

IVQnerva  Press.  A  printing-house  in  Leaden- 
hall  street,  London,  which  was  notedin  the  eigh- 
teenth century  for  the  publication  of  trashy 
sentimental  novels. 

!Miuerviuo  Murge  (me-ner-ve'no  mSr'je).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Bari,  Apulia,  Italy,  43 
miles  west  of  Bari.    Population  (1881),  15,163. 

!Minetta  (mi-net'a).  A  flippant  waiting-maid 
in  Mrs.  Cowley's  comedy  'vA  Bold  Stroke  for  a 
Husband." 

ISing  (meng).  The  ruling  dynasty  in  China  from 
1368  to  the  accession  of  the  present  Manchu 
dynasty  in  1644. 

Minghetti  (men-get'te),  Marco.  Bom  at  Bo- 
logna, Italy,  Sept.  8,  1818 :  died  at  Rome,  Dee. 
10, 1886.  An  Italian  statesman,  political  econo- 
mist, and  publicist.  He  became  minister  of  the  in- 
terior under  Gavour  in  1860,  and  retained  the  position,  after 
favour's  death,  in  the  cabinet  of  Bicasoli ;  was  minister 
of  finance  under  Farini  in  1862 ;  and  was  premier  1863-64 
and  1873-76.  Among  his  works  is  "Dell"  economia  pub- 
blica"  ("  On  Public  Economy,"  1869). 

Mingo.    See  Iroquois. 

Jlilingrelia  (min-gre'li-a).  A  former  princi- 
pality, now  a  part  of  the  government  of  Eutais, 
Transcaucasia,  Russia.  The  inhabitants  are  allied 
to  the  Georgians.  It  became  feudatory  to  Russia  in  1804, 
and  was  incorporated  with  Russia  in  1867. 

Minho  (Pg.,  men'yS),  Sp.  Mino  (men'yo).  A 
liver  which  rises  in  northwestern  Spain,  forms 
part  of  the  northern  boundary  between  Portu- 
gal and  Spain,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  at  the 
3iorthwestern  corner  of  Portugal:  the  Roman 
Minius.    Length,  about  170  miles. 

Mini6  (me-nya'),  Claude  £tienne.  Bom  about 
1804:  died  1879.  A  French  infantry  captain, 
and  instructor  in  the  military  school  at  Vin- 
cennes :  inventor  of  the  Mini6  rifle  (1849). 

Minieh  (me'ne-e).  A  town  in  Middle  Egypt, 
situated  on  the  Nile  in  lat.  28°  7'  N.  Popula- 
tion (1897),  24,235. 

Minims  (min'fmz).  [From  L.  minimus,  least.] 
An  order  of  monks,  founded  in  the  middle  of  the 
15th  century  by  St.  Francis  of  Paula,  confirmed 
by  Pope  Sixtus  IV.,  and  again  confirmed  by 
Pope  Alexander  VI.  under  the  name  of  "Ordo 
Minimorum  Eremitarum  S.  Francisci  de  Paula" 
{Order  of  the  Least  Hermits  of  St.  Francis  of 
Paula).  Members  of  this  order,  in  addition  to  the  usual 
Franciscan  vows,  were  pledged  to  the  observance  of  a  per- 
petual Lent. 

Minister's  Wooing,  The.  A  novel  by  Mrs.  Har- 
riet Beecher  Stowe,  published  in  1859.  The  scene 
is  laid  chiefly  in  New  England  during  the  Eevolutionary 
period. 

Minitari.  See  Bidatsa. 
Minna  von  Bamhelm  (min'a  fon  bam'helm). 
A  comedy  by  Lessing,  published  in  1767.  it  is 
the  first  German  national  drama  which  deals  with  con- 
temporary events. 
Minneapolis  (min-e-ap'6-lia).  [From  Mimne- 
ihaha)  and  Gr.  irdTiig,  city.]  A  city,  capital  of 
Eennepin  County,  Minnesota,  situated  on  the 
Mississippi,  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  north- 
west of  and  adjoining  St.  Paul,  in  lat.  44°  58'  N., 
long.  93°  18'  W.  It  is  the  largest  city  in  the  State ;  is 
noted  for  its  manufactures  of  fiour  and  lumber,  having  the 
most  extensive  flouring-miUs  in  the  world ;  has  also  iron- 
-works ;  and  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Minnesota  and 
of  Augsburg  Theological  Seminary  (Lutheran).  St.  An- 
thony was  united  with  it  in  1872.  Population(1900),  202,718. 
Minneapolis  and  St.  Paul  are  called  "the  twin  cities." 
0.— 44 


689 

Minnehaha  (min-e-ha'ha).  Falls  of.  [Amer. 
Ind.  Minnehaha,  said  to  mean  'laughing  water.'] 
A  cascade  in  the  Minnehaha  River,  near  Minne- 
apolis, Minnesota.  Height,  60  feet.  Longfellow 
gave  the  name  Minnehaha  to  the  principal  female  char- 
acter of  "  Hiawatha." 

Minnesingers  (min'e-sing-6rz).  [G.,  'love- 
singers.']  A  class  of  German  lyric  poets  and 
singers  of  the  12th  and  13th  centuries,  so  called 
because  love  was  their  chief  theme.  They  were 
chiefly  or  .exclusively  men  of  noble  descent— knights, 
nobles,  princes,  and  even  emperors.  They  sang  their 
pieces  to  their  own  accompaniment  on  the  viol,  and  often 
engaged  in  poetical  contests  for  the  gratification  of  princes 
and  ladies  of  the  court.  Among  the  chief  seats  of  the 
minnesingers  were  Swabia  and  Austria,  and  the  leading 
dialect  used  was  the  Swabian.  The  minnesingers  were 
succeeded  by  the  mastersingers. 

Minnesota  (min-e-s6'ta).  A  river  in  Minne- 
sota, rising  in  lakes  on  tie  South  Dakota  border, 
and  joining  the  Mississippi  about  7  miles  south- 
west of  St.  Paul.    Length,  about  450  miles. 

Minnesota.  One  of  the  North  Central  States 
of  the  United  States,  extending  from  lat.  43° 
30'  to  49°  25'  N.,  and  from  long.  89°  29'  to  97° 
5'  W.  Capital,  St.  Paul.  It  is  bounded  by  British 
America  on  the  north,  Lake  Superior  and  Wisconsin 
on  the  east,  Iowa  on  the  south,  and  the  Dakotas  on  the 
west.  The  surface  is  generally  an  undulating  plain.  The 
*'  Height  of  Land  "  in  the  north  forms  the  watershed  be- 
tween the  Mississippi,  St.  Lawrence,  and  Hudson  Bay  sys- 
tems. The  chief  rivers  are  the  Mississippi  and  the  Red 
River  of  the  Uorth.  The  leading  industry  is  agriculture, 
this  being  one  of  the  leading  States  in  the  production  of 
wheat.  The  chief  exports  are  wheat,  flour,  and  lumber. 
It  has  84  counties,  sends  2  senators  and  9  representatives 
to  Congress,  and  has  11  electoral  votes.  The  region  was 
first  explored  by  the  French  in  the  end  of  the  17th  century. 
The  Territory  of  Minnesota,  formed  from  part  of  the  North- 
west Territory  (acquired  1783),  and  from  part  of  the  Loui- 
siana Purchase  of  1803,  was  organized  in  1849.  The  State 
was  admitted  to  the  Union  in  1858.  It  was  the  scene  of 
the  Sioux  massacre  and  war  in  1862-63.  The  name  is  from 
that  of  the  river.  Area,  83,366  square  miles.  Population 
(1900),  1,761,394. 

Minnesota,  University  of.  -An  institution  of 
learning  forboth  sexes,  situatedat  Minneapolis. 
It  was  chartered  in  1868,  is  attended  by  about  3,000  stu- 
dents, and  has  a  library  of  about  66,000  volumes. 

Minuetonka  (min-e-tong'ka),  Lake.  A  small 
lake  about  12  miles  west  of'Minneapolis. 

Minni  (min'i) .  In  Jer.  li.  27,  the  name  of  a  tribe 
inhabiting  ancient  Armenia,  mentioned  in  the 
cuneiform  inscriptions. 

Minor,  The.  A  comedy  by  Foote,  produced  in 
Dublin  in  1760,  in  which  he  played  Shift. 

In  the  "  Minor,"  the  author  pilloried  Longford,  the  plau- 
sible auctioneer ;  Mother  Douglas,  a  woman  of  very  evil  life ; 
and,  in  Shift,  the  Rev.  George  Wliitefleld,  who  was  nobly, 
and  with  much  self-abnegation,  endeavoring  to  amend  life 
wherever  he  found  it  of  an  evil  quality. 

Doran,  English  Stage,  11. 122. 

Minorca  (mi-n8r'ka),  or  Menorca  (Sp.  pron. 
ma-nor'ka).  The  largest  of  the  Balearic  Isl- 
ands next  to  Majorca,  situated  27  miles  north- 
east of  that  island.  Capital,  Port  Mahon.  it 
was  held  by  the  British  1708-66, 1763-82,  and  1798-1802. 
Area,  293  square  miles. 

Minories  (mi'nor-iz),  The.  A  parish  in  London, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Thames,  not  far  from 
the  Tower,  in  old  London,  the  house  of  the  sisters  of 
the  Franciscan  order  without  the  walls  at  Oldgate  was 
called  the  Abbey  of  St.  Clare.  The  nuns  were  called  Poor 
Clares  or  Minoresses,  whence  the  name  Minories.  This  is 
now  part  of  the  Jewish  quarter. 

Minors  (mi'norz).  The  Franciscan  friars:  the 
Minorites :  so  called  from  a  name  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan order,  Fratres  Mmores,  or  Lesser  Breth- 
ren. 

Minos  (mi'nos).  [Gr.  Mwof .]  In  Greek  legend, 
a  king  of  Crete,  and  lawgiver  of  that  island: 
after  his  death  a  judge  in  the  lower  world. 

Minot  (mi'not),  George  Richards.  Bom  at 
Boston,  Dec.  28, 1758 :  died  at  Boston,  Jan.  2, 
1802.  An  American  jurist  and  historian.  He 
wrote  a  "History  of  Shays's  Rebellion"  (1788),  and  con- 
tinned  Hutchinson's  "History  of  Massachusetts  Bay" 
(1798-1803). 

Minotaur  (min'o-t^r).  [Gr.  'M.iv6Tavpoc,  the 
bull  of  Minos.]  I.  In  Greek  mythology,  a  mon- 
ster represented  as  having  a  human  body  and 
the  head  of  a  buU,  and  as  the  offspring  of  Pasi- 
phae  (wife  of  Minos)  and  a  bull  sent  by  Posei- 
don. He  was  confined  in  the  Cretan  labyrinth  andfed  with 
human  flesh ;  devoured  tile  seven  youths  and  seven  maid- 
ens whom  Minos  compelled  the  Athenians  to  send  him  peri- 
odically as  a  tribute ;  and  was  killed  by  the  hero  Theseus, 
a  member  of  the  last  company  so  sent,  who  escaped  from 
the  labyrinth  by  the  aid  of  Ariadne,  daughter  of  Minos. 
2.  One  of  three  five-masted  iron-clad  British 
ships  built  from  the  same  designs  (Minotaur, 
Northumberland,  and  Aginoourt),  laimohed  in 
1863.  The  dimensions  are:  length,  400  feet;  breadth, 
59 ;  displacement,  10,690  tons.  She  has  an  all-round  belt 
of  armor,  protecting  water-line  and  guns,  of  5J-inch  plate 
over'O-inch  wooden  backing. 

Minot's  Ledge  (mi'nots  lej).    A  reef  near  the 


Minutoli,  Heinrich 

entrance  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  15  miles  south- 
east of  Boston.  It  has  a  lighthouse. 
Minsheu  (mia'shu),  John.  Flourished  early  in 
the  17th  century.  An  English  lexicographer. 
He  lived  chiefly  in  London  in  great  poverty,  visiting  Ox- 
ford and  Cambridge  to  collect  materia.  He  wrote  a  "  Die 
tionary  in  Spanish  and  English  "  (1699  and  1623),  "A  Span- 
ish Grammar  "(1699)  (both  founded  on  the  works  of  Richard 
Percival),  and  a  large  English  dictionary,  "Ductor  in  Lin- 
guas,  or  the  Guide  into  Tongues  "  (1617, 1626, 1627),  contain- 
ing equivalent  words  m  eleven  languages,  of  great  value 
in  the  study  of  English. 

Minsk  (minsk).  1.  A  government  in  western 
Russia  which  formed  part  of  the  ancient  Lithua- 
nia. It  is  surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Vilua,  Vi- 
tebsk, MohUefl,  Tchernigofl,  Kiefl,  Volhynia,  and  Grodno. 
It  has  a  generally  flat  surface,  and  abounds  in  marshes. 
Area,  35,293  square  miles.  Population  (1892),  1,830,446. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Minsk, 
situated  on  the  Svislotoh  about  lat.  53°  53'  N., 
long.  27°  33'  B.     Population  (1897),  91,113. 

Minstrel,  The.  A  poem  by  James  Beattie, 
published  in  1771-74. 

Mintaka  (min'ta-ka).  [Ar.  mintagah  alrjauzd, 
the  belt  of  the  giaiit.]  The  bright  third-mag- 
nitude star  d  Orionis,  the  westernmost  in  the 
giant's  belt. 

Minto  (min'to).  First  Earl  of  (Gilbert  Elliot). 
Born  at  Edinburgh,  April  23, 1751 :  died  June 
21, 1814.  A  British  politician  and  diplomatist. 
He  was  governor-general  of  British  India  1807- 
1813. 

Minto,  Second  Earl  of  (Gilbert  Elliot-Mur- 
ray-Kynynmound).  Bom  at  Lyons,  Nov.  16, 
1782:  died  July  31, 1859.  A  British  politician, 
son  of  the  first  Earl  of  Minto.  He  was  lord  privy 
seal  1846-52. 

Minto,  William.  Bom  in  Alf ord  parish,  Aber- 
deensliire,  Oct.  10,  1845 :  died  at  Aberdeen, 
March  1,  1893.  A  Scottish  man  of  letters, 
editor  of  the  London  "Examiner"  1874r-78, 
and  professor  of  logic  and  English  literature  in 
the  University  of  Aberdeen  from  1880.  He  wrote 
"English  Prose  Writers " (1872),  "English  Poets"  (1874), 
several  novels,  many  of  the  articles  on  English  authors  in 
the  "  Encyclopedia  Britannioa,"  and  numerous  contribu- 
tions to  magazines  and  reviews. 

Minturnse  (min-ter'nel).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  town  in  Latium,  Italy,  situatednear  the  mouth 
of  the  Liris  (the  modem  Garigliano). 

Minuanes  (me-no-a.'naz).  An  extinct  Indian 
tribe  of  the  La  Plata  region  in  South  America. 
They  occupied  a  district  between  the  rivers  Paran4  and 
Uruguay,  and  were  closely  allied  to  if  not  identical  with 
the  Charruas  (which  see). 

Minuchihr  (mod.  Pers.  pron.  mi-no*cheh'r). 
['Heavenly-faced.']  Ei  the  Shahnamah,  an 
Iranian  king,  the  son  of  Iraj  and  father  of 
Naudar.  For  his  life  before  his  accession  to  the  throne 
of  his  great-grandfather  Faridun,  see  Faridun.  Before 
his  death  Faridun  intrusted  the  care  of  Minuchihr  to  his 
trusty  warrior  Sam,  the  son  of  Nariman.  The  story  of  Mi- 
nuchihr's  reign  is  essentially  that  of  the  birth  and  adven- 
tures of  Zal,  the  son  of  Sam,  including  the  birth  of  Zal's 
son  Rustam,  and  his  first  two  adventures,  the  slaying  of 
the  white  elephant  and  the  taking  of  Sipand. 

MinuciusFelix  (mi-nii'shi-us  f  e'liks),  Marcus. 
A  Roman  advocate  and  Christian  apologist, 
probably  a  contemporary  of  Marcus  Aurelius. 
His  dialogue  "Octavius"  is  the  earliest  extant  work  of 
Latin  Christian  literature.  The  scene  of  the  conversation 
is  laid  at  Ostia,  and  the  speakers  are  Csecilius  Natalis,  Oc- 
tavius Januarius,  and  the  author.  CsecHius  attacks  Chris- 
tianity on  various  grounds,  and  Octavius  defends  it :  at  the 
conclusion  Csecilius  admits  that  he  is  beaten  in  the  argu- 
ment, and  the  author,  who  acts  as  umpire,  declares  that  a 
decision  is  unnecessary. 

Minuit  (min'u-it),  or  Minnewit  (min'e-wit), 
Peter.  Bom  at  Wesel,  Rhenish  Prussia,  about 
1580 :  died  at  Port  Christina,  New  Sweden  (Dela- 
ware), 1641.  A  colonial  official  in  the  Dutch  and 
afterward  in  the  Swedish  service  in  America.  He 
was  appointed  governor  of  New  Netherlands  by  the  Dutch 
West  India  Company  Dec.  19, 1626,  and  landed  on  Manhat- 
tan Island  May  4, 1626.  He  purchased  the  island  from  the 
Indians  for  trinkets  valued  at  about  twenty-four  dollars, 
and  erected  Fort  Amsterdam.  He  was  recalled  in  Aug., 
1631.  Having  been  commissioned  by  the  Swedish  West 
India  Company  to  found  a  colony  on  the  west  side  of  Del- 
aware Bay,  he  left  Gothenburg  with  a  band  of  fifty  colo- 
nists late  in  1637,  and,  after  having  touched  at  Jamestown, 
reached  Delaware  Bay  in  April,  1638.  He  purchased  from 
the  Indians  the  region  between  Cape  Henlopen  and  the 
falls  of  the  Delaware  at  Trenton  (to  which  was  given 
the  name  of  New  Sweden),  and  erected  Fort  Christina. 
He  remained  governor  of  New  Sweden  until  his  death. 

Minungo  (me-nong'go).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  An- 
gola, West  Africa,  between  the  Songo  tribe  and 
the  Kuangu  River. 

Minusinsk  (me-no-sinsk').     A  town  in  the       ' 
government  of  Yeniseisk,  Siberia,  situated  on 
the  Yenisei  about  lat.  53°  45'  N.,  long.  91°  30'  E. 
Population  (1889),  5,535. 

Minutoli  (me-nS'to-le),  Heinrich  (Baron  Menu 
von  Minutoli).  Born  at  Geneva,  May  12, 1772 ; 
died  at  Lausanne,  Sept.  16,  1846.  A  German 
archaeologist  aild  traveler.  His  chief  work  is  ■  Reisa 


Minutoli,  Heinrich 


690 


mm  Tempel  des  Jupiter  Ammon  and  nach  Obeiagypten  " 
("Journey  to  the  Temple  of  Jupiter  Ammon  and  to  Upper 
Igypti"  1824). 

Minutoli,  Baron  Julius  von.     Bom  at  Berlin, 
Aug.  30,  1804 :  died  near  Shiraz,  Persia,  Nov. 

5, 1860.  APrussianadmimstrator  diplomatist,  Mirabel,  Tommy.  The  son  of  Old  Mirabel: " 
and  author,  son  of  Heinnch  Minutoli.     He    i^eonstant,"  in  ^arquhar-s  play  of  that  nai 


World,"  a  brilliant  and  witty  fine  gentleman, 
said  to  be  like  Congreve  himself. 
Mirabel,  Old.    In  Parquhar's  comedy  "  The  In- 
constant," a  peevish  old  man  vrith  a  fondness 
for  his  son. 

the 


name. 
He  is  a  gay  and  generous  fine  gentleman,  but  unstable  in 
his  aSectiOQS.  The  first  four  acts  of  this  play  are  taken 
from  "The  Wild  Goose  Chase";  and,  though  somewhat 
modified,  the  characters  are  the  same.  All  these  parts 
have  been  general  favorites  both  with  actors  and  with 
audiences. 

Mirabella  (mir  -  a  -  bel '  la) .  A  fair  maiden,  in 
Spenser's  "Faerie  Queerie,"  who  had  scorned 
many  lovers.  She  was  sentenced  in  Cupid's  court  to 
ride  on  a  wretched  jade,  "accompanied  by  a  fool,  till  she 
had  saved  as  many  lovers  as  she  had  slain." 

Miracll,  or  Mirak  (ml'rak  or  me'rak).  [Ar. 
mirdq,  the  loins:  but  the  derivation  is  doubtful.] 


wrote  works  on  Spain  and  Portugal 

Minyze(min'i-e).  [Gr.  M(vi)o(.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a  semi-mythical  heroic  race,  descendants  of 
Minyas,  who  founded  Orchomenus  and  there 
'  established  his  family.  Most  of  the  Argonauts 
were  his  descendants.  For  the  so-called  "trea- 
sury of  Minyas,"  see  Orchomenus. 

Minyas  (min'i-as).     [Gr.  Mtviac.]     See  MinysB. 

Miolan-Carvaiho  (myo-lon'kar-va-lyo'),  Ma- 
dame Marie  Caroline  F^lix.  Bom  Dec.  31, 
1827:  died  July  10, 1895.  A  noted  French  singer, 
the  wife  of  LSon  Carvalho,  whom  she  married 
in  1853.  She  first  went  to  London  in  1860,  and  sang 
with  great  success  both  there  and  in  Paris.  She  retired 
from  the  stage  before  her  death.  

Mionnet  (myo-na'),  Tlllodore  Edme.  Bom  at     ^0^°  ^^  ^TZ'^T  ^l^'^„„  ^f  T>„1,,o    TIi^      a     beloi^ng  t«  the  Pico'famUy; 

Paris,  Sept.  2, 1770 :  died  there,  May  7, 1842.  A  Miracle  of  St.  Anthony  of  Padua,  The.   A    auke,  sold  it  to  Modena  in  1710. 
-        ■  •        ■•  ■       His  principal  work  is    pamtmg  by  Van  Dyck,  m  the  mus6e  at  Lille,  jiirandola,  Count  of.     °- 


Mirror  for  Magistrates,  The 

Spanish- American  revolutionist.  He  was  an  offl. 
cer  in  the  Spanish  army  1773-82,  and  subsequently  served 
with  the  French  allies  of  the  North  Americans ;  was  in  St 
Petersburg,  where  he  received  a  pension  from  Catharine 
II. ;  fought  in  the  rrench  republican  army  as  general  of 
division  1792-98 ;  and  in  the  latter  year  was  accused  before 
the  Eevolutionary  tribunal,  but  escaped.  He  spent  manj 
years  in  scheming  for  the  emancipation  of  Spanish  South 
America,  and  made  an  unsucces^ul  descent  on  the  coast 
of  Venezuela  in  1806,  with  the  design  of  leading  a  revolt. 
After  the  revolution  of  1810  he  returned  to  Venezuela,  waa 
made  commander  of  the  patriot  army,  and  in  April,  1812, 
was  made  dictator.  The  great  earthquake  of  March  28, 
1812,  left  the  country  impoverished,  and  was  regarded  by 
many  as  a  sign  of  divine  wrath :  as  a  consequence  the  roy- 
alists gained  ground,  and  on  July  25  Miranda  signed  a 
treaty  which  gave  up  the  country  to  them.  He  was  ar- 
rested soon  after,  sent  to  Spain,  and  died  in  captivity. 
Miranda's  influence  on  the  Spanish-American  revolution 
was  very  great,  but  mainly  indirect,  through  the  secret 
societies  which  he  established,  and  through  his  influence 
with  European  statesmen.  See  Oran  Beunion  Americana. 
Miranda,  Si,  de.    See  Sd  de  Miranda. 


French  numismatist, 

"Description  des  m^dailles"  grecques  et  ro 

maines"  (18  vols.  1806-39). 

Miot  (myo),  Andr6  Francois,  Comte  de  M^lito. 
Bom  at  Versailles,  Prance,  1762 :  died  at  Paris, 
1841.  A  French  diplomatist,  poUtieian,  and 
author. 

Miquel  (me-kel'),  Friodrich  Anton  Wilhelm. 
Born  at  Neuenhaus,  Hannover,  Oct.  24,  1811: 
died  at  Utrecht,  Jan .  23, 1871.  A  noted  German 
botanist  and  physician,  professor  of  botany  at 
Utrecht  from  1859.  He  published  numerous 
botanical  works. 

MiQluel,  Johannes.  Bom  at  Neuenhaus,  Han- 
nover, Feb.  21,  1829 :  died  Sept.  8,  1901.  A 
German  politician.  He  was  a  National  Liberal  mem- 
ber of  the  Prussian  House  of  Deputies  from  1867  to  1882, 
when  he  entered  the  Upper  Chamber.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Ueichstag  1867-77,  reentered  it  in  1887,  and  was 
Prussian  minister  of  finance  1890-1901. 


The  ordinary  name  of  the  second-magnitude  MirandoiaCme-ran'do-la).  A  small  town  in  the 
star  p  AndromedsB.  The  name  is  also  applied  to  r,rovince  of  Modena,  Italy,  18  miles  north-north- 
the  third-magnitnde  star  .  BoBtis,  which  is  more  usually     ^^^^  ^^  Modena.     It  was  once  the  capital  of  a  duchy 

Francesco  Maria,  the  last 

_     .  ,      .  . , See  Pico. 

Prance.  Before  the  saint,  who  holds  the  Host^  kneels  BJjranhaS,  Sp.  Miranas(me-ran'yaz).  A  horde 
a  mule.  neQ-lectinc  oats  Dlaced  beside  him.  ^j.  t„j^__!-  i_  -d-.»-^i  — ^  n^ir^-^.'u.-.i    -..«:-..n^-nnii,n. 


a  mule,  neglecting  oats  placed  beside  him. 

Miracle  of  St.  Mark,  The.  A  noted  painting 
by  Tintoretto,  in  the  Accademia,  Venice.  The 
saint  descends  from  heaven,  and  saves  from  the  heathen  a 
slave  about  to  suffer  martyrdom.  It  is  splendid  in  color, 
treatment  of  light,  drawing,  and  united  variety  and  har- 
mony of  composition. 

Miraculous  Draught  of  Fishes,  The.  A  paint- 
ing by  Eubens,  in  Notre  Dame  at  Malines,  Bel- 
gium. It  is  vigorously  drawn  and  richly  colored. 

Miraflores  (me-ra-flo'res).  A  village  of  Peru, 
6  miles  south  of  Lima.    It  is  the  residence  of  many 


wealthy  Limenos.    Here  the  Peruvians  established  their  ._-..  .^  /     -    i  ..  /,. 

last  line  of  defense  against  the  Chileans,  and  were  defeated  JHireCOUTX  (mer-j£or  ; 


of  Indians  in  Brazil  and  Colombia,  principally 
between  the  rivers  I<jd  and  Japurd.  They  number 
at  least  several  thousands,  are  very  savage,  and  are  said  to 
be  cannibals.    Their  linguistic  affinities  are  doubtful. 

Mirbel  (mer-bel'),  Charles  Frangois,  called 
Brisseau  de  Mirbel,  Bom  at  Paris.  March  27, 
1776:  died  near  Paris,  Sept.  12, 1854.  A  noted 
French  botanist,  professor  at  the  Mus6e  d'His- 
toire  Naturelle  in  Paris  from  1829.  Among  his- 
works  ar9  "Traito  d'anatomie  et  de  physiologie  v^g^tale  " 
(1802),  "Eltoentsde  physiologie v^getaleetdebotanique" 
(1815). 

A  town  in  the  depart- 


after  a  bloody  battle,  Jan.  16, 1881. 

Miraflores,  Marquis  of  (Manuel  de  Pando). 

Bom  at  Madrid,  Dec.  24, 1792 :  died  there,  March 
17, 1872,  A  Spanish  diplomatist,  politician,  and 
political  writer. 


ment  of  Vosges,  France,  situated  on  the  Madon 
27  miles  south  of  Nancy.    It  has  manufactures 
of  musical  instruments,  lace,  and  embroidery. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  5,141. 
Mirecourt,  Eugene  de  (originally  Jacauot). 


Miauelon  (mek-l&n').    A  smaU  island  south  of  Miramar    (me-ra-mar  ).      The  palace  of  the    Born  at  Mirecourt,  Prance,  Nov.  19, 1812 :  died 
•"■-"i  .        A      ,   .    ,'     .       .    „  „,„i,/i„i,„ /TvTo,4„„„  »r.,„o,^,.MV/ro^rr„i,o„  Tioo,.    in  TaWtl,  Fob.  13, 1880.    A  French  novelist  and 


Newfoundland,  belonging  to  France. 
Mira  (mi'ra  or  me'ra).  [NL.  Mira,  the  won- 
derful.] 'The  remarkable  variable  star  o  Ceti, 
which  is  sometimes  brighter  than  the  second 
magnitude,  and  sometimes  fainter  than  the 


archduke  (Mexican  emperor)  Maximilian,  near 
Triest. 
Mirambo  (me-ram'bo).  Died  1885.  A  chief  of 
the  "Wanyamwezi,  East  Africa,  who  from  the 
rank  of  a  common  porter  rose  to  that  of  a  pow- 
erful chief  and  conqueror. 


tenth,  though  its  brightness  at  maximum  now -J.  _.^.  ^  .  ,,  -.  ,-,,  ,  *  v_„*„™»-«™ 
seldomexe6edsthefoSri;hmagnitude:itsperiod  Miramichl  (mn-^a-mi-she').  1.  Abayforming 
is  about  eleven  months.  ^  an  arm  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  situated 

Mirabeau  (me-ra-bo'),  Vicomte  de  (Aiidr6 

Boniface  Louis  Riquetti).    Bom  at  Bignon, 

near  Nemours,  France,  1754:  died  at  Freiburg, 

Baden,  1792.    A  French  royalist  dejjuty  to  the 

National  Assembly,  brother  of  Gabriel  Honor6 

de  Mirabeau. 
Mirabean,  Comte  de  (Gabriel  HonorS  Ki- 

auetti).  Bomat Bignon, nearNemours,France, 

March  9,  1749:  died  at  Paris,  April  2,  1791. 

The  greatest  orator  of  the  French  Eevolution, 

As  a  child  he  was  so 

great  severity,  and  i 

of  military  training. 

sioa,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  captain  of  dragoons.    He 

married  in  1772,  and  had  soon  spent  the  better  part  of  his 

wife's  fortune.    Various  Intrigues,  especially  his  elope- 
ment with  Sophie  de  Bufley,  the  young  wife  of  the  Marquis 

de  Mounier,  led  to  his  imprisonment  at  different  times : 

he  obtained  final  release  In  Dec,  1780.    Up  to  that  time 

he  had  written  essays  and  pamphlets,  translated  Eng- 
lish and  German  books,  and  kept  up  a  correspondence 

with  Sophie  de  Bufley,  to  whom  he  had  dedicated  his 

"Erotica  biblion"and  other  works.    After  traveling  in 

Switzerland,  he  went  to  London  (1784-85),  and  then  to 


miscellaneous  writer.  Among  his  romances  are  "  M^- 
moires  de  Ninon  de  Lenclos  "  (1852),  "  Les  confessions  d& 
Marion  Delorme"  (1848),  "La  marquise  de  Courcelles" 
(1859). 
Mireille  (me-ray').  Aji  opera  by  Gounod,  li- 
bretto by  Carr6,  produced  in  1864.  It  was  taken 
from  Mistral's  poem  "MirMo." 

eas^'o'f  New"BmnsVTck"-2."A  riverTnTew  Mir^io  <-y?^-^'j.°\^^ .'P°S^ ^ '^''^^^^l  '^^^ 
Brunswick  which  falls' into  Miramichl  Bay.  tral,  published  m  1859 m  the  Provencal  dialect 
Length,  about  175  mUes.  7^^^  S  French  translation.    It  was  trajoslated 

Miramion  (me-ra-my6n'),  Madame  de  (Marie  ?^t°  ^°S^«^  ^y  ^^^  Hamet  Waters  Preston 
Bonneau).  Bom  at  Paris,  1629:  died  there,  _iS  l**^^-  .  ,  -  s./^  '»  n  i  ■  -^-u 
1696.  A  Frenchwoman  noted  for  her  good  MlTOmont  (mer-m6n').  A  small  place  in  ths 
works.  AfteranunhappyyouthshefoundedtheHouse  departmentof Dord^e,Prance  ISmilessouth- 
of  Befuge,  the  establishment  of  8te.-paagie,  and  the  origi-  east  of  Pengueux.  Near  it  IS  a  celebrated  grotto 
nal  community  of  12  girls  which  Ijecame  later  the  Congr6-     (Trou  de  Granville). 

gation  des  Miramiones.  Of  this  she  became  the  superior,  Mirfak  (mfer'fak).  [Ar.  aJ-m#/afc,  the  elbow.  1 
ttituUons.'"'^^*"°'*"°^'°*''*°'^°'''^'''''°*™^^°**°'    '^^^  ^"S^  second-magnitude  stkr  aPerseit 


unruly  that  his  fathertreated  him  with  -lyTj-.^n-,  /mfl-ra-mon')  MiffiiM     BornatMex-     otten  called  Algemh,  and  sometimes  Alchemb. 

ended  by  putting  him  through  a  course  Jmramon(me-ra-mon;,miguei.    Jsornaimex    -n/r^  j  ,.    -?  - 

;.    He  entered  the  army,  served  in  Cor-    ICO  City,  Sept.  29,  1832:  died  at  Quer^taro,  June  wurgorooi 


Berlin  (l785-«6).    From  here  he  wrot«  home  a  series  of  Jljranda  (mi^an'da).    [L.,  'admirable.'] 
offlcial  reports, ''Histoire  8ecrfete_de  la  cour  de  Berhn     "fA,^,,^„\,^^u^<rn;t^,^'f^^'^^.  » tl,»  fl. 


(1789),  and  he  also  gathered  materials  for  his  "  Monarchic 
prussienne"  (1788).  Mirabeau  was  elected  a  delegate  of 
the  third  estate  from  Aix  to  the  convention  of  the  States- 
General  in  Paris  (1789),  and  his  ability  as  an  orator  at  once 
made  him  a  political  power.  In  1790  he  became  president 
of  the  Jacobin  Club,  also  (1791)  of  the  National  Assembly. 
His  course  of  life  undermined  his  robust  constitution,  and 
he  died  in  his  forty-third  year. 

Mirabeau,  Marquis  de  (Victor  Riquetti). 

Bom  in  Provence,  France,  Oct.  5, 1715:  died  at 
Argenteiul,  France,  July  13,  1789.  A  French 
political  economist,  father  of  Gabriel  HonorS  de 


_  ,mer'go-rod).   A  to^n  in  the  govern- 

19, 1867;    A  Mexican  general.    He  was  prominent    ™^^*  "*  Piiltowa,  southern  Russia,  situated  on 
onthe  side  of  the  reactionists  1856-S8;  succeeded  Zuloaga     the   Jlhoroi   07    miles   northwest  01   Pultowa. 
as  president  of  that  faction  Feb.  2,  1859;  and  during  the     Population  (1885-89),  12,352. 
succeeding  two  years  of  the  **reform  "  war  spent  much  of  ^{p|      See  Mirim 

Uie  time  m  the  field  against  Juarez  and  his  adherents.  Mirfam  (mir'i-am).     [See  Mary.l     A  Hebrew 

prophetess,  sister  of  Moses  and  Aaron,  she  is 
represented  as  giving  a  response  to  the  song  of  Moses  sung 
by  the  Israelites  at  the  Bed  Sea. 

Miriam.  In  Hawthorne's  "Marble  Faun,"  a  wo- 
man of  warm  and  passionate  nature  andmyste- 
rious  origin  and  powers,  she  sanctions  the  crime 
which  Donatello  commits,  and  in  so  doing  binds  herself 
to  him.    See  DonateUo. 


He  was  eventually  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Calpulalpam, 
near  Mexico,  Dec.  22,  1860.  and  fied  from  the  country. 
Maximilianj  to  whom  he  adhered,  made  him  grand  mar- 
shal and  minister  to  Berlin.  He  returned  to  Mexico  in 
1866,  became  one  of  Maximilian's  most  trusted  generals, 
and  was  captured  and  shot  with  him  at  Quer^taro. 
-        -     •    - 1.  In 


Shakspere's  play  "  The  Tempest,"  the  daughter 
of  Prospero :  she  is  loved  by  Ferdinand. 


The  character  of  Miranda  resolves  itself  into  the  very  Mirim  (me-ren'),  Lake.     A  lake  on  the  boun- 


elements  of  womanhood.  She  is  beautiful,  modest,  and 
tender,  and  she  is  these  only ;  they  comprise  her  whole 
being,  external  and  internal.  She  is  so  perfectly  unsophis- 
ticated, so  delicately  refined,  that  she  is  all  but  ethereal. 
Mrs.  JameBon,  Characteristics  of  Women. 

2.  In  Mrs.Centlivre's  comedy  "  The  Busybody^" 
an  heiress,  ISirs.  Abingdon  made  her  d^but  in 
this  character  in  1755. 


dary  of  Uruguay  and  the  province  of  Eio  Grande 
do  Sul,  BrazU.  Length,  about  115  miles.  Also 
Miri. 

Miropolie  (me-ro-pol'ye).  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Kursk,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Psiol 
82  miles  north-northwest  of  Kharkofl.  Popu- 
lation, 3,289. 


political  economist,  tatneroHJaOnelMonoreae     tnis  cnaraoierm  xidj.  MirrnrfnrMsuriatrntAs  TTia      A  pnTnTiiloHnn 

&irabeau:called"TheFriendofMan"("L'ami  Miranda,  (me-ran'da),     A  nori:hem  state  of  TnoLsuSfKv^UtSn  ^^^ 


deshommes"),  from  the  title  of  one  of  his  works 
Mirabeau-Tonneau  (-to-no').    [F., 'Mirabeau 

the  barrel.'].    Andr6  Boniface  Louis  Riquetti, 

Vicomte  de  Mirabeau :  so  nicknamed  on  account 

of  his  size. 
Mirabel,  or  Mirabell(mir'a-bel).   1.  Theprin-     ., 

oipal  character  in  Fletcher's  play  "The  Wild     square  miles    Population  (1889),  526,638. 

Goose  Chase."    He  is  a  libertine  and  fashionable  rake.  Miranda,  CounteSSOf.     See  mUsonChrtStme. 

gaining  his  title  of  "wild  goose"  from  his  successful  eva-  Miranda  (me-ran'da),  FraUClSCO  AntOniO  CJa- 

sion  of  the  marriage  noose.  bricl.    Bom  at  Caracas,  Venezuela,  June  9, 

3.    In  Congreve's  comedy  "The  Way  of  the    1756:  died  at  Cadiz,  Spain,  July  14,  1816.    A 


Venezuela,  between  Bermudez  and  Carabobo, 
and  extending  from  the  Caribbean  Sea  to  the 
Orinoco.  Capital,  Ciudad  de  Cura.  Itinclosesthe 
Federal  District  and  Caracas.  The  southern  part  lies  in  the 
llanos  and  is  a  grazing  country ;  the  northern  section  is 
mountainous  and  agricultural.  Miranda  corresponds  near- 
ly to  the  extinct  state  of  Guzman  Blanco.    Area, ,'' 


of  poems  undertaken  by  WUliam  Baldwin  with 
aid  from  George  Ferrers  and  others,  it  was  begun 
and  partly  printed  in  1665,  but  was  stopped  by  the  lord 
chancellor,  Stephen  Gardiner.  In  1659  it  waslicensed  and 
first  issued.  It  then  contained  19  metrical  tragedies,  or 
biographies,  of  men  in  high  place  who  had  come  to  violent 
ends,  and  was  an  English  sequel  to  Lydgate's  "  Falls  of 
Princes"  from  Boccaccio.  It  has  been  justly  said  to  con- 
nect the  work  of  Lydgate  with  that  of  Spenser.  It  was  re- 
published in  1663, 1574, 1578,  and  1687,  each  time  with  addi- 
tions. The  "Induction "and  "Complaintot Buckingham," 
which  were  contributed  by  Thomas  SackvUle,  Lord  Buck- 
hurst,  to  the  edition  of  1569,  not  published  till  1563,  out- 
weigh all  the  rest  in  value. 


Mirror  for  Magistrates,  The 

Aldee  published  In  October,  1579,  what  [Anthony]  Mun- 
day  may  well  have  regarded  as  his  first  piece  of  substan- 
tial work,  a  religious  oompanicp  to  "  The  Jttlrror  lor  Magis- 
trates,"  called  "  The  Mirrour  of  Mutabilitie ;  or,  principal 
part  of  the  Mirrour  of  Magistrates,  selected  out  of  the  sa- 
cred scriptures."  Mirrors  were  in  fashion.  There  was  a 
"  Theatre  or  Mirror  of  the  World,"  in  1669 ;  a  "  Mirror  of 
Madness,"  in  1578;  a  "Mirror  of  Modestie  "  [by  Thomas 
Colter]  had  been  licensed  to  Bdw  ard  White  in  April,  1879 ; 
there  was  afterwards  a  "Mirror  of  Mirth,  "in  1583  [a  "Mir- 
roi  of  Modestie  "  was  published  by  Kobert  Greene,  1681] ; 
a  *  Mirror  of  Man's  Miseries,"  in  1684  ;  a  "  Mirror  of  Mag- 
nanimity," in  1699 ;  a  "Mirror  of  Martyrs,"  in  1601;  with 
more  of  the  kind.  Mathematics,  Politics,  and  the  Latin 
Tongue  were  shown  also  in  "Mirrors. "  "  The  Mirrourof  Mu- 
tabilitie  "was  a  series  of  metrical  tragedies  in  two  parts. 
JUorley,  English  Writers,  IX.  166. 

Mirror  of  Knighthood,  The.  A  translation  of 
the  Spanisli  romance  "  Cavallero  del  Pebo  or 
Plieljo  » ( "  the  Knight  of  the  Sun  »),  containing 
the  adventures  of  the  Donzel  del  Phebo,  the  fair 
Lindabrides,  etc.  It  belongs  to  the  Amadis  cycle 
of  romances. 

Mirror  of  Modesty^  The.  A  pamphlet  by 
Eobert  Greene,  published  in  1584.  It  tells  the 
story  of  Susanna  and  the  elders. 

Mirror  of  the  World,  The.    See  the  extract. 

There  was  also,  upon  a  hundred  leaves  of  folio,  "The 
Mirrour  of  the  World,"  translated  and  printed  in  the  year 
1481,  with  wood-engravings.  It  was  abook  translated  from 
a  Iiatin  "  Speculum  vel  Imago  Mundi "  in  1245,  for  the 
Duke  of  Berrj^  into  French  verse,  which  was  afterwards 
turned  by  a  Maistre  Gossouin — uuless  that  be  only  the 
name  of  a  copyist — into  French  prose.  From  that  prose 
Caxton  made  his  translation  in  14S1  at  the  request  of  Hugh 
Brice,  of  the  Mercers'  Company,  citizen  and  alderman  of 
London,  and,  like  Caxtoi^  a  Kentish  man,  who  wished  for 
the  book  as  a  present  to  Lord  Hastings. 

Marley,  linglish  Writers,  VI.  314. 

Xlirs  Bay  (merz  ba).  A  bay  on  the  southeast- 
em  coast  of  China,  now  included  in  the  British 
colony  of  Hong-Kong. 

Xlirza.    See  Vision  of  Mirza. 

3V[irzam  (mer-zSm').  [Ar.  al-mirzam,  the  loax- 
er.]  The  third-magnitude  star  /?  Canis  Ma- 
joris,  in  the  paw  of  the  animal.  The  Arabs  gave 
the  same  name  to  three  other  stars :  /3  Canis 
Minoris  and  a  and  y  Orionis. 

Uirzapur  (mer-za-pSr').  1.  A  district  in  the 
Northwest  Provinces,  British  India,  intersected 
by  lat.  25°  N.,  long.  82°  40'  E.  Area,  5,223 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,161,508.— 
2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Mirzapur,  sit- 
uated on  the  Ganges  31  miles  west-southwest 
of  Benares.  It  was  long  noted  for  its  cotton 
trade     Population  (1891),  84,130. 

Mirza-Schaffy  (mer'za-shaf-fe').  An  Oriental 
poet  who  was  the  teacher  and  friend  of  Priedrich 
Bodenstedt  during  his  residence  in  Tiflis.  The 
"  Songs  of  Mirza-Schaffy,"  published  by  Bodenstedt  in  1851, 
are  (with  one  or  two  exceptions)  his  own,  but  are  Oriental 
in  spirit  and  imagery.  They  became,  and  still  are,  extraor- 
dinarily popular.    See  Bodenstedt. 

Misanthrope,  Le  (le  me-zan-trop')-  A  com- 
edy by  MoliSre,  produced  in  1666.  This  play  is  an 
almost  inexhaustible  source  of  allusions,  quotations,  pro- 
verbial sayings,  etc.  Its  principal  interest  lies  in  the  devel- 
opment of  various  pairs  of  opposing  characters  in  even 
their  lightest  shades.    It  is  the  Ideal  of  classic  comedy. 

Here  Molifere's  special  vein  of  satire  was  worked  most 
deeply  and  to  most  profit,  though  the  reproach  that  the 
handling  is  somewhat  too  serious  for  comedy  is  not  un- 
deserved. Alceste  the  impatient  but  not  cynical  hero, 
C^lim6ne  the  coquette,  Oronte  the  fop,  illiante  the  rea- 
sonable woman,  Arsino^  the  mischief-maker,  are  all  im- 
mortal types.  Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  310. 

Mischabelhorner  (me-sha-bel-hSr'ner).  Spurs 
of  Monte  Eosa,  in  the  Swiss  Alps.  They  are 
the  Dom  (14,940  feet)  and  the  Taschhom  (14,- 
757  feet). 

Miseno  (me-sa'no).  Cape.  A  promontory  at  the 
northwestern  entrance  to  the  Bay  of  Naples,  it 
was  the  ancient  Misenum,  or  Promontorium  Misenum ; 
and  near  it  there  was  a  city  Misenum. 

Misenns  (mi-se'nus).  In  Eomanlegend,  a  com- 
panion of  JEneas. 

Miser,  The.  l.  A  comedy  by  Thomas  Shad- 
weU  (1671),  founded  on  Moli6re's  "I/Avare." 
—•3.  A  comedy  by  Fielding  (1733),  from  the 
same  source. 

Mislrables,  Les  (la  me-za-rabl')-  [F.,  'The 
Unfortunates.']  A  novel  by  Victor  Hugo,  in 
five  parts:  "Fantine,"  "Cosette,"  "Marius," 
"L'Idylle  rue  Plumet,"  and  "Jean  Valjean." 
It  was  published  in  1862. 

Misfortunes  of  Arthur,  The.  A  tragedy  writ- 
ten principally  by  Thomas  Hughes,  produced 
in  1587  before  Queen  Elizabeth.  Eight  members  of 
the  Society  of  Gray's  Inn  cooperated  with  him,  and  the 
"triumphs"  and  dumb-show  were  devised  principally  by 

Mishnah  (mish'na).  A  collection  of  rabbini- 
cal discussions  on" the  law  of  Moses,  the  object 
of  which  was  to  apply  and  adapt  it  to  the  vary- 
ing circumstances  of  life  and  of  the  times,  and 


691 

to  extend  it  by  logical  conclusions  and  analo- 
gies. The  word  Mishnah  properly  means  'rejretition,' 
then  '  instruction,' '  learning.  It  was  not  at  first  allowable 
that  these  discourses  should  be  reduced  to  writing :  they 
had  to  be  learned  by  heart,  and  are  called  the  oral  law  as 
opposed  to  the  written  law,  or  the  Pentateuch.  The  be- 
ginning of  the  Mishnah  goes  back  to  the  time  of  the  Mac- 
cabees. It  was  delivered  in  the  schools  orally  from  gen- 
eration to  generation.  At  the  end  of  the  2d  century  A.  D. 
the  patriarch  Judah  I.  collected,  arranged,  and  codified  the 
accumulated  material  in  its  present  shape.  The  numer- 
ous rules  and  decisions  are  arranged  according  to  subject 
in  6  orders  (sedarim) :  (1)  seeds  (zeraim),  on  agriculture ; 
(2)  festivals  (moed) ;  (3)  women  (nashim),  on  connubial 
affairs ;  (4)  damages  (neziHm),  civil  and  criminal  laws;  (5) 
sacrifices  (kodashim) ;  (6)  purifications  (takoroth).  The  6 
orders  are  divided  into  63  tracts,  and  these  again  into  chap- 
ters. The  explanations  of  or  comments  on  the  Mishnah 
are  called  Gemara,  and  both  together  constitute  the  Tal- 
mud (which  see). 

Misiones, Pg.Missiones  (me-se-6'nes).  Aterri- 
tory  forming  the  extreme  northeastern  part  of 
the  Argentine  Eepublic,  between  the  Parand 
and  Uruguay  rivers.  An  easterly  extension,  called  Up- 
per or  Brazilian  Misiones,  held  by  Brazil,  was  claimed  by 
the  Argentine  government.  In  1894  the  claim  was  sub- 
mitted to  the  arbitration  of  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  and  was  decided  in  favor  of  Brazil.  Misiones  was 
included  in  the  region  called  Gua^a  (which  see) ;  was  oc- 
cupied by  fiourishing  Jesuit  missions  from  16S8  to  1767 ; 
and  is  said  to  have  had  a  population  of  130,000.  Area, 
22,000  square  miles.  Population,  about  26,000  (?);  of  Upper 
Misiones,  6,000. 

Misisaga  (mis-e-sa'ga).  A  tribe  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians,  once  a'  part  of  the  Ojibwa,  first 
known  in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century  north 
of  Lake  Huron  and  on  Manoulin  Island.  After 
the  flight  of  the  Huron  and  Ottawa  they  spread  over  south- 
em  Ontario.  In  1746  they  were  admitted  as  the  seventh 
tribe  of  the  Iroquois  Confederacy.  The  name  is  translated 
'great  mouth, '  referring  to  the  mouth  of  Mississaugh  River 
emptying  into  Lake  Huron.  Their  present  (1893)  number 
in  Ontario  is  774.    See  Alffonquian. 

Misivri  (me-sev're).  A  small  town  in  Eastern 
Eumelia,  Bulgaria,  situated  on  the  Black  Sea 
18  miles  northeast  of  Burgas :  the  ancient  Me- 
sembria.    It  was  a  Greek  colony. 

Miskoloz  (mish'kolts).  The  capital  of  the  coun- 
ty of  Borsod,  Hungary,  situated  in  lat.  48°  6'  N., 
long.  20°  49'  E.  It  has  fiourishing  commerce. 
Population  (1890),  30,408. 

Misnia  (mis'ni-a).  The  Latin  name  of  Meissen. 

Misocco  (me-zoii'ko),  or  Mesocco  (ma-zok'ko), 
Valle,  G.  Misoz  (me'zoks).  The  valley  of  the 
Moesa  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland, 
south  of  San  Bernardino.  Length,  about  20 
miles. 

Misogonus  (mi-sog'o-nus).  A  rimed  play,  pre- 
sumably by  Thomas  Eiohards  in  1560.  it  con- 
tains songs,  and  has  some  changes  of  meter,  but  is  mainly 
four-lined  stanzas.  See  "  Gammer  Gurton's  Needle  "  and 
"Kalph  Roister  Doister." 

Misol,or  Mysol  (mi-sol').  A  small  island  north- 
west of  Papua,  situated  in  lat.  2°  4'  S.,  long. 
130°  12'  E. 

Mispah.    See  Mis^ah. 

Miss  Betsy  Thoughtless.  A  novel  by  Mrs. 
Haywood,  published  in  1751. 

"Miss  Betsy  Thoughtless"  is  rather  a  clever  work  and 
interesting  as  the  first  really  domestic  novel,  according 
to  modern  ideas,  that  exists  in  the  language.  It  has  been 
supposed  that  Miss  Burney  took  it  as  the  model  of  her 
"  Evelina,"  and  it  is  the  only  novel  I  know  which  could 
have  served  for  the  purpose. 
ForsytTi,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Century,  p.  204. 

Miss  in  her  Teens,  or  the  Medley  of  Lovers. 

A  comedy  by  David  Garrick,  produced  in  1747 
with  Garriok  as  Fribble. 

Missinnippi  (mis-i-nip'i).  A  name  given  in 
part  of  its  course  to  the  Churchill  Kiver. 

Missionary  Bidge  (mish'on-a-ri  rij) .  A  moun- 
tain on  the  border  of  Georgia  and  Tennessee, 
southeast  of  Chattanooga,  it  was  the  scene  of  the 
final  struggle  in  the  battle  of  Chattanooga,  Nov.  26, 1863. 
The  ridge  was  occupied  by  the  Confederates  in  a  strongly 
Intrenched  position.  The  Federals  attacked  them  in  three 
divisions  under  Hooker,  Thomas,  and  Sherman,  and  after  a 
longhand-to-handflghtsucceededinputtingthem  to  flight. 

Missiones.    See  Misiones. 

Mississippi  (mis-i-sip'i).  [Ind.,  'the  great 
river'  or  'the  father  of  waters.']  The  largest 
river  of  North  America,  it  rises  in  or  near  Lake 
Itasca,  northern  Minnesota,  about  lat.  iV  13'  N.,  1,467  feet 
above  sea-level ;  traverses  part  ot  Minnesota ;  forms  the 
boundary  between  Minnesota,  Iowa,  Missouri,  Arkansas, 
and  Louisiana  on  the  west  and  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee,  and  Mississippi  on  the  east ;  flows  gener- 
ally south ;  and  empties  in  Louisiana  into  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico by  6  mouths  about  lat.  29-29°  10'  N.  It  is  navigable 
for  steamboats  to  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  Minnesota 
(about  2,000  miles).  The  banks  below  the  river-level  in  Mis- 
sissippi and  Louisiana  have  to  be  protected  by  levees.  The 
chief  tributaries  are  the  Minnesota,  Des  Moines,  Missouri, 
St.  Francis,  White  River,  Arkansas,  and  Red  River  from  the 
west,  and  the  Wisconsin,  Rock,  Illinois,  Ohio,  and  Ya^" 
from  the  east.  It  was  discovered  by  De  Soto  in  1641 ;  Mar- 
quette and  Jollet  descended  it  in  1673,  and  La  Salle  in 
1681 :  it  formed  the  western  boundary  of  the  United  States 
1788-1803 ;  and  its  source  was  discovered  by  Schoolcraft  in 
1832.    St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  Dubuque,  St.  Louis,  Mem- 


Missouri 

phis,  Vicksburg,  Baton  Rouge,  and  New  Orleans  are  on  its 
banks.  Length  ot  the  Mississippi  to  Lake  Itasca,  2,647 
miles.  Length  of  the  lower  Mississippi  with  the  Missouri, 
about  3,900  miles.  Basin,  1,267,646  square  miles.  The 
combined  river  is  the  longest  stream  in  the  world. 
Mississippi.  One  of  the  Southern  States  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  extending  from  about 
lat.  30°  10'  to  35°  N.,  and  from  long.  88°  5'  to 
91°  40'  W.  Capital,  Jackson,  it  is  bounded  by 
Tennessee  on  the  north,  Alabama  on  the  east,  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  and  Louisiana  on  the  south,  and  is  separated  by 
the  Mississippi  on  the  west  from  Arkansas  and  in  part 
from  Louisiana.  It  is  one  of  the  Gulf  States.  The  surface 
is  hUly  in  part,  but  generally  level.  The  chief  industry  is 
agriculture  ;  the  State  is  one  of  the  first  in  the  production 
of  cotton.  It  has  75  counties,  sends  2  senators  and  8  rep- 
resentatives to  Congress,  and  haslO  electoral  votes.  The 
region  was  visited  by  De  Soto  in  1640 ;  the  Mississippi  River 
was  explored  by  Marquette  and  La  Salle ;  an  attempt  at 
settlement  was  made  by  the  French  under  Iberville  at 
Biloxi  in  1699 ;  and  a  settlement  was  made  on  the  site  of 
Natchez  in  1716.  The  territory  was  ceded  by  France  to 
Great  Britain  in  1763,  part  was  ceded  to  the  United  States 
in  1783,  and  the  remainder  was  acquired  in  1811.  Missis- 
sippi Territory  was  organized  in  1798,  and  the  State  was 
admitted  to  the  Union  in  1817.  It  seceded  Jan.  9,  1861 ; 
was  the  scene  of  Various  conflicts  in  the  Civil  War,  includ- 
ing the  siege  of  Vicksburg  in  1863 ;  and  was  readmitted 
Feb.,  1870.  Area,  46,810  square  miles.  Population  (1900), 
1,651,270. 

Mississippi  Scheme,  or  Mississippi  Bubble. 

A  specidative  scheme  formed  under  the  lead  of 
John  Law  for  paying  off  the  national  debt  of 
France.  It  resulted  in  a  financial  panic  in  1720. 
See  Law,  John. 

Mississippi  Sound.  A  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico lying  south  of  Mississippi,  and  partly  in- 
closed by  a  chain  of  islands. 

Mississippi  Valley.  The  region  drained  by  the 
Mississippi  and  its  afluents,  lying  in  general 
between  the  AUeghanies  on  the  east  and  the 
Eooky  Mountains  on  the  west.  The  basin  includes 
the  whole  of  Iowa,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Missouri,  Oldahoma, 
South  Dakota,  Arkansas,  Indian  Territory,  Kentucky,  and 
Tennessee  ;  portions  of  Pennsylvania,  West  Virginia,  Ohio, 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  North  Dakota, 
Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  Texas,  Louisiana,  and  MJa- 
sissippi;  and  small  parts  of  New  York,  Maryland,  'Vir- 
ginia, North  Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  New  Mexico,  and 
British  America. 

Miss  Eilmansegg  and  her  Precious  Leg.    A 

poem  by  Thomas  Hood,  which,  "as  a  sustained 
piece  of  metrical  humor,  is  absolutely  unique." 

The  poem  is  full  of  rollicking,  unhampered  fancy ;  long 
as  it  is,  the  movement  is  so  rapid  that  it  almost  seems  to 
have  been  written  at  a  heat, — at  least,  can  easily  be  read 
at  a  sitting.  Though  not  without  those  absurd  lapses 
which  constantly  irritate  us  in  the  perusal  of  Hood's  lighter 
pieces,  it  is  the  most  lusty  and  characteristic  of  them  alL 
Standing  at  the  front  of  its  author's  facetious  verse,  it 
renders  him  the  leading  poet-humorist  of  his  generation. 
Stedman,  Victorian  Poets,  p.  80. 

Missolonghi  (mis-s6-long'ge),  or  Mesolonghi 
(ma-so-long'ge),  mod.  Gr.  Mesolongion  (ma^ 
z6-long'^e-on).  A  town  in  the  nomarchy  of 
Acarnania  and  .^toUa,  Greece,  situated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Patras  in  lat.  38°  22'  N.,  long.  21°  25'  E. 
It  was  successfully  defended  by  the  Greeks  against  the 
Turlcs  in  1822  and  1823,  and  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the 
Turks  and  Egyptians  in  1826-26.  Byron  died  there  in  1624. 
Population  (1889),  9,476. 

Missoula  (mi-zo'la).  A  river  in  western  Mon- 
tana which  unites  with  the  Flathead  to  form 
Clarke's  Fork.  Its  chief  head  streams  are  the 
Bitter  Eoot,  Deer  Lodge,  and  Blaekfoot  rivers. 

Missouri  (mi-zo'ri).  A  tribe  of  the  Toiwere 
division  of  the  Siouan  stock  of  North  American 
Indians.  Their  name  for  themselves  is  NiiiPatei,  'those 
who  reached  the  mouth  (of  the  river) :  called  Nieadje  by 
the  Kansa,  which  appellation  may  have  been  corrupted 
into  Missouri.  For  many  years  they  have  been  consoli- 
dated with  the  Oto.  The  population  of  the  two  ^bes  la 
^ven  as  358.    See  Tciwere. 

Missouri.  [See  above.]  A  river  in  the  United 
States,  the  largest  tributary  of  the  Mississippi. 
It  is  formed  by  the  junction  near  Gallatin,  Montana,  of 
the  Madison  (which  rises  in  the  National  Park)  with  the 
Jefferson ;  flows  through  Montana  and  tlie  Dakotas ;  forms 
in  part  the  boundary  between  Nebraska  and  Kansas  on  the 
right  and  South  Dakota,  Iowa,  and  Missouri  on  the  left ; 
traverses  Missouri ;  and  unites  with  the  Mississippil7miles 
north  of  St.  Louis.  It  passes  in  Montana  through  the  gorge 
"Gates  of  the  .Rocky  Mountains,"  below  which  are  the 
Great  Falls.  Bismarck,  Yankton,  SiouxCity,Omaha,Council 
Bluffs,  St.  Joseph,  Atchison,  Leavenworth,  and  Kansas  City 
are  on  its  banks.  Length  (including  the  Madison),  3,047 
miles ;  navigable  to  Fort  Benton  (over  2,400  miles).  For 
the  total  length  of  the  stream  to  the  sea,  see  Missis^ppi. 

Missouri.  A  central  State  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  extending  from  about  lat.  36°  to 
40°  30'  N.,  and  from  long.  89°  2'  to  95°  44'  W. 
Capital,  Jefferson  City ;  chief  city,  St.  Louis.  It 
is  bounded  by  Iowa  on  the  north,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and 
Tennessee  on  the  east  (separated  from  all  three  by  the 
Mississippi),  Arkansas  on  the  south,  and  Indian  Territory, 
Kansas,  and  Nebraska  on  the  west  (separated  in  part  from 
Kansas  and  Nebraska  by  the  Missouri).  The  surface  is 
hilly,  undulating,  and  partly  prairie ;  the  Ozark  Mountains 
(low)  are  in  the  southwest.  The  State  is  rich  in  mineral 
wealth,  especially  iron  (at  Iron  Mountain,  Pilot  Knob, 
Shepherd  Mountain,  all  m  the  southeast),  coal,  and  lead. 
The  leading  agricultural  products  are  com,  wheat,  tobaccoi 


Missouri 

oats.  The  State  is  one  ot  the  first  in  the  raising  of  live  stock 
and  in  the  production  of  wine  and  corn,  and  has  important 
meat-packing  industries,  manufactures  of  flour,  iron,  etc., 
and  flourishing  domestic  and  foreign  commerce.  It  has  115 
counties,  sends  2  senators  and  16  representatives  to  Con- 
gress, and  has  18  electoral  votes.  The  Territory  was  claimed 
by  France  in  virtue  of  exploration ;  was  first  settled  at  St. 
Genevieve  by  the  French  about  1765  ;  was  ceded  to  Spain 
in  1763 ;  was  ceded  back  to  France  in  1800 ;  formed  part  of 
the  Louisiana  Purchase  of  1803  ;  and  was  included  in  Loui- 
siana Territory  in  1805.  Missouri  Territory  was  formed  in 
1812,  and  Missouri  was  admitted  to  the  Union  as  a  slave 
;State  in  1821.  Martial  law  was  proclaimed  there  in  1861. 
It  was  the  scene  ot  several  battles  in  the  Civil  War.  Area, 
69,415  square  miles.    Population  (1900),  3,106,666. 

Missouri,  Great  Falls  of  the.  A  cataract  in 
the  Missouri  River,  in  Montana,  aTsove  Port  Ben- 
ton.   Width,  i  mile.    Height,  92  feet. 

Missouri  Compromise.  An  agreement  relative 
to  the  extension  of  slavery,  embodied  in  a  bill 


692 

wrote  "Planetary  and  Stellar  Worlds  "  (1848),  "Orbs  of 
Heaven  "  (1861),  etc. 

Mitchell,  Donald  Grant :  pseudonym  Ik  Mar- 
vel. Born  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  April,  1822.  An 
American  essayist  and  novelist.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1841 ;  studied  law  in  New  York ;  was  consul  at 
Venice  1863-65 ;  and  has  since  lived  on  his  farm  Edge- 
wood,  near  New  Haven,  Connecticut  He  has  written 
"  Keveries  of  a  Bachelor  "  (1850),"  Dream  Life  "  (1861), ' '  My 
Farm  of  Edgewood  "  (186S), "  Seven  Stories  with  Basement 
and  Attic"  (1864),  "Wet  Days  at  Edgewood,  etc." (1864), 
"Rural  Studies,  etc."  (1867),  a  novel  "Doctor  Johns,  etc." 
(1866),  "Bound  Together,  etc."  (1884),  "Out-of-Town 
Places,"  a  reprint  of  "Rural  Studies"  (1884),  "English 
Lands,  etc. ''(1889-90),  etc. 

Mitchell,  Elisha.  Born  at  Washington,  Conn., 
Aug.  19, 1793 :  died  in  the  Black  Mountains, 
N.  C,  June  27,  1857.  An  American  chemist, 
surveyor,  and  clergyman,  noted  for  exploration 
of  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina, 


Union,  passed  m  1821.  it  was  enacted  that  in  all  the 
territory  ceded  by  B'rance,  known  as  Louisiana,  north  of 
56°  30'  north  lat.,  excepting  Missouri,  slavery  should  be 
lorever  prohibited ;  and  on  this  concession  by  the  pro- 
slavery  party  in  Congress,  Missouri  was  admitted  as  a 


at  TJrumiah,  Persia, "1845:  died  at  Berlin,  Ger- 
many, March  10,  1888.  An  American  arohse- 
ologist.  She  married  Samuel  S.  Mitchell,  an  artist,  in 
1867,  and  passed  most  of  her  life  abroad. 
History  of  Ancient  Sculpture  "  (1883). 


She  wrote  "A 


slave  State.  "  It  was  abrogated  by  the  passage  of  the  Kan-  MitchoU,  Maria.  Born  at  Nantucket,  Mass., 
sas-Nebraska  Bill  in  1854.      ,     ,      ,     ^       .  Aug.  1,  1818:  died  at  Lynn,  Mass.,  June  28, 

Miss  Sara  Sampson.  A  play  by  Lessing,  pro-  jggl^  'j^  American  astronomer,  daughter  of 
ducedinl755.  WiUiam  Mitchell  (1791-1868):  professor  of  as- 

Missunde  (mis-son'de).  A  small  village  6  miles  tronomy  at  Vassar  College,  Poughkeepsie,  New 
east  of  Sohleswig,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  York, from  1865.  ShereceivedthedegreeofLL.D.from 
bchiei.  It  was  the  scene  of  engagements  between  the  Dartmouth  in  1852  and  Columbia  in  1887 ;  was  the  first  wo- 
Danes  and  troops  of  Schleswig-Holstein  Sept.  12, 1850,  and  man  elected  to  theAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences; 
between  the  Danes  and  Prussians  Feb.  2, 1864.  and  was  a  member  of  various  scientific  associations. 

Mistake,  The.     A  comedy  by  John  Vanbrugh  Mitchell,  Mount.   The  highest  mountain  in  the 


(1705).    It  was  taken  in  part  from  Molifere's  "Le  d^pit  ' 
amoureux."    It  was  acted  in  1790  as  "I,overs'  Quarrels," 
an  alteration  by  King. 
Mistassini  (mis-tas-se'ne).  Lake.     A  lake  in 


United  States  east  of  the  EoekyMountains,situ- 
ated  in  the  Black  Mountains,  Yancey  County, 
North  Carolina.  Height,  6,710  feet.  It  is  also 
called  the  Black  Dome.   It  is  named  from  Professor  Elisha 


PaTiarl!!  nn  RTmrniqioTi  of  f^liBrivpr'R.iiTifirt -whipli  called  the  Black  Dome,  it  is  namea  irom  j-roiessor  Jiusna 
Canaaa,  an  expansion  or  tne  river  Kuperc,wnien  jut^j^gu  ^^^  perished  while  exploring  the  mountain  1867. 
empties  into  Hudson  Bay.     Length,  about  100  jy^cjieii^  gQas  Weir.     Bom  at  Philadelphia, 


miles  (?). 
Misterhianco  (m§s-ter-be-ang'k6).    A  small 

town  in  Sicily,  west  of  Catania. 
Mr.  F's  Aunt.    A  noted  character  in  Dickens's 

"Little  Dorrit."     she  is  characterized  by  "extreme 


Feb.  15, 1829.  An  American  physician  and  au- 
thor, noted  for  researches  in  toxicology,  the 
nervous  system,  etc.  He  has  edited  "Five  Essays: 
On  the  Cryptogamous  Origin  of  Malarious  Fevers,  etc." 
(1868),  and  has  written  "Researches  upon  the  Venom  of 


severity  and  grim  taciturnity ;  sometimes  by  a  propensity    the  Rattlesnake  "  (1860),  "Researches  upon  the  Venoms 


to  offer  remarks  .  .  .  totally  uncalled  for  by  anything  said 
by  anybody,  and  traceable  to  no  association  of  ideas." 

r.  H.     A  play  by  Charles  Lamb.    This  farce  (in 

"two  acts)  was  "performed  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  London,  in 
Dec,  1806,  but  did  not  survive  the  first  night  of  its  ap- 
pearance. In  America,  however,  it  was  performed  with 
£ome  success.  The  point  of  the  play  is  the  anxiety  of  the 
hero  to  conceal  his  name  (Hogsflesh)  and  the  way  in  which 
all  his  devices  to  this  end  are  frustrated  by  his  unhappy 
destiny. 


Mr.  Midshipman  Easy  (e'zi).    A  sea  story  by  mtchell.  Sir  Thomas  Livingstone.    Born  ir 
T^  _  j-_-!-n_  11* i  ....•ui:„i,.,.q  j„  i83g  Stirlingshire,  Scotland,  June  16,  1792:  died  a1 


1828  he  was  appointed  surveyor-general  to  the  colony  of 
New  South  Wales.  He  is  best  known  from  his  four  expe- 
ditions into  the  interior  of  Australia,  1831-86  and  1836-46. 
He  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  in  1841.  He  pub- 
lished "Three  Expeditions"  (1838),  "Journal"  or  his 
fourth  expedition  (1848),  "The  lusia!d  of  Camoens  closely 
translated  "  (1854),  etc. 


of  Poisonous  Serpents  "  withE.  T.  Reichert  (1886),  "Wear 

by  anybody,  ana  iraceaoieio  no  associauon  oi  laeas.  and  Tear,  or  Hints  for  the  Overworked"  (1871),  "Injuries 

•Mr   H.     A  play  by  Charles  Lamb.    This  farce  (in    of  the  Nerves,  etc. ''(1873),  "Fat  and  Blood  "(1877),"  Heph- 

-^    -      •' -    ■  -         -       _.      .      .      ,     \      zibah  Guinness,  and  Other  Stories    (1880),  "Lectures  on 

Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System,  etc."  (1881),  "In  War 
Time,"a  novel  (1886),  Poems  (1882  and  1887),  "Doctor  and 
Patient "  (1887),  "  Characteristics  "  (serially,  1891X  "  When 
all  the  Woods  are  Green  "  (1894), "  A  Madeu:a  Party  "  (1896), 
"Collected  Poems "  (1896),  "Hugh  Wynne  "  (1897),  "The 
_Adventures  of  Frangois  "  (serially,  1898). 

—        -  ...  .^ 

'Prederiek  Sarryat,  published  in  1836.  "     Stirlingsnire,  Scotlana,  June  1(3,  lYWa:  axed  at 

Mistra  (mes'tra),  or  Misitra  (mes'e-tra).    A  Carthona,DarlingPomt,  Australia,  Oct.  5, 1855. 

fortress  and  town  near  Sparta,  Greece,  built  in  A  British  explorer  m  Austraha.    At  sixteen  years 

i9d.B-    'ri,„*„.t„..  * ;t„A  !„  tT,.  ion,  „o.,f„™  K,,  t»,=    of  age  he  entered  the  Peninsular  army,  and  Was  promoted 

1^48.     The  fortress,  founded  m  the  13th  century  by  the    lieutenant  Sept.  16,  1813,  and  major  Aug.  29,  1826.    In 

prinoeof  Achaia,  is  one  of  the  most  curious  and  complete    »".!,'  '       .  p  ,.  •      . 

memorials  of  medieval  life  now  existing.  Oh  the  slopes  re- 
main churches,  escutcheoned  palaces,  andfortifled- streets, 
and  the  hill  is  crowned  by  a  great  castle  with  imposing 
groups  of  battlemented  and  machicolated  towers  and 
every  defensive  device  of  the  middle  ages. 

Mistral  (mes-tral'),  Frederic.  Bom  at  Mail- 
lane,  Bouches-du-Rhdne,  Prance,  Sept.  8, 1830.  Mitchelstown  (mieh '  elz-toun).  A  town  in 
A  Provencal  poet,  belonging  to  the  brotherhood  County  Cork,  Ireland.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  riot  be- 
of  modern  Provencal  poets  knownas"Les  P61i-  tween  the  Home  Rulers  and  police,  Sept.  9, 1887. 
iDriges."  Among  his  works  (in  Provencal,  with  French  mtcMll  (mioh'il),  Samuel  Latham.  Born  at 
translations)are"MirMo"/"MireiUe,"1859),  "Calendau"  North  Hempstead,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  20,  1764:  died 
(1867),  "Lis  isclo  d'or"  ("Les  lies  d'or,"  1876),  "  Lou  Tre-   at  New  York,  Sept.  7, 1831.    An  American  phy- 

*°'^^''?<^^*^^?V??,C/wI?"®^ ';  "  ^"^™«^h?'oSS'^  diction,  sieian,  naturalist,  politician,  and  miscellaneous 

ary),  "Nerto    (1884),  "La  reine  Jeanne  "(1890).  „.j4.„J      ^    ^       j  j      .i,,  ,,    t,j       j  i,,.„         ..  n_ 

TWintrpoo    Tlip        A    "lnvfi-cvplfi"hv  Abraham  wnter.     He  founded,  with  Dr.  Edward  Miller  and  Dr. 

jmstress,  ine.      a      lOve-cycie      oyAOranam  Elihu  H.Smith,  the  "New  York  Medical  Repository,"  and 

Cowley,  pubhshed  m  1647.  .^as  its  chief  editor. 

Mistretta  (mes-tret'ta).  Atown in  the  province  Mite,  Sir  Matthew.    The  "nabob"  in  Poote's 

of  Messina,  Sicily,  50  miles  northwest  of  Ca-  play  of  that  name.  He  returns  from  a  profitable  resi- 

tania.     Population  (1881),  12,535.  Sence  in  India  with  Ill-gotten  gains,  which  he  uses  to  an- 

Mita.     See  Weitspekan.  noy  and  ruin  his  neighbors. 

Mitan  (me'tou),  Lett.  Jelgava  (yerga-va)", 

Kuss.  Mitava  (me-ta'va).     The  capital  of  the 

government  of  Courland,  Russia,  on  the  Aa  25 

miles  southwest  of  Eiga.    It  was  the  residence 

of  the  dukes  of  Courland  from  th§  middle  of  the 

16th  century.     Population  (1892),  30,528. 
Mitchel  (mich'el),  John.     Bom  at  Dungiven,  Mitiford  (mit'ford),  John.    Bom  at  Eichmond, 

County Derry,  Ireland, Nov.  3, 1815 :  diedMaroh    Surrey,  Aug.  13,1781:  diedat  Benhall vicarage. 

20,1875.   An  Irish  revolutionist,  a  leader  in  the    April  27,  1859.    An  English  writer  and  clergy^ 

"  Young  Ireland  "  movement.     He  was  convicted 

as  editor  of  the  "United  Irishman"  and  sentenced  to  14 

years'  banishment  in  1848;  escaped  from  Van  Diemen's 

Land  and  came  to  New  York  in  1864  ;  and  lived  in  the 

United  States  until  1874,  when  he  returned  to  Ireland  and 

in  1875  was  elected  to  Parliament  for  Tipperary,  but  was 

declared  ineligible.  He  wrote  " -Tail  Journal "  (1864),  "The 

Last  Conquest  of  Ireland  —  Perhaps  "  (1861),  etc. 


Foote  brought  on  the  stage  an  Anglo-Indian  chief,  dis- 
solute, ungenerous,  and  tyrannical,  ashamed  of  the  hum- 
ble friends  of  his  youth,  liating  the  aristocracy,  yet  child- 
ishly eagerto  be  numbered  amongthem,  squandering  his 
wealth  on  pandars  and  flatterers,  tricking  out  his  chair- 
man with  the  most  costly  hoWiouse  flowers,  and  astound- 
ing the  ignorant  with  jargon  about  rupees,  lacs,  and  ja- 
ghires.  Macavlay,  Essays,  I.  282. 


Mitchel,  Ormsby  McKnight.  Born  in  Union 
County,  Ky.,  Aug.  28, 1810:  died  at  Beaufort, 
S.  C,  Oct.  30,  1862.  An  American  astronomer 
and  general.  He  became  director  of  the  Cincinnati 
Observatory  in  1845,  and  of  the  Dudley  Observatory  (Al- 
bany) in  1869,  and  served  in  the  CivU.  War  1861-62.    He 


man.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  John  Mitford,  commander 
of  a  China  merchantman.  He  entered  Oriel  College,  Ox- 
ford, in  1801,  graduating  in  1804.  He  was  licensed  cu- 
rate of  Kelsale,  Suffolk,  in  1809.  From  1834  until  1860  he 
edited  the  "  Gentleman's  Magazine."  He  assisted  in  ed- 
iting the  Aldine  edition  of  British  poets,  and  wrote  "  Ag- 
nes, the  Indian  Captive,"  a  poem  (1811). 

Mitford,  Mary  Eussell.  Bom  at  Alresford, 
Hampshire,  Deo.  16,  1787:  died  at  Swallow- 
field,  Jan.  10,  1855.  An  English  author.  Her 
father,  George  Mitford,  was  a  physician  who  squandered 
a  fortune  and  Anally  became  dependent  upon  his  daugh- 
ter's earnings.  Attenyearsof  ageshedrewalotteryprize 
of  £20,000.    In  1810 her  "  Miscellaneous  Poems  "  appeared, 


Mitre 

and  in  1812  "Blanche  of  Castile."  In  1820  her  father'i 
irregularities  obliged  her  to  anpport  herself  by  literature. 
"Julian,"  a  tragedy,  was  accepted  by  Macready  and  per- 
formedatCoventGarden,Marchl6,1823.  "TheFo8oari"waa 
produced  by  Charles  Kemble,  Nov.  4. 1826,  and  "Rienzi," 
her  best  tragedy,  was  produced  at  Drury  Lane,  Oct.  9, 1828. 
The  sketches  entitled  "Our  Village  "  began  In  the  "  Lady's 
Magazine  "  in  1819,  and  gained  great  popularity.  "  Belford 
Regis  etc.,"  a  novel,  was  published  in  1SS6,  and  "Recol- 
lections of  a  Literary  Life,  etc.,"  in  1862.  She  also  pub- 
lished a  number  of  poems,  sonnets,  stories  of  American 
life,  stories  for  children,  etc. 

Mitford,  William.  Bom  at  London,  Feb.  10, 
1744:  died  at  Exbury,  Feb.  10,  1827.  An  Eng- 
lish historian.  He  matriculated  at  Queen's  College, 
Oxford  in  1761,  but  left  without  a  degree.  He  entered  the 
Middle  Temple  in  1763,  but  never  practised.  The  first 
volume  of  his  "History  of  Greece,"  suggested  by  Gibbon, 
appeared  in  1784 :  the  work  was  completed  in  1810.  He 
was  a  member  of  Parliament  1786-90, 1796-1806,  and  1812- 
1818. 

Mithra  (mith'ra),  or  Mithras  (mith'ras).  In 
ancient  Persian  mythology,  the  god  of  light, 
later  of  the  sun.  His  worship  was  introduced 
into  Eome. 

After  Pontus  in  Asia  Minor,  previously  held  by  Persia, 
had  been  conquered  by  Pompey,  the  worship  of  Mithras 
superseded  the  Dionysia,  and  extended  over  the  Roman 
Empire.  The  Emperor  Commodus  was  initiated  into  these 
Mysteries ;  and  they  have  been  maintained  by  a  constant 
tradition,  with  their  penances  and  tests  of  the  courage  of 
the  candidate  for  admission,  through  the  Secret  Societies 
of  the  Middle  Ages  and  the  Rosicrucians,  down  to  the 
modern  faint  refiex  of  the  latter,  the  Freemasons.  The 
Mitbraic  rites  supplied  the  model  of  the  initiatory  cere- 
monies observed  in  those  societies,  and  are  described  by 
Justin  Martyr  and  TertuUian  as  resembling  the  Christian 
Sacraments.  The  believers  were  admitted  by  the  rite  of 
baptism ;  they  had  a  species  of  Eucharist ;  while  the  cour- 
age and  endurance  of  the  neophyte  were  tested  by  twelve 
consecutive  trials  denominated  Tortures,  undergone  with- 
in a  cave  constructed  for  the  purpose,  and  lasted  forty 
days  before  he  was  admitted  to  a  participation  in  the  Mys- 
teries. The  peculiar  symbol  of  theseriteshavebeenfound 
all  over  Europe ;  and  the  burial-place  of  the  Three  Kings 
of  Cologne,  Caspar,  Balthasar,  and  Melchior,  was  shown 
as  the  tombs  of  the  Magians  that  visited  Bethlehem. 

Knight,  Symbolical  Language,  p.  xxiv. 

Mithridate  (met-re-daf).     A  tragedy  by  Ea- 

cine,  produced  Jan.  13,  1673. 
Mithridates   (mith-ri-da'tez)  (more   correctly 

Mithradates  (mith-ra-da'tez))  VI.  Eupator, 

sumamed  "  The  Great."  Bom  about  132  b.  c.  : 
died  63  B.  c.  King  of  Pontus  120-63.  He  subju- 
gated the  peoples  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Black  Sea, 
and  conquered  the  Crimea  and  southern  Russia.  He  next 
attacked  Paphlagonia,  Cappadocia,  and  Eithynia,  client 
states  of  Rome,  which  caused  the  interference  of  that 
power.  War  broke  out  in  consequence  in  88.  He  rapidly 
made  himself  master  of  all  the  Roman  possessions  in  Asia 
Minor,  except  Magnesia  on  the  Marauder,  and  caused  a 
general  massacre  of  the  Italian  inhabitants,  said  to  have 
numbered  80,000,  or,  according  to  others,  160,000.  He  also 
instigated  a  rising  of  the  European  Greeks,  to  whose  aid 
he  sent  a  formidable  land  and  naval  force  under  his  gen- 
eral Archelaus.  Archelaus  was  defeated  by  SuUa  at  Chae- 
ronea  in  86  and  at  Orchomenus  in  85.  Sulla  crossed  the 
Hellespont  to  Asia,  and  dictated  a  peace  at  Dardanus  in 
84.  IMUthridates  surrendered  his  fleet,  paid  a  heavy  war 
indemnity,  and  restored  all  his  conquests,  retaining  Pon- 
tus only.  In  83  a  second  war  broke  out,  owing  to  his  fail- 
ure completely  to  evacuate  Cappadocia.  The  propretor 
Murena  invaded  Pontus,  but  was  defeated  and  forced  to 
withdraw.  Peace  was  restored  in  81  on  the  basis  of  the 
treaty  of  Dardanus.  In  74  a  third  wai-  broke  out,  occa- 
sioned by  an  attempt  on  the  part  of  Mithridates  to  take 
possession  of  Bithynia,  which  had  been  bequeathed  to  the 
Romans  by  his  son-in-law  Nicomedes  III. ,  late  king  of  Bi- 
thynia. Mithridates  defeated  M.  Aurelius  Cotta  at  Chal- 
cedon,in  74,  but  was  expelled  from  his  own  kingdom  by 
LucuUus,  and  took  refuge  with  his  son-in-law  Tigranes, 
king  of  Armenia.  Lucullus  defeated  the  latter  at  Tigra- 
nocerta  in  69,  but  was  unable  to  prevent  Mithridates  from 
reconquering  Pontus  and  ravaging  Bithynia  and  Cappa- 
docia. He  was  superseded  by  Cn.  Pompeius,  who  defeat- 
ed Mithridates  on  the  Lycos  in  66,  and  compelled  the  sur- 
render of  Tigranes  at  Artaxata.  Mithridates  fled  to  Pan- 
tacapseum,  and  was  planning  a  new  campaign  when  his 
troops  revolted.  He  was  at  his  own  bidding  put  to  death 
by  a  Celtic  soldier  in  63,  after  having  vainly  sought  to  kill 
himself  by  poison. 

Mithridates,  King  of  Pontus.  A  tragedy  by 
Nathaniel  Lee,  produced  in  1678. 

Mithridatic Wars  (mith-ri-dat'ik wlbrz).  Three 
wars  between  Eome  and  Mithridates,  king  of 
Pontus.  The  Romans  were  commanded  in  the  first  (88- 
84  B.  0.)  by  Sulla  and  his  lieutenant  Fimbria ;  in  the  sec- 
ond (83-81)  by  Murena;  and  in  the  third  (74-63)  by  Lucul- 
lus, later  by  Pompey.  In  the  last  Mithridates  and  his  ally 
Tigranes  were  defeated,  and  Pontus  was  annexed  to  Rome 
in  63. 

Mitla  (met'la),  or  Mictlan  (mek-tlan').  [Na- 
huatl, '  place  of  the  dead':  called  by  the  Zapotecs 
Lyd-Baa,  entrance  to  the  grave.]  A  group  of 
large  ruined  buildings  in  the  state  of  Oajaca, 
Mexico,  about  20  miles  southeast  of  Oajaca  City. 
They  are  built  of  adobe  and  stone,  and  some  of  them  are 
elaborately  ornamented  with  a  kind  of  mosaic  work  pro- 
duced by  stones  set  in  cement.  There  are  also  mural 
paintings.  The  origin  and  purpose  of  the  Mitla  buildings 
are  unknown.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  they  appear  to 
have  been  occupied  by  Zapotec  Indians.  There  is  a  mod- 
ern village  on  tie  site. 

Mitre  (me'tra),  Bartolom6.  Bom  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  June  26, 1821.    A  celebrated  Argentine 


Mitre 

general,  statesman,  journalist,  and  author. 
Banished  by  Boaas,  he  lived  BucoeaBively  In  Uruguay,  Bo- 
livia, Peru,  and  Chile,  and  was  a  noted  journalist  in  all 
those  countries.  He  served  in  the  Uruguayan  army  1838- 
1846,  and  in  the  Bolivian  army  1847  ;  as  colonel  of  artillery, 
took  part  in  the  overthrow  of  Aosas,  1852 ;  opposed  Ur- 
quiza ;  led  the  movement  hy  which  Buenos  Ayres  declared 
itself  independent,  Sept.  17,  18S2 ;  was  made  minister  of 
the  interior  and  laiier  minister  of  war  of  the  Buenos  Ayres 
government ;  and  in  the  latter  capacity  commanded  the 
'  army  which  was  defeated  by  Urquiza  at  Cepeda  Oct.  23, 
1869,  the  result  being  the  reunion  of  Buenos  Ayres  with  the 
Argentine  Confederation.  Mitre  was  then  elected  gov- 
ernorof  Buenos  Ayres,  May,  1860 ;  and,  new  difficulties  hav- 
ing arisen  with  the  federal  government,  he  defeated  Ur- 
quiza's  army  at  Pavon,  Sept.  11, 1881.  Soon  after  Mitre 
was  made  president  ad  interim,  and  in  Oct.,  1862,  was 
elected  president  of  the  new  Argentine  Kepublio  for  six 
years.  With  his  term  opened  an  era  of  great  prosperity. 
During  two  years  he  commanded  the  allied  army  against 
Paraguay.  (See  Triple  Allianoe.)  At  the  end  of  his  term 
Mitre  was  made  minister  to  Bi-aaiL  He  was  a  presidential 
candidate  in  1874,  and,  being  defeated,  headed  an  abortive 
rebellion.  In  1891  he  was  again  a  candidate,  but  subse- 
quently withdrew  his  name.  In  1862  GeneralMitre  founded 
"La  Nacion,"  which  became  the  most  important  journal 
of  the  Flatine  region,  and  remained  under  his  direction. 
Besides  poems,  essays,  speeches,  etc.,  he  published  two 
historical  worlds,  the  "  Historia  de  Belgrano  "  (1857  et  seq.) 
and  the  "  Historia  de  San  Martin  "  (1884 :  English  abridged 
translation  1893). 

Mitre  (mi'tfer),  The.  A  noted  London  tavern, 
formerly  standing  in  Mitre  Court,  off  Fleet 
street.  It  was  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson's  favorite  resort. 
There  were  other  taverns  of  the  name  in  London. 

Mitrowitz  (mit'ro-vits).  A  town  in  Croatia- 
Slavonia,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Save  in  lat.  44°  58'  N.,  long.  19°  37'  E.  it  oc- 
cupies the  site  of  the  ancient  Sirmium.  Population  (1890), 
9.541. 

Mitscterlicli  (mitsh'er-lich),  Eilhard.    Bom 

at  Neuende,  near  Jever,  Germany,  Jan.  7, 1794: 
died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  28, 1863.  A  noted  German 
chemist,  professor  at  Berlin  from  1821.  He  dis- 
covered isomorphism  in  1818.  He  wrote  "  Lehrbuoh  der 
Chemie  "  (1829-40),  etc. 
Mittelmark  (mit'tel-mark).  A  region  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  extending 
from  the  Havel  eastward  to  the  Oder,  it  com- 
prised the  districts  around  Brandenburg,  Berlin,  and  Pots- 
Sam,  forming  part  of  the  old  possessions  of  Brandenburg, 
and  of  the  original  holding  of  the  house  of  HohenzoUern 
in  1416. 

Mittermaier  (mit'ter-mi-er),  Karl  Joseph 
Anton.  Born  at  Munich,  Aug.  5,  1787 :  died 
at  Heidelberg,  Aug.  28, 1867.  A  German  jurist 
and  politician,  professor  at  Heidelberg  from 
1821.    He  wrote  works  on  criminal  law,  etc. 

Mittu  (met'to).  An  independent  Nigritie  tribe 
of  the  eastern  Sudan,  between  the  Dinka  anfi 
the Nyam-Nyam.  TheMadi,Abaka,andLubaaresub- 
tribes.  The  northern  dialects  differ  from  the  southern. 
In  customs  the  Mittu  are  much  like  the  Sofi  and  the  Bongo, 
but  are  not  so  hardy.  They  are  agriculturists  in  a  fertile 
country,  and  are  good  bowmen  and  musicians. 

Mittweida  (mif  vi-da) .  A  manufacturing  town 
in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  situated  on  the  Zscho- 
pau  34  miles  west  by  south  of  Dresden.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  11,298. 

Mituas  (me-to'az).  A  horde  of  Jndians  of  the 
upper  Orinoco  valley,  on  the  llanos  bordering 
the  Guaviare  afluent  (Colombia). 

Mitylene.    See  MyUlene. 

Mivart  (miv'art),  St.  George  Jackson.  Bom 
at  London,  l!fov.  30,  1827:  died  there,  April  1, 
1900.  An  English  naturalist.  He  was  called  to  the 
baratLincoln's  Inn  in  1851;  became  a  lecturer  in  3t.Mary's 
Hospital  Medical  School  in  1862;  was  appointed  professor 
of  biology  in  University  College,  London,  in  1874,  and  pro- 
fessor of  tlie  philosophy  of  natural  history  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  louvain  in  1890.  He  published  "On  the  Genesis  of 
Species"  (1871),  "Lessons  in  Elementary  Anatomy"  (1873), 
"The  Cat"  (1880),  "N.iture  and  Thought"  (1882),  etc. 

Miwok,  or  Meewoc  (me'wok).  The  southern 
division  of  the  Moquelunxnan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  comprising  23  small  tribes 
whose  pristine  habi  tat  extended  from  the  Co- 
sumnes  to  the  Fresno,  and  from  the  snow-line 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  San  Joaquin  Eiver,  ex- 
cept a  strip  along  the  latter  occupied  by  the 
Cholovone.  The  name  signifies  'men 'or  'people 'in 
the  dialect  formerly  spoken  north  of  the  Stanislaus.  See 
Moquelumnan. 

Mixco  (mes'ko).  A  city  and  stronghold  of  the 
ancient  Cakchiquel  Lidians  of  Guatemala,  about 
25  miles  north  of  the  modem  Guatemala  City. 
It  was  on  a  nearly  inaccessible  hill,  and  was  fortified  with 
great  skill.  In  1626  the  Spaniards,under  Gonzalo  Alvarado, 
besieged  it  for  a  month,  and  finally  took  it  by  assault  after 
a  terrible  fight  The  town  was  burned,  and  only  its  ruins 
remain ;  the  surviving  inhabitants  were  removed  to  the 
modem  village  of  Mixco,  6  miles  east  of  Guatemala. 

M^es  (me'Haz).  Anindianrace  of  southeastern 
Mexico,  in  the  mountains  of  the  isthmus  of 
Tehuantepec  (states  of  Oajaca  and  Chiapas). 
By  language  they  are  related  to  the  Zoques.  Historians 
describe  them  as  very  savage,  and  cannibals  ;  but  they 
early  submitted  to  the  whites,  and  are  now  a  degraded  but 
peaceful  part  of  the  country  population. 


693 

Mixtecs  (mes-taks'),  orMixtecas  (mes-ta'kaz). 
An  Indian  race  of  southern  Mexico,  in  the  moun- 
tains of  western  Oajaca  and  the  adjacent  parts 
of  Guerrero  and  Puebla.  At  the  period  of  the  Span- 
ish conquest  they  also  occupied  the  corresponding  parts 
of  the  Pacific  coast,  and  at  one  time  had  extended  east- 
ward to  the  isthmus  of  Tehuantepec,  from  which  they 
were  driven  by  the  Zapotecs.  They  were  frequently  at  war 
with  the  Aztecs  of  Mexico.  They  were  considerably  ad- 
vanced in  civilization,  built  adobe  or  stone  houses,  were 
agriculturists  butbrave  warriors,  andhadaform  of  picture- 
writing.  The  Mixtecs  readily  submitted  to  the  Spaniards; 
and  are  now  useful  citizens.  They  number  not  less  than 
200,000.  By  their  language  they  are  allied  to  the  Zapotecs 
(wliioh  see). 

Mizar  (mi'zar  or  me'zar).  [Ar.  mizdr,  a  waist- 
cloth  or  apron.]  The  familiar  name  of  the 
bright  second-magnitude  double  star  f  Ursse 
Majoris.  Smyth  says  the  name  was  unknown  to  the 
Arabs,  but  was  introduced  in  consequence  of  a  conjecture 
of  Scaliger's.  The  appropriateness  is  not  evident.  The 
same  name  is  also,  rarely,  applied  to  e  BoOtis. 

Mizen  (miz'en).  A  character  in  Charles  Shad- 
well's  play '"The  Fair  Quaker  of  Deal." 

In  this  character-piece  Mip,  the  sea-brute,  is  contrasted 
with  Beau  Mizen,  the  sea-fop ;  but  the  latter  is.  In  some 
degree,  a  copy  of  Baker's  Maiden,  the  progenitor  of  the 
family  of  Dundreary.  Daran,  English  Stage,  I.  213. 

IVEizpah  (miz'pa),  or  Mizpeh  (miz'pe).  [Heb., 
'  watch-tower. 'i  The  name  of  several  places 
mentionedin  Old  Testament  history,  (a)  A  place 
in  Gilead :  sometimes  identified  with  Tel  es-Saflyeh  (about 
lat.  32°  5'  N.).  (6)  A  place  in  Benjamin,  Palestine :  prob- 
ably on  thesiteoi  Nebi-Samwil,  6  miles  northwest  of  Jeru- 
salem. 

Mispeh,  the  culminating  point  of  the  tribe  of  Benjamin, 
became  the  meeting-place  of  the  tribes,  the  Washington 
of  the  Israelite  federation.  This  mountain,  which  rises 
nearly  4,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  on  the  horizon 
of  Jerusalem,  was  not  made  to  serve  as  the  site  of  a  great 
city.  On  the  contrary,  it  was  an  excellent  spot  for  those 
federal  diets  which  were  soon  to  assume  a  sacred  charac- 
ter. The  ark  was  never  established  there ;  but  the  sofet 
was  induced  to  make  it  his  habitual  residence,  and  no 
doubt  the  political  importance  of  Mispeh  had  some  weight 
in  the  providential  selection  of  Jerusalem  for  such  bril- 
liant destinies.  Jerusalem  is  only  a  league  from  Mispeh, 
and  from  the  top  of  the  mountain  the  little  acropolis  (miUo) 
of  the  Jebusites  on  the  hill  of  Sion  must  have  been  visi- 
ble. Senan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  302. 

Mizraim  (miz-ra'im).    The  Hebrew  name  of 

Egypt. 

Mizraim,  the  brother  of  Cush,  is  the  Hebrew  name  of 
Egypt.  It  signifies  '  the  two  Mazors, '  or  walls  of  fortifica- 
tion. On  the  Asiatic  side  Egypt  was  defended  from  attack 
by  a  chain  of  fortresses,  sometimes  called  Shur,  or  'the 
wall,'  by  the  Canaanites,  and  it  was  from  this  line  of  de- 
fence that  the  name  of  Mazor  was  derived.  The  name, 
however,  did  not  apply  to  the  whole  of  Egypt.  It  denoted 
only  Lower  or  Northern  Egypt,  which  extended  from  the 
sea  to  the  neighbourhood  of  the  modern  Cairo.  The  rest 
of  the  country  was  Upper  Egypt,  called  Pe-to-Ees,  'the 
land  of  the  South,'  in  ancient  Egyptian,  the  Pathros  of  the 
Old  Testament  (Isaiah  xi.  11).  The  division  of  Egypt  into 
two  provinces  dated  from  prehistoric  times,  and  lias  been 
remembered  through  all  the  vicissitudes  of  Egyptian  his- 
tory down  to  the  present  day.  It  was  essentially  'the 
double  land,'  and  its  rulers  wore  a  double  crown.  Hence 
the  use  of  the  dual  form,  "the  two  Mazors,"  in  Hebrew. 
Here  and  there,  where  Lower  Egypt  is  alone  alluded  to, 
the  singular  Mazor  is  employed,  but  otherwise  the  dual 
"Mizraim"  only  is  found  throughout  the  Old  Testament. 
Baces  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  62. 


MJSUnir  (myel'nir).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  my- 
thology, Thor's  hammer,  "the  crusher,"  made 
by  the  dwarfs.  It  was  the  trusty  weapon  of 
Thor  in  his  constant  warfare  against  the  giants. 

Mjosen  (myfe'sen),  Lake,  The  largest  lake  in 
Norway,  about  35  miles  northeast  of  Christiania 
at  the  nearest  point.  Length,  62  miles.  Great- 
est depth,  1,500  feet. 

Mlawa  (mla'va).  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Plock,  Russian  Poland,  67  miles  north-north- 
west of  Warsaw.    Population  (1893),  10,387. 

Mnemosyne  (nf-mos'i-ne).  [Gr.  M.vi!/ioairv^,  the 
mother  of  the  'Muses.]  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  goddess  of  memory,  daughter  of  Uranus 
(Heaven)  and  Ge  (Earth),  and  mother,  by  Zeus, 
of  the  Muses. 

Mnesicles  (ne'sik-lez).  [Gr.  M.wcikXvc-']  Archi- 
tect of  the  Propylseum  (begun  437  B.C.).  It  was 
5  years  in  building,  and  cost  about  $2,000,000.  An  inscrip- 
tion with  his  name,  "but  later  in  time,  has  been  found 
among  the  ruins  of  die  Propylseum. 

Mnevis  (ne'vis).  The  ancient  Egyptian  sacred 
bull  of  HeUopolis. 

Apis  of  Memphis,  Mn6vis  of  Heliopolis,  and  Pakis  of 
Hermonthis,  are  all  links  that  bind  together  the  Egypt  of 
the  Pharaohs  and  the  Egypt  of  the  stone  age.  They  were 
the  sacred  animals  of  the  clans  which  first  settled  in  these 
localities,  and  their  identification  with  the  deities  of  the 
official  religion  must  have  been  a  slow  process,  never  f  uUy 
carried  out,  in  fact,  in  the  minds  of  the  lower  classes. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  66. 

Moab  (mo'ab).  A  Semitic  tribe  settled  at  the 
southeastern  end  of  the  Dead  Sea  (the  modern 
district  of  Kerak) .  In  Gen.  xix.  Moab  and  Ammon  are 
represented  as  descendants  of  Lot,  and  their  names  are 
explained  from  then-  incestuous  origin.    The  Moabites  ap- 


Mocarabians 

pear  to  have  been  a  warlike  tribe,  and  the  Israelites  dur- 
ing their  wanderings  through  the  desert  tried  to  avoid  an 
encounter  with  them.  During  the  period  of  the  Judges 
they  opposed  the  Israelites  until  they  were  routed  by 
Ehud  (Judgesiii.).  SaulandDavid,whoseancestressRuth 
was  a  Moabitess,  subjugated  them.  After  Solomon's  death 
Moab  fell  to  the  northern  kingdom.  After  Ahab's  death 
Mesha  refused  to  pay  tribute.  They  were  afterward,  ac- 
cording to  the  cuneiform  inscriptions,  subjected  to  Assyria, 
Shalman,  Camoshnadab,  and  Mussari  being  mentioned  as. 
kings  of  Moab  paying  tribute.  They  participated  in  the 
fall  of  Jerusalem  through  the  Babylonians,  and  Nebuchad- 
nezzar subjected  them  on  his  expedition  against  Egypt. 
They  appear  after  the  exile  as  seeking  to  maintain  friendly 
relations  with  the  Judeans.  Later  they  were  subjected  to. 
the  Nabatseans,  the  Maccabees,  and  the  Romans.  Chemosh 
was  their  principal  divinity ;  another  was  Baal  Peor.  The 
only  authentic  monument  of  the  Moabite  civilization  thufr 
far  known  is  the  so-called  Moabite  Stone.  See  below. 
Moabite  Stone.  A  slab  of  black  basalt  bearing- 
an  inscription  of  34  lines  in  Hebrew-Pheuician 
characters :  the  oldest  monximent  of  the  Semitic 
alphabet,  it  was  found  in  1868  at  the  ancient  Dibon  of 
Moab.  Before  it  could  be  removed  it  was  broken  in  many 
pieces,  through  the  jealousies  of  Arab  tribes,  but  asqueeze 
of  the  inscription  had  been  previously  taken,  and  the  chief 
fragments  are  now  in  the  Louvre  Museum.  The  stone  is  the 
most  important  surviving  relic  of  Moabite  civilization,  and 
is  believed  to  date  from  about  850  B.  0.  The  inscription, 
records  the  victories  of  King  Mesha  over  the  Israelites. 
See  Mesha. 

Moadoc.     See  Modoc. 

Moallakiit  (mo-al-la-kaf).  A  collection  of 
seven' Arabic  poems,  composed  by  different  au- 
thors in  the  6th  and  7th  oenttiries. 

Moaria  (mo-a'ri-a).  [NL.]  A  hypothetical 
South  Pacific  continent  of  which  only  New 
Zealand  and  other  Oceanian  or  Polynesian  isl- 
ands remain:  so  named  from  the  supposed 
former  range  of  the  moa.  Its  assumed  existence 
accounts  for  many  features  of  the  present  geographical 
distribution  of  animals  and  plants.  The  name  was  pro- 
posed by  Dr.  Mantell. 

Moatcaht  (mo'aeh-at),  or  Mowachaht.  The 
people  to  whom  the  name  Nootka  was  first  ap- 
plied, a  tribe  of  North  American  Indians  living 
near  Nootka  Sound,  Vancouver  Island,  British 
Columbia.  Theynumbered254inl884.  See  AM. 

Moawiyah  (mo-a-we'ya).  Governor  of  Syria, 
and,  after  his  victory  over  Ali,  calif  661-680  A.  D. 
He  founded  the  dynasty  of  the  Ommlads,  which  held  the 
calif  ate  for  89  years  (661-750)  with  Damascus  as  capitaU 

Mobangi.    Same  as  Ubangi. 

Moberly  (mo'bfer-li).  The  capital  of  Eandolph 
County,  central  Missouri.  Population  (1900), 
8,012. 

Mobile  (mo-bel').  A  river  in  Alabama  whiek 
is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Alabama  and 
Tombigbee,  and  falls  into  Mobile  Bay.  Lengthy 
about  45  miles. 

Mobile.  A  city,  capital  of  Mobile  County,  Ala- 
bama, situated  on  Mobile  Eiver  in  lat.  30°  41' 
N.,  long.  88°  2'  W.  It  is  the  only  seaport  and  the  lar- 
gest city  of  the  State.  It  has  a  large  trade  in  timber,  naval' 
stores,  coal,  etc.,  and  is  one  of  the  leading  ports  in  the^ 
country  for  the  export  of  cotton.  It  was  founded  by  De 
Bienville  in  1702 ;  was  the  capital  of  Louisiana  until  1723  ; 
passed  to  Great  Britain  in  1763,  and  to  Spain  in  1783 ;  was 
taken  by  the  Americans  under  Wilkinson  in  1813 ;  and 
became  a  city  in  1819.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Federals 
April  12, 1865.  It  has  now  steamer  lines  to  Liverpool  and 
New  York.    Population  (1900),  38,469. 

Mobile  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in 
the  southwestern  part  of  Alabama.  Length,, 
about  36  miles. 

Mobile  Bay,  Battle  of.  A  naval  victory  gained' 
Aug.  5,  1864,  by  the  Federals  (with  7  sloops  of 
war  and  4  iron-clad  monitors),  under  Farragut,. 
over  the  Confederates  (with  the  ram  Tennessee,, 
which  had  to  surrender,  and  3  gunboats),  under 
Buchanan. 

Mobile  Point.  A  sandy  point  at  the  eastern, 
entrance  of  Mobile  Bay :  the  site  of  Fort  Mor- 
gan (previously  Port  Bowyer). 

Mobilian.    See  Creek. 

Mobimas.    See  Movimas. 

Mobius  (m6'be-6s),  August  Ferdinand.  Bom 
at  Schulpf orta,  Prussia,  Nov.  17, 1790 :  died  at 
Leipsic,  Sept.  26, 1868.  A  German  mathemati- 
cian and  astronomer,  professor  at  Leipsic  from 
1816.  His  chief  work  is  "Der  barycentrisoho' 
Kalkul"  (1827). 

Mobius,  Paul  Heinrich  August.  Bom  at  Leip- 
sic, May  31, 1825 :  died  at  Priedrichroda,  June 
8, 1889.  A  German  miscellaneous  writer,  son  of 
A.  F.  Mobius.  He  wrote  tales, ' '  Bar-Coeheba"  (a 
tragedy),  a  catechism  of  German  literature,  etc. 

Mobius,  Theodor.  Bom  at  Leipsic,  June  22, 
J821:  died  there,  April  25,  1890.  A  German 
philologist,  son  of  A.  P.  M5bius,  appointed  pro- 
fessor at  Leipsic  in  1859,  and  at  Kiel  in  1865. 
He  published  numerous  worKs  on  Scandina- 
vian philology  and  literature. 

Mocarabians  (mo-ka-ra'bi-anz).  See  the  ex- 
tract and  Mozardbs. 


Mocarabians 


694 


A  complete  toleration  had  been  granted  by  the  first  con- 
querors to  the  Christian  Gotha,  who,  under  the  name  ot 
Mocarabians  (mixed  Arabians),  lived  in  the  midst  of  the 
Musulmans.  Sigmondi,  Lit.  of  South  of  Europe,  I.  81. 

Mocetenas.    See  Mosetenas. 

Mocha  (mo'ka ;  Arab.  pron.  mo'oha) 


comedy  "The  Careless  Husband,"  a  brilliant 
coquettish  woman  of  quality,  wayward  and  sel- 
fish, but  not  heartless:  one  of  the  principal 
characters  in  the  play.  Mrs.  Oldfield  was  eele- 
.  brated  in  the  part. 

portinYemei;Arabla;situatedonlheEedra'^°^«p«o^l^„(r^^^^^ 

in  lat.  13°  20'  N.,  long.  43°  13'  E. :  long  famous    l^^L     „ '"^'  9,"^-  ^'  ^^^-     ^  '""'^'^  ^°^^  ^' 

for  its  export  of  coffee.     Popnlatiol,   about    *'®''-    Her  m.,de„  n„™e  w.» 

5,000.  -^  ' 

Mochica.    See  CJiimu. 

Mock  Astrologer,  The.   See  Evening's  Love,  An. 

Mock  Doctor,  The.  1.  Afaroe  by  Henry  Field- 
ing, slightly  altered  from  MoUfere's  comedy  "Le 
medecin  malgr6  lui,"  and  produced  with  Gar- 
rick  in  the  cast  about  1736.— 3.  An  English  li- 
bretto of  Gounod's  "  Le  mfidecin  malgr^  lui,"  by 


Moguls,  Empire  of  the 

the  whole  of  the  lowlying  land  which  skirts  the  Libyan 
cliffs  between  Ulahoun  and  Medinet  el-Fayoom  ;  but  re- 
cent explorations  have  proved  that  the  dikes  by  which  this 
pretended  reservoir  was  bounded  are  modem  works,  erect- 
ed probably  within  the  last  two  hundred  years.  I  no  longer 
believe  that  Lake  Moeris  ever  existed.  If  Herodotus  did 
actually  visit  the  Fayoom,  it  was  probably  in  summer,  at 
the  time  of  the  High  Nile,  when  the  whole  district  pre- 
sents the  appearance  of  an  inland  sea.  What  he  took  for 
the  shores  of  this  lake  were  the  embankments  which  di- 
vided it  into  basins  and  acted  as  highways  between  the 
various  towns.     Maspero,  Egypt.  Archaeol.  (trans.),  p.  35. 


tress.    Her  maiden  name  was  Opido.    She  married  her 

guardian  Modjeska  when  about  17  years  of  age,  and  with 

him  joined  a  company  of  strolling  players.    In  1868  she  _  _  .  . 

married  the  Count  Bozenta  Chlapowski,  and  about  that  ■ii/r___-   /„„i/_s\  /^^  nuTn^H  /tvi5'^x\    T  ni»« 

time  became  very  successful  in  he?  profe^ion.    Shemade  MoerO  (mwa  ro),  or  MCrU  (ma  ro).  Lake, 

her  first  appearance  in  America  in  1877  as  Adrienne  Le- 

couvreur,  in  an  English  version  of  the  play,  at  San  Francis- 


.    A 
It  is 


lake  in  central  Africa,  about  lat.  9°  30'  S, 
^^    .  -  ...  traversed  by  the  upper  Kongo. 

00,  after  a  very  short  study  of  the  language.  She  has  been  Tur—nia  f-mn'shia^  VGr  Mvalal  In  atipiPTif 
well  received  in  America,  and  has  made  anumber  of  tours  ■"■'••KSia  (me  snia;.  L^T-.  Mvaca^j  m  ancient 
throughout  the  country.    Her  r61es  are  numerous,  includ- 


ing Beatrice,  Ophelia,  Imogen,  Juliet,  Ilosalind,  etc. 
Modlin.    See  Novogeorgieosk. 


Charles  Kenny.    The  opera  was  produced  under  ^^^^^-  .^^.%f.?^<>for9t^sH:.^ 
this  name  at  London  ii  1865.  ^P'^°'''"°«'^™<^«^  Modling  (med'hng).  A  tow  in  Lower  Austria, 
Mockern(mek'em).    A  small  town  in  Prussian    n?9n%'o™™  n  ?lo  ""     Population 

Saxony,  situated  on  the  Ehle  14  miles  east  of  tJ)-S  T'^^Zl.V-'r^^w 


Magdeburi 

under  York  defeated  the  French  under  Eugene 

de  Beauharnais. 

Mockem.  A  village  2  miles  northwest  of  Leip- 
sio.  Here,  Oct.  16, 1813,  Bliicher  defeated  the 
French  under  Marmont  (part  of  the  battle  of 
Leipsio). 

Mocoas  (mo-ko'az).  Atribe  of  Indians ia south- 
em  Colombia,  about  the  upper  Caqueta  or  Ja- 
purd  and  its  branches.  They  are  an  agricultural  and 
peaceable  race,  and  are  noted  for  their  skill  in  weaving  and 

dyeing  cotton  fabrics,  and  in  other  small  industries.    At      - 

present  they  are  partially  civilized,  and  speak  a  corrupt  Mnilnp  War 
dialect  of  the  Quichua.    Their  own  language,  with  that  of  ■™-""'"*'  "  ** ' 
the  Mesayas  and  other  neighboring  tribes,  appears  to  con- 
•stitute  a  distinct  stock.    The  Engafios  or  Ingafios,  on  the 
Engatio  River,  a  branch  of  the  Caqueta,  are  either  identi- 
cal with  the  Mocoas  or  closely  allied  to  them. 

Mocobis  (mo-ko-bez'),  or  Mbocobis.  An  Indian 
tribe  or  group  of  tribes  in  the  northern  part  of 


geography,  a  province  of  the  Roman  Empire, 
lying  north  of  the  Balkans,  south  of  the  Danube, 
and  west  of  the  Black  Sea,  corresponding  nearly 
to  modern  Bulgaria  and  Servia.  it  was  made  a  Ro- 
man province  about  16  B.  0. ;  was  divided  later  into  Moesia 
Superior  (in  the  west)  and  Mcesia  Inferior  (in  the  east) ; 
and  was  overrun  by  Goths  in  the  Sd  and  4th  centuries. 


tuu  on  me  JliUie  1*  miles  east   of   nit    j  iiir    j      i     v      -/ji\         r-m        ■,         i*-         ana  was  overruu  uy  «ui.iio  m  tuc  ou  auu  i«.ii  i/ouMuica. 

Here,April5,m3,the;PruslLn1  Modoc,  o^^^^^^^^ 


docs.']  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians  which 
formerly  occupied  the  shores  of  Little  Klamath, 
Modoc,  and  Clear  lakes,  Oregon,  and  the  valleys 
of  Lost  Kiver  and  its  tributaries,  it  also  had  tran- 
sitory settlements  eastward  to  Goose  and  Warner  lakes,  on 
the  California  border.   Aftertheir  conflict  with  the  United 


after  their  conversion  to  Christianity  by  Ulfilas 
about  the  middle  of  the  4th  century,  settled  in 
Moesia,  and  there,  under  the  protection  of  the 
Boman  emperors,  devoted  themselves  to  agri- 
cultural pursuits.     See  Goths  and  Ulfilas. 


well  known,  about  80  of  the  Modoc  were  removed  to  Indian 
Territory.  The  remainder,  about  140,  have  resided  since 
1869  near  Yaneks,  on  Sprague  River,  Elamath  reservation, 
Oregon.  The  name  is  adapted  from  M6atokni,  slgni^ing 
'southerners."  (SeeJyZftuamian.)  Written  by  some  authori- 
ties Moadoc  and  Modook. 


the  Argentine  RepubUe  (Gran  Chaco  region),  Modred  (mo'dred),  or  Mordred  (mSr'dred) 
about  the  river  Vermejo.  They  are  stm  numerous,  The  treacherous  nephew  of  King  Arthur:  £ 
subsist  mainly  by  hunting  and  rapine,  but  have  cattle  and     kniffht  of  the  Round  Table 

horses  derived  from  Spanish  stock.    Their  villages  are  M^sf^^  /     -  ^"    '    -\       a  i  -4.1, 

composedotBlighthuts,andarefrequentIymovedinsearch  MOCMlgnO  (mo-donyo).  _  A  townin  the  province 


of  fresh  pasture.  The  Mocobis  belong  to  the  Guaycuru 
linguistic  stock,  and  are  closely  allied  to  the  extinct  Abi- 
pones  and  to  the  modern  Tobaa,  with  whom,  however,  they 
are  almost  constantly  at  war. 

Mocochies,  or  Mucnchies.   See  Timotes. 

Moctezuma.    See  Montezuma. 

Mocteznma.    See  Oposura. 

Moctoby.    See  BUom. 

Modena  (mo'de-na).  A  province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Emilia,  Italy.  Area,  987  square 
mUes.    Population  (1891),  286,716. 

Modena.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Mo,- 
dena,  Italy,  situated  between  the  Secchia  and 
the  Panaro,  in  lat-  44°  39'  N.,  long.  10°  56'  E. : 
the  ancient  Mutina.  The  cathedral,  consecrated  in 
1184,  is  a  well-designed  Romanesque  structure.  The  west 
fagade  is  one  of  the  best  of  its  date  in  Italy :  it  has  three 
round-arched  portals,  a  gallery  of  graceful  triple  arcades 
which  is  continued  around  the  church,  a  large  wheel-win- 
dow, and  much  interesting  sculpture.  There  are  two 
sculptured  porches  on  the  south  side.  The  three-aisled 
interior  contains  interesting  sculpture  and  tombs.  The 
Ghirlandina  Tower,  the  campanile  of  the  cathedral,  fin- 
ished to  the  spire  in  1316,  is  one  of  the  best  of  its  kind. 
The  height  is  315  feet.  The  massive  square  lower  stage, 
about  200  feet  high,  bears  the  slender  spire,  which  springs 
from  an  octagon  of  two  arcaded  tiers  and  is  pierced  with 


States  government  in  1872-73,  through  which  they  became  Mofadhdhal   fmo-fad'dal),  Abul  AbbaS  A1-. 

Died  784  a.  d.  An  Arabian  poet,  philologist, 
and  genealogist.  His  principal  work  was  a  collection 
of  the  most  celebrated  longer  poems  of  the  Arabs,  128  in 
number,  called  after  him  the  "Mofadhdhallat,"  which  is 
the  oldest  anthology  of  Arabian  poets.  His  other  works 
were  a  book  of  proverbs,  a  treatise  on  prosody,  and  a  vo- 
cabulary. 
Moffat  (mof '  at) .  A  watering-place  in  Dumfries- 
shire, Scotland,  43  miles  south  by  west  of  Ed- 
inburgh. It  has  mineral  springs.  Population 
(1891),  2,290. 
anS  Moffat,  Robert.  Bom  at  Ormiston,  East  Lo- 
thian, Dee.  21,  1795:  died  at  Lei^h,  Aug.  8, 
1883.  A  celebrated  Scottish  missionary.  For 
a  whUe  he  was  occupied  as  under-gardener,  but  alter  a 
course  of  study  he  was  accepted  by  the  London  Mis- 
sionary Society  in  1816,  arrived  at  Cape  Town  Jan.  13, 1817, 
and  labored  among  the  Bechuana  until  1870.  By  1826  he 
had  prepared  a  spring-book  of  the  Bechuana  language. 
Parts  of  the  Scriptures  were  translated  into  Bechuana. 
The  New  Testament  was  completed  and  carried  by  him  to 
London  in  1839.  In  London  he  met  David  Livingstone, 
who  married  his  daughter  in  1844.  The  translation  of  the 
Old  Testament  into  Bechuana  waa  finished  in  1867.  He 
returned  to  England  finally  in  June,  1870.  He  published 
"Missionary  Labours  In  South  Africa"  (1842). 


A  war  between  the  United  States 
government  and  the  Modoc  Indians  led  by  Cap- 
tain Jack.  The  Modocs  refused  in  1872  to  go  to  the 
Klamath  reservation  in  southern  Oregon,  and  went  to  the 
Lava  Beds.  At  a  conference  between  General  Canby  and 
the  Indians,  April,  1873,  the  former  was  treacherously 
killed.  War  followed ;  the  band  had  to  surrender 
Captain  Jack  was  executed. 


of  Bari,  Apulia,  Italy,  6  miles  west-southwest 
of  Bari,  Population  (1881),  8,525:  commune, 
9,880. 

Moe  (mo'e),  Jorgen  Ingebrektsen.  Bom  on 
the  estate  Moe,  Kingerige,  Norway,  1813:  died 
at  Clmstiansand,  1880.    A  Norwegian  poet  and 

theologian.  Hisfatherwasapeaaant.  Hestudiedtheology  .         ^ ^ 

in  Christiania  after  1830.  His  first  literary  venture  was  the  Mogador  (mog-a-dor'),  or  Suera  (swa'ra).     A 

SISi;S?^i?c^o^eSo^ftrgi!»altai°d°s^^^^^^        f  fP°f*  i^^^^T^"'  ^o'^^t^d  on  tl^e  Atlantic  in 

Norwegian  Popular  Dialects ''),  published  in  1840.    With     las-  ol    dU    JN.^ong.  a"  4d    W.     It  has  Important 

public  assistance  he  now  set  about  the  collecting,  in  vari-     commerce.    The  French  bombarded  it  in  1844.    Popula- 

ous  parts  of  Norway,  of  popular  literature  of  the  same  char-     tion,  about  19,000. 

acter;  and  in  1841,  in  collaboration  with  Peter  Christian  Moghlleff.     See  Mohileff. 

Asbiernsen(bornl812)  published "NorskeFolkeEventyr"  Mogilas    (mo-ge'las),    or   Mogila    fmo-ge'la), 

("  Norwegian  Folk-Tales").  A  cqllection  of  his  laterpoems     Peter      Born  about  TiQfi-  HiSllfiA       ^  -    '' 

appeared  in  1846  under  the  title  "At  hsengepaaJulefrffiet"     K^^'^-     -BOrn  aoout  lD9b.  died  1647. 

("To  Hang  on  the  Christmas  Tree").    His  earlier  poems 

were  collected  and  published  as  "Digte"  ("Poems")  in 

1849.    In  1853  he  became  a  clergyman,  and  ultimately  was 


vols. 
Mden  (m6'en).    An  island  in  the  Baltic,  belong- 
ing to  Denmark,  situated  southeast  of  Zealand, 


flower-likeopenings(whencethenameotthetower).  Other  M<EnUS(me  nus).  The  Latin  name  of  the  Mam, 
objects  of  interest  are  the  art  academy,  university,  pic-  MOBISB  (me're).  [Gr.  MoipO!.]  The  Greek  god- 
ture-gallery,  library,  and  ducal  palace.    Modena  became      ■"  " "  '        .■■      "   ■ 

a  Roman  colony  about  183  B.  o.    It  was  situated  on  the 


iBmilian  Way,  and  was  a  fiourishing  Roman  city.  It  be- 
came the  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Modena,  ruled  by  the 
Este  family,  and  was  famous  in  the  16th  century  for  the 
sculpture  of  terra-cottas.  (See  Mutineneuin  War,  and 
Modena,  Duchy  of.)    Population  (1892),  commune,  64,600. 

Modena,  Duchy  of.     A  former  duchy  of  north-     thread'of  life,  the'second  fixes  its  length,  and  the  third  Sev- 
ern Italy,  comprising  the  modern  provinces  of    ^'^  '■*'■   ■*^°  ^o*™*- 

Modena,  Massa-e-Carrara,  and  Reggio  (inEmi-  Moeris  (me'ris).  Lake.  [Gr.  ^  Molpiog  liiivv.'] 
lia).  The  family  of  Este  became  rulers  of  Modena  about  According  to  Herodotus,  an  artificial  lake  in 
1290 ;  it  was  made  a  duchy  in  1452 ;  was  annexed  to  the  Cis-     Middle  Egypt,  west  of  the  Nile,  50  miles  south 


A  RuS' 

sian  prelate  and  theologian.    He  drew  up  the 
"  Orthodox  Confession,"  the  leading  symbol  of 

J  T.. ,.      .„^  ■  ^-        J  -M.     ,-,    .  ^      ,     -„         the  Eastern  (Jhurch. 

madebishopofChristiansand.  His  collected  works,"  Sam-  lUT/itrnllnn  /mS  ™s  IttS^'    «»««..«j.«j  j   a     -     - 

lede  Skrifter,"  were  published  at  Christiania  in  1877  in  2  JM-OSp^Oll  (mo-g)-lyou  ,  corrapted  into  mo-go- 
yon').  Asubtnbeof  theGilenotribeofNorth 
American  Indians,  living  in  the  MogoUonMoun- 

.^^  „„„„„„„..„,  „„,^„„„^„„^„,^„„o„„^  „„„i^„„.    tains, -Arizona.     B&e,  Gil&ilo. 

Chief  town,  Stege.  Area,  81  square  miles.  Pop-  MogoUons  (mo-go-yonz').     [Sp.  Mogollones; 

ulation,  about  13,000.  probably  from  mogote,  lump.]     The  name  of 

...       .  _..  ......        several  ranges  of  mountains  in  .Arizona  and 

New  Mexico. 

dessesbffate;  the  Pates.'   Homer  uses  the  name  in  Mogontiacum  (mo-gon-IS'a-kum).      A  Roman 

the  singular,  as  ot  a  single  divinity,  and  also  in  the  plural,  name  of  Mamz. 

He  also  calls  them  the  "spinners  of  the  thread  of  life."    By  Mogridge    (mog'rii),   GieOrse       Bom   at  Ash- 

Hesiodtheyarespokenof  bothasdaughtersof  Nightandas  ted    near-  RirT«iTi<»hQT«    ■Po^  \t   itot.  a-^a  -t 

daughters  ot  Zeus  and  Themis.  They  were  represented  as  i|„  l<.fn  ff    W^       f  iS^!.        a  "     iS      ^^l  ^^^J  ^* 

three  in  number :  Clotho  (the  spinner),  Lachesis  (disposer  ■'"'^^'^SS,.  INOV.   J,  1854.     An  English  writer, 

of  lots),  and  AtropoB  (the  inevitable).    The  first  spins  the  chiefly  of  juveniles.   He  entered  into  partnership  with 


padaue  Republic  in  1796 ;  and  passed  to  an  Austrian  line  in 
1814-  There  was  an  unsuccessful  insurrection  in  1848-49  : 
tile  duke  was  deposed  in  1859 ;  and  the  duchy  was  united 
to  the  dominions  of  Victor  Emmanuel  in  1860. 

Modern  Athens,  The.    Boston  or  Edinburgh. 

Modern  Babylon,  The,    London. 

Modern  Messalina,  The.  Catharine  n.  of  Rus- 
sia. 

Modern  Painters.  A  work  on  art,  by  John  Rus- 
kin  (published  1843, 1846,  1856,  and  1860). 

Modica  (mod'e-ka).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Syracuse,  Sicily,  30  mUes  southwest  of  Syra- 
cuse :  the  ancient  Motyea.  There  are  remarkable 
prehistoric  caves  in   the  vicinity.      Population   (1881), 

s8;3go. 

ModigUana  (mo-del-ya'na).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  Florence,  Italy,  37  mUes  north- 
east of  Florence. 

Mo(Ush  (mo'dish).  Lady  Betty.    In  Gibber's 


west  of  Cairo,  near  the  modern  Lake  Birket  el- 
Kurun.    Its  existence  has  been  doubted, 
the  extract. 


A  king,  named  Moeris,  desired  to  create  a  reservoir  in  the 
Fayoom  which  should  neutralise  the  evil  effects  of  insuf- 


his  brother  in  the  japan  trade  in  Birmingham,  and,  failing 
in  business,  took  to  literature.  He  published  the  "  Juvenile 
Culprits  "  (1829), "  Juvenile  Moralists  "  (1829),  the  "  Church- 
yard Lyrist "  (1832),  "A  Ramble  in  the  Woods"  (1840), "  Sol- 
diers and  SaUors  "(1842),  etc.  He  used  various  pseudo- 
nyms, including  "Old  Humphrey,"  "Peter  Parley '"(first 
,  „^_     used  by  S.  G.  Goodrich),  etc. 

See  Mogrovejo  (mo-gro-va'no),  Toribio  de.-  Bom 

m  1538 :  died  at  Sana,  Peru,  March  23, 1606.  A 
Spanish  prelate,  archbishop  of  Lima  from  1581. 
He  was  canonized  in  1680  as  St.  Toribio. 


flcientorsuperabundantinundations-  This  reservoir  was  Mogul  (mo-gul'),  Gxeat.  -An  Indian  diamond 
named,  after  him.  Lake  Moeris.  If  the  supply  fell  below  said  to  have  been  seen  at  the  court  of  Aurung- 
the  average,  then  the  stored  waters  were  let  loose,  and    Zph  \r,  ififif;   ,,„a  +„  i,„„„  r„^i„\ZTnan  ■"^'".'^s 

Lower  Eglpt  and  the  Western  Delta  were  flooded  ti  the  t^^"^  ,J  and  to  have  weighed  280  carats, 

needful  height  If  nextyearthe  inundation  came  down  JJlOglllS  (mo-^lz  ).  The  Mongols  Or  Mongolians; 
in  too  great  force.  Lake  Mosris  received  and  stored  the  Specifically,  in  history,  the  subjects  of  the  Mo- 
surplus  till  such  time  as  the  waters  began  to  subside.  Two     cml  empire  (see  below^ 

pyramids,  each  surmounted  by  a  sitting  colossus,  one  rep-  •ii/r/»<,„l-^_„=„„i„/\   „„iijf.,~i,.i_  /     ■■/      i   n  ii 

resenting  the  king  and  the  other  his  queen,  were  erected  JM-OS^lIS  (mo-gulz  ),  orMughalS  (mo'galz),  Em- 
in  the  midst  of  the  lake.    Suchisthetale  toldbyHerodo-     Jire  01  the.     A  Mohammedan  Tatar  empire  in 


tuB,  and  it  is  a  tale  which  has  considerably  embarrassed 
our  modem  engineers  and  topographers.  How,  in  fact, 
was  it  possible  to  find  in  the  Fayoom  a  site  which  could 
have  contained  a  basin  measuring  at  least  ninety  miles  in 
circumference?  The  most  reasonable  theory  is  that  of 
Linant,  who  supposes  Lake  Moeris  to  have  extended  over 


India.  It  began  with  Baber,  conqueror  of  Hindustan, 
1526 ;  and  was  at  its  height  under  Akbar,  Jahangir,  Shah 
Jehan,  and  Aurung-Zeb.  Alter  the  death  of  the  last-named 
(1707),  the  empire  split  up  and  the  power  passed  to  the 
Mahrattas  and  British.  The  last  (nominal)  emperor  was 
deposed  in  1867  (died  1862). 


Moh&cs 

Mohdcs  (mo'hach).  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Bar&nya,  Hiingary,  situated  on  the  Danube 
in  lat.  45°  58'  N.,  long.  18°  37'  E.  Here,  Aug.  29, 
1520,  the  Turks  under  Soliman  II.  defeated  the  Hunga^ 
rlane  under  Louis  II. ;  and  Aug.  12, 1687,  the  Imperialists 
under  Charles  of  Lorraine  inflicted  a  crushing  defeat  on 
the  Turks.    Population  (1890),  11,403. 

Mohammed  (mo-ham'ed),  or  Mahomet  (ma- 
hom'et).  ['The  praised  one':  the  name  is  also 


695 

but  on  occasions  indulged  in  cruel  and  perfidious  assassi- 
nations. With  regard  to  his  prophetic  claims,  it  is  as 
difficult  to  assume  that  he  was  sincere  throughout,  or 
self-deceived,  as  that  he  was  throughout  an  impostor.  In 
his  doctrines  there  is  practically  nothing  original.  The 
legends  of  the  Koran  are  chiefly  drawn  from  the  Old 
Testament  and  the  rabbinical  literature,  which  Mo- 
hammed must  have  learned  from  a  Jew  near  Mecca, 
though  he  presents  them  as  original  revelations  by  the 
angel  Gabriel.    See  Koran. 


written  Mahomed,  Muhammad  (the  Ai-abic  Mohammed  I.,  or  Mahomet.  Sultan  of  the 
toTm),Mahmoud,Mehemet,eta.']  BomatMecca,  Turks  a413-21,  a  younger  brother  of  Bajazet  I. 
Arabia,  about^570:   died  at  Medina,  Arabia,  Mohammed  II„  surnamed  "The  Conqueror" 


and  "The  Great."  Born  about  1430 :  died  1481. 
Sultan  of  Turkey  1451-81,  son  of  Amurath  11. 
whom  he  succeeded.  He  besieged  and  captured  Con- 
stantinople in  1463 ;  and  conquered  the  Morea,  Servia,  Bos- 
nia, and  AlbanisL  and  made  the  Crimea  a  dependency  of 
Turkey  (1476).  He  was  defeated  by  Hunyadi  at  Belgrad 
in  1466,  and  unsuccessfully  besieged  nhodes  in  1480. 
Mohammed  III.  Died  1603.  Sultan  of  Turkey 
1595-1603,  son  of  Amurath  III.  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded. His  army  defeated  the  Imperialists 
at  Keresztes  in  1596. 


June  8, 632.  The  founder  of  Mohammedanism^ 
or  Islam  ('surrender,'  namely,  to  God).  He  was 
the  posthumous  son  of  Abdallah  by  his  wife  Amina,  of  the 
family  of  Hashim,  the  noblest  among  the  Koreish,  and 
was  brought  up  in  the  desert  among  the  Banu  Saad  by  a 
Bedouin  woman  named  Halima.  At  the  age  of  six  he  lost 
his  mother,  and  at  eight  his  grandfather,  when  he  was 
cared  for  by  his  uncle  Abu-Talib.  When  about  twelve 
years  old  (682)  he  accompanied  a  caravan  to  Syria,  and 
may  on  this  occasion  have  come  for  the  first  time  in  con- 
tact with  Jews  and  Christians.  A  few  years  later  he  took 
part  in  the  "  sacrilegious  war"  (so  called  because  carried 

on  during  the  sacred  months,  when  fighting  was  for-  ■»«■  i.    j  ttt      t.  i,      j.  la^i      j-j  lom 

bidden)  which  raged  between  the  Koreish  and  the  Banu  Mohammed  IV.     Bom  about  1641 :  died  1691. 

Hawazin  580-690.    He  attenfled  sundry  preachings  and     Sultan  of  Turkey  1648-87,  son  of  Ibrahim  whom 

recitations  at  Okatz,  which  may  have  awakened  his  poeti-     he  succeeded.    He  was  deposed  as  a  result  of  the  re- 

cal  and  rhetorical  powers  and  his  religious  feelings ;  and     verses  sustained  by  his  arms  at  Vienna  (1683)  and  Moh4os 

for  some  time  was  occupied  as  a  shepherd,  to  which  he     (1687) 

later  refers  as  being  in  accordance  with  his  career  as  a  Mnhaninioil  AH       Sab  Mehpmet  Ali 

prophet,  evenasitwaswiththatofMosesandDavid.  When  4»J0nammea  All.     bee  MenemeV  Ml. 

twenty-five  years  old  he  entered  the  service  of  the  widow  Monammedan  Empire,    bee  taaj  and  Moham- 

'^hadijah,  and  made  a  second  journey  to  Syria,  on  whicli     med. 

he  again  had  an  opportunity  to  come  in  frequent  contact  Mohammerah  (mo-ham 'me-ra) .     A  small  town 

with  Jews  and  Christians,  and  to  acquire  some  knowledge     ;„  iu.  nrnvinfR  of  TChiiyistfln    Pfir^iia     on  thn 

of  their  religious  teachings.    He  soon  married  Khadijah,     iB  ™e  P'OViuee  01  JS^nuzastan,  rersia,  on  tne 

who  was  fifteen  years  his  senior.    Of  the  six  chUdren     Jiarun  near  the  Turkish  trontier. 

which  she  bore  him,  Fatima  became  the  most  famous.   Moharram.     See  Mllharram. 

In  605  he  attained  some  influence  in  Mecca  by  settling  Mohave  (mo-ha'va).     FPl.,  also  Mohaves.    The 

a  dispute  about  the  rebuilding  of  the  Kaaba.    The  im-     name  mMtis  'tVirfie  mnimtaiTiH '1     A   trihR  of 

pressions  which  he  had  gathered  ftom  his  contact  with     „  ™?  means    tnree  mountams.  J     A  triDe  ot 

Judaism  and  Christianity,  and  from  Aiablo  lore,  began     Worth  American  Indians^  They  number  (1900)  about 


now  strongly  to  engage  his  mind.  He  frequently  retired 
to  solitary  places,  especially  to  the  cave  of  Mount  Hira,  north 
of  Mecca.    He  passed  at  that  time  (he  was  then  about 


2,600,  living  upon  the  lower  Colorado  River  in  Arizona, 
about  one  fourth  being  on  the  Colorado  River  reservation, 
Arizona.    See  Yuman. 


forty  years  old)  through  great  mental  struggles,  and  re-  MohavO  (mo-ha'va)  Desert.  A  low-lying  basin 
peatedly  medita,ted  suicide.    It  must  have  been  during     j^  g^n  Bernardino  County,  southeastern  CaU- 

foruia. 

The 


these  lonely  contemplations  that  the  yearnings  for  a  mes- 
senger from  God  for  his  people,  and  the  thought  that  he 
himself  might  be  destined  for  this  mission,  were  born  in  Mohawk  (mo'h^k).     [PI.,  also  Mohawlcs. 

Ilia     Qvi/^onf'.     TVhin/1  ftfiTiinrv     nno     /if     h-ici      T-airAwi-iao      in     4-Tia  ^^^.^...yl      1  ^       Jl  «»-_«  .3      Ji..«-_      Xl-.^        A1..««.»«.-.-.^ 


his  ardent  mind.  Baring  one  of  his  reveries,  in  the 
month  of  Ramadhan,  610,  he  beheld  in  sleep  the  angel 
Gabriel,  who  ordered  him  to  read  from  a  scroll  which 
he  held  before  him  the  words  which  begin  the  96th  sura 
(chapter)  of  the  Koran,  After  the  lapse  of  some  time,  a 
second  vision  came,  and  then  the  revelations  began  to  fol- 
low one  another  frequently.  His  own  belief  in  his  mis- 
sion as  apostle  and  prophet  of  God  was  now  firmly  estab- 
lished. The  first  convert  was  his  wife  Khadijah,  then 
followed  his  cousin  and  adopted  son  All,  his  other  adopted 
son  Zeid,  and  Abu-Bekr,  afterward  his  father-in-law  and 
first  successor  (calif).  Gradually  about  50  adherents  ral- 
lied about  him.    But  after  three  years'  preaching  the 


word  is  derived  from  the  Algonquin  magua, 
bears.]  AtribeofNorth  American  Indians.  The 
Hurons  called  them  AgniehronTwn,  abbreviated  by  the 
French  to  Agnii.  Their  villages  were  along  the  valley  of 
the  Mohawk  River,  New  York,  but  they  claimed  the  terri- 
tory north  to  the  St.  Lawrence  and  south  to  the  Delaware 
Eiver  watershed  and  the  Catskill  Mountains.  They  were 
the  first  tribe  of  the  region  to  obtain  firearms,  and  their 
frontierpositionmadethem  soconspicuousthattheir  name 
was  often  used  by  the  English  and  the  New  England  tribes 
for  the  whole  Iroquois  Confederacy.  They  number  over 
2,000.    See  Iroquois. 


mass  of  the  Meccans  rose  against  him,  so  that  part  of  his  Mohawk  (mo'h&k).  Ariver  in  New  York  which 
followers  had  to  resort  to  Abyssinia  for  safety  in  614.  joins  the  Hudson  9  miles  north  of  Albany.  It 
This  is  termed  the  first  hejira.  Mohammed  in  the  mean-  lo^ma  the  Cohoes  Falls  (70  feet  high>  near  its  mouth, 
while  continued  his  meetings  in  the  house  of  one  of  his     Length  about  176  miles. 

disciples,  Arqaan,  in  front  of  the  Kaaba,  which  later  be-  niir  i.    J  _  /     -t.-/--1\        iijr i /  i.-/ 

came  known  as  the  "House  of  Islam."  At  one  time  he  MohOgan  (mo-he  gan),  or Monhegan (mon-he  - 
offered  the  Koreish  a  compromise,  admitting  then-  gods  gan).  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians.  They 
into  his  system  as  intercessors  with  the  Supreme  Being,     once  lived  chiefly  on  Thames  River,  Connecticut,  and 


but,  becoming  conscience-stricken,  took  back  his  words. 
The  conversion  of  Hamza  and  Omar  and  39  others  in  615- 
616  strengthened  his  cause.  The  Koreish  excommuni- 
cated Mohammed  and  his  followers,  who  were  forced  to 
live  in  retirement.  In  620,  at  the  pilgrimage,  he  won  over 
to  his  teachings  a  small  party  from  Medina.  In  Medina, 
whither  a  teacher  was  deputed,  the  new  religion  spread 
rapidly.  To  this  period  belongs  the  vision  or  dream  of 
the  miraculous  ride,  on  the  winged  horse  Borak,  to  Jeru- 
salem, where  he  was  received  by  the  prophets,  and  thence 
ascended  to  heaven.  In  622  more  than  70  persons  from 
Medina  bound  themselves  to  stand  by  Mohammed.    The 


claimed  a  large  territory  extending  eastward  into  Massa- 
chusetts and  Rhode  Island  and  west  along  the  coast  to 
Guilford.  After  the  destruction  of  the  Fequota  in  .1637 
they  claimed  their  country.  They  had  once  formed  one 
tribe  with  those  Indians  under  Sassacus  against  whom 
Uncas  rebelled  and  led  the  Thames  River  band.  On  the 
fall  of  Sassacus  in  1637,  most  of  the  survivors  of  the  Fe- 
quots  came  under  the  Mohegan  chief.  After  the  death 
of  King  Philip  in  1676,  the  Mohegan  were  the  only  im- 
portant body  in  the  region.  They  became  scattered,  some 
joining  the  Brotherton  Indians  in  New  York.  See  Mahiean 
and  Mgonquimi. 


Meccans  proposed  to  kiU  hun,  and  he  fled  on  the  20th  of  Mohican.     See  Mahican. 

Jane,  622,  to  Medina.     This  is  known  as  the  hejira  ('the  iriJ:7,_«'„  Tur.-ji-ir  ,„=  „s  i„*'\       A    ™„..-„™, 

flight  ^aAd  marks  the  beginning  of  the  Mohammedan  era.  Mohlleff,  or  Mogllef  (mo-ge-lef  ).     A  govem- 


This  event  formed  a  turning-point  in  the  activity  of  Mo- 
hammed. He  was  thus  far  a  religious  preacher  and  per- 
suader ;  he  became  in  his  Medinian  period  a  legislator  and 
warrior.  He  built  there  in,623  the  flrst  mosque,  and  married 
Ayesha.  In  624  the  flrst  battle  for  the  faith  took  place  be- 
tween Mohammed  and  the  Meccans  in  the  plain  of  Bedr,  in 
which  the  latter  were  defeated.    At  this  time,  also,  Mo- 


ment of  western  Eussia,  surrounded  by  the 
governments  of  Vitebsk,  Smolensk,  Tchemi- 
goff,  and  Minsk.  The  surface  is  level  and  undulating. 
The  chief  occupation  is  agriculture.  It  belonged  formerly 
to  Lithuania,  and  was  annexed  by  Russia  in  1772.  Area, 
18,661  square  miles.    Population  (1897),  1,707,613. 


hammed  began  bitterly  to  inveigh  against  the  'jevra',  who  Mohileff-  (orMoghileflf-)  on-the-Dnieper.  The 


did  not  recognize  his  claims  to  be  the  "greater  prophet" 
promised  by  Moses.  He  changed  the  attitude  of  prayer 
(kibla)from  the  direction  of  Jerusalem  to  that  of  the  Kaaba 
in  Mecca,  appointed  Friday  as  the  day  for  public  worship, 
and  instituted  the  fast  of  Ramadhan  and  the  tithe  or  poor- 
rate.    The  Jewish  tribe  of  the  Banu  Kainuka,  settled  at 


capital  of  the  government  of  Mohileff,  situated 
on  the  Dnieper  about  lat.  53°  55'  N.,  long.  30° 
12'  E.  It  has  a  flourishing  trade.  Near  it,  July  23, 1812, 
the  French  under  Davout  defeated  the  Russians  under  Ba- 
gration.    Population  (1893),  45,430 


Medina,  was  driven  out;  while  of  another  Jewish  tribe,  the  MoMleff-  (or  Moghileff-)  On-the-Dniester.  A 
Banu  Kuraiza,  allthe  men,  700in  number,  were  massacred,  to^j,  i^  the  government  of  Podolia,  Kussia,  sit- 
in  625  Mohammed  and  his  followers  were  defeated  by  the        „.„fi +i?„  T\„i„^t- „l,^„f  lo+    ASO  oc'  iM 

Meccans  in  the  battle  of  Chad.  The  following  years  were  "^t^d  on  the  Dniester  about  lat.  48     25    JN., 

filled  out  with  expeditions.    One  tribe  after  another  sub-  long.  27°  50    E.     Population  (,189d),  29,d40. 

mltted  to  Mohammed,  untU  in  631  something  like  a  defi-  Mohl  fmol),  HuffO  VOn,   Born  at  Stuttgart,  Wiir- 

nite  Mohammedan  empire  was  established.    In  632  the  r" "t),„„   'iZZii^a   Taos.  AiaA  ot  TiiWno-oTi  W«t 

prophet  made  his  last  pilgrimage  to  Mecca,  known  as  the  temberg,  April  8,  1805 :  died  at  1  ubingen,  Wur- 

"farewell  pilgrimage,^'  or  the  pilgrimage  of  the  "an-  temberg,  April  1,  1872.     A  (jerman  Dotanist, 

nouncement"  or  of  "Islam."     In  the  same  year  he  died  brother  of  Bobert  von  Mohl:  professor  of  botany 

whUe  planning  an  expedition  against  the  frontier  of  the  ^t  Tiibineen  from  1835.  He  was  an  authority 
Byzantine  empire.     Mohammed  was  a  little  above  the  .■-"•""■e>^"  .  j     i.„c.j„i«™.,r 

middle  height,  of  a  commanding  figure,  and  is  described  as  On  vegetable  anatomy  and  physiology, 

being  of  a  modest,  tender,  and  generous  disposition.   His  Mohl,  JuliUS  VOn.    Born  at  Stuttgart,  Wiirtem- 

manner  of  life  was  very  simple  and  frugal.  He  mended  j,ere,  Oct.  28,  1800 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  4, 1876. 
his  own  clothes,  and  his  common  diet  was  barley-bread      .  ri^^-r^„„  Tii,.oT,nl,  n,.;QT,+oli-fat  lirntliprrvf  Tf,nhfiT+ 

andwater.     Butheenjoyed  perfumes  and  the  charms  of  ACxerman-irenchUrientalist,  DrotnerolltoDert 

women.  His  character  appears  composed  of  the  strongest  VOn  Mohl.    He  became  professor  of  Oriental  literature 

inconsistencies.     He  could  be  tender,  kind,  and  liberal,  at  Tiibingen  in  1826 ;  resided  1826-27  and  1830-31  at  Lon- 


Moivre 

don  and  Oxford ;  and  was  appointed  professor  of  Persian 
in  the  College  de  France  in  1845.  He  edited  the  "  Shana- 
mah"  (1888-68),  etc. 

Mohl,  Robert  von.  Bom  at  Stuttgart,  Wtir- 
temberg,  Aug.  17,  1799:  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  5, 

1875.  A  (Jerman  jurist.  He  published  works  on  con. 
stitutional  law,  political  science,  etc.,  including  "Ge. 
schichte  and  Litteratur  der  Staatswissenschaf t "  (1865-68), 
"  Staatsreoht,  Volkerrecht  und  Politik  "  (1860-69). 

Mohler  (mS'ler) ,  Johann  Adam.  Born  at  Igers- 
heim,  Wiirtemberg,  May  6,  1796:  died  at  Mu- 
nich, April  12,  1838.  A  German  Roman  Catho- 
lic theologian,  professor  at  Tiibingen,  and  after 
1835  at  Munich.  His  chief  work  is  ' '  Symbolik'" 
(1832). 

Mohn  (mon).  A  small  island  in  the  Baltic  Sea, 
belonging  to  Livonia,  Eussia,  situated  north- 
east of  Osel. 

Mohoce.     See  Tusayan. 

Mohocks  (mo'hoks).  EufSans  who  infested  the 
streets  of  London  about  the  beginning  of  the 
18th  century:  so  called  from  the  Indian  tribe 
Mohawks  or  Mohocks. 

In  1712  a  tribe  of  young  men  of  the  higher  classes,  who 
assumed  the  name  of  Mohocks,  were  accustomed  nightly 
to  sally  out  drunk  into  the  streets  to  hunt  the  passers-by 
and  to  subject  them  in  mere  wantonness  to  the  most  atro- 
cious outrages.  .  .  .  Matrons  inclosed  in  barrels  were 
rolled  down  the  steep  and  stony  incline  of  Snow  HilL 
Watchmen  were  unmercifully  beaten  and  their  noses  slit 
Country  gentlemen  went  to  the  theatre,  as  if  in  time  of  war, 
accompanied  by  their  armed  retainers.  A  bishop's  son  was 
said  to  be  one  of  the  gang,  and  a  baronet  was  among  those 
who  were  arrested. 

Leeky,  England  in  the  18th  Century,  I.  622,  623. 

Mohotze.    See  Tusayan. 

Mohr  (mor),  Eduard.    Bom  at  Bremen,  Feb. 

19,  1828:  died  at  Malange,  Africa,  Nov.  26, 

1876.  A  German  traveler.  He  visited  Polynesia, 
the  Bering  Sea,  and  Calitoi-nia ;  traveled  in  Natal,  Zulu- 
land,  and  Matabeleland  in  1866-67  and  1869-70 ;  and  died 
at  Malange,  Angola,  where  he  was  recruiting  carriers  for 
an  exploration  of  Luuda  and  adjoining  countries.  He  pub- 
lished "Reise-  und  Jagdbilder  aus  der  Siidsee"  (1868)  and 
"Nach  den  Victoria  Fallen  des  Zambesi"  (1876).' 

Mohr,  Karl  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Coblenz,  Prus- 
sia, Nov.  4,  1806:  died  at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Sept. 
27, 1879.  A  German  chemist  and  physicist,  pro- 
fessor of  pharmacy  at  Bonn  from  1867. 

Mohrungen  (mo'rong-en).  A  small  town  in  the 
provinceof  East  Prussia,  Prussia,60miles  south- 
east of  Dantzie.  Here,  Jan.  25, 1807,  the  French 
under  Bernadotte  defeated  the  Eussians. 

Mohs  (mos),  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Gemrode,  An- 
halt,  Germany,  Jan.  29,  1773 :  died  at  Agordo, 
near  Belluno,  Italy,  Sept.  29,  1839.  A  German 
mineralogist,  professor  successively  at  Gratz, 
Freiberg,  and  Vienna.  He  wrote  "Grundriss 
der  Mineralogie"  (1822-24),  etc. 

Mohun  (mo'hun),  Charles,  fifth  Baron  Mohun, 
Born  about  1675 :  killed  in  a  duel  in  Hyde  Park, 
London,  Nov.  15,  1712.  An  English  desperado, 
the  eldest  son  of  Charles,  fourth  Baron  Mohun. 
On  Dec.  9, 1692,  he  was  associated  with  Captain  Richard  Hill 
in  the  murder  of  William  Mountf  ort  the  actor.  From  1694 
tol697heservedinFlanders.  After  1699hesat  in  the  House 
of  Lords  as  a  stanch  Whig.  He  was  repeatedly  engaged 
in  duels,  and  twice  tried  for  murder  and  acquitted.  In 
1701  he  was  involved  in  a  protracted  lawsuit  with  Jamea 
Douglas,  fourth  duke  of  Hamilton,  over  the  estate  of  the 
Earl  of  Macclesfield,  which  resulted  in  a  duel  and  the 
death  of  both  parties.  This  duel  (Mohun  being  represented 
by  a  fictitious  "Harry"  Mohun)  figures  in  Thackeray's 
"Henry  Esmond." 

Mohun,  Michael.  Bom  about  1625:  died  at 
London,  Oct.,  1684.  An  English  actor.  Before 
the  civil  war  he  performed  under  Beeston  at  the  Cockpit, 
Drury  Lane.  He  fought  as  captain  in  the  army  of  Charles 
I.  and  in  Flanders.  He  returned  with  Charles  II. ,  and  was 
with  Killigrew's  company  1660-63.  Pepys  calls  him  the 
"best  actor  in  the  world,"  and  he  was  said  to  "  speak  as 
Shakspere  wrote."  He  played  at  the  Theatre  Royal  after 
April  8, 1663,  and  in  the  theater  of  Lincoln's  Inn  Bields 
after  1872.  He  was  very  versatile,  and  played  with  equal 
ease  a  succession  of  classical  heroes,  modem  rakes,  sim- 
pletons, etc. 

Moigno  (mwan-yo'),  Fran?ois  Napoleon  Ma- 
rie. Bom  at  Gulm6n6,  Morbihan,  France,  April 

20,  1804:  died  at  St.  Denis,  July  13,  1884.  A 
French  mathematician  and  scientist.  He  wrote 
"Lemons  de  calcul"  (1840-44),  etc. 

Moir  (moir),  David  Macbeth:  pseudonym 
Delta.  Bom  at  Musselburgh,  Jan.  5, 1798 :  died 
at  Dumfries,  July  6,  1851.  A  Scottish  author. 
Among  his  works  are  poems,  the  tale  "Autobiography  of 
Mansie  Wauch  "  (1828),  "  Sketches  ot  the  Poetical  Literal 
ture  of  the  Past  Half-Century"  (1851),  etc. 

Moira,  Earl  of.    See  Hastings,  Francis  Mawdon. 

Moirai.    See  Moeree. 

Moissac  (mwas-sak').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Tarn-et-Garonne,  southern  Prance,  sit- 
uated on  the  Tarn  15  miles  northwest  of  Mon- 
tauban.  The  abbey  church,  St.-Pierre  et  St.-Paul,  is  re- 
markable for  the  porch  of  its  narthex  and  for  its  cloister. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  8,797. 

Moivre  (mwavr),  Abraham  de.  Bom  at  Vitry, 
Champagne,  France,  May  26, 1667 :  died  at  Lon- 


Moivre 

don,  Nov.  27, 1754.  A  noted  French  mathema- 
tieian.  He  published  "Doctrine  of  Chances"  (1718), 
etc.,  and  invented  the  mathematical  formula  named  from 
him  " De Moivre'a  theorem." 

Moja.    See  Mojos. 

Mojdcar  (mo-na'kar).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Almeria,  southern  Spain,  situated  near  the 
coast  100  miles  east  of  Granada.  Population 
(1887),  4,404. 

Mojaisk.    See  Mozhaisk. 

Moqave.    See  Mohave. 

MojOS  (mo'hoz).  An  Indian  tribe  of  northern 
Bolivia,  living  about  the  great  head  streams 
of  the  Madeira  River,  especially  on  the  Ma- 
more.  Before  the  conquest  they  probably  numbered 
atleast260,000.  They  were  a  mild,  agricultural  race,  read- 
ily received  the  Jesuit  missionaries  in  the  17th  century, 
and  have  ever  since  remained  devout  Catholics.  Fifteen 
large  missions  were  established  in  their  territory,  and  still 
exist  as  villages  :  the  largest,  Trinidad  (founded  1687),  is 
now  the  capital  of  Beni.  The  Mojos  are  much  sought  after 
as  canoemen  and  rubber-gatherers.  They  are  industrious, 
and  excel  in  artistic  work.  The  tribe  has  been  greatly  re- 
duced, principally  by  epidemics,  but  is  still  said  to  num- 
ber 30,000(perhaps  too  high  an  estimate,  as  all  the  mission 
Indians  are  classed  with  them).  They  belong  to  tlie  great 
Arawak  or  Maypure  stock.  Also  written  Moxos.  Their 
language  is  sometimes  called  Moja  or  Moxa. 

Mokanna  (mo-kan'na)  (surname  of  Atha  ben 
Hakem).  [.Ar.,' veiled.']  Killed  about  780.  A 
Mohammedan  impostor  in  B^orasan.  He  is  the 
hero  of  the  "Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorassan  "  in  the  first  part 
of  Moore's  "  Lalla  Rookh." 

Mokattam  (mo-kat'am)  Hills.  A  low  range 
near  Cairo  in  Egypt, "noted  for  its  quarries. 

Moki.    See  Tusayan. 

Moko(m6'k6).  [Pl.,alsoJlfofcos.]  An  African 
tribe  inland  from  Old  Calabar,  between  the 
Kamerun  Mountains  and  the  Cross  River.  In 
America  all  slaves  shipped  from  Old  Calabar 
used  to  be  called  Mokos. 

Mokshan  (mok-shan').  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Penza,  Russia,  about  27  miles 
north-northwest  of  Penza.    Population/lSOS), 

lo,Ou^. 

Mola  (mo'la,).  Aseaportinthe  province  of  Bari, 
Apulia,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adriatic  12  miles 
southeast  of  Bari.    Population  (1881),  12,435. 

Mola,  Fietro  Francesco,  called  Mola  di 
Boma.  Born  about  1621:  died  at  Rome  about 
1665.     An  Italian  landscape-painter. 

Mola  di  Gaeta.    See  Formia. 

Molale  (mo-la'la),  or  Molele  (mo-la'la).  The 
western  tribe  of  the  "Waiilatpuan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians :  originally  an  offshoot  of  the 
Cayuse.  They  are  essentially  mountain  Indians,  dwell- 
ing in  the  Cascade  Mountains,  Oregon,  at  various  points 
between  Mount  Hood  (in  Clackamas  County)  and  Mount 
Scott  (in  Klamath  County).  There  are  31  on  the  Grande 
Bonde  reservation,  Oregon,  and  there  are  some  in  the 
mountains  west  of  Klamath  Lake.    See  WaiUatpuan. 

Molay,  or  Molai  (mo-la'),  Jacques  de.  Born 
in  Burgundy :  burned  at  Paris,  March  18,  1314. 
The  last  grand  master  of  the  Templars,  1298- 
1314.    See  Templars. 

Molbech  (mol'bech).  Christian.  BomatSoroe, 
Denmark,  Oct.  8,  1783:  died  at  Copenhagen, 
June  23, 1857.  A  noted  Danish  philologist  and 
historian.  Among  his  philological  works  are  a  "Danish 
Dictionary"  (1833),  a  "Danish  Dialect-JLexioon "  (1833-41), 
etc. 

Molbech,  Christian  Enud  Frederik.  Born  at 
Copenhagen,  July  20,  1821:  died  at  Kiel,  May 
20,  1888.  A  Danish  poet  and  dramatist.  He 
studied  at  the  Copenhagen  TJnlTersity  after  1839.  In  1840 
appeared  a  first  volume  of  poems,  *'Billeder  af  Jesu 
liv  "  ("  Pictures  from  the  Life  of  Jesus  ").  The  romantic 
drama "Klintekongens  Brud"("The  Bride  of  the  Moun- 
tain King")  appeared  in  1846,  in  which  year  also  was 
produced  the  drama ' '  Venusbjerget "  ("The  Venusberg  "V. 
A  collection  of  poems  with  the  title  "DsBmring"("  Twi- 
light") appeared  in  185L  "Dante,"  a  tragedy,  is  from 
1852.  In  1853  he  was  made  professor  of  the  Danish  lan- 
guage and  literature  at  Kiel,  which  position  he  held  until 
1864,  when  he  returned  to  Copenhagen  and  began  work 
as  a  journalist.  In  1863  had  appeared  "Digte  lyriske  og 
dramatiske"  ("Poems  Lyric  and  Dramatic").  Afterward, 
as  censor  at  the  roysU  theater,  he  again  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  the  drama,  and  wrote  the  comedy  "  Kenteskrive- 
ren"  {"The  Financier"),  and  the  dramas  "Ambrosius" 
and  "Faraos  Ring"  ("Pharaoh's  Ring").  He  was  also 
the  translator  of  Dante's  "Divine  Comedy"  ("Guddomlige 
Komedie,"  the  first  part  of  which  appeared  in  1861). 

Mold  (mold).  A  town  in  Flintshire,  North 
Wales,  situated  on  the  -Alyn  18  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Liverpool.  Population  (1891), 
4,457.     See  Hallelujah  Victory. 

Moldau  (mol'dou).  The  principal  river  in  Bo- 
hemia. It  rises  in  the  Bohmerwald,  flows  past  Prague, 
and  joins  the  Elbe  18  miles  north  of  Prague.  Length,  260 
miles. 

Moldavia(mol-da'vi-a),  G.  Moldau  (mol'dou), 
F.  Moldavie  (mol-da-ve').  A  former  princi- 
pality, now  a  part  of  Rumania.  Chief  city, 
Jassy.    It  is  bounded  by  Bukowina  on  the  north,  Russia 


696 

(separated  by  the  Prnth)  on  the  east,  WallacMa  on  the 
south,  and  Transylvania  (separated  by  the  Carpathians)  on 
the  west  It  is  mountainous  in  the  west,  and  is  traversed 
by  the  Seretb.  It  was  founded  early  in  the  14th  century 
(see  the  extract) ;  became  tributary  to  Turkey  early  in  the 
16th  century ;  was  ruled  for  more  than  a  century  (until  1821) 
by  Fanariot  families;  and  was  frequently  under  Russian  in- 
fluence. Alexander  John  Cusa  was  elected  prince  in  1869.  It 
was  formally  united  with  Wallachia  in  1861.  Seeliumania. 

Another  Rouman  migration,  passing  from  the  land  of 
Marmaros  north  of  Transsilvania,  founded  the  principality 
of  Moldavia  between  the  Carpathians  and  the  Dniester. 
This  too  stood  to  the  Hungarian  crown  in  the  same  shift- 
ing relation  as  Great  Wallachia,  and  sometimes  trans- 
ferred its  vassalage  to  Lithuania  and  Poland. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  462. 

Mol6  (mo-la'),  Comte  Louis  Matthieu.  Born 
at  Paris,  Jan.  24,  1781:  died  at  his  Ch&teau 
Champlfttreux,  Nov.  25,  1855.  A  French  poli- 
tician, minister  of  foreign  affairs  1880,  and  pre- 
mier 1836-39. 

Mold,  Matthieu.  Bom  1584:  died  1656.  A 
French  politician.  He  was  appointed  president  of  the 
Parliament  of  Paris  by  Richelieu  in  1641,  a  post  which  he 
retained  until  1653.  He  became  keeper  of  the  great  seal 
in  1651. 

Molech  (mo'lek),  or  Moloch  (mo'lok).  ['  King.' 
In  1  Ki.  xi.  7,  he  is  mentioned  as  an  idol  of  the 
Ammonites,  but  the  worshij)  of  Molech  was 
spread  among  all  the  Canaanitish  and  Semitic 
tribes.]  A  form  of  Baal,  the  sun-god,  or  the 
personification  of  the  male  generative  principle 
in  nature.  Molech  represents  the  sun  in  his  fierce  de- 
structive aspect.  The  worship  of  Molech  consisted  in  of- 
fering human  sacrifices.  The  god  was  represented  with  a 
bull's  head  and  long  arms  to  receive  the  victims,  which 
were  lifted  up  to  an  opening  in  the  breast  of  the  brass 
statue  and  rolled  into  the  furnace  blazing  inside.  Whe- 
ther the  victims  were  first  killed,  or  were  burned  alive,  is 
a  disputed  question.  The  worship  of  Molech  was  at  dif- 
ferent periods  introduced  into  Israel,  with  its  principal 
place  in  the  valley  of  Hinnom :  so  under  Ahaz  (Icing  of 
Judah  734-728  B.  0.),  Manasseh  (697-642),  and  Amon  (642- 
640).  In  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  malifc  ('ruler,'  prop- 
erly 'decider')  can  be  the  epithet  of  any  god,  but  it  is  es- 
pecially applied  to  Adar,  who  is  among  others  the  god 
of  the  destructive  south  or  midday  sun,  and  in  the  Old 
Testament  is  called  Adrammelech  (Adar-malik) :  to  him 
children  were  sacrificed  (2  Ki.  xvii.  31),  although  in  the 
Assyrian- Babylonian  literature  no  reference  to  liuman  sac- 
rifices in  honor  of  a  divinity  has  been  found.  At  Carthage 
the  bloody  rites  of  Molech  were  officially  suppressed  by 
the  emperor  Tiberius  (14-37  A.  D.). 

Molele.    See  Molale. 

Molenbeek-Saint- Jean  (mo  -  Ion  -  bak '  san  - 
zhon').  A  northwestern  suburb  of  Brussels. 
Population  (1890),  48,723. 

Moleschott  (mo'le-shot),  Jacob.  Bom  at  Bois- 
le-Duc,  Netherlands,  Aug.  9, 1822 :  died  at  Rome, 
May  20, 1893.  A  noted  Dutch-Italian  physiolo- 
gist, professor  of  physiology  successively  at 
Zurich  (1856),  Turin  (1861),  and  Rome  (1879). 
He  was  made  a  senator  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy  in  1876. 
Among  his  works  are  "Physiologic  der  Nahrungsmittel " 
("  Physiology  of  Food,"  1850), "  Lehre  der  Nahruugsmittel " 
(I860 :  Eng.  trans,  as  "Chemistry  of  Food  and  Diet,"  1856), 
"Der  Kreislauf  des  Lebens  "  (1862),  etc. 

Moldson  (m6-la-z6n').  A  noted  peak  and  point 
of  view  in  the  canton  of  Pribourg,  Switzerland, 
18  miles  east  of  Lausanne.    Height,  6,5'r8  feet. 

Molesworth  (molz'werth),  Richard,  third  Vis- 
count Molesworth.  Bom  in  1680 :  died  Oct.  12, 
1758.  An  English  field-marshal,  second  son  of 
Robert,  first  viscount  Molesworth.  He  was  en- 
tered at  the  Temple,  but  abandoned  the  law  and  joined  the 
army  in  Holland.  He  was  present  at  Blenheim,  and  was 
one  of  Marlborough's  aides-de-camp  at  Ramillies  on  May 
23, 1706,  when  he  saved  the  duke's  life.  In  1735  he  was 
made  major-general ;  in  1739  lieutenant-general  in  Ireland ; 
in  1761  commander-in-chief  in  Ireland ;  and  in  1757  field- 
marshal. 

Molesworth,  Sir  William.  Bom  at  London, 
May  23,  1810:  died  there,  Oct.  22,  1855.  An 
English  baronet  and  politician,  son  of  Sir  Ars- 
COtt-Ourry  Molesworth.  He  entered  Cambridge,  but 
finished  his  education  at  Edinburgh  University.  He  lived 
in  southern  Europe  until  1831,  when  he  took  part  in  the 
reform  movement,  and  was  returned  member  of  Parliament 
lor  East  Cornwall  in  1832.  He  associated  himself  with 
Grote  and  J.  S.  Mill,  and  was  disliked  for  his  infidel  opin- 
ions. In  April,  1836,  he  started  the  "London  Review." 
His  special  work  was  in  colonial  policy.  His  edition  of 
Hobbes's  works  was  published  in  16  volumes  from  1839  to 
1845.    In  July,  1856,  he  was  appointed  colonial  secretary. 

Moles'^ortn,  William  Nassau.  Bom  at  Mill- 
brook,  near  Southampton,  Nov.  8, 1816:  died  at 
Rochdale,  Dec.  19, 1890.  An  English  historian. 
He  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1839,  and  in  1844  was  ap- 
pointed vicar  of  Spotland,  near  Rochdale.  He  was  a  friend 
of  John  Bright.  His  chief  works  are  a  "History  of  Eng- 
land from  1830  "  (1871-73),  a  "  History  of  the  Reform  Bill 
of  1832  "  (1864),  a  "  History  of  the  Church  of  England  from 
1660  "(1882). 

Molfetta  (mol-fet'ta).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bari,  Apulia,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adri- 
atic 16  miles  northwest  of  Bari.  Population 
(1881),  30,056. 

Moli^re  (mo-lyar'):  the  stage  name  of  Jean 
BaptistePog,uelin  (pok-lan').  Bom  at  Paris, 
Jan.  15, 1622 :  died  there,  Feb.  17, 1673.    A  eele- 


Moliaue' 

brated  French  dramatist  and  act  or,  tie  great* 
est  French  writer  of  comedies.  He  graduated 
from  the  Jesuits'  College  in  Paris,  after  spending  five  yeoH 
in  the  companionship  of  Chapelle,  Bernier,  and  Cyrano  de 
Bergerac  (1638-41).  Even  before  graduation  Moli^re  was 
promised  the  ofllce  of  tapissier  valet  de  chambre  to  the 
king,  a  distinction  already  held  by  his  family  for  two  gen- 
erations. He  was  not  yet  twenty  when  he  followed  th^ 
court  to  Narbonne  on  the  memorable  trip  that  witnessed 
the  execution  of  Cinq- Mars  and  the  last  victory  of  Riche- 
lieu. At  twenty-three  he  began  to  devote  his  entire  time 
to  acting  and  play-writing.  At  the  head  of  a  troop  of  ac- 
tors lie  performed  in  Paris  and  the  provinces  (1643-58).  He 
settled  down  finally  at  Paris,  where  he  was  very  successful 
until  1666.  From  that  time  on,  the  enmities  contracted  in 
his  public  career  and  the  troubles  in  his  own  house  embit-' 
tered  his  life,  told  on  his  work,  and  probably  hastened  his 
death.  He  was  seized  with  illness  while  acting  the  "  Ma^ 
lade  imaginaire"  for  the  first  time,  and  died  a  few  hourd 
later,  at  his  own  house,  from  hemorrhage.  His  comedies 
include  "Les  pr^oieuses  ridicules  "  (1669),  "Ecole  des  ma- 
ris"(1661),  ":ficole  des  femmes " (1662),  "Lemariageforo^" 
(1664),  "Le  misanthrope  "(1666),  "Le  m^decinmalgrilui" 
(1666),  "  Tartuf e  "  (1667),  "  Amphitryon  "  (1668),  "  L'Avare  " 
(1668),  "Le  bourgeois  gentilhomme  "  (1670),  "Lesfourbe- 
ries de Scapin " (1671),  "Lea  femmes  savantes"(1672),  "Le 
malade  imaginaire  "(1673),  etc.  His  works  were  published 
for  the  first  timeas"CEuvresdeM.  Moli^re  "  (1674).  The 
first  complete  set,  edited  by  Yinot  and  La  Grange,  was  en- 
titled "(Euvres  de  M.  Moli^re,  revues,  corrig^es  et  aug- 
ment^es  "  (1682).  The  best  modem  edition  of  Molitre  8 
complete  plays  wasmadeby  Despois  (finished  by  Paul  Mes- 
nard)  in  the  "  Collection  des  grands  ^crivains  "  (1873-89X 
Independently  of  the  characters  which  Mollere.  shares, 
with  afi  the  great  names  of  literature,  his  fertility  and 
justness  of  thought,  the  felicity  of  the  expression  in  which 
he  clothes  it,  and  his  accurate  observation  of  human  life, 
there  are  two  points  in  his  drama  whicli  belong,  in  the 
highest  degree,  to  him  alone.  One  is  the  extraordinary- 
manner  in  which  he  manages  to  imbue  farce  and  burlesque 
with  the  true  spirit  of  refined  comedy.  This  manner  has. 
been  spoken  of  by  unfriendly  critics  as  "  exaggerated," 
but  the  reproach  argues  a  deficiency  of  perception.  Even 
the  most  roaring  farces  of  Moliere,  even  such  pieces  as  "M. 
de  Pourceaugnac  "  and  the  "Bourgeois  Gentilhomme,"  de- 
mand ranlcas  legitimate  comedy,  owing  to  his  unmatched 
faculty  of  intimating  a  general  pui-pose  under  the  cloak  of 
the  merely  ludicrous  incidents  which  aremade  to  surround 
the  fortunes  of  a  particular  person.  This  general  pur- 
pose (and  here  we  come  to  the  second  point)  is  invariably 
a  moral  one.  Of  all  dramatists,  ancient  and  modern,  Mo- 
lifere  is  perhaps  that  one  who  has  borne  most  constantly  in. 
mind  the  theory  that  the  stage  is  a  lay  pulpit,  and  that  its. 
end  is  not  merely  amusement,  but  the  reformation  of' 
manners  by  means  of  amusing  spectacles.  ...  In  bril-. 
liancy  of  wit  he  is,  among  dramatists,  inferior  only  to  Aris- 
tophanes and  Congreve.    Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  311. 

Molina  (mo-le'na),  Alonso  de.  Bom  in  Esca- 
lona  about  1510:  died  at  Mexico,  1585  (?).  A 
Spanish  Franciscan  missionary.  He  went  to  Mexico, 
when  a  child,  early  learned  the  Kahuatl  tongue,  and  acted 
as  interpreter  to  the  first  Franciscan  missionaries,  subse- 
quently joining  the  order.  His  books  on  the  Nahuatl. 
language  were  among  the  earliest  printed  in  America,  and. 
are  greatly  prized  by  bibliophilists. 

Molina,  Juan  Ignacio.  Bom  in  Talca,  Chile, 
June  23.  1737:  died  at  Bologna,  Italy,  Sept.  12, 
1829.  A  Jesuit  historian.  After  the  expulsion  of 
his  order  (1767)  he  lived  in  Italy,  and  in  1774  settled  at. 
Bologna.  His  principal  works  are  "Saggio  suUa  storia. 
naturale  di  Chile  "  (1782)  and  "  Saggio  della  storia  civile  dl 
Chile  "  (1787).  They  were  widely  read,  and  there  are  many 
editions  in  various  languages. 

Molina,  Luis.  Bom  at  Cuenca,  New  Castile, 
1535 :  died  at  Madrid,  Oct.  12, 1600.  A  Spanish 
Jesuit  theologian.  He  propounded  in  1588  the  doc- 
trine that  the  efficacy  of  divine  grace  depends  simply  on 
the  will  which  accepts  it  —  that  grace  is  a  free  gift  to  all, 
but  that  the  consent  of  the  will  is  requisite  in  order  that, 
grace  may  be  eificacious.  His  chief  work  is  "Liberi  arbi- 
trii,  etc.,  concordia"  (1688). 

Molinara  (mo-le-na'ra).  La.  [It., '  The  Miller- 
ess  or  Mill  Girl.']  An  opera  by  PaisieUo,  pro- 
duced at  Naples  in  1788,  in  Loudon  in  1803. 

Moline  (mo-len' ).  A  city  in  Rock  Island  County, 
Illinois,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  near  Eock 
Island.    Population  (1900),  17,248. 

Molinella  (mo-le-nel'la).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bologna,  Italy,  19  mUes  northeast  of 
Bologna.    Population  (1881),  commune,  11,336. 

Molinists(m6'li-nists).  1.  Those  who  hold  the 
opinions  of  Luis  Molina  in  respect  to  grace, 
free  will,  and  predestination. — 2.  TheQuietists, 
or  followers  of  Miguel  Molinos,  who  taught  the 
direct  relationship  between  the  soul  and  God. 

MolinodelEey (mo-le'no delra').  [Sp.,'king's 
mill.']  A  place  about  4  miles  west  of  the 
city  of  Mexico,  and  i  mile  from  Chapultepec 
Castle,  which  commands  it.  Here,  in  1847,  were 
several  massive  stone  buildings  used  as  mills  and  foun- 
dries. These  buildings,  defended  by  4,000  Mexioansunder 
Leon  and  Perez,  were  stormed  by  about  the  same  number- 
of  United  States  troops  under  Worth,  Sept.  8.  The  battler 
was  one  of  the  hardest  fought  of  the  war,  and  the  loss  on 
both  sides  was  heavy. 

Molinos  (mo-le'nos),  Miguel.  Born  at  or  near- 
Saragossa,  Spain,  Dec.  21, 1640 :  died  at  Rome, 
Dec.  29,  1696.  A  Spanish  mystic,  founder  of 
the  (Juietists.  He  was  condemned  by  the  Inqnisitioni 
in  1887.  His  most  noted  work  is ' '  Ouida  spirituale '  ('  'Spiri- 
tual Guide,"  1676). 

Moliaue  (mo-lek ' ) ,  Wilhelm  Bemhard.  Bom- 
at  Nuremberg,  Bavaria,  Oct.  7, 1802:  died  at- 


MolicLue 

Cannstatt,  Wiirtemberg,  May  10, 1869.  A  Ger- 
man ■violinist,  and  composer  especially  for  the 
violin.  Bpohr  gave  him  a  few  leaaons,  and  he  studied  at 
Munich  with  Rovelll.  He  was  leader  of  the  royal  band  at 
Stattgait  1826-19.  In  the  latter  year  he  went  to  England, 
wheie  he  taught  and  passed  the  rest  of  his  professional 
life.    In  1866  he  retired  to  Cannstatt. 

Molise  (mo-le'se).  A  former  province  of  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  now  the  province  of  Campo- 
basso,  in  the  compartimento  of  Abruzzi  and 
Molise,  Italy. 

Moliterno  (mo-le-ter'no).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Basilioata,  southern  Italy. 

Molitor  (mo-le-tor'),  Comte  Gabriel  Jean  Jo- 
seph. Born  at  Hayange,  Lorraine,  March  7, 
1770:  died  at  Paris,  July  28,  1849.  A  French 
marshal,  distinguished  throughout  the  Napole- 
onic wars,  especially  at  Essling  and  Wagram  in 
1809. 

Moll  (mol),  Herman.  Died  Sept.  22,  1732.  A 
Dutch-English  geographer.  He  established  himself 
in  London  in  1698.  Among  his  works  are  "  A  Sj'stem  of 
Geography"  (1701),  "A  History  of  the  Bnglish  Wars  in 
France,  Spain,  Portugal,  the  Netherlands,  Germany,  etc." 
(1705),  a  "  iN'ew  Map  of  the  Earth  and  Water  according  to 
Wright's,  alias  Mercator's,  Projection,"  "  Nieuwe  Kaart  von 
noord'Amerika"  (1720),  and  many  other  maps  (of  Europe, 
Asia,  Africa,  and  America)  and  charts, 

Moll  Cutpurse.    See  Cutpurse. 

MoUendorf  (mel'len-dorf),  Bichard  Joachim 
Heinrich  von.  Bom  in  Priegnitz,  Jan.  7, 1724 : 
died  at  Havelberg,  Prussia,  Jan.  28,  1816.  A 
Prussian  field-marshal,  distinguished  in  the 
Seven  Years'  War.  He  was  victorious  over  the 
French  at  Kaiserslautern,  May  23,  1794.  He 
did  not  command  in  the  second  battle. 

MoUer  (mol'ler),  Georg.  Bom  at  Diepholz, 
Hannover,  Jan.  21, 1781:  died  March  13, 1852. 
A  noted  (German  architect. 

Moll  Flanders  (mol  flan'derz),  The  Life  of. 
A  tale  by  Defoe,  published  in  1722. 

"  Moll  Flanders  "  is  a  sort  of  English  version  of  "Manon 
Lescaut,"  but  there  is  no  comparison  between  them  as 
works  of  art  and  passion ;  from  this  point  of  view  Defoe  is 
as  crude  as  Provost  on  this  one  occasion  was  subtle  and 
exquisite.  Oosse,  Eng.  Lit.  in  18th  Century,  p.  131. 

MoUhansen  (mfel'hou-zen),  Balduin.  Bom  at 
Bonn,  Prussia,  Jan.  27, 1825.  A  German  trav- 
eler in  the  Umted  States,  and  writer  of  novels 
and  works  of  travel.  He  has  published  "Tagebuch 
einer  Keise vom  Mississippi  nach  der  Sudsee  "(1868 :  repub- 
lished as  "  Wanderungen  dui'ch  die  Prairien  und  Wusten 
des  westllchen  Nordamerika,"  1860),  "Beisen  in  die  Fel- 
sengebirge  Nordamerikas  bis,znm  Hochplateau  von  Hen- 
mexiko"(1861),  etc. 

MoUinedo  y  Saravia  (mol-ye-na'THo  §  sa-ra- 
ve'a),  Ajitonio  Gonzalez,  often  called  Anto- 
nio Gonzalez  de  Saravia.  Bom  about  1745 : 
died  near  Oajaca,  Mexico,  Dec.  2, 1812.  A  Span- 
ish general.  He  was  captain-general  of  Guatemala 
July  28, 1801,  to  March  14, 1811 ;  and  subsequently  served 
against  the  revolutionists  in  Mexico.  He  was  captured 
when  they  took  O^aca,  and  shot. 

Molln  (meln).  A  town  in  Lauenburg,  province 
of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  24  miles  east  of 
Hamburg.  Bulenspiegel  is  alleged  to  have  been 
buried  there.    Population  (1890),  3,834. 

Mollwitz  (mol'vits).  A  village  south  of  Brieg, 
in  Silesia.  Here,  April  10,  1741,  was  gained  the  first 
Prussian  victory  in  the  Bilesian  wars.  Frederick  the  Great 
was  in  nominal  command,  but  left  the  battle-ileld,  and 
Schwerin  and  Leopold  of  Dessau  were  the  real  chiefs.  The 
Austrians  were  commanded  by  If  eipperg.  Each  army  num- 
bered about  22,000,  and  lost  about  4,600.    Also  Molwilz. 

Molly  Maguires  (mol'i  ma-gwirz').  [A  name 
assumed  (from  Molh/,  a  familiar  form  of  the 
name  Mary,  and  Maguire,  a  common  Irish  sur- 
name) by  the  members  of  the  Irish  organization, 
in  allusion  to  the  woman's  dress  they  wore  as  a 
disguise.]  1.  A  lawless  secret  association  in 
Ireland,  organized  with  the  object  of  defeating 
and  terrorizing  agents  and  process-servers  and 
others  engaged  in  the  business  of  evicting  ten- 
ants.—2.  A  secret  organization  in  the  mining 
regions  of  Pennsylvania,  notorious  for  the  com- 
mission of  various  crimes,  including  murderous 
attacks  upon  the  owners,  officers,  or  agents  of 
mines,  untU  their  suppression  by  the  execution 
of  several  of  their  leaders,  in  1877. 

Moloch.    See  Molech. 

Mologa  (mo-lo'ga).  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Yaroslafe,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Mologa, 
near  its  junction  with  the  Volga,  175  miles  north 
of  Moscow.    Population  (1893),  7,930. 

Mologa.  A  tributary  of  the  Volga.  Length, 
about  300  miles.  ^ ,,     tt       •■      t  , 

Molokai  (mo-lo-ld').  One  of  the  Hawaiian  Isl- 
ands, Pacific  Ocean,  situated  southeast  of  Oahu 
and  northwest  of  Maui.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. Length,  35  miles.  Area,  261  square 
miles.     Population,  with  Lanai  (1900),  2,504. 

Molossians  (mo-losh'ianz).  [Gr.  Mohiaaoi.']  An 


697 

ancient  tribe  or  race  of  Epirus,  in  northern 
Greece.  They  occupied  at  first  a  district  in  the  center, 
but  ultimately  their  kings  ruled  over  all  Epirus.  Their 
breed  of  shepherd-dogs  was  famous. 

Molossus(mo-los'us).  [Gr.  Mo^lofftrdf.]  In  Greek 
legend,  the  "son  of  Neoptolemus  and  Andro- 
mache. 

Moltke  (molt'ke).  Count  Hellmuth  Earl  Bern- 
hard  von.  Bom  at  Parchim,  Meckleuburg- 
Schwerin,  Oct.  26,  1800 :  died  at  Berlin,  April 
24, 1891.  A  celebrated  Prussian  field-marshal. 
He  was  the  son  of  Fritz  von  Moltke,  an  officer  first  in  the 
Prussian  and  afterward  in  the  Danish  service.  He  gradu- 
ated at  the  military  academy  at  Copenhagen  in  1818 ;  re- 
ceived a  commission  in  the  Danish  army  in  1819 ;  entered 
the  Prussian  army  in  1822 ;  completed  his  studies  at  the 
military  academy  at  Berlin  1823-26 ;  was  assigned  to  duty 
on  the  general  staff  in  1832 ;  and  assisted  the  sultan  Mah- 
mud  11.  in  tlie  reorganization  of  the  Turkish  army  on  the 
Prussian  model  during  a  leave  of  absence  1835-39.  He  was 
appointed  chief  of  the  general  staff  in  1858,  and,  in  con- 
formity with  the  determination  of  William  I.  to  raise 
Prussia  to  the  rank  of  a  great  military  power,  immediately 
began  a  reorganization  of  the  array  on  an  enlarged  plan, 
which,  with  the  parliamentary  support  of  Count  von  Bis- 
marck, the  head  of  the  cabinet,  and  of  General  von  Eoon,  the 
secretary  of  war,  was  completed  in  1863.  He  was  the  cliief 
strategist  in  the  war  of  Austria  and  Prussia  against  Den- 
mark in  1864,  in  the  Austro-Prussian  war  in  186&  and  in 
the  Franco-German  war  1870-71.  He  was  promoted  gen- 
eral of  infantry  in  1866 ;  was  created  a  count  in  1870 ;  was 
made  field-marshal  in  1871,  and  a  life  member  of  the  Prus- 
sian Upper  House  in  1872.  He  resigned  his  post  as  chief 
of  staff  in  1888.  Among  his  works  are  "  Brief e  tiber  Zu- 
stande,  etc.,  in  der  Tiirkei  1835-39"  (1841),  "Der  russisch- 
turkisohe  Feldzug  1828-29"  (1846),  and  "Gesohichte  des 
deutsch-franzSsischen  Erieges  von  1870-71 "  (1891).  The 
appendix  to  the  last  contains  a  fuller  version  of  the  article 
on  the  battle  of  Koniggratz  and  the  war  of  1866  which  ap- 
peared in  1881.  His  "  Briefe  "  (1892)  cover  a  period  of  65 
years,  including,  besides  those  from  Turkey,  letters  from 
Home  1845-46,  and  Paris  and  Russia  1868-6L  His  collected 
works,  including  numerous  letters,  essays,  speeches,  auto- 
biographical notes,  and  a  novel,  appeared  1891-93.  His 
military  works  were  published  separately  1892-93. 

Moluas  (mo-lo'as).    See  Luba. 

Molucca  (mo-luk'a)  Passage.  A  sea  passage 
lying  between  Gilolo  on  the  east  and  the  north- 
em  part  of  Celebes  on  the  west. 

Moluccas  (mo-luk'az),  or  Spice  Islands.  A 
collection  of  islands  belonging  to  the  Dutch, 
situated  in  the  Malay  Archipelago  east  of  Cel- 
ebes and  west  of  Papua.  The  chief  islands  are 
Gilolo,  Ternate,  Amboyna,  Ceram,  Burn,  and  the  Banda 
Islands.  The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  The 
group  is  noted  for  the  production  of  cloves  and  nutmegs. 
The  inhabitants  are  generally  Alfures,  Malays,  and  Papu- 
ans. The  islands  were  discovered  and  taken  possession  of 
by  the  Portuguese  about  1512,  but  have  been  under  Dutch 
suzerainty  since  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century.  Area, 
about  20,000  square  mUes.    Population,  375,000. 

Molwitz.     See  Mollwitz. 

Molyneux  (mol'i-nSks),  William.  Bom  at 
Dublin,  April  17,  1656:  died  there,  Oct.  11, 
1698.  An  Irish  philosopher.  He  entered  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  in  1671,  and  the  Middle  Temple  in  1675. 
He  devoted  himself  especially  to  philosophy  and  mathe- 
matics. His  version  of  Descartes's  "Meditations"  was 
published  in  1680.  In  1686  he  published  his  "  Sciotheri- 
cum  Telescopum, "  and  the  "  Dioptrica  Nova  "  in  1692.  He 
enjoyed  the  intimate  friendship  of  John  Locke.  His  best- 
known  work,"  The  Case  of  Ireland's  being  Bound  by  Acts 
of  Parliament  in  England  Stated,"  was  published  in  1698. 

Mombasa  (mom-ba'sa),  or  Mombaz  (mom- 
bas').  A  seaport  in  British  East  Africa,  situ- 
ated inlat.  4°  4'  S.,  lon^.  39° 43'  E.':  the  capital 
of  the  British  East  Africa  Protectorate,  it  was 
taken  by  the  Portuguese  iu  1606,  and  toward  the  close  of 
the  century  they  built  a  fort  there.  They  were  expelled 
iu  1698.  Mombasa  was  acquired  by  Zanzibar  in  1834,  and 
in  1890  passed  to  the  British  East  Africa  Company.  It  is 
the  terminus  of  a  railway  to  the  interior,  and  a  naval 
coaling-station.    Population,  about  20,000. 

Mombuttu(mom-b6t't6).  An  important  tribe  of 
central  Africa,  densely  settled  in  a  fertile  tract 
on  the  river  Welle  between  the  Nyam-Nyam  and 
the  Mabode.  The  Mombuttu  are  not  so  black  as  the 
Nyam-Nyam,andhavelongnoBes,  which  give  themaSemitic 
expression.  They  paint  their  bodies,  wear  bark  cloth,  use 
iron  and  copper  as  currency,  are  in  a  higher  state  of  culture 
than  other  negroes,  and  yet  they  are  the  worst  cannibals 
of  the  Dark  Continent.    Number  estimated  at  1,000,000. 

Mommsen  (mom'zen),  Theodor.  Bom  at  Gard- 
mg,  Sehleswig,  Nov.  30,  1817:  died  at  Char- 
lottenburg,  Nov.  1, 1903.  A  celebrated  German 
historian.  He  studied  philology  and  jurisprudence  at 
Kiel.  From  1844  to  1847  he  traveled  in  France  and  Italy, 
engaged  in  archseological  studies.  In  1848  lie  was  made 
professor  of  law  at  Leipsic,  a  position  which  he  was 
obliged  to  renounce  in  1850  in  consequence  of  his  partici- 
pation in  the  political  movements  of  1848-49.  In  1852  he 
became  professor  of  Roman  law  at  Zurich.  In  1854  he  ac- 
cepted a  similar  professorship  at  Breslau,  and  m  1867  was 
made  professor  of  ancient  history  at  the  Universi^  of 
Berlin.  His  principal  work  is  his  "  Romische  Geschichte 
("  Roman  History,"  1854-56).  Other  works  are  "  Die  ro- 
mische Chronologic  bis  auf  Casar  "  ("Roman  Chronology 
down  to  Csesar,"  1868),  "  Geschichte  des  rdmischen  Munz- 
wesens  "  ("  History  of  Roman  Coinage,"  1860),  "  Romische 
Forschungen"  ("Roman  Investigations,"  1864-79),  "Eo- 
mischesStaatsrecht"  (1871-76),  and  numerous  minor  arti- 
cles and  monographs  on  archffiological  subjects  and  Ro- 
man law.  As  secretary,  after  1873,  of  the  Berlin  Academy, 
he  was  the  editor  of  the  great  "Corpus  inscriptionum 


Moncey 

iatinarum  "  published  by  that  body.  He  took,  at  various 
times,  an  active  part  in  politics,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
Prussian  House  of  Delegates,  where  his  political  views 
were  those  of  the  National  Liberal  party. 

Mompos  (mom-pos'),  orMompoz  (mom-poH'). 
A  town  iu  Colombia,  department  of  Bolivar, 
situated  on  the  Magdalena  about  lat.  9°  15'  N. 
Population  (1886),  about  10,000. 

Momus(mo'mus).  [Gr.  Mu/Mf.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a  god  personifying  censure  and  mock- 
ery :  according  to  Hesiod,  the  son  of  Night. 

Mona  (mo'na).  The  Latin  name  of  Anglesea: 
used  also  for  the  Isle  of  Man. 

Monaco  (mon'a-ko).  1.  A  principality  situ- 
ated on  the  Mediterranean  and  inclosed  by  the 
department  of  Alpes-Maritimes,  France.  It  pro- 
duces fruits,  olive-oU,  perfumes,  liqueurs,  etc.  The  gov- 
ernment is  an  absolute  monarchy.  It  has  been  successively 
under  Spanish,  Sardinian,  and  French  protection,  and  was. 
united  to  France  1793-1814.  Area,  8  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  13,374. 

3.  The  capital  of  Monaco,  situated  on  a  prom- 
ontory projecting  into  the  Mediterranean  9" 
mUes  east-northeast  of  Nice  :  the  ancient  Her- 
culis  Monoeci  Portus.  Near  it  is  the  gambling 
resort  Monte  Carlo.    Population  (1890J,  3,292.. 

Monadnock  (mo-nad'nok),  or  Grand  Monad- 
nock.  An  isolated  mountain  in  Cheshire 
County,  southwestern  New  Hampshire,  37  miles 
southwest  of  Concord.    Height,  3,186  feet. 

Monagas  (mo-na'gas),  Jos6  Gregorio.  Bom  at 
Maturiu,  1795 :  died  at  Maracaibo,  1858.  A 
Venezuelan  soldier  and  politician,  brother  of 
Jos6  Tadeo  Monagas.  He  was  an  unsuccessful  pres- 
idential candidate  in  1846,  and  was  elected  for  the  term 
1861-65 :  during  this  period  slavery  was  abolished  (March, 
1864).  After  his  brother's  downfall  he  was  arrested,  and 
died  in  captivity. 

Monagas,  Jos6  Tadeo.  Bom  near  Maturin, 
Oct.  28, 1784:  died  at  El  Valle,  near  La  Guaira, 
Nov.  18, 1868.  A  Venezuelan  general  and  poli- 
tician. He  served  under  Bolivar  1813-21 ;  headed  an 
unsuccessful  rebellion  1835 ;  was  elected  president  for  the 
term  1847-51 ;  and  in  1848  assumed  dictatorial  powers,  im- 

grisoning  Paez  who  had  declared  against  him.  Succeeded 
y  his  brother  iu  1861,  he  took  command  of  the  army,  and 
was  reelected  president  (1856),  but  was  deposed  in  1858 
and  banished.  In  March,  1868,  he  declared  against  Fal- 
con, drove  him  &om  the  country,  and  was  elected  presi- 
dent by  Congress,  but  died  before  he  could  assume  ofQce. 

Monaghan  (mon'a-chan).  1.  A  county  iu  Ul- 
ster, Ireland,  it  is  bounded  by  Tyrone  on  tie  north, 
Armagh  on  the  east,  Louth  on  the  southeast,  Meath  on  the 
south,  and  Cavan  and  Fermanagh  on  the  west.  The  sur- 
face is  hilly.  Area,  600  square  miles.  Population  (1891),. 
86,206. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Monaghan,  48' 
miles  west-southwest  of  Belfast.  Population. 
(1891),  2,838. 

Monaldeschi  (mo-nal-des'ke),  Marehese  Gio- 
vanni. Died  at  Fontainebleau,  France,  Nov.. 
10,  1657.  An  Italian,  favorite  of  (^een  Chris- 
tine of  Sweden,  murdered  by  her  orders. 

Mona  (Madonna)  Lisa.  A  famous  portrait  by 
Leonardo  da  Vinci,  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  It  rep- 
resents "La  Gioconda,"  the  wife  of  the  Florentine  Fr.  det 
Giocondo.  The  painter  worked  at  it  for  4  years,  and  then, 
proclaimed  it  unfinished. 

Monarcho  (mo-nar'ko).  A  half-witted  Italian 
who  lived  in  London  in  the  16th  century.  He- 
professed  to  be  the  king  of  all  the  world.  Armado,  inShak-. 
spere's  "  Love's  Labour 's  Lost, "  is  supposed  to  be  intended, 
for  him,  and  indeed  is  once  called  by  his  name. 

Monastery,  The.-  A  novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
published  in  1820.  The  scene  is  laid  in  Scotland, 
in  the  16th  century.  ' '  The  Abbot "  is  a  sequel 
or  continuation  of  it. 

Monastir  (mo-nas-ter' ) .  A  vilayet  in  European 
Turkey.  Area,  7,643  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 664,379. 

Monastir,  or  Bitolia  (be-to'li-a),  or  ToU-Mo- 
nastir (to'le-mo-nas-ter').  Atowninthe vilayet 
of  Monastir,  European  Turkey,  situated  in  lat. 
41°  1'  N.,  long.  21°  17'  E.  It  is  an  important 
strategic  and  commercial  point.  Population, 
45,000. 

Monastir,  or  Mistir  (mes-ter').  A  seaport  in 
Tunis,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Hammamet 
in  lat.  35°  45'  N.,  long.  10°  51'  E.  Population, 
about  8,000. 

Monboddo,  Lord.    See  Burnett,  James. 

Monbuttu.    See  Mombuttu. 

Moncada  (mon-ka'THa),  Francisco  de.  Bom 
at  Valencia,  Spain,  Dec.  29,1586:  killed  at  Goch, 
Prussia,  1635.  A  Spanish  historian  and  gen- 
eral. He  wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Expedition  of  the  Cata- 
lans and  Aragonese  against  the  Turks  and  Greeks  "  (1623). 

Moncalieri  (mon-ka-le-a're).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Po  5 
miles  south  of  Turin.  Population  (1881),  com- 
mune, 11,379. 

Moncey  (mdn-sa'),  Bon  Adrien  Jeannot  de^ 
Due  de  Conegliano.    Bom  July  31,  1754 :  died. 


Moncey 

April  20,  1842.  A  French  marshal,  distin- 
guished in  the  Napoleonic  campaigns  in  Italy 
and  Spain. 

Mdnch  (mtoeh),  orWeiss-Monch  (vis'mfench). 
[G., '  the  monk,'  or  '  white  monk.']  A  peak  of 
the  Bernese  Alps,  situated  on  the  border  of  the 
cantons  of  Bern  and  Valais,  Switzerland,  38 
miles  southeast  of  Bern.  It  was  ascended  first 
in  1857.    Height,  13,465  feet. 

Monck.    See  Monk. 

Monckton  (mungk'ton),  Robert.  Bom  June 
24,  1726:  died  May  3)  1782.  An  BngUsh  gen- 
eral, the  second  son  of  John  Monckton,  Vis- 
count Galway.  He  served  in  Germany  in  1743,  and  in 
Flanders  in  1746 ;  was  member  of  Parliament  for  Ponte- 
fraot  in  1751 ;  in  1762  was  sent  to  Nova  Scotia ;  and  in  1766 
assisted  in  carrying  out  Braddock's  scheme  of  driving  the 
i^ench  anny  out  of  Nova  Scotia.  On  March  11, 1769,  he 
was  appointed  second  in  command  in  Wolfe's  expedition 
against  Quebec,  and  was  wounded  in  the  assault  of  Sept. 
13.  In  Feb.,  1761,  be  was  made  major-general,  and  in 
March  governor  of  New  York  and  commander-in-chief  of 
the  province.  In  the  same  year  he  engaged  in  the  reduc- 
tion of  Martinique.  On  June  28, 1763,  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land, and  was  appointed  lieutenant-general  April  30, 1770. 

Moncontour  (mdn-kon-tor').  A  small  town  in 
the  department  of  Vienne,  France,  situated  on 
the  Dive  28  miles  northwest  of  Poitiers.  Here, 
Oct.  3, 1569,  the  French  Catholics  under  the  Due  d'Anjon 
defeated  the  Huguenots  under  Coligny. 

Moncrieff  (mon-kref),  James.  Bom  1744: 
died  at  Dunkirk,  Sept.  7, 1793.  A  British  mili- 
tary engineer.  He  served  in  the  West  Indies  and  North 
America  for  many  years.  In  Sept.,  1777,  he  was  present 
at  the  battle  of  the  Brandywine,  and  in  1779  distinguished 
himself  with  General  Prevost  in  Carolina,  and  was  chief 
engineer  at  the  investment  of  Charleston  in  1780.  On 
the  declaration  of  war  with  France  in  1793,  he  was  ap- 
pointed quartermaster-general  to  the  army  in  Holland, 
and  acted  as  chief  engineer  for  the  British  at  Valenciennes, 
July,  1793.    He  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Dunkirk. 

Moncrieflf,  William  Thomas.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Aug  24,  1794:  died  in  the  Charter- 
house, Deo.  3,  1857.  An  English  dramatist. 
In  1804  he  became  a  clerk  in  a  solicitor's  office.  As 
manager  of  the  Regency  (later  Prince  of  Wales)  Thea- 
tre, he  wrote  "Moscow,  or  the  Cossack's  Daughter" 
in  1810;  and  for  the  Olympic  "All  at  Coventry"  (Oct.  20, 
1815),  and  "Eochester,  etc.,"  a  musical  comedy  (Nov.  16, 
1818).  He  joined  Elliston  at  Diury  Lane,  and  wrote 
"  Wanted,  a  Wife  "(May,  1819),"Mon5ieurTon8on"(Sept., 
1821),  and  the  "  Spectre  Bridegroom  "  (July  2, 1821).  "Tom 
and  Jerry,  or  Life  in  London  "  was  produced  at  the  Adelphi 
Nov.  26, 1821,  and  ran  continuously  for  two  seasons ;  "  The 
Cataract  of  the  Ganges"  at  Drury  Lane  in  1823 :  it  intro- 
duced a  real  waterfall,  which  was  then  an  innovation.  For 
Charles  Mathews  the  elder  he  wrote  the  "Bashful  Man" 
(1826);  for  the  Surrey  Theatre,  "Old  Heads  and  Young 
Shoulders"  (1828);  and  forW.  J.  Hammond  of  the  Strand, 
"  Sam  Weller  "(July,  1837).  In  1843  he  became  blind,  and 
was  admitted  as  a  brother  at  the  Charterhouse  in  1844.  He 
wrote  more  than  170  plays  in  all,  besides  other  works. 

lloncton  (mungk'tqu).  A  river  port  in  West- 
moreland County,  Isfe w  Brunswick,  Canada,  sit- 
uated on  the  Petitcodiac  82.  miles  northeast  of 
St.  John.    Population  (1901),  9,026. 

Monday  (mun'da).  [Lit.  'moon's  day.'  The 
day  was  so  called  from  its  name  in  L.,  dies 
tunse.']    The  second  day  of  the  week. 

M ondoSedo  (mon-don-ya'lHo).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Lugo,  northwestern  Spain,  31  miles 
north-northeast  of  Lugo.  Population  (1887), 
10,391. 

Mondovi  (mon-do-ve ' ) .  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Cuneo,  Italy,  situated  on  the  EUero  48  miles 
south  of  Turin,  it  has  a  cathedral.  Here,  April  22, 
1795,  Napoleon  defeated  the  Sardinian  general  Colli. 

JDIondsee  (mont-za').  A  lake  in  Upper  Austria, 
15  miles  east  of  Salzburg.  The  Schafberg  rises 
from  it.    Length,  7  miles. 

Mone  (mo'ne),  Franz  Joseph.  Bom  at  Min- 
golsheim,  Baden,  May  12, 1796 :  died  at  Karls- 
ruhe, Baden,  March  12, 1871.  A  German  his- 
torian, antiquary,  and  philologist. 

Monembasia  (mo-nem-ba-se'a),  or  Malvasia 
(mal-va-se'a).  Asmall  town  on  the  coast  of  La- 
conia,  Greece,  46  miles  southeast  of  Sparta,  it 
was  an  important  medieval  fortress,  and  was  foimeriy 
noted  for  its  export  of  wine. 

Monemuji  (mo-ne-mo'zhe).  At  the  time  of  the 
Portuguese  discoveries  in  Africa,  a  great  na- 
tive kingdom  between  Lake  Tanganyika  and 
the  east  coast:  probably  the  modern  Unyam- 
wezi.     See  Nyamwezi. 

Monet  (mo-na'),  Claude.  Bom  at  Paris.  A  con- 
temporary French  landscape-painter,  belonging 
to  the  group  known  as  Impressionists.  Among  his 
works  are  "The  Seine  at  Giverny,"  "Bordighera,"  "Cape 
MartiUj"  "The  Orchard,"  "Low  Tide  at  Pourville,"  "A 
Wheat  Field,"  "  Snow  at  Port  Villers,"  "  Willow  Trees, "  etc. 

Money  A  comedy  by  Bulwer  Lytton,  first  pro- 
duced on  Dee.  8, 1849. 

Moneytrap  (mun'i-trap).  In  Vanbrugh's  play 
"The  Confederacy,"  a  threadbare,  rusty,  rich 
money-scrivener.  This  was  one  of  Doggett's 
best  characters. 


698 

Monferrato.    See  Montferrat. 

Monge  (mdnzh),  Gaspard.  Born  at  Beaune, 
France,  May  10,  1746 :  died  at  Paris,  July  18, 
1818.  A  celebrated  French  mathematician, 
founder  of  the  science  of  descriptive  geometry. 
He  was  minister  of  marine  1792-93  ;  and  the  chief  founder 
of  the  Polytechnic  School  in  Paris.  His  best-known  work 
is  "  G^om^trie  descriptive"  (1799). 

Monghjrr,  or  Monghir  (mon-ger'),  or  Mungir 
(mun-ger'),  or  Mongarh  (mon-gar').  1.  A  dis- 
trictin  Bengal,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat. 
25°  N.,  long.  86°  E.  Area,  3,921  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  2,036,021.-2.  The  capital  of 
the  district  of  Monghyr,  situated  on  the  Ganges 
in  lat.  25°  22'  N.,  long.  86°  29'  E. :  fomierly  a 
fortress.    Population  (1891),  57,077. 

Mongolia  (mon-go  'li-a) .  A  dependency  of  China, 
lying  in  general  between  Siberia  on  the  north, 
Manchuria  on  the  east,  China  on  the  south,  and 
East  Turkestan  and  Sungaria  on  the  west :  some- 
times made  to  include  parts  of  Sungaria  and 
Kokonor.  The  surface  is  a  plateau.  It  contains  the 
desert  of  Gobi.  Area,  1,288,000  square  miles.  Population, 
about  2,000,000. 

Mongolian  race.  The  second  in  Blumenbaoh's 
classification  of  the  races  of  mankind.  The  chief 
characteristics  are  a  brachycephalic  skull,  broad  cheek- 
bones, low  retreating  forehead,  short  and  broad  nose,  and 
yellowish  complexion.  It  included  the  Chinese,  Turks, 
Tatars,  Indo-Chinese,  Lapps,  Eskimos,  etc. 

Mongols  (mong'golz).  [Said  to  be  ultimately 
from  mong,  brave.]  An  Asiatic  race  now  chiefly 
resident  in  Mongolia,  a  vast  region  north  of 
China  proper  and  south  of  Siberia,  forming  a 
possession  of  China.  Mongols  are  also  found  elsewhere 
in  the  Cliinese  empire  and  in  Siberia,  etc.  The  Mongols 
in  the  13th  century  conquered  a  large  part  of  Asia  and 
overran  eastern  Europe.    See.Moffv^s. 

Mongols,  Empire  of  the.    A  medieval  Asiatic 

empire.  It  was  founded  by  Jenghiz  Khan  (died  1227);  ex- 
tended over  China,  large  portions  of  central  and  western 
Asia  and  of  Eussia ;  was  checked  in  its  western  advance  at 
Wahlstatt  (Silesia)  in  1241 ;  and  overthrew  the  califate  in 
1268.  A  Mongol  dynasty  ruled  in  China  from  Kublai  Khan 
(about  1259)  to  1368.  The  empire  divided  into  various  parts 
(compare  Eiptchak)  at  the  close  of  the  13th  century,  but 
was  temporarily  revived  under  Timur  the  Tatar  about 
1400.  His  descendant  Baber  founded  the  empire  of  the 
Moguls  (which  see). 

Monhegan.     See  Mohegan. 

Monier- Williams,  Sir  Monier.    See  Williams. 

Monikins,  The.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  published 
in  1835. 

Monime  (mo-nem').  The  principal  female  char- 
acter in  Racine's  "  Mithridate." 

Monimia  (mo-nim'i-a).  The  chief  female  char- 
acter in  Otwa/s  play"' '  The  Orphan" :  an  orphan 
left  in  charge  of  old  Acasto,  and  loved  by  both 
his  sons,  Castalio  and  Polydore.  Though  married 
to  the  former,  she  became  the  innocent  victim  of  the  latter, 
and  herwoes  have  made  the  character  proverbial  as  a  type 
of  suffering  innocence. 

Over  the  character  of  Monimia  probably  more  tears  have 
been  shed  than  over  that  of  any  stage  heroine. 

Qosse,  History  of  Eighteenth-Century  Literature,  p.  55. 

Moniteur  (m6-ne-t6r').  The  official  journal  of 
the  French  government  1799-1868.  it  first  appeared 
in  1789  under  the  name  "Gazette  Nationale,"  and  from  1799 
was  known  as  the  "  Moniteur  Universel." 

Monitor  (mon'i-tor).  An  iron-clad  steam  bat- 
tery, consisting  of  an  iron  hull  covered  by  a  pro- 
jectingdeck,  and  surmountedbyarevolving  tur- 
ret protecting  the  guns,  designed  by  John  Erics- 
son. Her  commander  was  Lieutenant  J.  L.  Worden,  and 
her  executive  officer  Lieutenant  S.  D.  Greene.  She  was 
launched  at  Greenpoint,  New  York,  Jan.  30, 1862,  and  ar- 
rived at  Fort  Monroe  in  the  evening  of  March  8, 1862.  On 
March  9  occurred  the  battle  between  the  Monitor  and  the 
Merrimac  (see  Merrimac),  which  resulted  in  a  draw  that 
was  equivalent  to  a  victory  for  the  Monitor.  She  afterward 
joined  theunsuccessful  expedition  commanded  by  Captain 
John  Rodgers  against  Fort  Darling,  near  Richmond,  and  was 
sunk  off  Cape  Hatteras  on  her  way  to  Beaufort,  South  Caro- 
lina, Dec.  29, 1862.  Sixty  vessels  were  built  or  projected  on 
her  plan  during  the  war.  The  modern  improved  battle- 
ship is  a  combination  of  the  Monitor  and  Merrimac  types. 
Herdimensionswere ;  length  of  hull,  124  feet ;  beam  of  hull, 
34  feet ;  length  of  deck,  172  feet ;  width  of  deck,  41  feet ; 
draught,  11  feet;  inside  diameter  of  turret,  20  feet;  height 
of  turret,  9  feet ;  thickness  of  turret  armor,  8  inches ; 
thickness  of  side  armor,  5  inches ;  thickness  of  deck  armor, 
1  inch ;  thickness  of  pilot-house  armor,  9  inches.  Arma- 
ment, 2  11-inch  Dahlgren  guns,  throwing  180-pound  shot. 

Monk,  or  Monck  (niungk),  George,  first  Duke 
of  Albemarle.  Bom  at  Potheridge,  Devonshire, 
Dec.  6, 1608 :  died  Jan.  3, 1670,  An  English  gen- 
eral. He  served  as  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  Scottish  war 
in  1640,  and  in  the  Irish  rebellion  of  1642.  In  the  civil  war 
he  entered  the  king's  service,  was  captured  at  Nantwich, 
and  was  committed  to  the  Tower  for  two  years.  In  1646  he 
was  released,  and  1647-49  served  Parliament  in  Ireland. 
In  1651  he  was  left  in  Scotland  by  Cromwell  as  commander- 
in-chief.  He  was  associated  with  Blake  and  Deane  in  com- 
mand of  the  fleet  in  the  Dutch  war  in  1653.  In  1654  he  sup- 
pressed the  Royalist  insurrection  in  Scotland,  and  was  made 
governor  of  that  country.  He  was  faithful  to  both  the 
Cromwells.  After  the  death  of  Richard  Cromwell,  he  took 
the  part  of  Pailiament  and  the  army,  and  on  the  expul- 


Monomotapa 

slon  of  Parliament  by  Lambert  Oct.  18, 1669,  secured  the 
Scottish  fortresses,  advanced  into  England,  scattered  Lam- 
bert's army,  and  entered  London  Feb.  3, 1660.  On  Feb.  IS 
he  ordered  the  guards  to  admit  the  "  secluded  "  or  Roy^st 
members  to  Parliament,  and  a  new  council  was  elected  with 
Monk  at  its  head.  A  new  parliament  met  April  25, 1660^ 
and  the  restoration  of  the  monarchy  was  voted  May  1, 1660. 
Monk  met  Charles  II.  at  Dover  May  26.  On  .Tuly  7  ho 
was  created  earl  of  Torrington  and  duke  of  Albemarle. 
He  served  in  the  Dutch  war  as  admiral  April,  1666,  and  as- 
sisted in  restoring  order  at  the  great  Are  of  London  (1666), 
and  in  defending  the  Thames  against  the  invading  Dutch 
fleet  (1667). 

Monk,  Ambrosio,  or  the.  A  romance  by  M. 
G.  Lewis,  published  in  1795.  From  the  popularity 
of  this  book  he  was  called  "Monk"  Lewis. 

Monkey  Indians.    See  Tusayan. 

Monk's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's  "Canter- 
bury Tales."  It  is  unflnished,  being  stopped  by  the 
knight.  It  contains  the  story  of  Ugolino  from  Dante,  and 
follows  Boccaccio's  "De  casibus  illustrium  virorum"  in  a 
general  way. 

Monkwearmouth  (mungk-wer'muth).  A  sub- 
urb of  Sunderland,  England,  situated  north  of 
the  Wear. 

Monmouth  (mon'muth).  1.  A  county  of  west- 
em  England,  it  is  bounded  by  Brecknock  on  the  north- 
west, Hereford  on  the  northeast,  Gloucester  on  the  east, 
the  estuary  of  the  Severn  and  Bristol  Channel  on  the  south, 
and  Glamorgan  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  hilly,  except 
in  the  south.  The  county  has  Important  iron-works.  It 
was  included  in  Wales  till,  in  1535,  it  was  made  an  English 
county.  Welsh  is  very  generally  spoken,  and  the  county 
has  more  affinities  with  Wales  than  with  England.  Area, 
534  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  252,416. 
2.  The  capital  of  Monmouthshire,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Monnow  and  Wye,  25  miles 
north  of  Bristol.    Population  (1891),  5,470. 

Monmouth.  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Warren 
County,  western  Illinois,  94  miles  nori;hwest  of 
Springfield.  It  is  the  seat  of  Monmouth  Col- 
lege (IJnited  Presbyterian).  Population  (1900), 
7,460. 

Monmouth,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained  June 
28,  1778,  at  Monmouth  Court  House,  Freehold, 
Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  by  the  Ameri- 
cans under  Washington  over  the  British  under 
Clinton.  The  Americans  under  Charles  Lee  were  at  flrst 
repulsed.  The  loss  of  the  Americans  was  about  230 ;  that 
of  the  British,  over  400,  besides  many  deserters.  A  consid- 
erable number  of  men  on  both  sides  succumbed  to  the  in- 
tense heat. 

Monmouth,  Duke  of  (James  Fitzroy).    Bom 

at  Rotterdam,  April  9, 1649:  executed  at  Lon- 
don, July  15,  1685.  A  (reputed)  illegitimate 
son  of  Charles  II.  of  England  and  Lucy  Wal- 
ters. He  was  created  duke  of  Monmouth  in  1663,  and 
treated  as  a  prince ;  was  made  captain-general  of  the  army 
in  1670 ;  and  came  to  be  known  as  "  the  Protestant  duke." 
He  commanded  the  English  forces  sentto  assist  the  French 
in  the  Dutch  war,  and  afterward  the  army  sent  against  the 
Scottish  Covenanters  (1675-79).  In  1679  he  went  into  exile. 
He  associated  later  with  the  Whig  leaders ;  escaped  to 
Holland  in  1684 ;  landed  at  Lyme  Regis  June  11, 1686 ; 
headed  an  unsuccessful  insurrection  against  James  II. ; 
and  was  defeated  at  Sedgemoor,  July  6, 1686,  and  captured 
two  days  after  the  battle. 

Monmouth,  Geoffrey  of.  See  Geoffrey  of  Mon- 
mouth. 

Monnica,  or  Monica  (mon'i-ka),  Saint.  Bom 
about  332:  died  at  Ostia,  Italy,  387.  The  mo- 
ther of  St.  Augustine. 

Monnier  (mo-nya'),  Henri  Bonaventure. 
Born  at  Paris,  June  6, 1799 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
3, 1877.  A  French  caricaturist  and  author.  He 
wrote  "Scenes  populaires"  (1830),  "M^moires  de  M.  Jo- 
seph Prudhomrae"  (1867),  etc. 

Monnier,  Marc.  Bom  at  Florence,  1829 :  died 
at  Geneva,  April  18, 1885.  A  French  poet  and 
prose-writer.  His  works  include  poems,  liter- 
ai'y  criticisms,  volumes  on  Italy,  etc. 

Monocacy  (mo-nok'a-si).  A  small  tributary  of 
the  Potomac.  Near  it,  in  the  vicinity  of  Frederick  in 
MaiTlaiid,  on  July  9, 1864,  the  Confederates  (20,000)  un- 
der Early  defeated  the  Federals  (6,050)  under  Lew  Wallace. 

Monoceros (mo-nos'e-ros).  [Gr.  MovdKepaf.  from 
/iSvoi,  single,  and  Kcpac,  a  horn.]  A  constella- 
tion, the  Unicorn,  south  of  the  Twins  and  the 
Crab,  and  between  the  two  Dogs,  introduced 
by  Jacob  Bartsch  in  1624. 

Monod  (mo -no'),  Adolphe.  Born  at  Copen- 
hagen, Jan.  21, 1802 :  died  at  Paris,  April  6, 1856. 
A  French  Protestant  clergyman,  noted  as  a  pul- 
pit orator. 

Monod,  Fr6d6ric  Joel  Jean  G6rard.    Bom  at 

Monnaz,  Vaud,  Switzerland,  May  17, 1794:  died 
at  Paris,  1863.  A  French  Protestant  clergy- 
man, founder  of  the  Free  Church  of  France. 

Mono  (mo'no)  Lake.  A  salt  lake  in  Mono  Coun- 
ty, eastern  California,  situated  in  lat.  38°  N.  It 
has  no  outlet.     Length,  14  miles. 

Monomotapa  (mo-no-mo-ta'pa).  An  ancient 
native  African  kingdom  in  the  lower  Zambesi 
basin,  mostly  in  the  present  Mashonaland  and 
district  of  Manica:  famous  among  old  Portu- 


Monomotapa 

guese  writers  for  its  gold-mines.  AU  the  attempts 
of  the  Portuguese  to  colonize  it  Jailed,  and  most  of  the  ac- 
counts of  it  were  fantastic. 

Monongahela  (mo-non-ga-he'la).  A  river  in 
West  Vireinia  and'southwestern  Pennsylvama. 
It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  West  Fork  and  Tygart's 
Valley  River,  and  unites  with  the  Allegheny  at  Pittsburg 
to  f  oi-m  the  Ohio.  In  the  bat*le  of  the  Monongahela  (some- 
times called  "Braddock's  defeat"),  fought  on  its  banks 
near  Pittsburg,  July  9,  1765,  the  French  and  Indians  de- 
feated the  British  and  colonial  forces  under  Braddock, 
Total  length,  about  300  miles;  navigable  to  Brownsville, 
Pennsylvania. 

Mono  (mo'no)  Pass.  A  ^ass  in  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada Mountains,  California,  situated  about  lat. 
38°  N.    Height,  10,765  feet. 

Monopoli  (mo-nop'6-le).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bari,  Apulia,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adri- 
atic 25  miles  southeast  of  Bari.  It  has  a  cathe- 
dral and  some  antiquities.  Population  (1881), 
13,154. 

Mondvar  (mo-no'var) .  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Alicante,  Spain,  24  miles  west-northwest  of 
Alicante.    Population  (1887),  8,795. 

Mourad  (mon'rad),  Ditlev  Gotnard.  Bom  at 
Copenhagen,  Nov.  24, 1811 :  died  March  28, 1887. 
A  Danish  statesman  and  bishop. 

Monreale  (mon-ra-a'le).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Palermo,  Sicily,  Italy,  5  miles  southwest 
of  Palermo.  The  cathedral,  the  finest  building  of  the 
Sicilian  Korman-Saracenic  style,  was  begun  in  1173.  The 
exterior,  except  the  arcaded  chevet,  is  veiy  plain;  the 
bronze  north  doors,  with  28  Komanesque  relief-panels,  and 
the  west  doors,  with  43  Bible  scenes,  are  beautiful.  The 
interior  length  is  336  feet,  the  greatest  width  131 ;  the  nave 
has  IS  Ciorinthian  columns,  in  part  antique,  with  stilted 
pointed  arches ;  the  three  apses  open  on  the  broad  tran- 
sept. The  roof  is  of  wood,  open-framed.  The  lower  parts 
of  the  walls  are  incrusted  with  marble;  all  the  rest  is 
covered  with  mosaics  on.gold  ground,  of  the  most  gorgeous 
effect,  consisting  of  Old  and  New  Testament  scenes  and 
rich  arabesques.  The  cloister,  one  of  the  most  admirable 
creations  of  the  12th  century,  is  a  large  quadrangle :  it  has 
coupled  columns  with  many  of  the  shafts  inlaid  with  mo- 
saic, beautifully  carved  foliage-  and  figure-capitals,  and 
stilted  arches.    Population  (1881),  U,081. 

Monro  (mun.-r6'),  Alexander.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  8, 1697:  died  at  Edinburgh,  July  10, 
1767.  A  British  anatomist  and  surgeon.  His 
chief  work  is  "Osteology"  (1726). 

Monro,or  Monroe  (muii-r6'),orMiinro,Henry. 
Born  1768:  hungatLisburn,  Ireland,  June,  1798. 
A  United  Irishman,  son  of  a  Scotch  Presby- 
terian minister  settled  at  Lisbum.  He  entered  the 
linen  business  about  1788,  and  in  1795  joined  the  United 
Irishmen.  In  the  rebellion  of  1798  he  succeeded  Dickson 
In  command ;  was  captured  on  June  16 ;  and  was  hung  at 
Lisburn. 

Monroe  (mun-ro').  A  city,  the  capital  of  Mon- 
roe County,  Michigan,  situated  on  the  Eaisin 
35  miles  south-southwest  of  Detroit.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  5,043. 

Monroe,  James.  Bom  in  Westmoreland  County, 
Va.,  April  28,  1758:  died  at  New  York,  July  4, 
1831.  The  fifth  President  of  the  United  States 
(1817—25).  Heserved in  theEevolutionary War;  entered 
the  Virginia  assembly  in  1782;  was  a  member  of  Congress 
from  Virginia  1783-86 ;  was  a  member  of  the  Virginia  rati- 
fying convention  in  1788 ;  was  United  States  senator  from 
Virginia  1790-94 ;  was  United  States  minister  to  France 
1794-86;  was  governor  of  Viiginia  1799-1802;  was  one  of 
the  negotiators  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  in  1803;  was 
United  States  minister  to  Great  Britain  1803-07;  was  gov- 
ernor of  Virginia  in  1811 ;  was  secretary  of  state  1811-17,  and 
secretary  of  war  1814-15 ;  and  was  elected  President  as 
candidate  of  the  Democratic-Kepublican  party  in  1816,  and 
was  reelected  in  1820.  The  period  of  his  administration  is 
known  as  the  "  era  of  good  feeling."  Among  its  chief 
events  were  the  acquisition  of  Horida  (1819) ;  the  Missouri 
Compromise  (1820) ;  and  the  promulgation  of  the  Monroe 
Doctrine  (1823). 

Monroe  Doctrine.  In  American  politics,  the 
doctrine  of  the  non-intervention  of  European 
powers  in  matters  relating  to  the  American  con- 
tinents. It  received  its  name  from  statements  contained 
in  President  Monroe's  annual  message  to  Congress  in  Dec, 
1823,  at  the  period  of  a  suspected  concert  of  the  powers 
in  the  Holy  Alliance  to  interfere  in  Spanish  America  in 
behalf  of  Spain.  The  following  are  the  most  significant 
passages  in  the  message :  "We  could  not  view  an  inter- 
position for  oppressing  them  [the  Spanish-American  re- 
publics] or  controlling  in  any  other  manner  their  destiny, 
by  any  European  power,  in  any  other  light  than  as  a  mani- 
festation of  an  unfriendly  disposition  toward  the  United 
States.  .  .  .  The  American  continents  should  no  longer  be 
subjects  for  any  new  European  colonial  settlement." 

Monrovia  (mun-ro' vi-a) .  The  capital  of  Liberia, 
Africa,  situated  on  the  coast,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Mesurado,  in  lat.  6°  19'  N.,  long.  10°  49'  W. 
Population  (1891),  estimated,  5,000. 

Mens  (mdns),  Flem.  Bergen  (ber'oen).  The 
capital  of  the  province  of  Hainaut,  Belgium, 
situated  on  the  Trouille  in  lat.  50°  27'  N.,  long. 
3°  56'  E.  It  is  the  center  of  a  large  and  rich  coal  region. 
The  cathedral,  in  the  late-Pointed  style,  was  founded  in 
the  middle  of  the  15th  century.  The  exterior  is  rich,  the 
interior  bold  and  graceful,  and  there  is  superb  16th-cen- 
tury glass.  The  hfltel  de  ville  is  a  picturesque  late-Pointed 
building,  begun  in  1468.  There  are  several  battle-fields  in 
the  neighborhood.  A  fortress  was  founded  on  the  site  of  the 


699 

city  by  Csesar.  Mons  was  taken  by  Louis  of  I^assan  In  May, 
and  by  the  Spaniards  in  Sept.,  1672 ;  was  taken  by  the 
French  1691,  and  restored  1697;  was  held  by  the  French 
in  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession  ;  was  ceded  to  Aus- 
tria in  1714 ;  and  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1746  and  in 
1792.    Population  (1893),  25,114. 

Mons  Badonicus.    See  Badon. 

Monselice  (mon-sa-le'ehe).  Atowniuthe  prov- 
ince of  Padua,  Italy,  14  miles  southwest  of 
Padua.    Population  (1881),  commune,  10,479. 

Mons-en-Pev§le  (m6ns'on-pa-val'),  or  Mons- 
en-Puelle  (mdns'on-pu-el').  A  village  in  the 
department  of  Nord,  France,  13  miles  south  of 
LUle.  Here,  Aug.  18, 1304,  Philip  IV.  defeated 
the  Flemings. 

Monserrat.    See  Montserrat. 

Monserrat  (mou-se-rat'),  Joaquin  de.  A  Span- 
ish general,  marquis  of  (3ruilias,  and  viceroy  of 
Mexico  from  Jan.  25,  1761,  to  Aug.,  1766.  He 
was  the  first  to  organize  the  militia  of  the  country,  a  mea- 
sure which  had  an  important  bearing  on  subsequent  events. 

Monsieur  (m6-sy6 ' ) .  [P . , '  my  lord,"  sir.']  A 
title  formerly  applied  to  the  eldest  brother  of 
the  King  of  Prance. 

Monsieur,  Peace  of.    See  Peace  of  Monsieur. 

Monsieur,  Tll63,tre  de.  A  theater  existing  in 
Paris,  in  the  Poire  St. -Germain,  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  18th  century.  It  was  founded  by  a  coiffeur 
of  Marie  Antoinette  named  Leonard  Autre,  and  was  named 
from  "Monsieur,"  the  king's  brother,  who  backed  it  ("au 
credit  duquel  il  devait  son  privilege  ").  Italian  opera  and 
French  comedy  were  played  there,  and  it  had  a  brilliant 
existence  from  1789  to  1791,  when  a  new  house  was  built 
for  it  in  the  Rue  Feydeau  and  it  received  the  name  of 
Th&tre  Feydeau. 

Monsieur  de  Pourceaugnac  (m6-sye'  d6  por- 
son-yak').  A  comedy  by  Moli^re,  played  in  1660 : 
"  an  ingenious  satire,  pushed  to  the  verge  of 
burlesque  and  farce,  on  the  country  squires  of 
Prance"  (Saintsbury). 

Monsigny  (m6n-sen-ye'),  Pierre  Alexandre. 
Bom  near  St.-Omer,  Prance,  Oct.  17, 1729:  died 
Jan.  14, 1817.  A  French  composer.  His  most 
successful  opera  was  "F61ix,  oul'enfanttrouv6" 
(1777). 

Mons  Meg  (monz  meg).  Au  old  cannon  in  the 
castle  at  Edinburgh.  It  was  made  at  Mons  in 
Flanders. 

Monson  (mun'son).  Sir  William.  Born  1569: 
died  at  Kinnersley,  Feb.,  1643.  An  English 
admiral,  in  1585  he  ran  away  to  sea,  and  in  1688  was 
made  lieutenant  of  the  Charles.  In  1591  he  was  captured 
and  detained  in  the  castle  of  Lisbon,  In  1594  he  took  his 
M.  A.  degree  at  Oxford.  In  1602  he  was  vice-admiral  of 
the  squadron  under  Sir  Richard  Leveson ;  in  1604  was  ap- 
pointed admiral  of  the  Narrow  Seas  ;  and  in  1614  was  en- 
gaged in  suppressing  piracy  on  the  coast  of  Ireland:  He 
was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  Jan.  12, 1615-16,  and  did  not 
serve  again  until  the  Dutch  campaign  of  1635. 

Monstrelet  (m6ns-tr6-la'),  Bnguerrand  de. 

Died  1453.  A  French  chronicler,  author  of  a 
chronicle  of  contemporary  French  history  (ed- 
ited 1857). 

Monsummano  (mdn-s6m-ma'n6).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Lucca,  Italy,  22  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Florence.  Near  it  is  a  warm  stalactitic 
grotto  noted  as  a  health-resort.  Population  (1881),  com- 
mune, 6,931. 

Montabaur  (mon'ta-bour).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  12  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Coblenz.  Population  (1890),  3,377. 

Montacute  (mon'ta-kut),  or  Montagu  (mon'- 
ta-gu),  John  de,  third  Earl  of  Salisbury.  Born 
about  1350:  beheaded  at  Cirencester,  Jan.  7, 
1400.  An  English  soldier,  nephew  of  William 
de  Montacute,  second  earl  of  Salisbury,  a  promi- 
nent Lollard,  he  attended  their  meetings,  and  kept  a  Lol-' 
lard  chaplain.  In  1397  he  succeeded  to  tne  earldom.  He 
was  a  favorite  adviser  of  Richard  II.  On  the  landing  of 
the  Duke  of  Lancaster  (Henry  IV.),  he  raised  troops  in  the 
west  to  oppose  him.  'On  the  downfall  of  Richard,  and  the 
accession  of  Henry  IV.,  he  waa  committed  to  the  Tower. 
He  was  released,  entered  into  a  conspiracy  against  Hem'y, 
was  discovered,  and  was  murdered  by  a  mob. 

Montacute,  or  Montagu,  Thomas  de,  fourth 
Earl  of  Salisbury.  Born  in  1388 :  died  at  Meung, 
France,  Nov.  3, 1428.  An  English  general.  He 
was  summoned  to  Parliament  asEarl  of  Salisbury  in  Oct., 
1409,  and  restored  to  the  dignity  of  his  father  in  1421.  In 
1416  he  served  the  king  in  France,  fighting  at  Harfleur  and 
Agincourt,  and  was  made  lieutenant-general  of  Normandy 
in  AprU,  1419.  He  continued  to  fight  in  France  as  the  most 
famous  and  skilful  English  general  until  the  siege  of  Or- 
leans, Oct.,  1428.  He  was  wounded  there,  and  died  at 
Meung. 

Montacute,  or  Montagu,  William  de,  third 
Baron  Montacute  and  first  Earl  of  Salisbury. 
Bom  1301:  died  Jan.  30,  1344.  An  English 
soldier,  eldest  sou  of  William  de  Montacute, 
second  baron,  in  1327  he  fought  with  Edward  III.  in 
Scotland.  During  the  Parliament  of  Nottingham  (Oct., 
1330)  he  arrested  Mortimer  in  the  queen  mother's  apart- 
ments. On  March  16,  1337,  he  was  created  earl  of  Salis- 
bury, and  was  appointed  marshal  of  England  Sept  20, 
1338. 

Montacute,  or  Montagu,  William  de,  second 


Montagu,  Bdward 

Earl  of  Salisbury.  Born  June  25,  1328:  died 
June  3, 1397.  An  English  soldier.  He  was  one  of 
the  original  knights  of  the  Order  of  the  Garter  (1360).  In 
1S64  he  was  appointed  constable  of  the  king  s  army  in 
France,  and  served  until  the  peace  of  1360.  In  1369  he 
served  under  John  of  Gaunt  in  the  north  of  France.  He 
assisted  at  the  coronation  of  Richard  II.  in  1377,  and  in 
1381  went  with  the  king  to  meet  Wat  "Tyler's  rebels  at 
Smithfield. 

Montagnais  (m6n-tan-ya').  [F.,  'mountain- 
eers.'] 1 .  A  collective  name  given  by  the  French 
(and  adopted  by  the  English)  to  the  group  of 
North  American  Indian  tribes  in  Quebec  prov- 
ince, extending  along  the  north  shore  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  from  near  the  city  of  Quebec  to  the 
Strait  of  Belle  Isle,  and  inland  northwest  and 
northeast.  They  are  divided  into  several  tribes,  among 
which  are  the  Berseamite,  Chisedec,  and  Tadousac.  The 
name  Montagnais  is  from  the  elevated  land  on  which  they 
dwelt,  and  they  are  sometimes  confounded  with  the  tribe 
of  the  same  name  of  ^an  Athapascan  stock  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  They  number  about  2,000.  See  Algon^ian. 
2.  A  collective  name  given  to  four  tribes  of  the 
northern  division  of  the  Athapascan  stock  of 
North  American  Indians,  occupying  the  interior 
of  British  North  America.  These  tribes  are  the 
Thilan  ottine  or  Chlppewayan  proper,  the  Athapascan 
proper,  the  Ethen  eldeli  or  Caribou-eaters,  and  the  T'atsan 
ottine  or  Yellow  Knives.  They  should  not  be  confounded 
with  the  other  Montagnais,  who  belong  to  the  Algonquian 
stock.    S&G  Athapascan. 

Montagnana  (m6n-tan-ya'na).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Padua,  Italy,  24  miles  southwest  of 
Padua.    Population  (1881),  commune,  9,941. 

Montagnards  (mon-tan-yar').  [F.,  'mountain- 
eers.'] A  collective  name  given  to  six  tribes  of 
the  northern  division  of  the  Athapascan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  occupying  the  in- 
terior of  British  North  America.  These  tribes  are 
the  Tsa  ottine  or  Beaver,  Sarci,  Altatin  or  Thekenneh, 
Nehaunee,  Ettcha  ottine  or  Mauvais  Monde,  and  Espato- 
tina.    They  number  about  1,016.    See  Athapascan. 

Montagnards.    See  Mountain. 

Montagu.    See  Montacute. 

Montagu  (mon'ta-gii),  Basil.  Bom  at  London, 
April  24, 1770,:  died  at  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  Nov. 
27,  1851.  An  English  legal  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  son  of  John  Montagu,  fourth  earl  of 
Sandwich,  by  his  mistress  Martha  Eay.  Ac- 
knowledged by  his  father,  he  was  educated  at  the  Charter- 
house and  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  gradu- 
ated in  1790.  He  was  admitted  to  Gray's  Inn,  and  came  to 
London  in  1795.  He  was  intimate  with  Coleridge  and 
Wordsworth.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1798,  and  pub- 
lished in  1801  "A  Summary  of  the  Law  of  Set  Off,"  and 
from  1805  to.l807  prepared  a  "Digest  of  the  Bankruptcy 
Laws."  In  1807  he  was  appointed  a  commissioner  in  bank- 
ruptcy. He  also  printed  much  matter  on  the  death-pen- 
alty and  copyright  laws.  In  1825  he  exposed  the  delay  and 
expense  of  the  existing  bankruptcy  procedure,  and  in  1835 
was  made  accountant-general  in  bankruptcy.  Between 
1825  and  1834  he  edited  the  "  Works  of  Lord  Bacon."  His 
"Essays  "  were  published  in  1824. 

Montagu,  Charles,  first  Earl  of  Halifax.  Bom 
probably  at  Horton,  Northamptonshire,  April 
16, 1661 :  died  May  19, 1715.  An  EngUsh  states- 
man, financier,  and  poet,  grandson  of  the  first 
Earl  of  Manchester.  He  studied  at  Westminster  and 
at  Cambridge  (Trinity  College).  In  1689  he  was  returned 
to  the  Convention  Parliament  for  Maldon.  In  March, 
1692,  he  was  appointed  a  lord  of  the  treasury,  and  induced 
Parhament  to  raise  a  loan  of  a  million  in  annuities  based 
on  new  excise  duties.  This  loan  was  the  beginning  of  the 
English  national  debt.  Adopting  Patterson's  scheme  for 
a  national  bank,  he  carried  tlirough  a  bill  to  raise  a  loan  of 
£1,200,000  based  on  a  tonnage  bill,  the  subscribers  to  form 
a  corporation  known  as  the  Governor  and  Company  of  the 
Bank  of  England.  On  April  30,  1694,  he  was  made  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer.  With  the  aid  of  Somers,  Locke, 
Newton,  and  Halleyhe  reformed  the  currency  in  1695,  and 
for  the  first  time  issued  the  exchequer  bills  by  which  the 
British  government  gets  its  first  credit  from  the  House  of 
Commons.  In  1696  he  carried  his  "general  mortgage  " 
scheme,  by  which  a  consolidated  fund  was  formed.  In 
1698  he  established  the  society  to  which  a  monopoly  of  the 
Indian  trade  was  given.  On  Dec.  13, 1700,  he  was  created 
Baron  Halifax.  He  was  impeached  in  1701  and  acquitted, 
but  was  not  in  oflice  during  Anne's  reign.  On  Oct.  19, 
1714,  he  was  created  earl  of  Halifax.  He  served  as  presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Society  from  1695  to  1698.  He  was  the 
collaborator  of  Prior  in  the  "City  Mouse  and  Country 
Mouse"  (1687). 

Montagu,  Bdward,  second  Earl  of  Manches- 
ter. Born  1602 :  died  May  5, 1671.  An  English 
statesman,  eldest  son  of  Henry  Montagu,  first 
earl  of  Manchester.  He  entered  Cambridge  (Sidney 
Sussex  College)  in  1618,  and  was  elected  memberof  Parlia^ 
ment  for  Huntingdon  in  1623.  In  1626  he  was  created 
Baron  Montagu,  while  holding  the  courtesy  title  of  Vis- 
count Mandeville.  In  1640  he  was  one  of  twelve  peers  to 
petition  the  king  to  call  the  Long  Parliament,  and  was  in 
accord  with  Pym,  Hampden,  Fiennes,  and  St.  John.  In 
Jan.,  1642,  he  was  impeached  by  the  Idng  for  high  trea- 
son ;  in  Sept.  commanded  a  regiment  of  foot  in  Essex's 
army  ;  and  in  Nov.  became  earl  of  Manchester.  In  Aug., 
1643,  he  was  made  major-general  in  the  eastern  counties. 
At  Marston  Moor  (July  2, 1644)  he  was  general  field-officer 
with  Cromwell  as  commander  of  his  horse.  On  Nov.  26, 
164jt,  Cromwell  charged  Manchester  before  the  Commons 
with  neglect  and  incompetency,  and  on  April  2, 1646,  he 
resigned  liis  commission  in  the  army.  On  Jan.  2, 1649,  he 
opposed  tlie  ordinance  for  the  king's  trial  in  the  House 


Montagu,  Edward 

M  Lords,  and  retired  from  public  life  before  the  formation 
of  the  Commonwealth.  On  March  16,  1649,  he  was  made 
chancellor  of  the  University  of  Cambridge.  He  assisted 
in  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.,  and  in  1660  regained  many 
of  his  offices. 

Montagu,  or  Mountagu,  Edward,  first  Earl  of 
Sandwich.  Bom  July  27, 1625 :  killed  in  a  na- 
val action,  May  28, 1672.  An  English  admiral. 
He  followed  Parliament,  and  in  1643  raised  a  regiment  of 
foot  in  Cambridgeshire ;  fought  at  Naseby  June  14,  and 
at  Bristol  Sept  10,  1646 ;  but  had  no  share  in  the  king's 
trial  and  execution.  In  1656  he  was  appointed  Blake's 
colleague  in  command  of  the  fleet.  He  supported  Kich- 
ard  Cromwell,  and  was  actively  engaged  in  the  restoration 
of  Charles  XL  In  1660  he  was  appointed  general  of  the 
fleet  withMonk,  and  with  Pepys  (author  of  the  "Diary") 
as  his  secretary.  On  May  23, 1660,  the  king  embarked  on 
his  flagship,  and  on  M^  28  landed  at  Dover.  He  was  cre- 
ated earl  of  Sandwich  July  12.  In  1661-62  he  was  engaged 
in  Morocco  and  FortugaL  He  was  blown  up  in  his  ship, 
the  Koyal  James,  May  28Jn  a  battle  with  the  Dutch. 

Montagu,  Edward  wortley.  Bom  in  1713: 
died  in  Italy,  1776.  An  English  author,  son  of 
Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu :  reputed  author 
of  ' '  Reflections  on  the  Rise  and  Pall  of  Ancient 
Republics"  (1759). 

Montagu,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Bobinson).  Bom 
at  York,  Oct.  2,  1720 :  died  at  Montagu  House, 
London,  Aug.  25, 1800.  An  English  author  and 
social  leader.  On  Aug.  6,  1742,  she  married  Edward 
Montagu,  grandson, of  the  first  Earl  of  Sandwich.  After 
1760  she  held  her  salon  in  Hill  street,  Mayfalr.  The  epi- 
thet "  blue-stocking  "  was  flrst  applied  to  her  assemblies. 
Among  her  visitors  were  Lord  Lyttelton,  Burke,  Garrick, 
and  Sir  Joshua  ^Reynolds.  Her  younger  associates  in- 
cluded Hannah  More  and  Fanny  Burney.  In  1760  she  con- 
tributed three  dialogues  to  Lyttelton's  "  Dialogues  of  the 
Dead."  She  visited  Paris  after  the  peace  of  1763.  In  1769 
Bhe  wrote  an  essay  on  the  "Genius  of  Shakspere"  in  an- 
swer to  Voltaire.  In  1778  she  built  Montagu  House,  now 
Mo.  22  Portman  Square,  where  she  died.  (This  was  not 
the  Montagu  House  upon  the  site  of  which  the  British 
Museum  was  built.) 

Montagu,  George.  Bom  at  Lackham,  Wilt- 
shire, 1751:  died  at  Knowle  House,  Kingshridge, 
Devonshire,  Aug.  28,  1815.  An  English  natu- 
ralist. He  served  as  captain  in  the  American  devolu- 
tion. He  waa  an  early  member  of  the  Linnean  Society 
(established  1788).  Among  his  works  are  "  The  Sports- 
man's Directory  (1792),  the  "  Ornithological  Dictionary, 
etc."  (1802),  "Testacea  Britannica  "  (1803),  etc. 

Montagu,  John,  fourth  Earl  of  Sandwich.  Born 
Nov.  3,  1718 :  died  at  London,  April  30,  1792. 
An  English  diplomatist,  eldest  son  of  Edward 
Richard  Montagu,  Viscount  Hinchinbroke.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge,  but  left  the  univer- 
sity in  1738  without  a  degree,  and  traveled  in  Europe  and 
the  East.  In  Dec,  1744,  he  was  appointed  a  lord  com- 
missioner of  the  admiralty  by  the  Duke  of  Bedford.  In 
1748  he  was  plenipotentiary  at  the  conclusion  of  the  treaty 
of  Ai2-la-Chapelle.  In  Feb.,  1748,  he  was  made  first  lord 
of  the  admiralty,  and  was  dismissed  from  ofidce  June  12, 
1761.  He  disgraced  himself  at  the  notorious  prosecution 
of  John  Wilkes.  In  Dec,  1770,  he  was  appointed  a  secre- 
tary of  state  under  Lord  North,  and  was  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty  during  the  American  war,  when  the  lowest 
depths  of  corruption  were  reached  by  the  British  navy. 
He  retired  from  public  life  on  the  fall  of  the  North  ad- 
ministration, March,  1782.  Basil  Montagu  was  his  son  by 
his  mistress.  Miss  B.ay,  who  was  murdered  April  7,  1779. 

Montagu,  Lady  Mary  Wortley.  Baptized  at  Co- 
vent  &arden.  May  26, 1689 :  died  in  England,  Aug. 
21, 1762.  An  English  writer,  eldest  daughter  of 
Evelyn  Pierrepont,  fifth  earl  (later  duke)  of 
Kingston.  She  privately  married  Edward  Wortley  Mon- 
tagu, grandson  of  Edward  Montagu,  first  earl  of  Sandwich, 
on  Aug.  12, 1712.  Her  son  Edward  Wortley  Montagu  was 
bom  in  1713.  She  was  a  favorite  of  the  Princess  of  Wales 
(fUfterward Queen  Caroline).  In  1716  Montagu  was  appointed 
ambassador  to  the  Porte.  He  was  recalled  in  Oct.,  1717, 
but  resided  in  Constantinople  until  June,  1718.  An  inter- 
esting account  of  the  visit  appears  in  her  "  Letters. "  While 
at  Adrianople  she  observed  the  practice  of  inoculation, 
and  assisted  in  introducing  it  into  England.  She  was  very 
Intimate  with  Pope,  but  quarreled  with  him  finally,  and  be- 
came an  object  of  his  maUgnity.  In  1739  she  again  went 
abroad,  and  in  1758  settled  at  Venice,  returning  to  England 
in  1762.  Her  daughter  Mary  (born  in  1718)  became  Lady 
Bute.  She  wrote  "  Town  Eclogues,"  published  as  "Court 
Poems  "  (1716).    Her ' '  Letters  "  appeared  in  1763  and  1767. 

Montagu  House,  Amansiou  erectedby  Hooke 
for  Ralph  Montagu,  first  duke  of  Montagu, 
"after  the  French  manner,"  in  the  suburb  of 
Bloomsbury,  London,  it  was  burned  down  In  1686. 
It  waa  rebuild  but  only  partially  inhabited,  and  was  sold 
to  the  nation  for  £10,000  in  1763,  for  the  reception  of  the 
Sloane  collection.  The  last  remnants  of  the  old  house 
were  removed  in  1845  and  replaced  by  the  present  British 
Museum. 

Montague  (mon'fa-gii).  1.  In  Shakspere's 
tragedy  "Romeo  and  Juliet," the  father  of  Ro- 
meo.— 2.  The  "honest  man"  in  Fletcher  and 
Massingor's  play  "The  Honest  Man's  Fortune." 

Montague,  Henry  James  (the  stage  name  of 
Henry  J.  Mann).  Bom  in  Staflfordshire,  Eng- 
land, 1843 :  died  at  San  Francisco,  Aug.  11, 1878. 
An  English- American  actor.  He  played  in  London 
till  1874,  when  he  made  his  flrst  appearance  in  New  York. 
He  went  to  San  Francisco  in  1875.  He  was  a  graceful  and 
refined  comedian. 

Montague,  Lady.  In  Shakspere's  "Romeo  and 
JuUet,"  the  mother  of  Romeo. 


700 

Montaigne  (mon-tan';  F.  pron.  m6n-tany'), 
Michel  Eyauem  de.  Bom  at  the  Ch&teaii  Mon- 
taigne, Dordogne,  France,  Feb.  28,  1533 :  died 
Sept.  13  (?),  1592.  A  celebrated  French  essayist. 
His  early  education  was  carried  on  at  home  under  his  fa- 
ther's guidance.  After  graduating  from  college  at  Bor- 
deaux, he  studied  law.  In  1559  he  was  at  the  court  of  Fran- 
cis II.,  and  in  1571  became  attached  to  the  person  of  Henry 
III.  In  this  year  Montaigne  published  his  friend  La  Boe- 
tie's  translations  irom  the  Greek,  and  in  1672  edited  the 
latter's  French  verses.  In  1680  he  traveled  in  Germany, 
Switzerland,  and  Italy.  He  left  Home  in  1581  to  become 
mayor  of  Bordeaux.  Montaigne  is  chiefly  known  from  his 
"  Essais"  (Bordeaux,  1580 :  the  edition  of  1688  was  the  last 
to  be  published  during  the  author's  lifetime.  Mademoiselle 
de  Gournay,  a  warm  admirer  of  Montaigne,  did  not  have 
access  to  a  copy  of  this  last  edition  with  the  author's  own 
corrections  when  she  edited  the  "  Essais  "  in  1695,  together 
with  some  posthumous  writings  and  notes).  An  English 
translation  was  made  in  1601  by  the  Italian  Giovanni  Florio, 
based  on  Mademoiselle  de  Goumay's  work.  The  best  classi- 
cal edition  of  Montaigne's  "Essais  "  is  due  to  J.  V.  Leclerc : 
a  reprint  of  it  was  made  in  1866-66.  In  his  essays  Montaigne 
studies  the  men  of  the  society  of  his  day.  He  examines 
everything  in  a  skeptical  spirit,  is  inclined  to  doubt,  and 
his  motto  is  Qite  sais-je  f  Montaigne's  ideas  and  influence 
are  to  be  traced  in  many  of  the  best  French  authors  of  the 
17th  and  18th  centuries,  while  outside  of  France  his  essays 
were  diligently  read  by  Bacon  and  Shakspere. 

Montalba(mont-al'ba), Clara.  BornatLondon. 
A  contemporary  English  landscape-  and  marine- 
painter.  She  is  the  eldest  of  the  four  daughters  of  Antony 
and  Emiline  Montalba  ;  was  a  pupil  of  Isabey  in  Paris ; 
and  was  made  associate  of  the  London  Society  of  Painters 
in  Water  Colors  in  1874,  and  of  the  Belgian  Society  in  1876. 
Among  her  works  are  several  Venetian  scenes,  one  of  the 
port  of  Amsterdam,  etc  Her  sisters  Ellen  and  Hilda  are 
portrait-  and  figure-painters. 

Montalba,  Henrietta  Skerrett.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, 1856:  died  at  Venice,  Sept.  14, 1893.  An 
English  sculptor,  sister  of  Clara  Montalba.  she 
studied  at  South  Kensington,  at  the  Belle  Arti  in  Venice, 
and  with  Jules  Dalou  in  London.  She  exhibited  flrst  at  the 
Royal  Academy  in  1876.  Among  her  portrait-busts  is  one 
of  Browning  in  terra-cotta  (1883).  Among  her  other  works 
are  "A  Dalecarlian  Peasant  Woman,"  "The  Eaven,"and  a 
"Venetian  Boy  catching  a  Crab  "(1893 :  exhibited  in  Lon- 
don and  at  the  International  Exhibition  at  Chicago). 

Montalcino  (mon-tal-che'no).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Siena,  Italy,  52  miles  south  by  east 
of  Florence.  Population  (1881), commune,  7,851. 

Montalembert  (m&n-ta-lon-bar'),  Comte  de 
(Charles  Forbes  de  Montalembert).  Bom 
at  London,  May  29,  1810 :  died  at  Paris,  March 
13, 1870.  A  French  historian,  orator,  publicist, 
and  politician  (representing  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic and  clerical  interest).  His  chief  works  are  "  Vie 
de  Sainte-;^lisabeth  de  Hongrle  "  (■'  Life  of  St.  Elizabeth  of 
Hungary,"  1836),  "  Les  Moines  d'Occident "  ("  The  Monks 
of  the  Westi"  1860-68). 

Montalembert,  Marquis  Marc  Ben6  de.  Bom 

at  Angouleme,  France,  July  16,  1714:  died 
March  29,  1800.  A  French  military  engineer. 
His  chief  work  is  "  La  fortification  perpendieu- 
laire,"  etc.  (1776-96). 

Montalvan  (mon-tal-van'),  Juan  Perez  de. 
Bom  at  Madrid,  1602 :  died  Jupe  25,  1638.  A 
noted  Spanish  dramatist,  novehst,  and  ecclesi- 
astic, apostolic  notary  of  the  Inquisition. 

Montalvo  (mon-tal'vo),  Francisco.  Bom  at 
Havana,  Cuba,  1754:  died  at  Madrid,  Oct.,  1822. 
A  Spanish  general.  He  was  acting  viceroy  of  New 
Granada  and  Venezuela,  with  the  title  of  captain-general, 
from  May,  1813,  to  Dec,  1817.  During  this  period  the  rev- 
olution was  temporarily  subdued,  mainly  by  the  opera- 
tions of  Murillo  (whom  see). 

Montana (mon-tan'ya).  [Sp., ' moimtain  land.'] 
A  name  given  in  Spanish  America,  especially 
in  Peru  and  Bolivia,  to  the  forest-covered  re- 
gion which  forms  the  lower  portion  of  the  east- 
ern slope  of  the  Andes,  and  includes  the  numer- 
ous valleys  of  the  Amazonian  tributaries.  By 
extension  the  term  is  often  used  for  all  forest  land  in  con- 
tradistinction to  the  open  sieiTa,  thus  including  portions 
of  the  plain. 

Montana  (mon-ta'na).  One  of  the  Western 
States  of  the  United  States  of  America.  Capi- 
tal, Helena.  It  is  bounded  by  Canada  on  the  north. 
North  Dakota  and  South  Dakota  on  the  east,  Wyoming  and 
Idaho  on  the  south,  and  Idaho  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed 
by  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  the  west.  The  eastern  portion 
consists  of  plateaus..and  plains,  and  there  are  fertile  val- 
leys in  the  west.  The  chief  metals  are  copper  and  silver. 
The  leading  industries  are  mining  and  stock-raising.  Mon- 
tana formed  part  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase,  and  the  greater 
part  of  it  was  included  in  Nebraska  Territory,  Gold  was 
discovered  there  in  1861.  Montana  Territory  was  organ- 
ized in  1864.  It  waa  admitted  as  a  State  in  1889.  It  has  24 
counties,  sends  2  senators  and  1  representative  to  Con- 
gress, and  has  3  electoral  votea  Area,  146,080  square 
miles.    Population  (1900),  243,329. 

Mon'tanelli  (mon-ta-nel'le),  Gtiuseppe.  Bom  at 
Fucecchio,  Tuscany,  about  1813:  died  June  17, 
1863.   A  Tuscan  revolutionist,  triumvir  in  1849. 

Montanists  (mon'ta-nists).  A  sect  of  the  Chris- 
tian church,  now  extinct,  founded  during  the 
2d  century  by  Montanus  of  Phrygia.  The  Mon- 
tanists  believed  in  the  divine  and  prophetic  inspiration  of 
Montanus,  the  continuance  of  the  miraculous  gifts  of  the 
apostolic  church,  the  immediate  approach  of  the  second 


Mont  Cenis 

advent  of  Christy  and  the  establishment  of  the  heavenly 
Jerusalem  at  Pepuza  in  Phiygia.  They  practised  rigor- 
ous aaceticism. 

Montanus  (mon-ta'nus).  Bom  in  Phrygia, 
Asia  Minor.  Lived  in  the  2d  century.  A  schis- 
matic, founder  of  the  Montanist  sect  probably 
about  157.    See  Montanists. 

Montanus,  Arias.    See  Arias  Montanus. 

Montanvert  (m6n-ton-var'),  or  Montenvers. 
A  height  in  the  Mont  Blanc  group  of  the  Alps, 
east  of  Chamonix,  near  the  Mer  de  Glace.  It 
commands  a  fine  prospect.    Height,  6,303  feet. 

Montargis  (m6n-tar-zhe').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loiret,  France,  situated  at  the 
union  of  the  Loing  and  Vernisson,  63  miles 
south  by  east  of  Paris,  it  contains  ruins  of  a  castle. 
(For  the  dog  of  Montargis,  see  Avbry  de  Montdidier.)  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  11,600. 

Montataire  (m6n-ta-tar').  A  manufacturing 
town  in  the  department  of  Oise,  France,  30 
miles  north  of  Paris. 

Montauban  (m6u-t6-bon').  \Ti.MonsAlbanm.'] 
The  capital  of  the  department  of  Tarn-et-Ga- 
ronne,  France,  situated  on  the  Tarn  in  lat.  44°  1' 
N.,  long.  1°  21'  E.  It  has  considerable  trade  and  man- 
ufactures ;  contains  a  faculty  of  Protestant  theology;  and 
was  the  birthplace  of  Ingres.  It  waa  founded  in  1144  on  the 
site  of  the  Koman  Mons  Albanus.  It  waa  a  stronghold  of 
theAlbigensesandtheHuguenots,andsuccessfullyresi8ted 
Louis  XIII.  in  1621.    Population  (1891),  30,388. 

Montauban,  Benaud  de.  See  Bvnaldo  (F. 
^naud). 

Montauk  (mon-t&k').  A  tribe  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians,  formerly  occupying  the  eastern 
end  of  Long  Island,  New  York.  Those  remaining 
about  1788  joined  the  Brotherton  Indians  in  New  York. 
One  translation  of  their  name  is  *  lookout '  or  *  place  of  see- 
ing.    See  Algonquian, 

Montauk  Point.  The  easternmost  point  of 
Long  Island,  New  York,  situated  in  the  town- 
ship of  East  Hampton,  in  lat.  41°  4'  N.,  long. 
71°  51'  W. 

Montbard  (m6n-bar').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  C6te-d'0r,  France,  40  miles  northwest 
of  Dijon.    Population  (1891),  commune,  2,509. 

Montbars  (m6u-bar').  Born  in  Languedoe 
about  1645.  A  French  bucaneer,  called  "the 
Exterminator  "  from  his  ferocity.  He  was  of  good 
family,  and  accompanied  his  uncle,  a  naval  ofiicer,  to  the 
West  Indies  in  1663.  His  uncle  having  been  killed  by  the 
Spaniards,  he  joined  th..  bucaneers,  rose  to  high  command, 
and  for  several  years  ravaged  the  Spanish  colonies  about 
the  Caribbean  Sea.  There  is  no  record  of  his  subsequent 
life  or  of  his  death. 

Montb61iard(m6n-ba-lyar').  [Or.  Mompelgard."] 
A  town  in  the  department  of  Doubs,  France, 
situated  near  the  junction  of  the  AUaine  and 
Lisaine,  36  miles  northeast  of  Besancon.  It  has 
manufactures  of  watches,  etc.,  contains  a  ch&teau,  and  was 
the  birthplace  of  Cuvier.  It  was  the  capital  of  a  medieval 
countship ;  passed  to  Wiirtemberg;  and  belonged  to  it  un- 
til 1793.  Near  it  was  fought  the  battle  of  BeUortj  Jan.  15- 
17, 1871.    Population  (1891),  commune,  9,561. 

Mont  Blanc (m6h  bloh).  [F. , '  white  mountain.'] 
The  highest  mountain  of  the  Alps,  situated>ion 
the  frontier  of  France  (department  of  Haute- 
Savoie)  and  Italy  (Piedmont).  The  summit  is 
crossed  by  the  French-Italian  boundary  line.  The  Mont 
Blanc  massif  is  sometimes  classed  with  the  Pennine  Alps, 
but  more  generally  as  a  group  by  itself.  The  mountain 
was  flrst  ascended  in  1786.  A  French  observatory  was 
erected  on  its  summit  in  1893.  Its  largest  glacier  is  the 
Mer  de  Glace,  and  the  valley  of  Chamonix  is  at  its  foot. 
Height,  15,781  feet. 

Montbrison  (m6n-bre-z6n').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loire,  France,  situated  on  the  Vi- 
zezy  38  miles  west-southwest  of  Lyons.  It  was 
form  erly  the  capital  of  the  department.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  7,086. 

Montcalm  Gozon  de  Saint- V6ran  (mont-kam ' ; 
P.  pron.  m6n-kalm'  g6-z6u'  de  san-va-ron'), 
Louis  Joseph,  Marquis  de.  Born  at  the  Cha- 
teau de  Candiae,  near  Nlmes,  France,  Feb.  29, 
1712 :  died  at  Quebec,  Sept.  14, 1759.  A  French 
general.  He  was  appointed  commander  of  the  forces  in 
Canada  in  1766;  captured  Fort  Ontario  at  Oswego  in  1766, 
and  Fort  William  Henry  in  1757 ;  repulsed  the  British  under 
Abercrombie  at  Ticonderoga  in  1758 ;  repelled  Wolfe's  at- 
tack on  Quebec,  July  31, 1769 ;  and  was  defeated  and  mor^ 
tally  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Quebec,  Sept.  13. 

Montceau-les-Mines  (m6n-s6'la-men').  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Sa6ne-et-Loire, 
France,  34  miles  northwest  of  Macon.  It  is 
noted  for  coal-mines  and  manufactures.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  19,612. 

Mont  Cenis  (m6n  se-ne').  A  mountain  pass  of 
the  Graian  Alps,  between  France  and  Italy, 
situated  in  lat.  45°  17'  N.,  long.  6°  50'  E.  The 
present  Mont  Cenis  road  waa  made  by  Napoleon  I.  (1803- 
1810)  to  connect  the  valley  of  the  Is^e  in  France  with 
Susa  in  Italy :  it  reaches  the  height  of  6,881  feet.  The 
Mont  Cenis  tunnel,  in  the  Mont  Cenis  raUway  route  be- 
tween France  and  Italy,  built  1861-70,  passes  under  the 
Col  de  FrSjus,  14  miles  from  the  Mont  Cenis  road.  Its 
length  is  7|  mUea  (the  second  longest  in  the  world),  and 
it  reaches  the  height  of  4,246  feet. 


Montchanln 

Montchanin  (mdn-shil-nan').  A  mining  and 
manufacturing  town  in  the  department  of 
8adne-et-Loire,  Prance,  17  miles  soutlieast  of 
Autun. 

Montchrestien  (m6n-kra-tyan'),  Antoine  de. 
See  the  extract. 

We  have  seen  that  the  early  tragedy,  which  was  more  or 
less  directly  reproductive  of  Seneca,  attained  its  highest 
pitch  in  the  work  of  Qarnier.  This  pitch  was  on  the  whole 
well  maintained  by  Antoine  de  Montchrestien,  a  man  of 
a  singular  history  and  of  a  singular  genius.  The  date 
of  his  birth  is  not  exactly  known,  but  he  was  the  .sou  of 
an  apothecary  at  Falaise,  and  belonged  to  the  Huguenot 
party.  Duels  and  lawsuits  succeed  each  other  in  his  story, 
and  by  some  means  or  other  he  was  able  to  assume  the  title 
of  Seigneur  de  Vasteville.  In  one  of  his  duels  he  killed 
his  man,  and  had  to  fly  to  England.  Being  pardoned,  he 
returned  to  France  and  took  to  commerce.  But  after  the 
death  of  Henry  IV.  he  joined  a  Huguenot  rising,  and  was 
killed  in  October,  1621.  Montchrestien  wrote  a  treatise 
on  political  economy  (he  is  even  said  to  have  been  the  first 
to  introduce  the  term  into  French),  some  poems,  and  six 
tragedies,  "  Sophonisbe  "  or  "  La  Cartaginoise,"  "  les  La- 
c^nes,'  "David,"  "  Aman,"  "Hector,"  and  "LrEcossaise." 
Saintibury,  French  Lit!,  p.  289. 

Montclair  (mont-klar').  A  township  in  Essex 
County,  New  Jersey,  13  miles  northwest  of  New 
York.    Population  (1900),  13,962.1 

Mont-de-Marsan  (mfin'dS-mar-son')'-  Tte  capi- 
tal of  the  department  of  Landes,  Prance,  sit- 
uated at  the  junction  of  the  Douze  and  Midou, 
in  lat.  43°  54'  N.,  long.  0°  29'  "W.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  12,031. 

Montdldier  (m6n-de-dya').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Somme,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Don 
20  miles  southeast  of  Amiens.  Population(1891), 
commune,  4,617. 

Mont  Dor e,  or  Monts  Dore  (mdn  dor) .  A  moun- 
tain mass  in  Auvergne,  in  the  department  of 
Puy-de-D6me,  Highest  peak,  Puy-de-Saney 
(6,185  feet). 

liont-Dore-les-Bains  (m&n-dor'la-ban'),  or 
Bains-da-Mont-Dore.  A  village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Puy-de-D6me,  Prance,  situated  on 
the  Dordogne  about  20  miles  southwest  of  Cler- 
mont-Ferrand: noted  for  its  mineral  springs. 

Monteagudo  (mon-ta-a-gb'do),  Bernardo. 
Born  at  Tucuman  (now  in  the  Argentine  Eepub- 
lic),  1787:  assassinated  at  Lima,  Peru,  Jan.  28, 
1825.  A  Spanish-American  repubUoan.  Hewas 
one  of  the  most  influential  advocates  of  independence; 
was  secretary  of  San  Martin ;  and  was  the  leading  spirit 
of  the  first  republican  government  of  Fern,  1821-22,  aa 
minister  of  war  and  marine. 

Montealegre  (mon-ta-a-la'gra),  Jos6  Maria. 
Born  at  San  Jos6,  March  19, 1815 :  died  at  Mis- 
sion San  Jos6,  CaL,  Sept.  26,  1887.  A  Costa- 
Eicau  statesman.  After  the  deposition  of  Mora,  he 
was  made  provisional  president  Aug.  14,  1869,  and  was 
regularly  elected  president  May  8, 1860,  holding  office  untU 
May  7, 1863. 

Monte  Alegre,  Baron, Viscount,  and  Marquis 
of.    See  Costa  Carvalho,  Jos6  da, 

Monte  Amaro  (mon'te  a-ma'ro).  [It.,  'bitter 
mountain.']  The  highest  summit  of  the  Maiella 
group  of  the  Apennines,  central  Italy.  Height, 
9,170  feet. 

Monte Argentario  (ar-jen-ta're-6).  [It./silver 
mountain.']  A  promontory  on  the  coast  of  Tus- 
cany, Italy,  near  Orbetello.    Height,  2,090  feet. 

Monte  Baldo  (bal'do).  A  chain  of  the  Triden- 
tine  Alps,  on  the  border  of  Tyrol  and  northern 
Italy,  separating  the  Lake  of  Garda  from  the 
Adige.  Length,  25  miles.  Height  of  Cinna 
Val  Dritta,  7,275  feet. 

Montebello  (mon-te-bel'lo).  Battle  of.  1.  A 
victory  gained  at  the  village  of  Montebello  (32 
mUes  south  of  Milan)  by  the  French  under 
Lannes  over  the  Austrians  under  Ott,  June  9, 
1800.  It  was  speedily  followed  by  the  battle  of 
Marengo. —  3,  A  victory  gained  at  Montebello 
May  20,  1859,  by  the  French  under  Porey  over 
the  Austrians  under  Stadion.  It  was  the  open- 
ing battle  of  the  Italian  campaign  of  1859. 

Monte  Carlo  (kar'lo).  A  place  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Monaco,  northeast  of  the  town  of  Mo- 
naco. It  is  noted  as  a  gambling  resort,  and  also 
as  a  sea-bathing  place  and  winter  health-resort. 

Monte-Oaseros  (mon'ta-ka-sa'ros).  A  village 
of  the  province  of  Buenos  Ayres,  Argentine 
Eepublic,  25  miles  west  of  Buenos  Ayres.  Here, 
Feb.  3  1852,  the  forces  of  TJrquiza  and  his  Brazilian  allies 
defeated  the  dictator  Rosas,  forcing  him  from  the  country. 

Monte  Cassino  (kas-se'no).  A  monastery  on 
a  hill  near  Cassino,  Italy,  about  45  miles  north- 
west of  Naples,  it  was  founded  in  629  by  St.  Benedict, 
and  is  the  cradle  of  the  famous  Benedictine  order.  The 
existing  buildings,  architecturally  plain,  are  imposing  from 
their  enormous  size.  The  arcaded  courts  and  cloister  are 
handsome.  The  great  church,  rebuilt  in  the  17th  century, 
is  not  pure  in  style,  but  is  almost  inconceivably  rich  in  its 

TOofusionof  preciousmarbles,  mosaic,  sculpture,  and  paint- 
ing. The  walnut  choir-stalls  are  exquisitely  carved.   It  is 


701 

a  national  monument,  with  a  renowned  school,  library,  and 
archives. 

Montecatini  di  Val  di  Oecina  (mon-te-ka-te'- 
ne  de  val  de  oha-che'na).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Pisa,  Italy. 

Montecatini  di  Val  di  Nievole  (ne-a'v6-le). 
A  small  town  in  the  province  of  Lucca)  Italy, 
24  miles  west-northwest  of  Florence.  It  has 
warm  baths. 

Monte  Cavo  (mon'te  ka' v6),  or  Mount  Albano 
(al-ba'no).  The  highest  summit  of  the  Alban 
Mountains,  situated  15 miles  southeast  of  Eome. 
On  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  temple  of  Jupiter  La- 
tiaris.    Height,  3,145  feet. 

Montecchio  (mon-tek'ke-6).  A  town  in  north- 
ern Italy,  20  miles  east  of  Verona. 

Monte  Ceneri  (mon'te  cha'ne-re).  Amountain 
southwest  of  Bellinzona,  in  Switzerland,  It  is 
penetrated  by  a  railway  tunnel. 

Montecerboli  (mon-te-cher'bo-le).  A  place  in 
the  province  of  Pisa,  Italy,  42  miles  southwest 
of  Florence.  It  is  noted  for  boracio  springs  or 
lagoons. 

Monte  Corno.    See  Gran  Basso  d'ltaUa. 

Monte  Cristo  (kres'to).  A  small  uninhabited 
island  in  the  Mediterranean,  belonging  to  Italy, 
situated  27  miles  south  of  Elba. 

Monte  Cristo.  The  principal  character  in  Du- 
mas's  novel  "Le  Comte  de  Monte  Cristo."  He 
is  originaily  Edmond  Dantfes,  an  innocent  youth,  unjustly 
imprisoned.  He  escapes,  becomes  immensely  wealthy,  and 
carries  out  an  elaborate  system  of  revenge  in  the  various 
disguises  of  the  Count  of  Monte  Cristo,  Lord  Wilmore,  the 
Abb6  Farla,  and  the  Abb^  BusonL 

Montecuculi  (mon-te-ko'ko-le),  or  Montecuc- 
coli  (mon-te-kok'ko-le).  Count  Baimondo, 
Buke  of  Melfi.  Bom  at  the  castle  of  Montecu- 
culi, in  the  territory  of  Modena,  Italy,  1608: 
died  at  Linz,  Austria,  Oct.  16, 1680.  A  noted 
Austrian  general.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the 
Thirty  Years'  War ;  commanded  the  Austrian  army  sent  to 
the  assistance  of  Poland  against  the  Swedes  and  Xransyl- 
vanians  1667-60 ;  gained  the  victory  of  St.  Gk)tthard  over 
the  Turks  Aug.  1, 1664 ;  and  opposed  Turenne  and  Cond6 
on  the  Rhine  1672-75,  without  fighting  any  decisive  battle. 
His  works  include  "  Commentarii  bellici  cum  puncto  artis 
bellicsB  systemate  "  (1718). 

Monte  dellaDisgrazia  (mon'te  del'ladis-grat'- 
se-a).  A  peak  of  the  Alps,  on  the  border  of  Italy 
and  the  canton  of  Q-risons,  Switzerland,  north- 
west of  Sondrio.    Height,  12,050  feet. 

Montefiascone  (mon-te-fe-as-ko'ne).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Eome,  Italy,  50  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Eome.  It  produces  muscat  wine. 
Population  (1890),  3,092. 

Montefiore  (mon-te-fe-6're),  Sir  Moses  Haim. 
Bom  at  Leghorn,  Oct.  24,  1784:  died  at  Eams- 
gate,  July  28, 1885.  Aji  English-Jewish  philan- 
thropist. He  was  the  son  of  an  Italian-Jewishmerchant 
of  London.  He  amassed  a  fortune  as  a  stockbroker  in 
London,  and  retired  in  1824,  devoting  himself  thereafter  to 
improving  the  condition  of  the  Jews.  In  Nov.,  1840,  he 
obtained  a  firman  securing  the  rights  of  Jews  throughout 
the  Ottoman  empire.  In  1846  he  secured  the  abrogation 
of  the  ukase  of  the  czar  Nicholas,  removing  the  Jews  on 
the  German  and  Austrian  frontier  into  the  interior  of  Rus- 
sia. On  June  10, 1812,  he  married  Judith,  second  daughter 
of  Levi  Cohen,  brother-in-law  of  Baron  Nathan  Mayer  de 
Rothschild.  He  published  a  "Narrative  of  a  Forty  Days' 
Sojourn  in  the  Holy  Land  "  (1875). 

Monte  Generoso  (mon'te  je-ne-ro's6).  A 
mountain  southeast  of  tHe  Lake  of  Lugano,  on 
the  border  of  Switzerland  and  Italy.  It  com- 
mands a  fine  prospect,  and  is  ascended  by  a 
rack-and-pinion  railway.    Height,  5,560  feet. 

Monte  Gennaro  (jen-na'ro).  One  of  the  chief 
peaks  of  the  Sabine  Mountains,  Italy,  7  miles 
north  of  Tivoli.    Height,  4,160  feet. 

Montego  Bay  (mon-te'go  ba) .  A  seaport  on  the 
northern  coast  of  Jamaica.  Popidation  (1891), 
4,803. 

Mont^gut  (m6n-ta-gii'),  JeanBaptiste  Josepn 
^mile.  Bom  June  24, 1825 :  died  Dee.  11, 1895. 
A  French  litt&ateur  and  translator  from  the 
English.  About  1847  he  introduced  the  doctrines  of 
Emerson,  then  unknown  in  France,  in  an  article  m  the 
"  Revue  das  Deux  Mondes."  In  1860  he  published  a  trans- 
lation of  Emerson's  philosophical  essays ;  inl862hebecame 
literary  critic  of  "Le  Moniteur  Universe!."  He  also  pub- 
lished volumes  of  literary  criticisms  and  translations. 

Montejo  (mon-ta'no),  Francisco.  Bom  m  Sal- 
amanca about  1484:  died  in  Spain  about  1550. 
A  Spanish  soldier,  in  1614  he  went  to  Darien  and 
soon  after  to  Cuba ;  was  one  of  Grijalva's  captains  in  1618 ; 
and  followed  Cortes,  and  was  his  agent  in  Spam  1619-22 
and  1626.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  authorized  to  conquer 
and  govern  Yucatan,  and  sailed  in  1627  with  three  ships  and 
iive  hundred  men.  After  much  fighting  with  the  Indians  he 
was  driven  from  the  peninsula  in  1636,  but  conquered  pari; 
of  Campeohe.  From  1587  to  1539  he  was  governor  of  Hon- 
duras. In  1640  he  delegated  his  authority  in  Yucatan  to 
his  son  (of  the  same  name)  while  he  made  an  expedition 
into  Chiapas.  His  son  having  founded  Merida,  1642,  and 
subdued  most  of  the  peninsula,  Montejo  returned  to  Yu- 
catan, but  was  deposed  on  charges  in  1648. 


Montero,  Lizardo 

Monte  Leone  (mon'te  la-6'ne).  A  peak  of  the 
Valais  Alps,  near  the  Simplon  Pass,  on  the  bor- 
der of  Switzerland  and  Italy.  Height,  11,660 
feet. 

Monteleone  di  Calabria  (de  ka-la'bre-a).  A 
town  LQ  the  province  of  Catanzaro,  Italy,  in  lat. 
38°  44'  N.,  long.  16°  8'  E. :  the  ancient  Hippo- 
nium,  later  Vibo  Valeutia.  It  has  an  ancient 
castle.    Population  (1881),  9,811. 

Monte Lettere  (mon'te  let'te-re).  Amountain 
in  the  neighborhood  of  CasteUamare,  Naples : 
the  ancient  Mens  Lactarius.  Here,  March,  653,  a 
battle  was  fought  between  Narses  and  Teias,  the  last  king 
of  the  Goths  in  Italy,  in  which  the  latter  was  defeated  and 
slain. 

Mont61imar  (m6n-ta-le-mar').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Drdme,  Prance,  situated  near  the 
junction  of  the  Eoubion  and  Jabron,  25  miles 
south  of  Valence.  Pop.(1891),  commune,  13,764. 

Monte  Massico.    See  Massicus. 

Montemayor(m6n-ta-ma-y6r'),  Jorge  de.  Bom 
at  Montemayor,  Portugal,  about  1520 :  died  at 
Turin,  Feb.  26, 1561.  A  Spanish  romancer  and 
poet,  author  of  the  pastoral  romance  "Diana 
Enamorada  "  (which  see).  "  in  his  youth  he  was  a 
soldier ;  but  later,  from  his  skill  in  music,  he  became  at- 
tached to  the  travelling  chapel'  of  the  Tirince  of  Spain, 
afterwards  Philip  the  Second,  and  thus  enjoyed  an  oppor- 
tunity of  visiting  foreign  countries,'  especially  Italy  and 
Manders."    Tieknor. 

Montemolin  (mon-ta-mo-len'),  Count  of.  A 
name  assumed  by  Don  Carlos  (1818-61). 

Montemorelos.    See  Morelos. 

Monte  Motterone  (mot-te-ro'ne).  A  mountain 
in  northern  Italy,  west  of  Stresa  on  Lago  Mag- 
giore :  famous  for  its  view.    Height,  4, 890  feet. 

Monten  (mon'ten),  Dietrich.  Bom  at  Diissel- 
dorf,  Prussia,  Sept.,  1799:  died  at  Munich,  Dec. 
13,  1843.    A  German  painter  of  battle-scenes. 

Montenegro  (mon-te-na'gro),  Serv.  Crna  Gora 
(cher'na  go'ra),  Turk.  Kara  Dagb  (ka'ra  dag) 
(all  meaning  'black  mountain").  A  princi- 
pality of  Europe,  surrounded  'by  Dalmatia, 
Herzegovina,  Eascia  (Novi-Bazar),  Albania, 
and  the  Adriatic  Sea.  Capital,  Cettinje.  The 
snriace  is  mountainous.  The  chief  occupation  is  the 
raising  of  cattle.  The  government  is  practically  an  ab- 
solute hereditary  monarchy.  The  prevailing  religion  is 
orthodox  Greek.  The  Montenegrins  are  of  Servian  race, 
and  speak  a  dialect  of  that  language.  Montenegro  be- 
cameindependentof  Serviainl389 ;  came  under  the  rule  of 
prince-bishops  in  1616 ;  has  been  under  the  present  dynasty 
since  1697;  became  a  secular  state  under  Danilo  I.  (1851-60) ; 
and  has  been  at  war  with  the  Turks  for  over  400  years  (re- 
cently in  1862-63,  1861-62, 1876-78).  It  acquired  territoiy 
in  1878  and  in  1880(includingDulcigno).  Area,  estimated, 
3,630  square  miles.    Population,  estimated,  228,000. 

Montenotte  (mon-te-not'te).  A  village  26  miles 
west  of  Genoa,  Italy.  Here,  April  12, 1796,  Napoleon 
began  his  first  Italian  campaign  by  defeating  the  Austrians 
under  D'Argenteau. 

Monte  Pellegrino  (mon'te  pel-le-gre'no).  [It., 
'pilgrim  mountain.']  An  isolated  mountain 
near  Palermo,  in  Sicily,  on  the  coast,  it  was 
occupied  by  Hamilcar  in  the  first  Punic  war,  and  then 
called  Heircte  or  Ercte.  Formerly  it  was  an  island. 
Height,  1,960  feet 

Montepin  (m6n-ta-pan'),  Xavier  Aymon  de. 
Born  at  ApremontjHaute-Sadne,  Prance,  March 
18, 1824:  died  at  Passy,  Paris,  Mayl,  1902.  A 
French  novelist  and  playwright.  He  wrote  nearly 
100  novels  and  about  30  plays,  and  collaborated  in  1848  on 
anti-revolutionary  journals.  His  works  have  been  trans- 
lated into  nearly  all  languages. 

Montepulciano  (mon-te-pol-oha'no).  A  cathe- 
dral city  in  the  province  of  Siena,  Italy,  55 
miles  south-southeast  of  Florence:  famous  for 
its  wine.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Poliziano. 
Population)  2,952. 

Montereau  (mdnt-ro').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine-et-Mame,  Prance,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Yonne  and  Seine,  51  miles 
southeast  of  Paris,  it  has  a  fine  church.  John  the 
Fearless,  duke  of  Burgundy,  was  assassinated  here  at  the 
instigation  of  the  dauphin  (afterward  Charles  "VII.),  Sept. 
10, 1419.  Here,  Feb.  18, 1814,  Napoleon  defeated  the  Allies 
under  the  Crown  Prince  of  WUrtemberg.  Population 
y891),  commune,  7,672. 

Monterey  (mon-ta-ra').  [Sp., '  king  mountain.'] 
A  city,  the  capital  of  the  state  of  Nuevo  Leon, 
Mexico,  situated  near  lat.  25°  40'  N.,  long.  lOO* 
25'  W.  It  was  taken  by  the  United  States  troops  (6,500) 
under  Taylor  from  the  Mexicans  (about  10,000)  under  Am- 
pudia,  after  3  days'  fighting,  Sept.  24, 1846.  Population 
(1896),  66,865. 

Monterey  (mon-te-ra').  A  city  in  Monterey 
County,  California,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Mon- 
terey in  lat.  36°  35'  N.,  long.  121°  58'  W.  it 
is  a  noted  winter  and  health  resort.  A  Spanish  mission 
was  established  here  in  1770.  It  was  the  capital  of  Califor- 
nia until  1847.    Population  (1900),  1,748. 

Monterey,  Count  of.  Viceroy  of  Peru  and  Mex- 
ico.    See  ZvMiga  y  Azevedo,  Gaspar  de. 

Montero  (mon-ta'ro),  Lizardo.  Bom  in  the 
province  of  Piura,  May  27,  1832.    A  Peruvian 


Montero,  Lizardo 

naval  officer  and  politician.  He  joined  the  rebellioiK 
of  Vivanco  (1856-58) ;  was  prominent  in  tlie  defense  ol  Cal- 
lao  iu  1866  and  in  the  war  against  Pierola  in  1874,  and  in 
the  latter  year  was  a  presidential  candidate ;  was  made 
admiral,  but  fought  with  the  land  forces  against  the  Chil- 
eans 187^-81 ;  and  after  the  fall  of  Lima  was  vice-presi- 
dent in  the  provisional  government,  and  soon  after  presi- 
dent. Calderon  being  imprisoned  by  the  Chileans,  Mon- 
tero assumed  the  executive  power  at  Arequipa.  In  Oct., 
1883,  he  was  driven  into  Bolivia  by  the  Chileans ;  but  soon 
after  returned  and  submitted  to  Iglesias. 

Montero,  Luis.  Died  in  1868.  A  Peruvian 
painter.  His  principal  work  is  the  "Funeral 
of  Atahualpa"  (which,  see). 

Monte  Bosa  (mon'te  ro'sa).  [It.,  'rosy  moun- 
tain.'] The  highest  mountain  of  the  Alps  next 
to  Mont  Blanc,  it  is  situated  on  the  border  of  north- 
em  Italy  and  the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  60  miles 
north  of  Turin.  It  was  first  ascended  in  1855.  Height, 
16,217  feet  (Dufour  Spitze). 

Monte Botondo  (ro-ton'do).  [It.,  'round  moun- 
tain.'] One  of  the  principal  summits  of  Cor- 
sica, in  the  central  part.    Height,  8,775  feet. 

Montes,  Lola.     See  Gilbert,  Marie  D.  E.  B. 

Monte  San  Giuliano  (san  j6-le-a'n6).  [It., 
'  mount  of  St.  Julian.']  A  mountain  near  Tra- 
pani  and  near  the  western  extremity  of  Sicily : 
the  ancient  Eryx.  it  was  the  ancient  shrine  of  Venus 
Erycina,  and  figured  in  the  first  Punic  war.  Height,  2,465 
feet. 

Monte  San  Salvatore  (sal-va-to're).  [It., 
'  mount  of  the  holy  Saviour.']  A  noted  point 
of  view  near  Lugano  in  Switzerland.  Height, 
2,980  feet. 

Monte  Sant-Angelo  (sant-an'je-lo).  [It., 
'  mount  of  the  holy  angel.']  Atown  and  place  of 
pilgrimage  la  the  provinee  of  Foggia,  Apulia, 
Italy,  28  miles  northeast  of  Poggia. 

Montes-Olaros,  Marquis  of, Viceroy  of  Mexico 
and  Peru.    See  Hurtado  de  Mendoza  y  Luna. 

Montesino  (mdn-ta-se'no),  or  Montesinos 
(mon-ta-se'nos),  Antonio.  Died  after  1526. 
A  Spanish  Dominican  missionary.  He  went  to 
Espafiola  in  1510 ;  was  the  first  to  preach  against  Indian 
slavery ;  and  In  1511  was  sent  to  Spain  to  appeal  against 
the  e^  His  representations  resisted  in  the  promulga- 
tion of  ttie  "laws  of  Burgos."  Later  he  was  a  friend  of  Las 
Casas,  and  was  constantly  engaged  in  helping  the  Indians. 
From  1521  he  preached  in  Porto  Rico,  and  he  is  known  as 
the  apostle  of  that  island.  He  accompanied  Ayllon's  ex- 
pedition to  Florida  in  1526. 

Montesinos  (mon-ta-se  'nosO .  A  character  in  me- 
dieval romance.  Don  Quixote's  visit  to  the  cave  of 
Montesinos  (book  ii.,  chap.  23)  is  an  important  part  of  that 
romance. 

Montesinos,  Fernando.  Bom  at  Osuna,  Se- 
ville, about  1600:  died,  probably  in  Seville, 
about  1655.  A  Spanish  lawyer  and  historian. 
From  1629  to  about  1650  he  was  in  Peru^  where  he  held 
important  offices  and  made  special  studies  of  mines  and 
of  early  Indian  history.  His  principal  works  are  "Memo- 
rias  antiguas  historisdes  del  Perii'  and  "Anales  uuevas 
del  Peni,"  first  published  in  French  (1840)  and  in  Spanish 
(1882).  Montesinos  gives  a  long  list  of  the  pre-Incarial 
monarchs  of  Peru,  which  he  professes  to  have  received 
from  the  natives. 

Montespan  (mdn-tes-pon'),  Marquise  de 
(FranQoise  Ath6nais  de  Bochechouart). 
Bom  1641:  died  at  Bourbon-l'Archambault, 
France,  May  27, 1707.  Amistress  of  Louis  XIV . 
She  was  a  daughter  of  the  Due  de  Mortemart,  and  married 
the  Marquis  de  Montespan  in  1663.  She  succeeded  Made- 
moiselle de  la  Valli^re  as  mistress  of  Louis  XIV.  about  1667, 
and  was  in  turn  supplanted  by  Madame  de  Maintenon  three 
years  later,  although  she  was  not  wholly  discarded  before 
1686.  She  eventually  entered  a  convent.  She  had  eight 
children  by  the  king,  including  the  Due  de  Maine,  Louis 
C^sar,  the  Comte  de  Vexin,  and  the  Comte  de  Toulouse. 
The  Marquis  d'Antin  was  her  son  by  her  htisband. 

Montesquieu  (m6n-tes-ky6',  Anglicized  mon- 
tes-ku').  Baron  de  la  Br4de  et  de  (Charles  de 
Secondat).  Bom  at  the  Chateau  de  la  Brfede, 
near  Bordeaux,  Jan.  18,  1689:  died  at  Paris, 
Feb.  10, 1755.  A  celebrated  French  writer.  He 
was  brought  up  at  the  College  of  JuiUy,  near  Meanx,  and 
returned  to  his  native  province  to  study  law.  In  1714  he 
was  made  councilor,  and  in  1716  president,  of  the  Bor- 
deaux parliament.  He  was  not  in  sympathy,  however,  with 
the  duties  of  his  position,  and  he  gradually  withdrew  from 
them  and  devoted  his  attention  to  the  study  of  literature 
and  jurisprudence.  In  1721  he  won  fame  in  the  world  of 
letters  with  his  "  Lettres  persanes,"  in  which  he  criticizes 
cleverly  the  French  society  of  his  time.  For  this  work  he 
was  elected  to  the  French  Academy  in  1728.  The  follow- 
ing years  were  spent  in  travel,  and  he  visited  successively 
Austria,  Italy,  Germany,  Switzerland,  Holland,  and  Eng- 
land. On  his  return  to  France  he  gave  up  the  remainder 
of  his  life  to  literary  work.  Among  his  manjr  productions, 
the  two  which  have  contributed  most  to  his  renown  are 
the  "Considerations  sur  les  causes  de  la  grandeur  et  de  la 
d^cjuience  des  Remains "(1734),  and  "L'Esprit  des  lois" 
n748)  (which  see). 

Montes  Bauraci.    See  Abnoba. 

Monte  Testaccio  (mon'te  tes-ta'cho).  [It., 
'potsherd  hill.']     A  hill  in  the  extreme  south- 

'  em  part  of  Borne,  southwest  of  the  Aventine, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tiber,  it  Is  about  115  feet 
in  height  above  the  surrounding  area,  and  2,500  in  cir- 
cumference, and  is  formed  entirely  of  the  fragments  of  pot- 
tery vases,  chiefly  amphorae,  from  the  extensive  ware- 


702 

houses  which  lined  the  neighboring  quay.  The  potters' 
stamps  on  the  fragments  show  that  this  rubbish-heap  was 
still  used  iu  the  4th  century,  and  it  is  believed  to  have  been 
begun  about  the  inception  of  the  empire.  The  view  from 
the  summit  is  celebrated. 

MontevarcM  (mon-te-var'ke).  A  small  town 
in  the  province  of  Arezzo,  Italy,  24  miles  south- 
east of  Florence. 

Monte  Velino  (mon'te  ve-le'n6).  One  of  the 
principal  summits  of  the  Apennines,  about  50 
miles  east-northeast  of  Rome.  It  was  the  scene 
of  the  defeat  of  Conradin  by  Charles  of  Aujou 
in  1268.    Height,  8,160  feet. 

Monteverde  (mon-te-ver'de),  Claudio.  Bom 
at  Cremona,  Italy,  1568  (?) :  died  1643  (?).  .An 
Italian  composer.  Among  his  works  are  the 
operas  "Arianna"  (1607)  and  "Orfeo"  (1608) 


Montgomery 

Casale.  Its  marquises  from  the  10th  century  ruled  not 
only  in  Italy  but  for  some  time  in  Greece.  A  branch  oj 
the  PalKologi  ruled  from  1306.  The  marquisate  was  made 
a  duchy  and  united  to  Mantua  In  1536.  Its  possession  was 
later  a  matter  of  dispute  between  Mantua  and  Savoy.  It 
passed  to  Savoy  in  1703.  ....  .,       . 

lilontfleury  (m6n-fl6-re'),  Antoine  Jacob, 

called.  Bom  at  Paris,  1640:  died  at  Aix,  1685. 
A  French  dramatist,  son  of  Zaoharie  Jacob, 
also  called  Montfleury,  an  actor.  His  comedy  "  La 
f  emme  juge  etpartie  "  (1669)  is  still  played,  though  reduced 
to  three  acts.  It  was  almost  as  successful  as  "  Tartuf e. " 
He  wrote  sixteen  comedies,  partly  on  contemporary  sub- 
jects and  partly  adaptations  of  Spanish  originals.  The  two 
best  are  "La  Femme  Juge  et  Partie"  and  "La  Fille  Capi- 
taine."  They  belong  to  an  older  style  of  comedy  than 
Molifere's,  being  both  extravagant  and  coarse,  but  there  i» 
considerable  ms  c&miea  in  them. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  813. 


Monteverde  (mon-ta-ver'da)  Juan  Domingo.  M^ntfort  (mdn-for'),  Comte  Simon  de.  Killed 
BommTenerifie  Canary  Islands,  about  1/72:  "i°°'*^°o'Ji^T,se,  France,  June  25, 1218.  AFrenoh 
a^tevlfif  hewt?fe^Z?pirn'e^U^S  commander  ar^d  cmsader,  leader  of  tte  cmsa4e 
commander  in  Venezuela,  though  without  legitimate  au-  against  the  Albigenses  m  IMH.  Me  was  the 
thority.    He  received  the  submission  of  Miranda  in  July,     father  of  the  following. 

1812,  and  in  violation  ol  his  treaty  sent  him  a  prisoner  to  Mnntfortfmont'fort:  F.pron.  m6n-for'),  SimOU 
iF.Tre^^i^^'^lX^^reXlX'^t^^yB^^:^^     of.Eari^o'f  Leicester'.    Bom  about  1208:  killed 


and  at  length  besieged  in  Puerto  Cabello,  where  he  was 
deposed  by  his  own  followers  in  Dec,  1813.  He  returned 
to  Spain  in  1816. 

Monteverde,  Jules.  Bom  at  Bistagno,  Italy, 
Oct.  8,  1837.    An  Italian  sculptor. 

Montevideo  (mon-te-vid'e-6 ;  Sp.  pron.  mon-ta- 
ve-THa'6).  The  capital  of  Uruguay,  situated 
on  the  estuary  of  the  Kio  de  la  Plata  in  lat.  84° 
54'  33"  S.,  long.  56°  12'  18"  W.  It  has  important 
foreign  commerce ;  exports  hides,  wool,  tallow,  horns,  ete. ; 
is  the  terminus  of  various  steamship  lines ;  and  has  a  uni- 
versity and  a  cathedral.  It  was  colonized  by  Spanish  set- 
tlers in  1726 ;  taken  by  the  British  in  1807,  but  recovered  the 
same  year ;  and  since  1828  has  been  the  capital  of  Uruguay. 
Until  1834,  when  the  walls  were  removed,  it  was  little  more 
than  a  fortress.    Population  (1892),  with  suburbs,  238,080. 

Monte  Vise  (mon'te  ve'so).  A  peak  of  the  Cot- 
tian  Alps,  in  Italy,  near  the  French  border,  42 
miles  southwest  of  Turin,  it  contains  the  source  of 
the  Po,  and  is  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  peaks  of  the 
western  Alps.    Height,  12,615  feet. 

Monte  Vulture  (vol-to're).  [It.,  'Mount  Vul- 
ture.'] Au  extinct  volcano  in  southern  Italy, 
near  Melfi :  the  ancient  Vultur  Mons.  It  was 
on  the  boundary  of  the  ancient  Apulia  and 
Lucania.    Height,  4,365  feet. 

Montez,  Lola.    See  Gilbert,  Marie  D.  E.  S. 

Montezuma  (mon-te-zo'ma),  or  Moteczuma 
(mo-tak-zo'ma):  called  MontezumaL, and  sur- 
named  Ilhuicamina  (el-we-ka-me'ua)  ('arch- 
er of  the  heavens').  [Nahuatl,  'angi'y  chief.'] 
Bom  about  1390:  died  1464.  A  war-chief  or 
"  emperor"  of  ancient  Mexico.  He  was  the  son  of 
Huitzilihuitl,  and  succeeded  his  brother  Izcohuatl  in  1436 
(formally  inaugurated  1440).  He  had  wars  with  the  Mix- 
tecs  and  Tlascalans,  and  is  said  to  have  carried  his  arms 
to  the  GuU  of  Mexico.  Also  written  Muteauma  (Cortes), 
Montezuma  (Bemal  Diaz  and  Oviedo),  Moteauma  (Acosta), 
MoctezuTna,  MotecuJtzomu,  etc 

Montezuma,  or  Moteczuma:  called  Montezu- ---    .     ,„     ,     -  j.     i,i, ,.     -c  a-     i 

man.,orSocoyotzin(H6-k6-y6t-zen').  Bom  Montgolfier  (mont-gol'fi-6rj  F.  pron.  mdn-gol- 
in  1477  (according  to  Bemal  Diaz  ii  1479):  fja'),  Jacques  Btienne,  Born  at  Vidalon-lez. 
died  at  Tenoehtitlan,  June  30,  1520.  An  Az- 
tec war-chief  or  "emperor"  of  Mexico  at  the 
time  of  the  Spanish  conquest.  He  was  the  son  of 
Axayacatl,  and  succeeded  his  uncle  Ahuizotl  in  1503.  Be- 
sides his  almost  continuous  wars  with  the  Tlascalans  and 
Tarascans,  he  carried  his  arms  far  southward,  and  is  said 
to  have  invaded  Honduras :  thousands  of  captives  were 
brought  back  for  sacrifice  in  the  tomples.  The  tidings  of 
ships  and  white  men  on  the  coast  excited  his  superstitious 
fears.  When  Cortes  landed  he  sent  him  presents,  but  tried 
to  dissuade  him  from  coming  to  Tenoehtitlan.  Cortes  in- 
sisted, and  reached  the  city  with  his  army  in  Nov.,  1519. 
He  was  well  received  and  given  rich  presents,  buf^  fearing 
violence  from  the  natives,  seized  Montezuma  in  his  own 
house  and  confined  him  in  the  Spanish  quarters  as  a  hos- 
tage. The  Aztecs  at  length  rose  in  arms  and  attacked  the 
quarters :  Montezuma,  at  the  request  of  Cortes,  appeared 
on  the  wall  and  attempted  to  expostulate  with  them,  but 
was  received  with  a  shower  of  stones,  and  died  of  his 
wounds  four  days  later.    Descendants  of  one  of  his  daugh- 


Born  about  1208:  kUled 
at'Bvesham,  Aug.  4,  1265.  A  celebrated  Eng. 
lish  general  and  statesman.  He  was  the  son  of  Si- 
mon de  Montfort  (see  preceding  name).  The  earldom  of 
Leicester  came  into  the  family  through  his  grandmother, 
Amicia,  daughter  of  Robert  of  Beaumont,  third  earl  of 
Leicester.  In  1238  Montfort  married  Eleanor,  widow  ol 
■V^illiam  Marshal,  earl  of  Pembroke,  and  sister  of  Henry 
III.  In  1240  he  went  on  a  crusade.  In  1248  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Gascony.  His  vigorous  administration 
resulted  iu  au  open  quarrel  with  the  king,  and  he  resigned 
his  office  Sept.  29, 1252.  The  ill  feeling  between  the  earl 
and  king  forced  Simon  more  and  more  into  the  popular 
party,  and  he  was  openly  recognized  as  leader  of  the  "  bar- 
ons' war  "  in  1263.  On  May  14, 1264  he  captured  the  king, 
and  became  virtually  governor  of  the  kingdom.  By  writs 
in  the  king's  name  (Dec.  14  and  24, 1264)  he  summoned 
to  a  parliament^  which  met  in  London  Jan.  30,  1265, 120 
churchmen,  23  lay  barons,  and  2  knights  from  every  shire^ 
and  also  2  citizens  from  every  borough  in  England  — the 
first  appearance  of  the  Commons.  At  this  parliament  the 
quarrel  between  Simon  and  Gilbert,  earl  of  Gloucester, 
began,  which  ended  in  the  death  of  Simon  at  Evesham. 

Montfort,  Simon  of.  Born  near  Brindisi,  1240: 
died  near  Siena,  Italy,  1271.  The  second  child 
of  Simon  of  Montfort,  earl  of  Leicester,  in  the 
"barons' war  "  of  1264  he  defended  Northampton  against  the 
king,  and  was  captured  April.  After  his  father  s  victory 
at  Lewes,  May  14, 1264,  he  was  made  constable  of  Porches- 
ter.  He  reaehed  Evesham  after  the  death  of  his  father, 
Aug.  4, 1265,  and  was  obliged  to  surrender  to  Edward  at 
Christmas.  He  was  banished,  and  was  still  in  Fiance 
March  26,  1268.  On  March  1?,  1271,  he  assisted  in  the 
murder  of  Henry  of  ComwalL 

Montfort-l'Amaury  (m6n-f6r'ia-nai6-re').  A 
small  town  in  the  department  of  Seine-et-Oise, 
France,  20  miles  west  by  south  of  Paris.  It  con- 
tains the  ruined  castle  of  the  counts  of  Montfort, 

Mont  Gienfevre  (m6n  zhe-navr').  A  pass  in 
the  Cottian  Alps,  department  of  Hautes-Alpes, 
France,  7  miles  northeast  of  Brian^on,  on  the 
Italian  border.  It  has  frequently  been  crossed 
by  armies.    Height,  6,100  feet, 


Annonay,  Ard^che,  France^an.  7, 1745 :  died  at 
Serviferes,  Aug.  2, 1799.  A  French  mechanician 
and  inventor.  Like  his  elder  brother,  Joseph  Michel, 
he  studied  mathematics,  mechanics,  and  physics.  He  was 
for  a  time  an  architect,  but  gave  up  that  profession  in  order 
to  take  charge  with  his  brother  of  his  father's  paper-manu- 
factory at  Annonay.  Together  with  hisbrotherhe  invented 
the  form  of  air-balloon  known  as  the  montgolfier,  a  pub- 
lic experiment  with  which  was  made  at  Annonay  in  1782. 
The  experiment  was  repeated  by  Joseph  Montgolfier  before 
the  court  at  Versailles,  Sept.  19,  1783,  and  both  brothers 
were  subsequently  elected  corresponding  members  of  the 
Academy. 

Montgolfier,  Joseph  Michel.  Born  at  Vidalon- 
lez-Ainonay,  Ardfeche,  Prance,  1740:  died  at 
Balaruc,  France,  June  26,  1810.  A  French 
mechanician,  brother  of  Jacques  fitienne  Mont- 
golfier, with  whom  he  was  associated  in  the  in- 
vention of  the  air-balloon, 
ters  are  stiU  living  in  Mexico.    After  the  Spanish  conquest  MoutgOmerie   (mont-ffum'e-ri),   Alexander. 


Montezuma  became  a  mythical  personage  among  the  In- 
dians :  this  hero  or  hero-god  they  mention  to  strangers  as 
their  principal  deity,  although  they  do  not  pay  him  the 
slightest  worship.  In  New  Mexico  modern  travelers  and 
tourists  have  thought  that  they  have  discovered  a  Monte- 
zuma worship,  which,  however,  does  not  exist, 

Montezuma,  Baths  of.    See  Tezcotzinco. 
Montf aucon  (m6n-f  6-k6n' ) ,  Bernard  de.  Bom 

at' the  Chateau  Soulage,  in  Languedoo,  France, 
Jan.  18,  1655:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  21,  1741.  A 
French  critic  and  classical  scholar.    Among  his 


Born  about  1556 :  died  before  1615.  A  Scottish 
poet,  a  relative  of  the  earls  of  Eglinton.  His 
chief  work  is  the  allegorical  poem  "The  Cherry  and  the 
Slae"  (1697).  He  also  wrote  "The  Flyting  betwixt  Mont- 
gomery and  Polwart,"  ete. 

Montgomerie,  Archibald  William,  thirteenth 
Earl  of  Eglinton.  Born  at  Palermo,  Sicily,  Sept. 
29,  1812:  died  at  St.  Andrews,  Scotland,  Oct. 
4,  1861.  A  British  politician,  lord  lieutenant 
of  Ireland  in  1852  and  1858-59. 


works  are "PalseographiaGr^oa" (1708), "L'Antiquite  ex-  Montgomerv (mont-gum'e-ri).     1.  Acountyin 


pliquSe  et  representee  en  figures  "(171'9-24),  "Les  monu- 
ments  de  la  monarchic  fran?aise  "  (1729-33),  an  edition  of 
Athanasius,  ete. 

Montferrat  (m6n-fer-ra').  It.  Monferrato 
(mon-fer-ra'to).  [It., 'iron  mountaia.']  A 
former  marquisate,  later  a  duehy,  in  north- 
western Italy,  lying  south  of  the  Po  and  north 
of  the  Ligurian  Apennines  and  Alps.    Capital, 


Wales.  It  is  bounded  by  Merioneth  and  Denbigh  on  the 
north,  Shropshire  on  the  east,  Radnor  on  the  south,  and 
Cardigan  and  Merioneth  on  the  west.  It  is  hillyand  moun- 
tainous, and  has  lead-mines  and  flannel  manufactures. 
Area,  797  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  68,003. 
3.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Montgomery, 
situated  near  the  Severn  21  miles  southwest  of 
Shrewsbury.    Population  (1891),  1,098., 


Montgomery 

Montgomery.  A  district  of  the  Panjat,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  30°  40'  N.,  long.  73°  E. 
Area,  5,754  square  miles.    Population  (1891), 

Montgomery.  The  capital  of  Alabama  and  of 
Montgomery  County,  situated  on  the  Alabama 
in  lat.  32°  22'  N.,  long.  86°  25'  W.  it  has  a  flour- 
ishing trade,  especially  in  cotton.  It  became  the  State 
capital  in  1847,  and  was  the  capital  of  the  Confederate 
States  Feb.-May,  1861.    Population  (1900),  30,346. 

Montgomery(m6n-gom-re'),(Jabriel,Comtede. 
Born  about  1530:  executed  at  Paris,  May  25, 1574. 
A  French  commander  who,  by  accident,  mortal- 
ly wounded  Henry  II.  in  a  tournament  June  30, 
1559.  He  retired  to  Normandy  and  thence  escaped  to 
England,  where  he  became  a  Protestant.  Beturning  to 
France  on  the  death  of  his  father,  he  took  part  in  the  reli- 
gious wars  of  the  period ;  established  himself  about  1674 
in  the  islands  of  Jersey  and  Guernsey,  whence  he  directed 
an  expedition  against  France ;  and  was  finally  captured  and 
put  to  death. 

Montgomery  (mont-gum'e-ri),  James.  Bom  at 
Irvine,  Ayrshire^  Nov.  4,"1776:  died  April  30, 
1854.  A  Scottish  poet,  son  of  John  Montgom- 
ery, a  Moravian  clergyman,  in  1792  he  entered  the 
olfice  of  the  "Sheflield  Register,"  and  in  1795  the  paper 
became  his  property :  the  name  had  been  changed  to  the 
"Sheffield  bis."  In  1806  his  poems  "The  Wanderer  of 
Switzerland"  and  "The  Grave"  won  him  recognition. 
The  numerous  hymns  on  which  his  reputation  chiefly  rests 
were  collected  in  1863.  His  lectures  on  poetry  before  the 
KoyallnstitutionwerepuWishedin  1833.  His  other  works 
are  "The  West  Indies  "  (1810),  "The  World  before  the 
Flood  "(1812), "  Greenland '^  (1819),  "  Pelican  Island  "(1826). 

Montgomery,  Biqhard.  Bom  at  Swords,  Coun- 
ty Dublin,  Ireland,  Deo.  2,  1736:  killed  before 
Quebec,  Dee.  31,  1775.  An  American  Revolu- 
tionary general.  He  commanded  an  expedition  for  the 
invasion  of  Canada  in  1775,  during  which  he  captured  Fort 
Chambly  and  Montreal.  He  was  killed  while  leading  an 
attack  on  Quebec. 

Montgomery,  Robert.  Born  at  Bath,  England, 
1807:  died  at  Brighton,  England,  Deo.  3,  1855. 
An  English  poet.    Among  his  poems  are  "The  Stage- 

;  coach"  (1827),  "Omnipresence  of  the  Deity "  (1828),  "Sa- 
tan, etc."  (1830),  "The  Pufflad"  (1830),  etc.  "With  an 
unfortunate  facility  in  florid  versification  Montgomery 
combined  no  genuinely  poetic  gift.  Macaulay,'  in  trying  to 
anticipate  the  oifice  of  time,  only  succeeded  in  rescuing 
him  from  the  oblivion  to  which  he  was  properly  destined." 
IHct  Nat  Biog. 

Montgomery  Charter,  The.  A  charter  granted 
to  the  city  of  New  York  by  John  Montgomery 
( ' '  Captain  General  and  Governor  in  chief  of  the 
Province  of  New  York  and  the  Province  of  New 
Jersey  and  territories  depending  thereon  in 
America,  and  Vice  Admiral  of  the  same")  un- 
der George  II. ,  dated  Jan.  15, 1730.  It  extended 
the  Dongan  Charter,  and  was  in  force  until  1830. 
MonthermS  (m6n-ter-ma' ).  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ardennes,  France,  situated  on  the 
Meuse  8  miles  north  of  M6zi6res.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  3,870. 

Montholon  (m6n-t6-l3n'),  Comte  Charles  Tris- 
tan de.    Born  at  Paris,  July  21, 1783 :  died  Aug. 
21, 1853.    A  French  general,  companion  of  Na- 
poleon at  St.  Helena,  and  one  of  his  executors. 
He  published,  with  Gourgaud,  "M^moires  pour  servir  k 
I'histoire  de  France  sous  Napoleon,  Merits  ^  Sainte-H^l^ne 
sous  sa  dict^e  "  (1823),  etc. 
Monthyon.     See  Montyon. 
Monti (mon'te),  Vincenzo.  Bomat Pusignano, 
near  Ravenna,  Italy,  Feb.  19,  1754:  died  at 
Mian,  Oct.  13,  1828.     A  noted  Italian  poet. 
Cardinal  Borghese  was  so  much  pleased  with  his  "vision 
of  Ezekiel'  (1776)  that  he  took  him  to  Rome,  where,  after 
winning  praise  as  a  poet,  he  essayed  tragedy  in  imitation 
of  his  friend  Alfieri.    At  this  time  he  was  the  secretary  of 
Cardinal  Braschi,  the  Pope's  nephew.  His  "Bassevilliana  " 
(1793)  was  inspired  by  the  massacre  by  the  populace  of  the 
&ench  envoy  Basseville.    He  was  professor  of  eloquence 
at  Pavia,  and  was  made  historiographer  to  the  court  under 
Napoleon,  and  member  of  the  Italian  Institute.    Among 
his  other  poems  are  "Fanatismo,"  "Musogonia,"  "Mas- 
cherniana,  "  II  ritorno  d'Astrea,"  "  Superstizione,"  a  trans- 
lation of  the  lUad,  etc.    His  tragedies  are  "  Aristodemo  " 
(1787),  "Galeotto  Manfredi,"  "Caio  Gracoo."   (Complete 
works,  6  vols.,  1839.) 
Monticello  (mon-te-sel'lo ;  It.  mon-te-ohel'lo). 
[It.,  'little  mount.'Jl   A  mansion  and  estate,  the 
former  residence  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  situated 
in  Albemarle  County,  Virginia,  near  Charlottes- 
ville. .  „     ,         .     , 
Montiel  (mon-te-el').     A  small  place  m  La 
Manoha,  Spain,  near  Valdepenas.  Here,  in  March, 
1369,  Henry  of  Tra*amare  and  Du  Guesclin  defeated  Pe- 
dro the  CrueL 
Montijo  (mon-te'Ho).    A  town  in  the  province 
of  Badajoz,  Spain,  14  miles  east  of  Badajoz. 
Population  (1887),  6,681. 
Montilla  (mon-tel'ya).    Atowninthe  province 
of  Cordova,  Spain,  22  miles  south  of  Cordova. 
It  is  famous  for  its  wine,  and  was  the  birthplace  of  Gon- 
salvo  de  Cordova.    Population  (1887),  13,790. 
MontiTilliers  (mdn-te-vel-ya').   A  town  in  the 
department  of  Seine-Inf6rieure,  France,  situ-i 


703 

ated  on  the  L^zarde  6  miles  east-northeast  of 
Havre.     Population  (1891),  commune,  5,344. 

Montjoie  (m6n-zhwa').  A  small  town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Roer 
16  miles  southeast  of  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

Montjoie.  The  name  of  the  hill  near  Paris 
where  St.  Denis  was  martyred.  Before  1789  it  was 
the  name  of  the  king  at  arms.  In  ancient  tournaments 
"  Montjoie  "  was  the  cry  of  the  French  heralds,  and  "  Mont- 
joie St.  Denis  "  the  war-cry  of  the  French  in  battle.  The 
kings  of  England  had  at  onetime  the  war-cry  "  Montjoie  St. 
George."  It  was  last  used  by  the  French  at  the  siege  of 
Montargis  in  1426.    Larousse. 

Montlhiry  (m6n-la-re').  A  small  town  in  the 
department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  Prance,  18  miles 
south  of  Paris.  Here,  July  16, 1466,  the  forces  of  the 
League  of  the  Public  Good  defeated  Louis  XI. 

Montluc  (m6n-liLk'), Blaise  deLasseran-Mas- 
sencome,  Seigneur  de.  Bom  near  Condom, 
Guienne,  about  1503:  died  in  the  province  of 
AgSnois,  1577.  A  noted  French  marshal.  His 
family  was  noble  but  in  moderate  circumstances,  so  that 
he,  the  eldest  of  12  children,  was  soon  called  upon  to  sup- 
port himself.  He  went  into  the  army  and  took  part  in  all 
the  campaigns  of  Francis  I.  against  Charles  Y.,  and  also 
became  celebrated  for  his  exploits  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
II.  Charles  IX.  and  Henry  III.  honored  him  with  high 
positions.  In  the  later  years  of  his  life  he  dictated  from 
memory  his  account  of  the  wars  from  1521  to  1674.  His 
work  is  of  great  value  to  historians,  and  is  furthermore 
possessed  of  considerable  literary  merit.  Henry  IV.  paid 
it  a  just  tribute  in  calling  it  "la  Bible  du  soldat."  Mont- 
luc's  "  Commentaires  "  appeared  first  in  1592  at  Bordeaux, 
and  have  been  reprinted  several  times  since.  The  best 
edition  in  modern  times  was  made  by  M.  de  Ruble  for  the 
SooiStfi  de  I'Histoire  de  France. 

Montlucon(m6u-lTi-s6u').  A  city  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Allier,  central  France,  situated  on  the 
Cher  38  miles  southwest  of  Moulins.  It  has 
flourishing  manufactures,  especially  of  mirrors,  and  is 
sometimes  called  "  the  Manchester  of  France."  Population 
(1891),  commune,  27,878. 

Montmartre  (m6n-mar'tr).  A  height  and 
(since  1860)  a  quarter  in  the  northern  part  of 
Paris,  formerly  a  separate  commune.  It  was 
stormed  by  the  Allies  March  30, 1814,  and  was 
in  the  hands  of  the  Commune  March-May,  1871. 

Montm6dy  (m6n-ma-de').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meuse,  France,  situated  on  the 
Chiers  23  miles  southeast  of  Sedan,  it  has  often 
been  besieged  and  taken  flast  time  by  the  Germans  Nov.- 
Dec,  1870).    Population  (1891),  commune,  2,782. 

Montmirail  (m6n-me-ray').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Mame,  France,  situated  on  the 
Petit-Morin  55  miles  east  of  Paris.  Here,  Feb.  11, 
1814,  the  French  under  Napoleon  defeated  the  Allies.  Pop- 
ulation (1891X  commune,  2,373. 

Montmorency  (m6u-m6-ron-se').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  9  mUes 
north  of  Paris,  it  was  the  resldenfte  of  Rousseau. 
Its  castle  was  the  seat  of  the  Montmorency  family.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  4,577. 

Montmorency,  or  Montmorenci  (mont-mo- 
ren'si;  F. pron. in6u-m6-ron-se').  Asmallriver 
in  the  province  of  (Quebec,  Canada,  which  joins 
the  St.  Lawrence  8  miles  below  Quebec.  It  is 
noted  for  the  cataract  (250  feet  high)  situated 
near  its  mouth. 

Montmorency,  or  Montmorenci  (m6n-mo-ron- 
se'),  Anne  d.e.  Bom  at  Chantilly,  Prance, 
March  15, 1492 :  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  12, 1567.  A 
French  marshal  and  constable,  distinguished  in 
the  wars  in  Italy  and  against  Charles  v .  He  was 
defeated  at  St.-Quentin  in  1557,  and  commanded 
at  Dreux  in  1562,  and  at  St.-Denis  in  1567. 

Montmorency,  Henri  II.,  Duo  de.  Bom  at 
Chantilly,  France,  April  30,  1595 :  executed  at 
Toulouse,  France,  Oct.  30, 1632.  A  French  mar- 
shal, grandson  of  Anne  de  Montmorency.  He 
joined  the  rebellion  of  Gaston  of  Orleans  in 
1632. 

Montmorillon  (m6n-m6-re-y6n').  A  town  m 
the  department  of  Vienne,  Prance,  situated  on 
the  Gartempe  28  miles  east-southeast  of  Poi- 
tiers.    Population  (1891),  commune,  5,268. 

Montoro  (mon-to'ro).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Cordova,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadalqui- 
vir 27  miles  east-northeast  of  Cordova.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  12,563. 

Montorsoli  (mon-tor's6-le),  Giovanni  Angelo. 
Bom  at  Montorsoli,  near  Florence,  about  1500 : 
died  at  Florence,  1563.  An  Italian  sculptor  and 
architect,  a  pupil  of  Andrea  Femoci  of  Fiesole. 
He  restored  the  left  arm  of  the  Apollo  Belvedere  and  the 
right  arm  of  the  Laocoon.  He  assisted  Michelangelo  in 
finishing  the  statues  of  Giuliano  and  Lorenzo  de'  Medici, 
and  made  the  statue  of  San  Cosimo  in  the  sacristy  of  San 
Lorenzo  in  Florence.  His  most  famous  work  is  the  great 
fountain  of  Messina  (1647). 

Montoya  (mon-to'ya),  Antonio  Rmz  de.  Born 
at  Lima,  Peru,  1583  (?) :  died  there,  April  11, 1652. 
A  Jesuit  missionary  and  author.  He  spent  many 
years  in  the  Guarany  missions  of  Paraguay,  and  published 
a  history  of  them,  "Conquista  espiritual  hecha  por  los 
religiosos  de  la  Compaflia  de  Jesus  en  las  provmcias  del 


Montrond 

Paraguay,  etc."(Madrid,  1639).  His "Tesoro" (1639),  "Arte 
y  Vocabulario "0.640),  and  "Catecismo  "(1640)  are  the  best 
authorities  on  the  Guarany  language.  There  are  modem 
editions. 

Montpelier  (mont-pe'ly6r).  The  capital  of  Ver- 
mont and  of  Washington  County,  situated  on 
the  Onion  River  in  lat.  44°  17'  N.,  long.  72°  36' 
"W.    Population  (1900),  6,266. 

Montpellier  (mon-pel-lya').  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  ffirault,  France,  situated  on  the 
Lez,  near  the  Mediterranean,  in  lat.  43°  37'  N., 
long.  3°  53'  E.  its  trade  is  largely  in  wine  and  brandy ; 
and  it  has  manufactures  of  verdigris,  soap,  cream  of  tartar, 
etc.  The  cathedral,  jardin  des  plantes,  university,  acad- 
emy, and  Mus^e  Fabre  (one  of  the  best  in  France)  are  note- 
worthy. It  contains  a  noted  square,  the  Place  du  Peyrou. 
Its  school  of  medicine  was  founded  in  the  12th  century. 
It  came  into  the  possession  of  Aragon  and  Majorca,  and 
was  acquired  by  France  about  1350.  It  was  a  Protestant 
stronghold,  and  was  besieged  and  taken  by  Louis  XIII.  in 
1622.    Comte  was  born  there.    Population  (1901)  76,364. 

Montpellier-le-Vieux  (m6u-pel-lya'le-vy6').  A 
noted  group  of  huge  fantastic  rocks,  discovered 
in  1883  near  Millau,  Aveyron,  southern  France. 

Montpensier  (mdn-pon-sya'),  Duchesse  de 
(Anne  Marie  Louise  d'Orleans).  Born  at  Pa- 
ris, May  29, 1627 :  died  there,  March  5, 1693.  The 
only  daughter  of  Gaston  of  Orleans  and  the 
Duchesse  de  Montpensier:  commonly  called  La 
Grande  Mademoiselle.  She  was  a  cousin  of  Louis 
XIV.    Her  "  M^moires  "  were  published  in  1729. 

Personal  and  literary  interest  both  appear  in  a  very  high 
degree  in  the  Memoirs  of  Anne  Marie  Louise  de  Montpen- 
sier, commonly  called  La  Grande  Mademoiselle.  The  only 
daughter  of  Gaston  of  Orleans  and  of  the  Duchesse  de  Mont- 
pensier, she  inherited  enormous  wealth  and  a  position 
which  made  it  difBcult  tor  her  to  marry  any  one  but  a 
crowned  head.  In  her  youth  she  was  self-willed  and  by 
no  means  inclined  to  marriage,  and  prince  after  prince  was 
proposed  to  her  in  vain.  During  the  Fronde  she  took  an 
extraordinary  part  —  heading  armies,  mounting  the  walls 
of  Orleans  by  a  scaling-ladder,  and  saving  the  routed  troops 
of  Cond^,  after  the  battle  of  the  Faubourg  Saint  Antoine, 
by  opening  the  gates  of  Paris  to  them,  and  causing  the 
cannon  of  the  Bastille  to  cover  their  flight. 

Saintsiury,  French  lit.,  p.  339. 

Montpensier,  Due  de  (Antoine  Marie  Phi- 
lippe Louis  d'0rl6ans).  Bom  at  Paris,  July 
31,  1824 :  died  at  San  Lucar,  near  Seville,  Feb. 
4, 1890.  The  fifth  son  of  Louis  Philippe.  Hemar- 
ried  the  infanta  Maria  Luisa  (sister  of  Queen  Isabella)  in 
1846  ;  became  infante  in  1859 ;  and  was  an  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  the  Spanish  throne  in  1870.  In  1871  he  was 
exiled  to  the  Balearic  Isles,  but  soon  returned.  His 
daughter  Mercedes  became  the  wife  of  King  Alphonso 
XII.  of  Spain  in  1878. 

Montpensier,  Duchesse  de  (Catherine  Marie 
de  Lorraine).  Bom  1552 :  died  about  1594.  The 
daughter  of  Francis,  duke  of  Gidse :  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  League. 

Mont  Perdu  (mon  per-dii'),  Sp.  Monte  Per- 
dido (mon'tapfir-de'THo).  ['Lost mountain.'] 
One  of  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Pyrenees,  situ- 
ated in  the  province  of  Huesoa,  Spain,  about 
long.  0°.    Height,  10,995  feet. 

Montreal  (mont-re-ai').  [' Mount  Royal.']  A 
city  in  the  province  of  Quebec,  Dominion  of  Can- 
ada, situated  on  Montreal  Island  in  lat.  45°  30' 
N. ,  long.  73°  33'  W.  It  is  the  largest  city  and  the  chief 
commercial  center  of  Canada,  being  at  the  head  of  ocean 
steamship  navigation.  The  St.  Lawrence  is  crossed  here  by 
the  Victoria  Jubilee  Bridge.  The  city  has  important  manu. 
faotares.  TheMcGillUniversity,theRoman  Catholic  cathe- 
dral and  Churchof  l^otre  Dame,  the  English  cathedral,  and 
the  Roman  Catholic  institutions  are  noteworthy.  The  re- 
gion was  visited  byCartierin  1535;  asettlement  called  Ville 
Marie  was  made  by  the  French  in  1642.  Montreal  was  taken 
by  the  British  in  1760,  taken  by  the  Americans  in  1775,  and 
retaken  by  the  British  in  1776.   Population  (1901),  267,730. 

Montreal  Island.  Anislandinthe  St.  Lawrence, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Ottawa.  Length,  about  32 
miles. 

Montr^jeau  (mon-tra-zho').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Haute-Garoune,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Garonne  27  miles  east-southeast  of 
Tarbes.     Population  (1891),  commune,  3,068. 

Montretout  (m6n-tr-to').  A  height  west  of  Pa- 
ris, near  St. -Cloud.  It  was  the  scene  of  an  un- 
successful sortie  of  the  French,  Jan.  19,  1871. 

Montreuil-SOUS-Bois  (m6n-trey'so-bwa').  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Seine,  France,  east 
of  Paris,  near  Vincennes.  Population  (1891), 
23,986. 

Montreuil-SUr-Mer (-siir-mar ' ).  Atowninthe 
department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  Prance,  20  miles 
south-southeast  of  Boulogne.  Population(1891), 
3,565. 

Montreux(m6n-tre').  Ahealth-resortinthe  can- 
ton ofVaud,  Switzerland,  near  the  eastern  end 
of  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  16  miles  southeast  of 
Lausanne.  It  comprises  Montreux-Vernex,  Clarens, 
Glion,  etc.  Near  it  is  the  castle  of  Chillon.  It  is  a  noted 
place  of  residence  for  foreigners.    Population,  about  8,000. 

Montrond  (m6n-r6n' ).  A  small  town  in  the  de- 
partmentof  Loire,  France,  situated  on  theLoire 
30  miles  west-southwest  of  Lyons. 


Montrose 

Montrose  (mon-troz').  A  seaport  in  Forfarshire, 
Scotland,  situated  onthe  North  Sea,  atthemouth 
of  the  South  Esk,  26  miles  northeast  of  Dundee. 
It  has  important  flax  and  linen  manufactures,  and  floiuish- 
ing  trade  and  fisheries.    Population  (1891),  13,079. 

Montrose,  MaroLuises  of.    See  Graham. 

Montrouge  (m6n-rozh').  A  suburb  of  Paris, 
lying  directly  to  the  south.  Population  (1891), 
11,992. 

Mont-Saint-Jean  (m6n-san-zhon').  A  hamlet 
near  Waterloo,  which  sometimes  gives  name  to 
the  battle. 

Mont-Saint-Michel  (m6n-san-me-sher).  A  vil- 
lage in  the  department  of  Manche,  northwestern 
Prance,  situated  on  an  island  in  the  Bay  of  St.- 
Miehel,  6  miles  west  of  Avranches.  The  mount  is 
in  its  entirety  one  of  the  most  curious  of  medieval  monu- 
ments. It  is  a  small  pyramidal  island,  now  connected  with 
the  shore  by  a  causeway.  It  is  defended  on  the  sea-level 
l)y  towered  ramparts,  within  which  nestles  the  village. 
Above  rise,  tier  over  tier,  the  huge  fortifled  walls  and 
towers  and  the  extensive  buildings  of  the  monastery,  long 
a  fortress  and  afterward  used  as  a  prison.  The  rock  ia 
crowned  by  the  great  granite  church,  with  Romanesque 
nave.  The  cloister  is  of  great  beauty.  It  has  a  double 
range  of  overlapping  lancet  arches,  and  beautifully  sculp- 
tured foliage-rosettes  in  the  spandrels. 

!Mouts  Dore,     See  Mont  Dore. 

Montserrat  (mont-ser-raf),  or  Monserrat 
(mon-ser-raf).  ['  Toothed'  or  '  serrate  moun- 
tain.'] A  jagged  mountain  about  30  mUes 
northwest  of  Barcelona,  Spain,  famous  for  its 
monastery  (founded  880),  noted  for  an  image  of 
the  Virgin.    Height,  about  4,000  feet. 

Montserrat  (mont-se-rat')-  An  island  of  the 
British  West  Indies,  situated  southwest  of  An- 
flgua  in  lat.  16°  42'  N.,  long.  62°  13'  W.  Chief 
town,  Plymouth.  The  most  important  products  are 
sugar  and  fruits.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1493 ; 
settled  by  the  British  in  1632 ;  and  occupied  temporarily  by 
the  French  In  1664  and  in  1782.  Area,  32  square  miles. 
Population  (1891X  11,762. 

Montt  (mont),  Jorge.  Bom  at  Santiago,  1847. 
A  Chilean  naval  officer  and  politician,  son  of 
Manuel  Montt.  In  Jan.,  1891,  he  sided  with  Congress 
against  President  Balmaceda ;  was  given  temporary  com- 
mand of  the  congressional  forces;  and  was  a  member  of 
the  governing  junta.  After  the  fall  of  Balmaceda  he  was 
elected  president,  assuming  office  Nov.  6,  1891.  He  was 
succeeded  in  1896  by  Seflor  Errfcuriz. 

Montt,  Manuel.  Bom  at  Petorca,  Sept.  5, 
1809 :  died  at  Santiago,  Sept.  20, 1880.  A  Chilean 
statesman.  As  a  leader  of  the  conservatives,  he  was 
president  of  the  House  of  Deputies,  minister  of  foreign 
affairs  1840,  minister  of  justice  and  education  1841-45, 
and  minister  of  the  interior  1845-60.  In  1861  he  became 
president  of  Chile,  and  was  reelected  in  1866,  serving  un- 
til Sept,  1861.  During  this  period  the  country  was  very 
prosperous ;  but  the  extreme  conservative  policy  of  the 
government  led  to  revolts  of  the  liberals  in  1851  and 
1858,  and  to  a  bloody  civil  war  in  1859.  President  Montt 
resigned  his  office  peacefully  to  his  successor,  and  was 
subsequently  president  of  the  supreme  court  until  his 
death. 

Mont-Tendre  (m6n-ton'dr).  A  mountain  in 
the  Jura,  in  the  canton  of  Vaud,  Switzerland, 
15  miles  west-northwest  of  Lausanne.  Height, 
5,519  feet. 

Montt- Varistas  (mont  'va-res  'tas) .  A  poUtieal 
party  in  Chile,  formed  about  1850  by  a  division 
of  the  conservative  or  Pelucones  party.  It  de- 
rived its  name  from  President  Manuel  Montt  and  Antonio 
Varas  who  was  his  minister  of  state  1861-66.  The  Montt- 
Varistas  advocate  extreme  conservative  principles,  a  semi- 
aristocratic  form  of  government,  and  partial  union  of 
church  and  state.  -, 

Montucla  (m6n-tii-kla'),  Jean  Etienne.  Bom 

at  Lyons,  Sept.  5, 1725 :  died  at  Versailles,  Dec. 
18,  1799.  A  noted  French  mathematician.  His 
chief  worit  is  a  "  Histoire  des  math^matiques  "  (1758 :  con- 
tinued by  Lalande). 

Montiifar  (mon-to'f  ar),  Lorenzo.  Bom  at  Crua- 
temala,  March  11,  1823.  A  Central  American 
jurist,  politician,  and  author.  His  principal 
work  is  "  Memorias  hist6ricas  de  Ceutro- Amer- 
ica" (1881). 

Mont-Valdrien  (m6n'va-la-ryan').  A  hill  and 
fortress  west  of  the  Seine,  2J  miles  west  of  the 
fortifications  of  Paris.  It  was  an  important  point 
of  defense  in  1870-71.  An  unsuccessful  sortie  was  made 
from  it  by  the  Trench  Jan.  19,  1871. 

Montyon (m6n-ty6h')  (incorrectly Monthyon), 
Baron  de  (Antoine  Jean  Baptists  Kobert 
Auget).  Born  at  Paris,  Dec,  1733:  died  at 
Paris,  Dec.  29,  1820.  A  French  philanthropist. 
He  founded  various  prizes  (including  the  Mon- 
tyon  prize  of  virtue). 

Monument,  The.  A  column  in  London,  north 
of  the  Thames,  near  London  Bridge.  It  was 
erected  to  commemorate  the  great  fire  of  1666,  and  stands 
close  to  the  spot  where  the  conflagration  started.  It  is 
a  fluted  Roman-Doric  column  by  Wren,  standing  on  a 
square  base  ornamented  with  reliefs,  and  supporting  on 
a  pedestal  above  the  capital  an  urn  from  which  flames 
issue.    The  height  is  202  feet. 

Monumentum  Ancyranum.    See  Ancyra. 
Monza  (mon'za).  A  manufacturing  town  in  the 


704 

province  of  Milan,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Lam- 
bro  9  miles  north-northeast  of  Milan :  the  an- 
cient Modicia.  it  was  the  residence  of  the  Gothic  and 
Lombard  kings.  The  cathedral  was  founded  by  Queen 
Theodolinda  in  590,  but  reconstructed  in  the  14th  century. 
The  treasury  is  extremely  rich  In  Lombard  and  medieval 
goldsmiths'  work,  its  most  prized  treasure  being  the  fa- 
mous iron  crown  of  Lombardy,  so  called  from  the  thin  rib- 
bon of  iron  within  it,  said  to  be  forged  from  a  nail  of  the 
crucifixion. 

Moodkee.     See  Mudhi. 

Moody  (mo'di).  1.  The  guardian  of  Peggy,  the 
country  girl,  in  (Jarrick's  adaptation  of  Wych- 
erleys  "Country  Wife." — 2.  In  Dryden's  play 
"Sir  Martin  Mar-all,"  a  swashbuckler — that 
is,  one  who  retained  the  boisterous  manners 
of  the  period  when  sword  and  buckler  were  in 
common  use  and  brawls  were  frequent. 

Moody,  Dwight  Lyman.  Bom  at  Northfield, 
Mass.,  Feb.  5,  1837 :  died  Deo.  22,  1899.  An 
American  evangelist.  He  was  engaged  in  missionary 
work  in  Chicago  about  1856;  conducted, with  Ira  D.  Sankey, 
various  revival  meetings  in  the  United  States,  and  1873-75 
and  1881-83  in  Great  Britain ;  and  established  a  school  for 
Christian  workers  in  14'orthfield  and  a  Bible  Institute  in 
Chicago. 

Mooker  (mok'er),  or  Mook  (mok),  Heath."  A 
place  in  the  Netherlands,  near  the  Meuse, 
south  of  Nimwegen.  Here  (1574)  the  Spaniards 
defeated  the  Dutch  under  Louis  of  Nassau. 

Mooltan.    See  MuUan. 

Moon  (mon).  A  heavenly  body  which  revolves 
around  the  earth  monthly,  accompanying  the 
earth  as  a  satellite  in  its  annual  revolution,  and 
shining  by  the  sun's  reflected  light.  Next  to  the 
sun,  the  moon  is  the  most  conspicuous  and  interesting  of 
celestial  objects.  The  rapidity  of  its  motion,  the  variety 
of  its  phases,  and  especially  the  striking  phenomena  of 
its  eclipses,  compelled  the  attention  of  the  earliest  observ- 
ers; and  the  fact  that  the  longitude  can  be  determined 
from  lunar  observations  has  given  the  theory  of  the  moon's 
motion  economic  importance.  Of  all  the  heavenly  bodies 
(meteors  excepted),  the  moon  is  nearest  to  us.  Its  mean 
distance  is  a  little  more  than  sixty  times  the  radius  of  the 
earth,  or  238,800  miles.  Its  diameter  is  2,162  miles  (about 
0.273  of  the  earth's  equatorial  diameter),  and  its  volume 
is  about  ^  of  that  of  the  earth.  It  revolves  around  the 
earth  in  27d.  7h.  43m.  11.6s. ;  the  time  from  new  moon  to 
new  moou  is  29d.  12h.  44m.  2.7s.  The  moon  always  pre- 
sents nearly  the  same  face  to  the  earth.  It  has'no  clouds, 
and  shows  no  indications  of  an  atmosphere  or  of  the 
presence  of  water. 

Moon,  Mountains  of  the.  A  range  of  moun- 
tains placed  by  Ptolemy  in  the  interior  of 
Africa,  containing  the  sources  of  the  Nile.  They 
were  conceived  afterward  as  traversing  Africa  from  east 
to  west.    They  have  disappeared  from  modern  maps. 

Moonlight  Sonata.  A  name  given  to  Beetho- 
ven's Sonata  quasi  una  fantasia"  in  C  sharp 
minor,  one  of  the  two  which  form  his  Opus  27, 
published  in  1802.  The  romantic  stories  about  the 
name  and  dedication  appear  to  be  without  foundation. 

Moonstone  (mon' ston).  The.  AnovelbyWiUde 
Collins,  published  in  1868. 

Moor,  or  M6r  (mor).  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Stuhlweissenburg,  Hungary,  37  miles  west  by 
south  of  Budapest.  Here,  Dec,  1848,  the  Austrians  de- 
feated the  Hungarians  under  Perczel.    Fop.  (1890),  9,309., 

Moor  (mor),  Edward.  Bom  in  1771 :  died  at 
London,  Feb.  26, 1848.  A  writer  on  Hindu  my- 
thology. He  entered  the  Madras  establishment  of  the 
East  India  Company  as  cadet  in  April,  1783,  served  in  the 
war  of  1790-91,  and  was  wounded  Dec.  29, 1791,  at  Gadj- 
moor.  He  went  to  Bombay  April,  1796,  as  brevet  captain, 
and  in  1800  made  a  "  Digest  of  the  Military  Orders  and  Reg- 
ulations of  the  Bombay  Army."  He  published  "Hindoo 
Pantheon  "(1810), "Hindoo  Infanticide "(1811),  "The  Gen- 
tle Sponge,"  a  proposal  for  reducing  the  interest  on  the 
national  debt  (1829),  and  "Suffolk  Words  and  Phrases" 
(1823). 

Moor  (mor),  Earl.  The  principal  character  in 
Schiller's  play ' ' Die  Eauber"  ( ' '^The  Robbers"). 
The  hero  of  his  first  drama,  the  enthusiastic  young  rob- 
ber, Moor,  like  Goethe's  GOtz,  has  recourse  to  force  on  his 
own  responsibility.  He  has  all  the  feelings  of  a  Werther, 
and,  like  Werther,  he  falls  foul  of  society.  Werther  turns 
the  destroying  weapon  upon  himself,  but  Moor  directs  it 
against  society.  He  is  a  rebel,  like  the  Satan  of  Milton 
and  of  Klopstock,  and  a  vagabond,  like  Goethe's  Crugan- 
tino ;  but,  while  love  and  reconciliation  lead  Crugantino 
back  to  the  bosom  of  his  family,  the  shameful  intrigues 
of  an  unnatural  brother  Franz  turn  Moor  into  a  robber 
and  a  murderer.  Hostile  brothers  had  already  been  de- 
picted by  Fielding  in  romance,  and  by  Leisewitz  and  Klin- 
ger  in  tragedy :  the  two  latter  had  introduced  fratricide 
upon  the  stage  itself,  and  Gessner  had  written  a  patri- 
archal romance  based  on  the  story  of  Cain  and  Abel ;  but 
Schiller  far  surpasses  these  writers  in  power  in  the  grand 
scene  where  the  criminal,  in  fear  of  the  avengers  of  Ms 
crime,  pronounces  and  carries  out  his  own  sentence. 

Sclwr&r,  History  of  German  Literature,  n.  116. 

Moorcroft  (mor'krdf  t),  William.  Bom  in  Lan- 
cashire about  1765 :  died  in  Afghanistan,  Aug. 
27,  1825.  An  English  veterinary  surgeon  and 
traveler  in  central  Asia  1819-25.  His  "Trav- 
els "  were  published  in  1841. 

Moore  (mor  or  mor),  Albert  Joseph.  Bom  at 
York,  Sept.  4, 1841 :  died  at  Westminster,  Sept. 
25, 1893.    An  BngUsh  painter,  brother  of  Henry 


Moors 

Moore  the  marine-painter,  in  1S61  he  exhibited 
"The  Mother  of  Sisera"  and  "Elijah  running  before 
Ahab's  Chariot"  He  showed  great  skill  in  decorative 
painting.  In  1864  he  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  a 
fresco  of  "The  Seasons,"  and  in  1865  "The  Marble  Seat." 

Moore,  Alfred.  Born  in  Brunswick  County, 
N.  C,  May  21, 1755:  died  at  Belfont,  N.  C,  Oct. 
15, 1810.  An  American  jurist,  associate  justice 
of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  1799-1805. 

Moore,  Clement  Clarke.  Bom  at  New  York, 
July  15, 1779  :  died  at  Newport,  E.  I.,  July  10, 
1863.  An  American  scholar  and  poet.  He  gave 
in  1818  a  large  gift  to  the  General  Theological  Seminary 
in  New  York,  on  condition  that  its  buildings  should  be 
erected  on  a  part  of  his  property  in  Chelsea  Village  (Ninth 
and  Tenth  avenues  and  20th  and  21st  streets),  where  they 
now  stand.  He  was  professor  of  biblical  learning  there, 
and  afterward  of  Oriental  and  Greek  literature,  1821-50. 
He  published  a  "Hebrew  and  Greek  Lexicon"  (1809), 
"Poems"  (1844),  "George  Castriot,  etc."  (1852),  etc.,  and 
was  the  author  of  the  verses  "'Twas  the  night  before 
Christmas." 

Moore,  Edtrard.  Bom  at  Abingdon,  England, 
March  22,  1712 :  died  at  South  Lambeth,  Lon- 
don, March  1, 1757.  An  English  dramatist  and 
fabulist,  third  son  of  Thomas  Moore,  a  dissent- 
ing clergyman.  He  failed  in  business  as  a  linen-draper 
in  London,  and  began  as  a  writer  with  his  "Fables  for  the 
Female  Sex"  in  1744.  "The  Foundling,"  a  comedy,  was 
produced  at  Drury  Lane  on  Feb.  13, 1748 ;"  Gtl  Bias,"  a  com- 
edy, in  1751 ;  and  "  The  Gamester,"  in  which  Garrick  ap- 
peared (and  which  he  partly  wrote),  at  Drury  Lane  on  Feb. 
7, 1753.  In  1753  he  was  made  editor  of  "The  World,"  a 
popular  paper,  which  had  Lord  Lyttelton,  Lord  Bath,  Lord 
Chesterfield,  Soame  Jenyns,  Horace  Walpole,  and  Edward 
Lovibond  as  contributors.  His  only  son,  Edward,  was 
educated  and  pensioned  by  Lord  Chesterfield. 

Moore,  George  Henry.  Bom  at  Concord, 
N.  H.,  April  20,  1823:  died  at  New  York,  May 
5,  1892.  An  American  historical  writer,  son  of 
J.  B.  Moore.  He  became  superintendent  of  the  Lenox 
Library  in  New  York  in  1872.  Among  his  works  are  "  Notes 
on  the  History  of  Slavery  in  Massachusetts  "  (18e6X  "His- 
toi7  of  the  Jurisprudence  of  New  York  "  (1872),  etc. 

Moore,  Jacob  Bailey.  Bom  at  Andover, 
N.  H.,  Get.  31,  1797 :  died  at  Bellows  Falls,  Vt., 
Sept.  1,1853.  AnAmericanhistorian.  He  wrote 
especially  on  the  history  of  New  Hampshire. 

Moore,  John.  Bom  at  Stirling,  Scotland,  1729: 
died  at  Eichmond,  Surrey,  Jan.  21,  1802.  A 
Scottish  physician,  novelist,  and  writer  of  trav- 
els. His  best-known  work  is  the  novel  "  Ze- 
luoo"  (1786). 

Moore,  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Glasgow,  Nov.  13, 
1761 :  died  at  Corunna,  Spain,  Jan.  16, 1809.  A 
British  general.  He  was  the  eldest  surviving  son  of 
Dr.  John  Moore,  author  of  "Zeluco."  In  1776  he  became 
ensign  of  the  61st  foot,  and  served  as  captain-lieutenant  in 
Nova  Scotia  during  the  American  Revolutionary  War.  He 
became  member  of  Parliament  for  Linlithgow  in  1784: 
and  served  in  Corsica  1793-94,  but  displeased  Nelson  and 
Elliot  and  was  ordered  home.  In  Nov.,  1797,  he  joined 
Abercromby  in  Ireland.  He  was  made  major-general  in 
1798.  In  July,  1808,  he  sailed  for  Portugal  as  second  In 
command  to  Sir  Henry  Burrard,  and  by  Sept.  the  entire 
command  was  left  to  him.  He  entered  Spain  Nov.  11, 
1808 ;  but,  abandoned  by  the  Spaniards  and  threatened  by 
the  actual  presence  of  Napoleon,  was  obliged  to  reifteat 
250  miles  to  Corunna.  While  the  troops  were  embarking 
the  French  attacked  them,  and  Moore  was  killed  and 
buried  in  the  citadel  during:  the  night  of  Jan.  16-17.  He 
received  a  monument  in  St.  Paul's  CathedraL  The  "Bur- 
ial of  Sir  John  Moore,"  by  Rev.  Charles  Wolfe,  is  one  of 
the  most  popular  English  poems. 

Moore,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Dublin,  May  28, 1779 : 
died  at  Bromham,  near  Devizes,  Feb.  25,  1852. 
An  Irish  poet,  son  of  John  Moore,  a  grocer  of 
Kerry.  He  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  In  1794, 
where  he  was  intimate  with  Robert  Emmet.  In  1799  he 
entered  the  Middle  Temple,  London,  and  in  1800  published 
his  translation  of  "Anacreon."  In  1803  and  1804  he  trav- 
eled in  America.  In  1806  he  published  his  "Odes  and 
Epistles,"  and  his  "Irish  Melodies"  from  1807  to  1834,  re- 
ceiving from  them  about  £600  a  year.  His  lampoons  on 
the  regent  and  his  favorites  were  extremely  successful,  and 
were  collected  in  1813  in  "  The  Twopenny  Post  Bag."  On 
March  26, 1811,  he  married  Bessie  Dyke,  an  actress,  and 
in  the  same  year  his  friendship  for  Byron  began.  "  Lalla 
Rookh,"  for  which  Longmans  agreed  to  pay  £3,000  without 
having  seen  it,  was  published  in  1817  ;  "National  Airs  "  In 
1815 ;  and ' '  Sacred  Songs  "  in  1816.  His  prose  works,  besides 
the  political  squibs,  are  "Life  of  Sheridan"  (1826),  "The 
Epicurean"  (182'r),  "Life  of  Byron"  (1830),  "History  of 
Ireland,"  etc.,  besides  a  number  of  collections  of  humorous 
short  papers  like  "The  Fudge  Family  in  Paris,"  all  under 
the  pseudonym  Thomas  Brown  the  Younger.  "  Moore's 
Memoirs,  Journals,  and  Correspondence  "  were  published 
1863-66  by  Earl  Russell. 

Moorfields  (mor'feldz).  A  district  of  old  Lon- 
don, outside  the  wall,  once  used  as  a  place  of 
recreation,  it  received  Its  name  from  the  moor  which 
lay  on  the  north  side  of  the  city.  Finsbury  Square  and 
adjacent  streets  now  cover  it. 

Moorgate  (mor'gat).  A  postern  gate  in  the  old 
London  city  wall,  built  on  the  moor  side  of  the 
city  in  the  time  of  Henry  V.  (about  1415) .  It  was 
rebuilt  in  1472,  and  was  pulled  down  about  1750. 

Moor  of  Venice,  The,  or  the  Tragedy  of  Othel- 
lo.   See  OtheUo. 

Moors  (mSrz ) .  [L.  Mauri,  (Jr.  Mavpol,  dark  men.] 
A  dark  race  dwelling  in  Barbary,  in  northern 


Moors 

Africa.  They  derive  their  name  from  the  ancient  Mauri, 
^r  Mauretanians ;  but  the  present  Moors  are  a  mixed  race, 
chiefly  of  Arab  and  Mauretanian  origin.  The  name  is  ap- 
plied especially  to  the  dwellers  in  the  cities.  The  Arab 
conquerors  of  3pain  were  called  Hoora. 

Hoorsliedabad.    See  Mmshidabad. 

HAoosehead  (mds'hed)  Lake.  The  largest  lake 
in  Maine,  situated  about  lat.  45°  40'  N,  it  is 
the  source  of  the  Kennebec  Kiver.  Length,  about  35  miles. 
Greatest  breadth,  about  10  miles, 

Moosilailke  (mS-si-lft'ke).  A  mountain  in  Ben- 
ton, New  Hampshire,  30  miles  southwest  of 
Mount  Washington.    Height,  4,810  feet. 

Mopsa  (mojj'sa).  1.  A  shepherdess  in  Shak- 
spere's  "Winter's  Tale." — S.  In  Sidney's  ro- 
mance "Arcadia,"  a  deformed  country  girl,  the 
daughter  of  Dametas. 

Mopsus  (mop'sus).  [Gt.  M(5^of.]  A  seer  in 
Greek  legend,  sou  of  Apollo  by  Himautis. 

MoOLUegua  (mo-ka'gwa).  1.  A  southern  mari- 
time province  of  Peru,  adjoining  Chile  on  the 
south.  It  consists  of  the  single  proTinoe  of  Moquegua. 
Area,  6,647  square  miles.  Population  (1896),  42,694. 
Previous  to  1879  it  included  also  the  provinces  of  Arica 
and  Tacna,  now  held  provisionally  by  Chile  (see  these 
names). 

2.  A  town,  the  capital  of  this  department,  near 
lat.  17°  15'  S.,  long.  70°  50'  W.  it  has  been  re- 
peatedly  destroyed  by  earthquakes,  the  last  time  in  1868. 
Population,  about  5,000. 

Moquelumnan  (mo-kel-um'nan),  or  Mutsun. 
[From  Wakalumitoh,  the  Miwok  name  of  a  river 
and  hill.]  A  linguistic  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,  comprising  the  Miwok  and  Olamentke 
groups  of  tribes.  The  habitat  of  the  former  was  the 
portion  of  California  betvreen  Cosumnes  and  Fresno  rivers 
on  the  north  and  south  respectively,  and  from  the  Sierra 
ITevada  on  the  east  to  San  Joaquin  Elver  on  the  west,  ex- 
cept a  strip  on  the  east  bank  occupied  by  the  Cholovone. 
The  Olamentke  group  occupied  a  territory  bounded  on  the 
south  by  San  Francisco  Bay  and  the  western  half  of  San 
Pablo  Bay,  on  the  west  by  the  Pacific  from  the  Golden 
Oate  to  Bodega  Head,  on  the  north  by  a  line  running  from 
Bodega  Head  to  a  point  a  few  miles  northeast  of  Santa 
Kosa,  and  thence,  on  the  west,  to  the  northernmost  point 
of  San  Pablo  Bay.  Few  of  the  once  populous  Miwok  tribes 
survive,  and  these  are  scattered;  while  scarcely  any  repre- 
sentatives of  the  Olamentke  division  remain. 

Mora  (mo'ra),  Josd  Maria  Luis.  Bom  at  Cha- 
macuero,  Miohoacan,  Oct.,  1794:  died  at  Paris, 
July  14,  1850.  A  Mexican  historian.  He  studied 
theology;  was  ordainedpresbyter  in  1819;  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1827,  but  never  practised.  Iturbide  impris- 
'Oned  him,  and  later  he  was  a  prominent  member  of  the 
Escocez  party.  After  1834  he  resided  in  Paris.  His  prin- 
cipal work  iB"M6jicoysus  fievoluciones  "  (Vols.  I,  III,  and 
IV  only  published,  1836).  His  "  Obras  sueltas  "  (2  vols.  1837) 
are  mainly  political  essays. 

Mora,  Juan.  Bom  at  San.  Jos^,  July  12, 1784: 
died  there,  Sept.,  1854.  A  Costa  Eiean  states- 
man, jefe  or  president  during  two  terms  (1825- 
1833).  Subsequently  ho  held  other  offices,  and 
from  1850  was  president  of  the  supreme  court. 

Mora,  Juan  Bafael.  Bom  at  San  Jos^,  Feb. 
8, 1814;  died  at  Puntarenas,  Sept.  30, 1860.  A 
Costa  Riean  politician.  He  was  vice-president  and 
acting  president  in  1848,  and  president  Nov.,  1849,  to  Aug. 
14, 1859,  when  he  was  deposed  and  banished.  Attempting 
a  counter-revolution  in  1860,  he  was  captured  and  shot. 

Moradabad.    See  Muradabad.  , 

Moraes  (miS-ris'),  Frudente.  Bom  at  ltd, 
Sao  Paulo,  about  1844 :  died  Dec.  3,  1902.  A 
Brazilian  politician.  He  was  a  prominent  advocate 
of  republican  principles  from  1871 ;  was  one  of  the  three 
republicans  elected  to  the  imperial  parliament  1885 ;  and 
;after  the  revolution  of  1889  was  governor  of  Sao  Paulo 
1889-90.  In  1891  he  was  a  candidate  for  the  presidency. 
In  1893  he  was  president  of  the  national  senate,  and  on 
Feb.  28, 1894,  was  elected  president  of  Brazil,  His  term 
of  4  years  began  Nov.  15,  1894. 

Moraes  Silva  (mo-ris'  sel'va),  Antonio  de. 
Bom  at  Eio  de  Janeiro  about  1757:  died  at 
Pemambuco,  1825.  A  Brazilian  lexicographer. 
Little  is  known  of  his  life,  a  part  of  which  was  passed  in 
Europe.  His  "Diocionario  da  Lingua  Portugueza"(l8ted., 
?  vols.,  1789)  was  the  first  and  for  a  long  time  the  only 
dictionary  of  the  Portuguese  language,  and  is  still  an  au- 
thority. 

Morakanabad.  The  grand  vizir  of  Vathek  in 
Beckford's  tale  of  that  name. 

Morales  (mo-ra'les),  Augustin.  Bom  at  La 
Paz,  1810:  assassinated  there,  Nov.  28, 1872.  A 
Bolivian  politician  and  general.  He  led  the  revo- 
lution which  overturned  Melgarejo,  Jan.  15, 1871;  was  im- 
mediately proclaimed  president;  and  held  the  post  until 
his  death. 

Morales  (mo-ra'les),  Luis  de.  Bom  at  Badajoz, 
.Spain,  about  1509:  died  at  Badajoz,  1586.  A 
Spanish  religious  painter,  sumamed  "El  Di- 
vine" ('The  Divine'). 

Morales  Bermudez,  Bemijio.    See  Bermudez. 

Moralesde  Toro  (mo-ra'les  da  to'ro).  A  small 
place  in  northwestern  Spain,  near  Toro,  prov- 
ince of  Zamora,  said  by  some  to  have  been  the 
birthplace  of  Isabella  of  Castile. 

Moran  (mo-ran'),  Edward.  Bom  at  Bolton, 
c  — 45' 


705 

England,  Aug.  19, 1829:  died  at  New  York,  June 
9,  1901.  An  English-American  marine-  and 
figure-painter.  He  came  to  America  in  1844, 
and  exhibited  in  Paris  and  London. 

Moran,  Leon.  BornatPhiladelphiainl863.  An 
American  marine-  and  figure-painter,  son  and 
pupil  of  Edward  Moran.  He  also  studied  at 
the  National  Academy,  New  York. 

Moran,  Percy.  Born  at  Philadelphia  in  1862. 
An  American  genre-painter,  son  and  pupil  of 
Edward  Moran. 

Moran,  Peter.  Bom  at  Bolton,  England,  March 
4, 1842.  An  English-American  painter  of  land- 
scape and  animals,  brother  and  pupil  of  Edward 
and  Thomas  Moran. 

Moran,  Thomas.  Born  at  Bolton,  England,  Jan. 
12,1837.  AnEnglish-Americanlandsoape-paint- 
er,  brother  and  pupil  of  Edward  Moran.  Hecameto 
America  in  1844.  He  went  to  the  Yellowstone  Park  in  1871, 
and  many  of  his  subjects  are  from  that  region  and  Mexico. 

Morano  (mo-ra'n6).  A  tovm  in  southern  Italy, 
northwest  of  Cosenza. 

Morat  (mo-ra'),  G.  Murten(mi3r'ten).  Asmall 
town  in  the  canton  of  Pribourg,  Switzerland, 
situated  on  the  Lake  of  Morat  15  miles  west  of 
Bern,  it  is  celebrated  for  the  victory  gained  nearit,  June 
22, 1476,  by  the  Swiss  over  Charles  the  Bold,  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy. 

Morat  (mo-ra'),  Lake  of.  A  lake  in  Switzer- 
land, surroundedby  the  cantons  of  Pribourg  and 
Vaud,  2^  miles  east  of  the  Lake  of  Neuch^tel: 
the  Roman  Laeus  Aventicensis,  later  tjchtsee. 
Its  outlet  is  the  Broye,  falling  into  the  Lake  of 
Neuch&tel.    Length,  5 J  miles. 

Moratalla  (mo-ra-tal'ya).  A  towuin  the  prov- 
ince of  Murcia,  southeastern  Spain.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  11,926. 

Mor atin  (m5-ra-ten' ) ,  Leandr 0  Fernandez  de. 
Bom  at  Madrid,  March  10,  1760:  died  at  Paris, 
June  21, 1828.  A  Spanish  dramatist  and  poet, 
son  of  N.  F.  de  Moratin:  called  "the  Spanish 
Moli^re."  His  works  include  the  plays  "El  viejo  y  la 
nitla"  ("The  Old  Man  and  the  Young  Gfirl,"  1790),  "La 
comedianueva"  (1792),  "El  baron"  (1803),  "Lamogigata" 
("The  Female  Hypocrite,"  1804),  "El  si  de  las  niflas" 
("  The  Girl's  Yes,"  1806).  He  also  wrote  a  prose  version  of 
Shakspere's  "Hamlet  (never  performed),  and  translated 
and  altered  Moli^re's  "i^cole  des  maris  and  "Le  m^de- 
cin  malgr^  luL" 

Moratin,  Nicolas  Fernandez  de.  Born  at  Ma- 
drid, July  20,  1737:  died  there.  May  11,  1780. 
A  Spanish  poet.  He  wrote  the  first  Spanish  play  con- 
structed according  to  the  French  model,  a  comedy,  "Peti- 
metra  "  ("  The  Female  Fribble  "),  printed  1762.  In  1770  he 
produced  on  the  stage  a  tragedy,  "Hormesinda,"  on  the 
canons  of  Itacine  and  Corneille.  He  wrote  the  epics  "  De 
las  naves  de  Cort6s  destruidas  "  ("  Destruction  of  Cort^s's 
Ships,"  1785),  "Diana,"  etc. 

Morava  (mo-ra 'va).  1.  The  principal  river  of 
Servia.  it  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Western  and 
Southern  Morava,  and  joins  the  Danube  by  two  mouths 
about  30  miles  east-southeast  of  Belgrad.  Total  length, 
about  240  miles. 

2.  The  Slavic  name  of  the  river  March. 

Moravia  (mo-ra'vi-a).  [F.  Moravie,  Sp.  Pg. 
It.  Moravia,  TSh.  Moravia  (G.  Mahren,  etc.), 
named  from  the  river  Mora/va.']  A  crownland 
of  the  Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary. 
Capital,  Brunn.  it  is  bounded  by  Bohemia  (partlysepa- 
rated  by  the  Mahrische  Gebirge)  on  the  west  and  north- 
west, Prussian  Silesiaand  Austrian  Silesia  (separated  by  the 
Sudetic  Mountains)  on  the  north  and  northeast,  Hungary 
(separated  by  the  Little  Carpathians)  on  the  southeast,  and 
Hungary  and  Lower  Austria  on  the  south.  The  surface 
is  largely  mountainous  and  table-land :  it  is  drained  in 
great  part  by  the  March.  Moravia  is  to  a  great  degree  an 
agricultural  country.  It  produces  rye,  oats,  barley,  fruit, 
vegetables,  etc. ;  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  woolen, 
sugar,  and  linen ;  and  has  mines  of  coal  and  iron.  It  has 
43  representatives  in  the  Austrian  Eeichsrat,  and  has  a 
Landtag  of  100  members.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Ro- 
man Catholic.  The  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  Slavs 
in  race  and  language,  closely  allied  to  the  Czechs ;  but 
about  30  per  cent,  are  Germans.  The  early  inhabitants 
were  Germanic  tribes.  The  region  was  recolonized  by 
Slavs.  Christianity  was  introduced  from  Constantinople 
in  the  9th  century,  but  the  Moravians  were  subsequently 
brought  within  the  influence  of  Rome.  Under  Svatopluk 
in  the  end  of  the  9th  century  Moravia  was  the  center  of  a 
short-lived  great  Slavic  power.  Great  Moravia,  which  was 
overthrown  by  the  Magyars  in  906.  Moravia  was  perma- 
nently united  with  Bohemia  in  1029,  and  after  that  gener- 
ally shared  the  fortunes  of  that  kingdom.  It  became  a 
margraviate  in  1197 ;  passed  to  the  house  of  Hapsburg  in 
1526 ;  and  became  a  crownland  separate  from  Bohemia  in 
1849.  Area,  8,S83  square  miles.  Population(1890),2,276,870. 

Moravians  (mo-ra'vi-anz).  1.  The  natives  or 
inhabitants  of  Moravia  (which  see).— 3.  The 
members  of  the  Christian  denomination  entitled 
the  TJnitas  Fratmm,  or  United  Brethren,  which 
traces  its  origin  to  John  Huss.  Its  members  were 
expelled  from  Bohemia  and  Moravia  in  1627,  but  in  1722 
a  remnant  settled  in  Hermhut,  Saxony  (hence  th  e  brethren 
are  sometimes,  in  Germany,  called  Bermhuter).  The  or- 
ganization at  present  has  three  home  provinces  (German, 
British,  and  American  —  each  of  which  has  its  own  gov- 
ernment by  synod)  and  several  mission  provinces.     All 


Mordnre 

these  are  represented  by  a  general  synod  which  meets 
every  10  years  in  Hermhut.  The  mluistera  are  bishops 
(not  diocesan),  presbyters,  and  deacons.  The  worship  is 
liturgical.  The  members  of  the  denomination  believe  in 
the  Scriptures  as  the  only  rule  of  faith  and  practice,  and 
maintain  the  doctrines  of  the  total  depravity  of  human 
nature,  the  love  of  God  the  Father,  the  actual  humanity 
and  godhead  of  Jesus  Christ,  the  atonement,  the  work  of 
the  Holy  Spirit,  good  works  as  the  fruit  of  the  Spirit,  the 
second  coming  of  Christ,  and  the  resurrection  of  flie  dead. 
The  Moravians  are  especially  noted  for  then:  energy  and 
success,  in  missionary  work. 

Moray,  or  Morayshire.    See  Elgin. 

Moray,  Earl  of.   See  Stmrt. 

Moray  Firth  (mur'a  ferth).  A  large  indenta- 
tion of  the  North  Sea,  inclosed  by  the  coast 
of  Scotland  from  Kinnaird's  Head  in  the  north- 
east of  Aberdeenshire  to  Duneansby  Head  in  the 
northeast  of  Caithness;  sometimes,  in  a  more 
restricted  sense,  the  branch  of  this  between 
Elgin  and  Boss. 

Morazan(m6-ra-than'), Francisco.  BomatTe- 
guoigalpa,  Honduras,  Oct.,  1792 :  died  at  San 
J086,  Costa  Kica,  Sept.  15,  1842.  A  Central 
American  statesman  and  politician.  Hewasleader 
of  the  liberal-federalists  in  the  revolt  against  the  conser-  • 
vatives ;  defeated  them  in  1827,  and  became  je/e  of  Hondu- 
ras ;  by  successive  victories  routed  the  conservatives  in 
Salvador,  1828,  and  Guatemala,  April,  1829;  and  in  Sept., 
1830,  was  elected  president  of  the  Central  American  Con- 
federation. He  governed  with  wisdom  and  liberality,  and 
was  reelected  in  1834 ;  but  opposition  to  the  union  led  to 
numerous  revolts,  and  when  his  second  term  expired  (Feb. 
1, 1839)  there  had  been  no  reelection.  Morazan  made  a 
vain  attempt  to  keep  the  union  together  by  force,  and  was 
supported  by  Salvador ;  but  he  was  finally  defeated  by 
Cairera  at  Guatemala,  March  19,  1840,  and  fled  to  Peru. 
In  April,  1842,  he  invaded  Costa  Rica  with  a  view  to  mak' 
ing  it  the  basis  of  federal  reorganization :  he  was  at  first 
successful,  and  assumed  the  executive  of  Costa  Eica  in 
July,  but  was  deposed  by  a  counter-revolution  (Sept.  11), 
captured,  and  shot. 

Morbegno  (mor-ben'yo).  A  town  in  northern 
Italy,_  on  the  Adda  15  miles  west  of  Sondrio. 

Morbihan  (mor-be-on' ) .  A  department  of  west- 
em  France,  capital  Vannes,  formed  from  part 
of  the  ancient  Brittany.  It  is  bounded  by  Cdtes-du- 
Nord  on  the  north,  lUe-et-Vilaine  on  the  east,  Loire-Infi- 
rieure  and  the  Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  south,  and  Finist^re 
on  the  west.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  marshy.  Area, 
2,626  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  544,470. 

Morcillo  Bubio  de  Aunon  (mor-sel'yo  ro-be'o 
da  a-6n-yon'),  Diego.  Died  at  Lima,  March  12, 
1730.  A  Spanish  j)relate,  bishop  of  Charcas, 
and  archbishop  of  Lima  from  1728.  In  1716,  and 
again  Jan.  26, 1720,  to  May  14, 1724,  he  was  act- 
ing viceroy  of  Peru. 

Mordaunt  (m&r'dant),  Charles,  third  Earl  of 
Peterborough.  Born  1658 :  died  at  Lisbon,  Oct. 
25, 1735.  An  English  general  and  admiral,  son 
of  John,  Viscount  Mordaunt.  He  matriculated  at 
Oxford  (Christ  Church),  April  11, 1674,  and  in  1676  went 
to  the  Mediterranean  in  the  Cambridge.  In  1675  he  suc- 
ceeded his  father  as  Viscount  Mordaunt.  He  intrigued 
actively  in  Holland  and  England  against  James  II.,  and  in 
the  former  country  was  intimately  associated  with  John 
Locke.  In  1689  he  was  appointed  councilor  to  William 
III.  and  first  lord  of  the  treasury,  and  was  created  earl  of 
Monmouth.  Later  he  incurred  the  displeasure  of  the 
court,'  eventually  losing  all  his  places,  and  in  1697  was 
imprisoned  3  months  in  the  Tower.  On  June  19, 1697,  he 
succeeded  his  uncle  as  earl  of  Peterborough,  and  on  the 
accession  of  Anne  was  again  in  favor  at  court.  In  1705  he 
was  appointed  admiral  and  commander-in-chief  of  the 
fleet  jointly  with  Sir  Cloudesley  Shovel,  and  was  largely 
responsible  for  the  capture  of  Barcelona  Sept.  28.  In  Jan., 
1708,  his  conduct  in  Spain  was  investigated  by  the  House 
of  Lords,  and  he  was  acquitted.  In  1710  he  was  ambassa- 
dor extraordinary  to  Vienna,  and  in  1711  to  Frankfort.  He 
was  very  eccentric,  and  was  devoted  to  the  society  of  lit- 
erary men,  especially  Swift,  Pope,  Arbuthnot,  and  Gay. 

Mordecai  (m6r'de-ki).  [Prom  the  name  of  the 
Babylonian  god  Marduk  or  Merodaeh  (which 
see).]  According  to  the  book  of  Esther,  a  Jew 
of  the  tribe  of  Benjamin,  who  lived  in  captivity 
in  the  time  of  Xerxes.  He  accepted  a  post  at  the 
court  in  order  tobenearhis  adopted  daughter,  Esther,  who 
had  been  elevated  to  the  rank  of  queen,  and  with  her  help 
frustrated  the  machinations  of  Haman  which  tended  to  the 
extermination  of  the  Jews  in  the  Persian  empire.  In  re- 
membrance of  this  deliverance  the  feast  of  Purim  is  still 
celebrated  by  the  Jews  in  the  month  of  Adar  (March- 
April). 

Mordecai.  In  George  Eliot's  novel  "Daniel 
Deronda,"  a  Jew  who  believes  himself  inspired 
with  a  mission  to  elevate  and  reunite  the  Jew- 
ish people. 

It  might  be  said,  in  answer  to  some  of  these  questions, 
that  as  a  fact  Mordecai  is  an  ideal  study  from  a  veritable 
Jew,  Cohn  or  Eobn,  one  of  the  club  of  students  who  met 
some  forty  years  since  at  Red  Lion  Square,  Holbom ;  and 
that  recently  a  scheme  for  the  redemption  of  Palestine  for 
Israel  was  actually  in  contemplation  among  members  of 
the  Jewish  race.  But  to  cril^cise  "Daniel  Deronda  "from 
the  literal,  prosaic  point  of  view,  would  be  as  much  a  crit- 
ical stupidity  as  to  undertake  the  defence  of  Shakspere's 
"  King  Lear  "  from  the  charge  of  historic^  improbability. 
Dowden,  Studies  in  Literature,  p.  298. 

Mordred.    See  Modred. 

Mordnre  (mor-diir').  Prince  Arthur's  enchant- 
ed sword:  also  called  Excalibur  or  Calibum. 


Mordvinians 

Mordvinians  (m6rd-via'i-anz),  orMordvins 
(mord'vinz).  A  people  of  If  innie  origin,  living 
in  Russia,  chiefly  in  the  governments  of  Nijni- 
Novgorod,  Penza,  Samara,  SaratofE,  Simbirsk, 
and  Tamboff.  They  are  largely  Russianized,  and  com- 
prise two  main  divisions,  tlie  Mokslia  and  the  Erzya.  Their 
number  is  estimated  at  about  800,OOU. 

More  (mor),  Hannah.  Bom  at  Stapleton,  Glou- 
cestershire, Feb.  2, 1745 :  died  at  Clifton,  Sept. 
7,  1833.  Ail  English  religious  writer,  she  was 
educated  by  her  father,  and  in  1767  joined  her  other  sis- 
ters in  establishing  a  school  in  Bristol.  In  1762  she  pub- 
lished "The  Search  for  Happiness,"  a  pastoral  drama.  In 
1773  and  1774  she  visited  London,  and  became  mtimate 
with  Garrick  and  his  wife :  she  also  met  Reynolds,  Burke, 
Dr.  Johnson,  and  Mrs.  Montagu.  In  1782  she  published 
"Sacred  Dramas."  Alter  the  death  of  Garrick,  Jan.  20, 
1779,  her  religious  tendencies  became  stronger.  In  1787 
she  was  attracted  by  Wilberforoe's  agitation  against  the 
slave-trade,  andwasmuchinterested  in  establishingsohools 
among  the  poor  as  an  antidote  to  the  prevailing  atheism. 
She  wrote  in  1792  "Village  Politics,  by  Will  Chip,"  fol- 
lowed by  "Cheap  Repository  Tracts"  (1795-98),  one  of 
which  was  "The  Shepherd  of  Salisbury  Plain."  Some  of 
them  were  illastiated  by  John  Bewick.  The  organization 
which  circulated  them  developed  into  the  Religious  Tract 
Depository  in  1799.  Her  other  works  are  "Thoughts  on 
the  Importance  of  the  Manners  of  the  Great  to  General  So- 
ciety "  (1788), ' '  Strictures  on  the  Modern  System  of  Female 
Education ''(1799),  "Coslebs  in  Search  of  a  Wife  "  (1809), 
"Practical  Piety,  etc."  (1811) , "  ChristianMorals  "  (1813),  etc. 

More,  Henry.  Bom  at  Grantham,  England, 
Oct.  12, 1614:  died  at  Cambridge,  England,  Sept. 
1, 1687.  An  English  philosophical  writer.  His 
philosophical  works  (largely  mystical  and  Pla- 
tonic) were  published  in  1678.  His  chief  work 
in  verse  is  ''The  Song  of  the  Soul." 

More,  Sir  Thomas,  Bom  at  London,  Feb.  7, 
1478 :  executed  on  Tower  Hill,  July  6, 1535.  An 
English  statesman  and  author.  He  was  the  son  of 
Sir  John  More,  a  London  barrister.  At  thirteen  years  of 
age  he  entered  the  service  of  Thomas  Morton,  archbishop 
of  Canterbury.  In  1492  he  entered  Canterbury  Hall  (later 
merged  in  Christ  Church),  Oxford.  He  entered  the  New 
Inn,  London,  in  1494,  and  Lincoln's  Inn  In  1496.  In  1497 
he  met  Erasmus  in  England,  and  corresponded  with  him 
through  life.  For  several  years  he  was  absorbed  in  reli- 
gious studies  and  exercises,  and  thought  of  becoming  a 
monk :  but  after  1503  he  devoted  himself  mainly  to  poli- 
tics. He  entered  Parliament  in  1604.  In  1508  he  went 
to  France.  After  his  second  marriage  in  1511  he  moved  to 
Crosby  Place,  Bishopsgate  Street  Without.  In  May,  1616, 
he  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Flanders  to  settle  disputes 
with  the  merchants  of  the  Steelyard.  "Utopia"  was  pub- 
lished in  1516.  In  1618  he  was  made  master  of  bequests 
by  Henry  VIII.  and  privy  councilor.  In  June,  1620,  he 
was  with  Henry  at  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  and  met 
Budseus.  In  1521  he  was  knighted  and  made  subtrea- 
surer  to  the  king ;  in  April,  1523,  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons ;  and  in  1625  high  steward  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity. He  defended  the  papacy  against  Luther,  sug- 
gested the  "Defensio  Septem  Sacramentorum  "  of  Henry 
VIIL,  1521,  and  opposed  Tyndale.  On  Oct.  25,  1529,  he 
succeeded  Wolsey  as  chancellor.  He  opposed  the  reforms 
passed  by  Parliament  of  Nov.  3, 1629,  ana  the  projected  di- 
vorce of  the  king  from  Catharine,  and  resigned  May  16, 1532. 
By  act  of  Parliament  in  March,  1634,  an  oath  of  adherence 
to  the  act  which  vested  the  succession  in  the  issue  of  Anne 
Boleyn,  and  of  renunciation  of  the  Pope,  was  imposed. 
This  oath  More  refused  to  take,  and  he  was  committed  to 
the  Tower  April  17, 1536.  On  July  1, 1535,  he  was  indicted  for 
high  treason,  and  was  executed  July  6, 1635.  More  was 
beatified  by  Pope  Leo  XIII.  Dec.  9, 1886.  Among  his  Eng- 
lish works  are  "  Life  of  John  Picus,  Earl  of  Mirandula, 
etc.,"  printed  in  1510  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde  (it  was  a  trans- 
lation from  the  Latin  of  Giovanni  Francesco  Pico,  1498), 
"  History  of  Richard  III."  (1513),  a  number  of  controver- 
sial works,  meditations,  etc.  Rastell,  the  nephew  of  Sir 
Thomas  More,  collected  most  of  his  English  works  and 
printed  them  in  1667.  Among  his  Latin  works  are  the 
"Utopia " (1616 :  which  see),  "  Luciani  Dialog!,  etc." (1506), 
"  Epigrammata,  etc. "  (1618),  a  number  of  volumes  of  letters 
to  Erasmus  and  others,  dissertations,  etc.  His  Latin  works 
were  first  collected  at  Basel  in  1663.  The  most  complete 
edition  was  that  published  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main  and 
Leipsic,  1689. 

More  of  More  Hall.  An  English  legendary  hero 
who  slew  the  Dragon  of  Wantley. 

Morea  (mo-re'a).  The  name  given  in  modem 
geography  to  the  Peloponnesus. 

Called  Morea  by  the  modern  post-Hellenic  or  Romaic 
Greeks,  from  jnore,  the  name  for  the  sea  in  the  Slavonic 
vernacular  of  its  Inhabitants  during  the  heart  of  the  mid- 
dle ages.         Jf.  Arnold,  Study  of  Celtic  Lit.,  p.  79,  note. 

Moreau  (mo-ro'),  Heg6sippe.  Bom  at  Paris, 
April  9, 1810:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  10, 1838.  A 
French  poet.  His  poems  were  published  under 
the  name  "  Myosotis"  in  1838. 

Moreau,  Jean  V  ictor.  Bom  at  Morlaix,  France, 
Aug.  11, 1761:  died  at  Laun,  Bohemia,  Sept.  2, 
1813.  A  French  general.  He  commanded  the  right 
wing  of  Pichegm's  army  in  Holland  in  1796,  and  super- 
seded Pichegru  as  commander  of  the  army  of  the  Rhine 
and  the  Moselle  in  1796.  He  crossed  the  Rhine  at  Kehl 
June  24,  defeated  the  archduke  Charles  at  Ettlingen  July 
9,  and  drove  the  Austrians.  back  to  the  Danub^  when 
the  defeat  of  the  army  of  the  Meuse  and  the  Sambre  un- 
der Jourdan  compelled  him  to  retreat.  He  commanded 
in  Italy  in  1799,  being  defeated  by  the  Russians  under  Su- 
varoff  at  Cassano,  April  7.  In  1800  he  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  army  of  the  Rhine  by  the  first  consul, 
'Bonaparte;  and  in  the  same  year  gained  a  decisive  victory 
over  file  Austiians  at  Hohenlinden  (Dec.  3).  Having  placed 
himseU  at  the  head  of  a  party  of  republicans  and  royalists 


706 

opposed  to  Napoleon,  he  was  in  1804  sentenced  to  two 
years'  imprisonment  on  the  charge  of  complicity  in  Ca- 
doudal  and  Pichegru 's  conspiracy  against  the  first  con- 
sul. The  sentence  was  commuted  to  exile.  He  lived  in 
the  United  States  (near  Trenton,  New  Jersey)  from  1805  to 
1813,  when  he  entered  the  Russian  service.  He  was  mor- 
tally wounded  at  the  battle  of  Dresden,  Aug.  27,  and  died 
Sept.  2,  1813. 

Moreau  de  Saint-M^ry  (mo-ro'  de  san'ma-re'), 
M6deric  Louis  £lie.  Bom  at  Fort  Boyal, 
Martinique,  Jan.  13,  1750 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan. 
28,  1819.  A  French  jurist  and  author,  a  dis- 
tant relative  of  the  empress  Josephine.  He  was 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  French  Santo  Domingo, 
1780 ;  deputy  for  Martinique  at  Paris,  1790 ;  was  impris- 
oned by  the  Revolutionary  tribunal,  but  escaped  and  lived 
in  the  United  States  until  1800.  From  1800  to  1806  he  was 
councilor  of  state.  He  published  "  Lois  et  constitutions 
des  colonies  francaises  de  I'Am^rique  sous  le  vent" 
(Paris,  5  vols.,  1784-86),  and  important  works  on  Santo 
Domingo,  etc. 

Morecambe  (mor'kam).  A  watering-place  in 
Lancashire,  England,  onMorecambe  Bay  three 
miles  west  of  Lancaster. 

Morecambe  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Irish  Sea, 
separating  the  northwestern  detached  part  of 
Lancashire,  England,  from  the  main  division. 

More  Dissemblers  besides  Women.  A  com- 
edy by  Thomas  Middleton,  licensed  as  "  an  old 
play "  in  1623,  printed  in  1657  with  "  Women 
beware  Women,"  but  certainly  acted  before 
1623. 

Morelia  (mo-ra'le-a),  formerly  Valladolid  (val- 
ya-THo-leTH').  The  capital  of  the  state  of 
Michoacan,  Mexico,  situated  about  125  miles 
west  by  north  of  Mexico :  so  named  in  1828  in 
honor  of  the  patriot  Morelos.  It  was  founded 
in  1541.    Population  (1895),  32,287. 

Morell  (mo-rel').  Sir  Charles.  I'he  pseudonym 
of  the  Eev.  James  Kidley,  under  which  he  wrote 
"  The  Tales  of  the  Genii "  (1764). 

Morelia  (mo-ral'ya).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Castellon,  eastern  Spain,  78  miles  southwest 
of  Tarragona :  the  Roman  Castra  iSlia.  It  has 
an  old  castle.     Population  (1887),  6,812. 

Morellet  (mo-rel-la'),  Audr^.  Bom  at  Lyons, 
March  7,  1727:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  12,  1819.  A 
French  litt&ateur  and  philosophical  writer. 
He  wrote  "Melanges  de  litt^rature  et  de  phi- 
losophie  au  XVHIe  sifecle  "  (1818),  etc. 

Morelos  (mo-ra'los).  A  state  of  Mexico,  situ- 
ated south  of  the  state  of  Mexico.  Capital, 
Cuemavaca.  The  largest  town  is  Cuautla 
(14,000  inhabitants).  Area,  about  2,000  square 
miles.     Population  (1895),  159,800. 

Morelos,  orMontemQrelos  (mon-ta-mo-ra'los). 
A  town  in  the  state  of  Nuevo  Leon,  Mexico, 
situated  about  55  miles  southeast  of  Monterey. 
Population  (1894),  15,279. 

Morelos  y  Pavon  (mo-ra'16s  e  pa-v6n'),  Jos6 
Maria.  Born  near  Apatzingan,  Michoacan, 
Sept.  30, 1765 :  died  near  Mexico,  Dec.  22, 1815. 
A  Mexican  patriot.  He  was  a  priest;  joined  the  re- 
volt of  Hidalgo  in  1810 ;  held  separate  commands ;  and  at 
first  was  very  successful,  but  after  Nov.,  1813,  was  re- 
peatedly defeated.  He  was  finally  captured,  Nov.  6, 1815, 
taken  to  Mexico,  and  shot. 

The  last  notable  auto  de  fi  (November  26, 1816)  was  that 
at  which  the  accused  was  the  patriot  Morelos.  The  find- 
ing against  him  was  a  foregone  conclusion.  "The  Pres- 
bltero  Jos6  Maria  Morelos,"  declared  the  inquisitors, "is 
an  unconfessed  heretic  (kereje  formal  negativo),  an  abet- 
tor of  heretics,  and  a  disturber  of  the  ecclesiastical  hier. 
archy ;  a  prof  aner  of  the  holy  sacraments ;  a  traitor  to  God, 
to  the  King,  and  to  the  Pope."  For  which  sins  he  was 
"condemned  to  do  penance  in  a  penitent's  dress  "(after 
the  usual  form),  and  was  surrendered  to  the  tender  mer- 
cies of  the  secular  arm.      JarmUr,  Mexican  Guides  p.  29. 

Morelove  (mor'luv),  Lord.  The  lover  of  Lady 
Betty  Modish  in  Cibber's  "Careless  Husband." 

In  Lord  Morelove  we  have  the  first  lover  in  English 
comedy,  since  licentiousness  possessed  it,  who  is  atonce  a 
gentleman  and  an  honest  man.    Dorart,  Eng.  Stage,  p.  200. 

Moreno  (mo-ra'no),  Francisco.  Bom  at  Bue- 
nos Ayres,  Oct.  7, 1827.  An  Argentine  explorer 
and  ethnologist,  since  1872  he  has  made  numerous 
expeditions  to  wie  wilder  parts  of  the  country,  with  the 
special  object  of  studying  the  Indian  tribes.  In  1880  he 
was  captured  by  the  Pehuelches  and  condemned  to  death, 
but  escaped. 

Moreno,  Gabriel  Garcia.    See  Garcia  Moreno. 

Moresnet  (mo-ra-na'),  or  Eelmis  (kel'mis). 
A  small  neutral  strip  of  land  southwest  of  Aix- 
la-Chapelle,  between  Prussia  and  Belgium,  it 
Is  ruled  conjointly  by  officials  of  these  two  coun&ies.  Pop- 
ulation, aljout,  3,000. 

Moret  (mo-ra')'  -^  town  in  the  department  of 
Seine-et-Mame,  France,  situated  on  the  Lorng 
40  miles  southeast  of  Paris.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  2,068. 

Moreto  (mo-ra'to),  Agustin.  Bom  at  Madrid 
about  1618:  died  1669.  A  noted  Spanish  dram- 
atist. He  wrote  "El  valiente  justiciero"  ("The  Brave 
Justiciary  "X"  El  Undo  Don  Diego  "  ("The  Handsome  Don 


Morgan,  Lady  (Sydney  Owenson) 

Diego"),  "El  desden  con  el  desden" ("Disdain  with  Dis- 
dain"), etc. 

Of  those  that  divided  the  favor  of  the  public  with  theii 
great  master  [Calderon],  none  stood  so  near  to  him  as 
Augustin  Moreto,  of  whom  we  know  much  less  than 
would  be  important  to  the  history  of  the  Spanish  drama. 
He  was  born  at  Madrid,  and  was  baptized  on  the  9th  of 
April,  1618.  His  best  studies  were  no  doubt  those  he 
made  at  Alcald  between  1634  and  1639.  Later  he  removed 
to  Toledo,  and  entered  the  household  of  the  Cardinal 
Archbishop,  taking  holy  orders,  and  joining  a  brother- 
hood as  early  as  1669.  Ten  years  later,  in  1669,  he  died, 
only  flfty-one  years  old,  leaving  whatever  of  property  he 
possessed  to  the  poor.  Tieknor,  Span.  Lit.,  n.  413, 

Moreton  Bay  (mor'tgn  ba).  An  inlet  of  the  Pa- 
cific, on  the  coast  of  Queensland,  Australia, 
about  lat.  27°  15'  S.  It  is  40  miles  long  and  17 
miles  wide. 

Morey  (mo'ri)  Letter,  The,  A  letter  forged  in 
the  name  of  J.  A.  Garfield,  favoring  Chinese 
cheap  labor.  It  was  published  at  New  York  in  Oct, 
1880  (shortly  before  the  presidential  election),  addressed 
to  a  fictitious  H.  L.  Morey. 

Morez  (mo-ra').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Jura,  France,  23  miles  north  by  west  of  Geneva. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  15,124. 

Morgagni  (mor-gan'ye),  Giovanni  Battista. 
Bom  at  Forli,  Italy,  Feb.  25,  1682 :  died  at 
Padua,  Italy,  Nov.  5,  1771.  An  Italian  anato- 
mist, the  founder  of  pathological  anatomy.  He 
was  professor  of  anatomy  in  Padua  from  1711.  His  chief 
work  is  "De  sedibus  et  causis  morborum  per  anatomen 
indagatis  "  ("On  the  Seat  and  Causes  of  Diseases  investi- 
gated by  Anatomy,"  1761).  He  also  wrote  "Adversaria 
anatomica^'  (1706-19),  etc. 

Morgaine.    See  Morgana. 

Morgan  (mdr'gan).  [Originally  Morgant  or 
Morcant;  Cymric,  '  sea-brink,'  or  '  one  born  on 
the  sea-shore.']  The  earliest  British  ecclesias- 
tical writer.    See  Pelagius. 

Morgan.  1.  SeeBelarius. — 3.  A  Welsh  surgeon 
in  Smollett's  " Roderick Eandom"  and  "Pere- 
grine Pickle.'' 

Morgan  (mdr'gan),  Daniel.  Bom  in  New  Jer- 
sey, 1736 :  died  at  Winchester,  Va.,  July  6, 
1802.  An  American  general.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  expedition  under  Arnold  against  Quebec 
1775-76;  commanded  the  riflemen  at  Saratoga  in  1777;  and 
defeated  Tarleton  at  Cowpens  in  1781.  He  attained  the 
rank  of  major-general. 

Morgan,  Edwin  Dennison.  Bom  at  Washing- 
ton, Mass.,  Feb.  8,  1811:  died  at  New  York, 
Feb.  14, 1883.  An Americanmerchantandpoli- 
tician.  He  was  governor  of  New  York  1859-62, 
and  United  States  senator  from  New  York 
1863-69. 

Morgan,  Sir  Henry.  Bom  in  Wales,  1635  (?) : 
died  in  Jamaica,  1688.  The  most  celebrated 
commander  of  the  bucaneers.  He  ran  away  to 
sea,  went  to  Barbados,  and  thence  to  Jamaica,  where  he 
joined  the  bucaneers,  and  soon  became  a  leader.  His 
ravages  extended  over  the  Spanish  coasts  of  the  Carib- 
bean Sea.  He  pillaged  parts  of  Cuba,  and  took  and  ran- 
somed Puerto  Bello  1668,  and  Maracaibo  1669,  In  1670  he 
collected  37  vessels  and  2,200  men,  captured  a  fort  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Chagres  River,  crossed  the  isthmus,  and 
took  Panama,  after  a  battle  with  about  3,000  Spanish  sol- 
diers, Jan,,  1671.  The  city  was  sacked  and  burned,  and 
immense  plunder  was  secured.  Here,  as  elsewhere,  the 
Spaniards  were  treated  with  great  inhumanity.  Morgan 
was  prevented  by  royal  orders  from  organizing  another 
expedition.  He  returned  to  England,  where  he  was 
knighted  by  Charles  n.  and  made  a  commissioner  of  the 
admiralty.  Later  he  resided  in  Jamaica,  where  he  was 
lieutenant-governor  and  commander-in-chief,  and  for  a 
time  was  acting  governor, 

Morgan,  John  Hunt.  Bom  at  Huntsville,  Ala., 
June  1, 1826 :  died  Sept,  4, 1864.  .An  American 
general  in  the  Confederate  service.  He  entered 
the  Confederate  army  as  a  captain  at  the  beginning  of  the 
CivU  War ;  was  promoted  major-general  in  1862 ;  and  in 
1863  commanded  a  cavalry  raid  into  Kentucky,  Ohio,  and 
Indiana,  which  resulted  in  his  capture  and  imprisonment 
in  the  Ohio  penitentiary.  He  made  his  escape  later  in  the 
same  year,  and  undertook  a  raid  into  Tennessee,  He  was 
surrounded  and  killed  by  Union  troops  under  General  Al- 
van  C.  Gillem,  near  Greenville,  Tennessee, 

Morgan,  Lewis  Henry.  Bom  near  Aurora, 
N.Y.,Nov.21,1818:diedatRochester,N.Y.,Dec. 
17, 1881.  An  American  ethnologist  and  arehee- 
ologist.  He  published  "League of  the  Iroquois " (1851), 
"Systems  of  Consanguinity  and  Afttnity  of  the  Human 
Family,"  "Ancient  Society,"  etc. 

Morgan,  Lady  (Sydney  Owenson).  Bom  at 
Dublin  about  1783:  died  at  London,  April  14, 
1859o  An  Irish  novelist,  daughter  of  an  Irish 
actor.  She  published  a  volume  of  poemt,  and  a  novel, 
"St.  Clair,"  in  1804.  "The  Wild  Irish  Girl,"  a  political 
hovel,  made  her  reputation  in  1S06.  In  1812  she  married 
Sir  T,  C.  Morgan,  M,  D.,  who  was  knighted  in  her  interest 
Among  her  other  works  are  "O'Donnel"  (1814), "Florence 
Macarthy  " (1816), " France  under  theBourbons,  etc. " (Ism 
and  its  companion  "Italy,  etc."  (1821)  (these  excited  furi- 
ous opposition  both  in  England  and  on  the  Continent), 
"Life  and  Times  of  Salvator  Rosa"  (1823),  "Woman  and 
her  Master"  (1840),  "The  Book  Without  a  Name"  (with  Sir 
T.  C.  Morgan,  1841),  "  Luxima,  the  Prophetess^'  (1859), 
"Passages  from  my  Autobiography:  an  Odd  Volume^ 
(1869 :  this  contains  her  letters  for  the  years  181S-19,  etc.>, 
etc. 


Morgan,  Sir  Tbomas  Charles 

Morgan,  Sir  Thomas  Charles.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don about  1783 :  died  there,  Aug.  28, 1843.  An 
English  author,  the  husband  of  Lady  Morgan. 
He  waB  educated  at  Eton  and  at  St.  Peter's,  Cambridge. 
His  works  include  " Stretches  of  the  Philosophy  of  Life" 
(1818)  and  "  Sketches  of  the  Philosophy  of  Morals  "(1822). 

Morgan,  William.  Died  1826.  A  mechanic  of 
Batavia,  New  York,  alleged  to  have  been  ab- 
ducted and  killed  by  Freemasons  for  revealing 
secrets  of  the  order. 

Morgana  (mdr-ga'na),  orMorgaine  (mor-gan'). 
[Morgana  is  the  Breton  equivalent  of  'sea-wo- 
man,'from  mor,  sea,  and  gwen,  splendens  foe- 
mina.]  Li  Celtic  legend  and  Arthurian  ro- 
mance, a  fairy,  sister  of  King  Arthur.  lu  the 
romance  of  "Ogier  the  Dane"  she  receives  Ogier  in  the 
Isle  of  Avalon  when  he  is  over  one  hundred  years  of  age, 
and  restores  him  to  eternal  youth.  She  is  also  known  as 
Morgan  or  Morgue  le  Fay,  and  in  the  Italian  romances  as 
Fata  ("fairy")  Morgana. 

The  fairy  Morgana  [Morgaine,  sister  of  Arthur],  who  is  a 
principal  character  in  this  romance  ['"Mprted' Arthur"]  and 
discovered  to  Arthur  the  intrigue  of  Geneura  with  Lance- 
lot, is  a  leading  personage  not  only  in  other  tales  of  chiv- 
alry, but  also  in  the  Italian  poems.  In  the  Orlando  Furioso 
she  convinces  her  brother  of  the  infidelity  of  his  queen  by 
means  of  a  magical  horn.  About  a  fifth  part  of  the  Orlando 
Innamorato,  beginning  at  canto  thirty-six,  is  occupied  with 
the  Fata  Morgana.  She  is  there  represented  as  dispensing 
all  the  treasures  of  the  earth,  and  as  inhabiting  a  splen- 
did residence  at  the  bottom  of  a  lake.  Thither  Orlando 
penetrates,  and  forces  her  to  deliver  up  the  knights  she  de- 
tained in  captivity,  by  seizing  her  by  a  lock  of  hair  and 
conjuring  her  in  the  name  of  her  master  Demogorgon.  She 
thus  became  a  well-known  character  in  Italy,  where  the 
appellation  of  Fata  Morgana  is  given  to  that  strange  and 
almost  incredible  vision  which,  in  certain  states  of  the  tide 
and  weather,  appears  on  the  sea  that  washes  the  coast  of 
Calabria.  Every  object  at  Keggio  is  then  a  thousand  times 
reflected  on  a  marine  mirror,  or,  when  vapors  are  thick,  on 
a  species  of  aerial  screen,  elevated  above  the  surface  of 
the  water,  on  which  the  groves  and  bills  and  towers  are 
represented  as  in  a  moving  picture. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  1. 186. 

Morgante  Maggiore  (mor-gan'te  mad-jo're). 
[It.]  A  serio-burlesque  romantic  poem  by  Luigi 
Pulci  (1485):  so  called  from  its  hero,  the  giant 
Morgante.  There  is  also  a  French  romance,  of  the  Car- 
lovingian  cycle,  entitled  "Morgant  le  CJ^ant,""  which  is 
probably  taken  from  Puloi's  poem. 

Luigf  Pulci  (1431-1487),  in  Ms  Morgante  Maggiore,  which 
first  appeared  in  1485,  is  alternately  vulgar  and  burlesque, 
serious  and  insipid,  or  religious.  The  principal  charac- 
ters of  his  romance  are  the  same  which  first  appeared  in 
the  fabulous  chronicle  of  Turpin,  and  in  the  romances  of 
Adenez,  in  the  thirteenth  century.  His  real  hero  is  Or- 
lando rather  than  Morgante.  He  takes  up  the  Paladin  of 
Charlemagne  at  the  moment  when  the  intrigues  of  Gane- 
lon  de  Mayence  compel  him  to  fly  from  the  court.  One 
of  the  first  adventures  of  Orlando  is  a  combat  with  three 
giants  who  lay  siege  to  an  abbey.  Two  of  these  he  kills, 
and  makes  the  third,  Morgante,  prisoner :  converts  and 
baptizes  him ;  and  thenceforth  selects  him  as  his  brother 
in  arms,  and  the  partaker  in  all  his  adventures. 

Sismondi,  Lit.  of  South  of  Europe,  I.  323. 

Morgarten  (mor-gar'ten).  A  mountain  on  the 
border  of  the  cantons  of  Schwyz  and  Zug,  Swit- 
zerland, 17  miles  east  by  north  of  Lucerne.  Here, 
Nov.  15, 1315,  the  Swiss  confederates  of  the  Forest  Can- 
tons Uri,  Schwyz,  and  Unterwalden  (1,400)  defeated  the 
Austrians  (15,000),  creating  a  panic  by  rushing  down  on 
them  from  the  heights. 

Morgenstern  (mor 'gen -stem),  Christian. 
Born  at  Hamburg,  Sept.  29,  1805:  died  at  Mu- 
nich, Feb.  26, 1867.  A  noted  German  landscape- 
painter. 

Morges  (morzh).  Atown  in  the  canton  of  Vaud, 
Switzerland,  on  the  Lake  of  Geneva  7  miles 
west  of  Lausanne.  Population  (1888),  4,088. 
Morghen  (mor'gen),  Kaffaello  Sanzio.  Born 
June  19,  1758:  died  at  Florence,  April  8,  1833. 
An  Italian  engraver.  He  was  a  pupil  of  his  father 
Filippo  and  his  uncle  Giovanni  Ella  Morghen.  His  first 
important  plate,  "  Masks  of  the  Carnival,"  was  made  in 
1778.  He  continued  his  education  under  Volpato  in  Home. 
In  1781  he  engraved  Baphael's  "  Poetry  "  and  ■'  Theology "" ; 
in  1787  Guido  Beni's  "Aurora";  and,  later,  Leonardo's  "Last 
Supper"  and  Raphael's  "Transfiguration."  He  became 
professor  6l  engraving  in  the  Academy  of  Arts  in  Florence 
in  1793. 
Morglana  (m6r-gi-a'na).  A  character  m  the 
story  of  "  All  Baba  and  the  Forty  Thieves,"  in 
"  The  Arabian  Nights  Entertainments  " :  a  slave 
of  Casfiim  and  .Ali  Baba.  She  aids  in  the  conceal- 
ment of  Cassim's  murder,  and  discovers  the  robbers,  who 
are  brought  by  their  captain,  concealed  in  oil-jars,  to  Ali 
Baba'a  house.  She  kills  them  by  pouring  boiling  oil  into 
the  jars.  She  recognizes  their  captain  wlien,  as  Cogia 
Houssain,  he  dines  with  All  Baba,  and  stabs  him  as  she 
dances  the  "  dagger  dance. "  AU  Baba  shows  his  gratitude 
by  marrying  her  to  his  son. 
Morglay(ni6r'gla).  [Same  as  cZaj/more.]  The 
sword  of  Sir  Bevis  of  Hampton. 
Morhault  (mdr'hait),  Sir.  A  celebrated  charac- 
ter in  the  romances  of  chivalry.  Also  written 
Marhous,  Moraunt,  Morholf,  etc. 
Morhof  (mor 'hof),  Daniel  Georg.  Bom  at 
Wismar,  Germany,  Feb.  6, 1639:  died  at  Liibeek, 
June  30,  1691,  A  German  scholar,  appointed 
professor  of  oratory  and  poetry  at  Kiel  in  1665, 


707 

professor  also  of  history  in  1673,  and  librarian 
in  1680.  He  wrote  a  work  on  universal  litera- 
ture, entitled  "Polyhistor"  (1688:  best  edition 
174'7),  etc. 
Moria  (mo'ri-a).  A  character  in  Ben  Jonson's 
"Cynthia's  Revels." 

'Tis  Madam  Moria  (folly),  guardian  of  the  nymphs ;  one 
that  is  not  now  to  be  persuaded  of  her  wit ;  she  will  think 
herself  wise  against  all  the  judgments  that  come,  A  lady 
made  all  of  voice  and  air,  talks  anything  of  anything. 

Act  ii. 

Moriah(mo-ri'a).  A  hill  in  Jerusalem,  the  site 
of  Solomon's  temple.  Tradition  has  often  identified 
this,  but  on  insufficient  grounds,  with  the  hiU  of  Isaac's 
sacriflce  in  the  "'land of  Moriah"  (Gen.  xxii.). 

Morier  (ma'ri-er),  James.  Bom  1780 :  died  at 
Brighton,  England,  March  19,  1849.  .An  Eng- 
lish novelist  and  writer  of  travels.  He  entered 
the  diplomatic  service  as  secretary  of  Lord  Elgin.  In  1812 
he  published  "A  Journey  through  Persia,  Ajraenia,  and 
Asia  Minor  to  Constantinople  1808-9."  From  1810  to 
1814  he  wag  secretary  of  embassy  at  the  court  of  Persia. 
He  published  his  "Second  Journey"  in  1818 ;  a  romance, 
"  The  Adventures  of  Haj  ji  Baba  of  Ispahan,"  in  1824 ;  and 
"Zohrab  the  Hostage"  in  18S2. 

Morike  (mS'ri-ke),  Eduard.  BomatLudwigs- 
burg,  Wtirtemberg,  Sept.  8, 1804:  died  at  Stutt- 
gart, Wiirtemberg,  June  4,  1875.  A  German 
poet  of  the  "Swabian  school,"  and  novelist. 
.Among  his  works  are  the  novel  "  Maler  Nolten" 
(1832),  the  poem  "IdyllevomBodensee"  (1846), 
etc. 

Morillo  (mo-rel'yo),  Pablo.  Bom  at  Puente  de 
Malva,  1777:  died  at  Kochefort,  France,  July 
27,1838.  A  Spanish  general.  As  field-marshal  he 
commanded  10,600  men  sent  early  in  1815  to  reduce  the 
revolted  provinces  of  Venezuela  and  New  Granada.  At 
first  he  swept  all  opposition  before  him ;  occupied  Caracas 
May,  1815 ;  took  Cartagena,  after  a  siege  of  4  months,  Dec. 
6 ;  and  on  May  26, 1816,  entered  Bogota,  where  he  executed 
125  prominent  citizens.  In  1817  he  met  with  many  reverses 
in  Venezuela,  and  in  1819  was  outwitted  by  Bolivar,  who 
during  his  absence  gained  the  battle  of  Boyac^  (Aug.  7), 
and  recovered  Bogota.  In  1820  he  signed  a  truce  with 
Bolivar,  and  wa£  recalled  at  his  own  request.  In  1822  he 
sided  with  the  constitutionalists,  and  later  submitted  to 
French  intervention.  In  Aug.,  1823,  he  was  degraded 
by  the  king,  and  retired  to  France.  He  published  an  ac- 
count of  his  American  campaigns  in  1826. 

Morini  (mor'i-ni).  A  Celtic  people  of  Gallia 
Belgica,  living  in  the  vicinity  of  the  modem 
Boulogne. 

Moriscos  (mo-ris'koz).  In  Spanish  history,  per- 
sons of  the  Moorish  race ;  the  Moors.  The  name 
was  applied  to  the  Moors  after  their  conquest  by  the  Span- 
iards.   They  were  expelled  from  Spain  in  1609. 

Morison  (mor'i-son),  James  Augustus  Cotter. 
Born  at  London,  1832 :  died  Feb.  26, 1888.  An 
English  author.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford  (Lincoln 
College).  He  was  a  positivist  in  philosophy.  He  was  a 
contributor  to  the  "'Saturday  Keview,"  and  published 
"'Life  and  Times  of  St.  Bernard,  etc.,"  in  1863,  and  '"The 
Service  of  Man :  an  Essay  towards  the  Beliglon  of  the  Fu- 
ture," in  1887,  etc. 

Morison,  Robert.  Bom  at  Aberdeen,  1620:  died 
Nov.  10,  1683.  A  Scottish  botanist.  He  served 
the  king  in  the  civil  war,  and  took  his  doctor's  degree  at 
Angers  in  1648.  In  1650  he  became  superintendent  of  the 
garden  formed  at  Blois  by  Gaston,  duke  of  Orleans.  After 
the  ^Restoration  he  was  made  botanist  royal,  court  physi- 
cian, and  professor  of  botany  at  Oxford.  He  published 
""Plantarum  Historia  Universalis  Oxoniensis  "  (1680). 

Morlacca  (mor-lak'ka).  The  country  of  the 
Morlaks. 

Morlaix  (mor-la').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  FinistSre,  France,  situated  near  the  English 
Channel  42  miles  north-northeast  of  Quimper. 
It  has  a  harbor  on  a  tidal  river.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  16,300. 

Morlaks  (mdr'laks).  A  Slavic  people  dwelling 
near  the  Adriatic  in  Istria,  Croatia,  and  Dal- 
matia:  closely  allied  to  the  Serbs. 

Morland  (mdr'land),  Catherine.  The  princi- 
pal character  in  Miss  Austen's  novel  "North- 
anger  Abbey." 

Morland,  George.  Bom  at  London,  June  26, 
1763:  died  there,  Oct.  27,  1804.  An  English 
painter,  son  of  a  painter  and  picture-dealer. 
In  1786  he  married  a  sister  of  James  Ward  the  animal- 
painter.  He  painted  moralities  in  the  manner  of  Hogarth, 
also  genre  and  animals,  and  was  noted  equally  for  the  bril- 
liancy of  his  work  and  the  extreme  recklessness  of  his  life. 
His  picture  "  Inside  of  a  Stable  "  is  in  the  National  Gallery. 

Morland,  Henry.  In  Colman  the  younger's 
"Heir-at-Law,"  the  missing  and  finally  reap- 
pearing heir  to  the  title  and  estates  of  Lord 
Duberly.   He  is  in  love  with  Caroline  Dormer. 

Morley  (m&r'li).  A  municipal  borough  in  the 
West  Eiding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  southwest 
of  Leeds.    Population  (1891),  18,725. 

Morley,  Henry.  Bom  at  London,  Sept.  15, 1822 : 
died  May  14, 1894.  An  English  author.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Moravian  school  at  Neuwied-on-the-Ehine, 
and  at  King's  College,  London.  He  practised  medioinefrom 
1844  to  1848.  He  wrote  for  "'Household  Words"  and  the 
"Examiner  "  from  1850  to  1864,  and  was  editor  of  the  latter 
during  part  of  that  time ;  was  professor  of  the  English  lan- 


Moro 

guage  and  literature  from  1865  to  1889at  University  College, 
London ;  heldthesamepositionatQueen'sCJoIlege,  London, 
from  1878 ;  and  became  principal  of  University  Hall  in  1882. 
He  wrote  ""A  Defence  of  Ignorance  "  (1861),  liveaot  Palissy 
(1862),  Cardan  Q864),  Cornelius  Agrippa  (1856), "'  Memoirs  of 
Bartholomew  Fair''  (1867),  "English  Writers  before  Chau- 
cer "  (1864-67), " ' Fu-st  Sketch  of  English  Literature  "  (1873X 
and  "Library  of  English  Literature ";  and  edited  BosweU's 
"Life  of  Johnson  "  in  1886.  He  began  "English  Writers  " 
in  1887.  Ten  volumes  had  been  issued  at  his  death.  In 
1864-67  a  preliminary  book  with  the  same  title  was  pub- 
lished, which  was  afterward  merged  in  the  larger  work. 

Morley,  John.  Bom  at  Blackburn,  Lancashire, 
Dee.  24, 1838.  AnEnglish  statesman  and  author. 
He  was  educated  at  Cheltenham  and  Oxford  (Lincoln  Col- 
lege) ;  graduated  in  1859 ;  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1859. 
From  1867  to  1882  he  edited  the  '"Fortnightly  Review," 
from  1880  to  1883  the  "'Pall  Mall  Gazette,"  and  from  1883 
to  1886  "  Macmilians  Magazine. "  He  has  been  member  of 
Parliament  for  Newcastle-on-Tyne  1883-95,  and  for  Mon- 
trose Burghs  1896-.  He  has  been  a  supporter  of  Gladston  e's 
Irish  and  general  policy ;  was  chief  .secretary  for  Ireland 
in  1886 ;  and  was  reappointed  in  1892.  He  has  written 
"'Edmund  Burke"  (1867),  "Voltaire"  (1872),  "Rousseau" 
(1876), "DiderotandtheBncyolopcedists"  (1878),  ''Richard 
Cobden"  (1881),  "The  Struggle  for  National  Education" 
(2d  ed.  1873K  ' '  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson  "  (1884) ,  etc. 

Morley,  Mrs.  The  name  under  which  Queen 
Anne  conducted  her  correspondence  with  the 
Duchess  of  Marlborough,  who  signed  herself 
Mrs.  Freeman. 

Morley,  Thomas.  Bom  in  England  about  1557: 
died  at  London,  1604.  An  English  musician. 
He  studied  at  Oxford,  and  was  a  pupil  in  music  of  William 
Bird.  He  wrote  6  books  of  canzonets  or  madrigals  (1593- 
1600),  "A  Plaine  and  Easie  Introduction  to  Practical!  Mu- 
sicke"(1597),  and  edited  "The  'Mumphsof  Oriana"(1601: 
a  collection  of  madrigals  in  honor  of  Queen  Elizabeth),  and 
other  books  of  canzonets,  madrigals,  etc. 

Mormon  (m6r'mgn),  Book  of.  One  of  the  au- 
thoritative writings  of  the  Mormon  Church.  Ac- 
cording to  the  Mormons,  it  is  the  record  of  certain  ancient 
peoples  in  America,  abridged  by  the  prophet  Mormon,  writ- 
ten on  golden  plates,  and  discovered  by  Joseph  Smith  at 
Cumorah  (western  New  York),  and  translated  by  him.  By 
anti-Mormons  it  is  generally  regarded  as  taken  from  a  ro- 
mance written  about  1811  by  Solomon  Spaulding,  whose 
manuscript  was  used  by  Smith  and  Rigdon. 

Mormons  (mdr'monz).  The  adherents  of  a  re- 
ligious body  in  tlie  United  States,  which  calls 
itself  "  The  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter- 
day  Saints."  This  denomination  was  founded  in  1830 
by  Joseph  Smith,  a  native  of  Sharon,  Vermont.  The  gov- 
ernment of  the  church  is  a  hierarchy  consisting  of  two  or- 
ders of  priesthood,  an  order  of  Melchizedek  (the  higher), 
and  an  Aaronic  oi:  lesser  order.  The  former  is  presided 
over  by  a  president  and  two  counselors  whose  authority 
extends  over  the  entire  church,  and  it  includes  the  twelve 
apostles,  the  seventies,  the  patriarch,  the  high  priests,  and 
the  elders.  The  twelve  apostles  constitute  a  traveling 
high  council,  which  ordains  other  oflacers  and  is  intrusted 
with  general  ecclesiastical  authority ;  the  seventies  are  the 
missionaries  and  the  propagandists  of  the  body ;  the  pa- 
triarch pronounces  the  blessing  of  the  church ;  the  high 
priests  oificiate  in  the  oflQces  of  the  church  in  the  absence 
of  any  higher  authorities ;  and  the  elders  conduct  meet- 
ings and  superintend  the  priests.  ■  The  Aaronic  priesthood 
includes  the  bishops,  the  priests,  the  teachers,  and  the 
deacons :  the  two  last  named  are  the  subordinate  orders 
in  the  church.  The  duties  of  the  bishops  are  largely  secu- 
lar. The  entire  territory  governed  by  the  church  is  di- 
vided and  subdivided  into  districts,  for  the  more  efficient 
collection  of  tithes  and  the  administration  of  the  govern- 
ment. The  Mormons  accent  the  Bible,  the  Book  of  Mor- 
mon, and  the  Book  of  Doctrine  and  Covenants  as  authori- 
tative, and  regard  the  head  of  their  church  as  invested  with 
divine  authority,  receiving  his  revelations  as  the  word  of 
God,  the  Lord.  They  maintain  the  doctrines  of  repentance 
and  faith,  a  literal  resurrection  of  the  dead,  the  second 
coming  of  Christ  and  his  reign  upon  the  earth  paving  the 
seat  of  his  power  in  their  territory),  baptism  by  immersion, 
baptism  for  the  dead,  and  polygamy  as  a  sacred  duty  for 
those  who  are  capable  of  entering  into  such  marriage. 
The  Mormons  settled  first  at  Kirtland,  Ohio,  then  in  Mis- 
souri, and,  after  their  expulsion  from  these  places,  in  Nau- 
voo,  Illinois.  In  1847-48  they  removed  to  Utah,  and  have 
since  spread  into  Idaho,  Arizona,  Wyoming,  etc.  They 
have  frequently  defied  the  United  States  government. 
There  is  also  A  comparatively  small  branch  of  the  Mormon 
Church,  entitled  '"The  Reorganized  Church  of  Jesus  Christ 
of  Latter-day  Saints,"  which  is  opposed  to  polygamy  and 
is  ecclesiastically  independent  of  the  original  organization. 
Also  Mormonists,  Mormonitee. 

Mornay  (mor-na'),  Philippe  de,  Seigneur  du 
Plessis-Marly,  known  as  Duplessis-Mornay. 
Born  at  the  Chateau Buhy,  Normandy,  Nov.  5, 
1549 :  died  at  La  For6t-sur-S6vre,  France,  Nov. 
11, 1623.  A  French  diplomatist,  politician,  and 
Huguenot  leader.  His  ' '  M6moires  "  were  pub- 
lished in  1624. 

Mornington,  Earl  of.    See  Wellesley. 

Morny  (mor-ne'),  Charles  Auguste  Louis 
Joseph,  Due  de.  Bom  at  Paris,  Oct.  23, 1811 : 
died  at  Paris,  March  10, 1865.  A  French  poli- 
tician, illegitimate  son  of  the  Comte  de  Flahaut 
and  Queen  Hortense:  half-brother  of  Napoleon 
HI.  He  was  a  leading  conspirator  in  the  coiip  d'etat  of 
Dec.,  1851 ;  minister  of  the  interior  1851-52 ;  president  of 
the  Corps  L^gislatif  1854-65;  and  ambassador  to  Russia 
1866-67. 

Moro  (m5'r6),  Attoni  or  Antonis :  called  Sir 
Anthony  More.  Born  at  Utrecht,  Netherlands, 
about  1512:  died  at  Antwerp  about  1578.  A 
Dutch  portrait-painter. 


Moro  Castle 

Moro  Castle.    See  Morro  Castle. 

Morocco  (mo-rok'6),  or  Marocco  (ma-rok'o), 
F.  Maroc  (ma-rok').  A  country  in  northwest- 
ern Africa.  Capitals,  Fez  and  Morocco,  it  is 
bounded  by  the  Mediterranean  on  the  north,  Algeria  on 
the  east,  the  Sahara  on  the  south,  and  the  Atlantic  on 
the  northwest  and  west:  its  southern  boundaries  are 
undefined.  It  is  traversed  from  west  to  east  by  the  At- 
las Mountains.  Government  is  administered  by  a  sultan 
with  despotic  powers.  The  leading  races  are  the  Moors, 
Berbers,  and  Jews.  The  religion  is  largely  Mohammedan. 
Morocco  corresponds  to  the  ancient  Mauretanialingitana. 
It  was  conquered  by  the  Arabs  about  700 ;  was  under  the 
Almoravides  in  the  11th  and  12th  centuries,  and  under  the 
Almohades  in  the  12th  and  13th  ;  was  flourishing  iu  the 
16th  century  and  part  of  the  17th ;  and  was  defeated  in 
war  with  France  in  1844,  and  in  war  with  Spain  in  1869- 
1860.  The  Kifiian  tribes  of  the  north  came  into  collision 
with  Spain  in  1893,  and  were  defeated,  Morocco  being 
forced  to  pay  a  large  indemnity.  Area,  exclusive  of  the 
Saharan  tract  and  Tuat,  about  219,000  square  miles.  The 
population  is  variously  estimated :  it  is  probably  about 
8,000,000. 

Morocco,  or  Marocco.  One  of  the  capitals  of 
the  sultanate  of  Morocco,  situated  about  lat.  31° 
40'  N.,  long.  7°  35'  W.  It  was  founded  about 
1072,  and  has  manufactures  of  morocco  leather. 
Population,  about  50,000. 

Morocco.    See  Banks's  horse. 

Morochucos  (mo-ro-oho'kos).  A  branch  of  the 
Quichua  Indians  of  Peru,  in  the  department  of 
Ayaeuoho,  southeast  of  Lima.  They  have  retained 
a  form  of  tribal  organization  under  Spanish  and  Peruvian 
rule,  and  are  noted  for  their  attachment  to  republican  free- 
dom. During  the  Chilean  war  of  1881  they  fought  for  the 
Peruvians  under  their  own  chiefs. 

Moron,  or  Moron  de  la  Frontera  (mo-ron'  da 
la  fron-ta'ra).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Se- 
ville, Spain,  35  miles  southeast  of  Seville.  Pop- 
ulation (1887),  16,103. 

Morone  (mo-ro'ne),  Giovanni  di.  Bom  at  Mi- 
lan, May  25,  1509 :  died  at  Rome,  Deo.  1, 1580. 
An  Italian  cardinal  and  diplomatist. 

Moroni  (mo-ro'ne),  orMorone,  Giambattista. 
Bom  at  Albino,  near  Bergamo,  Italy,  about 
1510:  died  about  1578.  An  Italian  portrait- 
painter. 

Moro  (mo'ro)  Pass.  A  pass  leading  from  Ma- 
cugnaga,  in  northern  Italy,  northward  over  the 
Valais  Alps.    Height,  9,390  feet. 

Morose  (mo-ros').  In  Ben  Jonson's  comedy 
"  Epicosne,  or  the  Silent  Woman,"  a  melan- 
choly recluse  who  can  bear  no  sound  except 
that  of  his  own  voice.  His  melancholy  degenerates 
into  vice  and  cruelty ;  to  disinherit  his  nephew  he  marries, 
as  he  supposes,  a  silent  woman,  who  turns  out  to  be  not 
only  a  loud-voiced  scold,  but — a  boy.  (See  Dcmphine  and 
E^AX^ne.)  Not  only  the  name  and  character  of  Morose,  but 
several  of  his  shorter  speeches,  are  copied  or  Imitated  from 
Libanius. 

Morosini  (mo-ro-se'ne),  Andrea.  Bom  at  Ven- 
ice, Feb.  13, 1558:  died  June  29, 1618.  A  Vene- 
tian historian.  He  studied  belles-lettres  at  Padua,  and 
held  various  public  offices  at  Venice,  eventually  obtaining 
a  seat  in  the  Council  of  Ten.  He  was  appointed  histo- 
riographer of  the  republic  in  1598.  He  wrote  "  Historia 
Yeneta  ab  anno  1621  ad  annum  1615  "  (1623),  etc. 

Morosini,  Francesco.    Born  1618:  died  1694. 

A  Venetian  general.  He  surrendered  Candia  to  the 
Turks  in  1669,  but  was  distinguished  later  for  his  victories 
over  them,  especially  for  his  conquest  of  the  Morea. 

MorotOCOS  (mo-ro-to'kos).  An  Indian  tribe  of 
eastern  Bolivia,  between  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra 
and  the  Paraguay.  They  are  now  nearly  or  quite  ex- 
tinct. The  Morotocos  were  closely  allied  to  the  Samucus 
(which  see).  The  early  missionaries  describe  the  tribe  as 
ruled  by  women,  the  men  acting  as  servants. 

Morpeth  (m6r'peth).  A  town  in  Northumber- 
land, England,  situated  on  the  Wansbeck  14 
miles  north  of  Newcastle.  Population  (1891), 
5,219. 

Morpeth,  Viscount.   See  Howard,  George  W.  F. 

Morpheus (mdr'fus).  [Gr. Mop^eif.]  Inthelater 
Koman  poets,  a  god  of  dreams,  son  of  Sleep. 

Morphy  (m6r'fi),  Paul  Charles.  Bom  at  ^Tew 
Orleans,  June  22, 1837:  died  there,  July  10, 1884. 
A  distinguished  American  chess-player. 

Morrice  (mor'is),  Gil  or  Childe.  The  chief 
character  of  a  noted  Scotch  ballad.  He  is  killed  by 
his  mother's  husband.  Lord  Barnard,  who  is  not  his  father, 
and  who  supposes  him  to  be  her  lover,  as  she  has  con- 
cealed his  birth,  and  brought  him  up  in  the  "gude  green- 
wood." 

Morrill  (mor'il),  Justin  Smith.  Bom  at  Straf- 
ford, Vt.,  April  14,  1810:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  Deo.  28, 1898.  An  American  Republican 
politician.  He  was  a  member  of  Congress  from  Vermont 
1856-«7,  and  occupied  a  seat  in  the  United  States  Sen- 
ate 1867-M.  He  was  chiefly  known  in  connection  with 
the  so-called  Morrill  tariff,  which  was  reported  by  him  in 
the  House  in  1861. 

Morrill,  Lot  Myrick.  Bom  at  Belgrade,  Maine, 
May  3,  1813:  died  at  Augusta,  Maine,  Jan.  10, 
1883.  An  American  politician.  He  was  governor 
of  Maine  1868-60,  senator  ftom  Maine  1861-76,  and  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury  1876-77. 


708 

Morris  (mor'is).  The  capital  of  Grrundy  County, 
niinois,  54  miles  southwest  of  Chicago.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  3,653;  (1897),  est.,  5,500. 

Morris,  Clara.  Bom  at  Toronto,  March  17,1849. 
An  American  actress,  she  was  leading  lady  at  Wood's 
Theater,  Cincinnati,  in  1869,  and  went  to  New  York  in  1870. 
She  married  Frederick  C.  Harriot  in  1874.  She  is  pecu- 
liarly successful  in  emotional  characters,  and  in  depicting 
death  scenes.  Among  her  best  parts  are  Camille,  Miss 
Multon,  Mercy  Merrick  in  "The  New  Magdalen,"  Sen^e, 
and  Cora  in  "L'Article  47." 

Morris,  Dinah.  The  principal  female  character 
in  Greo:^e  Eliot's  "  Adam  Bede."  she  jsafactory 
girl  and  Wesleyan  preacher,  with  a  spiritual  clear-sighted 
nature,  and  delicate  sensitiveness  to  the  condition  and 
wants  of  others.  She  is  said  to  be  in  some  particulars  a 
sketch  from  an  aunt  of  the  author,  Elizabe,th  Evans. 

Morris,  George  Pope.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
Oct.  10,  1802 :  died  at  New  York,  July  6,  1864. 
An  American  journalist  and  poet,  with  Samuel 
Woodworth  he  established  the  "New  York  Mirror  "in 
1823  (discontinued  in  1842),  with  N.  P.  ■Willis  the  "New 
Mirror"  in  1843,  and  shortly  after  the  "Evening  Mirror." 
In  1845  he  founded  the  "National  Press."  Its  name  was 
changed  in  a  few  months  to  "The  Home  Journal."  This 
he  edited  with  Willis  till  shortly  before  his  death.  He 
wrote  "Briarcliff"(1826),  etc.,  and  edited  "American  Melo- 
dies "  and,  with  N.  P.  Willis,  "  The  Prose  and  Poetry  of 
America"  (1846).  Among  his  best-known  poems  are 
"Woodman,  Spare  that  Tree  "  and  "My  Mother's  Bible." 

Morris,  Gouvemeur.  Born  at  Morrisania,  N.  T. , 
Jan.  31,  1752:  died  at  Morrisania,  Nov.  6, 1816. 
An  American  statesman.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Continental  Congress ;  one  of  the  committee  on  drafting 
the  Constitution  in  1787 ;  United  States  minister  to  France 
1792-94 ;  and  United  States  senator  from  New  York  1800- 
1803. 

Morris,  Lewis.  Bom  at  Morrisania,  N.  Y., 
1726:  died  there,  Jan.  22,  1798.  An  American 
patriot,  brother  of  Gtouvemeiir  Morris :  a  signer 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

Morris,  Sir  Lewis.  Bom  at  Carmarthen,  1832. 
An  English  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford  (Jesus  Col- 
lege), graduating  in  1866.  He  has  written  the  "Songs  of 
Two  Worlds  "  (1871),  the  "Epic  of  Hades"  (his  best-known 
work,  1876),  "A  Vision  of  Saints"  (1890),  etc. 

Morris,  Richard.  Born  at  London,  Sept.8,1833: 
died  there.  May  12, 1894.  An  English  philologist. 
He  was  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Battersea;  was  a 
member  of  the  Chaucer,  Early  English  Text,  and  Philo- 
logical societies,  and  was  president  of  the  latter  in  1874. 
He  published  "The  Etymology  of  Local  Names"  (185% 
"Specimens  of  Early  English"  (1867),  "  Historical  Outlines 
of  English  Accidence"  (1872),  and  edited  some  of  Chaucer's 
"Canterbury  Tales  "  with  notes. 

Morris,  Robert.  Born  inEnglaud,  Jan.  20^  1734 : 
died  at  Philadelphia,  May  8,  1806.  An  Ameri- 
can financier  and  statesman,  a  signer  of  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence  as  delegate  to  the  Con- 
tinental Congress.  He  established  the  Bank  of  North 
America  in  1781 ;  was  superintendent  of  finance  1781-84 ; 
was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787; 
and  was  United  States  senator  from  Pennsylvania  1789-96. 

MorriSiWilliam.  Bom  near  London,  1834 :  died 
at  London,  Oct.  3, 1896.  An  English  poet  and 
artistic  decorator.  He  was  educated  at  Marlborough 
College  and  at  Oxford  (Exeter  College),  where  his  intimaoy 
with  Bume-Jones  began.  In  1863  he  established  the  busi- 
ness iu  stained  glass  and  decorations  which  bears  his  name. 
In  his  later  years  he  devoted  much  time  to  propagating 
the  doctrines  of  socialism.  Author  of  "  Defense  of  Guine- 
vere, and  other  Poems  "  (1868),  "  'The  Life  and  Death  of 
Jason"  (1867),  "The  Earthly  Paradise"  (1868-71),  "Love  is 
Enough  "  (1873),  "  Hopes  and  Pears  for  Art "  (1882).  In  1890 
he  began  publishing  English  versions  of  the  Icelandic  sagas. 

Morrisania  (mor-i-sa'ni-a).  A  former  village 
of  Westchester  County,  "New  York,  situated 
north  of  the  Harlem  Kiver:  now  a  part  of  New 
York  city. 

Morris  Island,  A  sand  island  at  the  southern 
entrance  of  Charleston  harbor.  South  Carolina: 
the  site  of  Fort  Wagner  and  other  fortifications 
during  the  Civil  War. 

Morrison  (mor'i-son),  Robert.  Bom  at  Mor- 
peth, Northumberland,  Jan.  5,  1782:  died  at 
Canton,  China,  Aug.  1, 1834.  An  English  mis- 
sionary. He  studied  at  the  Independent  Academy  at 
Hoxton,  and  in  1807  was  sent  by  the  London  Missionary 
Society  to  Canton.  In  1815  he  published  a  Chinese  gram- 
mar and  New  Testament;  in  1818  he  founded  the  Anglo- 
Chinese  College  at  Malacca;  and  in  1823  his  Chinese  dic- 
tionaiy  was  published  by  the  East  India  Company. 

MornstoWU  (mor'is-toun).  A  town,  capital  of 
Morris  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  the 
Whippany  River  26  miles  west  by  north  of  New 
York :  a  summer  resort.  It  was  the  headquarters  of 
the  army  under  Washington  in  the  winters  of  1776-77  and 
1779-80.     Population  (1900),  11,267. 

MorrOi(m6r'r6),  El.  [8p.,  'the  promontory.'] 
A  picturesque  rock  and  plateau  in  western  New 
Mexico,  30  miles  east  of  Zuni,  on  the  vertical 
walls  of  which  numerous  inscriptions,  some  of 
them  belonging  to  the  very  early  years  of  Span- 
ish occupation,  still  exist,  it  is  a  very  important 
historic  monument.  Many  of  the  older  inscriptions  have, 
however,  disappeared  to  make  room  for  less  important 
modern  ones.  On  the  top  of  the  plateau  or  mesa  are  the 
ruins  of  two  ancient  villages.  Also  called  Inecription 
Sock. 


Mortimer,  Roger 

Morro  Castle.  [Sp.  Castello  del  Morro,  castle 
of  the  promontory.]  A  fort  at  the  entrance 
of  the  harbor  of  Havana,  Cuba,  celebrated  in 
the  history  of  the  island.  The  dungeons  beneath  it 
have  frequently  been  used  for  political  prisoners.  Also  a 
castle  at  Santiago  de  Cuba,  similarly  situated. 

Mors  (m6rs).  An  island  in  the  Limf  jord,  north- 
ern Jutland,  Denmark. 

Morse  (m6rs),  Edward  Sylvester.  Bom  at 
Portland,  Maine,  June  18, 1838.  An  American 
ZOBlogist.  His  early  work  attracted  the  attention  of 
Louis  Agassiz,  who  induced  him  to  study  at  the  Lawrence 
Scientific  School,  Harvard,  where  he  was  assistant  till 
1862.  With  others  he  established  the  "American  Natu- 
ralist" at  Salem  about  1866,  and  founded  the  Peabody 
Academy  of  Sciences  there,  of  which  he  was  curator  and 
president  in  1881.  He  was  professor  of  comparative  anat. 
omy  and  zoology  at  Bowdoin  1871-74,  visited  Ja)pan  in  1877, 
and  became  professor  of  zoblogy  in  the  Imperial  Univer- 
sity of  Tokio.  He  returned  later  to  the  United  States.  In 
1886  he  was  made  president  of  the  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science.  Among  his  works  are 
"First  Book  in  Zoology "(1876),  "Japanese  Homes,  etc." 
(1885),  etCy  besides  numerous  scientific  and  popular  papers, 

Morse,  Jiedidiah.  Bom  at  Woodstock,  Conn., 
Aug.  23, 1761:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  June 
9, 1826.  An  American  geographer  and  Congre- 
gational divine,  author  of  a  series  of  geogra- 
phies and  gazetteers. 

Morse,  Samuel  Finley Breese.  Bom  at  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  April  27, 1791 :  died  at  New  York, 
April  2,  1872.  An  American  artist  and  invent- 
or, son  of  Jedidiah  Morse.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
College  in  1810 ;  studied  art  under  Benjamin  West  in  Eng- 
land ;  and,  after  having  tried  with  indiif  erent  success  to 
establish  himself  as  a  pcitrait-painter  in  various  Ameri- 
can cities,  opened  a  studio  at  New  York  in  1823.  He  was 
the  first  president  of  the  National  Academy  of  Design  at 
New  York  (1826-42).  He  designed  in  1832  an  electric  tele- 
graph, a  working  model  of  which  was  exhibited  in  1835. 
He  appliedforapatent  in  1837,andin]843  Congress  gran  ted 
an  appropriation  for  a  line  between  Baltimore  and  Wash- 
ington, which  was  completed  in  1844. 

Morse,  Sidney  Edwards.  Bom  at  Chariestown, 
Mass.,  Feb.  7, 1794 :  died  at  New  York,  Dec.  23, 
1871.  An  American  journalist,  geographer,  and 
inventor,  son  of  .Tedidiah  Morse.  He  founded  (con- 
jointly with  his  brother  R.  C.  Morse)  the  "New  York  Ob- 
server "  in  1823. 

Mortagne  (mor-tany').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Orne,  France,  23  miles  east  by  north  of 
Alen5on.     Population  (1891),  commune,  4,435. 

Mortara  (mor-ta'ra).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Pavia,  Italy,  26  miles  southwest  of  Milan. 
Here,  March  21, 1849,  the  Austrians  under  Archduke  Al- 
bert defeated  the  Sardinians  under  the  Duke  of  Genoa. 

Morte  Arthure  (m6rt  ar'ther) .  A  compilation 
of  prose  romances  on  the  life  and  death  of  King 
Arthur  and  the  knights  of  the  Round  Table, 
translated  from  the  French  prose  romances 
which  had  grown  from  the  early  poems,  by  Sir 
Thomas  Malory  and  printed  by  Caxton  in  1485. 
Itwas  originally  called  the  "History"or"Book  of  Arthur." 
There  is  a  metrical  English  romance  with  the  title  "Morte 
Arthure,"  said  to  have  been  written  at  the  end  of  the  14th 
century  by  Huchowne  (Hutchin),  a  Scotch  ballad-writer: 
his  authorship  has  been  denied  by  Bichard  Morris. 

Mr.  Eitson  imagines  that  the  English  metrical  romance 
of  Morte  Arthur  was  versified  from  the  prose  one  of  the 
same  title;  but,  as  it  differs  essentially  from  Malory's  prose 
work,  and  agrees  exactly  with  the  last  part  of  the  French 
romance  of  Lancelot,  it  is  more  probable  that  it  has  been 
versified  from  this  composition. 

DurUop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  185. 

Morte  d' Arthur  (m6rt  dar'thfer).  An  idyl  by 
Alfred  Tennyson,  included  later  in  the  "Idylls 
of  the  King"  under  the  title  "  The  Passing  of 
Arthur." 

Morte  d'Artus.  An  early  French  romance  which 
properly  completesthe  French  Arthurian  cycle. 
It  is  probably  by  Walter  Map. 

Morte  de  PompSe,  La.  [F., '  The  Death  of  Pom- 
■pey.']   AtragedybyCoraeille, produced inl642. 

Morteira  (mor-ts'ra),  Saul  Levi.  Died  1600. 
A  rabbi  in  Amsterdam,  Holland.  He  was  one  of 
the  teachers  of  Spinoza.  A  collection  of  his  sermons  was 
published  under  the  title  of  "Hill  of  Saul"  ("Gibath 
Shaul").  ^ 

Mqrtier  (mor-tya'),  fidouard  Adolphe  Casi- 
mir  Joseph,  Duo  de  Tr^vlse.  Bom  at  Cateau- 
Cambr6sis,  France,  Feb.  13, 1768 :  killed  atParis, 
July  28, 1835.  A  French  marshal,  distinguished 
throughout  the  Napoleonic  wars,  especially  at 
Friedlandinl807,iu  Spain,  and  in  the  campaigns 
of  1813-14.  He  was  premier  1834-35,  and  was 
mortally  wounded  by  Fieschi's  infernal  ma- 
chine. 

Mortimer,  Sir  Edward.  A  character  In  Col- 
man  the  younger's  "  Iron  Chest."  He  labors  under 
a  secret  sorrow,  finally  confesses  himself  a  murderer,  and 
dies.  He  differs  from  Falkland  in  "Caleb  Williams,"  on 
which  the  play  is  founded,  in  that  his  remorse  proceeds 
from  the  assassination  of  his  victim,  while  Falkland's  is 
from  letting  others  suffer  for  him. 

Mortimer  (m6r'ti-m6r),  Roger,  Earl  of  March. 
Born  about  1287 :  hanged  at  London,  Nov.  29, 


Mortimer,  Roger  709 

1330.     An  English  politician.  Having  been  thrown  Morvan  (mor-von'))  Le.    A  region  in  the  de- 
toto  prison  for  complicfty  in  the  conspiracy  of  the  Earl  of    partments  of  Yonne  and  NiSvre,  France.    It  is 
Lancaster  he  escaped  to  Paris,  where  in  1326 he  intrigued     traversed  by  a  chain  of  mountains  from  Avallon  to  Luzy 
with  IsabeUa  of  France  for  the  deposition  of  her  husband     (about  66  miles).    Highest  point,  2,976  feet. 
Edward  II.  of  England.  He  commanded  the  queens  forces  i|ir„__.„  /„»   /         %       T  „  In,j„„i  q     ti-  i,  i  • 
in  the  descent  on  England  in  1326,  and  after  the  deposi-  Morven  (mor  ven).     A  mythical  bcottish  king- 
tion  and  death  of  the  king  in  1327  became  with  his  para-     dom  referred  to  in  the  poems  of  Ossian. 
mour,  the  queen,  virtual  ruler  of  the  kingdom  during  the  ]VIorTern(m6r'v6m).    Apeninsulainthenorth- 
minority  of  Edward  III.    He  was  overthrown  by  the  young     western -naiW;  nf  ArirTllBhiTP    Scntlnnrl 
king,  who  caused  him  to  be  condemned  as  a  traitor  by  Par.  •»?„„„,     P?",  ^"^  iS^S^Li'smre,  tscotlana. 
liament.  Mosa  (mo  sa).    The  Latin  name  of  the  Meuse. 

Mortimer  Ms  Fall.  A  tragedy  by  Ben  Jonson  Mosbach  (mos'baeh).  A  town  in  Baden,  21 
(1640),  "  The  argument  and  part  of  i.  1  were  alone  fln-  miles  east  by  south  of  Heidelberg.  Population 
ished.    It  was 'completed' by  W.  Mountfort  1731,  with     (1890),  3,459. 

satiricalintentions,  it  was  supposed,  towards  Walpole  and  MoSCa  (mos'ka).    rL.,'afly.']    In  Ben  Jonson's 
Queen  Caroline.    A  new  dedicaltion  was  subsequently  writ-     pjg^y  "Volpone,  or  the  Fox,"  a  parasite,  in  the 


ten  by  Wilkes  in  derision  of  Bute."   Diet.  Nai.  Biog. 
Mortimeriados.    See  Barons^  Wars,  The. 
Mortimer's  Cross.    A  place  in  Herefordshire, 
England,  15  miles  north  by  west  of  Hereford. 
Here,  Feb.  2, 1461,  Edward,  earl  of  March  (Ed- 
ward IV.).  defeated  the  Lancastrians. 
Mortlake  (mdrt'lak).    A  parish  in  Surrey,  Eng- 
land, on  the  Thames  above  London.  The  univer- 
sity boat-raee  is  rowed  from  Putney  to  Mortlake. 
Morton,  FourthEarl  of  (James  Douglas).  Bom 
at  Dalkeith,  1530 :  beheaded  at  Edinburgh,  June 
2, 1581.    Regent  of  Scotland,  second  son  of  Sir 
George  Douglas  of  Pittendriech.'  in  1663  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  earldom  of  Morton  through  marriage  with  Moschcles  (mosh'e-les),  IgnaZ.  Bom  at  Prague, 
E'-''t''';e?«?'-  V^L''^±^^^''^:^^ltlZ  t  May  30,  1794:  died  at  Lefpsic,  March  10,  1870. 


Queen  Mary  in  1661  he  was  made  privy  councilor,  and  In 
1663  lord  high  chancellor.  He  was  a  prime  mover  in  the 
assassinatioQ  of  Eizzio,  and  in  securing  the  abdication  of 
Mary  at  Loohleven.  In  Oct,  1672,  he  became  regent  on 
the  death  of  the  Earl  of  Mar.  He  resigned  when  James 
VI.  assumed  the  government,  and  was  condemned  on  the 


*°™^S  f'^^TJ^^^^^^t^^^f.,^..'^^ '»Moscherosch  (mosh'e-rosh),  Johann Michael 


Moses 

of  the  most  fantastic  architectural  creations  In  existence, 
though  it  was  built  by  an  Italian  architect,  who  applied 
in  it,  in  new  combinations,  the  principles  of  the  old  Russo- 
Byzantine  builders.  The  general  outline  Is  pyramidal ; 
there  are  11  bulbous  domes  raised  on  high  drums,  all  dif- 
ferent in  surface-ornament  and  in  color.  The  brilliant 
group  of  domes  and  spires  is  completed  by  several  pro- 
jecting porches,  differing  in  form  and  with  high  pyramidal 
roofs.  One  of  these  is  elaborately  arcaded,  and  forms  a 
belfry.  The  Temple  of  the  Saviour,  a  national  monument 
in  commemoration  of  the  evacuation  of  Moscow  by  Napo- 
leon, was  built  between  1839  and  1888.  The  church  has 
the  form  of  a  Greek  cross,  with  a  domed  turret  at  every 
angle.  The  monument  is  crowned  by  a  pointed  gilded 
dome  98  feet  in  diameter,  raised  on  a  high  arcaded  drum : 
the  cross  is  340  feet  above  the  ground.  The  tower  of  Ivan 
Veliki  (the  Great),  within  the  Kremlin,  finished  1600,  and 
architecturally  a  unique  structure,  consists  of  6  stages, 
5  of  them  octagonal  and  2  of  them  recessed,  and  the  high- 
est oylindrioal  and  crowned  by  a  bulbous,  metal-sheathed 
dome.  The  third  and  fourth  stages  are  arcaded,  and  in 
every  arch  a  bell  is  suspended.  One  of  the  bells  weighs  64 
tons.  The  height  is  325  feet  to  the  top  of  the  cross.  Other 
buildings  of  interest  are  the  theater,  rlding-hall.  Hall  of 
the  Mobility,  and  foundling  hospital.  The  university, 
founded  in  1766,  has  a  library  of  217,000  volumes,  and  the 
museum  has  a  library  of  600,000  volumes.  The  city  was 
founded  in  the  middle  of  the  12th  century.  The  principal- 
ity of  Moscow  was  united  with  that  of  Vladimir,  and  Mos- 
cow became  the  capital  of  the  grand  principality  of  Mos- 
cow (see  below)  and  seat  of  the  metropolitan  in  the  first 
part  of  the  14th  century.  It  was  taken  and  burned  by  Lithu- 
anians and  Tatars  in  the  14th  century,  nearly  destroyed 
by  flre  in  1547,  and  burned  by  the  khan  in  1571.  The  cap- 
ital was  removed  to  St.  Petersburg  by  Peter  the  Great. 
Moscow  was  burned  by  its  inhabitants  during  its  occupa- 

<,T„q +<.o/.i,»,     .*,,■■■,  *      Ti^r    J  ,      C      XT-'     ttonbytheFrenohinSept., 1812.  Population(1897),  988,610. 

ana  teacner.  Among  his  pupils  was  Mendelssohn.  His  tutniinnm  r<-ynr.A  i3-^i-^„i^^Mt-,.  ^e  „«  iur..«<.J....U 

works  include  24  Studes,  "Hommage  k  Handel,"  "Con-  MOSCOW,  Grand.  Principality  of,  or  MusCOVy 

certo  in  G  Minor,"  "Concetto  pathetique,"  "Senate  m6- 

lancolique,"  "  Characteristische  Studien,"  etc. 


sense  of  the  classic  drama.  His  pliancy  and  presence 
of  mind  render  him  invaluable  to  his  master,  Volpone, 
upon  whom  he  finally  turns. 

His  inimitable  parasite,  or  (as  the  Greek  and  Koman 
authors  expressed^  it)  his  Fly,  nis  Mosca ;  and  in  this  fin- 
ished portrait,  Jonson  may  throw  the  gauntlet  to  the  great- 
est masters  of  antiquity ;  the  character  is  of  classic  origin ; 
itisfound  with  the  contemporaries  of  Aristophanes,  though 
not  in  any  comedy  of  his  now  existing ;  the  Middle  Drama- 
tists seem  to  have  handled  it  very  frequently,  and  in  the 
New  Comedy  it  rarely  tailed  to  find  a  place ;  Plautus  has 
it  again  and  again,  but  the  aggregate  merit  of  all  his  para- 
sites will  not  weigh  in  the  scale  against  this  single  Fly  of 
our  poet.  Qifford,  Notes  to  Jonson's  "Fox,"  p.  399.  * 


Anoted  German  pianist,  composerf  or  the  piano. 


complicity  in  the  death  of  Damley,  the  king's  father. 

Morton,  Jolm.  Born  at  Milborne  St.  Andrew, 
Dorset,  about  1420 :  died  Oct.  12, 1500.  An  Eng- 
lish cardinal.  He  was  educated  at  Balliol  College,  Ox- 
ford, and  practised  in  the  Court  of  Arches.  He  was  master 
of  the  rolls  and  bishop  of  Ely  in  the  reign  of  Edward  IV. ;    ,  , , 

wasimprisonedbyEichardlll.iandwasmadearchbishopJiiosclli  (mos'ki).  [Gr.  tlUiaxoi^  Inancientge- 
of  Canterbury  and  chanoeUor  by  Henry  VII.  Su:  Thomas  ography,  a  people  in  Asia,  living  southeast  Of 
More  began  his  career  as  a  page  in  Morton  shouse.  JP    -S,   il^^  ^„„„_  a™™„«;o  .  TiT.nl5oWir  tlio  oomo 

Morton,  John  Madison?  Bom  at  Pangbourne,   ^^^  _Euxine,  near  Armenia :  probably  the  same 


(properly  Mosenrosh).  Born  at  Wilstadt,  Ba- 
den, March  5,  1601:  died  at  Worms,  April  4, 
1669.  A  German  author.  He  vrrote  an  allegor- 
ico-satirical  work,  "Philander  von  Sittewald" 
(1643),  etc.  ' 


(mus'ko-vi).  A  grand  principality  which  grew 
up  around  Moscow,  and  developed  into  the  Rus- 
sian empire,  it  was  founded  by  Daniel,  son  of  Alexan- 
der Nevski,  about  1295,  and  was  united  with  the  grand 
principality  of  Vladimir  (or  Suzdal)  in  1319.  Ivan  I. ,  ruler 
of  Vladimir  and  Moscow,  made  the  city  of  Moscow  the 
seat  of  government.  His  successor  Simeon  took  the  title 
of  "grand  prince  of  all  the  Russias."  The  work  of  con- 
solidation was  greatly  advanced  under  Ivan  III.,  who  an- 
nexed Perm  (1472),  Novgorod  (1478),  Tver  (1482),  Vyatka 
(1489),  etc.  He  freed  Moscow  from  tribute  to  the  Mongols, 
and  by  conquests  from  Lithuania  carried  the  western  bor- 
der to  the  Desna  and  then  to  the  Soya.  For  further  his- 
tory, see  Ru&si/i. 


^fii;Ji,vff  ;„^^^TW«!'MnvL  mfiS^^^^^^    mentioned  in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  as  Mos6 in Egltto  (mo-za' m  a-jit'to  .   [It   'Moses 
playwright,  son  of  Thomas  Morton  (1764-1838).  (which  seel  iii  Egypt.*]     An  opera  by  Rossini,  produced  at 

JaewaseducatedlnPariaandGermany,  andbyDr.  Rioh-_^«S'™  t^'^iO'isse;.  n  t  •     j    t,     i    "     '      ■    "  — "        "     ._•'.    .     -„'.*' 

ardson  at  Clapham.   He  wrote  "Box  and  Cox "(1847),  and  MoSChUS  (mos'kus).   [Gr.  M(5(j;i;<'f-]  Lived  about 
about  100  other  farces.  200  B.  c.    A  Greek  bucolic  poet  of  Syracuse. 

Morton,  Levi  Parsons.  Bom  at  Shoreham,Vt.,  Moscoso  (mos-ko'so),  Luis  de,  or  Moscoso  de 
May  16,  1824.  A  banker  and  Republican  poll-  Alvarado  (mos-k5's6  da  al-va-ra'SHo),  Luis, 
tician,  minister  to  France  1881-85,  Viee-Presi-  Born  at  Badajoz  about  1505 :  died  about  156(), 


Naples  in  1818,  and  at  Paris  in  1822.  itwas  again 
produced  at  Paris  in  1827,  somewhat  modified,  as  "Moise," 
and  called  an  "oratorio '  on  the  bills.  In  1822  it  was  pro- 
duced at  London  as  "  Pie  tro  I'Bremita  " ;  and  in  1833  as  an 
oratorio,  entitled  "The  Israelites  in  Fgypt,  etc.,"  with 
additions  from  "Israel  in  Egypt." 


dent  of  the  United  States  1889-93,  governor  of 
the  State  of  New  York  1895-96. 

Morton,  Nathaniel.  Born  about  1613 :  died  at 
Plymouth,  Mass.,  June  29, 1685.  An  American 
historian,  compiler  of  "New  England's  Memo- 
rial "(1669). 

Morton,  Oliver  Perry.  Bom  in  Wayne  County, 


A  Spanish  soldier.     He  followed  his  kinsman,  Pedro  Moseley  (moz'li),  Henry.     Born  at  Newcastle 


de  Alvarado,  to  Guatemala  (1630)  and  Peru  (1634).  Sub- 
sequently he  united  with  Hernando  de  Soto  in  his  expedi' 
tion  to  Florida  (1639),  and,  after  the  death  of  that  leader 
near  the  Mississippi  River  (May  21, 1642),  succeeded  him 
in  command.  In  July,  1643,  he  descended  the  Mississippi, 
arriving  safely  at  Mexico.  He  was  well  received  by  the 
viceroy  Mendoza,  and  in  1551  accompanied  him  to  Peru. 
Also  written  3{oscogo  or  Muscoqo. 


uuder-Lyine,  July  9,  1801:  died  at  Olveston, 
Gloucestershire,  Jan.  20, 1872.  An  English  soi- 
entiflb  writer,  He  studied  at  Cambridge,  and  was 
professor  of  natural  philosophy  and  astronomy  at  King's 
College, London,  1831-44.  He  wrote  "Lectures  on  Astron. 
omy"  (1839),  "Mechanical  Principles  of  Engineering  and 
Architecture  "  (1843),  etc. 


^^■'  ^^ilvl'  ^P  '\^^^-  ^*  I°<lia^^P°l*s,  Ind.,  jyi      ^  (mos'kou).""[pTilfosco»,  G.  MosJcau,  Moseley,  Henry  Nottidge.     Born  at  Wands. 
Nov.  1, 1877.    An  American  statesman.    Hewas   t;  H"™  V  --'-    ^  ,.'.,.' ii,   iq^x.  j;.j  _i /-ii — j 


governor  of  Indiana  1861-67 ;  United  States  senator  (Re-  Moskwa  Bvss.Moslcva,  named  from  the  river 
publican)  from  Indiana  1867-77;  and  a  member  of  the  MosJcva.^  1.  A  government  ot  central  Russia, 
Electoral  Commission  (1877).  surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Tver,  Yladi- 

Morton,  Thomas.  Bom  at  York,  England,  March  mir,  Ryazan,  Tula,  Kaluga,  and  Smolensk.   The 
20,  1564:   died  at  Easton,  Northamptonshire,   surface  is  level  and  undulating,    it  is  the  leading  m^^^ 

o     4.    oo    i«Ko       A«  Tji i;Jt,  „i ™,™,„«   Viol,™   facturing  province  ot  Russia.    Area,  12,869  square  miles. 

Sept.  22,  1659.    An  English  clergyman,  bishop  population  (1897),  2,433,366. 

of  Chester  (1615),  of  Lichfield  (1618),  and  of  2,  The  capital  of  Moscow  govemment,  on  the 

Durham  (1632).    He  was  a  graduate  of  Cambridge  Uni-   Moskva  in  lat.  55°   45'   N.,  long.   37°  ^'t'   T'- 

versity  and  professor  of  logic  there.    He  was  imprisoned 

in  the  Tower  in  1641.  He  was  a  friend  ot  Isaac  Casaubon. 


worth,  1844:  died  at  Clevedon,  Somerset,  Nov. 
10,  1891.  An  English  naturalist :  son  of  Henry 
Moseley.  Hewas  one  ot  the  naturalists  on  the  Challenger 
expedition  (1872-76),  and  became  Linacre  professor  of 
anatomy  at  Oxford  in  1881. 

Moselle  (mo-zel'),  G.  Mosel  (mo'zel).  A  river 
in  France,  Alsace-Lorraine,  and  Prussia :  the 
Roman  Mosella.  It  rises  in  the  Vosges,  and  joins  the 
Rhine  at  Cobledz.  Among  its  tributaries  are  the  Meurthe 
and  the  Saar.  The  valley  is  noted  for  its  wines.  Length, 
316  miles ;  navigable  to  Frouard  (214  miles). 


Morton,  Thomas.   Bom  in  England  about  1590 : 
died  at  Agamenticus,  Maine,  about  1645.    An 


English  colonist  at  Mount  Wollaston  (Braintree,   leather,  etc.,  factories.    The  chief  quarters  are  the  Kreml 
Massachusetts) .    He  was  a  lawyer  of  Clifford's  Inn,  and  (in  the  center),  Kitai-Gorod  (trading  quarter),  Byeloi-Go- 

aleader  of  Weston's  Massachusetts  colonyin  1622.    For       "  ""  "— ' '  ^ — ■"      * n,^-h„.iA,r,„^n^^^,n^, 

unpuritanical  conduct  he  was  sent  back  to  England,  bat 


34'   E, 
It  is  the  second  capital  ot  the  empire,  tKe  place  of  core 

nation,  and  the  seat  of  the  metropolitan ;  the  c^iief  com-   __       „  .    .  ,  ,  .      „  -r, 

mercial  and  railway  center  of  Russia,  with  important  MOSellC.     A  former  department  ot  France.    It 
domestic,  European,  and  Asiatic  trade;  and  the  chief     was  ceded  in  large  part  to  Germany  (as  part  of  Alsace- 

*     "        '"""  "^^      """■      Lorraine)  in  1871.    The  remainder  forms  part  of  the  French 

department  of  Meurthe-et-Moselle, 


manufacturing  city,  having  important  woolen,  cotton,  silk. 


returned  in  1629,  and  was  again  sent  back  in  1630.  He  pub- 
lished "  The  New  English  Canaan  "  (1632).  He  returned 
to  Massachusetts  in  1643,  and  was  imprisoned  for  his  "  scan- 
dalous book." 

Morton,  Thomas.  Born  in  the  county  of  Dur- 
ham, 1764 :  died  at  London,  March  28, 1838.  An 
English  dramatist.  He  entered  Lincoln's  Inn,  but 
abandoned  law  for  play- writing.  He  wrote  "Speed  the 
Plough  "  (1798)  (introducing  the  invisible  Mrs.  Grundy), 
the  "Blind  Girl"  (1801),  "Town  and  Country "  (1807), 
"School  for  Grown  Children  "  (1827),  etc. 

Morton,  William  Thomas  Green.  Born  at 
Charlton,  Mass.,  Aug.  9, 1819:  died  at  New  York, 
July  15, 1868.  An  American  dentist.  He  first  ad- 
ministered sulphuric  ether  as  an  anesthetic  to  a  patient 
of  his  own  in  1846 ;  obtained  a  patent  for  its  use  under  the 
name  of  "letheon  "  in  the  same  year ;  and  on  Oct.  16, 1846, 
administered  ether  to  a  patient  in  the  Massachusetts 
General  Hospital  at  Boston,  and  Dr.  John  C.  Warren  pain- 
lessly removed  a  vascular  tumor  from  the  man's  neck. 
Several  claimants  opposed  his  right  of  discovery,  notably 
Dr.  Charles  Thomas  Jackson  and  Dr.  Horace  Wells.  The 
French  Academy  of  Sciences  investigated  the  matter  in 
1862,  and  decreed  one  of  the  Montyon  prizes  of  2,600  francs 
to  Dr.  Jackson  for  the  discovery  of  etherization,  and  a  sim- 
ilar award  to  Dr.  Morton  for  the  application  of  the  discov- 
ery to  surgical  operations. 

Morus.    See  More,  Sir  Thomas. 


(in  the  center),  Kitai-Gorod  (trading  quarter),  Byeloi-Go-  Moggn  (mo'zen),  JuliUS.  Born  at  Marieney, 
rod,  and  Zemlyanoi-Gorod.  Among  the  buildmgs  (besides  a„._™„\T,iiv  o'laQQ.  Hied  in  Oldenburg  Oct 
tho'se  of  the  Kremlin,  which  see)  are  many  churches,     fc-axony,  July  8,  l»Ud .  aiea  in  UiaenD^^^ 


The  Cathedral  of  the  Annunciation,  within  the  Kremlin, 
has  been  several  tunes  rebuilt,  the  last  time  after  a  flre  in 
1647.  The  plan  is  rectangular,  with  3  shallow  apses,  pro- 
jecting angle-pavilions,  and  a  Byzantine  arched  porch. 
The  interior  is  frescoed,  and  is  paved  with  jasper  and 


10, 1867.  A  German  poet,  dramatist,  and  novel- 
ist. His  works  include  the  poems  "Lied  vom  Ritter 
Wahn"(1831),  "Ahasver"(1838),  "Poems"(inclnding  "An- 
dreas Hot er,"  1836),  the  dramas  "  Cola  Uienzi, "  "  Die  Braute 
von  Florence,"  "Bernhard  von  Weimar"  (1855),  etc. 


agate:  the  iconostasis  and  treasury  are  rich  with  imperial  Iijosenthal  (m6'zen-tal),  SalomOU  Hermann 
and  princely  gifts.    This  church  is  the  usual  place  of  bap-  T!„,.r,    a+.  r!«=«:»l    Pr„»Qla    .Tar,    M   185>1  • 


and  princely  gifts.     ,--,■,    ..^     .- 

tism  and  marriage  of  the  czars.  The  Cathedral  of  the  As- 
sumption, within  the  Kremlin,  the  church  in  which  the 
czar  is  crowned,  was  founded  in  1326,  and  rebuilt  in  the 
next  century.  The  size  is  small,  but  as  an  example  of  the 
old  Russian  style,  and  for  the  gorgeous  magnificence  of 
the  interior,  there  is  no  more  Interesting  building  in  Rus- 
sia. The  plan  is  rectangular,  with  a  deep  triple  apse  con- 
taining the  bema  and  parabemata,  and  flanked  by  chapels. 
The  domes  are  supported  by  4  great  cyhndncal  pillars 
which  are  covered  with  bands  of  frescos  on  a  gold  ground : 
the  walls  also  are  resplendent  with  gold.    The  ornaments 


von.  Bom  at  Cassel,  Prussia,  Jan.  14,  1821: 
died  at  Vienna,  Feb.  17, 1877.  A  German  drama- 
tist. Among  his  plays  are  "  Deborah  "  (1850 :  the  original 
of  "Leah,  the  Forsaken  "),  " Der  Sonnenwendhof  "  (1856), 
"Diiweke  "  (1860),  "  Pietra"  (1866),  etc. 
Moser  (mo'zer),  Johann  Jakoh.  Bom  at  Stutt- 
gart, Wiirtemberg,  Jan.  18, 1701 :  died  at  Stutt- 
gart, Sept.  30, 1785.  A  noted  German  jurist  and 
publicist,  author,  of  "Deutsches  Staatsreoht" 

?'S^^r^'^^E^t^^^t\c^^ZZl  ]S?r^Vt\  Justus  Bom  at  Osnabriick, 
Sany  of  the  shrinls  aid  Offerings  in  the  treasury  are  not  Pmssia,  Dec.  14, 1720 :  died  there,  Jan  8,  1794. 
only  old  but  inherently  of  high  artistic  value.  TheCathe-  A  German  historian,  cntlC,  and  miscellaneous 
dral  of  the  Archangel  Michael,  within  the  Kremlin,  was  j^^j^^  g;g  -^^jote  "  Patriotische  Phantasien" 
founded  1333,  but  rebuilt  in  1609.  It  IS  rectangular,  with  ,.,„„-_c,flv  o  V,i=!torv  of  Osnabruek  (•1768')  etc. 
6  eUded  domes,  the  central  one,  which  IS  much  the  largest,  (1^0-86),  a  mstory  01  usnaDrucK  (-I'Do;,  >h,l.. 
of  Sub  fom  In  this  chilrch  are  the  tombs  of  the  MoSeS  (mo'zez).  [ME.  MoseS,  LL.  Moyses.Mo- 
Ruriks  and  Romanoffs  from  the  date  of  its  founding  to  g^g  q.j._  yiiMoij^,  Muffiyf ,  explained  as '  drawn  from 
Peter  the  Great,  including  that  of  Ivan  the  Ternble.  The  the  water.']  In  Old  Testament  history,  the  law- 
iconostasis  and  the  treasury  are  remarkably  rich.  The  "'^Z^.  .  ^if,  Israelites  and  oreanizer  of  the 
Cathedral  of  St.  Basil  the  Beatifled,  begun  m  1566,  is  one    giver  Ot  tne  Israelites  ana  organi^ei  oj.   mo 


Israelitish  nation.  After  his  birth  hia  mother  kept  him 
concealed  three  months  to  evade  the  command  of  the  king 
of  Egypt  that  all  male  Hebrew  children  be  drowned  in  the 
tJile.  He  was  then  exposed  in  a  box  am,oug  the  rushes  on 
the  banks  of  the  Nile,  and  was  toand  by  an  Egyptian  prin- 
cess who  adopted  and  reared  him.  After  he  had  grown 
up,  he  one  day  struck  an  Egyptian  whom  he  saw  cruelly 
beating  a  Hebrew  slave.  Fearing  punishment,  hefled  from 
Egypt  into  the  desert,  and  halted  at  an  oasis  inhabited  by 
the  Kenites.  Here  he  married  Zlpporah,  the  daughter  of 
Keuel,  the  priest  of  Midian,  and  tended  the  flocks  of  his 
father-in-law.  It  was  here  that  the  prophetic  spirit  came 
upon  him,  and  he  decided  to  return  to  Egypt  for  the  pur- 
pose of  delivering  his  brethren  from  slavery.  On  his  re- 
turn his  brother  Aaron  joined  in  his  plans.  His  first  efforts 
in  their  behalf  only  resulted  in  the  infliction  of  more  se- 
vere burdens  and  greater  cruelty.  Presently,  however,  a 
series  of  most  disastrous  and  terrifying  afOictions  visited 
Egypt,  ana  the  king  finally  concluded  that  these  had  been 
brought  upon  the  land  by  the  unknown  God  whose  name 
Moses  had  invoked.  He  accordingly  ordered  the  Israel- 
ites to  leave  at  once,  and  they  began  their  departure  on 
the  15th  of  Nisau  (March- April),  an  event  which  is  known 
as  the  Exodus.  Moses  was  the  leader  of  the  Israelites 
during  their  40  years'  journeyings  in  the  wilderness,  which 
period  he  utilized  for  perfecting  a  civil  organization  and 
for  the  preparation  of  a  code  of  laws  of  a  high  ethical,  re- 
ligious, sanitary,  and  political  character.  Jewish  tradition 
ascribes  to  him  the  authorship  of  the  Pentateuch  with  the 
exception  of  the  verses  describing  his  death.  This  tradi- 
tion has  been  generally  accepted  by  the  Christian  and 
Mohammedan  world.  Of  late  biblical  critics  have  denied 
the  Mosaic  authorship  of  the  Pentateuch.  With  few  ex- 
ceptions however,  they  consider  Moses  as  a  historical 
charactei  and  as  the  organizer  of  the  Hebrew  nation. 

Amongst  all  lawgivers,  founders  of  states,  and  teachers 
of  mankind,  none  has  equalled  Moses.  Not  only  did  he, 
under  the  most  inauspicious  circumstances,  transform  a 
horde  of  slaves  into  a  nation,  but  he  imprinted  on  it  the 
seal  of  everlasting  existence :  he  breathed  into  the  national 
body  au  immortal  soul.  He  held  before  his  people  ideals 
the  acceptance  of  which  was  indispensable,  since  all 
their  weid  and  woe  depended  upon  the  realisation  or  non- 
realisation  of  those  ideals.  Moses  could  well  declare  that 
he  had  carried  the  people  as  a  father  carries  his  child. 
His  patience  and  his  courage  had  rarely  deserted  him ; 
his  unselfishness  and  his  meekness  of  disposition  were 
two  prominent  qualities  which,  together  with  his  clear, 
prophetic  vision,  eminently  fitted  him  to  be  the  instrument 
of  the  Deity.  Free  from  jealousy,  he  wished  that  all  Is- 
raelites might  be  prophets  like  himself,  and  that  God 
would  endue  them  with  his  spirit.  Moses  became  at  a 
subsequent  epoch  the  unattainable  ideal  of  a  prophet. 

Qraetz,  History  of  tlie  Jews  (Amer.  ed^),  I.  30. 

Moses.  1.  A  Jew  money-lender  in  Sheridan's 
"School  for  Scandal." — 2.  See  Primrose. 

Moses.  An  oratorio  by  A.  B.  Marx  (both  words 
and  music),  performed  at  Breslau  in  1841.  The 
book  was  originally  compiled  by  Mendelssohn  at  Marx's 
request,  though  afterward  rejected.    Grove. 

Moses.  A  famous  statue  by  Michelangelo,  in 
San  Pietro  in  Vineoli,  Rome.  The  figure  is  gigan- 
tic and  imposing.  The  right  hand  upholds  the  Tables  of 
the  Lawand  clutches  the  long  beard;  tbelettarm,  pressed 
close  to  the  body,  marks  the  effort  with  which  the  right- 
eous outbreak  against  the  idolatrous  is  restrained. 

Moses  ben  Nachman  (mo'zez  ben  naoh'man) : 
called,  after  the  initials  of  his  name,  Bamban. 
Bom  1200:  died  1272.  A  Jewish  scholar  and  wri- 
ter of  Gerona,  northern  Spain.  He  wrote  a  commen- 
tary on  the  Pentateuch,  and  many  Talmudical  treatises, 
and  also  several  poems.  His  writings  exhibit  the  clear 
and  erudite  thinker,  but  also  his  inclination  to  mysticism. 
In  1263  King  James  I.  of  Aragon,  at  the  instigation  of 
the  Dominican  superior  E.aimundo  de  Pe&aforte,  ordered 
Moses  to  engage  in  a  religious  disputation  with  the  Do- 
minican Era  Pablo.  Soon  afterward  Moses  emigrated  to 
Palestine,  where  he  remained  until  the  end  of  his  life. 

Moses  of  Ehorui.  Lived  in  the  5th  century. 
An  Armenian  scholar,  the  reputed  author  of  a 
"History  of  Armenia"  (probably  written  in  the 
7th  century). 

Moses  Striking  the  Bock.  Apainting  by  Nico- 
las Poussin  (16^9),  in  the  Hermitage  Museum, 
St.  Petersburg.  Moses,  toward  one  side,  smites  the 
rock,  from  which  an  abundant  stream  gushes.  Aaron  and 
his  priests,  giving  thanks,  complete  the  group.  From  the 
other  side  suffering  men  and  women  rush  toward  the  wel- 
come water. 

Mosetenas  (mo-sa-ta'nas).  An  Indian  tribe  of 
Bolivia,  on  the  upper  Beni,  and  between  that 
river  and  the  Mamorfi.  They  are  light-colored,  and 
are  remarkable  for  the  prevalence  among  them  of  a  dis- 
ease (found  also  in  other  tribes)  which  causes  the  skin  to 
tumSwhite  in  patches,  but  is  otherwise  harmless.  The 
Mosetenas  are  a  mild  race,  and  have  been  partly  Chris- 
tianized ;  they  are  reduced  to  a  few  thousands.  Their  lan- 
guage, with  that  of  some  small  allied  tribes,  appears  to 
indicate  a  distinct  stock.  This  is  one  of  the  tribes  im- 
properly called  Chunchos  by  the  Bolivians.  Also  written 
Mocetenas. 

Moshaisk.    See  Mozhaisk. 

Mosheim  (mos'him),  Jobann  Lorenz  von. 
Bom  at  Liibeck,  Oct.  9,  1694:  died  at  GSttin- 
gen,  Sept.  9, 1755.  A  distinguished  German  Prot- 
estant ecclesiastical  historian,  theologian,  and 
pulpit  orator.  He  became  professor  of  theology  at 
Helmst^dt  in  1723,  abbot  at  Marienthal  and  Michaelatein 
ia  1726,  and  professor  at  Gottingen  in  1747.  His  chief 
work  is  "Institutiones  historisB  ecclesiasticse "  ("Insti- 
tutes of  Ecclesiastical  History,"  1726 :  new  ed.  1765).  He 
ulso  wrote  "  De  rebus  Cliristianorum  ante  ConstanUnum 
commentarii "  (1753),  etc. 

Moskva  (mosk-va').    Ariverin  the  government 


710 

of  Moscow,  Bussia.  it  joins  the  Oka  near  Kolomna. 
Length,  about  275  miles ;  navigable  to  Moscow.  For  the 
battle  on  it^  Sept.  7,  1812,  see  Borodino. 

Moslems  (mos'lemz).  [Turk,  and  At.  musli- 
min,  professors  of  submission  {islam)  to  the 
faith.]  The  followers  of  Mohammed ;  the  or- 
thodox Mohammedans. 

Mosque  of  Omar.    See  Omar,  Mosgue  of. 

Mosquera(m6s-ka'ra),Tomas  Cipriano,  Bom 
at  Popayan,  Sept.  20,  1798 :  died  at  Coconueo, 
Oct.  7, 1878.  A  Colombian  general  and  politi- 
cian. He  held  high  civil  and  military  offices  under  Boli- 
var and  his  successors,  and  was  president  of  New  Granada 
during  a  prosperous  term  (1845-49).  He  headed  the  feder- 
alist-democratic revolt  of  1859-61 ;  assumed  the  supreme 
power  July,  1861 ;  and  called  a  constituent  assembly,  which 
created  the  United  States  of  Colombia  and  made  him  dic- 
tator. Continued  civil  wars  forced  him  to  resign  his  power 
into  the  hands  of  a  new  assembly,  which  limited  the  presi- 
dential term  to  2  years  and  forbade  reelection.  Under 
this  constitution  he  was  president  1863-64,  and  was  again 
elected  in  1866.  Assuming  dictatorial  powers,  he  was  de- 
posed by  a  revolution.  May,  1867,  and  banished  for  3  years. 
Subsequently  he  was  governor  of  Cauca  and  a  member  of 
Congress.  He  published  in  1853  a  biography  of  Bolivar 
and  a  work  on  the  geography  of  New  Granada. 

Mosquitia  (mos-ke-te'a),  or  Mosquito  (mos- 
ke'to)  Coast,  TheregionoccupiedbytheMos- 
quitos.  At  present  the  name  is  restricted  to  a  strip  on 
the  east  coast  of  Nicaragua,  from  lat.  11°  30'  N.  northward, 
comprising  probably  less  than  7,000  square  miles.  The 
English  settled  here  about  1660,  and  their  rights  were  rec- 
ognized by  Spain  in  1670.  Great  Britain  recognized  the 
Mosquito  king  and  established  a  protectorate  over  the 
country ;  but  endless  quarrels  with  Spain  resulted  in  the 
cession  of  the  British  rights  in  exchange  for  Balize,  to 
which  the  colonists  were  transferred  (1786).  The  Span- 
iards were  driven  out  by  the  natives ;  later  Great  Britain 
resumed  a  nominal  protectorate,  which  led  to  quarrels  with 
Nicaragua  (1840-48).  By  the  Bulwer-Clayton  treaty,  signed 
at  Washington  April  19, 1850,  and  by  a  subsequent  treaty 
with  Honduras,  Great  Britain  resigned  all  claim  to  Mos- 
quitia.  The  country  is  now  a  department  of  Nicaragua, 
but  the  Mosquitos  obey  their  own  king.  They  are  essen- 
tially in  a  savage  condition. 

Mosquito  Coast.    See  Mosquitia. 

Mosquito  Reservation.  The  major  part  of 
the  Mosquito  Coast,  reserved  for  the  Mosqui- 
tos, and  belonging  to  Nicaragua. 

Mosquitos  (mos-ke'tos).  The  name  given  by 
the  Spaniards  to  a  race  of  mixed  African  and 
Indian  blood,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Nicaragua 
and  Honduras.  They  call  themselves  Misskitos,  and 
are  probably  descended  from  Cimarrones,  orf  ugitive  slaves, 
and  native  women ;  their  language  is  said  to  be  partly  made 
up  of  African  words.  The  Mosquitos  first  became  promi- 
nent in  the  latter  part  of  the  17  th  century,  when  their  coast 
was  visited  by  bucaneers.  At  that  time  they  were  a  savage 
and  warlike  race,  using  bows,  lances,  and  clubs  in  battle, 
and  capable,  it  is  said,  of  mustering  40,000  warriors.  They 
were  governed  by  hereditary  chiefs  or  kings.  At  present 
(1896)  the  Mosquitos"  probably  number  less  than  10,000. 
See  Mosquitia. 

Moss  (mos).  Atownin  the  province  of  Smaale- 
nene,  Norway,  situated  on  Christiania  Fjord 
35  miles  south  of  Christiania.  The  Convention 
of  Moss,  Aug.  14, 1814,  ended  the  war  between 
Sweden  andDenmark.  Population  (1891),  8,030. 

Mosses  from  an  Old  Manse.  A  collection  of 
stories  by  Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  published  in 
1846,  after  having  appeared  separately  else- 
where. 

Mosskircb.    See  MessMrch. 

Mossley  (mds'li).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
Lancashire,  England,  9  miles  east-northeast  of 
Manchester.    Population  (1891),  14,162. 

Mossop  (mos'op),  Henry.  Born  in  1729 :  died 
at  Chelsea,  Dec.  27, 1774.  Au  Irish  actor,  son  of 
the  rector  of  Tuam.  He  made  his  first  appearance  on 
the  stage  Nov.  28,  1749,  as  Zanger  in  Dr.  Young's  tragei^ 
"Eevenge"  at  Dublin.  He  first  appeared  in  England, 
Sept.  26, 1751,  as  Richard  III.,  in  which  he  was  received 
with  great  enthusiasm.  In  1769  he  appeared  in  England 
for  the  last  time,  and  returned  to  Dublin  as  a  star.  He 
played  under  the  management  of  Barry  for  the  season, 
but  the  next  year  he  undertook  the  managementof  arival 
theater,  which  ended  in  the  financial  ruin  of  both.  Mos- 
sop died  in  great  poverty. 

Mostaganem  (mos-ta-ga-nem').  A  seaport  in 
the  province  of  Oran,  Algeria,  situated  near  the 
Mediterranean  43  miles  east-northeast  of  Oran. 
Population  (1891),  13,895. 

Mostar  (mos-tar').  The  capital  of  Herzegovina, 
situated  on  the  Narenta  about  lat.  43°  22'  N., 
long.  17°  52'  B.  it  is  the  seat  of  a  Greek  and  of  a  So- 
man Catholic  bishopric.  A  Roman  bridge  across  the  Na- 
renta, ascribed  to  Trajan,  is  a  single  splendid  arch,  89  feet 
in  span  and  66  above  the  water.  Population  (1885),  12,665. 

Most  Christian  Doctor.  A  surname  given  to 
Gerson,  and  also  to  Cusanus. 

Most  Christian  King,  A  title  conferred  on 
various  French  kings,  particularly  Louis  XI. 

Most  Learned  of  the  Romans,  The.  Varro. 

Mosul  (mo'sol).  1.  A  vilayet  of  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, in  the  Tigris  valley.  Area,  29,220  square 
miles.  Population, 300,280. — 3.  AcityinMeso- 
potamia,  the  chief  town  of  the  vilayet  of  Mo- 
sul, situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tigris, 


Motley 

opposite  the  site  of  ancient  Nineveh.  It  is  thp 
seat  of  a  pasha,  and  is  famous  for  the  manufacture  of  the 
delicate  cotton  tissue  called  muslin  or  mousseline,  to 
which  it  gave  its  name. 

Motagua  (mo-ta'gwa),  or  Rio  Grande.  A  river 
of  Guatemala.  It  flows  into  the  Bay  of  Hon- 
duras.   Length,  about  250  miles. 

Motala  (mo-ta'la).  A  small  town  in  southern 
Sweden,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Vettern. 

Motanebbi  (mo-ta-neb'be),  or  Motenebbi  (mo- 
te-neb'be).  Bom  at  Cufa  about  915:  kUled 
near  Shiraz  by  robbers,  965.    An  Arabian  poet. 

Mota  Padilla(m6'ta  pa-del'ya),  Matiasdela. 
Bom  at  Guadalajara,  Oct.  6, 1688 :  died  in  July, 
1766.  A  Mexican  historian.  He  was  a  lawyer,  and 
during  his  last  years  a  priest.  His  "Historia  de  la  con- 
quista  de  la  Nueva  Galicia,"  printed  at  Mexico  1870-71,  is 
a  work  of  great  value. 

Moteczuma.    See  Montezuma. 

Moth(m6th).  1.  A  fairy  in  Shakspere's  "Mid- 
summer Night's  Dream."  This  character  was  very 
early  excised  from  the  text  of  the  play,  though  retained 
in  the  dramatis  personss.  Fleay. 
2.  A  page  in  Shakspere's  "  Love's  Labour  's 
Lost."— 3.  In  Cartwright's  play  "The  Ordi- 
nary," a  shallow-brained  antiquary,  whose 
conversation  is  mostly  disjointed  scraps  from 
Chaucer. 

Mothe  Cadillac.    See  Cadillac. 

Mother  Ann,  or  Mother  Lee.     See  Lee,  Ann. 

Mother  Bunch.    See  Bunch,  Mother. 

Mother  GrOOSe.  A  name  famous  in  nursery 
literature  through  the  familiar  jingles  called 
"Mother  Goose's  Melodies."  It  is  said  that  there 
was  a  Mrs.  Goose,  mother-in-law  of  Thomas  Fleet,  an  early 
Boston  (Mass.)  publisher,  and  that  he  issued  the  collection 
under  this  title  to  avenge  himself  for  her  persistent  and  un- 
melodious  chanting  of  these  ditties  to  his  infant  son.  The 
earliest  known  edition  bears  the  title  "  Songs  for  the  Nur- 
sery, or  Mother  Goose's  Melodies  for  Children  :  printed  by 
T.  Fleet  at  his  printing  house.  Pudding  Lane,  1719.  Price, 
two  coppers. "  This,  however,  has  been  discredited  by  Mr. 
W.  Wells  Newell,  who  says  Perrault  published  "  Contes  de 
ma  mfere  I'oye"  in  1697  ;  but  the  name  was  quoted  by  the 
satirist  R^gnier  more  than  a  century  before.  Queen  Goose- 
foot  (Reine  P^dance),  or  Bertha  with  the  great  foot  or  goose- 
foot,  appears  as  synonymous  with  Mother  Goose  in  French 
tales.  The  second  day  of  the  year  is  her  festival,  and  is 
kept  as  a  children's  holiday.  (See  BerOia  or  Berthrada.) 
The  "Contes  de  ma  mfere  I'oye,"  by  Charles  Perrault,  were 
published  under  the  name  of  his  infant  son,  Perrault  d'Ar- 
mancourt.  They  consist  of  ten  stories,  seven  of  which  are 
evidently  derived  from  the  "Pentamerone,"  an  earlier 
Italian  collection.  Charles  Dibdin  wrote  a  pantomime 
called  "Mother  Goose." 

Mother  Hubberd's  Tale.  A  poem  by  Spenser, 
published  in  1591  in  a  volume  known  as  "  Com- 
plaints," but  written  much  earlier.  It  is  an  in- 
tentional imitation  of  Chaucer's  manner.  It  was  also 
entitled  "Prosopopoia." 

Mother  of  Cities.  The  ancient  city  of  Balkh, 
central  Asia. 

Mother  of  Diets.  An  epithet  of  the  city  of 
Worms  in  Germany. 

Mother  of  Presidents,  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  Virginia,  the  native  State  of  Wash- 
ington, Jefferson,  Madison,  Monroe,  W.  H.  Har- 
rison, Tyler,  and  Taylor. 

Mother  of  States.  A  name  occasionally  ap- 
plied to  Virginia,  from  whose  territory  several 
other  States  were  formed. 

Mother  of  the  Gods,  The.    Cybele. 

Mother  Shipton  (ship 'ton).  A  comedy  by 
T.  T.  (Thomas  Thompson)!"  This  play  was  acted 
nineteen  times  with  great  applause :  it  is  with- 
out date,  but  before  1668.  (Fleay.)  AbaUadwas 
written  by  George  Colman  in  1771  with  this  title. 

Mother  Shipton's  Prophecies.  Various  pre- 
tended prophecies  published  in  England  in  the 
15th,  17th,  and  18th  centuries.  Charles  Hindley 
(see  Hindley)  wrote  some  of  them.  Many  of  them  are  at- 
tributed to  T.  Evan  Preece,  a  prophetess  of  South  Wales. 

Motherwell  (muTH'6r-wel).  A  manufacturing 
village  in  Lanarkshire,  Scotland,  11  miles  south- 
east of  Glasgow.    Population  (1891),  18,662. 

Motherwell,  William.  Bom  at  Glasgow,  Oct. 
13,  1797:  died  there,  Nov.  1,  1835.  A  Scottish 
poet  and  antiquary.  He  wrote  "Minstrelsy  Ancient 
and  Modem"  (1827)  and  "Poems  Narrative  and  Lyrical" 
Q832). 

Motilones  (mo-te-lo'nes).  A  tribe  of  Indians  of 
northwestern  Venezuela,  to  the  southwest  and 
west  of  Lake  Maracaibo,  and  extending  into 
Colombia.  They  are  of  Carib  stock,  remain  practically 
independent,  and  have  frequent  confiicts  with  the  whites. 
They  number  several  thousands. 

Motilones,  Province  of.  A  region  in  northern 
Peru,  on  the  Huallaga  River :  so  called  by  the 
Spaniards  who  entered  it,  in  1540,  under  Alonso 
de Alvarado.  ThoflrstSpanishsettlementswereformed 
in  1641-  It  corresponds  nearly  to  the  present  province  of 
Huallaga. 

Motley  (mot'li),  John  Lothrop.  Bom  at  Dor- 
chester (now  part  of  Boston),  Mass.,  April  15, 
1S14:  died  in  Dorset,  England,  May  29,  1877. 


Motley 

An  American  hiatorianand  diplomatist.  Hegradu- 
ated-at  Harvard  In  1831,  and,  after  completing  his  general 
education  at  Gottingen  and  Berlin  and  spending  some  time 
in  travel,  returned  to  America  in  1834,  took  up  the  study  ol 
.  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  eventually  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  history,  and  lived  mostly  abroad, 
residing  in  England  after  1868.  He  was  United  States 
minister  to  Austria  1861-67,  and  to  Great  Britain  1869-70. 
His  chief  works  are  "Mse  of  the  Dutch  E.epublic"(3  vols. 
1856),  "History  of  the  United  Netherlands"  (4  vols. 
1860-68),  and  "life  and  Death  of  John  of  Barneveld" 
(1874). 

Motolinia  (mo-to-le-ne'a),  Toribio  de.    Born 

at  Beuavente,  Zamora,  about  1500:  died  at 
Mexico,  Aug.  9,  1568.  A  Spanish  Franciscan 
missionary  and  author.  His  real  name  appears  to 
have  been  Paredes,  and  he  was  known  as  Toribio  de 
Benavente:  he  adopted  the  name  Motolinia  from  an  Indian 
word  meaning  '  poor."  He  went  with  the  first  Franciscans 
to  Mexico  (1624),  and  was  one  of  the  most  successful  mis- 
sionaries. Mostof  hisnumerouswritingsarelost:  themost 
important  remaining  is  the  '*Historia  de  los  Indios  de  la 
Nueva  Espafia,"published  in  the  Kingsborough  collection, 
and  later  (1858)  by  Icazbalceta.  It  is  reported  that  the 
provincial  library  at  Toledo  has  a  copy  of  his  "Doctrina 
Cristiana  en  lingua  Mexicana"  (Mexico,  1539),  but  this  is 
probably  a  mistake:  it  would  be  the  oldest  known  book 
published  in  America.    See  liogrotlo,  Pedro. 

Motril  (mo-trel').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Granada,  Spain,  situated  near  the  Mediter- 
ranean 34  miles  south  by  east  of  Granada.  It 
has  an  increasing  commerce.  Its  seaport  is 
Calahonda.    Population  (1887),  17,122. 

Mott  (mot),  Mrs.  (Lucretia  CofSn).  Bom  at 
Nantucket,  Mass.,  Jan.  3,  1793 :  died  Nov.  IJ, 
1880.  An  American  social  reformer,  and 
preacher  in  the  Society  of  Friends.  She  was  ac- 
tive in  behalf  of  abolition,  woman  suffrage,  and  universal 
peace. 

Mott,  Valentine,  Bom  at  Glen  Cove,  Long  Isl- 
and, Aug.  20,  1785 :  died  at  New  York,  April 
26,  1865.  An  American  surgeon,  known  as  a 
successful  operator.  He  translated  "Velpeau's  Op- 
erative Surgery,"  and  wrote  "Travels"  (1842),  "Mott's 
Cliniques"  (1860),  etc. 


Motte  Cadillac.    See 

Mottenx  (mot-te'),  Peter  Ajathony.  Bom  in 
Normandy:  died  at  London,  1718.  A  French 
Huguenot  merchant  in  London  after  1685.  He 
went  to  England  on  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes. 
He  was  also  a  dramatist  and  translator.  One  of  his  dramas, 
called  "  Novelty,"  givfs  a  distinct  play  in  each  act.  He 
is  better  known  as  the  translator,  with  TJrquhart  and  Ozell, 
of  Babelais's  works ;  and  he  also,  with  others,  translated 
"Don  Quixote." 

Motteville  (mot-vel'),  Madame  Langlois  de 
(Fran^oise  Bertaud).   Born  about  1621 :  died 

1686.  A  French  author.  She  was  the  friend  and 
confidante  of  Anne  of  Austria,  and  a  noted  "prdcieuse." 
Her  "  M^moires  pour  servir  k  I'histoire  d'Anne  d'Autriche  " 
were  not  printed  till  1723. 

Mott  Haven  (mot  ha'vn).  A  former  village 
of  Westchester  County,  New  York,  situated 
north  of  the  Harlem  River :  now  part  of  New 
York  city. 

Mottley  (mot'li),  John.  Bom  at  London,  1692 : 
died  there,  Oct.  3,  1750.  An  English  writer, 
author  of  "Joe  Miller's  Jests,  or  The  Wit's  Vade 
Mecum"  (1739),  five  dramas,  "The  Lives  of 
Dramatic  Authors  "  (1747),  a  "  History  of  Peter 
the  Great"  (1739),  etc. 

Mottola  (mot'to-la).  A  small  town  in  southern 
Itaijj  northwest  of  Taranto. 

Moudon  (mo-d6n').  A  town  in  the  canton  of 
Vaud,  Switzerland,  13  miles  northeast  of  Lau- 
sanne: the  Roman  Minodunum.  It  was  once 
the  capital  of  the  Pays  de  Vaud.  Popxdation 
(1888),  2,647. 

Moukden.    See  MuMen. 

Mould  (mold),  Jacob  Wrey.  Bom  at  Chisel- 
hurst,  England,  Aug.  7, 1825.  An  Anglo-Amer- 
ican architect.  He  studied  and  worked  with  Owen 
Jones  and  Vulliamy  in  London,  and  in  1852  removed  to 
Am  erica.  In  1870  he  was  architect  in  chief  of  the  depart- 
ment of  public  parks,  and  in  1875  of  the  public  works,  of 
Lima,  Peru. 

Mouldy  (mol'di).  A  recruit  in  the  second  part 
of  Shakspere's  "King  Henry  IV." 

Moulins  (nw-lan').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Allier,  France,  situated  on  the  Allier 
in  lat.  46°  34'  N.,  long.  3°  20'  E.  its  cathedral, 
h6tel  de  ville  (with  valuable  library),  and  ruined  chateau 
of  the  dukes  of  Bourbon  are  noteworthy.  It  was  the  an- 
cient capital  of  Bourbonnais.    Population  (1891),  22,666. 

Moulmein.    Bee  Maulmain. 

Moulton  (mol'ton),  Mrs.  (Ellen  Louise  Chan- 
dler). Born  at'Pomfret,  Conn. ,  April  10, 1835. 
An  American  novelist  and  poet,  she  married  Wil- 
liam TI.  Moulton  in  1865.  Among  her  works  are  "This, 
That,  and  The  Other  "  (1864), "  Juno  Clifford  (1866), "  Bed- 
time Stories"  (1873),  "Some  Women s  Hearts  (1874), 
"Swallow  Flights,  and  Other  Poems    (1878),  etc. 

Moultrie  (mol'tri).  Fort.     See  Fort  Moultrie, 

and  compare  Moultrie,  William. 
Moultrie,  John.    Bom  at  London,  1799:  died 

1874.     An  English  minor  poet.     He  was  educated 


711 

at  Eton  and  Cambridge  (Trinity  College),  and  was  rector 
of  Rugby  from  1828.  He  published  "My  Brother's  Grave, 
etc."  (1837)  and  "The  Dream  of  Life,  etc."  (1843),  "Ser- 
mons" (1853),  etc. 

Moultrie  (mS'tri  or  mSl'tri),  William.  Born 
in  South  Carolina,  1731:  died  at  (Charleston, 
S.  Co,  Sept.  27,  1805.  An  American  Revolu- 
tionary general.  He  repulsed  an  attack  on  Sullivan's 
Island  (where  Fort  Moultrie  now  stands)  in  1776 ;  defended 
Charleston  in  1779 ;  and  was  governor  of  South  Carolina 
1786-87  and  1794-96. 

Mound  City.    St.  Louis. 

Moundsviile  (moundz '  vU) .  The  capital  of  Mar- 
shall County,  West  Virginia,  situated  on  the 
Ohio  13  miles  south  of  Wheeling,  it  is  so  called 
from  a  notable  prehistoric  mound  in  its  vicinity,  Popula. 
tiou  (1900),  5,362. 

Mounet-SuUy  (mb-na'su-le'),  Jean-  Sully 
Mounet,  called.  Bom  at  Bergerac,  Feb.  27, 
1841.  A  noted  French  tragedian.  He  entered  the 
Conservatoire  in  1861 ;  made  his  d^ut  at  the  Odiotx  in  1868, 
and  at  the  ThMtre  Fran^ais  in  1872 ;  and  was  elected  a 
"soci^taire"  in '1874.  He  has  since  remained  one  of  the 
ablest  representatives  of  classic  French  tragedy.  He 
visited  the  United  States  in  1894. 

Mounier  (mo-nya' ),  Jean  Joseph.  Bom  at  Gre- 
noble, France,  1758:  died  1806.  A  French  poli- 
tician and  political  writer,  member  of  the  Con- 
stituent Assembly  in  1789. 

Mountain,  The.  [F.  La  Montague.']  A  name 
given  to  the  extreme  Revolutionary  party  in  the 
legislatures  of  the  first  French  Revolution.  The 
name  was  derived  from  the  fact  that  they  occupied  the 
higher  part  of  the  hall.  Among  the  chief  Montagnards 
were  Robespierre  and  Danton,  The  name  was  tempo- 
rarily revived  in  the  legislatures  following  the  revolution 
of  1848. 

Mountaineers.The.  Acomedytakenfrom"Don 
Quixote  "  by  George  Colman  the  younger,  pro- 
duced Aug.  3, 1793,  printed  1795. 

Mountain  Meadows  Massacre.  A  massacre  at 
Mountain  Meadows,  southern  Utah,  of  about  120 
non-Mormon  emigrants,  Sept.  11,  1857.  It  was 
believed  to  have  been  instigated  by  Mormons ;  and  John  D. 
Lee  was  condemned  and  executed  in  1877  for  his  share  in  it. 

Mountains  of  the  Moon.  See  Moon,  Mountains 
of  the. 

Mount  Auburn  (&'bem).  A  noted  cemetery  in 
Cambridge  and  Watertown,  Massachusetts. 

Mount  Desert  (de-zert'  or  dez'ert).  An  island 
in  the  Atlantic,  belonging  to  Hancock  County, 
Maine,  situated  30  miles  east  of  Belfast,  about 
1  mile  from  the  mainland,  it  is  celebrated  for  its 
picturesque  scenery  and  as  a  summer  resort.  It  was 
temporarily  settled  by  the  French  in  the  beginning  of  the 
IWh  century.  Its  most  noted  resort  is  Bar  Harbor. 
Length,  14  miles.  Highest  point,  about  1,600  feet  above 
sea-level. 

Mountfort,  Susanna.    See  Verbruggen. 

Mountfort  (mount'fort),  William.  Bom  in 
Staffordshire :  died  at  London,  Dec.  10, 1692.  An 
English  actor  and  dramatic  writer.  He  was  an 
excellent  representative  of  weU-bred  fops.  He  was  killed 
at  the  door  of  Mrs.  Bracegirdle  by  an  adventurer.  Captain 
Hill,  apparently  with  the  complicity  of  Lord  Mohun,  who, 
as  Mountfort  was  aware,  had  designs  on  the  lady. 

Mount  Holyoke  (hol'yok)  College.  An  insti- 
tution of  learning  for  women  at  South  Hadley, 
Massachusetts,  founded  by  Mary  Lyon,  and 
opened  in  1837. 

Mount  Lebanon.  See  Lebanon  ajidNew Lebanon. 

Mount  of  Olives.    See  Olivet. 

Mount  of  Olives.  The  English  title  of  Beetho- 
ven's oratorio  "Christusam  Olberg,"  produced 
in  England  in  1814.  The  title  was  changed  to  "  En- 
gedi"  and  the  principal  character  to  David  in  1842,  owing 
to  the  strong  feeling  against  the  appearance  of  the  Saviour 
as  a  personage  in  an  oratorio.  The  original  version,  how- 
ever, is  now  given.    Grove. 

Mount  Pleasant  (plez'ant).  A  city,  the  capital 
of  Henry  (bounty,"  Iowa','  26  miles  north-north- 
west of  Burlington.  Xt  is  the  seat  of  German  College 
and  Iowa  Wesleyan  University  (both  Methodist).  Popu- 
lation (1900),  4,109. 

Mount  Vernon  (ver'ngn).  The  capital  of  Posey 
Gounty,  southwestern'lndiana,  situated  on  the 
Ohio  19  miles  west  of  Evansville.  Population 
(1900),  5,132. 

Mount  'Vernon.  A  city  in  Westchester  County, 
New  York,  directly  north  of  New  York  city. 
Population  (1900),"20,346. 

Mount  'Vernon.  A  city,  capital  of  KnoxCounty, 
Ohio,  41  miles  northeast  of  Columbus.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  6,633. 

Mount  Vernon.  An  estate  in  Fairfax  County, 
Virginia,  situated  on  the  Potomac  15  miles 
southwest  of  Washington.  It  is  notable  as  the  resi- 
dence and  place  of  burial  of  George  Washington.  In  1859 
itwas  purchased  by  the  Mount  Vernon  Ladies  Association. 

Mount  Zion.    SeeZion. 

Moura  (mo'ra),  Francisco  Bolim  de.  Born 
at  Pemambuco,  1580:  died  at  Lisbon,  1657.  A 
Portuguese  administrator.     From  1024  to  1626  he 


M( 


Moyen  de  Parvenir 

was  governor-general  of  Brazil.  During  this  period  the  first 
Dutch  invasion  was  repelled  and  Bahia  recovered  (1625). 

Mourne  (mom)  Mountains.    A  short  range  of 
mountains  in  County  Down,  Ulster,  Ireland, 
2,000  to  2,800  feet  in  height. 
ilourning  Bride,  The.    A  tragedy  by  William 
Congreve,  produced  in  1697. 

Mourning  Garment.  A  novel  by  Robert  Greene, 
registered  in  1590.  It  is  a  paraphrase  of  the 
parable  of  the  prodigal  son. 

Mourt'S  Relation.  A  historical  work  relating 
to  the  settlement  of  Plymouth  Colony,  Massa- 
chusetts, edited  by  George  Morton  in  1622. 

Mourzouk.    See  Mursuk. 

Mouse  (mous)  River.  A  tributary  of  the  As- 
siniboine,  in  North  Dakota  and  British  North 
America.    Length,  about  500  mUes. 

Mouse  Tower.  A  medieval  watch-tower  on  a 
rock  in  the  middle  of  the  Rhine  near  Bingen, 
notable  from  its  legendary  connection  with 
Archbishop  Hatto's  fate.     See  Batto  II. 

Mousk^S  (mos-kas'),  Philippe.  Bom  at  Ghent 
about  1215 :  died  at  Tournay,  1283.  A  Flemish 
prelate  and  historian.  His  chronicles  extend  from  the 
siege  of  Troy  to  1243,  in  80,000  verses.  He  drew  on  the 
chansons  de  gestes  for  his  details. 

Mousiiueton  (mosk-t6n').  The  vain,  boastful 
lackey  of  Perthes  in  "  The  Three  Musketeers," 
by  Dumas  ^^e. 

Moussy,  Jean  Antoine  Victor  Martin  de.  See 
Martin  de  Moussy. 

Moutier  (mo-tya'),  G.  Miinster  (miin'ster).  A 
smalltown  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland, 
situated  on  the  Birs  23  miles  north  of  Bern. 

Moutiers,  or  Mouthiers  (mo-tya').  A  small 
town  in  the  department  of  Savoie,  France,  32 
miles  east  of  (Jhamb^ry.  It  was  the  ancient 
capital  of  Tarentaise,  and  has  a  cathedral. 

Moutier,  Val,  G.  Miinsterthal  (mitn'ster-tal). 
A  valley  in  the  Jura,  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 
Switzerland,  23  miles  north  of  Bern. 

Moutou  (mo-ton'),  Georges,  Comte  de  Lobau. 
Bom  at  Pf  alzburg,  Lorraine,  Feb.  21, 1770 :  died 
at  Paris,  Nov.  27, 1838.  A  French  marshal.  He 
entered  the  army  in  1792,  became  aide-de-camp  to  Napo- 
leon in  1805,  and  in  1809  rendered  important  service  at 
Lobau,  for  which  he  received  the  title  of  Corate  de  Lobau. 
He  took  part  in  the  Russian  campaign  in  1812,  and  fought 
at  Liitzeu  and  Bautzen  in  1813,  and  at  Waterloo  in  1816. 
During  the  July  revolution  in  1830  he  favored  the  cause 
of  Louis  Philippe,  who  made  him  a  marshal  of  France  in 
1831. 

Movers  (md'vers),  Franz  Karl.  Bom  at  Kocs- 
f eld,  Prassia,  July  17,  1806 :  died  at  Breslai;, 
Sept.  28, 1856.  A  (Jerman  Orientalist,  professor 
of  Old  Testament  theology  in  the  Roman  (Cath- 
olic faculty  at  Breslau  from  1889.  His  chief 
work  is  "Die  Phonizier"  (1840-56). 

Movimas  (mo-ve'mas),  or  Mobimas  (mo-be'- 
mas ) .  A  tribe  of  Bolivian  Indians,  on  and  near 
the  river  Mamor6  about  lat.  14°  S.  They  have  long 
been  Christianized,  and  are  associated  with  the  Mojos  at 
the  mission  villages.  They  are  described  as  tall  and  hand- 
some, very  cleanly,  and  excellent  workmen.  Their  lan- 
guage has  not  been  classified. 

Mowatt.Mrs.  Bei6Uitdhie,Mrs. {Anna C.  Ogden). 

Mowbray  (mo'bra),  H.  Siddons.  Born  at  Alex- 
andria, Egypt,  Aug.  5, 1858.  An  American,  figure- 
painter.  He  studied  at  Paris  with  L6on  Bonnat. 

Mowbray  (mo'bra),  Thomas.  Died  at  Venice, 
1399.  Earl  of  Nottingham  and  Duke  of  Norfolk. 
He  was  created  earl  of  Nottingham  in  1383,  earl  marshal  in 
1884,  and  was  one  of  the  lord  appellants  of  1387,  but  after- 
ward joined  the  king.  He  was  created  duke  of  Norfolk  in 
1397.  Having  been  accused  of  treason  by  Henry  Boling- 
broke,  earl  of  Hereford  (afterjrard  Henry  IV.),  in  1398,  he 
challenged  the  latter  to  single  combat,  and  the  lists  were 
set  at  Coventry  in  presence  of  Richard  II.,  who  banished 
both  disputants  on  the  eve  of  the  contest,  Norfolk  for  life 
and  Hereford  for  ten  years.  Shakspere  introduces  him  in 
his  "Richard  IL" 

Mowcher  (mou'cher).  Miss,  in  Dickens's 
"David  Copperfield,"  a  merry  talkative  dwarf, 
a  hair-dresser. 

Moxa,  Moxos.     See  Mojos. 

Moya  (mo'ya),  Pedro  die.  Bom  in  Granada, 
1610:  died  there,  1666.  An  artist  of  the  Span- 
ish school,  pupil  of  Juan  de  Castillo.  He  was  a 
soldier  in  the  army  of  Flanders,  where  he  was  so  charmed 
with  the  works  of  Vandyck  that  he  went  to  London  in  1641 
to  study  under  him.  Vandyck  died  soon  after,  and  Moya 
returned  home,  and  executed  numerous  works,  the  best  of 
which  are  in  Granada. 

Moya  y  Contreras  (mo'ya  e  kon-fra'ras),  Pedro 
de.  Bom  in  the  diocese  of  Cordova  about  1520 : 
died  at  Madrid,  Dec,  1591.  A  Spanish  prelate 
and  administrator,  in  1671  he  established  the  Inqui- 
sition in  New  Spain,  and  in  Dec,  1674,  was  consecrated 
archbishop  of  Mexico.  He  was  acting  viceroy  Sept.  25, 
1584,  to  Oct.  17, 1585.  Later  he  returned  to  Spain,  and  was 
president  of  the  Council  of  the  Indies.  Often  called  Moya- 
de  CoTitreras. 

Moyen  de  Parvenir  (mwa-yan'  de  parv-ner'). 
[F.,  'how  to  succeed.']    See  the  extract. 


Moyen  de  Parvenir 

Much  later  (1610)  the  last— it  may  almost  be  said  the 
first— echo  ol  the  genuine  spirit  of  Ilabelais  was  sounded 
to  the  "  Moyen  dePaiTenlr"  of  B^roalde  deVeryille.  This 
eccentric  work  is  perhaps  the  most  perfect  example  of  a 
fatrasie  in  existence.  In  the  guise  of  guests  at  a  banquet 
the  author  brings  m  many  celebrated  persons  of  the  day 
and  of  antiquity,  and  makes  them  talk  from  pillar  to  post 
In  the  strangest  possible  fashion.  The  licence  of  language 
and  anecdote  which  Rabelais  had  permitted  himself  Is 
equalled  and  exceeded ;  but  many  of  the  tales  are  told  with 
consummate  art,  and  In  the  midst  of  the  ribaldry  and  buf- 
foonery remarks  of  no  small  shrewdness  are  constantly 
dropped  as  if  by  accident   Saintsbury,  I1:ench  Lit.,  p.  198. 

Moys  (mo'is).  A  village  near  Gorlitz,  Silesia, 
Prussia.  Here,  Sept.  7,  1757,  the  Austrians 
under  N&dasty  defeated  the  Prussians  under 
Winterfeld. 

Moytura.    See  the  extract. 

Many  battles  took  place  between  these  Danaans  and  the 
earlier  firbolgic  settlers — the  native  owners,  as  no  doubt 
they  felt  themselves,  of  the  country.  One  of  the  best  sab- 
stantiated  of  these,  not,  indeed,  by  history  or  even  tradi- 
tion, but  by  a  more  solid  testimony,  that  of  the  stone 
remains  left  on  the  spot,  prove,  at  any  rate,  that  some 
long-sustained  battle  was  at  some  remote  period  fought  on 
the  spot  Isic}.  This  is  the  famous  pre-historic  battle  of  Moy- 
tura, rather  the  Southern  Moytura,  for  there  were  two; 
the  otiier,  situated  not  far  from  the  present  town  of  Sligo, 
retaining  "the  largest  collection  of  pre-historic  remains, 
says  Dr.  Petrie,  "in  any  region  of  the  world  with  the  ex- 
ception of  Carnac."  This  second  battle  of  Moytura  was 
fought  upon  the  plain  of  Gong,  which  is  washed  by  the 
waters  of  lough  Mask  and  Lough  Corrlb,  close  to  where 
the  long  monotonous  midland  plain  of  Ireland  becomes 
broken,  changes  into  that  region  of  high  mountains  and 
low-lying  valleys  now  called  Gonnemara,  but  whith  in 
earlier  days  was  always  known  as  lar  Gonnaught. 

Lawless,  Story  of  Ireland,  p.  7. 

Mozambiciue  (md-zam-bek' ) .  [P.  Mozambique, 
Sp.  Pg,  Mosanibique,  so  called  from  a  small 
coral  island  of  this  name  near  the  coast.]  1, 
The  former  name  for  the  Portuguese  posses- 
sions alongthe  eastern  coast  of  Africa.  See^asi 
Africa,  Portuguese. — 3.  A  town  in  Portuguese 
Hast  .Africa,  situated  on  an  island  near  the 
coast,  about  lat.  15°  S.  Population,  about 
7,000. 

Moza-mbique  Channel.  A  sea  passage  separat- 
ing Madagascar  from  the  mainland  of  Africa. 
Width,  250-550  miles. 

Mozarabs  (mo-zar'abz),  or  Mozarabians  (mo- 
za-ra'bi-anz).  Those  Christians  in  Spain  who 
lived  among  and  measurably  assimilated  them- 
selves to  the  Moslems,  but  continued  in  the  ex- 
ercise of  their  own  religion. 

Mozart  (mo'zSrt;  G.  pron.  mo'tsart),  Leopold. 
Born  at  Augsburg,  Bavaria,  Nov.  14, 1719:  died 
at  Salzburg,  May  28, 1787.  A  German  violinist 
and  musical  writer. 

Mozart,  Wolfgang  Amadous.  Bom  at  Salz- 
burg, Austria,  Jan.  27,  1756:  died  at  Vienna, 
Dec.  5, 1791.  A  celebrated  Austrian  composer, 
son  of  Leopold  Mozart.  He  showed  a  precocious 
knowledge  of  music  when  only  three  years  old,  and  first 
appeared  in  public  in  a  performance  at  the  University  of 
Salzburg,  in  1761,  when  between  five  and  six  years  of  age. 
In  1762  his  father  took  him  with  his  sister  Marianne  on  a 
concert  tour  to  Munich,  Vienna,  and  other  places,  and  in 
the  next  year  to  Paris,  where  they,  especially  Wolfgang, 
excited  great  enthusiasm.  At  London  in  the  next  year  they 
were  equally  successful,  and  remained  in  England  till 
Aug.,  1765.  Mozart  during  this  time  composed  a  number 
of  symphonies,  sonatas,  and  the  overtures  for  two  of  his 
concerts :  they  also  played  at  their  lodgings  for  such  as 
chose  to  test  their  genius  in  private.  They  finally  arrived 
at  Salzburg  again  in  Nov. ,  1766,  and  in  1768  were  received 
atcourt  in  Vienna,  where  Mozart  was  urgedbythe  emperor 
to  compose  an  opera  and  conduct  it.  He  took  the  stoir  of 
"La  rfcta  Semplice,"  and  his  opera  (though  opposed  by 
the  envy  of  other  musicians)  was  finally  perfonned  at 
Salzburg.  He  succeeded  in  producing  his  "Bastien  und 
Bastienne "  in  a  private  theater  at  Vienna,  and  he  also 
composed  and  conducted  the  music  at  the  ceremonies  of 
the  consecration  of  the  new  church  at  Waisenhaus.  From 
1769  to  1771  they  traveled  in  Italy,  Mozart  winning  fresh 
laurels.  In  1777  he  went  to  Paris  with  his  mother,  where 
he  found  that  the  admkation  accorded  to  a  precocious 
child  was  not  so  easily  obtained  by  a  mature  musician. 
After  the  death  of  his  mother  he  returned  to  Salzburg,  and 
in  1781  to  Vienna,  where  he  lived  with  the  archbishop. 
He  reaped  but  little  pecuniary  benefit  from  his  composi- 
tions, and  his  health  began  to  fail.  In  1791  he  wrote  his 
three  greatest  symphonies  and  the  "  Magic  Flute,"  and  in 
this  year  received  the  famous  commission  from  a  mysteri- 
ous stranger  (afterward  known  to  be  the  steward  of  Count 
Walsegg)  to  write  a  requiem  mass  to  be  finished  within  a 
month.  His  enfeebled  health  and  various  circumstances 
connected  with  the  commission  produced  a  serious  effect 
on  his  already  troubled  brain,  and  he  imagined  it  to  be  a 
summons  from  the  other  world.  He  began  the  mass,  how- 
ever, and  said  that  it  was  for  his  own  f uneraL  As  he  was 
already  dying,  he  was  not  able  to  supervise  the  rehearsal 
of  the  finished  part  He  died  of  malignant  typhus  fever. 
There  were  no  ceremonies  at  his  grave,  and  even  his  friends 
followed  him  no  farther  than  the  city  gates,  owing  to  a 
violent  storm.  He  was  buried  in  the  common  ground  of 
St.  Marx,  and  the  exact  position  of  his  grave  is  not  known. 
Many  years  after  a  monument  was  erected  to  him  by  the 
city  of  Vienna.  He  left  over  six  hundred  compositions, 
which  include  more  than  forty  symphonies,  a  number  of 
masses  (mostly  composed  in  his  youth),  sonatas,  quartets, 
"  The  Eequiem,"  etc.  Among  his  operas  are  "  Idomeneo  " 
ms.D  "Mitridate,"  "LaFinta  Giardiniera,"  "  Zaide,"  "Die 
Kntfuhiung  aus  dem  SeraU  "(1782),  "Le  Nozze  dl  Figaro 


712 

("The  Marriage  of  Figaro,"  1786),  "Don Giovanni "(1787), 
''Cosl  fan  tutte"(1790),  "La  Clemenza  dl  Tito "(1791), 
"  Die  Zauberfiote  "  ("  The  Magic  Flute."  1791),  etc.  Very 
little  of  his  music  was  published  in  his  lifetime. 

Mozcas,    Same  as  Muyscas.    See  Chibchas. 

Mozdok  (moz-dok').  A  town  in  the  territory 
of  Terek,  Ciscaucasia,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Terek  about  lat.  43°  43'  N.,  long.  44°  42'  E. 
Population  (1889),  13,286. 

Mozhaisk  (mo-zhisk'),  or  Mojaisk,  or  Mo- 
shaisk.  A  small  town  in  the  government  of 
Moscow,  Bussia,  situated  on  the  Moskva  63 
mUes  west  of  Moscow.  For  the  battle  here, 
see  Borodino, 

Mozier  (mo'zh^r),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Burlington, 
"Vt.,  Aug.  22,  1812:  died  in  Switzerland,  Oct., 
1870.    An  American  sculptor. 

Mozley  (moz'li),  James  Bowling.  Bom  at 
Gainsborough,  Sept.  15,  1813:  died  at  Shore- 
ham,  Jan.  4,  1878.  An  English  divine  and 
theologian.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Oxford  (Magdalen 
College),  and  became  vicar  of  Old  Shoreham  (1856),  canon 
of  Worcester,  and  (1871)  regius  professor  of  divinity  at 
Oxford.  He  wrote  *'0n  the  Augustinian  Doctrine  of  Pre- 
destination" (1855),  "The  Primitive  Doctrine  of  Baptismal 
Eegeneration"  (1856),  "On  Miracles  "  (1866),  etc. 

D^ongwe  (mpong'gwe).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  ttie 
jPreneh  Kongo,  settled  around  the  Gabun  estu- 
ary, famous  as  traders  and  middlemen  between 
the  whites  and  the  interior  natives.  Semi-civillzed 
and  corrupted  by  prolonged  contact  with  the  whites,  they 
are  dying  out,  but  their  language  will  remain,  since  it  is 
adopted  by  the  inland  natives  who  press  to  the  coast.  The 
Mpongwe  ai'e  divided  into  four  social  classes:  (a)  the 
Mpongwe  of  pure  blood ;  (6)  those  descended  from  an 
alien  mother ;  (c)  those  bom  of  slave  women ;  and  (d) 
slaves. 

Mrichchhakatika  (mrch-eh-ha-ka'ti-ka).  [Skt. 
mrid,  clay,  and  shakatiM,  a,  small  cart.]  ''The 
Little  Clay  Cart,"  a  Sanskrit  drama,  it  is  a  work 
of  remarkable  power,  comparable  to  the  best  modern  com- 
edies in  plot,  incident,  character  delineation,  and  felicity 
of  diction,  and  extraordinary  in  its  minute  directions  to 
the  actors  and  its  various  scenic  artifices.  It  has  been 
supposed  to  have  been  written  in  the  1st  or  2d  century, 
hut  Von  Schroder  putsitinthe  5th  or  6tli.  Its  authorship 
is  ascribed  in  flattery  to  a  king  Shudraka,  who  is  praised 
in  the  prologue.  Pischel,  after  assigning  it  earlier  to  Bhasa, 
believes  its  real  author  to  have  been  Dandin.  The  hero 
is  Gharudatta,  a  virtuous  Brahman,  reduced  to  poverty  by 
his  generosity;  the  heroine,  Vasantasena,  a  beautiful  and 
wealthy  hetaira,  who  loves  him  and  repulses  the  king's 
brother-in-law,  Samsthanaka.  Vasantasena  is  purified  and 
ennobled  by  her  affection,  and  at  last  weds  Gharudatta. 
"The  little  clay  cart"  or  "toy  cart,"  from  which  the 
name  comes,  is  a  plaything  of  the  little  son  of  Gharudatta. 
Visiting  Gharudatta  at  his  house,  Vasantasena  finds  his 
child  crying  because  his  toy  cart  is  of  clay  while  the  cart 
of  a  neighbor's  child  is  of  gold.  Vasantasena  fills  the  boy's 
cart  with  her  jewels,  and  tells  him  to  have  a  gold  cart 
made  from  these.  The  Mrichchhakatika  has  been  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Wilson,  into  German  by  both  BBht- 
lingk  and  Fritze,  into  French  by  Kegnaud,  into  Danish  by 
Brandos,  and  into  Hussian  by  Kossowltscli.  A  full  account 
of  the  play  is  given  in  Von  Schroder's  "Indien's  Literatur 
und  Cultur:  Vorlesung  43." 

Msidi  (mse'de),  or  Mushidi  (m8-she'de).  See 
Garenganze. 

Mstislavl  (ttiste-slavl').  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Mohileff,  Kussia,  57  miles  east  of  Mohi- 
lefE.    Population  (1893),  8,799. 

Mtesa(mta'sa).  Diedl885.  AkingoftheGanda 
tribe,  East  Africa,  made  famous  by  the  visits  at 
his  court  of  Speke,  Grant,  Emin,  and  Stanley. 
He  treated  with  the  khedive  and  the  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  as 
an  equal  He  had  many  good  qualities,  but  kept  wavering 
betweenpaganism,  Islam, and Christianityuntil his  death. 

MtsenSE  (mtsensk).  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Orel,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Zusha  34  miles 
northeast  of  Orel.  Population  (1893),  16,318. 

Muata-Yamvo  (mwa'ta-yam'vo).  The  title  of 
the  king  of  the  Lunda  nation  in  central  Africa : 
once  the  greatest  potentate  Of  Africa,  now  great- 
ly reduced  by  civil  wars  and  the  raids  of  the 
Makioko. 

Mucedorus  (mu-se-do'rus).  A  play,  probably 
by  T.  Lodge,  acted  in  1653,  printed  in  1598.  It 
has  been  assigned  to  Shakspere  without  reason- 
able ground. 

Much  (much).  A  miller's  son,  one  of  Bobin 
Hood's  band,  said  to  have  been  a  real  person. 

MuchAdo  about  Nothing.  Acomedyby  Shak- 
spere,  produced  in  1597-98.  It  was  first  printed 
in  1600.  The  play  was  known  as  "Benedict  and  Bettris" 
in  1613,  and  is  probably  the  same  as  "Love's  Labour 's 
Won  "  (which  see).  The  story  of  Hero  is  taken  with  some 
variations  from  one  of  Bandello's  tales,  which  probably  was 
borrowed  from  the  story  of  Geneura  and  Ariodantes  in  the 
"  Orlando  Furioso  "  of  Ariosto.  This  part  of  the  play,  how- 
ever, is  subordinated  by  Shakspere  to  the  loves  of  Bene- 
dick and  Beatrice. 

Mucius  Scsevola.    See  Scsevola. 

Miicke  (miik'ke),  Heinrich  Earl  Anton.  Bom 
at  Breslau,  Prussia,  April  9, 1806 :  died  at  Diis- 
seldorf.  Jan.  17,  1891.  A  German  historical 
painter,  a  pupil  of  the  Berlin  and  Dusseldorf 
academies,  and  professor  at  the  latter  from  1844. 

Mucklewrath  (muk'1-rath),  Habakkuk.    In 


Mugvmmps 

Scott's  novel  "Old  Mortality,"  a  fanatical  leader 
of  the  Covenanters. 
Muckross  (muk'ros).  A  peninsular  tract  be- 
tween two  of  the  lakes  of  KUlarney,  County^ 
Kerry,  Ireland,  notable  for  its  abbey,  a  Fran-' 
cisoa'nfoundationof  the  15th century.  The  church 
has  a  low,  square  tower  at  the  crossing,  a  recessed  pointed 
doorway  at  the  west  end,  and  a. very  beautiful  east  win- 
dow. The  quadrangular  cloister  is  almost  perfect,  about 
60  feet  to  a  side,  and  of  great  beauty.  On  two  sides  the 
arches  are  semicircular.  Of  the  secular  buildings  the  dor- 
mitory, refectory,  and  kitchen  are  noteworthy. 

Mucuchies.    See  Timoies. 

Mudania  (mo-da'ne-a).  A  town  in  the  vilayet 
of  Khodavendikyar,  Asia  Minor,  Turkey,  situ- 
ated on  the  Sea  of  Marmora  50  miles  south  of 
Constantinople.  Population,  estimated,  10,000. 

Mudie  (mu'di),  Charles  Edward.  Born  at 
Chelsea,  Oct.  18, 1818:  died  atHampstead,  Oct. 
28,  1890.  An  English  bookseller,  in  1842  he 
founded  Mudie's  Library,  which  is  now  the  largest  circu- 
lating library  in  London.    He  wrote  "  Stray  Leaves  "  (1872). 

Mudki,  or  Moodkee  (mod'ke).  A  place  in  the 
Panjab,  British  India,  67  miles  south-southeast 
of  Lahore.  Here,  Dec,  1845,  the  British  under 
Gough  defeated  the  Sikhs. 

Mudrarakshasa  (mo-dra-rSk'sha-sa).  [Skt.. 
'  Eakshasa  and  the  Signet-ring.']  A'celebrated 
Sanskrit  political  drama,  in  seven  acts,  by  Vi- 
shakhadatta :  ascribed  by  Wilson  to  the  11th  or 
12th  century,  by  Pischel  to  the  beginning  of 
the  11th,  and  by  Kashinath  Trimbak  Telang  and 
Hillebrandt  to  the  7th  or  8th.  It  introduces  Ghan- 
dragupta  or  Sandrocottus,  the  great  founder  of  the  Maurya 
dynasty,  and  his  minister  Chanakya,  an  Indian  Machia^ 
velli.  The  latter  is  represented  as  having  slain  King  I4^anda 
and  assisted  Ghandragupta  to  the  throne.  The  design  is 
to  show  how  Chanakya  by  all  possible  means  effects  a  rec- 
onciliation between  Rakshasa,  the  minister  of  the  muiv 
dered  Kanda,  and  the  persons  on  whose  behalf  he  was 
Idlled.    It  has  been  translated  into  English  by  Wilson. 

Muerto  (ms-ar'to),  Jornada  del.  [Sp., '  journey 
of  the  dead.']  A  very  arid  plateau,  about  65 
miles  long  and  from  20  to  30  broad,  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Eio  Grande,  and  separated  from  that 
river  by  a  series  of  arid  mountains,  the  Sierra 
Pra  Cristobal,  Sierra  del  Caballo,  and  Sierra 
del  Perrillo.  There  is  permanent  water  in  one  locality 
only.  Previous  to  the  construction  of  the  Atchison,  To- 
peka,  and  Santa  F6  Railroad,  the  Jgrnada  del  Muerto  was 
a  much  dreaded  portion  of  the  road  between  El  Paso  del 
Korte  and  Santa  F6,  both  on  account  of  its  aridity  and  on 
account  of  the  Apaches  who  almost  constantly  infested 
the  region.  Artesian  wells  have  lately  been  sunk  in  various 
places,  and  cattle  are  being  herded  on  some  portions. 

Muette  de  Portici,  La.  -An  opera  by  Au^er, 
words  by  Scribe  and  Delavigne.  it  was  produced 
at  Paris  in  1828,  and  in  England  as  ''Masaniello  "  in  English 
in  1829  and  as  "La  Muta  di  Portici"  in  Italian  in  1861. 

Mug  (mug),  Matthew.  A  character  in  Foote's 
"  Mayor  of  Garratt,"  said  to  be  a  satirical  por- 
trait of  the  Duke  of  Newcastle. 

Miigge  (miig'ge),  Theodor.  Bom  at  Berlin, 
Nov.  8, 1806:  died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  18, 1861.  A 
German  novelist  and  writer  of  travels.  Among 
his  works  are  "Die  Sohweiz"  ("Switzerland," 
1847),  the  novel  "  Toussaint"  (1840),  etc. 

Muggendorf(mog'gen-dorf).  A  village  inUpper 
Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Wiesent 
25  miles  north-northeast  of  Nuremberg.  There 
are  celebrated  stalac  title  srottoes  in  the  vicinity. 

Muggleton  (mng'1-ton),  lodowick  or  Ludo- 
Wick.  Bornl609:diedl697orl698.  AnEnglish 
fanatic,  founder,  conjointly  with  John  Reeve, 
of  the  Muggletonians.  His  doctrines  were  pub- 
lished in  "  The  Divine  Looking-Glass"  (1656). 

Muggletonians(mug-l-t6'ni-anz).  A  sectf  ound- 
ed  in  England  by  Lodowick  Muggleton  and 
John  Eeeve  about  1651.  The  members  of  the  sect 
believed  in  the  prophetic  inspiration  of  its  founders,  as 
being  the  two  witnesses  mentioned  in  Eev.  xi.  S-6,  and 
held  that  there  is  no  real  distinction  between  the  persons 
of  the  Trinity,  that  God  has  a  human  body,  and  that  Elijah 
was  his  representative  in  heaven  when  he  descended  to  die 
on  the  cross.  The  last  member  of  the  sect  is  said  to  have 
died  in  1868. 

Mughals.    See  Moguls. 

Mugheir.    See  Ur. 

Mug-house  Club.  A  club  which  met  at  Long- 
acre  in  London  in  the  early  part  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury. Its  name  came  from  the  fact  that  each  member 
drank  his  ale  out  of  his  own  mug.  After  this  a  number 
of  mug-houses  were  established  by  the  partisans  of  the 
Hanover  succession,  in  order  that  the  Protestants  might 
rally  in  them  against  the  Jacobite  mobs.  It  was  at  one  of 
these,  in  Salisbury  Court,  Fleet  street,  that  the  most  serious 
of  the  "  Mug-house  riots  "  took  place  (July  23, 1716).  The 
mob  attacked  the  Hanoverians  assembled  there,  the  fight- 
ing continued  all  night,  and  the  ringleader  of  the  mob  was 
killed. 

Mugwumps  (mug'wumps).  [Prom  Algonquian 
mugguomp,  a  chief  or  leader.]  ■  In  United  States 
political  history,  the  independent  members  of 
the  Republican  party  who  in  1884  openly  re- 
fused to  support  the  nominee  (Blaine)  of  that 


Mugwumps 


713 


party  for  the  presidency  of  the  United  States,  Aug.  25,  but  was  in  turn  defeated  at  Aladja  Oct.  16,  and  at 
and  either  voted  for  the  Democratic  or  the    Deve-Boyun  Nov.  4, 1877. 

Prohibitionist  candidate  or  abstained  from  •l»ula  (mo  la).  A  town  m  the  province  of  Mur- 
voting.  ThewordwasnotgeneraUyknownlnanysense  oia,  Spain  19  miles  west  of  Murcia.  Population 
before  this  time,  but  it  took  the  popular  fancy,  and  was  at     ( J-°° '  )t  1",  <  oo. 

once  accepted  by  the  Independents  themselveB  as  an  hon-  Mula/hacen  (mS-la-a-then'),  orMuUiacen  (mol- 
orable  title.  a-then').     The  highest  summit  of  the  Sierra 

Munarram(miJ-har'am).  [Ar.]  Thefirstmonth    Nevada  Mountains,  Spain,  about  25  miles  east 
of  the  Mohammedan  year;  also,  a  religious  fes-    bysouth  of  Granada.   Height,  about  11, 660 feet, 
tival  held  during  that  month.  The  ceremonies  with  Mulberries,  The.     See  the  extract, 
the  Shiah  Moslems  have  special  reference  to  the  death  of 


Hasan,  grandson  of  Mohammed,  who  is  looked  upon  by 
the  Shlahs  as  a  martyr.  With  the  Sunnites  they  have  ref- 
erence to  the  day  of  creation.    Also  Mohmram. 

Mtinlbach  (mill'baoh).  [G.^ 'mill-stream.']  A 
town  in  Transylvania,  8  miles  south  of  Karls- 
burg.    Population  (1890),  6,692. 

MliUbach,  Luise.    See  Mundt. 

MUhlberg  (miil'bera).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Elbe  35  miles  northwest  of  Dresden.  Here,  April 
24, 1647,  the  Imperialists  under  Charles  Y.  defeated  John 
Frederick  I.,  elector  of  Saxony. 


Towards  the  end  of  the  year  1824,  some  young  men  met 
at  a  humble  tavern,  the  Wrekin,  in  the  genial  neighbour- 
hood of  Covent  Garden,  with  Shakspeare  as  their  common 
idol ;  and  it  was  a  regulation  of  this  club  that  some  paper, 
or  poem,  or  conceit  bearing  upon  Shakspeare  should  be 
contributed  by  each.  Hither  came  Douglas  J'errold,  and 
he  was  soon  joined  byLaman  Blanchard.  Upon  JeiTold's 
suggestion  the  club  was  called  the  Mulberries  and  their 
contributions  Mulberry  leaves.  .  .  .  The  club  did  not, 
however,  die  easily ;  it  was  changed  and  grafted  in  times 
nearer  the  present,  when  it  was  called  the  Shakspeare 
Club.  Charles  Dickens,  Mr.  Justice  Talfourd,  Daniel  Mac- 
Use,  Mr.  Macready,  Mr.  Frank  Stone,  etc.,  belonged  to  it. 
Respectability  killed  it.  Timhs. 


Miibldorf  (mffl'dorf ).  A  town  in  Upper  Bava-  Mulberry  Garden.  A  place  of  refreshment  in 
ria,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Inn  44  miles  east-  London,  much  frequented  by  persons  of  quality 
northeast  of  Munich.  Here,  Sept.  28, 1322,  the  em-  in  the  17th  century.  Sir  Charles  Sedley  produced  a 
peror  Louis  the  Bavarian  defeated  Tredenck  of  Austria,  comedy  with  this  title  In  1668.  It  is  partly  taken  from 
Also  called  battle  of  Ampflng.    Population  (1890),  2,938.       Molifere's  "Ecole  des  maris  " 

Muhlenberg  (G.  pron.  mu'len-bero),  Heinrich  Mulcaster  (mul'kas-ter),  Richard.  Born  at 
Melchior.    Born  at  Einbeok,  Prussia,  Sept.  6,    CarUsle :  died  April  15, 1611.  An  English  philol- 


ogist. He  was  a  scholar  in  King's  College,  Cambridge, 
in  1548,  and  a  student  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  1655. 
He  was  made  master  of  Merchant  Taylors'  School  in  1661, 
and  of  St.  Paul's  School  in  1B96,  and  taught  Spenser.  He 
wrote  "Positions,  etc.,  necessarie  for  the  Training  up  of 
Children,  etc."  (1681),  "The  First  Part  of  the  Elementarie 
of  the  Kight  Writing  of  our  English  Tung  "  (1682),  etc. 


1711 :  died  at  Trappe,  Pa.,  Oct.  7, 1787.  A  Ger- 
man-American clergyman,  chief  founder  of  the 
Lutheran  Church  in  the  United  States. 

Muhlenberg  (mu'len-berg),  Henry  Augustus. 
Bom  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  May  13, 1782 :  died  at 

Beading,  Pa.,  Aug.  11,  1844.    An  American  _  „ 

clergyman  and  Democratic  politician,  son  of  Mulciber  (mul'si-ber).   [L.,  'the  softener.']   In 
G.  H.  E.  Muilenberg.    He  was  minister  to  Aus-    Roman  mythology,  a  surname  of  Vulcan, 
tria  1838-40.  Mulde  (mol'de).    A  river  in  Saxony,  Prussia, 

Muhlenberg,  John  Peter  Gabriel.  Bom  at  andAnhalt.  it  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Zwlckauer 
Trappe,  Pa.,  Oct.  1,  1746:  died  near  Philadel-  Mulde  and  the  Freiberger  Mulde,  and  joins  the  Elbe  3 
phia,  Oct.  1, 1807.  An  American  Eevolutionary  SufdeTatoSt  ?oo  mUes^""^*  <'"'=^"'*"^  "'^  Zwickauer 
general  and  politician,  son  of  H.  M.  Miihlen-  Mulder  (mol'der),  Gerardus  Johannes.   Bom 

-gerg.  .  ^         .r,  .at  Utrecht,  Netherlands,  Dec.  27,  1802:  died 

Muhlenberg,  William  Augustus.  Bom  at  at  Utrecht,  April,  1880.  A  Dutch  physician 
Philadelphia,  Sept.  16, 1796:  died  at  New  York,         -    -       • '■    ^   -'  -   -       -■       ^  J-      - 

April  8, 1877.  Ail  American  Episcopalian  cler- 
gyman, hymn- writer,  and  hymnologist:  great- 


and  chemist,  professor  of  chemistry  at  Utrecht 
1840-68 :  especially  noted  for  his  researches 
on  protein, 


gra,ndson  of  H.  M.  MiiMenberg.    He  was  first  su-  Mufe  sans  Frein  (miU  son  fran),  La.    [P. , '  The 

Mule  without  a  Bndle.']  A  French  romance 
which  has  by  some  been  attributed  to  Payans 
Maiziferes,  and  by  others  to  Chrestien  de  Troyes. 


The  tale  has  been  versifled  by  Mr.  Way  and  by  the  Ger 
man  poet  Wieland  ["  Des  Maulthiers  Zaum  "]. 

Duvlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  268. 


perintendent  and  pastor  of  St  Luke's  Hospital,  New  York. 
One  of  his  best-known  hymns  is  "  I  would  not  live  al- 
way." 

MtUllhausen  (in  Alsace).    See  Mulhausen. 

Miihlhausen  (mul'hou-zen).     A  town  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Unstrut  21  miles  northwest  of  Gotha.  it  has  im- 
portant mannfaoturea  of  cotton,  woolen,  etc. ;  was  for-  MuletS  (mu-la'),Grands-,andMuletS,PetitS-. 
merly  a  free  imperial  city ;  and  was  the  headquarters  of     xr„f  „  j  -nointsi  oti  the  Rlntie  of  Mnnt  'Rlntic 
Thomas  Munzer  1524-25.    Population  (1890),  27,427.  -^  "I?"^  gomts  on  tnejiope  or  jLont  uianc, 

Miihlheim.    See  Mulheim. 

Muiopotmos  (moi-o-pot'mos),  or  the  Tale  of 

the  Butterfly.     [Gr.  /ivla,  fly,  and  n&TiiOi,  lot, 

destiny.]    A  poem  by  Spenser,  in  octave  rime. 


Mulford  (mul'ford),  Elisha,  Bom  atMontrose, 
Pa.,  Nov.  19,  1§33:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
Dec.  9,  1885.  A:ix  American  Episcopal  clergy- 
man and  philosophical  writer.  His  works  include 
"The  Nation"  (1870)  and  "The  Eepublio  of  God"  (1881). 


publishedinl591inthevolumeknownas"Com-  Mif|r^^'e°,VarSof:    Sel S^"^/and P^^^! 


plaints 

Muir  (miir),  John.  Bom  at  Glasgow,  Feb.  5, 
1810:  died  at  Edinburgh,  March  7,  1882.  A 
Scottish  Sanskrit  scholar.  He  was  educated  at  Glas- 
gow University  and  at  the  Bast  India  Company's  College 
at  Haileybury.  From  1829  to  1863  he  held  various  civil  and 
judicial  positions  in  India.  In  1862  he  founded  the  chair 
of  Sanskrit  at  Edinburgh  University.  HiS'  "Original  San- 
skrit Texts,  etc.,"  appeared  1858-70.  He  published  a  vol- 
ume of  metrical  translations  from  Sanskrit  writers. 

Muir,  John.  Born  at  Dunbar,  Scotland,  in  1836. 
An  American  naturalist,  explorer,  and  writer. 
For  a  number  of  years  he  made  his  headquarters  in  the 
Yosemite  region,  demonstrating  the  theory  of  its  glacial 
formation,  and  making  a  comprehensive  study  of  the  geo- 
logical and  botanical  features  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  In 
1879  he  went  to  Alaska  and  explored  the  region  north  of 
Fort  Wrangel,  discovering  Glacier  Bay  and  the  glacier 
bearing  his  name ;  and  in  1881  accompanied  one  of  the 
expeditions  to  the  Arctic  in  search  of  the  lost  Jeanette. 
He  has  published  in  magazines  a  number  of  illustrated 
articles  concerning  the  natural  features  of  most  of  these 
regions.  He  has  also  edited  "Picturesque  California," 
and  published  "  The  Mountains  of  California  "  (1894). 

Muir,  Sir  William.  Bom  1819.  A  Scottish 
Arabic  scholar,  brother  of  John  Muir.  He  en- 
tered the  Bengal  civil  service  at  18  years  of  age.  He  was 
lieutenant-governor  of  the  Northwest  Provinces  1868-74 ; 
was  financial  minister  to  the  Indian  government  1874-76 ; 
and  was  principal  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh  1885- 
He  has  written  a  "Life  of  Mahomet"  (1858-61), 


Mulgrave  (mul'grav)  Archipelago.  A  name 
given  sometimes  to  the  Marshall  Islands, Pacific 
Ocean,  sometimes  collectively  to  the  Marshall 
and  Gilbert  groups. 

Mulgrave  Islands.  A  small  group  of  islands 
in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  Marshall  group, 
Pacific  Ocean. 

Mulhacen.    See  Mulahacen. 

Miilhausen,  or  Miihlhausen  (miil'hou-zen), 
F.  Mulhouse  (miil-6z').  Acityin  Upper -Alsace, 
Alsace-Lorraine,  situated  on  the  111  61  miles 
south-southwest  of  Strasburg.  it  is  the  chief  man- 
ufacturing center  of  Alsace-Lorraine,  being  especially 
noted  for  its  manufactures  of  cotton  goods  (including  mus- 
lins, calicoes,  etc.),  and  has  also  manufactures  of  iron 
wares,  machinery,  chemicals,  and  paper.  It  contains  an 
artisans'  colony  (Arbeiterstadt).  Formerly  it  was  a  free 
imperial  city.  It  was  in  close  alliance  with  the  Swiss  Con- 
feiferation  1515-1798 ;  was  annexed  to  France  in  1798 ;  was 
occupied  by  the  Germans  in  1870 ;  and  was  annexed  to  Ger- 
many in  1871.    Population  (1890),  76,672. 

Miilheim-on-the-Rhine(miil'lum-on-5He-rin'). 
A  town  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Ehine  nearly  opposite  Cologne,  it 
has  flourishing  manufactures  and  river  commerce.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  30,996. 

Mulheim-on-the-Ruhr(-r6r').AmanufactuTing 
town  in  the  Ehine  Province,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Ruhr  34  miles  north  of  Cologne.    Popu- 


1900. 

"  Annals  of  the  Early  Caliphate  "  (1883),  etc. 

Mukden,  or  Moukden  (m5k-den'),  or  Shing-    lation  (1890),  32,416. 

king  (shing'king').   The  capital  of  Manchuria,  Mulhouse.     &bq  Mulhausen. 

situated  on  a  branch  of  the  Liao  about  lat.  41°  Mull  (mul).    An  island  of  the  Inner  Hebrides, 

45'  N.,  long.  123°  40'  E.    Niu-chuang  is  its.sea-    Argyllshire,  Scotland.  Chief  place,  Tobermory. 

pori;.     Population  (1887),  250,000.  It  is  separated  from  the  mainland  of  ArgyUshire  by  the 

Mukhtar  (mSkh-tar')  Pasha,  Achmed.     Born     Sound  of  Mull  and  the  Firth  of  Lorn.    The  surface  is  moun- 

at  Brusa,  Asia  Minor,  Sept.,  1832.    A  Turkish  _t™o«L'''"i  ^"Sg^i-  .^«^  ^47  square  miles. 

general.    He  was  appointed  governor-general  of  Bosnia 

Si  1876,  and  commander-in-chief  in  Armenia  in  1877.    He 

defeated  the  Russians  at  Zevin  June  25,  and  at  Kizil-Tepe 


Mull,  Sound  of.  A  sea  passage  separating  MuU 
from  the  mainland  of  Argyllshire  on  the  north- 
east.   Width,  about  2  miles. 


Miiller,  Karl  Otfried 

Mlillenhoff  (miil'len-hof),  Karl  Victor.  Bom 

at  Mame,  Holstein,  Sept.  8,  1818 :  died  at  Ber- 
lin, Feb.  19,  1884.  A  German  philologist,  pro- 
fessor at  Berlin  from  1858.  He  published  various 
works  on  Germanic  philology  and  antiquities. 

Mullens  (mul'enz),  orMullins  (mul'inz),Pris- 
cilla.  The  wife  of  John  Alden,  and  the  heroine 
of  Longfellow's  poem  "  The  Courtship  of  Miles 
Standish." 

Miiller  (mii-lar'),  Charles  Louis,  called  Miil- 
ler de  Paris.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dee.  22,  1815 : 
died  there,  Jan.  11,  1892.  A  French  historical 
painter.  Among  his  works  are  the  "  Roll  Call  of  the  Last 
victims  of  the  Eeign  of  Terror,"  "Marie  Antoinette  at 
the  Trianon,"  "Charlotte  Corday  in  Prison,"  "Galileo 
before  Cardinal  Barberini,"  etc. 

Mliller(miil'ler)  ,Eduard.  [The  G.  sumame  Miil- 
ie?-=E.  Miller.l  Born  at  Brieg, Prussia, Nov.  12, 
1804 :  died  at  Liegnitz,  Prussia,  Nov.  30,  1875. 
A  German  author,  brother  of  K.  O.  Miiller. 

Miiller,  Frederick  (Friedrich)  Maximilian, 
generally  called  Max  Miiller.  Born  at  Dessau, 
Germany,  Dec.  6, 1823 :  died  at  Oxford,  Oct.  28, 
1900.  A  German-English  Sanskrit  scholar  and 
comparative  philologist,  son  of  WilhelmMiiller. 
He  was  educated  at  Leipsic,  Berlin,  and  Paris,  and  in  1846 
wentto  England,  and  in  1860  settled  at  Oxford.  He  became 
professor  of  modern  languages  and  literature  there  in  1864, 
and  was  professor  of  comparative  philology  1868-1900.  In 
1866  he  became  connected  with  the  Bodleian  Library,  and 
1866-67  was  curator  of  Oriental  works.  He  edited  and  trans- 
lated the  "  Hitopadesa  "  (1844),  and  edited  the  Rig- Veda  (6 
vols.  1849-74),  etc.  His  chief  works  are  "  A  History  of  An- 
cient Sanskrit  Literature  "  (1859),  "  Lectures  on  the  Science- 
of  Language  "  (1861-64),  "  Handbooks  for  the  Study  of  San- 
skrit ■  (1865-70 :  comprising  grammar,  dictionary,  etc.), 
"Chips  from  a  German  Workshop  "  (1868-76),  "Lectures 
on  the  Science  of  Religion" (1870),  ''On  the  Origin  and 
Growth  of  Religion  as  illustrated  by  the  Religion  s  of  India  "■ 
(1878),  and  translations  of  various  Oriental  works. 

Miiller,  Friedrich,  called  Miiller  the  Painter,, 
or  Maler  Miiller.  BornatEreuznach,  Prussia, 
Jan.  13,  1749:  died  at  Rome,  April  23, 1825.  A 
Germanpoet,  painter,  and  engraver. 

Miiller,  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Jemnik,  Bohemia, 
March  5, 1834 :  died  at  Vienna,  May  25, 1898.  A 
German  comparative  philologist  and  ethnolo- 
gist, professor  at  Vienna  from  1866. 

Miiller,  George.  Bom  near  Halberstadt,  Prus- 
sia, Sept.  27,  1805 :  died  at  Bristol,  March  10, 
1898.  A  German-English  philanthropist.  He 
studied  divini  ty  at  Halle,  and  went  to  London  in  1829.  la 
1S36  he  established  the  Orphan  House  of  Bristol,  to  be  sup- 
ported by  unsolicited  contributions.  In  1856  it  contained 
297  children,  and  had  received  £84,441  as  the  result  of 
prayer  alone;  In  1875  it  contained  2,000  Children.  He 
wrote  "A  Narrative  of  Some  of  the  Lord's  Dealings  with 
George  Miiller  "  (1837). 

Miiller,  Johann.    See  Jtegiomonfamts. 
Miiller,  Johann  Friedrich  Wilhelm.    Bom  at 

Stuttgart,  Wiirtemberg,  Dec.  11, 1782 :  diednear 
Dresden,  May  3, 1816.  A  German  engraver,  son 
of  J.  G.  von  Miiller.  His  chief  work  is  the  "  Sis- 
tine  Madonna"  (after  Raphael). 

Miiller,  Johann  Gotthard  von.  Bom  at  Bern- 
hausen,  near  Stuttgart,  Wiirtemberg,  May  4, 
1747 :  died  at  Stuttgart,  March  14, 1830.  A  Ger- 
man engraver. 

Miiller,  Johann  Heinrich  Jakob.  Born  at 
Cassel,  Prussia,  April  30, 1809 :  died  at  Freiburg, 
Baden,  Oct.  3, 1875.  A  German  physicist,  pro- 
fessor at  Freiburg  from  1844.  His  chief  work  is 
"  Lehrbuch  der  Physik  und  Meteorologie  "  (1842) . 

Miiller,  Johannes  or  Johann  von.    Bom  at 

Schaffnausen,  Switzerland,  Jan.  3, 1752 :  died  at 
Cassel,  Prussia,  May  29,  1809.  A  noted  Swiss 
historian.  He  held  various  offices  in  the  service  of 
Mainz,  Austria,  and  Prussia,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death 
was  director-general  of  education  in  the  kingdom  of  West- 
phalia. His  chief  works  are  "  Geschichte  der  Schweizer  "■ 
("History  of  the  Swiss,"  4  vols.  1780-1806),  and  "24  Biicher 
allgemeiner  Geschichte  "  ("  24  Books  of  Universal  History,'" 
1811). 

Miiller,  Johannes.  Bom  at  Coblenz,  Pmssia, 
July  14, 1801:  died  at  Berlin,  April  27-28, 1858. 
A  celebrated  German  physiologist  and  compar- 
ative anatomist,  professor  at  Bonn  1826-33,  and 
at  Berlin  from  1833.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
modem  physiology,  and  exerted  also  a  powerful  influence 
upon  other  departments  of  science.  His  chief  work  is 
"Handbuch  der  Physiologic  des  Menschen." 

Miiller,  Julius.  Born  at  Brieg,  Prussia,  April 
10,  1801 :  died  Sept.  27, 1878.  A  noted  German 
Protestant  theologian,  professor  successively 
at  Gottingen  (1834),  Marburg  (1835),  and  Halle 
(1839).  His  chief  work  is  "Die  christliche  Lehre  von 
der  Siinde"  ("The  Christian  Doctrine  of  Sin,"  1839). 

Miiller,  Karl  Otfried.  Bom  at  Brieg,  Prus- 
sia, Aug.  28, 1797:  died  at  Athens,  Aug.  1, 1840. 
A  celebrated  German  Hellenist  and  archseolo- 
gist,  professor  of  archseology  at  Gottingen  from 
1819.  Among  his  works  are  "Geschichte  hellenischer 
Stamme  undStaaten  "  (1820-24), "  Etrusker  "(1828), "  Hand- 
buch der  Archaologie  der  Kunst "  (1830),  "  Prolegomenon 


Mliller,  Earl  Otfried 


714 


zu   einer  wissenschaftliohen   Mythologie"  (1825),  "Ge-  note  various  idols  or  fetishes  fantastically  clothed,  wor- 

schichte  der  griechischen  Litteratur"  ("History  ol  Greek  sliiped  by  certain  negro  tribes. 

Literature"l841),mapsof  ancient  Greece,  etc.  MummiuS    (mum'i-us),    LuciUS,    surnamed 

Muller, Max.  See Muller.FredencJc Maximilian.  Achaicus.    Lived  in  the  middle  of  the  2d cen- 

Jluller,  otto.    Born  at  .Schotten,  Hesse,  June  tury  b.  C.    A  Eoman  consul  146  b.  c.   He  defeated 

1,  1816:  died  at   Stuttgart,  Aug.  6,  1894.      A  the  Ach^an  League  and  captured  Corinth,  completing  the 

Grerman  novelist.  His  works  include  "  Biirger  "  Roman  conquest  of  Greece  (146  b.  c). 

(1845)  and  "  nharlotte  Ackermann"  (1854).  Muncaczy.     See  MmiMcsy. 

Mliller,  Otto Frederik.    BomlTSO:  diedl784.  Munch (monch),  Andreas.  BomatChristiania, 

A  Danish  naturalist.  Oct.  19, 1811:  died  June  30, 1884.   A  Norwegian 

Miiller,  Peder  Erasmus,     Bom  at  Copenha-  post  and  dramatist.    His  father  was  the  poet  Johan 

gen,  May  29, 1776:  died  Sept.  4, 1834.   A  Danish  storm  Munch,  bishop  of  Christiansand.    In  1830  he  went 


theologian  and  archaeologist,  appointed  profes- 
sor of  theologyatCopenhagenin  1801,  andtoishop 
of  Zealand  in  1830.  He  wrote  "  Library  of  the 
Sagas"  (1816-18),  etc. 
;Miiller,"Wilhelm.  Born  at  Dessau,  Got.  7, 1794 : 
died  there,  Sept.  30, 1827.  A  German  lyric  poet. 
He  was  a  student  at  Berlin  in  1812jand,  after  having  fought 
in  the  war  of  liberation  against  France  1813-14,  resumed 
there  his  studies.  From  1817  to  1819  he  traveled  in  Ita^. 
In  the  latter  year  he  returned  to  Dessau,  where  he  be- 
came teacher  of  the  classical  languages  at  the  gymnasium, 
and  librarian  of  the  ducal  library.  His  "Lieder  der  Grie- 
■Chen"  ("Songs  of  the  Greeks,"  1821-24)  were  ^vritten  dur- 
ing the  Greek  struggles  for  independence.  "  Gedichte  aus 
den  hinterlassenen  Fapieren  eines  reisenden  Waldhornls- 
ten  "  ("Poems  from  the  Posthumous  Papers  of  a  Travel- 
ing Bugler  ")  date  from  1821-27, "  tyrische  Spazierg^nge  " 
■("  Lyric  Walks  ")  from  1827.  Some  of  his  lyrics,  especially 
those  set  to  music  by  Schubert  ("MUllerlieder''),  enjoy 
great  popularity.  His  "  Vermischte  Schriften  "  ("  Mis- 
cellaneous Writings")  were  published  at  Leipsic  in 
1830  in  5  vols.  A  new  edition  of  his  poems,  with  an 
introduction  by  his  son  Max  Miiller,  appeared  at  Leip- 
sic in  1868. 

Miiller  von  K6nigswinter(miIl'lerfonke'nigs- 
vin-ter),  Wolfgang.  Born  at  Konigs winter, 
Prussia,  March  15, 1816 :  died  at  Neuenahr,  Prus- 
sia, June  29,  1873.    A_  German  lyric  and  epic 

poet  and  novelist.  ' '" 

konigin"  (1852) 


to  Christiania  to  study  jurisprudence,  but  returned  home 
the  following  year  and  remained  there  until  the  death  of 
his  father  in  1832,  when  the  family  removed  to  Christiania. 
He  was  now  obliged  to  support  himself  by  his  own  labors, 
and  soon  gave  up  the  idea  of  a  legal  career.  His  first  book 
was  the  collection  of  poems  "Ephemerer"^"  Ephemera"), 
which  appeared  in  1837.  This  was  followed  m  the  succeed- 
ing year  by  along  poem  "Sangerinden"("The  Singer"), 
and  by  his  first  drama,  "Kong  Sverres  TTngdom  "  ("King 
Sverre's  Youth  "),  which  was  awarded  the  first  prize  and 
the  honor  of  production  at  the  opening  of  the  new  Nor- 
wegian theater.  In  1846  he  gave  up  the  editorship  of  the 
political  journal  "  Constitutionelle,"  which  he  had  in  the 
meantime  assumed,  to  travel  in  France,  Italy,  and  Ger- 
many, where  he  was  absent  a  year.  After  his  return  he 
published  "Digte  gamle  og  nye  "  ("  Poems  Old  and  New") 
and  the  prose  "  BiUeder  f ra  Nord  og  Syd  "  ("  Pictures  from 
North  and  South  "),  both  in  1848,  followed  by  "  Nye  Digte  " 
("New  Poems")  in  1860.  The  death  of  his  wife  this  last 
year  gave  rise  to  the  collection  of  poems  published  in  1852 
with  the  title  "Sorgog  Trost"  ("Grief  and  Consolation"). 
He  now  turned  his  attention  again  to  the  drama,  and  wi-ote, 
between  the  years  1854  and  1856,  *'  Solomon  de  Cans,"  the 
historical  drama  "Bn  Aften  paa  Giske"  ("An  Evening  at 
Giske"),  and  the  tragedy  "Lord  William Eussel."  Subse- 
quent works  are  "Samlede  Digte"  ("Collected  Poems," 
1858),  "Nyere  Digte"  ("Eecent  Poems,"  1861),  the  cycle 
"Jesu  Billeder"  ("Pictures  of  Jesus,"  1865),  "Eftersom- 
mer  "  ("  Autumn,  1867).  He  was  the  author  also  of  other 
poems  and  dramas,  besides  translations  from  Sir  Walter 


Scott  and  a  version  of  Tennyson's  "  Enoch  Arden.' 

He  wrote  the  idyl  "Mai- Miincli(mTinch),  Ernst  Hermann  Joseph  von. 
Born  atEheinfelden,  Switzerland,  Oct.  25, 1798: 


Miillheim  (miil'him).    A  town  in  Baden,  situ-    died  at  Bheinf elden,  June  9, 1841.  A  Swiss  his- 
ated  16  miles  southwest  of  Freiburg.    Popula-    torian. 
tion  (1890),  3,817.  Munch  (moneh),  Peder  Andreas,  BomatCihris- 

MuUigan  Letters,  A  series  of  business  letters  ■  tiania,  Norway,  Dec.  15,  1810  :  died  at  Kome, 
written  by  James  G.  Blaine  to  Warren  Fisher  i  May  25j  1863.  A  Norwegian  historian,  philolo- 
of  Boston,  which  fell  into  the  hands  of  Fisher's  ^st,  and  antiquary :  cousin  of  Andreas  Munch, 
bookkeeper.  Mulligan.  They  played  an  important  His  chief  work  is  "DetNorske  Folks  Historic  "("History 
part  in  the  political  discussions  which  preceded  the  presi-  of  the  Norwegian  People,"  1852-63). 
dential  nominations  in  1876,  and  especially  in  the  presiden-  MuUChaUSen,  BarOn.  See  Milnchhatisen. 
tial  canvass  of  1S84,  in  which  Blaine  was  the  Republican  Mlinch-BellinehaUSen  (miinoh'bel'ling-hou- 
candidate,  as  itwas  alleged  by  his  opponents  that  theycon-,  .„_■>  r„-o„  ■p.ficrinc.T'rnTi!'  Tnspnli  vnn  •  Tisen- 
flrmed  charges  of  corruption  brought  against  him  in  con-:  ?*"•''  ^SF°."/'^lSl!j=  *  ^anz  JOSepn  VOn .  PSeu- 
nection  with  certain  railroads  (the  Unfim  Pacific  and  the  donym  Friedrich  Halm.  Born  at  Cracow,  April 
Little  Rock  and  Fort  Smith).  2, 1806 :  died  at  Vienna,  May  21, 1871.    An  Aus- 

Mullingar  (mul-in-gar').     The  capital  of  the    triandramatist.  Hischiefworksare"Griseldls"(l834)i 
county  of  Westmeath,  Ireland,  situated  near    "Der  Sohn  der  Wildni3"("  The  Son  of  the  Wilderness,' 
the  Brosna  46  miles  west-northwest  of  Dublin. 
Population  (1891)  5,323         „,,,.,.,„     .o.,„  .u. 

Mullner  (mul'ner),ibnadeus.GottfriedAdolf,  Miinchen  (miin'chen).     German  for  Munich 

BornatLangendorf, near  Weissenfels, Prussia,.  Tj/r..   „,„„„...„,„.,'.,  , .-.  ,       .    , . 

Oct.  18,1774!  died  at  Weissenfels,  June  11, 1829  Munchengratz  (munch  en-grats).  A  town  in 
A  GerAian  dramatist.  Among'his  plays  are  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Iser 39  m^es northeast 
"r>BTTiPnniiTid7waTi7i(rstfiFfihriffl,r"C1812)  "Die  °*  Prague.  Here,  June  28, 1866,  the  Prussians  under 
IJerneununazwanzigsteDeDruar  (lOlj;,  uie  prinoeFrederickCharlesdefeatedtheAustriansandSaxons 
behuld."  (1816).  t  under  aam-Gallas.    Population  (1890),  commune,  3,601. 

MuUuk  (mul'uk),  or  Lower  Ooquille.    Atribe/jyiiinchhausen  (miinoh'hou-zen),  Baron  Karl 


1843,  played  in  English  as  "  Ingomar  the  Barbarian  "), 
"Der  Fechter  von  Ravenna"  ("The  Fencer  of  Ravenna," 
1854),  and  "Wildfeuer"  (1864). 


of  the  Kusan  stock  of  North  American  Indians. 
It  formerly  had  a  village  on  the  north  side  of  Coquille 
River,  Oregon,  at  its  mouth.  The  survivors  are  on  the 
Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.    See  Kitsan. 

■Mulock,  Dinah  Maria.    See  CraiTc,  Mrs. 

lUulxeady  (mul'red-i),  William,    Bom  at  En- 
nis,  County  Clare,  Ireland,  April  1,  1786:  died 
at  London,  July  7,  1863.    An  Irish  landscape- 
and  figure-painter.    He  was  made  royal  academician  _,      -.     , —      ...        ...  .^i    j,  t-,  n 

in  1816.  He  painted  "The  Carpenter's  Shop"  (1809),  "The  MunCie  (mun  si).     A  city,  capital  of  Delaware 
Barber's  Shop "(1811),  "Interior  of  an  English  Cottage"     County, Indiana,  51  miles  northeast  of  Indian- 
(1828),"  Choosing  the  Wedding  Gown  "0846^  etc.  In  1840     apolis.     Population  (1900),  20,942. 
he  furnished  the  ornamental  design  for  the  outside  of  •ii/rf.^j.  CTviii^'fln-v    Tn  anpiRTit  o-noDra-nTiv  a  town 
Kowland   Hill's   nostal    envelon.  known   as   the   Mul-  JSlUnaa  (mun  aa).  in  ancieni;  geogra^ny,  a  town 


Friedrich  Hieronymus  von.  BomatBoden 
werder,  Hannover,  Germany,  May  11, 1720:  died 
there,  Feb.  22,  1797._  A  German  soldier  in  the 
Bussian  service  against  the  Turks,  etc.  A  col- 
lection of  stories  ascribed  to  him,  written  by  R.  B.  Raspe, 
was  published  in  English  in  1785  as  "  Baron  Munchausen's 
Narrative  of  his  Marvellous  Travels  and  Campaigns  in 
Russia."  His  name  is  proverbially  associated  with  ab- 
surdly exaggerated  stories  of  adventure,  etc. 


which  resembled  a  folded  half-sheet  of 


ready  envelop, 
letter-paper. 

Multan,  orMooltan  (mol-tan'). 


,  A  division 


in  southern  Spain,  of  undetermined  position, 
It  is  noted  for  the  victory  gained  there,  45  B.  0.,  by  Julius 
Ceesar  over  the  sons  of  Pompey. 


trict  in  the  Panjab,  British  India,  intersected 
by  lat.  30°  N.,  long.  72°  E.  Area,  6,079  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  631,434.-3.  The 
capital  of  the  district  of  Multan,  situated  near 
the  Chenab,  about  lat.  30°  12'  N.,  long.  71°  28' 
E.  It  has  an  extensive  trade.  It  was  stormed  by  the 
Sikhs  in  1818,  and  by  the  British  in  1849. 
eluding  cantonment  (1891),  74,662. 

Multnoma  (mult-no'ma).  A  probably  extinct 
tribe  of  the  Upper  Chinook  division  of  North 
American  Indians.  Its  former  habitat  was  near  Mult- 
nomah River  and  Falls,  in  Multnomah  County,  Oregon, 
south  of  the  Columbia  River.    See  Chirwokan. 

Muluya  (mo-lo'ya).  A  river  in  Morocco  which 
flows  into  the  Mediterranean  near  the  border  of 
Algeria.    Length,  over  300  miles. 

Mumbo  Jumbo  (mum'bo  jum'bo).  Originally  a 


said  by  native  exegetes  to  take  then-  name  from  Sanskrit 
■nmnda,  'shorn,'  because  one  who  comprehends  their  doc- 
trine is  shorn  or  liberated  from  all  error.  It  distinguishes 
between  the  higher  science,  or  the  esoteric  wisdom  of  the 
Upanishads,  and  the  lower,  or  the  knowledge  of  the  Vedas 
and  the  Vedangas.  It  has  been  translated  by  Miiller 
("Sacred  Books  of  the  East,"  XV.  27). 
Population,  in-  jJIiuKiay  (mun'da),  Anthony.  Bom  at  London, 
1553:  med  there,  Aug.,  1633.  An  Elizabethan 
writer.  He  was  apprenticed  to  John  Allde,  stationer, 
in  1576.  He  was  made  poet  laureate  of  the  City  of  London, 
and  was  the  author  of  pastoral  poems,  journalistic  tracts 
and  pamphlets,  translations,  romances,  plays,  and  pa- 
geants. He  compiled  "The  Mirror  of  Mutabilitie,  the  prin- 
cipal part  of  the  Mirror  of  Magistrates,  selected  out  of  the 
Sacred  Scripture,"  in  1579.  His  "  English  Romayne  Life  " 
(1582)  is  an  account  of  hie  experiences  among  Romanist 
refugees  in  France  and  Italy.  In  1586  he  published  "Sweet 
Sobs  and  Amorous  Complaints  of  Shepherds  and  Nymphs," 
biibear  common  to  Mandingo  towns,'us6d  by  and  in  1618  an  enlarged  edition  of  Stow's^^^^ 
thJnatives  to  keep  their  women  in  subjection.  Mundella  (mun-del  la),  Anthony  John.  Born 
Mungo  Park  describes  it.   The  words  are  now  used  to  de-     1825  :  died  at  London,  July  21, 1897.    Au  Eng- 


Munkfics 

lish  politician.  He  was  vioe-i)resident  of  the  council 
on  education  in  the  Liberal  administration  of  1880-86,  and 
president  of  the  board  of  trade  in  the  cabinet  in  1886,  and 
again  on  Gladstone's  return  to  power  in  1892.  He  resigned 
office  in  May,  1894.  . 

Mlinden  (miin'den).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Hannover,  Prussia,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Pulda  and  Werra,  10  miles  northeast  of  Cassel. 
It  has  a  ruined  castle.  Population  (1890),  7,227. 

Munden  (mun'den),  Joseph  Shepherd.  Bom 
at  London,  1758:  died  there,  Feb.  6, 1832.  An 
English  actor.  He  was  chemist's  assistant^  lawyer's 
clerk,  and  copyist  in  turn,  until  his  admiration  for  Gar- 
rick  determined  him  to  go  on  the  stage.  He  joined  a 
company  of  strolling  players,  making  his  first  appearance 
at  London  in  1790.  His  success  was  complete.  He  was 
the  original  of  Sir  Robert  Bramble,  Ephraim  Smooth,  Caus- 
tic, Old  Rapid,  etc.,  and  made  Old  Dornton  in  "The  Road 
to  Ruin  "  the  great  triumph  of  his  life.  Charles  Lamb 
celebrated  him,  in  the  "Essays  of  Elia,"  as  the  king  of 
broad  comedy.    He  left  the  stage  May  31, 1824. 

Mundeauetes  (mon-de-ka'tes).  A  name  given 
by  old  Portuguese  writers  to  the  Bateke  around 
Stanley  Pool,  Africa. 

Mundi  (mon'de).    A  hill  state  of  India, 

Mundlah.    See  Mandla. 

Mundt  (mont),  Madame  (Klara  Muller) :  pseu- 
donym Luise  Mlihlbach.  Bom  at  Neubran- 
denburg,  Germany,  Jan.  2,  1814:  died  at  Ber- 
Un,  Sept.  26, 1873.  A  German  novelist,  wife  of 
TheodorMuudt.  she  wrote  "Friedrich  derGrosseund 
sein  Hof  "  ("  Frederick  the  Great  and  his  Court, "  1853),  and 
other  romanceson  Prussian,  Austrian,  French,  etc., history. 

Mundt,  Theodor.  Born  at  Potsdam,  Prussia, 
Sept,  19, 1808:  aed  at  Berlin,  May  30,  1861.  A 
German  novelist  and  critic,  one  of  the  "Young 
Germany  "  school  of  writers.  He  became  professor 
of  literature  and  history  at  Breslau  in  1848,  and  professor 
and  librarian  at  the  University  of  Berlin  in  1850.  Besides 
works  of  fiction,  he  wrote  "Kunst  der  deutschen  Prosa" 

S'Art  of  German  Prose,"  1837),  "  Geschichte  der  Litteratur 
er  Gegenwart"("  History  of  Contemporary  Literature," 
1842),  etc. 

Mundurucus  (m6n-do-ro-k8s').  Apowerf ultribe 
of  Brazilian  Indians,  south  of  the  Amazon,  on 
the  river  Tapaj6s  near  its  lower  falls,  and  ex- 
tending westward  to  the  branches  of  the  Ma- 
deira. They  are  agriculturists  bat  bold  warriors,  and 
were  long  enemies  of  the  neighboring  Muras  and  of  the 
whites.  In  1803  they  made  peace  with  the  latter,  and  have 
ever  since  been  their  faithful  friends.  Physically  and  mor- 
ally they  are  one  of  the  finest  of  South  American  races. 
Formerly  they  tattooed  the  face  and  body  in  a  peculiar 
pattern.  The  Mtmdurucus  are  now  partly  civilized,  andare 
much  employed  as  rubber-gatherers.  The  tribe  still  num- 
bers at  least  15,000.  They  are  generally  claesified  with  the 
Tupi  stock.    Also  written  MundrueuSj  Mandorocus,  etc. 

Mungo,  Saint.    See  KenUgern. 

Munhaneca  (mo-nya-na'ka).    See  Nyaneka. 

Munich  (mii'nik).  [OHG.  murMha,  pi.,  MHG. 
muniehen,  dat.  pl.^  G.  mimchen,  the  monk :  from 
a  monastery  on  its  site.]  The  capital  of  Ba- 
varia and  of  the  government  district  of  Upper 
Bavaria,  situated  in  a  plain  on  the  Isar,  inlat.  48° 
8'  N.,  long.  11°  35'  E.  It  is  famous  as  an  art,  musical, 
dramatic,  and  educational  center,  and  has  flonrishing  com- 
merce and  manufactures,  being  particularly  noted  forbea- 
brewing.  The  Frauenkirche,  the  archiepiscopal  cathe- 
dral, is  a  spacious  15th-century  structure  of  brick  in  a  florid- 
Pointed  style.  The  nave  and  aisles  are  of  equal  height, 
with  slender  octagonal  pillars  and  elaborate  vaulting.  The 
cathedral  measures  320  by  117  feet.  Height  of  vaulting, 
lOSfeet ;  of  the  western  towers  (unfinished),  318 feet.  The 
Alte  Residenz,  the  royal  palace,  built  by  the  elector  Maxi- 
milian I.  between  1602  and  1619,  incloses  4  courts,  and  its 
apartments  are  richly  decorated  and  contain  much  that  is 
of  artistic  and  historical  interest.  The  New  Rathaus,  or 
town  hall,  isalarge  and  picturesque  building  in  the  Pointed 
style,  with  facades  on  the  Marien  Platz  and  the  Djener 
Strasse.  The  PropylEea,  so  called,  on  one  side  of  the  Konigs 
Platz,  form  a  magnificent  gateway  completed  in  1862. 
Other  objects  of  interest  are  the  monument  of  Max  Joseph 
L,  Max  Joseph's  Platz,  Konigsbau,  national  theater,  court 
chapel,  Festsaalbau,  library  and  museums,  Sieges-Thor 
(Gate  of  Victory),  Bavarian  National  Museum,  monument 
of  Max  II.,  Maximilianeum,  Old  Pinakothek,  New  Pina- 
kothek,  Glyptothek,  Basilica,  Old  Rathaus,  statue  of  Ba- 
variss,  and  Ruhmeshalle.  Near  by  is  the  castle  of  Nymphert- 
burg.  Munich  was  founded  by  Henry  the  Lion,  1158 ;  be- 
came the  capital  about  1256 ;  was  occupied  by  Gustavus 
Adolphus,  1632 ;  and  developed  greaHy  under  Louis  I.  and 
Maximilian  IL  (1825-64).    Population  (1900),  499,959. 

Munich,  University  of.  A  seat  of  learning 
founded  at  Ingolstadt  in  1472,  and  removed  to 
Landshut  in  1802  and  to  Munich  in  1826.  It 
has  about  4,000  students  and  a  library  of  400,- 
000  volumes. 

Munich  Atlas.    See  Kunstmami,  Friedrich. 

Municipio  Neutro.    See  Rio  de  Janeiro, 

Munk  (monk),  Salomon.  Bom  at  Glogau,  Prus- 
sia, May  14, 1805 :  died  Feb.  6, 1867.  A  French 
Orientalist,  appointed  (though  blind)  professor 
of  Oriental  languages  at  the  College  de  Prance 
in  1865.  He  translated  from  Maimonides  the 
"More  Nebuchim"  under  the  title  "Le  guide 
des  6gar6s"  (1856-66),  and  published  "Pales- 
tine" (1845),  etc. 

Munk&CS  (mSn-kSoh').  A  tovm  in  the  county 
of  Beregh,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  I;atoreza 


Munk&CB 


715 


79  miles  northeast  of  Debreozin.  Near  it  is  a  ^^^  extreme  eastern  part  of  the  canton  of  Gri- 
celebrated  fortress.  Population  (1890),  10,531.  sons,  Switzerland,  south  of  the  Lower  Engadine. 
Munkacsy  (mon'ka-che),  or  Muncaczy  (kat-  Miinter  (miin'ter),  Balthasar.  Born  at  Lii- 
se),  MihAly  (real  name  Michael  Lieb).  Born  l^eek,  March  24, 1785 :  died  at  Copenhagen,  Oct. 
at  Munk&cs,  Hungary,  Peh.  20,  1844:  died  at  5,1703.  A  German  hymn-writer  and  pulpit  ora- 
Endenich,  near  Bonn,  May  1,  1900.  A  noted  tor,  preacher  at  Copenhagen  from  1765. 
Hungarian  historical  andgenre painter.  He  stud-  Miinter,  Friedrich  Christian  Karl  Heinrich. 

iedunderapoitrait-painteratGyula,  at  the  Vienna  AcaiJ-  Born  at  Gotha,  Germany,  Oct.  14,  1761:  died  at 
emy,atMunichwithFranzAdam(wheieliewonthreefir6t  Copenhagen,  April  9, 1830.  A  German-Danish 
prizes),  and  at  Dusseldori,  wliere  he  devoted  himself  to  a„„',^„;„„f:„„\  i5„j-«-L«  r.«,q  oT.n-v,mr.i,^™i.,(-  „„ 
ge.ire-painting.  In  1869  he  made  a  name  with  his  "  Last  ecclesiastical  historian  and  archsBologlst,  ap- 
Day  ot  a  Condemned  Man."  He  went  to  Paris  in  1872,  and  pointed  professor  of  theology  at  Copenhagen  m 
a  few  years  later  began  to  paint  Parisian  scenes.  Here  he  1788,  and  bishop  of  Zealand  in  1808. 
tooktheniedalo£honorinl878,andlatermednlsat Vienna,  Miin^or  CTniin+.'spT^  Tlinmne  Bnm  nt  Stnl. 
Munich,  Berlin,.etc.    He  was'ennoWed  by.the  Austrian  ^^^%  ^thrffi' aWllgO :    eScutel  "at 

Miihihausen,  Prussian  Saxony,  May  30, 1525.  A 
German  religious  enthusiast.  He  studied  at  Halle, 
possibly  also  at  "Wittenberg,  and  in  1520  became,  on  the 
recommendation  of  Luther,  an  evan^lical  preacher  at 
Zwickau,  where,  in  connection  with  Nicholas  Storch  and 
others,  he  organized  the  Anabaptist  movement.  He  was 
expelled  in  1521,  and,  after  a  visit  to  Bohemia  and  various 
German  cities,  became  a  preacher  at  Allstedt  in  1523.  Ex- 
pelled in  1524  through  the  influence  of  Luther,  of  whom 
ne  was  now  a  determined  opponent,  he  became  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  apreacher  in  the  free  city  of  Miihihausen  in 
Thuringia.  Bte  made  himself  master  of  the  city,  deposed 
the  city  council,  and  introduced  a  d  emocratic  communistic 
government.  The  peasant  insurrection  wliich  broke  out 
in  Swabia  and  Franconia  (1526)  having  reached  Thuringia, 
he  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  a  band  of  8,000  Anabap- 
tists and  insurgent  peasants,  and  inaugurated  a  war  of  ex- 
termination against  the  nobility  and  the  clergy.  He  was 
defeated  by  Philip,  landgrave  of  Hesse,  and  George,  duke  ot 
Saxony,  at  Frankenhausen,  May  16, 1625 ;  was  captured  in 
the  flight ;  and  was  tried  and  executed. 


He  was  ennobled  by  the  Austrian 
government.  He  was  elected  to  the  Munich  Academy  in 
1881,  and  visited  New  York  in  1886.  Among  his  works 
are  "  Milton  dictating  Paradise  Lost"  (1878),  "  Christ  be- 
fore Pilate  "(1881),  "Christ  on  Calvary"  (1884),  "Last 
Moments  of  Mozart "  (1886),  etc. 

Miinnich  (miin'nich),  Count  Burkhard  Chris- 
tophvon.  Bom  in  Oldenburg,  Germany,  May, 
1683:  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Oct.  27,  1767.  A 
Russian  general  and  politician,  distinguished 
as  a  commander  against  the  Turks.  He  was 
prime  minister  1740-41. 

Munoz  (mon-yoth'),  Fernando,  Duke  of  Eian- 
zares.  Bom  at  Taranoon,  Spain,  1810 :  died  near 
Havre,  Prance,  1873.  A  Spaniard  who  married 
Queen  Maria  Christina  secretly  in  1833,  and 
openly  in  1844. 

Muiioz,  Juan  Bautista.  Bom  near  Valencia, 
1745:  died  at  Madrid,1799.  A  Spanish  historian. 


In  1779  he  was  commissioned  by  Charles  in.  to  write  a  his-  MiiniTi'inror  CmnTit'ai-no- atI  Wovtior  ■RntMnn+.O! 
tory  of  America,  3nd  for  this  purpose  all  public  and  private  "J-unzmger  (mont  smg-er;,  W  erner.  tsorn  at  Ul- 
archives  were  placed  at  Mb  disposal.  He  collected  a  vast    tgU;  "^"iZCT"]*^."'  A?"?^  ^^'  ^,  "  "^^"-  Vi.™^' 


Nov.  16, 1875.  AnAfriean  explorer  and  linguist. 
He  lived  in  Egypt  1862-53,  occupied  with  mercantile  af- 
fairs ;  conducted  atradingexpeditiou  to  the  Red  Sea  1854- 
1855;  lived  among  the  Bogos  1865-56,  and  published  "Bit- 
ten und  Becht  der  Bogos  "  1859 ;  was  with  Heiiglin's  ex- 
pedition in  1861 ;  explored  the  land  of  Bazen  and  arrived 
in  Khartum  1862 ;  as  chief,  in  Heuglin's  place,  explored 
Kordofan;  and  returned  to  Europe.  He  published  "Ost- 
afrikanische  Studien,"  (l864),  "Die  deutsche  Expedition 
in  Ostafrika"(1865),  "Vocabulaire  de  la  langue  Tigr6" 
(1865).  He  became  British  consul  at  Massowah  in  1865  and 
assistant  of  Lord  Napier ;  French  consul  in  1868 ;  Egyptian 
governor  in  1870 ;  and  governor-general  of  Eastern  Sudan 
In  1872.  He  was  fatally  wounded  in  an  expedition  against 
Abyssinia,  and  died  at  Aussa. 


amount  of  material,  but  only  the  first  volume  of  his  "His- 
toria  del  Nuevo  Mundo  "  was  published  (Madrid,  1793). 

Muuro  (mun-ro'),  Hugh  Andrew  Johnstone. 

Bom  at  Elgin,  Oct.  19,  1819:  died  at  Kome, 
March  30,  1885.  A  Scottish  classical  scholar. 
He  was  educated  at  Shrewsbury  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  was  a  fellow  of  Trinity  1843 ;  and  became  profes- 
sor of  Latin  in  1869.  He  edited  Lucretius  in  1864  and  Horace 
in  1869,  and  wrote  excellent  Greek  and  Latin  verse. 

Munsee  (mun'se),  or  Minsiu  (min'si-o).  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  belonging  to 
the  Delaware  Confederacy,  but  commonly  re- 
garded as  distinct.  They  formerly  lived  about  the 
head  waters  of  the  Delaware  River  in  New  York,  New  Muottathal,  orMuotathal  (mo-ot'a-tal).   1.  A 

Munster  (mun'ster).     An  ancient  province  of  MiinTiriilTmfl'frid')^^  llv    aUnufrid  aU-amih 
Ireland,  occupyingthe  southwestempart  of  the  Te^^Sl^  st^r^^of  t^hT lanS    The  tWrt 
W;r^!S?l?^!a*SlS^°e!"l\^^a?r^l7m^^^^^^^       magnitude  star  v  Bootis,  in  the  right  leg  of  the 
kingdom.    The  ancient  capital  was  CasheL    Population     giant. 
(1891),  1,172,402.  .  Mur  (mor.).    A  river  which,  rising  in  Salzburg, 

Mlinster  (miin'ster).    [PromL.  monasterium,  a    flows  through  Styria  and  part  of  western  Hun- 
cloister.]    A  former  "bishopric  of  We.stphalia    gary  and  joins  the  Drave  27  miles  east  of  Wa- 
and  principality  of  the  Holy  Eoman  Empire,    it    rasdin.    Length,  about  250  miles. 
was  created  in  the  middle  ages.     The  archbishops  of  Co-  Murad,     See  Amurath. 

logne  became  bishops  of  Miinster  in  1719.    The  bishopric  Murad  Bffeudi  (mo'rad   e-fen'di).      Assumed 
was  secularized  in  1803,  and  the  territories  divided  be-     „Tl~y^^f^^r7^J'.^  TC-o,.„n„      <i^r.Tir^^„^~ 
tweenPrussiaandvariousminorstates.  They  were  divided  ,5*™®  °1^^*^^  1°^.  Y?™.®J;,    See  WJroer. 
between  Prussia  and  Hannover  by  the  Vienna  Congress  in  MuradaDad  (mo-ra-da-bad  J,   or  Moradabaa 
1814-16.  (mo-ra-da-bad').     1.  A  district  in  the  North- 

Mlinster.     The  capital  of  the  province  of  West-    west  Provinces,  British  India,  intersected  by 
phalia  and  of  the  government  district  of  Mun-    lat.  28°  45'  N.,  long.  78°  30'  E.    Area,  2,282 


ster,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Miinstersche  Aa 
in  lat.  51°  57'  N.,  long.  7°  35'  E.  it  has  manufac 
tui'es  of  linen,  cotton,  leather,  etc.  The  cathedral  is  chief- 
ly of  the  13th  century,  though  in  many  features  of  style 
and  design  it  appears  older.  The  Rathaus  is  notable  for 
its  Friedenssaal,  in  which  the  peace  of  Westphalia  was 


square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,179,398.-2, 
The  capital  of  the  district  of  Muradabad,  situ- 
ated on  the  Kamganga  97  miles  east  of  Delhi. 
It  is  a  trading  center.  Population,  including 
cantonment  (1891),  72,921 


signed  in  1648,  and  which  contains  many  historic  relics,  and  Muralto  {mo-ral'to),  Onuphrlo.  The  fictitious 
for  its  main  facade  of  the  end  of  the  14th  century.  The  canon  of  St.  Nicholas  at  Otranto,  from  whom 
Church  of  St.  Lambert,  Liebfrauen-Kirche,  and  many  old  ■w„i_„in  n=  WillisiTn  MarciVinU  nrnffisiqftd  to 
buildings  are  of  interest.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  academy  (a  Z! ^i  f '  <?'mi,  ri  i?  'y^X.  >  W°^^^^^'^  ™ 
universityuntill818),  and  was  made  the  seat  of  a  bishopric  translate  "The  C^astle  ot  Otranto." 
by  Charles  the  Great  about  800.  Its  early  name  was  Mi-  MurauO  (mo-ra'no).  An  island  and  town  in 
migardevord.    It  was  a  Hanseatic  town,  and  was  famous    ^jjg  lagoon  of  Venice,  Italy,  1  mile  north  of  Ven- 


as  the  center  of  the  Anabaptist  excesses  under  John  of 
Leyden,  Matthiesen,  Knipperdolling,  and  others  in  1534- 
153S.  Bishop  von  Galen  took  forcible  possession  of  it  in 
1661.  It  was  a  literary  center  in  the  18th  century.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  49,340. 

Mlinster.  A  town  in  Upper  Alsace,  Alsace-Lor- 
raine, situated  on  the  Pecht  46  miles  southwest 
of  Strasburg.  Formerly  it  was  a  free  imperial 
city.    Population  (1890),  5,664. 

Mlinster  (in  Switzerland).     See  MouUer. 

Mlinster,  Peace  of.    See  Westplialia,  Peace  of. 

Mlinster,  Sebastian.  Born  at  Ingielheim,  Ger- 
many, 1489 :  died  at  Basel,  Switzerland,  May 
23,  1552.  A  German  geographer.  Orientalist, 
and  mathematician,  professor  of  Hebrew  at 
Basel.    He  wrote  "        '  ''"" 

(1544),  etc, 


ice.  It  has  been  famous  since  the  14th  century  for  its 
glass  manufactures,  and  is  noted  for  its  cathedral  and  Mu- 
seo  Civico  (with  Venetian  glass  products). 
Muras  (mo'ras).  A  horde  of  Brazilian  Indians 
on  the  middle  Amazon.  Formerly  they  were  numer- 
ous and  powerful  in  the  region  between  the  lower  Tapa- 
j6s  and  Madeira.  According  to  vague  tradition  they 
came  from  the  upper  Amazon,  driven  out  by  the  Incas  of 
Peru.  They  were  long  at  war  with  the  Mundurucus,  by 
whom  they  were  finally  conquered  about  1788 ;  sincethen 
they  have  led  a  wandering  life  in  the  network  of  lakes  and 
channels  about  the  mouth  of  the  Madeira,  living  in  miser- 
able huts  or  in  canoes,  and  subsisting  by  hunting  and  fish- 
ing. A  few  hundreds  remain,  in  a  very  degraded  state,  and 
much  crossed  with  negro  blood  from  fugitive  slaves.  They 
are  noted  thieves.  Their  language  is  doubtfully  classed 
,  J.  with  the  Tupi. 

Cosmographia  universalis"  Murat  (mii-ra'),  Joachim.    Born  at  Bastide, 
Lot,  Prance,  March  25, 1771 :  executed  at  Pizzo, 
jAiinst'erberg  (miin'ster-bero).    A  town  in  the    Calabria,  Italy,  Oct.  13,  1815.    A  Prench  mar- 
province  of  Silesia,  Pmssia,  situated  on  the    shal,  and  king  of  Naples,  brother-in-law  of  Na- 


Ohlau  37  miles  south  of  Breslau, 
(1890),  6,162. 
Miinsterthal  (mlin'ster-tal).  [G., 'Miinster  val- 
ley.']    1 .  A  valley  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Swit- 
zerland.   See  MouUers,  Val.—2.  A  valley  in 


Population  poleon  I.:  famous  as  a  cavalry  commander.  He 
was  the  son  of  an  innkeeper ;  studied  theology  at  Tou- 
louse ;  entered  the  army  as  a  volunteer ;  and  served  with 
distinction  in  Italy  1796-97,  and  in  Egypt  1798-99,  becom- 
ing ageneralof  division.  He  aided  the  coup  d  etatof  Nov., 
1799 ;  married  Caroline  Bonaparte  Jan.  20, 1800 ;  and  was 


Mure,  Sir  William 

made  governor  of  Paris  aud  marshal  in  1804,  and  prince 
and  high  admiral  in  1806.  He  commanded  the  cavaliy  at 
Marengo  in  1800,  at  Austerlitz  in  1805,  at  Jena  in  1806,  and 
at  Eylau  and  Friedland  in  1807.  In  1806  he  was  made  grand 
duke  of  Berg  and  Cleves ;  commanded  in  Spain  in  1808 ;  be- 
came king  of  Naples  as  Joachim  I.  Napoleon  in  1808 ;  com- 
manded the  French  cavalry  in  1812 ;  was  leagued  with  Aus- 
tria-in  1814 ;  went  over  to  Napoleon  March,  1816 ;  was  de- 
feated by  the  Austrians  at  Tolentino  May  2-3, 1815 ;  and 
was  captured  in  making  a  landing  in  Calabria  in  Oct.,  1815. 

Murat,  Prince  Napoleon  Lucien  Charles.  Bom 

at  Milan,  May  16, 1803 :  died  at  Paris,  April  10, 
1878.  Son  of  Joachim  Muiat.  He  lived  in  the 
United  States  until  1848,  and  was  later  a  poli- 
tician and  prince  in  Prance. 
Muratori  (mo-ra-to're),  Ludovico  Antonio. 
Born  at  Vignola,  near  Modena,  Italy,  Oct.  21, 
1672 :  died  at  Modena,  Jan.  23,  1750.  A  cele- 
brated Italian  antiquary,  director  of  the  Ambro- 
sian  College  and  Library  at  Milan,  and  later 
librarian  to  the  Duke  of  Modena.  His  chief  works 
are '  'Eerum  Italicarum  soriptores"  (1723-51), '  'An  tiquitates 
Italics  medii  sevi"  (1738-42),  "Annali  d'ltalia"  (1744-49). 

Muratorian  (mii-ra-to'ri-an)  Fragment  or 
Canon,  The.  A  summary  of  the  canonical 
books  of  the  New  Testament,  in  popular  and 
illiterate  language,  probably  dating  from  the 
period  of  Marcus  Aurelius.  It  was  first  pub- 
lished by  L.  A.  Muratori  in  1740. 

Muravieff  (mo-ra-ve-ef '),  Nikolai.  Bom  1793: 
died  Nov.  4, 1866.  A  Russian  general.  He  served 
with  distinction  against  the  Poles  in  1831,  and  captured 
Kars  in  1865. 

Muravieff  (mo-ra-ve-ef),  Nikolai,  Count  Mu- 
ravieff-Amurski.  Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  1803 
(1810?):  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  19, 1881.  A  Russian 
general.  Hewas  appointedlieutenant-govemorof Eastern 
Siberia  in  1848,  and  took  possession  of  the  Amur  tetritory, 
which  was  ceded  by  China  in  1858.  Asa  reward  for  this  ser- 
vicehewascreatedacount  and  promotedgeneralof  infantry. 

Muroliison  (mer'ki-son),-Sir  Roderick  Impey. 
Bom  at  Tarradale,  Soss-shire,  Feb.  19, 1792: 
died  Oct.  22, 1871.  A  Scottish  geologist.  He 
was  educated  at  the  grammar-school  at  Durham  and  the 
military  college.  Great  Marlow.  In  1808  he  went  to  Qall- 
ciawlthWeUesley,  and  was  with  Sir  John  Moore  in  there- 
treat  to  Corunna.  After  eight  years'  service  he  left  the 
army  and  traveled  in  Europe.  He  took  up  the  study  of 
geology  at  the  suggestion  of  Sir  Humphry  Davy,  and  in  1825 
read  his  first  paper  before  the  Geological  Society.  He  was 
associated  with  LyeU  and  later  with  Sedgwick  in  Au- 
vergne  and  the  Alps.  His  especial  work  was  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Silurian  System  in  1831  ("  The  Silurian  Sys- 
tem," 1838),  and  later  the  Devonian.  In  1846  hepublished 
"Russia  aud  the  Ural  Mountains."  In  1855  hewas  ap- 
pointed director-general  of  the  Geological  Survey,  and  di- 
rector of  the  Royal  School  of  Mines  and  Geological  Mu- 
seum in  Jermyn  street.  f 

Murcia  (mer'shi-a;  Sp.  pron.  mor'the-a).  A 
province  of  Spain,  bordering  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean. Itisrich  in  metals.  Area,  4,478  square 
miles.    Population  (1887),  491,438. 

Murcia.  A  former  Moorish  kingdom  in  Spain, 
comprising  the  provinces  of  Murcia  and  Alba- 
cete.    It  was  conquered  by  Castile  1243-53. 

Murcia.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Mur- 
cia, Spain,  situated  on  the  Segura  in  lat.  37° 
59'  N.,  long.  1°  11'  W.  It  has  silk  manufactures. 
The  cathedral,  of  the  14th  century.has  a  broad  Renaissance 
westfrontand  tower.  The  walnut  choir-stalls  are  delicately 
carved  with  saints  and  Bible  scenes.  The  family  chapel  of 
Los  Veles,  with  its  tombs,  is  a  remarkable  example  of  the 
florid-Pointed  style.  Murcia  was  taken  by  Castilians  about 
1240,  and  was  plundered  by  the  French  in  the  Peninsular 
war.    Population  (1887),  98,638. 

Murdoch  (mer'dok),  James  Edward.  Bom  at 
Philadelphia,  June  25, 1811:  died  at  Cincinnati, 
May  19,  1893.  An  .Ajneriean  actor,  and  pro- 
fessor of  elocution  at  the  Cincinnati  College  of 
Music.  He  made  his  first  appearance  at  Philadelphia  in 
1829.  He  was  versatile,  and  played  a  variety  of  leading 
characters.  In  1840,  while  he  was  stage  manager  of  the 
National  Theater,  Boston,  he  left  the  stage  and  devoted 
five  years  to  study,  reappearing  as  Hamlet  in  New  York. 
He  was  considered  thereafter  as  a  leading  actor.  When 
the  Civil  War  broke  out,  he  devoted  his  energies  to  the 
support  of  the  Union  as  nurse  while  his  two  sons  were  in 
the  army,  and  gave  readings  for  the  benefit  of  the  United 
States  Sanitary  Commission. 

Murdock  (mSr'dok),  James.  Bom  at  West- 
brook,  Conn^  Peb.  16, 1776:  died  at  Columbus, 
Miss.,  Aug.  xO,  1856.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional divine  and  scholar.  He  translated  works 
of  Mosheim,  and  the  New  Testament  from  the 
Peshito  version. 

Murdock,  William.  Bom  at  Auchinleck,  Ayr- 
shire, Aug.  21, 1754:  died  at  Birmingham,  Nov. 
15,  1839.  A  Scottish  inventor.  He  entered  the 
works  of  Boulton  and  Watts,  Birmingham,  in  1777,  and  in 
1796  made  the  first  practical  use  of  illuminating  gas.  He 
also  invented  the  oscillating  steam-engine, 

Murdstone  (merd'ston), Edward.  In  Dickens's 
"  David  Copperfield,"  a  black-haired,  violent- 
tempered,  vindictive,  cruel  man:  David  Cop- 
perfield's  stepfather. 

Mure  (miir),  Sir  William.  Bom  at  Rowallan, 
Ayrshire,  1594:  died  1657.   A  Scottish  poet.    He 


Mure,  Sir  William 

was  wounded  at  Marston  Moor.  He  wrote  the  "  True  Cruci- 
fix (or  True  Catholics  "  (1629),  and  a  Tersionof  the  Psalms 
Q639). 

Mure  (mur),  William.  Bom  near  Caldwell, 
Ayrshire,  July  9,  1799 :  died  at  London,  April 
1,  1860.  A  Seottisli  historian  of  Greek  litera- 
ture. He  was  educated  at  Westminster  School  and  at 
Edinburgh  and  Bonn  universities.  He  was  member  of  Par- 
liament for  Kenlrew  1846-65.  His  "  Critical  History  of 
the  Language  and  Literature  of  Ancient  Greece  "  (5  vols. 
1850-57)  was  unfinished  at  the  time  of  his  death.  He  was 
a  colonel  In  the  Renfrewshire  militia. 

Murena  (mii-re'na),Lucius  Licinivis.  1 .  A  Ro- 
man commander  against  Mithridates  83-82  b.  c. 

—  2.  A  son  of  the  preceding.  He  was  elected  consul 
in  62  B.  0.  Having  been  accused  of  bribery  by  an  unsuc* 
cesstul  rival,  he  was  defended  by  Cicero  and  acquitted. 

Muret  (mii-ra').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Garonne,  France,  situated  on  the  Ga- 
ronne 11  miles  southwest  of  Toulouse.  Here,  in 
1213,  Simon  de  Montfort  defeated  the  Albigenses  and  Ara- 
gonese.    Population  (1891),  commune,  4,U2. 

Muret,  Marc  Antoine,  L.  Muretus  (mii-re'- 
tus).  Born  at  Muret,  near  Limoges,  Prance, 
AprU  12,  1526:  died  at  Rome,  June  4, 1585.  A 
celebrated  French  humanist.  He  taught  the  class- 
ics at  Poitiers,  Bordeaux,  Paris,  and  Toulouse;  went  to 
Italy,  where  he  resided  in  Venice,  Padua,  and  Eome ;  and 
after  his  return  (1563)  to  Rome  from  a  visit  to  France  in 
the  train  of  the  legate  Cardinal  Hippolito  d'Eate,  taught 
civil  law  there  until  1584.  He  edited  Latin  authors,  and 
wrote  Latin  orations,  letters,  etc. 

Murfree  (mer'fre),  Mary  Noailles:  pseudo- 
nym Charles  Egbert  Craddock.  Born  at  Mur- 
freesboro,  Tenn.,  about  1850.  An  American 
novelist.  She  contributed  to  the  "  Atlantic  Monthly  " 
before  1880,  and  wrote  "In  the  Tennessee  Mountains" 
(1884),  "Where  the  Battle  was  Fought"  (1884),  "The  Pro- 
phet of  the  Great  Smoky  Mountains"  (1885),  "In  the 
aouds"  (1886),  "The  Story  of  Keedon  Bluffs"  (1887),  etc. 

Murfreesboro,  orMurfreesborough  (mer'frez- 
bur-6).  [Named  from  Colonel  Hardy  Murfree, 
an  officer  in  the  Revolutionary  War.]  The  capi- 
tal of  Rutherford  County,  Tennessee,  32  miles 
southeast  of  Nashville,  a  victory  was  gained  here 
by  the  Federals  (43,400)  under  Rosecrans  over  the  Confed- 
erates (37,712)  under  Bragg.  Heavy  fighting  occurred  on 
Dec.  31,  1862;  on  Jan.  1,  1863,  little  was  done,  but  the 
battle  was  resumed  on  Jan.  2 ;  the  following  day  a  heavy 
rain  fell,  and  on  the  night  of  Jan.  3-4  Bragg  retreated.  Fed- 
eral loss,  13,249,  including  1,730  killed ;  Confederate  loss, 
about  11,000.    Population  (1900),  3,999. 

Murgab,  or  Murghab  (mor-gab').  A  river  in 
northwestern  Afghanistan  and  the  region  about 
Merv,  Asiatic  Russia.  It  is  lost  in  swamps  about 
lat.  38°  N. 

Mnrger  (miir-zhar'J,  Henri.  Bom  at  Paris, 
March  24,  1822:  died  there,  Jan.  28,  1861.  A 
French  litterateur.  He  was  at  first  a  notary's  clerk, 
and  afterward  secretary  of  Count  Tolstoi.  His  style  is  both 
humorous  and  melancholy.  He  is  best  known  from  his 
sketches  of  Bohemian  life  in  Paris  ('  Scenes  de  la  vie  de 
BohSme,"1848).  Among  his  other  prose  works  are  "Scenes 
de  la  vie  de  jeunesse,"  "Les  buveurs  d'eau,"  "Le  sabot 
rouge,"  etc.;  and  among  his  poems,  "Les  nuits  d'hiver." 

Murillo  (mii-riro;  Sp.  pron.  mo-rel'yo),  Bar- 
tolomSEst^ban.  Born  at  Seville,  Spain  (bap- 
tized Jan.  1, 1618) :  died  there,  April  3, 1682.  A 
celebrated  Spanish  painter,  chiefly  of  religious 
subjects.  His  first  master  was  Juan  del  Castillo.  In 
1643  he  moved  to  Madrid,  where  he  came  under  the  influ- 
ence of  Velasquez,  then  in  the  zenith  of  his  fame.  He  re- 
turned to  Seville  in  1646,  where  he  spent  several  years 
(1661-74)  in  painting  a  series  of  11  pictures  which  at  once 
brought  him  into  notice.  Among  these  are  "  Moses  Strik- 
ing the  Rock,"  "Abraham  and  the  Angels,"  "The  Miracle 
of  the  Loaves  and  Fishes,"  "St.  Peter  Released  from  Pris- 
on," and  "St  Elizabeth."  In  1648  he  married.  A  favor- 
ite subject  with  Murillo  was  the  Virgin  of  the  Conception : 
the  most  famous  example  of  this  is  in  the  Louvre.  In  1660 
he  established  the  public  academy  at  Seville.  On  the 
death  of  Philip  IV,,  his  successor,  Charles  II.,  made  Mu- 
rillo court  painter,  though  he  was  not  willing  to  live  in 
Madrid.  He  continued  to  work  at  Seville  untU  his  death, 
which  occurred  in  consequence  of  a  fall  from  a  scaffold 
while  painting  in  the  Church  of  the  Capuchins.  There  is 
a  list  of  481  of  his  pictures,  nearly  20O  of  which  are  in  Eng- 
land, 61  h)  Madrid,  about  60  in  Seville,  21  in  Paris,  24  in 
Russia,  and  a  limited  number  in  the  United  States. 

Murillo-Toro  (mo-rel'yo-to'ro),  Manuel.  Bom 
at  Chaparral,  Tolima,  1815:  died  at  Bogota, 
Dec,  1880.  A  Colombian  statesman.  He  was  a 
lawyer  and  a  prominent  journalist,  upholding  the  liberal 
party.     He  held  many  important  civil  and  diplomatic 

-  positions ;  was  repeatedly  member  of  Congress ;  and  was 
twice  president  of  Colombia  (1864-«6  and  1872-74). 

MliritZ  (mu'rits).  Lake.  A  lake  in  Mecklen- 
burg-Schwerin,  Germany,  60  miles  north-north- 
west of  Berlin.    Length,  17  miles. 

Humer  (mor'uer),  Thomas.  Born  at  Ober- 
ehnheim,  near  Strasburg,  Dee.  24,  1475 :  died 
at  Oberehnheim,  1587.  A  German  satirist 
and  opponent  of  the  Reformation.  He  studied  at 
the  Franciscan  school  in  Strasburg ;  was  then  a  Wandering 
scholar  in  France,  Germany,  and  Poland  ;  and  aftei-ward 
studied  theology  at  Paris  and  law  at  Freiburg,  where  he 
lived  in  1499.  He  was  subsequently  custodian  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan monastery  at  Strasburg.  In  1605  he  was  crowned 
poet  by  the  emperor  Maximilian.  About  1609  he  was 
made  doctor  of  theology  at  Verona.    His  satirical  work 


716 

"Narrenheschworung"  ("Exorcism  of  Fools")  was  pub- 
lished at  Strasburg  in  1612,  in  which  year  appeared  also 
his  "Schelmenzunft "  ("Rogues'  GUd'^  consisting  of  ser- 
mons originally  delivered  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main.  The 
satire,  in  rimed  couplets,  "Von  dem  grossen  Lntherischen 
Narren,  wle  ihn  Doktor  Murner  besohworen  hat "  ("  On  the 
Great  Lutheran  Fool :  how  Doctor  Murner  has  Exorcised 
Him  "),  published  at  Strasburg  in  1622,  is  a  virulent  attack 
upon  the  Reformation. 
Muro  Lucano  (mo'ro  16-ka'n6).  A  small  town 
in  the  province  of  Potenza,  Italy,  18  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Potenza. 

Muroy  Salazar  (mo'ro  e  sa-la-thar'),  Salvador 
de,  Marquis  of  Someruelos.  Born  at  Madrid, 
1754 :  died  there,  Dec.  14, 1813.  A  Spanish  gen- 
eral and  administrator.  He  was  governor-general  of 
Cuba,  May,  1799,  to  April,  1812,  a  period  which  included 
many  important  events  in  the  history  of  the  island. 

Murphy  (m6r'fi),  Arthur.  Bom  near  Elphin, 
Roscommon,  Deo.  27,  1727:  died  at  London, 
June  18,  1805.  A  British  dramatist.  He  studied 
at  St.-Omer,  France,  and  in  1747  entered  a  counting-room 
in  Cork.  In  1762-74  he  published  the  "Gray's  Inn  Jour- 
nal "  in  London.  He  appeared  as  actor  and  dramatist,  and 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1762.  He  wrote  the  "  Upholsterer  " 
(1767),  "All  in  the  Wrong  "  (1761X  "  Know  Tour  Own  Mind  " 
(1778),  "Three  Weeks  ^ter  Marriage,"  and  translations  of 
Sallust  and  Tacitus  (1793). 

Murphy,  John  Francis.  Bom  at  Oswego,  N.  Y. , 
1853.  An  American  landscape-painter.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  National  Academy  of  Design  and  of  the 
American  Water-Color  Society. 

Murray  (mur'a),  or  Goolwa  (gol'wa).  [Named 
by  its  explorer,  Sturt,  from  Sir  George  Murray, 
an  Australian  of&cial.]  The  principal  river  of 
Australia.  It  rises  in  the  Australian  Alps,  forms  part  of 
the  boundary  between  Victoria  and  New  South  Wales,  trav- 
erses Lake  Alexandrina  (or  Victoria)  in  South  Australia, 
and  falls  into  Encounter  Bay  about  lat.  35"  35'  S.  Its  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Darling  and  the  combined  Lachlan  and 
Murrumbidgee.  Length,  over  1,000  miles ;  navigable  to 
Albury. 

Murray,  Alexander.  Born  at  Chestertown, 
Md. ,  1755 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  Oct.  6, 1821.  An 
American  naval  officer.  He  served  in  the  Revo- 
lution and  against  Tripoli. 

Murray,  Alexander.  Bom  at  Dunkitterick, 
Kirkcudbrightshire,  Oct.  22,1775:  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, April  15,  1813.  A  Scottish  philologist. 
He  attended  school  for  a  short  time  in  1788,  and  afterward 

.  by  his  own  efforts  mastered  the  English  language,  the 
classics,  the  European  languages,  Hebrew  and  other  Orien- 
tal tongues,  and  Abyssinian.  In  1812  he  was  chosen  pro- 
fessor of  Oriental  languages  at  Edinburgh.  In  1823  he 
published  "History  of  the  European  Languages." 

Murray,  David,  second  Earl  of  Mansfield.  Bom 
Oct.  9, 1727:  died  Sept.  1, 1796.  A  British  noble- 
man. He  succeeded  his  father  as  seventh  Viscount  Stor- 
mont  in  the  peerage  of  Scotland  in  1748,  and  his  uncle  as 
second  earl  of  Mansfield  in  1793.  His  wife  at  the  same 
time  succeeded  as  countess  of  Mansfield  In  her  own  right 
b^  a  separate  creation. 

Murray,  Earl  of.    See  Stuart,  James. 
Murray,  Eustace  Clare  Grenville.    Bom  in 

1824:  died  at  Passy,  France,  Dec.  20,  1881.  A 
journalist  and  author,  natural  son  of  the  second 
duke  of  Buckingham.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  and 
became  a  student  of  the  Inner  Temple.  In  1861  he  was 
attach^  at  Vienna,  in  1852  at  Constantinople,  and  in  1858 
consul-general  at  Odessa.  He  wrote  the  "  Roving  English- 
man "  (1864-66),  "History  of  the  French  Press  "(1874),  and 
the  novels  "The  Member  for  Paris  "  (1871)  and  "Young 
Brown  "  (1874). 

Murray,  James  Augustus  Henry.    Bom  at 

Denholm,  Roxburghshire,  in  1837.  An  English 
philologist  and  lexicographer.  He  graduated  at  Lon- 
don University,  and  has  twice  been  president  of  the  Philo- 
logical Society.  He  is  the  author  of  "The  Dialect  of  the 
Southern  Counties  of  Scotland  "  (1873),  and  of  a  "Synopsis 
of  the  Horse  Paulina),  etc."  (1879),  etc.;  edited  "  The  Ro- 
mance and  Prophecies  of  Thomas  of  Ercildoune,  etc.,"  in 
1875;  and  in  1879  entered  upon  the  editorship  of  the  Philo- 
logical Society's  "  New  English  Dictionary,"  succeeding 
Herbert  Coleridge  and  Dr.  Fumivall.  Since  1890  Henry 
Bradley  has  been  joint  editor.  This  work,  issued  by  the 
Clarendon  Press,  was  begun  by  Dr.  Murray  at  Mill  Hill, 
near  London,  and  continued  at  Oxford,  where  Part  I  was 
issued  in  1884. 

Murray,  John.  Bom  at  Alton,  Dec.  10,  1741 : 
died  atBoston,  Mass.,  Sept.  3, 1815.  An  Amer- 
ican Universalist  clergyman,  called  "the  father 
of  American  Universalism." 

Murray,  originally  M'Murray,  John,  Bom  at 
Edinburgh,  1745:  died  Nov.  6,  1793.  An  Eng- 
lish publisher,  of  Scottish  birth.  He  obtained  a 
commission  in  the  Royal  Marines  hi  1762,  and  in  1768 
bought  the  business  of  William  Sandby  in  London.  He  pub- 
lished the  "English  Review,"  D'Israeli's  "Curiosities  of 

Murray, 'John.  Bom  about  1778 :  died  July  22, 
1820.  A  Scottish  chemist  and  phvsician.  He 
wrote  "Elements  of  Chemistry"  (1801),  'tElements  of  Ma- 
teria Medica  and  Pharmacy  "  (1804),  "  A  System  of  Chemis- 
try" (1806),  etc.  ,.    ,  ^ 

Murray,  John.  Bom  Nov.  27, 1778 :  died  June 
27,  1843.  An  English  publisher,  son  of  John 
Murray  (1745-93).  Hestartedthe  "Quyterly Review" 
(Feb.  1, 1809)  in  opposition  to  the  "Edinburgh  Review," 
an  undertaking  in  which  he  had  the  cooperation  of  Can- 
ning, Scott)  Heber,  Ellis,  and  Barrow.    He  published  the 


Muscatine 

works  of  Byron,  Crabbe,  Moore,  Campbell,  Irving,  etc. 
Bis  business  has  been  continued  by  his  son  (1808-92)  and 
his  grandson,  both  of  the  same  name. 
Murray,  Lindley.  Bom  at  Swatara,  Pa.,  1745; 
died  in  England,  Feb.  16,  1826.  An  American 
grammarian.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1766,  after- 
ward accumulated  a  fortune  in  commercial  pursuits,  and 
in  1784  settled  in  England,  where  he  devoted  himself  tO' 
literature.  His  chief  works  are  "The  Power  of  Religion 
on  the  Mind  "  (1787)  and  "  English  Grammar  "  (1796). 

Murray,  William,  first  Earl  of  Mansfield.  Bom 
at  Scone,  Scotland,  March  2, 1705 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, March  20, 1793.  A  celebrated  British  jurist 
and  statesman.  He  was  solicitoi^general  1742-64,  at- 
torney-general 1754-56,  and  became  famous  as  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  King's  Bench  1756-88.  After  1756  he  was  a 
prominent  member  of  the  cabinet.  He  has  been  called 
"the  founder  of  English  commercial  law." 

Murray,  William  Henry  Harrison.    Bom  at 

GuUford,  Conn.,  April  26,  1840.  An  American 
Congregational  clergyman,  pastor  of  the  Park 
Street  Congregational  Church  1868-74.  He  pub- 
lished "  Camp  Life  in  the  Adirondack  Mountains  "  (1868), 
"  The  Perfect  Horse  "  (1873),  sermons  (1874),  and  "  Tales  " 
(1877  and  1887). 

Murray  Hill.  A  district  in  New  York  city,  it  is 
on  high  ground,  beginning  at  about  34th  street  and  Fifth 
Avenue,  and  extending  north  to  about  40th  street.  It  was 
named  from  a  Quaker  family  who  owned  an  estate  on  the 
site. 

Murree,  or  Marri  (mur-re').  A  health-resort 
in  the  Panjab,  British  India,  about  lat.  33°  53' 
N.,  long.  73°  20'  E. 

Miirren  (mUr'ren).  A  summer  resort  in  the 
Bernese  Oberland,  Switzerland,  in  the  upper 
Lauterbrunneu  valley,  south  of  Interlaken. 

Mursa  (mfer'sa).  In  ancient  geography,  a  Ro- 
man town  of  Pannonia :  the  modern  Essek  (which 
see).  Here,  Sept.  28,  351,  Constantius  gained  a  notable- 
victory  over  the  usurper  Magnentius :  64,000  are  said  tO' 
have  been  slain. 

Murshidabad  (mor-she-da-bad'),  or  Moorshe- 
dabad  (mor-she-da-bad').  1.  Adistrict  in  Ben- 
gal, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  24°  15'  N., 
long.  88°  15'  E.  Area,  2,144  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  1,250,946.-2.  The  capital  of  the- 
district  of  Murshidabad,  situated  on  the  Bhagi- 
rathi  112  miles  north  of  Calcutta.  It  is  a  trading 
and  manufacturing  center,  and  was  the  capital  of  BengaP 
in  the  18th  century.    Population  (1891),  35,576. 

Murten.    See  Morat. 

Murviedro(nior-ve-a'THr6).  Asmalltowninthe' 
province  of  Valencia,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Palancia  15  miles  north-northeast  of  Valencia  r  ( 
the  ancient  Saguntum  (which  see).  Here,  Oct. 
25, 1811,  the  French  under  Suchet  defeated  the- 
Spaniards  under  Blake. 

Murzuk,  or  Mourzouk  (mijr-zBk').  The  capi- 
tal of  Pezzan,  situated  about  lat.  25°  50'  N., 
long.  14°  10'  E.  "Population,  estimated,  6,500. 

Mus.     See  Decius,  Mus. 

Musa  (m8'sa).  Bom  at  Mecca  about  660 :  died 
about718.  A  Saracen  viceroy  of  Egypt.  Hecou,- 
quered  northern  Africa,  and  conquered  Spain 
(with  the  aid  of  Tarik)  711-713. 

Mus8eus(mu.-se'us).  [Gr.MowaZoc,  (servant)  'of 
the  Muses.']  A  legendary  Greek  poet  of  Attica, 
son  of  Eumolpus  and  Selene.  To  him  were  a(> 
tributed  various  poems  connected  with  the  mysteries  of 
Demeter  at  Eleusis,  over  which  he  was  said  to  have  pre- 
sided. 

Musseus.  Lived  about  the  5th  century  A.  D.  A 
Greek  grammarian,  author  of  a  celebrated  poem 
on  Hero  and  Leander.  Of  this  poem  340  verses 
have  been  preserved.  It  was  imitated  by  Mar- 
lowe. 

Musagetes  (mu-saj'e-tez).  [Gr.  Mouaoyfr^f,. 
leader  of  the  Muses.]    An  epithet  of  Apollo. 

MusSus  (m6-sa'6s),  Johann  Karl  Au^t^ 
Bom  at  Jena,  Germany,  1735 :  died  at  Weimar, 
Germany,  Oct.  28, 1787.  A  German  author.  His 
chief  work  is  "  VolksmSrchen  der  Deutschen" 
("Folk-Tales  of  the  Germans,"  1782-86). 

Musca  (mus'ka).  [L.,' the  fly.']  A  name  given 
to  the  constellation  also  called  Apis,  the  Bee. 
It  is  situated  south  of  the  Southern  Cross,  and  east  of  the 
Chameleon,  and  contains  one  star  of  the  third  and  three  of 
the  fourth  magnitude.  The  name  was  also  formerly  given 
to  a  constellation  situated  north  of  Aries. 

Muscat,  or  Muskat  (mus-kaf).  1.  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  Oman  (which  see) . —  2.  The- 
capital  of  Oman,  Arabia,  situated  on  the  Gulf 
of  Oman  in  lat.  23°  30'  N.,  long.  58°  30'  E.:  one 
of  the  chief  commercial  centers  of  Arabia,  it 
was  taken  by  the  Portuguese  under  Albuquerque  about 
1508,  and  was  recovered  from  them  in  the  middle  of  the 
17th  century.    Population,  estimated,  40,000  to  60,000. 

Muscatine  (mus-ka-ten').  A  city,  capital  of 
Muscatine  County,  Iowa,  situated  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, 26  miles  west  by  south  of  Davenport.  It 
has  meat-packing  and  lumber  trade.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  14,073. 


Muscle  Shoals 

lyiuscle  Shoals  (mus'l  sholz).  A  succession  of 
rapids  in  the  Tennessee  Eiver,  in  northern  Ala- 
bama, east  of  Florence. 

Muscovy  (mus'ko-vi).  [From  ML.  Muscovia, 
Eussia,  from  Russ.  Moshva :  see  Moscow.']  A 
name  often  given  formerly  to  Eussia. 

Mus^e  des  AiitdciuitSs  Rationales  (mli-za'  da 
zon-te-ke-ta  na-se-o-nal').  A  museum  estab- 
lished in  the  chateau  of  St.-Germain-en-Laye, 
near  Paris,  it  contains  objects  of  the  prehistoric  flint 
or  bone  period,  collections  of  sculptures,  bas-reliefs,  war 
chariots,  armor,  coins,  and  relics  from  the  earliest  civiliza- 
tion of  France  to  the  Carolingian  period. 

3Ius6e  du  Louvre.    See  Louvre. 

Mus6e  du  Luxembourg.  See  Luxembourg, 
Palace  of  the. 

Muses  (mu'zez).  [Gt.  MoSffai'.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  daughters  of  Zeus  and  Mnemosyne, 
who  according  to  the  earliest  writers  were  god- 
desses of  memory,  then  inspiring  goddesses  of 
song,  and  according  to  later  ideas  divinities 
presiding  over  the  different  kinds  of  poetry,  and 
over  the  sciences  and  arts,  while  at  the  same 
time  having  as  their  especial  province  springs 
and  limpid  streams.  Their  number  appears  in  the 
Homeric  poems  not  to  be  fixed ;  later  it  seems  to  have  been 
put  at  three,  but  afterward  they  were  spoken  of  as  nine ; 
Clio,  the  Muse  of  heroic  exploits,  or  of  history ;  Euterpe,  of 
Dionysiac  music  and  the  double  flute ;  Thalia,  of  gaiety, 
pastoral  life,  and  comedy ;  Melpomene,  of  song  and  har- 
mony, and  of  tragedy ;  TerpHchore,  of  choral  dance  and 
song ;  Srato,  of  erotic  poetry  and  the  lyre ;  Polymnia  or 
Polyhymnia,  of  the  inspired  and  stately  hymn ;  Urania,  of 
astronomic^  and  other  celestial  phenomena ;  and  Calliope, 
the  chief  of  the  Muses,  of  poetic  inspiration,  of  eloquence, 
and  of  heroic  or  epic  poeti^.  The  Muses  were  intimately 
associated  in  legend  and  in  art  with  Apollo,  who,  as  the 
chief  guardian  and  leader  of  their  company,  .was  called 


Muses'  Looking-G-lass,  The.  A  play  by  T. 
Randolph,  originally  acted  under  the  title  of 
"  The  Entertainment."  It  was  printed  In  1638.  Of 
the  date  of  the  present  play  there  can  be  no  doubt,  for  the 
device  of  draining  the  Fens  by  Dutch  windmills,  in  1632, 
is  alluded  to  as  contemporary.    Fleay. 

Museum  (mu-ze'um).  [Gr.  MoweZov,  from 
Moiffa,  Muse.5  1.  A  hill  almost  directly  south 
of  the  Acropolis  at  Athens,  the  furthest  east  of 
the  group  of  hills  on  the  southwestern  side  of 
the  city :  named  from  the  existence  on  it  of  an 
old  shrine  of  the  Muses.  On  its  summit  stands  a 
conspicuous  monument,  ornamented  with  niches,  Corin- 
thian columns,  statues,  and  a  relief-frieze,  to  Philopappus, 
the  last  king  of  Commagene,  who  became  an  Athenian 
citizen  after  his  dethronement  by  Vespasian.  The  slopes 
■of  the  hill,  particularly  on  its  southern  extension,  abound 
■with  curious  rock-cuttings,  for  the  most  part  vestiges  of 
prehistoric  Athens.  These  include  house  foundations, 
stairs,  meeting-places  with  seats,  and  the  so-called  prison 
•of  Socrates  and  tomb  of  Cimon.  Between  this  hill  and 
"the  Pnyx  passed  the  road  to  the  Piraeus  between  the  Long 
VTalls.  The  rock  is  deeply  cut  with  the  ruts  of  chariot- 
■wheels  and  an  artificial  water-channel. 
2.  An  institution  of  learning  in  ancient  Alexan- 
^ia.    See  the  extract. 

King  Ptolemy  I.,  sumamed  Sdter,  Hhe  Preserver '  (306- 
285  B.  C),  founded  the  Museum,  or  Temple  of  the  Muses, 
■which  was  somewhat  like  a  modern  university.  The  build- 
ing included  galleries  of  art,  lecture-rooms,  and  dining- 
halls.  Distinguished  men  of  learning  were  maintained  at 
the  Museum ;  and  the  beautiful  gardens,  with  their  shady 
walks,  their  statues  and  fountains,  became  famous  as  the 
haunt  of  Alexandrian  poets  and  scholars. 

Jebi,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  139. 

MusgU  (mos'go).    See  Masa. 

Musidora  (mii-si-do'ra).  The  coy  sweetheart 
of  Damon  in  Thomson's  "  Seasons."  His  delicacy 
on  the  occasion  of  seeing  her  bathing  won  her  affections. 
She  is  the  subject  of  a  painting  by  Gainsborough,  in  the 
National  Gallery,  London.  The  maid,  lightly  draped,  sits 
on  the  bank  of  a  woodland  stream :  one  foot  is  already  in 
the  water,  and  she  is  removing  the  sandal  from  the  other. 

Muskegon  (mus-ke'gon).  A  city,  capital  of 
Muskegon  County,  Micliigan,  situated  on  Muske- 
gon Lake,  near  Lake  Michigan,  in  lat.  43°  15' 
N.,  long.  86°  13'  W.  The  leading  industry  is  the  lum- 
ber manufacture  and  trade.    Population  (1900),  20,818. 

Muskhogean  (musk-ho'ge-an).  An  important 
linguistic  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
named  from  the  chief  tribe  of  the  Creek  Confed- 
eracy. Its  divisions  occupied  nearly  the  whole  State  of 
Mississippi,  the  western  half  of  Tennessee,  a  small  area  in 
eastern  Kentucky,  all  of  Alabama,  most  of  Georgia,  and. 
In  later  times,  nearly  all  of  Florida.  The  following  is  a 
linguistic  classification  of  the  tribes :  (os)  The  western 
group  (the  main  people,  the  Choctaw,  branched 'out  into 
the  Chioasa,  the  Choctaw  Gulf  tribes  («.  g.  Pascagoula)  in 
the  State  of  Mississippi,  and  a  few  in  lower  Louisiana  and 
Alabama).  (6)  The  Alibamu  group(Alibamu  villages,  Muk- 
lasa  Odshiapofa, Koassati, Oktchoyi :  allnearthejunction 
of  Coosa  and  Tallapoosa  rivers,  Alabama),  (c)  The  cen- 
tral or  Creek  group  (Upper  Creeks,  on  the  Coosa  and  Talla- 
poosa rivers  and  in  the  central  district  between  the  two; 
the  Creek  portion  of  the  Seminoles,  Yamasi,  and  Yam^ 
<jraw  •  Lower  Creeks,  on  middle  Chattahoochee  Kiver  and 
•east  of  it),  (d)  The  Hitchiti  group  (the  tribes  speaking 
Hitchiti  dialects  on  lower  Chattahoochee  River  and  east  of 

it.  as  Hitchiti,  Sawokli,  Odshisi,  Tutalosi,  and  the  Hitchiti 

Dortion  of  the  Seminoles  and  of  the  Yamasi  and  Yama- 

craw).    (c)  The  Apalachi  group  (formerly  near  St.  Mark  s 


717 

Eiver,  Florida).  The  principal  tribes  are  the  Alibamu, 
Apalachi,  Chicasa,  Choctaw,  Creek  or  Maskoki  proper. 
Hitchiti,  Eoasati,  Fensacola,  Seminole,  Yamacraw,  Ya- 
masi, and  Yazoo.  Of  these  tribes  the  Choctaw  on  the  west 
were  shori^  and  heavy,  the  Creeks  taller  and  more  active. 
The  Chicasa  were  the  most  warlike  and  the  best  hunters, 
the  Choctaw  the  moat  agricultural  and,  together  with  the 
Creeks,  the  most  advanced  in  culture.  All  the  tribes  liad 
fixed  villages,  the  larger  fortified  by  palisades  and  em- 
bankments. Several  confederacies  were  established  within 
the  stock,  of  which  the  Creek  was  the  most  widely  known. 
The  present  number  of  the  stock  is  over  30,000. 

Muski(mSs'ke).  Apeopleoften mentionedinthe 
cuneiforminscriptions,  settled  somewherenorth 
of  Cappadooia.  They  are  identified  with  the  Moschi 
of  the  Greek  writers,  and  the  Meshech  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment. In  the  Bible  Meshech  is  usually  combined  with 
Tubal,  and  similarly  in  the  inscriptions  the  Muski  with 
Tabal.  The  Muski  came  in  hostile  contact  with  the  As- 
syrians under  Tiglath-Pileser  I.  (1120-1100),  Asumazirpal 
(884-860),  and  Sargon  (722-706). 

Muskingum  (mus-king'gum).  A  river  in  Ohio. 
It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the Tuscaiawas  and  Walhond- 
ing  at  Coshocton,  and  joins  the  Ohio  at  Marietta.  Length, 
including  the  Tuscarawas,  about  240  miles;  navigable 
about  95  miles. 

Muskoki.    See  Creelc. 

Muso  (mo'zo).  A  village  in  the  western  part  of 
the  department  of  Boyaod,,  Colombia,  on  the 
river  Carare,  nearly  north  of  Bogota,  its  emerald- 
mines  were  long  the  richest  in  the  world,  and  are  still 
worked.  During  the  colonial  period  Muso  was  a  wealthy 
city.    Also  written  Mvsso. 

Musonius  (mii-so'ni-us),  Calus  Rufus.  Lived 
in  the  1st  century  A.  D.  A  Roman  Stoic  philoso- 
pher. 

MUSOS  (mo'zos).  An  extinct  tribe  of  South 
American  Indians  who,  at  the  time  of  the  eon- 
quest,  were  found  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Mag- 
dalena  River,  about  160  miles  north  and  north- 
west of  the  present  city  of  Bogota.  They  were 
much  less  civilized  than  the  Chibchas,  with  whom  they 
were  at  war,  and  they  made  a  long  and  valorous  resistance 
to  the  Spaniards,  finally  committing  suicide  in  great  num- 
bers rather  than  submit  to  them.  The  Muso  emerald- 
mines  were  in  their  district. 

Muspellsheim  (mos'pels-him).  [ON.  Muspells- 
lieimr.]  In  the  Old  Norse  cosmogony,  the  realm 
of  fire  and  warmth  in  the  south.  At  Ragnarbk, 
Surt  (Old  Norse  Surtr),  the  ruler  of  Muspellsheim,  comes 
with  his  fiaming  sword  at  the  head  of  the  Muspells-sons 
and  destroy^  the  world  with  fire.  Also  Mitspel  or  Mus- 
velheim. 

Muspilli.  [OHG.  Mus])illi,  OS.  Mudspelli,  Muts- 
pelli,  the  end  of  the  world,  Icel.  Muspell,  an 
abode  of  fire  (see  Muspellsheim) ;  of  uncertain 
origin,  but  usually  explained  as  from  OHG. 
molta,  AS.  molde,  etc.,  earth  (E.  mould),  and 
*spiltian,  OS.  spildian,  AS.  spiXlan,  destroy  (B. 
spill) .]  A  fragmentary  Old  High  German  poem 
on  the  end  of  the  world,  of  unknown  authorship, 
written  in  alliterative  verse.  It  exists  in  a  single 
manuscript,  from  about  the  year  900,  in  the  Bavarian  dia- 
lect. 

"Muspilli "belongs  to  a  time  when  myths  of  the  old 
heathen  mythology  blended  with  the  faith  of  the  new  con- 
verts to  Christianity.  Muspel,  in  Scandinavian  mythology, 
was  a  great  world  of  fire  that  at  the  end  would  break  out 
and  devour  the  earth  and  all  that  was  upon  it.  "Muspilli" 
therefore  served  to  express  the  final  conflagration  of  the 
world ;  and  that  is  the  subject  of  this  fragment,  which 
shows  also  an  adaptation  of  pre-Christian  to  Christian 
ideas  in  the  fight  of  Elias  with  Antichrist,  which  may  an- 
swer to  the  contest  between  Thor  and  Surtur. 

Marley,  English  Writers,  II.  97. 

Muspratt  (mus'prat),  James  Sheridan.  Bom 
at  Dublin,  March  8, 1821:  died  at  West  Derby, 
April  3, 1871.  A  British  chemist.  He  was  educated 
at  Liverpool,  and  studied  with  Liebig  1843-46.  He  founded 
the  Liverpool  College  of  Chemistry,  and  became  professor 
there.  His  works  include  "  Outlines  of  Qualitative  Analy- 
sis "  (1849),  "  Dictionary  of  Chemistry  "  (1864),  etc. 

Musquitos.    Same  as  Mosguitos. 

Musschenbroek  (mos'chen-brSk),  Pieter  van. 
Born  at  Leyden,  Netherlands,  March  14,  1692: 
died  there,  Sept.  19,  1761.  A  Dutch  natural 
philosopher  and  mathematician. 

Musselburgh  (mus'l-bur-o).  A  burgh  in  the 
county  of  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  situated  on 
the  Firth  of  Forth  and  the  Esk  6  miles  east  of 
Edinburgh.  It  is  a  notable  golfing  resort.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  8,885. 

Musset  (mii-sa'),  Louis  Charles  Alfred  de. 
Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  11,  1810:  died  there.  May 
1,  1857.  A  celebrated  French  poet.  His  father, 
Musset-Pathay,  was  a  man  of  letters,  and  encouraged  in 
his  children  the  love  of  letters.  Alfred  de  Musset  gradu- 
ated with  high  honors  from  the  College  Henri  IV.  in  Pans, 
and  had  just  completed  his  twentieth  year  when  he  pub- 
lished his  first  volume  of  poetry,  "Contes  d'Espagne  et 
d'ltalie  "(1829).  Two  more  collections  of  poems  established 
his  fame— "Poesies  di verses"  (1831)  and  "Le  spectacle 
dans  un  fauteuil"  (1832).  In  1833  he  went  to  Italy  with 
George  Sand ;  but,  after  an  extended  trip,  fell  out  with  her 
at  Venice,  and  returned  to  France  alone.  His  morbid  state 
of  mind  finds  expression  in  the  "Confession  d'un  enfant 
du  sifecle"  (1836).  During  these  years  (1833-37)  De  Mus- 
set contributed  a  number  of  short  plays  to  the  "Revue 
des  Deux  Mondes":  they  have  appeared  since  then  as 
"Comedies  et  proyerbes"  (1840).    Short  stories  from  the 


Muzaffarpur 

same  magazine  (1837-39)  were  also  reprinted  in  book  form 
(1840).  In  the  same  year  (1840)  appeared  the  first  edition 
of  the  "Poesies  nouvelles."  One  of  his  last  publications 
is  a  volume  of  "Contes"  (1864).  He  was  received  in  the 
French  Academy  in  1862.  Irregular  and  dissolute  living 
sapped  his  intellectual  and  physical  strength,  and  he  died 
at  the  age  of  forty-seven.  His  complete  works  were  nub 
lished  in  1860. 

Musset,  Paul  Edme  de.  Bom  at  Paris,  Nov. 
7,  1804:  died  there.  May  17,  1880.  A  French 
novelist  and  litterateur,  brother  of  Alfred  de 
Musset.    He  wrote  "Lui  et  elle"  (1859),  etc. 

Mussulmans  (mus'ul-manz).  [From  Turk. 
Musulman:  see  Moslems.^  Mohammedans,  or 
followers  of  Mohammed ;  true  believers,  in  the 
Mohammedan  sense ;  Moslems. 

Mustaigh  (mos'tagh)  Pass.  A  pass  near  Mount 
Godwin-Austen,  in  the  western  Himalaya.  It 
connects  the  upper  Indus  and  Yarkand  valleys. 

Mustagh  Range,  or  Earakorum  Range.  A. 
range  of  lofty  mountains  in  Kashmir,  north  of, 
and  parallel  with,  the  main  Himalaya.  Mount 
Godwin-Austen  (K2)  belongs  to  it.    See  K^. 

Mustapha  (m6s'ta-fa)  I.  Died  1639.  Turkish 
sultan  1617-18  and  1622-23,  brother  of  Achmet  I. 

Mustapha  II.  Died  Dec.  31,  1703.  Turkish 
sultan  1695-1703,  son  of  Mohammed  IV.  He  was 
defeated  in  person  by  the  Imperialists  under  Prince  Eu- 
gene at  Zenta  in  1697,  and  signed  the  peace  of  Cailowitz  in 
1699.    He  was  deposed  shortly  before  his  death. 

Mustapha  III.  Died  Jan,  21,  1774.  Turkish 
sultan  1757-73,  sou  of  Aehmet  III.  He  waged 
war  unsuccessfully  with  Russia  1768-74. 

Mustapha  IV.  Killed  Nov.  15, 1808.  Turkish 
sultan  1807-08,  son  of  Abdul-Hamid. 

Mustard-Seed  (mus'tard-sed).  Afairyin  Shak- 
spere's  "  Midsummer  Mght's  Dream." 

Mut (mSt).  InEgyptian mythology, 'the mother,' 
the  Theban  consort  of  Amun-Ra,  the  other  mem- 
ber of  the  triad  being  their  son  Khims.  She 
was  a  personification  of  the  female  principle. 

Muta  (mo'ta).  A  locality  in  Syria  where,  in 
629,  the  Motammedans  fought  and  won  their 
first  battle  against  the  Christians. 

Mutanabbi  (mo-ta-nab'be),  A1-.  [.At.,  'the 
pretended  prophet.']  Died  at  Kufa,  965  a.  d. 
An  Arabian  poet.  His  "Divan"  (collection  of 
poems)  has  been  translated  into  German. 

Muta  Nzige.  The  native  name  of  the  lake  now 
called  the  Albert  Edward  Nyanza  (which  see). 

Mutina.    See  Modena. 

Mutinensian  War  (mH-ti-nen'si-an  w^r).  The 
name  given  to  the  military  operations  in  and 
near  Mutina  (now  Modena),  Italy,  44-43  B.  c. 
Decimus  Brutus  was  blockaded  at  Mutina  by  Antony  in  44, 
and  was  relieved  by  Hirtius,  Pansa,  and  Octavius,  who  de- 
feated Antony. 

Mutiny,  Tie  Indian.    See  Indian  Mutiny, 

Mutiny  Act,  An  act  passed  annually  by  the 
British  Parliament  from  1689  to  1879.  it  pro- 
vided for  the  punishment  of  cases  of  mutiny  and  desertion, 
and  for  the  maintenance  of  a  standing  army  (without  vio. 
lation  of  the  Bill  of  Rights). 

Mutiny  of  the  Bounty.    See  Bounty. 

Mutis  (mo'tes),  Jos6  delestino.  Bom  at  Cadiz, 
April  6,  1732:  died  at  Bogota,  New  Granada, 
Sept.  12,  1808.  A  Spanish  botanist.  From  1760 
he  resided  in  New  Granada,  where,  under  government 
auspices,  he  traveled  extensively.  His  "  Flora  de  Nueva 
Granada,"  on  which  he  worked  40  years,  was  unfinished  at 
the  time  of  his  death,  and  has  never  been  published.  Mutis 
is  known  especially  for  his  publications  on  cinchona 
plants. 

Mutsuhito  (mot'so-shto).  Born  Nov.  3,  1852. 
The  Emperor  of  Japan.  He  is  the  123d  of  the 
mikados. 

Muttra  (mut'tra).  1.  A  district  in  the  North- 
west Provinces,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  27°  30'  N.,  long.  77°  45'  B.  Area,  1.453 
square  miles.  Population  (1881),  671,690.-2. 
The  capital  of  the  district  of  Muttra,  situated 
on  the  Jumna  30  miles  north-northwest  of  Agra. 
It  contains  a  Hindu  shrine,  and  has  been  often  plundered 
by  Mohammedans.  Population  (1891),  including  canton- 
ment, 61,195. 

MuzafCargarh  (muz-af-ar-gSr').  A  district  in 
the  Panjab,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat. 
30°  N.,  long.  71°  E.  Area,  3,422  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  381,095. 

Muzaffarnagar  (muz-af-ar-nag'ar),  or  Mozuf- 
fernugger  (moz-uf-er-nug'ger).  1.  A  district 
in  the  Northwest  Provinces,  British  India,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  29°  30'  N.,  long.  77°  30'  E. 
Area,  1,658  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
772,874.-2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Muz- 
affarnagar, 65  miles  north-northeast  of  Delhi. 
Population  (1891),  18,166. 

Muzaffarpur  (muz-af-ar-por'),  or  Mozuffer- 
pore  (moz-uf-6r-p6r').  1.  A  district  of  Bengal, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  26°  N.,  long. 
85°  30'  E.  Area,  3,003  square  mUes.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  2,711,445.-2.  The  capital  of  the 


Muzaffarpur 

district  of  Muzafiarpur,  situated  on  the  Little 
Gandak37  miles  north-northeast  of  Patna.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  49,192. 

Muziano  (mot-se-a'no),  Girolamo.  Bom  near 
Brescia,  Italy,  1528:  died  about  1590.  An  Ital- 
ian painter  of  historical  pieces  and  landscapes, 
and  worker  in  mosaics. 

Muzo.    See  Mvso. 

Mwanga  (mwang'ga).  The  successor  of  Mtesa 
as  king  of  Uganda.  He  persecuted  the  Christians  and 
ordered  the  murder  of  Bishop  Hannington.  Driven  from 
his  kingdom,  he  became  a  Catholic,  and  regained  his  throne 
by  the  aid  of  Catholics  and  Protestants ;  was  conquered  by 
British  arms,  and  became  a  Protestant ;  and  is  now  a  vassal 
of  the  British  crown. 

Mycale  (mik'a-le).  [Gr.  M.vkciTlj!.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  mountain  in  Lydia,  Asia  Minor, 
north  of  Miletus.  Near  It,  in  Sept.,  479  B.  c,  on  the 
same  day  as  the  battle  of  Plateea,  the  Greeks  under  leoty- 
chides  and  Xantippus  defeated  the  Persian  naval  forces. 

Mycenae  (mi-se'ne).  [Gr.Mvicvvai.2  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  of  Argolis,  Greece,  14  mUes 
south-southwest  of  Corinth,  it  is  a  very  ancient 
settlement,  conspicuous  in  Greek  mythology,  and  supply- 
ing some  of  the  oldest  materials  for  the  study  of  Greek 
architecture  and  art.  It  consisted  of  the  acropolis,  occu- 
pying the  apex  of  a  hill,  and  the  lower  town,  whose  con- 
fused ruins  are  spread  over  its  slopes.  The  acropolis  is 
triangular,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  massive  wall  of  huge 
stones,  partly  shaped.  It  is  entered  by  the  Gate  of  the 
Lions.  This  gate  is  at  the  end  of  a  walled  passage.  The 
opening  is  about  10  feet  wide  and  high,  tapering  toward 
the  top,  with  monolithic  jambs  and  a  huge  linteL  Above 
the  lintel  a  large  triangular  opening  is  formed  by  corbel- 
ing, and  the  great  slab,  2  feet  thick,  which  Alls  this  bears 
the  remarkable  relief  of  two  affronted  rampant  lions  sepa- 
rated by  a  column.  Close  inside  of  this  gate,  in  a  double 
circle  of  upright  stones  80  feet  in  diameter,  were  found 
the  tombs  containing  golden  ornaments  and  masks,  inlaid 
sword-blades,  and  other,  objects  whose  discovery  aston- 
ished the  scientific  world.  More  recent  excavations  have 
disclosed  on  the  acropolis  a  prehistoric  palace  resem- 
bling that  at  Tiryns.  The  most  important  monuments 
of  the  lower  town  are  the  great  "beehive"  tombs  com- 
monly called  treasuries.  Of  these  the  so-called  treasury 
of  Atreus  is  a  typical  example.  The  interior  ia  a  circle 
about  50  feet  in  diameter  and  the  same  in  height,  covered 
with  a  pseudo-dome  formed  by  corbeling  in  the  horizontal 
courses  of  the  wall.  A  door  opens  into  a  square  side  cham- 
ber. The  entrance  to  the  tomb  is  by  an  inclined  passage 
or  dromos,  over  30  feet  long,  leading  to  a  door  1%  feet  high, 
which  ia  spanped  by  an  enormous  lintel.  Over  the  lintel 
there  is  a  large  triangular  opening,  which  was  originally 
filled  with  a  sculptured  slab.  The  original  fruitful  oxoavar 
tions  were  made  by  Schliemann  in  1876-77,  and  much  work 
has  since  been  done  on  the  si  te  by  the  Archaeological  Society 
of  Athens.  The  discoveries  at  Mycense  threw  a  flood  of 
light  upon  the  earliest  Greek  art,  particularly  in  the  depart- 
ment of  pottery.  They  were  the  first  important  finds  of 
their  class,  which  has  since  been  recognized  in  a  large  pro- 
portion of  Greek  settlements  of  sufiQcient  age,  and  is  every- 
where distinguished  as  Mycenaean.  Mycenaean  ornament 
includes  geometric  decoration,  foliage,  marine  and  animal 
forms,  and  the  human  figure.  It  may  be  dated  back  to 
the  12th  century  B.  0.,  and  follows  in  time  the  art  of  the 
"Homeric  city"  at  Hissarlik,  which  is  without  painted 
decoration,  and  that  of  Thera.  Mycenaean  art  was  prac- 
tised and  developed  through  several  centuries,  and  existed 
contemporaneously  with  the  succeeding  dipylon  style  of 
decoration,  which  began  about  1000  B.  0.  The  chief  ob- 
jects found  at  Mycenae  are  in  a  museum  at  Athens. 

Mycerinus  (mis-6-ri'nus),  or  Mecherinus  (me- 

ke-ri'nus).  King  of  Egypt.  According  to  Herodo- 
tus and  Diodoros,  he  was  the  son  of  Cheops  who  reigned 
about  3700  B.  0.  He  succeeded  his  uncle  Chephren.  Hav- 
ing been  warned  by  an  oracle  that  he  had  but  six  years  to 
live,  because,  being  a  gentle  ruler,  he  had  not  wre^ed  the 
vengeance  of  the  gods  on  Egypt,  he  gave  himself  up  to 
pleasure  and  sought  to  double  his  allotted  time  by  turning 
night  into  day. 

Mydas.    See  Midas. 

Myddleton  (mid'1-tou),  Sir  Hugh.  Bomahout 
1555 :  died  Dec.  10, 1631.  A  goldsmith,  capital- 
ist, and  projector  of  the  "New  Kiver"  water- 


718 

supply  of  London,  in  1605  an  act  was  passed  per- 
mitting him  to  bring  water  into  lx>ndon  from  New  Eiver 
at  Ware,  Hants. 

Myer(mi'er),  Albert  James.  BomatNewburg, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  20, 1827:  died  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
Aug.  24, 1880.  An  American  meteorologist.  He 
became  chief  signalofficer  in  the  United  States  army  in 
1860,  and  was  in  chiu^e  of  the  Weather  Bureau  in  1870. 
He  published  "Manual  of  Signals"  (1868). 

Mylse  (mi'le).  [Gr.  Mw/la^.]  The  ancient  name 
of  Milazzo  (which  see). 

Mylasa(mi-la'sa),orMylassa(mi-las'sa).  [(jtT. 
Ta  Mi/laaa  or  M.SXaaaa.']  In  ancient  geography, 
an  inland  town  of  Caria:  the  modern  Melasso. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  later  Carian  kingdom. 

Mylau  (me'lou).  Atown  in  the  kingdom  of  Sax- 
ony, situated  on  the  Goltzsch  12  miles  south- 
west of  Zwickau.    Population  (1890),  6,353. 

Mylitta  (mi-lit'ta).  ['Generatrix.']  A  by-name 
of  BeUt. 

Mymensing,  orMymeusingli.  SeeMaimansinh. 

My  ITovel,  or  Varieties  of  Englisb  Life.  A 
novel  by  Bulwer  Lytton,  published  in  1853. 

Mynpuii,  or  Mynpooree.    See  Mainpuri. 

Myonnesus  (mi-o-ne'sus).  [Gr.  M.vdwjiaoc']  In 
ancient  geography,  a  promontory  on  the  coast 
of  Ionia,  .Asia  Minor,  27mLles  northwest  of  Eph- 
esus.  Near  it,  190  B.  0.,  the  Romans  under  I.  Bmilius 
gained  a  naval  victory  over  the  Syrians  under  Antiochus 
the  Great. 

Myra(mi'ra).  [Qx.MvpaovM.iipav.^  In  ancient 
geography,"  a  city  in  Lyeia,  Asia  Minor,  situ- 
ated near  the  coast  in  lat.  36°  17'  N.,  long.  30° 
3'  E,  An  ancient  theater  here  is  among  the  finest  in 
Asia  Minor.  The  masonry  is  admirable ;  the  back  wall  of 
the  stage  is  ornamented  with  Composite  columns,  having 
shafts  of  polished  granite  and  capitals  of  white  marble. 

Myrina  (mi-ri'na).  A  very  extensive  Greek 
necropolis,  nearSmyma,  Asia  Minor,  discov- 
ered about  1870,  and  systematically  excavated 
by  the  French  School  at  Athens  between  1880 
and  1882.  it  is  of  importance  for  the  very  abundant 
and  beautiful  terra-cotta  figurines  found,  which  make  it  the 
richest  site  for  art  objects  of  this  nature  after  Tanagra. 
The  Myrina  figurines  are  for  the  most  part  of  the  Hellen- 
istic epoch,  and  in  treatment  and  composition  are  alEin  to 
those  of  Tanagra,  though  in  general  less  severe  in  style. 
Many  examples  show  remarkable  grace,  and  the  average 
size  is  larger  than  that  of  the  Tanagra  figuriqes.  Groups 
and  combinations  of  figures  are  frequent.  The  most  im- 
portant collections  are  in  the  Louvre  and  in  the  museum 
at  Constantinople. 

Myrmidon  (m6r'mi-don).  [Gr.  Mvp/iid6v.'\  In 
(Sreek  mythology,  a  son  of  Zeus,  reputed  ances- 
tor of  the  Myrmidons. 

Myrmidons  (m6r'mi-donz).  In  (jrreek  legen- 
dary history,  a  race  in  Phthiotis,  Thessaly.  They 
were  led  by  Achilles  in  the  Trojan  war.  According  to 
one  legend,  they  came  originally  from  .^gina. 

Myron  (nu'rou).  [Gr.M.vpav.']  Lived  about  500- 
440  B.C.  A  celebrated  (ireek  sculptor,  a  native 
of  Eleutherffi  in  Boeotia :  a  pupil  of  Ageladas  of 
ArgOS.  Polycletus  and  Phidias  were  his  fellow-pupils. 
Like  the  sculptors  of  the  Doric  or  Arglve  school,  his  main 
interest  was  centered  in  the  athlete.  He  considered  the 
subject,  however,  more  from  the  standpoint  of  action  than 
of  proportion.  He  represents  the  attitudes  of  the  active 
rather  than  the  beauty  of  the  passive  athlete.  In  this  he 
was  considered  supreme  throughoutantiquity.  Hismost 
representative  work  was  probably  the  Discobolus  d  escribed 
by  Qnintilian  and  Lucian.  Of  this  statue  the  most  per- 
fect replica  Is  in  the  possession  of  Prince  Lancelottl  in 
Rome ;  another  is  in  the  Vatican,  and  another  in  the  Brit- 
ish Museum.  His  group  of  Athene  and  Marsyas  is  repre- 
sented by  the  Marsyas  of  the  Lateran.  Myron's  bronze 
cow  on  the  Pnyx  at  Athens  was  one  of  the  favorites  of  the 
Greek  and  Boman  world. 

Myrrha  (mir'a).  [Gr.  Mipfia.']  In  Greek  le- 
gend, the  mother  of  Adonis. 


Mzensk 

In  the  Eyprian  myth  the  name  of  Thelas  is  transformed 
into  Einyras ;  but,  like  Theias,  he  is  the  father  of  Adonis 
by  his  daughter  Myrrha.  Myrrha  is  the  invention  of  a 
popular  etymology :  the  true  form  of  the  name  was  Smyrna 
or  Myrina,  a  name  famous  in  the  legendary  annals  of 
Asia  Minor.  Myrina  or  Smyrna,  it  was  said,  was  an 
Amazonian  queen,  and  her  name  is  connected  with  the 
four  cities  of  the  western  coast— Smyrna,  Eymd,  Myrina, 
and  Ephesos — whose  foundation  was  ascribed  to  Amazo- 
nian heroines.  Sayce,  Anc.  Babylonians,  p.  235. 

Myrtilus  (ni6r'ti-lu8).  [Gr.  Mupri^f.]  In  Greek 
legend,  the  charioteer  of  CEnomaus,  king  of 
Elis,  thrown  by  Polops  into  the  .^gean  Sea 
(whence  the  name  Myrtoan  for  that  part  of 
the  ^gean).  While  drowning  he  cursed  the  home  of 
Pelops,  a  curSe  which  brought  many  woes  upon  the  de- 
scendants of  his  enemy.  He  was  placed  among  the  con- 
stellations as  Auriga  (the  Charioteer). 

Myrtoan  Sea  (mer-to'an  se).  [L.  Mare  Myrto- 
um:  see MyrtUus.'\  In'ancient  geography,  that 
part  of  the  .^gean  Sea  which  lies  south  of  Ar- 
golis, Attica,  and  Euboea. 

Mysia  (mish'ia).  [Gr.  Mtjcr/a.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  district  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
Asia  Minor.  It  was  bounded  by  the  Propontis  on  the 
north,  Bithynia  and  Phrygia  on  the  eaatj  Lydia  on  the  south, 
the  -ffigean  on  the  west,  and  the  Hellespont  on  the  north- 
west, the  Troad  being  sometimes  excluded.  It  is  traversed 
by  mountain-ranges.  There  were  many  Greek  cities  on 
the  coasts.  It  belonged  successively  to  Lydia,  Persia, 
Macedon,  Syria,  Pergamum,  and  Home.  The  Mysians  were 
probably  allied  to  the  Lydians.  They  assisted  the  Khita 
against  Bameses  n. 

Myslowitz  (mis'lo-vits).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Przemsa 
34  miles  west-northwest  of  Cracow.  Population 
(1890),  9,392. 

Mysore  (mi-sor'),  or  Maisiir  (mi-sor').  1.  A 
native  state  in  the  Deccan,  India,  surrounded 
by  British  territory,  it  is  mountainous  and  hilly  in 
the  west.  It  became  an  important  state  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury;  under  Hyder  Ali  and  Tippu  Saib  was  a  formidable 
opponentof  the  British  in  the  last  part  of  the  18th  century; 
was  ceded  in  part  to  the  British  in  1792  and  1799 ;  was  taken 
under  British  management  in  1831;  was  restored  to  native 
rule  in  1881 ;  and  is  governed  by  a  maharaja  tributary  to 
Great  Britain.  Area,  27,936  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  4,943,604. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Mysore,  situated 
about  lat.  12°  18'  N.,  long.  76°  40'  E.  It  is  the 
residence  of  the  maharaja.  Population  (1891), 
74,048. 

Mysteries  of  XJdolpho,  The.  A  romance  by 
Mrs.  Eadcliffe,  published  in  1794. 

Mystery  of  Edwin  Drood,  The.  An  unfinished 
novel  by  Dickens,  the  first  number  of  which  was 
issued  in  April,  1870.  it  was  to  have  been  completed 
in  twelve  monthly  parts,  but  only  about  six  were  written 
when  he  died. 

Mythen  (me'ten).  The.  Two  peaks  in  the  can- 
ton of  Sohwyz,  Switzeriand,  20  miles  east  of 
Lucerne.  Height  of  the  Great  Mythen,  6,245 
feet. 

Mytilene,  orMitylene  (mit-i-le'ne).  [Gr.  Mun- 
Ai?)')?  or  MiT'y/l,^)/.]  1.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  island  of  Lesbos  (which  see). — 2.  ra.  an- 
cient geography,  the  chief  city  of  Lesbos,  sit- 
uated on  the  coast,  it  was  an  important  maritime 
power  of  the  J^lolian  Greeks.  It  revolted  from  Athens  in 
428  B.  0.,  and  was  subjected  In  427.  Present  population, 
about  20,000. 

Myus  (mi'us).  [Gr.  M.vovq.']  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, an  Ionian  city  in  Caria,  Asia  Minor,  sit- 
uated on  the  Mseander  11  miles  northeast  of 
Miletus. 

Mzab  (mzab).  A  district  in  Algeria,  about  lat. 
33°  N.,  long.  4°  E.  There  is  a  river  of  the  same 
name.    The  chief  place  is  Gardaia. 

Mzensk.    See  Mtsensh. 


aab,  or  Nab  (nab).  A  river    a  Jezreelite  put  to  death 'byAhab,  who  coveted 
in     Bavaria     which  joins    his  property, 
the   Danube   4   fniles  west  Nabu.    See  Neio. 
of    Eatisbon.      Length,  94  Nabulus.    See  Nablus. 

miles.  Nacben,  Tbe.    A  ship  of  200  tons  burden,  com- 

Naaman   (na'a-man).    In    manded  by  Edwarde  Brawnde,  which  sailed 
Old  Testament"  history,   a    from  Dartmouth,  England,  March  8,  1615,  to 
make  "further  tryall"  of  the  New  England 
Brawnde  also  went  to  Cape  Cod  to  search 


Syrian  general  who  was 
miraculously  cured  of  lep- 
rosy on  bathing  in  the  Jordan  at  the  command 
of  the  prophet  Elisha. 

Naarden  (nar'den).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
North  Holland,  Netherlands,  13  miles  southeast 
of  Amsterdam.  It  was  destroyed  by  the  Span- 
iards in  1572. 

Naas  (nas  or  na'as).  A  town  in  County  Kil- 
dare,  Ireland,  southwest  of  Dublin.  It  was  the 
former  capital  of  Leinster. 

Naas.    See  Nasqa. 

Nabataeans,  or  iTabateans  (nab-a-te'anz).  An 
Arab  people  dwelling  in  ancient  times  on  the 
east  and  southeast  of  Palestine :  often  identi 


coast, 
for  pearls. 

Nachi  (na'ehe),  or  Nadch6s,  or  Nahy,  or 
Naguatez.  A  tribe  or  confederacy  of  North 
American  Indians,  which  dwelt  on  St.  Cathar- 
ine's Creek,  east  and  south  of  the  present  city  of 
Natchez,  Mississippi.  The  name  belonged  to  a  single 
town,  but  was  used  to  include  a  confederacy  of  towns  some 
of  which  were  those  of  alien  peoples  who  had  been  subju- 
gated by  the  iCTacbi  or  had  taken  refuge  among  them. 
D'lbervllle  visited  them  in  1699,  and  gave  a  list  of  8  of 
these  towns.  They  had  conflicts  with  the  French,  the  last 
of  which  in  1729  broke  up  the  confederacy,  but  did  not  ex- 
terminate the  people,  as  has  been  generally  stated.  They 
scattered,  however,  and  the  larger  part  were  received  by 
theChicasa.  A  few  still  live  among  the  Creek  and  Cher* 
okee  in  the  Indian  Territory.    See  UfatchRsan. 


fied  with  the  people  mentioned  in  the  Old  Tes- 
tament under  the  name  of  Nebaioth  (Isa.  Ix.  7),  Nachiketas  (na-chi-ka"'tas),  or  Nachiketa.  In 


and  (1  Mac.  v.  25)  as  Nabathites.  Their  ancestor  Ne- 
bajoth  is  spoken  of  as  the  flrst-bom  of  Ishmael  (Gen.  xxv. 
13).  They  are  referred  to  in  Assyrian  inscriptions  of  the 
7th  century  E.  0.,  but  the  period  of  their  greatest  histori- 
cal importance  was  the  two  centuries  immediately  pre- 
ceding and  succeeding  the  Christian  era.  They  seem  to 
have  been  for  a  long  time  the  chief  traders  between  Egypt 
and  the  valley  of  the  Euphrates.  Important  Nabatsean 
inscriptions  have  been  recovered,  and  the  rock-inscriptions 
in  the  valleys  around  Mount  Sinai  have  been  attributed  to 
them. 

Nabba.    See  Narba. 

Nabi  (na-be').  A  Turkish  poet  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury.   See  the  extract. 

The  next  notable  poet  is  Nabi,  in  the  time  of  Sultans  Ibra-  ^   *'&'^^^^".. ,  ^t''^Jf     -»    j.  ™,   •  _i.i,       j. 

him  (1640-1648)  and  Mohammed  IV.  (1648-1687).    Abput  JNacbOd   (na  chod).      A  town  in  northeastern 
this  time  the  Persian  Saib  was  introducing  In  his  own  conn-     Bohemia,  Situated  on  the  Mettau  78  miles  east- 


the  Taittiriyabrahmana  and  the  Katha  TJpani- 
shad,thesou  of  Vajashravasa.  Desirous  of  attaining 
blessedness,  the  latter  performed  great  sacrifices.  The  son 
told  him  that  he  had  not  given  all,  for  he,  his  son,  was  left, 
and  said,  "  To  whom  shall  I  be  given  ?  "  When  he  repeated 
the  question  the  father  angrily  replied,  "  To  death,"  and  so 
the  son  went  to  the  abode  of  Yama,  who  was  constrained 
to  offer  him  three  boons.  Nachiketas  prayed  to  see  his 
father  again  and  be  reconciled.  This  boon  granted,  he 
sought  a  knowledge  of  the  sacrificial  Are  that  takes  one 
surely  to  immortality,  and  then  asked  that  Yama  should 
solve  the  doubt  that  there  is  in  regard  to  the  existence  of 
a  man  that  is  departed,  whereupon  Yama  instructed  him 
as  to  the  duties,  nature,  and  destiny  of  the  soul. 


northeast  of  Prague.  Here,  June  27, 1866,  the  Prus- 
sians under  Yon  Steinmetz  defeated  the  Austrlans.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  commune,  6,364. 

Born  at 

Eichstedt,  (Jerman;^,  Feb.  23,  1834:  died  off 
Cape  Palmas,  Liberia,  April  20,  1885.  An  Af- 
rican explorer.  Seeking  a  warm  climate  for  his  dis- 
eased lungs,  he  visited  Algeria  and  Tunis  in  1863,  where 
he  became  physician  to  the  bey.  In  1868  he  was  intrusted 
with  the  delivery  of  presents  from  the  Prussian  king  to 
the  Sultan  of  Bornu.  Successively  he  explored  Fezzan 
and  Tibesti  (1870),  Knka,  Eanem,  Borku,  and  again  Euka 
J1872),  Baghirmi  and  Wadai  (1873),  and  Darf  ur  (1874),  and 
in  1875  returned  over  Egypt  to  Germany.  "  Sahara  und 
Sudan"  appeared  in  1879-81.  Until  1882  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Gesellschaft  f  iir  Erdkunde  and  of  the  Af  rika- 
nischeGesellschaft ;  then  he  went  as  consul  to  Tunis,  and 
in  1884  as  German  imperial  commissioner  to  West  Africa. 
Here  he  annexed  Togoland,  Angra  Pequena,  and  Kame- 
run.  He  succumbed  to  fever  on  board  ship,  and  was 
buried  at  Cape  Palmas,  Liberia. 


try  a  new  style  of  Ghazel-writing,  marked  by  a  philoso- 

ghizing,  or  rather  a  moralizing,  tendency.    Mbi  copied 
im ,  and  consequently  brought  this  new  style  into  Turkish     __  _ 

literature.  PooU.  Story  of  Turkey, p.  318.  Nacbtiial "(nSch '"tl -'gal),  Gustav, 

Nabis   (na'bis).    Killed  192  B.C.    Tyrant  gf    —  -       -      -  •    - ■ 

Sparta  207-192  b.  o.    He  was  conquered  by  the 
Romans  under  Plamininus  195  b.  o. 

Nablus  (nab-los'),  or  Nabulus  (na-bo-l6s').  A 
city  in  Palestine,  32  miles  north  of  Jerusalem. 
It  is  noted  for  manufactures,  particularly  of  soap.  It  oc- 
cupies the  site  of  Shechem  (which  see),  later  called  Keap- 
olis  (of  which  Nablim  is  a  corruption).    Population,  20,000. 

Nabob  (na'bob),  Thei  A  play  by  Foote,  pro- 
duced in  1772. 

Nabonassar  (nab-o-nas'Sr).  King  of  Babylonia 
747-733  B.  0. 

Nabonassar,  Era  of.  An  era  sometimes  used 
in  ancient  chronology,  reckoned  from  the  ac- 
cession of  Nabonassar  (747b.  c).  ..    ,.,,.,,  -KT  i  1..^     ■.  A 

Nabonidus  (nab-6-ni'dus),  [Babylonian  iVoJM-  Nacidoc  (na-she'dosh),  or  Natchitoches.  A 
naHd,  Nebo  elevated.]  The  last  king  of  Baby-  tnbe  of  the  Caddo  Confederacy  of  North  Amen- 
lonia(556-538B.C.).  He  seems  to  have  belonged  to  can  Indians.  See  Cadfio._  .  ,.  .  , 
the  priestly  class,  and  was  zealous  in  the  repairing  of  sane-  Nacionales  (na-the-o-na  laz).  A  political  party 
tuaries,  but  neglected  Merodach  and  Nabu,  on  account  of  of  Chile,  formed  by  a  union  of  conservatives 
which  he  estranged  from  himself  the  priesthood :  this  to    ^nd  liberals,  under  the  leadership  of  Francisco 

some  extent  facilitated  the  conquest  of  the  empire  by  Cy-     ^ „„;„  r>„c,„  „t,«„<.  iok?      ,^^.     ^  .^ ,      r. 

rus  in  538     According  to  Eusebius,  Habonidus  after  the     JgnaciO,  Ossa  about  1857.    At  times  it  has  been  very 
fall  of  Babylon  fortified  himself  In  Borsippa,  and  when     prominent,  but  it  has  never  carried  a  national  election, 
this  was  taken  by  Cyprus,  the  conqueror  generously  gave  NaC0leia(nak-6-le'ya),  or  NaCOlia  (na-ko'li-a). 
him  a  region  in  Carmania  as  his  residence.    But  from  a     jn  ancient  geoffraphV,  a  place  in  the  northern 
cylinder  of  Cyrus  it  seems  that  Nabonidus  was  treacher-  j.    f  Phrvmn    Asia  Mir^nr      TTpre    366  A  D 

ously  delivered  into  the  hands  of  Gobryas,  the  general  of  P^'^*  °^  -fnrygia,  Asia  Mmor.  Mere,  aoo  a.  d., 
Cyrus,  and  died  in  a  mysterious  manner.  It  appears,  from  the  emperor  Valens  defeated  Procopius. 
insoriptionsof  his  which  have  been  recovered,  thathe  had  NaCOSari  (na-ko-sa're) .  A  town  in  eastern  So- 
a  strong  historical  interest;  and  several  historical  state-  nora,  in  the  neighborhood  of  which  are  very 
T^^'^r^r^^'Sr^e'^^feY^n^^^ltZ^XtfA  extensive  copper-mines.  The  Mgh  peak  in  its 
the  cuneiform  accounts  of  the  last  Babylonian  king  and  neighborhood  bears  the  name  of  Cerro  Oe  JVa- 
that  of  the  Book  of  Daniel,  see  Belshaasar  and  Cyrus.  cosari, 

Nabopolassar  (na-bo-po-las'sar).   [Babylonian  NaQU.    See  Nasumi. 

Nab4-bal-4car,  Nebo  protects  the  son.]     The  Nadaaku  (na-da'a-ko),  or  Anadarco,  or  Ana- 
founder  of  the  new  Babylonian  empire  (625-604    darko.    A  tribe  of  the  Caddo  Confederacy  of 
B  C  ).    He  ruled  it  seems,  first  over  Babylonia  as  viceroy    North  American  Indians.     See  Cai^^o. 
of  Assyria.    He  then  entered  into  an  alliance  with  the  Me-  Nadab  (na'dab).     King  of  Israel  927-925  B.  C. 
dian  king  Cyaxares,  who  gave  his  daughter  in  mM:rla«e  to     (Duneker),  son  of  Jeroboam  I. 

SiructS?.^7?h%'Z'"iinlpfr  wS^ 

608B  0.  Be3°Lsthi8hSis^^^^^  du  Pouget,  Marquis  de.    Bom  at  Pans,  July 

person  or  reign.  16, 1818.    A  French  archseologist.    He  was  prefect 

Naboth  (na'both).    In  Old  Testament  history,     of  the  department  of  Basses-Pyrin^es  1871-76,  and  of 

719 


Indre-et-Loire  1876-77.  He  has  published  "  t'Anciennet* 
derhomnie"(1868),  "Le  premier  homme  eties  temps  pr6- 
historiques  "  (1880),  "I'Am^rique  pr^historique  "  (1882), 
"L'Hommetertiajre"  (1883),  "Nouvelles  d^couvertes  pr^- 
historiques  aux  Btats-XTnis"  (1883),  "De  la  pSriode  gla- 
ciaire"  (1884),  *'Les  anciennespopulatidns  delaColombie" 
(1885), "  D&ouvertes  dans  la  grotte  de  Spy  "  (1886), "  Mcsurs 
et  monuments  des  peuples  pr^historiques"  (1888),  "La 
science  et  la  politique  "  (1880^  "  Le  mouvement  d^mocra- 
tlque  en  Angleterre"  (1881),  and  "L'Affaiblissement  de  la^ 
natality  en  France  "  (1886). 

Nadaud  (na-do'),  Gustave.  Bom  Feb.  20, 1820 : 
died  April  28,  1893.  A  popular  French  song- 
writer,' musician,  and  singer.  His  songs  (ironical, 
equivocal,  and  political,  etc.)  have  been  collected  and  pub- 
lished a  number  of  times.  He  also  wrote  operettas  "  Le 
dooteur  Vieux-temps,"  "  Porte  et  fenetre,"  etc.,  and  "  (Jue 
idylle,"  "SoltSgepo^tlque  et  musical"  (1886),  "  Nouvelles 
chansons  k  dire  on  k  chantei' "  (18S9),  etc. 

Nadch^s.    See  NacM. 

Nadintu-Bel  (na-den'to-bel).    See  the  extract. 

The  death  of  Kambyses  inspired  the  Babylonians  with- 
the  hope  of  recovering  their  independence.  In  B.  c.  521 
they  revolted  under  Nadintu-Bel,  the  son  of  Aniru,  who 
called  himself  Nebuchadrezzar,  the  son  of  Nabonidos.  A 
portrait  of  him,  in  the  Greek  style  and  with  a  Greek  hel- 
met, is  carved  on  a  cameo  in  the  Berlin  Museum.  But 
Darius  overthrew  the  pretender  in  two  battles  at  Zazan, 
and  pursued  him  into  Babylon,  which  he  closely  besieged 
(November,  B.  0.  521).  Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  146. 

Nadir  Shah  (na'der  shah),  or  Kuli  Khan  (ko'- 
le  khan).  Bom  about  1688 :  assassinated  June 
19-20,  1747.  Shah  of  Persia  1736-47.  He  was  a 
robber  chieftain,  and  later  Persian  commander  against' 
the  Afghans  and  Turks ;  was  crowned  shah  in  1736 ;  cap- 
tured Kandahar  and  Kabul  in  1738 ;  invaded  India  and 
sacked  Delhi  in  1739  ;  and  subjugated  Bokhara,  etc.  He 
was  at  war  with  the  Turks  1743-46. 

Nadiya  _(nud'e-ya),  or  Nuddea  (nud'e-a).  A 
district  in  Bengal,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  23°  30'  N.,  long.  89°  E.  Area,  2,794  square, 
miles.    Population  (1891),  1,644,108. 

Naevius  (ne'vi-us).  Onseus.  Died  at  Utiea, 
Africa,  204  b.  c.  A  Roman  dramatic  and  epi& 
poet.  He  wrote  comedies,  tragedies,  and  an  epic  on  th& 
first  Punic  war.  (Fragments  edited  by  £lussmann,yalilen,. 
and  Bibbeck.) 

Cn.  NsBvius  (269  ?-204  B.  0.),  a  Campanian  of  Latin  ex- 
traction, and  probably  not  a  Eoman  citizen,  had  in  his  early 
manhood  fought  in  the  first  Punic  war.  At  its  conclusion 
he  came  to  Rome,  and  applied  himself  to  literary  work. 
He  seems  to  have  brought  out  his  first  play  as  early  as  235 
B.  0.  His  work  mainly  consisted  of  translations  from  the 
Greek ;  he  essayed  both  tragedy  and  comedy,  but  his  genius 
inclined  him  to  prefer  the  latter. 

Cruttwetl,  Hist,  of  Eoman  Lit.,  p.  38, 

Nafels  (na'fels).  A  village  in  the  canton  of 
Glarus,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Linth  31 
miles  southeast  of  Zurich.  Near  it,  April  9, 1388,  the 
forces  of  Glarus'  defeated  a  superior  force  of  Austrlans. 

Naga  Hills  (na'ga  hilz).  A  district  in  Assam, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  26°  N.,  long. 
93°  30'  E.  Area,  5,710  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  122,867. 

Nagasaki  (na-ga-sa'ke),  or  Hangasaki  (nan- 
ga-sa'ke).  A  seaport  situated  on  the  western 
coast  of  the  island  of  Kiusiu,  Japan,  in  lat.  32* 
44'  N.,  long.  129°  51'  B.  it  is  one  of  the  chief  com- 
mercial cities  of  tfapan,  exporting  coal,  rice,  tea,  camphor, 
tobacco,  etc.  Near  it  is  the  island  Desima,  a  seat  of  Dutch 
traders  from  about  1640  to  1869.  Nagasaki  was  opened  to 
foreign  trade  in  1869.    Population  (1891),  58,142. 

Nageli  (na'ge-le),  Karl  Wilhelm  von.  Born 
at  Kilehberg,  March  27,  1817:  died  at  Munich, 
May  10,  1891.  A  noted  Grerman  botanist,  pro- 
fessor at  Munich  from  1858.  He  is  best  known  from 
his  studies  in  the  physiology  and  development  of  plants. 

Naggleton  (nag'1-ton),  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Char- 
acters appearing  in  "Punch"  1864r-65,  who  are 
always  quarreling  over  trifles. 

Nagina,  or  Nuginah  (nug-e'na).  A  town  in 
Bijnaur  district.  Northwest  Provinces,  British 
India,  94  miles  northeast  of  Delhi.  Population 
(1891),  22,150. 

Naglee  (nag'le),Henry  Morris.  Born  at  Phila- 
delphia, Jan.  15,  1815:  died  at  San  Francisco, 
March  5, 1886.  A  Union  general  in  the  Civil 
War.  He  took  part  in  the  Peninsular  campaign  in  1862, 
and  commanded  the  7th  army  corps  and  the  district  of 
Virginia  in  1863.  He  was  mustered  out  of  service  in  1864. 
He  afterward  cultivated  a  vineyard  at  San  Job^,  California. 
The  Naglee  brandy  is  named  fom  him. 


Naglfar 

ITaglfar  (na'gl-far).  In  Scandinavian  mythol- 
ogy, the  ship  of  the  giants  in  EagnarSk. 

Uagold  (na'golt).  A  town  in  Wurtemberg,  26 
miles  southwest  of  Stuttgart.  Population  (1890), 
3,540. 

Nagore  (na-gor'),  or  Nagur  (na-gSr' ) .  A  town 
in  Jodhpur,  Eajputana,  India,  75  miles  north- 
east of  Jodhpur. 

ITagore,  or  Nagur.  A  town  in  Tanjore  district, 
Madras,  British  India,  situated  on  the  eastern 
coast  50  miles  east  of  Tanjore. 

ITagoya  (na-go'ya).  A  city  in  the  main  island 
of  Japan,  situated  in  the  province  of  Owari,  on 
Owari  Bay,  165  miles  west  by  south  of  Tokio. 
It  is  noted  for  its  pottery  trade,  for  various  manufactures, 
and  for  its  castle.    Population  (1891),  170,433. 

Hagpur  (nag-por'),  or  Nagpore  (nag-por').  1 . 
A  division  in  the  Central  Frovinoes,  British  In- 
dia. Area,  24,040  square  miles.  Population 
(1881),  2,758,056.-2.  A  district  in  the  Nagpur 
■division,  intersected  by  lat.  21°  N.,  long.  79° 
E.  Area,  3,843  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
757,862.-3.  The  capital  of  the  Central  Prov- 
inces and  of  Nagpur  district,  situated  about  lat. 
21°  10'  N.,  long.  79°  10'  E.  it  has  important  manu- 
factures and  export  of  clotb.    Population  (1891),  117,014. 

ITagrandians,  or  Nagrandans.    See  Maribois. 

ITag's  Head  Tavern,  An  old  London  tavern 
on  the  comer  of  Friday  street,  not  far  from  the 
Mermaid  and  the  Mitre,  where  the  consecration 
of  the  first  Protestant  bishop  in  1559  was  alleged 
by  the  Komanists  to  have  taken  place :  hence 
derisively  called  "The  Nag's  Head  Consecra- 
tion." The  ceremony  really  took  place  at  the 
Church  of  St.  Mary-le-Bow.     Chambers. 

ITaguatez.    See  NacM. 

If  agy-Abony.    See  Abony. 

If  agy-Banya  (nody'ban"yo).  Aroyal  free  town 
in  the  county  of  Szatmar,  Hungary,  near  the 
Transylvanian border.  Population  (1890),  9,838. 

Uagy-Kdroly  (nody'ka^'roly).  The  capital  of 
the  county  of  Szatmdr,  Hungary,  37  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Debreozin.  Population  (1890), 
13,475. 

JJ'agy-K6r6s(nody'k6"'r6sh).  Atownin  the  coun- 
ty of  Pest-Pilis-S61t,  Hungary,  48  miles  south- 
east of  Budapest.    Population  (1890),  24,584. 

ITagy-Lak  (nody-lok).  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Csandd,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Maros  29  miles 
east  by  south  of  Szegedin^  Population  (1890), 
12,800. 

Nagy-Szent-Mikl6s  (nody-sent-mik'losh).  A 
town  in  the  county  of  Toront&l,  Hungary,  26 
miles  southeast  of  Szegedin.  Population  (1890), 
12,311. 

Nagy-V^ad.    See  Grosswardein. 

NaEant  (na-hanf).  A  small  town  in  Essex  Coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  situated  on  Massachusetts 
Bay  8  miles  northeast  of  Boston.  It  is  a  noted 
summer  resort. 

KTahe  (na'e).  A  river  in  (Jermany  which  joins  the 
Bhine  near  Bingen  in  Hesse.  Length,  69  miles. 

itfahr-el-Kelb  (nar-el-kelb').  [Ar.,' river  of  the 
dog.']  A  river  near  Beirut.  On  a  rook  near  the 
mouth  of  this  river  there  are  engraved  the  portrait  and  an 
inscription  of  Bsarhaddou,  king  of  Assyria  (880-668  B.  0.), 
•commemorating  his  victory  over  Egypt  in  671.  On  the 
same  rock  the  Egyptian  king  Kameses  II.  carved  a  similar 
Tnonumeut  commemorating  his  triumph  over  the  Hittites 
in  the  battle  at  £edeah. 

ITsihaas  (na'was),  or  Nahuatlecas  (na-wat-la'- 
kSs).  A  collective  name  for  the  Indian  tribes 
which  formed  the  dominant  race  of  the  Mexican 
plateau  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  conquest. 
According  to  the  moat  generally  credited  traditions,  they 
had  come  from  the  north  or  northwest  some  centuries  be- 
fore. They  were  divided  into  many  petty  tribes,  each  with 
its  pueblo  or  town,  and  these  were  often  at  war  with  each 
other.  Clustered  in  and  about  the  Jakes  of  the  valley  of 
Mexico  were  the  pueblos  of  Tenochtitlan  or  Mexico,  Tez- 
cuco,  Chalco,  Tlacopan  (whose  inhabitants  were  called 
Tecpanecs),  and  Xochimilco.  The  Tlascalans  occupied  a 
mountainous  region,  and  Cholula,  Cnernavaca,  and  other 
pueblos  were  scattered  over  the  plateau.  The  Nahuatl 
language  was  commonly  spoken  over  a  large  area,  and 
tended  to  drive  out  other  tongues.  During  the  14th  and 
15tli  centuries  Tenochtitlan,  Tezcuco,  and  Tlacopan  became 
allies :  the  dominant  member  of  the  league  was  at  first 
Tezcuco,  later  Tenochtitlan.  The  confederate  arms  spread 
over  the  valley  of  Mexico,  an  d  were  carried  to  the  Gulf,  the 
Pacific,  and  Guatemala :  but  within  thisregion  many  trhes 
were  unconquered,  and  some  conquests  were  only  tem- 
porary. Opinions  differ  as  to  the  true  status  of  the  con- 
quered regions,  but  the  tendency  is  to  reject  the  idea  of  an 
Aztec  "  empire. "  It  appears  that  most  of  the  pueblos  and 
■tribes  acknowledged  in  some  sort  the  power  of  Mexico,  and 
paid  tribute  to  it,  but  without  being  in  absolute  subj  ection. 
All  the  Nahuas  built  large  towns,  cultivated  the  ground, 
were  skilful  in  gold-  and  feather-work,  etc. ,  and  used  hier- 
oglyphic writing  in  books  and  accounts ;  they  were  also 
enterprising  traders ;  but  they  were  no  more  advanced  in 
.civilization  than  the  Maya  races  to  the  southeast,  and  their 
civil  polity  was  far  inferior  to  that  of  the  Peruvians.  Their 
religion  was  degraded  by  revolting  human  sacrifices,  and 
it  appears  that  most  of  their  numerous  wars  were  waged 


720 

to  obtain  victims  for  their  gods.  After  the  tall  of  Tenoch- 
titlan or  Mexico  (1621),  they  made  little  resistance  to  the 
Spaniards,  and  soon  sank  into  a  condition  of  semi-slavery. 
About  2,000,000  Indians  of  the  Mexican  plateau  are  now 
classed  as  Nahuas.  The  name  Aztecs  is  sometimes  used 
for  all  the  liahua  tribes ;  more  commonly  it  is  restricted 
to  those  which  formed  the  above-mentioned  league,  or 
to  that  of  Tenochtitlan  alone.  See  Aiteeas,  Mexico,  and 
NahuaUecan  stock. 

Nahuatl  (na'watl),  or  Nahua  (na'wa).  The 
language  of  the  Nahuas,  commonly  called  Az- 
tec. It  was  divided  into  various  dialects  differing  but 
slightly  from  each  other.  The  Nahuatl  tongue  is  still 
spoken  by  several  hundred  thousand  Mexican  Indians,  but 
is  gradually  dying  out.    See  Nahvatleoan  stock. 

Nahuatlecan  stock  (na-wat-la'kan  stok).  A 
linguistic  stock  or  substock  of  Mexican  and  Cen- 
tral American  Indians.  It  includes  the  Nahua  tribes 
(see  Nahuas)  and  a  few  small  scattered  tribes  (the  Seguaa, 
I^icaraos,  etc.)  as  far  south  as  N^icaragua  and  Costa  Pica. 
Many  modern  ethnologists  regard  this  as  a  branch  of  a 
much  larger  stock  extending  as  far  north  aa  Idaho  and 
Oregon,  and  called  by  Brinton  the  Uto-Aztecan  stock. 

Kahuatlecas.    See  Nahuas. 

Nahuiu  (na'hum).  [Heb.,  'compassionate.'] 
The  seventh  in  order  of  the  minor  prophets. 
The  language  of  his  brief  prophecy  is  vivid  and  forcible. 
His  subject  is  the  downfall  of  Nineveh.  He  prophesied 
between  664  and  607  B.  o. 

Nahy.    See  Nachi. 

Naiads  (na'yadz).  [Gr.  TSaiASeg,  L.  Na%ades.'\  In 
Greek  and  li'oman  mythology,  female  deities 
presiding  over  springs  and  streams.  The  Naiads 
were  represented  as  beautiful  young  girls  with  their  heads 
crowned  with  fiowers,  light-hearted,  musical,  and  benefi- 
cent, 

Nailor  (na'lor),  John,  One  of  Eobiu  Hood's 
band.    He  was  known  as  "Little  John." 

Nain  (na'in).  In  New  Testament  geography,  a 
town  in  Galilee,  Palestine,  59  mUes  north  by 
east  of  Jerusalem :  the  modem  Nein.  it  was  the 
scene  of  a  miracle  of  Jesus— the  raising  of  a  widow's  son 
from  the  dead. 

Nairn  (nam).  1.  A  maritime  coimty  of  Scot- 
land. It  is  bounded  by  the  Moray  Wrth  on  the  north, 
Elgin  on  the  east,  and  Inverness  on  the  south  and  west. 
It  comprises  also  some  detached  portions.  The  surface  is 
generally  hilly.  Area,  195  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
10,019. 

2.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  county  of  Nairn, 
situated  on  the  Nairn,  near  the  Moray  Firth,  in 
lat.  57°  35'  N.,  long.  3°  53'  W.  It  is  a  summer 
resort.    Population  (1891),  4,014. 

Nairne  (nam),Baroness  (Carolina  Oliphant). 
Born  at  the  house  of  Gask,  Perthshire,  Aug.  16, 
1766:  diedthere,  Oct.  26,1845.  A  Scottish  poet, 
sometimes  called  "the  Flower  of  Strathearn." 
She  was  the  daughter  of  Lawrence  Oliphant,  a  leading 
Jacobite.  In  June,  1800,  she  married  Wilham  Murray 
Nairne,  who  becamefif  thLordNairne.  She  edited  the  "Scot- 
tish Minstrel "  (1821-24),  and  contributed  to  it  between  80 
and  90  songs.  After  her  death  her  poems  were  published 
as  "  Lays  from  Strathearn."  Among  her  songs  are  "  The 
Land  o' the  Leal,"  "The  Laird  of  Cockpen,"  "Whall  be 
king  but  Charlie?  "  "  Bonnie  Charlie 's  noo  awa',"  "Charlie 
is  my  Darling,"  "Caller  Herrin',''  etc. 

Naisha  (na'e-sha).  A  tribe  of  the  Apache  group 
of  North  American  Indians,  now  on  the  Washita 
Elver  in  the  Apache,  Kiowa,  and  Comanche  re- 
serve, Oklahoma.    See  Apaches. 

Naishadhacarita'(iii-sha-d-ha-ka'ri-ta).  [Skt., 
'the  adventures  of  the  Nishadan.']  "An  arti- 
ficial Sanskrit  epic,  written  in  the  12th  century 
A.  D.  by  Shri  Harsha,  and  treating  of  Nala, 
king  of  Nishadha  (see  Nala). 

NaissUS  (na-is'us).     The  ancient  name  of  Nish. 

Najac  (na-zhak').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Aveyron,  France,  35  miles  east-northeast 
of  Montauban,  It  has  a  noted  castle,  now  in 
ruins.    Population  (1891),  oommime,  1,870. 

NSjera  (na'na-ra),  or  Najara  (ua'na-ra).  A 
small  town  in  the  province  of  Logrono,  north- 
em  Spain,  situated  on  the  Najerilla  18  miles 
west  by  south  of  Logrono.  Near  it,  April  3, 1367, 
the  Black  Prince  and  Pedro  the  Cruel  defeated  Henry  of 
Trastamare  and  Du  Guesclin :  this  is  also  called  battle  of 
Navarrete  and  of  Logroflo. 

Nakel  (na'kel),  or  Naklo  (na'klo).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Posen,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Netze  60  mUes  north-northeast  of  Posen.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  6,766, 

Na^itchevan  (na-che-ohe-van').  1.  A  town 
in  the  government  of  Erivan,  Transcaucasia, 
Russia,  about  lat.  39°  12'  N.,  long.  45°  25'  E. 
It  is  an  ancient  Armenian  city,  and  has  often  been  taken 
and  sacked.  Population  (1891),  6,939. 
2.  A  town  iu  the  government  of  Tekaterino- 
slafE,  Eussia,  situated  on  the  Don  6  miles 
northeast  of  Eostoff.  it  was  founded  by  Armenian 
emigrants  in  1780,  and  has  a  flourishing  trade.  Popula- 
tion, about  18,000. 

Nakhon  Wat  (na-khon'wat).  A  temple  sit- 
uated about  5  miles  south  of  Nakhon  or  Ank- 
hor,  the  ancient  capital  of  Cambodia.  It  is  the 
finest  architectural  creation  of  Cambodia,  dating  from  the 
13th  century.  The  plan  presents  three  concentric  rectan- 
gular inclosures,  the  exterior  one  measuring  570  by  660 


Namouna 

feet,  and  each  rising  abere  that  without  It,  so  that  the 
genersd  form  is  pyramidal,  an  effect  which  Is  enhanced  by 
the  flanking  of  the  great  pointed  tooth-battlemented  cen- 
tral tower  by  similar  smaller  side  towers.  The  exterior  is 
colonnaded  with  coupled  square  pillars  on  a  raised  base- 
ment, all  the  masonry  being  admirable.  Above  the  pillars 
there  is  an  elaborate  entablature  with  a  frieze  of  project, 
ing  serpent-heads  and  very  rich  moldings.  In  the  middle 
of  each  face  there  is  a  large  triple  portal.  The  back  walls 
of  the  porticos  which  extend  from  these  bear  remarkable 
friezes  in  low  relief,  most  of  the  subjects  being  battle- 
scenes  from  the  Eamayana  or  Mahabharata,  about  6J  feet 
high  and  2,000  in  aggregate  length.  The  entrance-hall 
contains  over  100  square  columns.  The  temple  proper, 
200  by  218  feet,  stands  In  the  central  court;  it  surrounds 
i  large  water-tanks  so  disposed  that  the  middle  portion  of 
the  structure  is  cruciform.  The  plan  is  closely  similar  to 
Indian  types,  but  the  constructive  and  decorative  details 
are  purely  local.  The  capitals  are  almost  classical  in  form, 
and  there  are  no  bracket-capitals. 

Nakkar  (nak'kar),  or  Nekkar  (nek'kar).  [Ar. : 
apparently  frdin  al-naVkar,  the  digger;  but 
probably  an  error  of  transcription  for  aUbaKkar, 
the  herdsman,  as  given  by  Van  Junis.]  The 
usual  name  of  the  third-magnitude  star  /3  Bootis, 
in  the  head  of  the  figure. 

Nakskov  (naks'kov),  or  Naskov  (nas'kov).  A 
seaport  on  the  island  of  Laaland,  Denmark,  81 
miles  southwest  of  Copenhagen.  Population 
(1890),  6,722. 

Nala  (na'la),  1,  King  of  Nishadha,  and  hus- 
band of  Damayanti.  The  episode  of  Nala  and  Dama- 
yanti  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  of  the  Mahabharata.  It 
has  been  translated  into  English  by  Milmau,  and  later  by 
Sir  Edwin  Arnold  in  his  "  Indian  Idylls. "  There  are  atleast 
five  translations  into  German  (byBopp,  Eoltzmann,  Eose- 
garten ,  Meier,  and  Hiickert),  andithasbeen  translated  into 
Latin  by  Bopp,  and  Swedish  by  Edgren.  A  swan  spared 
by  Nala  tells  "thepearl  of  girls,"  Damayanti,  daughter  of 
the  king  of  Vidarbha,  of  his  graces,  and  she  loves  him. 
King  Bhima  holds  for  his  daughter  a  svayamvara  (liter- 
ally *  self-choice '),  a  festival  and  tournament  at  which  a 
girl  of  the  warrior  {kshatriya)  caste  was  allowed  freely  to 
choose  her  husband.  The  chief  gods  hear  of  it,  and  go. 
On  their  way  they  meet  Nala,  also  going,  and  bid  him  go 
to  Damayanti  and  sue  for  them.  They  enable  the  reluc- 
tant but  obedient  Nala  to  enter  Damayantl's  chamber, 
where  he  tells  her  that  the  gods  desire  her  hand.  She  in- 
forms Nala  that  she  will  choose  him  even  though  the  gods 
be  present.  At  the  svayamvara  the  four  chief  gods  assume 
the  appearance  of  Nala.  Unable  to  distinguish  the  real 
Nala,  the  princess  prays  to  the  gods  and  they  resume  their 
divine  attributes,  whereupon  she  chooses  Nala  to  the  grief 
of  the  kings  and  the  delight  of  the  gods.  These  give  Nala 
magic  gifts ;  the  wedding-feast  is  celebrated ;  and  Nala  re- 
turns to  Nishadha  with  his  bride,  where  tliey  live  happily 
and  have  a  son  and  daughter,  Indrasena  and  Indrasena. 
Later,  however,  Nala  loses  everything,  even  his  kingdom, 
by  gambling,  and  wanders  in  the  forest.  Transformed  into 
a  dwarf,  he  becomes  the  charioteer  of  Rituparna,  king  of 
Oudh.  Damayanti, at  her  father'scourt  in  Kundina,suspects 
that  Nala  is  at  Oudh.  She  offers  her  hand  to  Bituparna  if 
he  will  drive  from  Oudh  to  Knndina,  some  SOO  miles,  in  a 
single  day,  knowing  that  only  Nala  is  equal  to  the  task. 
Nala  drives  Rituparna  there  througli  the  air,  and  is  re- 
warded by  perfect  skill  in  throwing  the  dice.  His  wife 
recognizes  him  by  his  magic  command  of  fire  and  water 
and  his  cooking.  He  resumes  his  true  form,  wins  back  all 
he  had  lost,  and  lives  happily  with  Damayanti  ever  after. 
The  story  is  told  by  the  sage  Brihadashva  to  Yudhishthira 
when  Arjuna  had  gone  to  Indra's  heaven  to  get  divine 
weapons,  leaving  the  other  Pandavas  in  the  forest  with 
Draupadi  lamenting  the  absence  of  Arjuna  and  the  loss  of 
theirldngdom. 

2.  A  monkey  chief  who,  in  the  Eamayana,  has 
the  power  of  making  stones  float,  and  builds  the 
bridge  from  the  continent  to  Ceylon,  over  which 
Eama  passes  with  his  army. 

Nalodaya  (na-16'da-ya).  [Skt.  Nala  and  vdaya  : 
'  Nala's  rise.']  An  artificial  Sanskrit  poem  as- 
cribed to  a  Kalidasa,  probably  not  the  great 
poet  of  that  name,  and  describing  especially 
the  restoration  of  the  fallen  Nala  to  prosperity. 

Nalopakhyana  (na-16-pa-khya'na).  [Skt.  Nala 
and  updkhydna : '  Nala  Episode.']"  The  story  of 
Nala  and  Damayanti  in  the  Mahabharata.  See 
Nala. 

Naltmine  Tunne  (nal-tu-na'  tu-na').  ['  Mush- 
room  people.']  A  tribe  of  the  Pacific  division 
of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  American  In- 
dians. Its  former  habitat  was  on  the  Pacific  coast  south 
of  Kogue  River,  Oregon :  it  is  now  on  the  Siletz  reserva- 
tion, Oregon.    See  AtMpascan. 

Namagan  (na-ma-gan'),  or  Namangan  (nS- 
man-gan').  A  town  in  Ferghana,  Turkestan, 
Asiatic  Eussia,  situated  on  the  Sir-Daria  50 
miles  northeast  of  Khokand.  Population  (1885), 
31,074.  ^  ^        " 

Namaqua  (na-ma'kwS).    See  Khoikhoin. 

Namaqnaland  (na-ma'kwa-land).  Great,  A 
region  in  the  southern  part  of  German  South- 
west Africa  (which  see), 

Namaqnaland,  Little,  A  region  in  the  west- 
em  part  of  Cape  Colony,  south  of  the  Orange 
Eiver, 

Namby  Famby.    See  Philips,  Ambrose. 

Namonna  (na-mo'na).  An  enchantress  in 
Moore's  poem  "  The  Light  of  the  Harem." 

Namouna  (na-mo-na').  A  narrative  poem  by 
Alfred  de  Musset,  published  in  1833. 


Namslau 


721 


Namslau  (nams'lou).    a  town  in  the  province  Nanga-Farbat.     A  peak  of  the  Himalaya  in 
of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situatefl  on  the  Weide  29    Kari&mir.    Height,  26,629  feet, 
miles  east  of  Breslau.  Population  (1890),  6,167.  Nangis  (non-zhe').  A  small  town  in  the  depart- 

Kamuchi  (na'm6-ohe),  [Skt. :  accordingto  Pa-  ment  of  Seine-et-Marne,  France,  36  miles  south- 
nini,  na  and  muchi:  'not  loosing'  the  heavenly  east  of  Paris.  Here,  Feb.  17,  1814,  Napoleon 
waters,  confining  the  clouds  and  preventing    I.  defeated  the  Allies. 

rain.]    In  the  Vedas,  a  demon  overcome  by  In-  Nanine  (na-nen'),  OU  le  pr^jUgS  vaincu.   [P., 
dra  and  the  Asvins.  'Nanine,  or  Prejudice  Conquered.']   Aco&edy 

NamurCna'mSr:  P.pron.na-miir').  {¥.Namur,  by  Voltaire,  played  in  1749.  It  is  taken  from 
Plem.  Nam/m;  ML.  Narnvrra,  Namurcum;  also  Richardson's  "Pamela." 
Flem.  Name,  now  Namen,  ML.  Namia.']  1.  A  Nanking  (nan-king')  (Chin., 'southern  capital'), 
province  of  Belgium.  Tt  is  bounded  by  Brabant  on  the  officially  Keangning-fu.  The  capital  of  the 
north,  Liege  on  the  northeast,  Lnxemburg  on  the  east,  province  of  Kiangsu,  China,  situated  on  the 
J^anoeon  the  south,  and  Hainaut  on  the  west.  The  surface  YnncrfHn  alvmit  1a+  =190  fi' ■NT  Inncf  TISO  "in' 1?  ■ 
ishiUyorlevel,  andthesoUisfertUe.  Area,  MM  square  jtangtse  aDout  lat.  d^  0  JN .,  iong.  li»  &U  h... 
miles.    Population  (1893),  341,196.  lormerly  called  Kanlmg.  It  contains  an  arsenal ;  was 

a.   The  capital  of  the  province  of  Namur,  sit-     'o™?rJy  a  manufacturing  and_  literary  center ;  was  long 
"uated  at  the  junction  of  the  Sambre  and  Meuse, 
in  lat.  50°  28'  N.,  long.  4°  52'  E.    it  is  a  strategic 
point  of  great  importance,  supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of 


poted  for  its  porcelain  tower  (bnilt  in  the  16th  century, 
destroyed  in  1863) ;  was  a  royal  residence  1868-1411 ;  was 
invested  by  the  British  1842 ;  was  taken  by  the  Taipings 
1853 ;  and  was  retaken  1864.  Pop.,  (1896),  est.,  130,000. 
a  stronghold  ol  the  Aduatuoi;  has  a  flourishing  trade,  and  ■Krn,iti'Tiir  TrAa+ir  nt  A  trAntv  hfit,wfiftTi  ftrpnt 
noted  manufactures  of.cutlezy,  and  contains  a  citadel  ^S^^dT^a,  concludf/ at'S 

1842.    Hong-Kong  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain ;  Canton, 
Amoy,  Shanghai,  fuhchow,  and  Ningpo  were  opened  to 


<strongIy  fortified),  cathedral,  belfry,  and  archteological 
museum.  It  has  repeatedly  been  besieged  and  captured : 
by  the  f  rench  under  touis  XIV.  in  June,  1692 ;  by  the  Al- 
lies under  William  III.  from  the  French  under  Bouffleis 
In  1695 ;  and  by  the  French  from  the  Anstrians  in  1746, 
1792,  and  1794.  It  belonged  to  France  from  1794  to  1814. 
Population  (1893),  31,467. 

ITamiir,  County  of.  A  medieval  county  largely 
comprised  in  the  present  province  of  Namur. 
It  was  acquired  by  Philip  the  Good  1421-29,  and  was  one 
of  the  seventeen  provinces  of  the  Netherlands, 

Nana  (na-na').  A  novel  by  Zola,  one  of  the 
Rougon-Macquart  series,  published  in  1880. 

Nanaa  (na'nS-a).    An  Assyro-Babylonian  god- 


British  commerce ;  and  China  paid  an  indemnity. 
Nanna  (nan'na).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  mythol- 
o^,  the  daughter  of  Nep  (ON.  Nepr),  and  the 
wife  of  Baldur.  After  Baldur's  death  she  died  of  grief, 
and  was  burned  together  with  his  horse  and  the  magicring 
Braupnir,  placed  on  the  funeral  pyre  by  Odin. 

Nansa  (nan'sa),  or  Manansa  (ma-nan'sa).  A 
tribe  of  Bushmen  who  wander  about  in  the  arid 
district  south  of  the  Victoria  Palls  of  the  Zam- 
besi River.    See  Bushmen. 


dess.     Her  chief  seat  of  worship  was  at  Erech  (modern  Nansen  (nan'sen),  Fridtjof.     Born  near  Chris- 


tiania,  Oct.  10,  1861.  A'Norwegian  arctic  ex- 
plorer. He  entered,  in  1880,  the  University  of  Christiania, 
where  he  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  zoology.  He 
was  appointed  curator  in  the  Natural  History  Museum  at 
Bergen,  Norway,  in  1882,  after  having  made  in  the  same 
year  a  voyage  to  the  Jan  Mayen  and  Spitzbergen  seas,  and 
the  sea  between  Iceland  and  Greenland,  in  a  sealing-ship, 
for  the  purpose  of  observing  animal  life  in  high  latitudes. 
He  took  his  degree  at  the  university  in  1888,  crossed  south- 
ern Greenland  from  east  to  west  on  sndwshoes  in  1888,  and 
was  appointed  curatorof  the  Museumof  Comparative  Anat- 


Warka),  where  she  had  a  sanctuary  called  E-an-na,  i.  e. 
'  house  of  heaven.'  The  Assyrian  king  Asurbanipal  (668- 
626  B.  c.)  relates  in  his  annals  (645)  that  he  restored  the 
image  of  the  goddess  to  her  ancient  seat  Erech,  whence  it 
had  been  can-ied  away  1,636  years  before  (that  is,  2280  B.  0.) 
by  the  Elamite  invader  Kudur-Nanhundi. 

Nanaimo  (na-ni'mo).  A  seaport  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  Vancouver,  British  Columbia,  north  of 
Victoria.  It  is  noted  for  its  coal-mines  and 
quarries.    Population  (1901)  6,130. 

Nanak  (na'nak).  Born  at  Talvandi,  near  La-  omyat  the  Universityof  christiania  in  1889.  fie  mailed  from 
hore,  1469 :  died  Oct.  10, 1538.  The  founder  of  Christiania  in  June,  1893,  at  the  head  of  an  arctic  expedi- 
the  Hindu  sect  of  the  Sikhs.  See  Adi-Grantn  t^-l^XtllXfiU^.'^.^fl^'.^:^X7^, 
ana  btlcns.  Originally  a  Hindu  in  belief  as  m  birth,  he  to  the  coast  of  Greenland.  He  returned  in  1896,  having 
was  influenced  by  the  surrounding  Mohammedans  so  far  as  reached  with  sledges  lat.  86°  14'  N. ,  2°  60'  further  than  lock- 
to  denounce  idolatry.  He  wished  to  unite  Hindus  and  Mo-  wood's  furthest.  He  has  written  "  Farthest  North  "  ?1897). 
hammedans  on  the  ground  of  a  belief  in  one  God  though  UansOUty  (non-s6-te'),  Comte  Etienne  Marie 
his  creed  was  rather  pantheistic  than  monotheistic.  Antoine  Champion^e.     Born  at  Bordeaux! 

l^na  Sahib  (na'nasa'hib)  (properly  Dandhu  j^r^nce.  May  30,  1768:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  6 
Panth).  Bornaboutl825:diedaboiitl860(?).  A  ig^g^  i  French  cavalry  general,  distinguished 
peshwaoftheMahrattas,and  one  of  the  leaders    i^  the  Napoleonic  wars. 

m  the  Sepoy  mutiny  (1857)-  He  permitted  the  i]-antasketBeach(nan-tas'ketbech).  Apenin, 
massacre  at  Cawnpore  m  1857,  and  continued  ^^^  j^  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts,  pro- 
the  war  m  Oudh  and  elsewhere  1857-59.  .^^^^    ^^{^  Massachusetts  Bay  8-10  miles  east- 

Nan-Chang  (nan-Chang').  The  capital  of  the  'southlast  of  Boston.  It  is  a  noted  summer  resort. 
2P8o°irN.!  ^^-nhor'fS!k:it^^):  ^fsSr'^-*''-^-  Atowninthedepartment 


estimated,  130,000. 

Nancy  (nan' si).  In  Dickens's  "  Oliver  Twist," 
the  mistress  of  Bill  Sikes,  who  brutally  mur- 
ders her. 

Nancy  (nan'si;  F.  pron.  non-se').  The  capital  of 
the  department  of  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  Prance, 
situated  on  the  Meurthe  in  lat.  48°  41'  N.,  long. 
6°  11'  K.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  bishop,  and  an  important 
commercial  and  manufacturing  center.  The  manufac- 
tures include  embroidery,  cotton,  woolen,  hats,  shoes, 
pottery,  glass,  etc.  It  contains  an  academy  (formerly  a 
university)  with  4  faculties,  and  the  only  school  of  for- 
estry in  France.  Mie  cathedral  is  a  Kenaissance  build- 
ing finished  in  1742 ;  the  front  has  two  ranges  of  Co- 
rinthian and  Composite  columns  flanked  by  domed  tow-     ^ ^ 

ers.    The  palace  of  the  dukes  of  Lorraine  is  a  large  and  TTaiit.ps  Eflipt  of      An  edict,  issiipd  bv  Henrv 
beautiful  fiorid.Pointed  building  begun  in  1602,  now  weU  ''^tv  „?^;r„;„    Ar.Vi1  1?  1>W1«    «     .f^*^'^    ,  -  • 
restored  and  serving  as  a  museum.    The  Place  Stanislas,    IV.  Ot  France,  April  Id,  1598.   It  ended  the  religious 

•   ■■■  -  ' wars  of  the  country.    The  Huguenots  were  put  on  an 

equality  with  the  Catholics  in  political  rights.    Certain 
nobles  "and  citizens  of  certain  towns  were  allowed  freedom 


,  France,  3  miles  west-northwest  of  the 
fortifications  of  Paris.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 10,430. 

Nantes  (nants;  F.  pron.  nont).  The  capital  of 
the  department  of  Loire-Inf^rieure,  Prance, 
on  the  Loire,  at  the  junction  of  the  Erdre  and 
the  S^vre-Nantaise,  in  lat.  47°  13'N.,  long.l°  33' 
W.:  the  ancient  Condivicnum.  it  is  one  of  the  lead- 
ing cities  of  France ;  has  a  trade  in  sugar,  ship-building  in- 
dustries, and  manufactures  of  sugar,  tobacco,  etc. ;  and 
contains  a  castle  (where  De  Ketz  and  Fouquet  were  impris- 
oned), cathedral,  museum  of  natural  history,  picture-gal- 
lery, and  several  striking  squares  and  buildings.  It  was 
the  ancient  capital  of  the  Namnetes',  resisted  the  Vende- 
ans  in  1793 ;  and  was  the  scene  of  the  notorious  Noyades 
(which  see)  in  1793-94.    Population  (1901),  128,349. 


of  worship,  although  this  was  prohibited  in  Paris  and  its 
neighborhood  and  in  episcopal  cities.  Military  and  judi- 
cial concessions  were  made  to  the  Huguenots.  See  Revo- 
caUom  of  the  Edict  of  Sardei. 


h6tel  de  viUe  (with  museum),  seven  triumphal  arches  (in- 
cluding the  Porte  Royale),  Franciscan  church,  and  various 
institutions  and  societies  are  also  notable.  Naucy  was 
the  ancient  capital  of  Lorraine ;  was  the  scene  of  a  battle 
Jan.  5, 1477,  in  which  Charles  the  Bold,  duke  of  Burgundy, 
was  defeated  and  slain  by  the  Swiss ;  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1633,  and  restored  in  1661 ;  was  embellished  by 

Leopold  and  Stanislaus  of  Poland;  passed  to  France  in  Nanticoke(nan'ti-kok).    [Pl.,alsoJVi5!»*«coto.] 

1766;  was  the  scene  of  an  unsuccessful  military  sedition  ^  jarge  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  for- 

S':i9rit^rS:\1.2%*3':^'''™'"""'''"-  '°""-  -erl/onth^^ 

NancyHankS  (nan'si  hanps).    AfastAineri.  ^-^^^^^^^^ 

can  trotting  mare,    in  1892  she  broke  the  trotting  and  became  scattered  among  several  tribes.    They  called 

record  of  Sunol  (2: 08})  by  a  mile  in  2: 05}.  This  she  herself  themselves  Sentego,  from  which  the  form  Nantimke  is 

lowered  to  2:04  in  Oct.,  1892.    She  is  by  Happy  Medium  by  corrupted.  Itmeans 'tide-water  people.' See  ^?ff<mjma». 
Hambletonian  (10),  dam  by  Dictator,  brother  to  Dexter.    Uaijtua  (non-tii-a').    A  town  in  the  department 

Nanda(nan'da).  [Skt., 'happiness.']  1.  InSan-  ^f  ^j^  Prance,  29  miles  west  of  Geneva.    It 

skrit  mythology,  the  name  of  a  cowherd  who  has  aremarkable  old  church.  Population  (1891), 

was  the  foster-father  of  Krishna.— 2.  In  Indian  commune,  2,973. 

history, akingordynastythatreignedatPatali-  JJantucket  (nan-tuk'eTl     1.  An  island  in  the 

putra,  overthrown byChandraguptatheMaurya  Atlantic,  88  miles  southeast  of  Boston,  and 

about  315  B.  c.  ,         •   -D  -i-  -u  about  20-25  miles  south  of  the  mainland  of 

NandaDevi.   Apeak  of  the  Himalaya,  mBntish  Massachusetts.    The  surface  is  generally  level.    Itwas 

India,  near  the  sources  of  the  (Janges.    Height,  discovered  by  Gosnold  in  1602.   Length,  18  mUes.    Area, 

25,656  feet.  *''°"'  *5  square  miles. . 
c— 46 


Napier,  Jolrn 

2.  A  town  and  county  of  Massachusetts,  oomr 
prising  the  island  of  Nantucket  and  some  smaller 
neighboring  islands :  a  summer  resort,  it  was 
settled  in  1669 ;  was  ceded  to  Massachusetts  in  1693 ;  was 
famous  as  a  seat  of  the  whale-fishery  in  the  ISth  century 
and  the  beginning  of  the  19th ;  and  was  nearly  destroyed 
by  fire  in  1846.    Population  of  town  (1900),  3,006. 

Nantucket  Shoals.  A  group  of  dangerous 
shoals  in  the  Atlantic,  southeast  of  Nantucket. 

Nantucket  Sound.  That  part  of  the  ocean 
which  lies  between  Nantucket  on  the  south 
and  Barnstable  County,  Massachusetts,  on  the 
north. 

Nantwich,  (nant'wich  or  nan'tich).  A  town  in 
Cheshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Weaver  30 
miles  southeast  of  Liverpool.  Here,  Jan.  26, 1644, 
Sir  Thomas  Fairfax  defeated  the  Boyalists  under  Lord 
Byron.    Population  (1891),  7,412. 

Naomi  (na'o-mi  or  na-6'mi).  [Heb.,' my  pleas- 
antness.'] The  widow  of  Elimeleeh,  a  ^'cer- 
tain man  of  Bethlehem-judah,"  whose  story  is 
told  in  the  Book  of  Ruth.  She  was  the  mother- 
in-law  of  Ruth. 

Naos  (na'os).  [Gr.  N<iof  =  WaSf ,  the  ship  (Argo 
Navis).]    The  2i-magnitude  star  f  Argus. 

Napa  (na'pa).  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, formerly  in  upper  Napa  valley,  Califor- 
nia.   See  Yukian.  ■     ■ 

Napa,  The  capital  of  Napa  County,  CaUfomia, 
situated  on  the  Napa  River  36  mUes  north-north- 
east of  San  Francisco.  Pop.  (1900),  4,036. 

Napata  (na-pa'ta).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
city  in  Ethiopia,  situated  on  the  mle  about  lat. 
19°  N. :  the  modem  Jebel  Barkal.  It  contains 
a  temple  of  Amenhotep  HI. 

Napeanos.    See  Napos. 

Naphtali  j;naf'ta-li).  1.  One  of  the  Hebrew 
patriarchs,  a  son  of  Jacob  and  Bilhah. — 2.  One 
of  the  tribes  of  Israel,  its  territory  was  situated  in 
Galilee,  between  the  tTordan  and  Sea  of  Galilee  on  the  east 
and  Asher  on  the  west. 

Zebulon  and  Naphtali  took  what  was  afterwards  called 
the  "circle  of  the  Gentiles,"  Galilee.  But  their  occupar 
tion  was  in  reality  merely  a  cohabitation  with  the  pre- 
viously established  races.  The  towns  of  K!itron  and  Naha^ 
lol  remained  Canaanite.  Laish  or  Lesem,  until  the  pos- 
terior invasion  of  the  Danites,  was  an  industrial  and 
trading  town  living  after  the  manner  of  Sidon. 

Benan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel  (trans.),  L  211. 

Napier  (na'pi-6r).  A  seaport  in  the  North  Isl- 
and, New  Zealand,  situated  on  Hawke  Bay 
165  miles  northeast  of  Wellington.  Population 
(1891),  8,876. 

Napier,  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Merchiston  Hall, 
near  Falkirk,  March  6, 1786 :  died  Nov.  6, 1860. 
A  British  admiral.  He  was  the  second  son  of  Captain 
Charles  Napier,  and  cousin  of'»Sir  Charles  James  N-apier. 
He  entered  the  navy  in  1799,  became  lieutenant  in  1805, 
and  commander  in  1807.  In  1814  he  served  in  the  Potomac 
expedition  in  America.  In  1833  he  took  command  of  the 
Portuguese  fleet.  He  defended  Lisbon  in  1834,  and  was 
created  Count  Cape  St.  Vincent  in  the  peerage  of  Portugal. 
He  was  elected  member  of  Parliament  for  Marylebone  in 
1842,  and  made  rear-admiral  in  1846,  vice-admiral  in  1863, 
admiral  in  1868.  Hecommanded  theBalticfleetduringthe 
Crimean  war,  and  has  been  much  censured  for  refusing  to 
storm  Cronstadt.    He  wrote  the  "War  in  Syria"  (1842). 

Napier,  Sir  Charles  James.  Bom  at  White- 
hall, London,  Aug.  10, 1782:  died  at  Portsmouth, 
Aug.  29, 1853.  A  distinguished  British  general. 
In  1803  he  was  aide-de-camp  to  General  Fox  in  Ireland ; 
served  under  Lord  Cathcart  in  Denmark  in  1807 ;  and  on 
his  return  was  ordered  to  Portugal,  where  he  served  under 
Sir  John  Moore  in  the  retreat  to  Corunna,  where  he  was 
captured.  He  fought  in  Wellington's  Peninsular  cam- 
paigns, and  was  present  at  Cambray  but  not  at  Waterloo. 
In  1814,  being  on  half  pay ,  he  entered  the  military  college  at 
Farnham.  From  1822  to  1830  he  was  military  resident  and 
governor  of  Cephalonia.  He  was  made  major-general  in 
1837  and  K.  C.  B.  in  1838.  In  1842  he  undertook  the  con- 
quest  of  Sind,  which  was  completed  by  the  victory  of  Hy- 
derabad, March  24,  1848.  He  was  governor  of  Sind  until 
1847.  He  superseded  Lord  Gough  as  commander-in-chief 
after  the  battle  of  Gujrat,  and  in  1850  returned  finally  to 
England.  He  wrote  various  works  on  military  and  colo- 
nial affairs. 

Napier,  Sir  Francis,  ninth  Baron  Napier.  Bom 
Sept.  15,  1819:  died  Dee.  18, 1898.  An  English 
statesman.  He  was  British  minister  at  Washington 
1867-68,  and  governor  of  Madias  1866-72. 

Napier,  Henry  Edward.  Bom  March  5, 1789 : 
died  Oct.  13,  1853.  A  British  author,  brother 
of  Sir  Charles  James  Napier.  He  wrote  a 
"Florentine  History"  (1846-47),  etc. 

Napier,  John.  Bom  at  Merchiston,  near  Edin- 
burgh, 1550 :  died  there,  April  4, 1617.  A  Scot- 
tish mathematician,  famous  as  the  inventor  of 
logarithms.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Archibald,  the 
seventh  Napier  of  Merchiston,  hereditary  justice-general  of 
Scotland.  He  matriculated  at  St.  Salvator's  College,  St. 
Andrews,  in  1663,  and  probably  completed  his  education 
at  the  University  of  Paris.  His  "  Mirifici  logarithmorum 
canonis  descriptio,"in  which  his  discovery  was  announced, 
appeared  in  1614.  Napier's  bones  or  rods,  constructed  to 
simplify  multiplication  and  division,  were  introduced  in 


Napier,  John 

the  "Eabdologia  "  (1617).  The  "  Constructlo,"  or  method 
by  which  the  canon  was  constructed,  was  published  in 
1619  by  his  son  Robert,  edited  by  Henry  Briggs. 
Kapler,  Macvey.  Bom  at  Kirkintilloch,  Dum- 
bartonshire. April  11, 1776 :  died  at  Edinburgh, 
Feb.  11,  1847.  A  Scottish  author  and  editor. 
In  1829  he  succeeded  Jeffrey  as  editor  of  the  "Edinburgh 
Review,"  and  was  editor  of  the  7th  edition  of  the  "Ency- 
clopaedia Britannica  "  (1830-42). 

Napier,  Robert  Comelis,  Lord  Napier  of  Mag- 
dala.  Born  at  Ceylon,  Dec.  6, 1810 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  14,  1890.  A  British  general.  He  was 
educated  au  the  military  college  at  Addiscomhe,  and  en- 
tered the  Bengal  Engineers  in  1826.  In  the  mutiny  (1867) 
he  was  chief  engineer  of  Sir  Colin  Campbell's  ai-my,  and 
for  bravery  at  Lucknow  was  made  K.  C.  B.  He  served  in 
the  Chinese  war  in  1860.  He  commanded  the  expedition 
to  Abyssinia  and  stormed  the  heights  at  Magdala  (April 
13, 1868).  He  was  commander-in-chief  in  India  1870-76, 
governor  of  Gibraltar  1876-83,  and  field-marshal  1883. 

Napier,  Sir  William  Francis  Patrick.  Bom 
near  Dublin,  Deo.  17,  1785:  died  at  Clapham 
Park,  London,  Feb.  10, 1860.  A  British  military 
historian  and  general,  son  of  Colonel  George 
Napier,  and  brother  of  Sir  Charles  James 
Napier.  He  was  with  Sir  John  Moore  in  the  retreat  to 
Corunna,  and  served  In  the  Peninsular  campaigns.  He 
entered  the  military,  college  at  Farnham  with  his  brother 
Charles,  and  commanded  a  regiment  in  the  occupation  of 
France  until  1819.  Retiring  on  half-pay,  he  began  his  lit- 
erary career  in  1821.  In  1823  his  "  History  of  the  War  in 
the  Peninsula"  was  begun :  it  was  published  1828-40.  In 
1844^6he  published  "A  History  of  the  Conquest  of  Scinde," 
in  1851  "  A  History  of  the  Administration  of  Scinde,"  and 
In  1857  the  "Life  and  Opinions"  of  his  brother.  Sir  C.  J. 
Napier. 

Naples  (na'plz).  A  province  of  Italy.  Area, 
350  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,104,665. 

Naples.  It.  Napoli  (na'p6-le).  [L.  NeapoUs, 
(Jr.  NeftTroAff,  the  new  city ;  F.  Naples,  G.  Nea- 
peLJi  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Naples, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  north  side  of  the  Bay  of 
Naples,  in  lat.  40°  52'  N.,  long.  14°  15'  B.  It  has 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  situations  in  Europe,  and  is  the 
largest  city  and  one  of  the  principal  seaports  in  Italy.  TThe 
Castel  del  Ovo,  a  landmark  of  Naples,  so  named  from  its 
oval  plan,  founded  in  1164  on  a  small  island  connected, 
with  the  shore  by  a  causeway,  was  considered  a  mar- 
vel of  strength  in  the  13th  century.  It  now  serves  as 
a  military  prison.  The  cathedral  was  begun  by  Charles 
of  Anjou  in  1272,  and  retains  many  13th-century  fea- 
tures despite  repeated  restorations  made  necessary  by 
earthquakes.  It  contains  many  granite  columns  and 
marbles  from  the  Roman  temples  of  Neptune  and  Apollo, 
besides  fine  paintings  and  historic  tombs.  The  chapels 
are  of  great  richness,  particularly  that  of  St.  Januarius 
(1608),  where  the  miraculous  blood  is  preserved.  The 
Pointed  canopy  of  the  episcopal  throne,  with  spiral  col- 
umns, has  high  artistic  value.  The  votive  church  of  San 
Francesco  dl  Paola,  begun  in  1817  by  Ferdinand  I.,  is  a 
partial  Imitation  of  the  Pantheon  at  Rome,  Its  interior 
is  Incrusted  with  precious  marbles,  and  the  dome  is  175 
feet  high.  San  Martlno,  the  Certosa,  or  Carthusian  Mon- 
astery, is  remarkable  as  possessing  one  of  the  most  lavishly 
ornamented  interiors  in  existence:  the  piers  and  walls 
are  Incrusted  with  precious  marbles  forming  panels  and 
patterns,  and  the  vault  is  frescoed  by  Lanfranco,  Spagno- 
fetto,  and  others.  The  floor  is  a  mosaic  of  polished  wood, 
and  was  made  by  one  of  the  monks.  Other  objects  of  in- 
terest are  the  university,  royal  palace,  San  Carlo  theater, 
Castel  Nuovo,  triumphal  arch,  Palazzo  dl  Capodimonte,  ob- 
servatory, national  museum  (picture-gallery  and  collection 
of  antiquities).  Villa  Nazionale,  aquarium,  Castel  Sant' 
Elmo,  library,  conservatory  of  music,  and  the  churches 
(besides  those  noticed  above)  of  Santa  Maria  del  Carmine, 
San  Gennaro  (catacombs)^  Incoronata,  Monte  Ollveto, 
Santa  Chiara,  San  Domemco,  San  Giovanni,  San  Paolo, 
and  San  Lorenzo.  Near  the  city  are  many  noted  points, 
including  Posilipo,  Cumse,  Lake  Avernus,  Pozzuoli,  Baise, 
Misenum,  Mount  Vesuvius,  Pompeii,  Herculaneum,  Capri, 
and  Ischia.  Naples  was  a  Greek  colony  from  Cum» ;  De- 
came  subject  to  Rome  about  300  B.  c. ;  flourished  under 
Roman  rule ;  suffered  in  the  barbarian  invasions ;  was 
taken  by  Belisarius  in  636,  and  by  Totila  in  543  ;  became 
the  capital  of  a  duchy;  was  taken  by  the  Normans  in 
1160 1  was  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples  and  of  the 
Two  Sicilies ;  was  the  scene  of  a  revolt  under  Masanlello 
in  1647 ;  and  has  been  the  scene  of  various  revolutionary 
outbreaks,  as  in  1848.    Pop.  (1901),  commune,  663,540. 

Naples,  Bay  of.  An  arm  of  the  Mediterranean, 
on  the  coast  of  Campania,  Italy,  celebrated  for 
the  beauty  of  its  shores. 

Naples,  Duchy  of.  A  duchy  founded  in  the  6th 
century,  dependent  on  the  Byzantine  empire. 
It  became  independent  in  the  beginning  of  the  8th  cen- 
tury, and  was  conquered  by  the  Normans  In  the  11th  and 
12th  centuries. 

Naples,  Kingdom  of.  A  former  kingdom  in 
southern  Italy.  It  was  separated  from  the  kingdom 
of  Sicily  under  Charles  of  Anjou  in  1282 ;  was  united  with 
Aragon  1442-58;  was  conquered  temporarily  by  Charles 
VIII.  of  lYauce  in  1496 ;  and  was  under  the  rule  of  Spain 
1603-1707,  and  of  Austria  1707-36.    See  Two  Sieilies. 

Napo  (na'po).  A  river  in  Ecuador,  a  northern 
tributary  of  the  Amazon.  Length,  estimated, 
about  700  miles. 

Napoleon  (na-po'le-on ;  P.  pron.  na-p6-la-6n') 
I.  (Napollon  Bonaparte  or  Bnonapartei). 
Bom  at  Ajaccio,  Corsica,  Aug.  15, 1769,  or,  ao- 

«  The  spelling  Svonaparie  waa  need  by  If apoleon's  father,  and  by 
ITapolecm  himself  down  to  1796,  although  the  spelling  Bonaparte  oo- 
cnrs  in  early  Italian  documents. 


722 

cording  to  some,  at  Corte,  Jan.  7,  17682;  died 
at  Longwood,  St.  Helena,  May  5, 1821.  Empe- 
ror of  the  French  1804-14.  He  was  the  son  of  Charles 
MarieBonaparteandLsetJtiaKamolino;  studied  at  themil- 
itary  school  of  Brienne  1779-84,  and  at  that  of  Paris  1784-85 ; 
and  received  a  lieutenant's  commission  in  the  French  army 
in  1785.  He  opposed  the  patriot  movement  under  Paoli 
in  Corsica  in  1793 ;  commanded  the  artillery  in  the  attack 
on  Toulon  in  the  same  year ;  served  in  the  army  in  Italy  in 
1794 ;  and,  as  second  in  command  to  Barras,  suhdued  the 
revolt  of  the  sections  at  Paris  in  Oct.,  1795.  He  married 
Josephine  deBeauhamais  March  9, 1796.  Toward  the  close 
of  tMs  month  (March  27)  he  assumed  command  at  Nice  of 
the  army  in  Italy,  which  he  found  opposed  by  the  Austrians 
and  the  Sardinians.  He  began  his  campaign  April  10,  and, 
after  defeating  the  Austrians  at  Montenotte  (April  12), 
Millesimo  (April  14),  and  Dego  (April  16),  turned  (April  15) 
against  the  Sardinians,  whom  he  defeated  atCeva(April20) 
and  Mondovi  (April  22),  forcing  them  to  sign  the  separate 
convention  of  Cherasco(April29).  InthefoUowingmonth 
he  began  an  invasion  of  liOmbardy,  and  by  a  brilliant  series 
of  victories,  including  those  of  Lodi  (May  10)  and  Arcole 
(Nov.  15-17) ,  expelled  the  Austrians  from  their  possessions 
in  the  north  of  Italy,  receiving  the  capitulation  of  Mantua, 
their  last  stronghold,  Feb.  2, 1797.  Crossing  the  Alps,  he 
Iienetrated  Styria  as  far  as  Leoben,  where  he  dictated  pre- 
liminaries of  peace  AprU  18.  The  definitive  peace  of  Cam- 
po-Formio  followed  (Oct  17).  By  the  treaty  of  Campo-For- 
mio  northern  Italy  was  reconstructed  in  the  interest  of 
France,  which  furthermore  acquired  the  Austrian  Nether- 
lauds,  and  received  a  guarantee  of  the  left  bank  of  the 
Khine.  Campo-Formio  destroyed  the  coalition  against 
France,  and  put  an  end  to  the  Revolutionary  war  on  the 
Continent.  The  only  enemy  that  remained  to  France  was 
England.  At  the  instance  of  Bonaparte  the  Directory 
adopted  the  plan  of  attacking  theEn^ish  in  India,  which 
involved  the  conquest  of  Egypt.  Placed  at  the  hea!d  of  an 
expedition  of  about  35,000  men,  he  set  sail  from  Toulon 
May  19, 1798 ;  occupied  Malta  June  12 ;  disembarked  at  Alex- 
andria July  2 ;  and  defeated  the  Mamelukes  in  the  decisive 
battle  of  the  Pyramids  July  21.  He  was  master  of  Egypt, 
but  the  destruction  of  his  fleet  by  Nelson  in  the  battle  of 
the  Nile  (Aug.  1)  cut  him  off  from  France  and  doomed  his 
expedition  to  failure.  Nevertheless  he  undertook  the  sub- 
jugation of  Syria,  and  stormed  Jaffa  March  7, 1799.  Ke- 
pulsed  at  Acre,  the  defense  of  which  was  supported  by  the 
English,  he  commenced  a  retreat  to  Egypt  May  21.  He  in- 
flicted a  final  defeat  on  the  Turks  at  Abi^ir  July  25 ;  trans- 
ferred the  command  in  Egypt  to  K16ber  Aug.  22;  and,  set- 
ting sail  with  two  frigates,  arrived  in  the  harbor  of  Fr6jus 
Oct.  9.  During  his  absence  a  new  coalition  had  been  formed 
against  France,  and  the  Directory  saw  its  armies  defeated 
both  on  the  Rhine  and  in  Italy.  With  the  assistance  of 
his  brother  Lucien  and  of  Sieyfes  and  Roger  Ducos,  he  ex- 
ecuted the  coup  d'etat  of  Brumaire,  whereby  he  abolished 
the  Directory  and  virtually  made  himself  monarch  under 
the  title  of  first  consul,  holding  office  for  a  term  of  10 
years.  He  crossed  the  Great  St.  Bernard  in  May,  1800,  and 
restored  the  French  ascendancy  in  Italy  by  the  victory  of 
Marengo  (June  14),  which,  with  tha:fc  won  by  Moreau  at 
Hohenlinden  (Dec.  3),  brought  about  the  peace  of  Lun6- 
ville  (Feb.  9,  1801X  The  treaty  of  Lun^viUe,  which  was 
based  on  that  of  Campo-Formio,  destroyed  the  coalition, 
and  restored  peace  on  the  Continent.  He  concluded  the 
peace  of  Amiens  with  England  March  27, 1802.  After  the 
peace  of  Lun^vUle  he  commenced  the  legislative  recon- 
struction of  France,  the  public  institutions  of  which  had 
been  either  destroyed  or  thrown  into  confusion  during  the 
Revolution.  To  this  period  belong  the  restoration  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  by  the  Concordat  (concluded  July 
15, 1801),  the  restoration  of  higher  education  by  the  erec- 
tion of  the  new  university  (May  1, 1802),  and  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Legion  of  Honor  (May  19, 1802) ;  preparation 
had  been  previously  made  for  the  codification  of  the  laws. 
He  was  made  consul  for  life  Aug.  2, 1802 ;  executed  the  Due 
d'Enghien  March  21, 1804 ;  was  proclaimed  hereditary  em- 
peror of  the  French  May  18, 1804  (the  coronation  ceremony 
took  place  Dec.  2, 1804) ;  and  was  crowned  king  of  Italy 
May26, 1805.  In  the  meantime  England  had  been  provoked 
into  declaring  war  (May  18, 1803),  and  a  coalition  consist- 
ing of  England,  Russia,  Austria,  and  Sweden  was  formed 
against  France  in  1805 :  Spain  was  allied  with  France.  The 
victory  of  Nelson  at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar  (Oct.  21, 1805) 
followed  the  failure  of  the  projected  invasion  of  Eng- 
land. Breaking  up  his  camp  at  Boulogne,  he  invaded  Aus- 
tria, occupied  Vienna,  and  ^ec.  2,  ]  805)  defeated  the  allied 
Russians  and  Austrians  at  Austerlitz.  The  Russians  re- 
tired from  the  contest  under  a  military  convention ;  the 
Austrians  signed  the  peace  of  Presburg  (Dec.  26, 1805);  and 
the  coalition  was  destroyed-  His  intervention  in  Germany 
brought  about  the  erection  of  the  Confederation  of  the 
Rhine  July  12, 1806,  This  confederation,  which  was  placed 
under  his  protection,  ultimately  embraced  nearly  all  the 
states  of  Germany  except  Austria  and  Prussia.  Its  erec- 
tion, together  with  other  provocation,  caused  Prussia  to 
mobilize  its  army  in  Aug.,  and  Napoleon  presentlyfound 
himself  opposed  by  a  coalition  with  Prussia,  Russia,  and 
England  as  its  principal  members.  He  crushed  the  Prus- 
sian army  at  Jena  and  Auerstadt  Oct.  14  ;  entered  Berlin 
Oct.  27 ;  fought  the  Russians  and  Prussians  in  the  drawn 
battle  of  Eylau  Feb.  7-8,1807;  defeated  the  Russians  at  the 
battle  of  Frledland  June  14;  and  compelled  both  Russia  and 
Prussia  to  conclude  peace  at  Tilsit  July  7  and  9, 1807,  re- 
spectively. Russia  became  the  ally  of  France ;  Prussia 
was  deprived  of  nearly  half  her  territory.  Napoleon  was 
now,  perhaps,  at  the  height  of  his  power.  The  imperial 
title  was  no  empty  form.  He  was  the  head  of  a  great  con- 
federacy of  states.  He  had  surrounded  the  imperial  throne 
with  subordinate  thrones  occupied  by  members  of  his  own 
family.  His  stepson  Eugfene  de  Beauhamais  was  viceroy  of 
the  kingdom  of  Italy  in  northern  and  central  Italy ;  his 
brother  Joseph  was  king  of  Naples  in  southern  Italy ;  his 
brother  Louis  was  king  of  Holland ;  his  brother  Jerome  was 
king  of  Westphalia ;  his  brother-in-law  Murat  was  grand 
duke  of  Berg.  The  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  existed  by 
virtue  of  his  protection,  and  his  troops  occupied  dismem- 


sAng.  16. 1769,  1b  the  commonly  accepted  date  of  ^JTapoleon's  birth, 
and  Jan.  7, 1768,  that  of  the  birth  of  bis  brother  Joseph.  It  has  been 
said,  but  without  good  leaaon,  that  tbeae  dates  were  interchanged  at 
the  time  of  lil'apoleon's  admiBsion  to  the  military  echool  of  Brienne  in 
1779,  no  cundidato  being  eligible  after  10  years  of  age. 


Napoleonic  Wars 

bered  Prussia.  He  directed  the  policy  of  Europe.  Eng- 
land alone,  mistress  of  the  seas,  appeared  to  stand  between 
him  and  universal  dominion.  England  was  safe  from  in- 
vasion, but  she  was  vulnerable  through  her  commerce. 
Napoleon  undertook  to  starve  her  by  closing  the  ports  of 
the  Continent  against  hercommerce.  Thispolicy,  known 
as  "the  Continental  system,"  was  inaugurated  by  the  Ber- 
lin decree  in  1806,  and  was  extended  by  the  Milan  decree 
in  1807.  To  further  this  policy  he  resolved  to  seize 
the  maritime  states  of  Portugal  and  Spain.  His  armies 
expelled  the  house  of  Braganza  from  Portugal,  and  Nov. 
30, 1807,  the  French  entered  Lisbon.  Under  pretense  of 
guarding  the  coast  against  the  English,  he  quartered  80,000 
troops  in  Spain,  then  in  1808  enticed  Ferdinand  VII.  and 
his  father  Charles  IV.  (who  had  recently  abdicated)  to 
Bayonne,  extorted  from  both  a  renunciation  of  their  claims, 
and  placed  his  brother  Joseph  on  the  Spanish  throne.  An 
uprising  of  the  Spaniards  took  place,  followed  by  a  popu- 
lar insurrection  in  Portugal,  movements  which  found  re- 
sponse in  Germany.  TTie  seizure  of  Spain  and  Portugal 
proved  in  the  end  afatal  error.  The  war  which  it  kindled, 
known  as  the  Peninsular  war,  drained  him  of  his  resources 
and  placed  an  enemy  in  his  rear  when  northern  Europe 
rose  against  him  in  181S.  The  English  in  1808  landed  an 
army  in  Portugal,  whence  they  expelled  the  French,  and 
penetrated  into  Spain.  Napoleon,  securing  himself  against 
Austria  by  a  closer  alliance  with  the  czar  Alexander  at  Er- 
furt (concluded  Oct.  12, 1808),  hastened  in  person  to  Spain 
with  250,000  men,  drove  out  the  English,  and  entered  Ma^ 
drid  (Dec.  4,  1808).  He  was  recalled  by  the  threatening 
attitude  of  Austria,  against  which  he  precipitated  war  in 
April,  1809.  He  occupied  Vienna  (May  13),  was  defeated 
by  the  archduke  Charles  at  Aspem  and  Essling  (May  21- 
22),  defeated  the  archduke  at  Wagram  (July  b-6%  and  con- 
cluded the  peace  of  Sch5nbrunn  Oct.  14, 1809.  He  divorced 
Josephine  Dec.  16, 1809,  and  married  Maria  Louisa  of  Aus- 
tria March  11  (April  2),  1810.  He  annexed  the  Papal  States 
iu  1809  (the  Pope  being  carried  prisoner  to  France),  and 
Holland  iu  1810.  The  refusal  of  Alexander  to  carry  out 
strictly  the  Continental  system,  which  Napoleon  himself, 
evaded  by  the  sale  of  licenses,  brought  on  war  with  Russia, 
He  crossed  the  Niemen  June  24, 1812 ;  gained  the  victory  of 
Borodino  Sept.  7;  and  occupied  Moscow  Sept.  14.  His  prof- 
fer of  truce,  was  rejected  by  the  Russians,  and  he  was 
forced  by  the  approach  of  winter  to  begin  a  retreat  (Oct. 
19).  He  was  overtaken  by  the  winter,  and  his  army  dwin- 
dled before  the  cold,  hunger,  and  the  enemy.  He  left  the 
army  in  command  of  Murat  Dec.  4,  and  hastened  to  Paris. 
Murat recrossed  the  Niemen  Dec.  13,  with  100,000  men,  the 
remnant  of  the  Grand  Army  of  600,000  veterans.  The  loss 
sustained  by  Napoleon  in  this  campaign  encouraged  the 
defection  of  Prussia,  which  formed  an  alliance  with  Rus- 
sia at  K£disch  Feb.  28, 1813.  Napoleon  defeated  the  Rus- 
sians and  Prussians  at  Liitzen  May  2,  and  at  Bautzen  May 
20-21.  Austria  declared  war  Aug.  12,  and  Napoleon  pres- 
ently found  himself  opposed  by  a  coalition  of  Russia,  Eng- 
lan(i  Sweden,  Prussia,  and  Austria,  of  which  the  first  three 
had  been  united  since  the  previous  year.  He  won  his  last 
great  victory  at  Dresden  Aug.  26-27,  and  lost  the  decisive 
battles  of  Leipsic  (Oct.  16.  18,  and  19),  Laon  (March  9-10, 
1814),  and  Arcis-sur-Aube  (March  20-21).  On  March  31  the 
Allies  entered  Paris*.  He  was  compelled  to  abdicate  at  Fon- 
tainebleau  April  11,  but  was  allowed  to  retain  the  title  of 
emperor,  andreceived  the  island  of  Elba  as  a  sovereign  prin- 
cipality, and  an  annual  income  of  2,000,000  francs.  He  ar- 
rived in  Elba  May  4.  The  Congress  of  Vienna  convened 
in  Sept.,  1814,  for  the  purpose  of  restoring  and  regulating- 
the  relations  between  the  powers  disturbed  by  Napoleon. 
Encouraged  by  the  quarrels  which  arose  at  the  Congress 
between  the  Allies,  Napoleon  left  Elba  Feb.  26, 1815 ;  landed 
at  Cannes  March  1 ;  and  entered  Paris  March  20,  the  troops 
sent  against  him,  including  Ney  with  his  corps,  having 
joined  his  standard.  At  the  return  of  Napoleon,  the  Allies 
again  took  the  field.  He  was  finally  overthrown  at  Wa- 
terloo June  18, 1815,  and  the  Allies  entered  Paris  a  second 
time  July  7.  After  futile  attempts  to  escape  to  America, 
he  surrendered  himself  to  the  British  admiral  Hoth^n  at 
Rochefort  July  15.  By  a  unanimous  resolve  of  the  Allies 
he  was  transported  as  prisoner  of  war  to  St.  Helena,  where 
he  arrived  on  Oct.  16, 1816,  and  where  he  was  detained  the 
rest  of  his  life. 

Napoleon  H.  (Francois  Charles  Joseph  Na- 
poleon Bonaparte,  Due  de  Keichstadt).  Born 
at  Paris,  March  20, 1811 :  died  at  SchSnbrunn, 
near  Vienna,  July  22, 1832.  Titular  emperor  of 
the  French ,  son  of  Napoleon  I.  and  Maria  Louisa. 
He  was  created  duke  of  Reichstadt  in  1818  by  his  grand- 
father, Francis  I.  of  Austria,  at  whose  court  he  resided 
after  his  father's  overthrow. 

Napoleon  III.  (Charles  Lonis  Napol6on  Bo- 
naparte). Bom  at  Paris,  April  20,  1808 :  died 
at  Chiselhurst,  near  London,  Jan.  9, 1873.  Em- 
peror of  the  French  1852-70.  He  was  the  son  of  Louis 
Bonaparte,  Idng  of  Holland,  and  Hortense  de  Beauhar- 
nais,  and  the  nephew  of  Napoleon  L  He  lived  in  exile  at 
Arenenberg  and  Augsburg  1815-30 ;  joined  in  an  unsuc- 
cessful revolt  against  the  Pope  in  the  Romagna  1830-31 ; 
made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  organize  a  revolution 
among  the  French  soldiers  stationed  at  Straaburg  in  1836 ; 
made  a  descent  on  France  near  Boulogne  in  1840 ;  was  cap- 
tured and  imprisoned  at  Ham  until  1846,  when  he  escaped : 
was  made  a  member  of  the  National  Assembly  after  the  f  aU 
of  Louis  Pliilippe  in  1848 ;  was  elected  president  of  the  re- 
public Dec,  1848 ;  executed  the  coup  d'itat  of  Dec.  2, 1851 ; 
was  chosen  president  for  10  years  in  Dec,  1851 ;  and  after 
a  plebiscite  in  Nov.,  1852,  was  proclaimed  emperor  Dec.  2, 
1852.  He  married  Eugenie  de  Montijo  Jan.  30, 1853 ;  took 
part  in  the  Crimean  war  1854-56 ;  fought  with  Sardinia 
against  Austria  in-lS59,  and  was  present  at  the  battles  of 
Magenta  and  Solferino ;  waged  war  in  Mexico  1862-67 ; 
declared  war  against  Germany  in  Jul^  1870 ;  was  taken 
prisoner  at  Sedan  Sept.  2 ;  was  imprisoned  at  Wilhelms- 
hehe,  near  Cassel,  1870-71;  and  lived  at  Chiselhurst 
1871-73.  He  was  the  author  of  various  political  and 
military  works,  including  "Histoire  de  Jules  C^sar" 
(1865-66X 

Napoleon,  Prince  (Napol6on  Eugene  Louis 

Jean  Joseph  Bonaparte).    See  Bonaparte. 

Napoleonic  Wars.  A  general  name  for  the  wars 


Napoleonic  Wars 

in  ■wMch  Napoleon  Bonaparte  was  the  leading 
figure,  1796-1815.  France  was  opposed  to  Great  Britain, 
and  at  different  times  to  Austria,  Prussia,  Bussia,  Spain, 
etc.  The  principal  seats  of  the  wars  were  Italy,  Spain,  Por- 
tugal, Switzerland,  Oermany,  Austria,  Kussia,  Egypt,  Syria, 
and  the  ocean.  The  wars  at  the  beginning  ot  the  period 
form  part  of  those  growing  out  of  the  French  Eevolu- 
tion  (which  see).  The  following  are  the  leading  events 
after  1795 :  Napoleon  took  command  of  the  army  of  Italy, 
spring  of  1796 ;  battle  of  Lodi,  May  10 ;  campaign  ot  Korean 
on  the  Upper  Khine  (retreat  through  the  Black  Forest), 
1796;  campaign  of  Jourdan  on  the  Main,  1796;  battle  of 
Castiglione,  Aug.  6 ;  battle  of  Arcole,  Nov.  15-17 ;  siege  of 
Mantua,  1796-97 ;  battle  of  Bivoli,  Jan.,  1797 ;  preliminary 
treaty  of  Leoben,  April  18 ;  treaty  ot  Campo-Formio,  Oct. 
17 ;  French  expedition  to  Egypt,  1798 ;  battle  of  the  Pyra- 
mids, July  21 ;  battle  of  the  Nile,  Aug.  1 ;  battle  of  Mount 
labor,  April,  1799 ;  French  defeats  in  Italy  (Trebbia,  June, 
and  NoTi,  Aug.) ;  battle  of  Abukir,  July  25 ;  Suvarofl'a  re- 
treat in  the  Alps,  1799 ;  battles  of  Zurich,  1799 ;  passage  of 
Great  St.  Bernard  by  Napoleon,  May,  1800 ;  battle  of  Ma- 
rengo, June  14 ;  battle  of  Hohenlinden,  Dec.  3 ;  treaty  of 
Lun^ville,  Feb.  9, 1801 ;  battle  of  the  Baltic,  April  2 ;  treaty 
of  Amiens,  March  27, 1802 ;  renewal  of  the  war  with  Great 
Britain,  1803 ;  new  coalition  against  France,  1806 ;  surrender 
of  Ulm,  Oct.  17 ;  battle  of  Trafalgar,  Oct.  21 ;  battle  of  Aus- 
terlitz,  Dec.  2 ;  treaty  of  Presburg,  I)ec.56 ;  battles  of  Jena 
and  Auerstadt,  Oct.  U,  1806 ;  battle  ot  Eyian,  Feb.  7,  8, 
1807  ;  battle  of  Friedland,  June  14 ;  treaties  of  Tilsit,  July ; 
Peninsular  war  (which  see),  1808-14 ;  battle  of  Aspern,  May 
21, 22, 1809 ;  battle  of  Wagram,  July  5, 6 ;  treaty  of  Vienna, 
Oct.  14 ;  invasion  of  Kussia,  1812 ;  battle  of  Borodino,  Sept. 
7 ;  burning  of  Moscow,  Sept.;  retreat  from  Kussia,  Oct.- 
Dec. ;  battle  of  Liitzen,  May  2, 1813 ;  battle  of  Bautzen,  May 
20, 21 ;  battle  of  the  Eatzbach,  Aug.  26 ;  battle  of  Dresden, 
Aug.  26, 27 ;  battle  of  Dennewitz,  Sept.  6 ;  battle  of  Leipsic, 
Oct,  16,  18,  19;  Napoleon's  victories  at  Montmirail,.  etc., 
Feb.,  1814;  battle  of  Bar-sur-Aube,  Feb.  27 ;  battle  of  Laon, 
March  9, 10;  battle  of  Arcis-sur-Aube,March  20, 21;  trea^  of 
Paris,  May  30 ;  Napoleon  landed  at  Cannes,  March  1, 1816 ; 
battles  of  Ligny  and  Quatre-Bras,  June  16 ;  battle  of  Water- 
loo, June  IS ;  treaty  of  Paris,  Nov.  20. 

Napoleon  le  Petit  (na-p6-la-6n  16  p6-te').  [P., 
'Napoleon  the  Little.]  A  satire  ty  Victor 
Hugo,  directed  against  Napoleon  III.,  published 
in  1852. 

Napollon- Vendue.    See  La-Boche-sur-7on. 

ITapoli  di  Komania.    See  Nauplia. 

Napos  (na'pos),  or  Napeanos  (na-pa-a'nos).  A 
name  given  to  various  semi-civilized  Indians  of 
eastern  Ecuador  and  Peru,  on  the  river  Napo. 
They  are  apparently  derived  from  various  stocks  which 
have  become  amalgamated  in  the  mission  villages.  At 
present  most  of  them  speak  dialects  of  the  Quichua. 

Na^uet  (na-ka'),  Alfred  Joseph.  Bom  at  Car- 
pentras,  France,  Oct.  6, 1834.  A  Trench  chem- 
ist and  radical  politician.  He  was  professor  of  chem- 
istry  at  the  technical  institute  of  Palermo  1863-65,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  French  Senate  1882-89.  His  chief 
work  ia  "Principes  de  chimie"  (1865). 

Nara  (na'rS.).  A  city  in  the  main  island  of 
Japan,  about  25  miles  south  of  Kioto,  it  was  the 
capital  in  the  8th  century.  A  colossal  statue  of  Buddha, 
seated  in  the  Daibouts  temple  here,  is  an  exceedingly  re- 
markable work,  and  the  largest  existing  bronze  casting. 
It  dates  from  739,  and  is  formed  of  several  pieces  skilfully 
soldered  together.  The  god  sits  on  the  symbolic  lotus- 
flower,  with  the  right  hand  open  and  raised,  and  the  ex- 
tended left  resting  on  his  knee.  The  drapery  has  almost 
Greek  breadth  and  lightness,  and  the  anatomy  and  expres- 
sion are  admirable,  as  is  the  technical  finish.  The  height, 
without  the  pedestal,  is  86  feet, 

Naram-Sin  (na- ram 'sin),  ['Beloved  of  the 
moon-god  Sin,']    King  of  Babylon,  son  of  Sar- 

fonl,  of  Agade.  Following  a  notice  of  the  annals  of  Na- 
onidus,  in  which  this  Babylonian  king  states,  in  the  year 
660  B.  0.,  that  while  repairing  the  sun-temple  at  Sippar  he 
discovered  the  foundation  cylinders  of  that  edifice  laid  by 
Naram-Sin,  the  son  of  Sargon,  3,200  years  before,  Assyri- 
ologists  assume  3750  B.  o.  as  the  date  of  Naram-Sin. 

Narasiuha  (na-ra-siu'ha).  [Skt,,  'the  man- 
Uon,']  The  fourth  avatar  or  incarnation  of 
Vishnu.  He  assumed  the  shape  of  a  creature  half  man 
half  lion,  to  deliver  the  world  from  the  tyrant  Hu-anyaka- 
shipu,  who  had  obtained  it  as  a  boon  from  Brahma  that 
he  should  be  slain  neither  by  god,  nor  man,  nor  animal,  and 
so  was  able  to  usurp  the  dominion  of  the  three  worlds, 
even  appropriating  the  sacrifices  of  the  gods.  When  his 
pions  son  Prahlada  praised  Vishnu,  the  father  tried  to  de- 
stroy the  boy,  whereupon  Vishnu  appeared  suddenly  out  of 
a  pillar  in  a<  shape  neither  god,  nor  man,  nor  animal,  and 
tore  Eiranyakashipu  to  pieces. 

Narba  (nar'ba),  or  Nabha  (na'ba),  A  native 
state  in  the  Panjab,  ludia,  under  British  pro- 
tection, intersected  by  lat,  30°  30'  N,,  long,  76° 
E,  Area,  936  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
282,756, 

ITarbada.    See  Nerludda. 

Narbonensis,  or  Gallia  Narbonensis  (gal'i-a 
nar-bo-nen'sls).  Aprovinoe  of  the  Eoman  em- 
pire, occupying  the  southern  and  southeastern 
parts  of  Gaul,  it  extended  from  the  Alps  southwest- 
ward  along  the  Mediterranean  to  the  Pyrenees.  The  north- 
em  border  was  near  the  line  of  the  C^vennes,  the  Khone, 
and  the  Lake  of  Geneva.  Its  leading  cities  were  Tolosa, 
Narbo,  Nemausus,  Arelate,  Massilia,  and  Vienna.  Early 
settlements  were  made  by  the  Romans  m  the  Provinoia  in 
the  end  of  the  2d  century  B.  0.-  at  Narbo  118  B,  c,  and  at 
Tolosa  about  the  same  time. 

Narbonne  (nar-bon').    An  ancient  district  near 

the  city  of  Narbonne,  in  southern  Prance,  It 
was  governed  by  viscounts  in  the  middle  ages,  and  was 


723 

united  with  the  crown  of  France  in  1607-08.  It  formed 
part  of  Languedoc:  The  name  Narbonne  is  sometimes 
given  to  the  ancient  Septimania  or  Gothia. 
Narbonne.  A  city  in  the  department  of  Aude, 
Prance,  on  the  Canal  de  la  Kobine,  situated  5 
mUes  from  the  Mediterranean,  in  lat,  43°  11'  N,, 
long.  3°  E. :  the  Latin  Narbo.  it  has  some  trade 
and  manufactures ;  is  celebrated  for  its  honey ;  and  has  a 
museum,  a  former  cathedral  (now  a  church  of  St.  Just), 
and  remains  of  an  archiepiscopal  palace.  It  was  an  early 
Gaulish  center ;  was  colonized  by  Borne  116  or  118  B.  c. ; 
and  became  the  capital  of  Narbonensis.  It  was  an  im- 
portant city  of  the  West  Goths ;  was  taken  by  the  Sara- 
cens in  719,  and  taken  from  them  by  the  Franks  in  759 ; 
and  was  the  seat  of  the  viscounts  of  Narbonne,  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  29,566. 

Narbonne-Lara  (nar-bon'la-ra'),  Comte  Louis 
de.  Bom  at  Colomo,  near  Parma,  Italy,  1755 : 
died  at  Torgau,  Prussia,  1813,  A  Prench.  gen- 
eral and  diplomatist. 

Narborougn  (nar'bur-o),  Sir  John.  Died  1688, 
Au  English  naval  officer.  He  fought  against  the 
Dutch  off  the  Downs  in  June,  1666,  and  in  1669  sailed  on  a 
voyage  of  discovery  to  the  Strait  of  Magellan.  In  1672  he 
fought  in  the  battle  of  Southwold  Bay,  and  in  1676  sup- 
pressed  the  pirates  of  Tripoli. 

Narcissa  (nar-sis'a),  1.  A  beautiful -woman 
whose  early  death  is  comm.emorated  In  the  third 
night  of  Young's  ' '  Night  Thoughts."  She  is  iden- 
tified with  Miss  lee  who  married  Hemy  Temple,  son  of 
Lord  Palmerston,  and  was  the  daughter  of  Young's  wife  by 
her  first  husband.  According  to  the  "  Night  Thoughts,"  on 
dying  in  France,  she  was  denied  sepulture  as  a  Protestant : 
but  this  was  not  the  fact.  The  book  was  translated  into 
French,  and  the  belief  grew  up  that  she  was  buried  at 
midnight  in  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Montpellier.  Her 
supposed  grave  was  discovered,  was  visited  by  strangers, 
and  became  one  of  the  sights  of  the  town.  There  was  no 
truth  in  the  story,  as  Mrs.  Temple  died  at  Lyons,  and  was 
buried  in  the  Protestant  cemetery  there. 
3.  The  name  given  to  Mrs.  Oldfield,  the  actress, 
by  Pope  in  his  "Moral  Essays," 

Narcissus  (nar-sis'us).  [&r.  Nii/aKjffa-of.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  a  beautiful  youth,  a  son  of 
Cephissus  and  the  nymph  Liriope,  metamor- 
phosed into  a  flower.  For  his  insensibility  to  love  he 
was  caused  by  Nemesis  to  fall  in  love  with  his  own  image 
refiected  in  water.  tTnable  to  grasp  this  shadow,  he  pined 
away  and  became  the  flower  which  bears  his  name.  The 
nymph  Echo,  who  vainly  loved  him,  died  from  grief. 

Narcissus.  An  admirable  Greek  original  statu- 
ette, found  at  Pompeii,  and  now  in  the  Museo 
Nazionale,  Naples,  The  figure  stands  gracefully,  un- 
draped,  with  the  head  bent  toward  the  right,  and  the  right 
hand  raised,  as  if  listening.  It  is  also  c^ed  a  Faun  and  a 
Satyr. 

Narcissus.  Killed  54  a.  d.  A  freedman  of  the 
Boman  emperor  Claudius,  over  whom  he  ac- 
quired a  complete  ascendancy.  He  assisted  the  em- 
press Messalina  in  procuring  the  death  of  C.  Appius  Sila- 
uus  and  numerous  other  victims.  Afterward  he  was  the 
chief  instrument  in  bringing  about  the  execution  of  Mes- 
salina herself.  He  was  put  to  death  on  the  accession  of 
Nero, 

Narcissus.  A  Eoman  athlete  who  strangled 
Commodus  192  A.  D, 

Nardini  (nSr-de'ne),  Pietro.  Bom  at  Pibiana, 
Tuscany,  1722 :  died  at  Florence,  1793,  An  Ital- 
ian vioflnist,  and  composer  for  the  violin.  He 
was  a  pupil  of  Tartini  at  Padua,  and  was  solo  violinist  at 
the  court  at  Stuttgart  1763-67;  returned  to  Italy  in  1767; 
and  was  made  director  of  music  at  the  court  of  the  Duke 
of  Tuscany  in  1770. 

Nardo  (nar-do').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Lecee,  Apulia,  Italy,  34  miles  south  of  Brindisi. 
Population  (1881),  8,662. 

Narenta  (na-ren'ta).  A  river  in  Herzegovina 
and  Dahnatia,  which  flows  into  the  Adriatic 
about  lat.  48°  N.    Length,  about  150  miles, 

Nares  (narz ) ,  Edward.  Bom  at  London,  1762 : 
died  at  Biddenden,  Aug.  20, 1841,  An  English 
clergyman  and  miscellaneous  writer.  Hewas  ed- 
ucated at  Oxford  (Christ  Church),  and  took  orders  in  1792, 
He  married  a  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  in  1797, 
He  was  regius  professor  of  modern  history  at  Oxford  1813- 
1841.  He  wrote  "The  Plurality  of  Worlds  "  (1801),  "Me- 
moirs of  William  Cecil,  Lord  Burleigh"  (1828-31),  etc. 

Nares,  Sir  George  Strong.  Born  at  Danestown, 
near  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  1831.  A  British  arc- 
tie  explorer.  He  commanded  the  Challenger  expedi- 
tion 1872-74,  and  the  arctic  exploring  expedition  of  the 
Alert  and  Discovery  1875-76  (sledge  expedition  reached 
lat.  83*  20"  H,),  He  was  made  K.  C.  B.  m  1876.  He  is  the 
author  of  "The  Naval  Cadet's  Guide"  (I860),  "Reports  on 
Ocean  Soundings  and  Temperature  "  (in  the  Challenger : 
1874-75),  "The  Official  Beport  of  the  Arctic  Expedition  " 
(1876)i 

Nares,  James.  Bom  at  Stanwell,  near  London, 
1715:  died  1783,  An  English  composer  of  church 
music.  From  1757-80  he  was  master  of  the  Children  of 
the  Chapel  Royal.  He  published  several  series  of  harpsi- 
chord lessons,  morning  and  evening  services,  etc. 

Nares,  Robert.  Bom  at  York,  England,  June 
9,  1753 :  died  at  London,  March  23,  1829,  An 
English  clergyman  and  author,  son  of  James 
Nares.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford  (Christ  Church),  and 
took  orders  in  1778.  He  was  assistant  librarian  at  the 
British  Museum  1796-1807;  founded  the  "British  Critic" 


Naseby 

and  edited  it  (1793-1813) ;  and  published  a  "  Glossary,  or  a 
Collection  of  Words,  Phrases,  etc."  (1822),  etc. 

Narew  (na're  v) .  A  river  in  western  Russia  and 
Poland,  joining  the  Bug  19  miles  north  of  War- 
saw,   Length,  over  200  miles, 

Nariman  (ne-re'-'man').  In  the  Shahnamah,  a 
warrior  of  Paridun,  killed  in  his  attack  upon 
Sipand,  and  avenged  by  Rustam,  his  great- 
grandson. 

Narino  (na-ren'yo),  Antonio.  Bom  at  Bogota, 
1765 :  died  at  VUla  de  Leiva,  Dec.  13, 1823.  A 
New  Granadan  patriot.  He  was  a  noted  orator  and 
writer,  and  held  important  offices  under  the  viceroys,  but 
in  1796  was  imprisoned  for  publishing  a  Spanish  translation 
of  the  "  Droits  des  hommes,"  and  did  not  finally  obtain 
his  freedom  until  the  revolution  of  1810.  He  at  once  joined 
the  revolutionists,  and,  as  presidentof  Cundinamarca,  was 
leader  of  the  centralist  republicans  in  the  civil  wars  of 
1811-13.  In  the  latter  year  he  gained  several  victories 
over  the  Spaniards  in  the  south,  but  was  finally  defeated 
at  Paste,  captured,  and  sent  to  Spain,  where  he  remained 
a  prisoner  1816-20.  He  was  vice-president  and  senator  in 
1822. 

Narni  (nar'ne),  A  town  in  the  province  of  Pe- 
rugia, Italy,  situated  on  the  Nera  43  mUes  north 
of  Rome  :  the  ancient  Narnia.  Population 
(1881),  2,850, 

Naro  (na'ro).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Gir- 
genti,  Sicily,  13  mUes  east  of  Girgenti.  Popu- 
lation (1881),  10,395, 

Narraganset  (nar-a-gan'set).  [PI,,  also  Nar- 
ragansetts.l  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians 
which  occupied  the  part  of  Rhode  Island  west 
of  Narragansett  Bay,  and  claimed  adjacent  ter- 
ritory and  islands.  The  Niantic  was  a  subdivision 
which  preserved  the  Narraganset  tribal  character  after 
King  Philip's  war,  in  which  the  tribe,  which  had  supported 
him,  was  nearly  destroyed.    See  Algonquian. 

Narragansett  Bay  (nar-a-gan'set  ba).  An  in- 
let of  the  Atlantic  (Jcean,  indenting  the  coast 

,  of  Rhode  Island,  Itcontainsthe  island  of  Rhode 
Island  and  others.    Length,  27  miles, 

Narragansett  Pier.  A  seaside  resort  in  South 
Kingston,  Washington  County,  Rhode  Island, 
11  mUes  southwest  of  Newport. 

Narrenschiff  (nar'en-shif ), Das.  [G., '  The  Ship 
of  Fools,']  A  satirical  poem  by  Sebastian  Brant, 
published  in  1494,  He  illustrated  it  with  his 
own  wood-outs,  Alexander  Barclay's  transla- 
tion (1508)  was  published  in  1509. 

Narrows  (nar'oz).  The.  A  strait  joining  New 
York  harbor  with  the  lower  bay,  and  separating 
Staten  Island  from  Long  Island.  Width,  about 
Imile. 

Narses  (nar'sez).  Born  in  Persarmenia  about 
478 :  died  at  Rome  about  573.  A  general  of  the 
Byzantine  empire,  joint  commander  in  Italy 
with  Belisarius  538-539,  He  was  a  eunuch.  He  led 
an  army  to  Italy  against  the  Goths  in  552,  totally  defeat- 
ing them  in  the  battles  of  Taginse  in  552  and  Mons  Lacta- 
rius  in  663,  and  defeated  the  Alamanni  and  Franks  at  Casi- 
linum  in  554.    He  was  prefect  of  Italy  564-567. 

Narva  (nar'va),  or  Narova  (na'ro-va  or  na-ro'- 
va),  A  town  in  the  government  of  St,  Peters- 
burg, Russia,  situated  on  the  river  Narova  86 
miles  southwest  of  St,  Petersburg,  in  a  battle 
here,  Nov.  30, 1700,  the  Swedes  (about  8,40l5  under  Charles 
XII.  defeated  the  Russians  (about  40,000)  under  the  Due 
de  Croy.  The  place  was  taken  by  storm  by  Peter  the  Great, 
Aug.  20, 1704.     Population  (1893),  11,849. 

Narvaez  (uar-va-eth'),  P^nfllo.  Bom  at  Valla- 
dolid  about  1478 :  died  on  the  coast  of  Florida, 
Nov.^  1528,  A  Spanish  captain.  He  early  went  to 
America;  was  prominent  in  the  conquest  of  Cuba,  1511; 
and  settled  in  that  island.  Cortes  having  thrown  off  the 
authority  of  Velasquez,  governor  of  Cuba,  the  latter  ap- 
pointed Narvaez  lieutenant-governor  of  the  newly  dis- 
covered lands  in  Mexico,  with  orders  to  imprison  Cortes 
(1520).  Narvaez  landed  at  Vera  Cruz  in  April,  but  on  May 
28  was  defeated  by  Cortes  atCempoala,  wounded,  and  cap- 
tured. He  was  soon  released,  went  to  Spain,  and  in  1526 
obtained  a  grant  to  conquer  and  govern  Florida.  Sailing 
from  Cuba  March,  1528,  with  5  vessels  and  400  men,  he 
landed,  apparently,  at  Appalachee  Bay,  marched  inland,lost 
half  his  men,  and  finally,  returning  to  the  coast,  could  not 
find  his  ships.  Building  boats,  he  made  his  way  for  some 
distance  along  the  coast,  and  was  shipwrecked  and  drowned 
with  nearly  all  his  men.  Cabeza  de  Vaca  (see  Cabeza)  and 
three  others  of  the  expedition  made  their  way  overland, 
reaching  Mexico  in  1636,  the  only  survivors  of  Narvaez's 
party, 

Narvaez,  Ramon  Maria.  Born  at  Loja,  Spain, 
Aug,  5, 1800:  died  at  Madrid,  April  23, 1868,  A 
Spanish  statesman  and  general.  He  served  against 
the  brigands  and  Carlists ;  landed  at  Valencia  in  the  inter- 
ests of  Maria  Christina  in  1843 ;  and  was  premier  1844-46. 
1847, 1849-61, 1856-67, 1864-65,  and  1866-68. 

Nasby  (naz'bi),  Petroleum  Vesuvius  (earlier 
Volcano).    The  pseudonym  of  D,  R,  Locke, 

Naseby  (naz'bi),  A  village  12  miles  north 
of  Northampton,  England.  Here,  June  14, 1646,  the 
Parliamentarians  under  Fairiax  and  Cromwell  defeated 
the  Royalists  under  Charles  I.  and  Rupert.  Each  side 
numbered  about  11,000.  The  battle  was  decided  by  Crom- 
well's cavalry.  About  6,000  Royalists  were  taken  prisoners, 
and  the  army  was  nearly  destroyed.  It  was  the  decisive 
action  of  the  civil  war. 


Nash,  Beau 

Nash,  Beau.    See  Nash,  Richard. 

Nash  (nash),  John.  Born  at  London,  1752: 
died  May  13,  1835.  An  English  architect.  In 
London  he  designed  Regent  street,  the  Hay- 
market,  the  terraces  in  Regent's  Park,  etc. 

Nash,  Joseph.  Born  about  1812 :  died  1878.  An 
English  water-color  i)ainter,  particularly  noted 
for  architectural  subjects. 

Nash,  Richard.  Bom  at  Swansea,  Wales,  Oct. 
18,  1674:  died  at  Bath,  England,  Feb.  3, 1761. 
An  English  leader  of  fashion:  called  "Beau 
Nash,"  and  sometimes  the  "King  of  Bath" 
(from  the  watering-place  of  that  name,  where 
he  was  master  of  ceremonies).  He  was  educated 
at  Oxford  (Jesus  College),  and  studied  law  at  the  Inner 
Temple.  He  conducted  the  pageant  at  an  entertainment 
given  by  the  Inns  of  Court  to  William  ni.  Much  of  the 
success  of  Bath  was  due  t«  his  efforts.  He  was  a  profes- 
sional gambler.    Goldsmith  wrote  his  life  in  1762. 

Nashe  (nash),  or  Nash,  Thomas.  Bom  at 
Lowestoft,  England,  in  1567:  died  about 
1601.  An  English  satirical  pamphleteer,  poet, 
and  dramatist.  He  toolc  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Cam- 
bridge (St.  John's  College)  in  1585.  His  earliest  worlc  is  a 
preface  to  Greene's  "Menaphon"  (1687);  the  "Anatomy 
of  Absurdity  "  appeared  in  1689.  He  edited  Surrey's  poems 
in  1691,  and  published  "  Pierce  Pennilesse,  his  Supplica- 
tion to  the  Devill "  in  1592.  In  this  year  began  his  "paper 
war"  with  Gabriel  Harvey.  (See  Harvey.)  In  1689  he  be- 
gan his  Pasquil  pamphlets,  entering  into  the  Marprelate 
controversy  under  tliis  pseudonym  in  "A  Countercuffe  to 
Martin  Junior,"  "Martin's  Month's  Minde,"  and  "Paa- 
quil's  Apologie"(1690).  Among  his  other  works  are  "The 
Tragedy  of  Dido,  etc.,"  with  Marlowe  (probably  acted  in 
1591,  printed  in  1594),  "Strange  News"  (1693),  "Christ's 
Tears  over  Jerusalem  "  (1593),  "The  Terrors  of  the  Night, 
etc."  (1694),  "The  Unfortunate  Traveller,  or  the  Life  of 
Jack  Wilton"  (1594  :  a  novel),  "Summer's  Last  Will  and 
Testament"  (1696),  "Haue  with  you  to  Saffron  Walden, 
etc. "  (1696),  "The  Isle  of  Dogs  " (1697 :  for  this  he  was  im- 
prisoned), "  Lenten  Stufle  "  (1599 :  in  praise  of  Yarmouth 
and  the  red  herring),  etc. 

Nashua.    See  Pennacook. 

Nashua  (nash'u.-a).  [From  the  Lidian  tribal 
name.]  A  city  and  one  of  the  capitals  of  Hills- 
borough County,  New  Hampshire,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Nashua  and  Merrimao  riv- 
ers, 31  miles  south  of  Concord  and  40  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Boston.  It  has  various  important  manu- 
factures, but  is  particularly  noted  for  cotton  goods.  The 
Nashua  Manufacturing  Company  was  formed  in  1823.  The 
city  was  incorporated  in  1853.  Pupulation  (1900),  23,898. 

Nashua  River.  A  tributary  of  the  Merrimac  in 
Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire.  Length, 
about  80  miles. 

Nashville  (nash'vil).  The  capital  of  the  State 
of  Tennessee  and  of  Davidson  County,  situated 
on  the  Cumberland  in  lat.  36°  10'  N.,  long.  86° 
49 '  W.  It  is  the  second  city  in  the  State,  and  a  railway  cen- 
ter ;  has  important  commerce,  particularly  in  cotton  and 
tobacco,  and  lumber  manufactures.  The  chief  building  is 
the  CapitoL  It  is  the  seat  of  many  educational  institutions, 
including  Nashville  University,  Vanderbilt  University, 
risk  University,  Tennessee  Central  College,  and  Boger 
Williams  University.  It  was  settled  in  1780 ;  has  been 
the  capital  since  1826  (legally  since  1843) ;  and  was  evacu- 
ated by  the  Confederates  under  A.  S.  Johnston  and  occu- 
pied by  the  rederals  in  Feb.,  1862.  Pop.  (1900),  80,865. 

Nashville,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained  near 
Nashville,  Dec.  15  and  16, 1864,  by  the  Federals 
under  Thomas  over  the  Confederates  under 
Hood.  The  result  of  the  battle  and  the  pursuit  was  the 
breaking  up  of  Hood's  army  as  a  fighting  force.  Federal 
loss,  400  killed,  1,740  wounded;  Confederate  total  loss, 
16,000. 

Nasik,  or  Nassick  (na'sik).  1.  A  district  in 
the  governorship  of  Bombay,  British  India,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  20°  N.,  long.  74°  E.  Area, 
5,940  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  843,582. 
— 2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Nasik,  sit- 
uated on  the  Godavari  95  miles  northeast  of 
Bombay.  It  is  a  sacred  Hindu  city.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  24,429. 

Nasmyth  (na' smith),  Alexander.  [The  sur- 
name Nasmyth  (also  Nesmith)  is  a  contraction 
of  nailsmith.^  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Sept.  9, 1758 : 
died  there,  April  10,  1840.  A  Scottish  portrait- 
painter.  He  became  AUan  Ramsay's  assistant,  and  went 
with  him  to  London.  He  returned  to  Edinburgh  in  1778, 
and  visited  Italy  in  1782.  The  portrait  of  Bums  in  the 
Scottish  National  Gallery  is  by  him.  He  was  the  father  of 
James  Nasmyth,  the  inventor  of  the  steam-hammer. 

Nasmyth,  James.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Aug. 
19, 1808 :  died  at  London,  May  7, 1890.  A  Brit- 
ish engineer,  inventor,  and  astronomer :  son  of 
Alexander  Nasmyth.  He  invented  the  steam- 
hammer  in  1839,  but  did  not  patent  it  until 
after  1842. 

Nasmyth,  Patrick.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Jan. 
7,  1787 :  died  at  London,  Aug.  17,  1831 .  A  Brit- 
ish landscape-painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  his  father, 
Alexander  Nasmyth,  and  a  student  of  Claude  and  Richard 
Wilson.  He  was  brother  to  James  Nasmyth,  the  inven- 
tor of  the  steam-hammer. 

Naso.     See  Omd. 

Nasaa(nas-eha'),orNaas,orNass.  The  smaller 


724 

of  two  divisions  of  the  Chimmesyan  stock  of 
North  American  Indians,  it  embraces  the  Nasqa  and 
Gyitksan  tribes,  which  comprise  numerous  subtribes,  each 
inhabiting  a  single  village,  on  the  Nass  and  upper  Skeena 
rivers,  British  Columbia.    See  Chimmesyan. 

Nasr-ed-Din.    See  Nassr-ed-Din. 

Nass,    See  Nasqa. 

Nassau  (nas'S.;  G.  pron.  nas'sou;  F.  pron. 
na-s6' ) .  A  former  duchy  and  state  of  Germany. 
It  now  forms  the  chief  part  of  the  government  district  of 
Wiesbaden,  province  of  Hesse- Nassau,  Prussia.  The  family 
of  Nassau  fi^t  appears  at  the  end  of  the  11th  century. 
In  1265  a  division  was  made  between  the  Ottonian  line 
(see  NasuiM,  House  of)  and  the  line  of  Walram  (the  recent 
ducal  line).  The  latter  has  been  variously  subdivided. 
The  count  of  the  subline  Nassau-Usingen  became  duke 
in  1803,  and  joined  tlie  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  in  1806, 
the  ALUes  in  1813,  and  the  Germanic  Confederation  in  1816. 
On  the  extinction  of  the  Nassau-Usingen  line  in  1816,  the 
prince  of  Nassau-Weilburg  became  duke  of  the  consoli- 
dated territories.  Exchanges  of  territory  were  made  with 
Prussia  in  1815  and  1816.  Nassau  sided  with  Austria  in 
1866,  and  was  annexed  by  Prussia. 

Nassau.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Hesse- 
Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Lahn  10  miles 
east-southeast  of  Coblenz.  It  has  ruined  castles 
of  Nassau  and  of  Stein.     Pop.  (1890),  1,824. 

Nassau.  A  seaport,  capitalof  New  Providence 
and  of  the  Bahama  Islands,  situated  in  lat.  25° 
6'  N.,  long.  77°  22'  W. :  a  health-resort.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  11,000. 

Nassau,  House  of.  A  princely  European  family. 
It  is  the  reigning  house  in  the  Netherlands,  descended 
from  the  line  of  Count  Otto  of  Nassau  (13th  century).  The 
first  prominent  member  was  William  the  Silent,  of  Orange. 
Members  of  the  house  succeeded  as  stadholders,  and  from 
1815  reigned  as  kings. 

Nassau,  Maurice  of.    See  Nassait-Siegen. 

Nassau-Dillenburg  ^as '  sou  -  dil '  len  -  bore), 
Count  Louis  of.  Bom  Jan.  20, 1538 :  killed  at  the 
battle  of  MookerHeide,  April  14, 1574.  Brother 
of  William  of  Orange :  a  partizan  of  the  Dutch 
against  the  Spaniards. 

Nassau  Hall.    See  New  Jersey,  College  of, 

Nassau  (nas'a)  Islands,  or  Poggy  (pog'i)  Isl- 
ands. Two  small  islands  west  of  Sumatra, 
about  lat.  3°  S. 

Nassau-Siegen  (nas'sou-ze'gen),  Joan  Mau- 
ritz.  Count  of:  commonly  called  Mauritz  or 
Maurice  of  Nassau.  BornnearDelft,Holland, 
June  17, 1604  (O.  S.) :  died  at  Cleves,  Germany, 
Deo.  20, 1679(0.  S.).  A  Dutch  general  and  ad- 
ministrator. He  was  governor-general  of  the  Dutch 
conquests  in  Brazil,  Jan.,  1637,  to  May,  1644.  During  this 
period  the  Dutch  power  was  greatly  strengthened  and 
extended,  andabrilliant  victory  wasgained  over  the  Span- 
ish-Portuguese fleet  (Jan.,  1640).  After  his  return  he  was 
governor  of  Cleves  from  1647  (appointed  by  the  Elector  of 
Brandenburg),  commanded  the  Netherlands  army  1665,  re- 
pulsing the  Bishop  of  Miinster ;  and  was  prominent  in  the 
campaigns  of  1672-74.  He  was  a  prince  of  the  German  Em- 
pire from  1652. 

Nassau-Siegen,  Prince  Karl  Heinrich  Niko- 
laus  Otto  von.  Bom  Jan.  5,  1745:  died  at 
Tynna  in  Podolia,  April  22,  1808.  An  adven- 
turer and  naval  commander  in  the  French  and 
Spanish  service,  and  later  a  Russian  admiral. 

Nassr-ed-Din,  or  Nasr-ed-Din  (nas'r-ed-deu'). 
Bom  April  24,  1831:  killed  near  Teheran,  May 
1, 1896.  Shah  of  Persia,  eldest  son  of  the  shah 
Mohammed  whom  he  succeeded  Sept.  10, 1848. 
He  was  at  war  with  England  1856-57.  He  visited  various 
European  countries  in  1873  and  1879,  and  was  the  first  Shah 
of  Persia  to  make  such. journeys  to  foreign  countries. 

Nast  (nast),  Ihomas.  Born  at  Landau,  Bavaria, 
Sept.  27,  1840:  died  at  Guayaquil,  Ecuador, 
Deo.  7, 1902.  A  German-American  caricaturist. 
He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1846 ;  went  to  England  as 
special  artist  for  an  illustrated  paper  in  1860 ;  and  began 
war  sketches  for  "Harper's  Weekly"  in  1862.  He  later 
became  noted  for  his  political  caricatures,  directed,  for  the 
most  part,  against  the  Democratic  party.  Appointed  con- 
sul-general to  Ecuador,  May,  1902.^ 

Nastrond  (na'strtad).  In  Scandinavian  my- 
thology, the  place  of  punishment  for  the  wicked. 

Nasumi  (na'so-me),  or  NaQU  (na'tho).  A  tribe 
of  the  Kusan  stock  of  North  American  Indians. 
It  formerly  had  a  village  on  the  south  side  of  Coquille 
River,  Oregon,  at  Its  mouth.  The  survivors  are  on  the  Si- 
letz  reservation,  Oregon.    See  Kusan. 

Nata  (na'ta).  The  Noah  of  ancient  Mexican 
legend. 

Another  account  describes  a  deluge  in  which  men  per- 
ished and  were  changed  to  fish ;  the  earth  disappeared  and 
the  highest  mountain  tops  were  covered  with  water.  But 
before  this  happened,  one  of  the  Nahua  gods,  called  Tez- 
catlipoca,  spoke  to  a  man  named  Nata  and  his  wife  Nana, 
saying:  "Do  not  busy  yourselves  any  longer  makingpulque, 
but  hollow  out  for  yourselves  a  large  boat  of  an  ahuehuete 
tree  and  make  your  home  in  it  when  yon  see  the  waters 
rising  to  the  sky."  Hale,  Story  of  Mexico,  p.  28. 

Natal  (na-tal').  [Pg.  Natal,  NL.  Terra  Natalis, 
Christmas  Land :  so  called  by  Vaseo  da  Gama, 
who  discovered  it  on  Christmas  day.]  A  British 
colony  in  South  Africa.  Capital,  Pietei-maritz- 
burg ;  seaport,  Durban,  it  is  bounded  by  the  Trans- 
vaal on  the  north,Portugue8e  East  Africa  on  the  northeast. 


National  Convention 

the  Indian  Ocean  on  the  southeast,  the  dependencies  of 
Cape  Colony  on  the  southwest,  and  Orange  River  Colony  on 
the  west.  The  surface  is  mostlyhilly,  with  the  Drakenberee 
Mountainsin  the  west.  Thegovernmentisadministeredby 
a  governor,  alegislative  council,  and  a  legislative  assembly. 
The  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  Zulus.  Natal  was  dis- 
covered by  Vasco  da  Gama  in  1497.  Settlement  was  begun 
by  the  Boers  in  1837.  It  became  a  British  colony  in  1843, 
and  was  made  independent  of  Cape  Colony  in  1866.  (For 
recent  history,  see  Zulus  and  South  Afncan  Bepublie.) 
Area,  16,570  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  643,913. 

Natal  (na-tal').  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  state 
of  Bio  Grande  do  Norte,  Brazil,  situated  on  the 
river  Rio  Grande  do  Norte,  near  its  mouth,  in 
lat.  5°  47'  S. ,  long.  35°  12'  W.  Population,  about 
10,000. 

Natalie  (nat'a-le ;  P.  pron.  na-ta-le').  Born  May 
14, 1859.  Queen  of  Milan  I.  of  Servia.  she  is  the 
daughter  of  iPierre  Ivanovitch  Kechko,  and  married  Milan 
(then  prince  of  Servia)  Oct.  17, 1876.  In  Oct.,  1888,  her 
husband  procured  from  the  metropolitan  Theodosius  a 
divorce  which  has  been  pionounced  illegal  by. the  Holy 
Synod,  inasmuch  as  it  was  granted  without  consultation 
with  that  body.    They  became  reconciled  Jan.,  1893. 

Natchesan  (nft-che'san).  A  linguistic  stock  of 
North  American  Indians,  formerly  dwelling  in 
Louisiana  and  Mississippi.  They  comprised  two 
tribes  or  confederacies,  known  as  Nachi  and  Taensa,  eaeh 
of  which  was  composed  of  a  number  of  subtribes  or  vil- 


Natchez.    An  Indian  tribe.    See  Nachi. 

Natchez  (nat'chez).  [From  the  Indian  tribe  so 
named.]  A  city  and  the  capital  of  Adams 
County,  Mississippi,  situated  on  the  Mississippi 
in  lat.  31°  34'  N.,  long.  91°  23'  "W.  The  chief  in- 
dustry is  the  cotton  trade.  Fort  Rosalie  was  built  here  by 
the  French  in  1716,  destroyed  by  Natchez  Indians  in  1729, 
but  soon  rebuilt.  It  passed  to  the  British  in  1768,  to  Spain 
in  1779,  and  to  the  United  States  in  1798.  It  was  the  cap- 
ital of  the  Territory  (later  the  State)  of  Mississippi  until 
1820.    Population  (1900),  12,210. 

Natchez,  Les.  A  romance  by  Chateaubriand, 
published  in  1826.  It  belongs  to  the  same  group 
with  "Atala"  and  "Ren6." 

Natchitoches,    See  Naddoc. 

Natchitoches  (nak-i-tosh').  [From  an  Indian 
name.]  The  chief  town  of  Natchitoches  parish, 
Louisiana,  situated  on  the  Red  River  103  miles 
west  of  Natchez.    Population  (1890),  1,820. 

Nath  (nath),  or  El  Nath  (elnath).  [Ar.  al-natih, 
the  butter,  i.  e.  the  horn.]  The  second-mag- 
nitude star  /3  Tauri,  in  the  tip  of  the  northern 
horn  of  the  bull. 

Nathan  (na'than).  [Heb.,'agi£t.']  A  Hebrew 
prophet  in  the'time  of  David,  a  counselor  and 
reprover  of  the  king.  He  was  the  instructor  of  Solo- 
mon, and  is  said  to  have  been  bis,  as  well  as  David's,  his- 
toriographer. 

Nathanael  (na-than'a-el).  [Heb.j'gift  of  God.'] 
One  of  the  disciples  of  Jesus,  generally  identi- 
fied with  Bartholomew. 

Nathan  ben  Jechiel  (na'than  ben  yek'i-el).  A 
Jewish  scholar  (lived  in  Rome  about  1100), 
compiler  of  the  celebrated  Talmudic  lexicon 
"Aruch,"  which  formed  the  basis  of  all  later 
Talmudic  dictionaries. 

Nathan  der  Weise  (na'tan  der  vi'ze).  [G., 
'Nathan  the  Wise.']  A  drama  by  G.  E.  Les- 
sing,  published  in  1779 :  so  called  from  the  name 
of  its  principal  character,  its  tendency  is  toward 
religious  tolerance,  especially  in  the  episode  of  the  three 
rings,  which  was  taken  from  Boccaccio.  Nathan  is  a  per- 
secuted but  noble  Jew,  an  ideal  character  resembling 
Moses  Mendelssohn. 

Nathaniel  (na-than'yel),  Sir.  A  curate  in 
Shakspere's  "Love's  Labour  's  Lost."  See 
extract  under  JSvans,  Sir  Hugh. 

Natick  (na'tik).  A  town  in  Middlesex  County, 
Massachusetts,  16  mUes  west-southwest  of  Bos- 
ton. It  has  manufactures  of  boots  and  shoes. 
Population  (1900),  9,488. 

National  Academy  of  Design.  An  organiza- 
tion in  New  York  city,  instituted  in  1826  and 
incorporated  in  1828.  its  object  is  the  cultivation  of 
the  fine  arts.  Professional  artists  only  are  admitted  to 
regular  membership. 

National  Assembly,  In  French  history,  the 
first  of  the  Revolutionary  assemblies,  existing 
from  1789  to  1791.  The  States-General,  elected  in 
1789,  were  opened  May  6, 1789,  and  in  June  the  third  es- 
tate assuined  the  title  of  National  Assembly  and  absorbed 
the  two  remaining  estates.  Its  chief  work  was  the  forma- 
tion of  the  constitution,  whence  it  is  also  called  tiie  Con. 
stituent  Assembly.  The  legislatures  organized  in  France 
in  1848  (after  the  February  revolution)  and  in  1871  (after 
the  overthrow  of  the  second  empire)  are  also  known  as 
National  AsseTtiblies. 

National  Cemetery.  A  cemetery  at  Arlington, 
Virginia,  3  miles  from  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia,  it  contains  the  graves  of  many  thousand 
Union  soldiers  who  died  in  the  Civil  War  (1861-66). 

National  Convention.  In  French  history,  the 
sovereign  assembly  which  sat  from  Sept.  21, 
1792,  to  Oct.  26, 1795,  and  governed  France  after 
abolishing  royalty. 


National  Oovenant 

ITational  Covenant.  In  Scottish  history,  the 
bond  or  engagement,  subscribed  in  1638,  based 
upon  the  covenant  or  oath  for  the  observance 
of  the  Confession  of  Faith  drawn  up  in  1581 
(preceded  by  a  similar  one  in  1557),  which  was 
signed  and  enjoined  upon  all  his  subjects  by 
James  VI.  (afterward  James  I.  of  England), 
and  renewed  in  1590  and  1596.  its  object  was  the 
maintenance  ol  the  Presbyterian  or  Reformed  religion 
againstBomani8m,andit9  immediate  cause  was  theattempt 
o(  Charles  I.  to  lorce  a  liturgy  upon  Scotland.  At  the  res- 
toration of  the  episcopacy  In  1682,  the  National  Covenant 
and  the  Solemn  League  and  Covenant  were  jproscribed, 
and  liberty  of  conscience  was  not  regained  until  alter  the 
revolution  of  1688. 

National  Gallery.  A  picture-gallery  on  the 
north  side  of  Trafalgar  Sctuare,  London,  found- 
ed in  1824  by  the  purchase  for  the  government 
of  the  Angerstein  collection.  The  present  building 
was  opened  in  1838.  It  was  designed  by  Wilkins,  and  is  in 
the  Grecian  style:  its  fagade  is  about  460  feet  in  length. 
The  buildings  were  altered  and  enlarged  in  1860, 1876,  and 
1887.  Many  important  collections  have  been  added,  among 
them  the  Vernon  (1847),  Turner  (1866),  and  Peel  (1871)  col- 
lections. The  Royal  Academy  of  Arts  occupied  part  of  the 
building  for  a  long  time  previous  to  its  removal  to  Bur- 
lington House  In  1869. 

National  Institute.    See  Institute  of  France. 

Nationalist  Party.  In  British  politics,  the  Irish 
party  formed  for  the  advocacy  of  Home  Rule. 
See  ParnelUte  Party. 

National  Liberals.  In  German  politics,  a  party 
which,  before  the  creation  of  the  German  Em- 
pire in  1871,  advocated,  along  with  progressive 
measures  of  reform,  the  completion  of  govern- 
mental unity  in  Germany.  After  that  time  until 
1879  it  embraced  those  persons  who,  though  of  liberal 
antecedents,  continued  in  support  of  the  later  policy  of 
Bismarck.  Since  the  separation  of  the  anti-protectionist 
members  (Secessionists)  in  1880,  the  strength  of  the  party 
in  the  Beichstag  has  been  greatly  diminished. 

National  Party.  In  United  States  history,  a 
name  of  the  Greenback-Labor  party. 
Nations,  Battle  of  the.  A  name  given  to  the 
battle  of  Leipsio,  Oct.  16, 18,  and  19, 1813,  where 
the  French,  Prussians,  Austrians,  Russians, 
Swedes,  Saxons,  etc.,  were  represented.  See 
Leipsic. 

Nativity,  Convent  of  the.    See  Bethlehem. 
Nativity,  On  the  Morning  of  Christ's.    A 
hymn  or  ode  by  Milton,  written  in  1629. 
Natolia.    See  AnatoUa. 

Natty  Bumpo  or  Bumppo.  See  LeatherstocMng. 
Natuna  (na-to'na)  Is&nds.     A  small  group 
of  islands,  belonging  to  the  Dutch,  situated  in 
the  China  Sea  northwest  of  Borneo. 
Natural  Bridge.    An  arch  of  limestone  which 
crosses  a  small  river  in  Rockbridge  County, 
Virginia,  13  miles  southwest  of   Lexington. 
Height  of  arch,  215  feet.    Similar  bridges  exist 
in  Walker  County,  northern  Alabama :  in  CaU- 
fomia ;  and  elsewhere  in  the  United  States. 
Nature  and  Art.    A  novel  by  Mrs.  Inchbald, 
published  in  1796. 

Natiirliche  Tochter  (na-tiir'lidh-e  toch'ter), 
Die.  [G.,' The  Illegitimate  Daughter.']  A  play 
by  Goethe,  performed  at  Weimar,  April,  1803. 
It  was  to  have  formed  the  first  part  of  a  trilogy,  and  relates 
to  ttie  French  Bevolution  and  the  state  of  affairs  which  led 
to  it. 
Naucratis  (n^'kra-tis).  [Gr.  ISToii/cpon?.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  city  in  Egypt,  situated  on 
the  Nile  in  the  Delta,  about  midway  between 
Cairo  and  Alexandria,  near  the  modem  village 
of  Nebireh.  it  is  believed  to  have  been  founded  by 
Milesian  colonists  not  later  than, the  7th  century  B.  0., 
and  was  described  by  Athenteus  and  Herodotus  as  cele- 
brated for  its  potters  and  florists.  The  site  remained  un- 
known till  it  was  discovered  by  Petrie  in  1884.  The  very 
extensive  and  important  remains  that  have  been  exca- 
vated, especially  under  the  direction  of  Petrie  and  of  Gardi- 
ner, include  ruins  of  thef  amous  Helleninm  (atempleowned 
by  the  Greeks  in  common),  temples  of  Zeus,  Hera,  and 
Aphrodite  (all  known  in  history),  and  pieces  of  pottery  in 
great  variety  and  profusion. 
Naud6  (no-da'),  Gabriel.  Bom  at  Paris,  1600 : 
died  at  Abbeville,  France,  1653.  AFreneh  scholar 
and  librarian,  the  collector  of  the  Mazarin  Li- 
brary. 

Naudet  (no-da'),  Joseph.    Bom  at  Pans,  Dec. 
8, 1786 :  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  13, 1878.    A  French 
historical  scholar.     He  wrote  a  history  of  the  Gothic 
monarchy  in  Italy,  works  on  Roman  history  and  adminis- 
tration, etc. 
Nauen  (nou'en).    A  town  m  the  province  ot 
Brandenburg,  Pmssia,  24  miles  west-northwest 
of  Berlin.    Population  (1890),  8,120. 
Naufragium  Joculare  (n4-fra'ji-um  jok-u-la'- 
re).     [L., '  The  Merry  Shipwreck.']     A  Latin 
academical  comedy  by  Abraham  Cowley,  acted 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  1638. 
Naugatuck  (n&'ga-tuk).    A  town  m  New  Ha- 
ven County,  Connecticut,  situated  on  Nauga- 


725 

tuck  River  15  miles  north-northwest  of  New 
Haven.    Population  (1900),  10,541. 

Nauheim,  or  Bad  Nauheim  (bad  nou'him).  A 
small  watering-place  in  the  province  of  Upper 
Hesse,  Hesse,  17  miles  north  of  Frankf  ort-on- 
the-Main.    It  is  noted  for  its  salt  baths. 

Naumann  (uou'man),  Emil.  Bom  at  Berlin, 
Sept.  8,  1827:  died  at  Dresden,  June  23, 1888. 
A  German  composer  and  writer  on  music,  son 
of  M.  E.  A.  Naumann.  Among  his  works  is  an 
illustrated  history  of  music. 

Naumann,  Johann  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Zie- 
bigk,  near  Kothen,  Germany,  Feb.  14,  1780: 
died  there,  Aug.  15, 1857.  A  German  ornitholo- 
gist, professor  and  inspector  of  the  ornitholo- 
f'.oal  museum  of  the  Duke  of  Anhalt-KSthen. 
is  chief  work  is  "KaturgeschiohtederVSgelDeutsoh- 
lands"  ("Natural  History  of  the  Birds  ol  Germany," 
1820-66). 

Naumann,  Johann  Gottlieb  or  Amadeus. 

Bom  at  Blasewitz,  near  Dresden,  April  17, 1741: 
died  at  Dresden,  Oct.  28, 1801.  A  German  com- 
poser of  operas  and  sacred  music.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  Tartlni  at  Padua  and  Padre  Martini  at  Bologna.  His 
chief  operas  are  "Amphion  "  (1778), ' '  Cora"  (1780), ' '  Gustav 
Wasa"  (1780),  and  "  Orpheus  "  (1785). 

Naumann,  Karl  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Dresden, 
May  30, 1797:  died  there,  Nov.  26, 1873.  A  Ger- 
man mineralogist  and  geologist,  son  of  J.  G. 
Naumann.  He  was  professor  of  mineralogy  and  geog- 
nosy at  Leipsic  1842-71.  He  wrote  "Lehrbuch  der  Geog- 
nosie  "  ("  Manual  of  Geognosy, "  1850-53),  etc. 

Naumann,  Moritz  Ernst  Adolf.  Bom  at  Dres- 
den, Oct.  7, 1798 :  died  at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Oct. 
19,  1871.  A  German  physician,  sou  of  J.  G. 
Naumann.  He  was  professor  at  Bonn  from  1828.  His 
works  include  "Handbuch  der  medizinischen  £^inik" 
(1829-39),  etc. 

Naumburg(noum'borG) ,  or  NaumbuTg-on-the- 
Saale  (za'le).  A  city  in  the  province  of  Sax- 
ony, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Saale  27  miles 
southwest  of  Leipsic.  it  has  trade  in  wine,  etc.  The 
chief  building  is  the  cathedral.  Itwas  governed  by  bish- 
ops from  the  11th  to  the  16th  century,  and  passed  from 
Saxony  to  Prussia  In  1815.    Population  (1890),  19,793. 

Naupactus.    See  Lepanto. 

Nauplla  (n&'pli-a),  Venetian  Napoli  di  Boma- 

nia  (na'p6-le  d4  ro-ma-ne'a).  [Gr.  'Saimlla.'] 
A  seaport  in  the  nomarchy  of  Argolis  and  Cor- 
inth, Greece,  situated  at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of 
Nauplia,  25  miles  south  by  west  of  Corinth.  It 
was  the  port  of  the  ancient  Argos,  and  was  the 
seat  of  the  Greek  government  1824-34.  Popu- 
lation (1889),  5,459;  commune,  10,879. 

Nauplia,  Gulf  of,  or  Argolic  (ar-gol'ik)  Gulf. 
An  arm  of  the  Mge&n  Sea,  east  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesus, Greece :  the  ancient  ArgoUcus  Sinus. 
Lengiih,  about  30  miles. 

Nausa.    See  Magusta. 

Nauset  (nsl'set).  [PL,  also  N'a^lsetis.']  A  tribe 
of  North  American  Indians,  which  once  lived 
on  Cape  Cod  and  the  eastern  part  of  Barnstable 
County,  Massachusetts.  They  were  subject  in  his- 
toric times  to  the  Wampanoags,  and  early  lost  their  iden- 
tity. 

Nausett  Beach  (n^'set  beeh).  A  long  beach 
on  the  eastern  coast  of  Cape  Cod,  southeastern 
Massachusetts. 

Naushon  (n&-shon').  The  largest  of  the  Eliza- 
beth Islands,  situated  northwest  of  Martha's 
Vineyard,  Massachusetts. 

Nausicaa  (n6-sik'a-a).  [(Jr.  TSavaiKda."]  In  the 
Odyssey,  the  daughter  of  Alcinous,  Mng  of  the 
Phseacians. 

Nauvoo  (na-v6').  A  city  in  Hancock  County, 
Illinois,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  42  miles 
north  of  Quincy.  it  was  founded  in  1840  by  the  Mor- 
mons, who  were  expelled  in  1846.  It  was  the  seat  of  the 
Icarian  community  1850-57.    Population  (1900),  1,321. 

Navajo  (nav'a-ho),  or  Tennai  (the  name  used 
\}j  themselves).  [Origin  of  the  name  doubtful.] 
The  leading  tribe  of  the  southern  division  of 
the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  American  Indi- 
ans. Since  first  known  they  have  occupied  the  country 
on  and  south  of  the  San  .Tuan  River  in  northern  New  Mex- 
ico and  Arizona,  and  extended  into  Colorado  and  Utah. 
They  were  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  the  cognate  Apache 
tribes,  except  on  the  north,  where  they  met  the  tribes  of 
the  Shoshonean  family.  At  present  the  Navajo  are  on  the 
reservation  bearing  their  name  in  Utah,  New  Mexico,  and 
Arizona.    See  Athapascan. 

Naval  Academy,  United  States.  An  institu- 
tion for  the  training  of  naval  ofBcers,  situated 
at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  under  government 
control.  It  was  founded  in  1845  through  the  eflforts  of 
George  Bancroft,  then  secretary  of  the  navy.  The  number 
of  cadets  is  one  for  each  member  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives (the  members  nominating  them),  one  for  the 
District  of  Columbia,  and  ten  at  large.  The  course  is  lour 
years,  followed  by  two  at  sea. 

Navan  (nav'an).  A  small  town  in  County 
Meath,  Ireland,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 


Nazos 

Blackwater  and  Boyne,  27  miles  northwest  of 
Dublin. 

Navarete,  Juan  Fernandez.    See  Navarrete. 

Navarino  (na-va-re'no),  or  Neocastro  (na-d- 
kas'tro),  or  Pylos  (pe'los).  A  small  seaport  in 
the  nomarcW  of  Messenia,  Greece,  situated  on 
the  Bay  of  Navarino  in  lat.  36°  54'  N.,  long.  21° 
43'  E. 

Navarino,  Battle  of.  A  battle  fought  Oct.  20, 
1827,  in  which  the  English,  French,  and  Rus- 
sian fleets,  united  for  the  protection  of  Greece, 
entering  the  harbor  of  Navarino  under  the  com- 
mand of  Codrington,  annihilated  the  Turkish- 
Egyptian  fleet. 

Navarino,  Bay  of.  A  small  bay  west  of  Mes- 
senia, Greece. 

Navarra  y  KocafuU  (na-var'ra  e  ro-ka-fol'), 
Melchor  de,  Duke  of  La  Palata.  Bom  in  Ara- 
gon :  died  at  Porto  Bello,  Isthmus  of  Panama, 
April  13,  1691.  A  Spanish  administrator.  He 
was  vice-chancellor  of  Aragon  and  president  ol  the  royal 
council  during  the  minority  of  Charles  II.  From  Nov.  20, 
1681,  to  Aug.  16, 1689,  he  was  viceroy  of  Peru.      • 

Navarre  (na-var';  F.  pron.  na-var'),  Sp.  Na- 
varra (na-var'ra).  1.  An  ancient  kingdoni 
whicli  comprised  the  modem  province  of  Na- 
varre in  Spain  and  part  of  the  department  of 
Basses-Pyr6n6es  in  France.  It  arose  about  900,  and 
under  Sancho  the  Great  (1000-1035)  comprised  also  Aragon 
and  Castile.  On  his  deathhisdominions— Navarre,  Castile, 
etc.—  were  separated.  Navarre  was  later  united  to  Ara- 
gon, and  later  still  to  France,  from  which  it  was  separated 
in  1328.  The  part  south  of  the  Pyrenees  was  acquired  by 
Spain  in  1513.  The  part  north  of  the  Pyrenees  was  united 
with  Prance  under  its  king,  Henry  IV.,  in  1689. 

2.  A  province  of  Spain.  Capital,  Pamplona,  it 
is  bounded  by  Prance  on  the  north,  Huesca  and  Saragossa 
on  the  east,  Saragossa  on  the  south,  Logrofio  on  the  south- 
west, and  Alava  and  Gnipuzcoa  on  the  west.  The  surface 
is  generally  mountainous.  Area,  4,048  square  mUes.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  304,122. 

Navarrete  (na-vSr-ra'ta).  A  place  near  Lo- 
grono,  in  Spain,  from  which  the  battle  of  Ndjera 
is  sometimes  named. 

Navarrete,  Domingo  Fernandez.    Bom  in 

Spain  about  1610:  died  ia  Santo  Domingo,  1689. 
A  Spanish  missionary,  author  of  a  work  on  China 
("Tratadoshist6rioos,"  etc.,  1676).  He  was  arch- 
bishop of  Santo  Domingo  from  1678.  There  is  an  English 
transition  of  his  book  in  Churchill's  "Voyages." 

Navarrete,  or  Navarete,  Juan  Fernandez, 
surnamed  El  Mudo  ('The  Mute').  Born  at 
Logrofio,  Spain,  1526 :  died  about  1579.  A  Span- 
ish painter  of  religious  subjects. 

Navarrete,  Martin  Fernandez  de.  Bom  at 
Avalos,  Logrono,  Nov.  8, 1765 :  died  at  Madrid, 
Oct.  8,  1844.  A  Spanish  naval  officer  and  his- 
torian. He  attained  the  rank  of  captain  in  1706,  and  sub- 
sequently  held  high  ofBces  in  the  department  of  ma- 
rine. In  1789-92  he  was  commissioned  to  collect  docu- 
ments relating  to  the  Jiistory  of  the  Spanish  navy.  From 
1823  he  was  director  of  the  hydrographic  department,  and 
from  1824  director  of  the  Madrid  Academy  of  History.  His 
principal  works  are  "  Coleccion  de  los  viages  y  descubri- 
mientos  que  hicieron  por  mar  los  Espafloles  desde  fines  del 
siglo  XV.,  etc."  (7  vols.  1825-65),  and  "Biblioteca  mar(- 
tima  espafiola  "  (posthumous,  1851).  He  planned  and  ed- 
ited the  first  4  volumes  of  the  great  collection  of  docu- 
ments relating  to  Spanish  history.  During  his  later  years 
he  was  a  peer  and  senator. 

Navarro,  Mrs.    See  Anderson,  Mary  Antoinette. 

Navas  de  Tolosa  (na'vas  da  to-lo'sa).  A  small 
village  in  the  province  of  Jaen,  southern  Spain, 
43  miles  north  by  east  of  Jaen. ;  it  is  famous  lor 
the  victory  gained  there,  July  16, 1212,  bjr  the  allied  Chris- 
tian lorces  of  Spain  over  the  Almohades  under  Mohammed, 
loUowed  by  the  breaking  up  ol  the  Moorish  emjjire  in 
Spain. 

Navesink  (nav'e-singk),  or  Neversink  (nev'- 
er-singk).  Highlands  of.  A  range  of  hills  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  New  Jersey,  near  Sandy 
Hook. 

Navez  (na-va'),  Francois  Joseph.  Bom  at 
Charleroi,  Belgium,  1787 :  died  in  1869.  A  Bel- 
gian painter.  He  studied  at  Paris  with  David.  He 
was  director  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Beaux  Arts  at  Brus- 
sels, and  professor  ol  painting  there,  and  also  at  the  £cole 
Normale.  Among  his  pictures  are  "  Hagar  in  the  Desert," 
"Meeting  ot  Isaac  and  Rebecca,"  "Resurrection  of  Laza- 
rus," etc. 

Navidad,  La.    See  La  Navidad. 

Navigators'  Islands.    See  Samoan  Islands. 

Nawanagar.    See  Nowanagar. 

N^xera.    Sbe  Ndjera. 

Naxos  (nak'sos),  or  Naxia  (nak-se'a).  [Gr. 
Nafiif.]  1.  An  island  in  the  .Slgean  Sea,  be- 
longing to  the  Cyolades,  Greece,  intersected  by 
lat.  37°  N. ,  long.  25°  30'  E.  it  is  the  largest  and  most 
fertile  ol  the  Cyc&des,  and  is  celebrated  lor  its  wine.  It 
was  a  member  of  the  Confederacy  ol  Delos,  and  revolted, 
but  was  subdued  by  Athens  about  467  B.  c.  Near  it  Athens 
won  a  naval  victory  over  Sparta  378  B.  c.  It  was  conquered 
by  the  Venetians  in  1207,  and  was  the  center  ol  a  dnchy 
until  1666.  Area,  164  square  miles.  Population,  aliout 
16,000. 


Naxos 

2.  The  chief  town  of  the  island  of  Naios,  situ- 
ated on  the  northwestern  coast. 
Nazos,  or  Naxus  (nak'sus).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  seaport  in  Sicily,  26  miles  northeast  of 
Catania,  it  was  the  earliest  Greek  colony  in  Sicily 
(founded  by  Chalcis  in  736  B.  c),  and  was  destroyed  by  Dio- 
nyaius  403  B.  0. 

Naxos,  Duchy  of.  A  Latin  duchy  founded  by 
a  Venetian  in  1207.  it  comprised  Naxos  and  other  Isl- 
ands in  the  .^ean  Sea.  It  was  formally  annexed  by  Tur- 
key In  1679. 

Kayarit  (na-ya-ref).  A  mountainous  region  of 
western  Mexico,  long  forming  the  northern  part 
of  the  state  of  Jalisco,  but  now  included  in  the 
territory  of  Tepic. 

Nayarits  (na-ya-rets'),  or  Coras  (ko'ras).  A 
tribe  of  Mexican  Indians  in  the  mountainous 
region  of  the  territory  of  Tepio,  between  Zaea- 
teoas  and  the  Pacific.  They  belong  to  the  Sonoran 
stock,  are  a^culturists  and  intelligent  and  bold  warriors, 
and  are  passionately  attached  to  independence.  They  were 
conquered  by  the  Spaniards  only  in  1722,  after  a  war  of  20 
years ;  and,  though  they  subsequently  received  missionaiies 
and  government  officers,  they  remained  practically  free. 
In  1873  they  rebelled  under  Manuel  Losada.  They  still 
number  at  least  30,000. 

Nayler  (na'16r),  or  Naylor  (na'lor),  James. 
Born  at  Ardsley,  Yorkshire,  1618 :  died  in  Hunt- 
ingdonshire, 1660.  A  Puritan  fanatic.  He  served 
as  quartermaster  In  the  Parliamentary  army  in  1642,  and 
in  1661  became  a  Quaker.  TTnder  the  delusion  that  he 
was  a  reincarnation  of  Christ,  he  entered  Bristol  Oct., 
1666,  on  horseback,  naked,  in  imitation  of  Christ's  entry 
into  Jerusalem.  On  Dec.  16, 1656,  he  was  convicted  of 
blasphemy  by  Parliament.  The  punishment  to  which  he 
was  subjected  brought  about  a  recantation  May  26,  lte7. 

Nazarene  (naz-a-ren').  An  inhabitant  of  Naz- 
areth, a  town  in  Galilee,  Palestine :  a  name 
given  (in  contempt)  to  Jesus  (with  the  definite 
article),  and  to  the  early  converts  to  Christian- 
ity (Acts  xxiv.  5) ;  hence,  a  Christian. 

Nazarenes  (naz-a-renz').  A  sect  of  Jewish 
Christians  whieh'eontinued  to  the  4th  century. 
They  observed  the  Mosaic  ritual,  and  looked  tor  a  millen- 
nium on  earth.  Unlike  the  Ebionites,  they  believed  in  Hie 
divinity  of  Christ.    Bee  EMtmites.    Alao  Najwreans. 

Nazareth  (naz'a-reth),  modern  En-Nasira  (en- 
na-se'ra).  In  ancient  geography,  a  town  in 
Galilee,  Palestine,  in  lat.  32°  42'  N.,  long.  35°  20' 
£.  It  is  celebrated  as  the  dwelling-place  of  Jesus  during 
his  childhood  and  early  manhood.  The  Church  of  the  An- 
nunciation was  founded  by  the  empress  Helena,  but  ruined 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  rebuilt  later.  It  is  well  propor- 
tioned, and,  while  much  of  the  architecture  is  new.  It  pre- 
serves interesting  memorials  of  the  past.  In  the  crypt  is 
the  traditional  place  of  the  Annunciation.  PopulAtion, 
6,000  to  10,000. 

Nazareth.  A  borough  in  Northampton  County, 
Pennsylvania,  56  miles  north  of  Philadelphia. 
It  is  noted  for  its  Moravian  academy.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  2,304. 

Nazarites  (naz'a-nts).  [Prom  Heb.  nazar,  sep- 
arate oneself,  vow,  abstain.]  Among  the  an- 
cient Hebrews,  reli^ous  devotees,  set  apart  to 
the  Lord  by  a  special  vow  the  terms  of  which 
are  carefully  prescribed  in  Num.  vi.  They  in- 
cluded entire  abstinence  from  wine  and  other  intoxicating 
liquors,  from  all  cutting  of  the  hair,  and  from  all  approach 
to  a  dead  body.  The  vow  might  be  taken  either  for  a  lim- 
ited period  or  for  life.  They  first  appear  in  thetimeof  the 
Philistine  oppression. 

Kaze  (naz).  The.  A  cape  at  the  eastern  extrem- 
ity of  Essex,  England,  projecting  into  the  North 
Sea  64  miles  east-northeast  of  London. 

Naze  (na'ze).  The,  or  Lindesnas  (lin'des-nas). 
A  cape  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Norway, 
projecting  into  the  North  Sea  in  lat.  (of  light- 
house) 57°  59'  N.,  long.  7°  3'  E. 

Ndomhe  (ndom'be),  or  Bandombe  (ban-dom'- 
be).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West  Africa, 
living  in  a  low  state  of  culture  along  the  coast 
between  Benguella  and  Mossamedes.  They 
are  pastoral,  and  speak  a  dialect  of  their  own  in 
addition  to  Umbundu. 

Ndonga  (ndong'ga),  or  Ondonga  (on-dong'ga). 
A  country  between  Hereroland  and  the  Ku- 
nene  and  Kuban^o  rivers :  a  fertile  and  healthy 
plateau,  called  Cimbebasia  by  the  Catholic  mis- 
sionaries. The  inhabitants,  of  the  Bantu  race,  have  no 
national  name.  By  the  Hereros  they  are  called  Ovambo, 
and  their  language  Otyambo,  because  they  are  agricul- 
turists, Ndonga  is  the  principal  tribe,  and  its  dialect, 
Oshindonga,  is  used  by  the  whites  and  by  native  strangers 
as  a  general  language.  The  other  tribes  are  ITnkuambi, 
Ong-andyela,  Unkualuze,  Ombalantu,  Ondombozora,  Un- 
kuanyama,  Evale,  Ekanda,  Okazima,  and  Ombandya.  The 
Orasuimba  and  Ovarondo  are  kindred  tribes.  Total  pop- 
ulation, about  100,000,  divided  between  the  German  and 
Portuguese  protectorates.  Finnish  Protestant  and  French 
Catholic  missions  are  successful  among  them. 

NdongO  (ndong'go).    See  Ngola. 

Ndulu  (ndo'lo),  or  Ondulu  (on-d6'18).  A  Bantu 
tribe  of  Angola,  West  Africa,  settled  northeast 
of  Bailundo :  ethnically,  linguistically,  andpolit- 
ically  allied  with  the  Ovimbimdu. 


726 


Nesra  (ne-e'ra).  The  name  of  a  maiden  in 
classical  Latin  pastoral  poetry.  Milton  uses  the 
name  in  "  Lycidas,"^!.  69,— 

To  sport  with  Amaryllis  in  the  shade, 
Or  with  the  tangles  of  Nesera's  hair,— 
it  is  thought  with  reference  to  a  woman  lof  ed  by  the  Scot- 
tish poet  Buchanan,  to  whose  golden  hair  the  latter  makes 
frequent  reference  in  his  poems. 

Neash  (na ;  local  pron.  na'aeh),  Lough.  A  lake 
in  trister,  Ireland,  13  miles  west  ofBeKast.  it 
is  the  largest  lake  in  the  British  Isles.  Its  outlet  is  by  the 
Bann  into  the  North  ChanneL  Length,  16  miles.  Area, 
163  square  miles. 

Neal  (nel),  Daniel.  Bom  at  London,  Dec.  14, 
1678 :  died  at  Bath,  April  4, 1743.  An  English 
historian.  He  was  educated  at  the  Merchant  Taylors' 
School  and  at  the  universities  of  Utrecht  and  Leyden.  In 
1706  he  settled  as  an  independent  clergyman  in  London. 
He  wrote  a  "History  of  Hew  England"  (1720),  and  (his 
chief  work)  the  "  History  of  the  Puritans  "  (1732-38). 

Neal,  David  DoUoff.  Bom  at  Lowell,  Mass., 
Oct.  ^20,  1837.  An  American  figure-painter. 
He  studied  with  Ainmiiller  and  at  the  Hoyal  Academy  at 
Munich,  and  later  with  Alexander  Wagner  and  Piloty. 
He  resides  principally  at  Munich.  Among  his  works  are 
"The  First  Meeting  of  Mary  Stuart  and  Eizzio  "  (1876), "  Oli- 
ver Cromwell  visits  John  Milton"  (1883). 

Neal,  John.  Bom  at  Portland,  Maine,  Aug.  25, 
1793:  died  there,  June  21, 1876.  An  American 
novelist,  poet,  journalist,  and  miscellaneous 
writer.  Among  his  novels  are  "  Seventy-Six" 
(1823),  "Logan"  (1823),  and  "Down-Easters" 
(1833). 

Neal,  Joseph  Clay.  Bom  at  Greenland,  N.  H., 
Feb.  3, 1807 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  July  18, 1847. 
An  American  humorist.  He  edited  the  "  Pennsyl- 
vanian  "  at  Philadelphial831-44.  His  works  were  collected 
in  "  Charcoal  Sketches  "  (1837  and  1849),  and  "  Peter  Ploddy 
and  other  Oddities"  (1844). 

Neale  (nel),  John  Mason.  Bom  at  London, 
Jan.  24,1818:  died  at  East  Grinstead,  England, 
Aug. 6, 1866.  AnEngUshhymnologistandecg^- 
siastical  historian.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  Collie, 
Cambridge,  and  became  warden  of  Sackville  College,  East 
Grinstead,  in  1846.  He  belonged  to  the  extreme  High- 
church  party ;  was  inhibited  by  his  bishop  for  14  years ; 
and  was  burned  in  efflgy  in  1867.  He  founded  the  sister- 
hood of  St.  Margaret.  His  contributions  to  modern  hym- 
nologyare  notable.  He  wrote  "An  Introduction  to  the 
History  of  the  Holy  Eastern  Church"  (1847-61),  "Medie- 
val Hymns  and  Sequences  "  (1851),  "Essays  on  Liturgiol- 
ogy  "  (1863X  "  Mediaeval  Preachers  "  (1867), "  Hymns  of  the 
Eastern  Church  "  (1863),  etc.  He  also  translated  the  me- 
dieval hymn  *'De  contemptu  mundi,"  by  Bernard  of 
Cluny,  in  several  parts,  beginning  "Brief  life  is  here  our 
portion,"  "  Jerusalem  the  Golden,"  etc. 

Neander  (ne-an'd6r;  G.  pron.  na-an'der), 
Joachim.  Som  at  Bremen  about  1650:  died 
there,  1680.    A  German  hymn- writer. 

Neander,  Johann  August  Wilhehn  (original- 
ly David  Mendel).  Bom  at  Gottingen,  Jan. 
16, 1789 :  died  at  BerUn,  July  14, 1850.  A  noted 
German  Protestant  church  historian  and  theo- 
logian, of  Hebrew  descent:  professor  at  Berlin 
from  1813.  His  chief  work  is  "  Allgemeine  Geschichte 
der  christllchen  Religion  und  Kirche  "  ("General  History 
of  the  Christian  B«ligion  and  Church,"  6  vols.  1825-62). 
Among  his  other  works  are  "Geschichte  der  Pflanzung 
und  Leitung  der  Kirche  durch  die  Apostel"  (1832-33),  and 
"Das  Leben  Jesu"  ("Life  of  Jesus,"  1837). 

Neanderthal  (na-an'der-tal).  Avalley between 
Elberf  eld  andDiisseldorf ,  in  Prussia.  It  is  noted 
for  the  prehistoric  skeleton  discovered  there  in 
1857. 

The  celebrated  Neanderthal  skull  (index  72)^  found  near 
Diisseldorf  in  1867,  is  less  human  and  more  simian  in  char- 
acter than  any  other  known  skull,  but  is,  nevertheless, 
classed  byHamy  and  De  Quatrefages  as  belonging  to  their 
Canstadt  type.  Its  precise  age  is  doubtful,  and  it  would 
be  unsafe  to  regard  it  as  the  type  of  a  special  race,  since 
its  characteristics  .  .  .  havebeenoccasionallyreproduced 
in  modern  times.  Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  106. 

NeapoliS  (nf-ap'o-lis) .  [Gr.  JUsdwo^tg,  new  city.] 
In  ancient  geography,  the  name  of  various  cities. 
(a)  The  modem  Naples.  (6)  In  Palestine,  Shec- 
hem  or  Nablus.  (c)  In  Macedonia,  the  seaport 
of  Philippi. 

NearchuS  (nf-ar'kus).  [Gr.  T^iapxo;."]  Bom  in 
Crete:  livedin  the  seoondhalf  of  the  4th  century 
B.  c.  A  Macedonian  officer,  a  friend  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great.  He  was  admiral  of  the  fleet  in  its 
voyage  from  the  mouth  of  the  Indus  to  that  of  the  Eu- 
phrates, 326-324  B.  0.  An  account  of  his  voyage  is  given 
by  Arrian  in  his  work  on  India. 

Neath  (neth).  A  town  in  Glamorganshire,  South 
Wales,  situated  on  the  Neath,  near  its  mouth, 
7mileseast-northeastof Swansea.  Itisamanu- 
facturingandmining center.  Population  (1891), 
11,157. 

Nebaioth.    See  Ndbatseans. 

Nebi  Yunus  (ne-be'  yo'nus).  1.  A  moimd  on 
the  site  of  ancient  Nineveh,  particularly  of  the 
palace  of  Asurbanipal  (668-626  B.  o.).  it  de- 
rives its  name  from  the  belief  of  the  Mohammedans  that 
the  prophet  Jonah  is  buried  there,  the  supposed  site  of 
his  tomb  being  now  occupied  by  a  mosque. 


Necho 

2.  A  place  in  Palestine,  near  the  village  of  Hal« 
hul,  which  is  also  supposed  to  be  the  site  of  the 
tomb  of  Jonah. 
Nebo  (ne'bo).  [Assyro-BabylomanJVofttt.]  One 
of  the  principal  gods  of  the  Babylonians  and 
Assyrians,  son  of  Merodach  (Marduk)  and  hus- 
band of  Tashmet,  the  goddess  who  answers 
prayer.  He  was  particularly  the  god  of  learning,  and 
therefore  the  patron  of  the  priests  and  scribes,  as  he  is 
called  the  "creator  of  tablet-writing,"  the  "wise  god," 
the  "god  of  open  cat's  and  wide  mind."  His  principal 
sanctuary  was  Ezida  'the  eternal  house,*  at  BorBippa(Qie 
temple  described  by  Herodotus  as  that  of  Bel);  but  he  had 
also  in  the  temple  of  Merodach  at  Babylon  (Esagila)  a 
'  magnificently  adorned  chamber.  Like  Merodach,  he  was 
carried  in  procession  through  Babylon  at  the  beginning 
of  the  year.  He  is  mentioned  with  Bel  (i.  e.  Bel-Merodach) 
in  Isa.  xlvl  1. 

Nebo,  Mount,  modern  Jebel  Neba  (jeb'el  na'- 
ba).  In  Bible  geography,  a  summit  of  Abarim, 
Moab  (2,643  feet),  7  miles  northeast  of  the  Bead 
Sea.    It  was  the  place  of  the  death  of  Moses. 

Nebraska  (river).    See  Platte. 

Nebraska  (nf-bras'ka).  One  of  the  Western 
States  of  the  tJnited  States  of  America,  extend- 
ing from  lat.  40°  to  43°  N.,  and  from  long.  95° 
25'  to  104°  W.  Capital,  Lincoln;  chief  city, 
Omaha,  it  is  bounded  by  South  Dakota  (partly  sepa- 
rated by  the  Missouri)  on  the  north,  Iowa  and  Missouri 
(separated  from  both  by  the  Missouri)  on  the  east,  Kansas 
and  Colorado  on  the  south,  and  Colorado  and  Wyoming  on 
the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Platte.  The  surface  is 
rolling.  The  State  is  especially  fertile  in  the  east.  The 
chief  industries  are  agriculture  and  grazing.  It  is  one  of 
the  leading  States  in  the  production  of  com.  It  has  90 
counties,  sends  2  senators  and  6  representatfres  to  Con- 
gress, and  has  8  electoral  votes.  It  formed  part  of  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  and  of  Missouri  Territory ;  was  settled 
at  Bellevue  in  1847 ;  was  made  a  Territory  in  1864  (includ- 
ing portions  of  the  present  North  and  South  Dakotas,  Mon- 
tana, Wyoming,  and  Colorado) ;  and  was  admitted  to  the 
Union  in  1867.  The  name  is  from  that  of  the  river.  Area, 
77,610  square  miles.    Population  (1900),  1,066,300. 

Nebraska  City.  The  capital  of  Otoe  County, 
Nebraska,  situated  on  the  Missouri  40  miles 
south  of  Omaha.     Population  (1900),  7,380. 

Nebuchadnezzar  (ne'b"ii-kad-nez'ar),  or  Neb- 
uchadrezzar (-rez'ar).  '[Babylonian  NaM- 
Jcuduri-ucur,  Nebo  protect  the  boundary.]  King 
of  Babylonia  605-562  b.  c,  the  chief  ruler  of  the 
Neo-Babylonian  empire,  and  one  of  the  great- 
est monarchs  of  the  ancient  world.  He  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  general,  while  still  crown  prince,  in 
the  battle  of  Carchemiah  (which  see)  against  the  Egyptian 
king  Necho  in  606.  On  his  return  from  this  campaign  his 
father,  Nabopolassar,  died,  and  he  was  proclaimed  king. 
His  con(juest  of  Jerusalem  and  Judea  is  described  under 
Bdbylonian  Captivity.  Tyre  he  took  after  a  siege  of  13 
years  (586-672).  He  invaded  Egypt  in  672,  defeated  Hophra 
^Apries),  and  set  Amasis  on  the  throne  in  his  place :  an 
mscription  of  Nebuchadnezzar  informs  us  that  four  years 
afterward  he  had  to  subdue  a  rebeUion  of  Amasis.  Un- 
like most  of  the  Assyrian  conquerors,  Nebuchadnezzar 
devoted  his  energies  to  the  consolidation  of  his  empire. 
The  mighty  canals  and  walls  with  which  he  surrounded 
Babylon,  his  magnificent  palace  (now  represented  by  the 
ruins  of  al-Kasr,  'the  castle"),  the  so-called  "hangmg 
gardens  of  Semiramis"  which  he  had  constructed  tor  Ills 
Median  wife  Amytis  ( Amitu),  his  restoration  of  many  tem- 
ples, especially  Esagila  in  Babylon  and  Ezida  in  Borsippa, 
are  described  in  the  article  Babylon.  A  full  description 
of  the  buildings  he  carried  out  is  given  by  himself  in  a 
long  inscription  comprising  620  lines.  There  is  no  men- 
tion in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  of  Nebuchadnezzar's  in* 
sanity  as  related  in  the  Book  of  Daniel  (iv.  2ett.),  but  it  has  a 
certain  parallel  in  the  narrative  of  Abydenus  (preserved  by 
Eusebius),  according  to  which  the  king  once  ascended  the 
citadel  of  his  palace  and,  inspired  by  a  god,  announced 
the  fall  of  his  empire. 

Nebushazban  (neb-u-shaz'ban).  [Babylonian 
Nalnt-^^zib-atmi,  Nebo  preserve  me.]  The  name 
of  the  captain  of  the  eunuchs  of  Nebuchad- 
nezzar, mentioned  in  Jer.  xxxix.  13. 

Nebnzaradan  (neb-H-zar'a-dan).  [Babylonian 
Ndbiii^z4r4ddina,  Nebo  Has  given  offspring.] 
The  captain  of  the  body-guard  of  Nebuchad- 
nezzar who  in  586  b.  c.  was  left  by  him  in  Judea 
to  finish  the  work  of  destruction,  and,  accord- 
ing to  Jer.  lii.  30,  came  in  582  again  to  Judea 
and  carried  away  745  more  Judean  captives. 

Neches  (nech'ez)  Eiver.  A  river  in  eastern 
Texas  which  flows  into  Sabine  Lake.  Length, 
about  350  miles. 

Necho  II.  (ne'ko),  or  Neku  (ne'k5).  An  Egyp- 
tian king  of  the  26th  dynasty  (about  610-595  or 
599  B.  o. ),  son  of  Psammetichus  I.  He  defeated  Jo- 
siah  at  Megiddo  about  609,  and  was  defeated  by  Nebuchad- 
nezzar at  Carchemish  about  606.  He  sent  a  Phenician  ex- 
pedition to  circumnavigate  Africa. 

In  B.  0.  609  or  608  Neco,  the  son  of  Psamatik  1.,  having 
recently  ascended  the  Egyptian  throne,  made  an  expedi- 
tion into  Syria  with  the  object  of  re-attecblng  to  Egypt 
the  entire  tract  between  the  "  Torrens  JEgypti "  and  the 
Euphrates.  At  first  success  crowned  his  efforts:  Josiah, 
king  of  Judah,  who  had  ventured  to  oppose  him,  was  de- 
feated and  slain  at  Megiddo;  Palestine  was  conquered 
and  placed  under  a  tributary  king  (Jehoiakiin) ;  Syria  was 
overrun,  and  the  E^ptian  dominion  established  over  the 
entire  region  extending  northward  from  ^ypt  to  Amanus, 
and  eastward  to  the  Euphrates  and  Carchemish.    This 


Necho 

tract  remained  under  the  government  of  Neco  for  three 
years  (B,  o.  608-605).  Phoenicia  must  have  Bubmitted  her- 
self.   '  Sawlimmi,  Phoenicia,  p.  165. 

Nechtansmere  (nech'tanz-mer).  A  place  near 
Dumuchen,  Forfarshire,  Scotland.  Here,  in  685, 
the  PictB  totally  defeated  the  Northumbrians  under  Eg- 
frith. 

ITeckax  (nek'kar) .  A  river  in  Wtirtemljerg  and 
Baden:  the  Roman  Nicer,  it  is  one  of  the  chief 
tributaries  of  the  Khlne,  which  it  Joins  at  Mannheim,  and 
is  noted  for  its  romantic  scenery  and  for  the  production 
of  wines  in  Its  valley.  Heidelberg  and  lilbingen  are  on  it. 
Length,  222  miles ;  navigable  for  large  craft  to  Hellbronn. 

Neckar.  On  e  of  the  four  circles  of  Wurtemberg, 
situated  in  the  northwestern  part.  Area,  1,284 
square  miles.    Population  (1890),  665^049. 

Necker  (nek'6r;  F.  pron.  na-kar'),  Jacques. 
Born  at  Geneva,  Sept.  30,  1732:  died  at  Cop- 
pet,  Switzerland,  April  9,  1804.  A  French 
statesman  and  financier.  He  was  for  a  time  a  banker 
at  Paris ;  became  director  of  the  treasury  in  1776,  and  di- 
rector-general of  the  finances  in  1777 ;  resigned  in  1781 ; 
was  recalled  to  office  in  1788 ;  convened  the  States-General 
in  1789 ;  was  dismissed  July  11, 1789 ;  was  recalled  in  1789 ; 
and  finally  resigned  in  Sept.,  1790.  He  published  "  Compte 
rendu"  (1781),  " L' Administration  de  Necker  "  (1791), 
"Du  pouvoir  ex^cutif  "  (1792),  '*De  la  revolution  fran- 
false     (1796),  etc. 

Necker,  Madame  (Susanne  Curcbod).    Bom 

at  Grassier,  Switzerland,  1739 :  died  at  Coppet, 
Switzerland,  May,  1794.  The  wife  of  J.  Necker, 
and  a  leader  in  literary  circles.  She  was  at  one 
time  engaged  to  the  historian  Gibbon. 

Neckham  (nek'am),  Alexander.  Bom  at  St. 
Albans,  Herts,  Sept.,  1157:  died  at  Eempsey; 
Worcestershire,  1217.  An  English  scholar,  fos- 
ter-brother of  Richard  I.  He  was  educated  at  St. 
Albans.  In  1180  he  was  distingalshed  as  a  professor  at 
Paris ;  in  1188  he  became  an  Augustlnlan  canon  at  Ciren- 
cester ;  and  in  1213  he  was  elected  abbot.  He  wrote  sci- 
entific and  grammatical  treatises,  Latin  poems,  theological 
works,  commentaries  on  Aristotle,  etc.  His  name  was 
punned  upon  as  Nequam, 

Necklace,  Diamond.  See  Diamond  Necklace 
Affair. 

Neco.    See  Necho. 

Neden3>S,  or  Nedenes  (na'de-na^).  A  province 
in  southern  Norway.  Area,  3,608  square  mUes. 
Population  (1891),  81,043. 

Neclini  (ne-dem').     See  the  extract. 

During  the  reign  of  Ahmed  III.  (1703-1730)  flourished 
Il^edim,  the  greatest  of  all  the  poets  of  the  old  Ottoman 
schooL  Kedim  has  a  style  that  is  entirely  his  own :  it  is 
altogether  unlike  that  of  any  of  his  predecessors,  whether 
Persian  or  Turkish,  and  no  one  has  ever  attempted  to 
copy  it.  Through  his  ghazels,  which  are  written  with  the 
most  finished  elegance  in  words  of  the  truest  harmony, 
sings  a  tone  of  sprightly  gaiety  and  joyous  lighthearted- 
ness,  such  as  is  not  to  be  found  in  any  other  poet  of  his 
nation.  His  numerous  Irasidas,  while  they  are  more 
graceful,  are  hardly.less  brilliant  than  those  of  Nef  1,  and 
are  at  the  same  time  In  truer  taste  and  less  burdened  with 
obscure  and  far-fetched  conceits.  Little  is  known  re- 
garding Ills  life,  save  that  he  resided  at  Constantinople, 
where  the  Grand  Vezir,  Ibrahim  Pasha,  appointed  him 
custodian  of  the  library  which  he  had  founded,  and  that 
he  was  still  alive  in  1727.     Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  318. 

Nedjed  (ned'jed),  or  Nejd  (nejd).  A  large  re- 
gion in  central  Arabia,  lying  between  Shomer 
on  the  north  and  Dahna  on  the  south.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  a  plateau.  It  is  inhabited  chiefly  by 
Wahhabees.    See  Arabia. 

Ned  Myers.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  published  in 
1843. 

Needham  (ned'am).  A  town  in  Norfolk  County, 
Massachusetts,  11  miles  west-southwest  of  Bos- 
ton.   Population  (1900),  4,016. 

Needles  (ne'dlz).  The.  A  group  of  three  pointed 
rooks  in  the  English  Channel,  west  of  the  Isle 
of  Wight. 

Neefe  (na'fe).  Christian  Gottlieb.  Bom  at 
Chemnitz,  Feb.  5,  1748:  died  Jan.  26, 1798.  A 
German  musician.  His  principal  claim  to  notice  is 
that  he  was  the  instructor  of  Beethoven  at  Bonn. 

Neenah  (ne'na).  A  city  in  Winnebago  County, 
Wisconsin,  situated  on  Fox  River  12  miles 
north  of  Oshkosh.    Population  (1900),  5,954. 

Neer  (nar),  Aart  van  der.  Bom  about  1619: 
died  after  1692.   A  Dutch  landscape-painter. 

Neer,  Eglon  Hendrik  van  der.  Born  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1643:  died  at  Dlisseldorf,  Prussia, 
May  3, 1703.  A  Dutch  painter,  son  of  Aart  van 
der  Neer. 

Neerwinden  (nar'vin-den).  A  village  in  the 
province  of  Liftge,  Belgium,  31  miles  east  by 
south  of  Brussels.  It  is  noted  for  two  battles :  here, 
July  29, 1693,  the  French  under  Luxembourg  defeated  the 
Allies  under  ■WlUiamlll.  of  England  (this  is  also  called  the 
battle  of  Landen);  and  here,  March  18,  1793,  the  Aus- 
trians  under  the  Prince  of  Coburg  defeated  the  French 
under  Dumonriez.  _  -,,«.. 

Nees  von  Esenbeck  (nas  f on  a'zen-bek).  Chris- 
tian Gottfried.  Bom  in  the  Odenwald,  Hesse, 
Feb.  14,  1776:  died  at  Breslau,  Pmssia,  March 
16  1858.  A  German  botanist  and  zoSlogist. 
He'  became  professor  of  ootany  at  Brlangen  in  1818,  at 


727 

Bonn  in  1819,  and  at  Breslau  in  1831.  For  political  rea- 
sons he  was  deprived  of  his  office  in  1852.  Among  his 
works  are  "Handbuch  der  Botanik  "  (1820-21).  and  works 
on  entomology,  philosophy,  etc. 

Nefert  (ne'ffert).  [Egypt.,  'good'  or  'beauti- 
ful.'] An  Egyptian  queen,  wife  of  Amenem- 
hat  II.  A  life-size  statue  of  her,  in  black  gran- 
ite, was  found  in  the  ruins  of  Tanis,Lower  Egypt. 

Nefert  and  Ka-Hotep  (ra-hd'tep).  Two  re- 
markable statues  of  early  Egyptian  art,  in  the 
museum  at  (jizeh,  Egypt.  The  figures  are  seated, 
carved  in  limestone,  painted,  and  with  inlaid  eyes  of  glass 
and  enamel,  the  effect  beiing  strangely  lifelike.  The  prince 
wearsa  simple  loin-cloth,  theprincessaclose-fittingwhlte 
garment  with  an  elaborate  necklace  and  a  diadem.  The 
statues  came  from  the  vestibule  of  a  tomb  at  Meldum. 

Nefertari  (ne-fer-ta'ri)  Aahmes.  [Egypt., 
'beautiful  wife  of  Aahmes.']  An  Egyptian 
queen,  wife  of  Aahmes  I.  Her  mummy-case,  "one 
of  the  largest  and  most  magnificent  ever  discovered,"  is  in 
the  museum  at  Gizeh. 

Not  only  in  the  rock-caves  of  Tflrah  and  Massaarah,  oppo- 
site to  Memphis,  but  also  on  a  number  of  public  monuments 
in  the  interior  of  the  sepulchral  chambers  of  the  Theban 
Necropolis,  has  the  name  of  this  queen  been  preserved, 
surrounded  by  laudatory  inscriptions.  Long  after  her  de- 
cease, this  great  ancestress  of  the  New  Empire  was  ven- 
erated as  a  divine  being,  and  her  image  was  placed  beside 
those  of  the  eternal  inhabitants  of  'the  Egyptian  heaven. 
Brugseh,  Egypt  under  the  Pharaohs,  p.  131. 

Nefi  (nef'e).    See  the  extract. 

During  the  reign  of  Ahmed  I.  (1603-1607),  arose  the  sec- 
ond great  light  of  old  Turkish  poetiy.  This  was  Nefi 
of  Erzeriim,  who  is  as  much  esteemed  for  the  brilliancy  of 
his  kasidas,  or  eulogies,  as  FuzOH  is  for  the  tenderness  of 
his  ghazels.  Like  him,  he  elaborated  a  style  for  himself, 
which  found  many  imitators,  the  most  successful  of  whom 
was  Sabri.  Unfortunately  for  himself,  Nefi  was  an  able 
satirist :  his  scathing  pen  drew  down  uponhim  the  enmity 
of  certain  great  men,  who  prevailed  upon  Sultan  Murad 
IV.  to  sanction  his  execution  (1635). 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  315. 

Negapatam  (neg-a-pa-tam').  A  seaport  in  the 
district  of  Tanjore,  Madras,  British  India,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  10°  45'  N.,  long.  79°  51'  E.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  59,221. 

Negaunee  (ne-glt'ne).  A  citjr  in  Marquette 
County,  Upper  Michigan,  11  mUes  west-south- 
west of  Marquette.  It  is  the  center  of  an  iron- 
mining  district.    Population  (1900),  6,935. 

Negley  (neg'li),  James  Scott.  Born  Deo.  22, 
1826:  died  Aug.  7, 1901.  An  American  general 
in  the  Civil  War.  He  defeated  the  Confederates  at 
Lavergne,  Tennessee,  Oct.  7,  1862,  and  took  part  in  the 
battle  of  Chlckamauga, 

N§grier  (na-gre-a'),  FranQois  Oscar  de.  Bom 
at  Belfort,  1839.  A  French  general,  distin- 
guished in  the  operations  in  Tongking  and 
Annam  1885. 

Negritos  (ne  -  ^e  '  toz).  A  diminutive  dark- 
skinned  negro-like  race  found  in  the  Philippine 
Islands  (of  which  they  seem  to  have  been  the 
original  inhabitants),  and  in  New  Caledonia, 
etc.,  according  to  some  authorities.  The  average 
height  of  the  Negritos  of  the  Philipiilne  Islands  is  about 
4  feet  8  inches.    Also  Negrillos. 

Negro,  Kio.    See  Mio  Negro. 

Negro  race.  A  race  of  which  the  physical  char- 
acteristics are  a  large  and  strong  skeleton,  long 
and  thick  skull,  prognathic  jaWs,  skin  from  dark 
brown  to  black,  woolly  hair,  thick  lips,  and  a 
broad  and  flattened  nose,  it  occupies  in  a  compact 
mass  the  African  continent  south  of  the  Sahara.  The  brown 
races  of  South  Africa,  the  pygmies  of  central  Africa,  and 
the  red-brown  races  of  Sudan,  who  live  in  the  same  area, 
are  comparatively  few  in  number,  or  are  intimately  mixed 
with  the  negro  race.  There  is  no  racial  difference  between 
the  Bantu,  speaking  languages  derived  from  one  mother 
tongue,  and  the  negroes  of  Upper  Guinea  and  the  Sudan, 
who  speak  unconnected  languages ;  nor  is  there  much  dif- 
ference in  customs.  The  non-Bantu  languages  of  the  Up- 
per Guinea  and  Sudan  negroes  are  called,  in  this  work,  the 
Nlgritlc  branch,  and  this  word  is  also  applied  to  the  tribes. 
The  negroes  of  North,  Central,  and  South  America  have 
been  deported  from  Africa.  The  Papuans  and  Nigritos  of 
Australasia,  having  all  or  most  of  the  characteristics  of  the 
African  negroes,  are  classed  by  some  with  these,  by  some 
apart.  See  African  ethnography  and  languages  (under 
Africa),  Bantu,  and  Hotteiaot- Bushmen. 

Negropont.    The  modem  name  of  Euboea. 

Negros  (na'gros).  One  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
situated  north  of  Mindanao.  Length,  about  130 
miles.    Population,  over  200,000. 

Nebavend  (na-ha-vend').  A  place  in  Persia, 
50  miles  south  of  Hamadan,  noted  for  the  bat- 
tle of  641  (642?),  in  which  the  Saracens  totally 
defeated  the  Persians  and  overthrew  the  Per- 
sian kingdom. 

Nebemiah  (ne-he-mi'a).  [Heb.,  'comforted  by 
Yahveh.']  A  Hebrew'cup-bearer  of  Artaxerxes 
Longimanus  of  Persia,  appointed  governor  of 
Judea  444  B.  C.  Herebuilt  the  walls  of  Jerusalem,  and 
restored  the  national  worship.  The  authorship  of  a  part 
of  the  Book  of  Nebemiah  is  ascribed  to  bim. 

Nebemiah,  Book  of.  A  book  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, written  probably  in  part  by  Nehemiah. 
See  the  extract. 


Neleus 

The  book  of  Nehemiah,  or,  as  we  have  now  learned  to 
call  it,  in  accordance  with  the  Hebrew  usage,  the  joint 
book  of  Ezra  and  Nehemiah,  which  in  all  probability  was 
also  one  book  with  Chronicles,  carries  down  the  list  of 
high  priests  as  far  as  Jaddua,  who  was  In  office  at  the 
time  of  Alexander  (Neb.  xii.  11).  The  book,  therefore, 
was  written,  at  the  earliest,  at  the  very  end  of  the  Persian 
period,  though  it  incorporates  earlier  documents,  such  as 
the  autobiography  of  Ezra  and  the  memoir  of  Nehemiah. 
W.  S.  Smith,  O.  T.  in  the  Jewish  Ch.,p.  140. 

Neher  (na'her),  Bembard  von.  Bom  at  Bibe- 
rach,  Wiirtemberg,  Jan.  16, 1806 :  died  at  Stutt- 
gart, Jan.  17, 1886.  A  German  historical  painter. 

Neidhart  von  Reuentbal  (nit'hart  fon  roi'en- 
tal).  Place  and  date  of  birth  unknown:  died 
at  Vienna,  date  unknown.  A  Middle  High  (Ger- 
man lyric  poet  of  the  13th  century.  He  was  a  Ba- 
varian knight,  took  part  in  the  crusade  of  Leopold  II.  of 
Austria  1217-19,  and  subsequently  lived  at  Vienna  at  the 
court  of  Duke  Frederick.  His  principal  poems  are  dance- 
songs.  He  is  the  founder  of  the  popular  lyric  poetry  of 
the  courts — poetry,  namely,  that  found  its  material  in  the 
rude  life  and  manners  of  the  peasants,  who  were  held  up 
to  the  ridicule  of  the  nobles.  His  poems  were  published 
at  Leipsic  in  1858. 

Neilgherry  Hills.    See  Nilgiri  Hills. 

Neill  (nel),  Edward  Duffield.  Bom  at  Phila- 
delphia, Aug.  9, 1823 :  died  at  St.  Paul,  Minn., 
Sept.  26, 1893.  An  American  historian.  Hisworks 
Include  "English  Colonization  of  America"  (1871)  and 
other  works  on  American  colonial  history,  "Concise  His- 
tory of  Minnesota"  (1887),  etc. 

Neilson  (nel'son),  Adelaide.  Bom  at  Leeds, 
Yorkshire, March  3,1848 :  died  at  Paris,France, 
Aug.  15, 1880.  A  noted  English  actress.  Herreal 
name  was  Elizabeth  Ann  Brown,  and,  her  mother  having 
subsequently  married  a  Mr.  Bland,  she  was  known  as 
Lizzie  Bland.  At  the  age  of  17  she  made  her  ddbut  as  Juliet. 
In  1870  she  made  a  conspicuous  success  as  Amy  Bob- 
sart  in  London,  and  by  1878  she  was  the  acknowledged 
queen  of  the  English  stage.  In  1872  she  was  equally  suc- 
cessful at  Booth's  Theater  in  New  York.  She  made  four 
visits  to  America,  her  last  appearance  there  being  on  May 
24, 1880. 

Neilson  (nel'son),  James  Eranmont.    Bom 

near  Glasgow,  June  22,  1792 :  died  at  (Jueen's 
HiU,  Kirkcudbrightshire,  Jan.  18, 1865.  A  Brit- 
ish engineer  and  inventor.  He  invented  the  use 
of  the  hot  blast  in  smelting-fumaces. 

Neipperg  (nip'pero).  Count  Adam  Adalbert 
von.  Bom  April  8, 1775:  died  Feb.  22, 1829.  An 
Austrian  general  and  diplomatist.  He  married 
Maria  Louisa  after  the  death  of  Napoleon  (1821). 

Neisse  (nis'se).  The  name  of  three  rivers  of 
Germany,  principally  in  Silesia.  ((i)Glatzer Neisse, 
joining  the  ()der  36  miles  southeast  of  Breslau.  Lengtii, 
120  miles.  (6)  WUthende  ('Furious ')  Neisse,  joining  the 
Katzbach below Liegnltz.  (c)LausitzerorGorlitzerNeis8^ 
joining  the  Oder  26  miles  south  of  Frankfort-on-the-Oder. 
Length,  140  miles. 

Neisse.  A  fortified  city  in  the  province  of  Si- 
lesia, Prussia,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Biela  and  Glatzer  Neisse,  46  miles  south  by  east 
of  Breslau.  it  was  formerly  the  capital  of  an  ancient  prin- 
cipality of  Neisse ;  repulsed  the  Hussites  in  1428 ;  was  taken 
by  Frederick  the  Great  in  1741,  and  made  a  strong  fortress ; 
was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Austrians  in  1768  ;  and 
was  taken  by  the  French  June  16, 1807.  Population  (1890), 
22,444. 

Neith  (ne'ith),  or  Net  (net).  [Gr.  N^^,  Egypt. 
Net.'i  In  Egyptian  mythology,  a  lofty  personi- 
fication of  the  female  principle,  the  mother  of 
the  sun,  unbegotten.  She  was  the  chief  divinity  of 
Sais,  single,  supreme,  and  self-producing.  She  was  identi- 
fied by  the  Greeks  with  Athene.  She  was  represented  as  a 
woman  wearing  the  crown  of  Lower  Egypt. 

Neiva,  or  Neyva  (na'e-va) .  A  town  in  the  Re- 
public of  Colombia,  situated  on  the  Magdalena 
125  mUes  southwest  of  Bogotd.  Population 
(1886),  about  10,000. 

Nejd.    See  Nedjed. 

Nekayah,  Princess.  The  sister  of  Rasselas,  in 
Johnson's  work  of  that  name. 

NekrassofF,  orNekrasoff  (nek-ra'sof ),  Nikolai 
Alexeivitch.  Bom  in  the  government  of  Ya- 
roslaff,  Russia,  Nov.  22  (O.  S.),  1821 :  died  at 
St.  Petersburg,  Dec.  27 (0.  S.),  1877.  A  distin- 
guished Russian  poet.  He  was  educated  at  the  cadet 
school  at  St,  Petersburg,  He  was  editor  of  "The  Con- 
temporary "  and  "The  Annals  of  the  Country."  In  1840  he 
published  "Dreams  and  Elves,"  a  small  volume  of  poems, 
most  of  which  had  already  appeared  in  "  The  Annals  of 
the  Ckiuntiy"  and  other  journals.  His  poems  are  pub- 
lished in  6  volumes.  Among  them  are  "  Red-nosed  Frost " 
(1863X  "To  Whom  is  Life  in  Kussia  Worth  Living?"  (the 
last  canto  of  which,  owing  to  the  censor,  was  not  published 
till  1881),  and  "Kussian  Women."  He  was  essentially  a 
poet  of  the  people. 

Nelaton  (na-la-t6h'),  Augnste.  Bom  at  Paris, 
June  17,  1807 :  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  21, 1873.  A 
noted  French  surgeon,  professor  in  the  medical 
faculty  of  the  University  of  Paris  1851-67.  His 
chief  work  is  "Elements  depathologie  chirurgicale  "  ("  Ele 
ments  of  Surgical  Pathology,"  1844-60). 

Neleus  (ne'lus).  [Gr.  Sr/levg.']  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a  son  of  Poseidon  and  Tyro,  founder 
and  king  of  Pylus  in'Messenia.  He  was  the 
father  of  Nestor. 


Nellore 

Nellore  (ne-16r'),  or  Nellur  (ne-16r').  1.  A 
district  in  Madras,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  14°  30'  N.,  long.  80°  E.  Area,  8,765  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  1,463,736.-2.  The 
capital  of  the  district  of  Nellore,  situated  on  the 
Pennair  95  miles  north  by  west  of  Madras.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  29,336. 

Nelson  (nel'son).  A  name  given  to  the  river 
Saskatchewan  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course. 

Nelson,  A  seaport  at  the  northern  end  of  South 
Island,  New  Zealand,  situated  in  lat.  41°  15'  S., 
long.  173°  17'B.  (lighthouse).  Population(1889), 
7,733. 

Nelson,  Horatio,  first  Viscount  Nelson.  Bom 
at  Bumham-Thorpe,  Norfolk,  England,  Sept. 
29,  1758:  died  on  board  the  Victory  at  Tra- 
falgar, Oct.  21, 1805.  A  celebrated  English  ad- 
miral. He  entered  the  navy  in  1770,  and  was  made  post- 
captain  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  serving  in  the  American 
war.  At  the  declaration  of  war  with  France  in  179^  he 
was  made  captain  of  the  Agamemnon  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, serving  first  under  Lord  Hood  and  afterward 
Qnder  Admiral  Hotham.  On  Feb,  14, 1797,  under  Admiral 
Jervis  (later  Lord  St.  Vincent),  he  fought  in  the  battle  off 
Cape  St.  Vincent.  In  May,  1798,  he  was  sent  by  Lord  St. 
Vincent  to  intercept  Napoleon's  expedition  to  Egypt.  In 
this  he  failed,  but  destroyed  the  Trench  fleet  at  anchor 
in  the  harbor  of  Abukir,  Aug.  1-2.  Ibis  engagement  is 
called  "the  battle  of  the  Nile."  He  retired  to  Naples, 
where  he  became  involved  in  political  complications  and 
in  an  Intrigue  with  the  wife  of  Sir  William  Hamilton, 
British  envoy  to  Naples.  In  1800  he  returned  to  England 
and  was  made  vice-admiral  and  a  peer.  The  battle  of 
Copenhagen  was  fought  April  2, 1801,  in  order  to  destroy 
the  coalition  of  the  northern  powers  known  as  the  (second) 
Armed  Neutrality,  Nelson  was  made  a  viscount  after 
Copenhagen.  The  French  fleet  under  Admiral  Villeneuve 
left  Toulon  in  March,  1805,  and  sailed  to  the  West  Indies 
with  the  intention  of  drawing  off  the  English  fleet  and 
returning  to  support  Napoleon's  projected  invasion  of  Eng- 
land. Nelson  followed,  and,  after  Napoleon's  plan  had 
been  thwarted  b.v  the  hesitancy  of  Villeneuve,  fought  the 
French-Spanish  fleet  o£f  Cape  Trafalgar,  Oct.  21, 1805,  He 
hoisted  the  signal  '*  England  expects  that  every  man  will 
do  his  duty"  at  the  beginning  of  this  fight. 

Nelson,  Samuel.  Born  at  Hebron,  N,  Y,,  Nov. 
10,  1792 :  died  at  Cooperstown,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  13, 
1873.  An  American  jurist.  He  was  associate  jus- 
tice of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  of  New  York  1831-37, 
and  chief  justice  1837-45 ;  associate  justice  of  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court  1845-72 ;  and  a  member  of  the  joint 
high  commission  to  settle  the  Alabama  claims  in  1871. 

Nelson,  Thomas.  Born  at  Yorktown,  Va.,  Dee. 
26, 1738:  died  in  Hanover  County,  Jan.  4, 1789. 
An  American  patriot,  signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  in  1776  as  delegate  to  Congress 
from  Virginia.  He  served  in  the  Bevolutionary 
War,  and  became  governor  of  Virginia  in  1781. 

Nelson.William.  Bom  at  MaysviUe,  Ky. ,  1825 : 
killed  at  Louis viUe,  Ky,,  Sept.  29,  1862.  An 
American  general  in  the  Civil  War,  He  entered  the 
navy  in  1840,  and  was  promoted  lieutenant-commander  in 
1861,  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he  organized 
camps  in  Kentucky  for  mustering  Union  soldiers, '  He  was 
made  brigadier-general  in  1861 ;  commanded  the  second 
division  of  Buell's  army  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh ;  and  after- 
ward took  command  of  Louisville,  He  was  made  major- 
general  of  volunteers  in  July,  1862,  He  was  shot  and  kUled 
in  an  altercation  with  General  Jefferson  C,  Davis, 

Nelson  Monument,  A  Corinthian  column  of 
granite,  145  feet  high,  on  a  square  pedestal, 
standing  in  Trafalgar  Square,  London,  it  bears 
a  statue  of  the  admir^  17  feet  high,  and  on  the  sides  of 
the  pedestal  are  bronze  reliefs  portraying  his  chief  exploits. 
Around  the  column  are  placed  four  colossal  reposing  lions 
in  bronze,  by  Landseer. 

Nemausus  (ne-ma'sus).  The  Eoman  name  of 
Nimes. 

Nemea  (ne'me-a).  [Grr.  'Ne/^a.2  In  ancient 
geography,  a  valley  in  Argolis,  Greece,  11  miles 
southwest  of  Corinth,  it  is  noted  as  the  scene  of 
the  Nemean  games,  and  in  legend  as  the  haunt  of  the 
Nemean  lion. 

Nemean  games  (ne'mf-an  or  ne-me'an  gamz). 
One  of  the  four  great  national  iestivals  of  the 
ancient  Greeks  (the  others  being  the  Olympian, 
Pythian,  and  Isthmian  games).  These  games  were 
celebrated  at  Nemea  in  the  second  and  fourth  years  of  each 
Olympiad,  near  the  temple  of  the  Nemean  Zeus,  some 
(Doric)  columns  of  which  are  still  standing.  According 
to  the  mythological  story,  the  games  were  instituted  in 
memory  of  the  death  of  the  young  hero  Archemorus  or 
Opheltes  by  the  bite  of  a  serpent,  as  the  expedition  of 
"  the  Seven  against  Thebes  "  was  passing  through  the  place. 
The  victor's  garland  at  the  Nemean  games  was  made  of 
parsley. 

Nemesianus  (ne"'me-si-a'nus),  Marcus  Aure- 
lius  Olympius.  Bom  probably  at  Carthage: 
Uved  at  the  close  of  the  3d  century.  A  Eoman 
poet.  Fragments  of  his  "Cynegetioa"  have 
been  edited  by  Haupt  (1838), 

In  the  time  of  Cams  and  his  sons,  M,  Aurelins  Olympius 
Nemesianus  of  Carthage  wrote  his  didactic  poem  on  the 
chase  (Cynegetica),  the  first  326  lines  of  which  have  come 
down  to  us.  !niey  exhibit  fluency,  ease,  and  command  of 
langoage  in  the  traditional  style,  the  technique  being  in 
the  main  the  same  as  in  the  four  wordy  eclogues  by  this 
author,  in  which  he  has  taken  as  his  pattern  Calpnmius's 


728 

bucolic  essay,  but  proves  considerably  inferior  even  to  this 
very  mediocre  model. 

Teuffeland  Schwabe,  Hist,  of  Roman  Lit.  (tr.  byWarrX 

[II.  289, 

Nemesis  (nem'e-sis).  [Gr.  TSifieaic.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  goddess  personifying  allotment, 
or  the  divine  distribution  to  every  man  of  his 
precise  share  of  fortune,  good  and  bad.  it  was 
her  especial  function  to  see  that  the  proper  proportion  of 
individual  prosperity  was  preserved,  and  that  anyone  who 
became  too  prosperous,  or  was  too  much  uplifted  by  his 
prosperity,  should  be  reduced  or  punished ;  she  thus  came 
to  be  regarded  as  the  goddessof  divine  retribution.  Some- 
times Nemesis  was  represented  as  winged  and  with  the 
wheel  of  fortune,  or  borne  in  a  chariot  drawn  by  griSlns, 
and  confounded  with  Adxasteia,  the  goddess  of  the  inevi- 
table, 

Nemesins  (ne-me'si-us).  [Gr.  Nefticnog.']  Lived 
in  the  last  part  of  the  4th  century,  A  theo- 
logian, bishop  of  Emesa:  author  of  a  Greek 
treatise  "On  the  Nature  of  Man," 

Nemetes  (ne-me'tez).  [L.  (Csesar)  Nemetes, 
Gr.  (Ptoleiny)  'SeiiiJToi:  of  Gallic  origin.]  A 
German  tribe,  first  mentioned  by  Csssar  as  in 
the  army  of  Aliovistus.  They  were  situated  at 
the  left  side  of  the  middle  Rhine,  east  of  the  Vosges,  in 
the  region  about  Spires,  where  they  still  remained  after  the 
defeat  of  Ariovistus  (B.  0. 68).  They  were  probably  merged 
ultimately  in  the  Alamanni. 

Nemi  (na'me),  Lake  of.  A  small  lake  17  miles 
southeast  of  Eome,  noted  for  its  beauty:  the 
ancient  Lacus  Nemorensis.  It  is  an  extinct 
crater  in  the  Alban  Mountains. 

Nemo(ne'm6).  [L., 'no  one.']  The  signature  of 
Hablot  Knight  Browne  to  the  first  two  plates 
illustrating  the  "Pickwick  Papers,"  which  he 
afterward  changed  to  "Phiz." 

Nemours  (n6-m6r'),  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Marne,Prance,ontheLoing45miles 
south-southeast  of  Paris.    Pop.  (1891),  4,507. 

Nemours,  Due  de  (Gaston  de  Foix).  Bom  in 
1489 :  died  April  11, 1512.  A  celebrated  French 
general.  He  was  the  son  of  Jean  de  Foix,  vicomte  de 
Karbonne,  and  Marie  d'Orl^ans,  sister  of  Louis  XIL  He 
was  created  due  de  Nemom-s  in  1605,  In  1512  he  con- 
ducted a  brilliant  campaign  against  the  Spaniards  in  Italy, 
and  was  killed  in  the  pursuit  after  a  great  victory  won  by 
him  at  Ravenna,  April  11, 1512, 

Nemours,  Due  de  (Prince  Louis  Charles  Phi- 
lippe Raphaeld'0rl6ans),  Bom  at  Paris,  Oct. 
25, 1814 :  died  at  Versailles,  June  25, 1896.  The 
second  son  of  Louis  Philippe.  He  served  as  gen- 
eral in  the  French  army,  and  took  part  in  the  expedi- 
tions against  Constantine  (Algeria)  1836-37.  From  1848 
to  1870  he  lived  in  England,  and  from  1870  to  1888  in 
France.  He  was  expelled  from  the  army  in  1886,  He 
Uved  subsequently  in  Belgium, 

Nemours,  Ediet  of.  A  treaty  concluded  in  1585 
at  Nemours,  between  Henry  HI.  and  the  chiefs 
of  the  League. 

Nen  (nen),  orNene  (nen).  A  river  in  the  eastern 
counties  of  England.  It  flows  into  the  Wash  9  miles 
west-northwest  of  King's  Lynn,    Length,  90-100  miles, 

Nena  Sahib.    See  Nana  Sahib. 

Nenagh  (ne'na;  local  prou.  ne'naoh).  A  town 
in  County  Tipperary,  Ireland,  situated  22  miles 
northeast  of  Limerick.  Population  (1891),  4,722. 

Nennius  (nen'i-us).  The  reputed  author  of  the 
"Historia  Britonum,"  written  probably  in  the 
9th  centuiy. 

Neoplatonists  (ne-o-pla'to-nists).  ['NewPla- 
tonists.']  The  believers  in  a  system  of  phil- 
osophical and  religious  doctrines  and  principles 
which  originated  in  Alexandria  with  Ammonius 
Saceas  inthe  3d  century,  and  was  developed  by 
Plotinus,  Porphyiy,  lambUchus,  Hypatia,  Pro- 
clus,  and  others  in  the  3d,  4th,  and  5th  cen- 
turies. The  system  was  composed  of  elements  of  Plato- 
nism  and  Oriental  beliefs,  and  in  its  later  development  was 
influenced  by  the  philosophy  of  Philo,  by  Onosticismj  and 
by  Christianity.  Its  leading  representative  was  Plotmus. 
His  views  were  popularized  by  Porphyry  and  modified  in 
the  direction  of  mysticism  by  lamblichus.  Considerable 
sympathy  with  Neoplatonism  in  its  earlier  stages  was 
shown  by  several  eminent  Christian  writers,  especially  in 
Alexandria,  such  as  St.  Clement,  Origen,  etc.  The  last 
Neoplatonic  schools  were  suppressed  in  the  6th  century. 

Neoptolemus  (ne-op-tol'e-mus),  or  Pyrrhus 
(pir'us).  [Gr.  NeoTrrd/le/iOf.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a  son  of  Achilles  and  Deidameia  (or,  according 
to  some,  Iphigenia) :  one  of  the  heroes  of  the 
Trojan  war.  He  was  one  of  the  band  which  was  con- 
cealed in  the  wooden  horse  by  means  of  which  the  city 
was  captured,  slew  Priam,  and  married  Andromache,  the 
wife  of  Hector.  He  was  later  in  Epirus,  where  he  carried 
ofE  Lanaasa,  a  granddaughter  of  Hercules,  and  plundered 
the  temple  of  Apollo  at  DelphL  He  married  Hermione. 
At  Delphi  he  was  worshiped  as  a  hero,  and  was  said  to 
have  protected  that  shrine  from  the  Goths, 

Neoptolemus.  Killed  about  321  b.  c.  A  Mace- 
donian general  in  the  service  of  Alexander  the 
Great. 

Neosho  (ne-o'sho).  A  river  in  southeastern 
Kansas  arid  Indian  Territory,  which,  joins  the 
Ai'kansas  near  Fort  Gibson.  Length,  300-400 
mUes. 


N^rac 

Neot  (ne'ot  or  net).  Saint.  A  hermit  of  the  9th 
century,  whose  life,  written  by  a  monk  of  the 
abbey  of  St.  Neot,  is  thought  to  have  furnished 
material  for  the  history  of  Alfred. 

The  St.  Neot  mentioned  in  this  argument  was  a  kinsman 
of  King  Alfred's  who,  first  bred  to  arms,  renounced  the 
the  world,  taught  at  Glastonbury,  visited  Rome,  and  desir- 
ing pious  solitude  became  a  hermit  in  the  woods  of  Corn- 
wall. After  seven  years  he  visited  the  Pope  again,  returned 
to  his  hermitage,  converted  it  into  a  small  monastic  house 
of  which  he  was  the  first  abbot,  where  also  he  is  said  tO' 
have  been  sometimes  visited  by  Alfred,  and  died  in  877. 
In  974  his  bones  were  carried  to  the  newly-founded  mon- 
astery of  St.  Neot's,  Huntingdonshire,  and  after  that  date 
his  life  was  written.         Uorley,  English  Writers,  II.  295. 

Nepal  (ne-p41'),  or  Nipal  (ne-pai'),  or  Nepaul 
(ne-pS,r).  A  country  in  Asia,  situated  mainly 
on  the  southern  slope  of  the  Himalaya  system. 
Capital,  Khatmandu.  it  is  bounded  by  Tibet  on  th» 
north,  Sikhim  on  the  east,  and  British  India  on  the  south 
and  west.  It  is  governed  by  a  maharaja  and  prime  minis- 
ter. The  ruling  people  are  the  Ghurkas.  The  religion  is. 
Buddhism  (blended  with  Hinduism)  and  Hinduism.  Ne. 
pal  was  conquered  by  the  Hindus  in  the  14th  century,  and 
by  the  Ghurkas  in  the  18th  century,  and  was  at  war  with 
the  British  in  1814-15,  Area,  about  64,000  square  miles. 
Population,  estimated,  2,000.000-3,000,000, 

Nephele  (nef 'e-le).  [Gr.  ^etpiln,  a  cloud.]  In 
Greek  legend,  the  wife  of  Athamas  and  mother 
of  Phrixus  and  Helle. 

Nephelococcygia  (nefe-lo-kok-sij'i-a),  [Gr. 
Ne(peh}KOKKvyia,  Cuckootown-in-the-clouds.]  A 
fictitious  city,  referred  to  in  the  "Birds"  by 
Aristophanes. 

Nepomuk  (na'p6-m6k).  Saint  John  of.  Bom  at 
Pomuk,  Bohemia :  thrown  into  the  Moldau  in 
1393  (in legend  1383).  A  Bohemian  ecclesiastic,, 
patron  saint  of  Bohemia. 

Nepos  (ne'pos),  Cornelius.  Bom  probably  at 
Verona,  Italy :  lived  in  the  1st  century  b.  c.  A 
Eoman.  historian,  a  friend  of  Cicero.  See  the 
extract. 

His  life  may  be  said  to  fall  between  655/99  and  730/24. 
Besides  erotic  poems,  three  books  of  Chronica  were  bis- 
earliest  work,  but  he  seems  also  to  have  written  a  geo- 
graphical treatise.  His  other  writings  show  that  he  was 
influenced  by  Varro,  for  they  were  directed  to  the  history 
of  manners  and  customs  and  had  a  biographical  and  moral 
tendency.  In  this  way  he  wrote  five  books  of  Exempla, 
and  the  elaborate  biographies  of  Cato  the  Elder  and  Ci- 
cero, and  especially  his  last  and  most  comprehensive  work, 
"  De  viris  illustribus, "  in  atleaat  sixteen  books,  in  which  the: 
lives  of  Romans  and  foreigners  were  placed  in  parallell 
juxtaposition.  The  parts  of  it  which  we  possess,  the  work: 
"Deexcellentibusducibusexterarum  gen tium,"and  the  bi- 
ographies of  Cato  and  of  Atticus  (being  an  extract  from  his. 
work  "De  historicis  latinis'O,  are  often  more  valuable  for 
their  lucidity  of  arrangement  unpretentious  tone,  and  fair 
and  sympathetic  judgments ;  but  they  hardly  attain  even 
a  moderate  level  of  accuracy  and  trustworthiness  as  his- 
torical essays,  and  are  equally  inferior  in  style,  owing  to- 
the  frequency  of  popular  and  colloquial  idioms, 

Teuffel  wnd  Schwabe,  Hist,  of  Rom,  Lit,  (tr.  by  Warr),, 

ft.  341. 

Nepos,  Julius.  Killed  at  Salona,  Dalmatia,  480. 
Emperor  of  the  West  474r-475.  He  was  appointed! 
emperor  by  Leo  I.,  emperor  of  the  East,  He  wasdefeatedi 
and  deposed  by  Orestes,  who  raised  his  own  son  Romulus, 
Augustulus  to  the  throne. 

Neptune  (nep'tun).  [FromL.  Nepturms,  a  sea- 
god.]  1.  In  Eoman  mythology,  the  god  of  the- 
sea,  who  came  to  be  identified  by  the  Eomans- 
themselves  with  the  Greek  Poseidon,  whose 
attributes  were  transferred  by  the  poets  to  the^ 
ancient  Latin  deity,  in  art  Neptune  is  usually  repre- 
sented as  a  bearded  man  of  stately  presence,  with  the  tri- 
dent as  his  chief  attribute,  and  the  horse  and  the  dolphin> 
as  symbols. 

3.  The  outermost  known  planet  of  the  solar 
system,  and  the  third  in  volume  and  mass,  but 
invisible  to  the  naked  eye.  It  was  discovered  in  the- 
autumn  of  1846,  Uranus,  the  planet  next  to  Neptune,  re- 
volving about  the  sun  in  84  years,  was  discovered  in  1781, 
but  observations  of  it  as  a  fixed  star  were  scattered  through- 
the  18th  century.  In  1S21  Bouvard  found  that  the  ob- 
servations could  not  be  satisfied  by  any  theory  based  on 
the  gravitation  of  known  bodies,  and  hinted  at  an  undis- 
covered planet.  During  the  following  20  years  further  ob- 
servations satisfied  astronomers  that  such  a  planet  must- 
exist.  To  find  its  position  was  the  problem  which  two 
mathematicians,  J,  C.  Adams  in  England  and  U.  J.  J.  Le- 
verrier  in  France,  set  themselves  to  solve  by  mathematics. 
The  calculations  of  Leverrier  assigned  to  it  a  position 
within  the  boundaries  of  a  not  very  large  region.  In  con- 
sequence of  the  indications  of  Adams,  the  astronomer- 
Challis  observed  the  star  Aug.  4  and  12, 1846,  but,  neglect- 
ing to  work  up  his  observations,  failed  to  recognize  it  as  a. 
planet ;  while,  in  consequence  of  the  indications  of  Le- 
verrier, Galle  of  Berlin  discovered  Neptune  Sept,  23, 1846, 
A  satellite  to  Neptuue  was  detected  In  Oct,,  1846,  by  Las- 
sell:  its  period  of  revolution  is  6d,  21h.  8m.,  and  its  maxi- 
mum elongation  18'^  The  name  Neptune  was  conferred 
b^  Encke,  The  diameter  of  the  planet  is  37,000-mileB ;  its 
distance  from  the  sun  is  about  2,800,000,000  miles;  and  its 
period  of  revolution  is  about  164  years, 

NeO[Uam.    See  Neckham. 

Nera  (na'ra) ,  A  small  river  in  Italy,  a  tributary 
of  the  Tiber.    Terni  is  situated  on  it. 

NSrac  (na-rak').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Lot-et-Garonne,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Baise' 


N6rac 

65  miles  soutlieast  of  Bordeaux.  Before  its  capture 
by  Louis  XIII.  It  was  important  as  a  Huguenot  center. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  «,909. 

Nerbudda  (ner-bud'da),  better  Narbada  (nar- 
ba'da),  orNarmada'i^nar-ma'da).  A  river  of 
Indi  a  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of 'Cambay  about 
lat.  21°  35'N.  It  is  one  of  the  most  sacred  rivers 
of  India.  Length,  about  800  miles ;  navigable 
about  90  miles. 

Nerbudda.  A  division  of  the  Central  Provinces, 
British  India.  Area,  17,513  square  mUes.  Pop- 
lalation  (1881),  1,763,105. 

Kereids  (ne're-idz).  In  Greek  mythology,  sea- 
nymphs,  the  daughters  of  Nereus  (whence  the 
name)  and  Doris,  generally  spoken  of  as  fifty 
m  number.  The  most  famous  among  tliem  were  Am- 
phitrite,  Tlietis,  and  Galatea.  The  Nereids  were  beautiful 
maidens  helpful  to  voyagers,  and  constituted  the  main  body 
of  the  female,  as  the  Tritons  did  of  the  male,  followers  of 
Poseidon  or  Neptune.  They  were  imagined  as  dancing, 
singing,  playing  musical  instruments,  wooed  by  the  Tri- 
tons, and  passing  in  long  processions  over  the  sea  sea,ted 
on  hippocamps  and  other  sea-monsters.  Monuments  of 
ancient  art  represent  them  lightly  draped  or  nude,  in  poses 
characterized  by  undulating  lines  harmonizing  with  those 
of  the  ocean,  and  often  riding  on  sea- monsters  of  fantastic 
forms. 

Nereid  Friezes.  Four  friezes  from  the  Nereid 
monument  at  Xanthus  in  Lycia,  now  in  the 
British  Museum.  The  widest  frieze  represents  a  battle 
between  Greelts  and  Asiatics ;  the  others  represent  epi- 
sodes of  war,  the  chase,  banquet,  and  sacrifice. 

Nereus  (ne'riis).  [Gr.  N)?p£tif.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a  sea-god,  son  of  Pontus  andGsea,  hus- 
band of  Doris,  and  father  of  the  fifty  Nereids. 

Nergal  (nSr'gal).  One  of  the  twelve  great  gods 
of  the  Babylonians  and  Assyrians,  mentioned  in 
2  Ki.  xvii.  30  as  the  deity  of  Cuthah,  a  statement 
fully  confirmed  by  the  ouneiform  inscriptions. 
See  Cuthah,  He  is  primitively,  like  Adar,  the  sun-god 
in  his  destructive  aspect.  This  is  supposed  to  be  expressed 
inhisname,  lfergal(Akl£adianAVMn4-3aO,'lordofthegreat 
city,'  i,  e.  the  grave.  Both  were,  however,  chiefly  consid- 
ered as  the  divinities  of  war  and  the  chase.  Nergal  was 
represented  under  the  symbol  of  colossal  lions,  which 
guarded  the  entrance  of  the  Assyro-Babylonian  temples 
and  palaces. 

Nergalstaarezer  (n6r'gal-sha-re'z6r).  [Babylo- 
nian Nergal-shar-ugw,  Nergal  protect  the  kin^.] 
1 .  The  name  of  a  Babylonian  general  (Jer.  xxxix. 
3)  and  of  a  chief  of  the  Magi  (Jer.  xxxix.  3,  13). 
—  3.  A  Babylonian  king  who  ruled  560-556 b.  o., 
between  Evil  Merodaeh  and  Nabonidus.  He 
was  son-in-law  of  Nebuchadnezzar. 

Neri  (na're),  Filippo  de'  (Saint  Philip  Neri). 
Bom  at  Florence,  July  22,  1515 :  died  at  Kome, 
May  25, 1595.  An  Italian  ecclesiastic,  noted  as 
the  founder  of  the  Congregation  of  the  Oratory. 
He  was  canonized  in  1622. 

Neri  (na're),  The.  [It.,  'the  Blacks.']  See 
Bianchi. 

Nerissa  (nf-ris'sa).  A  character  in  Shakspere's 
play  "The  Merchant  of  Venice":  the  clever 
companion  and  attendant  of  Portia,  who  mimics 
her  mistress  with  a  good  deal  of  adroitness. 

Nero  (ne'ro)  (originallyLuciusDomitius  Ahe- 
nobarbus,  later  Nero  Claudius  Caesar  Dru- 
SUS  Germanicus).  Born  at  Antium,  Italy,  Dec. 
15, 37  A.  D. :  committed  suicide  near  Borne,  June 
9,  68.  Roman  emperor  54-68,  son  of  Domitius 
Ahenobarbus  and  Agrippina  (daughter  of  Ger- 
manicus). He  was  adopted  by  his  stepfather,  the  em- 
peror Claudius,  in  50,  and  in  53  married  Octavia,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Claudius  by  KCessalina.  In  54  Claudius  was  poi- 
soned by  Agrippina,  who  caused  her  son  to  be  proclaimed 
to  the  exclusion  of  Britannicus,  the  son  of  Claudius.  His 
former  tutors,  the  philosopher  Seneca  and  Burrus,  com- 
mander of  the  pretorian  guards,  were  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  government,  and  the  early  years  of  his  reign  were 
marked,  on  the  whole,  by  clemency  and  justice.  He  caused 
his  rival  Britannicus  to  be  removed  by  poison  in  56.  In 
59  he  procured  the  assassination  of  his  mother,  of  whose 
control  he  had  become  impatient.  Burrus  died  in  62, 
whereupon  Seneca  retired  from  public  life.  Freed  from 
the  restraint  of  his  former  advisers,  he  gave  free  rein  to 
a  naturally  tyrannical  and  cruel  disposition.  He  divorced 
Octavia  in  order  to  marry  Poppsea,  and  shortly  afterward 
put  Octavia  to  death  (62).  Poppsaa  ultimately  died  from 
the  effects  of  a  kick  administered  by  her  brutal  husband. 
Having  been  accused  of  kindling  the  fire  which  in  64  de- 
stroyed a  large  part  of  Bome,  he  sought  to  divert  attention 
from  himself  by  ordering  a  persecution  of  the  Cliristians, 
whom  he  accused  of  having  caused  the  conflagration.  He 
put  Seneca  to  death  in  66,  and  66-68  visited  Greece,  where 
he  competed  for  the  prizes  as  a  musician  and  charioteer  in 
the  religious  festivals.  He  was  overthrown  by  a  revolt 
under  Galba,  and  stabbed  himself  to  death  with  the  assis- 
tance of  his  secretary. 

But  the  imperial  Eeign  of  Terror  was  limited  to  a  com- 
paratively small  number  of  families  in  Eome.  The  prov- 
inces were  undoubtedly  better  governed  than  in  the  later 
days  of  the  Eepublic,  and  even  in  Eome  itself  the  common 
people  strewed  flowers  on  the  grave  of  Nero. 

Eodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  6. 

Nero,  Oaius  Claudius.    A  Roman  consul  207 
B.C.  He  marched  against  Hasdrubal,  and  (with 


729 

Livius)  defeated  hiiin  in  the  battle  of  the  Metau- 
rus  in  207. 

Nero,  Emperor  of  Bome.  A  tragedy  by  Na- 
thaniel Lee,  pioduced  in  1675. 

Nero  of  the  North.  A  name  given,  on  account 
of  his  cruelty,  to  Christian  H.,  king  of  Denmark 
and  Norway  (and  in  his  early  years  of  Sweden). 

Ndrou  (na-r6h').  An  opera  by  Rubinstein,  pro- 
duced at  Hamburg  in  1879. 

Nero's  Persecution  of  Christians.  A  painting 

by  W.  von  Kaulbach.  The  emperor  stands  with  a 
company  of  kindred  spirits  on  a  terrace  in  his  gardens,  re- 
ceiving homage  as  a  god,  while  a  group  of  elderly  men 
and  another  of  German  soldiers  look  on  with  sorrow.  In 
the  foreground  a  body  of  Christians  is  undergoing  martyr- 
dom, among  them  St.  Peter,  crucified  head  down,  and  St. 
Paul,  who  breaks  from  his  executioner  and  makes  a  pas- 
sionate protest  against  the  outrages  being  enacted. 

Nertchinsk  (ner-chinsk')-  A  town  in  Trans- 
baikalia, Russia,  situated  on  the  Nertcha  about 
lat.  52°  N.  The  treaty  of  Nertchinsk,  regulating  the 
boundary  between  China  and  Eussia,  was  signed  here  in 
1689.    Population,  4,635. 

Nertchinskii-Zavod  (ner-chin'skiy-za-vod').  A 
town  in  Transbaikalia,  Siberia,  situated  near 
the  Argun  about  140  miles  east-southeast  of 
Nertchinsk.  It  is  the  center  of  a  silver-  and 
gold-mining  region. 

Nerthus  (ner'thus).  According  to  Tacitus,  a 
German  goddess  of  fertility  and  growth :  also 
called  Hertha.  The  seat  of  her  worship  was 
an  island  which  has  not  been  identified. 

Nerva  (nfer'va),  Marcus  Cocceius.  Bom  32 
A.  D. :  died  Jan.  27,  98.  Roman  emperor  96-98. 
He  was  consul  with  Vespasian  in  71  and  with  Domitian  in 
90,  and  was  raised  to  the  throne  by  the  murderers  of  the 
latter.  He  was  a  mild  and  just  ruler.  He  adopted  Trajan 
as  his  successor. 

Nerval,  Gerard  de.    See  Gerard  de  Nerval. 

Nervi  (ner '  ve) .  A  town  in  the  province  of  Genoa, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa  6  miles  east 
of  Genoa.  It  is  a  sea-bathing  and  winter  health- 
resort. 

Nervii  (n^r'vi-i).  An  ancient  people  of  the  Bel- 
gic  Gauls,  dwelling  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
Sambre.  They  were  defeated  by  Julius  Csesar 
57  B.  c. 

Nesle  (nal).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Somme,  France,  28  miles  east-southeast  of 
Amiens.  It  was  important  in  former  times  under  the 
sieurs  of  Nesle.    Population  (1891),  commune,  2,893. 

Ness  (nes).  Loch.  A  lake  in  Inverness-shire, 
Scotland,  6  miles  southwest  of  Inverness.  Its 
outlet  is  by  the  Ness  into  Moray  Firth.  Length, 
22^  miles. 

Nesselrode(nes'sel-r6-de),  Coimt  Karl  Bobert. 
Bom  at  Lisbon,  Dee.  14, 1780 :  died  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, March  23, 1862.  A  Russian  statesman  and 
diplomatist.  He  directed  the  foreign  policy  of  Eussia 
(nearly  all  the  time  as  minister  of  foreign  affairs)  1813-56. 
He  conducted  the  negotiations  of  1813-15 ;  signed  the  peace 
of  Paris  in  1814 ;  was  at  the  congresses  of  Vienna  1814-16, 
Aix-la-Chapelle  1818,  Laibach,  1821,  etc. ;  was  made  chan- 
cellor in  1844 ;  and  concluded  the  peace  of  Paris  in  1856. 

Nessler  (nes'ler),  Victor.  BomatBaldenheim, 
Alsace,  Jan.  28, 1841:  died  at  Strasburg,  May 
28,  1890.  A  German  composer  and  conductor. 
Among  his  operas  are  "  DornrQschens  Brautfahrt "  (1868), 
"  Irmingard  "  (1876),  "  Der  Eattenfiinger  von  Hameln  " 
(1879),  "Der  wilde  JSger"  (1881),  "Der  Trompeter  von 
Saokingen"  (1884),  "Otto  der  Schutz"  (1886),  etc. 

Nessus  (nes'us).  [Gr.  NfuiTOf.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a  centaur  slain  by  Hercules.  He  carried  Dejanira, 
Hercules's  wife,  across  the  Evenus ;  but  wlien  he  attempted 
to  run  away  with  her,  Hercules  shot  him  with  a  poisoned 
arrow.  He  declared  to  Dejanira  that  his  blood  would  pre- 
serve her  husband's  love,  and  she  took  some  of  it  with  her. 
Later  she  steeped  in  it  a  garment  in  which  Hercules  offered 
sacrifice,  and  by  which  he  was  poisoned  from  the  virus  of 
his  own  arrow ;  the  garment  clung  to  his  flesh,  which  was 
torn  oif  with  it.  lichas,  who  brought  the  shirt,  was  cast  by 
the  raging  hero  into  the  sea,  and  Dejanira  hung  herself. 
Hercules  erected  and  ascended  a  pile  of  wood,  had  it  set 
on  fire,  and  was  carried  off  from  it  to  Olympus. 

Nest  of  Nobles,  A.  A  novel  by  TurgeniefE, 
published  in  England  under  the  name  of  "Liza." 

Nestor  (nes'tor).  [Gr.  Hfiarap.']  In  Greek  le- 
gend, a  king  of  Pylus,  and  son  of  Neleus,  famous 
asthe  oldest  councilor  of  the  Greeks  before  Troy. 

Nestorians  (nes-to'ri-anz).  1.  The  followers 
of  Nestorius.  They  denied  the  hypostatic  union  of  two 
natures  in  one  person  in  Christ,  holding  that  he  possesses 
two  distinct  personalities,  the  union  between  which  is 
merely  moral.  After  the  Council  of  Ephesus  the  Nesto- 
rians obtained  possession  of  the  theological  schools  of 
Edessa,  Nisibis,  andSeleucia,  and  were  driven  by  imperial 
edicts  into  Persia,  where  they  firmly  established  them- 
selves. Later  they  spread  to  India,  Bactria,  and  as  far  as 
China.  About  1400  the  greater  part  of  then-  churches  per- 
ished under  the  persecutions  of  Timur,  and  in  the  16th 
century  a  large  part  of  the  remainder  joined  the  Eoman 
Catholics.  These  are  called  Chaldeans.  See  def.  2. 
2.  A  modem  Christian  body  in  Persia  and  Tur- 
key, the  remnant  of  the  once  powerful  Nesto- 


Nettleshlp,  Bichard  Lewis 

rian  denomination.  They  number  about  140,000,  are 
subject  to  a  patriarch  (the  patriarch  of  Urumiah)  and  18 
bishops,  recognize  7  sacraments,  administer  communion 
in  both  kinds,  and  have  many  fasts.  Another  community 
of  Nestorian  origin  stiU  exists  on  the  Malabar  coast  of  In- 
dia, but  since  the  middle  of  the  17th  century  these  are 
said  to  have  become  Monophysites. 

Nestorius  (nes-to'ri-us).  Died  after  439.  Pa- 
triarch of  Constantinople  428-431.  He  was  de- 
posed by  the  Council  of  Ephesus  on  account  of  heresy. 
See  Nestorians. 

Nestucca  (nez-tuk'a).  Atribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  formerly  on  Nestucca  River,  west- 
ern Oregon :  now  on  the  Grand  Bonde  reserva- 
tion, Oregon.    See  Salishan. 

Netherlands  (neTH'fer-landz).  The  Low  Coun- 
tries ;  Holland  and  Belgium.  The  former  now 
retains  the  name  Netherlands.    See  below. 

Netherlands,  D.  Nederlanden  (na'der-ian- 
den),  G.  Niederlande  (ne'der-ian-de),  P.  Pays- 
Bas(pa-e'ba'):  often  calledHolland(horand). 
A  kingdom  of  western  Europe.  Capitals," Am- 
sterdam and  The  Hague.  It  is  bounded  by  the 
North  Sea  on  the  west  and  north,  Prussia  on  the  east,  and 
Belgium  on  the  south.  The  surface  is  generally  flat,  the 
land  having  in  many  parts  been  reclaimed  from  the  sea. 
The  chief  rivers  are  the  Ehine,  Mense,  and  Schelde.  The 
leading  occupations  are  commerce,  raising  of  live  stock, 
agriculture,  and  manufactures.  The  kingdom  has  11 
provinces :  North  Holland,  South  HoUand,  Zealand,  North 
Brabant,  Utrecht,  Limburg,  Gelderland.  Overyssel,  Dren- 
the,  Groningen,  and  Friesland.  The  government  is  a  he- 
reditary constitutional  monarchy,  administered  by  a  queen 
and  States-General  composed  of  an  upper  chamber  of  60 
and  a  lower  chamber  of  100  members.  The  inhabitants, 
generally  called  Dutch,  are  chiefly  of  Low  German  race 
(threebranches— Prankish,  Saxon,  and  Friesian).  The  pre- 
vailing language  is  Dutch,  and  the  prevailing  religions 
Dutch  Eeformed  and  Eoman  Catholic.  The  chief  colonial 
possessions  are  the  Dutch  East  Indie5(including  Java,  the 
Moluccas,  parts  of  Borneo,  New  Guinea,  Sumatra,  and 
Celebes,  and  smaller  islands)  and  the  Dutch  West  Indies 
(including  Dutch  Guiana  and  Curagoa  with  its  depen- 
dencies). The  country  was  inhabited  by  various  German 
peoples  in  Eoman  times.  In  the  middle  ages  the  region 
at  present  included  in  the  Netherlands  and  Belgium  was 
divided  among  Brabantj  Flanders,  Gelderland,  Holland, 
Zealand,  and  other  duchies,  countships,  etc.  It  was  united 
with  Burgundy  in  the  14th  and  16th  centuries,  passed  to 
the  Hapsburg  family  in  1477,  and  thence  later  to  Spain. 
The  following  are  the  leading  later  incidents  and  events : 
Eeformation  introduced  under  Charles  V.;  outbreak  of  the 
revolution  (under  William  of  Orange ;  Spanish  leader,  the 
Duke  of  Alva),  1667 ;  pacification  of  Ghenti  1676 ;  northern 
provinces  united  in  the  union  of  Utrecht,  1679 ;  war  con- 
cluded, 1609;  war  renewed,  1621;  independence  of  the 
Dutch  republic  acknowledged,  1648 ;  country  at  its  great- 
est prosperity,  middle  of  17th  century;  united  with  Eng- 
land under  William  III.,  1689-1702  ;  conquered  by  France, 
1794-96 ;  erected  into  the  Batavian  Eepublic,  1795 ;  made  a 
kingdom  under  Louis  Bonaparte,  1806 ;  annexed  by  France, 
1810 ;  union  with  Belgium  in  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lanUs,  1816 ;  revolution  in  Belgium,  1830 ;  end  of  the  war, 
1833  ;  settlement  with  Belgium,  1839.  The  constitution  was 
revised  in  1887.  Area,  12,648  square  miles.  Population 
(1899),  5,104,137.  Area  of  colonial  possessions,  833,000 
square  miles ;  approximate  population,' 33,000,000. 

Netherlands,  Austrian.  The  name  given  to  the 
Spanish  Netherlands  after  their  cession  to  Aus- 
tria in  1713-14.  There  was  an  unsuccessful  revolt  in 
1789-90.  The  provinces  were  conquered  by  I^nce  in  1794, 
and  ceded  to  France  in  1797.    See  Belgium. 

Netherlands,  Spanish.  The  name  given  to  the 
provinces  (nearly  corresponding  to  the  present 
Belgium)  retained  by  Spain  in  the  Dutch  war 
of  liberation.  They  were  ceded  to  Austria  in 
1713-14. 

N^thou  (na-t8').  Pic  de.  The  highest  peak  of 
the  Pyrenees.  It  is  in  the  Maladetta  group  in 
Spain.    Height,  11,170  feet. 

Netley  (net'li).  A  village  3  miles  southeast  of 
Southampton,  England:  noted  for  its  military 
hospital  and  ruined  abbey. 

Netscher  (nets'cher),  KasparorGaspar.  Bom 
at  Heidelberg,  1639 :  died  at  The  Hague,  Jan; 
15, 1684.  A  Dutch  genre-  and  portrait-painter, 
a  pupil  of  Koster  and  Gerard  Terburg.  He  lived 
at  The  'Hague  from  the  time  of  his  marriage 
in  1659. 

Nettement  (net-mon' ),  Alfred  Francois.  Born 
at  Paris,  July  22, 1805 :  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  15, 
1869.  A  French  historian  and  publicist.  He 
wrote  "Histoire  de  la  litt^rature  f  ranf  aise  sous  la  royaut^ 
de  Juillet"  (1854),  etc. 

Nettleship  (net '1-ship),  Henry.  Bom  in  North- 
amptonshire, May  5, 1839 :  died  at  Oxford,  July 
10, 1893.  An  English  educator  and  writer.  He 
was  educated  at  Durham,  Charterhouse  School,  and  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Oxford ;  was  assistant  master  at  Harrow 
from  1868  to  1873,  and  classical  lecturer  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1873 ;  and  was  elected  professor  of  Latin  literature 
in  the  University  of  Oxford  in  1878.  He  edited  and  pub- 
lished a  number  of  works  on  classical  subjects. 

Nettleship,  Bichard  Lewis.  Bom  about  1850 : 
died  on  the  D6me  du  Gouter,  Switzerland,  Aug. 
25,  1892.  An  English  educator,  a  fellow  and 
classical  tutor  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford.  He 
was  well  known  as  an  athlete,  and  died  from  exposure  to 
a  storm  while  climbing  Mont  Blanc. 


Nettleton  730  Neuveville 

Nettleton  (net'1-ton),  Asahel.  Bom  at  North  NeuiUy-STir-Mame  (nfe-ye'sur-mam').  A  vil-  S*^' lSw  mto"  ^""  '"°^'""'  *°  '^'"°  " '"'  * 
Killingworth,Conn.,April21,1783:diedatEast  lage  in  the  department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  Prance,  jT-^g|,j,i  (noi'zol)  Hung  Besztercze-B&nva 
Windsor,  GoMi.,  May  16,  1844  An  American  situated  on  the  Mame  6  miles  east  of  the  for-  7^"g/tert-se  ban ^o).  A  free  town,  capital 
Congregational  cler^inan  and  revivalist.  He  tifications  of  Pans.  Population  (1891),  com-  ^f  the  county  of  Sohl,  Hungary,  situated  at  the 
pubhshed''Village^yims    (1824),eto^  mune  6,374  ,.,     ,        ,  ...    junction  of  the  Gran  and  Bistritz,  86  miles  north 

Netzahualcoyotl(nat-2a-wal-ko-yot'l).  Born  Neuilly-SUr-Seilie  (-san).  A  western  sub^h  of  ^^f  Budapest.  The  chief  occupations  are  mining 
about  1403:  died  about  1470.  An  Indian  chief  Pans,  situated  immediately  beyond  the  forti-  ^^  metal-worHng.  Population  (1890),  7,48£ 
of  Tezouco,  Mexico,  son  of  Ixtlilxochitl.   in  Ms    flcations  and  east  of  the  Seme.    It  was  a  fa-  „  ,     j  .     ^  f^wn  in  the  Ehine  Province, 

youth  the  chieftainship  was  overthrown  and  his  lather  vonte  residence  of  the  Orleans  family.  Popu-  p  "°„-i  ^iH^ataH  -naar  thfi  ■Rhino  4  milfis  wost 
kUled  by  the  Tecpanecs.    Alter  many  remarkable  ad-     inti„Ti  nSQU   PQ  d44  J  r        Prussia,  Situatea  neartne  Itnme  4  imies  west- 

ventures  NetzahualcoyoU,  aided  by  the  Mexicans  and  w«  .CiJi.  J.  r'  -Iv  <  ai^.^„-^A  -C^^^o+Ool,  southwestofDusseldorf:  the  ancient  Novesium. 
others,  recovered  his  place  in  1430,  killing  Maxtla,  the  JNeUKOinm(noi  Kom},  aigiamBUQ.  isorn atoaiz-  j^  ^  ^^^^  j^j  jtg  grain-market,  its  manutactores  of  meal 
usurping  chief.  Thereafter  he  ruled  with  great  wisdom,  burg,  Austria,  July  10,  1778 :  Oiea  at  Paris,  and  oil,  and  its  church  of  St.  Quirinus.  It  was  unsnccess- 
He  is  said  to  have  established  a  body  of  wise  men,  or  Apm  3,  1858.  An  Austrian  composer.  He  was  fully  besieged  by  Charles  the  Bold  of  Burgundy  in  U7t- 
leamed  society,  and  to  have  buUt  a  tempi e  to  the  invisi-  a  pupil  of  Michael  and  Joseph  Haydn,  andalmost  an  adopt-  1476,  and  was  taken  by  Alexander  Famese  in  1686.  Popu- 
ble  supreme  deity,  forbidding  human  sacrifices  in  it.  He     ed  son  of  the  latter.    After  the  death  of  Haydn  he  went     lation  (1890),  22,635. 

was  known  as  a  sage  and  poet,  and  writings,  saldtobehis,  to  Paris,  and  became  one  of  a  brilliant  set  of  musicians  TTeustadt  fnoi'stSt).  rG.,'new  city.']  1.  A 
are  preserved  in  Spanish  translations  The  accounts  of  there.  He  was  intimate  with  TaUeyrand,  and  accompanied  In^TrTtTiB  ■Rlaplr  Forest  Baden  18  miles  east 
NetzahualcoyoU  rest  mainly  on  the  authority  of  the  Tez-     him  later  to  the  Congress  of  Vienia.    in  1816  he  went  to     t*"^  'S.^Ti.r  -v  T?  '     i„^^l  n^\%  Ko? 

cucan  historian  IxtlilxochiJ,  and  should  be  received  with  g^mth  America,  and  was  maltre  de  chapelle  to  Dom  Pedro  by  south  ot  J*  reiDUTg.  Population  (isau;,  J,oyi. 
caution.    Also  written  NezahualcoyoU,  etc.  at  Eio  de  Janeiro  till  1821,  when  he  returned  with  Dom    —  2.  A  town  in  middle  Franconia,  Bavaria,  on 

Netze  (net'se).  A  river  in  Posen  and  Brandon-  Pedro  to  Europe  and  rejoined  Talleyrand.  HewenttoEng-  theAisch  23  miles  west-northwest  of  Nurem- 
burg,  Prussia,  which  joins  the  Warthe  near  '^"^.'"If^s^*  Ji™.'*  P'S*^„?'*f^*??  P^'|y*S^^^  berg.  Population  (1890),  3,748.— 8.  A  suburb 
Landsberg.    iength,  about  200  miles.  StTm''ot?^chSch  music." '''''' '*"''™'''*^"'"^°-    of  feipsic.Wony.W  to  the  northeast.  Pop- 

Neubrandenburg   (noi-bran'den-bora).      [G.,  jignm     See  Comanche  illation  (1885),  7,656.-4.  A  suburb  of  Magde- 

'New Brandenburg.']  A  town  in  Mecklenburg-  Neumann  (noi'mSn),  Karl  Friedrich.  Born  burg.  Saxony,  IVussia,  lying  directly  nprth.-- 
Strelitz,  Geraaany,  situated  on  the  Tollensesee  ^^  Reichmannsdorf,  near  Bamberg,  Bavaria,  5.  A  seaport  in  the  provmoe  of  Schlesw^-Hol- 
72  miles  north  of  Berlin.  It  has  considerable  jjgg  28  1798"  died  at  Berlin  March  17  1870  stem,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Baltic  18  miles 
trade  in  wool.    Population  (1890),  9,323.  ^  German  OrientaUst  and  historian,  of  Hebrew    north-northeast  of  Liibeck.  Population  (1890), 

Neuburg(noi'borG).  A  town  in  the  government  descent.  He  traveled  in  the  Orient  and  in  China,  and  3,789 -6.  A  town  m  the  province  of  West  Rmis- 
distnct  of  Swabia  and  Neuburg,  Bavaria,  situ-  „,ade  an  extensive  collection  of  Chinese  books  (now  at  sia,  Prussia,  24  miles  northwest  of  Dantzic. 
ated  on  the  Danube  28  miles  north-northeast     Munich).    From  1833  to  1862  he  was  professor  at  Munich.     Population  (1890),  6,598. 

of  Augsburg.  Itwas  the  capital  of  the  former  princi-  He  translated  from  Armenian  and  Chinese,  and  published  Neustadt.  Pol.  iTUdnik  (prod'nik).  A  town 
pallty  of  Pf  al^euburg.  The  cWh  is  a  Cistercian  f  oun-  L^'A*?'/ °' ^,^^^*1^''  ^"'P''*  "  ^"^  ^^^'^  °'  *"''  ^'"'''^  in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on 
dation  of  1471,  with  beautiful  details.    Part  of  the  abbey  .States  (1863-66),  etc.  ,         ,,     tbo  Pnirlnilr  fiQ  milps  snntli  snnthfiflst  of  ■Rtbs- 

buildings  serves  as  a  hunting-box  for  the  emperor.  Popu-  Neumaik  (noi'mark).  [G.,  'new  boundary.']  tne  PruaniK  OM  mues  soutn-soutnMBt  ot  ures- 
lation  (1890),  7,507.  A  district  east  of  the  Oder    extendine  south     ^*"-    It  was  the  scene  of  engagements  between  the  Prus- 

Nenchatei.  formerly Neufchatel  (ne-sha-tel'),  below  the  wT^he,  and  mosV^eludef  i^  the  g|So?w''"'"' '"  "'''  "*''  '°'  "™-  ^°""''*""' 
G.Neuenburg  (noi'en-bora).    ['Newcastle.']    province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia.    It  was  ac- ^Te^istadt,  Wiener-.    See  Wiener-Neustadt. 

1.  A  canton  of  Switzerland,  it  is  bounded  by  Bern  quired  by  Brandenburg  about  1450.  ITeustadt-Eberswalde  (-a'bers-vai-de).  See 
^ua'SSdaflSe^of^^eucSteWs™^^^^^                 lireuinarkt(noi'markt).   [G.,'newmarket.']  A    EhermaUe. 

Fribourg  and  Vaud)  on  the  southeast,  and  Is  traversed  by  town  in  the  Upper  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  situated  Neustadt-OH-the-Hardt  (-hart').  Atownin  the 
the  Jura.  It  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  watches,  lace,  on  the  Sulz  21  miles  southeast  of  Nuremberg.  Khine  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  14  miles  west  of 
etc     It  has  5  members  in  the  National  CouncU    The  pre-     Population  (1890),  5,703.  Spires.     It  has  some  manufactures  and  an  important 

''^^^^:SS^^.^7^^l'^l^t^{^f7l'^'^^  Neiimarkt     A  town  in  the  province  of  Silesia,     tr?deinwine.    Population  (1890)15,016 
to  BertMer  as  a  principaUty  in  1806 ;  became  in  1815  a  can-    Prussia,  19  miles  west  of  Breslau.     Population  Neustadt-On-tne-Orla  (-or'la).   A  town  m  the 
ton  of  the  Swiss  Confederation,  and  a  principality  under     (1890),  5,860.  grand  duchy  of  Saxe- Weimar,  Germany,  situ- 

the  suzerainty  of  Prussia ;  and  revolted  from  Prussia  in  Ifeu-Mecklenburg.     See  New  IrelanCl.  ated  on  the  Orla  26  miles  southeast  Of  Weimar. 

ra,3Kar°fmil!r»rntslSni!'^3:"^  [G    'new  min-    Population  (1890)   5,491  . 

2.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Nenchatei,  sit-  ster.']  A  town  m  the  provmee  of  Schleswig-  Neustettin  (noi-stet-ten').  A  town  m  the  prov- 
uated  on  the  Lake  of  NeuchS,tel  in  lat.  46°  59'  Holstein,  Prussia,  on  the  Sohwale  36  muesnorth  ince  of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  90  miles  east-north- 
N.,  long.  6°  55'  E.  It  has  a  flourishing  tiade.  Its  o*  Hamburg.  It  has  cloth  manufactures.  Pop-  east  of  Stettin.  Population  (1890),  8,695. 
abbey  church  (Temple  du  Hant)  was  founded  in  the  12th  ulation  (1890),  13,195.  _  Neustrelitz  (noi-stra'lits).  The  capital  of  the 
century.  It  has  a  castle,  a  college  (with  valuable  coUec-  Neunkirclieil  (noin'kireh-en),  or  Neuenkircll-  grandduehyofMeeklenburg-Strelitz,  Germany, 
tlonsX  a  picture-g^e^,  and  various  charitable  institu-  gn  (noi'en-Wroh-en).  [G., '  new  church.']  A  59  miles  north  by  west  of  Berlia.  Near  it  is 
tions.    Popmation  (1884),  17,B4».                      t^,  ,  n.     manufacturing  town  in  Lower  Austria,  36  miles    Altstrelitz,  the   former  capital.     Population 

Neuchatel,  Lake  of.     [P.  Lac  deNeucMtel,  G.    gouth-southwlst  of  Vienna.   Population  (1890),  (1890),  9,4^1. 

JV^e«e»6«roersee.]    A  lake  m  western  ^                                                                  ^  Neustna  (nus'tri-a).     1.  In  the  times  of  the 

land,  bordering  on  the  cantons  of  NeucMtel,  Ueunkirchen.    A  manufacturing  town  in  the  Merovingians  and  CaroUngians  (6th-9th  oen- 

Bem,  Pnbourg,  and  Vaud :  the  Roman  Lacus    ^^^^  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  BUes  turies),  the  western  kingdom  of  the  Pranks,  as 

fP^Pv  "^S,?5^^.|••v,^"?"'fi™?*■'*^9''^%h'?l^^  its  out-    40  miles  southeast  of  Treves.  Population  (1890),  opposed  to  Austrasia,  the  eastern  kingdom,    it 

lwl\''.t  wi^fl^^fPP?     l^YSi^^S?"  G?eA^st     19,090.  eitendedfromthemouthoftheScheldetotheEolre;  later 

h™.lth  «'^it»  ^                      ^    '                    Greatest  ^^^jpl                      g      _y      Britain  "  «'»»  restricted  to  the  region  between  the  Seine  and  the 

breadth,  6  miles                                       _^i,        i        td       ^BiXSrif  OWOaem.    pee  JSeW  ^tam.  Loure.  The  inhabitants  were  mainly  Romanic.  It  developed 

Neudek  (noi  dek).    A  town  in  northwestern  Ho-  If enreutner  (noi  roi-ter),   Eugeil    Napoleon,  after  the  treaty  of  Verdun  (843)  into  the  kingdom  of  France, 

hemia,  24  miles  northeast  of  Bger.    Population    Bom  atMimich,  Jan.  15, 1806:  died  at  Munich,  2.  The  western  division  of  the  Caroltngian 

(1890),  oommune,  3,574.              _                _            March 23,1882.  AGermanhistorioalpainterand  kingdom  of  Italy,  corresponding  to  the  later 

Neuenahr  (noi'en-ar).    A  watering-place  in  the    illustrator.  He  assisted  in  the  decorations  of  the  Glypto-  Lombardy. 

Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ahr    thek  and  the  Konigsbau,  but  is  specially  noted  as  an  il-  Neuter  (nii'ter).    A  tribe  of  North  American 

near  the  Bhine.'     ^  _   .,  „    ^         ,„          SSJ^' ^L^Tal.e^hi?''"' ''"'■""''"''' ™°"""''°' ^"'  Indians,  called  by  the  early  French  writers  ^tt»- 

Neuendorf  (noi  OT-dorf),  A^iol^  Boraa^^^^       Neurode  (noi'ro-de).    A  town  in  the  province  «'e«too»fc  (comipted  from  an  Iroquois  term 

burg,  June  13, 1843:  died  at  New  York,  May  12,  *  «  ajifisia^  p-,,™;-  43  milps  smithwest  of  Bres-  meaning 'the  stammerers').    They  were  caUed  the 

1898.   A  German- American  composer.                    ?„,r    l^™,!^^  wi  stm   Isfin  N«"*«''  ^«™  "ecause  they  held  aloof  from  the  wars  of 

Waii'fn'ha't'anii  CnA-sha-to''*       A  town  in  the  de-    '^  '    -topuiamon  (,io»u;,  o,ODU.  the  Hurons  and  Algonqutos  against  the  Iroquois.    They 

WeufcnateaU  (ne-Stia  to  ;       AlOTOrnxneae    IIe,jmppiii  (noi-rijp-pen').     Atownin  the  prov-  were  first  met  with  in  1626,  when  they  were  on  Lake  On- 

partmentofVosges,Pranee,atthe3imetionof  ■'^^"^Vg^v^      i^     Prussia    situated  on  a  t»rio.  In  1647  they  were  conqdered  by  the  Senecas,  with 

the  Mouzon  andMeuse,  25  miles  southwest  of    ^5,,  i,if„  ,«  „,n™^;£:w^^  «f  T^^rlir,      Tt  ^•«>m  tl^ey  afterward  lived.    See  Iroiuoian. 

Nancy.    Population  (1891),  4,048.                         S^=  +>,!  w^Lw^  n?  ^SlvV   P^^  ^pVio^  Neutitschein  (noi-tit'shin).    Atown  in  Mora- 

Neufchatel.    See  NelcMtel.                                  mqn>  1 4584  '^              Schmkel.     Population  ^^^  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Titsch 

Heufchatel-en-Bray  (ne-sha-tel'on-bra').    J^^  ■J>tZ!,!.JiJ^/'^^',.&^*^\      a  t«™, ,•« +!.«.  «.„,^^«^  «f  72  miles  east-northeast  of  Briinn.    Population 

town  in  the  department  of  Seine-Inf6rieure,  Neusalz  (noi  zalts).    A  town  in  the  province  of  (^ggg,   commune,  11,562. 

pZce,  situated  on  the  B6thune .  25   miles    Sw'ert™fTesfar'CiUat^on%90?9"o7f  ^^^^^^  The 

northeast  of  Eouen.  Itis  famous  for  its  cheese.  .,?°^S  .  of  breslau.  Population  (IHyo),  »,U7d.  ^  j^^^j  ^j  ^^^  ^^  ^^  ifeutra,  Hungary,  sit- 
Population  (1891),  commune,  4, 006.  Neu-Sandec  (noi-san  dets).   A  townin  Galioia,    u^ted  on  the  Neutra  71  miles  northwest  of  Buda- 

NetOialdensleben  (noi-hal'dens-la-ben).    A    Austna-Hmgary,  situated  on  the  Dunajec  45      g^t.    It  has  a  cathedral.    Population  (1890), 
townintheprovinoeof  Saxony,  Prussia,  situ-    miles  southeast  of  Oaeow.    Population  (1890),    Jg^ggg^ 
ated  on  the  Ohre  14  miles  northwest  of  Magde-    8,744.  ......    „  tt-   -jzi     /•■  ,  -    Neutral  Ground.   1.  During  the  Revolutionary 

burg.    Population  (1890),  8,657.  ■^^-?!*H  (noi  zats).  Hung.  UjVld6k  W  ve-    "v^ar  that  part  of  New  Tork  (in  Westchester 

Neuiaus  (noi'hous),  A  town  of  Bohemia,  69  dak).  A  royal  free  city  in  the  county  of  Bd,cs-  County)  which  lay  between  the  British  lines  (at 
miles  south-southeast  of  Prague.  Population  Bodrog,  Hunga^,  situated  on  the  Danube  op-  ^ew  York  city  and  elsewhere)  on  the  south 
(1890),  8,502.  -  P°^.'*®^T®*?Ia^^„»'^;J„'hv\hri?,t?^^^  and  the  American  lines  on  the  north.  The  scene 

NeuHausel  (noi'hoi-zel).  Hung,   frsekujvar    Sth  anVra^rde\t™;jd!''pop,^at^^^^^^^^^  ofCooper'snovel"TheSpy"islaidhere.-2.A 

(ar"shek-oy'var).    A  town  in  the  county  of  jj  (^-  ^     ^  ^^^^  ^f  j^orth  Carolina  which    small  tract  of  ground  near  Gibraltar,  lying  be- 

Keutra,  ^gajT,  situated  on  the  Neutra  51  "^^^^  Painlieo  Sound  by  a  broad  estiiary  30  J^^en  the  English  and  tiie  Spanish  lines. 
milesnOTthwestof  Budapest:  formerly  a  for-    ^^^  ^^^^  ^^  New  Berne.    Length,  about  300  Neu-Ulm  (noi'Slm')     A  town  m  the  govern- 
tress.    Poi)ulation  (1890),  11,299.  miles  •  navieable  about  100  miles  ment  district  of  Swabia  and  Neuburg,  Bavaria, 

Neuhof  (noi'hof),  Baron  Theodor  von.  Born  j..' .,6  (noi'zed-ler-za),  Hung.  Ferto  situated  on  the  Danube  opposite  Ulm.  Popu- 
at  Metz  about  1686 :  died  at  London,  Dec.  11,  -^f er.il' ) .   A  lakiTn  w^  Hiiigary,  be""S    lation  (1890),  7,921. 

1756.  A  German  adventurer.  He  aided  the  Corsi-  '1,  go^^ties  of  Odenburg  and  Wieselburg,  30  Neuveville  (n6v-vel'),  G.  Neuenstadtfnoi'en- 
cans  in  1785-36  with  money  and  weapons  obtained  from  .,  ""^'VT  r  t  ^rj„™?  %..  "  '=""'." /6»  ""  ,g^.v  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Bern  Switzer- 
thePorteandtheBeyofTunis-.wascrownedkingofCorsica  miles  southeast  of  Vienna.  It  communicates  with  """^y-  .^  lovra  m  ine  uaiiTOn  oijsem,  owiizer- 
^  tSotc  I)  in  1736  :aZ  was  driven  out  by  the  Genoese  the  Raab  by  the  swamp  Hansig.  Its  depth  has  varied  land,  situated  on  the  Lake  of  Bienne.  Popu- 
inl738.  An  attempt  to  reestablish  his  power  m  1743  failed,     from  tune  to  time:  Itwas  dry  in  1866,  and  has  recently    lation  (1888),  2,181. 


Neuville 

Neuville  (n6-vel'),  Alphonse  Marie  de.  Born 
at  St.-Omer,  Prance,  May  31, 1836 :  died  at  Pa- 
ris, May  19,  1885.  A  French  battle-painter. 
He  was  a  pupil  ot  Pioot  His  best-known  works  are 
scenes  In  the  Franco-German  war  of  1870-71:  "Last  Car- 
tridges" 0873),  "Defence  of  Le  Bourget"  (1879),  "Adieu," 
"In  tlie  Trenches,"  "Panorama of  the  Battle  of  Champi- 
gny"  with  Detaille  (1881),  etc. 

Neuwied  (noi' ved) .  A  to  wn  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine  7  miles 
northwest  of  Coblenz.  It  was  the  capital  of  the 
now  mediatized  countship  of  Wled,  and  is  noted  for  its 
schools  and  its  establishments  of  the  Moravian  Brethren. 
Population  (1890),  11,0^. 

Neuwied,  Maziinilian  Alexander  Fhilipp, 

Prince  of.  Born  at  Neuwied,  Sept.  28,  1782 : 
died  there,  Feb.  3,  1867.  A  Prussian  traveler 
and  naturalist.  He  attained  the  rank  ol  major-general 
in  the  Prussian  army,  but  after  1815  devoted  his  time 
mainly  to  scientific  pursuits.  He  traveled  in  Brazil  1815- 
1817,  and  in  the  western  part  of  North  America  in  1838.  His 
publications  include  "Keisenach  Braailien  "  (1820),  "Bei- 
trage  zur  Naturgeschichte  Brasiliens "  (1824-33),  "Eeise 
durch  Nord- Amerika "  (1838-43),  etc.  His  collection  of 
Mammalia  is  now  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  New  York. 

Neva  (ne'va,;  Buss.  pron.  ne-va').  A  river  of 
northern  Russia,  it  issues  from  Lake  Ladoga,  flows 
past  St.  Petersburg,  and  empties  near  it  by  several  mouths 
into  the  Gulf  of  Finland.  It  receives  the  drainage  of  Lakes 
Onega,  Ilmen,  etc.  Length,  40  miles ;  navigable  except  in 
winter.  Tlie  Neva  and  Volga  systems  are  connected  by  the 
Ladoga  Canal. 

Nevada  (ne-va'da).  [Named  from  the  Sierra 
Nevada  range  in  the  western  part  of  the  State, 
which  range  is  named  from  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
'  Suowy  Range,'  of  Spain.]  One  of  the  Western 
States  of  the  United  States  of  America,  extend- 
ing from  lat.  35°  to  42°  N.,  and  from  long.  114° 
to  120°  W.  Capital,  Carson  City,  it  is  bounded  by 
Oregon  and  Idaho  on  the  north,  Utah  and  Arizona  on  the 
east,  and  Califomiaon  the  west  and  southwest.  The  surface 
is  a  plateau  traversed  by  mountain-ranges,  forming  in  great 
part  an  interior  basin,  without  outlet  to  the  sea.  The  State 
is  rich  in  mineral  wealth  :  the  chief  occupation  is  mining, 
and  the  chief  products  silver  and  gold.  It  has  14  counties, 
sends  2  senators  and  1  representative  to  Congress,  and  has 
3  electoral  votes.  Part  of  the  territory  was  ceded  by  Mexico 
in  1848 ;  the  first  settlements  were  made  in  1848  and  1850 ; 
silver  was  discovered  in  1859 ;  Nevada  Territory  was  or- 
ganized in  1861;  and  the  State  was  admitted  to  the  Union 
in  1864.  Area,  110,700  square  miles.  Population  (1900), 
42,335. 

Nevada,  or  Nevada  City.  The  capital  of  Ne- 
vada County,  California,  55  miles  north-north- 
east of  Sacramento.  It  exports  gold.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  3,250. 

Nevada,  Emma.    See  Wixom. 

Nevada  Fall.  A  cataract  in  the  Merced  River, 
Yosemite  Valley,  California.  Height,  about 
600  feet. 

Nevers  (ne-var')-  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Ni6vre,  France,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Nifevre  with  the  Loire,  in  lat.  47°  N., 
long.  3°  9'  E. :  the  Roman  Noviodunum.  It  has 
important  trade,  and  manufactures  of  faience,  porcelain, 
etc.,  and  was  formerly  notedforitscannon-foundries.  The 
cathedral  has  an  apse  at  each  end,  that  on  the  west  open- 
ing on  a  spacious  11th-century  transept.  The  triforium 
of  the  nave  is  remarkable :  it  has  a  tretoiled  arcade,  the 
shafts  of  which  are  supported  by  human  figures,  with  angels 
in  the  spandrels.  The  ducal  palace  (now  palais  de  justice) 
is  a  late-Pointed  building  begun  in  1475,  flanked  by  cone- 
roofed  towers,  and  having  square  muUioned  windows  and 
high  roof  with  dormers.  The  interesting  museum  of  ex- 
cellent local  majolica  is  in  the  palace.  Nevers  was  a  town 
of  the  .^dni;  played  an  important  part  in  Csesar's  cam- 
paigns ;  and  was  made  a  Eoman  military  station.  It  was 
the  capital  of  the  old  Nivemals.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 26,430. 

Nevers,  County  of.  A  medieval  county  and 
later  duchy  in  France,  in  Nivemais,  near  the 
city  of  Nevers.  It  was  purchased  by  Mazarin 
in  1659,  and  granted  to  the  Mancini  family. 

Neversink.    See  Navesink. 

Neveu  de  Rameau  (ne-vfe'  d6  ra-mo'),  Le, 
[F.,  'The  Nephew  of  Rameau.']  A  work  by 
Diderot,  written  about  1760,  but  not  published 
till  much  later.  It  was  translated  Into  German  by 
Goethe  in  1805 ;  and  in  1860  Jules  Janin  wrote  a  sequel  in 
which  he  explains  the  somewhat  enigmatical  hero,  a  bril- 
liant Bohemian  hanger-on. 

The  strangest  of  all  Diderot's  attempts  in  prose  Action  — 
if  it  is  to  be  called  a  fiction  and  not  a  dramatic  study —is 
the  so-called  "Neveu  de  Kameau,"  in  which,  in  the  guise 
of  a  dialogue  between  himself  and  a  hanger-on  of  society 
(or  rather  a  monologue  of  the  latter),  the  follies  and  vices, 
not  merely  of  the  time,  but  of  human  nature  itself,  are 
exposed  with  a  masterly  hand,  and  in  a  manner  wonder- 
fully original  and  piquant. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  422. 

Nevianskii-  (or  Neivinskii-)  Zavod  (nev-yan'- 
skiy-za-vod').  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Perm,  Russia,  situated  in  the  Ural  Mountains, 
on  the  Neiva,  45  miles  north  of  Yekaterinburg. 
It  is  the  center  of  an  iron  and  gold  region. 

Neville  (nev'il),  Constance.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal female  characters  in  Goldsmith's  comedy 


731 

"She  Stoops  to  Conquer.''  She  is  in  love  with 
Hastings. 

Neville,  George.  Born  about  1433 :  died  June 
8, 1476.  An  English  archbishop,  younger  brother 
of  the  Earl  of  Warwick.  He  became  archbishop 
of  Yorkiu  1465,  and  was  lord  chancellor  1460-67. 

Neville's  Cross.  A  place  near  Durham,  Eng- 
land. Here,  Oct.  17, 1346,  the  English  defeated  the  Scots 
under  David  II.  The  battle  is  sometimes  called  the  bat- 
tle of  Durham. 

Nevin  (nev'in),  John  Williamson.  Bom  in 
Franklin  County,  Pa.,  Feb.  20,  1803 :  died  at 
Lancaster,  Pa. ,  June  6, 1886.  An  American  cler- 
gyman of  the  Grerman  Reformed  Church,  presi- 
dent of  Marshall  CoUege  1841-53,  and  of  Frank- 
lin and  Marshall  College  1866-76.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  "Mercersburg  Theology."  Among  his  works 
are  "The  Mystical  Presence"  (1846),  "The  History  and 
Genius  of  the  Heidelberg  Catechism    (1847),  etc. 

Nevis  (nev'is).  An  island  of  the  Lesser  Antilles, 
British  West  Indies,  situated  in  lat.  17°  18'  N., 
long.  62°  37'  W.  Capital,  Charlestown.  The  sur- 
face is  mountainous.  Sugar  is  exported.  The  island  forms 
part  of  the  government  of  St.  Christopher.  It  was  colon- 
ized by  the  English  in  1628.  Area,  50  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  13,087. 

Nevis,  Ben.    See  Ben  Nevis. 

Nevome  (na-v6'ma).  An  agricultural  tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  in  south  central  Mex- 
ico. Its  subdivisions  or  villages  are  Aivino,  Basiroas, 
Comuripa,  Hios,  Huvaguere,  Movas,Nuri,Onaba,  Sibubapa, 
Sisibotari,  Tecoripa,  Tehata,  and  Tehuizo.  Number  esti- 
mated at  8,000.  Also  called  Netmne  and  Lower  Pima  or 
(Sp.)  Pima  Baja.    See  Pirnan. 

Nevskii  Frospekt  (nef'skiy  pros-pekt').  The 
finest  and  most  important  street  in  St.  Peters- 
burg, noted  for  its  fine  buildings.  Length, 
about  3J  miles. 

New  Albany  (&l'ba-ni).  A  city,  capital  of  Floyd 
County,  Indiana,  situated  on  the  Ohio,  2  miles 
from  its  falls,  nearly  opposite  Louisville,  it  has 
flourishing  manufactures  and  trade.  Its  glass-works  are 
the  largest  in  the  United  States.   Pop.  (1900),  20,628. 

New  Albion  (al'bi-ou).  The  name  given  by 
Drake  to  the  Pacific  coast  now  included  in  north- 
ern California,  Oregon,  and  the  region  north- 
ward. 

New  Almaden  (al-ma-den' ) .  A  village  in  Santa 
Clara  County,  California,  57  miles  southeast  of 
San  Francisco,  long  noted  for  its  quicksilver- 
mine. 

New  Amsterdam.    See  Amsterdam,  New. 

New  Andalusia.    See  Nueva  Andalucia. 

New  Archangel.    See  Sitlca. 

Newark,  or  Newark-upon-Trent  (nil 'ark- u- 
pon-trent').  A  town  in  Nottinghamshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Devon,  near  the  Trent, 
17  miles  northeast  of  Nottingham.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  malt.  Its  noted  buildings  are  the  parish  church 
and  a  ruined  castle.  King  John  died  at  Newark  in  1216. 
It  was  besieged  three  times  in  the  Civil  War,  and  flnally 
surrendered  to  the  Scots  In  1646.   Population  (1891),  14,457. 

Newark.  The  capital  of  Essex  County,  New 
Jersey,  situated  on  the  Passaic,  4  miles  from 
Newark  Bay  and  9  miles  west  of  New  York,  in 
lat.  40°  45'  N.,  long.  74°  10'  W.  it  is  the  largest 
city  in  the  State,  and  an  important  railway  center  and  port 
of  foreign  and  coasting  trade.  It  has  manufactures  of 
jewelry,  saddlery.hata,  beer,  thread,  carriages,Ieather,  rub- 
ber, flour,  etc.  It  was  settled  by  Puritan  colonists  from 
Connecticut  in  1666,  and  suffered  in  the  Revolutionary 
War.    It  became  a  city  in  1836.  Population  (1900) ,  246,070. 

Newark.  A  city,  capital  of  Licking  County, 
Ohio,  situated  on  the  Licking  31  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Columbus.  Population  (1900), 
18,157. 

Newark,  Lord.    See  Leslie,  David. 

New  Atalantis,  The.  A  work  by  Mrs.  Manley, 
published  in  1709. 

Mrs.  Mauley's  most  prominent  work  was  the  "Secret 
Memoirs  andManners  of  Several  Persons  of  Quality  of  both 
Sexes.  From  the  New  Atalantis,  an  island  in  the  Medi- 
terranean." This  book  is  a  scandalous  chronicle  of  crime 
reputed  to  have  been  committed  by  persons  of  high  rank, 
apd  the  names  are  so  thinly  disguised  as  to  be  easily  iden- 
tified. Tiuikerman,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  p.  123. 

New  Atlantis,  The.  -An  allegorical  romance 
by  Bacon :  so  called  from  its  scene  of  action,  an 
imaginary  island  in  the  ocean.  It  was  written 
before  1617.     See  Atlantis. 

New  Bath  Guide.  A  satirical  poem  by  Chris- 
topher Anstey,  published  in.  1766. 

New  Beacon  (be'kon).  The  highest  point  of  the 
Highlands  of  the  Hudson,  in  Dutchess  County, 
New  York.    Height,  1,685  feet. 

New  Bedford  (bed'ford).  A  seaport,  one  of  the 
capitals  of  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts,  situ- 
ated on  the  estuary  of  the  Acushnet,  Buzzard's 
Bay,  in  lat.  41°  38'  N.,  long.  70°  56'  W.  It  has 
manufactures  of  cotton  goods,  etc.,  and  was  long  the  chief 
seat  of  the  American  whale-flshery,succeeding  Nantucket : 
this  industry  was  at  its  height  in  1854,  but  has  since  greatly 
declined.  It  was  separated  from  Dartmouth  in  1787,  and 
became  a  city  in  1847.    Population  (1900),  62,442. 


Newburyport 

New  Berne  (b6m),  or  Newbem.  A  city  and 
seaport,  capital  of  Craven  County,  North  Caro- 
lina, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Trent  and 
Neuse,  in  lat.  35°  6'  N.,  long.  77°  2'  E.  it  has  a 
large  coasting  trade  in  vegetables  and  naval  stores.  It  was 
the  capital  of  North  Carolina  in  the  18th  century.  Here, 
March  14,  1862,  the  Federals  under  Bumside  defeated  the 
Confederates.  The  Confederate  loss  was  678.  Population 
(1900),  9,090.  " 

Newberry  (nu'ber-i),  John  Strong.    Bom  at 

Windsor,  Conn.,  Dec.  22,  1822 :  died  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  Dec.  7, 1892.  An  American  ge- 
ologist. He  was  secretary  ol  the  western  department  of 
the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission  in  the  Civil  War ; 
was  professor  of  geology  at  the  school  of  mines,  Columbia 
College,  1866-92 ;  and  was  appointed  State  geologist  of  Ohio 
1869.  He  published  numerous  books  and  papers  relating 
to  geology,  paleontology,  botany,  and  zoology. 

Newbery  (nii'ber-i),  John.  Bom  1713:  died 
Dec.  22, 1767.  An  English  publisher,  the  friend 
of  Dr.  Johnson,  Goldsmith,  and  Smollett.  He 
settled  in  London  in  1744,  and  was  the  first  publisher  of 
small  story-books  for  children.  In  1758  he  started  the 
"  Universal  Chronicle  or  Weeldy  Gkizette,"  in  which  the 
"  Idler  "  appeared.  The  "  Public  Ledger  "  was.commenced 
in  1760. 

New  Brighton  (bri'ton).  A  village  in  Richmond 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  northern  side 
of  Staten  Island,  now  a  part  of  New  York  city. 
Population  (1890),  16,424. 

New  Brighton.  A  borough  in  Beaver  County, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Beaver  River  25 
milesnorthwestof Pittsburg.  Population (1900), 
6,820. 

New  Britain  (brit'an  orbrit'n),  native  Birara 
(be-ra'ra).  1.  An  island  of  the  Bismarck  Archi- 
pelago, in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  situated  55  miles 
east  of  New  Guinea:  called  by  the  Germans 
since  1885  Neu-Pommem.  The  inhabitants  are 
Papuans.  It  was  made  a  German  possession  in 
1884.  Length,  about  340  miles. — 3.  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  group  of  islands  called 
(since  1885)  Bismarck  Archipelago. 

New  Britain.  A  city  in  Hartford  County,  Con- 
necticut, 9  miles  southwest  of  Hartford.  It  has 
manufactures  of  builders'  hardware,  etc.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  25,998. 

New  Brunswick  (brunz'wik).  Amaritimeprov- 
ince  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  Capital,  Fred- 
erioton ;  largest  city,  St.  John,  it  is  bounded  by 
Quebec  and  Chaleur  Bay  on  the  north,  the  Gulf  ol  St.  Law- 
rence and  Northumberland  Strait  on  the  east.  Nova  Scotia 
on  the  southeast^  the  Bay  of  Fundy  on  the  south,  and  Que- 
bec and  the  State  of  Maine  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  un- 
dulating and  hilly  (particularly  hilly  in  the  northwest  and 
north).  The  chief  rivers  are  the  St.  John,  Miramichi,  and 
Hestigouche.  The  province  has  deposits  of  coal,  iron, 
and  other  minerals.  Its  leading  industries  are  fisheries 
and  lumbering.  It  has  15  counties.  Government  is  admin- 
istered by  a  lieutenant-governor,  an  advisory  council,  and 
a  legislative  assembly  (of  46  members) ;  and  it  is  repre- 
sented in  the  Dominion  Parliament  by  10  senators  and  13 
members  of  the  House  of  Commons.  It  was  settled  by 
the  French  in  1604 ;  formed  part  of  Acadia ;  was  ceded  to 
the  British  in  1713  and  1763  ;  was  colonized  by  Scottish 
settlers  in  1764  and  by  Tories  from  the  United  States  in  1783 ; 
was  separated  from  Nova  Scotia  in  1784 ;  and  formed  one  of 
the  original  provinces  of  the  Dominion  in  1867.  Area, 
28,200  square  miles.    Population  (1901),  331,120. 

New  Brunswick.  A  city,  capital  of  Middlesex 
County,  New  Jersey,  situated  at  the  head  of 
navigation  of  the  Raritan,  28  miles  southwest 
of  New  York,  it  has  various  manufactures,  and  is  the 
seat  ot  Butgers  College  (which  see)  and  of  a  Dutch  Re- 
formed theological  seminary.    Population  (1900),  20,006. 

Newburg,  or  Newburgh  (nu'b^rg).  A  city 
in  Orange  County,  New  York,  situated  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Hudson,  55  miles  north  of 
New  York.  it  has  manufactures  and  river  trade, 
being  a  shipping  port  lor  coal.  It  was  the  headquarters 
of  Washington  during  part  of  the  Revolutionary  War. 
The  American  army  disbanded  here  in  1783.  Population 
(1900),  24,943. 

Newburg  Addresses.  Two  anonymous  letters 
to  the  American  army,  written  from  Newburg, 
New  York,  by  John  Armstrong  in  1783,  setting 
forth  the  grievances  of  the  soldiers,  chief  among 
which  was  the  arrears  of  pay. 

Newburn  (nii'b6rn).  A  place  near  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,  England.  Here,  August  28, 1640,  the 
Scots  defeated  the  English. 

Newbury  (nu'bur-i).  A  town  in  Berkshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Kennet  55  miles  west  of 
London.  Two  battles  were  fought  here  during  the  civil 
war :  on  Sept.  20, 1643,  an  indecisive  contest  between  the 
Royalists  under  (]:harles  I.  and  the  Parliamentarians  under 
the  Earl  of  Essex ;  and  on  Oct.  27,  1644,  a  victory  ol  the 
Parliamentarians  under  Manchester  and  Waller  over  the 
Royalists  under  Charles  I.    Population  (1891X  11,002. 

Newburyport  (nu"bur-i-port').  A  seaport,  one 
of  the  capitals  of  Essex  County,  Massachusetts, 
situated  on  the  Merrimac  River,  near  its  mouth, 
33  miles  north-northeast  of  Boston,  it  has  ship- 
building, and  manulactures  of  cotton,  shoes,  etc.,  and  has 
long  been  one  of  the  chief  seats  of  American  commerce. 
It  was  separated  from  Newbury  village  in  1764.  It  was  the 
birthplace  of  Garrison.    Population  (1900),  14,47S. 


New  Calabar 

New  Calabar  (kal-a-bar',  more  correctly  ka-la- 
bar').  A  town  o£  an  island  in  the  Bight  of 
Biafra,  West  Africa,  east  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Niger. 

New  Caledonia  (kal-e-do'ni-a),  F.  Nouvelle 
Cal6donie  (n6-vel'  ka-la-do-ne').  An  island  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  east  of  Australia,  intersected 
by  lat.  21°  S.,  long.  165°  E. :  a  French  colonial 
possession.  Capital,  Noumea.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. The  island  was  discovered  by  Cook  in  1774,  and 
was  taken  possession  ot  by  the  French  in  1863,  and  made 
a  penal  colony.  Length,  about  240  miles.  Area,  6,800 
square  miles.  Population  (1889),  62,752  (natives,  convicts, 
and  colonists,  etc.).  Dependencies  are  the  Isle  of  Pines, 
Loyalty  Archipelago,  Huon  Islands,  Chesterfield  Islands, 
and  WaUiB  Archipelago. 

New  Caledonia.  A  name  given  to  the  Scottish 
Darien  Colony,  formed  in  1698.  See  Darien, 
Colony  of,  and  Paterson,  William. 

New  Castile  (in  Spain).     See  Castile. 

New  Castile  (kas-tel'),  Sp.  Castilla  Nueva 
(kas-tel'ya  nS-a'va).  The  official  name  given 
in  1529  to  that  portion  of  Peru  which  was  granted 
to  Pizarro  for  conquest  and  government.  By  the 
terms  of  the  grant  it  extended  from  the  river  Santiago 
(probably  the  Mira)  southward  for  200  leagues.  The  name 
was  soon  supplanted  by  Peru,  later  (1638-46)  the  name 
New  Castile  was  applied  to  a  province  immediately  north 
of  Peru,  corresponding  to  what  is  now  the  southwestern 
coast  region  of  Colombia,  and  sometimes  including  a  part 
of  the  Isthmus  of  Darien.    See  CaxtUla  del  Oro. 

Newcastle,  or  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  (nti'kas- 
l-u-pon-Hn').  A  city  and  seaport,  the  chief 
town  of  Northumberland,  England,  and  a  county 
in  itself,  situated  on  the  Tyne,  near  its  mouth, 
in  lat.  54°  59'  N.,  long.  1°  37'  W. :  the  Eoman 
Pons  .^lii.  It  is  the  largest  coal-market  in  the  world, 
and  exports  also  coke,  lead,  manufactured  goods,  etc. ;  is 
the  terminus  of  various  steamer  lines ;  builds  Iron  and 
steel  ships ;  and  has  manufactures  of  machinery,  engines, 
ordnance,  chemicals,  glass,  hardware,  etc.  The  Tyne  is 
crossed  here  by  the  High-level  Bridge  and  other  bridges. 
The  Church  of  St.  Nicholas  is  now  the  cathedral.  The 
Norman  castle,  built  in  1080  and  rebuilt  by  Henry  II.,  was 
long  a  noted  stronghold.  It  was  a  Roman  and  Saxon  town ; 
was  taken  by  the  Scots  in  1640  and  1644 ;  and  long  held  an 
important  place  in  border  warfare.  Population  (1901K 
214,803. 
New  Castle.  The  capital  of  Lawrence  Coimty, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Shenango  45 
miles  north-northwest  of  Pittsburg.  It  is  a 
manufacturing  and  mining  town.  Population 
(1900),- 28,339.. 
Newcastle.  A  seaport  in  New  South  Wales, 
Australia,  situated  on  the  coast,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Hunter,  75  miles  north-northeast  of  Syd- 
ney. It  exports  coal.  Population  (1891),  12,914. 
Newcastle,  Dukes  of.  See  Cavendish,  William ; 
Pelham,  Thomas;  and  Pelham-Clinton,  Hem-y 
Pelham. 

Ne  wcastle-under-Lyme(-lim '  )or  -Lyne  (-lin' ). 
A  town  in  Staffordshire,  England,  41  miles 
southeast  of  Liverpool.  It  has  manufactures 
of  hats,  etc.  Population  (1890),  18,452. 
New-Chwang  (nii-ohwang'),  or  Niu-chuang 
(nu-chwang').  A  treaty  port  in  the  province  of 
Shingking,  Manchuria,  Chinese  empire,  situated 
on  a  branch  of  the  river  Liau  75  miles  south- 
west of  Mukden.  Its  port  is  Yingtsze.  Popu- 
lation, estimated,  60,000. 
New  College,  or  College  of  St.  Mary  Winton. 
A  college  of  Oxford  University,  founded  by 
William  of  Wykeham,  bishop  of  Winchester,  iu 
1379.  The  buildings  were  begun  in  1380.  Much  of  the 
quaint  and  picturesque  buildings  dates  from  the  time  of 
the  foundation.  The  chapel  is  among  the  earliest  of  the 
complete  buildings  in  the  Perpendicular  style. 
Newcomb  (nu'kom),  Simon.  Born  at  Wallace, 
Nova  Scotia,  March  12, 1835.  A  noted  Ameri- 
can astronomer,  and  writer  on  political  econ- 
omy. He  became  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  United 
states  navy  in  1861,  being  assigned  to  duty  at  the  naval 
observatory  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia;  and 
1884-9S  also  held  a  professorship  of  mathematics  and 
astronomy  in  Johns  Hopkins  University.  Among  his 
works  are  "Popular  Astronomy"  (1877)  and  "Principles 
ot  Political  Economy  "  (1886).  Retired  from  the  navy  1897. 
Newcome  (nii'kom),  William.  Bom  at  Abing- 
don, Berkshire,  April  10,  1729 :  died  at  Dublin, 
Jan.  11,  1800.  A  British  archbishop,  noted  as 
a  biblical  scholar.  He  wrote  a  ' '  Harmony  of 
the  (Jospels"  (1778),  etc. 
Newcomen  (nH-kom'en),  Thomas.  Bom  1663 : 
died  Aug.,  1729.  An  English  inventor.  With 
Cawley  and  Savery  he  invented  the  atmospheric 
steam-engine,  patented  in  1705. 
Newcomes  (nu'kumz).  The.  A  novel  by  Thack- 
eray, published  in  1855.  The  character  of 
Colonel  Newcome  is  one  of  touching  simplicity. 

The  old  colonel  is  ruined  by  speculation,  and  in  his  ruin  is 
brought  to  accept  the  alms  of  the  brotherhood  of  the  Grey 
Friars.  .  .  .  The  description  is  perhaps  as  fine  as  any- 
thing that  Thackeray  ever  did.  The  gentleman  is  still  the 
gentleman,  with  all  the  pride  of  gentry ;  but  not  the  less 
is  he  the  humble  bedesman,  awaie  that  he  is  living  upon 


732 

charity,  not  made  to  grovel  by  any  sense  of  shame,  but 
knowing  that,  though  his  normal  pride  may  be  left  to 
him,  an  outward  demeanour  of  humility  is  befitting.  And 
then  he  dies.  "  At  the  usual  evening  houi'  the  chapel  bell 
began  to  toll,  and  Thomas  Newcome's  hands  outside  the 
bed  feebly  beat  time  —  and  just  as  the  last  bell  struck,  a 
peculiar  sweet  smile  shone  over  his  face,  and  he  lifted  up 
his  head  a  little,  and  quicklysaid,  '  Adsum '—  and  fell  back. 
It  was  the  word  we  used  at  school  when  names  were  called; 
and,  lo,  he  whose  heart  was  as  that  of  a  little  child  had 
answered  to  his  name,  and  stood  in  the  presence  of  The 
Master! "  TroUope,  Thackeray. 

Newdigate  (nU'di-gat),  Sir  Eoger.  Bom  at 
Arbury,  Warwickshire,  England,  May  30, 1719 : 
died  there,  Nov.  23, 1806.  An  English  scholar, 
the  founder  of  the  annual  Newdigate  prize  (for 
English  verse)  at  Oxford.  He  was  member  of 
Parliament  for  Middlesex  (1751-80). 

Newell  (nu'el),  Robert  Henry:  pseudonym 
Orpheus  C.  Kerr.  Bora  atNewYork,  Dec.  13, 
1836:  died  at  Brooklyn  in  July,  1901.  An 
American  journalist  and  humorist.  He  wrote 
"The  Orpheus  C.  Kerr  Papers"  (1862-68),  "There  was 
once  a  man  "  (1884),  etc. 

New  England  (ing'gland).  Aname  given  col- 
lectively to  the  nortteastem  section  of  the 
United  States,  comprising  the  States  of  Maine, 
New  Hampshire, Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Con- 
necticut, and  Rhode  Island,  it  formed  part  of 
"  North  Yirginia,"  granted  to  the  Plymouth  Company  by 
James  I.  in  1606.  The  name  was  given  to  it  by  Captain 
John  Smith. 

New  England  Confederation.  The  union  ef- 
fected by  the  colonies  of  Massachusetts  Bay, 
Plymouth,  Connecticut,  and  New  Haven  in  1643, 
suggested  by  the  need  of  a  common  defense 
against  the  Dutch  and  the  Indians.  It  was  dis- 
continued in  1684. 

New  England  Primer.  A  small  elementary 
book  of  instruction,  containing  various  verses, 
the  Westminster  Shorter  Catechism,  etc.  (2d  ed. 
at  Boston  about  1691). 

New  Forest  (for'est).Aroyalforest  in  the  south- 
western part  of  Hampshire,  England.  The  tract 
was  forcibly  aif  orested  by  William  the  Conqueror,  and  used 
as  a  hunting  demesne.  It  still  contains  about  144  square 
miles,  in  part  belongine  to  the  crown.  It  was  the  scene 
of  the  drath  of  William' II. 

Newfoundland  (oftenest  nu- found 'land;  on 
the  island  itself  generally  nu-fund-land';  also 
nil 'fund -land),  [Orig.  New-found  land;  NL. 
Terra  Nova,  F.  Terre  Nev/oe,  new  land.]  An 
island  forming  a  British  colonial  possession, 
situated  east  of  British  North  America.  Capital, 
St.  John's.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Strait  ot 
Belle  Isle  (separating  it  from  Labrador),  on  the  east  and 
south  by  the  Atlantic,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence.  It  contains  the  peninsulas  of  Avalon  in  the 
southeast  and  Petit  Nord  in  the  north.  The  coast  is  greatly 
indented,  the  surface  is  generally  hilly,  and  there  are  many 
lakes.  The  chief  occupation  is  the  fisheries :  the  island  has 
thelargest  cod-flsheries in  the  world,  andhas also  seal-,  her- 
ring-, salmon-,  and  lobster-fisheries.  It  contains  productive 
copper-mines.  It  forms  with  eastern  Labrador  (Depart- 
ment of  Labrador)  a  crown  colony,  the  government  being 
vested  in  a  governor,  executive  council,  legislative  council, 
and  house  of  assembly.  It  was  discovered  by  John  Cabot  in 
1497 ;  the  cod-fishery  commenced  in  the  beginning  of  the 
16th  century ;  and  the  first  important  settlement  was  made 
by  the  Enghah  under  Calvert  in  1621.  There  were  feuds 
between  English  and  French  fishermen,  and  by  the  treaty 
of  1713  Newfoundland  was  confirmed  to  England.  Kepre- 
sentative  government  was  granted  in  1832,  and  the  pres- 
ent form  of  government  was  established  in  1855.  The 
French  rights  on  the  coast,  granted  in  1713  and  1783,  have 
been  a  frequent  subject  of  dispute.  Area,  42,200  square 
miles.    Population  (1901),  217,037. 

New  France  (f  ran  s) .  The  region  in  North  Amer- 
ica claimed  and  in  part  settled  by  France.  By 
1650  it  included  the  basins  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  of  the 
Great  Lakes,  with  Labrador  and  the  present  Nova  Scotia 
and  New  Brunswick  and  part  of  Maine.  Contests  with 
England  arose,  and  four  wars  ensued— King  William's, 
Queen  Anne's,  King  George's,  and  the  French  and  Indian. 
Quebec  and  Montreal  were  the  chief  settlements.  By  1750 
New  France,  with  Louisiana  added,  comprised  the  St.  Law- 
rence and  Great  Lakes  basins,  with  the  Mississippi  basin, 
though  settlements  were  confined  to  a  few  points  on  the 
lakes  and  rivers.  Acadia  (which  see)  had  been  ceded  to 
England  in  1713.  The  result  of  the  treaty  of  1763  was  the 
cession  of  all  the  region  east  of  the  Mississippi  to  England, 
and  that  west  of  the  Mississippi  to  Spain. 

New  Galicia.    See  Niwva  Galida. 

Newgate  (nil'  gat) .  The  western  gate  of  London 
wall  by  which  tte  Watling  street  left  the  city.  It 
was  at  first  called  Westgate,  but  later  Chancellor's  gate. 
In  the  reign  of  Henry  I.  Chancellor's  gate  was  rebuilt  and 
called  Newgate.  At  about  the  same  time  the  county  of 
Middlesex  was  given  to  the  citizens  of  London,  and  New- 
gate was  used  for  prisoners  from  that  county.  The  use  of 
this  locality  for  a  prison  continues  until  the  present  day, 
although  now  only  a  house  of  detention  is  located  here. 
Newgate  always  had  an  unsavory  reputation,  and  resisted 
all  efiorts  at  reform.  These  began  as  early  as  the  time  of 
Richard  Whittington,  who  left  a  large  sum  for  its  improve- 
ment. The  prison  was  burned  during  the  Gordon  riots  in 
1780,  and  was  rebuilt  In  1782.    Archer  ;  Loftie. 

Newgate  Calendar.  A  biographical  record  of 
the  most  notorious  criminals  confined  in  New- 
gate. 


New  Hebrides 

New  Georgia  (j6r'jia).  The  former  name  for 
Vancouver  Island  and  the  Pacific  coast  opposite 
it. 

New  Granada  (gra-na'da),  Sp.  Nueva  Qrana- 

da  (no-a'va  gra-na'THa).  An  earlier  name  of 
the  South  American  country  now  called  Colom- 
bia (which  see),  it  was  given  by  the  conqueror  Que- 
sada  (1538),  in  remembrance  of  his  native  province  of  Gra^ 
nada :  at  that  time  the  term  included  only  the  highlands 
about  Bogota.  Under  the  colonial  presidents  (1564-1718) 
and  viceroys  (1719-1810)  it  embraced  n  early  the  present  ter- 
ritory of  Colombia,  except  from  1710  to  1722,  when  Quito 
(the  present  Ecuador)  was  annexed  to  it.  The  official  title 
under  the  viceroys  was  Nuevo  £eino  de  Granada  (New 
Kingdom  of  Granada).  After  the  revolution  New  Granada 
was  retained  as  a  collective  name  for  the  provinces  com- 
posing  the  old  viceroyalty,  though  they  were  merged  in 
the  republic  of  Colombia  (including  also  Venezuela  and 
Quito)  from  1819  to  1830.  In  the  latter  year  Venezuela  and 
Quito  separated,  and  the  Republic  of  New  Granada  was 
formed  in  1831.  In  1861,  on  the  adoption  of  a  federal  con- 
stitution, the  name  was  changed  to  United  States  of  Co- 
lombia (now  Republic  of  Colombia). 

New  Guinea  (gin'i),  or  Papua  (pap'o-a  or  pa'- 
p6-a) .  The  largest  island  in  the  world,  belong- 
ing to  Melanesia,  and  situated  north  of  Austra- 
lia (from  which  it  is  separated  by  Torres  Strait). 
It  is  bounded  on  the  north,  east,  and  south  by  the  Pacific, 
and  on  the  southwest  by  Araf ura  Sea,  The  interior  has 
been  little  explored.  There  are  peninsulas  in  the  north- 
west and  southeast.  The  mountains  (Arfak  Hills,  Finis- 
terre,  Kratke,  etc.)  reach  in  the  Charles  Louis  range  the 
height  of  about  16,000  feet.  The  largest  river  is  the  Fly. 
The  island  is  divided  between  the  Dutch  in  the  west  (as 
far  east  as  long.  141"),  the  Germans  in  the  northeast,  and 
the  British  in  the  south.  It  was  ih-st  visited  by  the  Por- 
tuguese Menezes  about  1526,  and  was  chiefly  surveyed  by 
the  Dutch.  The  Dutch  claim  was  made  in  1848.  In  1884 
and  1886  the  English  and  German  possessions  were  defined. 
British  New  Guinea,  under  a  governor  (the  cost  of  admin- 
istration being  borne  by  the  Australian  Commonwealth), 
has  an  area  of  about  90,000  square  miles,  and  a  popula- 
tion of  about  490,000.  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land,  governed  by 
the  German  New  Guinea  Company,  has  an  area  of  72,000 
square  miles,  and  a  population  of  about  110,000.  Dutch 
New  Guinea,  attached  to  the  residency  of  Ternate  in  the 
Moluccas,  with  an  area  of  150,755  square  miles,  hasapop- 
ulation  of  about  200,000.  Total  area,  about  313,000  square 
miles.    Total  population,  about  800,000. 

New  Hampshire  (hamp'shir).  One  of  the  New 
England  States  of  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica, extending  from  lat.  42°  40'  to  45°  18'  N. ,  and 
from  long.  70°  48'  to  72°  33'  W.  Capital,  Con- 
cord; largest  city,  Manchester.  It  is  bounded  by 
the  province  of  Quebec,  Canada,  on  the  north,  Maine  and 
the  Atlantic  on  the  east,  Massachusetts  on  the  south,  and 
.Vermont  (separated  by  the  Connecticut)  and  Quebec  on 
'the  west.  Its  surface  is  mountainous  in  the  north  and 
west,  and  elsewhere  hilly.  It  contains  the  'White  Moun- 
tains in  the  north.  It  is  often  called  "  the  Granite  State  "  and 
"the  Switzerland  of  America,"  It  is  largely  a  manufac- 
turing State,  ranking  among  the  leading  S&tes  in  its  chief 
manufactures — cotton,  woolen,  and  worsted.  It  has  10 
counties,  sends  2  senators  and  2  representatives  to  Con- 
gress, and  has  4  electoral  votes.  It  was  visited  by  Pring 
in  1603,  and  by  Captain  John  Smith  in  1614 ;  formed  part 
of  the  territory  granted  to  Mason  and  Gorges  in  1622 ;  was 
settled  by  the  English  at  Portsmouth  and  Dover  in  1623 ; 
was  united  to  Massachusetts  in  1641;  was  separated  and 
made  a  royal  province  in  1679 ;  was  at  times  again  united, 
and  finally  separated  in  1741;  was  often  disturbed  by  Indian 
wars ;  and  claimed  Vermont  until  1764.  It  was  one  of  the 
13  original  States,  being  the  ninth  to  ratify  the  Constitu- 
tlon  (1788).  Area,  9,305  square  miles.  Population  (1900), 
411,588. 

New  Hampshire  Grants.  A  name  given  to 
Vermont  in  its  earlier  history. 

New  Hanover  (han'o-v6r).  An  island  of  the 
Bismarck  Archipelago. 

New  Harmony  (har'mo-ni).  A  town  in  Posey 
County,  southwestern  Indiana,  situated  on  the 
Wabash  22  miles  northwest  of  EvausviUe.  See 
Harmonists.    Population  (1900),  1,341. 

Newhaven  (nu-ha'vn).  A  seaport  in  Sussex, 
England,  situated  on  the  English  Channel,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Ouse,  50  miles  south  of  Lon- 
don. It  is  the  terminus  of  a  steam-packet  line 
to  Dieppe,  France.    Population  (1891),  4,955. 

New  Haven.  A  Puritan  colony  in  New  Eng- 
land, established  in  1638,  and  united  with  Con- 
necticut in  1662.  Its  government  was  remarkably 
theocratic.  It  comprised  a  few  adjoining  towns  besides 
New  Haven. 

New  Haven.  A  city,  capital  of  New  Haven  Coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  situated  on  New  Haven  harbor, 
near  Long  Island  Sound,  in  lat.  41°  18'  N.,  long. 
72°  56'  W.  It  is  the  largest  city  in  the  State.  It  manu- 
factures carriages,  Winchester  arms,  etc.,  and  exports 
manufactured  goods.  It  is  the  seat  of  Yale  University 
(which  see).  It  was  settled  by  English  colonists  under 
Davenport  and  Eaton  in  1638;  became  a  city  in  1784;  and 
was  the  State  capital  alternately  with  Hartford  from  1701 
to  1873,  when  Hartford  was  made  sole  capital.  Often 
called  "the  Elm  City"  from  the  number  and  beauty  of  its 
elms.    Population  (1900),  108,027. 

New  Hebrides  (heb'ri-dez).  A  group  of  islands 
in  Melanesia,  Pacific  Ocean,  northeast  of  New 
Caledonia  and  west  of  the  Fiji  Islands.  They  are 
mostly  of  volcanic  formation.  The  largest  Island  is  Es- 
piritii  Santo.  The  inhabitants  belong  to  Papuan  and  Poly, 
nesian  races,  and  are  cannibals.    The  islands  were  dlo. 


New  Hebrides 

covered  In  1606,  and  explored  by  Cook  In  1773.  In  1886 
they  were  seized  by  the  French  agadnst  Australian  protest. 
Population,  about  80,000. 

New  Holland  (hoi' and).  A  former  name  of 
Australia. 

New  Hope  Church.  A  locality  in  Paulding 
County,  Georgia,  4  miles  northeast  of  Dallas. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a  series  of  skirmishes  May  25-28, 1864, 
between  the  Federals  under  Sherman  and  the  Confeder- 
ates under  Johnston,  the  former  losing  2,400  men,  the  lat- 
ter 3,000. 

Newington  (nil'ing-ton).  A  quarter  of  London, 
on  the  southern  side'of  the  Thames  near  Lam- 
beth. 

New  Inn,  The,  or  the  Light  Heart.  A  comedy 
by  Ben  Jonson,  first  played  by  the  King's 
Servants  in  1629,  entered  on  the  "Stationers' 
Eegister"in  1631,  and  published  the  same  year. 
A  part  of  this  play  was  transferred  to  "  Love's  Pilgrim- 
age "  by  Fletcher  and  another. 

New  Ireland  (ir'land),  native  Tombara  (tom- 
ba'ra).  An  island  of  the  Bismarck  Archipelago, 
Pacific  Ooean,20mllesnortheastof  New  Britain, 
which  it  generally  resembles:  called  by  the  Ger- 
mans  since  1885  Neu-Mecklenburg.  It  was  made 
a  German  possession  in  1884.  Length,  about 
300  miles. 

New  Jersey  (jfir'zi).  [Named  (1664)  after  the 
Isle  of  Jersey,  in  honor  of  Sir  George  Carteret, 
lieutenant-governor  of  that  isle  (1643-51).  He 
had  previously  (1650)  received  a  grant  of  "  a  cer- 
tain island  and  adjacent  islets  in  America  in 
perpetual  inheritance,  to  be  called  JWewJersej/" 
(Diet.  Nat.  Biog.,  IX.  209).]  One  of  the  North 
Atlantic  States  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
extending  fromlat.  38°  56' to41°21'N.,andfrom 
long.  73°  54'  to  75°  33'  W.  Capital,  Trenton; 
largest  cities,  Newark  and  Jersey  City,  it  is  bound- 
ed by  New  York  on  the  north,  New  York  (separated  by  the 
Hudson,  New  York  Bay,  and  Staten  Island  Sound)  and  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east,  Delaware  Bay  on  the  south, 
and  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware  (both  separated  by  the 
Delaware  Kiver)  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
Kittatinny  and  Highland  ranges  of  the  Appalachian  system 
in  the  northwest :  the  southern  half  is  a  plain.  It  is 
the  first  State  in  the  production  of  zinc,  one  of  the  lead- 
ing iron-producing  States,  and  one  of  the  chief  manufac- 
turing States,  ranking  first  in  the  manufacture  of  glass 
and  silk,  and  among  the  first  in  the  manufacture  of 
leather,  iron,  hats,  rubber,  sugar,  and  steel.  It  has  21 
counties,  sends  2  senators  and  10  representatives  to  Con- 
gress, and  has  12  electoral  votes.  It  was  settled  by 
the  Dutch  at  Bergen  probably  about  1617;  granted  by 
the  Duke  of  York  to  Carteret  and  Berkeley  in  1664 ;  re- 
conquered by  the  Dutch  in  1673 ;  and  restored  to  England 
in  1674.  .West  Jersey  was  purchased  by  Quakers  in  1674, 
East.  Jersey  in  1682.  Proprietary  government  ceased  in 
1702,  New  Jersey  being  made  a  royal  province.  It  was  un- 
der the  same  governor  with  New  York  until  1738.  It  was 
one  of  the  thirteen  original  States,  and  was  the  scene  of 
the  battles  of  Trenton,  Princeton,  Monmouth,  and  other 
events  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  Area,  7t815  square 
miles.    Population  (1900),  1,883,669. 

New  Jersey,  College  of,  now  Princeton  Uni- 
versity:   also  formerly  Nassau  Hall.     An 

institution  of  learning  at  Princeton,  New  Jer- 
sey. It  was  chartered  in  1746  and  1748,  opened  at  Eliza- 
bethtown  In  1747,  and  removed  to  Newark  in  1747  and  to 
Princeton  in  1757.  The  buildings  were  occupied  by  British 
and  American  troops  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  It  con- 
tains an  academic  department  and  a  school  of  science.. 
The  theological  seminary  in  the  same  town  (under  Pres- 
byterian control)  is  not  connected  with  it.  The  university 
is  attended  by  about  1,000  students,  and  the  library  con- 
tains over  180,000  volumes. 

New  Jerusalem  Church.  See  Swedentorgians. 
New  Lanark  (lan'ark),  A  small  village  1  mile 
from  Lanark,  Scotland,  a  manufacturing  settle- 
ment was  made  there  in  connection  with  the  philan- 
thropic schemes  of  Robert  Owen. 
Newland  (nu'land),  Abraham.  A  name  given 
to  an  English  bank-note :  so  named  from  Abra- 
ham Newland,  the  cashier  of  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land in  tiie  early  part  of  the  19th  century,  who 
signed  the  notes. 

New  Laws,  Sp.  Nuevas  Ordenanzas  (n6-a'- 
vas  6r-da-nan'thas).  A  code  of  Spanish  laws 
promulgated  in  Madrid  in  1543,  and  having  for 
their  special  object  the  protection  of  American 
Indians.  They  were  the  outcome  of  the  efforts  of  Las 
Casas,  and  were  originally  written  by  him,  but  were  pub- 
lished with  some  changes.  These  laws  provided  that  all 
Indian  slaves  should  be  freed  unless  a  legal  title  to  them 
could  be  produced  by  their  masters.  "Repartimieatos,"or 
grants  of  Indian  labor,  were  greatly  restricted  and  could 
not  be  inherited :  civil  and  ecclesiastical  officers  were  for- 
bidden to  hold  them.  The  treatment  of  slaves  was  regu- 
lated, inspectors  were  appointed  to  watch  over  them,  and 
provision  was  made  for  their  religious  instruction.  At  the 
same  time  some  of  the  old  audiences  were  suppressed  and 
others  were  created.  The  new  laws  were  vehemently  op- 
posed by  the  colonists,  who  declared  that  they  would  be 
impoverished.  The  viceroy  of  Mexico  was  forced  to  sus- 
pend them,  but  later  (1561)  they  were  enforced  by  Velasco, 
and  150,000  male  slaves  alone  were  freed.  In  Peru  an 
attempt  to  enforce  the  laws  resulted  in  the  rebellion  of 
Gonzalo  Pizarro  (see  Pizarro).  They  were  suspended  as  to 
that  country  in  1547,  and  by  1560  had  become  practioaUy 
non-effective.  ,   ,  .     «  , 

New  Lebanon  (leb'a-ngn).    A  town  m  Colum- 


733 

bia  County,  New  York,  22  miles  southeast  of 
Albany,  it  contains  the  village  of  Mount  Lebanon; 
noted  for  its  Shaker  community,  and  the  village  of  Lebanon 
Springs,  noted  for  hot  springs.    Population  (1900),  1,666. 

New  Leinster  (len'ster  or  lin'ster).  A  name 
formerly  given  to  what  is  now  Stewart  Island, 
New  Zealand. 

New  Leon.    See  Nuevo  Leon. 

New  London  (lun'don).  A  seaport,  and  one  of 
the  capitals  of  New  London  County,  Connecti- 
cut, situated  on  the  Thames,  3  miles  from  Long 
Island  Sound,  in  lat.  41°  21'  N.,  long.  72°  5'  W. 
It  has  considerable  commerce,  is  a  summer  resort,  has 
fisheries  of  seal,  cod,  and  mackerel,  and  was  formerly 
noted  for  its  whale-fisheries  (next  to  New  Bedford).  It 
was  captured  by  the  British  under  Benedict  Arnold  in  1781. 
Population  (1900),  17,648. 

New  Madrid  (mad'rid).  The  capital  of  New 
Madrid  County,  Missouri,  situated  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi 46  miles  southwest  of  Cairo,  Dlinois. 
The  Federals  under  Pope  captured  it  March  14, 
1862.    Population  (1900),  1,489. 

Newman  (nu'man),  Francis  William.  Bom 
at  London,  June"2T,  1805 :  died  at  Weston-super- 
Mare  ,  Oct.  4, 1897.  An  English  scholar  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  brother  of  Cardinal  Newman. 
In  1826  he  graduated  at  Oxford  (Worcester  CSollege), 
and  was  made  fellow  of  Balllol.  In  1840  he  was  made 
classical  professor  in  Manchester  New  College,  and  1846-63 
was  professor  of  Latin  in  tTniveiaity  College,  London.  He 
wrote  "Phases  of  Faith,"  "History  of  the  Hebrew  Mon- 
archy" (1847),  "The  Soul"  (1849),  "Regal  Rome"  (1862), 
"Theism"  (1868),  "Handbook  of  Modern  Arabic"  (1866), 
"Libyan  Vocabulary " (1882),  "Politica"(1889),"Econom- 
ioa  "  (1890),  translations  from  Horace  and  Homer,  etc. 

Newman,  John  Henry.  Bom  at  London,  Feb. 
21, 1801:  died  at  Edgbaston,  Aug.  11, 1890.  An 
English  Roman  Catholic  prelate.  He  was  the  son 
of  John  Newman,  banker.  He  took  his  degree  at  Oxford 
(Trinity  College)  in  1820,  and  was  elected  fellow  of  Oriel  in 
1822,  where  he  was  associated  with  Dr.  Pusey.  In  1833  he 
published  "  The  Arians  of  the  Fourth  Century."  Many  of 
his  smaller  poems,  including  "Lead,  Kindly  Light,"  were 
written  during  a  Mediterranean  voyage  in  1832-33.  In 
1833  he  joined  the  Oxford  movement,  and  wrote  many  of 
the  "  Tracts  for  the  Times. "  For  a  time  he  held  to  the  pos- 
sibility of  a  middle  ground  between  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  and  Protestantism:  but  In  1843  he  resigned  his 
living  In  the  Anglican  Church,  and  on  Oct.  9, 1846,  formally 
entered  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  In  1849  he  estab- 
lished an  English  branch  of  the  brotherhood  of  St.  Philip 
Neri,  the  "Oratory."  His  lectures  on  "Anglican  Difficul- 
ties were  published  In  1860.  His  sennons  were  published 
in  1849  and  1867 ;  the  "Apologia  pro  vita  sua,  or  a  History 
of  my  Religions  Opinions"  in  1864;  "  Grammar  of  Assent" 
in  1870;  "Verses  on  Various  Occasions"  In  1874.  He  did 
not  attend  the  Vatican  Council,  but  he  accepted  its  results. 
On  May  12. 1879,  he  was  made  cardinal. 

Newmarket  (nii-mar  'ke t ) .  A  town  in  Suffolk  and 
Cambridgeshire,  England,  55  miles  north-north- 
east of  London.  Horse-races  have  been  run  annually 
on  Newmarket  Heath  since  the  reign  of  James  I.  The 
principal  races  are  the  Two  Thousand  Guineas  and  the 
Cesarewitch.    Population  (1891),  6,213. 

New  Mexico  (mek'si-ko).  A  Territory  of  the 
United  States.  Capital.  Santa  P6.  it  is  bounded 
by  Colorado  on  the  north,  ()klahoma  and  Texas  on  the 
east,  Texas  and  Mexico  on  the  south,  and  Arizona  on 
the  west.  The  surface  is  elevated,  and  is  traversed  bj 
mountain-ranges  and  by  the  Rio  Grande  from  north  to 
south.  Mineral  wealth  is  abundant.  The  chief  occupa- 
tions are  the  raising  of  live  stock  and  mining.  The  Ter- 
ritory has  26  counties,  and  sends  1  delegate  to  Congress. 
The  inhabitants  are  largely  of  Mexican  descent.  There 
are  also  Pueblos,  uncivilized  Indians,  etc.  It  was  vis- 
ited by  Niza  in  1539,  and  by  Coronado  about  1541.  Set- 
tlements were  made  by  Spanish  missionaries  in  the  end 
of  the  16th  century.  The  Spanish  were  temporarily  ex- 
pelled by  the  Indians  in  1680.  The  region  was  conquered 
by  the  Americans  under  Eeamy  in  1846 ;  ceded  by  Mex- 
ico to  the  United  States  In  1848 ;  and  organized  as  a  Terri- 
tory in  1860.  It  was  enlarged  by  the  ' '  Gadsden  Purchase  " 
in  1863.  Area,  122,580  square  miles.  Population  (1900), 
196,310. 

New  Milford  (mil 'ford).  A  town  in  Litchfield 
County,  Connecticut,  situated  on  the  Housa- 
tonic  32  miles  northwest  of  New  Haven.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  4,804. 

New  Mills  (mflz).  A  town  in  Derbyshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Kinder  and 
Goyt  12  miles  southeast  of  Manchester.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  6,661. 

New  Model,  The.  The  name  given  to  the  Par- 
liamentary army  from  the  time  of  its  reorgani- 
zationin  1645.  It  was  commanded  by  Sir  Thomas 
Fairfax,  and  later  by  Cromwell. 

New  Munster  (mun'ster).  A  name  formerly 
given  to  what  is  now  the  South  Island  of  New 
Zealand. 

New  Netherlands  (nesn'er-landz) .  The  early 
name  of  the  colony  (later  the  State)  of  New 
York. 

Newnham  (niin'am)  College.  A  college  m  the 
suburbs  of  Cambridge,  England,  founded  in 
1875  for  the  education  of  women,  it  now  consists 
of  three  halls  — Old  HaU,  Sidgwick  Hall,  and  Clough  Hall. 
From  1881  its  students  and  those  of  Girton  College  (which 
see)  have  been  admitted  to  examinations  in  Cambridge 
University,  and  receive  certificates. 

New  Orkney.    See  Sovth  Orkney. 


New  Russia 

New  Orleans  (6r'le-anz).  A  city  in  the  parish 
of  Orleans,  Louisiana,  situated  on  the  Missis- 
sippi in  lat.  29°  58'  N.,  long.  90°  3'  W.  It  Is  the 
largest  city  of  Louisiana,  the  largest  and  chief  commercial 
city  of  the  Gulf  States  and  the  chief  seaport  of  the  Missis- 
sippi valley.  It  borders  on  Lake  Pontchartrain  on  the 
north,  and  is  protected  by  levees.  From  its  shape  it  Is 
called  "the  Crescent  City."  Ithasthelargestcotton-mar- 
ket  in  the  United  States,  and,  besides  cotton,  exports  sugar, 
molasses,  corn,  fiour,  tobacco,  rice,  wheat,  pork,  etc.  The 
most  prominent  buildings  are  the  custom-house,  city  hall, 
and  St.  Charles  and  St.  Louis  hotels.  The  inhabitants  are 
largely  Creoles  and  negroes.  New  Orleans  was  founded  by 
the  French  under  Bienville  in  1718 ;  passed  to  Spain  In 
1763,  to  France  in  1800,  and  to  the  United  States  in  1803 ; 
has  often  been  ravaged  by  yellow  fever ;  was  seized  by  the 
Confederates  in  1861,  and  was  reoocupied  by  the  Federals 
under  Butler  from  May  1, 1862.  From  1868  to  1880  it  was 
the  State  capital.  It  was,  the  scene  of  political  riots  in 
1877,  and  of  the  lynching  of  11  Italians  in  1891  suspected  of 
complicity  in  the  murder  of  the  chief  of  police.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  287,104. 

New  Orleans,  Battle  of.  A  victory  near  New 
Orleans,  Jan.  8, 1815,  gained  by  the  Americans 
(about  6,000)  under  Andrew  Jackson  over  the 
British  (about  12,000)  under  Pakenham  (kUled 
in  the  battle).  The  loss  of  the  British  was  over  2,000 ; 
that  of  the  Americans,  who  were  sheltered  by  breastworks, 
8  killed  and  13  wounded. 

New  Philippines  (fil'i-pinz).  A  name  some- 
times given  to  the  Caroline  Islands. 

New  Place.  The  house  of  Shakspere's  resi- 
dence and  death  at  Stratford-upon-Avon,  Eng- 
land. The  foundations  still  remain.  It  was  built  about 
1640.  Shal^spere  bought  it  in  1697,  paying  £60  for  it  in  that 
year,  and  a  second  £60  in  1602.  At  that  time  the  house 
was  thought  to  be  the  best  in  the  town,  and  there  were  two 
barns  and  two  gardens  belonging  to  it.  Shakspere  after- 
ward enlarged  the  gardens.  It  is  not  known  in  what  year 
he  retired  there  permanently  from  London,  but  it  was  his 
home  in  1598. 

New  Plymouth  (plim'uth).  A  seaport  in  the 
North  Island  of  New  Zealand,  situated  in  lat. 
39°  4'  S.,  long.  174°  6'  E.  Population  (1896), 
about  8,000. 

Newport  (nii'port).  The  chief  town  of  the  Isle 
of  Wight,  Hampshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Medina  11  miles  southwest  of  Portsmouth. 
Near  it  is  Carisbrooke  Castle.  Population 
(1891),  10,216. 

Newport.  A  seaport  in  Monmouthshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Usk  20  miles  west-north- 
west of  Bristol.  It  has  iron-works  and  other  manu- 
factures, and  commerce  in  coal,  iron,  etc.  There  are 
ruins  of  an  old  castle.    Population  (1901),  67,290. 

Newport.  A  city  in  Campbell  County,  Ken- 
tucky, situated  on  the  Ohio  opposite  Cincin- 
nati, and  at  the  mouth  of  the  Licking  oppo- 
site Covington.  It  has  various  manufactures. 
Population  (1900),  28,301. 

Newport.  A  former  capital  of  the  State  of 
Rhode  Island,  and  the  capital  of  Newport  Coun- 
ty, situated  in  the  island  of  Ehode  Island,  on 
Narragansett  Bay,  in  lat.  41°  29'  N.,  long.  71° 
20'  W.  It  has  a  fine  harbor,  and  is  one  of  the  most 
fashionable  watering-places  in  the  United  States.  There 
is  a  United  States  torpedo  station  on  an  island  in  the  har- 
bor. Among  the  objects  of  interest  are  the  round  stone 
tower  or  mill.  Fort  Adams,  and  the  beaches.  It  waa 
founded  about  1638,  and  was  an  important  commercial 
place  in  the  18th  century.  Its  trade  was  rained  daring 
its  occupation  by  the  British  1776-79.  Population  (1900), 
22,034. 

Newport,  Christopher.  Bom  about  1565 :  died 
at  Bantam,  E.  I.,  1617.  An  English  navigator. 
He  commanded  the  expedition  which  founded  Jamestown, 
Virginia,  in  1607,  and  led  expeditions  to  Virginia  in  1608 
and  1610-11. 

Newport,  Treaty  of.  The  name  given  to  nego- 
tiations at  Newport,  Monmouthshire,  between 
Charles  I.  and  the  English  Parliament,  Sept. 
to  Nov.,  1648.  The  king  made  great  concessions,  but 
apparently  only  for  the  purpose  of  gaining  time. 

Newport  News  (nii'port  nUz).  A  city  on  the 
north  side  of  Hampton  Koads,  Virginia,  11 
miles  northwest  of  Norfolk.  Pop.  (1900),  19,635. 

New  Providence.  One  of  the  principal  islands 
of  the  Bahamas,  containing  the  capital,  Nassau. 

New  River.  A  name  given  to  the  Great  Ka- 
nawha in  the  upper  part  of  its  course. 

New  Rochelle  (ro-shel' ) .  A  city  in  Westches- 
ter County,  New  York,  situated  on  Long  Island 
Sound  17  miles  northeast  of  New  York.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  14,720. 

New  Roof,  The.  Anickname  of  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution about  the  time  of  its  adoption.    Fiske. 

New  Ross  (ros).  A  town  in  the  counties  of  Wex- 
ford and  Kilkenny,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Bar- 
row 72  miles  south-southwest  of  Dublin,  it  was 
the  scene  of  a  defeat  of  the  Irish  insuigents  June  6,  1798, 
by  loyalist  troops  under  Johnston  and  Lord  Mountjoy  (who 
was  killed).  The  rebels  were  successful  at  first,  but  were 
ultunately  routed  with  a  loss  of  about  2,000 :  that  of  the 
loyalists  being  about  230.    Population  (1891),  5,847. 

New  Russia  (rush'a).  A  collective  name  for  the 
three  Russian  governments  Kherson,  Taurida, 
and  Yekaterinoslaff. 


Newry 

Newry  (nu'ri).  A  seaport  in  the  counties  of 
Down  and  Armagh,  Ireland,  situated  at  the  head 
of  Carlingford  Lough,  33  miles  southwest  of  Bel- 
fast. Itisoneof  the  chief  ports  of  Ulster.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  12,961. 

New  Sarum.    See  Salisbury. 

New  Shoreham.    See  Slioreham. 

New  Siberia  (si-be'ri-a).  The  easternmost  of 
the  New  Siberia  Islands. 

New  Siberia  Islands,  or  Liakhoff  (le-ach'of) 
Islands.  A  group  of  islands  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  north  of  Siberia  and  northeast  of  the 
Lena  Delta. 

New  South  Shetland.    See  South  S}ietland. 

New  South  Wales  (walz).  [Named  by  Cook  in 
1770  from  a  fancied  resemblance  to  the  north- 
em  shores  of  the  Bristol  Channel.]  A  state 
of  the  Commonwealth  of  Australia.  Capital, 
Sydney,  it  is  bounded  by  Queensland  on  the  north, 
the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  east,  Victoria  on  the  south,  and 
South  Australia  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  from  north 
to  south  near  the  coast  by  a  range  of  mountains,  beyond 
which  are  vast  plains  in  the  interior.  The  great  river- 
system  is  that  of  the  Murray,  The  chief  industry  is  stock- 
raising,  and  especially  sheep-farming.  There  are  mines 
of  gold,  silver,  coal,  copper,  and  tin.  The  exports  include 
woolj  tallow,  leather,  tin,  copper,  and  silver.  The  execu- 
tive IS  vested  in  a  governor,  with  a  cabinet  of  10  minis- 
ters. The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  legislative 
council  and  a  legislative  assembly,  A  penal  settlement 
was  established  at  Botany  Bay  in  1788.  The  development 
of  the  wool  industry  commenced  under  Governor  Mac- 
yuarie  about  1810-20,  Gold,  though  known  in  1823,  was 
not  worked  till  1851.  The  transportation  of  convicts 
ceased  in  1863,  Area,  310,700  square  miles.  Population, 
(1893)j  estimated,  1,223,370, 

New  Spain  (span),  Sp.  Nueva  Espana  (no-a'- 
va  es-pan'ya).  The  colonial  name  of  the  coun- 
try now  called  Mexico,  it  was  first  applied  by  Gri- 
Jalva  (1618)  to  Yucatan  and  Tabasco,  and  was  extended  by 
Cortes  to  aJil  his  conquests.  Under  th^  viceroys  the  name 
was  also  used  for  a  much  larger  territory  (see  New  Spairij 
Viceroyalty  of),  but  New  Spain  proper,  or  the  kingdom  of 
New  Spain,  corresponded  to  the  district  under  the  juris- 
diction of  the  audience  of  Mexico,  the  present  southern 
Mexico,  embracing  (nearly)  the  modern  states  of  Yuca- 
tan. Campeche,,Taba3co,  Vera  Cruz,  Hidalgo,  Guanajuato, 
Michoacan,  Colima,  Mexico,  Morelos,  Tlaxcala,  Puebla, 
Guerrero,  and  Oajaca. 

New  Spain.Viceroyalty  of.  The  region  gov- 
erned by  the  viceroys  of  Mexico.  The  flrstvioeroy, 
Mendoza,  took  possession  in  1636,  Under  him,  and  for 
some  time  after,  the  viceroyalty,  in  its  broadest  sense,  era- 
braced  all  the  Spanish  possessions  in  Central  and  North 
America,  from  the  southern  boundary  of  Costa  Rica,  be- 
sides the  West  Indies  and  the  Spanish  East  Indies  — that 
is,  the  five  audiences  of  Mexico,  Guadalajara,  Confines, 
Santo  Domingo,  and  Manila,  and  the  captaincy-general  of 
Florida,  But,  except  in  the  first  two,  the  viceroy's  powers 
were  very  limited,  and  were  soon  practically  restricted  to 
military  defense  and  a  few  other  matters  of  general  im- 
portance. During  the  18th  century  the  East  Indies  and 
Guatemala  or  Central  America  were  completely  separated. 
The  region  generally  called  New  Spain,  in  which  the  vice- 
roy had  complete  authority,  consisted  for  a  long  time  of 
the  three  kingdoms  of  New  Spain,  New  Galicia,  and  New 
icon,  corresponding  to  modern  Mexico  and  the  undefined 
territories  of  New  Mexico,  Texas,  and  California,  now  in- 
cluded in  the  United  States.  In  1793  the  northern  prov- 
inces were  separated  (see  Provincial  Irtternas),  and  there- 
after the  viceroyalty  corresponded  nearly  to  the  Mexico  of 
to-day,  excluding  southern  Coahuila,  Durango,  Sinaloa, 
Chihuahua,  and  Sonora,  but  including  Upper  and  Lower 
California.  The  name  Mexico  finally  supplanted  that  of 
New  Spain  in  1822. 

Newstead  Abbey  (nH'sted  ab'i).  A  building  in 
Nottinghamshire,  England,  9  miles  north  of  Not- 
tingham :  anciently  an  abbey.  It  was  founded  by 
Henry  II.  as  an  atonement  for  Becket's  murder  in  1170, 
and  was  the  home  of  the  family  of  Lord  Byron,  obtained 
by  Sir  John  Byron,  his  ancestor,  at  the  dissolution  of  the 
monasteries  in  1540.  Numerous  relics  of  Lord  Byron  are 
preserved  in  the  house.  He  undertook  to  keep  it  up  in 
1809,  with  what  remained  of  his  fortune,  but  was  obliged 
to  sell  it  in  1818. 

New  Sweden  (swe'dn).  A  Swedish  colony  in 
Delaware,  founded  in  1638.  It  was  conquered 
by  the  Dutch  in  1655. 

New  Testament,    See  Testament. 

New  Timon,  The.  A  satire  byBulwer  Lytton, 
published  in  1847. 

New  Toledo.    See  Nueva  Toledo. 

Newton  (nu'ton).  A  city  in  Middlesex  County, 
Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Charles  7  miles 
west  of  Boston.  It  contains  the  villages  of  Newton, 
Aubumdale,  West  Newton,  Newton  Upper  Falls,  Newton 
Lower  Falls,  Newton  Centre,  etc.,  and  is  the  seat  of  New- 
ton Ideological  Institution  (Baptist!  and  Lasell  Female 
Seminary  (at  Aubumdale).    Population  (1900),  33,687. 

Newton,  Alfred.  Born  at  Geneva,  June  11, 
1829.  A  noted  English  zoologist,  professor  of 
zoology  and  comparative  anatomy  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge.  He  has  published  "The  Zo- 
ology of  Ancient  Europe  "  (1862),  an  edition  of  "  Yarrell's 
British  Birds,"  etc.;  has  written  many  papers  on  zoologi- 
cal and  especially  on  ornithological,  subjects;  and  his 
"  dictionary  of  Birds,"  an  expansion  of  his  articles  in  the 
ninth  edition  of  the  "Bncyclopffidia  Britennica"  wa^ 
published  1893-96.  He  was  president  of  the  British 
Association  in  1888. 


734 


New  York 


Newton,  Sir  Charles  Thomas.  Bom  1816:  Newtown  (nu'toun).  A  town  m  Montgomery- 
died  Nov.  28,  1894.  An  English  archseolo-  shire,  Wales,  situated  on  the  Severn  8  miles 
gist.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Christ  Church)  in  1837;  southwest  of  Montgomery.  It  is  the  center  of 
was  appointed  assistant  curator  of  antiquities  in  the  Brit-  the  "Welsh  flannel  manufacture.  Population 
ish  Museum  in  1840,  and  vice-consul  at  Mytilene  in  Asia     (1891)    6  610. 

Minor  in  1852;  discovered  the  site  of  the  Mausoleum  at  w-.r-t,-.,-!,  mi,,  -omo  tritro-n  riTiin-nrr  its  narliflsf 
Halicarnassus  in  1866 ;  and  later  excavated  at  Cnidus  and  NewtOWn.  The  name  given,  during  rts  earliest 
Branchidffi.  In  1860  he  was  appointed  British  consul  at  history,  to  what  IS  now  Cambridge,  Massacbu- 
Rome,  and  from  1861  to  1885  was  keeper  of  Greek  and     setts. 

Roman  antiquities  at  the  British  Museum.  In  1880  he  WewtOWn  A  suburb  of  Sydney,  New  South 
was  appointed  prof  essor  of  archffiology  at  University  Col-     t^"i"o 

lege,  London.    He  wrote  "  A  History  of  Discoveries  at  Ha^      *»  3''f='  ,,-...,   ,^       aj.  •    n 

licarnasBus,  Cnidus,  and  Branchidie"  (1862),  "Travels  and  NeWtOWnardS  (nu-tn-ardz  ).  A  town  m  (jOUn- 
Discoveries  in  the  Levant"  (1866),  essays  on  art  and  archae-  ty  Down,  Ireland,  situated  near  Strangford 
ology  (1880),  etc^  and  translated  Panofka's  "Manners  and  1^^.^^^.  9*  miles  east  of  Belfast.  Population 
Customs  of  the  Greeks  "  from  the  German  in  1849.  (1891)    9  197 

Newton.  Sir  Isaac.  Born  at  Woolsthorpe,  near  iJgwtow-Barry  (nii'toun-bar'i).  A  village  in 
Grantham,  ^'^%°^^^^'^^>^^^- ^X^^lf-^-^-  CouStywfxfora,  Ireland,  where,  June  1,  1798, 
died  at  Kensington  March  20,  1/27  Afamous  ^  ^  J  ^^  about  350  repulsed  an  attack  made 
English  mathematician  and  natural  philoso-    ,     upward  of  10,000  rebels. 

pher.  Hisfather,  Isaac  Newton,  was  a  small  freehold  far-  ■KTo—H-nmn  ■Rii+lov  /  Tint'lftrl  A  nlsipfi  in  Coimtv 
mer.  He  matriculated  at  Cambridge  (Trinity  College)  July  KOWtOWn-BUtler  (-but  ^^.^^  -^  P'f'O* '^  ^°Jf  W 
8, 1661 ;  was  elected  to  a  scholarship  April  28, 1664 ;  and '  Fermanagh,  Ireland,  73  miles  northwest  ot  Dub- 
g'raduated  in  Jan.,  1665.  At  the  university  he  was  espe-  lin.  Here,  in  1689,  the  Irish  Protestants  defeated 
cially  attracted  by  the  study  of  Descartes's  geometry.    The     the  Irish  Catholics 

method  of  fluxions  is  supposed  to  have  first  occurred  to  ■»■„„  TTlotor  riil'at^r^  A  Tmrnfi  formerlv  ffiven 
him  in  1665.  He  was  made  a  fellow  ot  Trinity  in  1667,  and  JNeW  Ulster  (ul  Ster).  A  name  lormeriy  given 
Lucasian professor  at  Cambridgein  Oct.,  1669.  He  became  a  to  what  IS  nowthe  North  Island  or  JNew  /iealana. 
fellowoftheKoyalSocietyin  Jan.,  1672.  Newton's  attention  Now  Way  tO  Pay  Old  DobtS,  A.  ' 


was  probably  drawn  to  the  subject  ot  gravitation  as  early 
as  1666.  The  story  of  the  fall  of  the  apple  was  first  told  by 
Voltaire,  who  had  it  from  Mrs.  Conduitt,  Newton's  niece. 
Kepler  had  established  the  laws  of  the  planetary  orbits, 
and  from  these  laws  Newton  proved  that  the  attraction  of 
the  sun  upon  the  planets  varies  inversely  as  the  squares 
of  their  distances.  Measuring  the  actual  deflection  ot  the 
moon's  orbit  from  its  tangent,  he  found  it  to  be  identical 
with  the  deflection  which  would  be  created  by  the  attrac- 
tion of  the  earth,  diminishing  in  the  ratio  of  the  inverse 
square  of  the  distance.  The  hypothesis  that  the  same 
force  acted  in  each  case  was  thus  confirmed.  The  success 
of  Newton's  work  really  depended  on  the  determination  of 
the  length  of  a  degree  on  the  earth's  surface  by  Picard 
in  1671.  The  universal  law  of  gravitation  was  completely 
elaborated  by  1685.  The  first  liook  of  the  "Principia"  or 
"Philosophise  Naturalis  Principia  Mathematica"  was  pre- 
sented to  the  Royal  Society,  April  28, 1686,  and  the  entire 


A  play  by 
Philip  Massinger,'printed  in  16'32,  but  acted  be- 
fore that  date,  and  since  repeatedly  revived  up 
to  the  present  time. 

I  have  no  doubt  in  calling  his  [Massinger's]  real  master- 
piece by  far  the  fine  tragic-comedy  of  "  A  New  Way  to  Pay 
Old  Debts."  The  revengeful  trick  by  which  a  satellite  of 
the  great  extortioner,  Sir  Giles  Overreach,  brings  about 
his  employer's  discomfiture,  regardless  of  his  own  ruin,  is 
very  like  the  denouement  of  the  Brass  and  Quilp  part  of 
the  "Old  Curiosity  Shop,"  may  have  suggested  it  (for  "A 
New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts  "  lasted  as  an  acting  play  well 
into  Dickens's  time),  and,  like  it,  is  a  little  improbable. 
But  the  play  is  an  admirable  one,  and  Overreach  (who,  as 
is  well  known,  was  supposed  to  be  a  kind  of  study  of  his 
half-namesake,  Mompesson,  the  notorious  monopolist)  is 
by  far  the  best  single  character  that  Massing«r  ever  drew. 
SairUsburyf  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  399, 


work  was  published  in  1687.'    In  1689  he  satin  Parliament 

for  the  University  of  Cambridge,  and  at  this  time  was  as-  NcW  Westminster  (west'min-ster).    A  town  in 

sociatedwithJohn  Locke;  inlJOlhewasreelected    When  British   Columbia,  situated   on  Eraser   Eiver 

his  friend  Charles  Montagu  (afterward  earl  otHalifax)wa8  ,•„  i„i   (iQoiq/-vr    inntr  ^99°  W  W      li -araa  fnr. 

appointed  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  Newton  was  made  l^  l^t.  ^    Id    .W.,  long,  i.^^   04    W .     It  ^as  tpr- 

wardenof  the  mint,  and  in  1699  master  of  the  mint.    The  merlythe  capital.     Population  (1901),  b,499, 

reformation  of  English  coinage  was  largely  his  work.    The  JJew  Wonder,  A:    A  Woman  Never  Voxt.    A 

>toeiJiodotfiuxtons, which heliaddiscoyered,wasemployed  oomedy  by  Chapman,  printed  in  1632, 

in  the  calculations  for  thB"Pnncipia,   but  did  not  appear  TLj._..^._Y  J    ipif.      Tviwi,  „„/i  «/^,•,+l,  Arv.oY.{«o. 

until  1693,  when  it  was  published  by  Wallis.    It  also  ap-  NeW  World,  The.    North  and  South  America; 

peared  in  1704  in  the  first  edition  of  the  "Optics."   On  the  western  hemisphere. 

Feb.  21, 1699,  he  was  elected  foreign  associate  of  the  French  UeW  York  (y6rk).     One  of  the  Middle  States 

Academy  of  Sciences.    In  1703  he  was  elected  president  of  ^^  q^^  United  States  of  America,  extendii^  from 


the  Royal  Society,  and  held  the  office  till  his  death. 

Newton,  John.  Bom  at  London,  July  24, 1725 : 
died  there,  Dec.  21, 1807.  An  English  clergy- 
man and  religious  poet.  His  father  was  governor  of 
York  Fort  in  Hudson  Bay,  Newton  served  in  his  father's 
ship  before  1742,  and  was  afterward  in  the  navy  and  in  the 
slave-trade  until  1755,  when  he  was  made  tide-surveyor  at 
Liverpool.  Taking  up  the  study  of  Greek  and  Hebrew,  he 
was  ordained  priest  June,  1764,  andbecame  curate  of  Olney, 

'  where  Cowper  settled  about  1767.    They  published  the 

'  "  Olney  Hymns  "  together  in  1779.  In  1780  he  was  made 
rector  of  St.  Mary  Woolnoth,  London.  Besides  many  well- 
known  hymns,  he  wrote  "Cardiphonia"  (1781),  etc.,  and 
an  "Authentic  Narrative  "  of  his  early  life  (1764). 

Newton,  John.  Born  Aug.  24, 1823 :  died  May  1, 
1895,  An  American  engineer  and  general.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1842 ;  served  throughout  the 
Civil  War,  attaining  the  rank  of  major-general  of  volun- 
teers in  1863;  was  made  brigadier-general  and  chief  of 
engineers  in  the  regular  army  in  1884 ;  was  placed  on  the 
retired  list  in  1886 ;  and  was  appointed  commissioner  of 
public  works  at  New  York  in  1887,  a  position  which  he  re- 
signed in  1888  to  accept  the  presidency  of  th  e  Panama  Rail- 
road Company,  His  chief  engineering  feat  was  the  im- 
provement of  Hell  Gate  channel  by  the  blasting  of  Hal- 
lett's  Reef  Sept.  24, 1876,  and  Flood  Rock,  Oct.  10, 1885. 

Newton,  K.  The  pseudonym  under  which  Ed- 
ward Cave  began  printing  "The  Gentleman's 
Magazine  "  in  1731. 

Nemon,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Butley,  Cheshire, 
about  1542:  died  at  Little  Ilford,  Essex,  May, 
1607.  Aji  English  divine  and  poet.  He  translated 
Seneca's  "Thebais,"  and  in  1681  collected  the  ten  English 
translations  of  Seneca's  tragedies.  In  1575  he  published 
a  history  and  chronicle  of  the  Saracens  and  Turks,  etc. 
He  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  writers  of  Latin  verse. 

Newton,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Lichfield,  England, 
Jan,  1, 1704:  died  at  London,  Feb.  14, 1782.  An 
English  bishop  and  author.  He  wrote  "Disserta- 
tions on  the  Prophecies"  (1764-58)  and  annotations  on 
Milton's  "Paradise  Lost"  and  "Paradise  Regained." 

Ne'Wton-Abbot  (nu'ton-ab'ot).  A  small  town 
in  Devonshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Teigu 
14  miles  south  by  west  of  Exeter.  William  of 
Orange  was  here  proclaimed  king  of  England 
in  1688. 

Newton-in-Makerfield  (-mak'6r-feld),or  New- 
ton-le- Willows  (-le-wil'oz).  A  town  in  Lan- 
cashire, England,  15  miles  east  of  Liverpool. 
Population  (1891),  12,861. 

Newton-  (or Newtown-)  Stewart  (-stu'art).  A 


lat.  40°  30'  to  45°  1'  N.,  and  from  long,  71°  51' 
to  79°  46' W.  Capital,  Albany;  chief  city.  New 
York.  It  is  bounded  by  the  province  of  Ontario,  Canada 
(mostly  separated  by  Lake  Ontario  and  the  St.  Lawrence) 
on  the  north,  Vermont  (partly  separated  by  Lake  Cham- 
plain),  Massachusetts,  and  Connecticut  on  the  east,  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  New  York  Bay,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsyl- 
vania (partly  separated  by  the  Delaware)  on  the  south, 
and  Pennsylvania  and  Ontario  (separated  by  Lake  Erie  ana 
the  Niagara  River)  on  the  west.  Long  Island  and  Staten 
Island  are  included  in  it.  The  surface  is  greatly  diversi- 
fied. The  Adirondack  Mountains  are  in  the  northeast,  and 
the  Catskill  Mountains,  Shawangunk  Mountains,  High- 
lands, and  Taconic  Mountains  in  the  east.  The  State  be- 
longs chiefly  to  the  Hudson  and  St.  Lawrenceriver-systems, 
but  in  part  also  to  those  of  the  Mississippi,  Susquehanna, 
and  Delaware.  It  contains  many  lakes,  including  Lakes 
George,  Oneida,  Cayuga,  Seneca,  Chautauqua,  Owasco,  Ot- 
sego, and  Canandaigua,  and  is  noted  for  picturesque  scen- 
ery. It  is  called  "the  Empire  State."  It  is  the  first  State 
in  the  Union  in  commerce,  manufactures,  population,  and 
estimated  value  of  property ;  and  the  second  State  in  value 
ot  farms.  The  agricultural  products  include  buckwheat, 
barley,  oats,  rye,  Indian  corn,  wheat,  hay,  potatoes,  milk, 
butter,  and  cheese.  Tlie  chief  mineral  products  are  salt, 
iron,  and  building-stone.  It  has  61  counties,  sends  2  sen. 
ators  and  37  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  39  elec- 
toral  votes.  The  principal  early  Indian  inhabitants  were 
Iroquois  (Five  Nations).  The  bay  of  New  York  was  entered 
by  Verrazano  in  1524.  Explorations  were  made  in  the 
north  by  Champlain  in  1609,  and  in  the  south  by  Hudson 
in  1609.  The  first  settlements  were  made  by  the  Dutch 
on  Manhattan  Island  in  1614  (or  1613).  The  region  (called 
New  Netherlands)  was  ruled  by  the  Dutch  governors  Min- 
uit,  Wouter  van  XwiUer,  Kief t,  and  Stuy vesant ;  devastated 
by  an  Indian  war  about  1641 ;  and  conquered  by  the  Eng- 
lish under  Nicolls  in  1664.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and 
New  England  were  consolidated  under  Andros  In  1686-89, 
New  York  was  the  scene  of  many  events  in  the  French 
and  Indian  war.  It  was  one  of  the  thirteen  original  States, 
and  was  the  scene  of  Burgoyne's  surrender  (1777)and  other 
events  in  the  Revolutionary  War  and  in  the  War  of  1812. 
The  western  part  of  the  State  was  rapidly  developed  in 
the  beginning  ot  the  19th  century.  A  new  constitution 
was  adopted  in  1846.    Area,  49,170  square  miles.    Popu- 

.  „..v.  ^v..^^     lation  (1900),  7,268,894. 

William  of  New  York,  [Named  after  Forfc  in  England,  with 
reference  to  the  Duke  of  York,  afterward  James 
II,]  A  seaport  and  city  in  the  State  of  New 
York,  in  lat,  40°  43'  N,,  long.  74°  0'  W,  Inl896 
(see  New  York,  Greater)  a  law  was  passed  providing  that  on 
and  after  Jan.  1, 1898,  the  city  shouldjcomprise  the  counties 
of  New  York  (with  which  it  was  coextensive  prior  to  that 
date),  Richmond  (Staten  Island),  and  Kings  (Brooklyn), 
Long  Island  City,  the  towns  of  Newtown,  Flushing,  Ja- 


'i'"'."r.  ^;™Jn«o>,'J.;Q  rinnffnTi3"r.Ti  thfi'Cr'pfi  7  maioa,  and  Westchester,  and  parts  of  Hempstead,'  East 
town  ™  WigtOMtoe,  taootlana,  on  TOO  L.ree  l  Chester,  and  Pelham.  By  the  charter  adopted  in  1897  this 
miles  north  of  Wigtown.     Irop,  (lof  i;;  ^,  <  o».        territory  (359  square  miles  in  area)  was  divided  into  the 


Kew  York 


735 


'boroughs  of  Manhattan,  Brooklyn,  Bronx,  Blchmond,  and  the  Old  Guard  at  Waterloo  June  18.    He  was  condemned 

Queens.   It  Is  the  largest  city  of  the  western  hemisphere,  by  the  House  of  Peers  as  a  traitor,  and  shot. 

and,  alter  London,  the  largest  and  chief  commercial  city  in  tst-^i-j—     „,    tit-;,*—     „_   ivti.-i..-—    /        /  v-   \ 

theworld.  It  Is  the  chief  place  of  arrival  for  immigrants,  ■"■ezmn,    or    JNejlH,    or   JMieznin    (nye  zhen). 

andhasmorethanhalfof  the  foreign  trade  of  the  country,     A  town   m  the   government   of   Tchernigoff, 


It  is  the  terminoa  of  numerous  steamship  lines  to  all  parts 
of  the  world,  and  also  of  many  coasting  lines  and  of  rail- 
roads. Its  varied  manufactures  include  clothing,  boots  and 
shoes,  bread,  furniture,  cigars,  beer,machinery,  books,  etc. 
It  is  connected  by  ferries  with  Jersey  City  and  Hoboken  on 


Russia,  situated  on  the  Oster  41  miles  south- 
east of  TchemigofE.  It  was  formerly  of 
commercial  importance.  Population  (1890), 
44j  i  y4» 


the  west,  and  is  traversed  by  several  lines  of  elevated  rail-  U"eZ  Perc6      See  Chopunnish, 

parkl'  t^Tyt.^n'-l^^TJ^y^^l'fyl  Ng^la  (nga'la),  or /angala,  (bang-ga'la).    A 


nue  the  principal  fashionable  street;  and  Wall  street  the 
financial  center,  The  city  is  the  seat  of  Columbia  Univer- 
sity, the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  Union  Theo- 
logical Seminary  and  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Seminary, 
and  of  the  New  York  Public  Library  (Astor,  Lenox,  and 


Bantu  tribe  of  the  Kongo  State,  settled  on  the 
Kongo  River  where  it  bends  to  the  southwest, 
between  the  Balolo,  Baloi,  and  Babangi.  strong 
and  brave,  though  notorious  as  cannibals,  they  furnish 
good  soldiers  for  the  Kongo  State  army.    See  Mbangala. 


Tilden  foundations),  the  Mercantile  Library,  the  Metro-  w_-„i„,-  /„„k„>v™„\  „«  ■d.,«..,.»i,„»  ri.- 
politan  Museum  of  Art,  Cooper  Institute,  and  the  Museum  JNgambue  (ngam  bwe),  orBangamDUe  (bang- 
of  Natural  History.  (See  Brooklyn.)  The  old  city  hall,  gSm  bwe).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West 
founded  in  1803,  while  of  moderate  size,  is  not  suroassed  by  Africa,  settled  on  the  Kakulovare  Kiver  in  the 
any  other  example  of  architecture  in  the  city.  Thestyleis  his'hla.nd  hnok  nf  MnsanmBrlRH  TV,o,7=,.o  t!„=™o„ 
the  English  Eenaissance,  and  the  plan  presents  a  central  „,  ^P''^";  "T  .  °l  "J^OSSameaes.  They  are  kinsmen 
pavilirflankedbywings'whiohattheirextremitiesBtoject  ?DJS  ^X^^^^"^^-  »°^'  "''^  *^«««-  P^»"«*"l  ^"=°1- 
toward  the  front  Thebuilding  has  2  stories  above  the  base-    t^^'^.owimg  cattle.  .    ,  ,      . 

ment,thecentralpavilionhavingin8dditionanatticanda  JNgami  (nga  me).  Lake.     A  lake  m  southern 
projecting  porch  of  8  Ionic  columns  above  a  broad  flight  of    Africa,  situated  about  lat.  20°  30'  S.,  long.  22° 
steps.    The  central  pavilion  and  the  projecting  portions  of    40' E.    It  was  discovered  bv  Livinirstone  in  1849  and 
the  wings  are  ornamented  with  orders  of  pilasters,  Ionic    ,^      \^J^  JTeBnh  ™  S  Brttish  ffih  Afric^ 
below  and  Corinthian  above,  and  with  engaged  arcades  .r^^  witnmtne  sphere  of  British  South  Africa, 
framing  the  windows.  There  is  a  small  arcaded  and  domed  JNgan^a    (ngang'ga),    or   Manganga    (mang- 


central  tower,  surmounted  by  a  figure  of  Liberty.  The  gov- 
ernor's room  is  adorned  wiUi  an  interesting  collection  of 
historical  portraits.    Other  prominent  buildings  are  the 

Sost-offlce,  produce  exchange,  cotton  exchange,  custom- 
ouse,  Boman  Catholic  cathedral.  Trinity  Church,  and 
Madison  Square  Garden  (which  see).  The  city  was  settled 
by  the  Dutch  in  1823,  and  called  at  first  New  Amsterdam — 
Manhattan  Island  being  purchased  from  Indians  for  |21  in 
1626.  It  was  surrendered  to  the  English  in  1664,  retaken  in 
1673,  and  restored  inS1674;  was  the  scene  of  Leisler's  un- 
successful Insurrection  in  1689-91,  and  of  the  supposed  ne- 
gro plot  in  1741;  was  occupied  by  the  British  in  Sept.,  1776 ; 
and  was  evacuated  by  them  Nov.  25, 1783.  It  was  the  State 
capital  from  1784  to  1797,  and  the  capital  of  the  United 


gang'ga).  A  Bantii  tribe  in  British  Nyassa- 
land,  at  the  south  end  of  Lake  Nyassa.  The 
mountaineers  are  called  Kantundu,  the  dwellers  of  the 
plain  Chipeta :  their  dialects  are  slightly  different.  The 
Nganga  language  has  a  rising  literature,  most  of  which  is 
printed  in  the  Scotch  mission  stations.  It  is  also  spoken 
by  the  Makololo,  who,  left  on  the  Shire  by  Livingstone, 
have  become  powerful  by  accessions  from  neighboring 
tribes.    Also  called  Wanyasm. 

Ngangela  (ngang-ga'la),  or  Ovangangela 

^-vang-gang-ga'la).    A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola, 
est  Africa,  east  of  the  Upper  Kunene  and 


capital  irom  nm  to  iy»v,  ana  ine  oapiiai  oi  me  uniiea    xr,,„__„  _:„„,„     »,v  ,         •  ,  j 

States  from  1786  to  1790.  A  great  fire  occurred  in  1836 ;  the    f-uanza  rivers .    They  are  clever  iron- workers  and  wax- 
Astor  Place  riot  to  1849 ;  the  Crystal  Palace  Industrial  Ex-    hunters,  belonging  to  the  same  cluster  as  the  Ovimbundu. 
hibition  in  1863;  the  draft  riots  in  July,  1863;  and  the     -A'so  Bangangela. 
Orange  riot  July  12, 1871.    Population  of  the  original  city  Ngan-hui.     See  AnJi/wei. 
(1890),l,61B,801,accordingtothenationalcensus;according  JfgJujlo  .jjgen'do),  or  Wanfiindo  (wang-gen'- 

i°»;„"'Ji2"'*P*'''^°'"''^'™'^^^'''°^"'^°^"'"'' •*''■"' ^^^^     dS^.      A   ifa-Tlt,,   h-'ihfi   nf   ««?«,«"    TCpstAftHna. 
I,o49,soo. 

New  York,  Greater.  The  popular  name  of  the 
new  municipality  which  includes  New  York, 
Brooklyn  (Kings  County),  Long  Island  City, 
Staten  Island,  Westchester,  Tlushing,  New- 
town, Jamaica,  and  parts  of  East  Chester,  Pel- 


do).  A  Bantu  taribe  of  German  East  Africa, 
spread  over  a  vast  area  between  the  Kufiji  and 
Umbekuru  rivers,  and  between  their  kinsmen 
the  Wakichi  and  the  Maohonde.  Then?  chests  and 
arms  are  tattooed,  and  two  incisors  are  sharpened.  They 
have  always  opposed  the  slave-trade.  The  language  is 
called  Kingindo,  the  country  Ungindo, 


ham,  and  Hempstead.  In  1894  the  question  of  consol-  Ngola  (ngo'la).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West 
Idation  was  submitted  to  the  vote  of  these  places,  and  they  Africa,  whose  adapted  name  (Angola)  is  also 
declared  in  itsfavor.  A  bill  for  that  purpose  was  introduced  „_„ij„i  +„  fi,™ -notiTO  Ano-nlo  tVoH/S,  qtiiI  +n +ha 
lnthelegislatureinl896,andbeoamealawonMayllofthat   applied  to  the  native  Angola  nation  and  to  the 


See  .ffew  York. 


Portuguese  province  of  Angola.  The  king  of  Ngola, 
whose  residence  used  to  be  at  Loanda,  was  driven  by  the 
Portuguese  first  to  Pungo  Andongo,  and  then  to  the  Kam- 
bu  and  Hamba  valleys,  where  his  people  still  dwell  in  com- 
plete independence.  The  Ngola  people  are  slender,  dark- 
colored,  oval-faced,  with  fine  features  and  extremities, 
shrewdand  warlike,  agricultural  and  pastoral,  Theirhair 
is  plaited  and  shaped  into  various  patterns.  Their  dialect 
in  its  purity  is  the  base  of  Kimbundu,  Ndongo,  Matam- 
ba,  and  Ndanji  are  the  three  provinces  of  the  Ngola  king- 
dom. Jinga  is  the  name  generally  used  by  the  Portu- 
guese for  Ngola  or  Ndongo. 


year-    The  charter  was  adopted  in  1897, 
Population  (1900),  3,487,202. 

New  York  Bay.  The  bay  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Hudson  on  which  New  York  city  is  situated. 
It  includes  New  York  Upper  Bay,  the  harbor  formed  by 
the  union  of  the  North  and  East  rivers,  partly  inclosed 
by  Manhattan  Island,  New  Jersey,  Staten  Island,  and  Long 
Island  (length  about  6  miles),  and  New  York  Lower  Bay, 
an  arm  of  the  Atlantic  east  of  Staten  Island. 

New YorkPublic Library.  Alibrary,  founded 
by  consolidation  of  the  Astor,  Lenox,  and  Til- 
den foundations,  in  May,  1895.     It  contains  about  Ngomu.     See  Angornu 
460,000  volumes  and  160,000  pamphlets,  and  is,  at  present,  Jfgxiru  (ngo'ro).  Amountainous  and  fertile  dis- 
purelya reference  libiM'y.  •„+■+, +-„^  „fi„„^^     trict  west  of  Zanzibar,  drained  by  the  Luseru 

New  York  University.  An  institution  of  learn-  ^^^  ^„j  j.j^g^g_  ,ji^  populatio/is  dense,  and 
mg  at  New  York,  founded  in  IBiJl.  it  contains  fac-  consists  of  the  Wanguru,  Wahumba,  and  Wachambala 
ulties  of  art,  science,  law,  and  medicine,  and  has  about  190  jj-jijes,  whose  villages  are  fortified  by  stockades-  See  also 
instructors  and  1,600  students.  Kanuri. 

New  Zealand  (ze'land).  A  group  of  islaiids,  a  Niagara  (ni-ag'a-ra).  A  river  in  North  Amer- 
British  colonial  possession,  m  the  Pacific  Ocean,  i^a  which  flows  if roin  Lake  Brie  northward  into 
situated  southeast  of  Australia,  and  included  ^^^^  Ontario,  it  separates  New  York  on  the  eastfrom 
mostly  between  lat.  34°  20  and  4/  °  308.,  and  the  province  of  Ontario,  Canada,  on  the  west.  Length,  32 
long.  166°  30' and  178°  30' E.  Capital,  Welling-  mUes.  it  descends  about  326  feet  m  rapids  and  cataract, 
ton.    ItincludesNorthlsland,  South  Island,  and  Stewart    See  Niagara  FoBs.  .      „.  /-,        , 

Island.  The  North  Island  is  somewhat  mountainous,  the  Niagara.  A  town  m  Niagara  County,  New 
South  Island  largely  so  (the  Southern  .Alps  culminate  in  YoA,  situated  on  the'river  Niagara,  andcontain- 
?S??'th'e°taifeg  eipo^s  aS|Sltio"<3rsha  ^Tl  f  f  *!>«  ^i"-g«  °f  ^a  Salle.  Population  (1900), 
tural  products,  etc.  Government  is  vested  to  a  governor,  Ii™".  _  ...  .  „  ^  •,  ,  t 
appointed  by  the  crown,  and  a  general  assembly  consisting  Niagara,  Battle  01.  Bee  ZMnoy'S  Lane. 
of  a  legislative  council  (appointed  by  the  crown,  now  for  7  jTjogara  Falls.  The  largest  cataract  in  the 
^^a^'llTote^rXTa^Stf^fanlt^^^^^^^^^  wo|d,  situated  in  the  Niagara  Biver  17  miles 

4  miBsinnarv  settlement  was  made  in  1814.    The  settlers   north-northwest  Of  Buffalo.    It  is_ 


_  !  divided  by  Goat 

Island  into  the  American  Fall  (164  feet  high)  and  the  Car 
nadian  (or  Horseshoe)  Fall  (160  feet  high).  The  width  of 
the  river  at  the  brink  of  the  fall  is  4,750  feet.  The  water- 
power  of  the  falls  (the  total  amount  of  which  is  believed 
to  be  several  millions  of  horse-power— much  more  than  all 
thesteam-powerandwater-powernowutilizedintheUnited 
States)  is  now,  in  small  part,  utilized  by  means  of  turbine 


A  missionary  settlement  was  made  in  1814.  The  settlers 
have  been  often  at  war  with  the  natives  (Maoris),  espe- 
cially in  1860-61  and  1863-66.  Area,  104,471  square  miles. 
Population  (estimated,  1893),  672,266. 
Ney  (na),  Michel,  Due  d'Blchingen,  Prince  de 
la  Moskowa.  Born  at  Saarlouis  (now  in  Prus- 
sia), Jan.  10,  1769:  shot  at  Paris,  Dec.  7,  1815.   „.„.„^ , , 

A  celebrated  French  marshal.  He  entered  the  army    water-wheels  set  at  the  bottom  of  shafts  140  feet  deep  and 

in  1787  •  became  ageneral  of  brigade  in  1796  ;  obtained  com-    connected  with  a  tunnel  for  the  escape  of  the  water,  which 

mand  on  the  Khine  in  1799;  gained  the  victory  of  El-    empties  below  the  town  of  Niagara. 

chingen  Oct.  14, 1806  (for  which  he  was  created  duke  of  wjo „a.ra.  Falls    from  the   Canadian   side.     A 

Elchingen);  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Jena  Oct.  14,1806,  ■™l«:Sara  xajis,  irom   lub   ^a    in  the  norenran 

Byiau  Feb  7-^  1807,  and  Friedland  June  14, 1807 ;  served    painting  by  F.  B.  Church  (1857),  m  tne  (./Orcoran 

In  Spain  1808-11 ;  rendered  important  service  at  Borodino    gallery,  Washington.    Niagara,  from  the  American 

Sept    7,  1812  (for  which  he  was  created  prince  of  the     gi^e,  is  in  the  National  Gallery,  Edinburgh. 

Moskva) ;  commanded  the  rear-guard  in  ihe  retreat  from  ..,.  xioilt,       4    nit-i?  in    Niairara  Ooimtv 

Biissia  in  1812  •  served  at  Lutzen  May  2,  Bautzen  May  20-21,  Niagara  Falls.     A   City  in   !>  lagard  ^ouuiy; 

fndSiroctl"iM8i3;  was  defeated  by  Ton  Billow  at    New  York,  situated  opposite  Niagara  Falls. 

Dennewitz  Sept-  6, 1813;  served  in  the  campaign  of  1814 ;    Population  (1900),  19,457. 

was  made  a  peer  after  the  restoration  in  1814  by  Louis  Uiaeara  of  Brazil.     The  cataract  of  Paulo  Af- 

XVIII.-  deserted  to  Napoleon  in  1816;  was  defeated  by  Ayd,gd,id,  oi  j>i<t.sii.        -,,.,„„;„„„ 

Wellington  at  Quatre-BrM  June  16, 1816 ;  and  commanded    f  onso  on  the  river  Sao  Francisco. 


Nicaragua 

Niagusta  (ne-a-g6s'ta),'  or  Nausa  (nou'sa). 
A  town  in  Macedonia,  European  Turkey,  52 
mUes  west  of  Saloniki.  It  is  noted  for  its  wine. 
Population,  estimated,  5,000. 

Niam-Niam.    See  Nyam-Nyam. 

Niantic.    See  Narraganset. 

Nias  (ne-as').  An  island  west  of  Sumatra,  sit- 
uated in  lat.  1°  N.    Length,  95  miles. 

Niassa.    See  Nyassa. 

Nibelungenlied(ne'be-18ng-en-led).  [(}.,'Song 
of  the  Nibelungs.']  A  Middle  High  German 
epic  poem,  written  in  its  present  form  by  an 
unknown  author  in  South  Germany  in  the  first 
half  of  the  13th  century.  The  legends,  however,  are 
much  earlier,  having  been  handed  down  orally.  Its  hero, 
Siegfried,  is  a  mythical  prince  and  later  king  of  Niderland 
(the  region  about  Zanten  on  the  lower  Khine),  who  pos- 
sessed the  so-called  "hoard  of  the  Nibelungs,"  won  by  him 
in  Norway.  He  wooed  Brunhild,  a  princess  of  Island,  for 
the  Bnrgundian  king  Gunther,  whose  sister,  Kriemhfid,  be- 
came his  wife.  He  was  afterward  treacherously  slain,  and 
the  hoard  was  ultimately  sunk  in  the  Ehine.  The  Nibe- 
lungenlied  is  the  greatest  monument  of  early  German  liter- 
ature. Historical  and  mythical  elementsaremingledin  it. 
Wagner's  "Ring  of  the  Nibelungs"  has  taken  little  except 
names  from  the  German  epic.  The  source  of  his  material 
is  the  Old  Norse  version  of  the  legend  contained  to  the 
Volsunga  Saga  and  the  Edda.    See  Ring  des  Nibelungen. 

Nibelungs  (ne'be-longz),  The,  G.  Nibelungen 

(ne'be-loug-en).  In  German  legend,  originally 
a  race  of  Northern  dwarfs,  so  called  from  their 
king  Nibelung ;  then  applied  to  the  followers 
of  Siegfried  (the  conquerors  of  the  hoard  of  the 
Nibelungs) ;  later  identified  with  the  Burgun- 
dians. 

Niblo's  Garden.  A  theater  on  Broadway,  near 
Prince  street.  New  York  city,  it  was  one  of  the  old- 
est in  the  city,  having  been  opened  in  1828  as  the  Sans 
Soucl :  in  1829it  was  a  concert  saloon.  Niblo's  garden  and 
theater,  owned  by  William  Niblo,  were  opened  in  1839, 
burned  in  1846  and  in  1872,  and  reopened  the  latter  year. 
It  was  taken  down  to  1895. 

Nicaea  (ni-se'a),  Anglicized  as  Nice  (nes).  [Gr. 
NiKuia.']  In  ancient  geography,  a  town  in  Bi- 
thynia,  .Asia  Minor,  situated  on  Lake  Ascania  58 
miles  southeast  of  Constantinople :  the  modem 
Isnik.  It  was  built  in  the  4th  century  B.  0.,  and  was  one 
of  the  chief  cities  of  Bithynia;  was  the  seat  of  the  first 
general  church  council  in  325  A.  D.,  and  of  the  seventh  in 
787 ;  and  was  taken  by  the  Crusaders  in  1097,  and  by  the 
Turks  in  1330. 

Nicaea  (in  Prance).     [Gr.  Nt/cojo.]    See  Nice. 

Nicaea,  Empire  of.  A  Greek  empire  (1206-61), 
founded  by  Theodore  Lascaris,  which  had  its 
center  at  Niesea,  Asia  Minor,  during  the  period 
of  the  Latin  Empire  at  Constantinople.  It  was 
merged  in  the  restored  Byzantine  empire  in 
126L 

Nicander  (ni-kan'der).  [Gr.  T^iimvSpog.']  Lived 
probably  in  the  2d  century  B.  c.  A  Greek  poet, 
grammarian,  and  physician,  authorof  two  extant 
poems  on  venomous  animals  and  poisons. 

Nicander  (ne-kan'der),  Karl  August.  Bom  at 
Strengnks,  Sweden,  March  20, 1799:  died  Feb. 
7,  1839.  A  Swedish  poet.  The  death  of  his  father 
while  he  was  a  child  left  him  without  means,  and  in  early 
life  he  was  a  tutor.  His  first  important  work  was  the  dra- 
matic poem  "  Runesvardet "  (1821),  whose  motive  is  the  con- 
fl[ict  between  heathenism  and  Christianity.  Two  poems, 
"Tassos  dad"  ("TheDeath  of  Tasso")and  "EonungEnzio  " 
(' '  £ing  Enzio ' ),  the  former  of  which  won  the  prize  of  the 
Swedish  Academy,  were  on  Italian  subjects.  He  was  now 
(1827)  enabled  to  undertake  a  jounfey  to  Rome,  which,  how- 
ever, ended  disastrously  in  that  he  was  let t^  without  means, 
to  make  his  way  home  as  best  he  could.  Subsequently  he 
was  given  a  subordmate  position  in  the  public  service,  and 
made  some  translations  for  the  royal  theater.  "Minnen 
f  rin  Sbdern  "  ("  Reminiscences  of  the  South  "),  a  description 
of  his  travels,  appeared  in  1831.  This  was  followed  by 
"  Hesperiden  ("The  Hesperides  "),  a  volume  of  poems  and 
tales.  His  last  work  was  the  poem  "Lejonet  i  Oknen  ("  The 
Lion  in  the  Wilderness  "),  a  eulogy  of  Napoleon.  His  life  to 
within  a  few  years  of  his  death,  when  his  literary  work  at 
last  yielded  him  an  income  sufiicient  for  his  needs,  was  al- 
most a  constant  struggle  with  want.  His  collected  works 
appeared  at  Stockholm  in  1877,  in  2  vols. 

Nicaragua  (nik-a-ra'gwaorne-ka-ra'gwa).  One 
of  the  five  republics  of  Central  America.  Capi- 
tal, Managua ;  chief  city,  Leon,  it  is  bounded  by 
Honduras  on  the  northwest  and  north,  the  Caribbean  Sea 
on  the  east,  Costa  Rica  on  the  south,  and  the  Pacific  on  the 
west,  and  is  traversed  from  southeast  to  northwest  by  a  de- 
pression including  the  river  San  Juan  and  Lakes  Nicaragua 
and  Managua  (the  route  of  the  proposed  ship-canal).  Much 
of  the  eastern  coast  included  in  the  Mosquito  Reservation 
is  low  (see  Mosquitia).  There  are  numerous  volcanoes  ; 
earthquakes  are  frequent  and  sometimes  violent.  The 
most  important  exports  are  coffee,  hides,  cabinet-woods, 
rubber,  fruits,  and  gold ;  silver-mming,  formerly  a  very 
important  industry,  has  been  abandoned.  The  inhabitants 
are  Spanish  Creoles,  Indians,  a  few  negroes,  and  mixed 
races.  Spanish  is  the  common  language,  and  the  state  re- 
ligion is  Roman  Catholic.  The.  chief  executive  is  a  presi- 
dent, chosen  for  4  years  ;  and  congress  consists  of  a  sin- 
gle house  of  40  members.  Columbus  coasted  the  eastern 
side  of  Nicaragua  in  1502,  but  it  was  iirst  explored  from 
the  Pacific  side  by  Gil  Gonzalez  Davila  in  1521-22.  It  was 
settled  1624-25  by  Francisco  Hernandez  de  Cordoba,  acting 
for  Pedrarias.  During  the  colonial  period  it  was  a  prov- 
ince of  Guatemala.  Independence  was  proclaimed  in  1821, 
and  from  1823  to  1839  Nicaragua  was  a  state  in  the  Central 


Nicaragua 

American  Tederation.  Since  1840  It  has  been  an  indepen- 
dent republic.  Civil  wars  and  struggles  with  the  other  Cen- 
tral American  republics  have  been  frequent.  The  filibuster 
Walker  held  a  part  ol  the  country  1866-66.  Area,  about 
49,000  square  miles.    Population  (estimated,  1894X  360,000. 

Nicaragua,  Lake.  [See  Nicarao.']  A  lake  in 
the  southern  part  of  Nicaragua,  it  receives  the 
waters  of  Lake  Managua  by  the  Tipitapa,  and  has  its  out- 
let in  the  San  Juan.  The  surface  is  110 leet  above  sea-level, 
the  depth  varying  from  12  to  83  feet.  There  are  several 
islands,  the  largest,  Ometepe,  containing  two  volcanic 
peaks.    Length.  92  miles ;  greatest  width,  40  miles. 

Nicaragua  Canal.  A  proposed  sMp-canal  be- 
tween the  Pacific  Ocean  and  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
crossing  the  republic  of  Nicaragua  and  utiliz- 
ing the  natural  -waterway  furnished  by  Lake 
Nicaragua  and  the  San  Juan  Eiver.  Partial  sur- 
veys of  this  route  were  made  by  Americans  in  1826  and  1837- 
1S38,  and  more  complete  ones  for  the  United  States  gov- 
ernment in  1872-73  by  Commander  E.  P.  Lull,  and  in  1885 
by  A.  G.  Menocal.  The  Mcaraguan  government  made  con- 
cessions for  constructing  the  canal  to  Americans  in  1849 
and  1880  and  to  a  Frenchman  in  1858,  but  they  all  lapsed 
without  results.  In  1884  a  treaty  was  signed  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  canal  by  the  United  States  government, 
but  the  Senate  refused  to  ratify  It.  In  1887  the  Nicaraguan 
government  granted  a  new  concession  for  100  years  (con- 
firmed by  Costa  Kica)  to  the  IN-icaraguan  Canal  Company, 
by  which  it  was  transferred  to  the  Maritime  Canal  Com- 
pany :  the  latter  was  organized  May  4, 1889,  under  a  charter 
from  the  United  States  government,  and  it  agreed  to  com- 
plete the  work  within  five  years.  The  route  decided  upon 
is  from  San  Juan  del  Norte  on  the  Caribbean  Sea  to  Brito 
on  the  Pacific  coast,  a  distance  of  169}  miles.  Of  this  about 
117  miles  is  through  the  lake  and  the  San  Juan  Eiver,  and 
in  the  remainder  advantage  can  be  taken  of  river-basins,  so 
that  the  actual  excavations  will  not  exceed  27 miles.  There 
are  to  be  two  canals  proper,  each  with  three  locks :  one  from 
Ochoa  on  the  San  Juan  Eiver  to  the  port  of  San  Juan  del 
Norte  (about  35  miles,  including  the  river-basins),  and  the 
other  from  Lake  Nicaragua,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Lajas, 
to  Brito  (17  J  miles).  The  locks  are  to  bring  the  canals  to  the 
necessary  summit  level,  which  in  the  lake  is  110  feet.  The 
deepest  excavation  will  be  on  the  eastern  section  where  it 
crosses  the  eastern  divide:  here,  for  3  miles,  the  average 
depth  to  be  excavated  is  141  feet.  Subsidiary  works  are  a 
dam  at  Ochoa,  improvement  of  the  river  and  lake  channels, 
improvementof  the  harborof  San  Juan  del  Norte,  and  the 
construction  of  a  harbor  atBrito,with  the  buildingof  a  short 
railroad  forthe  transportation  of  machinery.  Theworkwas 
undertaken  by  the  Nicaragua  Construction  Company,  or- 
ganized under  the  laws  of  Colorado  June  10, 1887.  This  com- 
pany purchased  a  part  of  the  plant  which  had  been  used  on 
the  Panama  Canal,  and  actual  work  was  commenced  at  San 
Juan  June  3, 1889.  A  great  part  of  the  necessary  railroad 
was  built  and  improvements  of  the  harbor  of  San  Juan  (said 
to  have  been  unsuccessful)  were  made.  Work  practically 
ceased  from  lack  of  funds  in  Dec,  1892,  and  on  Aug.  80, 1893, 
the  NicaraguaConstniction  Company  wentinto  the  hands  of 
a  receiver.  Measures  for  forming  a  new  construction  com- 
pany commenced  soon  after.  American  engineers  have 
generally  favored  the  Nicaragua  route  as  compared  with 
other  proposed  canal-routes  across  the  Isthmus.  The  chief 
objection  raised  to  it,  principally  by  French  engineers,  is 
the  supposed  liability  of  ihe  canal  to  injury  from  earth- 
quakes or  volcanic  eruptions. 

Nicarao  (ne-ka-ra'6),  or  Nicaragua.  A  Cen- 
tral American  Indian  chief,  whose  tribe  occu- 
pied territory  near  a  large  lake,  subsequently 
called  Lake  Nicaragua  (Nicarao-agua,  'water 
of  Nicarao')  by  the  Spaniards,  from  his  name. 
The  tribe  was  powerful  and  rich.  Gil  Gonzalez  Bavila 
first  visited  them  in  1522,  and  obtained  much  gold  by  trad- 
ing.   See  Nicaraos. 

Nicaraos  (ne-ka-ra'6s),  or  Nicaraguas  (ne-ka- 
ra'gwaz),  or  Nioiuirans  (ne-ke-ranz').  [From 
the  name  of  their  chief.]  A  tribe  of  Indians 
which,  at  the  time  of  the  conquest,  inhabited 
western  Nicaragua,  between  Lake  Nicaragua 
and  the  Pacific.  The  Nicaraos  appear  to  have  been  a 
distant  offshoot  of  the  Nahuatlecan  stock.  They  were 
early  subdued  by  the  Spaniards,  and  their  descendants 
form  part  of  the  peasant  population  of  the  same  district. 

Nicaria  (ne-ka-re'a).  An  island  in  the  JEgean 
Sea,  belonging  to  "the  Sporades,  13  miles  west 
of  Samos :  the  ancient  Icaria.  It  is  a  Turkish 
possession.    Length,  25  miles. 

NicastrO  (ne-kas'tro).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Catanzaro,  Calabria,  Italy,  situated  in  lat. 
39°  N.,  long.  16°  22'  E.  Population  (1881),  10,- 
239;  commune,  14,076. 

Niccola  Pisano.    See  Pisano. 

Niccolini  (nek-ko-le'ne),  Giovanni  Battista. 
Born  at  San  Giuliano,  near  Pisa,  Italy,  Oct.  29, 
1782 :  died  at  Florence,  Sept.  20, 1861.  An  Ital- 
ian poet,  an  imitator  of  Alfieri.  Among  his  dramas 
are  "  Polyxena  "  (1811),  "  Nabucco  "  (1819),  "Antonio  Foa- 
carini "  (1827),  "  Arnaldo  da  Brescia  "  (1835). 

Nice  (nes).  A  former  countship,  later  a  prov- 
ince, of  Sardinia.  The  western  part  was  ceded  to 
France  in  1860,  and  comprised  in  the  department  of  Alpes- 
Haritimes. 

Nice,  It.  Nizza  (net'sa).  A  seaport  and  the  cap- 
ital of  the  department  of  Alpes-Maritimes, 
France,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean  in  lat. 
43°  42'  N.,  long.  7°  17'  E. :  the  ancient  Nicsea. 
It  is  one  of  the  largest  winter  health-resorts  of  the  Eiviera, 
picturesquely  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Alps.  It  exports 
fruit,  and  has  manufactures  of  oil  and  perfumes.  The 
principal  places  of  resort  are  the  Promenade  des  Anglais 
and  the  Jardin  Public.  Nice  was  founded  by  Massil- 
ians  in  the  5th  century  B.  0.   In  the  middle  ages  it  be- 


736 

longed  to  the  county  of  Provence.  It  was  sacked  by  the 
Saracens ;  passed  to  Savoy  in  1388 ;  was  captured  by  Bar- 
barossa;  passed  to  France  in  179^  and  again  to  Sardinia  in 
1814 ;  and  was  ceded  to  France  in  1860.  It  was  severely 
damaged  by  earthquake  in  1887.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Mass&a  and  GaribaldL    Population  (1901),  125,099. 

Nice  (in  Bithynia).     See  Nicsea. 

Nice,  Councils  of.    See  Nicene  Councils. 

Nice,  Truce  of.  A  truce  concluded  at  Nice, 
in  1538,  between  Francis  I.  of  France  and  ttie 
emperor  Charles  V. 

Nicene  Councils.  Two  general  coxmcils  which 
met  at  Nicsea  in  Asia  Minor.  The  first  Nicene 
Council,  which  was  also  the  first  general  council,  met  in 
325,  condemned  Arianism,  and  promulgated  the  Nicene 
Creed  in  its  earlier  form.  The  second  Nicene  Council,  ac- 
counted also  the  seventh  general  council,  was  held  in  787, 
and  condemned  the  Iconoclasts.  The  recognition  of  the 
first  Nicene  Council  as  ecumenical  has  been  almost  uni- 
versal among  Chi-istians  of  all  confessions.  It  is  acknow- 
ledged to  the  present  day  not  only  by  the  Eoman  Catholic 
and  Greek  churches,  and  by  many  Protestant  churches,  but 
by  Nestorians,  Jacobites,  and  Copts.  The  Anglican  Church 
does  not  accept  the  second  Nicene  Council  as  ecumenical. 

Nicene  Creed  or  Symbol.  A  summary  of  the 
chief  tenets  of  the  Christian  faith,  first  set  forth 
as  of  ecumenical  authority  by  the  first  Nicene 
Council  (325),  but  closely  similar  in  wording  to 
ancient  creeds  of  Oriental  churches,  and  spe- 
cially founded  upon  the  baptismal  creed  of  the 
Church  of  Csesarea  in  Palestine. 

Nicephorus  (ni-sef'o-rus)  I.  [Gx.  NMf/^dpof.] 
Bom  at  Seleueia,  Pisidia :  killed  811.  Byzantine 
emperor  802-811.  He  was  at  war  with  Harun- 
al-Eashid  and  with  the  Bulgarians. 

Nicephorus  II.  Phocas.  Born  about  912 :  assas- 
sinated 969.  Byzantine  emperor  963-969.  He 
was  distinguished,  both  before  and  after  his  accession,  as 
a  general  in  wars  with  the  Saracens. 

Nicephorus  III.    Byzantine  emperor  1078-81. 

Nicephorus  Bryennius  (bn-en'i-us).  Bom  at 
Orestias,  Macedonia :  died  after  1137.  A  Byzan- 
tine historian,  husband  of  Anna  Comnena.  He 
vrrote  a  Byzantine  history  which  was  completed 
by  his  wife. 

Nicephorus  Callistus  (ka-lis'tus).  Died  in  the 
middle  of  the  14th  century.  A  Byzantine  ec- 
clesiastical historian. 

NicephorusGregoras(greg'9-ras).  BominAsia 
Minor,  1295 :  died  about  1359.  A  Byzantine  his- 
torian.   He  wrote  a  Byzantine  history. 

Nicephorus  Patriarcha  (pa-tri-ar'ka).  Bom 
758:  died  828.  A  Byzantine  historian,'patriarch 
of  Constantinople  806-815.  He  wrote  a  Byzantine  his- 
tory, "Breviarium  "  (ed.  by  J.  Bekker),  and  a  chronology. 

Nicetas  Acominatus  (ni-se'tas  a-kom-i-na'tus) 
or  Choniates  (k^-m'a-tez).  "Born  in  Phrygia, 
Asia  Minor:  died  at'Nicsea,  Bithynia,  about 
1216.  A  Byzantine  historian.  He  wrote  a  By- 
zantine history  (ed.  by  J.  Bekker). 

Nice  Valour,  The,  or  the  Passionate  Mad- 
man. A  comedy  by  Fletcher  and  another  (Mid- 
dleton,  according  to  Pleay),  printed  in  1647,  but 
produced  much  earlier  (before  1624).  in  this 
play  is  "Hence,  all  you  vain  delights,"  a  song  which 
formed  the  basis  of  Milton's  "11  Penseroso." 

Nichol  (nik'ol),  John.  Bom  Sept.  8,  1833: 
died  Oct.  11,  1894.  A  Scottish  writer  and  lec- 
turer, sou  of  J.  P.  Nichol:  professor  of  English 
literature  in  (3-lasgow  University  from  1861  to 
1889.  He  published  "  Fragments  of  Criticism  "  (1860), 
"  English  Composition  "  (1879),  ■'  The  Death  of  Themiato- 
clBS,  and  Other  Poems"  (1881X  "American  Literature :  an 
Historical  Eeview"  (1882),  etc. 

Nichol  (nik'ol),  John  Pringle.  BomatBrechin, 
Scotland,  Jan.  13,  1804:  died  near  Rothesay, 
Scotland,  Sept.  19, 1859.  A  Scottish  astronomer. 
He  wrote  "  Views  of  the  Architecture  of  the  Heavens  " 
(1838),  "The  Stellar  Universe"  (1847),  "The  Planetary 
System  "  (1848-60),  etc. 

Nicholas  (nik'o-las).  Saint.  [Prop,  spelled  .Mc- 
olas;  F.  Meolas  (also  Nicole,  whence  E.  Nicol, 
Niaoll,  Nichol,  Nichols,  etc.),  Sp.  Nicolds,  Pg. 
Nicoldo,  It.  Nicola,  Nicolo,  D.  Nihlaas,  Klass,  G. 
Niholaus,  Niklas,  Klaus,  Knss.  Nikolai,  Nikola, 
L.  Nicolaws,  also  Nicolas,  from  Gr.  N«(C(5/laof, 
later  forms  of  which  are  NiKii/laf  and  NwiJ^euf, 
victor  of  the  people.]  Lived  about  300  A.  D.  A 
noted  bishop  of  Myra,  Lycia,  Asia  Minor.  He  has 
been  adopted  as  the  patron  saint  of  Russia,  and  is  also 
regarded  as  the  patron  saint  of  seafaring  men,  thieves,  vir- 
gins, and  children.  He  is  a  prominent  saint  of  the  Greek 
Church,  and  his  festival  is  celebrated  Dec.  6.  He  owes  his 
position  as  Santa  Clans  (corruption  of  SarU  Nicolaua')  to 
the  legend  that  he  wished  to  preserve  the  three  daughters 
of  a  poor  nobleman  from  dishonor  when  the  father,  having 
no  money  for  marriage  portions,  was  about  to  force  them 
to  support  themselves  by  a  degrading  life.  St.  Nicholas, 
passing  the  house  at  night,  threw  a  purse  of  gold  in  at  an 
open  window  for  three  nights  in  succession,  thus  furnishing 
a  dowry  tor  each  daughter.  On  the  third  night  the  noble- 
man watched  for  and  discovered  him,  but  the  saint  made 
him  promise  not  to  reveal  his  munificence.  From  this  in- 
cident is  said  to  be  derived  the  custom  of  placing  gifts  in 
the  shoes  or  stockings  of  children  on  the  eve  of  St.  Nich- 
olas's day,  and  attributing  the  gifts  to  Santa  Claus.    The 


Nicholson,  William 

custom  has  in  some  countries  been  transferred  to  Christ- 
mas. The  election  of  a  boy  bishw  on  St.  Nicholas's  day 
(Dec.  6)  is  an  ancient  ceremony,  ^e  custom  prevailed  in 
English  cathedrals,  grammar-schools,  etc.,  but  especially 
at  Salisbury.  The  actors  were  the  choristers,  and  thelray 
bishop  was  chosen  from  among  them.  He  held  a  burlesque 
jurisdiction  until  Innocents'  day  (Dec.  29).  The  ritual  was 
an  exact  burlesque  of  the  episcopal  function.  The  custom 
died  out  with  the  establishment  of  Protestantism,  but  lin- 
gered in  the  Eton  Montem,  a  celebration  now  abolished. 
Nicholas  I.,  sumamed  "  The  Great."  Pope  858- 
867.  He  maintained  the  papal  authority  in  dealing  with 
Lothair,  king  of  Lonaine.  He  recognized  the  Pseudo-Isl- 
dorian  I)ecretals. 

Nicholas  II.  (Gerard).  Pope  1058-61.  He  was 
under  the  influence  of  Hildebrand. 

Nicholas  III.  (Giovanni  Gaetano).  Pope 
1277-80.    He  belonged  to  the  house  of  Orsini. 

Nicholas  IV.  (Glrolamo  d'AscoU).  Pope 
1288-92. 

Nicholas  V.  (Tommaso  Farentucelli).  Bom 
at  Sarzana,  Italy:  died  March  24, 1455.  Pope 
1447-55.  He  is  noted  for  his  encouragement 
of  learning  and  art. 

Nicholas  v.  Antipope,  elected  in  opposition 
to  John  XXII.  in  1328 :  deposed  in  1330. 

Nicholas  I.  Bom  near  St.  Petersburg,  June  25 
(O.  S.),  1796:  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  18 
(O.  S.),  1855.  Czar  of  Euasia,  third  son  of  Paid 
I.  He  succeeded  his  brother  Alexander  I.  in  1826 ;  carried 
on  a  war  with  Persia  1826-28,  and  with  Turkey  1827-29 ; 
suppressed  the  insurrection  of  Poland  1830-31 ;  aided  Aus- 
tria in  suppressing  the  Hungarian  insurrection  in  1849; 
and  commenced  war  against  Turkey  in  1853,  which  in  1864 
involved  him  in  war  ^so  with  Great  Britain  and  FYance 
(the  Crimean  war). 

Nicholas  II.  Bom  at  St.  Petersburg,  May  18, 
1868.  Czar  of  Russia,  son  of  Alexander  III. 
whom  he  succeeded  Nov.  1,  1894.  He  married 
Princess  Alix  of  Hesse,  granddaughter  of  Queen  Victoria, 
Nov.  26,  1894. 

Nicholas,  Grand  Duke.  Bom  July  27  (O.  S.), 
1831:  died  at  Alupka,  Crimea,  April  13,  1891. 
Third  son  of  the  czar  Nicholas.  He  commanded 
the  army  of  the  Danube  in  the  war  against  Turkey  in  1877. 

Nicholas  Nickleby  (nik'l-bi).  A  novel  by 
Charles  Dickens,  fiist  published  serially  during 
1838—39, 

Nicholas  of  Damascus.  Bom  at  Damascus : 
lived  in  the  1st  century  B.C.  A  Greek  historian. 
Nicholas  of  Damascus,  the  friend  of  Augustus  and  Herod 
the  Great,  was  a  very  eminent  and  infiuential  person,  and 
many  anecdotes  are  told  about  him,  some  of  them  being 
derived  from  his  autobiography,  a  portion  of  which  has 
been  preserved. 

Mutter,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  IIL  114. 
{{Doruddson.') 

Nicholas  of  Strasburg.  Lived  in  the  first  half 
of  the  14th  century.  A  German  mystic  preacher 
at  Strasburg,  Freiburg,  and  elsewhere.  He  was 
appointed  by  Pope  John  XXII.  nuncio  and  superintendent 
of  the  Dominican  monasteries  in  Germany. 

Nichols  (nik'olz),  John.  Bom  at  Islington, 
near  London,  Feb.  2,  1745:  died  Nov.  26, 1826. 
Aja  English  printer  and  antiquary.  He  was  an 
apprentice  of  Bowyer.  He  was  editor  of  and  contributor 
to  the  "  Gentleman's  Magazine  "  from  1778  until  his  death. 
His  "  Memoirs  of  Bowyer,"  begun  in  1778,  were  expanded 
into  the  "Anecdotes  and  Hiustrations,"  an  anecdotical 
literary  history  of  the  18th  century.  He  also  wrote  6  vol- 
umes on  the  "Festivities  of  the  Eeigns  of  Elizabeth  and 
James  I." 

Nichols,  Sir  Richard.    See  Nicolls,  Sir  Richard. 

Nichols,  Thomas.  Bom  in  Pembrokeshire, 
Wales,  1820:  died  at  London,  May  14, 1879.  An 
Enghsh  writer.  He  was  professor  of  biblical  literature 
at  Carmarthen  College  (1866),  and  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  University  of  Wales.  He  published  "  The  Pedigree 
of  the  English  People"  (1868X  etc. 

Nicholson  (nik'gl-son),  Sir  Francis.  Died  at 
London,  March  5, 1728.  A  British  colonial  of- 
ficial. He  was  lieutenant-governor,  under  Andros,  of  the 
province  composed  of  the  colonies  north  of  Chesapeake 
Bay  1686-89,  and  represented  him  at  New  York  ;  was  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  Virginia  1690-94  ;  and  was  governor  of 
Maryland  1694-98,  of  Virginia  1698-1706,  of  Acadia  1713-17, 
and  of  South  Carolina  1721-25.  He  returned  to  England 
in  1726. 

Nicholson,  James  William  Augustus.    Bom 

at  Dedham,  Mass.,  March  10, 1821 :  died  at  New 
York,  Oct.  28, 1887.  An  American  admiral.  He 
entered  the  navy  in  1838 ;  was  promoted  commander  in 
1862 ;  and  served  with  distinction  during  the  Civil  War, 
having  charge  of  the  monitor  Manhattan  under  Farragut 
at  the  battle  ol  Mobile  Bay  in  1864.  He  was  commissioned 
rear-admiral  in  1881. 

Nicholson,  John.  Born  at  Dublin,  Dec.  11, 1822: 
died  Sept.  23, 1857.  An  English  soldier.  He  en- 
tered the  service  of  the  East  India  Company  in  1839,  and 
in  1840  was  ordered  to  Afghanistan,  where  he  was  im- 
prisoned two  years  later.  He  served  in  the  Sikh  wars  in 
1845  and  1848,  and  in  the  mutiny  ol  1867. 

Nicholson,  William.  Bom  at  London,  1753: 
died  1815.  An  English  physicist  and  chemist. 
He  published  an  "Introduction  to  Natural  Philosophy" 
(1781)  and  a  translation  of  Voltaire's  "Elements  of  the 
Newtonian  Philosophy."  He  was  connected  with  the  so- 
ciety lor  the  encouragement  of  naval  architecture,  estab- 
lished about  1791,  and  in  1800  discovered  the  decomposition 


Nicholson,  William 

of  water  by  galvanism,  "Nicholaon's  Journal,"  the  earli- 
est EngliBh  journal  of  natui'al  philosophy  and  chemistry, 
was  begun  in  17W. 

Nicholson,  William.  Bom  at  Ovingham,  Dec; 
25,  1781:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Aug-.  16,  1844. 
A  Scottish  portrait-painter,  one  of  tie  founders 
and  the  first  secretary  of  the  Scottish  Academy. 
He  etched  portraits  of  distinguished  Scotchmen,  including 
Scott,  Jeffrey,  Burns,  and  Wilson. 

Nicias  (nish'i-as).  [Grr.  Nmaf.]  Put  to  death 
in  Sicily,  413  B.  c.  An  Athenian  general  and 
politician,  chief  leader  of  the  aristocratic  fac- 
tion in  Athens  in  the  Peloponnesian  War.  He 
commanded  the  unsuccessful  expedition  against  Syracuse 
«5-413. 

Nicias,  Peace  of.  A  truce  between  Athens  and 
Sparta  in  the  Peloponnesian  War,  concluded 
421  B.  o.    It  was  negotiated  mainly  by  Nicias. 

Nicias  (nish'i-as)  of  Athens.  A  Greek  painter, 
acontemporary  of  Praxiteles.  'When  Praxiteles  was 
asked  which  of  his  works  in  marble  he  valued  most,  he  is 
said  to  have  answered,  **  Those  on  which  Nicias  has  set  his 
mark";  andFIiny  explains  this  expression  by  the  comment^ 
"  So  much  importance  did  Praxiteles  attach  to  the  circum- 
lition  (covering  of  color)  applied  by  Nicias."  This  passage 
was  for  a  long  time  the  principal  foundation  for  the  theory 
that  the  Greeks  painted  their  statues,  which  is  now  con- 
firmed by  the  works  themselves :  the  hair  of  the  Hermes 
of  Praxiteles  had  a  red  color  when  discovered. 

Nick,  Old.    See  Old  Nick. 

Nicobars  (nik-o-barz'),  orNicobar  (nik-o-bar') 
Islands.  A  group  of  small  islands  situated  in 
the  Bay  of  Bengal,  south  of  the  Andaman  Isl- 
ands, about  lat.  7°  to  9°  N.  it  is  a  British  posses- 
sion, a  dependency  of  the  Andaman  Islands,  annexed  in 
1869.  The  largest  island  is  Great  Nicobar.  Area,  434  square 
miles.    Population,  about  7,000. 

Nicodemns  (nik-o-de'mus).  [Grr.  'Sm6S^/joc.']  In 
New  Testament  history,  a  member  of  the  San- 

.  hedrim,  a  disciple  who  visited  Jesus  by  night 
as  an  inquirer.  After  the  death  of  Jesus  he  contributed 
a  mixture  of  aloes  and  myrrh  for  anointing  the  dead  body. 

Nicol  (nik'ol),  ErsMne.  Bom  at  Leith,  July  3, 
1825  :  died'at  Feltham,  March  8, 1904.  A  Brit- 
ish genre-painter.  He  studied  at  the  Trustees  Acad- 
emy, Edinburgh ;  lived  in  Dublin  about  1845-49 ;  and  re- 
moved from  Edinburgh  to  London  in  1863.  Many  of  his 
works  have  been  engi-aved. 

Nicol  (nik'ol),  William.  Bomaboutl768:  died 
at  Edinburgh,  1851  (?).  A  British  inventor  and 
experimenter  in  natural  philosophy.  In  1828  he 
invented  the  prism  for  polarizing  light,  named  from  him 
the  Nicol  prism,  or  nicol.  His  life  was  almost  entirely 
spent  in  his  laboratory  at  Edinburgh. 

Nicolai  (nik'o-li),  Ohristoph  Friedrich.  Bom 

at  Berlin,  March  18,  1733 :  died  Jan.  6,  1811. 
A  German  author  and  bookseller.  He  edited  the 
periodical  "Allgemeine  deutsche  Bibliothek,"  and  wrote 
"  Anekdoten  von  Friedrich II. " (1788-92),  the  novel "  Leben 
und  Meinungen  des  Herm  Magisters  Sebaldus  Nothanker  " 
(1773-76),  etc. 

He  was  the  literary  associate  of  Lessing  and  Moses  Men- 
delssohn in  the  "Letters  concerning  Recent  German  Lit- 
erature "  and  the  "Universal  German  Library,"  published 
between  1769  and  1792.  .  .  .  Soon  after  the  appearance  of 
Goethe's  "Sorrows  of  Werther,"  Nicolai  published  a  mali- 
cious and  rather  stupid  parody  entitled  "The  Joys  of  Wer- 
ther." ...  He  has  been  called  the  Erz-Philister — the 
arch-representative  of  the  commonplace,  conventional  ele- 
ment in  German  literature.  .  .  .  Goethe  was  provoked  into 
using  the  only  weapon  which  he  considered  fitting — ridi- 
cule ;  and  he  was  assisted  by  Nicolai's  own  indiscretion. 
The  latter,  whose  literary  materialism  was  his  prominent 
quality, — who  fought  the  spiritual  element  as  Luther 
fought  the  devil,—  was  visited  in  1791  with  an  avenging 
malady.  He  was  troubled  by  apparitions  of  persons  living 
and  dead,  who  filled  his  room,  and  for  several  weeks  con- 
tinued to  haunt  and  torment  him  although  he  knew  them 
to  bephantasms.  He  was  finally  relieved  by  the  application 
of  leeches  about  the  end  of  the  spine, whence  Goethe's  term 
Proktophantasmist  [in  "Faust"],  which  may  be  delicately 
translated  as  ** Hump- visionary."  .  .  .  He  died  in  1811, 
after  having  seen  himself  pilloried  in  the  "  Walpurgis- 
Night."  JS.  Taylor,  Notes  to  Faust. 

Nicolai,  Otto.  Bom  at  Konigsberg,  Prussia, 
June  9, 1810 :  died  at  BerUn.  May  11, 1849.  A 
German  composer  and  conductor.  He  founded 
the  Philharmonic  concerts  at  Vienna  (1842)  during  the 
period  (1841-47)  when  he  was  kapellmeister  of  the  court 
opera  there.  His  chief  work,  a  comic  opera,  "Die  lustigen 
Weiber  von  Windsor"  ("The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor"), 
was  produced  in  1849. 

Nicolas.    See  Nicholas. 

Nicolas  (nik'o-las).  Sir  Nicholas  Harris:  nsu- 
allyknownas  Sir  Harris  Nicolas.  BomMareh 
10,  1799 :  died  near  Boulogne,  France,  Aug.  3, 
1848.  An  English  antiquary  and  historian.  He 
was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1825.  He 
published  "Notitia  Historica"(1824:  republished  as  "The 
Chronology  of  History  "  1835-51),  "Synopsis  of  the  Peerage 
of  England"  (1825),  the  "History  of  the  Orders  of  Knight- 
hood of  the  British  Empire  "  (1841-2),  and  the  "  Despatches 
and  Letters  of  Admiral  lord  Viscount  Nelson  "  (1844-46). 

Nicolay  (nik'6-la),  John  George.  Bom  in  Ger- 
many, 1832 :  died  Sept.  26, 1901.  An  American 
author,  private  secretary  of  Abraham  Lincoln 
1860-65,  joint  author  with  John  Hay  of  a  "  Life 
of  Abraham  Lincoln"  (1890),  and  editor  with 
Hay  of  Lincoln's  "  Complete  Works  "  (1894). 


737 

Nicolini,  Madame.    See  Patti. 

Nicolls  (nik'qlz),  Sir  Bichard.  Bom  at  Ampt- 
hill,  BedforSshare,  England,  1624:  died  May 
28,  1672.  The  first  English  colonial  govemor 
of  New  York.  He  served  under  the  royal  standard  hi 
the  English  civil  war,  and  was  appointed  gentleman  of  the 
bedchamber  to  the  Duke  of  York  at  the  Restoration.  He 
was  chief  of  the  commission  sent  to  New  England  to  or- 
ganize an  attack  on  New  Netherland  in  1664 ;  and  on  the 
surrender  of  the  Dutch  in  that  year  became  govemor 
of  the  conquered  province,  which  he  renamed  New  York 
from  his  patron,  the  Duke  of  York.  He  returned  to  Eng- 
land in  1668,  and  resumed  his  former  position  in  the  duke's 
household.  He  fell  in  the  naval  battle  with  De  Euyter, 
May  28, 1672. 

Nicold  de'  Lap!  (ne-ko-lo'  da  la'pe).  A  novel 
by  Azeglio,  published  in  1841. 

Nicolosi  (ne-ko-lo'se).  A  town  in  Sicily,  at  the 
southern  foot  of  Mount  Etna.  It  is  the  usual 
starting-point  of  ascents  of  Etna. 

Nicomacnean  Ethics.  An  ethical  treatise  by 
Aristotle. 

Nicom^de  (ne-ko-mad').  A  play  by  Comeille, 
produced  in  1651. 

Nicomedia(nik-o-me'di-a).  [Gr.  NiKo/i^&ia.]  In 
ancient  geograpiiy,  the  capital  of  Bitnynia,  Asia 
Minor,  situated  on  an  arm  of  the  Propontis  (Sea 
of  Marmora),  in  lat.  40°  48'  N., long.  29°  58'  E. 
It  was  built  by  Nicomedes  I.,  king  of  Bithynia,  and  was 
the  residence  of  Diocletian,  Constantine,  and  other  Ro- 
man emperors.    The  modern  Ismid  is  on  its  site. 

Nicomedia,  Gulf  of.  The  eastern  prolongation 
of  the  Sea  of  Marmora :  also  called  the  Gulf  of 
Ismid. 

Nicopoli.    See  Nilcopoli. 

Nicopolis  (ni-kop'o-lis).  [Gr.  J^mStto^,  city  of 
victory.]  1.  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  in 
Epirus,  Greece,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Arta  in 
lat.  39°  N.,  long.  20°  43'  E.  It  was  founded  by  Octa- 
vian  in  commemoration  of  his  victory  at  Actium  31  B.  c. 
The  site  contains  many  Roman  antiquities. 
2.  An  ancient  city  in  Cappadoeia,  founded  by 
Pompey  on  account  of  his  defeat  of  Mithridates 
66  B.  c. — 3.  An  ancient  city  near  Alexandria, 
founded  by  Augustus  on  account  of  his  defeat 
of  Antony. — 4.  An  ancient  city  north  of  Tir- 
nova,  Bulgaria,  founded  by  Trajan  on  account 
of  his  defeat  of  the  Dacians. 

Nicosia  (ne-ko-se'a),  or  Lefkosia,  or  Levkosia 
(lef-ko-se'a).  The  capital  of  Cyprus,  situated 
on  the  river  Pedias  in  the  interior  of  the  island. 
The  Cathedral  of  St.  Sophia  is  a  three-aisled  church  in  the 
best  French  Pointed  style  (now  a  mosque).  It  contains 
several  tombs  of  the  Lusignan  kings  who  were  crowned 
here.    Population  (1891),  12,615. 

Nicosia.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Catania, 
Sicily,  40  miles  west-northwest  of  Catania. 
Population  (1881),  14,941 ;  commune,  15,460. 

Nicot  (ne-ko'),  Jean,  Sieur  de  Villemaiu.  Born 
at  Ntmes,  Prance,  1530 :  died  at  Paris,  May  5, 
1600.  APrenchdiplomatist  and  scholar.  He  in- 
troduced the  use  of  tobacco  from  Portugal  into  France. 
The  genus  Nicotiana  and  the  substance  nicotine  were 
named  from  him. 

Nicotera  (ne-ko'te-ra).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Catanzaro,  Calabria,  Italy,  34  miles 
north-northeast  of  Eeggio.  Population  (1881), 
4,941. 

Nicotera,  Baron  Giovanni.  Bom  at  San-Biase, 
Calabria,  Sept.  9,  1828 :  died  at  Vico  Equense, 
near  Naples,  June  13,  1894.  An  Italian  poli- 
tician. He  became  in  his  youth  a  member  of  "Young 
Italy,"  participated  in  the  rising  in  Calabria  in  1848,  and 
afterward  served  under  Mazzini  and  GaribaldL  He  was 
minister  of  the  interior  1876-77  and  1891-92. 

Nicoya  (ne-ko'ya).  A  peninsula  on  the  western 
coast  of  Costa  Bica,  Central  America. 

Nicoya,  Gulf  of.  An.  arm  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
southeast  of  the  peninsula  of  Nicoya. 

Nictheroy  (ne-ta-ro'e),  orNitherohi.  The  capi- 
tal untU  1894  of  the  state  of  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
situated  on  the  Bay  of  Bio  de  Janeiro  opposite 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  it  figured  prominently  in  the  civil 
war  of  1893-94.    (See  Mello.)    Population,  about  16,000. 

Nicudje.    See  Missouri. 

Nicuesa  (ne-ko-a'sa),  Diego  de.  Bom  at  Baeza 
about  1465:  died  March  (?),  1511.  A  Spanish 
commander.  He  went  to  Espaflolaln  1502,  was  subse- 
quently agent  of  the  colonists  in  Spain,  and  in  1608  was  em- 
powered  to  conquer  and  govern  Castilla  del  Oro,  corre- 
sponding to  the  coast  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  and  Cen- 
tral America  from  the  Gulf  of  Darien  to  Cape  Gracias  a 
Dies:  at  the  same  time  Ojeda  received  the  adjoining 
province  of  Nueva  Andalucia  in  South  America.  Nicuesa 
left  Santo  Domingo  about  Jan.,  1510,  with  5  vessels  and 
650  (or  785  ?)  men.  He  lost  his  larger  ships,  was  wrecked, 
and  endured  terrible  sufferings  at  Nombre  de  Dies :  only 
100  men  survived.  Colmenares,  on  his  way  with  reinforce- 
ments for  Nicuesa,  touched  at  Antigua,  where  Ojeda's  col- 
ony had  been  left  without  a  commander.  The  colonists 
sent  messengers  to  Nicuesa,  offering  to  accept  him  as 
governor ;  but  he  acted  in  such  an  overbearing  manner 
that  on  his  arrival  at  Antigua  the  colonists  rebelled.  He 
was  forced  to  sail  away  in  a  rotten  ship,  and  was  never 
heard  of  again. 


Niemen 

Nidd  (nid).  A  small  river  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, a  tributary  of  the  Ouse.  Its  picturesque 
valley  is  called  Nidderdale. 

Nidhug  (nid'hog).  In  Scandinavian  mythology, 
a  serpent  in  the  lower  world. 

Nidwalden  (ned'val-den),  or  Nidwald  (ned'- 
vald).  A  half-canton  of  the  canton  of  Unter- 
walden,  Switzerland.  Itformsthenorthernpartof the 
canton.  It  sends  one  member  to  the  National  Council 
On  the  reconstitutiou  of  Switzerland  in  1798  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Helvetic  Republic,  the  Inhabitants  resisted 
the  new  order  of  things,  but  were  repressed  by  the  French. 
Area,  112  square  miles.    See  further  under  Unterwaldm. 

Niebuhr  (ne'bor),  Barthold  Georg.    Bom  at 

Copenhagen,  Aug.  27, 1776 :  died  at  Bonn,  Pms- 
sia,  Jan.  2,  1831.  A  celebrated  German  histo- 
rian, philologist,  and  critic,  son  of  Karstens 
Niebuhr.  He  was  in  the  civil  service  of  Denmark  until 
1806,  and  in  that  of  Prussia  1806-10 ;  was  lecturer  at  the 
University  of  Berlin ;  was  Prussian  ambassador  at  Rome 
1816-23 ;  and  became  lecturer  at  the  University  of  Bonn 
inl823.  His  chief  work,"  RomischeGeschichte  "("Roman 
History,"  3  vols.  1811-32 :  Eng.  trans,  by  Hare  and  Thirl- 
wall),  on  the  earlier  history  of  Rome,  produced  a  revolu- 
tion in  the  study  of  Roman  history.  His  "Kleine  Schrif- 
ten  "  ("  Minor  Writings  ")  were  published  1828-43.  See 
his  correspondence  in"Lebensnachrichten"  (1838:  Eng- 
lish version  by  Miss  Winkworth  1852). 

Niebuhr,  Karstens.  Bom  at  LUdingworth,  in 
Hadebi,  Prussia,  March  17,  1733 :  died  at  Mel- 
dorf,  Prussia^  April  26,  1815.  A  German  trav- 
eler in  Arabia  and  the  East  1761-67.  He  wrote 
'"Beschreibung  von  Arabien"  ("Description  of  Arabia,'' 
1772),  "Reiaebeschreibung  von  Arabien  und  andem  um- 
liegenden  Landem"  ("Description  of  Travels  in  Arabia 
and  other  Neighboring  Lands,"  177^78). 

Niederbronn  (ne'der-bron).  A  town  in  Lower 
Alsace,  Alsace-Lorraine,  25  miles  north  of 
Strasburg.    Population  (1890),  3,029. 

Niedermendig  (ne'der-men-dio).  A  place  in 
the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  west  of  Coblenz. 
It  is  noted  for  its  quarries  of  basaltic  lava. 

Niedermeyer  (ne'der-mi-er),  Louis.  Bom  at 
Nyon,  Switzerland,  April  27, 1802:  died  at  Pa- 
ris, March  14, 1861.  A  Swiss  composer  of  sacred 
music,  and  of  melodies  for  the  poems  of  Lamar- 
tine,  Victor  Hugo,  Desehamps,  etc.  He  was  not 
suceeasful  in  opera,  though  "Stradella"  (1837),  "Marie 
Stuart"  (1844),  etc.,  may  be  mentioned. 

Niederwald  (ne'der-valt).  A  spur  of  the  Tau- 
nus,  situated  in  Prussia,  near  the  Rhine,  oppo- 
site Bingen.  it  rises  to  the  height  of  1,080  feet  above 
sea-leveL  A  national  monument  has  been  erected  on  it 
in  commemoration  of  the  German  triumph  over  France  in 
1870-71,  and  of  the  foundation  of  the  new  German  Empire. 
Itwasdesigned by  Schilling,  and  inauguratedin  1883,  when 
an  unsuccessful  attempt  was  made  on  the  life  of  the  em- 
peror William.  It  consists  of  a  statue,  33  feet  high,  of 
Germania  as  a  robust  woman  holding  aloft  the  imperial 
crown,  and  standing  on  amonumental  pedestal  78  feet  high. 
The  die  bears  inscriptions,  and  in  front  of  its  base,  which 
is  carved  with  the  escutcheons  of  the  German  states,  is 
placed  the  Prussian  eagle.  At  the  front  angles  of  the  large 
basement  from  which  the  die  rises  stand  the  angels  of 
War  and  Peace.  The  large  relief  of  the  front  includes  por- 
traits of  the  emperor  WiUiam  I.  with  the  German  princes 
and  generals  and  soldiers  of  the  different  arms ;  and  the 
reliefs  of  the  sides  represent  the  departure  and  return  of 
the  soldiers.  Below,  in  front,  is  a  group  of  sculpture  rep- 
resenting the  Rhine  and  the  Moselle. 

Niedner  (ned'ner).  Christian  Wilhelm.  Bom 
at  Oberwinkel,  near  Waldenburg,  Aug.  9, 1797: 
died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  13, 1865.  A  German  Prot- 
estant chuich  historian,  professor  at  Berlin  from 
1859.  His  chief  work  is  a  "  Lehrbuch  der  ehrist- 
Uchen  Kirchengesehiohte  "  (1846). 

Niel  (ne-el' ),  Adolphe.  Bom  at  Muret,  France, 
Oct.  4,  1802:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  13,  1869.  A 
French  marshal.  He  was  distinguished  in  the  Crimean 
war  (particularly  at  the  siege  of  Sebastopol  in  1866),  and  in 
the  battles  of  Magenta  and  Solferino  in  1859.  He  was 
minister  of  war  1867-69. 

Niemann  (ne'man),  Albert.  Bom  atErxleben, 
near  Magdeburg,  Jan.  15,  1831.  A  noted  Ger- 
man tenor  singer.  He  first  went  on  the  stage  as  an 
actor  in  1849.  His  musical  talent  was  discovered,  and  he 
was  finally  sent  to  Paris,  through  the  kindness  of  the  Sling 
of  Hannover,  to  study  with  Duprez.  He  is  successful  in 
Wagner's  operas  and  in  heroic  parts. 

Niembsch  von  Strehlenau  (nempsh  fon  stra'- 
len-ou),  Nikolaus:  pseudonym  Nikolaus 
Lenau.  Born  at  CsatSd,  Hungary,  Aug.  13, 
1802 :  died  near  Vienna,  Aug.  22, 1850.  An  Aus- 
trian poet.  Among  his  poems  are  "Faust"  (1835), 
"Savonarola"  (1837),  "Die  Alb^enser" (1842),  etc. 

Niemcewicz  (nyem-tse'vich),  Julian  Ursin, 

Born  at  Skoki,  Lithuania,  1758 :  died  at  Paris, 
May  21,  1841.  A  Polish  poet,  novelist,  histo- 
rian, and  dramatist.  Among  his  works  are  "Histori- 
cal Songs  of  the  Poles "  (1816),  "History  of  the  Reign  of 
King  Sigismund  III.  of  Poland"  (1819),  etc. 
Niemen  (ne'men ;  Pol.  pron.  nyem'en).  A  river 
in  western  Russia  and  the  province  of  East  Prus- 
sia. It  rises  in  the  government  of  Minsk,  and  empties  by 
several  mouths  into  the  Kurisches  Hafi  60  miles  north- 
east of  Eonigsberg.  Length,  about  500  miles ;  navigable 
from  Grodno,  and  for  steamers  from  Kovno.    See  Memei. 


Niemeyer 

Niemeyer  (ne  'mi-er) ,  August  Hermann.  Bom 
at  Halle,  Prussia,  Sept.  1,  1754:  died  at  Mag- 
debvirg,  Prussia,  July  7, 1828.  A  German  theo- 
logian, sacred  poet,  and  writer  on  pedagogics. 
He  became  chancellor  and  rector  perpetuus  at  She  Uni- 
varsity  of  Halle  in  1808,  and  was  made  a  memlier  of  the 
consistory  at  Magdeburg  in  1816.  Among  his  works  are 
"Charakteristik  der  Bibel"  (1775-82),  "Grundsatze  der 
Brziehung  und  des  TJnterrichts "  (1796),  "Religiose  Ge- 
dichte"(l8l4). 

lTienburg-on-the<'Weser  (nen '  boro  -  on  -  th§  - 
va'zer).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Hanno- 
ver, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Weser  28  miles 
northwest  o£  Hannover.  Population  (1890), 
7,808. 

Niepce  (ne-eps'),  Joseph  Nic6phore.    Bom  at 

Ch&lon-sur-Sa6ne,  Prance,  March  7, 1765:  died 
at  Gras,  near  Chaion,  July,  1833.  A  French  in- 
ventor, associated  with  Daguerre  in  the  inven- 
tion of  photography. 

Nierstem  (ner'stin).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Rhine  Hesse,  Hesse,  on  the  Ehine  9 
miles  south-southeast  of  Mainz.  It  is  noted  for 
its  wines. 

Niesen  (ne'zen).  A  noted  summit  in  the  Ber- 
nese Oberland,  Switzerland,  15  miles  west  by 
south  of  Interlaken.    Height,  7,768  feet. 

Nietzsche  (netz'she),  Friedrich  Wilhelm. 
Bom  near  Liitzen,  Saxony,  Oct.  15,  1844 :  died 
Aug.  25,  1900.  A  noted  German  philosopher, 
professor  of  classical  philology  at  Basel  1869-80. 
Among  his  works  are  *'Morgenrote"  (1881),  "Die  froh- 
liche  Wissenschaft "  (1882),  "Also  sprach  Zarathustra" 
(1883-85),  "JenseitsyonGutundBose"  (1886),  etc. 

Wieuhof (noi'hof),  Johan Jacob.  BomiuWest- 
phalia  about  1610:  <jliedonthe  coast  of  Malabar, 
Sept.  29  (?),  1672.  A  German  in  the  service  of 
the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  and  later  in 
that  of  the  East  India  Company.  He  traveled  ex- 
tensively in  northeastern  Brazil  and  in  the  East  Indies  and 
China.  Erom  1657  to  1672  he  was  governor  of  Ceylon. 
Nieuhof  was  probably  murdered  by  the  natives  of  the 
Malabar  coast.  His  "Gedenkwaerdige  Zee  en  Lantreize 
door  de  voornaemste  Landschappen  van  West  en  Oost  In- 
dien  "  was  published  in  1682. 

Nieuport  (ny  e-p6r ' ) ,  or  Nieuwport  (nyiiv'port) . 
A  small  town  in  the  province  of  West  Flanders, 
Belgium,  on  the  Yser  21  miles  west-southwest 
of  Bruges.  Here,  July  2, 1600,  the  Dutch  under  Mau- 
rice of  Nassau  defeated  the  Spaniards  under  the  archduke 
Albert. 

ITieuwreld  (nyev'velt)  Mountains.  A  name 
given  to  a  division  of  the  main  range  of  moun- 
tains in  Cape  Colony,  situated  about  long.  22°  E. 

Ki^vre  (nyavr).  A  department  in  France,  cor- 
responding mainly  to  the  ancient  Nivernais. 
Capital,  Ni&vre.  it  is  bounded  by  Yonne  on  the 
north,  Cdte-d'Or  and  Sadne-eHoire  on  the  east,  Sa6ne-et- 
Loire  and  Allier  on  the  south,  and  Cher  on  the  west.  It  is 
traversed  from  southeast  to  northwest  by  the  chain  of  the 
Morvan.  The  chief  productions  are  coal  and  timber,  and 
there  are  noted  iron-works.  Area,  2,712  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  343,681. 

Niezhin.    See  NezMn. 

Niffer.    See  Nippur. 

Niflheim  (nif 'l-him).  [ON.  Mflheimr.']  In  the 
Old  Norse  cosmogony,  the  cold  world  of  fog  in 
the  north.  In  the  midst  was  the  spring  Hvergelmir,  out 
of  which  flowed  ten  rivers,  the  Blivagai'  (ON.  Elimgar). 

Niflhel  (nif '1-hel).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  my- 
thology, the  realm  of  the  goddess  Hel ;  the  abode 
of  the  dead,  it  was  situated  below  the  earth.  The 
swift  river  Slid  (ON.  Slidhr,  also  called  GjiM&nA  Cfeirhvi- 
wul)r  which  ran  over  a  bed  of  swords,  surrounded  it.  It  was 
approached  by  a  bridge  at  whose  end  watched  the  maiden 
Modgud  (ON.  Modhgudhr).  A  wall  inclosed  the  whole 
realm,  to  which  the  gate  Helgrind  (ON.  Helgrindr)  alone 
gave  admittance.  Niflhel  was  originally  the  abode  of  all 
the  dead.  In  later  mythology  only  it  is  made  a  place  of 
misery. 

in^er  (ni'jfer),  called  also  Joliha  (jol'i-ba), 
Kworra  or  Quorra  (kwor'a).  Mayo  (ma'yo), 
etc.  [Prob.  same  as  L.  Nigris  (Plray)  and  Gr. 
'Slyetp  (Ptolemy),  applied  vaguely  to  a  large  river 
in  Africa.  Joliha  and  Kworra  are  modern  Afri- 
can names.]  One  of  the  three  chief  rivers  of 
Africa.  The  source  of  the  main  head  stream,  the  Tembi, 
is  about  lat  8°  30'  N.,  long.  10°  30"  W.  It  flows  generaUy 
northeast  to  near  Timbuktu,  east  to  long.  0°,  then  south- 
southeast  and  south,  and  empties  by  a  delta  into  the  Gulf 
of  Guinea  about  lat.  4"-5°  N. ,  long.  6°-7°  E.  Its  chief  tribu- 
tary is  the  Binue.  It  was  first  visited  by  Mungo  Park  in 
1796.  There  Is  still  an  unexplored  portion  in  its  middle 
comso.    Length,  about  2,600  miles. 

Ifigeria  (ni-je'ri-a).  The  official  name  of  the 
Niger  Territories,  which  see. 

ITiger  Territories.  A  British  protectorate  in 
western  Africa  between  the  French  and  Ger- 
man spheres.  It  includes  Sokoto,  a  part  of  Bornu,  a 
part  of  Borgu,  etc.,  and  extends  iUong  the  coast  from 
Lagos  to  Eamerun.  It  is  officially  named  Nigeria,  and 
is  divided  for  administrative  purposes  into  Northern 
Nigeria  and  Southern  Nigeria.  The  estimated  area  is 
over  300,000  square  miles  and  the  population  about 
26,000,000. 


738 

Nighantu  (ni-g-han't6).  [Skt.,  corrupted  from 
nigranthu,  strung  together,  ranked.]  In  San- 
slmt,  any  glossary,  but  especially  the  Vedic 
glossary  explained  by  Taska  in  his  Nirukti :  in 
this  sense  usually  plural  (Nighantavas)  as  em- 
bracing five  books.  The  first  three  contain  synonyms, 
the  fourth  a  list  of  specially  difficult  words,  and  the  fifth 
a  classification  of  the  divine  personages  who  figure  in  the 
Veda. 

Night  and  Morning.  A  novel  by  Bulwer  Lyt- 
ton,  published  in  1841. 

Nightingale  (mt'ing-gal),  Florence.  Bom  at 
Florence,  May,  1820.  An  English  philanthro- 
pist. She  inspected  schools  and  hospitals  in  England 
and  afterward  in  all  parts  of  Europe,  and  finally  decided 
to  become  a  hospital  nurse.  She  is  especially  celebrated 
for  her  noble  services  at  Scutari  during  the  Crimean  war, 
1854-56.  Her  health  suffered  severely  from  the  contin- 
ued strain  and  her  unselfish  devotion.  At  the  close  of 
the  war  she  was  enabled  by  a  testimonial  fund  to  found 
an  institution  for  the  training  of  nurses,  the  Nightingale 
Home  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital.  She  was  also  the  means 
of  calling  attention  to  the  unsanitary  conditions  of  camp 
hospitals,  etc.  She  published  "The  Institution  at  Kais- 
erswerth  on  the  Ehine" (1850),  "Notes  on  Hospitals" 
a869X  "Notes  on  Nursing'  (I860),  "Observations  on  the 
Sanitary  State  of  the  Army  in  India"  (1863),  etc. 

Nightmare  Abbey.  A  novel  by  Thomas  Love 
Peacock,  published  in  1818. 

Night  Thoughts.  A  meditative  poem  on  reli- 
gion and  morality,  by  Edward  Young  (1742-46). 
Its  whole  title  is  "  The  Complaint^  or  Night  Thoughts." 

The  extraordinary  vogue  of  "Night  Thoughts,"  which 
lasted  for  a  century,  has  succumbed  to  aseries  of  vigorous 
attacks  in  our  own  age,  and  Young  is  now  in  danger  of 
being  underrated. 

Qosse,  Eighteenth-Century  Literature,  p.  213. 

Night  Walker,  The,  or  the  Little  Thief.  A 
comedy  by  Fletcher  and  Shirley,  licensed  in 
1633,  printed  in  1640  as  by  Fletcher  only.  This 
play  has  been  incorrectly  conjectured  to  be  the  same  as 
"  The  Devil  of  Dowgate,  or  Usury  put  to  Use,"  which  was 
licensed  in  1623. 

Night-Watch,  The,  or  Sortie  of  the  Banning 
Cock  Company.  A  masterpiece  by  Rembrandt 
(1642),  in  the  Rijks  Museum  at  Amsterdam.  It 
represents  an  assembly  of  the  civic  guard  (by  daylight), 
with  their  officers,  banner,  and  drummer.  All  the  figures 
are  portraits,  full  of  life  and  spirit ;  and  the  picture  is  ad- 
mirable in  light  and  color. 

Nigra  (ne'gra),  Count  Costantino.  Born  at 
Castellamonte,  near  Ivrea,  Italy,  June  12, 1827. 
An  Italian  diplomatist.  He  served  in  1848  as  a  vol- 
unteer in  the  Sardinian  army  against  the  Austrians,  but 
afterward  entered  the  diplomatic  service,  and  acted  as 
secretary  to  Count  Cavour  at  the  Congress  of  Paris  in 
1856.  He  was  for  many  years  Italian  ambassador  at  Paris, 
and  held  the  same  position  at  St.  Petersburg  1876-82,  and 
at  London  1882-85. 

Nigritia  (ni-grish'i-a).  [NL.,  'land  of  the 
blacks,'  from  L.  niger,  black.]  A  name  for- 
merly given  to  the  Sudan. 

Nigritic  (tribes  and  languages).  See  Negro  race, 
and  African  ethnography  (under  Africa). 

Nihaloitih.    See  Echeloot. 

Nihilists  (ni'hil-ists).  The  adherents  of  nihil- 
ism. Nihilism  was  originally  a  social  (not  a  political) 
movement  in  Bussia,  in  opposition  to  the  customary  forms 
of  matrimony,  the  parental  authority,  and  the  tyranny  of 
custom ;  later,  a  more  or  less  organized  secret  effort  on  the 
partof  a  large  body  of  malcontents  to  overturn  the  estab- 
lished orjler  of  things,  both  social  and  political.  In  the 
former  sense  the  word  was  introduced  by  Turgenieff  in 
1862.  Nihilism  comprises  several  Russian  parties,  differ- 
ing in  the  means  of  action  employed  and  in  the  immedi- 
ate results  aimed  at,  some  leaning  more  toward  political 
radicalism  and  violence,  and  others  toward  economic  re- 
organization and  socialism.  The  movement  originated 
about  1840,  and  is  due  largely  to  the  influence  of  the  uni- 
versities. About  1855-62  it  became  increasingly  demo- 
cratic, socialistic,  and  revolutionary  under  the  leadership 
of  Herzen  and  the  magazine  "Contemporary."  About 
1870  revolutionary  ideas  became  the  subject  of  a  propa- 
ganda among  workmen,  peasants,  and  students.  The  ad- 
herents of  this  movement  formed  a  "people's  party" 
("Land  and  Freedom")  purposing  the  complete  over- 
throw of  the  existing  order  of  things  and  the  establish- 
ment of  a  socialistic  and  democratic  order  in  its  stead. 
Under  the  infiuence  of  Bakunin  (died  1876),  and  the  per- 
secution of  peaceful  propagandists  by  the  government, 
the  people's  party  divided  into  two  factions — the  "  democ- 
ratization of  land"  and  the  "will  of  the  people,"  the  lat- 
ter being  the  stronger.  This  party  was  by  government 
persecutions  driven  to  a  political  contest,  and  the  idea  of 
demoralizing  the  forces  of  the  government  by  terror  ori- 
ginated and  became  popular:  the  adherents  of  this  system 
called  themselves  "terrorists."  After  several  unsuccess- 
ful attempts,  they  effected  the  death  of  the  czar  Alexan- 
der IL  in  1881. 

Niigata  (ne-e-ga'ta).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bchigo,  main  island  of  Japan,  situated 
on  the  western  coast  in  lat.  37°  57'  N.,  long. 
139°  3'  E.  It  is  open  to  foreign  commerce. 
Population  (1891),  47,019. 

Nijar  (ne-Har').  A  town  in  the  province  of  Al- 
meria,  southern  Spain,  16  miles  east-northeast 
of  Almeria.    Population  (1887),  14,221. 

Nijkerk  (ni'kerk).  A  town  ip  the  province  of 
Gelderland,  Netherlands,  27  miles  east-south- 
east of  Amsterdam.    Population  (1889),  7,724. 


Nikolaievsk 

Nijmegen.    See  Nimwegen. 

Nijne-Tagilsk  (nezh'ne-ta-gilsk').  A  town  in 
the  government  of  Perm,  eastern  Russia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tagil  135  miles  east  of  Perm,  it  is 
the  chief  town  in  the  Ural  Mountains,  the  center  of  a  rich 
mining  district  for  iron,  gold,  copper,  and  platinum,  and 
is  uoted  for  its  iron-works  (founded  by  Demidoff).  Popu- 
lation of  the  mining  district,  about  30,000. 

Nijni-Lomoff  (nezh'ni-lom'of).  A  town  in  the 
government  of  Penza,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
LomofE  64  miles  northwest  of  Penza.  Popu- 
lation, 9,482. 

Nijni-Novgorod,or  Nijniy-Novgorod,or  Nizh- 
ni-Novgorod (nezh'ni-nov'go-rod).  1.  A  gov- 
ernment of  central  Russia,  it  is  surrounded  by  Kos- 
troma, Vyatka,  Kazan,  Simbirsk,  Penza,  Tamboff,  and 
Vladimir.  The  surface  is  generally  flat.  The  government 
has  considerable  commerce  and  manufactures.  Area, 
19,797  square  miles.    Population  (1893),  1,686,764. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Niini-Nov- 
gorod,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Oka  with 
the  Volga,in  lat.  56°  19'  N.,  long.  44°  E.  Itsfa- 
mous  fair,  the  largest  in  the  world,  held  annually  in  Aug. 
and  Sept.,  is  frequented  by  from  200,000  to  300,000  mer- 
chants from  Russia  and  western  and  central  Asia.  The 
chief  articles  of  trade  are  cotton,  woolen,  iron,  corn,  salt, 
tea,  furs,  silk,  and  manufactured  goods  of  all  kinds.  The 
fair  was  transferred  hither  from  MakarieS  in  1817.  The 
town  has  also  an  annual  fair  for  wooden  wares,  and  one  for 
the  sale  of  horses.  It  is  the  center  of  steam  navigation  of 
the  Volga.  It  was  plundered  by  the  Mongols  in  1378 ;  was 
united  to  Moscow  in  1390 ;  and  took  the  lead  under  Mlnin 
in  1612  in  freeing  Moscow  from  the  Poles.  Population 
(1897),  98,503. 

Nika  (ne'ka),  or  Manika  (ma-ne'ka).  The 
Bantu  tribe  inhabiting  Mashonaland. 

Nike(ni'ke).  [Gr.  Nkiy,  the  personification  of  vic- 
tory.] In  Greek  mythology,  the  goddess  of  vic- 
tory: called  by  the  Romans  Victoria,  she  was 
regularly  represented  in  ancient  art  as  a  winged  maiden,' 
usually  as  just  alighting  from  flight,  her  most  frequent  at- 
tributes being  a  palm-branch  in  one  hand  and  a  garland  in 
the  other,  or  a  fillet  outstretched  in  both  hands :  some- 
times she  holds  a  herald's  staff. 

Nike.  An  original  statue  by  Pseonius,  in  the 
museum  at  Olympia,  dedicated  in  the  Altis  by 
the  Messenians  about  420  B.C.  The  goddess  is  rep- 
resented as  sweeping  through  the  air,  with  drapery  pressed 
to  her  form  and  streaming  behind  in  the  wind. 

Nike  Apteros,  or  Wingless  Victory,  Temple 

of.  A  beautiful  little  Ionic  amphiprostyle  tetra- 
style  temple  at  Athens,  measuring  18  by  27  feet, 
standing  on  a  high  stone  platform  projecting 
beyond  the  Propylsea.  The  columns  are  13  J  feet  high. 
The  frieze  is  sculptured  in  high  relief  with  gods  on  the 
cast  and  with  Athenian  martial  exploits  on  the  other  sides. 
The  platform  of  this  temple  was  surrounded  with  a  marble 
balustrade  on  which  were  carved  Victories,  among  them 
thefamous  relief  of  "Victory  loosingherSandal."  Tnetem- 
plewas  pulled  down  by  the  Turks,  and  its  materials  buried 
under  the  works  of  a  battery :  they  were  found  in  1836,  al- 
most complete,  by  German  scholars,  and  restored  to  their 
original  positions. 

Nikisch  (ne'kish),  Arthur.  Bom  at  Szent- 
Mikl6s,  Hungary,  Oct.  12,  1855.  A  Hungarian 
composer  and  conductor.  He  came  to  the  United 
States  in  1889,  and  conducted  the  Boston  Symphony  Or- 
chestra from  that  time  till  1893,  when  he  went  to  Buda- 
pest as  kapellmeister  and  conductor  of  the  opera. 

Nikita  I.    See  Nikola  J. 

Nikitin  (ne-ke'tin),  Ivan.  Bom  at  Voronezh, 
1824 :  died  1861.  A  Russian  poet.  He  wrote  lyric 
folk-songs.  His  life  was  passed  in  poverty,  and  he  was 
obliged  to  keep  an  inn  to  support  himself.  Afterward  he 
changed  this  for  the  more  congenial  occupation  of  l)ook- 
seUer. 

Nikko  (nek'ko).  A  small  town  in  the  main  isl- 
and of  Japan,  80  miles  north  of  Tokio.  It  is  a 
Shintoist  and  Buddhist  religious  center,  noted  for  its 
shrines.  The  temple  of  lyeyasu  is  one  of  the  most  splen- 
did sanctuaries  of  the  Shinto  cult  erected  in  the  17tb  cen- 
tury. The  sanctuary  consists  of  a  succession  of  conrts  with 
gates  of  wood  and  metal  adorned  with  the  most  elaborate 
carving  and  with  brilliant  color.  Upon  the  courts  face  a 
great  number  of  buildings  of  different  sizes  and  forms  and 
various  purpose :  they  are  built  of  wood,  but  every  beam 
and  joint  is  a  work  of  art.  The  ornament  in  metal  is  of 
the  delicacy  of  jewelry,  and  that  in  terra-cotta  of  equally 
perfect  workmanship.  In  spite  of  this  richness,  vulgarity 
is  avoided  and  the  ornament  is  kept  severely  subordinate 
to  constructive  propriety. 

Nikola(ne'k6-la)  I.,  or  Nikita  (ne-ke'ta).  Born 
Oct.  7, 1841.  Prince  of  Montenegro.  He  was  pro- 
claimed prince  in  1860,  and  carried  on  war  against  Turkey 
1876-78. 

Nikolai  (nik'6-Ii).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Silesia,  Prussia,  56  miles  southeast  of  Oppeln. 
Population  (1890),  5,633. 

Nikolaieff  (ne-ko-li'ef).  A  seaport  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Kherson,  Russia,  situated  at  the 
head  of  the  estuary  of  the  Bug,  in  lat.  46°  58' 
N.,  long.  32°  E.  it  is  an  important  naval  station  and 
place  of  export  for  grain,  etc. ,  founded  by  Potemkin  about 
1789.    Population  (1897),  92,060. 

Nikolaievsk (ne-ko-li'evsk).  Atowninthe  gov- 
ernment of  Samara,  eastern  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Irghiz  96  miles  southwest  of  Samara.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  15,071. 


Nikblaievsk 

Nlkolaievsk.  A  port  in  the  Maritime  Province, 
Siberia,  situated  on  the  Amur,  near  its  mouth, 
in  lat.  53°  8'  N.,  long.  140°  43'  E.  it  was  founded 
in  18S1,  and  was  the  former  capital  of  the  province.  Pop- 
ulation (1886),  2,043. 

Nikolaievskaya  Sloboda  (ne-ko-li'ef-ska-ya 
slo-bo-da').  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Astrakhan,  Bussia,  situated  near  the  Volga 
about  lat.  50°  5'  N.,  long.  45°  30'  E.  It  is  a  trad- 
ing center.     Population  (1892),  13,799. 

Nikolsburg(nik'olz-bSrG).  A  town  in  Moravia, 
44  miles  north-northeast  of  Vienna.  Population 
(1890),  8,210. 

Nikolsburg,  Truce  of.  A  preliminary  peace  be- 
tween Prussia  and  Austria,  concluded  at  Ni- 
kolsburg, July  26,  1866.  It  was  confirmed  by 
the  peace  of  Prague,  Aug.  23,  1866. 

ITikon  (ne'kon).  Bom  near  Nijni-Novgorod, 
Russia,  1605:  died  Aug.  17,  1681.     A  Russian 

S relate.  He  becamepatriaich  of  Kussia  in  1652,  and  was 
eposed  in  1666.  He  introduced  reforms  in  the  church 
service. 

Nikopol  (ne'ko-poly).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Tekaterinoslaff,  southern  Russia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Dnieper  64  miles  south-southwest  of 
YekaterinoslafE.  It  is  a  trading  center.  Popu- 
lation (1892),  10,100. 

Nikopoli,  or  Nicopoli  (ne-kop'6-le),  Turk.  Ni- 
ghebolu(ne-ge-b6'lu)  or  NebuKne-bol').  [See 
IficopoUs.']  A  town  in  Bulgaria,  situated  on  the 
Danube,  near  the  confluence  of  the  Osma,  in  lat. 
43°  42'  N.^  long.  24°  53'  E.  it  has  been  erroneously 
identified withtheancientNicopolisadlstrum.  ItwasloUg 
noted  as  a  fortress,  and  was  conquered  by  Sigismund  of  Hun- 
gary 1392  and  1395.  Sultan  Bajazet  I.  defeated  here  the 
Franco-HungarianannyunderSigismundSept.  28, 1396.  It 
was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  Ladlslaus  of  Hungary  in 
1444.  The  lurks  were  defeated  here  by  Bithorl  Sept.  6, 
1695,  and  by  the  Wallachians  in  1598.  It  was  conquered  by 
the  Russians  in  1810.  The  Turkish  fleet  was  destroyed  near 
it  and  their  camp  stormed  by  the  Russians  in  1829.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Russians  in  1877.    Population,  4,652. 

Nikosia,    See  Nicosia. 

Niksar  (nik-sar'),  or  Niksara  (nik-sa'ra).  A 
town  in  the  vilayet  of  Trebizond,  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, situated  near  the  Kelkit-Tohai  145  miles 
west  by  south  of  Trebizond:  the  ancient  Neo- 
oEBsarea,  and  probably  the  ancient  Cabiia.  Pop- 
ulation, 9,000. 

ITiksid  (nek'sich).  A  fortified  town  in  Montene- 
gro, 26  miles  north  of  Cettinje.  It  was  besieged 
and  taken  from  the  Turks  by  the  Montenegrins  in  1877. 
Population,  about  3,000. 

Nile  (nil).    [F.  mi,  Sp.  Pg.  It.  mio,  a.  mi,  l. 

mius,  from  G-r.  NeZ/iof.]  The  longest  river  of 
Africa,  and  one  of  the  longest  rivers  in,  the 
world:  the  ancient  NUus.  it  is  formed  by  several 
head  streams  which  flow  into  lake  Victoria  Nyanza.  Of 
these  the  Kagera,  Shimiyu,  and  Isanga  are  the  chief. 
From  Victoria  Nyanza  the  Nile  flows  northwest,  foiming 
the  Ripon  and  Murchison  falls,  into  the  Albert  Nyanza. 
Thence  it  flows  generally  north  (as  the  Bahr-el- Jebel,  later 
as  the  Bahr-el-Abiad  or  White  Nile)  to  the  junction  with 
the  Blue  Nile  at  Khartum  ;  traverses  the  Nubian  desert ; 
passes  by  Ave  cataracts  into  the  valley  of  Egypt ;  and  emp- 
ties by  a  wide  delta  into  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  Its  prin- 
cipal mouths  are  the  Rosetta  and  Damietta  branches.  It 
fertilizes  the  valley  of  Egypt  by  its  annual  overflow  (caused 
by  the  melting  of  the  snows  in  the  elevated  regions  drained 
by  its  head  waters^  which  is  at  its  height  in  September 
and  October.  It  has  been  famous  in  ancient  and  modern 
times  for  the  kingdoms  on  its  banks,  and  for  the  attempts 
to  discover  its  sources.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Bahr- 
el-Ghazal,  Sobat,  Blue  Nile,  and  Atbara.  It  receives  no 
tributaries  below  Berber.  The  chief  places  on  its  banks 
are  Lado,  Gondokoro,  Khartum,  Berber,  New  Dongola, 
Derr,  Assuan,  SiUt,  and  Cairo.  The  course  of  the  upper 
Nile  was  a  mystery  until  recent  times.  Bruce  in  1770  found 
the  source  of  the  Blue  Nile.  In  1858  the  Victoria  Nyanza 
was  discovered  by  Speke,  in  1864  the  Albert  Nyanza  by 
Baker,  and  in  1877  the  Albert  Edward  Nyanza  by  Stanley. 
Tlie  upper  basin  falls  mainly  within  the  British  sphere  of 
influence,  paiHy  within  the  German,  and  perhaps  the  Ital- 
ian. The  middle  valley  was  retaken  from  the  dervishes  in 
1898.    Length,  about  3,400  miles. 

On  the  rocks  of  Semneh  and  Kflmmeh  the  highest  point 
of  the  inundation  was  always  noted  for  comparison,  and 
the  mark  was  accompanied  by  a  corresponding  inscription. 
Thus  we  read  at  one  place  on  the  rock :  "Height  of  the 
Nile  in  the  year  14,  under  the  reign  of  his  Majesty  King 
Amen-em-hat  III.,  the  ever-living."  From  observations 
made  by  lepsius  on  the  spot,  we  gather  that  in  the  times  of 
the  Twelfth  Dynasty— that  is,  forty- three  centuries  before 
our  days — the  highest  rise  was  nearly  twenty-seven  feet 
above  the  greatest  height  of  the  inundation  in  these  days ; 
and  that  the  average  height  of  the  Nile  when  Amen-em- 
hat  III.  was  king  surpasses  that  of  our  times  by  about 
twelve  feet.      Brugsch,  Egypt  under  the  Pharaohs,  p.  75. 

Nile,  Battle  of  the.  A  name  often  given  to  the 
British  naval  victory  of  Aug.  1-2, 1798.  See  Alm- 
Tcir,  Bay  of. 

Niles  (nilz).  A  city  in  Berrien  County,  south- 
western Michigan,  situated  on  the  St.  Joseph 
River  75  miles  east  of  Chicago.  Population 
(1900).  4,287. 

Niles,  Hezekiah.  Born  in  Chester  County,  Pa. , 
Oct.  10,  1777  :  died  at  Wilmington,  Del ,  April 
2,  1839.    An  American  journalist.   He  founded  at 


739 

Baltimore  the  weekly  journal  "Niles's  Register"  in  1811, 
and  edited  it  until  1836. 

Nilgiri  (nU-ge're).  A  state  in  Orissa,  Bengal, 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  21°  30'  N.,  long.  86° 
40'  E. 

Nilgiri  Hills,  or  NeilgtlierTy  (nel-ger'e)  Hills. 
1.  A  range  of  mountains  in  Madras,  British  In- 
dia, about  lat.  11°  30'  N.,  long.  76°  45'  E.  High- 
est peak,  Dodabetta  (8,760  feet).— 2.  A  district 
in  Madras,  British  India,  chiefly  comprised  iu 
the  mountain  region  of  Nilgiri  Hills. 

Nilsson  (nil'son),  Christine.  Bom  near  "Wexio, 
Sweden,  Aug"  3,  1843.  A  noted  Swedish  so- 
prano singer,  she  first  sang  in  public  at  Stockholm  iu 
1860,  and  appeared  in  opera  at  Paris  in  1864  as  Violetta.  She 
appeared  with  great  success  at  different  times  from  1867 
to  1870  in  England,  and  in  1870-72  in  America.  In  the 
latter  year  she  returned  to  England,  and  married  M.  Au- 
gusts Rouzaud,  who  died  in  1882.  From  1872-77  she  sang 
in  England,  coming  to  America  in  1873-74.  In  1876  she  made 
a  successful  tour  through  Scandinavia.  In  1880-81  she 
a^ain  sang  in  opera  in  England,  from  which  time  she  sang 
only  in  concerts  till  1887,  when  she  married  Count  Casa  di 
Miranda,  and  retired  altogether  to  private  life  in  1888. 
(Grove.)  She  was  eminently  successful  in  such  parts  as 
Mignon,  Marguerite,  Ophelia,  Elsa,  etc. 

Nilsson,  Sven,  Born  near  Landskrona,  Swe- 
den, March  8, 1787 :  died  at  Lund,  Sweden,  Nov. 
30, 1883.  A  Swedish  naturalist  and  antiquary, 
professor  at  Lund  1831-56.  He  published  works 
on  the  fauna  and  antiquities  of  Scandinavia. 

Nilus  (ni'lus).     The  Roman  name  of  the  Nile. 

Nimapu.    See  Chopunnish. 

Nimar  (ne-mar').  Adistrictin  the  Central  Prov- 
inces, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  21°  45' 
N.,  long.  76°  30'  E.  Ajea,  3,357  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  253,486. 

Nimburg  (nim'bSra).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  on 
the  Elbe  27  miles  east  by  north  of  Prague. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  6,659. 

Nlmeguen.    See  Nimwegen, 

Nimes,  or  Nismes  (uem).  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Gard,  France,  situated  in  lat. 
43°  51'  N.,  long.  4°  21'  E. :  the  Roman  Nemau- 
SUS.  It  has  important  manufactures  of  silk  goods,  and 
an  extensive  trade,  espeoiallj;  in  wine  and  spirits.  It  is 
noted  for  its  Roman  antiquities,  among  which  are  the 
amphitheater  (in  excellent  preservation),  the  Maison  Car- 
rie (which  see),  the  so-called  temple  of  Diana,  the  Tour 
Magne  (Turris  Magna),  and  gates.  It  contains  a  cathe- 
dral, lyceum,  picture-gallery,  fountain  garden,  etc.  In 
the  vicinity  is  the  Pont  du  Gard.  Nlmes  was  conquered 
by  the  Romans  in  121  B.  c,  and  became  one  of  the  chief 
provincial  cities ;  was  plundered  by  the  Vandals  in  407, 
and  suffered  from  the  "West  Goths  and  Saracens ;  was 
united  to  France  in  1268 ;  suffered  in  the  Huguenot  wars ; 
and  was  the  scene  of  reactionary  atrocities  against  the 
Protestants  in  1815.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Guizot. 
Population  (1901),  80,355. 

Nimrod  (nim'rod).  According  to  Gen.  x.,  son 
of  Cush,  grandson  of  Ham,  famous  for  his  ex- 
ploits as  a  hunter,  at  first  ruler  of  Shinar  (Shu- 
mir,  i.  e.  South  Babylonia),  then  founder  of  the 
Assyrian  Tetrapolis  (Asshur,  Nineveh,  Rehobo- 
thir,  and  Calah).  some  Assyriologists  identify  Nim- 
rod with  Izdubar  or  Gilgamesh,  the  principal  hero  of  the 
Babylonian Izdubar  legends,  or  "Nimrod  Epic."  See7ai«- 
6ar. 

Outsidethepagesof  the  Old  Testament  nothing  is  known 
of  Nimrod.  The  monuments  of  Assyria  and  Babylonia 
have  hitherto  refused  to  divulge  the  name.  Certain  schol- 
ars indeed  imagined  that  it  might  be  the  pronunciation  of 
the  name  of  the  hero  of  the  great  Chaldsean  Epic,  but  we 
now  know  that  such  is  not  the  case.  Nimrod  still  remains 
to  be  discovered  iu  the  cuneiform  texts. 

e.  Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  66. 


Nimrod.  A  pseudonym  of  C.  J.  Apperley,  a 
writer  on  hunting,  etc.,  in  the  "Quarterly  Re- 
view." 

Nimrud  (nim'rod).  An  important  archreo- 
logical  site  in  Assyria,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Tigrisaboutl9milesbelowNineveh:  the  ancient 
Calah  (which  see),  it  was  excavated  by  Layard  be- 
tween 1845  and  1851,  and  yielded  the  remai'kable  series  of 
reliefs  constituting  the  Nimrud  Gallery  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum. The  site  was  occupied  by  several  palaces  in  succes- 
sion, according  to  the  Orientsd  custom  which  required 
everymonarch  to  build  his  own.  The  long  series  of  changes 
and  reconstructions  makes  the  architectural  history  of  the 
site  difficult  to  unravel ;  however,  except  Khorsabad,  this 
has  been  the  most  carefully  explored  and  the  most  instruc- 
tive site  in  Assyria.  It  is  particularly  interesting  for  its 
abundant  remains  of  vaults  built  of  crude  brick  in  courses 
inclined  diagonally  against  each  other,  so  as  to  obviate  the 
use  of  centering. 

Nimwegen  (nim'wa-gen),  or  Nymegen,  or 
Nimeguen  (nim'a-gen),  D.  also  Nijmegen 
(ni'ma-ohen),  P.  Nimegue  (ne-mag').  A  city  in 
the  province  of  Gelderland,  Netherlands,  situat- 
ed on  the  Waal  in  lat.  51°  51'  N.,  long.  5°  52'  E. : 
the  Roman  Noviomagus.  it  has  a  fine  situation,  and 
contains  the  Church  of  St.  Stephen,  Stadhuis,  and  nuns  of 
the  Carolingian  palace.  It  was  theresidenoe  of  Charles  the 
Great  and  other  monarchs.  Later  it  was  a  free  imperial  city 
and  Hanseatic  town.  Itjoined  the  Union  otUtrechtin  1579; 
was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  In  1585 ;  retaken  by  the  Dutch 
in  1591 ;  and  taken  by  the  French  in  1672  and  in  1794. 
Population  (1891),  32,990. 


Nine  Worthies,  The 

Nimwegen,  Peace  of.  A  series  of  treaties  con- 
cluded at  Nimwegen  in  1678  and  1679.  With  those 
of  Westminster  between  Holland  and  England  (Feb,  9, 1674), 
of  Fontainebleau  between  France  and  Denmark  (Sept.  2, 
1679),  of  Lund  between  Denmark  and  Sweden  (Sept.  26, 
1679),  and  of  St.-Germain-en-Laye  between  Sweden  and 
Brandenburg  (1679),  they  put  an  end  to  the  hostilities  be- 
tween France  and  Holland  and  their  allies  originating 

,  with  the  attack  on  Holland  by  Louis  XIV.  in  1672.  The 
treaty  between  France  and  Holland  was  concluded  Aug. 
10, 1678 ;  that  between  France  and  Spain  Sept.  17,  1678 ; 
that  between  the  emperor  on  the  one  hand  and  Fi'auce 
and  Sweden  on  the  other  Feb.  6, 1679;  and  that  between 
Holland  and  Sweden  Oct.  12, 1679.  Holland  received  all 
its  territory  back  on  condition  of  preserving  neutrality ; 
Spain  ceded  FrancheComtfi,  Valenciennes,  Cambray,  St.- 
Omer,  Ypres.Cond^,  Bouchain.Maubeuge,  and  other  places 
to  France ;  France  restored  Charleroi,  Oudenarde,  Cour- 
tray,  Limburg,  Ghent,  Puycerda,  etc.,  to  Spain ;  the  em- 
peror ceded  Freiburg-im-Breisgau  to  France ;  and  Duke 
Charles  IV.  of  Lorraine  was  restored  to  his  duchy,  but  on 
conditions  which  he  refused  to  accept. 

Nina  (nen'ya),  La.  [Sp.,  'little  girl.']  One  of 
the  smaller  caravels  of  Columbus  in  lus  voyage 
of  1492.  It  was  an  undecked  vessel,  probably  not  over 
45  feet  long,  and  was  commanded  at  flrst  by  Vicente  Yaflez 
Pinzon.  After  the  wreck  of  the  Santa  Maria  (Dec.  24, 1492) 
Columbus  returned  in  the  Nifia  to  Europe. 

Nina  Gordon,    See  Dred. 

Ninetta.    See  Gazga  Ladra,  La. 

Ninety-Six  (nin'ti-siks').  A  village  in  Abbe- 
ville County,  South  Carolina,  75  miles  west 
by  north  of  Columbia.  It  was  unsuccessfully 
besieged  by  the  Americans  under  Greene  in 
1781. 

Ninety-Three  (nin'ti-thre').  [F.  Quatre^ngt- 
treize.']  Ahistoricalnovel  by  Victor  Hugo,  pub- 
lished in  1874.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the  north- 
west of  Prance  in  1793. 

Nineveh  (nin '  e  - ve).  [Heb.  mnevS,  Assyr.  JV5- 
nua,  Gr.  'Sivevi  ■fi  Nlraf.]  In  ancient  geography, 
an  important  city  and  for  a  long  time  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Assyrian  empire,  situated  on  the  east- 
ern bank  of  the  upper  Tigris  opposite  the  mod- 
ern Mosul,  and  surrounded  iu  ancient  times  by  a 
shallow river(Khosr).  Thesite,nowmarkedbythetwo 
mounds  of  Kuyunjik  and  Nebi  Yunus,  was  first  identified 
in  1820  by  J.  C.  Rich,  political  resident  of  the  East  India 
Company  at  Bagdad.  The  first  attempts  at  excavation  were 
made  in  1842  by  Paul  Emile  Botta,  who,  however,  met  with 
slight  success :  these  were  followed  on  a  more  extended 
scale  by  Sir  Austen  Henry  Layard  (1846-47, 1849-51),  by 
Hormuzd  Rassam  (1854),  and  by  George  Smith  (1873-76X  the 
work  being  again  taken  up  by  Rassam  on  the  death  of 
Smith.  As  a  result  of  these  excavations,  the  general  out- 
line of  the  city,  the  remains  of  four  palaces  and  numerous 
sculptures,  and  thousands  of  tablets  (principally  from  the 
so-called  library  of  Asurbanipal)  were  discovered.  The 
greater  part  of  these  is  now  in  the  British  Museum.  The 
city  had  a  circumference  of  from  7  to  8  miles,  the  ruins  of 
the  walls  showing  a  height  in  some  parts  of  50  feet.  It 
was  in  existence  as  early  as  the  time  of  Samsi-ramman  (1816 
B.  c),  who  rebuilt  a  temple  there.  Shalmaneser  I.  (1S30 
B.C.)  built  a  palace  at  Nineveh  and  made  it  the  city  of  his 
residence.  Samsi-ramman  HI.  (824-811)  decorated  and  re- 
stored the  temple  of  Ishtar,  famous  for  a  sjfecial  phase  of 
the  cult  of  the  goddess.  (See  Ishtar.)  Ramman-nirari  III. 
(811-782)  built  a  new  palace  on  the  site  of  the  mound  Ne- 
bi Yunus.  For  atime  Nineveh  was  neglected,  Sargon  (722- 
705  B.  c),  the  founder  of  the  new  dynasty,  abandoning  it 
as  the  capital  for  a  new  town,  Dur-Sarrukin  (Khorsabad), 
which  he  built  and  made  his  residence.  His  son,  Sen- 
nacherib (705-681  B.  c),  was,  however,  a  special  patron  of 
Nineveh.  He  surrounded  it  with  a  wall,  replaced  (695)  the 
small  palace  at  the  northeast  wall  by  a  large  one,  built  an- 
otherpalace  which  he  filled  with  cedar  wood  and  adorned 
with  colossal  bulls  and  lions,  and  beautified  the  city  with 
a  park.  The  Old  Testament  (2  Ki.  xix.  36,  Isa.  xxxvii.  37) 
mentions  Nineveh  as  the  residence  of  Sennacherib.  Esar- 
haddon(68D-668B.c.)finished  a  temple,  widened  the  streets, 
and  beautified  the  city,  forcing  the  kings  whom  h&  con- 
quered to  furnish  materials  for  adorning  the  city  and  pal- 
aces. Nineveh  succumbed  to  the  combined  attack  of  the 
Medes  under  Cyaxares  and  the  Babylonians  under  Nabo- 
polaasar  in  608  (606  ?)  B.  0.  See  also  Assyria,  Cyaxares,  Kv^ 
yunjik,  and  Nehi  Yunus. 

Nine  Worthies,  The.  Nine  heroes  of  romance 
and  chivalry  whose  story  is  told  in  Arthurian 
legends.  In  one  of  these,  the  "Triumphes  des  neufs 
Preux,"  "  the  author  feigns  that  there  appeared  to  him  in  a 
vision  nine  heroes,  and  in  a  second  vision  a  tenth  hero,  viz., 
Joshua,  David,  Judas  Maccabseus,  Hector,  Alexander  the 
Great,  Julius  Csesar,  and  then  Arthur,  Charlemagne,  God- 
frey of  Bouillon,  and  finally  Bertrand  du  Guesclin ;  they 
charge  him  to  undertake  the  description  of  their  lives 
and  feats,  in  order  that  Lady  Triumphe,  who  appears  with 
them,  may  be  enabled  to  decide  which  of  them  has  deserved 
her  crown.  ,  .  .  The  nine  heroes  of  this  romance  are 
not  Infrequently  mentioned  in  the  earlier  English  litera- 
ture. Shakespeare  alludes  in '  Love's  Labour 's  Lost '  (act  v. 
sc.  2)  to  the  Nine  Worthies.  Further,  they  appear  in  the 
verses  which  precede  the  Low-German  history  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great  (Brun's  *  Altplattdeutsche  Gedichte,'  p.  336, 
etc.  See  also  Warton,  vol.  iv.  p.  151,  note  a,  Lond,  1824). 
They  figure  also  in  tapestry  and  paintings  (Warton,  ii .  p.  44, 
note  9).  This  selection  of  thrice  three  heroes  may  very 
likely  have  originated  in  the  'Welsh  Triads,' where  the 
three  Pagan,  Jewish,  and  Christian  trinities  are  enumer- 
ated as  follows :  Hector,  Alexander,  and  Julius  Csesar ; 
Joshua,  David,  and  Judas  Maccabseus ;  Arthur,  Charle- 
magne, and  Godfrey  de  Bouillon.  For  Godfrey  is  some- 
times substituted  Guy  of  Warwick."  Dutitop,  Hist,  of  Prose 
Fiction,  1. 269,  270. 

The  "  Pageant  of  the  Nine  Worthies,"  out  of  which  so 
much  fun  is  made  in  Shaksperes  "Love's  Labour 's  Lost/ 


Nine  Worthies,  The 

vraa  represented  in  Queen  Mary's  time.  "Each  of  the 
Worthies,"  says  Strype,  "made  his  speech,"  no  doubt  com- 
mencing, as  in  the  comedy,  with  "  I  Pompey  am  "  "I  Judas 
am,"  etc.  Wa/rd. 

Nine  Years'  Siege  (of  Montevideo).   See  Oribe, 

Manuel. 

Ningpo  (iiiiig'p6'),orNingpo-fu  (ning'po'fo'). 
A  seaport  in  the  province  of  CheMaug,  China, 
situated  on  the  river  Ningpo  in  lat.  29°  51'  N., 
long.  121°  32'  E.  it  is  one  of  the  treaty  ports;  has 
flourislilng  commerce;  is  an  educational  and  religious 
center ;  and  is  noted  for  its  tall  tower  and  temple.  It  was 
taken  by  the  British  in,1841.    Population,  260,000. 

Ninian(nin'i-an),  Saint.  Lived  about  400  A.  D. 
A  British  missionary  among  the  southern  Piets. 
He  built  a  church  at  Withern,  or  Whithorn,  Galloway,  in 
397,  and  in  420,  when  driven  to  Ireland,  is  said  to  have 
founded  a  monastery  at  Clonconnor. 

Nino  (nen'yo),  Pedro  Alonso.  Bom  in  Moguer 
about  1455 :  died  about  1505.    A  Spanish  navi- 

fator.  He  was  connected  with  several  Portuguese  expe- 
itions  to  the  West  African  coast ;  commanded  a  supply 
:fleet  which  sailed  for  Santo  Domingo  in  U96 ;  and  was  with 
Columbus  on  his  third  voyage  in  1498.  Later  he  was  as- 
sociated with  Cristobal  Guerra  in  a  trading  expedition  to 
the  pearl  coast  (Venezuela).  They  left  Spain  about  June, 
1499,  with  a  single  small  vessel,  and  returned  richly  laden 
■with  pearls  and  gold  in  April,  1600.  This  was  the  first 
financially  profitable  voyage  to  the  American  coast. 

TKnon  de  Lenclos  or  L'Enclos.    See  Lenclos. 

-Ninove  (ne-nov').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
East  Flanders,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Dender 
15  miles  west  of  Brussels.  Population  (1890), 
6,870. 

Ninns  (ni'nus).  In  Greek  narratives,  the  founder 
of  Nineveh  (which  he  named  after  himself )  and 
of  the  Assyrian  empire,  husband  of  Semiramis 
and  father  of  Ninyas. 

Ninus.  An  ancient  name  of  Nineveh;  also,  a 
Roman  town  (of  short  duration)  on  the  site  of 
Nineveh. 

Nio  (ne'6).  An  island  in  the  nomarchy  of  the 
Cyelades,  Greece,  12  miles  south-southwest  of 
Naxos :  the  ancient  los.     Length,  11  miles. 

Niobe  (ni'o-be).  [Gr.  Niii/Ji?.]  In  Greek  my thol- 
ogy,  the  daughter  of  Tantalus  and  wife  of  Am- 
phion,  king  of  Thebes.  Proud  of  her  numerous  pro- 
geny, she  provoked  the  anger  of  ApoUo  and  Artemis  by 
boasting  over  their  mother  Leto,  who  had  but  those  two 
children.  She  was  punished  by  seeing  all  her  children  die 
by  the  arrows  of  the  two  light-deities.  She  herself  was  met- 
amorphosed by  Zeus  into  a  stone  which  it  is  still  sought  to 
identify  on  the  slope  of  Mount  Sipylus,  near  Smyrna.  This 
legend  has  afforded  a  fruitful  subject  for  art,  and  was  nota- 
bly represented  in  a  group  attributed  to  Scopas,  now  best 
known  from  copies  in  the  Ufiizi  at  Florence.  See  Nidbe 
group. 

Niobe  group.  A  celebrated  collection  of  18  an- 
tique statues,  12  of  which  were  found  in  Eome 
in  1583,  now  in  the  TJffizi,  Florence.  They  are  good 
Homan  copies  of  Greek  originals  ascribed  with  probability 
to  Scopas,  thoneh  by  some  to  Praxiteles,  representing 
Niobe  horror«tricken  in  the  midst  of  her  children,  who  are 
being  struck  to  death  by  the  unseen  shafts  of  Apollo  and 
Artemis.  The  central  figure,  Niobe,  seeks  to  shelter,  with 
her  arm  and  her  mantle,  her  youngest  daughter,  who  kneels 
terrified  at  her  feet.  The  other  children,  youths  and 
maidens,  are  dead,  dying,  or  fleeing,  seeldng  to  ward  off  the 
inevitable  blow,  or  awaiting  it  with  resignation.  The  ex- 
isting group  is  incomplete :  the  original  was  probably  ar- 
ranged pyramidally  for  the  decoration  of  a  pediment. 

Niobites  (ni'o-blts).  A  branch  of  the  Monophy- 
sites,  founded  by  Stephanus  Niobes  in  the  6th 
century,  who  opposed  the  views  of  the  Severi- 
ans.  See  Severians.  Niobes  taught  that,  according 
to  strict  Monophysite  doctrine,  the  qualities  of  Christ's 
human  nature  were  lost  by  its  absorption  into  his  divine 
nature.  The  Niobites  gradually  modified  theirviews  and 
returned  to  the  orthodox  church. 

Niobrara  (ni-o-bra'Ta).  A  river  in  northern 
Nebraska  which  joins  the  Missouri  34  miles  west 
of  Yankton.     Length,  about  450  miles. 

Niort  (nyor).  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Deux-S6vres,  France,  situated  on  the  S6vre- 
Niortaise  in  lat.  46°  19'  N.,  long.  0°  28'  "W.  it 
has  large  manufactures  of  gloves,  and  is  noted  for  its 
onions.  It  has  a  museum  of  paintings,  town  hall,  ruined 
castle,  and  Church  of  Notre  Dame.  It  was  often  taken  and 
retaken  in  the  English  and  religious  wars.  Population 
(1891),  23,225. 

Niphon.    See  Nippon. 

Nipigon  (nip'i-gon),  or  Nepigon  (nep'i-gon),  or 
Neepigon  (ne'pi-gon),  Lake.  A  lake  in  British 
North  America,  25  miles  north  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior, into  which  it  discharges  by  Nipigon  Eiver. 
Length,  about  70  miles. 

Nipissing  (nip'i-sing),  Lake.  A  lake  in  the 
province  of  Ontario,  Canada,  northeast  of  Geor- 
gian Bay  (in  Lake  Huron),  into  which  it  dis- 

'  charges  through  French  River.  Length,  about 
50  miles. 

Nipmuc  (nip'muk).  [PL,  also  Mpmuclcs.  The 
name  means  'fresh-water  fishing-place.']  A 
general  name  for  the  North  American  Indian 
tribes  of  central  Massachusetts,  extending  into 
Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island,  in  1676  their  sur- 
vivors of  the  King  PhiUp  war  fled  to  Canada  and  to  the 


740 

Hudson  Eiver.  Eliot's  translation  of  the  Bible  was  in  the 
Natic  dialect  of  thelanguagespoken  by  the  Nipmuc  tribes. 
See  Algonquian. 

Nipmucks.    See  Nipmuc. 

Nipper  (nip'^r),  Susan.  In  Dickens's  "Dom- 
bey  and  Son,"  a  young  maid  in  charge  of  Flor- 
ence Dombey,  noted  for  her  sharp  tongue.  She 
marries  Toots. 

Nipple  Top  (nip'l  top).  An  isolated  peak  of  the 
Adirondaoks,  south  of  Mount  Marcy.  Height, 
4,684  feet. 

Nippon  (nip-on'),  or  Niphon  (nif -on'),  orNipon 
(nip-on').      ['Origin  of  the  sun.']     A 


Nitrid 

ancient  Naissus  (Gr.  Na'iaaSc).  Itwas  the  birthplace 
of  Constantino  the  Great.  Itwas  held  by  theServians  from 
the  12th  to  the  14th  century,  and  then  by  the  Turks  until 
1878.  Here,  in  269,  the  emperor  Claudius  II.  defeated  the 
Goths,  60,0CK)  of  whom  are  said  to  have  perished ;  and  here, 
in  1689,  the  Austrians  under  Louis  of  Baden  defeated  the 
Turks.  The  place  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Ser- 
vians in  1809.  Population  (1891),  19,877. 
Nishadha  (ni'sha-d-ha).  In  the  Mahabharata, 
the  country  of  Nala,  inferred  to  be  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Sind,  which  traverses  GwaUor  state, 
Central  India.  On  the  Sind  is  Narwar,  and  local  tra- 
dition connects  this  place  with  King  Nala  in  a  story 
bearing  a  striking  resemblance  to  the  poem  of  Nala. 


wrongly  used  by  foreigners  for  the  main  island  Nishapur  (nish-a-p6r').  A  city  in  Khorasan, 
of  Japan.  The  Japanese  call  the  entire  empire  Persia,  48  miles  west  of  Meshhed :  an  important 
Dai-Nippon  or  Nippon.  medieval  city.    Population,  about  11,000. 

Nippur  (nip-por').  Inancientgeography,  aeity.Nishinam(nish'i-nam).  The  southern  division 
of  Babylonia,  south  _of  Babylon,  midway  be-    of  the  Pujunan  stock  of  North  American  In- 


tueen  that  place  and  Ereeh :  the  modem  Niffer, 
situated  on  the  Shatt  en-Nil.  The  city  existed  in  the 
earliest  Babylonian  period,  an  inscription  of  Naram-Sin 
(3750  B.  c.)  having  been  found  there.  Bel  and  Beltis  were 
its  special  divinities.  Nippur  was  visited  by  Sir  Austen 
Henry  Layard,  who  made  some  slight  excavations  and  found 
several  enameled  cofiins  and  other  objects.  It  was  exca- 
vated by  an  American  expedition  sent  out  by  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  1889-91  under  the  leadership  of  Dr. 
John  P.  Peters,  and  many  inscriptions  and  other  objects 
were  found  there.  A  portion  of  these  are  now  in  the  Im- 
perial Museum  at  Constantinople,  and  the  remainderin  the 
museum  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  Excavations 
were  resumed  in  1893. 

Nipur.     See  Nippur. 

Niquirans.    See  NUsaraos. 

Niris  (ne'ris).  Lake.  A  large  salt  lake  in  Far- 
sistan,  southern  Persia,  east  of  Shiraz. 

Nirukta  (ni-rok'ta).     [Skt.:  nis,  out,  and  ukta, 


dians,  comprising  a  number  of  tribes  which  for- 
merly occupied  the  part  of  northern  California 
between  Tuba  and  Cosunine  rivers.  The  name 
signifies '  people '  or '  our  people.'  See  Pujunan. 

Nisib.    See  Nizib. 

Nisibis  (nis'i-bis).  [Gr.  Niatpig."]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  town  in  Mesopotamia,  situated  in 
lat.  37°  N.,  long.  41°  15'  E. :  the  modern  Nisi- 
bin  or  Nesibin.  it  was  an  Armenian,  Parthian,  Roman, 
and  Persian  stronghold ;  and  was  taken  by  Lucullus  in  68 
B.  c,  and  afterward  by  Trajan. 

Nismes.    See  Ntmes. 

Nlsqualli  (niz'kwa-le).  Atribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  which  formerly  lived  on  and  about 
Nisqualli  Eiver,  Washington:  now  numbering 
94  persons,  on  the  Puyallup  reservation,  Wash- 
ington.   See  Salishan. 


spoken,  spoken  out,  loud,  clear :  and,  as  noun,  Nisroch  (nis'rok).  In  Bible  history,  an  Assyrian 

explanation,  etymological  interpretation  of  a -      .  — .         .   - 

word.]  In  Sanskrit,  the  name  of  the  fourth  of 
six  Vedangas  (which  see),  or  works  or  classes  of 
works  auxiliary  to  the  Veda.  It  consists  of  the  ex- 
planation of  difiicult  Vedic  words.  As  Yaska's  Niruktior 
'  explanation '  of  the  Nighantu  or  Nighantavas  is  almost 
the  only  survivor  of  the  class,  the  name  is  also  used  of  that 
work.  See  Nighantu  and  Nimkbi. 
Nirukti  (ni-rok'ti).  [Skt., 'interpretation.']   In 


deity  in  whose  temple  at  Nineveh  Sennacherib 
was  murdered  (2  Ki.  xix.  37,  Isa.  xxxvii.  38). 
The  name  was  formerly  derived  from  Heb.  7wfer(' eagle  ^, 
and  the  dei^  was  supposed  to  have  been  one  of  the  eagle- 
headed  genii  frequently  represented  on  Assyrian  sculp-, 
tures.  The  name  has,  however,  not  been  found  in  cunei- 
form literature,  and  the  conjecture  of  Joseph  Hal6vy 
that  it  is  an  error  for  Nustcu  (which  see)  has  been  gener- 
ally aocepted. 
Nissa.    See  Nish. 


Sanskritliterature,anexpositioninl2books,by  Nisus"(m'sus).  [Gr.  NZffOf.]  In  Greek  legend, 
Yaska,  of  the  Nighantu  or  Nighantavas.  See  ^  king  of  Megara,  father  of  Scylla :  changed  to 
Nighantu.    "it  is  in  Yaska's  work,  the  Nirukti,  that  we     an  eaffle 

find  the  flrst  general  notions  of  grammar.    Starting  from  -kt.  »  ,*_,  -    -x        .  n  _  i        .     •  i      j     a, 

the  phonetic  rules,  advance  was  made  first  to  a  general  NlsyTO  (ne  se-ro).  A  small  volcanic  island  off 
view  of  phonetics,  and  thence  to  the  remaining  portions  of     the  southwestern  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  south 

of  Cos  and  northwest  of  Ehodes :  the  ancient 

Nisyrus  (Gr.  ISiavpog). 
Nith  (nith).  A  river  in  southwestern  Scotland 

which  falls  into  Solway  Firth  8  miles  south  of 

Dumfries.     Length,  71  miles. 
Nithard  (ne-tar').  Lived  in  the  first  half  of  the 

9th   century.     A  Frankish  historian,  son  of 

condition  of  a  Buddha;  the  state  to  which  the  ^^^if  S&ero?^'^^^  *^®  ^^^''^' 

WwJ'Ln1°*n '^'""If  ^'  *^f,  ^'t^^*  ^Z  ^""^  Nithsdale"(niths'dal).   The  valley  of  the  Nith, 
highest  good.    Onginally,  doubtless,  this  was  the  ex-     „„;„„:„„ii„  :„  n„™*,i„„„v,;_„    o„„«      j 
■■^-        -existence,  Buddhi's  attempt  being  to  showthe  ..F™?JE^   1 1^  J^I^^^I^ff^^^^'  ??°*^^°.^:, 

pe  from  the  miseries  inseparably  attached  to  JNltl-UrnaUt  (ne  te-gat  ).  Oneof  the  chief  passes 

over  the  Himalaya  from  India  to  Tibet,  situ- 
atedaboutlat.30°50'N.,long.79°45' E.  Height, 
16,570  feet. 
Nitinaht  (ne'tin-at).    A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  on  Nitinaht  Lake  or  Sound,  Van- 
couver Island,  British  Columbia.  Number,  269. 
See  Aht. 
The  Nisiean  breed  of  horses  continued  in  repute  down  •[fj*j_i,„_*__   /■^s.t;.oi,Ks't..'>       rSWt     >»r>r./lTinf 
.  the  times  of  Ammianns  Marcellinus  (xxiii.  6).    They  J->»lsnaSTira  (ne-Il-snas  tra).      [SKt.,    conduct- 
•      " treatise':  mU,  conduct,  and  shastra,  instruc- 
tion, treatise.]    In  Sanskrit,  doctrine  of  politi- 
cal and  social  ethics,  and  then  the  name  of  a 
class  of  ethico-didactic  treatises.    These  consist 
either  of  maxims  in  verse,  or  of  fables  and  stories  In  prose 
with  intermingled  verse.     See  Bhartrihari,  HUoptuUsha, 
Behistun  Inscription  that  there  was  a  district  Nissea  or  ..^?"°*".'<"''''1-.,,    .,  -,..      . 
Nisaya.                             iiaaiJJMon,  Herod.,  IV.  39,  note,  rlltocris  (ni-to  kris),  or  Nlt-aker  (uet-a'ker). 

['The  perfect.']    An  Egyptian  queen  of  the  6th 


the  domain  of  language.  Inflection,  derivation,  and  com 
position  were  recognized  and  distinguished,  and  manifold 
reflections  were  made  upon  the  modificationo  thereby  oc- 
casioned in  the  meaning  of  a  root."  (Weber.)  As  to  Yas- 
ka's date,  it  can  only  be  said  that  he  belonged  to  the  last 
stages  of  the  Vedic  period.  His  Nirukti  has  been  edited 
by  Koth. 
Nirvana  (nir-va'na).  [Skt.,  'blowing  out'  (as 
of  a  light),  'extinction.']     In  Buddhism,  the 


tinction  of 
way  of  escape 

life,  and  especially  to  life  everlastingly  renewed  by  trans- 
migration, as  held  in  India.  But  in  later  times  this  nega- 
tion has  naturally-taken  on  other  forms,  and  is  explained 
as  extinction  of  desire,  passion,  unrest,  etc. 
Nisaea  (nl-se'a).  In  ancient  geography,  a  re- 
gion in  Media  ([perhaps  near  the  Caspian  (jates), 
famous  for  its  breed  of  horses. 


to  .  .  _ 

excelled  all  others  in  size  and  speed,  and  were  generally 
the  property  of  the  Persian  kings  or  nobles  of  the  highest 
rank.  The  situation  of  the  Nisaean  plain  from  which  they 
were  said  to  derive  their  name  is  uncertain.  According 
to  Strabo,  some  placed  it  in  Armenia ;  others,  according  to 
Suidas,  in  Persia.  The  general  consent^  however,  of  the 
best  writers  assigns  it  to  Media,  where  we  know  from  the 


Nisami.     See  Nieami. 

Nisan (nl'san).  [Heb.mteiJra, Babylonian nisdnu.l 
The  name  of  the  first  month  of  the  Hebrew  year, 
corresponding  to  March- April :  after  the  exile 
(Esther  iii.  7,  Neh.  ii.  1)  corresponding  to  the 
preexilic  Abib.  Like  the  other  names  of  the  Hebrew  TTitocris 
months,  it  was  derived  from  the  Babylonians.    The  fact  "^i-i=. 

that  it  was  the  month  in  which  the  vernal  equinox  fell  is 
attested  by  the  cuneiform  tablets  and  by  Josephus. 

Nisard  (ne-zar'),  Jean  Marie  Napoleon  De- 
sire. Bom  March  20,  1806:  died  at  Paris, 
March  26, 1888.  A  French  historian  of  literature. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  French  Academy  in  1850. 
His  chief  work  is  "Histoire  de  la  litt^rature  fran^aise" 
(1844-61).  He  also  wrote  "  Etudes d'histoire  et  de  litt^ia- 
ture  "  (1859),  "  Nouvelles  Etudes  "  (1864),  etc. 

Niscemi  (nish-a'me).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Caltanissetta,  Sicily,  43  miles  southwest  of 
Catania.     Population  (1881),  12,110. 

Nish,  or  Nisch  (nesh),  or  Nissa  (nes'sa).  The 
second  largest  city  of  Servia,  situated  on  the 
Nishava  in  lat.  43°  18'  N.,  long.  21°  55'  E. :  the 


dynasty  (about  3000  B.  C. ).  According  to  Manetho 
she  was  the  noblest  and  most  beautiful  woman  of  her 
time,  and  the  builder  of  the  third  pyramid  at  Gizeh.  This 
pyramid,  which  was  built  by  Menkaura  of  the  4th  dynasty, 
she  doubtless  renovated  and  enlarged.  Herodotus  also 
relates  certain  fables  about  her. 

A  queen  of  Babylon. 
Babylon  was  made  impregnable ;  the  river  was  paved 
with  brick,  and  lined  with  huge  walls ;  and  those  wonder- 
ful works  of  defence  were  constructed  which  Hfirodotoa 
ascribes  to  Queen  Nit6kri3.  This  queen  may  have  been 
the  mother  of  Nabonidos,  who  died  on  the  5th  of  Nisan 
or  March,  B.  c.  646,  in  the  camp  near  Sippara. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  144. 
Nitria  (nit'ri-a).     The  region  of  the  Natron 
Lakes  in  Egypt,  situated  southwest  of  the  delta 
of  the  Nile. 


The  district  Nitria  is  frequently  mentioned  by  ancient 
authors:  as  by  Strabo  (xvii.)  and  by  Pliny  (xxxi,  46),  and 
again  by  the  Church  writers  of  the  fourth  and  following 
centuries,  especially  by  those  of  them  who  speak  of  the 
monastic  institutions  of  their  own  times.  Around  these 
dreary  waters  the  monks  of  that  time  established  them- 


Nitria  741 

aelves  in  great  numbers— so  many,  indeed,  that  the  em-  Nienii  (nlen'ie).  Aname„.^„  „„  .^^  ^c^^^  ^. 
peror  Valens,  thinking  that  he  could  find  a  more  useful  thp  BarntRfi  hv  tlin  Ovimhii^ilii  anrl  nHnnto/l  Vitr 
employment  tor  tbem  than  that  of  reciting  the  Psalter,  ™^  ^arocse  Dy  me  UVimDunau,  ana  aaopted  by 
enlisted  as  many  as  five  thousand  of  them  in  his  legions.  J^^^  Jrortuguese. 


NoM 


.  217. 


Taylor,  Hist.  Anc.  Books,  p. 

Nitzsch  (nitsh),  Gregor  Wilhelm.  Bom  at 
Wittenberg,  Prussia,  Nov.  22,  1790:  died  at 
Leipsic,  July  22,  1861.  A  Germanphilologist, 
son  of  K.  L.  Nitzsch :  professor  at  Kiel  1827-52, 
and  at  Leipsie  1852-61.  He  wrote  works  on  the 
Homeric  poems,  and  defended  the  Homeric  authorship  of 
the  Iliad  and  Odyssey. 

Nitzscb,  Karl  liumahuel.  Bom  at  Boma, 
Saxony,  Sept.  21,  1787:  died  at  Berlin,  Aug. 
21, 1868.  A  German  Protestant  theologian,  son 
of  K.  L.  Nitzsch :  professor  at  Berlin  1847-68. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  "  mediation  theology." 
His  chief  works  are  "System  der  ohristliohen  Lehre" 

.  ("System  of  Christian  Doctrine,"  1829),  "Praktisohe 
Theologie "  (1847-48).  _  

intzsch,  Karl  Iiudwig.,.  Bom  at  Wittenberg,  Noall('n6'a) 


Njeim  (njen'je).    A  name  given  to  the  land  of  Noche  Triste  (no'cha  tres'ta).     [Sp,, '  sad'  or 
*v,„T> — .„„^,...^..r^...■.„v„.-..,,.  „_ j  . j ._...  ,.^    'disastrous  night.']     The  name  giveu  by  the 

Spanish  conquerors  of  Mexico  to  the  night  of 
June  30,  1520,  memorable  for  a  struggle  in 
■which  their  forces  were  nearly  annihilated.  After 
the  death  of  Montezuma,  Cortes  resolved  to  leave  Tenoch- 
titlan  (Mexico  City)  secretly.  The  movement  was  de- 
tected by  the  natives,  and  a  terrible  battle  ensued  on  the 
Tlacopan  causeway.  The  Spaniards  finally  escaped  with 
the  loss  of  about  450  of  their  small  force,  besides  4,000  In- 
dian allies.  Much  of  the  plunder  they  had  acquired  was 
sunk  in  the  lake,  and  was  never  recovered. ' 


Njord  (nyerd).  [ON.  Njordhr.']  In  Old  Norse 
mythology,  the  father  of  Prey  and  Freyja :  most 
often  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  former 
as  the  dispenser  of  riches.  He  was  by  race  a  Vana, 
but  came  as  a  hostage  to  Asgaid.  His  wife  was  Skadi,  the 
daughter  of  the  giant  Thjazi.  He  ruled  the  wind  and 
calmed  the  sea,  and  hence  was  the  god  of  sailors  and  fish- 
ermen. His  dwelling  was  Noatun  (ON.  Niatun).  NjBrd 
is  in  name  the  same  as  the  goddess  Nerthus  of  Tacitus, 


who  is  called  by  him  terra,  mater.    Her  cult  and  charac-  NocteS  Alllbrosiauae  (uok'tez  am-bro-si-a'ne) 
teristics  were  almost  identical  with  those  of  Prey.  [L.,'Ambrosian  nights.']  A  series  of  papers  in 

Nkumbl(n^om'be),orBankumbl(bang-kom'-  the' form  of  dialogues  on  popular  topics,  con- 
be),  in  Pg-Bumbe.  A  Bantu  tribe  of  southern  tributed  to  "Blackwood's  llagazine ''  1822-35, 
Angola,  West  Africa,  on  the  Kunene  El  ver.  It  chieflyby  John  Wilson  ("Christopher  North")! 
belongs  to  the  same  cluster  as  the  Ovimbundu  Noctes  Atticae  (at'i-se).  [L.,  'Attic  nights.'] 
and  Ovambo :  the  dialect  is  oaUed  Lunkumbi.      a  miscellaneous  work  by  Aulus  Gellius. 

No  (no).  In  the  Old  Testament, Thebes  in  Egypt.  Nod  (nod).    The  unknown  land,  on  the  east  of 


Prussia,  Aug.  6, 1751 :  died  there,  Dec.  5, 1831. 
A  German  Protestant  theologian,  professor  at 
Wittenberg. 

Nitzsch,  Karl  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Zerbst,  An- 
halt,  Dec  22, 1818 :  died  at  Berlin,  June  20, 1880. 
A  German  historian,  son  of  G.W.  Nitzsch:  pro- 
fessor at  Berlin  1872-80.  He  published  works 
on  Roman  and  medieval  German  history,  etc. 

Niut'atci.    See  Missouri. 

Nivardus  (ni-var'dus)  of  Ghent.  Lived  in  the 
12th  century.  A  Flemish  priest,  the  author  of 
the  Latin  poem  "Tsengrimus,"  originally  called 
"Eeinardus  Vulpes"  (1148).  See  Reynard  the 
Fox. 

Here  we  have  the  names  that  afterwards  entered  so  com- 
pleteiyinto  the  speech  of  Europe  that  the  old  French  word 
lor  a  fox,  Ooupil,  was  replaced  by  Renard.  Keinaert^  Key- 
nard,  or  Reginhard,  means  'absolutely  hard,'  a  hardened 
evil-doer  whom  there  is  no  turning  from  his  way.  It  is  al- 
together out  of  this  old  story  that  the  Fox  has  come  by 
that  name.  Isegrim,  the  Wolf's  name,  is  also  Flemish  — 
Isengrin  meaning  '  the  iron  helm."  The  bear  they  named 
Bruno,  Bruin,  for  the  colour  of  his  coat. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  VI.  316. 

Nivelles  (ne-vel'),  Plem.  Nyvel  (ni'vel).  A 
manufacturing  town  in  the  province  of  Brabant, 
Belgium,  on  the  Thines,  17  miles  south  of  Brus- 
sels. It  contains  the  church  of  an  ancient  eon- 

.  vent.     Population  (1890),  10,642. 

Nivernais  (ne-ver-na')-  An  ancient  govern- 
ment of  France,  corresponding  nearly  to  the 
department  of  Ni&vre.  It  was  bounded  by  Burgundy 
on  the  northeast,  east^  and  southeast,  Bourbonnais  on  the 
south  and  southwest.  Berry  on  the  west,  and  OrManais  on 


[Heb., '  rest.']   In  the  Bible,  a  pa- 


triarch, the  son  of  Lamech.  He  found  favor  with 
God  because  of  his  righteousness,  and  when  God  deter- 
mined to  destroy  the  world  on  account  of  its  wickedness, 

he  ordered  Noah  to  build  an  ark,  and  take  in  it  witli  him  tlt^j.        ,    -  •,    -,,    m.      i       ti  i 

his  family  and  some  of  all  living  animals.     God  then  JMOaier  (po-dya_),  Charles  Emmantiel, 


Eden,  to  which  Cain  fled,  according  to  the  ac- 
count in  Gen.  iv.  By  humorous  allusion  to  this,  the 
state  of  sleep  (or  nodding)  is  colloquially  called  "  the  land 
of  nod." 


brought  a  flood,  and  upon  its  cessation  Noah  went  forth 
from  the  ark,  and  from  his  family  the  world  was  repeo- 
pled.  A  similar  account  is  found  in  cuneiform  literature 
and  in  the  early  legends  of  various  other  peoples.  See 
Ha^s-Adra. 

Noailles(n6-i'),DucAdrienMauricede.  Bom 

Sept.  29,  1678  :  died  June  24,  1766.  A  French 
marshal.  He  was  defeated  by  the  Pragmatic  army  at 
Dettingen  June  27,  1743,  during  the  War  of  the  Austrian 
Succession.  ' 


Born 


at  Besangon,  Prance,  April  28,1780:  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  26, 1844.  A  French  novelist,  gram- 
marian, and  miscellaneous  author.  He  wrote 
"Dictionnaire  des  onomatop^es  Irangaises"  (1808),  "Me- 
langes tiroes  d'une  petite  bibliothSque "  (1826);  novels, 
"Histoire  du  roi  de  Bohfime"  (1830),  "F^e  anx  miettes" 
(1832),"In6sdelaSierra8,""Smarra"(1831),etc.;  "Diction- 
naire universe!  de  la  langue  fran?aise"("  French  Diction- 
ary," 1823),  etc. 

No6.    See  Cham. 


Noailles,  Antoine  de.   Bom  1504:  died  March  Noel  (no-el'),  Edme  Antoine  Paul.    Bom  at 


11,  1562.    A  French  admiral  and  diplomatist, 
He  was  ambassador  in  England  1553-56. 
Noailles,  Marquis  Emmanuel  Henri  Victur- 
niende.   Bom  Sept.  15, 183Q.    A  French  writer 
and  diplomatist,  son  of  Paul  de  Noailles.    He 
was  minister  plenipotentiary  and  afterward  ambassador  «r„ai    6j_,,__j 
at  Home  1873-82,  and  ambassador  at  Constantinople  1882-  "."?*>  .BilOUara, 
1886.    He  has  published  "  La  Pologne  et  ses  f rontiferes  " 
(1863),  "Henri  de  Valois  et  la  Pologne  en  1672"  (1867). 

Noailles,  Vieomte  Louis  Marie  de.   Born  1756 : 
died  Jan.  9, 1804.    A  French  general  and  poli- 

.  tician,  second  sou  of  Philippe  de  Noailles  (Due 
deMouehy) 

deLafayette,  ana  came  to  the  united  states  as  a  volunteer     f,,„  /•_„.  W-,iXw\ 

in  1779.    He  was  commissioned  to  arrange  with  Cornwal-  „     i      ,    -.^'\ 

lis  the  details  of  the  capitulation  at  Yorktown  in  1781.    He  NoetUS  (no-e  tus) 


Pans,  1845.  A  French  sculptor.  He  studied  with 
Guillaume,  Lequesne,  and  Cavelier,  and  took  the  grand 
prix  de  Rome  m  1868.  Among  his  works  are  "Margue- 
rite "in  plaster  (1872),  "Komfe  et  Juliette  "(1876),  "Apres 
le  bain  "  (1876),  "Meditation  "  (1878),  "Orph^e  "  (1891),  be- 
sides a  number  of  portrait-busts,  etc. 

Bom  at  Arras,  Oct.  24,  1848. 
A  French  dramatic  critic.  He  was  secretary  (secre- 
taire gdn^ral)  of  the  Op^ra  Comique,  but  resigned  in  1891. 
He  has  published  with  Stoullig  (1876-91)  an  annual,  "Les 
annales  du  theatre  et  de  la  musique."  Sarcey,  Zola,  Sar- 
dou,  and  others  have  written  the  prefaces.  He  has  also 
written  several  comedies,  romances,  etc. 

Jr.      X.--    jHewasthebrother-in-lawoftheMarquis  Ifoetians(no-e'shianz).     The  followers  of  Noe- 
deLafayette,  and  came  to  the  United  States  as  a  volunteer     +„„  Coqq  v,qiXw\      " 

.     —  _ .„:„„, 1* „„ — ,41,.-, 1         mis  IBtje   UtJiOWJ. 

Bom  at  Smyrna  orEphesus : 


was  elected  to  the  States-Geueral  in  1789.  At  first  a  sup- 
porter of  the  Revolution,  he  emigrated  at  the  beginning 
of  the  Reign  of  Terror.  He  afterward  accepted  a  com- 
mand under  Rochambeau  in  Santo  Domingo,  and  was  mor- 
tally wounded  in  an  engagement  with  the  English. 


the  northwest.  The  most  important  portion  of  it  was  the  NoaiUoS,  Due  Paul  de.    Born  Jan.  4, 1802 :  died 
duchy  of  Nevers.  May  30, 1885.    A  French  peer  and  writer.    His 

N'iv6se(ne-voz').    [F.,' the  snowy.']   The  name    chief  work  is  "Histoire  de  Madame  de  Main- 
adopted  in  1793  by  the  National  Convention  of    tenon"  (1848-58). 

the  first  French  republic  for  the  fourth  month  NoaiUes,  Philippe  de,  Due  de  Mouchy.     Born 
of  the  year,    it  consisted  of  30  days,  beginning  in  the     1715 :    guillotined  June   27,  1794.     A  French 


years  1, 2,  3, 5, 6,  7  with  Deo.  21 ;  in  4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14  with 
Dec.  22 ;  and  in  12  with  Dec.  23.  The  Gregorian  calendar 
came  again  into  use  after  10th  Nivose,  year  14  (Dec.  31, 
1808). 

Miza  (net'sa),  Marcos  de.  Born  at  Nice,  Italy, 
about  1495 :  died  in  Mexico,  1542  (?).  A  Fran- 
ciscan missionary,  discoverer  of  Arizona.  He  is 
said  to  have  labored  successively  in  Peru,  Nicaragua,  and 


died  probably  about  200  A.  D.  A  heretic  of  Asia 
Minor  who  is  said  to  have  taught  that  "Christ 
was  the  Father,  and  that  the  Father  was  bom, 
and  suffered,  and  died." 

The  Trinitarian  question,  indeed,  had  already  been  agi- 
tated within  a  less  extensive  sphere.  Noetus,  an  Asiatic, 
either  of  Smyrna  or  Ephesus,  had  dwelt  with  such  exclu- 
sive zeal  on  the  unity  of  the  Godhead  as  to  absorb,  as  it 
were,  the  whole  Trinity  into  one  undivided  and  undistin- 
guished Being.  The  one  supreme  and  impassible  Father 
united  to  himself  the  man  Jesus,  whom  He  had  created, 
by  so  intimate  a  conjunction  that  the  divine  unity  was 
not  destroyed.  His  adversaries  drew  the  conclusion  that, 
according  to  this  blaspheming  theory,  the  Father  must 
have  suffered  on  the  cross ;  and  the  ignominious  name  of 
Patripassians  adhered  to  the  few  followers  of  this  unpros- 
perous  sect.  Milman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  360. 


marshal.  He  served  in  the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succes- 
sion and  in  the  Seven  Years'  War,  and  was  one  of  the  vic- 
tims of  the  Keign  of  Terror. 
Noakhali  (no-ak-ha'le),  or  NoacoUy  (no-a- 
kol'i).  A  district  in  Bengal,  British  India,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  23°  N.,  long.  91°  E.  Area, 
1,645  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,009,693. 

Mexico,andinthelast-namedconntrywasprovincialofhis  JNOD(nob).     In  Old  Testament  geography,  acity 

order.    By  order  of  the  viceroy  he  penetrated  northward     near  Jerusalem,  to  the  north.     Its  exact  site  is 

from  Culiacan  in  1639,  and  in  May  of  that  year  reached  the     unknown 

region  called  Cibola  (perhaps  the  Zufil  pueblos);  but,  some  lO-n-h-ha      The  Tinr=!B  of   Dr 

of  his  company  being  attacked  by  the  Indians,  he  turned  ■'■Jr"??'    ,    7■,T^     5      ., 

back,  reaching  Compostella  about  July.   His  exaggerated     bouthey's  "Doctor." 

account6(derivedonlyfromreports)of  the  riches  of  Cibola  NoblO  G-entloman,  The. 

and  its  seven  cities  led  to  the  expedition  of  Coronado(1540),     1626,  printed  in   1647.     It  has  been  attributed  to  „        ^,     ,     ^,     „,, 

which  he  accompanied  as  guide;  the  supposed  wealthy     Fletcher,  but  his  share  in  it  is  questionable.   Fleaythinks  Nogat  (no'gat).    The  eastern  branch  of  the  Vis- 

cities  were  then  shown  to  be  ordinary  pueblos,  and  the     j^e  left  it  unfinished,  and  that  it  was  completed  by  Rowley     tula,  flowing  into  the  Frisches  HafE. 

fnar  was  sent  back  in  disgust     NizasreporWhich  has     and,  probably,  Middleton.  '.-'..     _s  .  ._..._• 

beenfrequentlypublished,  IS  full  of  improbabilities;  but  ■vp-i.'il    /„„  |,s/k\    -fMon-n      TJ^-y,   of  ri,T.-<roniin 

there  can  be  no  doubt  that  he  crossed  Sonora  and  part  of  -"loppa  (^o-bo  a),  JJiegO.     -Bom  at  Guayaquil, 

Arizona  into  New  Mexico.  1789 :  died  there,  Nov.  3, 1870.     An  Ecuadorian 

Wizami(ni-zfir-me')  (Abu  Mohammed  ben  Yu-     politician.    Hewasprominentlntheeventsof  1820and 

...    ...  . -..    .       -,,         .     _..^      .      1827,  and  was  a  member  of  the  provisional  government  in 

1846.    In  1849  he  was  the  candidate  of  the  clerical  party 


Dove,  the  hero  of 
A  play  licensed  in 


Nogaians  (no-^'anz),  or  Nogais  (no-^z').  A 
Turco-Tatar  race  living  in  southern  Russia  and 
Caucasia. 

Nogales  (no-ga'les).  [Sp.,  'walnut-trees.'] 
The  name  of  two  localities,  one  in  southeastern 
New  Mexico,  near  the  foot  of  the  Sierra  Blanca, 
the  other  near  and  on  the  frontier  of  Sonora  and 
Arizona. 


suf  Sheikh  Nizam  eddin).  Bom  in  1141  at 
Tafrish,  near  Kum :  lived  the  greater  part  of  his 
life  at  Genje  (Yelisavetpol),  and  died  in  1202. 
One  of  the  seven  chief  poets  of  Persia.  He  wrote 


Nogent-le-Rotrou(n6-zhon'le-r6-tro').  Atown 
in  the  department  of  Eure-et-Loir,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Huisne  32  miles  west-southwest  of 
Chartres.  It  has  a  castle,  which  was  the  property  of 
Sully.    Population  (1891),  commune,  8,668. 


for  president,  and  after  great  disorders  was  elected  to  the  NogOnt-SUr-Mame  (no-zhon'sur-marn').  A 
place  in  1850.  He  was  deposed  and  banished  the  same '  -village  in  the  department  of  Seine,  France,  sit- 
y^^-  uated  on  the  Marne  3  miles  east  of  the  fortifi- 


a  divan  of  28,000  distichs,  and  five  other  great  poems :  Nobroga  (nob'ra-ga),  Mauuol  de.  Born  in  Por-     cations  of  Paris.   Population  (1891),  commune, 

"The  Storehouse  of  Mysteries,    "The  Book  of  Alexander,       t^g^l,  Oct.  18,  1517:    died  at  Kio  de  Janeiro,     8,399. 

"Tfhnerji.ii  nndshirin .'  "MainunandLaila  7seeiaiZfflffind      «^    1„    .  — .«  *.--.,..  _  .  .      _<fj^*^*7v  _...__. 


"  Khosrau  and  Shirin, "  "  Majnun  and  Laila  "  (see  iaiZo  and 
Majnun),  and  "  The  Seven  Fair  Faces,"  the  tat  consisting 
of  seven  stories  told  by  the  seven  wives  of  Bahram  Gor  to 
amuse  him.  These  five  works  are  known  as  the  "  Five 
Treasures  of  Nizami. "  The  third  has  been  translated  into 
German  byHammer-Purgstall  (1812),  the  fourth  into  Eng- 
lish by  Atkinson  (1836),  the  fifth  into  German  by  Erdmann  „  -  _  „  .  ,-,-,...„---,  s 
(1835).  See  Baoher,  "Nizamis  Leben  und  Werke"(GBt-  Nocera  Inferioro  (no-oha'ra  m-fa-re-o  re),  or 
tingen,  1871).                                                                             " ■■->■" •  /j=  _•-•  _•_■/_^^       a  .t„™- ;„ 

Nizam's  Dominions.    See  Syderalad. 
Nizhni-Novgorod.    See  Nijni-Novgorod. 
Nizib,  orNisib  (ne-zeb')-  A  place  in  the  vilayet 
of  Aleppo,  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  near  the 

K^ll^3|lfeCtia"n^uiKr°^^^^^^^^ 

the  Turks.  City  in  the  province  of  Perugia,  Italy,  20  miles 

Nizza.    See  Nice  (in  France).  eastof  Pemgia:  the  ancient  NuceriaCamellaria. 


Oct.  18,  1570.     A  Jesuit  missionary.    Hewentto  Nogent-SUr-Seine(-san').  Atowninthedepart- 
Brazil  in  1649  with  the  first  members  of  his  order  sent  to  ^^    f  ^^     Prance,  situated  on  the  Seine  60 

South  America,  and  was  the  first  provincial  of  the  Jesuits     „i, „„„„„+,,„  '^  „,,  -r,„-„      r>^ „!„«„      /-icni\ 

in  the  New  World  (1663-59).    The  influence  of  his  labors    miles  southeast  ot  Pans.     Population  (1891), 
was  very  great,  and  he  shares  with  Anohieta  the  title  of     commune,  3,704. 

Apostle  of  Brazil."  _ _  _,     ^         Noggerath  (neg'ge-rat),  Jakob.  Bom  at  Bonn, 

Prussia,  Oct.  10,  1788 :  died  at  Bonn,  Sept.  13, 
1877.  A  German  geologist  and  mineralogist, 
professor  at  Bonn.  He  published  ' '  Das  Gebirge 
inEheinland-Westfalen"  (1821-26),  "Die  Ent- 
stehung  und  Ausbildung  der  Erde"  (1847),  etc. 
Nohl  (nol),  Carl  Friedrich  Ludwig.  Born  at 
Iserlohn,  Prussia,  Dee.  5, 1831:  died  at  Heidel- 
berg, Dec.  16, 1885.  A  German  writer  on  music. 
He  edited  Slozart's  "Letters"  (1865),  Beethoven's  "Let- 


Nocera  de'  Pagani  (da  pa-ga'ne) .  A  town  m 
the  province  of  Salerno,  Italy,  21  miles  east  by 
south  of  Naples:  the  ancient  NuoeriaAlfatema. 
It  was  captured  by  the  Romans  in  308  B.  c,  by  Hannibal 
in  216,  and  by  Spartaoua  in  73.  It  was  recolonized  by  Au- 
gustus.   Population  (1881),  12,830. 


Kohl 


742 


ters"  (1866-70),  "Letters  of  Musicians"  (1866).  He  also  TTnimuRt'nnn'ii^')  ffir  Ndvi/oc  1  Livpil nrnhnhlv 
wrote  works  on  Mozart,  Beethoven,  Gluck,  Wagner,  etc.,  ;„^"v  I  /"  J-X?'  -"ir^f-J  -LilveaproDaDiy 
many  of  wliich  have  been  translated  into  Engliih  P-  ^^^  ^^^  P^^  °^  ^^^  5th  century.     A  Greek 


French  journalist.    Hewaa  shot  by  Prince     Greek  hexameters. 
Pierre  Bonaparte  in  an  altercation  over  a  newspaper  arti-  ■Nrnn+ta       Hoa  M^ni^^^hf    ■ 
cle  published  by  the  prince.  He  was  comiectedwitli  Boche-  £l°°I53,.     bee  ^oateflsA*.  „.,,,,, 

fort's  journal  "La  MarseiUaise"  at  the  time  of  his  death.  KOOtfea  (not'ka)  Sound.     A  small  inlet  of  the 
Noir  Faineant  (nwa  fa -na- on').     [¥    'The    Pacific,  on  the  west  coast  of  Vancouver  Island, 
Black  Sluggard.']    In  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel    ^  ^0'\-  49°  36'  N.,  long.  126°  38'  W.    A  harbor 
"Ivanhoe,"  the  name  by  which  Eiehard  Coeur    also  bears  the  same  name, 
de  Lion  is  known  at  the  tournament  at  Ashby  gO-Popery  Riots.    See  Gordon  Mots. 
and  the  siege  of  Front  de  Boeuf's  castle.  Nora  (no'rii).     [Gr.  NSpo.]    In  ancient  geog- 

Noirmoutier  (nwar-mo-tya').  An  island  west  ^f'^'^Jt  a  fortress  in  Cappadocia,  Asia  Minor, 
of  France,  belonging  to  the  department  of  Ven-  situated  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Taurus,  near  Ly- 
d6e,  situated  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay  in  lat.  47°  N.  caonia.  Eumenes  was  besieged  here  by  the 
Length,  12  miles.  Population,  about  7,000.  JP^i^^  of  Ajitigonus  in  320-319  b.  0. 
Noisseville  (nwas-vel').  A  village  in  German  Norba  (n6r  ba).  [Gr.  Nup/Sa.]  In  ancient  geog- 
Lorraine,  5  miles  east  of  Metz.  it  is  noted  for  the  '^aphy,  a  city  of  Latium,  Italy,  35  miles  south- 
battle  of  NoisseviUe  (also  called  Servigny  or  Sainte-Barbe),  east  of  Bome :  the  modem  Norma.  It  contains 
Aug.3lanasept.l,i870,in which theattemptofthePrenoh  remains  of  Cyclopean  architecture. 
dSed^™^  *"  *"*^  through  the  German  lines  was  Nortert  (n6r'b6rt ;  F.  pron.  nor-bar'),  Saint. 
Noie  ^  See  Yanan  'HiQ^  1134.    An  ecclesiastic,  founder  at  Pr6- 

Npkes(n6ks),  Jack,andTomStiles(st{lz).  Fie-    p^°mon3tants*°'''  '^''^°*'^'  °^  *^^  <»^derof  the 


titious  names  formerly  used  in  actions  of  eject- 
ment as  John  Doe  and  Richard  Roe  were  used. 

Nokes,  James.  Died  about  1692.  An  English 
actor,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  comedians  of 
his  time.  Before  he  went  on  the  stage  he  kept  a  "knick- 
knackatory"  or  "toy-shop" — a  shop  where  trinkets  and 
fancy  articles  were  sold.  He  was  successful  in  Sir  Martin 
Mar-all,  Barnaby  Brittle,  Sosia,  etc.,  and  his  Nurse  in  Ot- 
way's  "Cains  Marius,"  a  curious  amalgamation  of  Shak- 
spere's  "Bomeo  and  Juliet "  and  another  play,  was  so  ad- 
mirable that  he  was  called  "Nurse  Nokes"  to  the  end  of 
his  life.  He  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  Eobert  Nokes, 
also  an  actor,  who  died  in  1673. 

Kola  (no'la).  A  city  in  the  province  of  Caserta, 
Italy,  16  miles  east-northeast  of  Naples,  it  was 
an  ancient  city  of  Campania,  under  the  same  name,  noted 


Norcia  (nor'cha).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Perugia,  Italy,  42  miles  southeast  of  Perugia : 
the  ancient  Nursia.    It  was  a  Sabine  city. 

Nord  (nor).  [F.,  '  north.']  The  northernmost 
department  of  France,  formed  chiefly  from  the 
old  French  Flanders.  (Capital,  Lille.  Itlabounded 
by  the  North  Sea  on  the  northwest,  Belgium  on  the  east 
and  northeast,  Aisne  on  the  south,  Somme  on  the  south- 
west, and  Fas-de-Calais  on  the  southwest  and  west.  The 
surface  is  generally  flat.  Next  to  Seine  it  is  tlie  most  pop- 
ulous department,  and  has  the  most  flourisliing  industries. 
It  has  coal-mines,  and  flax,  cotton,  woolen,  hemp,  iron, 
and  other  manufactures.  Agriculture  is  in  a  flomishing 
condition :  the  products  include  beets,  flax,  hemp,  grain, 
potatoes,  etc.  The  language  in  the  northern  part  is  Hem. 
ish.  Area,  2,193  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,736,841, 


for  its  vases.    It  was  taken  by  the  Romans  in  313  b.  0.:  re-  ■nt«,-j«iv4*.«4 /^A^.q  «i  v;«/4t\       a  t i.  „j?  4.i,« 

sisted  Hannibal  216-214;  and  was  a  Samnite  stronghold  in  Nordalbingl  (n6rd-al-bin  ]i).  A  branch  of  the 
the  Social  War,  90-89.  Augustus  died  here  in  U  A.  D.  It  oaxons  living  in  Nordalbingia. 
was  the  birthplace  of  Bruno.  Population  (1881),  10,062.  Noidalbingia  (ndrd-al-bin'ji-a).  In  the  middle 
Noli  Me  Tangere  (uo'li  me  tan'je-re).  [L.,  ages,  a  name  given  to  the  part  of  Germany 
'  Do  not  touch  me ' :  alluding  to  thie  words  of  north  of  the  Elbe,  now  comprised  principally 
Christ  after  his  resurrection.]  1.  A  painting  by  in  Holstein.  Also  called  Saxonia  Trausalbina. 
Rembrandt,  in  Buckingham  Palace,  Loudon.  —  Nordau  (nor'dou).  Max  Simon.  Bom  at  Pest, 
2.  Apainting  by  Titian,  in  the  National  Gallery,  Hungary,  July  29,  1849.  A  German  writer, 
London.  It  is  an  early  worlt,  with  markedly  slender  "  ■"  " 
flgures.    The  composition  is  dignified. 


of  Hebrew  descent. 


Noll  (nol),  or  Old  Noll.    [Nickname  for  Oliver.'] 
A  nickname  of  Oliver  Cromwell. 

NoUekens  (nol'e-kenz),  Joseph.    Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Aug.  11,  1737 :  died  there,  April  23,  1823.  ..        .        „    ^ _., ,. 

An  English  sculptor.    Hisfatherwasapainterof  Ant-  Nordensfcjold   (nor '  den-sheld),   Baron   Nils 


He  studied  medicine,  traveled, 
was  connected  with  the  press,  and  practised  medicine  at 
Peat  tiU  1880,  when  he  went  to  Paris.  Among  his  works 
are  "Paris  unter  der  dritten  Eepublik"  (1881),  "Die  kon- 
ventionellen  Liigen  der  Kultiumenscheit"  (1883),  "Para- 
doxe  "  (1886),  "  l>ie  Kranlsheit  des  Jahrhunderts,"  a  novel 
a889),  "Bntartung"  (1893:  English  as  "Degeneration"). 


Adolf  Erik.  Bom  at  Helsingfors,  Finland, 
Nov.  18,  1832:  died  at  Stockholm,  Aug.  12, 
1901.  A  Swedish  arctic  explorer  and  geologist. 
He  took  part  in  expeditions  in  1858,  1861,  and  1864 ;  ex- 
plored Spitzbergen  in  1868 ;  visited  Greenland  in  1870,  and 
Spitzbergen  and  vicinity  1872-73 ;  explored  the  Kara  Sea 
1875-76 ;  traversed  in  the  Vega  the  Arctic  Ocean  along  the 
Siberian  coast  through  Bering  Strait  1878-79  (accomplish- 
ing the  northeast  passage ) ;  was  created  baron  in  1880 ;  and 
explored  the  interior  of  Greenland  in  1883.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  numerous  scientific  works. 
NordensySld  Sea.  The  Arctic  Ocean  north  of 
Siberia  and  east  of  the  Taimyr  peninsula, 


werp  who  had  settled  in  England.  Joseph  studied  in  Rome 
between  1760  and  1770.  He  was  made  royal  academician 
in  1772.  He  modeled  busts  of  George  in.,  Pitt,  Canning, 
and  Lords  Castlereagh  and  Liverpool. 

NoUendorf  (nol'len-dorf ).  A  village  in  northern 
Bohemia,  50  miles  north-northwest  of  Prague. 
Here,  Aug.  30, 1813,  the  French  under  Vandamme  were 
^Gteated  by  the  Prussians  under  Kleist. 

Nomansland  (no'manz-land).  A  name  formerly 
given  to  a  district  in  South  Africa,  now  com- 
prised within  Griqualand  East. 

No  Man's  Land,  or  Neman's  Land.    A  small 
island  3  miles  southwest  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  Nordeniey"(^or'7er-'S3.    A  smaJl  island  in  the 
Massachusetts,  to  which  it  belongs.  _  jjorth  Sea,  on  the  coast  of  East  Friesland,  prov- 

No  Mans  Land,  or  Public  Land  Strip  Adis-  mce  of  Hannover,  Pmssia.  It  is  a  favorite  place  for 
tnct  ceded  by  Texas  to  the  United  btates  in  searbathing,  and  a  winter  health-resort.  It  is  8  miles  long. 
1850.  It  lies  between  longitude  100°  and  103°  west,  north  Nordliausen(nord'hou-zen).  Atownintheprov- 
of  Texas.  Itwas  notincludedunderanygoyernment  though  j  ^g  ^f  gaxony,  Prussia,  situated  at  the  base  of 
often  wrongly  represented  as  in  the^IndianTemtoiy.    It    ^^^  ^^^^^  ^^  g^  ^^^^^^  ^^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^^^^^^ 

Aue,  56  miles  southwest  of  Magdeburg,  it  has 
important  manufactures  of  chemicals,  etc.,  brandy  distil- 
leries, breweries,  and  a  trade  in  grain.  It  was  formerly  a 
free  imperial  city,  and  was  finally  annexed  by  Prussia  in 
1813.    Its  cathedral.  Church  of  St.  Blasius,  and  museum  of 

antiquities  are  noteworthy.    Population  (1890),  26,847. 

to  ha've  been  near  tlie  modem  Porto  Bella  A  second  town  Jfordhoff  (ndrd'hof),  Charles.  Bom  at  Er- 
of  the  same  name  was  founded  in  1519,  probably  on  the  „;+(-„  WestTihalia,  PriTssia  Auct  ".1  18W-rliArl 
Bay  of  San  Bias :  it  became  the  northern  emporium  of  the  7  ,  i'/  lonf  4  '  f '^"^Sia,  Aug.  ^1,  i»dU .  aied 
rich  commerce  across  the  Isthmus,  but  owing  to  its  un-'  July  14, 1901.  An  American  journalist  and  au- 
healthful  situation  the  merchants  generally  resided  at  Pa-  thor.  Among  his  works  are  "Secession  is  Rebellion" 
nama,  and  the  town  consisted  of  huts.  It  was  abandoned  (I860),  "Cape  Cod  and  All  Alongshore"  (1868),  "Cali- 
in  1597,  on  tlie  foundation  of  Porto  Bello.  fornia  for  Health,  Pleasure,  and  Residence,  etc."  (1872), 

Nome  (no m)  A  minino' town  in  Alaska  situ-  "NorthernCalifornia,Oregon,andtheSandwichIslands" 
ated  i^ear  Cape  Nome  Gold  was  discovered  'Suiiir^f^S^cie'^i^s^rtSI  #SS;,<;'.I?^' <S 
there  m  1898.     Population  (1900),  lJ,4»b.  |  .<x]ie  cotton  States,  etc."  (1876),  "God  and  the  Future 

Nome,  Cape.    A  point  on  the  northern  shore  of  Life  "  (1881),  "  Peninsular-  California,  etc."  (1888),  etc. 
Norton  Sound,  Alaska,  about  long.  165°  W.,  Ifordica  (n6r'di-ka),  Madame  Lillian.    Bom  at 
lat.  64°  30' N.  Parmington,  Maiiie,  about  1858.    AJn  American 

Nomentack  (no-men'tak).  Aji  Indian  chief  soprano  singer.  Her  maiden  name  was  Norton.  She 
brought  to  London  from  Virginia  in  the  time  of  married  aMr.  Gower  about  1882,whodied  shortlyatter,and 
-        -  "■  ,-,      ■         .     ,■__   i_  ii_-      inl896HerrDoehme.   She  studied  at  the  Boston  Conserva- 

tory of  Music,  and  in  1879  finished  her  studies  in  Italy,  and 
has  since  sung  with  success  in  England,  on  the  Contment, 
and  in  the  United  States.  She  is  particularly  successful  in 
oratorio  and  in  thepartof  Marguerite  in  Gounod's  "Faust." 


now  constitutes  Beaver  County  in  Oklahoma. 
Nombre  de  Dios  (nom'bra  da  de'os).  [Sp., 
'  name  of  God.']  A  Spanish  port  and  settlement 
on  the  Caribbean  coast  of  the  Isthmus  of  Pa- 
nama. The  name  was  originally  given  to  the  settlement 
of  Nicuesa,  made  in  1510  and  soon  abandoned :  this  seems 


Ben  Jonson.     There  are  allusions  to  him  in  the 
plays  of  the  period. 
Non- Juror,  The.    A  play  by  Colley  Gibber,  pro- 
duced in  1717:  an  adaptation  of  Molifere's  "Tar      , 

tufe  "  written  in  favor  of  the  Hanoverian  sue-  Nordland(nor'lan).   Aprovince  in  the  northern 
cession.  This  play  still  survives  in  Bickerstaffe's    part  of  Norway.     Area,  14,655  square  miles. 


cession.  This  play 
The  Hypocrite"  (1768). 


Population  (1891),  131,957. 


Norman 

N6rdlingen(n6rd'ling-en).Atowninthegovern- 
ment  district  of  Swabia  and  Neuburg,  Bavaria, 
situated  on  the  Bger  38  miles  north-northwest 
of  Augsburg.  It  has  manufactures  of  carpets,  etc.  For- 
merly  it  was  an  imperial  city.  Here,  Aug.  27  (0.  S.),  1634, 
the  Imperialists  under  Ferdinand  III.  and  Gallas  defeated 
the  Swedish  army  under  Bernhard  of  Saxe- Weimar  and 
Horn.    (See  also  Allerheim.)    Population  (1890),  8,004. 

Nordmark  (nord'mSlrk).  The  northern  march 
founded  by  the  German  king  Henry  I.  in  928 
to  preserve  the  territories  conquered  from  the 
Wends.  It  lay  southwest  of  the  Elbe,  round  the  towns 
of  Stendal  and  Salzwedel,  and  is  now  in  the  province  of 
Saxony,  Prussia.  It  was  extended  by  Otto  the  Great  to 
the  Oder,  but  was  reduced  by  the  Wendish  rising  of  983  to 
the  region  west  of  the  Elbe.  Albert  the  Bear  was  made 
margrave  of  the  Nordmark  in  1134.  It  is  Imown  now  as  the 
Altmark.    See  Brandenburg. 

Nordre  Bergenhus  (nor'dre  ber'gen-h5s).  A 
province  in  the  western  part  of  Norway.  Area, 
7,145  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  87,552. 

Nordsjo  (nor'she).  A  lake  neair  the  southern 
coast  of  Norway.    Length,  28  miles. 

Nordstrand(nord'strant).  A  small  island  in 
the  North  Sea,  belonging  to  North  Friesland, 
situated  west  of  Schleswig.  Before  1634  it  was 
connected  -with  the  neighboring  Pellwonn  and 
other  islands. 

Nore  (nor) .  A  name  given  to  a  sand-bank  in  the 
estuary  of  the  Thames  4  miles  northeast  of 
Sheerness,  or  to  the  neighboring  part  of  the  es- 
tuary itself. 

Nore,  Mutiny  at  the.  A  mutiny  of  the  British 
fleet  at  the  Nore,  May-June,  1797.  It  was  forci- 
bly suppressed. 

Norfolk  (nor 'f ok).  [AS.  Northfolc,  northern 
people.]  An  eastern  county  of  England.  It  is 
bounded  by  the  North  Sea  on  the  north  and  east,  Suffolk 
on  the  south,  and  Cambridge  and  Lincoln  on  the  west.  Its 
surface  is  generally  flat,  and  it  contains  many  marshes  and 
fens.  It  is  largely  an  agricultural  county,  producing  bar- 
ley, wheat,  turnips,  etc.,  and  has  woolen  and  other  man- 
ufactures, and  herring-fisheries.  The  early  inhabitants 
(Iceni)  were  subdued  by  the  Romans  in  62  A.  D.  It  was 
colonized  by  the  Angles;  formed  partof  East  Anglia;  was 
conquered  by  the  Danes  in  870 ;  and  sided  with  the  Par- 
liament in  the  civil  war.  The  chief  town  is  Norwich. 
Area,  2,044  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  454,516. 

Norfolk.  A  seaport  in  Norfolk  County,  Vir- 
ginia, situated  on  the  Elizabeth  River  in  lat. 
36°  51'  N.,  long.  76°  17'  "W.  It  is  one  of  the  largest 
cities  in  the  State,  and  a  naval  station ;  and  is  an  important 
center  of  trade,  and  the  terminus  of  several  steamer  lines 
Itwas  founded  in  1705  ;  was  burned  by  the  British  in  1776-, 
and  was  seized  by  the  Confederates  in  1861,  but  r^ained 
by  the  Federals  in  1862.    Population  (190O),  46,624. 

Norfolk,  Dukes  of.  See  Howard.  The  Duke  of 
Norfolk  is  earl  marshal  and  hereditary  marshal  of  Eng. 
land,  and  premier  duke  of  England,  ranking  next  after  the 
princes  of  the  blood.    The  dukedom  was  created  in  1483. 

Norfolk,  Earls  of.    See  Bigod. 

Norfolk  Broads.  A  group  of  lagoons  in  Nor- 
folk, England,  west  of  Yarmouth. 

Norfolk  Island.  An  island  in  the  South  Pacific, 
belonging  to  Great  Britain,  situated  east  oi' 
Australia  in  lat.  29°  4'  S.,  long.  167°  58'  E.  it 
was  discovered  by  Cook  in  1774 ;  was  formerly  a  penal  set- 
tlement ;  and  was  colonized  by  the  Pitcaim  Islanders  in 
1856.    Area,  13J  square  miles.    Population  (1896),  868. 

NoricAlps(nor'ikalps).  \Ij.  Alpes  Noricse.']  In 
ancient  geography,  the  mountainous  region  be- 
tween the  vaUey  of  the  Drave  on  the  south  and 
that  of  the  Danube  on  the  north. 

Noricum  (nor'i-kum).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
country  of  Europe,  bounded  by  Germany  (sepa- 
rated by  the  Danube)  on  the  north,  Pannonia  on 
the  east,  Pannonia  and  the  land  of  the  Cami  ou 
the  south,  and  VindeUcia  and  Rhsetia  (separated 
partly  by  the  Inn)  on  the  west.  It  corresponded 
maiidy  to  Lower  and  Upper  Austria  south  of  the  Danube, 
Salzburg,  Styria,  Carinthia,  and  parts  of  Tyrol  and  Bavaria. 
It  was  conquered  by  the  Romans  about  15  B.  c,  and  made  a 
Roman  province. 

Norma  (nSr'ma).  [L.,  'the  square.']  A  small 
southern  constellation,  introduced  by  Lacaille 
in  the  middle  of  the  18th  century,  between  Vul- 
pes  and  Ara.  It  was  at  first  called  Norma  et 
Regula,  but  the  name  is  now  abridged. 

Norma  (nor'ma).  An  opera  by  Bellini,  pro- 
duced at  Milan  in  1831,  at  Paris  in  1835.  The  li- 
bretto was  taken  by  Romani  from  a  tragedy  byBelmontet 
and  Soumet,  produced  at  Paris  about  1830.  "  The  main  sit- 
uation is  copied  from  the '  Medea,'  though  compassion  pre- 
vails over  the  fire  of  jealousy,  and  the  children's  lives  are 
spared."    Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  333. 

Norman  (ndr'man),  Alfred  Merle.  Bom  Aug. 
29, 1831.  An  English  naturalist,  honorary  canon 
of  Durham  cathedral,  and  late  rector  of  Hough- 
tou-le-Spring.  He  received  the  medal  of  the  French 
Institute  lor  his  services  in  the  exploration  of  the  depths 
of  tlie  Bay  of  Biscay  in  Le  TravaiUeur  in  1880.  A  cata- 
logue of  his  collections  of  the  fauna  of  the  North  Atlantic 
is  in  course  of  publication  under  the  title  "Museum  Nor- 
manianuni. "  He  is  the  author  of  a  number  of  papers  and 
memoirs,  mostly  on  marine  zoblogy,  and  is  the  editor  and 
part  author  of  Bowerbank's  "  Monograph  of  British  Spon- 
giadoB,"  Vol.  IV. 


Normanby 

Normanby  (n6r'man-bi).  Atown  in  the  North 
Biding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  adjoining  Mid- 
dlestorough.    Population  (1891),  9,218. 

Normanby,  Marquis  of.  See  Phipps,  Constan- 
tine  Henry. 

Norman  Conquest,  or  the  Conquest.  In  Eng- 
lishhistory,the  conquest  of  England  by  William, 
duke  of  Normandy  (William  the  Conqueror). 
It  was  begun  by  and  la  usually  dated  from  his  victory  at 
Senlao  (Hastings)  in  1066.  The  leading  results  were  the 
downfall  of  the  native  English  dynasty,  the  union  of  Eng- 
land, Kormandy,  etc. ,  for  a  time  under  one  sovereign,  and 
the  introduction  into  England  of  Morman-French  customs, 
language,  etc. 

Norman  Conquest  in  Italy.    See  the  extract. 

In  1016  aband  of  adventurous  Normans  settled  at  Aversa, 
.  near  Naples.  About  twenty  years  later  the  elder  sons  of 
the  Norman  Tancred  de  Hautville  came  and  joined  their 
countrymen.  The  Norman  knights  fought  as  adventurers 
in  quarrels  of  the  land,  and,  being  angered  at  denial  of 
their  proper  share  of  spoil  after  they  had  helped  the  Greeks 
to  take  Messina  and  Syracuse  from  the  Saracens,  they 
turned  on  the  Greeks  themselves,  and  beat  them  out  of 
nearly  all  Apulia,  which  they  then  divided  into  twelve 
parts  for  twelve  of  their  own  counts.  They  made  Malfl 
their  capital,  and  chose  William  Iron- Arm,  the  eldest  son 
of  Tancred,  for  their  chief.  Pope  Leo  brought  the  Suabians 
against  these  Norman  conquerors.  Theybeat  the  Suabians 
and  seized  the  Pope,  who  yielded  them  then  his  investment 
with  all  lands  they  might  acquire :  an  investment  which 
theyreligiouslyinterpretedasHeaven'sownencouragement 
to  future  conquests.  Robei't  Guiscard,  fourth  son  of  Tan- 
cred, when  it  was  his  turn  to  rule,  conquered  his  way  as 
far  south  as  Beggio,  and  became  Duke  of  Apulia  and  Cala- 
bria. In  1069  he  had  that  title  ratified,  when  he  acknow- 
ledged himself  the  Pope's  vassal,  and  was  made  the  stan- 
dard-bearer of  the  Church.  The  standard-bearer  then  took 
Capua ;  besieged  and  took  Salerno  and  Amalfi ;  held  his 
own  against  all  menace ;  and,  in  aid  of  the  Pope  Hilde- 
brand,  sacked  Home.  The  Norman  Bobert  Guiscard,  who 
thus  played  a  master's  part  in  Italy  at  the  time  of  the  Nor- 
man conquest  of  England,  died  in  the  same  year  as  our 
William  the  Conqueror.  His  brother  Roger,  youngest  son 
of  Tancred  de  Hautville,  who  had  set  out  in  1060  to  take 
Sicily  from  the  Saracens  and  had  taken  it,  succeeded  Rob- 
ert by  right  of  the  strong,  and  he  died,  at  the  age  of  seventy, 
Great  Count  of  Calabria  and  Sicily.  His  son,  another  Roger, 
when  he  had  reached  man's  estate,  became,  by  failure  of 
Gulscard's  line,  undisputed  master  of  Apulia.  This  Roger, 
having  taken,  after  a  few  years,  Capua  and  Naples,  thought 
himself  entitled  to  rank  as  a  king.  He  was  Invested,  there- 
fore, by  the  Pope  as  "  King  by  the  Grace  of  God  of  Sicily, 
Apulia,  and  Calabria,  the  helper  and  shield  of  Christians, 
son  and  heir  of  Roger,  the  Great  Count."  Palermo  was 
this  Roger's  capital.  The  new  kingdom  kept  its  boundaries 
for  more  than  seven  centuries,  and  it  was  the  birthplace 
of  that  earlier  Italian  poetry  which  afterwards  exercised 
so  manifest  an  influence  upon  our  literature.  King  Roger 
of  Sicily  died  in  1154.  His  son  and  successor  William  the 
Bad  had,  in  1166,  for  son  and  successor  William  the  Good, 
who  married  a  daughter  of  our  Idng  Henry  the  Second,  and 
died  in  1189,  leaving  no  children.  Here  ended  the  legiti- 
mate male  line  of  descent  from  Tancred  de  Hautville. 

Marley,  English  Writers,  III.  157-168. 

Norman  Conquest  of  England,  History  of  the. 

The  chief  historical  work  of  Edward  A.  Free- 
man (6  vols.  1867-79). 

Normandy  (n6r'man-di).  [F.  Normandie,  ML. 
Normannia,  Northmannia,  land  of  the  Normans 
or  Northmen.]  A  former  government  of  France, 
corresponding  to  Seine-Inf^rieure,  Euro,  Orne, 
Calvados,  and  Manche.  Chief  city,  Eouen.  it 
was  bounded  by  the  English  Channel  on  the  north  and 
west,  Picardy  and  the  Isle  of  France  on  the  east,  Maine 
on  the  south,  and  Brittany  on  the  southwest.  The  surface 
is  generally  level  or  hilly,  and  it  is  traversed  from  south- 
east to  northwest  by  the  Seine.  It  contains  the  old  dis- 
tricts Caux,  Vexin,  Evreux,  Bessin,  Cotentin,  etc.  Under 
the  Romans  it  was  part  of  Lugdunensis.  Later  it  was 
part  of  Neustria,  and  was  then  granted  to  the  counts  of 
Paris.  It  was  the  scene  of  early  raids  by  the  Northmen. 
Rollo,  leader  of  the  Northmen,  received  from  the  king  the 
grant  of  the  district  between  the  Seine  and  Epte  911 
<912?),and  became  first  duke.  This  under  KoUo  and  his  suc- 
cessors was  expanded  by  addition  of  Bessin,  Cotentin,  etc. 
It  was  Christianized  in  the  10th  century,  and  became  one 
of  the  chief  fiefs  of  France.  Its  duke  William  conquered 
England  1066-69,  and  Maine  in  1063.  Anjou,  Aquitaine, 
and  Normandy  were  united  1162-64.  Philip  Augustus  con- 
quered Normandy  (except  the  Channel  Islands)  in  1203-04. 
Normandy  was  occupied  temporarily  by  Edward  III.  of 
England,  and  was  conquered  by  Henry  V.  1415-19,  but  was 
retaken  finally  by  the  French  in  1450.  . 

Norman  Isles  (nor'man  ilz),  F.  lies  Nor- 
mandes  (el  nor-mond').   The  Channel  Islands. 

Norman  Kings.  The  line  of  English  kings  be- 
ginning with  William,  duke  of  Normandy  (who 
ascended  the  English  throne  in  1066),and  ending 
with  Stephen,  who  died  in  1154. 

Normann-Neruda(nor'man-ner'6-da),Wilhel- 
mine.  Bom  at  Briinn,  Moravia,  March  21, 1840. 
A  noted  violinist.  She  married  Ludwig  Nermann,  a 
Swedish  musician,  in  1864.  In  1888  she  married  Sir  Charles 
Hall&    She  has  played  much  in  England. 

Normans  (ndr'manz).  [L.  Normanni;  from 
OF.  Norman,  Nofmand,  AS.  Northman,  Icel. 
Northmadhr,  Northman.]  The  descendants  of 
the  Northmen  or  Scandinavians  who  settled  in 
France  under  Rollo  911.  See  Normandy.  They 
commenced  the  conquest  of  southern  Ital|r  about  1041, 
Robert  Guiscard  being  recognized  as  duke  of  Apulia  and 
€alabria  by  the  Pope  in  1069 ;  they  conquered  Sicily  under 
Roger  Guiscard  1061-90.  The  Italian  and  Sicilian  con- 
quests were  in  1127  united  under  Roger,  second  count  of 


743 

Sicily,  who  assumed  the  title  of  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies  in 
1130.  The  Norman  dynasty  was  superseded  by  the  house 
of  Hohenstauf  en  in  1194.  The  Normans,  under  their  duke, 
William,  conquered  England  in  1066.    See  Norman  Kings. 

Norman's  Woe  (nfir'manz  wo).  A  dangerous 
reef  near  the  entrance"  to  Gloucester  harbor, 
Massachusetts.  Longfellow  has  celebrated  it 
in  the  poem  "The  Wreck  of  the  Hesperus." 

Normanton  (n6r'man-ton).  A  town  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  near  the 
Calder  8  miles  southeast  of  Leeds.  Population 
(1891),  10,234. 

Norn  (uorn).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  mythology, 
one  of  the  Fates,  whose  decrees  were  irrevo- 
cable. They  were  represented  as  three  maiden  goddesses 
(Urd  (ON.  Urdhr),\ erdandi  (ON.  Verdhandi),  and  Skuld) 
who  dwelt  at  the  sacred  well  Urdharbrunn  (ON.  JJrdhar- 
brunnr),  the  judgment-place  of  the  gods,  at  the  foot  of  the 
tree  Yggdrasil.  There  were  numerousinf  erior  Noms,  every 
individual  having  one  who  determined  his  fate. 

Noma  (ndr'na).  A  kind  of  sibyl,  a  character 
in  Scott's  novel  "  The  Pirate."  She  was  TJUa 
Troil,  called  Noma  of  the  Fitful  Head. 

Norrbotten  (nor '  bot  -ten).  The  northernmost 
andlargestlaen  of  Sweden.  Area,  40,563  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  106,642. 

Norris  (nor'is),  Henry.  Bied  about  1733.  An 
English  actor,  an  excellent  comedian.  He  was 
the  original  Don  Lopez  (in  "  The  Wonder  ")  and  Scrub.  He 
had  an  odd  squeaking  voice,  and  was  called  Jubilee  Dicky 
from  his  successful  impersonation  of  Dicky  in  "The  Con- 
stant Couple."  His  sons  announced  themselves  later  as 
"the  sons  of  JubileeDicky,"  appearing  to  derive  profit  from 
the  name. 

Norris,  John.  Bom  at  Collingboume-Kings- 
ton,  Wiltshire,  England,  1657:  died  at  Bemer- 
ton,  England,  1711.  An  English  Platonist.  He 
was  educated  at  Winchester  and  Oxford  (Exeter  College), 
where  he  graduated  in  1680.  He  published  "An  Idea  of 
Happiness"  in  16S3.  The  greater  part  of  his  poems  ap- 
peared in  1684.  In  1689  he  published  "Reason  and  Reli- 
gion." Locke's  essay,  appearing  in  1690,  excited  his  oppo- 
sition, and  in  the  "Cursory  of  Refiections"  appeared  the 
flrstpublishedcritiqueoftheessay.  Inl692Norrisreceived 
the  charge  of  Bemerton,  formerly  held  by  George  Herbert. 
In  1697  he  wrote  "An  Account  of  Reason  and  Faith, "  and  in 
1701  appeared  the  first  volume  of  his  chief  work,  "An  Essay 
Towards  the  Theory  of  the  Ideal  and  Intelligible  World." 

Norris,  William  Edward.    Bom  at  London, 

1847.  An  English  novelist.  He  was  called  to  the 
bar  in  1874,  but  has  never  practised.  Among  his  novels 
are  "Heapsof  Money  "  (1877),  "Mademoiselle  deMersac" 
(1880),  "Matrimony "(1881),  "No  New  Thing "(1883),  "My 
Friend  Jim"  (1886),  "A  Bachelor's  Blunder"  (1886),  "Ma- 
jor and  Minor"(1887),  "The  Rogue"(1888),  "The Countess 
Radna"  (1893),  etc. 

Norristown  (nor'is-toun).  The  capital  of  Mont- 
gomery County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the 
Schuylkill  16  miles  northwest  of  Philadelphia. 
It  has  some  manufactures.  Population  (1900), 
22,265. 

Norrkoping  (nor'oh^-ping).  A  city  in  the  laen 
of  Linkoping,  Sweden,  situated  on  the  Motala, 
at  its  junction  with  the  Bravik,  in  lat.  58°  35' 
N.,  long.  16°  11'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  leading  manu- 
facturing cities  in  Sweden,  and  has  flourishing  trade.  On 
account  of  its  manufactures  of  cotton  goodsitis  sometimes 
called  "  the  Swedish  Manchester."  It  was  burned  by  the 
Russians  in  1719.    Population  (1891),  33,431. 

Norrland  (nor'land).  The  northerilmost  of  the 
three  chief  historic  divisions  of  Sweden,  com- 
prising the  laens  Norrbotten,  Westerbotten, 
Jemtland,  Westernorrland,  and  Gefleborg. 

Norse  (ndrs).  The  language  of  the  North — that 
is,  of  Norway,  Iceland,  etc.  Speciflcally— (a)  Old 
Norwegian,  practically  identified  with  Old  Icelandic,  and 
called  especially  Old  Norse.  Old  Icelandic,  generally  called 
simply  Icelandic  except  when  distinguished  from  modern 
Icelandic,  represents  the  ancient  Scandinavian  tongue. 
(ft)  Old  Norwegian,  as  distinguished  in  some  particulars 
from  the  language  as  developed  in  Iceland,  (c)  Modern 
Norwegian. 

Norsemen  (nfirs'men).  The  natives  of  ancient 
Scandinavia ;  the  Northmen. 

Norte  (nor'ta),  Eio  del.  [Sp.,  'river  of  the 
North ';  also  Bio  Grande  del  Norte  and  Bio  Bravo 
del  Norte.]  A  name  of  the  Eio  Grande,  espe- 
cially in  Mexico. 

North  (ndrth),  Christopher.  Pseudonym  of 
John  Wilson. 

North  (ndrth).  Sir  Dudley.  Bom  May  16,  1641 : 
died  Dec.  31, 1691.  An  English  political  econo- 
mist, third  son  of  Dudley  North,  fourth  Baron 
North.  He  entered  foreign  trade,  and  spent  several 
years  in  the  Levant.  He  was  forced  upon  the  city  of  Lou- 
don as  sheriff  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  and  after  the 
revolution  of  1688  was  called  to  account  for  alleged  uncon- 
stitutional  proceedings  in  Oris  oflace.  His  most  impor- 
tant work,  a  tract  entitled  "Discourses  upon  Trade,  etc." 
(published  1691,  republished  1856),  anticipated  many  fea^ 
tures  of  modern  political  economy. 

North,  Francis,  Baron  Guilford.  Born  Oct.  22, 
1637:  died  Sept.  5,  1685.  An  English  states- 
man, second  son  of  Dudley  North,  fourth  Baron 
North.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge  (St.  John's  Col- 
lege), and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1665.  In  1675  he  was 
made  chief  justice  of  the  Common  Pleas ;  in  1682  lord 
keeper  of  the  great  seal ;  and  Baion  Guilford  in  1683. 


Northanger  Abbey 

North,Frederick,secondEarlofGuilford,l)etter 
known  as  Lord  North.  Bom  April  13, 1732 :  died 
Aug.5,1792.  AnEnglish  statesman,  son  of  Fran- 
cis, seventh  Lord  North  and  first  Earl  of  Guil- 
ford :  known  by  the  courtesy  title  of  Lord  North 

^}lJ^}S/^^tfJ^^^^^J^,  1790.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  Oxford  (Trinity  CbUege) ;  was  member  of  Parlia- 
ment for  Banbuiy  when  22  years  of  age ;  was  a  lord  of  the 
treasury  from  1769  to  1766  ;  and  in  Oct.,  1767,  was  made 
"f^"^..  ">'*•'«  exchequer.  He  succeeded  the  Duke 
of  brafton  as  first  lord  of  the  treasury  in  March  1770  He 
held  oflloe  in  entire  subserviency  to  the  will  of  George 
III.  durmg  the  American  war,  and  in  March,  1782  re- 
signed after  the  surrender  of  Comwallis.  In  April  1783 
he  formed  a  coalition  with  Fox,  and  entered  the  Portland 
cabinet  as  joint  secretary  of  state  with  him.  He  retired 
in  Dec,  1783. 

North,  Koger.  Born  1653:  died  1734.  An  Eng- 
lish historian,  sixth  son  of  Dudley  North,  fourth 
Baron  North.  He  was  attorney-general  to  the  queen 
(Mary  of  Modena).  He  wrote  the  abusive  "  Examen  "  of 
White  Kennett's  "  History  of  England  "  (1740),  the  "Lives  " 
of  his  brothers,  "A  Discourse  on  the  Study  of  the  Laws  " 
(first  printed  in  1824),  "  Memoirs  of  Music  "  (first  printed 
in  1846),  etc.  He  is  one  of  the  chief  authorities  on  the 
history  of  the  reigns  of  Charles  II.  and  James  II.,  and  is 
remembered  tor  his  partizanship  toward  his  brothers. 

North,  Sir  Thomas.  Flourished  in  the  second 
half  of  the  16th  century.  An  English  translator. 
His  first  book  was  a  translation  of  Guevara's  "  The  Diall 
of  Princes"  (1567).  He  also  translated  the  "Moral  Phi- 
losophy "  of  Doni,  and  an  Italian  version  of  a  book  of 
Arabian  fables,  "Kalilah  and  Dimnah"  (1670);  and  his 
translation  of  Plutarch,  which  Shakspere  used,  was  taken 
from  the  French  version  of  Amyot,  and  first  appeared  in 
1679. 

North  Adams  (ad'amz).  A  city  in  Berkshire 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Hoosao 
Eiver  33  miles  east  of  Albany.  It  has  boot  and 
shoe  and  cotton  and  woolen  manufactures. 
Population  (1900),  24,200. 

Northallerton  (n6rth-al'er-tqn).  A  town  in 
the  North  Eiding  of  Yorkshire ,  England,  31  miles 
north-northwest  of  York.  Near  it  was  fought 
the  battle  of  the  Standard  (see  Standard) .  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  3,802. 

North  America  (a-mer'i-ka) .  A  grand  division 
of  the  earth  whicii  comprises  the  northern  half 
of  the  western  continent.  It  extends  froih  Bering 
Strait  to  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  Its  political  divisions 
are  British  North  America,  the  United  States,  Mexico, 
and  the  five  states  of  Central  America.  In  addition, 
Greenland  and  the  north  polar  islands,  north  of  the  main- 
land, together  with  the  West  Indies,  are  reckoned  in 
North  America.  The  main  physical  features  are  the  Cor- 
dilleran  mountain  system  on  the  west,  the  Appalachian 
on  the  east,  the  great  plain  extending  from  the  arctic 
regions  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Great 
Lake  system,  and  the  Mississippi  system.  The  eastern 
coast-line  is  much  more  indented  than  the  western.  The 
origin  of  the  prehistoric  races  (mound-builders,  etc.)  is 
variously  given.  It  is  almost  certain  that  North  America 
was  reached  by  Northmen  about  1000  A.  n. ;  and  it  may 
have  been  visited  by  isolated  bands  at  various  times  be- 
fore the  rediscovery  by  Columbus  in  1492.  See  America, 
United  States,  Mexico,  etc. 

Northampton  (n6rth-amp'ton).  A  south  mid- 
land county  of  England.  It  is  bounded  by  Leicester, 
Rutland,  and  Lincoln  on  the  north,  Cambridge,  Hunting- 
don, and  Bedford  on  the  east,  Buckingham  and  Oxford 
on  the  south,  and  Warwick  on  the  west.  The  surface  is 
undulating.  The  chief  agricultural  pursuit  is  stock- 
raising  ;  and  the  other  chief  industries  are  the  manuf  actui'e 
of  boots  and  shoes  and  of  iron.  The  county  formed  part 
of  the  ancient  Mercia,  Area,  1,003  square  mUes.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  302,183. 

Northampton.  [ME.Northampton,Norhampton, 
AS.  Nortfihamtwn,  North  Hampton.]  The  capi- 
tal of  the  county  of  Northampton,  England, 
situated  on  the Nenin  lat.  52°  15'  N.,  long.  0° 
54'  W.  It  is  the  center  of  the  boot  and  shoe  manufacture 
in  England.  Its  church  of  St.  Sepulchre  is  notable.  It  is 
one  of  the  oldest  English  towns.  Several  medieval  par- 
liaments met  there.  It  returns  2  members  to  Parliament. 
Population  (1901),  87,021. 

Northampton.  A  city,  the  cai)ital  of  Hamp- 
shire County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the 
Connecticut  15  miles  north  of  Springfield.  It  is 
noted  for  its  picturesque  location ;  is  the  seat  of  Smith 
College  (female),  the  State  lunatic  asylum,  and  a  deaf- 
mute  institute ;  and  near  it  is  the  manufacturing  village 
of  Florence.    Population  (1900),  18,643. 

Northampton,  Battle  of.  'A  victory  gained  in 
1460  near  Northampton,  England,  by  the  York- 
ists over  the  Lancastrians.  Henry  VI.  was 
obliged  in  consequence  of  it  to  acknowledge  the 
Duke  of  York  as  his  heir. 

Northampton,  Earl  of  (Henry  Howard).  Bom 
about  1539 :  died  1614.  An  English  statesman, 
second  son  of  the  Earl  of  Surrey  (the  poet). 
He  came  into  favor  on  the  accession  of  James  I.  In 
1604  he  was  made  earl  of  Northampton,  and  in  1608  lord 
privy  seal.    He  supported  the  Catholic  alliance. 

Northampton,  Earl  of  (Spencer  Compton). 

See  Compton. 
North  and  South.    A  novel  by  Mrs.  Gaskell, 

published  in  1855. 
Northanger  (north'an-jfer)  Abbey.    A  novel 

by  Jane  Austen,  written  during  1797-98,  and 


Northanger  Abbey 

published  in  1818,  after  the  author's  death,  it  is 
a  parody  on  the  "Mysteries  of  TJdolpho  "  school  of  novels. 
North  Anna  (an'a).  One  of  the  head  streams 
of  the  PamunkeyiJiver,  Virginia,  north  of  Eich- 
mond.  Kear  it  was  fought  the  battle  of  North  Anna  in 
the  end  of  May,  1864,  between  the  Federals  under  Grant 
and  the  Confederates  under  Lee.  It  was  followed  by  a  Fed- 
eral advance. 

North  Australia  (as-tra'lia),  or  Northern  Ter- 
ritory. That  part  of  the  colony  of  South  Aus- 
tralia which  lies  north  of  lat.  26°  S. 

North  Berwick  (ber'ik).  A  watering-place 
and  golfing  resort  in  Haddingtonshire,  Scot- 
land, situated  on  the  Firth  of  Forth  about  25 
miles  east-northeast  of  Edinburgh. 

North  Bierley  (bi'er-li).  A  town  in  the  West 
Eiding  of  Yorkshire,  9  miles  west  of  Leeds. 
Population  (1891),  22,178. 

North  Eridgewater.    See  Brockton. 

North  Britain  (brit'n).  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  Scotland. 

North  Briton.  A  periodical  published  at  Lon- 
don 1762-63,  conducted  by  John  Wilkes,  and 
noted  for  its  attacks  on  the  government. 

Northbrook,  Baron.  Bee  Baring,  Francis  Tliorn- 
kill. 

Northbrook  (nSrth'bruk),  first  Earl  of  (Tho- 
mas Greorge  Baring).  Born  Jan.  22, 1826.  An 
English  politician,  son  of  Baron  Northbrook. 
He  was  viceroy  of  India  1872-76,  and  first  lord  of  the  ad- 
miralty 1880-85.  He  was  created  earl  of  Northbrook  in 
1876. 

North  Cape.  The  northernmost  promontory  of 
Europe,  situated  on  the  island  of  Mageroe,  near 
the  northern  coast  of  Norway,  in  lat.  71°  11'  N., 
long.  25°  40'  E.  It  is  often  visited  by  tourists  for 
the  view  of  the  midnight  sun.  Height,  about 
970  feet. 

North  Carolina  (kar-6-li'na).  One  of  the  South 
Atlantic  States  of  the  tTuited  States  of  America, 
extending  from  lat.  33°  50'  to  36°  33'  N.,  and 
from  long.  75°  27'  to  84°  20'  W.  Capital,  Ea- 
leigh ;  chief  city,  Wilmington,  it  is  bounded  by 
Virginia  on  the  north,  the  Atlantic  on  the  east  and  south- 
east South  Carolina  and  Georgia  on  the  south,  and  Ten- 
nessee (separated  by  the  Smoky  and  other  ranges  of  moun- 
tains) on  the  west  The  surface  is  mountainous  and  table- 
land in  the  west  (traversed  by  the  Blue  Eidge  and  other 
ranges  of  the  Appalachian  system);  hilly  and  undulating 
in  the  center  (the  Piedmont  region) ;  and  generally  level 
in  the  east,  where  it  is  bordered  by  Albemarle,  Pamlico, 
and  other  Sounds.  The  leading  occupation  is  agriculture ; 
the  chief  products,  Indian  corn,  cotton,  tobacco,  rice,  tim- 
ber, etc.  There  are  mines  of  gold,  mica,  iron,  and  copper. 
It  has  97  counties,  sends  2  senators  and  10  representatives 
to  Congress,  and  has  12  electoral  votes.  Unsuccessful  at- 
tempts were  made  to  colonize  the  Carolina  region  under 
the  auspices  of  Sir  Walter  Kaleigh  in  1584-87 :  it  was  set- 
tled probably  before  1063,  and  was  granted  to  proprietors 
in  1663  and  1665.  A  futile  attempt  was  made  to  introduce 
a  constitution  framed  by  Shaftesbury  and  Locke  in  1669. 
A  royal  province  was  formed  in  1729,  when  North  and 
South  Carolina  were  separated.  The  "Mecklenburg  Dec- 
laration of  Independence"  was  passed  in  1775.  North 
Carolina  was  one  of  the  thirteen  original  States  (1776) ;  was 
the  scene  of  several  battles  in  the  Revolution  (178(^-81) ;  re- 
jected the  United  States  Constitution  in  1788,  but  adopted  it 
in  1789 ;  seceded  May  20, 1861 ;  was  the  scene  of  various  en- 
gagements and  military  operations  in  the  Civil  War,  par- 
ticularly in  connection  with  Burnside's  expedition  in  1862, 
the  capture  of  Wilmington  and  other  ports,  and  Sherman's 
march  in  1865  ;  and  was  readmitted  to  the  Union  in  July, 
1868.  Area,  52,260  square  miles.  Population  (1900), 
1,893,810. 

North  Conway  (kon'wa).  A  summer  resort  in 
Conway,  Carroll  County,  New  Hampshire,  situ- 
ated on  the  Saco  20  miles  south-southeast  of 
Mount  Washington. 

Northcote  (udrth'kot),  James,  Bom  at  Ply- 
mouth, England,  Oct.  22,  1746:  died  at  London, 
July  13,  1831.  An  English  historical  and  por- 
trait painter  and  author,  in  1771  he  entered  the 
studio  of  Reynolds,  and  in  1777  went  to  Italy.  He  executed 
pictures  for  the  Boydell  Shakspere  Gallery,  and  painted 
"The  Death  of  Wat  Tyler  "for  the  city  of  London,  now 
in  the  Guildhall.  He  wrote  a  lite  of  Reynolds  (1813),  and 
a  life  of  Titian  (1830). 

Northcote,  Sir  Stafford  Henry,  first  Earl  of  Id- 
desleigh.  Bom  at  London,  Oct.  27, 1818:  died 
there,  Jan.  12,  1887.  An  English  Conservative 
statesman.  HegraduatedatOxford(BalliolCollege),and 
was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1840.  He 
entered  Parliament  in  1855 ;  was  president  of  the  board  of 
trade  1866-67,  and  secretary  of  state  for  India  1867-68; 
served  on  the  joint  high  commission  which  drew  up  the 
treaty  of  Washington  in  1871 ;  and  was  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer  1874-80,  first  lord  of  the  treasury  1886-86,  and 
foreign  secretary  1886-87.  He  succeeded  his  father  as 
baronet  in  1851,  and  was  created  earl  of  Iddesleigh  in  1885. 
He  wrote  "  Twenty  Years  of  Financial  Policy  "  (1862). 

North  Dakota  (da-ko'ta).  One  of  the  North 
Central  States  of  the  United  States  of  America. 
Capital,  Bismarck,  it  is  bounded  by  the  Dominion 
of  Canada  on  the  north,  Minnesota  on  the  east,  South  Da- 
kota on  the  south,  and  Montana  on  the  west.  Its  surface 
is  generally  level  and  undulating.  It  is  noted  for  the 
production  of  wheat.  It  has  39  counties,  sends  2  senators 
and  2  lepresentativeto  Congress,  and  has  4  electoral  votes. 


744 

In  1889  it  was  separated  from  South  Dakota,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Union.  Area,  70,796  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  319,146. 

North  Downs  (dounz).  A  hilly  region  in  Hamp- 
shire, Surrey,  and  Kent,  England,  forming 
natural  pastures,  and  largely  given  over  to 
sheep-raising. 

Northeast  Cape.    See  Tcheliuskin. 

Northeast  Passage.  A  passage  for  ships  along 
the  northern  coast  of  Europe  and  Asia  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  The  first  to  make  the  complete  voyage 
by  this  passage  was  the  Swedish  explorer  Nordenskjold  in 
1878-79,  after  it  had  been  from  time  to  time  attempted  in 
vain  for  upward  of  three  centuries. 

Northeim  (nort'Mm).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Euhme 
48  miles  south  by  east  of  Hannover.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  6,695. 

Northern  Athens.    See  Athens  of  the  North. 

Northern  Car,  The.  The  constellation  of  the 
Great  Bear,  commonly  known  in  England  as 
Charles's  Wain,  and  in  the  United  States  as  the 
Great  Dipper.    See  Ursa  Major. 

Northern  Crown.    See  Corona  Borealis. 

Northern  Herodotus,  The.    SnorreSturleson. 

Northern  Lass,  The,  or  A  Nest  of  Fools.  A 
comedy  by  B.  Brome,  printed  in  1632. 

Northern  Liberties.  A  former  district,  now  in- 
cluded in  the  city  of  Philadelphia. 

Northern  Territory.    See  North  Australia. 

Northern  Triangle.    See  Trianguhim  Boreale. 

Northern  Virginia,  Army  of.  The  main  Con- 
federate army  in  the  East  during  the  Civil  War. 

Under  General  Lee  it  took  part  in  the  Peninsular  campaign 
of  1862 ;  in  the  Manassas,  Antietam,  and  Fredericksburg 
campaigns  of  1862 ;  in  the  Chancellorsville  campaign  of 
1863 ;  in  the  invasion  of  Pennsylvania  and  at  Gettysburg  in 
1863 ;  and  in  the  defense  of  Richmond  and  Petersburg  in 
1864-65.  It  surrendered  to  Grant  at  Appomattox  April  9, 
1865. 
Northern  War,  The,  A  war  between  Sweden 
(under  Charles  XII.)  on  one  side  and  Eus- 
sia  (under  Peter  the  Great),  Denmark,  Saxony, 
Poland,  and  finally  Prussia  and  Hannover  on 
the  other,  it  was  begun  in  1700,  and  was  ended  by  trea- 
ties 1719-21,  in  which  Sweden  ceded  Bremen  and  Verden 
to  Hannover,  Stettin  and  part  of  western  Pomerania  to 
Prussia,  and  Livonia,  Esthonia,  Ingria,  and  part  of  Karelia 
to  Russia,  and  lost  the  supremacy  in  northern  Europe. 

Northerton  (ndr'sner-ton).  Ensign.  A  char- 
acter in  Fielding's  "Tom  Jones." 

Northfleet  (n6rth'flet).  A  village  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Thames  19  miles  east- 
southeast  of  London,  Population  (1891),  11,717. 

North  Foreland.  A  cape  on  the  coast  of  Kent, 
England,  projecting  into  the  North  Sea  in  lat. 
51°  22'  N.,  long.  1°  27'  E. :  the  Eoman  Promon- 
torium  Acantium.  Near  it,  July  25, 1666,  the  English 
fleet  under  the  Duke  of  Albemarle  and  Prince  Rupert  de- 
feated the  Dutch  under  De  Ruyter. 

North  Friesian  (fre'zian)  Islands.  A  group  of 
low  islands  in  the  NortE  Sea,  west  of  Schleswig- 
Holstein,  to  which  province  they  belong.  It  in- 
cludes Sylt,  Fohr,  Pellworm,  Nordstrand,  etc. 

North  Friesland  (frez'land).  The  part  of  the 
province  of  Sehleswig-Hlblstein,  Prussia,  which 
comprises  the  North  Friesian  Islands  and  the  op- 
posite western  coast  of  the  mainland. 

North  German  Confederation.  [G.  Nord- 
deutscher  Bund.']  The  German  union  formed 
after  the  dissolution  of  the  Germanic  Confed- 
eration in  1866,  underthe presidency  of  Prussia. 
It  included  all  the  German  states  north  of  the  Main  (ex- 

'  cept  Luxemburg  and  Limburg)  which  had  belonged  to  its 
predecessor,  and  comprised  also  Schleswig  and  the  prov- 
inces of  Posen,  East  Prussia,  and  West  Prussia.  Hesse 
joined  itforitspart  north  of  the  Main.  It  was  the  model 
for  the  German  Empire,  which  took  its  place  in  1871. 

North  Holland  (hol'and),  D.  NoordhoUand 

(nord-hol'lant).  A  province  of  the  kingdom  of 
the  Netherlands.  Chief  city,  Amsterdam,  it  is 
bounded  by  the  North  Sea  on  the  wesi  and  north,  the 
Zuyder  Zee  on  the  east,  and  Utrecht  and  South  Holland  on 
the  south.  The  surface  is  level.  Area,  1,070  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  860,742. 

North  Holland  Canal.  A  ship-canal  connect- 
ing Amsterdam  with  the  Holder,  opened  in  1825. 
Length,  about  50  miles. 

North  Island.  The  northernmost  island  of  New 
Zealand,  separated  from  South  Island  on  the 
southwest  by  Cook  Strait.  It  is  mountainous  in  the 
east  and  south.  It  was  formerly  called  New  Ulster.  Area, 
44,467  square  miles. 

Northmen  (ndrth'men).  The  inhabitants  of  the 
north  (that  is,  of  Norway,  Sweden,  Denmark, 
Iceland,eto.);  the  Scandinavians;  ina  restricted 
sense,  the  inhabitants  of  Norway.  The  Northmen 
were  noted  for  their  skill  and  daring  on  the  sea,  and  for 
their  expeditions  against  Great  Britain  and  other  parts  of 
northern  and  western  Europe  from  the  8th  to  the  11th 
century.  They  founded  permanent  settlements  in  some 
places,  as  the  Orkneys,  Hebrides,  etc.,  and  in  northern 
France,  where  they  were  called  Kormana.  (See  Normans.') 
According  to  the  Icelandic  sagas,  a  Northman,  Leif  Eric- 
son,  visited  the  shores  of  Nova  Scotia  about  1000  A.  D. 


Northwest  Passage,  The 

North  Park,  A  plateau  in  Grand  County,  nortb> 
em  Colorado.  Area,  about  2,000  square  miles. 
Elevation,  about  8,500  feet. 

North  Polar  Sea.    See  AreUc  Ocean. 

North  River.  A  name  given  to  the  Hudson 
Eiver  near  its  mouth:  originally  so  named 
in  distinction  from  the  Delaware  or  "South 
Eiver." 

North  Sea,  or  German  Ocean,  F.  Mer  du  Nord 
(mar  dvlnor),  G.  Nordsee  (nort'za)  or  Deutsch- 
es  Meer  (doich'es  mar),  D.  Noordzee  (nord'- 
za).  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  lying 
east  of  Great  Britain,  west  of  Norway,  Denmark, 
and  Sohleswig-Holstein,  and  north  of  Germany, 
the  Netherlands,  Belgium,  and  France :  the  Eo  ■ 
manMareGermanioumorOceanusGermanicus. 
It  communicates  on  the  east  by  the  Skager  Rack,  Catte- 
gat,and  Sound  with  the  Baltic,  and  on  the  southwest  by  the 
Strait  of  Dover  and  the  English  Channel  with  the  Atlantic. 
It  is  noted  for  its  general  shallowness  and  for  its  fisheries. 
It  receives  the  Tay,  Forth,  Tweed,  Tyne,  Humbei\  Ouse, 
Thames,  Schelde,  Mouse,  Rhine,  Ems,  Weser,  and  Elbe. 
Length,  about  600  miles.  Width,  about  400  miles.  Area, 
about  180,000  square'miles. 

North  Sea  («.  e.,  north  of  the  Isthmus  of  Pana- 
ma). A  name  commonly  given,  in  the  16th 
century,  to  the  (jaribbean  Sea,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  the  South  Sea  or  Pacific  Ocean.  By 
extension  it  was  sometimes  applied  to  the  At- 
lantic. 

North  Sea  Canal,  or  Amsterdam  Canal.  A 
ship-canal  which  connects  Amsterdam  with  the 
North  Sea  by  means  of  the  Y.  Length,  about 
16  miles. 

North  Uist  (wist).  An  island  of  the  Outer  Heb- 
rides, Scotland,  belonging  to  the  county  of  In- 
verness. It  is  separated  from  Skye  on  the  east  by  the 
Little  Minch,  and  from  Harris  on  the  north  by  the  Sound 
of  Harris.    Length,  18  miles. 

Northumberland  (n6r-thum'b6r-land).  [ME. 
Northumberland,  from  *NorthumbefQISlt.  North- 
umbria,  in  AS.  a  folk-name,  Norihhymbre, 
Northanhymbre,  the  people  living  north  of  the 
Humber)  and  land."]  A  maritime  county,  the 
northernmost  of  England.  Chief  town,  New- 
castle. It  is  bounded  by  Scotland  on  the  northwest 
(partly  separated  by  the  Cheviot  Hills  and  the  Tweed), 
the  North  Sea  on  the  east,  Durham  on  the  south  (partly 
separated  by  the  Tyne  and  Derwent),  and  Cumberland  on 
the  west.  It  is  mountainous  in  the  west.  It  is  noted 
for  the  production  of  coal,  and  has  also  flourishing  agri- 
culture. It  is  tlie  first  county  in  England  in  Roman  an- 
tiquities, including  the  Roman  wall.  It  formed  part  of 
the  ancient  kingdom  of  Northumbria.  It  was  the  scene 
of  much  border  warfare.  Area,  2,016  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  506,030. 

Northumberland,  Duke  of.    See  Dudley. 

Northumberland,  Earls  of.    See  Percy. 

Northumberland,  Kingdom  of,  or  Northum- 
bria (n8r-thum'bri-a).  A  former  kingdom  of 
Great  Britain,  at  its  greatest  extent  reaching 
from  the  Humljer  to  the  Firth  of  Forth,  and  from 
the  North  Sea  westward  to  the  Celtic  Strath- 
clyde.  The  Anglian  kingdoms  of  Beruicia  in  the  north 
(founded  by  Ida  in  547)  and  Deira  (founded  a  few  year? 
later)  were  united  under  Ethelf rith  about  600.  Christi- 
anity waa  introduced  under  Edwin  (died  633).  Northum- 
bria reached  its  highest  point  in  the  7th  century,  as  the 
most  powerful  kingdom  in  the  island.  It  was  the  center 
of  literature  in  the  7th  and  8th  centuries.  It  was  largely 
resettled  by  the  Danes  in  the  9th  century ;  was  nominally 
conquered  by  the  Anglo-Saxons  in  the  middle  of  the  10th 
century;  and  was  governed  by  practic^y  independent 
Danish  earls  till  the  period  of  the  Norman  conquest.  The 
northern  portion  was  ceded  to  Scotland  about  1000. 

Northumberland  House.  One  of  the  chief  his- 
torical houses  of  London,situated  on  theStrand, 
on  the  southeast  side  of  Trafalgar  Square.  It 
was  built  in  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century,  and  was 
bought  and  removed  in  1873-74  by  the  Metropolitan  Board 
of  Works  to  make  room  for  Northumberland  Avenue, 
which  runs  from  the  Thames  Embankment  to  Charing 
Cross. 

Northumberland  Strait.  A  sea  passage  in  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  separatmg  Prince  Edward 
Island  from  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia. 

Northumbria.  See  Northumberland,  Kingdom  of. 

Northward  Ho !  A  comedy  by  Thomas  Dekker 
and  John  Webster,  written  about  1605,  printed 
1607. 

Northwestern  XTniversity.  An  Institution  of 
learning  at  Evanston,  Ilhnois,  comprising  de- 
partments of  literature  and  science,  literature 
and  art,  technology,  music,  theology,  medicine^ 
and  law.  It  was  chartered  in  1851,  and  opened 
in  1855.    It  has  about  2,000  students. 

Northwest  Passage,  The.  A  passage  for  ship» 
from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  into  the  Pacific  by  the 
northern  coasts  of  the  American  continent, 
long  sought  for  and  in  part  found  by  Parry  and 
others.  SirRobertM*Clure,inhi3expedltion of  1860-64, 
was  the  first  to  achieve  the  passage,  although  his  ship  was 
abandoned'and  the  journey  was  completed  partly Dn  ice 
and  partly  on  the  relieving  vessel.    The  discovery  is  not 


Northwest  Passage,  The 

one  of  practical  utility,  being  merely  the  solution  of  a 
BCientific  problem.  The  honor  is  sometimes  claimed  for 
Sir  John  Franklin. 

Northwest  Provinces,  orNorthwestemProT- 
inces.  A  lieutenant-governorship  of  British 
India,  surrounded  by  Tibet,  Nepal,  Oudh,  Ben- 
gal, Central  Provinces,  Panjab,  and  native 
states.  Capital,  Allahabad,  it  belongs  to  the  Gan- 
getic  basin,  is  noted  for  its  production  of  wheat,  and  con- 
tains many  famous  cities.  It  was  acquired  by  the  British 
at  the  end  of  the  18th  and  beginning  of  the  19th  oentunr. 
It  was  prominent  in  the  Indian  mutiny  in  1857-58.  Oudh 
was  united  to  it  in  administration  in  1877.  Area,  with 
Oudh,  107,603  MUare  miles.    Population  0891),  46,906,085. 

Northwest  Territories.  The  territories  of 
British  America  which  lie  to  the  northwest  of 
the  older  part  of  Canada.  The  name  is  now  used 
with  a  political,  rather  than  a  geographical,  signification 
to  include  tlie  districts  of  Alberta,  Assiniboia,  Athabasca, 
Franklin,  Keewatin,  Mackenzie,  Saskatchewan,  and  Un- 
gava,  whicli  are  united  under  a  lieutenant-governor  and 
a  legislative  assembly.  Yukon  received  a  separate  gov- 
ernment in  1898. 

Northwest  Territory.  A  territory  formed  by 
ordinance  of  Congress  in  1787,  oomprisingthe 
present  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wis- 
consin, and  Minnesota  east  of  the  Mississippi. 
Slavery  was  prohibited  in  it. 

Northwich  (n6rth'wieh).  A  town  in  Cheshire, 
England,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Weaver 
and  Dane,  21  miles  southeast  of  Liverpool.  It  is 
noted  for  salt-mines.  Population  (1891),  14,914. 

Norton (n6r'ton), Andrews.  Bom  atHingham, 
Mass.,  Dee.  di,  1786:  died  at  Newport,  B.  I., 
Sept.  18,  1853.  An  American  Unitarian  theo- 
logian, professor  at  Harvard  1819-30.  His  worlts 
include  "A  Statement  of  the  Reasons  for  not  believing 
the  Doctrines  of  the  Trinitarians"  (1833^  etc. 

Norton, Mrs.(CaroIine Elizabeth  Sarah  Sher- 
idan), afterward  Lady  Stirling-Maxwell. 
Born  1808:  died  June  15,  1877.  An  English 
poet  and  novelist.  She  was  one  of  "  the  three  graces," 
daughters  of  Thomas  Sheridan.  She  published  '*The 
Dandies'  Bout "  (illustrated  by  herself  at  the  age  of  13), 
and  the  poems  "The  Sorrows  of  Kosalie,  etc."  (1829)  and 
"The  Undying  One"  (1830).  She  also  wrote  "A  Voice  from 
tlie  Factories"  (1836),  "The  Lady  of  La  Garaye  "  (1862: 
a  poem),  "lost  and  saved"  (1863),  "Old  Sir  Douglas" 
(1867),  etc.  She  married  in  1827  the  Hon.  George  Chap- 
pie Norton  (who  died  in  1875),  and  in  1877  Sir  W.  Stirling- 
MaxwelL 

Norton,  Charles  EUot.  Bom  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Nov.  16, 1827.  An  American  author,  son 
of  Andrews  Norton.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1846, 
and  was  editor,  with  James  Russell  Lowell,  of  the  "Korth 
American  Review"  1864-68.  He  was  professor  of  the 
history  of  art  at  Harvard  University  1874-88.  Among  his 
works  are  "  The  New  Life  of  Dante :  an  Essay,  with  trans- 
lations" (1868),  "Notes  of  Travel  and  Study  in  Italy" 
(1869),  "List  of  the  Principal  Books  relating  to  .  . 
Michael  Angelo  "  (1879),  "Historical  Studies  of  Church- 
Building  in  the  Middle  Ages"  (1880).  He  translated 
Dante's  "Divina  Commedia"  (1892),  and  edited  James 
Russell  Lowell's  letters  in  1893,  etc. 

Norton,  Thomas.  Bom  at  London,  1532:  died 
at  Sharpenhoe,  Bedfordshire,  1584.  An  Eng- 
lish lawyer,  translator,  and  author.  Hewrote(with 
Sackville)  the  first  English  tragedy,  "Gorboduc,  or  Ferrex 
and  Porrex"  (which  see).  He  published  a  "Translation 
of  Calvin's  Institutes  "  (1561),  and  translated  many  of  the 
psalms  in  the  Psalter  of  Sternhold  and  Hopkins  (1561),  etc. 

Norton  Sound.  An  inlet  of  Bering  Sea,  on  the 
western  coast  of  Alaska. 

Norumbega  (no-mm-be'ga).  A  region  on  the 
Atlantic  coast  of  North  America,  frequently 
mentioned  in  maps  and  writings  of  the  16th  and 
17th  centuries,  it  was  placed  between  Cape  Breton 
and  Florida,  or  narrowed  to  the  northern  part  of  that  re- 
gion, or  more  definitely  placed  within  the  present  State 
of  Maine.  Various  Engli^  and  French  explorers  made 
journeys  to  Norumbega.  It  is  disputed  whether  the  name 
is  of  Indian,  Norse,  or  Spanish  origin.  The  river  of  Norum- 
bega has  been  often  identified  with  the  Penobscot,  ftof es- 
sor  Horsford  identified  the  lost  city  of  Norumbega  with 
Watertown,  Massachusetts. 

Norval  (n6r'val).  Young.  In  Home's  play 
"  Douglas,"  the  son  of  Lady  Randolph  by  a  pre- 
vious marriage  with  Douglas.  His  birth  was  con- 
cealed, and  he  was  brought  up  as  a  shepherd  by  Old  Norval, 
"the  frugal  swain,"  who  found  him.  He  is  killed  by  Lord 
Randolph,  who  discovers  too  late  that  he  is  the  son  of  Lady 
Randolph.  The  latter  kills  herself  in  despair.  The  part 
was  a  favorite  one  with  John  Eemble  and  others,  and  Ma- 
cready  played  it  to  Mrs.  Siddons's  Lady  Randolph. 

Norwalk  (n6r'w&k).  A  township  in  Fairfield 
County,  Connecticut,  situated  on  Long  Island 
Sound  30  miles  southwest  of  New  Haven.  It 
has  manufactures  of  hats,  etc.  it  was  settled  about 
1640,  and  was  burned  by  the  Hessians  under  Tryon  in  1779. 
Population  (including  South  Norwalk)  (1900),  19,932. 

Norwalk.  The  capital  of  Huron  Coimty,  north- 
em  Ohio,  51  miles  west-southwest  of  Cleve- 
land.   Population  (1900),  7,074. 

Norway  (nor'wa).  [ME.  Norway,  Nbrwey,  AS. 
j  Norwiseg,  earlier  Northweg,  Icel.  Noregr,  very 
'    rarely  Norvegr,  Norw.  Dan.  and  Sw.  Norge,  Gc. 

Norwegen,  F.  Norvige,  ML.  Norregia,  NortJi- 

wagia,  etc.,  lit.  'north  way.'   The  first  element 


745 

has  been  eiToneously  referred  to  a  mythical  king 
Nor,  and  to  the  Icel.  nor,  a  sea  loch.]  The  north- 
ernmost country  of  Europe.  Capital,  Christiania. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  Arctic  Ocean  on  the  nortli,  Russia  and 
Sweden  on  the  east,  the  Skager  Rack  on  the  south,  and 
the  North  Sea  and  the  Atlantic  and  Arctic  oceans  on  the 
west.  It  forms  the  western  part  of  the  Scandinavian  pe- 
ninsula, comprising  also  many  islands.  The  coast^line  is 
deeply  indented  by  fiords.  The  country  is  traversed  by 
mountains  (Scandinavian  Mountains,  Dovre  Fjeld,  Jotun 
Fjelde,  etc.),  and  the  surface  is  generally  elevated  and 
mountainous.  Among  the  leading  industries  are  fisher- 
ies and  lumber  manufacture  and  trade.  There  are  mines 
of  silver,  copper,  iron,  and  nickel.  The  kingdom  is  divided 
into  20  amts  (or  provinces).  The  government  is  a  lim- 
ited hereditary  monarchy.  It  is  under  the  same  sover- 
eign witli  Sweden,  witli  which  it  is  united  in  foreign  and 
diplomatic  relations,  but  otherwise  it  is  independent.  The 
king  and  a  ministry  form  the  executive,  and  the  legisla- 
tive power  is  vested  in  tlie  Storthing  (or  parliament),  con- 
sisting of  an  upper  and  a  lower  house.  The  language  is 
Norwegian.  The  established  religion  is  Lutheran.  Nor- 
way furnished  a  large  part  of  the  Northmen.  The  king- 
dom was  consolidated  under  Harold  the  Fair-haired  in 
the  last  part  of  the  9th  century.  Christianity  was  intro- 
duced at  the  end  of  the  10th  century.  The  three  Scandi- 
navian kingdoms  were  united  from  the  union  of  Ealmar 
in  1397  until  1523.  Norway  was  separated  from  Denmark 
and  united  to  Sweden  in  1814.  Recent  events  are. tlie  con- 
stitutional struggles  against  the  veto  power  of  the  king, 
and  the  agitation  for  independent  consular  representation 
abroad.  Area,  124,445  square  miles.  Population  (1900), 
2,239,880. 

Norwegian  Cn6r-we'jian).  The  Scandinavian 
language  of  Norway.  Old  Norwegian  is  preserved  in 
runic  inscriptions  from  the  end  of  the  Viking  age  in  the 
11th  century,  and  in  literature  from  the  end  of  the  12th 
century.  At  the  time  of  the  Reformation,  Danish  became 
the  language  of  literature,  a  condition  which  prevails  at 
-thepresenttime.  Dano-Norwegian  is,  however,  characteris- 
tically differentiated  in  pronunciation  and  vocabulary,  and 
the  old  popular  dialects  have  never  died  out 

Norwegian  Sea  (n6r-we'jiau  se).  Aname given 
in  recent  geography  to  that  part  of  the  North 
Atlantic  Ocean  which  lies  between  Norway  and 
Greenland. 

Norwich  (nor'ij).  [MB.  Norwich,  AS.  Norfhwie, 
north  town.]  The  capital  of  Norfolk,  England, 
and  itself  a  county,  situated  on  the  Wens'am  in 
lat.  52°  38'  N.,  long.  1°  17'  E.:  the  British  Caer- 
(3rwent,  and  the  Gwenta  of  the  leeni.  It  has  man- 
ufactures of  mustard,  starch,  beer,  iron,  textiles,  etc.  Tlie 
cathedral  begun  in  1096,  is  said  to  preserve  its  Norman  plan 
with  less  alteration  than  anyother  English  cathedral.  Tlie 
nave  was  completed  in  1140,  the  clearstory  of  the  choir 
was  rebuilt  in  the  14th  century,  and  the  vauMng  dates 
from  the  15th,  at  which  time  the  west  front  was  modified 
and  the  tall  slender  spire  rebuilt.  The  extenor  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  picturesque  arcade  of  small  arches  and  col- 
umns, above  the  lowest  range  of  windows.  In  the  interior 
the  simple  nave  is  Norman,  except  the  Perpendicular  win- 
dows and  the  vaulting.  The  choir  is  shut  off  from  the 
nave  by  a  solid  screen  surmounted  by  a  tall  organ,  more 
disastrous  as  an  obstruction  to  the  view  than  the  inclosure 
of  the  "  coro  "  of  a  Spanish  cathedraL  The  choir  terminates 
in  a  polygonal  chevet,  the  only  example  of  this  form  in 
an  English  church  of  the  first  rank.  The  trif  orium-gallery 
is  notably  wide  and  high.  The  dimensions  of  the  cathe- 
dral are  407  by  78  feet ;  length  of  transepts,  178 ;  height  of 

.  vaulting — nave  70,  choir  83J;  height  of  spire,  315  feet. 
The  Decorated  cloister  is  large  and  beautiful,  and  the 
episcopal  palace  is  in  large  part  of  the  14  th  century.  The 
Church  of  St.  Peter,  Mancroft,  the  castle,  and  St.  Andrew's 
Hall  are  also  noteworthy.  Norwich  was  a  British  and  a 
Roman  town  ;  was  burned  by  Sweyn ;  became  the  seat  of 
the  bishopric  of  East  Anglia  in  1094 ;  received  a  colony  of 
Flemish  weavers  in  the  14th  century ;  and  became  an  im- 
portant center  for  cloth  manufactures.  It  was  one  of  the 
leading  towns  in  England  in  the  17th  century.  It  returns 
2  members  to  Parliament.    Population  (1901),  111,728. 

Norwich  (n6r'wieh).  A  city,  one  of  the  capitals 
of  New  London  County,  Connecticut,  situated 
at  the  head  of  the  Thames,  13  miles  north  of 
New  London,  it  has  an  important  trade,  and  manu- 
factures of  paper,  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  metal-work, 
etc.,  and  is  the  terminus  of  a  line  of  steamers  to  New 
Yorlf.  It  was  settled  in  1659,  and  incorporated  as  a  city  in 
1784.    Population  (1900),  17,251. 

Norwich.  A  village,  the  capital  of  Chenango 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  Chenango  River 
49  miles  southeast  of  Syracuse.  Population 
(1900),  5,766. 

Norwich  Pestival.  A  musical  festival  held  tri- 
ennially  at  Norwich,  England :  established  in 
1824. 

Norwood  (n6r'wud).  A  suburb  of  London,  sit- 
uated in  Surrey  6  miles  south  of  St.  Paul's. 

Norwood.  A  northeastern  suburb  of  Adelaide, 
South  Australia. 

Norwood,  or  Village  Life  in  New  England. 
A  novel  by  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  published  in 
1867. 

Noskowski  (nos-kof'ske),  Sigismund.  Bom 
at  Warsaw,  May  2,  1846.  A  Polish  composer. 
He  invented  a  system  of  notation  for  the  use 
of  the  J)lind.  • 

Nossi-Be  (nos-se-ba').  An  island  north  of  Mad- 
agascar, belonging  to  France,  situated  in  lat. 
13°  23'  S.,  long.  48°  16'  B.  Capital,  Hellville. 
The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Sakalavas.  It  was  ceded  to 
France  in  1840.    Length,  14  miles.    Population,  7,803. 


Nott,  Eliphalet 

Nostoi  (nos'toi).  [Gr.  vSarot.']  "The  Home- 
ward Voyages,"  a  Greek  epic  poem  of  the  Tro- 
jan cycle,  by  Agias  of  Troezen  (about  740  b.  c), 
which  related  the  return  of  the  Achsean  heroes 
from  the  Trojan  war. 

Nostradamus  (nos-tra-da'mus)  (Michel  de  No- 
tredame  or  Nostredame).  Bom  at  St.-Remy, 
France,  Dec.  14,  1503:  died  at  Salon,  near  Aix, 
Prance,  July  2, 1566.  A  French  astrologer  and 
physician,  noted  as  the  author  of  a  book  of 
prophecies  entitled  "Centuries"  (1555),  which 
has  been  the  subject  of  much  controversy.  It 
was  condemned  by  the  papal  court  in  1781. 

Notables,  Assembly  of.  In  French  history,  a 
council  of  prominent  persons  from  the  three 
classes  of  the  state,  convoked  by  the  king  on 
extraordinary  occasions.  The  institution  can  b& 
traced  to  the  reign  of  Charles  V.  (14th  century),  but  the 
two  most  famous  assemblies  were  those  of  1787  and  1788, 
summoned  by  Louis  XVI.  in  view  of  the  impending  crisis. 

Notse  Tironianse  (no'te  ti-ro-ni-a'ne).  [L., 
'Tiro's  marks.']  Ancient  shorthand  abbrevia- 
tions :  so  named  on  the  supposition  that  Tiro, 
Cicero's  freedman  and  pupil,  invented  the  art. 
An  extensive  collection  under  the  title  "Notse 
Tironis  et  SeneoEB  "  has  been  published. 

Notch,  The,  or  Crawford  Notch  (kra'ford 
noch).  A  deep,  narrow  valley  in  the  White 
Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  southwest  of 
Mount  Washington,  between  Mount  Webster 
and  Mount  Willeyj 

Notitia  Dignitatum  (no-tish'i-a  dig-ni-ta'- 
tum).    [L.,' list  of  dignities.']    See  the  extract. 

Its  full  title  is,  "Notitia  dignitatum  omnium,  tam  civili- 
um  quam  militarium,  in  partibus  Orientis  et  Oocidentis." 
There  can  be  little  doubt  that  it  was  compiled  in  the  first- 
years  of  the  fifth  century,  probably  about  the  time  of  Ala- 
ric's  first  invasion  of  Italy.  It  is  a  complete  Ofilcial  Direc- 
tory and  Army  List  of  the  whole  Roman  Empire,  and  is  of 
incalculable  value  for  the  decision  of  all  sorts  of  questions, 
antiquarian  and  historical.  For  instance,  the  whole  theoiy 
of  the  identification  of  the  existing  ruins  with  the  former 
stations  along  tlie  line  of  Hadrian's  Britisli  Wall  depends 
entirely  on  the  mention  in  the  Notitia  of  the  names  of  the 
cohorts  posted  at  those  stations. 

HodgHn,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  200. 

Notium  (no'shi-um).  [Gr.  TSStuiv.']  In  ancient 
geography,  the  port  of  Colophon,  nearEphesus. 
Near  it,  in  407  B.  c,  the  Spartan  fleet  under 
Lysander  defeated  the  Athenians. 

Notker  (not'ker),  surnamed  Balbulus  ('the 
Stammerer').  Bom  in  Switzerland  about  840 : 
died  912.  A  monk  of  St.-Gall,  noted  for  his  re- 
forms in  church  music,  and  as  a  composer  of 
sequences. 

Notker,  sumamed  Labeo  ('with  large  lips'). 
Died  1022.  A  monk  of  St.-Gall,  translator  of 
various  Latin  and  Greek  works  into  Old  High 
German. 

Note  (no'to).  A  city  in  the  province  of  Syra- 
cuse, Sicily,  15  miles-  southwest  of  Syracuse. 
It  was  built  near  the  ancient  Netum  (Gr.  NeijToi'),  which 
was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1693.  Population  (1881), 
7,418. 

Noto,  Val  di.  A  former  division  of  Sicily,  in 
the  southeastern  part. 

Notre  Dame  (no'tr  dam).  [F., '  our  Lady.']  A 
church  at  Paris,  one  of  the  most  imposing  and 
famous  of  cathedrals.  The  present  structure  was  be- 
gun in  1163,  but  is  chiefly  of  the  early  13th  century.  The 
fagade,  with  its  3  large  portals,  its  great  roses,  its  gallery 
and  arcades,  and  its  twin  square  towers,  is  one  of  the  two 
or  tlrree  finest  produced  by  Pointed  architecture.  The 
transept-fronts  are  unsurpassed  in  their  way,  and  the  long 
range  of  windows  and  flying  buttresses  of  nave  and  choir 
is  highly  effective.  The  flgure-  and  foliage-sculpture  of 
the  exterior  is  abundant  and  artistically  remarkable.  The 
graceful  rood-spire  was  built  by  VioUet-le-Duc  in  place  of 
the  original  one.  The  interior,  with  nave  and  double 
aisles  continued  around  the  choir,  measures  156  by  420 
feet,  and  110  high.  The  three  roses  retain  their  original 
glass,  but  the  remainder  of  the  glass  is  modern.  The 
choir-screen  is  carved  with  interesting  New  Testament  re- 
liefs of  the  14th  century. 

Notre  Dame  de  Brou.  A  church  at  Bourg, 
France,  in  the  latest  florid-Pointed  style,  built 
by  Margaret  of  Austria  between  1505  and  1536. 
The  west  front  has  three  pediments  and  a  richly  carved 
porch;  tlie  nave  is  simple,  but  the  choir  is  splendidly 
decorated  as  the  mausoleum  of  Margaret  of  Austria,  her 
husband  Philibert  le  Beau  of  Savoy,  and  her  mother-in- 
law.  The  tombs,  especially  that  of  the  prince,  are  adorned 
with  a  profusion  of  statues  and  minor  sculptures.  The 
carved  rood-screen  and  choir-stalls  are  of  rare  excellence. 

Notre  Dame  de  la  Salette  (no'tr  dam  de  la  sa- 
let').  A  locality  in  France,  in  the  Alps  near 
Grenoble.  It  is  noted  as  the  scene  of  an  alleged  appear- 
ance of  the  Virgin  in  1846.    It  is  a  place  of  pilgrimage. 

Notre  Dame  de  Paris.  A  prose  romance  by 
Victor  Hugo,  published  in  1831.  The  scene  is  laid 
at  Paris  in  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XI.  It  is  a  vig- 
orous but  somber  picture  of  medieval  manners. 

Nott  (not),  Eliphalet,  Born  at  Ashford,  Conn., 
June  25, 1773:  died  at  Schenectady, N.  Y.,  Jan. 
29,  1866.    An  American  educator,  president  of 


Nott,  Eliphalet 

Union  College,  Schenectady,  1804-66.  He  pub- 
lished "CounselBto  YoungMen"(1810),  "Lectures  on  Tem- 
perance "  (1847),  etc. 

Kott,  Josiah  Clark.  Bom  at  Columbia,  S.  C, 
March  24, 1804:  died  at  Mobile,  Ala.,  March  31, 
1873.  An  American  ethnologist.  Rewrote  "Con- 
nection between  the  Biblical  and  Physical  History  of  Man  " 
(1849),  "Physical  History  ol  the  Jewish  Race  "  (1860),  and, 
conjointly  with  Gliddon,  "Types  of  Mankind "(1864),  "In- 
digenous Races  of  the  Earth"  (1867),  etc. 

Nottingham  (not'ing-am),  or  Nottingham- 
shire.  [ME.  NoUnghamschire,  AS.  SnoUngham- 
scw.]  A  north  midland  county  of  England,  itis 
bounded  by  Yorkshire  on  the  northwest,  Lincoln  on  the 
east,  Leicester  on  the  south,  and  Derby  on  the  west.  Its 
surface  is  level  and  undulating.  It  has  coal-mines,  and 
important  manufactures  of  hosiery  and  lace,  and  contains 
remains  of  Sherwood  Forest  (the  haunt  of  Robin  Hood). 
Area,  843  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  445,823. 

Nottingham.  [ME.  Notingham,  AS.  Snoiinga- 
ham,  dwelling  of  the  Snotings.]  The  capital 
of  the  county  of  Nottingham,  England,  situated 
near  the  Trent,  in  lat.  52°  58'  N.,  long.  1°  6'  W. 
It  is  the  center  of  the  English  lace  and  hosiery  manufacture, 
and  has  also  manufactures  of  silk,  etc.  It  contains  a  castle. 
University  College,  and  a  very  large  market-place.  It  was 
one  of  the  Five  Boroughs  of  the  Danes,  and  was  recon- 
quered by  Edward  the  Elder.  Its  castle  was  built  by  William 
the  Conqueror.  Here  Mortimer  and  Queen  Isabella  were 
captured  in  1330.  Charles  I.  raised  his  standard  here,  in 
1642,  as  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war.  The  castle  was  de- 
stroyed in  the  civil  war,  and  again  by  a  Reform  Bill  mob  in 
1831.  The  town  was  the  scene  of  the  Luddite  riots.  It  re- 
turns 3  members  to  Parliament.  Population (1901),  239,763. 

Nottingham,  Earls  of.  See  Much  and  Mowbray. 

Nottoway  (not'o-wa).  [PI.,  also  NoUoways. 
The  name  means '  snake,'  figuratively '  enemy.'] 
A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  formerly  liv- 
ing on  the  river  of  the  same  name  in  southern 
Virginia.  They  are  now  extinct.  Beelroguoian. 

Notts.    An  abbreviation  of  Nottinghamshire. 

Noumea  (no-ma-a').  The  capital  of  the  French 
colony  of  New  Caledonia.  Population,  about 
4,000. 

Noureddin,  orNureddin(nor-ed-den')  (Malek- 
al-Adel  Nureddin  Mahmoud).  Bom  at  Da- 
mascus about  1116:  died  about  1173.  Sultan 
of  Syria  from  about  1145.  He  conquered  Egypt 
and  became  its  sultan. 

Nourmahal  (n8r-ma-hal').  ['Light  of  the 
Harem.']  One  of  the  ladies  of  the  harem  of  the 
calif  Harun-al-Rashid.  The  story  of  his  quarrel  and 
reconcilement  with  her  is  told  in  Moore's  poem  "  Th&Light 
of  the  Harem."  She  was  afterward  called  Nourjehan,  or 
•Light  of  the  World.' 

Nouronihar  (no-ron-i-har')-  In  Beckford's 
"  Vathek,"  the  daughter  of  Pakreddin,  a  mis- 
chievous girl  with  whom  Vathek  falls  in  love, 
and  who  accompanies  him  to  the  hall  of  Eblis. 

Nourrit  (no-re ') ,  Adolphe.  Bom  at  Paris,  March 
3, 1802:  diedatNaples, March  8, 1839.  APrench 
tenor  singer,  son  of  Louis  Nourrit  (1780-1831), 
also  a  tenor.  He  made  hia  first  appearance  at  Paris  in 
1821,  and  from  1826-36  created  all  the  first  tenor  parts  at 
the  Academic.  He  retired  in  1837  on  the  engagement  of 
Duprez,  and  went  to  Italy,  and  his  mind  being  weakened 
by  his  disappointment  and  by  jealousy  of  Duprez,  he  killed 
himself  in  a  fit  of  delirium.    Qrove. 

Nouvelle  H§loise,  Julie  on  la  (zhti-le'  e  la 
no-vel'  a-lo-ez').  A  sentimental  novel  by  J.  J. 
Bousseau,  published  in  1761. 

This  is  a  story  told  chiefly  in  the  form  of  letters,  and  re- 
counting the  love  of  a  noble  young  lady,  Julie,  for  Saint- 
Preux,  a  man  of  low  rank,  with  a  kind  of  after-piece  de- 
picting Julie's  married  life  with  a  respectable  but  prosaic 
Iree-thinker,  M.  de  Wolmar.  This  famous  book  set  the 
example,  first,  of  the  novel  of  sentiment ;  secondly,  of  the 
novel  of  landscape-painting.  Many  eflf orts  have  been  made 
to  dethrone  Rousseau  from  his  position  of  teacher  of  Eu- 
rope in  point  of  sentiment  and  the  picturesque,  but  they 
have  had  no  real  success.  Iti8to"La  Nouvelle  H^loise"  that 
both  sentimental  and  picturesque  fictions  fairly  owe  their 
■original  popularity;  yet  "Julie"  cannot  be  called  a  good 
novel.  Its  direct  narrative  interest  is  but  small,  Its  char- 
acters too  intensely  drawn,  or  else  too  merely  conventional, 
its  plot  far  too  meagre.  It  is  in  isolated  passages  of  de- 
scription, and  in  the  fervent  passion  which  pervades  parts 
of  it,  that  its  value,  and  at  the  same  time  its  importance 
in  the  history  of  novel-writing,  consist. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  423. 

Nouvion(n8-vy6n').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Aisne,  France,  33  miles  north  of  Laon.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  3,110. 

Nouzon  (n6-z6n').  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  department  of  Ardennes,  France,  situated 
on  the  Meuse  5  miles  north-northeast  of  M6- 
zi^res.     Population  (1891),  commune,  6,741. 

Novalis  (no-va'lis) :  pseudonym  of  Friedrich 
von  Hardenberg.  Born  on  the  paternal  estate 
Wiederstedt,  Mansf  eld,  Germany,  May  2,  1772 : 
died  at  Weissenf  els,  March  25, 1801.  A  German 
lyriepoet.  He  studied  Jurisprudence  at  Jena,  Leipsic, 
und  Wittenberg.  In  1794  he  received  a  subordinate  judi- 
cial position  at  Tennstadt  in  Thuringia,  which,  however, 
he  soon  abandoned  to  take  up  mininpr  engineering  as  offer- 
ing more  rapid  advancement.  He  died  at  the  age  of  29. 
His  lyric  poems  are  both  secular  and  religious.    "Hymnen 


746 

an  die  Nacht"  ("Hymns  to  Night")  are  lyrics  in  prose 
evoked  by  the  death  of  Sophie  von  £uhn,  to  whom  he  was 
engaged.  A  novel,  "Heinrich  von  Ofterdingen,"  is  frag- 
mentary. As  a  writer  he  belongs  to  the  so-called  older 
Romantic  school,  of  which  he  was  the  best  lyric  poet.  His 
collected  writings  were  published  at  Berlin,  1802,  in  2  vols., 
to  which  were  added  a  third  (Berlin,  1846)  and  "Elne  Nach- 
lese"("Gleanings'':  Gotha,1873).  His  correspondence  with 
the  Schlegels  was  published  at  Mainz  in  1880. 

Novara(n6-va'ra).  1.  A  province  in  Piedmont, 
Italy,  bordering  on  Switzerland.  Area,  2,553 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  732,104. — 2. 
The  capital  of  the  province  of  Novara,  29 
miles  west  of  Milan :  the  ancient  Novaria.  it  is 
a  commercial,  manufacturing,  and  railway  center.  The 
cathedral,  founded  In  390,  but  essentially  of  the  11th  cen- 
tury, though  injured  by  modern  alteration  and  decora- 
tion, is  one  of  the  rare  Italian  examples  of  the  union  of 
church  and  towers.  The  Baptistery,  essentially  of  the  11th 
century,  though  of  much  older  foundation,  is  octagonal, 
36  feet  in  diameter,  with  a  domical  vault.  The  ancient  font 
of  white  marble  is  carved  with  pilasters,  diaper-work, 
and  oak-foliage.  Battles  were  fought  by  the  French  here 
in  1496  and  1600  ;  andinl513  the  Swissdeteated  the  French. 
In  1821  the  Austrians  defeated  the Piedmontese  insurgents. 
The  most  famous  battle  of  Novara  is  that  of  March  23, 
1349,  when  the  Austrians  under  Radetzky  defeated  the  Sar- 
dinians under  Charles  Albert.  The  latter  immediately 
abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son  Victor  Emmanuel.  Popula- 
tion (1892),  38,000. 

Novara  Expedition.  An  Austrian  scientific 
expedition  around  the  world  in  the  frigate  No- 
vara, 1857-59. 

Nova  Scotia  (no'va  sko'shia).  [L.,  'New Soot- 
land.']  A  maritime  province  of  the  Dominion 
of  Canada.  Capital,  Halifax,  it  consists  mainly 
of  a  peninsula  bounded  by  New  Brunswick  (separated  by 
the  Bay  of  Fundy)  on  the  northwest,  Northumberland 
Strait  (separating  it  from  Prince  Edward  Island)  and  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  on  the  north,  the  Gut  of  Canso  (sep- 
arating it  from  Cape  Breton)  on  the  northeast  and  the 
Atlantic  on  the  south  and  southwest ;  but  also  includes 
the  island  of  Cape  Breton,  northeast  of  the  peninsula.  Its 
surface  is  undulating,  and  is  traversed  by  several  ranges 
of  hills.  It  has  a  long  coast-line.  There  are  mines  of 
coal,  gold,  gypsum,  and  iron.  The  leading  industries 
are  fisheries,  agriculture,  and  mining.  It  has  18  coun- 
ties. Government  is  administered  by  a  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor (with  an  executive  council),  a  legislative  council  (21 
members),  and  a  legislative  assembly  (38  members).  The 
province  is  represented  in  the  Dominion  Parliament  by 
10  senators  and  18  members  of  the  House  of  Commons. 
Nova  Scotia  was  discovered  by  the  Cabots  in  1497.  Un- 
successful attempts  at  settlement  were  made  by  the  French 
under  De  Monts  in  1604  and  succeeding  years.  It  was 
granted  to  Sir  William  Alexander  in  1621,  but  was  settled 
by  the  French  later,  forming  part  of  Acadia.  Nova  Scotia 
baronets  were  created  by  Charles  I,  It  was  taken  by 
England  in  1664,  given  to  France  in  1667,  and  finally  ceded 
to  England  in  1713.  The  French  settlers  (Acadians)  were 
expelled  in  1755.  A  constitution  was  granted  in  1768.  New 
Brunswick  was  separated  from  it  in  1784 ;  Cape  Breton 
was  separated  in  1784,  but  reunited  in  1819.  It  joined  the 
Dominion  in  1867.  Area,  20,550  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion'(1901),  459,674. 

Novatian  (no-va'shian),  L.  Novatianus  (no- 
va-shi-a'nus).  Lived  in  the  middle  of  the  3d 
century.  A  Roman  presbyter,  founder  of  the 
sect  of  the  Novatians.  He  had  himself  consecrated 
bishop  of  Rome  in  opposition  to  Cornelius  in  251.  He  is 
also  called  Novatus. 

Novatians  (no-va'shianz).  In  church  history, 
a  sect  founded  in  the  3d  century  by  Novatianus, 
or  Novatus  (see  above),  and  by  Novatus  of 
Carthage.  Novatianus  denied  that  the  church  had 
power  to  absolve  or  restore  to  communion  those  who  after 
Christian  baptism  had  lapsed  or  fallen  into  idolatry  in 
time  of  persecution ;  and  his  followers  appear  to  have  re- 
fused the  grant  of  forgiveness  to  all  grave  post-baptismal 
sin,  and  denied  the  validity  of  Catholic  baptism,  consider- 
ing themselves  the  true  church.  They  assumed  the  name 
of  Catbari, '  the  Pure,'  on  the  strength  of  their  severity  of 
discipline.  In  other  respects  they  diif  ered  very  littlef  rom 
the  Catholics ;  and  they  were  generally  received  back  into 
communion  on  comparatively  favorable  terms.  The  sect 
continued  to  the  6tli  century. 

Nova  Zeelandia  (no'va  ze-lan'di-a).  [L., '  New 
Zealand.']  The  name  given  by  the  Dutch  to 
their  settlements  on  the  Esseqnibo  Kiver,  Gui- 
ana, in  1596. 

Nova  Zambia  (no'va  zem'bla).  Buss.  Novaya 
Zemlya  (no'va-ya  zem-lya').  ['New Land.'] 
An  uninhabited  double  island  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  situated  north  of  Russia  and  northwest 
of  Siberia,  belonging  to  the  government  of  Arch- 
angel, Russia.  It  is  separated  into  two  parts  by  the 
narrow  Matotchkin  Shar,  and  is  separated  from  the  main- 
land by  Kara  Sea  (and  indu'ectly  by  Kara  Strait).  The 
surface  is  elevated  and  mountainous.  It  is  visited  by 
hunters  and  fishermen.  It  was  discovered  by  the  English 
in  the  middle  of  the  16th  century.  Length,  about  600 
miles.    Area,  36,000  square  miles. 

Novel  (nov'el).  A  character  in  Wycherley's 
comedy  "The  Plain  Dealer."  He  is  a  pert  coxcomb 
"who,  rather  than  not  rail,  will  rail  at  the  dead,  whom 
none  speak  ill  of ;  rather  than  not  flatter,  will  flatter  the 
poets  af  the  age,  whom  none  will  flatter"  (ii.  1).  He  is 
a  greaOover  of  novelties,  and  makes  love  to  Olivia. 

Novello  (no-vel'lo),  Clara  Anastasia.    Bom 

June  10,  1818.  An  English  soprano  singer, 
daughter  of  Vincent  Novello.  she  studied  at  the 
Conservatoire  in  Paris  In  1829,  and  made  her  first  appear- 
ance at  a  concert  In  1833.  She  was  successful  In  concert- 


Noviodunum 

singing,  but  went  to  Italy  in  1839,  studied  for  the  stage, 
and  made  her  first  appearance  in  "  Semiram ide  "  at  Fadua 
in  1841.  She  appeared  in  oratorio  in  England  in  1851, 
and  was  even  more  acceptable  in  this  than  in  the  other 
two  branches  of  her  art.  She  ceased  singing  in  public  in 
1860.    She  married  Count  Gigliucci  In  1843. 

Novello,  Joseph  Alfred.  Bom  1810 :  died  July 
17,  1896.  A  music-publisher,  son  of  Vincent 
Novello.  He  opened  an  establishment  as  a  regnlar  pub- 
lisher of  music  iu  1829,  now  known  as  "Novello,  Ewer  and 
Co.,"  continuing  the  publications  begun  by  his  father, 
among  them  "Pui'cell's  Sacred  Music."  He  introduced 
Mendelssohn's  works  to  the  English  public,  and  was  promi- 
nent in  furthering  the  interests  of  art  and  science,  and  also  ' 
introduced  a  system  of  printing  cheap  music.  He  retired 
from  business  in  1856,  and  went  to  Italy,  where  he  inter, 
ested  himself  In  studying  the  properties  of  water  and  the 
constrnction  of  ships. 

Novello,  Vincent.  Bom  at  London,  Sept.  6, 
1781:  died  at  Nice,  France,  Aug.  9,  1861.  An 
English  composer  and  musical  editor,  in  isil  he 
began  to  publish  music  from  his  private  house.  This  was 
the  origin  of  the  firm  known  later  as  Novello,  Ewer  and 
Co.    See  Novello,  Joseph  Alfred. 

November  (no-vem'ber).  [From  L.  November, 
also  Novembfis,  the  ninth  month  (reckoning 
from  March).]  The  eleventh  month  of  the 
year,  containing  thirty  days. 

Novempopulana  (no-vem-pop-u-la'nS),  or  No- 
vempopiHania  (no-vem-pop-u-la'ni-a).  _A  Ro- 
man province  of  southwestern  Gaul,  in  the 
later  empire. 

Noverre  (no-var'),  Jean  Georges.  Bom  at 
Paris,  March  29,  1727:  died  at  Saint-Germain- 
en-Laye,  France,  Nov.  19,  1810.  A  French 
dancing-master,  writer  on  dancing,  and  com- 
poser of  ballets,  noted  for  his  improvements  in 
the  development  of  the  ballet. 

Novgorod  (nov'go-rod).  ['Newtown.']  1.  A 
government  of  Russia,  surrounded  by  the  gov- 
ernments of  St.  Petersburg,  Olonetz,  Vologda, 
YaroslafE,  Tver,  and  Pskoff.  It  contains  the 
Valdai  Hills  in  the  south.  Area,  47,236  square 
miles.  Population  (1890),  1,254,900.—  2'.  The 
capital  of  Novgorod,  situated  on  the  VolkhofE, 
near  Lake  Ilmen,  100  miles  south-southeast  of 
St.  Petersburg.  The  Cathedral  of  St.  Sophia,  within 
the  walls  of  the  highly  picturesque  Kremlin,  or  citadel, 
was  built  in  the  middle  of  the  11th  century  by  workmen 
from  Constantinople ;  and,  despite  several  restorations.  It 
retains  in  gi'eat  measure  its  Byzantine  character.  The 
dimensions  are  106  by  119  feet,  and  161  feet  high  to  the 
apex  of  the  central  dome,  which  rests  on  8  quadrangular 
piers.  There  are  4  fianking  domes,  and  a  sixth  dome  over 
the  sacristy.  The  cathedral  abounds  in  tombs  of  artistic 
and  historical  interest,  and  in  rich  church  furniture,  the 
carved  stalls  of  the  czar  and  the  metropolitan  and  the 
old  bronze  doors  with  reliefs  being  especially  noteworthy. 
The  iconostasis  bears  several  fine  old  icons.  Novgorod  is  / 
one  of  the  oldest  cities  of  Russia.  It  invited  the  Varan- 
gians for  Russian  defense  about  862.  In  medieval  times 
it  was  one  of  the  largest  cities  of  Russia  and  one  of  the 
leading  commercialcenters  of  Europe, and  was  the  capital  of 
an  independent  state.  It  was  brought  under  the  dominion 
of  Moscow  about  1478,  and  was  sacked  by  Ivan  the  Terri- 
ble in  1570.  Its  commercial  importance  has  been  entirely 
destroyed  by  the  foundation  of  St.  Petersburg  and  the  In- 
troductlon  of  railways.    Population  (1893),  25,068. 

Novgorod,  Principality  of.  The  principality 
which  lay  around  ttie  city  of  Novgorod,  Russia, 
and  was  founded  by  Rurik  the  Varangian  about 
862.  It  was  thus  the  nucleus  of  the  Russian  monarchy. 
Under  Kurik's  successor  the  capital  was  transferred  to 
Eieff .  Novgorod  continued  as  a  "  republican  principality  " 
with  many  privileges.  Its  territories  included  at  its 
height  Ingria,  Karelia,  part  of  Esthonia  and  Livonia,  Per- 
mia,  Petchora,  and  large  tracts  in  northern  Russia.  It  was 
subdued  by  Ivan  III.,  grand  prince  of  Moscow,  and  its 
existence  as  a  separate  commonwealth  ended  in  1478. 

Novgorod-Seversk  (uov'go-rod-sev'ersk).  A 
town  in  the  government  of  TchernigofE,  Rus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Desna  88  miles  east-north- 
east of  TchemigofE.    Population  (1893),  8,530. 

Novgorod-Seversk  (nov '  go  -  rod  -  se  v '  ersk), 
Principality  of.  A  medieval  principality  of 
Russia.  It  was  annexed  by  Muscovy  about 
1523. 

Novi,  or  Novi  Ligure  (no've  le-go're).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Alessandria,  Italy,  25  miles 
north  of  Genoa,  it  is  noted  for  Its  silk  manufacture 
and  trade.  Here,  Aug.  16,  1799,  the  Russians  and  Austri- 
ans under  Suvaroff  and  Melas  defeated  the  French  under 
Joubert,  who  was  killed  in  the  battle.  The  French  loss 
amounted  to  11,000. 

Novibazar  (no-ve-ba-zar'),  or  Yenibazar  (ya- 
ne-ba-zar').  A  town  in  Bosnia,  situated  on  the 
Rashka  in  lat.  43°  5'  N.,  long.  20°  35'  E. :  an 
important  strategic  point.  It  was  occupied  by 
Austria  in  1879.    Population,  estimated,  12, 000. 

Novikoff  (nov'i-kof),  Nikolai.  Born  in  the 
government  of  Moscow,  Russia,  1744 :  died  near 
Moscow,  1818.  A  Russian  journalist  and  pro- 
moter of  education.  He  fell  under  government  sus- 
picion, and  was  Imprisoned  by  Catharine.  He  was  not  re- 
leased till  after  her  death.  He  was  a  brilliant  and  spirited 
writer. 

Noviodunum  (nd"vi-o-du.'num).  In  ancient 
geography,  a  name  given  (a)  to  a  town  of  the 


Noviodunum 

Bituriges,  in  central  Gaul  (exact  location  un- 
■known);  (6)  to  Nevers;  («)  to  Noyon;  (d)  to 
Nyon ;  and  (e)  to  Soissons. 

Noviomagus  (no-vi-om'a-gus).  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a  name  given  (a)  to  Lisieux;  (6)  to 
Nimwegen;  (c)  to  Noyon;  (d)_  to  Spires;  and 
(e)  to  a  town  of  the  Eegni,  in  Britain,  near  Brom- 
ley. 

Novo-Bayazet  (no'vo-ba-ya-sef),  ox  Noviy- 

Bayazet  (no'viy-ba-ya-set').    A  town  in  the 

,  government  o£  Brivan,  Transcaucasia,  Eussia, 

30  miles  east-northeast  of  Erivan.    Population 

(1891),  7,488. 

l!IOVOgeorgievsk(no-v6-ga-or-ge-evsk').  1.  A 
town  in  the  government  of  Kherson,  Eussia, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Tyasmin  with 
the  Dnieper,  75  miles  southwest  of  Pultowa. 
Called  also  Kriloff.  Population,  9,560. — 2.  An 
important  fortress  in  Poland,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Bug  and  Vistula,  18  miles  northwest  of  War- 
Saw.  It  was  taken  by  the  Bussiana  from  the  French  in 
1813,  and  from  the  Poles  in  1831.    Called  also  Modlin. 

IfoVOgrudok  (no-vo-gro'dok).  A  town  in  the 
government  of  Minsk,  Eussia,  75  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Minsk.    Population,  12,715. 

IToVOkllopersk  (n6-vo-6h6-persk').  A  town  in 
the  government  of  Voronezh,  Eussia,  situated 
on  the  Khoper  112  miles  east-southeast  of  Vo- 
ronezh.    Population  (1893),  6,095. 

Novomoskovsk  (n6-vo-mos-kovsk'%  A  town 
in  the  government  of  YekaterinoslafE,  southern 
Eussia,  on  the  Samara  17  miles  north-north- 
east of  YekaterinoslafE.    Population,  19,106. 

Novoradomsk  (no-vo-ra-domsk').  A  town  in 
the  government  of  Piotrkow,  Eussian  Poland, 
102  miles  southwest  of  Warsaw.  Population 
(1892),  9,275. 

NovorUSSia  (no-vo-rush'ia).  A  name  given  to 
Bessarabia  and  Kherson-. " 

Novosybkoff  (no-vo-seb'kof).  A  town  in  the 
government  of  TohernigofE,  Eussia,  72  miles 
north  by  east  of  Tchernigoif.  Population  (1893), 
15,156. 

ITOVO-Tcherkask  (no-vo-eher-kask').  The  cap- 
ital of  the  province  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  Eus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Aksai  about  lat.  47°  28' 
N.,  long.  40°  9'  E.  It  was  founded  in  1805, 
and  has  considerable  trade.  Population  (1892), 
39,210. 

Uovum  Organum  (no'vum  6r'ga-num),  [L., '  a 
new  method.']  The  chief  philosophical  work  of 
Francis  Bacon,  written  in  Latin,  and  published 
in  1620.  In  it  he  describes  his  new  method  of 
investigating  nature.  * 

ITowanagar,  or  Nowanuggur  (no-wa-nu-gur'), 
or  Nawanagar  (na-wa-na-gar').  1.  A  native 
state  in  India,  tributary  to  Great  Britain,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  22°  15'  N.,  long.  70°  E.— 3.  A  sea- 
port, capital  of  Nowanagar,  situated  about  lat. 
22°  27'  N.    Population  (1891),  48.530. 

Nowell  (no'el),  Alexander.  Bom  in  Lanca- 
shire, England,  about  1507 :  died  Feb. ,  1602.  An 
English  ecclesiastic.  He  was  educated  at  Brasenose 
College,  Oxford.  He  was  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  and  prolocu- 
tor of  the  convocation  that  met  in  Jan.,  1663,  with  the  ob- 
ject of  church  reform,  when  the  articles  were  revised  and 
reduced  from  42  to  39.  They  became  law  in  1571.  He 
compiled  th  e  Larger,  Middle,  and  Small  church  catechisms, 
which  were  published  separately  in  1570  and  1572. 

Nowell,  Robert,  Born  in  Lancashire  about 
1520:  died  at  Gray's  Inn,  London,  Feb.  6, 1569. 
An  English  lawyer,  abrother  of  Alexander  New- 
ell. He  obtained  many  good  appointments,  and  became 
rich.  He  is  principally  remembered  for  a  fund  which  he 
established  by  his  will  for  benefactions  to  the  poor.  His 
,  brothers  and  John  Towneley  were  his  executors,  and  left  a 
'  list  of  the  persons  to  whom  money  was  paid.  This  list 
came  into  the  possession  of  the  family  of  John  Towneley, 
and  was  discovered  by  H.  B.  Knowles  at  Towneley  Hall, 
and  published  in  his  report  to  the  Historical  Manuscripts 
Commission  in  1837.  It  contains  important  facts  regard- 
ing Edmund  Spenser,  who  was  one  of  the  poor  scholars 
benefited  from  time  to  time.  The  list  was  printed  by 
Grosart  in  1871,  entitled  "The  Spending  of  the  Money  of 
Robert  Nowell  of  Reade  Hall,  Lancashire,  etc." 

No  Wit,  No  Help  like  a  Woman's.  A  com- 
edy of  intrigue  by  Middleton,  acted  in  1613-14. 
Shirley  revived  it,  somewhat  altered,  in  1638  as  "No  Wit 
to  a  Woman's."    It  was  not  printed  till  1657. 

Nox.    See  Nyx. 

Noy(noi),  William.  Born,  probably inBuryan, 
Cornwall,  1577:  died  Aug.  9, 1634.  An  English 
jurist.  He  matriculated  at  OxfordfExeter  College)April 
27,  1693,  and  studied  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  He  sat  in 
Parliament  from  1604  until  his  death.  In  Oct.,  1631,  he 
was  appointed  attorney-general.  After  his  death  were 
published  his  "On  the  Grounds  and  Maxims  of  the  Laws 
of  this  Kingdom"  (1641)  and  "The  Compleat  Lawyer" 
(1661),  etc. 

Noyades  (nwa-yad')-  C^v  'drownings.']  In 
French  history,  executions  practised  during  the 


747 

Eeign  of  Terror  by  the  Eevolutionary  agent  Car- 
rier at  Nantes  toward  the  close  of  1793  and  the 
beginning  of  1794.  The  prisoners,  having  beenbound, 
were  embarked  in  a  vessel  with  a  movable  bottom,  which 
was  suddenly  opened  when  the  vessel  reached  the  middle 
of  the  Loire,  the  condemned  persons  being  thus  precipi- 
tated into  the  water. 

Noyes  (noiz),  George  Bapall.  Bom  at  New- 
buryport,  Mass.,  March  6,  1798:  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  June  3, 1868.  An  American  bib- 
lical scholar.  His  works  are  chiefly  translations 
of  various  portions  of  the  Scriptures. 

Noyes,  John  Humphrey.  Bom  at  Brattleboro, 
Vt.,  Sept.,  1811:  died  at  Niagara  Falls,  Canada, 
April  13, 1886.  An  American  perfectionist  and 
communist.  He  established  a  society  of  perfectionists 
at  Putney,  Vermont,  about  1835,  and  founded  the  Oneida 
Community  in  Madison  County,  New  York,  1847-48.  He 
wrote  a  "History  of  American  Socialism,"  etc. 

Noyon  (nwa-y6n').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Oise,  France,  situated  on  the  Verse  58  miles 
north-northeast  of  Paris :  the  Eoman  Noviodu- 
num  Veromanduorum .  The  cathedral  is  a  monument 
chiefly  of  the  time  of  transition  from  Romanesque  to  Point- 
ed. Both  transepts  have  semicircular  ends,  and  the  west 
front  possesses  a  triple  porch  and  twin  towers.  The  round 
and  pointed  types  occur  indiscriminately  amongthe  arches. 
The  13th-century  chapter-house  is  of  great  beauty.  Noyon 
was  formerly  the  seat  of  a  bishopric.  It  is  the  place  where 
Charles  the  Great  was  crowned,  where  Hugh  Capet  was 
chosen  king  in  987,  and  where  a  treaty  was  made  between 
Francis  I.  and  Charles  V.  in  1516.  It  was  the  birthplace 
of  Calvin.    Population  (1891),  commune,  6,144. 

Nozi,    See  Yanan. 

Nozze  Aldobrandlni  (not'se  al-do-bran-de'ne). 
[It.,  'the  Aldobrandlni  wedding':  referring  to 
the  owner  of  the  painting.]  A  celebrated  an- 
cient wall-painting  discovered  1606  in  an  ex- 
cavation at  Eome,  and  now  in  the  Vatican.  The 
subject  is  the  preparation  tor  a  wedding.  The  bride, 
crowned  with  myrtle,  is  attended  by  her  bridesmaid;  the 
bridegroom  is  wreathed  with  ivy;  and  at  one  side  three 
women  are  oifering  sacrifice  "for  the  couple. 

Nozze  di  Figaro  (not'se  de  fe'ga-ro).  [It., 
'Marriage  of  Figaro.']  An  opera  by  Mozart, 
produced  at  Vienna  in  1786.  The  libretto  was  adapt- 
ed by  Da  Ponte  from  the  "Mariage  de  Figaro"  byBeau- 
marchais.  It  was  played  at  Paris  with  Beaumarchais's 
words  as  "Le  mariage  de  Figaro"  in  1793,  and  as  "Les 
noces  de  Figaro,"  words  by  Barbier  and  Oarr^,  in  1858. 
Grme. 

Nuba  (nS'ba).  A  nation  of  the  Nile  valley  which 
occupies  the  stretch  between  the  first  and  sec- 
ond cataracts,  to  which  place  it  was  brought 
from  Meroe  by  Diocletian  16  centuries  ago. 
After  adopting  Christianity,  these  Nubas  or  Nubians 
founded,  under  Silko,  the  Christian  state  of  Dongola, 
which  lasted  until  661.  They  adopted  Islam  only  in  1320, 
and  became  subjects  of  the  khedive  in  1815.  Lepsius  says 
they  are  descendants  of  the  ancient  nation  of  Uaua.  In 
race  they  are  mixed  Nigritic  and  Eamitic.  Their  language 
has  preserved  a  Nigritic  structure.  The  Nubas  of  Djebel 
Deyer,  south  of  Kordof  an,  from  whom  the  Dongolan  Nubas 
descend,  are  still  pure  negroes.  The  dialects  of  Nuba  are 
Mahas  or  Sukkod,  Keuiis,  Dongola,  and  Fadisha.  See 
Nvba-Fvlah. 

Nuba-Fulall(no'ba-fo'la).  A  group  of  African 
tribes  and  languages  originated  by  Friedrioh 
Miiller  and  adopted  by  E.  N.  Cust,  and  misun- 
derstood by  many  Africanists.  It  is  not  a  race  or 
a  family  of  languages,  but  a  grouping  of  tribes  and  lan- 
guages of  mixed  type  which  the  present  state  of  knowledge 
and  their  mixed  nature  will  not  permit  to  be  assigned  with 
certainty  to  the  Hamitic  or  Negro  families.  It  is  made  to 
include  the  Nuba,  Koldaji,  Tumale,  Konjara,  Kwafl,  Masai, 
Berta,  Kamamil,  Funji,  Krej,  Nyam-Nyam,  Mombuttu,  and 
the  Fulahs  of  western  Sudan.  As  knowledge  progresses, 
these  disconnected  tribes  and  langua^ges  will  be  subordi- 
nated to  the  Hamitic  and  Negro  families.  Some  tribes  be- 
long by  race  rather  to  one,  and  by  language  rather  to  the 
other,  family.  The  Fulahs,  the  Masai,  and  the  Kwafl  are 
rather  Hamitic  in  race  and  customs,  the  Nyam-Nyam  and 
Mombuttu  more  Nigritic. 

NubarPasha(n6'barpash'&).  Bomin  1825:  died 
at  Paris,  Jan.  14, 1899.  An  Egyptian  statesman 
and  diplomatist.  He  was  anibassadoratViennainl864; 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  under  Ismail  Pasha  1867-76 ;  and 
premier  1878-79, 1884-88,  and  April,  1894,-Nov.,  1895. 

Nubia  (nii'bi-a).  A  region  in  Africa,  bounded  by 
Egypt  (from  about  the  neighborhood  of  Wady- 
Half  a,inlat.  21°  51'  N. )  on  the  north, the  Ked  Sea 
on  the  east,  Abyssinia,  Sennaar,  and  Kordofan 
on  the  south,  and  the  desert  on  the  west.  It  is 
not  a  political  division.  The  chief  portions  are  the  valley 
of  the  Nile  and  Taka.  It  is  nominally  an  Egyptian  pos- 
session. The  chief  city  is  Khartum,  at  the  junction  of  the 
White  NUe  and  the  Blue  Nile.  The  inhabitants  are  Nubas 
(see  Nuba),  Arabs,  and  Ababdeh  (Hamitic).  It  was  sub- 
ject to  Thothmes  III. ;  was  part  of  the  ancient  Ethiopia ; 
and  was  conquered  by  the  forces  of  Mehemet  All  in  1820- 
1822.  It  fell  into  the  power  of  the  Mahdi  in  1883 ;  and  it 
was  the  scene  of  English-Egyptian  expeditions  in  1883-85. 
The  Nubians,  in  spite  of  their  black  skins,  are  usually 
classed  among  the  handsomest  of  mankind,  just  as  the 
negroes  are  among  the  ugliest.  They  are  tall,  spare,  and 
well-proportioned.  The  hair  is  black  and  fairly  straight^ 
and  there  is  very  little  of  it  on  the  body.  The  nostrils  and 
lips  are  thin,  the  eyes  dark,  the  nose  somewhat  aquiline. 
The  flat  feet  with  wliich  they  are  credited  are  not  a  racial 
characteristic,  but  are  due  to  their  walking  without  shoes. 


Nugent 

As  among  the  Egyptians,  the  second  toe  is  longer  than  the 
first.  Constitutionally  the  Nubians  are  delicate,  and  are 
peculiarly  sensitive  to  pneumonia.  They  sutler  also  from 
early  decay  of  the  teeth,  and  are  not  a  long-lived  race. 

e,  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  51. 


Nuble  (nyo'bla)  A  province  of  Chile,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  37°  S.,  bordering  on  the  Argentine 
Eepublic.  Capital,  Chilian.  Area,  3,556  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  161,689. 

Nuceria.    See  Nocera. 

Nuddea.    See  Nadiya. 

Nueces  (nwa'ses).  ['  Walnut  river.']  A  river 
in  southwestern  Texas  which  flows  by  Corpus 
Christi  Bay  into  the  GuU  of  Mexico.  Length, 
about  400  miles. 

Nueva  Andalucia  (nwa'va  an-da-lo-the'a). 
['New  Andalucia.']  1.  The  district  in  north- 
western South  America  ceded  to  Ojeda  in  1508, 
and  later  to  Heredia.  it  corresponded  to  the  coast  of 
Colombia  from  Cape  Vela  to  the  Gulf  of  Darien.  Ancient 
and  modern  authors  frequently  confuse  this  name  with 
Castilla  del  Oro  (which  see). 

2.  A  name  given  to  the  Amazon  region  ceded 
to  Orellana  in  1544.    See  Orellana,  Francisco  de. 

Nueva  Espana.     See  New  Spain. 

Nueva  Gralicia  (ga-le'the-a).  ['  New  Galicia.'] 
A  primary  division  of  colonial  New  Spain,  or 
Mexico,  long  known  officially  as  Eeino  de  Nueva 
Galicia.  Its  limits  varied  at  different  times,  but  during 
the  greater  part  of  the  17th  and  18th  centuries  it  corre- 
sponded nearly  to  the  modem  states  of  Jalisco,  Aguas 
Galientes,  and  Zacatecas,  with  a  small  part  of  San  Luis 
PotoBi :  at  an  earlier  period  it  also  embraced,  for  a  time, 
Durango  and  Sinaloa.  It  was  partly  conquered  iu  1530 
by Nuilode  Guzman.  The  audienceof  Guadalajara,  created 
in  1548,  had  jurisdiction  over  Nueva  Galicia,  subject  to 
appeal  to  the  audience  of  Mexico.  The  governor,  who 
was  also  president  of  the  audience,  was  appointed  by  the 
king,  but  in  military  and  treasury  matters  was  subordinate 
to  the  viceroy  of  Kew  Spain.  In  1786  Nueva  Galicia  be- 
came the  intendency  of  Guadalajara.  After  1792  the 
Provincias  Internaa  (Sonora,  Sinaloa,  Durango,  Chihuahua, 
New  Mexico,  Coahuila,  and  Texas)  were  judicially  subor- 
dinate to  the  audience  of  Guadalajara. 

Nueva  Granada.    See  New  Granada. 

Nuevas  Ordenanzas.    See  New  Laws. 

Nueva  Toledo  (to-la'sno).  ['New  Toledo.'] 
The  official  name  of  the  territory  in  western 
South  America  granted  to  Diego  Almagro  in 
1534.  It  corresponded  nearly  to  northern  Chile,  western 
Bolivia,  and  a  small  part  of  Peru.  Disputes  as  to  its  boun- 
dary with  the  territory  granted  to  Pizarro  resulted  in  a 
civU  war  and  the  death  of  Almagro. 

Nueva  Valladolid  (val-ya-THo-leTH').  The 
colonial  name  of  Comayagua,  Honduras. 

Nueva  Vizcaya  (veth-M'a).  ['New  Biscay.'] 
A  colonial  division  of  New  Spain,  or  Mexico, 
corresponding  (nearly)  to  the  modern  states  of 
Durango,  Chihuahua,  Sinaloa,  Sonora,  and  the 
southern  part  of  Coahuila.  It  was  originally  called 
Copala.  Francisco  de  Ibarra,  who  conquered  a  part  of  it 
between  1560  and  1570,  named  it  Reino  de  la  NuevaVizcaya, 
an  appellation  which  it  retained  until  after  the  indepen- 
dence. During  the  17th  and  most  of  the  18th  century  the 
governor  of  NuevaVizcaya  was  subordinate  to  the  viceroy 
of  Mexico  only  in  military  and  treasury  affairs.  In  1777 
this  region  was  included  in  the  Provincias  Internas. 

NuevoLeon(la-6n').  ['NewLeon.']  1.  A  divis- 
ion of  colonialNewSpain, or  Mexico,correspond- 
ing  to  the  present  state  of  that  name  together 
with  portions  of  San  Luis  Potosi  and  Tamauli- 
pas.  It  was  long  known  as  the  Nuevo  Reino  de  Leon.  In 
1786  it  was  attached  to  the  intendency  of  San  Luis  Potosi. 

3.  A  State  in  northeastern  Mexico,  surrounded 
by  the  states  of  Coahuila,  Tamaulipas,  and  San 
Luis  Potosi.  Capital,  Monterey.  Area,  25,980 
square  miles.    Population  (1895),  309,607. 

Nuevo  Santander  (san-tan-dar').  A  division 
of  colonial  New  Spain,  or  Mexico,  correspond- 
ing (nearly)  to  the  modern  state  of  Tamau- 
Upas.  Officially,  imtil  1786,  it  was  known  as  a 
colony. 

Niifenen  (nil'f en-en)  Pass.  An  Alpine  pass 
between  the  cantons  of  Ticino  and  Valais,  Swit- 
zerland, connecting  the  Ticino  valley  at  Airolo 
with  that  of  the  upper  Ehone. 

Nugent  (nu'jent), Sir  George.  BominEngland, 
June  10,  175'7:  died  at  liittle  Marlow,  Berks, 
March  11, 1849.  An  English  soldier.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  military  academy  at  Woolwich ;  served  in  the 
American  war  1777-^3,  served  in  Flanders  under  the  Duke 
of  York,  and  Aras  made  major-general  in  1796.  He  served 
in  Ireland  1798 ;  was  made  a  barohet  in  1806  ■  became 
commander-in-chief  in  India  in  1811 ;  and  was  made  field- 
marshal  in  1846. 

Nugent,  George  Nugent  Grenville,  Baron. 
Born  at  Buckingham  Castle,  England,  Dec.  30, 
1788 :  died  Nov.  26,  1850.  An  English  states- 
man, second  son  of  the  Marquis  of  Buckingham. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford  ;  entered  Parliament  in  1812  ; 
became  Baron  Nugent  on  the  death  of  his  mother  in  1813 ; 
was  a  promoter  of  the  Reform  Bill ;  was  junior  lord  of  the 
treasury  in  1830 ;  and  was  lord  high  commissioner  of  the 
Ionian  Islands  1832-35.  He  published  "Oxford and  Locke  " 
(1829),  "Memorials  of  Hampden " (1832),  " Lauds  Classical 
and  Sacred"  (1845-46). 


Nugginali 

Nugginah,  or  Nuginah.    See  Nagina. 

Ntuts  (niie) .  A  town  in  the  department  of  Cote- 
d'Or,  France,  14  miles  south-southwest  of  Dijon. 
It  is  celebrated  lor  the  wines  prodaced  in  the  vicinity.  A 
victory  was  gained  here  by  the  Germans  under  Von  Wer- 
der  over  the  French  under  Cremer,  Dec.  1^  1870.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  3,654. 

Nuits,  Les.  [F.,  'the  nights.']  Four  poems 
by  Alfred  de  Musset,  published  in  1835-37. 
They  were  called  "Nuit  de  Mai,""Nuit  de  D&embre," 
"Nuit  d'Aoflt,"  and  "Nuit  d'Octobre." 

Nuits  Blanches,  Les.  [F.,  'sleepless  or  rest- 
less nights.']  A  name  given  to  a  series  of  18 
pianoforte  solos  by  Stephen  Heller. 

Nuitter  (niie-ta'):  anagram  of  the  surname  of 
Charles  Louis  fitienne  Truinet.  Born  at  Paris, 
1828 :  died  in  1899.  A  French  writer  of  vaude- 
villes and  librettos,  mostly  for  Offenbach's 
music. 

Nukahiva  (no-ka-e'va).  The  largest  of  the 
Marquesas  Islands. 

Nukha  (no'kha).  A  tovm  in  the  government 
of  Telisavetpol,  Transcaucasia,  Russia,  situated 
about  lat.  41°  12'  N.,  long.  47°  10'  B. :  noted 
for  its  silk  industry.   Population  (1891),  25,894. 

Nullification,  Ordinance  of.  An  ordinance 
passed  by  a  State  convention  of  South  Carolina, 
Nov.  19, 1832,  declaring  void  certain  acts  of  the 
United  States  Congress  levying  duties  and  im- 
posts on  imports,  and  threatening  that  any  at- 
tempt to  enforce  those  acts,  except  through  the 
courts  in  that  State,  would  be  followed  by  the 
secession  of  South  Carolina  from  the  Union .  It 
was  repealed  by  the  State  convention  which 
met  on  March  16, 1838.    See  Jackson,  Andrew. 

Numantia  (nu-man'shi-a).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, the  capital  of  the  Celtiberian  people  Are- 
vaci,  situated  on  the  Douro  near  the  modem 
Soria.  it  was  famous  on  account  of  its  siege  by  the  Ro- 
mans under  Scipio  Africanus  Miuor,  beginning  in  134  B.  o. 
It  was  taken  and  destroyed  in  133. 

Numantine  War  (nti'man-tia  w&r).  A  warbe- 
tweenthe  Bomans  andthe  Celtiberians  of  north- 
ern central  Spain,  143-133  B.  C,  endingin  the  de- 
struction o{  Numantia  in  133  B.  C. 

Numa  FontpiliUS  (nii'ma  pom-pil'i-us).  Ac- 
cording to  the  legends,  the  second  king  of  Borne 
(715-672  B.  C).  He  was  the  reputed  author  of  many 
Koman  institution  s,  including  the  pontiflces,  salii,  flamens, 
fetiales,  vestal  virgins,  worship  of  Terminus,  temple  of 
Janus,  etc. 

Numbers  (num'b^rz).  The  fourth  book  of  the 
Old  Testament :  so  called  because  it  begins  with 
an  account  of  the  numbering  of  the  Israelites 
in  the  beginning  of  the  second  year  after  they 
left  Egypt.  It  includes  part  of  the  history  of 
the  Israelites  during  their  wanderings. 

Numenius(nu-me'ni-us).  [Gr.  Not)/i^«of .]  Born 
at  Apamea,  Syria :  lived  in  the  second  half  of 
the  2d  century.  A  Neo-Pythagorean  philoso- 
pher, forerunner  of  Neoplatonism. 

His  leading  principle  was  the  belief  that  Plato,  who 
formed,  as  he  thought,  a  sort  of  connecting  bond  between 
Pythagoras  and  Socrates,  really  preached  in  a  Greelt  form 
the  revealed  doctrines  of  the  Jewish  legislator.  And  he 
went  so  far  as  to  say,  "What  is  Plato  but  Moses  tallcing 
Attic  Greek?"  But  he  applied  his  Pythagorean  principles 
also  to  the  identification  of  Egyptian,  Persian,  and  even 
Brahminical  dogmas.  And,  without  mentioning  our  Sa- 
viour by  name,  he  made  the  Gospels  the  subjects  of  philo- 
sophical allegories  not  unlike  those  which  Philo  spun  from 
the  Pentateuch.  MiUler,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece, 
[III.  182.    (DmaMsan.) 

Numerianus  (nu-me-ri-a'nus),  Marcus  Aure- 
lius.  Eoman  emperor  (conjointly  with  his  bro- 
ther Carinus)  in  283  A.  D.  He  accompanied  his  father, 
the  emperor  Carus,  on  an  expedition  against  the  Persians 
in  283,  while  Carinus  remained  behind  as  governor  of  the 
western  provinces.  The  death  of  his  father  during  the  ex- 
pedition elevated  him  and  his  brother  to  the  throne.  He, 
however,  died  in  camp  while  returning  from  the  East. 
Arrius  Aper,  prefect  of  the  pretorians,  his  father-in-law, 
was  suspected  of  encompassing  his'death,  with  the  inten- 
tion of  making  himself  emperor.  Arrius  Aper  was  stabbed 
by  Diocletian  who  assumed  the  purple. 

Numidia  (nu-mid'i-a).  [L.  Numidia,  Gr.  Nou- 
u((5ia,  from  Numidsej  Grr.  reflex  'Sobjj.tSai,  the  in- 
habitants, prop.  'SojiaSsQ,  wanderers,  nomads.] 
In  ancient  geography,  a  country  of  northern 

'  Africa,  corresponding  nearly  to  the  modern  Al- 
geria. It  was  bounded  by  the  Mediterranean  on  the 
north,  the  territory  of  Carthage  on  the  east,  the  desert  on 
the  south,  and  Mauretania  on  the  west.  The  Massyli  in  the 
east  and  the  Mass&esyli  in  the  west  were  united  in  a  king- 
dom under  Masinissa.  This  was  dismembered  after  the 
defeat  of  Jugurtha  in  106  b.  c.  ;  and  the  eastern  part  be- 
came a  Boman  province  shortly  after  the  death  of  its  king 
Juba  in  46  B.  0. 

Numitor  (nu'mi-t6r).  In  Roman  legend,  the 
grandfather  of  Eomulus  and  Bemus. 

Nun  (non).     The  chief  mouth  of  the  Niger. 

Nun,  OS  Wad-Nun  (wad-non').  A  town  in  Mo- 
rocco, near  Cape  Nun.   Population,  about  5,000. 


748 

Nun,  Cape,  A  cape  in  Morocco,  projecting  into 
the  Atlantic  in  lat.  28°  45'  N.,  long.  11°  2'  W. 

Nunc  Dimittis  (nungk  di-mit'is).  {So  named 
from  the  first  two  words  in  the  Latin  version, 
"Nunc  dimittis  servum  tuum,  Domine,  ...  in 
pace,"  "Now  lettest  thou  thy  servant  depart  in 
peace."]  The  canticle  of  Simeon(Luke  ii.  29-32). 
The  Nunc  Dimittis  forms  part  of  the  private  thanksgiving 
of  the  priest  after  the  liturgy  in  the  Greek  Church,  and  is  fre- 
quently sung  by  the  choir  after  celebration  of  the  euchar- 
ist  in  Anglican  churches.  It  forms  part  of  the  officeof  com- 
plin as  used  in  the  Boman  Catholic  Church.  It  is  contained 
in  the  vesper  office  of  the  Greek  Church,  and  is  one  of  the 
canticles  at  evening  prayer  in  the  Anglican  Church. 

Nuneaton  (nun-e'ton).  A  town  in  Warwick- 
shire, England,  19  miles  east  by  north  of  Bir- 
mingham. It  manufactures  ribbons;  Popula- 
tion (1891),  11,580. 

Nunes  (no'nas),  Pedro,  often  called  Nonius. 
Born  at  Alcacer-do-Sal,  Portugal,  1492:  died  at 
Coimbra,  1577.  A  Portuguese  writer  of  works 
on  navigation  and  mathematics.  He  was  royal  cos- 
mographer  from  1529,  and  chief  cosmographer  from  1547. 
He  is  regarded  as  the  inventor  of  the  loxodromic  line. 

Nunez  (non'yath),  Ignacio.  Born  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  July  30, 1793:  died  there,  Jan.  22,  1846. 
An  Argentine  politician,  journalist,  and  author. 
He  served  in  the  army,  held  various  civil  positions,  and 
was  imprisoned  by  Rosas.  His  best-known  works  are 
"  Noticias  de  las  Provincias  Unidas  del  Rio  de  la  Plata  " 
(1825 :  French  and  English  editions)  and  "Noticias  histo- 
ricas  de  la  repiiblica  Argentina"  (posthumous,  1S57J. 

NuSez,  Eafael.  Bom  in  (jartagena,  Sept.  28, 
1825:  died  there,  Sept.  18,  1894.  A  (Colom- 
bian statesman.  He  was  secretary  of  the  treasury  1865- 
18B7, 1861-62,  and  1878,  senator,  and  held  other  important 
civil  offices.  From  1865  to  1874  he  resided  in  Europe.  In  1875 
he  was  defeated  as  the  liberal  candidatef  or  the  presidency ; 
was  elected  for  the  term  1879-82  ;  and,  bis  successor  ZaJdiia 
having  died,  he  was  again  elected  for  the  term  beginning 
April,  1884.  Under  the  new  constitution  of  the  Republic  of 
Colombia,  he  became  president  for  6  years  from  Dec. ,  1885, 
and  was  reelected  in  1891.  Owing  to  ill  health  from  1888  he 
was  frequently  represented  "by  the  vice-president. 

Nunez,  Vasco.     See  Balboa,  Vasco  Nuflez. 

Nunez  Cabeza  de  Vaca,  Alvar.  See  Cabeza  de 
Vaca,  Alvar  NuHez. 

Nunez  de  Arce  (non'yath  da  ar'tha),  Gaspar. 
Bom  at  Valladolid,  Aug.  6,  1834 :  died  at  Ma- 
drid, June  9,  1903.  A  noted  Spanish  poet, 
known  as  "the  Spanish  Tennyson."  He  was  a 
graduate  of  the  University  of  Toledo ;  was  a  deputy  to  the 
Cortes  and  minister  of  the  colonies  in  the  Sagasta  cabinet 
of  1883-84 ;  and  was  also  president  of  the  council  of  state 
of  commerce  and  agriculture.  In  1894  a  national  ovation 
was  accorded  him  at  Toledo.  Among  his  poems  are 
"Gritos  delCombate"  ("Battle-cries,"  1875),  "Ultima 
lamentacion  de  Lord  Byron"  (1879),  "El  Vertigo"  (1879), 
" La  vision  de  Fray  Martin  "  (1880),  etc.;  and  among  his 
plays  are  "  Como  se  empena  un  Marido  "  (I860),  "  Ni  tanto 
ni  taupoco  "  (1866),  "  El  Haz  de  Lefia,"  etc. 

Nunez  de  Haro  y  Peralta  (non'yath  da  a'ro  e 
pa-ral'ta),  Alonso,  Bom  at  Villagarcia,  dio- 
cese of  Cuenca,  Oct.  31,  1729 :  died  at  Mexico, 
May  26, 1800.  A  Spanish  prelate,  archbishop  of 
Mexico  from  1772,  and  viceroy  May  8  to  Aug. 
16, 1787. 

Nunez  Vela  (non'yath  va'la),  Blasco,  Bom 
at  Avila  about  1490:  died  near  Quito,  Jan.  18, 
1546.  First  viceroy  of  Peru.  After  holding  various 
civil  and  military  offices  in  Spain,  he  was  appointed  vice- 
roy in  1643  with  the  special  mission  of  promulgating  the 
"New  Laws"  (which  see).  He  reached  Lima  in  March, 
1544.  Strong  opposition  to  the  New  Laws  was  at  once  mani- 
fested, and  a  revolt  broke  out,  headed  by  Gonzalo  Pizarro. 
In  Sept.  the  viceroy  killed  the  factor  Suarez  de  Carbajal 
in  an  altercation,  was  arrested  by  the  audience,  and  was 
put  in  charge  of  one  of  the  auditors,  Alvarez,  to  be  taken 
to  Spain  for  trial.  While  still  near  the  coast  Alvarez  re- 
leased him ;  he  landed  at  Tumbez  and  began  to  collect 
forces  against  Pizarro,  but  the  latter  forced  him  to  retreat 
through  Quito  to  Popayan.  Reinforced  there  by  Benal- 
cazar  and  others,  he  returned  as  far  as  Quito,  but  was  de- 
feated by  Pizarro  and  killed  in  the  battle  of  Anaquito. 

Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's 
' '  Canterbury  'Tales."  it  is  taken  from  the  "  Roman  du 
Renart,"  and  is  the  story  of  Chanticleer  who  escaped  from 
the  jaws  of  the  fox  by  his  cunning  in  making  the  latter 
open  his  mouth  to  speak.  It  is  modernized  by  Dryden  as 
"The  Cock  and  the  Fox."    See  Second  Nun's  Tale. 

Nupe  (no'pe).  An  African  kingdom  of  the 
Niger  valley,  commanding  the  confluence  of  the 
Niger  andthe  Binue.  Itls  subject toakingofFulahori- 
gin,  and  nominally  vassal  of  Gando.  The  Nupe  people  are 
negroes  in  a  comparatively  high  state  of  culture.  They 
have  large  cities  (Bida,  Rabba,  Egga,  Ilorin).  The  Nupe 
language  has  a  wide  extraterritorial  use  down  the  Niger 
River.  It  has  musical  tones,  and  is  related  to  both  Yoruba 
and  Ibo.  Gbedeghi,  Bini,  and  Basa^Komi  are  the  princi- 
pal dialects. 

Nu-pieds  (nii'pia').  [F., 'bare  feet.']  A  name 
given  to  Norman  peasants  who  in  1639  revolted 
at  Avranches  against  heavy  and  unjust  taxation. 
The  rising  was  put  down  by  Richelieu  with  relentless 
cruelty. 

Nureddin.    See  Noweddin. 

Nuremberg  (nii'rem-bferg),  G.  Niimberg 
(niirn'berG).  A  city  in  Middle  Franoonia,  Bava- 
ria, situated  on  the  Pegnitz  in  lat.  49°  27'  N., 


Nyam-Nyam 

long.  11°  5' E.  It  is  the  leading  manufacturing  and  com. 
mercial  city  of  Bavaria ;  is  noted  for  its  manufactures  of 
Nuremberg  wares  (including  toys  and  fancy  articles),  pen- 
cils, machinery,  ultramal'ine,  beer,  etc.;  and  is  the  chief 
market  on  the  Continent  tor  hops.  It  is  remarkable  for 
its  medieval  appearance.  The  Burg,  or  castle,  founded 
in  the  11th  century  by  Conrad  II.,  and  restored  as  a  royal 
residence  in  the  present  century,  is  a  picturesque  struc- 
ture with  towers  of  dififerent  heights  and  forms  and  high 
roofs.  In  the  Heidenthurm  there  are  two  Romanesque 
chapels,  one  over  the  other.  The  Germanic  National  Mu- 
seum is  a  historical  collection  founded  in  1852,  and,  besides 
illustrating  costumes,  arms  and  armor,  and  the  industrial 
and  minor  arts,  includes  an  unexcelled  gallery  of  German  , 
15th-  and  16th-century  painting.  The  museum  occupies 
a  14th-century  Carthusian  monasteiy,  with  a  handsome 
church  and  traceried  cloister,  and  also  an  Augustinian 
monastery,  rebuilt  adjoining.  Among  the  other  features 
of  Nuremberg  are  the  walls  and  towers,  churches  of 
St.  Lawrence,  St.  Sebaldus,  and  St.  Jacob,  Frauenkirche, 
fountain  (SchBne  Brunnen),  and  Rathaus.  The  city  ex- 
isted as  early  as  1050  ;  was  developed  under  the  Hohen- 
staufens  ;  was  made  a  tree  imperial  city  in  1219 ;  and  be- 
came in  the  16th  and  16th  centuries  a  great  center  of 
trade,  art,  science,  and  literature.  The  Reformation  was 
introduced  in  1625.  It  suffered  severely  in  the  Thirty 
Years'  War.  In  1806  it  was  annexed  to  Bavaria.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  commune,  261,022. 

Nuremberg,  Peace  of.  A  religious  tmce  con- 
eluded  between  the  emperor  Charles  V.  and 
the  Protestants  in  1532. 

Nursia.    See  Norcia. 

Nurtingen  (niir'ting-en).  A  town  in  the  Black 
Forest  circle,  Wtirtemberg,  situated  on  the 
Neckar  13  miles  southeast  of  Stuttgart.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  5,479. 

Nus  (nils),  Eugene.  Bom  at  Ch§,lon-sur-Sa6ne, 
1816  :  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  19, 1894.  A  French 
dramatic  author  and  journalist. 

Nnsku  (nSs'ko).  A  deity  of  the  Assyro-Baby- 
lonian  pantheon,  the  god  of  the  midday  sun. 
See  Nisrodh. 

Nut  (n6t).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  the  mother 
of  Osiris,  goddess  of  heaven  and  consort  of 
Set,  god  of  the  earth.  She  is  represented  in 
human  form. 

Nutabes  (no-ta-bas').  An  extinct  tribe  of  South 
American  Indians  who  occupied  part  of  the 
region  included  in  the  present  department  of 
Antioquia,  Colombia,  on  the  right  side  of  the 
Cauca,  between  that  river  and  the  Porc6.  They 
were  hardly  less  advanced  in  civilization  than  the  Chib- 
chas,  but  were  less  warlike  and  had  no  hereditary  chiefs^ 
Their  clothing  was  of  cotton,  and  they  were  skilled  in  mak- 
ing small  figures  of  gold.  Many  of  these  figures  were  de- 
posited in  their  tombs  (huacas),  and  are  still  found :  in 
1833  gold  to  the  amountot  $18,000  was  taken  from  a  single 
huaca.    Nothing  is  known  of  their  linguistic  affinities. 

Nut-brown  Maid,  The.  A  ballad  belonging  to 
the  end  of  the  15th  century.  Prior  took  It  for  the 
foundation  oihis  "Henry  and  Emma."  The  "nut-brown 
maid  "  proclaims  her  faithfulness  to  her  lover,  who  tells 
her  at  the  end  of  every  second  stanza  that  he  is  a  banished 
man.  By  saying  at  the  end  of  the  intervening  stanza  "  I 
love  but  you  alone,"  her  love  and  meekness  prevail ;  and 
he  consoles  her  in  the  end  by  saying 

"  Thus  have  ye  won  an  erles  son. 
And  not  a  banysshed  man." 

"We  owe  the  preservation  of  this  beautiful  old  ballad 
to  "Arnold's  Chronicle,"  of  which  the  earliest  edition  is 
thought  to  havebeen  printed  in  1502.  In  Laneham's  account 
of  Elizabeth's  visit  to  Kenilworth,  the  "  Nut-brown  Maid  " 
is  mentioned  as  a  book  by  itself,  and  there  is  said  to  be  at 
Oxford  a  list  of  books  offered  tor  sale  at  that  place  in  1620, 
among  which  is  the  "Not-broon  Mayd,"  price  one  penny ; 
still,  the  ballad  is  not  known  to  exist  at  present  in  any 
other  ancientform  than  that  of  the  Chronicle.  We  have  no 
means  of  determining  the  date  of  the  composition,  but 
Percy  has  justly  remarked  that  it  is  not  probable  that  an 
antiquary  would  have  inserted  a  piece  in  his  historical  col- 
lections which  he  knew  to  be  modem.  The  language  is 
that  of  the  time  at  which  it  was  printed. 

CMld'e  BaUads,  IV.  143. 

Nutmeg  state.  A  name  given  to  Connecticut, 
from  its  alleged  manufacture  of  wooden  nut- 
megs. 

Nuttall  (nut'al),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Settle, 
Yorkshire,  England,  1786:  died  at  St.  Helen's, 
Lancashire,  England,  Sept.  10, 1859.  An  Anglo- 
American  botanist  and  ornithologist.  He  lived  in 
America  from  1807  to  1842,  and  in  1822  was  appointed  cu. 
rator  of  the  botanical  gardens  of  Harvard  University.  His 
works  are  "Genera of  North  American  Plants,  etc. "(1818), 
"Journal  of  Travels  into  the  Arkansas  Territory  during 
the  Year  1819  "  (1821),  "  Manual  of  the  Ornithology  of  the 
United  States  and  Canada"  (1832-34),  "The  North  Ameri- 
can Sylva,  etc."  (1842-49). 

Nyack  (ni'akj.  A  village  in  Eoekland County, 
New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson  25  miles 
north  of  New  York.    Population  (1900),  4,275. 

Nyai  (nyi),  or  Banyai  (ba-nyi').  A  Bantu 
tribe  of  the  Zambesi  valleyj  between  the  Ma- 
shona  and  the  river,  partly  in  Portuguese  and 
partly  in  British  territory. 

Nyambu  (nyam'bo).    See  Zongora. 

Nyam-Nyam  (nyam-nyam'),  or  Sandeh  (san'- 
de).  A  great  African  nation,  consisting  of  nu- 
merous petty  tribes,  dwelling  in  the  basins  of 


Nyam-Nyam 

the  Welle  and  Shari  rivers.  They  number  about 
2,000,000.  They  are  called  Nyam-Nyam  ('eaters,'  'can- 
nibals *)  by  the  Dinkas,  and  other  neighbors  give  them 
other  names  :  their  own  name  is  Sandeh.  They  are  ne- 
groes in  color  and  hair,  and  have  short  legs  and  round 
beads  and  faces.  They  tattoo  their  faces  as  a  tribal  mark, 
and  their  chests  and  arms  for  ornamentation.  They  wear 
skins  and  bark  cloth,  and  are  clever  workmen,  hunters,  and 
musicians.  The  women  do  the  tilling.  Many,  but  not  all, 
are  or  were  cannibals.  Their  weapons  are  the  lance,  shield, 
bow  and  arrows,  and  throwing-knife. 

Nyamwezi  (nya-mwa'ze),  or  Wanyamwezi 

,  (wa-nya-mwa'ze).  A  Bantu  nation  of  German 
East  Africa,  it  inhabits  a  long  stretch  of  the  undu- 
lating and  fertile  plateau  between  Lake  Victoria,  TTkonon- 
go,  and  Uyanzl,  including  Usukuma  in  the  north,  Unyan- 
yembe  and  Ugunda  in  the  south,  and  also  the  Arab  settle- 
ment Tabora.  In  a  more  limited  sense,  Unyamwezi,  their 
country,  is  placed  between  Usukuma  and  Unyanyembe. 
The  people  are  medium-sized,  and  have  generally  Bantu 
features ;  but  long  noses  and  occasionally  curly  instead  of 
woolly  hair  seem  to  indicate  mixture.  They  use  lances, 
shields,  and  bows  and  arrows  as  weapons.  Ungalanganja 
is  said  to  have  been  the  first  name  of  the  country,  and  Mwezi 
the  founder  of  the  kingdom,  which  became  famous  as  the 
semi- fabulous  Monemuji  of  old  Portuguese  authors.  See 
Miravdbo  and  Garenganze. 

ITyaneka  (nya-na'ka),  or  Banyaneka  (Taa-nya- 
na'ka).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  West  Africa, 
in  the  district  of  Mossamedes,  on  a  high  and 
salubrious  plateau.  They  have  agricultural  and  pas- 
toral habits,  with  primitive  customs,  and  belong  to  the 
same  cluster  as  the  Ndonga  tribes. 

Nyangbara  (nyang-ba'ra),  or  Nyambara 
(nyam-ba'ra).  An  African  tribe  of  the  eastern 
Sudan,  west  of  Lado,  in  a  hilly  country.  They  are 
kinsmen  of  the  Bari ;  are  tall  and  naked;  and  are  hunters, 
agriculturists,  and  iron-workers. 

Uyangwe  (nyang'we).  An  Arab  settlement 
in  Africa,  on  the  Lualaba  Eiver  in  lat.  4°  S. : 
the  headquarters  of  Tippu  Tib.  The  Arabs  ar- 
rived there  in.  1866.  It  was  conquered  and  oc- 
cupied by  Kongo  State  forces  in  1893. 

Nyanza,  Albert.    See  Albert  Nyanza. 

Nyanza,  Albert  Edward.  See  Albert  Edward 
Nyanza. 

ITyanza,  Victoria.    See  Victoria  Nyanza. 

Nyassa,  or  Niassa  (nyas'sa),  Lake.  A  lake  in 
southeastern  Africa,  its  outlet  Is  by  the  Shir^  into 
the  Zambesi.  It  was  discovered  by  Livingstone  in  1859, 
and  was  circumnavigated  by  Young  in  1875.  Length,  over 
350  miles. 

Nyassaland  (nyas'sa-land).  A  region  west 
and  south  of  Lake  Nyassa,  which  for  some  years 
has  been  under  the  influence  of  British  mis- 
sionaries and  of  the  African  Lakes  Company. 
In  1891  it  was  proclaimed  a  British  protecto- 
rate. 

Nyaya  (nya'ya).  [Skt. :  ni,  into,  and  aya,  a  de- 
rivative of  i,  go;  and  hence  'entering,'  'ana- 
lytical investigation.']  One  of  the  six  systems 
of  Hindu  philosophy,  it  is  ascribed  to  a  Gotama  or 
Gautama.  It  was  Intended  to  furnish  a  correct  method 
of  philosophical  inquiry  into  all  the  objects  and  subjects 
of  human  knowledge,  including  the  process  of  reasoning 
and  laws  of  thought.  It  begins  by  propounding  16  topics, 
of  which  the  first  is  the  means  by  which  the  right  mea- 


749 

sure  of  any  subject  is  to  be  obtained.  The  processes  by 
which  true  knowledge  is  attained  are  declared  to  be  (1) 
sense  perception ;  (2)  inference ;  (3)  comparison ;  (4)  ver- 
bal authority  or  trustworthy  testimony,  including  vedic 
revelation.  Inference  is  divided  into  5  members  :  (11  the 
proposition  stated  hypothetically ;  (2)  the  reason ;  (3)  the 
example  or  major  premise  ;  (4)  the  application  of  the  rea- 
son or  minor  premise ;  (6)  the  conclusion,  or  the  restate- 
ment of  the  proposition  as  ijroved.  The  terms  "invari- 
able pervasion"or  "concomitance,"  "pervader" or  "in- 
variably pervading  attribute," and  "invariably pervaded" 
are  used  in  making  a  universal  afflrmation  or  in  aflrming 
universal  distribution.  The  second  topic  is  those  pointe 
about  which  correct  knowledge  is  to  be  obtained,  viz. : 
(1)  soul ;  (2)  body ;  (3)  senses ;  (4)  objects  of  sense ;  (6J 
understanding;  (6)  mind;  (7)  activity;  (8)  faults;  (9) 
transmigration;  (10)  consequences  or  fruits  of  action;  (11) 
pain ;  (12)  emancipation.  The  other  14  topics  are  an  enu- 
meration of  the  regular  stages  of  a  controversy,  including 
(1)  doubt  about  the  point  to  be  discussed ;  (2)  a  motive  for 
discussing  it ;  (3)  a  familiar  example  in  order  that  a  con- 
clusion may  be  arrived  at;  (4)  the  argument  of  the 
objector  with  its  5  members ;  (5)  the  refutation,  and  as- 
certainment of  the  true  state  of  the  case ;  (6)  further  con- 
troversy; (7)  mere  wrangling;  (8)  cavihng;  (9)  falla^ 
cious  reasoning ;  (10)  quibbling  artifices ;  (11)  futile  re- 
plies ;  after  which  follows  (12)  the  putting  an  end  to  all 
discussion.  After  discussing  his  16  topics  Gotama  states 
how  deliverance  from  repeated  births  is  to  be  attained. 
See  Williams's  "Indian  Wisdom,"  IV.,  and  the  transla^ 
tions  by  Ballantyne  and  Colebrooke. 

Nyborg  (nii'boro).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Svendborg,  Denmark,  in  the  island  of  Fii- 
nen,  situated  on  the  Great  Belt  in  lat.  55°  19' 
N. ,  long.  10°  48'  B.  It  was  formerly  one  of  the  chief 
cities  of  Denmark.  It  was  taken  in  1668  by  the  Swedes, 
who  were  defeated  near  it  in  1859.  Population  (1890),  6,049. 

Nydia  (nid'i-a) .  A  blind  girl  in  Bui  wer's  ' '  Last 
Days  of  Pompeii." 

Nye  (ni),  Edgar  Wilson.  Bom  at  Shirley, 
Maine,  Aug.  25, 1850:  diednearAsheville,N.  C, 
Feb.  22,  1896.  An  American  humorist,  known 
as  ' '  Bill  Nye."  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1876,  and 
was  for  many  years  connected  with  the  press  in  the  West, 
and  more  recently  in  New  York  city. 

Nyema  (nya'ma),  or  Manyema  (ma-nya'mU). 
A  Bantu  tribe  of  the  Kongo  State,  included  in 
the  concession  of  the  Katanga  Company,  set- 
tled between  the  Lualaba,  Nyangwe,  and  Lake 
Tanganyika.  Theycall themselves Wenya  or Wagenya. 
Their  country  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world  for  scenery 
and  vegetation,  but  is  unhealthy.  The  people  have  a  good 
physique ;  wear  an  apron  made  of  skin  or  grass-cloth;  use 
lances  and  huge  shields ;  keep  their  villages  clean ;  and 
show  considerable  intelligence  and  industry ;  but  they  are 
addicted  to  cannibalism  and  intertribal  wars.  Also  Ma- 
nywema, 

Nyerup  (nii'er-Sp),  Easmus.  Bom  in  Piinen, 
Denmark,  March  12,  1759:  died  June  28,  1829. 
A  noted  Danish  scholar  and  literary  historian. 
He  published,  with  Bahbek  and  Abrahamson,  "Selected 
Danish  Songs  from  the  Middle  Ages"  (1812-14),  and  other 
works  on  Danish  literatui'e. 

Nyika(nye'ka),orAnyika(a-nye'ka).  ABantu 
tribe  of  British  and  German  East  Africa,  be- 
tween the  Pangani  and  Sabaki  rivers,  around 
Mombasa.  Theynumber  about  50,000,  includ- 
ing the  Wadigo  and  Walupangu  subtribes.  The 
language,  Kinyika,  is  allied  to  .Suahili. 


Nyx 

Nyly6bing(nu'ch§-bing).  ['Newmarket.']  The 
chief  town  in  the  island  of  Palster,  Denmark. 

Nykoping  (nli'ohe-ping).  The  capital  of  the 
laen  of  Sodermauland,  Sweden,  situated  on  an 
inlet  of  the  Baltic  55  miles  southwest  of  Stock- 
holm. It  was  formerly  famous  for  its  castle. 
Population  (1890),  5,978. 

Nyland  (uii'land).  ['  New  land.']  A  govern- 
ment in  Finland,  Russia,  bordering  on  the  Gulf 
of  Finland.  Capital,  Helsingfors.  Area,  4,586 
square  miles.     Population  (1890),  239,456. 

Nym  (nim).  A  character  in  Shakspere's  com- 
edy "The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor."  He  is  a 
thief  and  sharper,  the  companion  of  Ealstail :  "  an  amusing 
creature  of  whimsey."  He  also  appears  with  Pistol  and 
Bardolph  in  "Henry  V." 

ITymegen.    See  Nimwegen. 

Nympnseum  (nim-fe'um),  or  Hill  of  the 
KympllS.  [Gr.  Nv/i^atov.^  The  hill  northwest 
of  the  Pnyx  in  the  group  of  hills  on  the  south- 
west side  of  Athens,  identifiedby  an  inscription, 
and  now  crowned  by  an  observatoiy.  The  slopes 
of  the  hill  abound  in  remains  of  prehistoric  Athens,  con- 
sisting of  rock-cut  house  foundations,  stairs,  cisterns,  and 
water-channels.  The  settlement  on  this  group  of  hills  has 
not  been  occupied  during  the  time  of  known  history. 

Nymphenburg  (nim'fen-boro).  A  royal  resi- 
dence near  Munich,  Bavaria,  noted  for  a  treaty 
signed  there  in  1741  between  France  and  Ba- 
varia, directed  against  Austria.  Its  genuine- 
ness is  disputed. 

KympMdia  (nim-fid'i-a).  A  fairy  poem  by 
Michael  Drayton,  published  in  1627. 

Nyon  (nydn).  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Vaud, 
Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Lake  of  Geneva 
13  miles  north-northeast  of  Geneva :  the  Roman 
Novioduuum.  It  has  an  ancient  eastle  and  some 
Roman  remains.    Population  (1888),  4,225. 

Nyoro  (uyo'ro),  or  Banyoro  (ba-nyo'ro).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  British  East  Africa,  which  in- 
habits a  plateau  averaging  4,000  feet  in  height, 
between  Lakes  Albert  and  Victoria.  They  are 
related  to  the  Baganda  and  Wazongora,  and  their  dialect 
is  said  to  be  purer.  The  ruling  family  belongs  to  the  Huma 
tribe.  Kings  Kamrasi  and  Kabrega  are  notorious  from 
unfavorable  accounts  given  by  travelers  who  have  visited 
them.    The  country  is  called  Unyoro. 

Nysa  (ni'sa).  1.  In  ancient  geography,  the 
birthplace  of  Bacchus.  Of  the  cities  so  named  the 
chief  was  in  Car^a,  Asia  Minor,  45  miles  east  of  Ephesus : 
the  modern  Sultan-Hlssar. 

2.  An  asteroid  (No.  44)  discovered  by  Gold- 
sehmidt  at  Paris,  May  27, 1857. 

Nystad  (nii'stad).  A  small  seaport  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Abo-Bj8meborg,  Finland,  situated 
on  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  in  lat.  60°  43'  N.,  long. 
21°  15'  E. 

Nystad,  Peace  of.  A  peace  negotiated  in  1721 
between  Russia  and  Sweden,  ending  the  North- 
ern War.  Sweden  ceded  Livonia,  Esthonia,  Ingria,  part 
of  Earelia,  and  other  possessions,  and  Hussia  restored 
Finland. 

Nyx  (niks),  L.  Nox  (noks).  In  classical  my- 
thology, a  goddess,  a  personification  of  night. 


labu  (6-a'h.6  or  wS'lio).  One 
of  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  situated  soutli- 
east  of  Kauai  and  northwest 
of  Molokai.  The  surface  is 
mountainous  and  diverBiiied  ;  the 
soil  is  fertile.  It  contains  Honolu- 
lu, the  capital  of  the  group.  Area, 
eoosquaremilea.  Pop.  (1900),  58,604. 

Oajaca,  or  Oaxaca  (wa- 
Ha'ka).  1.  A  maritime  state  in  the  southern 
part  of  Mexico,  bordering  on  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
The  surface  is  mountainous.  It  is  rich  in  agricultural  and 
mineral  resources.  Area,  35,140  square  miles.  Population 
(1895),  882,529. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Oajaca,  situated 
on  the  Rio  Verde,  or  Atoyac,  210  miles  southeast 
of  Mexico .  It  has  manufactures  of  chocolate,  etc. ,  and 
is  the  center  of  the  cochineal  trade.    Pop.  (1895),  32,641. 

Oak  Bluffs  (okhlufs).  A  summerresort  in  Ed- 
gartown,  Martha's  Vineyard,  Massachusetts.  It 
is  noted  for  its  camp-meetings. 

Oakboys  (ok'boiz).  A  body  of  insurgents  in  the 
north  of  Ireland  in  the  year  1763.  They  are  said 
to  have  risen  in  resistance  to  an  act  which  required  house- 
holders to  give  personal  labor  on  the  roads.  Another  of 
their  grievances  was  the  resumption  by  some  of  the  clergy 
of  a  stricter  exaction  of  tithes.  The  movement  was  soon 
repressed.  The  Oakboys  received  their  name  from  oak 
sprays  which  they  wore  in  their  hats. 

Oakeley  (ok'li),  Sir  Herbert  Stanley.  Born 
July  '22,  1830 :  died  Oct.  26,  1903.  An  English 
composer  and  organist.  Hewasprofessor  of  music 
in  the  University  of  Edinbui-gh  1865-91,  and  was  knighted 
In  1876. 

Oakham  (ok'am).  The  capital  of  the  county  of 
Rutland,  England,  17  miles  east  of  Leicester. 
It  has  an  old  castle.    Population  (1891),  4,134. 

Oakland  (ok'land) .  A  city,  capital  of  Alameda 
County,  California,  situated  on  the  eastern  shore 
of  San  Francisco  Bay,  opposite  San  Francisco. 
It  has  flourishing  manufactures  and  trade,  and  is  thfe  seat 
of  the  Congregational  "  Pacific  Theological  Seminary  "  and 
other  institutions.    Population  (1900).  66,960. 

Oakley, Mrs.  The  "jealous wife" in Colman's 
play  of  that  name.  Her  jealousy  and  hysterical  vio- 
lence threaten  to  overpower  Oakley  until  he  forces  her 
to  sue  for  pardon.  Oakley  was  a  favorite  part  with  Ma- 
cready  Garrick,  Enight,  and  others. 

Oak  Openings.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  published 
in  1848. 

Oaks  (oks).  The.  A  race  for  three-year-old 
fillies,  run  annually  at  Epsom,  England,  on  the 
Friday  after  the  Derby  (which  see).  The  distance 
is  1 J  miles.  It  was  established  in  1779  by  the  Earl  of  Derby. 
The  first  Oaks  was  won  by  the  Earl  of  Derby's  Bridget. 

Oamaru  (6-am-a-ro').  A  seaport  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  the  South  Island,  New  Zealand,  57  miles 
north-northeast  of  Dunedin. 

Oannes  (o-an'nez).  In  Babylonian  mythology, 
an  animal  having  the  body  of  a  fish  and  the  head 
and  feet  of  a  man,  and  endowed  with  human 
reason,  which  appeared  out  of  the  Persian  Gulf 
and  taught  the  Babylonians  letters,  science,  and 
civilization :  identified  with  Ea  of  the  cuneiform 
inscriptions. 

Gates  (ots),  Titus.  Bom  at  Oakham,  1649 :  died 
at  London,  July  12,  1705.  An  English  impostor. 
He  studied  at  Cambridge,  and  took  orders  in  the  Anglican 
Church,  but  was  deprived  of  his  living  for  bad  conduct. 
He  was  expelled  from  the  Jesuit  college  at  St.-Omer  in 
1678.  In  the  same  year  he  submitted  first  to  Charles  II. 
and  afterward  to  Parliament  forged  documents  and  other 
alleged  proofs  of  a  conspiracy  devised  by  Don  John  of 
Austria  and  P^re  la  Chaise,  Louis  XIV. 's  confessor,  for  the 
murder  of  Charles  II.  and  the  establishment  of  Catholi 
cism  in  England.  (See  Popish  Plot.)  A  number  of  persons 
were  convicted  and  executed  on  his  evidence,  and  he  was 
granted  a  pension  of  either  £600  or  £900.  He  was  con- 
victed of  perjury  at  the  instance  of  James  II.  in  1685.  He 
was  pardoned  in  1689  on  the  accession  of  William  ni., 
and  got  a  pension  of  £300. 

Oath  of  John  Ziska,  The.  A  painting  by  Rem- 
brandt, one  of  his  largest  works,  in  the  Na- 
tional Museum  at  Stockholm. 

Oath  of  Strasburg,  The.    See  Straslurg 

Oaxaca.    See  Oajaca. 

Ob.    See  Obi. 

Obadiah  (6-ba-di'a  or  ob-a-di'a).  [Heb.,  '  ser- 
vant of  (Jod' :  equivalent  to  tfie  Ar.  Abdallah.'\ 
A  Hebrew  prophet,  author  of  the  short  pro- 


phetic book  which  bears  his  name.  His  date  is  un- 
certain, but  is  probably  about  685  B.  0.  Of  his  personality 
nothing  is  known.  His  prophecy  is  a  denunciation  of  the 
Edomites. 

Obadiah.  1.  A  canting  Quaker  in  Mrs.  Cent- 
livre's  "Bold  Stroke  for  a  Wife."  Thenameisfre- 
quently  conventionally  given  to  Quakers.  Steady,  in  Dib- 
din's  opera  "The  Quj^ers,"  is  called  Obadiah  in  the  in- 
troduction ;  and  Clever,  in  Knowles's  "  Woman's  Wit^" 
when  disguised  as  a  Quaker,  calls  himself  by  the  same 
name. 

2.  A  servant  in  Sterne's  "  Tristram  Shandy.'' 
— 3.  A  "drinking  nincompoop"  in  Sir  Robert 
Howard's  "  Committee." 

Obamba  (6-bam'ba),also  Mbamba  (mbam'ba). 
A  Bantu  tribe  of  French  Kongo,  settled  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Ogowe,  northeast  of  Prance- 
ville,  in  a  hilly  and  wooded  country.  Their  neat 
houses,  of  bamboo  and  thatch,  are,  unlike  those  of  their 
neighbors,  built  separately.  They  make  and  sell  palm-oil, 
and  speak  a  dialect  of  Benga. 

Oban  (6'ban).  A  seaport  in  Argyllshire,  Scot- 
land, situated  on  the  Firth  of  Lorn  in  lat.  56° 
25'  N. ,  long.  5°  28'  W.  It  is  an  important  rendezvous 
for  tourists.  Near  it  is  DunstafEnage  Castle,  which  for- 
merly contained  the  stone  of  Scone  (see  Scone).  Population 
(1891),  4,946. 

Obando  (o-ban'do),  Jos6  Maria.  Bom,  prob- 
ably in  Garcia,  1797:  died  in  Cauoa,  June  29, 
1861.  A  New  Granadan  general  and  politician. 
He  fought  with  the  patriots  from  1822,  and  as  a  leader  of 
the  liberal  faction  was  prominent  in  the  disturbances  of 
1829-31;  was  secretary  of  war  under  Caicedo,  1831;  was 
vice-president  and  acting  president  in  the  first  (provi- 
sional) government  of  the  republic  of  New  Granada  (Nov. 
23, 1831,-March  10, 1832) ;  and  was  secretary  of  war  under 
Santander,  1832-36.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  a  presiden- 
tial candidate,  but  Marquez  was  elected  :  soon  after  he  led 
a  revolt  which  lasted  until  1841  and  ended  in  his  tempo- 
rary banishment.  He  was  president  of  Cartagena  in  1850, 
and  was  elected  president  of  New  Granada  for  the  term 
beginning  in  1854 :  but,  assuming  dictatorial  powers,  he  was 
deposed  within  a  year.  In  1860-61  he  sustained  the  fed- 
eralists, commanded  a  force  in  Cauca,  and  was  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Cruz  Verde  in  that  state. 

d-Becse  (6'bech"e),  G.  Alt-Becse  (alt-bech'e). 
A  river  port  in  the  county  of  B^cs,  Hungary, 
situated  on  the  Theiss  45  miles  south  of  Szege- 
din.    Population  (1890),  16,965. 

Obed(6'bed).  [Heb., 'servant.']  In  Old  Testa- 
ment histoiy,  the  son  of  Boaz  and  Ruth,  and 
grandfather  of  David. 

ODelisk  of  Luxor.  An  obelisk  brought  from 
Egypt  under  Louis  Philippe,  and  set  up  in  the 
Place  de  la  Concorde,  Paris.  It  is  a  monolith  of 
pink  Syene  granite  76  feet  high,  to  which  the  pedestal 
adds  16J  feet.  The  shaft  is  inscribed  on  all  four  sides 
with  hieroglyphs  which  refer  to  Kameses  II.  and  in. 

Obelisk  of  the  Lateran.  An  obelisk  from 
HeliopoUs,  brought  to  Rome  by  Constantius, 
broken  by  falling  in  the  Circus  Maximus,  and 
repaired  and  placed  in  its  present  position  by 
Fontana  in  1588.  The  shaft,  which  bears  hieroglyphs, 
is  106i  feet  high ;  the  total  height,  with  pedestal  and  cross, 
Is  141  feet. 

Obelisk  of  Theodosius.  An  obelisk  brought 
from  Heliopolis,  and  erected  in  390  A.  d.  in 
the  spina  of  the  hippodrome  at  Constantinople. 
It  is  of  pink  Syene  granite,  inscribed  with  hieroglyphs, 
and  97  feet  high.  The  marble  pedestal  bears  reliefs  repre- 
senting its  erection. 

Obelisk  of  the  Vatican.  An  obelisk  brought 
from  Heliopolis  by  Caligula,  and  set  up  in  the 
Circus  of  Nero,  it  was  raised  in  its  present  position 
before  St.  Peter's  by  Fontana  in  1686.  The  shaft  is  a 
monolith  of  red  graiiite  82J  feet  high ;  the  total  height, 
with  the  pedestal  and  the  bronzo  cross,  is  132  feet. 

Ober  (o'bfer),  Frederick  Albion.  Born  in  Bev- 
erley, Mass.,  Feb.  13, 1849.  An  American  orni- 
thologist and  traveler.  As  a  collector  he  has  traveled 
extensively  in  Florida,  the  West  Indies,  and  Mexico.  He 
has  published  "Camps  in  the  Caribbees"  (1879  and  1884), 
"  Travels  in  Mexico  "  (1884),  several  juvenile  books,  etc. 

Oberalp  (6'ber-alp).  An  Alpine  pass  on  the 
border  of  the  cantons  of  Uri  and  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerland. It  connects  Andermatt  with  the  valley  of  the 
Vorder  Khein.    Height,  6,710  feet. 

Oberanunergau  (o'ber-am'mer-gou).  A  vil- 
lage in  Upper  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Ammer 
45  miles  southwest  of  Munich,  it  has  manufac- 
tures of  ivory  and  wooden  toys,  crucifixes,  images,  etc. 
It  is  noted  for  the  miracle-play  acted  there  every  ten  years. 
See  Passion  Play. 

750 


Ober-Bhnheim  (o'ber-an'him),  F.  Obemai  (6- 
ber-na').  A  town  in  Alsace,  15  miles  south- 
west of  Strasburg.    Population  (1890),  4,187. 

Oberglogau  (o'ber-glo'gou).  Atownin  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  64  miles  southeast  of 
Breslau.    Population  (1890),  5,514. 

Oberhalbstein  (6'ber-nalb'stin).  An  elevated 
Alpine  valley  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerland, about  20  miles  south  of  Coire. 

Oberhausen  (6'ber-hon-zen).  A  town  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  40  miles  north  of  Co- 
logne. It  is  a  place  of  modem  developmeni^  and  an 
important  railway  junction.  Near  it  are  large  iron-works. 
Population  (1890),  25,249. 

Oberhessen.    See  Upper  Hesse. 

Oberlahnstein  (o'ber-lan'stin).  Atown  in  the 
province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Lahn  and  Rhine,  5  miles 
south  of  Coblenz.  It  has  a  castle.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  6,180. 

Oberland.    See  Bernese  Oberland,. 

Oberlin  (6'ber-lin).  A  village  in  Lorain  County, 
northern  Ohio,  31  miles  west-southwest  of  Cleve- 
land. It  is  the  seat  of  Oberlin  College  (which 
see).    Population  (1900),  4,082. 

Oberlin  (o-ber-lan'),  Jean  Fr6d6ric.  Bom  at 
Strasburg,  Aug.  31, 1740:  died  in  the  Steinthal, 
Alsace,  June  1,  1826.  An  Alsatian  clergyman 
and  philanthropist.  He  became  Protestant  pastor  in. 
the  Steinthal  (Ban-de-la^Eoche)  about  1767,  and  is  noted 
for  his  efforts  in  furthering  the  agriculture,  industry,  edu- 
cation, and  morals  of  that  region. 

Oberlin,  Jer6mie  Jacques.  Bom  at  Strasburg, 
Aug.  7,  1735:  died  Oct.  10,  1806.  An  .Alsatian 
philologist  and  antiquarian,  brother  of  J.  F. 
Oberlin. 

Oberlin  (6'b6r-lin)  College.  A  coeducational 
institution  of  learning,situated  at  Oberlin, Ohio. 
It  was  founded  in  1833  by  J.  J.  Shipherd  and  P.  P.  Stew- 
art, and  was  chartered  in  1834.  It  comprises  a  college, 
an  academy,  a  theological  seminary,  and  a  conservatory  of 
music.  It  is  a  non-sectarian  institution,  and  has  about 
85  instructors  and  1,300  students. 

Obennann  (6-ber-man').  A  psychological  ro- 
mance by  Senancour,  published  in  1804.  It  Is  so 
called  from  the  name  of  the  hero,  who  is  a  dreamer  striv- 
ing to  escape  from  the  actual.  He  lives  in  a  solitary  val- 
ley, and  writes  melancholy  speculative  letters  on  all  kinds 
of  problems.  Sainte-Beuve  revived  the  book  by  bringing 
out  a  new  edition  in  1833,  when  it  appealed  to  the  public 
taste  more  perhaps  than  on  its  original  production. 

Oberon  (6'be-ron).  1.  In  medieval  mythology, 
the  king  of  the" fairies.  Hte  first  appears  in  the  old 
French  romance  "Huon  de  Bordeaux  "  as  the  son  of  Ju- 
lius Caesar  and  Morgan  the  Fay,  and  is  thus  connected 
with  the  Arthurian  genealogy.  Shakspere  introduces  him 
in  the  "Midsummer  Night's  Dream," 

He  resembles  In  many  respects  the  Elberichin  the  story 
of  Otnit.  Grimm  connects  the  name  with  Alp,  Alb,=  elf, 
and  he  may  be  regarded  as  an  importation  from  the  Tea- 
tonic  Pantheon,  invested,  however,  with  many  Keltic  and 
Christian  as  well  as  Asiatic  attributes.  M.  Longnon,  in 
the  Itomania,  vol.  iii,  has  carefully  worked  out  the  proba- 
ble connection  of  Huon  with  the  reign  of  Charles  the  Bald. 
Whatever  the  historical  element  in  the  romance,  Oberon 
became  an  essential  part  in  it  as  early  as  the  thirteenth 
century.  DmOop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  296,  note. 

2.  The  fourth  satellite  of  Uranus,  discovered 
by  Lassell  in  1847. — 3.  A  romantic  poem,  one 
of  the  chief  works  of  Wieland,  published  in  1780. 
—  4.  A  romantic  opera  by  K.  M.  von  Weber, 
produced  at  London  in  1826.  The  libretto  In  Eng- 
lish is  by  Plancl.^.  It  was  also  produced  with  an  Italian 
libretto  at  Iiondon  in  1860,  with  various  additions  from 
"Euryanthe,"  etc. 

Oberpfalz.    See  Palatinatf. 

Obersteiil  (6'ber-stin).  A  town  in  Birkenfeld, 
Oldenburg,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Nahe  47 
miles  west-southwest  of  Mainz.  "The  leading 
industry  is  agate-cutting  and  -polishing.  Near 
there  are  fifty  polishing-mills.  Population 
(1890),  6,271.    •'    ^  ^  ^ 

Oberwesel  (6'ber-va'zel).  Atownin  the  Rhine 
Provinee,Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine  19  miles 
south-southeast  of  Coblenz.  Near  it  is  the 
castle  of  Schonburg.    Population  (1890),  2,521. 

Obi  (6'be),  or  Ob  (6b).  A  navigable  river  of 
Siberia,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Biya  and 
Katun,  and  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Obi.  its  chit  t 


Obi 

tributary  is  the  Irtish.  On  its  banks  are  Tomsk,  Barnaul, 
Mid  Narym.  Length,  about  2,100  miles :  including  tlie  Ir- 
tish, about  2,600  miles. 

Obi,  Gulf  of.  An  inlet  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  north 
of  Siberia.    Length,  about  600  miles. 

Obion  (6-bi'gn)  Eiver.  A  river  in  western  Ten- 
nessee which  joins  the  Mississippi  57  miles  above 
Memphis.    Length,  about  130-140  miles. 

Obligado,  Funta  de,  Battle  of.  See  Punta  de 
Obligado. 

Oblivion,  Act  of.  An  English  statute  of  1660, 
entitled  "  An  Act  of  Free  and  GeneraU  Pardon, 
Indempnity,  and  Oblivion,"  by  which  all  politi- 
cal offenses  committed  during  the  time  of  the 
Commonwealth  were  pardoned,  certain  offend- 
ers mentioned  by  name  in  the  act  being  ex- 
ceptedj  especially  those  engaged  in  the  trial  and 
execution  of  Charles  I.    Also  called  Act  ofln- 


Obok,  or  Obock  (6-bok').  A  French  colony  and 
protectorate  in  Africa,  on  the  Gulf  of  Aden, 
opposite  the  southwestern  extremity  of  Arabia, 
and  extending  about  40  miles  inland.  Obok 
and  Tajurah  are  the  chief  towns. 

Obong:o  (o-bong'go),  or  Abongo.  A  tribe  of 
pygmies  in  French  Kongo,  west  Africa.  Their 
stature  is  betireen  ii  and  6  leet ;  color  brown ;  hair  tufty 
and  woolly,  spreading  over  the  body ;  and  head  brachy- 
cephalouE.  They  are  hunters  and  fishermen,  ol  nomadic 
instinct,  and  live  in  round  grass  huts.  They  are  tributary 
to  Bantu  tribes  on  whose  skirts  they  live.  They  are  found 
in  different  parts  of  French  Kongo,  and  are  variously  called 
BabonffOf  Akwa,  Okwa^  etc.,  and  represent  the  Matimbos  of 
the  Portuguese  discoverers.    See  Pygmies. 

Obrenovitch,  (6-bren'6-vieh).  The  family  name 
of  the  reigning  dynasty  of  Servia.  This  dynasty 
was  founded  by  Milosh  Obrenovitch,  who  was  proclaimed 
hereditary  prince  of  Servia  in  1827.  His  successors  have 
been  his  son  Michael,  his  grandnephew  Milan,  and  the 
latter's  son  Alexander. 

O'Brien  (6-bri'en),  Fitz-James.  Bom  at  Lim- 
.  eriek,  Ireland,  iS28:  died  April  6, 1862.  An  Irish- 
American  litterateur.  He  was  educated  at  Dublin 
University,andcametotheTrnitedStatesinl862.  Hewrote 
weird  stories  after  the  manner  of  Poe.  Among  his  works 
is  "The  Diamond  lens,  and  Other  Stories,"  collected  and 
published  in  1887. 

O'Brien  (6-bri'en),  William.    Bom  1852.    An 

Irish  politician  and  journalist.  He  enteredParlia- 
ment  as  a  Nationalist  in  1883,  is  editor  of  "  United  Ire- 
land," and  has  a  number  of  times  been  imprisoned  under 
the  Coercion  Act.  In  1890,  having  been  liberated  on  bail 
pending  a  political  trial,  he  escaped  to  the  United  States  in 
order  to  fulfil  an  engagement  as  a  lecturer. 

O'Brien,  William  Smith.  Bom  in  County 
Clare,  Ireland,  Oct.  17,  1803 :  died  at  Bangor, 
North  Wales,  June  18, 1864.  An  Irish  revolution- 
ist. He  entered  Parliament  in  1828 ;  became  a  leading 
member  of  the  Bepeal  Association,  which  he  left  in  1846 ; 
was  a  leader  of  the  Young  Ireland  party ;  incited  an  un- 
successful insurrection  in  1848 ;  and  was  arrested  in  1848, 
transported  in  1849,  and  pardoned  in  1856. 

Observations  of  Bel.    See  the  extract. 

The  standard  work  on  astronomy,  as  has  already  been 
noted,  was  that  called  "  The  Observations  of  Bel,"  compiled 
originally  for  the  library  of  Sargon  I.  at  Accad.  Additions 
were  made  to  it  from  time  to  time,  the  chief  object  of  the 
work  being  to  notice  the  events  which  happened  after 
each  celestial  phenomenon.  Thus  the  occurrences  which 
at  different  periods  followed  a  solar  eclipse  on  a  particu- 
lar day  were  all  duly  introduced  into  the  text  and  piled, 
as  it  were,  one  upon  the  other.  The  table  of  contents  pre- 
fixed to  the  work  showed  that  it  treated  of  various  mat- 
ters ^eclipses  of  the  sun  and  moon,  the  conjunction  of 
the  sun  and  moon,  the  phases  of  Venus  and  Mars,  the  po- 
sition of  the  pole-star,  the  changes  of  the  weather,  the  ap- 
pearance of  comets,  or,  as  they  are  called,  "stars  with  a 
tail  behind  and  a  corona  in  front,"  and  the  like. 

Sayce,  Assyria,  p.  115. 

Obwalden  (ob'val-den).  A  haU-eanton  of  the 
canton  of  Unterwalden,  Switzerland,  forming 
the  southern  and  western  part  of  the  canton. 
It  sends  1  member  to  the  National  Council.  It  submitted 
to  the  French  in  1798.  Engelberg  was  annexed  to  it  in  1815. 
Area,  183  square  miles.    See  further  under  Unterwalden. 

Oca  del  Cairo,  L'.  An  opera  begun  by  Mozart 
in  1783.  It  was  finished  by  Andrfi  with  pieces  from 
other  operas  of  Mozart,  and  produced  at  Paris  in  1867. 
Grove. 

O'Oallaghan  (o-kal'a-han),  Edmund  Bailey. 

Born  at  Mallow,  Ireland,  Feb.  29, 1797:  died  at 
New  York,  May  27,  1880.  An  Irish-American 
historian.  Amonghiswork8are"Historyof  New  Neth- 
erlands "  (1846),  "  Documentary  History  of  New  York " 
(1849-51),  "Documents  relating  to  the  Colonial  History  of 
New  York  "(1856-61). 

Ocampo  (o-kam'pd),  Sebastian  de.  Bom  about 
1465:  died  after  1509.  A  Spanish  navigator. 
He  was  one  of  the  earlier  colonists  of  Espafiola,  and  in 
1508  was  sent  by  Ovando,  governor  of  that  island,  to  ex- 
plore the  coasts  of  Cuba.  He  succeeded  in  circumnavi- 
gating it,  thus  proving  its  insular  character :  Columbus 
had  supposed  it  to  be  a  part  of  Asia. 

Ocana  (6-kan'ya).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Toledo,  Spain,  37  miles  south-southeast  of  Ma- 
drid. Here,  Nov.  19, 1809,  the  French  (30,000)  under  Soult 
and  Mortier  defeated  the  Spaniards  (55,000)  under  Arei- 
zaga.    Population  (1887),  6,046. 


751 

Ocana.  A  town  in  the  department  of  Santander, 
Colombia,  250  miles  north  by  east  of  BogotA. 
Population,  about  6,000. 

O'Oarolan  (6-kar'o-lan),  Turloch.  Bom  in 
1670  in  County  Meath :'  died  at  Alderford,  March 
25,  1738.  A  famous  Irish  minstrel.  He  was  one 
of  the  last  of  the  improvising  wandering  bards,  and  trav- 
eled with  a  harp  from  door  to  door. 

Occam,  or  Ockliam(ok'am),  William  of.  Bom 
at  Ockham,  Surrey,  England,  about  1270 :  died 
at  Mimich,  April  7, 1347.  An  English  scholas- 
tic philosopher,  the  reviver  of  nominalism.  He 
was  called  the  "Invincible  Doctor,"  the  "Singular  Doc- 
tor," "Prlnceps  Nominalium,"  and  in  the  ages  following 
his  own  "  Venerabilis  Inceptor,"  as  it  he  had  not  actually 
taken  his  degree.  He  was  a  great  advocate  of  the  rule  of 
poverty  of  the  Franciscan  order,  to  which  he  belonged,  and 
a  strong  defender  of  the  state  against  the  pretensions  of 
the  papacy.  He  was  lecturer  in  the  University  of  Paris  ; 
aided  Louis  of  Bavaria  in  his  contest  with  Pope  John 
XXII. ;  and  opposed  the  latter  in  the  Franciscan  assem- 
bly at  Perugia  in  1322.  All  his  teachings  depend  upon 
the  logical  doctrine  that  generality  belongs  only  to  the 
significations  of  signs  (such  as  word^.  The  conceptions  of 
the  mind  are,  according  to  him,  objects  in  themselves  in- 
dividual, but  naturally  significative  of  classes.  These  prin- 
ciples are  carried  into  every  department  of  logic,  meta- 
physics, and  theology,  where  their  general  result  is  that 
nothing  can  be  discovered  by  reason,  but  all  must  rest 

■  upon  faith.  Occamism  thus  prepared  the  way  for  the  over- 
throw of  scholasticism,  by  arguing  that  little  of  importance 
to  man  could  be  learned  by  scholastic  methods  :  yet  the 
Occamistic writings  exhibit  the  scholastic  faults  of  trivial- 
ity, prolixity,  and  formality  in  a  higher  degree  than  those  of 
any  other  school.  His  chief  works  are  "  Tractatus  logices," 
"Tractatus  de  Sacramento  altaris,"  "Super  guatuor  libros 
sententiarum  expositio  aurea." 

Occleve  (ok'klev),  Thomas.  [ME.  Occleve,  some- 
times with  unorig.  aspirate  Soccleve:  prob. 
of  local  origin ;  AS.  as  if  *de-eUf,  pi.  *accleafu, 
oak-cliff.]  Born  about  1370 :  died  about  1454. 
An  English  poet  and  lawyer.  He  lived  at  Chester's 
Inn  in  the  Strand  in  his  youth,  and  knew  Chaucer.  His 
chief  poem  is  "  De  regimine  principum,"  a  new  version  of 
"The  Governail  of  Princes."  Some  of  his  poems  were 
printed  for  the  first  time  in  1796  by  George  Mason,  but  a 
number  were  printed  1487-1598  at  Paris,  Lyons,  Venice, 
and  Strasburg. 

.  The  old  confusion  with  the  aspirate  has  caused  the  name 
to  be  written  both  "  Hoccleve"  and  "  Occleve."  But  in  a 
copy  of  "  The  Governail  of  Princes, "  which  the  poet  wi-ote 
with  his  own  hand,  the  name  occxurs  in  the  text,  and  is  writ- 
ten"Occleve."  Another  day  hemightliave  written  "Hoc- 
cleve," and  he  may  have  done  so  in  his  own  draft  of  the 
first  line  of  his  that  will  presently  be  quoted.  But  the 
name  is  Occleve  in  the  only  place  where  we  are  sure,  or 
nearly  sure,  that  he  himself  has  written  it. 

MoTley,  English  Writers,  VI.  122. 

Oceana  (6-ge-a'na).  Aphilosophioal  treatise  on 
the  theory  of  civil  government,  by  James  Har- 
rington, published  in  1656.  The  full  title  is 
"The  Commonwealth  of  Oceana."  It  presents 
the  model  of  a  perfect  republic. 

Ocean  Grove  (6'shan  grov).  A  town  in  Mon- 
mouth County,  New  Jersey,  adjoining  Asbury 
Park  7  miles  south  of  Long  Branch.  It  is  a 
seaside  resort.     Population,  about  2,775. 

Oceanica  (o-shf-an'i-ka),  or  Oceania  (o-ge-a'- 
ni-a).  A  division  of  the  world  (according  to 
many  geographers)  which  comprises  Polynesia, 
Micronesia,  Melanesia,  Australasia,  and  Ma- 
laysia. 

Oceanus  (o-se'a-nus).  [Gv.'QKeavSg.']  1.  Ac- 
cording to  ancient  geographical  ideas,  a  swift 
and  unbounded  stream  encircling  all  the  known 
lands  and  seas ;  later,  the  outer  sea,  or  Atlantic 
Ocean.  The  progress  of  geographical  discovery 
produced  corresponding  modifications  of  this 
early  conception. 

The  key  to  the  confused  geography  of  the  "Germania," 
as  regards  northern  Germany,  will  be  found  in  a  compari- 
son of  the  passages  in  which  he  [Tacitus]  mentions  the 
"Oceanus,"  or  ocean-current,  as  distinguished  from  the 
seas  which  were  crossed  or  divided  by  its  stream.  The 
Islands  of  the  Suiones,  or  the  Danish  Isles  and  Southern 
Scandinavia,  are  described  as  being  actually  encircled  by 
"Oceanus."  Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  42,  note. 

2.  In  classical  mythology,  the  ocean  stream 
personified.    He  was  the  husband  of  Tethys. 
Ochiali  (o-ke-a'le).    A  celebrated  corsair.    See 
the  extract. 

Though  Dragut  was  no  more,  Ochiali  —  as  the  Christians 
called  'Ali  El-Uluji,  'the  Eenegade'  (the  Turks  dubbed 
him  Fartas,' Scurvied,'  from  his  complaint) — was  follow- 
ing successfully  in  his  old  master's  steps.  Born  at  Cas- 
telli  (Licastoli)  in  Calabria  about  1608,  Ochiali  was  to  have 
been  a  priest,  but  his  capture  by  the  Turks  turned  him  to 
the  more  exciting  career  of  a  Corsair.  Soon  after  the  siege 
of  Malta  he  succeeded  Barbarossa's  son  Hasan  as  pasha  or 
Beglerbeg  of  Algiers  (1568),  and  one  of  his  first  acts  was 
to  retake  Tunis  (all  but  the  Goletta)  in  the  name  of  Sultan 
Selim  II.,  who,  to  the  unspeakable  loss  of  the  Mohamme- 
dan world,  had  in  1566  succeeded  his  great  father  Suley- 
man.  In  July,  1570,  off  Alicata,  on  the  southern  coast  of 
Sicily,  Ochiali  surrounded  four  galleys  of  "the  Keligion  " 
—they  then  possessed  but  five— and  took  three  of  them, 
including  the  flag-ship,  which  Saint  Clement,  the  general 
of  the  galleys,  abandoned  in  order  to  throw  hunself  and  his 
treasure  on  shore  at  Montichiaro. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Barbary  Corsairs,  p.  161. 


Oconto 

Ochill  Hills  (oeh'il  hilz).  A  range  of  hills  in 
Scotland,  situated  in  southern  Perthshire  and 
adjoining  parts  of  Stirling,  Clackmannan,  Kin- 
ross, and  Fife.  It  extends  from  near  Stirling  to 
the  Firth  of  Tay.  Highest  summit,  Ben  Cleugh 
(2,363  feet).     '  ^  .6 

Ochiltree  (och'l-tre),  Edie.  In  Scott's  novel 
' '  The  Antiquary,"  a  king's  beadsman  or  licensed 
beggar,  called  "Blue  Gown"  from  his  costume. 

Ochino  (6-ke'n6),  Bernardino.  Bom  at  Siena, 
Italy,  1487:  died  at  Schlackau,  Moravia,  about 
1565.  An  Italian  reformer,  a  general  of  the 
Capuchin  order.  He  fled  from  Italy  and  lived 
in  exile  in  Switzerland,  Germany,  England,  etc. 
He  wrote  polemical  works. 

Ochoa  (o-oho'a),  Bugenio  de.  Bom  at  Lezo, 
near  Guipuzcoa,  Spain,  April  19,  1815;  died  at 
Madrid,  Feb.  25, 1872.  A  Spanish  writer  and 
translator. 

Ochozomas.    See  Puquinas. 

Ochrida  (odh're-da).  A  town  in  Albania,  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  situated  on  the  Lake  of  Ochrida 
28  miles  west-northwest  of  Monastir.  Popula- 
tion, estimated,  10,000-12,000. 

Ochrida,  Lake  of.  A  lake  in  Albania,  Turkey, 
situated  in  lat.  41°  N.,  long.  20°  45'  E. :  the  an- 
cient Laeus  Lychnitis.   Length,  about  18  miles. 

Ochsenkopf  (och'sen-kopf).  [G.,  'ox-head.'] 
One  of  the  chief  summits  of  the  Fichtelgebirge, 
Bavaria.    Height,  3,363  feet. 

Ochus  (6'kus).     See  Artaxerxes  III. 

Ockham.    See  Occam. 

Ocklawaha  (ok-la-wa'^ia).  A  tributary  of  the^ 
St.  John's  River,  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
Florida.    Length,  about  200  miles. 

Ockley  (ok'li),  Simon.  lOcJcley,  AckUy,  and 
Oakley  are  from  AS.  Acted,  a  place-name,  'oak 
lea.']  Bom  at  Exeter,  England,  1678 :  died  at 
Swavesey,  Cambridgeshire,  England,  1720.  An 
English  Orientalist.  His  chief  work  is  a  "His- 
tory of  the  Saracens"  (1708-18). 

Ocmulgee  (ok-mul'ge).  A  river  in  central 
Georgia  which  unites  with  the  Oconee  about  90 
miles  west  of  Savannah  to  form  the  Altamaha. 
Length,  250-300  miles;  navigable  to  Macon. 

Ocoles  (o-ko'las).  An  Indian  tribe  of  the  Gran 
Chaco,  south  of  the  Kio  Vermejo,  mentioned  by 
early  writers.  They  were  probably  a  branch  of 
the  Mataguayas  (which  see). 

Oconee  (o-ko'ne).  A  river  in  central  Georgia 
which  unites  with  the  Oemulgee  to  form  the 
Altamaha.  Length,  over  250  miles ;  navigable 
(at  times)  to  MiUedgeville. 

O'Connell  (o-kon'el),  Daniel.  Bom  near  Ca- 
hirciveen.  County  Kerry,  Ireland,  Aug.  6, 1775: 
died  at  Genoa,  Italy,  May  15,  1847.  An  Irish 
agitator  and  orator.  He  became  famous  aa  an  advo- 
cate; founded  the  Catholic  Association;  was  the  leader 
of  the  agitation  in  favor  of  Catholic  emancipation ;  was 
elected  to  Parliament  1828 ;  became  leader  in  the  "repeal" 
agitation  1840;  promoted  the  mass-meetings  of  1842-43 ; 
and  was  arrested  3843  and  convicted  of  conspiracy  and 
sedition.    His  sentence  was  reversed  1844. 

O'Connell's  Tail.  A  nickname  given  to  the 
parliamentary  following  of  Daniel  O'Connell 
about  the  years  1830  to  1847. 

O'Connor  (6-kon'or),  Arthur.  Bom  1763 
(1767?):  died  in  France,  April  25,  1852.  An 
Irish  revolutionist.  He  was  a  member  of  the  directoiy 
of  the  United  Irishmen.  He  lived  in  exile  in  France  after 
1803. 

O'Connor,  Eily.  The  Colleen  Bawn,  the  prin- 
cipal female  character  in  Boucicault's  play  of 
that  name. 

O'Connor,  Feargus  Edward.  Bom  in  Ireland, 
1796 :  died  Aug.  30, 1855.  An  Irish  lawyer  and 
politician.  He  entered  Parliament  in  1832,  and  after- 
ward became  one  of  theleaders  of  the  Chartist  party.  He 
became  hopelessly  insane  in  1852. 

O'Connor,  Roderick  or  Bory.  Bom  1116:  died 

1198.  The  last  king  of  Ireland.  He  became  king  of 
Connaught  in  1156,  and  of  Ireland  in  1166.  He  acknow- 
ledged the  supremacy  of  Henry  II.  of  England  in  1175. 

O'Connor,  Thomas  Power.  Bom  in  Ireland, 
1848.  An  Irish  politician  and  journalist.  He  en- 
tered Parliament  in  1880,  and  became  an  active  member  of 
the  ParneUite  party.  He  was  elected  president  of  the  Irish 
National  League  of  Great  Britain  in  1883.  He  is  the  author 
of  "  Lord  Beaconsfield :  a  Biography  "  (1879),  etc. 

O'Connor's  Child.    A  poem  by  Campbell. 

O'Conor  (6-kon'or),  Charles.  Bom  at  New 
York,  Jan.  22, 1804:  died  at  Nantucket,  Mass., 
May  12,  1884.  An  American  lawyer.  He  was 
counsel  in  many  important  cases  in  New  York  city  ;  was 
prominent  as  prosecuting  lawyer  in  the  "T^veed  Ring" 
cases ;  and  was  nominated  for  the  presidency  by  the  Demo- 
crats who  opposed  Greeley  in  1872. 

Oconto  (o-kon'to).  The  capital  of  Oconto  Coun- 
ty, Wisconsin,  situated  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Oconto  Eiver  into  Green  Bay.  Population 
(1900),  5,646. 


Ocosmgo 

Ocosingo  (6-k6-sen'g6).  A  town  in  the  state 
of  Chiapas,  southeastern  Mexico,  south  of  Pa- 
lenque.  There  are  ancient  ruins  in  the  vicinity. 

Ocracoke  (o'kra-kok)  Inlet.  A  sea  passage  in 
North  Carolina,  connecting  Pamlico  Sound  with 
the  Atlantic,  30  miles  southwest  of  Cape  Hat- 
teras. 

Octateuch  (ok'ta-tHk).  [From  Gr.  o/crw,  eight, 
and  Tevxoc,  an  implement,  a  book.]  The  Srst 
eight  books  of  the  Old  Testament  considered  as 
forming  one  volume  or  series  of  books.  Also 
Octoteuch. 

Octave  (ok-tav').  in Molifere's  "Les fourberies 
de  Scapin,"  the  son  of  Argante.  In  Otway's 
version  he  is  called  Octavian. 

Octavia  (ok-ta'vi-a).  [L.,  fern,  of  Octamus.'\ 
Bied  11 B.  c.  The'sister  of  Octavius  (Augustus 
Csesar) .  she  was  the  wife  first  of  Marcellus,  and  after- 
ward of  Mark  Antony.  Her  marriage  with  Antony  was 
intended  to  confirm  amicable  relations  between  him  and 
Octavius.  She  was  supplanted  in  his  affections  by  Cleo- 
patra, and  was  divorced  in  32,  She  appears  in  Shakspere's 
"Antony  and  Cleopatra,"  and  Daniel  published  (1699)  a 
poem  in  61  stanzas  entitled  "  A  Letter  sent  from  Octavia 
to  her  husband  Marcus  Antonius  into  Egypt." 

Octavia.  Bom  about  42  A.  D.:  killed  62  A.  D. 
Daughter  of  Claudius  and  Messalina,  and  -wife 
of  Nero. 

Octavian,  L.  Octavianus.    See  Augustus. 

Octavian  (ok-ta'vi-an).  In  Colman  the  younger's 
play  "  The  Mountaineer,"  an  inspired  maniac. 
This  character  was  taken  from  Cardenio  in 
"Don  Quixote." 

Octavian.  1 .  A  15th-eentury  romance  relating 
to  the  emperor  Octavian.  There  are  two  English 
versions  from  a  French  original,  "  Octavien,  or  Horent  et 
Lyon." 

2.  A  satirical  comedy  by  Tieek,  published  in 
1804. 

Octavian  Library.  A  public  library  at  Rome, 
the  first  library  open  to  the  public,  founded 
by  the  emperor  Augustus  in  honor  of  his  sister 
Octavia,  and  housed  in  the  Portico  of  Octavia. 
It  perished  in  the  fire  which  raged  at  Borne  for  three  days 
in  the  reign  of  Titus,  A.  D.  79-81. 

Octavius (ok-ta'vi-us).  Adialogue,  byMinucius 
Felix,  in  which  arguments  against  Christianity 
which  were  current  at  the  time-  are  set  forth 
and  refuted. 

Octavius,  Cains.    [L., 'the  eighth '-bom.]    See 


752 


Odyssey 


Odenathns  (od-e-na'thus).     Balled  271  (266  ?)  affected  troops,  and  in  476  overthrew  Orestes  and  com- 

A    D.     A  ffpneral  siTifl  nilPT  nf  Pnlrnvro    tii-qo«  pelled  Romulus  Augustulusto  abdicate.    He  extinguished 

«ollt  i^f^r  I     r   ;  IC  TO      ■t^S'^yra,  practi-  f^^  y^g  ^^^  ^f^^^  ^j  emperor  of  the  West,  and,  assuming 

cally  independent  of  the  Romans :  husband  of  the  title  of  patrician,  ruled  in  the  West,  nominally  as  view 

Zenobia.  of  the  Eastern  emperor.    He  was  overthrown  and  trea- 

Odenburg,  or  Oedenburg  (fi'den-boro),  Hune.  J'^'^T'L""'' a-   if/  Theodoric. 
Soprony  (sho'prony).   Vroyal  free  city,  the  O'Doherty,  Sir  Morgan.    A  pen-name  of  Dr. 

capital  of  the  county  of  Odenburg,  Hungary,  aTj^'^";- J-      i>^     a  t.         ■    4-1. 
36  miles  south  by  east  of  Vienna:  the  Eom^  Odoieff(o-do-yefO.   A  town  m  the  government 
Sopronium.    It  his  a  flourishing  trade.    Popu-    °^  ™^'  ^^f^'  ^tuated  on  the  Upa  125  miles 
lation  (1890),  27,213.  „^,°"*^  ^^,7^?^*  °^^?^°^^-    Population,5,665. 

Odenkirchen  (o'den-kirch-en).     A  manufac-  OI?PF?^M°-''°,°,«^^^'.?!?F  •??! ^' ^*°^''*  °^ 
turing  town  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,    A?>'sbal.   Born  1769:  died  May  6, 1834.   A  Span- 


ish  general,  of  Irish  extraction.  He  distinguished 
himself  during  the  French  invasion  of  1809-10,  and  in  1811 
captured  Abisbal  (whence  his  title).  In  1819,  while  com- 
mander at  Cadiz,  he  suppressed  a  conspiracy  against  the 
government  of  Ferdinand  VII.  He  was  compelled  to  flee 
to  France  by  the  events  of  1823,  and  died  on  his  return  to 
Spain  at  the  accession  of  Maria  Christina. 

Santa  Cruz, 
died  at  Biar- 
ritz, Nov.  5, 1867.  A  Spanish  general,  son  of  H. 
J.  O'Donnell.  He  fought  against  the  Carlists  1833-39, 
and  in  July  of  the  latter  year  forced  Cabrera  to  raise  the 
siege  of  Lucena,  for  which  he  was  made  count  of  Lucena 
and  lieutenant-general.  Subsequently  he  protected  the 
queen  regent  in  her  retreat  to  France.  In  Oct.,  1841,  he 
headed  an  unsuccessful  revolt  against  the  regency. '  After 
the  fall  of  the  regency  he  was  captain-general  of  Cuba, 
Kov. ,  1843,  to  March,  1848.  He  was  minister  of  war  1864- 
1856 ;  president  of  the  cabinet  July  14  to  Oct.  12, 1866 ;  and 
again  premier  and  minister  of  war  June,  1858.  In  the  latter 
capacity  he  commanded  in  the  campaign  in  Morocco  1859- 
1860,  and  was  made  grandee  of  Spain  and  duke  of  Tetuan. 
He  resigned  otSce  in  1863,  but  once  more  held  the  premier- 
ship 1865-66. 
ceives  a  subsidy  from  the  state  as  an  offshoot  ot  the  Comi-  O'DonOghue  (6-don'o-hii)  of  BoSS.  A  legendary 


situated  on  the  Niers  26  miles  northwest  of 

Cologne.    Population  (1890),  11,667. 
Odense  (6'den-se).    The  chief  city  of  the  island 

of  Fiinen,  Denmark,  situated  on  the  Odense 

Aa  aboutlat.  55°  25'  N.,  long.  10°  23'  E. :  the 

third  city  in  Denmark,    it  has  various  manufactures.  fySivrmpil    iiPOTioido  ~  Bom   at 

Traditionally  it  is  the  oldest  city  of  the  kingdom  (founded,     T= W,  „f  -fi^^S^FB    TaT,   1 9  1  Snq  • 

according  to  legend,  by  Odin).    It  was  the  btthplace  of     Island  of  Tenenffe,  Jan.  12, 1809. 

Hans  Christian  Andersen.    Population  (1890X  30,277.  — *-  w —  k  lac^     ai _i 

Odenwald  (o'den-valt).  Aregionsituatedmain- 

ly  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  province  of 

Starkenburg,  Hesse,     it  is  traversed  by  four  low 

parallel  ridges,  and  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery 

and  for  legends.    Length,  about  40  miles.    Highest  point, 

the  Katzenbuokel  (2,060  feet). 

Odion  (6-da-6n').    One  of  the  leading  theaters 

of  Paris,  situated  near  the  Luxembourg,  it  was 

opened  in  1782  as  the  Th^tee  Franfais;  was  called  the 

Theatre  de  la  Nation  in  1789 ;  and  in  1796  was  called  the 

Od^on.    It  was  burned  in  1799,  and  rebuilt  in  1807,  when 

it  was  called  the  Theatre  de  I'lmp^ratrice.  At  the  res- 
toration it  became  Le  Second  Theatre  Franpais.  It  re- 
ceives a  subsid"' " ^-^ "-'    ^    "" 

die  Frangaise. 
Oder  (6'der),  Slav.  Vjodr  (vyodr).    One  of  the 

chief  rivers  of  G-ermany:  the  Roman  Viadus. 

It  rises  in  Moravia,  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between 

Austrian  and  Prussian  Silesia,  traverses  the  province  of 

Silesia,  flows  into  the  Stettiner  Hafl,  and  then  by  the 

Peene,  Swine,  and  Dievenow  into  the  Baltic.    Its  chief 

tributary  is  the  Warthe.    Among  the  towns  on  its  banks 

are  Eatibor,  Oppeln,  Brieg,  Breslau,  Glogau,  Frankfort, 

Kiistrin,  and  Stettin.    Length,  550  miles ;  navigable  for 

small  craft  from  Katibor ;  foir  larger  vessels  from  Breslau. 

^^T^^f  Sif^^o* '^t1-  1  \T^^}  *°'^J?  ^'^tr°^l  O'DonOJU  (6-d6n-6-H0'),  Juan.    Bom  in  Spain 
inee  of  Treviso,  Italy,  26  miles  north-northeast    „C^.""V"k^.  ^h^a  „<^  Ti/ri'^i»„  "  „+  a  laoi      mi,„ 


Irish  hero. 

He  was  lord  of  the  lalce  [Killarney],  its  islands  and  the 
surrounding  land.  His  sway  was  just  and  generous,  and 
his  reign  propitious ;  he  was  the  sworn  foe  of  the  op- 
pressor; he  was  brave,  hospitable,  and  wise.  Annually 
since  his  death,  or  rather  disappearance,  he  is  said  to  re- 
visit the  pleasant  places  among  which  he  lived.  .  .  . 
Every  May  morning  he  may  be  seen  gliding  over  the  lake 
mounted  on  a  white  steed,  richly  caparisoned,  preceded 
and  followed  by  youths  and  maidens  who  strew  spring 
flowers  in  his  way.  DurUoPf  Hist,  of  Prose  Fict. ,  1. 230,  note. 


Octavius,  Qnaeus.  Killed  at  Rome,  87  b.  o.  A 
Roman  consul  in  87  B.  C.  He  was  an  adherent  of 
Sulla,  while  his  colleague,  L.  Cornelius  Cinna,  was  an  ad- 
herent of  Marius.    He  was  killed  by  the  followers  of  Cinna. 

October  (ok-to'ber).  [From  L.  October,  the 
eighth  month.]  The  tenth  month  of  the  year, 
containing  thirty-one  days.  It  was  the  eighth 
in  the  primitive  Roman  calendar. 

October  Club.  In  English  politics,  a  club  com- 
posed of  extreme  Tories,  first  formed  about 
1690,  and  influential  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne. 
It  was  named  from  the  October  ale  for  which  the  club  was 
celebrated.  Swift's  influence  was  the  principal  factor  in 
its  dispersion. 

October  States.  In  recent  American  political 
history,  those  States  (Ohio,  Indiana,  etc. )  which 
held  elections  in  October  instead  of  in  Novem- 
ber. In  presidential  campaigns  extreme  interest  cen- 
tered in  the  action  of  such  States,  on  account  of  the  bear- 
ing on  the  ensuing  November  elections.  The  elections 
are  now  held  in  November. 

Octodurum,  or  Octodurus.    Bee,  MarUgny. 

Octoroon,  The.  A  play  by  Bouoicault,  produced 
in  1861. 

Octoteuch.    See  Octateuch. 

O'Curry  (6-kur'i),  Eugene.  Bom  near  Cariga- 
holt,  County  Clare,  Ireland,  1796:  died  at  Dub- 
lin, July  30, 1862.  An  Irish  archseologist.  He 
translated  the  ancient  Brehon  laws,  the  "Book 
of  Lismore,"  etc. 

Odd-Fellows  (od'tel'^oz).  [A  fanciful  name  as- 
sumed by  the  original  founders  of  the  society.] 
A  secret  benevolent  and  social  society,  called 
in  full  The  Independent  Order  of  Odd-'Fellows. 
The  order  arose  in  the  18th  century,  and  various  lodges 
■were,  about  1814,  consolidated  into  the  Manchester  Unity, 
-which  is  now  the  principal  body  in  Great  Britain.  There 
are  also  lodges  in  the  United  States  (the  flrst  permanent 
lodge  was  founded  in  1819),  and  in  Germany,  Switzerland, 
Australia,  South  America,  etc.  The  object  of  the  order 
in  the  United  States  is  declared  to  be*' to  visit  the  sick, 
relieve  the  distressed,  bury  the  dead,  and  educate  the  or- 
phan, to  improve  and  elevate  the  character  of  man." 

Odelsthing  (6'delz-ting).  The  larger  house  of 
the  Storthing  or  parliament  of  Norway,  it  con- 
sists  of  those  members  of  the  Storthing  who  have  not  been 
elected  to  the  Lagthing  or  upper  house  by  the  Storthing 
itself,  or  about  three  fourths  of  the  whole  number.  All 
new  measures  must  originate  in  the  Odelsthing.  See 
Lagthing  and  Storthing. 

Odemish  (6-da-mish').  A  town  in  Asia  Minor, 
Turkey,  northeast  of  .Aidin.  Population,  about 
10,000. 


of  Venice :  the  ancient  Opitergium, 
Odessa  (o-des'a).  A  seaport  in  the  government 
of  Kherson,  Kiissia,  situated  on  the  Black  Sea 
in  lat.  46°  29'  N.,  long.  30°  46'  E.  It  is  the  chief 
seaport  and  commercial  center  of  southern  Kussia,  and 
one  of  the  largest  cities  of  the  realm.  It  is  the  terminus 
of  many  steamer  lines ;  is  especially  noted  for  its  export  of 
grain ;  exports  also  sugar,  flour,  wool,  hides,  flax^  tallow, 
etc.;  and  has  manufactures  of  flour,  tobacco,  etc.  It  has 
a  university  and  various  educational  and  scientific  insti- 


about  1755 :  died  at  Mexico,  Oct.  8,  1821.  The 
last  Spanish  ruler  of  New  Spain,  or  Mexico.  He 
was  a  lieutenant-general  in  the  army,  and  had  held  high 
official  positions  in  Spain.  In  1821  he  was  appointed 
captain-general  and  acting  viceroy  of  New  Spain,  arriving 
at  Vera  Cruz  July  SO ;  but  the  revolution  had  acquired 
such  strength  that  he  could  only  treat  with  the  leaders. 
On  Aug.  24  he  signed  with  Iturbide,  at  Cordoba,  a  treaty 
in  which  he  agreed  to  surrender  Mexico,  and  virtually 
adhered  to  the  plan  of  Iguala.  He  was  elected  one  of  the 
five  regents,  and  died  in  office. 


tutions,  and  constitutes  a  special  municipal  district.    It  O'DonOVaU    (6-don'6-van),   Jolm.     Born  in 


was  founded  in  1794,  and  was  bombarded  by  the  English 
and  French  forces  in  1854.    Population  (1897),  404,651. 

Odeum  of  Herodes  or  of  Regilla.  A  theater 
at  Athens,  built  by  Herodes  Atticus  in  the  reign 
of  Hadrian,  it  is  semicircular,  of  Roman  plan,  and  260 
feet  in  diameter.  The  stage  structure  is  one  of  the  most 
perfect  surviving.  Its  massive  exteriorfacehas  three  tiers 
of  semicircular  arches,  and  on  the  stage,  116  by  26  feet, 
opened  the  conventional  3  doors.  The  cavea  has  1  pre- 
cmction,  below  which  there  are  5  radial  divisions,  and 
above  it  10.  The  odeum  was  originally  covered  with  a 
wooden  roof. 

Odeypur.    See  Vdaipur. 

Odinam  (6'di-ham).  A  town  in  Hampshire, 
England,  42  miles  west-southwest  of  London. 
Population  (1891),  2,923. 

Odilienberg  (o-del'l-en-bero).  A  mountain  in 
Alsace,  19  miles  southwest  of  Strasburg.  it  is 
noted  for  its  ancient  convent  of  St.  Odilie,  ana  for  the 


County  Kilkenny,  Ireland,  July  9,  1809:  died 
at  Dublin,  Dee.  9,  1861.  An  Irish  archsBologist. 
He  published  a  translation  of  "  Annals  of  Ireland  by  the 
Four  Masters,  etc."  (1848-61),  etc.  This  book  was  written 
1632-36.  He  also  published  a  grammar  of  the  Irish  lan- 
guage (1846),  and  translated  and  edited  "The  Battle  of 
Magh  Rath   for  the  Irish  Archseological  Society  (1842),  etc. 

O'Donovan,  William  Rudolf.  Born  in  Viu- 
ginia,  March  28,  1844.  An  American  sculptor. 
He  has  produced  many  portrait-busts  and  reliefs.  Among 
his  statues  are  those  of  Paulding,  at  Tarrytown ;  Wash- 
ington, for  the  Republic  of  Venezuela,  at  Caracas ;  Wash- 
ington, for  the  monument  at  Newburg,  with  four  other 
statues;  Washington,  with  two  other  statues,  for  the 
Trenton  battle  monument;  and,  in  conjunction  with 
Thomas  Eakins,  equestrian  statues  of  General  U.  S.  Grant 
and  Abraham  Lincoln  for  the  memorial  arch  at  Prospect 
Park,  Brooklyn,  New  Vork. 

O'Dowd  (6-doud'),  Cornelius.  A  pseudonym 
of  Charles  James  Lever. 

Odrysian  Bard,  The.  Orpheus. 


Heidenmauer  (which  see). 

OdilonBarrot.  SeeBan-oi.  ^,  ^.  ^  Odysseus  To-drs'fl^);"L.  trrysTes  m-Ms'ez)  or 
Odm(o'din)  In  Norse  mythology  the  chief  Ulixes  (u-lik'sez).  '  [Or  Wm<Te{,f.^  In  Greek 
god  of  ae  Ases,  corresponding  to  the  Anglo-  legend,  a  king  of  Ithaca,  one  of  the  heroes  of 
Saxon  Woden.  He  is  the  source  of  wisdom,  and  the  the  Trojan  war,  especially  famous  for  his  wan- 
patron  of  culture  and  of  heroes.  He  is  attended  by  two  Aam-nna  a-r,a  o™i™f^  „  it  "»"«.=  iui  i^o  ytou 
ravens  and  twowolves,  is  sumamed  the  All-father,  and  sits  q  S|  exploits  on  the  homeward  voyage, 
on  the  throne  Hlidskjalf.  He  is  devoured  by  the  Fenris-  ™6  Uayssey.  He  was  the  son  of  Laertes,  the  husband 
wolf  in  RagnarSk.  of  Penelope,  andthefatherofTelemaohus.  His  intelligent 
OdO  (o'do).  Died  June  2,  959.  An  archbishon  •'""""age,  practical  wisdom,  and  resourcefulness  in  all 
of  Canterbury.  emergencies  make  him  the  ideal  representative  of  the 

OdO.    Died  about  1097.    A  Norman  prelate  and  Odyssey^'d'tsi).  An  epic  poem,  attributed  to 

of  William  the  Con-  Homer,  in  wliinli  a1.<^r.n^ol^™+.:,/l +i,»  „/■„„„*, — „ 


nobleman,  half-brother 


Homer,  in  which  are  celebrated  the  adventures 


queror.    H?  *--^,''^tX'dX?h?crS'  T.    5L9fZ^?«'^^  l^lysses)  during  ten  years  of  wan- 


created  earl  of  Kent  and  Hereford  after  the  Conquest.  He 
was  regent  of  the  kingdom  during  the  absence  of  William 
in  1067  and  1073.  He  was  afterward  imprisoned,  but  was 
released  on  the  death  of  William. 
Odoacer  (o-do-a'ser),  or  Odovakar  (6-d6-va'- 
kar),  or  Ottokar  (ot'to-kar).  Born  about  434: 
killed  March  5,  493.  A  leader  of  the  Hemli, 
Rugii,  and  other  tribes.  He  was  (according  to  the 
best  authorities)  the  son  of  a  Scyrrian  chieftain,  i3decon, 
who  served  under  Attila.  He  entered  the  Roman  army 
about  the  age  of  thirty.  In  475  the  Western  emperor  Ne- 
pos  was  dethroned  by  Orestes,  who  elevated  his  own  sori 
Romulus  Augustulus  to  the  purple.  Orestes  caused  a 
mutiny  among  his  mercenaries  by  refusing  to  accede  to  a 
demand  for  a  division  among  them  of  one  third  of  the  soil 
of  Italy.    Odoacer  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  dis- 


dering,  spent  in  repeated  endeavors  to  return 
to  Ithaca,  his  native  island,  after  the  close  of 
th  e  Trojan  war.  some  critics,  both  ancient  and  modem, 
who  have  acknowledged  the  Homeric  origin  of  the  Iliad, 
attribute  the  Odyssey  to  a  different  author.  (See  Homer.) 
The  Odyssey  is  the  only  complete  surviving  example  of  a 
whole  class  of  epics,  called  Nostoi,  describing  the  return 
voyages  of  various  Greek  heroes  from  Troy.  (See  Iliad.) 
It  represents  Odysseus  as  being  thrown  by  a  storm  at  the 
outset  of  his  voyage  on  the  coast  ot  Thrace,  north  of  the 
island  of  Lemnos.  He  plundered  the  town  of  Ismarus, 
belonging  to  the  Cicones,  where  he  lost  a  number  of  his 
followers.  Next  he  was  driven  to  the  country  of  the 
LotophagI  on  the  coast  of  Libya;  then  to  the  goat-island, 
which  lay  a  day's  voyage  to  the  north  of  the  Lotophagi. 
Leaving  all  his  ships  behind,  except  one,  he  sailed  to  tte 


Odyssey 

neighboring  island  of  tlie  Cyclopes  (the  western  coast  of 
Sicfiy),  where  with  twelve  companions  he  entered  the  cave 
of  the  Cyclops  Polyphemus,  a  son  of  Poseidon  and  Thoosa. 
Polyphemus  devoured  six  of  the  intruders,  and  Ijept  Odys- 
seus and  the  others  prisoners.  Odysseus  made  Polyphe- 
mus drunlt  with  wine,  put  out  his  eye  with  a  burning 
pole,  and  escaped  with  his  companions  by  concealing  him- 
self and  them  under  the  bellies  of  the  sheep  which  the 
Cyclops  let  out  of  his  cave.  Thenceforth,  however,  he 
was  pursued  by  the  anger  of  Poseidon,  who  sought  to  re- 
venge the  injury  inflicted  on  bis  son.  After  further  ad- 
ventures, in  whicb  he  lost  all  bis  ships  except  one,  be 
arrived  at  the  island  of  Miea.,  inhabited  by  the  sorceress 
Circe.  At  her  instance  he  made  a  journey  to  Hades ;  then 
sailed  by  the  island  of  the  Sirens  near  the  west  coast  of 
Itidy,  passed  between  Scylla  and  Charybdis,  aiid  arrived 
at  Irinacria,  the  island  of  Helios.  Here  his  companions 
Idlled  some  of  the  sacred  oxen  belonging  to  Helios,  with 
the  result  that  they  were  all  drowned  in  a  shipwreck  after 
leaving  the  Island.  Odysseus  escaped  witli  his  life  to  the 
Island  of  Ogygia,  inhabited  by  the  nymph  Calypso,  with 
whom  he  lived  8  years.  Leaving  Ogygia  on  a  raft  built 
with  the  assistance  of  the  nymph,  he  was  again  ship- 
wrecked, but  reached  Scherla,  the  island  of  the  Pheeacians, 
where  he  was  discovered  by  Nausicaa,  the  daughter  of 
Alcinous  and  Arete.  He  was  carried  to  Ithaca  by  the 
hospitable  Phseacians,  and  after  slaying  the  suitors  of  his 
wife  Penelope,  who  had  been  wasting  bis  property  during 
his  absence,  was  welcomed  by  his  wife  and  subjects. 

Though  there  was  controversy  in  old  days  about  the 
priority  of  the  lUad,  It  seems  quite  settled  now  that  we 
must  look  upon  the  Odyssey  as  a  later  poem  —  how  much 
later  it  is  impossible  to  say.  The  limits  assigned  have 
varied  from  Uiose  who  believe  it  the  work  of  the  same 
author  in  old  age,  to  those  who  place  it  two  centuries 
later  (as  M.  E.  Burnouf  does),  owing  to  the  difference  of 
Its  plan  and  style.  But,  as  Bonltz  says,  if  not  composed 
in  uie  old  !^e  of  Homer,  It  was  composed  in  the  old  age 
of  Greek  epic  poetry,  when  the  creative  power  was  dimin- 
ishing, but  that  of  ordering  and  arranging  had  become 
more  developed.  The  plot  of  the  Odyssey  is  skilfully 
conceived,  and  on  the  whole  artistically  carried  out,  even 
though  modem  acuteness  has  found  flaws  in  its  sutures. 
But  critics  seem  agreed  that  the  elements  of  the  Odyssey 
were  not  short  and  disconnected  lays,  but  themselves 
epics  of  considerable  length,  one  on  the  return  of  Odys- 
seus, another  on  the  adventures  of  Telemacbus,  and  these 
are  chief.        Mahaffy,  Hist  of  Classical  Oreek  Lit.,  I.  78. 

■  Oedenbnrg.    See  Odenburg. 

Sdipe  (6-d6p').  1.  A  tragedy  by  Comeille, 
produced  in  1659. —  2.  A  tragedy  by  Voltaire, 
produced  Nov.  18,  1718,  though  written  some 
time  before. 

(EdipuS  (ed'i-pus).  [Gr.  OWen-owf.]  In  (Jreek 
legend,  a  king  of  Thebes,  son  of  Laius  and  Jo- 
caste.  He  slew  the  Sphinx,  and  was  guilty  of  involun- 
tary crime  in  killing  his  father  and  marrying  his  mother. 
He  was  a  favorite  subject  of  the  epic  and  tragic  poets. 

(Edipus  Coloneus  (ko-lo-ne'us),  or  (Edipus 
at  Colonns  (ko-16'nus).  A  tragedy  of  Sopho- 
cles which  was' not  exhibited  tiU  four  years  af- 
ter his  death,  and  was  said  to  be  the  last  he 
wrote.  In  it  CEdipas,  driven  from  Thebes  by  Creon, 
with  his  daughters  Antigone  and  Ismene  seeks  asylum  with 
Theseus  at  Athens,  and  there  obtains  pardon  from  the 
gods,  and  peace. 

(Edipus  Tyrannus  (ti-ran'us).  A  tragedy  by 
Sophocles,  of  uncertain  date,  "placed  by  the 
scholiasts,  and  by  most  modem  critics,  at  the 
very  summit  of  Greek  tragic  art." 

(Egir.    See  ^gir. 

OenlenschlSiger.    See  Ohlensehlager, 

Oeland.    See  Oland. 

QBneus  (e'nus).  [Gr.  OJvEiif.]  In  Greek  legend, 
king  of  (3alydon,  husband  of  Althsea,  and  father 
of  Meleager  and  Tydeus. 

(EnOmauS  (en-o-ma'us).  [Qi.  Olv6/iaoc.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a'  king  in  Blis,  son  of  Ares,  and 
father  of  Hippodameia  by  the  Pleiad  Sterope. 
He  was  also  said  to  be  the  son  of  Ares  and  Ste- 
rope. 

An  oracle  had  declared  that  he  should  die  if  his  daugh- 
ter should  marry,  and  he  therefore  made  It  a  condition 
that  those  who  came  forward  as  suitors  for  Hippodameia's 
hand  should  contend  with  himsell  In  the  chariot-race,  and 
he  who  conquered  should  receive  her,  whereas  those  that 
were  conquered  should  suffer  death.  The  race-course  ex- 
tended from  Pisa  to  the  altar  of  Poseidon  on  the  Corinthian 
istlimus.  At  the  moment  when  a  suitor  started  with  Hip- 
poi^meia,  CEnomaus  sacrificed  a  ram  to  Zeus  at  Pisa,  and 
then  armed  himself  and  hastened  with  his  swift  chariot  and 
four  horses,  guided  by  Myitilus,  after  the  suitor.  He  thus 
overtook  many  a  lover,  whom  he  put  to  death,  until  Pelops, 
tlie  son  of  Tantalus,  came  to  Pisa.  Pelops  bribed  Myrtilus, 
and,  using  the  horses  which  he  had  received  from  Posei- 
don, he  succeeded  in  reaching  the  goal  before  CEnomaus, 
who  in  despair  made  away  with  himself.       ,Smith,  Diet. 

(Enophyta  (e-nof 'i-ta).  [Gr.  OIviS^uto:.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  place  in  Boeotia,  Greece, 
about  23  miles  north  of  Athens.  Here,  in  456 
B.  c,  the  Athenians  under  Myronides  defeated 
the  Boeotians. 

(Enotria  (e-no'tri-a).  [_Gt.  Olvorpia.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  name  given  by  the  Greeks  to  the 
southern  part  of  Italj, 

CEnttS  (e'nus).    The  ancient  name  of  the  Lm. 

CEnussse  (e-no'se).  [Gr.  Oivovaaai.^  A  group 
of  five  islands  in  the  .aigean  Sea,  situated  be- 
tween Chios  and  the  mainland  of  Asia  Minor: 
the  modem  Spalmadori. 

0.— 48 


753 

Oersted.    See  Grsted. 

Oertel.    See  Ortel. 

Oesel.    See  Osel. 

Oesterley.    See  Osterley. 

(Eta  (e'ta).  [Gr.  Otn?.]  In  ancient  geography, 
a  mountain  in  southern  Thessaly:  the  modern 
Katavothra.  it  forms  the  northern  barrier  of  central 
Greece,  and  was  flanked  by  the  pass  of  Thermopylae. 
Height,  about  7,060  feet. 

Oetinger.    See  OUnger. 

Oettingen.    See  OtUngen. 

Oeynhausen  (e'in-hou-zen),  Bad.  A  watering- 
place  in  the  province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  on 
the  Werre  near  Minden.  Population  (1890), 
2,482. 

Ofanto  (6-f  an'to).  A  river  in  southeastern  Italy, 
which  falls  into  the  Adriatic  39  miles  northwest 
of  Bari :  the  ancient  Aufidus.  Length,  about 
75  miles. 

Ofen  (6'fen).    The  German  name  of  Buda. 

Oflfa  (of'a).  King  of  Mercia  from  about  757  to 
796.  He  conquered  Oxfordshire  from  'WeBBex,  and  su""  ju- 
gated  the  Welsh  kingdom  of  Powys,  west  of  the  Severn. 
He  drew  up  a  code  of  laws  which  have  perished. 

Offa's  Dyke.  An  intrenchment  which  extends 
from  near  the  mouth  of  the  Wye  northward  near 
the  border  of  England  and  Wales  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Dee.  It  was  built  for  defense  against  the 
Welsh  by  Offa,  king  of  Mercia,  in  the  8th  cen- 
tury. 

Offenbach  (of 'fen-bach) .  A  city  in  the  province 
of  Starkenbfirg,  Hesse,  situated  on  the  Main  4 
miles  east  of  Frankfort.  It  is  the  first  manufactur- 
ing city  of  Hesse,  and  has  various  manufactures,  the  most 
Importantbeingportfoliosandtancyleather  goods,  engines, 
etc.  It  was  founded  by  French  refugees.  Population 
(1890),  36,085. 

Offenbacll  (of-en-bak'),  Jacc[ues.  Bom  at  Co- 
logne, June  21, 1819:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  5, 1880. 
A  French  composer  of  opera  bouffe.  He  was  con- 
ductor of  the  orchestra  of  the  Th^&tre  Fran^ais  in  1848,  and 
began  to  attract  attention  by  the  production  of  operettas 
at  small  theaters.  In  1855  he  took  the  Th6Mre  Comte, 
changed  its  name  to  Les  Bouif  es  Parlsiens,  and  became  at 
once  popular.  Among  his  opera  bouffes  are  "Orph^e  aux 
enters  "  (1858),  "La  grande-duohesse  de  Gerolstein  "  (1867), 
"La  belle  Heltae"  (18e4),"Barbe-bleue"  (1866),  "Madame 
Favart"  (1878),  "Le  Papillon"  (1860 :  a  ballet  pantomime), 
"  La  PSrichole"  (1868),"  Vert-Vert"  (1869),  and  "  Les  contes 
d'Hofimann  "  (op^ra  comique,  produced  after  hiB  death,  in 
1881). 

Offenburg  (of 'fen-bora).  A  town  in  Baden,  sit- 
uated on  the  Kinzig  12  miles  southeast  of  Stras- 
burg.  It  was  formerly  an  imperial  town.  Here,  Sept. 
24, 170TJ  the  Imperialists  under  Mercy  defeated  the  French. 
Population  (1890),  8,481. 

OfoteilQord(6-f6'ten-fy6rd).  Alongfiordonthe 
northwestern  coast  of  Norway,  near  the  Lofoten 
Islands. 

Ofterdingen  (of'ter-ding-eu),  Heiniich  von. 
A  semi-mythical  German  minstrel  of  the  13th 
century. 

Og  (og).  An  Amorite  king  of  Bashan,  def  ea!ted 
by  the  Hebrews  at  the  epoch  of  their  entrance 
into  Canaan.    He  was  a  giant  (Deut.  iii.  11). 

Ogalala,  Ogallalla.    See  Oglala. 

Ogam.    See  Ogham. 

Ogden  (og'den).  Acity,  capital  of  Weber  Coun- 
ty, Utah,  situated  on  the  Weber  Kiver  32  miles 
north  of  Salt  Lake  City,  it  is  an  important  junction 
of  the  Central  Pacific,  Union  Pacific,  ITtah  Central,  and 
Utah  and  Northern  railroads.    Population  (1900),  16,313. 

Ogden,  Aaron.  Born  at  Elizabethtown,  N.  J., 
Dec.  3,  1756:  died  at  Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  April 
19,  1839.  An  American  soldier  in  the  Eevolu- 
tionary  War,  and  governor  of  New  Jersey  1812- 
1813. 

Ogden,  William  Butler.  Bom  at  Walton, 
N.  Y.,  June  15,  1805:  died  at  New  York,  Aug. 
3,  1877.  An  American,  merchant  and  railroad 
president,  prominent  in  developing  the  North- 
west. He  became  first  mayor  of  Chicago  in  1837. 

Ogdensburg  (og'denz-bferg).  Acity  in  St.  Law- 
rence County,  New  York,  situated  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Oswegatchie  into  the  St.  Law- 
rence, in  lat.  44°  41'  N.,  long.  75°  30'  W.  It  has 
important  foreign  and  domestic  commerce  in  grain  and 
manufactures.  It  became  a  city  in  1868,  and  is  sometimes 
called  "the  Maple  City."   Population  (1900),  12,633. 

OgCi  or  Oj6  (6-zha'),  Jacques  Vincent.  Born 
in  Dondon  about  1755:  died  at  Port-au-Prince, 
Feb.  26,  1791.  A  Haitian  insurgent.  He  was  a 
light  mulatto.  He  was  educated  in  Paris,  and  represented 
the  colony  in  the  French  Constituent  Assembly.  In  1790 
he  organized  in  the  United  States  a  secret  expedition  for 
the  emancipation  of  the  colored  race  in  Haiti.  He  landed 
at  Cape  Fransois  Oct.  23,  but  after  some  slight  successes 
was  defeated,  captured,  and  broken  on  the  wheel.  He  was 
regarded  as  a  martyr  by  the  colored  population,  and  his 
cruel  death  led  to  the  practical  extermination  ol  the  yrhitea 
soon  after.  . 

Ogeechee  (6-ge'ehe).  A  river  m  southeastern 
(Jeorgia  which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  17  miles 
south  of  Savannah.    Length,  over  200  miles. 


Oglethorpe 

()g4ron  de  la  Boufere  (o-zha-r6n'  d6  la  bS-ar'), 
Bertrand  Denis  d'.  Born  near  Angers,  1615: 
died  at  Paris,  Deo. ,  1675.  A  French  adventurer, 
founder  of  the  colony  of  Haiti.  After  an  unsuccess- 
ful attempt  to  colonize  Guiana  (1656),  he  joined  the  buca- 
neers,  and  in  1685  was  appointed  governor  of  Tortugaby  the 
French WestlndiaCompany.  The  bucaneers probably liad 
transient  establishments  on  the  western  end  of  Espanola 
as  early  as  1632,  but  they  first  obtained  an  official  standing 
and  were  greatly  extended  under  Og^ron,  who  even  at- 
tempted to  conquer  the  whole  island  in  1674. 

Oggersheim  (og'gers-him).  A  town  In  the  Pa- 
latinate, Bavaria,  5  miles  west  of  Mannheim. 
Population  (1890),  4,537. 

Oggione(od-j6'ne),orXJggione(od-j6'ne),Mar- 
CO  da.  Bom  at  Oggione  about  1460 :  died  1530. 
An  Italian  painter,  chiefly  known  from  his 
copies  of  Leonardo  da  Vinei's  "Last  Supper" 
(in  London  and  Milan). 

Ogham.  In  Celtic  mythology.  See  the  extracts. 

The  word  "  ogham,"  in  modern  Irish,  stands  for  the  oc- 
cult Bciences ;  and,  according  to  Lucian,  Oghum  was  paint- 
ed in  the  second  century  as  a  Herculean  Mercury,  old,  in  a 
lion's  skin,  with  a  club  in  his  right  hand  and  a  bent  bow 
in  his  left,  the  ears  of  his  worshippers  bound  by  a  chain 
of  gold  and  amber  to  his  tongue. 

MorUy,  English  Writers,  1. 168. 

He  is  signalized  in  Irish  mythology  as  the  inventor  of 
writing,  that  is  to  say  of  the  Ogam  alphabet ;  for  Ogma 
being  much  skilled  in  dialects  and  in  poetry,  it  was  he,  we 
are  told,  who  invented  the  Ogam  to  provide  signs  for  se- 
cret speech  only  known  to  the  learned,  and  designed  to 
be  kept  from  the  vulgar  and  poor  of  the  nation.  The  mo- 
tive attributed  to  Ogma  is  an  invention  of  a  comparatively 
late  age,  for  there  was  nothing  cryptic  about  the  Ogam 
alphabet ;  but  the  allusion  to  Ogmas  skill  in  poetry  and 
dialects  is  important,  especially  as  there  was  not  only  a 
mode  of  writing  called  Ogam,  but  also  a  kind  of  pedantic 
jargon  which  bore  that  name.  Now  Irish  legend  will  have 
it  that  the  Ogam  was  so  called  from  the  name  of  Ogma,which 
is  etymologically  impossible. 

Rhys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  18. 

Ogier  (o-zhya'),  Le  Prieur,  The  name  under 
which  Jean  Louis  Guez,  Seigneur  de  Balzac, 
published  his  "Apology." 

Ogier,  the  Dane,  F.  Ogier  le  Danois  or  Ogier 
de  Danemarcke,  Dan.  Holger  Danske  or 
Olger  Dansk.  In  medieval  legend,  one  of  the 
paladins  of  Charlemagne :  the  subject  of  French 
chansons  de  geste  of  the  12th  and  13th  centuries. 
These  are  based  on  older  forms.  His  name  is  alBO  given 
as  Oger,  Ager,  and  Autcair.  M.  Barrels,  who  has  edited 
the  12th-century  chanson,  which  is  written  in  the  Walloon 
dialect  by  Eaimbert,  a  trouvfere,  thinks  he  should  be  called 
Ogier  r Ardennois  or  d'Ardenmarche.  The  trouvfere  Aden^ 
also  wrote  a  chanson  de  geste  of  the  same  cycle.  Ogier, 
the  son  of  Geoffrey  the  king  of  Denmark,  is  brought  up  at 
the  court  of  Charlemagne,  and  at  one  period  of  the  ro- 
mance assumes  the  crown  of  Denmark ;  but  he  tires  of  it 
and  returns  to  Charlemagne,  becoming  one  of  his  chief 
paladins.  After  a  successful  and  warlike  career,  at  the 
age  of  100  years  he  is  carried  away  to  the  Isle  of  Avalon 
by  Morgan  le  Fay,  who  restores  him  to  youth,  with  entire 
forgetfulness  of  the  world,  but  sends  him  back,  after  200 
years  have  passed,  to  defend  France.  After  repelling  i's 
invaders  and  restoring  the  old  spirit  of  knightbooi^  he 
returns  to  Avalon,  where  he  sleeps,  and  whence  he  may 
again  awake  and  return  to  defend  the  right.  As  Holger 
Danske,  he  has  been  raised  to  the  position  of  Danish  na- 
tional hero. 

Ogilby  (6'gl-bi),  John.  Bom  at  Edinburgh, 
1600 :  died  at  London,  Sept.  4,  1676.  A  Scot- 
tish poet,  translator,  and  compiler  of  atlS,ses. 
He  published  "America,  being  the  most  accu- 
rate Description  of  the  New  World"  (London, 
1671). 

OgilTie(6'gl-vi),  John,  Bom  in Mamoch,  Banff- 
shire, April  17,  1797:  died  at  Aberdeen,  Nov. 
21,  1867.  A  Scottish  lexicographer.  He  was  ap- 
pointed teacher  of  mathematics  at  Gordon's  Hospital, 
Aberdeen,  in  1831,  remaining  till  1859.  He  compiled  "  The 
Imperial  Dictionary  "(1847-50),  "The  Comprehensive  Eng- 
lish Dictionary"  (1868),  "The  Student's  English  Diction- 
ary" (1865),  "An  English  Dictionary,  etc.,  for  the  Use  of 
Schools"  (1867). 

Oglala  (6-gla'la).  ['She  scattered  her  own.'] 
The  people  of  Bed  Cloud,  part  of  the  Titonwan. 
The  name  has  been  corrupted  into  Ogalala. 

Ogle  (o'gl).  A  character,  in  Mrs.  Centlivre's 
comedy  "The  Beau's  Duel,"  who  fancies  every- 
body is  in  love  with  him. 

Ogleby  (6'gl-bi),Lord.  luGarriekandColman's 
"Clandestine  Marriage,"  a  faded  and  delicate 
but  witty  old  beau.  Whenthisplaywas  first  produced 
in  1766,  Garrick  refused  to  take  the  part,  and  in  consequence 
a  coldness  arose  between  him  and  Colman,  which  lasted 
for  years. 

Oglesby  (o'glz-bi),  Bichard  James.    Bom  in. 

Oldham  County,  Ky. ,  July  25, 1824:  died  at  Elk- 
hart, 111.,  April  24,  1899.  An  American  politi- 
cian and  soldier.  He  was  a  general  in  the  Civil  War; 
governor  of  Illinois  1865-69, 1873,  and  1885-89 ;  and  United 
states  senator  1873-79. 

Oglethorpe  (6'gl-th6rp),  JamesEdward.  Bom 
at  London,  Dec.  21, 1696:  died  at  CranhamHaD, 
Essex,  England,  1785.  An  English  general  and 
philanthropist.   He  projected  the  colony  of  Georeiafor 


Oglethorpe 

Insolvent  debtors  and  persecuted  Protestants,  conducted 
the  expedition  lor  its  settlement  1733,  and  returned  to 
England  1743. 

OgUo  (ol'yo) .    A  river  in  northern  Italy,  joining 
the  Po  10  miles  southwest  of  Mantua :  the  an- 
cient Ollius.    It  traverses  the  Lake  of  Iseo. 
Length,  about  135  miles. 
Ogma.    See  Ogham. 

Ogoway,  or  Ogow6  (6-g6-wa').  A  river  in  west- 
ern Africa  which  flows  by  a  delta  into  the  At- 
lantic about  lat.  1°  S.  its  basin  is  under  IVench 
protection.  Length,  about  600  (?)  miles ;  navigable  to  the 
Ngunle  Falls. 

Ogulllian(6-gul'ni-an)  Law.  In Koman history, 
a  law  carried  by  two  tribunes  named  Ogulnius, 
in  300  B.  0.,  by  which  the  offices  of  pontiff  and 
augur  were  thrown  open  to  the  plebeians. 
Ogyges  (oj'i-jez).  [Grr. 'fiyiy^f.]  In  Attic  and 
BcBotian  legend,  a  king  whose  reign  was  asso- 
ciated with  a  destructive  deluge. 
Ogygia(o-iij'i-a).  [G-r. 'Qyuyi)?.]  The  island  of 
Calypso,  referred  to  in  the  Odyssey.  Plutarch 
says  it  lies  due  west,  beneath  the  setting  sun. 
O'Hara  (6-har'a),  Theodore.  Bom  at  Danville, 
Ky.,  Feb.  11,  1820 :  died  near  Gruerryton,  Ala., 
June  6,  1867.  An  American  soldier  and  poet. 
He  served  in  the  Mexican  and  Civil  wars,  rising  to  the 
rank  of  colonel  in  the  Confederate  service.  He  wrote 
"The  Bivouac  of  the  Dead,"  "The  Old  Pioneer."  etc. 
O'Higgins  (6-hig'inz;  Sp.  pron.  o-e'gens),  Am- 
brosio.  Bom  in  County  Meath,  Ireland,  about 
1730:  died  at  Lima,  Pem,  March  18,  1801.  A 
Spanish  administrator,  marquis  of  Osorno  from 
1796.  His  real  name  was  Ambrose  Higgins.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  Spain,  and  when  a  young  man  went  to  Chile  as  a 
trader.  Obtaining  a  commission  in  the  army,  he  rose  rap- 
idly ;  was  captain-general  of  Chile  1788-96 ;  and  was  vice- 
roy of  Peru  from  June  6, 1796,  until  his  death. 

O'Higgins,  Bernardo.  Bom  at  Chilian,  Aug. 
20,  1778 :  died  at  Lima,  Pern,  Oct.  24,  1842.  A 
Chilean  general  and  statesman,  natural  son  of 
Ambrosio  O'Higgins.  He  was  educated  in  England, 
where  he  derived  republican  ideas  from  Miranda;  was  a 
prominent  military  leader  of  the  Chilean  patriots  from 
1810 ;  and  on  the  deposition  of  Carrera,  1813,  was  made 
commander  of  the  army.  Carrera  opposed  him,  and  a  civil 
war  was  prevented  only  by  the  common  danger  from  the 
Spaniards.  The  combined  forces  of  Carrera  and  O'Higgins 
were  defeated  at  Bancagua  Oct.  1  and  2,  1814,  and  they 
fled  across  the  Andes.  O'Higgins  joined  San  Martin  in 
the  invasion  of  Chile,  and  his  charge  decided  the  victory 
of  Chacabuco  (Feb.  12, 1817):  three  days  after  (San  Martin 
having  refused  the  office)  O'Higgins  was  named  supreme 
director  of  Chile  with  dictatorial  powers.  The  indepen- 
dence of  the  country  was  formally  proclaim  ed  Feb.  12, 1818, 
and  was  decided  by  the  victory  of  Maipo,  April  6, 1818. 
O'Higgins's  rule  was  very  progressive.  He  was  forced  to 
resign  by  a  revolution,  Jan.  28, 1823,  and  retired  to  Peru. 

Ohio  (o-hi'o).  The  principal  left-hand  tributary 
of  the  Mississippi,  it  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the 
Allegheny  and  Monongahela  at  Pittsburg ;  flows  through 
western  Pennsylvania ;  forms  the  boundary  between  Ohio, 
Indiana,  and  Illinois  on  the  north  and  northwest,  and  West 
Virginia  and  Kentucky  on  the  south  and  southeast;  and 
joins  the  Mississippi  at  Cairo.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the 
Muskingum,  Scioto,  Miami,  and  Wabash  on  the  north,  and 
the  Great  Kanawha,  Big  Sandy,  lacking,  Kentucky,  Green, 
Cumberland,  and  Tennessee  on  the  south.  Thechief  places 
on  its  banks  are  Pittsburg,  Wheeling,  Portsmouth,  Cin- 
cinnati, Covington,  Newport,  Madison,  Louisville,  New 
Albany, andEvansville.  ItsrapidsatLouisvilleareavoided 
by  a  canal.  Length,  about  976  miles,  all  navigable.  Total 
length  (with  the  Allegheny),  about  1,300  miles. 

Ohio.  One  of  the  North  Central  States  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  extending  from  lat. 
38°  24'  to  41°  57'  N.,  and  from  long.  80°  34'  to 
84°49''W'.  (Capital,  Columbus;  chief  cities,  Cin- 
cinnati and  Cleveland,  it  is  bounded  by  Michigan 
and  Lake  Erie  on  the  north,  Pennsylvania  and  West  Vir- 
ginia (separated  by  the  Ohio)  on  the  east,  Kentucky  (sep- 
arated by  the  Ohio)  on  the  south,  and  Indiana  on  the  west. 
The  surface  is  undulating.  It  is  the  fourth  State  in  pop- 
ulation ;  the  first  in  value  of  farms,  production  of  wool, 
and  manufacture  of  agricultural  machinery ;  and  one  of 
the  chief  manufacturing  States.  Among  the  chief  pro- 
ducts are  wheat,  Indian  corn,  wool,  live  stocl^  dair.v  pro- 
duce, flour,  pork,  coal,  iron,  salt,  and  petroleum.  It  has 
88  counties,  sends  2  senators  and  21  representatives  to  Con- 
gress, and  has  23  electoral  votes.  It  was  discovered  by  the 
French  under  La  Salle  at  the  end  of  the  17th  century;  was 
claimed  by  both  the  French  and  the  English ;  was  ceded  to 
Great  Britain  in  1763,  and  passed  to  the  United  States  in 
1783.  Virginiaand  Connecticut  relinquished  their  claims 
to  the  territory,  retaining,  however,  extensive  reserves  un- 
til 1800.  Ohio  formed  part  of  the  Northwest  Territory  in 
1787 ;  was  settled  at  Marietta  in  1788 ;  was  the  scene  of 
Indian  warfare  1790-96 ;  was  admitted  to  the  Union  in 
1803 ;  and  was  the  scene  of  engagements  in  the  War  of 
1S12,  and  of  raids  in  the  Civil  War.  Area,  41,060  square 
miles.    Population  ui^ooj,  4,157,546. 

Ohio,  Army  of  the.  A  Federal  army  in  the 
American  Civil  War.  it  was  organized  in  1861-62 
by  General  BuelL  In  Oct.,  1862,  Buell  was  succeeded  by 
Kosecrans,  and  the  army  was  called  the  Army  of  the  Cum- 
berland. Another  department  of  the  Ohio  was  formed, 
and  this  army  was  in  1866  incorporated  with  the  Army  of 
the  Cumberland. 

Ohio  Company,  The.  A  company  of  Virginia 
and  Maryland  colonists  to  whom  the  British 
crown  granted,  in  1749,  500,000  acres  in  the 
Ohio  valley  for  the  purpose  of  settlement. 


754 

Ohio  Idea.  In  American  politics,  the  advocacy 
of  greenbacks  in  payment  for  United  States 
bonds,  and  of  greenbacks  in  place  of  national- 
bank  notes.  This  project  was  pushed  especially  in  Ohio 
by  the  Democratic  leaders  Allen,  Pendleton,  and  Ewing 
about  1868-76. 

Ohio  Wesleyan  University.  A  coeducational 
institution  of  learning  at  Delaware,  Ohio, 
founded  in  1843.  it  is  controUed  by  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  and  has  about  80  instructors  and  1,300 
students. 

Ohlau  (6'lou).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Sile- 
sia, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ohlau  and  Oder 
17  miles  southeast  of  Breslau.     Population 

..(1890),  8,632. 

Ohlenschlager(6'len-shla-ger),AdamGottlob. 
Bom  at  Vesterbro,  near  Copenhagen,  Nov.  14, 
1779:  died  there,  Jan.20,1850.  ADanishpoetand 
dramatist.  His  first  important  production  was  the  poem 
"  Guldhomene  "  ("  The  Golden  Horns, "  1803),  the  work  from 
which  itis  customary  to  date  the  beginning  of  recentDanish 
poetry.  In  this  year  also  he  wrote  and  published  a  volume  of 
poems  ("  Digte  '^which  contains  the  lyrical  drama  "  Sanct- 
Hansaften-Spil  "'("The  Play  of  St.  John's  Eve  ").  In  1806 
appeared  two  new  volumes  of  "  Poetiske  Skrif  ter  "  ("  Poet- 
ical Writings  "), which  include,  among  other  poems, "  Thors 
!BeiBe  til  Jotunheim"  ("Thor's  Journey  to  Jotunheim  ") 
and  "  Alladin  eller  denforunderligeLampe  "  ("  Aladdin,  or 
the  Wonderful  Lamp"X  considered  one  of  the  master- 
pieces of  Danish  literature.  With  public  assistance  he 
was  now  enabled  to  undertake  a  journey  abroad,  and  left 
Denmark  this  same  year.  In  Halle  he  wrote  his  first 
tragedy,  "  Hakon  Jarl "  ("Earl  Hakon ").  He  remained 
the  winter  in  Berlin.  In  the  spring  of  1806  he  went  to 
Weimar,  and  lived  there  two  or  three  mopths  in  intimate 
association  with  Goethe.  He  was  subsequently  in  Dres- 
den, and  that  winter  went  on  to  Paris,  where  during  the 
next  eighteen  months  he  wrote  the  tragedies  "Palnatoke  " 
and  "Axel  og  Valborg, "  and  the  poem  "  Baldur  hin  Gode  " 
("Baldur  the  Good").  In  1809,  in  Home,  he  wrote  the 
tragedy  "  Corregio  "in  the  German  language.  He  returned 
to  Denmark  that  same  autumn,  and  in  1810  was  made 
professor  of  esthetics  at  the  Copenhagen  University. 
After  this  period  he  wrote  numerous  works,  epic,  lyric, 
dramatic,  and  prose,  among  them  the  dramatic  idyl 
"Den  lille  Hyrdedreng"  ("The  Little  Shepherd  Boy," 
1818) ;  the  epic  cycle  (parts  of  which  had  already  been 
published)  "Nordens  Guder"  ("The  Gods  of  the  North"), 
which  appeared  complete  in  1819;  the  tragedy  "Erik  og 
Abel"  (1820);  the  epic  "Hrolf  Krake"  (1828);  and  his  last 
great  work,  the  epic  "Regnar  Lodbrok"  (1848).  His 
poetical  works  (*  •  Poetiske  Skrif  ter  ")  were  puluished  at  Co- 
penhagen, 1867-62,  in  32  vols.  His  autobiography,  "Erin- 
dringer  "  ("  Bfcollections  "),  was  published  at  Copenhagen, 

.1860-61,  in  4  vols. 

Ohler  (6'ler),  Gustav  Friedrich  von.    Bom 

at  Ebingen,  Wiirtemberg,  June  10,  1812:  died 
at  Tubingen,  Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  19,  1872.  A 
German  Protestant  theologian.  He  published 
"  Theology  of  the  Old  Testament"  (1873),  etc. 
Ohm  (om),  Georg  Simon.  Bom  at  Erlangen, 
Bavaria,  March  16,  1787:  died  at  Munich,  July 
7, 1854.  A  German  physicist,  especially  noted 
for  his  investigations  in  galvanism.  He  pro- 
pounded an  important  law,  known  as  "Ohm's  law," 
which  may  be  expressed  as  follows:  the  strength  of  an 
electric  current,  or  the  quantity  of  electricity  passing  a 
section  of  the  conductor  in  a  unit  of  time,  is  directly  pro- 
portional to  the  whole  electromotive  force  in  operation, 
and  inversely  proportional  to  the  sum  of  all  the  resis- 
tances in  the  circuit.  He  published  "DiegalvanischeKette 
mathematisch  bearbeitet "  (1827),  etc 

Ohm,  Martin.  Bom  at  Erlangen,  Bavaria,  May 
6, 1792:  died  at  Berlin,  April  1,  1872.  A  Ger- 
man mathematician,  brother  of  G.  S.  Ohm:  pro- 
fessor at  Berlin  from  1824.  His  chief  work  is  "  Ver- 
such  eines  voUkommen  konsequenten  Systems  der  Mathe- 
matik"  (1822-^2). 

Ohnet  (6-na'),  Georges.  Bom  at  Paris,  April  3, 
1848.  A  French  novelist  and  dramatist.  After 
the  Franco-German  war  he  gave  up  the  study  of  law  for 
journalism.  At  first  he  was  on  the  staff  of  the  "Fays," 
and  thereafter  on  that  of  the  "  Constitutionnel. "  His  fond- 
ness for  dramatic  composition  led  him  to  write  "  Regina 
Sarpi"  (1876)  and  "Marthe"  (1877).  Some  of  his  novels 
have  also  been  adapted  to  the  stage,  among  others  "Le 
maitre  de  forges"  and  "La  grande  mariniere"  (1888). 
Ohnet's  novels  appeared  as  serials  in  the  "Figaro,"  the 
"Illustration,"  and  the  "  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes  "  before 
being  published  in  book  form.  The  series,  known  col- 
lectively as  "Batailles  de  la  vie, "  includes  "  Serge  Panine  " 
(1881),  "Le  maitre  de  forges "(1882),  "Lacomtesse  Sarah" 
(1883),  "Lise  Fleuron"  (1884),  "La  grande  marinifere" 
(1886),  "Les  dames  de  Croix-Mort"(1886),  "Noir  et  rose" 
(1887),  "Volenti"  (1888),  "Le  dqcteur  Rameau"  (1888), 
"Le  dernier  amour"  (1890),  "L'Ame  de  Pierre"  (1890), 
"Dette  de  haine"  (1891),  "  Nimrod  et  Cie"  (189«,  and 
"Le  lendemain  des  amours  "(1893).  Georges  Ohnet  is  an 
idealistic  rather  than  a  naturalistic  writer. 

Ohod  (6-h6d'),  or  Ohud  (6-hod'),  Battle  of.  A 
victory  gained  at  Ohod,  near  Medina,  probably 
in  625,  by  the  Koreish  over  Mohammed  and 
his  followers. 

Ohrdruf  (or'drof).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  Germany,  situated  on  the 
Ohra  8  miles  south  of  Gotha.  Population  (1890), 
5,919. 

Ohringen  (6'ring-en).  A  town  in  Wiirtemberg, 
on  the  Ohm  33  miles  northeast  of  Stuttgart. 
Population  (1890),  3,194. 

Oignon  (6n-y6n').    A  river  in  eastern  France, 


O'Eeefe 

chiefly  in  the  department  of  Haute-Sa6ne;  which 
joins  the  Sadne  21  miles  east  of  Dijon,  Various 
engagements  were  fought  near  its  banks  in  Oct.,  1870,  anci 
Jan.,  1871.    Length,  120  miles. 

Oil  City  (oil  sit'i).  A  city  in  Venango  County, 
northwestern  Pennsylvania,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  Oil  Creek  and  Allegheny  River,  70 
miles  north  by  east  of  Pittsburg,  it  is  noted  as  a 
center  for  the  production  and  distribution  of  oil.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  13,264. 

Oil  Islands.  A  group  of  small  islands  in  the 
Indian  Ocean.  They  are  a  dependency  of  Mau- 
ritius. 

Oil  Rivers  Protectorate.  A  British  protecto- 
rate in  western  Africa,  on  the  coast  between 
Lagos  and  Kamerun.  it  was  organized  in  1892,  hav- 
ing oeen  secured  to  Great  Britain  in  1884. 

Oiron  (wa-r6n').  A  small  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Deux-S&vres,  France,  26  miles  south  of 
Saumur.    It  has  a  remarkable  old  castle. 

Oisans  (wa-zon'),  Alps  of.  A  division  of  the. 
Cottian  Alps,  known  also  as  the  Pelvoux  group. 
The  Pointe  des  ficrins  rises  to  13,460  feet. 

Oise  (waz).  A  river  in  northern  France  which 
joins  the  Seine  15  miles  northwest  of  Paris. 
Length,  187  miles;  navigable  from  Chauny. 

Oise.  A  department  of  France,  formed  from 
parts  of  the  ancient  lle-de-France  and  Picar- 
dy.  Capital,  Beauvais.  it  is  boimded  by  Somme 
on  the  north,  Aisne  on  the  east,  Seine-et-Marne  and  Seine- 
et-Oise  on  the  south,  and  Eure  and  Seine-lnf^rieure  on  the 
west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Oise,  and  has  flourishing  ag- 
riculture and  manufactures.  Area,  2,261  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  401,836. 

Oisin.    See  Ossian. 

Ojani(Sp.  pron.  6-Ha-na').  [Tehua  of  New  Mex- 
ico.] A  ruin  south  of  Santa  F4.  The  village  was 
Inhabited  by  the  Tanos  (a  branch  of  the  Tehuas)  after  1698, 
but  was  abandoned  previous  to  the  insurrection  cf  1680. 
It  lies  near  a  place  called  Chimal. 

Oje.    See  Oge. 

Ojeda  (6-Ha'THa),  Alonso  de.  Bom  in  Cuenca. 
about  1468:  died  at  Santo  Domingo,  1514  or 
1515.  A  Spanish  cavalier,  prominent  in  early 
American  history.  He  went  to  EspaHola  with  Colum- 
bus, 1493,  and  was  engaged  in  many  audacious  enterprises 
there.  Returning  to  Spain,  he  was  associated  with  Cosa 
and  Vespucci  in  the  first  exploration  of  the  coasts  of  Guiana 
and  Venezuela  (May,  1499,-June,  1600).  In  1602  and  1506 
he  made  other  voyages  to  the  northern  coast  of  South 
America.  Being  empowered  (1508)  to  settle  and  govern 
Nueva  Andalucia  (now  northwestern  Colombia),  he  fitted 
out  an  expedition  at  Santo  Domingo,  sailing  Nov.  10, 1509. 
After  various  adventures  and  escapes  he  settled  on  the 
Gulf  of  UrabA  or  Darien.  The  colony  was  soon  reduced  to 
great  misery,  and  Ojeda  sailed  away  to  seek  aid.  He  was 
shipwrecked  on  Cuba,  and  finally  reached  Santo  Domingo 
penniless  and  bankrupt.  He  died  in  complete  poverty ; 
but  the  Darien  colony  was  eventually  successful,  and  led  to 
the  discovery  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  Peru. 

Ojibwa  (o-jib'wa),  or  Chippewa  (ohip'e-wa). 
[PI.,  also  Ojibways.']  A  large  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians.  Their  former  range  was  along  the 
north  and  south  shores  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior,  and 
extended  west  across  northern  Minnesota  to  the  Turtle 
Mountains  of  North  Dakota.  The  Ojibwa,  Ottawa,  and 
Pottawottomi  were  connected  in  a  loose  confederacy  desig- 
nated as  the  Three  Fires.  When  supplied  with  firearms  in 
the  early  part  of  the  18th  century,  they  greatly  extended 
their  territory  by  occupying  that  of  the  Fox,  Sioux,  and 
Iro(]uois.  They  number  now  above  80,000,  about  equally 
divided  between  the  United  States  and  Canada.  Their 
name  seems  to  refer  to  "puckering"  or  "drawing  up," 
whether,  as  variously  contended,  of  the  lips  in  speaking 
or  drinking,  of  a  peculiar  seam  in  the  moccasin,  or  of  the 
skin  of  a  roasted  prisoner  is  uncertain.  The  French  called 
them  Saulteurs  ('people  of  the  falls "),  from  the  band  first 
met  at  Sault  Ste. -Marie.    See  Algonquian. 

0,  K.  Nom  de  plume  of  Olga  Kir^eff,  now  Ma- 
dame de  Novikoff. 

Oka  (6-ka').  A  river  in  central  Bussia  which 
joins  the  Volga  atNijni-Novgorod.  The  Moskva 
is  a  tributary.  Length,  about  900  miles;  navi- 
gable from  Orel. 

Okanda  (6-kan'da).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  French 
Kongo,  dwelling  on  the  middle  Ogowe  Biver. 
They  are  well  built,  and  sharpen  their  incisors.  The  wo- 
men have  already  substituted  the  European  for  the  native 
cloth.  Their  dead  are  sunk  in  the  deepest  parts  of  the  river, 
lest  their  enemies  should  use  the  skulls  for  witchcraft. 

Okanogan.    See  Okinagan. 

Okavango  (6-ka-vang'g6) .  A  river  in  southern 
Africa,  tributary  to  Lake  Ngami:  called  Cu- 
bango, or.Kubango,  in  its  upper  course  through 
Portuguese  territory. 

Okdah  (ok'da).  [Ar.  'oc[ad-al-haitain,  the  knot 
of  the  two  ttreads  (an  Arabic  translation  of 
the  Greek  avvdea/iog,  which  was  Ptolemy's  des- 
ignation for  the  star).]  The  4i-magnitude 
double  star  a  Piscium,  situated  at  the  knot  in 
the  ribbon  by  which  the  two  fishes  are  tied  to- 
gether. 

Okeechobee  (6-ke-ch6'be),  Lak(^.  A  lake  in 
southern  Florida',  intersected  by  lat.  27°  N. 
Length,  about  40  miles. 

O'Keefe  (o-kef),  John,  Born  at  Dublin,  June 
24,1747:  died  at  Southampton,  England,  Feb. 


O'Eeefe 

4, 1833.  An  Irish  dramatist.  Hazlitt  says  he  may 
be  called  "the  English  Molifere."  He  wrote  oomedies  and 
faroea,  including  "  Wild  Oats,"  "  The  Poor  Soldier,"  etc. 

Okefinokee  (6"ke-fi-n6'ke)  Swamp.  An  exten- 
sive swamp  in  southeastern  Georgia  and  the 
adjoining  part  of  northern  Florida. 

Okehampton  (ok'hamp-ton).  A  town  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  situated"  on  the  Okement  21 
miles  west  of  Exeter.    Population  (1891),  1,879. 

Oken  (6'ken)  (originally  OckenfUSS  (ok'en- 
fos)),  Lorenz.  Bom  at  Bohlsbach,  Swabia, 
Aug.  1, 1779 :  died  at  Zurich,  Aug.  11, 1851.  A 
German  naturalist  and  transeendentalist  nat- 
ural philosopher.  He  became  professor  at  Jena  in  1807 
8)ut  later  surrendered  his  professorship  rather  than  aban- 
on  the  editorship  of  the  "Isis,"  which  was  objectionable 
to  the  authorities),  at  Munich  in  1828,  and  at  Zurich  in 
1861.  He  developed  a  system  of  nature  in  his  "  Lehrbuch 
der  ITaturphUosophie  "  ("  Manual  of  Natural  Philosophy," 
1808-11)  and  "lehrbuch  der  Naturgeschichte  "  (1813-27), 
and  also  published  "AUgemeine  Ifaturgeschichte  fur  alle 
SViaae'Oass-il),ete. 

Okfaski.    See  Creei. 

Okhotsk  (o-chotsk').  A  small  seaport  in  the 
Maritime  Province,  East  Siberia,  situated  on  the 
Sea  of  Okhotsk,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Okhota,  in 
lat.  59°  20'  N.,  long.  143°  T  E. 

Okhotsk,  Sea  of.  An  arm  of  the  Pacific,  nearly 
inclosed  by  the  peninsula  of  Kamchatka  and 
other  parts  of  Iberia,  Saghalin,  Yezo  (in  Ja- 
pan), and  the  Kurile  Islands,  it  is  connected  with 
the  Sea  of  Japan  by  the  Gulf  of  Tatary  and  La  P^rouse 
Strait. 

Okinagan  (o-Mn-a'gan),  or  Okanogan  (6-kan'- 
6-gan).  The  name  originally  given  to  a  single 
"  band"  of  the  Salishan  stock  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  it  now  includes  a  division  of  that  stock 
oh  the  Okinagan  or  Okinakane  Birer,  a  northern  branch 
on  Columbia  Hirer,  Washington,  and  a  much  larger  num- 
ber at  Okinagan  agency,  British  Columbia.  Those  in 
Washington  number  374.  See  Salisluin. 
Okinawa  (6-ke-na'wa).  The  largest  and  most 
important  oftheLoochooIslands,Pacifio  Ocean. 
Oklahoma  (ok-la-ho'ma).  A  Territory  of  the 
United  States.  "Capital,  Guthrie,  it  is  bounded 
by  Kansas  and  Colorado  on  the  north,  Indian  Territory  on 
the  east,  Texas  on  the  south,  and  Texas  and  New  Mexico 
on  the  west.  The  surface  is  rolling  and  hilly.  Oklahoma 
was  mainly  comprised  in  the  Indian  Territory  (which  see). 
After  the  acquisition  by  the  national  government  of  the  In- 
dian claims,  the  Territory  was  thrown  open  to  white  set- 
tlers, the  central  portion  by  proclamation  of  President 
Harrison  on  April  22, 1889,  a  large  tract  in  1891,  and  the 
Cherokee  Strip  or  Oatlet  in  the  north  in  1863.  The  Terri- 
tory was  aetUed  with  extraordinary  rapidity.  Area,  39,030 
square  miles.  Population  (1900),  398,331. 
Oklahoma  City.  A  town  in  the  eastern  part 
of  (Oklahoma,  on  theNorthPork  of  the  Canadian 
River.  Population  (1900),  10,037. 
Okuma  (ok'b-ma),  Count  Shigenobu.  Bom  in 
Hizen,  Japan,  in  1837.  A  Japanese  statesman. 
He  was  minister  of  ilnance  1873-82.  In  1882  he  organized 
the  Kaishinto,  or  Progressive  party,  of  which  he  has 
since  been  the  leader.  He  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
1889-91  and  1896-97;  minister  of  agriculture  and  com- 
merce 1897,  and  premier  June-Nov.,  1898.  He  founded  a 
college  at  Tokio,  principally  for  the  study  of  political 
economy. 

Olaf  (6'laf),  called  the  Lap-King.  Beigned 
993-1024.  The  first  Christian  king  of  Sweden. 
Olaf  (6'laf),  Saint.  Killed  1030.  King  of  Nor- 
way 1015-28.  He  consolidated  the  kingdom  and 
introduced  Christianity. 
Olaf  Trygvesson  or  Trygvasson.  Bom  956: 
died  1000.  Kingof  Norway  about  996-1000.  He 
was  the  son  of  the  petty  king  Trygve  and  his  wife  Astrid, 
and  was  bom  in  exile  in  936,  his  father  having  shortly  be- 
fore been  murdered  and  his  mother  expelled  from  Norway. 
He  was  educated  at  the  court  of  Vladimir,  grand  prince 
of  Eussia,  and  became  a  viking:  ravaging*  the  coasts  of 
France,  Britain,  and  Ireland.  He  deposed  Hakon  the  Bad 
and  made  himself  king  of  Norway  about  996.  He  was 
defeated  and  killed  in  a  naval  battle  by  the  kings  of  Swe- 
den and  Denmark  in  league  with  disaffected  Norwegian 
Jarls 

Olaguer  y  Pelid  (fl-ia-gar'  e  fa-le-e'),  Antonio. 
Bom  about  1740.  A  Spanish  general,  governor 
of  Montevideo  1795,  and  viceroy  of  La  Plata 
1797-99. 

Olamentke  (6-la-ment'ke).  The  northern  divi- 
sion of  the  Moquelumnan  stock  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians,  comprising  a  dozen  small  tribes 
whichformerlylivednorthof  San  Francisco  and 

.San  Pablo  bays,  California.    See  MogueVumnan. 

01and,orOelaad(6'land).  An  island  in  the  Bal- 
tic Sea,  belonging  to  the  laen  of  Kalmar,  Swe- 
den. It  lies  east  of  the  southern  part  of  Sweden,  from 
which  It  is  separated  by  Ealmar  Sound.  The  chief  place 
is  Borgholm.  Length,  90  miles.  Area,  633  square  miles. 
Population  Q890),  37,619. 

Olaneta  -(ol-an-ya'ta),  Pedro  Antonio.  Bom 
in  Biscay  about  1770:  died  at  Tumusla,  Upper 
Peru  (Bolivia),  April  2,  1825.  A  Spanish  gen- 
eral. He  was  a  poor  laborer ;  emigrated  to  Upper  Peru 
and  was  a  trader  there  until  1811,  when  he  joined  the  roy- 
alist army ;  was  rapidly  promoted ;  and  became  governor 
of  Potoai  and  major-general.   In  1823  he  defeated  Santa 


755 

Cruz.  In  Jan.,  1824,  he  proclaimed  the  absolute  authority 
of  Ferdinand  VII.,  and  threw  off  allegiance  to  the  viceroy 
La  Serna.    After  his  defeat  by  the  latter  he  tried  to  retire 

.into  Chile,  but  some  of  his  troops  rebelled  and  killed  him. 

Olberg  (el'berG).  A  basaltic  mountain,  one  of 
the  chief  summits  of  the  Siebengebirge,  Rhine- 
land:  noted  for  its  view.    Height,  1.520  feet. 

Olbers  (ol'bers),  HeinrichWilhelm  Matthias. 
Bom  at  Arbergen,  near  Bremen,  Oct.  11, 1758: 
died  at  Bremen,  March  2, 1840.  A  German  as- 
tronomer. By  profession  he  was  a  physician.  He  dis- 
covered a  method  for  calculating  oometary  orbits,  and  also 
discovered  various  comets  (including  that  of  1815)  and  the 
planetoids  PaUas  (1802)  and  Vesta  (1807). 

Olbia  (ol'bi-a).  [Gr.  'Oipia."]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  in  Scythia,  a  Greek  colony  from 
Miletus,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Borys- 
thenes :  the  modem  Dnieper. 

Olchone.    See  Olhone. 

Old  Abe.    A  nickname  of  Abraham  Lincoln. 

Old  Bachelor,  The.  A  comedy  by  William 
Congreve,  produced  in  1693,  and  acted  as  late 
as  1789.  It  was  his  first  play.  Dryden  consid- 
ered it  the  best  he  had  ever  seen. 

Old  Bailey,  The,  The  principal  criminal  court 
of  England,  situated  on  the  street  named  Old 
Bailey,  which  runs  from  Newgate  street  to  Lud- 
gate  Hill,  not  far  from  St.  Paul's,  London. 

Oldboy  (old'boi),  Felix.  The  pseudonym  of 
John  Flavel  Mines. 

Oldbuck  (old'buk),  Jonathan,  Laird  of  Monk- 
bams.  A  Scottish  antiquary,  the  leading  char- 
acter in  Scott's  novel  "  The  Antiquary." 

Besides  this  veteran,  I  found  another  ally  at  Preston- 
pans  in  the  person  of  George  Constable,  an  old  friend  of 
my  father's,  educated  to  the  law,  but  retired  upon  his  in- 
dependent property,  and  generally  residing  near  Dundee. 
He  had  many  of  those  peculiarities  of  temper  which  long 
afterwards  I  tried  to  develope  in  the  character  of  Jonathan 
Oldbuck.  .  .  .  But  my  friend  Oeorgewas  not  so  decided  an 
enemy  to  womankind  as  his  representative  Monkbams. 
Scott,  quoted  in  Lockhart's  Scotti  I.  28,  note. 

Old  Bullion.  A  nickname  of  T.  H.  Benton,  given 
to  him  on  account  of  his  arguments  in  favor  of 
a  gold  and  silver  currency. 
Oldbury  (61d'ber-i) .  Am anuf acturing town  in 
Worcestershire,  England,  5  miles  west  of  Bir- 
mingham. Population  (1891),  20,348. 
Oldcastle  (old'kas-l),  Sir  John.  Bom  in  Here- 
fordshire, England:  burned  at  London,  Dec.  25, 
14J.7.  An  English  nobleman,  leader  of  the  Lol- 
lards, known  as  "the  good  Lord Cobham," hav- 
ing married  the  heiress  of  Lord  Cobham.  He 
was  a  successful  general  in  the  French  wars.  About  1413 
he  was  called  upon  to  abjure  the  tenets  of  .Wyclif :  he  re- 
fused, was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  but  escaped  and  re- 
mained in  Wales  until  1417,  when  he  was  captured  by 
Lord  Powis.  He  was  hung  in  chains  upon  a  gallows  in  St. 
Giles's  Fields,  and  burned  alive.    See  Sir  J^tn  Oldcastle, 

Old  Colony  (kol'p-ni),  The.  The  territory  in 
eastern  Massachusetts  occupied  by  the  Ply- 
mouth Colony. 

Oldcraft  (old'kraft),  Sir  Perfidious.  One  of 
the  principal  characters  in  "Wit  at  Several 
Weapons,"  by  Fletcher  and  others :  a  weak  Sir 

.  Giles  Overreach. 

Old  Curiosity  Shop,  The.  A  novel  by  Dick- 
ens, published  in  1840-41. 

Old  Dessauer  (des'sou-er).  The.  A  name  popu- 
larly given  to  Leopold,  prince  of  Anhalt-Des- 
sau,  a  Prussian  general. 

Old  Dominion  (do-min'yon).  The.  A  name 
popularly  given  to  the  State  of  Virginia,  its 
origin  is  variously  explained.  Perhaps  the  best  account  is 
that  Captain  John  Smith  called  Virginia  "Old  Virginia" 
to  distinguish  it  from  "New  Virginia,"  as  the  New  Eng- 
land colony  was  called.  The  colony  of  Virginia  was  al- 
luded to  in  documents  as  "the  colony  and  dominion  of 
Virginia":  hence  the  phrase  "the  Old  Dominion." 

Oldenbarneveldt.    See  BarneveM. 
Oldenburg  (61'den-b6rg;  G.  pron.  ol'den-borG). 

1.  A  grand  duchy  of  northern  Germany,  and 
state  of  the  German  Empire.  Capital,  Olden- 
burg. It  comprises  the  duchy  proper  of  Oldenburg  and 
the  principalities  of  Birkenfeld  and  Liibeck.  The  duchy 
of  Oldenburg  is  bounded  by  the  North  Sea  on  the  north, 
Hannover  and  Bremen  on  the  east,  and  Hannover  on  the 
south  and  west.  The  surface  is  generally  flat.  The  chief 
occupation  is  agriculture :  it  is  noted  for  its  live  stock. 
Thegovernmentof  Oldenburg  is  ahereditary  constitutional 
monarchy,  under  a  grand  duke  and  a  Landtag  of  one  cham- 
ber :  it  sends  1  member  to  the  Bundesrat,  and  3  members 
to  the  Reichstag.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Protestant. 
Oldenburg  was  ruled  by  counts  as  early  as  the  11th  century ; 
passed  under  the  rule  of  Denmark  in  1667 ;  was  ceded  to  the 
Holstein-Gottorp  line  in  1773;  was  raised  to  a  duchy  in 
1777 ;  gained  and  lost  territory  by  the  changes  of  1803 ; 
joined  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine  in  1808;  was  an- 
nexed to  France  in  1810 ;  was  restored  to  self-government 
in  1813 ;  entered  the  Germanic  Confederation  in  1815 ; 
gained  additions  of  territory  in  1817  and  1818 ;  assumed 
the  rank  of  a  grand  duchy  in  1829;  sided  with  Prussia  in 
1866 ;  and  joined  the  North  German  Confederation  in  1S66. 
Area,  2,479  square  miles.    Population  (1900),  399,180. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  ^and  duchy  of  Olden- 
burg, situated  on  the  Hunte  in  lat.  53°  8'  N., 


Old  Law,  The 

long.  8°  12'  E.  It  has  a  trade  in  horses.  Its  Besidenz. 
SchloBS,  palace,  library,  and  Augusteum  museum  are  nota- 
ble. It  was  the  birthplace  of  Herbart.  Population  (1890), 
23,118.  ^ 

Oldenburg,  House  of.  A  noble  German  family 
which  rose  to  prominence  in  the  15th  century. 
The  principal  lines  are  (o)  the  line  of  counts  in  Oldenburg 
extinguished  in  1667 ;  (6)  the  royal  Danish  line  extinguished 
in  1863 ;  (c)  the  Gottorp  or  Holstein-Gottorp  line, which  had 
branches  m  Russia,  Sweden,  and  Oldenburg ;  (d)  the  Son- 
derburg  or  Holstein-Sonderburg  line,  with  its  branch  th? 
Augustenburg  line ;  and  (e)  the  Beck  or  Gliicksburg  Ime. 
now  in  possession  of  the  Danish  throne. 

Oldenburg  Proper.  The  maia  portion  of  the 
grand  duchy  of  Oldenburg. 

Old  English  Baron,  The.  A  story  by  Clara 
Reeve,  published  in  1777:  intended  to  combine 
the  romance  and  the  novel  by  making  the  for- 
mer more  probable.    It  had  great  popularity. 

Oldfleld  (old'feld),  Anne.  Bom  at  London, 
1683:  died  there,  Oct.  23,  1730.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish actress.  Rich  took  her  into  his  company  at  fifteen 
shillings  a  week  in  1700.  In  1704  Cibber  assigned  to  her  the 
part  of  Lady  Betty  Modish  in  his  "Careless  Husband, "and 
she  won  immediate  success.  By  1706  she  was  held  to  be 
the  rival  of  Mrs.  Bracegirdle.  She  was  the  original  repre- 
sentative of  65  characters,  the  greater  part  of  which  belong 
to  genteel  comedy.  She  played  tragic  parts  with  great  dig- 
nity and  feeling,  but  in  Lady  Betty  Modish,  Lady  lownley, 
Sylvia,  and  Mrs.  Sullen  she  was  probably  never  equaled. 
Mrs.  Oldfleld  in  private  lite  was  not  without  reproach. 
She  lived  lor  some  years  with  Arthur  Maynwaring,  a  wealthy 

.  bachelor,  handsome  and  accomplished,  by  whom  she  had 
a  son  who  bore  his  father's  name  and  surname.  Later, 
and  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Maynwaring,  she  was  "under 
the  protection  "of  General  Churchill,  the  son  of  an  elder 
brother  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  by  whom  she  had 
also  one  son,  who  married  Lady  Mary  Walpol^  a  natural 
daughter  of  Sir  Robert,  for  whom  he  obtained  the  rank  of 
an  earl's  daughter.  When  IMrs.  Oldfleld  died  her  remains 
lay  in  state  in  the  Jerusalem  Chamber  of  Westminster 
Abbey,  and  there  she  was  buried  at  the  west  end  of  the 
south  aisle. 

Old  Fortunatus.  A  play  by  Dekker,  printed 
in  1600  with  the  title  "  The  Pleasant  History  of 
Old  Fortunatus."  It  was  acted  in  1595-96,  and 
part  of  it  was  written  as  early  as  1590.  See 
Fortunatus. 

Old  Fox,  The.    A  nickname  of  Marshal  Soult. 

Old  French  War,  The,  or  The  Old  French 
and  Indian  War.   See  French  and  Indian  War. 

Old  Glory.  A  popular  name  for  the  United 
States  flag. 

Old  Grimes.  The  title  of  one  of  Oabbe's  tales: 
in  verse ;  also,  a  ballad  by  Albert  G.  Greene. 

Old  Grog.  _  A  nickname  given  to  Admiral  Ver- 
non, who  introduced  the  beverage  grog  (about 
1745) .  The  name  is  said  to  be  due  to  his  grogram  breeches 
(or,  according  to  another  account,  the  grogram  cloak  he 
wore  in  foul  weather). 

Old  Guard,  The.  A  noted  body  of  troops  in 
the  army  of  Napoleon  I.  It  made  the  last 
French  charge  at  the  battle  of  Waterloo. 

Oldham  (old'am).  A  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng- 
land, 6  miles  northeast  of  Manchester,  it  is  one 
of  the  principal  seats  of  cotton  manufacture  in  the  world, 
and  has  other  extensive  manufactures.  It  returns  2  mem- 
bers to  Parliament.    Population  (1901),  137,238. 

Oldham,  John.  Bom  in  England :  killed  1635. 
An  English  settler  in  New  England.  His  mur- 
der by  Indians  brought  on  the  Pequot  war. 

Oldham,  John.  Bom  at  Shipton,  Gloucester- 
shire, England,  1653 :  died  at  Holme  Pierrepoint, 
Nottinghamshire,  1683.  An  English  satirical 
poet.  His  "Four  Satures.npon  the  Jesuits"  (1679)  at- 
tracted much  attention.  He  also  wrote  "Some  New 
Pieces  "  (1681).  His  works  were  collected  and  published 
in  1703,  1770,  and  1854,  the  last  edition  with  memoir. 

Old  Harry.    The  devil. 

Old  Heads  and  Young  Hearts.  A  play  by 
Boucicault,  produced  in  1844. 

Old  Hickory.  A  nickname  of  Andrew  Jack- 
son. It  was  given  to  him  for  the  toughness  and 
sturdiness  of  his  character. 

Old  Hundredth,  or  Old  Hundred.  A  popular 
psalm-tune,  first  published  in  the  "Genevan 
Psalter"  about  1551-52,  edited  by  Louis  Bour- 
geois. It  was  originally  adapted  to  Beza's  version  of 
Uie  134th  Psalm,  but  when  adopted  in  England  was  set 
to  Kethe's  version  of  the  100th  Psalm.  It  was  at  first  known 
as  the  "  Hundredth,"  but  in  1696,  when  Tate  and  Brady 
published  their  "New  Version,  "the  word  "01d"waaused 
to  show  that  the  tune  was  the  one  which  had  been  in  use 
in  the  previous  Psalter  (Stemhold  and  Hopkins's).  It  is 
now  generally  sung  to  the  doxology,  "Praise  God,  from 
whom  all  blessings  flow." 

Old  Ironsides.  The  popular  name  of  the  United 
States  frigate  Constitution. 

Old  Lady  of  Threadneedle  Street.  A  name 
given  to  the  Bank  of  England,  from  its  location 
in  Threadneedle  street,  London. 

Old  Law,  The,  or  a  New  Way  to  Please  You. 
A  play  published  in  1656  as  by  Massinger,  Mid- 
dleton,  and  Rowley.  The  original  play  was  cer- 
tainly written  by  Middleton  in  1699,  and  acted  in  I6OO1 
Massinger  possibly  revised  it  much  later. 


Old  Maids 

Old  Maids.  A  comedy  by  Sheridan  Knowles, 
produced  in  1841. 

Old  Man  ElOQLUent,  The.  A  name  originally 
applied  by  Muton  to  Isoerates.  it  has  also  been 
given  to  S.  T.  Coleridge,  John  Quincy  Adams,  and  others. 

Old  Man  of  the  Mountain,  The.  The  chief 
of  the  order  of  the  Assassins  (which  see). 

Old  Man  of  the  Sea,  The.  In  the  "Arabian 
Nights'  Entertainments,"  a  monster  who  leaped 
on  the  back  of  Sindbad  the  sailor,  clinging  to  him 
and  refusing  to  dismount.  Hence  the  name  is  ap- 
plied to  any  person  of  whom  one  cannot  get  rid. 

Oldmixon  (old'mik-son),  John.  Born  in  Som- 
erset, 1673 :  died  at  t'ondon,  1742.  An  EugUsh 
historical  writer.  He  was  dull  and  insipid.  He 
ahused  Pope  in  hla  "Essay  on  Criticism  in  Prose"  (1728), 
and  was  promptly  scarified  in  the  "Dunciad"  (ii.  283). 
Among  his  other  works  are  "The  British  Empire  in 
America"  (1708),  "Critical  History o£ England,  etc."(1726X 
"History  of  England"  (1730-39),  "Memoirs  ol  the  Press^ 
etc."(1742X  etc. 

Old  Morality.  A  nickname  of  William  Henry 
Smith  (1825-91),  a  prominent  English  Conser- 
vative politician :  given  apparently  with  a  pun- 
ning allusion  to  Scott's  "Old  Mortality." 

Old  Mortality.  A  historical  novel  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  published  in  1816.  The  scene  is  laid 
In  Scotland  during  the  rising  of  the  Covenanters  in  1679. 
It  is  so  called  from  the  epithet  given  to  Robert  Faterson, 
who  passed  his  life  in  restoring  the  gravestones  of  the 
Covenanters. 

Old  Nick.    A  name  of  the  devil. 

Our  popular  name  for  the  evil  one.  Old  Nick,  is  a  word 
of  this  class.  The  nickers  held  a  conspicuous  place  in 
German  romance  and  story— they  are  frequently  spoken 
of  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  poem  of  Beowulf.  They  were  water- 
fairies,  and  dwelt  in  the  lakes  and  rivers  as  well  as  in  the 
sea.  So  late  as  the  fifteenth  century,  a  MS.  dictionary  in  Eng- 
lish andLatin  explains  nicker  by  "  sirena."  At  present,  in 
our  island,  the  word  is  only  preserved  in  the  name  of  the 
devil.  Old  Nick.    ^  T.  Wright,  Essays,  L  255. 

Old  North  State,  The.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  North  (Carolina. 

Old  Orchard  Beach.  A  seaside  resort  in  York 
County,  Maine,  situated  on  Saco  Bay  11  miles 
south-southwest  of  Portland. 

Old  Point  Comfort.  A  watering-place  in  Vir- 
ginia, situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  James  River, 
13  miles  north  of  Norfolk.  It  contains  the  Hy- 
geia  Hotel. 

Old  Princely  Houses.  In  the  Old  German  Em- 
pice,  those  houses  which  had  been  represented 
among  the  princes  as  early  as  the  Eeichstag  of 
Augsburg  in  1582. 

Old  Probabilities.  A  nickname  for  the  chief 
signal-officer  of  the  Signal-service  Bureau: 
sometimes  abbreviated  to  Old  Probs. 

Old  Prussia  (pmsh'a).  1.  That  part  of  Prus- 
sia which  belonged  to  the  kingdom  previous  to 
the  beginning  of  the  19th  century :  often  ap- 
plied to  Bast  Prussia,  West  Prussia,  Pomerania, 
andBrandenburg(including  sometimes  Silesia). 
— 3.  East  and  West  Prussia. 

Old  Public  Functionary,  The.  A  nickname 
given  to  James  Buchanan. 

Old  Put  (put),  A  nickname  of  General  Israel 
Putnam. 

Old  Reliable.  A  nickname  of  General  George 
H.  Thomas. 

OldSarum  (sa'rum).  A  place  two  miles  from 
Salisbury,  England :  an  ancient  Celtic  and  later 
a  Roman  fortress.  Cynric  defeated  the  Britons  here  in 
552.  It  was  sacked  by  the  Danes  in  1003.  The  cathedral 
was  removed  to  New  Sarum  in  1218.  It  was  long  noted 
as  the  most  notorious  of  "rotten  boroughs,"  there  being, 
indeed,  not  a  single  house  within  its  limits  when  it  was 
disfranchised  in  IS32. 

Oldstyle,  Jonathan.    See  Irving,  Washington. 

Old  South  Church.  A  chm-ch  built  in  Boston 
in  1729,  on  the  site  of  an  earlier  meeting-house 
on  the  corner  of  Washington  and  Milk  streets. 
It  is  famous  as  the  scene  of  some  of  the  most  stirring  meet- 
ings of  fievolutionary  times.  The  British  turned  it  into 
a  riding-school  in  1776,  but  it  was  afterward  restored  to  its 
proper  use.  The  annual  election  sermons  were  delivered 
here,  with  few  interruptions,  from  1712  to  1872.  After  the 
latter  date  it  was  for  some  time  used  a^  a  post-offlce,  and 
now  contains  an  interesting  collection  of  historical  relics. 

Old  Testament.    See  Testament. 

Old  Town  (toun).  A  city  in  Penobscot  Coun- 
ty, Maine,  situated  on  the  Penobscot  12  miles 
north  of  Bangor.     Population  (1900),  5,763. 

Old  Wives'  Tale,  The.  A  comedy  written  by 
George  Peele  and  printed  in  1595 :  acted  some 
years  earlier. 

The  Old  Wives'  Tale  [of  Peele]  pretty  certainly  furnished 
Hilton  with  the  subject  of  "Comus,"  and  this  is  its  chief 
merit.  Saintsbuty,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  71. 

Old  World,  The.  A  name  often  given  to  Eu- 
rope, or  to  the  eastern  hemisphere,  since  the 
discovery  of  America. 

Oleaiius  (o-lf-a'ri-us ;  G.  pron.  6-la-a're-6s) 
(Latinized  from  01schl3.ger),  Adam.    Bom  at 


756 

Asehersleben,  Prussia,  about  1600:  died  Feb. 
22,  1671.  A  German  traveler  in  Russia  and 
Persia,  and  author.  He  wrote  a  description  of 
his  travels. 

Ole  Bull.    See  Bull. 

Oleggio  (6-led'j6).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Novara,  Italy,  29  miles  west-northwest  of  Mi- 
lan.   Population  (1881),  commmie,  8,689. 

OUron  (6-la-r6n'),  or  Oloron  (6-16-r6n').  An 
island  west  of  France,  situated  in  lat.  46°  2'  N., 
opposite  the  mouths  of  the  Charente  and  Seudre. 
It  belongs  to  the  department  of  Charente-In- 
f^rieure.  Length,  19  miles.  Area,  59  square 
miles. 

016ron  (o-la-r6n').  Judgments  of.  A  code  of 
maritime  laws  in  use  in  western  Europe  in  the 
middle  ages,  it  is  the  oldest  collection  of  modem 
maritime  laws,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  promulgated 
by  Eleanor,  duchess  of  Guienne,  mother  of  Richard  I.  of 
England,  at  OWron,  about  the  middle  of  the  12th  century, 
and  to  have  been  introduced  into  England,  with  some  ad- 
ditions, in  the  reign  of  Richard  I. 

Olevano  (6-la-va'n6).  Atowninthe  province  of 
Rome,  Italy,  30  miles  east  of  Rome.  It  is  noted 
for  its  picturesque  environs. 

Olevianus  (6-le-vi-a'nns;  G.  pron.  6-la-ve-a'- 
n(5s),  Kaspar.  Bom  at  Treves,  Prassia,  Aug.  10, 
1536:  diedatHerbom,  Prussia,  March  15, 1587. 
A  German  theologian,  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  German  Reformed  Church. 

Olhao  (61-yan).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Algarve,  southern  Portugal,  situated  on  the 
Atlantic  6  miles  east  of  Faro.  Population, 
about  7,000. 

Olhone  (ol-ho'na),  or  Olchone,  or  Oljon.  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  formerly  on 
San  Francisco  Bay,  California.    See  Costanoan. 

Olid  (6-leTH' ),  Cristobal  de.  Bom,  probably  in 
Baeza,  about  1487 :  killed  in  Honduras  near  the 
end  of  1524.  A  Spanish  captain.  HewenttoDarien 
and  thence  to  Cuba;  was  promment  under  Cortes  in  the 
conquest  of  Mexico,  1S19-21;  Invaded  Michoacan  1522 
and  1623,  founding  Zacatula ;  headed  an  expedition  to  Co- 
lima;  and  in  Jan.,  1524,  was  sent  by  Cortes  to  conquer 
Honduras,  which  had  already  been  invaded  by  Gil  Gonza- 
lez Davila,  On  his  arrival  there  he  threw  oS  the  authority 
of  Cortes,  and  the  latter  sent  fYancisco  de  las  Casas  against 
Mm.  Both  Casas  and  Gil  Gonzalez  fell  into  Gild's  hands, 
but  they  found  occasion  to  attack  and  kill  him. 

Olier  (6-lya'),  Jean  Jacques.  Bom  at  Paris, 
1608:  died  there,  1657.  A  French  ecclesiastic 
and  writer,  founder  of  the  seminary  of  St.  Sul- 
pice  in  Paris. 

Olifant  (ol'i-fant)  Eiver.  A  river  in  South 
Africa,  the  principal  right-hand  affluent  of  the 
Limpopo.  It  rises  near  Heidelberg  in  the  Transvaal, 
runs  mainly  northeast,  and  joins  the  Limpopo  in  Portu- 
guese territory. 

Olifaunt  (ol'i-fant),  Nigel.  The  principal  char- 
acter in  Scott's  "Fortunes  of  Nigel."  He  was 
Lord  Glenvarloch  in  virtue  of  his  castle  and 
estates. 

Olin  (6'lin),  Stephen.  Bom  at  Leicester,  Vt., 
March,  1797 :  died  at  Middletown,  Conn.,  Aug. 
16,  1851.  An  American  Methodist  clergyman 
and  educator,  president  of  Wesleyan  Univer- 
sity, Middletown,  1842-51. 

Olinda  (6-leu'da).  The  episcopal  city  of  the 
state  of  Pemambuco,  Brazil,  on  a  promontory 
of  the  coast  3  miles  north  of  the  capital.  It  was 
founded  in  1535,  was  the  early  colonial  capital  of  Pemam- 
buco and  of  the  Dutch  in  Brazil  1630-54,  and  was  the  prin- 
cipal commercial  city  of  northern  Brazil  until  1710.  Pop- 
ulation, about  9,000. 

OUnda,  Marquis  of.  See  Araujo  iMua,  Pedro  de. 

Oliphant,  CaroUna.    See  Navrne,  Baroness, 

Oliphant  (ol'i-fant),  Laurence.  Born  in  Cape 
Town,  1829:  died  at  Twickenham,  England,  Dec. 
28, 1888.  An  English  traveler,  diplomatist,  and 
author.  He  was  the  son  of  Anthony  Oliphant,  chief  jus- 
tice of  Ceylon.  In  1867  he  joined  a  semi-mystical  com- 
munity in  America,  founded  by  Thomas  Lake  Harris,  who 
exercised  unbounded  influence  over  him.  In  1881,  his  faith 
in  Harris  having  been  destroyed,  he  took  up  the  scheme  for 
the  colonization  of  Palestine  by  the  Jews.  He  published 
"Journey  to  Katmandu"  (1852),  "Russian  Shores  of  the 
Black  Sea  "  (1853),  works  on  the  Crimean  war,  "Minnesota, 
etc."  (1865),  "The  Nan'ative  of  the  Earl  of  Elgin's  Mission 
to  China  and  Japan,  etc."  (1860),  "  PiccadUly^' (1870),  "Al- 
tiora  Peto,"  a  novel  (1883),  "Massollam"  (1886),  "Sym- 
pneumataea"  (1886),  "  Scientific  Religion"  (1888). 

Oliphant,  Mrs.  (Margaret  Oliphant  Wilson). 

Bom  at  WaUyf  ord,  Midlothian,  in  1828 :  died  at 
London,  June  25, 1897.  A  British  novelist  and 
biographical  writer.  She  wrote  various  stories  of  Scot- 
tish life,  "  Passages  in  the  Life  of  Mrs.  Margaret  Maitland 
of  Sunny8ide"(1849),  etc.,  and  "Zaidee"  (1856),  "Chroni- 
cles of  Carlingford"  (1861-64:  her  first  great  success),  and 
many  other  novels.  Slie  also  published  a ' '  Lite  of  Edward 
Irving  "(1862),  "Historical Sketches  of  theReign  of  George 
IL  "  (1869), ' '  The  Makers  of  Florence  "(1878),  "  The  Literary 
History  of  England"  (1882),  "  The  Makers  of  Venice  "  (1888^ 
and  "  Royal  Edinburgh"  (1890X 

Olisipo  (6-lis'i-p6) .  The  ancient  name  of  Lisbon. 

Oliva  (6-le' va) .    A  town  in  the  province  of  Va- 


OUantay-tambo 

lencia,  Spain,  40  miles  south-southeast  of  Valen. 
cia.    Population  (1887),  8,779. 

Oliva  (6-le'fa).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  West  Prussia,  Prussia,  5  miles  northwest  of 
Dantzio. 

Oliva  (6-le'va),  Feman  Perez  de.  Born  at  Cor- 
dova,  Spain,  about  1492:  died  about  1530.  A 
Spanish  scholar  and  author.  His  chief  work  is  a 
"Dialogo  de  la  dignidad  del  hombre"  ("Dialogue  on  the 
Dignity  of  Man  "). 

Oliva  (6-le'fa),  Peace  of.  A  peace  concluded 
in  1660  at  Oliva,  Prussia,  between  Sweden,  Po- 
land, the  Empire,  and  Brandenburg.  Sweden 
received  important  concessions  from  Poland, 
and  renounced  Courland. 

OHvant  (ol'i-vant).  The  magic  hom  of  Or- 
lando :  it  could  be  heard  at  a  distance  of  20  miles. 

Olivares  (6-le-va'ras),  Miguel  de.  Bom  at 
Chilian,  1674:  died  at  Imola,  Italy,  about  1773. 
A  Jesuit  historian.  lie  was  a  missionary  in  Chile 
1701-67,  and  traveled  in  all  parts  of  the  country.  His  two 
works  "Historia  militar,  civil  y  sagrada  delreino  de  Chile" 
and  "Historia  de  la  CompafUa  de  Jesiis  en  Chile"  were 
published  in  the  collection  of  "Historiadores  de  Chile  "  in 
1874. 

Olivarez  (6-le-va'reth),  Count  (Gaspare  de 
Gtizman).  Bom  at  Rome,  Jan.  6,  1587:  died 
at  Toro,  Spain,  July  22, 1645.  A  Spanish  states- 
man. He  was  prime  minister  1621-43;  waged  war  unsuc- 
cessfully with  flie  Netherlands,  France,  and  the  Catalo- 
nians ;  and  was  exiled  in  1643. 

Olivenza  (6-le-ven'tha).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Badajoz,  Spain,  18  miles  south  of  Bada- 
joz.   Population  (1887),  8,177. 

Oliver  (ol'i-v6r).  [L.  Olwerus,  F.  Olivier,  It. 
Olwiero,  Uliviero,  Sp.  Pg.  OKverio,  G.  Dan.  Oli- 
ver.2  1.  One  of  the  twelve  peers  of  Charle- 
magne. See  Poland. —  3.  In  Shakspere's  "As 
you  Like  it,"  the  elder  brother  of  (Jrlando. 

Oliver  (ol'i-ver),  Andrew.  Born  at  Boston, 
March  28, 1706:  died  there,  March  3,  1774.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  stamp-distributer  in 
Boston  in  1765,  and  later  lieutenant-governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Oliver,  Henry  Kemble.  Bom  1800 :  died  1885. 
AuAmerican  composer,  chiefly  of  church  music, 

Oliver,  Isaac.  Bom  1556:  died  about  1617.  A 
painter,  a  pupil  of  Nicholas  Hilliard  and  Zuc- 
chero.  He  painted  the  portraits  of  Queen  Elizabeth, 
Mary  Stuart,  Prince  Henry,  Ben  Jonson,  Sir  Philip  Syd- 
ney, and  others.    He  left  a  treatise  on  painting. 

Oliver,  Peter.  Born  at  Boston,  March  26, 1713: 
died  at  Birmingham,  England,  Oct.  13, 1791.  An 
American  jurist,  brother  of  Andrew  Oliver.  He 
became  chief  justice  of  Massachusetts  in  1771 ;  and  was 
impeached  in  1774.    He  was  a  Tory  in  the  Revolution. 

OUver  le  Dain  (ol'i-vSr  le  dan).  The  barber 
and  intimate  adviser  of  IJouis  XI.  of  France, 
introduced  as  a  character  in  Scott's  novel 
"Quentin  Durward." 

Oliver  Twist.  A  novel  by  Dickens,  published 
in  1837-38.  Namedfromitsprincipalcharacter, awork- 
house  orphan.  One  of  its  purposes  was  to  promote  reform 
of  the  abuses  in  almshouses. 

Olives,  Mount  of.    See  Olivet,  Mount. 

Olivet  (ol'i-vet).  Mount,  or  Mount  of  Olives 
(ol'ivz).  A  ridge  containing  several  elevations, 
situated  east  of  Jerusalem,  it  is  often  mentioned 
in  Scripture  history.  Its  highest  summit  is  2,672  feet 
above  sea-level.    , 

Olivia  (o-liv'i-a).  1.  A  character  in  Shakspere's 
"Twelfth  Nigtt."— 2.  In  Wychei-leys  comedy 
_"  The  PlainDealer,"  a  woman  with  whom  Manly 
is  in  love:  a  detracting,  treacherous  creature 
who  deceives  him  vilely. — 3.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal characters  in  Goldsmith's  comedy  "The 
Good-natured  Man." — 4.  A  daughter  of  the 
vicar  in  Goldsmith's  "Vicar  of  Wakefield." 
See  Primrose. —  5.  The  principal  character  in 
Mrs.  Cowley's  "Bold  Stroke  for  a  Husband." 

Olivier  (6-1  j-vya' ),  Guillaume  Antoine.  Bom 
near  Toulon,  Prance,  1756:  died  at  Lyons,  1814. 
A  French  naturalist  and  traveler,  especially 
noted  as  an  entomologist. 

OUanta  (6i-yan'ta).  The  hero  of  a  celebrated 
Quichua  (Peruvian)  drama,  the  "  Apu-OUanta." 
He  is  represented  as  living  early  in  the  16th  century.  He 
loves  Cusi  Coyllur,  daughter  of  the  Inca  Paohacuteo  Yu- 
panqui ;  but  after  she  has  borne  him  a  child  the  Inca  im- 
mures her  in  a  dungeon,  and  Ollanta  leads  a  rebellion  for 
10  years.  He  is  finally  captured,  but  is  pardoned  by  the 
new  Inca  who  has  come  into  power,  and  his  wife  and  child 
are  restored  to  him.  The  drama  is  of  great  beauty.  It 
was  first  reduced  to  writing  in  the  17th  century,  but  there 
is  little  doubt  of  its  antiquity,  and  the  hero  Is  perhaps 
historical.  Several  Spanish  plays  and  a  recent  opera  have 
been  founded  on  it.    Also  written  Ollantai  or  OUamtay. 

OUantay-tambo  (61-yan'ti-tam'b6).  [-Quichua, 
'house  of  Ollanta.']  A  ruined  Inca  fort  and 
town  of  the  department  of  Cuzco,  Peru,  in  the 
valley  of  the  XJrubamba,  41  miles  northeast  of 
Cuzco.  The  place  was  a  frontier  post  of  the  Ircas,  and 
is  connected  with  many  events  in  their  history,  ns  well  as 
with  the  legend  of  Ollanta  (which  see).    The  baUdings  are 


OUantay-tambo 

Id  a  remarkably  perfect  condition,  and  some  ol  them  rest 
on  older  foundations,  supposed  to  be  pre-Inoarial.  There 
is  a  small  modem  village  on  the  site.  Also  written  GtXaiillay- 
tamptju 

Ollapod  (ol'a-pod),  Doctor,  A  character  in 
Colman  the  yonnger's  comedy  "  The  Poor  Gen- 
tleman. He  is  a  warlike  apothecary,  and  also  a  comet 
in  a  militia  troop,  noted  for  his  "jumble  of  physic  and 
shooting"  and  his  harmless  prescriptions. 

Ollivier  (6-le-vya'),  i^mile.  Born  at  Marseilles 
1825.  A  French  politician,  premier  Jan.- Aug., 
1870. 

Olmecs  (61-meks'),  or  Olmecas  (ol-ma'kaz).  A 
traditional  and  perhaps  mythical  tribe  or  race 
of  Indians,  said  to  have  inhabited  portions  of 
the  Mexican  plateau  before  the  advent  of  the 
Aztecas.  Accounts  of  them  are  very  vague,  and  agree 
only  in  describing  them  as  savages.  It  has  been  sug- 
gested that  the  Chinantecs  were  descended  from  them. 
Also  written  Ulmees,  Hutimcas,  etc. 

Olmedo  (ol-ma'sHo),  Jos6  Joaciuin.  Bom  at 
Guayaquil,  1782 :  died  there,  Peb.  17, 1847.  An 
Ecuadorian  politician  and  poet.    He  was  a  leader 

[of  the  revolt  against  the  Spaniards  in  Oct.,  1820,  and  amem- 
her  of  the  first  patriot  junta  1820-22,  but  opposed  the  union 
with  Colombia.  Subsequently  he  held  various  civil  po- 
sitions, and  in  1846  was  a  member  of  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment.   His  poems,  principally  lyrics,  are  very  popular. 

Olmsted  (om'sted  or  um'sted),  Denison.  Bom 
at  East  Hartford,  Conn.,  June  18, 1791 :  died  at 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  May  13,  1859.  An  Ameri- 
can physicist,  astronomer,  meteorologist,  and 
geologist.  He  published  text-books  oh  astron- 
omy and  natural  philosophy,  etc. 

Olmsted,  Frederick  Law.  Bom  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  April  26, 1822 :  died  at  Waverly,  Mass., 
Aug.  28,  1903.  An  American  landscape-gar- 
dener. In  1850  he  made  a  pedestrian  tour  through  Eng- 
land and  a  short  continental  trip,  recorded  in  "  Walks  and 
Talks  of  an  American  Farmer  in  England  "  (1852).  Onhis 
return  he  traveled  in  the  United  States,  and  published  "A 
Journey  in  the  Seaboard  Slave  States  "  (1856) ,  "  A  Journey 
through  Texas  "  (1867), ' '  A  Journey  in  the  Back  Country  " 
(1860),  "The  Cotton  Kingdom"  (1861),  etc.  When  the  work 
on  Central  Park,  New  York,  was  begun  hewas  made  super- 
intendent, and  collaborated  with  Mr.  Vauxin  preparing  a 
plan  which  was  successful  in  competition.  Duringthe  war 
he  acted  as  secretary  of  the  Sanitary  Commission.  After 
severing  his  connection  with  it,  he  spent  two  years  in  Cali- 
fornia, spending  much  time  in  the  Yosemite  Valley  in  an 
official  capacity.  In  1879  he  made  a  trip  to  Europe,  and 
on  returning  took  charge  of  the  Back  Bay  Park  in  Boston. 
His  most  successful  undertaking  was  the  laying  out  of 
Jackson  Park,  Chicago,  for  the  Columbian  Exposition. 

Olmiitz  (ol'miits),  Slavic  Olomouc  (6-16-m6ts'). 
The  third  city  of  Moravia,  situated  on  an  isl- 
and in  the  March,  in  lat.  49°  36'  N.,  long.  17° 
14'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  fortresses  of  the  Austrian 
empire.  Among  the  old  buildings  are  the  cathedral, 
Eathaua,  and  Mauritiuskirche.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  arch- 
bishop, and  formerly  contained  a  university  (now  limited 
to  a  theological  faculty).  It  was  the  capital  of  Moravia 
until  1640 ;  was  taken  by  the  Swedes  in  1642,  and  by  the 
Prussians  in  1741 ;  and  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by 
the  Prussians  in  1768.    Population  (1890),  19,761. 

Olmiitz  Conference,  A  conference  between 
Prussia  (represented  by  Von  Manteufiel)  and 
Austria  (represented  by  Sehwarzenberg)  under 
the  mediation  of  Russia,  Nov.  28-29,  1850,  re- 
specting affairs  in  Germanjr,  particularly  in 
Hesse  and  Schleswig-Holstein,  whose  popula- 
tions were  in  revolt  against  their  respective 
rulers,  the  Elector  of  Hesse  and  the  King  of 
Denmark.  Schleswig-Holstein  was  abandoned  to  Den- 
mark, and  the  Elector  of  Hesse  was  reinstated  in  power. 

Olney(ol'ni).  AsmalltowninBuckinghamshire, 
England-  situated  on  the  Ouse  53  miles  north- 
west of  London.  It  was  the  residence  of  the 
poet  Cowper. 

OIney,  Richard,  Bom  at  Oxford,  Mass.,  1835. 
An  American  lawyer  and  statesman.  He  grad- 
uated from  Brown  University  in  1856,  and  from 
the  Harvard  Law  School  in  1858.  In  1893  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  appointedhim  attorney-general, 
and  in  1895  (on  the  death  of  Walter  Q.  Gresham) 
secretary  of  state. 

Olney  Hymns.  A  collection  of  hymns  writ- 
ten by  William  Cowper  and  John  Newton,  pub- 
Ushed  1779. 

Olonetz  (6-16-nets').  A  government  in  north- 
western Russia,  lying  east  of  Finland  and  north 
of  the  governments  of  St.  Petersburg  and  No v- 

gorod.    Capital,  Petrozavodsk,    it  contains  Lake 
nega  and  many  other  lakes.     Area,  57,439  square  miles. 
Population  (1890),  352,600. 

Oloron,    See  Oi^o«. 

Oloron-Sainte-Marie  (6-lo-r6n'sant-ma-re'), 
A  town  in  the  department  of  Basses-Pyr6n6es,, 
France,  situated  on  the  rivers  Aspe  and  Ossau, 
17  miles  southwest  of  Pau,  Population  (1891), 
8,758. 

6ls,  or  OelS  (61s).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Silesia,  Prassia,  situated  on  the  Olsa  17  miles 
east-northeast  of  Breslau.    It  was  formerly  the 


757 

capital  of  a  principality.  Population  (1890), 
7,614. 

Olshausen  (ols'hou-zen),  Hermann.  Bom  at 
Oldesloe,  Holstein,  Aug.,  1796 :  died  at  Erlan- 
gen,  Bavaria,  Sept.  4,  1839.  A  German  Protes- 
tant exegete,  professor  of  theolo^  at  Konigs- 
berg  1821-34,  and  at  Erlangen  1834-39.  He 
wrote  a  commentary  on  the  New  Testament 
(1830-40),  etc. 

Olshausen  (ols'hou-zen),  Justus.  Bom  at  Ho- 
henf  elde,  Holstein,  May  9, 1800 :  died  at  Berlin, 
Deo.  28, 1882.  A  German  Orientalist,  brother  of 
Hermann  Olshausen.  He  was  professor  at  Kiel  1823- 
1852,  and  at  Eonigsberg  1863-58,  and  was  connected  with 
the  Prussian  ministry  of  instruction  1868-74.    He  wrote 

..works  on  Persian  topics  and  on  the  Old  Testament. 

Olsnitz  (61s'nits).  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of 
Saxony,  situated  on  the  Bister  25  miles  south- 
west of  Zwickau.    Population  (1890),  9,426. 

Olten  (ol'ten).  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Solo- 
thum,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Aare  21  miles 
southeast  of  Basel.  It  is  a  railway  center.  Pop- 
ulation (1888),  4,932. 

Oltenitza  (ol-te-net'sa).  A  small  town  in  Ru- 
mania, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Arjish 
with  the  Danube,  37  miles  southeast  of  Bukha- 
rest.  Here,  Nov.  4, 1853,  and  July  29, 1854,  the 
Turks  defeated  the  Russians. 

Olustee  (6-lus'te).  A  place  in  Baker  County, 
northern  Florida,  47  miles  west  of  Jacksonville. 
Here,  Feb.  20, 1864,  the  Federals  under  Seymour  were  de- 
feated by  the  Confederates  under  Fiunegan.  The  Federal 
loss  was  1,828 ;  the  Confederate,  SOO. 

OlTiopol  (ol-ve-6'poly).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Kherson,  southern  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Bug  128  miles  northwest  of  Kherson.  Pop- 
ulation, 5,368. 

Olybrius  (6-lib'ri-us).    Roman  emperor,  472. 

Olympia  (o-lim'pi-a).  [Gr."'0Ai7im'o.]  Inancient 
geographjr,  a  valley  in  Elis,  Peloponnesus, 
Greece,  situated  on  the  Alpheus  in  lat.  37°  38' 
N.,  long.  21°  38'  E.  It  is  famous  as  the  seat  of  acele- 
brated  sanctuary  of  Zeus  and  of  the  Olympic  games,  the 
most  important  of  the  great  public  games  of  classical  an- 
tiquity. {SeeOlympie  games.)  The  origins  of  the  sanctuary 
and  of  the  games  are  anterior  to  history :  according  to  tra- 
dition the  latter  were  reorganized,  in  obedience  to  the 
Delphic  oracle,  in  the  9th  century  B.  0.  The  list  of  Olym- 
pian victors  goes  back  to  776  B.  o.,  which  is  the  ilrstyear 
of  the  first  Olympiad :  but  the  Olympiads  did  not  come 
into  accepted  use  in  chronology  until  much  later.  The 
sanctuary  was  situated  in  the  valley  between  the  rivers 
Cladeus  and  Alpheus,  at  the  loot  of  the  hill  of  Cronus.  A 
trapeziform  inclosure  called  the  Altis,  about  500  by  600 
f  ee^  surrounded  the  temple  of  Zeus,  the  Herseum,  the  Me- 
troum,  the  treasuries  of  the  various  Greek  cities  and  states, 
and  other  buildings,  besides  numberless  statues  and  other 
works  of  art,  and  steles  with  conunemorative  inscriptions. 
Outside  of  the  Altis  lay  the  Bouleuterion  or  senate-house, 
the  Stadium,  which  was  the  chief  scene  of  the  athletic 
contests,  and  a  number  of  large  gymnasia,  and  thermse, 
the  last  chiefly  of  Roman  date.  The  Olympic  games  were 
abolished  by  Theodosius  in  394  A.  J>.  The  monuments  were 
much  shattered  by  earthquakes  in  the  6th  century,  and  as 
time  went  on  were  progressively  buried  by  landslips  from 
Cronus  and  inundations  of  the  Cladeus  and  Alpheus,  in 
one  of  which  the  hippodrome  was  entirely  washed  away. 
Sand  and  earth  were  deposited  to  a  depth  of  from  10  to  20 
feet  over  the  ruins.  In  1829  the  French  Expedition  de 
Mor^e  made  some  superficial  excavations,  and  recovered 
some  sculptures  (now  in  the  Louvre)  from  the  Zeus  temple. 
In  six  seasons  of  work  after  1874,  the  German  government 
laid  bare  down  to  the  ancient  level  the  greater  part  of  what 
survives  of  the  sanctuary.  The  sculptural  finds  were  less 
than  had  been  hoped  for,  though  they  include  two  capital 
pieces — the  Hermes  of  Praxiteles  and  the  Nike  of  Pseo- 
nius.  In  the  departments  of  architecture  and  epigraphy, 
however,  the  German  excavations  take  rank  as  the  most  im- 
portant that  have  been  made.  The  antiquities  discovered 
are  preserved  on  the  site,  the  more  precious  in  a  museum 
built  for  the  purpose.  The  temple  ol  Zeus,  dating  from 
the  early  part  of  the  6th  century  B.  0.,  is  a  Doric  peripteros 
of  6  by  13  columns,  measuring  90}  by  210i  leet:  the  col- 
umns were  over  7  leet  in  base-diameter  and  34  high.  The 
cella  had  pronaos  and  opisthodomos  with  2  columns 
in  antis  and  2  interior  ranges  ol  7  columns.  In  the  cella 
stood  the  famous  du-yselephantine  statue  of  Zeus,  seated, 
about  40  leet  high,  by  Phidias.  The  pediments  were  filled 
with  important  groups  ol  sculpture,  much  ol  which  has 
been  recovered.  That  ol  the  eastern  pedimentrepresents 
the  chariot-race  ol  Pelops  and  CEnomaus,  under  the  presi- 
dency olZeus  ;  that  ol  the  western  the  fight  between  lapiths 
and  Centaurs  in  presence  ol  Apollo.  The  end  walls  ol 
the  cella  bore  a  Doric  frieze  with  very  fine  sculptured  met- 
opes representing  the  exploits  of  Hercules.  The  Herseum, 
or  temple  ol  Hera,  a  temple  ol  very  ancient  loundation, 
showing  evidences  of  original  construction  in  wood  and 
unburned  brick  partly  replaced  piecemeal  in  stone  with 
the  advance  ol  time,  is  a  large  Doric  peripteros  ol  6  by  16 
columns :  the  cella  had  pronaos  and  opisthodomos  m  antis, 
and  was  divided  in  the  interior  into  3  aisles  by  2  ranges  ol 
columns.  The  famous  Hermes  ol  Praxiteles  was  lound  in 
this  temple.  The  Philippeum  is  a  okculax  building  built 
by  Philip  ol  Macedon  about  336  B.  o.  The  cella  was  sur- 
rounded by  a  peristyle  of  18  Ionic  columns,  and  had  in  the 
interior  a  range  ol  Corinthian  columns,  and  chryselephan- 
tine statues  ol  PhQip  and  his  family.        „.,„,.      ^ 

Olympia.  The  capital  of  the  State  of  Washmgton 
and  of  Thurston  County,  situated  at  the  south- 
ern extremity  of  Puget  Sound,  about  lat.  47° 
4'  N.,  long.  122°  55'  W.  Population  (1900), 
4,082. 


Omagh 

Olympia.  An  American  armored  cruiser,  ol 
5,870  tons  displacement,  launched  in  1892.  She 
has  been  the  flagship  of  the  Asiatic  squadron  during  th6 
Spanish-American  war  and  later  troubles  in  the  Philip- 
pines. 

Olympian  (6-lim'pi-an),  The.  A  surname  of 
Pericles. 

Olympian  Zeus.    See  Zeus. 

Olympian  Zens,  Temple  of.    See  Olympieum. 

Olympias  (6-lim'pi-as).  [Gr.  •OXvfim&c.']  Put 
to  death  316  B.  c.  The  wife  of  Philip  H.  of 
Macedon,  and  mother  of  Alexander  the  Great. 
She  was  involved  in  the  wars  of  Alexander's  successors ; 
allied  with  Polysperchon  against  Cassander  317  B.  c. 

Olsrmpic  games,  The.  The  greatest  of  the  four 
Pauhellenie  festivals  of  the  ancient  Greeks. 
They  were  celebrated  at  intervals  of  lour  years,  in  honor 
of  Zeus,  in  a  sacred  inclosure  called  the  Altis,  in  the 
plaiu  of  Olympia  (which  see),  containing  many  temples 
and  religious,  civic,  and  gymnastic  structures,  besides 
countless  votive  works  of  art.  The  festival  began  with 
sacrifices  followed  by  contests  and  racing,  wrestling,  etc., 
and  closed  on  the  fifth  day  with  processions,  sacrifices, 
and  banquets  to  the  victors.  The  victors  were  crowned 
with  garlands  of  wild  olive ;  and  on  their  return  home  they 
were  received  with  extraordinary  distinction,  and  enjoyed 
numerous  honors  and  privileges.  The  period  of  four  years 
intervening  between  one  celebration  and  the  next,  called 
an  Olymfiiad,  is  notable  as  the  measure  by  which  the 
Greeks  computed  time — 776  B.  0.  being  the  reputed  first 
year  of  the  first  Olympiad. 

Olympieum  (6-lim-pi-e'um),  or  Temple  of 
Olympian  Zeus.  A  temple  founded  at  Athens 
by  Pisistratus,  but  not  completed  in  the  form 
represented  by  the  existingruins  until  the  reign 
of  Hadrian.  The  temple  was  Corinthian,  dipteral,  with 
8  columns  on  each  front  and  20  on  each  flank,  and  mea- 
sured 134  by  S53J  feet.  Fifteen  huge  columns,  66i  feet 
high,  are  still  standing,  and  one  lies  prostrate.  The  tem- 
ple stood  in  a  large  peribolos  which  was  adorned  with 
statues. 

Olympiodorus  (6-lim"pi-6-d6'ras).  A  Platonic 
philosopher.  He  was  a  native  ol  Alexandria,  lived  in 
the  second  hall  of  the  6th  century,  and  wrote  scholia  or 
commentaries  on  the  dialogues  of  Plato,  abstracts  of  which 
have  come  down  to  us, 

Olympiodorus.  A  Greek  historian.  He  was  a 
native  of  Thebes  in  Egypt,  lived  in  the  first  half  of  the  5tli 
century,  and  wrote  22  books  of  general  history  dealing  with 
the  period  from  407  to  425,  abstracts  of  which  have  been 
preserved  in  the  "Library"  of  Photius. 

Olympus (6-lim'pus).  [Gr. 'OA^imrof.]  Inancient 
geography,  the  name  of  various  mountains,  es- 
pecially of  one  on  the  borders  of  Macedonia  and 
Thessaly,  regarded  as  the  especial  home  of  the 
gods  (hence  often  used  for  heaven).  Height, 
about  9,794  feet.  The  Mysian  Olympus  was  on  the 
borders  of  Mysia,  Bithynia,  and  Phiygia  in  Asia  Minor. 
Others  were  in  Lydia,  Lycia,  Cyprus,  Laconia,  and  EUs, 
Tozer  enumerating  14  in  alL 

Olynthiac  (o-lin'thi-ak)  Orations.  A  series  of 
three  orations  delivered  at  Athens  by  Demos- 
thenes 349-348  B.  c,  for  the  purpose  of  inducing 
the  Athenians  to  assist  Olynthus  against  Philip 
H.  of  Macedon. 

Olynthus  (6-lin'thus).  [Gr.  'OXwSof.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  city  in  Chalcidice,  Macedo- 
nia, situated  near  the  head  of  the  Toronaic  Gulf, 
in  lat.  40°  16'  N.,  long.  23°  21'  E.  it  was  the  cap- 
ital of  an  important  confederacy  until  its  suppression 
by  Sparta  in  the  war  of  383-379  B.  0.  It  was  attacked  by 
Philip  II.  of  Macedon  and  was  captured  and  destroyed 
by  him  347  B.  o.  The  Olynthiac  orations  of  Demosthe- 
nes were  appeals  to  Athens  to  support  Olynthus  against 
Philip. 

Om  (6m,  but  originally  and  more  correctly  on). 
[According  to  Bohtlingk  and  Roth,  an  obscura- 
tion of  Skt.  an,  the  result  of  prolonging  and  na- 
salizing a,  an  asseverative  particle ;  according 
to  Bloomfield  (A.  O.  S.  xiv.  cl.),  identical  with 
Gr.  av,  L.  au-t,  ati-tem,  Goth,  aii-k,  and  meaning 
'now  then,'  'well  now.']  A  particle  that  plays 
a  great  r61e  in  Hindu  religious  literature,  its 
original  sense  is  that  of  solemn  affirmation.  Popular  ety- 
mology perhaps  associating  it  with  a  root  implying  'lavor, 
further,'  and  its  sanctity  being  inferred  from  Its  occurrence 
in  the  Vedic  literature,  it  became  the  auspicious  word 
with  which  the  teacher  began  and  the  pupil  ended  each 
lesson  ol  the  Veda.  Much  of  the  XJpanishads  treats  of  the 
mystic  meaning  of  Otti,  as  summing  up  in  itself  all  truth. 
In  later  Hinduism  it  is  regarded  as  consisting  of  the  three 
elements  a,  u,  and  m,  symbolizing  respectively  Vishnu, 
Shiva,  and  Brahma,  so  that  the  pranava(' murmur')  Qm 
signifies  the  Hindu  triad.  (See  Bloomfield  as  quoted 
above.)  Om  is  also  the  first  syllable  of  the  "formula  of 
six  syllables"  Om  mani  pad/me  hum,  so  conspicuous  in 
Buddhism  and  especially  in  Lamaism.  Its  reputed  author 
is  the  deified  saint  Avalokiteshvara  (which  see),  or  Pad- 
mapani,  'the  lotus-handed,' afi  he  is  called  by  Tibetans. 
It  is  variously  translated.  Bloomfield  gives  "Om,  0  jewel 
on  the  lotus,  hum"  ;  Goldstiicker,  "Salvation  (Om)  [is]  in 
the  jewel-lotus  (mani-padme),  amen  (hum),"  where  the 
compound  '''  jewel-lotus  "  refers  to  the  saint  and  the  flower 
from  which  he  arose,  according  to  which  the  lormula  was 
originally  an  invocation  to  Avalokiteshvara. 

Om  (6m).  A  river  in  western  Siberia  which 
joins  the  Irtish  at  Omsk. 

Omagh  (6'ma  or  6-mach').  The  capital  of  the 
county  of  Tyrone,  Ireland,  27  miles  south  ol 
Londonderrv. 


Omaguas 

OmaguasCo-ma'^was):  called Oambevas(kam- 
ba'vas)  by  Brazilians.  An  Indian  tribe  of  north- 
ern Pern,  on  the  north  side  of  the  npper  Ma- 
ranon,  between  long.  72°  and  75°  W.  (territory 
claimed  but  not  held  by  Ecuador).  They  were 
lormerly  very  numerous,  having  many  large  villages  con- 
nected by  good  roads.  They  were  agriculturists,  dressed 
In  cotton  garments,  used  gold  ornaments,  and  are  said  to 
have  been  sun-worshipers :  probably  they  had  derived  the 
germs  of  civilization  from  the  Inoas.  Their  heads  were 
artificially  flattened.  The  Omaguas  were  gathered  into 
mission  villages  in  the  17th  century ;  then-  numbers  rap- 
idly decreased,  mainly  by  disease,  and  the  remnants  are 
mixed  by  intermarriage  with  other  tribes.  They  belong 
to  the  Tupl  linguistic  stock. 

Omaguas,  Kingdom  or  Province  of.  A  name 
given  in  the  16th  century  to  the  region  oeeu- 

fied  by  the  Omaguas.  About  1545  reports  were 
rought  to  New  Granada  and  Peru  ol  a  vast  and  rich  city 
in  this  district.  It  was  connected  with  the  tales  of  El  Do- 
rado, and  became  the  object  of  several  expeditions.  See 
Urmia,  Pedro  de. 

Omaha  (6'ma-ha).  [PI.,  also  Omahas.  Prom 
UmanJmn,  those  who  went  up  stream  or  against 
the  current.]  A  tribe  of  the  Dhegiha  division 
of  North  American  Indians,  numbering  1,197. 
Theyare  in  eastern  Nebraska.    See  iliegiha. 

Omaha (6'ma-h4).  ThecapitalofDouglasCoun- 
ty,  Nebraska,  situated  on  the  Missouri  in  lat. 
41°  16'  N.,  long.  95°  56'  W.  it  is  the  largest  city 
In  the  State,  an  important  railway  center,  and  the  eastern 
terminus  of  the  Union  Pacific  Kailroad ;  has  flourishing 
commerce  and  manufactures ;  and  contains  important  sil- 
ver-smelting works.  It  has  very  large  stock-yards,  and 
lK>rk-packing  and  beef-packing  are  important  industries. 
It  was  founded  in  1854,  and  was  formerly  the  capital  of 
the  State.    Population  (1900),  102,555. 

Oman  (6-man').  A  sultanate  in  eastern  Arabia, 
bordering  on  the  Persian  Gulf  and  Gulf  of  Oman. 
Capital,  Muscat.  The  surface  is  largely  mountainous. 
It  IS  one  of  the  most  flourishing  independent  states  of 
Arabia.  In  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century  it  was  much 
more  extended,  but  the  name  is  now  limited  to  the  region 
near  Muscat.  It  is  under  British  supervision.  Area,  8^000 
square  miles.    Population,  1,500,000. 

Oman,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Arabian  Sea, 
south  of  Persia  and  east  of  Arabia.  It  is  con- 
nected with  the  Persian  Gulf  by  the  Strait  of 
Ormuz. 

Omar  (d'mar),  ibn  al-Khattab.    The  second 

calif.  He  succeeded  Abu-Bekr  in  634,  and  was  assassi- 
nated by  Mroz,  a  Persian  slave,  in  644.  Eis  daughter  Haf  sah 
was  the  third  wife  of  Mohammed.  During  his  reign  Syria, 
Phenicia,  Persia,  Egypt,  and  Jerusalem  were  brought  under 
the  sway  of  Islam.  He  took  an  important  part  in  the  first 
collection  of  the  Koran.  He  was  the  first  to  assume  the 
title  "  Commander  of  the  Faithful "  (Emtral'm'limintn'),  and 
he  "organized  a  complete  military-religious  common- 
wealth "  (Noldeke). 

Omar  II.    Calif  717-720,  successor  of  Solyman. 

Omar,  Mosaue  of,  or  Kubbet  es-Sakhra 
('Dome  of  the  Kook').  A  celebrated  mosque 
on  the  platform  of  the  tenrple  in  Jerusalem,  it 
is  an  octagon  of  66  feet  to  a  side,  with  4  porches  and  a 
rango  of  pointed  windows,  incrusted  with  beautifully  col- 
ored Persian  tiles.  The  interior  has  two  concentric  ranges 
of  columns  and  piers,  the  central  range  supporting  the 
drum  of  the  dome,  which  is  97  feet  high  and  65  in  diame- 
ter. Beneath  the  dome  is  the  sacred  rock  upon  which  it 
is  held  that  Abraham  was  about  to  sacrifice  Isaac.  The 
walls  and  the  drum  are  covered  with  beautiful  Byzantine 
mosaics  of  different  dates,  and  the  windows  are  filled  with 
splendid  16th-century  colored  glass.  The  mosque  was 
originally  a  very  early  Byzantine  church,  but  it  has  been 
much  modified  by  the  Mohammedans. 

Omar  Khayyam  (6'markhi-yam').  APersian 
poet  and  astronomer  who  was  bom  at  Nisha^ 
pur  in  Khorasan  in  the  latter  half  of  the  11th 
and  died  within  the  first  quarter  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury A.  D.  He  studied  under  the  imam  Mowaffak  of 
Kishapur,  having  as  his  companions  Hasan  ben  Sabbah, 
afterward  the  head  of  the  military  order  of  the  Assassins, 
and  Nizam-ul-Mulk,  later  vizir  of  Alp  Arslan  and  Malik 
Shah,  respectively  son  and  grandson  of  Toghrul  Beg,  the 
founder  of  the  Seljukian  dynasty.  Having  attained  power, 
Nizam-ul-Mulk  granted  Omar  Khayyam  a  yearly  pension. 
Omar  was  one  of  the  eight  learned  men  appointed  by  Malik 
Bhah  to  reform  the  calendar,  the  result  being  the  Jalali 
era,  so  called  from  .Talaluddin,  one  of  the  king's  names;  "a 
computation  of  time  which,"  says  Gibbon,  "  surpasses  the 
Julian  and  approaches  the  accuracy  of  the  Gregorian  style. " 
Hewas  the  author  of  astronomical  tables  entitled  *'  ZijiMa- 
likshahi,"  and  of  an  Arabic  treatise  on  algebra,  but  is  espe- 
cially known  as  a  poet  from  his  Rubaiyat^  or  Quatrains  (in 
2  verses  or  4  hemistichs  of  which  the  first,  second,  and 
fourth  rime),  which  have  been  translated  by  Fitzgerald 
and  by  Whinfleld. 

Omar  Pasha.    See  Omer  Pasha. 

Omayyads.    See  Ommiads. 

Ombay  (om-bi').  One  of  the  smaller  Sunda  Isl- 
ands, Malaysia,  situated  north  of  Timor,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  Ombay  Passage. 

Ombrone  (om-bro'ne).  A  river  in  Tuscany, 
Italy,  which  flows  into  the  Mediterranean  10 
miles  southwest  of  Grosseto :  the  ancient  Um- 
bro.    Length,  about  80-90  miles. 

Omdurman  (om-dor'man).  A  city  in  the  Sudan, 
situated  on  the  Nile  opposite  Khartum,  it  was 
built  by  the  MaJidi  fn  1885,  after  his  seizure  and  destruc- 


758 

tion  of  Khartum.  Here,  Sept.  2, 1898,  the  dervishes  were 
defeated  by  the  British  and  Egyptian  troops  under  Sir 
Herbert  Kitchener. 

O'Meara  (o-ma'ra),  Barry  Edward.  Born  in 
Ireland,  1786:  diedatLondon,  JuneS,  1836.  An 
Irish  surgeon,  physician  to  Napoleon  I.  at  St. 
Helena  1815-18.  He  published  "  Napoleon  in 
Exile"  (1822),  etc. 

Omer  Pasha  (6'mer  pash'ft)"  (originally  Lat- 
tas).  Born  Nov.  24,  1806 :  died  at  Constanti- 
nople, April  18,  1871.  A  Turkish  general.  He 
commanded  an  army  in  the  Crimean  war,  and  commanded 
against  the  insurgents  in  Crete  in  1867. 

Ommiads  (o-mi'adz),  or  Omayyads  (o-mi'- 
yadz).  A  dynasty  of  califs  which  reigned  in 
the  East  661-750  a.  d.,  the  first  of  whom  was  Mo- 
awiyah,  the  descendant  of  Omayya  (the  founder 
of  a  noted  Arab  family),  and  successor  to  Ali. 
The  Ommiads  were  followed  by  the  Abbassides.  The  last 
of  these  Eastern  Ommiads  escaped  to  Spain  and  founded 
the  califate  of  Cordova  in  756.  This  Western  calif  ate,  and 
with  it  the  Ommiad  dynasty,  became  extinct  in  1031. 

After  the  first  four  (or  "orthodox")  Khalifs,  Abu-Bekr, 
Omar,  Othman,  and  Aly,  who  were  elected  more  or  less  by 
popular  vote,  the  Syrian  party  set  up  Moawia  as  Khalif  at 
Damascus,  and  from  him  sprang  the  family  of  Omeyyad 
Khalifs,  so  called  from  their  ancestor  Omeyya.  There  were 
fourteen  Omeyyad  Khalifs,  who  reigned  from  661  to  760, 
when  they  were  deposed  by  Es-Seffah,  the  Butcher. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  59. 

Omnibus  Bill,  The.  A  series  of  compromise 
measures  passed  through  Congress  1850,  largely 
through  the  influence  of  Clay.  The  chief  provisions 
were  the  admission  of  California  as  a  free  State  to  tbeUnion, 
organization  of  the  Territories  of  Utah  and  New  Mexico 
(without  restrictions  on  slavery),  abolition  of  the  slave- 
trade  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  a  fugitive-slave  law. 

Omphale  (om'fa-le).  [Gr.  'O/ifaA.Ti.'i  In  Greek 
legend,  a  Lydiaii  princess,  mistress  of  Hercules. 

Omri(om'ri).  King  of  Israel.  The  length  and  date 
of  hisreignaremuch disputed (899-875B.0.—Duncker).  He 
was  a  usurper,  and  the  founder  of  a  dynasty  of  considerable 
eminence  which  included  Ahab  and  Jehu.  He  made  an 
alliance  with  Tyre  and  subdued  the  Moabites.  He  is  men- 
tioned on  the  Moabite  stone,  and  in  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions the  kingdom  of  Israel  is  called  Bit-Humrl  (*  the  house 
of  Omri*).  He  built  the  city  of  Samaria,  and  made  it  the 
capital  of  the  Israelitish  kingdom. 

Oms  de  Santa  Fau  (oms  da  sSin'ta  pou),  Man- 
uel, Marquis  of  Castell-dos-Eios.  Died  at  Lima, 
April  22, 1710.  A  Spanish  nobleman,  a  grandee 
of  Spain.  He  was  viceroy  of  Peru  from-  July  7, 1707. 
During  his  term  the  Spanish  commercial  monopoly  of  Pe- 
ruvian trade  was  somewhat  relaxed. 

Omsk  (omsk).  The  capital  of  the  general  gov- 
ernment of  West  Siberia,  situated  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Akmolinsk,  at  the  junction  of  the  Om 
with  the  Irtish,  about  lat.  55°  N.,  long.  73°  E. 
The  fortress  here  was  founded  in  1716.  Kailway 
to  Omsk,  Sept.,  1894.    Population  (1890),  54, 721. 

On.    See  Heliopolis. 

Oiia  (on'ya),  Pedro  de.  Born  at  Los  Confines, 
on  the  Biobio  River,  Chile,  about  1565 :  died  at 
Lima,  Peru,  after  1639.  A  Spanish-American 
poet.  Most  of  his  life  was  passed  in  Lima,  where  he  was 
fiscal  of  the  audience.  His  principal  work  is  the  epic 
"  Arauco  domado  "  (1st  ed.  Lima,  1696),  which  is  in  some 
respects  an  imitation  of  ErciUa's  "Araucana,"  It  has 
some  poetical  merit,  and  is  of  much  historical  value. 

Onas.    See  Fuegians. 

Onatas  (6-na'tas).  [Gr.  'Ovdrag.']  Flourished 
about  500-460  b.  0.  An  .^ginetan  sculptor  and 
painter,  a  contemporary  of  Ageladas  the  teacher 
of  Phidias.  See  Ageladas.  He  was  especially  fa- 
mous for  his  statues  of  athletes,  and  was  much  admired 
and  highly  praised  by  Pausanias,  who  describes  many  of 
his  works.  As  the  .^ina  marbles  were  probably  made  in 
his  day.  It  may  well  be  that  they  are  either  his  work  or  rep- 
resent his  characteristics. 

Onate  (on-ya'ta).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Guipuzeoa,  northern  Spain,  38  miles  west  of 
Pamplona.    Population  ( 1 887) ,  0, 152. 

Onate  (6n-ya'ta),  Juan  de.  Born  at  Guadala- 
jara, Mexico,  about  1555 :  died  after  1611.  A  set- 
tler and  first  governor  of  New  Mexico.  He  was 
a  son  of  the  founder  of  Guadalajara,  and  was  married  to  a 
granddaughter  of  Hernando  Cortes.  In  1595  his  proposi- 
tion to  settle  New  Mexico  was  accepted  by  the  viceroy 
Velasco,  and  after  much  delay  the  grant  was  confirmed  by 
the  Count  of  Monterey.  Ofiate  left  Zacatecas  in  Jan.,  1598, 
with  130  men  besides  Indians,  a  large  wagon-  and  cattle- 
train,  etc. ;  reached  the  Rio  Grande,  probably  at  El  Paso, 
April  20 ;  took  formal  possession  April  30 ;  crossed  the 
river ;  and  in  Aug.  founded  the  first  capital,  San  Juan  (San- 
ta ¥i  was  founded  later).  After  the  first  year  he  had  little 
trouble  with  the  Indians.  Early  in  1599  he  explored  a  part 
of  Arizona,  and  in  1604  followed  the  Gila  River  down 
to  the  Gulf  of  California.  He  probably  ceased  to  rule  as 
governor  in  1608. 

Onca  (on'ka).  A  Phenician  goddess,  the  deity 
of  wisdom,"compared  by  the  Greeks  to  Athene. 

Ondegardo  (on-da-gar'do).  Polo  de.  Bom  at 
Salamanca  about  1500 :  died,  probably  at  Potosl, 
Upper  Peru,  about  1575.  A  Spanish  lawyer  and 
antiquarian.  He  went  to  Peru  in  1545 ;  was  a  trusted 
councilor  of  several  rulers ;  and  was  corr^gidor  of  Potosl 
and  Lima.  He  made  a  special  study  of  Inoa  laws  and  cus- 
toms, with  the  object  of  ingrafting  the  best  of  them  on 


Onondaga 

the  Spanish  legislation.  His  two  "Relaciones  "  or  reports 
(1561  and  1671)  are  still  in  manuscript,  but  have  been  freel; 
used  by  historians :  a  smaller  report  was  edited  by  Mark, 
ham  for  the  Hakluyt  Society  1873.  In  1559  Ondegardo 
discovered  at  Cuzco  several  mummies  of  the  Inca  sover- 
eigns. 

Onega  (on'e-ga).  A  small  seaport  of  Eussia, 
situated  at  the  entrance  of  the  river  Onega 
into  the  White  Sea. 

Onega.Lake.  ThesecondlargestlakeinEurope, 
situated  in  the  government  of  Olonetz,  north- 
western Eussia,  northeast  of  Lake  Ladoga,  it  is 
connected  by  canals  with  the  Volga  and  Dwina  systems.  Its 
waters  pass  by  the  Svir  into  Lake  Ladoga,  and  finally  into 
the  Neva.  Length,  152  miles.  Greatest  width,  about  50 
miles.    Area,  3,763  square  miles. 

Oneglia  (o-nel'ya).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Porto  Maurizio,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Medi- 
terranean 57  miles  southwest  of  Genoa.  It  has 
a  trade  in  olive-oU.    Population  (1881),  7,433. 

Oneida  (o-m'da).  [PI.,  also  Onewias.  The  name 
is  translated  "'standing  stone'  or  'people  of 
the  stone.']  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indi- 
ans. The  early  French  writers  called  them  Oneiovt  They 
formerly  occupied  the  lands  east  of  Oneida  Lake,  New 
York,  and  the  upper  waters  of  the  Susquehanna  Elver  to 
the  southward.  They  were  not  prominent  in  the  Iroquois 
Confederacy,  and  sometimes  acted  adversely  to  Its  other 
members,  as  they  were  at  intervals  friendly  to  the  French 
and  took  part  with  the  colonies  in  the  Revolution.  In  1833 
most  of  them  removed  to  and  still  remain  at  Green  Bay, 
Wisconsin,  but  others  are  in  Ontario.  Altogether  they 
number  over  3,000.    See  Iroquois. 

Oneida  Community.  A  religious  society  or 
brotherhood,  the  Bible  Communists  or  Perfec- 
tionists, established  in  1847  on  Oneida  Creek, 
in  Lenox  township,  Madison  County,  New  York, 
by  John  H.  Noyes,  after  unsuccessful  attempts 
to  establish  it  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  in 
1834,  and  at  Putney,  Vermont,  in  1837.  A  branch 
of  the  Oneida  Community  also  existed  at  Wallingford, 
Connecticut,  but  has  now  been  withdrawn.  Originally 
the  Oneida  Community  was  strictly  communistic,  all  prop- 
erty and  all  children  belonging  primarily  to  the  society, 
and  the  restrictions  of  marriage  being  entirely  abolished; 
but  in  1879,  owing  to  the  increasing  demand  of  public 
opinion  that  the  social  practices  of  the  society  should  be 
abandoned,  marriage  and  family  life  were  introduced,  and 
in  1880  communism  of  property  gave  place  to  a  joint-stock 
system,  and  the  community  was  legally  incorporated  as 
"The  Oneida  Conomunity,  Limited." 

Oneida  Lake.  A  lake  in  central  New  York,  11 
miles  northeast  of  Syracuse.  Its  outlet  is  by 
the  Oneida  and  Oswego  rivers  into  Lake  Ontar- 
rio.    Length,  20  miles. 

O'Neil  (6-nel'),  Hugh,  Earl  of  Tyrone.  Died 
1616.  An  Irish  chieftain.  He  assumed  the  title  of 
The  O'Neil,  and  in  1597  headed  an  insurrection  against  the 
English,  whom  he  defeated  at  Blackwater  in  1598.  He  ne- 
gotiated a  truce  with  the  Earl  of  Essex  in  1599,  and  was 
defeated  by  Mountjoy  1601.    He  submitted  about  1603. 

O'Neill,  Eliza.  Bom  in  Ireland,  1791:  died 
there,  Oct.  29, 1872.  A  noted  Irish  tragic  actress, 
the  successor  of  Mrs.  Siddons.  she  made  her  first 
appearance  in  Drogheda  as  the  Duke  of  York  in  ''Richard 
III."  in  1803,  in  a  small  strolling  company  of  which  her  far 
ther  was  manager.  She  first  appeared  at  Covent  Garden 
in  1814.  She  made  a  large  fortune  in  Ireland  and  Eng- 
land, and  was  married  in  1819  to  Mr.  (afterward  Sir)  Wil- 
liam Becher.  Her  best  parts  were  Juliet,  Belvidera,  Mrs. 
Haller,  and  Mrs.  Beverley. 

O'Neill,  or  The  Rebel.  A  romance  by  Bul- 
wer  Lytton,  in  heroic  couplets,  published  in 
1827. 

Oneiout.    See  Oneida. 

Onesimus  (o-nes'i-mus).  Saint.  A  disciple  of 
St.  Paul,  martyred  in  95.  His  day  is  celebrated 
Feb.  16  in  the  Eoman  calendar. 

Ongaro,  Dall'.     See  DaW  Ongaro. 

Onias  Menelaus  (6-ni'as  men-e-la'us).  High 
priest  of  the  Jews  172-162  b.  c.  He  was  a  Benja- 
minite,  not  of  priestly  family,  but  secured  the  office  from 

,  Antiochus  Epiphanes,  to  whom  Judea  was  then  subject,  by 
the  payment  of  a  bribe.  In  order  to  pay  this  bribe  he  de- 
spoiled the  temple  of  its  sacred  vessels.  In  171  he  kUled 
the  rightful  high  priest,  Onias  III.  With  the  help  of  An- 
tiochus he  introduced  (ireek  worship  and  the  sacrifice  of 
swine  into  the  temple.  These  acts  brought  about  the  re- 
volt of  the  Maccabees.  He  was  killed  by  Lysias,  the  guar- 
dian of  Antiochus  V. 

Onion  River.    See  Winooskl. 

OnomacritUS  (on-o-mak'ri-tus).  [Gr.  'Ovo/Mxpi. 
Toc."]  Lived  about  530-485  b.  c.  A  Greek  pro- 
phet and  mystic  poet. 

Onondaga  (on-on-da'ga).  [PL,  also  Onondagas. 
The  name  means  '  on  the  top  of  the  mountain.'] 
A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians.  In  the  coun- 
cils of  the  Iroquois  Confederacy  they  were  called  by  a 
name  meaning  'they  who  keep  the  oounoil-flre."  In  the 
old  Dutch  maps  they  are  styled  CapOanasses.  They  had 
their  chief  seat  upon  the  lake  and  creek  In  New  York 
which  bear  their  name,  and  claimed  the  country  to  Lake 
Ontario  on  the  north,  and  to  the  Susquehanna  River  on  the 
south.  Many  of  them  joined  the  Catholic  Iroquois  colonies 
on  the  St.  Lawrence  before  1761.  At  the  close  of  th  e  Revo- 
lutionary War  more  were  settled  on  Grand  River,  Ontario, 
and  the  remainder  are  in  New  York.  Their  present  total 
number  is  about  900.    See  Iroquoit. 


Onondaga  Lake 

Onondaga  (on-on-dS/'g^)  Lake,  A  small  lake 
in  central  New  York,  north-northwest  of  Syra- 
cuse.    Its  outlet  is  Seneca  Eiver. 

Onosander  (on-o-san'd6r).  [Gr.  'Ov6aavdpog.2  A 
Greek  writer  od  military  tactics. 

01  the  tacticians  subsequent  to  Polybius,  the  most  noted 
was  Onosander,  who  flourished  in  the  middle  of  the  Ist 
century  of  our  era,  and  dedicated  to  Q.  Yeranius  ffepos, 
consul  in  A.  D.  19,  a  brief  but  comprehensive  treatise  on 
the  military  art,  which  has  come  down  to  us,  with  the  title 
^Tpa-nyytKo^  Aoyo?.  It  is  divided  into  42  chapters,  and 
gives  instructions  with  regard  to  all  the  details  of  a  cam- 
paign. It  is  written  in  Attic  Greek,  and  in  a  sufficiently 
pure  style.  The  author,  who  was  also  known  as  a  com- 
mentator on  Flato,  was  the  source  of  the  military  writings 
of  the  Emperors  Mauritius  and  Leo,  and  in  a  French  trans- 
lation was  used  as  a  manual  of  the  military  art  by  Maurice 
of  Saxony.  MiiUer,  Hist,  of  the  lit.  of  Anc.  Greece, 

[m.  280.    {DanMdsm.) 

Onotes  (6-n6'tas).  An  extinct  tribe  of  Indians 
who  inhabited  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Mara- 
caibo.  They  were  fishermen,  and  built  their  houses  on 
piles  In  the  water.  OJeda,  who  found  them  in  1499,  was 
reminded  by  their  dwellings  of  Yenice  (whence  he  named 
the  country  Venezuela).  Probably  the  Onotes  were  soon 
carried  oft  into  slavery ;  but  huts  similar  to  theirs  are  still 
made  in  the  same  region. 

Onslow  (onz'16),  George.  Bom  at  Clermont- 
Ferrand,  Prance,  July  27, 1784:  died  there,  Oct. 
3,  1853.  A  French  composer  of  instrumental 
music. 

Ontario  (on-ta'ri-6),  former^  called  Upper 
Canada.  A  province  of  the  Dominion  of  Can- 
ada. Capital,  Toronto,  it  is  bounded  by  Hudson 
Bay,  the  ^Northeast  Territory,  and  Quebec  on  the  northeast 
and  eastj  and  on  the  south  and  west  by  the  United  States, 
from  which  it  is  in  the  main  separated  by  the  St.  Lawrence, 
Lake  Ontario,  I^iagara  River,  Lake  Erie,  Detroit  River, 
Lake  and  Eiver  St.  Clair,  Lake  Huron,  St.  Mary's  River, 
and  Lake  Superior  :  Manitoba  bounds  it  on  the  west.  It 
has  a  hilly  and  diversified  surface ;  belongs  to  the  St.  Law- 
rence and  Hudson  Bay  basins ;  produces  cereals,  apples 
and  other  fruits,  etc. ;  has  manufactures  of  lumber,  ma- 
■chinery,  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  etc. ;  and  has  rich  min- 
eral resources.  The  government  is  vested  in  a  lieutenant- 
governor,  executive  council,  and  legislative  assembly.  It 
sends  24  members  to  the  Dominion  Senate,  S6  to  the  House 
of  Commons.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  of  English,  Irish, 
Scottish,  German,  and  French  descent.  Ontario  was  ex- 
plored by  the  French  in  the  17th  century.  It  was  ceded 
to  Great  Britain  in  1763,  and  was  largely  settled  by  Tories 
in  the  American  Revolutionary  period.  It  was  separated 
from  Quebec  (Lower  Canada)  and  called  Upper  Canada  in 
1791.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  battles  of  the  Thames,  Lundy's 
Lane,  etc.,  in  the  War  of  1812.  An  unsuccessful  rebellion 
occurred  m  1837.  It  was  reunited  to  Quebec  in  1841,  and 
was  again  separated  and  became  the  prorince  of  Ontario 
In  the  new  Dominion  in  1867.  Area,  220,006  square  miles. 
Population  (1901),  2,182,947. 

Ontario,  Lake.  The  smallest  and  easternmost 
of  the  five  great  lakes,  lying  between  the  prov- 
ince of  Ontario  on  the  north  andNew  York  State 
on  the  south,  it  is  connected  with  Lake  Erie  by  the 
Niagara  River,  and  for  navigation  by  the  Welland  Canal. 
Its  outlet  is  the  St.  Lawrence  River.  Kingston,  Toronto, 
Hamilton,  Oswego,  and  Sackett's  Harbor  are  on  Its  banks. 
Length,  190  miles.  Width,  66  miles.  Area,  about  7,600 
square  miles.    Elevation,  247  feet. 

Onteniente  (6n-ta-ne-en'ta).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Valencia,  Spain,  situated  46  miles 
south  by  west  of  Valencia.  Popidation  (1887), 
11,165. 

Oodeypore.    See  JJdaipur. 

Oost  (ost),  Jakob  van.    Bom  at  Bruges,  Bel- 
gium, about  1600 :  died  there,  1671.    A  Flemish 
painter. 
Oost,  Jakob  van,  sumamed  "The  Younger." 
Born  about  1639 :  died  at  Bmges,  1713.    A  Flem- 
ish historical  painter,  son  of  J.  van  Oost  (1600- 
1671). 
Oosterhout  (os'ter-hout),    A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  North  Brabant,  Netherlands,  25  miles 
southeast  of  Rotterdam.    Population  (1889), 
commune,  10,425. 
Ootacamund  (o-ta-kS-mund').    A  sanatorium 
in  the  Nilgiri  Hills,  Deeoan,  India.    Elevation, 
7,220  feet. 
Oparo  (o-pa'ro),  or  Bapa  (ra'pa) .    A  mountain- 
ous island  in  the  South  Pacific,  often  classed  in 
the  Austral  group. 
Opata  (6'pa-ta).  [PL,  also  Opatas;  a  corruption 
of  a  Pima  term  signifying  '  enemy.']    A  divi- 
sion of  the  Piman  stock  of  North  American 
Indians .   It  embraced  the  following  agricultural  tribes : 
Opata,  Endeve,  Jova,  Tegulma,  Coguinachi,  Tegui,  Contla, 
and,  probably,  the  Imures.    Its  habitat  extends  from  the 
western  boundary  of  Chihuahua  to  the  Rio  San  Miguel  in 
Sonora,  Mexico,  and  from  the  main  fork  of  the  Rio  Yaqui, 
about  lat.  28°,  northward  to  the  southern  boundary  of  Ari- 
zona, with  settlements  mainly  in  the  Rio  Sonora  valley. 
It  numbers  about  S,600.    See  Piman. 
Opatow  (o'pa-tov).    A  town  in  the  government 
of  Eadom,  Russian  Poland,  situated  on  the 
Opatowka  100  miles  south  of  Warsaw.    Popu- 
lation (1890),  6,023. 
Opelousas  (op-e-lo'sas).     The  capital  of  St. 


759 

Landry  parish,  Louisiana,  56  miles  west  of  Ba- 
ton Rouge.    Population  (1890),  1,572. 

Opequan  (6-pek'an)  Creek.  A  small  river  in 
Virginia  which  joins  the  Potomac  above  Har- 
per's Ferry.  Near  it  was  the  scene  of  the  battle 
of  Winchester,  Sept.  19, 1864.    See  Winchester. 

Ophelia  (o-fe'lia).  The  daughter  of  Polonius, 
in Shakspere's "Hamlet."  Hermindgivesway when 
Hamlet  abandons  her  to  prosecute  his  revenge,  and  while 
gathering  flowers  by  a  brook  she  is  drowned. 

Ophelia,  Miss.  A  strong-minded,  clear-headed 
New  England  woman  in  Mrs.  Stowe's  "Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin." 

Ophir  (6'fer).  In  Old  Testament  geography,  a 
country  whence  gold,  silver,  precious  stones, 
ivory,  sandalwood,  apes,  and  peacocks  were 
brought.  It  was  especially  noted  for  its  gold.  The  fleet 
of  Solomon  occupied  3  years  in  making  the  journey.  It 
has  been  variously  identified  with  India,  Sumatra,  the 
coast  of  Malabar,  the  east  coast  of  Africa,  and  the  southern 
or  southeastern  portion  of  Arabia  on  the  Persian  Gulf. 
The  last  identification  has  in  its  favor  the  statement  in 
Gen.  X.  29,  where  Ophir  Is  mentioned  as  the  son  of  Joktan. 

Ophir  (6'f6r),  Mount.  1.  Avolcano  in  Suma- 
tra, near  the  western  coast,  about  lat.  0°,  long. 
100°»E.  Height,  9,610  feet.— 2.  A  mountain 
east  of  Malacca,  Malay  Peninsula.  Height, 
about  3,800  feet. 

Ophites  (of 'its).  A  Gnostic  body,  of  very  early 
origin;  especially  prominent  in  the  2d  century, 
and  existing  as  late  as  the  6th  century,  its  mem- 
bers were  so  called  because  they  held  that  the  serpent 
(Qr.  5<^i!)  by  which  Eve  was  tempted  was  the  impersona- 
tion of  divine  wisdom,  the  great  teacher  and  civilizer  of 
the  human  race.    Also  called  ifaassenes. 

Ophiuchus(of-i-u'kus).  [_Qv.'Ofuw%og,liomi<l)ig, 
a  serpent,  and  l%eiv,  to  hold.]  An  ancient  north- 
em  constellation,  representing  a  man  holding 
a  serpent ;  the  Serpent-bearer.  Also  called  Ser- 
pentarius.  The  Serpent  is  now  treated  as  a 
separate  constellation. 

Opie  (6'pi),  Mrs.  (Amelia  Alderson).  Bom  at 
Norwich,  England,  Nov.  12,  1769:  died  there, 
Deo.  2, 1853.  An  English  novelist,  daughter  of 
Dr.  Alderson  of  Norwich,  and  wife  of  John  Opie 
the  painter.  She  published  various  novels,  the  first, 
"Father  and  Daughter,"  appearing  in  1801,  In  1825  she 
became  a  Quaker.  After  this  appeared  her  "Illustrations 
of  Lying,"  "Detraction  Displayed,"  etc. 

Opie,  John,  Bom  at  St.  Agnes,  near  Truro,  May, 
1761:  died  April  9, 1807.  An  English  painter,  in 
1780  he  went  to  London  under  the  patronage  of  Dr.  Wolcot 
(Peter  Pindar),  who  announced  him  as  "the  Cornish  won- 
der," In  1786  he  exhibited  his  first  historical  picture,  the 
"Assassination  of  James  I.,"  and  in  1787  the  "Murder  of 
Rizzio,"  His  lectures  at  the  Royal  Academy  were  pub- 
lished in  1809. 

Opimius  (6-pim'i-us),  Lucius.  Roman  consul 
121  B.  C.  He  was  put  forward  by  the  senate  to  oppose 
the  reforms  of  Caius  Gracchus,  and  was  the  leader  of  the 
optimates  who  killed  Gracchus  with  3,000  of  his  followers 
in  121.  He  was  afterward  exiled  for  accepting  bribes  from 
Jugurtha. 

Opitz  (6'pits),  Martin.  Bom  at  Bunzlau,  Si- 
lesia, Dee.  23, 1597:  died  at  Dautzic,  Aug.  20, 
1639,  A  German  poet  and  writer.  He  attended 
the  gymnasia  of  Bunzlau,  Breslau,  and  Beuthen  where  he 
wrote  in  Latin  his  first  work,  "  Aristarchus,"  in  pr.aise  of 
the  German  language  as  a  poetical  medium.  In  1618  he 
went  to  the  university  at  Frankfort-on-the-Oder  to  study 
jurisprudence,  whence  the  following  year  he  went  to  Hei- 
delberg. In  1620,  after  the  outbreak  of  the  Thirty  Years' 
War,  he  went  to  Holland.  At  Leyden  he  became  acquaint- 
ed with  the  philologist  Heinsius,  whom  he  followed  to 
Jutland,  where  he  wrote  the  poems,  published  13  years 
later,  "  Trostgedichte  in  WiderwSrtigkeiten  des  Krieges" 
("Poems  of  Consolation  In  the  Adversities  of  War").  In 
1622  he  was  called  to  a  position  in  the  gymnasium  at  Weis- 
senburg.  He  returned,  however,  in  the  following  year  to 
Silesia,  where  he  went  into  the  service  of  the  Protestant 
duke  of  Liegnitz.  In  1624  appeared  his  "Buch  von  der 
deutschen  Poeterey"("Book  of  the  German  Art  of  Poe- 
try"), which  became  the  principal  authority  on  versifica- 
tion and  style.  In  1626  he  went  into  the  service  of  the 
Catholic  Count  Dohua  at  Breslau.  In  1628  he  was  en- 
nobled by  the  emperor  Ferdinand  II.  After  the  death  of 
Count  Dohna,  in  1633,  he  went  back  to  the  Duke  of  Liegnitz, 
was  subsequently  with  the  Swedes,  and  ultimately  was 
made  secretary  and  historiographer  to  KingLadisJaus  IV.  of 
Poland,  at  Dantzic,  where  he  died  of  the  plague.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  first  Silesian  school  of  poets,  so  called.  He 
wrote  secular,  religious,  and  didactic  descriptive  poems : 
to  the  last  class  belong  "Zlatna"  and  "Vesuvius."  Some 
of  his  hymns  are  to  be  found  in  the  church  hymn-books. 
His'"Hercynia"is  a  prose  idyl  in  which  verses  are  oc- 
casionally introduced.  Amongothertranslationshemade 
a  version  of  the  text  of  the  Italian  opera  "Daphne,  "which 
was  produced  at  Torgau  in  1627,  and  was,  accordingly,  the 
first  German  opera.  By  his  advocacy  of  the  Alexandrine 
verse  and  the  precepts  of  his  "Art  of  Poetry"  he  brought 
about  a  reform  of  German  versification,  in  that  the  poets 
of  the  preceding  centuries  had  simply  counted  the  num- 
ber of  syllables,  without  reference  to  the  quality  of  those 
upon  which  the  metrical  accent  fell. 

Opium  War.  A  war  between  Great  Britain  and 
(Jhina,  due  to  the  attempt  of  the_  Chinese  gov- 
ernment to  prevent  the  importation  of  opium. 
It  began  in  1840,  and  was  ended  by  the  treaty 
of  Nanking  (which  see)  in  1842. 


Opuntian  Locrians 

Oporto  (o-p6r't6 1  Pg.  pron.  6-p8r'tiJ).  A  dis- 
trict  in  the  province  of  Entre  Douro  e  Minha 
Population  (1890),  550,391. 

Oporto,  Pg.  0  Porto  ('The  Port').  A  sea 
port,  chief  city  of  the  province  Entre  Douro  e 
Minho,  Portugal,  situated  on  the  Douro,  near  its 
mouth,  in  lat.  41°  9'  N.,  long.  8°  37'  W.  Next  to 
Lisbon  it  is  the  chief  city  of  the  kingdom  and  chief  manu- 
facturing place.  It  manufactures  cotton,  silk,  etc.,  and  has 
been  famous  since  1678  as  the  place  of  export  for  port  wine. 
The  cathedral  is  early  Pointed,  but  modernized.  The 
cloister,  of  1385  but  earlier  m  character,  survives,  with 
well-carved,  almost  Romanesque,  capitals.  The  Maria  Pia 
or  railroad  bridge  across  the  Douro,  is  an  openwork  arch  ol 
iron,  of  626  feet  span  and  198  feet  height  in  the  clear.  The 
bridge  of  Dom  Luis  I.,  of  similar  construction,  finished  in 
1886,  has  a  span  of  666  feet  and  a  height  of  200.  The  town 
was  taken  by  the  Arabs  in  716 ;  was  taken  by  the  Duke  of 
Wellington  in  1809 ;  was  the  scene  of  the  beginning  of  the 
revolution  of  1820;  was  defended  against  Dom  Miguel 
1832-33;  and  has  been  the  scene  of  insurrection,  particu- 
larly in  1846-47  and  1890.    Population  (1900),  172,421. 

Oposura  (6-p6-s8'ra).  [Opata,  'heart  of  the 
iron-wood.']  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Moc- 
tezuma,  also  called  by  that  name  in  the  province 
of  Sonora,  Mexico,  it  contains  about  2,000  inhabi- 
tants, and  lies  on  the  bank  of  the  Oposuia  River.  It  has 
suffered  a  great  deal  from  the  depredations  of  the  Apaches 
during  the  19th  century. 

Oppem  (op'peln).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Oder  in  lat.  50° 
40'  N.J  long.  17°  55'  E.  it  was  formerly  the  capital 
of  a  principality  of  Oppeln,  which  was  united  to  the  em- 
pire in  the  16th  century.    Population  (1890),  19,20a 

Oppenheiin  (op'pen-him).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Rhine  Hesse,  Hesse,  situated  on  the 
Rhine  11  miles  south  by  east  of  Mainz,  in  tha 
middle  ages  it  was  an  important  free  imperial  city.  It  con- 
tains the  ruins  of  the  fortress  Landskron.  Population 
(1890),  3,426. 

Oppert  (op'pert),  Jules.  Bom  at  Hamburg, 
July  9, 1825.  A  distinguished  French  Oriental- 
ist, of  Hebrew  descent :  appointed  professor  of 
Sanskrit  in  the  Imperial  Library  at  Paris  in 
1857,  and  of  Assyriology  at  the  College  de  France 
(where  he  had  taught  from  1869)  in  1874.  He  was 
employed  by  the  French  government  in  explorations  in 
Asiatic  Turkey  1851-64.  Amonghis  numerous  publications 
are  "  Etudes  assyrlennes  "  (1857), "  Expedition  de  Misopo. 
tamie  "  (1869-61),  "  Grande  inscription  du  palais  de  Ehorsa- 
bad  "  (1863),  "  La  chronologic  de  la  G^nfese  "  (1879),  etc. 

Oppian  (op'i-an).  [From  L.  Oppiawus,  from  Gr. 
'Onmav6g.^  Lived  in  the  latterpart  of  the  2d  cen- 
tury A.  D.  A  Greek  poet  of  Cilioia.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  poem  on  fishing, "  Halieutica  "  (Gr.  "AAieuTiica), 
and  was  wrongly  considered  the  author  of  a  poem  on  hunt- 
ing, "Cynegetica." 

Oppido  Mamertina  (op'pe-do  ma-mer-te'na). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Reggio  di  Calabria, 
southern  Italy,  23  mUes  northeast  of  Reggio. 
Population  (1881),  commune,  6,477. 

Oppius  (op'i-us),  Caius.  A  friend  and  con- 
temporary of  JuUus  CsBsar,  reputed  author  of 
the  history  of  the  African  war. 

Opportunists  (op-or-tu'nists).  In  recent  French 
history,  the  republican  party  represented  by 
Gambetta,  Ferry,  and  others,  who  adapted  their 
course  to  the  exigencies  of  the  time:  opposed  to 
radicals  and  doctrinaires. 

0.  P.  Biots.  The  "  old-price  riots,"  which  took 
place  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  London,  in 
1809.  The  cost  of  the  new  theater  then  just  built  was  so 
great  that  the  proprietors  raised  the  price  of  admission, 
and  the  public  resolved  to  resist. 

The  house  opened  on  the  18th  of  September,  1809,  with 
"  Macbeth  "  and  the  "  Quaker,"  The  audience  was  dense 
and  furious.  They  sat  with  their  backs  to  the  stage,  or 
stood  on  the  seats,  their  hats  on,  to  hiss  and  hoot  the  Kem- 
ble  family  especially ;  not  a  word  of  the  performance  was 
heard,  for  when  the  audience  were  not  denouncing  the 
Kembles,  they  were  singing  and  shouting  at  the  very  tops 
of  their  then  fresh  voices.  The  upper  gsdlery  was  so  noisy 
that  soldiers,  of  whom  500  were  in  the  house,  rushed  in  to 
capture  the  rioters,  who  let  themselves  down  to  the  lower 
gallery,  where  they  were  hospitably  received.  The  sight 
of  the  soldiers  increased  the  general  exasperation.  [The 
excitement  continued  for  weeks,  and  many  of  the  rioters 
were  arrested.]  The  acquittal  of  leading  riotei'S  gave  a 
little  spirit  to  some  after  displays ;  but  it  led  to  a  settle- 
ment. Audiences  continued  the  affray,  fiung  peas  on  the 
stage  to  bring  down  the  dancers,  and  celebrated  tlieir  own 
O.  P.  dance  before  leaving ;  but,  at  a  banquet  to  celebrate 
the  triumph  of  the  cause  in  the  acquittal  of  the  leaders, 
Mr.  Kemble  himself  appeared.  Terms  were  there  agreed 
upon;  and  on  the  sixty-seventh  night  a  banner  in  the 
hous^  with  "  Weaie  satisfied  "  inscribed  on  it,  proclaimed 
that  all  was  over.  After  such  a  fray  the  satisfaction  was 
dearly  bought.  The  4s.  rate  of  admission  to  the  pit  was 
diminished  by  6d.,  but  the  half-price  remained  at  2s.  Tha 
private  boxes  were  decreased  in  number,  but  the  new  price 
of  admission  to.the  boxes  was  maintained.  Thus,  the  man- 
agers, after  all,  had  more  of  the  victory  than  the  people ; 
but  it  was  bought  dearly. 

Varan,  English  Stage,  II.  362-366. 

Ops  (ops).    In  Roman  mythology,  a  goddess  of 
■  plenty,  wife  of  Saturn. 

Optic  (op'tik),   Oliver.      The  pseudonym  of 
William  Taylor  Adams. 
Opuntian  Locrians.    See  LocH 


Opzoomer 


760 


Orders 


Vaud,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Orbe  15 
miles  northwest  of  Lausanne.  It  wasthe  ancient 
capital  of  Little  Burgundy.  Population  (1888), 
1,620. 


Opzoomer  (op'z6-mer),  Karel  Willem.    Bom  Orbe  (ort  or  or'be).    A  town  in  the  canton  of  Ordaz  (6r-dath'),  or  Ord&s  (or-das'),  Diego  de 

at  Rotterdam,  Sept.  20,  1821 :  died  at  Ooster-    "     '    " ''         "      "'      --    "         ,__.L,^on-  j..-j_i.—  moo      ao       i_i. 

beek,  Aug.  23,  1892.  A  Dutch  philosopher  and 
jurist,  professor  at  Utrecht.  He  wrote  a  man- 
ual of  logic  (1851),  etc. 

Oran  (6-ran';  F.  6-ron.').  1.  The  westernmost  Ofbe.  A  small  river  in  the  department  of  Jura, 
department  of  Algeria,  bordering  on  Morocco  on  Prance,  and  canton  of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  flow- 
thewest.  Area,44,616squaremiles.  Population  ing  into  the  Lake  of  Neuchatel.  Itistheupper 
(1891),  942,066.-2.  The  capital  of  the  depart-  course  of  the  Thi^le  (or  Zihl). 
ment  of  Oran,  a  seaport  situated  on  the  Mediter-  OrbegOSO  (6r-ba-g6's6),  Luis  Jos6.  Bom  near 
aninIat.35°44:'N.,long.0°42'"W.   ithaslm-    Huamachueo,  Aug.  25,  1795 :  died  at  Truxillo, 


portant  trade.  The  old  Spanish  town  exists  along  with  the 
modem  town.  It  was  a  flourishing  medieval  town  ;  was 
held  by  the  Spaniards  from  1509  to  1708,  and  from  1732  un- 
til after  the  earthquake  of  1790 ;  and  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1831.  Population  (1891),  73,839. 
Orange  (or'anj;  p.  pron.  6-ronzh').  A  town  in 
the  departnient  of  vaucluse,  Prance,  13  miles 
north  of  Avignon :  the  ancient  Arausio,  noted 
for  its  Roman  antiquities.     The  Roman  triumphal 


1847.  A  Peruvian  general  and  politician.  He 
was  elected  president  Dy  the  constitutional  assembly, 
Dec.  20, 1833 ;  bntGamarra,  Salaverry,  and  others  declared 
against  him ;  and  in  June,  1835,  he  accented  the  inter- 
vention of  Santa  Cruz,  president  of  Bolivia.  Santa  Cruz 
established  the  Peru-Bolivian  Confederation  in  1886,  and 
Orbegoso  was  nominated  president  of  North  Peru,  with 
the  rank  of  grand  marshal.  In  Aug.,  1838,  he  was  defeated 


Born  about  1480 :  died  at  sea,  1533.  A  Spanish 
captain,  it  appears  that  he  was  with  OJeda  at  Darien, 
1509-10 ;  subsequently  he  served  with  Velasquez  in  Cuba, 
and  with  Cortes  in  the  conquest  of  Mexico,  1619-21.  Hav- 
ing obtained  agrant  of  the  oountrynow  embraced  in  Guiana 
and  eastern  Venezuela,  he  explored  the  Orinoco  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Meta,  1631-32.  Martinez,  on  e  of  his  officers, 
afterward  asserted  that  he  had  seen  on  this  expedition  the 
golden  city  of  Manoa,  thus  probably  starting  the  myth  of 
El  Dorado.  Ordaz,  on  his  return  to  the  coast,  was  arrested 
on  false  charges,  and  sent  to  Santo  Domingo :  he  was  freed 
by  the  audience^  and  died  while  on  his  way  to  Spain. 

OrdericusVitalis  (6r-de-ri'kus  vi-ta'lis),  or  Or- 
deric(6r'de-rik).  Bomat Atcham,near Shrews- 
bury, Englaiid,  1075 :  died  about  1143.  An  Eng- 
lish historian  and  Benedictine  monk,  h^ wrote 
an  "  Ecclesiastical  History,"  especially  relating  to  Nor. 
mandy  and  England  in  the  11th  and  12th  centunes  (ed.  by 
Le  Provost  18S8-fi5). 


years.    Also  written  Orbegozo. 


arch  here,  well  preserved  and  of  fine  masonry,  is  attrib-  Orbetello  (or-ba-tel'16).     A  small  town  in  the 

lJ»^L'?.*'''l^if"„°'  ^^T.'^w  J,l"»;flJnV»A^rlrif   province  of  Grosseto,  Italy,  situated  near  the 
central  arch  between  two  smaller  ones  flanked  by  Corm-    ■Si-^j.j.  _„„    „„„   rrR  „;i'      _„jLi,_._i.  „*  i>„„„ 
thian  columns,  the  two  middle  ones  of  which  support  a    Mediterranean.  i5  miles  northwest  ot  Rome. 
pediment     It  is  ornamented  with  reliefs  among  which  Orblgny  (or-ben-ye'),  AlClde  DeSSalineS  d  . 
naval  trophies  are  conspicuous;  and  the  deep  yaiUt  of  the    Born   at  Cou^ron,   Loire-Inf4rieure,    S^t.  6, 


central  opening  is  beautifully  coffered.  The  height  is  72 
feet,  width  67,  and  thickness  26.  The  Boman  theater  is 
much  ruined  m  its  cavea,  but  possesses  probably  the  finest 
surviving  example  of  an  ancient  stage  structure.  The 
splendid  uncemented  wall  at  the  back  is  340  feet  long, 
118  high,  and  13  thick,  and  still  shows  the  pierced  corbels 
which  received  the  awning-poles.  The  stage  has  8  doors, 
and  was  roof  ed.  The  theater  could  seat  about  7,000.  The 
Cimbii  defeated  the  Romans  here  in  105  B.  c.  It  was  a 
flourishing  Roman  town.  Later  it  was  the  capital  of  a  prin- 
cipality which  fell  to  the  house  of  Nassau  in  1630 ;  was 
under  the  Nassau-Orange  family  until  1702 ;  and  was  an- 
nexed to  France  in  1713.  The  title  of  Prince  of  Orange 
was  retained  in  the  house  of  Nassau. 


9,869. 

Orange  (or'anj).  A  city  in  Essex  County,  New    peb.  15,  1876.    A  Prenoh  geologist/brother  of 
Jersey,  13  miles  west  of  New  Tork.    it  contains    x  D  d'Orbignv 
many  residences  of   New-Yorkers.     Population  (1900),  q^^  ^^^^^^^  The.    1.  A  deformed  giant  who  eats 


by  Gamarra  and  the  Chileans,  and  went  into  exile  for  some  Orders.     Institutions,  partly  imitated  trom  the 

"  '  medieval  and   crusading  orders  of   military 

monks,  but  generally  founded  by  a  sovereign, 
a  national  legislature,  or  a  prince  of  high  rank, 
for  the  purpose  of  rewarding  meritorious  ser- 
vice by  the  conferring  of  a  dignity :  a  number 
of  the  more  prominent  of  these  orders  are  de- 
scribed below.  Most  honorary  orders  consist  of  sev- 
eral classes,  known  as  knights  compamam,  officers,  crnn- 
numders,  grarid  officers,  and  grand  comaumAers,  otherwise 
called  grand  cross  or  grand  cordon.  Many  orders  have 
fewer  classes,  a  few  having  only  one.  It  is  customary  to 
divide  honorary  orders  into  three  ranks  :  (o)  Those  which 
admit  only  nobles  of  the  highest  rank,  and  among  foreign- 
ers only  sovereign  princes  or  members  of  reigning  fami- 
lies. Of  this  character  are  the  Golden  Fleece  (Austria  and 
Spain),  the  Elephant  (Denmark),  and  the  Garter  (Great 
Britain):  it  is  usual  to  regard  these  three  as  the  existing 
orders  of  highest  dignity.  (6)  Those  orders  which  are  con- 
ferred upon  members  of  noble  families  only,  and  some- 
times because  of  the  mere  fact  of  noble  birth,  without 
special  services,  (c)  The  orders  of  merit,  which  are  sup- 
posed to  be  conferred  for  services  only:  of  these  the 


1802 :  died  near  &t.  Denis,  June  80,  1857.  A 
French  naturalist.  From  1826  to  1833  he  traveled  in 
southern  Brazil^  the  Platine  States,  Bolivia,  and  Peru. 
The  results  of  his  journey  were  published  at  government 
expense  as  "  Voyage  dans  1' Am^rique  M^ridionale  "  (9  vols. 
1834-47  :  including  narrative,  3  vols.;  "L'Homme  Am6ri- 
cain,"  ethnological,  2  vols.;  and  the  remainder  on  zool- 
ogy, etc.).  Among  his  other  writings  are  "Pal^ontolo- 
gie  frangaise"  (14  vols.  1840-54:  unfinished)  and  several 
works  on  Foratnin'^era.  He  contributed  to  Ramon  de  la 
Sagra's  * '  History  of  Cuba  "  the  volumes  on  birds,  Mollusca, 
_^ ^_     and  Foraminifera. 

Popuiation'(i89ix  Orbi^^,  Charles  Dessallnes  d'.  BomatCou6- 
ron,  Loire-Inf ^rieure,  Prance,  Dec.  2, 1806 :  died 


24,141. 


Orange.    See  Clove  and  Orange. 

Orange,  Prince  of.   See  William  "  the  Silent," 

Prince  of  Orange,  and  William  HI.,  King  of 

England. 
Orange,  Principality  of.   A  small  principality 

now  in  the  department  of  Vaucluse,  Prance,  Qrcades  (6r'ka-dez) 

containing  Orange    and  neighboring  places.    Orknev  Islands 

It  fell  to  the  house  of  Nassau  in  1530.     See  Qrcagna  (or-kan'ya)  (properly  di  Oione),  An- 
Or'anTeFree  State,  now  Orange  River  Col-  drea,  called  Arcagnolo(ofwhichname0.cag»a 


men  but  not  women,  in  Boiardo's  and  Ariosto's 

"Orlando."  He  has  two  projecting  bones  for  eyes.  Man- 

dricardo  delivers  Lucina  from  him. 

S.  A  sea-monster  in  Ariosto's  "  Orlando  Puri- 

oso,"  killed  by  Orlando  when  about  to  devour 

Olympia. 

The  ancient  name  of  the 


ony.  A  former  republic  in  southern  Africa. 
Capital,  Bloemfontein.  it  is  bounded  by  the 
Transvaal  Colony  (separated  by  the  Vaal)  on  ilie  north. 
Natal  on  the  east,  Basutoland  on  the  southeast.  Cape 
Colony  (separated  by  the  Orange  River)  on  the  south, 
and  Griqualand  West  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  undu- 
lating and  hilly.  The  chief  occupation  is  ^he  raising  of 
live  stock;  the  leading  products  are  wool,  diamonds, 
ostrich-feathers,  and  hides.  The  governmentwas  vested  in 
a  president  and  a  legislative  assembly  called  the  Volks- 
raad.  The  inhabitants  are  natives  (129,787  in  1890),  and 
whites  of  European  (especially  Dutch)  descent.  The 
territory  was  settled  in  the  first  half  of  the  19th  centuiy 
by  emigrants  from  Cape  Colony ;  was  annexed  by  Great 
Britain  in  1848 ;  and  became  independent  in  1864.  Con- 
quered and  annexed  by  Great  Britain  1900. 


is  a  corruption).  Born  at  Florence  about  1329 : 
diedabout  1368.  A  Florentine  painter,  sculptor, 
and  architect.  He  studied  the  goldsmith's  craft  under 
his  father,  and  painted  with  his  brother  Bernardo.  In  the 
practice  of  this  art  he  appears  to  have  been  chiefly  occu- 
pied during  the  early  part  of  his  life.  After  painting  with 
his  brother  the  life  of  the  Madonna,  and  file  two  great 
frescos  of  Heaven  and  Hell  in  Santa  Maria  Novella,  the 
frescos  of  the  Cresci  chapel,  and  the  facade  of  San  Apolli- 
nare,  he  painted  the  picture  of  the  Coronation  of  the  Virgin 
(now  In  the  National  Gallery).  By  these  works  he  gained 
a  great  reputation.  The  frescos  of  the  Triumph  of  Death 
and  the  Last  Judgment  in  the  Campo  Santo  at  PisiL  by 
painters  of  the  Tuscan  school,  have  been  attributed  to 
him.  (See  Campo  Santo.)  About  1848  he  transformed  the 
old  granary  of  Arnolfo  del  Cambio  (Florence)  into  the 
Church  of  Or  San  Michele. 


A  name  given  to  County 


Area,  62,000 
square  miles.    Population  (1890),  207,603.  r»     >       j     i!  t     i       j 

Orangemen  (or'ani-men).  1.  Irish  Protestants.  Orchard  Of  Ireland, 

The  name  was  given  about  the  end  of  the  17th  century  by    Armagh,  Ireland.  _ 

Roman  Catholics  to  the  Protestants  of  Ireland,  on  account  OrchardSOn  (6r'cha,rd-son),  William  QniUer. 

of  their  support  of  the  cause  of  William  III.  of  England,    gorn   at  Edinburgli,  1^35.     A  British  figure 

prince  of  Oi'ange.  °   ' 

2,  A  secret  politico-religious  society,  instituted 

in  Ireland  in  1795.    it  was  organized  for  the  purpose 

of  upholding  the  Protestant  religion  and  ascendancy,  and 

of  opposing  Romanism  and  the  Roman  Catholic  influence 

in  the  government  of  the  country.    Orangemen  are  es- 


painter.  Heremoved  to  London  in  1863.  He  has  painted 
"The  Cliallenge"  (1866),  "Casus  Belli"  (1870),  "The  Bill 
of  Sale"  (1876),  "On  Board  H.  M.  S.  Bellerophon  July  23, 
1815"  (1880:  bought  by  the  Chantry  bequest)^  "The  Salon 
of  Madame  R^camier"  (1885),  etc 
Orchha.     See  Tehri. 


peciaUy  prominent  m  Ulster,  Ireland,  but  local  branches  iv_„-i„.„„  /•__  „\,s'\  A  tn-am  iri  tlio  HpnnrtmpTit 
called  lodges  are  found  all  over  the  British  empire  as  OrcnieS  ^or-sne  ).  A  town  m  tne  aepartmeni 
well  as  in  many  parts  of  the  United  States.  of  Nord,  Prance,  14  miles  southeast  of  Lille. 

Orange  River,  or  KaiGariep(Mga-rep').  The    Population  (1891),  commune,  3,918. 
chief  river  in  southem  Africa,    it  rises  in  Basuto-  OrchomenUS  (or-kom  e-nus).     [Gr.  'Opxo^ievdi.^ 
land  near  the  border  of  Natal,  and  flows  generally  west.    In  ancient  geography,  the  name  of  several  cities 


ward,  separating  Cape  Colony  from  the  Orange  River  Col 
ony,  British  Bechnanaland,  and  German  Southwest  Africa. 
Its  chief  tributary  is  the  Vaal.  Length,  about  1,200  miles. 
It  is  "not  much  better  than  a  huge  torrent. ' 

Orange  River  Colony.    See  Orange  Free  state. 

Oranienbaum(6-ra'ne-en-boum").  [G., 'orange- 
tree.']  A  town  in  the  province  of  St.  Peters- 
burg, Russia,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Finland 
25  miles  west  of  St.  Petersburg.  It  is  noted  for 
its  imperial  palace.    Population,  3,350. 

Orarian  (6-ra'ri-an).     See  Eskimauan. 

Orators,  The.    Ajlay  by  Samuel  Foote,  per- 


in  Greece,  (a)  A  cityinBceotia,  situated  on  the  Cephis- 
Bus  and  on  Lake  Copals,  55  miles  northwest  of  Athens. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  ancient  Minyse  Here,  in  86  B.  0., 
Sulla  defeated  Archelaus,  the  general  of  Mithridates, 
king  of  Pontus.  The  site  contains  important  remains  of 
antiquity.  The  treasury  of  Minyas,  so  called,  is  a  very 
ancient  tomb  of  the  Mycenean  beehive  type.  The  plan  is 
circular,  45  feet  in  diameter,  covered  in  by  a  pseudo-dome 
formed  by  corbeling  in  the  stones  of  the  wall.  A  side 
chamber,  rock-hewn,  had  its  sides  and  ceiling  incrusted 
with  slabs  carved  with  beautiful  arabesques.  The  "trear 
sury"  is  approached  by  a  dromos  or  passage  16  feet  wide. 
(6)  A  city  in  Arcadia,  83  miles  west-southwest  of  Corinth. 
It  was  one  of  the  leading  Arcadian  cities. 


formed  in  1762.    It  satirizes  a  Dublin  printer  Qrcus  (dr'kus).    A  Latin  name  for  Hades. 

named  George J'aulknej.  _  „  .,    ,.    Ord  (6rd),  Edward  Otho  Cresap.     Bom  in 

Maryland,  Oct.,  1818:  died  at  Havana,  July  22, 
1883.  An  American  general.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1839,  served  against  the  Seminole  Indians  1839-42, 
and  was  appointed  brigadier-general  ot  United  States  vol- 
unteera  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  He  gained  the 
victory  of  Dranesville  in  Dec. ,  1861,  and  served  before  Rich- 
mondandPetersburgin  1864-65.  Heretiredwlththe brevet 
rank  of  major-general  in  1880. 


Oratory  of  St.  Philip  Neri.  A  Roman  Cathohe 
religious  order,  founded  at  Florence  by  Pilippo 
Neri  in  1575:  so  named  from  a  chapel  he  built 
for  it  and  called  an  oratory,  it  is  composed  of  sim- 
ple priests  under  no  vows.  Its  chief  seat  is  Italy,  but 
congregations  were  founded  in  England  in  1847  and  1849 
under  the  leadership  of  former  members  of  the  Anglican 
Church. 


po! -_    _-    

Legion  of  Honor  is  the  best-known  type.    The  various 
orders  have  their  appropriate  insignia,  consisting  usu- 
ally of  a  collar  of  design  peculiarto  the  order,  a  star,  cross, 
jewel,  badge,  ribbon,  or  the  like.    It  is  common  to  sp6ak 
of  an  order  by  its  name  alone,  as  the  Garter,  the  Bath. — 
Guelfic  Order,  a  Hanoverian  order  of  knighthood,  found- 
ed in  1815  by  George  IV.  (then  prmce  regent),  and  en- 
titled the  Royal  Hanoverian  Guelflo  Order.    It  includes 
grand  crosses,  commanders,  and  knights,  both  civil  and 
military.—  MUitaiT  Order  Of  Savoy,  an  order  founded 
by  King  Victor  Emmanuel  I.  of  Sardinia  in  1815,  adopted 
by  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  and  still  in  existence.     The 
badge  is  a  cross  of  gold  in  red  enamel,  voided,  and  sur- 
mounted by  a  royal  crown.    The  ribbon  is  blue.—  Order 
for  Merit,  a  Prussian  order  composed  of  two  classes, 
military  and  civU.    The  first  class  was  founded  by  Fred- 
erick the  Great  in  1740  (compare  Order  of.  Generosity). 
The  badge  is  a  blue  enameled  cross  adorned  with  the  let- 
ter F,  the  words  "  pour  le  mSrite,"  and  golden  eagles. 
Since  1810  it  has  been  given  exclusively  for  distinction  on 
the  field.    The  second  class  (or  second  order)  was  found- 
ed by  I^ederlck  William  IV.  in  1842  for  distinction  in 
science  and  art.— Order  Of  Alcantara,  a  Spanish  mili- 
tary order  said  to  be  a  revival  of  a  very  ancient  order  of 
St.  Julian,  and  to  have  received  its  name  from  the  city  of 
Alcantara,  given  by  Alfonso  IZ.  of  Castile  in  1213  to  the 
Knights  of  Calatrava,  and  transferred  by  the  latter. — Or- 
der of  Alexander  NevsM,  a  Russian  order  founded  in 
1722  by  Peter  the  Great,  but  first  conferred  by  the  empress 
Catharine  L  in  1725.  The  ordinaiy  badge  is  a  cross  patt^, 
the  center  being  a  circle  of  white  enamel  showing  St. 
Alexander  on  horseback,  the  arms  of  red  enamel  with  a 
double-headed  eagle  between  every  two  arms,  and  the 
whole  surmounted  by  an  imperial  crown.    This  is  worn 
hanging  to  a  broad  red  ribbon  en  savtoire. —  Order  of 
Calatliiva,  a  Spanish  military  order  founded  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  12th  century,  and  taking  its  name  from  the  for- 
tress of  Calatrava,  which  had  been  captured  from  the 
Moors  in  1147,  and  was  confided  to  the  new  order.    It  is 
still  in  existence.    The  badge  is  a  cross  fleuiy  enameled 
red,  attached  to  ared  ribbon. — Order  of  Charles  UL,  a 
Spanish  order  founded  by  Charles  HI.  in  1771. —  Order 
of  Charles  XUI.,  a  Swedish  order  founded  by  the  sov- 
ereign of  that  name  in  1811,  for  Freemasons  of  the  higher 
degrees.— Order  of  Christ,  a  Portuguese  order  founded 
by  King  Dionysius  and  confirmed  about  1818.    It  contains 
three  degrees,  of  which  the  highest  is  limited  to  six  per- 
sons. The  present  badge  is  a  cross  of  eight  points  encircled 
by  an  oak  wreath,  and  having  between  the  arms  four  ovals 
in  black  enamel,  each  bearing  five  golden  billets,  symboli- 
cal of  the  five  wounds  of  Christ.    The  ribbon  is  dark  red. — 
Order  of  Civil  Merit,  the  name  of  several  orders,  the 
most  prominent  of  which  is  that  of  Prussia.    See  Order 
for  Merit.—  Order  of  Fidelity,  (a)  An  order  of  the  duchy 
of  Baden,  founded  by  the  margrave  Charles  "William  in 
1716.    It  is  still  in  existence,  and  consists  of  two  classes 
only,  that  of  grand  cross  and  that  of  commander.    The 
badge  is  a  cross  of  eight  points  in  red  enamel,  having  be- 
tween each  two  arms  the  cipher  CC :  the  same  cipher  oc- 
cupies the  middle  of  the  cross,  with  the  motto  *  Fi^elitas." 
The  ribbon  is  orange-colored  and  edged  with  blue.    (6)  An 
order  of  Portugal,  founded  by  John  VI.  in  1823  for  the 
supporters  of  the  monarchy  during  the  insurrectionary 
movements  in  that  country. — Order  Of  Generosity,  a 
Prussian  order  of  distinction  founded  in  1666,  but  not  or- 
ganized till  1688,  and  superseded  in  1740  by  the  Order  for 
Merit— Order  of  Glory  (Nishan  Iftikar),  an  order  of  the 
Ottoman  empire,  instituted  by  Mahmoud  II.  in  1831.— 
Order  of  Isabella  the  Catholic,  known  as  the  Royal 
American  Order,  and  instituted  in  1816  to  reward  loyalty 
among  the  American  colonists  and  dependents  of  Spain. 
The  order  still  exists.    The  badge  is  a  cross  patt4  indented, 
the  center  filled  with  a  medallion,  the  arms  enameled  red, 
and  with  gold  rays  between  the  arms.—  Order  of  Jesus, 
of  Jesus  Christ,  etc.,  the  name  of  several  orders  of  more 
or  less  religious  character,  in  Spain,  Sweden,  etc. — Order 


Orders 

of  Leopold,  an  Austrian  order  founded  by  Francis  I.,  em- 
peror of  Austria,  in  memory  of  the  emperor  Leopold  II. 
It  dates  from  1808,  and  is  still  in  existence.—  Order  of 
Louisa,  a  Prussian  order  founded  by  Frederick  William 
III.  in  1814,  for  women  only. —  Order  Of  Maria  Louisa, 
a  Spanisli  order  for  women,  founded  in  1792,  and  still  in 
existence.— Order  of  Maria  Theresa,  an  Austrian  order 
founded  by  the  empress  of  that  name  in  1767,  but  modi- 
fled  by  the  emperor  Joseph  IL— Order  Of  lUazinilllan, 
an  order  for  the  encouragement  of  art  and  science,  founded 
In  1863  by  Maximilian  n.  of  Bavaria.—  Order  Of  Med- 
Jldl.   See  Medtidi.—  Order  Of  MlUtary  Merit  (a)  An 
order  Instituted  in  1769  by  Louis  XV.  of  itance  for  Protes- 
tant officers,  as  the  Order  of  St.  Louis  was  limited  to  Catho- 
lics.   Its  organization  was  similar  to  that  of  the  latter  or- 
der.   In  1814  it  was  reorganized  for  officers  of  the  army 
and  navy.    It  has  not  been  conferred  since  1830.     The 
badge  is  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  St.  Louis,  and  the  rib- 
bon is  of  the  same  color,    (b)  An  order  founded  by  Duke 
Charles  Eugene  of  Wiirtemberg  in  1769.—  Order  of  Odd- 
FellowB,  llie  Independent.    See  Odd-Fellows.— Order 
of  Our  Lady  of  Montesa,  a  Spanish  order  founded  in  the 
14th  century  by  the  King  of  Aragon,  afterward  attached 
to  the  crown  of  Spain.—  Order  Of  Our  Lady  of  Mount 
Carmel,  an  order  founded  by  Henry  IV.  of  France  on  the 
Occasion  of  his  embracing  Catholicism,  and  in  a  measure 
replacing  the  Order  of  St.  Lazarus.—  Order  of  St.  An- 
drew, a  Russian  order  founded  by  Peter  the  6reatinl698. 
The  badge  is  the  double  eagle  of  Russia  in  black  enamel, 
upon  the  breast  of  which  is  the  crucifix  of  St.  Andrew, 
with  saltier-shaped  cross,  the  whole  surmounted  by  an 
Imperial  crown.    The  ribbon  is  blue ;  but  on  state  occa- 
sions this  badge  is  worn  pendent  to  a  collar  composed  of 
similar  crowned  eagles,  of  ovals  bearing  saltiers,  and  of 
shields  with  flags  and  crowns. — Order  of  St.  Andrew  in 
Scotland.    Same  as  Order  of  the  Thistle. —  Order  Of  St. 
Benedict  of  Aviz,  a  Portuguese  order  said  to  date  from 
the  12th  century.    The  badge  is  a  cross  fleury  of  green 
enamel,  having  a  gold  fleur-de-lis  in  the  angle  between 
every  two  arms  of  the  cross,  and  hangs  from  a  green  rib- 
bon worn  around  the  neck.—  Order  Of  St,  GaU.    Same  as 
0)-dero/«A«Bear.— Order  of  St.  George,  (a)  A  Bavarian 
order  founded  or,  as  is  asserted,  restored  by  the  elector 
Charles  Albert  in  1729.     It  is  still  in  existence,  and  is  di- 
vided into  three  classes.    (&)  A  Kussian  or<}er  founded  in 
1769  by  the  empress  Catharine  II.     This  is  conferred  only 
upon  a  commanding  general  who  has  defeated  an  army 
of  fifty  thousand  men,  or  captured  the  enemy's  capital, 
or  brought  about  an  honorable  peace.    There  is  now  no 
person  living  who  has  gained  this  distinction  regularly, 
though  it  has  been  given  to  a  foreign  sovereign.—  Order 
Of  St.  James  of  tlie  Sword  (also  called  St.  James  of  Com- 
i  postela),  a  Spanish  order  of  great  antiquity,  asserted  to  have 
been  approved  by  the  Pope  in  1176,  and  still  existing.    In 
the  middle  ages  this  order  had  great  military  power,  and 
administered  a  large  income.    The  badge  is  a  cross  in  red 
enamel,  ailecting  the  form  of  a  sword,  and  bearing  a  scal- 
lop-sheUatthejunctionof  thearms.    Theribbon  is  red.— 
Order  of  St.  Lazarus,  an  order  which  had  its  origin  in 
the  Holy  Land,  and  was  afterward  transplantedinto  France, 
where  it  retained  Independent  existence  until,  under 
Henry  IV.,  it  was  in  a  measure  replaced  by  the  Order  of 
Our  Lady  of  Mount  CarmeL    It  disappeared  during  the 
Bevolution. — Order  of  St.  Louis,  a  French  order  founded 
by  Louis  2IV.  in  1693  for  military  service,  and  conflrmed 
by  Louis  XV.  in  1719.    After  the  restoration  of  the  Bour- 
bons in  1814  this  order  was  reinstated.    No  knights  have 
been  created  since  1830.    The  badge  is  a  cross  of  eiglit 
points,  having  in  the  central  medallion  a  figure  of  Louis 
XIV. ,  robed  and  crowned,  and  holding  in  his  hands  wreaths 
of  honor ;  there  is  a  gold  fleur-de-lis  between  every  two 
arms.     The   ribbon    is  flame-colored.— Order   Of  St, 
Michael,  a  French  order  instituted  by  Louis  XI.  in  1469, 
and  modified  by  Henry  III.  and  Louis  XIV.    Since  1830 
it  has  not  been  conferred.    The  badge  is  a  cross  of  eight 
points  with  fleurs-de-lis  between  the  arms,  and  in  the  cen- 
tral medallion  a  figure  of  the  archangel  Michael  tram- 
pling on  the  dragon.   The  ribbon  is  black. — Order  of  St, 
Michael  and  St.  George,  a  British  order  instituted  in 
1818,  originally  for  natives  of  the  Ionian  and  Maltese  isl- 
ands and  for  other  British  subjects  in  the  Mediterranean. 
It  has  since  been  greatly  extended.—  Order  of  St.  Fat- 
rick,  an  order  of  knighthood  instituted  by  George  III.  of 
England  in  1783.    It  consists  of  the  sovereign,  the  lord 
lieutenant  of  Ireland,  and  twenty-two  knights. — Order 
of  SS.  Cosmo  and  Samian,  a  religious  order  in  Pales- 
tine in  the  middle  ages,  especially  charged  with  the  care 
of  pilgrims.— Order  of  St.  StaiiislauB,  a  Polish  order 
dating  from  1765,  and  adopted  by  the  czars  of  Hussia. — 
Order  of  the  Annunciation,  (a)  The  highest  order  of 
knighthood  (Ordim  supremo  dell'  Annunziata)  of  the  ducal 
house  of  Savoy,  now  the  royal  house  of  Italy,  dating  un- 
der Its  present  name  from  1518,  when  it  superseded  the 
Order  of  the  Collar,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Count 
Amadeus  VI.  of  Savoy  In  1362,  but  probably  older.    The 
medal  of  the  order  bears  a  representation  of  the  annunci- 
ation ;  its  collar  is  decorated  with  alternate  golden  knots 
and  enameled  roses,  the  latter  bearing  the  letters  FEET, 
making  the  Latin  word/eit  (  he  bears "),  an  ancient  motto 
of  the  house  of  Savoy,  but  variously  otherwise  inter- 
preted. Thekingis  the  grand  master  of  the  order.  (6)  An 
order  of  nuns,  founded  about  1500  at  Bourges,  France,  by 
Queen  Jeanne  of  Valois  after  her  divorce  from  Louis  XII. 
(«)  An  order  of  nuns,  founded  about  1604  at  Genoa,  Italy, 
by  Maria  Vittoria  Fornari.— Order  of  the  Bath,  an 
order  supposed  to  have  been  instituted  at  the  coronation 
of  Henry  IV.  of  England  in  1399.    It  received  this  name 
from  the  fact  that  the  candidates  for  the  honor  were  put 
into  a  bath  the  preceding  evening  to  denote  a  purification 
or  absolution  from  all  former  stain,  and  that  they  were 
now  to  begin  a  new  life.    The  present  Order  of  the  Bath, 
however,  was  instituted  by  George  I.  in  1725,  as  a  military 
order,  consisting,  exclusive  of  the  sovereign,  of  a  grand 
master  and  thirty-six  companions.    In  1815  the  order  was 
greatly  extended,  and  in  1847  It  was  opened  to  civihans. 
It  is  now  composed  of  three  classes,  viz. :  military  and 
civU  knights  grand  crosses,  G.  C.  B.;  knights  command- 
ers, K.  C.  B.;  and  knights  companions,  C.  B.    The  badge 
Is  a  golden  Maltese  cross  of  eight  points,  with  the  Uon  of 
England  In  the  four  principal  angles,  and  having  m  a  cir- 
cle In  the  center  the  rose,  thistle,  and  shamrock  (repre. 
senting  respectively  England,  Scotland,  »nd  Ireland)  be- 
tween three  imperial  crowns ;  motto, "  Tria  j  uncta  in  uno. 


761 

Stars  are  also  worn  by  the  first  two  classes.  That  of  the 
knights  grand  crosses  is  of  silver,  with  eight  points  of  rays 
wavy,  on  which  is  a  gold  cross  bearing  three  crowns,  en- 
circled by  a  ribbon  displaying  the  motto  of  the  order,  while 
beneath  the  scroll  is  inscribed  Ich  dien  ('I  serve'),  the 
motto  of  the  Prince  of  Wales.  The  star  of  the  knights 
commanders  differs  chiefly  In  lacking  the  wavy  rays. — 
Order  of  the  Bear,  an  order  of  knights  Instituted  by 
the  emperor  Frederick  II.,  and  having  its  center  at  the 
abbey  of  St.  Gall,  in  Switzerland.    It  ceased  to  exist  when 

St.  Gall  became  independent  of  the  house  of  Austria 

Order  of  the  Black  Eagle,  a  Prussian  order  founded 
by  Frederick  I.  in  1701.  The  number  of  knights  is  limited 
to  30,  exclusive  of  the  princes  of  the  blood  royal,  and  all 
must  be  of  unquestioned  nobility.  The  badge  is  a  cross  of 
eight  points,  having  in  the  center  a  circle  with  the  mono- 
gram FK  (iov Frederidc Rex);  the  four  arms  are  enameled 
red,wlth  the  eagle  of  Prussia  in  black  enamel  between  each 
two  arms.  The  ribbon  is  orange,  but  on  occasions  of  cere- 
mony the  badge  is  worn  pendent  to  a  collar  consisting  alter- 
nately of  black  eagles  holding  thunderbolts  and  medallions 
bearing  the  same  monogram  as  the  badge  and  also  the 
motto  "Suum  cuique."— Order  of  the  Burgimdian 
Cross,  an  order  founded  by  the  emperor  Charles  V .,  which 
did  not  survive.— Order  of  the  Chrysanthemum,  an  or- 
der founded  by  the  Mikadoof  Japan  in  1876. — Order  Of  the 
Conception,  an  order  founded  in  the  17th  century  by  some 
of  the  nobles  of  the  Holy  Koman  Empire,  and  common  to 
Germany  and  Italy.— Order  of  the  Cordon  Jaune,  a 
French  order  for  Protestant  and  Koman  Catholic  knights, 
founded  in  the  16th  century  by  the  Duke  of  Nevers  for  the 
protection  of  widows  and  orphans.  It  is  now  extinct — 
Order  Of  the  Crescent,  a  Turkish  orderinstltuted  in  1799, 
and  awarded  only  for  distinguished  bravery  In  the  naval  or 
military  service.  It  was  abolished  in  1861.  An  order  of 
the  orescent  was  founded  by  Charles  of  Anjon  in  Sicily  in 
1268,  but  had  a  short  existence.  Een6  the  Good,  of  Anjou, 
count  of  Provence  and  titular  king  of  Naples,  founded 
another  short-lived  order  of  the  crescent  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury.—Order  of  i^e  Crown,  the  title  of  several  honorary 
orders  founded  by  sovereigns  in  the  19th  century,  each  in- 
cluding as  part  of  its  name  that  of  the  country  to  which  it 
belongs,  (a)  The  Order  of  the  Crown  of  Bavaria,  founded 
by  King  Maximilian  I.  Joseph  in  1808.  It  is  granted  to  per- 
sons who  have  attained  distinction  in  the  civil  service  of 
the  state.  (6)  The  Imperial  Order  of  the  Crown  of  India, 
founded  In  1878  for  women,  at  the  time  of  the  assumption 
by  Queen  Victoria  of  the  title  Empress  of  India.  It  in- 
cludes a  number  of  Indian  women  of  the  highest  rank, 
fc)  The  Order  of  the  Crownof  Itaiy,  founded  by  King  Victor 
Emmanuel  in  1868.  (d)  The  Order  of  the  Crown  of  Prussia, 
founded  by  King  William  I.  on  his  coronation  in  1861.  (e) 
The  Order  of  the  Crown  qf  Rumania,  founded  by  King 
Charles  on  assuming  the  royal  title  in  1881.  (/)  The  Or- 
der qf  the  Crown  of  Saxony,  founded  by  King  Frederick 
Augustus  in  1807,  soon  after  his  assumption  of  the  kingly 
title.  It  is  of  but  one  class,  and  limited  to  persons  of  high 
rank,  (a)  The  Order  of  the  Croum  of  Siam,  founded  in  1889. 
(A)  The  Order  of  the  Crovm  of  Wiirternberg,  founded  by  King 
William  I.  inl818.— Order  of  the  Dauehrog,  the  second 
in  importance  of  the  Danish  orders  of  knighthood,  origi- 
nally instituted  in  1219,  revived  in  1671,  regulated  by  royal 
statutes  in  1693  and  1808,  and  several  times  modified  since. 
It  now  consists  of  four  classes,  besides  a  fifth  class  wearing 
the  silver  cross  of  the  order  without  being  regular  mem- 
bers of  It,  the  silver  cross  being  awarded  for  some  meri- 
torious act  or  distinguished  service.  The  order  may  be 
bestowed  on  foreigners.— Order  of  the  Fan,  a  Swedish 
order  founded  in  1744,  and  now  extinct. — Order  of  the 
Fish,  a  decoration  founded  by  the  Mogul  emperors  in  In- 
dia, and  conf en-ed  upon  certain-  English  statesmen  in  the 
early  part  of  the  19th  century.  The  insignia  are  of  the  na- 
ture of  standards  borne  before  the  person  upon  whom  the 
order  is  conferred.— Order  of  the  Garter,  the  highest 
order  of  knighthood  in  Great  Britain,  consisting  of  the  sov- 
ereign, the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  25  knigihts  companions, 
and  open,  in  addition,  to  such  English  princes  and  foreign 
sovereigns  as  may  be  chosen,  and  sometimes  to  extra  com- 
panions chosen  for  special  reasons,  so  that  the  whole  order 
usually  numbers  about  50.  Formerly  the  knights  compan- 
ions were  elected  by  the  body  itself,  but  since  the  reign  of 
George  ill.  appointments  have  been  made  by  the  sovereign. 
Tlie  order,  at  first  (and  still  sometimes)  called  the  Order 
of  St.  George,  was  instituted  by  Edward  III.  some  time  be- 
tween 1344  and  1360,  the  uncertainty  arising  from  the  early 
loss  of  all  its  original  records.  Its  purpose  has  been  sup- 
posed to  have  been  at  flrst  only  temporary.  According  to 
the  common  legend,  probably  fictitious.  King  Edward  III. 
picked  up  a  garter  dropped  by  the  Conntess  of  Salisbury 
at  a  ball,  and  placed  it  on  his  own  knee  with  the  words  to 
his  courtiers,in  response  to  tlie  notice  takenof  the  incident, 
"Honi  soit  qui  mal  y  pense"  ('Shamed  be  he  who  thinks 
evil  of  it').  To  this  incident  the  foundation,  the  name,  and 
the  motto  of  the  order  are  usually  ascribed.  The  insignia 
of  the  order  are  the  garter,  a  blue  ribbon  of  velvet  edged 
with  gold  and  having  a  gold  buckle,  worn  on  the  left  leg ; 
the  badge,  called  the  George  or  great  George,  a  figure  of  St. 
George  killing  the  dragon,  pendent  from  the  collar  of  gold, 
which  has  26  pieces,  each  representing  a  coiled  garter ;  the 
lesser  George,  worn  on  a  broad  blue  ribbon  over  the  left 
shoulder ;  and  the  star  of  8  points,  of  silver,  having  in  the 
middle  the  cross  of  St.  George  encircled  by  the  garter.  The 
vesture  consists  of  a  mantle  of  blue  velvet  lined  with  white 
taffeta,  a  hood  and  surooat  of  crimson  velvet,  and  a  hat  of 
black  velvet  with  a  plume  of  white  ostrich-feathers  having 
In  the  center  a  tuft  of  black  heron-feathers.  The  sover- 
eign, when  a  woman,  wears  the  ribbon  on  the  left  arm. — 
Order  of  the  Golden  Fleece,  an  order  founded  by  Philip 
the  Good,  duke  of  Burgundy,  in  14S0,  on  the  occasion  of 
his  marriage  with  the  infanta  Isabella  of  Portugal.  The 
office  of  grand  master  passed  to  the  house  of  Hapsburg  In 
1477  with  the  acquisition  of  the  Burgundian  dominions, 
which'  included  the  Netherlands.  After  the  time  of  the 
emperor  Charles  V.  (died  1658)  this  office  was  exercised  by 
the  Spanish  kings ;  but  after  the  cession  of  the  Spanish 
Netherlands  to  Austria,  the  latter  power  m  1713-14 
claimed  the  office.  The  dispute  remains  undecided,  and 
the  order  therefore  exists  Independently  in  Austria  and  in 
Spain.  The  badge  of  the  order  Is  a  golden  ram  pendent  by 
a  ring  which  passes  round  its  middle.  This  hangs  from  a 
jewel  of  elaborate  design,  with  enameling  of  several  colors, 
various  suggestive  devices,  and  the  motto  "  Pretium  la- 
bomm  non  vile."— Order  of  the  Griffin,  an  order  of  the 


Orders 

grand  duchy  of  MecklenburgSchwerin,  founded  in  1884  — 
Order  Ofthe  Holy  Ghost.  (a)(Often  called  by  the  French 
name  SairU  Esprit.)  The  leading  order  of  the  later  French 
monarchy,  founded  by  King  Henry  IIL  of  France  In  1678, 
replacing  the  Order  of  St.  Michael  The  king  was  the  grand 
master,  and  there  were  100  members,  not  including  for- 
eigners. The  members  were  required  to  adhere  to  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  Church  and  to  be  of  a  high  grade  of  nobility. 
The  decoration  was  a  gold  cross  attached  to  a  blue  ribbon, 
and  the  emblems  were  a  dove  and  an  image  of  St.  MIcbaeL 
The  order  has  been  in  abeyance  since  the  revolution  of 
1830.  (b)  An  order  founded  at  Montpellier,  France,  about 
the  end  of  the  12th  century,  and  united  to  the  Order  of  St. 
Lazarus  by  Pope  Clement  XIII.  (c)  A  Neapolitan  order: 
same  as  Order  of  the  Knot.— Order  Of  the  Hospitalers  of 
St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  See  Hospitalers.— Order  ofthe 
lUuminatl,  a  celebrated  secret  society  founded  by  Pro- 
fessor Adam  Weishaupt  at  Ingolstadt  in  Bavaria  in  1776 : 
originally  called  the  Society  o/  the  PerfectibUists.  It  was 
deistic  and  republican  in  principle  ;  aimed  at  general  en- 
lightenment and  emancipation  from  superstition  and  tyr- 
anny; had  an  elaborate  organization  ;  was  to  some  extent 
associated  with  freemasonry ;  and  spread  widely  through 
Europe,  though  the  Illuminati  were  never  very  numerous. 
The  order  excited  much  antagonism,  and  was  suppressed 
in  Bavaria  in  1785,  but  lingered  for  some  time  elsewhere.  — 
Order  of  the  Indian  Empire,  an  order  instituted  in  1878 
lor  British  Subjects  in  India,  to  commemorate  the  assump- 
tion by  Queen  Victoria  of  the  title  of  Empress  of  India,  and 
open  to  natives  as  well  as  to  persons  of  European  extrac- 
tion.—  Order  of  the  Iron  Cross,  a  Prussian  orderf  ounded 
In  1313  for  military  services  in  the  wars  against  Napoleon. 
In  1870  the  order  was  reorganized.  It  consists  of  the  great 
cross  (conferred  only  on  a  few  princes  and  generals),  and 
two  classes  comprising  several  thousand  Germans.  The 
original  badge  was  a  cross  patt^  of  black  iron  with  a  silver 
rim,  upon  which  were  the  initials  F.  W.  (Frederick  Wil- 
liam) and  the  date  1813  or  1815.  The  modern  badge  is  a 
modification  of  this.  The  ribbon  is  black  with  a  white  bor- 
der. — Order  of  the  Iron  Crown,  an  order  founded  by  Na- 
poleon I.  as  King  of  Italy,  and  adopted  by  Francis  I.  of 
Austria  after  the  fall  of  Napoleon.  It  consists  of  three 
classes.  The  badge  is  the  double  eagle  of  Austria  rest- 
ing upon  a  ring  (which  represents  the  iron  crown  of 
Monza),  and  surmounted  by  an  imperial  crown  ;  this  is  at. 
tached  to  an  orange  ribbon  edged  with  blue.—  Order  of 
the  Knights  of  Malta.  Same  as  Order  of  the  Hospitalers 
of  St.  Johnof  Jerusalem. — Orderof  the  Knot,  a  military 
order  of  short  duration,  founded  at  Naples  in  the  14th  cen- 
tury.- Order  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  in  France,  an  or- 
der of  distinction  and  reward  for  civil  and  military  ser- 
vices, instituted  in  May,  1802,  during  the  consulate,  by  Na- 
poleon Bonaparte,  but  since  modified  from  time  to  time  in 
important  particulars.  Under  the  first  empire  the  distinc- 
tion conferred  invested  the  parson  decorated  with  the  rank 
of  legionary,  officer,  commander,  grand  officer,  or  grand 
cross..  The  order  holds  considerable  property,  the  proceeds 
of  which  are  paid  out  in  pensions,  principally  to  wounded 
and  disabled  members.— Order  of  the  Uon,  the  name  of 
several  orders  in  Germany,  etc. ;  especially,  an  order  found- 
ed in  1816  by  William  I.,  flrst  king  of  the  Netherlands,  and 
continued  by  the  later  kings.  It  is  an  order  for  civil  merit. 
Tlie  badge  is  a  star  of  eight  points,  having  in  the  central  me- 
dallion a  rampant  lion  and  crown,  and  agolden  W  between 
each  two  arms.  —  Order  ofthe  Martyrs.  SameasOrderij^ 
SS.  Cosmo  and  Da/mian — Order  of  the  Palm,  a  German' 
society  founded  at  Weimar  in  1617  for  thepreservatlon  and 
culture  of  the  German  language.  It  disappeared  af  tei'  1680. 
Also  called  Fruit-Bringing  Society. — Order  Of  the  Red 
Eagle  (formerly  Order  of  the  Red  Eagle  of  Bayreuth;  also 
called  Order  of  Sincerity),  an  order  founded  by  the  Mar- 
grave of  Bayreuth  in  1705,  and  in  1792  adopted  by  Freder- 
ick William  II.  of  Prussia  on  succeeding  to  the  principality. 
The  present  insignia  of  the  order  are  quite  different  from 
those  of  the  original  order.  The  badge  is  an  eight-pointed 
cross  having  in  the  center  a  'medallion  with  a  red  eagle 
bearing  the  arms  of  the  Hohenzollem  family.  The  arms 
of  the  cross  are  of  white  enamel,  with  an  eagle 'of  red  en- 
amel between  each  two  arms.  Theribbon  is  striped  orange- 
color  and  white— Order  Of  the  Saint  Esprit.  See  Or- 
der Of  the  Holy  Ghost.—  Order  of  the  Star  of  India  (in 
the  full  style.  The  Most  Exalted  Order  of  the  Star  of  India), 
an  order  for  the  British  possessions  In  India,  founded  in 
1861.  The  motto  is,  "  Heaven's  light  our  guide. "  The  rib- 
bon is  light-blue  with  white  stripes  near  the  edge. — Order 
ofthe  Thistle  (in  full.  The  Most  Ancient  and  Most  Noble 
Order  of  the  Thistle),  a  very  old  Scottish  order  which  has 
been  renewed  and  remodeled,  and  is  stiU  In  existence.  The 
devices  of  the  order  are  St.  Andrew's  cross,  or  saltier,  and 
a  thistle-flower  with  leaves;  these  enter  into  the  different 
badges,  the  coUar,  star,  etc.  The  motto  is  "  Nemo  me  im- 
pune  lacessit."  The  ribbon  is  green. — Order  of  the 
White  Eagle,  an  order  founded  at  the  beginning  of  the 
18th  century  by  Augustus  II.  of  Poland  and  Saxony,  or,  as  is 
alleged,  revived  by  him.  It  has  been  adopted  by  the  Czar 
of  Russia,  and  is  composed  of  one  class  only.  The  badge 
is  a  cross  of  eight  points,  bearing  a  white  eagle  in  relief, 
and  surmounted  by  an  imperial  crown.  The  ribbon  is  sky- 
blue,  but  on  state  occasions  the  badge  iswom  pendent  to  a 
collar  of  white  eagles  connected  by  plain  gold  links. — Order 
of  the  White  Elephant  a  Danish  order  alleged  to  be  of 
great  antiquity.  Its  foundation,  however,  is  specifically  as- 
cribed to  Christian  I.  (1462),  and  its  reorganization  to  Chris- 
tian V.  (1693).  Itislimited  to30knightsbesidesthemem- 
bers  of  the  royal  family,  and  no  person  can  be  a  knight  who 
is  not  previously  a  member  of  the  Order  of  the  Danebrog. 
The  collar  of  the  order  is  composed  alternately  of  elephants 
and  embattled  towers.  The  badge  is  an  elephant  bearing 
on  his  back  a  tower,  and  on  his  head  a  driver  dressed  like 
a  Hindu.  The  ribbon  to  which  the  badge  Is  attached  on 
ordinary  occasions  is  sky-blue. — Order  Of  the  White 
Falcon,  an  order  founded  by  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Weimar  in 
1732,  and  renewed  in  1815.  It  Is  still  in  existence,  and  con- 
sists of  three  classes,  numbering,  exclusive  of  the  family 
of  the  reigning  grand  duke,  12  grand  crosses,  25  command- 
ers, and  50  knights.  The  badge  is  an  eight-pointed  cross  In 
green  enamel,  having  between  each  two  arms  a  point  in 
red  enamel,  and  borne  upon  the  whole.  In  relief,  a  falcon 
in  white  enamel.  On  the  reverse  are  the  words  "  L'Ordre 
de  la  vigilance,"  and  a  trophy  or  other  emblem,  which  dif- 
fers for  the  civil  and  the  military  knight:  also  the  motto 
"  Vigilando  ascendimus."  The  ribbon  Is  dark  red  or  ponr 
ceau.  Alsocalled Orderof  VigUanee.-OiieTOttheYel' 


Orders 

low  string.  See  Order  of  the  Cordon  Jaune.— Order  Of 
Vigilance.  Same  as  Order  of  the  White  ii'aicon.— Teu- 
tonic Order,  a  military  order  founded  at  Acre  in  Pales- 
tine in  1190,  and  confirmed  by  the  emperor  and  the  Pope. 
Orders  in  Council.  Orders  promulgated  by  the 
British  sovereign  with  the  advice  of  the  privy 
council.  Speciflcally,  the  orders  ol  1807,  which  pro- 
hibited neutral  trade  directly  with  France  or  the  allies 
of  France.  All  goods  had  to  be  landed  in  England,  pay 
duties  there,  and  be  reexported  under  English  regulations. 
These  orders  boroTrith  especial  severity  on  American  com- 
merce. 

Ordinance  of  Nullification.    See  Nullification. 

Ordinance  of  1784.  An  act  of  the  United 
States  under  the  Confederation,  passed  April 
23,  1784,  for  the  temporary  government  of  the 
Northwest  Territory,  which  comprised  tracts 
ceded  to  the  United  States  by  the  several  States. 

Ordinance  of  1787.  An  act  of  Congress,  passed 
in  1787.  which  secured  to  the  Northwest  Terri- 
tory freedom  from  slavery,  religious  freedom, 
education,  etc.,  and  provided  for  its  future 
subdivision. 

Ordinances,  F.  Ordonnances  (or-do-nons'). 
Various  legislative  acts  in  French  history. 
The  most  celebrated  were  the  Ordinances  of  July,  pro- 
claimed by  Chailes  X.  in  July,  1830.  They  took  away  the 
freedom  of  the  press  and  made  other  arbitrary  changes, 
and  were  the  cause  of  the  revolution  of  July  and  the  over- 
tlu-ow  of  the  Bourbon  monarchy. 

Ore  (6'ra),  Luis  Geronimo  de.    Bom  at  Gua- 

manga,  Peru,  about  1545:' died  at  Conoepcion, 
Chile,  1628.  A  Franciscan  prelate  and  author. 
He  was  professor  of  theology  at  Cuzco,  commissary  of  his 
order  in  Florida,  and  bishop  of  Concepcion  from  1620.  His 
worlcs  include  "  Descripcion  del  Nuevo  Orbe  "  (Lima,  1578), 
"Relacion  de  los  mdrtires  de  Florida"  (Madrid,  1605),  a 
lite  of  St.  Francisco  Solano,  and  devotional  books  in  the 
,  Indian  languages  of  Fern. 

Orebro(6're-br8).  1.  Alaenof  southemSweden. 
Area,  3,521  square  miles.  Population  (1893), 
184,708.-2.  The  capital  of  the  laen  of  Ore- 
bro,  situated  on  the  Svartfi,  near  Lake  Hjel- 
mar,  98  miles  west  of  Stockholm.  It  has  been  the 
seat  of  various  diets ;  that  of  1540  declared  the  throne  he- 
reditary, and  that  of  1810  elected  Bernadotte  crown  prince. 
Two  treaties  were  negotiated  here  in  1812  —  one  between 
England  and  Sweden,  and  the  other  between  England  and 
Russia.    Population  (1891),  U,674. 

Oregon  (or'e-gon).  [Named  from  the  Oregon 
River,  nowthe  Columbia.  The  name  Oregfore,  sup- 
posed to  be  of  Indian  origin,  occurs  in  Carver's 
"Travels"  (1763)  as  the  name  of  a  "river  of  the 
West  which  falls  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  at  the 
Straits  of  Anian."]  One  of  the  Western  States 
of  the  United  States  of  America,  extendingfrom 
:,at,  42°  to  46°  15'  N.,  and  from  long.  116°  40' 
to  124°  32'  W.  Capital,  Salem;  chief  city,  Port- 
land. It  is  bounded  by  Washington  (partly  separated  by 
the  Columbia)  on  the  north,  Idaho  (partly  separated  by  the 
Snake  River)  on  the  east,  Nevada  and  California  on  the 
south,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed 
by  the  Coast  Range,  Ca£cade  Mountains,  and  Blue  Moun. 
tains :  chief  peaks  in  the  State  are  Mounts  Hood  and  Jef- 
ferson. It  belongs  largely  to  the  valley  of  the  Columbia 
and  its  chief  tributary  the  Willamette:  there  is  an  in- 
land basin  in  the  southeast.  The  chief  agricultural  pro-: 
ducts  are  wheat  and  other  cereals.  The  leading  exports 
are  wheat,  flour,  salmon,  wool,  and  fruit.  It  has  33  coun- 
ties, sends  2  senators  and  2  representatives  to  Congress, 
and  has  4  electoral  votes.  The  mouth  of  the  Columbia 
was  discovered  by  the  American  captain  Gray  in  1792.  It 
was  partly  explored  by  Lewis  and  Clark  1804-06.  A  trad- 
ing-post was  founded  at  Astoria  in  1811.  The  territory 
between  lat.  42°  and  64°  40'  N.  was  long  in  dispute  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  the  United  States ;  the  claims 
were  settled  by  treaty  in  1846.  Oregon  Territory  was  or- 
ganized in  1848,  and  it  was  admitted  to  the  Union  in  18B9. 
Area,  96,030  square  miles.    Population  (1900),  413,636. 

Oregon.  An  American  battle-ship,  built  in  San 
Francisco,  launched  in  1893.  She  is  ol  10,288  tons 
displacement,  and  on  her  trial-trip  maintained  for  four 
hours  a  speed  of  16.79  knots.  Under  Captain  Charles  E. 
Clark  she  made  a  famous  run  of  14,611  knots  from  the 
Pacific  to  the  Atlantic,  leaving  Fuget  Sound  March  6, 1898, 
and  reaching  Key  West  May  26.  She  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  battle  off  Santiago  July  3,  with  the  Brooklyn 
forcing  the  surrender  of  the  Cristbbal  CoWn.  She  left  New 
York  for  the  Philippines  Oct.  12,  and  joined  the  Asiatic 
squadron  at  Manila  in  March,  1899. 

Oregon  Kiver.     See  Columbia, 

Oregon  Snakes.    See  Saidyuka. 

O'Reilly  (6-ri'li),  Alexander.  Bom  at  Dublin, 
1722:  diednearChinchilla,Murcia,  Spain,  March 
23, 1794.  An  Irish  soldier.  He  served  successively  in 
the  Spanish,  Austrian,  and  French  armies ;  reentered  the 
Spanish  army  1761 ;  commanded  the  forces  which  put 
down  a  revolt  of  the  French  in  Louisiana  (then  lately 
ceded  to  Spain)  1769;  and  in  1774-75  commanded  an  un- 
successful expedition  against  the  Algerians.  He  was 
created  Count  O'ReUly,  but  in  1786  was  disgraced  and 
deprived  of  all  commands. 

O'Eeilly,  Andrew.  Bom  in  Ireland  in  1742: 
died  at  Vienna  in  1832.  An  Irish  soldier.  He 
served  in  the  Austrian  army  under  Maria  Theresa  and 
Joseph  II. :  fought  at  Austerlitz ;  and  surrendered  Vienna 
May  12,  1809. 

O'Reilly,  John  Boyle.  Born  at  Dowth  Castle, 
County  Meath,  Ireland,  June  28,  1844:  died  at 
Hull,  Mass.,  Aug.  10, 1890.    An  Irish- American 


762 

journalist  and  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  William  David 
O'Reilly,  master  ol  the  Nettleville  Institute  at  Dowth 
Castle.  In  1863  he  enlisted  in  the  Tenth  Hussars  in  Ire. 
land  for  the  purpose  of  spreading  revolutionary  senti- 
ments among  the  soldiers.  He  was  sentenced  to  death  on 
the  charge  of  high  treason  in  1866.  The  sentence  was  com- 
muted to  20  years'  penal  servitude,  and  he  was  sent  out 
to  the  penal  colony  in  Australia,  where  he  arrived  In  1868. 
He  escaped  to  the  ITnited  States  in  1869,  and  in  1870  se- 
cured employment  on  the  Boston  "Pilot,'*of  which  he  be- 
came editor  in  chief  in  1874.  He  published  "  Songs  from 
the  Southern  Seas  "  (1874), "  Songs,  Legends,  and  Ballads  " 
(1878),  "The  Statues  in  the  Block  "  (1881),  etc. 

Orejones  (o-ra-no'nas).  [Sp., '  eared '  or '  large- 
eared.']  Anamegivenby  the  SpanishinAmerica 
to  various  Indians  who  distended  the  lobes  of  the 
ears  by  means  of  metal  or  wooden  disks,  it  in- 
cluded :  (a)  The  Incas  ol  the  blood  royal  in  Peru,  who  were 
distinguished  from  the  common  people  by  the  use  of  large 
gold  or  silver  ear-disks.  (6)  A  tribe  of  Upper  Paraguay, 
described  by  early  authors,  but  about  whom  little  that  is 
definite  is  known,  (c)  Indians  on  the  northern  branches 
of  the  Upper  Amazon,  in  Brazil,  Colombia,  and  Ecuador : 
called  Orelhudos  by  the  Brazilians,  There  are  apparently 
several  hordes,  perhaps  of  different  stocks.  Those  on  the 
river  Ic&  are  described  as  degraded  but  inoffensive  sav- 
ages who  distend  the  ear-lobes  with  wooden  disks  until 
they  touch  the  shoulders,  (d)  An  extinct  tribe  of  north- 
ern Goahuila,  Mexico. 

Orel(o-rel').  1.  A  government  of  central  Russia. 
It  is  surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Smolensk,  Kaluga, 
Tula,  Tamboff,  Voronezh,  Kursk,  and  Tchernigoff.  The 
surface  is  undulating.  It  is  an  important  agricultural 
government.  Area,  18,042  square  miles.  Population  (1893), 
2,140,130. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Orel,  situ- 
ated at  the  junction  of  the  Orlik  with  the  Oka, 
about  lat.  52°  57'  N.,  long.  36°  7'  E.  it  is  an  im- 
portant  commercial  and  manufacturing  center,  and  a  lead- 
ing market  for  grain.    Population  (1890),  79,136. 

Orelhudos,    See  Orejones. 

Orllie  Autoine  (6-ra-le'  on-tvcan')  I.  (de  Tou- 
nens.)  A  French  adventurer  who  was  pro- 
claimed king  of  Arauoania  in  1861.  He  was  ar- 
rested on  Araucanian  territory  by  the  Chilean  government 
in  1862.  The  arrest  being  pronounced  illegal,  he  was  de- 
tained as  a  lunatic,  but  was  shortly  permitted  to  go  to 
France, where  he  published  "  Or^lie-Antoine  lev,  poi  d' Arau- 
canie  et  Patagonie,  et  sa  captivity  en  C^hili "  (1863).  Hav- 
ing in  the  meantime  returned  to  Araucania,  he  was  deposed 
during  a  second  absence  in  France  by  a  certain  Planchut, 
whom  he  had  left  in  Araucania  as  his  deputy. 

O'Bell,  Max._  See  Blovet,  Paul. 

Orellana  (6-ral-ya'na),  Francisco  de.  Bom  at 
Truxillo  about  1490 :  died,  probably  in  Vene- 
zuela, about  1546.  A  Spanish  soldier,  first  ex- 
?lorer  of  the  Amazon.  He  was  intimate  with  the 
izarros  in  his  youth ;  went  to  Peru  about  1535 ;  and  set- 
tled Guayaquil  in  1537.  In  1640-41  he  served  with  Gon- 
zalo  Pizarro's  expedition  to  the  Napo.  (See  Cinnamon,  Land 
of.)  Having  been  sent  ahead  with  a  brigantine  and  60 
soldiers  to  seek  for  provisions  (probably  in  April,1541),  he 
arrived  at  the  junction  of  the  Napo  and  Marafion,  and,  un- 
able or  unwilling  to  return,  continued  on  down  the  latter 
river.  In  the  course  of  this  voyage  the  Indians  told  him 
of  a  tribe  of  female  warriors,  or  Amazons,  and  he  claimed 
to  have  encountered  them  near  the  mouth  of  the  Trom- 
betas :  from  this  story  the  river  derived  its  present  name. 
Orellana  reached  tlie  mouth  of  the  Amazon  late  in  1641, 
went  on  to  Trinidad,  and  thence  to  Spain.  He  received  a 
grant  to  conquer  the  country  discovered  by  him,  and  made 
an  unsuccessful  expedition  to  it  in  1644. 

Orellana,  River  of.  [From  its  discoverer,  Fran- 
cisco de  OreUana.]  A  name  frequently  given, 
in  early  books  and  maps,  to  the  Amazon  Elver. 
It  is  still  occasionally  used. 

Orelli  (o-rel'le)_,  Johann  E^spar.  Bom  at  Zu- 
rich, Switzerland,  Feb.  13, 1787:  died  Jan.  6, 1849. 
A  Swiss  classical  philologist,  noted  for  his  edi- 
tions of  Horace,  Cicero,  and  Tacitus. 

Ore  (or)  Mountains.    See  ErzgeUrge. 

Orenburg  (6'ren-b6rg).  1.  A  government  in 
southeastern  Russia,  bordering  on  Asia,  it  is 
bounded  by  Siberia,  the  governments  of  Perm,  Ufa,  and 
Samara,  Uralsk,  and  Turgai.  The  surface  is  partly  moun- 
tainous (a  continuation  of  the  Urals)  and  partly  steppe. 
Area,  73,816  square  miles.  Population  (1890),  1,872,800. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Orenburg, 
situated  on  the  Ural  about  lat.  51°  46'  N.,  long. 
55°  10'  B.  It  is  an  important  trading  center. 
Population  (1891),  62,534. 

Orense  (o-ren'sa).  1.  A  province  in  GaUcia, 
Spain.  It  is  bounded  by  Portugal  on  the  south,  and  on 
the  other  sides  by  the  provinces  Pontevedra,  Lugo,  Leon, 
and  Zamora.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  Area,  2,739 
square  miles.  Population  (1887),  405,074. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Orense,  situ- 
ated on  the  Minho  in  lat.  42°  18'  N.,  long.  7° 
50'  W.  The  cathedral  is  of  the  13th  century,  but  retains 
many  Romanesque  features,  as  the  very  long  transepts. 
The  bridge  over  the  Minho,  built  in  1230,  has  seven  arches, 
four  of  them  pointed,  and  rises  in  a  steep  grade  frqm  both 
ends  to  the  middle.  The  grand  central  arch  has  a  span  of 
about  160  feet,  and  its  crown  is  185  feet  above  the  river- 
bed.   Population  (1887),  14,168. 

Oresteia  (o-res-te'ya).  A  trilogy  by  iEsehylus, 
founded  on  the  history  of  the  family  of  Aga- 
memnon. It  comprises  the  "Agamemnon," 
"  Choephorse,"  and  "  Eumenides.J' 

Orestes  (6-res'tez).-  [Gr. 'Op£(jT!?f.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, the  son  of  Agamemnon  andClytemnestra, 


Organon 

and  brother  of  Electra.    He  slew  Clytemnestra  and 
jEgisthus,  and  was  pursued  by  the  Erinnyes.    He  was  a 
favorite  subject  of  the  Greek  tragic  poets.    See  Electra. 
Orestes.     A  play  of  Euripides,  exhibited  in 
409  B.  c. 

In  the  looseness  and  carelessness  of  the  metre,  in  the 
crowding  of  incidents  at  the  end  of  the  play,  in  the  low 
tone  of  its  morality — they  are  all  base,  says  the  scholiast, 
except  Pylades,  and  yet  even  he  advises  a  cold-blooded 
murder  for  revenge's  sake — there  is  no  play  of  Euripides 
so  disagreeable.  On  the  other  hand,  for  dramatic  effect, 
as  the  same  scholiast  observes,  there  is  none  more  strik- 
ing ;  but  this  applies  only  to  the  opening  scenes, 

Mafiaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  361. 

Orestes.  Killed  476  a.  d.  Regent  of  the  West- 
ern Empire  in  the  reign  of  his  son  Romulus 
Augustulus  (475-476). 

The  army  had  revolted,  and  the  commander-in-chief, 
an  Illyrian  named  Orestes,  had  seized  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment. This  Orestes  had  a  strange  history.  About  thirty 
years  before  the  date  of  the  events  just  mentioned,  his 
native  country — the  northern  part  of  what  is  now  called 
Croatia — had  been  given  up  by  the  Romans  to  the  Huns. 
Orestes,  who  was  then  quite  a  young  man,  finding  himself 
one  of  Attila's  subjects,  offered  his  services  to  the  Eun- 
nish  king,  and  seems  to  have  acted  as  his  secretary.  In 
this  capacity  he  was  in  the  year  448  sent  on  a  mission  from 
Attila  to  the  eastern  emperor,  Theodosius  II, ,  and  we  read 
of  his  being  terriblyindignant  because  he  wasnotregarded 
as  a  person  of  equal  consequence  with  his  fellow-envoy. 
Edica  the  Scirian.  By  what  curious  chances  it  came  about 
that  the  former  secretary  of  Attila  now  found  himself  at 
the  head  of  the  Roman  army,  and  master  of  the  Roman 
state,  history  does  not  tell.  Orestes  did  not  choose  to  call 
himself  emperor,  thinking,  perhaps,  that  it  was  safer  for 
the  wearer  of  the  diadem  and  the  real  holder  of  power  to 
be  different  persons.  He  contented  himself  with  the  title 
of  Patrician,  the  same  which  had  been  borne  by  Kikimer 
and  by  Aetius,  and  bestowed  the  imperial  crown  on  his  son, 
a  boy  of  fourteen,  who  was  named  Romulus  after  his  ma- 
ternal grandfather.      Bradley^  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  126. 

Orestes  and  Electra.  1.  A  group  in  marble, 
probably  a'late  Greek  original,  in  the  Villa  Lu- 
dovisi,  Rome,  a  woman,  already  full-grown,  rests  her 
arm  kindly  on  the  shoulder  of  a  handsome  boy,  who  is 
speaking  to  her. 

2.  An  interesting  group  of  antique  sculpture 
in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  Electra,  clad  in 
the  long  tunic,  stands  with  her  arm  about  her  brother's 
neck.  This  work  belongs  to  the  school  ol  Fasiteles,  of 
the  early  empire. 

Oretani  (or-e-ta'ni).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
people  in  southern  Spain,  living  in  the  Sierra 
Moreua  and  neighboring  regions. 

Oreus  (o're-us),  or  Histisea  (his-ti-e'a).  [(3t. 
'Qpeiif,  'lariaia.]  In  ancient  geograpHy,  a  city 
on  the  northwestern  coast  of  Eubosa,  Greece, 
situated  opposite  Thessaly. 

Histisea,  afterwards  called  Oreus,  was  the  most  impor- 
tant town  of  northern  Enbcea,  and  gave  name  to  a  consid- 
erable tract  which  has  been  already  mentioned  as  His- 
tisedtis.  It  lay  about  midway  in  the  northern  coast  of  the 
island,  at  the  western  extremity  of  a  broad  plain,  and  by 
the  side  of  a  small  river  called  the  Callas.  Its  remains 
are  found  in  this  position,  and  still  bear  the  name  of  Oreos. 
We  learn  from  Theopompus  that  when  Pericles  conquered 
Euboea  and  expelled  the  Histiseans,  while  they  sought  a 
refuge  in  Macedonia,  2,000  Athenian  citizens  took  their 
place,  and  colonised  Oreus,  which  had  before  been  a  town- 
ship of  Histisea.  JRawUneon,  Herod.,  IV.  277,  note. 

Orfeo  (or-fa'o).  A  dramatic  pastoral  by  Polizi- 
ano,  produced  in  1483.  It  was  the  first  pastoral 
written  in  the  language  of  the  country  to  which 
dramatic  action  was  given. 

Orfeo  ed  Euridice  (or-fa'6  ed  a^S-re'de-che) 
(Orpheus  and  Eurydice).  An  opera  by  Gluck, 
words  by  Calsabigi,  produced  at  Vienna  in  1762. 
In  1774  it  was  produced  at  Paris  as  "  OrphSe  et  Euridice," 
where  it  was  very  successful.  The  libretto  was  translaited 
from  the  Italian  by  Moline.    See  Orpheus. 

Orfila  (or-fe-la'),  Matthieu  Joseph  Bonaven- 
ture.  Bom  at  Mahon,  Balearic  Islands,  April 
24, 1787 :  died  at  Paris,  March  12, 1853.  A  French 
physician  and  chemist,  noted  as  a  writer  on 
toxicology  and  medical  jurisprudence.  Among 
his  writings  are  "Toxicologieg^n^rale"  (1815),  "Traits  de 
mMecine  legale"  fl.847),  etc. 

Orford  (6r'f  ord).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Suf- 
folk, England,  situated  near  the  North  Sea  17 
miles  east-northeast  of  Ipswich.  Population 
(1891),  7,345. 

Orfora,  Earls  of.    See  Bussell  and  Walpole. 

Organic  Statute.  A  Russian  edict  of  1832,  by 
which  Poland  lost  its  constitution. 

Organ  (dr'gan)  Mountains,  Pg.  Serra  dos  Or- 
gaos.  A  group  of  mountains  of  the  Brazilian 
coast  range,  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Rio  de 
Janeiro.  They  attain  the  height  of  7,326  feet,  and  are  re- 
markable for  their  strange  forms.  One  peak,  called  the 
Dedo  de  Decs  ('  Finger  of  God '),  appears  from  the  bay  like 
a  finger  pointing  upward. 

Organon  (6r'ga-non).  [Gr.  dpyavov,  an  instru- 
ment, organ.]  Thelogicaltreatises  of  Aristotle. 
The  name  was  originally  applied  to  the  logical  theory  of 
demonstration,  and  then  by  the  Peripatetics  to  the  whole 
of  logic,  especially  to  the  topics  of  Aristotle  or  the  rules 
for  probable  reasoning,  as  being  only  an  instrument  or 
aid  to  philosophy,  and  not  meriting  the  higher  place  of  a 
part  of  philosophy  claimed  for  it  by  the  Stoics  and  most  of 
the  Academics. 


Orgetorix 

Orgetorix(6r-jet'6-riks).  A  Helvetian  conspira- 
tor shortly  before' the  time  of  Ceesar's  war  with 
the  Helvetians  in  58  b.  c. 

Orgon  ( or-g6n' ) .  A  credulous  dupe  in  Moli&re's 
"  Tartuf  e."  He  has  an  imbecile  infatuation  for 
the  hypocritical  Tartufe. 

Oria  (6  re-a.).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Lecce, 
Apulia,  Italy,  20  miles  southwest  of  Brindisi. 
Population  (1881),  7,765. 

Oriana  (o-ri-an'a).  1.  The  legendary  mistress 
of  Amadis  de  Gaul,  daughter  of  Lisuarte,  king 
of  England.  Queen  Elizabeth  is  frequently  called  "the 
peerless  Oriana"  in  the  adulatory  poems  of  her  time. 

2.  The  principal  character  in  Fletcher's  comedy 
"The  Wild  Goose  Chase,"  and  in  Farquhar's 
comedy  "  The  Inoonstant,"  which  is  practically 
the  same,  she  is  betrothed  to  the  evasive  Mirabel  (the 
"wild  goose  "),  and  finally  brings  him  to  reason  and  marries 
him.  „,„ 

3.  A  character  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's 
play  "The  Woman-hater":  a  teasing,  torment- 
ing, brilliant  woman. — 4.  A  ballad  by  Tenny- 
son, published  in  1830. 

Oriana,  The  Triumphs  of.  A  collection  of  mad- 
rigals m  honor  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  compiled 
and  published  by  Thomas  Morley  in  1601. 

Oribe  (o-re'ba),  Manuel.  Bom  about  1802 :  died 
at  Montevideo,  Nov.,  1857.  An  Uruguayan  gen- 
eral and  politician.  He  was  minister  of  war  under 
Rivera  1833-36,  and  succeeded  him  as  president  for  four 
years,  March  1, 1835.  In  1836  Eivera,  at  the  head  of  the 
ColoradoB  party,  revolted,  and  eventually  (Oct.,  1838)  took 
Montevideo.  Oribe  then  joined  with  the  dictator  Rosaa  in 
a  scheme  for  uniting  Uruguay  with  Buenos  Ayres.  Kosas 
furnished  him  with  troops,  and  from  1842  to  1851  he  held 
possession  of  much  of  Uruguay  and  besieged  Montevideo 
at  intervals :  this  period  is  known  as  the  Nine  Years'  Siege 
("Sitio  de  Nueve  AiSos").  Eventually  Brazil  and  Entre 
Bios  interfered,  and  Oribe  capitulated  to  Urquiza  in  Oct., 
1851.    He  led  a  revolt  in  Sept.,  186S. 

Oriel  (6'ri-el)  College,  A  college  of  Oxford 
University ,"foundedbyAdamde  Brome  and  Ed- 
ward n.  in  1326  (see  the  extract).  The  existtog 
buildings  date  in  greaterpartfromthe  early  17th  century. 
Though  theparts  are  incongruous,  the  whole  is  picturesque. 
On  one  side  of  the  quadrangle  there  is  a  fine  range  of  win- 
dows  with  medieval  tracery. 

Oriel  College,  the  fifth  in  antiquity  of  the  colleges  that 
now  remain  at  Oxford,  dates  its  legal  existence  from  the 
year  1826,  although  it  actually  took  its  origin  two  years 
earlier.  It  was  in  1324  that  Edward  II.  gave  formal  per- 
mission to  his  almoner,  Adam  de  Brome,  to  acquire  land 
for  the  purpose  of  founding  a  college  which  should  be 
styled  "the  House  of  the  Scholars  of  St.  Mary  at  Oxford." 
In  accordance  with  the  terms  of  the  royal  licence,  Adam 
de  Brome  bought  of  Roger  Marshall,  rector  of  Tackley,  a 
building  known  as  Tackley's  Inn,  situated  on  the  south 
«ide  of  the  High  Street  of  Oxford,  and  there  he  seems  to 
have  established  his  scholars,  one  of  them,  set  over  the  rest, 
lieing  designated  the  Rector.  He  also  bought  for  their 
benefit  a  house  called  La  Perilos  Hall,  which  stood  on  the 
eastern  side  of  Durham  College,  in  the  northern  suburb. 
Before  long,  however,  he  resolved  to  place  his  collegeunder 
more  powerful  protection  than  his  own,  and  with  that  ob- 
ject surrendered  it  into  the  hands  of  his  royal  master. 
Edward  II.  was,  by  a  transparent  fiction,  made  to  appear 
the  founder  of  an  institution  of  which  in  point  of  fact  he 
was  merely  the  foster-father.  On  the  21st  of  January,  1326, 
he  issued  a  formal  charter  of  foundation  and  a  code  of 
statutes,  both,  no  doubt,  drawn  up  by  his  almoner,  who 
caused  himself  to  be  appointed  the  official  head  of  the  Col- 
lege, with  the  title  of  Prjspositus,  or  Provost 

Lyte,  Oxford,  p.  141. 

Orient  (6'ri-ent),  The.  [Prom  L.  oriens,  rising 
(sc.  of  the  sun).]  The  East ;  eastern  countries ; 
specifically,  the  regions  to  the  eastandsoutheast 
of  the  leading  states  of  Europe :  a  vague  term, 
including  Asiatic  Turkey,  Persia,  India,  Egypt, 
etc. 

Origen  (or'i-jen),  L.  Origenes  (o-ri^'e-nez)  (sur- 
named  Adamantius).  [Gr.  'aptyevrK  'Ada/idvTi- 
vof.]  Bom  probably  at  Alexandria,  185  or  186 
A.  D. :  died  at  Tyre,  probably  253.  One  of  the 
Greek  fathers  of  the  church.  He  was  educated  at 
Alexandria,  and  was  head  of  the  celebrated  catechetical 
school  in  that  city  from  about  211  until  231  or  232,  When  for 
obscure  reasons  he  was  degraded  by  the  synod  from  the 
condition  of  a  presbyter  to  that  of  a  layman.  He  afterward 
founded  a  school  at  Csesarea.  He  was  imprisoned  in  the 
Decian  persecution  in  260.  He  was  an  extremely  prolific 
author,  and  wrote  on  agreat  variety  of  subjects  pertaining 
to  theology.  Among  his  works  are  a  valuable  recension  of 
the  Old  Testament,  entitled  "  Hexapla,"fragment30f  which 
have  been  preserved;  and  a  defense  of  Christianity  against 
the  Epicurean  philosopher  Celsus. 

Origenists  (or'i-jen-ists).  1.  The  followers  of 
Origen  of  Alexandria;  those  who  held  or  pro- 
fessed to  hold  the  doctrines  held  by  or  attrib- 
uted to  Origen. —  2.  The  members  of  a  sect 
mentioned  by  Epiphanius  as  followers  of  some 
■unknown  person  named  Origen.  He  attributes 
shameful  vices  to  them,  but  supplies  no  further 
information  concerning  them. 

Original  Chronicle  of  Scotland,  The.  A  rimed 
chronicle  by  Andrew  of  Wyntoun,  finished  be- 
tween 1420  and  1424.  it  begins  with  the  angels, 
follows  with  Adam  and  Eve,  and  continues  down  to  the 
author's  time. 


763 

Wyntoun  says  that  he  called  his  chronicle  "original" 
because  he  designed  to  trace  things  from  their  origin ;  and 
he  wrote  it  in  nine  books  in  honour  of  the  nine  orders  of 
angels.  Morley,  English  Writers,  VI.  50. 

Origines  (6-rij'i-nez).  [L.,  'origins.']  Seethe 
extract.  . 

Cato  composed  also  the  first  Roman  historical  work  in 
Latin  prose,  his  seven  books  of  Origines,  commenced  in  the 
later  years  of  his  life  and  continued  nearly  until  his  death. 
The  work  comprised  also  the  other  tribes  of  Italy,  includ- 
ing Upperltaly,  at  the  same  tim  e  dealing  with  ethnography 
and  all  sides  of  social  life  to  an  extent  which  remained 
without  imitation.  In  all  the  rest,  the  work  was  in  the 
manner  of  the  Annalists,  now  brief,  now  extensive  and 
even  allowing  space  for  the  insertion  of  complete  speeches 
by  the  author.  Teufel  and  Schwdbe,  Hist,  of  Roman  Lit. 
[(tr.  by  G.  C.  W.  Warr),  I.  174. 

Origin  of  Species,  The.  A  work  by  Darwin, 
developing  his  theory  of  evolution,  published 
in  1859. 

Orihuela  (6-re-wa'la).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Alicante,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Segura  13 
miles  northeast  of  Mureia.  Population  (1887), 
24,364. 

Orinda  (6-rin'da),  The  Matchless,  See  Phil- 
ips, KatJierine. 

Orinoco  (6-ri-n6'k6).  The  northernmost  of  the 
three  great  rivers  of  South  America,  it  rises  in 
the  Panma  Mountains,  flows  northwest,  then  north  and 
finaUyeast  through  Venezuela,  and  empties  bya  delta  oppo- 
site the  island  of  Trinidad,  about  lat.  g'-lo"  N.  The  upper 
portion  is  in  a  forest  region ;  the  lower  course  is  bordered 
by  open  llanos.  Its  branch  the  Cassiquiare  connects  it  with 
the  Rio  Negro,  and  hence  with  the  Amazon.  The  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Guaviare,  Meta,  Apur^.Ventuari,  Caura, 
and  Caroni. .  Its  mouth  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in 
1498,  and  it  was  first  navigated  by  Diego  de  Ordaz  in  1531. 
Length,  about  1,350  miles  (including  the  Guaviare,  about 
1,600  miles);  navigable  about  900  miles,  to  the  Orinoco 
"falls,"  or  rapids  of  Atures,  and  above  them  for  a  long 
distance. 

Orion  (6-ri'on).  [Gt. 'Qpiov."]  1.  In  Greek  my- 
thology, a  giant  and  hunter.  There  were  various 
legends  abontnim.  He  was  blinded,  with  the  aid  of  Diony- 
sus, by  (Enopion  whose  daughter  he  had  ravished;  but 
regained  his  sight  by  opening  his  eyes  to  the  rays  of  the 
rising  sun.  Hewas  slain  by  Artemis.  After  his  death  be 
was  changed  to  a  constellation. 
2.  Aconstellation  situated  in  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere with  respect  to  the  ecliptic,  but  having 
the  equinoctial  crossing  it  nearly  in  the  middle. 
This  constellation  is  represented  by  the  figure  of  a  giant 
with  a  sword  by  his  side.  It  contains  seven  stars  which  are 
very  conspicuous  to  the  naked  eye :  four  of  these  form  a 
quadrangle,  and  the  other  three  are  situated  in  the  middle 
of  it  in  a  straight  line,  forming  what  is  called  the  Belt  or 
CfircUe  of  Orion.  They  are  also  popularly  called  Jacob's 
Staff,  Our  Lady's  WarM,  the  Yard-manA,  etc.  Orion  also 
contains  a  remarkable  nebula. 

Oriskany  (o-ris'ka-ni).  A  village  in  Oneida 
County,  New  Yort,  7  miles  northwest  of  Utica. 
Here,  Aug.  6,  1777,  the  Americans  under  Herkimer  de. 
feated  the  British  and  Indians.    See  B.erkimier. 

Orissa  (6-ris'sa).  A  province  in  the  southwest- 
ern part  of  the  lieutenant-governorship  of  Ben- 
gal, British  India,  bordering  on  the  Bay  of  Ben- 
gal. It  was  formerly  a  Hindu  kingdom ;  later  was  under 
Mogul  and  Mahrattarule;  and  was  acquired  bytheBritish 
in  1803.  Area,  9,863  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
4,047,352. 

Oristano  (6-ris-ta'n6).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Cagliari,  Sardinia,  situated  on  the  Tirso,  near 
the  western  coast,  54  miles  north-northwest  of 
Cagliari,  It  has  a  cathedral.  Population  (1881), 
7,031, 

Orizaba  (6-re-tha'Ba).  A  city  of  Mexico,  in  the 
state  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  64  miles  west-south- 
west of  Vera  Cruz.    Population  (1894),  19,775. 

Orizaba,  Peak  of,  A  slumbering  pyramidal 
volcano,  16  miles  northwest  of  Orizaba.  It  is  the 
highest  mountain  in  Mexico,  and,  with  the  possible  excep- 
tion of  Mount  Logan,  the  highest  in  North  America. 
Height  of  Orizaba  (Heilprin,  1890),  18,206  feet;  (Scovell, 
1892),  18,314  feet. 

Orkhan  (or-6han').  Died  1359.  Sultan  or  emir 
of  the  Turks  1326-59,  son  of  Othman. 

Orkney  (6rk'ni).  A  county  of  Scotland,  con- 
sisting of  the  (Jrkney  Islands. 

Orkney  and  Shetland  (shet'land).  A  foi-mer 
county  of  Scotland,  divided  in  1889.  See  Ork- 
ney Islands  and  Shetland  Islands. 

Orkney (6rk'ni)  Islands,  peel.  Orlcneyjar,Ov- 
cades  Islands  (ey,  pi.  etjjar,  island),  the  first  ele- 
ment being  prob.  confused  with  orkn,  orkn,  a 
seal.]  A  group  of  islands  north  of  Scotland, 
from  which  they  are  separated  by  Pentland 
Firth:  the  ancient  Orcades.  Chief  town,  Kirk- 
wall. They  form  a  distinct  county,  and  are  about  67  in 
number,  29being  inhabited.  The  principal  island  is  Main- 
land ;  surface  generally  low  (hilly  in  Hoy  and  parts  of 
Mainland) ;  chief  occupations,  agriculture  and  fisheries. 
The  ancient  inhabitants  were  Picts:  they  were  Christian- 
ized by  Irish  missionaries.  The  islands  were  acquired  by 
the  Northmen  in  the  8th  and  9th  centuries,  and  ruled  by 
jarls.  In  1231  they  passed  to  the  Earls  of  Angus,  etc.,  and 
in  1468  to  the  Scottish  crown.  Denmark  renounced  its 
claims  of  sovereignty  in  1590.  Area,  376  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  30,463. 


Orleans,  E^ltoe  Louise  Elisabeth  d' 

Orlando  (6r-lan'd6).  1.  The  Italian  form  of 
Roland {-wlaieh  see). — 2.  In  Shakspere's  comedy 
"  As  you  Like  it, "  the  younger  brother  of  Oliver, 
and  lover  of  Rosalind. 

Orlando  Furioso  (or-lan'do  f6-re-6's6).  [It., 
'Orlando Mad.']  AmetricalromaneebyAriosto, 
40  cantos  of  which  were  published  in  1515,  to 
which  he  added  5  more  before  his  death  in  1533. 
Sir  John  Harington's  translation  was  published  in  1691.  It 
is  a  continuation  of  Boiardo's  "Orlando  Innamorato,"  but 
it  begins  at  a  point  before  the  end  of  Boiardo's  work.  Or- 
lando's madness  is  occasioned  by  the  falseness  of  Angelica. 

Orlando  Furioso,  The  History  of,  A  play  by 
Robert  Greene,  produced  probably  about  1588- 
1589.  It  was  revived  in  1692,  printed  in  1694.  Greene 
makes  Orlando  marry  Angelica. 

Orlando  Innamorato  (en-na-mo-ra'to).  ['Or- 
lando Enamoured.']  A  metrical  romance  by 
Boiardo,  on  the  love  of  Orlando  or  Roland  for 
Angelica.  Thehero,  however,  is  really Rogero.  Boiardo 
left  it  unfinished  in  1494,  and  Ariosto  wrote  his  "Orlando 
Furioso"  as  its  sequel.  Boiardo's  poem  was  remodeled 
in  a  lively  style  by  Bemi. 

Orleanais  (or-la-a-na').  An  ancient  govern- 
ment of  France.  Capital,  Orleans,  it  was  bounded 
by  Ile-de-France  on  the  north,  Champagne  and  Burgundy 
on  the  east,  Nivernais  on  the  southeast.  Berry  on  the  south, 
and  Touraine  on  the  west.  It  comprised,  besides  Orleanais 
proper,  Gatinais,  Beauce,  and  Sologne.  It  corresponded 
mainly  to  the  departments  of  Loiret,  Loir-et^Cher,  Eure-et- 
Loir,  and  parts  of  Seine-et-Oise,  Indre-et-Loire,  Nifevre, 
Cher,  and  Sarthe. 

Orleanists  (6r'le-an-ists).  In  French  politics, 
the  adherents  of"  the  princes  of  the  Orleans 
family.  The  family  is  descended  from  a  younger  brother 
of  Louis  XIV.,  and  has  furnished  one  sovereign,  Louis 
Philippe  (who  reigned  1830-48). 

Orleans  (or-la-on'),  Eng.  Orleans  (6r'le-anz). 
[Formerly  also  Orleaunce,  ME.  Orlea'hs'j  Or- 
leauns,  Orliauns,  OF.  Orleans,  Orlians,  IAj.  Au- 
reliani,  or  Aurelianensis,  Aurelian's  (city).]  The 
capital  of  the  department  of  Loiret,  France,  sit- 
uated on  the  Loire  in  lat.  47°  54'  N.,long.  1°  54' 
E. :  the  medieval  Aureliani,  and  probablythe  an- 
cient Genabum.  it  has  important  commerce  in  wool, 
wines,  grain,  timber,  oil,  etc. ,  and  manufactures  of  blankets, 
hosiery,  worsted,  vinegar,  etc.  The  cathedral  is  abuilding 
of  great  size,  rebuilt  by  Henry  IV.  (begun  in  1601)  in  as 
close  an  approximation  aspossible  to  the  architecture  of  the 
original  Pointed  cathedral  destroyed  by  the  Huguenots. 
The  fagade,  with-its  6  portals  and  2  lofty  towers,  is  of 
gingerbread  work ;  but  much  of  the  chevet  and  apsidal 
chapels  belongs  to  the  earlier  church,  and  is  very  fine. 
The  five-aisled  Interior  is  486  feet  long,  and  the  nave  100 
high.  Orleans  was  a  town  of  the  Camutes.  It  was  de- 
stroyed by  Ceesar,  but  was  rebuilt  by  Aurelian,  occupying 
an  important  military  position.  It  was  unsuccessfully 
besieged  by  Attila  in  461 ;  was  a  leading  town  from  the 
Merovingian  times;  and  was  the  chief  place  of  Orleanais. 
The  famous  siege  of  it  commenced  by  the  English  Oct.  12, 
1428,  was  raised  in  May,  1429,  in  consequence  of  the  as- 
saults of  the  relieving  forces  under  Joan  of  Arc  (see  the 
extract).  It  was  a  Huguenot  center  about  1663.  A  victory 
of  the  Germans  over  the  French,  Oct.  11, 1870,  was  accom- 
panied by  the  capture  of  the  city.  The  French  retook  it 
in  Nov. ;  but  in  the  severe  fighting  of  Dec.  2-4  they  were 
worsted,  and  the  Germans  again  occupied  it.  Population 
(1901),  67,539. 

The  Loire,  flowing  first  northwards,  then  westwards, 
protects,  by  its  broad  sickle  of  waters,  this  portion  of  Gaul, 
and  the  Loire  itself  is  commanded  at  its  most  northerly 
point  by  that  city  which,  known  in  Caesar's  day  as  G  enabum, 
had  taken  the  name  Aureliani  from  the  great  Emperor, 
the  conqueror  of  Zenobia,  and  is  now  called  OrWans.  Three 
times  has  Aureliani  played  an  eminent  part  in  the  histoiy 
of  Gaul.  There  broke  out  the  great  insurrection  of  B.  0. 
52  against  the  victorious  Csesar;  there  Attila's  host,  in 
A.  D.  461,  received  their  first  repulse ;  and  there  in  1429, 
the  maid  of  Domremy,  by  forcing  the  Duke  of  Bedford  to 
raise  the  siege,  wrested  from  tlie  English  Plantagenets 
their  last  chance  of  ruling  in  France. 

BodgHn,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  II.  132. 

Orleans,  Charles,  Due  d'.  Bom  May  26, 1391: 
died  Jan.  4, 1465.  A  French  poet,  son  of  Louis, 
due  d'Orl^ans.  He  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  English 
at  Agincourt  in  1416,  and  released  in  1440.  His  poems  were 
edited  by  d'H^ricault  in  1874. 

The  life  of  this  poet  .  .  .  falls  into  three  divisions.  In 
the  first,  when  after  his  father's  death  he  held  the  position 
of  a  great  feudal  prince  almost  independent  of  royal  con- 
trol, it  is  not  recorded  that  he  produced  any  literary  work. 
His  long  captivity  in  England  was  more  fruitful,  and  dur- 
ing it  he  wrote  both  in  French  and  in  English.  But  the 
last  flve-and-twenty  years  of  his  life,  when  he  lived  quietly 
and  kept  court  at  Blois  (bringing  about  him  the  literary 
men  of  the  time  from  Bouciqualt  to  Villon,  and  engaging 
with  them  in  poetical  tournaments),  were  the  most  pro- 
ductive. His  undoubted  work  is  not  large,  but  the  pieces 
which  compose  it  are  among  the  best  of  their  kind. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  105. 

Orleans,  Ferdinand  Philippe  Louis  Charles 
Henri,  Due  d'.  Bom  at  Palermo,  Sept.  3, 1810 : 
died  near  Paris,  July  13,  1842.  Eldest  son  of 
Louis  Philippe,  king  of  the  French.  He  served 
in  the  campaigns  in  .Algeria. 

Orleans,  H616ne  Louise  Elisabeth,  Duchesse 
d'.  Bom  at  Ludwigslust,  Mecklenburg,  1814: 
died  at  Richmond,  England,  1858.  A  princess  of 
Mecklenburg,  wife  of  the  Duo  d'0rl6ans  (1810- 
1842). 


Orl6aiis,  House  of 

Orleans,  House  of.  In  French  history,  at  vari- 
ous times  since  the  14th  century,  a  younger 
branch  of  the  reigning  family,  holding  the 
duchy  Of  Orleans  as  an  appanage:  particularly 
the  family  of  the  younger  brother  of  Louis  XI V. , 
Philip,  whose  descendants  and  adherents  have 
been  called  Orleanists. 

Orleans  (6r'le-anz),  Isle  of.  An  island  in  the 
St.  Lawrence,  northeast  of  Quebec.  Length, 
20  miles. 

Orleans  (or-la-on'),  Jean  Baptiste  Gaston.Duc 
d".  Bom  April  25, 1608 :  died  Feb.  2, 1660.  A 
younger  son  of  Henry  IV.  He  la  noted  chiefly  for  his 
intrigues  against  Richelien  and  Mazarin  in  the  reigns  of 
lonis  XIIL  and  Louis  XIV.  He  was  created  duke  of  Or- 
leans in  1627. 

Orleans,  Louis,  Duo  d'.  Born  1371:  killed  at 
Paris,  Nov.  23, 1407.  Younger  brother  of  Charles 
VI.  He  was  created  duke  of  Orleans  in  1392.  In  the  same 
year  his  brother  became  deranged,  and  he  assumed  the 
regency  in  opposition  to  the  Duke  of  Burgundy.  He  was 
assassinated  by  Jean  SansPeur,  duke  of  Burgundy,  in  1407, 
and  his  death  was  the  signal  for  the  civil  war  between 
Burgundians  and  Armagnacs  or  supporters  of  Orleans. 

Orleans,  Louis  Philippe,  Duo  d'.  See  Louis  Phi- 
Uppe,  King  of  the  French. 
Orleans,  Louis  Philippe  Joseph,  Due  d'.  Bom 

at  St.-Cloud,  France,  April  13, 1747:  guillotined 
at  Paris,  Nov.  6,  1793.  Grreat-grandson  of  Phi- 
lippe d'0rl6ans  (1674^1723).  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Constituent  Assembly  1789-91,  and  was  a  Montagnard  dep- 
uty to  the  Convention  1792-93.  ,  He  renounced  his  title,  as- 
sumed the  name  of  Philippe  Egalit^,  and  voted  for  the 
death  of  the  king.  He  was  executed  on  the  accession  of 
the  Jacobins  to  power  in  the  Convention. 

Orleans,  Maid  of.    See  Joan  of  Arc. 

Orleans,  PhiliJpejDuc  d".  Born  Sept.  21, 1640 : 
died  June  9, 1701.  The  younger  brother  of  Louis 
XIV.  He  became  duke  of  Orleans  in  1660,  and 
is  the  ancestor  of  the  present  house  of  Orleans. 

Orleans,  Philippe,  Due  d'.  Bom  at  St.-Cloud, 
Prance,  Aug.,  1674:  died  at  Paris,  Dec,  1723. 
The  son  of  Philippe  d'0rl6ans  (1640-1701).  He 
distinguished  himself' as  a  general,  and  was  regent  of 
France  1716-23,  and  prime  minister  in  1723. 

Orleans  Madonna,  The.  A  small  but  beauti- 
ful painting  of  the  Virgin  and  Child,  on  wood, 
at  the  Chateau  de  Chantilly,  France.  The  virgin 
has  the  circular  nimbus,  and  in  the  background  appear 
earthenware  vessels  and  a  flask. 

Orloff  (or-lof ' ),  Alexei.  Bom  1737 :  died  1808. 
A  Russian  admiral,  brother  of  Grrigori  Orloff. 
He  took  part  in  the  conspiracy  which  raised  Catharine  II. 
to  the  throne,  and  strangled  the  czar  Peter  III.  with  his 
own  hands  (1762).  He  gained  the  naval  victory  of  Tchesme 
over  the  Turks  in  1770. 

Orloflf,  Prince  Alezei.  Bom  1787:  died  at  St. 
Petersburg,  May  21,  1861.  A  Russian  general 
and  diplomatist.  He  negotiated  the  peace  of  Adria- 
nople  in  1829,  and  that  of  Hunkiar-Skelessi  in  1833 ;  and 
represented  Kussia  at  the  Congress  of  Paris  in  1856. 

Orloff,  Count  Grigori.  Born  Oct.  17, 1734 :  died 
at  Moscow,  April  24, 1783.  A  Bussian  general 
and  politician .  He  served  in  the  Seven  Tears'  War,  and 
participated  in  the  conspiracy  which  raised  Catharine  II. 
to  the  throne  in  1762,  He  afterward  became  Catharine's 
paramour. 

Orloff  Diamond,  The.  A  famous  gem.  the  chief 
ornament  of  theRussianimperialscepter:  some- 
times called  the  scepter  diamond.  Itwaspurchased 
at  Amsterdam  by  Count  Grigori  Orloff,  and  was  given  by 
him  to  Catharine  IL  It  weighs  193  carats.  A]ao  Kohi-Tur. 

Orm.    See  Ormvlum. 

Ormazd  (dr'mazd),  or  Onnuzd  (fir'muzd).  See 
Ahura  Mazda. 

Orme  (6rm),  Robert.  Bom  at  Anjengo,  Tra- 
vancore,  India,  June,  1728 :  died  at  Great  Bal- 
ing, near  London,  Jan.  13,  1801.  An  English 
historian  of  India,  son  of  Alexander  Orme,  sur- 
geon in  Anjengo.  Hewas  educated  at  Harrow,  and  in 
1743  entered  the  East  India  Company's  service  at  Calcutta. 
He  was  Intiniately  associated  with  Lord  Clive,  succeeded 
Lord  Pigot  as  governor  of  Madras, and  was  commissary-gen- 
eral from  1757  to  1759.  In  1759  he  returned  to  London,  and 
between  1763  and  1778  published  a  "History  of  the  Military 
Transactions  of  the  British  Nation  in  Indostan  from  1746." 

Orme's  Head  (drmz  hed),  Great,  and  Orme's 
Head,  Little.  Two  promontories m  Carnarvon- 
shire, North  Wales,  which  project  into  the  Irish 
Sea  about  35  miles  west  of  Liverpool. 

Ormin.     See  Ormulum. 

Ormonde  (6r'mond).  The  f  oraier  name  of  East 
Munster  (Tipperary),  Ireland. 

Ormonde.  A  bay  thoroughbred  horse  foaled  in 
1883 .  In  1886  he  won  the  Derby,  St.  Leger,  and  Two  Thou- 
sand Guineas.  He  became  a  roarer,  and  was  sent  to  Buenos 
Ayres.  In  1892  he  was  bought  by  Mr.  McDonough  of  Cali- 
fornia for  $150,000,  the  largest  price  ever  paid  for  a  single 
animal.  Ormonde  is  considered  the  greatest  racer  ever 
bred  in  England. 

Ormonde,  Dukes  and  Earls  of.    See  Butler. 
Ormskirk  (6rmz'kerk).    A  town  in  Lancashire, 

England,  12  miles  north-northeast  of  Liverpool . 

Population  (1891),  6,298. 
Ormulum  (6r'mv-lum).    A  series  of  metrical 


764 

homilies  on  the  New  Testament,  with  para- 
phrases, composed  by  Orm  or  Ormin  in  the  first 
part  of  the  13th  century.  He  was  an  Auguatinian 
canon,  and  it  is  assumed  that  he  lived  in  Lincolnshire 
or  Nottinghamshire,  but  there  are  arguments  in  favor  of 
Ormslurk  in  Lancashire.  Orm  had  a.phonetic  system  of 
his  own,  distinguishing  the  short  vowels  by  doubling  the 
following  consonant.  The  Ormulum  was  first  edited  from 
the  MS.  by  Eobert  Meadows  White  in  1862. 

The  intention  of  his  work  corresponded  to  that  of  the 
Scripture  Paraph^se  of  Cssdmon,  although  it  ditfered 
much  in  plan  and  execution.  His  work  is  called,  from  his 
own  name,  the  Ormulum. 

"  This  boc  iss  nemmned  Orrmulum 
Forrthi  that  Orm  itt  wrohhte." 
But  though  the  author  there,  for  a  purpose,  calls  himself 
Orm,  he  says  elsewhere  that  he  was  named  Ormin.  There 
remains  only  a  portion  of  the  work^  and  it  is  in  a  single  MS. 
which  forms  a  folio  volume  in  the  Junlan  collection,  now 
preserved  in  the  Bodleian. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  m.  232. 

OrmUS  (6r'mus),  orHormuz  (hdr'muz).  An  an- 
cient and  medieval  city  situated  on  the  south- 
ern coast  of  Persia  at  the  entrance  of  the  Persian 
Gulf.  It  was  removed  to  a  neighboring  island  in  the  Strait 
of  Ormus  about  1300 ;  became  an  emporium  of  commerce 
and  noted  for  its  wealth ;  became  dependent  on  Portugal 
in  1514 ;  and  in  1622  was  taken  by  the  Shah  of  Persia,  as- 
sisted by  the  English.  It  is  now  in  ruins.  Milton  cele- 
brates "the  wealth  of  Ormus  and  of  Ind"  ("Paradise  Lost," 
a  2). 

Ormuzd.    See  Ahura  Mazda. 

Ome  (om).  A  river  in  northern  Prance  which 
flows  into  the  English  Channel  10  miles  north- 
east of  Caen.    Length,  about  100  miles. 

Ome.  A  department  in  northern  Prance,f  ormed 
from  part  of  the  ancient  Normandy.  Capital, 
Alen^on.  It  is  bounded  by  Calvados  on  the  north,  Eure 
on  the  northeast,  Eure-et-Loir  on  the  east^  Sarthe  and  Ma- 
yenne  on  the  south,  and  Manche  on  the  west.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  hilly.  Horses  and  other  live  stock  are 
bred.  Area,  2,364  squaremiles.   Population  (1891), 354,387. 

Oromo  (6-r6'm6).    See  Galla. 

Oronsay  (o'ron-sa).  A  small  island  of  Scotland, 
immediately  south  of  Colonsay. 

Oronte  (6-r6nt').  A  fop  in  MoliSre's  "Le  mis- 
anthrope ."  He  has  written  a  sonnet  in  a  quar- 
ter of  an  hour,  and  seeks  applause. 

Orontes  (o-ron'tez).  [Gr.  'Opiivr^f.]  The  chief 
river  in  northern  Syria :  the  modem  Nahr-el- 
Asi.  It  rises  between  Lebanon  and  Anti-Libanus,  flows 
past  Antioch,  and  empties  into  the  Mediterranean  about 
lat.  36°  6'  N.    Length,  about  250  miles. 

Orontes  (mountain).     See  Mwend. 

Oroomiah,    See  Vrumiah. 

Oroonoko  (6'''r5-n6'k6).  A  tragedy  by  South- 
erne,  foimded  on  Mrs.  Behn's  novel:  first  acted 
in  1696.  Oroonoko,  the  principal  character,  is  a  real  per- 
son, and  is  represented  as  an  accomplished  black  prince, 
made  a  slav&  and  paying  a  fearful  penalty  for  his  marriage 
with  Imoinda.  The  phrase  "Pity 's  alcin  to  love,"  which 
is  found  in  this  play,  has  passed  into  a  proverb. 

Oroonoko,  or  the  Eoy;al  Slave.  A  novel  by 
Mrs.  Aphra  Behn,  published  about  1658 :  found- 
ed on  facts  which  became  known  to  her  while 
residing  at  Surinam,  of  which  her  father  was 
governor. 

Oropus  (6-r6'pus).     [Gr.  'QptmSg.']    In  ancient 

teography,  a  seaport  in  Attica,  Greece,  bor- 
ering  on  Boeotia,  situated  on  the  Euripus  23 
miles  north  of  Athens.  Near  it  was  the  oracle 
of  Amphiaraus. 

Oroshaza  (o'rosh-ha-zo).  A  town  in  the  county 
of  B6kSs,  Hungary,  31  miles  northeast  of  Szege- 
din.    Population  (1890),  19,956. 

Orosius  (o-ro'gi-us),  Faulus.  Bom  in  Spain 
(probably  at  Tarragona) :  lived  in  the  first  part 
of  the  5th  century  A.  d.  A  Latin  historian  and 
theologian.  He  wrote  an  epitome  of  history  directed 
against  the  pagans :  "Historiarum  libri  vii  adversus  paga- 
nos"  (translated  into  Anglo-Saxon  by  Alfred  the  Great). 
Paulus  Orosius,  a  native  of  Tarragona  in  Spain,  and  a 
friend  of  Augustine,  wrote  liis  Seven  Books  of  "Histories  " 
about  the  year  417,  while  he  was  still  a  young  man  ('  religi- 
osus  juvenis '),  at  the  request  of  the  Bishop  of  Hippo.  They 
were  to  form  a  history  of  the  world  from  the  Deluge  down 
to  his  own  time  (the  last  entry  relates  to  the  year  417),  and 
the  object  of  the  book  was  to  show  that  bloodshed,  oppres- 
sion, and  misery  had  ever  been  the  staple  of  human  his- 
tory, and  that  "Christian  times"  were  unjustly  blamed 
for  the  woes  which  the  barbarians  were  Uien  inflicting 
on  the  empire.  .  .  .  Vague,  passionate,  and  declamatory, 
Orosius  represents  only  the  narrow  prejudices  of  an  ortho- 
dox provincial  of  the  empire  in  his  judgments  concerning 
the  men  and  the  events  of  that  mighty  crisis. 

Eodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  245. 

Orotava  (6-r6-ta'va).  A  town  near  the  north- 
ern coast  of  Teneriffe,  Canary  Islands.  Popu- 
lation (1887), 8,876. 

Orozco  y  Berra  (6-roth'k6  §  ber'ra),  Manuel. 
Bom  at  Mexico,  June  8, 1816 :  died  there,  Jan. 
27, 1881.  A  Mexican  publicist  and  author.  He 
was  a  lawyer ;  was  appointed  director  of  the  national  ar- 
chives in  1852 ;  and  held  important  posts  under  Juarez.  Sub- 
sequently he  accepted  office  under  Maximilian,  and  on  the 
return  of  Juarez  in  1867  was  imprisoned  for  a  short  time. 
His  works  include  "Geografia  de  las  lenguas  y  carta  etno- 


Orta 

gr&flco  de  Mexico  "  (1864),  and  various  works  on  Mexican 
history  and  geography.  He  edited  the  Mexican  supple- 
ment of  the  "Dicciouario  universal  de  historia  y  geo- 
grafia." 

Orphan,  The,  or  the  Unhappy  Marriage,    a 

tragedy  by  Otway,  produced  m  1680.  See  Mo- 
nimia. 

Orph6e  aux  Enfers  (or-fa'  o  zan-far').  [P., 
'  Orpheus  in  Hell.']  An  opera  bouffe  by  Offen- 
bach, produced  at  Paris  in  1858. 

Orphee  et  Euridice.    See  Orfeo  ed  Euridiee. 

Orph^on  (or-fa-6n').  A  general  French  name 
for  a  singing  society,  or  a  combination  of  such 
societies. 

An  institution  which  in  1867  numbered  in  France  alone 
3,243  choral  societies,  with  147,500  effective  members,  and 
which  still  (1880)  comprises  1,500  Orph^ons  and  60,000 
Orpheonists,  naturally  required  organs  of  its  own,  espe- 
ci£dly  for  the  ventilation  of  topics  connected  with  the  "  con- 
oours"  and  festivals.  The  most  Important  of  these  are 
"La  France  chorale,"  "L'Ucho  des  Orphfons,"  "La  nou- 
velle  France  chorale,"  and  "L'Orph^on." 

Graoe,  Diet  of  Music,  etc.,  II.  612. 

Orpheus  (6r'fas).  [Gr.  'Op^eti?.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, the  son  of  Apollo,  or  of  a  Thraeian  river- 
god,  and  husband  of  Eurydiee.  He  had  the  power 
of  charming  all  animate  and  manimate  objects  with  his 
sweet  lyre  ;  descended  living  into  Hades  to  bring  back  to 
life  Eurydiee ;  and  perished,  torn  to  pieces  by  infuriated 
Thraeian  mssnads.    See  Eurydiee. 

The  earliest  poet,  in  Greek  legend,  is  Orpheus.  The 
name  of  this  mj^hical  person  is  the  Greek  form  of  the  In- 
dian Ribhu.  The  Bibhus  flgure  in  the  Indian  hymns  as 
great  artificers,  the  first  mortals  who  were  raised  to  the 
gods.  JM>,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  18. 

Orpheus  and  Eurydiee.   See  Orfeo  ed  Euridiee. 

Orpheus  0.  Kerr  ("Office-seeker").  The  pseu- 
donym of  Kobert  Henry  Newell. 

Orpheus,  Eurydiee,  and  Hermes.  A  replica  of 
an  Attic  high  relief  of  the  school  of  Phidias,  in 
the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The  group  is  shown 
just  at  the  moment  when  Orpheus,  having  looked  back, 
must  lose  his  wife  forever.  It  is  full  of  the  charm  and 
high  ideal  quality  of  the  best  Greek  work. 

Orr  (6r),  James  Lawrence.  Bom  at  Crayton- 
viUe,  S.  C,  May  12,  1822:  died  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, May  5,  1873.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  a  member  of  Congress  from  South  Carolina  1849- 
1859 ;  speaker  of  the  House  1857-69 ;  Confederate  senator 
1862-65 ;  governor  of  South  Carolina  1866-68 ;  and  TTnited 
States  minister  to  Kussial873. 

Orrery,  Earls  of.    See  Boyle. 

Orrhoene.    See  Osrhome. 

Orsay  (or-sa'),  Comte  Alfred  Guillaume  Ga- 
briel d*.  Bom  at  Paris  about  1798 :  died  at 
Paris,  Aug.  4, 1852.  A  leader  of  society  in  Pa- 
ris and  London,  and  amateur  of  the  fine  arts. 
He  is  noted  for  his  intimacy  with  the  Countess  of  Blessing- 
ton.  In  1827  he  married  Lady  Harriet  Gardiner,  daughter 
of  Lord  Blessington  by  his  first  wife.  She  soon  left  him, 
and  Lady  Blessington,  who  was  then  a  widow,  took  up 
her  abode  with  him.  Their  house  was  the  resort  of  a  bril- 
liant literary  and  fashionable  society.  On  his  bankruptcy 
in  1849,  they  returned  to  Paris,  where  the  countess  died  in 
a  few  weeks. 

Orsini  (or-se'ne).  A  Eoman  princely  family, 
formerly  powerful  in  Rome  and  elsewhere  in 
Italy. 

Orsini,  Felice.  Bom  at  Meldola,  Porli,  Italy, 
1819:  executed  at  Paris,  March  13,  1858.  An 
Italian  patriot  and  revolutionist.  He  attempted, 
with  others,  to  assassinate  Napoleon  III.  by  exploding 
bombs  Jan.  14, 1858.    Pieri  was  executed  with  him. 

Orsino  (6r-se'n6).  A  character  in  Shakspere's 
play  "Twelfth  Night,"  the  Duke  of  Illyria.  He 
loves  Olivia,  who  discourages  him.  He  finally  marries 
Viola,  who  secretly  loves  him  and  has  served  him  as  a 
page. 

Orsk  (orsk).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Orenburg,  eastern  Russia,  situated  on  the  IJral 
about  150  miles  east-southeast  of  Orenburg. 
Population  (1891),  18,067. 

Orson.    See  Valentine  and  Orson. 

Orsova  (6r'sh6-vo),01d,and  Orsova,N'ew.  Two 
villages  in  Hungary,  situated  at  the  Iron  Gates 
of  the  Danube,  near  the  Rumanian  and  Servian 
frontiers.    New  Orsova  was  a  Turkish  JEortress 

.until  1878. 

Orsted,  or  Oersted  (fer'sted),  Anders  Sandoe. 
Born  at  Rudkjobing,  Denmark,  Dec.  21,  1778: 
died  May  1,  1860.  A  noted  Danish  statesman, 
jurist,  and  author:  brother  of  H.  C.  Orsted. 

__He  was  premier  1853-54. 

Orsted,  Hans  Christian.  Bom  at  Rudkjobing, 
Denmark,  Aug.  14, 1777:  died  March  9, 1851.  A 
Danish  physicist,  professor  at  Copenhagen,  es- 
pecially celebrated  for  his  discovery  of  electro- 
magnetism  in  1819.  He  published  "  Aanden  i 
Naturen"  ("  Spirit  in  Nature,"  1850),  etc. 

Orsua,  Pedro  de.    See  JJrsua. 

Orta  (or'ta).  A  small  town  in  the  province  of 
Novara,  northern  Italy,  situated  on  the  Lake 
of  Orta  27  miles  north-northwest  of  Novara. 


Orta,  Lake  of 

Orta,  Lake  of,  or  Lago  Cusio  (IS'go  ko'ze-6). 
A  small  lake  in  the  province  of  Novara,  north- 
em  Italy,  6  mUes  west  of  Lago  Maggiore. 
Length,  7i  miles. 

Ortegal  (6r'te-gal:  Sp.  pron.  or-ta-gal'),  Caipe. 

_A  cape  at  the  northwestern  extremity  of  Spam. 

Ortel  (6r'tel),  Philipp  Friedrich  Wilhelm: 
pseudonym  w.  0.  VOn  Horn,  Bom  at  Horn, 
near  Simmem,  Prussia,  Aug.  15,  1798 :  died  at 
Wiesbaden,  Prussia,  Oct.  14, 1867.  A  Grerman 
writer  of  popular  stories. 

Ortelius  (6r-t6'li-us)  (Latinized  from  Oertel  or 
Ortell),  Abraham.  Bom  at  Antwerp^  1527 : 
died  at  Antwerp,  1598.  A  Flemish  geographer. 
He  published  an  atlas,  "Theatrum  orbis  terrarum "  (1570), 
etc.  He  came  to  England  in  1577,  and  it  was  his  encour- 
agement and  solicitation  that  indHced  Camden  to  produce 
his  "Britannia." 

Ortenau(or'te-nou).  Aregioninc'entralBaden, 
lying  east  of  the  Bhine,  west  of  the  Black  For- 
est, and  north  of  the  Breisgau. 

Orth  (6rth),  Godlove  Stoner.  Bom  near  Leb- 
anon, Pa.,  April  22,  1817:  died  at  Lafayette, 
Lid.,  Deo.  16,  1882.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Indiana  1883-71, 1873- 
1875,  and  1879-82,  and  United  States  minister  to  Austria 
1875-77. 

Orthez  (or-taz').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Basses-Pyr^n^es,  France,  situated  on  the  Gave 
de  Pau  25  miles  northwest  of  Pan.  it  was  the  an- 
cient capital  of  E^am.  Later  it  was  a  Protestant  center. 
Near  it,  Feb.  27, 1814,  the  En^ish  and  Spanish  forces  un- 
d'er  Wellington  defeated  the  French  under  Soult.  Popu- 
lation (1891X  commune,  6,210. 

Ortler  (ort'ler),  or  Ortler  Spitze  (ort'ler  spit'- 
se).  The  highest  mountain  in  the  Austrian  em- 
pire, situated  in  the  western  part  of  Tyrol,  near 
the  Italian  frontier,  40  miles  northwest  of  Trent. 
It  Is  the  highest  mountain  of  the  eastern  Alps,  and  was 
formerly  supposed  to  be  the  highest  peak  in  Europe. 
Height,  12,810  feet. 

Ortler  Alps.  A  group  of  the  Alps  including  the 
Ortler.  It  forms  the  watershed  of  the  Adige, 
Adda,  and  Oglio  basins. 

Orton  (6r'ton),  Arthur.  Died  at  London, 
April  1, 1898.    See  Tichborne. 

Orton,  James.  Bom  at  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y., 
April  21,  1830:  died  on  Lake  Titioaoa,  Peru, 
Sept.  25,  1877.  An  American  Congregational 
clergyman,  naturalist,  and  traveler.  He  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  natural  sciences  at  Bochester  Univer- 
:Bity  in  1866,  and  prY}f  essor  of  natural  history  at  Vassar  Col- 
lege in  1869.  In  1867  and  1873  he  conducted  expeditions 
to  South  America,  crossing  the  Andes  and  descending  the 
Amazon.  In  1876  he  undertook  the  exploration  of  the 
river  Beni,  but  was  forced  to  return,  and  died  on  his  way 
home.  He  published  "  The  Andes  and  the  Amazon  "  (1870 
and  1876),  "Comparative  Zoology"  (1876),  etc. 

Ortona  (or-to'na).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Chieti,  eastern  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adriatic 
14  mUes  east  of  Chieti.  it  was  the  capital  of  the 
ancient  Frentani.  Population  (1881),  6,891:  commune, 
12,122. 

Ortygia  (6r-tij'i-a).  [Gr.'Opruyto;.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  small  island  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Great  Harbor  of  Syracuse,  Sicily.  It  was  fa- 
mous in  the  sieges  of  that  city. 

Oruba  (6-ro'ba),  or  Aruba  (a-rS'ba).  A  small 
island  of  the  West  Indies,  situated  in  the  Carib- 
bean Sea,  north  of  Venezuela,  in  lat.  12°  31'  N., 
long.  70°  3'W.  It  belongs  to  the  Netherlands,  and  is 
attached  to  the  colony  of  Curasao.  Area,  69  square  miles. 
Population  (1890),  7,74a 

OningU  (6-r8ng'go).  A  small  Bantu  tribe  of 
French  Kongo,  West  Africa,  settled  around  the 
mouth  of  the  Ogowe  and  Cape  Lopez.  They  are 
a  branch  of  the  Mpongwe. 

Oruro  (o-ro'ro).  1.  A  department  in  western 
Bolivia,  bordering  on  Peru  and  Chile.  Area, 
21,331  square  miles.  Population,  189,840.-2. 
The  capital  of  the  department  of  Oruro,  situ- 
ated about  150  miles  northwest  of  Sucre.   Pop- 

•  ulation,  about  10,000. 

Orvieto  (or-ve-a'to).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Perugia,  Italy,  situated  on  a  volcamo  hiU  60 
miles  north  by  west  of  Eome :  the  ancient  Urbi- 
bentum,  and  medieval  UrbsVetus.  itisnotedfor 
its  picturesque  site,  Etruscan  necropolis,  cathedral,  well, 
private  residences,  and  wine.  The  cathedral,  founded  1290, 
is  in  plan  a  Latin  cross  with  square  chevet,  293  feet  long, 
107  wide,  and  IIU  high  to  the  open-framed  wooden  roof. 
The  interior  is  of  basillcan  character,  except  for  its  narrow 
fointed  clearstory  windows.  The  building  is  extremely 
rich  in  works  of  art  of  all  kinds.  The  splendid  octagonal 
sculptured  font  and  the  frescos  by  Fra  Angelico  and  Luca 
Signorelli  are  especially  noteworthy.  Thewestfront(1310) 
is  the  most  beautiful  and  the  purest  design  of  its  type  in 
-existence.  Ithas  three  vertical  divisions,  separated  by  piers 
and  pinnacles,  and  terminating  in  lofty  gables  filled  with 
mosaics.  Below  there  are  three  great  canopied  doors,  and 
between  the  doorsland  the  gables  mosaics,  an  arcade,  and 
a  central  rose-window  inscribed  in  a  richly  decorated 

■square.    The  piers  between  and  at  the  sides  of  the  portals 

.axv  covered  with  admirable  reliefs  by  Oiovanni  Fisanoand 

.Amolfo,  representinfi;  the  Creation,  the  Fatriaicfas  and 


765 

Prophets,  the  Life  of  Christ,  and  the  Last  Judgment.  The 
facade  is  174  feet  high  and  131  wide.  Population  (1881), 
7,304;  commune,  16,93L 

Orrille  (or'vil).  Lord.  The  lover  of  EveUna, 
in  Miss  Burney's  novel  of  that  name. 

Oryekhoff-Znyeff  (or-yeoh'of-zo'yef).  A  cot- 
ton-manufacturing village  in  the  government 
of  Vladimir,  Eussia,  about  55  miles  east  of 
Moscow. 

Orzechowski  (or-zhe-ehov'ske)  (L.  Orichovi- 
us),  Stanislaw.  Bom  at  Przemysl,  Galicia, 
about  1515 :  died  1566  (?).  APolish  theologian, 
by  turns  a  champion  and  an  opponent  of  the 
Reformation  in  Poland. 

Osage  (o'saj) :  their  own  name  is  Wacace  (wii- 
sha'sha).  '  [PI.,  also  Osages.']  A  tribe  of  the 
Dhegih'a  division  of  the  Siouan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  composed  of  the  Great  Osage 
and  Little  Osage.  Great  Osage  is  the  common  but  er- 
roneous name  for  the  Highland  Osage  ('those  who  camped 
at  the  top  of  the  hill '),  and  Little  Osage  is  a  similarly  erro- 
neous name  for  the  Lowland  Osage  ('  those  who  camped  at 
the  base  of  the  hill").  The  Osage  are  in  Oklahoma,  and 
number  1,681.    See  Dhegiha,. 

Osage(6'sai  oro-saj').  A  river  in  eastern  Kan- 
sas and  in  Missouri,  which  flows  into  the  Mis- 
souri 9  miles  east  of  Jefferson  City,  it  is  called 
in  Kansas  Marais  des  Cygnes.  Length,  400-500  miles; 
navigable  about  200  miles. 

Osaka.    See  Ozc^lca. 

Osaka  (0-sS,'kEl) .  A  Bantu  tribe  of  French  Kon- 
go, neighbors  and  kinsmen  of  the  Bakele. 

Osbaldistone  (os-bS,l'dis-ton),  Francis.  The 
nominal  hero  of  Scott's  "Kob  Eoy." 

Osbaldistone,  Rashleigh.  The  villain  of  Scott's 
"  Eob  Eoy."  He  is  the  cousin  of  Francis,  and 
a  well-drawn  character. 

Osborn  (oz'bfem),  Sherard.  Bom  April  25, 
1822 :  died  May  6, 1875.  A  British  admiral  and 
arctic  explorer.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1837 ;  assisted 
in  the  reduction  of  Canton  in  1841 ;  took  part  in  two  ex- 
peditions in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin  (publishing  ac- 
counts in  1852  and  1866);  and  served  in  the  Crimean  and 
second  Chinese  wars.  In  Dec,  1859,  he  published  "The 
Career,  Last  Voyage,  and  Fate  of  Sir  John  Franklin." 

Osborne  (oz'b6m),  George.  A  character  in 
Thackeray's  "Vanity  Fair,"  the  handsome,  sel- 
fish husband  of  Amelia :  in  the  opuiion  of  his 
friends,  "a  regular  Don  Giovanni,  by  Jove!" 

Osborne,  John.  A  character  in  Thackeray's 
"Vanity  Fair." 

One  of  the  powerful  portraits  in  the  work  is  that  of  old 
Osborne,  George's  father.  It  it  have  a  defect,  it  is  that  it 
is  too  uniformly  black.  It  is  made  up  of  arrogance,  vanity, 
malignity,  vindictiveness,  ingratitude;  in  short,  of  all  the 
bad  passions  and  bad  tendencies  that  are  capable  of  coex- 
istence. Senior,  Essays  on  Fiction,  p.  326. 

Osborne  House.  The  winter  residence  of  Queen 
Victoria,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,near  East  Cowes: 
a  large  and  sumptuous  modern  Italian  villa, 
with  beautiful  terraces  andgardens.  itwasgiven 
by  Edward  VII.  to  the  British  nation. 

Oscar  (os'kar)  I,  (Joseph  Franz).  [Sw.  Dan. 
OsTcar,  NL.  Oscarus.']  Bom  at  Paris,  July  4, 
1799 :  died  at  Stockholm,  July  8, 1859.  King  of 
Sweden  and  Norway  1844-59,  son  of  Bemadotte 
(Charles  XIV.)  whom  he  succeeded. 

Oscar  II.  (Friedrich).  Bom  at  Stockholm,  Jan. 
21, 1829.  King  of  Sweden  and  Norway,  third 
son  of  Oscar  I.  He  succeeded  his  brother  Charles  XV. 
in  1872.  He  is  a  poet  and  writer  of  merit.  _Hi3  publi- 
cations include  "A  I" 
1879). 


cations  include  "A  Memoir  of  Charles  ZII."  (Eng.  trans. 
1879). 

Osceola  (os-e-o'la).  Bom  in  Georgia,  1804 ;  died 
at  Fort  Moultrie,  S.  C.^  Jan.  30,  1838.  A  Semi- 
nole chief,  leader  durmg  the  first  part  of  the 
second  Seminole  war  (1835-37). 

Oschatz  (6'shats).  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of 
Saxony,  situated  on  the  DoUnitz  35  miles  north- 
west of  Dresden.    Population  (1890),  9,392. 

Oschersleben  (6'shers-la-ben).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Bode  19  miles  west-southwest  of  Magdeburg. 

.Population  (1890),  10,682. 

Osel,  or  Oesel  (6'zel).  An  island  in  the  Baltic 
Sea,  belonging  to  the  government  of  Livonia, 
Eussia,intersectedby  lat.  58°  30'  N. ,  long.  22°  30' 
B.  Chief  town,  Arensburg.  The  surface  is  generally 
low.  Osel  belonged  to  the  Teutonic  Knights  from  the  13th 
to  the  16th  century ;  passed  then  to  Denmark ;  and  passed 
to  Sweden  in  1645,  and  to  Eussia  in  1721.  Area,  1,010 
square  miles.    Population  (1881),  53,120. 

Osgood  (oz'gid),  Mrs.  (Frances  Sargent 
Locke).  Bom  at  Boston,  June  18, 1811 :  died  at 
Hingham,  Mass.,  May  12,  1850.  An  American 
poet.  Among  her  works  is  "A  Wreath  of  Wild  Flowers 
from  New  England  "  (1838).  She  contributed  to  a  number 
of  English  and  American  periodicals,  and  was  editor  of 
"  The  Ladies'  Companion  "  for  some  time.  She  also  wrote 
a  play,  "The  Happy  Kelease,  or  the  Triumphs  of  Love." 

Osgood,  Samuel.  Bomat  Andover,  Mass.,  Feb. 
14, 1748:  died  at  New  York,  Aug.  12, 1813.  An 


Osnabriick 

American  politician.  He  was  the  first  commissioner 
of  the  United  States  treasury  1785-89,  and  was  po8tma8te> 
general  1789-91. 

Osgood,  Samuel.  Born  at-Charlestown,  Mass., 
Aug.  30,  1812:  died  at  New  York,  April  14, 
1880.  An  American  clergyman  and  writer.  He 
was  originally  a  Unitarian,  but  joined  the  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Church  in  1870.  His  works  include  "Studies  in 
Christian  Biography  "  (1850), "  God  with  Man,  etc."  (1863) 
"The  Hearth-Stone,  etc."  (1854), "  Mile-Stones  in  our  Life 
Journey"  (1864),  "Student  Life"  (I860),  "American 
Leaves,  etc." (1867),  "New  York  in  the  19th  Century" 
(1867),  etc.  He  also  edited  "  The  Holy  Gospels  "  (186«) 
illustrated  by  Overbeck.  ■>        r        \      „ 

O'Shaughnessy  (o-sh§,'ne-si),  Arthur  William 
Edgar.  Bom  at  London,  March  14, 1844 :  died 
Jan.  30,  1881.  An  English  minor  poet.  He  was 
an  assistant  in  the  natural  history  division  of  the  British 
Museum.  He  published  "Epic  of  Women,  etc."  (1870), 
"The  Lays  of  France  "  (1872),  "Music  and  Moonlight,  etc." 
(1874),  "  Songs  of  a  Worker  ''  (1881). 

Oshiba  (o-she'ba).    See  Fan. 

Oshkosh  (osh'kosh).  A  city,  capital  of  Win- 
nebago County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  Lake 
Winnebago,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Fox  Eiver,  80 
miles  north-northwest  of  Milwaukee.  It  has  man- 
ufactures of  doors,  blinds,  sashes,  shingles,  etc.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  28,284. 

Osiander  (6-ze-an  'der)  (HosemannX  Andreas. 
Bom  at  Gunzenhausen,  near  Nuremberg,  Ba- 
varia, Dec.  19, 1498 :  died  at  Konigsberg,  Pms- 
sia,  Oct.  17,  1552.  A  German  Protestant  theo- 
logian. He  was  instrumental  in  introducing  the  Refor- 
mation into  Nuremberg,  and  is  noted  as  a  controversialist 
on  the  doctrine  of  justification. 

Osiandrians  (o-si-an'dri-anz).  Followers  of  An- 
dreas Osiander  (see  above),  who  held  that  jus- 
tification by  faith  involved  the  imparting  to  the 
believerof  the  esseutialrighteousnessof  Christ. 

Osimo  (os'e-mo).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Ancona,  Italy,  9  miles  south  of  Ancona :  the 
ancient  Auximmm  It  has  a  cathedral  and  some 
antiquities.    Population,  4,743. 

Osiris  (6-si'ris).  [L.  Oswis,  Gr.  "Oatptg,  also 
"Taipts,  from  Egyptian  Sesiri."]  In  Egyptian  my- 
thology, one  of  the  chief  gods,  the  principle  of 
good,  the  creator,  the  foe  of  evil,  the  god  of  the 
Nile,  in  constant  confiiet  with  his  brother  or 
son  Set  (the  Greek  Typhon),  the  god  of  evil,  of 
darkness,  of  the  desert.  Osiris  is  vanquished  and 
slain,  but  revives,  and  is  avenged  by  Horns  and  Thoth  — 
evidently  a  personification  of  the  phenomena  of  the  rising 
and  setting  sun.  He  was  the  guardian  of  mankind  in  the 
state  after  death,  and  as  such  the  nocturnal  sun,  and  a 
type  of  the  sufferings  and  triumphs  of  humanity.  In  one 
form  (the  Osiris  of  Mendes)  he  personified  the  male  prin- 
ciple.   In  art  he  was  portrayed  as  a  mummy  wearing  the 

•  crown  of  Upper  Egypt,  usUEdly  flanked  by  ostrich-plumes. 

People  do  not  yet  agree  as  to  the  original  character  of 
Osiris.  Maspero  tried  to  discover  the  development  of  this 
god,  and  maintains  that  Osiris  was  originally  and  essen- 
tially a  god  of  the  dead,  the  first  man,  son  of  the  heaven 
and  earth,  and  as  such  the  god  of  the  dead.  He  also  says 
that  the  original  home  of  Osiris  was  not  at  Abydus,  but  in 
the  Delta :  at  Busiris  and  Mendes.  However  this  may 
be,  Osiris  was  to  the  Egyptians  above  all  things  a  god  of 
the  dead,  more  especially  in  a  beneficial  way  as  Onnoris. 
But  he  was  identified,  at  an  early  date,  with  the  sun : 
chapter  seventeen  of  the  Book  of  the  Dead  calls  "Ba  the 
soul  of  Osiris,  and  Osiris  the  soul  of  Ba." 

La  Sautmye,  Science  of  Keligion,  p.  408. 

Oskaloosa  (os-ka-16'sa).  A  city,  capital  of  Ma- 
haska County,  Iowa,  55  miles  east-southeast  of 
Des  Moines.    Population  (1900),  9,212. 

Oskarshamn  (os'kars-hamn).  A  small  sea- 
port on  the  southeasterii  coast  of  Sweden,  op- 
posite the  island  of  Oland. 

Osman  (os-man')  I.  (or  Othman).  Died  1326." 
The  founder  of  the  Ottoman  empire.  He  became 
chief  of  his  tribe  in  1288,  and  assumed  the  title  of  emir 
(not  of  sultan)  in  1299. 

Osman  II.  Killed  1622.  Sultan  of  the  Turks 
1618-22,  son  of  Aohmet  I. 

Osman  III.  Sultan  of  the  Turks  1754-57,  bro- 
ther of  Mahmud  I. 

Osman  Digna  (os-man'  dig'na).  Bom  at  Sua- 
kim  about  1836.  A  general  of  the  Mahdi.  He 
defeated  the  British  under  Baker  Pasha  Feb.  4,  1884,  was 
defeated  by  Graham  atTamanieb  March  13, 1884,  and  took 
part  in  the  defense  of  the  Sudan  against  General  Kitchener 
in  1898. 

Osman  Pasha  (pash'S.).  Born  in  Asia  Minor 
about  1835  (?):  died  at  Constantinople,  April  4, 
1900.  A  Turkish  general.  He  served  in  the  war  with 
Servia  in  1876,  and  in  the  following  year  conducted  the 
defense  of  Plevna  against  the  Bussians.  He  was  com- 
pelled to  surrender  Dec.  10, 1877. 

Osmanli  (os-man 'li).  [Turk.  'Osmanli,  from 
'Osman,  Ar.  'Othman  (whence  E.  Othman,  Otto- 
man).^ 1.  A  member  of  the  reigning  dynasty 
of  Turkey. — 2.  A  Turk  subject  to  the  Saltan  of 
Turkey.  See  Ottoman.  Provincials  who  are  not  of 
Turkish  blood  sometimes  designate  officers  of  the  Turkish 
government  as  OmianHs. 

Osnabriick  (os'na-brflk),  sometimes  called  Os- 
naburg  (os  na-berg).     A  city  in  the  province 


Osnabriick 

of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Haase  in 
lat.  52°  16'  N.,  long.  8°  4'  E.  it  has  important  and 
■varied  manufactures.  Its  Koman  Catholic  cathedral, 
Protestant  Marienkirche,  Bathaus,  and  Eatbarinenkirche 
are  noteworthy.  The  bishopric  of  Osnabruckwasfounded 
by  Charles  the  Great  about  785.  By  the  peace  of  West- 
phalia C1648)  it  was  ruled  alternately  by  Roman  Catholic 
and  Protestant  bishops.  It  was  secularized  and  given  to 
Hannover  in  1802.  The  treaty  of  Westphalia  was  signed 
here  in  1648.    Population  (1890);  39,929. 

Osorio  (6-z6're-o),  Jeronymo.  Bom  at  Lisbon, 
1506 :  died  at  Tavira,  Aug.  20,  1580.  A  Portu- 
g^uese  historian  and  philosophical  author,  some- 
times called  ' '  the  Cicero  of  Portugal."  He  was 
bishop  ot,  Silves  from  1567.  His  chief  work  is 
a  Latin  history  of  the  reign  of  Emanuel  I.  (1571). 

Osorio  (6-s6're-6),  Manuel.  Bom  at  Seville, 
1770:  died  about  1830.  A  Spanish  general,  in 
1814-16  he  commanded  the  Spanish  forces  in  Chile,  defeat- 
ing the  republicans  at  Kancagua  Oct.  2, 1814,  and  extin- 
guishing the  revolt  for  a  time.  He  returned  to  Peru,  but 
In  Jan.,  1818,  was  again  sent  into  Chile  against  San  Martin ; 
defeated  him  at  Cancha  Bayada  March  19,  but  was  himself 
defeated  at  the  decisive  battle  of  Maipo,  April  5, 1818 ;  and 
soon  after  fled  from  the  country.  He  subsequently  served 
in  Spain  and  the  West  Indies. 

Osorio,  Manuel  Luiz.  Bom  near  Pelotas,  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul,  May  10,  1808 :  died  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  Oct.  4, 1879.  A  Brazilian  general.  He 
was  prominent  in  the  campaigns  in  Eio  Grande  do  Sul 
and  Uruguay,  1845-52 ;  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  Bra- 
zilian forces  in  the  Paraguayan  war  March  1, 1865, -Jh^ 
15,  1866,  and  took  a  leading  part  in  the  remainder  of  the 
war ;  was  lieutenant-general  from  June  1, 1867;  was  created 
successively  baron,  viscount,  and  marquis  of  Herval ;  was 
senator  from  Jan.  11,  1877,  and  minister  of  war  from  Jan. 
6, 1878.  On  account  of  his  bravery  the  soldiers  called  him 
0  Legetidario  ('The  fabulous ').    Often  written  Oanio. 

Osorno,  Marquis  of.    See  0  'Higgins,  Amhrosio. 

Ospina  Rodriguez  (6s-pe'na  rod-re'gath),  Ma- 
riano. Bom  in  Guasca,  1803 :  died  at  Medellin, 
1885.  A  New  Granadan  politician.  He  opposed 
Bolivar  1828-30 ;  was  a  member  of  congress  1838-40 ;  was 
secretary  of  the  interior  in  1841 ;  and  later  was  governor 
of  BoeoU  and  ot  Medellin.  From  1867  to  1861  he  waspresi- 
dent  (elected  by  the  Conservatives)  of  New  Granada,  then 
called  the  Granadine  Confederation.  A  revolt  led  by 
Mosquera  began  in  1859,  assumed  formidable  proportions, 
and  resulted  in  a  change  of  constitution  soon  after  Ospina's 
term  closed.  He  was  imprisoned  for  a  short  time  in  1861, 
and  subsequently  remained  in  exile  until  1872, 

Osrboene  (os-ro-e'ne),  or  Orrhoene  (or-6-e'ne). 
In  ancient  geography,  a  region  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Mesopotamia.  Its  chief  city 
was  Edessa. 

Ossa  (os'a).  In  ancient  geography,  a  mountain 
in  the  eastempart  of  Thessaly, 'Greece,  situated 
north-northwest  of  Pelion,  and  separated  from 
Olympus  on  the  north  by  the  Vale  of  Tempe: 
the  modern  Kissavo.    Height,  about  6,400  feet. 

Ossat  (os-sa'),  Arnaud  d'.  Bom  near  Aueh 
in  1536 :  died  at  Rome  in  1604.  A  French  car- 
dinal and  statesman.  He  received  the  cardinal's 
hat  in  1599  for  his  diplomatic  services. 

Ossau  (6- so'),  Vall6e  d'.  A  valley  in  the 
French  Pyrenees,  south  of  Pau. 

Ossavratomie  (os-a-wot'o-mi)  Brown.  See 
Brown,  John  (1800-5'9). 

Ossegg  (os'ek).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  49  miles 
northwest  of  Prague.  It  is  noted  for  its  Cis- 
tercian abbey.    Population  (1890),  3,424. 

Ossett-cum-Oawthorpe  (os'et-kum-g4'th6rp). 
A  town  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, 9  miles  south  of  Leeds.  Population  (1891), 
10,984. 

Ossian  (osh'ian).  A  name  commonly  given  to 
Oisin,  a  semi-historieal  Gaelic  bard  and  war- 
rior, son  of  Finn.  He  lived  about  the  end  o£  the  3d 
century.  To  him  was  ascribed  the  authorship  of  the 
poems  ("  Fingal  "  and  others)  published  by  James  Mao- 
pherson  in  1760-63 :  but  it  is  now  generally  admitted  that 
Macpherson  himself  was  the  compiler,  and  in  part  the 
author,  of  these  works.    See  Macpherson. 

Ossining  (os'i-ning).  The  name  for  which  that 
of  Sing  Sing  (which  see)  was  changed  in  1901. 

Ossipee  (os'i-pe)  Lake.  A  small  lake  in  east- 
ern New  Hampshire,  9  miles  northeast  of  Lake 
Winnepesaukee. 

Ossoli  (os's6-le).  Marchioness.  See  Fuller, 
Sarah  Margaret. 

Ossory  (os'o-ri).  A  Roman  Catholic  diocese,  in- 
cluding parts  of  King's  and  Queen's  counties 
and  Kilkenny,  Ireland. 

Ossuna.    See  Osuna. 

Ostade  (os'ta-de),  Adrian  van.  Born  at  Haar- 
lem, Netherlands,  Dec.,  1620 :  died  there,  April 
27,  1685.    A  Dutch  genre-painter. 

Ostade,  Isaac  van.  Born  at  Haarlem,  Nether- 
lands, June  2,  1621:  died  there,  Oct.  16,  1649. 
A  Dutch  genre-painter,  brother  of  Adrian  van 
Ostade. 

Ostashkoff  (os-tash-kof ').  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Tver,  Russia,  situated  on  Lake  Seli- 


766 

ger  107  miles  west  by  north  of  Tver.    Popula- 
tion, 11,914. 

Osten-Sacken  (os'ten-zak'ken),  Count  Dmitry 
von  der.  Born  1793 :  died  March  27, 1881.  A 
Russian  general.  He  served  against  the  Polish  and 
Hungarian  insurgents  in  1831  and  1849  respectively,  and 
was  commandant  of  Sebastopol  in  1856. 

Ostend  (os-tend').  [F.  Ostende,  D.  0«<e«de,  east 
end.  ]  A  seaport  in  the  province  of  West  Flan- 
ders, Belgium,  situated  on  the  North  Sea  in  lat. 
51°  14' N. ,  long.  2°55'E.  it  is  the  second  seaport  and 
principal  fishery  port  in  Belgium;  the  terminus  of  asteamer 
route  to  Dover,  and  on  one  of  the  great  routes  between 
England  and  the  Continent;  and  one  of  the  leading  sea- 
side resorts  on  the  Continent  It  was  formerly  strongly 
fortified ;  ■  was  besieged  by  the  Spaniards  under  Spinola  in 
1601-04,  and  Anally  surrendered ;  was  taken  by  the  Allies 
in  1704 ;  and  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1745  and  in  1794. 
Population  (1893),  26,414. 

Ostend  Manifesto.  In  United  States  history, 
a  despatch  drawn  up  in  1854  by  three  diplomatic 
representatives  of  the  United  States,  after  a 
conference  at  Ostend  in  Belgium,  urging  that 

..the  United  States  should  acquire  Cuba. 

Osterbotten  (6s'ter-bot-ten).  A  district  in  the 
northern  half  of  Finland,  comprising  the  gov- 

..emments  of  UleS,borg  and  Wasa. 

Ostergdtland  (es-ter-y6t'land).  A  laenof  south- 
em  Sweden.  Area,  4,267  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1893),  estimated,266,892. 

Osterhaus(os'ter-hous),Peter  Joseph.  Bom  at 
Coblenz,  (Germany,  about  1820.  A  German- 
American  general  in  th  e  Civil  War.  He  became  a 
major  of  Missouri  volunteers  at  the  beginning  of  the  war ; 
commanded  a  brigade  under  Fremont ;  and  took  part  in 
General  Samuel  K.  Curtis's  pursuit  of  General  Sterling  Price 
into  Arkansas.  He  commanded  a  division  in  the  battle  of 
MissionaiyKidge,  and  was  promoted  major-general  of  vol- 
unteers in  1864.  He  was  subsequently  United  States  con- 
sul at  Lyons,  France,  and  ultimately  returned  to  Germany. 

Osterland(os'ter-iant).  A  name  formerly  given 
to  the  part  of  Germany  situated  between  the 
rivers  Saale  and  Mulde :  later  it  was  restricted 
southward  and  extended  eastward ;  later  still  it 

.comprised  the  region  about  Altenburg. 

Osterley  (6s'ter-li),  Karl  Wilhelm  Friedrich. 
Bom  at  Gettingen,  June  22, 1805 :  died  at  Han- 
nover, March  28, 1891.  A  German  historical  and 
portrait  painter.  He  studied  with  Matthay  at  the  Dres- 
den Academy;  went  later  to  Italy;  on  his  return  studied 
with  Schadow  at  Diisseldorf ;  and  finally  became  court 
painter  at  Hannover  in  1845.  From  1831  to  1863  he  lectured 
at  the  University  of  Gottingen.  He  published,  with  Otttried 
Miiller,'* Monuments  of  Antique  Art." 

Ostermann  (os'ter-man).  Count  Andrei.  Bom 
at  Boohum,  Westphalia,  May  30, 1686 :  died  at 
Beresoff,  Siberia,  May  31,  1747.  A  Russian  di- 
plomatist. He  was  a  trusted  official  of  Peter  the  Great, 
for  whom  he  concluded  the  peace  of  Nystad,  Sept.  10, 1721. 
Catharine  I.  appointed  him  imperial  vice-chancellor  and 
a  member  of  the  council  of  regency  during  the  minority 
of  Peter  II.  He  enjoyed  the  favor  of  the  empress  Anna 
Ivanovna,  but  on  the  accession  of  Elizabeth  was  arrested 
and  condemned  to  death ;  but  his  sentence  was  commuted 
to  exile  in  Siberia. 

Ostermann-Tolstoi(os'ter-man-tol'stoi),Count 
Alexander.  Bom  1770 :  died  near  Geneva,  Feb. 
12,  1857.  A  Russian  general,  distinguished  in 
the  Turkish  and  Napoleonic  wars. 

Osterode  in  the.Earz  (os'te-ro-de  in  ths 
harts).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Hannover," 
Prussia,  situated  in  the  Harz  Mountains,  on  the 
Sose,  19  miles  northeast  of  GiSttingen.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  6,757. 

Osterode  on  the  Drewenz  (dra' vents).  A  town 
in  the  province  of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  situ- 
ated at  the  junction  of  the  Drewenz  with  Lake 
Drewenz,  73  miles  south-southwest  of  Konigs- 

.Jierg.    Population  (1895),  11,278. 

Osterreich,  or  Oesterreich  (6s'ter-rieh).    [G., 

..' eastkingdom.']  TheGermannamefOr Austria. 

dstersiind  (Ss'ter-sond).  The  capital  of  Jemt- 
land,  central  Sweden,  situated  on  the  StorsjS. 
Population  (1890),  5,333. 

Osterwald,  or  Ostervald  (os-ter-vald'),  Jean 
Fr^d^ric.  Born  at  NeucMtel,  Switzerland, 
Nov.  25, 1663 :  died  at  Neuohatel,  April  14, 1747. 
A  Swiss  Protestant  theologian. 

Ostfalen  (ost'fa-len).  The  medieval  name  of 
the  eastern  division  of  the  Saxons,  living  in  the 
present  Brunswick  and  in  neighboring  parts 
of  the  provinces  of  Hannover  and  Saxony  in 
Prussia. 

Ostia  (os'ti-a).  [L.,  'the  mouths'  (so.  of  the 
Tiber).]  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  inLatium, 
Italy,  situated  at.  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber,  15 
miles  southwest  of  Rome.  It  was  a  port  of  Borne. 
An  artificial  haven  was  constructed  near  it  by  Claudius 
and  Trajan. 

Ostiaks,  or  Ostyaks  (os-ti-aks').  A  people  of 
Finnish  descent,  living  mainly  in  western  Si- 
beria, in  the  valleys  of  the  Obi  and  Irtish. 

OstigUa  (6s-tel'ya).  A  town  in  the  province  of 


Oswego  River 

Mantua,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Po  18  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Mantua.    Population,  about  4,000. 

Ostorius  Scapula  (os-to'ri-us  skap'u-ia).  A 
Roman  general  in  Britain  about  50  a.  D.  He 
made  conquests  in  the  interior,  defeating  the  Silures  un- 
der Caractacus. 

Ostrau,  Mahrisch-  (ma'rish-os'trou).  A  town 
in  northern  Moravia,  Austria-Hungary,  situ- 
ated on  the  Ostrawitza  50  miles  east-northeast 
of  Olmiitz.  Population (1890), commune,  19,243. 

Ostrog  (os-trog').  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Volhynia,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Goryn 
about  lat.  50°  20'  N.,  long.  26°  25'  E.  Popula- 
tion, 16,891. 

Ostrogosh  (os-tro-gosh').  A  town  in  the  gov. 
emment  of  Voronezh,  Russia,  situated  on  th» 
Sosna  52  miles  south  of  Voronezh.  Populati'On, 
8,112. 

Ostrogoths  (os'tro-goths).  The  eastern  branch 
of  the  Gothic  race,  while  dwelling  in  southCMi  Rus- 
sia near  the  valley  of  the  Don,  they  were  attacked  about 
A.  D.  376  by  the  Huns,  were  subjugated,  and  with  the  Huns 
pushed  the  Visigoths  to  the  borders  ot  the  Boman  Empire. 
After  the  Tisigothic  victory  at  Adrianople  in  378,  many 
Ostrogoths  settled  in  Pannonia.  Many  of  them  joined  later 
the  army  of  Attila,  and  after  his  death  were  employed  by 
the  Eastern  emperors  to  defend  the  lower  Danube.  Theo- 
doria  became  their  king  in  474,  and  in  489  led  the  nation 
ovei  the  Julian  Alps,  conquered  Odoacer  in  493  at  Ba- 
venna,  and  became  king  of  Italy.  Under  his  rule  (seff 
Theodoric)  the  country  prospered.  Belisarius  tried  to  ex- 
pel the  Goths,  and  in  652  they  were  decisively  defeated  by 
the  Byzantine  general  Narses.  Italy  was  temporarily  re- 
gained for  the  empire,  and  the  Groths  were  al,sorbed  in 
other  peoples. 

The  real  history  of  the  Goths  begins  about  the  year  246, 
when  they  were  living  near  the  mouths  of  the  Danube  un- 
der the  rule  of  Ostrogotha  [Austraguta],  the  first  king  of 
the  Amaling  stock.  Ostrogotha  was  celebrated  in  tradi- 
tion for  his  "patience" ;  but  in  what  way  he  displayed 
that  virtue  we  are  not  informed,  for  history  tells  only  of 
his  victories.  Whetlier  on  account  of  his  patience  or  his 
deeds  in  war,  his  fame  was  widely  spread ;  for  one  of  the 
oldest  Anglo-Saxon  poems  mentions  him  as  "Eastgota,  the 
father  of  Vnwin."  The  name  of  this  son  is  given  by  Jor- 
danes  as  Hunui^  but  probably  the  Anglo-Saxon  form  is 
the  right  one.  Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  24. 

Ostrolenka(os-tro-leng'ka).  Atowninthe  gov- 
ernment of  Lomza,  Russian  Poland,  situated  on 
the  Narew  64  miles  north-northeast  of  Warsaw. 
Here,  Feb.  16, 1807,  the  French  under  Oudinot  defeated  the 
Bussians  under  Essen ;  and  here,  May  26, 1831,  the  Bus- 
sians  under  Diebitsch  defeated  the  Poles  under  Skrzyneckl, 
the  Poles  losing  7,000,  and  the  Bussians  9,000. 

Ostrovski  (os-trof  ske),  Alexander.  Bom  at 
Moscow,  April  12,  1823 :  died  June  14, 1886.  A 
Russian  dramatic  writer.  He  took  his  types  from 
the  tradesman  class.  "The False  Dmitri"  is  perhaps  the 
most  notable  of  the  five  comedies  by  which  he  is  best 
known. 

Ostrovski,  Antoni.  Bom  at  Warsaw,  1782: 
died  near  Tours,  1846.  A  Polish' patriot,  dis- 
tinguished in  the  rebellion  of  1830-31. 

Ostrowo  (08-tr6'v6).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Posen,  Prussia,  66  miles  southeast  of  Posen. 
Population  (1890),  9,718. 

Ostsee  (ost'sa).  [G., 'east  sea.']  The  German 
name  of  the  Baltic  Sea. 

Ostuni  (6s-t6'ne).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Leece,  Aptilia,  Italy,  22  miles  northwest  of  Brin- 
disi.    Population  (1881),  18,226. 

Osuna  (o-s6'na).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Se- 
ville, Spain,  48  miles  east  of  Seville.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  19,376. 

Osuna,  or  Ossuna,  Duke  of.  See  TeTlee  y  Giron, 
Pedro. 

Oswald  (oz'wald),  Saint.  [OG.,' power  of  God.'] 
Bom  about  664:  killed  at  the  battle  of  Maser- 
fleld,  Aug.  5, 642.  King  of  Northumbria  634-642, 
son  of  Ethelfrith.  He  defeated  Cadwallon  at  Heaven- 
field  in  635 ;  established  Christianity ;  and  was  defeated 
and  slain  by  Penda.    His  festival  is  celebrated  Aug.  6. 

Oswald  raised  the  first  cross  over  the  first  Christian  altar 
in  Berenicia,  to  commemorate  his  victory. 

Pearson,  Hist.  Eng.,  1. 140. 

Oswald.  In  Shakspere's  "  King  Lear,"  steward 
to  Goneril. 

Oswaldtwistle  (os'waid-twis-l).  A  town  in 
Lancashire,  England,  19  miles  north  by  west  of 
Manchester.    Population  (1891),  13,296. 

Oswego  (os-we'go).  A  city  and  port  of  entry, 
capital  of  Oswego  County,  New  York,  situated 
on  Lake  Ontario,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Oswego 
River,  34  miles  north-northwest  of  Syracuse. 
It  has  important  foreign  and  coasting  trade ;  imports  grain 
and  lumber ;  and  has  manufactures  of  starch  (containing 
what  is  probably  the  chief  starch-factory  in  the  world), 
fiour,  machinery,  etc.  A  fort  was  founded  here  in  1727 ;  and 
it  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1766,  and  by  the  British  in 
1814.    Population  fI900i,  22,199.  ' 

Oswego  River.  A  river  in  New  York  which  is 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Seneca  and  Onei- 
da rivers  12  miles  north  by  west  of  Syracuse, 
and  flows  into  Lake  Ontario  at  Oswego.  It  is 
the  outlet  of  the  lake  system  of  central  New 
York.    Length,  24  miles. 


Oswestry 

Oswestry  (oz'es-tri).  A  totro  in  Shropshire, 
Kngland,  16  miles  northwest  of  Shrewsbury. 
It  is  generally  Ideotified  with  the  ancient  Maaer&eld, 
where  Oswald  was  slain  in  642.    Population  (1891),  8,496. 

Oswy  (os'wi),  or  Oswiu  (os'wi-8).    King  of 

Northumbria  642-670,  brother  of  Oswald.  He 
defeated  Fenda  of  Mercia  in  656,  and  extended  his  su- 
premacy  over  all  lentonic  Britain  except  Wessex,  Kent, 
and  Sassez. 

OtagO  (6-ta'g6)  Bay.  A  small  bay  on  the  east- 
ern coast  of  South  Island,  New  Zealand,  on 
which  Dunedin  is  situated. 

Otaha.    See  Tahaa. 

Otaheite,  or  Otabeiti.    See  TaliiH. 

Otchakoff  (o-cha'kof).  A  town  and  former 
fortress  in  the  government  of  Kherson,  south- 
em  Bussia,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Dnie- 
per Liman,  42  miles  east  of  Odessa,  it  was  taken 
by  the  Russians  from  the  Khan  of  the  Crimea  in  1737,  and 
finally  in  1788.  It  was  bombarded  by  the  Allies  in  1855. 
Population,  8,032.  , 

Otello  (o-tel'16).  1.  An  opera  by  Rossini,  li- 
bretto altered  from  Shakspere's  ' '  Othello,"  pro- 
duced at  Naples  in  1816. — 2.  An  opera  by  Verdi, 
words  by  Boito,  produced  at  Milan  in  1887. 

Otford(ot'f5rd).  AplaeeinKent,  England, near 
Sevenoaks,  where  OfEa,  king  of  Mercia,  defeated 
the  men  of  Kent  in  775. 

Otfried  (ot'fred).  Lived  in  the  9th  gentury.  A 
German  monk,  author  of  a  poetical  harmony  of 
the  Gospels  in  Old  High  German.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  BabanuB  Maurus,  His  poem  is  the  oldest  in  German 
characterized  by  the  end  rime. 

Othello  (o-thel'6),  the  Moor  of  Venice,  The 
Tragedy  of.  A  tragedy  by  Shakspere,  acted 
in  1604,  and  printed  in  1622  in  a  quarto  and 
in  1623  in  a  folio  edition,  it  was  founded  on 
one  of  Oiraldl's  novels  in  the  "Heoatommithi"  (iii.  3). 
Othello  Is  a  high-minded  Moor  in  the  military  service  of 
Venice.  He  is  aroused  to  fury  against  his  wife  Desdemona 
by  the  insinuations  and  lies  of  lago,  and  smothers  her. 

I  have  often  told  you  that  I  do  not  think  there  is  any 
Jealousy,  properly  so  called,  in  the  character  of  Othello. 
There  is  no  predisposition  to  suspicion,  which  I  take  to  be 
an  essential  term  in  the  definition  of  the  word.  Desde- 
mona very  truly  told  Emilia  that  he  was  not  jealous,  that 
is,  of  a  jealous  habit,  and  he  says  so  as  truly  of  himself, 
Coleridge,  Table-Talk,  June  24,  1827. 

Othman(oth-man').  Bom  about  575:  killed  at 
Medina,  Arabia,  656.  Calif  of  the  Moslems  644- 
656,  successor  of  Omar.  Heextended  the  califate  by 
conquests  in  Persia,  Africa,  and  the  island  of  Cyprus.  A 
conspiracy  was  formed  against  him  by  Ayesha,  widow  of 
the  prophet,  and  he  fell  by  the  hand  of  Mohammed,  son  of 
the  calif  Abu-Bekr.    He  was  succeeded  by  Ali. 

Othman  (Sultans  of  the  Turks).    See  Osman. 

Otho  (o'tho),  Marcus  Salvius.  Bom  32  a.  d,  : 
committed  suicide  April,  69.  Emperor  of  Rome 
Jan.-April,  69.  He  was  governor  of  Lusitania  under 
Nero ;  overthrew  Oalba  by  a  conspiracy  in  Jan.,  69 ;  and 
was  in  turn  overthrown  by  Vitellius. 

Otho  (Roman-German  emperors).    See  Otto. 

Otho  I.,  or  Otto  (ot'to) .  Bom  at  Salzburg,  Aus- 
tria, June  1,  1815:  died  at  Bamberg,  Bavaria, 
July  26,  1867.  Second  son  of  Louis  I.  of  Ba- 
varia, chosen  king  of  Greece  in  1832.  He  as- 
sumed the  government  in  person  in  1835,  and  was  de- 
posed through  the  revolution  of  1862. 

Othomans,    See  Ottomans. 

Othomis,  or  Othomies.    See  OUmis. 

Othrys  (oth'ris).  [Gr.  "Ofl/inif.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  mountain-range  in  the  southern  part 
of  Thessaly,  Greece.    See  the  extract. 

Othrys,  now  Mount'I^rako,  is  situateddue  squth  of  Ossa, 
and  southwest  of  Pelion.  Its  height  is  estimated  at  5,670 
feet.  It  is  connected  with  Findus  by  a  chaip  of  hills  aver- 
aging 3,000  or  4,000  feet,  and  running  nearly  due  west^  and 
with  Pelion  by  a  curved  range  which  skirts  the  GiUf  of 
Yolo  (Sinus  Fagasseus)  at  the  distance  of  a  few  miles  from 
file  shore.  BawUnsau,  Herod.,  IT.  105. 

Otiartes  (o-ti-ar'tez).  A  mythical  Babylonian 
king  mentioned  by  Berosus :  probably  a  scribe's 
error  for  Opartes,  and  identical  with  the  name 
Ubara-tutu  in  the  cuneiform  account  of  the 

.deluge. 

Otinger  (6'ting-er),  Friedrich  Ohristoph. 
Bom  at  Goppingen,  "Wiirtemberg,  May  6, 1702: 
died  at  Murrhardt,  Wurtemberg,  Feb.  10, 1782. 
A  German  Protestant  theologian,  noted  as  a 
theosophist. 

Otis  (o'tis),  £lwell  Stephen.  Bom  at  Fred- 
erick, Md.,  March  25,  1838.  An  American 
feneral  He  entered  the  Union  army  as  a  volunteer  in 
ept.,  1862 ;  was  breveted  brigadier-general  of  volunteers 
March  13, 1865 ;  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  in  the 
regular  army  in  1867 ;  was  promoted  brigadier-general 
Kov.  23, 1893;  was  appointed  major-general  of  volunteers 
May,  1898 ;  and  was  promoted  major-general  1900.  He 
served  on  the  frontier  against  the  Indians  1867-81 ;  then 
organized  the  United  States  infantry  and  cavalry  school  at 
Leavenworth,  Kan.,  which  he  conducted  until  1885.  In 
1898  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  Department  of  the 
Pacific  and  was  military  governor  of  the  Philippines 
until  April,  1900.    Betired  In  1902. 

Otis,  Harrison  Gray.  Bom  at  Boston,  Mass., 
Oct.  8,  1765:  died  there,  Oct.  28,  1848.     An 


767 

Amerieanpolitioian  and  jurist,nephew of  James 
Otis.  He  was  congressman  from  Massachusetts  1797- 
1801 ;  a  prominent  member  of  the  Hartford  Convention  in 
1814 ;  and  United  States  senator  1817-22. 

Otis,  James.  Bom  at  Barnstable,  Mass.,  Feb. 
5,  1725 :  died  at  Andover,  Mass.,  May  23,  1783. 
An  American  patriot  and  orator.  He  is  especially 
celebrated  for  his  speech  at  Boston  in  opposition  to  the 
"writs  of  assistance"  (writs  directed  against  American 
liberties)  in  1761.  He  was  a  prominent  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  House  of  Bepresentatives ;  and  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  Stamp  Act  Congress  in  1765.  He  wrote  the 
pamphlets  "Vindication  of  the  Conduct  of  the  House  of 
Bepresentatives,"  "Bights  of  the  British  Colonies  As- 
serted "  (1764),  etc. 

Otley  (ot'li).  A  town  in  the  West  Elding  of 
Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Wharfe  10 
miles  northwest  of  Leeds.  Population  (1891), 
7,838. 

Otnit  (ot'nit).  A  legendary  emperor  of  the 
Lombards,  in  the  German  "Heldenbuch." 
Oberon  assists  him  in  his  designs. 

Oto  (o'to).  [PI.,  also  Otos.  Sometimes  called 
Otoe  and  Otto,  their  own  name  being  Watota, 
meaning  'lovers  of  sexual  pleasure.']  A  tribe 
of  the  Tciwere  division  of  the  Siouan  stock  of 
North  American  Indians.  For  many  years  the  Oto 
and  Missouri  tribes  have  been  consolidated.  They  are  now 
in  Oklahoma.    See  Tciwere. 

Otoe.    See  Oto. 

Otomacs  (6-t6-maks'),  or  Otomacos  (o-to-ma'- 
kos).  A  tribe  of  Indians  who,  in  the  18th  and 
early  in  the  19th  century,  lived  along  the  mid- 
dle Orinoco,  from  the  junction  of  the  Meta  to 
that  of  the  Arauca.  They  were  very  degraded  sav- 
ages, and  were  remarkable  for  their  custom  of  eating  enor- 
mous quantities  of  clay  during  seasons  of  scarcity.  The 
Jesuits  endeavored,  with  little  success,  to  gather  the  Oto- 
macs into  their  mission  villages.  Later  they  disappeared 
from  the  river  shores,  and  the  tribe  is  now  either  extinct  or 
lives  in  a  distant  part  of  the  llanos.  The  Otomac  lan- 
guage, from  the  little  that  is  known  of  it,  appears  to  con- 
stitute a  distinct  stock. 

Otomis  (o-to-mes').  [Nahuatl  otomitl,  wan- 
derer.] A  tribe  of  ]iidians  of  the  Mexican  pla- 
teau. At  the  time  of  the  conquest  they  dwelt  principally 
in  the  mountainous  district  west  of  the  Mexican  lakes, 
and  had  long  been,  in  some  sense,  subdued  by  the  Aztecs. 
According  to  traditions  they  were  one  of  the  oldest  nations 
of  the  plateau,  having  existed  here  even  before  the  Tol- 
tec  invasion.  They  were  agriculturists  and  used  cotton 
clothes  and  gold  and  copper  ornaments,  but  were  much 
less  advanced  than  the  Nahuas.  During  the  siege  of  Mex- 
ico they  joined  Cortes  (June,  1521).  They  have  ever  since 
been  nominally  subj  ect  to  the  whites,  and  are  Catholics,  but 
have  acquired  little  civilization.  Their  descendants  of 
pure  blood  probably  number  more  than  200,000,  and  are 
scattered  through  Central  Mexico.  Also  written  Otftomis, 
Othomies.    See  Ototni  stock,  below. 

Otomi  stock  (d-td-me'  stok).  Alinguisticstockof 
Mexican  Indians,  embracing  a  number  of  tribes, 
with  closely  allied  dialects,  which  occupy  por- 
tions of  the  states  of  Mexico,  Morelos,  Hidalgo, 
Quer6taro,  Guanajuato,  and  San  Luis  Potosl. 
Among  themore  important  branches  are  theOtomis  proper, 
the  Mecos  or  Jonaz  in  Quer^taro,  and  the  Fames.  All,  or 
near  lyfdl, are  nominally  Christians,  but  have  retained  many 
of  their  aboriginal  customs  and  their  language.  This  is 
very  harsh  and  difficulty  and  consists  largely  of  monosylla- 
bles. In  stature  these  Indians  are  rather  short,  and  their 
color  is  dark.    They  are  said  to  number  nearly  800,000. 

Otrante,  Dnc  d'.   See  FouchS. 

Otranto  (d-tran'to).  A  small  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Lecee,  Apulia,  Italy,  46  miles  south- 
east of  Brindisi :  the  ancient  Hydrus  orHydmn- 
timi.  It  was  a  flourishing  ancient  and  medieval  city  un- 
til it  was  sacked  by  the  Turks  in  1480.  The  cathedru  is  a 
3-aisled  basilica  with  3  apses  and  a  remarkable  pavement 
in  mosaic  (1163)  of  biblical  scenes,  animals,  etc. 

Otranto,  Strait  of.  A  sea  passage  connecting 
the  Adriatic  Sea  with  the  Mediterranean,  and 
separating  Italy  from  Turkey.  Width,  about  40 
mUes. 

Otranto,  Terra  di.  A  former  name  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Lecce,  Italy. 

O'Trigger  (6-trig'er),  Sir  Lucius.  A  char- 
acter in  Sheridan's  .comedy  "The  Rivals":  a 
fortune-hunting  Irishman,  noted  for  his  perti- 
nacious attachment  to  the  practice  of  dueling. 

Otsego  (ot-se'go),  Lake.  A  lake  in  Otsego 
County,  central  New  York,  60  miles  west  of  Al- 
bany. It  is  the  source  of  the  Susquehanna  Biver,  and  is 
celebrated  in  Cooper's  "  Leatherstocklng  "  novels.  Length, 
about  8  miles. 

Ottawa  (ot-a'wa).  [PL,  also  0#awa«.]  A  tribe 
of  NorthAmericanlndians,  first  foundin  Canada 
on  the  upper  Ottawa  River.  They  were  firm  .allies 
of  the  French.  In  1646  the  Iroquois  drove  them  from  their 
homes  to  the  west  along  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior ; 
and  in  the  first  years  of  the  18th  century  they  fixed  theh^ 
chief  seat  near  the  lower  extremity  of  Lake  Michigan, 
spreading  thence  in  all  directions.  They  number  about 
6,000,  those  in  the  United  States  being  chiefly  at  the  Macki- 
nac agency,  Michigan,  and  those  in  Canada  on  Manitoulin 
and  Cockburn  Islands,  Ontario.  The  various  derivations 
of  the  name  are  only  conjecturaL    See  Algonquian. 

Ottawa  (ot'a-wa),  formerly  Bytown  (bi'toun). 
The  capital  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  situated 


Otto  m. 

in  the  province  of  Ontario,  on  the  Ottawa,  about 
lat.  45°  21'  N. ,  long.  75"  42'  W.  The  Chaudi^re  FaUs 
are  in  the  neighborhood.  It  is  an  important  center  of  the 
lumber  trade,  and  has  manufactures  of  lumber,  flour,  etc. 
The  governmental  buildings,  especially  the  Parliament 
House,  are  noteworthy.  It  was  settled  in  1827 ;  the  name 
was  changed  and  it  was  made  a  city  in  1854 ;  and  in  1868 
it  was  selected  as  the  capital.    Population  (1901),  69,928. 

Ottawa.  A  city,  capital  of  La  Salle  County, 
Illinois,  situated  on  the  Illinois,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Fox  River,  70  miles  southwest  of  Chicago. 
Population  (1900),  10,588. 

Ottawa.  A  city,  capital  of  Franklin  County, 
eastern  Kansas,  situated  on  the  Osage  River. 
Population  (1900),  6,934. 

Ottawa,  or  (Jrand  (grand),  Kiver.  A  river  in 
Canada  which  forms  the  principal  part  of  the 
boundary  between  Quebec  and  Ontario  and 
joins  the  St.  Lawrence  near  Montreal.  It  flows 
through  a  succession  of  lakes.  Length,  estimated,  about 
700  miles ;  navigable  in  its  lower  course. 

Ottensen  (ot'ten-sen).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Sohleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  imme- 
diately adjoining  Altona.  Klopstock  is  buried 
here. 

Otterbein  (ot'ter-bin),  Philip  William.  Bom 
at  Dillenburg,  Germany,  June  4,  1726:  died  at 
Baltimore,  Md.,  Nov.  17,  1813.  A  clergyman 
of  the  German  Reformed  Church  in  America. 
He  was  the  founder  of  the  sect  of  the  United 
Brethren  in  Christ. 

Otterburn  (ot'6r-b6m).  A  village  in  Northum- 
berland, England,  near  the  Scottish  border,  29 
miles  northwest  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne .  Here, 
Aug.  19, 1388,  was  fought  the  battle  of  Otterburn,  or  Chevy 
Chase.    The  English  under  the  Percys  were  defeated  by 

'  the  Scotts  under  the  Earl  of  Douglas,  who  was  killed  in 
the  battle.  The  battle  is  the  subject  of  several  ballads 
which  are  preserved  in  Percy's  "Beliques,"  Herd's  "Scot- 
tish Songs,"  the  "Minstrelsy  of  the  Scottish  Border,"  etc. 
See  C/kjvj/  Chase,  and  Douglas,  James. 

Otter  Greek  (offer  krek).  A  river  in  western 
Vermont  which  flows  into  Lake  Champlain  5 
miles  northwest  of  Vergennes.  Length,  about 
90  miles. 

Otter  Tail  Lake.  A  lake  in  Otter  Tail  County, 
western  Minnesota.  Its  outlet  is  into  the  Red 
River  system. 

Ottery  St.  Mary  (ot'6r-i  sant  ma'ri).  A  small 
town  in  Devonshire,  England,  east  of  Exeter: 
the  birthplace  of  Coleridge. 

Ottilie  (ot-te'le-e).  The  central  figure  of 
Goethe's  "Wahlverwandtschaften."  The  origi- 
nal was  Minna  Herzlieb,  the  foster-sister  of  Alwine  From- 

^mann.    Her  relations  with  Goethe  are  well  known. 

Ottingen  (6t'ting-en).  A  former  county  of  Swa- 
bia,  Germany,  near  Nordlingen .  it  was  mediatized 

_in  lSd6.    The  town  of  Ottingen  is  on  the  Wbmitz. 

dttinger  (6t'ting-er),  Eduard  Maria.  Bom  at. 
Breslau,  Prussia,  Nov.  19, 1808 :  died  near  Dres- 
den, Jime  26, 1872.  A  German  journalist,  poet, 
novelist,  bibliographer,  and  historical  writer. 
He  published  "Buch  der  Liebe"  (poems,  1832:  "Neues. 
Buch  der  Liebe,"  1862),  "Archives  historigues,"  a  history 
of  the  Danish  court  from  Christian  II.  to  Frederick  Vll. 
(1858-59),  "  Moniteur  des  dates."  (1864-82),  etc. 

Otto.    See  Oto. 

Otto  (ot'to)  I.  [OHG.  dto,  Odo,  Otto,  MHG.  G. 
Otto,  from  6t,  AS.  edd,  wealth,  property.]  Born. 
at  Munich,  Ajpril  27,  1848.  King  of  Bavaria, 
brother  of  Louis  H.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1886. 
He  became  insane  in  1873,  and  succeeded  under  the  regency 
of  his  uncle  Prince  Luitpold. 

Otto  (or  Otho)  I., "  The  Great."  Bom  912 :  died 
at  Memleben,  Prussian  Saxony,  May  7,  973. 
Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.  He  was 
the  son  of  Henry  I.,  whom  he  succeeded  as  king  of  Ger- 
many in  936.  The  early  part  of  his  reign  was  occupied  in 
subduing  his  turbulent  nobles.  He  put  an  end  to  the  in- 
cursions of  the  Bohemians,  the  Wends,  and  the  Danes,  and 
in  951  went  to  the  supportof  Adelaide,  queen  of  Lombardy, 
against  Berengar  II.  He  defeated  Berengar  and  married 
Adelaide.  In  955  he  inflicted  a  decisive  defeat  on  the 
Magyars  on  the  Lechfeld.  In  962  he  was  crowned  emperor 
at  Bome,  reviving  the  office  founded  by  Charlemagne. 

Otto  II.  Bom  955:  died  at  Rome,  Dec.  7,  983. 
Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  973-983, 
son  of  Otto  I.  and  Adelaide.  He  subdued  a  revolt 
of  his  cousin  Henry,  duke  of  Bavaria,  about  977.  In  978 
the  French  invaded  Lorraine,  but  were  expelled  by  the 
emperor,  who  unsuccessfully  besieged  Paris.  He  married 
the  Greek  princess  Theophano,  through  whom  he  claimed 
Apulia  and  Calabria  in  southern  Italy.  His  claim  was  re- 
sisted by  the  Greeks  with  the  assistance  of  the  Saracens. 
After  some  successes  he  was  totally  defeated  in  982. 

Otto  III.,  called  "  The  Wonder  of  the  World  " 
(from  his  intellectual  endowments).  Bom  980 : 
died  at  Patemo,  near  Viterbo,  Italy,  Jan.,  1002- 
Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire  983-1002, 
son  of  Otto  n.  During  his  minority  the  regency  was 
conducted  by  his  mother  Theophano  in  Germany  (after 
her  death  by  the  Archbishop  of  Mainz),  and  his  grand- 
mother Adelaide  in  Italy.  He  assumed  the  reins  of  gov- 
ernment in  996.  He  aimed  to  make  Bome  the  imperial 
residence  and  center  of  a  new  universal  empire,  but  died 
at  the  early  age  of  twenty -two. 


otto  IV. 

Otto  IV.  Bom  about  1174:  died  at  the  Harz- 
burg,  Germany,  May  19, 1218.  Emperor  of  the 
Holy  Koman  Empire,  second  son  of  Henry  the 
Lion,  duke  of  Saxony  and  Bavaria.  He  was 
elected  king  of  Germany  in  opposition  to  Philip  of  Swabia 
in  1198,  and  was  crowned  emperor  in  1209.  He  afterward 
became  involved  in  a  miarrel  with  the  Pope,  who  in  1212 
put  forward  Frederick  II.  as  anti-emperor.  Having  allied 
himself  with  England,  he  concerted  an  invasion  of  Prance 
with  John  Lackland,  with  whom  he  was  defeated  at  Bou- 
vines  in  1214.  Discredited  by  this  defeat,  he  presently 
withdrew  to  his  hereditary  domain  of  Brunswick. 

Otto  of  Freising.  Died  Sept.  22, 1158.  A  Ger- 
man historian,  bishop  of  Praising  (in  Bavaria). 
His  histories  were  edited  in  1867. 

Otto  vonWittelsbach.  (ot'to  fonvit'tels-baoh). 
Killed  1209.  The  murderer  of  Philip  of  Swabia, 
king  of  Germany,  1208. 

OttoDoni,  or  Otthoboni  (ot-to-bo'ne),  Pietro. 
Bom  in  1668:  died  Feb.  17,  1740.  A  cardinal, 
nephew  of  Pope  Alexander  VIII.  He  received  the 
cardinalate  in  1690,  but  is  principally  noted  as  a  patron  of 
art.  He  collected  a  fine  library,  containing  manuscript 
masses  by  Palestrina  and  other  great  masters,  etc.,  which 
after  his  death  were  purchased  by  Pope  Benedict  XIV. 
and  presented  to  the  Vatican. 

Ottocar  (ot'to-kar)  II.  Killed  1278.  King  of 
Bohemia  1253-78.  He  acquired  Austria,  Styria,  Ca- 
rinthia,  and  Camiola.  For  these  German  flefs  he  refused 
to  do  homage  to  Kudolph  of  Hapsburg,  king  of  Germany, 
who  in  consequence  declared  war  against  him.  He  was 
defeated  and  killed  on  the  Marchfeld  in  1278. 

Ottoman  Empire.    See  Turkey. 

■Ottomans  (ot'o-manz).  [Prom  P.  Ottoman  = 
Sp.  Otomano  =  Pg.  It.  Oitomano,  from  Turk. 
'Othman,  'Osman,  the  founder  of  the  Turkish 
empire  in  Asia:  see  Osmanli.  Cf.  Othman.'], 
That  branch  of  the  Turks  which  founded  and. 
rule  the  Turkish  empire.  The  Ottoman  TurksUved 
originally  in  central  Asia.  Under  their  first  sultan,  Oth- 
man (reigned  1288-1326),  they  founded  a  realm  in  Asia 
Minor,  which  was  soon  extended  into  Europe.  With  the 
■capture  of  Constantinople  in  1453  they  succeeded  to  the 
Byzantine  empire,  and  their  rul«,  at  its  height  in  the  16th 
century,  extended  over  the  greater  part  of  southeastern 
Europe  and  much  of  western  Asia  and  northern  Africa. 
They  have  since  lost  Hungary,  Rumania,  Servia,. Greece, 
etc.,  and  practically  Bulgaria,  Egypt,  etc.  The  Ottoman 
Turks  are  Sunnite  Mohammedans,  and  regard  the  sultans 
as  representatives  of  the  former  calUs. 

•Ottumwa  (o-tum'wii).  A  city,  capital  of  "Wa- 
pello County,  southern  Iowa,  situated  on  the 
Des  Moines  70  miles  west  by  north  of  Burling- 
ton.   Population  (1900),  18,197. 

Ottweiler  (ot'vi-ler).  A  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  ontheBlies  33  miles 
southeast  of  Treves.  Population  (1890),  5,150. 

Otuel  (ot'u-el),  Sir.  One  of  Charlemagne's 
paladins.  He  was  a  pagan  knight,  but  was  converted 
to  Christianity  by  the  prayers  of  Charlemagne  and  his 
people  during  a  battle. 

■Otumba  (o-tom'ba).  A  town  of  Mexico,  in  the 
state  of  Mexico,  about  35  miles  northeast  of 
the  capital,  on  the  railroad  to  Vera  Cruz.  It  was 
an  ancient  Indian  pueblo,  and  its  name  (originally  Otom- 
pan,  'place  of  the  Otomis*)  appears  to  indicate  that  it 
was  once  inhabited  by  Otomi  Indians.  Near  it,  during 
the  retreat  from  Mexico,  Cortes  defeated  the  Aztec  forces, 
July  7, 1620.    Population,  about  5,000. 

•Otway  (ot'wa),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Trotton, 
Sussex,  England,  March  8, 1652 :  died  at  Tower 
Hill,  Londoiu  April  14,  1685.  The  principal 
tragic  poet  of  the  English  classical  school,  the 
son  of  Eev.  Humphrey.  Otway.  He  entered  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  in  1669.  He  fen  in  love  with  Mrs.  Barry, 
who  apjf»eared  in  his  "Alcibiades,"  and  she  became  his 
■«vil  genius:  to  escape  her  he  enlisted  and  served  in 
Flanders,  but  returned  to  her.  She  made  her  greatest  repu- 
tation in  his  plays,  but  owing  to  her  greed  and  immorality 
her  influence  over  him  was  entirely  bad.  He  died  in  a 
baker's  shop  near  the  sponging-bouse  in  which  his  last 
days  were  spent.  Among  his  plays  are  "Alcibiades" 
(1675),  "  Don  Carlos  "  (1676),  translations  of  Eacine's  "Ti- 
tus and  Berenice  "  and  Moli&re's  "Fourberies  de  Scapin" 
■("Cheats  of  Scapin,"  1677),  "Friendship  in  Fashion" 
(1678),  "The  Soldier's  Fortune"  (168U  "The  Orphan" 
(1680),  "CaiusMarius"  (1681),  "Venice  Preserved"  (1682), 
"The  Atheist"  (1684:  a  second  part  of  "The  Soldiers 
^Fortune"). 

•Otzthal  (fets'tai).    An  Alpine  valley  in  Tyrol, 

opening  from  the  southern  side  of  the  upper 

valley  of  the  Inn,  and  situated  southwest  of 

Iimsbriick.    It  is  noted  for  its    picturesque 

.scenery. 

•Otzthaler  (6ts'tal-er)  Alps.  A  large  group  of 
Alps  in  Tyrol,  south  of  the  Inn. 

Ouchy  (6-she').  The  port  of  Lausanne,  canton 
of  Vaud,  SwitzerlandT,  on  the  Lake  of  Geneva. 

Oude.    See  Oudh. 

Oudenarde,  or  Oudenaarde  (ou'den-Sr-de),  P. 
Audenarde  (od-nard').  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bast  Planders,  Belgium,  situated  on  the 
Schelde  33  miles  west  of  Brussels.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  cotton  and  linen.  The  hotel  de  ville,  or  town 
hall  (a  beautiful  late-Pointed  building,  finished  in  1636), 
and  the  churches  of  St.  Walburga  and  Notre  Dame  are  the 
principal  buildings.  Here,  July  11, 1708,  the  Allies  under 
the  Duke  of  Marlborough  and  Prince  Eugenedefeated  the 


768 

French  under  Venddme  and  the  Duke  of  Burgundy.    Pop- 
ulation (1890),  6,141. 

Oadendorp  (ou'den-dorp),  Frans  van.    Bom 

at  Leyden,  Netherlands,  July  31,  1696:  died 
Feb.  14,  1761.  A  Dutch  classical  philologist, 
professor  of  eloquence  and  history  at  Leipsic. 
Oadh,  or  Oude  (oud).  [Hind.  Awadli.l  A  prov- 
ince of  British  India,  now  united  politically  to 
the  lieutenant-governorship  of  the  Northwest 
Provinces.  Chief  city,  Lucknow.  it  lies  between 
the  Ganges  on  the  southwest  and  Nepal  on  the  northeast. 
The  suriace  is  mainly  a  plain.  The  province  is  densely 
peopled.  It  was  formerly  under  various  Mohammedan 
rulers ;  was  annexed  by  Great  Britain  in  1856 ;  was  one  of 
the  chief  scenes  of  the  mutiny  of  1857 ;  and  was  united  in 
administration  to  the  Northwest  Provinces  in  1877.  Area, 
24,217  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  12,650,831. 

Oudmot  (8-de-n6'),  Nicolas  Charles,  Duo  de 
Eeggio.  Bom  at  Bar-le-Duc,  Prance,  April  25, 
1767 :  died  at  I'aris,  Sept.  13,  1847.  A  French 
marshal,  noted  as  a  commander  of  grenadiers. 
He  served  with  distinction  at  Zurich  in  1799,  and  at  Aus- 
terlitz  in  1806 ;  gained  the  victory  of  Ostrolenka  in  1807 ; 
fought  at  Friedland  in  1807,  at  Wagram  in  1809,  in  the  re- 
treat from  Russia  in  1812,  and  at  Bautzen  in  1813 ;  was 
defeated  at  Grossbeeren  in  1813 ;  and  served  through  the 
campaigns  of  1813-14. 

Oudinot,  Nicolas  Charles  Victor.    Bom  at 

Bar-le-Duo,  Prance,  Nov.  3, 1791:  died  at  Paris, 
July  7, 1863.  A  French  general,  son  of  Nicolas 
Charles  Oudinot.  He  commanded  the  expedi- 
tion against  Eome,  which  he  captured  in  1849. 
Oudry  (o-dre' ),  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom  at  Paris, 
March  17, 1686 :  died  at  Beauvais,  April  30, 1755. 
A  French  historical  and  animal  painter.  He 
wascourt  painter  to  LouisSV.;  was  superintendent  of  the 
Beauvais  factory  and  of  the  Gobelin  factory;  and  was 
made  professor  of  the  Academy  in  1743. 

Ouffle,  Histoire  des  imaginations  eztrava- 
gantes  de  M.  A  work  by  Laurent  Bordelon, 
published  in  1710.  It  is  notable  as  being  the  book  to 
which  Johnson  refers  in  his  "Xif  e  of  Pope  "  as  the  prototype 
of  the  "  Memoirs  of  Martinus  Soriblerua."  The  book  has 
been  mistakenly  ascribed  to  the  Abb6  Bourdelot. 

Onghtred  (ot'red),  William.  Bom  at  Eton, 
1574:  died  about  1660.  An  English  mathema- 
tician .  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge  (King's  College). 
He  wrote  "  Clavis  Mathematicse "  (1631),  "A  Description  of 
the  Double  Horizontal  Dial "  (1636),  and  "  Opuscula  Mathe- 
matica"C1677). 

Ouida.    See  De  la  EamSe,  Louise. 

Ouiouenronnon.     See  Cayuga. 

Ouless  (6-les'),  Walter  William.  Bom  at  St. 
Heller's,  Jersey,  Sept.  21,  1848.  An  English 
portrait-painter.  He  was  educated  at  Victoria  Col- 
lege, Jersey,  and  began  to  study  art  in  London  in  1864. 
He  was  made  associate i  jyal  academician  in  1877,  and  royal 
academician  in  1881.  His  portraits  of  Darwin  (etched  by 
Rajon)  and  Cardinal  Newman  (1880)  are  well  known. 

Oullins  (8-lan').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Ehdne,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Rhone  3  miles 
south  of  Lyons.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
8,327. 

Onriciue  (6-re'ke).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Alemtejo,  Portugal,  94  miles  southeast 
of  Lisbon.  For  the  battle  there,  see  the  ex- 
tract. 

Under  the  reign  of  the  same  Alfonso  was  achieved  the 
memorable  victory  of  Ourique,  obtained  over  the  Moors 
on  the  twenty-sixth  of  July,  1139,  in  which  five  Moorish 
kings  were  defeated,  and  which  was  followed  by  the  adop- 
tion of  the  title  of  kingdom,  in  place  of  the  country,  of 
Portugal.  The  Cortes,  assembled  at  Lamego  in  1145,  con- 
ferred a  free  constitution  upon  the  new  people,  who,  by 
the  acquisition  of  Lisbon  a  few  years  after,  came  into  pos- 
session of  apoweriul  capital  with  an  immense  population 
and  an  extensive  commerce. 

Simnondi,  Lit.  of  South  of  Europe,  II.  460. 

Our  Mutual  Friend.  A  novel  by  Dickens,  pub- 
lished in  1865. 

Our  Old  Home.  A  record  of  impressions  and 
experiences  in  England,  by  Hawthorne. 

Ouro  Preto  (o'rij  pra't?),  formerly  Villa  Rica 
(vel'la  re'ka).  [Pg.,  'black  gold'  and  'rich 
town'  respectively.]  The  capital  of  the  state  of 
Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  about  175  miles  north  of 
Eio  de  Janeiro.  It  was  formerly  noted  for  its 
gold-mines.    Population  (1890),  about  22,000. 

Crars.  J?L  comedy  by  Eobertson,  produced  in  1866. 

Ourthe  (8rt).  A  river  in  Belgium  which  joins 
the  Meuse  at  Lifege.    Length,  about  100  miles. 

Ouse  (6z).  A  river  in  Yorkshire,  England,  it  is 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Swale  and  Ure,  and  unites 
with  the  Trent  16  miles  west  of  Kingston-upon-HuU  to 
form  the  Humber.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Wharf e, 
Aire,  Don,  and  Derwent.  Length,  60  miles  (including  the 
Swale,  about  130  miles);  navigable  to  York. 

Ouse,  or  Great  Quse.  A  river  in  the  eastern  part 
of  England,  which  flows  into  the  Wash  near 
King's  Lynn.  Length,  169  miles;  navigable 
about  50  miles. 

Ouseley  (oz'li),  Sir  Frederick  Arthur  Gore. 
Bom  at  London,  Aug.  12,  1825:  died  April  6, 
1889.  An  English  musical  writer,  musician,  and 
composer  of  sacred  music :  son  of  Sir  Gore  Ouse- 


Overbury 

ley.  He  graduated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  was  elected 
professor  of  music  at  Oxford  in  1855 ;  and  the  same  year 
was  made  precentor  of  Hereford  cathedraL  In  1856  he 
was  made  vioai  of  St.  Michael's,  Tenbury,  Worcestershire, 
and  warden  of  St  Michael's  CoUegCLOf  which  he  was  the 
principal  founder.  He  published  "Harmony  "  (1868)  and 
"  Counterpoint  and  Fugue  "  (1869),  and  composed  a  num- 
ber of  services  and  an  oratorio  ("  Hagar,"  1873). 

Ouseley,  Sir  Gore.  Bom  1770:  died  1844.  A 
British  diplomatist  and  Orientalist,  brother  of 
Sir  "William  Ouseley. 

Ouseley,  Sir  William.  Bom  in  Monmouthshire, 
England,  1767:  died  at  Boulogne,  Sept.j  1842. 
An  English  Orientalist.  He  served  in  the  army  until 
1794.  He  published  "Persian  Miscellanies"  (1795),  "Ori- 
ental CoUeotions  ''(1797), "  Oriental  Geography  of  Ebn  Hau- 
kal "  (1800),  etc.  He  was  secretary  to  his  brother.  Sir  Gore 
Ouseley,  ambassador  to  Persia  in  1810. 

Ouseley,  Sir  William  Gore.  Bom  Jiily26, 1797: 
died  March  6,  1866.  An  English  diplomatist, 
son  of  Sir  William  Ouseley. 

Oust  (6st).  A  river  in  Brittany,  Prance,  which 
joins  the  Vilaine  near  Eedou.  Length,  about 
90  miles. 

Outagami.    See  Fox. 

Outram  (6'tram),  Sir  James.  Bom  at  Butter- 
ley  Hall,  Derbyshire,  Jan.  29, 1803:  died  March 
11, 1863.  An  English  general,  known  as  "the 
Bayard  of  India."  in  I818he  studied  at  Marischal  Col- 
lege, Aberdeen,  and  In  1819  went  to  India  as  cadet  In 
1838  he  was  aide-de-camp  to  Sir  John  Eeane ;  and  in  1856  was 
appointed  lieutenant-general  in  command  of  an  expedition 
to  Persia.  In  June,  1867,  he  was  summoned  to  Calcutta 
to  assist  in  suppressing  the  Sepoy  rebellion.  He  especially 
distingulBhed  himself  in  the  relief,  defense,  and  capture 
ofLucknow.  HeretumedtoEnglan4iinl860.  Heisburied 
in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Ouvidor  (o-ve-dor').  The  principal  business 
street  (for  retail  trade)  in  Eio  de  Janeiro,  Bi-azil. 
It  is  about  i  mile  long,  and  very  narrow.  No  vehicles  are 
allowed  to  pass  through  it,  and  hence  it  has  become  a  pop- 
ular promenade,  presenting  a  very  animated  appearance, 
especially  in  the  late  afternoon  and  evening. 

Ovada  (o-va'da).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
-Alessandria,  21  miles  northwest  of  Genoa.  Pop- 
ulation (1881),  6,646;  commune,  8,293, 

Ovalle  (o-val'ya),  Alonso  de.  Bom  at  Santiago 
about  1601:  died  at  Lima,  Peru,  March  11, 1651. 
A  Chilean  Jesuit  historian.  His  best-known  work 
is  "Histbrica  relacion  del  reyno  de  Chile"  (Rome,  1646: 
an  Italian  vei'sion,  same  place  and  date).  An  English  trans- 
lation of  the  first  six  books  was  published  in  the  Churchill 
collection. 

Ovalle  (6-val'ya),  Jos6  TomS,S.  Bom  at  San- 
tiago, 1791:  died  there,  March  21, 1831.  A  Chil- 
ean politician.  He  was  elected  vice-president  by  the 
conservatives  Feb.,  1880,  and  from  March  31, 1830,  was 
acting  president.  The  liberals,  under  Freire,  were  de- 
feated at  the  battle  of  Lircay,  April  17,  1830,  and  the  con- 
servatives came  permanently  into  power.  See  Portales^ 
Diego  JosS  Victor. 

Ovambo  (o-vam'bo).    See  Ndonga. 

Ovamboland  (o-vam'bo-land).  A  region  in  Ger- 
man Southwest  Africa,  north  of  Damaraland. 
An  attempt  to  establish  a  republic  here,  called 
TJppingtonia,  about  1885  failed. 

Ovando  (o-van'do),  Nicolas  de.  Bom  at  Val- 
ladolid  about  1460:  died  at  Madrid,  1518  (?).  A 
Spanish  administrator.  He  was  a  knight  of  Alcan- 
tara, and  held  a  high  position  in  the  royal  court  In  1501 
he  was  appointed  governor  of  Espafiola,  his  jurisdiction 
embracing  all  the  Spanish  possessions  in  the  New  World 
except  those  ceded  to  Ojeda  and  Pinzon.  He  arrived  at 
Santo  Domingo,  April  16, 1502,  with  30  vessels  and  2,600 
colonists,  and  retained  the  place  until  July,  1609,  when  he 
was  superseded  by  Diego  Columbus.  During  this  time 
the  colony  was  prosperous,  but  the  Indians  were  treated 
with  great  cruelty  and  a  large  portion  of  them  died.  Afri- 
can slaves  were  first  extensively  introduced  under  Ovando. 

Ovar  (6-var').  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Beira,  Portugal,  situated  on  the  Aveiro  lagoon 
19  miles  south  of  Oporto.  Population  (1890), 
11,002.  i-  V        ;i 

Overbeck(o'ver-bek),FriedrichJohann.  Bom 

at  Liibeck,  Germany,  July  3, 1789 :  died  at  Eome, 
Nov.  12,  1869.  A  noted  German  painter.  He 
studied  at  the  Vienna  academy;  but,  objecting  to  the  sen- 
suonsness  of  the  prevailing  pseudo-classical  style,  he  was 
expelled  and  went  to  Eome,  where  he  formed  the  brother- 
hood of  the  Preraphaelites  in  1810  vrith  Cornelius,  Scha- 
dow,  and  others  (see  Preraphadite  Brotherhooil),  seeking 
to  revive  German  art  on  a  religious  basis.  He  became  a 
convert  to  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  1813,  and  de- 
voted himself  entirely  to  painting  sacred  subjects.  His 
style  was  full  of  devout  feeling,  but  hard  in  outline. 
Among  his  works  (some  of  them  frescos)  are  the  "Vi. 
sion  of  St.  Francis,"  "Jerusalem  Delivered"  (Rome), 
"Christ's  Entry  Into  Jerusalem  "  (Lubeck),^  "Triumph  of 
Religion  in  the  Arts"  (Frankfort),  "Christ  Blessing  Little 
Children  "(Lubeok),  "Piet^"  (Liibeck), "Christ  in  the  Gar- 
den "(Hamburg),  etc. 

Overbeck,  Johannes  Adolf.  Born  1826 :  died 
1895.  A  German  arohasologist  and  historian 
of  art,  nephew  of  F.  J.  Overbeck :  professor  at 
Leipsic  from  1853.  His  works  include  "  Geschiclite 
del-  gneehischen  Plastik  "  (1867-58),  "Pompeji"  (1865), 
"  Griechische  Kunstmythologie  "  (1871-89),  etc. 

Overbury  (o'ver-ber-i).  Sir  Thomas.  Bom  at 
Compton-Soorpion,  Warwickshire,  1581:  poi- 


Overbury 

soned  in  the  Tower,  Sept.  15, 1613.  An  English 
miscellaneous  writer.  He  studied  at  Oxford  (Queen's 
College)  1595-98,  and  at  the  Middle  Temple,  and  traveled 
on  the  Continent.  He  became  the  prot^g6  of  Eobeit  Can-, 
Viscount  Kochester  (afterward  earl  of  Somerset),  para- 
mour of  Lady  Essex.  Having  incuiTed  the  enmity  of  Lady 
Essex  by  opposing  a  marriage  between  her  and  Carr,  he 
■was  by  her  inHuence  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  April  26, 
1613,  and  poisoned  there.  He  wrote  "The  Wife"  (1614), 
"Characters"  (16U),  and  "Crumms  fal'n  from  King 
James's  Table,''  first  printed  in  1715. 

Over  Darwen  (6' v6r  dar' wen).  A  town  in  Lan- 
cashire, England,  18  miles  northwest  of  Man- 
chester. It  has  paper,  paper-staining,  and  other 
manufactories.    Population  (1891),  34,192. 

Overdo  (o'ver-dC),  Adam.  A  complacent  jus- 
tice, a  prominent  character  in  Ben  Jonson's 
"Bartholomew  Pair." 

Overdone  (6'ver-dun),  Mistress.  A  character 
in  Shakspere's  "  Measure  for  Measure." 

Overland  Route.  Specifically — (a)  The  route 
from  England  to  India  through  France  and  Italy 
to  Brindisi,  and  thence  by  steamer  by  the  Suez 
Canal,  Red  Sea,  and  Indian  Ocean.  The  time 
required  for  the  journey  is  from  three  to  four 
weeks.  (&)  Formerly,  the  principal  land  route 
(via  Utah)  to  California. 

Overreach  (o'v6r-reeh).  Sir  G-iles.  The  prin- 
cipal character  in  Massinger's  "A  New  Way 
to  Pay  Old  Debts":  a  cruel  extortioner  whose 
actions  are  governed  by  systematic  calculating 
self-love.  He  is  a  study  of  Sir  Giles  Mompesson,  the 
monopolist.  He  is  proud  and  gasping ;  but,  as  his  name 
indicates,  finally  overreaches  himself,  and  is  "outwitted 
by  two  weak  innocents  and  gulled  by  children." 

Overskou  (6'ver-skou),  Thomas.  Born  at  Co- 
penhagen, Oct.  11, 1798 :  died  there,  Nov.  7, 1873. 
A  Danish  dramatist  and  historian  of  the  drama. 
Rewrote  "Den  danske  Skueplads"("  The  Da- 
nish Theater,"  1854-64),  etc. 

Overweg  (o'fer-vaa'),  Adolf,  Bom  at  Ham- 
burg, Germany,  July  24, 1822 :  died  at  Maduari, 
on  Lake  Chad,  Sept.  27, 1852.  An  African  ex- 
plorer. As  a  specialist  in  geology  he  accompanied  Bich- 
ardson  and  Barth  to  the  Sudan  in  1850 ;  established  the  fact 
that  the  Sahara  is  not  below  sea-level ;  explored  Haradi ; 
navigated  Lake  Chad  1851 ;  and  visited  Kanem  andMusgu. 

Overyssel.or  Overijssel  (o'ver-is-sel).  A  prov- 
ince of  the  Netherlands.  Capital,  ZwoUe.  it  is 
bounded  by  the  Zuyder  Zee  on  the  northwest,  Friesland 
and  Drenthe  on  the  north,  Prussia  on  the  east  and  south- 
east, and  Gelderland  on  the  south  and  southwest.  The 
surface  is  generally  flat.  The  most  important  industry-  is 
stock-farming.  The  province  joined  the  Union  of  Utrecht 
in  1579.  Area,  1,291  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  300,- 
493. 

Ovid  (ov'id),  L.  Publius  Ovldius  Naso.    Bom 

at  Sulmo,  Italy,  43  B.  0. :  died  at  Tomi,  near  the 
Black  Sea,  17  or  18  a.  d.  A  Roman  poet,  one 
of  the  leading  writers  of  the  Augustan  age.  He 
lived  at  Home,  and  was  exiled  for  an  unknown  cause  to 
Tomi  on  the  Euxine,  in  Mussia,  about  9  A.  B.  His  chief 
works  are  elegies  and  poems  on  mythological  subjects, 
"Metamorphoses,"  "Fasti,"  "Ars  Amatoria"  ("Art  of 
Love"),  "Heroides,"  and  "  Amores." 

Ovidiopol(o-ve-de-6'poly).  A  seaport  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Kherson,  Russia,  situated  near  the 
Dniester  Liman,  21  miles  southwest  of  Odessa. 
Population  (1885),  5,776. 

Oviedo(o-ve-a'TH6).  1.  A  province  of  northern 
Spain,  corresponding  to  the  ancient  Asturias. 
Area,  4,091  square  miles.  Population  (1887), 
595,420. — 3.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Oviedo,  situatedin  lat.  43°  22'  N.,  long.  5=52'  W. 
It  has  manufactures  of  firearms,  etc. ;  is  the  seat  of  a  uni- 
versity ;  and  has  a  collection  of  antiquities.  The  cathedral 
is  a  Pointed  church  of  the  end  of  the  14th  century,  with  a 
lofty  arched  western  porch  and  a  high  tower  and' spire. 
Oviedo  was  founded  about  765,  and  was  the  capital  of  the 
realm  of  Asturias  until  the  removal  to  Leon  about  924. 
Population  (1887),  42,716. 

Oviedo,  or  Oviedo  v  Valdes  (e  val-das'),  Gron- 
2alo  Fernandez  de.  Born  at  Madrid,  1478 : 
•died  at  Valladolid,  1557.  A  Spanish  historian. 
He  was  a  page  of  Prince  Juan  at  the  siege  of  Granada,  and 
saw  the  first  return  of  Columbus ;  was  at  Darien  (1614-17) 
as  a  treasury  officer,  and  later  (1519-23)  as  lieutenant  of 
Pedrarias  ;  subsequently  was  governor  of  Cartagena,  and 
in  1535  alcalde  of  the  fort  at  Santo  Domingo ;  and  for  some 
years  before  his  death  was  official  chronicler  of  the  Indies. 
His  principal  work,  and  one  of  the  first  and  best  of  the 
•early  histories  of  America,  is  "  Historia  natural  y  general 
de  las  Indias,"  in  60  books.  Of  these  19  were  published  at 
Seville  in  1636,  and  the  twentieth,  finishing  the  first  part,  at 
V^adolid  soon  after.  The  complete  work  was  not  pub- 
lished until  1861-65  (by  the  Madrid  Academy). 

Ovimbundu  (Orvem-bon'do).    See  TJnibundu. 

Ovoca.    See  Avoca. 

Owain,  or  Owen.  Died  in  1197.  A  Welsh  prince 
(of  Powys).  He  was  noted  as  a  fighter,  and  as 
the  author  of  "  The  Hirlas  Horn"  (which  see). 

Owasco  Lake  (6-was'k6  lak).  A  lake  in  Cayu- 
ga County,  New  York,  south  of  Auburn.  Its  out- 
let is  Owasco  Creek  and  Seneca  River.  Length, 
aJ)out  11  miles. 

Owego  (6-we'g6).   The  capital  of  Tioga  County, 


769 

New  York,  situated  on  the  Susquehanna,  at  the 
mouth  of  Owego  Creek,  63  miles  south  of  Syra- 
cuse. Population  (1900;,  village,  5,039. 
Owen  (6'en),  David  Dale.  Bom  in  Lanarkshire, 
Scotland,  June  24, 1807:  died  at  New  Harmony, 
Ind.,  Nov.  13,  1860.  An  American  geologist, 
son  of  Robert  Owen.  He  came  to  the  United  States 
with  his  father  in  1823.  In  1848  he  took  charge  of  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey  of  Wisconsin  and  Iowa,  and  of  that 
of  Minnesota  in  1852. 

Owen  (Latinized  Audoenus  or  Owenus),  John. 

Bom  in  Wales  about  1560 :  died  1622.  A  Brit- 
ish Latinist,  noted  for  his  Latin  epigrams. 

Owen,  John.  Bom  at  Stadhampton,  Oxford, 
England,  1616 :  died  at  Ealing,  near  Loudon, 
Aug.  24,  1683.  An  English  theologian :  during 
the  civil-war  period  a  Presbyterian  clergyman, 
later  an  Independent.  He  was  dean  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  1651-60,  and  after  the  Bestoration  was  a  noncon- 
formist pastor  in  London.  He  wrote  a  large  number  of 
works,  theological  and  controversial — among  them  "  Vin- 
dicise  Evangelicss  "  (1665),  "Animadversions"  (1662  :  a  re- 
ply to  "Fiat  Lux,"  a  plea  for  Eomanism),  "Exposition  of 
the  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews  "  (1668),  and  an  "Inquiry  into 
the  Nature,  etc.,  of  Evangelical  Churches  "  (1681). 

Owen,  John  Jason.  Bom  at  Colebrook,  Conn. , 
Aug.  13, 1803:  died  at  New  York,  April  18, 1869. 
An  American  classical  scholar.  He  edited  the 
"Anabasis,"  "Iliad,"  "Odyssey,"  "Thucy- 
dides,"  etc. 

Owen,  Sir  Richard.  Bom  at  Lancaster,  Eng., 
July  20, 1804:  died  at  London,  Dec.  18, 1892.  An 
English  comparative  anatomist  and  paleontolo- 
gist. He  studied  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh  and  at 
the  medical  school  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London, 
and  became  a  member  of  the  Koyal  College  of  Surgeons 
in  1826.  He  afterward  became  assistant  curator  of  the 
Hunterian  Museum,  and  in  1834  professor  of  comparative 
anatomy  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital.  He  was  appointed 
Hunterian  professor  of  anatomy  and  physiology  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons  in  1836,  and  in  1856  superintendent  of  the 
natural  history  department  in  the  British  Museum.  He 
was  created  knight  commander  of  the  Bath  on  his  retire- 
ment in  1883.  Among  his  works  are  "Odontography" 
(1840-46),  "Archetype  and  Homologies  of  the  Vertebrate 
System"  (1848),  "On  Parthenogenesis"  (1849),  "Anatomy 
of  the  Vertebrates  "  (1866-68). 

Owen,  Robert.  Bom  at  Newtown,  Montgomery- 
shire, Wales,  May  14, 1771 :  died  there,  Nov.  17, 
1858.  The  founder  of  English  socialism.  He 
became  at  nineteen,  manager  of  a  cotton-mill  at  Manches- 
ter, and  in  1800  became  manager  and  part  owner  of  the 
cotton -mills  at  New  Lanark.  •  Here  he  introduced  extensive 
reforms  looking  to  an  improvement  in  the  condition  of 
his  operatives.  In  1826  he  founded  a  socialistic  commu- 
nity at  New  Harmony,  Indiana,  which  failed  in  1827.  He 
severed  his  connection  with  the  mills  at  New  Lanark  in 
1828,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  propagation  of  socialism. 
The  history  of  English  socialism  is  commonly  dated  from 
1817,  in  which  year  he  communicated  a  report  on  the  poor 
law  to  a  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons. 

He  recommended  that  communities  of  about  twelve  hun  - 
dred  persons  each  should  be  settled  on  quantities  of  land 
of  from  1,000  to  1,500  acres,  all  living  in  one  large  building 
in  the  form  of  a  square,  with  public  kitchen  ^nd  mess- 
rooms.  Each  family  should  have  its  own  private  apart- 
ments, and  the  entire  care  of  the  children  till  the  age  of 
three,  after  which  they  should  be  brought  up  by  the  com- 
munity, their  parents  having  access  to  them  at  meals  and 
all  other  proper  times.  These  communities  might  be  es- 
tablished by  individuals,  by  parishes,  by  counties,  or  by 
the  state ;  in  every  case  there  should  be  effective  supervi- 
sion by  duly  qualified  persons.  Work,  and  the  enjoyment 
of  its  results,  should  be  in  common.  The  size  of  his  com- 
munity was  no  doubt  partly  suggested  by  his  village  of  New 
Lanark ;  and  he  soon  proceeded  to  advocate  such  a  scheme 
as  the  best  form  for  the  reorganization  of  society  in  gen- 
eral. Thomas  Kirkuup,  in  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  87. 

Owen,  Robert  Dale.  Bom  at  Glasgow,  Nov.  9, 
1801 :  died  near  Lake  George,  N.  Y.,  June  17, 
1877.  An  American  social  reformer,  politician, 
spiritualist,  and  author :  son  of  Robert  Owen. 
He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Indiana  1843-47,  and  was 
noted  as  an  advocate  of  negro  emancipation.  Among  his 
works  are  "  Footfalls  on  the  Boundary  of  Another  World  " 
(1869),  "The  Debatable  Land  between  this  World  and  the 
Next "  (1872),  "  Threading  My  Way  "  (1874),  etc. 

Owen  Meredith  (o'enmer'e-dith).  The  pseudo- 
nym of  the  first  Earl  of  Lytton. 

Owens  (6'enz),  John  Edmond.  Born  at  Liver- 
pool, April  2,  1823:  died  near  Towson,  Balti- 
more County,  Maryland,  Dec.  7,  1886.  An 
Amerieancomedian  and  manager.  He  was  brought 
to  America  when  a  child,  and  made  his  first  appearance 
in  Philadelphia  in  1841.  He  rose  rapidly  in  his  profession, 
and  in  1864  produced  "  Solon  Shingle  "  at  Wallack's,  New 
Vork,  which  held  the  boards  for  eight  or  nine  months. 
Hewasvery  popular,  andmade  a  large  fortune,  expending 
part  of  it  in  building  a  country  house,  Algburth  Vale,  near 
Baltimore,  in  which  he  died.  His  best  parts  were  Solon 
Shingle,  Caleb  Plummer,  Dr.  Ollapod,  Dr.  Pangloss,  and 
Aminadab  Sleek.  . 

0wensboro(6'enz-bur-o).  A  city,  capital  of  Da- 
viess County,  Kentucky,  situated  on  the  Ohio  80 
miles  west-southwest  of  Louisville.  Population 
(1900),  13,189. 

Owens  (6'enz)  College.  -An  institution  of  higher 
learning,  situated  at  Manchester,  England,  it 
was  founded  by  John  Owens  in  1846,  and  opened  in  1851. 
Since  1880  it  has  been  a  college  of  the  Victoria  University. 


Oxford,  Provisions  of 

Owen's  Lake.  A  salt  lake  in  eastern  California 
near  Mount  Whitney.  Length,  about  18  miles. 
It  has  no  outlet. 

Owen  Sound.  A  southern  arm  of  Georgian  Bay, 
Lake  Huron. 

Owen  Sound.  The  capital  of  Grey  County,  On- 
tario, Canada,  situated  on  Owen  Sound,  at  the 
mouth  of  Sydenham  River,  100  miles  northwest 
of  Toronto.     Population  (1901),  8,776. 

Owen's  River.  A  river  that  flows  into  Owen's 
Lake,  California.    Length,  about  175  miles. 

Owen  Stanley  Range  (6'enstan'liranj).  Part 
of  the  continuous  range  of  lofty  mountains  in 
British  New  Guinea.  Mount  Owen  Stanley  is 
13,130  feet  in  height. 

Owhyhee.    See  Mawaiian  Islands. 

Owilapsh  (6-wi-lapsh'),  or  Whilapah.  A  tribe 
of  the  Pacific  division  of  the  Athapascan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  formerly  between 
Shoalwater  Bay  and  the  head  of  the  Chehalis 
River,  Washington.    See  Athapascan. 

Owl  and  the  Nightingale,  The.  -An  English 
poem  attributed  to  Nicholas  de  Guildford  of 
Portesham,  Dorsetshire.  The  date  of  the  poem  is 
disputed  (Morris).  Stevenson,  who  first  printed  it  in  1838, 
assigns  it  to  the  12th  century :  from  the  handwriting  of  the 
manuscript,  however,  it  is  thought  to  belong  to  the  13th 
(Morley). 

Owl-glass.     See  Eulenspiegel. 

Owl's  Head  (owlz  hed).  A  cape  at  the  western 
entrance  to  Penobscot  Bay,  Maine. 

Owl's  Head,  A  moimtain  in  Quebec,  Canada, 
bordering  on  Lake  Memphremagog. 

OWOSSO  (6-wos'6),  or  Owasso.  A  city  in  Shia- 
wassee County,  Michigan,  situated  on  the  Shia- 
wassee River  72  miles  northwest  of  Detroit. 
Population  (1900),  8,696. 

Owyhee,  or  Owhyhee.    See  Hawaiian  Islands. 

Owyhee  (6-wi'he)  River.  A  river  in  northern 
Nevada,  southwestern  Idaho,  and  southeastern 
Oregon.  It  joins  the  Snake  River  about  43° 
45'  N.    Length,  about  350  mUes. 

Oxenden  (ok'sen-den),  Ashton.  Bom  near 
Canterbury,  England,  Sept.  28,  1808:  died  at 
Biarritz,  Prance,  Feb.  22,  1892.  An  Anglican 
bishop  and  baronet,  a  religious  writer :  bishop 
of  Montreal,  metropolitan  and  primate  of  Can- 
ada 1869-78. 

Oxenstierna,  or  Oxenstjerna  (oks'en-shar-na), 
or  Oxenstiern  (oks'en-stem),  Count  Axel. 
Bora  at  P&no,  Upland,  Sweden,  June  16,  1383: 
died  at  Stockholm,  Aug.  28, 1654.  A  celebrated 
Swedish  statesman.  He  became  chancellor  in  1611 ; 
in  the  Thirty  Years'  War  held  supreme  control  in  the 
Khine  region ;  directed  the  foreign  policy  of  Sweden  after 
1632 ;  was  made  director  of  the  Evangelical  League  1633 ; 
was  one  of  the  guardians  of  Queen  Christina ;  and  negoti- 
ated the  peace  of  Bromsebro  in  1646. 

Oxford  (oks'ford),  or  Oxfordshire  (oks'ford- 
shir),  or  Oxon  (ok'zon).  [ME.  Oxeford,  Oxen- 
ford,  Oxeneford,  AS.  Oxnaford,  Oxenaford,  Oxona- 
ford,  oxen's  ford.  The  ML.  Oxonia  (E.  Oxon)  is 
formed  from  the  first  element  of  the  AS.  name.] 
A  south  midlan  d  county  of  England,  it  is  bounded 
by  Warwick  and  Northampton  on  the  north,  Buckingham 
on  the  east,  Berkshire  on  the  south,  and  Berkshire  and  Glou- 
cester on  the  west,  and  is  separated  from  Berkshire  by  the  t 
Thames.  The  surface  is  varied,  but  in  the  north  flat.  The 
county  was  long  noted  for  its  forests.  The  chief  occupa- 
tion is  agriculture.  Area,  756  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  185,669. 

Oxford,  The  capital  of  Oxfordshire,  England, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Cherwell  with  the 
Thames,inlat.51°45'N.,long.l°16'W.:theme- 
dieval  Oxenaford  and  Oxenford,  and  Latin  Ox- 
onia. It  is  chiefly  noted  as  the  seat  of  Oxford  University. 
^  The  Cathedral  of  Christ  Church  is  in  the  main  alate-Norman 
'building  with  round-arched  naveand  choir.  The  nave  has 
a  wooden  roof ;  the  choir  is  vaulted  with  pendants.  There 
are  a  number  of  interesting  tombs,  and  some  fine  glass, 
both  medieval  and  modern.  The  upper  stage  of  the  central 
tower  is  Early  English,  finely  arcaded ;  there  is  a  chapter- 
house of  the  same  date,  and  a  Perpendicular  cloister.  The 
authentic  annals  of  Oxford  begin  in  912,  when  it  was  an- 
nexed by  Edward  the  Elder,  king  of  the  West  Saxons.  It 
was  a  place  of  strategical  importance  and  one  of  the  po- 
litical centers  in  the  middle  ages :  it  was  a  meeting-p^ce 
of  the  witenagemot.  Harold  Harefoot  was  proclaimed 
king  there  in  1036,  and  died  there  in  1040.  The  population 
in  the  time  of  Edward  the  Confessor  is  estimated  at  3,000 : 
in  1086  it  was  only  1,700.  The  castle  was  besieged  by 
Stephen  in  1141-42,  Matilda  escaping  then  over  the  frozen 
river.  The  city  was  the  Royalist  headquarters  in  the  civil 
war.  It  was  taken  by  Parliamentarians  under  Fairiax  in 
1646.    Population  (1891),  46,741. 

Oxford,  Earl  of.    See  Harley,  Robert. 

Oxford,  Provisions  of.  In  English  history,  a 
set  of  articles  passed  by  the  ' '  Mad  Parliament " 
at  Oxford  in  1258.  They  provided  for  a  committee  of 
twenty-four  to  redress  grievances  in  church  and  state ;  for 
a  standing  body  of  fifteen,  as  a  council  to  the  king,  who 
'should  hold  tliree  annual  parliaments  and  communicate 
with  a  body  of  twelve  representing  the  barons ;  and  for  a 
body  of  twenty-four  members  to  negotiate  financial  aids. 


Oxford,  University  of 

Oxford,  University  of.  The  older  of  the  two 
great  universities  of  England,  it  grew  up  in  the 
12th  century,  Robert  Pullen  and  the  Lombard  Vacarius 
being  early  teachers  of  note.  It  contains  the  following 
colleges:  University  (founded  in  1249),  Mertou  (1264),  Bal- 
liol  (between  1263  and  1268),  Exeter  (1314  and  1665),  Oriel 
(1324  and  1326),  Queen's  (1340),  New  (1379),  Lincoln  (1427  and 
1478),  All  Souls  (1437),  Magdalen  (1468),  Btasenose  (1609), 
Corpus  Christi  (1616),  Christ  Church  (1546),  Trinity  (1564), 
St  John's  (1655),  Jesus  (1571),  Wadham  (1612),  Pembroke 
(1624),  Worcester  (1714),  Keble  (1870),  Hertford  (1874). 
There  are  also  two  public  halls  (St.  Mary  Hall  and  St.  Ed- 
mund Hall)  and  two  private  halls  (Charsley's  Hall  and  Tur- 
rell's  Hall).  Among  the  institutions  connected  with  the 
university  are  the  Bodleian  Library  (which  see),  Eadclifle 
Library,  Ashmolean  Museum,  Clarendon  Press,  Taylor  In- 
stitution, Uuiversity  Observatory,  University  Museum,  Bo- 
tanic Garden,  and  Indian  Institute.  University  sermons 
are  mostly  preached  at  St.  Mary's  Church,  a  fine  old  build- 
ing (of  the  15th  and  16th  centuries)  in  High  street, which  has 
always  been  closely  connected  with  the  university.  The 
three governingbodies  are  the Convooation.which includes 
all  who  continue  members  of  the  university ;  the  Congrega- 
tion of  the  University,  consisting  of  the  resident  members ; 
and  the  Hebdomadal  Council,  consisting  of  the  chancellor, 
vice-chancellor,  proctors,  and  18  elected  members.  The 
undergraduates  numbered  3,412  in  1898. 
Oxford  Movement.  A  name  sometimes  given 
tea  movement  in  the  Church  of  England  toward 
High-ohurch  principles,  as  against  the  tendency 
toward  liberalism  and  rationalism:  so  called 
from  the  fact  that  it  originated  in  the  University 
of  Oxford  1833-41. 
Oxford  School.  A  name  given  to  that  party  of 
the  Church  of  England  which  adopted  the  prin- 
ciples promulgated  in  the  "Tracts  for  the 


770 

Times."  The  members  of  the  party  were  also 
called  Tractarians  and  Puseyites. 

Oxford  street.  The  principal  commercial  thor- 
oughfare between  the  northwest  of  London  and 
the  City,  it  was  formerly  called  Tyburn  Boad,  and  as 
late  as  1729  was  built  up  only  on  its  northern  aide.  It 
extends  from  Holborn  to  the  Marble  Arch,  and  contains 
many  of  the  most  important  shops  in  London. 

Oxford  Tracts.    See  Tracts  for  the  Times. 

Oxon.    See  Oxford. 

Oxonia  (ok-so'ni-a).  The  Latin  name  of  Oxford. 

Oxus,    See  Amv^'baria. 

Oyama  (6-ya'ma).  Amountain  of  Japan,  about 
100  miles  northwest  of  Kioto.  Height,  5,594feet. 

Oyama  (6-ya'ma),  Marshal  Count.  A  contem- 
porary Japanese  statesman,  minister  of  war  in 
1894.  He  won  recognition  by  his  valor  in  the  civil  war 
of  southern  Japan  in  1877.  He  led  the  second  invasion 
of  Chinese  soil  in  the  Chino-Japanese  war.  Being  in  com- 
mand of  the  second  corps  after  the  Chinese  defeat  in 
Korea,  he  sailed  for  the  Liau-tung  peninsula  in  Oct., 
189*  and  struck  the  final  blows  of  the  conflict,  capturing 
the  great  Chinese  strongholds  of  Port  Arthur  and  Wei- 
hai-wei,  in  conjunction  with  a  naval  force  under  Admiral 
Ito. 

Oybin  (6-e-ben').  Aremarkable  isolated  rock, 
situated  near  Zittau,  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony. 
Height  above  sea-level,  1,600  feet. 

Oyique  (6-ye'ke).  [Tehua,  from  oyi,  frost.] 
The  winter  people  in  the  Tehua  pueblos  of  New 
Mexico.  That  tribe  is  divided  (each  village  or  pueblo) 
into  two  sections— the  winter  people,  or  Oyique,  and  the 
summer  people.    The  dignity  of  chief  penitent  or  cacique 


Ozorio 

belongs  alternately  to  each  of  these  two  groups.  Thus  the 
summer  cacique  (called  Payojom)  serves  from  the  vernal 
equinox  to  the  autumnal,  and  the  winter  cacique  (also 
termed  Oyique)  from  the  autumnal  to  the  vernal  equinox. 
On  very  important  occasions,  however,  the  Oyique  is  in- 
ferior to  his  colleague. 

OyonnaX'(6-yo-na').  Atownin  the  department 
of  Ain,  France,  25  miles  west  jf  Geneva.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  4,461. 

Ozaka,  or  Osaka  (6-sa'ka).  A  city  in  the  main 
island  of  Japan,  situated  on  the  Aji  in  lat.  34° 
41'  N.  It  is  one  of  the  three  imperial  cities  or  "fu,"  and 
the  manufacturing  and  commercial  center  of  Japan.  It 
contains  many  Buddhist  and  Shinto  temples,  a  castle,  an 
arsenal,  and  a  mint.  It  was  founded  in  the  end  of  the  15th 
century,  and  opened  to  foreign  trade  in  1868.  Population 
(1891),  473,541. 

Ozanam  (6-za-non'),  Antoine  Fr6d&ic.    Bom 

at  Milan,  April,  1813 :  died  at  Marseilles,  Sept. 
8  1853.  A  French  historian.  He  ivrote  "Dante 
et  la  philosopWe  catholique"  (1839),  "Etudes  germa- 
iiiques^'  ^847-49X  etc. 

Ozark  (6-zark')  Mountains,  or  Ozark  Hills. 

A  group  of  low  mountains  in  southwestern  Mis- 
souri, northwestern  Arkansas,  and  the  eastern 
part  of  the  Indian  Territory.  Height,  1,500- 
2,000  feet. 

Ozieri  (6-ze-a're).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Sassari,  Sardinia,  26  miles  southeast  of  Sassari. 
Population  (1881),  8,602. 

Ozolian  Locrians.    See  Locri,  Ozolse. 

Ozorio,  Manuel  Luiz.    See  Osorio. 


aalzow  (palt'so),  Frau  (Hen- 
riette  Wach).  Bom  at 
Berlin,  1788:  died  there, 
Oct.  30,  1847.  A  German 
noTelist.  Her  works  include 
"Godwie-Castle"  (1836), 
"St.-Roche"  (1839),  etc. 
Pabna  (pab'na).  A  town 
in  Bengal,  Britisli  India,  on 
an  arm  of  the  Ganges  north  of  Calcutta.  Pop- 
ulation, 15,000. 
Paca  (pa 'ka),  William.  Bom  at  Wyehall, 
Harford  County,  Md.,  Oct.  31, 1740:  died  there, 
1799.  An  American  politician,  a  signer  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  He  was  gover- 
nor of  Maryland  1782-85. 

Facagnaras  (pa-ka-gwa'ras).  An  Indian  tribe 
of  northern  Bolivia  and  Braeil,  living  about  the 
rapids  of  the  tipper  Madeira,  Beni,  and  Mamor6. 
They  are  Bavages  of  a  rather  low  grade,  living  in  small 
villages  and  subsisting  mainly  by  hunting  and  fishing. 
They  have  always  been  friendly  to  the  whites,  and  dur- 
ing the  18th  century  some  of  them  were  gathered  into  mis- 
sion villages,  which  were  subsequently  abandoned.  D'Or- 
bigny  believed  that  they  were  allied  to  the  Mojos,  but  Dr. 
Brinton  has  referred  their  language  to  the  Pano  stock 
(which  see).  A  few  hundreds  remain.  Also  written  Pa- 
cavaraa,  Pacauaras. 
Facajas  (pa-ka-zhas').  An  Indian  tribe  of  the 
lower  Amazon,  which  formerly  occupied  much 
of  the  mainland  on  both  sides  of  the  island  of 
Marajd.  They  were  of  Tupi  stock,  lived  in  large  vil- 
lages, and  were  agriculturists.  Their  descendants  are 
merged  in  the  country  population  of  the  same  region. 

Facaraima  (pa-ka-ri'ma),  Sierra  or  Serra  de. 

A  range  of  low  mountains  between  Venezuela 
on  the  north  and  Brazil  on  the  south,  extend- 
ing into  British  Guiana.  They  are  continuous  with 
the  Parima  Eange,  and  probably  both  are  edges  of  a  table- 
land. The  highest  peak  is  Koraima,  on  the  confines  of 
Guiana  (about  8,600  feet). 

Pacasas  (pa-ka-sas'  )•  An  oldname  for  a  branch 
of  the  Aymara  Indians  of  Bolivia,  on  the  east- 
em  side  of  Lake  Titioaca.    See  Aymaras. 

Facanaras,  or  Facavaras.    See  Pacaguams. 

Pacayas(pa-ka-yas').  l.  Same  as  Paca/as.— 2. 
An  Indian  tribe  of  northeastern  Peru  and  Bra- 
zil, on  the  river  Javary.  They  are  apparently 
allied  to  the  Pevas  (see  Feoas),  and  are  presu- 
mably of  Tupi  stock. 

Facca  (pak'ka),  Bartolommeo.  Bom  at  Bene- 
vento,  Italy,  Doc.  25, 1756:  died  at  Rome,  April 
19, 1844.  A  Boman  cardinal  and  politician,  au- 
thor of  various  historical  memoirs. 

Faccaritambo  (pak-ka-re-tam'bo).  [Quichua: 
paccari,  dawn,  and  tar/ipit,  house.]  A  cave  sit- 
uated a  few  miles  south  of  Cuzco,  Peru,  in  the 
valley  of  the  Vilcamayu  River,  it  was  a  sacred 
place  of  the  Incas :  according  to  one  of  their  legends, 
Manco  Capac  issued  from  it  with  three  brothers.  Also 
PaccarUampu. 

Fachacamac  (pach-a-ka'mak).  [Quichua, 
'  founder  of  the  world.']  One  of  the  names  given 
by  the  ancient  Peruvians  to  the  supreme  deity, 
otherwise  called  Uiraeocha  (which  see). 

Fachacamac.  A  town  and  temple  of  ancient 
Peru,  on  the  coast,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Lurin,  about  20  miles  south  of  Lima.  The  temple 
was  dedicated  to  Pachaoamac,  who,  in  this  case,  had  per- 
haps come  to  be  regarded  as  a  local  deity.  Old  historians 
state  that  it  was  much  frequented  by  pilgrims  from  all 
parts  of  the  country.  The  shrine  and  wooden  image  of 
Pachacamao  were  destroyed  by  Hernando  Pizarro  in  1633. 
The  existing  ruins  of  the  building  are  very  extensive,  and, 
according  to  Squier,  are  not  of  the  Inca  type  of  architec- 
ture and  appear  to  be  very  ancient.  There  aie  other  and 
more  modern  ruins  of  Incarian  type,  Including  what  is 
supposed  to  have  been  a  house  of  the  virgins  of  the  sun. 
A  small  village  remains  on  the  site. 

Fachacutec  Yupanctui.    See  Tttpanqui. 

Factaeco  (pa-cha'ko),  Francisco.  Bom  at  Se- 
ville, Spain,  1571 :  died  at  Seville,  1654.  A  Span- 
ish painter  and  writer  on  art,  author  of  "Arte 
de  la  pintura"  ("Art  of  Painting,"  1649). 

Facheco,  Qregorio.  A  Bolivian  politician,  pres- 
ident 1884-88.  ^    ^^^ 

Facheco,  Maria.  Lived  in  the  first  part  of  the 
16thcentury:  died  in  Portugal  in  1531.  ASpan- 
ish  woman,  leader,  after  the  death  of  her  hus- 


band Juan  de  Padilla,  in  the  defense  of  Toledo 
by  the  insurrectionists  1521-22. 

Facheco,  Bamon.  Bom  at  Santiago,  Dee.  14, 
1845 :  died  at  Iquique,  May  22, 1888.  A  Chilean 
novelist.  His  first  romance,  "  El  PuHal  y  la  Sotana,"  was 
published  in  1874,  and  was  followed  by  several  others. 

Facheco,  Toribio.  Bom  in  1830 :  died  at  Lima, 
1868.  A  Peravian  jurist  and  politician,  minis- 
ter of  foreign  affairs  in  1865,  and  author  of  a 
standard  work  on  Peruvian  civil  law. 

Facheco  y  Osorio  (e  6-so're-6),  Bodrigo  de, 
Marquis  of  Cerralvo.  Bom  about  1580:  died 
after  1640.  A  Spanish  administrator.  He  was 
governor  of  Galicia,  and  viceroy  of  Mexico  Oct.  31, 1624,  to 
Sept.  16,  1635,  succeeding  the  Marquis  of  Gelves,  who  had 
been  deposed  by  the  audience  (see  Oarrillo  de  Mendoza  y 
Pimentei).  He  was  an  able  and  efiicient  ruler,  and  on  his 
return  was  made  a  councilor  of  the  Indies. 

Fachino  (pa-ke'no).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Syracuse,  Sicily,  situated  on  the  coast  24  miles 
south-southwest  of  Syracuse.  Population(1881), 
7,430;  commune,  8,274. 

Fachmann  (padh'man),  Vladimir  de.  Bom 
at  Odessa,  July  27,  1848.  A  noted  Russian 
pianist.  He  was  a  pupil  of  his  father,  an  amateur  vio- 
linist, and  of  DachB  at  Vienna.  He  made  his  first  appear- 
ance in  1869,  but  did  not  play  regularly  till  1871,  since 
which  time  he  has  had  much  success  both  in  Europe  and 
in  the  United  States,  especially  as  an  interpreter  of  Chopin. 

Fachomius  (pa-ko'mi-us),  Saint.  Born  proba- 
bly in  Lower  Egypt,  about  292 :  died  about  349. 
One  of  the  founders  of  monasticism.  He  estab- 
lished a  monastery  on  the  island  of  Tabenna  In  the  Nile, 
and  was  the  first  thus  to  collect  the  monks  under  one  roof 
and  establish  strict  rules  of  government  for  the  commu- 
nity. 

Fachuca  (pa-eho'ka),  or  Hidalgo  (e-dal'go). 
The  capital  of  the  state  of  Hidalgo,  Mexico, 
situated  about  50  miles  northeast  of  Mexico. 
Population  (1895),  52,189. 

Shortly  after  the  Conquest  a  shepherd  discovered  the 
rich  silver  workings  here  [at  Pachuca],  and  a  mining  camp 
at  once  sprang  up  that  about  1634  was  made  a  town.  Here 
was  invented  in  1567,  by  Bartolom^  de  Medina,  the  so- 
called  "patio  process  "for  the  amalgamation  of  silver  ore. 
Among  the  more  famous  of  the  ancient  mines  was  the 
Trinidad,  whence  was  extracted  $40,000,000  in  silver  in  ten 
years.  The  period  of  the  revolt  against  Spain,  and  of  the 
subsequent  civil  wars,  reduced  the  fortunes  of  the  city  to 
a  very  low  depth.  It  was  seized  and  sacked  by  revolu- 
tionists, April  23, 1812,  when  $300,000  worth  of  silver  was 
taken  from  the  Caia,  and  the  records  of  the  city  were  de- 
stroyed. Until  1860  its  fortunes  continued  to  decline, 
and  its  population  greatly  diminished.  In  this  year  the 
Kosario  Mine  came  into  bonanza — at  once  reviving  the 
city's  dormant  prosperity.       Janvier,  Mex.  Guide,  p.  442. 

Fachynus  (pa-ki'nus).  [Gr.  Udxvvog.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  the  cape  at  the  southeastern 
extremity  of  Sicily:  the  modern  Cape  Passaro. 

Facific  (pa-sif'ik),  The.    See  Pacific  Ocean. 

Facific,  W  ar  of  the.  [Sp.  Guerra  del  Padfico.'] 
The  name  commonly  given  to  the  war  waged  by 
Chile  against  Bolivia  and  Peru  1879-83.  it  arose 
from  claims  made  by  Chile  to  the  nitrate  regions  of  Ata- 
cama,  Bolivia,  and,  later,  to  adjoining  regions  in  Peru.  In 
Feb.,  1879,  the  Chileans  seized  Antofagasta,  Bolivia.  Bo- 
livia declared  war  March  1.  Peru  offered  her  mediation, 
was  met  by  demands  which  she  refused,  and  Chile  declared 
war  on  Peru  April  5.  Thereafter  Peru  and  Bolivia  acted 
as  allies.  The  principal  subsequent  events  were :  Iquique 
blockaded,  April  5 ;  naval  engagement  there,  May  21 ;  Pe- 
ruvian ironclad  Huascar  taken  by  the  Chileans  off  Point 
Angamos,  Oct.  8 ;  Pisagua  taken  by  the  Chileans,  Nov.  2 ; 
allies  defeated  at  San  Francisco,  Nov.  19  ;  Peruvian  victory 
at  TarapacS,  Nov.  27 ;  Chilean  victory  at  los  Angeles,  near 
Moquegua,  March  22,  1880 ;  Chilean  victory  at  Tacna,  May 
26 ;  Callao  blockaded  April  10,  bombarded  May  26  ;  Arica 
bombarded  by  the  Chileans  June  5,  taken  June  7 ;  Chilean 
victory  at  Chonillos,  Jan.  13, 1881 ;  at  Miraflores,  Jan.  16 ; 
Lima  taken,  Jan.  17.  There  were  many  subsequent  en- 
gagements, often  bloody,  but  unimportant  in  their  results. 
A  preliminary  treaty  of  peace  between  Chile  and  Peru  was 
signed  at  Ancon  Oct.  20,  1883,  and  ratified  April  4, 1884. 
(See  Iglesias,  Miguel.)  A  treaty  of  peace  between  Chile  and 
Bolivia  was  signed  Dec.  11, 1883.  By  these  treaties  all  the 
coast  region  of  BoUvia,  and  TarapacA  in  Peru,  were  perma- 
nently ceded  to  Chile.  She  was  to  hold  Arica  and  Tacna  for 
ten  years.  Chile  obtained  other  important  advantages  re- 
lating to  the  gUano  deposits.  The  Chileans  evacuated 
Lima,  Oct.  22,  1883. 

Faciflcation  of  Grhent.  See  Ghent,  Pacifica- 
tion of.  „     „    ,         -r,       ■ 

Pacific  Ocean,  or  South  Sea.    [F.  OcSan  Paci- 
fism, or  Ocean  Austral  ('southern  ocean'),  or 
Mer  du  Sud  ('south  sea'),  Sp.  Mar  Pacifico, 
771 


NL.  MarePacificiim{''pa,ei&o  sea'),  G.  Siilles  Meer 
('still  sea'),  or  Siidsee  ('south  sea').]  That 
part  of  the  ocean  which  extends  westward  from 
North  America  and  South  America  to  the  east- 
ern coast  of  Asia,  the  Malay  Archipelago,  and 
Australia:  so  named  by  Magalhaes,  the  first  to 
navigate  it  (1520),  who  found  it  calm  after  his 
experience  of  storms.  It  communicates  by  Bering 
Strait  with  the  Arctic  Ocean  on  the  north.  Its  southern 
boundary  is  arbitrary,  some  separating  it  from  the  Antarc- 
tic Ocean  by  the  Antarctic  Circle,  while  others  interpose  a 
"  Southern  Ocean  "  the  northern  limit  of  which  is  lat.  40°  S. 
It  is  regarded  as  divided  by  the  equator  into  the  North 
and  South  Pacific.  Its  chief  gulfs,  etc.,  are  Bering  Sea, 
Gulf  of  Georgia  andPnget  Sound,  Gulf  of  California,  Gulf  of 
Tehuantepec,  Bay  of  Panama,  Yellow  Sea,  Sea  of  Japan,  and 
Sea  of  Okhotsk.  The  principal  currents  are  the  equatorial, 
Peruvian,  and  Japanese.  The  Pacific  was  first  seen  by 
Balboa  in  1613 ;  was  first  navigated  by  Magalhaes  in  1520; 
and  was  explored  by  Drake,  Dampier,  Anson,  and  numerous 
later  navigators.  Several  steamer  lines  (Pacific  Mail,  Cana- 
dian Line,  etc.)  traverse  it.  Greatest  breadth  from  east 
towest,  about  10,000 miles.  Area,estimated,  about70,000,000 
square  miles.  Greatest  known  depth,  27,930  feet, 
Pacini  (pa-ehe'ne),  Giovanni.  Bom  at  Syra- 
cuse, Sicily,  Feb.  11,  1796 :  died  near  Peschia, 
Dec.  6,  1867.  An  Italian  composer.  He  wrote 
about  80  operas,  among  the  best  of  which  are  "Niobe" 
(1826),  "Safto " (1840),  "Medea"  (1843),  and"LaIleginadi 
Cipro  "  (1846).  He  organized  a  musical  institute  at  Via- 
reggio,  and  afterward  removed  to  Lucca,  where  he  trained 
many  pupils  who  became  celebrated. 

Packard  Cpak'ard),  Alpheus  Spring.  Born  at 
Chelmsford,  Mass.,  Deo.  23, 1798 :  diedat Squii-- 
rel  Island,  Maine,  July  13, 1884.  An  American 
educator,  professor  in  Bowdoin  College,  Maine, 
from  1824. 

Packard,  Alpheus  Spring.  Bom  at  Brunswick, 
Maine,  Feb.  19, 1839.  An  American  naturalist, 
son  of  A.  S.  Packard  (1798-1884).  He  graduated 
at  Bowdoin  in  1861,  and  at  Maine  Medical  School  in  1864; 
was  curator  of  the  Peabody  Academy  of  Science  at  Salem 
1868-76,  and  State  entomologist  of  Massachusetts  1871-73 ; 
and  has  been  professor  of  zoology  and  geology  at  Brown 
University  since  1878.  His  works  include  "Guide  to  the 
Study  of  Insects"  (1869),  "Our  Common  Insects"  (1873), 
"Halt-Hours  with  Insects  "  (1877),  "Zoology  for  Students 
and  General  Headers"  (1879),  "Zoology"  (1880:  American 
Science  Series),  "Entomology  for  Beginners "  (1888),  etc. 

Packer  (pak'er),  Asa.  Bom  at  Groton,  Conn., 
Dec.  20,  1806:  died  at  Philadelphia,  May  17, 
1879.  An  American  capitalist  and  politician. 
He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  1863-67, 
and  founded  Lehigh  University  in  1866.  He  was  the  pro- 
jector of  the  Lehigh  Valley  Kailroad. 

Packer,  William  Fisher.  Born  at  Howard, 
Pa.,  April  2, 1807:  died  at  Williamsport,  Pa., 
Sept.  27,  1870.  An  American  politician.  He 
was  governor  of  Pennsylvania  1858-61. 

Facolet  (pak'o-let).  A  dwarf  in  the  romance 
' '  Valentine  and  Orson."  The  name  has  been  given 
to  other  dwarfs  in  literature.  Sir  Walter  Scott  gives  it  to 
a  character  in  "The  Pirate,"  and  Steele  uses  it  lor  a  fam- 
iliar spirit  in  "The  Tatler." 

Facte  de  famine  (pakt  de  fa-men').  [F., '  Fam- 
ine Compact.']  A  monopoly  formed  by  certain 
rich  men  in  Prance,  at  the  end  of  the  reign  of 
Louis  XV.,  for  the  purpose  of  raising  the  jjrice 
of  com  by  causing  a  factitious  scarcity  of  it. 

Facto  de  Chinandega.  See  Confederacion  Cen- 
tro-Americana. 

Pactolus  (pak-to'lus).  [Grr.UaK.roldg.'l  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  small  river  of  Lydia,  Asia 
Minor,  a  tributary  of  the  Hermus.  It  was  long 
celebrated  for  its  gold. 

Like  most  gold-fields,  that  of  the  Pactolus,  so  celebrated 
at  an  early  period,  was  soon  exhausted.  By  the  time  of 
Augustus  it  had  ceased  to  produce  gold. 

Mawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  301. 

Pacuviu's  (pa-ku'vi-us),  Marcus.  Bom  at 
Brundisium,  Italy,  about  220  b.  c.  :  died  about 
129  B.  c.  A  celebrated  Roman  tragic  poet. 
Only  fragments  of  his  plays  have  been  pre- 
served. 

Fadan-aram  (pa'dan-a'ram).  Apparently  the 
same  as  Aram  Naharaim.    See  Aram. 

Padang  (pa-dang').  A  seaport  on  the  western 
coast  of  Sumatra,  situated  in  lat.  0°  58'  S.,  long. 
100°  20'  E.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  Dutch  gov- 
ernment of  the  west  coast.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 15,000. 


Paddington 

Faddington  (pad'ing-ton).  A  borough  (muni- 
cipal) of  Loudon,  situated  north  of  Hyde  Park. 
It  returns  2  members  to  Parliament.  Population  (1891), 
117  838. 

Paddock  (pad'ok),  Benjamin  Henry.  Born  at 
Norwich,  Conn.,  Feb.  29, 1828:  died  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  March  9, 1891.  An  American  bishop  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  He  became 
bishop  of  Massachusetts  in  1873. 

Paderborn  (pa'der-bom).  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  43  miles  northwest 
of  Cassel.  The  cathedral  ia  chiefly  in  the  style  ot  the 
transition :  the  west  end,  with  tower  and  crypt,  is  of  the 
middle  of  the  12th  century ;  the  eastern  parts  are  a  century 
later.    Population  (1890X  17,986. 

Paderborn,  Bishopric  of.  A  bishopric  and 
member  of  the  Holy  Eoman  Empire,  now  in- 
cluded in  the  eastern  part  of  the  province  of 
"Westphalia,  Prussia,  it  was  founded  about  800  in 
the  land  of  the  Saxons  *.  was  secularized  in  1803,  and  given 
to  Prussia ;  was  made  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia 
In  1807 ;  and  was  regained  by  Prussia  in  1813. 

Paderewski(pa-de-ref' ske),  Ignace  Jan.  Bom 
in  Podolia,  Russian  Poland,  in  1860.  A  Polish 
pianist  and  composer.  He  went  to  Warsaw  in  1872, 
where  he  studied  with  Boguski  and  Janotha,  and  when 
about  16  years  old  made  a  concert  tour  Id  Russia,  at  the 
close  of  which  he  went  back  to  Warsaw  and  took  his  di- 
ploma from  the  Conservatory.  He  also  studied  later  at 
Berlin.  In  1878  he  was  made  professor  of  music  there, 
and  in  1883  occupied  the  same  position  at  Strasburg,  He 
made  his  d^but  at  "Vienna  in  1887,  and  at  New  York  in 
1892.  He  is  particularly  successful  in  his  interpretation 
of  Schumann,  Chopin,  Rubinstein,  and  Liszt. 

Padernal,    See  Pedernal. 

Padiham  (pad'i-ham).  A  town  in  Lancashire, 
England,  situated'on  the  Calder  23  miles  north 
of  Manchester.    Population  (1891),  11,311. 

Padilla,  Agustin  Davila.  See  Davila  y  Padilla. 

Padilla  (pa-sHel'ya),  Juan  Lopez  de.  Bom  at 
Toledo,  Spain :  executed  April,  1521.  A  Span- 
ish revolutionist,  leader  of  the  insurrection  o£ 
the  communes  against  absolutism  in  1520.  His 
army  was  defeated  at  Villalar,  April  23, 1521. 

Padilla,  Maria  de.    See  Pacheco. 

Padishah  (pa-de-sha').  ['Father  of  the  king.'] 
A  title  of  the  sultans  of  Turkey  and  of  the  kings 
of  Persia. 

Fadma  Parana  (pad'mapS-ra'na).  [Skt., 'Lo- 
tus Purana.']  In  Sansfirit  literature,  a  Purana 
of  55,000  stanzas,  said  to  be  so  called  as  contain- 
ing an  account  of  the  period  when  the  world 
was  a  golden  lotus  (padma).  of  its  five  books, 
the  first  treats  of  creation,  the  second  of  the  earth,  the 
third  of  heaven,  the  fourth  of  the  regions  below  the  earth, 
while  the  fifth  is  supplementary.  A  sixth  division,  also 
current,  treats  of  the  practice  of  devotion.  The  different 
sections  are  probably  distinct  works  brought  together. 
None  is  older  than  the  12th  century  A.  D.  The  tone  is 
Yishnuite. 

Fadonca.    See  Comanche. 

Padua  (pad'u-S,).  A  province  in  the  compar- 
timento  of  '^eiietia,  Italy.  Area,  823  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  434,322. 

Padua,  It.  Padova  (pa'do-va),  F.  Padoue  (pa- 
d8').  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Padua, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  Baeohiglione  in  lat.  45° 
24'  N.,  long.  11°  51'  E. :  the  Eoman  Patavium. 
Among  the  ^ief  objects  of  interest  are  the  churches  of 
San  Antonio,  Eremitani,  andSanta  Giustina,  cathedral,  uni- 
versity, botanic  garden,  Scuolo  del  Santo,  picture-gallery, 
Loggia  del  Consiglio,  and  Palazzo  Municipio  (noted  for  its 
great  hall).  The  Baptistery  of  the  Duomo,  an  early- 
Romanesque  building,  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  its  beau- 
tiful early  frescos  of  the  school  of  Giotto.  The  Church 
of  the  Eremitani,  now  the  University  Chapel,  a  large 
church  of  1260,  restored,  contains  many  interesting  me- 
dieval and  Renaissance  tombs,  notably  those  of  the  Car- 
raras.  The  Loggia  del  Consiglio,  an  interesting  early- 
Renaissance  building,  begun  1493,  has  below  an  open 
vaulted  hall  with  widely  spaced  columns,  and  above  a 
finely  decorated  saloon  with  three  monumental  windows. 
The  Palazzo  della  Ragione  was  begun  in  1172  as  a  court 
of  Justice.  The  lower  story  consists  of  open  vaults  sur- 
rounded by  arcades  left  open  for  trading-booths.  Above  is 
an  arcaded  gallery  with  a  sculptured  frieze.  In  the  second 
story  is  the  famous  Salone,  a  hall  295  feet  long,  88  wide, 
and  79  high,  whose  enormous  arched  roof  is  entirely  with- 
out intermediate  supports.  The  walls  of  the  Salone  are 
covered  with  very  curious  mystical  frescos ;  and  the  hall 
itself  serves  as  a  pantheon  for  Paduan  worthies,  contain- 
ing among  other  relics  the  reputed  bones  of  Livy.  Padua 
wasaveryimportantRomantown;  sided  with  the  Guelphs 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  was  a  center  of  literature  and  art ; 
and  came  under  Venetian  rule  in  1405.  Population  (1901) , 
commune,  82,281. 

Padua,  University  of.  One  of  the  oldest  and 
most  celebrated  universities  of  Europe,  founded 
in  the  13th  century  :  especially  famous  for  its 
faculties  of  law  and  medicine.  It  has  about 
150  instructors  and  1,600  students. 

Faduca,  or  Faducah.    See  Comanche. 

Paducah  (pa-dii'ka).  [From  the  Indian  tribe 
name.]  A  city,  capital  of  MeCracken  County, 
Kentucky,  situated  on  the  Ohio,  at  [the  mouth 
of  the  Tennessee,  in  lat.  37°  5'  N.,  long.  88°  36' 
W.     It  has  an  extensive  river  trade,  and  is 


772 

a  manufacturing  center.  Population  (1900), 
19,446. 

Fadula  (pa-dii'la).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Salerno,  Italy,  52  miles  southeast  of  Salemo. 
Population  (1881),  8,938. 

Fadus  (pa'dus).     The  ancient  name  of  the  Po. 

Feean  (pe'an).  In  Greek  mythology,  a  surname 
of  Apollo  and  of  other  gods. 

Pseonla  (pe-6'ni-a).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
region  in  the  interior  of  Macedonia. 

Pseonius  (pe-6'ni-us).  [Gr.  Tiai6vioQ.']  A  Greek 
sculptor  of  Mende  in  Thrace.  His  statue  of  Nike 
on  a  pillar,  described  by  Pausanias,  was  discovered  in 
1875  with  its  inscription,  and  gives  a  perfect  idea  ot  this 
master's  style.  The  eastern  pediment  of  the  Zeus  temple 
discovered  at  the  same  time,  and  ascribed  by  Pausanias  to 
Paeonius,  is  much  inferior. 

Paer  (pa-ar'),  Ferdinando.  Bom  at  Parma, 
Italy,  June  1, 1771:  died  at  Paris,  May  3, 1839. 
An  Italian  composer  of  opera.  He  was  appointed 
maltre  de  chapelle  by  Napoleon,  and  went  to  Paris  in 
1807 ;  was  director  of  the  Italian  opera  there  1812-27 ;  and 
was  director  of  the  king's  chamber  music  in  1832.    His 

,  works  include  "Camilla"  (1801),  "Sargino"  (1803),  and 
"Eleonora"  (1804). 

Faes  (pa-as'),  or  (by  a  double  plural)  Faezes 
(pS-a'zaz).  An  Indian  tribe  of  Colombia,  in 
the  mountains  of  the  Central  Cordillera,  de- 
partments of  Tolima  and  Antioquia.  They  were 
formerly  powerful,  and  were  at  war  with  the  Chibchas 
before  the  Spanish  conquest.  At  present  about  2,000  re- 
main in  a  semi-independent  state.  They  have  fixed  vil- 
lages, practise  agriculture  on  a  small  scale,  and  are  noted 
hunters ;  though  living  at  high  altitudes,  they  go  nearly 
naked.  Their  language  is  closely  related  to  that  of  the 
Paniqultas  (which  see).    See  also  Pijam. 

Faesiello.    See  Paisiello. 

Paestum  (pes'tum),  originally  Fosidonia  (pos- 
i-do'ni-a).  [Gr.  XlaZorov,  no(T«(}uvia.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  in  Lucania,  Magna  Grsecia, 
Italy,  situated  near  the  sea  in  lat.  40°  25'  N., 
long.  15°  E.  It  was  a  Greek  city,  a  colony  of  Sybaris, 
founded  about  600  B.  0.,  and  brought  under  Roman  domi- 
nation after  the  failure  of  Pyrrhus's  invasion  in  273  B.  c. 
Under  Roman  rule  Psestum  dwindled,  and  it  was  finally 
destroyed  by  the  Saracens  in  the  9th  century.  The  site  is 
now  deserted.  The  Greek  walls  are  still  standing  through- 
out their  circuit  of  2J  miles,  with  8  towers  and  4  gates 
more  or  less  ruined ;  the  plan  is  approximately  trapezoidal. 
Within  the  walls  the  tliree  archaic  Doric  temples  form, 
from  their  remarkable  state  of  preservation,  the  most  im- 
pressive Greek  architectural  group  existing,  except  the 
monuments  of  Athens.  Besides  these  beautiful  temples, 
little  ia  visible  except  remains  of  a  Roman  amphitheater, 
theater,  and  temple,  all  very  ruinous.  The  temples  of 
Psestum  are  not  mentioned  by  ancient  writers,  and  were 
unknown  to  modem  scholars  until  described  by  Antonini 
in  1745.  The  temple  of  Neptune,  so  called,  is  one  of  the 
three  best-preserved  Greek  Doric  temples,  retaining  all  its 
exterior  columns  and  most  of  those  of  the  interior,  and 
majestic  in  its  aspect.  It  is  peripteral,  hexastyle,  with 
14  columns  on  the  flanks,  on  a  stylobate  of  3  steps,  mea- 
suring 85  by  190  feet.  The  columns  are  7J  feet  in  base 
diameter  and  29  feet  high.  Entablature  and  pediments 
are  practically  intact.  Both  pronaos  and  opisthodomos 
have  two  columns  in  antis.  The  cella  has  two  double 
ranges  of  7  Doric  columns,  the  lower  tiers  of  which  are 
still  complete.  The  temple  is  built  of  the  local  travertine, 
which  has  assumed  from  age  a  rich  yellow  color.  It  dates 
from  the  6th  century  B.  0.  The  temple  of  Ceres,  so  called, 
is  Greek  Doric,  peripteral,  hexastyle,  with  13  columns  on 
the  fianks,  on  a  stylobate  of  3  steps,  measuring  47  by  107 
feet.  There  was  an  interior  portico  before  the  pronaos, 
and  no  opisthodomos;  the  cella,  however,  had  a  rear 
chamber  occupying  about  one  third  of  its  length,  with  a 
door  in  the  back.  Though  many  architectural  details  ap- 
pear debased,  the  temple  probably  dates  from  the  early 
6th  century  B.  0.  The  Basilica,  so  called,  is  a  Greek  Doric 
peripteral  structure  of  9  by  18  columns,  measuring  80  by 
178  feet,  on  a  stylobate  of  3  steps.  There  are  6  columns 
between  antse  in  the  pronaos,  and  the  cella  is  divided 
longitudinally  by  a  central  range  of  columns.  A  reason- 
able explanation  of  this  unusual  plan  is  that  the  tem- 
ple was  double,  one  half  being  dedicated  presumably  to 
Demeter  and  the  other  to  Persephone.  Despite  some  poor 
architectural  details  which  have  been  thought  to  indicate 
a  late  date,  the  temple  probably  belongs  to  the  first  part 
of  the  6th  century  B.  c. 

Psestum,  Gulf  of.    See  Salerno,  Gulf  of. 

Psetus  (pe'tus).    See  Arria. 

Faez  (pa'ath),  Jose  Antonio.  Bom  in  the 
province  of  Barinas,  June  13,  1790:  died  in 
New  York  city.  May  7,  1873.  A  Venezuelan 
general  and  politician.  He  was  a  distinguished  cav- 
alry leader  in  the  war  for  independence ;  captured  Puerto 
Cabello,  the  last  Spanish  post  in  Venezuela,  in  1823  ;  and 
under  the  Colombian  republic  was  military  commandant 
of  Venezuela  from  1823,  and  jefe  superior,  with  military 
and  civil  powers,  from  1827.  In  1829-30  he  headed  the 
movement  by  which  Venezuela  separated  from  Colom- 
bia ;  was  president  March  18,  1831,  to  Feb.  9,  1835,  and 
again  Feb.  1, 1839,  to  Jan.  28, 1843 :  in  the  interval  between 
these  terms  he  commanded  the  army  and  put  down  two 
rebellions.  In  Jan..  1848,  he  declared  against  Monigas, 
but  was  eventually  defeated,  imprisoned  Aug.,  1849,  to 
March,  1850,  and  banished  for  some  years.  On  the  deposi- 
tion of  Gual  (Aug.  29, 1860),  General  Paez  was  proclaimed 
dictator  by  the  army.  He  assumed  the  office  Sept.  9,  and 
held  it  until  his  final  defeat  by  Falcon  and  Guzman 
Blanco,  May,  1863.  His  autobiography  was  published  at 
New  Tork  in  1867. 

Paez,  Bamon.  Bom  about  1825.  An  author, 
son  of  (Jeneral  J.  A.  Paez.    He  has  written  "Wild 


Paget,  Violet 

Scenes  in  South  America  "  (1862),  "Ambas  Americas  "  (I8T2]| 
etc. 

Faezes,    See  Paes. 

Pagani  (pa-ga'ne).    A  town  in  the  province  of 

Salemo,Italy,21miles  east-southeast  of  Naples. 

Population  (1881),  13,290. 
Pagania  (pa-ga'ni-a).    See  the  extract. 

In  the  10th  century  one  Dalmatian  district,  the  Naren- 
tine  coast  between  Spalato  and  Ragusa,  together  with  some 
of  the  neighbouring  islands,  bore  the  significant  name  of 
Pagania.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  25. 

Faganini  (pa-ga-ne'ne),  Nicolo.  Bom  at  Genoa, 
Oct.  27,  1782:  died  at  Nice,  May  27,  1840.  A 
celebrated  Italian  violinist.  He  first  appeared  In 
public  in  1793  at  Genoa.  In  1795  he  went  to  Parma,  with 
his  father,  to  study  with  Eolla.  On  his  return,  after  a  few 
months,  to  Genoa  he  began  to  compose  his  "Studies," 
which  were  extraordinarily  difficult.  He  commenced  his 
foreign  tours  alone  in  1798 ;  from  1801  till  1806  he  did  not 
play  in  public ;  he  then  resumed  his  concert  tours,  and  soon 
after  became  solo  player  to  the  court  at  Lucca.  It  was 
here  that  he  became  famous  for  his  execution  on  the  single 
G-string.  From  this  time  his  success  was  remarkable,  and 
his  bizarre  and  mysterious  appearance  added  to  his  fame. 
It  was  currently  reported  that  he  was  a  son  of  the  devil, 
whom  he  was  fancied  to  resemble. 

But,  after  all,  the  extraordinarj;  effect  ot  the  playing 
could  have  had  its  source  only  in  his  extraordinary  genius. 
If  genius,  as  has  been  justly  remarked,  is  "  the  power  of 
taking  infinite  pains,"  he  certainly  showed  it  in  a  wonder- 
ful degree  in  the  power  of  concentration  and  perseverance 
which  enabled  him  to  acquire  such  absolute  command  of 
his  instniment.  Mere  perfection  of  technique,  however, 
would  never  have  thrown  the  whole  of  musical  Europe 
into  such  paroxysms.  With  the  first  notes  his  audience  was 
spell-bound ;  there  was  in  him — though  certainly  not  the 
evil  spirit  suspected  by  the  superstitious  —  a  daemonic  ele- 
ment which  irresistibly  took  hold  of  those  that  came  within 
his  sphere.  Orme,  Diet,  ot  Music,  etc.,  IL  630. 

Pagasse  (pag'a-se).  [Gr.  Xlayairai.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  seaport  in  the  eastern  part  of  Thes- 
saly,  Greece,  situated  at  the  head  of  the  Paga- 
SBsan  Gulf,  southwest  of  Pelion.  It  was  the 
mythical  starting-point  of  the  Argonauts.  The 
ruins  of  the  city  are  visible  near  Volo. 

!^^e  (paj).  In  Shakspere's  comedy ' '  The  Merry 
mves  of  Windsor,"  the  easy  husband  of  Mis- 
tress Page  who  conspires  with  Mistress  Ford 
to  fool  Falstaff,  and  the  father  of  "sweet  Anne 
Page "  who  is  intended  by  him  to  marry  the 
foolish  Slender,  and  by  her  mother  to  marry 
Dr.  Caius,  but  who  marries  Fenton. 

Page,  John.  Bom  at  Haverhill,  N.  H.,  May  21, 
1787:  died  Sept.  8,  1865.  An  American  poli- 
tician. He  was  Democratic  United  States  senator  from 
New  Hampshire  1836-37,  and  governor  ot  New  Hampshire 
183942. 

Page,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Bom  at  Shelly, 
Gloucester  Co.,  Va.,  Jan.  4, 1808 :  died  at  Rome, 
Italy,  Oct.  26, 1899.  An  American  naval  ofBcer. 
As  lieutenant-commander  he  was  engaged  1853-56  in  ex- 
plorations in  the  Platine  region,  South  America.  In  Feb., 
1855,  his  vessel,  the  Water  Witch  (then  in  charge  of  Lieu- 
tenant Jeffers),  was  fired  upon  by  a  Paraguayan  fort,  and 
onemanwaskilled:  the  fire  was  returned.  Pageresigned 
earlyinl861;  entered  the  Confederate  service;  was  commis- 
sioned commodore ;  and  in  1862  was  sent  to  England  to  take 
charge  of  a  cruiser.  His  ship  was  not  permitted  to  leave, 
and  he  took  command  of  a  small  ironclad  at  Copenhagen, 
but  it  was  soon  after  seized  in  a  Spanish  port,  thus  ending 
hisConfederateservice.  SubsequentlyheresidedintheAr- 
gentine  and  in  Florence,  Italy.  He  was  the  author  of "  La 
Plata,  the  Argentine  Confederation,  and  Paraguay  "  (1859). 

Page,  Thomas  Nelson.  Bom  in  Hanover 
County,  Va.,  April  23,  1853.  An  American 
lawyer  and  author.  He  is  chiefly  noted  for  his  tales 
and  verses  in  the  negro  dialect.  Among  his  works  are 
"In  Ole  Virginia,  or  Marse  Chan  and  Other  Stories  "  (1887), 
"Two  Little  Confederates"  (1888),  "On  Newfound  River'' 
(1890), ■'The  Old  South"  (essays,  1892)," Meh  Lady"  (1893). 

Page,  William.  Bom  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Jan. 
23,  1811:  died  at  Tottenville,  Staten  Island, 
Oct.  1, 1885.  An  American  painter,  best  known 
for  his  portraits.  Among  his  other  -works  are  "Ve- 
nus,' "  Moses  and  Aaron  on  Mount  Horeb."  "Flight  into 
Egypt,"  etc. 

Pag^S,    See  Garnier-Pagis. 

Paget  (paj'et),  Henry  William,  first  Marquis 
of  Anglesey.  Born  1768 :  died  1854.  An  Eng- 
lish general  and  politician.  He  served  with  distinc- 
tion in  the  Low  Countries  and  in  Spain  1808-09 ;  and  com- 
manded the  British  cavalry  at  Waterloo.  He  was  lord 
lieutenant  of  Ireland  1828-29  and  1830-33.  Later  he  was 
made  field-marshal. 

Paget,  Sir  James.  Born  at  Yarmouth,  Jan.  11, 
1814:  died  at  London,  Dec.  30, 1899.  An  Eng- 
lish physician.  He  became  a  member  ot  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons  in  1836,  and  was  its  president.  He  was 
sergeant-surgeon  to  the  queen,  surgeon  to  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  consulting  surgeon  to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital, 
and  vice-chancellor  of  the  University  of  London.  He  was 
created  a  baronet  in  1871.  He  published  "Lectures  on 
Surgical  Pathology"  (1863),  "Clinical  Lectures"  (1875),  etc. 

Paget, Violet:  pseudonym  Vernon  Lee,  Born 
in  1857.  An  English  writer  and  critic.  She  has 
written  much  on  the  art,  literature,  and  drama  of  Italy, 
where  she  has  lived  for  many  years ;  and  has  contributed 
esthetic  and  philosophical  criticisms  to  the  principal  Eng- 
lish reviews. 


Pago 

Pago  (p&'go).  An  island  in  the  Adriatic,  be- 
longing to  Dalmatia,  Austria-Hungary,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  44°  30'  N.,  long.  15°  E.  it  is  sepa- 
rated from  Croatia  by  the  Canale  della  Morlacca.  Length, 
86  miles.    Population  (1890),  commune,  6,203. 

Pago-Pago,    See  Fango-Pango. 

Panang  (pa-hSng' ).  a  native  state  under  Brit- 
ish influence,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Malay 
peninsula,  north  of  Johore. 

Pahlanpur,  or  FaUampoor. 

Pahouins.    See  Fan. 

Pab-Utah.    See  Pamite. 

Paiconecas  (pa-e-ko-na'kSs). 
ans  in  northeastern  Bolivia,  between  the  rivers 
Guaporfi  and  Baurfis.  They  werenumerous,  forming 
many  small  independent  villt^es,  and  subsisting  mainly 
by  agriculture.  The  Jesuits  induced  some  of  them  to  Join 
their  mission  of  Concepcion,  trhere  about  500  remained 
in  1831.  They  belong  to  the  Arawak  or  Maypure  linguis- 
tic stock.  Probably  the  Paunacas,  a  tribe  mentioned  by 
Fernandez,  but  located  further  south,  were  the  same. 

PSijciime  (pa-yan'ne).  A  lake  in  southern  Fin- 
land, 70  mUes  north  by  east  of  Helsingfors. 
Length,  80-90  miles. 

Paillamacu  (pa-el-ySi-mSi'ko) .  Bom  about  1525 : 
died  in  1603.    An  Araucanian  Indian  of  Chile, 


A  race  of  Indi- 


773  Palais,  Le 

imprisoned  in  1794;  and  returned  to  the  United  states  in  Pakhoi  (pak-hoi'l    or  Ppi'hni  CnT-hT'^   nr  T>ai 
1802.    His  "  Age  of  Season "  was  published  in  1794.  hni   (rH  hni '  1       A   =^o^t;  ■     it         '''  °        ®'l 

Painesville  (panz'vil).  The  capital  of  Lake  KwaiStuu^  ^HL  sfh,„ti^  the  province  of 
County,  Ohio,  situated  on  Grand  fiiver  30  miles  To„g^g  f^  lat  2P  29'  /fon^  109°  6^F  t 
northeast  of  Cleveland.     Population  (1900),    waslpenldtoforey  co^'eTcf-iiTsTe.  V' 

Pointer  (pan't^r),  Gamaliel.     Bom  at  Ney-  -"^-^^*?"'  ^^-°"*  25_,000. 
Haven,  (Jonn.,  May  22,  1743:   died  at  Middle- 
bury,  Vt.,  May  21,  1819.    An  American  politi- 
cian, chief  founder  of  Middlebury  College. 

Painter,  William.    Bom  in  Middlesex  about 
1540 :  died  at  London  in  1594.    The  author  of  _  ,  . 

a  collection  of  translations  called  "  The  Pal-  Pakington  (pa'king-ton),  Sir  John  Somerset, 
ace  of  Pleasure."     He  entered  St.  John's  College,    first  Barou  Hampton.    Born  Feb.  20, 1799 :  died 


T,  ,    „        uiaiion,  aoout  i!o,UUU. 

Haven,..«>nn.,  May  :227l7437.dient  tIZ  ^^S^.^l  Il^I^l^i^^^^^ll  '^. 

"J'ii^  distinguishable  from  Bast,  she  was  honored 
at  Memphis  as  the  wife  of  Ptah,  and  was  identified  with 
Isis  as  a  bnnger  of  misfortune,  and  by  the  Greeks,  like 
Bast,  with  Artemis. 


Cambridge,  in  1664,  and  in  1561  was  made  clerk  of  the  ord- 
nance in  the  Tower  of  London.  In  1666  he  published 
the  first  volume  of  "The  Palace  of  Pleasure,"  containing 
60  novels.  He  originally  intended  it  to  contain  only  trans- 
lations of  tales  from  Livy  and  the  older  writers,  but 


April  9, 1880.  An  English  Conservative  politi- 
cian. He  was  colonial  secretary  in  1852 :  first  lord  of  tho 
admiralty  1868-59  and  1866-67 ;  and  war  secretary  1867-68. 
He  was  created  a  baronet  in  1846,  and  raised  to  the  peerage 
.^      ,  .  .      ,  J     ,j  -,  ^  ,      i  ,       .        -D       ■    ■       as  Baron  Hampton  in  1874. 

altered  his  plan  and  added  tales  taken  from  Boccaccio,  •©„  i..«  /ii^T       aj.  •j.t.  j        nm. 

Bandello,  Straparola,  and  other  Italian  and  French  novel-  -I^KS  (poksil).  A  town  m  the  county  of  Tolna, 
ists.  The  second  volume  was  published  in  1667,  contain-  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Danube  60  miles 
ing  34  novels;  a  third  volume,  although  announced,  did  not  south  of  Budapest.  Population  (1890)  11803 
appear.  In  later  editions  6  more  novels  were  added,  sopglgpo  nf  TTnivn-ii-p  TJio  A  -nr^a^  Ti-./ri„L„iJ 
that  there  were  100  novels  in  all.  It  is  the  largest  prose  'S?'™  ?  °  •":?P™^>  ?Sl®'  -^  PO®"'.  ^^  G;awam 
work  between  "Morted'Arthur  "and  North's  "Plutarch,"  JJOUglas,  written  in  1501.  It  IS  an  imitation  of 
and  is  the  source  from  which  the  Elizabethan  dramatists  Chaueer^s  "House  of  Fame." 
tnniii  ni.  war  oTiiVf  from  ahmit  1  m^    Tr=  .tf.„v»,i  J^°^  ™™''  °*  *^®'^ P'"'''  Palaco  of  Justico.    See  Palais  Oe  Justice. 

tepanS™ff^9ran^^°59"a?^^^ 

essful  rising  of  his  tribe:  the  governor  of     el  lo),  GlOTanni.     Born  at  Taranto,  Italy,  May  PalaceS  01  the  Osesarg.    A  vast  congeries  of 

"■ — '-  - — ■■--"  —• '  '""-■■  ""■—  ""     9, 1741:  died  at  Naples,  June  5, 1816.    Anital-   constructions  in  Eome,  begun  by  Augustus  and 

ian  composer  of  operas  and  church  music.     He    "  ^ "   ^  '    '  '  " 

went  to  Naples  when  young,  and  in  1776  to  St.  Petersburg, 
where  he  produced  ' '  II  Barbiere  di  Siviglia. "  About  1784 
he  returned  to  Naples  by  way  of  Vienna,  where  he  wrote 
"n  116  Teodoro,"  and  was  made  chapel-master  to  Ferdi- 
nand IV.    Here  he  remained  for  about  13  years,  produ- 


the  most  successful 

Chile,  Oflez  de  Loyola,  was  surprised  and  killed  (Nov.  22, 
1608),  Villarica,  Imperial,  and  other  places  were  besieged 
for  several  years  and  finally  taken,  and  the  Spaniards  were 
driven  beyond  the  Biobio.    Also  written  PaMtamachu, 

Pailleron  (pS-y6-rdn'),  £douard  Jules  Henri. 

Bom  at  Paris,  Sept.  17, 1884:  died  in  April,  1899. 
AFrenehpoetand  dramati  st .  He  began  life  as  a  no- 
tary's clerk,  incidentally  writing  poems  and  plays.  On  liis 
first  appearance  before  the  public  he  brought  out  a  short 
comedyentitled  "Leparasite"  and  avolume  of  satires,  "Les 
parasites"  (1860),  followed  in  1861  by  "Lemur mitoyen." 
Further  plays  are  "  Le  dernier  quartier  "  (1863), "  Le  second 
mouvement"  (1865),  "Le  monde  oil  Ton  s'amuse"  (1863), 
"  Les  faux  manages  "  (1869),  "  L'Autre  njotif  "  (1872),  "  Hi- 


eing some  of  his  best  music:  after  this  he  went  to  Paris  to  ■D_l_„;^    T»J^~_  n"       •    "j 

■    of  the  chapel  of  Napoleon,  where  he  •'^^^^ClO,  UiegO  tfarcia  de. 


organize  the  music 
excited  much  jealousy. 


He  returned  to  Italy  in  1804.    He 


added  to  by  successive  emperors,  occupying  the 
Palatine  Hill.  Though  in  very  ruinous  condition,  the 
plans  have  been  in  large  part  recovered  by  excavation, 
with  architectm-al  fragments  sufficient  for  a  far-reaching 
restoration ;  and  many  imposing  walls  and  vaults,  with  in- 
teresting wall-paintings  and  gratBti,  remain  in  position. 

_  ^ee  Garcia  de  Pa- 

lacio. 


masses,  etc.  Among  the  operas,  besides  those  mentioned 
above,  are  *'I1  Marchese  di  Tulipano"  (written  before  he 
went  to  Bussia),  "Nina,  o  la  Pazza  d'Amore,"  "La  Moli- 
nara,"  etc. 


«?CftnI!>i^?m™''!?T'tIi^inlV);  v!^„^«^^^^^  Paisley  (paz'li).    Acity  inEenfrewshire,  Scot 

•L'Entmoelle_  (1879),  "Le  monde  oiil  on  seimuie    (1881),     ,  ^,  =1f,,„+<./i /„ +i,..wi,i*-<.ri„.,+  ^o„™+T,„'ni„.i„ 


'La  souris"  (1887),  "Les  cabotins"  (1894).  Three  of  his 
comedies— "Lb  chevalier  Trumeau,"  "Le  narcotique," 
and  "  Pendant  le  bal " — were  published  together  as  "  Le 
th£S,tre  Chez  Madame"  (1881).  He  married  the  daughter 
of  M.  Buloz,  general  manager  of  the  "Kevue  des  Deux 
Mondes,"  and  many  of  his  poems  appeared  in  that  pub- 
lication. Among  them  are  "  Le  depart "  (1870),  "Prifere  pour 
la  France"  (1871),  and  the  collection  entitled  "Amours  et 
haines  "  (1888).    Pailleron  was  elected  to  the  French  Acad- 


composed  between  90  and  100  operas,  and  more  than  100  Palacio    (pa-la'the-6),    Kalmundo   Andueza 

Born  about  1840 :  died  at  Caracas,  Aug.  18, 1900. 
A  Venezuelan  politician.     He  was  the  principal 
minister  of  Eojas  Paiil  1888-90,  and  surceeded  hira  as 
president  fortwo  years,  March  19, 1890.    In  1892  the  elec- 
In-nfl  a'5tii*n+aHn'nt>,o"WInifori!ivt  ■na<>r.■^^h,=.'r^T,Aa  '    j'""'  "^^T^  postponed,  Palacio  remaining  in  office  until 
laua,  Sltuatea  on  tne  W  nite  l.art,  near  tHe  Uyde,     deposed  by  the  revolt  of  Orespo,  June,  1892,  and  banished. 
6  miles  west  by  south  of  (Jlasgow.    it  is  noted  for  Palacio,  Vicente  Kiva.    See  Rim  Palacio 

the  manufacture  of  thread,  cotton  and  worsted  goods,  — '   -      -    ■      -        —    —         .—  -        _ 

muslins,  prints,  starch,  soap,  corn-fiour,  machinery,  etc., 
and  for  bleaching  and  dyeing,  and  was  formerly  famous 
for  its  manufacture  of  shawls.  Its  abbey  church  is  of  in- 
terest :  the  abbey  (at  first  a  priory)  was  founded  about 
1164.  Population  (1901),  79,355. 
Paititi.    See  Paytiti. 


^lZ^!tf^^^X^c^'^,^r':^i,.^^f^r:^.^t  Paiute^or  Piute  (pi'ut).    [Also  Pah.Ede^Pah. 


addresses  to  that  body  on  other  occasions,  appeared  as 
■ '  DiscoUTB  acad^miques  "  (1886).  More  recently  he  wrote 
the  "Biographic  d'ilmile  Angler"  (1889). 

Paimboeuf  (pan-b6f ').  A  decayed  seaport  in  the 
department  of  Loire-Inf  firieure,  France,  23  miles 
west  of  Nantes.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
2,180. 

Paine  (pan),  Elijah.  Bom  at  Brooklyn,  Conn., 
Jan.  21, 1757:  died  at  "Williamstown,  Vt.,  April 
28,  1842.  An  American  jurist  and  politician. 
United  States  senator  from  Vermont  1795-1801. 

Paine,  Balbert  Eleazar.    Bom  at  Chardon, 


nute,  Pah-  Utah,  Payuoha,  Fiede,  Piutah,  Pyeed. 
The  name  is  ttovapai  or  pi,  true,  and  Ute.^  A  tribe 
or  group  of  North  American  Indians.  The  name 
strictly  belongs  to  a  small  tribe  on  Corn  Creek,  south- 
western Utah,  but  is  generally  given  to  a  number  of  Sho- 
shonean  tribes,  eight  of  which  are  in  southwestern  Utah, 
seventeen  in  southeastern  Nevada,  four  (including  the 
Chemehuevi)  in  northern  and  western  Arizona,  and  nine- 
teen in  southeastern  California  from  Owens  valley  along  the 
sierras  to  the  south  of  Tulare  Lake  and  east  of  the  Coast 
Kange.  Theynumberabout2,600:  inUtah,  600;  in  northern 
and  western  Arizona,  500 ;  in  southern  Nevada,  1,000 


Palacky  (pa-lats'ke),  Frantisek.    Bom  at 

Hodslawitz,  Moravia,  June  14,  1798:  died  May 
26,  1876.  A  Bohemian  historian,  president  of 
the  Slavic  congress  in  1848.  He  was  parliamentary 
leader  of  the  autonomist  Czech  party.  His  chief  work  is  a 
"  History  of  Bohemia  "  (6  vols.  1836-67).  He  also  wrote  vari- 
ous other  works  on  Bohemian  history  and  literature. 

Paladilhe  (pa-la-dey'),  Einile.  Bom  at  Mont- 
pellier,  June  3, 1844.  A  French  composer.  He 
produced  "Susanne,"  an  op^ra  comique  (1878),  "Diana" 
(1886),  the  music  for  Sardou's  drama  "  Patrie  "  (1886),  etc. 

Pala  d'Oro  (pa'la  do'ro).  [It.,  'golden  rotable.'] 
The  rotable  of  the  high  altar  of  St.  Mark's  in 
Venice,  probably  the  finest  existing  specimen 
of  Byzantine  metal-work,  it  was  made  in  Constan- 
tinople in  976,  but  has  later  alterations ;  is  56  inches  high 
and  137  long ;  and  is  of  silver  gilt  studded  with  j  ewels  and 
with  ornament  in  enameL  It  has  85  panels  with  reliefs 
of  scriptural  scenes  and  personages,  angels,  portraits,  and 
emblems. 


southeastern  Calif  ornia,  600.    See  Digger  a.ni  Shoshoman. 

Ohio,'Feb.  4,  1826.    An  American  general  in  Pais  des  Dames  (pa  da  dam).     [P.,  'Ladies'  _  ,  ,      ,-,        ,    ,-^    „  ,  /       -.^   ^      , 

theCivilWar.   HewasEepublicanmemberofCongress    Peace.']    A  name  often  given  to  the  treaty  of  Palsemon (pa-le  mon).  [Gr. HaAafuwi'.]  ^(3reek 
from  Wisconsin  1865-71,  and  United  States  commissioner     Cambray  (1529).     See  CambrOAj.  mythology,  a  sea  divinity  mto  which  Melieer- 

of  patents  1879-81.    He  has  published  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Vai-rha-na  (-naMa' ar\7  •  V  nrnti  nnt  batis''!  TTanri     tes  was  metamorphosed. 

Lawof  Elc^Ho^stoPublicOffices-asss)  _        ^J^S     C  irMe^tzrj°an.'2t  178l:^dKt  Pal^ologUS (pa-Sol'o-gus)     [GyT^U.^yo^.l 

»T«T,T.Tr„«.™rl»=  T!«^<.+.P.^^Ho^^Tu-„,„..     Jouy-aux-Arohes,  near  Metz,  Aug.  19, 1854.    A    A  Byzantine  family  which  furnished  the  mlers 

French  general  of  artiUery.  He  invented  the  Paix-  «*  ^^>e  Eastern  Empire  during  nearly  the  whole 
bans  gun,  and  published  "Nouvelle  force  maritime"  period  irom  the  accession  of  Michael  m  1261 
(1822),  etc.  until  the  death  of  Constantine  in  1453. 

Pajol(pa-zh61'),Comte  Claude  Pierre  de.  Bom  PalafoxyMelzi(pa-la-f6H'emal'the),  Jos6  de, 
at  Besan?on,  France,  1772 :  died  at  Paris,  1844.  Duke  of  Saragossa.  Bom  1780 :  died  Feb.  16, 
A  French  general.  He  was  distinguished  in  the  cam-  1847.  A  Spanish  general,  captain-general  of 
paigns  of_Napoleon,_and  was  prominent  in  the  revolu-     Aragon,  and  commander  in  the  defense  of  Sar- 


Paine,  John  Knowles.  Bom  at  Portland,  Maine, 
Jan.  9, 1839.  An  American  composer  and  organ- 
ist. He  went  to  Berlin  in  1858  to  study,  and  in  1861  re- 
turned to  America,  where  he  gave  several  organ  concerts. 
He  was  instructor  of  music  at  Harvard  University  in  1862, 
and  professor  from  1876.  Among  his  works  are  a  mass 
and  the  oratorio  "St.  Peter."  He  has  also  written  a 
"  Symphony  in  C  Minor  "  and  another  called  "Spring,"  be- 
sides chamber-music,  cantatas,  songs,  etc. 

Pj/ine,^  Martyn.    Bom  at  Williamstown,  Vt. 


tion  of  July  against  Charles  X  (1830). 


agossa  against  the  French  in  1808. 


J^yAH?lL'^tlf..l«^J«^?iS?J:.l'kVf-  '^:^Hitt^'^k'^}?A.^'^t^:r^Z:  Palafox  y  Mendoza  (men-do'tha),_  Juan  de, 


An  American  physician,  son  of  Elijah  Paine, 
His  works  include  "  Cholera  Asphyxia  of  New  York  "  (1832), 
"  Medical  and  Physiological  Commentaries  "(1840-44),"  In- 
stitutes of  Medicine  "(1847),  "Eeview  of  Theoretical  Geol- 
ogy "(1868),  etc. 

Paine,  Robert  Treat.   Bom  at  Boston,  March 


tin,  France,  1626:  died  1685.  A  French  Prot- 
estant theologian,  founder  of  the  liberal  theo- 
logical system  named  from  him  Pajonism.  He 
denied  all  immediate  and  special  interferences  by  God  in 
either  the  course  of  events  or  the  spiritual  life  of  the  in- 
dividual. 

11,1731:  died  there,  May_  11, 1814.  An  American  Pajou  (pa-zho'),  Augustin.     Bom  at  Paris, 

patriot,  politician,  and  judge:  a  signer  of  the    Sept.  19,  1730:  [died  there.  May  8,  1809.    A 

Deolarationof  Independence  as  member  of  Con-    French  sculptor. 

gress  in  1776.  Pakamali.    See  Atsuge. 

Paine,  Robert  Treat.   Bom  at  Taunton,  Mass.,  Pakawa  (pa-ka-wa'),  or  Pinto  (pen'to).     [Sp.  paiaii,„ji,a„ /™.iij,'i,i-han1   or  Pit -Ri-irpr  Tn 

Dec.M773:diedatB_os^on,Nov.BlSn.  An    ^«^;PX^ed.]^^^tribe^o^^  ^ig^^Si^^ii^c^loW^^^^^^^^^^^ 

Grande  in  Texas  and  in  Tamaulipas,  Mexico. 
Of  the  tribe  but  two  women  were  known  to  survive  in  1886. 
These  lived  at  La  Volsa,  near  Keynosa,  Tamaulipas.  The 
name  Pinto  was  applied  by  the  Spanish  in  allusion  to  their 
custom  of  tattooing.    See  Coahuiltecan. 

Pakenham  (pak'en-am).  Sir  Edward  Michael. 
Born  in  Ireland,  March  19, 1778 :  killed  at  the 
battle  of  New  Orleans,  Jan.  8, 1815.    A  British 


Born  at  Fitero,  Navarre,  June  24, 1600 :  died  at 
Osma,  Oct.  1, 1659.  A  Spanish  prelate,  admin- 
istrator, and  author.  He  was  councilorof  the  Indies ; 
was  consecrated  bishop  of  Fuebla,  Mexico,  in  Dec,  1639 ; 
and  at  the  same  time  was  made  visitador-general  of  New 
Spain.  In  the  latter  capacity  he  had  a  dispute  with  the 
viceroy  Escalona,  and  by  order  of  the  king  succeeded  him 
as  viceroy  June,-Nov.,  1642.  Owing  to  quarrels  with  the 
Jesuits  he  was  deposed  in  1647,  and  in  1649  returned  to- 
Spain.  In  1663  he  was  made  bishop  of  Osma.  He  published 
numerous  historical,  judicial,  and  theological  works. 


American  poet,  son  of  E.  T.  Paine.  His  collected 
works  were  published  in  1812. 
Paine,  Thomas.  Born  at  Thetford,  Norfolk, 
England,  Jan.  29, 1737:  died  at  New  York,  June 
8,  1809.  An  Ang^o-American  political  writer 
and  free-thinker.  He  emigrated  to.  America  in  1774 ; 
published  in  1776  the  political  pamphlet "  Common  Sense," 
In  which  he  advocated  the  independence  of  the  American 
colonies ;  took  aprominent  partin  support  of  the  American 
Kevolution ;  published  the  periodical  "  Crisis  "  1776-83 ; 
went  to  Europe  in  1787 ;  published  the  "Bights  of  Man  " 
1791-92,  for  which  he  was  outlawed  from  England;  was 
elected  to  the  French  National  Convention  in  1793 ;  was 


Indians  which  formerly  occupied  the  territory 
drained  by  Pit  River  and  its  tributaries,  from 
Goose  Lake  to  the  mouth  of  Squaw  Creek,  north- 
eastern California.  The  tribal  divisions  are  Aoho- 
mawi,  Atsug^,  Atuamih,  Chumawa,  Estakewach,  Hantiwi, 
Humawhi,  and  Ilmawl :  they  are  almost  extinct.  A  few 
representatives  of  the  stock  are  on  Hound  Valley  reserva- 
tion. The  name  is  adapted  from  the  E^lamath  word  p'Wcni, 
meaning  'mountaineers'  or  'uplanders.' 

Same  as  Palaihnihan. 


general,  brother  of  the  Earl  of  Longford.    He  Pniniv 

?alais  ,^- — ^, 

and  of  Belle-Ile-en-Mer,  off  the  coast  of  Brit- 


served  in  the  Peninsular  war,  commanded  the  expedition  x»oioi„  */T,a  l5'^   To     rm,„  «T,;„i  t-^-r „*  +i,„  ?ci 

against  New  Orleans  in  1814,  and  was  defeated  by  Jackson  ■'^_^-'-a'lS  (Pa;ia^),  iie.^^ihe  chiet  tOWn  ot  the^lBl- 
in  the  battle  of  New  Orleans. 


Palais,  Le 

tany,  department  of  Morbihan,  France.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  2,967. 

Palais  Bourbon  (pa-la'  bor-b6ii').  A  palace  iu 
Paris,  now  tlie  Chamber  of  Deputies,  begun  in 
1722.  The  fine  fapade  toward  the  Seine  was  finished  in 
1807 :  it  has  a  Roman  pedimented  colonnade  of  12  Corin- 
thian columns,  with  a  flight  of  steps  between  two  projecting 
piers.  The  sculptures  in  the  tympanum  represent  France, 
with  Liberty,  Peace,  Order,  Agriculture,  and  Commerce. 
The  halls  of  the  interior  are  embellished  with  many  no- 
table paintings  and  sculptures. 

Palais  de  Justice  (de  zMs-tes').  [P.,  'palace 
of  justice.']  A  historically  and  artistically  in- 
teresting congeries  of  buildings  in  Paris,  situ- 
ated on  L'lle  de  la  Cit6,  at  an  angle  of  the  Quai 
de  I'Horloge.  it  is  composed  In  part  of  portions  of 
the  ancient  royal  palace  (the  Conciergerie,  with  its  three 
cylindrical  cone-roofed  towers,  and  the  vaulted  Cui- 
sines de  St.  Louis).  Excavations  in  184S  disclosed  the 
foundations  of  the  Koman  prefectorium  under  the  present 
Palais  de  .Tustice.  It  was  the  residence  of  Chlldebert  and 
the  earlier  Merovingians.  Count  Eudes  (king  A.  D.  888) 
reconstructed  the  old  Palais  dela  CitS  as  a  fortress  against 
the  Norman  invaders.  When  the  Louvre  was  built  by 
Philip  Augustus,  the  palnis  lost  its  importance  as  a  for- 
tress and  again  became  a  residence  and  the  seat  of  royal 
courts  of  justice,  a  use  to  which  the  entire  building  was 
finally  put.  The  greater  part  is  comparatively  modern, 
and  all  has  been  restored  since  the  wanton  destruction  by 
the  Commune.  The  Salle  des  Pas  Perdus  is  a  splendid 
vaulted  hall,  240  by  90  feet,  with  a  central  range  of  col- 
umns. The  Galerie  de  St.  Louis  is  admirably  frescoed  by 
Merson,  and  many  other  halls  are  notable  for  their  deco- 
ration. The  modern  west  facade  is  impressive :  it  is  in  a 
neoclassical  style  with  8  great  Doric  columns  and  2  angle- 
piers,  and  much  sculpture ;  it  opens  on  a  magnificent  ves- 
tibule. 

Palais  du  Trocad6ro  (dii  tro-ka-da'ro).  A  long 
building  in  Paris,  constructed  in  connection 
with  the  exhibition  of  1878,  and  combining  sev- 
eral museums  and  a  large  concert-hall.  The  latter 
occupies  a  central  pavilion  of  horseshoe  shape  190  feet  in 
diameter  and  180  feet  high,  flanked  by  2  towers  270  feet 
high.  From  each  side  extends  a  low  curved  wing  660  feet 
long,  the  plan  of  the  whole  thus  being  a  crescent.  The 
entire  Seine  front  is  skirted  by  continuous  open  galleries. 

Palais  Royal  (rwa-yal' ) .  Apalace  in  Paris,built 
by  Richelieu  1629-34,  and  left  by  him  to  the 
king.  It  was  given  by  Louis  XIV.  to  the  Duke  of  Or- 
leans, and  remained  in  his  family,  with  interruptions  dur- 
ing the  Eevdlution  and  the  empire,  until  the  revolution 
of  1848.  It  was  damaged  by  the  Commune  in  1871,  but 
has  been  restored.  The  state  apartments  are  handsqjne. 
The  gardens  were  surrounded  by  the  duke  Philippe  Ega- 
lit6  with  houses  and  galleries  (still  used  for  purposes  of 
trade),  and  the  southwest  angle  is  occupied  by  the  Th6^ 
tre  Frangais. 

Palamas  (pal'a-mas),  Gregorius.  Lived  about 
1350.  A  Greek  archbishop  of  Thessalonica, 
leader  of  the  Hesychasts.     See  Palamites. 

Palamedes  (pal-a-me'dez).  [Gr.  Hahifi^STK.'] 
In  Greek  legend,  son  of  Nauplius  andClymene, 
one  of  the  Greek  warriors  iu  the  expedition 
against  Troy.  He  was  killed  through  the  ma- 
chinations of  Odysseus. 

Palamites  (pal'a-mits).  The  followers  of  Gre- 
gorius Palamas,  a  monk  of  Mount  Athos  in  the 
14th  century.  Simeon,  abbot  of  a  monastery  at  Con- 
stantinople in  the  11th  century,  taught  that  by  fasting, 
prayer,  and  contemplation,  with  concentration  of  thought 
on  the  navel,  the  heart  and  spirit  would  be  seen  within, 
luminous  with  a  visible  light.  This  light  was  believed  to 
be  uncreated,  and  the  same  which  was  seen  at  Christ's 
transfiguration,  and  Is  known  accordingly  as  the  "uncre. 
ated  light  of  Mount  Tabor."  The  doctrine  was  more  care- 
fully formulated  and  defended  by  Palamas,  who  taught 
that  there  exists  a  divinelight,  eternal  and  uncreated,  which 
is  not  the  substance  or  essence  of  deity,  but  God's  activity 
or  operation.  The  Palamites  were  favored  by  the  emperor 
Joannes  Cantacuzenus,  and  their  doctrine  was  confirmed 
by  a  council  at  Constantinople  in  1351.  They  were  called 
by  their  opponents  EvxhUes  and  Massaliavx ;  also  Hesy- 
chasts and  Uwhilicanrnd. 

Palamon  and  Arcite  (pal'a-mon  and  ar'sit). 
Two  noble  youths  the  story'of  whose  love  for 
Emilia  has  been  told  by  Chaucer  in  the 
"Knight's  Tale"  (derived  from  Boccaccio's 
"Teseide"),  by  Dryden  in  a  version  of  "The 
Knight's  Tale"  called  "Palamon  and  Arcite," 
by  Fletcher  and  another  (perhaps  Shakspere)  in 
aplay  called  "The  Two  Noble  Kinsmen"  (1634), 
and  by  others.  Edwards  produced  a  play  entitled 
"Palamon  and  Arcite  "at  Christ  Church  Hall,  Oxford,  1666, 
in  honor  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  visit  there ;  and  a  play  wltli 
the  same  name  is  mentioned  by  Henslowe  in  1694. 

Palanpur,  or  Palilanpur  (pa-lan-pSr').  l.  A 
native  state  in  India,  under  British  protection, 
intersected  by  lat.  24°  20'  N.,  long.  72°  20'  E.— 
2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Palanpur.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  21,092. 

Falaprat  (pa-la-pra'),  Jean,  Sieur  de  Bigot. 
Bom  at  Toulouse,  Prance,  1650 :  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  14, 1721.  A  French  dramatist,  collaborator 
with  Brueys. 

Palatinate  (pa-lat'i-nat),  The.  [F.  Falatinat, 
G.  Pfalz,  ML.  Palatinatus,  the  province  of  a 
count  palatine,  from  palatimis,  palatine.]  A 
former  German  state.  Its  territories  were  originally 
in  the  region  of  the  Khine,  and  from  the  14th  century  to 


774 


Palermo 


1P20  embraced  two  separate  regions,  the  Rhine  (or  Lower)     this  region  became  subsequently  knoirn  as  the  Pale,  but 

Palatinate  (distinctively  the  Palatinate),  and  the  Upper     the  limits  varied  at  different  times. 

Palatinate  (see  below).    The  palsgraves  on  the  Rhice,  Paleaiio  (pa-la-a're-6),  or  dolla  Paglia  (del'- 

whose  original  seat  was  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  were  impor-  '      ...  -*      *.      .      .    ,f  .,    -     ... 

tant  princes  of  the  empire  as  early  as  the  11th  century. 

Eai'ly  in  the  13th  century  the  Palatinate  passed  to  the 


Bavariandynasty  of  WittelsbachjWhich  soon  after  branched 
oft  into  the  Bavarian  and  Palatme  lines.  The  Palatinate 
was  enlarged  early  in  the  14th  century  with  a  part  of  Ba- 
varia (the  Upper  .Palatinate).  The  Golden  Bull  of  1366 
designated  the  Palatinate  as  one  of  the  seven  electorates. 
In  the  16th  century  Heidelberg,  the  capital  of  the  electors 


la  pal'ya),  or  degli  Pagliaricci  (del'ye  pal- 
ya-ret'che),  Aonio  or  Antonio.  Born  at  Ver- 
oli,  Italy,  about  1500 :  executed  at  Rome,  July, 
1570.  An  Italian  Reformer  and'humanist,  ar- 
rested by  the  Inquisition  on  a  charge  of  heresy, 
and  executed.  He  published  theological  works, 
a  didactic  poem  in  Latin,  etc. 


palatine,  became  a  great  center  of  Calvinism.    The  elector  PalembanST  (pa-lem-bang' ).    1 .  A  residency  in 
Fr„d»ri.i,  V  >„v,n,  »„npr.t»H  th„  R„h„n,.-<.„  „r„„.  ,.  ,«nQ    ^^^  gouthetstem  part  o±'  Sumatra,  Dutch  East 

Indies,  it  corresponds  in  the  main  to  the  former  king- 
dom of  Falembang  and  the  kingdom  of  Jambi.  Population 
(1890),  666,626. 

3.  The  capital  of  Palembang,  situated  on  the 
river  Musi  in  lat.  2°  59'  S.,  long.  104°  45'  E. 
It  was  taken  tiy  the  Dutch  in  1821.  Population,  about 
60,000. 


Frederick  V.,  having  accepted  the  Bohemian  crown  in  1619 
and  having  been  overthrown  in  1620,  was  stripped  of  his 
dominions.  The  electoral  dignity  was  transferred  to  Ba- 
varia in  1623,  and  the  Upper  Palatinate  was  annexed  to  it. 
By  the  treaty  of  1648  the  Rhine  Palatinate  was  restored  to 
its  former  rulers,  and  an  eighth  electorate  created  for  it, 
the  Upper  Palatinate  being  confirmed  to  Bavaria.  The 
Rhine  Palatinate  was  terribly  ravaged  by  the  French  in 
1674  and  1689.  The  Palatinate  and  the  Bavarian  lands  were 
united  in  1777.    In  1801  the  Rhine  Palatinate  was  divided  : 


allwestof  theRhi„ewas'"ed"ediirFrr«rBaden?rce'iveci  PaleUCia  (pa-lan'the-a)  1.  A  provmce  in  Old 
Heidelberg,  Mannheim,  etc.;  and  the  rest  fell  to  Hesse-  Castile,  Spam,  D.oundea  DJ  oantanaer  on  tne, 
Darmstadt,  Nassau,  etc.  By  the  treaties  of  1814-15  the  north,  feurgos  on  the  east,  Valladolid  on  the 
lYench  portion  west  j)f  the^  Rhine  was  restored  to  Ger-     go^ti^^  and  Valladolid  and  Leon  on  the  west.   It 


many:  Prussia  and  Hesse-Darmstadt  received  portions, 
but  the  greater  portion  fell  to  Bavaria.  This  part  is  the 
present  Khine  Palatinate,  or  Lower  Palatinate  (G-.  ^hein- 
pfalz  or  Unten^alz):  it  is  bounded  by  the  Rhine  on  the 
east,  and  borders  on  Hesse,  Prussia,  and  Alsace-Lorraine. 
It  forms  a  "  Regierungs-bezirk  "  of  Bavaria,  with  Spires  as 
capital.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Hardt  Mountains,  and  pro- 
duces grain,  wine,  coal,  etc.  Area,  2,289  square  miles. 
Population  (1890),  728,339.    The  Upper  Palatinate  (G.  Oher- 

pfalz)  forms  a  " Regierungs-bezirk  "  of  Bavaria,  under  the  -n^i^^*^  Tfci/*«.«,  ■p^«*«»«^a,,  Aa. 
title  Upper  Palatinate  and  Ratisbon  (Regensburg).  I*  PalCllCia,  XliegO  X  emaHaeZ  tte, 
borders  on  Bohemia.  Capital,  Ratisbon.    It  has  extensive     de  Palencia. 

forests   and  flourishing  industries.    Area,  3,729  square  Palenaue  (pa-lan'ka).    fSo  called  from  a  neiffh- 
-n.«     Population  (1890X_637,9B4:  ^^^^  ^^%^^  village.]     A  groujp  of  ruined 


is  mountainous  in  the  north  and  a  plateau  in  the  south. 
Area,  3,126  square  miles.  Population  (1887),  188,964. 
3.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Palencia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Carrion  in  lat.  42°  N.,  long.  4°  35'  W.: 
the  ancient  Fallantia.  It  has  linen  and  other  manu- 
factures. The  first  Spanish  university,  founded  here  about 
1209, was  removed  to  Salamanca  in  1239.  It  has  a  cathedral, 
chiefly  of  the  14th  century.    Population  (1887),  16,028. 

See  JFernandez 


miles. 

Palatine  (pal'a-tin)  Hill,  [L.  Mons  Palatinus, 
It.  Monte  Palditino.']  One  of  the  "  seven  hills" 
of  Eome,  situated  southeast  of  the  Capitoline 
and  north-northeast  of  the  Aventine.  It  borders 
on  the  Roman  Forum ;  is  the  traditional  seat  of  the  city 
founded  by  Romulus ;  was  the  seat  of  private  and  later 
of  imperial  residences ;  and  contains  many  antiquities. 

Palatka  (pa-lat'ka).  A  city,  the  capital  of  Put- 
nam County,  Florida,  situated  on  St.  John's 
Kiver.     Population  (1900),  3,301. 


buildings  in  the  state  of  Chiapas,  Mexico,  about 
60  miles  north-northeast  of  San  Cristobal.  They 
are  of  calcareous  stone,  and  consist  of  a  large  central  build- 
ing, commonly  called  the  "palace,"  with  various  smaller 
buildings,  pyramids,  etc.  Hieroglyphic  tablets  and  two 
sculptured  figures  of  great  interest  have  been  discovered. 
The  Palenque  ruins  were  unknown  to  the  Spaniards  until 
the  middle  of  the  18th  century,  and  it  is  evident  that  the 
place  had  been  abandoned  before  the  white  conquest.  It 
is  conjectured  that  the  buildings  were  used  for  religious 
purposes. 


Palawan  (pa-la-wan'),  or Paragua(pa-ra'gwa).  Palenques  (pa-lan'kas),  orPalencas  (pa-lan' 
An  island  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  lying  be-    -■•■-"  »         ■■         -"•  ,      .     ., 

tween  Borneo  and  the  main  group  of  the  Phil- 
ippine Islands,  it  belongs  partly  to  the  Philippines  and 
partly  to  the  Sultan  of  the  Sulu  Islands.  Area,  4,676  square 
miles.    Population,  estimated,  about  30,000. 

Palazzo  Borghesi.     See  Borghese  Palace. 

Palazzo  Contarini  Fasan.    See  Venice. 

Palazzo  del  Governo.    See  Siena. 

Palazzo  della  Bagione,    See  Padtia. 

Palazzo  Doria  (do'ri-a).    1.  Apalace  in  Rome, 
formerly  known  as  the  Pamphili  Doria.    It  faces 
toward  the  Corso  and  the  Piazza  di  Venetia.    It  is  very 
large  and  contains  galleries  of  pictures  and  sculpture. 
3.  A  palace  in  Genoa,  on  the  Piazza  del  Prin- 
cipe.    It  contains  fine  frescos,  and  the  garden  facing  .„,                   ,             .  .„.   .,  .  ,„,„ 
the  harbor  has  a  large  arcaded  loggia.    It  was  presented  FalCrmO.     A  province  in  bicily.     Area,  1,948 
to  Andrea  Doria  in  1662,  but  is  very  much  older.                    -' —      " ''-'-' —  -•■■omx   rrr.^  ncxn 

Palazzo  Farnese.    See  Farnese. 

Palazzo  Foscari.    See  Venice. 

Palazzolo  Acreide  (pa-lat's6-16  ak-ra'e-de).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Syracuse,  Sicily,  19 
miles  west  of  Syracuse:  on  the  site  of  the  an- 
cient Aorse.  It  contains  many  antiquities,  in- 
cluding a  Greek  theater  and  burial-ground. 
The  theater  is  small  but  very  perfect.  There 
are  12  tiers  of  seats,  divided  intp  9  cunei  by  8 
radial  stairways.  Parts  of  the  stage  structure 
remain.    Population  (1881),  11,154. 

Palazzo  Pitti  (pit'te).  A  palace  In  Florence, 
Italy,  designed  by  Brunellesohi,  and  begun 
about  1435.  it  is  a  massive  building :  the  chief  f  ayade  is 
of  quarry-faced  ashler  in  three  stories  with  series  of  round- 
arched  windows  having  very  long  voussoirs.  The  front 
toward  the  Boboli  Gardens  has  projecting  wings  inclosing 
a  court,  with  superposed  tiers  of  pilasters  formed  of  blocks 
alternately  large  and  small.  It  is  at  once  a  royal  palace 
and  the  home  of  a  world-famous  gallery  of  paintings. 

Palazzo  Pubblico.    See  S%ena. 

Palazzo  Valentino.    A  palace  at  Turin. 

Palazzo Vecchio (pa-lat'so vek'ke-6).  [It., 'old 

palace.']    A  palace  in  Florence,  begun  in  1298 

by  Arnolfo  as  the  of&eial  seat  of  the  chief 
magistrates  of  Florence,  it  is  an  imposing  castle- 
like building,  with  small  windows,  a  heavy  projecting 
machicolated  and  battlementedgalleiy  above,  and  a  great 
square  tower  rising  from  it,  also  having  a  machicolated 
gallery,  and  supporting  a  belfry  resting  on  4  cylindrical 
columns.  The  total  height  is  307  feet.  The  picturesque 
interior  court  has  9  rich  Renaissance  columns  carved  in 
arabesques.  The  apartments  are  extremely  interesting, 
displaying  fine  coffered  ceilings,  historical  paintings,  and 
sculptures. 

Pale  (pal).  The  English.  That  part  of  Ireland 
in  which  English  law  was  acknowledged,  and 
within  which  the  dominion  of  the  English  was 
restricted,  for  some  centuries  after  the  con- 
quests of  Henry  II.  John  distributed  the  part  of  Ire- 
land then  subject  to  England  into  12  counties  palatine,  and 


Indians  of  northern  Venezuela,  in  the 
western  part  of  what  is  now  the  state  of  Ber- 
mudez.  As  a  tribe  they  are  extinct.  They  be- 
longed to  the  Carib  linguistic  stock. 
Palenaue  tablet,  A  stone  plate,  covered  with 
hieroglyphics,  which  was  sent  to  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  in  1842,  and  is  now  iu  the  Na- 
tional Museum  at  "Washiiigton.  it  was  found  at 
Palenque,  Mexico,  where  it  originally  formed  the  left  side 
of  the  Group  of  the  Cross,  a  remarkable  ornament  on  one 
of  the  temples.  This  group  was  6J  feet  high  by  about  12 
broad ;  the  central  portion  exhibited  a  cross-like  structure 
with  a  human  figure  on  each  side  and  other  details ;  flank- 
ing it  were  two  slabs  with  closely  set  hieroglyphic  char- 
acters :  of  these  the  Palenque  tablet  is  one.  Various  at- 
tempts have  been  made  to  decipher  the  characters. 


square  miles.  Population  (1891),  791,928. 
Palermo  (pa-16r'm6 ;  It.  pron.  pa-ler'mo).  [It. 
Palermo,  tl'.  Panormus,  Panhormus,  Gr.  U&vop- 
/iof.]  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Paler- 
mo, Sicily,  a  seaport  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Pa- 
lermo, at  the  foot  of  Monte  Pellegrino,  in  lat. 
38° 7'  N. ,  long.  13°  21'  E. :  the  ancient  Panormus. 
It  is  the  largest  city  and  the  commercial  center  of  Sicily, 
and  the  fifth  city  of  Italy ;  is  the  seat  of  extensive  trade 
and  fisheries;  exports  oranges,  lemons,  sulphur,  wine, 
sumac,  etc. ;  and  has  manufactures  of  silk,  cotton,  etc. 
The  cathedral  is  a  large  and  highly  picturesque  S'orman- 
Saracenic  building.  The  exterior  is  flanked  by  4  slender 
towers,  and  enriched  with  graceful  arcades  and  Saracenic 
battlements.  The  south  porch  incloses  a  sculptured  por- 
tal ;  the  arcaded  west  front  has  3  recessed  portals,  and  is 
connected  by  flying  arches  with  akeep-like  campanile ;  the 
interlacing  arcades  and  arabesque  patterns  of  the  chevet 
are  unique  in  architecture.  The  interior  is  modernized, 
but  contains  most  interesting  tombs  of  emperors  (Henry 
VI.  and  Frederick  II.),  kings,  and  archbishops.  The  Ponte 
dell'  Ammiraglio,  a  picturesque  Saracenic  bridge  built 
across  the  Oreto  (which  has  since  changed  its  course)  in 
1113  by  King  Roger's  Greek  admiral,  rises  toward  the  mid- 
dle in  gable  form,  and  consists  of  11  pointed  arches  so  dis- 
posed that  those  of  narrow  and  wide  span  alternate.  San 
Giovanni  degli  Eremiti,  a  notable  foundation  of  King 
Roger  (1132),  of  T-plan  with  3  shallow  apses,  is  roofed  by 
5  domes  supported  on  squinches,  and  possesses  a  quad- 
rangular domed  tower  and  a  cloister.  Palermo  was  founded 
apparently  by  the  Phenicians,  and  was  one  of  the  strong- 
holds of  Carthage.  It  was  taken  by  Pyrrhus  in  276  B.  c, 
and  passed  from  Carthage  to  Rome  in  264.  The  Cartha- 
ginians under  Hasdrubal  were  defeated  under  its  walls  by 
the  Romans  under  Ciecilius  Metellus  in  251  or  250.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Vandals  and  East  Goths  about  440  A.  n. ;  was 
captured  by  Belisarius  in  636 ;  was  taken  by  the  Saracens 
about  830,  and  became  one  of  their  chief  cities ;  later  be- 
came the  capital  of  Sicily ;  was  captured  by  the  Normans 
about  1072 ;  passed  to  the  Germans  and  to  the  house  of 
Anjou ;  was  the  scene  of  the  Sicilian  Vespers  in  1282,  and 
came  under  the  rule  of  Aragon ;  followed  the  later  fortunes 
of  Sicily ;  was  the  scene  of  an  insurrection  in  1820,  and  the 
seat  of  a  revolutionary  government  in  1848-49 ;  was  bom- 
barded and  reduced  by  the  Bourbons  in  1849 ;  and  revolted, 
receiving  the  troops  of  Garibaldi  in  1860.  Population 
(1901),  commune,  309,694. 


Palermo 

The  thing  to  be  borne  in  mind  in  the  early  history  of 
Falermo  ...  Is  that  it  never  was,  as  the  other  great  cities 
of  Sicily  were,  a  commonwealth  of  republican  and  pagan 
Hellas ;  nor  did  it  ever  fall  into  the  hands  of  any  tyrant  of 
Hellenic  Sicily.  .  .  .  Palermo,  as  it  now  stands,  in  theaotual 
date  of  its  streets,  its  clmrches,  its  palaces,  carries  us  baclc 
to  no  date  earlier  than  the  days  of  the  Norman  counts  and 
kings.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  438,  441. 

Palermo,  Gulf  of.  A  bay  of  the  Mediterranean 
Sea,  near  Palermo. 

Pales  (pa'lez).  1.  In  old  Italian  mythology,  a 
deity,  protector  of  shepherds  andflooks. — 2.  An 
asteroid  (No.  49)  discovered  by  Goldsehmidt  at 
Paris,  Sept.  19,  1857. 

Palestine  (pal'es-tin),  called  also  Canaan  (ka'- 
nan)  and  The  Holy  Land.  [L.  Palxstina,  Pa- 
leestine,  6r.  JlaTiaiarivTi,  the  country  of  the  Phi- 
listines. SeeP/»Ksttnes.]  ThecountryoftheHe- 
brews,  a  territory  in  the  southern  part  of  Syria. 
Chief  city,  Jerusalem.  The  name  is  occasionally  re- 
stricted to  the  coast  region  of  the  Philistines,  but  is  usually 
regarded  as  indicating  the  region  bounded  by  the  Mediter- 
ranean on  the  west  and  the  desert  on  the  east,  and  on  the 
south  by  an  indefinite  line  extending  westward  from  the 
southern  extremity  of  the  Dead  Sea.  On  the  north  it  is  re- 
garded asbounded(somewhatindeflnitely)by  the  region  of 
Phenicia,  Lebanon,  and  Anti-Lebanon.  The  chief  natural 
features  are  the  plain  bordering  on  the  Mediterranean,  the 
mountainous  mass  extending  eastward  to  the  Jordan,  the 
deeply  sunken  valley  of  the  Jordan  (with  the  Sea  of  Gidilee 
and  the  Dead  Sea),  and  the  elevated  region  lying  east  of  the 
Jordan.  The  soil  is  naturally  fertile.  The  ancient  inhabi- 
tants were  the  Canaanites,  who  were  later  conquered  and 
more  or  less  assimilated  with  the  Israelites,  under  whom 
the  country  was  portioned  out  in  the  tribal  divisions  of 
Simeon,  Judah,  Dan,  Benjamin,  Ephraim,  Manasseh, 
Asher,  Issachar,  Zebulon,  Naphtali,  Oad,  and  Beubeti.  The 
divisions  west  of  the  Jordan  in  the  time  of  Christ  were 
Judea  in  the  south,  Samaria  in  the  center,  and  Galilee  in 
the  north.  The  country  formed  part  of  the  Koman  and 
Byzantine  Empire ;  passed  under  Mohammedan  rule  about 
636;  was  held  by  the  Christians  temporarily  during  the 
Crusades;  and  since  1616  has  been  in  the  possession  of 
the  Turkish  government.  Area,  estimated,  10,000-11,000 
square  miles.    Population,  probably  about  400,000, 

Palestine.  A  city,  the  capital  of  Anderson  Coun- 
ty, southern  Texas.     Population  (1900),  8,297. 

Palestrina  (pa-les-tre'na).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Rome,  Italy,  22  miles  east  of  Rome: 
the  ancient  Prseneste  (which  see),  it  contains  a 
cathedral  and  various  antiquities.  The  sanctuary  of  For- 
tune is  a  very  ancient  foundation  of  wealth  and  renown, 
which  occupied  ten  terraces  rising  in  succession  and  now 
In  part  covered  by  the  modem  city.  The  chief  remains, 
besides  the  terrace  walls,  include  the  main  temple  surviv- 
ing almost  complete  with  Corinthian  columns  and  pilas- 
ters and  a  raised  tribune,  the  grotto  of  the  famous  oracle, 
mosaics,  extensive  series  of  vaulted  chambers  and  porti- 
cos, and  a  small  circular  temple,  now  disposed  as  a  chapel, 
at  the  summit.  Itwas  the  birthplace  of  Palestrina.  Popu- 
lation (1881),  6,129. 

Palestrina,  Giovanni  Pierluigi  da.  Born  at 
Palestrina,  near  Bome,  probably  1524:  died  at 
Rome,  Feb.  2, 1594.  A  celebrated  Italian  mu- 
sician, surnamed  "Princeps  Musicss"  ('Prince 
of  Music ' ) .  He  was  chapel-master  at  the  lateran, Vati- 
can,  and  Sta.  Maria  Maggiore  in  Eome.  In  accordance 
with  resolutions  of  the  Council  of  Trent,  he  composed 
three  masses  in  1666,  setting  the  standard  of  ecclesiastical 
music.  For  this  he  was  appointed  composer  to  the  pontifi- 
cal choir.  He  is  considered  the  first  composer  who  united 
the  art  with  the  science  of  music,  and  his  works,  all  sacred 
except  two  volumes  of  madrigals,  mark  an  important  epoch 
(n  the  annals  of  music.  He  left  between  90  and  100  masses, 
bymns  for  the  year,  about  60  motets,  and  a  number  of  lam- 
entations, litanies,  etc. 

Palestro  (pa-les'tro) .  A  village  in  the  province 
of  Pavia,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Sesia  34  miles 
west-southwest  of  Milan.  Here,  May  30  and  31, 1869, 
the  Sardinians,  aided  by  the  French,  defeated  the  Aus- 
trians. 

Paley  (pa'li),William,  Bom  at  Peterborough, 
England,  July,  1743 :  died  May  25,  1805.  An 
English  theologian  and  philosopher.  Hegraduated 
at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  in  1763 ;  took  holy  orders ; 
and  in  1 766  was  chosen  a  fellow  of  his  college.  He  vacated 
his  fellowship  by  marriage  in  1776,  and  retired  to  the  rec- 
tory of  Musgrave  in  Westmoreland,  which  had  been  con- 
ferred on  him  the  year  before.  He  was  appointed  arch- 
deacon of  Carlisle  in  1782,  became  a  prebendary  of  St. 
Paul's  in  1794,  was  presented  to  the  subdeanery  of  Lincoln 
cathedral,  and  In  1796  received  the  rectory  of  Bishop- 
Wearmouth,  He  published  "Principles  of  Moral  and  Po- 
litical Philosophy  "  (1786), "  Horse  Paulinas,  or  the  Truth  of 
the  Scripture  History  of  St.  Paul "  (1790),  "View  of  the 
Evidences  of  Christianity"  (1794),  "Natural  Theology" 
(1802). 

Palfrey  (pal'fri),  John  Gorham.  Born  at  Bos- 
ton, May  2,  1796:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
April  26, 1881.  An  Americanhistorian  and  theo- 
logical writer:  aUnitarian  clergyman,  and  later 
professor  at  Harvard.  He  was  member  of  Congress 
from  Massachusetts  1847-49,  and  an  antislavery  leader. 
His  chief  work  is  a  ''History  of  New  England"  (1868-64). 

Palghat  (pal-gat')-  A  town  in  Malabar  district, 
Madras,  British  India,  situated  in  lat.  10°  46'  N., 
long.  76°  42'  E.    Population  (1891),  39,481. 

Palgrave  (pal'grav),  Sir  Francis.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, July,  1788:  died  at  Hampstead,  near  Lon- 
don, July  6, 1861.  An  English  historian.  He  was 
the  son  of  a  Jew  named  Meyer  Cohen,  and  changed  his  name 


775 


Pallee 


by  royal  permission  in  1823.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  at  tne    Palitana,  one  of  the  remarkable  Jain  agelom  • 
Middle  Temple  in_1827,  andin  1838  was  appointed  deputy     erations  which  consist  wholly  of  temples  and 

have  no  inhabitants  except  a  few  priests  and 
servants,     it  covers  a  large  area,  including  two  hills. 


keeper  of  the  public  records.  He  was  knighted  in  1832. 
His  chief  works  are  "Rise  and  Progress  of  the  English 
Commonwealth"  (1832)  and  "History  of  Normandy  and 
England  "  (4  vols.  1861-64). 

Palgrave,  Francis  Turner.  Bom  at  London, 
Sept.  28,  1824 :  died  there,  Oct.  24,  1897.  An 
English  poet,  son  of  Sir  Francis  Palgrave. 
He  was  educated  at  tlie  Charterhousei  and  at  Ealliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  was  professor  of  poetry  at  Oxford  1885- 
1897,  He  published  "Idylls  and  Songs"  (1864),  "Essays 
on  Art "  (1866),  "Hymns  "(1867), " Lyrical  Poems"  (1871), 


surrounded  by  picturesque  fortifications  and  numberhig 
hundreds  of  temples,  the  largest  of  which  stand  in  their 
own  inclosures.  All  the  temples  are  characterized  by  their 
pagoda-towers,  here  in  general  quadrangular,  steeply  py- 
ramidal with  bulging  sides,  and  having  a  bulbous  amalaka 
crowning.  The  construction  is  excellent,  and  much  of  the 
finish  and  ornament  admuable.  The  earliest  temples  date 
from  the  11th  century,  and  the  series  continues,  always  of 
the  same  type,  to  the  present  day.    Also  called  Sutruniya. 


etc.;  and  edited  "Golden  Treasury  of  English  Lyrical  Palt  •Rav('T)3,kba)     AnnrTn  nf  flio  TtkHpti  Oopsiti' 
Poetry"  (1861)and  " Treasury o, _Sacred  Song"  ,1890).         ^feXKoTheri'^ 

of  Palk  Strait. 

Born  at  Vi- 
cenza,  Nov.  30,  1518  :"died  at  Venice,  Aug.  19, 
1580.  A  oelel?rated  Italian  architect,  in  1647  he 
finished  the  Castello  of  Udine  begun  in  1519  by  Fontana, 
who  is  supposed  to  have  been  his  master  in  architecture. 
He  designed  the  Barbarano,  Tiene,  and  other  palaces  at 
Vicenza,  and  the  Olympic  Theater  there.  In  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Venice  are  many  Palladian  edifices,  and  at  Venice 
he  built  a  Corinthian  atrium  for  the  monastery  della  Ca- 
Titk,  the  church  of  San  Giorgio  Maggiore,  etc.  The  cathe- 
dral of  Brescia  and  the  governor's  palace  are  attributed  to 
him.  At  Padua  he  built  the  Palazzo  Aldrighelli  casa 
Adriani.  According  to  LetrouiUy,  the  only  work  of  Palladio 
in  Bome  was  an  altar  in  the  long  hall  of  the  hospital  of 
San  Spirito.  He  published  "Le  Antichit^  di  Boma"  (1664), 
"Illustrations  to  Cgesar's  Commentaries"  (1676),  "I  quat- 
tro  libri  dell'  Architettura"  (Venice,  1670),  etc.  His  style 
was  known  as  the  Palladian,  and  was  long  considered  the 
most  perfect. 


Palgrave,  William  Gifford.  Bom  at  London, 
Jan.  24,  1826:  died  at  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  p-ii.  j.-.  /^ki  ia'/is_A^  a-^^,.^., 
Sept.  30, 1888.  An  English  travelerj  son  of  Sir  ^^ifl.^SriJ'^on''.^??'.^'.,,:^^?®^?'; 
Francis  Palgrave.  After  serving  for  atime  in  the  army, 
he  entered  the  Jesuit  order,  and  was  employed  in  India, 
Palestine,  and  Syria.  In  1862-63  he  traveled  extensively 
in  tlie  Interior  of  Arabia,  and  in  1866  he  was  employed 
by  the  British  government  to  negotiate  for  the  release  of 
prisoners  in  Abyssinia.  Subsequently  he  held  various 
British  consular  positions,  and  from  1884  was  minister  to 
Uruguay.  He  published  "  Narrative  of  a  Year's  Journey 
through  Central  and  Eastern  Arabia"  (1866),  "Essays  on 
Eastern  Questions"  (1872),  "Dutch  Guiana"  (1876),  etc. 

Paliano  (pS-le-a'no).    A  town  in  the  province 

of  Eome,  Italy,  31  miles  east  by  south  of  Rome. 

Population  (1881),  4,915. 
Palikao(pa-le-kou').  AplaceinChina,between 

Peking  and  Tientsin.   Here,  Sept.  21, 1860,  the  French 

and  British  forces  under  Cousin-Montauban  defeated  the 

Chinese. 


-.  ,.,       ,  ..,-,..  -,x  «      i    J    ,«T.     1     «   -1    Palladis  Tamia.    See  Meres,  Francis. 
^t^£t°ig^;iei-°J',?.T^f  l^i°MS:  Palladius(pa-la'di-u.s).    [Gr.  nan^<S.oc.]   Born 

m  (ralatia,  Asia  Minor,  probably  about  367 


laume  Marie  Apollinaire  Antoine  Cousin- 
Montauban).  Born  at  Paris,  June  24,  1796: 
died  Jan.  8, 1878.  A  French  general.  He  served 
in  Algeria ;  commanded  the  expedition  against  China  in 
1860 ;  gained  the  victory  of  Palikao  Sept.  21, 1860 ;  and  was 
premier  and  minister  of  war  Aug.  10-Sept.  4, 1870. 
Palilicium  (pal-i-lish'i-um).    [L.  PdUUci%is,  per- 


A.  D.:  died  about  431.    A  bishop  of  Helenopo- 
lis  (in  Bithynia),  author  of  a  historical  work, 
"Lausiacum." 
Palladius.    Lived  probably  in  the  5th  century. 
A  Greek  medical  writer. 


in  the  4th  or  5th  century.  A  Roman  writer, 
author  of  a  work  on  agriculture  ("De  re  rus- 
tica").  A  Middle  English  translation,  in  verse,  was  pub- 
lished for  the  Early  English  Text  Society  from  a  unique 
English  MS.  of  about  1420,  from  Colchester  Castle,  under 
the  title  "Palladius  on  Husbondrie." 


taining  to  the  Palilia,  or  feast  of  Pales.]    A  Palladius,EutiliusTaurus.a;milianus.  Lived 

name  given  by  the  Romans  to  the  Hyades,  and ■"■  ■    ~ 

especially  to  Aldebaran,  the  brightest  of  tnem, 
because  this  group  of  stars  rose  heliacally  on 
the  day  of  the  Palilia  (April  21),  the  anniversary 
of  the  founding  of  the  city. 

Palinuro  (pa-le-no'ro),  Cape,  or  Cape  Sparti-  ^,1x1.  ,  ■■^  ^■■  -u-,  ->  a  ^^  <.  ^  ^  -^ 
mento  (spar-te-men'to).  Apromontory  on  the  rOl  Lanara  (pal  la-ha  ra).  A  small  statetnbu- 
western  coast  of  Italv,  situated  in  lat.  40°  2'  tarytoOrissa,  British  India.  Population  (1881), 
N.,  long.  15°  17'  E. :  "the  ancient  Palinuram.     14,887.        ,,,,.,_,,  .     ^ 

Itwas  the  scene  of  shipwrecks  of  Roman  fleets  Pallantia  (pa-lan  shi-a).  The  ancient  name  of 
in  253  and  in  36  b.  c.  Palencia. 

Palinurus  (pal-i-nu'rus).  [Gr.  TLah.vmpog.l  In  Pallanza  (pal-lan'za).  A  town  in  the  province 
Greekclassicallegend,thehelmsmanof.,S!neas.  of  Novara,  northern  Italy,  situated  on  Lago 
He  perished  on  the  western  coast  of  Italy.  Maggiore  45  miles  northwest  of  Milan.    It  is  a 

Palisades  (pal-i-sadz'),  The.    A  basaltic  bluff    winter  resort, 
extending  along  the  western  shore  of  the  Hud-  Pallas  (pal'as).     [Gr.  JiaXlag,  originally  only  a 
son  in  the  States  of  New  Jersey  and  New  York,     surname  of  Athene :  probably  from  itaXKa^,  vir- 


It  commences  opposite  the  northern  part  of  New  York 
city,  and  continues  northward  about  18  miles.  Height, 
200-600  feet. 
Palissy  (pa-le-se'),  Bernard.  Bom  at  Chapelle 
Biron,  near  Agen,  probably  about  1510 :  died  in 
the  Bastille,  Paris,  1589.  A  celebrated  French 
potter  and  enameler.  He  received  an  imperfect  edu- 
cation, and  applied  himself  to  designing,  civil  engineering, 
and  natural  history,  and  made  several  journeys  in  France 
and  Germany :  he  also  made  some  of  the  earliest  investi- 
gations in  chemistry.  In  15S9  he  established  himself  at 
Saintes,  where  he  married  and  practised  the  business  of 
surveying.  In  1563  he  chanced  to  see  a  glazed  cup  which 
suggested  experiments  with  enamels.    He  at  first  sought 


gin.]  1.  Athene,  the  goddess  of  wisdom  and 
war  among  the  Greeks :  identified  by  the  Ro- 
mans with  Minerva.  See  Athene  and  Minerva. 
—  2.  One  of  the  planetoids  revolving  between 
the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter,  discovered  (the 
second  in  the  order  of  time)  by  Gibers  at 
Bremen,  March  28,  1802.  On  account  of  its  minute- 
ness and  the  nebulosity  by  which  It  is  surrounded,  no  cer- 
tain conclusion  can  be  arrived  at  respecting  its  magnitude. 
Its  diameter  has  been  estimated  at  172  miles,  and  its  pe- 
riod of  revolution  at  4.61  years.  Its  light  undergoes  con- 
siderable variation,  and  its  motion  in  its  orbit  is  greatly 
disturbed  by  the  powerful  attraction  of  Jupiter. 


only  a  white  enamel,  and  for  some  time  failed  m  his  at-  PallaS  (pal'las),  Peter  Simon.  Bom  at  Berlin, 
'  ' "     "- ^'--- ^-'-^  '  1741:  died  there,  Sept. 8, 1811.  AGermannatu- 

ralist  and  traveler.  He  made  a  journey  through  Eus- 
sia  and  Siberia  1768-74,  described  in  "Eeisen  durch  ver- 
schiedene  Provinzen  des  russischen  Reichs"  {"Journeys 
through  different  Provinces  of  the  Bussian  Bealm,"  1771- 
1776),  He  also  wrote  "  Spicilegia  zoologica  "  (1767-1804), 
"Flora  Rossica"  (1784-88),  "Sammlungen  historischer 
Nachrichteniiber  die  mongolischenVblkerschaften  "("Col- 
lections of  Historical  Information  on  the  Mongolian 
Baces,"  1776-1802),  and  various  scientific  works. 


tempts,  but  at  length  succeeded.  He  then  tried  to  pro- 
duce the  various  colors  of  nature.  For  16  years  he  labored 
in  extreme  destitution  before  he  succeeded  in  making  the 
ware  in  high  relief  and  rustic  flgulines  associated  with 
his  name.  He  embraced  the  reformed  religion,  and  was 
one  of  the  principal  founders  of  the  Calvinistic  church  at 
Saintes.  In  1662  his  atelier  was  raided  and  devastated  as 
a  place  of  politico-religious  meetings.  He  was  arrested 
and  imprisoned  at  Bordeaux,  but  was  saved  from  the  lot 
of  his  coreligionists  by  the  ConnStable  de  Montmorency, 
who  interceded  with  the  queen,  Catharine  de'  Medici.    Set 


at  liberty,  Palissy  attached  himself  to  the  king,  the  queen  PallaS  (pal'as),  Albani.      A  beautiful  Greek 


mother  Catharine,  and  the  Conn^table  de  Montmorency. 
The  conn^table  brought  Palissy  to  Paris,  where  he  set  up 
his  furnaces  in  the  tile-yards  (tuileries),  where  the  Palais 
des  Tuileries  was  built.  Four  of  his  furnaces  have  re- 
cently been  discovered  under  the  palace.  He  was  also 
employed  at  Ecouen.   In  1566  he  was  charged  by  Catharine 


bust,  of  colossal  size,  in  Pentelic  marble,  in 
the  Glyptothek  at  Munich.  Tbe  goddess  wears  a 
small  eegis  and  a  Corinthian  helmet  with  a  serpent  as 
crest.  The  head  is  bent  forward.  It  is  held  to  be  from  a 
bronze  original. 


with  the  construction  of  grottoes  and  other  works  in  the  PallaS  Of  Velletri.      A  good  Roman  copy  of 


Tuileries  gardens.  He  was  engaged  in  this  work  in  1572 
when  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  occurred.  His  life 
was  saved  by  the  protection  of  Queen  Catharine  herself. 
In  1573  he  opened  a  course  of  lectures  in  natural  history, 
and  continued  this  until  1584.  He  was  among  the  very 
first  to  substitute  positive  experiment  for  the  explanations 


a  fine  Greek  original,  of  colossal  size,  in  the 
Louvre,  Paris.  The  goddess  is  standing,  fully  draped, 
with  a  narrow  aegis  and  a  Corinthian  helmet.  One  raised 
hand  held  an  upright  spear ;  the  left  hand,  perhaps,  sup- 
ported a  figure  of  Victory. 


of  the  schoohnen.    He  also  investigated  the  geology  of  PallavicinO  (pal-la-ve-ohe'no),  or  Pallavicini 


the  Paris  basin,  and  formed  the  first  cabinet  of  natural 
history  in  France.  In  1688  he  was  arrested  and  thrown 
into  the  Bastille,  and  died  there.  His  writings  were  pub- 
lished between  1.567  and  1580. 

Palitana  (pa-le-ta'na).  1 .  A  small  state  in  In- 
dia, under  British  influence,  intersected  by  lat. 
21°  30'  N.,  long.  71°  45'  E.  Population  (1881), 
49,271.-2.  A  city  .of  temples  in  the  state  of 


(pal-la-ve-che'ne),  Sforza.  Bom  at  Rome, 
1607 :  died  1667.  A  Roman  cardinal,  author  of 
a  ' '  History  of  the  Council  of  Trent "  (1656-57). 
Pallee,  or  Pali  (pa'le).  A  town  in  the  state  of 
Jodhpur,  India,  situated  on  a  branch  of  the 
Luni  40  miles  south-southeast  of  Jodhpur. 
Population  (1891),  17,150. 


Fallene 

Pallene  (pa-le'ne).  [Gr.  n.aX}i^.'\  In  ancient 
geography,  the  ■westernmost  of  the  three  penin- 
sulas of  Chaloidioe,  Macedonia. 

Pallice  (pa-les'),  La.  A  new  artificial  harbor 
for  large  vessels,  near  La  Eoehelle,  Prance. 

Fall  Mall  (pel  mel).  A  fine  street  in  London, 
leading  from  Trafalgar  Square  to  the  Green 
Park:  between  Cockspur  street  and  Trafalgar 
Square  it  is  called  Pall  Mall  East. 

Its  name  is  a  record  of  its  liaving  been  the  place  where 
the  game  of  Palle-malle  was  played  —  a  game  still  popular 
In  the  deserted  streets  of  old  sleepy  Italian  cities,  and  deriv- 
ing its  name  from  Palla,  a  ball,  and  Maglia,  a  mallet.  The 
street  was  not  enclosed  till  about  1690,  when  it  was  at  first 
called  Catherine  Street  in  honor  of  Catherine  of  Braganza, 
and  itstill  continued  to  be  afashionablepromeuade.  Club- 
houses are  the  characteristic  of  the  8treet>  though  none  of 
the  existing  buildings  date  beyond  the  19th  century.  In 
the  18th  century  their  place  was  filled  by  taverns  where 
various  literary  and  convivial  societies  had  their  meetings. 
Hare,  london,  IL  44. 

Palma  (pai'ma).  One  of  the  Canary  Islands, 
situated  west-northwest  of  Teueriffe.  Capital, 
Santa  Cruz  de  la  Palma.  it  is  traversed  by  a  moun- 
tain-range.   Length,  26  miles.    Population  (1887),  39,605. 

Palma.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  Balearic  Isles, 
Spain,  situated  on  Palma  Bay,  on  the  southern 
coast  of  Majorca,  inlat.  39°  34'  N.,  long.  2°  41'  E. 
It  is  the  seat  of  important  commerce  and  industry.  The 
cathedral  is  a  fine  Pointed  building  the  towers  and  flying 
buttresses  of  which  form  a  conspicuous  landmark.  The 
columns  of  the  nave  are  very  high  and  slender,  the  vault 
measuring  nearly  150  feet,  and  the  tombs  of  Mallorcan 
kings  and  bishops  and  the  great  medieval  carved  wooden 
reredos  add  interest  to  the  interior.  The  exchange  is  also 
notable.    Population  (1887),  60,614. 

Palma,  or  La  Palma.  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Huelva,  Spain,  31  miles  west  of  Seville.  Pop^ 
ulation  (1887),  5,897. 

Palma,  or  Paunanova  (pal-ma-no'va).  A  smaU 
town  in  the  province  of  Udine,  Italy,  57  miles 
northeast  of  Venice. 

Palma,  Jacopo  or  Giacomo,  surnamed  "Palma 
Vecchio"  ('the  Elder').  Born  at  Serinalta, 
near  Bergamo,  Italy,  about  1480 :  died  at  Ven- 
ice, Aug.  8,  1528.  A  Venetian  painter.  He  is 
classed  with  though  not  equal  to  Giorgione  and  Titian. 
His  portraits  of  women  are  especially  brilliant  and  soft  in 
tone  and  color.  Among  his  pictures  are  "St.  Barbara"  at 
Venice;  "Santa Conversazione, "Naples  Museum;  "Visi- 
tation "  and  "  Santa  Conversazione,"  Vienna ;  "  The  Three 
Graces," Dresden;  "Judith," Uffizi, Florence ;  "La  Schia- 
va,"  Palazzo  Barberini,  Home ;  etc. 

Palma,  Jacopo  or  Giacomo,  surnamed  "  Palma 
(Jiovane"  ('the  Younger').  Bom  at  Venice 
about  1544:  died  there,  1628.  A  Venetian 
painter,  nephew  of  Palma  Vecchio.  He  was  dis- 
tinguished for  the  freshness  of  his  coloring,  and  compared 
not  unfavorably  with  his  contemporaries  Tintoretto  and 
Paolo  Veronese :  but  he  became  careless  in  his  later  pic- 
tures, and  is  said  by  Lanzi  to  be  the  last  painter  of  the 
good  and  the  first  of  the  bad  epoch  in  the  Venetian  school. 

Palma,  Bicardo.  Bom  at  Lima,  Feb.  7,  1833. 
A  Peruvian  author.  He  was  a  member  of  Congress, 
and  subsequently  was  connected  with  the  National  Li- 
brary :  it  was  mainly  through  his  efforts  that  it  was  re- 
opened in  1884,  after  its  destruction  by  the  Chileans.  Pal- 
ma's  works  include  "  Anales  de  la  Inquisicion  de  Lima  " 
(1863),  several  volumes  of  poems,  romances  and  sketches, 
and,  since  1870,  a  series  of  works  of  great  interest  on  the 
historical  traditions  and  legends  of  Peru. 

Palma  Campania  (kam-pa'ne-a).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Caserta,  Italy,  16  miles  east  of 
Naples.    Population  (1881),  6,476. 

Palma  del  Rio  (del  re'6).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Cordova,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Guadal- 
quivir, at  the  junction  of  the  Jenil,  29  miles 
west-southwest  of  Cordova.  Population  (1887), 
7,696. 

Palmarla  (pal-ma-re'a).  A  small  island  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Spezia,  belonging  to  the 
province  of  Genoa,  Italy.  It  is  famous  for  its 
black  marble. 

Palmas  (pal'mas).  Cape.  A  promontory  on  the 
coast  of  Liberia,  western  Africa,  situated  in  lat. 
4°  22'  N.,  long.  7°  44'  "W. 

Palmas,  Las.  ['  The  palms.']  A  cathedral  city 
and  a  seaport,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Gran 
Canaria,  Canary  Islands.  It  is  the  largest  place  in 
the  islands,  and  has  fiourishing  commerce.  Population 
(1887),  20,766. 

Palmblad  (palm'blad),  Wilhelm  Fredrik. 
Bom  Dee.  16, 1788:  died  Sept.  2, 1852.  A  Swe- 
dish author,  one  of  the  Phosphorists.  Among 
hia  works  is  the  novel  "Aurora  Konigsmark" 
(1846-49).  After  1835  he  was  co-editor  of  the 
"Biographisk  Lexicon." 

Palmellas  (pal-mel'yas).  An  Indian  tribe  of 
northeastern  Bolivia,  department  of  Beni,  on  the 
river  Baur6s.  By  their  language  they  appear  to  belong 
to  the  Carib  linguistic  stock,  though  they  are  widely  sepa- 
rated from  other  Carib  tribes. 

Palmer  (pam'er),  Charles  Ferrers.  Bom 
1819:  died  Oct.  27,  1900.  An  English  anti- 
quarian. He  studied  at  the  Queen's  College  of  Medi- 
cine, Birmingham, andpractised  as  a  surgeonforsome  time. 


776 

In  1842  he  joined  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  entered  the 
Bominican  order  in  1862,  and  took  orders  in  1859.  He  is 
known  as  Father  Raymund.  He  published  "  The  His- 
tory of  the  Town  and  Castle  of  Tamworth,  etc."  (1846), 
"The  Dominican  Tertiary's  Guide"  (18e«X  "The  Life  of 
Philip  Thomas  Howard,  O.  P.,  Cardinal  of  Norfolk,  .  .  . 
with  a  Sketch  of  the  .  .  .  Dominican  Order,  etc."  (1867), 
"History  ...  of  the  Collegiate  Church  of  Tamworth" 
(ISTIX  "History  of  the  Baronial  Family  of  Marmion  "(1876), 
etc. ,  and  other  works  principally  relating  to  the  Dominican 
order  and  to  the  town  of  Tamworth. 

Palmer  (pam'er),  Edward  Henry.  Bom  at 
Cambridge,  England,  Aug.  7,  1840 :  murdered 
by  Bedouins  in  the  desert  near  Suez,  Aug., 
1882.  An  English  explorer  and  Orientalist. 
He  entered  St  John's  College,  Cambridge,  and  was  elected 
fellow  in  1887.  He  joined  the  Sinai  expedition,  and  in  1870 
explored  the  VTllderness  of  the  Wandering  with  Drake  ; 
in  the  same  year  he  published  the  "Desert  of  Exodus." 
In  1871  he  was  appointed  professor  of  Arabic  at  Cambridge, 
and  in  1876  published  a  Persian  dictionary.  In  1882  he 
accompanied  the  government  expedition  to  the  desert  of 
Suez,  where  he  was  murdered. 

Palmer,  Edwin.  Born  July  18, 1824:  died  Oct. 
17,  1895.  An  English  classical  scholar,  arch- 
deacon of  Oxford. 

Palmer.  Erastus  Dow.  Born  at  Pompey,  N.  T., 
April  2,  1817 :  died  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  March  9, 
1904.  An  American  sculptor,  in  1846  he  began 
his  career  as  a  cameo-cutter. 

Palmer,  James  Shedden.  Born  in  New  Jersey, 
1810 :  died  in  St.  Thomas,  West  Indies,  Dec.  7, 
1867.  An  American  admiral.  He  became  a  midship- 
man in  the  U.  S.  navy  in  1826,  and  was  promoted  captain  in 
1862  ;  commanded  the  Iroquois  of  Farragut's  squadron  in 
the  passage  of  theVicksburg  batteries  in  June,1862;  and  was 
captain  of  Farragut's  flag-ship  when  she  ran  the  batteries 
of  Port  Hudson  in  March,  1863.    Made  rear-admiral  1866. 

Palmer,  John  McCauley.  Bom  Sept.  13, 1817: 
died  Sept.  25,  1900.  An  American  general  and 
politician.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  1839,  served  in 
the  Civil  War  (major-general  of  volunteers  1862,  corps 
commander  under  Sherman  1864),  was  Republican  gover- 
nor of  Illinois  1869-73,  was  elected  United  States  senator 
(Democratic)  1891,  and  was  nominated  for  the  Presidency 
as  a  sound-money  Democrat  1896. 

Palmer,  Bay.  Born  at  Little  Compton,  K.  I., 
Nov.  12,  1808 :  died  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  March 
29, 1887.  .An  American  Congregational  clergy- 
man, noted  as  a  hymn-writer.  He  wrote  the  hymn 
"My  Faith  looks  up  to  Thee,"  and  published  "Closet 
Hours"  (1851),  "Complete  Poetical  Works"  (1876),  etc. 

Palmer,  Boger,  Earl  of  Castlemain.  Bom  at 
Domey  Court,  Bucks,  Sept.  3,  1634:  died  at 
Oswestry,  July  21,  1705.  An  English  diplo- 
matist and  writer.  He  was  raised  to  the  Irish  peer- 
age at  the  Restoration  to  propitiate  his  wife,  who  was  the 
mistress  of  the  king  (see  VillierSt  Barbara). 

Palmer,  Boundell,  Earl  of  Selbome.  Born  at 
Mixbury,  England,  Nov.  27, 1812 :  died  at  Black- 
moor,  near  Petersfield,  May  4,  1895.  An  Eng- 
lish jurist  and  hymnologist.  He  was  solicitor-gen- 
eral 1861-63;  attorney-general  1863-66;  British  counsel  at 
the  Geneva  Court  of  Arbitration  in  1871-72;  and  lord 
chancellor  under  Gladstone  in  1872-74  and  1880-86.  He 
was  created  Baron  Selbome  in  1872,  and  Earl  of  Selbome 
in  1882.  He  published  "  Book  of  Praise,  from  the  Best 
English  Hymn-writers  "  (1863),  etc. 

Palmer,  waiter  Launt.  Born  at  Albany,  N.  Y. , 
Aug.  1,  1854.  An  American  painter,  sou  of  E. 
D.  Palmer:  a  pupil  of  P.  E.  Church  and  of 
Carolus  Duran. 

Palmerin  Bomances,  The.    A  series  of  eight 

Spanish  romances  of  chivalry.  The  first,  "Palmerin 
de  Oliva,"  the  work  of  a  carpenter's  daughter  in  Burgos, 
printed  at  Salamanca  in  1511,  and  the  sixth,  "  Palmerin  de 
Inglaterra  [England],"  written  by  Luis  Hnrtado  (Toledo, 
1647),  are  the  most  noted.  These  romances  are  in  imita- 
tion of  the  Amadis  romances,  and  come  near  them  in  im- 
portance. The  two  mentioned  were  translated  into  Eng- 
lish by  Antony  Munday ;  the  second  was  abridged  by 
Robert  Southey. 

Palmer  Land,  or  Palmer's  Land.  A  land  in 
the  south  polar  regions,  south  of  Tierra  del  Pue- 
go,  about  lat.  63°  S. 

Palmerston,  Viscount.  See  Temple,  Henry  John. 

Palmetto  State.  South  Carolina:  so  named 
from  the  palmetto  on  its  coat  of  arms. 

Palmieri  (pal-me-a're),  Lnigi.  Born  April  22, 
1807:  died  Sept.  10,  1896.  An  Italian  mathe- 
matician and  physicist.  He  was  appointed  professor 
of  physics  at  the  University  of  Naples  in  1847,  and  director 
of  the  meteorological  observatory  on  Vesuvius  in  1848  (an 
office  the  duties  of  wliich  he  assumed  in  1864). 

Palmyra  (pal-mi'ra),  or  Tadmor  (tad'm6r). 
[Gr.  fta/l/iupa.]  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  sit- 
uated on  an  oasis  in  the  desert  east  of  Syria, 
about  lat.  34°  18'  N.,  long.  38°  10'  E. :  said  to 
have  been  built  by  Solomon,  it  early  became  an 
important  commercial  center;  rose  to  prominence  in  the 
reign  of  Hadrian  (about  130  A.  D.) ;  became  a  Roman  colony 
about  212 ;  became  practically  independent  in  the  reigns 
of  Valerian  and  Gallienus  under  Odenathus,  and  was  the 
capital  of  the  important  khigdom  of  Palmyra.  It  became 
formally  independent  under  Zenobia,  who  was  defeated 
and  captured  by  Aurelian  in  272.  Palmyra  was  destroyed 
in  273.  Later  it  was  rebuilt,  and  is  now  in  ruins.  Palmyra 
is  remarkable  for  its  extensive  architectural  remains,  which 
date  for  the  most  part  from  near  the  close  of  the  Roman 


Palndan-Miiller 

protectorate,  and  are  more  rich  than  pure  in  style.  The 
chief  monument  is  the  temple  of  the  Sun,  with  its  im. 
pressive  inclosure.  Almost  more  striking  are  the  long 
double  lines  of  colonnaded  streets,  spanned  by  triumphal 
arches.  There  are  many  other  ruins,  including  temples, 
public  buildings,  dwellings,  and  long  stretches  of  towered 
fortifications  of  the  time  of  Justinian.  There  is  also  an 
extensive  necropolis,  characterized  by  mausoleums  in  the 
form  of  towers.  Only  the  more  prominent  remains  have 
been  thoroughly  studied. 

Palmyra  of  the  North,  The.  A  name  some- 
times given  to  St.  Petersburg. 

Palni  (pal'ne)  Hills.  A  range  of  mountains 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  Deccan,  India,  con- 
neetingthe  Eastern  and  Western  Ghats.  Height 
of  highest  summits,  about  7,000  feet. 

Palo  Alto  (pa'16  al'to).  [8p.,' high  pole.']  A 
place  near  the  southern  extremity  of  Texas,  8 
miles  northeast  of  Brownsville.  Theflrst  battleof 
the  war  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico  was  fought 
here  May  8, 1846.  Taylor,  commanding  the  United  States 
troops,  had  fortified  himself  on  the  Rio  Grande,  opposite 
Matamoros ;  Arista,  the  Mexican  general,  mauceuvered  to 
cut  him  off  from  his  base  of  supplies  at  Point  Isabel,  and 
Taylor  attacked  him  with  2,300  men,  the  Mexicans  having 
about  3,500.  The  battle  was  fought  mainly  with  artillery, 
and  the  Mexicans  were  defeated,  retiring  next  day  to  Re- 
saca  de  la  Palma. 

Palo  Alto.  A  stock-farm  in  California,  estab- 
lished by  Leland  Stanford.  Experiments  were 
made  here  by  E.  Muybridge  about  1880  to  determine,  with 
the  aid  of  instantaneous  photography,  the  actual  condi- 
tions of  locomotion  in  various  animals. 

Palo  Alto.  A  bay  trotting  stallion  by  Election- 
eer, dam  Winnie  (thoroughbred).  He  won  the 
stallion  record  in  2 :  08|,  and  held  it  until  he  died.  His 
record  was  lowered  by  Stamboul  (2 :  08). 

Palo  del  OoUe  (pa'16  del  kol'le).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Bari,  Apulia,  Italy,  12  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Bari.    Population  (1881),  10,257. 

Palomino  de  Castro  y  Velasco  (pa-l6-me'n6 
da  kas'tro  e  va-las'ko),  Acisclo  (or  Acislo) 
Antonio.  Bom  at  Bujalance,  near  Cordova, 
Spain,  1653:  died  at  Madrid,  1726.  A  Spanish 
painter  and  writer  on  art.  He  published  a  treatise 
on  painting  ("El  museo  pictorico  y  escala  optica,"  1715- 
1724),  ete. 

PaloOS  (pa-los'),  or  Peloose  (pe-16s'),  or  Pa- 
louse  (pa-los').  IFl.,  slBoPalooses.~i  A  tribe 
of  North  American  Indians.  In  1805  they  were  on 
the  Clearwater  River,  Idaho,  above  the  Forks,  and  on  the 
small  streams  tributary  to  it,  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
In  1851  they  numbered  181:  those  now  living  are  on  the 
Yakima  reservation,  Washington.    See  ShaTmptian. 

Falos  (pa-16s').  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Huelva,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Tinto,  near  its 
mouth,  47  miles  west-southwest  of  Seville.  From 
this  port,  Aug.  3, 1492,  Columbus  sailed  on  his  voyage  of 
discovery. 

Falonse.    See  Paloos. 

Palouse  (pa-loz')  Biver.  A  branch  of  the  Snake 
River  in  Idaho.     Length,  about  200  miles. 

Palsgrave  (palz'grav),  John.  Bom  at  London 
aboutl480:  diedthere,  1554.  An  English  teacher 
of  French.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge  and  at  Paris, 
and  was  appointed  teacher  of  French  to  the  princess  Mary, 
sister  of  Heiuy  VIII.,  before  her  marriage  to  Louis^^I. 
He  remained  in  her  service,  returning  to  England  with 
her  when  she  married  the  Earl  of  Suffolk ;  was  made  a 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul's  in  1514 ;  became  schoolmaster  to 
the  king's  bastard  son,  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  in  1525 ; 
went  to  Oxford  in  1531 ;  and  was  presented  to  the  living  of 
St.  Dnnstan's  in  the  East,  London,  by  Cranmer  in  1653.  He 
wrote  a  book  containing  his  method  of  instruction,  a  gram- 
mar and  dictionary  combined,  entitled  "  L'Esclaircisse- 
ment  de  ia  Langue  Francoyse,  compost  par  Maistre  Jehan 
Palsgrave,  Angloys,  Natif  de  Londres.  et  Gradu^  de  Paris," 
in  1630.  It  is  a  valuable  record  of  the  exact  state  of  the 
French  language  at  the  time.  In  1640  he  published  a 
translation  of  a  Latin  play  entitled ' '  Acolastus, "  by  a  Duteh 
schoolmaster, Willem  deVolder(Fullonius).  Itwaswritten 
about  1625,  to  be  acted  by  school-boys,  and  was  on  the 
subject  of  the  prodigal  son. 

Palti  (pal'te).  A  lake  in  Tibet,  50  miles  south- 
west of  Lhassa.  It  is  nearly  ring-shaped. 
Length,  about  30  miles. 

Paltock,  Bobert.    See  Feter  Wilkins. 

Paludan-Mliller  (pal'6-dan-mul'ler),  Fred- 
erik..  Bom  at  Kjerteminde,  in  Piinen,  Den- 
mark, Feb.  7,  1809 :  died  at  Copenhagen,  Dec. 
29,  1876.  A  Danish  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  Jens 
Paludan-Muller, who diedbishop  of  Aarhuus,  and  brother 
of  the  historian  Kaspar  Peter  Paludan-MiillerCborn  1806). 
He  entered  the  Copenhagen  University  in  1828.  In  1882 
he  published  a  romantic  drama,  "Kjarlighed  ved  Hoffet" 
("Love  at  Court").  This  was  followed  by  the  poem 
" Danserinden "  ("The  Dancing  Girl,"  1833),  the  lyrical 
drama" Amor og Psyche "(1834),  the  narrative  poem"Zu- 
leimas  Flugt"("Zuleima's  Flight,"  1836),  and  "Poesier" 
("  Poems  "),  in  2  volumes,  m  1836  and  1838.  This  latter  year 
he  went  abroad  to  travel  in  Germany,  France,  Switzerland, 
and  Italy.  Subsequent  works  are  the  dramatic  poems 
"Venus "(1841),"  Dryadens  Bryllup"("The  Dryad's  Wed- 
dmg  "),  and  "  Tithon  " ("  Tithonus  ")  (both  1844).  Hia  great- 
est work, "  Adam  Homo,"  written  in  ottava  rima  appeared 
from  1841  to  1848.  Among- his  other  works  are  "Abels 
DOd"  ("Abel's  Death,"  1864),  the  lyric  drama  "Kalanus" 
(1867),  "Paradiset"  ("Paradise,"  1861),  "Kain"  ("Cain"), 
"Ahasverus"("Ahasuerus"),  "Benedict  fraNursia."  A 
comedy,  "Tideme  Skifte"  ("The  Times  Change  "X  and 
the  lyric  poem  "  Adonis  "  are  both  from  1874.  He  is  also 
the  author  of  two  prose  works :  the  allegorical  tale  "  Ung- 


Paludan-Miiller 

domakilden  "  ("  The  Fountain  of  Youth,"  1S66)  and  the  so- 
cial novel,  in  3  volumes, "  Ivar  Lykltes  Hi8tprie"("The 
History  of  Ivar  Lyklte,"  1866-73).  His  poetical  writings 
("  Foetiske  Skrifter")  appeared  at  Copenhagen,  1878-79,  in8 
volumes. 

Palwal,  or  PulwTll  (pul-wul ' ) .  A  to  wn  in  G-ur- 
gaon  district,  Panjab,  British  India,  40  miles 
south  of  Delhi.     Population  (1881),  10,635. 

Pam,  A  nickname  familiarly  given  to  Viscount 
Palmerston. 

Pamas.    See  Pwupurua. 

Pamarys.     See  Purupurus. 

Pamela  (pa-me'la).  The  daughter  of  Basilius 
and  sister  of  Philoclea:  a  noted  character  in 
Sidney's  romanc  e  '  'Arcadia. "  Richardson  gave  the 
name  to  a  servant,  to  signify  that  fine  feelings  were  not 
confined  to  the  upper  classes. 

Pamela  (pam'e-la),  or  Virtue  Rewarded.  The 

first  of  the  series  of  novels  -written  by  Samuel 
Richardson,  published  in  1740.  it  is  so  called  from 
the  name  of  the  heroine,  an  ostentatiously  virtuous  ser- 
vant who  resists  the  dishonorable  attempts  of  her  mas- 
ter, and  is  finally  rewarded  by  becoming  his  wife.  This 
amused  Fielding  and  provoked  him  into  writing  the  his- 
tory of  "Joseph  Andrews,"  an  equally  virtuous  serving- 
man  and  the  brother  of  Pamela,  which  was  begun  as  a 
caricature,  but  grew  into  a  work  of  independent  character. 
Pope,  in  his  "  Epistle  to  Mrs.  Blount,"  accents  the  name 
Pamela  (but  see  the  extract). 

One  significant  sign  of  its  [Pamela's]  popularity  was  its 
changing  the  pronunciation  of  the  name  itself,  which  in 
Pope  is  accented  on  the  second  syllable,  and  in  Richard- 
son on  the  first, — the  public  being  willing  to  introduce 
discord  into  a  line  of  the  former,  rather  than  spoil  the  har- 
mony of  a  few  verses  which  the  latter  had  inserted  in  the 
novel.  Whipple,  Essays. 

Fames  (pa'mas),  or  Pamis  (pa'mes).  Mexican 
Indians  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state 
of  San  Luis  PotosI  and  the  adjacent  parts  of 
Quer^taro  and  Guanajuato.  They  are  of  Otomi 
stock,  closely  related  to  the  true  Otomis,  and  have  long 
been  partially  civilized.    See  Otomis  and  Otomi  stock, 

Pamiers  (pa-mya').  A  cathedral  city  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ari&ge,  France,  situated  on  the 
Arifege  40  miles  south  of  Toulouse.  It  was  the 
capital  of  the  former  countship  of  Foix.  It  was  sacked  in 
1628.    Population  (1891),  commune,  11,143. 

Pamir  (pa-mer')-  The  name  given  to  an  exten- 
sive plateau  region  in  central  Asia,  northeast 
of  Afghanistan,  south  of  Asiatic  Russia,  and 
west  of  East  Turkestan.  It  contains  the  sources  of 
the  Amu-Daria.  Its  elevation  is  about  13,000  feet,  and 
from  it  radiate  the  Alai  (Trans-Alai),  Earakorum,  and 
Hindu  Eush  Mountains,  with  peaks  rising  on  the  borders 
20,000-25,000  feet  in  elevation.  It  is  the  central  knot  of  the 
Asiatic  mountains,  and  is  frequently  designated  the  "  roof 
of  the  world."  Over  it  passed  the  ancient  commercial 
highway  to  China.  It  is  on  the  borders  of  the  Russian, 
Chinese,  and  British  empires,  and  hence  has  recently  be- 
come of  great  interest.  A  large  part  of  the  Pamir  region 
was  occupied  by  Russia  in  1892. 

PamUco  (pam-le'ko).  [PI.,  also  Pamlicos.']  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians  living  upon 
the  river  of  the  same  name  in  Beaufort  County, 
North  Carolina .  They  were  nearly  destroyed  by  small- 
pox in  1696  and  by  the  Tuscarora  war  of  1711,  the  remnant 
of  them  being  absorbed  in  the  Tuscarora  tribe.  See  Algon- 
guian. 

Pamlico  Sound.  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic  east 
of  North  Carolina,  separated  from  the  Atlantic 
by  low  narrow  islands.  It  communicates  with  Albe- 
marle Sound  on  the  north  by  Croatan  and  Roanoke  sounds, 
and  with  the  Atlantic  by  Ocracoke,  Hatteras,  and  other 
inlets.    Length,  about  75  miles. 

Pammanas,  or  Pammarys.    See  Purupurus. 

Pampa  (pam'pa) .  A  territory  of  the  Argentine 
Republic.west  of  Buenos  Ayres.  Area  variously 
estimated  at  from  58,000  to  89,000  square  miles. 
Population  (1890),  38,500. 

Pampa  AuUagas  (pam'pa  oul-ya'gas),  or  Aul- 
lagas,  called  also  Poopo  (p6-6-p6'),  etc.  A 
swampy  lake  in  Bolivia  which  receives  the  river 
Desaguadero  from  Lake  Titicaca.  It  has  no 
outlet'.     Length,  65-70  miles. 

Pampas  (pam'pas).    A  name  given  in  the  Ar- 

fentine  Eepublio  to  various  Indian  tribes  in- 
abiting  the  pampas  to  the  south  and  west  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  especially  the  Puelches,  Eau- 
queles,  and  Pehuenches. 
Pampas  (pam'paz ;  Sp.  pron.  pam'pas).  [Said 
to  be  froni  a  Quichua  word  meaning  '  an  open 
field.']  A  name  given  in  southern  and  western 
South  America  to  various  open  and  grassy 
plains,  and  in  this  sense  synonymous  with  lla- 
nos. Specifically,  and  in  a  geographical  sense,  the  pampas 
are  the  great  open  plains  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  be- 
tween the  river  ParanA  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  east  and  the 
mountainous  regions  of  the  west.  Northward  these  plains 
are  continuous  with  the  Gran  Chaco,  and  southward  they 
rise  into  the  table-lands  of  Patagonia.  Regarding  the 
river  Salado  as  the  northern  boundary,  and  the  Colorado 
as  the  southern,  the  pampas  embrace  the  provinces  of 
Buenos  Ayres  and  Santa  F^,  most  of  Cordoba,  portions  of 
Santiago,  San  Luis,  and  Mendoza,  and  the  territory  of  La 
Pampa,  to  which  the  name  is  now  commonly  restricted  in 
Argentina.  This  givesan  area  of  over  300,000  square  miles. 
The  elevation  in  Cordoba  is  1,200  or  1,300  feet;  thence  it 


777 

falls  regularly  southeastward  to  40  or  50  feet  near  the  At- 
lantic. There  are  occasional  depressions,  occupied  by  sa- 
lines, but  no  high  hills.  The  surface  is  everywhere  open 
and,  where  not  too  dry,  very  fertile ;  portions  are  subject 
to  floods.  The  name  is  often  extended,  especially  by  nat- 
uralists, to  the  open  but  hilly  lands  east  of  the  Parang 
and  in  Uruguay  and  southern  Brazil. 

Pampas  del  Sacramento  (pam'pas  del  sak-ra- 
men'to).  A  region  of  northern  Peru,  between 
the  rivers  Huallaga  and  Ucayale.  From  the  little 
known  of  it,  it  appears  to  be  a  plateau  varied  with  hills 
or  low  mountains,  very  fertile,  and  with  a  healthy  and 
agreeable  climate ;  much  of  the  surface  is  free  from  forest. 
It  was  discovered  and  named  by  the  Jesuit  Simon  Zara 
in  1732,  and  for  many  years  was  the  seat  of  flourishing 
Jesuit  missions.  There  are  now  few  inhabitants  except 
wandering  Indians.  Length,  probably  300  miles.  Width, 
40  to  100  miles. 


Pampean  (pam'pf-an)  race.  [F.  race  _ 
enne.']  A  name  under  which  D'Orbigny  (1839) 
included  nearly  all  the  South  American  Indian 
tribes  known  to  him  east  of  the  Andes,  except 
those  of  the  Tupi  and  Tapuya  stocks.  He  divided 
them  intoSraces — the  Pampean,  Chiquitean,  and  Moxean. 
This  classification  was  based  on  physical  characteristics, 
and  later  ethnologists,  relying  mainly  on  the  dilf  erences 
of  language,  have  abandoned  it.  The  tribes  are  now  dis- 
tributed in  many  linguistic  stocks. 

Pampean  stock,  or  Aucanian  stock  (d-ka'- 
ni-an  stok),  or  Araucanian  (ar-fi,-ka'ni-an) 
stock.  A  linguistic  stock  of  South  Amer- 
ican Indians,  on  both  sides  of  the  Andes,  in 
southern  Chile  and  the  Argentine  Republic. 
It  embraces,  among  other  tribes,  the  Araucanians  of  Chile, 
and  the  Aucanos,  Pehuenches,  Puelches,  and  Querendis 
of  the  Argentine.  They  are  all  known  as  valiant  warriors 
who  long  resisted  the  Spaniards ;  most  of  them  are  still 
practically  independent. 

Pampeluna.    See  Pamplona. 

Pamphylia  (pam-fil'i-a).  [Gr.  lla/i(pv/\,ia,  country 
of  all  tribes.]  In  ancient  geography,  a  moun- 
tainous region  in  Asia  Minor,  bounded  by  Pi- 
sidia  on  the  north,  Cilieia  on  the  east,  the  Med- 
iterranean on  the  south,  and  Lycia  on  the  west. 
It  was  successively  under  the  rule  of  Lydia,  Persia,  Mace- 
don,  Syria,  Pergamum,  and  Rome, 

Pamphylian  (pam-fil'i-an)  Gulf,  or  Pamphyl- 
ian  Sea.  The  ancient  name  of  the  Gulf  of 
Adalia. 

Pamplona  (pam-plo'na),  or  Pampeluna  (pam- 
pa-16'na),  P.  Pampelune  (ponp-lttn').  1.  A 
province  of  Spain.  See  Navarre. —  2.  The  cap- 
ital of  Navarre,  situated  on  the  Arga  about  lat. 
42°  47'  N.,  long.  1°  40'  W.  It  is  a  fortress  and  stra- 
tegic point  of  importance.    The  cathedral  dates  from  1397, 

■  with  a  modernized  west  front.  The  cloister  is  of  excellent 
Geometrical  Pointed  work,  in  part  with  openwork  pedi- 
ments over  the  traceried  arches.  A  refectory  and  several 
rooms  and  chapels  older  than  the  cathedral  open  on  the 
cloister.  Pamplona  was  an  ancient  town  of  the  Vascones ; 
was  partially  destroyed  by  Charles  the  Great  in  778 ;  suffered 
in  the  Moorish  wars ;  became  the  capital  of  the  kingdom 
of  Navarre;  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1808,  and  re- 
taken by  the  Spanish  in  1813 ;  and  suffered  in  the  Carlist 
wars.    Population  (1887),  26,663. 

Pamplona  (pam-plo'na).  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Santander,  Colombia,  205  miles 
north-northeast  of  Bogota.  Population  (1886), 
about  9,000. 

Pamunkey  (pa-mungk'i).  A  river  in  Virginia, 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  North  and  South 
Anna,  and  uniting  with  the  Mattapony  at  West 
Point  to  form  the  York  River.  Length,  with 
the  South  Anna,  over  100  miles. 

Pan  (pan).  [Gr.  Ildv.]  In  ancient  Greek  my- 
thology, the  god  of  pastures,  forests,  and  flocks. 
The  original  seat  of  his  worship  was  in  Arcadia,  whence  it 
gradually  spread  over  the  rest  of  Greece.  He  was  repre- 
sented with  the  head  and  body  of  an  elderly  man,  while 
his  lower  parts  were  like  the  hind  quarters  of  a  goat,  of 
which  animal  he  often  bore  the  horns  and  ears  also.  He 
was  fond  of  music  and  of  dancing  with  the  forest  nymphs, 
and  was  the  inventor  of  the  syrinx,  or  shepherd's  fiute, 
hence  called  Pan's  pipes  or  Pandean  pipes.  Sudden  terror 
without  visible  or  reasonable  cause  was  attributed  to  his 
influence.  The  Romans  identified  the  Greek  Pan  with 
tlieir  own  god  Inuus,  and  sometimes  also  with  Faunus. 

Panack.    See  Bannock. 

Pansetius(pa-ne'shi-us).  [Gr.  Ilavamoc.]  Born 
about  180  B.  0. :  died  about  111  b.  c.  A  Greek 
Stoic  philosopher  of  Rhodes,  the  friend  (at 
Rome)  of  Lsslius  and  Scipio  the  Younger. 

Panagia  (pa-na'gi-a).  [Gr.  TravayLo^,  all-holy.] 
In  the  Greek  or  Orthodox  Eastern  Church,  a 
title  of  the  Virgin  Mary.  This  title  signifies  literally 
'all-holy,'  an  intensive  of  the  epithet  "holy"  applied  to 
other  saints,  and  is  of  all  her  titles  that  which  is  in  most 
general  use. 

Panama  (pa-na-ma').  1.  A  Central  American 
republic,  comprising  (nearly)  the  Isthmus  of 
Panama:  formerly  a  department  of  Colombia; 
seceded  in  1903.  Area,  31,571  square  miles. 
Population,  285,000.-2.  A  cathedral  city  and 
seaport,  capital  of  Panama,  situated  on  ^e 
Bay  of  Panama  in  lat.  8°  57'  N. ,  long.  79°  33'  W. 
It  is  the  terminus  of  the  PanamaRailway.  Itwaa  founded 
in  1619  by  Pedrarias,  burned  by  Morgan  s  bucaneers  m 


Fanchala 

1671,  and  rebuilt  in  its  present  location  in  1673.    Popiila- 
'  tion  (1886),  est.  30,000. 

Panama,  Audience  of.  A  Spanish  court  and 
governing  body  located  at  Panama.  As  originally 
established  in  1638  (by  decree  of  1636)  it  ruled  all  the  Span- 
ish poBsessionsof  Central  and  South  America,  except  Vene- 
zuela. It  was  suppressed  in  1646,  on  the  creation  of  the 
audiences  of  Lima  and  the  Confines.  From  1664  to  1569 
the  audience  of  the  Confines  was  removed  to  Panama,  with 
jurisdiction  over  Honduras,  Nicaragua,  Costa  Rica,  the 
Isthmus,  and  most  of  New  Granada :  after  the  latter  year 
Honduras,  Nicaragua,  and  Costa  Rica  were  attached  to  the 
audience  of  the  Confines,  that  of  Panama  including  the 
Isthmus  and  New  Granada,  subject  to  the  audience  of 
Lima.  It  was  suppressed  from  1718  to  1722,  and  subse- 
quently, until  its  final  suppression  in  1752,  was  subordinate 
to  the  audience  of  New  Granada  at  Bogota, 

Panama,  Bay  of.  An  arm  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
south  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama. 

Panama,  Isthmus  of,  or  Isthmus  of  Darien. 
An  isthmus  which  connects  North  and  Soutli 
America  and  separates  the  Caribbean  Sea  from 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  it  is  traversed  by  low  mountains. 
Length  (to  Costa  Rica),  about  460  miles.  Width,  30-70 
miles.  The  name  Panama  is  sometimes  used  in  a  more 
restricted  sense  for  a  narrow  portion  of  the  isthmus  im- 
mediately opposite  the  town  of  Panama ;  and  a  similar 
constriction  opposite  the  Gulf  of  Urub4  is  often  distin- 
guished as  the  Isthmus  of  Darien. 

Panama  Canal.  A  projected  ship-canal  across 
the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  The  idea  of  piercing  the 
isthmus  is  very  old,  and  from  1828  many  surveys  were 
made  with  reference  to  it,  including  very  complete  ones 
by  the  United  States  government  1872-75.  In  1877  the  Co- 
lombian government  granted  a  concession  to  a  French- 
man named  Wyse  for  constructing  the  canal.  Ferdinand 
de  Lesseps  supported  the  scheme.  At  his  invitation  an  "  in- 
ternational scientific  congress  "  met  at  Paris  in  May,  1S79, 
and  after  a  short  session,  and  without  considering  other 
plans,  decided  in  favor  of  the  Panama  route :  the  American 
delegates  refrained  fnom  voting,  A  Panama  canal  com- 
pany was  at  once  formed  ;  the  Wyse  concession  was  pur- 
chased by  it ;  De  Lesseps  himself,  as  chief  engineer,  visited 
the  isthmus  and  declared  that  the  canal  was  entirely 
practicable ;  and  an  "international  technical  committee " 
estimated  the  cost  at  8169,000,000,  On  the  strength  of 
these  representations  the  sliares  were  rapidly  taken,  and 
active  work  was  commenced  in  1881.  The  route  decided 
upon  is  close  to  the  Panama  Railroad,  crossing  theCliagrcs 
River  six  times,  and  involving  a  long  and  deep  cut 
through  the  Central  Cordillera :  the  periodical  fioods  of 
the  Chagres  were  to  be  controlled  by  dams.  Work  was 
continued,  with  some  interruptions,  until  March,  1889, 
when  the  company  went  into  liquidation.  Up  to  that 
time  it  is  said  to  have  absorbed  8260,000,000,  obtained  by 
the  sale  of  shares  and  bonds,  mainly  to  tiie  middle  classeii 
in  France,  and  finally  by  lottery  drawings  which  were  au- 
thorized by  the  French  government.  Of  the  total  length 
of  the  canal  (54  miles),  12  miles  had  been  so  far  finished  as 
to  be  navigable :  but  this  did  not  include  the  more  difficult 
portions.  In  Dec,  1892,  De  Lesseps  and  his  son,  the  con- 
tractor Eiffel,  and  others  were  arrested  on  charges  of  fraud 
in  connection  with  the  canal.  See  Lesseps,  Ferdinand  de. 
After  the  establishment  of  the  Republic  of  Panama  (1903) 
a  treaty  between  it  and  the  United  States  was  negotiated 
(Feb.  26, 1904),  by  which  the  latter  undertook  to  build  the 
canal,  the  rights  of  the  French  company  having  been  ac- 
quired by  purchase. 

Panama  Congress.  A  congress,  to  be  held  at 
Panamain  1826,  called  bythe  Spanish-American 
republics  for  the  settlement  of  various  matters 
pertaining  to  America  in  general.  The  United 
States  were  not  represented  in  the  preliminary  meeting. 
The  congress  adjourned  to  1827,  but  did  not  reconvene. 

Panama  Kailway.  A  railway  across  the  Isth- 
mus of  Panama,  connecting  Panama  with  Aspin- 
wall.  Itis  owned  by-an-American  company,  and  was  com- 
menced in  1850  and  completed  in  18S5.    Length,  47  miles. 

Pan-American  Congress,  l .  A  congress  of  rep- 
resentatives frpm  the  United  States,  Mexico, 
Haiti,  and  all  the  states  of  Central  America 
and  South  America,  held  at  Washington  1889- 
1890,  for  the  purpose  of  consultation  on  matters 
common  to  the  various  states,  and  for  the  fur- 
theranceof  international  commerceandeomity. 
—  2.  A  similar  congress  held  in  the  city  of 
Mexico,  October,  1901-January,  1902. 

Pan-American  Exposition.  An  exposition  of 
the  arts,  manufactures,  etc.,  of  the  peoples  of 
North  and  South  America,  held  at  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.,  in  1901. 

Pananas  (pa-na-nas').  [Corruption of  Pawnee.'] 
The  name  given  in  New  Mexico  by  the  Span- 
ish settlers  to  the  Pawnee  tribe. 

Panaria  (pa-na-re'a).  One  of  the  Lipari  Islands, 
northeast  of  Lipari. 

Panaro  (pa-na'ro).  A  river  of  Italy,  which  joins 
the  Po  12  miles  northwest  of  Ferrara.  Length, 
about  75  miles. 

Panathenaic  Stadium.    See  Athens. 

Panay  (pa-ni').  One  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
situated  southeast  of  Mindoro  and  northwest  of 
Negros.    Area,  4,633  square  miles. 

Panchala  (pan-oha'la).  The' name  of  a  country 
andpeopleof  ancient  India  (intheMahabharata, 
in  the  Lower  Doab ;  in  Manu,  near  Kanauj ;  and 
according  to  Wilson, ' '  extending  north  and  west 
from  Delhi,  from  the  foot  of  the  Himalayas  to 
the  (aambal"). 


Pancbatantra 


778 


on  very  slight  evidence,  bat  to  be  unquestionably,  in  the 
latter  and  more  important  circumstance,  destitute  of  all 
foundation,  HaUam,  Lit.,  p.  53. 


Pancbatantra  (pan-cha-tan'tra).  [Skt.,  'hav- 
ing five  divisions  or  books.']  ^celebrated  San- 
skrit book  of  fables,  one  of  the  two  sources  of  .„  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  r/-,  -  i. 
the  Hitopadesha (which  see),  25  of  the  43  fables  PandemOS  (pan-de'mos).  [Gr.  wavdi/fiog,  oom- 
of  the  latter  being  found  in  it.  From  a  now  lost  ^°^  to  all  the  people.]  A  surname  of  Aphro- 
earlier  Indian  original  of  the  Pancbatantra  came  a  lost  dite,  alluding  both  to  her  sensual  character  and 
Pahlavi  translation  about  650  A.  D. ;  from  that  the  Syriao     to  her  function  as  the  uniter  of  the  scattered 

'^^^^■^nt^'7''^  i-V^"?  *S*  *'fS  ^""Z"  "  ^^^l^  """^    population  in  one  social  body. 

Dimnah    (750)    from  the  Arabic,  the  unknown  interme-  ■eomJn,.^-.,^/,,,™  ja»„x-'n  ^^Oo^ji.. / 

diary  of  Baldo's  "Alter  j;sopu8"  of  the  12th  century,  the  Pander^urCpun-der-porJ.orPandbarpurCpi 


Latin  intermediary  of  Don  Alfonso's  Spanish  version  of 
1299,  the  Hebrew  of  Eabbi  Joel  of  1250,  the  Persian  of 


dar-p6r').    'A  town  in  Sholapur  district,  Bom- 
bay, British  India,  situated  on  the  Bhima  about 


Pano  stock 

the  key  to  which  must  be  acquired  to  make  the  rules  In* 
telligible.,  The  flrst  adhyaya  or  lecture  explains  the  tech- 
nical terms  and  their  use.  The  whole  work  is.  In  fact,  a 
sort  of  grammatical  algebra.  The  great  significance  of  itlies 
in  the  circumstance  that  the  whole  of  the  more  modem  San- 
skrit literature  has  been  pressed  into  the  mold  prepared 
by  Fanini  and  his  school.  Panlnl  has  been  edited,  trans- 
lated, and  explained  by  Bohtlingk  in  his  "Paninis  Gram- 
matik  "  (new  edition,  Leipsic,  1887).  See  also  Goldstucker's 
"Panini ;  His  Place  in  Sanskrit  Literature  "(London,  1861). 

Panipat,  or  Paniput  (pan-i-put')-  A  town  in 
the  Panjab,  British  India,  56  miles  north  of 
Delhi,  Here,  in  1626,  a  victory  was  gained  by  Baber  the 
Mogul  conqueror  over  the  Sultan  of  Delhi,  which  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  Mogul  empire ;  here,  in  1556,  a  victory 
was  gained  by  Akbar ;  and  here,  in  Jan.,  1761,  the  Af- 
ghans under  Ahmed  Shah  Durani  defeated  the  Hahrattas 
and  broke  their  power.    Population  (1891),  27,647. 


NasrAllahllSO,  and  the  Greek  of  SymeonSeth  1080;  from     lot,' 1704.1' -vr    ir,-n„  vr^o  9.V  K     TtVioQn  tAmTvlQr>f 
EabbiJoersHebrewversion,JohnofCapua's"Direotorium     ir-iT      ^■^•'    ,   ?•  '"  rfSn-Ti'    ";^|\S  a  temple  0± 
JiumansE  vitse"  1270,  a  Spanish  version  ("Exemplario")  in      visnnu.     Jr'opulation  (l»yi;,  iy,904:. 
1493,  an  ItalianbyDoni  in  1562,  and  from  that  again  the  Eng-  PandiCS  (pan'diz).   [From  Hind,  panda,  aBrah- 

HS,r°i^ihJ,!^T'?f°'*,V"^^°^<'S"^'™?' *"''''' -^"f^    ™an.]     Themndus;  the  Sepoys:  especially 

Hebrewthrough  John  of  Capua  s"Direotorium    came  also     „„.„i;'1ji j.i,„-D^j.-„i,i„„^ „(.„j.i,„a„  •    iv       aim  uiuivo  ..no.i  i.uy.o,.    it^^.,.,,  .       ,.      . 

Duke  Eberhard's  "Bach  der  Beispiele  "  of  1480 ;  from  the    applied  by  the  British  troops  to  the  bepoys  in  the  Paniailitas(pa-ne-ke'tas).  [So  called  from  their 

wn??.l^'^Hf'l^^''"^rT\*'"'l^^),'"rS.°"  'S^'^H;  J^'^'f  "1  mutiny  of  1857-58.  principal  modern  village.]  Indiansof  Colombia, 

Darof  1590,  and  thence  a  Turkish  rendered  into  French,  and  PatiHinii  fTlJlTl-f^T'oTl^     Tftv    '^^vrillru^    Tn  fii-ooTr     5„      _£„      j.     «  n„    „„    ■:«  *i,„  „ *„• 

the  "Anwkri  Suhaili,"or  "Lights  of  Canopus,"  translated     i!'?ir?°  T??"  „f  Art«k= V/w^'t>^  ^     department  of  Cauca,  m  the  mountains  near 

into  English  by  Eastwick  1864;  from  the  Greek  of  Symeon    legend,  a  lang  o±  Athens,  father  ot  i'rocne  and    Popayan.     They  are  perhaps  descended  from 
Seth  1080  came  a  Latin  version  published  in  Rome  1666,     Philomela.  the  ancient  Panches  (which  see), 

andean  Mian  ^^ubli9hedatFerrajal583.    This  tabulation  Pandora  (pan-do'rg,).    [Gr.  Havdupa,  all-gifted,  Paniquita  stock  (pa-ne-ke'ta  stok).   The  name 

or  all-giver.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  first  proposed  by  Dr.  Brinton  for  a  linguistic  stock 
woman,  created  by  Hephffistus  at  the  command  ~~  •■  .  ~  - 
of  Zeus  in  revenge  for  the  theft  of  fire  from 
heaven  by  Prometheus.  The  gods  endowed  her  with 
beauty,  cunning,  and  other  attributes  fitted  to  bring  mis- 
fortune to  man.  She  was  given  to  Epimetheus,  who,  in  ac- 
cepting the  gift,  brought  down  all  the  evils  of  life  upon 
the  human  race.    According  to  some  accounts  she  became 

the  mother  of  Pyrrha  and  Deucalion ;  according  to  others  .^  -  .  -  _ 

she  was  their  daughter.  In  a  later  form  of  the  legend  she  FaniXCr  (pS  nik-ser)  PaSS.  A  pass  on  the  border 
received  from  the  gods  a  box  containing  the  blessings  of  of  the  cantons  of  Glarus  and  Grisons,  Switzer- 
|.pnri!'o^Mn7«?»Sf '  *""'  ^^""'"^  *"'  ""^  blessings  (ex-  jand.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  retreat  of  Suva- 
cept  hope)  to  escape.  ^^^,^  ^^^^  .^  ^^^^  ^^^_     Height,  7,907  feet. 

Pa;nizzi  (pa-net 'se).  Sir  Antbony.  Born  at 
Breseello,  Modena,  Sept.  16, 1797:  died  at  Lon- 
don, April  8, 1879.  Chief  librarian  of  the  Brit- 
ish Museum.     He  took  his  degree  at  the  University 

cannibals.    Probably  the  name  was  given  to  them  by  the  pg'^.Tnotn    (nan  do«!'tot     nr   tbp   TriiimnTi   nf    ™^nf.S,™^.«^^J3^o?'li*^^°''*'^-,=»?'Pj'''«H**'V''® 
nd  It  may  have  been  applied  to  many  distinct  -"^aiiaOStO    (pan-ttos  to),    or   tlie    1  riumpn  01     revolutionary  attempt  at  Modena  in  1821  he  fled  to  Eng. 


by  Lanman  of  Uie  results  of  Benfey,  given  by  him  in  the 
introduction  to  his  Pancbatantra  (Leipsic,  1869),  and  in 
Benfey's  introduction  to  Bickell's  "  Kalilag  und  Damnag  " 
(Leipsic,  1876),  shows  the  importance  of  the  work  in  the 
history  of  folk-lore.  It  is  the  origin  of  the  fables  known 
throughout  Europe  as  those  of  Pilpay  or  Bidpai.  (See  Pil- 
pay.)  Besides  the  German  version  of  Benfey,  there  is  a 
French  translation  by  Lancereau  with  a  discussion  of  the 
history  of  the  fables. 

PanCbavati  (pan'cha-va-te).  In  Sanskrit  my- 
thology, part  of  the  great  southern  forest  near 
the  sources  of  the  Godavari,  where  Eama  dur- 
ing his  exile  passed  a  long  period. 

Pancbes  (pan'ehas).  A  name  given  by  early  Pandosia  (pan-do'shi-a).  [Gr.  Uavdoala.']  In 
historians  of  New  Granada  to  Indian  tribes  in  ancient  geography,  a  place  in  Bruttium,  Italy, 
the  valleys  south  of  Bogota  included  in  the  near  the  modern  Cosenza.  Here,  326  B.  c. ,  Alex- 
modern  departments  of  Tolima,  Cundinamarca,  ander,  king  of  Epirus,  was  defeated  by  the  Brut- 
and  Cauca.    They  were  described  as  very  savage  and  as     tians. 


of  Indians  in  Colombia.  Besides  the  modem  Pani- 
quitas  and  Paes  or  Paezes,  he  refers  to  it,  provisionally, 
several  old  tribes  whose  languages  are  lost,  including  the 
Musos,  Panches,  Colimas,  and  Pijaos.  Nearly  all  of  these 
were  at  war  with  the  Chibchas  before  the  conquest,  and 
they  were  less  advanced  in  civilization  than  that  tribe. 
Many  of  them  flattened  the  head  artificially.  See  Musos, 
Pijaos,  and  Panches. 


Chibchas,  and  It  may  1 

tribes.  Herrera  states  that  the'Panclie  language  was 
widely  extended,  nearly  surrounding  the  Chibcha.territory 
—  a  statement  which  has  led  Dr.  Brinton  to  include  these 
Indians,  with  others,  in  the  Paniquita  stock  (which  see). 

Pancb  Mabals  (panoh  ma-halz').    A  district 
in  Guzerat,  Bomljay,  British  India,  situated 


Time.  A  romance  by  Eobert  Greene,  published 
in  1588.  It  was  based  on  a  Polish  romance.  The  second 
title  is  **  The  History  of  Dorastus  and  Fawnia  " ;  the  later 
editions  give  this  as  the  title.  Shakspere  founded  his 
"  Winter's  Tale  "  on  this  story :  the  character  of  Pandosto 
was  the  original  of  Polixenes,  king  of  Bohemia,  in  Shak- 
spere's  play. 


land  in  1823.  He  was  made  professor  of  Italian  in  Uiii- 
veraity  College,  London,  in  1828,  and  in  1831  was  appointed 
assistant  librarian  in  the  British  Museum.  In  1837  he  be- 
came keeper  of  the  printed  books,  and  devised  the  cata- 
logue. He  was  made  principal  librarian  in  1856.  The 
construction  of  the  great  reading-room  from  his  design 
was  finished  in  1857.  He  retired  in  June,  1866.  He  was 
also  active  in  the  interests  of  the  revolution  in  Italy. 


about  lat.  22°  50'  N.    Ions'    73°  50' E      Area    t>j/        /j-        \r^Tr-r  -,t       also  active  in  the  interests  of  the  revolution  in  Italy. 

1,613  square  mires.Po&^^^ 

Also  Punch  Mehsls.  W  „  =3+,?irS^aV  AtS  ^  ^  (pun-3ab')  orPeiljab(pen-3ab').    [Hmd.,'five 


T.       T.       1.    /      ■  T  -1  /\  n-u     1      T         1.   T.  liad  a  sanctuary  at  Athens. 

PanckOUCke(pon-kok'),0barlesJosepb.  Born  p      ^     ,   „    ,^^y    r-ar.^    <theTislen    Brother  of 
at.  T,illfi.  FrancR.  Nov.  26.  1736?  Hind  at,  Paris    ■^?,"'f"  ^P™.  '^'^h  .  LOJ^t-,    tM  pale.  J    Urotner  Ot 


at  Lille,  France,  Nov.  26,  1736:  died  at  Paris, 
Dec.  19, 1798.  A  French  publisher,  translator, 
and  writer. 
Fanckoucke,  Cbarles  Louis  Fleury.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Dec.  23,  1780:  died  there,  July  12,  1844. 
A  French  publisher,  translator,  and  writer,  son 
of  C.  J.  Panckoucke. 


rivers.']  The  country  of  the  five  rivers,  tribu- 
taries of  the  Indus — the  Sutlej,  Bias,  Ravi,  Che- 
nab,  and  Jhelum ;  in  an  extended  sense,  a  lieuten- 
ant-governorship of  British  India,  including  the 
Panjab  proper  and  adjacent  regions,  and  sit- 
uated northwest  of  the  Northwest  Provinces. 
Capital,  Lahore.  The  surface  is  generally  a  plain. 
The  Panjab  is  the  seat  of  the  Sikhs.  It  formed  part  of  the 
Mogul  empire,  and  was  invaded  by  Nadir  Shah  and  other 
conquerors  in  the  18th  centuiy.  The  Sikh  power  was  con- 
solidated under  Eanjit  Singh  (died  1839).  The  flrst  Sikh 
-i     «-»j!--     i  ii,  -ii,     i!xi.     1,^  warwith  the  British  was  fought  in  1846;  the  second  in 

coast  of  Africa,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Eufu  or     1848-49.  The  Panjab  was  annexed  by  Great  Britain  in  1849 
Rufa,  about  lat.  5°  30'  S.  -^•'^I'  no.6e7  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  20,866,847.' 

Pangaum.    See  Goa,  New.  Panjandrum  (pan-jan'drum),  Tbe  Grand.   A 

Pangloss  (pan'glos).  Doctor.     ['All-tongues.']     nctitious  personage,  invented  by  the  dramatist 
1.  In  Voltaire's  "Candide,"  an  obstinately  op-  _^°°.^^-      „      „ 
timistie  philosopher,  the  tutor  of  Candide.    His  ^S'^yim.     See  Goa,  Nmv. 
favorite  maxim  is  that  "  all  is  for  the  best  in  this  Panmure,  Earon.     See  Ramsay,  Fox  Maule. 
best  of  possible  worlds."— 3.  In  Colman  the  ■^?'?,^,*>  °i'  PTUinah  (pun'a).    A  state  in  Bun- 
Pandareos  (pan-da're-6s).    [Gr.  navrfdpfuf.]   In    yoUnger's  play  "  The  Heir-at-Law,"  a  pedantic    delkhand,  India,  under  British  cpntrol,  inter- 
Greek  legend,  a  native  of  Miletus  who  stole  the    but  gay  and  amusing  prig,  the  tutor  of  Dick     ^^J'*|*  "^  ^^^-  ^°  ^'  N.,  long  80°  15'  E.     Area, 
golden  dog  made  by  Hephsestus  from  the  tem-    Dowlas :  a  satire  on  the  mercenary  and  disrepu-  .Jfi^°  square  miles._   Population  (1891),  239,333. 
pie  of  Zeus  in  Crete,  and  gave  it  to  Tantalus,     table  private  tutors  of  the  period.  Pannonia  (pa-no'ni-S,).    [Gr.  XlawmiaJl    In  an- 

For  denying  its  possession  Tantalus  was  buried  under  Pango5PangO(pang'g6-pane'g6).  Alarge  haven  ?^^°*  geography,  a  Roman  province,  bounded 
w^etSupX  AnhrS™'  ''""■  ™'  '''°^"'''  on  the  southern  siSe%f  Tutuila  in  the  Samoan  ^>y  t^ie  Danube  on  the  north  and  east,  Moesia 
Pardarr(pa?da-rus  [Gr.  UMapcl  In  IfT'^^"  »  ^^^  been  occupied  by  the  United  and  Illyricum  on  the  south,  and  Noricum  on 
Greeklegend,  an  ally  of  the  Trojans  during  the  States  as  a  coa,ling  station  since  1872. 
siege  of  Troy,  leader  of  theZeleiansorLycians.  E^ngU  (pang'go).  See  Kongo  NaUon. 
He  IB  represented  in  medieval  romance,  and  by  Chaucer,  :t  angWO  (pang  we),  bee  Man. 
Shakspere,  etc.,  as  a  procurer.    See  Cressid.  PanbandlO,  or  Pan  Handle  (pan'han'dl).      A 

Pandataria  (pan-da-ta'ri-a).    [Gr.  tlavSaTapla.']     popular  name  for :   (a)  The  northern  part  of 
In  ancient  geograpliy,  one  of  the  Ponza  Islands, 


Dhritarashtra,  king  of  Hastinapura  and  father 
of  the  Pandavas  or  Pandu  princes.  See  MaJia- 
Iharata. 
Pandulf,  or  Pandulpb  (pan'dulf).  Died  1226. 
A  cardinal  in  the  papal  service,  prominent  in 
English  politics  in  the  reigns  of  John  and 

Pancras  (pan'kras),  L.  PancratiUS  (pan-kra'-  p-npa^  ftian-e  fl<!"l      See  Cfp^nren  Philinm 

cS'  ^h"*-    "",  rl^bl-'^'^jr':,"':.''";  PtS|ani^fp^l4l'ne)'l%ef;:ron'^^feern 
cletian.    He  was  only  14  at  the  time  of  his  death,  and  ■      .^'.  .  p  °      .    /.  -^^      -  ..      _    . 

was  subsequently  regarded  as  the  patron  saint  of  children. 
Pancsova  (pan'cho-vo).    A  town  in  the  county 

of  Torontal,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Temes  10 

miles  east-northeast  of  Belgrad.    Here,  July  30, 

1739,  the  Anstrians  defeated  the  Turks,  and  in  1849  the 

Austrians  defeated  the  Hungarians.     Population  (1890), 

17,948. 
Panda  (pan'da).     See  IgUra 


tne  west.  It  corresponded  to  Hungary  south  and  westof 
the  Danube,  Slavoni^  and  parts  of  Lower  Austria,  Styria, 
Carniola,  Croatia,  and  Bosnia;  was  made  a  Roman  prov. 
mce  by  libenus ;  was  divided  by  Trajan  into  Upper  Pan- 
nonia in  the  west  and  Lower  Pannonia  in  the  east;  was 
subdivided  by  Diocletian ;  and  passed  later  to  the  East 
Goths,  Lombards,  Huns,  Slavs,  and  Magyars 


West  Virginia,  a  projecting  strip  lying  between  pT^"l„  p i'^l^^f'S^^^^^        ^""^  ^'^-    „ 
situated  in  the  Mediterranean  west  of  Naples':    Pennsylvania  and  Ohio,    (jb)  The  northern  ex-  Pa^nSiTTif^^ir^  5 ^??P'?®'i?,-  ^^Pnom-Fenh. 

-  ..        -    ^      -    tension  of  Texas,     (c)  The  northern  extension  *.^'i??i'V^  i?^°-°P .9-^?:^).     [Gr   IIav<iTO;i(f,  city 

ihe  ancient  name  of  Akhmim. 


(c)  The  northern  extension    of  Pan.] 


the  modern  Vandotena.     It  was  the  place  of    tension  of  Texas. 

banishment  of  JuUa,  Agrippina,  and  Octavia.      of  Idaho.  .  PaTinT»+oa/-r>Qr, /^,^'+;;'^' 7?c~V" /*''""'""■ 

Pandavas  (pan'da-vaz).     [Skt.]    Descendants  Panbellenius  (pan-he-le'ni-us).     [Gr.  novaA^-     ?  ™?na^fl  nf  "aL;,.^'  l*^^- "'""^'^''W, all-seer.] 
of  Pandu.     See  Pa»S«.  wof,  of  all  the  Greeks.]    In  Greek  mythology,  a  p^^"™,™®  f^^'^f'l'f-      ,      ._,      „, 

Pandects  Of  Justinian.     [From  Gr.  7ra.c!^«rw,     surname  of  Zeus.  ha^enT  Thn  a'^nw".'^'     f^J-^^^oPW,  all- 

all-containing.]    A  collection  of  Roman  civil  Pani.    Qee  Pawnee.  P=,  J^=V-la'i«!f   t  ^*°™.®^^  ^^J®™°- 

law  made  by  the  emperor  Justinian  in  the  6th  Panicale.     See  MasoUno  da  Panicale.  'Vpar  t>;S  tt«    ■^'i  ^5.     °^  °*  t? "^'  ™  ^'^^  forests 

century,  containing  decisions  or  judgments  of  Panini(pa'ni-ni).  The  greatest  of  Sanskritgram-    Pasco     Th  *      ®'"'  ^"""^^^^t  "^  Cerro  de 

lawyers,  to  which  the  emperor  gave  the  force     marians.    He  is  said  to  have  been  bom  at  Shalatura  in     17th  pe'ntn™  mrn^^jTh^^^L^""^"'??*'  *J"'  "luring  the 
and  authority  of  law.    This  compilation,  the  most     the  Gandhara  country  (Kandahar),  northwest  of  Attoek  on     villVes^e  SoLrief  drcribffiS  a?  ™v^^^^^^^ 
important  of  the  body  of  Roman  civil  law,  consists  ot  60     the  Indus     "  Respecting  his  period  nothing  really  trust-     a  ratter  lowgrade,  but  praotlslnraScult^^P^n^S   °' 
hoiks.    Aim  called  tbe  Digest.    Compare  dorp™  ,/«,*.         worthy  is  known,  but  he  is  with  much  probability  held  to     ing.itissaidftheartof  hSvplifwriur^^^ 

have  lived  some  time  (two  to  four  centuries)  before  the  missions  were  hrokmim  In  ™7»v,Y?".x^  ^^^ 
The  popular  story,  already  much  discredited,  that  the  Christian  era"  (Whitney).  His  grammar  consists  of  eight  returned  to  thrir i^Trt  k£  ?„™- '  "  ™°^'  "'  *■"«  ^^^°^ 
famous  copy  of  the  Pandects  now  in  the  Laurentian  Li-  lectures,  each  divided  into  four  chapters,  and  each  of  these  The  f  ew  rpmainfn„  Ji.  So„^  !^  H"™^I??^  P«*'y  '"bes. 
brary  at  Florence  was  brought  to  Pisa  from  Amalfl,  after  into  a  number  of  sutras  or  aphorisms,  the  whole  number  Pa^A  0+/!^  /  •• '  -  '™™'y  *"  ™e  whites, 
the  capture  of  that  city  by  Roger,  king  of  Sicily,  with  the  of  the8ebeing3,996or3,997.  Ittracesphenonienawherever  *  ^uu  8I0CK  (pa  no  stOK).  A  imguistio  stock  of 
aid  of  a  Pisan  fleet  in  1135,  and  became  the  means  ot  dif-  found  instead  of  classifying  material,  and  is  accordingly  a  oouth  American  Indians,  mainly  in  northern 
fusing  an  acquaintance  with  that  portion  of  the  law  sort  of  natural  history  of  the  language.  To  attain  greater  Peru  near  the  Ucayale  and  Huallaca  Rwoto 
through  Italy,  is  shown  by  him  [Savigny]  not  only  to  rest     conciseness  an  arbitrary  symbolical  language  is  coined,     It  includes,  among  others,  the  Panes,  Cachibos  Conibos" 


Pano  stock 

Setibos,  Remos,  etc.,  in  Peru,  the  Mayorunas  on  the  river 
Javary,  the  Facaguaras  of  the  Beni,  and  possibly  the  Cari- 
punas  of  the  Madeira.  Most  of  the  tribes  are  very  savage, 
and  enemies  of  the  whites. 

Pansa(paii'za;),CaiusVibius.  Died43B.  c.  A 
Roman  consul  43  b.  c,  the  colleague  of  Hirtius. 
He  was  killed  in  the  war  against  Antony. 

Pansa,  House  of.    See  Pompeii. 

Panteenus  (pan-te'nus).  [Gr.  Ildvrajj/of.]  Lived 
at  the  end  of  the  2d  century  a.  d.  The  leader 
of  the  catechetical  school  in  Alexandria. 

Pantagoros  (pan-ta-go'ros).  An  Indian  tribe  of 
Colombia,  formerly  populous  and  powerful  in 
the  valley  of  the  Magdalena,  about  lat.  7°  N. 
They  resisted  the  Spaniards  with  great  courage,  and  many 
of  them  were  killed  or  enslaved.  A  few  remain  in  the 
marshy  lands  near  the  river.  They  have  been  referred  to 
the  Faniqiiita  linguistic  stock. 

Pantagmel  (pan-tag'rS-el;  F.pron.pon-ta-grii- 
el').  The  king  of  the  Dipsodes  and  son  of  Gar- 
gantua,  in  Eabelais's  "History  of  Gargantua 
and  Pantagmel."    See  Gargantua. 

Pantalon  (pan'ta-lon),  or  Pantalone  (pan-ta- 
16'ne).  A  typical  character  in  Italian  comedy, 
of  Venetian  origin,  represented  as  an  old  man; 
the  English  Pantaloon. 

Pantellaria  (pan-tel-ia-re'a),  or  Pantelleria 
(pan-tel-le-re'a),  or  Pantalaria  (pan-ta-la- 
re'a).  1.  An  island  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea, 
situated  in  lat.  36°  48'  N.,  long.  12°  E. :  the  an- 
cient Cosyra  or  Cossura.  It  belongs  to  the  prov- 
ince of  Trapani,  Sicily.  The  surface  is  volcanic.  Area, 
58  squaie  nules.  Population  (1881),  7,178. 
2.  The  chief  town  of  the  island,  situated  on  the 
northwest  coast.    Population,  about  3,000. 

Panthays  (pan'thaz).  The  Mohammedans  of 
the  province  of  Yunnan,  China.  They  pro- 
claimed their  independence  in  1855,  but  were 
put  down  about  1872. 
'  Pantheon  (pan'thf-on).  [Gr.  ii&vBeiov,  neut.  of 
■Kavdeioi,  of  all  gods.]  A  building  at  Rome, 
now  dedicated  as  the  Church  of  Santa  Maria 
Eotonda,  completed  by  Agrippa  in  27  b.  c,  and 
consecrated  to  the  divine  ancestors  of  the  Ju- 
lian family.  It  is  preceded  by  an  octastyle  pedimented 
Corinthian  portico,  with  2  ranges  of  4  colamns  inside. 
The  plan  is  circular,  with  large  alternating  rectangular 
and  semicircular  niches,  whose  entablature  is  upheld  by 
columns.  The  interior  diameter  is  142  J  feet,  and  the  height 
to  the  apex  of  the  great  hemispherical  coffered  dome  is 
the  same.  The  lighting  of  the  interior  is  solely  from  an 
open  circle,  28  feet  in  diameter,  at  the  summit  of  the 
dome.  The  effect  of  the  interior  is  unique  and  highly 
imposing.  The  construction  is  of  concrete,  lightly  faced 
with  brick,  and  incrusted  (now  almost  exclusively  in  the 
interior)  with  marble.  The  dome  is  practically  solid  con- 
crete, the  familiar  system  of  inset  arches  being  merely  one 
brick  deep,  and  having  served  as  a  scaffolding  during  the 
erection.  Kaphael,  Annibale  Oaracci,  and  Victor  Emman- 
uel II.  are  buried  in  the  Pantheon.  It  has  been  proved 
that  the  temple  never  was  connected  with  the  batlis  of 
Agrippa. 

Pantheon  (pon-ta-dn').  The ChurchofSte. Ge- 
nevieve in  Paris,  a  large  classical  building  in  the 
form  of  a  Greek  cross  276  by  370  feet,  with  a 
central  dome  272  feet  high  and  75  in  diameter. 
The  Corinthian  columns  of  the  entrance  portico  are  81  feet 
high.  The  pediment  is  filled  with  a  sculptured  group,  by 
David  d* Angers,  representing  France  distributing  laurels 
to  her  deserving  children.  The  interior  is  simple  and 
well  proportioned.  Its  walls  are  in  large  part  covered 
with  paintings,  by  some  of  the  chief  of  modem  artists,  il- 
lustrating the  development  of  French  history  and  civili- 
zation. There  are  also  some  statues  of  distinguished  men. 
Clovis  built  on  this  spot  the  Church  of  St.  Peter  and  St. 
Paul,  where  he  was  buried,  as  were  afterward  Ste.  Clotilde 
and  Ste.  Genevifeve  from  whom  it  took  its  later  name. 
This  church  was  probably  destroyed  by  the  Normans  in 
the  9th  century.  The  monks  of  St.  Victor  established 
their  cloister  here  in  1148,  in  the  papacy  of  Fugenius  III. 
Their  Romanesque  church  was  replaced  by  a  late-Gothic 
building  after  1489.  In  1764  the  present  church  was  be- 
gun under  Louis  XV.,  and  in  1791  was  first  set  apart  for  its 
present  purpose, —  that  of  amausoleum  for  famous  Frencii- 
men, — though  it  has  since  at  times  been  used  as  a  church. 

Pantheon  of  the  British,  The.    Westminster 

Abbey. 
Pantibibla  (pan-ti-bib'la).    See  the  extract. 

From  the  earliest  period  the  literature  of  Chaldea  was 
stored  in  public  libraries.  According  to  Berosos,  Panti- 
bibla, or  'book-town,'  was  one  of  the  antediluvian  cities 
of  Babylonia,  and  Xisuthros  had  buried  his  books  at  Sip- 
para — perhaps  in  reference  to  the  Semitic  sepher,  'book' 
— before  the  Flood.  Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  166. 

Panticapseum  (pan'''ti-ka-pe'um).  [Gt.  Jlavrt- 
natcaiov.^    The  ancient  name  of  Kertch. 

Pantschatantra.    See  Panchatantra. 

P^nuco  (pa'no-ko).  [Probably  from  the  name 
of  an  Indian  chief.]  The  name  given  by  the 
Spanish  conquerors  of  Mexico  to  a  region  on 
the  Gulf  Coast,  about  the  Pd.nuco  River  (north- 
ern Vera  Cruz  and  southern  Tamaulipas).  it 
was  partially  conquered  by  Cortes  in  1622 ;  was  claimed  by 
Francisco  de  Garay  in  1623 ;  and  in  1526  was  assigned  to 
NuBo  de  Guzman.  Somewhat  later  it  was  limited  to  50 
Spanish  leagues  in  length  and  breadth,  though  Guzman 
claimed  that  it  extended  westward  to  the  Pacific. 


779 

Panurge  (pa-n6rj';  F.  pron.  pa-niirzh')-  [Grr. 
iravovpyos,  a  rogue,  lit.  'all-doer.']  A  character 
in  Rabelais's  ''History  of  Gargantua  and  Pan- 
tagmel." 

A  very  important  personage  in  "  Pantagruel  "is  Panurge, 
a  singular  companion  whom  Pantagruel  picks  up  at  Paris, 
and  who  is  perhaps  the  greatest  single  creation  of  Rabe- 
lais. Some  ideas  may  have  been  taken  for  him  from  the 
Cingar  of  Merlinus  Coccaius,  or  Folengo,  a  Macaronic 
Italian  poet,  but  on  the  whole  he  is  original,  and  is  hardly 
comparable  to  any  one  else  in  literature  except  Falstaff. 
The  main  idea  in  Panurge  is  the  absence  of  morality  in 
the  wide  Aristotelian  sense,  with  the  presence  of  almost 
all  other  good  qualities.     Sainithury,  French  Lit.,  p.  186. 

Panyasis  (pa-ni'a-sis).  [Gr.  Ilaviiamf .]  Lived 
in  the  first  half  of  the  5th  century  b.  o.  A 
Greek  poet  of  Halicamassus. 

Panyasis,  uncle  of  Herodotus,  a  man  of  political  note  at 
Halicamassus,  where  he  fought  for  the  freedom  of  the 
town  against  the  tyrant  Lygdamis,  gained  a  good  deal  of 
temporary  celebrity  by  another  "Heracleia,"  in  fourteen 
books.  Considerable  fragments  of  a  social  nature  are  quoted 
from  it  by  Stobiens  and  Athenseus,  which  specially  refer 
to  the  use  and  abuse  of  wine-drinking.  They  are  elegantly 
written,  and  remind  us  strongly  of  the  elegiac  fragments 
on  the  same  subject  by  Xenophanes  and  Theognis.  He 
was  also,  according  to  Suidas,  author  of  elegiac  poems,  in 
six  books,  called  "lonica,"  on  the  antiquities  of  Athens, 
and  especially  on  the  Ionic  migration. 

Maliaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  1. 145. 

Panza  (pan'za;  Sp.  pron.  pan'tha),  Sancho. 
The  famous  "esquire  of  Don  Quixote  in  Cer- 
vantes's  romance  of  that  name. 

To  complete  his  chivalrous  equipment  —  which  he  [Don 
Quixote]  had  begun  by  fitting  up  for  himself  a  suit  of  armor 
strange  to  his  century— he  took  an  esquire  [Sancho  Panza] 
out  of  his  neighborhood :  a  middle-aged  peasant,  ignorant 
and  credulous  to  excess,  but  of  great  good-nature ;  a  glut- 
ton and  a  liar ;  selfish  and  gross,  yet  attached  to  his  mas- 
ter ;  shrewd  enough  occasionally  to  see  the  folly  of  their 
position,  but  always  amusing,  and  sometimes  mischievous. 
In  his  interpretations  of  it.      Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  140. 

Panzer  (pant'ser),  Georg  Wolfgang.    Bom  at 

Sulzbaoh,  March  16,  1729 :  died  at  Nuremberg, 
July  9, 1804.  A  German  clergyman  and  bibliog- 
rapher, noted  for  researches  in  the  history  of 
the  art  of  printing:  chief  pastor  at  Nuremberg. 
He  published  "  Annales  typographici"  (1793- 
1803). 

Paola  (pa'o-la).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Cosenza,  Calabria,  Italy,  situated  on.  the  west- 
ern coast  13  miles  northwest  of  Cosenza.  It 
has  a  trade  in  oil  and  wine.  Population  (1881), 
8,097. 

Paola,  Fra.     See  Sarpi. 

Paoli  (pa-6'le).  A  place  in  Chester  County, 
Pennsylvania,  20  miles  west  by  north  of  Phil- 
adelphia. Here,  Sept.  20,  1777,  the  Americans  under 
Wayne  were  surprised  and  defeated  by  the  British. 

Paoli  (pa'6-le),  Pasg.uale.  Bom  at  Morosaglia, 
in  Corsica,  1725:  died  near  London,  Feb.  5, 
1807.  A  Corsican  patriot  and  general.  He  be- 
came generalissimo  and  head  of  the  government  in  1755 ; 
carried  on  war  with  Genoa ;  was  driven  from  Corsica  to 
England  by  the  French  in  1769 ;  returned  as  lieutenant- 
general  in  1790 ;  formed  a  conspiracy  with  the  aid  of  Great 
Britain  against  France,  and  became  generalissimo  in  1793 ; 
and  left  Corsica  finally  in  1796. 

Paolo  Veronese.    See  Veronese. 

Pao-ting  (pa-6-ting'),  or  Paouting,  or  Panting. 
One  of  the  chief  cities  of  the  province  of  Chi-li, 
China,  situated  on  the  river  Yung-ting  about  90 
miles  southwest  of  Peking. 

Pdpa  (pa'po).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Vesz- 
pr4m,  Hungary,  59  miles  south  by  east  of  Pres- 
burg.    Population  (1890),  14,261. 

Papago  (pa'pa-go).  [PI.,  also  Papagos.  Cor- 
rupted foom  their  own  name  for  themselves.] 
An  agricultural  tribe  of  North  American  Indi- 
ans, closely  allied  to  the  Pima,  inhabiting  the 
territory  south  and  southeast  of  the  Gila  River, 
on  Gila  Bend  reservation,  especially  south  of 
Tucson,  southern  Arizona,  and  extending  into 
Sonora,  Mexico.  Number  in  United  States, 
5, 163 :  there  are  probably  as  many  more  in  Mex- 
ican territory.    See  Piman. 

Papal  States,  or  States  of  the  Church.  [It. 
Stato  della  Chiesa,  Stato  PonUfieio,  etc.;  P. 
£tats  de  I'^glise;  G.  Kirclienstaat.1  A  former 
dominion  of  Italy,  governed  directly  by  the  papal 
see.  In  1859  it  was  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Lom- 
bardo-Venetian  kingdom,  on  the  east  by  the  Adriatic,  on 
the  southeast  by  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  on  the  south- 
west by  the  Mediterranean,  and  on  the  west  by  Tuscany 
and  the  duchy  of  Modena.  It  comprised  the  Romagna,  the 
Marches,  Umbria,  and  the  present  province  of  Rome.  It 
originated  in  the  grant  of  the  exarchate  of  Ravenna  made  by 
Pepin  the  Short  to  Stephen  IL  in  765,  confirmed  by  Charles 
the  Great ;  received  important  territories  by  the  will  of 
Matilda  of  Tuscany  in  the  12th  century ;  became  indepen- 
dent of  the  emphe  about  1200 ;  acquired  Bologna,  Ancona, 
Ravenna,  and  Ferrara  in  the  16th  century ;  and  was  obliged 
to  cede  Avignon,  Venaissin,  Romagna,  Bologna,  and  Fer- 
rara in  1797.  A  Roman  republic  was  proclaimed  in  1798 ; 
the  papal  power  was  partly  restored  in  1801 ;  the  remaining 
territories  were  incorporated  with  France  in  1808-09 ;  the 
Papal  States  were  restored  in  1814 ;  the  revolution  of  1848 
was  suppressed  in  1849 ;  nearly  all  the  territory  (including 


Papinian 

the  Marches,  Umbria,  and  Romagna)  was  annexed  to  Italy 
in  1860;  and  the  remainder(including  Some  and  neighbor- 
ing districts)  was  annexed  to  Italy  in  1870. 

Papal  Tyranny  in  the  Reign  of  King  John. 

Gibber's  alteration  of  Shakspere's  "King  John," 
produced  in  1745:  it  had  been  "burked"  in 
1736-37. 
Papanazes  (pa-pa-na'zas) .   [Probably  a  double 

Elural  from  Papana."]  Indians  on  or  near  the 
irazilian  coast  of  Espirito  Santo  and  Porto  Se- 
guro  at  the  time  of  the  Portuguese  conquest. 
They  were  of  the  Tupi  race.  See  Tupis. 
Papantla  (pa-pant'la).  A  town  in  the  state  of 
Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  112  miles  north-northwest 
of  Vera  Cruz.  Most  of  the  inhabitants  are  Totonac  In- 
dians. Near  Papantla  there  is  an  ancient  pyramidal  struc- 
ture (teocalli),  with  other  ruins.    Population,  about  10,000. 

Paparrhlgopoulos  (pa"pa-re-gop'6-los),  Con- 
stantino. Bom  at  Constantinople,  1815:  died 
at  Athens,  April  26, 1891.  A  Greek  historian. 
He  became  professor  of  history  in  the  University  of  Athens 
in  1851.  His  chief  work  is  a  "History  of  the  Greek  Peo- 
ple" J1860-74). 

PapSiti  (parpa-e'te),  or  Papeete.  A  seaport  in. 
Tahiti,  capital  of  the  Society  Islands,  Pacific 
Ocean,  situated  in  lat.  17°  32'  8.,  long.  149° 
34'  W.  It  has  a  considerable  export  trade. 
Population  (1881),  3,224. 

Papenburg  (pa'pen-b6rG) .  A  to wn  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  a  canal 
near  the  Ems,  57  miles  west  of  Bremen.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  6,933. 

Paper  King,  The.  A  surname  given  to  John 
Law,  from  nis  financial  schemes. 

Paphian  (pa'fi-an)  Goddess,  The.  An  epithet 
of  Aphrodite,  from  the  worship  paid  her  in  Pa- 
phos. 

Paphlagonia  (paf-la-go'ni-a).  [Gr.  Tlo^^yovja.] 
In  ancient  geography,  a  country  in  Asia  Minor, 
bounded  by  the  Black  Sea  on  the  north,  Pontus 
(separated  by  the  Halys)  on  the  east,  Galatia 
on  the  south,  and  Bithynia  on  the  west.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  mountainous.  The  country  was  semi-in- 
dependent under  Persian  and  Macedonian  rule.  It  passed 
later  to  Pontus,  and  with  that  to  Rome  in  66  B.  c. 

Paphos  (pa'fos).  [Gr.  Ild^of.]  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, the  name  of  two  cities  in  Cyprus,  old 
Paphos  was  situated  near  the  southwestern  coaft.  The  cele- 
brated temple  of  Astarte,  or  Venus,  here  was  built  of  un- 
burned  brick  and  wood  on  a  stone  foundation  measuring 
164  by  220  feet.  The  famous  image  of  the  goddess  was  a 
bsetylus.  The  temple  stood  in  a  large  inclosure  whose 
walls  were  likewise  of  sun-dried  brick  on  a  massive  stone 
foundation.  New  Paphos  was  situated  on  the  western  coast 
8-10  miles  northwest  ol  Old  Paphos.  It  was  a  commercial 
center. 

Papias  (pa'pi-as).  [Gr.  Hamag.']  Lived  about 
130  A.  D.  An  early  Christian  writer,  bishop  of 
Hierapolis  in  Phrygia.  He  was  the  author  of  a  work 
(lost  except  in  fragments)  "Exposition  of  the  Oracles  of 
the  Lord."    See  the  extract. 

What  has  given  celebrity  to  the  name  of  Papias  is  his 
authorship  of  a  treatise  in  five  books  called  "Expositions 
of  Oracles  of  the  Lord  "  (Aoyi'tuv  KvpiaKuf  £^>jy^<ret9)  . . . 
which  title  we  shall  make  further  remark  presently.  The 
object  of  the  book  seems  to  have  been  to  throw  light  on 
the  Gospel  history,  and  in  particular  to  do  so  by  the  help 
of  oral  traditions  which  Papias  had  been  able  to  collect 
from  those  who  had  come  in  contact  with  surviving  mem- 
bers of  the  Apostolic  circle.  The  fact  that  Papias  lived  at 
a  time  when  it  was  still  possible  to  meet  such  persons  has 
given  such  importance  to  his  testimony  that  though  only 
some  very  few  fragments  of  his  work  remain,  they  have 
given  occasion  to  whole  treatises :  every  word  of  these  frag- 
ments being  rigidly  scrutinised,  and,  what  is  less  reason- 
able in  the  case  of  a  book  of  which  so  little  is  known,  ar- 
guments being  built  on  the  silence  of  Papias  about  sundry 
matters  which  it  is  supposed  he  ought  to  have  mentioned 
and  assumed  that  he  did  not. 

Smith  and  Wace,  Diet,  of  Christian  Biography,  IV.  185. 

Papin  (pa'pin;  F.  pron.  pa-pan'),  Denis.  Born 
at  Blois,  Prance,  Aug.  22,  1647:  died  1712.  A 
French  physicist,  inventor  of  "  Papin's  diges- 
ter." 

Papineau  (pa-pe-n6'),  Louis  Joseph.  Bom  at 
Montreal,  Oct.,  1786:  died  Sept.  23,  1871.  A 
French-Canadian  politician.  He  was  elected  to  the 
legislative  assembly  of  Lower  Canada  in  1809 ;  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1811 ;  and  was  chosen  speaker  of  the 
house  in  1815.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  French- 
Canadian  insurrection  of  1837.  He  escaped  capture,  and 
resided  chiefly  in  France  till  1847,  when  hereturned  under 
the  general  amnesty  of  1840.  He  was  afterward  a  mem- 
ber of  the  United  Parliament. 

Papinian  (pa-pin'i-an),  L.  JEmiltus  Papini- 
anus.  Executed  by  Caracalla,  212  a.  d.  A 
Roman  jurist,  pretorian  prefect  under  Septi- 
mius  Severus. 

A  friend  of  Severus  and  of  almost  the  same  age  with  him 
was  the  great  jurist  .^milius  Papinianus.  Under  Severus 
he  was  prcefectus  prsetorio,  but  was  executed  soon  after 
Caracalla's  accession  to  the  throne,  on  account  of  his  loy- 
alty to  the  other  son,  Geta.  Papinian  was  remarkable  not 
only  tor  his  juridical  genius,  for  the  independence  of  judg- 
ment, the  lucidity  and  firmness,  manifested  in  the  judicial 
decisions  on  individual  cases  which  he  gave  with  the  aid 
of  his  large  experience,  but  also  for  his  quick  sense  of 
right  and  morality,  by  which  he  frequently  rose  above  the 
barriers  of  national  prejudices,  and  merited  the  highest 


Fapinian 

generation  of  succeeding  centuries.  The  most  important 
of  his  works  are  the  37  books  of  Qusestiones  and  the  19 
books  of  Kesponsa,  both  of  which  have  been  much  used 
in  Justinian's  collections.  His  diction  is  conspicuous  for 
conciseness  and  exactness,  but  for  that  very  reason  is  fre- 
quently di£Bcult  to  follow. 

Teuffd  and  Schumie,  Hist  of  £oman  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr), 

[IL252. 

Papiocos  (pa-pe-6'k6s),  or  Piapocos  (pe-a-p6'- 
kos).  An  Indian  tribe, of  southwestern  Vene- 
zuela, on  the  river  Guaviare  near  its  junction 
with  the  Orinoco.  They  are  of  Arawak  or  May- 
pure  stock. 

Papirian  Law  (pa-pir'i-an  la).  A  supposed  col- 
lection of  the  ancient  £ioman  Leges  Segise,  of 
early  date,  made  by  a  certain  Caius  (or  Sextus) 
Papirius. 

Papirius  Cursor  (pa-pir'i-us  k^r'sdr),  Lucius. 
A  Roman  consul  and  dictator,  general  in  the 
second  Samnite  war.  As  dictator  he  won  a 
victory  over  the  Samnites  in  309  B.  c. 

Papirius  Cursor,  Lucius.  A  Koman  consul  and 
general  in  the  third  Samnite  war. 

Pappenfaeim  (pap'pen-him),  Grottfried  Hein- 
ricn,  Graf  zu  (Gr.,  'Count  at').  BornatPap- 
penheim,  Bavaria,  May  29,  1594:  died  at 
Leipsio,  Nov.  17,  1632.  An  Imperialist  gen- 
eral in  the  Thirty  Years'  War.  He  became  chief 
of  the  Pappenheimer  regiment  in  1623  ;  suppressed  the 
peasant  insurrection  in  Upper  Austria  in  1626  ;  took  part 
in  the  storming  of  Magdeburg  and  in  the  battle  of  Breiten- 
f  eld  in  1631 ;  and  was  mortally  wounded  at  Ltitzen  in  1632. 

Pappenheimer  (pap'pen-Mm-er)  Regiment,  A 
regiment  of  cuirassiers  in  the  Imperialist  ser- 
vice in  the  Thirty  Years'  War. 

Pappus  (pap'us).  [Gr.  IldffTrof.]  Lived  about 
the  close  of  the  4th  century.  An  Alexandrian 
geometer.  He  wrote  a  mathematical  work, 
the  "CoUection"  (edited  by  Hultsch  1875-78). 

Paps  of  Jura  (jo'ra).  Three  mountains  in  the 
southern  part  of  tlie  island  of  Jura,  Scotland. 
Highest  point,  2,566  feet. 

Papua.     Bee  New  Guinea. 

Pap  with  a  Hatchet.  A  scurrilous  tract  against 
"  Martin  Marprelate,"  published  in  1589  anony- 
mously :  attributed  by  Gabriel  Harvey  to  John 
Lyly. 

Paqotce.     See  Iowa. 

Pardi  (pa-ra').  A  river  of  northeastern  Brazil, 
physically  the  estuary  of  the  Tooantins,  but  re- 
ceiving a  large  amount  of  water  from  the  Ama- 
zon through  a  network  of  narrow  channels  on 
the  southern  side  of  the  island  of  Maraj6.  It  is 
therefore  commonly  called  one  of  the  mouths  of  the  Ama- 
zon.   Width,  where  it  enters  the  Atlantic,  40  miles. 

Par4.  The  northeastemmost  state  of  Brazil, 
bordering  on  Guiana  and  the  Atlantic.  The  sur- 
face  is  generally  level.  Area,  443,653  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1888),  407,350. 

ParL  or  Belem :  in  full  Santa  Maria  de  Belem 
do  Grao  Para  (sSln'ta  ma-re'a  de  ba-lan'  dij 
groun  par-ra,').  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  state 
of  Par£,  Brazil,  situated  on  the  river  Par4  in  lat. 
1°  27'  S.,  long.  48°  30'  W.  It  is  the  center  of  the  river 
trade  of  the  Amazon  system ;  and  exports  rubber,  ca^ao, 
copaiba  balsam,  hides,  nuts,  etc.  It  was  founded  in  Dec., 
1616.    Population,  about  65,000. 

Parabosco  (pa-ra-bos'ko),  Girolamo.  Bom  at 
Placentium:  died  at  Venice  about  1557.  A 
noted  Italian  musician  and  poet.  He  was  organist 
and  chapel-master  at  St.  Mark's  in  Venice,  He  publislied 
"Kime"  (poems,  1647),  "II  Progne"  (1648:  a  tragedy), 
"L'Oracolo  "(1551-62),  "I' Diporti"(1562:  a  collection  of 
17novels),  six  comedieswhich  were  collected  and  published 
at  Venice  (1660),  etc. 

Paracelsus  (par-a-sel'sus),  Philippus  Anreo- 
lus  (originally  Tfieophrastus  Bombastus  von 
HohenheiBl).  BomatMaria-Einsiedeln,  Swit- 
zerland, Dec.  17, 1493:  died  at  Salzburg,  Sept. 
23, 1541.  A  celebrated  German-Swiss  physi- 
cian and  alchemist.  He  entered  the  University  of 
Basel  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  but  left  without  a  degree,  and 
spent  many  years  In  travel  and  intercourse  with  distin- 
guished scholars.  He  lectured  on  medicine  at  Basel  from 
about  1526 1x)  1528,  when  he  was  driven  from  the  city  by  the 
medical  corporations,  whose  methods  he  had  severely  criti- 
cized. He  is  important  in  the  history  of  medicine  chiefly 
on  account  of  the  impetus  which  he  gave  to  the  develop- 
ment of  pharmaceutical  chemistry.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  a  visionary  and  theosophic  system  of  philosophy. 
The  first  collective  edition  of  his  works  appeared  at  Basel 
in  1589-91  Among  the  many  legends  concerning  him  is 
that  of  his  sword  iu  the  hilt  of  which  he  kept  a  familiar  or 
small  demon. 

Paracelsus.  Apoem by Eobert Browning, pub- 
lished in  1835-36. 

Paraclet  (pa-ra-kla').  A  hamlet  near  Nogent- 
SUr-Seine,  Aube,  Prance,  it  was  formerly  the  seat  of 
a  nunnery,  founded  in  1123  by  Ab^lard,  of  which  H^loise 
was  abbess. 

Paradise.  A  fresco  by  Oreagna,  in  Santa  Maria 
Novella,  Florence,  notable  for  the  solemnity 
and  harmony  of  its  composition.  Christ  and  the 
Virgin  are  enthroned  above  great  companies  of  apostles. 


780 

martyrs,  saints,  and  angels.  The  fine  companion  pieces 
are  the  "  last  Judgment "  and  "  Hell." 
Paradise.  A  painting  by  Tintoretto,  the  largest 
picture  ever  painted  on  canvas  (84  by  251  feet), 
covering  the  east  wall  of  the  Sala  del  Maggior 
Consiglio  in  the  ducal  palace  at  Venice,  it  is 
darkened  by  injudicious  restoration,  but  is  highly  impres- 
sive in  composition,  and  full  of  beauties  of  detaiL 

Paradise  Lost.  An  epic  poem  by  John  Milton, 
published  in  1667,  in  twelve  books.  The  subject  is 
the  tall  of  man.  This  Is  his  greatest  work,  and  the  chief 
epic  in  the  English  language. 

Paradise  of  Dainty  Devices,  The.  A  collec- 
tion of  poems  compiled  by  Richard  Edwards  in 
1576.  It  was  very  popular,  and  went  through 
nine  or  ten  editions  before  1600. 

Paradise  of  Fools.    Limbo. 

Paradise  Eegained.  An  epic  poem,  in  four 
books,  by  JoEa  Milton,  published  in  1671.  The 
subject  is  the  redemption. 

Paradise  (pa-ra-de's6),  II.  [It.,  'Paradise.'] 
The  third  part  of  the  "Divine  Comedy,"  by 
Dante. 

Paragua.    See  Palawan. 

Paraguay  (par'a-gwi),  Sp.  and  Pg.  Paraguaya 
(par-a-gwi'a).  Ariverof  South  America,  prop- 
erly the  upper  portion  of  the  Parand.  it  rises  in 
the  table-land  of  western  Brazil  near  lat.  14"  15'  S.,  flows 
south,  and  unites  with  the  Upper  Parani  to  form  the  Lower 
ParanA  in  lat.  2T  17'  S.,  long.  68°  30'  W.  It  flows  succes- 
sively through  Brazil,  between  Brazil  and  Bolivia,  through 
northern  Paraguay,  separating  the  Paraguayan  Chaco  from 
the  main  portion,  and  finally  between  Paraguay  and  the 
Argentine  Republic.  In  Brazil  it  is  bordered  by  the  vast 
swampy  region  called  the  Charaes  marshes  (see  Charaes). 
The  principal  tributaries  are  the  Sao  lourengo  (receiving 
the  CuyabA)  and  Taquary  on  the  east,  and  the  Pilcomayo 
and  Vermejo  on  the  west.  Length,  about  1,600  miles  (with 
the  Lower  Paran4  and  Plata,  2,580  miles);  navigable  to 
Villa  Maria,  300  miles  from  its  source. 

Paraguay.  An  interior  republic  of  South  Amer- 
ica, between  the  ParanS  on  the  east  and  south 
and  the  Paraguay  on  the  west,  with  a  westward 
extension  between  the  Paraguay  andPilcomayo : 
boundednorth  by  Bolivia  and  Brazil,  eastby  Bra- 
zil, and  south  and  west  by  the  Argentine  Repub- 
lic. Capital,  Asuncion.  The  main  portion  is  hilly 
or  undulating,  with  a  line  of  high  hills,  called  mountains,  in 
the  interior ;  the  part  west  of  the  Paraguay,  included  in 
the  Gran  Chaco  region  (which  see),  is  flat,  partly  swampy, 
and  has  few  inhabitants  except  wild  Indians.  The  climate 
is  semi-tropicaL  The  principal  products  are  hides,  fruits, 
a  little  sugar,  tobacco,  and  mate  or  Paraguay  tea»  Most  of 
the  inhabitants  are  a  mixed  race,  descended  from  Spaniards 
and  Guarany  Indians ;  the  common  language  is  a  corrupt 
form  of  Guarany,  but  Spanish  is  spoken  in  the  larger  places. 
The  prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catholic.  Executive  au- 
thority is  vested  in  a  president  elected  for  four  years,  and 
congress  consists  of  a  senate  and  a  chamber  of  deputies. 
The  country  has  a  very  imperfect  railroad  and  telegraph 
system.  Paraguay  was  settled  by  Spaniards  in  1536,  and  the 
colony  at  iirst  included  all  the  Platine  region ;  the  south- 
ern partwaa  separated  in  1620,  and  the  country,  as  a  prov- 
ince, approximately  with  its  present  limits,  was  attached 
to  the  viceroyalty  of  La  Plata  in  1776.  Jesuit  influence 
became  predominant  in  the  17th  century,  and  the  order 
had  here  its  most  celebi-ated  missions  untU  it  was  expelled 
in  1767.  The  colony  declared  its  independence  in  1811, 
refusing  to  unite  with  the  Argentine  Confederation. 
It  was  successively  under  the  absolute  dictatorship  of 
Francia  (1814-40),  C.  A.  Lopez  (1841-62),  and  F.  L.  Lopez 
(1862-70).  The  last  in  1865  provoked  a  war  with  Brazil, 
the  Argentine,  and  Uruguay  (see  Triple  Alliance,  War  of 
the),  which  terminated  with  his  death  after  the  country 
had  been  completely  impoverished  and  a  great  part  of  the 
adult  male  population  nad  been  killed.  The  present 
constitution  was  adopted  in  1870.  The  territory  west 
of  the  Paraguay  (Paraguayan  Chaco)  was  claimed  by  the 
Argentine,  but  was  awarded  to  Paraguay  by  the  arbitra- 
tion of  President  Hayes  of  the  United  States  in  1878. 
Area,  about  95,000  square  miles.  The  very  imperfect 
census  of  18S7  gave  a  civilized  population  of  829,646. 
In  1897  the  white  population  was  officially  estimated  at 
600,000. 

Paraguayan  War.  See  Triple  Alliance, 'War 
of  the. 

Parahyba,  or  Parahiba,  or  Paraiba  (pa^ra-e'- 
ba).  1.  A  river  in  the  state  of  Parahyba,  Brazil. 
Length,  over  200  miles.  Also  called  Parahyia 
do  Norte. — 2.  Ariver  which  rises  iu  the  state  of 
Sao  Paulo,  separates  Minas  Geraes  from  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  and  flows  into  the  Atlantic  north- 
east of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Length,  658  miles.  Also 
called  Parahyba  do  Sul. — 3.  A  maritime  state 
of  Brazil,  situated  north  of  Pemambuco.  Area, 
28,854  square  mUes.  Population  (1890),  382,- 
587. — 4.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Parahyba, 
situated  on  the  river  Parahyba,  near  its  mouth, 
in  lat.  7°  7'  8.,  long.  34°  53'  W.  Population 
(1890),  40,000. 

Parallel  Lives.  The  chief  wort  of  Plutarch. 
See  Plutarch. 

Paramaribo  (par-a-mar'i-bo).  The  capital  of 
Dutch  Guiana,  or  Surinam,  situated  on  the  Suri- 
nam in  lat.  5°  50'  N.,  long.  55°  13'  W.  Ithasim- 
portant  commerce,  and  exports  sugar,  rum,  molasses,  cot- 
ton, etc.  It  was  founded  by  the  French  about  1600.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  28,831. 

Paramatman  (pa-ra-mat'man).  [Skt. :  parama, 


Parchim 

supreme,  dtman,  soul.]  In  Sanskrit, the  supremo 
spirit,  soul  of  the  universe. 

Paramatta.    See  Parramatta. 

Paramushir  (pa^ra-mo-sher'),  or  Poromushir 
(p6-r6-mo-sher').  One  of  the  larger  islands  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  Kurile  group,  south  of 
Kamchatka. 

Faran  (pa'ran).  In  Bible  geography,  a  wilder- 
ness south  of  Palestine  and  north  of  Sinai,  it 
was  the  scene  of  the  wanderings  of  the  Israelites  before 
they  entered  Canaan. 

Parana  (pa-ra-na').  Ariverof  South  America, 
flowing  into  the  Plata,  which  forms  the  estuary 
of  the  Parand  and  Uruguay,  it  is  divided  physi- 
cally into  the  Upper  and  Lower  Faraud.  The  latter  is 
properly  a  continuation  of  the  Paraguay,  the  Upper  Pa- 
rana being  an  eastern  affluent.  It  has  a  general  southerly 
course,  entirely  in  the  Argentine  Republic,  and  its  princi- 
pal affluent  is  the  Salado  in  the  west.  The  Upper  Parani. 
is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  Parana- 
hyba  in  BrazQ  (near  lat.  20°  S.,  long.  60°  SC  W.).  It  re- 
ceives several  large  Brazilian  rivers  (the  Pardo,  TieW,  Pa- 
ranapanema,  Ivahy,  etc.) ;  flows  southward  between  Bra- 
zil and  Paraguay ;  turns  westward  between  Paraguay  and 
the  Argentine  Republic ;  and  by  its  junction  with  the  Pa- 
raguay (lat.  27°  17'  S.,  long.  !>8°  30"  W.) forms  the  Lower  Pa- 
rand.  The  central  portion  is  obstructed  by  rapids  and 
falls,  the  highest  being  the  Sete  Quedas  (which  see). 
Length  of  the  Upper  ParanA,  about  1,200  miles  (or^with  the 
Paranapanema,  1,730  miles);  navigable  to  the  Apip^rapid& 
(about  150  mUes).  Length  of  the  Lower  Parang,  850  miles 
(or,  with  the  Plata,  1,080  miles) ;  entirely  navigable. 

Parang.  A  maritime  state  in  southern  Brazil, 
separated  from  Paraguay  by  the  river  Parana. 
Capital,  Curityba.  The  surface  is  mountainous  and 
table-land.  Area,  86,453  square  miles.  Population  (1890), 
626,722. 

Parand.  The  capital  of  Entre  Rios,  Argentine 
Republic,  situated  on  the  Parand.  Formerly 
called  Bajada  de  Santa  Fe  or  del  Parand.  Pop- 
ulation (1895),  24,100. 

Parani,  Margtuis  of.  See  Carneiro  Lech,  Hono- 
rio  Hermeto. 

ParanaguS/  (pS-ra-na-gwa').  A  seaport  in  the 
state  of  Paranft,  Brazil,  situated  in  lat.  25°  31' 
S.,  long.  48°  27'  51'  W.  Population,  about  5,000. 

Faranahyba  (pa-ra-na-e'ba),  or  Parnahyba 
(par-na-e'ba).  1.  A  river  in  Brazil,  one  of  the 
chief  head  streams  of  the  Parand.  It  forms 
part  of  the  boundary  between  the  states  of 
Goyaz  and  Minas  Geraes. —  2.  A  river  in  Brazil 
whichflows  into  the  Atlantic  about  lat.  2°  50'  S. 
Length,  about  830  miles. —  3.  A  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Piauhy,  BrazU,  situated  on  the  last- 
mentioned  river  near  its  mouth.  Population, 
about  5,000. 

Paranhos,  Jos6  Maria  da  Silva.  See  Silva 
Paranhos. 

Pararauates.     See  Parentintims. 

Parashurama  (pa-ra-sho-ra'ma).  ['Rama  with 
the  ax.']  The  first  of  the  three  Ramas,  and  th© 
sixth  avatara  or  incarnation  of  Vishnu,  Vishnu 
having  appeared  in  this  incarnation  to  repress 
the  tyranny  of  the  Kshatriya,  or  military  caste. 
He  typifies  the  Brahmans  in  their  contests  with  the  Ksha- 
triya. He  was  a  Brahman,  the  fifth  son  of  Jamadagni, 
and  on  his  father's  side  descended  from  Bhrigu,  whence  he 
is  the  Bhargava,  while  on  the  maternal  side  he  was  of  the 
race  of  the  Kushikas.  In  the  Mahabharata  he  instruct* 
Arjuna  in  the  use  of  arms,  and  fights  with  Bhishma;  ia 
present  at  a  war  council  of  the  Kauravas ;  and  is  struck 
senseless  by  Ramachandra,  the  seventh  avatar.  In  the 
Ramayana,  Parashurama,  aggrieved  by  Rama's  breaking  the 
bow  of  Shiva,  challenges  him  to  a  trial  of  strength,  and 
is  defeated  by  him. 

Parasitaster  (par-a-si-tas't^r),  or  the  Fawn. 
A  play  by  Marston,"acted  at  Blaekf  riars  in  1604, 
and  printed  in  1606. 

The  writers  of  Jonson's  days  seem  to  have  connected,  I 
know  not  why,  the  idea  of  a  spy  or  splenetic  observer  with 
thatof  afaun.  Marston  calls  one  of  his  plays  "TheFawne  "■ 
m  allusion  to  a  character  iu  disguise  who  watches  and  ex- 
poses all  the  persons  of  the  drama  in  succession. 

Giffard,  Note  to  Jonson's  Poetaster,  p.  246. 

Paravllhanas  (pa-ra-vel-ya'nas).  A  tribe  of 
Indians  in  northern  Brazil,  on  the  confines  of 
Venezuela  and  British  Guiana,  about  the  head 
waters  of  the  Rio  Branoo.  Formerly  numerous, 
they  are  now  nearly  or  quite  extinct  They  have  been  re- 
ferred to  the  Oarib  stock. 

Paray-le-Monial  (pa-ra'16-m6-nyal').  A  town, 
in  the  department  of  Sa6ne-et-Loire,  France, 
situated  on  the  Bourbiuce  33  miles  west  by- 
north  of  Mi,cou.  It  is  noted  as  a  place  of  pilgrima«e. 
and  for  its  convent  of  the  Visitation  and  its  church.  Pod' 
ulation  (1891),  commune,  3,855. 

Parcse  (par'se).  The  Latin  name  of  the  Fates. 
See  MmrsB. 

Parc-aux-Oerfs  (park'6-sar').  A  house  in  Ver- 
sailles, France,  which  was  notorious  as  a  harem 
of  Louis  XV. 

Parchim  (pardh'im).  A  town  in  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin,  Germany,  on  the  Elde  24  miles  south- 
east of  Schwerin.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Von. 
Moltke.    Population  (1890),  9,960. 


Fardval 

Parcival.    See  FmslfaX,  Pamioal,  and  Perceval. 

Fardo  (par'do),  Manuel.  Born  at  Lima,  Aug. 
12, 1834:  assassinated  there,  Nov.  16, 1878.  A 
Peruvian  statesman.  He  was  a  banker,  and  was  min- 
iBter  ol  the  treasury  under  Balta,  1866-68.  From  Aug.  2, 
1872,  to  Aug.  2, 1876,  he  was  president  ol  Peru.  He  was  the 
first  civilian  who  attained  this  position,  and  was  one  of 
the  best  presidents  the  republic  ever  had.  At  the  time 
of  bis  death  he  was  president  of  the  senate. 

Fardoe  (par'do),  Julia.  Bom  at  Beverley, York- 
shire, England,  1806:  died  1862.  An  English 
historical  and  miscellaneous  writer, 


781 


Paris,  Sieges  and  Capitulations  of 


with  early  mosaics  of  the  virgin  and  Balnts,  and  friezes  of    meo  and  Juliet,"  a  young  notileman  to  whom 
flowers,  fishes,  shells,  and  foliage.     Population  (1890),     Capulet  betrothed  his  daughter  Juliet  against 
Parepa-Bosa  (pa-ra'pa-ro'sa),  Madame  (Eu-  .J'^'^.will. 

phrosyneParepadeTBoyesku).BornatEdin-  Pans  ^W^j.  ^.-  F"^.  pa:re').    [ME.  Pans, 
burgh,  May  7,  K36:  died  at  London,  Jan.  21, 


Le.  An  opera  by  Meyerbeer,  first  produced  at 
Paris,  1859.    See  Dinorah. 

Pardoner's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's ' '  Can- 
terbury Tales."  It  is  a  discourse  on  gluttony 
taken  from  a  Latin  treatise  of  Pope  Innocent 
III.    Lounsbury.  .  ■       ,       j, 

Fardubitz  (par'd6-bits).    A  town  in  Bohemia,  Paria  (pa're-a  or  pa-re-a  ).     A  peninsula  of 


1874.  An  "English  soprano  singer  in  oratorio 
and  opera,  she  made  her  dSbut  at  Malta  in  1866,  and 
first  appeared  in  England  in  1867,  and  in  the  United  States 
in  1866.  She  married  Carl  Kosa  in  1867,  and  they  estab- 
lished an  opera  company  in  which  she  was  successful. 

Parergon.    See  Ayliffe. 

Farga  (par'ga).  A  si  ^ 
the  Turkish  vilayet  of  Janina,  situated  on  the 
Ionian  Sea  in  lat.  39°  17'  N.,  long.  20°  25'  B. 
It  was  under  Venetian  protection  from  1401  to  1797 ;  was 
besieged  by  Ali  Pasha  in  1814 ;  was  taken  under  British 
protection ;  and  in  1815  was  delivered  by  the  British  to 
Turkey.  The  inhabitants  abandoned  the  town  in  1819. 
Population,  about  4,000. 


situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Chrudimkawith 
the  Elbe,  59  miles  east  of  Prague.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  12,367. 
Far4  (pa-ra'), Latinized  Parsus  (pa-re'us), 
Ambroise.  Born  at  Laval,  Mayenne,  France, 
1517:  died  at  Paris,  Deo.  22,  1590.    A  French 


northeastern  Venezuela,  projecting  eastward 
between  the  Caribbean  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of 
Paria,  and  terminating  in  Cape  Paria  opposite 
Trinidad. 
Paria,  Gulf  of.  •  An  arm  of  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
between  Venezuela  and  Trinidad. 


AS.  Paris  '(=  Sp.'  Paris,  Pg.  Paris,  G. 
Paris,  etc.),  from  OF.  Paris  (pron.  pa-res'),  P.  ' 
Paris  =  It.  Parigi,  from  LL.  Parisii,  L.  Lutetia 
Parisiorum,  Lutetia  of  the  Parisii,  a  Celtic  tribe. 
Lutetia  has  been  referred,  without  evidence,  to 
L.  lutum,  mud.]     The  capital  of  France,  sit- 

„„ „„^ „>,v-^.„„..,^ „  „„„„^. „-—  „„  1  •      JIT.     •      •       uated  on  both  banks  of  the  Seine  in  lat.  48°  50' 

Pardon  de  Ploennel  (par-d6n' d6  plo-er-mel'),  Parga    (par'ga).     A  seaport  in  Albania,   m     N.,  long.  2°  20' E.  (observatory),     it  is  the  third 

-      --         -  .     .-r       .         ,     !     iv,_  m — i-;_L  _:, i.j!T„„,-„    o,+„„+„>i  „..,  4-i,„     largest  city  in  the  world ;  is  considered  the  finest  city  in 

the  world ;  and  has  long  been  celebrated  as  a  center  of 
fashion,  literature,  art,  the  drama,  and  scholarship.  Its 
boundaries  are  the  fortifications,  22  miles  long,  including 
30  square  miles.  The  nucleus  of  the  city  is  lie  de  la  Cit6,  an 
island  in  the  Seine.  It  is  the  commercial  and  manufac- 
turing center  of  France,  and  the  center  of  the  French  rail- 
waysystem.  Among  the  leading  manufacturesareclotliing, 
furniture,  "articles  de  Paris,"  machinery,  jewelry,  clocks, 
gloves,  tapestries,  carriages,  etc.  (For  various  localities 
and  objects  of  interest — e.  g.  the  Bois  de  Boulogne,  the 
Champs- Elys^es,  the  churches  of  Notre  Dame  and  the  Pan- 
theon, the  Theatre  lYan^ais,  the  Louvre  and  the  Luxem- 
bourg, the  Sorbonne,  etc. — and  forraany  local  details,  see 
the  separate  articles.)  The  Grand  Op^ra  is  the  most  sump- 
tuous existing  theater.  The  chief  facade  is  enriched  with 
polychromematerials,and  adorned  with  statues  and  groups 
of  seulptiure.  The  grand  staircase  is  of  great  beauty,  and 
the  grand  foyer,  a  hall  176  feet  long,  42  wide,  and  59  high, 
displays  on  its  walls  and  ceiling  the  celebrated  paintingE 
by  Baudry,  representing  the  Muses,  music,  dancing.  Mount 
Parnassus,  and  the  ancient  poets.  The  city  contains  many 
hospitals  and  museums,  and  is  the  seat  of  many  societies, 
including  the  Institute  of  France.  Paris  belongs  to  the 
department  ol  Seine,  and  is  governed  by  the  municipal 
council,  the  prefect  of  Seine,  the  prefect  of  police,  and 
the  mayors  of  arrondissements.  It  was  the  ancient  capi- 
tal of  a  small  Gallic  tribe,  the  Parisii ;  was  the  capital  of 
Constantius  Chlorus  292-306 ;  was  made  the  capital  of  the 
Prankish  kingdom  by  Clovis  in  508 ;  was  ruled  by  counts 
under  the  Carolingians ;  became  again  the  capital  under 
the  Capetians ;  was  largely  developed  under  Philip  Augus- 
tus and  St.  Louis ;  suffered  from  civil  strife  under  Charles 
VI.;  was  entered  by  Henry  V.  of  England  in  1420,  but 
expelled  the  English  in  1436 ;  was  the  scene  of  the  massa- 
cre ol  St.  Bartholomew  in  1672 ;  became  the  center  of  the 
League ;  was  opened  to  Henry  IV.  in  1694 ;  and  was  the 
scene  of  many  of  the  leading  events  in  the  first  revolu- 

westeri  edge  of  the  Brazilian  plateau  (Campos  Parieu  (pa-rye'),  Marie  Louis  Pierre  F61ix  f??"^„^J'J,*?fr„r/i^52.?'?i^*VQ7af«Tl'S^^nft'^^^^ 

dos  Pareois),  where  it  faces  th^e  river  Guapo^^.     ESdUirou  de.   6orn  at  AuriUac,  France,  April  SZTI  tapoX'iilefa^'r'eatTs  "of  P^^^^ 

Paredes  (pa-ra' das),  Jose  Gxegorio.    Bom  at    13, 1815 :  died  April  9, 1893.    A  French  politi-  below.)    Population  (I90i),  2,660,669. 

Lima,  1779:  died  there,  Dec.  16, 1839.    A  Peru-    cal  economist  and  politician.    He  was  minis-  Paris.    A  city,  capital  of  Edgar  County,  eastern 
vian  mathematician.    He  was  appointed  official  cos-    ter  of  instruction  1849-51.  Illinois,  106  miles  east  by  south  of  Springfield, 

mographer  in  1812,  and  under  the  republic  held  various  Parima  (pa-re'ma  or  pa-re-ma').     A  mythical    Population  (1900),  6,105. 

high  offices,  including  the  ministry  of  the  treasury.   Pare-    j^jjg  jg^g  supposed  to  exist  in  the  northern  part  Paris.   A  city,  capital  of  Bourbon  County,  Ken- 

of  South  America.    At  first  it  was  associated  with  the  tueky,  34  miles  east  of  Frankfort.     Population 
story  of  El  Dorado  (which  see);  later,  when  thesearchfor     (1900),  4,603. 


surgeon,  the  fouider  of  scientific  surgery  in  Pariahs  (pa'ri-az).    [Lit.  'drummers'  (t;he  Pa- 
France.  He  introduced  improvements  in  the  treatment    riahs  being  the  hereditary  drum-beaters) .]  The 
"     ■"  ....  .      -~.      —    members  of  a  low  caste  of  Hindus  m  southern 

India.  They  are  lower  than  the  regulur  castes  ol  the 
Brahmanical  system,  by  whom  they  are  shunned  as  un- 
clean, yet  superior  to  some  other  castes  in  the  Tamil 
country,  where  they  constitute  a  considerable  part  of  the 
population.  The  Pariahs  are  commonly  employed  as  labor- 
ers by  the  agricultural  class,  or  as  servants  to  Europeans. 

Parian   Chronicle,   The.     See    Chronicle  of 
Paros. 


of  gunshot- wounds,  the  use  of  ligatures,  etc.  His  works 
were  published  in  1561. 
Parecis  (pa-ra-ses').  A  tribe  or  race  of  Indians 
in  western  Brazil  (state  of  Matto  Grosso),  on  the 
plateau  called  Campos  dos  Parecis,  about  the 
head  waters  of  the  rivers  Paraguay,  Guapor6, 
and  Tapai6s.  They  live  in  fixed  villages,  practise  agri- 
culture, and  are  generally  friendly  to  the  whites,  though 
having  few  relations  with  them.    Formerly  the  tribe  was 


one  of  the  most  powerful  of  this  region,  but  so  far  as  is  PariaS  (pa-re-as'),  or  PariagOtOS  (pa-re-a-go 


known  only  a  few  hundreds  survive.  Tliey  belong  to  the 
Maypure  or  Arawak  linguistic  stock.  The  Guachis,  Ba- 
cairis,  and  other  tribes  classed  with  the  Parecis  by  Martius 
are  now  known  to  be  widely  separated  by  their  languages. 
Also  written  Parexie,  PaHm,  etc. 

Parecis,  Compos  dos.   See  Campos  dos  Parecis. 
Parecis,  Serra  dos.  A  name  given  to  the  south- 


tos).  Indians  who  formerly  occupied  the  penin- 
sula of  Paria  in  northeastern  Venezuela.  They 
were  among  the  first  ol  the  continental  tribes  seen  by 
Columbus:  later  many  of  them  were  enslaved.  The  rem- 
nants were  gathered  into  missions,  and  are  now  merged 
in  the  country  population  ol  the  coast.  They  were  of  Carib 
stock.    Also  written  Pariacotoes,  etc. 


des  published  several  works  on  mathematics  and  physics, 
but  is  best  known  for  his  "Almanacs,"  1810-39,  which  con- 
tain numerous  historical  and  geographical  notes  of  much 
value. 

Paredes,  Mariano.  Born  about  1800 :  died  at 
Granada,  Nicaragua,  Dec.  2, 1856.  A  Guatema- 
lan general  and  politician.  He  was  president  of  Gua- 
temala Jan.  1, 1849,  fo  Jan.  1, 1862,  but  was  practically  a  tool 
of  Carrera,  who  succeeded  him.  At  the  time  ol  his  death 
he  was  fighting  against  Walker. 

ParedesyAirillaga(ear-rel-ya'ga),  Mariano. 
Born  at  Mexico,  Jan.  6, 1797:  died  there,  Sept., 
1849.  A  Mexican  general.  He  led  the  revolution 
against  Herrera,  and  alter  an  overthrow  ol  the  latter  was 
elected  president  ad  interim  Jan.  3, 1846,  serving  until  July 
28,  when  he  was  forced  to  resign.  During  this  period  the 
war  with  the  United  States  began :  the  republic  was  prac- 
tically in  a  condition  of  anarchy. 

Pareja  (pa-ra'na),  Juan  de.  Bom  at  Seville 
about  1606:  died  at  Madrid,  1670.    A  Spanish 


Schomburgk's  explorations  proved  that  the  only  lakes  in    England,  Sept.  8, 1894.    Head  of  the  Legitimist 
this  region  were  small  areas  of  flooded  grass-land.^  The   party  in  Prance  and  claimant  of  the  French 


name  has  been  retained  lor  mountains  and  a  river  ol  the 
same  region. 

Parima,  Sierra  or  Serra  de.    Mountains  of 
southern  Venezuela,  on  the  confines  of  Brazil, 


throne,  eldest  son  of  Ferdinand,  due  d'Orl^ans, 
and  grandson  of  Louis  Philippe.  He  became  heir 
apparent  to  the  French  throne  on  the  death  of  his  father 
in  1842.    He  was  educated  in  England,  where  his  mother 


between  the  upper  (Drinoco  and  its  branch  the    sought  refuge  alter  the  overthrow  ol  his  grandlather  in 
Ventuario.    Their  true  nature  is  little  understood,  and    "'"     ■'-'"""'  "  '         ..—..._..  i.-- 

they  are  perhaps  edges  of  a  high  plateau,  though  some 
points  are  said  to  exceed  8,000  feet  in  altitude.  The  Ori- 
noco takes  its  rise  on  the  southwestern  side.  The  name  is 
sometimes  extended  to  all  the  highland  region  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Venezuela  and  Brazil  and  in  British  Guiana,  thus 
including  the  Paoaraima  Sierra  (which  see).  Often  written 
Parime. 


1848.  In  1862  he  served  as  a  captain  of  volunteers  on  the 
staff  of  General  McClellan.  He  subsequently  took  up  his 
residence  in  France,  but  returned  to  England  on  the  pas- 
sage of  the  expulsion  bill  of  1886.  On  the  death  of  the 
Comte  de  Chamhord,  grandson  of  Charles  X.,  without 
issue,  in  1883,  he  was  recognized  by  the  Legitimists  as  the 
head  of  the  royal  house  of  France,  uniting  in  his  person 
the  claims  of  the  older  and  the  younger  (Orleans)  line 
of  the  house  of  Bourbon.  He  published  "  Histoire  de  la 
civile  en  Am^rique  "  (1874-87). 


painter,  a  pupil  and  originally  a  slave  of  Velas-  Parini  (pa-re'ne),  Giuseppe.     Born  at  Bosio,   guerre 

quez.    He  was  most  successful  in  portraits.    Velasquez    near  Milan.  May  22, 1729 :  died  at  Milan,  Aug.  porig  (pa-res')  Gaston  Bruno  Paulin     Bom 

,_..j ,..._  v....  V  ..—J .... ,,.-.        :.„     rpt,         ...:t     ..  An  Italian  poct.  He  published  the  satiri-  ^^       --   ' -■    -       -' 


freed  him,  but  he  remained  in  his  service.    The  portrait 
ol  him  by  Velasquez  represents  a  mulatto. 

Pareja  y  Septien  (e  sep-te-an'),  3os6  Manuel. 

Bom  at  Lima,  Peru,  1812 :  died  at  Valparaiso, 
Chile,  Nov.  28,  1865.    A  Spanish  naval  officer, 


15, 1799. 

cal  poems  "II  mattino"  ("Morning,"  1763),  "II  mezzo- 
giorno"  ("Noon,"  1765),  "II  vespro"  ("Evening"),  "La 
notte"("  Night"),  etc. 
Paris  (par'is).     [Gr.  Uapig.']    1.  In  Greek  le- 


He  commanded  the  fleet  which,  in  Sept.,  1865,  provoked    gend,  the  second  son  of  Priam,  king  of  Troy, 


hostilities  with  Chile  and  blockaded  the  Chilean  ports. 
One  of  his  gunboats  having  been  taken  by  the  Chileans, 
Pareja  committed  suicide. 
Parenis  (pa-ra-nes'),  or  Parenas  (pa-ra-nas'). 
Indians  of  Venezuela,  on  the  Orinoco  above  the 
junction  of  the  Apure.  They  were  gathered  into 
missions  in  the  18th  century,  and  as  a  tribe  are  now  prac- 
tically extinct.  They  belonged  to  the  Arawak  or  Maypure 
linguistic  stock,  and  their  language  was  closely  allied  to 
that  of  the  true  Maypures.    Also  written  Parenes. 

Parentintims,  or  Parentintins  (pa-ren-ten- 
tens' ) .  Wandering  Indians  of  the  Amazon  val- 
ley, living  on  both  sides  of  the  Tapaj6s  near 
the  lower  falls,  and  ranging  westward  to  the 
Madeira.  They  go  in  small  bands,  and  subsist  by  hunting 
and  fishing,  or  by  stealing  from  the  plantations  of  other 
tribes.  The  Mundurucus  call  them,  or  some  ol  thena, 
Fararauates,  and  wage  a  constant  war  against  them.  It  is 
probable  that  Indians  ol  different  races  have  been  con- 
lounded  under  this  name. 

Parenzo  (pa-rend'z6).  [Jj.  Parenimm.^  A  sea- 
port in  Istria,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Venice  81  miles  south  by  west  of  Triest. 
The  cathedral  is  a  very  curious  building,  lounded  in  543. 
It  is  preceded  by  an  atrium  and  baptistery,  and  has  3  naves 
divided  by  marble  columns  with  sculptured  capitals.  The 
apse  is  incrusted  below  with  marbles  and  lined  above 


and  Hecuba :  also  called  Alexander.  Belore  his 
birthHecuba  dreamt  that  shehadgiven  birth  to  aflrebrand 
which  caused  a  conflagration  of  the  city.  The  dream  was 
interpreted  to  mean thatshewouldgive birth  toason who 
would  bring  disaster  on  Troy.  Paris  was  accordingly  ex- 
posed on  Mount  Ida,  but  was  for  a  time  nourished  by  a  she- 
bear,  and  was  ultimately  taken  home  and  brought  up  by  the 
shepherd  who  was  intrusted  with  his  exposure.  His  paren- 
tage was  accidentally  discovered;  he  was  admitted  to  the 
household  ol  Priam,  maiTied  (Enone,  daughter  of  the  river- 
god  Cebren,  and  became  celebrated  far  and  wide  for  his 
beauty  ol  person,  his  gallantry,  and  his  accomplishments. 


at  Avenay,  Marne,  Aug.  9, 1839 :  died  at  Cannes, 
March  6,  1903.  An  eminent  French  Komance 
philologist.  From  1872  he  occupied  a  chair  ol  French 
language  and  literature  at  the  Collfege  de  France,  of  which 
he  became  administrator  in  1896;  he  was  also  director  of 
the  Romance  language  departm  ent  in  the  Ecole  des  Hautes 
Etudes.  His  first  publication  of  note  was  a  "  Histoire 
po^tique  de  Charlemagne"  (1865).  His  edition  of  "La 
vie  de  Saint-Alexis "  was  truly  epoch-making  in  the  an- 
nals of  French  philology.  He  also  published  "  La  litt^ra- 
ture  fran^aiae  au  moyen  &ge,"  etc.,  and  was  connected 
with  many  important  philological  publications  in  the 
French  language,  among  others  the  "Romania"  and  the 
"Revue  critique."  In  1896  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  French  Academy. 

Paris,  Judgment  of.    See  Judgment  of  Paris. 

Paris,  Matthew  of.    SeeMatthew  of  Paris. 


During  the  nuptials  of  Peleus  and  Thetis,  Eris,  who  alone  Paris,  SiegOS  and  OapitulatlOUS  Of  .   The  most 

among  the  gods  was  excluded,  threw  a  golden  apple  among  ■  ■■■        »  ^^ ,Lt_  j,.n — :__      .  .  _. 

the  marriage  guests  with  the  inscription  "  To  the  Fairest. 
A  dispute  arose  between  Hera,  Aphrodite,  and  Athene  over 
the  apple,  and  Zeus  ordered  Hermes  to  take  the  goddesses 
to  Paris,  who  tended  his  flocks  on  Mount  Gargarus,  a 
height  on  Mount  Ida,  and  who  was  to  adjudge  the  apple. 
To  influence  his  decision  Hera  offered  him  power,  Athene 
martial  glory,  and  Aphrodite  the  most  beautiful  ol  women. 
He  awarded  the  apple  to  Aphrodite,  who  in  return  assisted 
him  in  carrying  off  from  Sparta  Helen,  the  wife  ol  Menelaus. 
The  rape  ol  Helen  gave  rise  to  the  Trojan  war,  during  which 
he  brought  down  upon  himself  the  detestation  of  his  own 
friends  by  his  cowardice  and  his  stubborn  determination 
not  to  give  up  Helen.  He  was  fatally  wounded  by  Philoc- 
tetes  with  a  poisoned  arrow  at  the  taking  of  Troy. 
2.  A  character  in  Shakspere's  tragedy  "Eo- 


noteworthy  of  these  are  the  following,  (a)  siege 
by  the  Northmen  in  885-886.  It  was  unsuccessful.  (6) 
Siege  by  Henry  IV.  in  1690.  The  city  was  successfully  de- 
fended by  the  forces  ol  the  League,  (c)  Surrender  to  the 
Allies,  March  31, 1814.  (d)  Surrender  to  the  Allies,  July 
7,1815.  (e)  Siege  ol  1870-71  by  the  Germans.  It  was  com- 
menced Sept.  19, 1870 ;  ineffectual  sorties  were  made  Nov. 
30-Dec.  3,  Jan.  10-16,  and  Jan.  19,  1871 ;  the  city  capitu- 
lated by  the  convention  ol  Versailles  Jan.  28 ;  the  entry 
of  German  troops  took  place  March  1,  and  the  evacuation 
March  3.  (f)  Siege  of  1871  by  the  troops  of  the  National 
Assembly  commanded  by  MacMahon,  Paris  being  defended 
by  the  Communists.  It  began  April  6,  and  the  city  wae 
entered  by  the  besiegers  May  21 :  many  buildings  (H6tel 
deVille,Tuileries,  etc.)  were  destroyed  by  the  Communists. 
The  insurrection  was  finally  suppressed  May  28,  1871. 


Paris,  Treaties  of 

Paris,  Treaties  of.  Among  the  various  trea- 
ties negotiated  or  concluded  at  Paris,  the  fol- 
lowing are  the  most  important,  (a)  Between  Great 
Britain  on  one  side  and  France,  Spain,  and  Portugal  on 
the  otlier,  Feb.  10, 1763.  France  ceded  to  Great  Britain 
Canada,  Prince  Edward  Island,  Cape  Breton,  Mobile,  all 
the  territory  east  of  the  Mississippi,  Dominica,  Tobago,  St. 
Vincent,  and  Grenada ;  England  restored  to  France  Guade- 
loupe, Martinique,  St  Pierre  and  Miquelon,  and  Pondi- 
cherry,  and  ceded  St.  Lucia  to  her ;  Spain  ceded  Florida  to 
Great  Britain ;  England  restored  Havana  to  Spain  ;  and 
France  ceded  Louisiana  to  Spain.  (6)  Between  Great  Britain 
on  one  side  and  France,  Spain,  and  the  United  States  on  the 
other,  Sept.  3, 1783.  The  independence  of  the  United  States 
was  acknowledged;  navigation  of  the  Mississippi  was  made 
free  to  both  powers ;  Minorca  and  Florida  were  restored  to 
Spain  ;  the  region  of  the  Senegal  was  granted  to  France ; 
and  mutual  restitution  was  made  of  conquests  in  the  West 
Indies,  (c)  Between  France  on  the  one  side  and  Great 
Britain,  Russia,  Austria,  and  Prussia  on  the  other.  May  30, 
1814:  called  also  the  First  Peace  ofParU.  The  indepen- 
dence of  the  Netherlands,  Switzerland,  and  German  and 
Italian  states  was  aclcnowledged.  "France  was  allowed 
to  retain  the  boundaries  of  1792,  with  some  additions. 
Great  Britain  was  to  keep  Malta,  but  to  restore  all  the 
colonies  held  by  France  on  Jan.  1,  1792,  except  Tobago, 
St.  Lucia,  and  Mauritius,  and  to  restore  all  the  Dutch  col- 
onies she  held  except  Ceylon,  the  Cape,  and  part  of  (now 
British)  Guiana.  A  general  congress  was  to  meet  at  Vienna 
within  two  months  to  complete  the  arrangements."  {Ao 
land  and  Kansome,  English  Political  History,  p.  166.)  (d) 
Between  the  same  parties  as  the  treaty  of  1814,  Nov.  20, 
1815 ;  called  also  the  Second  Peace  of  Paris.  France  was 
reduced  nearly  to  the  limits  of  1790.  "  £28,000,000  was  to 
be  paid  to  the  Allies  for  the  expenses  of  the  war.  The 
fortresses  of  the  northern  frontier  were  to  be  occupied  by 
the  Allies  for  five  years,  and  the  garrisons  paid  by  France. 
All  works  of  art  requisitioned  by  Napoleon  were  to  be  re- 
stored to  their  owners."  (Adand  and  Ransome^  English 
Political  History,  p.  166.)  (c)  Between  Russia  on  the  one 
hand  and  Turkey,  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Sardinia  on 
the  other,  March  30, 1866.  Prussia  restored  Kars,  and  ceded 
part  of  Bessarabia  and  the  Danube  mouth ;  Sebastopol  was 
restored  to  Russia;  the  neutralization  of  the  Black  Sea 
was  proclaimed ;  and  Russia  abandoned  its  claim  to  a  pro- 
tectorate over  Christians  in  Turkey,  to  whom  the  sultan 
was  to  grant  more  favorable  terms.  ( /)  Between  the  Uni- 
ted States  and  Spain,  Deo.  10, 1898.  Spain  relinquished 
her  sovereignty  over  Cuba,  and  ceded  Porto  Rico,  Guaban 
in  the  Ladrones,  and  the  Philippine  Islands  to  the  United 
States,  receiving  from  the  latter  the  sum  of  $20,000,000. 

Paris,  University  of.  The  oldest  of  the  Eu- 
ropean universities.  Schools  had  been  established 
here  under  the  successors  of  Charlemagne.  They  multi- 
plied rapidly,  and  in  the  year  1200  an  edict  of  Philip  Au- 
gustus united  them  under  one  management  and  created 
the  University  of  Paris,  called  the  Studium  till  1260.  More 
than  30  colleges  were  included.  It  degenerated,  and  was 
rehabilitated  by  Henry  IV.  in  1595.  Under  Louis  XIV. 
the  university  did  not  share  in  the  general  revival  of  arts 
and  letters,  the  Sorbonne  or  Faculty  de  Th^ologie  alone 
retaining  its  prestige.  In  1680  conrses  of  lectures  in  French 
civil  law  were  given  f  orthe  first  time.  On  Sept.  15, 1793,  the 
faculties  of  theolog3%  medicine,  law,  and  arts  were  sup- 
pressed throughout  the  republic  by  the  Convention.  See 
Univeraiti  Nationale  de  France. 

Paris  G-arden.  A  circus  for  bull-  and  bear-bait- 
ing, on  the  Baukside,  near  the  Globe  Theatre, 
London,  it  is  said  to  have  derived  its  name  from  one  De 
Paris  who  built  a  house  there  in  the  reign  of  Richard  II. 
It  was  in  use  at  the  beginning  of  Henry  VIII. 's  reign,  and 
was  afterward  flitted  up  and  used  for  a  playhouse  also. 

Parish  (par'ish),  Elijah.  Bom  at  Lebanon, 
Conn.,  Nov.  7, 1762:  died  at  Byfield,  Mass.,  Oct. 
15, 1825.  An  American  Congregational  clergy- 
man and  geographical  and  historical  writer. 
He  published  a  "History  of  New  England" 
(1809),  etc. 

Parish,  Sir  Woodbine.  Bom  Sept.  14,  1796: 
died  Aug.  16,  1882.  A  British  diplomatist.  He 
was  charge  d'affaires  at  Buenos  Ayres  1824-32,  and  after 
his  return  published  "  Buenos  Ayres  and  the  Provinces  of 
the  Rio  de  la  Plata  "  (1889  :  2d  ed.  1862).  He  brought  to 
England  an  important  collection  of  the  large  fossil  ani- 
mals of  the  pampas. 

Farisina  (pa-re-se'na).  An  opera  by  Donizetti, 
first  produced  at  Florence,  1833. —  2.  A  poem 
by  Byron,  published  in  1816.  An  overture  for  it 
was  composed  by  Stemdale  Bennett  in  1836. 

Parisot.    See  Valette. 

Parjanya  (par-jan'ya).  [According  to  Benfey, 
from  y  sphurj,  rumble;  according  to  Grass- 
mann,  from  pre,  in  sense  of  'to  fill,'  and  so  'the 
filled  cloud.']  The  Vedic  god  of  rain,  identified 
with  Gothic  Fairguni,  Norse  FiSrgyn,  and  Lith- 
uanian Perkuna :  still  the  name  of  the  thunder. 

Park  (park),  Edwards  Amasa.  Born  at  Pro  vi- 
dence,  K.  I.,  Dec.  29,  1808:  died  at  Andover, 
Mass.,  June  4, 1900.  A  noted  American  Congre- 
gational theologian, prof  essor  of  sacred  rhetoric 
at  Andover  Theological  Seminary  1836-47,  and 
of  theology  1847-81.  He  was  the  leading  editor  of  the- 
"Bibliotheca  Sacra,"  and  piiblislieil  various  memoirs. 

Park,  MungO.  Bom  in  Selkirkshire,  Scotland, 
Sept.  20, 1771:  died  in  Africa  probably  in  1806. 
A  celebrated  African  explorer.  He  visited  Bencoolen 
as  assistant  surgeon  on  an  East-Indiaman  In  1792,  contrib- 
uting on  his  return  a  description  of  eight  new  Sumatran 
fishes  to  the  "  Transactions  of  the  Linnean  Society.  As 
agent  of  the  African  Association  he  undertook  in  1795  to 
explore  the  course  of  the  Niger.  Leaving  Fisania  on  the 
Gambia  in  Dec,  1795,  he  reached  the  Niger  (being  the  first 


782 

European  to  accomplish  that  feat)  at  Sego  in  July,  1796, 
after  many  adventures,  and  ascended  to  Bammaku.  In 
1799  he  published  a  narrative  of  his  journey,  entitled 
"Travels  in  the  Interior  of  Africa."  After  having  prac- 
tised for  some  years  as  a  country  surgeon  at  Peebles,  Scot- 
land, he  undertook  a  new  expedition  to  the  Niger  in  1805. 
He  started  from  Pisania  in  May,  1805,  with  a  company  of 
thirty-five  Europeans  and  a  number  of  natives,  reaching 
the  Niger  in  Aug.  with  only  seven  companions.  Sending 
back  his  journals  and  letters  from  Sansanding  on  the 
Niger  in  Nov.,  1806,  he  embarked  with  four  European 
companions  in  a  canoe,  and  was  drowned  with  them  near 
Boussa  during  an  attack  by  the  natives. 

Parker  (par'kSr),  Isaac.  Bom  at  Boston,  June 
17,  1768:  died  at  Boston,  May  26,  1830.  An 
American  jurist.  He  was  a  Federalist  member  of 
Congress  from  Massachusetts  1797-99,  and  in  1806  was  ap- 
pointed a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Massachusetts, 
of  which  he  was  presiding  justice  from  1814  until  his 
death.    He  was  professor  of  law  at  Harvard  1816-27. 

Parker,  Joel.  Bom  at  Bethel,  Vt.,  Aug.  27, 
1799 :  died  at  New  York,  May  2, 1873.  An  Amer- 
ican '  Presbyterian  clergyman  and  religious 
writer. 

Parker,  John  Henry.  Bom  1806:  died  Jan.  31, 

1884.  An  English  arohsBologist.  He  began  as  a 
bookseller  in  Orford  in  1832.  In  1936  he  published  a 
"Glossary  of  Architecture,"  and  in  1849  an  " Introduction 
to  the  Study  of  Gothic  Architecture,  etc."  His  lateryears 
were  devoted  to  explorations  in  Rome.  His  "  Archseology 
of  Rome  "  began  to  appear  in  1874. 

Parker,  Matthew.  Bom  at  Norwich,  England, 
Aug.  6,  1504 :  died  at  London,  May  17,  1575. 
Arenbishop  of  Canterbury.  He  graduated  at  Cam- 
bridge (Corpus  Christi  College)  in  1626,  and  was  appointed 
chaplain  to  Anne  Boleyn.  He  was  selected  to  preach  at 
Paul's  Cross  by  Thomas  Cromwell.  In  1545  he  was  ap- 
pointed vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge.  On  the  accession 
of  Mary  Tudor  he  resigned,  and  lost  all  his  preferments. 
He  was  consecrated  archbishop  of  Canterbury  Dec.  17, 1559. 
As  primate  he  devoted  himself  to  the  organization  and  dis- 
cipline of  the  English  Church,  and  was  a  firm  opponent  of 
Puritanism. 

Parker,  Sir  Peter.  Born  1721 :  died  1811.  An 
Englisn  admiral.  He  served  in  the  American  war,  and 
made  an  unsuccessful  attack  on  Fort  Moultrie,  Charles- 
ton, in  1776. 

Parker,  Theodore.  Bom  at  Lexington,  Mass., 
Aug.  24, 1810 :  died  at  Florence,  Italy,  May  10, 
1860.  A  noted  American  clergyman,  lecturer, 
reformer,  and  author.  He  studied  at  the  Cambridge 
Divinity  School  1834-36;  became  a  Unitarian  clergyman  at 
Eoxbury,  Massachusetts,  in  1837 ;  became  the  head  of  an 
independent  rationalistic  society  at  the  Melodeon  (1846), 
and  later  at  Music  Hall,  Boston ;  and  was  a  conspicuous 
advocate  of  the  abolition  of  slavery.  Among  his  works 
are  "  Discourse  on  Matters  Pertaining  to  Religion  "  (1842), 
" Sermons  on  Theism,  Atheism,  and  the  Popular  Theology  " 
(1863),  "  Ten  Sermons  of  Religion  "  (1853),  besides  a  large 
number  of  addresses,  etc.,  and  "Great  Americans"  (this 
was  published  after  his  death).  His  complete  works  were 
edited  by  F.  P.  Cobbe  (12  vols.  1863-65). 

Parker,  Willard.  Bom  in  New  Hampshire, 
Sept.  2,  1800 :  died  at  New  York,  April  25, 1884. 
An  American  surgeon,  professor  of  surgery  in 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York,  1839-69,  and  later  professor  of  clinical 
surgery  there.  He  became  president  of  the  New  York 
State  Inebriate  Asylum  at  Binghamton  in  1865.  He  pub- 
lished various  medical  monographs. 

Parkersburg  (par'kerz-bferg).  A  city,  capital 
of  Wood  County,  West  Virginia,  situated  on 
the  Ohio  73  miles  southwest  of  Wheeling,  it  is 
the  third  city  in  the  State :  leading  industry,  the  refining 
of  petroleum.    Population  (1900),  11,703. 

Parkhurst  (park'herst),  Charles  Henry.  Bom 

at  Pramingham,  Mass.,  April  17,  1842.  An 
American  clergyman  and  reformer.  He  came 
to  New  York  in  1880  as  pastor  of  the  Madison 
Square  Presbyterian  church.  In  1891  he  be- 
came president  of  the  Society  for  the  Pre- 
vention of  Crime.  His  exposure  of  the  corruption  of 
the  police  department  of  New  York  city  led  to  its  investi- 
gation by  a  committee  of  the  State  legislature  ("Lexow 
Committee"),  and  its  reorganization,  and  to  the  defeat  of 
Tammany  Hall  in  1894. 

Parkman  (park'man),  Francis.  Bom  at  Bos- 
ton, Sept.  16, 1823 :  died  at  Jamaica  Plain,  near 
Boston,  Nov.  8,  1893.  An  American  historian. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1844,  and  began  the  study  of 
law,  but  ultimately  abandoned  this  study  in  order  to  de- 
vote himself  to  literature.  He  was  professor  of  horticul- 
ture in  the  agricultural  School  of  Harvard  1871-72.  His 
historical  works  include  "Conspiracy  of  Pontiao"(1861), 
"Pioneers  of  France  in  the  New  World"  (1865),  "Jesuits 
in  North  America  "  (1867),  "  Discovery  of  the  Great  West " 
(1869X  "The  Old  Regime  in  Canada  "  (1874),  "Count  Fron- 
tenac  and  New  France  under  Louis  XIV."  (1877),  "Mont- 
calm and  Wolfe  "  (1884),  "A  Half  Century  of  Conflict "  (1892). 
He  wrote  also  "The  California  and  Oregon  l'rail"(1849), 
"  Vassall  Morton  "  a  novel  (1866),  and  "Historic  Handbook 
of  the  Northern  Tour  "  (1886). 

Park  Bange.  A  chain  of  the  Koeky  Mountains 
in  Colorado,  west  of  South  Park.  Mount  Lin- 
coln is  14,297  feet  in  height. 

Farley  (par'li) ,  Peter.  The  pseudonym  of  Sam- 
uel Griswold  (Joodrioh:  it  has  also  been  used 
by  others. 

Parliament  (par'li-ment).  The  supreme  legis- 
lative body  of  the  Ifiiited  Kingdom  of  Great 


Parma 

Britain  and  Ireland.  It  consists  of  the  three  estates 
of  the  realm — namely,  the  lords  spiritual,  the  lords  tern, 
poral,  and  the  commons :  the  general  council  of  the  na- 
tion, constituting  the  legislatui'e,  summoned  by  the  sov- 
ereign's authority  to  consult  on  the  affairs  of  the  nation 
and  to  enact  and  repeal  laws.  Primarily,  the  sovereign 
may  be  considered  as  a  constituent  element  of  Parlia- 
ment: but  the  word  as  generally  used  has  exclusive  refer- 
ence to  the  three  estates  above  named,  ranged  in  two  dis- 
tinct branches — the  House  of  Lords  and  the  House  of 
Commons.  The  House  of  Lords  (numbering  695  in  1903) 
Includes  the  lords  spiritual  (26)  and  lords  temporal 
(569).  The  House  of  Commons  consists  of  670  members : 
495  for  England  and  Wales,  72  for  Scotland,  and  103  for 
Ireland  — 377  being  representatives  of  county  constitu- 
encies (counties  or  divisions  of  counties),  284  of  bor- 
oughs, and  9  of  universities.  The  authority,  of  Parlia- 
ment extends  over  the  United  Kingdom  and  all  ito 
colonies  and  foreign  possessions.  The  duration  of  a  Par- 
liament was  fixed  by  the  Septennial  Act  in  1716  (supersed- 
ing the  Triennial  Act  of  1694)  at  7  years,  but  it  seldom 
even  approaches  its  limit.  Sessions  are  held  annually, 
usually  from  about  the  middle  of  Feb.  to  the  end  of  Aug., 
and  are  closed  by  prorogation.  Government  is  adminis- 
tered by  the  ministry,  which  is  sustained  by  a  majority  in 
the  House  of  Commons.  Should  the  ministry  be  outvoted 
in  the  house  on  a  question  of  vital  importance,  it  either 
resigns  office  or  dissolves  Parliament  and  appeals  to 
the  country.  The  precursors  of  the  Parliament  were  the 
Witenagemot  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  period,  and  the  National 
Councils  in  the  Norman  and  Angevin  periods.  The  com- 
position and  powers  of  Parliament  were  developed  in  the 
13th  and  14th  centuries.  The  right  of  representation  from 
shires  and  towns  dates  from  1295,  and  the  separation  of 
the  two  houses  dates  from  the  middle  of  the  14th  century. 
Parliamentary  government  was  in  large  measure  suspended 
from  1461  to  the  middle  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIIL  Pro- 
longed struggles  between  the  Parliament  and  the  crown 
took  place  under  James  I.  and  Charles  l.,which  led  to  the 
civil  war  and  the  Commonwealth.  The  right  of  British 
subjects  to  vote  in  the  election  of  members  of  Parliament 
has  been  extended  and  regulated  by  the  Reform  Acts  of 
1832, 1867,  and  1884,  and  the  Redistribution  Act  of  1885. 

Parliament,  Houses  of.  The  buildings  occu- 
pied for  legislative  pm-poses  by  the  British  Par- 
liament, at  Westminster,  London.  They  were  be- 
gun in  1840  from  plans  by  Barry.  The  style  is  ornate  late 
Perpendicular :  the  area  8  acres.  The  structure  comprises 
11  courts,  some  of  large  size,  1,100  rooms,  and  100  stair- 
ways. The  Thames  front  is  940  feet  long,  with  low  square 
towers  at  the  extremities  and  flanking  the  raised  central 
portion.  The  square  Victoria  tower  at  the  southwest 
angle  is  340  feet  high ;  the  middle  tower,  and  the  pointed 
Clock-tower  at  the  north  end,  are  slightly  less  lofty.  The 
House  of  Commons  is  toward  the  north  end  of  the  great 
structure :  it  measures  75  by  46  feet  and  41  high,  and  is 
solidly  and  simply  furnished,  and  paneled  with  oak.  There 
are  12  windows  of  colored  glass.  The  House  of  Lords,  90 
by  46  feet  and  45  high,  is  very  richly  decorated :  its  walls 
are  adorned  with  historical  frescos.  Among  other  notable 
rooms  are  the  Central  Hall,  between  the  House  of  Lords 
and  the  House  of  Commons,  octagonal  in  plan  and  finely 
ornamented ;  and  the  robing-room  and  the  royal  gallery, 
used  by  the  sovereign  when  he  opens  or  prorogues  Parlia- 
ment in  pereon.  St.  Stephen's  Hall  affords  communica- 
tion between  the  Central  Hall  and  Westminster  Hall  on 
the  west.  About  600  statues,  inside  and  outside,  adorn 
the  buildings. 

Parliament,  Mad.  [So  named  in  derision  by  the 
partizans  of  Henry  III.]  A  great  council  held 
at  Oxford  in  1258  in  order  to  accommodate  the 
differences  which  had  arisen  between  the  bar- 
ons and  the  king,  owing  to  the  persistent  eva- 
sion by  the  latter  of  the  obligations  imposed  on 
the  sovereign  by  Magna  Charta.  it  enacted  the 
Provisions  of  Oxford,  requiring  the  faithful  observance  by 
the  king  of  the  Great  Charter,  and  providing  for  the  as- 
sembling of  a  Pai'liament  three  times  a  year,  and  regular 
control  over  the  chief  justiciar,  chancellor,  and  other  high 
officers. 

Parliament,  The  Good.  See  Good  Parliament. 
Parliament,  The  Long.  S6e  Long  Parliament. 
Parliament,  The  Bump.  See  Long  Parliament. 
Parliamentof  Bats  ('bludgeons').  A  Parlia- 
ment under  Henry  VI.,  1426. 

Orders  had  been  sent  to  the  members  that  they  should 
not  wear  swords,  so  they  came,  like  modem  butchers,  with 
long  staves.  When  these  were  prohibited  they  had  re- 
course to  stones  and  leaden  plummets. 

Gurdon,  Hist,  of  Parliament. 

Parliament  of  Dunces.  A  parliament  con- 
vened at  Coventry  by  Henry  IV.  in  1404:  so 
named  because  all  lawyers  were  excluded  from 
it.  Also  called  the  Unlearned  Parliament  and 
the  Lack-learning  Parliament. 

Parliament  of  Fowls,  or  Assembly  of  Fowls. 
A  poem  by  Chaucer,  mostly  taken  &om  Italian 
sources,  sixteen  of  the  98  stanzas  are  from  Boccaccio's 
"Teseide."  It  is  a  poetical  abstract  of  Cicero's  "Dream 
of  Scipio." 

Parliament  of  Love,  The.  A  play  by  Mas- 
singer,  licensed  in  1624. 

Parliament  of  Paris.  The  chief  of  the  French 
parliaments ;  the  principal  tribunal  of  justice  of 
the  French  monarchy,  from  its  origin  in  the 
king's  council  at  a  very  early  date  to  the  Revo- 
lution. From  about  1300  the  parliamentwas  constituted 
in  3  divisions  -  the  grand"  chambre,  the  chambre  des 
requfites,  and  the  chambre  des  enquStes.  It  played  a 
prominent  political  part  at  different  times  in  the  17th  and 
18th  centuries. 

Parma  (par'ma).  1.  A  province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Emilia,  Italy.  Area,  1,250  square 


Parma 

miles.  Population  (1891),  271,621.-2.  A  city, 
capital  of  the  province  of  Parma,  Italy,  situated 
on  the  river  Parma  in  lat.  44°  48'  N.,  long.  10° 
20'  E. :  the  Roman  Parma,  it  is  the  seat  of  a  flour- 
ishing trade,  and  has  manufactures  of  felt  hats.  The  ca- 
thedral is  an  Interesting  Komanesque  building,  essential- 
ly of  the  11th  century.  The  facade  has  3  round-arched 
portals  below  3  tiers  of  arcades :  arcades  are  freely  and 
picturesquely  used  throughout  the  exterior.  There  is  an 
octagonal  domed  tower  at  the  crossing.  The  three-aisled 
interior  is  spacious,  with  much  excellent  sculpture  and 

Saintlng,  notably  the  famous  frescos  by  Corregglo  in  the 
ome,  representing  the  Assumption  of  the  Virgin.  The 
baptistery  of  the  cathedral,  one  of  the  finest  in  Italy,  be- 
gun in  1196,  is  octagonal,  with  7  stories ;  the  4  intermedi- 
ate ones  form  galleries  supported  by  little  columns,  close- 
ly set.  There  are  3  beautiful  sculptured  doors.  The  in- 
terior is  sixteen-sided,  with  arcades  and  a  pointed,  ribbed 
dome.  The  walls  are  covered  with  curious  medieval  paint- 
ings, and  there  is  much  good  sculpture  both  without  and 
within.  Other  obje&s  ol  interest  are  the  churches  of  Ma- 
donna della  Steccata  and  San  Giovanni  Evangelista,  ducal 
palace,  library,  museum,  art  gallery,  and  university.  Par- 
ma was  founded  by  the  Romans  as  a  colony  on  the  ^mil- 
ian  Way  about  183  B.  0.  After  its  capture  by  Mark  An- 
tony, it  was  restored  and  called  Colonia  Julia  Augusta. 
It  had  important  woolen  manufactures  in  early  times.  It 
took  part  in  the  strife  of  the  Ouelphs  and  Ghibellines,  and 
belonged  later  to  the  Visconti.  Here,  in  1734,  an  indeci- 
sive battle  was  fought  between  the  French  and  the  Im- 
perialists. (See  Pa/rma,  Duchy  of.)  Population  (1892), 
61,600. 

Parma,  Duchy  of,  properly  the  Duchies  of 
Parma  and  Piacenza.  A  former  duchy  in 
northern  Italy,  comprising  in  later  times  the 
modern  provinces  of  Parma  and  Piacenza.  it  was 
obtained  by  the  Pope  1611-13 ;  was  under  the  Farnese  dy- 
nasty from  1645  to  1731;  passed  to  Don  Carlos  (Bourbon  of 
Spain)  in  1731,  to  Austria  in  1736,  to  Don  Philip  (Bourbon 
of  Spain)  in  1748 ;  and  was  annexed  to  France  In  1802.  The 
duchies  of  Parma,  Piacenza,  and  Guastalla  were  given  to 
Maria  Louisa  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna  in  1814-15,  and  fell 
to  the  Duke  of  Lucca  in  1847.  There  was  an  unsuccessful 
revolution  in  1848-49.  The  duchy  was  Incorporated  with 
the  kingdom  of  Italy  in  1860. 

Parma,  Duke  of  (Alexander).  See  Farnese, 
Alessandro. 

Parmegiano.orParmeggiano.  See  Pa/rmigiano. 

Farmelan  (parm-lon').  A  mountain  near  An- 
neey,  in  the  Alps  of  Savoy.    Height,  6,085  feet. 

Parmenides  (pSr-meu'l-dez).  [Gr.  IIap|UCT%c.] 
Born  at  Elea :  lived  about  450  b.  c.  (about  500 
B.  C.  ?).  A  celebrated  Greek  philosopher,  head 
of  the  Eleatic  school.  He  wrote  his  opinions  in  a  di- 
dactic poem, "  Nature  "  (fragments  edited  by  Karsten  and 
by  Stein).  His  central  thought  is  the  unity  and  permanence 
of  being :  there  is  no  not-being  or  change.  A  celebrated 
dialogue  of  Plato  was  named  from  him. 

Parmenides,  a  native  of  Elea,  who  flourished  about  the 
year  503  b.  c,  enjoyed  a  reputation  in  his  native  city  scarcely 
inferior  to  that  of  Pythagoras  at  Crotona,  of  Empedocles  at 
Acragas,  or  of  Solon  at  Athens.  Speusippus,  quoted  by 
Diogenes  Laertius,  asserts  that  the  magistrates  of  Elea  were 
yearly  sworn  to  observe  the  laws  enacted  by  Parmenides. 
Gebes  talks  about  a  "Pythagorean  or  Parmenidean  mode 
of  life,"  as  if  the  austere  ascesis  of  the  Samian  pbilosopher 
had  been  adopted  or  imitated  by  the  Eleatic. 

Symonds,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  I.  193. 

Parmenio  (par-me'ni-o),  or  Parmenion  (par- 
me'ni-on).  [Gr.  Xlap/ievicm.']  Bom  about  400 
B.  c. :  assassinated  by  order  of  Alexander,  330 
B.  C.  A  Macedonian  general.  He  was  the  leadmg 
councilor  and  general  of  Philip  and  Alexander  the  Great, 
and  commanded  the  left  wing  at  the  battles  of  Granicus, 
Issus,  and  Arbela. 

Parmigiano  (par-me-ja'no),  or  Parmegiano 

(par-ma-ia,'n6),  II  ('The  Parmesan'):  usual 
name  of  Francesco  Maria  Mazzuola  (mat-sd- 
6'la)  (Mazzola,  or  Mazzuoli).  Born  at  Parma, 
Jan.  11,  1504 :  died  at  Casal  Maggiore,  Italy, 
Aug.  24, 1540.  An  Italian  painter.  Among  Ms  works 
are  "  Vision  of  St.  Jerome  "  (National  Gallery,  London), 
"  Madonna  with  St.  Margaret "  (Bologna),  "Madonna  del 
Collo  Lungo"  (Pitti  Palace,  Florence),  "Madonna  della 
Eosa"  (Dresden  Gallery),  etc. 

Parnahyba,    See  Paranahyba. 

Parnassus  (par-nas'us).  [Gr.  Uapvaadc,  later 
Jlopvao-ffrff.]  A  moTintain-ridge  in  Gtreeae,  83 
miles  northwest  of  Athens,  near  the  ancient 
Delphi,  and  situated  mainly  in  ancient  Phocis: 
the  modem  Liakoura.  it  was  celebrated  as  the  haunt 
of  Apollo,  the  Muses,  and  the  nymphs,  and  hence  as  the 
seat  of  music  and  poetry.  Highest  summit,  Lycoreia 
(8,068  feet). 

Parnassus.  1.  AfreseobyRaphaelMengs  (1760), 
in  the  Villa  Albani,  Rome.  It  is  a  group  of  Apollo 
and  the  Muses,  with  Mnemosyne,  the  mother  of  the  Muses. 
2,  A  fresco  by  Raphael,  in  the  Stanza  della  Seg- 
natura  of  the  Vatican,  Rome.  The  subject  is  the 
triumph  of  ancient  art  under  the  enlightened  and  poetic 
influences  of  the  Renaissance.  Apollo  and  theMuses pre- 
side ;  Homer,  Vergil,  Dante,  Sappho,  Anacreon,  Petrarch, 
and  Corinna,with  Raphael  himself,  figure  with  their  fellow- 
artists  in  the  attendant  company.  It  is  a  garden  festival 
of  16th-oentury  Rome. 

Parnassus,  Mount.  A  painting  by  Mantegna,  in 
the  Louvre,  Paris.  Mars  and  Venus  stand  on  a  rock- 
arch,  with  Cupid,  who  is  shooting  darts  into  Vulcan's  cave : 
in  the  foreground  the  Muses  dance  while  Apollo  makes 
music,  and  Mercury  stands  beside  Pegasus. 


783 


Parsis 


Parnell  (par'nel),  Charles  Stewart.     Born  at     years  old  when  he  died.   Mr.  Thoms,  the  editor  of  ^'Note.s 
Avondale,  County  Wicklow,  Ireland,  1846:  died     and  Queries,"  examined  the  evidence  and  found  it  un- 
n+ ■Rrfo'litAT,   Clni  R   18Q1       An  Irish  Wn+fiHTTinT,       trustworthy,  though  Parr  was  certainly  very  old  and  was 
at  linghton,  Uet.  fa,  l»ai.     An  insn  statesman.     »  celebrity  for  many  years  before  his  death. 
He  was  the  fourth  son  of  John  Henry  Parnell  (whose  an-  ■[)___„»,„ „4.j.„        V  xi     /  i/..>        » 

cestors  emigrated  from  England  to  Ireland  in  the  17th  *  arramaua,  or  i'aramatta  (par-a-mat  a).  A 
century)  and  Delia  Tudor  Stewart,  daughter  of  Admiral  town  in  New  South  Wales,  Australia,  situated 
Charles  Stewart  of  the  United  States  navy.  He  studied  on  the  Parramatta  River  14  miles  northwest  of 
t^^^^!^.f^%^Z^'ir^r^''n^iLtr^^i  Sydney  Ithasaflourishingfruittrade. 
first  president  of  the  Irish  Land  League  in  1879,  visited  "laaon  (1891;,  ll,b/7. 
the  United  States  in  the  interest  of  the  Irish  agitation  for  Parret  (par'et).  A  river  in  Somerset,  England, 
home  rule  1879-80,  and  succeeded  Shaw  as  leader  of  the  which  flows  int.n  +ha  Rriofr.!  rhonnQl  R  rr>ilao 
Home  Rule  party  in  1880.  He  was  imprisoned  under  the  5f  VT  nws  mto  the  Bristol  Channel  6  imles 
Coercion  Act  1881-82.  In  1886  Mr.  Gladstone  fomed  a  north  of  Bndgwater.  Length,  about  40  miles. 
parliamentaryaJliance  with  Parnell,  and  proposed  aHome  ParrhasluS  (pa-ra'shi-us).  [Gr.  IlappdffiOf.] 
Rule  Bill  which  secured  the  support  of  all  the  Irish  mem-    Bom  at  Ephesus :  lived  about  400  B.  C.     Aoele- 


Pop- 


bers  (86),  but  caused  a  split  in  the  Liberal  party  and  re- 
stored Lord  Salisbury  to  power.  Toward  the  close  of  the 
session  of  1887  the  "Times  "  sought  to  discredit  home  rule 
before  the  country  by  publishing  a  series  of  articles  en- 
titled "  Parnellism  and  Crime,"  in  which  it  tried  to  con- 
nect Parnell  with  the  Phoenix  Park  murders  and  other 
assassinations.  In  support  of  its  allegations  it  published 
a  number  of  letters  alleged  to  have  been  written  by  Par- 
nell, which  were  proved,  before  a  committee  appointed 
by  Parliament  to  investigate  the  "  Times  "  charges,  to  have 
been  forged  by  one  Pigott.  Parnell  brought  suit  for  libel 
againstthe"Time8,"recovering£5,000damage8.    InNov., 

1890,  Captain  O'Shea  obtained  a  grant  of  divorce  from  his  Pn»T.j-  Cnar'iKi  A  ITiiati  iroi+Ti  "Rni-n  in  Mninp 
wife-ParneU(whoafterwardmarriedMrs.  OShea)having  -"T  ■  iiP^rrJiQ-''  4.-^"i°"L  d 'li '  f°^  .  ^^' 
figured  as  the  corespondent  in  the  suit.  He  was  in  con-  Jan.  19,  1788 :  died  at  Portland,  Mame,  i  eb- 
sequence  deposed  from  the  leadership,  at  the  instance  of  11, 1857.  An  American  Democratic  politician, 
the  Liberal  leaders,  by  a  majority  of  his  party,  but  refused  He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1816-19 ; 
to  submit,  and  led  a  minority  until  his  death.  governor  of  Maine  1822-26 ;  and  United  States  senator 

Parnell,  Henry  Brooke,  first  Baron  Congleton.    'rom  Maine  1826-28. 

Bom  July  3,  1776:  committed  suicide,  June  8,  Parris,  Samuel,    Bom  at  London,  1653:  died 
1842.     A  British  politician,  secretary  at  war    at  Sudbury,  Mass.;  Feb.  27,  1720.    An  Ameri 


brated  Greek  painter,  considered  one  of  the 
greatest  of  antiquity.  The  anecdotes  of  Pliny  about 
all  the  painters  of  this  time  indicate  exia'aordinary  realism 
carried  to  the  point  of  actual  illusion.  (Compare  Zeuieis.} 
There  were  many  pen-and-ink  sketches  by  Parrhasius  still 
in  existence  in  the  time  of  Pliny.  Among  his  principal 
works  were  "The  Personification  of  the  Demos  of  Athens,'" 
probably  suggested  by  Aristophanes ;  a  Prometheus ;  the 
Hercules  at  Lindus;  the  Theseus  at  Athens,  afterward  on 
the  Capitol  at  Rome ;  and  a  Contest  of  Ajax  and  Odysseus 
for  the  weapons  of  Achilles. 


1831-32.  He  wrote  "Pinaucial Reform"  (1830) 
etc. 

Parnell,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Dublin  in  1679 :  died 
in  1718.  A  British  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Trin- 
ity College,  Dublin,  where  he  graduated  in  1697 ;  was  or- 
dained in  1700 ;  was  archdeacon  of  Clogher  in  1706 ;  and 
was  presented  to  the  vicai'age  of  Finglas  in  1716.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Scriblerus  Club.  Among  his  poems  are 
"The  Hermit,"  "Night-Piece  on  Death,"  "Hymn  to  Con- 
tentment," and  "Allegory  on  Man."  He  translated  Homer's 
"  Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice." 

Parnellite  (par'nel-it)  Party.  In  British  poli- 
tics, the  Irish  Nationalist  party  as  it  came  un- 
der the  leadership  of  Parnell  about  1879.   Its  only 


can  Congregational  clergyman,  notable  in  con- 
nection with  the  Salem  witchcraft  delusion  of 
1692-93.  He  studied  at  Harvard,  without  taking  a  de- 
gree, became  a  merchant  at  Boston,  afterward  entered 
the  ministry,  and  in  1689  became  pastor  of  the  church  at 
Danvers  (then  part  of  Salem),  Massachusetts.  In  1692 
his  daughter  and  his  niece,  Abigail  Williams,  both  about 
la  years  of  age,  accused  Tibuta  (a  South  American  slave 
living  with  the  family  as  a  servant)  of  bewitching  them. 
He  beat  Tibuta  into  confessing  herself  a  witch.  The  de- 
lusion spread,  many  persons  were  tried  for  witchcraft, 
and  in  the  course  of  16  months  20  persons  were  put  to 
death.  He  was  dismissed  by  his  congregation  in  1696  for 
his  share  in  these  judicial  murders.  Appletona'  Cyc.  of 
Amer,  Biog. 


important  aim  was  the  securing  of  home  rule  for  Ireland.  Parrot  (pa-ro  ),  Johann  Jakob  FriOdnch  Wll- 
In  1886  it  became  allied  for  this  purpose  with  the  English  helm.  Born  at  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  1792 :  died 
Liberal  party,  and  contributed  to  the  parliamentary  ma-  „t.  Dnr-nnt,  WiisRia  ahmit  1840  A  GpTmnn  trav- 
jority  of  the  Ihird  and  fourth  Gladstone  administrations.  "-^  -l^orpat,  Kussia,  aDOUt  184U.  A  brerman  trav- 
After  the  judgment  m  the  O'Shea  case,  1890,  the  party  di-  eler  m  the  Caucasus,  Ararat,  etc. 
vided,  a  smaU  fraction  of  it,  called  now  distinctively  the  Parrott  (par'ot),  Robert  Parker.  Bora  at  Lee, 
?:*^"j!l!'!!^^l'';?.il'l}{Ll°?j;.?fl!^?!!,^'.^¥l^„*^^^^         N.  H.,  Oct.  5,"1804:  died  at  Cold  Spring,  N.  Y., 


majority  of  the  N  ationalists  (often  called  Anti-Pamellites) 
chose  Justin  McCarthy  as  leader. 

Parny  (par-ne'),  fivariste  D6sir6  de  Forges, 

Vieomte  de.  Bom  on  the  Isle  of  Bourbon,  Feb. 
6, 1753:  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  5, 1814.  A  French 
poet.  Among  his  best-known  works  are  "  Poe- 
sies 6rotiques"  (1778)  and  "La  guerre  des 
dieux"  (1799). 

Parny's  best  piece,  a  short  epitaph  on  a  young  girl,  is  one 
of  the  best  things  of  its  kind  in  literature.  His  merits, 
however,  are  confined  to  his  early  works.  In  his  raaturer 
years  he  wrote  long  poems,  on  the  model  of  the  "Pucelle," 
against  England,  Christianity,  and  monarchism,  which 
are  equally  remarkable  for  blasphemy,  obscenity,  extrava- 
gance, and  dullness.  Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  399. 

ParoUes  (pa-rol'es).  Acharaeterin  Shakspere's 

' '  All 's  Well  that  Ends  Well,"  a  braggart  whose 

poltroonery  is  humorous  and  droll. 
Paropamisus  (par-6-pam'i-sus  or  par"o-pa-mi'- 

sus).   [Gr.  napovrii/iiaof .]   In  ancient  gebgTaphy, 

a  mountain-range  lying  west  of  the  Hindu- 

Kush. 
Pares  (pa'ros).     [Gr.  Ilapof.]     An  island  of  the 

Cyolades,  Greece,  situated  in  the  .iEgean  Sea 

west  of  Naxos,  intersected  by  lat.  37°  N.,  long. 

25°  10'  E.     It  is  composed  of  a  single  mountain,  famous 

in  ancient  times  for  its  white  marble.  It  was  unsuccess- 
fully attacked  by  Miltiades  after  the  battle  of  Marathon 

490  B.  c,  and  joined  the  confederacy  of  Delos.     Length, 

IS  miles. 

Parctuet,  Jacques  Diel  du.  See  Diel  du  Par- 
quet. 

Parr  (par),  Catharine.  Bom  at  Kendal  Castle, 
Westmoreland,  England,  about  1512  :  died  at 
Sudely  Castle,  Gloucestershire,  England,  Sept. 
7,  1548.  Sixth  wife  of  Henry  VIII.,  whom  she 
married  in  1543.  She  married  Lord  Seymour  in 
1547. 

Parr,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Harrow-on-the-Hill,  Parsifal,  or  Parsival  (par'se-fal).  A  musical 
England,  Jan.  15,  1747:  died  at  Hatton,  March  drama  by  Richard  Wagner.  The  poem  was  com- 
6  1825  An  English  scholar,  son  of  Samuel  posed  by  him  in  1877,  the  music  in  1879.  It  was  first  per- 
Parr,  a  surgeon,  whose  assistant  he  was  1761-64.  formed  at  Bayreuth,  July  28, 1882.  See  Fereeval  and  Par- 
He  studied  at  Harrow,  and  was  at  Cambridge  for  a  short  Z"»M._  ,..,..  ^^  ^  „  . 
time  in  1765.  From  1767  to  1771  he  was  chief  assistant  to  ParSlS,orParsees(par'sez).  [PromPers.ParsJ, 
Dr.  Sumner  at  Harrow  School,  and  in  1783  was  made^vicar     ^  Persian.]    The  descendants  of  those  Persians 


Dec.  24, 1877.  An  American  inventor,  superin- 
tendent of  the  West  Point  iron  and  cannon  foui  i  - 
dry.  Cold  Spring,  New  York.  He  Invented  the 
Parrott  gun. 

Parry  (par'i),  Cape.  A  cape  on  the  northern 
coast  of  North  America,  projecting  into  the 
Arctic  Ocean  about  lat.  70°  N.,  long.  123°  30'  W. 

Parry,  Sir  Charles  Hubert  Hastings.  Bom  at 
Bournemouth,  Feb.  27, 1848.  An  English  com- 
poser. He  was  made  professor  of  musical  history  and 
composition  at  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music  in  1883.  He 
was  knighted  in  1898  and  created  a  baronet  in  1902. 

Parry,  Sir  William  Edward.  Bom  at  Bath, 
England,  Dec.  19, 1790:  died  at  Ems,  Germany, 
July  8, 1855.  An  English  navigator  and  arctic 
explorer,  in  1806  he  was  midshipman  in  the  Tribune 
frigate,  and  in  1808  on  the  Vanguard  in  the  Baltic.  As 
lieutenant  of  the  Alexander  he  served  at  Spitzbergen  and 
on  La  Hogue  in  the  North  American  station  until  1817. 
He  accompanied  Ross's  polar  expedition,  and  took  com- 
mand of  an  expedition  himself  in  May,  1819.  He  explored 
and  named  Barrow  Strait,  Prince  Regent's  Inle^  and 
Wellington  Sound,  reaching  Melville  Island  Sept.,  1819. 
By  crossing  long.  110"  W.  he  won  the  £6,000  prize  of- 
fered by  Parliament.  A  narration  of  the  expedition  ap- 
peared in  1821.  In  May,  1821,  he  started  on  a  second  ex- 
pedition, and  in  May,  1824,  on  a  third,  which  were  not 
specially  successful.  Another  expedition,  by  way  of  Spitz- 
bergen, was  likewise  unsuccessful.  From  Dec.,  1823,  to 
May,  1829,  he  was  acting  hydrographer  to  the  navy.  In 
1852  he  was  made  rear-admiral,  and  in  1853  governor  of 
Greenwich  Hospital. 

Parry  Islands.  [Named  from  Sir  W.  E.  Parry.] 
A  group  of  islands  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  includ- 
ing Melville  Island,  Bathurst  Island,  and  others. 

Parsdorf  (pars'dorf),  Armistice  of.  A  truce 
betweenFranceandAustria,  concluded  in  July, 
1800,  at  Parsdorf,  a  village  10  miles  east  of  Mu- 
nich. 


of  Hatton,  near  Warwick.  He  was  a  warm  friend  of  Per- 
son. He  was  famous  for  the  variety  of  his  knowledge  and 
for  his  dogmatism. 
Parr,  Thomas,  called  "  Old  Parr."  Died  at  Lon- 
don, 1635.  A  reputed  centenarian.  He  was  said 
to  have  been  bom  in  1483,  and  hence  would  have  been  162 


who  settled  in  India  about  the  end  of  the  7th  and 
the  beginning  of  the  8th  century,  in  order  to  es- 
cape Mohammedanpersecution,  and  who  still  re- 
tain their  ancient  religion,  now  called  Zoroastri- 
anism.    See  Guebers. 


Parsons 

Parsons  (par'sonz).  A  city  in  Labette  County, 
southeastern  .Kansas,  123  miles  south  by  east 
of  Topeka.    Population  (1900),  7,682. 

Parsons  (par'sonz),  Alfred  William.  Bom 
in  Somerset,  Dee.  2,  1847.  An  English  land- 
scape-painter. He  first  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy in  1871,  and  paints  both  in  oil  and  in  water-colors. 
Among  his  works  are  "The  First  Frost "  (1883),  "  In  a  Cider 
Country"  (1886),  "When  Nature  Painted  all  Things  Gay" 
(1887),  a  series  of  water-color  drawings  of  the  Warwick- 
shire Avon  (exhibited  in  1886),  etc.  Elected  A.  E,  A.  In  1897. 

Parsons,  or  Persons  (per'  sonz) ,  Robert.   Bom 

at  Nether  Stowey,  Somerset,  1546 :  died  at  Rome, 
April  18, 1610.  An  English  Jesuit.  He  graduated 
at  Oxford  (Balliol  College)  in  1B68,  and  was  subsequently 
a  fellow,  bursar,  and  dean  of  his  college.  In  1575  he  en- 
tered the  Jesuit  Society  at  Rome.  He  intrigued  actively 
against  Elizabeth  and  the  Protestants  in  England  until  his 
death.    He  published  many  polemical  works. 

Parsons,  Theophilus.  Bom  at  Byfield,  Mass., 
Feb.  24,  1750:  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  30,  1813. 
An  American  jurist.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Essex 
Junto  in  1778,  and  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Massachusetts  180&-13. 

Parsons,  Theophilus.  Bom  at  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  May  17;  1797:  died  Jan.  26,  1882.  An 
American  legal  and  religious  'writer,  son  of  T. 
Parsons.  Hepublished "LawofContracts"(1853),"Mer- 
cantile Law " (1856), "Maritime law " (1859), ' ' Deus Homo " 
(1867),  "The  Infinite  and  the  Finite "(1872),  etc. 

Parsons,  Thomas  William.  Bom  at  Boston, 
Aug.  18,  1819:  died  at  Seituate,  Mass.,  Sept. 
3,1892.  AnAmericanpoet.  He  lived  much  abroad. 
He  translated  Dante's  "  Inferno" in  1867,  published"Ghetto 
di  Roma  "  (1854 :  collected  poems,  among  which  is  "  On  a 
Bust  of  Dante"),  "The  Magnolia,  etc." (privately  printed 
1867),  "  The  Shadow  of  the  Obelisk,  etc.'^  (1872),  and  "Cir- 
cum  Prsecordia"  (1892),  etc. 

Parsons,  William,  third  Earl  of  Eosse.  Bom 
at  York,  England,  June  17, 1800 :  died  Oct.  31, 
1867.  A  British  astronomer.  He  is  specially  nota- 
ble for  the  reflecting  telescope  (the  largest  in  the  world) 
which  he  erected  at  Birr  Castle,  Parsonstown,  Ireland,  1845. 
The  focal  length  of  the  telescope  is  54  feet;  the  diameter 
of  the  tube,  7  feet. 

Parson's  Emperor.  [&.  JPfaffen^Kaiser.']  A 
name  given  to  the  emperor  Charles  IV.,  who 
owed  his  elevation  to  the  Pope. 

Parson's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's  "Can- 
terbury Tales."  It  was  taken  from  the  same  original 
as  the  "Ayenbite  of  Inwit,"  and  its  theme  is  penitence. 
At  the  instance  of  Pepys,  Dryden  produced  his  imitation 
of  the  character  of  the  parson  in  the  "General  Prologue" : 
he  turned  the  parish  priest  of  the  14th  century  into  a  non- 
juring  divine  of  the  17th  century.    Lounsbury. 

Parsonstown  (par'sonz-toun).  Atown  in  King's 
Coimty,  Ireland,  43  miles  northeast  of  Limer- 
ick.   Population  (1891),  4,313. 

Partabgarh  (pur-tab-guT'),orPertabgiirh  (per- 
tab-gur'),  or  Pratabg;arh  (pra-tab-gur').  1.  A 
district  in  Oudh,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  25°  45'  N.,  long.  82°  E.  Area,  1,438  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  910,895.— 2.  A  state 
in  Rajputana,  India,  under  British  control,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  24°  N.,  long.  74°  40'  E.  Area, 
959  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  87,975. 

Partanna  (par-tan'na).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Trapani,  Sicily,  38  miles  southwest  of  Pa- 
lermo.    Population,  13,144. 

Parthenay  (part-na').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Deux-Sfevres,  Prance,  situated  on  the 
Thouet  30  miles  west  by  nortlj  of  Poitiers,  it  has 
been  a  military  stronghold  from  medieval  times.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  7,297. 

Parthenia  (par-the'ni-a).  In  Sidney's  "Arca- 
dia," the  wife  of  Argaliis,  who  assumes  the  ar- 
mor of  a  knight  to  revenge  his  death  upon  his 
slayer  Amphialus. 

Parthenius  (par  -  the '  ni  -  us) .  [Gr.  Tiapeivwg.l 
Lived  in  the  last  part  of  the  1st  century  B.  c. 
A  Greek  poet,  living  in  Rome.  His  only  sur- 
viving work  is  a  ooUection  of  prose  tales. 

Parthenon  (par'the-non).  [Gr.  JlapBsviiv,  the 
temple  of  Athene  Parthenos('  the  Virgin').]  The 
official  temple  of  Pallas,  at  Athens,  as  protec- 
tress of  the  city  and  guardian  of  the  Athenian 
hegemony,  begun  about  450  B.  C.  by  letinus, 
under  the  political  direction  of  Pericles  and 
the  artistic  presidency  of  Phidias.  The  temple 
is  a  Doric  peripteros  of  8  by  17  columns,  on  a  stylobate  of 
3  steps,  measuring  on  the  highest  step  101  by  228  feet. 
Before  both  pronaos  and  opisthodomos  there  is  an  inner 
range  of  6  columns.  The  cella  had  two  interior  double- 
tiered  ranges  of  Doric  columns,  and  behind  it  there  was  a 
large  chamber  used  for  a  treasury,  with  4  great  columns 

I  to  support  its  ceiling.  The  cult-statue  in  the  cella  was 
the  famous  colossal  chryselephantine  statue  of  Athene 
Parthenos  by  Phidias.  It  represented  the  goddess  stand- 
ing, wearing  helmet  and  segis,  with  her  left  hand  sup- 
porting her  spear,  and  on  her  extended  right  holding  a 
Victory.  At  her  feet  were  her  shield  and  serpent.  The 
«ntire  upper  part  of  the  exterior  wall  of  the  cella  was  sur- 
rounded by  a  frieze  in  low  relief,  8}  feet  high,  represent- 
ing an  idealized  Pauathenaic  procession,  in  presence  of 
the  Olympian  gods.     Both  pediments  were  filled  with 


784 


Pas-de-Caiais 


sculpture  in  the  round,  the  group  on  the  east  representing 
the  birth  of  Athene,  that  on  the  west  her  contest  for  Ath- 
ens with  Poseidon.    The  surviving  fragments  from  the 

pediments  and  much  of  the  frieze  are  among  the  Elgin  _,, 

Marbles  in  the  British  Museum,  and  are  considered  the  Parzival  (part  S6-fal).     The  legendary  hero  of 
most  precious  existing  sculptures.    The  metopes  of  the    the  epic  poem  of  the  same  name  written  by  the 


man  US,  wife  of  Darius  Ochus,  and  mother  of 
Artaxerxes  Mnemon  and  Cyrus  the  Younger. 
She  was  notorious  for  her  crimes. 


peristyle  entablature  bore  contests  of  Greeks  with  cen- 
taurs, Amazons,  and  Trojans,  in  high  relief.  The  orna^ 
ment  of  the  Parthenon  also  included  a  comprehensive 
scheme  of  decoration  in  color.  In  refinement  of  design 
and  perfection  of  execution  this  structure  has  never  been 
paralleled.  Since  1835  it  has  not  been  disputed  that 
the  existing  Parthenon  stands  on  the  foundations  of  an 
older  temple  which,  prior  to  the  discovery  in  1885  of  the 
old  temple  of  Athene  (see  AtJieTis)  adjoining  the  Erech- 
theuni,  was  believed  to  be  identical  with  this  temple.  In 
1892  Mr.  F.  C.  Penrose  sought  to  establish,  nevertheless, 
the  truth  of  the  old  theory,  basing  his  argument  prima- 
rily on  a  series  of  architect's  laying-out  marks  inscribed 
on  the  southern  foundation  of  the  Parthenon.  Mr.  Pen- 
rose's temple,  assigned  to  the  beginning  of  the  6th  cen- 
tury B.  0.,  was  Doric,  peripteral,  hexastyle,  with  16  col- 
umns on  the  fianks,  measuring  on  the  highest  step  69.8 
by  193.1  feet,  and  thus  leaving  unoccupied  as  a  peribolos 
a  considerable  part  of  its  massive  platform.  Dr.  Diirpf  eld, 
however,  has  traversed  successfully  the  English  archseol- 
ogist's  theory,  and  has  proved  that  the  older  Parthenon 
was  begun  after  the  Persian  invasion ;  that  it  was  never 
finished ;  that  it  was  Doric,  peripteral,  hexasigrle,  with  19 
columns  on  the  flanks,  on  a  stylobate  probably  of  2  steps 


German  poet  Wolfram  von  Eschenbaeh,  after 
French  originals,  between  1205  and  1215.  He 
was  the  son  of  Gamuret,  prince  of  Anjou,  and  Queen  Herze- 
loide  of  Valois.  His  father  falls  in  battle  in  the  East, 
and  his  mother,  to  protect  him  from  a  like  fate,  brings  him 
up  in  the  solitude  of  the  forest  in  Ignorance  of  knightly 
customs.  After  many  misadventures  he,  however,  arrives 
at  Arthur's  court,  and  ultimately  becomes  a  knight  of  the 
Round  Table.  Afterward,  in  search  of  adventures,  he 
rescues  Queen  Condwiramurs,  who  becomes  his  wife,  and 
then  arrives  at  the  Castle  of  the  Holy  Grail.  Here,  hav- 
ing neglected  certain  conditions,  he  loses  the  sovereignty 
of  the  grail  (which  it  was  possible  for  him  to  obtain),  and 
leaves  the  castle  in  disgrace.  The  messenger  of  the  grail 
afterward  appears  at  the  courtof  Arthhr  and  rebukes  him, 
and  he  is  banished  from  the  Round  Table,  At  this  open 
shame  he  renounces  his  allegiance  to  God,  and  wanders 
about  in  search  of  the  grail.  Finally  he  learns  the  true 
nature  of  God  and  of  the  grail,  leads  a  life  of  abstinence, 
and  becomes  again  a  member  of  the  Round  Table.  At  the 
Castle  of  the  Grail  he  is  declared  to  be  now  worthy  to  be- 
come the  sovereign  of  the  grail.  See  Parsifal  and  Per- 
ceval. 


and  that  it  measured  on  the  edge  of  the  upper  step  100.04  Pasadona  (pas-a-de'na).    A  noted  winter  resort 
by  249.24  feet.  j^  southern  California,  about  9  miles  from  Los 


Parthenope  (par-then'6-pe).  [Gr.  UapBev&n-i!.'] 
1.  The  name  of  several  persons  in  Greek  my- 
thology, particularly  of  a  Siren  said  to  have 
been  cast  up  drowned  on  the  shore  of  Naples. 
—  2.  An  ancient  name  of  Naples. — 3.  An  aste- 
roid (No.  11)  discovered  at  Naples  May  11, 1850, 
by  De  Gasparis. 

Parthenopean  (par'''the-n6-pe'an)  Republic. 
[Prom  Parthenope,  an  old  name  of  Naples.] 


Angeles.  Population  (1900),  9,117. 
m  ureeumy-  Pasargadse  (pa-sar'ga-de).  [Gr.  UaaapydSai.-] 
IT^t  Wo^fZf  ^^  ancient  geography,  the  earliest  capital  of  the 
Persians.  It  has  been  identifledin  the  ancientsite  con- 
spicuous in  the  little  valley  now  called  Meshhed-Muighab, 
northeast  of  the  ancient  Persepolis.  Cyrus  built  here  two 
palaces  and  founded  temples;  here  he  was  buried;  and  his 
city  became  a  place  of  pilgrimage  and  religious  instruc- 
tion for  the  Persians.  The  architectural  remains,  though 
ruinous,  are  important. 


The  short-lived  republic  which  succeeded  the  Pascagoula.    See  Biloxi. 

kingdom  of  Na,ples  m  1799.    It  was  established  by  p-spaffoiila   Crias-ka-e'S'lal      A  river  in  TWiaois 
Jan.,  and  was  overthrown  by  the  ^"'SCagOma  (pas-Ka-gO  la  I.     A  nver  in  Missis- 

•    -  _._■'.  sippi  which  IS  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Leaf 

and  Chickasawha  rivers,  and  flows  into  Mis- 
sissippi Sound  40  mUes  southwest  of  Mobile. 
Length,  including  the  Chickasawha,  about  250 
miles. 


aid  of  the  French  in         , 

British,  Russian,  and  other  forces  in  June.    The  Bourbons 

were  restored. 

Parthia  (par'thi-a).  [Gr.  JlapBia,  from  UapBoi, 
L.  Parthi,  the  Parthians.]  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a  country  in  western  Asia,  situated  east  of 
Media  and  south  of  Hyrcania.  It  was  the  nucleus  Pascal  (pas'kal;  P.  pron.  pas-kal'),  Blaise. 


of  the  Parthian  empire, 
Parthian  (par'thi-an)  Empire.  An  ancient 
monarchy,  comprising  a  great  part  of  the  terri- 
tories of  the  first  Persian  empire.  It  extended  at 
its  height  to  the  Euphrates,  Caspian  Sea,  Indus,  and  In- 
dian Ocean.  It  was  established  by  Ai'saces,  the  first  king, 
who  overthrew  the  rule  of  the  SeleucidEe  about  250  E.  c. ; 
rose  to  great  power  under  Mithridates  I,  and  II. ;  was  often 
at  war  with  Rome ;  and  was  overthrown  by  the  riew  Per- 
sian dynasty  of  the  Sassanidse  about  226  A.  i>. 

Partick  (par'tik).  A  western  suburb  of  Glasgow, 

Scotland. 
Partington  (par'ting-ton),  Mrs,    A  humorous 


Bom  at  Clermont-Ferrand,  Puy-de-D6me,  June 
19,  1623:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  19,  1662.  A  cele- 
brated French  geometrician,  philosopher,  and 
writer.  He  was  educated  In  Paris  after  1631,  but  his 
progress  was  sucli  that  his  zeal  had  to  be  restrained.  Books 
were  denied  him  for  a  while,  but  nevertheless,  unaided,  he 
invented  geometry  anew  when  12  years  old,  and  at  the  age 
of  17  achieved  renown  with  his  "  Traits  des  sections  co- 
niques  "  (1640).  Later  on  he  undertook  and  carried  on  suc- 
cessfully the  solution  of  the  most  diflicult  problems.  That 
he  also  became  distinguished  in  literature  is  due  to  his  con- 
nection with  the  celebrated  monastery  of  Port-Eoyal.  At 
different  times  during  his  early  career  Pascal  had  con- 
ceived the  plan  to  give  himself  up  as  a  layman  to  the  ser- 


eharaoter  invented  by  Benjamin   Penhallow    ''^'"^  <>.'  ''"d.  At  various  times  he  abandoned  his  intention 


Shillaber,  whose  "Life  and"  Sayings  of  Mrs. 
Partington  "  appeared  in  1854.  she  was  noted  for 
her  misuse  of  words.  Sydney  Smith  introduces  apersonage 
of  this  name  in  his  speech  on  the  Reform  Bill  in  1831,  in 
which  he  applies  the  story  of  a  Dame  Partington  of  Sid- 
mouth  who  undertook  to  sweep  the  Atlantic  Ocean  out  of 
her  house  on  the  occasion  of  a  great  storm,  mopping  it  up 
and  then  squeezing  out  the  mop :  "  The  Atlantic  beat  Mrs. 
Partington." 

Partition  Treaties.  Two  treaties  made  between 
France,  England,  and  the  Netherlands  in  1698 
and  1700  (the  latter  on  the  death  of  the  Bava- 
rian electoral  prince),  for  the  settlement  of  the 
Spanish  succession.  By  the  first,  Spain,  the  Indies, 
and  the  Netherlands  were  given  to  the  Bavarian  electoral 
prince  Joseph  Ferdinand ;  Guipiizcoa  and  the  Sicilies  to 
France;  and  Milan  to  the  archduke  Charles.  By  the 
second,  Spain,  the  Indies,  and  the  Netherlands  went  to 
the  archduke  Charles,  and  France  was  to  receive  the  Two 
Sicilies,  Milan  (or  its  equivalent  Lorraine),  and  Guipilzcoa. 

Parton  (par'ton),  Arthur.  Bom  at  Hudson, 
N .  Y. ,  March  26, 1842.  An  American  landscape- 
painter, 


for  a  life  of  dissipation  from  which  he  was  finally  redeemed 
as  a  consequence  of  an  escape  he  had  from  an  accident 
(1654).  He  renounced  the  world  definitely,  and  embraced 
the  cause  of  Port-Royal.  His  first  literary  work  within 
these  walls  was  transmitted  from  memory  Dy  an  aaditpr 
and  is  entitled  "Entretien  sur  Epictfete  et  Montaigne'' 
(1655).  He  rose  to  highest  literary  excellence  in  setting 
forth  and  defending  the  doctrines  of  Port-Royal  against 
the  Jesuits.  Between  Jan.,  1666,  and  March,  1657,  over  his 
nom  de  plume,  Louis  de  Montalte,  Pascal  wrote  18  letters, 
professedly  to  a  friend  in  the  provinces:  hence  the 
epistles  are  known  as  "Les  provinciales."  At  the  time 
of  his  death  Pascal  was  engaged  on  a  work  that  he  was 
to  name  "Apologie  de  la  religion  oatholique."  The  notes 
he  had  made  for  it  were  subsequently  found,  but  in  such 
a  scattered  and  imperfect  condition  that  it  was  useless  to 
attemptrestoring  his  plan.  They  were  therefore  published 
m  1670  under  the  title  "  Pens^es  de  M.  Pascal  sur  la  religion 
et  sur  quelques  autres  sujets,  qui  out  m  trouv^es  aprte  sa 
mort  parmi  ses  papiers."  In  addition  to  these  works  Pas- 
cal wrote  a  "Discours  sur  les  passions  de  lamour,"  "L'Es- 
prit  g(Som^trique,"  "L'Art  de  persuader,"  three  different 
"Discours  sur  Ik  condition  des  grands,"  "Prifere  pour  de- 
mander  le  bon  usage  des  maladies,"  and  finally  a  lunited 
number  of  letters,  addressed  among  others,  to  Mademoi- 


selle  de  Roannez  in  1657. 

S^\s*^l'nirautht.^:SSaS 

works  are  lives  of  Horace  Greeley  (185B),  Aaron  Burr  „h^,tTnv»»t»„,.?  „»V,  w  ?"  ??.  <=^™!'i  <>?  ^  strife 
(1857),  Andrew  Jackson  (1860),  BenjlmNn  Franklin  (1864),  Sors  nlnrv  TV  I^^-^^''%}-  °'  ^"Sland  and  the  em- 
thomas  Jefferson  (1874),  Voltaire  (1881).     He  also  wrote     I"=™r^  Henry  IV.  and  Henry  V. 

"Famous  Americans  of  Recent  Times"  (1867),  "Noted  Jfaschal  111.     Antipope  1164^68,  in  opposition 
Women  of  Europe  and  America  "  (1883),  "Captains  of  In-     to  Alexander  III 
dustiT"  (1884  and  1891),  etc.  Pasco.     See  Cerro  (?e  P«.co. 

Parton^  Mrs.  (Sara  Payson  WiUis):  pseudo-  Pascoboula.    See  Biloxi. 

T^r  l^^??7  ^?'P-  ■  -''™"  P°r*la?<l'-?^^^?'  Pascuaro.     See  Pat^ma, 
July  9, 1811 

1872. 

Parton  ana  sister  or  jn.  i:-.  wuiis.    She  married    Dov6r.-2.  A  deparYment"lnirorthern  France^ 

corresponding  to  the  greater  part  of  Artois  and 
part  of  Picardy.  Capital,  Arras.  It  is  bounded  by 
the  English  Channel  ana  Strait  of  Dover  on  the  west  and 
north,  Nord  on  the  northeast  and  east,  and  Sonime  on  the 
south.  The  surface  is  a  plain  intersected  by  hills.  It  is  a 
flourishing  agricultural,  manufacturing,  mining,  and  com- 
mercial department.  Area,  2,561  square  miles.  Potinla- 
tion  (1891),  874,364.  ^"P"ia- 


9, 1811:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  Oct.  10,  Pas-de-Calais  (pa'dfe-ka-la').  [P.,  'step  of 
•  An  American  author,  wife  of  James  Calais.']  1.  The  French  name  of  the  Stm?t  of 
;on  and  sister  of  N.  P.  Willis.    She  married     rinvfir  _0.     A  ^«.r^o^f,^„„f  4^  ^wi.~l^!._.. 


Charles  H.  Eldredge  in  1837:  he  died  in  1846,  and  she  began 
to  write  for  a  livelihood.  In  1856  she  married  James  Par- 
ton.  She  published  "  Fern  Leaves  from  Fanny's  Portfolio  " 
(1863  and  1864),  "Little  Ferns"  (1864),  "Fresh  Ferns," 
"Ruth  Hall,"  "Rose  Clark,"  "Folly  as  it  Flies,  etc." 
(1868),  "Ginger  Snaps  "  (1870),  etc. 

Parysatis  (pa-ris'a^tis).  [Gr.  Jlapvaariq.']  Lived 
about  400  B.  c.    Daughter  of  Artaxerxes  Longi- 


Pasdeloup 

Pasdeloup  (pad-l5'),  Jules  £tieiuie.    Bom  at 

Paris,  Sept.  15,  1819:  died  at  Fontainebleau; 
Aug.  14, 1887.  A  French  conductor  of  popular 
concerts  in  Paris. 

Pasewalk  (pa'ze-Taik).  A  town  in  Pomerania, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Uker  24  miles  west  by 
north  of  Stettin.    Population  (1890),  8,247. 

Pasini  (pa-se'ne),  Alberto.  Born  near  Parma, 
Italy,  1820:  died  at  Turin,  Dee.,  1899.  An  Ital- 
ian genre-painter.  He  went  to  Paris  about  1840,  and 
became  the  pupil  of  E.  Ciceri,  E.  Isabey,  and  Theodore 
Rousseau.    His  BubjectB  are  chiefly  Oriental. 

Pasiphae  (pa-sif'a-e).  [Q-r.IIoo-i^d^.]  In  Greek 
legend,  the  daughter  of  Helios,  wife  of  Minos, 
and  mother  of  Ariadne.  She  was  enamoured  o£  a 
white  bull  given  to  Minoa  by  Poseidon,  and  by  him  be- 
came the  mother  of  the  Minotaur. 

Pasiteles  (pa-sit'e-lez).  [Gtr.  liaatTi^ric.']  Lived 
in  the  1st  oentu^  B.  o.  A  Greek  sculptor,  a 
native  of  Magna  Grsecia,  who  acquired  Koman 
citizenship  when  the  southern  cities  were  ad- 
mitted to  that  privilege  about  87  B .  c .  He  followed 
the  modern  method  of  elaborating  bis  work  in  clay,  and 
Trrote  five  boolcs  on  artistic  matters  much  copied  by  Pliny. 
Pasiteles  and  his  school  affected  a  kind  of  pre-Fhidian 
style.    Many  pseudo-archaic  works  are  ascribed  to  them. 

Paskevltch  (pas-kye'vich),  Ivan,  Prince  of 
Warsaw.  Born  at  Poltava,  Eussia,  May  8  (O.  S.), 
1782:  diedatWarsaw,  Feb.  1,1856.  A  Russian 
field-marshal.  He  was  distinguished  In  Turkey  until 
1812,  and  in  the  later  campaigns  against  Napoleon ;  con- 
quered Persian  Armenia  and  stormed  Erivan  in  1827 ;  cap- 
tured Kars  in  1828,  and  Erzerum  in  1829 ;  as  comma^ider- 
In-ohief  in  Poland  captured  Warsaw  in  1831,  and  became 
governor  of  Poland,  executing  the  Organic  Statute ;  and 
commanded  the  Kussian  contingent  against  the  Hunga- 
rians in  1849,  and  the  Danube  army  in  1854. 

Pasman  (pas-man').  A  small  narrow  island  in 
the  Adriatic  Sea,  south  of  Zara,  belonging  to 
Dalmatia,  Austria-Hungary. 

Paso  de  Chocolate  (pa'so  da  oho-ko-la'ta).  A 
pass  in  northwestern  Chihuahua,  between  the 
towns  of  Galeana  and  Casas  Grandes,  famous  for 
the  atrocities  committed  there  by  the  Apaches 
during  the  19tb  and  preceding  centuries.  The 
last  action  fought  there  was  in  1882,  when  nearly  all  the 
able-bodied  men  of  Galeanajwere  slain  by  a  superior  force 
of  Indians,  after  a  desperate  resistance. 

Paso  del  Norte  (pa'so  del  nor'ta),  El.  [Sp., 
'The  Pass  of  the  North.']  A  town  (officially 
Juarez)  in  northeastern  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  on 
the  south  bank  of  the  Eio  Grande  opposite  El 
Paso  in  Texas,  it  was  founded  as  an  Indian  mission 
In  1659.  Until  1680  it  was  only  an  Indian  village,  and  the 
only  relay  between  Parral  in  southern  Chihuahua  and 
Santa  ^i  in  New  Hexico.  In  1680,  when  the  Pueblo  In- 
dians of  New  Mexico  drove  the  Spaniards  from  Santa  K, 
the  retreating  colonists  and  a  few  soldiers  halted  at  El  Paso 
del  Norte,  and  established  their  camp.  Thereafter  it  be- 
came the  seat  of  government  for  the  province  of  New 
Mexico  until  1693,  and  the  base  of  operations  against  the 
hostile  Pueblos.  A  Spanish  town  gradually  arose,  and  the 
Indian  settlements  became  merged  in  that  place  in  the 
course  of  time.  It  remained  attached  to  New  Mexico  until 
after  the  war  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico,  when  it 
-was,  after  the  conclusion  of  peace,  included  in  the  Mexican 
state  of  Chihuahua.  During  the  latter  part  of  the  reign 
of  Maximilian,  El  Paso  del  Norte  formed  the  headquarters 
of  the  national  forces  and  of  President  Juarez.  The  Mexi- 
can Central  Bailroad  has  there  its  northern  terminus. 
Population,  about  8,000.     - 

Pasomici^  (pas-kya'),  Etienne.  Bom  at  Paris, 
1529:  died  there,  1615.  A  French  jurist  and 
author.  His  chief  works  are  "Eecherches  sur  la  Erance  " 
("Kesearches  on  France":  publication  commenced  about 
1660)  and  "Letters."' 

Pasquier,  fitienne  Denis,  Baron  (later  Duo) 
de.  Bom  at  Paris,  April  22,  1767:  died  there, 
July  5,  1862.  A  French  politician.  He  served  as 
an  ofilcial  under  Napoleon  I. ;  waa  a  cabinet  minister  dur- 
ing the  restoration,  and  president  of  the  Chamber  of 
Peers  under  Louis  Philippe ;  received  the  titular  dignity 
of  chancellor  in  1837 ;  and  was  created  duke  in  1844.  He 
retired  to  private  life  after  the  revolution  of  1848.  He  was 
the  joint  author  with  M.  de  Kandon  of  a  vaudeville, 
•'Grimou,  on  le  portrait  k  faire";  published  "Discours 
prononcfe  dana  les  ohambres  legislatives  de  1814-36" 
<1842) ;  and  left  a  memoir  in  manuscript,  the  first  volume 
of  which  appeared  in  1893  under  the  title  of  "Histoire  de 
mon  temps. 

PaSQuin  (pas'kwin),  It.  Pasc[umo  (pas-kwe'no). 
[F.  pasguin,  a  lampoon,  also  the  statue  so 
called(Cotgrave),fromIt.^as2J«i»o,alampoon.] 
A  tailor  (or  a  cobbler,  or  a  barber)  who  lived 
about  the  end  of  the  15th  century  in  Rome, 
noted  for  his  caustic  wit,  and  whose  name, 
soon  after  his  death,  was  transferred  to  a  muti- 
lated statue  which  had  been  dug  up  opposite  his 
shop,  on  which  were  posted  anonymous  lam- 
poons. At  the  opposite  end  of  the  city  from  the  statue 
mentioned  above,  there  was  an  ancient  statue  of  Mars, 
called  by  the  people  IVIarforio ;  and  gibes  and  jeers  pasted 
upon  Pasquin  were  answered  by  similar  effusions  on  the 
part  of  Marf  orio.  By  this  system  of  thrust  and  parry  the 
most  serious  matters  were  disclosed,  and  the  most  dis- 
tinguished persons  attacked  and  defended.    /.  Iflsrmli. 

Pasquin.  A  dramatic  satire  by  Fielding,  pub- 
lished in  1736. 

0.— 50 


785 
Passage  of  Honor.    See  the  extract. 

The  first  [of  these  special  chronicles],  according  to  the 
date  of  its  events,  is  the  "Passo  Honroso,"  or  the  Passage 
of  Honor,  and  is  a  formal  account  of  apassage  at  arms  which 
was  held  against  all  comers  in  1434,  at  the  bridge  of  Orbigo, 
near  the  city  of  Leon,  during  thirty  days,  at  a  moment 
when  the  road  was  thronged  with  knights  passing  for  a 
solemn  festival  to  the  neighboring  shrine  of  Santiago.  The 
challenger  was  Suero  de  Quifiones,  a  gentleman  of  rank, 
who  claimed  to  be  thus  emancipated  from  the  service  of 
wearing  for  a  noble  lady's  sake  a  chain  of  iron  around  his 
neck  every  Thursday.  The  arrangements  for  this  extra- 
ordinary tournament  were  all  made  under  the  king's  au- 
thority. Nine  champions,  tnanteD^dffres^  we  are  told,  stood 
with  Quifiones  ;  and  at  the  end  of  thirty  days  it  was  found 
that  sixty-eight  knights  had  adventured  themselves  against 
hisclaim,thatBixhundredandtwenty-aevenencountershad 
taken  place,  and  that  sixty-six  lances  had  been  broken ;  — 
one  knight,  an  Aragonese,  having  been  killed,  and  many 
wounded,  among  whom  were  Quifiones  and  eight  out  of  his 
nine  fellow-champions.  Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  174. 

Passages  from  theDiar^of  a  Late  Fh^ician, 

A  collection  of  short  stories  by  Samuel  warren, 
first  published  in  "Blackwood's  Magazine."  in 
1831  In  America  (1832  in  England)  two  volumes  were  pub- 
lished, and  in  1838  a  third  was  added.  They  had  mostly  a 
morbid  interest,  but  were  extremely  popular. 

Passaguates  (pa-sa-gwa'tas).  [OriCTi  in- 
known.]  A  nomad  tribe  of  southern  Chihua- 
hua, mentioned  in  1582  by  Espejo.  It  is  now 
extinct,  and  nothing  is  known  of  its  language. 

Passaic  (pa-sa'ik).  A  river  in  New  Jersey  which 
flows  into'  Newark  Bay  below  Newark,  it  forms 
a  cataract  of  72  feet,  with  a  perpendicular  fall  of  50  feet,  at 
Paterson.    Length,  about  100  miles. 

Passaic.  Amanuf  acturing  city  in  Passaic  Coun- 
ty, New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  river  Passaic 
11  miles  northwest  of  New  York.  Population 
(1900),  27,777. 

Passamaquoddy  (pas'^a-ma-ctuod'i).  A  tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  chiefly  in  Maine.  See 

Passamaquoddy  Bay.  [From  the  Indian  tribe 
name.  ]  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic,  situated  on  the 
border  between  Maine  and  New  Brunswick.  It 
receives  the  St.  Croix.    Length,  about  15miles. 

Passaro  (pas'sa-ro),  orPassero  (pas'se-ro). 
Cape.  The  modern  name  of  Pachynum.  In  a 
sea-fight  off  this  cape,  Aug.  11, 1718,  the  British  under  Byng 
annihilated  the  Spanish  fleet  under  Castafleta. 

Passarowitz  (pas-sa'ro-vits),  or  Posarevatz 
(po-sa're-vats),  or  Poscharewatz  (po-sha're- 
vats).  A  town  in  Servia,  38  miles  east-south- 
east of  Belgrad.    Population  (1891),  11,134. 

Passarowitz,  Peace  of.  A  treaty  concluded  at 
Passarowitz,  July  21,  1718,  between  Turkey  on 
one  side  and  Austria  and  Venice  on  the  other. 
Venice  ceded  the  Morea  to  Turkey ;  Turkey  ceded  to  Aus- 
tria part  of  Bosnia,  Little  Wallachia,  part  of  Servia  (in- 
cluding Belgrad),  and  the  Banat  of  TemesvAr. 

Passau  (pas'sou).  A  city  in  Lower  Bavaria,  Ba- 
varia, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Tim  and  Hz 
with  the  Danube,  close  to  the  Austrian  frontier, 
in  lat.  48°  34'  N. ,  long.  13°  27'  E.  it  is  noted  for  its 
picturesque  location.  The  cathedral,  of  very  early  foun- 
dation, but  often  restored,  and  finally  rebuilt  in  1665,  is 
one  of  the  best  examples  of  the-German  florid  rococo  siyle. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  bishopric  of  Passau.  Population 
(1890),  16,633. 

Passau,  Bishopric  of.  A  former  German  prin- 
cipality, in  the  neighborhood  of  Passau.  it  was 
founded  in  the  8th  century,  was  secularized  in  1803,  and 
passed  to  Bavaria  in  1805. 

Passau,  Peace  of.  A  treaty  concluded  at  Pas- 
sau, July  16, 1552,  between  the  elector  Maurice 
of  Saxony  and  King  Ferdinand  in  behalf  of 
the  emperor  Charles  V,  The  principal  provision 
was  the  granting  of  freedom  of  religion  to  the 
Lutherans. 

Passavant  (pa-sa-von' ) ,  Johann  Da'vid.  Bom 
at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Sept.  18,  1787:  died 
at  Frankfort,  Aug.  12,  1861.  A  German  art 
historian  and  artist.  His  works  include  a  life  of  Ba- 
phael  (1839-58:  Erench  ed.  1860),  "Le  peintre-graveur" 
(1860-64),  etc. 

Passeier.    See  Passeyr. 

Passes  (pasrsas').  A  tribe  of  Indians  in  the 
Brazilian  state  of  Amazonas,  on  the  north  side 
of  the  Amazon,  about  the  mouth  of  the  JapurA. 
Formerly  they  were  numerous,  ranging  eastward  to  the 
Eio  Negro  and  westward  to  the  Ip4.  They  are  a  gentle 
race  of  agriculturists,  and  have  never  resisted  the  whites. 
During  the  18th  century  many  of  them  were  gathered  into 
mission  villages.  Very  few  remain  in  a  wild  state.  The 
Passes  are  a  branch  of  the  great  Arawak  or  Maypure  stock. 

Passeyr  (pas'ir),  or  Passeier  (pas'i-er).  A 
romantic  Alpine  valley  in  Tyrol,  about  30  miles 
south  by  west  of  Innsbruck,  which  unites  with 
the  vaUey  of  the  Adige  at  Meran. 

Passion  Play.  A  mystery  or  miracle-play  rep- 
resenting the  different  scenes  in  the  passion  of 
Christ.  The  passion  play  is  still  extant  in  the  periodic 
representations  at  Oberammergau,  in  the  Bavarian  high- 
lands, perhaps  the  only  example  to  be  found  at  the  pres- 
ent day.  .  ,  _  .    , 

Passow  (pas'so),  Franz  Ludwig  Karl  Fried- 
rich.  Born  at  Ludwigslust,  Mecklenburg,  Sept. 


Patanjali 

20, 1786 :  died  at  Breslau,  March  11, 1833.  A  Ger- 
man classical  philologist  and  lexicographer,  pro- 
fessor at  Breslau  from  1815.  He  published  a  Greek 
lexicon  (1819-24 :  5th  ed.  1841-57),  "Elements  of  theHistory 
of  Greek  and  Soman  Literature  and  Art,"  etc. 

Passy  (pa-se').  A  former  commime,  since  1860 
a  part  of  Paris,  situated  east  of  the  Bois  de 
Boulogne. 

Pasta  (pas'ta),  Madame  (GriudittaNegri).  Born 
at  Como,  Italy,  1798:  died  near  the  Lake  of 
Como,  April  1,  1865.  An  Italian  opera-singer, 
of  Hebrew  birth,  one  of  the  leading  sopranos  in 
Paris  and  Italy  from  1819  to  about  1835. 
Pastasa  (pas-tas'a),  or  Pastaza  (pas-ta'tha). 
A  river  in  Ecuador  which  joins  the  Maranon 
(Amazon)  about  long.  76°  30'  W.  Length, 
about  400  miles. 

Pasterze  (pas-tert'se).  One  of  the  largest  Al- 
pine glaciers,  situated  in  the  Glockner  group 
on  the  border  of  Tyrol  and  Carinthia. 
Pasteur  (pas-t6r'),  Louis.  Bom  at  D61e,  Jura, 
Prance,  Dee.  27, 1822:  died  near  St.-Cloud,  Sept. 
28, 1895.  A  celebrated  French  chemist  and  mi- 
croscopist.  He  is  famous  especially  for  his  researches 
in  bacteria,  fermentation,, the  "Siberian  pest,"  hydropho- 
bia, etc.  He  published  "Etudes  sur  le  vin  "  (1886),  "Etudes 
sur  le  vinaigre  ■'  (1868),  "  lEtudes  sur  la  maladie  des  vers  k 
sole  "  (1870),  "  Etudes  sur  la  bitoe  "  (1876),  etc.  He  began 
the  practice  of  inoculation  for  hydrophobia  in  1885. 
Pasto  (pas'to).  A  town  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  Colombia  (department  of  Cauca),  100 
miles  southwest  of  Popayan,  on  the  eastern 
flank  of  a  volcano  of  the  same  name.  Popula- 
tion, about  10,000. 

Paston  Letters.  A  series  of  letters  written  or 
received  by  members  of  th^  Paston  family,  of 
Paston,  county  of  Norfolk,  England.  The  series 
commenced  in  1424,  and  ended  in  1309.  They  are  valuable 
for  16th-century  history,  and  were  first  published  in  part 
by  Sir  John  Fenn  in  1787.  The  best  edition  is  by  James 
Gairdner  (3  vols.  1872-76),  increased  by  more  than  600  let- 
ters, with  notes,  etc. 

Pastoral  Symphony,  The.  1.  A  shox-t  move- 
ment in  Handel's  "Messiah." — 2.  The  title  of 
Beethoven's  6th  symphony.  He  added  a  second 
title,  "or  Recollections  of  Country  Life." 

Pastor  Fido  (pas-tor'  f e'do),  II.  [ '  The  Faith- 
ful Shepherd.']  A  pastoral  drama  by  Giam- 
battista  Guarini,  played  at  Turin  in  1585,  but 
not  printed  till  1590.  it  was  composed  to  celebrate 
the  marriage  of  a  duke  of  Savoy,  and  has  been  six  times 
translated  into  English. 

Patagonia  (pat-a-go'ni-a).  The  southernmost 
portion  of  South  America,  including  all  of  the 
Argentine  Republic  south  of  the  Rio  Negro,  to- 
getherwiththe  adjacentparts  of  Chile.  Thewest- 
ern  part  is  traversed  from  north  to  south  by  the  Andes ;  east 
of  them  much  of  the  country  is  occupied  by  high  and  more 
or  less  arid  plains.  The  shores  of  the  Chilean  portion 
are  bordered  by  an  infinity  of  islands.  The  interior  is 
sparsely  populated  by  Indians  (Patagonians,  Araucanians, 
etc.),  but  there  are  now  flourishing  Argentine  and  Chilean 
settlements  along  the  coasts.  In  1881  Patagonia  was  di- 
vided by  treaty,  Chile  taking  the  portion  west  of  the  Andes, 
together  with  the  shores  of  the  Strait  of  Magellan  from 
lat.  62"  S.,  and  the  Argentine  Bepublic  retaining  all  the 
rest.  Both  portions  have  been  subdivided  into  territories 
and  provinces.  The  name  is  now  used  only  as  a  conve- 
nient geographical  term,  and  is  commonly  restricted  to  the 
Argentine  portion :  Tierra  del  Fuego  is  sometimes  in- 
cluded. Total  area  (excluding  Tierra  del  Fuego),  about 
235,000  square  miles,  of  which  about  one  fifth  is  in  Chile. 

Patagonians  (pat-a-go'ni-anz).  The  principal 
Indian  race  of  Patagonia.  They  call  themselves 
Chonek,  Tzoneca,  or  Inaken ;  the  Pampean  Indians,  and 
hence  the  whites  of  Argentina,  give  them  the  general  des- 
ignation of  Tehuelches,  or '  southern  people,"  a  name  more 
particularly  applied  to  those  between  the  rivers  Chubut 
and  Santa  Cruz.  They  are  wandering  hunters,  their  small 
villages  being  frequently  changed;  at  present  they  are 
friendly  to  the  whites,  bringing  skins,  etc.,  to  sell  at  the 
settlements.  The  Patagonians  are  noted  for  their  great 
stature,  many  of  the  men  being  over  six  feet  high :  the 
early  explorers  represented  them  as  giants.  Their  language 
indicates  a  distinct  stock,  though  Martins  believed  that  it 
had  some  relation  to  that  of  the  Tapuyas  of  Brazil.  They 
number  about  20,000. 

Patala  (pa-ta'la).  [Skt.  pdtala,  a  word  of  ob- 
scure derivation.]  m  Hindu  mythology,  a  sub- 
terranean or  infernal  region,  or,  more  properly, 
the  name  of  one  of  its  seven  subregions  or 
stories,  supposed  to  be  inhabited  by  various 
classes  of  supernatural  beings,  especially  Na- 
gas,  or  serpents.  Patala  is  not  a  place  of  torment. 
Under  it  are  the  hells  (narakas),  of  which  Manu  enumer- 
ates 31  and  the  Buddhists  1S6. 

Patani  (pa-ta.'ne).  A  small  native  state  in  the 
Malay  peninsula,  feudatory  to  Siam,  situated 
on  the  eastern  coast  about  lat.  6°-7°  N. 

Patanjali  (pa-tan' ja-li).  1 .  The  reputed  found- 
er of  the  Toga  system  of  Hindu  philosophy. — 
3.  The  author  of  the  Mahabhashya  (which  see). 
He  was  bom  at  Gonarda  in  the  east  of  India,  and  lived  for 
some  time  in  Kashmir.  According  to  Goldstiicker  he  wrote 
between  140  and  120  B.  c,  but  Weber  places  him  about  25 
years  after  Christ.  Panini,  Katyayana,  and  Patanjali  are 
the  great  triad  of  Sanskrit  grammarians. 


Fatapsco 

Patapsco  (pa-tap'sko).  A  river  in  Maryland 
which  flows  into  Chesapeake  Bay  14  miles  south- 
east of  Baltimore.    Length,  nearly  80  miles. 

Patara  (pat'a-ra).  [Gr.  Uirapa.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a'city  of  Lyoia,  Asia  Minor,  situated 
on  the  coast  in  lat.  36°  15'  N.,  long.  29°  22'  E. 
There  are  remains  of  a  theater  of  the  date  of 
Hadrian. 

Patavium  (pa-ta'vi-um).  The  ancient  name 
of  Padua. 

Patawat  (pat'a-wat).  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  living  on  lower  Mad  Kiver,  Cali- 
fornia.   See  Wishoskan. 

Patay  (pa-ta').  Avillage  in  the  department  of 
Loiret,  Prance,  13  miles  northwest  of  Orleans. 
Here,  June  18,  1429,  the  French  under  Dunois 
and  Joan  of  Arc  defeated  the  English. 

Patch,  (pach),  Samuel.  Bom  in  Ehode  Island 
about  1807:  killed  at  Eochester,  N.Y.,  Nov.  18, 
1829.  An  American,  noted  for  leaping  from 
bridges,  etc.  He  was  kUled  in  attempting  to  jump  from 
a  height  of  125  feet  into  the  Genesee  River  at  Genesee 
Falls. 

Patchogue  (pat-chog').  A  village  in  Suffolk 
County,  Long  Island,  New  York,  situated  on 
Great  South  Bay,  51  miles  east  of  Brooklyn. 

Patelin  (pat-Ian').  A  conventional  character 
in  French  comedy.  He  is  a  sapple.insinuating  flatterer, 
one  who  tries  to  accomplish  his  ends  by  indirect  means. 
He  seems  to  have  had  his  origin  in  a  14th-century  farce, 
"L'Avocat  Pathelin." 

Pater  (pa'ter),  Walter.  Bom  at  London,  Aug. 
4,  1839:  died  at  Oxford,  July  30,  1894.  An 
English  writer.  He  was  educated  at  Queen's  College, 
Oxford.  He  published  "Studies  in  the  History  of  the 
Renaissance"  (1873), "MariustheEpiourean  "(1886), "Im- 
aginary Portraits  "  (1887),  "Appreciations "(1889),  etc. 

Paterculus  (pa-ter'ku-lus),  Caius  Velleius. 
Born  about  19  B.  c. :  diedafter  30  a.  d.  A  Roman 
historian,  author  of  an  epitome  of  Roman  his- 
tory. 

The  Monarchy  occupies  the  principal  place  in  the  abridg- 
ment of  Roman  history  in  two  books  by  C.  Velleius  Pater- 
culus, A.  D.  30.  This  writer  had  been  in  military  service 
under  Tiberius,  whom  he  then  learned  to  admire ;  but  he 
soars  to  such  fervour  of  loyalty  and  extravagance  of  style 
that  he  lauds  and  magnifies  everything  connected  with 
his  general  beyond  all  bounds,  and  vilifles  all  that  was 
opposed  to  him. 
Teuffel  and  Schwdbe,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  "Warr),  II.  15. 

Patemo  (pa-ter'no).  Atown  in  the  province  of 
Catania,  Sicily,  situated  11  miles  northwest  of 
Catania,  on  the  siteofHybla.  Population(1881), 
15,230;  commune,  17,354. 

Paternoster  Row  (pat'6r-nos"ter  ro).  A  street 
in  London,  north  of  St.  Paul's,  long  famous  as 
a  center  of  book-publishing,  it  is  said  to  be  so 
named  from  the  prayer-books  or  rosaries  formerly  sold 
in  it. 

Paterson  (pat'6r-son).  [Named  from  William 
Paterson  (1744r-180'6) :  see  below.]  A  city,  capi- 
tal of  Passaic  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on 
the  Passaic  17  miles  northwest  of  New  York,  it 
is  the  third  city  in  the  State.  The  Passaic  Falls  supply  it 
with  water-power.  It  is  called  "the  Lyons  of  America" 
from  its  manufacture  of  silk.  It  has  manufactures  also  of 
engines,  machinery,  cotton  goods, 'woolens,  velvets,  jute, 
flax,  hemp,  paper,  iron,  etc.  It  was  founded  in  1792  under 
the  patronage  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  and  became  a  city  in 
1861.    Population  (1900),  105,171. 

Paterson,  William.  Born  in  Dumfriesshire, 
April,  1658 :  died  in  1719.  A  Scotch  adventurer. 
In  1695  the  Scottish  Parliament  authorized  him,  with  oth- 
ers, to  plant  colonies,  and  a  charter  was  obtained  from 
"William  III.  A  company  was  formed  to  settle  the  Isth- 
mus of  Darien  (called  in  the  charter  New  Caledonia);  the 
stock  was  taken  up  in  a  spirit  of  wild  speculation,  and 
thousands  volunteered  as  colonists.  Paterson  sailed  from 
Leith  July  26, 1698,  with  l,20Omen;  landed  on  the  Isthmus ; 
and  founded  the  settlement  of  New  St.  Andrew,  at  the 
port  of  Ada,  After  teiTible  sufferings  it  was  abandoned 
on  June  22,  1699,  and  Paterson  became  for  a  time  insane. 
Other  colonists,  to  the  number  of  1,600,  who  had  not  heard 
of  the  disaster,  arrived  later :  they  were  attacked  by  the 
Spaniards,  capitulated  after  a  siege  of  six  weeks  (March 
31, 1700),  and  were  allowed  to  leave  the  country,  but  very 
few  ever  reached  home.  He  originated  the  plan  of  the 
Bank  of  England.    See  Montagu,  Charles. 

Paterson,  or  Patterson  (pat'er-son),  William. 
Born  about  1744 :  died  1806.  An  American  poli- 
tician and  jurist.  He  was  United  States  senator  from 
New  Jersey  178ft-90 ;  governor  of  New  Jersey  1791-93 ;  and 
justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  1793-1806. 

Patey  (pa'ti),  Madame  (Janet  Monach  Why- 
tocK).  Bom  at  London,  1842:  died  at  Sheffield, 

i  I'eb.  28, 1894.  A  noted  English  contralto  singer. 
She  made  her  d6but  in  Birmingham  as  a  mere  child,  and 
before  her  death  was  considered  the  leading  contralto  of 
the  English  stage.  She  went  to  the  United  States  in  1871, 
and  to  Australia  in  1890.  She  married  John  George  Patey 
in  1866. 

Pathans  (pa-thanz').  Persons  of  Afghan  race 
settled  in  Hindustan,  or  those  of  kindred  race 
in  eastern  Afghanistan. 

PatheUn.    See  Patelin. 

Pathfinder,  or  Pathfinder  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 


786 

tains,  The.    A  surname  given  to  John  Charles 
Fremont,  from  his  work  as  an  explorer. 

Pathfinder,  The.  The  third  in  chronological 
order  of  Cooper's  "Leatherstoeking"  novels, 
published  in  1840.  It  is  so  called  from  a  nick- 
name of  the  hero,  Bumpo.    See  Leatherstoeking, 

Pathros.    See  Mizraim. 

Patiala  (put-e-a'la).  1.  A  native  state  in  the 
Panjab,  India,  under  British  influence,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  30°  N.,  long.  76°  B.  Area,  5,951 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,583,521. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Patiala.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  55,856. 

Patience  (pa'shens).  An  English  comic  opera, 
music  by  Sullivan,  words  by  W.  S.  Gilbert,  pro- 
duced in  1881. 

Patient  Gxissel.  A  play  by  Dekker,  Chettle, 
and  Haughton,  produced  in  1599,  entered  on  the 
"Stationers'  Register"  in  1600,  and  published 
in  1603.  The  songs  "Art  Thou  Poor?"  and  "  Ctolden  Slum- 
bers Kiss  Thine  Eyes"  are  Dekker'a.    See  Oriselda. 

Patinamit  (pa-te-na'met).  The  ancient  capi- 
tal of  the  Cakchiquels  of  Guatemala,  probably 
on  or  near  the  site  of  the  first  Spanish  city  of 
Guatemala.  It  is  described  as  a  large  and 
strongly  fortified  place.  It  was  also  called 
Iximche. 

Patino.    See  Patmos. 

Patkul  (pat'kol),  Johann  Beinhold  or  Begi- 
nal  von.  Bom  1660:  executed  Oct.  10,  1707. 
A  Livonian  adventurer.  He  became  a  captain  in  the 
Swedish  army.  Having  been  condemned  to  death  in  1694 
for  participating  in  the  opposition  of  the  Livonian  nobil- 
ii<y  to  a  reduction  of  the  crownlands,  he  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  Augustus  11.,  elector  of  Saxony,  king  of  Poland, 
in  1698.  He  negotiated  the  alliance  of  1702  between  Au- 
gustus and  the  czar  against  Sweden.  He  entered  the  Rus- 
sian service  in  1703,  and  in  1704  became  Russian  ambas- 
sador at  the  court  of  Augustus.  He  was  also  made  com- 
mander of  the  Russian  troops  sent  to  the  aid  of  the  latter. 
He  was  imprisoned  by  Augustus  in  1705  on  the  suspicion  of 
conspiring  against  him.  He  was  surrendered  to  the  Swedes 
by  the  treaty  which  Charles  XII.  dictated  to  Augustus  at 
Altranstadt  in  1706.  He  was  court-martialedand  executed. 

Patmore  (pat'mor),  Coventry  Kearsey  Digh- 
ton.  Born  at  Woodford,  Essex,  July  28,  1823 : 
died  at  Lymington,  Hampshire,  Nov.  26,  1896. 
An  English  poet  and  writer.  He  was  assistant 
librarian  at  the  British  Museum  1847-68.  He  published 
"Poems"  (1844),  "  Tamerton  Church  Tower,"  elc.  (1853), 

'  "The  Angel  in  the  House  "  (in  four  parts,  1854-62),  etc. 

Patmos  (pat'mos).  QGr.  Ilar/zo'f.]  An  island  of 
the  Sporades,  belonging  to  Turkey,  situated  in 
the  .^gean  Sea  about  20  miles  southwest  of 
Samos:  the  modem  Patmo  or  Patino.  A  monas- 
tery bears  the  name  of  John  the  Divine,  and  a  cave  is 
pointed  out  where,  according  to  legend,  the  apostle  saw 
the  visions  of  the  Apocalypse.  Compare  John  (the 
Apostle). 

Patna  (pat'na).  [PaWoreo,  city.]  A  native  state 
in  India,  under  British  control,  intersected  by 
lat.  20°  30'  N.,  long.  83°  E.  Area,  2,400  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  332,197. 

Patna.  1.  A  division  of  Bengal,  British  India. 
Area,  23,647  square  miles.  Population  (1881), 
about  15, 000, 0(5o. —  2.  A  district  in  the  division 
of  Patna,  intersected  by  lat.  25°  20'  N.,  long.  85° 
E.  Area,  2,076  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
1,769,004.-3.  The  capital  of  the  district  of 
Patna,  situated  on  the  Ganges,  near  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Gandak  and  Son,  about  lat.  25°  35' 
N.,  long.  85°  12'  E. :  the  ancient  Pataliputra. 
It  is  an  important  center  of  river  traffic,  and  has  manufac- 
tures of  opium,  cotton,  etc.  In  the  18th  century  Patna  be- 
came the  capital  of  an  independent  state,  and  in  1763  there 
was  an  outbreak  of  hostilities,  during  which  a  number  of 
the  English  were  seized  and  massacred  by  order  of  the  na- 
wab.  Several  Sepoy  regiments  here  took  part  in  the  mu- 
tiny of  1857.    Population  (1891),  165,192. 

Paton  (pat'n).  Sir  Joseph  Noel,  commonly 
called  Sir  Noel  Paton.  Bom  at  Dunfermline, 
Scotland,  Dec.  13, 1821 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Dee. 
26,1901.  A  British  historical  painter.  He  was  ori- 
ginally a  designer  of  patterns  for  damask-weaving ;  went 
to  London  in  1843  ;  and  studied  in  the  Royal  Academy 
schools.  He  settled  at  Edinburgh  in  1857,  and  was  knighted 
in  1867.    He  was  also  a  sculptor,  arcliieologist,  and  poet. 

Patoqiia  (pa-to-kwa').  [Jemez  of  New  Mex- 
ico, signifying  'pueblo'  or  'village  of  the  bear.'] 
The  ancient  and  now  ruined  Jemez  pueblo  of 
San  Joseph  de  los  Jemez,  situated  5  miles  north 
of  the  present  Jemez  village,  it  was  abandoned 
after  the  uprising  of  1680,  and  was  never  reoccupied.  Its 
ruins  contain  those  of  the  old  church  of  San  Joseph  of 
Jemez,  founded  previous  to  1617,  abandoned  in  1622,  and 
again  occupied  in  1627. 

Patos  (pa'tijs),  Lagoa  dos.  A  lake  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  state  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  com- 
municating with  the  Atlantic  by  the  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul.  It  is  the  largest  lake  in  Brazil.  Length, 
140  miles. 

Patrae  (pa'tre),  or  Patras  (pa-tras').  It.  Pa- 
trasso  (pa-tras's6).    A  seaport,  capital  of  the 


Pattieson 

nomarchy  of  Achaia,  Greece,  situated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Patree  in  lat.  38°  15'  N.,  long.  21°  45'  E.: 
the  ancient  Patree  (Gr.  TlaTpai).  it  is  one  of  the 
largest  cities  of  Greece,  the  chief  commercial  center,  and 
the  terminus  of  a  railway  line  to  Corinth.  It  was  a  flour- 
ishing ancient  city;  was  the  capital  of  the  medieval  duchy 
of  Achaia ;  was  nearly  destroyed  by  the  Turks  in  1821; 
and  was  the  point  of  outbreak  of  the  Greek  revolution. 
,  Population  (1896),  37,958. 

Patriarch  of  Dorchester.  John  White  (1574- 
1648),  the  English  preacher. 

Patriarch  of  Ferney.    Voltaire. 

Patrick  (pat'rik),  Saint,L.  PatricillS  (pa-trish'- 
ius).  [L.,'noble,"patrician.']  Bora, according 
to  tradition,  at  Nemthur  (now  Dumbarton),  Scot- 
land, about  396 :  died  probably  469.  The  patron 
saint  of  Ireland,  son  of  the  deacon  Calpurnius, 
son  of  Potitus,  a  priest.  After  the  withdrawal  of  the 
Roman  garrisons,  Calpurnius  retired  to  the  country  south 
of  the  Wall  of  Severus,  where  Patrick  was  captured  by  the 
Picts  about  411,  and  sold  as  a  slave  into  Ireland.  After  six 
years  he  escaped,  and,  devoting  himself  to  the  conversion 
of  Ireland,  prepared  for  the  priesthood.  About  425  he  en- 
tered upon  his  mission.  In  441  he  was  consecrated  bishop. 
He  wrote  a  "  Confession  "  and  an  "Epistle." 

Patrimonium  Petri  (pa-tri-mo'ni-um  pe'tri). 
_[L., 'Peter's  j)atrimony.']  An  ancient  admin- 
istrative division  of  the  Papal  States,  situated 
in  central  Italy  northwest  of  the  Roman  Cam- 
pagna.    Capital,  Viterbo. 

Patriots  (pa'tri-ots  or  pat'ri-ots).  In  English 
politics,  a  faction  of  the  Whig  party  in  the  reigns 
of  George  I.  and  George  II.,  opposed  to  Sir  Rob- 
ert Walpole. 

Patroclus  (pa-tro'kluS).  [Gr.  ndrpo/c^lof.]  In 
the  Hiad,  the  intimate  friend  of  Achilles,  when 
Achilles  withdraws  from  the  flght^  and  the  Greek  host  is  in 
danger  of  being  routed,  he  gives  Patroclus  his  armor  and 
sends  him  at  the  head  of  the  Myrmidons  against  the  Tro- 
jans. Patroclus  at  flrst  succeeds,  but  at  last  is  met  by 
Hector  and  slain.  Achilles  then,  to  avenge  his  friend, 
reappears  in  the  battle,  drives  the  Trojans  within  their 
waUs,  and  vanquishes  Hector. 

Patron  (pa'tron  or  pat'ron).  The.  A  comedy  by 
Foote,  produced  in  1764! 

Patschkau  (patsh'kou).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Glatzer 
Neisse,  46  miles  south  of  Breslau.  Population 
(1890),  5,757. 

Patterdale  (pat'er-dal).  A  tourist  center  in 
Westmoreland,  England,  near  UUswater,  eight 
miles  north  of  Ambleside. 

Patterson,  Elizabeth.  Bom  at  Baltimore,  Md., 
Feb.  6,  1785 :  died  there,  April  4,  1879.  An 
American  lady,  daughter  of  a  Baltimore  mer- 
chant, who  married  J6r6me  Bonaparte,  brother 
of  Napoleon,  Dec.  24, 1803.  Napoleon  refused  to  rec- 
ognize the  marriage,  and  prevented  her  from  landing  on 
the  Continent  when  she  went  to  Europe  with  her  husband. 
She  accordingly  sought  refuge  in  England,  while  J^rdnie 
went  to  Paris  and  finally  yielded  to  his  brother's  demand 
for  a  divorce. 

Patterson,  Robert.  Born  in  Ireland,  May  30, 
1743 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  July  22,  1824.  An 
American  politician  and  scientific  writer.  He 
became  director  of  the  United  States  mint  in 
1805. 

Patterson,  Robert.  Bom  in  Pennsylvania, 
1753:  diednearDayton,Ohio,Aug.5, 1827.  An 
American  pioneer.  He  served  in  the  expedi- 
tions against  the  Shawnees  and  other  Indians. 

Patterson,  Robert.  Born  in  Tyrone  County, 
Ireland,  Jan.  12,  1792:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Aug.  7, 1881.  An  American  general.  He  served 
in  the  Mexican  war ;  was  a  commander  of  Pennsylvania 
troops  in  1861 ;  and  commanded  near  Harper's  Ferry  at  the 
time  of  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  July,  1861. 

Patterson,  William  (1744-1806).  See  Paterson, 
William,. 

Patteson,  John  Coleridge.  Born  at  London, 
April,  1827 :  murdered  Sept.  16, 1871.  An  Eng- 
lish missionary  in  the  Pacific,  made  bishop  of 
Melanesia  in  1861. 

Patti  (pat'te  or  ^a'te).  Aeathedral  city  and  sea- 
port in  the  province  of  Messina,  Sicily,  situated 
on  the  Gulf  of  Patti  35  miles  west  by  south  of 
Messina.    Population  (1881),  5,999. 

Patti  (pat'f),  Adelina.  Born  at  Madrid,  Feb. 
19,  1843.  A  celebrated  soprano  opera-singer. 
She  was  taken  to  America  as  a  child  by  her  parents  both 
singers,  and  flrst  appeared  at  New  York  In  1859  and  at 
London  in  1861.  She  has  since  sung  constantly,  and  has 
been  perhaps  the  most  popular  singer  of  the  time  Her 
repertoire  contains  between  30  and  40  parts,  including 
Linda,  Norma,  Luisa  Miller,  Lucia,  Violetta,  Zerlina,  etc. 
She  married  the  Marquis  de  Caux  in  1868,  M.  Nicolini  in 
1886,  and  Baron  Cederstrom  in  1899. 

Patti,  Carlotta.  Born  at  Florence,  1840 :  died 
at  Paris,  June  27, 1889.  A  concert-singer,  sister 
of  AdeUna  Patti.  she  made  her  d^but  at  New  York  in 
1861,  in  England  in  1863.  She  married  Ernst  de  Munck, 
violoncellist,  in  1879. 

Pattieson  (pat 'i -son),  Peter.  An  imaginary 
schoolmaster,  the  assumed  author  of  the  "Tales 


FatTieson 

of  my  Landlord,"  by  Sir  Walter  Scott.  He  has 
a  brother,  Paul  Pattieson,  who  publishes  his 
manuscripts  for  his  own  advantage. 

Pattison  (pat'i-sgn),  Mark.  Bom  at  Hornby, 
Yorkshire,  1813 :  died  at  Harrowgate,  July  30, 
1884.  An  English  writer.  He  graduated  at  Oxford 
(Oriel  College)  in  1837,  and  became  a  fellow  of  Lincoln  Col- 
lege In  1839,  and  later  tutor  and  (1861)  rector.  He  wrote  a 
"Eeport  on  Elementary  Education  in  Protestant  Germany  " 
(1869),  "Milton  "  (1879),  etc.  Hia  essays  were  collected  in 
1889. 

Patton  (pat'n),  Francis  Landey.  Bom  in  Ber- 
muda, Jan.  22,  1843.  An  American  Presbyte- 
rian clergyman  and  educator.  He  became  professor 
in  Chicago  Presbyterian  Theological  Seminary  in  1871,  and 
in  Princeton  Theological  Seminary  in  1881;  and  was  pres- 
ident of  Princeton  University  1888-1902.  He  has  pub- 
lished a  "Summary  of  Christian  Doctrine"  (1874),  etc. 

Patuxent  (pa-tuks'ent).  A  river  in  Maryland 
which  flows  into  Chesapeake  Bay  53  miles  south- 
east of  Washington.    Length,  over  100  miles. 

Fatwin, or Patween (pat-wen').  ['Man.']  The 
southern  division  of  the  Copehan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  formerly  embracing  23  small 
tribes.  Its  habitat  extended  from  Stony  Creek,  Colusa 
County,  California,  to  Suisun  Bay,  and  from  Sacramento 
Kiver  on  the  east  to  the  boundary  of  the  Moquelumnan, 
Yukian,  and  Eulanapan  stocks  on  the  west.   See  Copehan. 

Patzcuaro  fpat'thkwa-ro),  or  Pascuaro  (pas'- 
kwa-ro).  A  town  in  the  state  of  Miohoaoan, 
Mexico,  130  miles  west  of  Mexico.  Population, 
about  8,000. 

Fau  (p6).  [Prov.  pan,  a  pale,  with  reference 
to  the  pale  or  palisade  of  the  old  castle.J 
The  capital  of  the  department  of  Basses- 
Pyr6n6es,  France,  situated  on  the  Gave  de 
Pau  in  lat.  43°  17'  N.,  long.  0°  22'  W.  it  is  a 
favorite  winter  health-resort,  on  account  of  its  equable 
climate.  It  has  some  trade  and  manufactures.  The  square 
(the  Place  Koyale)  is  noteworthy.  The  ch9.teau,  rebuilt 
about  1360  by  Gaston  Phoebus,  count  of  Foix,  is  of  inter- 
est as  a  chief  residence  of  the  sovereigns  of  Navarre  and 
the  birthplace  of  Henry  IV.  It  has  5  tall  towers  joined 
by  massive  walls,  and  a  small  but  handsome  Kenaissance 
court.  The  interior,  restored  by  Louis  Philippe  and  Na- 
poleon III.,  contains  very  beautiful  and  interesting  apart- 
ments with  splendid  Kenaissance  furniture.  Fau  was  the 
ancient  capital  of  Navarre,  and  was  a  celebrated  center  in 
the  time  of  Margaret  of  Valois,  Jeanne  d'Albret,  and  An- 
toine  de  Bourbon.    Population  (1891),  33,111. 

Pau,  Gave  de.  A  river  in  southern  Prance  which 
joins  the  Adour  14  miles  east  by  north  of  Ba- 
yonne.    Length,  about  105  miles. 

Paucartambo  (pou-kar-tam'bo).  A  frontier 
fort  and  station  of  the  Inoas  of  Peru,  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  a  branch  of  the  Uoayale, 
about  40  miles  northeast  of  Cuzoo.  The  ruins 
still  exist,  and  there  is  a  modem  village  on  the 
site. 

Pauer  (pou'er),  Ernst.  B6m  at  Vienna,  Deo. 
21, 1826.  An  Austrian-English  pianist,  teacher 
of  the  piano,  and  musical  editor. 

Pauillac  (p6-e-yak').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gironde,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Gi- 
ronde  27  miles  north  by  west  of  Bordeaux.  It 
is  the  chief  entrep6t  for  M^doc  wines.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  4,564. 

Paul  (pal).  Saint  (originally  Saul) ,  [Gr.  Haii^oc, 
L.  Paulus,  from  pauhis,  paullus,  little.]  The 
great  apostle  to  the  Gentiles.  He  was  bom  at  Tar- 
sus, a  "Hebrew  of  the  Hebrews" ;  was  taught  the  trade 
of  tent-maker ;  went  to  Jerusalem  and  studied  "at  the  feet 
of  Gamaliel";  was  at  first  a  vehement  persecutor  of  the 
Christians,  and  held  the  clothes  of  those  who  stoned 
Stephen  ;  was  miraculously  converted  on  his  way  to  Da- 
mascus ;  and  became  the  most  earnest  preacher  and  the 
greatest  expounder  of  Christianity.  He  made  missionary 
tours  in  Syria,  Cyprus,  Asia  Minor,  Macedonia,  Greece,  and 
elsewhere,  mention  of  some  of  which  is  made  in  the  New 
Testament.  HewasimprisonedatCsesarea;  was  tried  before 
Felix,  in  whose  custody  he  remained  until  he  was  handed 
over  by  Felix  to  his  successor  Festus ;  appealed  to  Csssar ; 
and  was  sent  to  Home,  where  he  arrived  in  61,  He  lived 
for  about  two  years  in  comparative  freedom  in  his  own 
hired  house.  He  appears  to  have  been  tried  and  acquitted ; 
fj)  have  made  various  journeys ;  to  have  returned  to  Some ; 
and  to  have  suffered  martyrdom  there,  probably  by  de- 
capitation about  67. 

Paul  I.  Pope  757-767,  a  Mend  of  Pepin,  king 
of  the  Franks, 

Paul  II.  (Pietro  Barbo).  Bom  at  Venice,  Feb., 
1418:  died  July,  1471.  Pope  1464^-71.  He  en- 
couraged luxury,  and  persecuted  the  humanists. 

Paul  ni.  (Alessandro  Farnese).  Bom  Feb. 
28, 1468:  died  Nov.  10,1549.  Pope  1534-49.  He 
excommunicated  Henry  VIII.  of  England  in  1538 ;  ap- 
proved the  order  of  Jesuits  in  ISIO ;  and  convoked  the 
Council  of  Trent  in  1545.  In  1545  he  made  his  son  Pier 
Luigl  Farnese  duke  of  Parma  and  Piacenza. 

Paul  IV.  (Giovanni  Pietro  Caraffa).  Born 
June  28, 1476 :  died  Aug.  18, 1559.  Pope  1555- 
1559. 

Paul  V.  (Camillo  Borghese).  Born  at  Rome, 
Sept.  17, 1552:  died  Jan.  28, 1621.  Pope  1605-21. 
He  weakened  the  papal  authority  in  a  contest  with  Ven- 
ice^  which  he  placed  under  an  interdict  in  1606, 

Paul  I.  Petarovitch.    Bom  Oct.,  1754 :  assas- 


787 

sinated  March  23-24, 1801.  Czar  of  Russia,  son 
of  Peter  III.  and  Catharine  II.  He  succeeded  his 
mother  in  1796,  and  joined  the  coalition  against  France 
1798-1800,  but  withdrew  from  it  later.  In  1801  he  annexed 
Georgia,    His  murder  was  the  result  of  a  conspiracy. 

Paul,  the  Deacon.    See  Paulus  Diaconus. 

Paul,  Brother.    See  Sarpi. 

Paul,  Pablo  Rojas.    See  Bojas  Paul. 

Paul,  Saint  Vincent  de.    See  Vincent  de  Paul. 

Paul  of  Samosata.  Bom  probably  at  Samo- 
sata,  Syria.  A  Monarchian  heretic,  bishop  of 
Antioch  from  260  to  his  deposition  in  272.  He 
denied  the  personality  of  the  Logos  and  of  the 
Holy  Spirit. 

Paula,  Francis  of.    See  Frauds. 

Paul  Clifford.  A  novel  by  Bulwer,  published 
in  1830 :  so  called  from  the  name  of  its  hero. 

Paul  et  Virginie.  1.  A  novel  by  Bemardin  de 
Saint-Pierre,  published  in  1788.  The  scene  is 
laid  in  Mauritius. —  3.  .An  opera  by  Mass6,  first 
produced  at  Paris  in  1876. 

Paulding  (p^l'ding),  Hiram.  Bom  at  New 
York,  Dec.  11, 1797:  died  at  Huntington,  L.  I., 
Oct.  20,  1878.  An  American  admiral,  son  of 
John  Paulding.  He  distinguished  himself  in  the  vic- 
torjr  of  Lake  Champlain  in  1814 ;  and  suppressed  a  filibus- 
tenng  expedition  against  Nicaragua  by  arresting  the  leader 
Walker  at  Punta  Arenas  in  1867,  an  act  for  which  he  was 
censured  by  President  Buchanan,  inasmuch  as  the  arrest 
took  place  on  foreign  soil. 

Paulding,  James  Kirke.  Born  at  Nine  Part- 
ners, Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  22,  1779: 
died  at  Hyde  Park,  N.  Y.,  April  6,  1860.  An 
American  novelist,  poet,  historian,  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  secretary  of  the  navy  1838-41.  His  chief 
novels  are  "The  Dutchman's  Fireside  "  (1831),  "Westward 
Ho"  (1832)  ;  chief  historical  work,  "Life  of  George  Wash- 
ington "  (1835) ;  poem,  "The  Backwoodsman "  (1818) ;  sat- 
ires, "  The  Diverting  History  of  John  Bull  and  Brother 
Jonathan"  (1812),  "Lay  of  the  Scottish  Fiddle"  (1813), 
"  Merry  Tales  of  the  Three  Wise  Men  of  Gotham  "  (1826). 
He  was  associated  with  Irving  in  "  Salmagundi "  (1807-08), 
and  published  a  second  series  alone  (1819-20). 

Pauli  (pou'le),  Georg  Beinhold.  Bom  at  Ber- 
lin, May  25, 1823 :  died  at  Bremen,  June  3, 1882. 
A  G  erman  historian.  He  lived  many  years  in  England. 
His  works  are  chiefly  on  English  history.  They  include 
"KonigAKred"("King  Alfred,"  1851),  "Geschichte  von 
England  "  (1853-58 :  a  continuation  of  Lappenberg*s  "  His- 
tory of  England  "),  "  Geschichte  Englands  "  (1864-75 : "  His- 
tory of  England  "for  the  period  1814-62),  and  "Simon  von 
Montfort  "(1867).  He  also  published  an  edition  of  "Con- 
fessio  Amantis." 

Paulians  (pS.'li-anz).  A Unitaiianbody  founded 
in  the  3d  century  by  Paul  of  Samosata  (see 
above)  in  Syria. 

Paulicians  (p&-lish'anz).  A  sect  probably 
founded  by  Constantino  of  Syria  during  the  lat- 
ter half  of  the  7th  century.  They  held  the  dualistio 
doctrine  that  all  matter  is  evil ;  beUeved  that  Christ, 
having  a  purely  ethereal  body,  suffered  only  in  appearance ; 
and  rejected  the  authority  of  the  Old  Testament  and  reli- 
gious ordinances  and  ceremonies.  The  sect  is  said  to  have 
become  extinct  in  the  13th  century.  The  name  is  proba- 
bly derived  from  their  high  regard  for  the  apostle  Paul. 

Paulinus  (pa-li'nus)  of  York.  Died  644.  A 
missionary  to  England,  sent  thither  by  Pope 
Gregory  the  Great  in  601.  He  was  instrumental  in 
introducing  Christianity  into  Northumbria,  and  was  made 
bishop  of  York  in  626,  and  of  Rochester  in  633, 

Panlinzelle  (pou'len-tsel-le).  A  village  in 
Sehwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  Germany,  22  miles 
south-southwest  of  Weimar.  It  is  noted  for 
its  ruined  monastery  and  convent. 

Panlists  (p&'lists).  Abody  of  Roman  Catholic 
monks  who  profess  to  follow  the  example  of  the 
apostle  Paul.  Specifically,  in  the  Tnited  States,  the  Con- 
grega'tion  of  the  Missionary  Priests  of  St.  Paul  the  Apos- 
tle, a  Roman  Catholic  organization  founded  in  New  York 
city  in  the  year  1858  for  parochial,  missionary,  and  educa- 
tional work.    Also  called  Pavlites,  or  Bermits  of  St.  Pavl. 

FauUu  (pa-ol'yo),  caUedPauUu  Inca  or  PauUu 
Tupac  Yupanaui.  Bom  about  1500 :  died  at 
Cuzco,  May,  1549.  A  Peruvian  chief,  son  of  the 
Inca  Huaina  Capac,  and  younger  brother  of 
Huascar  and  Manco.  Alter  the  fall  of  Cuzco  he  re- 
mained faithful  to  the  Spaniards,  accompanied  Almagro 
to  Chile  15SC-36,  and  fought  for  him  and  for  Gonzalo 
Pizarro,  but  was  pardoned.  He  was  baptized  in  1643  with 
the  name  of  Cristdbal. 

Paulo  Affonso(pou'16  af-fon's6).  A  celebrated 
cataract,  called  "the  Niagara  of  Brazil,"  on  the 
river  Sao  Francisco,  193  miles  above  its  mouth. 
It  is  265  feet  in  total  height,  but  is  broken  by  ledges  and 
rooks ;  the  volume  of  water  is  nearly  equal  to  that  of 
Niagara. 

Paul  Pry(pri).  A  comedy  by  John  Poole,  attribu- 
ted to  Douglas  Jerrold,  produced  in  1853.  The  im- 
pudent, meddlesome  adventurer  who  gives  his  name  to 
the  play  was  drawn  from  a  Thomas  Hill,  at  one  time  con- 
nected with  the  press, 

Paul's,  St.    See  St.  Paul's. 

Paul's  Cross.  A  cross  situated  near  the  north- 
eastern angle  of  old  St.  Paul's  in  the  church- 
yard :  originally  the  place  of  assembling  of  the 


Fausias 

folksmote.  From  it  great  public  assemblies  were  ad. 
dressed  and  sermons  preached.  The  "  Paul's  Cross  Ser. 
mons  "  are  still  preached  on  Sunday  mornings  in  St.  Paul's. 
Thomas  Kempe,  bishop  of  London  from  1448  to  1489,  re- 
placed the  early  wooden  erection  by  a  stone  cross  and  pul- 
pit, which  was  one  of  his  most  famous  structures  in  old 
London. 
Paul's  Walk.  The  nave  of  old  St.  Paul's,  which 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  15th  and  the  first 
part  of  the  16th  century  became  a  rendezvous 
for  the  transaction  of  business  and  for  secular 
amusements  of  every  description,  it  was  fre- 
quented by  disreputable  characters  and  men  out  of  em- 
ployment, and  is  frequently  alluded  to  in  old  plays,  A 
"  Paul's  man  "  was  a  frequenter  of  Paul's  Walk,  and  pre- 
sumably disreputable.  It  was  also  called  Ihike  Hum- 
phrey's Walk. 

Paulus  (pou'los),  HeinrichEberliard  Gottlob. 

Bom  at  Leonberg,  near  Stuttgart,  Wiirtemberg, 
Sept.  1, 1761:  died  at  Heidelberg,  Aug.  10, 1851. 
A  German  Protestant  theologian,  a  leading  ex- 
ponent of  rationalism,  professor  at  Jena  and 
later  at  Heidelberg.  His  works  include  a  commeur 
tary  on  the  New  Testament  (1800-04)  and  other  exegetical 
works("ExegetischesHandbuch"  (1830-33), "Leben  Jesu" 
(1828),  etc.). 

Paulus  (pa'lus),  Julius.  Lived  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  3d  century  a.  d.  A  Roman  jurist. 
He  was  pretorian  prefect  under  Alexander 
Severus.  Many  excerpts  from  his  works  are 
contained  in  the  "  Digest." 

ITlpian  was  surpassed  in  fertility  by  his  (older  7)  contem- 
porary Julius  Paulus,  who  was  likewise  prsefectus  prasto- 
rio  under  Alexander  Severus  and  possessed  much  influ- 
ence. He  enjoyed  no  less  authority  than  Ulpian  as  a  ju- 
rist, .  .  .  The  most  comprehensive  of  his  works  was  his 
•  *Ad  edictum  "  in  80  books ;  the  on  e  most  largely  used,  his 
brief  text-book  "Sententise  ad  filium."  We  possess  an 
abridgment  of  the  latter.  The  extracts  from  his  works 
constitute  one  sixth  of  the  Pandects  of  Justinian. 

Teuffel  and  Schwabe^  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr)» 

(II.  270. 

Paulus,  Lucius  .^milius.  Eilled  at  Cannes, 
216  B.  c.  A  Roman  consul,  colleague  with  Varro 
in  the  defeat  at  Cannse. 

Paulus,  Lucius  .ffimilius,  sumamed  Mace- 
donicus ('the Macedonian').  Bom  about  229 
B.  c:  died  160  b.  c.  A  Roman  general,  son  of 
Paulus  (died  216).  He  was  distinguished  as  pretor 
in  Spain  191-189,  and  as  proconsul  against  the  Ingauni  in 
181 ;  was  consul  in  168 ;  defeated  Perseus  at  Pydna  and 
overthrew  the  Macedonian  kingdom ;  pillaged  Epirus  in 
167;  and  triumphed  at  Rome  in  167.  He  was  censor 
in  164. 

Paulus  .Sgineta  (ej-i-ne'ta).  A  celebrated 
Greek  medical  writer  who  lived  probably  in  the 
latter  half  of  the  7th  century  after  Christ.  He 
wrote  a  number  of  works,  the  chief  of  which  is  still  extant : 
it  is  commonly  called  "  De  re  medica  libri  septem." 

Paulus  Diaconus  (di-ak'o-nus)  (Paul  the  Dea- 
con). Bom  about  720-725 :  died  at  Monte  Cas- 
sino,  Italy,  before  800.  The  first  important  his- 
torian of  the  middle  ages.  His  chief  works  are  a 
"History  of  the  Lombards,  and  a  continuation  of  the 
Roman  history  of  Eutropius.  His  works  were  edited  in 
"Monumenta  Germanise  historica  "  (1878-79). 

Paulus  Hook.  The  name  given  formerly  to 
the  site  of  Jersey  City.  A  British  garrison  there 
was  defeated  and  captured  by  Americans  under  Henry 
Lee,  Aug.  19, 1779, 

Paul  Veronese.    See  Veronese. 

Paumben  (pftm-ben'),  or  Pamban  (pam-bun'), 
Passage.  A  strait  connecting  the  Gulf  of 
Manaar  and  Palk  Bay,  and  separating  Ra- 
meshwaram  Island  from  continental  India. 

Paumotu,  or  Paumota,  Islands.  See  Zow  Ar- 
chipelago. 

Faunacas.    See  Paicon^cas. 

FaunaOLUe.    See  Bannock. 

Fausanias(p£l-sa'm-as).  [G^.Tlavaavla^."]  Died 
in  Sparta  about  466  B.  C.  A  Spartan  general^ 
son  of  Cleombrotus.  He  commanded  at  the  victory 
of  Platgea  in  479 ;  continued  the  war  against  Persia  in  478 ; 
conducted  a  treasonable  correspondence  with  Xerxes;  and 
was  starved  to  death  by  order  of  the  ephors  as  a  punish- 
ment for  his  treason. 

Pausanias.  Lived  in  the  2d  century.  A  noted 
Greek  geographer  and  writer  on  art.  He  wrote  a 
"  Periegesis  of  Greece,"  devoted  to  a  description  of  Grecian 
antiquities. 

Pausanias,  who  is  generally  known  as  "  the  cicerone  and 
tourist,"  and  whose  work,  "  the  gazetteer  of  Hellas,"  is  our 
best  repertory  of  information  for  the  topography,  local  his- 
tory, religious  observances,  architecture,  and  sculpture  of 
the  different  states  of  Greece.  Of  the  personal  history  of 
Pausanias  we  know  nothing.  It  has  been  inferred,  from 
his  reference  to  Pelops  as  having  dwelt  "with  us,"  that 
he  was  a  native  of  Lydia ;  and  there  is  evidence  to  show 
that  he  had  lived  long  near  Mount  Sipylus.  Passages  in 
his  work  prove  that  he  was  a  contemporary  of  Hadrian  and 
the  Anton  ines. 

E.  0.  MliUer,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  269. 

[{Dondldxon,) 

Fausias  (p3.'shi-as).  [Gr.'IIauCTia?.]  Lived  in 
the  middle  of  the  4th  century  b.  c.  A  Greek 
painter  of  Sicyon,  a  pupil  of  Pamphilus  and  a 
contemporary  of  Apelles.  He  made  a  special  study 
of  foreshortening,  and  was  the  first  to  paint  ceilings.    A 


Fausias 

large  picture  of  a  sacrifice  was  famous  for  a  big  black  ox 
directly  foreshortened.  A  famous  picture  was  the  "  Ste- 
phanoplocus"  or  "Slephanopolis,"  painted  from  Glycera 
the  flower-girl  of  Sicyon.  He  was  especially  attracted  by 
the  possibilities  of  encaustic,  and  developed  it  to  a  high 
degree  of  perfection.  Several  of  these  wax  pictures  were 
taken  to  Rome  by  Scaurus.  Their  technical  refinement  and 
cleverness  seem  to  have  had  a  special  attraction  for  the 
later  Romans. 

Pauthier  (po-tya'),  Jean  Pierre  Guillaume. 

Born  at  Besan5on,  France,  Oct.  4, 1801 :  died 
at  Paris,  March,  1873.  A  French  Sinologist. 
Among  his  works  are  "La  Chine"  (1837),  "Quatre  livres 
de  philosophic  morale  de  la  Chine  "  (1841),  etc. 
Pauw  (pou),  Cornelius  de.  Born  at  Amster- 
dam, 1739:  died  at  Xanten,  duchy  of  Cleves, 
July  7,  1799.  A  Dutch  author.  He  joined  the 
order  of  Franciscans,  but  devoted  most  of  his  life  to  liter- 
ary work,  residing  at  Xanten.  He  published  "Eecherches 
philosophiques  sur  les  Am^ricains  "  (3  vols.  1768-70 ;  en- 
larged editions,  1770  and  1774),  "Itecherches  philoso- 
phiques sur  les  Egyptiens  et  les  Chinois"  (1774),  and 
"Recherohes  philosophiques  sur  les  Grecs"  (1778).  A 
collected  edition  of  his  writings  was  published  at  Paris, 
1795,  and  there  is  an  English  translation  of  the  first  one. 
DePauw's  works  are  characterized  by  a  spirit  of  criti- 
cism which  would  be  valuable  if  it  were  less  violent. 
His  views  excited  much  controversy. 

Pauwels  (pou'els),  Ferdinand.  Bom  at  Beck- 
eren,  near  Antwerp,  1830:  died  1904.  ABelgian 
historical  painter.  Among  his  works  are  "  Banished 
byAlva,""CitizensofGhent,"  "TheYouthof  Luther,"etc 

Pavement  of  Martyrs,  The.  See  the  extract, 
descriptive  of  the  battle  near  Tours. 

Charles  cut  through  the  ranks  of  the  Moslems  with  irre- 
sistible might,  dealing  right  and  left  such  ponderous  blows 
that  from  that  day  he  was  called  Charles  Martel,  'Karl 
«f  the  Hammer."  His  Frankish  followers,  inspired  by 
their  leader's  prowess,  bore  down  upon  the  Saracens  with 
crushing  force ;  and  the  whole  array  of  the  Moslems  broke 
and  fled  in  utter  rout.  The  spot  was  long  and  shudder- 
ingly  known  in  Andalusia  by  the  name  of  the  "Pavement 
of  Martyrs."  Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  30. 

Pavia  (pa-ve'a).  l.  A  province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Lombardy,  Italy.  Area,  1,290 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  494,748.-2. 
A  city,  capital  of  the  province  of  Pavia,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Ticino,  near  the  Po,  in  lat.  45° 
11'  N.,  long.  9°  9'  E. :  the  ancient  Ticinum.  it 
has  considerable  trade.  The  chief  buildings  are  the  cathe- 
dral (with  tomb  of  St.  Augustine),  the  basilica  San  Michele, 
and  the  Visconti  palace.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  university, 
founded  in  1361,  with  66  instructors  and  about  1,100  stu- 
dents and  a  library  of  175,000  volumes,  in  1891.  The  Car- 
thusian monastery  Certosa  di  Pavia  (see  Certom)  is  near  the 
university.  Pavia  was  an  important  city  in  the  Roman  Em- 
pire ;  was  conquered  by  Attlla  in  452,  and  by  Odoacer  in 
476 ;  was  developed  by  Theodoric  after  489 ;  was  taken  by 
Alboin  about  572 ;  and  was  made  the  Lombard  capital  un- 
til its  conquest  by  Charles  the  Great  in  774.  Otho  the  Great 
was  crowned  there  as  Lombard  king  in  951.  It  sided  with 
the  Ghibellines ;  passed  under  the  Visconti  in  the  14th  cen- 

■  tury ;  was  sacked  by  the  French  in  1527 ;  rose  in  insurrec- 
tion and  was  seized  by  the  French  in  1796 ;  was  the  scene  of 
an  outbreak  in  1848 ;  and  was  annexed  to  Sardiuia  in  1859. 
It  is  sometimes  called  "the  City  of  the  Hundred  Towers." 
Population  (1892),  about  37,000. 

Pavia,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained  near  Pa- 
via, Feb.  24,  1525,  by  the  Imperialists  under 
Lannoy  over  the  French  under  Francis  I.,  who 
was  taken  prisoner. 

Paviotso  (pa-ve-6'ts6).  ['Strong," able,' i.e. 
'athletes.']  A  confederacy  of  28  small  tribes 
of  North  American  Indians,  in  western  Nevada 
and  southern  Oregon.  Their  territory  formerly  ex- 
tended into  eastern  California,  where  they  were  wrongly 
regarded  as  Paiute.  Number,  about  3,000.  See  Shosho- 
nean. 

Pavlograd  (pav'lo-^rad).  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  YekatermoslafE,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Voltehya  33  miles  east-northeast  of  Yeka- 
terinoslaff.    Population,  15,519. 

Pavlovsk  (pav-lovsk').  1.  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Voronezh,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Don  95  miles  south-southeast  of  Voronezh. 
Population,  5,692. — 3.  Aroyalpalaee  and  small 
town  about  18  miles  south  of  St.  Petersburg. 

Pavo  (pa'vo).  [L.,  the 'peacock.']  A  southern 
constellation,  the  Peacock,  situated  south  of 
Sagittarius. 

Pa  von  (pa-v6n ' ) .  A  small  river  of  the  province 
of  Santa  F6,  Argentine  Republic,  an  affluent  of 
the  Parand,  about  30  miles  below  Eosario.  it 
gave  its  name  to  abattle  fought  on  its  banks,  Sept.  17, 1861, 
in  which  the  army  of  Buenos  Ayres  under  Mitre  defeated 
the  provincial  forces  under  Urquiza.  This  battle  decided 
the  supremacy  of  Buenos  Ayres  and  the  union  of  the  Ar- 
gentine Republic. 

Favonia  (pa-v6'ni-a).  A  name  formerly  given 
to  a  portion  of  eastern  New  Jersey,  near  New 
York  city. 

PavuUo  nel  Frignano  (pa-vol'16  nel  fren-ya'- 
e6)  .  A  town  in  the  province  of  Modena,  Italy, 
21  miles  south  by  west  of  Modena.  Population 
(1881),  1,187. 

Pawnee,  or  Fani(pft-ne').  [Pi.,  also  Pawnees.] 
A  confederacy  of  the  Caddoan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians.  Its  habitat  was  formerly  in  Ne- 
braska and  Kansas,  on  the  Platte  and  Republican  rivers; 


788 

it  is  now  on  a  reservation  in  Oklahoma.  The  confederacy 
consists  of  4  tribes,  together  numbering  824  persons :  the 
Tcawi  or  Grand  Pawnee,  the  Pitahauerat  or  Tapage,  the 
Republican  Pawnee,  and  the  Skidi  or  Pawnee  Loup.  See 
Caddoan. 

Pawnee  Loup,    See  Skidi  and  Pawnee. 

Fawtucket  (p&-tuk'et).    See  Pennacook. 

Fawtucket.  [From  the  Indian  tribe.]  Part  of 
the  lower  course  of  the  Blackstone,  near  Paw- 
tucket. 

Fawtucket,  [From  the  river  of  the  same 
name.]  A  city  in  Providence  County,  Rhode 
Island,  situated  on  the  Pawtucket  River  four 
miles  north  by  east  of  Providence,  it  has  impor- 
tant manufactures  of  cotton  goods,  engines,  machinery, 
thread,  etc.  Cotton-manufacturing  was  established  here 
by  Slater  in  1790.    Population  (1900),  39,231. 

Pawtuxet  (pS,-tuk'set).  A  river  in  Rhode  Isl- 
and which  flows  into  Providence  River  below 
Providence. 

Faxos  (pak'sos).  A  small  island  of  the  Ionian 
Islands,  Greece,  8  miles  southeast  of  Corfu :  the 
ancient  Paxos  (Grr.  Tla^dg).  it  is  noted  for  the  pro- 
duction of  olive-oil.  This  and  the  neighboring  small  isl- 
and of  Antipaxo  were  called  in  ancient  times  Paxi. 

Faxton  (paks'ton),  Sir  Joseph.  Bom  at  Mil- 
ton Bryant,  near  Wobum,  England,  1801 :  died 
at  Sydenham,  England,  June  8, 1865.  An  Eng- 
lish architect,  landscape-gardener,  and  horti- 
culturist. He  obtained  employment  as  a  gardener  at 
Chatsworth,  and  ultimately  became  superintendent  of  the 
Duke  of  Devonshire's  gardens  there,  which  he  remodeled. 
A  conservatory  which  he  erected  there  formed  the  model 
for  the  exhibition  building  of  1851  at  London.  He  de- 
signed the  Crystal  Palace  at  Sydenham,  which  was  built 
mainly  from  the  materials  of  the  exhibition  building.  He 
also  designed  the  mansion  of  Baron  Rothschild  at  Fer- 
riferes,  France.  He  organized  the  army  work  corps  in  the 
Crimea.  Froml854hewasmemberof  ParliamentforCoven- 
try.  He  published  a  "  PocketBotanical  Dictionary  "in  1845. 

Pax  Vobis  (paks  vo'bis).  [L.,_  'peace  be  with 
you.']  A  small  half-length  picture  of  Christ 
crowned  with  thorns,  uudraped,  by  Raphael,  in 

'  the  Palazzo  Tosio  at  Brescia,  Italy.  The  Sa- 
viour points  to  the  wound  in  his  side. 

Fayaguas  (pi-ya-gwas').  An  Indian  tribe  of 
Paraguay,  now  reduced  to  a  few  hundreds  in  the 
Chaeo  region,  opposite  Asuncion.  They  are  very 
degraded  savages,  wandering  in  the  swamps  and  subsist- 
ing principally  on  flsh  and  alligators ;  their  color  is  re- 
markably dark  (perhaps  deepened  by  the  use  of  pigments), 
and  their  language  indicates  a  distinct  stock.  Parties  of 
them  are  frequently  seen  at  Asuncion.  At  the  time  of  the 
conquest  a  tribe  called  Payaguag  or  Agaces  lived  on  the 
Paraguay  from  the  site  of  Asuncion  to  the  junction  with 
the  ParanA.  They  were  very  numerous  and  warlike,  rarely 
leaving  their  canoes,  from  which  they  fought.  Sebastian 
Cabot  was  attacked  by  them  in  1527 ;  Ayolas  had  a  fierce 
struggle  with  them  in  Aug.,  1536;  and  they  were  long  the 
most  formidable  enemies  of  the  colonists.  The  missiona^ 
ries  could  make  little  or  no  impression  on  them.  It  is 
somewhat  doubtful  if  the  modern  Payaguas  are  descended 
from  these. 

Payer  (pi'er),  Julius  von.  Born  at  SchSnau, 
near  Teplitz,  Bohemia,  Sept.  1, 1842.  An  Aus- 
trian arctic  explorer  and  painter.  He  took  part  in 
the  expedition  to  Greenland  1869-70,  and  in  the  exploration 
of  the  Arctic  Ocean  east  of  Spitzbergen  in  1871,  and  with 
Weyprecht  led  the  Tegethofl  expedition  (1872-74),  which 
discovered  Franz  Josef  Land. 

Payeme  (pa-yam'),  G.  Feterlingen  (pa'ter- 
Ung-en).  A  town  ia  the  canton  of  Vaud,  Swit- 
zerland, situated  on  the  Broye  25  miles  north- 
east of  Lausanne.  It  was  formerly  a  royal  Bur- 
gundian  residence. 

Fayn  (pan),  James.  Bom  Feb.  28,  1830: 
died  at  London,  March  25,  1898.  An  English 
novelist  and  poet.  He  became  editor  of  "  Cham- 
bers's Journal"  in  1858,  and  of  the  "Cornhill  Maga- 
zine "  in  1882.  He  published  poems  (1865),  and .  about 
100  novels,  including  "By  Proxy,"  "The  Heir  of  the 
Ages,"  etc. 

Payne  (pan),  Henry  B.  Born  Nov.  30,  1810; 
died  Sept.  9, 1896.  An  American  politician.  He 
was  an  unsuccessful  Democratic  candidate  for  governor 
of  Ohio  in  1857 ;  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from 
Ohio  1875-77 ;  was  a  member  of  the  Electoral  Commission 
in  1877 ;  and  was  United  States  senator  from  Ohio  1885-91. 

Payne,  John  jSoward.  Bom  at  New  York, 
June  9, 1791 :  died  at  Tunis,  April  9,  1852.  An 
American  dramatist,  actor,  and  song-writer. 
He  first  appeared  on  the  stage  at  New  York  in  1809,  and 
fulfilled  a  number  of  engagements  in  other  cities  as  "The 
American  Juvenile  Wonder,"  etc.  He  played  also  in  Eng- 
land and  Ireland,  part  of  the  time  with  Miss  O'Neill.  He 
retired  from  the  stage  in  1832,  and  was  in  Tunis  as  Ameri- 
can consul  1848-46  and  1851-52.  He  is  famous  as  the 
author  of  "Home,  Sweet  Home  "  (originally  in  the  opera 
of  "  Clari "),  and  was  author  and  translator  and  adapter  of 
more  than  60  plays. 

Fayojke  (pa-yoH-ka').  [Tehua, '  summer  peo- 
ple.'] One  of  the  two  very  ancient  subdivi- 
sions of  the  Tehua  tribe  of  New  Mexico,  said 
to  have  originated  when  the  Tehuas  came  out 
upon  the  surface  of  the  earth  at  the  lagoon  or 
cavern  of  Cibobe:  also  the  name  of  the  sum- 
mer cacique,  or  chief  penitent  for  summer,  of 
the  Tehua  tribes.  Every  pueblo  has  its  summer  ca- 
cique, as  well  as  its  ojique  or  winter  cacique.    Be  is  in 


Peace,  The 

power  from  the  vernal  to  the  autumnal  equinox.  But  in 
all  important  matters  of  religion  he  is  superior  to  the  wift. 
ter  cacique,  and  is  really  the  religious  head  of  the  tribes. 

Paysandii  (pi-san-do'),  formerly  San  Benito 
(san  ba-ne'to).  A  town  and  port  in  Uruguay 
situated  on  the  river  Uruguay  160  miles  nortli 
of  Buenos  Ayres.  It  was  taken  by  the  Bra,- 
zilians  after  a  bombardment,  Jan .  2, 1865.  Pop- 
ulation, about  13,000. 

Pays-Bas  (pa-e'ba').  [F., 'Low  Countries.'] 
The  French  name  of  the  Netherlands. 

Fays  de  Vaud.    See  Vaud. 

Payson  (pa'son),  Edward.  Bom  at  Rindge, 
N.  H.,  July  25,  1783 :  died  at  Portland,  Maine, 
Oct.  22,  1827.  An  American  Congregational 
divine,  pastor  in  Portland.  His  sermons,  with  me- 
moir  by  Cummings,  were  published  in  1846.  These  ser- 
mons are  said  to  be  read  more  than  those  of  any  other  New 
England  divine,  except  Dwlght. 

Payta  (pi'ta).  A  seaport  in  the  department  of 
Piura,  Peru,  situated  in  lat.  5°  12'  S.  Popula- 
tion (1889),  3,500. 

Faytiti,  or  Gran  Faytiti  (gran  pa-e-te'te).  A 
fabled  empire  said  to  have  been  established 
by  Incas  who  fled  from  Peru  after  the  conquest. 
Reports  located  it  somewhere  in  the  forests  of  northeastern 
Peru,  and  described  a  magnificent  capital  city  called  Yurac- 
huasi.  Various  expeditions  were  made  in  search  of  it 
during  the  17th  and  18th  centuries,  and  belief  in  its  present 
or  former  existence  has  not  yet  entirely  died  out.  Also  writ- 
ten Paiii  to".. 

Fayucha,    See  Paiute. 

Paz,  La.    See  La  Paz. 

Faz,  Mariano  Bivera.    See  Mivera  Paz. 

Paz  Soldan  (path  sol-dan'),  Mariano  Felipe. 

Bom  at  Arequipa,  Aug.,  1821:  died  at  Lima, 
Dec.  31,  1886.  A  Peruvian  geographer,  histo- 
rian, and  jurist.  He  held  various  civil  oflSces ;  was 
for  many  years  director  of  public  works ;  and  was  twice 
minister  of  justice.  The  Peruvian  penitentiary  system 
was  reformed  by  him  In  1856.  During  the  Chilean  occu- 
pation he  was  eddied,  residing  in  Buenos  Ayi  es.  His  works, 
which  are  very-  valuable,  include  "Atlas  geogrdfico  del 
Peril"  (Paris,  1861;  F.  edition,  1865),  accompanying  the 
"Geografia  del  Pem"of  his  brother  Mateo ;  "Historia  del 
Peril  Independiente"(1866);  "Diccionario  geogriflco  es- 
tadistico  del  Perii"  (1877);  "Diccionario  de  laRepilblica 
Argentina  "(1884);  and  "Historia  de  la Guerra del  Pacifico " 
(1884). 

Paz  Soldan,  Mateo.  Born  at  Arequipa,  1814: 
died  about  1872.  A  Peruvian  mathematician 
and  author,  brother  of  M.  P.  Paz  Soldan.  He 
published  several  mathematical  works  and  a  treatise  on 
the  geography  of  Peru. 

Paz  Soldan  y  Unanue  (e  6n-a'n6-a),  Pedro. 
Bom  at  Lima,  1839.  A  Peruvian  poet,  better 
known  by  the  pen-name  of  Juan  de  Arena.  His 
verses  are  generally  descriptive  of  Peruvian  country  life, 
and  many  of  them  are  humorous.  He  has  published  a 
work  "Peruanismos"  (on  local  words  and  phrases). 

Fazzi  (pat'se).  A  powerful  family  of  Florence, 
noted  for  their  unsuccessful  conspiracy  against 
the  Medici  in  1478. 

Feabody  (pe'bod-i).  A  town  in  Essex  County, 
Massachusetts,  14  miles  northeast  of  Boston. 
It  has  manufactures  of  leather,  morocco,  etc.  It  was 
separated  from  Danvers  in  1865.  "The  name  was  changed 
in  1868  from  South  Danvers  to  Peabody  in  honor  of  George 
Peabody.    Population  (1900),  11,623. 

Peabody,  Andrew  Preston.  Born  at  Beverley, 
Mass.,  March  19, 1811 :  died  March  10, 1893.  An 
American  Unitarian  clergyman  and  author. 
He  was  professor  of  Christian  morals  at  Harvard  1860-81, 
when  he  was  elected  professor  emeritus.  He  was  for  many 
years  editor  of  the  "  North  American  Review."  Among  his 
works  are  "Lectures  on  Christian  Doctrine  "  (1844),  "Con- 
versation" (1856X  "Christianity  the  Religion  of  Nature" 
(1864),  "Reminiscences  of  European  Travel" (1868),  "Man- 
ual of  Moral  Philosophy  "(1873), "  Christianity  and  Science  " 
(1874),  "Christian  Belief  and  Life"  (1875),  "Moral  Philoso- 
phy "  (1887),  "  Building  a  Character  "  (1887),  and ' '  Harvard 
Reminiscences  "  (1888). 

Peabody,  George.  Bom  at  Danvers,  Mass., 
Feb.  18, 1795 :  died  at  London,  Nov.  4, 1869.  An 
American  merchant  and  banker,  celebrated  as 
a  philanthropist.  He  settled  in  London  as  a  banker 
in  1837.  Among  his  benefactions  are  the  Peabody  Insti- 
tute in  Baltimore  (1857),  a  fund  for  education  in  the  South, 
gifts  to  Harvard  and  other  colleges,  to  the  working-men 
of  London,  etc. 

Peabody,  Nathaniel.  Bom  at  Topsfield,  Mass. , 
March  1, 1741:  died  at  Exeter,  N.  H.,  June  27, 
1823.  An  American  Revolutionary  oflcer,  a 
delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress. 

Peabody  Bay.  An  arm  of  Smith  Sound,  on  the 
northwestern  coast  of  Greenland. 

Peabody  Institute.  -An  institution  at  Balti- 
more, founded  by  George  Peabody,  and  contain- 
ing a  library,  conservatory  of  music,  art- 
gallery,  etc. 

Peace,  The.  A  comedy  of  Aristophanes,  ex- 
hibited in  419  B.  C.  Its  aim  was  to  commend  the  an- 
ticipated peace  of  Nicias.  In  it  an  Athenian,  Tivgteus, 
mounts  to  heaven  on  a  beetle,  finds  the  gods  pounding 
the  Greek  states  in  a  mortar,  and  succeeds  in  treeing  the 
imprisoned  goddess  of  peace. 


Peace  Conference 

Peace  Conference,  A  conference  proposed  by 
the  Czar  of  Russia  which  met  at  The  Hague, 
May  18,  1899.  it  urged  the  avoidance  of  force  as  far 
as  is  possible  in  international  relations,  adopted  rules  foi- 
international  arbitration,  and  established  a  permanent 
court  of  arbitration. 

Peace  of  Monsieur  (m6-sy6')-  [P-  -PaJ^  de  Mon^ 
situr.1  A  peace  forced  upon  Henry  IH.  of 
France  in  1576  by  a  combination  of  Huguenot^ 
the  Politiques,  and  the  Due  d'Alen9on  ("  Mon. 
sieur").  Great  concessions  were  made  to  the 
Huguenots  and  to  the  Due  d'Alen^on. 

Peace  of  Miinster  (mun'ster).  A  fine  painting 
by  Gerard  Terburg  (1648),  a  distinguished  Dutch 
master.  The  Spanish  plenipotentiaries  and  the  delegates 
of  the  United  Provinces  are  assembled,  and  are  listening 
to  the  reading  of  the  ratification  oath.  There  are  about  30 
figures,  all  portraits,  and  admirably  characterized  in  their 
minute  scale. 

Peace  River.  A  river  in  British  America  which 
rises  in  British  Columbia  and  flows  into  Lake 
Athabasca.    Length,  about  1,000  miles. 

Peachtree  Creek  (pech'tre  krek).  A  small 
tributary  of  the  Chattahoochee,  near  Atlanta, 
Georgia.  Here,  July  19-20, 1864,  the  Federals  under  Sher. 
man  defeated  the  Confederates  under  Hood. 

Peachum  (peeh'um).  A  noted  character  in 
Gay's  ' '  Beggar's  Opera."  He  is  a  receiver  of  stolen 
goods,  and  the  father  of  Polly  Peachum,  the  principal  fe- 
male character,  who  marries  the  highwayman  Macneath. 

Peacock,  Thomas  Love.  Bom  at  Weymouth, 
England,  Oct.  18, 1785:  died  at  Halliford,  Jan. 
23, 1866.  An  English  satirical  novelist  and  poet. 
He  was  intimately  associated  with  Shelley  and  Byron. 
His  style  is  egotistic  and  Babelaisian.  In  1816  he  pub- 
lished "  Headlong  Hall,"  followed  by  "Melincourt "  in  1817. 
He  published  "Nightmare  Abbey"  and  " Ehododaphne," 
a  volume  of  verse  (1818).  In  1819  he  was  made  assistant 
examiner  at  the  India  House,  and  in  1S36  he  succeeded 
Mill  as  chief  examiner.  "  Maid  Marian  "  appeared  in  1822, 
"  The  Misfortunes  of  Blphin  "  in  1829,  "  Crotchet  Castle  " 
in  1831,  and  "  Gryll  Grange  "  in  1860.  He  was  much  inter- 
ested in  steam  navigation  to  India. 

Peacock,  The.    See  Pcwo. 

Peak  (pek),  The.  A  hilly  region,  principallyin 
Derbyshire,  England,  it  extends  from  Glossop  to 
Ashbourne  north  and  south,  and  from  Chesterfield  to  Bux- 
ton east  and  west,  and  contains  some  picturesque  scenery. 
Highest  point,  Kinderscout  (2,080  feet). 

Peak  Cavern.    A  noted  stalactite  cave  in  the 
Peak  of  Derby,  England,  situated  near  Castle- 
ton.    Length,  2,000  feet. 
Peaks  of  Otter  (offer).  Two  peaks  of  the  Blue 
Ridge  in  Virginia.    Height,  about  4,000  feet. 
Peale  (pel),  Charles  Willson.  Bom  at  Chester- 
town,  Md.,  April  16, 1741 :  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Feb.  22,  1827.    An  American  portrait-painter. 
Peale,  Bembrandt,     Bom  in  Bucks  County, 
Pa  ,  Feb.  22, 1778:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Oct. 
3, 1860.    An  American  painter,  chiefly  of  por- 
traits, son  of  C.  "W.  Peale. 
Pearce  (pers),  James  Alfred.    Bom  at  Alex- 
andria, Va.,  Dec.  14, 1805:  died  at  Chestertown, 
Md.,  Dec.  20,  1862.    An  American  Democratic 
politician.-    He  was  member  of  Congress  from 
Marylandl835-39  andl841-43,  andUnited  States 
senator  1843-62. 
Pea  Ridge  (pe  rij).   A  place  in  Benton  County, 
northwestern  Arkansas,  near  the  Missouri  bor- 
der.   Here,  March  7-^,  1862,  the  Federals  (10,500)  under 
Curtis  defeated  the  Confederates  (16,202)  under  Van  Dorn. 
The  Federal  loss  was  1,384 ;  the  Confederate  loss  was  1,300. 
Pearl  (p6ri).  A  river  in  Mississippi  which  forms 
in  its  lower  course  part  of  the  boundary  between 
Mississippi  and  Louisiana,  and  flows  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  40  miles  north-northeast  of  New 
Orleans.    Length,  over  300  miles. 
Pearl  Coast.    [Sp.  Costa  de  Perlas.'\    A  name 
given  by  the  early  Spanish  explorers  to  the  coast 
of  Venezuela  from  Cumand  to  Trinidad.  Colum- 
bus (1498)  and  Ojeda  and  Nifio  (1499-1500)  first  visited  this 
region  and  obtained  pearls  from  the  Indians ;  subsequently 
extensive  pearl-fisheries  were  established,  especially  at 
the  islands  oft  the  coast. 
Pearl  Islands.     1.  An  old  name  for  islands  off 
the  coast  of  Venezuela  (Margarita,  Cubagua, 
etc.). — 3.  A  group  of  small  islands  belonging 
to  Colombia,  in  the  Bay  of  Panama :  so  named 
by  Balboa  in  1513. 
Pearl  River.    See  Canton  Biver. 
Pearls,  Gulf  of,    A  name  given  by  Columbus 
to  the  Gulf  of  Paria;  Venezuela. 
Pearson  (per'son),  John,    Born  at  Great  Snor- 
ing, Norfolk,  England,  Feb.  28,  1612:  died  at 
Chester,  July  16, 1686.    An  English  bishop  and 
theological  writer.   He  entered  Cambridge  University 
(Queens  College),  June  10, 1631 ;  took  orders  in  1639 ;  and 
in  1640  was  chaplain  to  Lord  Keeper  Finch.    In  1669  he 
published  the  "Exposition  of  the  Creed."    In  1661  he  was 
one  of  the  commissioners  on  the  review  of  the  liturgy  at 
the  Savoy.  On  April  14, 1662,  he  was  appointed  master  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  and  in  1873  he  was  made 
bishop  of  Chester. 


789 

Peary  (pe'ri),  Robert  Edwin.  Bom  in  1854. 
An  American  arctic  explorer,  and  civil  engineer 
in  the  United  States  navy,  in  1886  he  made  a  jour- 
ney of  reconnoissance  to  Greenland,  advancing  for  a 
hundred  mites  or  more  upon  the  interior  ice.  In  June, 
1891,  as  chief  of  the  arctic  expedition  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  he  sailed  from  New  York 
in  the  Kite,  and  made  his  headquarters  at  MoCormick  Bay, 
on  the  northwest  coast  of  Greenland.  He  made  sledge  ex- 
cursions along  Whale  Sound,  Inglefleld  Gulf,  and  Hum- 
boldt Glacier ;  traversed  the  inland  ice  from  McCormick 
Bay  to  the  northeast  angle  of  Greenland  (Independence 
Bay,  lat.  81°  37'  N.);  and  proved  the  convergence  of  the  east- 
ern and  western  coasts  of  northern  Greenland,  and  almost 
with  positiveness  the  insularity  of  the  mainland.  He  dis- 
covered new  lands  (Melville  Land,  Heilprin  Land)  lying  be- 
yond Greenland,  and  named  many  glaciers.  In  Sept.,  1892, 
he  returned.  In  July,  1893,  he  sailed  again,  in  the  Falcon, 
intending  to  survey  the  northeastern  coast  of  Greenland, 
and  if  possible  to  push  on  toward  the  north  pole.  ^He 
was  unsuccessful  and  returned  in  September,  1895.  In 
1898  he  again  returned  to  the  attack  upon  the  pole.  He 
made  his  winter  quarters  at  Etah,  near  Smith  Sound,  and 
•  established  caches  of  supplies  as  far  as  Fort  Conger.  In  the 
spring  of  1900  he  set  out  from  Fort  Conger,  and  traced  the 
northern  limit  of  the  Greenland  archipelago,  reaching  the 
highest  latitude  (83°  BC  N.)  then  attained  on  the  western 
hemisphere.  Hisintentionwastorenewtheattempt  toreach 
thepoleeachspringuntilitshouldsucceed.  Buthereturned 
in  Sept.,  1902,  having  reached  lat.  84°  17'  N.  Hiswite,  Jose- 
phine Dlebitsch  Peary,  author  of  "My  Arctic  Journal" 
(1393),acoompanied  the  expeditions  of  1891-92,1893-94,and 
1900-01  (relief  expedition)  as  far  as  the  winter  quarters. 

Peasant  Bard,  The.    Robert  Bums. 

Peasants'  War,  The,  An  insurrection  of  the 
peasantry  in  southern  Germany  against  the  no- 
bles and  clergy,  it  broke  out  in  1624,  and  spread 
through  Franconia,  Swabia,  Thuringia,  and  Alsace,  being 
suppressed  with  great  cruelty  in  May  and  June,  1525.  See 
Jfunzer  and  Frankenhausen. 

Peas-blossom  (pez'blos'''om).  A  fairy  in  "A- 
Midsummer  Night's  Dream,"  by  Shakspere. 

Pease  (pez),  Calvin,  Bom  at  Canaan,  Conn., 
Aug.  12, 1813 :  died  at  Burlington,  Vt.,  Sept.  17, 
1863.  An  American  Congregational  (later  Pres- 
byterian) clergyman,  president  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Vermont  1855-61. 

Pe-chi-li,    See  PetchUi 

Pecht  (pecht),  Friedrich,  Bom  at  Constance, 
Baden,  Oct.  2,  1814.  A  German  painter  and 
writer  on  art.  Among  his  works  is  "Galleries 
of  Characters  from  Schiller,  Goethe,  Lessing^ 
and  Shakspere." 

Pechuel-Losche  (pesh'wel  le'she),  Moritz  Ed- 
uard.  Bom  near  Merseburg,  July  26, 1840.  A 
German  traveler.  He  visited  the  'West  Indies,  Oceania, 
and  the  Arctic  and  Antarctic  seas.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
German  scientific  expedition  to  Loango,  West  Africa,  1874- 
1876.  In  1882  he  was  Stanley's  substitute  on  the  Kongo. 
In  1884  he  was  in  Bamaraland. 

Peck  (pek),  John  James.  Bom  at  Manlius, 
N.Y.,  Jan.  4, 1821:  died  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  April 
21,1878.  An  American  general.  He  served  in  the 
Mexican  war,  and  in  the  Peninsular  campaign  in  the  Civil 
War,  and  was  in  command  of  the  national  troops  in  Vir- 
ginia, south  of  the  James,  1862-63. 

Peck,  William  Guy.  Bom  at  Litchfield,  Conn., 
Oct.  16,  1820:  died  at  Greenwich,  Conn.,  Feb,' 
7,  1892.  An  American  mathematician.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1844,  and  was  assistant 
professor  of  mathematics  at  West  Point  1847-55,  He  was 
professor  in  Columbia  College  from  1857  until  his  death. 

Pecksniff  (pek'snif ) .  A  notorious  hypocrite  in 
Dickens's  "  Martin  Chuzzle  wit."  He  has  two  daugh- 
ters :  Mercy  (Merry);  married  to  Jonas  Chuzzlewit ;  and 
Charity  (Cheiry),  who  is  a  victim  of  misplaced  affection. 

Pecock  (pe'kok),  Reginald,  Lived  in  the  15th 
century.  An  English  prelate.  He  was  bishop  of 
St.  Asaph  1444-49,  and  of  Chichester  1450-59 :  author  of 
"Repressor  of  Overmuch  Blaming  of  the  Clergy."  Op- 
posing the  Itoman  tenets  in  1457,  he  was  deprived  in  1459. 

Pecorone  (pa-ko-ro'ne),  H,  [It.,  'sheepshead' 
or  'dunce.']  A  collection  of  50  tales  by  Ser 
Giovanni  Fiorentino.  He  began  to  write  them  in 
1376,  but  the  book  was  not  published  till  1558  at  Milan. 
The  stories  were  mostly  drawn  from  the  chronicles  of  Gio- 
vanni Villani.  Painter,  in  his  "Palace  of  Pleasure,"  and 
subsequent  writers  are  indebted  to  it. 

Pecos  (pa'kos).  A  river  of  New  Mexico  and 
Texas  which  joins  the  Eio  Grande  about  lat.  29° 
40'  N.,  long.  101°  20'  W.  Length,  700-800  miles. 

Pecos,  [A  corruption  of  Paqiiiu,  the  name,  in 
the  Jemez  language,  of  the  tribe  of  Pecos.]  A 
now  ruined  Indian  village  25  miles  southeast 
of  Santa  F6,  New  Mexico,  its  aboriginal  name  was 
Tshimiite  (written  Ciomque  by  the  older  Spanish  chroni- 
clers). It  was  in  1540  the  largest  Indian  village  or  pueblo 
in  New  Mexico,  containing  a  population  of  about  2,000 
souls,  which  formed  an  independent  tribe  speaking  the 
same  language  as  the  Indians  of  Jemez.  In  1680  the  Pe- 
cos rebelled  with  the  others,  but  surrendered  peaceably  to 
Vargas  in  1692,  and  thereafter  remained  loyal  to  Spain. 
The  site  of  Pecos  is  marked  by  interesting  ruins,  includ- 
ing those  of  a  large  church,  founded  in  the  beginning  of 
the  17th  century. 

Pedee.    See  Great  Pedee. 

Pedemal  (pa-der-nal').  [Sp.,  'stone-place.'] 
The  name  of  two  heights  in  New  Mexico,  one  of 
them  lyingeast  of  the  salt-lakes  of  the  Manzano, 


Peebles 

in  eastern  central  New  Mexico,  and  the  other 
northwest  of  Abiquiu  in  northern  New  Mexico. 
The  latter  is  distinguished  by  its  form,  which  is  that  of  a 
truncated  cone,  and  by  the  abundance  of  arrowheads  of 
fiint  found  on  and  about  it. 

Pedo,  Albinovanus  (al-bi-no-va'nus  pe'do).  A 
Roman  poet,  of  the  Augustan  age :  author  of  a 
poem  entitled  "  Theseis,"  of  an  epic  poem  on 
contemporary  history,  and  of  epigrams. 

Pedrarias,    See  Avild,  Pedro  Arias  de. 

Pedraza  (pad-ra'tha),  Manuel  Gomez,  Bom 
at  Quer^taro  about  1788 :  died  in  Mexico  City, 
May  14,  1851.  A  Mexican  general  and  politi- 
cian. He  was  secretary  of  war  under  Victoria,  1826-29, 
and  was  elected  to  succeed  him,  but  the  election  was  an- 
nulled. Pedraza  took  part  in  the  revolts  of  1832,  and  was 
eventually  president  during  the  last  months  of  his  legal 
term,  Dec.  26, 1832,  to  April  1, 1833.  He  held  cabinet  posi- 
tions under  Santa  Anna ;  was  a  senator  1844 ;  and  was  a 
presidential  candidate  in  1845  and  1860. 

Pedro  (pe'dro ;  Sp.  pron.  pa'dro)  II.  King  of 
Aragon  1196-1213. 

Pedro  III.  King  of  Aragon  1276-85.  He  be- 
came king  of  Sicily  on  the  expulsion  of  the 
French  in  1282. 

Pedro  IV.  King  of  Aragon  1336-87,  son  of  Al- 
fonso IV.  He  annexed  the  Balearic  Isles  in 
1343. 

Pedro  I,  (Dom  Antonio  Pedro  de  Alcantara 
Bourbon),  Bom  at  Lisbon,  Oct.  12, 1798 :  died 
there,  Sept.  24,  1834.  First  emperor  of  Brazil. 
He  was  the  second  son  of  Bom  Joao,  who  became  John  VI. 
of  Portugal  in  1816 ;  and,  by  the  death  of  his  elder  brother, 
was  heir  apparent.  In  1807  he  was  taken  to  Brazil  with 
the  royal  family.  His  father  assumed  the  crown  there,  and 
returned  to  Portugal  April  26, 1821,  leaving  Dom  Pedro 
as  regent  of  BrazU.  Early  in  1822  the  prince  assumed  the 
leadership  of  the  party  of  opposition  to  Portugal,  defi- 
nitely pronounced  for  independence  Sept.  7,  and  was  pro- 
claimed emperor  Oct.  12  and  crowned  Dec.  1.  The  only 
serious  resistance  made  by  Portugal  was  in  the  northern 
provinces,  and  was  soon  overcome ;  in  1825  Portugal  recog- 
nized the  independence  of  Brazil.  The  popularity  of  the 
emperor,  at  first  very  great,  was  weakened  by  his  reaction- 
ary policy  in  1823,  and  especially  by  his  forcible  dissolu- 
tion of  the  constituent  assembly  Nov.  12,  1823,  and  the 
banishment  of  the  Andradas.  On  March  26, 1824,  he  ac- 
cepted a  constitution  which  had  been  prepared  by  a  coun- 
cil of  state,  and  which  remained  in  force  during  the  em- 
pire. In  1828  the  Cisplatine  Province,  or  Uruguay,  be- 
came independent  after  three  yeai'S  of  war  with  Brazil. 
The  increasing  opposition  to  the  emperor's  policy  at  length 
provoked  popular  tumults.  Convinced  that  he  could  no 
longer  rule,  he  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son,  April  7, 1831, 
and  soon  after  sailed  for  England.  On  the  death  of  John 
VI.  (1826)  he  had  been  proclaimed  king  of  Portugal,  but 
had  resigned  the  crown  in  favor  of  his  daughter,  whom  the 
usurpation  of  Dom  Miguel  had  deprived  of  her  rights. 
On  his  arrival  in  Europe  Dom  Pedro  at  once  headed  a 
movement  in  his  daughter's  favor,  taking  a  personal  part 
in  the  war  in  Portugal.  He  was  finally  successful,  and  his 
daughter  was  crowned,  but  he  died  two  days  after.  He 
was  twice  married :  in  1818  to  the  archduchess  Maria  Leo- 
poldina  of  Austria,  who  died  in  Dec,  1826 ;  and  in  1829  to 
the  princess  Amelia  of  Leuchtenberg. 

Pedro  II.  (Pom  Pedro  de  Alcantara),    Bom 

at  Eio  de  Janeiro,  Dec.  2,  1825:  died  at  Paris, 
Dec.  5, 1891.  Son  of  Pedro  I.,  and  second  em- 
peror of  Brazil.  His  father  resigned  in  his  favor  April 
7, 1831.  During  his  minority  Brazil  was  governed  by  re. 
gents ;  his  majority  was  proclaimed  July  23, 1840,  and  he 
was  crowned  July  18, 1841.  He  was  married  in  1843  to  the 
X)rincess  Theresa  Christina,  sister  of  the  King  of  the  Sici- 
lies. His  male  children  died  young,  and  his  eldest  daugh- 
ter. Dona  Izabel  de  Bragan^a,  became  his  constitutional 
successor.  The  princip^  events  of  his  reign  were :  Tran- 
sient rebellions  in  Minas  Geraes  and  Sao  Paulo,  1842  ;  re- 
bellion in  Eio  Grande  do  Sul  finally  suppressed,  Feb.,  1845 ; 
rebellion  in  Pemambuco  suppressed,  1849 ;  alliance  with 
Urquiza  and  war  in  Uruguay,  May,  1851,  leading  to  the 
victory  of  Monte-Caseros,  Feb.  3, 1852,  by  which  Sosas,  dic- 
tator of  Buenos  Ayres,  was  overthrown ;  invasion  of  Uru- 
guay and  alliance  with  Flores,  1864  ;  war  with  Paraguay, 
1866-70  (see  Triple  Alliance) ;  law  passed  for  the  gradual 
abolition  of  slavery,  Sept.,  1871 ;  slavery  finally  abolished 
as  the  result  of  a  remarkable  popular  movement.  May  13, 
1888.  Dom  Pedro  visited  Europe  May,  1871,-March,  1872  ; 
visited  the  United  States  1876,  passing  thence  to  Europe, 
Palestine,  and  Egypt,  and  returning  in  Sept.,  1877 ;  and 
visited  Europe  a  third  time  1886-89 :  in  each  case  he  trav- 
eled as  a  private  gentleman,  and  during  his  absence  the 
princess  Izabel  acted  as  regent.  By  a  revolution  which 
broke  out  Nov.  15, 1889  (the  principal  movers  being  army 
officers),  he  was  forced  to  resign,  and  was  immediately  sent 
to  Europe.  The  ex-empress  died  in  Portugal,  Dec.  28, 1889, 
and  thereafter  Dom  Pedro  resided  generally  in  France. 
As  a  ruler  he  was  noted  for  the  protection  which  he  ac- 
corded to  science  and  literature,  and  he  was  greatly  re- 
spected both  at  home  and  abroad. 
Pedro,  sumamed  "  The  Cruel."  Born  at  Burgos, 
Spain,  1334:  killed  March  23,  1369.  King  of 
Castile  and  Leon  1350-69,  son  of  Alfonso  XI. 
with  the  aid  of  the  Black  Prince  he  defeated  his  brother 
Henry  of  Trastamare  at  Navarrete  in  1367,  but  was  defeated 
and  captured  by  him  at  Montiel,  March  14, 1369.  He  was 
put  to  death  by  Henry,  who  ascended  the  throne. 

Pedro  I.  Bom  1320 :  died  1367.  King  of  Portu- 
gal 1357-67,  son  of  Alfonso  IV.  He  is  noted  in  con- 
nection with  the  story  of  Ines  de  Castro  (see  Castro,  Ines  de), 

Pedro,  Don.  In  Shakspere's  ' '  Much  Ado  about 
Nothing,"  the  Prince  of  Arragon. 

Peebles  (pe'blz).  1.  A  county  in  the  south  of 
Scotland,    it  is  bounded  by  Edinburgh  on  the  north. 


Peebles 

Selkirk  on  the  east,  Dumfries  on  the  south,  and  Lanark  on 
the  west.  The  surface  is  hilly.  It  is  sometimes  called 
Tweeddale,  from  its  containing  the  valley  of  the  upper 
Tweed.  Area,  365  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  14,760. 
2.  The  county  town  of  Peebles  County,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Eddlestone  Water  and  the 
Tweed,  21  miles  south  of  Edinburgh,  it  was  at 
one  time  a  royal  residence.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Wil- 
liam and  Robert  Chambers.  Population  (1891),  4,704. 
Peekskill  (pek'skil).  A  village  in  the  town- 
ship of  Cortland,  Westchester  County,  New 
York,  situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Hudson, 
40  miles  north  of  New  York.  It  has  iron  man- 
ufactures. Population  (1900),  10,358. 
Peel  (pel).  A  river  in  British  America  which 
joins  the  Mackenzie  at  its  delta.  Length,  about 
300  miles. 
Peel.  A  fishing  town  on  the  western  coast  of 
the  Isle  of  Man,  Great  Britain,  10  miles  north- 
west of  Douglas.  It  has  a  castle  and  a  ruined 
cathedral.  Population,  about  3,500. 
Peel,  Arthur  Wellesley,  first  Viscount  Peel. 
Born  Aug.  3,  1829.  An  English  politician,  son 
of  Sir  Robert  Peel :  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons  1884-95. 

Peel  (pal).  De.  An  extensive  peat  moor  on  the 
borders  of  the  provinces  of  North  Brabant  and 
Limburg,  Netherlands. 
Peel  (pel),  Jonathan.  Bom  Oct.  12, 1799 :  died 
Feb.  13, 1879.  An  English  general  and  politi- 
cian, brother  of  Sir  Eobert  Peel  (1788-1850). 
He  entered  the  army  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
general.  He  entered  Parliament  in  1826;  was  surveyor- 
general  of  the  ordnance  1841-46 ;  and  was  secretary  of  war 
1868-69  and  1865-67. 
Peel,  Sir  Robert.  Bom  near  Bury,  Lancashire, 
Feb.  5, 1788:  died  at  London,  July  2,  1850.  A 
noted  English  statesman.  He  was  the  son  of  Sir 
Robert  Peel,  a  calico-printer.  He  graduated  at  Oxford 
(Christ  Church)  in  1808,  and  in  1809  was  elected  member 
of  Parliament  for  Cashel.  He  followed  with  his  father 
the  Tory  party.  In  1811  he  became  under-secretary  for 
the  colonies,  and  was  secretary  for  Ireland  1812-18.  He 
opposed  Catholic  emancipation,  and  Instituted  the  regular 
Irish  constabulary  (nicknamed  "  Peelers,"  a  name  also  ex- 
tended to  the  police  generally).  He  was  member  of  Par- 
liament tor  the  University  of  Oxford  in  1817,  but  was  out 
of  office  from  1818  to  1822.  On  May  24, 1819,  he  delivered 
a  notoble  speech  on  the  Cash  Payments  Act.  In  1822  he 
was  appointed  home  secretary  under  Lord  Liverpool,  and 
retained  the  office  until  1827.  In  1828  he  was  appointed 
home  secretary  under  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  and  made 
leader  of  the  House  of  Commons.  In  1829  he  changed  his 
position  and  proposed  Catholic  emancipation.  He  won 
back  his  position  in  the  Tory  party  by  his  resistance  to  the 
Reform  Bill.  After  the  passing  of  this  bill  he  was  left 
with  a  following  of  only  160,  the  nucleus  of  the  modem 
Conservative  party.  In  1834  he  became  prime  minister, 
first  lord  of  the  treasury,  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer ; 
he  resigned  in  1835.  In  1841  he  was  again  prime  minister 
and  first  lord  of  the  treasury.  He  became  a  free-trader,  and 
on  Jan.  27, 1848,  moved  the  repeal  of  the  corn-laws,  which 
was  carried.  He  resigned  June  29,  1846. 
Peele  (pel),  George.  Bom  1558:  died  1598.  An 
English  dramatist  and  poet.  He  graduated  at  Ox- 
ford in  1577.  He  is  said  to  have  lived  a  disreputable  life. 
He  published  the  "Arraignment  of  Paris  "(1684),  the 
"Chronicle  History  of  Edward  I."  (1593),  "The  Battle  of 
Alcazar  "  (1594),  "The  Old  Wives'  Tale  "  (1695X  "  David  and 
Bethsabe  "  (1699),  etc. 

Peele  Castle.  A  castle  in  the  Isle  of  Man.  It 
is  the  subject  of  a  noted  poem  by  Wordsworth. 

Peelites(pe'lits).  [Named  from  Sir  Eobert  Peel.] 
In  British  politics,  a  political  party  existing  after 
the  repeal  of  the  corn-laws  in  1846.  Originally(ln 
large  part)  Tories,  but  free-traders  and  adherents  of  Sir 
Robert  Peel,  they  formed  for  several  years  a  group  inter- 
mediate between  the  Protectionist  Tories  and  the  Liberals. 
Several  of  them  took  office  in  the  Aberdeen  administra- 
tion (1862-65),  and  Gladstone,  Sidney  Herbert,  and  others 
eventually  joined  the  Liberal  party, 

Peene(pa'ne).  AriverinMeoklenburg-Schwerin 
and  Pomerania,  Prussia,  which  unites  with  the 
western  arm  of  the  Pomeranian  Haff,  and  flows 
into  the  Baltic  26  miles  east  by  south  of  Stral- 
sund.     Length,  about  90  miles. 

Peeping  Tom  of  Coventry.  Aman  of  Coventry, 
England,  celebrated  in  the  legend  of  (jrodiva. 
See  Godiva,  Lady. 

Peep  o'  Day  Boys.  A  Presbyterian  faction  in 
the  north  of  Ireland  about  1785-90,  opposed  to 
the  Roman  Catholic  "Defenders."  They  were 
closely  allied  to  the  Orangemen. 

Peerybingle  (pe'ri-bing-gl),  Mrs.  The  wife  of 
a  carrier  in  Dickens's  "  Cricket  on  the  Hearth  " : 
a  blithe  cheery  little  woman  called  "Dot." 

Pegasus  (peg'a-sus).  [Gr.  U^yaaog,  traditionally 
derived  from  n?iy^,  a  spring,  "because  he  came 
into  existence  at  the  fountains  of  Ocean  "  (He- 
siod).]  1.  In  classical  mythology,  the  winged 
horse  of  the  Muses,  sprung  from  the,  blood  of 
Medusa  when  slain  by  Perseus.  With  a  stroke  of  his 
hoof  he  was  fabled  to  have  caused  to  well  forth,  on  Mount 
Helicon  in Boeotia,  the  poetically  inspiringfountainHippo- 
crene.  He  was  ultimately  changed  into  a  constellation. 
2.  One  of  the  ancient  northern  constellations. 
The  figure  represents  the  forward  half  of  a  winged  horse. 


790 

The  center  of  the  constellation  is  about  20  degrees  north  of 
the  equator,  and  4  bright  stars  in  it  form  a  large  square. 

Peggotty  (peg'o-ti).  The  faithful  nurse  of 
David  Copperfield  in  Dickens's  novel  of  that 
name.    She  marries  Barkis,  who  "  is  willin'." 

Pegli  (pel'ye).  A  watering-place  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Genoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of 
Genoa  6  miles  west  of  Genoa. 

Pegnitz  (peg'nits).  A  head  stream  of  the  river 
Regnitz  (which  see)  in  Bavaria. 

Pego  (pa'go).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Ali- 
cante, eastern  Spain,  45  miles  south-southeast 
of  Valencia.    Population  (1887),  6,507. 

Pe^am  (pe'gram),  John.  Bom  in  Virginia, 
1832 :  killed  Feb.  6,  1865.  A  Confederate  gen- 
eral in  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia. 

Pegu  (pe-go').  1.  A  division  of  British  Burma, 
in  the  lower  valley  of  the  Irawadi,  formerly  an 
independent  realm,  it  was  annexed  by  the  British 
after  the  war  of  1852-53.  Area,  9,299  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation  (1891),  1,456,489. 

2.  A  town  in  the  division  of  Pegu,  situated  on 
the  river  Pegu  about  50  miles  north  of  Rangoon, 
Population  (1891),  10,762. 

Pehtsik,    See  Petsik. 

Pehuenches  (pa-wan-chas').  [Indian jpeAjjerecfee, 
dwellers  in  the  pine  forest.]  A  name  given  to 
a  portion  of  the  Araucanian  Lidians  of  Chile  who 
lived  in  the  mountainous  region  of  the  west. 
They  were  the  most  numerous  division  of  the  tribe,  and 
from  them  most  of  the  modem  Araucanians  are  descended. 
The  modem  Pehuenches  include  Indians  of  the  same  stock 
on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Andes,  in  the  territory  of  Neu- 
quen,  Argentine  Republic. 

Peihai,  or  Peihoi.    See  Palchoi, 

Pei-ho  (pa-ho').  Ariverintheprovinceof  Chi-U, 
northern  China,  which  unites  with  the  Yun-ho 
at  Tientsin  and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Pe-chi-li. 
Length,  over  300  miles. 

Pei-ho  Forts.  Fortifications  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Pei-ho  River,  China.  They  were  taken  by  the  English 
and  French  forces  in  1868  and  1860.  An  attempt  to  pass 
them  in  1859  was  repulsed. 

Peile  (pel),  John.  Bom  at  Whitehaven,  Cum- 
berland, April  24,  1838.  An  English  compara- 
tive philologist.  He  became  master  of  Christ  College, 
Cambridge,  in  1887.  He  has  published  "An  Introduction 
to  Greek  and  Latin  Etymology"  (1869),  etc. 

Peine  (pi'ne).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Han- 
nover, Prussia,  21  miles  east  by  south  of  Han- 
nover.   Population  (1890),  10,105. 

PeipUS  (pi'pos),  Lake.  A  lake  in  western  Rus- 
sia, surrounded  bj;  the  governments  of  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, Pskoff,  Livonia,  andEsthonia.  Itiscon- 
nected  on  the  south  with  Lake  Pskoff.  Its  outlet  is  by  the 
Narva  into  the  Gulf  of  Finland.  Length,  about  60  miles 
(including  Lake  Pskoff,  about  90  miles). 

Peiraeus.    See  Pirseus. 

Peirce  (p6rs),  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Salem, Mass., 
April 4, 1809:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Oct.  6, 
1880.  A  distinguished  American  mathemati- 
cian and  astronomer.  He  became  tutor  of  mathemat- 
ics at  Harvard  in  1831,  and  professor  of  mathematics  there 
in  1833,  and  also  of  astronomy  in  1842.  He  was  superin- 
tendent of  the  United  States  Coast  Survey  1867-74.  Among 
his  most  notable  researches  are  those  on  Neptune  and  on 
Saturn's  rings.  He  published  text-books  on  trigonometry, 
geometry,  algebra,  etc.,  "Analytic  Mechanics  "  (1867),  "Lin- 
ear Associative  Algebra "(1870),  "Ideality  in  tne  Physical 
Sciences"  (1881),  etc. 

Peirce,  Charles  Sanders.  Bom  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Sept.  10, 1839.  A  noted  American  phys- 
icist, mathematician,  and  logician:  son  of  Ben- 
jamin Peirce.  He  was  for  many  years  connected  with 
the  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey ;  and  has  been 
lecturer  on  logic  at  Harvard  and  at  the  Johns  Hopkins 
University. 

Peirce,  Ebenezer  Weaver.  Bom  at  Freetown, 
Mass.,  April  5, 1822.  An  American  general  and 
historical  writer.  He  has  published  "The  Peirce  Fam- 
ily of  the  Old  Colony  "  (1870)  and  "Indian  History,  Biog- 
raphy,  and  Genealogy"  (1878),  and  edited  "Civil,  Military, 
and  Professional  Lists  of  Plymouth  and  Rhode  Island  Col- 
onies, etc."  (1880). 

Peirce,  James  Mills.  Bom  at  Cambridge,Mass., 
May  1, 1834.  An  American  mathematician,  son 
of  Benjamin  Peirce .  He  has  been  professor  of  astron- 
omy and  mathematics  in  Harvard  University  since  1885. 
Among  his  works  are  "A  Text-Book  of  Analytical  Geome- 
try "  (1857)  and  "  The  Elements  of  Logarithms  "  (1873). 

Peissenberg  (pis'sen-berG),  Hohe.  A  mountain 
in  southern  Bavaria,  35  miles  southwest  of  Mu- 
nich. On  account  of  the  extensive  view  from  It,  it  is  some- 
times called  "the  Bavarian  Rigi."    Height,  3,240  feet. 

Peiwar  (pi-war'),  or  Paiwar,  Pass.  A  pass  in 
Afghanistan,  about  60  miles  southeast  of  Kabul. 
Here,  1878,  the  British  forces  under  Roberts 
defeated  the  Afghans. 

Peizoto  (pa-sh6't§),  Floriano.  Bom  April  30, 
1842:  died  June  29,  1895.  A  Brazilian  states- 
man. He  supported  Fonseca  in  the  revolution  of  1889 ;  was 
elected  vice-president  1891 ;  and  by  Fonseca's  forced  resig- 
nation, Nov.  23, 1891,  became  president.  Many  Brazilians 
were  strongly  opposed  to  having  a  military  president,  and 


Peleus 

it  was  claimed  that  Felxoto  was  scheming  to  be  his  own 
successor :  in  consequence  congress  passed  a  bill  which 
made  this  succession  impossible.  President  Peixoto  vetoed 
the  bill  on  constitutional  grounds,  but  his  action  caused 
much  ill  feeling,  and  revolts  broke  out,  principally  in  the 
south.  In  Sept.,  1893,  the  naval  force  at  Eio  de  Janeiro 
revolted,  holding  the  bayfor  many  months,  bombarding  the 
city  at  intervals,  and  tiUting  Santa  Catharina.  (See  Mello, 
CiislodioJoaide.)  Peixoto  proclaimed  a  state  of  siege,  many 
arrests  were  made,  and  a  fieet  of  war  vessels  was  ordered 
from  the  United  States  and  Europe.  On  the  arrival  of  these 
the  naval  rebellion  was  suppressed  (March  and  April,  1894). 
Meanwhile  a  presidential  election  was  held,  and  a  civil- 
ian, Prudente  Moraes  (supported  by  the  government),  was 
elected  for  the  term  beginning  Nov.  15, 1894.  President 
Peixoto  bad  the  military  rank  of  marshal. 

Peixoto,  Ignacio  Jos6  de  Alvarenga.    See 

Alvarenga  Peixoto. 

Pekah  (pe'ka).  King  of  Israel  736-734  B.  c. 
(Dunoker). 

Pekahiah  (pek-a-hi'a).  King  of  Israel  738-736 
B.  c.  (Dunoker)',  son'of  Menanem. 

Pekin  (pe'Mn).  Acity,eapital  of  Tazewell  Coun- 
ty, Illinois,  situated  on  the  Illinois  River  54 
miles  north  of  Springfield.     Pop.  (1900),  8,420. 

Peking  (pe-kiug'),  or  Pekin  (pe-Mn')  ('north- 
ern capital') :  proper  admini  s  trati  ve  name  Shun- 
tien-fu  (shon'tyen'fo'),  literary  name  Yen 
(yen).  The  capital  of  the  Chinese  empire,  situ- 
ated in  lat.  39°  55' N.,  long.  116°27'E.  Itconsists 
of  the  Tatar  Cityandthe  Chinese  City.  The  imperial  palace 
in  the  "Purple  Forbidden  City,"  Bell  Tower,  and  Dram 
Tower  (all  in  the  Tatar  City),  and  the  Temple  of  Heaven 
(in  the  Chinese  City),  are  noteworthy.  Peking  became  one 
of  the  capitals  of  the  Ehitan  Tatars  in  the  end  of  the  10th 
century ;  was  rebuilt  by  Eublai  Khan  ;  and  has  been  sole 
capital  since  the  beginning  of  the  15th  century.  It  was 
unsuccessfully  attacked  by  the  Taiping  forces  in  1856. 
The  English  and  French  troops  entered  it  in  1860,  and  it 
was  captured  by  the  allied  European  and  American  forces 
Aug.  14,  1900.  The  population,  variously  estimated  at 
from  500,000  to  1,600,000,  probably  does  not  greatly  exceed 
the  lower  of  these  estimates. 

Peking,  Peace  of.  A  treaty  negotiated  at  Pe- 
king in  Oct.,  1860,  between  China  on  one  side 
and  Great  Britain  and  France  on  the  other. 
China  ratified  the  treaty  of  Tientsin,  paid  indemnities, 
and  made  other  concessions. 

Pelaez.    See  Garda  Pelciez. 

Pelagia  (pe-la'ji-a).  Saint.  [Gx.Uelayla.']  1.  A 
martyr  of  Antioch,  about  300  A.D. — 2.  Amartyr 
of  Tarsus,  about  300  a.  d. — 3.  A  penitent  of  An- 
tioch,  of  the  5th  century  A.  d.,  previously  an  ac- 
tress and  dancer.  A  character  of  the  same  name, 
resembling  her,  is  introduced  in  Kingsley's 
"Hypatia." 

Pelagians  (pe-la'ji-anz).  The  followers  of  Pe- 
lagius.  They  held  that  there  was  no  original  sin  through 
Adam,  and  consequently  no  hereditary  guilt ;  that  every 
soul  is  created  by  God  sinless ;  that  the  will  is  absolutely 
free ;  and  that  the  grace  of  God  is  universal,  but  is  not  in- 
dispensable; andtheyrejectedinfantbaptism.  Pelagius, 
however,  held  to  the  belief  in  the  Trinity  and  in  the  per- 
sonality of  Christ.  His  views  were  developed  by  his  pupil 
Coelestius,  but  were  anathematized  by  Pope  Zosimus  in 
418.  Pelagianism  was  the  principal  anthropological  her- 
esy in  the  early  church,  and  was  strongly  combated  by 
Pelagius's  contemporaiy  Augustine. 

Pelagius  (pe-la'ji-us).  [Gr.  ncAdyiof.]  Died' 
probably  420  a.  d.  The  founder  of  the  theo- 
logical heresy  called  Pelagianism.  He  is  said  to 
have  been  a  British  monk  named  Morgan  (of  which  PeZo- 
tre'tis  is  the  Latm  rendering),  and  took  up  his  residence  at 
Rome  before  405.  He  emigrated  to  Africa  when  Rome  was 
sacked  by  the  Goths  in  410,  but  shortly  settled  in  Pales- 
tine, where  he  is  said  to  have  died.    See  Pelagiajis. 

Pelagius.    See  Pelayo. 

Pelagius  I.  Pope  555-560.  He  was  accused  of 
heresy. 

Pelagius  II.    Pope  578-590. 

Pelasgi  (pe-las'ji).  [Gr.  Ue^cryol.']  An  ancient 
race,  widely  spread  over  Greece  and  the  coasts 
and  islands  of  the  JEgean  Sea  and  the  Mediter- 
ranean generally,  in  prehistoric  times.  The  ac- 
counts of  it  are  in  great  part  mythical  and  of  doubtful 
value,  and  its  ethnological  position  is  uncertain, 

Pelasgiotis  (pe-las-ji-5'tis).  [Gr.  ncXacytaTCi.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  a  division  of  central  Thes- 
saly,  Greece,  southeast  of  the  Peneius,  and 
northwest  of  the  Pagassean  Gulf. 

Pelayo  (pa-la'yo),  or  Pelagius  (pe-la'ji-us). 
The  founder  of  the  monarchy  of  Asturias,  in 
Spain,  718. 

Pel6e  (pe-la').  Mount.  [Pr.  Montagne  PeUe, 
'bald  mountain.']  1.  A  volcano  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  island  of  Martinique.  On  May  8, 
1902,  an  eruption  of  Pel6e  destroyed  the  city  of 
St.  Pierre  'and  about  40,000  people. — 2.  See 
Point  PeUe. 

Peleg  (pe'leg).  [Heb.,  '  division.']  In  the  Old 
Testament,  the  sou  of  Eber,  and  the  brother  of 
Joktan. 

Pelethim.    See  Kerethim. 

Peleus  (pe'lus  or  pe'le-us).  [Gr.  rb/Tievc']  In 
Greek  legend,  a  king  of  the  Myrmidons  in  Thes- 
saly,  son  of  .^aeus  and  father  of  Achilles. 


Pelew 

Felew,  or  Pellew  (pe-18'),  or  Palau  (pa-lou') 
Islands.  A  group  of  small  mountainous  islands 
in  the  North  Pacific,  intersected  by  lat.  8°  N., 
long.  134°  E. :  called  also  the  Western  Carolines. 
They  were  purchased  from  Spam  by  Germany 
in  1899.    Population,  about  10,000. 

Pelham  (pel'am),  or  the  Adventures  of  a 
Gentleman.  Anovel  by  Bui  wer  Lytton  (1828). 

Pelham  (pel'am),  Sir  Henry.  Born  1696 :  died 
March  6, 1754"  An  English  statesman,  younger 
brother  of  the  Duke  of  Newcastle.  He  entered  Ox- 
ford (Christ  Church)  in  1710 ;  fought  at  Preston  1716 ;  was 
elected  member  of  Parliament  for  Seaford,  Sussex,  in  1718 ; 
was  appointed  lord  of  the  treasury  In  1721,  secretary  of 
war  in  1724,  and  paymaster  of  the  forces  in  1730 ;  and  be- 
came prime  minister  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in 
1743. 

Pelham,  later  Pelham  Holies,  Thomas,  Bute 
of  Newcastle.  Born  July,  1693:  died  1768.  An 
English  statesman.  He  was  secretary  of  state 
1724-54,  first  lord  of  the  treasury  1754-56  and 
1757-62,  and  lord  privy  seal  1765-66. 

Pelham-Clinton  (pel'am-klin'ton),  Henry  Pel- 
ham, Duke  of  Newcastle.  Bom  May  22, 1811 : 
died  Oct.  18,  1864.  An  English  politician.  He 
was  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  in  1846 ;  colonial  secretary 
1862-54 ;  secretary  for  war  1864-56 ;  and  colonial  secretary 
1859-64. 

Pelias  (pe'li-as).  [Gr.  IlE/l^af.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a  son  of  Poseidon,  and  king  of  lolcus  in  Thes- 
salT',  associated  with  the  legends  of  Jason. 

Pelican  (pel'i-kan).  The  ship  in  which  Drake 
sailed  around  ihe  world.  He  left  Plymouth  with 
four  other  ships  Nov.  15,  1677.  The  others  either  were 
lost  or  deserted  him,  and  he  completed  his  famous  Toyage 
Sept.  26, 1680.  The  Pelican  was  carefully  preserved  by  order 
of  Queen  Elizabeth,  but  was  finally  broken  up,  and  a  chair 
caused  to  be  made  from  her  timbers  by  John  Davis,  the 
arctic  navigator,  is  now  in  the  Bodleian  Library. 

Pelican  State.  The  State  of  Louisiana:  so 
named  from  the  pelican  on  its  coat  of  arms. , 

Pelides  (pe-li'dez).  A  son  of  Peleus:  a  patro- 
nymic used  especially  of  Achilles. 

Peligni  (pf-lig'm).  In  ancient  history,  a  people 
living  in  central  Italy  among  the  Apennines,  be- 
tween the  Vestini  on  the  north,  the  Marrucini 
on  the  northeast,  the  Prentani  on  the  east,  the 
Samnites  on  the  south,  and  the  Marsi  on  the 
"west.  Their  chief  town  was  Corflnium.  Thejr  were  allied 
with  Rome  after  the  second  Samnite  war,  and  sided  against 
Kome  in  the  Social  War  (90  B.  0.). 

Peling  (pe'ling).  A  mountain-chain  in  north- 
western China,  separating  the  valleys  of  the 
Hwangho  and  Yangtse. 

Pelion(pe'li-gn).  [Grc.Xl^liov.']  Amountainin 
Magnesia,  eastern  Thessaly,  Greece,  situated 
near  the  coast  southeast  of  Ossa :  the  modern 
Zagora  or  Plessidi.  It  was  famous  in  Greek 
mjR;hology.    Height,  5,310  feet. 

P41issier  (pa-le-sya'),  Aimable  Jean  Jacques, 
Due  de  Malakon.  Born  at  Maromme,  Seine- 
Inf  4rieure,  France,  Nov.  6, 1794 :  died  at  Algiers, 
May  22,  1864.  A  French  marshal.  He  served  in 
Algeria,  where  he  became  notorious  for  suffocating  a  num- 
toer  of  Arabs  in  a  cavern  in  1845 ;  became  commander  of  the 
Prench  forces  in  the  Crimea  May,  1856 ;  stormed  the  Mala- 
koff  Sept.  8, 1855 ;  was  ambassador  in  London  1858-60 ;  and 
was  governor-general  of  Algeria  1860-64. 

Pell  (pel),  John,  Bom  at  Southwick,  Sussex, 
March  1,  1611 :  died  at  London,  Dec.  12,  1685. 
An  English  mathematician.  Jn  164S  he  was  profes- 
sor of  mathematics  at  Amsterdam,  and  in  1646  at  Breda. 
From  1654  to  1658  he  was  Cromwell's  agent  in  the  Protes- 
tant cantons  of  Switzerland.  Many  of  his  manuscripts  are 
preserved  by  the  Koyal  Society.  He  wrote  the  "Astro- 
nomical History  of  Observations  of  Heavenly  Motions  and 
Appearances "(1634),  "Ecliptica  proguostica "  (1634X  "A 
Table  of  Ten  Thousand  Square  Numbers,"  etc. 

fella  (pel'a).  In  ancient  geography,  the  capi- 
tal of  Macedonia,  situated  in  lat.  40°  44'  N., 
long  22°27'E.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great. 

Pelleas  (pel'e-as).  One  of  the  knights  of  the 
Bound  Table,  in  the  Arthurian  cycle  of  romance, 
renowned  for  his  great  strength. 

Pelleas  andEttarre  (e-tar').  One  of  the  "Idylls 
of  the  King,"  by  Tennyson. 

Fellegrin  (pel-gran').  The  pseudonym  of  the 
Baron  de  la  Motte  Fouqu6. 

Pellegrini  (pal-ya,-gre'ne)j  Carlos.  An  Argen- 
tine politician,  vice-president  under  Celman, 
Oct.  12,  1886,  and  after  Celman's  resignation 
(Aug  6, 1890)  president  until  the  end  of  the  term 
(Oct.  12, 1892). 

Pellegrino  (pel-la-gre'no),  or  Pellegrini  (pel- 
la-gre'ne).    See  Tibaldi. 

Pelleprat(pel-pra'),  Pierre.  Bom  at  Bordeaux, 
1606 :  died  at  Puebla  de  los  Angeles,  Mexico, 

April  21,  1667.    A  French  Jesuit,  a  missionary 

in  the  West  Indies  and  Mexico.  He  published  "Re- 
lation des  missions  des  PF.  de  la  Compagnie  de  J^sus  dans 
les  isles  et  dans  la  terre  f  erme  de  1' Am^rique  M^ridionale  " 

<Pari3, 1656),  containing  an  account  of  the  West  Indies  and 

wiiana,  etc. 


791 

Pelles  (pel'ez).  Sir.  A  knight  of  the  Arthurian 
romance,  king  of  "aforeigncountry"andfather 
of  Elaine,  the  mother  of  Galahad. 

Pellestrina  (pel-les-tre'na]),  orPelestrina  (pa- 
les-tre'na).  An  island  7  miles  south  of  "Venice, 
forming  part  of  the  barrier  between  the  Lagoon 
of  Venice  and  the  Adriatic.  Length,  7  miles. 
Population  (1881),  5,952. 

Pelletan  (pel-ton'),  Pierre  Clement  Eugene. 
Born  at  Koyan,  Oct.  29, 1813 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec. 
14, 1884.  A  French  liberal  journalist,  politician, 
and  miscellaneous  author.  He  wrote  "Profes- 
sion de  foi  du  XIXe  sifeele"  (1852),  etc. 

Pellew  (pel'6),  Edward,  first  Viscount  Ex- 
mouth.  Bom  at  Dover,  England,  April  19, 1757: 
died  at  Teignmouth,  England,  Jan.  23,  1833. 
An  English  admiral.  He  bombarded  Algiers 
Aug.  27,  1816. 

Pelnco  (pel'le-ko),  Silvio.  Bom  at  Saluzzo, 
Italy,  June  24, 1788 :  died  at  Turin,  Jan.  31, 1854. 
An  Italian  poet  and  prose-writer.  He  was  arrested 
as  a  Carbonarist  in  1820,  and  imprisoned  for  two  years  at 
Milan  and  Venice,  and  near  Briinn  1822-30.  His  chief  works 
are  the  tragedies  "Francesca  da  Rimini  "(1818)  and  "Lao- 
damia,"  and  the  autobiographical  work  "Le  mieprigioni" 
("My  Prisons,"  1883). 

Pellinore  (pel'i-nor),  or  Pellenore  (pel'e-nor). 
Sir.  A  knight  of  the  Round  Table  in  the 
Arthurian  cycle  of  romance :  king  of  the  isles. 

Pelly  (pel'i).  A  river  in  British  North  America 
which  unites  with  the  Lewis  at  Fort  Selkirk  to 
form  the  Yukon.    Length,  about  250  miles. 

Pelly  (pel'i),  Sir  Lewis.  Born  1825 :  died  April 
22,  1892.  A  British  politician  and  author.  He 
was  employed  in  the  Indian  service  1861-77,  and  entered 
Parliament  as  Conservative  member  for  North  Hackney  in 
,1885.  He  published  "The  Miracle  Play  of  Hasan  and 
Husein  "  (1879) ,  etc. 

Peloose,    See  Paloos. 

Pelopidas(pe-lop'i-das).  [Gr.IIe/lon-Mof.]  Killed 
at  the  battle  of  Cynoscephal8B,Thessaly,  364b.  c. 
A  Theban  general,  leader  in  the  liberation  of 
Thebes  from  the  Spartans  in  379.  He  was  the  in- 
timate friend  of  Epammondas,  and  was  closely  associated 
with  him  in  furthering  the  greatness  of  Thebes.  He  was 
commander  of  the  Sacred  Band  (which  see),  and  was  espe- 
cially distinguished  at  Tegyra  (376)  and  Leuctra  (371). 

Peloponnesian  War  (peFo-po-ne'shian  w&r). 
AwarbetweenAthensandits  allies  on'one  side 
and  the  Peloponnesian  confederacy  under  the 
lead  of  Sparta  audits  allies  (Boeotians,  Phocians, 
Megareans,  etc.)  on  the  other.  It  was  carried  on 
from  431  to  404  B.  0.  The  following  are  the  leading  events 
and  incidents :  invasions  of  Attica  by  the  Peloponnesians ; 
revolt  of  Mytilene  ;  capture  of  Sphacteria  by  Athens,  425 ; 
battle  of  Delium,  424  ;  battle  of  Amphipolis,  422 ;  peace  of 
Nicias,  421 ;  renewal  of  the  war,  418 ;  battle  of  Mantinea, 
418 ;  unsuccessful  Athenian  expedition  against  Syracuse, 
415-413 ;  revolution  in  Athens,  411 ;  battles  of  Abydus  (411), 
Cyzicus  (410),  Notium  (407),  Arginusse  (406),  and  .ffigospo- 
tami  (406) ;  surrender  of  Athens  and  close  of  the  war,  404. 
The  chief  leaders  on  the  side  of  Athens  were  Pericles,  Cleon, 
Demosthenes,  Nicias,  Alcibiades,  and  Conon ;  on  the  side 
of  Sparta,  Brasidas,  Gylippus,  and  Lysander.  The  result 
was  the  transfer  of  the  hegemony  in  Greece  from  Athens 
to  Sparta. 

Peloponnesus  (peFo-po-ne'sus).  [Gr.  Uehtirdv- 
vjiaog,  the  island  of  Pelops.]  The  ancient  name 
of  the  peninsula  forming  the  southern  portion 
of  Greece:  the  modem  Morea.  it  is  connected  with 
central  Greece  by  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth,  and  separated 
from  it  by  the  gulfs  of  Lepanto  and  Patras  on  the  north,  and 
is  bounded  by  the  .^gean  Sea  on  the  east  and  the  Mediter- 
ranean on  the  south  and  west.  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous. The  chief  divisions  were  Achaia,  Sicyonia,  Corinthia, 
Axgolis,  Arcadia,  Laconia,  Messenia,  and  Elis.  The  chief 
rivers  were  the  Eurotas  and  Alpheus.  Length,  about  160 
mUes.    Area,  8,288  square  miles. 

Pelops  (pe'lops).  [Gr.  IIcAof.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, .a  son  of  Tantalus,  and  grandson  of  Zeus : 
king  of  Pisa  in  Elis.  He  was  the  father  of  Atreus 
and  Thyestes. 

Pelorum.    See  Faro,  Capo  del. 

Pelotas  (pa-16'tas).  A  city  in  the  state  of  Eio 
Grande  do  Sul,  Brazil,  on  the  river  Sao  Gon§alo, 
which  connects  the  Lagoa  Mirim  with  the 
Lagoa  dos  Patos.  it  is  the  center  of  the  important 
catSe  trade  of  the  state,  and  prepares  large  quantities  of 
jerked  beef.  The  trade  with  Uruguay  is  considerable. 
Population,  46,000. 

Pelouze  (p6-loz'),  ThSophile  Jules.  Bom  at 
Valognes,Manche,  France,  1807:  died  at  Paris, 
May  31, 1867.  A  French  chemist,  professor  suc- 
cessively at  Lille,  at  the  polytechnic  school  at 
Paris,  and  at  the  CoUSge  de  France.  He  also  filled 
various  positions  connected  with  the  mint.  He  published, 
with  FrSmy,  "Traits  de  ohimie  g^n&ale,"  etc. 

Pelucones(pa-lo-k6'nas).  Originally,  anickname 
given  to  the  conservative  party  of  Chile  soon 
after  the  country  became  independent  (see  the 
extract) :  it  soon  became  the  common  name,  and 
has  been  retained  ever  since.  The  Pelucones  were 
in  power  from  1830  to  1876,  though  during  the  latter  part 
of  this  period  many  concessions  were  made  to  the  liberals ; 
they  again  took  charge  of  the  government  (with  greatly 


Penang 

modified  principles),  under  Jorge  Montt,  after  the  civif 
war  of  1891.  In  1833  they  adopted  the  constitntion  which, 
with  some  changes,  is  still  the  organic  law  of  the  republic. 

Conservatives  were  nicknamed  Pelucones  because  that 
party  was  composed  of  old  and  venerable  persons  who 
wore  pelucas  or  perukes. 

Hancock,  A  History  of  Chile  (1893),  p.  110. 

Pelusium  (pe-lu'shi-um).  [Gr.  Tltjlovaim).']  In 
ancient  geography,  a  city  at  the  northeastern 
extremity  of  the  Delta,  Egypt,  southeast  of  Port 
Said,  at  the  Pelusiac  mouth  of  the  Nile,  it  was 
a  frontier  fortress  of  Egypt  toward  Syria.  Here  Asurbani- 
pal  defeated  Rot- Amen  of  Egypt,  and  Cambyses  defeated 
Psammetichus,  the  last  Egyptian  king  (626  B.  0.),  reducing 
Egypt  to  a  Persian  province. 

Pelvoux  (pel-vo')  Range.  A  ^oup  of  the  Alps 
in  Dauphinfi,  France.  Mont  Pelvoux  is  12,970 
feet  in  height,  and  the  highest  summit  (Barre 
des  ficrins)  13,460  feet. 

Pemaquid  (pem'a-kwid).  A  maritime  district 
in  Maine,  about  midway  between  the  Kennebec 
and  Penobscot  rivers,  it  was  settled  in  1625,  and 
purchased  by  the  Duke  of  York  in  1664.  A  fort,  erected 
at  Pemaquid  Point  in  1692,  was  demolished  a  few  years 
later. 

Pemba  (pem'ba).  An  island  off  the  eastern 
coast  of  Af  rica,"about  lat.  5°  S.  it  belonged  to  Zan- 
zibar, and  in  1890  passed  with  Zanzibar  to  Great  Britain. 
Length,  about  45  miles.    Population,  10,000. 

Pemberton  (pem'bfer-ton).  A  town  in  Lanca- 
shire, England,  16  miles  northeast  of  Liverpool. 
Population  (1891),  18,400. 

Pemberton,  John  Clifford.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, Aug.  10,  1814:  died  at  Penllyn,  Pa.,  July 
13,  1881.  A  Confederate  general  in  the  CivU 
War.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1837,  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  entered  the  Confed- 
erate service  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  He  was 
promoted  lieutenant-general  in  1862 ;  was  defeated  by  Grant 
in  the  battles  of  Champion's  Hill  and  the  Big  Black  in  May, 
1863 ;  and  surrendered  Vicksburg  to  Grant  July  4,  1863. 
After  the  surrender  of  Vicksburg  he  returned  on  parole  to 
Richmond,  where  he  remained  until  he  was  exchanged. 
He  then  resigned,  but  was  reappointed  as  inspector  of  artil- 
lery, with  the  rank  of  colonel,  in  which  capacity  he  served 
until  the  end  of  the  war. 

Pembroke  (pem'bruk).  1.  The  southwestern- 
most  county  of  Wales,  it  is  bounded  by  Cardigan 
Bay  on  the  north,  Cardigan  and  Carmarthen  on  the  east. 
Bristol  Channel  on  the  south,  and  St.  George's  Channel  on 
the  west.  The  surface  is  undulating.  It  contains  anthra- 
cite  coal.  Area,  617  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  89,133. 
3.  AtowninPembrokeshire,situatedonaninlet 
of  Milford  Haven,  in  lat.  51°  40'  N.,  long.  4°  54' 
W.  Itsruinedcastle(thebirthplaceof  Henry'VII.,founded 
in  the  11th  century  and  taken  by  Cromwell  in  1648)  and 
Monkton  Priory  are  notable.    Population  (1891),  14,978. 

Pembroke,  Countess  of.    See  Sidney,  Mary. 
Pembroke,  Earls  of.     See  Marshal,  William, 
and  Tudor,  Jasper. 
Pembroke,  Third  Earl  of  (William  Herbert). 

Bom  at  Wilton,  England,  April  8, 1580 :  died  at 
Baynard's  Castle,  London,  April  10,  1630.  An 
English  poet.  Before  the  death  of  his  father  he  had 
formed  an  illicit  connection  with  Mary  Fitton,  a  favorite 
of  the  queen,  for  which  he  was  imprisoned  in  the  Fleet  in 
1601,  and  though  soon  released  was  banished  from  the 
court.  Mary  Fitton  is  thought  by  some  to  be  the  "Dark 
Lady  "  of  Shakspere's  sonnets.  He  and  his  brother  Philip 
are  "the  incomparable  pair  of  bretheren  "  to  whom  Shak- 
spere's 1628  folio  is  dedicated,  and  William  HerbM  is 
thought  by  some  to  be  the  "W.  H."  styled  in  the  pub- 
lisher's dedication  of  Shakspere's  sonnets  "the  onlie  be- 
getter of  these  insving  sonnets  Mr.  W.  H."  When  James 
I.  ascended  the  throne,  Pembroke  returned  to  court,  and 
received  many  public  ofiQces  and  tokens  of  favor.  He  was 
chancellor  of  Oxford  1617-30.  Several  of  his  poems  were 
edited  in  1660  by  Donne.  •» 

Pembroke  College.  A  college  of  Cambridge 
University,  founded  by  the  Countess  of  Pem- 
broke in  1347.  The  present  buildings  are  mod- 
em.   The  chapel  was  built  by  Wren  in  1663-65. 

Pembroke  CoUege.  A  college  of  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, founded  by  James  I.,  at  the  costs  of  Tho- 
mas Tesdale,  in  1624 :  named  from  the  Earl  of 
Pembroke,  chancellor  of  the  university  at  the 
time. 

Pemigewasset  (pem'^i-je-wos'et).  A  river  in 
New  Hampshire  which  unites  with  the  Winne- 
pesaukee  at  Franklin  to  form  the  Merrimac. 
Length,  about  70  miles. 

Pena,  Luis  Saenz.    See  Saenz  Pefta. 

Pena  Blanca  (pan'ya  blan'kS).  [Sp.,  'white 
rock.']  A  settlement  27  miles  southwest  of 
Santa  P6,  between  the  Indian  villages  of  Co- 
chiti  and  Santo  Domingo,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Eio  Grande.    It  dates  from  the  18th  century. 

Penafiel  (pa-na-fe-al').  A  town  in  the  district 
of  Oporto,  Portugal,  19  miles  northeast  of 
Oporto.    Population  (1878),  4,488. 

Penafiel  (pan-ya-f  e-al' ) .  A  tovm  in  the  province 
of  Valladolid,  Spain,  near  the  Duero  32  miles 
east  of  Valladolid.    Population  (1887),  4,286. 

Penang  (pe-nang'),  or  Pinang  (pi-nang'),  or 
Pulo-Penang  (p8'16-pe-nang') :  called  omcially 
Prince  of  Wales  Island.  An  island  belonging 


Penang 

to  Great  Britain,  situated  -west  of  the  Malay 
Peninsula  in  lat.  5°  24'  N.,  long.  100°  20'  E. 
Capital,  Georgetown.  The  surface  is  low  and  hilly. 
It  was  acquired  by  the  British  in  1785.  Area,  107  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  including  the  Wellesley  Province 
(opposite)  and  the  Dinding  Isle,  236,618. 

Penarth  (pe'narth).  A  seaport  and  batMng- 
plaoe  in  GlambrgansMre,  South  Wales,  situ- 
ated at  the  mouth  of  the  Taff,  opposite  Car- 
diff.   Population  (1891),  12,422. 

Penates  (pe-na'tez).  [L.,  tTom.pemis,  the  inner- 
most part  of  a  temple  or  sanctuary.]  In  Eoman 
antiquity,  the  household  gods,  who  presided 
over  families,  and  were  worshiped  in  the  inte- 
rior of  every  dwelling.  They  included  the  Lares 
(which  see). 

Peua  y  Peua  (pan'ya  e  pan'ya),  Manuel  de 
la.  Bom  at  Tacuba,  March  10, 1789:  died  at 
Mexico,  Jan.  2,  1850.  A  Mexican  jurist  and 
statesman.  He  was  judge  of  the  supreme  court  from 
1824,  and  later  its  president ;  twice  held  cabinet  positions 
(1837  and  1845) ;  and  was  senator  1843-47.  From  Sept.  27 
to  Nov.  9, 1847,  and  again  from  Jan.  8  to  June  3, 1848,  he 
was  provisional  president  of  Mexico.  During  the  latter 
period  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe-Hidalgo  vras  signed  (Feb. 
2, 1848X  ending  the  war  with  the  United  States. 

Pencos  (pan'kos),  or  Pencones  (pan-ko'nas).  A 
name  given  by  early  historians  of  Chile  to  the 
Araucaniau  Indians  who  occupied  the  region 
north  of  the  Biobio.  They  were  the  first  of  this  race 
encountered  by  the  Spaniards.  They  called  themselves 
Picunches,  'northern  men.' 

Penda  (pen'da).  KiUed  655.  King  of  Mercia 
62&-655.  He  defeated  Edwin  in  633,  and  Oswald  at  Haser- 
field  in  642,  and  was  defeated  by  Oswy  at  Winwoed  in 
655.    He  was  a  champion  of  paganism. 

Pend  d'Oreille  (pend  do-rel' ;  P.  pron.  poii  do- 
ray'),  Lake.  [F.,  'ear-ring,'  'ear  ornament.'] 
A  lake  in  northern  Idaho,  about  lat.  48°  N.,  an 
expansion  of  Clarke's  River. 

Pende  (pen'de),  or  Tupende  (to-pen'de).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  the  Kongo  State,  between  the 
Loange  and  Kassai  rivers.  They  are  descendants 
of  fugitives  from  Kasanji  (Cassange)  mixed  with  other 
tribes,  but  have  preserved  none  of  the  semi-ciTilization  of 
Kasanji. 

Pendennis  (pen-den'is).  A  novel  by  Thacke- 
ray, published  in  1850 :  so  called  from  the  name 
of  one  of  its  leading  characters,  Arthur  Pen- 
dennis, a  poet  and  dandy.  Major  Pendennis,  his 
uncle,  is  a  worldly  and  courageous  old  dandy,  a  finished 
portrait  of  a  gentlemanly  tuft-hunter. 

Pendjdell  (penj'de).  A  place  in  central  Asia, 
situated  on  the  Murghab,  north  of  Herat,  about 
lat.  36°  N.  Near  It  (on  the  Kushk),  March  30,  1885, 
the  Sussians  under  KomaroS  defeated  the  Afghans.  Since 
then  it  has  been  in  the  possession  of  Utissia. 

Pendleton  (pen'dl-ton).  A  town  in  Lanca- 
shire, Enrfand,  2i  miles  northwest  of  Man- 
chester.    Population  (1891),  23,866. 

Pendleton,  £amund.  Bom  in  Caroline  County, 
Va.,  Sept.  9,  1721:  died  at  Richmond,  Va., 
Oct.  23, 1803.  An  American  statesman,  a  prom- 
inent member  of  the  Virginia  House  of  Bur- 
gesses. He  was  a  member  of  the  Continental  Congress 
m  1774  ;  president  of  the  Virginia  convention ;  and  author 
(1776)  of  the  resolutions  instructing  the  Virginia  delegates 
to  Congress  to  propose  a  Declaration  of  Independence. 

Pendleton,  George  Hunt.  Bom  at  Cincinnati, 
July  25,  1825:  died  at  Brussels,  Nov.  24,  1889. 
An  American  politician.  He  was  a  Democratic  con- 
gressman from  Ohio  1857-65 ;  Democratic  candidate  for 
Vice-President  1864 ;  and  United  States  senator  from  Ohio 
1^9-85.  He  was  leading  advocate  of  the  civil-service  re- 
form act  of  1883.  I'rom  1886-88  he  was  United  States  min- 
ister to  Germany. 

Pendleton,  WilUam  Nelson.  Bom  at  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  Dee.  26,  1809 :  died  at  Lexington, 
Va.,  Jan.  15,  1883.  A  Confederate  general  in 
the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia.  He  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1830 ;  resigned  from  the"  army  in  1833  ;  was 


ordained  priest  in  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in 
1838 ;  established  an  Episcopal  high  school  at  Alexandria, 
Virginia,  in  1839 ;  and  joined  the  Confederate  army  as  cap- 


tain of  artillery  in  1861,  being  promoted  brigadier-general 
in  1862. 
Pendleton  Act.  An  act  of  .Confess  (approved 
Jan.  16, 1883)  regulating  the  civil  service  of  the 
United  States:  so  called  from  its  promoter.  Sen- 
ator George  H.  Pendleton  of  Ohio. 

It  provides  for  open  competitive  examinations  for  admis- 
sion to  the  public  service  in  Washington,  and  in  all  custom- 
houses and  post-oflices  where  the  official  force  is  as  many 
as  fifty ;  for  the  apportionment  of  the  appointments  in  the 
departments  in  Washington  among  the  States  and  Terri- 
tories in  proportion  to  their  population  ;  and  for  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  Civil-Service  Commission  of  three  members, 
not  more  than  two  of  whom  shall  be  adherents  of  the  sam  e 
political  party,  and  other  officers,  to  put  these  provisions 
into  execution.  It  also  forbids  assessments  on  public  em- 
ployes for  political  purposes  by  any  one  in  the  service  of 
the  United  States,  or  in  any  public  building,  and  prohibits 
Congressmen  from  making  recommendations  for  o£5ces  to 
be  filled  under  the  act,  except  as  to  the  character  or  resi- 
dence. AppleUms'  Annual  Cyclopmdia,  1884. 

Fenedo  (pa-ha'd§).    A  town  in  the  state  of 


792 

Alagoas,  Brazil,  situated  on  the  Sao  Francisco, 
185  miles  southwest  of  Pemambuco.  Popula- 
tion, about  9,000. 

Penelope  (pf-nel'o-pe).  [Gr.  n^vf^Wtn?.]  In 
Greek  legend,  the  wife  of  Odysseus  and  mother 
of  Telemachus,  famous  as  a  model  of  the  do- 
mestic virtues.    See  Odysseus  and  Odyssey. 

Peneus(pe-ne'us),  orPeneius(pe-ne'yus).  [Gr. 
Jl^eidc'}  In  ancient  geography :  (a)  The  prin- 
cipal river  in  Elis,  Greece :  the  modern  Gastuni. 
It  falls  into  the  Ionian  Sea.  Length,  about  50 
miles.  (6)  The  principal  river  in  Thessaly, 
Greece :  the  modem  Salembria.  it  traverses  the 
Vale  of  Tempe  and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Saloniki  26  miles 
northeast  of  Larissa.    Length,  about  130  miles. 

Penhallow  (pen-hol'o),  Samuel.  Bomin  Corn- 
wall, England,  Jtdy  2,  1665:  died  at  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H.,  Dec.  2,  1726.  An  American'his- 
torian.  He  wrote  "History  of  the  Wars  of  New  Eng- 
land with  the  Eastern  Indians"  (1726),  etc. 

Penig  (pa'nio).  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Sax- 
ony, situated  on  the  Zwickauer  Mulde  32  miles 
southeast  of  Leipsie.    Population  (1890),  6,559. 

Penikese  (pen-i-kes').  A  small  island,  one  of 
the  Elizabeth  Islands,  situated  in  Buzzard's 
Bay,  Massachusetts.  It  was  the  seat  of  a  summer 
school  of  natural  history  connected  with  Harvard  College, 
founded  by  John  And'^rson  in  1873. 

Peninsula  (pe-nin'§ii-la).  The.  In  history,  spe- 
cifically :  (ffl)  The  Iberian  peninsula  (Spain  and 
Portugal).  See  Peninsular  War.  (&)  The  penin- 
sula in  eastern  Virginia  formed  by  the  York 
and  James  rivers.    See  Peninsular  Campaign. 

Peninsular  Campaign.  The  campaign  of  the 
Federal  Army  of  the  Potomac  under  McClellan, 
March  to  August,  1862,  for  the  capture  of  Rich- 
mond by  way  of  the  peninsula  between  the 
York  and  James  rivers,  chief  events  and  incidents : 
siege  and  evacuationofYorktown;battlesof  Williamsburg, 
Hanover  Court  House,  and  Fair  Oaks ;  Seven  Days*  Battles ; 
McClellan's  "change  of  base."  The  Army  of  the  Potomac 
was  finally  withdrawn  from  the  Peninsula  in  Aug.,  1862. 

Peninsular  State.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  Florida. 

Peninsular  War.  The  military  operations  car- 
ried on  in  Portugal,  Spain,  and  southern  France 
by  .the  British,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese  forces 
(largely  under  Wellington)  against  the  French 
from  1808  to  1814.  The  French  were  driven 
out  of  the  Peninsula. 

Penmarch,  (pan-mark').  A  decayed  seaport 
in  the  department  of  Pinist^re,  France,  17  miles 
southwest  of  Quimper. 

Penn  (pen),  (Jranvllle.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
Dec.  9,  1761:  died  in  England,  Sept.  28,  1844. 
An  English  scholar,  grandson  of  William  Penn. 

Penn,  John.  Bom  in  England  about  1729: 
died  1795.  A  grandson  of  William  Penn:  pro- 
prietary Ueutenant-govemor  of  Pennsylvania 
1763-71,  and  governor  1773-75. 

Penn,  Kichard.  Bom  in  England,  1736 :  died 
in  England,  1811.  A  grandson  of  William  Penn : 
lieutenant-governor  of  Pennsylyania  1771-73. 

Penn,  Thomas.  Bom  in  England,  1702:  died 
in  England,  1775.  A  younger  son  of  William 
Penn,  and  one  of  the  proprietors  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Penn,  Sir  William.  Bom  1621:  died  Sept.  16, 
1670.  An  English  admiral.  He  became  admiral  in 
1653 ;  commanded  the  fleet  in  the  expedition  which  cap- 
tured Jamaica  in  1655 ;  was  knighted  in  1660 ;  and  com- 
manded, under  the  Duke  of  York,  the  fleet  which  defeated 
the  Dutch  in  1665. 

Penn,  William.  Bom  at  London,  Oct.  14, 1644 : 
died  at  Ruscombe,  Berks,  England,  July  30, 
1718.  An  English  Friend,  founder  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  was  the  son  of  Admiral  Sir  William  Penn; 
was  educated  at  Oxford ;  and  became  a  preacher  of  the 
Friends  in  1668,  being  several  times  arrested  under  the 
Conventicle  Act.  He  became  part  proprietor  of  West  Jer- 
sey in  1676 ;  received  the  grant  of  Pennsylvania  in  1681 ; 
and  in  1682  went  out  in  person  to  America,  founded  Phila- 
delphia, and  made  a  treaty  with  the  Indians.  He  returned 
to  England  in  1684.  Having  been  suspected  of  intriguing 
to  restore  James  II.,  he  was  in  1692  deprived  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Pennsylvania,  which  was,  however,  restored  to 
him  in  1694.  He  visited  Pennsylvania  again  1699-1701.  He 
wrote  various  religious  and  controversial  works,  a  collec- 
tive edition  of  which  appeared  in  1726  under  the  title  "A 
Collection  of  the  Works  of  William  Penn,  to  which  is  pre- 
fixed a  Journal  of  his  life,  etc." 

Penna  (pen'na),  Punta  della.  A  promontory 
in  the  province  of  Chieti,  Italy,  32  miles  south- 
east of  Chieti. 

Fennacook  (pen'a-kuk),  or  Pawtucket  (p&- 
tuk'et).  A  confederacy  of  North  American  In- 
dians which  formerly  occupied  the  valley  of  the 
Merrimac  river  and  the  adjacent  region  in  New 
Hampshire,  northeastern  Massachusetts,  and 
southern  Maine.  They  were  allies  of  the  French. 
Theirleading  tribe,from  which  the  confederacy  was  named, 
was  the  Pennacook,  whose  village  was  at  Concord,  New 
Hampshire.    Another  tribe  was  Pawtucket,  whieh  name 


Pennybacker 

was  given  to  the  confederacy  by  some  writers.  Others  wer« 
Agawam,  Amoskeag,  and  Nashua.  They  became  friendly 
to  the  English  until  the  treacherous  conduct  of  the  latter 
in  1676  drove  them  from  their  country.  Some  remain  at 
St.  Francis  in  Quebec.  The  name  is  translated  'nut  place' 
and  '  crooked  place.'    See  Algonguian. 

Pennant  (pen' ant),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Down- 
ing, Flintshire,"W'ales,  June  14, 1726:  died  there, 
Dec.  16,  1798.  A  British  naturalist  and  anti- 
quary. He  attended  Queen's  and  Oriel  colleges,  Oxford, 
hut  did  not  take  a  degree.  His  works  include  "British 
Zoology  "(1765-77),  "Synopsis  of  Quadrupeds"  (1771:  later 
"History  of  Quadrupeds  "),  "Tour  in  Scotland " (1771-76), 
"Tour  in  Wales"  (1778-83),  "Arctic  Zoology"  (1786-87), 
and  "Account  of  London  "  (1790).  He  wrote  much  on  the 
archaeology  of  Great  Britain. 

Penne  (pen'ne),  Civit&  di.  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Teramo,  Abruzzi,  Italy,  18  miles 
south-southeast  of  Teramo :  the  ancient  Pinna. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  Vestini. 

Pennell  (pen' el),  Joseph.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, 1860.   An  American  etcher  and  illustrator. 

Penni  (pen'ne),  Crianfrancesco,  sumamed  II 
Fattore.  Bom  at  Florence  about  1488 :  died  at 
Naples  about  1528.  An  Italian  painter,  disciple 
and  journeyman  (fattore)  of  Raphael.  He  assisted 
hismaster  inmanyof  his  frescos,  and  painted  most  of  tbe- 
" Cartoons"  from  his  designs. 

Pennine  (pen'in)  Alps.  [L.  Alpes  Pennini  or 
Penini;  perhaps  from  Celtic  pen,  head,  peak.] 
An  important  division  of  the  central  Alps,  it 
extends  from  the  Great  St.  Bernard  Pass  eastward  to  the 
Simplon  Pass,  and  the  Khone  is  the  northern  boundary. 
They  are  noted  for  glaciers,  long  transverse  vaUeys,  and 
high  peaks.  The  highest  point  is  Monte  Rosa  (over  15,000 
feet).  Another  famous  peak  is  the  Matterhorn. 

Pennine  Chain.  A  chain  of  low  mountains  in 
England,  extending  from  the  Cheviot  Hills 
southward  to  Derbyshire.  Highest  summits,  in 
Cumberland,  over  3,000  feet. 

Pennington  (pen'ing-ton),  William.  Bom  at 
Newark,  N.  J.,  May  4,  1796:  died  there,  Feb. 
16,  1862.  An  Ajmerican  politician,  son  of  W.  S. 
Pennington.  He  was  Whig  governor  of  New  Jersey 
1837-43 ;  Eepublican  member  of  Congress  from  New  Jersey 
1869-61 ;  and  speaker  1860-61. 

Pennsylvania  (pen-sil-va'ni-a).  [Formerly  also 
Pennsilvania,  Pensilvania;  named  orig.  Sylva- 
nia,  forest  country,  to  which  Penn,  the  name  of 
the  foimder,  was  afterward  prefixed.]  One  of 
the  North  Atlantic  States  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  extending  from  lat.  42°  15'  to  39°  48' 
(Mason  and  Dixon's  line)N.,  andfromlong.  74°' 
40' to  80°  34' W.  Capital,  Harrisburg;  chief  city, 
Philadelphia,  it  is  bounded  by  Lake  Erie  and  New  York 
on  the  north.NewYorkand  New  Jersey(separated  from  both 
by  the  Delaware)  on  the  east,  Delaware,  Maryland,  and  West 
Virginia  on  the  south,  and  Ohio  and  West  Virginia  on  the 
west.  It  is  traversed  from  northeast  to  southwest  by  par- 
allel low  ranges  of  the  AUeghanies,  including  the  Blucy 
Kittatinny,  Tuscarora,  Alleghany,  Laurel,  and  Chestnut 
mountains,  and  is  watered  chiefly  by  the  Ohio,  Susquehan- 
na, and  Delaware.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  States  in  the  min- 
ing of  coal  and  iron,containing  bituminous  coal-flelds  in  the 
west,  and  anthracite  flelds  in  the  east  (the  Schuylkill,  Le- 
high, and  Wyoming  regions).  It  is  the  first  State  in  iron 
manufactures,  the  third  in  the  production  of  petroleum, 
and  the  second  in  manufactures.  Rye,  tobacco,  wheat,  hay, 
maize,  and  butter  rank  among  the  leading  products ;  an« 
the  manufactures,  besides  iron  and  steel,  deid  with  woolen, 
cotton,  lumber,  leather,  oil,  glass,  etc.  Pennsylvania  is 
called  the  "Keystone  State."  It  has  67  counties,  sends  2 
senators  and  32  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  34 
electoral  votes.  A  colony  of  Swedes  settled  in  this  region 
in  1638,  and  a  grant  of  territory  was  made  by  Charles  IL 
to  William  Penn  in  1681.  Philadelphia  was  colonized  by 
Penn  in  1682.  The  province  was  further  colonized  by  Eng- 
lish (largely  Quakers),  Germans,  Dutch,  Scots,  Irish,  and 
French  Huguenots,  and  continued  under  the  proprietary 
governorship  of  the  Penn  family  until  the  Revolution.  A 
boundary  dispute  with  Maryland  was  settled  by  the  es- 
tablishment of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line  in  1767.  Pennsyl- 
vania was  one  of  the  thirteen  original  States  (1776).  It 
was  the  scene  of  the  battles  of  Brandywine  and  German- 
town  in  1777,  of  VaUey  Forge  camp  in  1777-78,  and  of  the 
"Whisky  rebellion"  in  1794;  was  invaded  by  the  Con- 
federates in  1863-64;  and  was  the  scene  of  the  battle  of 
Gettysburg  in  1863.  Riots  occurred  at  Pittsburg  and  else- 
where In  3877  and  1892  Area,  45,215  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  6,302,115. 

Pennsylvania,  University  of.  An  institution 
of  learning  situated  at  Philadelphia,  it  origi- 
nated in  an  academy  founded  by  Benjamin  Franklin  in 
1761.  and  became  a  university  in  1779.  It  contains  depart- 
ments of  arts,  sciences,  medicine,  and  law,  and  has  about 
260  instrnctors  and  2,860  students. 

Pennsylvania  Avenue.  The  principal  avenue 
of  Washington.  Its  most  important  section  lies 
between  the  Capitol  and  the  Treasury. 

Pennsylvania  College.  An  institution  of  leam- 
ing  at  Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania:  founded  in 
1832.     It  is  under  Lutheran  control. 

Penn  Yan  (pen  yan').  Avillage,  capital  of  Yates 
County,  New  York,  situated  at  the  foot  of 
Crooked  (or  Keuka)  Lake  45  miles  southeast  of 
Rochester.    Population  (1900),  4,650. 

Pennybacker  (pen 'i-bak-fer),  Isaac  Samuals^ 
Born  in  Shenandoah  County ,Va.,  Sept.  12, 1807: 
died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Jan.  12,  1847.    An 


Fennybacker 

American  politician,  Democratic  member  of 
Congress  from  Virginia  1837-39,  and  United 
States  senator  1845-47. 

Penobscot  (pe-nob'skot).  [PL,  also  Penobscots.'] 
A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  chiefly  in 
Maine.  See  Abnaki. 

Penobscot.  [From  the  Indian  tribe  name.]  A 
river  of  Maine,  formed  by  the  nnion  at  Medway 
of  the  east  and  west  branches,  it  flows  into  Penob- 
scot Bay  near  Belfast.  Lengtb,  about  275  miles ;  navigable 
for  large  vessels  to  Bangor. 

Penobscot  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
on  the  south  coast  of  Maine,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Penobscot  River. 

Penrith  (pen'rith).  A  town  in  Cumberland, 
England,  17  miles  south-southeast  of  Carlisle. 
It  has  a  ruined  castle .  Population  (1891),  8,981. 

Penruddock  (pen-rud'ok).  A  character  in  Cum- 
berland's "Wheel  of  Fortune." 

Penruddock's  Rebellion.  An  unsuccessful 
rising  in  behalf  of  Charles  It.  in  1655:  so  called 
from  its  leader,  Colonel  Penruddock,  who  was 
captured  and  executed. 

Penry  (pen'ri),  John.  Born  in  Brecknockshire, 
Wales,  1559 :  hanged  at  London,  in  Southwark, 
May  29, 1593.  An  English  Brownist,  suspected 
author  of  the  "  Martin  Marprelate  "tracts  (which 
see  ) .  Althoogh  be  was  responsible  for  their  publication, 
he  denied  that  be  actually  wrote  them. 

Penryn(pen-rin').   [Com., 'headland.']  Asea- 

fort  in  Cornwall,  England,  adjoining  Falmouth, 
t  exports  granite.    Population  (1891),  3,256. 

Pensa,    See  Penza. 

Pensacola(pen-sa-k5'la),orPanzacola(pan-za- 
ko'la).  [PI., also PewsacoZfljs.]  Atribeof North 
Anerican  Indians  which  once  dwelt  around 
the  present  city  and  harbor  of  Pensacola,  west- 
ern Florida.  The  name  is  from  a  Choctaw  word  mean- 
ing 'hair  people."  They  became  extinct  through  inter- 
tribal wars.    See  Mvskhiogean. 

Pensacola.  [Prom  the  Indian  tribal  name.]  A 
seaport  and  the  capital  of  Escambia  Cotmty, 
Florida,  situated  on  Pensacola  Bay  in  lat.  30° 
25'  N.,  long.  87°  13'  W.  it  has  an  important  export 
trade  in  liunber,  fish,  fruit,  and  vegetables.  It  was  set- 
tled by  the  French  and  Spaniards  at  the  end  of  the  17th 
century ;  was  taken  by  Bienville  in  1719,  and  restored  to 
Spain  in  1723;  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain  in  1763;  was 
taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1781 ;  and  was  ceded  to  Spain  in 
178S.  Jackson  expelled  the  British  from  it  in  1814,  and 
took  it  from  the  Spaniards  in  1818.  It  passed  to  the 
United  States  in  1821.  Near  it  is  a  United  States  navy- 
yard:  this  was  seized  by  the  Confederates  in  Jan.,  1861, 
and  regained  in  1862.    Population  (1900),  17,7A7. 

Pensacola  Bay.  A  landlocked  inlet  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  northwestern  coast  of 
Florida.    Length,  about  30  miles. 

Pens6es  sur  la  Religion.  [F., '  Thoughts  on  Ee- 
ligion.']  A  philosophical  and  theological  work 
by  Blaise  Pascal  (published  1670:  edited  by 
Faugfere  1844,  by  Havet  1881). 

Pen  Selwood  (pen  sel'wud).  Aplace  in  Somer- 
set, England,  where  Edmund  Ironside  defeated 
the  Danes  under  Canute  in  1016. 

Penseroso  (pen-se-ro'so),  II.  [It.  Upensieroso, 
the  pensive  man.]  A  poem  by  Milton,  written 
about  1632.  It  is  based  on  the  song  "Hence 
all  you  Vain  Delights,"  by  Fletcher,  in  "Nice 
Valor." 

Pensioned  (or  Pension)  or  Cavalier  Parlia- 
ment. A  name  given  to  the  English  Parliament 
of  1661-79,  which  was  favorable  to  the  Cavalier 
or  Eoyalist  cause. 

Pentameron  (pen-tam'e-ron).  The.  Aworkby 
Landor,  published  in  1837.  it  is  principally  a  dis- 
cassion  between  Petrarch  and  Boccaccio  on  the  literature 
of  Italy,  including  Dante,  Vergil,  etc. 

Pentamerone  (pen-ta-me-ro'ne),  II,  A  collec- 
tion of  stories  in  the  Neapolitan  dialect,  by 
Basile,  published  in  1672.  it  is  divided  into  five 
days,  ten  stories  being  included  iu  each,  and  was  the  pro- 
totype of  the  French  fairy  tales. 

Pentapolin  (pen-tap'o-lin).  A  Christian  king 
of  the  Garamanteans.  He  is  known  as  "Pentapolin 
with  the  naked  arm,"  as  he  always  fought  with  his  right 
arm  bared.  His  battle  with  Alif anf aron  is  referred  to  by 
Don  Quixote.    See  Alifanfaron. 

Pentapolis (pen-tap'o-lis).  [Gr.  IhvTdiroXtg, five 
cities.]  A  state  consisting  of  five  cities,  or  a 
group  of  five  cities :  used,  in  ancient  geography, 
of  a  variety  of  groups,  (l)  In  Cyrenaica,  Africa,  a  dis- 
trict comprising  Cyrene,  Apollonia,  Barca,  Arsinoe,  and 
Berenice  (or  Hesperides),  with  their  neighboring  terri- 
tories. (2)  In  Palestine,  the  cities  of  Sodom,  Gomorrah, 
Admah,  Zeboim,  and  Segor.  (S)  Five  cities  of  the  Philis- 
tines: Ascalon,  Gaza,  Gath,  Ekron,  and  Ashdod.  (i)  Five 
Dorian  cities  in  Asia  Minor :  Cnidos,  Cos,  Lindos,  Camiros, 
and  Jalisos.  (6)  Five  cities  in  Italy :  Rimini,  Ancona,  Fano, 
Pesaro,  and  Smigaglia,  with  part  of  the  exarchate  of  Ra- 
venna. This,  also  called  Pentapolis  Maritima,  was  later  in- 
cluded in  the  Papal  States. 

Pentarchy(pen'tar-ki).  1.  A  name  given  to  the 


793 


Pepys,  Samuel 


five  great  powers  of  Europe — Austria,  France,  PeoriaLake.  An  expansion  of  the  Illinois  Eiver 

Great  Britain,  Prussia,  and  Eussia.    For  about    near  Peoria. 

half  a  century  after  the  Congress  of  Vienna  (1814-15)  they  PeparcthoS  (pep-a-re'thos).      [Gr.  UeiripTfiogJ 


were  of  nearly  equal  strength,  each  of  them  far  superior 
to  any  other  European  nation. 
3.  In  recent  Italian  politics,  a  parliamentary 
group  under  the  leadership  of  the  five  politi- 
cians Cairoli,  Crispi,  ZanardeUi,  Nicotera,  and 
Baecarini. 

Pentateuch  (pen'ta-tiik).    [From  Gr.jr^wE, five, 
and  Tsvxog,  an  implement,  a  book.]    The  first 


In  ancient  geography,  an  island  in  the  .^gean 
Sea  north  of  Euboea :  the  modem  Skopelos. 
Pepe  (pa'pe),  Florestano.  Bom  at  Squillace, 
Italy,  1780:  died  at  Naples,  April  3,  1851.  A 
Neapolitan  general.  He  served  in  1806  under  Joseph 
Bonaparte,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Spain.  He  became 
brigadier-general  in  1811,  served  in  the  Russian  campaign 
in  1812,  and  fought  as  lieutenant-general  under  Murat 
against  the  Austrians  in  1815. 


tion,  the  diffusion  of  peoples,  the  formation  of  theHebrew  tan  general,  brother  Ot  i  .  Pepe.     He  commanded 

nation,  and  its  histoiy  through  its  sojourn  in  the  wilder-  in  the  revolution  at  Naples  1820-21,  and  in  the  defense  of 

ness.    Opinions  regarding  the  authorship  of  these  books  Venice  in  1849. 

differ  greatly.    Some  scholars  believe  that  they,  withthe  Pepin(pep'in:F.pron.pa-pan'),surnamed"The 

book  of  Joshua,  were  written  substantially  by  Moses,  g^g^."    [¥.  P^inle  Bref,-]    Died  768.    King  of 


Joshua,  and  their  contemporaries ;  others  hold  that  they 
were  compiled  at  a  much  later  period  (in  part  about  the 
7th  century  E.  c,  or  even  in  post-exilic  times). 
Pentaur,  An  Egyptian  priest  and  poet  of  'the 
time  of  Rameses  U.  His  heroic  poem  on  the  deeds 
of  the  great  king  in  the  battle  of  Kadesh  has  been  pre- 
served  and  translated, 

Pentelicus  (pen-tel'i-kus),  or  Brilessus  (bri- 
les'us).  [Gr.  UevreTi-mbv  Spog,  Bp«/li?(7(rof.]  _  A 
mountain  in  Attica,  (Sreece,  about  12  miles 
northeast  of  Athens.  It  was  famous  for  its 
marble.    Height,  3,641  feet. 

Penthea  (pen-the'a).  The  principal  female 
character  in  Ford's' "Broken  Heart." 


the  Pranks,  sonof  CharlesMartel.  He  became  ma- 
jor domus  of  Neustriaon  the  death  of  his  father  in  741,  his- 
brother  Karlman  becoming  major  domus  of  Austrasia. 
Thelatter  abdicated  in  hisfavor  in  747,  and  with  the  Pope's- 
sanction  he  assumed  the  title  of  king  in  761.  He  assisted 
the  Pope  against  Aistulf,  king  of  the  Lombards,  784-765, 
and  granted  the  Pope  the  exarchate  of  Ravenna,  the  Pen- 
tapolis, and  the  territory  of  Bologna  and  Ferrara,  thus- 
laying  the  foundation  of  the  Papal  States. 

Pepin.  Died  838.  King  of  Aquitania  817-838, 
second  son  of  Louis  le  Dibonnaire  (see  Louis  I.). 

Pepin  of  Heristal.  Died  714.  A  ruler  of  the 
Franks.  He  became  major  domus  of  Austrasia  in  676, 
and  in  687  became  sole  major  domus  over  all  the  Franks, 
bj^  his  victory  at  Testri  over  the  major  domus  of  Neus- 
tria.  He  thenceforth  styled  himself  dux  et  princepa- 
Francorum. 


Penthesilea  (pen"the-si-le'a).     [Gr.  UevBeai- 

Acia.]    In  (jreek  legend,  a  queen  of  the  Ama-  _.,-.,.,._,  .  .         „  ,., 

zons  who  aided  thelrojanslgainst  the  Greeks.  Pepiif  (pe'pm)   Lake..    An  expansion  of  the^ 
She  was  slain  by  Achilles.  iGssjssippibetweenlfcnnesota  and  Wisconsin 

Pentheus  (pen'thiis).    [Gi.mveeig.-]    In  Greek    40  miles  southeast  of  St.  Paul.    Length,  about 
legend,  a  king  of  Thebes  who  was  torn  to  pieces  -^' "^.l*        .  „       jn.     ■  t,i-    ■  ^ 

by  his  mother  Agave  and  other  meenads  while  gePOli.  Ooj^^ltess.    &ee  AWom,  Marwtta. 
attempting  to  stop  a  Bacctic  festival.  PePOll  (pa'po-le).  Marquis  Gjoacluno.     Born 

?enthfevrl(pon-t?a'vr).    Anancientterritory    .\l?5l°^^Vo?.^'y'*^°?;„^Ll''?:i£l«,'^„^J.5???!' 


Penthifevre  (pon-tya'vr) .  An  ancient  territory 
in  Brittany,  Prance,  corresponding  in  the  main 
to  the  department  of  C6tes-du-Nord.  It  was  a 
county  in  the  -middle  ages. 

Pentland  Firth  (pent'land  f6rth).  A  sea  pas- 
sage between  the  Orkney  Islands  and  the  county 
of  Caithness,  Scotland.    Width,  6  to  8  miles. 

Pentland  Hills.  A  range  of  hills  in  the  coun- 
ties of  Edinburgh,  Peebles,  and  Lanark,  Scot- 
land.   Highest  summits,  about  1,900  feet. 

Pentweazel  (pent'we-zl),  Lady.  A  charac- 
ter in  Foote's  comedy  "Taste,"  a  kind  of  Mrs. 
Malaprop,  vain  of  her  lost  charms 

Penza  (pen'za).  1.  A  governmen 
Russia,  bounded  by  the  governments  of  Nijni- 
Novgorod,  Simbirsk,  Saratoff,  and  Tamboff. 
The  surface  is  undulating.  The  chief  occupation  is  agri- 
culture. Area,  14,997  square  miles.  Population  (1890), 
1,596,600. 


March  26, 1881.  An  Italian  liberal  politician, 
grandson  of  Murat.  He  defended  Bologna  against  the- 
Austrians  in  1848,  and  was  chief  of  the  provisional  govern- 
ment in  Bologna  in  1869.  In  1862  he  was  minister  of  agri- 
culture and  commerce  under  Rattazzi ;  in  1863  ambassador 
at  St  Petersburg ;  and  1868-70  ambassador  at  Vienna. 

Pepper  (pep'er),  Tom.  An  imaginary  charac- 
ter in  sailors'  legends,  said  to  have  been  kicked 
out  of  heaven  for  lying. 

Pepper,  William.    Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Aug. 
21, 1843 :  died  at  Pleasanton,  Cal.,  July  28, 1898. 
An  American  physician  and  scientist.     He  was 
provost  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  1881-94. 
A  government  in  eastern  Pepperell,  or  Pem)erreU  (pep'er-el).  Sir  Wil- 
•   °  .-,...      liam.    Bom  at  Kittery,  Maine,  June  27,  1696 : 

died  at  Kittery,  July  6, 1759.  An  American  gen- 
eral. He  commanded  the  provincial  army  whichbesieged 
and  captured  Louisburg  in  1746 ;  and  was  acting  governor 
of  Massachusetts  1756-^. 


2.   The  capital  of  the  government  of  Penza,  Pepperpot(pep'er-pot),  Sir  Peter,  ArichWest 


Indian,  a  character  in  Foote's  play  "  The  Pa- 
tron." Foote  played  it  himself. 
Pepusch  (pa'posh),  Johann  Ohristoph.  Bom 
at  Berlin,  1667:  died  at  London,  July  20, 1752. 
A  German-English  composer,  noted  for  his 
theoretical  knowledge  of  music.  He  went  to  Eng- 
land about  1700,  and  in  1710  wasinstrumentel  in  the  organ- 
ization of  the  -Academy  of  Ancient  Music.  He  composed: 
a  number  of  masks,  and  wrote  the  overture  and  arranged 
the  airs  for  Gay's  "Beggar's  Opera"  and  "Polly,"  and  for 
"The  Wedding,"  another  ballad-opera.  He  left  also  a  good 
deal  of  music  for  string  and  wind  instruments,  and  pub- 
lished anonymously  a  treatise  on  harmony. 

Pepys  (peps  or  pips  or  pep'is),  Charles  Chris- 


situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Penza  with  the 

Sura,  about  lat.  53°  10'  N.,  long.  45°  3'  E. 

Population  (1890),  47,701. 
Penzacola.    See  Pensacola. 
Penzance  (pen-zans').     [Com.  Pensans,  holy 

head,  from^ew,  head,  and  sans,  later  sanz,  holy 

(from  L.sa»c<«s,  holy).]  A  seaport  in  Cornwall, 

England,  situated  on  Mounts  Bay  21  miles  west 

of  Falmouth.    It  is  the  westernmost  town  in  England, 

a  watering-place  and  health-resort.    It  has  considerable 

trade,  and  large  mackerel-  and  pilchard-fisheries.    It  was 

the  birthplace  of  Sir  Humphry  Davy.    Population  (1891), 

12,448.  --.,.--  ,.-    ^  .  .  »    .       ., 

Penzance, Baron.    See  Wilde,  James  Plaisted.    topher.firstEarlCottenham.   BomatLondon, 
Penzing    (pent'sing).     A  western  suburb  of    April29, 1781:  died  in  Italy,  April  29, 1851.    An 


Vienna, 

People's  Palace.  An  institution  in  East  Lon- 
don, on  Mile  End  Road,  intended  for  the  "rec- 
reation and  amusement,  the  intellectual  and 
material  advancement,  of  the  vast  artisan  pop- 
ulation of  the  East  End." 

People's  Party,  or  Populists  (pop'u-lists).  In 
United  States  politics,  a  party  formed  in  1891, 
in  which  were  merged  the  Farmers'  Alliance 
and  other  kindred  organizations,  it  developed 
considerable  strength  in  various  Southern  and  Western 
States,  and  in  1892  nominated  James  B.  Weaver  for  Presi- 
dent. The  Populists  obtained  22  electoral  votes.  In 
1896  they  accepted  the  Democratic  nominee  for  President, 
W.  J.  Bryan,  but  nominated  their  own  candidate,  Thomas 
E.  Watson,  tor  the  vice-presidency.  Among  their  aims 
are  an  increase  of  the  circulating  medium,  free  coinage 
of  silver,  free  trade,  an  income  tax,  suppression  of  mo- 
nopolies, etc. 

Peoria.    See  Illinois. 

Peoria(pe-6'ri-a).    [Prom  the  Indian  name.]   A 


English  jurist,  lord  chancellor  1836-41  and  1846- 
1850. 
Pepys,  Samuel.  Bom  Feb.  23, 1633 :  died  May 
26,  1703.  .An  English  politician  and  diarist. 
He  was  a  son  of  John  Pepys,  a  tailor  in  London.  In  lOdO^ 
he  entered  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge.  He  married  in 
1665  and  was  taken  into  the  house  of  Sir  Edward  Montagu 
(afterward  earl  of  Sandwich),  whose  mother  had  married 
Pepys's  grandfather.  His  "Diary"  was  begun  Jan.,  1660, 
and  is  one  of  the  chief  authorities  on  the  Restoration,  in 
which  Pepys  actively  participated.  Montagu  made  him 
secretary  to  the  generals  at  sea  March,  1660,  and  clerk  of 
the  acts  of  the  navy  .Tune  28, 1660.  During  the  great  plague 
he  remained  in  London  and  alone  conducted  the  entire  ad- 
ministration of  the  navy  as  secretary  of  the  admiralty. 
He  also  assisted  in  checking  the  great  fire  in  1666.  In 
1678-79  he  sat  as  member  of  Parliament  for  Harwich,  and 
was  twice  master  of  Trinity  House.  On  May  22, 1679,  he 
was  sent  to  the  Tower  as  a  papist.  From  1684-86  he  was  pres- 
ident of  the  Royal  Society.  About  1690  he  published ' '  Me- 
moirsrelatingtotheStateof  theRoyalNavy."  His  library 
of  3,000  volumes  was  bequeathed  to  Magdalene  College, 
Cambridge.    The  last  entry  in  the  "  Diary  "  was  made  May 


.eoria(pe-o  ii-iJ-;-    l--^^"'";'""    ■niJr.nio  aitnntpil     29,1669.    It  was  written  in  cipher,  and  was  translated  by 
City,  capital  of  Peona  t/ounty,  liunois,  siiuatea     ^^^  ^^^  j  ^^^^^^  ^^^  published,  with  many  omissions,  by 

on  the  Illinois  Eiver,  at  the  foot  of  Peoria  Lake,     ---.■..---  

62  miles  north  of  Springfield.  It  is  a  flourishing 
commercial,  manufacturing,  and  railway  center,  having 
an  extensive  trade  in  grain.    A  tradmg-post  was  estab- 


lished here  by  La  Salle  in  1680.    Pop.  (1900),  56,100. 


Lord  Braybrooke  (who  had  discovered  it  in  the  Pepysian 
Library)  in  1825.  In  1875-79  the  Rev.  Mynors  Bright  re- 
published it  with  much  original  matter,  and  in  1893  a  new 
edition  containing  all  the  omitted  portions,  with  the  notea 
of  both  earlier  editions,  was  edited  by  H.  B.  AVheatley. 


Pepysian  Library 

Fepysian  (pe'pis-i-an)  Library,  The  library 
of  Samuel  Pepys  (containing  the  cipher  MS.  of 
his  '•  Diary"),  bequeathed  by  him  to  Magdalene 
College,  Cambridge,  it  is  in  a  separate  building,  which 
was  approaching  completion  about  the  time  Pepys  deter- 
mined to  bequeath  his  collection  either  to  Magdalene  or 
to  Trinity,  and  in  which  (in  the  former  case)  he  wished  it 
to  be  deposited.  The  library  came  into  the  possession  of 
the  college  on  the  death  of  his  nephew,  Mr.  Jackson,  in 
1724. 

Pequot  (pe'kwot).  [PI.,  also  Pequots.  The 
name  is  translated  'destroyers'  or  'ravagers.'] 
A  former  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  the 
most  dreaded  of  all  in  southern  New  England. 
Historically  they  formed  one  tribe  with  the  Mohegan  who 
seceded  under  Uncas  from  Sassacus,  the  great  Pequot  chief. 
Their  first  known  teiTitory  was  a  narrow  strip  of  coast  in 
Connecticut  from  Nlantic  River  to  the  Rhode  Island  boun- 
dary ;  but  Sassacus  controlled  all  the  tribes  of  Connecticut 
east  of  the  river  of  that  name  and  westward  to  near  New 
Haven,  and  nearly  all  Long  Island.  Their  greatest  strength 
was  about  3,000,  but  has  been  estimated  as  much  greater. 
In  1637  the  English  colonists  surprised  their  principal  fort, 
on  the  Mystic  River,  and  slaughtered  six  hundred.  The 
survivors  of  the  tribe  fled  in  scattered  bands,  some  reach- 
ing tribes  with  whom  they  became  amalgamated.  Also 
Pequod.    See  Algonquian. 

Pequot  War.  A  war  between  the  Pequot  In- 
dians of  Connecticut  and  the  settlers,  1636-38. 
The  Pequot  were  nearly  exterminated  after 
their  defeat  by  the  colonists  under  Mason  in 
1637. 

Pera  (pa'ra).  A  ilorthem  quarter  of  Constanti- 
nople. It  is  situated  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Golden 
Horn,  and  is  inhabited  chiefly  by  Europeans. 

Persea  (pe-re'a).  [Gr.  Xlepaia,  from  vipav,  be- 
yond.] In  ancient  geography:  (a)  A  vague  re- 
gion east  of  the  Jordan,  corresponding  to  the 
earlier  Grilead and  sometimes  iueludingBashau. 
(6)  A  maritime  district  on  the  coast  of  Caria, 
Asia  Minor,  opposite  Ehodes. 

Per  ak  (pa-rak' ) .  A  native  state  on  the  western 
side  of  the  Malay  peninsula,  about  lat.  4°-5i°  N. 
It  is  under  British  protection.  The  chief  product  is  tin. 
Area,  10,000  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  214,254. 

Peralta  (pa-ral'ta),  Gaston  de.  Bom,  proba- 
bly in  Navarre,  about  1510:  died  at  ValladoUd, 
1580.  A  Spanish  nobleman,  marquis  of  Peralta. 
He  was  viceroy  of  Mexico,  Oct,  1566,  to  Oct.,  1567.  Owing 
toa  dispute  with  theaudience,  he  was  deposed  by  the  king, 
and  soon  after  sent  to  Spain,  where  he  justified  his  course 
and  was  made  constable  of  Navarre. 

Peralta  Bamuevo  (bar-ns-a'v6),  Pedro  de. 
Bom  at  Lima,  1663 :  died  there,  1743.  A  Pera- 
vian  mathematician  and  author.  He  was  several 
times  rector  of  the  University  of  San  Marcos,  and  from  1708 
was  official  cosmographer.  His  numerous  writings  include 
poetry,  history,  law,  and  mathematics.  It  is  said  that  his 
published  and  manuscript  works  exceed  60  in  number. 
Among  the  best-known  are  "  Lima  f  undada,"  an  epic  of  the 
conquest  of  Peru,  in  10  cantos  (Lima,  1732) ;  and  a  history 
of  the  viceroyalty  of  the  Marquis  of  Caatell-fuerte.  Also 
written  Peralta  y  Bamuevo, 

Perceforest(per-se-for'est),orPercefor§t(pers- 
f  6-ra').  Amedieval  French  historical  romance. 

The  second  romance  concerning  events  preceding  the 
reign  of  Arthur,  to  which  I  alluded,  and  which  exhibits  a 
different  set  of  heroes  from  the  tales  of  the  Round  Table, 
is  Perceforest,  which  comprehends  the  fabulous  history  of 
Britain  previous  to  the  reign  of  Arthur.  It  is  the  longest 
and  best-known  romance  of  the  class  to  which  it  belongs, 
and  is  the  work  which  St.  Palaye  and  similar  writers  have 
chiefly  selected  for  illustrations  and  proof sof  the  manners 
of  the  times,  and  institutions  of  chivalry. 

Dwidop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I,  238. 

Perce  (per-sa')  Bock.  A  remarkable  rock  in  the 
Gasp6  Peninsula,  Quebec,  on  the  St.  Lawrence. 
It  is  entirely  pierced  in  places,  andforms  arches. 
Height,  nearly  300  feet. 

Perceval  (p6r'se-val).  A  medieval  legend  relat- 
ing to  the  search  oi  Perceval  for  the  Holy  Grail, 
and  his  other  adventures.  It  first  appeared  (in  poeti- 
cal form)  as  a  French  epic  poem  by  Chrestien  deTroyes  in 
the  12th  century :  from  this  it  passed  into  the  literature 
of  nearly  every  European  nation.  The  legend,  however, 
is  much  earlier,  and  appeared  in  several  prose  forms ;  it 
is  traced  by  some  to  the  Welsh  "Peredur,"  a  name  which 
means  'searcher  for  the  basin.*  Some  writers  contend, 
however,  that  this  story  from  the  old  Welsh  "Red  Book" 
is  an  adaptation  of  the  French  poem,  mixed  with  local  tra- 
ditions.   See  Parzivdl. 

Perceval,  Caussin  de.  See  Caussin  de  Perceval. 

Perceval  (p6r'se-val),  Spencer.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Nov.,  1762 :' assassinated  in  the  lobby  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  May  11, 1812.  An  English 
statesman,  younger  son  of  the  Earl  of  Egmont. 
He  took  the  degree  of  master  of  arts  at  Cambridge  (Trinity 
<3ollege)  in  1781;  was  called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in 
1786 ;  became  member  of  Parliament  for  Northampton  in 
1796 ;  and  was  solicitor-general  in  the  Addington  adminis- 
tration in  1801,  and  attorney-general  In  1802.  He  opposed 
Catholic  emancipation.    He  was  premier  1809-12. 

Perche  (persh),  Le.  An  ancient  countship  of 
northern  France,  corresponding  in  the  main 
to  the  departments  of  Eure-et-Loir  and  Orne. 
Capital,  Mortagne.  Itpassed by escheattothe French 
■crown  in  1257.  and  a  large  part  was  included  in  the  gov- 
ernment ot  Maine  (or  Maine  and  Perche). 


794 

Percival  (pfer'si-val),  James  Gates.  Bom  at 
Berlin,  Conn.,  Sept.  15,  1795:  died  at  Hazel 
Green,  Wis.,  May  2,  1856.  An  American  poet. 
His  complete  works  were  published  (2  vols.)  in 
1859. 

Percy  (pfer'si).  A  tragedy  by  Mrs.  Hannah 
More,  produced  in  1778.  She  is  supposed  to 
have  been  assisted  by  Gan-ick  in  this  play. 

Percy,  Henry,  first  Earl  of  Northumberland. 
KiUed  in  battle,  1408.  An  English  military  com- 
mander. He  was  instrumental  in  dethroning  Richard 
II.,  and  was  engaged  in  various  conspiracies  against  Henry 
IV.    He  defeated  the  Scots  at  Homildon  HiU  1402. 

Percy,  Henry,  surnamed  Hotspur.  Killed  in 
the  battle  of  Shrewsbury,  1403.  The  son  of 
Henry  Percy,  first  earl  of  Northumberland,  in 
1402  he  fought  with  his  father  at  Homildon  Hill,  and  cap- 
tured the  Earl  of  Douglas.  Resenting  the  injustice  of 
Henry  IV.  toward  his  brother-in-law,Edmund  Mortimer.be 
associated  liimself  with  Owen  Glendower  in  his  war  against 
the  king,  and  was  killed  at  Shrewsbury  1403.  Shakspere 
introduces  him  as  a  gay,  jesting,  fiery-tempered  soldier  in 
his  "  Henry  IV.,"  first  part. 

Percy,  Thomas,  seventh  Earl  of  Northumber- 
land. Beheaded  at  York,  England,  Aug.  22, 
1572.  An  English  politician,  executed  for  con- 
spiracy against  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Percy,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Bridgnorth,  Eng- 
land, April  13, 1729 :  died  at  Dromore,  Ireland, 
Sept.  30,  1811.  An  English  poet  and  bishop, 
the  editor  of  the  "  ReUques  of  Ancient  English 
Poetry,"  known  as  "  Percy's  Keliques."  He  was 
the  son  of  a  grocer,  and  graduated  at  Oxford  (Christ 
Church)  in  1750.  He  was  appointed  vicar  of  Easton  Mau- 
dit,  Northamptonshire,  in  1753 ;  chaplain  to  George  III.  in 
1769 ;  and  bishop  of  Dromore,  Ireland,  in  1782.  The  "Bel- 
iques  of  Ancient  English  Poetry"  appeared  in  1765 :  the 
first  edition  contained  176poemsor ballads.  Itwascoarse- 
ly,  but  with  some  justice,  attacked  by  Ritson  as  not  being 
an  exact  transcription  from  the  original  manuscripts.  He 
also  published  "  Hau  Kiou  Chooau  "  (1761 ;  a  Chinese  novel 
from  the  Portuguese),  "Miscellaneous  Pieces  relating  to 
the  Chinese  "  (1762), "  Northern  Antiquities  "  (1770 :  trans- 
lated from  Paul  Henri  Mallet),  etc. 

Perdiccas(p6r-dik'as).  [Gr.  neptf/waf.]  Assas- 
sinated in  Egypt,  32l  B.  c.  One  of  the  generals 
of  Alexander  the  Great.  He  became  regent  in  323, 
and  conquered  Cappadocia  in  322.  A  league  was  formed 
against  him  by  Ptolemy  and  others. 

Perdiccas  I.  King  of  Maoedon,  the  alleged 
founder  of  the  Macedonian  kingdom. 

Perdiccas  II.  King  of  Macedon  at  the  time  of 
the  Peloponnesian  war  (until  about  413  B.  c). 

Perdiccas  III.  Died  359  b.c.  King  of  Macedon, 
brother  and  predecessor  of  Philip  of  Macedon. 

Perdido  (p^r-di'do;  Sp.  pron.  per-THe'THo). 
[Sp.,  'lost.']  A  small  river  and  bay  on  the 
western  border  of  Florida,  separating  it  from 
Alabama. 

Perdita(p6r'di-ta).  1.  In  Shakspere's"  The  Win- 
ter's Tale,"  the  daughter  of  Leontes  and  Her- 
mione,  brought  up  as  a  shepherdess. — 2.  See 
BoMnson,  Mrs.  (Mary  Dariy). 

Pereda  (pa-ra'THa),  Antonio  de.  Bom  at  Val- 
ladolid,  1599 :  died  at  Madrid,  1669.  A  Spanish 
painter.  Among  his  works  is  "  The  Disenchant- 
ment of  Life,"  in  the  Academy  of  San  Fernando. 

P6re  Duchesne.    See  S^bert,  Jacques  Ben6. 

Peredur.  A  Welsh  romance  of  the  12th  century. 
It  is  in  the  ' '  Mabinogion,"  taken  from  the  "  Eed 
Book"  of  Hergest.    See  Perceval. 

"Bhxe  Goriot  (pSr  go-ryo'),  Le.  A  novel  by  Bal- 
zac, published  in  1885. 

The  general  situation  may  be  described  in  two  words,  by 
saying  that  Goriot  is  the  modern  £ing  Lear.  Mesdames 
de  Restaud  and  de  Nucingen  are  the  representatives  of 
Regan  and  Goneril ;  but  the  Parisian  Lear  is  not  allowed 
the  consolation  of  a  Cordelia. 

Ledie  Stephen,  Hours  in  a  Library,  p.  261. 

Peregrina,  La.    See  Avellaneda  y  Arteaga. 
Peregrine  Pickle  (per'e-grin  pik'l).  The  Ad- 
ventures of.    A  novel  by  Smollett,  published 

in  1751.  Peregrine  is  a  handsome  profligate  sowing  his 
wild  oats,  disliked  by  his  mother  who  devotes  herself  to 
her  younger  son  Gamaliel  or  Gam,  a  deformed  but  equally 
villainous  scoundrel.  Peregrine  is  adopted  by  Commodore 
Trunnion,  his  uncle,  and  the  humors  of  the  latter  and  Lieu- 
tenant Jack  Hatchway  are  unsurpassed. 

Peregrinus  Proteus  (per-f-gn'nus  pro'te-us). 
Died  165  a.  d.  A  Cynic  philosopher.  After  a 
youth  spent  in  debauchery  and  crime,  he  became  a  Chris- 
tian and  afterward  a  Cynic  philosopher.  He  burned  him- 
self alive  at  Olympia  during  the  Olympic  games  in  166. 
He  is  represented  by  Lucian  as  a  profligate  and  crazy  quack. 
He  is  the  subject  of  a  romance  by  Wieland. 

Pereira  da  Silva  (pe-ra'ra  da  sel'va),  Jo5o 
Manuel.  Born  at  Kio  de  Janeiro,  1818:  died 
1898.  A  Brazilian  historian.  His  works  include 
"  Historia  da  lunda?ao  do  Imperio  Brazileiro  "  ("  History 
of  the  Foundation  of  the  Biazilian Empire,"  1864-68),  etc. 

P^reire  (pa-rar')»  Isaac.  Bom  at  Bordeaux, 
France,  Nov.  25,  1806:  died  July  12,  1880.  A 
French  financier,  in  company  with  Ms  brother  £mile 
P6reire  he  established  himself  as  a  broker  at  Paris.  The 
brothers  purchased  the  railroad  from  Paris  to  St. -Germain 


Pergamum 

in  1835,  and  in  1852  founded  the  Credit  Mobiller  (which 
see).  He  published  "Le  rdle  de  la  Banque  de  France  et 
I'organisation  du  credit  en  France"  (1864),  "Questions 
flnancieres"(1877),  and  "Politique  flnancitre"  (1879). 

Perekop  (pe-re-kop')-  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Taurida,  Eussia,  situated  on  the  Isth- 
mus of  Perekop,  61  miles  southeast  of  Kherson. 
It  was  formerly  an  important  fortress  and  com- 
mercial place.    Population,  4,801. 

Perekop,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Black  Sea, 
lying  northwest  of  the  Crimea. 

Perekop,  Isthmus  of.  An  isthmus  connecting 
the  Crimea  with  the  rest  of  Russia,  and  separat- 
ing the  Sea  of  AzoflE  from  the  Black  Sea.  Width, 
4  miles. 

PSre  Lachaise  (par  la-shaz'),  Cemetery  of. 
The  most  important  and  celebrated  cemetery 
of  Paris,  situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  city. 
The  site  belonged  to  a  rich  burgher  in  the  16th  century, 
and  was  called  "La  Folie-Regnault."  It  was  bought  by 
the  Jesuits  in  1626,  and  named  Mont-Louis.  It  was  later 
enlarged  by  Pfere  Lachaise,  the  Jesuit  confessor  of  Louis 
XTV.,  and  has  always  borne  his  name.  It  was  the  scene 
of  a  struggle  between  the  Communists  and  the  national 
troops  May  27, 1871.    Also  written  Pire  La  Chaise. 

Perez  (pa'rath),  Antonio.  Bom  in  Aragon 
about  1539 :  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  3, 1611.  A  Span- 
ish politician,  secretary  of  state  imder  Philip  n. 
At  the  instigation  of  Philip  he  procured  the  murder,  for 
political  reasons,  of  Escovedo,  secretary  of  Don  John  of 
Austria,  March  31, 1578.  He  lost  the  king's  favor,  and 
was  arrested  in  1579  and  forced,  by  torture,  to  confess  his 
part  in  the  deed ;  but  he  escaped  to  Aragon,  and  thence  to 
France  (1591).  His  protection  by  Aragon  led  to  the  sup- 
pression  by  Philip  of  the  ancient  Aragonese  privileges. 
He  published  "Relaciones"  ("Accounts,"  1594). 

The  letters  of  Perez  are  in  a  great  variety  of  styles,  from 
the  cautious  and  yet  fervent  appeals  that  he  made  to  Philip 
the  Second,  down  to  thegallant  notes  he  wrote  to  court  la- 
dies, and  the  overflowings  of  his  heart  to  his  young  chil- 
dren. But  they  were  all  written  in  remarkably  idiomatic 
Gastilian,  and  are  rendered  interesting  from  the  circum- 
stance, that  in  each  class  there  is  a  strict  observance  of 
such  conventional  forms  as  were  required  by  the  relative 
social  positions  of  the  author  and  his  correspondents. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  IIL  167. 

Perez  (pa'rath),  Jos6  Joaquin.  Bom  at  Santi- 
ago in  1800 :  died  1890.  A  Chilean  statesman, 
^occupied  variousdiplomaticpositions,  and  under  Bulnes 
was  minister  of  the  treasury  1845-49,  and  of  the  interior 
1849-51.  He  became  president  of  Chile  Sept.  18, 1861,  serv- 
ing, by  reelection  in  1866,  until  Sept.  18, 1871.  Under  him 
the  moderate liberalsbegan  to  take  partintlie  government. 
The  period  was  one  of  general  prosperity.  War  broke  out 
with  Spain  in  Sept.,  1865,  and  Valparaiso  was  bombarded 
by  a  Spanish  fleet  March  31, 1866.  Hostilities  ceased  in 
April,  though  the  treaty  of  peace  was  delayed  many  years. 

Perez  (pe'rea),  Michael.  A  noted  character  in 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  play  "  Rule  a  Wife  and 
Have  a  Wife,"  known  as  "the  Copper  Captain." 
He  is  a  pretentious  imitation  of  a  rich  and  noble 
soldier. 

Perez  (pa'rath),  Santiago.  Bom  1830:  died 
1900.  A  Colombian  politician  of  the  liberal 
party.  He  was  secretary  of  foreign  relations  under  Mu- 
rillo  Toro  1864-66,  and  again  under  Santos  Gutierrez  1868 ; 
minister  to  the  United  States  1870-72 ;  and  president  of 
the  United  States  of  Colombia  April  1,  1874,  to  March  31, 
1876.  Subsequently  he  was  again  minister  to  the  United 
States.    He  is  an  author  of  some  repute. " 

Perez  de  Zambrana  (pa'rath  da  tham-bra'na), 
Luisa  (n^e  Perez  de  Montes  de  Oca).    Bom 

near  Santiago,  1837.  A  Cuban  poet  and  novelist. 
In  1858  she  married  Dr.  Ramon  Zambrana,  a 
well-known  physician  and  author,  who  died  in 
1866. 
Perga  (per'ga),  or  Perge  (pSr'je).  [Gr.  Utpyt).'] 
In  ancient  geography,  a  city  in  Pamphylia,  Asia 
Minor, situated  about  lat.37°N.,long.30°55'E. 
It  was  noted  for  the  worship  of  Artemis.  A  Roman  theater 
here  is  one  of  the  finest  surviving.  The  cavea  has  1  pre- 
cinction  and  40  tiers  of  marble  seats,  with  a  giUery  at  the 
top,  colonnaded  in  front  and  arched  at  the  back.  The 
back  wall  of  the  stage  has  five  large  niches,  with  fine 
columns  of  breccia.  The  diameter  is  330  feet.  The  theater 
is  in  great  part  built  up  of  masonry.  There  are  also  re- 
mains of  a  stadium,  771  feet  long  and  194  wide,  the  arena 
732  by  115.  The  tiers  of  seats  rest  on  vaulted  foundations, 
and  were  skirted  at  the  top  by  a  gallery.  There  is  a  monu- 
mental arched  entrance  in  the  semicircular  end. 

Pergamum  (per'ga-mum),  or  Pergamus  (per'- 
ga-musj.  [Gr.ncpya/iov.]  In  ancient  geography, 
a  city  m  Teuthrania,  Mysia,  Asia  Minor,  sit- 
uated on  the  Caicus  50  miles  north  of  Smyrna : 
the  modern  Bergamo  or  Bergama.  The  city  was 
raised  to  importance  by  the  famous  victory  of  Attains 
I.  over  the  Gauls  in  the  latter  half  of  the  3d  century  B.  0. 
To  the  son  of  Attalus,  Eumenes  II.,  are  due  the  great  ex- 
tension of  the  city  and  its  architectural  adornment,  and 
during  his  reign  occurred  the  remarkable  development 
of  Pergamene  sculpture,  on  lines  of  much  more  modem 
spirit  than  the  older  Greek  art.  The  same  king  founded 
the  famous  Pergamene  Library.  His  chief  buildings  were 
placed  on  a  succession  of  terraces  on  the  summit  of  the 
acropolis,  which  rises  900  feet  above  the  plain,  and  on 
other  lower  terraces  immediately  outside  of  the  powerful 
acropolis  walls.  The  city  remained  prosperous  under  the 
Eomans(seePerjomMm,jttB^domo/),andmany  fine  build- 
ings were  erected  on  the  acropolis,  and  beside  the  Selinas 
River  below,  under  the  empire.  In  1878  the  Prussian  gov- 
ernment sent  to  the  site  an  exploring  expedition  under 


Pergammn 

Conzet  Humann,  and  Bohn.  Their  Investigations  were 
continued  for  several  years,  and  to  them  are  dae  the  redis- 
covery of  Fergamene  art  and  the  mass  of  new  information 
regarding  later  Greek  architecture  which  together  form 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  archseological  acquisitions  of 
the  century.  The  sculptures  discovered  at  Fergamum  are 
preserved  at  Berlin.  The  great  altar  of  Zeus  consisted  of 
un  immense  quadrangular  basement  with  a  broad  flight  of 
steps  penetrating  one  side.  The  top  was  surrounded  by 
an  Ionic  peristyle  which  inclosed  the  alta^  proper  on  3 
sides.  On  the  wall  of  this  peristyle  was  the  smaller  frieze 
■of  the  famous  Fergamum  Marbles,  while  around  the  base- 
ment and  along  the  stairs  was  carried  the  large  frieze. 
The  latter  was  excavated  in  1879-80,  and  now  is  the  chief 
treasure  of  the  Old  Museum  at  Berlin.  This  extensive 
frieze  dates  from  about  180  B.  o.,  and  belongs  to  the  monu- 
mental commemoration  of  the  triumph  of  Eumenes  II. 
over  the  invading  Qauls.  It  represents  in  high  relief  the 
victorious  battle  of  the  gods  against  the  giants,  the  two 
-chief  groups  centering  about  Zeus  and  Athene.  The  figures 
are  of  colossal  size,  and  the  sculpture  is  of  remarkable 
-vigor :  it  represents  an  entirely  new  phase  of  Greek  art, 
more  emotional  and  modern  in  feeling  than  had  been  de- 
veloped elsewhere.  The  small  frieze,  excavatedat  the  same 
time,  is  now  also  in  the  Old  Museum  at  Berlin.  This  frieze 
adorned  the  monumental  structures  which  stood  upon  the 
■colossal  altar.  Its  subject  is  the  story  of  the  local  hero 
Telephus,  and  It  is  extremely  pleasing  in  conception  and 
■execution.  There  are  a  Greek  theater  and  a  Boman  am- 
phitheater, and  remains  of  several  temples.  An  Ionic 
temple,  of  the  finest  Greek  design,  is  on  the  slope  of  the 
acropolis ;  the  cella  with  its  ornamented  doorway  remains 
unusually  perfect.  The  temple  of  Athene  Folias,  a  Doric 
peripteros  of  6  by  10  columns,  of  late  Greek  date,  measuring 
■42J  by  72  f  eetp  occupied  a  terrace  which  was  surrounded 
■on  two  or  three  sides  by  a  handsome  stoa  of  two  stories, 
Doric  below  and  Ionic  above,  with  a  balustrade  sculptured 
with  warlike  trophies  in  the  second  story.  The  temple  of 
Trajan,  occupying  a  large  terrace  toward  the  summit  of 
the  acropolis,  was  a  Corinthian  peripteros  of  white  marble. 

Pergammn,  Kingdom  of.   An  ancient  Greek 

kingdom  in  Asi  a  Minor.  It  rose  to  prominence  under 
Attalus  I.  in  the  3d  century  B.C.  Attains  III.  died  133  B.  0. , 
and  bequeathed  the  kingdom  to  Rome.  It  was  made  a 
province  under  the  name  of  Asia. 

Pergamus,  or  Pergamum.  The  name  given  in 
the  niad  to  the  citadel  of  Troy. 

Perge.    See  Perga. 

Pergola  (per'go-la).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Pesaro  e  TJrMno,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Cesano 
15  miles  southeast  of  TJrbino.  Population  (1881), 
commune,  9,120. 

Pergolesi  (per-go-la'se),  or  Fergolese  (l)er-g6- 
la'se),  Giovanni  Battista.  Bom  at  Jesi,  Jan. 
3,  1710:  died  at  Pozzuoli,  March  16,  1736.  A 
noted  Italian  composer.  He  was  educated  at  Naples, 
and  at  first  studied  the  violin  under  Domenico  de  Matteis, 
then  counterpoint  and  vocal  composition.  He  composed 
his  first  opera,  "La  Sallustia,"  about  1731,  and  two  others 
in  rapid  succession.  These  were  not  successful,  and  he 
'  oeased  writing  for  the  stage  and  composed  2  masses  and 
SO  trios  for  violins  and  bass  viol.  Shortly  after(apparently 
-within  the  same  year)  he  produced  his  very  successful 
operetta ' '  La  Serva  Padrona  " :  this  was  the  basis  of  Italian 
comic  opera  to  the  time  of  Bossini  (Grove).  He  died 
while  finishing  his  "  Stabat  Mater  "  for  two  voices,  soprano 
and  contralto.  Among  his  other  works  are  "Hamineo" 
<1735 ;  an  opera  bouffe),"SalveRegina,"  "Dieslrss,"  "Orfeo 
e  Euridice"  (a  cantata),  and  much  church  and  chamber 
music. 

Periander  (per-i-an'der).  [Gr.  Tleplavdpog.'] 
Died  585  b.  C.  Tyrant  of  Corinth  625-585  B.  C. 
He  is  usually  counted  among  the  seven  wise 
men  of  Greece. 

The  cruel  tyranny  of  Periander  is  agreed  on  by  all  writers. 
There  is  some  difference  of  detail.  He  set  up  a  body- 
iguard  of  300  men,  made  severe  sumptuai?  laws,  kept  the 
citizens  poor  by  means  of  fines  and  confiscations,  shed 
abundant  blood,  and  was  frequently  guilty  of  the  grossest 
outrages.  Rumlimon,  Herod.,  III.  293,  note. 

Pericles  (per'i-klez).  [Gr.  nepiK^w.]  Bom  prob- 
ably about  495  B.  c. :  died  at  Athens,  429  b.  c. 
A  celebrated  Athenian  statesman  and  orator, 
son  of  Xanthippus.  He  entered  public  life  about  469 ; 
became  the  leader  of  the  democratic  party ;  and  secured 
-the  ostracism  of  Cimon  and  later  of  Thucydides.  After 
444  he  was  the  principal  minister  of  Athens. .  He  aided  in 
the  military  and  naval  development  of  the  state ;  encour- 
aged art  and  literature;  completed  the  fortification  of 
Athens  and  Firseus ;  caused  the  building  of  the  Parthe- 
non, Fropylsea,  Odeon,  etc. ;  and  commanded  in  the  war 
against  Samos  and  in  the  first  part  of  the  Peloponnesiau 
war.    See  Aspasia. 

Pericles,  Prince  of  Tyre.  A  play  by  Shak- 
spere,  probably  on  the  stage  in  1608,  published 
in  1609.  It  is  thought  that  George  Wilkins -wrote 
part  of  it. 

Pericu(pa-re-ko').  [PL,  also  Pencws.]  A  tribe 
or  division  of  North  American  Indians,  li-ving 
at  the  southern  end  of  Lower  California  (to 
about  lat.  24°  N.).     See  Ttiman. 

Periegesis(per'''i-e-je'sis).  [Orr.Vlep^yiiai;.']  A 
description  of  the  world  in  about  1,000  iambic 
lines,  by  Seymnus  of  Chios  (about  74  b.  c). 
This  poem  is  extant. 

Pgrier  (pa-rya'),  Oasimir.  Born  at  Grenoble, 
France,  Oct.  21, 1777:  died  May  15-16, 1832.  A 
French  statesman  and  financier.  He  was  a  mem- 
her  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  under  Louis  XVIIL  and 
Charles  X.  (acting  with  the  opposition),  and  was  premier 
1831-32. 


795  Perote 

"Italian  Sculptors,  etc."  (L86S),  "Raphael  and  Michel- 
angelo" (1878),  "Historical  Hand-Book  of  Italian  Sculp- 
tors," "History  of  the  Handel  and  Haydn  Society  "(of 
which  he  was  president)  (1883),  "Ghiberti  et  son  6cole" 
(1886,  at  Paris),  etc.  He  edited  "Art  in  the  House,"  etc. 
(1879),  and  was  critical  editor  of  a  "Cyclopedia  of  Painters 

P6rigord(pa-r6-g6r').  An  ancient  conntship  of  PerMnsrJustin?    Bom  at  West  Springfield, 
France,  which  formed  part  of  the  government    Mass.,  March  12, 1805 :  died  at  Chicopee,  tass. 
of  Guienne.    Capital,  Perigueux.    it  was  bounded     Dec    31    1869      An  AmfirioaTi    fon^vpi^atinTi!. 
by  Angoumois  on  the  north,  Quercy  and  Limousin  on  the    i;?„  "•„„';,  „        -^^i -ajaaencan   (..ongiegational 
east,  Agfinais  on  the  south,  and  Saintonge  on  the  west.   It    ™lf  ^jonary  among  the  Nestonans  m  Persia, 
was  largely  inclnded  in  tlie  department  of  Dordogne.    It  Ferkin  War  Deck.     See  Warbeck. 
appears  as  a  countship,  a  fiel  of  Aquitaine,  in  the  10th  Perla  (per'la).  La.     [It.,  'the  pearl.']     A  paint- 
century ;  foUowed  mainly  thejortunes  of  Aquitaine;  and     ing  of  the  Holy  Family,  by  Raphael,  in  the 

Royal  Museum  at  Madrid,  it  was  so  named  by 
Philip  IV.,  who  bought  it  from  the  collection  of  Charles 
I.  of  Great  Britain,  and  exclaimed  when  he  saw  it :  "This 
is  the  pearl  of  my  pictures ! "  The  coloring  is  opaque,  and 
the  shadows  heavy :  the  king's  judgment  overrated  it. 

river  Isle  in  lat.  45°  11' N.,  long.  0°  44' E. :  the  Perleberg(per'le-berG).  Atown  in  the  province 

ancient  Vesuna  or  Vesunna.    It  has  considerable  o*  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Stepe- 

commerce,  and  is  noted  for  its  "P^rigord  pies"  of  trufiles  nitz  76  miles  northwest  of  Berlin.     Population 

and  partridges.    The  cathedral,  one  of  the  most  remark-  (1890),  7,565. 

able  of  medieval  monuments,  dates  from  the  11th  century,  p^rlpilii  Rriisil  T.a     fW    "TliAPeorl  nfRTn!/!! '1 

In  plan  and  dunensions  it  almost  exactly  reproduces  St.  ■rerieaUBreSU.lia.    l^.,    ineJ-earioruragll.  J 

Mark's  at  Venice :  the  present  view  is  that  both  were  in-  An  opera  by  F6hcien  David,  produced  at  Pans 

spired  by  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Apostles  at  Constanti-  in  1851. 

nople.    The  plan  is  a  Greek  cross,  measuring  about  184  Perm  (perm).   1.  A  government  in  eastern  Rus- 

it^i!?'^*^  ^JJi.^.'jyf^A^yJ  &?''  SS.?™?!?ilia„''V5'^J  sla,  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Ural  Mountains, 


PSrier,  Jean  Paul  Pierre  Casimir  (called  Ca- 
simir-Plrier).  Bom  at  Paris,  Nov.  8, 1847.  A 
French  statesman,  elected  president  of  the 
French  republic  June  27, 1894 ;  resigned  Jan.  15, 
1895.    He  is  a  grandson  of  Casimir  Purler  (1777-1832). 


was  united  to  France  under  Henry  IV, 

Perigot  (per'i-got).  The  principal  character  in 
Fletcher's  "Faithful  Shepherdess." 

Perigueux  (pa-re-g6').  The  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Dordogne,  France,  situated  on  the 


30  feet  in  diameter  and  100  high.  The  construction  is  of 
plain  masonry,  with  some  Romanesque  arcades,  and  en- 
tirely without  the  wonderful  Byzantine  decoration  in 
sculpture  and  color.  The  exterior,  however,  as  restored, 
is  highly  Impressive.  The  chevet  is  aremodeled  14th-oen- 
turychapel,  and  at  the  west  end  there  is  a  narthex  formed 
of  part  of  an  earlier  church,  with  a  very  old  and  curious 
tower,  197  feet  high.  This  is  the  parent  of  all  French 
medieval  domical  churches.  Other  objects  of  interest  are 
the  museum,  the  old  cathedral  of  St.  Ftienne,  a  ruined 


and  bordering  on  Siberia.  It  is  watered  by  the  Kama, 
Obi,  and  Fetchora  systems.  It  is  the  chief  mining  govern- 
ment in  Russia,  producing  gold,  silver,  iron,  copper,  plati- 
num, and  other  minerals,  and  precious  stones.  Area, 
128,211  square  miles.  Population  (1890),  2,811,300. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Perm,  sit- 
uated on  the  Kama  about  lat.  58°  N.,  long.  56° 
30'  B.    It  is  on  the  main  route  to  Siberia,  and  is  the  seat 

ancient  amphitheater,  and  the  Roman  Tour  de  V^sone.  p°' ^°  i"?,"^?"^'^^ t*'!f '  /ffi"l*"°^^^^ 
Vesuna  was  the  chief  place  of  the  Petrocorii,  and  later  a  FermiaUS  (per  mi-anz),  or  FermyaKS  (perm  - 
flourishing  Roman  town.  The  place  was  taken  by  the  Eng-     yaks).     A  people  living  in  the  government  of 
lish  in  1366,  and  was  occupied  by  the  Huguenots  from  1576     Perm,  Russia,  belonging  to  the  Finnic  stock, 
to  1681.    Population  (1891),  commune,  31,439.  They  number  about  60,000. 

Perim  (pa-rem').  A  small  island  in  the  Strait  Pernambuco(per-nam-b5'k6;Pg.pron.per-nan- 
of  Bab-el-Mandeb,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Red  bo'kp).  A  maritime  state  of  Brazil,  situated 
Sea.  It  belongs  to  Great  Britain,  and  is  used  about  lat.  7°-10°  S.  Area,  49,625  square  miles, 
as  a  coaling-station.  ,  ^     ^     ,       ^,     ,        .^,       Population,  estimated  (1894),  1,254,159. 

Penmedes  (per-i-me'dez)  the  Blacksmith.  Pernamhuco,  or  Recife  (re-se'fe).  A  seaport, 
A  collection  of  love-stories  interspersed  with  capital  of  the  state  of  Pemambuco,  situated 
poems,  by  Robert  Greene,  published  in  1588.  gn  the  coast  in  lat.  8°  3'  S.,  long.  34°  52'  W. 
The  stories  are  mostly  from  Boccaccio. 

Perinthus,  or  Heraclea  Perinthus  (her-a-kle'a 
pe-rin'thus).  [Gr.  ffipwfof.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  of  Thrace,  situated  on  the  Pro- 
pontis  55  miles  west  of  Byzantium.    It  made  a  Pernau  (per'nou).     A  seaport  and  watering- 


It  is  composed  of  three  parts  separated  by  narrow  chan- 
nels— Recife,  Santo  Antonio,  and  Boa  Vista.  It  is  one  of 
the  chief  commercial  cities  of  Brazil.  The  leading  export 
is  sugar.  Population  variously -estimated  at  110,000  to 
190,000. 


successful  defense  against  Philip  of  Macedon  in  340  B.  0. 
The  modern  Eski  Eregli  is  on  its  site. 

Perion  (Sp.  pron.  pa-re-6n').  A  mythical  king, 
the  father  of  Amadis  of  Gaul  in  the  romance  of 
that  name. 

Peripatetics  (per"i-pa-tet'iks).  [From  Gr.  mpc- 
icaTTiTtKdg,  given  to  -walking  about,  esp.  while 
teaching  or  disputing.  The  name  was  given  to 
Aristotle  and  his  followers  because  he  taught 
in  the  walks  of  the  Lyceum  at  Athens.]  The 
followers  of  Aristotle  (384-322  b.  c).  In  the 
middle  ages  the  word  was  often  used  to  signify 
'logicians.'    See  Aristotle. 

Periplus  (per'i-plus).  [L.,  from  Gr.  veptwloos, 
mpmTuiv;,  a  sailing  around,  an  account  of  a 
coasting  voyage.]  The  title  of  various  geo- 
graphical works  of  antiquity.  The  oldest  extant  is 
by  Scylax  of  Caryanda  in  Caria,  assigned  by  !Ni  iebuhr  to 
the  time  of  Alexander'the  Great.  There  were  also  similar 
works  by  Nearchus,  Agatharchides,  Hanno,  Timagenes, 
and  others. 

Periscii  (pe-rish'i-i).  The  inhabitants  of  the 
polar  circles:  so  called  because  in  their  sum- 
mer-time their  shadows  describe  an  oval. 

Perissa    (pe-ris'a).     In    Spenser's    "Faerie 


place  in  the  government  of  Livonia,  Russia,  sit- 
uated at  the  entrance  of  the  river  Pernau  into 
the  Gulf  of  Riga,  in  lat.  58°  23'  N.,  long.  24°  29' 
E.  It  has  a  flourishing  foreign  trade.  It  was 
founded  in  1255.  Population,  13,529. 
Perne  (pem),  Andrew.  Bom  at  East  Bilney, 
Norfolk,  1519:  died  1589.  An  English  ecclesi- 
astic and  scholar.  He  was  a  graduate  and  fellow  of 
Queens'  College,  and  master  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge.  He 
is  best  known  by  his  changes  in  religious  belief :  he  was 
a  Catholic  under  Henry  VIII.,  a  Protestant  under  Edward 
VI.,  a  Catholic  again  under  Mary,  and  finally  a  Protestant 
under  Elizabeth.  He  was,  notwithstanding,  a  man  of  fine 
character,  and  rendered  important  service  to  his  genera- 
tion. 

These  changes  of  opinion  exposed  him  to  no  little  ridi- 
cule. The  wits  of  the  University  added  a  new  verb  to  the 
Latin  language,  pemare,  'to  change  one's  opinion."  It 
became  proverbial  to  say  of  a  cloak  that  had  been  turned, 
"  It  has  been  Pemed."  The  letters  A.  P.  A.  P.  on  the 
weathercock  of  St.  Peter's  Church  were  explained  to  mean 
"Andrew  Feme  a  Papist,"  or  "Andrew  Perne  a  Protes- 
tant," according  to  the  fancy  of  the  reader,  and  the  like. 
Clarke,  Cambridge,  p.  42. 


Pernelle  (per-nel'),  Madame.  The  mother  of 
Orgon  in  Molifere's  "Tartufe."    The  part  was 

Que6ne,"theyoungestof three sisterswhowere    ^i^flZfZt  ^^  ^^^^'*'   ^""^  "'  """^''^^^ 

always  discordant.    See  Medina.  PeroUa  and  Izadora.    A  tragedy  by  Cibber, 

PeriZZltes  (per'i-zits).    In  Old  Testament  his-  -^^^i^ced  in  1705     It  was  founded  on^Lord  Orl 

tory,  a  people  of  Canaan,  livmg  west  ot  the    ^^j.^^  "Parthenissa  " 

Jordan  in  the  region  between  Bethel  and  She-  pgronne  (pa-ron').    A  town  and  fortress  in  the 

department  of  Somme,  France,  situated  on  the 
Somme  30  miles  east  of  Amiens.  Charles  III.  (the 
Simple)  was  imprisoned  here,  and  in  1468  Louis  XI.  was 
imprisoned  here  by  Charles  the  Bold.  It  was  successful^ 
defended  against  the  forces  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.  in 
1636 ;  was  stormed  by  the  English  June  26, 1816 ;  and  was 
besieged  by  the  Germans  Dec.  27,  1870,  and  capitulated 
Jan.  9,  1871.    Population  (1891),  commune,  4,746. 

Peronne,  Treaty  of.  A  conference  in  1468  be- 
tween Charles  the  Bold,  duke  of  Burgundy,  and 
Louis  XI.  of  Prance  (who  had  gone  to  Peronne 
with  a  small  escort  and  was  imprisoned  by  the 
duke).    Louis  made  important  concessions. 

Perote  (pa-ro'ta).  A  village  of  the  state  of  Vera 
Cruz,  Mexico,  about  18  miles  west  of  Jalapa. 
Near  it  was  a  fort  of  the  same  name,  commanding  the  road 
up  the  mountains.  It  was  commenced  in  1770,  and  was 
long  the  strongest  fort  in  Mexico  except  San  Juan  de 
Ulila  at  Vera  Cruz.  It  was  an  important  point  during  the 
civil  wars. 


chem. 

The  Perizzites,  however,  did  not  represent  either  a  race 
oratribe.  They  were  the  people  of  the  "cultivated  plain," 
the  agriculturists  of  that  part  of  the  country  which  was 
capable  of  tillage,  like  the  modern  f  eUahiu  of  Egypt.  They 
belonged  accordingly  to  various  races  and  nationalities : 
there  were  Israelitish  Perizzim  as  well  as  Canaanitish  or 
Amorite  Perizzim.  The  name  was  a  descriptive  one,  like 
that  of  Kadmonite  or  "Eastern  "  which  denoted  the  popu- 
lation on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Jordan. 

X,  Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  120. 


Perjur'd  Husband,  The,  or  the  Adventures 
of  Venice.  A  tragedy  by  Mrs.  Centhvre,  pro- 
duced and  printed  in  1700.    This  was  her  first 

Perkins  (pSr'kinz),  Charles  Callahan.  Bom  at 
Boston,  March  1, 1823:  died  at  Windsor,  Vt. ,  Aug. 
25, 1886.  An  American  writer  on  art.  He  studied 
painting  both  in  Rome  and  Paris,  and  afterward  music  and 
etching.    He  published  "Tuscan  Sculptors,  etc."  (1864), 


F^TOuse,  La 

P^rouse,  La.     See  La  Perouse. 

Perowne  (pe-roun'),  John  James  Stewart. 
Born  at  Burdwan,  Bengal,  Maveh  13,  18'-'3. 
An  English  divine,  bishop  of  Worcester  1891- 
1901.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (Corpus  Christ!  Col- 
lege) in  1845.  He  tias  published  various  theological  and 
exegetical  works. 

Perperna  (per-p6r'na).  Put  to  death  by  Pom- 
pey  about  72  B.  c.  A  Roman  general  in  Spain, 
lieutenant  of  Sertorius  whom  he  put  to  death. 

Peipetua  (pSr-peJ'u-a),  Saint.  KUled  at  Car- 
thage in  203.    An  African  martyr. 

Of  all  the  histories  of  martyrdom,  none  is  so  unexagger- 
ated  in  its  tone  and  language,  so  entirely  unencumbered 
with  miracle ;  none  abounds  in  such  exquisite  touches  of 
nature,  or,  on  the  whole,  from  its  minuteness  and  circum- 
stantiality, breathes  such  an  air  of  truth  and  reality,  as 
that  of  Perpetua  and  Felioitas,  two  African  females.  Their 
death  Is  ascribed,  in  the  Acts,  to  the  year  of  the  accession 
of  Geta,  the  son  of  Severus. 

Milman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  168. 

Perpetual  Peace,  The.  A  name  given  to  the 
treaty  concluded  at  Fribourg  between  Prance 
and  the  Swiss  Confederation  in  1516. 

Ferpignan  (per-pen-yon').  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Pyr^n^es-Orientales,  Prance, 
situated  on  the  Tgt  in  lat.  42°  44'  N.,  long.  2° 
53'  E.  It  19  an  important  fortress,  and  has  flourishing 
trade  and  manufactures.  The  cathedral,  founded  in  1324 
by  Sancho  II.,  king  of  Majorca,  is  thoroughly  Spanish  In 
character,  even  to  Its  great  marble  rotable  with  reliefs  from 
the  life  of  St.  John.  The  nave,  without  aisles,  is  90  feet 
high  and  60  in  span.  Perpignan  was  the  ancient  residence 
of  the  kings  of  Majorca;  passed  to  Aragon ;  was  taken  by 
Louis  XI.  in  1475 ;  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  Francis 
I.  in  1542;  and  since  1642  has  belonged  to  France.  It 
was  the  ancient  capital  of  EousslUon.  Population  (1891), 
33,878. 

Perplexed  Lovers,  The,  A  comedy  by  Mrs. 
Centlivre,  produced  and  printed  in  1712. 

Ferrault  (pa-ro' ),  Charles.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan. 
12,  1628:  died  there,  May  16,  1703.  A  French 
vrriter.  According  to  his  own  testimony,  he  left  the  col- 
lege at  Beauvais  in  consequence  of  a  misunderstanding 
with  one  of  his  professors,  and  spent  three  or  four  years  in 
conscientious  study,  especially  of  the  classics.  Two  odes 
In  eulogy  of  Louis  XIV.  brought  him  Into  favor  at  court, 
BO  that  no  opposition  was  raised  to  his  admission  to  the 
French  Academy,  Sept.  22, 1671.  His  poem  "Le  si&cle  de 
Louis  le  Grand,  read  before  this  body  on  Jan.  27, 1687,  ex- 
pressed incidentally  some  ideas  that  were  disparaging  to 
the  old  classics.  Between  Boileau  and  Perrault  arose  then ' 
the  great  literary  quarrel  concerning  the  respective  merits 
of  the  ancients  and  the  modems,  which  lasted  over  a  dozen 
years,  and  did  much  to  bring  Perrault's  name  into  promi- 
nence. In  the  course  of  their  diatribe,  Perrault  started  in 
1688  the  publication  of  his  "ParallMe  des  anciens  et  des 
modernes. "  He  also  wrote  the  two  works  upon  which  his 
literary  fame  rests,  "LeshommeslUustresquiontparu  en 
France  pendant  ce  siicle"  (1696-1701),  and  "Lea  contes 
de  ma  m^re  I'oye"  (1697).  These  tales,  reminiscent  of  our 
"  Mother  Goose,**  are  also  known  simply  as  "  Les  contes  de 
Perrault'* :  they  include  18  charming  fairy  tales  such  as 
''Cinderella,"  "Bluebeard,**  ''Little  Red  Riding- Hood,'* 
"Puss  in  Boots,'*  etc.  These  stories  were  probably  known 
long  before  Perrault's  day,  but  to  him  belongs  the  credit  of 
giving  them  in  their  French  form  a  simple  and  lasting  ex- 
pression. The  remainder  of  Perrault*s  writings  have  not 
added  materially  to  his  literary  reputation,  and  he  himself 
died  in  relative  obscurity. 

Perrault,  Claude.  Bom  1613:  died  1688.  A 
French  architect,  brother  of  Charles  Perrault. 
He  devised  the  colonEnade  of  the  Louvre. 

Ferrenot,  Antoine.    See  Granvella. 

Ferrers  (per'ferz),  or  Perren  (per'en),  Alice. 
A  mistress  of  Edward  IIL,  notorious  for  her  in- 
fluence in  English  affairs  about  the  time  of  the 
Good  Parliament  (1376). 

Perron  (pa-r6n'), Madame  de.  The  special  agent 
of  Catharine  de'  Medici  in  superintending  the 
works  by  PhUibert  de  I'Orme  at  the  TuUeries. 
Catharine  herself  is  said  to  have  made  drawings 
for  the  work. 

Perron,  Du.    See  AnqueUl-Duperron. 

Ferrot  (per-ro'),  Georges.  Bom  at  Villenenve- 
St.-Georges,  Seine-et-()ise,  Prance,  Nov.  12, 
1832.  A  French  archseologist,  director  of  the 
Normal  School  at  Paris  and  prof  essor  of  archse- 
ology  (1877)  at  the  university.  He  has  made 
researches  in  Asia  Minor,  etc. 

Perry  (per'i),  Arthur  Latham.  Bom  at  Lyme, 
N.  H.,  Feb.  27,  1830.  An  American  political 
economist,  professor  at  Williams  College.  He 
published  "  Political  Economy"  (1865),  etc. 

Perry,  Matthew  Calbralth.  Bom  at  New- 
port, R.  I.,  April  10,  1794:  died  at  New  York, 
March  4, 1858.  AnAmerican  naval  of&cer.  He 
served  in  the  War  of  1812  and  the  Mexican  war,  and  com- 
manded the  expedition  to  Japan  1852-64,  during  which 
he  concluded  the  treaty  opening  Japan  to  American  com- 
merce.   He  became  commodore  in  1841. 

Perry,  Oliver  Hazard.  Bom  at  South  Kings- 
ton, R.  L,  Aug.  23  (21),  1785 :  died  at  Port  Spain, 
Trinidad,  Aug.  23,  1819.  An  American  naval 
ofScer,  brother  of  M.  C.  Perry.  He  became  a  mid- 
shipman in  1799,  served  in  the  Tripolitan  war,  and  defeated 
the  British  in  the  celebrated  battle  of  Lake  Erie  (which 


796 

see)  Sept.  10, 1813.  He  announced  his  victory  In  a  note  to 
General  Harrison  in  the  words  "We  have  met  the  enemy, 
and  they  are  ours."  Hisvictory  enabled  General  Harrison 
to  invade  Canada  supported  by  Perry's  squadron.  Perry 
commanded  the  naval  battalion  in  the  battle  of  the  Thames 
Oct.  6, 1813.  'These  two  victories  restored  Michigan  to  the 
United  States  and  established  the  supremacy  of  the  Ameri- 
cans on  the  northwestern  frontier  during  the  rest  of  the 
War  of  1812.  PeiTy  received  from  Congress  a  vote  of 
thanks,  a  medal,  and  the  rank  of  captain.  He  subsequently 
assisted  in  the  defense  of  Baltimore. 

Perry,  William  Stevens.  Born  at  Providence, 
'R.  I.,  Jan.  22,  1832-:  died  May  13,  1898.  An 
American  bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church,  and  historical  writer.  Among  his  works 
are  "  Documentary  History  of  the  Pi-otestant  Episcopal 
Church  in  the  United  States"  (1863-64),  "Historical  Col- 
lections of  the  American  Colonial  Church"  (1871-78), 
"  History  of  the  American  Episcopal  Church  "  (1886),  etc. 

Ferryvilie  (per'i-vil).  A  town  in  Boyle  County, 
Kentucky,  39  miles  south  of  Frankfort.  Here,  Oct. 
8, 1862,  an  indecisive  battle  was  fought  between  the  Fed- 
erals under  Buell  and  the  Confederates  under  Bragg.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  431. 

Persse  (pfer'se).  [Gr.  Uipaai,  the  Persians.]  A 
tragedy  of  ^sohylus,  exhibited  in  472  b.  c,  it 
celebrates  the  victory  of  the  Greeks  over  the  Persians  at 
Salamifl,  of  which  the  poet  was  an  eye-witness. 

Persano  (per-sa'no),  Count  Carlo  Fellione  di. 
Born  at  Vercelli,  Italy,  March  11,  1806 :  died 
July  28,  1883.  An  Italian  admiral.  He  lost  the 
battle  of  Lissa  in  1866,  and  was  dejirived  of  his  rank  in  1867. 

PersarmeniaCper-sar-me'ni-a).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, the  eastern  portion  of  Armenia,  annexed 
by  Persia  about  384  A.  d. 

Persecutions,  The  Ten.  In  ecclesiastical  his- 
tory, the  persecutions  under  Nero,  Domitian, 
Trajan,  Marcus  Aurelius,  Septimius  Severus, 
Maiimin,  Decius,  Valerian,  Aurelian,  and  Dio- 
cletian. Those  under  Decius  and  Diocletian 
were  general  throughout  the  Roman  Empire. 

Persephone.    See  Proserpine. 

Persepolis  (p6r-sep'o-lis).  In  ancient  geo^a- 
phy,  one  of  the  capitals  of  the  Persian  empire, 
situated  not  far  from  the  Kur,  about  35  miles 
northeast  of  the  modern  Shiraz,  about  lat.  30° 
N.  It  became  the  capital  under  Daiius  I. ;  was  captured 
and  burned  by  Alexander  the  Great  about  830  B.  0. ;  and  is 
still  notedfor  the  ruins  of  itspalaces.  Nearlt  are  the  ruins 
of  Istakhr,  the  later  Sassanian  city.  The  most  remarkable 
monuments  are  grouped  on  a  terrace  of  smoothed  rock  and 
masonry,  approximately  rectangular  in  plan,  though  with 
irregular  projections,  measuring  940  by  1,550  feet,  and  at- 
taining in  front  the  height  of  43  feet,  of  fine  polygonal 
masonry,  while  at  the  back  it  is  dominated  by  the  rock  of 
the  foot-hills  behind.  The  chief  buildings  on  the  ten-ace 
were  the  Propylsea  and  the  great  hypostyle  hall  of  Xerxes, 
the  Hall  of  100  Columns,  attributed  to  Darius,  and  the  resi- 
dence palaces  of  Darius  and  his  successors.  The  Propylsea 
in  tlieir  present  form  consist  of  two  end-passages  between 
piers  of  masomy  from  the  front  pair  of  which  a  wall  for- 
merly extended  on  each  side,  while  in  the  interval  between 
the  passages  stood  two  pairs  of  great  columns  all  of  whose 
superstructure  is  now  gone.  To  one  side  of  the  Propylsea, 
toward  the  southeast,  lies  a  second  ten-ace,  10  feet  high, 
upon  which  stand  the  ruins  of  the  hypostyle  hall  or  throne- 
pavilion  of  Xerxes.  This  consisted  of  a  central  square  of 
36  huge  columns,  preceded  and  flanked  on  both  sides  at  an 
interval  by  3  hexastyle  porticos,  each  of  12  columns  of  the 
same  size  as  those  of  the  main  group.  The  indications  are 
that  this  structure  never  possessed  inclosing  walls,  but 
was  open  like  the  halls  of  some  Indian  palaces,  and  fitted 
upon  occasions  of  ceremony  with  hangings.  The  massive 
entablatures  and  the  coffered  ceilings  were  of  wood,  the 
roof  of  beaten  clay.  Thirteen  imposing  fluted  columns 
still  stand  almost  entire ;  their  height  is  nearly  64  feet, 
their  intercolumniation  29J.  This  monument  was  one  of 
the  greatest  ever  built  by  man.  To  the  left  of  the  hall  of 
Xerxes,  in  the  middle  of  the  terrace,  wasthe  throne-pavil- 
ion of  Darius,  the  Hall  of  100  Columns,  a  building  260  feet 
square,  preceded  on  the  north  by  an  octastyle  portico  in 
antis  of  16  columns.  Unlike  the  pavilion  of  Xerxes,  that 
of  Darius  was  surrounded  by  a  massive  wall,  and  the  roof 
was  supported  by  10  ranges,  each  of  10  columns,  with  an 
Intercolumniation  of  over  20  feet.  The  door-  and  window- 
frames,  antfe,  and  niches  of  stone,  and  the  bases  of  most 
of  the  columns,  remain  In  place,  while  the  brick  walls  have 
disappeared  utterly.  The  residence  palaces  occupied  the 
southern  part  of  the  terrace,  and  appear  to  have  been  6 
in  number.  The  most  important  are  those  of  Darius  and 
Xerxes,  most  of  whose  piers,  massive  door-  and  window- 
frames,  and  other  members  of  stone  are  still  erect,  while 
the  brick  walls  and  the  wooden  superstructure  have  per- 
ished. These  palaces  are  similar  in  plan :  there  was  a  large 
covered  hall  in  the  middle,  upon  the  front  and  sides  of 
which  opened  a  number  of  rather  small  rooms,  while  the 
more  spacious  royal  apartments  were  at  the  back.  The 
cornices  over  the  great  doors  have  precisely  the  Egyptian 
elements  and  profile,  but  differ  in  their  decoration.  In 
the  palace  of  Darius  carved  reliefs  of  men  fighting  animals 
occur,  based  on  Assyrian  originals ;  In  that  of  Xerxes  the 
sculptures  represent  subjects  pertaining  to  royal  luxury. 
Great  figures  of  bulls,  often  set  up  before  the  portals,  re- 
call the  Assyrian  practice.  The  columns,  somewhat  slen- 
der in  type,  have  sculpturedbases  of  Inverted  bell-form,  and 
capitals  with  the  fore  parts  of  bulls  projecting  widely  on 
2  sides,  like  those  of  the  Portico  of  the  Bulls  at  Delos,  and 
often  beneath  an  erect  circlet  of  plume-like  leaves  above  a 
convex  band  of  pendent  lanceolate  leaves,  the  entire  pro- 
file being  strikingly  similar  to  that  of  the  newly  classified 
(3reek  JSolio  capital,  in  which  spreading  volutes  replace 
the  bulls.  In  the  face  of  the  cliff  behind  the  terrace  are 
the  decorated  facades  of  royal  rock-tombs.  The  chief  ex- 
plorations are  due  to  Flandin  and  Coste  In  1840-41,  and  to 
Stolze  and  Andreas  prior  to  1882.  In  1891  some  excavations 
were  made  by  Seihert  Weld  Blundell,  and  casts  of  the 


Persian! 

sculptures  and  inscriptions  taken  by  a  private  expeditioD 
sent  out  fronf  England. 

Perseus(p6r'siis).  IGv.nepaeix.]  l.InGreekmy. 
thology,  a  hero,  son  of  Zeus  or  Danae,  who  slew 
the  Gorgon  Medusa,  and  afterward  saved  An- 
dromeda from  a  sea-monster.  See  Danae. — 2. 
An  ancient  northern  constellation,  the  figure  of 
which  represents  Perseus  in  a  singular  posture, 
holding  the  head  of  the  Gorgon  in  one  hand  and 
waving  a  sword  with  the  other. 

Perseus.  A  celebrated  statue  by  Canova  (1800), 
in  the  Vatican,  Rome.  As  an  art-work  it  is  of  high 
technical  perfection,  but  is  little  more  than  a  travesty  of 
the  antique. 

Perseus.  Died  in  the  middle  of  the  2d  century 
B.C.  The  last  kingof  Macedonia,  son  of  Philip  V. 
whom  he  succeeded  179.  He  began  wa^  with  Rome 
in  172 ;  was  defeated  at  Pydna  by  .aimlllus  Paulus  in  168 ; 
and  was  dethroned  and  ti&en  captive  to  Rome  in  167  B.  o. 

Perseus  and  Andromeda.  1.  A  painting  by 
Rubens,  in  the  Hermitage  Museum,  St.  Peters- 
burg. Perseus  has  already  conquered  the  monster,  and 
approaches  Andromeda,  who  is  chained  nude  to  a  rock, 
and  is  being  set  free  by  Cupids.  Victory  approaches  to 
crown  Perseus,  and  Pegasus  is  seen  in  the  background. 
2.  A  painting  by  Tintoretto,  in  the  Hermitage 
Museum ,  St.  Petersburg.  The  figure  of  the  chained 
Andromeda  is  much  admired  for  its  beauty  of  form  and 
color.  Perseus  is  in  the  act  of  overcoming  the  dragon. 
The  palace  of  Cepheus  appears  in  the  distance. 

Perseus  and  Medusa.  A  statue  by  Benvenuto 
CeUini,  in  the  Loggia  dei  Lanzi,  Florence.  The 
helmeted  hero,  holding  his  falchion,  stands  over  the  bleed- 
ing  body  of  Medusa  and  uplifts  her  severed  head.  The 
elaborate  pedestal,  with  its  mythological  figures,  Is  rather 
goldsmith's  than  sculptor's  work,  and  the  statue,  despite 
its  celebrity,  illustrates  the  limitations  of  CeUini. 

Pershore  (per'shor).  A  town  in  Worcestershire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Avon  9miles  southeast 
of  Worcester.    Population  (1891),  about  4, 000. 

Persia  (pfer'sha  or  per'zha),  P.  Perse  (pars),  G. 
Persien(per'ze-en),PersiannameIran(e-ran'). 
AcountryofwestemAsia.  Capital,Teheran.  it 
is  bounded  by  Transcaucasia  (Russia),  the  Caspian  Sea,  and 
Russian  Central  Asia  on  the  north,  Afghanistan  and  Ba- 
luchistan on  the  east^  the  Arabian  Sea,  Strait  of  Ormuz, 
andPersIan  Gulf  on  the  south,  and  the  Persian  Gulf  and  Tur- 
key on  the  west.  The  sui-face  is  largely  mountainous  and 
table-iand,theprincIpalmountain-rangesbeingln  the  west, 
northwest,  north  (the  Elburz),  and  east.  Much  of  the  coun- 
try is  desert,  and  without  drainage  to  the  sea.  Wheat, 
sugar,  fruits,  etc.,  are  produced;  and  the  leading  manu- 
factures are  silks,  carpets,  shawls,  aims,  embroidery,  etc- 
The  chief  divisions  are  Azerbaijan,  Gilan,  Mazandaran,. 
Khorasan,  Kirman,  Mekran,  Larlstan,  Farsistan,  Yezd, 
Shuzistan,  Lurlstan,  Irak  Ajeml,  and  Ardelan.  The  gov- 
ernment is  an  absolute  monarchy  under  a  hereditary  shah. 
The  prevailing  religion  Is  Shiite  Mohammedanism.  The 
Persians  are  the  leading  race :  there  are  also  Turks,  Ar- 
menians, Kurds,  etc.  According  to  Sayce,  Howorth,  and 
other  modem  scholars,  the  ancient  Persians  came  to  Elam 
about  600  B.  0.,  not  from  Persis,  but  from  Parsua  (which, 
waa  probably  near  Lake  Urumiah).  The  Persians  under 
Cyrus  the  Great  overthrew  Astyages  about  549  B.  c,  and 
the  Medo- Persian  monarchy  rose  to  power  under  Cyrus,. 
Cambyses  (who  conquered  Egypt),  and  Darius  I.  It  un- 
successfully attempted  the  conquest  of  Greece  under 
Darius  I.  and  Xerxes.  The  first  empireiUnder  the  Achee- 
menlans  was  overthrown  by  Alexander  the  Great,  at  the 
battles  of  Issus  (333)  and  Arbela  (331) ;  and  the  country  was 
ruled  by  Alexander  the  Great  and  his  successors,  and  by 
the  SeleucidBe,  until  the  rise  of  the  Parthian  monarchy  in 
the  middle  of  the  Sd  century  B.  0.  The  Parthian  empire 
of  the  Arsacldse  was  overthrown  by  the  second  Persian  em- 
pire of  the  Sassanians  227-228  A.  D.  Persia  was  often  at 
war  with  Rome.  It  was  at  its  height  in  the  reigns  of 
Ehusrau  I.  and  II.  In  the  6th  and  7th  centuries ;  was  over- 
thrown by  the  Saracens  at  the  battles  of  Eadisiyah  (about; 
635)  and  Nehavend  (about  641) ;  came  under  the  calif  ate, 
Seljuks,  Kharesmians,  and  Mongols ;  was  conquered  by 
Timur  In  the  end  of  the  14th  century ;  was  under  the  Sufl. 
dynasty  1499-1786 ;  flourished  under  Abbas  Shahl586-1628 ; 
and  was  under  Nadir  Shah  1736-47.  Persian  Armenia  was 
conquered  by  Russia  in  1827.  Persia  was  at  war  with 
Great  Britain  in  1866-67.  Area,  628,000  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (estimate  of  1894),  about  9,000,000. 

Persian  Fighting,  A.  An  antique  marble  statu- 
ette in  the  Vatican  Museum,  Rome,  identified  as 
one  of  the  notable  series  of  Pergamenian  copies 
from  the  four  groups  of  sculpture  presented  to 
Athens  about  200  b.  c.  by  Attains  I.  of  Perga- 
mum.  This  example  is  probably  from  the  group  of  the 
battle  of  Marathon.  Tlie  warrior  has  sunk  on  one  knee, 
and  seeks  with  his  raised  right  arm  to  parry  a  blow  from 
an  adversary  before  him. 

Persian  (p^r'shan  or  pfer'zhan)  Gulf.  An  arm 
of  the  Arabian  Sea,  with  wfiich  it  is  connected 
by  the  Strait  of  Ormuz :  the  ancient  Persieus 
Sinus.  It  lies  between  Persia  on  the  northeast,  Arabia, 
on  the  south  and  west,  and  Turkey  on  the  northwest.  The 
chief  tributary  river-system  is  that  of  the  Euphrates  and 
Tigris.  Length,  about  600  miles.  Greatest  breadth,  about 
220  miles. 

Persianl  (per-se-a'ne),  Madame  (Fanny  Tac- 
chinardi).  Bom  atRome,  Oct.  4, 1812:  died  at 
Passy,  France,  May  3, 1867.  An  Italian  opera- 
singer.  She  made  her  first  appearance  at  Leghorn  in 
1832,  and  at  Paris  in  1837.  The  next  year  she  sang  in  Lon- 
don, and  from  this  time  alternately  in  London  and  Paris  for 
many  years,  with  occasional  seasons  in  other  places.    She 


Persian! 

left  England  finally  in  1858,  and  lived  at  Paris  and  after- 
ward in  Italy.  Her  voice  was  a  somewhat  thin  soprano. 
She  was  celebrated  for  the  finish  of  her  style. 

Persians  (pfer'shanz).  The  native^  or  inhabi- 
tants of  ancient  or  of  modem  Persia.  The  mod- 
ern Persians  are  a  mixed  race,  in  part  descended 
from  the  ancient  Iranians. 

Persians,  The.  One  of  the  extant  dramas  of 
.^schylus. 

Persian  Wars.  In  ancient  Greek  history,  the 
wars  between  Persia  and  the  Greeks  commen- 
cing in  500  and  ending  about  449  B.  c.  The  wars 
began  with  a  revolt  of  the  Ionian  Greeks  against  Persia  in 
600.  The  lonians  were  subjugated  in  494.  The  assistance 
rendered  them  by  Athens  and  Eretria  provoked  the  Per- 
sians to  attempt  the  conquest  of  European  Greece.  With 
this  object  in  view,  three  grand  expeditions  were  under- 
taken, each  of  which  was  repelled.  The  first  expedition 
was  undertaken  in  492  under  Mardonius,  who  returned 
after  having  lost  part  of  his  army  in  an  attack  by  the 
Thracians,  and  after  having  suffered  the  loss  of  his  fieet  in 
a  storm.  The  second  expedition  was  undertaken  In  490 
under  Artaphernes  (the  young  nephew  of  Darius),  assisted 
by  the  experienced  general  Datis.  It  was  abandoned  after 
the  defeat  of  the  army  at  the  battle  of  Marathon,  Sept.  12, 
490.  The  third  expedition  was  undertaken  in  481-480  under 
Xerxes.  It  consisted  of  an  army  of  900,000  men,  exclusive 
•of  European  allies,  and  a  fleet  of  1,200  war-ships,  besides 
3,000  transport  vessels.  The  army  forced  the  pass  of  Ther- 
mopyla),  after  a  heroic  defense  by  the  Greeks  under  Leoni- 
das,  and  destroyed  Athens  in  480.  In  the  same  year  the 
-fleet  fought  the  indecisive  battle  at  Artemisium  and  was 
defeated  at  Salamis,  which  compelled  the  retreat  of 
Xerxes,  who  left  Mardonius  to  prosecute  the  war.  Mardo- 

"nius  fell  at  the  battle  of  Platsea  in  479,  and  his  army  was 
completely  routed.  On  the  same  day,  according  to  some, 
the  Pertian  fleet  under  Mardontes  was  defeated  at  the 
battle  of  Myoale.  Hitherto  the  Greeks  had  acted  on  the 
defensive ;  they  now  assumed  the  oilensive,  gaining  the 
Tictories  of  the  Eurymedon  in  466  or  465  and  of  Salamis  in 
OypruB  in  449.  After  the  battle  of  Salamis  negotiations  for 
peace  were  opened,  and,  although  no  formal  treaty  was 
adopted,  peaceable  intercourse  was  gradually  restored  on 
the  oasis  of  existing  political  relations.  By  some  the  name 
Persian  wars  is  restricted  to  the  period  between  600  and 
479  inclusive,  during  which  the  Greeks  acted  on  the  de- 
fensive. 

Fersigny  (per-sen-ye'),  Due  de  (Jean  Gilbert 
Victor  Fialin).  Bom  at  St.-Germain-Lespi- 
nasse,  Loire,  France,  Jan.,  1808:  died  at  Nice, 
Jan. ,  1872.  A  French  politician.  He  took  part  in 
the  Eonapartist  attempts  at  Strasburg  in  1836  and  Bou- 
logne in  1840,  and  was  one  of  the  chief  conspirators  in  the 
coup  d'etat  of  Deo.  2, 1851.  He  was  minister  of  the  inte- 
rior 1852-54 ;  ambassador  in  London  1866-68  and  1859-60 ; 
and  minister  of  the  interior  1860-63, 

Persis  (p^r'sis).  [Gv.  n.Epa'cc.']  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  country  in  Asia,  lying  southeast  of 
Susiana,  south  of  Media,  and  west  of  Carmania. 
It  was  the  nucleus  of  the  Persian  empire,  and  corre- 
sponded nearly  to  the  modern  Earsistan. 

Persius  (per'shi-us)  (AulusPersiusFlaccus). 
Bom  at  Volaterrse,  Etruria,  34  a.  d.  :  died  62 
A.  D.  A  Roman  satirist.  His  six  satires  have 
been  edited  by  Jahn,  Conington,  Gildersleeve, 
and  others. 

Under  Nero  the  youthful  and  immature  but  noble- 
minded  poet,  A.  Persius  Elaccus  (A.  D.  34-62)  of  Volater- 
Tffl,  wrote  six  satires,  most  of  which  are  versified  lectures 
on  Stoic  tenets.  The  want  of  independence  of  the  begin- 
ner is  manifested  in  the  extensive  employment  of  Hora^ 
tian  phrases  and  characters.  The  exaggeration  and  bom- 
hast  characteristic  of  the  manner  of  the  period  are  in  these 
satires  carried  to  obscurity.  But  the  staunch  earnestness 
of  the  young  moralist  won  for  him  lively  admiration  im- 
mediately after  his  early  death. 
Teuffel  and  Schwahe,  Hist  of  Kom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr),  II.  75. 

Persons,  Robert.     See  Parsons. 

Persuasion.  A  novel  by  Jane  Austen,  pub- 
lished in  1818,  after  the  death  of  th,e  author. 

Pertabgurh.    See  Partabgarh. 

Perte  OU  RhSne  (pert  du  ron).  A  deep  ravine 
near  Bellegarde,  department  of  Ann,  France,  16 
miles  southwest  of  Geneva,  through  which  the 
Bhone  (at  certain  periods)  flows  with  a  partly 
subterraneous  course. 

Perth  (perth).  1 .  A  midlandcounty  of  Scotland. 
It  is  bounded  by  Inverness  and  Aberdeen  on  the  north, 
Forfar  on  the  east,  Eife  (partly  separated  by  the  Firth  of 
Tay)on  the  southeast,  Kinross,  Clackmannan,  and  Stirling 
(the  last  partly  separated  by  the  Forth)  on  the  south,  and 
Dumbarton  and  Argyll  on  the  west.  It  is  situated  on  the 
horder  of  the  Highlands,  is  mountainous,  and  is  famous 
for  picturesque  scenery  and  associations  with  history  and 
romance.  Area,  2,528  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
122,185. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Perth,  situated 
on  the  Tay  in  lat,  56°  24'  N.,  long.  3°  26'  W. 
It  has  salraon-flsheries  and  some  commerce,  and  manufac- 
tures ginghams,  dyes,  muslins,  etc.  It  has  been  promi- 
nent in  Scottish  history.  After  Scone  it  was  the  capital 
of  the  country  until  1482.  James  I.  was  murdered  there 
in  1437.  Scone  Palace  is  in  the  neighborhood.  It  was 
taken  by  Bruce  in  ISll,  by  Montrose  in  1644,  by  Cromwell 
in  1651,  by  Claverhouse  in  1689,  and  by  the  Jacobites  in 
1715  and  1745.    Population  (1891),  29,902. 

Perth.  The  capital  of  West  Australia,  situated 
on  the  Swan  Eiver,  near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  31° 
57'  S.,  long.  115°  52'  E.  Population  (1895), 
est.,  19,533. 

Perth,  Convention  of.  An  assembly  summoned 


797 

by  Edward  I.  at  Perth,  Scotland,  in  1305,  to 
send  Scottish  representatives  to  the  English 
Parliament. 

Perth  Amboy  (perth  am-boi').  A  seaport  and 
city  in  Middlesex  County,  New  Jersey,  situated 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Earitan  Eiver  into  Eari- 
tan  Bay,  20  miles  southwest  of  New  York.  It 
has  manufactures  of  terra-ootta,  fire-bricks,  etc. 
Population  (1900),  17,699. 

Perthes  (per'tes),  Friedrich  Christoph.  Bom 
at  Rudolstadt,  Germany,  April  21,  1772 :  died 
at  Gotha,  Germany,  May  18,  1843.  A  German 
publisher  in  Hamburg,  later  in  Gotha. 

Perthes,  Johann  Greorg  Justus.  Bom  at  Eu- 
dolstadt,  Germany,  Sept.  11, 1749 :  died  at  Gotha, 
May  1,  1816.  A  (jerman  publisher  at  Gotha, 
uncle  of  F.  C.  Perthes. 

Perthes,  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Gotha,  Germany, 
June  18,  1793:  died  Sept.  10,  1853.  A  German 
publisher  of  geographical  works,  son  of  J.  G. 
J.  Perthes. 

Pertinax  (p6r'ti-naks),  Helvius.  Bom  126 
A.  D.:  killed  at  Rome,  March  28, 193.  Emperor 
of  Eome.  He  was  proclaimed  emperor  Dec.  31, 192,  and 
was  put  to  death  by  the  pretorians  in  the  following  year. 

Pertuis  (per-tiie').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Vaueluse,  Prance,  situated  near  the  Durance 
29  miles  north  by  east  of  Marseilles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  4,927. 

Pertuis  Breton  (br6-t6n').  A  strait  between 
the  mainland  of  France  and  the  lie  de  E6. 

Pertuis  d'Antioche  (don-tydsh').  A  strait  be- 
tween the  lie  de  R6  and  the  lie  d'OlSron,  west 
of  France. 

Party  (per'te),  Joseph  Anton  Maximilian. 
Bom  at  Ombau,  Bavaria,  Sept.  17,  1804 :  died 
at  Bern,  Aug.  8,  1884.  A  German  naturalist, 
professor  at  Bern. 

Pertz  (ports),  Georg  Heinrich.  Born  at  Han- 
nover, March  28, 1795 :  died  at  Munich,  Oct.  7, 
1876.  A  noted  German  historian,  best  known 
as  the  editor  of  the  "Monumenta  Germanise 
historica"  (1826-74).  He  became  secretary  of 
the  royal  archives  at  Hannover  in  1823. 

Peru  (pe-ro'),  Sp.  Perii  (pa-ro'),  F.  Perou  (pa- 
rs'). [See  Bm-m.]  Arepublio  of  South  America. 
Capital,  Lima.  It  is  bounded  by  Ecuador  on  the  north, 
Brazil  and  Bolivia  on  the  east,  Chile  on  the  south,  and  the 
Pacific  Ocean  on  the  southwest  and  west.  The  western  and 
southern  parts  are  traversed  from  north  to  south  by  three 
principal  chains  or  Cordilleras  of  the  Andes ;  they  inclose 
several  high  plateaus.  In  the  northeastern  part  are  ex- 
tensive wooded  plains,  which,  with  the  eastern  slopes  and 
valleys  of  the  Andes,  are  drained  by  the  Amazon  and  its 
tributaries.  It  is  extremely  rich  in  mineral  wealth  (gold, 
silver,  etc.),  agricultural  products  (sugar,  cotton,,  etc.), 
lumber,  cinchona,  coca,  india-rubber,  wool,  etc.  It  has 
19  departments.  The  executive  power  in  the  republic  is 
vested  in  a  president,  the  legislative  in  a  congress  com- 
posed of  a  senate  and  a  house  of  representatives.  The  in- 
habitants are  chiefly  Peruvians  (of  Spanish  descent)  and 
Indians.  The  prevailing  language  is  Spanish ;  the  prevail- 
ing religion,  Roman  Catholic.  Civilization  was  highly  de- 
veloped under  the  empire  of  the  Incas  (see  Incas  and  Inca 
Empire)  and  their  predecessors,  the  Piruas  (which  see). 
The  country  was  conquered  by  the  Spaniards  under  Pizarro 
in  1533-34.  Independence  was  proclaimed  in  1821 ;  and 
the  Spanish  viceroy  was  finally  defeated  at  the  battle  of 
Ayacucho  Dec.  9, 1824.  Peru  has  suffered  from  frequent 
revolutions ;  was  at  war  with  Spain  in  1865-66 ;  and  has 
several  times  been  ravaged  by  earthquakes.  A  war  with 
Chile  began  in  1879;  Lima  was  entered  by  the  Chileans  in 
1881,  and  by  the  treaty  of  1883  Pern  ceded  TarapacA  to  Chile, 
Tacna  and  Arica  to  be  occupied  by  Chile  until  1893.  (See 
Padjlo,  War  of  the.)  Area,  695,720  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, about  4,600,000. 

Peru.  A  city  in  La  Salle  County,  Illinois,  situ- 
ated on  the  Illinois  River  85  miles  west-south- 
west of  Chicago.     Population  (1900),  6,863. 

Peru.  A  city,  capital  of  Miami  County,  Indi- 
ana, situated  on  the  Wabash  70  miles  north  of 
Indianapolis.     Population  (1900),  8,463. 

Peru,  Upper  or  Alto.  A  common  name,  during 
the  colomal  period,  for  Charcas,  or  the  modem 
Bolivia.    See  Charcas. 

PerUjViceroyalty  of.  The  region  govemedby 
the  viceroys  of  Peru,  who  resided  at  Lima.  The 
conquest  of  Peru  proper  led  to  that  of  ChUe,  Charcas  (Bo- 
livia), and  Quito  p)ouador) ;  and  Pizarro,  with  his  succes- 
sors the  viceroys,  controlled  those  countries  through  their 
audiences  and  presidents  or  captains-general.  New  Gra- 
nada, Panama,  and  Paraguay  (including  all  thePlatine  re- 
gion) were  later  added  to  Peru ;  so  that,  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury and  part  of  the  ISth  the  viceroyalty  practicaUy  em- 
braced all  of  Spanish  South  America  and  the  Isthmus ; 
that  is,  the  audience  districts  of  Lima,  Charcas,  Buenos 
Ayres,  Santiago  (Chile),  Quito,  Bogot4,  and  Panama.  The 
viceroy  was  appointed  by  the  crown,  and  corresponded  di- 
rectly with  the  Council  of  the  Indies ;  he  received  a  salary 
of  30,000  ducats,  or  10,000  more  than  the  viceroy  of  Mex- 
ico ;  had  military  as  well  as  civil  jurisdiction ;  and  was 
president  of  the  audience  of  Lima.  Gradually  his  authority 
in  the  outlying  provinces  was  restricted.  In  1718  New 
Granada  was  completely  separated :  Quito,  which  was  at 
first  attached  to  it,  was  restored  to  Peru  in  1739.  The  for- 
mation of  the  viceroyalty  of  La  Plata  (1776)  reduced  Peru 
to  Peru  proper,  Chile,  and  Quito,  the  viceroy  at  Lima  con- 


Fescara,  Marguis  of 

trolling  the  last  two  in  military  and  treasury  matters  only. 
This  arrangement  continued  until  the  revolution. 

Perugia  (pa-ro' ja).  1.  A  province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  XJmbria,  Italy.  Area,  3,748 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  595,579.— 
3.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Perugia,  sit- 
uated on  hills  above  the  Tiber  in  lat.  43°  7' 
N.,  long.  12°  23'  E.:  the  ancient  Pemsia. 
It  contains  a  university.  The  cathedral,  a  late-Pointed 
church  chiefly  of  the  16th  century,  is  exceedingly  rich 
in  tombs  and  other  sculptured  work,  and  contains  sev- 
eral paintings  of  unusual  excellence,  especially  a  De- 
scent from  the  Cross  by  Baroccio  (1569),  and  a  Ma- 
donna by  Luoa  Signorelli.  The  hexagonal  late-Pointed 
exterior  pulpit,  resting  on  brackets,  is  among  the  most 
beautiful  of  its  date :  it  is  of  marble,  arcaded,  with  mosaic 
ornament.  The  Cambio,  or  hall  of  the  money-changers, 
built  in  1467,  is  famous  for  the  frescos,  by  Perugino,  which 
cover  its  walls  and  vaults,  and  constitute  the  most  im- 
portant connected  series  of  works  by  that  master.  Other 
objects  of  interest  include  the  Palazzo  Pubblico  (picture- 
gallery),  Fonte  Maggiore,  and  churches  of  San  Pietro  and 
San  Domenico.  Perugia  was  one  of  the  twelve  cities  of 
the  Etruscan  League ;  was  reduced  by  Biome  about  300 
B.  0. ;  was  besieged  by  Octavian  in  41  and  taken  in  40  B.  c. ; 
was  besieged  and  taken  by  Totila  in  649  A.  D. ;  was  ruled 
by  the  popes  and  by  various  despots ;  surrendered  to  Pope 
Julius  II. ;  was  taken  by  the  Duke  of  Savoy  in  1708 ;  and 
was  taken  by  the  Austrians  in  1849.  After  the  insurrection 
of  1859  it  was  united  to  Italy  (1860).  It  was  the  seat  of  the 
TTmbrian  school  of  painting  in  the  Benaissance.  Popula- 
tion (1892X  54,600. 

Perugia,  Lake  of.    See  Trasimeno,  Zago. 

Perugino  (pa-ro -je' no)  (Pietro  Vannucci). 
Bom  at  Citt^  della  Pieve,  Umbria,  Italy,  1446: 
died  1524.  A  celebrated  Italian  painter  of  the 
Umbrian  school,  called  "H  Perugino"  from  his 
long  residence  in  Pemgia.  His  mastery  of  the  tech- 
nicalqualities  of  painting  made  the  training  which  he  gave 
his  pupils  valuable.  His  greatest  distinction,  however,  is 
that  of  having  been  the  master  of  Kaphael.  Leading  a 
somewhat  wandering  life,  hewas  called  to  Kome  by  Sixtua 
IV.  to  assist  in  the  decoration  of  the  Sistine  chapel,  and 
is  credited  with  nine  frescos  there.  Perhaps  his  greatest 
work  is  the  decoration  of  the  Sala  del  Cambio  at  P^ugia. 
StiMman. 

Perusia.    See  Perugia. 

Peruvian-Bolivian  Confederation.  [Sp.  Con- 
federadon  Pertl-Boliviana.]  A  confederation 
formed  by  Santa  Cruz,  who  imited  Peru  and 
Bolivia  in  1836.  It  consisted  of  the  three  states  of  Bo- 
livia, North  Peru,  and  South  Peru,  the  capital  being  at 
Lima.  Santa  Cruz  w.as  protector,  with  dictatorial  powers, 
and  each  state  had  a  president  and  congress.  The  con- 
federation was  formally  proclaimed  Oct.  28, 1836,  and  it 
came  to  an  end  with  the  overthrow  of  the  protector  in 
Jan.,  1839.    See  Santa  Cruz,  Andrds. 

Peruvian  Corporation.    See  Grace  Contract. 

Peruvian  Empire.    See  Inca  Empire. 

Peruvians.    See  QuicMas. 

Feruzzi  (pa-r8t'se),  Baldassare.  Bom  near 
Siena,  Italy,  1481 :  died  about  1536.  An  Italian 
architect  and  painter. 

Feruzzi,  Ubaldino.  Bom  at  Florence,  April 
2,  1822:  died  there,  Sept.  9,  1891.  An  ItaUan 
politician,  minister  in  the  Tuscan  and  (1861- 
1864)  in  the  Italian  cabinet. 

Fesado  (pa-sa'do),  Jos6  Joag.uin.  Bom  at 
Orizaba  about  1812.  A  Mexican  author  and 
publicist,  minister  of  foreign  relations  in  1846. 
He  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  of  the  Mexican  poets,  and 
has  published  many  biographical  and  political  essays. 

Pesaro  (pa'sa-ro).  A  seaport,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Pesaro  e  Urbino,  Italy,  situated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Foglia  in  the  Adriatie,  in  lat. 
43°  55'  N.,  long.  12°  54'  E. :  the  ancient  Pisau- 
rum.  It  has  some  manufactures  and  trade,  and  is  es- 
pecially noted  for  its  figs.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Bossini. 
It  became  a  Boman  colony  in  184  B.  c. ;  belonged  later  to 
the  Exarchate;  and  afterward  belonged  to  the  Papal  States. 
It  was  a  literary  center  in  the  time  of  Tasso.  Population 
(1892),  24,500. 

Pesaro e Urbino  (pa'sa-ro a or-be'n5) .  ['Pesaro 
and  Urbino.']  A  province  in  the  compartimento 
of  the  Marches,  Italy.  Area,  1,118  square  miles. 
Population  (1892),  estimated,  234,526. 

Pescadores  (pes-ka-do'res).  [Sp., 'Fishers' 
Islands.']  1.  A  group  of  small  islands  in  the 
Strait  of  Formosa,  west  of  Formosa. — 2.  A 
group  of  small  islands  off  the  coast  of  Peru, 
northwest  of  Callao. — 3.  A  small  group  in  the 
Marshall  Islands',  Pacific  Ocean. 

Fescara  (pes-ka'ra),  or  Aterno  (a-ter'no).  A 
river  in  central  Italy  which  flows  into  the 
Adriatic  near  the  town  of  Pescara :  the  ancient 
Atemus.    Length,  about  90  miles. 

Fescara.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Chieti, 
central  Italy,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Pescara  in  the  Adriatie,  8  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Chieti :  the  ancient  Atemus. 

Pescara.  The  governor  of  Granada  in  Shell's 
"The  Apostate."  It  was  one  of  Macready's 
great  parts,  and  also  one  of  the  elder  Booth's. 

Pescara,  Marquis  of  (Ferdinand  Francesco 
d'Avalos).  Bom  about  1490:  died  Nov.  25, 
1525.    An  Italian  general  in  the  service  of  the 


Fescara,  Marquis  of 

emperor  Charles  V,,  distinguished  at  the  vio- 
toiy  of  Pa  via  in  1525.  Betrothed  to  Vittoria  Colonna 
at  the  »ge  of  4  and  married  at  19,he  succeeded  to  his  father's 
title  in  boyhood,  and  was  destined  to  a  brilliant  military 
career.  In  1512  he  was  wounded  and  made  prisoner  at  the 
battle  of  Eareuna ;  in  151S  he  served  in  the  war  in  Lom- 
bardy.  He  contributed  largely  to  the  victory  at  Pavia, 
where  King  Francis  I.  was  captured.  Soon  after  he  be- 
trayed to  Charles  V.  a  plot  formed  by  Francesco  Sforza, 
duke  of  Milan,  and  others  for  driving  the  Spaniards  and 
Germans  out  of  Italy.  He  had,  apparently,  joined  the 
conspiracy  for  this  purpose. 

Peschel  (pesh'el),  Oskar.  Bom  at  Dresden, 
March  17,  1826:  died  at  Leipsic,  Aug.  31, 1875. 
A  German  geographer  and  historian.  He  was 
editor  of  "  Ansland  "  1864-71,  and  in  the  latter  year  be- 
came professor  of  geography  at  the  University  of  Leip- 
sic. His  works  include  "Oeschichte  des  Zeitalters  der 
Entdeckungen  ■'  (1858:  2d  ed.  1877),  "Geschichte  der 
Erdkunde"  (1865  and  1877),  "  Volkerkunde  "  (1874),  and 
"  Abhandlangen  zur  Erd-  und  Volkerkunde "  (3  vols. 
1877-79). 

Peschiera  (pes-ke-a'ra).  A  fortified  town  in  the 
province  of  Verona,  Italy,  situated  at  the  exit 
of  the  Mineio  from  Lake  Garda,  15  miles  west 
of  Verona,  it  is  famous  as  one  of  the  fortresses  of  the 
Austrian  "  Quadrilateral" ;  was  taken  by  the  Sardinians  in 
May,  1848,  and  restored  in  Aug. ;  and  was  ceded  to  Italy 
in  1866.    Population  (1881),  1,653. 

Pescia  (pesh'a).  A  cathedral  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Lucca,  Italy,  29  miles  west  by  north  of 
Florence.    Population  (1881),  11,863. 

Pescina  (pe-she'na).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Aquila,  central  Italy,  27  miles  south-south- 
east of  Aquila.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Maza- 
rin.    Population  (1881),  4,455. 

Peshawar,  or  Peshawur  (pe-shou'ur).  1.  A 
district  in  the  Panjab,  British  India,  situated  in 
the  northwestern  extremity  of  the  country,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  34°  N.,  long.  72"  E.  Area, 
2,444  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  703,768. 
— 2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Peshawar, 
situated  about  lat.  34°  N.,  long.  71°  35'  E.  it  is 
an  important  strategic  point,  near  the  Khyber  Pass,  on  the 
route  from  India  to  Kabul.  Population,  including  canton- 
ment (1891),  84,191. 

PesMto  (pe-she'to),  or  Peshitto.    [Lit.  'sim- 

Sle '  or  '  true.']  A  Syriac  translation  of  the 
Id  and  New  Testaments,  it  is  supposed  to  have 
been  made  by  Christians  in  the  2d  century,  and  possesses 
high  authority.  The  Old  Testament  is  translated  directly 
from  the  Hebrew.  2  Peter,  2  and  3  John,  Jude,  and  Kev- 
elation  are  wanting. 

Pessi  (pes'si).  A  small  tribe  of  Liberia,  west- 
em  Africa,  back  of  Monrovia.  They  used  to  tattoo 
their  faces  and  file  their  teeth,  and  are  said  to  have  prac- 
tised cannibalism. 

Pessinus,  or  Pesinus  (pes'i-nus).  [Gr.  Ileowf- 
voif.]  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of  Galatia, 
Asia  Minor,  situated  near  the  river  Sangarius 
80  miles  west-southwest  of  the  modern  Angora. 
It  was  noted  for  the  worship  of  Cybele.  Kemains  of  a 
theater  and  hippodrome  (the  latter  1,115  feet  long)  have 
been  discovered  near  the  modern  BaJa^Hissar. 

Pestalozzi  (pes-ta-lot'se),  Johann  Heinricli. 

Bom  at  Zurich,  Switzerland,  Jan.  12, 1746 :  died 
at  Brugg,  Switzerland,  Feb.  17, 1827.  A  Swiss 
educator  and  writer,  celebrated  for  his  reforms 
in  the  methods  of  education.  He  studied  theol- 
ogy and  then  jurisprudence  at  Zurich.  Subsequently  he 
turned  his  attention  to  agriculture.  He  had  already  de- 
termined to  devote  himself  to  the  education  of  the  people, 
and  had  established  in  1775,  on  his  estate  Neuhof,  a  poor- 
school  which  was  intended  to  draw  its  support  from  popu- 
lar subscription.  He  was  obliged,  however,  to  give  this 
up  in  1780.  The  flrst  account  of  his  method  of  instruc- 
tion was  published  at  this  time  in  Iselin's '  *  Ephemeriden  " 
with  the  title  "  Abendstunden  eines  Einsiedlers  "  ("  Even- 
ing Hours  of  a  Hermit").  His  principal  literary  work  is 
the  didactic  novel  "  Lienhardt  und  Gertrud,  ein  Buch  ftir 
das  Volk  "  ("  Lienhardt  and  Gertrude  :  a  Book  for  the 
People  "X  which  was  written  between  1781  and  1785.  In 
1798,  with  government  support,  he  founded  an  educational 
institution  for  poor  children  at  Stanz,  which  was,  how- 
ever, given  up  the  year  after.  He  now  took  charge  of  a 
school  at  Burgdorf ,  which  was  removed  in  1804  to  Miin- 
chenbuchsee,  and  the  following  year  to  Yverdon,  where 
it  continued  to  exist  until  1825,  when,  notwithstanding  the 
renown  that  his  pedagogical  system  had  acquired,  the  en- 
terprise was  finally  abandoned.  His  collected  works  were 
published  at  Brandenburg,  1869-72,  in  16  volumes.  They 
include  "  Wie  Gertrud  ihre  Kinder  lehrt  "("How  Gertrude 
Teaches  her  Children,"  1801),  memoirs  of  Burgdorf  and 
Yverdon,  "Meine  Leben3achick8ale"^(1826),  etc. 

Pesth.    See  Budapest. 

Petau  (p6-t6'),  Denis,  Latinized  Petavius. 
Bom  at  Orleans,  Prance,  Aug.  21, 1583 :  died  at 
Paris,  Deo.  11,  1652.  A  French  chronologist, 
antiquary,  and  Boman  Catholic  theologian. 
Among  his  chronological  works  are  **0pu8  de  doctiina 
temporum  "(1627), "  Tabulae  chronologicse  "  (1628), "  TJrano- 
logium  "  (1630),  "Hationarium  temporum  "  (1633-34).  He 
also  wrote  "  De  theologlcis  dogmatibus  "  (1644-60),  etc. 

Petch,  or  Pe6,  or  Petsh.    See  IpeJc. 

Petchenegs  (peoh-e-negz').  A  nomadic  peo- 
ple, of  Turkish  stock,  who  established  a  state 
between  the  Don  and  the  Danube,  which  pos- 
sessed considerable  power  from  the  9th  to  the 
11th  century.    It  disappeared  in  the  13th  cen- 


798 

tnry.    One  branch    of   the  Petchenegs  was 

merged  with  the  Magyars. 
Fetcuili,  or  Pe-chi-li  (pe-che-le').    A  province 

of  China.    See  Cki-li. 
Petchili,  or  Pe-cM-li,  Gulf  of.    An  arm  of  the 

Yellow  Sea,  situated  east  of  China,    it  receives 

the  Hwang-ho.    Length  (including  the  Gulf  of  Liautung), 

about  290  miles. 

Petchili,  or  Pe-chi-li,  Strait  of.  A  sea  passage 
connecting  the  Gulf  of  Pe-chi-li  with  the  Yellow 
Sea,  and  separating  the  province  of  Shing-king 
on  the  north  from  that  of  Shan-tung  on  the  south, 


PetOTs,  Wilhelm  Karl  Uart\7lg 

of  equal  height,  the  central  one  much  the  narrowest,  be- 
tween two  small  arcaded  and  pinnacled  towers  The  span- 
drels are  filled  with  rosettes  and  statues  in  niches,  and 
above  the  arches  is  carried  a  range  of  arcades  with  statues. 
Each  gable  contains  a  small  wheel.  This  splendid  front 
forms  in  fact  an  open  screen  before  the  actual  front  of  the 
cathedral :  it  is  marred  by  a  low  Perpendicular  porcli  in- 
serted in  the  opening  of  the  central  arch.  The  interior  is 
light  and  effective.  The  ceiling  of  the  nave,  though  of 
the  12th century,  is  of  wood;  that  of  the  choir  is  Perpen- 
dicular. The  chevet  of  the  church  was  originally  of  ap- 
sidal  form,  and  this  can  still  be  traced  in  the  later  retro- 
choir.  The  dimensions  are  471  by  81  feet ;  length  of  east 
transepts,  202 ;  height  of  vaulting,  81.  Population  (1891), 
25,172. 


Russia  wmch  flows  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  about 
lat.  68°  N.,  long.  54°  E.  Length,  about  1,000 
miles. 

Peteguares.    See  Potiguaras. 

Peten  (pa-ten'),  or  Itza  (et-za').    Alake  in  the 


^tchorajjpech-6'ra).^  ^J^^^t^  j?  northeastern  Peterborough.  The  capital  of  Peterborough 
■D      ;      1...1.  ^  i..  ii..  A     4.,„  r\^         1      i    County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the  Otona- 

bec  69  miles  northeast  of  Toronto.    Populatioa 
(1901),  11,239. 
Peterborough  and  Monmouth,  Earl  of.    See 

>jr ,, V  -  .     — —    Mordaunt.  Charles. 

northem  part  of  Guatemala;  also,  an  island  in  Peterhead  (pe-ter-hed').  A  seaport  in  Aberdeen- 
the  lake.  shire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  North  Sea  28- 

Peter  (pe'ter)  (originally  Simon).  [D.  G.  Dan.  miles  north-northeast  of  Aberdeen,  it  is  largely 
Sw.  Peter,  F.  Pierre,  OF.  Pier,  Piers,  (whence  engaged  in  the  herring  and  other  fisheries.  Population 
ME.  Piers,  mod.  Pierce,  Peirce,  Pearce,  Pears),    (i89i),  12,196. 

Sp.  Pg.  Pedro,  It.  Pietro,  Piero,  from  L.  Petrus,  Peterhof  (pa'ter-hof ).  A  town  in  the  govem- 
from  Gr.  mrpoc,  translating  Heb.  Cephas,  a  ment  of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  situated  on  the- 
-■■      ■     -  ■■  Gulf  of  Finland  about  15  miles  west  of  St. 

Petersburg.  Near  it  is  the  imperial  palace,  built  by 
Peter  the  Great,  of  high  interest  from  the  great  quantity 
of  works  of  art  of  all  kinds  and  of  historical  relics  which 
are  collected  in  it,  as  well  as  for  the  beautiful  gardens 
with  their  fountains  and  statues,  and  the  connected  im.' 
perial  pleasure-houses.  Population,  9,516. 
Peterhouse.  See  St.  Peter's  College. 
Peter  Lombard.    See  Lombard. 


stone.]     One  of  the  twelve  apostles.    He  was 
originaily  a  fisherman ;  became  one  of  the  three  most 
favored  disciples  of  Christ;  and  was  the  most  prominent 
leader  of  the  church  after  the  ascension.     He  was  im- 
prisoned by  Herod  in  44 ;  contended  with  Paul  at  Antioch 
touching  the  proper  policy  to  be  observed  toward  the  Gen- 
tiles ;  and  according  to  tradition  was  the  founder  of  the 
church  at  Rome  and  a  martyr  there  in  the  reign  of  Nero. 
He  is  the  reputed  author  of  two  epistles  in  the  New  Testa- 
ment. ,  Peter  is  claimed  by  the  Koman  Catholic  Church  as  .„   .      ,        „  _^  j  •      •     •  j.  j..         i- 
its  first  bishop  or  pope.    His  death  is  celebrated  with  that  PeterlOO  MaSSacrO.     [H  ormed.  in  imitation  of 
of  St.  Paul  on  the  29th  of  June  in  the  Eastern,  Roman,     ■'^  -     ■>---•       »      • -^   --^  '^^    t^  j.-  i     -n.  u    nr, 
and  Anglican  churches.    This  is  the  most  ancient  of  the 
festivals  of  the  apostles,  dating  from  the  3d  century. 

Peter   (Portuguese  and  Spanish  kings).     See 
Pedro. 

Peter  I.  Alexeievitch,  sumamed  "  The  Great."  _  .  ,  -,^         ..  n    .         ^     -r. 

Born  at  Moscow,  June  9  (N.  S.),  1672:  died  at  Petermann  (pa'ter-man),  August.  Born  at 
St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  8  (N.  S.),  1725.  Czar  of  f  Jfi?]'.®™'^;?'.^^!^^'?'!^^?^^^^;^"^^;  2°™™^^^_^ 
Russia,  son  of  Alexis.  He  reigned  conjointly  with  his 
half-brother  Ivan  from  1682,  and  alonefrom  1696.  Hefreed 
himself  from  the  regency  of  his  sister  Sophia  in  1689 ;  cap- 
tured Azofl  from  the  Turks  in  1696 ;  traveled  in  Germany, 
the  Netherlands,  England,  and  Austria  1696-97 ;  put  down 
a  rebellion  of  the  Strelitzi  in  1698 ;  and  took  part  in  the 
Northem  Wai"  (which  see)  1700-21,  in  the  course  of  which 
he  was  defeated  by  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  at  Narva  in 
1700,  and  defeated  him  in  turn  at  Pultowa  in  1709. 


Waterloo.^  A  riot  at  St.  Peter's  Field,  Man- 
chester, England,  Aug.  16,  1819.  A  large  assem- 
bly, mainly  of  the  laboring  classes,  had  met  in  behalf  of 
reform,  under  the  leadership  of  Hunt.  The  assembly  was 
charged  by  the  military,  and  many  were  killed  and 
wounded. 


suicide  at  Qotha,  Sept.  25, 1878.  A  noted  Ger- 
man geographer.  He  went  to  Great  Britain  in  1845 ; 
took  charge  of  the  Geographical  Institute  (founded  by 
Perthes)  at  Gotha  in  1854 ;  and  encouraged  geographical 
explorations  in  Africa,  the  polar  regions,  and  elsewhere. 
He  founded  and  conducted  Petermann 's  "Mitteilungen" 
("Communications")  after  1855,  and  contributed  to  tlie 
atlases  of  Stieler,  etc. 


He  was  Peter  Martyr.    See  Martyr. 
S^^|i^ft<S^i^^:Se=3;yi^  mers(pa;te.)3^aii^^stR^ 


in  1711.  In  1721  he  concluded  the  peace  of  Nystadt  with 
Sweden,  by  which  he  obtained  Livonia,  Esthonia,  Inger- 
manland,  and  part  of  Karelia.  He  founded  St.  Petersburg 
in  1703 ;  imprisoned  his  son  Alexis  (see  Alexis)  for  treason 
in  1718 ;  and  carried  on  a  successful  war  against  Persia 
1722-23.  He  introduced  Western  civilization  into  Russia, 
which  he  made  one  of  the  great  powers  of  Europe. 

Peter  II.  Alexeievitch.  Bom  Oct.  23, 1715: 
died  1730.  Czar  of  Russia  1727-30,  sou  of  Alexis 
and  grandson  of  Peter  the  Great. 

Peter  III.  Feodorovitch  (properly  Zarl  Peter 
Ulrich).  Bom  at  Kiel,  Holstein,  Feb.  21, 1728 : 
assassinated  at  Ropsha,  Russia,  July  17,  1762. 
Czar  of  Russia,  sou  of  Charles  Frederick,  duke 
of  Holstein,  and  Anna  (daughter  of  Peter  the 


Bom  at  Hamburg,  Sept.  7,  1806 :  died  at  Kiel, 
Prussia,  May  8, 1880.  A  noted  German  astron- 
omer, apjpointed  professor  of  astronomy  at  K6- 
nigsberg  in  1849,  and  director  of  the  observatory 
at  Altona  (removed  in  1872  to  Kiel)  in  1854.  He 
edited  "  Astronomische  Nachrichten." 
Peters,  Christian  Henry  Frederick.  Bom 
at  Koldenbtittel,  near  Eiderstedt,  Schleswig, 
Sept.  19,  1813:  died  at  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  July  18, 
1890.  A  G-erman- American  astronomer,  director 
of  the  observatory  at  Hamilton  College,  New 
York,  from  1858.  He  discovered  over  40  as- 
teroids. He  published  "Celestial  Charts"  (1882- 
1888),  etc. 


Great).  He  was  appointed  heir  in  1742;  married  Cath-  PeterS  (pe  t6rz),  or  Peter  (pe  ter),  Hugh.  Bom 
arine  (later  empress)  in  1745 ;  and  succeeded  to  the  throne  m  Cornwall,  England  (baptized  June  29, 1598'> : 
in  Jan.,  1762.  He  immediately  made  peace  with  Frederick!  hanged  at  Charing  Cross,  Oct.  17, 1660.  An  Ene- 
the  Great,  with  whom  his  predecessor  had  been  at  wai-     i;_i-ti a. i "L  '_  '  m^jiig 


since  1757.  (See  Seven  Years'  War.)  He  was  murdered 
after  a  few  months'reign,  and  his  wife,  who  was  an  ac- 
complice in  his  murder,  was  placed  on  the  throne. 

Peter  Bell.  A  poetical  tale  by  William  Words- 
worth, published  in  1819. 

Peter  Bell  the  Third.    A  burlesque  poem  by 

Peter  of  Blois,  or  Petrus  Blesensis.    Bom  at  Peters  (P|'ters),  Karl.  Born  aFN^haus,  Han- 
Blois,  France:  died  about  1200.    A  French  ec-   ?over,  1856.    An  African  explorer  and adminis- 


hsh  Puritan  clergyman.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge- 
(Trinity  College)  in  1616.  In  Oct.,  1636,  he  emigrated  to 
Boston,  and  in  1636  became  minister  to  the  First  Church, 
Salem,  Massachusetts.  In  1641  he  was  the  agent  of  the 
colony  in  England,  and  later  filled  important  offices  in  Eng- 
land under  Cromwell.  At  the  Restoration  he  was  impris- 
oned in  the  Tower  and  tried  and  convicted  as  an  accom- 
plice in  the  death  of  Charles  I.,  Oct.  13. 1660. 


clesiastie  and  scholar  who  settled  in  England 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  II. 

Peter  of  Bruis  (or  Bruys).  Burned  as  a  heretic 
about  1126.  A  French  reforming  enthusiast,  a 
pupil  of  Abelard.  He  sought  to  restore  the  church  to 
Its  original  purity  by  abolishing  infant  baptism,  the  mass, 
and  other  observances. 

Peter  the  Hermit,  or  Peter  of  Amiens.    Bom 

about  1050 :  died  at  Huy,  Belgium,  July  11, 1115. 
A  hermit  and  monk,  one  of  the  leading  preachers 


trator.  He  founded  the  German  Colonization  Society ; 
in  1884  acquired  in  Bast  Africa  large  tracts  of  land  and  ob- 
tained for  them  an  imperial  protectorate ;  as  head  of  the 
German  East  Africa  Company  extended  its  possessions  and 
organized  its  stations ;  brought  about  a  colonial  congress- 
at  Berlin  in  1886 ;  and  returned  to  East  Africa  in  1887.  He 
made  further  explorations  in  1889-90  and  1891-93,  and  was 
made  imperial  commissioner  for  German  East  Africa  in 
1891.  He  fought  his  way  through  MasaUand  with  reck- 
less bloodshed,  and  tried  to  place  Uganda  under  German 
protection.  For  his  cruelty  he  was  court-martialed  in 
1897  and  dismissed  from  the  German  service. 


of  the  first  Crusade.  He  led  the  advance  divi-  Peters  (pe'tferz),  Samuel.  Bom  at  Hebron,, 
sion  of  the  first  Crusade  as  far  as  Asia  Minor  Conn.,  Dec.  12,  1735:  died  at  New  York,  April 
in  1096.  19,  1826.    An  American  Episcopal  clergyman, 

Peterborough  (pe'ter-bur- 6).     A  city  in  the    agrand-nephewof  Hugh  Peters.    He  wrote  a  satir& 
counties  of  NorthamptonandHuntingdon.Eng-    entitled  "General  History  of  Connecticut  "a'Sl),  contain- 
land,  situated  on  the  W  75  mUes  north  of  Log-  J^f  *"«  =°;''»ilf  ?    ^'"lif.Ti  (invented  by  him), 
don.     It  is  a  railway  and  tradmg  center.    A  Benedictine  ^e^^'S    (pa    ters),  Wilhelm    Karl    HartWlg. 
abbey  was  founded  here  in  665.    The  cathedral,  oneof  the     -tSom  at  Koldenbuttel,  near  JJilderstedt,  Sohles- 


most  important  of  English  Norman  churches,  was  begun 
early  in  the  12th  century  and  finished  before  the  13th,  ex- 
cept tlie  interpolated  Decorated  windows,  the  Perpendicu- 
lar retrochoir,  the  13th-century  northwest  tower,  the  flue 
central  tower  of  the  14th,  and  the  famous  west  front  of 
the  13th.    The  west  front  consists  of  3  grand  gabled  arches 


wig,  April  22,  1815 :  died  at  Berlin,  April  20, 
1883.  A  German  naturalist  and  traveler,  brother 
of  C.  H.  F.  Peters.  He  explored  Mozambique 
1843-47,  and  published  "Naturwissenschaft- 
liehe  Reise  nach  Mozambique"  (1852-82). 


Petersburg 

Fetersburg.    See  St.  Petersburg. 

Petersburg  (pe'terz-bferg).  A  city  in  Dinwiddie 
County,  Virginia,  situated  on  the  Appomattox, 
at  the  head  of  steam  navigation,  23  miles  south 
of  Eiohmond.  it  is  the  third  city  in  the  State ;  has  im- 
portant trade  in  tobacco,  cotton,  flour,  grain,  etc. ;  and  has 
manufactures  of  tobacco,  cotton,  etc.  It  was  incorporated 
in  1748.  It  was  besieged  by  the  Federals  under  Grant 
1864-66.  After  some  unsuccessful  attempts  to  seize  it,  the 
siege  commenced  June  19,  1864.  Final  operations  began 
March  25, 1865 ;  and  after  the  battle  of  Five  Forks  (March 
31  and  April  1)  it  was  evacuated  by  the  Confederates 
April  2-3,  and  surrendered" April  3.  Population  (1900), 
21,810. 

Peter  Schlemihl  (pa'ter  shla'mel).  "The 
Storr  of  a  Man  "Without  a  Shadow,"  a  romance 
by  Obamisso,  published  in  1814. 

Chamisso's  "  Peter  Schlemihl "...  is  a  faultless  work 
of  art,«nd  one  of  deep  import.  There,  too,  a  popular  su- 
perstition forms  the  leading  motive,  namely,  the  idea  that 
a  man  might  lose  his  shadow,  the  devil  carrying  it  o^  when 
he  could  not  get  the  man  himself  into  his  power,  This 
tale  deserves  its  universal  renown.  The  poet  has  made 
the  hero  a  symbolical  portrait  of  himself.  "Schlemihl" 
means  an  unlucky  wight,  and  ChamisBo  has  attributed  to 
this  poor  devil  the  same  incapacity  of  coping  with  the 
world  which  in  his  own  case  had  disposed  him  to  solitude, 
to  intercourse  with  nature  and  with  children  of  nature. 
Seherer,  Hist.  Oerman  Lit.,  p.  296. 

Petersen  (pa'ter-sen),  Clemens.  Bom  in  Den- 
mark, 1834.  A  Danish- American  miscellaneous 
writer. 

Petersen,  Niels  Matthias.  Born  in  Ftinen, 
Denmark,  Oct.  24,  1791:  died  at  Copenhagen, 
May  11, 1862.  A  Danish  historian  and  philolo- 
gist. His  works  include  a  "History  of  the  Danish,  Nor- 
wegian, and  Swedish  Languages"  (1829-30),  "Contribution 
to  the  History  of  Danish  Iiitorature  "  (2d  ed.  1867-71),  etc. 

Petersfield  '(pe'tferz-feld).  A  town  in  Hamp- 
shire, England,  16  miles  north  of  Portsmouth. 
Population,  parish  (1891),  2,002. 

Petersham  (pe't6rz-ham).  A  town  in  Worces- 
ter County,  Massachusetts,  26  miles  northwest 
orWorcester.  it  was  the  scene  of  the  final  engage- 
ment in  Shays's  rebellion,  in  which  the  insurgents  un- 
der Shays  were  dispersed  by  the  State  troops  under  Lin- 
coln, Feb.,  1787.    Population  (1900),  853. 

Peter  the  Great  Bay,  An  arm  of  the  Sea  of 
Japan,  south  of  the  Maritime  Province,  Siberia. 

Peterwardein  (pa'ter-var-din),  Hung.  Peter- 
V&rad  (pa-ter-va'rod).  A  town  in  Slavonia, 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Danube,  opposite 
Neusatz,  44  miles  northwest  of  Belgrad.  it  is 
one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  of  the  Austi-ian  empire,  and 
has  been  called  "the  Gibraltar  of  Hungary."  It  was 
wrested  from  the  Turks  by  the  Imperialists  in  1688.  In  a 
battle  fought  near  It,  Aug.  6, 1716,  the  Imperialists  under 
Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy  defeated  the  Turks  under  the  grand 
vizir  Damad  Ali.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Hungarian  in- 
surgents in  1848,  and  surrendered  to  the  Austrians  on 
Sept.  6, 1849.    Population  (1890),  3,603. 

Pdtion  (pa-ty6n'),  Alexandre  Sabes.  Bom  at 
Port-au-Prince,  April  2, 1770 :  died  there,  March 
29,  1818.  A  Haitian  general  and  politician. 
He  was  a  light  mulatto  and  an  educated  man ;  was  com- 
mandant of  artillery  under  Toussaint  Louverture  and 
Higaud ;  followed  the  latter  to  France  in  1800;  and  was 
attached  to  Leclerc's  expedition  1801-02.  In  1802  he  joined 
the  revolt  of  those  who  feared  that  slavery  was  to  be  re- 
established, served  under  Dessalines,  and  after  his  death 
became  president  of  Haiti  (March  10, 1807).  Christophe 
had  already  revolted  in  the  north,  and  the  French  portion 
of  the  island  was  thus  divided  into  two  parts,  between 
which  there  was  almost  constant  war  for  many  years.  Po- 
tion, by  reelection,  continued  to  rule  the  southern  part 
until  ms  death,  but  besides  the  war  with  Christophe  there 
were  many  internal  dissensions. 

Potion  de  Villeneuve  (pa-ty6n'd6vel-n6v'), 
Jerome,  Bom  at  Chartres,  Prance,  1753 :  com- 
mitted suicide  near  Bordeaux,  June,  1794.  A 
French  revolutionist.  He  was  chosen  to  the  third 
estate  of  the  States-General  in  1789 ;  was  one  of  the  leaders 
in  the  Constituent  Assembly,  and  its  president  in  1790 ;  was 
commissioner  to  Varennes  in  1791 ;  was  mayor  of  Paris 
1791-92 ;  and  was  Girondist  deputy  to  the  Convention  1792- 
1793.  He  was  proscribed  in  June,  17B3,  but  escaped  to  the 
south 

Petit  Andr6  (pe-te'ton-dra')-  [F-,  'Little  An- 
drew.'] An  executioner  of  Louis  XI.,  intro- 
duced as  a  character  in  the  novel  "Quentin 
Durward"  by  Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Petition  of  Bight.  An  act  of  Parliament  passed 
in  1628 :  one  of  the  chief  documents  of  the  Eng- 
lish constitution,  it  provided  that  "no  freeman  be 
required  to  give  any  gift,  loan,  benevolence,  or  tax  with- 
out common  consent  by  Act  of  Parliament;  that  no  free- 
man be  imprisoned  or  detained  contrary  to  the  law  of  the 
land ;  that  soldiers  or  mariners  be  not  billeted  in  private 
houses ;  and  that  commissions  to  punish  soldiers  and  sail- 
ors by  martial  law  be  revoked  and  no  more  issued"  (Ae- 
land  and  Eansome,  Eng.  Polit.  Hist.,  p.  88). 

Petit  Nesle  (p6-te'  nal).  A  smaller  residence 
attached  to  the  Grand  Nesle,  or  Tour  de  Nesle, 
in  Paris .  They  stood  where  the  Institute  now  stands,  op- 
posite the  Louvre,  at  the  south  end  of  the  Pont  des  Arte. 
Botli  were  inhabited  by  the  royal  family  at  various  times, 
and  numerous  crimes  were  said  to  have  been  committed 
there.    Cellini  had  his  studio  in  the  Petit  ISeAe. 

Petit-Thouars,  Du.    See  DwpeUt-Thouars. 


799 

Peto  (pe'to).  An  associate  of  Palstaff  in  Shak- 
spere's  "Henry  IV.,"  first  and  second  parts. 

Petofi  (pe't6-fi),  S&ndor  (Alexander),  Bom 
in  Little  Cnmania,  Hungary,  Dec.  31,  1823: 
killed  probably  in  the  battle  of  Schassburg, 
July  31,  1849.  The  greatest  lyric  poet  of  Hun- 
gary. He  played  an  important  part  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  Hungarian  revolution  in  Pest,  and  throughout  the  war 
his  patriotic  songs  made  him  a  national  hero.  He  was 
last  seen  on  the  battle-field  of  Schassburg,  and  for  many 
years  it*  was  popularly  believed  that  he  survived  as  a 
prisoner  in  Siberia. 

Petra  (pe'tra).  [Gr.  J\.hpa,  rock.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  oitv  in  Arabia  Petrrea,  situated  in 
lat.  30°  19'  N.,  long.  35°  31'  B.  The  site  was  early 
occupied  on  account  of  its  proximity  to  the  commercial 
route  between  Arabia  and  Egypt.  From  the  2d  century 
B.  c.  it  was  a  stronghold  of  the  Nabataeans.  The  site  con- 
sists of  a  precipice-inclosed  valley  on  the  northeastern  side 
of  Mount  Hor.  The  sandstone  rocks  are  brilliantly  colored 
in  many  difierent  hues,  and  are  fantastically  worn  by  the 
action  of  water.  Petra  is  famous  for  its  rock-cut  architec- 
tural remains,  dating  from  after  the  establishment  of  Ro- 
man rule  in  105  A.  D.  These  remains  have. been  looked 
upon  by  many  as  those  of  temples  and  palaces,  but  are 
merely  the  facades,  many  of  them  considerable  in  scale 
and  elaborate  m  ornament,  of  rock-tombs.  All  lack  purity 
in  design,  and  most  precision  in  execution :  but  some  are 
picturesque  and  graceful,  bringing  to  mind  the  architec- 
tural ornament  of  Pompeian  wall-paintings ;  and  they  gain 
in  effectiveness  by  their  situation  and  by  the  marvelous 
coloring  of  the  rock.  The  buildings  of  the  town  are  .very 
ruinous,  except  the  rock-cut  theater. 

Petrarch  (pe'trark),  It.  Petrarca  (pa-trSr'ka), 
Francesco.  Bom  at  Arezzo,  Italy,  July  20, 
1304:  died  at  ArquS,,  near  Padua,  July  18  (19?), 
1374.  A  celebrated  Italian  poet,  one  of  the 
chief  names  in  Italian  literature.  His  father  be- 
longed to  the  party  of  the  Bianchi,  and  was  banished  at 
the  same  time  as  Dante :  Petrarch  remembered  seeing  the 
latter  in  his  childhood.  The  family  went  to  Avignon  in 
1313,  and  when  about  fourteen  years  old  Petrarch  went  to 
Montpellierto  pursue  his  studies :  he  remained  there  until 
he  was  eighteen.  In  1327  he  first  saw  the  Laura  of  his  son- 
nets. There  have  been  many  theories  as  to  her  identity : 
that  generally  received  is  that  she  was  the  daughter  of 
Andibert  de  Noves,  who  married  Hugues  de  Sade  in  1325, 
and  became  the  mother  of  eleven  children.  This,  however, 
has  been  disputed.  Petrarch's  homage  was  conventional, 
and  personal  relations  are  not  supposed  to  have  existed 
between  the  wife  of  De  Sade  and  the  poet.  He  received 
a  canonry  at  Lombez,  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  in  1335 ; 
in  1337  he  bought  the  little  house  at  Vaucluse,  near  Avi- 
gnon, to  which  he  retired,  and  where  he  did  most  of  his 
best  work ;  and  in  1340  he  was  called  on  the  same  day  both 
to  Rome  and  to  Paris  to  be  crowned  as  poet  laureate.  He 
received  the  laurel  crown  at  Rome  April  8, 1341.  In  1347 
he  built  a  house  at  Parma,  but  resided  partly  at  Vaucluse 
until  1353,  when  he  settled  in  Milan.  He  was  patron- 
ized by  nobles  and  ecclesiastics,  and  employed  on  various 
diplomatic  missions,  principally  by  the  Visconti,  whom  he 
represented  at  the  court  of  King  John  of  France,  conduct^ 
ing  the  marriage  of  a  young  Visconti  with  the  daughter  of 
the  king.  In  1862  he  removed  to  Padua,  where  he  had 
held  a  canonry  since  1347,  and  to  Venice,  in  the  same  year, 
where  he  saw  Boccaccio  for  the  last  time,  having  first  met 
him  in  1350  at  Florence.  He  went  to  Arquk  in  1370,  where 
he  died.  His  chief  works  are,  in  Italian,  the  "Rime  "  or 
"Canzoniere,"  comprising  sonnets  and  odes  in  honor  of 
Laura,  and  the  allegorical "  Trionfi  "  ("  Triumphs '%  his  last 
work ;  in  Latin,  the  treatises  "  De  contemptu  mundi,"  ad- 
dressed to  Saint  Augustine,  "De  vita  solitaria,"  "De  viris 
illustribus"  (biographies),  "De  vera  sapientia,"  "De  otio 
religiosorum,"  "  Africa,"  an  epic  poem  on  Scipio  Africanus, 
etc.  His  letters  and  orations  are  numerous,  and  he  wrote 
a  number  of  controversial  and  polemical  treatises.  The 
"  Canzoniere  "  was  edited  by  Marsand  and  by  Leopardi.  His 
life  has  been  written  by  De  Sade,  Korting,  Bartoli,  etc. 

Petrarch,  The  English.     A  name  sometimes 
given  to  Sir  Philip  Sidney. 
Petrie  (pe'trf),  W.  M.  Flinders.    Bom  June 

3,  1853.  An  English  Egyptologist.  He  was  edu- 
cated privately.  From  1874  to  1880  he  was  employed  sur- 
veying ancient  British  earthworks ;  1881  and  1882  he  spent 
in  surveying  the  pyramids  and  temples  of  Gizeh.  He  re- 
turned to  Egypt  in  1884,  as  explorer  to  the  Egypt  Explora- 
tion Fund.  He  went  twice  again  in  the  same  capacity, 
each  time  making  important  discoveries,  exploring  the 
Bites  of  Def  enneh,  Naucratis,  etc. ,  and  bringing  back  plans 
and  illustrations,  all  of  which,  with  his  memoirs  and  reports 
on  the  subject,  have  been  published  by  the  committee. 
In  1887-89  he  explored  in  the  Fayum  (not  for  the  Explora- 
tion Fund),  and  later  explored  with  valuable  results  both 
for  the  Egyptian  and  Palestine  Exploration  Funds.  He 
has  published  "Stonehenge,  eto."  (1880),  "Pyramids  and 
Temples  of  Ghizeh"  (1883),  "Historical  Scarabs,"  "His- 
torical Data  of  the  XI.  Dynasty,"  and  other  monographs 
(1888),  "  Hawara,  Biahmu,  and  Arsinoe,  eto."  (1889),  "Sur- 
veys of  the  Pyramid  of  Hawara,  eto."  (1890),  "Ten  Years' 
Digging  in  Egypt,  1881-1891"  (1892),  eto.;  and  contributed 
the  article  "Weights  and  Measures"  to  the  9th  edition  of 
the  "Encyclopsedia  Britannica." 

Petrikau.    See  Piotrkow. 

Petro-Alexandrovsk  (pe '  tro  -  al  -  ek  -  san  '- 
drovsk).  A  military  station  in  the  territory  of 
Amu-Daria,  Russian  Central  Asia,  situated  on 
the  Amu-Daria  about  30  miles  east  of  Khiva. 

Petronell  (pe-tro-nel').  A  village  in  Lower 
Austria,  situated  on  the  Danube  23  miles  below 
Vienna.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
Carnuntum. 

Petronius  Arbiter  (pe-tro'ni-us  ar'bi-tfer). 
Died  probably  about  66  A.  d  .    A  Roman  author. 


Petty,  Sir  William 

often  identified  with  a  certain  Caius  Petroninff 
mentioned  by  Tacitus.  The  original  title  of 
his  work  (see  the  extract)  was  "  Satirse." 

To  Nero's  time  belongs  also  the  character-novel  of  Pe- 
tronius Arbiter,  no  doubt  the  same  Petronius  whom  Nero 
a.  66  compelled  to  kill  himself.  Originally  a  large  work 
in  at  least  20  books,  with  accounts  of  various  adventures 
supposed  to  have  taken  place  during  a,  journey,  it  now 
consists  of  a  heap  of  fragments,  the  most  considerable  of 
which  is  the  "cena  Trimalchionis,"  being  the  description  of 
a  feast  given  by  a  rich  and  uneducated  upstart.  Though 
steeped  in  obscenity,  this  novel  is  not  only  highly  impor- 
tant for  the  history  of  manners  and  language,  especially 
the  plebeian  speech,  but  it  is  also  a  work  of  art  in  its. 
way,  full  of  spirit,  fine  insight  into  human  nature,  wit  of 
a  high  order,  and  genial  humour.  In  its  form  it  is  a  satira 
Menippea,  in  which  the  metrical  pieces  interspersed  con- 
tain chiefly  parodies  of  certain  fashions  of  taste.  This  ap- 
plies especially  to  the  larger  carmina,  "Troise  halosis"  and 
"Bellum  civile." 

Teuffd  and  Schwabe,  Hist.  Rom.  Lit.,  IL  84. 

Petronius  Maximus  (mak'si-mus).  A  Roman 
emperor  in  455.  He  was  a  member  of  the  higher  Ro- 
man  nobility.  He  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  a  band  of 
disaffected  persons,  killed  the  emperor  Valentlnian  III., 
seized  the  throne  (455),  and  forced  Eudoxia,  Valentinian's 
widow,  to  marry  him  (his  own  wife  having  in  the  mean- 
time died).  Eudoxia,  however,  appealed  to  Genseric,  king 
of  the  Vandals,  who  pillaged  Rome.  Petronius  Maximus 
was  killed  by  a  band  of  Burgundian  mercenaries  as  he 
was  fleeing  from  his  capital. 

Petropavlovsk  (pe-tro-pav-lovsk' ) .  A  town  in 
the  government  of  Akmolinsk,  West  Siberia, 
situated  on  the  Ishim  about  180  miles  west  or 
Omsk.    Population  (1889),  16,794. 

Petropavlovsk,  or  Petropaulovski  (pe-tro- 
pou-lov'ske).  A  seaport  in  Kamchatka,  Si- 
beria, situated  on  the  Sea  of  Kamchatka  in  lat. 
52°  58'  N.,  long.  158°  44'  E.  Itis  of  little  importance 
since  its  occupation  by  the  Bnghsh  and  French  in  1865. 
Population  (1890),  480. 

Fetropolis  (pat-r6'p6-les).  The  capital  (since 
Oct.,  1894)  of  the  state  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Bra- 
zil, about  35  miles  north  of  Bio  de  Janeiro 
and  2,300  feet  above  the  sea.  it  was  founded  in 
1844 ;  was  the  summer  residence  of  the  imperial  court ; 
and  is  much  frequented  as  a  health-resort.  It  is  noted  for 
the  beauty  of  its  scenery.    Population,  about  6,000. 

Petrovsk(pe-trovsk').  1.  A  seaport  in  Daghes- 
tan,  Caucasia,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Caspian 
Sea  75  miles  north-northwest  of  Derbend.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  3,469. —  2.  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Saratoff,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Med- 
vyeditza  63  miles  north-northwest  of  Saratoff. 
Popvdation,  16,385. 

Petrozavodsk  (pe-tro-za-vodsk').  The  capital 
of  the  government  of  Olonetz,  Russia,  situated 
onLake  Onega  185  miles  northeast  of  St.  Peters- 
burg. It  has  a  cannon-foundry,  established  by  Peter  the 
Great  in  1703,  and  other  manufacturing  industries.  Pop- 
ulation, 10,920. 

Petruchio  (pe-tr6'ch6  or  -ki-6).  In  Shakspere's 
"  Taming  of  the  Shrew,"  the  rough  wooer  and 
tamer  of  Katherine.  He  subdues  her  by  meeting  tur- 
bulence with  turbulence — remaining,  however,  entirely 
good-natured  himself.  Fletcher  introduces  him  in  "  The 
Woman's  Prize,  or  the  Tamer  Tamed  "  as  the  henpecked 
husband  of  a  second  wife,  Maria. 

Petrus  Lombardus.    See  Zomhard,  Peter. 

Petsh.    See  Ipek. 

Petsik  (pet'sik),  or  Pehtsik.  A  collective  name 
(signifying  'up'  or  'up-stream')  applied  by  the 
Weitspek  Indians  to  the  Quoratean  tribes  on  the 
Klamath  above  the  mouth  of  the  Trinity,  north- 
Western  California. 

Pettau  (pet'tou).  A  town  in  Styria,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Drave  15  miles  south- 
east of  Marburg.     Population  (1890),  8,914. 

Pettenkofer  (pet'ten-ko-fer),  Max  von.  Bom 
Dec.  3,  1818:  died  Feb.  10,  1901.  A  German 
chemist  and  physiologist,'  professor  of  medical 
chemistry  at  Munich :  noted  for  his  researches 
in  hygiene,  especially  in  ventilation,  the  spread 
of  cholera,  eto. 

Pettie  (pet'i),  John.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  March 
17,  1839:  died  at  Hastings,  Feb.  21,  1893.  A 
British  historical,  genre,  and  portrait  painter. 
He  first  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1861.  Among 
his  pictures  are  "What  d'  ye  Lack?"(1862),  "A  Drumhead 
Court  Martial"  (1864),  "Arrested  for  Witchcraft"  (1866: 
this  picture  decided  the  academy  to  elect  him  to  an  asso- 
ciateship ;  he  was  made  a  full  member  in  1874),  "Jacobites 
in  1745  "(1875),  "A  Knight  of  the  Seventeenth  Century," 
a  portrait  of  William  Black  (1887),  "The  Defiance,"  "Bon- 
nie Prince  Charlie,"  etc. 

Pettigrew  (pet'i-gro),  James  Johnston.  Born 
in  Tyrrel  County,  N.  C,  July  4, 1828 :  died  near 
Winchester,  Va.,  July  17, 1863.  A  Confederate 
general.  He  became  brigadier-general  in  1862,  and  com- 
manded Heth's  division  during  the  third  day's  fight  at  the 
battle  of  Gettysburg,  taking  part  in  Pickett  s  charge.  He 
was  fatally  wounded  in  a  skirmish  with  the  Union  cavalry 
in  the  retreat  to  Virginia. 

Petty  (pet'i).  Sir  William.  Bom  at  Rorasey, 
Hampshire,  England,  May  26, 1623:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Dec.  16, 1687.  An  English  statistician  and 
political  economist.   He  sided  with  the  Parliament  in 


Petty,  Sir  William 

•the  civil  war.  In  1651  he  was  professor  of  anatomy  at  Ox- 
-ford,  and  professor  of  music  at  Gresham  College.  In  1652 
he  was  appointed  physician  to  the  army  in  Ireland,  and 
about  1654  executed  by  contract  a  fresh  survey,  commonly 
known  as  the  Down  Survey,  of  the  forfeited  lands  granted 
to  soldiers.  He  bought  large  tracts  of  land  and  estab- 
lished various  industries.  After  the  Restoration  in  1660 
he  was  knighted.  In  1663  he  invented  a  double-bottomed 
ship.  He  wrote  "Treatise  of  Taxes  and  Contributions" 
(1662-S6),  "Political  Arithmetic"  (1691),  "Political  Anat- 
omy of  Ireland  "  (1691),  etc. 
Petty,  William,  first  Marquis  of  Lansdowne. 
Bom  at  Dublin,  May  20, 1737 :  died  May  7, 1805. 
A  British  statesman.  He  was  president  of  the  board 
of  trade  in  1763 ;  secretary  of  state  1766-68  and  1782 ;  and 
prime  minister  1782-83.  He  succeeded  his  father  as  sec- 
ond earl  of  Shelbume  in  1761,  and  was  created  marquis  of 
Lansdowne  in  1784, 

Jetty-Fitzmaurice  (pet*i-flts-mg,'ris),  Henry, 
third  Marquis  of  Lansdowne.  Bom  1780 :  died 
Jan.  31, 1863.  AnEnglish  Liberal  politician,  son 
of  the  first  Marquis  of  Lansdowne.  He  was  ohan- 
cellor  of  the  exchequer  1806-07 ;  home  secretary  1827-28 ; 
lord  president  of  the  council  1830-34, 1835-41,  and  1846-62 ; 
and  a  member  of  the  cabinet  (without  office)  1852-58. 

Petty-Fitzmaurice,  Henry  Charles  Keith, 

fifth  Marquis  of  Lansdowne.  Bom  Jan.  14, 
1845.  An  English  politician,  governor-general 
of  Canada  1883-88,  governor-general  of  India 
1888-93,  secretary  of  state  for  war  1895-1900, 
secretary  of  state  for  foreign  affairs,  1900-. 

Petun,  Nation  du.    See  Tionontati. 

Peucer  (poit'ser),  Kaspar,  Bom  at  Bautzen, 
Saxony,  Jan.  6, 1525:  died  at  Dessau,  Germany, 
Sept.  25, 1602.  A  (Jerman  Protestant  theologian 
and  physician,  son-in-law  of  Melanchthon.  He 
was  imprisoned  1574-86  as  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  (jryptocalvinistio  movement. 

Peucker  (poi'ker),  Eduard  von.  Bom  at 
Schmiedeberg,  Silesia,  Jan.  19,  1791:  died  at 
Berlin,  Feb.  10, 1876.  A  Grerman  generalj  com- 
mander of  the  army  against  the  Baden  insur- 
rectionists in  1849.  He  wrote  "Das  deutsche 
Kriegswesen  der  Urzeit"  (1860-64). 

Peutinger  (poi'ting-er),  Konrad.  Bom  at 
Augsburg,  Oct.  14,  1465:  died  there,  Deo.  28, 
1547.  A  noted  German  antiquary.  He  is  best 
known  from  his  discovery  of  an  ancient  map  of  the  mili- 
tary roads  in  the  Boman  Empire,  called  for  him  "Tabula 
Peutingeriana"  (1763). 

Tevas  (pa'vas),  or  Febas  (pa'bas).  Indians  of 
northern  Peru,  on  the  Maranon  and  its  tribu- 
taries. They  formerly  constituted  one  of  the 
largest  tribes  of  the  Maranon,  and  the  Jesuits 
established  many  important  missions  among 
them,  among  others  the  town  still  called  Pebas. 
They  were  probably  of  the  Tupi  stock,  and  perhaps  a 
branch  of  the  Omaguas. 

Pevensey  (pev'en-si).  A  small  seaport  on  the 
coast  of  Sussex,  England,  22  miles  east  of  Bright- 
on. It  has  the  ruins  of  a  castle,  and  is  supposed 
to  be  the  Roman  Anderida. 

Peveril  (pev'6r-il)  of  the  Peak.  A  historical 
novel  by  Sir  Walter  Seott,  published  in  1823. 
The  scene  is  laid  near  the  Peak  of  Derbyshire 
and  elsewhere  ia  England,  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  H. 

Peyer  (pi'  er),  Johann  Konrad.  Bom  at  Sehaff- 
hausen,  Switzerland,  Dec.  26,  1653:  died  Peb. 
29,  1712.  A  Swiss  anatomist,  the  discoverer 
of  Peyer's  glands. 

Peyronnet  Tpa-ro-na'),  Charles  Ignace,  Comte 
de.  Born  at  Bordeaux,  France,  Oct.  9,  1778 : 
died  at  Montferrand,  near  Bordeaux,  Jan.  2, 
1854.    A  French  reactionary  politician.  He  was 

'  minister  of  Justice  1821-28,  and  minister  of  the  interior 
1830.  He  signed  the  "Ordinances"  (which  led  to  the 
revolution  of  July),  and  was  imprisoned  at  Ham  1830-36. 

Pizenas  (paz-nas').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  H6rault,  France,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Peyne  with  the  Hfirault,  25  miles 
west-southwest  of  Montpellier:  the  Roman 
PiscennsB.  It  has  a  trade  in  brandy.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  6,720. 

Pezet  (pa-thaf),  Juan  Antonio.  Bom  at  Lima, 
1810:  died  there,  1879.  A  Peruvian  general  and 
politician.  He  was  prominent  in  the  civil  wars ;  was 
minister  of  war  under  Castilla  in  1859 ;  was  second  vice- 
president  in  1860;  and  first  vice-president  under  San 
Soman,  Oct.  24, 1862 ;  and  by  the  death  of  the  latter  be- 
came constitutional  president,  and  was  inaugurated  Aug. 
6, 1863.  Soon  after,  Spain  demanded  from  Peru  a  large 
indemnity  for  alleged  injuries.  Pezet  endeavored  to  tem- 
porize, and  on  Jan.  27, 1866,  agreed  to  an  arrangement  to 
which  the  Peruvian  people  were  strongly  opposed :  this 
led  to  a  revolt,  and  Pezet,  to  avoid  a  civil  war,  resigned 
Nov.  6, 1865,  and  lived  abroad  until  1871. 

Pezuela  (pa-tho-a'la),  Joaquin  de  la.  Bom  in 
Aragon,  1761 :  died  at  Madrid,  1830.  A  Spanish 
general  and  administrator.  He  went  to  Peru  as  a  colo- 
nel in  1805 ;  rose  to  the  rank  of  general;  succeeded  Goye- 
neche  in  the  militaiy  command  of  Upper  Peru,  or  Bolivia ; 
and  in  1816  was  made  viceroy  of  Peru,  assuming  office 
July  7.  Owing  to  his  ill  success  in  checking  the  patriots 
under  San  Martin,  he  was  deposed  by  his  own  officers,  Jan. 
39, 1821,  and  soon  after  returned  to  Spain,  where  he  pub- 


800 

lished  a  defense  of  his  condact.  He  was  created  marquis 
of  Viluma,  and  was  subsequently  captain-general  of  New 
Castile. 

Pfafers  (pfa'fers),  or  Pfeffers(pfef 'fers).  A  vil- 
lage and  watering-place  in  thecanton  of  St.-Gall, 
Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Tamina,  near  Ra- 
gatz,  10  miles  north  of  Coire.  It  is  noted  for  its 
hot  springs  and  romantic  gorge. 

Pfaff  (pfaf).  Christian  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Stutt- 
gart, Wurtemberg,  March  2, 1772 :  died  at  Eel, 
Holstein,  April  24,  1852.  A  German  physicist 
and  chemist,  brother  of  J.  F.  PfafE:  professor 
at  Kiel  from  1797. 

Pfaff,  Johann  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Stuttgart, 
Wiirtemberg,  Dec.  22,  1765:  died  at  Halle, 
Prussia,  April  20-21,  1825.  A  German  mathe- 
matician, professor  at  Halle  from  1810 :  noted 
for  his  analytical  works. 

Pfaffendorf  (pf  af 'f  en-dorf ),  Battle  of  (in  1760) . 
See  lAegnite. 

Pfaffenhofen  (pfaf 'fen-ho-fen).  A  small  tpwn 
in  Upper  Bavaria,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Hm 
28  miles  north  of  Munich.  Here,  April  IB,  1745,  the 
Austrians  under  Batthy&nyi  defeated  the  French  and 
Bavarians ;  and  April  19, 1809,  the  I^ench  under  Oudinot 
defeated  tlie  Austrians. 

Pfahlgrahen  (pfal'gra-ben).  A  long  line  of  for- 
tifications built  by  the  Romans  about  70  a.  d. 
for  protection  against  the  Germans.  They  ex- 
tended from  Batisbon  northwestward  to  Glessen,  Ems, 
and  Honningen.    The  chief  fort  was  the  Saalburg. 

Pfalz.    See  Palatinate. 

Pfalzburg  (pfalts'bSro).  A  town  in  Lorraine, 
Alsace-Lorraine,  situated  among  the  Vosges  27 
miles  northwest  of  Strasburg :  formerly  a  for- 
tress. It  was  taken  by  the  Germans  in  Dec, 
1870.    Population  (1890),  4,414. 

Pfeffel  (pfef'fel),  Crottlieb  Konrad.  Bom  at 
Colmar,  Alsace,  June  28, 1736 :  died  there,  May 
1, 1809.    A  German  poet  and  fabulist. 

Pfeiffer  (pfif'er),  Franz.  Bom  at  Solothum, 
Switzerland,  Feb.  27, 1815 :  died  at  Vienna,  May 
29, 1868.  A  German  philologist,  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  the  German  language  and  literature 
at  Vienna  in  1857.  He  is  best  known  for  editions  of 
medieval  German  works,  including  "German  Mystics  of 
the  14th  Century,"  etc. 

Pfeiffer,  Madame  (IdaEeyer).  Bom  at  Vienna, 
Oot.l5, 1797:  died  there,  Oct.  28, 1858.  An  Aus- 
trian traveler  and  writer  of  travels,  she  traveled 
in  Asiatic  Turkey  and  Egypt  in  1842 ;  in  Scandinaviaand  Ice- 
land in  1846  ;  around  the  world  1846-48,  and  again  1851-54 ; 
in  Madagascar  1856-68  (where  she  was  imprisoned) ;  and 
elsewhere.  She  published  "Beise  einer  Wienerin  in  das 
Heilige  Land  "("Journey  of  a  Viennese  to  the  Holy  Land," 
1843),  "  Reisenach  dem  skandinavisohen  Norden  "  ("Jour- 
ney to  the  Scandinavian  North,"  1846),  "  Eine  Frauenf  ahrt 
um  die  Welt"  ("A  Woman's  Journey  round  the  World," 
1860),  "Zweite  Weltreise"  ("Second  Journey  round  the 
World,"  1856),  "Beise  naoh  Madagascar"  (1861),  etc. 

Pfister  (pfis'ter),  Albrecht.  Bom  about  1420 : 
died  about  1470.  One  of  the  earliest  German 
printers. 

The  conjecture  that  Pfister  printed  the  Bible  of  36  lines 
will  not  bear  a  critical  examination.  It  is  not  enough  to 
show  that  our  first  positive  knowledge  of  the  types  and  the 
copies  of  this  book  begins  with  Pfister  and  Bamberg.  It 
stiU  remains  to  be  proved  that  Pfister  made  the  types  and 
printed  the  copies.  The  proof  Is  wanting  and  the  prob- 
abilities are  strongly  adverse. 

De  Vinne,  Invention  of  Printing,  p.  484. 

Pfizer  (pfit'ser),  Paul  Achatius.  Bom  at  Stutt- 
gart, Wiirtemberg,  Sept.  12,  1801:  died  at  Tu- 
bingen, Wiirtemberg,  July  30, 1867.  A  German 
publicist  and  liberal  politician. 

Pfordten  (pfor'ten),  LudTing  Karl  Heinrich 
von  der.  Bom  at  Ried,  Upper  Austria,  Sept. 
11, 1811 :  died  at  Munich,  Aug.  18, 1880.  A  Ba- 
varian politician,  premier  of  Bavaria  1849-59 
and  1864-66. 

Pforta  (pfor'ta),  or  Schulpforta(sh61'pfor-ta). 
A  state  school  2J  miles  west  of  Naumburg, 
Prussian  Saxony,  it  was  established  by  the  Saxon  gov- 
ernment in  1543  in  a  Cistercian  abbey.  It  came  under  the 
Prussian  government  in  1815. 

Pforzheim  (pforts'him).  A  town  in  the  circle 
of  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Wtirm,  Nagold,  and  Enz,  15  miles  south- 
east of  Karlsruhe :  said  to  be  the  Roman  Porta 
HercynisB.  It  is  the  leading  manufacturing  city  of  Ba- 
den; the  chief  industry  is  the  manufacture  of  jewelry. 
The  story  of  400  of  its  citizens  devoting  themselves  to 
death  by  holding  a  narrow  pass,  to  secure  the  escape  of 
the  margrave  George  Frederick  after  the  battle  of  Wimp- 
fen,  May  6, 1622,  is  now  generally  discredited.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  29,988. 

Phact  (fakt).  [At.]  The  second-magnitude 
star  a  Columbae. 

Phseacia  (fe-a'shi-a).  [Gr.  iaimia,  from  ^aia/CEf, 
^acTjKeg,  the 'inhabitants.]  Amythieallandrepre- 
sented  in  the  Odyssey  as  visited  by  Odysseus 
on  his  return  from  Troy  to  Ithaca :  sometimes 
identified  with  Coreyra. 

Phaed  (fa'ed),  or  Phecda  (fek'da).  lAi.faha^ 


Pharaoh 

al-duh,  the  thigh  of  the  bear.]  The  second- 
magnitude  star  y  Ursse  Majoris. 
Phaedo  (fe'do),  or  Phadon  (fe'don).  [Gr.  *o(. 
dtw.]  Born  at  Elis,  Greece :  lived  in  the  first 
part  of  the  4th  century  B-.  C.  A  Greek  philoso- 
pher, a  disciple  of  Socrates.  His  name  is  given 
to  a  celebrated  dialogue  of  Plato,  which  purports  to  be  the 
last  conversation  of  Socrates,  with  an  account  of  his  death. 
The  Phsedon,  or  last  conversation  and  death  of  Socrates, 
is  certainly  the  most  famous  of  all  Plato's  writings,  and 
owes  this  renown  not  only  to  the  infinite  importance  of  the 
subject—  the  immortality  of  the  soul  —  but  to  the  touch- 
ing scenery  and  pathetic  situation  in  which  the  dialogue 
is  laid.  Socrates  and  his  friends  in  the  prison,  the  calm 
cheerfulness  of  the  victim,  the  distress  of  the  friends,  the 
emotions  even  of  the  jailor — these  pictures  are  only  paral- 
leled in  literature  by  the  one  sacrifice  which  was  greater  and 
more  enduring  than  that  of  the  noblest  and  purest  pagan 
teacher.      Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  II.  186. 

Phsedra(fe'dra).  [Gr.^a/rfpa.]  In  Greek  legend, 
the  daughter  of  Minos  and  Pasiphae,  sister  of 
Ariadne,  and  wife  of  Theseus,  noted  for  her 
love  for  her  stepson  Hippolytns.  she  was  repulsed 
by  Hippolytus,  and  calumniated  him  to  Theseus,  thus  se- 
curing his  death.  When  his  innocence  became  known,  she 
committed  suicide.  She  was  the  subject  of  tragedies  by 
Euripides,  Seneca,  and  Bacine,  and  of  a  lost  tragedy  by 
Sophocles. 

Phsedrus  (fe'drus).  [Gr.  toZdpof .]  An  Athenian, 
a  f rien  d  of  Plato,  from  whom  one  of  Plato's  most 
famous  dialogues  was  named. 

There  are  few  Platonic  works  more  full  of  poetry,  as 
Socrates,  by  the  shady  banks  of  the  Ilissus,  and  within  view 
of  the  theatre  of  Dionysus,  soais  into  a  mighty  dithyramb 
on  thenature  and  effects  of  that  divine  impulsewhich  leads 
us  to  long  for  immortality  and  to  seek  after  perfection. 
.  .  .  There  seems  now  to  be  a  sort  of  general  agree- 
ment, even  among  the  Germans,  that  it  was  an  early  work. 
Mahafy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  II.  189. 

Phsedrus.  Lived  in  the  first  half  of  the  1st  cen- 
tury A.  D.  A  Roman  fabulist,  originally  a 
Macedonian  slave.  His  fables,  in  verse,  were 
edited  by  Bentley,  OreUi,  Miiller  (1877),-  Her- 
vieux(1884),  etc. 

Phaer  (fa'6r),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Kilgarran, 
Pembrokeshire,  Wales :  died  there,  1560.  An 
English  translator.  He  was  advocate  for  the  Marches 
of  Wales,  and  became  a  doctor  of  medicine  at  Oxford,  where 
he  was  educated.  lu  1658  he  published  his  translation  of 
the  "Seven  First  Books  of  the  Eneidos  of  Virgil."  He  had 
begun  the  tenth  book  when  he  died :  nine  books  were  pub- 
lished in  1562.  He  also  wrote  on  various  subjects,  includ- 
ing law  and  medicine. 

Phaethon  (fa'e-thon).  [Gr.  ^aWijv,  the  shining 
one.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a  surname  or  the 
name  of  the  sun-god  Helios;  also,  the  son  of 
Helios  andProte.  Thelatterobtainedpermissionfrom 
his  father  to  drive  his  chariot  (the  sun)  across  the  heavens, 
but,  being  unable  to  check  his  horses,  nearly  set  the  earth 
on  fire,  and  was  slain  by  Zeus  with  a  thunderbolt. 

Phaethon,  or  Loose  Thoughts  for  Loose 
Thinkers.  A  work  by  Charles  Kingsley,  pub- 
lished in  1852. 

Phalaris  (fal'a-ris).  [Gr.  *(i;io/)if.]  A  tyrant 
of  Agrigentum  in  Sicily  from  about  570  B.  c.  to 
about  554  or  549  B.  c,  notorious  for  his  cruelty 
(notably  his  human  sacrifices  in  a  heated  brazen 
buU).  The  spuriousness  of  a  number  of  epistles  which 
passed  under  his  name  was  shown  by  Bentley. 

Phalerum  (fa-le'rum).  [Gr.  $(iX)7/)ow.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  sea,port  of  Attica,  Greece, 
south  of  Athens  and  east  of  Pirseus. 

Phanagoria  (fan-a-go ' rl-a).  [Gr.  ^avayopta.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  a  Greek  colony  situated 
on  the  island  now  called  Taman,  opposite  the 
Crimea. 

Phanariots  (f a-nar'i-ots).  [From  Turk.  Fanar, 
a  quarter  of  Constantinople,  so  called  from  a 
lighthouse  (NGr.  (jiavdpi)  on  the  Golden  Horn.] 
The  residents  of  the  quarter  of  Fanar  in  Con- 
stantinople ;  hence,  the  members  of  a  class  of 
■  aristocratic  Greeks,  chiefly  resident  in  the  Fanar 
quarter  of  Constantinople,  who  held  important 
official  political  positions  under  the  Turks,  and 
fumishedhospodarsof  Moldavia  and  Wallachia. 
Also  Fanariots. 

Phaou  (fa'on).  A  boatman  of  Mytilene,  the 
favorite  of  the  poetess  Sappho.  According  to  the 
legend,  when  old  and  ugly  he  carried  the  goddess  Aphro- 
dite across  the  sea  and  would  accept  no  payment.  For 
this  she  rewarded  him  with  youth  and  beauty. 

Pharamond  (far'a-mond).  Alegendaryjingof 
Franc6,notedintlie  Arthurian  cycle  of  romance. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  king  of  France, 
and  his  reign  has  been  placed  between  420-428. 

Pharamond  (fa-ra-m6n'),  ou  I'Histoire  de 
France.  A  novel  by  La  Calprenfede,  published 
in  1661.  . 

Pharaoh  (fa'ro).  [L.  Pharao,  Gr.  ^apa6,  Heb. 
Paroh,  from  Egypt.  Pir-aa,  Per-aa,  great  house. 
See  the  quotation.]  Atitle  given  to  the  Egyptian 
kings.  Among  those  mentioned  by  this  name  in  the  Old 
Testament  are  a  contemporary  of  Abraham ;  the  patron 
and  friend  of  Joseph ;  the  oppressor  of  the  HeBrews  (Ea- 


Pharaoh 

meses  II.  ?) ;  ths  Pharaoh  who  reigned  at  the  time  of  the 
Exodus  (Menephthah  ?) ;  Pharaoh  Necho  (see  Neeho) ;  and 
Pharaoh-Hophra,  known  as  Apries  or  Hophra. 

Pharaoh  appears  on  the  monuments  as  plr-aa,  'great 
house,'  the  palace  in  which  the  king  lived  being  used  to 
denote  the  king  himself ,  just  as  in  our  own  time  the  "porte  " 
or  gate  of  the  palace  has  become  synonymous  with  the 
Turkish  Saltan.  Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  69. 

Pharisees  (far'i-sez).  [From  Heb. parash,  sep- 
arate.] An  ancient  Jewish  school^  sect,  or  party 
which  was  specially  exact  in  its  interpretation 
and  observance  of  the  law,  both  canonical  and 
tradition  al.  in  doctrine  the  Pharisees  held  to  the  resur- 
rection of  the  body,  the  existence  of  angels  and  spirits,  the 
providence  and  decrees  of  Ood,  the  oanonlcity  and  au- 
thority of  Scriptiue,  and  the  authority  of  ecclesiastical  tra- 

'  dition ;  politically  they  were  intensely  Jewish,  though  not 
constituting  a  distinct  political  part}^ ;  morally  they  were 
scrupulous  in  the  observance  of  the  ritual  and  regulations 
of  the  law,  both  written  and  oral.  The  Pharisees  antago- 
nized John  Hyrcanus  I.  (135-105  B.  C),  and  as  religious 
reformers  bitterly  opposed  the  corruptions  which  had  en- 
tered Judaism  from  the  pagan  religions.  They  were  called 
Separatists  by  their  opponents.  In  support  of  the  au- 
thority of  the  law,  and  to  provide  for  the  many  questions 
which  it  did  not  directly  answer,  they  adopted  the  theory 
of  an  oral  tradition  given  by  God  to  Moses. 

Pharnabazus  (f  ar-na-ba'zus).  Lived  about  400 
B.  o.  A  Persian  sa&ap  in  Asia  Minor.  He  was 
allied  with  Sparta  against  Athens  during  the  last  part  of 
the  Peloponnesian  war,  and  aided  the  Athenians  under 
Conon  against  Sparta  in  394  B.  0. 

Pharnaces  (f  ar'na-sez)  I.  King  of  Pontus  about 
190-160  B.  c.    He  conquered  Sinope  in  183. 

Pharnaces  II.  King  of  Bosporus,  son  of  Mith- 
ridates  the  (Jreat  of  Pontus.  On  the  suicide  of 
Mithridates  in  63  B.  c.^  he  revolted  and  made  himself 
master  of  that  part  of  his  father's  dominions  lying  along 
the  Cimmerian  Bosporus,  He  afterward  invaded  Pontus, 
but  was  defeated  by  Csesar  at  Zela  in  47.  He  shortly  after 
fell  in  battle. 

Pharos  (fa'ros).  [Gr.  *dpof.]  An  island  op- 
posite ancient  Alexandria,  on  which  Ptolemy  I. 
and  Ptolemy  II.  Philadelphus  erected  the  cel- 
ebrated lighthouse  Pharos,  one  of  the  seven 
wonders  of  the  world.    See  Alexand/ria. 

Pharpar  (f  ar'pSr).  In  Bible  geography,  a  river 
of  Damascus:  the  modem  Awaj. 

Pharsalia  (fSr-sa'li-a).  [Gr.  ^apaa')ila.'\  A  dis- 
trict of  Thessaly,  ancient  (Jreeee,  containing 
the  city  of  Pharsalus  (which  see). 

Pharsalia.  An  epic  poem  in  ten  books,  by  Lucan 
(M.  AnnsBua  Lueanus),  on  the  civil  war  between 
Pompey  and  Csesar. 

The  scheme  [of  the  Pharsalia]  is  prosaic,  the  treatment 
rhetorical,  full  of  descriptions,  speeches,  and  general  re- 
flections; the  style  is  artificially  elevated;  the  whole  pro- 
duction youthful  and  unripe,  but  indicative  of  genuine 
power  and  lofty,  generous  motives. 
Teuffd  and  Schwdbe,  Hist,  of  Kom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr),  IT.  7& 

Pharsalus  (far-sa'lus).  [6r.  'tdpaaXog.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  city  in  the  district  of  Phar- 
salia, Thessaly,  Greece,  23  miles  south  of  La- 
rissa :  the  modem  Fersala.  it  is  celebrated  for  the 
great  battle  fought  near  it,  Aug.  9, 48  B.  c,  in  which  Csesar 
with  22,000  legionaries  and  1,000  cavalry  totally  defeated 
Pompey  and  his  army  of  46,000  legionaries  and  7,000  cavalry. 

Phaselis  (fa-se'lis).  [Gr.  •iaarpi.lg.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  seaport  of  Lyoia,  Asia  Minor,  sit- 
uated on  the  western  shore  of  the  Pamphylian 
Gulf  (the  modem  Gulf  of  AdaUa). 

Phasis  (fa'sis).  [Gr.  *dff(f.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  river  in  Colchis.    See  Mion. 

Phazania  (fa-za'ni-a).  In  ancient  geography, 
the  modem  Pezzan." 

Phebe.     See  Phcebe. 

Phebo  (fe'bo),  Donzel  del.  The  Knight  of  the 
Sun,  a  famous  character  in  the  old  Spanish 
romances,  reproduced  in  "  The  Mirror  of  Knight- 
hood." 

Ph^dre  (fadr).  A  tragedy  by  Bacine,  produced 
Jan.  1,  1677.  it  was  founded  on  the  story  of  Phaedra. 
Within  a  week  another  play  with  the  same  name,  by  Pra- 
don,  was  produced  at  the  opposition  theater.  Owing  to  the 
tricks  of  a  cabal,  the  latter  inferior  play  was  a  success,  and 
ilacine's  masterpiece  was  nearly,  driven  from  the  stage, 

"Phfedre"  .  .  .  is  unquestionably  the  most  remarkable 
of  Racine's  regular  tragedies.  By  it  the  style  must  stand 
or  fall,  and  a  reader  need  hardly  go  farther  to  appreciate 
It.  .  .  .  For  excellence  of  construction,  artful  beauty  of 
Terse,  skilful  use  of  the  limited  means  of  appeal  at  the 
«ommand  of  the  dramatist,  no  play  can  surpass  "  Ph&dre  " ; 
and  if  it  still  is  found  wanting,  as  it  undoubtedly  is  by  the 
vast  majority  of  critics  (including  nowadays  a  powerful 
minority  even  among  Frenchmen  themselves),  the  fault 
lies  rather  in  the  style  than  in  the  author,  or  at  least  in 
the  author  for  adopting  the  style. 

Saintshury,  French  lit.,  p.  303. 

Pheidias.    See  Phidias. 

Phelps  (felps),  Austin.  Bom  at  West  Brook- 
fleld,  Mass.,  Jan.  7,  1820:  died  at  Bar  Harbor, 
Maine,  Oct.  13, 1890.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional clergyman  and  author,  professor  at  An- 
dover  Theological  Seminary  from  1848.  His  works 
include  "New  Birth " (1867),  "Solitude  of  Christ "  (1868), 
"Theory  of  Preaching''  (1881),  "English  Style  in  Pubhc 
Discourse"  (1883),  "My  Study '' (1888),  etc. 
0.— 51 


801 

Phelps,  Edward  John.  Bom  at  Middlebury, 
Vt.,  July  11,  1822  :  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
March  9, 1900.  An  American  jurist  and  diplo- 
matist, son  of  Samuel  Shethar  Phelps.  He  be- 
came professor  of  law  at  Yale  in  1881,  and  was 
United  States  minister  to  Great  Britain  1885-^9. 

Phelps,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Devonport,  Feb.  13, 
1804:  died  near  Bpping,  Essex,  Nov.  6,  1878. 
A  noted  English  actor.  He  went  on  the  stage  in  1828, 
playing  in  provincial  theaters,  but  was  not  noticed  until 
Oct.,  1836,  when  he  appeared  at  Exeter  with  great  success. 
He  made  his  first  appearance  on  the  London  stage  (Hay- 
market)  in  1837 ;  and  in  1844,  in  conjunction  with  Mrs. 
Warner  andMr.  Greenwood,  he  took  Sadler's  Wells  Theatre, 
playing  there  until  1862.  He  devoted  himself  to  the 
revival  of  Shakspere  and  the  older  dramatists,  and  perso- 
nated 30  of  Shakspere's  characters,,  together  with  such 
parts  as  SirPertinax  Macsycophant,  in  which  he  was  cele- 
brated. 

Phelps,  Samuel  Shethar.  Bom  at  Litchfield, 
Conn.,  May  13, 1793:  died  at  Middlebuiy,  Vt., 
March  25,  1855.  An  American  jurist  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  United  States  senator  from  Ver- 
mont 1839-51  and  1853-54. 

Phelps,  William  Walter.  Bom  at  New  York, 
Aug.  24,  1839:  died  at  Teaneck,  Eugle- 
wood,  N.  J.,  June  17,  1894.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  a  Republican  member  of  Congress 
from  New  Jersey  1878-75 ;  was  United  States  minister  to 
Austria  1881-82;  was  a  member  of  Congress  from  New 
Jersey  1883-89 ;  and  was  minister  to  Germany  1889-93. 

Phelps  Ward,  Elizabeth  Stuart.    See  Ward. 

Phenicia,  or  Phoenicia  (fe-nish'a).  ili.PJuenice, 
Gr.  <ioi,vlKri,  land  of  palms.]  The  strip  of  land 
extending  from  33°to  36°  N.lat.  on  the  coast  of 
southemSyria,betweenMount  Lebanon  andthe 
Mediterranean  Sea.  Itwasabout200milesinlength, 
and  its  width  did  not  exceed  35  miles  at  the  maximum ; 
area,  about  4,000  square  miles.  But  the  rivers  (fed  by 
the  snows  of  Lebanon)  which  irrigated  it,  and  the  energy 
and  enterprise  of  its  inhabitants,  made  this  narrow  tract 
of  land  one  of  the  most  varied  in  its  products,  and  gave  it  a 
place  in  history  out  of  proportion  to  its  size.  The  princi- 
pal rivers  were  the  Leontes  (the  modern  Litany),  north  of 
Tyre  andtheOronte3(the  modern  Nahrel-Asy)in  the  north. 
The  cedars  of  the  mountains  furnished  building-material ; 
the  coast  furnished  sand  for  glass  and  the  purple  snail  for 
dyeing ;  and  the  inland  plains  were  covered  with  orchards, 
gardens,  and  corn-fields.  Though  the  coast-line  was  not 
deeply  indented,  the  skill  of  the  inhabitants  secured  them 
harbors.  The  ancient  inhabitants  of  Phenicia,  the  Phoe- 
nices  of  the  classical  writers  (Pceni  or  Puni  designating  the 
Carthaginians),  are  now  considered  by  many  scholars  to 
have  been  Semites  of  the  Canaanite  group,  though  in 
Gen.  X.  16  Sidon  (Zidon),  from  whom  the- oldest  city  in  the 
country  derived  its  name,  is  represented  as  a  descendant 
of  Ham.  They  called  themselves  Canaanites,  and  their 
country  Canaan.  According  to  classical  writers  they  emi- 
grated from  the.Erythrean  Sea.  This  would  favor  the 
assumption  that  the  Phenicians  were  identical  with  the 
PwnU  of  the  Egyptian  monuments.  The  language  of  the 
Phenicians  was  closely  akin  to  Hebrew.  They  worshiped 
as  principal  divinities  Baal  and  Astarte,  besides  the  seven 
planets  under  the  name  of  Cabiri  (which  see).  Phenicia 
never  formed  a  single  state  under  one  head,  but  rather  a 
confederacy  of  cities.  In  the  earliest  period  (1600-1100 
B.O.)  Sidon  stood  at  the  head  of  Phenician  cities ;  about  1100 
Sidon  lost  the  hegemony  to  Tyre ;  in  761  Aradus  was 
founded  in  the  northern  extreme  of  the  country ;  an  d  from 
these  three  cities  Tripolls  (the  modem  Tarablus)  was  set- 
tled. South  of  Tripolis  old  Byblus  was  situated,  while  Berjr- 
tus  (the  modem  Beirut)  in  thenorth  did  not  become  promi- 
nent before  the  Roman  period.  To  the  territory  of  Tyre  be- 
longed Ake  or  Acca  (the  modem  Acre),  later  called  Ptol- 
emais.  Separated  urom  the  rest  of  Phenicia  lay  Joppa 
(the  modern  Jaffa),  on  the  coast  of  Palestine,  which  the 
Maccabees  united  with  Palestine.  The  constitution  of 
these  Phenician  townships  was  aristocratic,  headed  by  a 
king.  The  earliest  king  of  Tyre  mentioned  in  the  Old  Tes- 
tament was  Hiram,  a  contemporary  and  friend  of  David 
and  Solomon.  After  Hiram  six  kings  are  supposed  to  have 
ruled  until  Ethbaal  or  Ithobal,  the  father  of  Jezebel,  wife 
of  Ahab.  Under Ethbaal'sgrand8on,Pygmalion,contention3 
about  the  throne  led  to  the  emigration  of  his  sister  Elissa 
(Dido  in  VergU)  and  the  foundation  of  Carthage,  the  mighty 
rival  of  Rome.  In  the  middle  of  the  9th  century  B.  0. 
Phenicia  shared  the  fate  of  Syria  at  large.  After  the  bat- 
'tle  of  Karkar  (853  B.  o.)  it  became  tributary  to  Assyria.  It 
made  a  struggle  for  independence  under  ShalmaneserlV., 
but  was  brought  to  submission  by  his  successor,  Sargon. 
In  609  Phenicia  came  for  a  short  time  into  the  hands  of 
Necho  II.,  king  of  Egypt.  Tyre  was  besieged  for  13  years 
(586-672)  by  Nebuchadnezzar.  Cyrus  brought  Phenicia 
with  the  rest  of  the  Babylonian  possessions  under  Persian 
supremacy.  But,  owing  to  their  skill  in  navigation,  the  Phe- 
nicians retained  a  sort  of  independence.  In  351  Sidon 
was  destroyed  by  Artaxerxes  III.  The  same  fate  befell  Tyre 
at  the  hands  of  Alexander  the  Great  in  332.  In  64  Phenicia 
was  annexed  by  Pompey  to  the  Syrian  province  of  the  Ro- 
man Empire.  Less  original  and  productive  in  the  domain  of 
thought  an  d  higher  culture,  the  Phenicians  excel  the  other 
members  of  the  Semitic  family  in  contributions  to  mate- 
rial pivilization.  They  were  the  merchants  and  manufac- 
turers of  antiquity.  They  were  the  most  skilful  ship- 
builders and  boldest  navigators.  All  along  the  Mediter- 
ranean, even  beyond  Gibraltar,  they  established  colonies. 
They  sent  colonies  to  Cyprus,  Crete,  and  England,  and  it  is 
not  improbablethatthey  worked  thetin-mines  of  Cornwall. 
They  even  ventured  to  circumnavigate  Africa.  The  prin- 
cipal articles  of  their  commerce  were  precious  stones, 
metals,  glassware,  costly  textiles,  and  especially  purple 
robes.  Their  skill  in  architecture  was  exhibited  in  the 
temple  of  Solomon.  Their  alphabetic  writing  became  the 
parent  of  all  the  alphabetic  systems  now  in  use.  They  also 
transmitted  a  knowledge  of  mathematics  and  of  weights 
and  measures  to  other  nations.  Of  the  Phenician  literature 


Philadelphia 

only  a  few  fragments  in  Greek  translation  (by  Sanchuni- 
athon)  have  come  down  to  us.  Among  the  numerous  Phe- 
nician inscriptions  the  most  important  is  that  of  the  sar- 
cophagus of  the  Sidonian  king  Eshmunazar  (who  reigned 
in  the  4th  century  B.  0.),  found  in  1856,  and  now  in  Paris. 
Phenix,  or  Phoenix  (fe'nibs).  [Gr.  Wvff.]  In 
ancient  Oriental  mythology,  a  wonderful  bird 
of  great  beauty,  which,  after  living  500  or  600 
years  in  the  Arabian  wilderness,  the  only  one 
of  its  kind,  built  for  itself  a  funeral  pile  of 
spices  and  aromatic  gums,  lighted  the  pile  with 
the  fanning  of  its  wings,  and  was  burned  upon 
it,  but  from  its  ashes  revived  in  the  freshness 
of  youth.  Hence  the  Phenix  often  serves  as  an  emblem 
of  immortality.  Allusions  to  this  myth  are  found  in  the 
hieroglyphic  writings,  and  the  fable  survives  in  popular 
forms  in  Arabia,  Persia,  and  India.  By  heralds  the  Phe- 
nix is  always  represented  in  the  midst  of  flames. 

Pherse  (fe're).  [Gr.  ^ipm.l  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a  city  in  Thessaly,  Greece,  25  miles 
southeast  of  Larissa.  It  was  important  in  the  first 
half  of  the  4th  century  B.  0.,  under  the  tyrant  Jason  and 
his  family. 

Pherecydes  (fer-e-si'dez)  of  Syros.    Bom  in 

the  island  of  Syros :  lived  in  the  6th  century 
B.C.  A  Greek  philosopher,  sometimes  reckoned 
among  the  seven  wise  men.  Fragments  of  his 
work  on  cosmogony  and  theogony  are  extant. 
Pherkad  (fer'kad).  [Ar.  alr-ferciad,  the  calf.] 
The  name  of  the  third-magnitude  star  y  Ursaj 
Minoris.  The  Arabs  called  the  two  stars  p  and  y  aU 
fergadein  the  two  calves,  but  /3  is  usually  called  Kochab. 

Phi  Beta  Eappa  Society.  [From  the  Greek 
letters^,  /3,  andK,theinitialsof  thewordswhieh 
form  the  motto  of  the  society.]  A  literary  so- 
ciety (nominally  secret),  established  in  several 
American  colleges,  to  which  students  of  high 
scholarship  are  admitted.  It  was  founded  at 
William  and  Mary  College,  Virginia,  in  1776. 

Phidias  (fid'i-as).  [Gr.  ^ecdiag.}  Bom,  prob- 
ably at  Athens,  about  500  B.  q. :  died  about  430 
B.  c.  A  celebrated  Greek  sculptor,  the  son  of 
Charmides.  He  studied  withHegiasof  Athens,  andlater 
with  Ageladas  of  Argos,  who  may  have  come  to  Athens  in 
the  time  of  Cimon.  He  became  later,  under  Pericles,  a 
counselor  in  political  affairs  at  Athens,  as  well  as  chief 
sculptor,  and  was  a  sort  of  supervisor  of  public  works. 
Among  his  first  works  were  the  temple  of  Theseus,  not 
definitely  identified  with  the  existing  building,  and  a 
group  of  thirteen  figures  at  Delphi,  ordered  by  Cimon,  son 
of  Miltiades,  to  commemorate  the  victory  at  Marathon,  in 
which  Miltiades  was  represented  among  gods  and  heroes. 
To  this  early  period  are  ascribed  also  the  Athene  at  Pel- 
lene,  the  Athene  Areia  at  Plateea,  and  the  Athene  Proma- 
chos,  or  bronze  colossus,  on  the  Acropolis.  This  figure 
was  probably  more  than  30  feet  high,  and  could  be  seen  for  a 
great  distance.  The  pedestal  was  discovered  in  1845.  The 
statue  of  Olympian  Zeus  at  Ells,  his  greatest  work,  de- 
scribed by  Pausanias,  is  supposed  to  have  beenabout42  feet 
high,  seated  and  holding  a  Nike  (Victory)  in  his  hand.  The 
flesh  was  of  ivory  and  the  drapery  of  gold,  with  inlaid  or 
inscribed  d  ecoration.  The  throne  itself,  which  rose  above 
the  head  of  the  statue,  was  elaborately  carved  and  deco- 
rated to  the  very  top.  Both  throne  and  statue  were  sur- 
rounded with  statues  and  paintings.  By  444  B.  0.  Phidias 
must  have  been  in  Athens,  and  intimately  associated  with 
Pericles  in  his  transformation  of  the  city.  All  the  great 
monuments  of  Athens,  including  the  Parthenon,  were 
erected  at  this  time,  within  a  period  not  longer  than  20 
years.  The  work  of  Phidias  culminated  in  the  Athene 
Parthenos,  a  chryselephantine  (gold  and  ivory)  statue  of 
Athene  in  the  cella  of  the  Parthenon.  It  was  finished  and 
consecrated  in  438.  The  figure  was  about  38  feet  high, 
standing,  and  held  a  Nike  in  her  right  hand.  The  Varva- 
keion  Athene  in  Athens  (discovered  in  1881)  represents  the 
statue,  but  inadequately.  The  enormous  expense  of  these 
works,  which  was  paid  with  money  exacted  from  the  allies 
of  Athens,  brought  both  Pericles  and  Phidias  into  disre- 
pute. According  to  Plutarch,  Phidias  was  accused  of  ap- 
propriating the  gold  devoted  to  the  statue  to  his  own  use. 
The  gold  was  removed,  weighed,  and  found  to  be  intact. 
He  was  then  accused  of  sacrilege  in  representing  Pericles 
and  himself  on  the  shield  of  the  goddess.  On  this  accu- 
sation he  was  condemned,  thrown  into  prison,  and  died 
there,  possibly  of  poison.  This  story,  however,  is  doubt- 
ful. The  actual  st^le  of  Phidias  is  best  represented  in  the 
well-known  fragments  of  the  frieze  of  the  Parthenon,which 
easily  hold  the  supreme  i>lace  among  aU  existing  works  of 
sculpture.  Among  the  independent  statues  of  Phidias 
was  an  Amazon  at  Ephesus  which  took  the  second  prize  in 
competition  with  Polycletus.  This  is  sm>poBed  to  be 
represented  by  the  Amazon  Mattel  of  the  'Vatican. 

Phigalia  (fl-ga'li-a  or  flg-a-li'S).  [Gr.  ^tyaVia.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  "a  town  in  Arcadia, 
Greece,  situated  in  lat.  37°  24'  N.,  long.  21° 
52'  B.    Near  it  was  Basses  (which  see). 

Philadelphia  (fll-a-del'fi-a).  [Gr.  ^ti^d^hpeia, 
city  of  Philadelphus.]  In  ancient  geography: 
(«)  A  city  of  Lydia,  Asia  Minor,  78  miles  east  of 
Smyrna.  It  contained  one  of  the  seven  churches 
of  Asia  addressed  in  Bevelation.  (6)  The  chief 
town  of  the  Ammonites,  east  of  the  Jordan,  50 
miles  east  of  Jerusalem:  earlier'called Babbah 
or  Eabboth-Ammon. 

Philadelphia  (fil-ardel'fl-a).  IBee  City  of  Bro- 
therly Love.']  A  eiliy  forming  a  county  in  Penn- 
sylvania, situated  on  the  Delaware  and  Schuyl- 
kill, in  lat.  39°  57'  N.,  long.  75°  9'  W.  It  is  ths 
largest  city  in  the  State,  and  the  third  city  in  population 
and  second  in  manufactures  in  the  country.    It  is  called 


Philadelphia 

"the  City  of  Brotherly  Love."  The  streets  are  generally 
at  right  angles.  The  more  important  buildings  and  ob- 
jects of  interest  are  Independence  Hall  (or  Old  State 
Bouse),  Carpenter's  Hall,  Christ  Church,  Girard  College, 
the  United  States  mint  and  custom-house,  the  post-office, 
the  municipal  buildings,  and  Fairmount  Park.  The  lead- 
ing manufactures  are  those  ol  iron  and  steel  machinery, 
cotton,  wool,  silk,  carpets,  bricks,  sugar-reflning,  etc.  The 
city  was  formerly  the  chief  commercial  city  of  the  coun- 
try :  it  is  the  terminus  of  steamship  lines  to  Liverpool, 
Glasgow,  and  American  ports,  and  the  center  for  the  Penn- 
sylvania, Reading,  and  Lehigh  Valley  railroads.  It  was 
formerly  the  chief  literary  center  of  the  country,  and  pre- 
vious to  1830  the  first  city  in  population.  It  is  the  seat  of 
the  American  Philosophical  Society,  Pennsylvania  His- 
torical Society,  and  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences.  It  was 
laid  out  in  1682  under  a  patent  gianted  to  William  Penn ; 
was  the  residence  of  Benjamin  Franklin  ;  was  the  meet- 
ing-place of  the  Continental  Congress  in  1774  and  gener- 
ally afterward  (the  Declaration  of  Independence  being 
adopted  there  July  4, 1776,  and  the  Articles  of  Confeder- 
ation in  1778)  ;  was  the  meeting-place  of  the  Constitutional 
Convention  m  1787;  and  was  the  capital  of  the  country  from 
1790  to  1800,  and  the  capital  of  Pennsylvania  until  1799.  It 
was  ravaged  by  yellowf  everin  1793.  The  first  national  bank 
was  established  here  in  1791,  and  the  second  bank  in  1816. 
There  was  an  anti-Komanist  riot  In  1844.  The  territory  of 
the  city  was  greatly  enlarged  by  the  annexation  of  German- 
town,  Erankford,  Manayunk,  etc.,  in  1864.  The  Centennial 
Exposition  ol  1876  was  held  m  the  city.  Population  (1900), 
1,293,697. 

Philse  (fi'le).  [Grr.  *jX(2s.]  An  island  in  the  Nile, 
Upper  Egypt,  situated  near  the  first  cataract,  in 
lat.  24°  N,  It  is  noted  for  its  remains  of  ancient  tem- 
ples. The  temple  of  Isis,  founded  by  Ptolemy  Philadel- 
phus  and  Arsinoe  (286  B.  0.),  is  preceded  by  a  great  double 
pylon,  120  feet  wide  and  60  high,  behind  which  lies  the 
Great  Court,  which  has  a  colonnade  on  its  east  side,  and  a 
complete  small  temple,  almost  Greek  in  plan,  on  the  west. 
A  second  pylon,  of  smaller  size,  opens  on  a  liypostyle  hall 
with  huge  columns  and  brilliantly  colored  decoration.  A 
Greek  inscription  shows  that  Isis  and  Osiris  were  wor- 
shiped here  as  late  as  453  A.  D.  The  Eiosk,  or  Pharaoh's 
Bed,  so  called,  is  a  small  but  beautiful  and  well-preserved 
temple  of  late  date,  rectangular  in  plan.  The  capitals  are 
of  the  spreading  foliage  type,  in  several  forms. 

Philaminte  (f  el-a-mant').  The  wife  of  Chrysale 
in  Moli&re's  "Lesfemmes  savantes."  She  is 
infatuated  with  the  talents  of  Trissotin. 

Philander  (fi-lan'der).  [Gr.  ^DMvSpoq,  loving 
men.]  A  name  often  given  to  lovers  in  old 
plays  and  romances,  as  in  Ariosto's  "Orlando 
Purioso"  and  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  "Laws 
of  Candy."  The  verb  philander  is  taken  from 
this. 

Philario  (fi-la'ri-6).  In  Shakspere's  "Cymbe- 
line,"  an  Italian  gentleman,  friend  to  Postliu- 
mus. 

Philaster  (fi-las't6r),  or  Love  lies  Bleeding. 
A  play  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  produced 
about  1610,  published  in  1620.  it  was  very  success- 
ful. In  1696  an  unsuccessful  version  was  produced  by  El- 
kanah  Settle.  In  1714  another,  called  "Kestauration,  or 
Kight  will  Take  Place,"  was  published  by  the  Duke  of 
Buckingham.  In  1764  another  version  was  produced  by 
Colman  the  elder. 

Philbrick  (fil'brik),  John  Dudley.    Bom  at 

Deerfleld,  N.  H.,  May  28,  1818 :  died  at  Dan- 
vers,  Mass.,  Feb.  2,  1886.  An  American  edu- 
cator, founder  of  the  "Quincy  system"  of  pub- 
lie  instruction. 

Philemon  (fi-le'mon).  [Gr.  ^OJiiiav.']  In  Greek 
legend,  a  Phrygian  who  with  his  wife  Baucis 
offered  hospitality  to  Zeus  and  Hermes.  See 
Baucis. 

Philemon.  Bom  about  360  b.  c.  :  died  262.  A 
Greek  poet  of  the  New  Attic  Comedy.  Frag- 
ments of  his  works  have  ajirvived. 

Philemon,  Epistle  of  Paul  to.  One  of  the  books 
of  the  New  Testament,  a  letter  written  by  Paul 
during  his  first  captivity  at  Rome. 

PhiUdor.    See  Danican. 

Philinte  (fi-lanf).  In  Moli&re's  comedy  "Le 
misanthrope,"  the  friend  of  Alceste.  He  is  an 
easy-going  man  who  bears  quietly  with  the  faults  of  others 
only  from  the  necessity  of  living  among  them,  and  who 
from  his  easy  idea  of  the  utter  impossibility  of  making 
them  better  forms  a  happy  contrast  to  Alceste. 

Philip  (fll'ip),  the  Apostle.  [L.  Philippus,  from 
Gr.  $dnrn-of,  fond  of  horses;  It.  Filippo,  Sp. 
Felipe,  Pg.  Filippe,  F.  Philippe.']  Lived  in  the 
1st  century.  One  of  the  twelve  apostles,  some- 
times confounded  with  Philip  the  Evangelist. 
Nothing  is  known  concerning  him  after  the  ascension, 
though  he  is  the  subject  of  viurious  legends. 

Philip,  sumamed  "The  Evangelist."  Lived  in 
the  1st  century.  A  deacon  and  preacher  in  the 
early  Christian  church.  He  is  noted  as  the  agent  in 
the  professed  conversion  of  Simon  the  sorcerer,  and  for 
his  conversation  with  the  Ethiopian  eunuch. 

Philip  II.  Born  382  B.  c. :  assassinated  at  MgsB, 
Macedonia,  Au^.,  336  b.  o.  King  of  Macedon, 
son  of  Amyntas  H.,  and  father  of  Alexander  the 
Great.  He  lived  some  years  at  Thebes  as  a  hostage ;  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  Ferdiccas  in  369 ;  defeated  the  Hlyrians 
and  Pffionians  in  358 ;  captured  Amphipolis  in  .368,  and 
Potidseain356;  founded Philippi  in  356;  captured Methone 
about  363 ;  subdued  nearly  all  Thessaly  in  852 ;  took  Olyn- 
thns  in  34'? ;  took  part  in  the  Sacred  War  against  the  Pho- 
cians,  after  whose  overthrow  in  346  he  was  elected  to 


802 

their  place  in  the  Amphictyonic  Council ;  made  peace  with 
Athens  in  346 ;  besieged  unsuccessfully  Perinthus  and  By- 
zantium 340-339;  took  command  in  the  Holy  War  against 
theLocrians  in  339 ;  totally  defeated  the  combined  Athenian 
and  Theban  army  at  Chseronea  in  338 ;  subdued  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus ;  and  in  337  was  chosen  commander  of  the  Greek 
forces  against  Persia. 

Philip  III.  Arrhidaeus.  Murdered  317  b.  c. 
King  of  Macedon,  illegitimate  son  of  Philip  II. : 
proclaimed  king  in  323. 

Philip  IV.  King  of  Macedon,  son  of  Cassander. 
He  reigned  for  a  few  months  about  297  b.  c. 

PhiUp  V.  Born  237  B.  c. :  died  179  b.  c.  King  of 
Macedon,  son  of  Demetrius  II.  He  reigned  220-179. 
He  was  at  war  with  the  MU>\ia.n  League  220-217 ;  was  allied 
with  Carthage  and  at  war  with  Rome  (later  also  with  the 
.^tolian  League,  etc.)  214-205;  began  the  second  war 
against  Rome  in  200 ;  was  defeated  by  Flamininus  at  Cy- 
noscephalse  in  197 ;  and  was  forced  to  renounce  the  he- 
gemony in  Greece  in  196. 

Philip  I.  Born  about  1053 :  died  1108.  King 
of  France  1060-1108,  son  of  Henry  I. 

Philip  II.  Augustus.  Bom  Aug.  21, 1165 :  died 
atMantes,France,Julyl4,1223.  King  of  France, 
son  of  Louis  VII.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1180 : 
one  of  the  chief  consolidators  of  the  French 
monarchy.  He  banished  the  Jews ;  engaged  in  the  third 
Crusade  with  Richard  the  Lion- Hearted  in  1190 ;  withdrew 
from  it  ill  1191  and  waged  war  with  Richard ;  conquered 
(1202-06)  Normandy,  Anjou,  Maine,  Poitou,  and  Touraine 
from  England ;  and  gained  the  victory  of  Bouvines  in  1214. 
The  crusade  against  the  Albigenses  occurred  in  his  reign. 

Philip  III.,  sumamed  "The  Bold"  (F.  "Le  Har- 
di").  Boml245:  diedatPerpignan,Pranoe,1285. 
King  of  France,  son  of  Louis  IX.  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  1270.  He  inherited  in  1271  the  county 
of  Toulouse,  which  was  added  to  the  crown- 
lands. 

Philip  IV.,  sumamed  "The  Fair"  (F.  "Le 
Bel'').  Born  at  Pontainebleau,  France,  1268: 
died  Nov.  29, 1314.  King  of  France  1285-1314, 
son  of  Philip  IH.  He  married  in  1284  Joanna,  heiress 
of  Navarre,  whereby  he  united  that  kingdom  with  France. 
In  1292  or  1293  he  summoned  Edward  I.  of  England,  as  the 
holder  of  French  fiefs,  to  his  court  to  answer  for  depreda- 
tions committed  by  Edward's  subjects  on  the  Norman 
coast.  Edward senthisbrother,theEarlof Lancaster, who 
surrendered  Guienne  to  Philip  as  security  for  a  satisfac- 
tory settlement.  Philip  thereupon  declared  Edward's 
fiefs  forfeited  on  account  of  his  non-appearance.  War 
broke  out  in  consequence  in  1294 ;  peace  was  restored  in 
1299,  Guienne  being  restored  to  Edward.  In  1296  he  be- 
came involved  in  a  quarrel  with  Pope  Boniface  VIII.,  as 
the  growing  expenditures  occasioned  by  the  centralization 
of  the  government  led  him  to  tax  ecclesiastical  property. 
The  quarrel  culminated  in  1303  in  the  seizure  of  the  Pope, 
who,  although  released  by  theRoman  populace,  died  shortly 
after.  Boniface's  successor,  Benedict  XI.,  dying  in  1304, 
Philip  procured  the  election  of  a  Frenchman,  Clement  V., 
who  removed  the.  papal  residence  to  Avignon.  In  1302 
Hiilip's  army  was  defeated  by  the  revolted  Flemings  at 
Courtrai,  and  he  was  forced  to  recognize  their  indepen- 
dence in  1305.  He  suppressed  the  order  of  the  Templars, 
whose  lands  he  confiscated. 

Philip V.  ''The Tall."  Boml293(?):  diedl322. 
King  of  Prance  1316-22,  second  son  of  Philip 
rv.    He  succeeded  his  brother  Louis  X. 

Philip  VI.  Bom  1293:  died  Aug.,  1350.  King 
of  France  1328-50,  sou  of  Charles  of  Valois  (the 
brother  of  Philip  IV.):  the  first  king  of  the 
house  of  Valois.  Inhis reign  began  the  Hundred  Years' 
War  with  England  (1338).  He  was  defeated  by  Edward  III. 
at  Cr6cy  in  1346,  lost  Calais  in  1347,  and  acquired  Dauphin^ ' 
in  1349. 

Philip  I.,  sumamed  "The  Handsome."  Bom  at 
Bruges,  1478 :  died  in  Spain,  Sept.  25,  1506. 
King  of  Castile,  sou  of  the  emperor  Maximilian 
I,  and  Mary  of  Burgundy,  and  grandson  of 
Charles  the  Bold .  He  became  sovereign  of  the  Nether- 
lands in  1482 ;  married  Joanna,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella,  in  1496 ;  and  became  Inng  of  Castile  in  1504.  He 
was  the  father  of  the  emperors  Charles  V.  and  Ferdinand  I. 

Philip  II.  Bom  at  Valladolid,  Spain,  May  21, 
1527:  diedattheEscorial,  Spain,  Sept.  13, 1598. , 
King  of  Spain  1556-98,  son  of  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  and  Isabella  of  Portugal.  He  was  in- 
vested by  his  father  with  the  duchy  of  Milan  in  1640,  with 
the  kingdoms  of  Naples  and  Sicily  in  1554,  and  with  tlie 
lordship  of  the  Netherlands  in  1665,  and  succeeded  to  ttie 
throne  of  Spain  and  its  dependencies  on  the  abdication  of 
his  father  in  1666.  Throughout  his  reign  the  cliief  obj  ects 
of  hif  policy  were  to  restore  the  Roman  Catholic  religion 
in  the  Protestant  countries  of  Europe,  and  to  introduce  a 
uniform  and  despotic  form  of  government  throughout  his 
diversified  dominions.  In  1669  he  concluded  with  France 
the  favorable  peace  of  Cftteau-Cambr^sis,  which  ended 
a  war  inherited  from  the  previous  reign.  His  political 
and  religious  oppression  provoked  in  1567  a  revolt  of  the 
Netherlands,  which  resulted  in  the  virtual  independence 
of  the  seven  northern  provinces  by  the  Union  of  TTtrecht 
in  1679.  His  half-brother  Don  John  of  Austria  gained  the 
brilliant  naval  victory  of  Lepanto  over  the  Turks,  Oct  7, 
1671.  In  1680  he  annexed  Portugal,  the  inheritance  of 
which  he  claimed  in  right  of  his  mother.  In  1586  he 
formed  an  alliance  with  the  Holy  League  against  the  Hu- 
guenots in  France,  but  was  unable  in  the  end  to  prevent 
the  accession  of  Henry  IV.  In  1588  he  sent  an  unsuccess- 
ful expedition  (see  Armada,  The  InmndbU)  against  Eng- 
land, which,  among  other  causes  of  offense,  was  giving  as- 
sistance to  the  Dutch  insurgents.  He  was  four  times  mar- 
ried, his  first  wife  being  Maria,  daughter  of  John  III.  of 
Portugal,  whom  be  married  in  1643,  and  who  died  in  1545 ; 


Philippi 

his  second,  Mary,  queen  of  England,  whom  he  married  in 
1564,  and  who  died  in  1558;  his  third,  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of  Henry  II.  of  France,  married  in  1569,  who  died  in  1668 ; 
and  his  fourth,  Anne,  daughter  of  the  emperor  Maximilian 
II.,  married  in  1570,  who  died  in  1680.     See  Carlos,  Dm. 

Philip  II.  A  tragedy  by  Alfieri,  which  was 
printed  in  1783.  It  was  founded  on  the  Abb6 
de  Saint-R6al's  story  of  Don  Carlos. 

Philip  III.  Bom  at  Madrid,  1578 :  died  at  Ma- 
drid, 1621.  King  of  Spain,  son  of  Philip  II.  and 
Anne  of  Austria.  He  reigned  1598^-1621.  The 
Moriscos  were  expelled  from  Spain  in  1609. 

Philip  IV.  Bom  at  Valladolid,  Spain,  1605 : 
died  1665.  King  of  Spain,  son  of  Philip  III. : 
reigned  1621-65.  The  Spanish  power  declined  through 
wars  with  the  Netherlands  and  France,  and  the  loss  of 
Portugal  in  1640. 

Philip  IV.  1.  An  equestrian  portrait  by  Ve- 
lasquez, in  the  Eoyal  Museum  at  Madrid.  The 
king,  in  corselet  and  plumed  hat,  holding  his  baton  of  com- 
mand, sits  on  a  prancing  charger.  This  is  held  to  be  Ve- 
lasquez's finest  portrait. 
3.  Aportrait  by  Velasquez,  intheLouvre,  Paris. 

Philip  V.  Bom  at  Versailles,  France,  Dec.  19, 
1683 :  died  at  Madrid,  July  9,  1746.  King  of 
Spain,  grandson  of  Louis  XlV.  of  France,  and 
second  son  of  the  dauphin :  called  Duke  of  An- 
jou until  his  succession  to  the  Spanish  throne 
in  1700  (by  the  will  of  Charles  H.).  His  accession 
caused  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession.  He  lost  Gi- 
braltar in  1704,  and  by  the  peace  of  Utrecht  was  obliged 
to  cede  the  Spanish  Netherlands,  the  Milanese,  Sardmia, 
and  Naples  to  Austria.  He  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son 
Louis  in  1724,  but  on  the  death  of  the  latter  in  the  same 
year  resumed  the  government.  He  was,  during  the  latter 
part  of  his  reign,  completely  under  the  ascendancy  of  his 
second  wife,  Elizabeth  Famese  of  Parma. 

Philip  (Marcus  Julius  Philippus),  "The  Ara- 
bian." Eoman  emperor  244-249.  He  celebrated 
the  thousandth  anniversary  of  the  founding  of  Rome  by  a 
splendid  exhibition  of  the  secular  games  in  248. 

Philip, sumamed  "The Bold"  (F.  " Le Hardi"). 
Bom  Jan.  15,  1342:  died  April  27, 1404.  Duke 
of  Burgundy,  younger  son  of  John  the  Good  of 
Prance.  Be  obtained  the  duchy  of  Burgundy  in  1363. 
He  was  regent  for  many  years  in  the  reign  of  Charles  VL 

Philip,  sumamed  "The  Good"  (F.  "Le  Bon"). 
Bom  at  Dijon,  Prance,  1396 :  died  at  Bruges, 
1467.  Duke  of  Burgundy,  son  of  John  the  Pear- 
less,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1419.  As  regent  of 
France  he  signed  the  treaty  of  Troyes  in  1420 ;  was  allied 
with  England  against  Charles  VII.  until  1436 ;  and  acquired 
Holland  and  other  territories. 

Philip,  sumamed  "The  Magnanimous."  Bom 
Nov.  13, 1504 :  died  March  31, 1567.  Landgrave 
of  Hesse  1509-67.  He  introduced  the  Reformation 
into  Hesse  in  1626 ;  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Smalkaldic  League  1530-31.  He  was  imprisoned  by  Charles 
v.  1647-62. 

Philip,  Duke  of  Swabia.   Bom  about  1177:  mur-  ^ 
dered  at  Bamberg,  Germany,  by  Otto  von  Wit-  ' 
telsbach,  June  21, 1208.   Youngest  son  of  Fred- 
erick Barbarossa.   He  was  elected  king  of  Germany  in 
1198,  but  his  rival  Otto  IV.  was  chosen  emperor.    A  ten 
years'  war  with  Otto  ended  in  Philip's  death. 

Philip,  King  (originally  Metacomet).  Killed  at 
Mount  Hope,  Ehode  Island,  Aug.  12,  1676.  An 
Indian  chief,  the  son  of  Massasoit.  He  became 
chief  of  the  Wampanoag  or  Pokanoket  Indians  in  1662 ; 
gave  his  name  to  King  Philip's  war  against  the  New  Eng- 
land colonists,  which  commenced  at  Swansea,  June,  1676 ; 
prosecuted  the  war  1676-76 ;  and  was  killed  by  a  party 
under  command  of  Benjamin  Church. 

Philip,  Herod.    See  Herod  Philip. 

Philip,  John  Woodward.  Bom  at  Kinder- 
hook,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  26,  1840:  died  at  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  June  30, 1900.  An  American  naval  officer. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  U.  S.  Naval  Academy  in  1856 ;  and 
was  promoted  commander  in  1874,  captain  in  1889,  commo- 
dore Aug.  10, 1898,  and  rear-admiral  in  1899.  He  comman  ded 
the  Texas  in  the  battle  off  Santiago,  July  3 ;  was  temporary 
commander  of  the  North  Atlantic  squadron ;  and  on  Jan. 
16, 1899,  took  command  of  the  navy-yard,  New  York. 

Philip  Augustus.    See  PhiUp  II.  of  France. 

Philiphaugh  (fil'ip-hftoh).  Aplace about  2miles 
west  of  Selkirk,  Scotland. '  Here,  Sept.  13, 1645,  the 
Parliamentary  troops  under  Leslie  totally  defeated  the 
Royalist  Highlanders  under  Montrose. 

Philippa(fi-lip'a).  [li.,iem.ot  Philippus.']  Bom 
about  1312:  died  1369.  Queen  of  Edward  III. 
of  England,  she  was  the  daughter  of  William,  count 
of  Holland  and  Hainault,  and  married  Edward  in  1328. 

Philippe  ^galitS,  Duke  of  Orleans.  See  Orleans. 

Philippe'Tille  (fe-lep-vel')-  A  seaport  ill  the 
province  of  Constantino,  Algeria,  situated  on 
the  Gulf  of  Stora  38  nules  north-northeast  of 
Constantino.  It  was  founded  by  the  French  in  1838  on 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Roman  station  Rusicada,  and  is  an 
important  commercial  port  for  the  trade  of  eastern  Algeria, 
and  eastern  Saliara.  Population  (1891),  16,950 ;  commune, 
21,962. 

Philippeville.  Asmalltown  andf ormer  fortress 
in  the  province  of  Namur,  Belgium,  23  miles 
southwest  of  Namur.  It  was  taken  by  the  Prus- 
sians from  the  French  in  1815. 

Philippi  (fi-lip'i).     [Gr.  ^iTuwtroi.]    In  ancient 


FhiUppi 

geography,  a  city  of  Macedonia,  situated  73  miles 
east-northeast  of  Saloniki.  it  was  named  Irom 
Philip  H.  of  Macedon,  and  is  famous  lor  the  two  battles  in 
42  B.  0.  In  which  Octaviua  and  Mark  Antony  defeated  the 
republicans  under  Bi-ntus  and  Cassius.  A  Christian 
church  was  founded  here  by  Paul,  who  addressed  to  the 
church  the  Epistle  to  the  Philippians. 

Fhilippi.  The  capital  of  Barbour  County,  West 
Virginia,  situated  on  Tygart's  Valley  K'iver,  80 
miles  south-southeast  ofWheeling.  The  Con- 
federates were  routed  here  by  thePederals  June 
3,  1861.     Population  (1900),  665. 

Philippians  (fi-lip'i-an4).  Epistle  to  the,  A 
letter  addressed  by  the  apostle  Paul  to  the 
church  in  Philippi.  He  alludes  in  it  to  the  close  per- 
sonal relations  existing  between  himself  and  the  members 
of  that  church,  encourages  them  to  remain  in  unity,  and 
warns  them  against  various  dangers.  It  was  probably 
written  at  Borne  shortly  before  his  release  In  63. 

Philippics  (fi-lip'iks),  The.  A  group  of  nine  ora- 
tions of  Demosthenes,  directed  against  Philip  of 
Macedon.  "The  real  adversary  in  all  these  famous 
speeches  is  not  so  much  the  King  of  Macedon  as  the  sloth 
and  supineness  of  the  Athenians,  and  the  influence  of  the 
peace  party,  whether  honest  or  bribed  by  Philip."  (^o- 
haffy.)  They  are  the  first  Philippic,  urging  the  sending  of 
amilitaryforcetoThraoe,deliveredS5lB.O. ;  three  orations 
In  behalf  of  the  city  of  Olynthus  (destroyed  by  Philip), 
delivered  in  349-348;  the  oration  "On  the  Peace,"  346; 
the  second  Philippic,  344;  the  oration  "On  the  Embassy," 
343;  the  speech  "On  the  Chersonese," 341 ;  and  the  third 
Philippic,  341.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a  series  of  four- 
teen orations  of  Cicero  against  Mark  Antony,  delivered  44- 
43B.0. 

Philippicus  (fl-lip'i-kus),  orPhilepicus  (fi-lep'- 
i-kuB)  (originally  Bardanes).  Byzantine  em- 
peror 711-713. 

Philippine  (fil'ip-in)  Islands,  or  Philippines, 
Sp.  Islas  Filipinas  (es'las  fe-le-pe'nas). 
[Named  after  Philip  II.  of  Spain.]  An  archi- 
pelago lying  between  the  China  Sea  on  the  west 
and  the  Paeifle  Ocean  on  the  east.  Capital, 
Manila,  it  is  situated  to  the  east  of  Annam  and  north- 
east o'f  Borneo,  and  is  separated  from  Celebes  on  the  south 
by  the  Celebes  Sea.  The  principal  islands  are  Luzon,  Cama- 
rines,  Mindoro,  Samar,  Leyte,  Panay,  Ifegroa,  Cebu,  Bohol, 
Mindanao,  Palawan,  and  the  Sulu  Islands.  The  surface  is 
hilly  or  mountainous ;  highest  peak,  10,280  feet.  The  chief 
products  are  tobacco,  hemp,  coffee,  sugar,  cocoa,  and  rice. 
The  group  was  ceded  by  Spain  to  the  United  States  by  the 
treaty  of  Paris,  Dec.  10, 1898.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly 
different  Malay  tribes  (Tagals,  Visayas,  etc.) ;  there arealso 
Cliinese,  Negritos,  and  mixed  races.  The  nominal  reli- 
gion is  Roman  Catholic.  The  islands  were  discovered  in 
1B21  by  Magalhaes,  who  was  killed  there.  Settlement  was 
commenced  in  1566.  A  native  insurrection  against  Spanish 
rnle  broke  out  in  1896,  was  quelled  by  Jan.,  1898,  but  again 
broke  out  under  the  leadership  of  Aguinaldo,  after  the 
battle  of  Manila,  in  May,  1898.  In  Feb.,  1899,  the  insur- 
gents turned  their  arms  against  the  United  States.  Area, 
114,356  square  miles.    Population,  estimated,  7,000,000. 

Philippopolis  (fil-ip-op'o-lis),  Turk.  Filibe(fe'- 
le-be)  or  Felibe.  [Gr.  HkmndnoT^iQ,  city  of 
Philip.]  The  capital  of  Eastern  Kumelia,  Bul- 
garia, situated  on  the  Maritza  in  lat.  42°  10'  N. , 
long.  24°  45'  E.  it  is  a  trading  center,  and  has  con- 
siderable manufactures.  It  is  an  ancient  city,  named  after 
Philip  II.  of  Macedon.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Kussians 
in  1878.  A  revolution  broke  out  there  in  1886,  resulting  in 
the  union  of  Eastern  Bumelia  ivith  Bulgaria.  Population 
(1886X  33,442. 

Philippoteaux  (fe-le-po-to'),  Henri  Emman- 
uel Felix.     Bom  at  Paris,  1815:  died  there, 
Nov.  8,  1884.    A  French  historical  and  battle 
painter.    He  painted  the  cyclorama  "The  De- 
fense of  Paris." 
Philippoteaux,  Paul.    Born  at  Paris,  1846.    A 
French  painter  of  cycloramas,  son  of  H.  E.  F. 
Philippoteaux.      Among  his  cycloramas  are  "Battle 
of  Gettysburg  "  (1883),  "  Plevna,"  and  "Falls  of  Niagara." 
Fhilipps  (fll'ips),  Oeorg.   Bom  at  Konigsberg, 
Prussia,  Jan.  6,  1804:  died  at  Vienna,  Sept.  6, 
1872.    A  German  jurist  and  Roman  Catholic 
historian,  professor  at  Munich  1833-47,  at  Inns- 
bruck 1849-51,  and  at  Vienna  1851-72.  His  chief 
work-on  canon  lawis  "  Kirchenrecht"  (1845-72). 
Philippsburg  (fil'ips-bera).     A  small  town  in 
the  circle  of  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Salzbach  with  the  Ehine,  16  miles 
north  of  Karlsruhe.     It  has  been  often  taken,  nota- 
bly by  the  Imperialists  in  1676  and  by  the  French  in  1688, 
1734,  and  1799. 
Philippus  (Roman  emperor).     See  Philip, 
Philips  (fll'ips),  Ambrose,    Born  1671:  died 
1749.    An  English  writer.    He  was  of  a  Leicester- 
shire family,  and  was  educated  at  Cambridge  (St.  John's 
College),  where  he  wrote  his  "Pastorals  "  (1709),  which  ap- 
peared in  the  sixth  volume  of  Tonson's  "Miscellanies" 
(the  same  volume  in  which  Pope's  "Pastorals"  appeared). 
He  sided  with  Addison  in  his  quarrel  with  Pope,  went  to 
Ireland  as  secretary  to  Archbishop  Boulter,  and  was  mem- 
ber of  Parliament  for  the  county  of  Armagh,  Ireland. 
His  nickname  "  Namby  Pamby  "  was  conferred  on  him  by 
Henry  Carey,  and  adopted  by  Pope  who  considered  it  suited 
to  his  "  eminence  in  the  infantile  style. "    Doran  says,  how- 
.   ever,  that  he  ranked  with  the  wits  at  Button's  Coffee  House, 
and  had  no  reason  to  fear  the  ridicule  of  men  like  Carey. 
He  is  best  known  by  his  play  "The  Distrest  Mother,"  an 
adaptation  of  Kacine's  "  Andromaque"  (1712).  Among  his 


803 

other  plays  are  "The  Briton"  (1721),  "Humphrey,  Duke 

of  Gloucester"  (1722),  etc. 

Philips,  or  Phillips  (fll'ips),  John,  Bom  at 
Bampton,  Oxfordshire,  1676:  died  1708,  An 
English  writer.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester  and 
at  Cword  (Christ  Church).  "The  Splendid  Shilling,"  a 
burlesque  of  Milton's  "Paradise  Lost,"  appeared  about 
1703.  In  1705  he  published  "  Blenheim, "  also  in  imitation 
of  Milton,  and  in  1706  "  Cyder,"  his  most  ambitious  work, 
in  imitation  of  Vergil's  "  Georgios." 

Philips,  Mrs.  (Katharine  Fowler),  Bom  at 
London,  Jan.  1,1631:  died  June  22,1664.  An  Eng- 
lish letter-writer  and  poet.  She  was  known  as  "  the 
matchless  Orinda,"-  because  of  the  signature  "  Orinda  " 
adopted  by  her  in  a  correspondence  with  Sir  Charles  Cot- 
terell,  who  used  the  name  of  "Poliarchus."  She  also  used 
the  name  as  her  usual  signature.  She  translated  "  Horace  " 
and  "  Pomp6e,"  two  of  Corneille's  plays,  which,  with  a  num- 
ber of  poems,  were  published  in  1678. 

In  her  seventeenth  year  she  married  a  Koyalist  gen- 
tleman of  Wales,  Mr.  James  Philips,  of  Cardigan  Priory. 
.  .  ,  She  seems  to  have  adopted  the  melodious  pseudonym 
by  which  she  has  become  known  to  posterity  in  1651. 

Gossej  Hours  in  a  Library. 

Philip  van  Artevelde,    See  Artevelde. 

Philisides  (fl-lis'i-dez).  In  Sir  Philip  Sidney's 
"Arcadia,"  a  shepherd  whose  name  is  formed 
from  Sidney's  own.  in  the  volume  of  Spenser's  poems 
published  in  1696  is  a  collection  of  laments  for  Sidney, 
among  which  is  a  "  Pastoral  .ffiglogue  upon  the  Death  of 
Sir  Philip  Sidney,  etc.,  "in  which  each  shepherd  begins  his 
lament  with  the  words  "Philisides  is  dead."  It  has  been 
attributed  to  Sir  Edward  Dyer. 

Philistia  (fi-lis'ti-a).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
country  southwest'of  Palestine,  lying  along  the 
Mediterranean.  The  five  principal  cities  were 
Asoalon,  Ashdod,  Gaza,  Gath,  and  Ekron. 

Philistines  (fl-lis'tinzj.  A  nation  of  Semitic  (?) 
origin,  dwelling  in  Philistia.  They  were  frequently 
at  war  with  the  Hebrews,  and  reached  their  highest  power 
in  the  reigns  of  Saul  and  David. 

Caphtor  was  the  original  home  of  the  Philistines,  as  we 
learn  from  several  passages  of  the  Bible  (Deut.  ii.  23,  Jer. 
xlvii.  4,  Amos  ix.  7).  In  Genesis  the  reference  to  them 
has  been  shifted  from  its  original  place :  it  should  fol- 
low the  name  of  the  Caphtorim  and  not  of  the  (3asluhim. 
The  Philistines,  in  fact,  were  the  garrison  established  by 
the  Egyptian  kings  on  the  southern  border  of  Palestine. 
The  five  cities  which  they  held  commanded  the  coast  road 
from  Egypt  to  Syria  (Exod.  xiii.  17),  and  formed  the  start- 
ing-point of  Egyptian  conquest  and  domination  in  Asia. 
It  was  needful  that  they  should  be  inhabited  by  a  popula» 
tion  which,  though  akin  in  race  to  that  of  Canaan,  were 
yet  subjects  of  the  Egyptian  Pharaoh  and  bound  by  ties  of 
birth  to  the  Pharaoh's  land.  They  came  indeed  from  Ca- 
naan, but  nevertheless  were  not  of  Canaan.  As  long  as 
Egypt  was  strong  their  devotion  to  her  was  unshaken ; 
when  she  deserted  them  and  retreated  within  the  limits 
of  her  own  territory  they  still  preserved  theur  individual- 
ity and  refused  to  mix  with  the  population  that  surrounded 
them.^  Sauce,  Races  of  the  O.  T.,  p.  53. 

Phillip  (fil'ip),  John,  Bom  at  Aberdeen,  April 
19, 1817 :  died  at  London,  Feb.  27, 1867,  A  Scot- 
tish painter.  He  exhibited  ' '  The  Letter- Writer  of  Se- 
ville''at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1854.  He  was  made  asso- 
ciate royal  academician  in  1857,  and  royal  academician  in 
1859.  He  was  especially  devoted  to  Spain  and  Spanish 
subjects. 

Phillips  (fil'ips),  Adelaide,  Born  at  Stratford- 
on-Avon,  England,  1833:  died  at  Karlsbad,  Oct. 
2,1882.  An  American  singer.  Her  voice  was  a  con- 
tralto. She  made  her  d^bnt  Sept.  25, 1843,  at  the  Boston 
Museum,  as  Little  Pickle.  She  appeared  at  Barnum's  Mu- 
seum, New  York,  as  a  juvenile  danseuse,  and  was  an- 
nounced as  "the  Child  of  Avon."  She  appeared  in  Phila- 
delphia in  1846,  at  the  Walnut  Street  Theater,  as  Rosa  in 
"John  of  Paris."  In  1850,  on  Jenny  Lind's  advice,  she 
went  to  London  and  studied  with  Garcia.  In  1854  she  ap- 
peared in  opera  at  Milan,  and  in  1856  at  New  York  ir  "II 
Trovatore."  She  appeared  in  Paris  later  in  the  same  part^ 
under  the  assumed  name  of  "Mile.  Filippe."  After  this 
she  sang  in  almost  all  the  principal  cities  of  the  world,  but 
was  particularly  admired  in  America.  Her  last  appear- 
ance was  in  1881,  Her  sister  Mathilde  was  also  a  contralto 
singer. 

Phillips  (fll'ips),  John,  BomatAndover,Mass., 
Dec,  6,  1719:  died  at  Exeter,  N.  H.,  April  21, 
1795.  An  American  merehant,founderof  Phillips 
Academy  in  Exeter,  and  one  of  the  founders  of 
Phillips  Academy  in  Andover, 

Phillips,  John.     Bom  at  Marden,  Wiltshire, 

Dec,  25,  1800:  died  at  Oxford,  April  23,  1874. 
An  English  geologist.  In  1834  he  became  professor 
of  geology  at  King's  College,  London ;  and  in  1840  entered 
the  staff  of  the  geological  survey  of  Great  Britain.  He 
published  "Illustrations  of  the  Geology  of  Yorkshire" 
(1836),  "Treatise  on  Geology"  (1837-39),  etc. 

Phillips,  Samuel,  Bom  at  North  Andover, 
Mass.,  Feb,  7,  1751:  died  Feb,  10,  1802.  An 
American  politician,  judge,  and  merchant, 
nephew  of  JohnPhillips  (1719-95):  the  principal 
founder  of  Phillips  Academy  in  Andover. 

Phillips,  Samuel.  Bom  1815 :  died  at  Brigh- 
ton, (5ct,  14,  1854,  An  English  writer,  son  of 
a  Jewish  tradesman  in  Regent  street,  London, 
He  was  educated  at  University  College,  London,  and  at  Gbt- 
tingen,  and  resided  at  Sydney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge, 
for  some  time  with  a  view  of  taking  orders.  His  first 
novel,  "Caleb  Stukely,"  appeared  in  "Blackwood's  Maga- 
zine" (1841).  In  1845  and  1846  he  was  political  editor  of 
the  "  Morning  Herald,"  and  was  literary  critic  to  the 
"Times  "  1844-54.  ' '  Essays  from  the  Times"  were  published 


Philoctetes 

to  1862,  and  in  1854  in  Murray's  "Beading  for  the  EaiL" 
Hewa;s  proprietor  and  editor  of  the  "John  Bull"  newspaper 
1845-46,  w^  one  of  the  originators  of  the  Crystal  Palace 
■  ?d?o''7;  "«ld  various  offices  in  connection  with  it,  and 
in  iSBi-64  was  its  literary  director  and  wrote  several  of  its 
guide-books. 

Phillips,  Stephen,     Bom  at  Somerton,  near 

Oxford,  July  28,  1868.     An  English  poet  and 

playwright.     He  was  on  the   stage  1886-92. 

nlaSP.T'n"*1",^S^°""<l^^'>'  "Paolo  and  Francesca" 
(1899),  "Herod     (1900),  etc. 

Ptillips,  Thomas,  Born  at  Dudley,  Warwick- 
shire, Oct,  18,  1770 :  died  at  London,  April  20, 
1845,  AnEnglishpainter.  Heleamedglass-paintmg 
at  Birmingham,  and  was  employed  on  the  window  of  St. 
George's  Chapel  at  Windsor.  He  went  to  London  in  1790 ; 
exhibited  inl792 ;  andwasmade  associate  royal  academician 
in  1804,  and  royal  academician  in  1808.  In  1824  he  succeeded 
Fuseli  as  professor  of  jpainting  at  the  Royal  Academy ;  re- 
signed in  1832;  and  published  his  lectures  on  "  The  History 
and  Principles  of  Painting  "  in  1833.  He  was  successful  aa 
a  portrait-painter. 

Phillips;  Wendell.  Bom  at  Boston,  Nov.  29, 
1811 :  died  at  Boston,  Feb.  2, 1884.  A  noted 
American  orator  and  abolitionist.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Harvard ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1834 ;  was  the 
leading  orator  of  the  abolitionists  1837-61 ;  and  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Anti-Slavery  Society  1865-70.  He  was  also  a 
prominent  advocate  of  woman  suffrage,  penal  and  labor 
reform,  etc.  In  1870  he  was  the  candidate  of  the  labor  re- 
formers and  prohibitionists  for  governor  of  Massachusetts. 
His  speeches  were  published  in  1863. 

Phillips,  William,  Bom  May,  1775 :  died  1828. 
An  English  mineralogist  and  geologist.  He  pub- 
lished "Outlines  of  Mineralogy  and  Geology"  (1815);  "In- 
troduction to  the  Knowledge  of  Mineralogy  "  (1816) ;  and, 
conjointly  with  W.  D.  Conybeare, "  Outlines  of  the  Geology 
of  England  and  Wales  "  (1822),  etc. 

Phillips  Academy,  1.  A  preparatory  school 
for  boys,  situated  at  Andover,  Massachusetts : 
founded  by  Jphn  and  Samuel  Phillips  in  1778. 
— 2,  A  prepaiTatory  school  for  boys,  situated  at 
Exeter,  New  Hampshire :  founded  by  John  Phil- 
lips in  1781. 

Phillipsburg  (fil'ips-b&rg).  A  town  in  Warren 
County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  Delaware, 
opposite  Easton,  55  miles  west  of  Newark.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  10,052. 

Phillis.    See  Fhyms,  2, 

Philo,  or  Philo  Juclaeus  (fi'16  j8-de'us)  ('the 
Jew'),  [Gr.  $('/U)v.]  Born,  probably  at  Alex- 
andria, about  20  B.  o. :  died  after  40  a.  d.  A 
Hellenistic  Jewish  philosopher  of  Alexandria. 
He  went  to  Rome  about  40  A.  D.,  at  the  head  of  an  embassy 
of  five  Jews,  to  plead  with  Caligula  for  the  uninterrupted 
exercise  of  their  religion. 

The  object  of  Philo  .  .  .  is  to  harmonize  the  philoso- 
phy of  religion,  which  he  had  derived  from  a  study  of  Plato. 
Aristotle,  and  other  eminent  heathen  writers,  with  the  let^ 
ter  of  the  books  attributed  to  Moses.  And  he  effects  this 
reconciliation  by  an  unlimited  licence  of  allegory.  This 
mode  of  dealing  with  ancient  writers  is  justified  not  only 
by  the  practice  of  the  Pharisees  in  Palestine,  as  we  infer 
from  the  example  of  St.  Paul,  but  also  by  the  licence  of  the 
Greeks  in  dealing  with  their  own  mythology  in  general, 
and  with  Homer  in  jiarticular. 

K.  O.  Midler,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  175- 

[  (JDonaMson.) 

Philobiblon  (fi-16-bib'lon).  Atreatise  on  books 
by  Richard  Aungerville  (often  called  Richard 
of  Bury)  bishop  of  Durham  and  chancellor  of 
Edward  III.  it  was  finished  in  1345 ;  was  printed  at 
Cologne  in  1473 ;  and  has  been  reprinted  at  Paris  in  1500, 
and  at  Oxford  in  1699  (the  same  as  the  6th  Paris  edition). 
John  Inglis  translated  it  into  English  in  1832,  In  1856  it 
was  collated  by  M.  Hippolyte  Cocheris  and  translated  into 
French.  In  1861  an  American  edition  was  published  at 
Albany  by  Samuel  Hand ;  and  the  Grolier  Club  in  New 
York  printed  the  Latin  text  with  a  new  translation  by 
Andrew  F,  West  (1889). 

Philo  Byblius  (bib'li-us)  ('  of  Byblus ') .  Lived 
about  100  A.  D.    A  grammarian  from  Byblus  in 

.Phenieia.    See  the  extract. 

Philo,  a  native  of  Byblos,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Lebanon, 
obtained  a  considerable  reputation  as  a  learned  gi'ammar 
rlan  at  the  end  of  the  first  and  at  the  beginning  of  the 
second  century  of  our  sera-  He  was  born,  it  seems,  in  the 
reign  of  Nero,  and  lived  long  enough  towrite  about  Ha- 
drian. It  is  probable  that  he  was  established  at  Rome, 
as  a  client  of  Herennius  Severus,  who  obtained  the  consul- 
ship, probably  as  consul  su^ectus,  about  the  year  124  A.  D, ; 
for  Philo  bore  the  name  of  Herennius,  and  is  apparently 
oontuBed  with  this  noble  Roman  by  Suidas  or  one  of  his 
authorities.  Besides  works  on  history,  rhetoric,  and  local 
celebrities,he  engaged  in  labours  not  unlike  those  of  Mane- 
tho  and  Berosus,  and  made  known  to  the  literary  world  in 
general  the  contents  of  the  historical  books  of  his  own 
nation.  Eusebius,  in  the  epochal  work  in  which  he 
endeavours  to  show  that  all  the  heathen  nations  borrowed 
their  traditional  learning  from  the  Jews,  gives  an  account 
of  the  ancient  mythology  of  the  Phoenicians,  on  the  au- 
thority of  a  translation  in  nine  books  by  Philo  of  Byblos 
from  the  Phoenician  history  of  Sanchoniathon  of  Berytua, 
who  was  placed  In  the  time  of  Semiramis  and  before  tha 
Trojan  war. 

K.  0.  Miiller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  265. 

[(Damddson.) 

Philoctetes  (fil-ok-te'tez),  [Gr.  ^tioKT^TT/g.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a  Greek  warrior  in  the  Trojan 
war,  famous  as  an  archer.  He  was  the  friend  and 
armor-bearer  of  Hercules,  and  set  fire  to  the  funeral  pU^ 


PUloctetes 

of  that  hero.  He  was  wounded  either  by  a  serpent  or  ac- 
cidentally by  one  of  the  poisoned  arrows  given  hini  by  Her- 
cules, and  was  left  to  die  on  Letanos.  The  legends  about 
him  vary.  He  was  made  the  subject  of  a  play  by  Sopho- 
cles. 

Philolaus  (fil-0-la'us).  [Gr.  ^M?moc.]  Lived 
in  the  5th  century  B.  c.  A  Greek  philosopher, 
one  of  the  chief  of  the  Pythagoreans.  Frag- 
ments of  his  works  are  extant. 

Philomela  (fil-o-me'la).  [Gr.  ^i^iOfi^yui.']  In 
Greek  legend,  the  daughter  of  Pandion,  sister 
of  Proone,  and  sister-in-law  of  Tereus.  She 
was  metamorphosed  into  a  nightingale  or  a 
swallow.    See  Proone. 

Philomela.  A  novel  by  Eobert  Greene,  pub- 
lished in  1592. 

The  most  beautiful,  however,  and  best  known  of  Greene's 
productions  is  his  "Philomela"  otherwise  called  "Lady 
ritzwater's  Nightingale, "  in  honour  of  the  Lady  Fitzwater 
to  whom  it  is  addressed ;  "being  penned,"  as  the  author 
says  in  the  dedication,  "  to  approve  women's  chastity." 
Dumop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  IL  557. 

Philopatris  (fl-lop'a-tris),  or  the  Taught.    A 

dialogue  designed  to  discredit  Christianity,  at- 
tributed to  Lucian,  but  probably  by  another 
hand. 

Philopoemen  (fil-o-pe'men).  [Gr.  *(/lo7roi/i7v.] 
Born  at  Megalopolis,  Arcadia,  Greece,  about 
252  B.  c. :  put  to  death  at  Messene,  183  b.  c.  A 
general  of  the  Achsean  League,  called  "the  Last 
of  the  Greeks."  He  was  distinguished  at  the  battle  of 
Sellasia  222  or  221 ;  was  several  times  general  (first  in  208) ; 
defeated  the  Spartans  at  Mantinea  about  207;  and  defeated 
Nabis,  tyrant  of  Sparta,  in  192. 

Philosopher  of  Ferney,  The.  Voltaire:  here- 
sided  many  years  at  Ferney,  near  Geneva. 

Philosopher  of  Malmesbury,  The.  Thomas 
Hobbes :  he  was  bom  at  Malmesbury,  England. 

Philosopher  of  Sans  Souci,  The.  Frederick 
the  Great :  so  named  by  himself. 

Philosopher  of  Wimbledon,  The.  HomeTooke. 

Philosophical  Club.    See  Eoyal  Soeiety  Gluh. 

Philostorgius  (fil-o-stor'ji-us).  Bom  in  Cap- 
padoeia  about  364:  died  after  425.  A  Greek 
ecclesiastical  historian. 

Philostrate  (fil'os-trat).  A  character  in  "A 
Midsummer  Night's  Dream,"  by  Shakspere: 
Theseus's  master  of  the  revels. 

Philostratus  (fi-los'tra-tus),  sumamed  "The 
Elder."  [Gr.  ^LUarpaToQ.']  Bom  probably  in 
Lemnos :  lived  in  the  first  part  of  the  3d  cen- 
tury A.  D.  A  Greek  sophist  and  rhetorician. 
He  wrote  the  life  of  ApoUonius  of  Tyana,  "Eikones" 
("Likenesses"),  "Heroica,"  "Lives  of  the  Sophists." 

Philostratus,  sumamed  "The  Younger."  Lived 
in  the  3d  century.     A  Greek  sophist. 

PhilozenUS  (fi-lok'se-nus).  [Gr.  <iM^evoi.'\ 
Lived  at  the  beginning  of  the  6th  century.  A 
Monophysite  leader  of  the  Eastern  Church .  He 
authorized  the  "  Philoxenian  "  (Syrian)  version 
of  the  Bible. 

Philtre  (fel'tr),  Le.  [P.,  'The  Philter.']  An 
opera  by  Auber,  words  by  Scribe,  produced  at 
Paris  in  1831.  It  is  the  same  in  subject  as  Donizetti's 
"L'Elisire  d'Amore,"  and  was  .very  popular. 

Phinehas  (fin'e-has).  In  Old  Testament  history, 
a  high  priest  of  "Israel,  son  of  Eleazar  and 
grandson  of  Aaron. 

Phipps  (fips),  Oonstantine  Henry,  Marquis  of 
Normanby.  Bom  May  15,  1797 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, July  28, 1863.  An  English  statesman  and' 
writer,  son  of  the  first  Earl  of  Mulgrave.  He 
was  educated  at  Cambridge  (Trinity  College),  and  entered 
Parliament  for  Scarborough  atthe  age  of  twenty-one.  He 
published  his  first  novel,  "Matilda,"  in  1825,  and  in  1828 
"  Yes  and  Ko."  He  succeeded  his  father  as  Earl  Mul- 
grave ;  was  made  captain-general  and  governor  of  Jamaica 
in  1831;  was  made  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  in  1835; 
was  created  marquis  of  Normanby  in  1838 ;  and  was  colo- 
nial secretary  and  home  secretary,  successively,  in  Lord 
Melbourne's  administration.  From  1846  to  1862  he  was 
ambassador  at  Paris,  and  from  1854  to  1858  at  Morence. 

Phipps,  Oonstantine  John,  Baron  Mulgrave. 
Bom  in  England,  May  30,  1734:  died  Oct.  10, 
1792.  An  arctic  explorer.  He  was  post-captain  of 
the  British  navy  in  1766,  and  in  1773  commanded  an  ex- 
pedition in  search  of  the  northwest  passage,  which  was 
stopped  by  ice  in  lat.  80°  48'  N.  He  wrote  a  "Journal  of 
a  Voyage  toward  the  North  Pole"  fl774). 

Phips,  or  Phipps  (fips),  Sir  William.  Born  in 
Maine,  Feb.  2,  1651 :  died  at  London,  Feb.  18, 
1694.  Governor  of  Massachusetts  1692-94.  He 
captured  Port  Koyal  in  1690,  and  in  the  same  year  com- 
manded an  unsuccessful  expedition  against  Quebec. 

Phiz  (fiz).     See  Browne,  Hablot  Knight. 

Phlegethon  (flej'e-thon).  [Gr.  ^2^idav,  the 
flaming.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a  river  of  fire 
in  the  lower  world,  which  flows  into  Acheron. 

Phlegrsean  Plain  (fleg-re'an  plan).  The  vol- 
canic district  lying  west  of  Naples,  near  the 
coast. 

Fhliasia  (fli-a'shi-a).  [Gr.  ^liaala,  the  terri- 
tory of  PhUus.]    In  ancient  geography,  a  small 


804 

district  in  the  Peloponnesus,  Greece,  northwest 
of  Argolis,  northeast  of  Arcadia,  and  south  of 
Sicyonia. 

Phlius  (fli'us).  [Gr.  i/lioif.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  in  Phliasia,  Peloponnesus,  Greece, 
14  miles  west-southwest  of  Corinth.  It  was 
usually  allied  with  Sparta. 

Phobos  (fo'bos).  [Gr.  (p6poQ,  fear:  in  mythol- 
ogy personified  as  the  son  of  Ares  and  brother 
of  Deimos.]  The  inner  of  the  two  satellites 
of  the  planet  Mars,  discovered  by  Asaph  Hall  at 
Washington,  in  Aug.  ,1877.  This  extraordinary  body 
revolves  in  the  plane  of  the  equator  of  Mars,  at  a  distance 
of  only  about  3,700  miles  from  the  surface  of  the  planet.  At 
the  equinoxes  it  is  in  eclipse  about  one  fifth  of  the  time ; 
at  the  solstices  it  does  not  suffer  eclipse.  It  revolves  about 
its  primary  in  7h.  39m.  14s. ;  and,  as  Mars  revolves  on  its 
axis  in  over  24  hours,  the  satellite  must  appear  to  an  ob- 
server on  Mars  to  rise  in  the  west  and  set  in  the  east.  At 
a  station  on  the  equator  of  Mars  (where  the  satellite  always 
passes  through  the  zenith),  it  will,  out  of  its  llh.  6m.  23s. 
of  period,  pass  only  3h.  20m.  above  the  horizon. 

Phocsea(fo-se'a,).  [Gr.  $<iKa(a.]  Inancientgeog- 
raphy,  a  city  in  Ionia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  on 
the  .^gean  Sea  28  miles  northwest  of  Smyrna. 
The  inhabitants  emigrated  in  large  numbers  after  an  at- 
tack by  the  forces  of  Cyrus  the  Great  in  the  6th  century 
B.  0.    It  was  the  mother-city  of  Marseilles. 

Phocsea  (fo-se'a).  An  asteroid  (No.  25)  discov- 
ered by  Chacomac  at  Marseilles,  April  7, 1853. 

Phocion  (fo'shi-on).  [Gr.  *u/c(uv.]  Bom  about 
402  B.  c. :  put  to  death  317  b.  c.  A  celebrated 
Athenian  statesman  and  general.  He  commanded 
the  left  wing  of  the  Athenian  fleet  in  the  sea-fight  with 
the  Spartans  off  Naxos  in  376,  and  in  339  commanded  a 
force  which  successfully  opposed  Philip  of  Macedon  at 
Byzantium.  He  afterward  became  the  leader  of  the  aris- 
tocratic party,  and  advocated  the  policy  of  peace  with 
Macedon  in  opposition  to  Demosthenes.  He  was  put  to 
death  by  the  democratic  party  on  a  false  charge  of  treason. 

Phocis  (fo'sis).  [Gr.  *(i))C(f.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, aterritoryincentral Greece.  Itwasbound- 
ed  by  Locris  on  the  north,  BcEotia  on  the  east,  the  Corin- 
thian Gulf  on  the  south,  and  Doris  and  Locris  on  the  west. 
The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  It  contains  Mount 
Parnassus,  and  was  especially  important  from  its  chief 
place,  Delphi.  It  took  part  in  the  Sacred  War  857-346  B.  0. , 
aud  was  defeated  by  Philip  of  Macedon.  It  is  comprised 
In  the  modern  nomarchies  of  Phocis  and  Bceotia, 

Phocis.  A  nomarchy  of  modern  Greece. 
Area,  788  square  miles.  Population  (1896), 
88.211. 

Phdcylides  ffo-siri-dez).  [Gr.  •iaiaiXlSiiQ.']  Bom 
in  Ionia  about  560  B.  c.  A  Greek  epic  and  ele- 
giac poet.     Nothing  is  known  of  his  life. 

Fhcebe  (fe'be).  [Gr.  tboi^T/:  see  Phoebus.']  In 
classical  mythology,  a  Titaness,  daughter  of 
Uranus  and  Gsea ;  also,  a  surname  of  Diana  (Ar- 
temis) as  goddess  of  the  moon. 

Phoebe.  1.  A  shepherdess  in  Shakspere's  "As 
you  Like  it":  an  Arcadian  coquette. — 2.  A 
character  in  Hawthorne's  story  "  The  House  of 
the  Seven  Gables":  a  cheerful,  contented  New 
England  girl,  contrasting  with  the  morbidness 
of  most  of  the  other  characters  in  the  story. 

Phoebus  (fe'bus).  [Gr.  ^oIjSoq,  the  shining  one.] 
An  epithet  of  Apollo. 

Phoenicia.    See  Phenida. 

Phoenix  (fe'niks).  [Gr.  ^oivi^."]  1.  In  Greek 
legend:  (a)  A  brother  (or  father)  of  Europa:  re- 
puted ancestor  of  the  Phenieians.  (6)  Son  of 
Amyntor  and  Hippodamia.  He  was  intrusted  by 
Peleus  with  the  education  of  Achilles,  whom  he  attended 
during  the  Trojan  war. 
2.  See  Phenix. 

Phoenix.  The  capital  of  Arizona,  a  city  in  Mari- 
copa County.    Population  (1900),  5,544. 

Phoenix,  John.  The  pseudonym  of  George 
Horatio  Derby. 

Phoenix,  The.  An  old  London  theater  in  St. 
Giles-in-the-Fields.  It  was  altered  from  a  cockpit, 
and  was  sometimes  called  by  that  name.  In  1583  it  was 
one  of  the  chief  places  of  amusement :  it  was  destroyed  in 
1649. 

Phoenix,  The.  A  comedy  by  Thomas  Middleton, 
printed  in  1607.  It  is  founded  on  a  Spanish  novel,  "The 
Force  of  love. "  Prince  Phoenix  traverses  his  future  king- 
dom in  disguise  like  Harun-al-Rashid. 

Phoenix  and  Turtle,  The.  A  poem  by  Shak- 
spere, first  published  in  an  appendix  to  a  book 
called  "Love's  Martyr,"  by  Robert  Chester,  in 
1601. 

Phoenix  Nest,  The.  A  collection  of  poems 
published  in  1593,  edited  by  "  R.  S.  of  the  Inner 
■Temple,  gentleman." 

Phcenix  Park.  A  pleasure-resort  in  Dublin, 
about  1760  acres  in  extent.  Thereon  May6, 1882,  oc- 
curred the  assassination  of  Lord  Frederick  Cavendish,  chief 
secretaryforIreland,andThoma8H.Burke,under8ecretary. 

Phoenixville  (fe'niks-vil).  A  borough  in  the 
township  of  Schuylkill,  Chester  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, situated  at  the  junction  of  French 
Creek  with  the  Schuylkill,  23  miles  northwest 
of  Philadelphia.  It  has  important  manufactures, 


Phut 

the  Phoenix  Iron  Works  being  the  chief.  Pop. 
ulation  (1900),  9,196. 

Phokis.    See  Pliocis. 

Phorbas  (fdr'bas).  [Gr.  *(ip/3a(:.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, son  of  Lapithes.  He  freed  the  Rhodlans  from 
a  plague  of  serpents,  and  was  honored  by  them  as  a  hero. 
He  was  placed  in  the  heavens  as  the  constellation  Ophiu- 
ohus('the  Serpent-holder").  According  to  another  legend 
he  was  a  famous  boxer,  but  having  challenged  the  gods  to 
contend  with  him  was  slain  by  Apollo. 

Phorcyads  (f 6r'si-adz),  or  Phorcids  (fdr'sidz). 
The.     [Gr.  iiopdSee.']  .See  the  extract. 

Three  daughters  of  Phorkys  (Darkness)  and  Keto  (The 
Abyss).  Their  names  were  Deino,  Pephredo,  and  Enyo : 
Hesiod,  in  his  Theogony,  gives  only  the  two  last.  They 
were  also  oaUed  the  Graise.  They  were  said  to  have  in 
common  but  one  eye  and  one  tooth,  which  they  used  alter- 
nately, and  to  dwell  at  the  uttermost  end  of  the  earth, 
where  neither  sun  nor  moon  beheld  them.  They  represent 
the  climax  of  aU  which  Greek  imagination  has  created  of 
horrible  and  repulsive.  Taylor,  Notes  to  Faust 

[Goethe  transforms  Mephistopheles  into  a  Phorcyad  in 
the  second  part  of  Faust.] 

Phormio  (f6r'mi-6).  A  comedy  by  Terence: 
so  called  from  the  name  of  one  of  its  characters. 

Phosphorists  (fos'fo-rists).  In  Swedish  literary 
history,  a  poetic  sctool,  of  romantic  tendency, 
in  the  first  part  of  the  19th  century :  so  named 
from  their  organ  "  Phosphoros."  The  leading 
writer  of  the  school  was  Atterbom. 

Phosphorus  (fos'fo-ras).  [Gr.  ^ua<j>6pog,  light- 
bringer.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  morning 
star,  a  son  of  Astr«us  and  Eos ;  the  name  of  the 
planet  Venus  when  seen  in  the  early  dawn.  See 
Sesperus. 

Phosphorus.  In  Arthurian  legend,  a  name  given 
to  Sir  Persaunt  of  India.  Tennyson,  in  "Gareth 
and  Lynette,"  calls  him  "Morning  Star." 

Photius  (fo'sM-us).  Died  892  (891  ?).  A  cele- 
bratedByzantine  prelate  and  scholar.  He  held  the 
lay  offices  of  captain  of  thebody-guard  and  chief  secretary  to 
the  emperors  Michael  III.,  Basilius  the  Macedoniaji,  and 
Leo  the  philosopher ;  was  raised  to  the  patriarchal  dignity 
in  857  in  place  of  Ignatius,  and  held  the  office  for  ten  years, 
when  he  was  deposed,  fiestored  in  877,  he  remained  in 
office  till  886,  when  he  was  again  deposed.  He  died  in 
banishment.  His  chief  works  are  "Myriobiblion,"a  col- 
lection of  extracts  from  and  abridgments  of  280  volumes 
of  classical  authors,  the  originals  of  which  are  now  in 
large  part  lost;  and  "  Amphilochia,"  a  collection  of  ques- 
tions and  answers  on  difficult  points  in  Scripture. 

Phrygia  (frij'i-a).  [Gr.  'tpvyia.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  country  in  Asia  Minor,  of  varying 
boundaries.  In  the  Persian  period  it  comprised  Lesser 
Phrygia  on  the  Hellespont,  and  Great  Phrygia  in  the  in- 
terior, bounded  by  Bithynia  and  Paphlagonia  on  the  north,  ' 
the  Halys  on  the  east,  the  Taurus  on  the  south,  and  Mysia 
Lydia,  and  Caria  on  the  west.  Later  the  Galatians  settled 
in  the  northeast  portion.  The  Inhabitants  (Phrygians)  are 
of  undetermined  origin.  The  country  was  overrun  by  the 
Cimmerians  in  the  7th  century  B.  c,  and  was  ruled  later 
by  Lydia,  Persia,  Macedon,  and  Itome. 

Phryne  (fri'ne).  [Gr.*p{ij^.]  Lived  in  the  middle 
of  the  4th  century  b.  c.  A  celebrated  Athenian 
hetaira.  she  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  model  of  the 
picture  "Aphrodite  Anadyomene"  by  Apelles,  and  of  the 
statue  of  the  Cnidian  Aphrodite  by  Praxiteles.  According 
to  the  legend,  she  was  defended,  on  a  oapital  charge,  by 
her  lover  Hyperides;  and  when  he  failed  to  move  the 
judges  by  his  oratory,  he  bade  her  uncover  her  bosom, 
and  thus  secured  her  acquittal. 

Phryne  before  the  Areopagus.  A  painting 
by  G6r6me  (1861). 

Pnrynichus  (frin'i-kus).  [Gt.  ^pivcxog.]  Flour- 
ished 500  B.  c.  An  Attic  poet,  one  of  the 
founders  of  Greek  tragedy. 

Phrynichus  of  Athens  (612-476)  still  used  only  one  actor, 
but  improved  the  organisation  of  the  chorus,  sometimes 
subdividing  it  into  smaller  bands,  one  of  which  might 
represent  a  group  of  maidens,  another  a  group  of  elders,  or 
the  like.  One  of  his  choral  performances  represented  the 
"Capture  of  Miletus," the  chief  town  of  Ionia,  In  the  last 
year  of  the  Ionian  revolt  (494  B.  0.).  The  Athenians  were 
so  moved,  Herodotus  says,  that  they  fined  the  poet,  who 
had  set  before  them  the  sufferings  of  their  kinsmen,  "tor 
reminding  them  of  their  own  misfortunes. "  In  his  "  Phos- 
nissse  "(476  B.  0.)PhrynlchU8  celebrated  thedeeds  of  Athens 
in  the_  Persian  wars :  one  group  of  the  chorus  represented 
Phoenician  women  who  had  been  sent  to  the  Persian 
court,  while  another  group  represented  Persian  elders. 

Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  72. 

Fhthia  (thi'a).  [Gr.  $0iV]  A  region  of  ancient 
(Jreece,  mentioned  by  Homer,  whence  Phthio- 
tis  is  named. 

Phthiotis  (thi-6  'tis) .  [Gr.  *ft5nf .]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  district  in  the  southern  part  of 
Thessaly,  Greece,  north  of  the  Maliae  GuU. 
Area  of  modern  nomarchy,  1703  square  miles. 

Phurud''(fu-rod').  [Ar.  al-furM,  the  isolated 
or  solitary,]  The  third-magnitude  star  f  Canis 
Majoris,  in  the  left  hind  paw  of  the  animal. 

Phut  (fot).    See  the  extract. 

The  name  which  follows  that  of  Mizraim  in  Genesis  is 
still  enveloped  in  mystery.  Since  the  days  of  Josephns  it 
has  been  the  fashion  to  identify  Phut  with  the  Libyans ; 
but  this  cannot  be  correct,  since  the  Lehabim  or  Libyans  * 
are  included  among  the  sons  of  Mizraim.  A  broken  frag- 
ment of  the  annals  of  Nebuchadnezzar  has  at  last  shed  a 
little  light  on  the  question.    We  there  read  that  the  Baby- 


Phut 

Ionian  king  in  the  37th  year  of  his  lelgn  marched  against 
Egypt,  and  defeated  the  army  of  Amaeis,  the  Egyptian 
monarch,  as  well  as  the  soldiers  of  the  city  of  Fhut-Y&van 
or  'Phut  of  the  lonians.'  We  know  that  Amasis  was  a 
Fhilhellene:  he  had  granted  special  privileges  to  the 
Oreeks,  had  surrounded  himself  with  a  Greek  body-guard, 
and  had  removed  the  camp  of  the  Greek  mercenaries  from 
the  neighbourhood  of  Felusium  to  that  of  Mempbis.  In 
"the  city  of  Phut-Y4van,"  therefore,  we  must  see  some  city 
to  which  the  Greek  mercenaries  were  considered  in  a  spe- 
cial manner  to  belong.  It  may  have  been  the  Greek  colony 
of  KyrSnS,  from  whence  Amasis  had  obtained  a  wife. 

Sayee,  'Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  54. 

Phyllis  (fil'is).  [GrT.<S>vUig.']  l.InGreeklegend, 
the  betrothed  wife  of  Demophon.  Because  he 
failed  to  keep  his  promise  to  come  and  marry  her  on  a 
cerl^n  day,  she  hung  herself,  and  was  metamorphosed 
into  an  almond-tree. 

2.  In  pastoral  poetry,  a  conventional  name  for 
a  maiden.    Also  spelled  PhilUs. 

Physical  Forpe  Party.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  Young  Ireland  party,  after  O'Cou- 
nell's  repudiation  of  the  use  of  force  about  1843. 

Physick  (fiz'ik),  Philip  Syng.  Bom  at  Phila- 
delphia, July  7, 1768 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  Dec. 
15, 1837.  An  American  surgeon  and  physician : 
sometimes  called  "the  Father  of  American  Sur- 


805 

swallow  the  ashes  mixed  with  water.  The  Piaroa  lan- 
guage, as  now  known,  has  not  been  classified.  Jilij  classed 
it  with  the  Saliva,  which,  in  turn,  he  made  a  branch  of  the 
Carib. 

Piast  (pySst).  The  reputed  founder  of  the  first 
Polish  dynasty  (about  the  middle  of  the  9th 
century). 

Piasts  (pyastz).  The  first  dynasty  of  Polish 
rulers,  it  ended  in  Poland  with  the  death  of  Casimir  III. 
in  1370,  but  continued  some  centuries  longer  in  Mazoviaand 
SUesia. 


gery.' 
Phs  ■ 


PhysiologUS  (fiz-i-ol'o-gus).  A  bestiary,  or  col- 
lection of  allegorical' fables  on  animals.  These 
were  widely  read  in  the  middle  ages.  The  wordwas  some- 
times used  as  it  it  were  the  name  of  the  author. 

A  PhysiologUS  ascribed  to  Bpiphanius  was  published  by 
Ponce  de  Leon  at  Borne  in  1687.  In  the  Western  Church 
there  is  reference  to  a  Latin  PhysiologUS,  ascribed  to  St. 
Ambrose,  which  was  condemned  as  apocryphal  and  hereti- 
cal by  PopeGelasius  II.  in  a  council  of  the  year  496.  There 
are  several  Latin  manuscripts  of  such  works,  but  none 
earlier  than  the  eighth  century.  They  are  to  be  found  also 
in  Old  High  German  prose  of  the  eleventh  century,  and  in 
the  Old  French  of  Philippe  de  Thaun  at  the  beginning  of 
the  twelfth  century.  Another  is  of  the  thirteenth  century, 
*'Le  Bestiaire  Divin  "  of  Guillaume,  Clerc  de  Korraandie. 
Another  is  "  Le  Bestiaire  d'Amonr  "  of  Richard  de  Pourni- 
val.  Traditions  taken  from  the  Bestiaries  found  their 
way  also  into  the  "Speculum  Naturale"  of  Vincent  of 
Beauvais.  Our  Old  English  Bestiary  contains  few  ITorman 
words  in  its  vocabulary ;  and  Dr.  Morris  believes  that  it 
may  have  been  written  by  the  author  of  the  poems  of 
"Genesis"  and  "Exodus." 

Moiiey,  English  Writers,  m.  334. 

Fiacenza  (pe-a-chen'za).  A  province  in  the 
oompartimento  of  Emilia,  Italy,  nearly  corre- 
spondingto  the  former  duchy  of  Piacenza.  (See 
Parma,  Duchy  of.)  Area,  954  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  228,827.  _ 

Piacenza,  F.  Plaisance  (pla-zons').  The  cap- 
ital of  the  province  of  Piacenza,  Italy,  situated 
on  the  Po,  near  its  junction  with  the  Trebbia, 
in  lat.  45°  3'  N.,  long.  9°  40'  E. :  the  ancient 
Plaoentia.  Its  noted  buildings  are  the  Church  of  San 
Sisto,  the  cathedral  (consecrated  in  1133),  and  the  Palazzo 
Communale.  It  received  a  Boman  colony  219  B.  o. ;  was 
nearly  destroyed  by  the  Gauls  200  B.  o. ;  was  the  meet- 
ing-place of  church  councils  in  1095  and  1132 ;  and  came 
under  the  Farnese  and  united  with  Parma  in  1545.  The  Im- 
perialists under  Lichtenstein  defeated  the  united  French 
and  Spanish  troops  here  June  16, 1746.  Population  (1892), 
37,000. 

Piacenza,  Duke  of.  See  Lebrun,  Charles  M-an- 
fois. 

Piacevole  Notte.    See  Straparola. 

■Piaggia  (pe-ad'ja),  Carlo.  Bom  at  Lucca,  Italy, 
1830 :  died  in  Sennaar,  1882.  An  African  trav- 
eler and  collector.  He  went  young  to  Egypt ;  learned 
the  Sudan  languages  in  Khartum  (1856) ;  was  with  Anti- 
nori  in  Bahr-el-Ghazal  (1860) ;  was  in  Abyssinia  and  Gal- 
laland  1871-76 :  and  went  with  Gessi  to  the  lakes  of  the 
Nile  in  1876.  He  was  the  first  European  among  the  Nyam- 
Nyam.  His  ethnologic  collections  were  secured  by  the 
Berlin  Museum  of  Ethnology. 

Piankhi  (pe-an'ki).  An  Ethiopian  king  (about 
766-733  B.  0.),  conqueror  of  Egypt.  His  campaign 
against  Middle  and  Lower  Egypt  is  described  in  an  in- 
scription found  at  Mount  Barkal  on  "a  block  of  granite 
covered  with  writing  on  all  sides  up  to  the  very  edges  " 
(Brugsch). 

Piankishaw  (pl-an'i^-shi,).  A  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians,  closely  connected  with  the 
Miami,  which  formerly  occupied  both  banks  of 
the  Wabash  Eiver  from  its  mouth  to  Vermilion 
River  and  west  to  the  watershed  between  the 
Wabash  and  the  Illinois.  Theyflnallywereabsorbed 
by  the  Illinois.  The  name  is  translated  as  the  color  ver- 
milion, from  the  red  earth  of  their  early  habitat.  See 
Alganqtiian. 

Piapocos,    See  Papiocos. 

Piar  (pe-ar'),  Manuel  Carlos.  Bom  in  the  isl- 
and of  Curacao,  1782 :  died  at  Angostura,  Oct. 
16, 1817.  A  Venezuelan  general  in  the  war  for 
independence.  He  repeatedly  defeated  the  Spaniards 
1818-17,  but  eventually  conspired  against  Bolivar,  and  was 
tried  by  court  martial,  and  shot. 

Piaroas  (pe-a-ro'as).  An  Indian  tribe  of  Ven- 
ezuela, on  the  upper  Orinoco,  near  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Gnaviare.  They  art  described  as  a  gen- 
tle and  timid  race  of  agriculturists  and  fishermen  who 
have  had  little  intercourse  with  the  whites;  they  preserve 
the  bones  of  their  relatives  for  a  year,  then  bum  them  and 


Piatigorsk.    See    „     „ 

Piatra  (pe-a'tra).  A  town  in  Moldavia,  Euma- 
nia,  situated  on  the  Bistritza  64  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Jassy.    Population  (1890),  20,000. 

Piatt  (pi'at),  Donn.  Bom  at  Cincinnati,  June 
29, 1819 :  'died  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  Nov.  12, 1891. 
An  American  journalist.  He  was  in  1851  appointed 
judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  in  Hamilton  County, 
Ohio,  and  later  secretary  of  legation  at  Paris ;  he  served  on 
General  Schenck's  staff  during  part  of  the  Civil  War.  He 
founded  the  Washington  "Capital,"  a  strongly  Democratic 
paper,  and  edited  it  for  two  years.  He  wrote  "Memoirs 
of  the  Men  who  Saved  the  Tnion"  (1887),  and  "The  Lone 
Grave  of  the  Shenandoah"  (1888). 

Piatt,  John  James.  Born  at  Milton,  Dearborn 
County,  Indiana,  March  1, 1835.  An  American 
poet  and  journalist.  In  1871  he  was  inade  librarian 
of  the  House  of  Representatives ;  was  United  States  consul 
at  Cork  (Queenstown),  Ireland,  1882-94.  He  wrote,  con- 
jointly with  W.  D.  Howells,  "Poems  of  Two  IViends" 
(I860),  and  with  his  wife,  "The  Nests  at  Washington  "  (1864). 
He  published  also  "  Poems  in  Sunshine  and  Eirelight" 
(1866),  "Western  Windows,  and  Other  Poems "  (1869), 
"Landmarks,  etc."  (1871),  "Poems  of  House  and  Home" 
(1878),  "The  Children  Out  of  Doors,  etc."  (with  Iiis  wife, 
1S84),  "  At  the  Holy  Well,  etc."  (1887),  etc. 

Piatt,  Mrs.  (Sarah  Morgan  Bryan).  Bom  at 
Lexington,  Ky.,  1836.  An  American  poet, 
wife  of  J.  J.  Piatt.  She  has  published  "A  Woman's 
Poems"  (1871),  "Voyage  to  the  Fortunate  Isles,  etc." 
(1874),  "Dramatic  Persons  and  Moods  "  (1879),  "An  Irish 
Garland"  (1884),  "Child's -World  Ballads"  (1887),  "The 
Witch  in  the  Glass,  etc."  (1888),  etc. 

Fiauhy,  or  Piauhi  (pe-ou-e').  1.  A  river  in 
the  state  of  Piauhy,  Brazil,  which  joins  the 
Canind6  about  lat.  6°  30'  S.  Length,  about  350 
miles. — 2.  A  state  of  Brazil,  lying  southeast  of 
Maranhao  and  northwest  of  Pemambuco  and 
Bahia.  Area,  116,218  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, estimated  (1894),  300,609. 

Piave  (pe-a've).  Ariver  of  Venetia,  Italy, which 
joins  the  Adriatic  20  miles  east-northeast  of 
Venice :  the  ancient  Plavis.  Length,  about  130 
mUes. 

Piazza  (pi-az'a),  The.  An  arcade  occupjring 
the  north  and  east  sides  of  Covent  Garden  Mar- 
ket in  London. 

Itwas  first  called  "the  Portico  Walk,"  but  .  .  .  haslong 
borne  the  quaint  name  of  Piazza,  an  open  corridor  like 
those  which  line  the  streets  of  Italian  towns. 

Hare,  London,  I.  20. 

Piazza  della  Signoria  (pe-at'sa  del'ia  sen-yo- 
re'a),  or  Piazza  del  Gran  Duca  (del  gran  do'- 
ka).  [It., 'place  of  the  government'  or  'of  the 
grand  duke.']  The  chief  public  square  in  Flor- 
ence. 

Piazza  del  Popolo  (del  po'po-lo).-  [It.,  'place 
of  the  people.']  A  square  in  the  northern  part 
of  modem  Bome,  where  the  Corso  begins. 

Piazza  di  Spagna  (de  span'ya).  A  public 
square  in  Eome :  so  called  from  the  residence 
of  the  Spanish  ambassador.  Keats  died  in  a 
house  overlooking  the  great  flight  of  steps  lead- 
ing to  the  "Trinita,  de'  Monti." 

Piazzi  (pe-at'se),  Giuseppe.  Bom  at  Ponte, 
Valtellina^ Italy,  July  16, 1746 :  died  at  Naples, 
July22,1826.  An  Italian  astronomer.  Hebecame 
professor  of  astronomy  and  mathematics  at  PaleiTnoinl781, 
director  of  the  (new)  observatory  there  in  1791,  and  di- 
rector also  of  the  observatory  at  Naples  in  1817.  He  dis- 
covered the  first  asteroid,  Ceres,  Jan.  1, 1801,  and  published 
star-catalogues  in  1803  and  1814. 

Picard  (pe-kar'),  Louis  Joseph  Ernest.  Bom 
at  Paris,  Dec.  24, 1821 :  died  there.  May  14, 1877. 
A  French  republican  politician.  He  was  minister 
of  finance  in  the  government  of  the  national  defense  in 
1870,  and  minister  of  the  interior  1871-72. 

Picards  (pik'ardz).  A  sect  in  Bohemia  about 
the  beginning  of  the  15th  century,  suppressed 
by  Ziska  in  1421.  The  Picards  are  accused  of  an  at- 
tempt, under  the  guise  of  restoring  man's  primitive  inno- 
cence, to  renew  the  practices  of  the  Adamites,  in  going  ab- 
solutely unclothed  and  in  maintaining  the  community  of 
women,  etc. 

Picardy  (pik'ar-di),  F.  Picardie  (pe-kar-de'). 
An  ancient  government  of  northern  France. 
Capital,  Amiens.  It  was  bounded  by  Artois  and 
Flanders  on  the  north.  Champagne  on  the  easl^  lle- 
de-Franoe  on  the  south,  and  Normandy  and  the  Bngnsh 
Channel  on  the  west,  corresponding  to  the  department  of 
Somme  and  parts  of  Pas-de-Calais,  Oise,  and  Aisne.  It 
was  composed  of  various  counties  — Amienois,  Verman- 
dois,  Ponthieu,  etc.  It  was  under  the  suzerainty  of  Flan- 
ders, but  was  united  to  France  under  Louis  XI. 

Piccadilly  (pik'a-dil-i).  [From  the  pioardils  or 


Pickens,  Francis  Wilkinson 

piocadills,  small  stiff  collars,  affected  by  the  gal- 
lants of  the  time  of  James  I.]  The  great  thor- 
oughfare in  London  between  Hyde  Park  Comer 
and  the  Haymarket.  The  street  was  named  from  a 
house  of  entertainment  (Piccadilly  House)  which  stood  in 
the  Haymarket  in  the  time  of  Charles  I.  The  western  por- 
tion of  Piccadilly  was  then  called  Portugal  street. 
Piccinni,  or  Piccini  (pet-ehe'ne),  Nicola.  Bom 
at  Bari,  Italy,  1728 :  died  at  Paris,  May  7, 1800. 
An  Italian  composer  of  opera,  in  1776  he  went  to 
Paris,  and  then  arose  the  famous  quarrel  between  his  fol- 
lowers and  those  of  Gluck,  which  absorbed  the  public. 
Among  his  works  are  "La  Cecchina  ossia  la  Buona  Fi- 
gUuola"  (1760),  which  had  a  great  success;  "Roland" 
(1778);  "Atys'  (1780);  and,  in  opposition  to  Gluck,  "Iphi- 
gfeie  en  Tauride  "  (1781).  Gluck's  opera,  however,  was  the 
more  successful.    He  died  in  great  poverty. 

Piccolomini  (pik-ko-lom'e-ne).  An  Italian  no- 
ble family,  a  branch  of  which  settled  in  Ger- 
many. Both  lines  became  extinct  in  the  18th 
century. 

Piccolomini,  Die.  ['  The  Piccolomini.']  A 
tragedy  by  Schiller  (1799),  forming  the  second 
play  in  the  trilogy  of  "  Wallenstein." 

Piccolomini,  Maria.  Bom  at  Siena,  1836 :  died 
at  Florence,  Dec,  1899.  An  Italian  opera- 
singer,  a  descendant  of  the  famous  family  of 
that  name.  Her  first  appearance  on  the  stage  was  at 
Florence,  during  the  carnival  of  1862,  as  Lucrezia  Borgia. 
Her  London  d^but  was  at  Her  Majesty's  Theatre  in  1866  as 
La  Traviata.  In  1858  she  visited  America,  where  she  was 
much  admired.  She  left  the  stage  in  1860,  and  soon  after 
man'ied  the  marchese  Gaetano. 

Piccolomini,  Prince  Octavio.  Bom  1599 :  died 
at  Vienna,  Aug.  10, 1656.  A  gen  oral  in  the  Thirty 
Years'  War,  in  the  Imperialist,  and  later  in  the 
Spanish,  service.  He  was  instrumental  in  bringing 
about  the  downfall  of  Wallenstein  in  1634.  He  was  de- 
feated by  Torstenson  at  Leipsic  in  1642. 

Pic  du  Midi  de  Bigorre  (pek  dtt  me-de'  de  be- 
gor')  or  de  Bagn^res.  [F.,  'southern  peak  of 
Bigorre.']  A  mountain  in  the  Pyrenees,  depart- 
ment of  Hautes-Pyr^n^es,  France,20  miles  south 
of  Tarbes.    Height,  9,440  feet. 

Pic  du  Midi  d'Ossau  (do-so').     [F.,  'southern  . 
peak  of  Ossau.']    A  mountain  in  the  Pyrenees, 
department   of  Basses-Pyr^nles,  France,  35 
miles  south  of  Pau.     Height,  9,465  feet. 

Picenum  (pi-se'num).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  territory  in  Italy,  lying  between  the  Adriatic 
and  the  Apennines.  Capital,  Asculum.  it  was 
bounded  by  Umbria  on  the  northwest  and  west,  the  Sabines 
on  the  southwest,  and  the  Vestini  on  the  south.  It  was 
reduced  by  Eome  in  268  B.  C,  and  took  part  in  the  Social 
War  against  Rome  in  90  B.  c. 

PichardoyTapia  (pe-char'do  e  ta'pe-a),  Estd- 
ban.  Bom  at  Santiago  de  los  Caballeros,  Dee. 
26,1799:  died  at  Havana^,  1879.  A  Cuban  author. 
He  published  several  geographical  works  on 
Cuba,  and  a  dictionary  of  Cubaii  provincialisms 
(3d  ed.  1862). 

Pichegru  (pesh-grii'),  Charles.  Bom  at  Ar- 
bois,  Jura,  France,  Feb.  16,  1761:  committed 
suicide  (or  was  assassinated?)  in  prison,  April 
5,  1804.  A  French  general,  distinguished  as 
commander  of  the  army  of  the  Bhine  in  1793, 
and  of  the  army  of  the  North  in  1794,  and  es- 
pecially in  Belgiimi  in  1794.  He  conquered  the 
Netherlands  in  1795 ;  suppressed  the  Germinal  insiurrec- 
tion  in  Paris,  April,  1796 ;  was  a  member  of  the  Conncil  of 
Five  Hundred ;  and  was  implicated  in  the  conspiracy  of 
Fructidor  (1797).  He  engaged  in  an  unsuccessful  conspiracy 
against  Napoleon  1803-04. 

Pichincha(pe-chen'cha).  1.  Avolcano  in  Ecua- 
dor, northwest  of  Quito.  Height  (Whymper), 
15,918  feet. — 2.  AprovinceinEcuador,  contain- 
ing the  city  of  Quito.  Area,  6,215  square  miles. 
Population,  205,000. 

Pichincha,  Battle  of.  A  battle  fought  May  24, 
1822,  on  the  side  of  the  Pichincha  volcano,  near 
Quito,  between  the  Spaniards  under  Eamirez 
and  the  patriots  under  Sucre.  The  victory  of  the 
latter  freed  Ecuador  from  Spanish  rule.  Theplaoeisl6,000 
feet  above  sea-level,  probably  the  highest  battle-field  in 
the  world. 

Pichler  (pieh'ler),  Madame  (Earoline  von 
Greiner).  Bom  at  Vienna,  Sept.  7, 1769  :  died 
there,  July  9, 1843.  An  Austrian  novelist,  au- 
thor of  "Agathokles"  (1808)  and  other  histori- 
cal novels. 

Pickelhering.    See  Hanswurst. 

Pickens  (pik'enz),  Andrew.  Bom  at  Paxton, 
Bucks  County,  Pa.,  Sept.,  1739 :  died  in  Pendle- 
ton district,  Aug.  17, 1817.  An  American  Eev- 
olutionanf  general.  He  was  noted  as  apartizan  com- 
mander in  South  Carolina  1779-81 ;  served  with  distinction 
at  Cowpens  in  1781 ;  and  captured  Augusta,  Georgia,  Id 
1781. 

Pickens,  Fort.    See  Fort  Pickens. 

Pickens,  Francis  Wilkinson.  Bom  at  Toga- 
doo,  S.  C,  April  7,  1805:  died  at  Edgefield, 
S.  C,  Jan.  25, 1869.  An  American  Democratic 
politician,  grandson  of  Andrew  Pickens.  He  was 


Pickens,  Francis  Wilkinson 

member  of  Congress  from  South  Carolina  1834-43;  was 
United  States  minister  to  Russia  1858-60 ;  and  was  gover- 
nor of  South  Carolina  1861-62.  He  was  prominent  as  a 
Secessionist  leader  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War. 

Pickens,  Israel.  Bom  in  North  Carolina,  1780 : 
died  near  Matanzas,  Cuba,  1827.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congressfrom 
North  Carolina  1811-17 ;  governor  of  Alabama  1821-25 ;  and 
United  States  senator  1826. 

Pickering  (pik'6r-iQg),  Charles.  Bom  in  Sus- 
quehanna County,  Pa.,  Nov.,  1805 :  died  March, 
1878.  An  American  naturalist,  grandson  of 
Timothy  Pickering.  He  wrote  "Races  of  Man  and 
their  Geographical  Distribution"  (1S48),  "Geographical 
Distribution  of  Animals  and  Man  "  (1864),  "  Geographical 
Distribution  of  Plants  "  (1861),  etc. 

Pickering,  Edward  Charles.  Bom  at  Boston, 
July  19,  1846.  An  American  astronomer  and 
physicist,  great-grandson  of  Timothy  Picker- 
ing. He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1865 ;  was  professor  of 
jhysics  at  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology 
1868-77 ;  and  has  been  professor  of  astronomy  and  geodesy 
and  director  of  the  observatory  at  Harvard  since  1876. 
He  has  published  "  Elements  of  Physical  Manipulation  " 
(1874-76),  etc. 

Pickering,  John.  Bom  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Feb.  7, 
1777:  died  at  Boston,  May  5,  1846.  An  Ameri- 
can philologist,  son  of  Timothy  Pickering.  He 
published  "  Vocabulary  of  Americanisms"  (1816),  a  Greek- 
English  lexicon  (1826),  "Remarks  on  the  Indian  Lan- 
guages of  Korth  America"  (1836),  etc. 

Pickering,  Timothy.  Bom  at  Salem,  Mass., 
July  17,  1745 :  died  there,  Jan.  29,  1829.  An 
American  statesman  and  soldier  in  the  Kevo- 
lutionary  War.  He  was  postmaster-general  1791-95 ; 
secretary  of  war  1795 ;  secretary  of  state  1795-1800 ;  Feder- 
alist United  States  senator  from  Massachusetts  1803-11 ; 
and  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1813-17. 

Pickett  (pik'et),  Albert  James.  Bom  in  An- 
son County,  N.  C.,  Aug.  13, 1810:  died  at  Mont- 
gomery, .Ala.,  Oct.  28, 1858.  An  American  his- 
torian, anthorof  a  "History  of  Alabama"  (1851), 
etc. 

Pickett,  George  Edward.  Bom  at  Richmond, 
Va.,  Jan.  25,  1825:  died  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  July 
30,  1875.  A  Confederate  general.  He  graduated 
at  West  Point  in  1846,  served  as  a  lieutenant  in  the  Mexi- 
can war,  and  was  promoted  captain  in  1855.  He  resigned 
his  commission  in  the  United  States  army  and  accepted  a 
colonelcy  in  the  Virginia  militia  at  the  beginning  of  the 
■Civil  War.  He  was  commissioned  brigadier-general  in  the 
Confederate  army  in  1862,  and  served  with  distinction  in 
the  Peninsular  campaign.  He  was  later  in  the  same  year 
promoted  major-general,  and  held  the  center  of  Lee's  line 
at  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg.  He  led  the  van  in  Long- 
.street's  assault  on  the  Federal  center  during  the  last  day's 
flght  at  Gettysburg  (July  3,  1863),  and  entered  the  Union 
lines  on  Cemetery  Hill,  but  failed  to  receive  support  and 
iell  back,  with  a  loss  of  three  fourths  of  his  division.  He 
■successfully  defended  Petersburg  against  General  Benja- 
min F.  Butler  in  May,  1864,  and  served  with  distinction  at 
Five  Forks  in  April,  1865.  After  the  war  he  engaged  in  the 
life-insurance  business  at  Richmond. 

Pickle  (pik'l),  Gamaliel  and  Peregrine.  See 
Peregrine  Pickle, 

Pickwick  (pik'wik)  Papers.  A  story  by  Charles 
Dickens,  published  serially  in  1836-37.  it  takes 
its  name  from  its  chief  character,  Mr.  Samuel  Pickwick, 
the  founder  of  the  Pickwick  Club. 

Pico  (pe'ko).  A  volcanic  island  of  the  Azores. 
It  rises  to  the  height  of  about  7,600  feet  (the 
highest  point  in  the  group).  Population,  about 
24,000. 

Pico,  Giovanni,  Count  of  Mirandola.  Bom  1463 : 
died  1494.  An  Italian  humanist  and  philoso- 
pher, one  of  the  leading  scholars  of  the  Italian 
Benalssance. 

Pico  de  Teyde  (pe'ko  da  ta'e-sne).  A  volcano  in 
the  island  of  Teneriffe,  Canary  Islands,  and  the 
culminatingmountain  of  the  group:  sometimes 
caUed  the  Peak  of  Teneriffe.  Height,  12,182 
feet.  - 

Picot  (pe-ko'),  Frangois  Edouard.  Bom  at  Pa- 
ris, Oct.  17, 1786 :  died  there,  March  15, 1868.  A 
French  genre-  and  portrait-painter.  He  won  the 
grand  prix  in  1813,  and  studied  for  five  years  at  Rome.  Ca- 
banel,  Bouguereau,  Henner,  and  other  well-known  artists 
have  been  Ms  pupils. 

Picon  (pe-ko'),  Henri  Pierre.  Born  at  Nantes, 
Feb.  27,  1824:  died  there,  July  18,  1895.  A 
French  historical  and  genre  .painter. 

^C0[1lign7  (pe-ken-ye').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Somme,  France,  9  miles  -west-north- 
west of  Amiens.  A  treaty  was  concluded  there  between 
France  and  England  in  1475 :  Edward  IV.  's  army  left  France 
in  return  for  a  money  payment. 

Picrochole  (pek-ro-shol').  In  Eabelais's  "Gar- 
gantua  and  Pantagruel,"  a  character  supposed 
by  some  to  represent  either  Ferdinand  of 
Aragon  or  Charles  V. 

Pictet  (pek-ta'  or  pe-ta'),  Adolphe.  Bom  at 
Geneva,  Sept.  11, 1799 :  died  there,  Dec.  20, 1875. 
A  Swiss  comparative  philologist.  He  published 
"Origines  indo-europ6eunes  "  (1859-63),  etc. 

Pictet,  IVancois  Jules.  Bom  at  Geneva,  Sept. 
22, 1809 :  died  May  15, 1872.  A  Swiss  naturalist, 


806 

professor  of  zoology  and  anatomy  at  Geneva. 
He  wrote ' '  Traits  616mentaire  de  pal6ontologie  " 
(1844r45),  etc. 

Picton  (pik'ton) .  The  capital  of  Prince  Edward 
County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  a  bay  of 
Lake  Ontario,  35  miles  west-southwest  of  Kings- 
ton.   Population  (1901),  3,698. 

Picton,  Sir  Thomas.  Bom  at  Poyston,  Pem- 
brokeshire, Aug.,  1758 :  died  June  18, 1815.  An 
English  general.  In  1809  he  was  governor  of  Flushing, 
which  he  had  helped  to  capture.  He  commanded  a  di- 
vision in  the  Peninsula,  serving  with  distinction  at  the 
capture  of  Badajoz  (1812),  and  was  killed  at  Waterloo. 

Pictor,  Fabins.    See  FaUus  Pictor. 

Pictor  Ignotus  (pik't6r  ig-no'tus).  [L.,  'un- 
known artist.']  A  pseudonym  of  William  Blake 
the  artist. 

Pictou  (pik-tb').  A  seaport  in  Picton  County, 
Nova  Scotia,  situated  on  Pictou  harbor  85  miles 
northeast  of  Halifax.  It  exports  coal.  Popu- 
lation (1901),  3,235. 

Picts  (pikts).  [From  LL.  PicU,  the  Picts :  ap- 
parently so  named  from  their  practice  of  tattoo- 
ing themselves,  but  the  name  may  be  an  accom- 
modation of  a  native  name.]  A  race  of  people, 
of  disputed  origin,  who  formerly  inhabited  a 
part  of  the  Highlands  of  Scotland  and  other  re- 
gions. Their  language  was  Celtic.  The  Picts  and  Scots 
were  united  in  one  kingdom  about  the  reign  of  Kenneth 
Macalpine  (in  the  middle  of  the  9th  century). 

Picts'  Wall.    See  Hadrian's  Wall. 

Picture,  The.  A  play  by  Massinger,  lioen  sed  in 
1629  and  printed  in  1630.  The  plot  was  from  one  of 
Bandello's  stories  in  Painter's  "Palace  of  Pleasure."  The 
picture  is  a  magical  one,  and  grows  brighter  or  darker  ac- 
cording to  the  behavior  of  the  absent  wife  it  represents. 
The  play  was  revived,  somewhat  altered,  by  the  Rev.  H. 
Bate  Dudley  in  1783. 

Pictured  Kocks.  A  group  of  picturesque  cliffs 
in  the  upper  peninsula  of  Michigan,  situated 
on  Lake  Superior  50  miles  east  of  Marquette. 

Piciinches.    See  Pencos. 

Picus  (pi'kus).  [L.,  'woodpecker.']  In  Italian 
mythology,  a  god  of  agriculture,  regarded  as  a 
son  of  Saturn.  In  Latinlegend  he  was  awarlike  hero, 
and  first  king  of  Latium,  transformed  into  a  woodpecker 
because  he  repelled  the  love  of  Circe  and  was  faithful  to 
the  nymph  Canens. 

Piede.    See  Paiute. 

Piedimonte  d'Alife  (pe-a-de-mon'te  da-le'fe). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Caserta,  Italy,  37 
miles  north  by  east  of  Naples.  Population(  1881) , 
5,935 ;  commune,  7,252. 

Piedmont  (ped'mont),It.Piemonte  (pe-a-mon'- 
te),  F.  Pigment  (pya-m6n').  [From  L.  adpedes 
montium,  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains  (Alps).] 
A  compartimento  in  the  northwesternmost  part 
of  Italy,  comprising  the  modem  provinces  of 
Turin,  Novara,  Alessandria,  and  Cuneo.  Various 
ranges  of  the  Alps  are  on  the  borders  between  it  and 
Switzerland,  France,  and  Liguria.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
upper  valley  of  the  Po.  It  formed  the  most  important 
part  of  the  former  kmgdom  of  Sardinia.  Area,  11,340 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  3,262,738. 

Piedmont  Begion.  A  name  given  in  several 
States  of  the  Atlantic  slope  to  the  broken  and 
hilly  territory  lying  east  and  southeast  of  the 
Appalachian  chain:  as,  the  Piedmont  Region 
of  Vir^nia,  of  North  Carolina,  or  of  Georgia. 

Pied  Piper,  The.    See  Sameln,  Piper  of. 

Piedrahita  (pe-ad-ra-e'ta),  Lucas  Fernandez 
de.  Bom  at  Bogotd,  1624 :  died  at  Panama, 
1688.  A  New  Granadan  prelate  and  historian. 
After  being  governor  of  Popayan,  he  was  in  Spain  1663-69 
to  meet  charges  ;  was  exonerated ;  was  made  bishop  of 
Santa  Marta  in  1669 ;  and  was  translated  tq^anama  1676. 
His  best-known  work,  and  the  most  important  of  the  early 
histories  of  New  Granada,  is  "Historia  general  de  las  con- 
quistas  del  Nuevo  Reyno  de  Granada"  (Antwerp,  16887). 
It  is  mainly  a  compilation,  as  the  author  admits,  from 
Quesada's  "  Compendio  "  and  the  fourth  part  of  Castel- 
lano's  "Elegiaa,"  both  of  which,  however,  are  lost. 

Piegan  (pe'gan).  One  of  the  tribes  of  the  Sik- 
sika  Confederacy  of  North  American  Indians. 
See  Silcsilca. 

Pieng-an  (pyeng-an'),  or  Ping  Yang  (ping 
ySng).  An  important  city  of  Corea,  situated  on 
the  river  Tatong  about  lat.  38°  25'  N. 

Pienza  (pe-en'za).  A  small  cathedral  city  in 
the  province  of  Siena,  Italy,  25  miles  southeast 
of  Siena.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Pope  Pius  H. 

Pierce  (pers  or  p6rs),  Benjamin.  Bom  at 
Chelmsford,  Mass.,  Dec.  25, 1757:  died  at  Hills- 
borough, N.  H.,  April  1,  1839.  An  American 
politician,  governor  of  New  Hampshire  1827-29. 

Fierce,  Franklin.  Bom  at  Hillsborough,  N.  H. , 
Nov.  23,  1804:  died  at  Concord,  N.  H.,  Oct.  8, 
1869.  The  fourteenth  President  of  the  United 
States.  He  was  son  of  Benjamin  Pierce.  He  was  a 
member  of  Congress  from  New  Hampshire  1833-37 ;  was 
United  States  senator  1887-42  ;  was  a  general  in  the  Mexi- 
can war ;  and  was  elected  as  Democratic  candidate  to  the 
presidency  in  1852.  Among  the  leading  events  of  his  ad- 
ministration were  the  repe^  of  the  Missouri  Compromise, 


Fietk 

the  Kansas-Nebraska  struggle,  the  Ostend  Manifesto,  the 
dissolution  of  the  Whig  psity  and  rise  of  the  American 
and  Republican  parties,  and  the  Gadsden  Purchase. 

Pierce  Penniless  his  Supplication  to  the 
Devil.  A  pamphlet  by  Thomas  Nashe,  pub- 
lished in  1592. 

The  first  of  these  [Nash's  undoubted  productions]  in 
pamphlet  form  is  the  very  odd  thing  called  "Pierce  Penni. 
less  "  (the  name  by  which  Nash  became  known)  "  his  Sup- 
plication to  the  Devil. "  It  is  a  kind  of  rambling  condem  na- 
tion of  luxury,  for  the  most  part  delivered  in  the  form  of 
burlesque  exhortation,  which  the  medisevalsermonsjoyeux 
had  made  familiar  in  all  European  countries. 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  232. 

Pierce's  Supererogation,  or  a  New  Praise  of 

the  Old  Ass.  A  pamphlet  by  Gabriel  Harvey, 
written  against  Nashe,  published  in  1593. 

Pieria(pi-e'ri-a).  [Gv.Ihepia.']  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  district  in  the  north  of  Thessaly,  Greece. 
It  was  the  legendary  birthplace  of  Orpheus  and 
of  the  Muses. 

Pierides  (pi-er'i-dez).  1.  In  ancient  mythology, 
the  Muses:  so  named  from  Pieria,  their  reputed 
birthplace. — 2.  Certaiti  would-be  Muses,  the 
daughters  of  Piems,  who  were  tiresome  chat- 
terers. They  contended  with  the  real  Muses,  and  were 
defeated  and  changed  into  magpies. 

Pierola  (pe-a-ro'la),  Nicolas  de.  Bom  at  Ca- 
mand:,  department  of  Arequipa,  Jan.  5, 1839.  A 
Peruvian  politician.  He  was  a  lawyer  and  journalist ; 
was  minister  of  the  treasury  under  Balta  1868-72;  and 
headed  unsuccessful  revolts  against  Pardo  in  1874  and 
Prado  1877-78.  During  the  Chilean  war,  when  Prado  had 
deserted  his  post,  Pierola  headed  another  revolt^  deposed 
the  vice-president,  and  was  proclaimed  supreme  chief  at 
Lima,  Dec.  23, 1879.  He  did  his  best  to  check  the  Chileans, 
and  when  Lima  was  taken,  Jan.  17, 1881,  escaped  into  the 
interior.  In  July  he  convoked  a  congress  at  Arequipa, 
but  in  Nov.  resigned  and  went  to  Europe.  In  1885  he 
returned  and  tried  to  seize  the  presidency,  but  was  ban- 
ished. He  was  a  presidential  candidate  in  1894.  He  over- 
threw C&ceres  in  1895,  and  was  president  until  Sept., 
1899. 

Pierpont  (per'pont),  John.  Bom  at  Litchfield, 
Conn.,  April  6,  1785:  died  at  Medford,  Mass., 
Aug.  27, 1866.  An  Americanpoet  and  Unitarian 
clergyman.  He  published  "Airs  of  Palestine" 
(1816),  and  other  poems. 

Pierre  (pe-ar').  A  city,  the  capital  of  South 
Dakota,  situated  in  the  center  of  the  State,  at 
the  junction  of  Bad  Eiver  with  the  Missouri. 
Population  (1900),  2,306. 

Pierre.  One  of  the  principal  characters  in  Ot- 
way's  "Venice  Preserved":  a  conspirator,  a 
"fine  gay  bold-fac'd  -villain." 

Pierreionds  (i)yar-f6n').  A  village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Oise,  Prance,  9  miles  east  of  Com- 
pi&gne.  The  ch&teau  is  a  huge  castle  built  by  the  Duke  of 
Orleans  in  1390,  and  completely  restored  by  Napoleon  III. 
It  is  approximately  rectangular  in  plan,  with  high  battle- 
mented  walls  and  roofs  flanked  by  8  great  cylindrical  cone- 
roofed  towers  over  100  feet  high.  Within  the  inclosure 
the  buildings  surround  an  extremely  picturesque  courts 
on  one  side  of  which  rises  the  Florid  chapeL  In  the  in- 
terior the  polychrome  decoration  of  many  of  the  apart- 
ments has  been  renewed,  and,  together  with  the  sculpture, 
the  great  fireplaces,  and  all  the  arrangements  for  medie- 
val life  and  warfare,  composes  a  unique  picture.  * 

Pierre  Pertuis  (pyar  per-tUe').  [F.,  'pierced 
rock.']  A  remarkable  hollow  passage  in  the 
Jura,  Switzerland,  22  miles  northwest  of  Bern. 

Pierrepont  (per'pont),  Edwards.  Bom  at" 
North  Haven,  Conn.,  March  4, 1817 :  died  at  New 
York,  March  6, 1892.  An  American  lawyer  and 
poUtieian.  He  was  attorney-general  1875-76, 
and  United  States  minister  to  Great  Britain 
1876-77. 

Pierrot  (pyer-ro').  Atypical characterinPrench 
pantomime.  He  dresses  in  loose  white  clothes  with 
enormous  white  buttons,  and  his  face  is  whitened ;  he  is  a 
gourmand  and  thief,  capable  of  every  crime,  incapable 
of  a  good  action,  and  absolutely  without  moral  sense. 
The  present  Pierrot  was  created  by  Gaspard  Deburau  under 
the  Restoration ;  previous  to  this  he  had  been  a  gayer  and 
more  insignificant  personage,  a  cross  between  a  fool  and 
an  ingenu.    Larorisse. 

Piers  Plowman.    See  Vision  of  Piers  Plowman. 

Piers  Plo-vnuan's  Crede.  A  satirical  allitera- 
tive poem,  after  the  style  of  "  The  Vision  of 
Piers  Plowman,"  written  about  1394.  See  Plow- 
man's Tale. 

Pieta,  (pe-a-ta').  [It., 'pity.']  A  title  of  numer- 
ous pictures,  bas-reliefs,  etc.,  representing  the 
compassionate  lamentation  of  the  Virgin  and 
other  women  over  the  body  of  Christ  after  the 
descent  from  the  cross,  (a)  a  painting  by  VanDyck, 
in  the  old  Pinakothek  at  Munich.  The  body  of  Christ  lies 
on  some  drapery  spread  on  the  ground,  the  head  and 
shoulders  supported  by  the  Virgin.  The  cross  is  behind, 
and  at  the  left  are  three  mourning  angels.  (6)  A  vigorous 
painting  by  Andrea  del  Sarto  (about  1518),  in  the  Imperial 
Gallery  at  Vienna.  Christ's  body  lies  on  outspread  yellow 
drapery,  mourned  over  by  the  weeping  Virgin ;  an  angel 
supports  the  head,  and  another  holds  the  accessories  of 
the  passion,  (o)  A  painting  by  Van  Dyok  (1628),  in  the  mu- 
seum at  Antwerp,  Belgium.  The  Virgin  holds  on  her  lap 
the  head  of  the  dead  Christ,  whose  face  is  dra-wn  with  suf- 
fering. St.  John  points  out  the  wound  in  one  hand  to  twc 


"Pietk 

grieving  angela.  (d)  The  masterpiece  of  Quentin  Massys 
(1609),  in  the  museum  at  Antwerp,  Belgium^  It  Is  a  trip- 
tych. On  the  chief  panel  Christ  is  seen  borne  to  the  tomb, 
supported  by  Joseph  of  Arimathea  and  St.  John.  The 
Virgin  Isneels  by  the  body,  and  near  her  stand  the  Mag- 
dalen, St.  John,  and  Mary  Salome.  The  drawing  is  some- 
what rigid  in  the  effort  to  attain  anatomiaal  exactness. 
On  the  side  panels  are  painted  the  martyrdoms  of  St  John 
the  Baptist  and  St.  John  the  Evangelist. 

Fietermaritzburg  (pe-ter-mar'its-borg),  almost 
always  called  Maritzburg  (mar'its-lDorg).  The 
capital  of  Natal,  South  Africa,  situated  47  miles 
noi'thwestof Burban.  Population (1891),  17,500. 

Piety  in  Fattens,  or  the  Handsome  House- 
maid. A  puppet-show  droll,  produced  by  Foote 
in  1773,  played  by  excellently  contrived  pup- 
pets. 

Pigafetta  (pe-ga-fet'ta),  Antonio.  Bom  at  Vi- 
cenza,  1491 :  died,  probably  at  the  same  place, 
about  1534.  An  Italian  traveler.  He  went  to  Spain 
in  the  suite  of  the  papal  nuncio  in  1510 ;  received  per- 
mission to  accompany  Fern^o  de  Magalhaestothe  Moluc- 
cas ;  sailed  in  the  Victoria,  Sept.  20, 1519 ;  and  was  one  of 
those  who  returned  to  Spain  in  that  vessel,  Sept.,  1522, 
after  the  first  voyage  round  the  world.  (See  Magalheiet 
and  Cano.)  Pigafetta  wrote  for  Charley  V.  an  account  of 
the  voyage,  which  was  quickly  published  in  several  lan- 
guages. A  longer  manuscript  which  he  prepared  was  dis- 
covered in  the  library  of  Milan  and  published. in  1800  as 
"  Primo  viaggio  intorno  al  globo  terracqueo." 

Pigalle (pe-gal'),  JeanBaptiste.  BomatParis, 
Jan.  26,  1714:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  20,  1785.  A 
French  sculptor.  His  best  work  is  a  mauso- 
leum of  Marshal  Saxe  in  Strasburg. 

Figmalion.    See  Pygmalion. 

Pigmies,    Ses  Pygmies. 

Pignerol.    See  Pinerolo. 

Pignotti  (pen-yot'te),  Lorenzo.  Born  in  Tus- 
cany, 1739 :  died  at  Pisa,  1812.  An  Italian  phy- 
sician, historian,  and  fabulist.  He  was  made  his- 
toriographer of  the  kingdom  of  Etruria  in  1801,  and  rector 
of  the  University  of  Pisa  in  1809.  Among  Ms  works  are 
"La  Felicity  dell'  Austria  e  della  Toscana"  (1791),  his 
"Fables"  (1779),  which  are  popular  in  Italy,  and  other 
poems. 

Pigott  (pig'ot)  Diamond,  The.  A  famous 
diamond  brought  to  England  by  Earl  Pigott. 
It  weighed  49  carats,  and  was  thought  to  be 
worth  about  $200,000. 

Pigwiggen  (pig-wig'en).  Af airy knightin  Dray- 
ton's "Nymphidia."  He  has  a  combat  with  Oberon, 
who  is  jealous  of  him  and  his  love  for  Queen  Mab.  The 
name  is  also  given  to  a  constable  mentioned  in  "  Selimus," 
a  tragedy,  probably  by  Eobert  Greene,  published  in  1694. 

Fijaos  (pe-Ha'6s).  An  Indian  tribe  of  New 
Grranada  (Colombia)  which,  at  the  time  of  the 
conquest,  was  numerous  and  powerful  near  Po- 
payan,  on  the  rivers  Cauca  and  Neyva.  They 
were  little  advanced  in  civilization.  The  Pijaos  were  ap- 
parently related  to  the  modern  Faniquitas  and  Paea  or 
Faezes :  the  latter  are  sometimes  called  Fijaos. 

Pike  (pik),  Albert.  Born  at  Boston,  Dec.  29, 
1809:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  April  2,  1891. 
An  American  lawyer  and  author.  After  engaging 
for  some  time  in  journalism,  he  began  the  practice  of  law 
in  Arkansas  about  1886,  and  obtained  much  business  as 
counsel  for  the  Indiana  in  their  sale  of  lands  to  the  Fed- 
eralgovernment.  He  commanded  a  squadron  of  Arkansas 
volunteer  cavalry  during  the  Mexican  war  ;  was  appointed 
Indian  commissioner  of  the  Confederate  government  at 
the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War ;  and  obtained  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general  in  the  Confederate  army.  He  practised 
law  at  Washington  from  about  1868-80.  He  published 
"Prose  Sketches  and  Poems "(1831X  etc. 

Pike,  Austin  Franklin.  Bom  at  Hebron,  N.H., 
Oct. ,  1819 :  died  at  FrankHn,  N.  H.,  Oct.  8, 1886. 
An  American  politician.  He  was  Republican  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  New  Hampshire  1873-76,  and  United 
States  senator  1383-86. 

:Pike,  Zebulon  Montgomery.  Bom  in  New 
Jersey,  Jan.  5, 1779 :  killed  in  the  assault  on  York 
(Toronto),  Canada,  April  27, 1818.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  As  c<2mmander  of  an  exploring  expedi- 
tion he  visited  Pike's  Peak  (later  named  from  him)  in  1806. 
He  commanded  the  attack  on  York  in  1813. 

Pike's  Peak  (piks  pek)\  [Named  from  General 
Z.  M.  Pike.}  One  of  the  highest  summits  of  the 
Eocky  Mountains,  situated  in  Colorado  70  miles 
south  by  west  of  Denver,  it  was  visited  by  z.  M. 
Pike  in  1806.  Height,  14,147  feet.  A' mountain  railway  up 
Pike's  Peak  from  Manitou  was  apened  in  1891. 

Filat  (pe-la'),  Mont.  One  of  the  chief  sum- 
mits of  the  mountains  of  Lyonnais,  northern 
C6vennes,  France.    Height,  4,705  feet. 

Pilate  (pi'lat),L.  Pontius  Filatus.  [Gr.  n<Wiof 
JlfWoc.]  Lived  in  the  flrit  half  of  the  1st  cen- 
tury A.  D.  A  Roman  procurator  of  Judea, 
Idumea,  and  Samaria  26-36  a.  d.  He  tried  and 
condemned  CHirist.    He  is  the  subject  of  many  legends. 

Pilate,  Axcll  of.  An  arch  in  Jerusalem  which 
spans  the  Via  Dolorosa.  It  has  been  venerated  by 
pilgrims  since  the  middle  ages,  but  is  held  to  be  in  fact 
the  remains  of  a  triumphal  arch  of  the  time  of  Hadrian. 

Pilate's  Staircase.    See  Scata  Santa. 

-Filatus  (pe-la't6s).  Mount.  A  mountain  on  the 
border  of  the  cantons  of  Lucerne  and  TJnter- 
walden,  Switzerland,  7  miles  south-southwest 


807 

of  Lucerne.  It  Is  a  much  frequented  tourist  resort,  and 
is  ascended  by  a  mountain  railway.  Height  of  highest 
peak  (the  Tomlishorn),  6,998  feet. 

Filaya  (pe-li'a).  A  right-hand  tributary  of  the 
Pilcomayo,  in  Bolivia.  Length,  about  500  miles. 

Pilcomayo  (pel-ko-mi'o).  A  river  rising  in 
southern  Bolivia  and  flowing  through  the  Gran 
Chaco,  where  it  separates  western  Paraguay 
from  the  Argentine  Kepublie.  it  is  the  longest 
branch  of  the  Paraguay,  which  it  joins  opposite  Asuncion. 
In  the  Chaco  it  is  very  crooked  and  shallow,  and  obstructed 
by  sand-bars ;  the  lower  portion  is  brackish.  Many  vain 
attempts  have  been  made  to  explore  it,  with  the  object  of 
opening  a  route  to  Bolivia:  a  scheme  now  generally 
believed  to  be  impracticable.  The  French  explorer  Cre- 
vaux,  who  tried  to  ascend  the  river  in  1882,  was  killed  by 
the  Indians,  with  all  his  party,  length  unknown  (prob- 
ably about  1,400  miles). 

Pilgrim,  The.  1.  Aplay  by  Fletcher,  produced 
at  court  in  1621  and  printed  in  1647.  In  1700 
Sir  JohnVanbrugh  produced  an  alteration  which 
was  revived  in  1812. —  2.  A  tragedy  by  Thomas 
Killigrew,  printed  in  1664. 

Pilgrimage  of  Ghrace.  An  insurrection  in  York- 
shire andLineolnshirel536-37,headedby  Eobert 
Aske.  It  was  occasioned  by  the  ecclesiastical  and  political 
reforms  of  Henry  VIII.  The  rebels  occupied  York,  where 
they  were  joined  by  the  Archbishop  of  York.  Their  number 
having  increased  to  30,000,  they  proceeded  to  Doncaster, 
where  they  were  induced  to  disband  by  the  representations 
of  the  royal  commissioners.  Finding  themselves  deceived, 
they  rose  again  under  Sir  Francis  Bigod.  Martial  law  was 
declared  in  the  north,  and  the  rising  was  suppressed  with 
great  severity. 

Pilgrim  Fathers,  The.  The  founders  of  Ply- 
mouth Colony,  Massachusetts,  in  1620. 

Pilgrims,  Chaucer's.    See  Canterbury  Tales. 

Pilgrims  of  the  Bhine.  A  descriptive  work  by 
Bulwer,  published  in  1834. 

Pilgrim's  Progress,  The.  A  famous  allegory,by 
John  Bunyan,  which  recounts  the  adventures 
of  the  hero  Christian  in  journeying  from  the 
City  of  Destruction  to  the  heavenly  Jerusalem. 
It  was  conrposed  while  Bunyan  was  in  prison,  between 
1660  and  1672.  The  first  part  was  printed  in  1678.  A  sec- 
ond part  (1684)  narrates  the  similar  travels  of  Cliristiana, 
Christian's  wife. 

Pilgrim's  Tale,  The.  A  poem  thought  by 
Thynne  to  have  been  Chaucer's.  He  printed  It, 
but  it  was  not  published,  being  objected  to  by  the  bishops. 
It  was  lost,  apparently ;  and,  attention  having  been  directed 
to  it,  it  was  searched  for  in  vain  for  over  two  hundred 
years.  Tyrwhitt  found  part  of  it,  examined  it,  and  it  dis- 
appeared again .  At  length  it  was  rediscovered  and  printed 
by  the  Chaucer  Society.  It  was  found  to  be  by  some  one 
acquainted  with  Chaucer's  work,  but  writing  after  1532. 
Loumbury. 

Pillars  of  Hercules.  In  ancient  geography, 
the  two  opposite  promontories  Calpe  (Gibraltar) 
in  Europe  and  Abyla  in  Africa,  situated  at  the 
eastern  extremity  of  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar, 
sentinels,  as  it  were,  at  the  outlet  from  the  Med- 
iterranean into  the  unknown  Atlantic.  Accord- 
ing to  one  of  several  explanations  of  the  name,-  they  were 
supposed  to  have  been  torn  asunder  by  Hercules.  Com- 
pare MelTcarth. 

Fillau  (pil'lou).  A  seaport,  fortress,  and  wa- 
tering-place in  the  province  of  East  Prussia, 
Prussia,  situated  at  the  entrance  to  the  Prisches 
Haff,  25  miles  west  of  Kouigsberg. 

Fillnitz  (pil'nits).  A  royal  Saxon  castle,  situ- 
ated on  the  Elbe  6  miles  southeast  of  Dresden. 

Fillnitz,  Convention  of,  A  meetii^  at  Pillnitz 
in  Aug.,  1791,  between  the  emperor  Leopold  II., 
Frederick  William  II.  of  Prussia,  and  the  Comte 
d'Artois  (later  Charles  X.  of  France).  Theyissued 
a  declaration  hostile  to  the  French  Eevolutlon,  which 
formed  the  basis  of  the  first  coalition  against  France. 

fillow,  Fort.  See  Fort  Pillow.  . 
illow  (pil'o),  Grideon  Johnson.  Bom  in  Wil- 
liamson County,  Tenn.,  June  8,  1806 :  died  in 
Lee  County,  Aik.,  Oct.  6,  1878.  An  American 
general .  He  served  with  distinction  first  as  a  brigadier- 
general  and  afterward  as  a  major-general  of  volunteers  in 
the  Mexican  war,  at  the  close  of  which  he  resumed  the 
practice  of  law  in  Tennessee.  He  became  abrigadier-gen- 
eral  in  the  Confederate  army  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
War ;  commanded  under  General  Leonidas  Polk  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Belmont,  Missouri,  Nov.  7,  1861;  and  was  second  in 
command  under  General  John  B.  Floyd  at  Fort  Donelson 
in  Feb.,  1862,  when  he  escaped  with  his  chief,  leaving  Gen- 
eral Buckner  to  surrender  the  post  to  General  Grant. 

Pilot  Knob  (pi'lgt  nob).  A  hill  consisting  al- 
most entirely  of  iron  ore,  situated  73  miles  south 
by  west  of  St.  Louis. 

Piloty  (pe-16'te),  Ferdinand.  Bom  at'Munich, 
Oct.  9, 1828:  died  there,  Deo.  21, 1895.  A  genre 
and  historical  painter,  brother  of  Karl  von 
Piloty,  whose  style  influenced  him.  He  was  an 
honorary  member  of  the  Munich  Academy. 

Piloty,  Karl  von.  Bom  at  Munich,  Oct.  1, 1826 : 
died  at  Munich,  July  21,  1886.  A  noted  Ger- 
man historical  painter,  professor  in  the  Munich 
Academy  from  1858,  and  its  director  after 
1874.  Among  his  paintmgs  are  "  Seni  before  the  Body  of 
Wallenstem,"  "  Nero  on  the  Ruins  of  Home,"  "Columbus 


Pinchwife,  Mr. 

as  Discoverer  of  America,"  "Galileo  in  Prison,"  "Death 
of   Caesar"  "Triumph  of  Germanious," etc. 

Filpay  (pil'pi),  orBidpai  (bid'pi).  "The  Fa- 
bles of  Pilpay "  is  the  altemative  title  of  "  Kali- 
lah  and  Dimuah,"  the  Arabic  translation  of  the 
Pahlavi  translation  of  the  Sanskrit  original  of 
the  Panohatantra.  See  Kalilah  and  Dimnali. 
According  to  the  Arabic  introduction,  Dabshelim  was  the 
first  king  of  the  Indian  restoration  after  the  fall  of  the 
governor  appointed  by  Alexander  B.  o.  326,  and  was  very 
wicked.  To  reclaim  him,  a  Brahman  has  recourse  to  par- 
able. This  wise  man  is  called  in  Arabic  bidbah,  and  in 
Syriac  bidvag.  These  words  Benfey  traces  through  the 
Pahlavi  to  the  Sanskrit  vidyapati,  'master  of  sciences.' 
Accordingly  bidbah,  which  has  become  Bidpai  or  Pilpay 
in  modem  books,  is  not  a  proper  name,  but  an  appellative 
applied  to  the  chief  pandit  or  court  scholar  of  an  Indian 
prince.  La  Fontaine  tells  us  that  he  owes  most  of  his  new 
material  to  Filpay,  the  Indian  sage.  R^gnier's  edition  of 
La  Fontaine  gives  references  to  the  Indian  sources. 

Pilsen  (pil'sen).  A  city  in  Bohemia,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Mies  and  Eadbusa,  in  lat. 
49°  45'  N.,  long.  13°  23'  E.  it  is  the  second  city  of 
Bohemia;  has  various  manufactures;  and  is  especially 
famous  for  the  manufacture  and  export  of  Filsener  beer. 
It  was  stormed  by  Mansfeld  in  1618,  and  was  one  of  the 
scenes  of  the  conspiracy  of  Wallenstein  in  1634.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  commune,  60,221. 

Pim  (pim),  Bedford  Clapperton  Trevelyan. 

Bom  at  Bideford,  England,  June  12,  1826:  died 
at  London.  Oct.  1,  1886.  An  English  admiral. 
He  entered  the  navy  in  1842 ;  took  part  in  the  Franklin 
search-expedition  which  sailed  under  Sir  E.  Belcher  in 
1862 ;  commanded  a  gunboat  on  the  Baltic  during  the  Cri- 
mean war ;  and  in  1860  protected  Nicaragua  against  the 
filibusters.  He  was  promoted  captain  in  1868,  and  retired 
in  1870.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in 
1873,  and  was  a  Conservative  member  of  Parliament  1874- 
1880.    He  wrote  "The  Gate  of  the  Pacific  "  (1863),  etc. 

Pima(pe'ma).  [PI.,  also Pmas.]  Anagricultu- 
ral  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  residing 
on  reservations  in  the  Salado  and  Gila  valleys, 
southern  Arizona.  Number,  4,464.  Also  called  {TjHMr 
Pima  or  (Sp.)  Pima  Alta,  in  contradistinction  to  Pmui 
Baja  or  Nevome.    See  Piman. 

Pima  Eaja.    See  Nevome. 

Piman  (pe'man).  A  linguistic  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  it  embraces  the  following  divi- 
sions:  Fima  (from  which  the  stock  was  named),  Papago, 
Sobait)uri,  Nevome  or  Lower  Pima,  Opata,  Tarahumar,  Ca^ 
hita,  Cora,  and  Tepehuan.  Their  habitat  extends  from 
the  Salado  and  Gila  rivers  in  southern  Arizona  over  a 
vast  area  in  northwestern  Mexico,  including  the  greater 
portion  of  the  territory  embraced  by  the  states  of  Sonora, 
Chihuahua,  Sinaloa,  and  Durango,  and  parts  of  Jalisco  and 
Zacatecas.  Accordingto  some  authorities  the  Fiman  stock 
as  here  recognized  forms  but  part  of  a  linguistic  group 
embracing  the  Shoshonean,  Piman,  and  Aztec  or  Nahuatl 
tribes.    Estimated  number,  85,000. 

Pimlico  (pim'li-ko).  A  part  of  Westminster, 
London,  situated  2J  miles  west-southwest  of 
St.  Paul's. 

Pinafore  (pin'a-for),  H.  M.  S.  A  comic  opera 
by  Sullivan,  words  by  W.  S.  (Gilbert,  produced 
in  1878. 

Finakothek  (pin'a-ko-thek ;  G.  pron.  pe-na-ko- 
tak').  [(}.,  from  Gr.  mvanoO^nTi,  a  picture-gal- 
lery.] In  modem  use,  an  art  gallery.  The  most 
celebrated  galleries  so  named  are  the  two  in  Munich,  con- 
taining collections  of  pictures  and  other  works  of  art. 

Final  Coyotero  (pe-nal'  ko-yo-te'ro),  or  Tonto 
Apache  (ton'to  a-pa'che).  One  of  the  sub- 
tribes  of  the  Gileno  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians.  They  are  distinct  from  the  Pinaleno 
or  Tchikuu  and  the  White  Mountain  Coyotero. 
See  Giletlo. 

Pinar  del  Rio  (pe-nar'  del  re  '6),f  ormerly  Nueva 
Filipina.  A  city  of  western  Cuba,  100  miles 
west-southwest  of  Havana,  it  is  the  center  of  trade 
for  the  tobacco  district  called  Vuelta  Abajo.  Population 
(1899),  8,880. 

Finch  (pinch).  A  schoolmaster  in  Shakspere's 
"  Comedy  of  Errors." 

Finch,  Euth.  In  Dickens's  novel  "Martin  Chuz- 
zlewit,"  a  pretty  little  body,  unreasonably  grate- 
ful to  the  Pecksniffs  for.  their  patronage  of 
her  brother  Tom  Pinch. 

Finch,  Tom.  In  Dickens's  novel  "Martin  Chuz- 
zlewit,"  an  ungainly  kind-hearted  man  of  ster- 
ling qualities,  in  the  employment  of  Mr.  Peck- 
sniff. "  He  was  perhaps  about  thirty,  but  he 
might  have  been  almost  any  age  between  sixteen 
and  sixty." 

Finchback  (pineh'bak),  Pinckney  Benton 
Stewart.  Bom  at  Macon,  Ga.,  May  10,  1837. 
An  American  Eepublican  politician,  of  Airican 
descent.  He  was  elected  lieutenant-governor  of  Loui- 
wana  in  1871;  was  acting  governor  1872-73;  and  was 
elected  United  States  senator  from  Louisiana  in  1873,  but 
not  seated.    He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1886. 

Pinchbeck  (pinch'bek),  Christopher.  Died  in 
1732.  A  London  watchmaker.  He  invented  an 
alloy  which  resembled  gold,  much  used  in  cheap  jeweliy : 
hence  the  word  jiincASecl  applied  to  sham  or  spurious 
things. 

Pinchwife  (pineh'wif),  Mr.  In  Wycherley's 
comedy  "The  Country  Wife,"  the  anxious  hus- 


Pinchwife,  Mr. 

band  of  Mrs.  Marjory  Pincliwife,  the  "eoimtry 
wife,"  taken  by  Wycherley  from  MoliSre's  play 
"  L'!fioole  des  femmes."  Pinohwife  held  that  a  wo- 
man is  innocent  in  proportion  to  her  lack  of  knowledge ; 
and  his  attempt  to  keep  his  wife  in  a  state  of  ignorance 
met  with  the  success  it  deserved.  Marjory  is  the  original 
of  Congreve's  Miss  Prue  and  of  Vanbrugh's  Hoyden.  She 
is  also  the  Peggy,  and  Mr.  Pinchwife  the  Moody,  of  Gar- 
rick's  "Country  Girl." 

Pincian  Hill  (pin'sM-an  Ml),  L.  Mons  Pincius 
(monz  pin'shi-us),  It.  Monte  Pincio  (mon'te 
pen'eho).  A  hill  in  the  northern  part  of  Eome, 
extending  in  a  long  ridge  east  from  the  Tiber. 
It  was  not  one  of  the  Seven  Hills,  though  separated  by  but 
a  narrow  interval  from  the  Quirinal.  In  antiquity,  as  at 
the  present  day,  it  was  noted  for  its  beautiful  gardens. 
The  superb  view  from  It  toward  St.  Peter's  is  famous. 

Pinckney  (pingk'ni),  Charles.  Bom  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C.,  1758:  died  there,  Oct.  29,  1824.  An 
American  politician.  HewasamemberoftheConsti- 
tutional  Convention  in  1787  ;  governor  of  South  Carolina 
1789-92, 1796-98,  and  1806-08 ;  United  States  senator  1798- 
1801 ;  United  States  minister  to  Spain  1802-05 ;  and  mem- 
ber of  Congress  1819-21. 

Pinckney,  Charles  Cotesworth.  Born  at 
Charleston,  S.  C,  Feb.  25, 1746 :  died  there,  Aug. 
16, 1825.  An  American  statesman  and  soldier  in 
the  Eevolutionary  War.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Constitutional  Convention  in  1787 ;  special  envoy  to  France 
(in  the  "  X.  Y.  Z.  Mission  ")  1796-97 ;  and  unsuccessful  Fed- 
eralist candidate  for  Vice-President  in  1800,  and  for  Presi- 
dent in  1804  and  1808. 

Pinckney,  Henry  Laurens.  Bom  at  Charles- 
ton, S.C.,  Sept.  24,1794:  diedthere,  Feb.  3, 1863. 
An  American  politician,  journalist,  and  writer: 
son  of  Charles  Pinckney.  He  was  Democratic  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  South  Carolina  1833-37.  He  founded 
the  Charleston  "Mercury"in  1819,  and  was  long  its  editor. 

Pinckney,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Charleston,  S.  C, 
Oct.  23, 1750 :  died  at  Charleston,  Nov.  2, 1828. 
An  American  statesman  and  soldier  in  the  Eev- 
olutionary War:  brother  of  C.  C.  Pinckney.  He 
was  governor  of  South  Carolina  1787-89 ;  United  States 
minister  to  Great  Britain  1792-94,  and  to  Spain  1794-96 ; 
a  Federalist  candidate  for  the  presidency  1796 ;  and  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  South  Carolina  1797-1801. 

Pindar  (pin'dar).  [L.  Pindarus,  Gr.  TUvSapog.'] 
Born  at  Cynoscephalae,  near  Thebes,  Greece, 
about  522  b.  c:  died  at  Argos,  443  b.  c.  The 
greatest  of  the  Greek  lyric  poets.  He  resided  chiefly 
at  Thebes,  but  spent  about  four  years  at  the  court  of  Hie- 
ron  in  Syracuse.  Little  is  known  of  his  life.  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

The  remains  of  Pindar's  work  represent  almost  evei-y 
kind  of  lyric  poem.  The  fragments  may  be  classified  as 
follows :  1.  Hymns  to  Persephone,  to  Fortune,  and  in  praise 
of  Thebes  and  its  gods.  2.  Paans  to  Apollo  of  Delphi  and 
Zeus  of  Dodona.  3.  Choral  dithyrambs  to  Dionysus.  4.  Pro- 
cessional songs,  for  the  people  of  Delos  and  of  .ffigina.  5. 
Choral  songs  for  maidens:  one  addressed  to  "Pan,  lord  of 
Arcadia,  watcher  of  the  awful  shrine  "(of  Cybele).  6.  Choral 
dance-songs  —  "  hyporchemes,"  as  the  Greeks  called  them 
— in  which  the  words  were  accompanied  by  a  lively  dance  or 
pantomime  expressive  of  the  action ;  they  arose  from  the 
early  Cretan  war-dances,  and  were  used  especially  in  the 
worship  of  Apollo,  as  a  relief  to  the  solemn  psean.  One 
of  these  was  written  for  the  Thebans,  and  was  connected 
with  a  propitiatory  rite  following  an  eclipse  of  the  sun, 
probably  in  463  B.  c.  7.  Encomia  :  laudatory  odes  (in  praise 
of  men,  and  thus  distinguished  from  hymns  in  praise  of 
gods)  sung  by  the  festive  troop  or  comus.  8.  Scolia:  fes- 
tive songs  to  be  sung  at  banquets  by  a  comvs  or  festive 
troop.  9.  Dirges,  to  be  sung  to  the  flute,  with  choral  dance. 
Besides  the  fragments,  we  have  forty-four  complete  Epi- 
nicia,  or  Odes  of  Victory,  in  which  Pindar  celebrated  vic- 
tories in  great  national  games.  Fourteen  odes  belong  to 
the  games  at  Olympia,  held  once  in  four  years :  the  prize 
was  a  wreath  of  wild  olive.  Twelve  odes  belong  to  the 
Pythian  games,  held  at  Delphi,  in  honour  of  Apollo,  once 
in  four  years,  in  the  3rd  year  of  each  Olympiad :  the  prize 
was  a  wreath  of  laurel.  Seven  odes  belong  to  the  Nemean 
games,  held  at  Nemea,  in  honour  of  Zeus,  once  in  two  years, 
the  2nd  and  4th  of  each  Olympiad :  the  prize  was  a  wreath 
of  pine.  Eleven  odes  belong  to  the  Isthmian  games,  held 
at  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth,  in  honour  of  Poseidon,  once  in 
two  years,  in  the  1st  and  Srd  years  of  each  Olympiad ;  the 
prize  was  a  wreath  of  parsley.  Among  all  these  odes  of 
which  the  dates  can  be  fixed,  the  earliest  is  the  10th  Pyth- 
ian, in  502  B.  0.;  the  latest,  the  5tb  Olympian,  in  452  B.  C. 
Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  66. 

Pindar,  Peter.  The  pseudonym  of  John  Wol- 
cott. 

Pindarees  (pin-dar'ez),  or  Pindarries,  or  Pin- 
dharies.  [Hind.,  'plunderers.']  A  horde  of 
mounted  robbers  in  India,  notorious  for  their 
atrocity  and  rapacity.  They  first  appeared  about 
the  end  of  the  17th  century,  and  infested  the  possessions 
of  the  East  India  Company  and  the  surrounding  country 
in  the  18th  century.  They  were  disorderly  and  mercenaiy 
horsemen,  organized  for  indiscriminate  raiding  and  loot- 
ing. They  were  dispersed  in  1818  by  the  Marquis  of  Hast- 
ings, then  governor-general. 

Pindus  (pin'dus).  [Gr.  JlivSog.']  A  range  of 
mountains  in  Greece,  between  Thessaly  on  the 
east  and  Epirus  on  the  west,  extending  north 
to  about  lat.  39°  N.  Greatest  height,  7,665 
feet. 

Pine  Bluff  (pin  bluf).  The  capital  of  Jefferson 
Coimty,  Arkansas,  situated  on  the  Arkansas  38 
miles  south-southeast  of  Little  Eook.  It  exports 
cotton.    Population  (1900),  11,496. 


808 

Pinega  (pe-na-ga').  A  river  in  northern  Russia 
which  joins  the  Dwiua  50  miles  southeast  of 
Archangel.    Length,  300  to  350  miles. 

Pine  (pin)  Islands.  A  group  of  the  Florida 
Keys,  situated  northeast  of  Key  West. 

Pinel  (pe-nel'),  Philippe.  Bom  at  St.-Andr6, 
Tam,  France,  April  20,  1745 :  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  25,  1826.  A  French  physician,  director  of 
the  insane  asylum  at  BicStre  (1791)  and  the 
Salpetrifere  (1794) :  noted  for  the  improvements 
which  he  effected  in  the  treatment  of  the  in- 
sane. He  wrote  "  Nosographie  philosophique  " 
(1798),  etc. 

Pinelo  (pe-na'16),  Antonio  de  Leon.  Bom 
probably  at  C6raoba,  now  in  the  Argentine 
Eepublio,  about  1590:  died  at  Seville,  Spain, 
about  1675.  A  Spanish  lawyer  and  author.  He 
was  judge  of  the  tribunal  of  the  Casa  de  Oontratacion  at 
Seville,  and  historical  secretary  of  the  Council  of  the  In- 
dies. In  1637  he  was  appointed  royal  historiographer. 
Employed  to  codify  the  colonial  laws,  he  completed,  in 
1636,  his  "  Recopilacion  general  de  laaleyes  de  las  Indias," 
made  authoritative  by  royal  order  in  1680,  and  published 
in  1681  (Madrid,  4  vols.).  It  was  several  times  revised. 
Pinelo  also  published  various  works  on  America  and  on 
colonial  law ;  a  life  of  Toribio,  Archbishop  of  Lima(16S3) ; 
and  "Biblioteca  Oriental  y  Occidental,  nautica  y  geogrj^ 
fica"  (Madrid,  1629) :  the  first  bibliography  of  the  Spanish 
colonies.  There  is  a  revised  edition  by  Gonzalez  de  Barcia 
(3  vols.  1737-38). 

Pinerolo(pe-n6-ro'16),F.Pignerol(pen-ye-r6r). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Turin,  Italy,  22 
miles  southwest  of  Turin.  It  was  taken  from  Savoy 
by  Francis  I.  of  France,  and  held  until  1574;  and  was 
again  taken  by  the  French  about  1630,  and  held  as  an  im- 
portant fortress  until  the  close  of  the  century.  Population 
(1880),  12,281 ;  commune,  17,492. 

Pinerolo,  Pacification  of.  A  treaty  concluded 
by  the  English  Commonwealth  under  Cromwell 
with  France  in  1655,  providing  for  the  cessation 
of  the  Waldensian  persecution  by  the  Duke  of 
Savoy. 

Pines  (pinz).  Isle  of,  Sp.  Isla  de  Pinos  (es'la 
da  pe'nos).  Ah  island  of  the  West  Indies, 
formerly  belonging  to  Spain,  situated  40  miles 
south  of  the  western  part  of  Cuba,  of  which  it 
was  a  political  dependency.  Chiei  place, 
Nueva  Gerona.  it  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1494, 
and  was  long  notorious  as  a  resort  of  pirates.  Area,  1,214 
square  miles.    Population,  about  2,G00. 

Pines,  Isle  of,  F.  Tie  des  Pins  (el  da  pan).  A 
small  island,  a  French  penal  station,  situated 
in  the  South  Pacific  southeast  of  New  Cale- 
donia. 

Pine-tree  State.  The  State  of  Maine :  so  called 
from  the  pin.e-tree  in  its  coat  of  arms. 

Ping  Yang.    See  Pieng-an. 

Pinini  (pe-ne-ne').  [A  corruption  of  the  Sp.  Pyg- 
mAos,  pygmies  or  dwarfs.]  The  name  given  by 
some  of  the  Pueblo  Indians  to  a  mythical  tribe 
of  small  men  who  are  said  to  have  invaded  some 
of  the  Pueblo  villages  in  the  times  long  previous 
to  the  Spanish  occupation.  The  tale  may  be  a  mod- 
em adaptation  of  classical  mythological  legends  to  Indian 
tradition. 

Pinkerton  (ping'ker-tou),  John.  Bom  at  Edin- 
burgh, Feb.  17,  1758:"  died  May  10,  1826.  A 
Scottish  historian,  antiquary,  andmiscellaneous 
writer.  He  published  "Two  Dithyrambio  Odes  on  En- 
thusiasm  and  Laughter"  (1782X  an  "Essay  on  Medals" 
(1784),  "Ancient  Scottish  Poems"  (1786),  a  "Dissertation 
on  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  the  Scythians  or  Goths" 
(1787),  "Enquiry  into  the  History  of  Scotland"  (1V90), 
"Iconographica  Scotica"  (1795-97),  etc. 

Pinkham  Notch  (ping'kam  noch).  A  pass  in 
the  White  Mountains  of  Sew  Hampshire,  lead- 
ing from  the  Glen  House  southward. 

Pinkie  (ping'M).  A  place,  about  6  miles  east 
of  Edinburgh,  where,  Sept.  10, 1547,  the  English 
under  thfe  protector  Somerset  totally  defeated 
the  Soots. 

Pinkney  (pingk'ni),  Edward  Coate.  Bom  at 
London,  1802:  died  at  Baltimore,  April  11, 1828. 
An  American  poet,  son  of  William  Pinkney.  He 
published  "Eodolph,  and  Other  Poems"  (1825), 
etc. 

Pinkney,  William.  Bom  at  Annapolis,  Md., 
March  17, 1764:  died  Feb.  25, 1822.  An  Ameri- 
can lawyer,  politician,  and  diplomatist.  He  was 
minister  to  Great  Britain  1806-11 ;  attorney-general  1811- 
1814 ;  member  of  Congress  from  Maryland  1816-10 ;  min- 
ister to  Naples  1816,  and  to  Russia  1816-18 ;  and  United 
States  senator  1820-22. 

Pinner  of  Wakefield,    See  George-a-Greene. 

Pino  (pe'no),  Joaquin  del.  Bom  about  1730: 
died  at  Buenos  Ayres,  April  11, 1804.  A  Span- 
ish soldier  and  administrator.  He  was  successively 
governor  of  Montevideo  (1773-76),  president  of  Charcas 
(1777)  and  of  Chile  (1800),  and  viceroy  of  La  Plata  from 
May  20, 1801. 

Pinos,  Isla  de.    See  Pines,  Isle  of. 

Pinsk  (pinsk).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Minsk,  Russia,  situated  among  marshes  on  the 
Pina,  140  miles  south-southwest  of  Minsk,    it  is 


Piombino 

an  important  center  of  river  transit  trads.    Population 
(1890),  32,480. 

Pinta  (pen'ta).  La.  One  of  the  smaller  vessels 
of  Columbus  on  his  first  voyage.  It  was  a  little 
larger  than  the  Nifia  (which  see),  and  was  commanded  by 
Martin  Alonso  Pinzon.    See  Piraon. 

Pinto.    See  Pdkawa. 

Pinto  (pen' to),  Anibal.  Bom  at  Santiago,  1825 : 
died  at  Valparaiso,  1884.  A  Chilean  statesman, 
son  of  General  F.  A.  Pinto.  He  was  a  moderate  lib- 
eral in  politics ;  was  minister  of  war  and  marine  under  Er- 
razuriz  1871-76,  and  succeeded  him  as  president  Sept.  18, 
187e,-Sept.  18, 1881.  Pinto  was  the  first  declared  liberal 
elected  to  the  presidency  after  1830.  During  his  term  the 
war  with  Bolivia  and  Peru  was  commenced  (1879).  See 
Pacific,  War  of  the. 

Pinto  (pen'ts),  Femao  Mendes.  Bom  near 
Coimbra,  Portugal,  about  1509:  died  near  Lis- 
bon, 1583.  A  Portugese  adventurer  and  trav- 
eler in  the  East  (China  and  Japan).  He  wrote 
an  account  of  his  travels  entitled  "Peregrina- 
^%o"  (1614). 

Pinto  (pen'to),  Francisco  Antonio.  Bom  at 
Santiago,  1785:  died  there,  July  18,  1858.  A 
Chilean  general  and  politician.  He  was  diplomatic 
agent  of  the  republic  at  Buenos  Ayres  and  in  England 
1811-17 ;  subsequently  served  with  distinction  in  Charcas 
1818-21,  and  in  Peru  1822-23 ;  and  was  minister  of  the  in- 
terior and  of  foreign  relations  in  1824.  Early  in  1827  he 
was  elected  by  congress  vice-president,  and  on  the  resigna. 
tion  of  Freire  became  president  May  8, 1827.  He  resigned 
in  July,  1829;  two  months  later  he  resumed  the  postjbya 
regular  election;  but,  a  revolution  being  imminent,  he 
again  resigned,  Nov.  2, 1829,  He  was  the  liberal  candidate 
for  the  presidency  in  1841,  , 

Pinto,  Serpa.    See  Serpa  Pinto. 

Pinturicchio  (pen-to-rek'ke-6)  (Bernardino  di 
Betti).  Born  at  Perugia,  Italy,  1454 :  died  at 
Siena,  Italy,  Sept.  11, 1513.  An  Italian  painter, 
of  the  school  of  Perugino :  noted  for  his  fres- 
cos and  panels.  Many  of  his  principal  works  are  at 
Eome(in  the  Vatican  and  Church  of  Sta.  Maria  del  Popolo) 
and  at  Siena. 

Pinzgau  (pints'gou).  The  upper  vallej^  of  the 
Salza,  in  Salzburg,  Austria-Himgary,  situated 
southwest  of  the  city  of  Salzburg.  It  is  divided 
into  the  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower  Pinzgau. 

Pinzon  (pen-thon'),  Francisco  Martin.  Bro- 
ther of  Martin  Alonso  Pinzon,  and  pilot  of  his 
vessel,  the  Pinta. 

Pinzon,  Martin  Alonso.  Bom  at  Palos  about 
1441:  died  there,  1493.  A  Spanish  navigator. 
He  was  the  head  of  a  family  of  ship-builders  in  Palos, 
and  had  made  many  voyages.  There  is  a  story  that.  In 
one  of  these,  in  a  French  ship,  he  was  driven  by  a  storm 
from  Africa  to  the  coast  of  Brazil ;  but  this  is  generally- 
discredited.  Another  story  is  that  he  found  in  Rome  an 
old  manuscript  which  he  gave  to  Columbus,  and  in  which 
it  was  stated  that  Asia  might  be  reached  by  sailing  west, 
ward.  It  is  more  probable  that  he  joined  Columbus  in 
his  voyage  of  1492  because  he  was  part  owner  of  the  Bmalle^ 
vessels.  He  commanded  the  Pinta.  In  Nov.,  1492,  he 
parted  company  with  Columbus  on  the  coast  of  Cuba ;  was 
the  first  to  discover  Haiti ;  and  rejoined  the  admii^  on 
the  coast  of  that  island,  Jan.  6, 1493.  Columbus  afterward 
asserted  that  he  had  deserted  with  the  intention  of  re- 
turning to  Spain.  During  the  return  voyage  the  Pinta  was 
separated  from  the  Nifia  in  a  storm,  Feb.  14,  and  eventu- 
ally reached  Bayona,  a  port  of  Galicia ;  thence  Pinzon 
sent  a  letter  to  the  sovereigns  with  an  account  of  the  dis- 
covery, and  sailed  on  to  Palos,  reaching  it  on  the  same  day 
as  Columbus  (March  l5).  His  death,  shortly  after,  is  said 
to  have  been  hastened  by  chagrin  because  Columbus  re- 
ceived the  honor  of  the  discovery. 

Pinzon,  Vicente  Yanez.  Bom  at  Palos  about 
1460:  died  there,  about  1524.  A  Spanish  navi- 
gator, brother  of  Martin  Alonso  Pinzon.  He 
commanded  the  Nifia  in  the  first  voyage  of  Columbus  in 
1492.  Early  in  Dec,  1499  (according  to  some,  Jan.  13, 
1600),  he  left  FaloB  in  command  of  four  exploring  ships ; 
crossed  the  equator,  being  the  first  Spanish  commander  to 
do  so ;  struck  the  coast  of  Brazil,  probably  near  Cape  St. 
Augustine ;  thence  followed  it  northward  and  northwest- 
ward, discovering  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon ;  and  after 
passing  between  Trinidad  and  tile  mainland,  and  touching 
at  Espaflola,  returned  to  Spain  in  Sept.,  1500.  Some  sup- 
pose that  Vespucci  was  with  him  on  this  voyage,  but  he 
was  probably  with  OJeda.  (See  Vespucci.)  In  1506  Pinzon 
was  associated  with  Soils  in  an  exploration  of  the  Gulf  of 
Honduras  and  a  small  portion  of  southeastern  Yucatan. 
In  1608  he  was  again  with  Soils  in  an  exploration  of  the 
eastern  coast  of  South  America,  from  Cape  St.  Augustine 
southward  probably  a«  far  as  lat.  40°.  See  Soli»,  Juan 
Diaz  de. 

Piojes  (pe-6-Has').  Indians  of  eastern  Ecuador 
(a  region  claimed  by  Colombia),  on  the  lower 
Napo  and  the  Putumayo  or  !<}&,.  Those  on  the 
former  river  are  often  called  Santa  Marias,  from  a  mission 
village  in  which  many  of  them  were  gathered ;  they  have 
no  knowledge  of  the  horde  on  the  Putumayo.  These  In- 
dians are  agriculturists,  skilful  canoemen  and  fishermen, 
and  industrious ;  they  are  friendly  to  the  whites,  but  main- 
tain a  semi-independence.  By  their  language  they  are 
generally  classed  with  the  Betoya  stock,  but  the  relation- 
ship is  doubtful. 

Piombino  (pe-om-be'no).  A  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Pisa,  Italy,  situated  on  a  promon- 
tory projecting  into  the  Mediterranean,  45  miles 
south  by  east  of  Leghorn,  and  opposite  Elba. 
Population  (1881),  commune,  4,076. 


Piombino,  Principality  of 

Piombino,  Principality  of.  A  former  small 
principality,  adjoining  and  including  the  town 
of  Piombino. 

Piombo  (pe-om'bo),  Pra  Sebastiano  del.  Born 
in  Venice  (?),  1485 :  died  at  Eome,  June  21, 1547. 
A  painter  of  the  Venetian  school.  His  real  name 
was  Luclani,  but  he  was  commonly  called  del  Piombo  from 
his  office  of  keeper  of  the  leaden  seals,  which  he  held  un- 
der Clement  VII.  and  Paul  III.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Gio- 
vanni Bellini,  and  afterward  of  Glorgione,  and  was  called  to 
Eome  about  1509  by  Agostino  Chigi  to  assist  in  decorating 
the  Famesina  with  f  rwcos.  Meantime  his  portraits  in  oil 
had  won  him  fame,  .^ong  the  best  of  this  period  are  the 
Bo-oalled  "  Fomarina  "  in  the  TJfflzi  at  Horence.  Piombo 
was  intimately  associated  with  Michelangelo,  and  is  said  to 
have  painted  the  "Resurrection  of  Lazarus  "  in  the  Kational 
Gallery,  London,  with  his  assistance.  In  1627  he  went  to 
Venice,  and  there  probably  painted  the  portrait  of  Andrea 
Doria,  now  in  the  Doria  Palace  at  Rome.  He  returned 
to  Borne  in  1529.  In  1531  he  became  keeper  of  the  seals 
and  an  ecclesiastic. 

Pioneers,  The.  A  story  by  James  Fenimore 
Cooper,  published  in  1823. 

Piotrkow  (pey-otr'kov),  Gr.  Petrikau  (pa'tre- 
kou) .  1 .  A  go  vemment  in  Eussian  Poland,  bor- 
dering on  Prussia.  Area,  4,729  square  miles. 
Population,  1,091,282.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  PiotrkoWjSituated  84 miles  south- 
west of  "Warsaw.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  Polish 
towns.    Population  (1884),  24,840. 

Piove  di  Sacco  (pe-o've  de  sak'ko).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Padua,  Italy,  18  mUes  southwest 
of  Venice.  Population  (1881),  5,137;  oommune, 
8,606. 

Piozzi  (pi-oz'i ;  It.  pron.  pe-ot'se),  Mrs.  (Hester 
Lynch  Salisbury:  Mrs.Thrale).  BomatBod- 
ville,  Carnarvonshire,  Jan.  27, 1741 :  died  at  Clif- 
ton, England,  May  2, 1821.  An  English  lady,  a 
friend  of  Dr.  Johnson,  she  was  well  educated  in 
Latin  and  Greek  and  the  modern  languages.  In  1763  she 
manied  Henry  Thrale,  a  brewer  of  Southwark.  In  1764 
she  met  Dr.  Johnson,  and  an  Intimacy  began  which  lasted 
for  20  years.  Mr.  Thrale  died  on  April  i,  1781,  and  on  July 
26, 1784,  she  married  Piozzi,  an  Italian  musician.  Her  anec- 
dotes of  and  correspondence  with  Dr.  Johnson  are  second 
in  interest  only  to  Boswell'a  "  Life." 

Pip  (pip)-  Nickname  of  Philip  Pirrip,  the  hero 
of  Dickens's  "  Great  Expectations." 

Pipchin  (pip'chin),  Mrs.  In  Dickens's  "  Dom- 
bey  and  Son,"  a  disagreeable  old  woman,  pro- 
prietress of  an  "infantine  boarding-house  of  a 
very  select  description"  at  Brighton,  where  lit- 
tle Paul  Dombey  was  sent  for  his  health. 

Piper  (pi'p6r),  Tom.  A  character  in  the  Eng- 
lish morris-danee. 

Piperno  (pe-per'no).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Bome,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Amaseno  47  miles 
southeast  of  Eome.  Near  it  was  the  ancient 
Volscian  city  Privemum.  Population  (1881), 
4,932 

Pipes  (pips),  Tom,  In  Smollett's  "Peregrine 
Pickle,"  the  attendant  of  Peregrine  at  school, 
and  Commodore  Trunnion's  former  boatswain. 

Pipin,    See  Pepin. 

Pippa  (pep'pa)  Passes.  A  dramatic  idyl  by 
Robert  Browning,  published  in  1841. 

Pippi.    See  Criulio  Bomano. 

Pippin.    See  Pepin. 

Pigua  (pik'wa  or  pik'wa).  A  city  in  Miami 
County,  Ohio"  situated  on  the  Miami  70  miles 
west  by  north  of  Columbus.  Population  (1900), 
12,172. 

Pira.     See  Piro. 

Piracicaba  (pe-rS-se-ka'ba),  or  OonstituiQao 
(koK-ste-twe-soun').  A  town  of  the  state  of 
Sao  Ifaulo,  Brazil,  about  75  miles  northwest  of 
Sao  Paulo.    Population,  about  10,000. 

Piraeus,  or  Peirseus  (pi-re'us) :  also  Pirseeus. 
[Gr.  Ueipaieiic']  The  seaport  of  Athens,  situa- 
ted on  th,e  Saronie  Gulf  5  miles  southwest  of 
Athens.  Itisoneof  the  chief  jjorts  of  Greece.  It  was 
founded  by  Tliemistocles  and  Pericles ;  was  destroyed  by 
Sulla  in  86  B.  0^ ;  and  has  been  rebuilt  in  the  present  cen^ 
tury.  It  was  in  ancient  times  connected  with  Athens  by 
the  "Long  Walls,"  and  is  now  connected  bya  railway. 
Population  (1889),  34,327. 

Pirano  (pe-ra'no).  A  seaport  in  Istria,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Triest 
14  miles  southwest  of  Triest.  Near  it,  in  1177,  the 
Venetian  fleet  defeated  the  Genoese  and  Imperialists. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  12,326. 

Piran  Round.   An  ancient  theater  in  Cornwall. 

This  relic  of  antiquity  is  called  Piran  Bound.  It  con- 
sists of  a  circular  embankment,  about  ten  feet  high,  slop- 
ing backwards,  and  cut  into  steps  for  seats  or  standing- 
places.  This  embankment  encloses  a  level  area  of  grassy 
ground,  and  stands  in  the  middle  of  a  flat,  wild  heath.  A 
couple  of  thousand  spectators  could  look  down  from  the 
seats  upon  the  grassy  circus  which  formed  a  stage  of 
mofe  than  a  hundred  feet  in  diameter.  Here,  in  very 
early  times,  sports  were  played  and  combats  fought  out, 
and  rustic  councils  assembled.  The  ancient  Cornish  Mys- 
teries here  drew  tears  and  laughter  from  the  mixed  audi- 
ences of  the  day.  They  were  popular  as  late  as  the  period 
ofShakspeare.  Doran,  English  Stage,  I.  30. 


809 

Pirata  (pe-ra'ta),  II.  An  opera  by  Bellini,  pro- 
duced at  Milan  in  1827. 

Pirate  (pi'rat)  The.  A  novel  by  Sir  Walter  Seott, 
published  in  1822.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the  Shetland 
and  Orkney  Islands  in  the  last  half  of  the  17th  century. 

Pirates  (pi'ratz),'War  with  the.  A  war  against 
the  pirates  of  the  Mediterranean,  who  were 
suppressed  in  67  b.  c.  by  Pompey  (appointed 
by  the  Gabinian  Law  to  deal  with  them). 

Pirates  of  Penzance  (pen-zans'),The,  A  comic 
opera  by  Sullivan,  words  by  W.  S.  Gilbert,  first 
produced  at  New  York  in  1879. 

Firindas.    Same  as  Matlalzincos. 

Firithous  (pi-rith'o-us).  [Gr.  UeipWoog.']  In 
Greek  legend,  one  of  the  Lapithee,  a  son  of  Zens 
(or  Ixion),  and  a  friend  of  Theseus.  The  famous 
battle  with  the  Centaurs  took  place  on  the  occasion  of  his 
wedding. 

Pirmasens  (pir'ma-sens).  AtownintheEhine 
Palatinate,  Bavaria,  situated  44  miles  north  by 
west  of  Strasburg.  Theleadingindustryisthe manu- 
facture of  boots  and  shoes.  Here,  Sept.  14, 1793,  the  Prus- 
sians under  the  Duke  of  Brunswick  defeated  the  French 
under  Moreaux.    Population  (1890),  21,041. 

Pirna  (pir'na).  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Sax- 
ony, situated  on  the  Elbe  12  miles  southeast  of 
Dresden,  it  is  a  manufacturing  town ;  exports  sand- 
stone; and  contains  the  castle  of  Sonnenstein.  It  suffered 
severely  in  the  Thirty  Years'  and  Seven  Years'  wars. 
Population  (1S90),  13,862. 

Pirnatza  (per-nat'sii),  or  Dhipotamo  (de-pof- 
a-mo).  The  chief  river  in  Messenia,  Greece:  the 
ancient  Pamisus.  It  flows  into  the  Gulf  of 
Messenia  west  of  Kalamata. 

Piro(p6'r6).  [PI.,  also  Piros.]  A  division  of  the 
Tanoan  linguistic  stock  of  North  American  In- 
dians, formerly  in  12  towns  along  and  to  the  east- 
ward of  the  Eio  Grande,  from  Senecii  to  Se  villeta 
inNew Mexico.  Thetribalorganlzationwassunderedin 
the  Pueblo  revolt  of  1680, when  most  of  itsmembers  joined 
the  Tigua  In  their  flight  to  the  vicinity  of  El  Paso,  Texas. 
Six  miles  east  of  El  Paso  they  established  a  village,  nam- 
ing it  Senecil  after  their  former  pueblo  in  the  north.  About 
60  still  reside  at  Senecd  del  Sur.    See  Tanoan. 

Piron  (pe-r8u'),  Alexis.  Born  at  Dijon,  Prance, 
July  9,  1689:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  21,  1773.  A 
French  epigrammatist.  He  also  wrote  the  com- 
edy "M^tromanie"  (1738),  vaudevilles,  etc. 

Piros  (pe'ros),  localljr  called  Chontacjuiros 
(chon-ta-ke'ros)  or  Siriminches  (se-re-men'- 
chas).  1.  An  Indian  tribe  of  eastern  Peru,  in 
the  forest  region  bordering  the  Apurimao  and 
Uoayale  rivers,  between  10°  and  12°  S.  lat.  They 
were  formerly  numerous,  and  between  1683  and  1727  many 
of  them  were  gatliered  into  mission  villages ;  but  they 
subsequently  returned  to  a  wild  life.  They  were  long  no- 
torious for  their  raids  on  other  tribes,  originally  to  steal 
women  for  wives,  but  later  to  procure  slaves  which  they 
sold  to  the  whites.  Only  one  or  two  thousands  remain,  and 
they  are  gradually  submitting  to  white  influence.  The 
Piros  belong  to  the  Arawak  or  Maypure  stock,  forming 
Its  westernmost  tribe.  This  is  one  of  the  tribes  loosely 
called  Chunchos  by  the  Peruvians. 
3.  See  Piro. 

Pirot  (pe-rof).     A  town  in  Servia,  situated  on 
a  head  stream  of  the  Nishava,  in  lat.  43°  14'  N. 
long.  22°  35'  E.     It  was  ceded  by  Turkey  to  Servia  In 
1878.    Here,  Nov.  26-27, 1885,  the  Bulgarians  defeated  the 
Servians.    Population  (1891)i  9,930. 

Firuas  (pe-ro'as).  The  traditional  name  of  the 
rulers  of  a  very  anoientpeople,theHatunEimas, 
who  occupied  the  highlands  of  Peru  and  Bo- 
livia previous  to  the  rise  of  the  Inoa  dynasty. 
That  such  a  people  existed  is  evident  from  the  remains  of 
Cyclopean  architecture  of  a  type  different  from  and  older 
than  the  Inca  edifices  (see  Tiahuanucu  and  Sacsahuana), 
and  all  the  traditions  collected  by  authors  soon  after  the 
conquest  agree  in  pointing  to  a  powerful  kingdom  or  con- 
federation which  was  broken  up  before  the  Incas  came 
into  power  at  Cuzco.  The  first  Piruas  are  said  to  have 
come  from  the  south,  and  they  have  been  connected  with 
the  Aymaras  of  Bolivia ;  but  at  that  time  the  Aymaras  and 
Quichuas  may  have  formed  one  race.  Montesinos  gives 
a  list  of  65  chiefs  or  "kings"  of  the  Pirua  line,  and  this 
lis^  long  discredited,  has  received  incidental  support  from 
the  mention  of  some  of  the  names  in  recently  discovered 
manuscripts.  As  the  Pirua  line  ceased  before  the  10th 
century,  the  list,  if  correct,  carries  it  back  to  a  time  earlier 
than  the  Christian  era. 

The  Piruas  governed  a  vast  empire,  erected  imperishable 
Cyclopean  edifices,  and  developed  a  complicated  civiliza- 
tion, which  is  dimly  indicated  to  us  by  the  numerous  sym- 
bolical sculptures  on  the  monolith  (at  Tiahuanucu).  They 
also,  in  a  long  course  of  years,  brought  wild  plants  under 
cultivation,  aud  domesticated  the  animals  of  the  lofty 
Andean  plateau.  But  it  is  remarkable  that  the  shores  of 
Lake  Titicaca,  which  are  almost  treeless,  and  where  com 
will  not  ripen,  should  have  been  chosen  as  the  center  of 
this  most  ancient  civilization.  Yet  the  ruins  of  Tiahua- 
nucu conclusively  establish  the  fact  that  the  capital  of 
the  Piruas  was  on  the  loftiest  site  ever  selected  for  the 
seat  of  a  great  empire. 

Markham,  in  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America, 

[L  222,  223. 

Pisa  (pe'za  or  pe'sa).  A  province  of  Tuscany, 
Italy.  Area,  1,179  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  302,349. 

Pisa,  P.  Pise  (pez).    The  capital  of  the  province 


Pisano,  Andrea 

of  Pisa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Arno,  6  jiniles  from 
the  sea,  in  lat.  43°  43'  N.,  long.  10°  23'  E. :  the 
ancient  Pisse  and  Colonia  Julia  Pisana.  it  is  now 
a  winter  health-resort.  The  cathedral,  with  the  campanile, 
the  baptistery,  and  theCampo  Santo  (which  see),  forming 
a  world-famous  group  of  four  buildings,  was  begun  in  1067, 
and  consecrated  in  1118.  In  plan  it  is  a  Latin  cross,  311  feet 
long,  106J  across  nave  and  four  aisles  and  237  across  the 
transepts,  and  91  feet  high  to  the  wooden  ceiling  of  the 
nave.  The  interior  is  arcaded,  with  fine  monolithic  shafts, 
arcaded  triforiura-gallery,  clearstory,  and  agreat  elliptical 
dome  at  the  crossing.  The  semi-dome  of  the  apse  is  filled 
with  mosaics  on  gold  ground,  in  part  by  Cimabue.  The 
fafade,  in  alternated  courses  of  dark  and  lightmarble,  has 
five  superposed  tiers  of  arcades,  with  small  columns,  and 
a  similar  arcade  is  carried  around  the  church  under  the 
roof.  The  bronze  doors  of  the  f afade  are  fine  Renaissance 
productions  by  Giovanni  da  Bologna ;  that  of  the  south 
transept  is  Romanesque,  with  curious  reliefs  in  square 
panels.  The  sculptured  marble  pulpit,  of  the  type  of  that 
in  the  baptistery,  was  the  masterpiece  of  Giovanni  Pisano ; 
it  was  shattered  In  the  fire  of  1696,  but  has  lately  been  re- 
stored. There  are  many  fine  paintings,  particularly  a  beau- 
tiful St.  Agnes  by  An<h'ea  del  Sarto,  and  admirable  choir- 
stalls  and  church  furniture.  The  baptistery,  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  of  Italian  buildings,  is  circular  and  domed, 
with  two  tiers  of  superposed  Pisan  arcades,  and  above 
these,  below  the  dome,  coupled  cusped  windows  with  deco- 
rated pointed  canopies.  The  lowest  story,  with  round 
wall-arcades  inclosing  windows,  is  of  the  12th  century: 
the  parts  above  are  later.  The  little  arcades  of  the  second 
tier  are  joined  two  and  two  by  beautiful  tracerled  and 
crocketed  pediments,  separated  by  slender  pinnacles.  The 
middle  of  the  building  is  occupied  by  the  octagonal  font, 
14  feet  in  diameter,  with  most  delicate  geometrical  carving- 
and  mosaics  on  its  panels.  Its  chief  boast,  however,  is 
the  famous  pulpit  (1260)  of  Niccola  Pisano.  Thisishexag- 
onal,  raised  on  seven  columns,  three  of  the  outer  ones  with 
bases,  three  resting  on  lions,  and  the  central  one  sup- 
ported by  a  fantastic  group  of  men  and  animals.  One  side, 
is  taken  by  the  stair ;  the  five  others  bear  remarkable  reliefs; 
from  the  life  of  Christ,  strongly  influenced  by  the  antique. 
At  one  angle  is  an  eagle,  forming  a  lectern.  The  diameter 
of  the  baptistery  is  117  feet,  its  total  height  180.  The 
campanile,  or  Leaning  Tower,  is  cylindrical,  in  eight  stages, 
that  at  the  base  solid  with  a  wall-arcade,  the  six  above 
lower,  and  surrounded  within  their  small  columned  ar- 
cades with  galleries.  The  highest  stage  appears  recessed, 
since  it  has  no  exterior  arcade ;  its  wall-arcade  is  inter- 
rupted by  six  large  arches  to  allow  the  sound  of  the  bells 
to  escape.  The  campanile,  begun  In  1174,  with  its  super- 
posed tiers  of  small  arches  is  the  exemplar  of  the  peculiar 
Pisan  tjrpe  of  medieval  architecture.  It  is  181  feet  high,, 
61^  in  diameter  at  the  base,  and  inclines  13  feet  8  inches; 
toward  the  south.  About  half  of  the  sinking  took  place 
during  the  construction,  and  the  efforts  made  to  correct 
it  by  diminishing  the  height  of  the  stages  on  the  north 
side  resulted  in  a  convexity  of  10  inches  on  the  south.  The 
spire  originally  designed  was  not  buili^  on  account  of  the 
continued  sinking  of  the  foundation.  San  Paolo  a  Ripa. 
d'Arno  was  the  original  cathedral,  founded  by  Charle- 
magne, but  altered  in  the  12th  century.  The  facade  is: 
built  of  gray,  yellow,  and  black  marble ;  it  has  five  blind 
arches  below,  three  of  them  inclosing  doors,  and  three  tiers 
of  columned  galleries  above.  The  interior  has  granite 
columns  with  quaintly  carved  white  marble  capitals.  la 
the  cloister  there  is  a  highly  picturesque  and  curious  hep- 
tagonal  structure  with  a  pointed  roof,  apparently  the  bap- 
tistery of  the  old  cathedral.  The  university,  organized  in 
1343,  had  76  professors  and  1,030  students  in  1896-97:  the> 
building,  locally  called  La  Sapienza,  was  begun  in  1493, 
and  enliarged  by  Cosmo  de'  MedicL  Tisa  was  probably  of 
litruscan  origin.  It  became  a  Roman  colony  and  was- 
flourishing  under  the  empire.  In  the  11th  century  It  was 
a  maritime  republic,  and  one  of  the  chief  commercial 
powers  of  the  Mediterranean.  It  conquered  Sardinia,  Cor- 
sica, and  the  Balearic  Islands ;  took  a  prominent  part  in 
the  Crusades ;  was  frequently  at  war  with  Genoa,  Lucca, 
and  Florence ;  was  a  leading  Ghibelline  city ;  was  defeated 
by  the  Genoese  at  Meloria  iu  1284,  and  lost  soon  after  ita 
possessions  and  importance ;  was  annexed  by  Florence  in 
1406 ;  became  independent  in  1494 ;  and  resisted  attacks 
by  Florence  in  1499,  1604,  and  1506,  but  finally  submitted 
in  1609.  It  had  an  important  part  in  the  early  develop- 
ment of  architecture  and  sculpture.  Galileo  was  bom 
there.    Population  (1892),  61,600. 

Pisa,  Council  of.  An  ecclesiastical  council  held 
at  Pisa  in  1409  for  the  purpose  of  healing  the 
papal  schism,  it  deposed  the  rival  popes  Gregory 
XII.  and  Benedict  XTTI.  Alexander  V.  was  elected  by 
the  cardinals. 

Fisac  (pe-sak').  Avillage  of  Peru,  on  the  river 
Vileamayu  about  15  miles  east-northeast  of 
Cuzco.  It  is  noted  for  its  remains  of  Incarial  architec- 
ture, including  a  large  fortress,  almost  perfectly  preserved, 
a  temple,  numerous  terraces,  rock-tombs,  etc. 

Fisagua  (pe-sa'gwa).  A  town  and  port  of  the 
province  of  TarapacA,  CJhile  (formerly  in  Peru), 
in  lat.  19°  36'  30"  S.:  one  of  the  centers  of  the 
nitrate  industiy.  it  was  bombarded  by  the  Chileans 
April  18, 1879,  and  attacked  and  taken  by  them  Nov.  2. 
Population,  about  5,000. 

Fisan,  Christine  de.    See  Christine  de  Pisan. 

Fisanio  (pe-sa'ne-6).  A  servant  of  Posthumus 
in  Shakspere's  '''Cymbeline." 

"Sly  and  constant,"  as  the  queen  calls  him,  and  as  he 
himself  wishes  to  be,  Pisanio  unites  the  cunning  of  the 
serpent  with  the  harmlessness  of  the  dove.  His  singular 
position  is  throughout  that  he  is  truest  where  he  is  most 
untrue. 

Gervinus,  Shakespeare  Commentaries  (tr.  by  F.  E.  Bun- 
[nett,  ed.  1880),  p.  673. 

Pisano  (pe-za'no),  Andrea  (Andrea  da  Pon- 
taderra).  Bom  1270 :  died  at  Florence  about 
1349.  An  Italian  sculptor.  He  was  early  appren- 
ticed to  Giovanni  Pisano,  and  devoted  much  time  to  the 
study  of  the  antique  sarcophagi  in  the  Campo  Santo.    At 


Pisano,  Andrea 

36  years  of  age  he  is  said  to  have  visited  Venice,  where  he 
made  several  statues  for  the  fa(;ade  of  San  Marco,  and  made 
designs  for  the  arsenal,  subsequently  finished  by  Filippo 
Calendario.  After  his  return  from  Venice  he  made  the 
bronze  door  of  the  baptistery  in  Florence,  which  is  his 
chief  and  enduring  title  to  fame  (finished  1330).  He  also 
executed  the  bas-reliefs  designed  by  Oiotto  for  the  lower 
story  of  the  campanile,  and  some  figures  on  Arnolfo's  fa- 
cade of  the  duomo.  He  strengthened  the  Palazzo  Vecchio 
with  great  walls  and  fortifications  to  render  it  a  safe  resi- 
dence for  Walter  de  Brienne,  titular  duke  of  Athens,  whom 
the  Florentines  had  made  governor  of  the  city. 

Pisano,  Giovanni.  Bom  at  Pisa,  1240:  died 
1320.  An  Italian  areliiteot  and  sculptor,  son  of 
Niecola  Pisano.  From  1266  to  1267  he  worked  with  his 
lather  upon  the  pulpit  in  Siena.  In  1268  he  went  to  Na- 
ples to  design  the  church  of  the  Franciscans  and  the  epis- 
copal  palace.  In  1278  he  went  to  Pisa  on  the  death  of  his 
father.  At  this  time  he  transformed  the  Oratory  of  Santa 
Maria  del  Porto  into  the  present  Church  of  Santa  Maria 
della  Spina,  the  first  edifice  built  in  Italy  in  the  Pointed 
style,  and  built  the  first  and  moat  beautiful  Campo  Santo  in 
Italy :  in  the  Campo  Santo  are  still  many  works  of  Gio- 
vanni. About  1289  he  made  the  monument  of  Pope  Urban 
rv.  at  Perugia,  and  the  shrine  of  San  Donate  at  Arezzo  in 
1290. 

Pisano,  Niecola.  Bom  at  Pisa  between  1205 
and  1207 :  died  at  Pisa,  1278.  A  noted  Italian 
sculptor  and  architect,  said  to  have  been  the 
son  of  Pietro  da  Siena,  a  notary.  He  founded  a 
new  school  of  sculpture  in  Italy.  When  about  15  years  old 
he  was  employed  as  architect  by  the  emperor  i^ederick 
II.,  and  went  with  him  to  Naples,  where  he  worked  on  the 
€astel  Capuano  and  Castel  dell'  Uoro  in  1221.  He  designed 
the  basilica  of  St.  Anthony  at  Fadua  in  1231,  and  in  1237 
made  his  first  known  essay  in  sculpture  in  the  alto-rilievo 
of  the  Deposition,  still  in  the  tympanum  of  the  arch  over  a 
side  door  of  San  Martino  at  Lncca.  About  1248  he  built  the 
Santa  Trinitk  at  Florence,  the  San  Domenico  at  Arezzo,  the 
duomo  at  Volterra,  and  the  Pieve  and  Santa  Marguerita 
at  Cortona.  In  1260  he  produced  the  famous  pulpit  in  the 
baptistery  at  Pisa.  In  1265  he  began  the  Area  di  San  Do- 
menico at  Bologna,  in  which  he  was  assisted  by  Fra  Gug- 
lielmo  Agnelli.  In  1266  he  began  the  pulpit  of  the  cathe- 
dral at  Siena,  assisted  by  his  son  Giovanni  and  his  pupils 
Arnolfo  del  Cambio,  Donato,  and  Lapo.  It  is  similar  to 
the  one  in  Pisa,  but  larger,  and  octagonal  instead  of  hexa^ 
gonal.  In  1269  Charles  of  Anjou  commissioned  him  to 
erect  the  abbey  and  convent  of  La  Scorgola  to  commemo- 
rate the  victory  of  Tagliacozzo,  which  occurred  in  the 
neighboring  valley.  In  1274  was  begun  the  fountain  in 
Perugia  finished  by  his  son  Giovanni.  The  24  statuettes  of 
this  fountain  which  are  ascribed  to  Niecola  Pisano  are  sim- 
ply designed  and  broadly  treated, 

Piscataciua  (pis-kat'a-kwS).  A  river  in  New 
Hampshire  and  partly  on  the  boundary  be- 
tween New  Hampshire  and  Maine.  It  is  formed 
by  the  union  of  the  Salmon  and  Cooheoo,  and  flows  into 
the  Atlantic  3  miles  southeast  of  Portsmouth.,  Length  (in- 
cluding the  Salmon),  about  60  miles. 

Piscataquis  (pis-kat'a-kwis).  A  river  in  Maine; 
joining  the  Penobscot  30  miles  north  of  Ban- 
gor.    Length,  about  70  miles. 

Piscataway.    See  Gmoy. 

Pisces  (pis'ez).  [L., 'the  fishes.']  A  constel- 
lation and  sign  of  the  zodiac ;  the  Pishes.  The 
figure  represents  two  fishes  united  by  a  ribbon  attached  to 
their  tails.  One  of  the  fishes  is  east,  the  other  south,  of 
the  square  of  Pegasus.    Symbol,  x. 

Piscis  Austrinus  (pis'is  &s-tri'nus).  [L.,  'the 
southern  fish.']  An  ancient  southern  constella- 
tion, the  Southern  Fish,  it  contains  the  1.3  magni- 
tude star  Fomalhaut,  which  is  30  degrees  south  of  the 
equator,  and  is  in  opposition  on  the  3d  of  Sept.  The  figure 
represents  a  fish  which  swallows  the  water  poured  out  of 
the  vase  by  Aquarius. 

Piscis  Volans  (pis.'is  vo'lanz).  [L.,'the  flying 
fish.']  One  of  the  southern  constellations  in- 
troduced by  Theodori,  or  Keyser,  at  the  end  of 
the  16th  century.  Itis  situated  west  of  the  star  p  Argus, 
and  contains  two  stars  of  tlie  fourth  magnitude.  Also 
called  VolaTiB, 

Pisek  (pe'sek).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  situated  on 
the  Wottawa  55  miles  south  by  west  of  Prague. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  10,950. 

Pisgah  (piz'ga).  In  Bible  geography,  a  moun- 
tain of  Abarim,  Moab,  northeast  of  the  Dead 
Sea :  now  identified  with  Jebel  Siaghah.  Mount 
Nebo,  from  which  Moses  viewed  the  promised  land  of  Ca- 
naan, was  one  of  its  summits. 

Pishacha  (pi-sha'cha).  In  Hindu  mythology, 
the  name  of  a  class  of  demons,  perhaps  origi- 
nally (as  is  inferred  from  the  epithets  of  Pisha- 
ohi  in  Rigveda  I.  cxxxiii.  5)  a  personification  of 
the  ignis  fatuus.  They  are  called  the  "flesh- 
eating  Pishachas"  in  Atharvaveda,^^II.  ii.  12, 

Pishin  (pe-shen').  A  district  north  of  Quetta,  on 
the  border  of  Baluchistan  and  Afghanistan.  It 
is  under  direct  British  rule. 

Pishpai  (pish 'pi).  [Pers. , '  fore  foot.']  A  rarely- 
used  name  for  the  third-magnitude  star  /« Gemi- 
noram. 

Pishquitpah.    See  Pisguow. 

Fisidia  (pi-sid'i-a).     [(Jr.  UcmSia.']    In  ancient 

geography,  a  territory  in  Asia  Minor,    it  was 
onnded  by  Fhrygia  on  the  north,  Isauria  and  Cilicia  on 
the  east,  Pamphylia  on  the  south,  and  Lycia  on  the  south- 
west^ and  was  traversed  by  the  Taurus  Mountains.    It  was 
reduced  by  Rome. 
Pisistratidse  (pis-is-trat'i-de).      Hippias  and 


810 

Hipparchus,  the  two  sons  and  successors  of 
Pisistratus. 
Pisistratus  (pi-sis'tra-tus).  [Gr.  neimarpaTOi.'] 
Bom  about  605  B.  o.':  died  ^27  B.  o.  A  tyrant 
of  Athens,  a  friend  of  Solon.  He  usurped  the  su- 
preme power  in  660;  was  twice  expelled;  and  was  restored 
and  reigned  until  his  death. 

Peisistratua,  in  the  last  period  of  his  role  (537-527  B.  c), 
is  said  to  have  commissioned  some  learned  men,  of  whom 
the  poet  Onomacritus  was  the  chief,  to  collect  the  poems 
of  Homer.  It  is  now  generally  believed  that  an  Iliad  and 
an  Odyssey  already  existed  in  writing  at  that  time,  but  that 
the  text  had  become  much  deranged,  especially  through 
the  practice  of  reciting  short  passages  without  regard  to 
their  context.  Besides  these  two  poems,  many  other  epic 
poems  or  fragments  of  the  Ionian  school  went  under 
Homer's  name.  The  great  task  of  the  commission  was  to 
collect  all  these  "poems  of  Homer  "  into  one  body.  From 
this  general  stock  they  may  liave  supplied  what  they 
thought  wanting  in  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey.  Their  work 
cannot,  in  any  case,  have  been  critical  in  a  modem  sense. 
But  it  can  hardly  be  doubted  that  some  systematic  attempt 
to  preserve  * '  the  poems  of  Homer  "  was  made  in  the  reign 
of  Peisistratus.  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  32. 

Piso  (pi'so),  Oalpurnius.  The  name  of  a  family 
distinguished  in  Roman  history.  Among  its  mem- 
bers were  the  following :  Lucius,  a  censor,  consul,  and  au- 
thor of  the  second  half  of  the  2d  century  B.  0. ;  Lucius,  a 
politician,  father-in-law  of  Julius  Csesar ;  Gneius,  gover- 
nor of  Syria  under  Tiberius,  and  the  reputed  murderer  of 
Germanicus ;  Caius,  the  leader  of  an  unsuccessful  conspir- 
acy against  Nero  in  65  A.  D. ;  and  Lucius,  the  successor  of 
Galba  for  four  days,  put  to  death  by  Otho  (69  A.'I>.). 

Pison  (pi'son).  One  of  the  four  rivers  men- 
tioned in  Gen.  ii.  It  has  been  coujeeturally 
identified  with  the  Ganges,  the  upper  Indus, 
etc.    Also  Pishon. 

Pisseleu.    See  Stampes,  Duchesse  d'. 

Pissevache  (pes-vash').  A  picturesque  water- 
fall in  the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  situ- 
ated near  Martigny.    Height,  230  ifeet. 

Plssis  (pe-ses'),  Aim6.  Bom  at  Brionde,  Haute- 
Loire,  May  17,  1812 :  died  at  Santiago,  Chile, 
1888.  A  French  naturalist.  He  visited  Brazil  in  1836, 
and  the  Andes  in  1846,  and  in  1848  was  made  official  geolo- 
gist of  Chile.  Hia  principal  work,  "Geografia  fisica  de 
Chile,"  waa  published  in  1876,  and  he  wrote  many  reports 
and  papers,  principally  on  South  American  geology. 

Pistoia,  or  Pistoja  (pis-to'ya).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Florence,  Italy,  near  the  Ombrone, 
20  miles  northwest  of  Florence :  the  Koman  Pis- 
toria.  It  has  manufactures  of  iron  and  firearms.  The  ca- 
thedral is  an  interesting  churcli  of  the  12th  and  13th  cen- 
turies. The  porch  crosses  the  entire  front ;  it  has  7  round 
arches  .on  slender  columns,  the  central  arch  much  the  high- 
est. Above  the  porch  are  2  tiers  of  arcades,  and  the  gable 
and  the  front-walls  of  the  aisle-roofs  have  ranges  of  col- 
umns without  arches.  The  Interior  is  modernized,  but 
preserves  good  painting  and  sculpture,  and  has  a  magnifi- 
cent medieval  silver  altar  with  admirable  statues  and  re- 
liefs. The  campanile  is  solid  below,  and  has  above  3 
arcaded  galleries  surmounted  by  a  short  pyramidal  spire. 
The  baptistery,  the  Palazzo  Pretorio,  and  several  other 
buildings  are  also  of  Interest.  Catiline  was  defeated  and 
slain  near  the  city  in  62  B.  o.  It  was  noted  in  the  middle 
ages  tor  factional  strife.  Population  (1881),  20,190;  com- 
mune, 61,562. 

Pistol  (pis'tol).  A  character  in  the  "Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,"  in  the  second  part  of  "  King 
Henry  IV.,"  and  also  introduced  in  "King 
Henry  V." :  a  bully  and  swaggerer,  a  compan- 
ion of  PalstafE.  He  is  a  modification  of  the 
regular  Italian  type,  the  "  Thraso." 

Pistol  Rivers,    ^e  Qwinctunnetun. 

Pistoria.    See  Pistoia. 

Pitcairn  (pit-kam'),  John.  Bom  in  Fif  eshire, 
Scotland,  about  1740:  killed  at  Bunker  Hill, 
Juue  17,  1775.  A  British  officer  (major),  com- 
mander of  the  advanced  force  in  Gage's  expedi- 
tion to  Lexington  and  Concord,  April  19, 1775. 

Pitcairn  (or  Pitcairn's)  Island.  An  island  in 
the  South  Pacific,  situated  in  lat.  25°  4'  S.,long. 
130°  18'  W.  It  was  discovered  in  1767,  and  was  settled 
in  1790  by  mutineers  from  the  British  ship  Bounty.  The 
colony  removed  to  Norfolk  Island  in  1866.  Many  of  them 
have  since  returned  to  Pitcairn  Island.  It  is  under  the 
supervision  of  New  South  Wales.  Area,  3  square  miles. 
Population,  120. 

Pitcher,  Molly.  The  wife  of  a  Revolutionary 
soldier  who  distinguished  herself  at  the  battle 
of  Monmouth,  June  28, 1778.  She  took  the  place  of 
her  husband,  who  was  killed  while  discharging  a  cannon. 
Washington  commended  her  bravery  and  gave  her  a  com- 
mission as  sergeant. 

Pite&-elf  (pit'e-4.-elf).  A  river  in  northern 
Sweden  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Both- 
nia about  lat.  65°  25'  N.  Length,  about  180 
miles. 

Pithiviers  (pe-te-vya').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loiret,  France,  situated  on  the  river 
CEuf  25  miles  northeast  of  Orleans.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  5,480. 

Pithom  (pi'thom).  One  of  the  store  cities  built 
in  Egypt  by  the  Israelites.  It.was  determined  by 
£.  Naville  to  be  near  the  modem  Tel  el-Maskhutah,  about 
12  miles  from  Ismailia,  on  the  Suez  Caflal.  In  the  time  of 
the  Greek  dynasty  its  name  became  Heroopolis,  which  the 
Romans  abridged  to  Ero. 


Pitti  Palace 

Pitilagas  (pe-te-la'gas).  An  Indian  tribe  of  the 
Gran  Chaco,  on  the  river  Vermejo,  mentioned 
by  Azara  and  others.  They  were  probably  a 
branch  of  the  Tobas.  Lozano  called  them  Ya- 
pitalaguas. 

Pitkin  (pit'kin),  Timothy.  Bom  at  Farming- 
ton,  Conn.,  Jan.  21,  1766:  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Deo.  18,1847.  An  American  lawyer,  poli- 
tician, and  historian.  He  published  "Statistical  View 
of  the  Commerce  of  the  United  States  "  (1816),  "  A  Politl- 
cal  and  Civil  History  of  the  United  States  from  the  year 
1763  to  the  close  of  Washington's  administration  "  (1828)- 

Pitman  (pit'man),  Sir  Isaac  Bom  at  Trow- 
bridge, England,  Jan.  4,  1813:  died  at  Bath, 
Jan.  22,  1897.  An  English  stenographer.  He 
became  master  of  the  British  school  at  Barton-on-Humber 
in  1882,  established  the  British  school  at  Wotton-under- 
Edge  in  1836,  and  removed  to  Bath  in  1839.  He  published 
in  1837  his  first  treatise  on  shorthand,  entitled  "  Steno- 
graphic Soundhand,"  in  which  he  applied  phonography  to 
shorthand.  After  the  establishment  of  the  Phonetic  So- 
ciety in  1843,  he  devoted  himself  wholly  to  the  propaga- 
tion of  his  system  of  shorthand,  and  was  the  head  of  the 
Phonetic  Institute  at  Bath.  He  was  also  Identified  with  the 
movement  tor  spelling  reform.    He  was  knighted  in  1894. 

Pitris  (pi'triz).  [Skt.  j»*r,  father ;  nom.fita- 
ras.']  In  Hindu  belief,  the  Manes,  or  spirits  of 
the  departed.  They  are  the  object  of  shraddhas,  or  obla- 
tions to  the  Manes,  accompanied  by  a  funeral  meal  and 
gifts  to  the  Brahmans. 

Pit  River  Indians.    See  Palaihnihan. 

Pitt  (pit),  William,  first  Earl  of  Chatham.  Bom 
at  Westminster,  Nov.  15,  1708 :  died  at  Hayes, 
Kent,  May  11, 1778.  A  famous  English  Whig 
statesman  and  orator.  HewasthesonofBobertPlttof 
Boconnock,in  Cornwall ;  studied  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford ; 
and  obtained  a  comet's  commission  in  the  dragoons.  He 
entered  Parliament  in  1735,  and  in  1746  became  vice-trea- 
surer of  Ireland  in  Pelham's  administration.  He  was  in  the 
same  year  promoted  to  the  office  of  paymaster-general, 
which  he  retained  under  the  Duke  of  Newcastle.  Disap- 
pointed in  his  hope  of  advancement,  he  attacked  the  gov- 
ernment in  1765,  and  was  deprived  of  office.  He  was  sec- 
retary of  state  under  the  Duke  of  Devonshire  1756-57.  In 
1767  he  formed  a  coalition  with  the  Duke  of  Newcastle, 
who  became  premier,  although  Pitt,  as  secretary  of  state, 
obtained  the  ascendancy  in  the  government.  He  adopted 
vigorous  measures  in  prosecution  of  the  Seven  Years'  War, 
and  the  period  which  followed  is  one  of  the  most  brfiliant 
in  English  history.  .  He  resigned  in  1761,  inasmuch  as  he 
tailed  to  receive  the  supportof  the  rest  of  the  ministry  for 
a  war  with  Spain.  He  became  premier  on  the  fall  of  Rock- 
ingham in  1766,  and  was  created  Viscount  Pitt  and  Earl  of 
Chatham.  He  resigned  in  1768,  owing  to  ill  health.  He 
opposed  the  policy  pursued  toward  the  American  colonies, 
although  his  last  appearance  in  the  House  of  Lords,  on 
April  7,  1778,  was  in  order  to  protest  against  the  dismem- 
berment of  the  British  empire  by  the  acknowledgment  of 
their  independence. 

Pitt,  William.  Bom  at  Hayes,  near  Bromley, 
Kent,  May  28,  1759:  died  at  Putney,  Jan.  23, 
1806.  A  celebrated  English  Whig  statesman. 
He  was  the  second  son  of  William  Pitt,  earl  of  Chatham, 
and  Lady  Hester  Grenville,  daughter  of  Hester,  Countess 
Temple.  In  1773  he  entered  Cambridge  (Pembroke  Hall). 
In  1780  he  was  called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln  s  Inn  and  elected 
member  of  Parliament  for  Appleby.  On  Feb.  26, 1781,  he 
made  his  first  speech  in  favor  of  Burke's  plan  of  econom- 
ical reform.  In  a  speech.  May  7, 1782,  he  attacked  the  ex- 
isting electoral  system  and  moved  an  investigation,  being 
defeated  by  a  narrow  majority.  In  July,  1782,  he  became 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  and  leader  of  tlie  House  of 
Commons  in  Shelbume's  ministry,  which  resigned  March 
31, 1783.  On  the  downfall  of  "  the  coalition  "  of  North  and 
Fox,  Pitt  became  prime  minister,  first  lord  of  the  treasmry, 
and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  (Dec,  1783).  He  waa 
member  for  Cambridge  in  1784.  Pitt's  first  administration 
continued  until  1801.  The  French  Revolution  in  1789  waa 
at  first  regarded  with  favor  in  England,  and  as  late  as  the 
spring  of  1792  Pitt  hoped  lor  peace.  When  finally  dragged 
into  the  struggle  (1792-93),  his  activity  was  political  rather 
than  military.  His  policy  was  frustrated  by  Napoleon  on 
the  Continent,  but  at  home  it  met  with  no  opposition:  by 
1799  the  largest  possible  minority  in  Parliament  was  26. 
His  internal  admmistration  was  extremely  severe.  Jaco- 
binism was  suppressed,  and  the  Habeas  Corpus  Act  re- 
peatedly suspended.  His  policy  in  Ireland  resulted  in  the 
union  of  1800.  His  attempt  to  relieve  Roman  Catholic  dis- 
abilities was  opposed  by  the  king,  and  he  resigned  March 
14, 1801.  The  Addington  ministry,  which  succeeded,  was 
made  up  of  Pitt's  supporters.  It  fell  alter  the  failure  of 
the  treaty  of  Amiens,  and  Pitt's  second  administration  be- 
gan May  12, 1804.  Napoleon's  attempted  invasion  ol  Eng- 
land failed  through  the  vigilance  of  Nelson,  but  the  coa- 
lition ol  England,  Russia,  and  Austria,  with  which  Pitt 
opposed  him  on  the  Continent,  was  wrecked  at  Ulm  and 
Austerlitz  in  1805.  Pitt  was  completely  prostrated  by 
these  disasters:  retired  to  his  villa  at  Putney  Jan.  11, 
1806;  and  died  there. 

Pitta,  Sebastiao  da  Bocha.    See  Rocha  Pitta. 

PlttacUS  (pit'a^kus).  [Gr.  ThTTaKdc.']  Bom  in 
Lesbos  about"  651  b.  c:  died  about  569  b.  c. 
One  of  the  seven  wise  men  of  Greece,  ruler  of 
Mytilene  about  589-579  b.  c. 

Pitt  Diamond,  The.  A  celebrated  diamond 
which  was  purchased  by  Thomas  Pitt,  grand- 
father of  William  Pitt,  first  earl  of  Chatham, 
and  was  sold  by  him  to  the  Regent  of  Orleans 
in  1717  for  about  $675,000.  it  came  originally  from 
India  (the  Farteal  mines,  on  the  Histna),  was  one  of  the 
crown  jewels  of  France,  and  was  set  in  the  handle  of  the 
first  Napoleon's  sword.  It  weighs  about  137  carats.  Also 
known  as  the  Regent  Diamond. 

Pitti  Palace.    See  Palazzo  Pitu. 


Pittsburg 

Pittsburg,  or  Pittsburgh  (pits'bferg).  The  cap- 
ital of  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  situ- 
ated at  the  junction  of  the  Monongahela  and 
Allegheny  rivers  (which  unite  here  to  form  the 
Ohio),  in  lat.  40°  27' N.,  long.  80°  W.  it  is  the 
second  city  In  the  State,  and  one  of  the  chief  manufactur- 
ing cities  of  the  country,  being  the  leading  place  in  the 
country  for  manaf actores  of  iron,  steel,  copper,  and  glass. 
There  are  also  manufactures  of  brass,  flour,  machin- 
ery, petroleum,  cotton,  etc.  It  is  an  important  railway 
center  and  the  headquarters  of  a  river,  trade,  and  ex- 
ports coal,  coke,  etc.  It  is  called  "the  Iron  City"  and 
"the  Smoky  City."  The  English  began  a  fort  on  its 
site  in  1754 ;  this  was  seized  by  the  French  and  called  Fort 
Duquesne,  and  an  attempt  to  recover  it  by  Braddock  re- 
sulted in  his  defeat  in  the  battle  of  the  Monongahela,  July 
9, 1766.  An  unsuccessful  attempt  to  capture  it  was  made 
by  Grant  in  1768,  but  it  was  finally  taken  by  Forl)es  the 
same  year.  Fort  Pitt  (named  from  the  elder  Pitt)  was 
built  In  1759,  and  Pittsburg  was  settled  in  176i.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  321,616. 

Pittsburg  Landing.    See  Shiloh. 

Pittsfield  (pits'feld).  A  city  and  the  capital 
of  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  situated 
29  miles  east-southeast  of  Albany,  it  was  incor- 
porated in  lT61,-and  has  manufactures  of  woolen  and  cot- 
ton goods,  silk,  tacks,  etc.    Population  (1900),  21,766. 

Pittston (pits'ton) .  Aborough  inLuzerne Coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Susquehanna, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Lackawanna,  8  miles 
southwest .  of  Scranton.  It  is  an  important 
place  of  export  for  anthracite  coal.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  12,556. 

Pityusse  (pit-i-ti'se).  [Gr.  Tltrvovaai.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  the  two  islands  of  the  Bale- 
aric group  now  called  Iviza  and  Pormentera. 

Piura  (pe-6'ra).  1.  The  northwesternmost  de- 
partment of  Peru,  bordering  on  Ecuador  and 
the  Pacific  Ocean.  Area,  about  15,500  square 
miles:  Population(1876), 135,502.— 2. Theeapi- 
tal  of  the  department  of  Piura,  situated  near  the 
coast  in  lat.  5°  12'  S.  It  was  founded  by  Pizarro. 
Population,  about  10,000. 

Pius  (pi'us)  I.    Bishop  of  Rome  142-156. 

Pius  II.  (Enea  SilvioPiccolomini, Latinized  as 
JSBneas  Sylvius).  Bom  near  Siena,  Italy,  Oct. 
18, 1405:  died  Aug.  15, 1464.  Pope  1458-64.  He 
studied  at  the  universities  of  Siena  and  Florence,  and  in 
1431  became  secretary  to  the  Bishop  of  Fermo,  whom  he 
accompanied  to  the  Council  of  Basel.  He  at  first  supported 
the  council  in  its  contest  with  Pope  Eugenius  IV.,  but 
afterward  sided  with  Eugenius  against  the  council.  He 
was  for  a  time  poet  laureate  at  the  court  of  the  emperor 
Frederick  111.  He  was  appointed  cardinal  in  1456,  and 
ascended  the  papal  throne  in  1468.  He  wrote  an  erotic 
novel  "Eurialus  and  Lucretia,"and  "Commentaries"  relat- 
ing to  his  own  times. 

Pius  III.  (Francesco  Todeschini).    Bom  at 

Siena,  Italy,  1439:  died  Oct.  18,  1503.  Pope 
Sept.-Oet.,  1503. 

Pius  IV.  (Giovanni  Angelo  Medici).  Bom  at 
Milan,  1499:  died  Dec.  9, 1565.  Pope  1559-65.  He 
reopened  the  Council  of  Trent  in  1562,  and  issued  a  bull 
confirming  its  decisions  in  1664. 

Pius  v.  (Michele  Ghislieri).  Bom  at  Boseo, 
near  Milan,  1504 :  died  May  1, 1572.  Pope  1566- 
1572. 

Pius  VI.  (Giovanni  Angelo  Eraschi).    Bom 

at  Cesena,  Italy,  Deo.  27. 1717 :  died  at  Valence, 
Prance,  Aug.  29, 1799.  Pope  1775-99.  The  French 
stripped  him  of  parts  of  his  dominions  in  1791  and  1796, 
and  of  the  remainder  in  1798.  In  1798  he  was  carried  as 
a  prisoner  to  Valence,  in  France,  where  he  died. 

Pius  VII.  (Gregorio  Luigi  Bamaba  Chiara- 
monti).  Born  at  Cesena,  Italy,  Aug.  14, 1742 : 
died  Aug.  20, 1823.  Pope  1800-23.  He  ratified  the 
concordat  with  France  in  1801,  and  consecrated  Napoleon 
as  emperor  in  1804.  His  opposition  to  French  aggression 
brought  on  the  annexation  of  the  Papal  States  to  France 
in  18^,  and  his  own  imprisonment  first  in  Italy  and  after- 
ward in  France  1809-14.  He  was  restored  to  JRiome  and  to 
his  temporal  dominions  in  1814. 

Pius  VIII.  (Francesco  Xaviero  Castiglioni). 

Born  at  Cingoli,  near  Ancona,  Italy,  Nov.  20, 
1761 :  died  at  Rome,  Nov.  30, 1830.  Pope  1829- 
1830. 

Pius  IX.  (Giovanni  Maria  Mastai  Ferretti). 
Born  at  Sinigaglia,  near  Ancona,  Italy,  Mav  13, 
1792 :  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  7,  1878.  Pope  1846- 
1878.  He  became  archbishop  of  Spoleto  in  1827 ;  was  &v 
pointed  cardinal  in  1840 ;  and  ascended  the  papal  throne 
in  1846.  His  grand  object  at  his  accession  was  to  bring 
about  a  confederation  of  the  Italian  states  under  the  papal 
supremacy.  With  this  object  in  view,  he  placed  himself 
at  the  head  of  the  movement  for  reform,  proclaimed  an 
amnesty  to  political  offenders,  reorganized  the  municipal 
government  of  Rome,  and  granted  a  constitution  to  the 
Papal  States.  Frightened,  however,  by  the  increasing  de- 
mands of  the  populace,  he  fled  to  Gaeta  in  Nov.,  1848,  while 
a  republic  was  proclaimed  at  Borne.  He  was  restored  by 
the  aid  of  the  French  in  1850.  Henceforth  he  maintained 
an  attitude  of  uncompromising  conservatism.  A  large 
part  of  his  dominions  was  annexed  by  Victor  Emm;vnuel 
in  1860,  and  he  was  altogether  deprived  of  his  temporal 
power  in  1870.  Through  his  infiuence  the  doctrine  of 
papal  infallibility  was  adopted  by  the  Vatican  Council. 
July  18, 1870.  ^  ^. 

Pius  X.  (Giuseppe  Sarto).  Bom  at  Riese,  near 


811 

Treviso,  Italy,  June  2, 1835.  Pope  since  August, 
1903.  He  was  ordained  priest  in  1868 ;  was  made  bishop 
of  Mantua  in  1884 ;  cardinal  and  patriarch  of  Venice  in 
1893 ;  and  was  elected  pope  August  4, 1903. 

Piute,  Piutab.     See  Faiute. 

Pizarro.  A  play  translated  from  Kotzebue's 
"  Spaniards  in  Peru."  It  is  known  as  Sheridan's,  but 
the  translation  was  not  made  by  him.  It  was  produced  in 
English  in  1799. 

Pizarro  (pi-za'ro ;  Sp.  pron.  pe-thar'ro),  Fran- 


Placidia 

hualpa.'  He  went  back  to  Peru ;  commanded  in  the  de- 
fense of  Guzco  against  Manco  Inca  in  1636 ;  and  was  seized 
by  Almagro,  April  18, 1637,  but  was  released  on  his  prom- 
ise to  leave  the  country.  Instead  of  doing  so,  he  took 
command  of  his  brother's  army;  defeated  Almagro  at 
Las  Salinas,  April  26, 1638 ;  and  put  him  to  death.  For 
this  conduct  he  was  afterward  kept  in  mild  confinement 
in  Spain  lor  20  years  (1540-60).  During  this  period  he 
married  an  illegitimate  daughter  of  Francisco  Pizarro  (a 
granddaughter  of  Huaina  Capac),  and  had  three  chil- 
dren. 


Cisco.    Bom  at  Trui'illo,  Estremadura,  about  Pizarro,  Pedro.    Born  at  Toledo,  1514:  died  in 
1471 :  died  at  Lima,  June  26,  1541.    A  Spanish   Pem  after  1571.    Cousm  of  Francisco  Pizarro, 


soldier,  conqueror  of  Peru.  He  was  the  illegitimate 
son  of  a  Spanish  ofiScer  under  whom  he  served  in  Italy. 
It  is  not  known  when  he  went  to  America,  and  he  first  ap- 
pears at  Darien,  where,  for  a  short  time,  he  was  left  in 
charge  of  the  colony  (1510).  He  was  with  Balboa  in  the 
discovery  of  the  Pacific  (1513) ;  and  in  1619  settled  at  Pa- 
nama. Here,  in  1622,  he  joined  with  Diego  de  Almagro 
and  a  priest  named  Hernando  de  Luque  in  a  scheme  for 


who  employed  him  as  a  page  in  1530.  He  was  an 
eye-witness  of  most  of  the  scenes  in  the  conquest  of  Peru, 
and  during  the  rebellion  of  Gonzalo  Pizarro  narrowly  es- 
caped hanging  because  he  sided  with  the  king.  In  1671 
he  finished  his  "Eelaciones  del  descubrimiento  y  con- 
quista  de  los  Reynos  del  Peril,"  one  of  the  best  authori- 
ties on  the  conquest.  It  was  first  published  in  Vol.  V  of 
the  "Documentos  in^ditos  para  la  nistoria  de  Espana." 


conquest  toward  the  south,  whence  rumors  had  come  of  FlZarrO  6  AxaUJO  (pe-za'r8  e  a-rou  zhg),  JoSe 
a  rich  empire.  They  purchased  two  small  vessels,  and  .  ,Jg  SoUZa  AzOVedO.  Bom  at  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Pizarro  left  Panama  Nov.  14, 1624,  with  one  ship  and  about  /-,  j.  -.o  -inso.  Hiorl  fl,oi.o  IWair  14.  lOTfl  A  Rra 
100  men,  following  the  coast  to  about  lat.  7' N.  After  en-  ^et.  1^,1 /Sd.  died  there,  iVlay  14,  IBdU.  A  JJra- 
durlng  great  suffering,  he  was  obliged  to  return.  Alma-  zUian  nistonan.  He  took  orders  and  occupied  va- 
gro,  who  had  sailed  later  and  passed  him,  met  with  no  bet-    rious  ecclesiastical  positions  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,^  besides 


ter  success.  Aided  by  Gaspar  de  Espinosa  they  sailed 
again  in  larger  vessels  (about  Sept.,  1626),  penetrated  to 
the  equator,  and  saw  large  cities  and  evidences  of  wealth. 
Almagro  now  returned  for  reinforcements,  leaving  Pizarro 


traveling  extensively  in  the  interior.  His  "Memorias 
historicas  da  capitania  do  Rio  de  Janeiro,  e  das  demais 
capitanlas  do  Brazil "  (9  vols.  1820-22)  is  one  of  the  most 
important  works  on  the  history  of  Brazil. 


and  a  part  of  the  men  on  the  little  island  of  Gallo  (lat.  1°  FizarrO  V  OrelLana  (pe-thar'ro  e  o-ral-va'nS,), 
52' N.),  where  they  suffered  greatly.  Thenewgovernorof  Tiprnnnan  TWn  ahmit  l.'iqS-  flinfl  after  1639 
Panama,  los  Rios,  refused  to  authorize  further  explora-  iemanao.  JJorn  aDout  10»0.  died  alter  iDda. 
tlon,  and  sent  two  ships  to  take  Pizarro  off ;  but  he,  with  Cireat-grandson  of  Jb  rancisco  Pizarro  through 
16  of  his  men,  chose  to  remain  rather  than  give  up  the  his  daughter  Praneisca  who  married  Hernando 
scheme,  and  was  left  on  the  island.     Another  vessel  ar-    Pizarro. 


In  1639  he  published  "Varones  ilustres  del 
Nuevo  Mundo,"  which  gives  the  most  extended  account  of 
the  conqueror  of  Peru,  and  biographies  of  Columbus,  Ojeda, 
Cortes,  Juan,  Hernando  and  Gonzalo  Pizarro,  Diego  de  Al- 
magro, and  Diego  Garcia  de  Paredea. 


rived  about  Dec,  1627,  with  positive  orders  to  take  them 
off ;  but,  instead  of  obeying,  they  used  the  vessel  for  fur- 
ther exploration.  This  time  they  reached  Tumbez  and 
other  Inca  towns,  were  well  received,  saw  evidences  of 

great  wealth,  and  at  length  returned  to  Panama  with  the  •d:_ij___{__  /„x+„i,„„  „s'„K^  a  „„oV-,j!+t,„x5™ 
assurance  that  they  had  discovered  the  long-sought  south-  PlZ  Bemma  (pets  ber-ne  na).  Apeak  of  the  Ber- 
ern  empire.  Pizarro  now  hastened  to  Spain,  where  (July  nina  chain,  and  the  culminating  summit  of  the 
26, 1529)  he  received  a  concession  to  conquer  and  govern  Khsetian  Alps,  situated  in  the  canton  of  Gri- 
Peru.  Returning  to  Panama,  Pizarro  sailed  for  the  on-nc.  Swityfirlnnfl  sniitli  of  thn  TTrmpr  Ti^ntrn- 
south  in  Jan.,  163^  with  3 vessels  and  185  men;  landed  at  ^ons,  iSwitzeriand,  soutn  01  tne  Upper  Mga^ 
the  Island  of  Puni  in  the  Gulf  of  Guayaquil,  where  he    dme.     Height,  ld,295  teet. 

was  joined  by  Hernando  de  Soto  with  reinforcements;  and  pjg  LangUard  (pets  lang-gwSrd').  A  peak  in 
thence  crossed  to  Tumbez  and  pushed  inland.  On  Nov.  thn  A1t>k  of  R-risntiH  SwityBrlsinil  onat  nf  PatiK 
16, 1532,  he  reached  Cajamarca,  where  the  Inea  Atahualpa  ™^.  "^-'P^  ^  trnsons,  bwitzeriano,  east  01  Jr-ont- 
was  encamped  with  a  large  army.  On  the  next  day  the  Inca  resma.  Heignt,  lU,  ilO  leet. 
was  treacherously  seized,  and  his  attendants  were  massa-  PizzQ  (pit'so).  '  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
^Tttg?l7a^dTetc\t?l^^JJS^c'X'^t^1iZ^^^  Catanzaro,  southern  Italy  24  miles  southwest 

326,539  pesos  of  gold  and  51,610  marks  of  silver,  equal  to  ot  Catanzaro,  on  the  trult  ot  banta  Jl^utemia. 
4,605,670  ducats,  estimated  at  §15,000,000  of  modern  money.  Murat  was  executed  here  in  1815,  Population 
Intheendthecaptivewasslainonafalsechargeof conspir-    (1881),  8  005. 

ing  against  the  Spaniards,  Aug,  29,1533.  {See  Atahualpa.)  -p-,  'j  '  lo   "RneHno  f-nVaa  HA  In  hn«a-+plM    nv 

Almagro  arrived  soon  after,  but  too  late  to  share  in  the  -tViace  ae  la  iSaspiie  ^pias  ae  la  Das-tei  ;,  or 
distribution  of  the  booty.     Hitherto  there  had  been  no    La  SastlUe.      Ine  Site  or  tne  tSastule,  at  tne 


armed  resistance,  but  in  the  march  to  Cuzco  which  fol- 
lowed, the  Spaniards  were  repeatedly  attacked.  On  Nov. 
15, 1533,  Pizarro  entered  Cuzco.  Manco  Inca,  the  legiti- 
mate heir  to  the  throne,  tendered  his  submission,  and 
Pizarro  made  a  puppet  monarch  of  him :  he  himself  was 
the  real  ruler,  and  Guzco  was  pillaged  and  turned  into  a 
Spanish  city.  In  Jan.,  1535,  he  founded  Lima  as  his  capi- 
tal ;  soon  after  he  received  from  Spain  the  title  of  mar- 
quis, and  his  territory  was  defined  as  extending  from  the 
river  Santiago  (lat.  1"  2'  S.)  southward  for  270  leagues. 
Almagro,  at  the  same  time,  was  granted  the  region  ad- 


end  of  the  Rue  St.-Antoine,  Paris.  After  the  rev- 
olution of  1830  the  Colonne  de  Juillet  was  erected  here  to 
commemorate  the  three  eventful  days  of  July  of  that  year. 
The  first  stone  was  laid  by  Louis  Philippe,  July  21, 1831. 
In  the  revolution  of  1848  the  strongest  barricade  of  the 
insurgents  was  placed  at  the  entrance  of  the  Faubourg  St.- 
Antoine  to  the  east  of  the  Place,  and  Archbishop  Affre  was 
killed  there.  The  revolution  of  Feb.  23-24,  1848,  began  at 
the  Place  de  la  Bastille^  and  it  was  one  of  the  strongtiolds 
of  the  Communists,  being  captured  after  a  desperate  strug- 
gle on  May  25, 1871. 


i°o\;^°ulr*'(JL!ll%^^^*^h?i°e'BtllL°z'i,'^?h^rpn°f  Place  de  la  Concorde  (k6n-kord').    A  noted 

Pizarro's  forc^  had  conquered  Quito,  and  Pizarro  took    square  in  Fans,  north  ot  the  beme  and  west  ot 


possession  of  it.  In  April,  1636,  the  Indians  rose  in  revolt 
under  Manco,  and  for  a  time  threatened  to  drive  the 
Spaniards  out^  but  were  finally  conquered.  Almagro,  re- 
turning from  Chile,  claimed  Cuzco  as  lying  within  his 
territory ;  war  followed  between  him  and  Pizarro ;  and  Al- 
magro was  defeated  at  Las  Salinas  (April  26,  1538),  and 
soon  after  was  executed.  His  followers  were  generally 
allowed  to  go  free ;  but  they  plotted  against  Pizarro,  and  at 
length  a  party  of  them  attacked  him  in  his  palace  andslew 
him  with  several  attendants. 

Pizarro,  Oonzalo.    Born  at  Truxillo,  1505  or 
1506 :  died  at  Cuzco,  April  12  (?),  1548.     Half- 


the  Tuileries.  In  the  first  revolution  it  was  called  the 
Place  de  la  Guillotine.  It  was  also  called  the  Place  de  la 
Revolution  and  the  Place  Louia  XV.  In  1763  the  waste 
land  here  was  transformed  into  a  piazza  to  be  called  the 
Place  Louis  XV. :  this  was  begun  by  the  architect  Gabriel. 
On  May  30, 1770,  while  the  work  was  still  unfinished,  the 
marriage  of  the  dauphin  was  celebrated  there  by  a  great 
fete.  In  1792  the  statue  of  Louis  XV. ,  which  had  stood  in 
the  center,  was  pulled  down  and  replaced  hy  a  plaster 
statue  of  Liberty,  near  which  was  the  guillotine.  Louis 
XVI.,  Marie  Antoinette,  and  many  of  the  nobility  were 
beheaded  here.  Its  present  name  dates  from  1706.  The 
brotherof  FranciscoPizarro,  whom  he  followed  Obeiisque  de  Luxor  was  brought  here  in  1833. 
in  the  conquest  of  Peru.  H^  took  part  in  the  de-  Place  du  Oanousel  (du  ka-rd-zel' )  A  square 
fense  of  Cuzco  in  1536;  was  imprisoned  by  Almagro,  April,  m  Pans,  north  of  the  Seine  and  east  of  the 
1537,  but  escaped ;  led  the  infantry  at  Las  Salinas,  April  Louvre.  Its  name  is  denved  trom  the  tourna- 
26, 1638  J  subsequently  served  in  Charcas,  where  he  re-  mgnt  held  here  in  1662.  See  Arc  de  Triomphe 
ceived  a  grant  of  the  rich  Potosl  mines ;  and  in  1639  was  ^  nnrrmiiel 
made  governor  of  Quito.  In  1641-42  he  led  an  unsuccess-  "''  „.^*,-„  o„„  p.v.,.o»,„ 
fill  expedition  eastward  of  Quito  to  the  Napo,  and  was  PlaCOntia.     See  riacenza. 

deserted  there  by  Orellana,  who  made  the  first  descent  of  Flacentia  (pla-sen'shi-a).  A  small  seaport  in 
the  Amazon.  In  1644  he  consente  J  after  some  hesitatao^  Newfoundland,  63  mile's  west-SOuthwest  of  St. 
toleadtheopposition  toVaacoNuflez  Velaand  the    JNew     j  ,     ,  ' 

Laws";  war  ensued;  and  Vela  was  defeated  and  killed  at    J  onus.  _  .      .   ,    .     ...      ,.,      ,.    „ 

the  battle  of  Anaquito,  Jan.  18, 1546.  Pizarro  was  recog-  Placentia  Bay,  An  inlet  Ot  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
nized  hy  the  colonists  as  ruler,  and  his  oflicers  seized  the  on  thesouthemcoast  of  Newfoundland.  Length, 
Isthmus  ot  Panama.    The  Spanish  government  now  sent      y^     i  «=  y„\\p.^ 

PedrodelaGasca,withextraordinarypowers,totakepos-    '1;"""''"'^""'^='_  v  \„„„„,^  «.„+^„„„ 

session  of  the  government.  By  politic  means  he  obtained  Place  Koyale,  La,  OU  1  AmOUreUX  extrava- 
possession  of  the  isthmus.  Pizarro  refused  to  treat  with  gant.  A  comedy  by  CorneiUe,  produced  in  163A. 
him,andGascalandedatTumbezJunel3, 1647.    Alarmed  ...      /_iH'o&„vin       Tlia   flo-nitol    nf   Fl 

by  Numerous   desertions,  Pizarro  attempted  to  retreat  PlacerVlUC  (pla  ser-vil).       Ihe   capital    Ot   M 
southward.    At  Huarina,  near  Lake  Titicaca,  he  and  his    Dorado  County,  Calitornia,  situated  about  4U 
lieutenant,  Carbajal,  met  and  defeated  the  royalist  force    mijes  east-northeast  of  Sacramento.     Popula- 
ofCenteno.    Pizarro  now  returned  to  Cuzco,  and  met  the    i.;„_ /iqnm    1748 
army  of  Gasca  in  the  valley  of  Sacsahuana,  April  9, 1548;    tion^iauu;,  1,(^0.  .     ,-     ,^        .         .„., 

but  his  disheartened  soldiers  deserted  or  fied,  and  there  Place  VendomO  (plas  VOn-dom').  A  noted 
was  no  battle.  Pizarro  gave  himself  up,  and  was  executed  square  in  Paris,  north  of  the  Seine.  It  was  de- 
soon  after.  .  tj  +  rr„,.,jn„  Mn±  (i\  signed  by  Louis  XIV.  Napoleon  I.  erected  a 
^S,t'^fl^t^r.^Sft^^^?;^"S-  t£x'/l  column  here  in  1806.  See  Column 
gltimate)  of  Francisco  Pizarro,  whom  he  ac-  '"'"Z'.  "'  ,  . ,,.  ...  „  „  „  ,  .  „„„ 
Sompanied  to  Feru,  returning  to  Spain  in  Jan.,  Placidia  (pla-sid'i-a),  Oalla.  Born  about  388 
1534;  with  the  royai  fifth  of  the  ransom  of  Ata-    A.D.:  diea450  or  45L   A  Roman  princess,   she 


Flacidia 

was  the  daughter  of  Theodosius  the  Great ;  was  taken 
prisoner  by  Alaric,  king  of  the  West  Goths,  during  the  sack 
of  £ome  in  410 ;  and  became  the  wife  of  Alaric's  successor 
Ataulphus  in  414.  Ataulphus  was  killed  in  416,  and  Pla- 
cidia  was  restored  to  her  half-brother  the  emperor  Hono- 
rius.  She  married  in  417  Constantius,  by  whom  she  be- 
came the  mother  of  Valentinian  III. 

Plagiary  (pla'ji-a-ri),  Sir  Fretful.  A  char- 
acter in  "  The  Critic,"  by  Sheridan,  it  is  a  satir- 
ical portrait  of  Cumberland,  said  to  have  been  written  in 
revenge  for  the  latter's  behavior  at  the  first  night  of  the 
"School  for  Scandal." 

Plague  of  Serpents,  The.  A  powerful  celling 
picture  by  Tintoretto,  in  the  Seuola  di  San  Rocco 
at  Venice.  There  are  many  figures  scattered  in  flight 
and  death  before  swarms  of  small  but  monstrous  flying 
and  writhing  snakes,  beneath  a  sky  covered  with  black 
clouds,  but  illuminated  in  one  place  by  the  descent  of  an 
angel  of  mercy. 

Plaideurs  (pla-der'),  Les.  A  comedy  by  Ba- 
cine,  printed  in  1668.  it  is  a  severe  satire  on  the 
legal  profession,  and  at  first  was  unsuccessful,  but  after- 
ward became  extremely  popular:  "a  charming  trifle 
which  has  had,  and  has  deserved,  more  genuine  and  last- 
ing popularity  than  any  of  his  tragedies  "  (Saintsbury). 

Plain  (plan),  The.  In  the  legislatures  of  the  first 
French  revolution,  the  floor  of  the  house,  occu- 
pied by  the  more  moderate  party ;  hence,  that 
party  itself ,  as  distinguished  from  the  Mountain 
(which  see). 

Plain  Dealer  (plan  de'ler),  The.  A  comedy  by 
Wycherley,  produced  in  1674  and  printed  in 
1677.  It  owes  its  existence  to  Molifere's  "Le 
misanthrope."    See  Manly. 

Plalnfield  (plan 'f  eld).  A  city  in  Union  County, 
New  Jersey,  24  miles  west-southwest  of  New 
York.    Population  (1900),  15,369. 

Planche  (ploii-sha'),  James  Robinson.  Bom 
at  London,  Feb.  27,  1796 :  died  May  29,  1880. 
An  English  dramatist  and  writer  on  heraldry, 
costume,  etc.  He  wrote  more  than  200  plays.  He  was 
created  Rouge-Croix  Pursuivant  of  Arms  in  1854,  and 
Somerset  Herald  in  1866. 

Planck  (plangk),  Gottlieb  Jakob.  Bom  at  Niir- 
tingen,  Wiirtemberg,  Nov.  15,  1751:  died  Aug. 
31,  1833.  A  German  Protestant  theologian, 
professor  of  theology  at  Gottingen  from  1784. 
His  chief  work  is  "  Geschichte  des  protestantischen  Lehr- 
begriffs  "  ("  History  of  the  Protestant  System  of  Doctrine," 
1781-1800). 

Plan^on  (plon-sdn'),  Pol.  A  noted  contem- 
porary bass  singer,  born  in  France.  He  first 
sang  in  Paris  as  Mephisto  in  "Faust"  in 
1883. 

Plantagenet,  George,  Duke  of  Clarence.  Born 
at  Dublin,  1449:  murdered  in  the  Tower  of 
Xondon,  Feb.  18, 1478.  Younger  brother  of  Ed- 
ward IV.  of  England.  He  married  Isabel,  daughter 
of  the  Earl  of  Warwick,  in  1469 ;  and  intrigued  with  War- 
wick 1469-71.  According  to  an  unauthenticated  tradition, 
he  was  drowned  in  a  butt  of  malmsey  wine. 

Plantagenet  (plan-taj'e-net).  House  of,  also 
called  House  of  Anjou.  [From  L.  planta 
genistsB,  sprig  of  broom,  emblem  of  Geoffrey, 
count  of  Aiijou.]  A  line  of  English  kings  (1154- 
1399),  founded  by  Henry  II.,  son  of  Geoffrey, 
count  of  Anjou,  and  Matilda,  daughter  of  Henry 

I.  of  England.      The  kings  of  this  house  were  Henry 

II.  (1164-89),  Eiohard  I.  (1189-99),  John  Lackland  (1199- 
1216),  Henry  III.  (1216-72X  Edward  I.  (1272-1307),  Edward 
n.  (1307-27),  Edward  m.  (1827-77),  and  Kiohard  II.  (1377- 
1399).  It  became  extinct  In  the  direct  line  on  the  death 
of  Kichard  II.  in  1399. 

Plantagenet,  John.    See  JoJin  of  Iiancaster. 

Plantagenet,  Richard,  Earl  of  Cornwall.  Bom 
at  Winchester,  England,  Jan.  5, 1209:  died  April 
2, 1272.  Younger  brother  of  Henry  III.  of  Eng- 
land. He  was  elected  king  of  Germany  by  part  of  the 
electors,  and  crowned  at  Aachen  in  1257.  He  was  cap- 
tured at  Lewes  in  1264. 

Plantin  (plon-tauM,  Christophe.  Bom  near 
Tours,  Prance,  1514 :  died  at  Antwerp,  1589.  A 
French  printer  in  Antwerp.  He  published  a 
polyglot  Bible  (1569-72).    See  Antwerp. 

Plantin-Moretus,  Mus6e.    See  Antwerp. 

Plasencia  (pla-sen'the-a).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Caoeres,  western  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Jerte  70  miles  south-southwest  of  Salamanca. 
The  cathedral  is  of  the  florid  architecture  of  Ferdinand 
and  Isabella,  with  later  classical  alterations  and  additions. 
The  choir-stalls  are  remarkable  even  in  Spain :  the  carving 
is  admirable,  and  the  blending  of  sacred  and  profane  sub- 
jects very  curious.    Population  (1887),  8,044. 

Plassey,  or  Plassi  (plas'se) ,  A  place  in  Bengal, 
British  India,  situated  on  the  Hugli  85  miles 
north  of  Calcutta.  Here,  June  23, 1757,  the  British 
forces (3,200)  under  Clive  defeated  the  Bengal  array  (60,000) 
nnderSurajah  Dowlah.  The  battle  is  imj)ortant  as  virtually 
securing  the  establishment  of  the  British  power  in  India. 

Plata,  Gobernaciou  del  Rio  de  la.    See  Sio 

de  la  Plata. 
Plata  (pla'ta),  La.  See  Argentine  Confederation. 
Plata,  iia,  Audience  of.     The  audience  of 

Chuquisaca,  otherwise  called  La  Plata.    See 

Choreas. 


812 

Plata,  Provinces  of  the.    See  La  Plata. 

Plata,  Rio  de  la.    See  Bio  de  la  Plata. 

Plata,  Viceroyalty  of.    See  La  Plata. 

Plataea  (pla-te'a),  or  Plataese  (pla-te'e).  [Gr. 
Ul&Taia,  H'kaTata.i,']  In  ancient  geography,  a  city 
of  Boeotia,  Greece,  situated  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Cithseron  30  miles  northwest  of  Athens,  it  was 
allied  with  Athens ;  furnished  a  contingent  against  the  Per- 
sians at  Marathon  in  490  B.  c. ;  was  the  scene  of  a  famous 
battle  in  479  (see  below) ;  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by 
the  Thebans  in  431 ;  was  besieged  by  the  Peloponnesians  in 
429,  and  taken  in  427 ;  was  rebuilt  in  387,  again  destroyed 
by  the  Thebans  about  372,  and  rebuilt  338.  The  site 
contains  a  few  ruins ;  a  Herseura,  or  temple  of  Hera,  was 
discovered  in  1891. 

Plateea,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained  in  479  B.  c. 
by  the  Greeks  (about  110,000,  LaoedEemonians 
and  others)  under  Pausanias  over  the  Persians 
(about  300,000)  under  Mardonius.  It  resulted 
in  the  final  repulse  of  the  Persian  invasion  of 

.  Greece. 

Plateau  (pla-to'),  Joseph  Antoine  Ferdinand. 

Bom  at  Brussels,  Oct.  14, 1801:  died  at  Ghent, 
Sept.  15,  1883.  A  Belgian  physicist,  professor 
of  experimental  physics  and  astronomy  at  Ghent 
1835-71:  noted  for  his  researches  in  molecular 
forces  and  in  optics.  His  chief  work  is  "  Sta- 
tique  exp6rimentale  et  th^orique  des  liquides  " 
(1873). 
Platen  (pla'ten),  August,  Count  von  Platen- 
Hallermund  (or  -Hallermiinde).  Born  at  Ans- 
bach,  Bavaria,  Oct.  24, 1796 :  died  at  Syracuse, 
Sicily,  Dec.  5.  1835.  A  German  poet.  He  was  at 
flrst  in  the  cadet  corps  at  Munich.  In  1816,  as  a  Bavarian 
lieutenant,  he  was  in  the  field  against  France.  Subse- 
quently, without  having  left  the  army,  he  studied  linguis- 
tics at  Wiirzburg  and  Erlangen ;  afterward  he  traveled 
much  abroad,  particularly  in  Italy  and  the  South.  He  is 
buried  iii  Syracuse.  Among  his  poems  are  particularly  to 
be  mentioned  his  sonnets  and  the  "Ghaselen,"  written  in 
the  Persian  form  of  the  "gazel,"  the  flrst  of  which  ap- 
peared in  1821 :  he  also  wrote  odes,  idyls,  songs,  and  ballads. 
In  1826 appeared  the  satiric  comedy  "Die  verhangnissvolle 
Gabel "("  The  Fatal  Fork"),  directed  against  the  "fate  tra- 
gedies," so  called ;  and  in  1829  "  Der  romantische  OSdipus  " 
("The  Bomantic  CEdipus"),  directed  against  German  ro- 
manticism :  plays  that  gave  him  the  title  of  a  German  Aris- 
tophanes. "Gedichte"  ("Poems")  appeared  in  1828.  His 
last  great  work  is  the  Oriental  legendary  epic  "Die  Abas- 
Biden  "  ("  The  Abassides,"  1835),  His  collected  works  ap- 
peared at  Stuttgart,  in  1876,  in  two  volumes. 

Plate  River.    See  Rio  de  la  Plata. 

Platine  (pla'tin)  Colonies.  [Sp.  Colonias  del  Mo 
de  la  Plata,']  A  collective  name  for  the  Spanish 
colonies  bordering  on  the  Eio  de  la  Plata  and  its 
affiuents.  These  were  at  flrst  included  in  the  colony  of 
Paraguay,  from  which  Buenos  Ayres  was  separated  in  1620. 
(See  Rio  dela  Plata.)  Montevideo  (now  Uruguay)  was  made 
agovernment  subject  to  that  of  Buenos  Ayres  in  1760.  In 
1776  the  colonies  were  united  with  others  in  the  vice- 
royalty  of  La  Plata. 

Platine  States,  The.  A  collective  name  for 
the  Spanish-American  countries  bordering  on 
the  Eio  de  la  Plata  and  its  tributaries ;  at  pres- 
ent, the  Argentine  Republic,  Uruguay,  and  Pa- 
raguay. Uruguay  was  attached  to  Brazil  from  1821  to 
1828,  and  the  Argentine  provinces  werelong  separated  from 
Buenos  Ayres,  but  were  reunited  to  it  in  1869. 

Plato  (pla'to),  originally  Aristocles.  [Gr. 
WiaTov :  so  surnamed  from  his  broad  shoulders.] 
Bom  at  JEgina,  429  or  427  b.  c.  :  died  at  Athens, 
347.  A  famous  Greek  philosopher,  a  disciple  of 
Socratesandtheteacherof  Aristotle:  thefounder 
of  the  Academic  school.  His  father,  Ariston,  and  his 
mother,  Perictione,  were  of  aristocratic  birth.  He  was  in 
his  youth  a  successful  gymnast,  a  soldier,  and  a  poet.  After 
he  became  a  disciple  of  Socrates  he  is  said  to  have  destroyed 
his  poems,  but  some  epigrams  attributed  to  him  are  extant. 
His  association  with  his  master  lasted  from  an  early  age 
until Socrates's death.  AfterthiseventhewenttoEucleides 
at  Megara,  and  later  journeyed  in  Egypt,  Cyrene,  Sicily, 
and  Magna  Grsecia.  By  Dionysius  of  Syracuse,  who  was  of- 
f  euded  at  his  opinions,  he  was  delivered  to  the  Spartan  am- 
bassador Pollis,  who  sold  him  as  a  slave  in  Mgliaa.  He  was 
ransomed,  returned  to  Athens,  and  founded  the  Academy 
(which  see).  In  367he  revisited  Syracuse  on  the  invitation 
of  Dion  and  of  Dionysius  the  younger,  but  soon  left,  re- 
turning, however,  for  a  short  time  about  361.  He  then 
returned  to  Athens,  where  he  lived  until  his  death,  which 
occurred  at  a  marriage-feast.  All  his  genuine  works  have 
been  preserved ;  but  some  extant  works  attributed  to  him 
are  spurious.  The  former  include  the  dialogues  "Pro- 
tagoras," "Phsedrus,"  "Symposium,"  "Gorgias,"  "Theai- 
tetus,"  "Eepublio,"  "TimiEus,"  "Philebus,"  "Sophist," 
"Politicus,"  "Parmenides,"  "Cratylus,"  "Laws,"  "Crit- 
ias,"  "Mono,"  "Euthydemus,"  "Apology,"  "Crito,"  "Ly- 
sis," "Charmides,"  "Laches,"  "Lesser  Hippias,""Euthy- 
phro,"  "Menexenus"(?),  and  "Ion"  (?).  Plato's  philoso- 
phy, which  is  still  the  greatest  exposition  of  idealism,  was 
founded  on  the  Socratlo  teaching,  but  went  far  beyond  it 
in  a  speculative  direction.  (See  Socrates.)  It  has,  with 
AJistotelianism,  largely  controlled  the  progress  of  specula- 
tive thought  to  the  present  day. 

Plato.  A  remarkable  Greek  bust  in  bronze,  of 
the  first  half  of  the  4th  century  B.  c,  in  the 
Museo  Nazionale,  Naples,  once  supposed  to  rep- 
resent the  great  philosopher.  Many  consider  it 
a  bearded  type  of  Dionysus ;  sBme  the  famous 
Poseidon  of  Tarentum. 


Playfair,  Sir  Lyon 

Plato.    A  large  crater  in  the  moon. 

Plato.  An  Athenian  comic  poet  who  flourished 
from  428  to  389  B.  C.  He  is  ranked  among  the  very 
best  of  the  poets  of  the  Old  Comedy.  He  carried  on  a 
poetic  contest  with  Aristophanes,  and  attacked  the  dema- 
gogues Cleon,  Hyperbolus,  Agyrrhius,  and  Cleophon.  Frag- 
ments only  of  his  works  are  extant. 

Platonick  Lovers,  The.  A  tragicomedy  by  Sir 
William  Davenant,  printed  in  1636. 

Piatt  (plat),  Charles  A.  Bom  at  New  York, 
Oct.  16,  1881.  An  American  landscape-painter 
and  etcher.    He  was  a  pupil  of  Boulanger. 

Piatt  (plat),  Thomas  Collier.  Bom  at  Owego, 
N.  Y.,  July  15, 1833.  An  American  Republican 
politician.  He  studied  at  Yale  without  taking  a  degree, 
engaged  in  mercantilepnrsnits,  and  becaniepresidentof  the 
Tioga,  New  York,  National  Bank.  Hewas  a  member  of  Con- 
gress from  New  York  1873-77.  In  Jan.,  1881,  he  was  elected 
United  States  senator  to  succeed  Francis  Kernan,  whose 
term  expired  in  March,  but  resigned  his  seat  in  May  at  the 
instance  of  his  colleague  Conkling.  (See  Conkling,  Roscoe.) 
He  was  again  elected  to  the  Senate  in  1897.  He  has  been 
,  president  of  the  United  States  Express  Company  since  1880. 

Platte  (plat),  or  Nebraska  (nf-bras'ka).  One 
of  the  largest  tributaries  of  the  Missouri,  it  is 
formed  by  the  union,  in  Lincoln  County,  Nebraska,  of  the 
North  and  South  Forks  of  the  Platte,  and  joins  the  Mis- 
souri 18  miles  south  of  Omaha.  The  North  Fork  rises  in 
northern  Colorado,  and  flows'  through  Wyoming  and  west- 
ern Nebraska ;  the  South  Fork  rises  in  central  Colorado, 
and  flows  through  that  State  and  western  Nebraska.  To- 
tal length,  including  North  Fork,  about  900  miles.  It  is 
not  navigable. 

Plattensee.    See  Balaton,  Lake. 

Plattner  (piat'ner),  Karl  Friedrich.  Bom  at 
Klein  waltersdorf,  near  Freiberg,  Saxony,  Jan. 
2, 1800 :  died  at  Freiberg,  Jan .  22, 1858.  A  Ger- 
man chemist  and  metallurgist,  professor  at  Frei- 
berg: noted  for  his  work  in  developing  blow- 
pipe analysis.  He  published  ' '  Probirkunst  mit 
dem  Jjothrohr"  (1835),  etc. 

Plattsburg  (plats'berg).  A  village,  the  capital 
of  Clinton  County,  New  York,  situated  on  Lake 
Champlain,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Saranac,  in  lat. 
44°  40'  N.,  long.  73°  30'  W.  It  is  the  center  of  con- 
siderable trade  and  manufactur.es.  Near  it,  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  a  naval  victory  was  gained  Sept.  11, 1814,  by  the 
American  fleet  under  Macdonough  over  the  British  fleet 
under  Downie ;  while  here,  at  the  same  time,  the  American 
land  forces  under  Macomb  repulsed  the  British  under 
Prevost.    Population  (1900),  8,4a4. 

Flattsmouth  (plats'mouth).  A  city,  capital  of 
Cass  County,  Nebraska,  situated  near  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Platte  and  the  Missouri.  Population 
(1900),  4,964. 

Plauen  (plou'en).  A  city  in  the  kingdom  of 
Saxony,  situated  on  the  White  Elster  22  miles 
southwest  of  Zwickau,  it  is  the  chief  center  in  Ger- 
many for  the  weaving  of  white  cotton  goods  and  the  em- 
broidery of  white  goods,  and  has  various  other  manufac- 
tnres.  It  is  the  chief  place  of  the  Vogtland.  Population 
(1890),  47,007. 

Plausible  (pia'zi-bl).  Lord.  In  Wyoherley'si 
comedy  "The  Plain  Dealer,"  an  insinuating 
fop,  in  love  with  Olivia. 

Plautus  (pia'tus),  Titus  Maccius.  Bom  at 
Sa,rsLna,  Umbria :  died  184  b.  c.  A  Roman  dram- 
atist. He  adapted  materials  taken  from  the  New  Attic 
Comedy.  Twenty  of  his  comedies  (nearly  all  complete) 
are  extant.  Among  them  are  "Amphitruo,"  "Captivi,''' 
"Aulularia,"  "Trinummus,"  "Eudens,"  "Miles  Glorio- 
sus,"  "Mostellaria,"  "Pseudolus,"and  "Mensechmi." 

Players,  The.  A  New  York  club  founded  by 
Edwin  Booth,  incorporated  in  1888.  "its  objects 
are  the  promotion  of  social  intercourse  between  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  dramatic  profession  and  of  the  kindred 
professions  of  literature,  painting,  sculpture,  and  music, 
and  the  patrons  of  the  arts ;  the  creation  of  a  library  re- 
lating especially  to  the  history  of  the  American  stage ;  and 
the  preservation  of  pictures,  bills  of  the  play,  photographsi 
and  curiosities  connected  with  such  history.*  Its  house- 
is  at  16  Gramercy  Park. 

Player's  Scourge,  The.    See  HistriomasUx. 

Playfair  (pla'f ar),  John.  Born  at  Benvie,  For- 
farshire, March  10,  1748:  died  at  Edinburgh, 
July  19,  1819.  A  Scottish  mathematician  and 
physicist.  He  entered  St.  Andrews  University  at  14 
years  of  age.  In  1785  he  succeeded  Dugald  Stewart  as. 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Edinburgh.  His  works  in- 
clude "  On  the  Arithmetic  of  Impossible  Numbers  "  (1779) 
"Elements  of  Geometry  "(1796),  "Illustrations  of  the  Hu£ 
toman  Theory  of  the  Earth  "  (1802),  "  Proof  of  Natural  Phi- 
losophy "  (1805),  "An  Account  of  the  Lithological  Survev 
of  Schehallion"  (1811\  "  Natural  Philosophy  "  (1812-16)  a 
"Dissertation  on  the  Progress  of  Mathematical  and  Physi- 
cal Science"  (in  the  "Enoyolopffidia  Britannica"),  and  an. 
edition  of  Euclid. 

Playfair,  Sir  Lyon,  first  Lord  Playfair.  Born 
at  Meerut,  Bengal,  May  21,  1819:  died  at  Lon- 
don, May  29, 1898.  A  British  chemist  and  Lib- 
eral politician.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  chem- 
istry in  the  University  of  Edinburgh  in  1858 ;  was  elected 
to  Parliament  in  1868 ;  and  was  postmaster-general  1873- 
1874,  and  chairman  of  the  committee  of  ways  and  means, 
ajid  deputy  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons  1880-83 
He  was  created  Baron  Playfair  in  1892.  He  published! 
"Primary  and  Technical  Education"  (1870),  "On  Teach- 
ing Uulversities  and  Exaniinatiot'  Boards  "  0872),  etc. 


Pleasants 

Pleasants  (plez'ants),  James.  Bom  in  Vir- 
ginia, 1769:  died'  in  Grooehlaud  County,  Va., 
Nov.  9,  1836.  An  American  politician.  He 
was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Vir- 
ginia 1811-19;  United  States  senator  1819-22; 
and  governor  of  Virginia  1822-25. 

Pleasonton  (plez'on-ton),  Alfred.  Bom  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  Dee.,  1823:  died  there,  Feb. 
17, 1897.  An  American  general.  He  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1844 ;  served  in  the  Mexican  war ;  and  was 
promoted  captain  in  1855.  He  became  a  major  of  cavalry 
in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  in  Feb.,  1862 ;  served  through 
the  Peninsular  campaign ;  became  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers in  July,  1862 ;  was  engaged  in  the  battles  of  South 
Mountain,  Antietani,  and  Fredericksburg  ;  dietinguished 
himself  at  Chancellorsville  ;  and  commanded  the  cavalry 
at  Gettysburg.  He  drove  Sterling  Price  out  of  Missouri 
in  1864.    He  retired  with  the  rank  of  colonel  in  1888. 

Pleasures  of  Hope.  A  poem  by  Thomas  Camp- 
bell, published  in  1799. 

Pleasures  of  Memory.  A  poem  by  Samuel 
Rogers,  published  in  1792. 

Pleasures  of  the  Imagination.  A  didactic 
poem  by  Akenside,_published  in  1744. 

FlSiade  (pla-yad'),  La.  The  name  given  in  lit- 
erature to  several  groups  of  seven  poets  living 
at  the  same  time,  notably  to  such  a  group  in  the 
time  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus.  These  were  Lyco- 
phron,  Theocritus,  Aratus,  Nlcander,  Homer,  Apollonius  of 
Bhodes,  and  Callimachns.  The  name  has  been  applied  to 
other  similar  groups,  especially  in  the  16th  century  to  that 
formed  by  Eionsard  with  Joachim  du  Bellay,  Antoine  de 
Baif,  Jodelle,  Pontus  de  Thyard,  Dorat,  and  Herni  Belleau. 
These  united  in  a  close  league  to  reduce  the  French  lan- 
guage and  literature  to  a  classical  form.  They  had  many 
followers. 

French,  after  all,  despite  a  strong  Teutonic  admixture, 
was  a  Latin  tongue,  and  recurrence  to  Latin,  and  to  the 
stUl  more  majestic  and  fertile  language  which  had  had 
so  much  to  do  in  shaping  the  literary  Latin  dialect,  was 
natural  and  germane  to  its  character.  In  point  of  fact, 
the  Fl^iade  made  modem  French— made  it,  we  may  say, 
twice  over ;  for  not  only  did  its  original  work  revolutionise 
the  language  in  a  manner  so  durable  that  the  reaction  of 
the  next  century  could  not  wholly  undo  it,  but  it  was 
mainly  study  of  the  PWiade  that  aimed  the  great  masters 
of  the  Bomantic  movement,  the  men  of  1830,  in  their  revolt 
against  the  cramping  rules  and  impoverished  vocabulary  of 
the  eighteenth  century.  The  effect  of  the  change  indeed 
was  far  too  universal  for  it  to  be  possible  for  any  Malherhe 
or  any  Boileau  to  overtlu-ow  it.  The  whole  literature  of 
the  nation,  at  a  time  when  it  was  wonderfully  abundant  and 
vigorous!  *'Ronsardised"  for  nearly  fifty  years,  and  such 
practice  at  such  a  time  never  fails  to  leave  its  mark. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  197. 

Pleiads  (pli'adz),  or  Pleiades  (pli'a-dez).  [Grr. 
UAeiddes,  traditionally  so  called  as  indicating 
by  their  rising  the  time  of  safe  navigation; 
from  ■TrTisiv,  sail.]  A  close  group  of  small  stars 
in  the  constellation  Taurus,  very  conspicuous 
on  winter  evenings,  about  24°  north  of  the 
equator,  and  coming  to  the  meridian  at  mid- 
night in  the  middle  of  Nov.  For  some  unknown 
reason,  there  were  anciently  said  to  he  seven  Pleiads,  al- 
though only  six  were  conspicuous  then  as  now ;  hence  the 
suggestion  of  a  lost  Pleiad.  In  mythology  the  Pleiads  were 
said  to  be  the  daughters  of  At^s  and  Plelone,  and  were 
named  Alcyone,  Merope,  Celseno,  Electra,  Sterope  or  As- 
terope,  Taygeta,  and  Maia.  These  names,  with  those  of 
the  parents,  have  been  applied  by  modem  astronomers 
since  Kicciolo  (1665)  to  the  principal  stars  of  the  group. 

Pleissnerland  (plis'ngr-lant).  The  district  on 
both  sides  of  the  Pleisse,  a  small  tributary  of 
the  White  Bister  in  Saxe-Altenburg  and  the 
western  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Saxony. 

Plenty  (plen'ti),  Bay  of.  An  arm  of  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  on  the  northeastern  coast  of  North 
Island,  New  Zealand. 

Pleskoff.    SeePskoff. 

PlessiS-les-Tours(ple-se'la-t6r').  Aruined cas- 
tle near  Tours,  Prance,  noted  as  the  residence 
of  Louis  XI. 

Plessis-Marly,  or  Duplessis-Momay.  See 
Mornay. 

Plethon.    See  Gemistus. 

Plevna  (plev'na),  or  Pleven  (plev'en).  A  town 
in  Bulgaria,  88  miles  northeast  of  Sofia.  ■  it  is  an 
Important  strategic  point.  AKussian  attack  under  Schil- 
der-Schuldner  on  a  Turkish  force  intrenched  here  under 
Osman  Pasha  was  repulsed  July  20, 1877 ;  a  second  attack, 
July  30-31,  under  Kriidener,  was  repulsed  with  great  loss ; 
and  fighting  was  continued  between  76,000-80,000  Russians 
and  Rumanians  under  the  grand  duke  Nicholas,  Skobelefl, 
etc. ,  and  about  60,000  Turks  under  Osman  Pasha,  Sept.  7-18. 
A  formal  siege  commenced  in  Oct.  under  the  direction  of 
Todleben  ;  and  an  unsuccessful  sortie  of  Osman  Pasha  was 
followed  byhis  surrender  Dec.  10.  Population  (1888),  14,307. 

Pleyel  (p^'el),  Ignaz  Joseph.  Born  at  Eup- 
persthal,  near  Vienna,  June  1, 1757 :  died  Nov. 
14, 1831.  An  Austrian  composer,  chiefly  of  in- 
strumental music.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Haydn,  and 
founded  at  Paris,  1807,  a  pianoforte  manufactory.  His  son 
Camille  became  his  partner  in  1821. 

Pliable  (pli'a-bl).  A  character  in  Bunyan's 
"Pilgrim's  Progress."  He  deserts  Christian  at 
the  first  difficulty. 

Pliant  (pli'ant),  Dame.    A  handsome  foolish 


813 

widow  in  Ben  Jonson's  comedy  "  The  Alchem- 
ist."   She  is  finally  married  to  Lovewit. 
Pliant,  Sir  Paul  and  Lady.  Characters  in  Con- 

freve's  comedy  "  The  Double  Dealer."    Lady 
liant  is  noted  for  her  easy  virtue  and  awkwardly  assumed 
prudery  and  her  Insolence  to  her  uxorious  old  husband. 

PlimsoU  (plim'sol),  Samuel.  Bom  at  Bristol, 
Feb.  10,  1824:  died  June  3,  1898.  An  EngUsh 
philanthropist,  in  1864  he  started  In  the  coal  trade  in 
London,  and  began  to  interest  himself  in  the  sailors  of  the 
mercantile  marine.  In  1868  he  entered  Parliament  for 
Derby.  In  1876  his  "  Merchant  Shipping  Act "  was  passed, 
to  prevent  ships  from  going  to  sea  in  an  unsafe  condition. 
He  published  "Our  Seamen "  in  1873, and  in  1890  "Cattle 
Ships,"  exposing  the  cruelties  of  that  trade. 

Flinlimmon.    See  Plynlimmon. 

Pliny  (plin'i),  "  The  Elder  "  (Caius  Plinius  Se- 
Clindus).  Born  at  Como  (Eoman  Novum  Co- 
mum),  Italy,  23  A.  D. :  perished  in  the  eruption  of 
Vesuvius,  79  A.  D.  A  celebrated  Roman  natu- 
ralist. Hewent  to  Rome  in  early  youth;  served  in  Africa, 
and,  at  the  age  of  23,  as  commander  of  a  troop  of  cavalry 
in  Germany ;  returned  to  Home  and  studied  law ;  was  proc- 
urator in  Spain  under  Neroj^about  70^72) ;  and  was  charged 
with  other  official  duties  in  various  parts  of  the  empire. 
His  literary  work,  which  was  conducted  with  extraordi- 
nary industry  in  the  intervals  of  his  official  labors  (scarcely 
a  waking  moment  of  day  or  night  being  left  unoccupied), 
extended  into  the  departments  of  tactics,  history,  gram- 
mar, rhetoric,  and  natural  science.  Of  his  writings,  only 
his  "Natural  History "  is  extant.  (See  the  extract.)  His 
death,  an  account  of  which  is  preserved  in  a  letter  of  Pliny 
the  Younger,  was  the  result  of  his  efforts  to  observe  more 
closely  the  eruption  of  Vesuvius  and  to  aid  those  who  were 
in  danger. 

WepossesBofthBwork8ofPliny[theElder]onlyhiB"lfat- 
nralis  historia  "  in  37  books,  a  work  presented  a.  77  to  Titus, 
but  constantly  emiched  and  enlarged  by  the  author  until 
his  death.  It  is  a  kind  of  encyclopedia  of  natural  science, 
but  chiefly  concerned  with  its  application  in  human  life 
and  art ;  and  accordingly  it  includes  geography,  medicine, 
and  the  history  of  art.  The  materials  are  compiled  from 
a  great  nimiber  of  works,  often  hastily  and  without  ade- 
quate knowledge  or  discrimination,  hence  very  unequal 
in  value.  The  style  also  is  uneven,  sometimes  merely  bent 
upon  the  subject-matter  and  discarding  artistic  form,  some- 
times mannered  and  rhetorical.  On  the  whole,  the  work 
is  an  inexhaustible  storehouse  of  information,  and  testifies 
to  the  earnest,  studious,  and  patriotic  spirit  of  the  author. 
It  long  exercised  great  influence  both  in  its  original  shape 
and  in  various  abridgments. 
Teuffel  and  Sehwahe,  Hist,  of  Bom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr),  IL  97. 

Pliny,  "The  Younger"  (Oaius  Plinius  Oseci- 
lius  Secundus).  Bom  at  Como,  Italy,  62  a.  d.  : 
died  113.  A  Roman  author,  nephew  of  the 
elder  Pliny.  He  was  a  consul  in  100,  andlater  (111  or  112) 
governor  of  Bithynia  and  Pontica.  He  was  a  friend  of  Tra- 
jan and  Tacitus.  His  "  Epistles"  and  a  eulogy  of  Trajan 
have  been  preserved.  The  most  celebrated  of  his  letters 
is  one  to  Trajan  concerning  the  treatment  of  the  Christians 
in  his  province, 

Plock  (plotsk).  1.  A  government  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Russian  Poland,  bordering  on 
Prussia.  Area,  4,200  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  660,457.-2.  The  capital  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Plock,  situated  on  the  Vistula  59  miles 
west-northwest  of  Warsaw.  Population  (1890), 
23,568. 

Ploermel  (pl6-er-mel').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Morbihan^ranoe,  35  miles  west-south- 
west of  Rennes.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
5,918. 

Plojeshti.    See  FloyesU. 

Plomb  du  Cantal  (pl6n  dii  kon-tal').  The  cul- 
minating summit  of  the  mountains  of  Cantal, 
France,  19  miles  northeast  of  AurUlao. 

Plombi^res  (pl6nrbyar').  A  watering-place  in 
the  department  of  Vosges,  Prance,  situated  on 
the  Augrogne  15  miles  south  of  Bpinal.  It  has  the 
most  important  mineral  springs  in  the  Vosges,  with  ther- 
mo-mineral,  iron,  and  alkaline  baths.  It  was  known  to  the 
Bomans,  and  was  greatly  developed  by  Napoleon  III.  A 
conference  was  held  here  in  1858  between  Napoleon  III. 
and  Count  Cavour,  with  reference  to  an  alliance  between 
France  and  Sardinia. 

Plon-Plon  (pl6n-pl6rL').  [A  corruption  of  j)Zo»»&- 
plorrib,  alluding  to  running  away  from  bullets.] 
A  nickname  of  Prince  Napoleon  Bonaparte 
(1822-91),  given  on  account  of  his  supposed 
cowardice  in  the  Crimean  war. 

Plornish  (pldr'nish),  Mrs.  A  plasterer's  wife 
in  Dickens's  "  Little  Dorrit":  "ayotingwoman, 
made  somewhat  slatternly  in  herself  and  her 
belongings  by  poverty."  She  is  noted  for  her 
bold  experiments  in  the  ' '  Eyetalian  "  language. 

Plotinus  (plo-ti'nus).  [Gr.  mwrJvof.]  Born  at 
Lycopolis,  Egypt,  about  204  A.  d.  :  died  in  Italy 
about  270.  A  celebrated  Neoplatonio  philoso- 
pher. He  studied  in  Alexandria  under.  Ammonlus  Sac- 
cas,  and  afterward  taught  philosophy  in  Some.  His  works 
(eaUed  "Enneads")  were  edited  by  Creuzer  m  1836. 

The  relation  in  which  Plotinus  stood  to  his  predeces- 
sors among  the  Greek  philosophers  is  very  easUy  stated. 
He  had  made  himself  acquainted  with  every  system,  and 
culled  from  them  all  whatever  seemed  to  support  his  solu- 
tion of  the  great  problems  of  thought  and  existence.  Plato 
is  the  chief  authority  and  the  starting-point  in  his  specula- 
tions.   But  he  takes  full  cognizance  of  Aristotle,  whose 


Plutarch 

system  of  categories  he  directly  opposes ;  and  he  endea- 
vours in  all  essential  points  to  identify  the  doctrines  of  the 
Old  Academy  and  the  Lyceum.  To  effect  this,  he  is  obliged 
to  have  recourse  to  an  overstrained  latitude  of  interpreta- 
tion, sometimes  making  his  own  inferences  from  opinions 
half  expressed,  and  not  unfrequently  quoting  from  mem- 
ory. Although  he  is  strongly  at  variance  with  the  Stoics  on 
the  grounds  of  knowledge,  treating  with  great  contempt 
their  doctrine  of  intellectual  conception,  he  borrows  agood 
deal  from  Chrysippus  wherever  he  can  find  an  agreement 
even  in  expression.  The  older  writers  also  furnished  him 
with  suggestive  materials.  He  was  acquainted  with  An- 
axagoras,  Democritus,  Empedocles,  Parmenides,  and  the 
most  ancient  Pythagoreans.  And  he  refers  directly  to  the 
later  Peripatetics  Aristoxenus  and  Diotearchus.  He  can- 
not, then,  be  termed  strictly  or  exclusively  a  N  eo-Platonist ; 
he  is  equally  a  Neo- Aristotelian  and  a  Neo-Philosopher  in 
general. 

E.  0.  MiiMer,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  194. 

[{Daifhatdson.') 

Ploug  (plSg),  Parmo  Carl.  Bom  Oct.  29, 
1813:  died  Oct.  27,  1894.  A  Danish  poet  and 
journalist.  After  1829  he  studied  philology  at  the  Copen- 
hagen University.  His  first  contributions  to  literature 
were  student  songs  which  he  published  under  the  pseu- 
donym Paul  Bytter.  From  1841  he  was  editor  of  the 
journal  "Fadoelandet "  ("  The  Fatherland  ").  In  1861  ap- 
peared his  collected  poems  ("Samlede  Digte  "),  and  in  1869 
**Nyere  Sange  og  Digte"  ("Becent  Songs  and  Poems"). 
He  took  an  active  part  in  politics :  in  1848-49  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention,  from  1854  to 
1857  a  member  of  the  Folkething ;  and  from  1869  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Landsthing. 

Plouhamel  (plo-ar-nel').  A  village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Morbihan,  France,  17  miles  west 
of  Vaunes.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  megalithio 
monuments. 

Plowmanof  Madrid,  The.    St.  Isidore. 

Plowman's  Tale,  The.  A  poem  once  attributed 
to  Chaucer,  appearing  in  Thynne's  1542  edition 
(but  not  in  1532).  It  was  written  by  the  author  of 
"Piers  Plowman's  Crede"  (Skeat),  and  inserted  as  a  sup- 
plementary ' '  Canterbury  Tale. "  It  is  frequently  confused 
with  "Piers  Plowman's  Crede"  and  "The  Vision  of  Piers 
Plowman." 

Ployeschi  (plo-yes'che),  orPloesti  (plo-es'te). 
A  town  in  Wallachia,  Rumania,  36  miles  north 
of  Bukharest.    Population  (1890),  34,474. 

Flume  (pliim),  Captain.  The  recruiting  officer, 
the  principal  character  in  Farquhar's  comedy  of 
that  name.  He  is  a  gay  and  gaUant  soldier,  irresistible 
to  women,  for  whom  he  cares  less  than  for  his  profession. 
It  was  a  favorite  part  with  Garrick  and  Macready. 

Plumed  Knight,  The.  An  epithet  frequently 
applied  to  James  Or.  Blaine,  first  by  R.  (5.  Inger- 
soU  at  Cincinnati  in  1876  in  a  speech  support- 
ing Blaine's  nomination  for  the  presidency. 

Plumer  (plum'er),  William.  Bom  at  Newbury, 
Mass.jl759:  died  at  Epping,  N.  H.,  1850.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  Federalist  United  States 
senator  from  New  Hampshire  1802-07,  and  governor  of 
New  Hampshire  1812-13  and  1816-19. 

Plum  (plum)  Island.  1.  An  island  belonging 
to  Massachusetts,  lying  south  of  the  mouth  of 
the  Merrimac,  parallel  to  the  coast. — 2.  A  Small 
island  belonging  to  New  York  situated  north- 
east of  Long  Island,  near  the  eastern  entrance 
to  Long  Island  Soimd. 

Plummer  (plum'er),  Caleb.  In  Dickens's 
"  Cricket  on  the  Hearth,"  a  poor  and  careworn 
old  toy-maker.  His  spirit  is  crushed  with  hopeless  de- 
pression, but  he  conceids  his  hardships  from  his  blind 
daughter  Bertha  with  a  pathetic  attempt  at  cheerfulness, 
and  describes  his  daily  life  to  her  as  prosperous  and  happy. 

Plumptre  (plump'tr),  Edward  Hayes.  Born 
at  London,  Aug.  6,  1821:  died  at  Wells,  Feb. 
1, 1891.  An  English  clergyman  and  theological 
and  classical  scholar..  He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Uni- 
versity College),  where  he  became  a  fellow  of  Brasenose  in 
1844 ;  was  chaplain  (1847)  and  later  (1864)  professor  of  New 
Testament  exegesis  atEhig's  College,  London ;  and  in  1881 
became  dean  of  Wells.  From  1869  to  1874  he  was  one  of 
the  revisers  of  the  Old  Testament.  He  published  com- 
mentaries, etc.,  and  translated  into  English  verse  Sopho- 
cles (1865)  and  .Xschylus  (1868). 

Plunket  (plung'ket),  William  Conyngham, 
first  Baron  Plunket.  Born  in  the  county  of 
Fermanagh,  Ireland,  July,  1765:  died  Jan.  5, 
1854.  An  Irish  lawyer  and  politician.  He  entered 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1779,  and  Lincoln's  Inn  in  June, 
1784 ;  he  was  called  to  the  Irish  bar  in  1787.  In  1798  he 
entered  the  Irish  Parliament  for  Charlemont^  and  opposed 
Pitt's  scheme  for  the  Union  of  1800.  In  1803  he  was  one 
of  the  prosecutors  of  Emmet.  In  Pitt's  second  adminis- 
tration (1804)  he  became  solicitor-general  and  later  attor- 
ney-general for  Ireland,  and  sat  in  the  imperial  Parliam  ent 
in  1812  as  member  for  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  He  waa 
one  of  the  foremost  orators  of  his  day.  He  was  made  chief 
justice  of  the  Court  of  Common  Fleas  and  raised  to  the 
peerage  in  1827,  and  was  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland  1830- 
1834  and  1835-41. 

Plutarch  (plo'tark).  [(Jr.  HkiATapxoQ.']  Bom 
at  Chseronea,  Boeotia,  Greece,  about  46  A.  d. 
A  Greek  historian,  celebrated  as  the  author  of 
forty-six  "Parallel  Lives"  of  Greeks  and  Efe- 
mans.  He  also  wrote  various  philosophical,  ethical,  and 
other  works,  grouped  as  "  Opera  moralia."  He  was  a  Pla- 
tonist,  but  occupied  himself  chiefly  with  ethical  and  reU- 
gious  reflections. 


Plutarch 

In  spite  of  all  exceptions  on  tbe  score  of  inaccuracy, 
want  of  information,  or  prejudice,  Plutarch's  lives  must 
remain  one  of  the  most  valuable  relics  of  Greek  literature, 
not  only  because  they  stand  in  the  place  of  many  volumes 
of  lost  history,  but  also  because  they  are  written  with  a 
graphic  and  dramatic  vivacity,  such  as  we  find  in  few 
biographic^  ancient  or  modern ;  because  they  are  replete 
with  reflexions  which,  if  not  profound,  are  always  moder- 
ate and  sensible ;  and  because  the  author's  aim  throughout 
is  to  enforce  the  highest  standard  of  morality  of  which  a 
heathen  was  capable.  As  one  of  his  most  enthusiastic 
admirers  has  said,  "He  stands  before  us  as  the  legate,  the 
ambassador,  and  the  orator  on  behalf  of  those  institutions 
whereby  the  old-time  men  were  rendered  wise  and  vir- 
tuous." 

R.  0.  Miaier,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Ano.  Greece,  in.  243. 

[^Donaldson.) 

Pluto  (plS'to).  In  Roman  mythology,  the  lord  of 
the  infernal  regions,  son  of  Saturn  and  brother 
of  Jupiter  and  Neptune.  He  is  represented  as  an 
elderly  man  with  a  dignified  but  severe  aspect,  and  often 
as  holding  in  his  hand  a  two-pronged  fork.  He  was  gen- 
erally called  by  the  Greeks  Hades,  and  by  the  Romans 
Orewi,  Tartarus,  and  Dis.  His  wife  was  Proserpine,  daugh- 
ter of  Jupiter  and  Ceres,  whom  he  seized  in  the  island  of 
Sicily  while  she  was  plucking  flowers,  and  carried  to  the 
lower  world. 

Plutus(plo'tiis).  [Gr.  lUoirrof.]  In  classical  my- 
thology, a  personification  of  wealth,  described 
as  a  son  of  lasion  and  Demeter,  and  intimately 
associated  with  Eirene  or  Peace,  who  is  often 
represented  in  art  grouped  with  the  infant  Plu- 
tus.  Zeus  is  said  to  have  blinded  him  in  order  that  he 
might  not  bestow  his  favors  exclusively  on  good  men,  but 
should  distribute  his  gifts  without  regard  to  merit. 

Fluviose  (plti-ve-6z').  [P.,  from  L.  pluviosws, 
full  of  rain.]  The  name  adopted  in  1793  by  the 
National  Convention  of  the  first  French  repub- 
lic for  the  fifth  month  of  the  year,  it  consisted  of 
30  days,  beginning  in  the  years  1,  2,  3,  5,  6,  7  with  Jan.  20 ; 
in  4,  8,  9, 10, 11,  13  with  Jan.  21;  and  in  12  with  Jan.  22. 

Pluvius  (plo'-yi-us).  [L., 'the  rainy.']  In  Ro- 
man mythology,  a  surname  of  Jupiter. 

Plymley  (plim'li),  Peter.  A  nom  de  plume 
of  Sydney  Smith. 

Plymouth  (plim'uth).  Aseaport  in  Devonshire, 
England,  situated  inlat.  50°  22'  N. ,  long.  4°  9'  "W. 
With  the  adjoining  Stonehouse  and  Devonport  it  lies  on 
Plymouth  Sound  between  the  estuary  of  the  Plym  (Catte- 
water)  and  that  of  the  Tamar  (Hamoaze).  It  is  a  fortress 
of  the  first  class,  and  one  of  the  chief  naval  stations  of  the 
counti7 :  and  has  extensive  commerce,  especially  with  Bal- 
tic and  Mediterranean  ports,  Australia,  the  West  Indies, 
South  America,  etc.,  exporting  tin,  lead,  copper,  fish,  build- 
ing-stone, etc.  Objects  of  interest  are  the  breakwater,  the 
dockyard  (at  Devonport),  the  citadel,  and  the  Hoe  (an  ele- 
vated promenade  and  park).  Plymouth  was  the  starting- 
point  of  the  expedition  against  the  Armada  in  1688,  and 
the  last  point  touched  by  the  Mayflower  in  1620.  It  was 
unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the  Boyalists  in  tlie  civil  war. 
It  returns  2  members  to  Parliament.  Population  (1901), 
107,609. 

Plymouth,  A  seaport,  capital  of  Plymouth 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  Plymouth 
harbor  about  35  miles  southeast  of  Boston,  it  has 
manufactures  and  fisheries.  Points  of  interest  are  the  Pil- 
grim Hall,  Burial  Hill,  Plymouth  Kock,  Pilgrim  Monument 
(commenced  in  1859),  and  Cole's  Hill.  It  is  the  oldest  New 
England  town.  The  Pilgrim  Fathers  landed  here  Dec.  21, 
1620.    Population  (1900),  9,692. 

Plymouth.  The  capital  of  Washington  County, 
North  Carolina,  situated  at  the  head  of  Albe- 
marle Sound  74  miles  south-southwest  of  Nor- 
folk, Virginia.  In  the  harbor,  Oct.  27, 1864,  lieutenant 
Gushing  destroyed  by  torpedo  the  Confederate  ram  Albe- 
marle.   Population  (1900),  1,011. 

Plymouth,  A  coal-mining  borough  in  Luzerne 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Susque- 
hanna 20  miles  southwest  of  Scranton.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  13,649. 

Plymouth  Brethren,  or  Plymouthites(plim'- 
uth-its).  A  sect  of  Christians  which  first  at- 
tracted notice  at  Plymouth,  England,  in  1880, 
but  has  since  extended  over  Great  Britain,  the 
tfnited  States,  and  among  the  Protestants  of 
Prance,  Switzerland,  Italy,  etc.  They  recognize  all 
as  brethren  who  believe  in  Christ  and  the  Holy  Spirit  as 
his  vicar,  but  they  have  no  formal  creed,  ecclesiastical  or- 
ganization, or  official  ministry,  condemning  these  as  the 
causes  of  sectarian  divisions.  They  are  also  called  Darby- 
ites  after  Mr.  Darby,  originally  a  barrister,  subsequently  a 
clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England,  and  thereafter  an 
evangelist  not  connected  with  any  church,  to  whose  ef- 
forts their  origin  and  the  diffusion  of  their  principles  are 
to  be  ascribed.  In  a  narrower  sense  the  Darbyltes  are  a 
branch  of  the  Plymouth  Brethren  entitled  ^Exclusive  Breth- 
ren on  account  of  the  strictness  of  their  views  and  the  ex- 
clusiveness  of  their  communion. 

Plymouth  Colony.  A  colony  established  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  present  State  of  Massa- 
chusetts by  the  English  Pilgrims,  it  was  founded 
at  Plymouth  in  1620 ;  formed  with  Massachusetts  Bay,  Con- 
necticut, and  New  Haven  the  New  England  Confederacy 
1643-84 ;  and  was  united  definitely  with  Massachusetts  Bay 
inl69L 

Plymouth  Bock.  A  rock  at  Plymouth,  Mas- 
sachusetts, alleged  to  have  been  the  lariding- 
place  of  the  Pilgrims  in  1620. 

nymoutb  Sound.  Aninlet  of  the  English  Chan- 
nel, between  Devonshire  and  Cornwall,  England. 


814 

Plynlimmon,  or  Plinlimmon  (plin-lim'mon). 
A  mountain  on  the  border  of  Cardigan  and  Mont- 
gomery, Wales,  13  miles  east-northeast  of  Aber- 
ystwith.    Height,  2,481  feet. 

Pnom-Penh  (pnom-pen').  The  capital  of  Cam- 
bodia, situated  on  the  Mekong  about  lat.  11°  35' 
N.,  long.  105°  B.  Population,  30,000-35,000. 
Also  Panompeng. 

Pnyx  (niks).  [Grr.  nvi^f.]  A  hill  between  the 
Museum  Hill  and  the  HUl  of  the  Nymphs,  above 
the  Agora,  in  the  group  southwest  of  the  Acrop- 
olis, at  Athens;  also,  a  famous  place  of  pub- 
lic assembly  established  on  the  northern  slope 
of  this  hill,  beneath  the  summit.  The  place  of  as- 
sembly consists  of  a  terrace,  bounded  at  the  back  by  a  ver- 
tical cutting  13  feet  high  in  the  rock  at  the  summit  of  the 
hill,  and  supported  by  a  curved  retaining-wall  of  early 
date,  built  of  well-jointed  polygonal  masonry  in  huge 
blocks.  Some  of  the  courses  of  this  retaining-wall  have 
disappeared,  so  that  the  terrace  now  slopes  downward, 
while  originally  it  was  level  or  ascended  slightly  toward 
the  back.  The  length  of  the  terrace  is  396  feet,  and  its 
width  212.  The  back-wall  is  not  straight,  but  forms  an 
open  obtuse  angle,  at  the  apex  of  which  projects  a  huge 
cube  of  rock,  rising  from  3  steps  and  ascended  by  a  small 
flight  of  steps  in  the  angle  at  each  side.  This  is  the  bema, 
or  orators*  platform,  from  which  Demosthenes  and  the 
other  great  Athenian  political  orators  delivered  their  ha- 
rangues. 

Po  (p6).  The  largest  river  of  Italy :  the  ancient 
Padus  or  Eridanus.  It  rises  in  Monte  Viso  in  the  Alps 
on  the  French  border,  flows  northeast  and  then  generally 
east,  traversing  a  wide,  fertile,  and  nearly  level  plain,  and 
empties  by  several  mouths  into  the  Adriatic  about  lat.  44° 
66'  N.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Tanaro  and  Trebbia  on 
the  rights  and  the  Dora  Baltea,  Sesia,  Ticino  (draining 
Ijago  Maggiore),  Adda  (draining  the  Lake  of  Como),  Oglio 
(draining  Lago  d'lseo),  and  Mincio  (draining  Lago  di  Garda) 
on  the  left.  The  chief  places  on  its  banks  are  Turin,  Pia- 
cenza,  Cremona,  and  Guastalla.  Length,  about  400  miles ; 
navigable  to  above  Turin. 

Pocahontas  (po-ka-hon'tas).  Died  at  Grraves- 
end,  England,  in  March,  1617.  An  Indian  wo- 
man celebrated  in  the  colonial  history  of  Vir- 
ginia. She  was  the  daughter  of  the  chief  Powhatan,  and 
was  about  12  years  of  age  when  John  Smith  was  brought 
a  captive  before  her  father  in  1607.  According  to  the  ac- 
count of  his  captivity  given  by  Smith  in  his  "General His- 
tory of  Virginia,"publi8hed  in  1624  after  the  appearance  of 
Pocahontas  in  England,  she  saved  his  life  by  interposing 
her  body  between  him  and  the  war-clubs  of  his  execution- 
ers and  by  interceding  for  him  with  her  father.  This  epi- 
sode is  omitted  from  the  accounts  of  his  captivity  given 
in  his  "  True  Kelation  "  and"  his  "Map  of  Virginia,"  pub- 
lished in  1608  and  1612  respectively,  before  Pocahontas's 
appearance  in  England,  and  is  commonly  discredited  by 
recent  historians.  She  had  married  one  of  Powhatan's  cap- 
tains, and  was  living  with  a  tributary  band,  when  Samuel 
Argall  secured  possession  of  her  by  intimidation  or  bribery 
in  1612.  He  demanded  as  her  ransom  a  tribute  of  com  and 
the  restitution  of  the  English  captives  and  goods  in  the 
hands  of  Powhatan.  Powhatan  sent  back  7  captives  with 
3  muskets,  a  saw,  an  ax,  and  a  canoe  loaded  witli  corn. 
Pocahontas  was,  nevertheless,  detained,  and  in  1613  was 
baptized  by  the  name  of  Rebecca  and  married  to  John 
Bolfe,  one  of  the  settlers  at  Jamestown.  In  1616  Rolf  e  and 
his  wife,  in  company  with  a  number  of  Indians,  sailed  with 
Sir  Thomas  Dale  tor  England. 

Pocahontas.  A  chestnut  pacing  mare  by  Iron's 
Cadmus,  which  was  also  sire  of  Blanco,  sire  of 
Smuggler.  She  made  a  race  record  of  2  :i7i,  and 
is  said  to  have  paced  a  trial  heat  lower  than  2 :  10. 

Pocock  (po'kok),  Edward.  Bom  1604:  died 
1691.  An  English  Orientalist  and  biblical  com- 
mentator. In  1620  he  was  a  scholar  at  Comus  Christ! 
College,  Oxford,  and  fellow  in  1628.  In  1630  he  became 
chaplain  of  the  English  factory  at  Aleppo ;  in  1636  profes- 
sor of  Arabic  at  Oxford;  and  in  1648  professor  of  Hebrew. 
He  published  "Specimen  Historise  Arabum"  (1649),''Porta 
Mosis"  (1656),  "The  Annals  of  Eutychius  in  Arabic  and 
Latin  "  (1656),  etc.,  and  edited  the  history  of  Abulf  aragius 
(1663)  and  other  Arabian  works  and  Old  Testament  com- 
mentaries. 

Pococke  (po'kok),  Richard.  Bomat  Southamp- 
ton, 1704:  died  1765.  AnEnglish  traveler,  bishop 
of  Ossory  (1756-65)  and  of  Meath  (1765).  He  was 
educated  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  and  traveled 
in  the  East  1737-42.  He  published  "Description  of  the 
East"  (1743)  and  "Observations  on  Palestine,  etc."  (1746). 

Poconchis  (p6-k6u-ehes'),  or  Pocomans  (p6-k6- 
mans').  Indians  of  the  Maya  stock,  formerly 
numerous  in  central  Guatemala.  Often  writ- 
ten Pokonchis,  Pokomans. 

Podibrad  (pod'ye-brad).  A  town  in  Bohemia, 
on  the  Elbe  32  miles  east  of  Prague.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  commune,  4,807. 

Podgorze  (pod-gor'zhe).  A  town  in  Galicia, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Vistula  op- 
posite Cracow.    Population  (1890),  13,144. 

Podiebrad  (pod'ye-brad),  George  of.  Born 
April  6,  1420:  died  March  22,  1471.  King  of 
Bohemia.  He  became  leader  of  the  ITtraquists  in  1444; 
was  acknowledged  as  governor  of  Bohemia  in  1452 ;  was 
elected  king  in  1468 ;  and  was  excommunicated  by  Pope 
Paul  II.  in  1466.    A  crusade  was  declared  against  him. 

Po  di  Frimaro  (po  de  pre-ma'ro).  The  lower 
course  of  the  river  Reno,  in  Italy. 

Podlachia  (pod-la'ki-a).  An  ancient  division 
in  the  eastern  part  of  Poland. 

Podobna  (p6-dob'na).    A  place  in  the  govem- 


Pogge 

ment  of  Grodno,  Russia,  about  30  miles  north- 
east of  Brest.  Here,  Aug.  12, 1812,  the  allies  of  the 
French  defeated  the  Russians. 

Podol  (po-dol').  A  village  in  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Iser  42  miles  northeast  of  Prague. 
It  was  the  scene  of  the  first  engagement  between  the  Prus- 
sians and  Austrians  in  the  war  of  1866  (June  26). 

Podolia  (po-do'li-a).  A  government  of  south- 
western Russia,  on  the  Austrian  frontier,  and 
surrounded  on  other  sides  by  the  governments 
of  Volhynia,  KiefE,  Kherson,  and  Bessarabia. 
Capital,  Kamenets.  It  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  gov- 
ernments of  Russia.  It  was  annexed  from  Poland  in  1793- 
1796.  Area,  16,224  square  miles.  Population(1890X  2,604,800. 

Podolsk  (po-dolsk').  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Moscow,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Pakhra 
20  miles  south  of  Moscow.    Population,  10,934. 

Podsnap  (pod'snap),  Mr.  Aeharacter  inDiek- 
ens's  "  Our  Mutual  Friend."  He  is  a  smiling,  emi- 
nently  respectable  man,  who  always  knows  exactly  what 
Providence  means.  "  And  it  was  very  remarkable  (and 
must  have  been  very  comfortable)  that  what  Providence 
meant  was  invariably  what  Mr.  Podsnap  meant.  These 
may  be  said  to  have  been  the  articles  of  faith  of  a  school 
which  the  present  chapter  takes  the  liberty  of  calling,  after 
its  representative  name,  Podanappery." 

Poe  (p6),  Edgar  Allan.  Bom  at  Boston,  Jan. 
19,  1809:  died  at  Baltimore,  Oct.  7,  1849.  A 
noted  American  poet  and  writer  of  tales.  His 
father  was  an  actor.  After  the  death  of  his  mother,  an 
actress,  he  was  adopted  by  a  Mr.  John  Allan  of  Richmond, 
who  educated  him  partly  at  a  private  school  at  Richmond, 
and  in  1816  took  him  to  England  and  placed  him  at  the 
Manor  House  School  at  Stoke-Newington,  where  he  re- 
mained till  1820,  when  he  returned  to  school  in  Richmond. 
In  1826  he  entered  the  University  of  Virginia,  where,  during 
his  short  stay,  he  was  noted  for  his  love  of  strong  liquors 
(though  he  was  not  a  drunkard)  and  reckless  gambling. 
Mr,  Allan  paid  his  debts,  and  undertook  to  place  him  in 
his  counting-room  in  Deo.  of  this  same  year.  Poe  ran 
away,  and  tried  to  start  himself  in  life  by  publishing  his 
poems  in  Boston.  His  flrst  venture  was  a  volume  entitled 
"Tamerlane,  and  Other  Poems:  by  a  Bostonian"  (1827). 
Being  without  resources,  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the 
United  States  army  as  Edgar  A.  Perry,  and  In  1829  was  ap- 
pointed serjeant-major.  In  the  same  year  he  was  recon- 
ciled to  Mr.  Allan,  who  procured  his  discharge,  and  he  was 
shortly  after  appointed  a  cadet  at  West  Point,  where  he 
went  .Tuly  1,  1830,  but  contrived  intentionally  to  get  him- 
self dismissed  March  6, 1831,  as  Mr.  Allan  would  not  allow 
him  to  resign.  He  then  broke  off  his  connection  with  the 
latter,  wandered  from  one  city  to  another,  and  settled  in 
Baltimore,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  literature,  pub- 
lisliing  some  of  his  prose  tales  and  writing  critical  essays. 
In  1835  he  married  Virginia  Clemm,  and  became  assis- 
tant editor  of  the  "  Southern  Literary  Messenger  "  at  Rich- 
mond. In  1839  he  was  associate  editor  of  "  The  Gentle- 
man's Magazine  "  at  Philadelphia ;  in  1841  was  editor  of 
"Graham's Magazine";  and  in  1844  removed  to  New  York, 
where  he  was  assistant  on  Willis's  "Mirror."  In  1845  " 
he  published  "The  Raven,"  and  at  once  became  a  liter- 
ary lion  and  reached  the  summit  of  his  success.  In  1847, 
however,  after  the  death  of  his  wife,  he  began  to  deteri- 
orate, and  in  two  years  he  died  at  Washington  College 
Hospital  at  Baltimore  in  a  delirious  state.  Among  his 
other  works  are  "Al  Aaraaf,  Tamerlane,  and  Minor  Poems  " 
(1829),  "Poems"  (1831),  "Tales  of  the  Grotesque  and  Ara- 
besque "  (1840).  Many  of  his  poems  and  tales  appeared  in 
periodicals,  and  shortly  after  his  death  his  remaining  writ- 
ings were  published  by  his  friends.  Among  his  notedprose 
tales  are  "Arthur  Gordon  Pym,"  "The  Fall  of  the  House 
of  Usher,"  "The  Gold-Bug,"  "A  Descent  into  the  Mael- 
strom," "  The  Murders  in  the  Rue  Morgue,"  etc. 

Poeppig.    See  Poppig. 

Poetaster  (po'et-as-ter).  The,  or  His  Arraign- 
ment. A  comical  satire,  by  Ben  Jonson,  acted 
in  1601  and  printed  in  1602.  it  was  thought  to  be  a 
direct  attack  on  Dekker  and  Marston,  whereupon  Dekker 
produced  his  "Satiromastix,  or  the  Untrussing  of  the  Hu- 
morous Poet."  In  1603  and  1604,  however,  Jonson  collab- 
orated with  each  of  them. 

Poet  at  the  Breakfast-Table,  The.  A  series 
of  sketches  by  O.W.  Holmes,  published  in  1872: 
a  sequel  to  "The  Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast 
Table." 

Poet  of  the  Poor,  The.    George  Crabbe. 

Poets'  Corner.  A  space  in  the  east  side  of  the 
south  transept  of  Westminster  Abbey,  contain- 
rag  the  tablets,  statues,  busts,  or  monuments  of 
Shakspere,  Ben  Jonson,  Chaucer,  Milton,  Spen- 
ser, and  other  British  poets,  actors,  divines,  and 
great inen.  Someof them areburied near orundertheir 
monuments.  Robert  Browning  is  buried  in  front  of  Cow- 
ley's monument,  and  a  bust  of  Longfellow  is  near  by. 

Poey  (p6 '  ay),  Felipe.  Born  at  Havana,  May 
26,  1799:  died  there,  Jan.  28,  1891.  A  (5uban 
naturalist.  From  1839  he  was  director  of  the  museum 
at  Havana,  and  he  was  long  a  professor  in  the  university. 
His  writings  on  Cuban  ichthyology  and  entomology  are 
well  known  and  important. 

Poey  y  Aguirre  (po'ay  e  a-ger're),  Andres. 
Born  at  Havana,  1826.  A  Cuban  scientist,  son 
of  Felipe  Poey.  He  was  long  director  of  a  meteorologi- 
cal observatory  at  Havana,  and  conducted  a  similar  estab- 
lishment  at  Mexico  during  the  rule  of  Maximilian  He 
has  published  numerous  works  and  papers,  principally  on 
meteorology. 

Pogge  (pog'e),  Paul.  Born  at  Ziersdorf,  Meek- 
lenbu^-Schwerin,  Dec.  24,  1838 :  died  at  Lo- 
anda,  West  Africa,  March  17, 1884.  An  African 
explorer.     He  visited  Natal  and  Mauritius  In  1864 ;  ex- 


Poggo 

plored  the  Lnnda  country  from  Loanda  to  Muata-Yamvo 
and  back  1876-76;  and,  accompanied  by  Wiseman,  dis- 
covered new  regions  between  the  Kassai  and  Nyangwe. 
He  died  on  his  return  to  Loanda  1880-84.  He  wrote  "Im 
Kelche  des  Muata-Yamvo  "  (1880). 

Poggendorff  (pog'gen-dorf),  Johann  Chris- 
tian. Bom  at-Hamburg,  Dee.  29, 1796 :  died  at 
Berlin,  Jan.  24, 1877.  A  G-erman  physicist,  pro- 
fessor at  Berlin  from  1834:  noted  for  researches 
in  magnetism  and  electricity.  He  edited  "Annalen 
derFhysikundChemie"froml824,andpublislied  "Biogra^ 
phisch-litteraiisches  HandwSrterbuch    (1857-63),  etc. 

Foggio  (pod'jd)  (Gian  Francesco  FoggioErac- 
ciolini).  Bom  at  Terranova,  Tuscany,  1380: 
died  1459.  A  noted  Italian  scholar  and  author 
in  the  Renaissance  period.  He  was  secretary  ot  the 
papal  curia ;  became  historiographerto  Florence  and  chan- 
cellor in  1453 ;  discovered  many  classical  MSS. ;  and  wrote 
satires,  moral  essays,  a  "History  of  Florence,"  etc. 

The  first  half  of  the  fifteenth  century  has  been  some- 
times called  the  age  of  Foggio  Bracciolini,  whicli  it  ex- 
presses not  very  inaccurately  as  to  his  literary  life,  since 
he  was  born  in  1381  and  died  in  1459 ;  but  it  seems  to  in- 
volve too  high  a  compliment.  The  chief  merit  ot  Poggio 
was  his  diligence,  aided  by  good  fortune,  in  recovering 
lost  works  of  Roman  literature  that  lay  mouldering  in 
the  repositories  of  convents.  Hence  we  owe  to  this  one 
man  eigbt  orations  of  Cicero,  a  complete  Quintilian,  Co- 
lumella, part  of  Lucretius,  three  books  of  Valerius  Flao- 
cus,  Silius  Italicus,  Ammianus  Marcellinus,  Tertullian, 
and  several  less  important  writers :  twelve  comedies  of 
Plautus  were  also  recovered  in  Germany  through  his  di- 
rections. Rdtlam,  Lit.,  p.  64. 

Foggy  Islands.    See  Nassau  Islands. 

Fogram  (po'gram), Elijah.  InDiekens'a  "Mar- 
tin Chuzzlewit,"  an  American,  a  public  bene- 
factor and  a  member  of  Congress :  an  amusing 
caricature. 
Fohah,    See  Washalci. 

Fohl  (pol),  Johann  Emanuel.  Bom  at  Kam- 
nitz,  Feb.  22, 1782 :  died  at  Vienna,  May  22, 1834. 
An  Austrian  botanist.  He  was  one  of  the  naturalists 
who  accompanied  the  archduchess  Leopoldine  to  Brazil 
in  1817,  remaining  four  years  in  that  country.  Onhisreturn 
he  was  appointed  a  curator  in  the  Vienna  Museum.  He 
published  "Keise  ira  Innern  von  Brasilien"  (2  vols.  1833- 
1837),  "Flantarum  Brasiliee  icones  et  descnptiones "  (2 
vols.  1827-31),  etc 
Foictiers.    See  Poitiers. 

Foinde^er  (poin'deks-t6r),  George.  Born  in 
Louisa  County,  Va.,  1779:  died  at  Jackson, 
Miss.,  Sept.  5,  1853.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Mississippi 
1817-19;  governoro(MississippiI819-21;and United  States 
senator  1830-35. 

Foins  (poinz).  In  Shakspere's  "Henry  IV.,"  a 
dissolute,  witty  companion  of  the  prince  and 
Palstaflf. 

Foinsett  (poin'set),  Joel  Roberts.  Bom  at 
Charleston,  S.  C,  March  2, 1779:  died  at  States- 
burgiy  S.  C. ,  Dec.  12, 1851.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  sent  on  a  diplomatic  mission  to  Cliile  in  1809,  and 
to  Mexico  in  1822 ;  and  was  member  of  Congress  from  South 
Carolina  1821-2B,  United  States  minister  to  Mexico  1825- 
1829,  and  secretary  of  war  1837-41. 

Foinsot  (pwan-so'),  Louis.  Bom  at  Paris,  Jan. 
8,  1777:  died  there,  Deo.  15,  1859.  A  French 
mathematician.  Amonghisworksis  "filaments 
de  statique"  (1803). 

Foint  Comfort,  Old.    See  Old  Point  Comfort. 

Foint  de  Galle  (point  d6  gal),  or  Galle.  A  sea- 
port on  the  southwestern  shore  of  Ceylon,  sit- 
uated in  lat.  6°  1'  N.,  long.  80°  13'  E.  it  is  an 
Important  commercial  place,  and  a  stopping-point  for  va- 
rious steamship  lines.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Portuguese 
early  in  the  16th  century;  passed  to  the  Dutcli  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  17th  century ;  and  passed  to  Great  Britain  in 
1796.    Population  (1891),  33,605.  _ 

Fointe-di-Fitre  (pwant-a-petr').  The  chief  port 
in  the  island  of  Guadeloupe,  French  West  In- 
dies, situated  in  lat.  16°  14'  N.,  long.  61°  33'  E. 
Population,  17,524. 

Fointe  Felee.    See  Point  Pelee. 

Fointis  (pwan-te'),  Jean  Bernard  Louis  Des- 
jean,  Baron  de.  Bom  in  1645 :  died  near  Paris, 
1707.  A  French  naval  oflScer.  He  commanded  an 
expedition  which  took  Cartagena,  New  Granada,  May  2, 
1697,  obtaining  an  Immense  booty.  In  1704-05  he  besieged 
Gibraltar  by  sea.  He  published  "  Helation  de  I'exp^ditlon 
de  Carthag^ne"  (1698). 

Foint  Isabel  (point  iz'a-bel).  A  place  in  south- 
em  Texas,  situated  near  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  21 
miles  northeast  of  Brownsville. 

Foint  Felee  (or  Fele)  (pe'le),  or  Fointe  Felee 
(pwant  pWa').  1.  A  headland  projecting  into 
Lake  Erie  from  the  southwestern  part  of  On- 
tario, Canada. — 2.  An  island  in  Lake  Erie.  25 
miles  north  of  Sandusky.  It  belongs  to  Can- 
ada.   Length,  9  mUes. 

Point  Fleasant  (plez'ant).  The  capital  of  Ma- 
son County,  West  Viriginia,  situated  near  the 
junction  of  the  Kanawha  and  Ohio  rivfers.  Here, 
Octi  10, 1774,  the  American  settlers  under  Andrew  Lewis 
defeated  the  Shawnee  Indians.    Population  (1900),  1,934. 

Foischwitz  (poish'vits).  A  village  15  miles 
south  of  Liegnitz,  Prussian  Silesia.  An  armistice 


815 

between  the  French  and  the  Russians  and  Prus- 
sians was  signed  here,  June  4,  1813. 
Poise  (pwaz),  Jean  Alexandre  Ferdinand. 
Bom  at  Nlmes,  June  3, 1 828 :  died  at  Paris,  May 
26, 1892.  A  French  composer  of  comic  operas. 
Among  them  are  "Bonsoir  voisin!"  (1853),  "Les  char- 
meurs"(1866),  "Lasurprised'amour"'(1877),and  "L'Amour 
m^decin  "  (1880 :  after  Mollfere). 

Foisson  (pwa-sdn'),  Simeon  Denis.    Bom  at 

Pithiviers,  Prance,  June  21, 1781:  died  at  Paris, 
April  25, 1840.  A  French  mathematician,  espe- 
cially noted  for  his  application  of  mathematics 
tophysies:  professoratParisfroml802.  Among 
his  works  is  "Trait6  de  m^eanique"  (1811). 

Foissy  (pwa-se').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Seine-et-Oise,  France,  situated  on  the  Seine  14 
miles  northwest  of  Paris.  Ithas  a  noted  church,  and 
until  recently  was  famous  for  its  cattle-market.  A  con- 
ference was  held  here  in  Sept.,  1561,  between  leading  the- 
ologians of  the  churclies  (Cardinal  Lorraine,  etc.,  for  the 
Roman  Catholics,  and  Beza,  Peter  Martyr,  etc.,  for  the  Re- 
formed). Itwas  unsnccessful  in  effecting  a  reconciliation. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  6,432. 

Foitevin  (pwat-van'),  Prosper.  Born  about 
1810 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  29,  1884.    A  French 

frammarian,  lexicographer,  and  litterateur, 
mong  his  works  are  "Nouveau  dictionnaire  universelde 
la  langue  franf aise  "  (1864-60),  "Grammaire  g^nSrale  et 
historique  de  la  langue  f rantai^e  "  (1866), ' '  Cours  pratique 
de  litt^rature  francjaise"  (1865),  etc. 

Poitiers  (pwa-tya').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Vienne,France,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Boivre  andClain,  inlat.  46°  35'  N.,  long.  0° 
23'  E. :  the  ancient  Limonum.  Later  it  was  called 
Pictavns  Limonum  and  Pictavium,  as  a  cliief  place  of  the 
Pictavi  (whence  the  present  name).  The  cathedral  is  a  fine 
early-Pointed  structure,  of  unusual  plan.  It  has  a  wide, 
high  nave  of  4  bays,  with  clustered  columns,  flanked  by 
aisles  almost  as  high  as  the  nave.  The  only  windows  are 
in  the  aisles.  The  church  lias  transepts  and  a  square 
chevet.  Notre  Dame  is  a  very  notable  example  of  decorat- 
ed Romanesque,  with  3  aisles,  barrel- vaulting,  and  central 
tower.  The  so-called  Temple  de  St.  Jean,  identified  as  a 
baptistery  ot  the  6th  century,  is  one  of  the  oldest  Christian 
edifices  in  France.  The  masonry,  in  part  of  opus  reticu- 
latum,  is  Roman  in  character,  and  the  ornament  of  pilas- 
ters, arcades,  and  triangles  is  also  Roman.  The  university 
with  its  school  of  law,  the  palals  de  justice,  and  the  modern 
hotel  de  ville  are  also  of  interest.  Hilary  was  the  first 
bishop  of  Poitiers.  It  was  the  capital  of  Poitou  in  former 
times.  Near  it  Clovis,  king  of  the  Franks,  defeated  Alaric, 
king' of  the  West  Goths,  in  607 ;  and  near  it,  Sept.  19, 1366, 
the  Bnglish  army  (8,000)  under  the  Black  Prince  defeated 
the  French  (60,000)  under  King  John,  who  was  taken  pris- 
oner. (For  another  battle  fought  in  the  neighborhood  in 
732,  see  Tours.)  It  was  a  stronghold  of  the  Huguenots. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  37,497. 

Poitiers,  Diana  of.    See  Diana  of  Poitiers. 

Poitou  (pwa-to').  An  ancient  government  of 
Prance.  Capital,  Poitiers,  it  was  bounded  by 
Brittany  and  Anjou  on  the  north,  Touraine  on  the  north- 
east, Berry  and  Marche  on  the  east,  Angoumois,  Saintonge, 
and  Aunis  on  the  south,  and  the  Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  west. 
It  contained  Haut- Poitou  in  the  east  and  Bas-Poitou  in  the 
west,  and  corresponded  nearly  to  the  departments  of  Ven- 
due, Deux-Sfevres,  and  Vienne.  It  was  governed  in  the  mid- 
dle ages  by  counts.  With  Eleanor  of  Guienne  it  passed  to 
France  in  1137,  and  in  1162  to  Henry  (who  became  Henry 
II.  of  England  in  1154).  It  was  conquered  by  Philip  Augus- 
tus of  France  about  1206,  and  retained  by  treaty  in  1259 ; 
was  ceded  to  Edward  III.  of  England  in  1,360,  and  recovered 
by  Du  Guesclin  a  few  years  later;  and  was  uiiited  finally 
to  the  French  crown  by  Charles  VII. 

Pokah,    See  Washaki. 

Pokanoket.    See  Wampanoag. 

Pokomo  (p6-k6'm6),  or  Wapokomo  (wS-po- 
ko'mo).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  British  East  Africa, 
dwelling  along  the  Tana  River,  in  the  midst  of 
hostile  Gallas. 

Pokonchis,  or  Pokomans.    See  PoconcMs. 

Fola  (po'la) .  A  seaport  in  Istria,  Austria-Hun- 
gary, situated  in  lat.  44°  52'  N.,  long.  13°  51' 
B. :  the  Roman  Pietas  Julia,  since  i860  it  has  been 
the  chief  naval  arsenal  of  the  empire,  and  contains  exten- 
sive docks  and  wharves.  It  has  a  cathedral,  and  contains 
many  Roman  antiquities.  The  Porta  Aurea  (L.,  'golden 
gate  0  is  a  Roman  triumphal  arch  ot  a  single  opening,  13J 
feet  wide  and  24J  high,  between  coupled  Corinthian  col- 
umns with  an  interrupted  entablature.  The  Roman  am- 
phitheater consists  ot  three  stories  (97  feet  high)  on  the 
west  side,  and  only  one,  owing  to  the  slope  of  the  ground, 
on  the  east.  The  axes  ot  the  greater  ellipse  are  452  and 
369  feet,  of  the  arena  229  and  147.  The  temple  ot  Rome 
and  Augustus,  now  the  museum,  is  Corinthian,  prostyle 
tetrastyle,  with  an  intervening  column  on  each  side  be- 
tween angle-column  and  cella,  on  a  high  basement,  in 
plan  27  by  57  feet.  Fola  came  under  Roman  power  about 
178  B.  C.  Near  it,  in  1379,  the  Genoese  fieet  defeated  the 
Venetians.    Population  (1890),  31,623. 

Polabia  (po-la'bi-g,).  The  country  of  the  Pola- 
bians,  in  t£e  basiii  of  the  Lower  Elbe. 

Polabians  (p6-la'bi-anz).  A  branch  of  the  Po- 
lish di-nsion  of  the  Slavs,  formerly  dwelling  in 
northern  Germany,  in  the  Lower  Elbe  valley. 
The  language  is  extinct. 

Poland  (po'land).  [L.  Polonia,  ft.  Polen,  P. 
Pologne,  Pol"  Pols'ka.']  A  former  kingdom  of 
Europe .  In  1772  it  comprised,  besides  the  present  Prus- 
sian Poland,  Austrian  Poland  and  Russian  Poland  (see 
those  headingsX  the  Russian  governments  of  Kovno, 
Vilna,  Vitebsk,  Mohileflf,  Minsk,  Grodno,  Volhynia,  Po- 


Pole 

dolia,  and  most  of  Kieff.  The  capital  from  about  1320 
was  Cracow ;  from  the  reign  of  Sigismund  III.  (1687-1632) 
it  was  Warsaw.  The  early  history  of  Poland  is  legendary 
and  obscure.  A  Polish  duchy,  acknowledging  the  suze- 
rainty of  the  German  emperor,  with  its  center  at  Gnesen, 
appeared  in  the  reign  ot  Mieczyslaw  (962-992),  who  em- 
braced Christianity.  Under  Boleslaus,  his  successor,  Po- 
land became  a  kingdom  and  had  a  momentary  greatness. 
After  a  period  of  great  decline  it  was  highly  prosperous  in 
the  reign  of  Casimir  the  Great  (1333-70).  The  dynasty  of 
Piasts  ended  with  him.  Poland  and  Hungary  were  united 
1370-82.  Lithuania  was  united  with  Poland  in  1386,  and 
the  Jagellon  dynasty  then  began.  Under  Wladislaw  III., 
who  died  in  1444,  Poland  and  Hungary  were  for  ashort  time- 
united.  West  Prussia  was  acquired  in  1466.  Tlie  kingdom 
flourished  in  the  reigns  of  Sigismund  I.  and  Sigismund  II. 
(1606-72).  Livonia  was  acquired  in  1561.  A  close  union  be- 
tween Poland  and  Lithuania  was  eft'ected  at  the  Diet  ot  Lub- 
lininl669.  The  Jagellon  dynasty  endedinl572andthecrown 
became  elective.  It  made  cessions  of  Livonia  to  Sweden 
in  1660,  and  of  the  territory  east  of  the  Dnieper  to  Russia, 
in  1667.  Sobieski  reigned  1674-96.  It  was  united  with 
Saxony  under  Augustus  II.  (1697-1704, 1709-33)  and  Augus- 
tus IIL  (1733-63).  It  took  part  in  the  Northern  War,  and 
about  this  time  suffered  greatly  from  factional  troubles. 
Stanislaus  Poniatowski  was  elected  king  in  1764,  (For  the 
Confederation  of  Bar  in  1768,  see  Bar;  and  for  the  parti- 
tions ot  Poland  in  1772, 1793,  and  1795,  see  below.)  An 
insurrection  under  Eoszciusko  took  place  in  1794,  and 
Stanislaus  resigned  in  1795.  Part  of  Poland  was  formed 
by  Napoleon  into  the  duchy  of  Warsaw  in  1807.  The 
Congress  of  Vienna  in  1816  made  a  resettlement  of  the  ter- 
ritory, creating  a  kingdom  of  Poland  (comprising  the  bulk 
ot  the  duchy  of  Warsaw)  under  Russian  rule.  See  Poland, 
Ritttsian. 

Poland,  Austrian.  That  part  of  Poland  which 
was  acquired  by  Austria,  now  forming  Galioia. 

Poland,  Great.  A  historical  division  of  Po- 
land, comprising  what  is  now  the  Prussian  prov- 
ince of  Posen  and  a  part  of  the  present  Rus- 
sian Poland. 

Poland,  Little.  A  historical  division  of  Po- 
land, comprising  part  of  the  present  Russian 
Poland  and  the  western  part  of  (Jalioia. 

Poland,  Luke  Potter.  Bom  at  Westford,  Vt., 
Nov.  1, 1815 :  died  at  Waterville,  Vt. ,  July  2, 1887. 
An  American  politician  and  jurist.  He  became 
chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Vermont  in  1860 ; 
was  Republican  United  States  senator  trom  Vermont  1865- 
1867 ;  and  was  a  member  ot  Congress  1867-75  and  1883-86. 

Poland,  Partitions  of.  There  were  three  par- 
titions of  Poland  in  the  last  part  of  the  18th 
century,  (l)  Between  Russia,  Prussia,  and  Austria  in 
1772  :  agreed  to  by  Poland  in  1773.  Prussia  received  the 
greater  part  of  West  Prussia  and  the  Netze  district ;  Aus- 
tria received  Galicia  and  the  county  of  Zips  in  Hungary ; 
and  Russia  received  everything  east  of  the  Dnieper  and 
Diina.  (2)  Between  Russia  and  Prussia  in  1793.  Prussia 
received  nearly  all  the  present  province  ot  Posen,  a:\d  the 
western  part  of  what  is  now  Russian  Poland;  Russia  re- 
celved  all  the  territory  east  of  about  long.  24°.  (3)  Be- 
tween Russia,  Prussia,  and  Austria  in  1795.  Prussia  took 
a  large  part  of  the  present  Russian  Poland,  including  War- 
saw ;  Austria  received  part  of  the  present  Russian  Poland 
between  the  Bug,  Vistula,  and  Pilica ;  and  Russia  received 
all  the  remainder,  situated  east  of  the  Niemen  and  Bug. 

Poland,  Prussian.  That  part  of  Poland  which 
was  acquired  by  Prussia,  it  now  forms  the  prov- 
ince of  Fosen,  nearly  allot  West  Prussia,  and  part  of  East 
Prussia. 

Poland,  Russian.  A  name  given  popularly  to 
the  ten  Russian  governments  of  the  "Vistula 
Land,"  corresponding  to  the  kingdom  of  Poland 
formed  in  1815.  It  is  situated  in  the  western  part  of 
Russia ;  is  bounded  by  Prussia  on  the  north  and  west  and 
Austria  on  the  south ;  and  consists  of  the  govemmenta 
Suwalki,  Lomza,  Siedlce,  Lublin,  Kielce,  Radom,  War- 
saw, Flock,  Ealisz,  and  Piotrkow.  Capital,  Warsaw. 
The  surface  is  generally  a  plain.  The  chief  river  is  the 
Vistula.  The  principal  occupation  is  agriculture,  espe- 
cially the  production  of  grain.  Manufactures  and  mining 
are  increasing.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Poles  ;  there 
are  also  Jews,  Ruthenians,  etc.  The  German  element  and 
Russian  influence  are  both  increasing.  The  prevailing 
religion  is  the  Roman  Catholic.  The  territory  was  form  ed 
into  the  kingdom  of  Poland  under  the  Russian  empe- 
ror, with  a  constitution,  in  1815 ;  an  insurrection  which  be- 
gan in  Nov.,  1830,  was  suppressed  in  Sept.,  1831 ;  the  con- 
stitution was  abolished  in  1832 ;  there  was  an  unsuccessful 
rising  in  1846;  and  an  insurrection  beginning  in  1863  was 
suppressed  in  1864,  the  kingdom  of  Poland  ceasing  to  exist 
about  this  time.  The  peasants  received  important  con- 
cessions in  1864.  Area,  49,157  square  miles.  Population 
(1890),  8,256,562. 

Polaris  (po-la'ris).  A  double  or  triple  star  of  the 
second  magnitude,  a  Ursse  Minoris,  situated 
near  the  north  pole  of  the  heavens ;  the  pole- 
star.  It  served  in  former  times,  and  still  serves  among 
primitive  people,  as  a  guide  in  navigation.  It  is  now  about 
li°  from  the  pole,  very  nearly  in  a  line  with  the  two  stars 
in  Ursa  Major  (a  and  p)  which  form  the  further  edge  ot 
the  so-called  Dipper.  About  5,000  years  ago  the  pole-star 
was  a  Draconis,  and  in  about  12,000  it  will  be  a  Lyree. 

Pole  (pol),  Reginald.  Bom  at  Stourton  Cas- 
tle, Staffordshire,  England,  March  3, 1500 :  died 
at  London,  Nov.  18, 1558.  An  English  Roman 
Catholic  prelate.  He  was  the  son  ot  Sir  Richard  Pole 
and  Margaret,  countess  ot  Salisbury,  niece  ot  Edward  IV. 
He  entered  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  and  at  the  age  of 
19  went  to  Padua  to  complete  his  education,  returning 
in  1525.  In  1532  he  went  again  to  Italy,  and  was  created 
cardinal  Dec.  22, 1536.  He  qnarreled  with  Henry  VIII., 
who  caused  a  bi!l  of  attainder  to  be  passed  against  him 
and  set  a  price  on  his  head.  His  mother  was  thrown  into 


Pole 

the  Tower  and  beheaded.  In  1646  he  was  a  legate-presi- 
dent of  the  Council  of  Trent.  On  the  deatli  of  Edward 
VI.  he  was  sent  to  England  to  assist  Queen  Mary.  Pole, 
who  was  only  in  deacon's  orders,  desired  to  marry  the 
queen,  and  she  for  a  time  favored  the  project,  but  it  was 
finally  abandoned.  After  the  burning  of  Cranmer,  Pole 
was  ordained  priest,  and  on  March  2?.,  1566,  was  conse- 
crated archbishop  of  Canterbury.  His  legation  as  papal 
ambassador  to  England  was  canceled  by  Paul  IV.  His 
death  occurred  on  the  day  after  that  of  the  queen.  He 
was  largely  responsible  for  the  persecution  of  Protestants 
during  her  reign. 

Polemon  (pore-mon).  [Gr.  IIoX^|Uuv.]  A  Pla- 
tonic philosopher  of  Athens  (died  273  b.  c),  the 
successor  of  Xenoorates  as  president  of  the 
Academy. 

Polesine(p6-le-se'ne).  The  district  near  Eovigo 
in  Italy. 

Polexandre.  A  romance  by  Gomberville.  it 
was  published  in  1632,  and  enjoyed  a  high  reputation.  It 
was  the  earliest  of  the  heroic  romances,  and  seems  to 
have  been  imitated  by  Oalpren^de  and  Scud^ry. 

Policastro  (po-le-kas'tro).  A  small  seaport  in 
the  province  of  Salerno,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Policastro  60 miles  southeast  of  Salerno : 
the  ancient  Pyxus,  later  Buxentum. 

Polichronicon.    See  Polychronicon. 

Polignac  (p6-len-yak'),  Due  Axmand  Jules 
Marie  H6raclius  de.  Born  Jan .  17, 1771 :  died 
March  2, 1847.  A  French  politician,  son  of  the 
Duchesse  de  Polignac,  imprisoned  1804^13  for 
complicity  in  the  conspiracy  of  Cadoudal. 

Polignac,  Duchesse  de.  Bom  about  1749:  died 
at  Vienna,  1793.  Wife  of  the  Due  de  Polignac 
(died  1817) :  an  influential  favorite  of  Marie  An- 
toinette. 

Polignac,  Prince  Jules  Auguste  Axmand  Ma- 
rie de.  Born  May  14, 1780 :  died  March  29, 1847. 
A  French  politician  and  diplomatist,  son  of  the 
Duchesse  de  Polignac.  He  was  imprisoned  for  com- 
plicity in  the  conspiracy  of  Cadoudal  in  1804 ;  was  am- 
bassador to  Great  Britain  1823-29 ;  and  was  minister  of  for- 
eign affairs  andpremier  1829-30.  He  signed  the  ordinances 
of  July  25, 1830  (leading  to  the  revolution  of  July),  and  was 
imprisoned  1830-36. 

Polignano  a  Mare  (p6-len-ya'n6  a  ma're).  A 
seaport  in  the  province  of  Ban,  Italy,  situated 
on  the  Adriatic  20  miles  southeast  of  Bari.  Pop- 
ulation (1881),  7,855. 

Poligny  (p6-len-ye ' ) .  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Jura,  Prance,  46  miles  southeast  of  Dijon.  It 
has  a  mined  castle.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 4,433. 

Polillo  (p6-lel'yo)-  One  of  the  smaller  Philip- 
pine Islands,  situated  east  of  Luzon.  Length, 
about  30  miles. 

Polish  (pol'ish),  Mrs.  A  character  in  Jonsou's 
comedy  "  The  Magnetiek  Lady." 

Mrs.  Polish,  the  most  perfect  representation  of  a  gossip- 
ing '  toad-eater '  that  the  English  stage  can  boast.    Giffard, 

PoUsh  Succession,  War  of  the.  A  war  which 
broke  out  in  1733,  owing  to  a  disputed  election 
to  the  throne  of  Poland.  Stanislaus  Leszozynski  was 
supported  by  France,  Spain,  and  Sardinia,  and  Augustus 
III.  (elector  of  Saxony)  by  Austria  and  Bussia.  It  was 
ended  by  the  peace  of  Vienna  (1738),  by  which  Augustus 
III.  was  acknowledged. 

Polistena  (p6-lis-ta'na).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Eeggio  di  Calabria,  Italy,  32  miles  north- 
east of  Keggio^  Population  (1881),  6,974;  com- 
mune, 8,359. 

Folitian  (p9-lish'ian),  L.  Politianus  (po-lish-i- 
a'uus),  It.  Angelo  Poliziano  (p6-let-se-a'no) 
(AngeloAmbrogini).  BomatMontepulciano, 
Tuscany,  July  14, 1454:  died  at  Florence,  Sept. 
24, 1494.  A  celebrated  Florentine  humanist  and 
poet,  professor  at  the  University  of  Florence. 
He  published  the  Italian  poems  "La  giostra,"  "Orfeo" 
(which  see),  etc. ;  the  Latin  poems  "Eusticus,"  "Nutrioia," 
*'  Ambra,"  "Manto  " ;  Latin  translations  from  the  Greek ; 
critical  essays  in  the  "Miscellanea"  (1489),  etc. 

Politics  (pol'i-tiks).  [Gr.  Ilo/Un/cd.]  A  treatise 
on  the  state,  by  Aristotle. 

The  "Politics"  [of  Aristotle]  are  confessed  on  all  hands 
to  be  the  ripest  and  fullest  outcome  of  Greek  political  ex- 
perience. They  were  based  on  the  researches  of  Aristotle's 
"Constitutions,"  or  catalogue  of  some  250  polities,  of  which 
many  precious  fragments  tell  us  enough  to  desire  that  it 
were  preserved  even  at  the  expense  of  the  extant  book  on 
the  theory  of  politics.  For  as  such  the  present  work  is 
essentially  conceived  in  Aristotle's  peculiar  method,  being 
based  on  actual  experience  and  the  criticism  of  previous 
theorists,     llahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  11.  414. 

Polixfene  (pol-ek-san').  The  assumed  name  of 
Madeloh  in  Molifere's  comedy  "Les  pr^cieuses 
ridicules." 

Polixenes(po-liks'e-nez).  The  King  of  Bohemia 
in  Shakspere's  "Winter's  Tale." 

~  "'  "  See  Politian. 


816 

mitted  to  the  bar  in  1820 ;  was  a  Democratic  member  of 
Congress  from  Tennessee  1825-39;  was  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  1835-39 ;  was  governor  of  Ten- 
nessee 1839-41 ;  and  as  Democratic  candidate  for  President 
was  elected  in  1844.  The  leading  events  in  his  adminis- 
tration were  the  Mexican  war,  which  resulted  in  the  ac* 
quisition  of  California  and  other  cessions  from  Mexico, 
and  the  Oregon  boundary  treaty  with  Great  Britain. 

Folk,  Leonidas.  Bom  at  Kaleigh,  N.  C,  1806 : 
killed  at  Pine  Mountain,  Ga.,  June  14,  1864. 
A  bishop  of  the  Episcopal  Church,  and  later  a 
Confederate  general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1827,  but  resigned  his  commission  in  the  army  in  the  same 
year,  and  in  1831  was  ordained  a  priest  in  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church.  He  became  missionary  bishop  of  Ar- 
kansas and  the  Indian  Territory  in  1838,  and  bishop  of 
Louisiana  in  1841,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War 
accepted  a  major-generalship  in  the  Confederate  army,  be- 
ing promoted  lieutenant-general  in  1862.  He  commanded 
the  right  wing  of  General  Braxton  Bragg's  army  at  Ohicka- 
manga.  Hewasaccusedbyhissuperiorof  insubordination 
on  this  occasion,  and  was  relieved  of  his  command.  In 
Dec,  1863,  he  succeeded  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston  in 
command  of  the  department  of  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and 
East  Louisiana.  His  command  was  afterward  united  to 
that  of  Johnston. 

PoUa  (pol'la).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Sa- 
lerno, Italy,  40  mUes  east-southeast  of  Salerno. 
Population  (1881),  6,516. 

Pollajuolo  (pol-la-yo-6'16),  Antonio.  Bom  at 
Florence,  1429:  died  at  Rome,  1498.  An  Italian 
painter  and  sculptor.  He  was  originally  a  goldsmith, 
and  of  his  work  in  uiis  line  we  have  examples  in  the  bas- 
reliefs  of  the  Feast  of  Herod  and  the  Dance  of  Herodias's 
Daughter  which  he  made  for  the  silver  altar  in  the  Opera 
del  Duomo  at  Florence.  As  a  niellist  he  ranks  with  the 
best  of  his  time.  He  was  the  first  painter  who  had  a  prac- 
tical knowledge  of  anatomy  from  dissection.  He  was  called 
to  Rome  about  1480  by  Pope  Innocent  VIII.  to  make  the 
bronze  monument  of  his  predecessor,  Sixtus  IV.  (finished 
1493),  one  of  the  most  original  tombs  of  the  time.  He  also 
made  the  tomb  of  Innocent  VIII. 

Pollard  (pol'ard),  Edward  Albert.    Bom  in 

Nelson  County,  Va.,  Feb.  27,  1828:  died  at 
Lynchburg,  Va.,  Dec.  12,  1872.  An  American 
journalist  and  historian,  editor  of  the  Rich- 
mond "  Examiner"  during  the  Civil  "War.  His 
works  include  a  "  Southern  History  of  the  War  "(1866),  "The 
Lost  Cause  "  (1866),  "  Lee  and  his  Lieutenants  "  (1867),  "Life 
of  Jefferson  Davis,  with  the  Secret  History  of  the  Southern 
Confederacy  "  (1869),  etc. 

PoUentia  (po-len'shi-a).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  place  in  Italy,  28  miles  south  of  Turin,  near 
the  junction  of  the  Stura  and  Tanaro :  the  mod- 
ern Pollenzo  or  Pollenza.  Here,  in  402  or  403,  a 
battle  was  fought  between  the  Bomans  under  Stilicho  and 
the  West  Goths  under  Alaric.  This  is  generally  said  to 
have  been  a  decisive  Roman  victory,  but "  Cassiodorus  and 
Jornandes  both  say  distinctly  that  the  Goths  put  the  Ro- 
man army  to  flight "  (Hodgkin). 

Pollenzo,  or  Pollenza.    See  PoUentia. 

PoUio  (pol'i-6),  Caius  Asinius.  Bom  about 
76  B.  c. :  died  at  Tusculum,  Italy,  6  A.  D.  A 
Roman  politician,  commander,  author,  and  pa- 
tron of  literature:  an  adherent  of  Julius  (jse- 
sa^.  He  was  consul  40  B.  c. ,  and  was  governor  of  Trans- 
padane  Gaul.  He  defeated  the  Farthians  in  lUyria  in  39. 
He  was  a  patron  of  Vergil  and  Horace.  Only  fragments  of 
his  works  survive. 

PSllnitz  (pa'nits),  Baron  Karl  Ludwig  von. 

Bom  at  Issum,  Prussian  Rhine  Province,  Feb. 
25, 1692 :  died  at  Berlin,  June  23, 1775.  A  Ger- 
man writer  of  memoirs.  He  was  reader  to  Frederick 
the  Great  and  theatrical  director  in  Berlin.  His  works  in- 
clude "Lettres  et  m^moires,  etc."  (1738-40),  "Etatabrdg^ 
de  la  cour  de  Saxe,  etc."  (1734),  etc.  He  was  probably 
also  the  author  of  * '  Histoire  secrete  de  la  duchesse  d'Hano- 
vre"  (1732),  and  of  "la  Saxe  galante  "  (1784). 

Pollock  (pol'ok),  Sir  Jonathan  Frederick. 

Bom  Sept.  23, 1783:  died  Aug.  23, 1870.  AnEng- 
lish  jurist,  attorney-general  1834-35, 1841-44. 

Pollock,  Sir  George.  Bom  at  Westminster, 
June  4,  1786:  died  Oct.  6,  1872.  An  English 
general,  brother  of  Sir  Frederick  Pollock.  He 
commanded  the  British  army  in  Afghanistan  in 
1842,  and  entered  Kabul  in  Sept. 

FoUockshaws  (pol-ok-sh&z').  A  manufactur- 
ing town  in  Renfrewshire,  Scotland,  3  miles 
south-southwestof  Glasgow.  Population  (1891), 
10,228. 

FoUok  (pol'ok),  Siobert,  Born  at  Moorhouse, 
Renfrewshire,  1798  (?) :  died  at  Southampton, 
Sept.  17,  1827.  A  Scottish  religious  poet.  He 
was  educated  at  Glasgow  Universiiy.  His  chief  work; 
"  The  Course  of  Time,"  was  published  In  1827,  six  months 
before  his  death.     His  theology  was  strongly  Calvinistic. 

Pollux  (pol'uks),  orPolydeuces  (pol-i-dii'sez). 
[(3t.  UoAvdevKTig.]  1.  In  Greek  mythology,  the 
twin  brother  of  Castor,  one  of  the  Dioscuri. 
See  Castor  and  Polltuc  and  Dioscuri. —  2.  An 
orange  star  of  magnitude  1.2  (/J  Geminomm),  in 
the  head  of  the  following  twin, 


PolkS,  James  Knox.    Bom  in  Mecklen-  P°lly  (P^^?);,  V'^^^^l^i^Zry  ^.f""  ®^J=/ 
burg  County,  N.  C,  Nov.  2, 1795 :  died  at  Nash-    sequel  t9  "The  Beggar's  Opera.j'   it  was  ready  for 

ville,  Tenn.,  June  15, 1849.   The  eleventh  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  (1845-49).    He  was  ad- 


the  stage  in  1728,  but  was  suppressed  By  the  government, 
some  members  of  which  had  been  satirized  in  the  first 
opera.    Gay  published  it,  however,  in  1729,  and  it  brought 


Polycletus  of  Sicyon 

him  over  £1,200.  It  was  finally  played  in  1777,  having 
been  altered  by  Colman  the  elder. 

Polly  Honeycomb  (hun'i-kom).  A  farce  at- 
tributed to  Garrick.  It  was  the  first  written  by  Col- 
man  the  elder,  was  first  played  in  1760,  and  was  a  satire 
leveled  at  the  absurd  prevalence  of  nevel-readmg. 

Polo  (po'lo),  Marco.  Bom  at  Venice,  1254 :  died 
there,  1324.  A  celebrated  Venetian  traveler. 
His  father,  Moolo,  and  uncle,  Mafleo,  left  Constantinople 
for  the  Crimea  on  some  commercial  enterprise  in  1260. 
Their  busin  ess  eventually  brought  them  to  Bokhara,  where 
they  fell  in  with  some  envoys  of  Kublal  Khan.  They  were 
persuaded  to  accompany  the  envoys  to  Kublai,  whom  they 
found  either  at  Cambaluo  (Peking)  or  at  Shangtu,  north  of 
the  Great  Wall.  Kublai  received  them  well,  and  sent  them 
as  his  envoys  to  the  Pope  with  a  request  for  one  hundred 
educated  men  to  instruct  his  subjects  in  Christianity  and 
in  the  liberal  arts.  The  brothers  arrived  at  Acre  in  1269. 
They  obtained  from  Gregory  X.  two  Dominicans  who  turn  ed 
back  at  an  early  stage  of  the  journey.  The  brothers  left 
Acre  on  thereturn  journey  in  1271,  accompanied  by  Marco, 
then  17  years  of  age.  They  traveled  by  Sivas,  Mosul,  Bag- 
dad, and  Hormuz,  through  Khorasan,  up  the  Oxus  to  the 
Pamir,  by  Kashgar,  Yarkand,  and  Khotan,  to  Lob  Nor,  and 
across  the  great  desert  of  Gobi  to  Tanguti  thence  to  Shangtu, 
where  they  found  Kublai  Khan  in  1276.  They  were  kindly 
received,  and  retained  in  the  public  service.  Marco  rose 
rapidly  in  the  emperor's  favor,  and  was  employed  in  im- 
portant missions  in  various  parts  of  the  empire.  Marco, 
with  his  father  and  uncle,  left  China  in  1292,  and  after  many 
adventures  reached  Venice  by  way  of  Sumatra,  India, 
and  Persia  in  1296.  In  1298  Marco  was  taken  prisoner  in 
the  battle  of  Curzola  between  the  Venetians  and  the  Gen- 
oese. He  was  detained  for  a  year  at  Genoa.  Here  he  dic- 
tated in  the  French  language  to  a  fellow-captive,  Rustici- 
ano  of  Pisa,  an  account  of  his  adventures, which  ultimately 
obtained  a  wide  popularity,  inasmuch  as  the  Polos  were 
the  first  E<iropean  travelers  in  China.    Chamiera'e  Encye. 

Polo  de  Ondegardo.    See  Ondegardo. 

PoloniUS  (p6-16'ni-us).  In  Shakspere's  "Ham- 
let," the  fatter  of  Ophelia,  and  the  king's  cham- 
berlain. 

PoloniUS,  who  is  the  personified  memory  of  wisdom  no 
longer  actually  possessed.  This  admirable  character  is 
always  misrepresented  on  the  stage.  Shakspere  never  in- 
tended to  exhibit  him  as  a  buffoon :  for,  although  it  was 
natural  that  Hamlet  —  a  young  man  of  fire  and  genius, 
detesting  formality,  and  disliking  Polonius  on  political 
grounds,  as  imagining  that  he  had  assisted  his  uncle  in 
his  usurpation  —  should  express  himself  satirically,  yet 
this  must  not  be  taken  as  exactly  the  poet's  conception  of 
him.  In  Polonius  a  certain  induration  of  character  had 
arisen  from  long  habits  of  business ;  but  take  his  advice 
to  Laertes,  and  Ophelia's  reverence  for  his  memory,  and 
we  shall  see  that  he  was  meant  to  be  represented  as  a 
statesman  somewhat  past  his  faculties, — his  recollections 
of  life  all  full  of  wisdom,  and  showing  a  knowledge  of 
human  nature,  whilst  what  immediately  takes  place  be- 
fore him,  and  escapes  from  him,  is  indicative  of  weakness, 
Coleridge,  Lects.  on  Shak.,  etc.,  p.  237. 

Polotsk,  or  Folock  (pd'lotsk).  A  town  in  the 
government  of  Vitebsk,  Russia,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Polota  with  the  Dlina,  59  miles, 
west-northwest  of  Vitebsk.  It  waS'  stormed  by 
the  French  in  1812.    Population,  20,064. 

Polotsk,  Principality  of.  A  medieval  princi- 
pality of  Russia,  in  the  basin  of  the  Diina. 

Poltava.    See  Pultowa. 

Polybius  (po-lib'i-us).  [Gr.  IIo/l{i/3jof .]  Born  at 
Megalopolis,  Arcadia,  Greece,  204  b.  c.  :  died 
about  125  B.  0.  A  celebrated  Greek  historian. 
He  was  In  the  service  of  the  Achaean  League ;  was  taken 
as  a  political  prisoner  to  Rome  about  169 ;  became  a  friend 
of  Soipio  the  Younger ;  was  released  in  151 ;  and  was  later 
engaged  in  settling  the  affaks  of  Achaia.  He  went  to 
Egypt  in  181,  with  his  father  and  Aratus,  as  an  ambassa- 
dor of  the  Achsean  League.  He  was  the  author  of  a  history 
of  Rome  in  40  books,  five  of  which,  with  fragments  of  the 
others,  have  been  preserved. 

Polycarp  (pol'i-kSrp).  [L.  Polycarpus,  from 
Gr.  IIoM/capTro?.]  Bom  before  69  A.D.:  burned 
at  Smyrna,  155  (?).  A  Christian  martyr,  bishop 
of  Smyrna:  author  of  an  epistle  to  the  Philip- 
pians. 

Polychronicon  (pol-i-kron'i-kon).  A  chronicle 
of  universal  history,  by  Ralph  Higden,  finished 
in  1366 :  a  continuation  was  added  to  the  year 
1413.  It  begins  with  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  the  known 
world,  with  lives  of  Adam,  Abraham,  etc.,  and  brings  Its 
entries  down  to  the  time  of  writing.  It  was  translated 
into  English  by  John  of  Trevlsa. 

Polycletus  (pol-i-kle'tus),  or  Polyclitus  (-kli'- 
tus),  of  Sicyon.  [Gr.  IIoAi/c^froc.]  Lived  in 
the  last  part  of  the  5th  century  b.  c.  A  cele- 
brated Greek  sculptor  and  architect.  He  is  asso- 
ciated with  the  high  development  of  abstract  proportion 
which  characterizes  Greek  sculpture.  He  seems  to  have 
realized  the  athletic  type  or  ideal  to  the  entire  satisfaction 
of  the  Greek  world,  and  made  a  figure  embodying  the  ac- 
cepted proportions,  which  was  called  "  the  canon."  This 
canon  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  simple  figure  carrying 
a  spear  (doryphoms),  described  by  Pliny  and  properly  rep- 
resented by  several  replicas.  The  best  of  these  was  found 
at  Pompeii,  and  is  In  the  museum  at  Naples.  Another 
statue  of  almost  equal  importance  is  mentioned  by  Pliny, 
and  called  "  diadumenos  (i.  e.,  an  athlete  binding  a  fillet 
about  his  head).  The  best  replica  is  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum ;  the  original  was  sold  at  one  time  for  100  talents— 
about  $117,000.  The  most  important  monumental  work 
of  Polycletus  was  the  chryselephantine  Hera  at  Argos  rep- 
resented by  the  so-called  Ludovisi  Juno.  ' 


Polycletus 

Folycletus,  "The  Younger."    Lived  about  400 

B.  c.    A  Greek  sculptor  of  Argos. 
Polycrates  (po-lik'ra-tez).     [Gr.  noAm/ja?-)/?.] 

Put  to  death  522  b.  c.     Tyrant  of  Samos  from 

about  536  (or  532)  to  522.    He  was  a  patron  of 

literature  and  art. 

He  had  formed  an  alliance  with  Amasls,  king  of  Egypt, 
who,  however,  finally  renounced  it  through  alarm  at  the 
amazing  good  fortune  of  Polycrates,  which  never  met  with 
any  check  or  disaster,  and  which  therefore  was  sure,  sooner 
or  later,  to  Incur  the  envy  of  the  gods.  Such,  at  least, 
is  the  account  in  Herodotus,  who  has  narrated  the  story 
of  the  rupture  between  Amasls  and  Polycrates  In  his  most 
dramatic  manner.  In  a  letter  which  Amasis  wrote  to  Folyc- 
ratea,  the  Egyptian  monarch  advised  him  to  throw  away 
one  of  his  most  valuable  possessions,  in  order  that  he  might 
thus  inflict  some  injury  upon  himself.  In  accordance  with 
this  advice  Polycrates  threw  into  the  sea  a  seal-ring  of  ex- 
traordinary beauty ;  but  in  a  few  days  it  was  found  in  the 
belly  of  a  fish,  which  had  been  presented  to  him  by  a  fish- 
erman. Thereupon  Amasis  immediately  broke  off  his  al- 
liance with  him. 

Smith,  Diet,  of  Greek  and  Boman  Biography,  III.  459. 

Polydamas  (po-lld'a-mas).  [Gr.  HoXida/iac.'] 
Lived  about  400  b.  c."  A  Thessalian  famous  for 
Ms  strength. 

Polydeuces.    See  Pollux. 

Polydore  (pol'i-dor).  1.  A  name  assumed  by 
Guiderius  in  Shakspere's  "  Cymbeline." — 2.  In 
Otway's  tragedy  "The  Orphan,"  the  brother  of 
Castalio  who  was  the  husband  of  Monimia,  the 
orphan.  He  succeeded  in  deceiving  the  latter  by  per- 
sonating Castalio  on  his  wedding  night,  and  on  this  fraud 
the  tragic  story  of  Monimia  hinges. 

Polydore  Vergil.    See  Vergil. 

Polydorus  (pol-i-do'rus).  [Gr.  Tiolvdopog.']  In 
Greek  legend,  the  youngest  son  of  Priam.  He 
was  killed  by  Achilles  (or  according  to  other  legends  by 
Polymestor).    See  Hecuba. 

Polydorus.  A  Khodian  sculptor,  associate  of 
Aeesander  in  carving  the  Laoeoon  group. 

Tolyeucte  (po-le-6kt')-  !•  A.  play  by  Cor- 
neille,  issued  in  1640 :  ' '  the  greatest  of  all  Chris- 
tian tragedies"  {Saintsbury). —  3.  An  opera  by 
Gounod,  fcst  produced  at  Paris  in  1878.  The 
words,  by  Barbier  and  Carr6,  are  founded  on 
Corneille. 

PolygnotuS  (pol-ig-no'tus).  [Gr.  UoXiiyvarog.'] 
Bom  inUhe  island  of  Thasos :  lived  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  5th  century  B.C.  A  celebrated  Greek 
painter,  pupil  of  Aglaophon.  His  activity  lasted 
from  about  480  to  466  B.C.  He  was  made  an  Athenian  citi- 
zen in  return  for  the  pafntings  in  the  Poecile  or  Theseum, 
and  the  Amphiotyons  gave  him  the  right  of  free  entertain- 
ment in  the  Hellenic  cities.  He  was  identified  with  Cimon 
in  the  reconstruction  of  Athens,  and  seems  to  have  had 
■about  him  a  large  school  or  force  of  assistants.  His  prin- 
cipal works  were  the  paintings  in  the  Lesche  of  the  Cnidi- 
ans  at  Delphi,  described  in  detail  by  Fausanias ;  the  paint- 
ings of  the  Poecile  at  Athens,  made  with  the  assistance  of 
Micon  and  Pantenus;  themarriage  of  Castor  and  Pollux 
with  the  daughters  of  Iieucippus,  in  the  temple  of  the  Dios- 
curi at  Athens ;  some  of  the  pictures  in  the  Pinakotheke 
■of  the  Propylseum ;  the  picture  in  the  porch  of  the  temple 
of  AtheneAreiaatPlataja;  andpicturesatThespise.  Polyg- 
notus  introduced  transparent  draperies  and  many  realistic 
effects.    Pliny,  XXXV.  36. 

Polyhymnia  (pol-i-him'ni-a),  or  Polynmia  (po- 
lim'ni-a).  [Gr.  IloTiA/ivia.']  1.  In  Greek  anti- 
quity, tiie  Muse  of  the  sublime  hymn  and  of  the 
faculty  of  learning  and  remembering.  According 
to  some  poets,  she  was  the  inventor  of  the  lyre.  During 
the  final  centuries  of  the  Boman  Empire  she  was  regarded 
as  the  patroness  of  mimes  and  pantomimes.  In  art  she  is 
usually  represented  as  In  a  meditative  attitude,  heavily 
draped,  and  without  any  attribute. 
2.  An  asteroid  (No.  33)  discovered  by  Chacor- 
nac  at  Paris,  Oct.  28,  1854. 

Polykleitos.    See  Polycletus. 

Polymnia«    See  Polyhymnia. 

Polynesia(pol-i-ne'§ia).  [From  Gr.  wSTiv;,  many, 
and  vyaoc,  an  island:  ''ma,ny  islands.']  A  divi- 
sion of  Oceaniea  which  comprises  all  or  nearly 
all  the  Pacific  islands  east  of  Australia,  Papua, 
and  the  Philippines.  There  are  three  main  divisions. 
Theprincipal  groups  of  Polynesia  proper,  or  East  Polynesia, 
are  the  Hawaiian,  Samoan,  Tonga,  Cook,  Society,  Austral, 
Marquesas,  Low,  EUice,  and  Phoenix  islands :  Fiji  is  gen- 
erally included  in  this  division,  but  is  sometimes  placed  in 
Melanesia.  Micronesia  includes  the  Ladrones,  Carolines, 
and  Marshall,  Gilbert,  and  Pelew  islands.  Melanesia  in- 
cludes the  Bismarck  Archipelago,  Admiralty  and  Solomon 
islands,  Louisiade  Archipelago,  New  Hebrides,  D'Entre- 
caateaux  Islands,  New  Caledonia,  etc.  The  islands  have 
recently  been  rapidly  acquired  by  different  European  na- 
tions. Hawaii  and  Samoa  are  independent.  See  the  sepa- 
rate articles. 

Polynices  (pol-i-ni'sez).  [Gr.  UoTiwetKric.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a  son  of  CEdipus  and  Jocaste,  and 
brother  of  Eteocles.  He  was  driven  from  Thebes  by 
his  brother,  and  the  famous  expedition  of  "the  Seven 
against  Thebes  "  was  made  to  restore  him. 

Polyolbion  (pol-i-ol'bi-on),  or  a  Ohorograph- 
ical  Description  of  all  the  Tracts,  Rivers, 
Mountains  ...  of  Great  Britain.  A  poem 
by  Michael  Drayton,  published  1618-22.  it  is 
his  longest  and  most  celebrated  poem.  It  consists  of  30 
^'songs"  filled  with  antiquarian  knowledge. 
C— 52 


817 

Polyphemus (pol-i-fe'mus).  [Gr.UoXhilnifiog.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a  one-eyed  giant,  the  chief  of  the 
Cyclopes,  and  son  of  Poseidon:  celebrated  in  the 
legends  of  Odysseus,  whom  he  kept  a  prisoner 
in  his  cave  until  the  clever  Greek  made  him 
drunk  and  blinded  him. 

Folysperchon  (pol-is-p6r'k6n).  [Gr.  UolvcsTrep- 
XiM.I  Died  after  303  B.  c.  A  Macedonian  gen- 
eral in  the  service  of  Alexander  the  Great.  He 
succeeded  Antipater  as  regent  in  319.  He  was  superseded 
by  Caasander. 

Polyxena  (po-lik'se-na).  [Gr.  IIoAufEV)?.]  In 
Greek  legend,  daughter  of  Priam  and  Hecuba, 
and  bride  of  Achilles.  At  her  marriage  to  Achilles, 
the  latter  was  slain  by  Paris,  and  the  Greeks  later  sacri- 
ficed her  to  appease  his  shade.  She  was  the  subject  of  a 
lost  tragedy  by  Sophocles, and  of  the  tragedies  "Hecuba" 
by  Euripides  and  "Troades  "  by  Seneca. 

Polyxena.  AtragedybyNiceolini,  a  Florentine 
writer,  in  the  style  of  Alfieri,  produced  in  1811. 

Pombal  (pom-bal';  Pg.  p6n-bal'),  Marquis  de 
(Sehastiao  Jose  de  Carvalho  e  Mello).  Bom 
at  Soure,  near  Coimbra,  May  13,  1699 :  died  at 
Pombal,  May  8,  1782.  A  famous  Portuguese 
statesman.  He  became  minister  at  london  in  1739,  and 
at  Vienna  in  1745 ;  and  was  made  minister  of  foreign  affairs 
in  1760,  and  premier  in  1756.  He  encouraged  commerce 
and  agriculture,  and  expelled  the  Jesuits.  He  was  dis- 
missed from  office  in  1777. 

Pomerania(pom-e-ra'ni-a),G.Pommern(pom'- 
mem).  [P.  Pomeranie.'ji  A  province  of  Prus- 
sia. Capital,  Stettin.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Baltic 
Sea  on  the  north.  West  Prussia  on  the  east.  West  Prussia, 
Brandenburg,  and  Mecklenburg  on  the  south,  and  Meck- 
lenburg on  the  west.  The  surface  is  nearly  level.  The 
people  are  mostly  engaged  in  agriculture,  the  rearing  of 
live  stock,  and  coasting  and  foreign  trade.  There  are  3 
government  districts  (Stettin,  Stralaund,  and  Kdslin);  and 
Further  Pomerania(Hinterpommern),  east  of  the  Oder,  and 
Hither  Pomerania  (Vorpommern),west  of  the  Oder,  are  his- 
torical divisions.  The  early  inhabitants  were  Celts,  fol- 
lowed by  Wends.  Ciuristianity  was  introduced  in  the  12th 
century.  The  territory  became  gradually  Germanized ; 
was  governed  by  lines  of  dukes ;  and  suffered  in  the  Thirty 
years'  War.  The  eastern  part  fell  in  1648  to  Brandenburg, 
the  western  part  to  Sweden.  In  1720  Sweden  ceded  to 
Prussia  the  territory  eaat  of  the  Peene ;  and  the  remainder 
of  Swedish  Pomerania  was  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1815.  Area, 
11,870  square  miles.    Population  (1890),  1,520,889. 

Pomeranian  Haff.    See  Stetttner  Haff. 

Pomeranus,  or  Pommer.    See  Bugenhagen. 

Pomerellen  (po-mer-el'len).  Formerly  the  west- 
ern part  of  West  Prussia,  lying  west  of  the  Vis- 
tula.   It  belonged  to  Poland  till  1772. 

Pomeroy  (pom'e-roi  or  pum'e-roi).  A  city,  cap- 
ital of  Meigs  Cdiinty,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Ohio 
82  miles  southeast  of  Columbus.  It  has  coal- 
mines and  salt-works.  Population(1900),  4,639. 

Pomfret.    See  Fontefract. 

Pomfret(pom'f ret),  John.  Bom  1667:  died  1703. 
An  English  poet,  rector  of  Maulden  in  Bedford- 
shire :  author  of  "  The  Choice  "  (1699),  a  poem 
very  popular  in  the  18th  century. 

Pommern.    See  Pomerania. 

Pomcerium  (po-me'ri-um).  [L.,  from  post  mce- 
rum  (i.  e.  mwrurn),  beyond  the  wall.]  In  an- 
cient Eome,  an  area  surrounding  the  earliest 
walls  of  Roma  Quadrata,  whose  boundary  was 
traced,  in  accordance  with  a  religious  ceremony 
of  Etruscan  origin  the  ritual  of  which  is  now 
forgotten,  by  a  plow  drawn  by  a  cow  and  a  bull. 
The  area  of  the  Pomcerium  was  held  sacred,  and  was  kept 
free  from  dwellings.  Its  exact  limits  are  no  longer  known, 
thouRh  the  Forum  Bomanum  marked  the  northern  angle, 
and  the  western  angle  lay  in  the  Forum  Boarium. 

Pomona.    See  Mainland  (in  Orkney). 

Pomona  (po-mo'na).  1.  In  Eoman  mythology, 
the  goddess  of  fruit-trees. — 2.  An  asteroid  (No. 
32)  discovered  by  Goldschmidt  at  Paris,  Oct.  26, 
1854. 

Pompadour  (p6n-pa-d8r'),  Marquise  de 
(Jeanne  Antoinette  Poisson  le  Normant 
d'Etioles).  Bom  at  Paris,  Deo.  29, 1721:  died 
at  Versailles,  April  15,  1764.  The  chief  mis- 
tress of  Louis  XV.  of  France:  notorious  for 
her  influence  in  French  internal  politics  and 
foreign  affairs  during  the  period  1745-64. 

Pompeii  (pom-pa'ye ;  L.  pron.  pom-pe'yi).  An 
ancient  city  of  Italy,  situated  on  the  Bay  of 
Naples,  13  miles  southeast  of  Naples,  nearly  at 
the  foot  of  Mount  Vesuvius,  it  was  a  fiourishing 
provincial  town,  containing  many  villas  of  Bomans.  It 
was  severely  injured  by  an  earthquake  in  63  A.  D.,  and 
was  totally  destroyed  by  an  eruption  of  Vesuvius  in  79, 
and  buried  under  ashes.  The  site  was  discovered  in  1748, 
and  excavations  have  been  carried  on  down  to  the  present 
tune.  Owing  to  the  preservation  of  the  ruins  practically 
intact  to  the  present  day  by  the  superincumbent  layer  of 
ashes  and  pumice,  the  remains  of  Pompeii  afford  in  many 
ways  the  most  complete  information  we  possess  of  Boman 
material  civilization.  In  this  quiet  provincial  town  no 
civic  buildings  on  a  magnificent  scale  existed,  but  its  mod- 
est temples  and  public  offices  are  not  without  instruction, 
while  the  many  handsome  private  dwellings  have  afforded 
a  rich  store  of  knowledge,  elsewhere  unattainable,  con- 
cerning Eoman  decorative  art  and  home  life.    Not  the 


Pompey 

least  important  yield  of  the  excavations  has  been  the  re- 
markable collection  of  antique  sculptures  and  utensils, 
the  best  part  of  which  is  in  the  Museo  Nazionale  at  Na- 
ples. Some  excavations  were  made  on  the  site  in  antiqui- 
ty, in  the  effort  to  recover  buried  treasure ;  but  Pompeii 
and  its  tragic  end  were  soon  forgotten.  In  1748  some 
peasants  came  accidentally  upon  a  few  ancient  works  of 
art  in  a  ruined  house,  and  the  Bourbon  sovereigns  of  Na- 
ples thereupon  caused  searches  to  be  made  for  similar  ob- 
jects. Between  1808  and  1815  Murat  instituted  the  first 
scientifically  conducted  excavations.  After  his  fall  the 
work  went  on  more  or  less  irregularly  until  the  Bourbon 
kingdom  ended  in  1860.  Since  then  it  has  progressed  with 
admirable  system  and  regularity  under  Fiorelli.  About 
half  of  the  oval  area  included  within  the  walls  has  been 
thoroughly  explored.  The  great  theater,  of  the  time  of 
Augustus,  is  one  of  the  most  perfect  of  Boman  antiquity, 
semicircular  in  plan^  with  a  diameter  of  322  feet.  The 
cavea  has  2  precinctions :  below  the  lower  one  there  are 
4  tiers  of  seats  of  honor ;  the  upper  one  has  communica- 
tion by  passages  and  stairs  with  the  triangular  forum, 
and  above  it  there  are  raised  tiers  of  seats  for  women  and 
a  platform  for  working  the  awnings.  The  cavea  had  7 
cunei.  The  temple  of  Isis  is  a  small  Corinthian  tetrastyle 
prostyle  structure  raised  on  a  basement  in  a  peristyle  court 
upon  which  open  the  lodgings  of  the  priests.  Many  in- 
teresting objects  connected  with  the  cult  were  found  here, 
and  skeletons  of  the  priests  amid  surroundings  indicating 
that  they  had  sought,  too  late,  to  fiee.  The  house  of  Cas- 
tor and  Pollux  is  curious  as  being  a  double  house  with  a 
large  peristyle  court  common  to  the  two  parts.  Each 
part  has  its  atrium  and  all  its  subdivisions  complete. 
Here  were  found  the  paintings  of  Andromeda  and  Medea, 
now  at  Naples.  The  exterior  of  the  house  contrasts  with 
the  usual  plainness  by  its  stucco  decoration  in  panels  and 
arabesques.  The  house  of  Marcus  Lucretius  is  a  double 
house,  remarkable  also  for  having  had  three  stories,  and 
for  its  beautiful  reception-room  (tablinum)  and  dining- 
room.  The  house  of  Meleager  ia  notable  for  its  paintings 
and  other  decorations.  In  the  atrium  there  is  a  marble 
table  supported  by  winged  griffins.  The  peristyle  court, 
with  24  Ionic  columns,  is  the  finest  in  Pompeii.  At  the  back 
there  is  a  large  room  with  a  colonnaded  gallery  resting  on 
columns  connected  by  arches  instead  of  architraves.  The 
house  of  Pansa  is  oneof  the  largest  andmost  elaborate  dwell- 
ings of  Pompeii,  measuring  120  by  300  feet.  The  street 
fronts  were  occupied  by  small  shops.  The  vestibule  leads 
to  the  atrium,  which  is  bordered  by  small  square  sleeping- 
rooms,  and  connected  by  a  passage  with  the  handsomeperi- 
style  court.  Upon  this  open  more  bedrooms,  the  triclinium, 
and  the  kitchen  and  servants'  quarters.  At  the  back  there 
were  a  two-storied  portico  and  a  spacious  garden.  The 
house  was  ornamented  with  abundant  mosaics,  wall-paint- 
ings, and  other  art  works.  The  house  of  Sallust  is  a  large 
and  richly  decorated  mansion,  in  general  arrangement 
similar  to  the  house  of  Pansa.  The  garden  is  bordered  by 
a  Doric  portico  and  arranged  for  flowers  in  boxes ;  in  one 
corner  there  is  a  summer  dining-room.  Beside  the  atri- 
um there  is  a  subordinate  colonnaded  court,  with  beau- 
tifully painted  rooms  forming  a  women's  apartment.  The 
house  of  the  Faun  is  perhaps  the  best  in  style  of  the  an- 
cient city.  The  usual  wall-paintings  are  here  replaced  by 
mosaics.  The  famous  Dancing  Faun  and  the  mosaic  of 
the  Battle  of  Issus,  in  tthe  Naples  Museum,  came  from 
this  house.  The  villa  of  Diomed  is  a  large  and  rich  resi- 
dence outside  the  Herculaneum  gate.  In  the  middle  is  a 
large  peristyle  serving  as  an  atrium,  upon  which  open 
bedrooms,  one  of  them  semicircular  with  windows,  the 
handsomest  in  Pompeii.  Beyond  were  baths  with  glass 
windows,  and  at  the  back  a  fine  garden  with  pavilion  and 
fish-pond.  The  women's  apartments  were  in  an  upper 
story.  The  cellars  contained  amphorae  and  the  skeletons 
of  18  unfortunate  occupants.  The  old  thermse,  consisted 
of  three  divisions:  the  fire-rooms  for  heating,  the  bath 
for  men,  and  the  bath  for  women.  Each  of  the  baths  in- 
cluded a  disrobing-room  (apodyterium)  and  cold,  warm, 
and  vapor  baths.  The  men's  division  is  the  handsomer : 
it  is  decorated  with  masks  and  figures  in  stucco,  and  with 
graceful  arabesques  and  reliefs,  and  had  glass  windows 
and  marble  piscines.  The  new  thermae  were  similar,  but 
had  many  more  subdivisions. 

Pompeii,  Last  Days  of.     See  Last  Days  of 


Pompeii,  The  Last  Day  of.  A  large  and  dra- 
matic painting  by  Brtilow,  in  the  Hermitage  Mu- 
seum, St.  Petersburg.  It  is  held  to  be  the  chief 
work  of  the  contemporaneous  Russian  school. 

Pompeius  Magnus.    See  Pompey. 

Pompeius  (pom-pe'yus)  Magnus,  Sextus.  Bom 
75  B.  C. :  kaied  at  Mytilene,  35  B.C.  Son  of  Cne- 
ius  Pompeius,  defeated  by  Csesar  at  Munda  in  45. 
He  became  powerful  as  commander  of  a  fieet  on  the  coasts 
of  Sicily  and  Italy,  and  was  defeated  in  a  naval  battle  by 
Agrippa  in  36. 

Pompeu  de  Souza  Brazil  (pom-pa's  de  so'za 
bra-zel'),  Thomaz.  Bom  near  Sobral,  Cear4, 
June  6,  1828  :  died  at  Fortaleza,  Sept.  2, 1877. 
A  Brazilian  publicist  and  author.  He  took  orders 
as  a  presbyter,  and  was  vicar-general  of  his  province ;  as  a 
liberal  was  repeatedly  deputy ;  and  was  senator  from  1863. 
His  most  important  work  is  "  Ensaio  estatistico  da  pro- 
vincia  do  CearA"  (2  vols.  1863-64). 

Pompey  (pom'pi),  sumamed  "The  Great"  (L. 
Cneius  Pompeius  Magnus).  Born  106  b.  c.  : 
murdered  in  Egypt,  48  b.  c.  A  famous  Roman 
general.  He  served  in  the  Social  War  in  89,  andasaparti- 
zan  of  Sulla,  83-81,  in  Italy,  Sicily,  and  Africa ;  commanded 
against  the  Marians  in  Spain  76-72 ;  aided  in  suppressing 
the  Servile  Insurrection  in  71 ;  and  was  consul  with  Cras- 
sus  in  70.  He  was  appointed  by  the  Gabiniau  Law  com- 
mander in  the  war  against  the  pirates,  whom  he  subdued 
in  67 ;  and  by  the  Manilian  Law  commander  in  the  East  in 
66.  He  ended  the  war  with  Mithridates ;  annexed  Syria 
and  Palestine ;  triumphed  in  61 ;  formed  with  Julius  Csesar 
and  Crassus  the  first  triumvirate  in  60 ;  was  consul  55  ; 
became  the  champion  of  the  senate  and  conservative  party ; 
began  the  civil  war  with  Csesar  in  49 ;  and  was  totally  de- 
feated by  Csesar  at  Pharsalia  in  48. 


Pompey 


818 


Pompey.  in  Shakspere's  "Measure  for  Mea-  rente-Inf^rieure,  western  France,  situated  on 
sure,"  the  clownish  servant  of  Mistress  Over-  the  Seugne  32  miles  southeast  of  Bochefort. 
done.  Population  (1891),  commune,  4,615. 

Pompey's  Pillar.  A  Corinthian  column  of  beau-  Pons  Milvius  (ponz  mil'vi-us).  Inancientge- 
tifufly  polished  red  granite  at  Alexandria,  stand-    ography,  abridge  that  crossed  the  Tiber,  on  the 


Plaminian  Way,  about  2  miles  from  Rome,  it 
l3  noted  for  the  victory  gained  in  its  neighborhood,  Oct. 
28,  312,  by  Constantine  over  Maxentius.  The  bridge  broke 
down  under  the  latter  as  he  sought  to  escape  by  it  with 
his  routed  troops,  and  he  perished. 
Ponta  Delgada  (pon'ta  del-ga'da).  The  chief 
town  of  the  island  of  San  Miguel,  Azores,  sit- 
uated on  the  southwestern  coast.  Population 
(1890),  16,767. 


France,  situated  on  the 
Doubs  29  miles  southeast  of  Besanyon.    it  suf- 


ing  on  a  pedestal  or  foundation  of  masonry. 
The  total  height  is  about  99  feet,  of  which  the  shaft  mea- 
sures 73  and  the  capital  16i  f  eet.  An  inscription  shows  that 
it  was  erected  in  302  A.  D.  in  honor  of  Diocletian,  whose 
statue  stood  on  the  summit.  There  is  no  reason  tor  the 
name. 

Pomponius  Mela.    See  Mela. 

Pomptine  Marshes,    See  Pontine  Marshes. 

Ponack.    See  Bannock.  ^ ,, --, 

Ponape  (po'na-pa).    One  of  the  Caroline  Isl-  Poiit-Sl-Mousson(p6nt'a-mo-s6n').    Atownin 

auds.  Pacific  Ocean.    It  is  volcanic.    Length,  the  department  of  Meurthe-et-Moselle,  Prance, 

12  miles.  situated   on  the  Moselle  17  miles  north  by 

Ponashta.    See  Bannock.  west  of  Nancy.    Population  (1891),  commune, 

Ponce  (pon'tha).     A  town  near  the  southern  xi  595. 

coast  of  Porto  Rico.   Population  (1899),  27,952.  pontarlier  (p6n-tar-lya').     A  town  in  the  de- 

Poncede  Leon (p6n'thadala-6n'),  Juan.  Bom  partment  of  Doubs,  Fr 

in  Aragon  about  1460 :  died  in  Cuba,  1521.     A  ~     "     "'       " 

Spanish  soldier,  conqueror  of  Porto  Rico  and  fered  in  the  wars  of  the  middle  ages  and  iti  the  Thirty 

discoverer  of  Florida.    He  first  went  to  America  with  Years' War.    Population  (1891),  commune,  7,1S7. 

Columbus  in  1493 ;  under  Ovando  was  governor  of  Higuay,  Pontassleve  (pon-tas-se-a've),     A  town  in  the 

or  the  eastern  part  of  Espafiola;  and  in  1608  passed  over  province  of  Florence,  Italy,   situated   at  the 

Pn^T^'^pi.^'S  wh,>h"i»  w  J^^rtT^Xf^r*."  7?t»?"i?^  juuctiou  of  the  Sicve  with  the  Arno,  9  miles  east 
Porto  Itico,  of  which  he  was  made  governor;  later  he     "i jj  xn,  t>        i  a*       /iqqi\    n  cai 

went  to  Spain,  where  (Ifeb.  23, 1612)  he  received  a  grant  to     o^  '^  Jorence.     Population  (IBHl),  Z,bil. 

discover  and  settle  the  Island  of  Bimini  (the  mythical  re-  Font-Audemer  (pont-6d-mar').  A  town  in  the 
gion  in  which  report  located  the  fountain  of  youth).  The  department  of  Bure,  France,  situated  on  the 
c'SreS^tlS"hrctco?"a^i°orrtl=i'l^;ht'L'  RiHe  18  miles  southeast  of  Havre.  Population 
covered  the  mainland  March  27,  coasted  northward  to  lat.     (J-oy-l^;  commune,  b,ua4. 

30"  8',  landed,  and  on  April  8  (Pascua  Florida  or  Easter  Pontcnaitram  (pon-char-tran'),Lake.  A  lake 
Sunday)  took  possession  of  the  country  for  the  King  of  in  southeastern  Louisiana,  situated  north  of 
Spain,  calling  it  Flonda.    Thence  he  turned  southward,     ■Mo-.^n-Binn-nc.     t..-  *  j»,   *,.  -n-    .  i      .xi.  x  . 

rounded  Cape  Sable,  and  ran  up  the  western  coast  to  lat.  ^^^^'^^^^^^^  It  is  connected  by  the  Eigolets  with  Me 
2T  30',  finally  returning  to  Porto  Rico  in  Sept.    On  Feb.     »?^?J«  *"^  fS?''^  °'  ^^'"'"'-  ^™^"'-  *"  °"^'^-  «'«»*™' 

27, 1614,  he  received,  in  Spain,  a  grant  to  settle  "the  Isl-  .J''''i"'/''°S''''°?'"^£-       ^      ^    „     ^, 

land  of  Bimini  and  the  Island  of  Florida  " ;  but,  being  oo-  Pont  OU  Crard.     oee  hard,  Font  du. 

cupied  with  Indian  wars  in  Porto  Rico,  he  was  unable  to  PontC.     See  Bassano  and  Da  Ponte. 

attempt  the  enterprise  until  March,  1621.    He  then  sailed  PontecOIVO  (pon-te-k6r'v6).     A  town  in  the 
withalargenumberof  colonists,  but  was  attacked  by  In-     -nrnrrinna  of  pSanr-tii    Ttnlv   si+iiatpd  nn  +1ib  fi-o 
dians  and  forced  to  retreat  after  he  had  himself  received    proymee  _ot  (..aserta,  Italy,  situajea  on  tne  tra- 
f  rom  an  Indian  arrow  the  wound  of  which  he  died.    There 
are  indications  from  maps,  but  no  positive  proofs,  that 
Florida  was  known  before  1513. 


Poncelet  (p6ns-la' ),  Jean  Victor.  Bom  at  Metz, 
July  1,  1788:  died  at  Paris,  Deo.  22,  1867.  A 
French  geometer  and  military  engineer,  inven- 
tor of  Poncelot's  hydraulic  wheels.  His  works  in- 
clude "Trait6  des  propri^t^a  projectives  des  figures" 
(1823),  "Cours  de  mecanique  appliqu^e  aux  machines" 
(1826),  etc.  He  became  a  brigadier-general,  and  in  1848 
was  appointed  commander  of  the  national  guard  of  the 
department  of  the  Seine. 

Ponchielli  (pon-ke-el'le),  Amilcare.    Bom  at 


rigliano  53  miles  northwest  of  Naples.  It  was 
formerly  the  seat  of  a  principality,  the  property  of  Bema- 
dotte  1806-10.    Population  (1881),  6,172. 

Pontedera  (pon-te-da'ra).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pisa,  Italy,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Era  with  the  Arno,  13  miles  east  by  south 
of  Pisa.  Population  (1881),  8,695;  commune, 
11,817. 

Pontefract  (pon'ti-frakt,  colloquially  and  gen- 
erally pom'f  ret),  or  Pomfret.  [See  the  extract.] 
A  town  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  Bug- 
land,  12  miles  southeast  of  Leeds.    It  contains  a 


nvamr,-na  diit  1  ISIJ..  Hi'oH  To-n  Ifi  1  SRfi  An  Tuiued  castlc,  the  sccno  of  Eichard  II. 's  murdcr  iu  1399, 
Cremona,  bept.  1,  18d4.  died  Jan.  lb,  188b.  An  ^^^^^  ^^^  dismantled  by  the  Parliamentarians  in  1649! 
Italian  composer.    Among  his_ operas  are_"Ipromessi     Population  (1891),  9,702. 


Sposi"  (1866),  "Le  due  Gemelle."  aballet(1873),"I  Ktuani 
(1874),  "Gioconda"  (1876),  "II  flgliuol  prodigo"  (1880), 
"Marion  Delorme"  (1886^  etc. 
Pond  (pond),  John.   Bom  at  London,  1767 :  died 
at  Blackheath,  Sept.  7,  1836.    An  Bnglish  as- 
tronomer.   Inl811he  succeeded  Dr.  N.  Maske-  Ponte  Vecchio  (pon'te  vek'ke-6). 


lyne  as  astronomer  royal.  He  published  a  star- 
catalogue  in  1833. 

Pondicherry,orPondiclierri(pon-di-sher'i),F. 
Pondich^ry  (p6n-de-sha-re'),  Indian  Pudi- 
cheri.  The  capital  of  French  India,  situa- 
ted on  the  eastern  coast  in  lat.  11° 56'  N.,long. 
•79°50'B.  It  has  considerable  commerce.  Itwasoccu- 
pied  by  the  French  about  1672;  was  several  times  con- 
quered and  temporarilyiheld  by  the  British ;  but  was  finally 
restored  in  1816.  It  is  the  chief  place  of  a  small  French 
district.  Population  (1888),  41,263.  Population  of  French 
India,  280,303. 

Pondoland(pon'd6-land).  A  British  possession 
in  South  Africa,  situated  southwest  of  Natal, 
about  lat.  31°-32°  8.  it  was  taken  directly  under 
imperial  rule  in  1884,  and  in  1894  was  annexed  to  Cape  PonthieU  (p6n-tye').    An  ancient  countship  in 


It  was  probably  from  a  broken  Roman  bridge,  the  re- 
mains of  which  seem  to  have  been  visible  in  the  time  of 
Leland,  that  the  town  of  Pontefract,  in  Yorkshire  (^otis 
fractus),  derived  its  name.  Wright,  Celt,  p.  186. 

[It., 'old 
bridge.']  A  bridge  in  Florence,  over  the  Arno : 
a  picturesque  structure  with  3  wide  arches,  re- 
built in  1345.  The  roadway  is  bordered  on  both  sides 
by  quaint  little  shops,  except  over  the  middle  arch,  where 
there  is  an  opening.  Over  the  south  row  of  shops  is  car- 
ried a  gallery,  built  by  "Vasari,  connecting  the  Pitti  Palace 
with  the  Uffizi  and  the  Palazzo  Vecchio. 
Pontevedra  (pon-ta-va'THra).  .1.  A  province  in 
Galicia,  Spain,  bordering  on  the  ocean  on  the 
west  and  on  Portugal  on  the  south.  Area,  1,739 
square  miles.  Population  (1887),  443^85.-2. 
A  seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of  Ponteve- 
dra, situated  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Ponte- 
vedra, about  lat.  42°  27'  N.,  long.  8°  35'  W.  Pop- 
ulation (1887),  19,996. 


northern  France,  in  the  government  of  Pioar- 
die,  forming  part  of  the  department  of  Somme. 
Capital,  Abbeville,  it  fluctuated  in  early  times  be- 
tween Normandy  and  Flanders,  and  was  conquered  by 
William  of  Normandy  in  1056.  In  the  later  middle  ages 
it  fluctuated  between  England,  Burgundy,  and  France. 


Colony.  Population,  about  200,000. 
Poniatowski  (p6-nya-tov'ske).  Prince  Jozef 
Anton.  BomatWarsaw,  May7, 1762:  drowned 
in  the  Bister,  Oct.  19, 1813.  A  Polish  general, 
nephew  of  King  Stanislaus  Augustus  Poniatow- 
ski. He  served  against  Russia  in  1792,  and  in  the  insur- 
rection of  1794 ;  was  commander  of  the  Polish  contingent  Pontia,  Or  PontiSB.  See  Ponsa 
in  the  French  campaigns ;  was  minister  of  war  in  the  pontiaC  (pon'ti-ak).  Killed  1769.  A  celebrated 
duchy  of  Warsaw  ;  invaded  Galicia  m  1809 ;  and  was  made  .X,;  "f  „f  tip  nttnwn  TnrliflTKi  thplendfirin  Pon- 
a  French  marshal  in  1813.  He  fought  at  leipsic,  and  lost  chiet  ot  tne  uttawa  inaians,  tne  ieaaer  in  jron- 
his  life  at  the  close  ot  the  battle.  tiac  B  war.    He  led  the  unsuccessful  attack  on  Detroit 

Poniatowski,  Jozef  Michael  Xavier  Francis  Jn  "63,  and  submitted  to  the  British  in  i766 
John.    Born  at  Rome,  Feb.  26,  1816:  died  at  Pontiac.    A  city,  capital  of  Oakland  County, 
London,  July  3,  1873.     A  Polish  composer,    Michigan,  situated  on  Clinton  River  23  imles 
prince  of  Monte  Rotondo,  and  nephew  of  Prince    north-northwest  of  Detroit.   Population  (1900), 
Poniatowski  (1762-1813).     He  settled  in  Paris  in     9,769.  .,.     ^.     ,    n  ■  a 

1854,  and  was  senator  under  the  empire.  He  composed  a  PontiaC  S  War,  or  PontiaC  S  Conspiracy.  An 
number  of  operas,  the  flrst  ("  Giovanni  da  Procida ")  in  Indian  war  in  1763,  between  the  settlers  and 
1838.  -  •  -        ■■  -   .,      » 

Poniatowski,  Stanislaus  Augustus.  QeeStan- 

islaus  Augustus  Poniatowski. 
Ponka  (pon'ka).     [PI.,  also  Ponkas.']    A  tribe 

of  the  Dhegita  division  of  North  American 

Indians,  numbering  847.   Part  are  in  Nebraska, 

the  rest  in  Oklahoma.    See  Bhegiha. 


garrisons  on  the  western  frontier  and  the  In- 
dians from  the  tribes  of  the  Delawares,  Wyan- 
dots,  Shawnees,  Mingoes,  Chippewas,  etc.  Pon- 
tiac was  the  leader  of  the  Indians.  They  captured  Mack- 
inaw, Presque  Isle,  and  other  forts,  and  unsuccessfully 
besieged  Detroit. 

Pontifical  States.    See  Papal  States. 


Pons  (p6n).    A  town  in  the  department  of  Cha-  Pontigny  (p6n-ten-ye').    A  village  in  the  de- 


Poole,  John 

partment  of  Yonne,  France,  situated  near  Aux- 
erre,  noted  for  its  mined  abbey,  its  abbey  churciv 
a  simple  early-Pointed  structure,  is  the  most  perfect  sur- 
viving Cistercian  church.  Its  windows  are  narrow  Ian- 
cets ;  there  is  no  triforium ;  and,  except  the  beautiful  pol- 
ished rose-granite  shafts  of  the  choir,  there  is  almost  no 
ornament.  There  are  a  small  open  narthex  and  plain  choir- 
screen  and  stalls.    The  length  is  364  feet ;  the  height,  68. 

Pontine  Islands.    See  Porna  Islands. 

Pontine  (pon'tin)  Marshes.  [L.  Pomptinee  Pa- 
ludes.']  A  marshy  region  in  Latium,  Italy,  ly- 
ing between  the  sea  and  the  Volscian  Moun- 
tains, and  extending  31  miles  from  Terracina  to- 
near  Velletri.  Since  ancient  times  it  has  been 
notoriously  pestilential,  and  thinly  inhabited. 

Pontivy  (p6n-te-ve').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Morbihan,  Prance,  situated  on  the 
Blavet  30  miles  northeast  of  Lorient.  It  was 
called  NapoMonville  under  the  empire.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  9,175. 

Pontmartin  (p6n-mar-tan'),  Anuand  Augus- 
tin  Joseph  Marie  Perrand,  Comte  de.  Bom 
at  Avignon,  France,  July  16, 1811 :  died  there, 
March  29, 1890.  A  French  critic  and  litterateur. 
His  articles  are  collected  in  "  Causeries  litt^rabes  "  (1864 
andl866),  "Causeries  duSamedi"  (1857-69-60-65-81),  ''Se- 
maines  litt^raires  "  (1861-63),  etc.  He  also  wrote  a  num. 
ber  of  romances,  etc. ,  among  which  is  "  Les  Jeudis  de  Mme. 
Charbonneau  "  (1862). 

Pont  Neuf  (p6n  nef).  [P.,  '  new  bridge.']  A 
bridge  over  the  Seine  in  Paris,  near  the  Louvre, 
built  by  Henry  IV. 

Pont-Noyelles  (p6n-nwa-yel'),  Battle  of.  A 
battle  fought  Dec.  23, 1870,  at  Pont-Noyelles  (a 
village  near  Amiens,  France),  between  tha 
French  under  Faidherbeand  the  Germans.  Also 
called  the  battle  of  the  Hallue. 

Pontoise  (p6n-twaz').  ['Bridge  of  the  Oise.'} 
A  town  in  the  department  of  Seine-et-Oise, 
France,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Viosn& 
and  Oise,  17  miles  northwest  of  Paris:  the  an- 
cient Briva  Isaree.  it  has  an  important  trade  in  grain 
and  flour.  It  was  an  ancient  Celtic  town ;  passed  and  re- 
passed between  Normandy  and  France ;  was  taken  by  the 
English  in  1419,  and  again  about'1437 ;  and  was  retaken  by 
Charles  VII.  in  1441.  It  was  the  capital  of  French  Vexin. 
The  Parliament  of  Paris  met  at  various  times  at  Pontoise. 
A  treaty  between  France  and  Navarre  was  concluded  there- 
in 1369.    Population  (1891),  commune,  7,422.    ' 

Pontremoli  (pon-trem'6-le).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Massa  e  Carrara,  Italy,  situated  on 
the  Magra,  at  the  foot  of  the  Apennines,  37  miles 
southwest  of  Parma.  Population  (1881),  3,828  ; 
commune,  14,355. 

Pontresina  (pon-tra-ze'na).  A  village  in  the 
Upper  Engadine,  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzer- 
land, situated  31  miles  southeast  of  Coire :  a 
noted  tourist  resort.    Height,  5,915  feet. 

Ponts-de-C6  (p6u-d6-sa'),Iies.  A  small  town 
built  on  islands  in  the  Loire,  directly  south  of 
Angers,  France. 

PontUS  (pon'tus).     [Gr.   nrfirof.]     In  ancient 

feography.  a  country  in  Asia  Minor,  it  was 
ounded  by  the  Euxine  on  the  north,  Colchis  on  the  east, 
Armenia  on  the  southeast  and  south,  Cappadocia  on  the 
south,  Galatia  on  the  southwest,  and  Paphlagonia  on  the 
west.  The  surface  is  diversified.  It  became  independent 
of  Persia  in  the  4th  century  B.C.;  rose  to  great  power  with 
extended  boundaries  under  Mithridates  the  Great ;  after 
the  victories  of  Pompey  (66  B.  c.)  was  reduced  to  its  former 
limits ;  and  was  eventually  made  a  Roman  province. 

Pontus  Euxinus  (pon'tus  Sk-si'nus).  [L., 
'  Buxine  Sea.']  The  ancient  name  of  the  Black 
Sea. 

Pontypool  (pon'ti-p81).  A  town  in  Monmouth- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Avon  27  miles 
northwest  of  Bristol.  It  has  flourishing  iron 
manufactures.    Population  (1891),  5,842. 

Pontypridd  (pont-e-prisH').  A  manufacturing 
town  in  Glamorganshire,  Wales,  northwest  of 
Cardiff,  at  the  junction  of  the  Rhondda  and  TafE. 
The  TafE  is  crossed  here  by  a  remarkable  bridge 
of  one  arch.    Population  (1891),  19,971. 

Ponza  (pon'za).  The  chief  island  of  the  Ponza 
group,  situated  in  the  Mediterranean  67  miles 
west  of  Naples :  the  ancient  Pontia  or  Pontire. 
It  was  a  place  of  confinement  for  itate  prison- 
ers under  the  early  Roman  emperors. 

Ponza  Islands,  A  group  of  small  volcanic  isl- 
ands, west  of  Italy,  belonging  to  the  province, 
of  Caserta:  the  ancient  Pontine  Islands.  It  in- 
cludes Ponza,  Palmarola,  and  Zannone.  Pop- 
ulation (1881),  3,779. 

Pool  (pol),  The.  A  part  of  the  Thames  in  Lon- 
don, immediately  below  London  Bridge. 

Poole  (p81).  A  seaport  in  Dorset,  England, 
situated  on  Poole  Harbor,  an  inlet  of  the  Eng- 
lish Channel,  28  miles  west-southwest  of  South- 
ampton. It  has  a  flourishing  foreign,  colonial, 
and  coasting  trade.    Population  (1891),  13,405. 

Poole,  John.  Bom  1786 :  died  at  Kentish  Town, 
London,  Feb.,  1879.    An  English  playwright. 


Foole,  John 

His  best-known  work  U  "Paul  Pry/'produoed  at  the  Hay- 
market  in  1826.  Among  his  other  works  are  "Deaf  as  a 
Post," "  Little  Pedlington  and  the  Pedllngtonians,"  a  satire 
(1839),  "  A  Comic  Miscellany  "  (1845),  etc. 
Poole,  Reginald  Stuart.  Born  at  London,  Feb. 
27, 1852 :  died  Feb.  8, 1895.  An  English  archee- 
ologiBt.  He  became  conservator  of  the  department  of 
coins  and  medals  of  the  British  Museum  in  1870.  He  pub. 
lished  many  important  catalogues  of  coins  and  medals. 

Foole,  William  Frederick.  Bom  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  1821:  died  at  Chicago,  March  1,  1894. 
An  American  librarian,  bibliographer,  and  his- 
torical writer:  originator  of  "  Poole's  Index  to 
Periodical  Literature"  (1853).  At  the  time  of 
his  death  he  was  librarian  of  the  Newberry 
Library  in  Chicago. 

Foona,  or  Foonah  (po'na).  1.  A  district  in 
Bombay,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  18° 
30'  N.,  long.  74°  E.  Area,  5,369  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  1, 067,800.—  2.  The  capital  of 
the  district  of  Poona,  situated  on  the  Muta 
about  lat.  18°  80'  N.,  long.  73°  50'  B.  it  is  an  im- 
portant military  station.  It  was  taken  by  the  British  In 
1817.    Population,  including  cantonment  (1891),  161,390. 

Foore  (p8r),  Benjamin  Perley.  Bom  at  New- 
buryport,  Mass.,  Nov.  2, 1820:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  May  30, 1887.  An  American  journalist 
and  author,  "Washington  correspondent  of  the 
"  Boston  Journal "  1854-84.  He  published  biogra- 
phies of  Zachary  Taylor  and  others,  "Political  Begister 
and  Congressional  Directory"  (1878),  "Reminiscences" 
(1886),  and  compiled  many  official  works. 

Foor  Gentleman,  The.  A  comedy  by  George 
Colman  the  younger,  produced  at  Covent  Gar- 
den in  1801,  and  printed  in  1802. 

Foor  Richard's  Almanac.  An  almanac  pub- 
lished by  Benjamin  Franklin  1732-57,  noted  for 
its  maxims. 

Foor  Robin.  An  almanac  which  first  appeared 
in  1663,  and  was  discontinued  in  1828.  it  was 
"written  by  Poor  Eobin  Knight  of  the  Burnt  Island,  weU- 
wisher  to  the  Mathematics ;  calculated  for  the  Meridian  of 
Saffron  Walden. "  Robert  Herrick  is  said  to  have  assisted 
in  the  first  numbers.    Chainbers. 

Fopay&n  (p6-pa-yan').  The  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Cauoa,  Colombia,  situated  on  the 
Cauca  about  lat.  2°  27'  N. ,  long.  76°  45'  W.  The 
"  kingdom  "  of  Popayan  (so  called  from  Payan,  an  Indian 
chief)  was  conquered  by  Benalcazar,  who  founded  the  city 
as  his  capital  in  1586.  It  was  long  a  place  of  importance, 
but  has  suffered  much  from  civil  wars  and  earthE[uakes. 
Population  (1886),  est.,  20,000. 

Fope  (pop),  Alexander.  Bom  in  Lombard 
street,  London,  May  21, 1688:  died  at  Twicken- 
ham, May  30, 1744.  A  famous  English  poet.  His 
father  was  a  linen-draper  who  had  become  a  convert  to  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church.  HelearnedLatinandGreekfrom 
various  friends,  and  had  no  regular  training  in  the  public 
schools,  owing  to  his  faith  and  his  frail  and  sickly  body. 
Before  he  was  17  his  literary  career  had  begun,  and  he  had 
met  Wycherley,  Harry  Cromwell,  and  Walsh,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  society  of  the  London  "wits."  His  atten- 
tion was  turned  to  the  French  critics  by  Sir  William  Trum- 
bull, and  Dryden  was  his  hero  and  master.  By  1716  he  had 
become  alienated  from  Addison,  and  his  quarrel  with  John 
Dennis  had  begun.  In  1718  he  settled  at  Twickenham. 
His  first  published  poem,  "The  Pastorals,"  appeared  in 
Tonson's  "Miscellanies"  May,  1709,  though  written  four  or 
live  years  earlier.  The  "Essay  on  Criticism  "  followed  in 
1711.  "The  Rape  of  the  Lock,"  his  masterpiece,  was  pub- 
lished in  1712,  and  "Windsor  Forest"  in  1713.  The  trans- 
lations of  Homer  were  undertaken  in  1713,  and  continued 
12  years.  The  "Iliad "  was  published  in  1720,  the  "Odys- 
sey "  (not  all  his  own)  In  1725.  In  1727-28  appeared  the 
"Miscellanies"  by  Pope  and  Swift.  The  "Dunciad"  ap- 
peared in  1728,  but  is  said  to  have  been  written  before  the 
attacks  in  the  "  Miscellanies  "  h^  purposely  elicited  the 
stinging  retorts  which  he  represented  as  having  induced 
him  to  write  it.  A  fourth  book  of  the  "Dunciad"  ap- 
peared in  1741,  in  which  he  attacked  Cibber.  The  "  Essay 
on  Man  "  appeared  1732-34.  He  also  wrote  a  number  of 
"Epistles,"  etc.,  published  as  the  "Moral  Essays"  and 
"The  Imitations  of  Horace." 

Fope,  John.  Bom  in  Prince  William  County, 
Va.,  1770:  died  in  Washington  County,  Ky., 
July  12, 1845,  An  American  politician.  He  was 
Democratic  United  States  senator  from  Kentucky  1807-13 ; 
president  pro  tempore  of  the  Senate  1811 ;  governor  of  Ar- 
kansas Territory  1829-S5 ;  and  member  of  Congress  from 
Kentucky  1837-43. 

Fope.  John.  Bom  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  March  16, 
1822':  died  at  Sandusky,  Ohio,  Sept.  23,  1892. 
An  American  general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
Id  1842 ;  served  as  a  lieutenant  in  the  Mexican  war ;  and 
was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  United  States  volun- 
teers at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  He  defeated  Gen- 
eral Sterling  Price  on  the  Blackwater  in  1861,  and  In  the 
followingyear  commanded  the  land  force  in  the  expedition 
which  reduced  New  Madrid  and)  Island  TSo.  10.  He  was 
commissioned  major-general  of  volunteers  for  his  service  at 
New  Madrid,  and  in  June,  1862,  was  assigned  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  Army  of  Virginia.  A  division  of  his  army  un- 
der Nathaniel  P.  Banks  was  defeated  by  "Stonewall"  Jack- 
son at  Cedar  Mountain ;  and  he  was  himself  defeated  by 
Robert  E.  Lee  at  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run,  and  was 
forced  to  retire  behind  the  fortifications  of  Washington 
early  in  Sept.  He  became  major-general  In  the  regular 
army  in  1882,  and  was  retired  in  1886. 

Pope  Joan.    See  Joan. 

Pope  of  Geneva,  The.    Calvin. 


819 


Port-au-Prince 


Fope  of  Philosophy,  The.     Aristotle.  hlbltlng  a  real  acquaintance  with  the  subject,  and  stating 

Fopham  (pop'am).  Sir  John.    Born  1531 :  died  ^IjliHoS!"^'  ^^^"^  ""**'  ^"""^^  °'  '*'*'''  ^"^^  ''«™»"'1«3 

1^7.    An  English  jurist,  lord  chief  justice  of  k.  0.  MiiUer,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  IIL  SOL 

England  1592-1607.  UDoncddson.) 

there,  1766  (or  1767).   A  celebrated  Italian  sing- 


conspiracy  of  the  Eoman  Catholics  in  1678  to 
murder  Charles  II.  and  control  the  government 
in  the  interest  of  the  Romish  Church :  chiefly 
contrived  by  Titus  Gates.    See  Oates. 

Poplar  (pop'^lar).  A  borough  (municipal ).in  the 
eastempartolLondon,3imileseastofSt.Paul's. 

Fopo  (po'po).  Grand  and  Little.  Two  contigu- 
ous native  towns  and  territories  of  West  Africa, 
on  the  coast  near  Dahomey.  They  were  annexed 
by  France  in  1886 ;  but  Little  Popo  was  ceded  the  same 
year  to  Germany.    See  Ewe  and  Little  Popo, 

Popocatepetl  (p6-p6-ka-ta-pet'l).     ['  Smoking 


lug-master  and  composer.  He  was  the  instructor 
of  Farinelli,  Caffarelli,  and  others,  and  Is  said  to  have  been 
the  greatest  singing-master  that  ever  lived.  He  composed 
between  30  and  40  operas  and  cantatas,  oratorios,  sonatas, 
fugues,  etc. 
Porr^e.  See  Gilbert  de  la  Porr4e. 
Porrex.    See  Gorboduc. 

Forrima  (por'i-ma).    [L.  Porrima  or  Postvorta, 
a  Eoman  goddess,  one  of  the  Camense.]     The 

...     .  .  -  „    third-magnitude  binary  star  y  Virginis. 

Mountain.']  Avolcano(intfiesolfatarastage)in  Porsanger  Fjord  (por'sang-er  fydrd).  An  inlet 
Mexico,  40  miles  southeast  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  penetrating  Norway  from 
It  is  surmounted  by  a  crater  2,000  feet  in  width,  and  is  near  the  North  Cape.  Length,  about  75  miles, 
one  of  the  highest  peaks  of  North  America  (17,660  feet)  Porsena  (p6r'se-na),  orPorseniia  (p6r-sen'na), 
Poppsea  Sabina  (po-pe'a  sa-bi  na).  Died  65  L^rs.  In  Roman  legend,  a  king  of  Clusiumin 
A.  D.  Wife  of  Otho,  and  mistress,  and  subse-  Etruria,  famous  in  the  legends  of  Tarquin,  Ho- 
quently  wife,  of  Nero.   She  was  divorced  from    ratins  Codes  etc 

the  former  and  married  the  latter  in  62.  Person  (pdr's'on),  Richard.    Bom  at  East  Eus- 

Foppig,  or  Poeprng  (pep;piG),  Eduard  Fried-    ton,  Norfolk,"Dec.  25,  1759 :  died  at  London, 
nch.    Born  at^lauen  imVogtland,  Saxony,    gept.  25,  1808.    An  English  classical  scholar, 
Julyl6,l/98:diedatLeipsio,gept.4,1868.   A    famous  for  his  knowledge  of  Greek.    Hewasedul 
i'russian  naturalist  and  explorer.    He  traveled  in     cated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge  (B.  A.  1782),  and  was  fellow 
North  America  and  Cuba  1822-26,  Chile  1826-29,  and  Peru,    of  Trinito,  and  (1792) prof  essor  of  Greek  at  Cambridge. 
1830-32,  finally  descending  the  Amazon  on  his  way  td  Porta,  BaCCiO  defla.     See  Bartolommeo,  Fra. 
Europe.  His  collections  of  South  American  plants  were  Pnr+aVT>;;,.'+aN    n<.,».i.«4.4.j~i.-   """y  "'"""1>  ■*  '  "■• 
very  important.    From  1833  he  was  professor  of  zoology  ■\9"?'  ^P  ,    "^a;,  wamDattlSta  Oella.     Born  at 
atLeipsio.  Hepublished"ReiseinChUe,Peruundaufdem    :W  aples  about  1543  :  died  at  Naples,  1615.     An 
Amazonenstrom  "  (2  vols,  and  atlas,  1836),  "  Nova  genera    Italian  natural  philosopher.    He  founded  the  Acad- 
ac  species  plantarum"  (3  vols.  1836-46),  "Illustrierte  Na^     emy  "Secretorum  Nature"  at  Naples,  and  was  a  member 
turgeschichte  des  Thierrelchs  "  (4  vols.  1861),  etc.  of  the  Academy  "  Del  Lincel "  at  Rome.    His  chief  work  is 

Populists.     Bee  Peoples  Party.  "Magianaturalis"(1669). 

PopulVuh(p6-j)6rv6).  The  sacred  or  national  Fort  Adelaide  (port  ad'e-lad).  The  port  of 
book  of  the  Quiche  Indians  of  Guatemala,  it  ^^^  city  of  Adelaide,  South  Australia,  situated 
was  originally  written  in  hieroglyphics,  hut  has  come  on  the  Gulf  of  St,  Vincent  in  lat.  34°  47'  S  long 
down  to  us  in  a  copy  in  the  Quioh^  language,  with  a  138°31'E.  Population(1891),  5,005(withSema- 
translation  into  Spanish  by  a  Dominican  missionary,  Fran-     rilinTo    19  1RJ.r  "^y,  ","u"i,.»iKixuciiia, 

Cisco  Ximenez,  who  wrote  about  1721.    "This,  according  xfi    1      '';■'•-  , 

to  Father  Ximenez  himself,  and  according  to  Internal  evi-  "OrtaaOWn  (port-a-doun  ).  A  towu  in  the 
dence,  is  a  translation  of  aliteralcopy  of  an  original  book,  county  of  Armagh,  Ireland,  situated  on  the 
written  by  one  or  more  Quiches,  in  the  QuicM  language,  Bann  24  miles  southwest  of  Belfast.  Popula- 
m  Roman  letters,  after  the  Christians  had  occupied  Qua-    +;„„  /1ao1^    q  ,(qa  ^•.  ^^^aau.     j.\,^<iia 

temala  and  after  the  real  original  Popul  Vuh  had  been  J:^°^  K^o^i-),  »,4dW. 

lost  or  destroyed."  (BanoroAIndianTribes,III.42.)  The  rOrtaolS  (por-tals')j  Jean  Fran?Ois.  Born  at 
manuscript  of  Ximenez  is  preserved  at  Guatemala.  The  Vilvorde,  Belgium,  May  1,  1818 :  died  at  Brus- 
Spani8htextwasflrstpublishedbyDr.Scherzerinl867,and  gels,  Feb  9  1895  A  Belgian  naintRv  frnm 
in  1861  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg  published  a  French  trans-    ,  oTa  J-^^  +    '    *  *2'  f^eigian  painter,  Irom 

latlon  founded  on  a  careful  study  of  the  Qulch(S  text.  The  ^'''f  director  o±  the  academy  at  Brussels. 
substantial  authenticityof  the  Popul  Tuh  is  generally  ad-  IrOrtage,  or  Portage  Olty(por'taj  sit'i).  Acity, 
mitted.  The  book  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the  first  con-  capital  of  Columbia  County,  Wisconsin  situ- 
taining  the  Quiche  cosmogony  and  mythology,  and  the  ated  on  the  WispnrKsin  T?wpr  nnrl  nn  flio  nonol 
second  dealing  with  the  early  history  of  the  tribe.  Also  ^'f,,;  °„ +1"  w^„  ?  ^Ii  ^.  °^  "^  ^^  "'^^^^ 
written  Popdiruh.  joining  the  Wisconsin  and  Fox  nvers,  87  miles 

Porbandar  (por-bun'dar),  or  Porebandar,  or  7.ft^''f^7a^^  °^  Milwaukee.  Population 
Poorbunder  (por-bun'a^r).    A  seaport  in  the  J^^r^^'J'S^i;        .  .,    mo  «    ^  ■    ,.  ■  ^. 

peninsula  of  Kathiawar,  India,  situated  on  the  lyo^toge  Falls.    A  cascade  110  feet  m  height, 
Arabian  Sea  in  lat.  21°  37'  N.,  long.  69°  36'  E.  p^i^tf  V  ^^  oouxse  of  the  Genesee  River. 
Population  (1891),  18,805.  Portage  Lake.    A  lake  m  the  upper  pemnsula 

Forcia  (por'shia).    Died  42  b.  c.    Daughter  of  °'S'//'''.i^  T^^  northwest  of  Marquette, 
Cato  Uticensis,"and  wife  of  Bibulus.    She  mar-  pLX1'*<iiT'*>  ^7-!«°^^  ^^^i  ,.,.,.    ,, 
ried  Brutus  45  B  c  Fortalegre  (por-ta-la'gre).    1.  A  district  in  the 

Forco  (por'ko).  'a  village  of  Bolivia,  22  miles  ?i2^r?l?79i^''™o^^4'  E!"'^''^^\,.  Population 
southwest  of  Potosi.  Nelr  it  were  the  most produc-  ^S}e3wiZt.jTr,J^^t^i-  ofl"!*  "^ 
tlve  silver-mines  of  the  Incas,  and  they  were  worked  with  ^oitalegre,  101  mjles  east-northeast  of  Lisbon. 
Immense  profit  by  the  Spaniards  for  a  long  time  after  the    i^opil^tJOn  (1»/B),  8,699. 

conquest.  Some  of  the  Porco  miners  discovered  the  stUlPortalcs  (p6r-ta'las),DiegO  Jose  Victor.  Born 
richer  deposits  at  Potosi.  at  Santiago,  June  26, 1793 :  died  at  Valparaiso, 

Porcupine  (p6r'ku-pm),  Peter.  A  pseudonym  June  6, 1837.  A  Chilean  politician.  Hewasamer- 
of  William  Cobbett.  chant,  and  took  little  part  in  politics  before  1827.    Ovalle 

ForkOPOliS  (p6rk-op'6-lis).  A  nickname  often  ■"^'Is  h™  minister  of  war  1830-31,  and  from  that  time  he 
criva-n  tn  r!im>iTinnti  and  alsn  in  Oh^oasm  Yinth  exertedinfluencewhichmadehimpractioallyrulerof Chile, 
given  to  wnciunatl  ana  aiso  to  t/nicago,  DOin  ^e  treated  the  revolting  liberals  with  great  severity,  and 
noted  pork-packmg  centers.  to  him  were  mainly  due  the  institutions  which  kept  the 

Fornic  (por-nek').  A  sea-bathing  resort  in  the  conservatives  in  power  for  more  than  40  years.  Portalea 
department  of  Loire-Inf6rieure,  France,  28  was  elected  vice-president  and  was  again  minister  of  war 
TTiilPR  west  of  NflTilfis  under  Prieto  from  Sept.,  1836.    Having  declared  war  on 

mues  west  or  IN  antes.  .        ^     .         ,         .      Peru,  he  was  reviewing  the  troops  when  a  mutiny  broke 

ForniChet  (por-ne-sha  ).     A  watermg-place  in  out,  and  he  was  imprisoned  and  shot^ 
the  department  of  Loire-Inf^eure,  France,  Fortalis  (por-ta-les'),  Jean  Ctienne  Marie. 
near  St.-Nazaire.  Born  at  Bausset,  France,  1745  (1746  ?) :  died  at 

Foromushir.    See  Paramusldr.  Paris,  1807.    A  French  jurist  and  statesman. 

ForOS(po'r6s).  An  island  east  of  Argolis,  Greece:    He  was  a  member  of  the  Council  of  Ancients  1796-97;  be- 


came  director  of  public  worship  in  1801,  and  minister  of 
public  worship  in  1804 ;  and  was  chief  editor  of  the  "Code 
CiviL" 


the  ancient  Calauria.    it  contained  in  ancient  times 
a  temple  of  Poseidon.    Demosthenes  died  there  822  B.  c. 

Porohyry  (p6  ™fi-ri).    [L.  Porpkyrius,  Gr.  TlopijA.  Porta  Maggiore  (por'ta  mad-jp're).  [It., '  gi-eat 
piof.]  Born  at  Tyre,  orBatanea(Bashan),  about  gate.']    The  finest  and  most  imposing  ancient 
233A.D.:  diedatEomeabout305.  ANeoplatonic  gaje  m  the  walls  of  Eome.   it  consists  of  2  arches, 
1  .,         \~  J.     .   ,       J,  m   i-  „    J +„„„!,„»    and  was  designed  to  carry  the  waters  of  two  aqueducts 

philosopher,  a  disciple  of  Plotmus,  and  teacher  ^ver  2  great  highways.  The  arches  open  between  3  rusti- 
of  philosophy  at  Eome.  He  wrote  a  treatise  against  cated  piers,  and  the  attic  bears  inscriptions  recording  the 
the  Christians,  a  life  of  Plotinus,  a  life  of  Pythagor.as,  construction  by  Claudius  arid  restorations  by  Vespasian 
works  on  Aristotle,  etc.  and  Titus.  ,  ,      ,      .  ^,  . 

•'AgainsttheChristians,"inflfteenbooks[byPorphyry].  Port  Arthur  (port  ar'thfer).  A  Chinese  arsenal 
Thfs  celebrated  work,  which  was  answered  by  Eusebius  in  ^^  naval  station  near  the  extremity  of  the 
twenty-flve  books,  is  known  to  us  only  from  the  notices  of    .,  .  nnninsula   in  the  Tirovinoe  of  Shin^- 

it  In  Jerome's  commentary  and  other  ecclesiastical  writ-  Liau-tung  peninsula,  in  tne  province  01  oning 
ings.  Its  loss  is  due  to  Theodosius  II.,  who  ordered  it  to  king.  It  was  captured  by  the  Japanese  Nov.  24, 1894. 
be  publicly  burned  In  A.  J>.  435,  a  proceeding  which  only     It  was  leased  to  Eussia  in  1898. 

shows  that  the  apologists  had  not  been  successful  in  an-  Port-aU-Pnnce  (port'o-prins';  F.  pron.  p5r-to- 
Bwering  all  its  allegations.  Modem  biblical  criticism  has  prans' ) ;  formerly  also  Fort-RSpublicain  (por- 
^f'^ll^S&X^:^tot''mt,^u7^r^^o?^oZ  ra-pub-le-kan').  The  capital  and  chief  city  and 
tt  ta  to  be  regrettid  that  we  no  longer  possess  a  book  ex-  port  of  the  republic  of  Haiti,  Situated  on  a  bay 


Port-au-Prince 

of  the  western  coast  in  lat.  18°  34'  N.,  long.  72° 
22'  W.  It  was  lounded  in  the  middle  of  the  18th  century, 
and  has  several  times  been  devastated  by  earthquakes  and 
fires.    Population.  40,000-60,000, 

Porta  westphalica.    See  Westphalian  Gate. 

Port  Blair  (port  blar).  A  Britisli  colony  and 
convict  settlement  in  South  Andaman,  Andaman 
Islands,  Indian  Ocean :  established  in  1858. 

Port  Chester  (ohes'ter).  A  village  in  West- 
chester County,  New  York,  22  miles  northeast 
of  New  York.    Population  (1900),  7,440. 

Port  Cornwallis  (kdm-wol'is).  A  former  Brit- 
ish settlement  on  North  Andaman,  Andaman 
Islands,  Indian  Ocean. 

Port  Darwin  (dar'win).  A  harbor  in  the  North- 
ern Territory  of  Australia.  The  chief  place  is 
Palmerstou. 

Porte,  The.    See  Sublime  Porte. 

Porte-Crayon  (p6rt-kra'on).  [F., '  pencil-hold- 
er.']    A  pseudonym  of  t>.  H.  Strother. 

Port  Elizabeth  (f-liz'a-beth).  A  seaport  in 
Cape  Colony,  situated  oh  Algoa  Bay  in  lat.  33° 
55'  S.,  long.  25°  36'  E.  It  has  important  for- 
eign commerce.    Population  (1891),  23,266. 

Porteous  (por'tf-us)  Eiots.  Riots  atBdinburgh, 
Scotland,  in  1736.  They  originated  in  a  disturbance  at 
an  execution,  when  Captain  John  Porteous  ordered  his 
troops  to  fire  on  the  crowd.  Sixteen  or  seventeen  persons 
were  killed  or  wounded.  Porteous  was  tried  for  murder 
and  condemned,  but  was  respited,  whereupon  a  mob 
dragged  him  from  the  prison  and  lianged  him,  Sept.  7, 
This  incident  is  the  starting-point  of  Scott's  "Heart  of 
Midlothian." 

Porter  (por'tSr),  Anna  Maria.  Bom  at  Dur- 
ham, England,  about  1780 :  died  1832.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist,  sister  of  Jane  Porter,  she  wrote 
"Artless  Tales"  (1793-96),  "Walsh  ColviUe"  (1797),  "Oc- 


Porter, 

died  at  Pera,  Constantinople,  March  3,  1843. 
An  American  naval  officer.  He  entered  the  navy 
in  1798 ;  served  in  the  Tripolitan  war  1801-03 ;  was  com- 
mander of  the  Essex  in  the  War  of  1812 ;  was  defeated  and 
taken  prisoner  in  battle  near  Valparaiso  March  28,  1814 ; 
and  resigned  1826.  He  was  commander  of  Mexican  naval 
forces  1826-29,  and  United  States  minister  to  Turkey  1831- 
1843. 
Porter,  David  Dixon.  Bom  at  Chester,  Dela- 
ware (Jounty,  Pa.,  June  8,  1813:  died  at  Wash- 
ington, Feb.  13,  1891.  An  American  admiral, 
son  of  David  Porter.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1829 ; 
served  in  the  Mexican  war ;  commanded  the  mortar-fleet 
under  Farragut  on  the  Mississippi  in  1862 ;  aided  in  the 
reduction  of  Vicksburg  in  1863 ;  participated  in  the  Bed 
River  expedition  in  1864 ;  commanded  the  naval  forces  in 
the  attack  on  Fort  Fisher  Dec,  1864,-Jan.,  1865 ;  and  was 
made  vice-admiral  in  1866,  and  admiral  in  1870. 

Porter,  Ebeuezer.  Born  at  Cornwall,  Conn., 
Oct.  5,  1772 :  died  at  Andover,  Mass.,  April  8, 
1834.  An  American  Congregational  clergyman 
and  educator,  professor  (1812)  and  president 
(1827)  of  Andover  Theological  Seminary.  He 
published  various  works  on  rhetoric  and  homi- 
leties. 

Porter,  Fitz-John.  Bom  Aug.  31,  1822 ;  died 
May  21, 1901.  An  American  general,  cousin  of 
D.  D.  Porter.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1845,  and 
took  part  in  the  Mexican  war.  He  was  appointed  a  briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
War,  and  served  with  distinction  in  the  Peninsular  cam- 
paign (1862),  particularly  in  the  siege  of  Yorktown  and  (as 
corps  commander)  at  Mechanicsville,  Gaines's  Mill,  and 
Malvern  Hill.  He  took  part  in  the  second  day's  fight  of 
the  second  battle  of  Bull  Bun,  Aug.  80,  1862 ;  and  was 
cashiered  by  court  martial  in  Jan.,  1863,  for  failure  to  obey 
orders  on  Aug.  29.  His  sentence  was  partly  remitted  in 
1882,  and  he  was,  restored  to  the  army  in  1886.  He  was 
police  commissioner  of  New  York  city  1884-88. 

Porter,  Horace.  Bom  at  Huntington,  Pa., 
April  15,  1837.  An  American  general,  son  of 
David  Rittenhouse  Porter  (1788-1867,  governor 
of  Pennsylvania  1838-45).  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1860 ;  was  a  member  of  Grant's  staff,  with  th  e  rank 
of  lieutenant-colonel,  from  April,  1864,  to  the  end  of  the 
war ;  and  served  as  his  private  secretary  1869-73.  He  was 
breveted  brigadier-general.  He  resigned  from  the  army 
in  1873.    In  1897  he  was  appointed  ambassador  to  France. 

Porter,  Jane.  Born  at  Durham,  England,  1776 : 
died  at  Bristol,  May  24, 1850.  An  English  nov- 
elist. She  made  a  great  reputation  as  a  romantic  novel- 
ist. .She  wrote  "Thaddeus  of  Warsaw "  (1803),  "The  Scot- 
tish Chiefs"  (1810),  "Tales  Round  a  Winter  Hearth,"  with 
her  sister  Anna  Maria  (1826),  "  The  Field  of  Forty  Foot^ 
steps"  (1828),  etc. 

Porter,  Noah.  Bom  at  Farmlngton,  Conn., 
Deo.  14, 1811 :  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  March 
4,  1892.  An  American  educator  and  philoso- 
pher. He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1831;  was  master  of  Hop- 
kins Grammar  School  1831-83 ;  was  a  tutor  at  Yale  1833-35 ; 
was  pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  at  New  Milford, 
Connecticut,  1836-43,  and  at  Springfield,  Massachusetts, 
1843-46 ;  was  professor  of  metaphysics  and  moral  philoso- 
phy at  Yale  1846-71 ;  and  was  president  of  the  university 
1871-86.  He  was  the  editor  in  chief  of  the  editions  of  Web- 
ster's Unabridged  Dictionary  published  in  1864  and  1880, 
and  of  the  International  Dictionary  (1890).  Among  his 
works  are  "The  Human  Intellect"  (1868),  "Books  and 


820 

Reading"  (1870),  "American  Colleges  and  the  American 
Public  "  (1870),  "Science  of  Nature  versus  the  Science  of 
Man"  (1871),  "Elements  of  Moral  Science "(1886),  "life  of 
Bishop  Berkeley  "  (1885X  and  "  Kant's  Ethics  "  (1886). 

Porter,  Peter  Buel.  Bom  at  Salisbury,  Conn., 
Aug.,  1773 :  died  at  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.,  March 
20,1844.  An  American  general.  He  was  member 
of  Congress  from  New  York  1809-12,  and  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  War  of  1812,  especially  at  Chippewa  and 
Lundy's  Lane  (1814). 

Porter,  Sir  Robert  Ker .  Bom  at  Durham,  Eng- 
land, 1775 :  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  May  4, 1842. 
An  English  painter  of  battle-scenes,  brother  of 
Jane  and  Anna  Maria  Porter.  He  studied  at  the 
Royal  Academy,  and  in  1804  became  painter  to  the  Emperor 
of  Russia.  In  1808  he  accompanied  Sir  John  Moore's  ex- 
pedition in  Spain.  In  1811  he  married  Princess  Mary  de 
SherbatofI,  and  later  was  British  consul  in  Venezuela.  He 
left  Venezuela  for  St.  Petersburg,  and  died  there.  He  wrote 
"  Travelling  Sketches  in  Russia  and  Sweden  "  (1808)^  "Trav- 
els in  Georgia,  Persia,  etc."  (1821-22),  and  other  travels. 

Porter,  William  David.  Bom  at  New  Orleans, 
March  10,  1809:  died  at  New  York,  May  1, 1864. 
An  American  commodore,  son  of  David  Porter. 
He  served  in  the  Mississippi  waters  1861-62. 

Porte  St.-Antoine  (port  san-ton-twan').  A 
triumphal  arch,  formerly  standing  in  Paris, 
through  which  the  Rue  St.-Antoine  passed,north 
of  the  spot  where  the  Bastille  stood,  a  gate  was 
built  here  in  1380,  and  on  Sept.  14, 1674,  Henry  III.,  on 
his  return  from  Poland,  made  his  triumphal  entry  through 
it.  A  beautiful  Renaissance  arch  was  erected  to  commem- 
orate the  event, which  was  adorned  by  sculptures  supposed 
to  have  been  by  Jean  Goujon.  In  1660  Louis  XIV.  also 
made  a  triumphal  entry  at  this  gate,  and  the  arch  was 
transformed  by  the  architect  Blondel  in  1662.  In  his 
scheme  Blondel  treated  the  earlier  work  with  the  utmost 
respect,  merely  adding  side  arches  and  an  attic  above.  It 
presented  one  of  the  most  pleasing  Renaissance  composi- 
tions in  Paris.  It  was  demolished  in  1778.  JeanGoujon's 
river-gods  in  the  spandrels  of  the  arch  were  afterward 
built  into  the  gate  of  the  Beaumarchais  garden,  and  are 
now  in  the  Cluny  museum. 

Porte  St.-Denis(saii-de-ne').  A  triumphal  arch 
on  the  Boulevard  St.-I)enis,  Paris,  built  in  1672 
in  honor  of  the  victories  of  Louis  XTV.  in  the 
Low  Countries.  It  has  a  single  archway  with  reliefs 
above.  Victories  in  the  spandrels,  and  warlike  trophies 
adorning  simulated  obelisks  on  each  side.  The  width  is 
82  feet,  and  the  height  81.  It  was  built  by  Francis  Blondel, 
and  the  brothers  Anguler  were  the  sculptors. 

Porte  St.-Martin  (san  mar-tan').  A  triumphal 
arch  on  the  Boulevard  St.-Martin,  Paris,  built  in 
1674  by  Pierre  Bullet  in  honor  of  Louis  XIV. 
It  commemorates  the  taking  of  Besan^on  and  the  victo- 
ries overthe  Imperialists.  It  has  alarge  archway  between 
two  small  ones,  with  reliefs  in  the  spandrels  of  the  large 
opening.  Above  the  cornice  there  is  anattic.  Theheight 
and  breadth  are  both  67  feet. 

Port  Famine  (port  f  am'in) .  A  place  in  southern 
Patagonia,  situated  on  the  Strait  of  Magellan 
south  of  Punta  Arenas.  An  unsuccessful  at- 
tempt was  made  to  form  a  Spanish  settlement 
here  in  the  end  of  the  16th  century. 

Port  GlasgO'W(glas'g6).  A  seaport  in  Renfrew- 
shire, Scotland,  situated  on  the  Clyde  17  miles 
west-northwest  of  Glasgow.  It  has  trade,  ship- 
building, and  manufactures.  Population  (1891), 
14,624. 

Port  Hamilton  (ham'il-ton).  A  harbor  south 
of  Korea,  in  one  of  the  Nanhow  Islands.  Great 
Britain  annexed  it  in  1885,  but  abandoned  it  in 
1886. 

Port  Hope  (hop).  A  lake  port  in  Durham  Coun- 
ty, Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  Lake  Ontario 
61  miles  east-northeast  of  Toronto.  Population 
(1901),  4,188. 

Porthos  (por-tos').  One  of  the  "  Three  Muske- 
teers"in  Dumas's  novel  of  that  name.  He  is 
noted  for  his  great  size  and  strength  and  his 
inordinate  love  of  display. 

Port  Hudson  (hud'sgn).  A  place  in  East  Fe- 
liciana parish,  Louisiana,  situated  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi 91  miles  northwest  of  New  Orleans.  It 
was  besieged  by  the  Federals  under  Banks  in 
Mayjl863,  and  surrendered  July  8. 

Port  Huron  (hu'ron).  A  city  and  the  capital 
of  St.  Claire  County,  Michigan,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  Black  River  with  St.  Clair  River,  56 
miles  northeast  of  Detroit,  it  is  a  railroad  center, 
and  has  important  Canadian  and  domestic  trade,  and  ship- 
building.   Population  (1900),  19,166. 

Portia  (p6r'shia).  1.  The  principal  female 
character  in  Sfiakspere's  "Merchant  of  Ven- 
ice": an  heiress  in  love  with  Bassanio.  Her 
suitors  were  obliged  by  the  terms  of  her  father's  will  to 
choose  one  of  three  caskets  of  gold,  silver,  and  lead,  one 
of  which  contained  her  picture,  and  the  chooser  of  it  was 
to  be  her  husband.  Bassanio  was  successful,  choosing  the 
leaden  one.  Portia  is  noted  for  her  celebrated  defense  of 
Bassanio's  friend  Antonio,  resisting  the  demand  of  Shylock 
for  a  pound  of  flesh  from  Antonio  s  body  in  case  Bassanio 
f  aUed  to  pay  money  borrowed  from  Shylock.  See  Shylock. 
2.  The  wife  of  Marcus  Brutus,  said  to  have  killed 
herself  by  swallowing  live  coals.  In  Shak- 
spere's  "Julius  Csesar"  she  does  so  while  insane 
from  anxiety  over  her  husband. 


Portobello 

Portici  (por'te-che).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Naples,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Naples  5 
miles  southeast  of  Naples.  Population  (1881), 
10,197 ;  commune,  12,709. 

Portinari  (p6r-te-na're),  Beatrice.  Bom  1266 : 
died  June  %  1290.  An  Italian  lady,  celebrated 
by  Dante  in  his  "Vita  Nuova"  and  "Divina 
Commedia."  She  married  Simone  de'  Bardi,  a 
Florentine,  before  1287. 

Port  Jackson  (jak'son).  AharborinNew  South 
Wales,  Australia.    'Sydney  is  situated  on  it. 

Port  Jervis  (j6r'vis).  A  village  in  Deer  Park 
township.  Orange  County,  New  York,  situated 
on  the  Delaware  River  60  mUes  northwest  of 
New  York:  a  favorite  summer  resort.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  9,385. 

Portland  (port'land).  A  seaport,  capital  of 
Cumberland  County,  Maine,  situated  on  Casco 
Bay  in  lat.  43°  39'  N.,  long.  70°  15'  W.  it  is  the 
largest  city  in  the  State,  sometimes  called  "the  Forest 
City  "  :  is  an  important  railway  center  and  terminus  of 
steamer  lines  ;  has  valuable  foreign  trade  (especially  with 
Canada),  coasting  trade,  and  fisheries  ;  and  has  manufac- 
tures of  boots  and  shoes,  machinery,  sugar,  engines,  etc. 
It  is  the  winter  port  of  Canada.  Its  Indian  name  was 
Machigonne.  It  was  settled  by  the  English  in  1632,  its 
early  name  beingFalmouth  ;  wasbombardedbythe  British 
in  tlie  Revolutionary  War  ;  had  its  name  changed  to  Port- 
land in  1786 ;  became  a  city  in  1832 ;  and  was  devastated 
by  a  fire  in  1866.     Population  (1900),  60,145. 

Portland.  The  capital  of  Multnomah  County, 
Oregon,  situated  on  the  Willamette  River,  12 
miles  from  its  entrance  into  the  Columbia,  in 
lat.  45°  30'  N. ,  long.  122°  40'  W.  it  is  the  largest 
city  in  the  State,  a  railroad  center,  and  the  terminus  of 
several  steamer  lines  ;  is  at  the  head  of  ship  navigation; 
and  exports  salmon,  lumber,  wheat,  and  flour.  It  was  laid 
out  in  1845 ;  was  made  a  city  in  1851 ;  and  was  ravaged  by  a 
fire  in  1873.     Population  (1900),  90,426. 

Portland.  A  city  of  New  Brunswick,  a  suburb 
of  St.  John.     Population  (1891),  14,995. 

Portland,  Dukes  and  Bar!  of.    See  Bentinck. 

Portland,  Isle  of.  A  peninsula  in  Dorset,  Eng- 
land, south  of  Weymouth,  projecting  into  the 
English  Channel,  and  terminating  in  the  Bill 
of  Portland :  noted  for  its  castle  (built  1520), 
its  building-stone,  and  its  breakwater.  Near  it, 
Feb.  18,  1663,  an  indecisive  battle  was  fought  between 
the  English  fleet  under  Blake  and  the  Dutch  under  Tromp. 
Length,  about  4  miles.    Population  (1891),  9,541. 

Portland,  Bace  of.  A  dangerous  sea  passage 
between  the  Isle  of  Portland  and  a  neighboring 
reef,  the  Shambles. 

Portland  Vase.  A  famous  um  of  blue  trans- 
parent cameo-cut  glass,  ten  inches  high,  it  was 
discovered  about  1630  in  a  sarcophagus  in  a  tomb  in  the 
Monte  del  Grano,  near  Rome.  It  is  so  called  from  its  pos- 
sessors, the  Portland  family,  who  bought  it  in  1787  from 
Sir  William  Hamilton  (its  original  purchaser  in  1770),  and 
placed  it  in  the  British  Museum  in  1810.  It  is  also  called 
the  Barberini  vase,  because  it  was  first  deposited  in  the 
Barherini  Palace. 

Port  Louis  (lo'isorlS'e).  A  seaport,  capital  of 
the  Island  of  Mauritius,  Indian  Ocean,  situated 
on  the  northwestern  coast.  It  is  the  chief  commercial 
place  of  the  colony.  In  1810  it  was  taken  by  the  British. 
Population  (1891),  62,046. 

Port  Louis.  The  former  capital  of  the  Falkland 
Islands,  situated  on  East  Falkland. 

Port  Lyttelton  (lit'el-ton).  A  seaport  in  the 
South  Island,  New  "Zealand,  situated  on  the 
eastern  coast,  near  Christehurch,  about  lat.  43° 
36'  S., long.  172°44' E.  Population (1891), 4,087. 

Port  Mahon,  or  Mahon  (ma-hon').  A  seaport, 
fortress,  and  naval  station  of  Minorca,  Balearic 
Islands,  Spain,  situated  on  the  eastern  coast :  the 
ancient  Portus  Magonis.  It  was  taken  by  the  Eng^ 
lish  under  Stanhope  in  1708 ;  conquered  from  them  by  the 
French  in  1766;  restored  to  Great  Britain  in  1763;  con- 
quered by  Spain  in  1782 ;  and  finally  ceded  to  Spain  in  1S02. 
Population  (1887),  18,445. 

Port  Natal  (na-tal').  A  harbor  in  Natal,  South 
Africa.    Durban  is  situated  on  it. 

Porto.    See  Oporto. 

Porto  Alegre  (por'tp  a-la'gre).  A  seaport, 
capital  of  the  state  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  Brazil, 
situated  on  the  river  Guahyba  or  Lower  Jaeuhy, 
near  its  mouth  in  the  Lagoa  dos  Patos,  in  lat. 
30°  2'  S.  It  is  the  most  important  city  of  southern  Brazil 
and  has  a  large  trade.  Population,  estimated  (1892),  66,000. 

Porto  Bello  (bal'yo).  Aport  on  the  Caribbean 
coast  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  Colombia,  20 
miles  northeast  of  Colon.  The  bay  was  discovered 
??„,°^  .?y*^°l""°*'"^'  1502.  It  was  unimportant  untU 
1697,  when  it  ofBcially  replaced  Nombre  de  Dios  as  the  Car- 
ibbean port  of  Panama,  and  hence  of  Peru.  Every  year  a 
fleet  arrived  from  Spain,  and  returned  laden  with  treasure 
JL^^J^^f  ^""^  ^^"'^^^  by  the  English  captain  Parker, 
1602  ■  by  Morgan,  1668,  and  by  other  buoaneers,  1679  •  and 
by  Vernon,  1739.  It  is  now  a  small  viUage.  Alsowitten 
Porto  Belo  and  Puerto  Bello. 

Portobello  (por-to-bel'o).  A  town  and  sea- 
bathmg  resort  in  Midlothian,  Scotland,  situated 
on  the  Firth  of  Forth  3  miles  east  of  Edinburgh. 
Population  (1891),  8,181.  ^ 


Porto  Ferrajo 

Porto  Peirajo  (por'to  fer-ra'yo).  The  chief 
place  in  the  island  of  Elba,  province  of  Leghorn, 
Italy.    Population  (1881),  5,391. 

Port  of  Spain,  or  Puerto  d'£spaSa  (pwer'to 
des-pan'yaj.  The  capital  of  the  island  of 
Trinidad,  situated  on  the  western  coast  in  lat. 
10°  39'  N.,  long.  61°  31'  W.  Population  (1891), 
33,782. 

Portogniaro,  or  Porto  Graaro  (por'to  gro-a'- 
ro).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Venice,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Lemene  34  miles  northeast  of 
Venice.  Population  (1881),  4,867;  commune, 
9,386. 

Porto  Maurizio  (mou-rid'ze-6).  1.  A  province 
in  Liguria,  Italy.  Area,  455  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  141,295. —  2.  A  seaport,  capital 
of  the  province  of  Porto  Maurizio,  situated  on 
the  Mediterranean  inlat. 48°  53'  N.,  long.  8°  1'  E. 
It  produces  olive-oil.    Population  (1893) ,  7, 900. 

Porto  Novo  (np'vo).  The  capital  of  Dahomey, 
western  Africa,  situated  near  the  Bight  of 
Benin,  south  of  Abomey.     Pop.,  about  50,000. 

Porto  Novo,  A  small  seaport  on  the  Coromandel 
coast  of  India,  south  of  Madras.  Here,  July  i, 
1781,  the  British  (about  8,600)  under  Coote  defeated  Hyder 
Ali  (with  about  40,000  men). 

Porto  Plata.    See  Ptterto  Plata. 

Porto  Rico  (re'ko),  Sp.  Puerto  Bico  (pwer'to 
re'ko).  The  easternmost  island  of  the  Greater 
Antilles,  West  Indies,  belonging  to  the  United 
States,  situated  east  of  Santo  Domingo,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Mona  Passage. 
Capital,  San  Juan  de  Porto  Bico.  it  is  traversed 
from  east  to  west  by  a  range  of  low  mountains.  The 
chief  exports  are  sugar,  coffee,  and  tobacco.  It  was 
discovered  by  Columbus  in  1493,  and  was  conquered, 
mainly  by  Ponce  de  Leon,  1608-20.  Slavery  was  abol- 
ished in  1873.  It  was  ceded  by  Spain  to  the  United 
States  in  1898.  Length,  about  100  miles.  Greatest  breadth 
about  36  miles.  Area,  3,606  square  miles.  Population 
(1899),  963,243. 

Porto  Santo  (por'tg  sSn't?).  A  small  island  of 
the  Madeira  group,  situated  about  30  miles 
northeast  of  Madeira. 

Porto  Seguro  (por'ti?  se-g6'r§).  A  captaincy 
of  Brazil,  granted  in  1534  to  Pero  de  Campos 
Tourinho.  it  corresponded  to  the  coast  from  the  river 
Mocury  northward  50  leagues.  After  the  death  of  Campos 
Tourinho  it  fell  into  decay,  and  later  was  united  to  Bahia, 
of  which  it  forms  the  southern  part. 

Porto  Seguro.  A  town  and  port  of  the  state  of 
Bah  ia,  Brazil,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Caxoeira, 
in  lat.  16°  26'  38"  S.  At  this  point  Cabral  took  posses- 
sion of  Brazil  for  Portugal,  April  26, 1600.  The  town  was 
founded  in  1535.    Population,  about  4,000. 

Porto  Seguro,  Viscount  of.  See  VamJiagen, 
Francisco  Adolpho  de. 

Porto  Vecchio  (vek'ke-6).    [It., 'old  port.']   A 

seaport  ia  Corsica,  near  the  southern  extremity. 

Porto  Venere  (va'ne-re).    A  small  port  on  the 

Gulf  of  Spezia,  Italy. 
Port  Patrick  (port  pat'rik).  A  small  seaport 
in  Wigtownshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the 
North  Channel  27  miles  west  of  Wigtown,  it 
was  formerly  an  important  port  for  trade  between  Scot- 
land and  Ireland,  and  extensive  harbor  works  were  com- 
menced. 
Port  Phillip  (fil'ip).  A  bay  on  the  southern 
coast  of  victoria,  Australia.  Melbourne  is 
situated  on  it. 
Port  Bepublic  (re-pub'Iik).  A  place  in  Eock- 
ingham  County,  Virginia,  situated  on  the  Shen- 
andoah 90  miles  northwest  of  Richmond.  Here, 
June  9, 1862,  the  Confederates  under  "  Stonewall "  Jackson 
defeated  the  Federals  under  Shields. 
Port  Biclimond  (rich'mond).  A  former  village 
in  Staten  Island,  New  Vork,  situated  on  the 
Kill  van  KuU  10  miles  southwest  of  New  York : 
now  a  part  of  New  York  city. 
Port-Royal  (-roi'al).  A  Cistercian  abbey  for 
nuiis,  situated  about  17  miles  southwest  of  Paris. 
It  was  founded  in  1204  ;  was  reformed  under  the  abbess 
Jacqueline  Marie  Ang^lique  Amauld  in  1608 ;  was  called 
Port-Eoyal  des  Champs  after  the  establishment  (1626)  of  a 
branch  house  at  Paris  (called  Port-Royal  de  Paris) ;  and  be- 
came noted  as  a  center  of  Jansenism.  The  older  estab- 
lishment became  famous  for  its  schools  and  as  a  center  of 
learning :  it  was  suppressed  in  1709.  Port-Royal  de  Paris 
continued  until  1790. 
Port  Royal.  A  name  f ormerlygiven  to  Annap- 
olis, Nova  Scotia. 

Port  Royal  Sound.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic, 
on  the  southern  coast  of  South  Carolina,  at  the 
mouth  of  Broad  River. 

Port  Said  (sa-ed').  A  seaport  in  Egypt,  situ- 
ated at  the  northern  end  of  the  Suez  Canal, 
between  the  Mediterranean  and  Lake  Menza- 
leh,  in  lat.  31°  16'  N.,  long.  32°  19'  E.  It  was 
founded  in  1860,  and  is  tbe  terminus  of  many  lines  of 
steamers.    Population  (1897),  42,095. 

Port  St.  Mary.    See  Puerto  de  Samta  Maria. 
Portsea  (port  se).  1.  The  island  in  Hampshire, 
England^  on  which  Portsmouth  is  situated. — 2. 


821 

A  part  of  Portsmouth,  situated  north  of  Ports- 
mouth proper. 

Portsmouth  (ports'muth).  A  seaport  in  Hamp- 
shire, England,  situated  on  Portsmouth  Harbor 
and  the  English  Channel  in  lat.  50°  48'  N.,  long. 
1°  6'  W.  Besides  Portsmouth  proper  it  includes  the 
adjoining  Portsea,  Landport,  and  Southsea.  It  is  the  prin- 
cipal naval  station  of  England  and  the  strongest  fortress ; 
has  a  large  garrison ;  and  is  noted  for  its  fine  harbor.  Near 
it  is  the  roadstead  of  Spithead.  Its  dockyard  (the  most 
important  in  the  count^)  is  located  at  Portsea.  Part  of 
the  naval  establishment  is  at  Gosport^  opposite.  The 
Church  of  St.  Thomas  Becket  is  notable.  Portsmouth  rose 
to  importance  in  the  13th  century,  and  was  strongly  for- 
tified in  the  16th  century.  It  returns  2  members  to  Par- 
liament.   Population  (1901),  188,133. 

Portsmouth.  A  seaport  and  one  of  the  capi- 
tals of  Eockingham  County,  New  Hampshire, 
situated  on  the  Piscataqua,  3  mUes  from  its 
mouth,  in  lat.  43°  4'  N.,  long.  70°  45'  W.  it  is 
the  only  seaport  in  the  State ;  is  noted  for  its  exdbllent 
harbor;  has  ship-building  and  some  commerce ;  and  is  a 
favorite  summer  resort.  Near  it  (on  islands  situated  in 
Kittery,  Maine)  is  the  Portsmouth  navy-yard.  It  was 
settled  in  1623 ;  was  the  capital  of  New  Hampshire  (ex- 
cept for  a  short  period)  until  1807 ;  and  was  made  a  city 
m  1849.    Population  (1900),  10,637. 

Portsmouth.  A  city,  capital  of  Norfolk  Coun- 
ty, Virginia,  situated  on  the  western  side  of  the 
Elizabeth  Eiver,  opposite  Norfolk,  it  is  the  ter- 
minusof severalsteamer  lines ;  containstheGosport United 
States  navy -yard  ;  and  has  considerable  trade.  Population 
(1900),  17,427. 

Portsmouth.  A  city,  capital  of  Scioto  County, 
Ohio,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Scioto  and 
Ohio,  90  miles  east-southeast  of  Cincinnati.  It 
has  flourishing  manufactures  and  trade.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  17,870. 

Portsmouth,  Duchess  of.  See  Keroualle,  Louise 
Beuee  de. 

Portsmouth  Harbor.  An  inlet  of  the  English 
Channel,  extending  into  Hampshire  4^5  miles. 

Port  Townsend  (port  toun'zend).  A  city  and 
seaport  in  Jefferson  County,  Washington,  on 
Puget  Sound  north  of  Seattle.  Population 
a900),  3,443. 

Portugal  (por'ju-gal),  Pg.  Portugal  (por-to- 
gal').  AkingdominEurope,situatedin  the  west- 
ern part  of  the  Iberian  peninsula,  extending 
from  lat.  36°  58'  to  42°  lO'  N.,  and  from  long. 
6°  10' to  9°  30' W.  Capital,  Lisbon,  it  is  bounded 
by  Spain  on  the  north  and  east,  and  by  the  Atlantic  on  the 
south  and  west.  It  is  traversed  by  several  ranges  of  low 
mountains  (the  highest,  in  the  Serra  da  Soajo,  nearly  8,000 
feet)  which  enter  it  from  Spain.  The  chief  rivers  are  the 
Bouro,  Tagus,  and  Guadiana.  The  principal  exports  are 
wine,  cork,  fish,  live  stock,  and  copper.  Its  commerce  is 
mostly  with  Great  Britain,  Brazil,  the  United  States,  and 
France.  It  is  divided  into  8  provinces,  the  northern  more 
flourishing  than  the  southern.  It  is  a  hereditary  consti- 
tutional monarchy,  the  legislative  power  being  vested  in 
the  Cortes  (which  see).  The  language  is  Portuguese;  the 
prevailing  reUgion,  the  Roman  Catholic.  The  colonial  pos- 
sessions include  (besides  the  Azores  and  Madeiras,  which 
are  considered  part  of  Portugal)  the  Cape  Verd  Islands, 
Guinea,  Portuguese  East  Africa,  Angola,  etc.,  St,  Thomas, 
Goa,  Bamao,  Diu,  Timor,  etc.,  Macao,  and  some  smaller 
territories.  The  territory  was  partly  included  in  the  an- 
cient Lusitania;  fell  under  the  power  of  the  Moors;  was 
made  a  countship  feudatory  to  Alfonso  VI.  of  Castile  1095 
(or  1094) ;  became  a  kingdom  under  Alfonso  I.  (tradition- 
ally through  the  victory  at  Ourique  in  1139) ;  was  a  great 
maritime  power  in  the  15th  and  16th  centuries ;  was  noted 
for  discoveries,  explorations,  and  conquests  under  Prince 
Henry,  Bartholomeu  Bias,  Vasco  da  Gama,  Cabral,  Albu- 
querque, Magalhaes,  etc. ;  founded  a  large  empire  in  the 
East  Indies  and  Brazil ;  was  conquered  by  Spain  and  lost 
its  independence  in  1680 ;  recovered  independence  through 
a  revolution  in  1640  (beginning  of  the  Braganpa  line) ;  was 
invaded  by  the  French  in  1807,  the  royal  family  escaping 
to  Brazil ;  and  was  aided  by  England  in  the  .war  of  lib- 
eration from  the  French.  More  recent  events  are  an  out- 
break of  revolution  in  1820 ;  return  of  King  John  VI.  from 
Brazil  in  1821 ;  signing  of  the  constitution  in  1822 ;  Bra- 
zil separated  from  Portugal  in  1822 ;  struggle  between 
Bom  Miguel  and  Maria  da  Gloria,  ending  in  the  submission 
of  Miguel  in  1834 ;  disturbance  in  following  years  by  civil 
strife ;  and  complications  with  Great  Britain  (iii  1889, 1891, 
and  later)  regarding  the  African  claims.  Area,  36,038 
square  miles.    Population  (1900),  5,428,669. 

Portuguese  America,  Brazil :  the  only  part  of 
America  which  was  colonized  by  the  Portu- 
guese.   See  Tordesilhas. 

Portuguese  East  Africa.     See  East  Africa, 


Portunus  (pdr-ta'nus),  or  Portumnus  (p6r- 
tum'nus).  In  Eoman  mythology,  a  god,  pro- 
tector of  harbors. 

Port-Vendres  (por-von'dr).  A  seaport  in  the 
department  of  Pyr6n6es-Orientales,  France,  sit- 
uated on  the  Mediterranean  18  miles  southeast 
of  Perpignan :  the  ancient  Portus  Veneris,  it 
has  a  commodious  harbor.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
3,051. 

Port  Victoria  (port  vik-to'ri-a).  The  chief  jjort 
of  the  Seychelles  Islands,  Indian  Ocean,  situ- 
ated on  Mah6. 

PoruS  (po'rus).  [Gr.  nS/)of.]  Killed  about  318 
B,  c.  An  Indian  king  who  reigned  between  the 


Potemkin 

Hydaspes  and  Acesines.  He  was  defeated  and  cap- 
tured by  Alexander  the  Great  in  a  battle  on  the  Hydaspes 
in  326.  According  to  Plutarch,  when  asked  by  his  victor 
how  he  wished  to  be  treated  he  replied,  "Like  a  king."  He 
was  restored  to  his  kingdom  by  Alexander.  After  the  lat- 
ter's  death  he  was  treacherous^  killed  by  the  Macedonian 
general  Eudemus, 

Pory  (por'i),  John.  Bom  in  England  about  1570 : 
died  probably  in  Virginia  before  1635,  An  Eng- 
lish pioneerin  America,  and  geographical  writer. 
He  studied  at  Cambridge  (Gonville  and  Caius  College).  In 
1600  he  translated  the  "  Geographical  History  of  Africa  "  by 
Leo  Africanus.  From  1619  to  1621  he  was  secretary  of  the 
Virginia  Colony  at  Jamestown,  and  an  assistant  of  Hakluyt 
in  his  geographical  enterprises. 

Posadas  (po-sa'das),  Gervasio  Antonio  de. 

Bom  at  Buenos  Ayres,  June  19, 1757 :  died  there, 
July  2, 1832,  An  Argentine  politician.  Through 
the  influence  of  the  Lautaro  Society  (which  see)  he  was 
elected  supreme  director  or  president  of  the  Platine  Prov- 
inces, Jan.  22, 1814,  holding  the  position  for  a  year.  With 
him  the  executive  was  first  placed  in  the  hands  of  one 
person. 

Poscharevatz.    See  Passarowitz. 

Poschiavo  (p6s-ke-a'v6),  G.  Puschlav  (posh'- 
lav).  A  district  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerland, situated  south  of  the  Engadine  on  the 
Italian  frontier.    Chief  place,  Poschiavo. 

Poseidon  (po-si'don).  \_w.  IIooehSmv.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  one  oi  the  chief  Olympians,  brother 
of  Zeus,and  supreme  lord  of  the  sea:  sometimes 
looked  upon  as  a  benignant  promoter  of  calm 
and  prosperous  navigation,  but  more  often  as  a 
terrible  god  of  storm.  His  consort  was  the  Nereid  Am- 
phitrite,  and  his  attendant  train  was  composed  of  Nereids, 
Tritons,  and  sea-monsters  of  every  form.  In  art  he  is  a 
majestic  figure,  closely  approaching  Zeus  in  type.  His 
most  constant  attributes  are  the  trident  and  the  dolphin, 
with  the  horse,  which  he  was  reputed  to  have  created  dur- 
ing his  contest  with  Athene  for  supremacy  in  Attica.  The 
original  Roman  or  Italic  Neptune  became  assimilated  to 
him. 

Posen  (po'zen),  A  province  of  Prussia,  it  is 
bounded  by  West  Prussia  on  the  north,  Russian  Poland  on 
the  east,  Silesia  on  the  south  and  southwest,  and  Branden- 
burg on  the  west.  The  surface  is  generally  level.  The 
majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  Poles,  and  are  Roman  Catho- 
lics. It  belonged  formerly  to  Poland.  The  Netze  district 
was  annexed  by  Prussia  in  1772,  and  the  remainder  of  the 
province  in  1793.  Area,  11,178  square  miles.  Population 
(1890),  1,751,642. 

Pbsen,  Polish  Poznan  (poz'nan).  The  capital 
of  the  province  of  Posen,  Prussia,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Cybina  and  Warthe,  in  lat. 
52°  24'  N.,  long.  16°  55'  E,  it  is  an  important  fortress 
and  strategic  point ;  contains  a  cathedral  and  a  Rathaus ; 
and  has  some  trade  and  manufactures.  The  inhabitants 
are  Germans,  Poles,  and  Jews.  It  was  an  ancient  Polish 
city,  and  at  one  time  the  capital.  In  the  middle  ages  it 
was  a  Hanseatic  town  and  a  prosperous  commercial  center. 
Population  (1900),  117,014. 

Posey  (po'zi),  Thomas.  Born  in  Virginia,  July 
9,  1750:  died  at  Shawneetown,  111.,  March  9, 
1818.  An  American  general  and  politician.  He 
served  in  the  Revolution  and  in  the  Indian  wars ;  was  United 
States  senator  from  Louisiana  1812-13 ;  and  was  governor 
of  Indiana  Territory  1813-16. 

Posidonia.    See  Pxstum. 

Posidonius  (pos-i-do'ni-us).  [Gr.  IlocreiS6vwc.'] 
Bom  at  Apamea,  Syria :  lived  at  the  beginning 
of  the  1st  century  B.  c,  A  noted  Greek  Stoic 
philosopher,  teacher  at  Ehodes. 

Poseidonius,  who  counted  among  his  pupils  the  eminent 
Romans  Cicero  and  Pompey,  was  a  literary  man  of  very 
varied  excellence.  In  many  respects  he  followed  in  the 
steps  of  the  great  Eratosthenes.  Like  him  he  investigated 
physical  geography,  and  made  some  important  contribu- 
tions to  this  subject.  He  wrote  a  general  or  miscellaneous 
history  in  about  fifty  books,  extending  from  146  B.  c.  to  96 
B.  c,  and  therefore  in  continuation  of  Polybius  ;  a  treatise 
on  natural  philosophy  in  fifteen  books ;  an  essay  on  the 
gods  in  thirteen  books,  besides  a  disquisition  "on  the  be- 
coming," which  his  pupil  Cicero  combined  with  the  work 
of  Pansetius  in  his  book  "Be  Officiis" ;  a  book  on  the  mag. 
nitude  of  the  sun ;  and  numerous  other  works  on  meteor- 
ology, natural  philosophy,  and  ethics,  including  a  com- 
mentary on  the  "Timaeus"  of  Plato. 

Z.  0.  Mailer,  Hist,  of  the  Lit,  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  35. 

UDonaldson.) 

Posilipo  (^o-se-le'po),  orPausilipo  (pou-se-le'- 
p6).  A  ridge  southwest  of  Naples,  famous  for 
its  ancient  grotto. 

Postglossators.    See  Bartolus. 

Posthumus  (pos'tii-mus),  Leonatus.  The  hus- 
band of  Imogen  in  Shakspere's  "Cymbeline." 
His  wager  as  to  her  fidelity  is  the  turning-point 
of  the  play. 

Postilion  de  Longjumeau  (p6s-te-y6n'  de  16n- 
zhii-mo'),  Le.  An  op6ra  oomique  by  Adam, 
produced  at  Paris  in  1836. 

Postl.    See  Sealsfield. 

Postumia  gens  (pos-tu'mi^  jenz).  A  Eoman 
patrician  gens.  Its  most  distinguished  family 
was  Albus  or  Albinus, 

Potemkin  (po-tem'kin ;  Euss,  pron,  pot-yom'- 
kin).  Prince  Grigori.  Bom  in  the  government 
of  Smolensk,  Eussia,  Sept,,  1736:  died  in  Bes- 
sarabia, Oct,  16,  1791.    A  Eussian  politician 


Fotemkin 

and  general,  chief  favorite  of  the  empress  Cath- 
arine II.  He  had  great  inSnence  in  internal  and  foreign 
affairs;  effected  tlie  annexation  of  tlie  Crimea;  and  founded 
Klierson  and  other  places  in  South  Russia. 

Potenza  (p6-ten'za).  1 .  A  province  of  southern 
Italy  which  forms  the  compartimento  of  Ba- 
silieata.  Area,  3,845  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  540,287.-2.  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Potenza,  Italy,' situated  on  the  Basento  in 
lat.  40°  38'  N.,  long.  15°  49'  E.:  the  ancient 
Potentia.  The  old  town  was  destroyed  by  Frederick  II. 
and  by  Charles  of  Anjou.  The  modern  town  was  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  an  earthqualte  in  1857.  Population  (1891),  18,500. 

Potenza  Picena  (pe-cha'na).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  Macerata,  Italy,  11  miles  north- 
east of  Macerata. 

Pothier  (p6-tya'),  Robert  Joseph.  Bom  at 
Orleans,  France,  Jan.  9, 1699:  died  at  Orleans, 
March  2,  1772.  A  French  jurist.  Among  his 
works  are  an  edition  of  the  "Pandects"  of  Jus- 
tinian (1748-52),  "  Traits  des  obligations,"  etc. 

Poti  (po'te).  A  seaport  .in  the  government  of 
Kutais,  Transcaucasia,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Black  Sea,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Bion,  35 
miles  north  of  Batum.  Near  it  was  the  ancient 
Phasis.     Population  (1882),  4,785. 

Potidsea  (pot-i-de'a).  [Gr.  XloTidam.'}  In  an- 
cient geography,  a'city  of  Macedonia,  situated 
on  the  isthmus  joining  the  peninsula  of  Pallene 
to  the  mainland,  in  lat.  40°  11'  N.,  long,  23°  20' 
E. :  the  modern  Pinaka.  It  revolted  from  Athens  in 
432  B.  0.,  and  was  reduced  in  429.  It  was  rebuilt  by  Cas- 
sander,  and  called  Cassandreia. 

Potiguaras  (p6-te-gwa'ras).  An  ancient  branch 
of  the  Tupi  Indians  in  Parahyba,  Ceard,,  and 
southern  Maranhao,  Brazil.  The  name  is  vari- 
ously written  Petigares,  Peteguares,  Pitagoares, 
Potyuaras,  etc.     See  Tupis. 

Potiphar  (pot'i-far).  In  Old  Testament  history, 
an  ofScer  of  Pharaoh,  the  owner  of  Joseph.  His 
wife  sought  unsuccessfully  to  seduce  Joseph. 

Potiphar,  to  whom  Joseph  was  sold,  bore  a  purely  Egyp- 
tian name,  meaning' 'the  gift  of  the  risen  one,'  while  the 
name  of  Potopherah,  the  high  priest  of  On,  whose  daugh- 
ter, Asenath,  was  married  by  Joseph,  is  equally  Egyptian, 
and  signifies  'the  gift  of  the  Sun-God.' 

Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  59. 

Potiphar  Papers,  The.  A  collection  of  satiri- 
cal articles  by  Gr.  W.  Curtis,  published  in  1853. 

Potomac  (po-to'mak).  A  river  in  the  United 
States,  formed  by  the  union,  southeast  of  Cum- 
berland, Maryland,  of  the  North  and  South 
Branches .  The  form  er  rises  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains, 
the  latter  in  the  Shenandoah  Mountains.  It  forms  the 
main  boundary  between  Maryland  on  the  north  and  West 
Virginia  and  Virginia  on  the  south,  and  empties  by  a  wide 
estuary  into  Chesapeake  Bay  in  lat.  38°  K.  Its  chief  tribu- 
tary is  the  Shenandoah.  Length,  about  400  miles  ;  navi- 
gable for  large  vessels  to  Washington  (125  miles). 

Potomac,  Army  of  the.  The  principal  Federal 
army  in  the  American  Civil  War.  it  was  organ- 
ized by  General  McClellan  in  1861.  In  1862,  under  him,  it 
served  in  the  Peninsular  campaign,  and  later  in  the  Antie- 
tam  campaign.  In  Nov. ,  1862,  General  Burnside  took  com- 
mand and  the  army  was  defeated  at  Fredericksburg  in 
Dec.  In  Jan.,  1863,  General  Hooker  assumed  command 
and  it  was  in  May  defeated  at  Chancellorsville.  Under  Gen- 
eral Meade  it  won  the  victory  of  Gettysburg,  July,  1863.  It 
continued  under  the  immediate  command  of  General 
Meade  during  General  Grant's  operations  of  1864-65. 

Potosf  (p6-t6-se').  1.  The  southwesternmost 
department  of  Bolivia,  noted  for  its  richness  in 
metals.  Area,  52,089  squaremiles.  Population, 
(1893),  360,400.-2.  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Potosi,  situated  about  lat.  19°  35'  S., 
long.  65°  45'  W.,  over  13,000  feet  above  the  sea- 
level.  It  was  long  famous  for  the  silver-mines  in  the 
neighboring  mountain  (Cerro  de  Potosi),  where  silver  was 
discovered  in  1546.  The  production  Jias  greatly  decreased 
of  late.    Population  (1893),  estimated,  20,000. 

Potr6ro  de  las  Vacas  (p6-tra'rodalas  va'kas). 
[Sp.,' Pasture  of  the  cows.']  One  of  the  high 
mesas  north  of  Cochiti,  in  central  New  Mexico, 
on  the  summit  of  which  stand  the  ruins  of  an 
ancient  village  or  pueblo  of  the  Queres  Indian  s, 
abandoned  long  before  the  16th  century.  In  its 
vicinity  are  also  the  largest  statues  of  Indian  origin  known 
to  exist  in  the  Southwest.  They  represent  two  pumas 
carved  out  of  the  rock. 

Potsdam  (pots'dam).  The  capital  of  the  gov- 
ernment district  of  Potsdam,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg, Prussia,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Nuthe  with  the  Havel,  16  miles  southwest 
of  Berlin.  It  is  an  imperial  residence,  and  contains  many 
palaces.  It  was  an  old  Slavic  town,  and  was  greatly  de- 
veloped under  Frederick  William  I.,  Frederick  the  Great, 
and  their  successors.  The  royal  palace,  begun  in  1660,  but 
much  altered  iu  1750,  is  chiefly  notable  for  its  souvenirs  of 
Frederick  the  Great,  whose  apartments  have  been  kept  as 
he  left  them.  They  are  adorned  with  good  contemporary 
French  paintings,  and  retain  the  king's  personal  furniture. 
Other  apartments  are  of  interest  from  their  Louis  XVI. 
decoration,  and  others  for  their  good  pictures.  The  new 
palace  begun  by  Frederick  the  Great  in  1768  is  the  summer 
residence  of  the  present  emperor.  The  facade  is  376  feet 
long,  flanked  by  two  projecting  wings,  with  engaged  pi- 


822 

lasters  carried  to  the  full  height  of  the  three  stories  and 
an  ugly  central  dome.  The  interior  is  richly  decorated, 
and  contains  some  good  paintings.  The  Grotto  Saloon  is 
a  large  room  with  walls  and  ceiling  inlaid  with  shells  and 
minerals,  and  a  iine  marble  pavement.  See  Sans  Sorai. 
Population  (1890),  54,125. 

Potsdam  (pots'dam).  A  village  in  St.  Lawrence 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Racket 
River  24  miles  east  of  Ogdensburg:  noted  for 
sandstone-quarries.    Population  (1900),  3,843. 

Pott  (pot),  August  Friedrich.  Born  at  Net- 
telrede,  Hannover,  Nov.  14, 1802 :  died  at  Halle, 
Prussia,  July  5,  1887.  A  noted  Germau  phi- 
lologist, professor  at  Halle  from  1833.  He  pub- 
lished "Btymologische  Forschungen"  (1833-36),  "Die 
Zigeuner  in  Europa  und  Asien  "(1844-45),  "  Die  Personen- 
namen  "  (1863),  etc. 

Pottawottomi  (pot-a-wot'o-mi).  [PL,  also 
PottawoUomies.  The'name  signifies  'fire-mak- 
ers,'referring  to  their  secession  from  the  Ojibwa 
ana  making  fire  for  themselves.]  A  tribe  of 
North  American  Indians.  When  first  known  (about 
1670)  they  lived  on  the  Noquet  Islands  in  Green  Bay,  Wis- 
consin. At  the  close  of  the  17th  century  they  were  estab- 
lished on  Milwaukee  River,  at  Chicago,  and  on  St.  Joseph 
River.  At  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century  they  pos- 
sessed the  country  around  the  head  of  Lake  Michigan  from 
Milwaukee  River,  Wisconsin,  to  Grand  River,  Michigan, 
extending  southwest  over  a  large  part  of  Illinois,  and  south 
in  Indiana  to  the  Wabash.  They  were  prominent  in  the 
Pontiac  rising  and  in  the  Warot  the  Revolution,  when  they 
fought  on  the  English  side,  as  also  in  the  War  of  1812. 
The  present  number  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  is 
about  1,600.    See  Algonquian, 

Potter  (pot'er),  Alonzo.  Bom  at  La  Grange, 
Dutchess  County,  N. Y. ,  July 6, 1800 :  died  at  San 
Francisco,  July  4, 1865.  An  American  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  bishop,  professor  at  and  later 
vice-president  of  Union  College.  He  became  bishop 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1845.  He  wrote  various  works,  includ- 
ing text-books,  "  Religious  Philosophy  "  (1870),  etc. 

Potter,  Eliphalet  Nott.  Bora  Sept.  20, 1836 : 
died  Feb.  6, 1901.  An  American  Episcopalian 
clergyman  and  educator,  son  of  Alonzo  Potter. 
He  became  president  of  Union  College  in  1871,  and  of 
Hobart  College  (Geneva,  New  York)  in  1884. 

Potter,  Henry  Codman.  Bom  at  Schenectady, 
N.  Y.,  May  25, 1835.  An  American  Protestant 
Episcopal  bishop,  son  of  Alonzo  Potter.  He  be- 
came assistant  bishop  of  New  York  in  1883,  and  bishop  in 
1887.  He  has  published  *'  Sisterhoods  and  Deaconesses  " 
(1872),  "  The  Gates  of  the  East"  (1876),  etc. 

Potter,  Horatio.  Born  at  La  Grange,  Dutchess 
County,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  9, 1802:  died  at  New  York, 
Jan.  2, 1887.  An  American  Protestant  Episco- 
pal bishop,  brother  of  Alonzo  Potter.  He  be- 
came provisional  bishop  of  New  York  in  1854, 
and  bishop  in  1861. 

Potter,  John.  Born  at  Wakefield  in  1674:  died 
Oct.  10, 1747.  An  English  prelate  and  classical 
scholar.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  graduating  in  1694,  and 
was  appointed  divinity  processor  there  in  1708.  He  was 
bishop  of  Oxford  1716-37,  and  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
1737-47.  He  wrote  an  excellent  work  on  Greek  antiquities 
("Aroh8eologicaGrseoa,"1697-99),  and  edited  the  works  of 
Lycophron,  Clemens  Alexandrinus,  etc. 

Potter  (po-tar'),  Louis  Joseph  Antoine  de. 

Bom  at  Bruges,  Belgium,  April  26,  1786 :  died 
there,  July  22,  1859.  A  Belgian  revolutionist, 
a  member  of  the  j)ro  visional  government  in  1830. 
He  wrote  "  Hi stoire  du  christianisme  "( 1836-37). 

Potter  (pot'fer),  Nathaniel.  Born  in  Maryland, 
1770:  died  at  Baltimore,  Jan.  2, 1843.  An  Ameri- 
can physician. 

Potter,  Paul.  Bom  at  Enkhuizen,  Nether- 
lands, Nov.  20, 1625:  died  at  Amsterdam,  Jan. 
27, 1654.  A  noted  Dutch  portrait-  and  animal- 
painter,  pupil  of  Pieter  Potter,  his  father.  In  1631 
his  family  settled  at  Amsterdam,  and  in  the  following  year 
Paul  went  to  study  painting  under  Jakob  de  Weth  the 
elder.  He  was  made  a  member  of  the  gild  of  St.  Luke 
at  Delft  in  1646,  and  later  at  The  Hague.  He  resided  in 
the  latter  place  from  1649  to  1652 ;  he  then  returned  to  Am- 
sterdam. Among  his  pictures  is  the  celebrated  work  "A 
Young  Bull "  (1647 :  see  Bvil,  Tmmg).  It  is  in  The  Hague 
museum. 

Potter,  Bobert.  Bora  in  England,  1721:  died 
Aug.  8, 1804.  AjiEnglish  clergyman  and  writer. 
He  graduated  at  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  in  1741. 
He  published  translations  of  iBschylus  (1777)^  Euripides 
(1781-82),  Sophocles  (1788),  etc. 

Potteries  (pot'er-iz).  The.  A  district  in  Staf- 
fordshire, England,  famous  for  the  manufacture 
of  earthenware,  porcelain,  etc.  it  includes  stoke- 
upon-Trent,  Newcastle-under-Lyme,  Etruria,  etc.,  and  is 
very  densely  peopled. 

Potter's  Field.  An  old  burial-place  for  stran- 
gers at  Jerusalem,  it  overlooks  the  valley  of  Hin- 
nom.  A  burial-place  for  paupers  and  strangers  has  re- 
ceived this  name  in  many  modern  cities. 

Pottinger  (pot'in-jer).  Sir  Henry.  Bom  in 
County  Down,  Ireland,  1789 :  died  at  Valetta, 
Malta,  March  18,  1854.  A  British  diplomatist 
and  colonial  governor.  In  1804  he  was  a  cadet  In 
India.  When  the  opium  war  began  he  was  ambassador 
to  China,  and  signed  the  treaty  of  Nangking,  which 
opened  the  ports  of  China,  Aug.  29,  1842.    In  1844  he 


Powell,  Charles  Stuart 

was  privy  councilor,  and  from  1847  to  1864  governor  of 
Madras.  ,.,.■, 

Pottstown  (pots'toun).  A  manufacturing  bor- 
ough in  Montgomery  County,  Pennsylvania,  sit- 
uated on  the  Schuylkill  34  miles  northwest  of 
Philadelphia.    Population  (1900),  13,696. 

Pottsville  (pots'vil).  The  capital  of  Schuyl- 
kill (ilounty,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the 
Schuylkill  93  miles  northwest  of  Philadelphia. 
It  is  the  center  of  the  Schuylkill  coal-region. 
Population  (1900),  15,710. 

Potyuaras.    See  PoUguaras. 

Pouanc^  (pa-on-sa').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Maine-et-Loire,  France,  35  miles  north- 
west of  Angers.  Population  ( 1891),  commune, 
3,508. 

Poughkeepsie  (po-kip'si).  A  city,  capital  of 
Dutchess  County,'  New  York,  situated  on  the 
eastern  bank  of  the  Hudson,  64  miles  north  of 
New  York.  It  has  extensive  manufactures  and  consid- 
erable trade,  and  is  the  seat  of  several  educational  estab- 
lishments. Near  it  is  Vassar  College  (which  see).  It  was 
settled  by  the  Dutch  in  the  end  of  the  17th  century,  and 
became  a  city  in  1854.    Population  (1900),  24,029. 

Fougin  (po-zhan'),  Arthur.  Bom  at  CHiateau- 
roux,  Aug.  6,  1834.  A  French  musician  and 
writer  on  music.  He  edited  the  musical  articles  in  La- 
rousae's  "  Dictionnaire  Universel " ;  has  been  musical  critic 
for  many  periodicals ;  fand  has  published  biographies  of 
Meyerbeer  (1864),  Bellini  (1868),  Rossini  (1871),  Boieldieu 
(1876),  Verdi  (1881),  and  others,  and  the  supplement  to  the 
musical  biographies  of  F^tis  (1878-80). 

Pouillet  (p6-ya'),  Claude  Servais  Mathias. 
Born  at  Cuzanoe,  Doubs,  France,  Feb.  16, 1791 : 
died  at  Paris,  June  15,  1868.  A  noted  French 
physicist.  His  chief  work  is  "  filaments  de  phy- 
sique exp6rimentale  et  dem6t6orologie"  (1827). 

Poujoulat  (po-zho-ia'),  Jean  Joseph  Francois. 
Born  at  La  Fare,  Bouches-du-Rh6ne,  France, 
Jan.  26, 1800 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  5, 1880.  A 
French  historian,  and  legitimist  politician.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Constituent  Assembly  (1848),  and  of 
the  Legislative  Assembly.  He  wrote  "  Histoire  de  Jerusa- 
lem" (1841-42),  "Histotee  de  Saint  Augustin"  (1844), 
"  Histoire  de  la  revolution  f rangaise  "  (184;0,  etc. 

Poultry- Yard,  The.  A  painting  by  Jan  Steen 
(1660),  in  the  royal  gallery  at  The  Hague,  Hol- 
land. The  scene  is  a  court  traversed' by  a  stream.  Pigeons 
and  chickens  are  feeding,  while  ducks  swim  in  the  water, 
and  a  peacock  sits  in  a  tree.  On  steps  at  one  side  a  young 
girl  is  sitting  with  a  lamb,  and  talks  with  two  men,  one  of 
them  carrying  a  basket  of  eggs. 

Poupart  (po-par'),  Francois.  Born  at  Mans, 
1661 :  died  Oct.  31, 1709.  A  French  anatomist. 
He  studied  medicine  at  Paris  and  at  Rheims,  where  he 
received  his  medical  degree.  Poupart's  ligament  has 
been  named  after  him. 

Pouqueville  (pok-vel'),  Frangois  Charles 
Hugues  Laurent.  Bom  at  Merlerault,  Orne, 
France,  Nov.  4,  1770 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  28, 
1838.  A  French  writer  and  traveler,  noted  es- 
pecially for  his  works  on  Greece. 

Pourri  (po-re'),  Mont,  or  Thuria  (tu-re-a'). 
A  peak  of  the  Tarentaise  Alps,  southeastenl 
France.    Height,  12,430  feet. 

Poushkin.    See  Pushkin. 

Poussin  (p6-san'),  Gaspar  (Gaspar  Dushet). 
Bora  at  Rome,  May,  1613 :  died  there,  May  25, 
1675.  A  French  landscape-painter,  brother-in- 
law  and  pupil  of  Nicolas  Poussin. 

Poussin  (p6-san'),  Nicolas.  Born  near  Le 
Grand  Andelys,  France,  June,  1594:  died  at 
Rome,  Nov.  19, 1665.  A  noted  French  historical 
and  landscape  painter,  a  pupil  of  (^uentin  Varin, 
Lallemont,  and  others.  He  went  to  Rome  in  1624; 
studied  with  Duf  resnoy  the  sculptor ;  returned  to  Paris  in 
1640 ;  was  patronized  by  Louis  XIII. ;  and  settled  finally  in 
Rome  in  1642.  Among  his  works  (chiefly  in  the  Louvre)  are 
"The  Deluge,"  "Plague  of  the  Philistines,"  "Rape  of  the 
Sabmes, '" Moses  "(3), " Triumph  of  Truth,"and  " Eebekah 
and  Eliezer."  He  decorated  the  Grande  Galerie  of  the 
Louvre,  and  his  pictures  are  to  be  found  in  all  the  prin- 
cipal galleries  of  Europe. 

Povoa  de  (or  do)  Varzim  (p6-v6'a  de  (d§)  var- 
zen' ) .  A  seaport  in  the  district  of  (h)orto,  Por- 
tugal, 20  miles  north  of  Oporto.  Population 
(1890),  12,463.  ^ 

Powder  (pou'dfer)  Eiver .  A  river  in  Wyoming 
and  southeastern  Montana  which  joins  the  Yel- 
lowstone about  lat.  46°  45'  N.,  long.  105°  30'  W. 
Length,  about  350  miles. 

Po'well  (pou'el),  Baden.  Born  at  Stamford  Hill, 
near  London,  Aug.  22,  1796:  died  at  London, 
June  11,  1860.  An  English  scientific  writer. 
He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Grid  College)  in  1817,  and  was 
professor  of  geometry  at  Oxford  from  1827  until  his  death. 
He  published  "The  Connection  of  Natural  and  Divine 
Truth " (1838),  and  "On  the  Study  of  the  Evidences  of 
Christianity"  (1859),  and  contributed  to  "Essays  and  Re- 
views "  (1860). 

Powell,  Charles  Stuart.  Bom  in  England, 
1749:  died  April  26,  1811.  An  English  actor. 
He  was  manager  of  the  Haymarket,  and  appeared  in  the 
first  dramatic  representation  in  Boston  (Aug.  18  1792)  In 
1794  he  was  manager  of  the  New  Boston  Theater. 


Powell,  John  Wesley 

Powell,  John  Wesley.  Born  at  Mount  Morris, 
N.  Y. ,  March  24, 1834:  died  at  Haven,  Me. ,  Sept. 
23,1902.  AnAmeriean  geologist  and  ethnologist. 
He  served  in  the  Civil  War,  attaining  the  rank  of  lieuten- 
ant-colonel of  volunteers;  conducted  the  survey  of  the 
Colorado  valley  from  1870 ;  was  head  of  the  bureau  of 
ethnology  1879-1902 ;  and  from  1880  to  1894  was  director  of 
the  United  States  Geological  Survey.  He  published  "Ex- 
ploration of  the  Colorado  River  of  the  West "  (1876),  "  In- 
troiluotlon  to  the  Study  of  Indian  Languages  "(1880),  etc. 

Powell,  Lazarus  whitehead.  Bom  in  Hender- 
son County,  Ky.,  Oct.  6,  1812:  died  there,  July 
3, 1867.  An  American  politician.  He  was  gover- 
Bor  of  Kentucky  1851-65,  and  Democratic  United  States 
senator  1859-65. 

Powell  (pou'el),  Mary.    See  Milton,  John. 

Powell's  Islands.    See  South  Orkney  Islands. 

Power  (pou'er).  Marguerite,  Countess  of  Bless- 
ington  Bom  near  Clonmel,  Ireland,  Sept. 
1,  1789:  died  at  Paris,  June  4,  1849.  A  Brit- 
ish writer  and  leader  of  fashion,  she  was  the 
daughter  of  Edmund  Power,  a  small  landowner.  In  1801 
she  was  married  by  her  parents  to  a  Captain  Farmer,  with 
whom  she  refused  to  live  after  about  three  months  on  ac- 
count of  his  temper.  He  was  killed  in  1817,  and  in  1818 
she  married  Charles  John  Gardiner,  the  first  Earl  of  Bless- 
ington.  He  was  extremely  rich  and  lavish,  and  proud  of 
her  beauty  and  wit.  Their  house  soon  became  a  noted 
social  center.  In  1822  they  started  for  the  Continent,  ac- 
companied by  the  Count  d'Orsay,  with  whom  the  countess 
was  henceforth  intimately  associated.  He  married  her 
stepdaughter  in  1827.  In  1829  the  earl  died,  and  in  1831 
the  countess  took  a  house  in  Mayfair,  where  she  again 
became  one  of  the  rulers  of  society  and  fashion.  She  began 
to  write  novels  in  1833,  and  in  1834  to  edit  the  "Book  of 
Beauty."  In  1836  she  moved  to  Gore  House,  where  for 
thirteen  years  she  was  the  center  of  the  most  intellectual 
society  of  the  time.  Count  d'Orsay,  who  had  lived  with 
her  at  Gore  House  for  about  twelve  years  after  his  separa- 
tion from  his  wife,  fled  (April  1)  to  escape  arrest,  and  in 
about  two  weeks  the  countess  followed  him.  Gore  House 
was  sold  at  auction  in  May,  but  only  a  comparatively  small 
sum  was  realized.  The  countess  died  suddenly  about  a 
month  after.  Among  her  novels  are  "The  Two  Friends" 
(1886),  "Confessions  of  an  Elderly  Gentleman"  (1886), 
"Confessions  of  an  Elderly  lady  "(1838),  "The  Governess" 
(1889),  "The  Idler  in  Italy  "(1839-40),  "TheldlerinFranoe" 
(1841), "  Lottery  of  Life,  etc.'"  (1842), "  Strathern,  eto."(1843), 
"Memoirs  of  a  Femme  de  CnamDre"(1846),  "Marmaduke 
Herbert,  etc."  (1841J,  etc.  In  1834  she  published  "Con- 
versations with  Lord  Byron,"  whose  acquaintance  she  had 
made  at  Genoa  in  1823.  She  edited  "  The  Keepsake  "(1841- 
1849).  Herlastnovel,  "Country  Quarters,"  was  published 
in  1860,  after  her  death. 

Power,  Tyrone.  Bom  at  Kilmacthomas,  in  "Wa- 
terford  County,  Ireland^  Nov.  2,  1797:  lost  at 
sea,  March,  1841.  An  Irish  comedian.  He  made 
his  d^but  at  Newport,  Isle  of  Wight,  in  1816 ;  first  appeared 
at  London  in  1822 ;  and  made  successful  tours  in  the  United 
States  1833-36  and  1840-41.  On  March  21, 1841,  he  embarked 
on  the  steamship  President,  which  was  sighted  on  the 
24th,  but  was  never  heard  from  again. 

Power  of  Love,  The.  A  work  by  Mrs.  Manley 
(1720),  consisting  of  seven  novels :  "  The  Pair 
Hypocrite,"  "The  Physician's  Stratagem," 
"The  Wife's  Eesentment,"  "The  Husband's 
Eesentment  in  two  Examples,"  "The  Happy 
Fugitive,"  and  "  The  Perjured  Beauty." 

Powers  (pou'Srz),  Hiram.  Born  at  Woodstock, 
Vt.,  July  29,  1805:  died  at  Florence,  June  27, 
1873.  A  noted  American  sculptor.  He  modeled 
and  repaired  wax  figures  in  a  museum  at  Cincinnati  for  7 
years ;  went  to  Washington  in  1835  with  a  view  to  model- 
ing busts  of  celebrated  men ;  and  established  himself  at 
Florence  in  1837.  Among  his  chief  works  are  "The  Greek 
Slave  '■  (1843),  "  II  Penseroso,"  "  The  Fisher  Boy,"  "  Amer- 
ica," "Eve,"  "California,"  "The  Indian  Girl,"  and  nu- 
merous portrait  and  ideal  busts. 

Powhatan  (pou-ha-tan').  [True name  Wahun- 
sonacook.]  Bom  about  1550:  died  in  April,  1618. 
An  Indian  chief,  head  of  the  confederacy  of 
Powhatan.  Compare  Pocahontas,  and  Smith, 
John. 

Powhatan.  [The  name  is  translated '  falls  in  a 
stream,'  and  was  that  of  a  village,  now  a  suburb 
of  Eichmond,  at  the  falls  of  James  Eiver.]  A 
confederacy  of  North  American  Indians,  occu- 
pying the  tide-water  section  and  eastern  shore 
of  Virginia,  and  a  part  of  Maryland,  and  extend- 
ing west  to  a  line  passing  beyond  Fredericksburg 
and  Richmond,  it  was  of  recent  formation  when  first 
met  The  great  chief  Powhatan  had,  by  his  personal  qual- 
ities, increased  it  from  only  7  tribes,  besides  the  one  bear- 
ing his  name,  to  30.  The  geographic  names  of  the  rivers 
and  streams  of  the  region  preserve  the  names  of  most  of 
the  30  tribes.  The  Spaniards  first  met  them  in  1670  when 
seeking  to  form  a  mission  on  the  Kappahannock  Eiver ;  but 
little  was  known  of  them  until  the  English  established  the 
colony  at  Jamestown,  with  the  history  of  which  the  con- 
federacy, with  alternating  peace  and  war,  was  intimately 
connecte'd.  The  result  was  the  destruction  of  nearly  all 
of  these  Indians  by  the  colonists  and  the  Iroquois.  The 
history  of  the  Powhatan  tribes  practically  ceased  at  the 
treaty  of  Albany  in  1684.    See  Algonqician. 

Powis.    See  Powys- 

Pownall  (pou'nal),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Lincoln, 
England,  1720:  ilied  at  Bath,  England,  Feb.  25, 
1805.  A  colonial  governor  of  Massachusetts.  He 
graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1743 ;  was  lieutenant-governor 
of  New  Jersey  in  1766 ;  was  governor  of  Massachusetts 
1766-60 ;  and  later  was  a  member  of  Parliament.  He  pub- 
lished "The  Administration  of  the  Colonies  "  in  1766. 


823 

Powys,  or  Powis  (pou'is).  An  ancient  Celtic 
principality  in  the  eastern  part  of  Wales. 

Poyriings  (poin'ingz),  Sir  Edward.  An  Eng- 
lish deputy  in  Ireland  in  1494.  He  assembled 
the  parliament  which  passed ' '  Poynings's  Law." 

Poynings's  Law.  Two  acts  of  the  Irish  Parlia- 
ment in  1494,  named  from  Sir  Edward  Poynings 
(see  above).  They  had  a  serious  and  lasting  effect  upon 
Irish  affairs.  Their  most  important  provisions  were  that 
all  English  laws  "  lately  made  "  (which  was  construed  to 
include  all  prior  English  laws)  should  be  in  force  in  Ire- 
land, and  that  thereafter  no  parliament  should  sit  in  Ire- 
land without  the  license  of  the  king  and  his  council,  and 
that  no  act  passed  by  such  parliament  should  be  effective 
unless  affirmed  by  them.  These  acts  are  sometimes  called 
the  Statute  of  Drogheda,  from  the  parliament  where  they 
were  adopted.    They  were  repealed  in  1782. 

Poynter  (poin'tfer).  Sir  Edward  John.  Born 
at  Paris,  March  20, 1836.  An  English  historical 
painter.  From  1863  to  1864  he  lived  in  Home ;  in  1866  he 
went  to  Paris,  and  in  1860  to  London.  In  1868  he  became 
associate  of  the  Royal  Academy,  in  1876  royal  academician, 
and  in  1871  and  1873  Slade  professor  at  University  College, 
London.  He  was  director  for  art  and  principal  of  the  train- 
ing-school at  South  Kensington  1876-81;  was  appointed 
director  of  the  National  Galleiy  in  1894;  and  was  elected 
president  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1896.  He  was  knighted 
in  1896  and  created  a  baronet  in  1902.  He  painted  "  Israel 
in  Egypt"  (1867),  "The Catapult "  (1868),  "The  Ibis  Girl" 
(1 871), "Atalanta's Race"  (1876),"Zenobia"  (1876), "Diadu- 
men^  "  (1884),  "  On  the  Terrace  "  (1889),  etc.  He  has  also 
designed  the  mosaic  of  St.  George  in  Westminster  Palace, 
thedecorationsfortheerill-roomatSouthKensington,etc. 

Poyser  (poi'zer),  Mxs.  A  conspicuous  character 
in  George  Eliot's  novel  "Adam  Bede."  she  is  a 
vigorous,  hai'd-working  countrywoman,  keen,  clever,  and 
inclined  to  shrewishness,  living  with  her  husband  on  one 
of  Squire  Bonnithome's  farms. 

But  though  Mrs.  Poyser  be  humble,  she  is  far  from  or- 
dinary. "Some  folks' tongues,"  she  says,  "are  like  the 
clocks  as  run  on  strikin',  not  to  tell  you  the  time  of  the 
day,  but  because  there  's  summat  wrong  1'  their  own  in- 
side." Tuckerman,  Hist,  of  Bng.  Prose  Fict,  p.  290. 

Pozsony  (po'zhony).  The  Hungarian  name  of 
Presburg. 

Pozzo  di  Borgo  (pot'so  de  bor'go).  Count  Carlo 
Andrea.  Bom  near  Ajaccio,  Corsica,  March  8, 
1764 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  15, 1842.  A  Eussian 
diplomatist,  early  in  life  a  Corsican  patriot.  He 
entered  the  Russian  diplomatic  service  in  1803,  and  was 
noted  for  his  hostility  to  Napoleon.  He  signed  the  peace 
of  Paris  in  1816. 

Pozzuoli  (pot-so'6-le).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Naples,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Bay  of 
Pozzuoli  7  miles  west  of  Naples :  the  ancient 
Puteoli.  It  is  noted  for  its  ruins,  especially  for  the  Ro- 
man amphitheater,  formed  of  3  superposed  arcades,  the 
lowest  of  stone,  the  others  of  reticulated  masonry  in  brick. 
The  chief  entrances,  at  the  extremities  of  the  long  axis, 
were  ornamented  with  arcaded  porticos  in  marble.  There 
are  a  complicated  system  of  subterranean  dens  and  pas- 
sages, and  appliances  for  flooding  the  arena  for  the  nau- 
machy.  The  axes  of  the  greater  ellipse  are  482  and  384 
feet ;  of  the  arena,  236  and  138  feet.  Puteoli,  an  ancient 
Greek  city,  became  one  of  the  chief  commercial  cities  of 
the  Roman  Empire  and  a  special  port  of  Rome.  Its  harbor 
was  protected  by  a  mole,  now  in  ruins.  It  was  a  resort 
of  the  Roman  nobility. 

Pozzuoli,  Bay  of.  The  northwestern  arm  of  the 
Baj  of  Naples. 

P.  P.,  Clerk  of  this  Parish,  Memoirs  of.  A 
work  by  Arbuthnot,  a  satire  on  Burnet's  "His- 
tory of  his  own  Time." 

Prabodhachandrodaya  (pra-bo ' d-ha-chan- 
dro'da-ya).  [Skt.,  'the  rise  of  the  moon  of 
(true)  intelligence.']  An  allegorical  and  philo- 
sophical play  in  Sanskrit,  by  Krishna  Mishra, 
who  is  supposed  to  have  lived  in  the  12th  cen- 
tury A.  D.  Its  dramatis  personse  are  Faith,  Volition, 
Opinion,  Imagination,  Contemplation,  Devotion,  Quietude, 
Fi'iendshh),  etc.,  on  one  side,  and  on  the  other  Error,  Self- 
conceit,  Hypocrisy,  Love,  Passion,  Anger,  and  Avarice.  The 
former  become  victorious  over  the  latter,  the  Buddhists 
and  other  heretical  sects  being  represented  as  adherents 
of  the  vanquished. 

Pradier  (pra-dya'),  James.  Bom  at  Geneva, 
May  23, 1792 :  died  near  Paris,  June  14, 1852.  A 
Swiss  sculptor.  Most  of  his  works  are  in  Pa- 
ris (including  "Phryne,"  "Psyche,"  "Venus 
and(jupid,"etc.). 

Prado  (pra'THo).  The  chief  fashionable  prom- 
enade of  Madrid. 

Prado  (pra'THo),  Juan  de.  Bom  in  Leon,  1716 : 
died  there  about  1771.  A  Spanish  general. 
Made  governor  of  Cuba  Feb.  7, 1761,  he  surrendered  the 
island  to  the  English  under  Lord  Albemarle  Aug.  13, 1762. 
For  this  he  was  tried  and  condemned  to  death,  but  the 
sentence  was  commuted. 

Prado,  Mariano  Ignacio.  Bom  1826:  died 
1901.  APeruvian  soldier  and  politician,  in  Feb., 
1865,  he  declared  against  Pezet,  whose  temporizing  pol- 
icy with  the  Spaniards  had  made  him  very  unpopular. 
Pezet  resigned,  and  Prado  was  named  supreme  chief  m 
Dec.  He  at  once  formed  a  close  offensive  and  defensive 
alliance  with  ChUe,  and  declared  war  with  Spain.  On 
May  2,  1866,  the  attack  of  the  Spanish  fleet  on  Callao  WM 
repulsed.  Prado,  whose  position  was  unconstitutional, 
was  forced  to  leave  the  country  in  Jan.,  1868.  He  returned 
some  years  after,  and  was  regularly  elected  president,  as- 
suming office  Aug.  2. 1876.    In  1879  war  broke  out  with 


Prague,  Compac^ata  of 

Chile.  After  the  Peruvians  had  been  repeatedly  defeated 
in  the  south,  President  Prado  left  the  government  in  the 
hands  of  Vice-President  La  Puerta,  and  on  Dec.  17,  1879, 
sailed  for  Europe,  ostensibly  to  raise  a  loan  and  buy  iron- 
clads.   Soon  after  the  presidency  was  seized  by  Plerola. 

Praed  (prad),  Mrs.  (Rose  Murray  Prior).  Bom 
in  Queensland,  March  27, 1852.  An  Australian 
novelist,  wife  of  Campbell  Maokworth  Praed,  a 
nephew  of  W.  M.  Praed.  Among  her  books  are  "An 
Australian  Heroine " (1880),  "Nadme"  (1882),  "The  Head 
Station  "  (1886),  "The  Romance  of  a  Station  "  (1890) ;  with 
Justin  M'Carthy,  "The  Right  Honourable"  (1886)  and 
"The  Ladies'  Gallery"  (1889);  etc. 

Praed,  Winthrop  Mackworth.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, July  26,  1802:  died  at  London,  July  15, 
1839.  An  English  poet,  a  writer  of  society  verse 
(vers  de  society).  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Trin- 
ity, Cambridge ;  was  third  in  the  classical  tripos  of  1825 ; 
and  in  1822  was  a  principal  contributor  to  "  Knight's  Quar- 
terly Magazine. "  In  May,  1829,  he  was  called  to  the  bar  in 
the  Middle  Temple ;  was  'Tory  member  of  Parliament  for 
St.  Germans  1830-^2;  was  afterward  member  for  Great 
Yarmouth,  and  still  later  for  Aylesbury  until  his  death. 
His  collected  poems  were  published  in  1864,  his  prose  es- 
says in  1887,  and  his  political  poems  in  1888. 

Prseneste  (pr§-nes'te).  in  ancient  geography,  a 
city  in  Latium,  Italy,  22  miles  east  of  Borne :  the 
modern  Palestrina.  Itwas  built  probably  as  earlyaa 
the  8th  century  B.  0. ;  was  often  opposed  to  Rome,  espe- 
cially in  380  B.  0.,  and  in  the  Latin  War  340-338  ;  was  in 
alliance  with  Rome  until  the  time  of  the  Social  War  90-88, 
when  it  received  the  Roman  franchise ;  was  taken  by  the 
partizans  of  Sulla  from  the  Marians  under  the  younger 
Marius  in  82  ;  was  a  favorite  summer  resort  of  the  Roman 
nobility  (the  residence  of  Augustus,  Horace,  Tiberius,  and 
Hadrian) ;  and  was  celebrated  for  the  temple  and  oracle  of 
the  goddess  Fortune.    There  are  few  ruins  remaining. 

Prsesepe  (prf-se'pe).  A  loose  cluster  of  stars, 
appearing  as  a  nebula  to  the  naked  eye,  in  the 
breast  of  the  Crab:  e  Cancri. 

Praestigiar.  The  dog  that  is  the  constant  atten- 
dant of  Faust  in  the  early  forms  of  the  legend. 
He  is  supposed  to  be  the  devil. 

Praga  (pra'ga).  A  suburb  of  Warsaw,  situated 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Vistula.  It  was 
stormed  by  the  Eussians  under  SuvarofE,  Nov. 
4,  1794. 

Pragel  (pra'gel).  An  Alpine  pass  in  the  can- 
ton of  Schwyz,  Switzerland,  25-30  miles  east  by 
south  of  Lucerne.  It  was  the  scene  of  severe  fighting 
between  the  Russians  under  Suvaroif  and  the  French  in 
Sept.,  1799. 

Pragmatic  Sanction.  A  term  first  applied  to 
certain  decrees  of  the  Byzantine  emperors,  regu- 
lating the  interests  of  their  subject  provinces 
and  towns;  then  to  a  system  of  limitations  set 
to  the  spiritual  power  of  the  Pope  in  Prance  in 
1438j  which  laid  the  foundations  of  the  so-called 
Galilean  Church.  Lastly,  it  became  the  name  for  an 
arrangement  or  family  compact,  made  by  different  poten- 
tates, regai-ding  succession  to  sovereignty — the  most 
noted  being  the  instrument  by  which  the  emperor 
Charles  VI.,  being  without  male  issue,  endeavored  to 
secure  the  succession  through  his  female  descendants. 
The  Fraematic  Sanction  of  Ciharles  VI.  provided  (1) 
that  the  lands  belonging  to  the  house  of  Austria  should 
be  indivisible ;  (2)  that  in  the  absence  of  male  heirs  these 
lands  should  devolve  upon  Charles's  daughters  (the 
eldest  of  whom  was  Maria  Theresa),  according  to  the  law 
of  primogeniture ;  and  (3)  that  in  case  of  the  extinction  of 
this  line  the  inheritance  should  pass  to  the  daughters  of 
Joseph  I.  and  their  descendants. 

Prague  (prag).  [G.  Prag,  Bohem.  Praha."]  The 
capital  of  Bohemia,  situated  on  both  sides  of 
the  Moldau,  in  lat.  50°  5'  N.,  long.  14°  26'  E. 
It  is  the  third  city  of  the  Austrian  empire,  an  important 
railway  center,  aud  the  commercial  and  manufacturing 
center  of  Bohemia.  Among  the  manufactures  are  beer, 
chemicals,  machinery,  iron,  and  cotton.  The  principal 
quarters  are  the  AltsUidt,  Neustadt,  Kleinseite,  and  Hrad* 
schin.  The  cathedral  has  a  large  and  fine  choir  of  1385, 
and  a  modern  nave  built  in  a  corresponding  style.  The 
choir  contains  a  splendid  monument  of  marble  and  ala- 
baster to  the  kings  of  Bohemia,  executed  in  the  16th  cen- 
tuiy  by  a'Flemish  sculptor.  Tlie  vaulting'is  118  feet  high. 
Other  objects  of  interest  are  the  Teynkirche,  Rathaus, 
Karlsbriicke  over  the  Moldau,  picture-gallery,  Rathaus  of 
the  Neustadt,  citadel,  several  museums,  imperial  palace, 
abbey  of  Strahow,  and  Belvedere.  The  university,  founded 
in  1348,  was  very  flourishing  at  the  epoch  of  Huss  (the  be- 
ginning  of  the  16th  century).  It  contains  2  departments, 
German  and  Czech  (the  former  with  115  instructors  and 
1,384  students  in  1896-97,  and  the  latter  with  120  instruc- 
tors and  2,399  students),  and  has  a  library  of  220,000  vol- 
umes. Founded  apparently  about  the  8th  century,  Prague 
was  developed  in  the  13th  and  14th  centuries.  The  Hussite 
war  broke  out  there  in  1419,  and  the  Thirty  Years'  War  in 
1618.  It  was  taken  by  the  Imperialists  in  1620,  the  Saxons  in 
1631,andby  Wallenstein  inl632,andthe  Swedes  entered  the 
Kleinseite  in  1648.  The  French  and  Bavarians  took  it  in 
1741,  the  Imperialists  in  1743,  and  Frederick  the  Great  in 
1744.  Near  it,  May  6, 1767,  the  Prussians  (about  68,000) 
under  Frederick  the  Great  defeated  the  Austrians  (75,000- 
80,000)  under  Charles  of  Lorraine.  Loss  of  the  Prussians. 
18,000 ;  of  the  Austrians,  aliout  20,000.  Itwas  consolidated 
into  one  city  in  1784.  A  Panslavic  Congress  was  held  there 
in  1848,  during  which  a  Czech  outbreak  occurred,  which  led 
to  the  bombardment  of  the  city  by  Windiscbgr^tz.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Prussians  in  1866.    Population(1900),  204,47a 

Prague,  Compactata  of. '  A  settleuaeBt  of  the 
Bohemian  controversy  by  the  Council  of  Basel 
in  1433,  by  which  the  Hussites  were  granted 
the  use  of  the  cup  in  the  eucharist. 


Prague,  Peace  of 

Prague,  Peace  of.  1.  A  treaty  concluded  Ije- 
tween  the  emperor  Ferdinand  II.  and  the  Elec- 
tor of  Saxony  in  1635,  by  which  the  latter  re- 
ceived Lusatia. —  2.  A  treaty  between  Prussia 
and  Austria,  concluded  Aiig.  23, 1866,  by  which 
the  Lombardo-Venetian  kingdom  was  annexed 
to  Italy,  the  Germanic  Confederation  dissolved, 
and  a  new  arrangement  of  Germany  provided 
for,  excluding  Austria.  Austriacededherrights 
in  Schleswig-Holstein  to  Prussia,  and  paid 
Prussia  a  war  indemnity  of  $15,000,000. 

Pragnerie  (prag-re').  [P.,  from  Prague,  refer- 
ring to  the  Hussite  insurrection  there.]  An  un- 
successful insurrection  in  France,  1440,  in  op- 
position to  the  establishment  of  a  standing 
army. 

Prairial(pra'ri-al;  P.pron.pra-re-al').  [P., from 
prairie,  a  meadow.]  The  name  adopted  in  1793 
by  the  National  Convention  of  the  first  French 
republic  for  the  ninth  month  of  the  year,  it 
consisted  of  30  days,  beginning  in  the  years  1  to  7  with 
May  20,  and  in  8  to  13  with  May  21. 

Prairial  Insurrection.  An  unsuccessful  insur- 
rection of  the  populace  in  Paris  against  the  Con- 
vention, on  the  1st  Prairial,  year  3  (May  20, 
1795). 

Prairie  (pra're),  The.  The  last  in  chrono- 
logical order  of  Cooper's  "  Leatherstocking " 
novels,  published  in  1827. 

Prairie  du  Chien  (pra're  da  shen).  [F.,  'dog's 
prairie.']  A  city,  capital  of  Crawford  County, 
Wisconsin,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  89  miles 
west  of  Madison.     Population  (1895),  3,286. 

Prairie  State,  The.    Illinois. 

Praisegod  Barbon  or  Barehones.   See  Barlon. 

Praise  of  Folly  (L.  Encomium  Moriae).  A 
satirical  work  by  Erasmus,  published  in  1511, 
directed  against  the  clergy  and  others. 

Praise  of  Women.  A  poem  erroneously  attrib- 
uted to  Chaucer.  It  was  included  in  Thynne's 
list. 

Prajapati  (pra-ja'pa-ti).  [Skt. :  praja,  crea- 
ture, and  pati,  lord:  'lord  of  creatures.']  In 
the  Rigveda,  an  epithet  applied  to  Savitar,  to 
Soma,  and  to  Indra  and  Agni ;  also,  a  special 
genius  presiding  over  procreation,  who  is  in  ad- 
dition a  protector  of  the  living.  Onoe  in  the  Big- 
veda,  and  often  in  the  Atharvaveda  and  Vajasaneyisanhita 
and  Brahmanas,  Prajapati  is  a  supreme  god  over  tlie  other 
goda  of  the  Vedic  period.  This  Prajapati  becomes  the 
Brahma  of  later  philosophical  speculation.  The  name  is 
also  given  to  Manu  Svayambhuva,  as  the  son  of  Brahma 
and  the  secondary  creator  of  the  ten  Kishia  from  whom 
mankind  has  descended, 

PrajnaParamita  (praj'ua  pa'ram-i'ta).  fSkt.: 
prajfta,  knowledge;  ita,  gone;  pdram,  to  the 
other  shore.]  Transcendental  wisdom:  the 
title  of  the  principal  Sutra  of  the  Mahayana 
school  of  the  Buddhists,  or  Great  Vehicle,  it 
begins  with  a  eulogy  of  Buddha  and  the  Bodhisattvas,  and 
contains  incidentally  wonderful  phenomena  connected 
with  the  apparitions  of  Buddhist  saints,  but  is  essentially 
metaphysical.  Its  doctrine  is  the  entire  negation  of  the 
subject  as  well  as  the  object. 

Prakrit  (pra'krit).  [_Skt.prdkrta,  natural,  un- 
changed, common ;  tiom.  prakrti,  original,  nat- 
ural form.  Prakrit  is  the  '  natural,  unchanged' 
idiom,  as  distinguished  from  the  Sanskrit 
('  adorned,  elaborated,  perfected'  as  subjected 
to  artificial  regulation) ;  the  common,  popular 
language,  in  distinction  from  the  Sanskrit  as  the 
sacred  and  classic.  But  the  grammarians  use 
the  word  in  the  sense  of  '  derived,'  thereby  de- 
noting the  connection  of  the  Prakrit  with  the 
original  Sanskrit,  much  of  the  Prakrit  of  books 
being  formed  in  accordance  with  rules  from  the 
Sanskrit.]  The  general  name  under  which  are 
comprised  the  various  dialects  which  appear  to 
have  arisen  in  India  out  of  the  corruption  of 
the  Sanskrit  during  the  centuries  immediately 
preceding  our  era.  They  form  the  connecting-link  be. 
tween  Sanskrit  and  the  modern  Aryan  languages  of  India. 
The  sacred  languages  of  the  Buddhists  of  Ceylon  (Pali)  and 
the  Jainas  of  India  (Jaina  Prakrit)  are  only  different  forms 
of  Prakrit,  and  Pali  seems  to  have  been  chosen  as  the  Bud- 
dhist sacred  language  to  appeal  to  the  sympathies  of  the 
people.  In  Alexander's  time  Prakrit  seems  to  have  been 
the  spoken  dialect  of  the  people.  The  language  of  the 
rock-inacriptiona  of  King  Ashoka,  which  record  the  names 
of  Antiochus  and  other  Greek  princes  (about  250  B.  c),  is 
also  a  ferm  of  Prakrit,  and  it  is  found  on  the  bilingual 
coins  of  the  Greek  kings  of  Bactria.  It  plays  an  impor- 
tant part  in  all  the  ancient  Hisdu  dramas,  the  higher  male 
characters  speaking  Sanskrit,  the  women  and  subordinate 
male  characters  using  various  forms  of  Prakrit,  the  Ian* 
guage  varying  according  to  the  rank  of  the  speaker.  The 
oldest  Pra^t  grammarian,  Vararuchi,  distinguishes  i  dia- 
lects (the  Maharashtri,  the  Paishachi,  the  Magadhi,  and 
the  Sbauraseni),  while  the  Sahityadarpana  enumerates  14. 
Prakrit  almost  always  assumes  the  Sanskrit  baaes,  altering 
and  eliding  certain  letters  in  the  original  word.  It  con- 
tinually affects  a  concurrence  of  vowels,  which  is  utterly 
repugnant  to  Sanskrit. 

Pram  (prSm),  Christen  Henriksen.    Bom  in 


824 

Norway,  Sept.  4,  1756 :  died  on'the  island  of  St. 
Thomas,  Nov.  25,  1821.  A  Danish  poet.  His 
chief  work  is  the  epic  "  Starkodder ''  (1785). 

Prantl  (pran'tl),  Karl  von.  Bom  at  Lands- 
berg,  Bavaria,  Jan.  28.  1820 :  died  at  Oberst- 
dorf,  Sept.  14, 1888.  A  German  philosophical 
writer,  professor  at  Munich  from  1847.  His 
chief  work  is  "  Geschichte  derLogikim  Abend- 
lande"  (1855-70). 

Prater  (pra'  ter) .  [From  L.  pratum,  a  meadow.] 
A  noted  public  park  in  Vienna.  It  is  on  an  island 
formed  by  the  Danube  and  theDanube  Canal,  and  is  covered 
with  forest  trees  and  intersected  with  magnificent  drives 
and  walks.  It  was  dedicated  "  to  the  human  race  "  by  the 
emperor  Joseph  II. 

PrStigau  (pra'te-gou),  or  PrSttigau  (prat'te- 
gou).  An  Alpine  valley  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  eastofCoire 
and  bordering  on  Vorariberg. 

Pratishakhya  (pra-ti-sha'khya).  [Skt. :  prati, 
belonging  to,  and  shakJid,  branch,  Vedic  text.] 
The  name  of  each  of  a  class  of  phonetico-gram- 
matical  treatises,  each,  as  the  name  ('belong- 
ing to  each  several  text')  indicates,  having  for 
subject  one  principal  Vedic  text  and  noting  all 
its  peculiarities  of  form.  Their  real  purpose  is  to 
show  how  the  continuous  sanhita  text  is  to  be  reconstructed 
out  of  the  pada  or  word-text,  in  which  the  individual 
words  are  given  separately  in  their  original  form,  unaf- 
fected by  sandhi  or  the  influence  of  the  words  which  im- 
mediately precede  and  follow.  Four  are  extant :  that  of 
tile  Rigveda,  translated  by  both  Miiller  and  E^gnier;  that 
of  the  Black  Yajurveda,  by  Whitney ;  that  of  the  White 
Yajurveda,  by  Weber ;  and  that  of  the  Atharvaveda,  by 
Whitney. 

Prato  (pra'to).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Flor- 
ence, Italy,  situated  on  the  Bisenzio  11  miles 
northwest  of  Florence.  It  has  flourishing  industries, 
being  especially  noted  for  its  straw-plaiting  and  the  pro- 
duction of  bread  and  biscuits.  The  cathedral  is  a  pictur- 
esque Pointed  building  incrusted  with  alternate  courses 
of  black  or  green  serpentine  and  gray  limestone,  arcaded 
on  the  exterior,  and  posseaaing  a  handsome  campanile  in 
six  atages.  At  the  southwest  exterior  angle  there  is  a 
beautiful  circular  pulpit,  and  in  tlie  interior  another  no- 
table sculptured  pulpit,  by  Mino  da  Fiesole.  The  choir- 
chapels  have  very  remarkable  freacoa  by  Filippo  Lippi, 
and  the  bronze  screen  of  the  Chapel  of  the  Sacra  Cintola 
is  hardly  surpassed  in  15th-century  metal-work.  Prato  was 
a  famous  art  center  in  the  Eenaissance,  It  was  stormed 
by  the  Spaniards  in  1512.  Population  (1881),  16,641 ;  com- 
mune, 42,190. 

Pratt  (prat),  Charles,  first  Earl  Camden.  Born 
in  Devonshire,  England,  about  1714:  died  at 
London,  Awil  18, 1794.  An  English  jurist,  cre- 
ated Baron  Camden  in  1765  and  Earl  Camden  in 
1786.  He  was  lord  chancellor  1766-70,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  council  1782-83  and  1784-94. 

Pratt,  Charles.  Bom  at  Watertown,  Mass., 
Oct.  2,  1830:  died  at  New  York,  May  4,  1891. 
An  American  philanthropist.  He  accumulated  a 
large  fortune,  chiefly  in  the  oil  trade.  He  is  best  known 
as  the  founder  of  the  Pratt  Institute  in  Brooklyn,  which 
was  incorporated  in  1886  and  opened  in  1887. 

Pratt,  Orson.  Born  at  Hartford,  N.  T.,  Sept. 
19, 1811 :  died  at  Salt  Lake  City,  Oct.  3, 1881.  An 
aj)ostle  and  missionary  of  the  Mormon  Church. 
He  joined  the  Mormon  Church  in  1830,  and  became  an 
apostle  in  1836.  He  possessed  an  extensive  knowledge  of 
the  higher  mathematics,  and  in  1854  published  his  dis- 
coveiy  of  the  law  of  planetary  rotation,  namely,  that  the 
cube  roots  of  the  densities  of  planets  vary  as  the  square 
roots  of  their  periods  of  rotation.  He  wrote  "Cubic  and 
Biquadratic  Equations  "  (1866),  etc. 

PrSrttigau.    See  Prdtigau. 

Praxiteles  (praks-it'e-lez).  [Gr.  Tlpa^tTiTLijg.'] 
Bom  at  Athens  about  the  end  of  the  5th  century 
B.  c.  A  celebrated  Greek  sculptor.  His  activity 
lasted  until  about  the  time  of  Alexander  the  Great,  or  336 
B.  c.  Nearly  threescore  of  his  works  are  mentioned  in 
old  writers.  The  characteristics  of  his  work  are  shown  in 
the  statue  of  Hermes  and  Dionysos  discovered  intheHe- 
r^um  at  Olympia  and  identified  by  Pausanias's  deacrip- 
tion.  Various  figures  in  modern  museums  are  supposed 
to  be  copies  of  his  work.  Among  them  are  the  Satyr  of 
the  Capitol  (the  "Marble  Faun"  of  Hawthorne's  novel) ; 
a  much  more  beautiful  torso  discovered  in  the  Palatine, 
and  now  in  the  Louvre ;  the  Silenus  and  Dionysus  in  the 
Louvre;  the  Apollino  of  the  tribune  in  Florence;  and  the 
Apollo  Sauroctonus  of  the  Vatican.    His  most  celebrated 

.  work  was  the  Aphrodite  of  Cnidus,  which,  next  to  the 
Zeus  of  Phidias,  was  the  most  admired  of  the  statues  of 
antiquity. 

Pray  (pra),  Isaac  Clark.  Bom  at  Boston,  1813: 
died  at  New  York,  Nov.  28,  1869.  An  Ameri- 
can journalist,  theatrical  manager,  actor,  play- 
wright, and  poet.  He  began  to  write  for  the  press 
when  only  fourteen.  In  1846  he  went  on  Ithe  stage  in 
London,  and  played  for  some  time  such  parts  as  Alexander, 
Hamlet,  Othello,  Sir  Giles  Overreach,  etc.  Amonghisplays 
are  * '  The  Old  Clock,  etc.,"  dramatized  from  his  novel  (1836X 
"  Csecinna,"  "  The  JBroker  of  Florence,"  etc.  He  was  par- 
ticularly successful  in  training  pupils  for  the  stage. 

Priault  (pra-5'),  Antoine  Auguste.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Oct.  8, 1809 :  died  there,  Jan.  11, 1879.  A 
French  sculptor.  He  studied  in  the  College  de  Charle- 
magne till  he  was  sixteen,  and  then  supported  himself 
in  an  ornament-modeler's  shop,  devoting  his  leisure  hours 
to  drawing  in  a  life  class  managed  by  a  celebrated  model 
of  the  day.    From  this  he  went  to  the  atelier  of  David 


Prentiss,  Benjamin  Mayherry 

d'Angers.  He  executed  "La  misire,"  "Gilbert  mourant," 
"La  famine"  (1833),  "Les  parias,"  "Mour6,"  "Vitellius," 
and  the  famous  bas-reliefs  of  "La  tuerie"  (in  plaster), 
all  rejected  by  the  jury  (1834).  His  works  were  systemat- 
ically rejected  for  the  Salon  till  1848,  on  account  of  their 
extremely  marked  character.  Other  works  are  the  co- 
lossal statue  of  Charlemagne  (1836),  "Hecuba"  (1836), 
"Carthage "(1838),  "L'Abb^  de  rBp6e"for  the  Hotel  de 
Ville  (1844),  and  "Cl^menoe  Isaure  "  for  the  Jardin  du  Lux- 
embourg (1848).  He  made  the  famous  medallion  of  Silence 
for  the  Jewish  cemetery  at  P^re  Lachaise  in  1848;  the 
statue  of  General  Marceau  (1850) ;  the  Christ  of  the  Church, 
of  Saint-Gervais ;  "La  vierge  aux  Opines"  (1866);  "Paul 
Huet"(1870:  funeral  medallion);  etc. 

Pr6  aux  Olercs  (pra  6  klar),  Le.  A  strip  of  land 
in  old  Paris,  which  extended  from  the  wall  of 
Philippe  Auguste  to  the  present  Champ  de  Mars, 
between  the  abbey  of  St. -Germain  des  Pr6s  and. 
the  river,  it  must  have  belonged  originally  to  the  ab- 
bey, but  was  at  an  early  date  transferred  to  the  university 
and  used  as  a  park  or  campus  by  the  students.  It  was  for 
many  years  given  over  to  lawlessness.  It  is  now  built 
upon. 

Pr6  aux  Clercs,  Le.  An  opera  by  H6rold,  pro- 
duced in  1832  at  Paris.    It  was  very  successful. 

Preble  (preb'l),  Edward.  Bom  at  Falmouth 
(now  Portland),  Maine,  Aug.  15,  1761 :  died  at 
Portland,  Aug.  25,  1807.  An  Ainerican  naval 
officer.  He  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  com- 
manded the  naval  expedition  against  Morocco  and  Tripoli 
in  1803^4. 

Preble,  (Jeorge  Henry.  Born  at  Portland, 
Maine,  Feb.  25,  1816 :  died  at  Boston,  Mass., 
March  1, 1885.  An  American  admiral  and  naval 
writer,  nephew  of  Edward  Preble.  He  entered  the 
navy  as  a  midshipman  in  1835 ;  commanded  the  Katahdin. 
and  the  St.  Lonis  during  the  CivU  War ;  was  promoted  cap- 
tain  in  1867,  commodore  in  1871,  and  rear-admiral  in  1876; 
and  was  retired  in  1878.  He  wrote  "History  of  the  Preble. 
Family  in  America"  (1868),  "History  of  the  Flag  of  the. 
United  States  of  America,  Kaval  and  Yacht  Club  Signals, 
etc."(1872)i  etc. 

Precaution  (pre-kS.'shon).  James  Fenimore 
Cooper's  first  novel,  published  in  1821. 

Precauzioni  (pra-kout-se-6'ne).  An  opera  by 
Petrella,  first  produced  at  Genoa  in  1851. 

Pr^cieuses  Ridicules  (pra-syez'  re-de-kiil'), 
Les.  A  comedy  by  MoliSre,  produced  in  1659. 
The  Marquise  de  Rambouillet  had  collected  around  her, 
early  in  the  17th  century,  a  coterie  of  fine  (not  to  say  finical) 
literary  ladies,  who  came  to  be  known  as  the  "  Pr^cieusee  " ; 
and  the  fashion  had  extended  to  the  provinces  when  Mo- 
lifere  wrote  his  play.  "The  stage  had  been  employed  often 
enough  for  personal  satire,  but  it  had  not  yet  been  made 
use  of  for  the  actual  delineation  and  criticism  of  contem- 

Sorary  manners  as  manners  and  not  as  the  foibles  of  in- 
ividuals.  The  play  was  directed  against  the  affectations 
and  unreal  language  of  the  members  of  literary  coteries 
which,  with  that  of  the  H6tel  Rambouillet  as  the  chief,  had 
long  been  prominent  in  French  society.  It  has  but  a  single 
act,  but  in  its  way  it  has  never  been  surpassed  either  as  a. 
piece  of  social  satire  or  a  piece  of  brilliant  dialogue  illus- 
trating ludicrous  action  and  character."  Saintsbury^ 
French  Lit.  p.  308. 

Freciosa  (prat-se-o'za).  A  play  by  "Wolfi,  music 
by  Weber,  produced  at  Berlin  in  1821. 

Predil  (pra'dU).  An  Alpine  pass  on  the  south- 
em  border  of  Carinthia,  Austria-Hungary,  35 
miles  west-southwest  of  Klagenfurt,  connect- 
ing the  valleys  of  the  Drave  and  Isonzo. 

Pregel  (pra'gel).  A  river  in  the  province  of 
East  Prussia,  Pmssia.  it  is  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  Pissa  and  Rominte,  and  flows  into  the  Frisches  Haff  5 
miles  below  Konlgsberg.    Length,  about  126  miles. 

Preller  (prel'ler),  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Eise- 
nach, Germany,  April  25, 1804 :  died  at  Weimar, 
Ai)ril  23,  1878.  A  noted  German  landscape- 
painter.  Among  his  best  works  are  landscapes  illustrat- 
ing the  Odyssey,  in  the  long  corridor  in  the  museum  at 
Weimar. 

Preller,  Ludwig.  Bom  at  Hamburg,  Sept.  15, 
1809 :  died  at  Weimar,  June  21, 1861.  A  German 
antiquary,  chief  librarian  at  Weimar  from  1846. 
His  chief  work  is  "Grieohische  Mythologie"  (1854-55). 
With  H.  Ritter  he  published  "Historia  phUosophiffi  Grse- 
cse  et  Romance  "  (1836). 

Prelude  (pre'liid  or  prel'ud),  The.  A  philo- 
sophical poem  by  Wordsworth,  published  in 
1850.  ^ 

Prence  (prens),  or  Prince  (prins),  Thomas. 
BominEngland,1601:  died  at  Plymouth  Mass., 
March  29, 1673.  An  American  colonist,  one  of 
the  pilgrims  in  the  Fortune.  He  was  gover- 
nor of  Plymouth  Colony  1634-38  and  1657-73. 

^entice  (pren'tis),  George  Denison.  Bom  at 
Preston,  Conn.,  Dec.  18, 1802:  died  at  Louisville, 
Ky.,  Jan.  22,  1870.  An  American  journalist, 
poet,  and  humorist.  He  became  editor  of  the  Louis- 
ville Journal "  in  1831.  His  humorous  writings  were  oub- 
lished  as  "  Prenticeana  "  in  1859. 

Prentiss  (pren'tis),BenjaminMayberry.  Born 
Nov.  23, 1819 :  died  Feb.  8,  1901.  An  American 
general.  He  served  as  a  captain  of  volunteers  in  the 
Mexican  war,  and  was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  vol- 
unteers at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  heinir  promoted 
major-general  in  1862.  He  defeated  Generals  Theophilus 
H.  Holmes  and  Sterling  Price  at  Helena,  Arkansas,  July  4, 
1863.    He  resigned  in  Oct.  of  the  same  year. 


Prentiss,  Charles 

Prentiss,  Charles.  Bom  at  Beading,  Mass., 
Oot.  8,  1774:  died  at  Brimfield,  Mass.,  Oct.  20, 
1820.  An  American  journalist  and  miscellane- 
ous author. 

Prentiss,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Payson).  Born  at 
Portland,  Maine,  Oct.  26. 1818 :  died  at  Dorset, 
Vt.,  Aug.  13, 1878.  An  American  novelist  and 
writer  of  juveniles  :  wife  of  Gr.  Lewis  Prentiss, 
and  daughter  of  Ed  ward  Payson .  Her  best-known 
work  ta  "Stepping  Heavenward  (1869).  She  also  wrote 
"Little  Susy  Series,"  "Flower  of  the  Family "(1854),  etc. 

Prentiss,  Seargent  or  Sargent  Smith.    Bom 

at  Portland,  Maine,  Sept.  30,  1808 :  died  near 
Natchez,  Miss.,  July  1, 1850.  An  American  ora- 
tor and  politician.  He  was  elected  to  Congress 
from  Mississippi  in  1838. 
Prenzlau  (prents'lou),  or  Prenzlow  (prents'- 
15).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Brandenburg, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Uker  and  the  Lower 
Ukersee  58  miles  north-northeast  of  Berlin,  it 
was  the  capital  of  the  ancient  TJkermark.  Near  It,  Oct.  28, 
1806,  a  Prussian  army  under  Prince  von  Hohenlohe  sur- 
rendered to  the  French  under  Murat.  Population  (1890), 
18,019. 

Preraphaelite  Brotherhood,  The.  A  band  of 
artists,  originally  consisting  of  Holman  Hunt, 
D.  G.  Eossetti,  and  J.  B.  Millais  (joined  later 
by  "WUliam  Michael  Eossetti,  Thomas  Wool- 
ner,  P.  Gr.  Stephens,  and  James  CoUinsou),  who 
united  in  1848  with  a  view  of  adopting  a  closer 
study  of  nature,  and  as  a  protest  against  aca- 
demic dogma.  "The  Germ  "  was  started  in  1860,  but 
only  four  numbers  were  published.  Its  avowed  object  was 
to  "enforce  and  encourage  an  entire  adherence  to  the 
simplicity  of  nature."  The  principle  was  applied  to  the 
writing  of  poetry  as  well  as  to  painting,  Suskin  earnestly 
advocated  the  school,  whose  methods  he  defined  as  the 
effort  "to  paint  things  as  they  probably  did  look  and 
happen,  not  as,  by  rules  of  art  developed  under  Kaphael, 
they  might  be  supposed  gracefully,  deliciously,  or  sublime- 
ly lio  have  happened."  A  storm  of  vituperative  criticism 
raged  round  the  brotherhood  for  five  years,  and  finally 
spent  itself  on  their  successors.  By  1854  the  band  was 
practically  broken  up  by  divergence  of  methods.  Over- 
beck,  who  went  to  Rome  in  1810,  had  with  Schadow,  Cor- 
nelius, Philip  Veit,  and  others  (known  by  friends  and  ene- 
mies as  the  Preraphaelites,  the  N'ew-old  School,  etc.),  built 
up  a  school  based  on  the  methods  of  Ferugino  and  others 
preceding  Raphael.  Their  work  influenced  Dyce.  Maclise, 
Madox  Brown,  Hunt,  and  others  in  England,  and  led  to  the 
formation  of  the  Preraphaelite  Brotherhood. 

Frerau  (pra'rou).  A  townin  Moravia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Beczwa  13  miles 
south-southeast  of  Olmutz.  Population  (1890), 
13,172. 

Fresanella  (pra-za-nel'la).  A  groupof  the  Alps, 
in  southern  Tyrol,  connected  with  the  Adamello 
Mountains,  and  separated  from  the  Ortler  group 
by  the  Tonale  Pass.  Height  of  Monte  Fresa- 
nella, 11,686  feet. 

Fresbnrg,  or  Pressburg  (pres'bSro),  Hung.  Po- 
ZSOny  (po'zhony).  [li.  Posonium.'i  The  capital 
of  the  county  of  Presburg,  Hungary,  situated 
on  the  Danube  in  lat.  48°  9'  N.,  long.  17°  6'  E. 
It  is  a  seat  of  considerable  trade  by  the  Danube  and  the 
railway  system  of  which  it  is  the  center,  and  occupies  an 
important  strategic  position.  The  notable  buildings  are 
the  cathedral,  ruined  castle,  and  Rathaus.  It  was  the  capi- 
tal of  Hungary  from  1541  to  1784,  and  the  seat  of  parliament 
untU  1848.    Population  (1890),  52,444. 

Presburg,  Peace  of.  A  treaty  concluded  be- 
tween Prance  and  Austria,  Dec.  26, 1805.  Austria 
ceded  her  Venetian  possessions  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy, 
I^rol,  Vorarlberg,  Passau,  etc.,  to  Bavaria,  and  her  Swa- 
bian  possessions  to  the  South  German  states.  Bavaria  and 
Wiirtemberg  were  made  kingdoms.  Austria  received  the 
principality  of  Salzburg  and  some  smaller  possessions. 

Prescot  (pres'kgt).  A  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng- 
land, 8  miles  east  of  Liverpool.  Population 
(1891),  6,745. 

Prescott  (pres'kot).  A  town  in  Yavapai  Coun- 
ty, Arizona,  situated  in  lat.  34°  30'  N.,  long. 
112°  24'  W.  It  is  the  center  of  a  gold-  and  silver- 
mining  region.    Population  (1900),  3,559. 

Prescott,  A  town  in  Grenville  County,  Onta- 
rio, Canada,  situated  on  the  St.  Lawrence  op- 
posite Ogdensburg,  New  York.  Population 
fl901),  3,019. 

Prescott,  Harriet.    See  Spoford,  Mrs. 

Prescott,  Richard.  Bom  in  England,  1725: 
died  in  England,  Oct.,  1788.  A  British  general. 
He  served  in  the  Seven  Years'  War ;  came  to  Canada  in 
1773 ;  and  had  command  of  the  British  force  in  Rhode  Isl- 
and in  1777,  when  he  was  captured  by  William  Barton. 
He  became  major-general  in  1777,  and  lieutenant-general 
in  1782. 

Prescott,  Kobert.  Bom  in  England,  1725:  died 
near  Battle,  England,  Dee.  21,  1816.  A  British 
general.  He  served  in  the  Eevolutionary  War, 
and  was  colonial  governor  in  Canada  1796-99. 

Prescott,William.  BornatGroton,Mass.,Feb. 
20, 1726:  died  at  Pepperell,  Mass.,  Oct.  13, 1795. 
An  American  soldier.  He  served  in  the  expedition 
to  Nova  Scotia  in  1766,  and  commanded  at  the  battle  of 
Bunker  Hill  June  17, 1776. 


825 

Prescott,  William  Hickling.  Bom  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  May  4, 1796:  died  at  Boston,  Jan.  28, 1859. 
A  noted  American  historian,  while  he  was  an  un- 
dergraduate at  Harvard  one  of  his  eyes  was  injured  by  a 
piece  of  bread  thrown  by  a  fellow-student,  and  in  a  short 
time  he  became  nearly  blind.  Notwithstanding  this  draw- 
back, he  was  able  to  make  careful  researches,  principally 
in  Spanish  history,  employing  a  reader  and  using  a  special 
writing-case.  He  obtained  from  Spain  a  large  number  of 
valuable  manuscripts.  His  principal  works  are  "History 
of  the  Reign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  "(1838),  "Conquest 
of  Mexico"  (1843),  "Conc[uest  of  Peru"  (1847),  and  "His- 
tory of  the  Reign  of  Philip  II."  (unfinished,  1856-68). 

President.  1 .  An  American  frigate,built  at  New 
York  in  1794,  a  sister  ship  to  Constitution  and 
United  States.  At  the  beginning  of  the  War  of  1812  it 
was  flag-ship  of  the  squadron  commanded  by  Captain  John 
Rodgera.  On  Jan.  16,  1816,  it  defeated  the  British  ship 
Endymion,  but  surrendered  to  her  consorts. 
3.  An  American  steamer  which  sailed  from  New 
York  for  Liverpool  March  21,  1841.  It  was 
sighted  on  the  24th,  but  was  never  seen  again. 

Pressburg.    See  Fresbmg. 

Pressensl  (pra-son-sa'),  Edmond  D^hoult  de. 
Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  7,  1824:  died  April  8,  1891. 
A  French  Protestant  theologian,  orator,  and 
statesman.  His  works  include  "Histoire  des  trois  pre- 
miers slides  de  I'^glise  chr^tienne"  (1868-61),  "Discoura 
religieux"  (1869),  "  J^sus-Christ,  sa  vie,  son  temps,  et  son 
ceuvre  "  (1866),  "Concile  du  Vatican  "(1871), "  Etudes  6van- 
gaiques"  (1867),  "Les  origines"  (1882),  etc. 

Prester  (pres'tfer)  (».e.' Presbyter')  John.  A 
fabulousChristianmonarch  believed,  in  the  12th 
century,  to  have  made  extensive  conquests  from 
the  Mussulmans,  and  to  have  established  a  pow- 
erful empire  somewhere  in  Asia  "  beyond  Per- 
sia and  Armenia,"  or,  according  to  other  ac- 
counts, in  Africa  (Abyssinia).  Marvelous  tales 
were  told  of  his  victories,  riches,  and  power ;  and  extra- 
ordinary letters  purporting  to  have  been  written  by  him 
to  the  emperor  Manuel  Comnenus  and  to  other  potentates 
were  circulated.  Pope  Alexander  III.  sent  him  a  letter  by 
a  special  messenger  who  never  returned.  The  foundation 
of  the  legend  is  uncertain.  Sir  John  Mandeville  gives  this 
account  of  the  name:  An  emperor  of  India,  who  was  a 
Christian,  went  into  a  church  in  Egypt  on  the  Saturday  in 
Whitsun  week,  where  the  bishop  was  ordainuxg  priests. 
"And  he  beheld  and  listend  the  servyse  fuUe  tentyfly." 
He  then  said  that  he  would  no  longer  be  called  emperor, 
but  priest,  and  that  he  would  have  the  name  of  the  first 
priest  of  the  church,  which  was  John.  And  so  he  has  ever 
since  been  called  Prester  John. 

Prestige  (pres-tezh'),  Fanny.  Bom  at  London, 
Aug.  6,  1846.  An  actress.  She  made  her  first  ap- 
pearance at  Melbourne,  Australia,  when  only  10  yeai's  old, 
as  the  Duke  of  York  in  "Richard  III."  Her  first  appear- 
ance in  New  York  was  in  1863. 

Preston  (pres'ton).  A  town  in  Lancashire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Eibble  in  lat.  53°  45' 
N.,  long.  2°  42'  W.  it  is  one  of  the  chief  centers  of 
cotton  manufacture  in  England;  has  also  manufactures 
of  linen  (dating  from  the  end  of  the  18th  century),  iron, 
machinery,  etc, ;  and  has  considerable  coasting  commerce. 
Here,  Aug.  17-19, 1648,  the  Parliamentarians  (about  10,000) 
under  Cromwell  totally  defeated  the  Scottish  Royalists 
under  the  Duke  of  Hamilton ;  and  here  in  Nov.,  1716,  the 
Jacobites  were  defeated  by  the  British  troops  and  com- 
pelled to  surrender.  The  town  was  occupied  by  the 
' '  Young  Pretender  "  in  Nov.,  1745.  It  returns  2  members 
to  Parliament.    Population  (1901),  l]fi,982. 

Preston,  Harriet  Waters.  Bom  at  Danvers, 
Mass.,  about  1843.  An  American  writer  and 
translator.  She  has  lived  in  France  and  Great  Britain 
for  some  time,  and  is  particularly  noted  for  her  translation 
of  Mistral's  "MirMo"in  1873.  She  has  also  translated 
"The  Life  of  Madame  Swetchine"  (1865),  "Portraits  de 
femmes"  from  Sainte-Beuve  (called  "Celebrated  Wo- 
men"), etc.,  and  has  written  "Troubadours  and  Trou- 
Tferes'  (1876),  "  A  Year  in  Eden  "  (1886),  etc. 

Preston,  John  Smith.  Bomnear  Abingdon, Va., 
April  20,  1809:  died  at  Columbia,  S.  C.,  May  1, 
1881.  An  American  orator :  a  Secessionist 
leader  and  Confederate  general. 

Preston,  William.  Bom  near  LouisviUe,  Ky., 
Oct.  16, 1816:  died  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  Sept.  21, 
1887.  An  American  politician.  He  was  member 
of  Congress  from  Kentucky  1852-65 ;  United  States  min- 
ister to  Spain  1858-61 ;  and  a  Confederate  general. 

Preston,  William  Ballard.  Bom  at  Smith- 
field,  Montgomery  County,  Va.,  Nov.  25,  1805 : 
died  there,  Nov.  16,  1862.  An  American  poli- 
tician. HewasWhig  member  of  Congress  from  Virginia 
1847-49;  secretary  of  the  navy  1849-60 ;  and  a  Confederate 

Preston,  William  Campbell.  Bom  at  Phila- 
delphia, Dec.  27, 1794:  died  at  Columbia,  S.  C, 
May  22, 1860.  An  American  politician  and  ora- 
tor. He  was  Democratic  United  States  senator  from  South 
Carolina  1837-42,  and  president  of  South  Carolhia  College 
1846-51. 

Frestonpans  (pres-ton-panz').  A  small  town 
in  Haddingtonshire,  "Scotland,  on  the  Firth  of 
Forth  8  miles  east  of  Edinburgh.  Here,  Sept.  2i, 
1746,  the  Jacobites  (chiefly  Highlanders)  under  Charles 
Edward,  the  "Young  Pretender,"  defeated  the  British 
troops  under  Cope. 

Prestwich(prest'wich).  AtowninLancashire, 
England,  4  miles  northwest  of  Manchester. 
Population  (1891),  7,869. 


Provost  d'Exiles 

Prestwich,  Sir  Joseph.  Bom  at  Clapham,  Lon- 
don, March  12,  1812:  died  at  Shoreham,  Kent, 
June  23, 1896.  A  noted  English  geologist,  pro- 
fessor of  geology  at  Oxford  1874^87. 

Pretender,  The  or  The  Old.  See  Stuart,  James 
Francis  Edward. 

Pretender,  The  Young.  See  Charles  Edward 
Louis  Philip  Casimir. 

Pretoria  (pre-to'ri-a) .  The  capital  of  the  Trans- 
vaal Colony,  South  Africa.  Population  (1896), 
est.,  8,000. 

Pretorian  Camp.  A  camp  of  ancient  Eome, 
first  permanently  established  by  Tiberius,  out- 
side of  the  city  walls,  it  formed  approximately  a 
square  of  1,600  feet  to  a  side,  and  was  inclosed  by  a  good 
brick-faced  wall  10  feet  high,  strengthened  with  towers  at 
its  gates.  The  camp  was  included  by  Aurelian  in  his  new 
line  of  fortifications,  and  still  forms  an  abrupt  projection 
in  the  wall  on  the  northeast.  The  fortifications  of  Aurelian 
are  3  times  as  high  as  those  of  Tiberius,  and  not  so  well  built. 
The  latter,  embedded  as  they  are  in  the  newer  work,  can 
still  be  followed  for  a  considerable  distance.  Within  the 
camp  there  were  monumental  buildings  with  mosaics  and 
marble  incrustation.  Constantine  abolished  the  Preto- 
rian Guard,  and  pulled  down  the  wall  of  their  camp  on  the 
side  toward  the  city. 

Pretorian  Guard,  The.    See  the  extract. 

.  Some  remembrance  of  this  fact  lingering  in  the  speech 
of  the  people  gave  always  to  the  term  Prsetorium  (the  Prae- 
tor's house)  a  peculiar  majesty,  and  caused  it  to  be  used 
as  the  equivalent  of  palace.  So  in  the  well-known  passages 
of  the  New  Testament,  the  palace  of  Pilate  the  Governor 
at  Jerusalem,  of  Herod  the  King  at  Csesarea,  of  Nero  the 
Emperor  at  Rome,  are  all  called  the  Prsetorium.  From  the 
palace  the  troops  who  surrounded  the  person  of  the  Em- 
peror took  their  well-known  name  "the  Prastorian  Guard.  "■ 
Under  Augustus  the  cohorts  composing  this  force,  and 
amounting  apparently  to  9,000  or  10,000  men,  were  scat- 
tered over  various  positions  in  the  city  of  Rome.  In  the 
reign  of  Tiberius.on  pretence  of  keeping  them  under  stricter 
discipline,  they  were  collected  into  one  camp  on  the  north- 
east of  the  city.  The  author  of  this  change  was  the  noto- 
rious Sejanus,  our  first  and  most  conspicuous  example  of  a 
Prefect  of  the  Prsetorians  who  made  himself  all-powerful 
in  the  state.  The  fall  of  Sejanus  did  not  bring  with  it  any 
great  diminution  of  the  power  of  the  new  functionary.  As 
the  Praetorians  were  the  frequent,  almost  the  recognised, 
creators  of  a  new  Emperor,  it  was  natural  that  their  com- 
manding officer  should  be  a  leading  personage  in  the  state, 
as  natural  (if  another  English  analogy  may  be  allowed)  as 
that  the  Leader  of  the  House  of  Commons  should  be  the 
first  Minister  of  the  Crown.  Still  it  is  strange  to  find  the 
Praetorian  Prefect  becoming  more  and  more  the  ultimate 
judge  of  appeal  in  all  civil  and  criminal  cases,  and  his  of- 
fice held  in  the  golden  age  of  the  Empire,  the  second  cen- 
tury, by  the  most  eminent  lawyers  of  the  day.  This  part; 
of  his  functions  survived.  When  Constantine  at  length 
abated  the  long-standing  nuisance  of  the  Praetorian  Guards 
—  setting  an  example  which  was  unconsciously  followed 
by  another  ruler  of  Constantinople,  Sultan  Mahmoud,  in 
his  suppression  of  the  Janissaries  —  he  preserved  the  Prae- 
torian Prefect,  and,  as  we  have  already  seen,  gave  him  a 
position  of  pre-eminent  dignity  in  the  civil  and  judicial  ad- 
ministration of  the  Empire.  But  of  military  functions  he  was 
now  entirely  deprived,  and  thus  this  officer,  who  had  risen 
into  importance  in  the  state  solely  as  the  most  conspicuous 
Guardsman  about  the  court,  was  now  permitted  to  do  al- 
most anything  that  he  pleased  in  the  Empire  so  long  as  he 
in  no  way  touched  soldiering. 

Hodgkitit  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  L  211. 

Prettyman  (prit'i-man),  Prince.  A  whimsi- 
cal character,  in  the  Duke  of  Buckingham's  play 
"The  Eehearsal,"  who  alternates  between  be- 
ing a  fisherman  and  a  prince,  and  is  in  love 
with  Cloris.  His  embarrassments  are  amusing  and  nu- 
merous. He  was  Intended  to  ridicule  Leonidas  in  Dryden'a 
"Marriage  ^la  Mode." 

Preuss  (prois),  Johann  David  Erdmann.  Bom 

at  Landsberg,  Prussia,  April  1,  1785:  died  at 
Berlin,  Feb.  24,  1868.  A  Prussian  historian, 
historiographer  of  the  royal  house  of  Branden- 
burg. He  published  "Biographic  Friedrichs  des  Gros- 
sen  "  (1832-34),  and  other  works  on  Frederick  the  Great. 

Preussen  (prois'sen).  The  German  name  of 
Prussia. 

Freussisch-Eylau.    See  Eylau. 

Frevesa  (pra-va'sa).  A  seaport  in  Albania, 
Turkey,  situated  at  the  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of 
Arta,  in  lat.  38°  57'  N.,  long.  20°  46'  E.,  near 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Nicopolis.  Population, 
about  6,000. 

Frevost  (pre-v6'),  Augustine.  Bom  at  Gene- 
va, Switzerland,  about  1725:  died  in  England, 
May  5, 1786.  A  British  general  in  the  Eevolu- 
tionary "War.  He  defeated  the  Americans  at  Brier 
Creek  in  1779;  was  unsuccessful  before  Charleston  in 
1779;  and  defended  Savannah  successfully  in  1779. 

Frevost,  Sir  George.  Born  at  New  York,  May 
19, 1767:  died  Jan.  5, 1816.  A  British  general, 
son  of  A.  Prevost.  He  became  commander-iu-chief  in 
British  North  America  in  1811,  and  was  defeated  by  the 
Americans  at  Plattsburg  in  1814. 

Privost  d'Exiles  (pra-v6'  deg-zel'),  Abbe  An- 
toine  Francois.  Bom  at  Hesdin,  Artois,  April 
1,  1697:  died  in  the  forest  of  Chantilly,  Nov. 
23, 17638  A  French  novelist.  For  so  years  he  spent 
his  time  between  the  Jesuits'  schools,  the  army,  society, 
and  the  cloister.  Finally  he  took  monastic  vows,  but  did 
not  retain  them  long.  He  fled  from  the  country  and  re- 
sided six  years  in  Holland  and  England.  He  made  a  live- 
lihood by  means  of  his  pen,  and  at  the  outset  drew  largely 


Provost  d'Eziles 

upon  his  own  fund  of  personal  experiences  for  the  subject* 
matter  of  his  writings.  He  achieved  success  with  his 
"M6moires  d'un  homme  de  quality"  (1728-^2).  Then  he 
wrote  "Histoire  de  M.  Cleveland,  flls  naturel  de  Crom- 
well, ou  le  philosophe  anglais  "  (1732-39),  and  his  celebrated 
masterpiece,  "Histoire  du  chevalier  Des  Grieux  et  de 
Manon  Lescaut"  (1733).  A  periodical  publication,  "Le 
pour  et  le  centre,"  in  20  volumes,  extended  over  7  years, 
beginning  in  1733.  He  also  wrote  "  te  doyen  de  Killerine  " 
(1735),  "Histoire  de  Marguerite  d'Anjou"  (1740),  "Cam- 
pagnes  philosophiques"  (1741),  "M^moires  pour  servir  k 
Thistoire  de  Malte"  (1741),  "L'Histoire  d'une  Grecque 
moderne"  (1741),  "Histoire  de  GuiUaume  le  Conqu^rant" 
(1742),  "M^moires  d'un  honnSte  homme"(1746),"Hi3toire 
g^n^rale  des  voyages  "  (1746-70) ,  "  Manuel  lexique  "  (1750), 
"  Le  monde  moral "  (1760),  "  M^moires  pour  servir  &  I'his- 
toire  de  la  vertu"  (1762),  "  Coutes,  aventures,  et  faits  sin- 
guliera"  (1764),  "Lettres  de  mentor  k  un  jeune  seigneur" 
(1764),  etc.  As  a  translator  he  rendered  into  French  works 
of  Dryden,  Hume,  Kichardson,  Cicero,  etc. 

Pr^vost-Paradol  (pra-vo'pa-ra-dol'),  Lucien 
Anatole.  Born  at  Paris,  Aug.  8,  1829 :  eom- 
mitted  suicide  at  'Washington,  D.  C,  July  20, 
1870.  A  French  journalist  and  author,  an  op- 
ponent of  Napoleon  III.  He  was  minister  to  the 
United  States  in  1870.  He  wrote  "Kevue  de  lliiBtoire 
universelle  "  (1864),  etc. 

Priam  (pri'am).  [(Jr.  npfc^uo?,  L.  PnawiMS.]  In 
Greek  legend,  the  king  of  Troy  at  the  time  of 
its  siege  by  the  Greeks.  He  was  the  husband  pf 
Hecuba,  and  the  father  of  50  sons,  including  Hector  and 
Paris.    He  perished  at  the  capture  of  Troy. 

Priapus  (pri-a'pus).  [Gr.  Uplanog/]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  god,  a  son  of  Dionysus  and  Aphro- 
dite, the  promoter  of  fertility  and  the  protector 
of  shepherds,  farmers,  and  fishermen. 

Pribram,  or  Przibram  (pzhe'bram).  A  town 
in  Bohemia,  situated  33  miles  southwest  of 
Prague,  it  is  noted  for  its  silver-mines  (the  property  of 
the  state),  the  most  important  in  the  Austrian  empire,  It 
has  also  lead-mines.    Population  (1891),  commune,  13,412. 

Pribyloff  (pre'he-lof)  Islands.  A  group  of 
islands  in  Bering  Sea,  about  lat.  57°  N.,  long. 
170°  W. ,  belonging  to  Alaska.  They  have  come  into 
prominence  in  connection  with  the  controversies  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  concerning  the  seal- 
fisheries. 

Price  (pris),  Bonamy.  Bom  in  Guernsey,  May 
22, 1807 :  died  at  London,  Jan.  8, 1888.  An  Eng- 
lish political  economist.  He  graduated  at  Oxford 
(Worcester  College)  in  1829,  and  in  1868  became  professor 
of  political  economy  at  Oxford.  He  published  "  The  Prin- 
ciples of  Currency  "  (1869X  "Chapters  on  Practical  Political 
Ecoiioiny  "  (1878),  etc. 

Price,  Fanny.  The  principal  character  in  Jane 
Austen's  novel  "Mansfield  Park,"  noted  for  her 
humility.    . 

Price,  Matilda.  In  Dickens's  novel  "Nicholas 
Nickleby,"  the  bosom  friend  of  Fanny  Squeers. 
She  afterward  marries  John  Browdie.  She  is  alluded  to 
by  Miss  Squeers  in  their  little  unpleasantness  as  "base 
degrading  'Tilda." 

Price,  Richard.  Bom  at  Tynton,  Glamorgan- 
shire, Feb.  22,  1723:  died  at  London,  April  19, 
1791.  An  English  philosophical  writer.  In  1768  he 
published  "Review  of  the  Principal  Questions  in  Morals. " 
He  is  best  known  as  a  writer  on  financial  and  political 
■questions.  In  1778  he  was  invited  by  Congress  to  help  in 
the  management  of  the  national  finances,  but  declined. 

Price,  Sterling.  Bom  in  Prince  Edward  County, 
Va.,  Sept.  11, 1809:  died  at  St.  Louis,  Sept.  29, 
1867.  An  American  general.  He  was  a  Democratic 
member  of  Congress  from  Missouri  1845-46,  when  he  re- 
signed and  raised  a  Missouri  cavalry  regimentfor  the  Mexi- 
can war.  He  took  part  in  Genersd  Stephen  W.  Kearny's 
march  from  Fort  Leavenworth  to  Santa  ¥i,  where  he  was 
left  in  command  when  Kearny  proceeded  to  California. 
In  1847  he  was  promoted  brigadier-general  of  volunteers, 
and  conquered  Chihuahua.  He  was  governor  of  Missouri 
1853-57,  and  became  a  Confederate  major-general  in  Mis- 
souri at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  He  served  at 
Wilson's  Creek,  and  captured  Lexington  in  1861 ;  took  part 
in  the  battles  of  Pea  Ridge  and  Corinth  in  1862 ;  commanded 
at  luka  in  1862 ;  and  commanded  the  district  of  Arkansas 
1863-64. 

Prichard  (prich'ard),  James  Cowles.  Bom  at 
Ross,  Heref  ordsHire,  Feb.  11, 1786 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, Dec.  22,  1848.  An  English  ethnologist. 
His  parents  belonged  to  the  Soci^y  of  Friends.  He  grad- 
uated at  Edinburgh,  and  studied  also  at  Cambridge  and 
Oxford.  In  1810  he  was  a  physician  at  Bristol.  In  1813  he 
published  "Kesearches  into  the  Physical  History  of  Man," 
and  in  1831  "Easteni  Origin  of  the  Celtic  Nations." 

Pride  (grid),  Thomas.  Bom  at  London:  died 
there,  Oct.  23,  1658.  An  English  Parliamentary 
officer.  He  was  originally  a  drayman  and  brewer.  Atthe 
beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  was  ensign  under  Essex,  and 
distinguished  himself  at  Preston.  On  Dec.  6,  1648,  he  was 
delegated  to  "purge"  the  House  of  Commons  by  ejecting 
the  members  that  favored  reconciliation  with  the  king. 
He  was  one  of  the  judges  of  the  king,  and  signed  his  death- 
warrant. 

Pride  and  Prejudice.  A  novel  by  Jane  Austen, 
written  in  1796  and  published  in  1813. 

Prideaux  (prid'6),  Humphrey.  Bom  at  Pad- 
stow,  Cornwall,  May  2, 1648:  died  at  Norwich, 
England,  Nov.  1, 1724.  An  English  theological 
writer,  dean  of  Norwich.  He  was  educated  under 
Dr.  Busbyat  Westminster,  and  graduated  at  Oxford  (Christ 
Church)  in  1672.  He  wrote  "Marmora  Oxoniensia  ex 
.ilrundellianis  etc.,  conflata  "("  Description  of  the  Arundel 


826 

Marbles,"  1676),  "  The  Validity  of  the  Orders  of  the  Church 
of  England,  etc."  (1688),  "Connection  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments  in  the  History  of  the  Jews,  etc."  (1716-18),  a 
number  of  ecclesiastical  tracts,  etc. 

Pride's  Purge,  in  English  history,  the  forcible 
exclusion  from  the  House  of  Commons,  Dec.  6, 
1648,  of  all  the  members  who  were  favorable  to 
compromise  with  the  royal  party.  This  was  effected 
by  a  military  force  commanded  by  Thomas  Pride,  in  exe- 
cution of  orders  of  a  council  of  Parliamentary  officers. 

PriegnitZ,  or  Prignitz  (preg'nits).  That  part 
of  the  ancient  mark  of  Brandenburg  which  lay 
south  of  Mecklenburg  and  northeast  of  the 
Elbe  and  Havel.    Chief  town,  Perleberg. 

Priene  (pri-e'ne).  [Gr.  Xipiijvri.']  In  ancient 
geography,  an  Ionian  city  situated  in  Caria, 
Asia  Minor,  north  of  Miletus.  The  site  contains 
many  ruins.  The  temple  of  Athene  Polias,  dedicated  in  340 
B.  c,  was  an  Ionic  peripteros  of  6  by  11  columns,  of  marble, 
graceful  in  proportion  and  with  delicate  decorative  sculp- 
ture.   Its  walled  peribolos  was  bordered  with  porticos. 

Priestley  (prest'li),  Joseph.  BomatFieldhead, 
near  Leeds,  Yorkshire,  March  13, 1733:  died  at 
Northumberland,  Pa.,  Feb.  6,  1804.  An  Eng- 
lish clergyman  and  natural  philosopher,  espe- 
cially celebrated  as  the  discoverer  of  oxygen. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  nonconformist  cloth-dresser,  and  was 
educated  at  a  Dissenters'  academy  at  Daventry.  In  1765 
he  took  charge  of  a  small  congregation  at  Needham  Market, 
Suif  oik,  which  was  subsidized  by  both  Independents  and 
Presbyterians.  In  1761  he  was  tutor  in  an  academy  at 
Warrington.  In  1767  he  published  the  "  History  of  Elec- 
tricity.' He  adopted  Socinian  views  on  religion,  and  ma- 
terialistic views  on  philosophy.  At  this  time  began  his 
researches  in  "different  kinds  of  air."  About ll773  he  be- 
came literary  companion  to  Lord  Shelbume,  and  traveled  in 
Holland  and  Germany,  returning  to  Paris  in  1774.  In  1774 
he  announced  his  discovery  of  "  dephlogisticated  air," 
now  called  oxygen.  In  1780  he  removed  to  Birmingham, 
and  became  associated  with  Boulton,  Watt,  and  Dr.  Dar- 
win, grandfather  of  Charles  Darwin.  For  sympathizing 
with  the  French  Revolution  (he  had  been  made  a  citizen 
of  the  French  republic)  he  was  attacked  in  1791  by  a  mob, 
his  house  was  broken  into  and  burned,  and  his  manu- 
scripts and  instruments  destroyed.  In-1794  he  removed 
to  America. 

Prieto  (pre-a'to),  Joa(Hlin.  Bom  at  Conoepoion, 
Aug.  20, 1786 :  died  at  Valparaiso,  Nov.  22, 1854. 
AChileangeneral  and  politician.  Hetookapromi- 
nent  part  in  the  war  for  independence ;  was  a  leader  of  the 
conservative  revolt  of  1829-30;  and  by  his  victory  over 
Freire  at  Lircay  (April  17, 1830)  decided  the  result  for  his 
party.  On  the  death  of  Ovalle  (March  21, 1831),  Prieto  be- 
came provisional  president,  soon  afterwas  regularly  elected 
president,  and  by  reelection  retained  the  post  until  Sept. 
18, 1841.  On  May  25, 1833,  the  constitution  now  in  force  was 
adopted.  A  revolt  was  suppressed  in  1836,  and  the  same 
year  a  war  with  Peru  was  commenced,  resulting  (Jan.  1839) 
in  the  overthrow  of  the  Peruvian-Bolivian  Confederation. 

Prig  (prig),  Betsey.  A  nurse,  the  friend  and 
"frequent  pardner"  of  Sairey  Gamp,  in  Dick- 
ens's novel  "Martin  Chuzzlewit." 

Prigioni  (pred-je-6'ne),  Le  Mie.  [It.j'My 
Prisons.']  A  work  by  Silvio  Pellico,  published 
in  1833,  describing  his  prison  life  (1820-30). 

Prignitz.     See  PriegniU. 

Prim  (prem),  Juan,  Count  de  Ecus,  Marquis  de 
los  Castillejos.  Bom  at  Ecus,  Catalonia,  Spain, 
Dec.  6, 1814:  died  at  Madrid,  Dec.  30,  1870.  A 
Spanish  statesman  and  general.  He  entered  the 
army  of  the  Cristinos  in  1834,  in  the  civil  war  between  the 
Cristinos  and  the  Carlists.  As  a  progressist  he  was  ^ter- 
ward  one  of  the  chief  instruments  in  the  overthrow  of 
Espartero.  While  in  command  in  1860  of  a  division  of 
reserves  in  the  war  against  Morocco,  he  gained  the  brilliant 
victory  of  Los  Castillejos  (Jan.  1),  which  secured  for  him 
the  title  of  marquis.  He  was  a  leader  of  the  insurgents 
who  deposed  Queen  Isabella  in  1868,  and  became  premier 
and  minister  of  war,  with  the  chief  command  of  the  army, 
in  the  provisional  government  established  by  them.  He 
was  f  arally  shot  by  an  assassin  Dec.  28, 1870. 

Prime  (prim),  Samuel  Irenseus.  Bom  at  Ball- 
ston,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  4,  1812 :  died  at  Manchester, 
Vt. ,  July  18, 1885.  An  American  editor,  author, 
and  Presbyterian  clergyman.  He  became  an  editor 
of  the  New  York  "  Observer  "  in  1840,  and  contributor  under 
the  name  of  "Irenssus. "  Among  his  works  are  "The  Power 
of  Prayer"  (1859),  "Travels  in  Europe  and  the  East"(lS55), 
"Lettei'S  from  Switzerland"  (I860),  "The  Alhambra  and 
the  Kremlin  "  (1873),  etc. 

Prime, William  Oowper.  Born  at  Cambridge, 
N.  Y.,  Oct.  31,  1825.  An  American  journalist 
and  author,  brother  of  S.  I.  Prime.  He  edited 
the  New  York  "Journal  of  Commerce."  He  wrote  travels, 
including  "Tent  Life  in  the  Holy  Land  "  (1857),  and  "Pot- 
tery and  Porcelain,  etc."  (1877),  etc. 

Frimorskaya.    See  Maritime  Province. 

Primrose  (prim'roz), Sir  Archibald.  Bom  1617 : 
died  1679.  A  Scottish  baronet.  He  supported  the 
Royalist  cause  in  the  civil  war,  and  at  the  Restoration  was 
made  a  lord  of  session,  with  the  title  of  Lord  Carrington. 
His  fourth  son  was  created  earl  of  Rosebery. 

Primrose,  Archibald  Philip,  fifth  Earl  of  Eose- 
bery.  Bom  in  London,  May  7, 1847.  A  British 
Liberal  statesman.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  succeeded  his  grandfather  as 
earl  in  1868.  He  has  occupied  a  prominent  place  in  pub- 
lic affairs.  He  was  under-Becretary  of  state  for  home  af- 
fairs 1881-83 ;  first  commissioner  of  works  1884-86 ;  and 
foreign  secretaryin  the-third  and  fourth  Gladstone  minis- 
tries, 1886  and  1^2-94.    On  Mr.  Gladstone's  retirement 


Princes,  Robbery  of  the 

from  office  in  March,  1894,  Lord  Kosebery  succeeded  him 
as  prime  minister :  resigned  June,  1895.  He  was  chairman 
of  the  first  London  county  council,  elected  in  18^. 

Pirimrose,  Charles.  The  vicar  of  Wakefield 
in  Goldsmith's  tale  of  that  name.  He  is  a  sincere, 
humane,  and  simple-minded  man,  who  preserves  his  mod- 
esty and  nobility  through  hardship  and  good  fortune. 
Mrs.  Primrose  is  an  excellent  housekeeper  with  a  passion 
for  show,  and  she  can  read  any  English  book  without  much 
spelling.  George,  theeldestsou,  was  bred  atOxford  and  in- 
tended for  one  of  the  professions.  Moses,  the  youngest,  was 
bred  at  home  and  distinguishes  himself  by  going  to  the  fair 
in  a  gosling-green  waistcoat,  and  a  thunder-and-lightning 
coat,  to  sell  a  colt,  coming  home  with  a  gross  of  green  spec- 
tacles. The  daughters  are  described  by  Dr.  Primrose  him- 
self  as  follows :  "  Olivia  wished  for  many  lovers,  Sophia  to 
secure  one.  Olivia  was  often  affected  from  too  great  a 
desire  to  please.  Sophia  even  represt  excellence,  from  her 
fears  to  offend.  The  one  entertained  me  with  her  vivacity 
when  I  was  gay,  the  other  with  her  sense  when  I  was 
serious.  But  these  qualities  were  never  earned  to  excess 
in  either,  and  I  have  often  seen  them  exchange  characters 
for  a  whole  day  together.  A  suit  of  mourning  has  trans- 
formed my  coquette  into  a  prude,  and  a  new  set  of  ribbons 
hafi  given  her  sister  more  than  natural  vivacity."  Gold- 
smith, Vicar  of  Wakefield,  i. 

Primrose  Hill.  An  eminence  about  200  feet 
high,  north  of  Eegent's  Park,  London.  There  is 
a  very  fine  view  from  it.  In  the  early  part  of  the  19th 
century  Chalk  Farm,  which  is  on  the  hill,  was  a  popular 
place  for  duels. 

Primrose  League.  In  Great  Britain,  a  league 
or  combination  of  persons  pledged  to  principles 
of  Conservatism  as  represented  by  Benjamin 
Disraeli,  earl  of  Beaconsfield  (1804-^1),  and  op- 
posed to  the  "  revolutionary  tendencies  of  rad- 
icalism," The  object  of  the  league  is  declared  to  be 
"  the  maintenance  of  religion,  of  the  constitution  of  the 
realm,  and  of  the  imperial  ascendancy  of  Great  Britain." 
The  scheme  of  the  organization  was  first  discussed  at  the 
Carlton  Club  in  Oct.,  1883,  and  the  actual  league  made  its 
first  public  appearance  at  a  grand  banquet  at  Freemasons' 
Tavern  in  London  a  few  weeks  later.  The  organization  of 
the  league  is  by  "habitations"  or  clubs :  these  obey  the 
instructions  of  the  Grand  Council,  and  annually  send  del- 
egates to  the  Grand  Habitation,  which  is  held  in  London 
on  or  near  the  19th  of  April,  the  anniversary  of  Beacons- 
field's  death.  A  noteworthy  feature  is  the  enrolment  of 
women,  or  "  dame^  "  who  take  an  active  part  in  all  the  bus- 
iness of  the  association,  having  an  executive  committee 
and  a  fund  of  their  own.  The  name  and  symbol  of  the 
league  are  derived  from  Beaconsfield's  favorite  fiower, 
which  it  has  been  fashionable  to  wear  on  the  19th  of  April 

Prince,  The.    See  Principe,  II. 

Prince  (prins),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Sandwich, 
Mass.,  May  15,  1687 :  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  22, 
1758.  An  American  clergyman  and  historian, 
pastor  of  the  Old  South  Church,  Boston.  He 
published  "  Chronological  History  of  New  Eng- 
land" (1736-55). 

Prince  Albert  Land.  A  district  in  the  arctic 
regions,  about  lat.  72°  N.,  long.  115°  W. 

PrinceDoras  (prins  do'ms).  Apoem  by  Charles 
Lamb,  published  in  1811.  It  is  a  poetical  version 
of  the  old  tale  of  the  prince  with  the  long  nose. 

Prince  Edward  Island.  An  island  in  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence,  forming  a  province  of  the  Do- 
minion of  Canada.  Capital,  Charlottetown.  it  is 
separated  from  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  on  the 
southwest  and  south  by  Northumberland  Strait.  The  sur- 
face is  undulating ;  the  soil  fertile.  It  has  flourishing 
agriculture,  industries,  and  fisheries.  It  is  divided  into  3 
counties.  Government  is  vested  in  a  lieutenant-governor, 
executive  council,  legislative  council,  and  legislative  as- 
sembly. It  sends  4  members  to  the  Dominion  Senate,  4 
members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  was  discovered  by 
Cartier  In  1634,  and  named  Isle  St.  Jean ;  was  settled  in  the 
beginning  of  the  18th  century;  was  ceded  by  France  to 
Great  Britain  in  1763 ;  had  the  present  name  given  it  in 
1799;  and  entered  the  Dominion  in  1873,  Length,  about 
130  mUes.  Greatest  breadth,  34  miles.  Area,  2,133  square 
miles.    Population  (1901),  103,259. 

Prince  John.    A  nickname  of  John  Van  Buren. 

Prince  of  Tarent.    See  Very  Woman,  A. 

Prince  of  the  Peace.  A  title  given  to  Godoy, 
duke  of  Aleudia,  who  negotiated  with  France 
the  peace  of  Basel,  1795. 

Prince  of  "Wales,  Gape.  The  northwestem- 
most  point  of  North  America,  projecting  from 
Alaska  into  Bering  Strait,  in  lat.  65°  33'  N., 
long.  167°  59'  W. 

Prince  of  Wales  Island.  1.  ^&  Penang.—Z. 
An  island  belonging  to  Alaska,  situated  west  of 
the  mainland,  about  lat.  55°-56°  30'  N.  Length, 
about  130  miles. — 3.  A  tract  in  the  arctic  re- 
gions, about  lat.  72°-74°  N.,  long.  100°  W.-— 4. 
A  small  island  north  of  Cape  York  peninsula, 
Australia,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  Endea- 
vor Strait. 

Prince  of  Wales  Strait.  A  sea  passage  in  the  arc- 
tic regions  jSeparating  Banks  Land  on  the  north- 
west from  Prince  Albert  Land  on  the  southeast, 
and  leading  into  Melville  Sound. 

Prince  Regent  Inlet.  A  sea  passage  in  the 
arctic  regions,  separating  Cockburn  Island  on 
the  east  from  North  Somerset  on  the  west,  and 
leading  to  the  Gulf  of  Boothia. 

Princes,  Robbery  of  the.  In  German  history, 
the  resultless  abduction  from  Altenburg  of  the 


Princes,  Robbery  of  the 

princes  Ernst  and  Albert,  sons  of  the  elector 
Frederick  the  Gentle  of  Saxony,  and  founders 
of  the  Ernestine  and  Albertine  lines,  by  Kunz 
von  Kaufungen  and  others,  in  Jnly,  1455. 

Prince's  Island.    See  Princype. 

Prince's  Islands.  A  group  of  small  islands  m 
the  Sea  of  Marmora,  15  miles  southeast  of  Con- 
stantinople :  the  ancient  Demonesi. 

Princess  (prin'ses),  The.  A  narrative  poem  by 
Tennyson,  published  in  1847. 

Princesse  d!e  016ves(pran-ses'd6klav),La.  A 
novel  by  Madame  de  la  Fayette,  published  in 
1677.  The  scene  is  placed  in  tlie  court  of  Heniy  II.,  but 
the  chief  characters  are  the  author  herself,  her  husband, 
Rochefoucauld,  Maiy  Stuart  and  others  of  her  contem- 
poraries. ^,  A 

Princesse  d'Elide,  La,  ou  les  Plaisirs  de  1  He 
Enchant6e.  A  play  by  MoliSre,  produced  at 
Versailles  In  1664 :  "  a  court  piece  or  oom^die- 
ballet." 

Princess  Ida,  or  Oastle  Adamant.  An  opera 
by  Sullivan,  words  by  W.  8.  Gilbert,  produced 
in  1884:  a  burlesque  of  Tennyson's  "  Princess." 

Princess  of  Cleve,  The.  Acomedy  by  Nathaniel 
Lee;  produced  in  1681,  printed  in  1689.  It  was 
founded  on  Madame  de  la  Fayette's  romance. 

Princes  Street.  The  principal  street  in  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland.  It  has  a  magnificent  view, 
being  built  on  one  side  only,  and  furnishes  a  fine 
promenade. 

Princeton  (prins'ton).  A  borough  in  Mercer 
County,  New  Jersey,  44  miles  southwest  of  New 
York.  Here,  Jan.  8, 1777,  a  victory  was  gained  by  the 
Americans  under  Washington  over  a  portion  of  the  army 
of  Cornwallis.  The  Continental  Congress  sat  here  in  1783. 
It  is  the  seat  of  Princeton  tTniversity  (see  ISew  Jersey,  Col- 
lege, of).   Population  (1900),  8,899.  • 

Prince  William  Sound.  An  inlet  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  on  the  southern  coast  of  Alaska. 

Principato  Citeriore  (prin-che-pa'to  che-ta-re- 
6're).  The  former  name  of  the  province  of 
Salerno,  Italy. 

Principato  XJlteriore  (61-ta-re-o're).  The  for- 
mer name  of  the  province  of  Avellino,  Italy. 

Principe  (pren'se-pe),  or  Prince's  Island.  A 
small  island  belonging  to  Portugal,  situated  in 
the  Bight  of  Biafra,  west  of  Africa,  in  lat.  1°  41' 
N.,  long  7°  28'  E. 

Principe  (pren'che-pe),  II.  [It., '  The  Prince.'] 
A  fa£ous  political  treatise  by  Machiavelli, 
completed  in  1513.  it  was  an  outgrowth  of  his  "  Dis- 
corsi  or  comments  on  the  history  of  Livy,  and  is  a  study 
of  the  founding  and  maintenance  of  a  state,  and  of  the 
character  and  policy  of  a  successful  despotic  ruler.  It  re- 
flects the  unscrupulousness  of  contemporary  Italian  poli- 
tics, and  tlie  motive  of  its  composition  has  long  been  a 
subject  of  dispute.  It  is  probable  that  Machiavelli  be- 
lieved that  the  salvation  of  Italy  was  possible  only  through 
the  intervention  of  an  autocrat  such  as  he  portrayed. 

Principia  (prin-sip'i-a) :  in  full  Philosophise 
Naturalis  Principia  Mathematica.  [L., '  The 
Mathematical  Principles  of  Natural  Philoso- 
phy.'] A  famous  work  by  Sir  Isaac  Newton, 
composed  chiefly  1685-86,  presented  to  the 
Eoyal  Society  April  28,  1686,  and  first  pub- 
lished (in  Latin)  in  1687  (edited  by  Halley).  The 
second  edition  (1713)  was  edited  by  Eoger  Cotes.  It  is  the 
foundation  of  modern  astronomy,  mechanics,  and  mathe- 
matical physics. 

Prior  (pri'or),  Matthew.  Bom,  probably  in 
East  Dorset,  July  21,  1664:  died  at  Wimpole 
(Harley's  country-seat),  Cambridgeshire,  Sept. 
18, 1721.  An  English  poet  and  diplomatist.  He 
was  educated  atWestminsterunderDr.  Busby,  and  gradu- 
ated at  Cambridge  (St.  John's  College)  in  1686.  In  1698  he 
was  secretary  to  the  Earl  of  Portland's  embassy  to  Trance. 
in  1699  he  succeeded  Locke  as  commissioner  of  trade  and 
plantations,  and  became  under-secjretary  of  state.  In  1701 
he  was  a  member  of  Parliament  for  East  Grinstead.  He 
went  as  ambassador  to  Paris  in  1712 ;  was  imprisoned  in 
ilngland  1716-17,  during  the  triumph  of  the  Whigs  ;  and 
passed  the  rest  of  his  life  at  his  home,  Down  H^  in  Es- 
sex. He  was  the  author,  with  Charles  Montague,  of  the 
"City  Mouse  and  Country  Mouse"  (1687:  a  parody  on 
Ihyden's  "Hind  and  Panther").  He  collected  his  poems, 
and  they  were  published  in  1709  ("  Alma  "  and  "  Solomon  " 
in  1718).  In  1740  two  volumes  of  his  poems  were  pub- 
lished, with  (alleged)  memoirs,  and  some  of  his  best 
poems  which  had  not  been  printed  before. 

Ihrioress's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's  "Can- 
terbury Tales."  It  is  told  by  Madame  Eglantine,  and 
Is  the  story  of  the  child  of  a  Christian  widow  IciUed  in  Asia 
by  the  Jews.  Wordsworth  wrote  a  modernized  version. 
See  Eglantine,  and  flw^ft  of  Idneoln. 

Pripet  (prep'et).  A  river  in  western  Eussia, 
chiefly  in  the  government  of  Minsk,  it  joins  the 
Dnieper  60  miles  north  of  Kiefl.  length,  about  400  miles ; 
navigable  to  Pinsk. 

Priscian  (prish'ian),  L.  Priscianus  Caesarien- 

sis  (prish-i-a'nus  se-za-ri-en'sis).  Lived  about 
500  a.  D.   A  celebratedLatin  grammarian.  His 
most  famous  work  is  "  Institutiones  gramma- 
tiese." 
Priscilla  Mullens.    See  Mullens. 


827 

Priscillian  (pri-sil'ian),  L.  Priscillianus  (pri- 
sil-i-a'nus).  Executed  at  Treves,  385  A.  D.  The 
founder  of  a  sect  in  Spain  and  Gaul,  called  from 
him  Priscillian  ists,  which  held  a  mixture  of 
Christianity,  Gnosticism,  and  Manichseanism. 

Prisons  (pris'kus),  Helvldius.  A  Roman  pa- 
triot, son-in-law  of  Thrasea  Psetus,  exiled  by 
Nero,  and  again  by  Vespasian  who  put  him  to 
death.  He  was  questor  in  Achaia  under  Nero ; 
tribune  of  the  people  in  56;  and  later  pretor. 

Prishtina.    See  Pristina. 

Prisoner  of  Chillon,  The.  A  poem  by  Lord 
Byron,  published  in  1816,  founded  on  the  im- 
prisonment of  Bonnivard  in  the  Castle  of  Chil- 
ton in  Switzerland. 

Prisrend  (pres-rend').  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of 
Kosova,  European  Turkey,  situated  on  a  branch 
of  the  Drin,  in  lat.  42°  13'  N.,  long.  20°  47'  E. 
Population,  estimated,  30,000. 

Pristina  (pres-te'na),  or  Prishtina  (presh-te'- 
na).  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of  Kosova,  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  situated  in  lat.  42°  40'  N.,  long. 
21°  11'  E.    Population,  est.,  17,550. 

Pritchard  (prich'ard),  Mrs.  (Hannah  Vau- 
ghan).  Bom  in  1711 :  died  at  Bath,  Aug.,  1768. 
A  noted  English  actress.  She  played  in  early  lite  at 
suburban  fairs,  and  married  an  actor  of  little  talent;  but 
some  years  before  Garrick  appeared  she  held  a  leading 
position  on  the  London  stage.  She  was  noted  both  in  tra- 
gedy and  in  comedy,  and  was  Mrs.  Siddons's  greatest  prede- 
cessor in  the  characters  of  Lady  Macbeth  and  Queen  Kath- 
arine. She  excelled  also  in  characters  of  intrigue  and 
gaiety,  as  Lady  Bettjr  Modish,  Lady  Towneley,  etc.  She 
abandoned  the  stage  in  1768. 

Privas  (pre-vas').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Ard&che,  France,  situated  on  the  Ou- 
v6ze  in  lat.  44°  44'  N.,  long.  4°  36'  E.  An  ancient 
Calvinist  stronghold,  it  was  taken  and  burned  by  the 
troops  of  Louis  XIII.  in  1629.  It  has  iron-mines  and  im- 
portant manufactures.  Population  (1891)  commune,  7,312. 

Privernum.    See  Piperno. 

Probus  (pro'bus),  Marcus  Aurelius.    Bom  at 

Sirmium,  Paunonia :  killed  near  Sirmium,  282 
A.  D.  Roman  emperor  276-282.  He  waged  war 
successfully  against  the  Germans  in  Gaul.  He 
was  killed  by  mutinous  soldiers. 

Procida  (pro'che-da).  A  volcanic  island  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Bay  of  Naples,  13  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Naples,  belonging  to  the  province 
of  Naples,  Italy:  the  ancient  Proehyta.  Length, 
2  miles.    Population  (1881),  13,131. 

Proclamation,  Emancipation.  The  proclama- 
tion by  which,  on  Jan.  1, 1863,  President  Lin- 
coln, as  commander-in-chief  of  the  armies  of 
the  United  States,  declared  as  a  military  mea- 
sure, in  accordance  withnotice  proclaimed  Sept. 
22, 1862,  that  within  certain  specified  territory 
in  armed  rebellion  all  persons  held  as  slaves 
"are  and  henceforward  shall  be  free." 

Procne(prok'ne).  [Gv.JlfidKVTi.']  InGreeklegend, 
the  daughter  of  Pandion  and  wife  of  Tereus. 
By  Tereus  she  became  the  mother  of  Itys.  On  the  pretext 
that  his  wife  was  dead,  Tereus  brought  her  sister  Philomela 
from  Athens,  ravished  heron  the  way,  cut  outhertongue, 
and  hid  her  on  Parnassus.  She  contrived  to  inform  Procne 
of  her  story,  and  the  two  slew  Itys  and  served  him  up  to  his 
father  to  eat.  Tereus  was  changed  into  a  hawk,  Procne 
into  a  swallow,  and  Philomela  into  a  nightingale. 

PrOCOpius(pro-k6'pi-us).  [Gr.  XI/jo/ctSOTOf.]  Born 
at  CsBsarea,  Palestine,  probably  about  490  a.  d.  : 
died  about  565  (?).  A  Byzantine  historian.  He 
accompanied  Belisarius  on  various  campaigns,  and  wrote 
histories  of  the  Persian,  Vandal,  and  Gothic  wars  in  the 
time  of  Justinian.  He  was  also  the  author  of  a  work  on 
the  buildings  of  Justinian  ("De  tediflciis")  and  of  a  secret 
history  ("Anecdota")  directed  against  Jhstinian. 

PrOCOpius,  Andrew,  sumamed  "The  Great." 
Killed  in  battle  near  Bohmisch-Brod,  Bohemia, 
May  30,  1434.  A  noted  Hussite  leader.  He  be- 
came commander  of  the  Taborites  in  1424 ;  gained  the  vic- 
tory of  Aussig,  June  16,  1426 ;  and  invaded  Moravia,  Aus- 
tria, Hungary,  Silesia,  and  Saxony.  He  rejected  the  Com- 
pactata  of  Prague ;  and  was  defeated  by  the  Calixtines  in 
the  battle  of  BOhmisch-Brod,  May  30,  1434. 

Procris  (pro'kris).  [Gr.  rCpd/cpif.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend, the  wife  of  Cephalus,  hy  whom  she  was 
slain. 

Procrustes  (pro-krus'tez).  [Gr.  XlpoKpoioT^;, 
the  stretcher.] '  The  surname  of  a  legendary 
Attic  robber  (Damastes  or  Polypemon).  He  had 
a  bed  (named  from  him  the  "  Procrustean  ")  upon  which  his 
prisoners  were  tortured :  those  who  were  too  short  he 
stretched  to  fit  it,  and  those  who  were  too  .tall  had  then? 
limbs  cut  to  the  proper  length. 

Procter  (prok'ter),  Adelaide  Anne.  Bom  at 
London,  Oct.  30, 1825:  died  there,  Feb.  3, 1864. 
An  English  poet,  daughter  of  Bryan  Wal'^r 

.Procter  (Barry  Cornwall).  She  wrote  "Legei.  s 
and  Lyrics  "  (1858-60).  She  became  a  convert 
to  Roman  Catholicism  in  1851. 

Procter,  Bryan  Waller:  pseudonym  Barry 
Cornwall.  Bom  at  London,  Nov.  21,  1787: 
died  there,  Oct.  4, 1874.    An  English  poet  and 


Prometheus  Bound 

author.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow,  and  was  a  aohool- 
mate  of  Byron  and  Sir  Robert  Peel.  In  1807  he  went  to 
London  to  study  law.  In  1820  he  began  writing  under  the 
pseudonym  Barry  Cornwall,  and  in  1831  was  CEUled  to  the 
bar.  From  1832  to  1861  he  was  commissioner  of  lunacy. 
He  wrote  " Dramatic  Scenes  and  Other  Poems  "(1819),  "  A 
Sicilian  Story"  (1820),  "Mh'andola"(1821:  performed  at 
Covent  Garden  in  1821),  "  Flood  of  Thessaly  "  (1823),  "  Effi- 
gies Poetica  "  (1824),  "  English  Songs  "  (1832),  and  memoirs 
of  Kean,  Lamb  (1866),  Ben  Jonson,  and  Shakspere. 

Proctor  (prok'tor),  Henry  A,  Bom  in  Wales, 
1765 :  died  at  Liverpool,  England,  1859.  A  Brit- 
ish general.  He  was  colonel  of  a  regiment  in  Canada 
in  1812 ;  defeated  the  Americans  under  James  Winchester 
at  Frenchtown  in  1813 ;  and  *as  repulsed  by  Harrison  at 
Fort  Meigs,  by  Croghan  at  Fort  Stephenson,  and  by  Harri- 
son at  the  battle  of  the  Thames  (Oct.  6, 1813). 

Proctor,  Bichard  Anthony.  Bora  at  Chelsea, 
England,  March  23,  1837  :  died  at  New  York, 
Sept.  12, 1888.  An  English  astronomer.  He  was 
educated  at  King's  College,  London,  and  at  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  graduating  in  1860.  His  practical  work 
in  measuring  the  rotation  of  Mars  and  charting  the  324,- 
198  stars  of  Argelander's  catalogue  is  specially  noteworthy. 
He  published  "Half-hours  with  the  Telescope " (1868), 
"Half-hours  with  the  Stars " (1869),  "  Star  Atlas "  (1870), 
"The  Sun  "  (1871),  "Borderland  of  Science  "  (1873),  "  The 
Expanse  of  Heaven  "  (1874), "  Myths  and  Marvels  of  Astron- 
omy" (1877),"01d  and  New  Astronomy"  (1888-90), "Light 
Science  for  Leisure  Hours,"  "Elementary  Astronomy,"  and 
works  on  whist  and  mathematics. 

Procyon  (pro'si-on).  [Prom  Gr.  nponitov,  be- 
fore the  dog :  so  named  from  its  rising  a  little 
before  the  dog-star.]  1.  The  ancient  constel- 
lation Canis  Minor. —  2.  The  principal  star  of 
the  constellation  Canis  Minor,  the  eighth  bright- 
est in  the  heavens. 

Prodigal  Son,  The.  An  oratorio  by  Sir  Arthur 
Sullivan,  produced  at  the  Worcester  Festival  in 
1869. 

Professor,  The.  A  novel  by  Charlotte  Bronte, 
published  after  her  death,  which  occurred  in 
1855. 

Professor  at  the  Breakfast-table,  The.  A 
series  of  sketches  by  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes :  a 
sequel  to  the '  'Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast-table." 
It  was  published  in  1860. 

Profeta  (pro-fa'ta),  II.  [It.,  '  The  Prophet.'] 
An  opera  by  Meyerbeer,  first  produced  at  Paris 
in  1849. 

Profile  (pro'fel  orpro'fil).  A  celebrated  group 
of  rocks,  resembling  a  human  face,  on  the  side 
of  Mount  Cannon,  in  the  Franeonia  Range,  New 
Hampshire. 

Profound  Doctor,  The.  A  name  given  to  sev- 
eral schoolmen,  particularly  to  Thomas  Brad- 
wardine. 

Progreso  (pro-gra'so).  The  seaport  of  Merida 
in  Yucatan. 

Frokesch-Osten  (pro'kesh-os'ten%  Count  An- 
ton von.  Bom  at  Gratz,  Styria,  Dec.  10, 1795 : 
died  at  Vienna,  Oct.  26, 1876.  An  Austrian  di- 
plomatist, author,  and  archseologist.  He  was  am- 
bassador in  Athens  1834-49,  in  Berlin  1849-52,  in  Frankfort 
1853-55,  and  in  Constantinople  1855-71.  He  published 
travels  and  "Geschichte  des  Abfalls  der  Griechen  vom 

*  tiirkischen  Keich"  ("History  of  the  Eevolt  of  the  Greeks 
from  the  Turkish  Empire,"  1867). 

Prolegomena  in  Homerum  (pro-le-gom'e-na 
in  hg-me'rum).  A  critical  work  by  P.  A.  Wolfj 
published  in  1795,  attacking  the  then  commonly 
received  theory  of  the  Homeric  poems. 

Prome  (prom).  The  capital  of  the  district  of 
Prome,  British  Burma,  situated  on  the  Irawadl 
in  lat.  18°  47'  N.,  long.  95°  17'  E.  It  was  taken 
by  the  British  in  1825.  Population  (1891),  30,022. 

Promessi  Sposi  (pro-mes'se  spo^ze),  I,  '[It., 
'  The  Betrothed.']  1.  A  novel  by  Manzoni,  his 
principal  work,  published  1825-27.  The  scene 
is  laid  in  Milan  and  its  vicinity  in  the  first  part 
of  the  17th  century. — 2.  An  opera  by  Petrella, 
first  produced  at  Lecco  in  1869. 

Prometheus  (pro-me'thiis).  [Gr.  llpo/i^6ev(, 
forethought.]  in  Greek  mythology,  the  son 
of  lapetus  and  the  ocean-nymph  Clymene,  cele- 
brated as  the  benefactor  of  mankind.  For  de- 
ceit practised  upon  him  by  Prometheus  in  a  sacrifice,  Zeus 
denied  to  man  the  use  of  fire ;  but  Prometheus  stole  it  from 
heaven  and  brought  it  to  earth  in  a  hollow  reed.  For  this 
he  was  chained,  by  order  of  Zeus,  on  a  mountain  (Cauca- 
sus), where  daily  his  liver(which  grew  again  at  night)  was 
consumed  by  an  eagle.  He  was  freed  by  Hercules.  To 
counterbalance  the  acquisition  of  lire,  Zeus  sent  Pandora 
to  mankind.    See  Pandora. 

Prometheus.  1.  A- drama  in  blank  verse  by 
Goethe,  begun  in  1773.  He  afterward  cut  it 
down  to  a  monologue. —  2.  A  ballet  by  Beet- 
hoven, produced  at  Vienna  in  1802.  It  was  ar- 
ranged for  the  stage  by  Salvatore  Vigano. 

Prometheus  Bound.    A  tragedy  of  .lEsohylus, 

of  uncertain  date.  Prometheus,  bound  to  the  rocks 
by  order  of  Zeus  for  his  benevolence  to  man,  resists  all  ef- 
forts to  subdue  his  will  and  purpose,  bids  defiance  to  the 
father  of  the  gods,  and  disappears  in  an  appalling  tempest. 
Mrs.  Browning  published  a  poetical  translation  in  1833. 


Prometheus  Bound 

The  "  Prometheus  Vinctus  "  brings  us  to  the  perfection  of 
^schylus'  art^  and  to  a  specimen,  unique  and  unapproach- 
able, of  what  that  wonderful  genius  could  do  in  simple 
tragedy,  that  is  to  say,  in  the  old  plotless,  motionless,  sur- 
prlseless  drama,  made  up  of  speeches  and  nothing  more. 
There  is  certainly  no  other  play  of  ^schylus  which  has 
produced  a  greater  impression  upon  the  world,  and  few 
remnants  of  Greek  literature  are  to  he  compared  with  it 
in  its  eternal  freshness  and  its  eternal  mystery. 

Mahnfy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  258. 

Prometheus  Unbound.  A  lyrical  drama  by 
SheUey,  published  in  1820. 

Promos  and  Cassandra  (pro'mos  andkas-san'- 
drS,).  A  play  by  Whetstone,  printed  in  1578, 
but  never  acted.  Shakspere  took  the  story  of  "Mea- 
sure for  Measure  "  from  this  play,  which  is  in  two  parts, 
and  which  was  in  turn  taken  from  one  of  Cinthio's  novels. 
In  1582  Whetstone  altered  it  to  a  prose  novel. 

Promptorium  Parvulorum,  sive  Clericorum 
(promp-to'ri-um  par-vu-16'rum  si've  Mer-i-ko'- 
rum).  An  English-Latin  dictionary,  said  to 
have  been  the  first  in  use.  Promptanum  should  be 
pramptuarium  ('  storehouse "),  and  is  so  spelled  by  Wynkyn 
de  Worde  in  his  edition  "Promptuarium  Parvulorum  Cleri- 
corum "  (1510).  The  words  were  collected  from  various 
authors  by  Fratre  Galfridus  (Geoffrey),  called  Grammati- 
cns,  a  preaching  friar,  a  "  recluse  of  Bishop  Lynne  "  in  Nor- 
folk. There  are  several  manuscripts,  and,  besides  Wynkyn 
de  Worde,  Pynaon  printed  it  in  1499  and  Julian  Notary  in 
1508.  The  Camden  Society  published  it  in  1865,  edited  by 
Albert  Way. 

Pro^ertiUB  (pro-per'shius),  Sextus.  Born  at 
Assisi,  Italy,  about  50  b.  c.  :  died  after  16  B;  c. 
A  Eoman  elegiac  poet:  a  friend  of  Msecenas, 
Vergil,  and  Ovid.  His  poems  are  largely  amatory,  cele- 
brating his  mistress  Cynthia  (Hostia). 

Prophfete  (pro-faf),  Le.    See  Profeta,  U. 

Prophetess(prof'et-es),The.  Aplayby Fletcher 
and  Massinger,  licensed  in  1622,  printed  in  1647. 
Betterton  produced  an  alteration  of  it  in  1690. 

Propontis(pro-pon'tis).  [Gr.  IIpoTrojrrif,  the  fore- 
sea.]    The  ancient  name  of  the  Sea  of  Marmora. 

PropUS  (pro'pTis).  [Gr.  7rp<i7roiic,  the  fore  foot  or, 
in  this  case,  the  forward  foot.]  Ptolemy's  name 
for  the  third-magnitude  (but  slightly  variable) 
double  star  r/  Geminorum,  in  the  northern  foot 
of  Castor. 

Propylsea  (prop-i-le'a).  [Gr.  wpoiriiTMia  (pi.), 
a  gateway.]  The  monumental  gateway  to  the 
Acropolis  at  Athens,  begun  437  b.  o.  by  Mne- 
sicles.  It  consists  of  a  central  ornamented  passage  and 
two  projecting  wings,  that  on  the  north  with  a  chamber 
(the  Pinacotheoa)  behind  its  small  portico.  The  central 
passage  has  on  both  west  and  east  faces  a  magnificent 
hexastyle  Doric  portico.  At  about  two  thirds  of  its  length 
it  is  crossed  by  a  wall  pierced  with  5  doorways,  the  widest 
and  highest  in  the  middle.  An  inclined  waypasses  through 
the  wider  middleintercolumniations  of  both  great  porches 
and  the  large  central  door:  tliis  way  was  flanked  between 
ttie  west  portico  and  the  door  by  six  tall  Ionic  columns, 
whose  capitals  supply  the  most  beautiful  type  of  the  order. 

Proscritto  (pro-skret'to),  II.  [It., '  The  Exile.'] 
An  opera  by  Nicolai,  produced  at  Milan  in  1840. 
It  was  afterward  produced,  with  alterations,  as  ''Die  Heim- 
kehr  des  Verbannten  "  in  1844.    See  Emani. 

Proserpina  (pro-sfir'pi-na).  An  asteroid  (No. 
26)  discovered  by  Luther  at  Bilk,  May  5, 1853. 

Proserpine  (pros'er-pin).  In  Koman  mythol- 
ogy, one  of  the  greater  goddesses,  the  Greek 
Persephone  or  Kora,  daughter  of  Ceres,  wife  of 
Pluto,  and  queen  of  the  infernal  regions.  She 
passed  six  months  of  the  year  in  Olympus,  during  which 
time  she  was  considered  as  an  amiable  and  propitious  di- 
vinity ;  but  during  the  six  months  passed  in  Hades  she 
was  stem  and  terrible.  She  was  essentially  a  personiil- 
cation  of  the  changes  in  the  seasons,  in  spring  and  sum- 
mer bringing  fresh  vegetation  and  fruits  to  man,  and  in 
winter  harsh  and  causing  suffering.  She  was  intimately 
connected  with  such  mysteries  as  those  of  Eleusis.  The 
Boman  goddess  was  practically  identical  with  the  Greek. 

Prosna  (pros'na).  A  tributary  of  the  Warthe, 
which  it  joins  38  miles  southeast  of  Posen, 
forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  Prussia 
and  Russian  Poland.    Length,  about  120  miles. 

Prosopopoia  (pros'''o-po-poi'a).  See  Mother 
Hubler&s  Tale. 

Prosperity  (pros-per'i-ti).  A  poem  attributed 
by  Morris  to  Chaucer,  but  rejected  by  Skeat. 

Prosperity  Bobinson.  An  epithet  applied  to 
Frederick  Robinson  (Viscount  Goderich),  on 
account  of  his  eulogy  of  British  prosperity 
(shortly  before  the  financial  crisis  or  1825). 

Prospero  (pros'pe-ro).  The  rightful  Duke  of 
Milan  in  Shakspere's  "Tempest."  He  is  repre- 
sented  as  a  wise  and  good  magician  (not  a  necromancer  or 
wizard)  living  in  exile  on  an  island  with  his  daughter 
Miranda. 

Pross  (pros),  Solomon,  A  spy  and  scoundrel 
in  Dickens's  "  Tale  of  Two  Cities."  His  sister, 
Miss  Pross,  a  wild-looking  bat  unselfish  woman,  becomes 
the  instrument  of  vengeance,  and  accidentally  kills  Ma- 
dame Def  arge.    Also  called  John  Barsad. 

Prossnitz  (pros'nits).  Atownin  Moravia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  in  the  Hanna  plain  11 
miles  southwest  of  Olmiitz.  Population  (1891), 
19,512. 

Protagoras  (pro-tag'o-ras)  of  Abdera.    [Gr. 


828 

npiorayd/jof .]  Bom  about  481 B.  c. :  died  about 
411 B.  c.  A  celebrated  Greek  sophist,  the  ear- 
liest of  that  class  of  teachers.  He  was  driven 
from  Athens  on  a  charge  of  atheism,  and  his  work  "On 
the  Gods  "  was  publicly  burned.  He  is  best  known  from 
his  famous  dictum  "  Man  is  the  measure  of  all  things :  of 
those  which  are,  that  they  are ;  of  those  which  are  not, 
that  they  are  not." 
Protagoras.  A  dialogue  of  Plato:  the  narra- 
tion by  Socrates  of  a  conversation  which  took 
place  in  the  house  of  Callias,  a  wealthy  Athe- 
nian, between  himself,  the  sophists  Protagoras, 
Hippias,andProdieus,  Hippocrates,  Aleibiades, 
and  Critias.  The  theme  of  this  celebrated  dialogue  is 
virtue,  its  nature,  unity,  and  teachableness :  and  it  is  also 
a  study  of  the  sophistic  teachers  in  the  person  of  one  of 
their  best  representatives,  the  famous  Protagoras.  It 
closes  with  the  well-known  conclusion  of  Socrates  that 
virtue  is  knowledge 

Protector  of  the  Indians.  Bartolom6  de  las 
Casas,  who  received  this  official  title  (Protector 
Universal  de  los  Indios)  in  1516.  Later  there 
were  local  protectors  in  the  different  colonies. 

Protesilaus  (pro-tes-i-la'us).  [Gr.  TIpurrea'OMog.'] 
In  Greek  legeni,  the  first  of  the  Greeks  slain 
in  the  Trojan  war. 

Protestant  Duke,  The.  A  name  given  to  the 
Duke  of  Monmouth  (son  of  Charles  II.). 

Protestantenverein  (pro-tes-tan-ten-fe-rin'). 
[G.,' Protestant  xmion.']  An  association  of  Ger- 
man Protestants  formed  at  Frankfort-on-the- 
Main  in  1863.  Among  its  objects  are  toleration,  free- 
dom from  ecclesiastical  domination,  union  of  different 
churches  in  a  national  church,  and  the  development  of 
Protestantism. 

Protestant  Pope,  The.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  Pope  Clement  XTV.,  who  suppressed 
the  Jesuits. 

Proteus  (pro'tiis  or  pro'te-us).  [L.,  from  Gr. 
IXpuTCTf.]  1.  In  classical  mythology,  a  sea- 
god,  the  son  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys,  who  had 
the  power  of  assuming  different  shapes.  Accord- 
ing to  the  legend,  Menelaus,  on  his  return  from  Troy,  sur- 
prised Proteus  and  held  him  fast  through  all  his  changes 
of  form,  until  he  learned  from  him  how  to  return  home. 
2.  One  of  the  "two  gentlemen  of  Verona,"  in 
Shakspere's  play  of  that  name. 

Prothalamion  (pro-tha-la'mi-on) .  A  "  spousal 
verse"  by  Edmund  Spenser,  published  under 
this  name  in  1596.  It  was  written  on  the  occasion  of 
the  marriage  on  the  same  day  of  the  two  daughters  of  the 
Earl  of  Worcester  to  Henry  Guilford  and  William  Petre. 

Protogenes  (pro-toj'e-nez).  [Gr.  Uparoyhijg.'] 
Born  at  Caunus,  Caria,  Asia  Minor  (or  at  Xan- 
thus  in  Lycia) :  lived  in  the  second  half  of  the 
4th  century  B.  C.  A  celebrated  Greekpainter  of 
Rhodes.  His  most  famous  works  were  the  lalysus  in 
Khodes,  afterward  placed  in  the  Temple  of  Peace  in  Eome, 
and  the  Kesting  Satyr.  Protogenes  and  his  work  were 
greatly  admired  by  his  contemporary  Apelles. 

Proud  Duke.  A  name  given  to  Charles  Sey- 
mour, sixth  duke  of  Somerset. 

Proudhon  (pro-d6n'),  Pierre  Joseph.  Bom  at 
Besanjon,  France,  July  15, 1809:  died  atPassy, 
Jan.  19, 1865.  A  French  socialist.  Hewastheson 
of  a  cooper;  studied  at  the  College  of  Besan^on,  and  in 
1S39  obtained  from  the  Academy  of  Besangon  a  pension 
which  enabled  him  to  spend  several  years  of  study  at  Paris. 
He  was  afterward  (1843-47)  in  the  employ  of  a  commercial 
house  at  Lyons.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  February  revolu- 
tion in  1848  he  threw  himself  with  ardor  into  the  socialis- 
tic propaganda  at  Paris ;  waselectedamemberof  the  Con- 
stituent Assembly;  and  founded  the  short-lived  journals 
"  Le  Peuple  "  (1848-49), "  La  Voix  du  Peuple  "  (1849-50),  and 
"Le  Pen  pie  de  1860  "(1850).  He  was  imprisoned  under  the 
press  laws  1849-52,  and  fled  to  Belgium  to  escape  a  sen- 
tence of  Imprisonment  on  the  publication  in  1858  of  his 
work  "  De  la  justice  dans  la  revolution  et  dans  I'^glise," 
hut  was  amnestied  in  1860.  He  also  published  "Qu'est-ce 
quelapropriet6?"(1840),  "Creation  derordredansl'human- 
ite  "  (1843),  "  Syst^me  des  contradictions  6conomiques  " 
(1846),  "La  revolution  sociale,  iimonttie  par  le  conp 
d'etat  "(1852),  etc. 

Prout  (prout).  Father.  The  pen  name  of 
Francis  Mahony. 

Provence  (pro-vons').  [From  the  Latin  provin- 
cia.']  An  ancient  government  of  southeastern 
France.  Capital,  Aix.  it  was  bounded  by  Yenaissin 
and  Dauphine  on  the  north.  Piedmont  and  Nice  on  the 
east,  the  Mediterranean  on  the  southeast  and  south,  and 
Langnedoc  (separated  by  the  Rhone)  on  the  west,  corre- 
sponding to  the  departments  of  Var,  Basses-Alpes,  and 
Bouches-du-Eh6ne,  and  part  of  Vaucluse.  It  is  noted  for 
its  fruits  and  a  variety  of  other  products.  It  was  made  a 
Koman  province  (proviricia)  125-105  B.  C,  and  was  after- 
ward part  of  Gallia  Narbonensis.  It  was  overrun  by  the 
West  Goths  in  the  5th  century,  and  conquered  by  the 
Franks  at  the  beginning  of  the  6th  century.  Then  it  was 
part  of  the  kingdom  of  Theodoric,  but  about  538  was  re- 
conquered  by  the  Franks.  The  Saracens  overran  it  in  the 
8th  century.  On  the  division  of  the  Carolingian  empire 
in  843,  it  went  to  Lothair  and  later  to  Charles  the  Bald. 
Boso  became  king  of  Provence  or  Cisjurane  Burgundy  in 
879.  Provence  was  later  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Aries, 
and  was  ruled  by  its  own  counts  from  926.  It  passed  to 
the  counts  of  Barcelona  about  1112,  and  later  to  Aragon. 
Charles  of  Anjou  founded  the  Angevin  line  of  counts  of 
Provence  in  1246.  It  passed  to  Louis  XI.  of  France  in  1481, 
and  was  united  with  the  crown.    Its  inhabitants  are  Pro- 


Prudentius 

rentals,  a  designation  extended  to  include  dwellers  in  tfaa 
south  of  France. 

Proverbial  Philosophy.  A  didactic  work  in 
verse  by  M.  P.  Tupper,  published  1838-67. 

Proverbs  (prov'^rbz).  One  of  the  books  of  th& 
Old  Testament,  following  the  Book  of  Psalms. 
The  full  title  is  Proverbs  of  Solomon  (i.  1).  It  is  a  collection., 
of  the  sayings  of  the  sages  of  Israel,  taking  its  full  title  from 
the  chief  among  them,  though  it  is  by  no  means  certain  that, 
he  is  the  author  of  a  majority  of  them.  Portions  of  the  book 
are  ascribed  to  other  persons :  Chaps,  xxv.-xxix.  are  said 
to  have  been  edited  by  the  "men  of  Hezekiah,"  chap.  xxx. 
contains  "the  words  of  Agur,"  and  xxxi.  1-9  "  the  words^ 
of  Lemuel."  The  original  meaning  of  mishle,  the  Hebrew 
word  translated  'proverb,'  is  'a  comparison."  Thf  term  is. 
sometimes  translated  'parable'in  our  English  Bible;  but, 
as  such  comparisons  were  commonly  made  in  the  East  by 
short  and  pithy  sayings,  the  word  came  to  be  applied  to- 
these  chiefly,  though  not  exclusively.  They  formed  one  of 
the  most  characteristic  features  of  Eastern  literature. 

Providence  (prov'i-dens).  The  capital  of  the- 
county  of  Providence  and  of  the  State  of 
Rhode  Island,  situated  on  Providence  River, 
at  the  head  of  Narragansett  Bay,  in  lat.  41°' 
49'  N.,  long.  71°  24'  W.  it  is  the  largest  city  of  the 
State  and  second  city  of  New  England,  a  railroad  and 
steamboat  center  and  an  important  manufacturing  center,, 
and  has  a  considerable  coasting  trade.  The  leading  man- 
ufactures are  cotton,  woolen,  steam-engines,  iron  castings,, 
jewelry,  silver-ware,  and  worsteds.  It  is  the  seat  of  Browm 
University  (which  see),  and  of  various  educational  and. 
benevolent  institutions.  It  was  founded  by  Roger  Wil- 
liams in  1636 ;  was  damaged  by  fire  in  King  Philip's  war 
in  1675 ;  and  suffered  severely  from  a  storm  in  1815.  It 
became  a  city  in  1832.    Population  (1900),  175,697. 

Providence  Biver.  The  estuary  formed  by  the 
Blaekstone  and  other  rivers  at  the  northern  end 
of  Narragansett  Bay. 

Provincetown  (prov'ins-toun).  A  seaport  in 
Barnstable  County,  Massachusetts,  situated  at 
the  extremity  of  Cape  Cod  peninsula,  in  lat. 
42°  3'  N.,  long.  70°  11'  W.  It  has  cod-,  mackerel-, 
and  whale-fisheries.  The  Mayflower  came  to  anchor  here 
in  1620.    Population  (1900),  4,247. 

Provlncia,  or  Provincia  G-allica  (prS-vin'shi-a. 
gal'i-ka),  or  Gallia  Provincia  (gal'i-a  pro-vin'- 
shi-a).  In  ancient  geography,  the  part  of  Gaul 
conquered  by  the  Romans  in  the  end  of  the  2d 
century  B.  C.  It  corresponded  to  Provence,  Dauphine, 
and  Languedoc.  Later  the  name  was  restricted  to  Pro- 
vence.   Compare  Narbon&nsis. 

Provincial  Letters.    See  Pascal. 

Provincias  Internas  (pro-ven'the-as  en-ter'- 
nas).  [Sp., 'Interior  Provinces.']  A  colonial  di- 
vision of  Spanish  America.  The  name  was  vaguely 
used,  as  early  as  the  17th  century,  for  the  northern  parts- 
of  New  Spain  or  Mexico.  In  1777  (by  order  of  Aug.  22, 
1776)  a  new  government  was  formed  under  this  name, 
completely  separated  from  the  viceroyalty  of  New  Spain^ 
and  comprising  Nueva  Vizcaya  (Durango  and  Chihuahua), 
Coahuila,  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Sinaloa,  Sonora,  and  th& 
Californias.  The  capital  was  Arizpe  in  Sonora,  and  th& 
audience  of  Guadalajara  retained  its  judicial  authority; 
the  governor  was  also  military  commandant.  In  1786- 
and  1787-93  the  government  was  again  subordinate  to  the 
viceroy.  When  the  final  separation  was  made  in  1793, 
California  was  attached  to  Mexico.  Later  the  Proviucias- 
Intemas  were  divided  into  two  military  districts,  the  Oc- 
cidente  and  Oriente,  Californiabeing  united  to  the  former  r 
this  change  went  into  effect  in  1810. 

Provincias  ITnidasde  la  Plata.  Bee  La  Plata, 
Provincias  TTnidas  del  Centro  de  America. 

The  official  name  of  the  Central  American  con- 
federated states,  declared  by  the  Constituent 
Congress,  July  1,  1823.  The  provisional  government 
was  an  executive  of  three  members  and  the  existing  courts. 
With  the  constitution  adopted  Nov.  22,  1824,  tie  name 
became  Estadoa  Federados  de  Centro-AmMea. 
Pro'Vins  (pro-van').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Mame,  Prance,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Duretin  and  Voulzie,  50  miles  southeast  of 
Paris.  The  Church  of  St.  Qnuiace,  the  Grosse  Tour 
(keep),  and  the  ancient  ramparts  are  notable.  It  was  a 
large  and  important  city  In  the  middle  ages,  but  declined' 
in  the  English  and  religious  wars.  Population  (1891\. 
commune,  3,340.  \       ly 

Provisions  of  Oxford.  See  Oxford,  Provisions  of. 

Provo  (pro'vo),  or  Provo  City.  The  capital  of 
Utah  County,  Utah,  situated  on  Utah  Lake  40 
miles  south  by  east  of  Salt  Lake  City.  It  is  a 
railroad  and  manufacturing  center.  Ponulation 
(1900),  6,185.  ^ 

Provoked  Husband,  The.  A  comedy  begun 
by  Vanbrugh,  who  wrote  nearly  four  acts  be- 
fore his  death,  under  the  title  "A  Journev  to- 
London."  It  was  finished  by  Gibber,  and  pro- 
duced in  1728. 

Provoked  Wife,  The.  Acomedy  by  Vanbrugh 
produced  in  1697.    It  was  revived  in  1726. 

finickner  (prok'ner),  Caroline.  Bom  at  Vi- 
enna, 1832.  A  noted  teacher  of  singing,  she 
opened  a  school  of  opera  in  1870  at  Vienna,  and  has  pub- 
lished a  "  Theorie  und  Praxis  der  Gesangskunst "  (1872  and 


Prudentius  (pro-den'shi-us),  Aurelius  Clem- 
ens. Bom  probably  in  Spain,  348  a.  d.  :  lived 
about  400.    A  Latin  poet,  author  of  hymns  and 


Frudentius 

other  poems  on  religious  subjeofe:  the  chief 
Christian  poet  of  the  early  church. 
Prudhomme  (prfi-dom'),  Monsieur  Joseph. 
A  self-satisfied  character  created  by  Henri  Mon- 
nier  in  1852,  noted  for  his  high-sounding  hut 
empty  phrases.  He  is  frequently  quoted  and  referred 
to  in  French  literature.  His  name  was  taken  from  the  Old 
French  term  signifying  'righteous  man,'  used  for  a  mem- 
ber of  a  council  composed  of  worlonen  and  employers, 
appointed  for  the  settlement  of  disputes  between  the  two 
classes. 

Prudhomme,  Sully,  Bom  at  Paris,  1839.  A 
French  poet.  He  published  his  first  poems,  "  Stances 
et  poemes,"  in  3.865,  and  since  that  time  has  given  himself 
up  entirely  to  literature,  science,  and  philosophy.  Among 
his  works  are  "Les  ^preuves,  eto."(1866),  "Les  solitudes" 
■^186%  "Les  destin8"(1872),  "La  r^volte  des  fleurs"(1874), 
'■  La  France  "  (1874),  "La  justice"  (1878),  etc. 

Sainte-Beuve  observed  of  M.  Sully  Prudhomme  that  he 
l)elonged  to  none  of  the  schools  of  contemporary  poetry. 
"His  was  rather  the  noble  ambition  of  conciliating  them, 
of  deriving  from  them  and  reuniting  in  himself  what  was 
sood  in  each.  With  much  skill  in  the  treatment  of  form, 
he  was  not  indifferent  to  the  idea;  and,  among  ideas,  he 
did  not  adopt  any  group  to  the  exclusion  of  the  rest." 
This  rightly  defines  the  position  of  Sully  Prudhomme. 

Dawden,  Studies  In  Lit.,  p.  426. 

Prudhon  (pril-ddn'),  Charles  Francois  Joseph. 

Bom  at  Paris,  July  24, 1845.  A  French  come- 
dian. He  is  a  pupil  of  K^gnier;  made  his  d^but  at  the 
Com^die  Fran(a&e  in  1865 ;  and  was  elected  a  member  in 
1883. 

Prud'hon,  Pierre  Paul,  Bom  at  Cluny,  France, 
April  4,  1758 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  16,  1823.  A 
French  historical  and  portrait  painter.  He  was 
a  pupil  of  Desvoges  at  Dijonj  and  later  at  the  Beaux  Arts. 
He  won  the  grand  prix  de  Home  in  1782,  and  lived  at  Rome 
7  years,  returning  to  Paris  in  1789,  where  his  reputation 
-was  established  in  1794.  Among  his  best  works  are  "Di- 
vine Justice  and  Vengeance  pursuing  Crime"  (1808:  in 
the  LouvreV  "Rape  of  Psyche " (1812),  "Demeter  in  the 
House  of  Neeera,"  "Interview  between  Napoleon  L  and 
Francis  II.  after  Austerlltz,"  etc. 

Prue  (pro).  Miss.  In  Congreve's  play  "Love 
for  Love,"  a  romping  awkward  country  girl 
with  a  well-developed  taste  for  a  lover.  She 
is  taken  from  Wycherley's  "Country  Wife." 
Prusa  (pro'sa).  The  ancient  name  of  Brusa. 
Prussia  (prush'a),  G-,  Preussen  (prois'sen). 
[F.  Prnsse,  D.  Praissen,  It.  Prussia,  Sp.  Prusia, 
Dan.  Preltssen.']  A  kingdom  of  northern  Ger- 
many,  extending  from  lat.  49°  7'  to  55°  54'  N., 
and  from  long.  5°  52'  to  22°  54'  E. :  the  largest 
state  in  area  and  population  of  the  German 
Empire.  Capital,  Berlin,  it  is  bounded  by  the  North 
Sm,  Oldenburg,  Denmark,  Mecklenburg,  and  the  Baltic 
-on  the  north,  Russia  on  the  east,  the  Austrian  empire, 
the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  the  Thuringian  states,  Bavaria, 
Hesse,  and  Alsace-Lorraine  on  the  south,  and  Luxemburg, 
Belgium,  and  the  Netherlands  on  the  west.  It  comprises 
also  the  detached  territory  of  Hohenzollern  and  several 
smaller  exclaves.  Among  the  islands  belonging  to  Prussia 
are  Rii'gen,  Fehmem,  the  North  Friesian  Islands,  and 
Helgoland.  The  northern  and  eastern  parts  belong  to 
the  great  northern  plain  of  Europe.  In  the  south  and 
southwest  the  surface  is  chiefl^y  hilly  or  mountainous — 
the  principal  ranges  there  being  the  Sudetic  Mountains  on 
the  border  of  Austria,  and  the  Thuringian  and  Harz  Moun- 
tains, while  further  west  are  the  Weser  Mountains,  Teu- 
toburgerwald,  Taunus,  Westerwald,  etc.  There  are  many 
small  lakes  in  the  north  and  northeast.  The  principsd 
livers  are  the  Ems,  Weser,  Elbe  (with  the  Spree  and  Ha- 
vel), Eider,  Oder,  Vistula,  Pregel,  Niemen,  and  Rliine 
<with  the  Moselle).  Among  the  agricultural  products  are 
rye,  wheat,  oats,  barley,  millet,  fruit,  hemp,  flax,  hops, 
l)eet-root,  tobacco,  and  maize.  Wines  are  largely  produced 
in  the  west.  There  is  large  production  of  coaj  and  iron, 
and  the  country  yields  about  half  the  zinc  in  the  world  ; 
there  are  also  mines  of  copper,  lead,  salt,  nickel,  alum, 
sulphur,  amber,  etc.  Prussia  is  one  of  the  principal  man- 
ufacturing countries  of  the  world.  The  exports  include, 
besides  manufactured  goods,  timber,  grain,  wool,  tobacco, 
live  stock,  etc.  The  kingdom  is  subdivided  into  12  prov- 
inces, not  including  Berlin  and  Hohenzollern :  East  Prus- 
sia, West  Prussia,  Ponierania,  Poaen,  Brandenburg,  Saxony, 
Silesia,  Hannover,  Schleswig-Holstein,  Westphalia,  Hesse- 
Nassau,  and  Rhine  Province.  The  government  is  a  he- 
reditary constitutional  monarchy,  administered  by  a  king 
and  a  landtag  consisting  of  two  chambers :  the  Herren- 
haus,  or  House  of  Lords,  and  the  Abgeordnetenhaus  of  433 
members.  Russia  is  the  principal  state  in  the  empire, 
and  has  17  votes  in  the  Bundesrat  and  236  members  in  the 
Beichstag.  Its  king  is  the  German  emperor.  About  seven 
eighths  of  the  inhabitants  are  Germans ;  the  remainder 
include  Poles,  with  a  smaller  number  of  Lithuanians, 
Danes,  Wends,'  and  Czechs,  and  afew  Walloons.  The  dom- 
inant religion  is  Protestant  (Evangelical  Church),  but 
about  one  third  are  Roman  Catholics.  Prussia  had  its 
origin  in  the  Nordmark,  which  grew  into  the  mark  of 
Brandenburg;  this,  united  with  the  duchy  of  Prussia 
<1618),  developed  in  the  17th  century  under  the  Great 
Elector.  The  elector  Frederick  IIL  assumed  the  title  of 
Frederick  I.,  king  of  Prussia,  in  1701.  Neuchatel  with 
other  territory  was  acquired  in  1707,  and  part  of  Gelderland 
in  1713.  A  large  part  of  Swedish  Pomerania  was  annexed 
in  1720.  Prussia  rose  to  a  place  among  the  European 
powers  in  the  reign  of  Frederick  the  Great  (1740-86),  lead- 
ing events' in  which  were  the  acquisition  of  Silesia  in  1742 
and  the  Seven  Years'  War  1756-63.  By  the  first  partition 
«t  Poland  (1772)  West  Prussia  was  acquired  with  the  Netze 
district  and  Ermeland.  Prussia  was  at  war  with  France 
iT92-95.  %By  the  partitions  of  Poland  in  1793  and  1786  Po- 


829 

sen  and  the  Polish  territories  as  far  as  the  Pilica,  Vistula, 
and  Bug  were  annexed.  Prussia  lost  to  France  her  ter- 
ritories west  of  the  Rhine  in  1801 ;  received  in  1803  the 
bishopricsof  Paderborn  and  Hildesheim,  and  large  parts  of 
Munster,  Nordhausen,  Goslar,  Erfurt,  the  Eichsfeld,  and 
MUhlhausen ;  received  Hannover  in  1805  in  return  for  Ans- 
bach,  Cleves,  and  Neuchfttel ;  was  totally  overthrown  (at 
Jena,  etc.)  by  France  in  1806 ;  lost  in  1807  about  halt  its 
territories,  including  its  possessions  on  the  left  of  the  Elbe, 
Eottbus,  and  the  larger  part  of  its  territories  acquired  from 
Poland  in  1793  and  1795,  and  was  reduced  to  a  second-rate 
state ;  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  War  of  Liberation 
(1813),  and  in  the  overthrow  of  Napoleon  (1814  and  1815). 
By  the  Congress  of  Vienna  it  acquired  nearly  all  its  for- 
mer  possessions  (but  not  Hannover  or  the  Polish  territory 
lost  in  1807),  also  parts  of  the  electorates  of  Cologne  and 
Treves,  Swedish  Pomerania,  Berg,  Jiilich,  Westphalia,  Sie- 
gen,  andlarge  parts  of  Saxony(Wittenberg,Torgau, etc.).  It 
entered  the  Germanic  Confederation,  and  belonged  to  the 
Holy  Alliance.  Revolutionary  outbreaks  occurred  in  1848. 
It  was  at  war  with  Denmark  in  1848-49,  and  suppressed  in- 
surrections in  Saxony,  Baden,  and  elsewhere  in  1849. 
Prussia,  Saxony,  and  Hannover  were  united  in  an  alliance 
in  1849.  A  constitution  was  adopted  in  its  final  form  in 
1850.  Concessions  were  made  to  Austria  in  the  Conference 
of  Olmiitz,  1860.  Prussia  interfered  in  Schleswig-Holstein 
in  1851,  and  renounced  its  rights  to  Neuchatel  in  1857. 
After  the  accession  of  William  I.  in  1861  a  parliamentary 
struggle  took  place  between  Bismarck  and  the  liberals. 
The  complications  resulting  from  the  Danish  war  of  1864 
(see  ScJdesvtig-Holstein  wars)  led  in  1866  to  the  war  (in  con- 
junction with  Italy)  against  Austria  allied  with  the  South 
German  states,  Saxony,  and  Hannover.  By  the  victory  of 
1866  Prussia  acquired  Hannover,  Nassau,  Frankfort,  Hesse- 
Cassel,  and  Schleswig-Holstein,  became  the  first  German 
state,  and  foimed  the  North  German  Confederation.  By 
the  war  between  France  and  Germany  in  1870-71  the  new 
German  Empire  was  formed,  with  the  crown  hereditary  in 
the  Prussian  dynasty.  More  recent  events  are  the  acces- 
sion of  Frederick  III.  and  of  William  IL  (both  in  1888), 
and  the  retirement  of  Bismarck  in  1890.  (Compare  Ger- 
many.) Area,  134,463  square  miles.  Papulation  (1900), 
34,472,509. 

Prussia,  A  former  province  of  the  kingdom  of 
Prussia.  East  and  West  !E^ssia  were  united 
into  this  from  1829  to  1878. 

Prussia,  Duchy  of.  Aformerduohy  correspond- 
ing nearly  to  the  present  province  of  East  Prus- 
sia (minus  Ermeland) .  The  ancient  inhabitants  (Prus- 
sians) were  conquered  by  the  Teutonic  Enights  in  the  13th 
century.  West  Prussia  was  ceded  to  Poland  in  1466,  East 
Prussia  remaining  a  Polish  fief.  The  secular  duchy  was 
constituted  in  1626 ;  it  was  united  to  Brandenburg  in  1618. 

Prussia,  East,  G.  Ostpreussen  (ost-prois'sen). 
A  province  of  the  kingdom  of  Prussia.  Capital, 
Konigsberg.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Baltic  on  the  north- 
west, Russia  on  the  northeast  and  east,  Russian  Poland  on 
the  south,  and  West  Prussia  on  the  west.  The  surface  is 
generally  low.  It  contains  the  two  government  districts  of 
Konigsberg  and  Gumbinnen,  and  corresponds  generally 
to  the  ancient  duchy  of  Prussia  with  the  addition  of  Erme- 
land. Area,  14,275  square  miles.  Populatiou(1895),  2,006,- 
078. 

Prussia,  New  East.  A  region  now  belonging 
to  Eussian  Poland,  acquired  by  Prussia  in  the 
partitions  of  Poland  in  1793  and  1795,  and  lost  in 
1807.  It  lay  north  of  the  Vistula  and  Bug,  and  south  and 
east  of  East  Prussia  and  West  Prussia. 

Prussia,  Polish.  A  former  division  of  the  an- 
cient kingdom  of  Poland,  forming  the  greater 
portion  of  the  present  province  of  West  ftussia, 
Prussia. 

Prussia,  Rhenish.    See  BMne  Province. 

Prussia,  South.  A.  former  province  of  the  king=- 
dom  of  Prussia,  acquired  in  the  partitions  of 
Poland  of  1793  and  1795.  It  comprised  nearly  all  the 
present  province  of  Posen  south  of  the  Netze  district,  and 
the  part  of  present  Russian  Poland  lying  between  the  Vis- 
tula and  Pilica. 

Prussia,  'West,  G.  'Westpreussen  (vest'prois''- 
sen).  A  province  of  the  kingdom  of  Prussia. 
Capital,  Dantzic.  it  is  bounded  by  the  Baltic  on  the 
north.  East  Prussia  on  the  east,  Russian  Poland  and  Posen 
on  the  south,  Brandenburg  on  the  southwest,  and  Pome- 
rania on  the  west  and  northwest.  The  surface  is  generally 
low.  It  contains  the  two  government  districts  Dantzic  and 
Marienwerder,  and  corresponds  in  the  main  to  the  regions 
acquired  in  the  different  partitions  of  Poland.  Area,  9,846 
square  miles.    Population  (1896),  1,494,114. 

Pruth  (proth ;  Q.  pron.  prot) .  A  river  in  eastern 
Europe,  it  rises  in  Galicia,  flows  through  Bukowina, 
forming  the  boundary  between  Moldavia  and  Bessarabia 
(in  Russia),  and  joins  the  Danube  at  Reni  east  of  Galatz. 
Lengthj  over  600  miles ;  navigable  to  near  Jassy. 

Pruth,  Peace  of  the.  A  treaty  concluded  at 
Hush  between  Bussia  and  Turkey,  July  23, 1711. 
Peter  the  Great  and  his  army  (which  had  been  blockaded 
at  Hush,  near  the  Pruth)  were  relieved ;  Azofl  and  other 
possessions  were  ceded  to  Turkey  ;  and  it  was  stipulated 
that  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  should  be  permitted  to  return 
home  unmolested.    Called  also  the  treaty  of  Falca. 

Prynne  (prin),  Hester.  The  principal  char- 
acter of  Hawthorne's  "Scarlet  Letter."  she  is 
doomed  to  wear  a  scarlet  A  embroidered  on  her  breast  as 
a  penance  for  her  adultery  with  her  husband's  friend.  See 
BiTnimesdale,  Arthur. 

Prynne  (prin),  William.  Bom  at  Swamswiek, 
near  Bath,  1600:  died  at  London,  Oct.  24, 1669. 
An  English  Presbyterian  lawyer,  pamphleteer, 
and  statesman.  He  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1621,  en- 
tered Lincoln's  Inn  in  the  same  year,  and  was  afterward 
called  to  the  bar.  In  1633  he  published  "  Histriomastix. 
Fof  indirectly  criticizing  the  king  and  queen  in  this  book 


Ftah 

he  was  sentenced  by  the  Star  Chamber  to  be  imprisoned 
and  fined  £5,000,  expelled  from  his  profession,  degraded 
from  his  university  degree,  and  set  in  the  pillory,  where 
he  lost  both  his  ears.  In  1640  he  was  released  by  the  Long 
Parliament.  In  1643  he  entered  upon  the  prosecution  of 
Archbishop  Laud.  On  Nov.  7, 1648,  he  obtained  a  seat  in 
the  House  of  Commons.  He  at  once  took  the  part  of  the 
king,  and  was  included  in  Pride's  Purge  (Dec.  6, 1648).  He 
was  arrested  by  Bradshaw  July  1,  1650,  and  imprisoned. 
He  was  released  Feb.  18,  1652.  He  was  appointed  by 
Charles  II.  keeper  of  the  records  in  the  Tower.  In  1668 
he  published  the  "Vindication  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Juris- 
diction of  the  English  Kings." 
Przemysl  (pzhem'isl).  A  fortified  town  in  Ga- 
licia, Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  San  54 
miles  west  of  Lemberg.  it  has  an  active  trade  ;  con- 
tains two  cathedrals ;  and  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  of 
Poland.  It  was  founded  in  or  about  the  8th  century.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  36,209. 

Przihram.    See  Pribram. 

Psalms  (samz),  or  the  Book  of  Psalms.  A 
book  of  the  Old  Testament  which  contains  150 
psalms  and  hymns.  The  authorship  of  a  large  num- 
'ber  of  the  psalms  is  ascribed  traditionally  to  David,  Many 
of  them,  however,  are  supposed  to  date  from  the  time  of 
the  exile  or  later.  The  book  is  often  called  the  "Psalter," 
but  that  term  is  usually  restricted  to  those  versions  of  or 
compends  from  it  which  are  arranged  especially  for  the 
services  of  the  church.  The  translation  of  the  Psalter  in 
the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  is  not  that  of  the  author- 
ized version,  but  that  of  the  earlier  version  of  Cranmer's 
Bible. 

The  Psalter,  as  we  have  it,  unquestionably  contains 
Psalms  of  the  Exile  and  the  new  Jerusalem.  It  is  also 
generally  admitted  to  contain  Psalms  of  the  period  of 
David,  thus  embracing  within  its  compass  poems  extend- 
ing over  a  range  of  some  five  hundred  years. 

W.  R.  Smith,  Old  Testament  in  the  Jewish  Ch.,  p.  176. 

Fsammenitus.    See  Psammetichus  HI. 

Psammetichus(sa-met'i-kus)  I.,  orPsemthek, 
or  Psametik.  Reigned  666-610  b.  c.  (Brugsch). 
An  Egyptian  king,  the  founder  of  the  26th  dy- 
nasty. He  freed  Egypt  from  Assyrian  rule,  opened  the 
country  to  the  Greeks,  and  reunited  the  kingdom. 

Psammetichus  III.,  or  Psammenitus  (sam-e- 
ni'tus).  King  of  Egypt,  son  of  Amasis.  He  was 
defeated  at  Pelusium  by  Cambyses  525  B.  c,  and  Egypt  be- 
came a  Persian  province. 

Psara.    See  Ipsara. 

Psellus  (sel'us),  Michael,  surnamed  "The  El- 
der." Bom  in  .Andros,  Greece.  A  Byzantine 
author  who  lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  9th 
century. 

Psellus  (sel'us),  Michael  Constantino,  sur- 
named "The  Younger."  Bom  at  Constan- 
tinople, 1020:  died  after  1105.  A  Byzantine 
philosopher  and  author.  Among  his  numerous 
works  is  "Opus  in  quatuor  mathematicas  disciplinas  — 
arithmeticam,  musicam,  geometriam,  et  astronomiam  " 
(Venice,  1632). 

Pseudodoxia  Epidemica  (su-do-doks'i-a  ep-i- 
dem'i-ka),  or  an  Enquiry  into  'Vulgar  Errors. 

A  work  by  Sir  Thomas  Browne,  published  in 
1646.  It  is  his  most  popular  and  important  work, 
commonly  known  as  "Vulgar  Errors." 

Psiloriti  (pse-16-re'te).  Mount.  The  modern 
name  of  Mount  Ida  in  Crete. 

Pskof  (pskof ).  1 .  A  government  of  Russia,  sur- 
rounded by  the  governments  of  St.  Petersburg, 
Novgorod,  Tver,  Smolensk,  Vitebsk,  and  Livo- 
nia. It  contains  many  swamps  and  lakes.  Area,  17,069 
square  miles.  Population  (1890),  1,019,000. 
'2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Pskoff,  sit- 
uated on  the  VeMkaya  in  lat.  57°  50'  N.,  long. 
28°  22'  E.  In  the  middle  ages  it  was  a  republic,  sustain- 
ing close  relations  with  Novgorod ;  carried  on  an  exten- 
sive trade  with  the  towns  of  the  Hanseatic  League ;  and 
successfully  resisted  the  attacks  of  the  Livonian  Knights. 
It  was  conquered  by  Moscow  in  1510.    Population,  23,721. 

Pskof,  Lake.  A  lake  in  Russia,  forming  the 
southern  extension  of  Lake  Peipus.  Length, 
50  miles. 

Psyche  (si'ke).  [L.,  from  Gr.  ipvx^,  breath, 
spirit,  life,  the  spirit,  soul,  mind,  etc.;  a  depart- 
ed spirit,  ghost,  etc. ;  also,  a  butterfly  or  moth 
as  the  symbol  of  the  soul.]  1.  In  classical 
mythology,  the  personified  and  deified  soul  or 
spirit,  the  beloved  of  Eros,  by  whom  she  was 
alternately  caressed  and  tormented,  she  was  con. 
sidered  as  a  fair  young  girl,  often  with  the  wings  of  a  but- 
terfly, and  the  butterfly  was  her  symbol.  See  Cujnd  and 
Ptyche. 

2.  The  sixteenth  planetoid,  discovered  by  De 
Gasparis  at  Naples,  March  17, 1852. 

Psyche.  A  religious  poem,  in  24  cantos,  by  Jo- 
seph Beaumont,  published  in  1648. 

Psyche.  A  tragicomedy  by  Molifere,  Pierre  Cor- 
neille,  and  (Juinault,  produced  in  1670. 

Psyche  of  Capua.  A  celebrated  Greek  torso, 
undraped,  in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The 
head  is  bent  in  sorrow.  It  is  a  copy  from  Praxiteles  or  his 
immediate  school,  and  is  somewhat  injured. 

Ptah  (pta).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  an  impor- 
tant deity,  though  not  one  of  the  oldest.  He  was 
the  creative  force  (not  solar),  the  divine  builder,  the  vivi- 


Ptah 

fying  intellectual  power,  honored  especially  at  Memphis. 
He  was  represented  in  human  f  onn,  sometimes  as  a  pygmy 
or  embryo. 

Pteria(te'ri-a,).  [Gr.  nrfpm.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  place  in  Cappadocia,  Asia  Minor:  the 
scene  of  a  battle  between  Cyrus  the  Grreat  and 
Croesus  554  (?)  b.  C. 

P.  T.  Letters.  A  series  of  letters  published  by 
Pope. 

Never,  surely,  did  all  the  arts  of  the  most  skilful  diplo- 
macy give  rise  to  a  series  of  intrigues  more  complex  than 
those  which  attended  the  publication  of  the  "  P,  T.  Let- 
ters." An  ordinary  man  says  that  he  is  obliged  to  publish 
by  request  of  friends,  and  we  regard  the  transparent  de- 
vice as,  at  most,  a  venial  offence.  But  in  Pope's  hands 
this  simple  trick  becomes  a  complex  apparatus  of  plots 
within  plots,  which  have  only  been  unravelled  by  the  per- 
severing laboursof  the  most  industriousliterary  detectives. 
The  whole  story  is  given  for  the  first  time  at  full  length 
in  Mr.  Elwin's  edition  of  Pope,  and  the  revelation  borders 
upon  the  incredible. 

Leslie  Stephen,  Hours  in  a  Library,  p.  lOL 

Ptolemais  (tol-e-ma'is).  [Gr.  Ilro/Uua/c.]  In 
ancient  geography :  (a)  A  city  in  Cyrenaiea, 
west  of  Gyrene.  (6)  A  later  name  of  Aceho. 
See  Acre,  (c)  Ptolemais  Theron,  a  town  on  the 
west  coast  of  the  Red  Sea,  about  lat.  18°  N. 

Ptolemy  (tol'e-mi)  I.,  surnamed  Soter  ('Pre- 
server ')  and  Lagi  ( '  son  of  Lagus ').  [L.  FtoU- 
mseus,  from  Gr.  IlTO/le/jffiZoc.]  Died  283  B.  c. 
King  of  Egypt,  founder  of  the  Greek  dynasty 
in  th  at  country.  Hewas  the  alleged  son  of  Lagus,  a  Ma- 
cedonian of  ignoble  birth,  and  Arsinoe ;  but,  as  Arsinoe  had 
been  the  concubine  of  Philip  IL  of  Macedon,  he  vyas  com- 
monly supposed  by  his  contemporaries  to  be  the  son  of  that 
monarch.  He  rose  to  a  high  command  in  the  army  under 
Alexander  the  Great,  and  in  the  distribution  of  the  prov- 
inces on  the  latter's  death  in  323  obtained  the  government 
of  Egypt.  He  formed  an  alliance  with  Antipater  against  Per- 
diccas,  the  regent  in  Asia,  who  invaded  Egypt  in  321  but 
was  murdered  by  his  own  troops.  He  afterward  concluded 
an  alliance  with  Cassander,  Seleucus,  and  Lysimachus 
against  Antigonus,  who  fell  in  the  battle  of  Ipsus  in  301. 
He  assumed  the  title  of  king  in  306.  In  304  his  efficient 
support  of  the  Hhodians  enabled  the  latter  to  repel  a  for- 
midable attack  by  Demetrius,  whence  he  received  the 
surname  Soter  or  Preserver.  He  abdicated  in  favor  of  his 
son  Ptolemy  IL  in  285. 

Ptolemy  II.,  surnamed  Philadelphus.  Bom  in 
the  island  of  Cos,  309  b.  C:  died  247  B.  c.  King 
of  Egypt  285-247,  son  of  Ptolemy  I.  He  annexed 
Phenicia  and  Coele-Syria ;  encouraged  commerce,  litera- 
ture, science,  and  art;  and  raised  the  Alexandrian  Mu- 
seum ajid  Library,  founded  by  his  father,  to  importance. 

Ptolemy  III.,  surnamed  Euergetes  ('  Benefac- 
tor ').  Died  222  b.  c.  King  of  Egypt  247-222, 
son  of  Ptolemy  II.  whom  he  succeeded  in  247. 
To  avenge  his  sister  Berenice  (see  Avtiockug  II.  of  Syria), 
he  invaded  Syria  about  245,  and  captured  Babylon,  but 
was  recalled  in  243  by  a  revolt  in  Egypt. 

Ptolemy  IV.,  surnamed  PMlopator  ('Loving 
his  Father').  King  of  Egypt  222-205  (204?) 
B.  C,  son  of  Ptolemy  III.  He  defeated  Antio- 
ohus  the  Great  at  Eaphia  in  217. 

Ptolemy  V.,  surnamed  Epiphanes  ('Illustri- 
ous'). King  of  Egypt  205  (204?)-181  B.  c,  son 
of  Ptolemy  IV.  His  dominions  were  overrun  by  An- 
tiochus  the  Great,  and  saved  only  by  the  interference  of 
Rome.  He  married  Cleopatra,  daughter  of  Antiochus  the 
Great,  in  the  winter  of  193-192,  in  accordance  with  a  treaty 
of  peace  concluded  with  Antiochus  some  years  previously. 

Ptolemy  VI.,  surnamed  PMlometor.  Died  146 
B.  c.  King  of  Egypt,  son  of  Ptolemy  V.  whom 
he  succeeded  in  181  B.  C.  He  was  captured  during 
an  invasion  of  Egypt  by  Antiochus  Bpiphanes,  king  of 
Syria,  in  170,  whereupon  his  younger  brother  Ptolemy  VIL 
proclaimed  himself  king.  He  was  presently  released  by 
Antiochus,  and  for  a  time  reigned  conjointly  with  his 
brother.  Expelled  by  his  brother,  he  sought  relief  in  per- 
son at  Kome  in  164,  and  was  reinstated  at  Alexandria,  his 
brother  being  forced  to  retire  to  Cyrene,  which  he  was  al- 
lowed to  hold  as  a  separate  kingdom. 

Ptolemy  VII.,  surnamed  Euergetes  or  Phys- 

COn.  Died  117  B.C.  King  of  Egypt.  He  was  a 
younger  brother  of  Ptolemy  VI.,  on  whose  death  in  146  he 
usurped  the  throne,  putting  to  death  the  legitimate  heir. 
Of'or  Ptolemy  VII.  "s  history  previous  to  this  event,  see 
Ptolemy  VI.)  He  was  expelled  from  Alexandria  by  the 
populace  in  130,  but  recovered  his  capital  in  127. 
Ptolemy VIII.,  surnamed  Soter  ('Saviour')  or 
Fhilometor,  also  called  Lathyrus.  Died  81 
B.  C.  King  of  Egypt,  son  of  Ptolemy  VII.  Phys- 
con,  on  whose  death  in  117  he  ascended  the 
throne  conjointly  with  his  mother  Cleopatra. 
He  was  in  107  expelled  from  Egypt  by  Cleopatra,  who  raised 
her  favorite  son  Ptolemy  IX.  Alexander  to  the  throne  in 
his  stead.  He  succeeded,  however,  in  maintaining  himself 
in  Cyprus,  which  he  held  as  an  independent  kingdom,  un- 
til the  death  of  his  mother  in  89,  when  he  was  recalled  by 
the  Alexandrians,  who  had  in  the  meantime  expelled  his 
brother. 

Ptolemy  XI.,  surnamed  Neus  Dionysus  and 
Auletes  ('  Flute-player').  Died  51  b.  o.  King 
of  Egypt,  Ulegitimate  son  of  Ptolemy  VIII. 
Lathyrus.  He  succeeded  to  the  throne  on  the  extinc- 
tion of  the  legitimate  line  of  the  Ptolemies  In  80  B.  c.  He 
was  expelled  by  the  populace  in  58,  but  was  restored  by 
the  Eomans  in  56. 

Ptolemy  XU.  Died  in  48  or  47  B.  c.  King  of 
Egypt,  son  of  Ptolemy  Xl.  Auletes.    He  ascended 


830 

the  throne  in  51  conjointly  with  his  sister  Cleopatra,  whom 
he  expelled  in  49.  The  reinstatement  of  Cleopatra  by  Cae- 
sar in  48  gave  rise  to  war.  Ptolemy  was  defeated  on  the 
"Nile,  and  was  drowned  in  the  flight. 
Ptolemy,  Died  40  A.  D.  King  of  Mauretania, 
the  son  of  Juba  U.  and  grandson  of  Antony 


Puff 

partisans  of  the  church  party,  and  was  twice  besieged 
and  taken  by  President  Comonfort.  On  May  5, 1862,  tho 
I'rench  were  repulsed  in  an  attack  on  the  place,  but  it 
was  taken  by  Forey  in  1863.  Named  from  the  pious  tra- 
dition that,  before  the  conquest,  visions  of  angel  hosts 
were  seen  in  the  heavens  above  its  site.  Population  (1895), 
91,917. 


tfd  Sifh^r*^^'  i-^Mn"*^^T°h"'*'*  toEomeand  put  Puebio(pweb'16).  The  capital  of  Pueblo  County, 


to  death  by  Caligula  (40  A.  B.X  whose  cupidity  had  been 
excited  by  bis  great  wealth. 

Ptolemy,  L.  Claudius  Ptolemseus  (klEt'di-us 
tol-e-me'us).  Bom  at  Alexandria:  flourishedin 
the  first  half  of  the  2d  century  a,  d.  A  cele- 
brated Alexandrian  astronomer,  geographer. 


Colorado,  situated  on  the  Arkansas  River  106 
miles  south  of  Denver.    It  has  manufactures  of 
iron,  steel,  and  lead.     Pop.  (1900),  28,157. 
Pueblo  Inaians.  SeeKeresan,Ta^an,Tusayan, 
and  ZuHian. 


and  mathematician.    He  "built  up  a  mathematical  Plielclies(p8-al-ohas').   ['Eastern people.']  In- 

•  ■  ■  •        -■      dians  of  the  Pampean  or  Araucanian  stock,  in 

the  western  part  of  the  Argentine  Republic, 
north  of  the  Rio  Negro  (territories  of  Rio  Negro, 
Los  Andes,  andPampa).  They  are  probably  the  same 
as  the  Querendis,  a  formidable  tribe  which  opposed  the 
first  settlers  of  Buenos  Ayres.  ^See  Querendis.)  At  present 
they  do  not  number  more  than  3,000,  but  their  fighting 
force  is  often  increased  by  their  alliance  with  the  Arau- 
canians  of  Chile.  Until  within  a  few  years  they  have  been 
hostile  to  the  whites,  and  they  are  still  dangerous  neigh- 
bors of  the  settlers.  They  are  somewhat  wandering  in 
their  habits.  This  is  one  of  the  tribes  called  Pampas. 
Puente  de  Calderon  (pwen'ta  da  kal-da-ron'). 
[Sp.,  'bridge  of  Calderon.']  A  place  about  30 
miles  east  of  the  city  of  Guadalajara,  Mexico, 
where  the  highroad  from  Lagos  crosses  the  river 
Santiago.  Here  the  royalist  forces  (6,000)  under  Calleja 
defeated  the  revolutionists  (said to  have  numbered  80,000> 
under  Hidalgo  Jan.  17, 1811.  The  victory  was  largely  due 
to  an  accident  by  which  the  long  grass  was  set  on  fire  in 
front  of  Hidalgo's  army,  forcing  it  to  retreat  in  confusion. 
This  battle  decided  the  failure  of  the  first  attempt  to  make 


system  of  astronomy  and  geography  which  was  universally 
received  until,  in  the  course  of  the  16th  and  17th  centuries, 
the  system  of  Copernicus  displaced  it.  Ptolemy  believed 
that  the  sun,  planets,  and  stars  revolved  round  the  earth. 
His  error  in  calculating  the  circumference  of  the  globe  war- 
ranted Columbus  in  supposing  that  the  distance  from  the 
western  coast  of  Europe  to  the  eastern  coast  of  Asia  was 
about  one  third  less  than  it  actually  is ;  and  thus  encour- 
aged the  enterprise  which  led  to  the  discovery  of  America" 
(Jebb).  His  recorded  observations  (at  Canopus)  extend 
from  127  to  161  A.  r.  His  astronomical  and  mathematical 
work  is  contained  in  the  "  Syntaxis,"  called  by  the  Arabs 
''Almagest"(which  see). 

Puans.    See  Winnebago. 

Publilian  Laws  (pub-lil'i-an  14z).  1 .  In  Roman 
history,  a  law  passed  about;  471 B.  c,  through  the 
efforts  of  the  tribune  Publilius  Volero.  it  trans- 
ferred the  election  of  tribunes  from  the  centuries  to  the 
comitia  tributa,  and  its  passage  marked  the  concession  of 
the  right  of  initiating  legislation  to  the  plebeians. 
2.  Laws  proposed  by  Publilius  Philo  339  (338  ?) 
B.  C.  They  provided  that  one  censor  must  be  a  plebeian ; 
that  plebiscita  (laws  passed  by  the  comitia  tributa)  should 


apply  to  all  citizens  ;"and  that  laws  presented  to  ihe  cen-  ■D.,n,j..»  ■ell™      a"n„  v^„t^  n,mn 
tiries  should  be  previously  approved  by  the  curia,.  S"®Ei°  5®^°-,',    See  Porto  Mo. 

PiiMiiio  fTmh'li  us)     The  Tispiidnnvm  of  aia-t   P«erto  Cabello  (ka-Bel'yo).    A  seaport  in  the 
.^^^■^IroSI^Hii,   ri'i,,,  Tat^o^^  To^  M  7-  state  of  Carabobo,  Venezuela,  situated  on  the 

ander  Hamilton,  John  Jay,  and  James  Madison    Caribbean  Sea  in  lat.  10°  29'  isf.,  long.  68°  1'  W. 

It  is  noted  for  its  fine  harbor,  and  exports  cof- 
fee, etc.  Population  (1892),  about  11,000. 
Puerto  Cortes  (pwar'to  kor-tas'),  or  Puerto 
Caballos  (ka-Bal'yos),  or  Port  Cortez  (port 
k6r'tez).  A  place  in  Honduras,  situated  on  the 
Bay  of  Honduras  about  100  miles  north  of  Coma- 
jagua.  _  It  is  a  railway  terminus. 


The 


in  their  papers  in  the  "Federalist." 
Pucelle  (pu-sel'),  La.     [P.,  'The  Maid.'] 

surname  given  to  Joan  of  Arc. 
Pucelle,  La.  1.  AnepicbyChapelain.  Half  of 
it  was  published  in  1656,  after  being  heralded  for  twenty 
years.  Itwas  ridiculed,  and  the  other  half  was  not  printed. 
3.  A  burlesque  epic  by  Voltaire,  published  in 
1762.    He  deniedthe  authorship  forsome  years 


Puck  (puk).    A  playful,  mischievous  elf  in  folk-  Puerto  de  Santa  Maria  (san'ta  ma-re'a),  or  El 


lore :  otherwise  Robin  Goodf ellow,  Will-o'-the 
Wisp,  etc.  Shakspere  introduces  him  in  the  "Mid- 
summer Night's  Dream  "  as  a  household  fairy,  the  j  ester  to 
King  Oberon,  and  he  plays  many  pranks  in  the  wood  near 
Athens.  In  "Faust"  Goethe  introduces  him  asapervading, 

whimsical,  perverse  element  rather  than  as  an  individual.  _        j.    'j,ti  "    -'        r. 
The  tricksy  nature  of  Shakspere's  Puck  harmonizes  better  irUertO  d  Espana.     See  Port  of  Spain 
with  the  etymology.  _  Puck  came  to  England  with  the  Puerto  Lamar.     See  Coiija. 


Puerto  (el  pwer'to).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Cadiz,  Spain,  situated  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Guadalete  into  the  Bay  of  Cadiz,  8  miles 
northeast  of  Cadiz.  It  exports  sherry.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  20,590. 


Puerto  Mahon, 


Scandinavian  or  Danish  settlers.    *'  Puki  in  old  Norse  was 

a  devil,  usually  a  wee  devil.  His  Danish  name  was  Pokker.  t>,,-~i.„  Tuf;;7ii"V  -  j.\ 
To  the  Celts  he  was  Pucaor  Pwca.  He  is  Pug  when  Pug  ■\?®  __  -^-OiniT;  Jjmont;. 
is  an  imp's  name,  and  Bug  in  the  sense  of  hobgoblin,  bug-         "       ~  *     ^  "*" ' 

bear,  and  humbug."    Mo}'hy. 
The  character  of  Puck,  or,  as  he  is  properly  called,  Robin 


See  Port  Malion. 

A  seaport,  capital  of 
the  province  of  Llanquihue,  Chile,  situated  at 
the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Reloncavi,  about  lat.  41° 
„    ,,  „        .    ,.,     „•,,-,--  .  30'  S.     Population  (1885),  2,787. 

Goodfellow,  IS  literally  no  other  than  our  own  "guter  Puerto  Plata  CTila'ta>  nv  Pnr+n  Plo+a  r^r^ii-^'m 
Knecht  Euprecht";  and  it  is  curious  that  from  this  name  ■^^57??,  -"^^V  ^^  ta),  or  fOTtO  J^lata  (por  to 
in  German  the  word  "Biipel"  is  derived,  the  only  one  by  pia  ta).  A^  seaport  situated  on  the  northern 
which  we  can  give  the  idea  of  the  English  clown,  the  coast  of  the  Dominican  Republic,  110  miles 
very  part  which,  in  Shakespeare,  Puck  plays  in  the  king-  northwest  of  Santo  Domingo.West  Indies  Pon- 
dom  of  the  fairies.    This  belief  in  fairies  was  far  more     nlofinn    oKmit  d.  nnn 

diffused  through  Scandinavia  than  throughEngland;  and  T,„„,i"r'Tf,.',  •-  ,^,  .  .,  „.,,,, 
agam  in  Scotland  and  England  it  wasfar  more  actively  de-  -"^^rtO  I'rincipe  (pren'the-pa),  or  ClUdad  del 
veloped  than  in  Germany.  Robin  Goodfellow  especially,  Principe(the-o-THaTH'delpren'the-pa).  Acity 
of  whom  we  hear  in  England  as  early  as  the  thirteenth  cen-  in  Cuba,  situated  about  lat  21°  24' N  lonff  77o 
tury,wasafavourite  inpopulartraditions.andtohisname  flfi' iir  THioo  n/»T,oi.io„„i,i„  *  „.q  j'  ^'c 
all  the  cunning  tricks  were  imputed  which  we  relate  of  ?"  ^-  «  has  considerable  trade  and  manufac- 
Bulenspiegel  and  other  nations  of  others.  tures.     Population  (1899),  25, 102. 

Gervinus,  Shakespeare  Commentaries  (tr.  by  F.  E.  Bun-  Puerto  Real  (ra-al').    A  town  in  the  province  of 
[nett,  ed.  1880),  p.  194.        Cadiz,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Cadiz  7 
Piickler-Muskau  (piik'ler-mos'kou),  Prince    miles  east  of  Cadiz.    Population  (1887)   9  694. 
Hermann  Ludwig  Heinrich  von.    Bom  at  Puerto  Rico.    See  Porto  Mica. 
Muskau,  Silesia,  Prussia,  Oct.  30, 1785:  died  at  Pue3rrredon  (pwa-e-ra-THon'),  Juan  Martin. 
Branitz,  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  Feb.  4, 1871.   A    Born  about  1780 :  died  near  Buenos  Ayres,  1845* 


German  writer  of  travels.  He  ■\vrote  "Briefe  eines 
Verstorbenen"  ("Letters  of  One  deceased,"  1830),  "Semi- 
lassos  vorletzter  Weltgang"  ("Semilasso's  Last  Journey 
but  One  Around  the  World, '  1835),  "Semilasso  in  Af- 
rika"  (1836),  "Aus  Mehemed-Alis  Eeich"  (1844),  etc. 


An  Argentine  general  and  politician.  He  was  su- 
preme director  or  president  of  the  United  Provinces  from 
July,  1816,  to  June,  1819,  when  he  resigned.  It  was  owing 
to  his  cordial  support  of  San  Martin  that  ChUe  was  con- 
quered by  the  patriots. 


Pudding  (pud'ing),  Jack.  ^  A  clown  in  English  Pufendorf(po'fen-dorf),  Baron  Samuel  VOn. 
„„     >„™  „  *.,   Tj,„i.„ii,„   _        BomnearCJhemnitz,  Saxony,  Jan.  8, 1632:  died 

at  Berlin,  Oct.  26, 1694.  A  celebrated  German 
jurist,  publicist,  and  historian,  professor  suc- 
cessively at  Heidelberg  and  at  Lund,  and  his- 
toriographer in  Sweden  and  in  Brandenburg. 
His  chief  work  is  "De  jure  naturffl  et  gentium"  ("On  the 
Law  of  Nature  and  Nations,"  1672).  He  also  wrote  "Ele- 
menta  jurisprudentiSB  universalis"  (1660),  "De  statu  im- 
perii _Germanicl"  ("On  the  Condition  of  the  German  Em- 
PiES;  W^'  "  ^^  rebus  Suecicis  "  ("  On  Swedish  History," 
1676),  a  history  of  the  Great  Elector  (1695),  ete. 


folk-lore.     He   corresponds  to  Pickelhering. 

Hanswurst,  etc. 

Pudding  River  Indians.    See  Ahantchw/uJc. 
Pudsey  (pud'si).    A  town  in  the  "West  Riding 

of  Yorkshire,  England,  7  miles  west  of  Leeds. 

Population  (1891),  13,444. 
Pudukota  (po-do-kot'a),  or  Tondiman  (ton'di- 

man).    A  native  state  of  India,  tributary  to 

Great  Britain,  intersected  by  lat.  10°  30'  N., 

long.  78°  45'  E, 


Puebla  (pweb'la).     1.  A  state  of  Mexico,  sur-  Puff  (puf).     1.  A  bustling  and  impudent  liter- 

.,„ji,„^7- — ru,,,  r,„,„„„   a ht —      ary  humbug  in  Sheridan's  "Critic.'^  Heistheau- 

thor  of  the  tragedy  rehearsed  in  the  play,  and  past  master 
m  the  art  of  puffing.  A  character  in  a  joint  humorous 
^""position  of  Sheridan  and  his  schoolfellow  Halhed  was 

east  of  Mexico:  in  full.  La  Puebla  delos  Angeles.  2^  A^miWishRr  and  TOTi^ai.  «*  «„„„i   ~  j-  • 

It  is  the  second  city  in  the  republic  in  populatiSn,  has  f'  Vr,^^J^:f>vti^^^^^^,^i  ^"^^^  medioino 

thriving  manufactures  and  trade,  and  contains  a  cathedral  "^-^ooi^es     i-atron.  — a.  A  humbugging  auo- 

and  many  religious  establishments.    It  was  founded  in  tioneer  m  Poote's  "  Taste." — 4.    AeowardlV 


rounded  by  Vera  Cruz,  Oajaca,  Guerrero,  More 
los, Mexico,  Tlascala,  and  Hidalgo.  Area,  12,204 
square  miles.    Population  (1895),  979,723.-3, 
The  capital  of  the  state  of  Puebla,  76miles  south 


In  1866-68  it  was  the  scene  of  several  revolts  by    servant  in  Garrick's  "  Miss  in  her  Teens." 


Pug 


Pug  831 

(pug).  _  A  devil  in  man's  shape  in  Jonson's    of  that  city.    It  is  the  seat  of  the  ear-works  of 
'he  Devil  is  an  Ass."    He  gives  the  title  to    the  Pullman  Manufacturing  Company.  Popula- 


the  play,  being  made  an  ass  of,  much  to  his    tion,  about  11,000. 


morti&oation 
Puget  (pti-zha'),  Pierre.  Bom  at  Marseilles, 
1622 :  died  1694.  A  French  painter,  sculptor, 
engineer,  and  architect,  in  1657  he  designed  and  ex- 
ecuted the  Porte  de  Ville  at  Toulon,  hia  first  celebrated 
architectural  composition ;  the  caryatids  of  this  gate  are 
among  the  classics  of  French  sculpture.    He  also  built  the 


Pulo-Condor(p6'16-kon-dor'),orCondore(kon- 
dor'),  or  Candore  (kan-dor'),  P.  Poulo-Con- 
dore(pS-16'k6n-d6r').  A  group  of  small  islands 
in  the  China  Sea,  situated  about  lat.  8°  40'  N., 
long.  106°  40'  E.  They  have  belonged  to  France 
since  1862 


Halle  an  Poisson,  Hospice  de  Charity,  and  many  fine  build-  Pulo-Penang.     See  Penang. 

ings  in  Marseilles.    To  this  period  belongs  the  Hercules  Pultava.     See  Pultowa. 

Gaulois  in  the  Louvre.    After  1669  he  executed  his  three  Pultenev   (pult'ni),   William,  Earl  of  Bath. 

pnnclpal  works  of  sculpture  :  the  Perseus  and  Andromeda,     Ti^-nn  irS4.  Sio/5  TiVl^rV  17fiA     An  WtktHciIi  o+o+m. 

Milo  of  Crotona,  and  the  bas-relief  of  Alexander  and  Diol     ■'^<'™  ^°^ '  died  July  7, 1764.    An iinglish  states- 


man. He  was  educated  at  Westminster  and  at  Oxford 
(Christ  Church),  and  in  1705  entered  Parliament.  He  was 
a  prominent  Whig  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne :  when  Wal- 
pole  was  sent  to  the  Tower  by  the  Tories  in  1712,  Pulteney 
defended  him  in  the  House  of  Commons.  On  the  accession 
of  George  I.  he  became  secretary  of  war,  retiring  in  1717. 
Neglected  by  Walpole,  he  became  his  opponent  in  1725.  On 
„  July  14, 1742,  he  was  created  earl  of  Bath, 

ward  from  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Puoa,  by  which  Pultowa  (pol-to'va),  or  Poltava  (pol-ta'va),  or 

v.,fJ^^^„Tt^^rI^^\i^^  ^.l^^^h  ?  ^  '^r?^?  i"?°    Pultava   (piSl-ta'va).      1 .  A  government  in 
Puget  Sound  proper  in  the  south  and  Admiralty  Inlet  m     southwestern  Russia,  surrounfed  by  the  gov- 


genes  now  in  the  Louvre.  The  Milo  of  Crotona  is  his  best 
work.  It  represents  that  athlete  caught  in  a  split  tree-trunk 
while  a  lion  attacks  him  from  behind.  This  was  finished 
in  1682,  and  in  1683  placed  in  the  garden  of  Versailles :  it 
is  now  in  the  Louvre  (SaJle  de  Puget). 
Puget  (pu'jet)  Sound.  An  arm  of  the  Pacific, 
penetrating  into  the  State  of  Washington  south 


the  north.  It  is  noted  for  its  depth  and  its  fine  harbors. 
Seattle  and  Tacoma  are  on  its  shores.  Total  length  in 
straight  line,  about  80  miles. 

Pughe  (pti),  William  Owen.  Bom  at  Tyn  y 
Bryn,  Wales,  Aug.  7,  1759 :  died  June  4, 1835. 
A  Welsh  antiquary.  He  published  a  Welsh- 
English  dictionary  (1793-1803),  and  with  others 
"  Myvyrian  Archaiology  "  (1801-07). 

Pugin  (pu' jin),  Augustus  Welby  Northmore. 
Born  at  London,  March  1, 1812 :  died  at  Bams- 
gate,  Sept.  14, 1852.  An  English  architect,  son 
of  Augustus  Pugin  (1762-1832).  He  left  the  Church 


emments  of  TchemigoflE,  Kharkoff,  Tekateri 
noslaff,  Kherson,  and  Kieff.  It  is  one  of  the  lead- 
ing agricultural  governments  of  the  country.  Area,  19, 265 
square  miles.  Population  (1890),  2,898,600. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Pultowa, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Pultavka  with 
the  Vorskla,  about  lat.  49°  35'  N.,  long.  84°  35' 
E.  It  is  noted  for  its  fairs.  Near  it,  June  27  (N.  S.  July 
8),  1709,  the  Russians  (about  70,000)  under  Peter  the  Great 
defeated  the  Swedes  (about  25,000)  under  Charles  XII. 
The  battle  marks  the  fall  of  the  latter's  power,  and  the 
rise  of  Russia.    Population  (1891),  43,663. 


of  England  for  the  Church  of  Rome  when  quite  young.  He  PultUSK  (pol  tosk).     A  townm  the  government 


of  Lomsha,  Russian  Poland,  situated  on  the 
Narew  34  miles  north  of  Warsaw.  Here,  in  1703, 
the  Swedes  under  Charles  XII.  defeated  the  Saxons ;  and 
here,  Dec.  26, 1806,  a  battle  was  fought  between  the  French 
under  Lannes  and  the  Russians  under  Bennigsen.  Victory 
was  claimed  for  both  sides ;  the  Russians  retreated  after 
the  battle.    Population  (1890),  9,224. 

Pujol,  Abel  de.    See  Abel  de  Pv^ol.  Pulwul.     See  Palwal.      ,    ..^  ,_  ^      ^       . 

Pttjunan  (p6-jo'nan).    A  lingmstie  stock  of  P™acagua(po-ma-kag'wa),Mateo  Garcia. 
N5rth  Amencln  Indians,  comprising  the  Maidu    Pf™  near^Cuzoo,  1738 :  died  at  Sicuani,  March, 


made  the  designs  for  Killarney  Cathedr^,  Adare  Hall, 
chapel  at  Douai,  and  many  churches  and  buildings  for  that 
faith,  and  assisted  Sir  Charles  Barry  in  the  decorations  of 
the  new  Houses  of  Parliament.  He  published  "  Contrasts : 
or  a  Parallel  between  the  Architecture  of  the  16th  and  19th 
Centuries  "  (1836),  "  True  Principles  of  Christian  Architec- 
ture "  (1841),  "  Glossary  of  Ecclesiastical  Ornament "  (1844), 
etc.    In  1862  he  became  insane. 


and  Nishmam  divisions,  it  embraces  a  number  of 
small  tribes  and  villages  formerly  occupying  the  part  of 
California  between  Deer  Creek,  Lassen  Butte,  and  Honey 
Lakd  on  the  north  to  Cosumne  River  on  the  south,  and 
from  the  Sacramento  and  in  places  from  points  west  of 


1815.  A  Peruvian  Indian  general.  lnAug.,1814, 
he  headed  a  formidable  insurrection  against  the  Spaniards, 
occupied  Arequipa,  and  at  one  time  had  40,000  followers. 
He  was  defeated  at  tTmachiri  (March  11, 1815),  captured, 
and  put  to  death. 


that  river  on  the  west  to  the  summit  line  of  the  Sierra  FlUUblecIlOOk  (pum '  bl  -  chok),  Mr.      A  pom- 


Nevada  on  the  east.  In  1850  the  stock  numbered  proba^ 
bly  2,600  or  3,000  persons ;  but  many  of  the  tribes  are  now 
either  extinct  or  on  the  verge  of  extinction,  and  the  few 
survivors  are  scattered  through  the  country  over  which 
they  once  held  sway.  The  stock  is  named  from  the  Pusuna, 
a  small  Nishinam  tribe  formerly  near  the  mouth  of  Fea- 
.  ther  River. 

Pul  (pul).  A  king  of  Assyria,  mentioned  in  the 
Old  Testament:  identical  with  Tiglath-Pile- 
ser  m.    Also  Phul. 

Fulairili.    See  PalaihniJian. 

Pulaski  (pti-las'ki),  Pol.  Pulawski  (po-laf- 
ske),  Count  Casimir,  Born  in  Podolia,  March 
4,  1748:  died  near  Savannah,  Ga.,  Oct.  11, 
1779.    A  Polish  general, 


pons  old  gentleman  in  Dickens's  novel "  (Jreat 
Expectations."  He  is  Joe  Gargery's  uncle,  and  makes 
himself  peculiarly  odious  to  Pip  by  his  patronage  and  his 
oif  ensive  habit  of  springing  mathematical  problems  on 
him  for  solution. 

Pumpernickel  (p6m'per-nik"el),  His  Highness 
of  or  His  Transparency  of.  A  name  by  which 
minor  (Jerman  princes  are  jocularly  satirized. 

Pun£  (p6-na').  An  island  of  Ecuador,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Guayaquil,  which  it  pro- 
tects from  the  sea.  it  is  about  25  miles  long  by  12 
broad,  low,  and  partly  covered  with  forest.  Its  Indian  in- 
habitants, a  warlike  race,  submitted  to  the  Incas  about 
1600.  Here  Pizarro  gathered  his  forces  in  1632,  before  in- 
vading Peru :  he  had  a  battle  with  the  natives, 


He  took  pajt  in  the  in, 
surrection  following  the  formation  of  the  Confederation  Ti„_ _  /  .-/  •■%  Tk»  vi  j  /j-  - -ui-/  „-\ 
of  Bar  in  1768;  escaped  from  Poland ;  entered  the  Ameri-  rUna  (po  na),orDespODladO  (das-po-bia  THO). 
can  service  in  1777 ;  served  at  Brandywine ;  formed  a  In  the  Andean  regions  of  South  America,  any 
corps  called  "  Pulaski's  legion  "  in  1778 ;  defended  Charles-  high  and  arid  table-land.  Specifically,  and  in  a  geo- 
ton  in  1779 ;  and  was  mortally  wounded  near  Savannah,  graphical  sense,  a  region  in  Peru  between  the  Central  and 
Oct.  9,  1779.        ,,.,....._         T        -„  „„  Western  Cordilleras,  extending  from  about  lat.  13°  S.  to 

Pulcnena  (pul-ke'ri-a).    Bom  Jan.  19,  399  A. D.:     the  confines  of  Bolivia  or  beyond;  southward  it  has  ah 
died  Feb.  18,  453.     A  Byzantine  empress  414-     average  width  of  150  miles,  narrowing  northward.    The 
453,  daughter  of  the  emperor  Areadius.     she     ^J?°*  consists  of  undulating  lands,  13,000  to  18,opo  feet 
reigiied  colijointly  with  her  brother  Theodosius  IL  414^     ^'"•^^  se^level  very  cold,  barren,  and  uninhabited. 
450.   On  the  death  of  her  brother  in  450  she  married  Mar-  Funa.     bee  Poona. 
cianus,  whom  she  raised  to  the  throne  as  her  colleague.     PunameS  (pb-na'mas).     See  Sia. 
Pulchdrie  (piil-sha-re').     [F., 'Pulcheria.']    A  Punch  (punch).     \_Ab\ir.otPuncMnello,tvomlt. 
tragedybyCorneille,producedinl672.  Thesub-    poUcinello,  pulcinello.']     A  short  hump-backed 


ject  is  taken  from  the  end  of  the  life  of  the  em- 
press. 

Pulci  (pol'ohe),  Luigi.  Born  at  Florence,  Dec. 
3, 1432:  died  1487  (1490— Morley).  An  Italian 
romantic  poet,  the  friend  of  Politian  and  Lo- 
renzo de'  Medici :  author  of  the  burlesque  epic 
"  n  Morgante  Maggiore  "  (1485).  His  brothers 
Bernardo  and  Luca  were  also  poets. 

Pulcinella,  or  Pulcinello,  or  Punchinello.  See 
Punch. 

Pulkowa  (pol'ko-va),  A  place  in  the  govern- 
ment of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  10  mUes  south- 
west of  St.  Petersburg, 


hooked-nosed  puppet,  with  a  squeaking  voice, 
the  chief  character  in  a  street  puppet-show 
called  "Punch  and  Judy,"  who  strangles  his 
child,  beats  his  wife  (Judy)  to  death,  belabors 
a  policeman,  and  does  other  tragical  and  out- 
rageous things  in  a  comical  way.  Punch  is  tlie 
descendant  of  the  clown  or  Pulcinella  (F.  Polichinelle)  of 
the  Neapolitan  comedy :  the  part  is  thought  to  have  been 
created  by  Silvio  Fiorillo,  a  comedian,  about  1600.  He 
first  appeared  in  France  as  a  puppet  in  the  beginning  of 
the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  Allusions  to  "  Punchinellos  "  be- 
come frequent  in  England  after  1688.  The  origin  of  Toby 
the  dog  is  uncertain,  and  Punch  in  his  Italian  form  had 
far  more  liberty  of  action  than  in  the  English  puppet- 
show. 


It  is  noted  for  the  Nicholas 

^^'!?'HJ'''^^'''??°'y'ff'"?^'*TJ"'?*-  ^^'^f^^i'-^"^!'™?""  Punch.     A  satirical  illustrated  journal,  pub- 

2^  E.,  the  most  important  in  Russia,  completed  m  1839.       i,^i:„j'    „„i,iirjJ^T  ™.i *„„v./io/i  18J.1 

Pullet  (pta'et).  Aunt.  A  selfish  invalid,  one  of    Wished  weekly  in  London:  founded  1841. 

the  prinVlchS^rs  in  George  BUot's  "Mill  P™°^i"eU°  ^^rffn^r^irl  ™^et  i^  See" 
ontheFloss."  she  henpecks  her  husband, whose  mis-  ^'o,  a  clown,  buffoon,  prop,  a  puppet.]  See 
sion  in  life  seems  to  be  to  flatter  her  and  find  her  pills  for  ^»™CB.  „       „      , 

her.    She  is  the  sister  of  Aunt  Glegg  and  Mrs.  Tulliver.      Punderput.     See  Panderpur. 
Pullman  (piU'man).     [Named  from  George  M.  Pungwe  (pong'we).    Ariverin  Portuguese  East 
Pullman.]  A  villia,ge  in  Cook  County,  Illinois,  13    Africa  which  flows  into  the  Indian  Ocean  north 
zniles  south  of  Chicago,  now  forming  a  suburb    of  Sofala.    it  rises  in  Manicaland,  and  the  railroad  con- 


Purana 

necting  Mashonaland  with  the  sea  has  to  pass  through  its. 
valley. 

Punic  Wars,  or  Carthaginian  Wars.    Th& 

three  wars  waged  between  Rome  and  Carthage. 
The  first  began  in  264  B.  0.  Its  nominal  cause  was  the  inter- 
ference of  the  Romans  in  behalf  of  the  Mamertines  (be- 
sie,;ed  in  Messana,  Sicily,  by  Hiero  of  Syracuse).  Thelead- 
ing  events  were  the  following :  naval  battles  of  Mylse  and 
Ecnomus ;  unsuccessful  invasion  of  Africa  by  Regulus ;. 
battles  of  Panormus  and  Drepanum ;  campaigns  of  Hamil- 
car  in  Sicily ;  final  R«man  victory  (ending  the  war)  at  the 
MgsLtes  241  B.  0.  By  the  peace  Carthage  ceded  western 
Sicily  and  paid  a  large  indemnity.  The  seat  of  war  was 
Sicily,  Africa,  and  the  Mediterranean.  The  second  war 
began  in  218  B.  c.  Its  immediate  cause  was  Hannibal's^ 
conquest  of  Saguntum  (ally  of  Rome)  in  219.  It  was. 
carried  on  in  Spain,  Italy,  Sicily,  and  Africa.  The  follow- 
ing were  the  leading  events:  Hannibal's  invasion  of  Italy 
after  crossing  the  Alps  in  218  ;  battles  of  Ticino,  Trebbia, 
Lake  Trasimene,  and  Cannae;  campaigns  in  Spain;  conquest 
of  Syracuse  by  Marcellus ;  invasion  of  Italy  by  Hasdrubal, 
defeated  at  the  Metaurus;  final  defeat  of  Hannibal  at 
Zama  m  202.  By  the  peace,  201  B.  0. ,  Carthage  ceded  pos- 
sessions in  Spain  and  the  Mediterranean,  a,nd  paid  a  heavy 
tribute ;  Numidia  became  an  ally  of  Rome ;  and  the  Car- 
thaginian fleet  was  reduced.  The  chief  commanders  were 
Hannibal  for  Carthage  and  Scipio  Africanns  and  Fabius- 
Maximus  for  Rome.  The  third  war  began  in  149  B.  c.  Its 
cause  was  the  attack  by  Carthage  on  Massinissa.  Carthag& 
was  besieged  by  land  and  sea  by  the  younger  Scipio  Afri- 
canus,  and  was  taken  and  destroyed  in  146.  Its  territory 
was  divided  between  Rome  and  Numidia. 

Punitz  (po'nits).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Posen,  Prussia,  44  miles  south  of  Posen.  Near 
it,  in  1704,  the  Swedes  under  Charles  XII.  de- 
feated the  Saxons.     Population  (1890),  2,004. 

Punjab,  or  Punjaub.    See  Punjab. 

Punnah.    See  Panna. 

Punnak.    See  Bannock. 

Puno  (p6'n6).  1.  A  department  in  southeast- 
ern Peru,  bordering  on  Bolivia.  Area,  20,190' 
square  miles.  Population  (1876),  256,594. —  2. 
The  capital  of  the  department  of  Puno,  situated 
near  Lake  Titicaca.    Population  (1889),  5,000. 

Punt  (p6nt).  In  Egjrptian  antiquity,  a  region 
identified  by  Maspero  and  Mariette  with  that 
part  of  the  Somali  country  which  is  situated  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  Africa,  bordering  the  Gulf 
of  Aden.    Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,   etc., 

J).  276. 

Punta  Arenas  (pon'ta  a-ra'nas).  [Sp.,  '  Sand 
Point.']  A  Chilean  colony  on  the  Strait  of  Ma- 
gellan, in  lat.  53°  9'  42'''  S.  It  is  the  southern- 
most town  in  America.  Population,  about  2,000. 

Punta  de  Obligado  (pon'ta  da  ob-le-ga'THo). 
A  low  projecting  bluff  on  the  western  side  of  the 
river  Paranft,  Argentine  Republic,  at  the  boun- 
dary between  the  provinces  of  Buenos  Ayres  and 
Santa  F6.  in  1845  the  dictator  Rosas  had  this  place 
strongly  fortified  with  batteries  commanding  the  river 
and  defended  by  4,000  men  under  Mansilla.  On  Nov.  20 
the  position  was  bombarded  and  taken  by  the  combined 
English  and  French  fieets, 

Puntarenas,  or  Punta  Arenas.  The  principal 
seaport  on  the  Pacific  side  of  Closta  Rica,  situ- 
ated on  the  Gulf  of  Niooya,  about  lat.  9°  59'  N., 
long.  84°  46'  W.  It  has  considerable  foreign, 
commerce.    Population,  about  5,000. 

Puntarvolo  (puut-ar'v6-16).  In  Ben  Jonson's 
"Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,"  a  knight  af- 
fecting fantastic  romanticism. 

Pupienus  Maximus  (pu-pi-e'nus  mak'si-mus), 
M.  Clodius.  Died  238.  A  Roman  emperor. 
He  was  appointed  by  the  Senate  joint  emperor  (Augu6tus> 
of  Rome  with  Decimus  Cselius  Balbinus  in  238,  in  oppo- 
sition to  Maximin,  who  was  shortly  alter  killed  by  hia 
own  soldiers  at  the  siege  of  Aquileia.  Pupienus  and  hia 
colleague  were  murdered  by  the  pretorians  at  Rome  before 
the  beginning  of  August  in  the  same  year,  after  having 
reigned  from  about  the  end  of  April. 

Puquinas  (po-ke'nas),  orUrus  (o'rSs),  or  Ocho- 
zomas  (6-ch6-th6'mas).  Asingular  race  of  In- 
dians who  live  about  the  southern  end  of  Lake 
Titicaca,  Bolivia.  Largeparts  of  thelakeare  shallow 
and  covered  with  reeds,  and  among  these  the  Puquinas 
have  their  retreats,  as  they  have  had  for  centuries.  They 
navigate  the  lake  in  balsas  (rafts  made  of  rushes),  and  sub- 
sist on  fish,  or  on  vegetables  which  they  obtain  by  barter. 
The  approaches  to  their  haunts  are  through  winding  pas- 
sages which  they  conceal  with  jealous  care :  thus  they 
have  been  able  to  retain  their  independence  both  under 
the  Incas  andtheSpaniards,  whom  they  resisted  bravely  in 
the  17th  century.  Little  is  known  of  their  language,  which 
is  quite  distinct  from  the  Quichua  and  Aymai^.  A  few 
thousands  remain. 

Purana  (p6-ra'na).  [Skt.,  from  purana,  old, 
ancient,  and  so,  literally,  'an  old  traditional 
story.']  The  name  of  each  of  a  class  of  San- 
skrit works,  important  in  their  connection  with 
the  later  phases  of  Brahmanism,  as  exhibited 
in  the  doctrines  of  emanation,  incarnation,  and 
triple  manifestation.  They  are  the  Veda  of  popular 
Hinduism,  and  contain  the  history  of  the  gods,  interwoven 
with  every  variety  of  legendary  tradition  on  other  sub- 
jects.  Though  nominally  tritheistic,  they  are  practically 
polytheistic  and  yet  essentially  pantheistiq.  Their  form 
is  in  general  that  of  dialogues  in  which  a  well-known  and 
inspired  sage  answers  the  questions  of  his  disciples,  whila 
others  are  monologues.    They  are  written  in  the  Shloka 


Furana 

meter  of  the  Mahabharata,  with  occasional  passages  in 
prose.  They  number  18.  The  best-known  is  the  Vishnu- 
purana,  translated  by  Wilson,  whose  translation  has  been 
reeJited  with  notes  by  Hall.  There  are  also  18  Upapura- 
nas,  or  subordinate  Puranas. 

Purbeck  (per'bek) ,  Isle  of.  A  peninsula  in  Dor- 
set, England,  9  miles  in  length.  It  is  noted  for 
limestone-quarries. 

Purcell  (per'sel),  Henry.  Bom  at  Westmin- 
ster, about  1658:  died  there,  Nov.  21,  1695.  A 
noted  English  musician  and  composer.  He  was 
admitted  as  chorister  in  the  Chapel  Royal,  and  in  1670  com- 
posed an  ode  for  the  king's  birthday.  In  1675  he  composed 
his  famous  opera  "  Dido  and  .tineas"  for  performance,  in 
a  school.  In  1676  he  was  a  copyist  at  Westminster  Abbey, 
and  composed  the  music  of  Iwyden's  "Aurengzebe"ana' 
Shadwell's"BpsomWells"and  "TheLibertine."  Inl677 
he  wrote  the  music  to  Mrs.  Behn's  tragedy  "Abdelazar." 
Some  of  the  songs  in  these  compositions  are  still  popular. 
In  1680  he  was  the  organist  of  Westminster  Abbey,  and 
■during  the  next  5  or  6  years  composed  most  of  his  church 
music.  In  1682  he  was  organist  of  the  Chapel  Royal. 
In  1683  he  began  to  compose  chamber  music ;  and  in  1687 
wrote  the  music  for  Dryden's  "Tyrannic  Love."  He  com- 
posed the  antjiem  "Blessed  are  they  that  fear  the  Lord," 
by  command  of  the  king,  1688 ;  the  music  for  Dryden's 
"  King  Arthur,"  1691 ;  and  his  greatest  work,  the  "  Te  Deum 
and  Jubilate,"  written  for  St.  Cecilia's  day,  1694.  He  was 
the  most  celebrated  of  a  noted  family  of  musicians.  The 
Purcell  Society  was  founded  in  1876  for  the  express  pur- 
pose of  doing  justice  to  his  memory  by  publishing  and  per- 
forming his  work. 

Purchas  (p6r'chas),  Samuel.  Bom  at  Thaxted, 
Essex,  1577:  died  at  London,  Sept.,  1626.  An 
English  clergyman  andauthor,  bestknownfrom 
his  works  of  travel.  He  published  "  Purchas  his  Pil- 
grimage, or  Relations  of  the  World  and  the  Religions  ob- 
served in  all  Ages  and  Places,  etc."  in  1613 :  a  second  edi- 
tion appeared  in  1614,  much  enlarged.  Four  succeeding 
Tolumes,  comprising  articles  from  Hakluyt's  publications 
and  manuscripts,  appeared  in  1625  with  the  general  title 
"Hakluytus  Posthumus,  or  Purchas  his  Pilgriraes :  con- 
taining a  History  of  the  World,  in  Sea  Voyages  and  Land 
Travels  by  Englishmen  and  Others."  The  fourth  edition 
of  "  Purchas  his  Pilgrimage  "is  usually  sold  with  the  latter 
work  as  if  it  were  a  succeeding  fifth  volume,  and  the  five 
are  known  as  "  Purchas's  Pilgrims."  This  collection  is  of 
great  historical  value.  Purchas  also  published  "Purchas 
his  Pilgrim ;  Microcosmus,  or  the  History  of  Man,  etc." 
(1619),  "The  King's  Tower  eto."(ie23:  a  sermon),  etc. 

Pure  (pur),  Simon.  In  Mrs.  Centlivre's  comr 
edy  "A  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Wife,"  a  Pennsylva- 
nia Quaker  who  is  intended  by  the  guardian  of 
Ann  Lovely,  an  heiress,  to  marry  her.  His  name 
and  personality  are  assumed  by  Colonel  Fainwell  in  order 
to  win  the  lady's  person  and  fortune :  hence  arose  the  ex- 
pression "  the  real  Simon  Pure,"  as  he  brought  witnesses 
finally  to  prove  that  he  was  the  owner  of  the  name. 

Purgatorio  (por-ga-t6're-6),  II.  ['Purgatory.'] 
The  second  part  of  Dante's  "  Divina  Comme- 
dia"  (which  see). 

Purgatory  (p6r'ga-t5-ri)  Eiver.  A  river  in 
southern  Colorado  which  joins  the  Arkansas  in 
Bent  County.    Length,  about  175  miles. 

Purgon  (pur-g6n').  One  of  Argan's  physicians 
in  Mplifire's  "Le  malade  imaginaire."  He  is 
"  all  physician,"  a  satire  on  the  profession. 

Purgstall,  Joseph  von  Hammer-.  See  Ham- 
mer-Purgstall. 

Puri,  or  Pooree  (po-re').  1.  A  district  in  the 
Orissa  division,  Bengal,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  20°  N.,  long.  86°  B.  Area,  2,472 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  944,998.-3. 
See  Juggernaut,  where  an  account  of  the  temple 
and  festival  is  given. 

Purim  (po'rim).  [Heb.,  pi.  oipwr,  lot  (Esther 
ix.  26).]  An  annual  Jewish  festival  celebrated 
on  the  14th  and  15th  of  the  month  Adar  (March). 
It  is  preceded  by  the  fast  of  Esther  (on  the  18th),  at  the 
close  of  which  the  scroll  containing  the  book  of  Esther  is 
read  in  the  synagogue,  and  the  name  of  Haman  cursed, 
while  that  of  Mordecai  is  blessed. 

Purissima  Indians.    See  Chumaslmn. 

Puritan  (pti'ri-tan).  A  wooden  center-board 
sloop  designedbyEdwardBurgess,andlaunched 
in  South  Boston  in  1885.  Her  principal  dimensions 
were :  length  over  all,  94  feet ;  length  at  load  water-line,  81 
leet  1 J  inches ;  beam,  22  feet  7  inches ;  draught,  8  feet  8 
Inches ;  displacement,  105  tons.  Winning  two  out  of  three 
of  the  trial  races,  she  was  selected  to  defend  the  America's 
cup  in  1885.  This  she  did  successfully  in  two  races  with 
the  Genesta,  Sept.  14  and  Sept.  16. 

Puritan,  The,  or  the  Widow  of  Watling 

Street.  A  play  published  as  "  written  by  W. 
S."  (William  Shakspere)  in  1606.  According  to 
Fleay,  the  author  of  the  play  is  undoubtedly  Middleton, 
the  whole  style,  plot,  and  meter  being  his.  Swinburne 
thinks  it  is  probably  by  Rowley.  Dyce  thinks  that  it  was 
by  Wentworth  Smith,  "an  industrious  playwright,"  who 
was  fortunate  in  his  initials.    Ward. 

Puritan  City,  The.    Boston. 

Puritani  di  Scozia  (po-re-ta'ne  de  skot'se-a),  I. 
An  opera  by  Bellini,  first  produced  at  Paris  in 
1835.     It  is  usually  known  as  "  I  Puritani." 

Puritan's  Daughter,  The.  An  opera  by  Balfe, 
produced  at  London  in  1861. 

Purmayah  (por-ma"ye').    {FroTapur,  full,  and 


832  Pyat 

mayan,  measure:  'having  full  measure,  full-    inoe  of  Bari,  Apulia,  Italy,  24  miles  south-south- 
grown,  rich,  precious.']   IntheShahnamah,the    east  of  Bari.    Population  (1881)-,  12,161. 
wonderful  cow,  with  the  colors  of  the  peacock,  Put-in-Bay  (put'in-ba')-    A  summer  resort  in 
that  nourished  the  infant  Paridun ;    also,  a    South  Bass  Island,  Lake  Erie,  14  miles  north  ot 
brother  of  Paridnn  who,  with  another  brother    Sandusky,  Ohio. 

Kayanush,soughttokillParidunbyrolliQgupon  p^tlitz  (pot'Uts),  Gustav  Heinrich  Gans, 
him  in  his  sleep  a  rock  which  was  arrested  by  Edler  zu.  Born  at  Eetzien,  Prussia,  March  2(), 
Paridun's  magic  power.  1321 ;  died  there,  Sept.  9, 1890.  A  German  poet, 

Pumiah  (per'ni-a),  or  Pumeah  (p6r'ne-a).  1.  dramatist,  and  novelist.  He  wrote  the  fairy  poem 
A  district  in  Bengal,  British  India,  intersected  'Was  sich  der  Wald  erzahlt"  (1860),"  VergissmeinnicUti" 
bylat.  26°N.,loiig.  88°E.     Area,  4,993  square     "Walpurgis"  (1869),  etc. 

miles.     Population  (1891),  1,944,658.-2.  The  Putnam  (put'nam).  A  citym  Windham  County, 
capital  of  the  district  of  Pumiah,  in  lat.  25°  m'    northeastern  Connecticut,  on  the  yuinnebaug 
N.,  long.  87°  31'  E.     Population  (1891),  14,555.    Eiver.     Population  (1900),  7,348. 
Purple  Island,  The,     An  allegorical  poem  on  Putnam,  Israel,  Born  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Jan.  7, 
the  human  bodybyPhineasPletcher,  published    1718:  died  at  Brooklyn,  Conn.,  May  19,  1790. 

"    An  American  Kevoluiionary  general.    He  was  a 

farmer  at  Pomf ret,  Connecticut.  He  served  in  the  French 
and  Indian  war  1765^2,  and  in  Pontiao's  war  in  1764; 
was  one  of  the  commanding  ofBcers  at  the  battle  of  Bunker 
Hill  in  1775 ;  was  made  a  major-general  in  1775 ;  took  part 
in  the  siege  of  Boston  1775-76 ;  commanded  at  the  defeat 
on  Long  Island  in  1776 ;  commanded  in  the  Highlands  of 
the  Hudson  in  1777 ;  and  served  in  Connecticut  1778-79. 
He  was  disabled  from  active  service  by  a  stroke  of  paraly- 
sis in  1779. 

Bom  at  Bos- 
AnAmer- 


in  1633. 

Pursh  (persh),  Frederick.  Bom  at  Tobolsk, 
Siberia,  1774 :  died  at  Montreal,  June  11, 1820. 
A  Russian  botanist.  He  wrote  ''Flora  Americie  Sep- 
tentrionalis,  or  a  Systematic  Arrangem  ent  and  Description 
of  the  Plants  of  North  America  "  (1814),  etc. 

Purupurus  (pO-ro-po-ros');  or  Purus  (p6-ros'), 
or  Pamarys  (pa-ma-rez').  Brazilian  Indians 
living  about  the  lower  course  of  the  river  Pu- 
rds,  an  afluent  of  the  Amazon  which  takes  its 
name  from  them.  They  are  wandering  in  habit,  con- 
structing rude  temporary  huts  on  the  swampy  islands,  and 


Putnam,  Mrs.  (Mary  Lowell), 
ton,  Dec.  3, 1810:  died  there  in  1898. 

ioan  author,  sister  of  J.  E.  Lowell. 

subsisting  principally  by  fishing.    Lazy  and  timid,  they  Putney  (put'ni).   A  suburb  of  London,  situated 
have  never  resisted  the  whites,  and  are  among  the  most     jn  Surrey,  on  the  Thames,  6  miles  southwest  of 
despised  of  the  Amazonian  tribes.    The  name  Purupurus,      cj^    Paul'o    Tt  Ir  the  tprminus  ot  the  course  for  the  uni- 
(Tupi  i,i™-p«™)  refers  to  a  disease,  almost  universal     „f "  it,fhi!- J*  "  pL„w?""^M^^^^ 
among  them,  in  which  the  skin  turns  bluish  and  then     versity  boat-race.    Popidation(1891),  17,77L 
white  in  patches.     Martins  supposed  that  these  Indians  Putrid  Sea,  The,     Bee  MVasll. 
were  the  same  as  the  Pamas  who  formerly  lived  on  the  Puttenham  (put'en-am),  GeorgO.     Born  about 
Madeira.    The  Aranas,  a  horde  on  the  nver  Juru4,  seem  -^  "^^^"^"i"  if    ^  Vflnii      a„t?„™i;1i,  „„+!,„■»     rr 
t»  be  linguistically  aUied  to  them.  1530 :  died  about  1600.    An  English  author    He 

T>      jL     r   -    ■•  /\        A      ■         „T--„v,  _•„«„  )«  -D^™,      was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  had  traveled.     The  "Art 
Purlis  (po-ros').     A  river  which  rises  m  Peru     ™  jj    n^j,  p^g^i^,.  (iggo/has  been  attributed  to  him,  but 
ilows  through  the  northern  part  01  Bolivia  and     there  is  a  dispute  as  to  his  authorship, 
the  western  part  of  Brazil,  and  joins  the  Ama-  Puttkamer  (pot'ka-mer),  Robert  Victor  VOn. 
zon  about  long.  61°  30'  W.   It  was  first  explored    Born  at  Frankf  ort-on-the-(3der,  Prussia,  May 


by  Chandless  in  1864.  Length,  along  its  nxuner- 
ous  windings,  about  1,900  miles;  navigable  for 
a  great  part  of  its  course. 
Pusey  (pii'zi),  Edward  Bouverie.  Bom  near 
Oxford,  1800 :  died  Sept.  16, 1882.  An  English 
theologian.  His  name  was  originally  Edward  Bouverie : 
the  family,  of  Huguenot  origin,  became  lords  of  the  manor 
of  Pusey,  near  Oxford,  and  from  it  took  that  name.  In 
1818  he  entered  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  in  1824  became 
a  fellow  of  Oriel.    He  was  associated  with  John  Henry 


5,  1828 :  died  at  Karzin  in  Pomerania,  March 
15,  1900.  A  Prussian  politician.  He  became  min- 
ister of  public  instruction  in  1879;  introduced  an  im- 
proved orthography  ot  the  German  language,  commonly 
called  "the  Puttkamer  orthography,"  into  the  public 
schools  in  1880 ;  and  became  minister  of  the  interior  and 
vice-president  of  the  ministry  in  1881.  He  was  dismissed 
from  ofBce  by  the  emperor  Biederick  in  1888. 

Put  Yourself  in  his  Place,  A  novel  by  Charles 
Eeade,  published  in  1870. 


Newman  and  John  Keble.  In  1828  he  was  regius  professor  Putziger  Wiek  (p6t'sig-er  vek).    ['BayofPut- 

of  Hebrew  at  Oxford  and  canon  of  Christ  Church    In  1835  ^ig.']       The    western   branch  of   the    Gulf   of 

he  took  part  m  the  tractarian  movement,  and  later  was  -ri"  i  •               .t^o..^.i^    Mx<,u».ii  ^/i    uuo    v^uii. 

suspended  for  three  years  (1843-46)  from  the  function  of  -Uanizic. 

preaching  for  publishing  "'the  Holy  Eucharist  a  Comfort  PuviS  de  Cha'7anneS   (pii-ves'   d6  sha^van'), 

to  the  Penitent."  The  movement  thus  started  took  the  pierre.     Bom  at  Lyons,  Dec.  14,  1824 :  died 


name  "  Puseyism."  The  practice  of  confession  among  the 
extreme  ritualists  of  the  Church  of  England  dates  from 
his  two  sermons  on  "the  entire  absolution  of  the  peni- 
tent "  (1846).  Among  his  works  are  "  Parochial  Sermons," 
"Doctrines  of  the  Real  Presence,"  "  The  Real  Presence," 
and  "The  Minor  Prophets."  He  was  one  of  the  editors  of 
the  "  Library  of  Translations  from  the  Fathers  "  and  the 
"  Anglo-Catholic  Library." 

Pushan  (po'shan).    [Skt.,  from  -[/push,  thrive, 
make  thrive.]   A  god  frequently  invoked  in  the  Puy  (pile),  Le,  or  Le-Puy-en-Velay  (16-pwe'- 
Vedic  hymns.   He  is  a  protectorand  multiplier  ot  oat-     on-ve-la').     The  capital  of  the  department  of 


Bom  at  Lyons,  Dec.  14,  1824: 
Oct.  25, 1898.  A  French  historical  and  decora- 
tive painter.  He  was  a  pupU  ot  Couture  and  Henri 
Scheffer.  Among  his  works  are  "  Ste.  Genevifeve"  (Pan- 
theon, Paris),  and  "The  Sacred  Grove."  |He  executed 
mural  paintings  for  the  new  Sorbonne,  1886-89,  and  for  the 
new  Public  Library  in  Boston,  1894, 1896.  He  became  pres- 
ident of  the  Soci^t^  des  Artistes  Dissident  after  the  death 
of  Meissonier  in  1891. 


tie  and  of  human  possessions  in  generaL  As  a  cowherd 
he  carries  an  ox-goad  and  is  drawn  by  goats.  As  a  solar 
deity  he  beholds  the  universe  and  guides  on  journeys,  in- 
cluding those  to  the  other  world,  and  aids  in  the  revolu- 
tions of  day  and  night.  In  the  marriage  ceremonial  he  is 
besought  to  take  the  bride's  hand  and  lead  her  away  and 
bless  her. 

Pushkin,  or  Poushkin  (posh'kin),  Alexander. 
Bom  at  Moscow,  May  26  (O.  S.),  1799:  died  at 

St.  Petersburg,  Jan.  29  (O.  S.),  1837.  A  cele-  Puyallup  (p6-yal'up).  Atribe  of  North  Ameri- 
brated  Eussian  poet.  His  mother  was  of  negro  de-  can  Indians.  They  formerly  lived  on  Puyallup  Bay  and 
scent.  He  was  repeatedly  employed  m  the  admmistra-  at  the  mouth  of  Puyallup  River, Washington ;  but  are  now 
tive  service  of  the  government,  m  spite  of  his  liberal  sen-  on  Puyallup  reservation,  Washington.  Number,  563.  See 
timents.    He  was  mortally  wounded  in  a  duel.    His  works     Salishan    '^  '  °  ' 

include  "Ruslan  and  Liudmllla,"  "Prisoner  of  the  Cauca^  t»   _  j    Vk»  /    ..-  j.  j-     ,s        r-i-,  » 

sus,""Fountainof  Bakhtchisarai,""TheGipsies,""Rob-  JrUy-Oe-ilOme  (pue-de-dom  ).  [P.  puy,  from 
ber  Brothers,"  "Count  Nulin,"  "Poltava,"  "Angelo"  (a  JjL.podium,  a  hill.]  1.  A  peak  of  the  Auvergne 
play,  frora^'Measui-e  tor  Measure"), "  House  in  Kolomna,"     Mountains,  situated  in  the  department  of  Puy- 


Haute-Loire,  Prance,  situated  between  the 
Borne  and  the  Dolezon,  in  lat.  45°  2'  N.,  long. 
3°  52'  E. :  the  medieval  Anicium  and  Podium. 
It  is  a  manufacturing  center  for  laces.  The  chief  objects 
of  interest  are  the  early  medieval  cathedral  of  Notre  Dame, 
and  Mont  Corneille,  a  rock  surmounted  by  a  statue  of  the 
Virgin.  The  place  has  been  a  resort  for  pilgrims  from 
early  times.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  ancient  Velay. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  20,808. 


tragedy  "Boris  Godnnoff,"  "Eugene  Onyegin"  (showing 
Byron's  influence)  ;  odes ;  the  novels  "  Captain's  Daugh- 
ter," "  Queen  of  Spades,"  etc. ;  and  a  "  History  of  the  Con- 
spiracy of  Pugatcheft." 

PusS-in-Boots(pus'in-bots').  [F.LecliatmaUre, 
ou  le  chat  hotU.']  The  hero  of  a  nursery  tale, 
translated  in  the  18th  century  from  the  French 
tale  published  about  1697by  Perrault,  who  took 
the  plot  from  Straparola's  "Piaoevole  Notte." 
This  cat,  by  his  cleverness,  makes  the  fortune  of  his  mas- 
ter, a  miller's  son.  Tieck  published  the  story  in  1795  as 
"  Der  Gestiefelte  Eater." 

Pusterthal  (pBs'ter-tal).  An  Alpine  valley,  one 
of  the  largest  in  Tyrol.  It  comprises  the  valley  of 
the  Rienz  and  the  upper  valley  of  the  Drave.  Length, 
about  60  miles. 

Putbus  (pot'bSs).    The  largest  place  in  the  isl 


de-D6me  8  miles  west  of  Clermont-Ferrand.  On 
the  summit  there  are  an  observatory  and  Roman  ruins. 
Height,  4,805  feet. 

2.  A  department  of  central  France.  Capital, 
Clermont-Ferrand.  It  is  bounded  by  AUier  on  the 
north,  Loire  on  the  east,  Haute-Loire  and  Cantal  on  the 
south,  and  Corrfeze  and  Creuse  on  the  west,  and  corresponds 
to  the  northern  part  of  the  ancient  Auvergne,  part  of  Bour- 
bonnais,  and  a  small  part  of  Forez.  Its  surface  is  mostly 
mountainous.  It  is  traversed  by  the  AUier,  forming  the 
valley  of  Limagne.  Its  agriculture  and  manufactures  are 
flourishing.  Area,  3,070  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
664,266.  ^ 

Puy-de-Sancy  (piie-d6-son-se').  The  highest 
summit  of  the  Auvergne  Mountains,  France. 
Height,  6,185  feet. 

Puzzuoli,     See  PozzuoU. 


and  of  Eiigen,  Pi-ussia,  situated  in  the  southern  Pyat  (pya),  Felix.    Bom  at  Vierzon    Cher 

part,  south  of  Bergen.  Prance,  Oct.  4,  1810 :  died  at  St.-Gratien,  Aug! 

Puteoli.     See  Pozz-uoU.  4, 1889.  A  French  socialist  politician  and  dram- 

Putignano  (p6-ten-ya'n6).  A  town  in  the  prov-     atist.    He  was  a  member  of  the  "Mountain"  party  In 


Pyat 

the  Constituent  Asaembly  in  1848 ;  as  a  member  ol  tlie 
Legislative  Assembly  in  1S49  signed  the  appeal  to  arms, 
and  escaped  from  France;  returned  in  1870;  and  was  a 
leader  of  the  Commune  in  1871. 

Pyatigorsk,  or  Piatigorsk  (pya^te-gorsk').  A 
town  in  the  Terek  Territory,  Ciscancasia,  Eus- 
sia,  situated  on  an  affluent  of  the  Kuma  in  lat .  44° 
4'  N.,  long.  42°  8'  E.  it  is  noted  as  a  watering-place 
on  account  of  Its  sulphur  springs.     Population  (1889), 

Pydna  (pid'na).  fGrT.  IlvSva.']  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  town  in  Macedonia,  situated  near  the 
Gulf  of  Saloniki  30  miles  southwest  of  Salomki. 
It  is  notable  for  the  victory  gained  near  it  in  168  B.  0.  by 
the  Romans  under  ^milius  Paulus  over  the  Macedonians 
under  Perseus,  causing  the  overthrow  of  the  Macedonian 
monarchy. 

Pye  (pi),  Henry  James.  Born  at  London,  July 
10, 1745 :  died  near  Harrow,  Aug.  13, 1813.  An 
English  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford  (Magdalen 
CoUege),  and  became  a  member  of  Parliament  in  1784.  In 
1790  he  succeeded  Wharton  as  poet  laureate.  In  1792  he 
was  a  London  police  magistrate.  He  wrote  "Alfred,"  an 
epic,  in  1801,  and  several  volumes  of  poems  and  translations. 

Pyeed.    See  Paiute. 

Pygmalion  (pig-ma'li-gn).  IGr.TlvyuaTiiav.^  In 
Greek  legend:  (a)  The  brother  of  Dido.  See 
Dido,  (b)  A  sculptor  and  king  of  (Cyprus.  He  fell 
in  love  with  an  ivory  statue  which  he  had  made,  and  at  his 
request  Aphrodite  gave  it  life.  Marston's  first  publication 
was  "  The  Metamorphosis  of  Pygmalion's  Image :  and  Cer- 
tain Satires,"  which  was  printed  in  1598.  "Pygmalion's 
Image  "  was  a  poem  of  243  lines,  not  a  satire.  William 
Morris  has  also  told  the  story  in  his  "Earthly  Paradise." 

Pygmalion  and  Galatea  (gal-a-te'a).  A  fairy 
comedy  by  W.  S.  Gilbert,  produced  in  1871. 

Pygmies  (pig' miz).  AnAfricanraoe  of  dwarfs. 
The  existence  in  Africa  of  an  undersized  race,  with  astature 
averaging  that  of  a  b^  of  12  to  13  years,  was  known  to  the 
earliest  writers,  as  Homer  and  Hesiod,  who  must  have 
heard  of  it  through  Egyptian  channels.  Sataspes  the  Per- 
sian found,  at  the  terminus  of  his  voyage  along  the  African 
west  coast,  a  tribe  of  dwarfs  wearing  leaves  and  owning 
cattle.  The  Pygmies  are  found  all  the  way  from  Egypt  to 
the  Cape(BuBhmen),  and  from  Kamerun  to  Zanzibar,  in  spo- 
radic bands  of  timid  and  nomadic  hunters  and  fishermen, 
paying  tribute  to  Bantu  or  Hamitic  chiefs.  In  Abyssinia 
are  found  the  Doko,  who  make  good  servants ;  ou  the  Blue 
Mle,  the  Sienietye ;  in  Gallaland,  the  Wasania  and  Watua ; 
on  the  Aruwimi  Elver,  the  Akka  and  Wambuti ;  in  French 
Kongo,  the  Obongo  and  Bakkebakke;  on  the  Kuangu 
River,  the  Bachwa ;  on  the,  Lulua  and  Sankuru  and  in  the 
horseshoe  bend  of  the  Kongo  River,  the  Batua  (also  Ba^ 
tekke  or  Bayekke) ;  in  the  Nguru  Mountains  near  Zanzibar, 
the  Wadidikimo ;  at  the  head  of  Lake  Kyassa,  high  up  in 
the  mountains,  the  Wanena  or  Wapanga.  Finally,  the  vari- 
ous tribes  of  Bushmen  south  of  the  Zambesi  are  also  Pyg- 
mies. See  Hottentot-Bushmen,  Hottentots,  Bushmen,  Khoi- 
khoin,  and  Afrimn  ethnography  (under  Africa). 

Pylades  (pil'a-dez).  [Gt.  UvT^Svc.']  In  Greek 
legend,  the  friend  of  Orestes  and  husband  of 
Blectra. 

Pylus  (pi'lus).  [Gr.  Jlvlog.']  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  town  in  Messenia,  Greece,  situated  at 
the  northern  entrance  to  the  Bay  of  Navarino, 
5  miles  northwest  of  the  modern  Navarino.  it 
is  the  traditional  seat  of  ITestor  and  other  Neleids.  It  was 
fortified  by  the  Athenians  under  Demosthenes  in  425  B.  0. 

Pylus,  Bay  of.    See  Navarino,  Bay  of. 

Pym  (pim),  John.  Bom  at  Brymore,  Somerset- 
shire, 1584:  died  at  London,  Dee.  8,  1643.  An 
English  statesman  and  Parliamentary  leader. 
He  entered  Broadgates  Hall  (now  Pembroke  CollegeX  Ox- 
ford, in  1599,  and  became  a  member  of  Parliament  for  Calne 
in  1621.  He  was  one  of  the  managers  of  Buckingham's 
impeachment  in  1626,  and  advocated  the  Petition  of  Right 
in  1628.  His  authority  began  in  the  Short  Parliament.  In 
the  Long  Parliament  he  assisted  in  impeaching  Strafford 
and  Land.  He  was  one  of  the  "five  members"  whose  ar- 
rest was  attempted  by  Charles  I.  in  Jan.,  1642. 

Pyncheon  (pin'chon),  Clifford.  In  Hawthorne's 
"House  of  the  Seven  Gables,"  the  brother  of 
"  old  maid  Pyncheon,"  who  has  returned  from 
a  prison  to  find  himself  at  odds  with  a  matter- 
of-fact  world. 


833 

Clifford  too—  .  .  .  who  evidently  represents  the  sen- 
sitive and  Essthetic  side  of  the  author's  own  mind,  "that 
squeamish  love  of  the  beautiful "  (to  use  his  own  expressive 
phrase)  which  is  in  him  when  stripped  of  that  cold  con- 
templative individuality  which  seems  to  me  to  be  at  the 
centre  of  Hawthorne's  literary  genius  and  personally — is 
a  fine  study.  Hwtton,  Essays,  IL  442. 

Pyne  (pin),  Louisa  Fanny.  Born  at  London, 
1828 :  died  there,  March  20,  1904.  A  popular 
English  singer,  in  1842  she  appeared  in  public  with 
her  sister  Susan  (Mrs.  Standing),  and  in  1849  she  appeared 
in  the  opera  "  Sonnanibula"  at  Boulogne,  and  was  engaged 
for  opera  in  London.  In  1854-67  she  visited  America,  first 
appearing  in  "  Sonnambula  "  at  New  York,  and  singing  at 
all  the  principal  citieswith  brilliant  success.  She  returned 
to  London  in  1857,  and  opened  the  Lyceum  Theatre  for 
English  opera.  She  was  marriedin  1868  to  Frank  H.  Bodda. 

Pyramid  Lake  (pir'a-mid  lak) .  A  lake  in  west- 
ern Nevada,  50  mile's  north  by  east  of  Carson 
City.    It  has  no  outlet.    Length,  about  35  miles. 

Pyramid  Peak.  A  summit  of  the  Elk  Moun- 
tains, Colorado.    Height,  13,885  feet. 

Pyramids  (pir'a-midz)  of  Grizeh.  The  north- 
ernmost surviving  group  of  a  range  of  about  70 
pyramids,  extending  from  Abu  Eo&sh  south  to 
Meidoum.  The  Gizeh  group  consists  of  the  Great  Pyra- 
mid, the  second  and  third  pyramids,  and  8  small  pyramids. 
The  Great  Pyramid  is  the  tomb  of  the  Pharaoh  Khuf  u 
(Cheops),  of  the  4th  dynasty,  and  dates  from  about  4,000 
B.  0.  Its  original  height  was  481  feet  (present  height, 
451),  and  the  original  length  of  the  sides  at  the  base,  755. 
It  Is  built  of  solid  masonry  in  large  blocks,  closely  fitted, 
with  use  of  mortar.  The  exterior  forms  a  series  of  steps, 
which  were  originally  filled  with  blocks  of  limestone  ac- 
curately cut  to  form  a  smooth  slope.  The  entrance,  origi- 
nally concealed,  is  on  the  north  side,  45  feet  above  the  base 
and  24  to  one  side  of  the  center.  The  passage  slants  down- 
ward for  806  feet ;  but  the  corridor,  slanting  upward  to 
the  true  sepulchral  chambers,  soon  branches  bfi  from  it. 
A  horizontal  branch  leads  to  the  queen's  chamber,  about 
18  feet  square,  in  the  center  of  the  pyramid,  and  the  slant- 
ing corridor  continues  in  the  Great  Gallery,  161  feet  long, 
28  high,  and  7  wide,  to  the  vestibule  of  the  king's  chamber, 
which  is  34J  feet  long,  17  wide,  and  19  high,  and  141  above 
the  base  of  the  pyramid.  It  contains  a  plain,  empty  sar- 
cophagus. The  second  pyramid,  or  pyramid  of  Chephren 
(Khafra),  was  originally 472  feet  high  and  706  in  base-mea- 
surement. It  has  two  entrances,  and  interior  passages  and 
chambers  similar  to  those  of  the  Great  Pyramid.  It  re- 
tains, at  the  top,  part  of  its  smooth  exterior  casing.  The 
third  pyramid,  that  of  Menkaura  (Mencheres),  was  216  feet 
high,  and  346  to  a  side  at  the  base.  The  entrance-passages 
and  sepulchral  chambers  are  similar  to  those  of  the  other 
pyramids.  All  three  were  built  by  the  4th  dynasty.  Tem- 
ples, now  ruined,  stand  before  the  eastern  faces  of  tlie 
second  and  third  pyramids.  For  the  Step  Pyramid,  see 
Sakka/rah. 

Pyramids,  Battle  of  the.  A  victory  gained 
near  the  pyramids  of  Egypt,  July  21,  1798,  by 
the  French  under  Napoleon  over  the  Mamelukes 
under  Murad  Bey. 

PyramuS  (pir'a-mus).  [Gr.  Uvpajiog.']  In  clas- 
sical legend,  a  youth  of  Babylon,  the  lover  of 
Thisbe.  Their  story  is  celebrated  by  Ovid  in  his  "Meta- 
morphoses," and  Shakspere  introduces  it  in  the  interlude 
of  the  "Midsummer  Night's  Dream." 

Pyramus.    The  ancient  name  of  the  Jihun. 

Pyrenees  (pir'f-nez),  F.  Pyr6n6es  (pe-ra-na'), 
Sp.  Pirineos  (pe-re-na'os),  L.  Pyrensei  (pir- 
e-ne'i).  A  mountain-range  which  separates 
i'rance  on  the  north  from  Spain  on  the  south, 
and  extends  from  tli'e  Bay  of  Biscay  to  the  Medi- 
terranean. It  is  divided  into  the  Eastern,  Central,  and 
Western  Pyrenees.  The  highest  points  (Pic  de  N^thou  and 
Mont  Perdu,  reaching  about  11,000  feet)  are  in  the  Central 
Pyrenees.  There  are  few  passes,  and  the  chain  has  a  high 
average  elevation.  There  are  a  number  of  small  glaciers. 
Length,  about  300  miles.    Greatest  width,  about  70  miles. 

Pyrenees,  Australian.  The  western  part  of 
the  Australian  Alps,  in  Victoria. 

Psrr^ndes,  Basses-.    See  Basses-Pyr4n4es. 

Pyr6n6es,  Hautes-.    See  Hautes-PyrSnies. 

Pyrenees,  Peace  of  the.  A  treaty  between 
Prance  and  Spain,  concluded  in  Nov.,  1659,  on 
an  island  of  the  Bidassoa  (near  the  Pyrenees). 


Python 

Spain  ceded  to  France  a  great  part  of  Artois,partB  of  Flan- 
ders, Hainaut,  and  Luxemburg,  most  of  Roussillon,  and 
part  of  Cerdagne ;  a  marriage  was  arranged  between  Louis 
XIV.  and  the  Infanta  of  Spain,  Maria  Theresa,  daughter 
of  PhUin  IV. 

Pyr^nees-Orientales  (pe-ra-na'z6-ryon-tal'). 
[P.,  'Eastern  Pyrenees.']  A  department  of 
southern  Prance,  capital  Perpignan,  formed 
from  the  ancient  Eoussillon  and  small  parts 
of  Languedoc.  it  is  bounded  by  Arifege  on  the  north- 
west, Aude  on  the  north,  the  Mediterranean  on  the  east, 
and  Spain  on  the  south.  The  suriace  is  mountainous  on 
the  frontiers.  It  is  an  agricultural  department.  The  lead- 
ing  product  is  wine.  Area,  1,592  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  210,125. 

Pyrgopolinices  (p6r-g6-pol-i-nI'sez).  A  brag- 
gart, a  character  in  the  comedy  "Miles  Glorio- 
sus,"  by  Plautus. 

Pyrmont  (per'mont).  1.  A  small  principality 
in  Germany,  united  with  Waldeek.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  Prussia,  Inppe,  and  Brunswick. — 
2.  The  capital  of  the  principality  of  Pyrmont, 
situated  33  mUes  southwest  of  Hannover.  It  is 
a  watering-place  with  chalybeate  and  saline 
springs. 

Pyrocles(pir'6-klez).  1.  A eharacteriin Sidney's 
' '  Arcadia."  He  disguises  as  a  woman,  Zelmane. 
— 2.  The  son  of  Aerates  and  brother  of  Cymo- 
cles,  in  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene." 

Pyrrha  (pir'a).  [Gr.  n{ip/ia.]  In  Greek  legend, 
the  vfife  of  Deucalion.    See  Deucalion. 

Pyrrho  (pir'6).  [Gr.  U{}p})m>.']  Bom  in  Elis, 
Greece,  about  360  b.  c.  :  died  about  270  b.  c.  A 
Greek  philosopher,  the  founder  of  the  skeptical 
school. 

Pyrrhus.    See  Neoptolermm. 

Pyxrhus  (pir'us).  [Gr.  niip^?.]  Born  about  318 
B.  0. :  killed  at  Argos,  Greece,  272  b.  c.  King  of 
Epirus,  one  of  the  greatest  generals  of  antiquity. 
He  was  invited  by  Tarentum  to  assist  it  against  Rome  in  280 ; 
defeated  the  Romans  at  Heracleia  in  280,and  at  Asculum  in 
279 ;  remained  in  Sicily  until  276 ;  and  was  defeated  by  the 
Romans  at  Beneventum  in  275. 

Pythagoras  (pi-thag'o-ras).  [Gr.  HvOaydpag.'l 
Born  in  Samps,  Greece',  probably  about  582  B.C.: 
died  at  Metapontum,  Magna  (Srsecia,  about  500 
B.C.  A  famous  Greek  philosopher  and  mathe- 
matician. He  emigrated  to  Crotona,  Magna  Grsecia, 
about  629,  and  founded  there  a  philosophic  school.  Later 
he  removed  to  Metapontum. 

Pytheas  (pith'e-as).  [Gr.  'OvBkag.']  A  Greek 
navigator  and  astronomer  who  lived  in  the  sec- 
ond half  of  the  4th  century  B.C.  He  was  a  native 
of  Massilia  (Marseilles),  and  visited  the  coast  of  Spain, 
Gaul,  and  Great  Britain.  His  works,  fragments  only  of 
which  remain,  contain  our  earliest  precise  information 
concerning  the  northwestern  countries  of  Europe. 

Pythia  (pith'i-a).  [Gr.nvft'a.]  The  prophetess 
of  the  Delphic  oracle. 

Pythian  games.  One  of  the  four  great  national 
festivals  of  (Greece,  celebrated  once  in  four 
years,  in  honor  of  Apollo,  at  Delphi. 

Psrthias  (pith'i-as).  [Gr.  Iltifldi?.]  A  Syraeu- 
san  condemned  "to  death  by  Dionysius  I.  See 
Damon. 

Pythius  (pith'i-us).  [Gr.  li.iSwg.']  A  surname 
of  Apollo  as  the  slayer  of  the  P^hon. 

Python  (pi'thon).  [Gr.  UiiBav.'\  In  classical  an- 
tiquities and  in  the  New  Testament,  a  sooth- 
saying spirit  or  demon;  hence,  also,  a  person 
possessed  by  such  a  spirit ;  especially,  a  ventril- 
oquist. Some  ancient  writers  speak  of  the  serpent  Py- 
thon as  having  delivered  oracles  at  Delphi  before  the  com- 
ing of  Apollo  (who  slew  it),  and  during  the  Roman  impe- 
rial period  we  find  the  name  often  given  to  soothsayers. 
The  spirit  was  supposed  to  speak  from  the  belly  of  the 
soothsayer,  who  was  accordingly  called  eyyoarpt/Audos,  a 
ventriloquist^  a  word  used  in  the  Septna^nt  to  represent 
the  Hebrew  ohh,  often  rendered  python  in  the  "Vtiigate. 
In  Acts  xvi.  16,  the  usual  reading  is  "a  spirit  of  Python," 
while  some  manuscripts  read  "a  spirit,  a  Python." 


C— 53 


ua-.  For  names  beginning 
thus,  not  given  here,  see 
Kwa-. 

Quackenbos  (kwak'en- 
bos),G!«orgePayii.  Bom  at 
New  York,  Sept.  4, 1826:- died 
July  24, 1881.  An  American 
educator.  He  graduated  at  Co- 
lumbia in  1843,  and  was  for  many 
years  principal  of  a  collegiate  school  at  Kew  York.  He  edited 
the  "Literary  Magazine"  1848-50.  He  is  known  chiefly 
as  the  author  of  various  text^books  on  United  States  his- 
tory, grammar,  rhetoric,  arithmetic,  and  natural  philos- 
ophy. 

Qnadi  (kwa'di).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Quadi,  Gr. 
(Strabo)  Koddovo;.]  A  German  tiibe,  a  part  of 
the  Suevi,  the  eastern  neighbors  of  the  Mar- 
comanni  in  Bohemia,  in  the  region  back  of  the 
Danube  about  the  March  and  the  Taya.  They 
were  originally  allies  of  the  Marcomanni,  but  later  (in  the 
4th  century)  appear  in  incursions  into  Roman  territory  in 
company  with  the  Sarmatian  Jazyges.  They  were  ulti- 
mately included  under  the  common  name  Suevi. 

Quadra {kwa'dra),Vicente.  ANicaraguanpoli- 
tician,  president  March  1, 1871,  to  March  1, 1875. 
His  term  was  peaceful  and  prosperous. 

Quadrilateral  (kwod-ri-lat'e-ral).  The  four 
fortresses  of  Legnago,  Mantua,  Peschiera,  and 
Verona,  in  Italy.  They  are  famous  for  their  strength 
and  for  their  strategic  importance  during  the  Austrian 
occupation  of  northern  Italy. 

Quadrilateral,  Bulgarian.  The  four  fortresses 
of  Eustchuk,  Schumla,  Silistria,  and  Varna. 

Quadruple  Alliance,  The.  A  league  against 
Spain,  formed  in  1718  by  Great  Britain,  France, 
Austria,  and  the  Netherlands. 

Quadruple  Treaty,  The.  A  league  formed 
against  the  usurper  Dom  Miguel  of  Portugal 
and  Don  Carlos  of  Spain  in  1834.  The  signa- 
tory powers  were  Great  Britain,  France,  Spain, 
and  Portugal. 

Quai  d'Orsay  (ka  dor-sa').  The  quay  along  the 
south  bank  of  the  Seine  in  Paris,  on  which  are 
situated  the  department  of  foreign  affairs  and 
the  building  of  the  Corps  L^gislatif ;  hence,  the 
French  foreign  office,  or  the  government  in  gen- 
eral (like  the  English  Downing  street). 

Quaker  (kwa'ker).  The.  An  opera  by  Charles 
Dibdin,  produced  in  1777. 

Quaker  City.  Philadelphia,  which  was  colo- 
nized by  Quakers. 

Quaker  Poet,  The.  A  name  given  to  Bernard 
Barton,  and  also  to  John  Greenleaf  Whittier. 

Quangsi.    See  Kwangsi. 

Quangtong.    See  Kwangtung. 

Quantock  Hills  (kwan'tok  hilz).  A  range  of 
hills  in  Somerset,  England,  west  of  Bridgwater. 

Quantz  (kwants),  Johann  Joachim.  Bom  near 
Gottingen,  Jan.  30, 1697 :  died  at  Potsdam,  Prus- 
sia, July  12, 1773.  A  celebrated  German  flute- 
player  and  composer  for  the  flute. 

Quaq.uas  (kwa'kwas).  Indians  of  eastern  Vene- 
zuela, south  of  the  Orinoco,  on  the  river  Cuyu- 
ni:  a  branch,  descended  from  those  which  were 
gathered  into  the  mission  villages  in  the  18th 
century,  is  found  near  the  Gulf  of  Paria.  The 
Quaquas  formerly  lived  on  the  upper  Orinoco,  above  the 
junction  of  the  Meta,  and  they  are  said  to  have  spoken  a 
dialect  of  the  Saliva  language ;  but  at  present  they  speak 
Arawak,  perhaps  from  long  intercourse  with  that  tribe. 
They  are  of  a  mild  disposition,  and  agriculturists.  Also 
written  Guagues,  GhiaicaSf  and  Quaycas. 

Quaregnon  (ka-ren-y6n' ) .  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hainaut,  Belgium,  36  miles  southwest 
of  Brussels.    Population  (1890),  14,361. 

Quarles  (kwarlz),  Francis.  Bom  at  Kumford, 
Essex,  1592:  died  Sept.  8,  1644.  An  English 
poet.  He  was  educated  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge, 
and  became  a  student  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  London.  He  was 
city  chronologer  in  1639.  Among  his  works  (largely  sacred 
poems)  are  "Divine  Emblems  (1635),  "Hieroglyphics" 
(1638),  and  a  prose  work,  "Enchiridion    (1640). 

The  enormous  popularity  of  Francis  Quarles's  "Em- 
blems" and  "  Enchiridion,"  a  popularity  which  has  not 
entirely  ceased  up  to  the  present  day,  accounts  to  some 


extent  for  the  very  unjust  ridicule  which  has  been  lav- 
ished on  him  by  men  of  letters  of  his  own  and  later  times. 
It  is,  of  course,  sufficiently  absurd  that  such  hasty  and 
slovenly  work  should  have  been  reprinted  as  last  as  the 
presses  could  give  it,  when  the  "Hesperides"  remained 
almost  unnoticed.  But  the  silly  antithesis  of  Pope,  a 
writer  who,  great  as  he  was,  was  almost  as  ignorant  of  lit- 
erary history  as  his  model,  Boileau,  ought  to  prejudice  no 
one,  and  it  is  strictly  true  that  Quarles's  enormous  volume 
hides,  to  some  extent,  his  merits. 

Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  877. 

Quarles  (kwarlz),  John.  Bom  1624:  died  1665. 
An  English  poet  and  author,  son  of  Francis 
Quarles. 

Quamero  (kwar-na'ro),  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of 
the  Adriatic  Sea,  southeast  of  Istria. 

Quarrel  (kwa-ra' ).  [Tigua  name  of  central  New 
Mexico.]  A  former  village  (pueblo)  of  Tigua 
Indians,  situated  in  Valencia  County,  New  Mex- 
ico, on  the  southern  edge  of  the  salt-basin  of 
the  Manzano.  It  was  abandoned  about  1674  on  ac- 
count of  the  hostility  of  the  Apaches,  the  inhabitants  flee- 
ing to  Tajique.  The  ruins  of  a  large  church  of  stone  stand 
by  the  side  of  those  of  the  village.  The  mission  of  Quarri 
was  founded  shortly  prior  to  1632. 

Quarrelers.    See  KutcMn. 

Quartley  (kw^rt'li),  Arthur.  Bom  at  Paris, 
May  24, 1839 :  died  at  New  York,  May  19, 1886. 
An  American  marine-painter.  He  was  of  English 
parentage ;  lived  mostly  in  Baltimore  and  New  York ;  and 
was  elected  national  academician  in  1886. 

Quartu  (kwar'to).  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Gulf 
of  Cagliari,  in  Sardinia. 

Quasimodo  (kwa-si-mo'do).  [From  the  first 
words  of  the  introit  in  the  mass  for  Quasimodo 
Sunday.]  A  misshapen  dwarf,  one  of  the  chief 
characters  in  Victor  Hugo's  "Notre  Dame  de 
Paris." 

Quatre-Bras  (katr-bra').  A  place  in  Belgium, 
20  miles  south  by  east  of  Brussels.  It  was  the 
scene  of  a  battle  between  the  French  under  Ney  and 
the  Allies  under  Wellington,  June  16,  1815  (two  days  be- 
fore the  battle  of  Waterloo),  when  Ney  was  forced  to  re- 
treat. 

Quatrefages  de  Breau  (katr-fazh'  d6  bra-6'), 
Jean  Louis  Axmand  de.  Bom  at  Berthez^me, 
Gard,  Feb.  10, 1810 :  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  13, 1892. 
AFrench  naturalist,professor  (1855)  of  anatomy 
and  ethnology  at  the  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory in  Paris.  He  published  works  on  zoology 
and  anthropology. 

Quatre  Fils  Aymon  (katr  fes  a-m6n'),  Les. 

1.  A  medieval  French  prose  romance  of  adven- 
ture, from  a  narrative  poem  by  Huon  de  ViUe- 
neuve,  taken  from  earlier  chansons  in  the  13th 
century:  a  popular  French  chap-book  was 
founded  on  it.  Aymon  de  Dordogne  has  four  sons  who 
are  knighted  by  Charlemagne :  Benaud  or  Beynauld  (It. 
Uinaldo),  Guichard  or  Guiscard,  Alard  or  Adelard,  and 
Bichard  orUichardet.  To  Renaudor  Rinaldo  was  given  the 
celebrated  horse  Bayard  (which  see).  Rinaldo  appears  in 
"  Orlando  Furioso,"  and  also  in  Tasso's  poems. 

2.  An  opera  by  Balf  e,  produced  at  Paris  in  1844. 

Quatrem^re  (katr-mSr'),  litienne  Marc.  Bom 

at  Paris,  Jul^  12, 1782 :  died  there,  Sept.  18, 1857. 
A  French  Orientalist,  professor  of  Hebrew  and 
Syriac  at  the  Coll&ge  de  France  from  1819.  He 
published  "Recherches  historiques  et  critiques  sur  la 
langue  et  la  litt^rature  de  I'Bgypte  "  (1808),  "  Mimoires  his- 
toriques et  g^ographiques  sur  I'Egypte"  (1810),  "M^moire 
sur  les  Nabatfiens"  (1836),  etc. 

Quatrem&re  de  Quincy  (katr-mar'  de  kan-se'), 
Antoine  Chrysostome.  Bom  at  Paris,  Oct. 
28,  1755 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  8,  1849.  A  noted 
French  archaeologist  and  politician.  He  published 
"Dictionnaire  de  rarohitecture,"  and  critical  works  on 
Raphael,  Michelangelo,  Canova,  etc. 

Quatres  Vents  de  I'Esprit  (katr  von  de  les- 
pre'),  Les.  [F.,  'The  Four  Winds  of  the 
Spirit.']  A  volume  containing  poems  and  a 
drama  by  Victor  Hugo,  published  in  1881. 

Quatre- Vingt-Treize.    See  Ninety-Three. 

Quauhtemoc,  or  Quauhtemotzin.  See  Guate- 
moUin. 

Quay  (kwa),  Matthew  Stanley.  Bom  at  Diiis- 

burg.  Pa.,  Sept.  30, 1833:  died  at  Beaver,  Pa., 

May  28,  1904.    An  American  Republican  poli- 

834 


tician.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1864 ;  obtained 
prominence  in  the  politics  of  Pennsylvania ;  and  repre- 
sented that  State  in  the  United  States  Senate  from  1887 
until  his  death.  As  chairman  of  the  Republican  National 
Committee  heconductedthepresidentialcampaign  of  1888. 
Qubad  (pros.  Pers.  pron.  ko-bM',  earlier  ko- 
bS,d' ),  or  Eobad,  in  Greek  Eobades.  The  name 
of  the  19th  and  24th  kings  of  the  Sassanian  dy- 
nasty. Kobad  I.,  the  son  of  Perozes  (FiruzX  reigned  A.  d. 
488-498  and  again  501  or  502-631.  In  the  interval  Zames 
(Jamasp),  Kobad's  brother,  dethroned  him  and  compelled 
him  to  fly  to  the  Huns,  with  whose  assistance  he  recovered 
the  throne.  Kobad  waged  war  with  the  Greek  emperor 
Anastasius,  but  on  the  defection  of  his  allies,  the  Huns, 
made  peace  with  Anastasius  on  condition  of  receiving 
11,000  pounds  of  gold.  War  with  Constantinople  was  re- 
newed in  621,  in  the  reign  of  Justin  I.,  and  continued  un- 
der Justinian  I.  He  is  Uie  Eaiqubad  of  Firdausi.  Kobad 
n.  reigned  Feb.,  6Z8,-July,  629.  He  put  to  death  his  father, 
Chosroes  II.,  and  his  brothers  and  half-brothers  to  the 
number,  it  is  said,  of  forty,  and  is  represented  as  dying  of 
remorse.  It  is  more  probable  that  he  died  of  a  plague  which 
ravaged  Persia  at  that  time. 

Quebec  (kwe-bek';  F.  pron.  ke-bek').  A  prov- 
ince of  the'bominion  of  Canada,  British  North 
America.  Capital, Quebec ;  chief  city,  Montreal. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  Northeast  Territory  and  Labrador  on 
the  north,  Labrador  and  the  Gulf  of  St  Lawrence  on  the 
east,  New  Brunswick,  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont, 
and  New  York  (partly  separated  by  the  St.  Lawrence)  on 
the  south,  and  Ontario  (partly  separated  by  the  Ottawa 
River)  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Lanrentian, 
Notre  Dame,  and  other  ranges  of  mountains.  The  chief 
river-system  is  that  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  fisheries  and 
lumbering  interests  are  important.  It  contains  63  coun- 
ties. Government  is  vested  in  a  lieutenant-governor,  ex- 
ecutive council,  legislative  council,  and  legislative  assem- 
bly. It  sends  to  the  Dominion  Parliament  24  senators  and 
65  representatives.  The  prevailing  religion  is  the  Roman 
Catholic.  The  inhabitants  are  largely  of  French  origin,  and 
the  language  is  largely  Canadian  French.  The  region  was 
explored  by  Cartier  in  1535.  The  first  permanent  settle- 
ment was  made  by  the  French  at  Quebec  in  1608.  The  ter- 
ritory was  ceded  by  France  to  Great  Britain  in  1763 ;  the 
province  of  Upper  Canada  was  set  off  in  1791 ;  and  Upper 
Canada  and  Ix>wer  Canada  were  united  in  1841  and  sepa- 
rated in  1867.  Area,  347,350  square  miles.  Population 
(1901),  1,648,898. 

Quebec.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Que- 
bec, Canada,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  St. 
Charles  with  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  lat.  46°  48' 
N.,  long.  71°  12'  W.  It  is  noted  for  its  picturesque 
situation,  and  is  the  most  strongly  fortified  city  on  the 
western  continent.  It  has  extensive  trade ;  is  a  terminus 
of  steamship  lines ;  exports  timber,  etc. ;  and  is  the  seat  of 
Laval  University  (Roman  Catholic).  The  site  was  visited 
by  Cartier  in  1635.  The  city  was  founded  by  the  French 
under  Champlain  in  1608 ;  taken  by  the  British  in  1629  and 
restored  In  1632 ;  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  the  British 
in  1690 ;  besieged  by  the  British  under  Wolfe  in  1759,  and 
taken  after  the  battle  of  Quebec  in  Sept.,  1769 ;  ceded  to 
Great  Britain  In  1763 ;  and  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  the 
Americans  under  Montgomery  in  1775.  He  perished  before 
its  walls  and  his  troops  were  dispersed.  Since  then  it  has 
not  been  attacked.  The  battle  of  Quebec  was  a  victory 
on  the  Plains  of  Abraham,  near  Quebec,  Sept.  IS,  1759, 
gained  by  the  British  under  Wolfe  over  the  French  under 
Montcalm.  It  resulted  in  the  fall  of  Quebec,  and  ulti- 
mately in  the  loss  of  Canada  to  the  French.  Population 
(1901),  68,840. 

Quedlinburg  (kved'lin-bero).  A  city  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prassia,  situated  on  the 
Bode,  near  the  Harz,  34  miles  southwest  of 
Magdeburg,  it  is  noted  for  the  production  of  vegeta- 
bles, fruits,  and  especially  of  seeds,  and  has  manufactures 
of  cloth.  The  abbey  church,  or  Schlosskirche,  is  a  monument 
of  much  artistic  importance.  The  main  structure  is  of  the 
early  11th  century ;  the  choir  was  modified  in  the  14th. 
The  crypt  is  the  original  church  of  the  10th  century ;  it  is 
built  over  a  still  older  chapel  which  contains  the  tombs  of 
the  emperor  Henry  I.  and  his  consort  Matilda.  Qued- 
linburg was  founded  by  Henry  the  Fowler ;  was  frequently 
a  royal  residence ;  and  was  a  Hanseatio  town.  It  belonged 
to  Saxony,  and  later  to  Brandenburg.  Population  (1890), 
20,761. 

Queen  Anne's  War.  The  name  given  in  the 
United  States  to  the  war  against  the  French  and 
^dians  1702-13  (part  of  the  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession). 

Queen  Charlotte  (shar'lot)  Islands.  A  group 
of  islands  in  the  Pacific,  west  of  British  Colum- 
bia, and  belonging  to  that  province.  The  chief 
islands  are  Graham  Island  and  Moresby  Island.  The  sur- 
face is  mountainous.  The  inhabitants  are  Indians  ■  their 
number  is  estimated  at  2,000. 

Queen  Charlotte  Sound.  The  continuation  of 
Johnstone  Strait,  separating  Vancouver  Island 
from  the  mainland  of  British  Columbia. 


Queen  City  of  the  Lakes 

Queen  City  of  the  Lakes.    Buffalo. 

Queen  City  of  the  South.    Sydney,  Australia. 

Queen  City  (or  Queen)  of  the  West.  Cincin- 
nati. 

Queen  Mab.  A  poem  by  SheUey,  printed  in 
1813. 

Queen  Mary.  A  dramatic  poem  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson, published  in  1875. 

Queen  of  Cities.    Bome. 

Queen  of  Corinth,  The.  A  play  by  Fletcher, 
Massinger,  and  others,  produced  before  1618 
and  printed  in  1647. 

Queen  of  Hearts,  The.  Elizabeth,  queen  of 
Bohemia,  daughter  of  James  I.  of  England. 

Queen  of  Sheba.  1.  SeeSheha. — 2.  An  opera 
by  Goldmark,  produced  at  Vienna  in  1875. 

Queen  of  Tears.  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
Mary,  second  wife  of  James  II.  of  En^and. 

Queen  of  the  Antilles.    Cuba. 

Queen  of  the  East.  1.  A  name  given  to  Anti- 
ooh,  in  Syria. —  2.  A  title  of  Zenobia,  queen 
of  Palmyra. — 3.  A  name  given  to  Batavia,  in 
Java. 

Queen  of  the  North.    Edinburgh. 

Queen  of  the  Sea.    Tyre. 

Queen's  College.  A  college  of  Oxford  Univer- 
sity, England,  founded  in  honor  of  Philippa, 
consort  of  Edward  HI.,  by  her  confessor  Robert 
de  Bglesfield,  in  1340.  The  present  buildings  date 
from  1692,  escept  ttie  chapel,  which  is  of  17U.  The  hall, 
built  by  Wren,  contains  fine  portraits.  The  High-street 
front  has  a  circular  belvedere,  with  coupled  columns, 
over  the  entrance. 

Queens'  College.  A  college  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity,Bngland,foundedby  Margaret  of  Anjou, 
consort  of  Henry  VI.,  in  1448,  and  refounded 
by  Elizabeth  WoodvUle,  consort  of  Edward  IV., 
in  1465.  The  vaulted  gateway  passes  under  a  square 
tower  with  octagonal  battlemented  turrets  at  the  angles. 
The  Qreat  Court  is  bordered  by  the  venerable  chapel,  hall, 
and  library.  There  are  three  other  old  courts— the  Clois- 
ter Court,  Erasmus  Court,  and  Walnut  Tree  Court — besides 
a  modern  one. 

She  [Queen  Margaret]  proposed  to  call  it  the  College  of 
St,  Margaret  and  St.  Bernard,  but  after  her  husband's  de- 
position the  name  was  changed.  Andrew  Docket,  the  first 
master  who  had  been  appointed  to  that  office  by  Queen 
Margaret,  hastened  with  pardonable  subservience  to  in- 
gratiate himself  with  her  successor,  and  so  cleverly  did  he 
manage  that  Elizabeth  WoodvUle  consented  to  be  named 
as  co-foundress,  and  the  college  became  "  The  Queens'  Col- 
lege of  St.  Margaret  and  St.  Bernard,"  now  familiarly 
known  simply  as  Queens'  College.  C2iiri,  Cambridge,  p.  143. 

Queen's  (kwenz)  County.  A  county  in  Lein- 
ster,  Ireland.  Chief  town,  Maryborough,  it  is 
bounded  by  King's  County  on  the  north,  Kildare  on  the 
east,  Carlow  and  Kilkenny  on  the  south,  and  Tipperary  and 
King's  County  on  the  w^t.  Area,  664  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  64,883. 

Queen's  Exchange,  The.  A  comedy  by  Eich- 
ard  Brome^printed  in  1657,  and  reprinted  with 
the  title  "The  Koyal  Exchange"  in  1661. 

Queensferry  (kwenz'fer-i),  or  South  Queens- 
ferry.  A  small  seaport  on  the  Firth  of  Forth, 
Scotland,  8  miles  west  of  Edinburgh.  The  cele- 
brated Forth  Bridge  crosses  the  Firth  of  Forth  from  South 
Queensferry  in  Linlithgowshire  to  North  Queensferry  In 
Fife. 

Queen's  Gardens.  [Sp.  Jardmes  de  la  Seyna.J 
A  line  of  small  islands  along  the  southern  coast 
of  Cuba :  so  named  by  Columbus  who  discov- 
ered them  in  1484. 

Queensland  (kwenz'land).  Astan  of  the  Com- 
monwealth of  Australia.  Capit-u,  Brisbane. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria  and  Torres  Strait 
on  the  north,  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  northeast  and  east, 
New  South  Wales  and  South  Australia  on  the  south,  and 
South  Australia  and  the  Northern  Territory  on  the  west. 
It  is  traversed  by  low  ranges  parallel  to  the  coast,  pold, 
tin,  silver,  and  other  metals  are  mined,  but  the  chief  in- 
dustry is  stock-farming.  Government  ia  vested  in  a  gov- 
ernor, legislative  council  (nominated  for  life),  and  as- 
sembly (elected).  Queensland  was  explored  by  Torres, 
Cook,  Flinders,  Mitchell,  Leichhardt,  etc. ;  was  made  a 
penal  settlement  in  1826 ;  was  opened  to  free  settlers  in 

I  1842 ;  and  was  made  a  separate  colony  in  1869.  Area, 
668,497  square  miles.    Population  (1899),  est.,  498,623. 

Queen's  Marie,  The.  A  Scottish  ballad  relat- 
ing the  death  of  Mary  Hamilton,  one  of  the 
"Queen's  Maries*'  who  are  mentioned  in  many 
ballads,  in  this  ballad  the  Maries  are  named  as '  'Marie 
Seaton  and  Marie  Beaton  and  Marie  Carmichael  and  me" 
(Marie  Hamilton).  Keith  names  them  as  belonging  to  the 
families  of  Livingston,  Fleming,  Seatoun,  and  Beatoun. 
Scott's  version,  the  first  published,  was  made  up  from  sev- 
eral older  ballads. 

Queenston  (kwenz' ton )^  or  Queenstown 
(kwenz'toun).  A  place  m  Ontario,  Canada, 
situated  about  5  miles  north  of  Niagara  Falls. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a  victory  of  the  British  under  Brock 
(killed  earlyin  the  action)  over  th  e  Americans,  Oct.  13, 1812. 

Queenstown.  A  seaport  in  County  Cork,  Ire- 
land, situated  on  Great  Island  8  miles  east-south- 
east of  Cork.   It  is  the  seaport  of  Cork,  and  a  port  of 


835 

call  lor  transatlantic  steamships.  It  was  called  Cove  of 
Cork  before  the  visit  of  Queen  Victoria  in  1849.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  9,082. 

Queerummania  (kwer-um-ma'ni-a).  The  lands 
over  whichKingCjhrononhotonthoiogos  reigned, 
in  Henry  Carey's  tragical  burlesque  with  the 
latter  name. 

Queiros  (ka-e-ros'),  or  Quiros  (ke-ros'),  Pedro 
Fernandes  de.  Bom  about  1560 :  died  at  Pa- 
nama, 1614.  A  Portuguese  navigator  who  com- 
manded an  exploring  expedition  in  the  Pacific 
1604^06,  and  discovered  the  New  Hebrides. 

Queiroz  (ka-e-ros'),  Jos6  Maria  Ega  de.  Bom 
Nov.  25,  1843 :  died  Aug.  16,  1900.  A  Portu- 
guese novelist,  author  of  "  0  crime  do  padre 
Amaro  "  (1874),  etc. 

Quelpaerd  (kwel'pard),  or  Quelpart  (kwel'- 
part).  An  island  at  the  entrance  of  the  Chan- 
nel of  Corea,  situated  60  miles  south  of  Corea, 
to  which  it  belongs. 

Quemada  (ka-ma'da  or  -TK&),  La.  [Sp.,  'place 
burned  over.']  A  collection  of  ruins  in  the  state 
of  Zacateeas,  Mexico,  35  miles  west-southwest  of 
Zaeatecas.  They  include  several  large  and  very  ancient 
buildings,  a  small  pyramid,  etc.,  and  are  remarkable  for 
their  massiveness  and  the  absence  of  ornamentation.  No- 
thing is  known  of  their  origin.  Some  of  the  early  tradi- 
tions mention  this  place  as  a  temporary  dwelling  of  the 
Aztecas  during  their  migration  from  the  north. 

Quentin  Durward  (kwen'tin  der'ward).  A 
novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1823. 
Quentin  Durward  is  an  archer  of  the  Scottish  Guard,  who 
seeks  his  fortune  in  France  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XI. 

Quera.    See  Keresan. 

Quirard  (ka-rSr'),  Joseph  Marie.  Bom  at 
Keunes,  France,  Dec.  25,  1797:  died  at  Paris, 
Dec.  3,  1865.  A  noted  French  bibliographer. 
He  published  "La  France  litt^raire"  (1826-42),  "La  lit- 
tSrature  tranfaise  contemporaine  "  (1842-67),  etc. 

Quercy  (kar-se').  A  former  countship  of  France, 
situated  in  the  general  government  of  (Juienne 
and  Gascony,  south  of  Limousin,  it  was  mostly 
included  in  the  present  department  of  Lot.  It  shared 
generally  the  fortunes  of  Aquitaine. 

Querecho  (ka-ra'cho).  A  hunting  tribe  of  the 
Apache  group  of  North  American  Indians,  met 
by  Coronado  in  1541  in  eastern  New  Mexico. 
OSatel  (1698)  speaks  of  them  as  the  Yaqueros,  'cattle- 
herders.'    Identified  with  the  Tonkawa. 

Querendis  (ka-rau-des').  Anumerous  and  war- 
like race  of  Indians,  which,  in  the  16th  century, 
occupied  most  of  the  territory  now  included  in 
the  province  of  Buenos  Ayres,  Argentine  Re- 
public. The  first  settlers  at  Buenos  Ayres  had  many 
conflicts  with  them,  and  they  were  never  entirely  subdued. 
The  modern  Puelches  (which  see)  appear  to  be  their  de- 
scendants. Probably  the  name  Querendi  was  applied  to 
them  by  the  Guaranys. 

Querer  por  Solo  Querer  (ka-rar'  por  so'lo  ka- 
rar').  [Sp.,  'To  Love  for  Love's  Sake.']  A 
Spanish  play  by  Mendoza,  published  in  1649. 

Queres.    See  Keresan. 

Queritaro  (ka-ra'ta-ro).  1,  A  state  in  Mexico, 
surrounded  by  San  Luis  Potosl,  Hidalgo,  Mex- 
ico, Miohoacan,  and  Guanajuato.  Area,  3,556 
square  miles.  Population  (1895),  227,233.-2. 
The  capital  of  the  state  of  Queritaro,  situated 
110  miles  northwest  of  Mexico,  it  has  important 
manufactures,  particularly  of  cotton.  The  peace  of  Gua- 
dalupe-Hidalgo was  ratified  here  In  1848,  and  here  Maxi- 
milian was  besieged  and  captured  in  1867.  Population 
(1896),  32,790. '_ 

Querfurt  (kvar'fort).  1.  A  former  lordship  in 
Saxony,  holding  of  the  empire,  it  was  annexed 
to  Prussia  in  1815,  and  is  now  divided  between  the  govern- 
ment districts  of  Meraeburg  and  Potsdam. 
3.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Saxony,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Queme  34  miles  west  of  Leip- 
sie.    Population  (1890),  5,280. 

Querouaille,  Louise  Renee  de.  See  KSroudlle. 

Quesada,  Gonzalo  Ximenez  de.    See  Ximenez 


Quesnay  (ka-na'),  Francois.  Bom  at  M6r6, 
near  Montfort-l'Amaury,  France,  June  4, 1694: 
died  at  Paris,  Dec.  16,  1774.  A  noted  French 
political  economist  and  physician,  founder  of 
the  school  of  the  physiocrats :  surgeon  to  Louis 
XV.  His  chief  work  is  "Tableau  ^conomique"  (1758 : 
limited  first  edition  lost).  He  also  contributed  to  the 
"Encyclopedic,"  and  wrote  medical  works,  etc. 

Quesnel  (ka-nel'),  Pasquier  (Paschasius). 
Bom  at  Paris,  July  14,  1634:  died  at  Amster- 
dam, Deo.  2, 1719.  A  French  Eoman  Catholic 
theologian,  a  member  of  the  Oratory,  opposed 
by  the  Jesuits  as  a  Gallicanist  and  Jansenist. 
His  best-known  work  is  "K^flexions  morales  sur  le  Nou- 
veau  Testament "  ("Moral  Reflections  on  the  New  Testa- 
ment," 1687),  condemned  by  Pope  Clement  XI.  in  the  bull 
"Unigenitus"(1713). 

Quesnoy  (ka-nwa'),  Le.  A  fortified  town  in 
the  department  of  Nord,  France,  10  miles  south- 
east of  Valenciennes.    It  has  been  many  times  taken, 


Quiches 

especially  by  Louis  XL  in  1477,  by  Turenne  in  1664,  by 
Prince  Eugene  in  1712,  by  Villars  in  1712,  by  the  Aus- 
trians  in  1793,  and  by  the  French  under  Sch^rer  In  1794. 
PopulatioE  (1891),  8,844. 

Quesnoy-snr-Deule (ka-nwa'sur-d6r).  Atown 
in  the  department  of  Nord,  France,  situated  on 
the  Deule  8  miles  north-northwest  of  LUle.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commtine,  5,328. 

Quetelet  (ket-la' ),  Lambert  Adolphe  Jacques, 
Bom  at  Ghent,  Feb.  22, 1796 :  died  at  Brussels, 
Feb.  17,  1874.  A  Belgian  mathematician  and 
astronomer,  especially  noted  as  a  statistician. 
He  was  successively  professor  of  mathematics  at  the  royal 
college  in  Ghent  (1816)  and  at  the  Atheneeum  in  Brussels 
(1819),  and  of  astronomy  at  the  military  school  in  Brussels 
(1836).  He  was  the  head  of  the  statistical  commission  of 
Belgium.  He  published  "  Sur  I'homme  et  le  d^veloppe- 
ment  de  ses  facult^s  "  (1835),  "  Sur  la  th^orie  des  proba- 
bilit^s"  (1846),  "Du  systfeme  social"  (1848),  "L'Anthropo- 
m^trie  "  (1871),  etc. 

Quetta  (kwet'ta).  A  town  in  Baluchistan,  situ- 
ated about  lat.  30°  7'  N.,  long.  67°  E.,  occupied 
by  the  British.  It  is  an  important  strategic  point  at 
the  end  of  the  Bolan  Pass,  commanding  the  route  between 
India  and  southern  Afghanistan ;  and  is  now  the  northwest- 
ern terminus  of  a  British  military  railway,  and  the  head- 
quarters of  a  district  administered  by  the  British. 

Quetzalcohuatl  (kat-zal-ko-wat'l).  [Nahuatl: 
quetzalU,  green  feather,  and  coJmatl,  snake.]  A 
hero-god  of  the  ancient  Mexicans.  Some  stories 
represent  him  as  one  of  the  four  principal  gods,  controlling 
the  air  and  wind,  and  assisting  in  the  creation  of  the  world 
and  man.  But  commonly  he  is  a  man  with  more  or  less 
supernatural  attributes,  and  there  are  various  confused 
accounts  of  how  he  came  from  a  distant  country,  in  the 
time  of  the  Toltecs  or  before  them,  aud  ruled  in  Anahuac 
for  many  years  with  great  wisdom.  Then  he  went  to  Cho- 
lula,  where  he  lived  for  20  years  and  taught  the  people  to 
weave,  build  stone  houses,  and  make  pottery  and  feather- 
work  ;  but  because  he  wished  to  abolish  human  sacrifices 
he  was  opposed  by  the  priests,  and  at  length  journeyed 
on  to  TIapallan  (probably  on  the  Gulf  Coast)  and  disap- 
peared over  the  sea.  He  was  worshiped,  especially  at 
Cholula,  as  the  god  of  the  air  and  rain,  and  human  sacri- 
fices were  made  to  him.  It  would  appear  that  the  myth 
was  greatly  embellished  by  the  Jesuit  authors,  who  made 
of  Quetzalcohuatl  a  kind  of  prophet  or  apostle,  a  white  and 
bearded  man  wearing  a  strange  dress  and  practising  severe 
penances,  eventually  identifying  him  with  St.  Thomas. 
Probably  these  later  authors  are  also  responsible  for  the 
story  that  he  foretold  the  coming  of  white  men  who  should 
give  the  Indians  a  better  government  and  religion.  It  is 
possible  that 'Quetzalcohuatl  was  a  real  personage  of  very 
ancient  times.  The  Maya  (Quich^)  creative  deity  Gucu-  ^ 
matz  somewhat  resembles  Quetzalcohuatl,  and  the  name 
has  the  same  meaning. 

Queux,  Sir.    See  Kay,  Sir. 

Quevedo  y  Villegas  (ka-va'THo  e  vel-ya'gas), 
Francisco  de.  Bom  at  Madrid,  Sept.  26, 1580: 
died  at  Villanueva  de  los  Infantes,  Spain,  Sept. 
8, 1645.  A  Spanish  satirist,  humorist,  and  nov- 
elist. He  was  employed  in  the  civil  service,  and  was  im- 
prisoned for  political  libel.  Among  his  satirical  works  is 
"Sueftos  "  ("  Visions  "). 

By  these  [prose  satires]  he  is  remembered  and  will  al- 
ways be  remembered  throughout  the  world.  The  longest 
of  them,  called  "  The  History  and  Life  of  the  Great  Sharper, 
Paul  of  Segovia,"  was  first  printed  in  1626.  It  belongs  to 
the  style  of  fiction  invented  by  Mendoza  in  his  "Laza- 
rillo,"  and  has  most  of  the  characteristics  of  its  class; 
showing,  notwithstanding  the  evident  haste  and  careless- 
ness with  which  it  was  written,  more  talent  and  spirit  than 
any  of  them  except  its  prototype.  Like  the  rest,  it  sets 
forth  the  life  of  an  adventurer,  cowardly,  insolent,  and  full 
>f  resources,  who  begins  in  the  lowest  and  most  infamous 
iTinks  of  society,  but,  unlike  most  others  of  his  class,  never 
fairly  rises  above  his  original  condition ;  for  all  his  ingenu- 
ity, wit,  and  spirit  only  enable  him  to  struggle  up,  as  it 
were  by  accident,  to  some  brilliant  success,  from  which  he 
is  immediately  precipitated  by  the  discovery  of  his  true 
character.  Tiehnor,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  286. 

QuezaltenangO  (ka-thal-ta-nan'go).  A  town  in 
Guatemala,  75  miles  west-northwest  of  Guate- 
mala. It  is  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  Quich6 
city  of  Xelahuh,  and  was  founded  by  Alvarado 
in  1524.    Population  (1893),  21,437. 

Qui-.  For  names  beginning  thus,  not  given  here, 
see  Ki-. 

Quiberon  (ke-br6n').  A  small  town  and  penin- 
sula in  the  department  of  Morbihan,  France, 
22  miles  southeast  of  Lorient.  it  was  the  scene  of 
a  landing  of  the  French  royalists  in  1796,  supported  by  an 
English  fleet  and  by  the  Chouans.  They  were  totally  de- 
feated by  the  republicans  under  Hoche,  July  20-21, 1795. 

Quiberon  Bay.  A  small  arm  of  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay, east  of  Quiberon.  it  was  the  scene  of  a  naval 
victory  of  the  British  under  Hawke  over  the  French  under 
Confians,  Nov.  20, 1769. 

Quiches  (ke-chas').  Apowerful  Indian  tribe  of 
western  Guatemala  at  the  time  of  the  conquest. 
They  were  one  of  the  chief  branches  of  the  Maya  stock, 
and,  according  to  tradition,  had  originally  formed  a  part 
of  the  great  Maya  nation.  After  the  breaking  up  of  the 
original  Maya  empire,  a  series  of  struggles  took  place  until 
the  12th  or  13th  century,  when  the  Quiche  dynasty  became 
established.  Later  the  Cakchlquels  separated  from  them, 
and  in  time  became  divided  into  two  tribes  by  the  break- 
ing off  of  the  Zutugils.  Thus  at  the  beginning  of  the  16th 
century  there  were  three  great  Maya  tribes  in  Guatemala— 
the  Quiches,  Cakchlquels,  aud  Zutugils :  but  of  these  the 
Quiches  had  a  certain  political  and  cultural  preeminence. 


Quiches 

Their  capital  was  Utatlan,  near  the  present  town  of  Santa 
Cruz  Quiche,  nortiiwest  of  Guatemala,  and  it  is  described 
as  a  large  and  fine  city,  fortified  witli  great  skill.  Tlie 
Qaiches  were  ruled  by  hereditary  chiefs,  had  a  complicated 
system  of  laws  and  religion,  and  kept  records  in  picture- 
writing.  (See  Popul  Vuh.)  They  were  the  first  Indians  en- 
countered by  Alyarado  when  he  entered  Guatemala  in  1624. 
Their  chief.  Tecum  Uman,  brought  a  vast  army  against 
the  Spaniards,  but  was  defeated  and  killed ;  his  son,  Oxib 
Quieh,  was  seized  and  hanged ;  the  city  of  Utatlan  was  de- 
stroyed ;  and  within  a  few  months  the  Quiches  were  com- 
pletely conquered,  many  of  them  being  enslaved.  Their 
descendants  now  form  the  peasantry  of  the  same  region. 

Quichuas  (ke-cho'as).  The  dominant  Indian 
race  of  Peru  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  con- 
quest. Before  the  time  of  the  Incas  the  highlands  of 
Peru  were  inhabited  by  many  tribes,  all  or  most  of  which 
spoke  dialects  of  the  Quichua  tongue  and  resembled  each 
other  in  customs :  possibly  they  were  descended  from  the 
ancient  Pii'uas  (which  see).  One  of  these  tribes,  in  the 
valleys  near  Cuzco,  rose  to  prominence  under  the  Inca 
sovereigns  during  the  13th  and  14th  centuries ;  partly  by 
couquest,  partly  by  a  liberal  and  conciliatory  policy,  they 
amalgamated  the  other  tribes,  and  eventually  established 
an  empire  which  extended  from  Quito  to  central  Chile. 
(See  Itica  Empire,)  The  later  conquests  along  the  coast 
and  in  the  south  and  east  brought  in  many  tribes  which 
were  not  of  Quichua  stock,  and  were  never  thoroughly 
amalgamated  with  the  conquerors.  In  manj[  respects  the 
Quichuas  were  the  most  remarkable  of  American  Indians, 
Their  government  was  af  orm  of  state  socialism,  controlled 
by  a  hereditary  aristocracy,  the  whole  under  the  absolute 
control  of  a  hereditary  sovereign.  (See  Incas.)  Their  inter- 
nal polity  was  singularly  perfect.  They  planted  maize, 
potatoes,  coca,  etc.,  and  they  had  long  domesticated  the 
llama  and  alpaca,  using  the  former  as  a  beast  of  burden 
and  for  food,  and  the  latter  for  its  wool,  from  which  they 
spun  fine  cloth.  They  excelled  in  the  making  of  pottery 
and  in  building ;  and  they  constructed  roads  from  Cuzco 
to  all  parts  of  the  country.  They  had  no  knowledge  of 
writing  or  hieroglyphics,  records  andaccountsheingimper- 
lectly  kept  by  means  of  quipus,  or  knotted  cords.  Their 
religion  included  the  recognition  of  a  supreme  being,  who 
was  worshiped  as  Pachacamac  or  TJiracocha :  at  Cuzco  he 
was  represented  by  a  stone  statue  covered  with  gold,  and 
also,  it  would  appear,  by  a  polished  gold  plate.  The  sun, 
moon,  stai's,  and  many  lesser  deities  were  adored  with  vari- 
ous ceremonies,  the  sun-worship  being  particularly  promi- 
nent. Animals  were  sometimes  sacrificed  at  the  festivals, 
but  human  sacrifices,  if  they  existed,  were  very  rare.  After 
the  fall  of  the  Incas  most  of  the  Quichua  tribes  submitted 
to  the  Spaniards,  and  were  permitted  to  keep  their  heredi- 
tary chiefs  under  the  Spanish  rule.  Many  of  their  laws 
were  retained  (see  Libro  de  Tasas),  and  from  the  old  sys- 
tem of  common  labor  for  the  state  the  colonial  rnitta  was 
evolved,  by  which  every  Indian  community  paid  taxes  in 
the  enforced  labor  of  a  part  of  its  members.  This  became, 
as  a  matter  of  course,  a  kind  of  slavery  under  which  the  In- 
dians perished  by  thousands  in  the  mines.  In  1780  Tupac 
Amaru,  a  descendant  of  the  Incas,  led  them  in  a  formida- 
ble rebellion  which  was  at  length  suppressed  with  great 
bloodshed.  Quichua  is  still  the  common  language  in  the 
Interior  of  Peru,  and  a  large  proportion,  even  of  the  upper 
classes,  are  of  Quichua  blood.  Some  of  the  mountain 
tribes  retain  their  old  organization.  The  name  Quichua 
was  not  originally  a  tribal  designation,  but  referred  to  any 
mountaineer :  it  was  first  used  for  the  language  by  the 
Jesuit  missionaries.  Also  written  QuechuaSt  Kichuas,  and 
Kechuas. 

Quichua  stock.  A  linguistic  stock  of  South 
American  Indians,  embracing  the  various  Qui- 
chua tribes  of  Peru,  the  Quitus  of  Ecuador,  etc. 
Several  tribes  of  northeastern  Peru,  Ecuador,  and  Colom- 
bia have  adopted  the  Quichua  language.  Many  ethnolo- 
gists are  iaclined  to  unite  the  Aymaras  of  Bolivia  with 
this  stock. 

Quickly  (kwik'li),  Mistress  or  Hostess.  A  ser- 
vant to  Dr.  Caius in  the  "Merry  Wives  of  Wind- 
sor"; also,  a  hostess  in  the  first  and  second  parts 
of  "King  Henry  IV."  and  in  "King  Henry  V." 

Quicksilver  (kwik'sil"v&r).  1.  A  character  iu 
Chapman,  Marston,  and  Jonson's  play  "East- 
ward Hoi":  an  idle  and  rowdy  apprentice,  a 
caricature  of  Luke  Hatton.— 2.  A  character  in 
Warren's  "Ten  Thousand  a  Year":  an  undis- 
guised caricature  of  Lord  Brougham. 

Quilente  (kwil-e-of).  Atribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  They  formerly  lived  on  the  river  of  the 
samename,  ashort  distance  aboveandbelowitsmouth,  and 
on  the  adjacent  coast  of  the  Pacific,  between  the  Makah, 
of  Wakaehan  stock,  on  the  north,  and  the  Qualtso,  a  Salishan 
tribe,  on  the  south,  in  the  State  of  Washington.  The  Hoh 
formed  the  southern  division  of  the  tribe.  Wars  with  the 
numerically  superior  Salishan  tribes  gradually  reduced 
their  number.  The  Quileute  are  now  confined  to  Neah  Bay 
reservation,  Washington,  where  in  1886  they  numbered 
about  260.  The  Hoh  are  on  the  Puyallup  reservation,  and 
number  about  60.    See  CMmalman. 

Quilimane,  or  Kilimane  (ke-le-ma'na).  1.  A 
river  in  Africa,  the  northern  mouth  of  the  Zam- 
Ijesi. —  2.  A  town  in  Mozambique,  situated  on 
the  river  Quilimane  in  lat.  17°  52'  S.,  long.  37° 
1'  E.  It  has  considerable  trade.  Population, 
about  6,000. 

Quillota  (kel-yo'ta).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Valparaiso,  CHla,  20  miles  northeast  of  Val- 
T)araiso.    Population,  about  11,000. 

Quiloa.    See  KUwa. 

Quilp  (kwUp).  In  Dickens's  "Old  Curiosity 
Shop,"  a  malicious  dwarf  who  abuses  his  wife. 

Quimper,  or  Quimper-Corentin  (kan-par'ko- 
ron-tan').  The  capital  of  the  department  of 
Finist6re,  France,  situated  at  the  junction  of 


836 

the  Steir  and  Odet,  in  lat.  48°  N.,  long.  4°  6'  W. 
It  is  a  seaport  with  considerable  commerce,  and  contains 
the  Cathedral  of  St.  Corentin.  It  was  the  capital  of  the 
old  county  of  Comouailles,  and  suffered  iu  the  religious 
wars.    Population  (1891),  commune,  17,406. 

Quimperle  (kan-per-la')-  Atown  in  the  depart- 
ment of  PinistSre,  France,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  E116  and  Isole,  11  miles  northwest 
of  Lorient.   Population  (1891),  commune,  8,049. 

Quin  (kwin),  James.  Bom  at  London,  Feb.  24, 
1693 :  died  at  Bath,  England,  Jan.  21, 1766.  An 
English  actor.  He  first  appeared  at  Dublin  in  1714,  at 
Iiondon  iu  1715 ;  and  in  1720  he  made  a  great  success  of  Fal- 
staff.  He  was  the  rival  of  Garrick  until  the  latter  became 
unmistakably  more  popular  with  the  public,  when  Quin  re- 
tired (1751)  from  the  stage,  reappearing  only  for  benefits. 
His  great  parts  were  Falstaflf,  Maskwell,  Sir  John  Brute, 
Cato,  Brutus,  Volpone,  etc. 

Quinames  (ke-na'mas),  or  Quinametin  (ke-na- 
ma-ten').  In  Mexican  (Nahuatl)  tradition,  a 
fabled  race  of  giants  who  were  the  first  inhabi- 
tants of  the  plateau  of  Anahuae. 

Quinault  (ke-no'),  Philippe,  Bom  at  Paris, 
June  3, 1635:  died  Nov.  26, 1688.  A  French  dram- 
atist, the  creator  of  the  lyric  tragedy.  He  vreote 
libretti  for  lulli's  operas,  including  "Roland"  (1685),  "  Ar- 
mide"(1686),  etc. 

Quinbus  Flestrin.    See  Flestnn. 

Quiuce  (kwins),  Peter.  A  carpenter  in  Shak- 
spere's  "Midsummer  Nighf  s  Dream."  He  taies 
the  part  of  stage-manager  in  the  interlude.  In  the  farce 
of  "Bottom  the  Weaver,"  into  which  the  comic  parts  of  the 
"  Midsummer  Night's  Dream  "  were  worked,  he  becomes 
a  pedant  and  schoolmaster,  and  in  Gryphius's  translation 
of  this  farce  was  introduced  to  Germany  as  "Herr  Peter 
Squenze." 

Quinctilianus.    See  QuintiUan. 

Quincy  (kwin'zi).  A  city  in  Norfolk  County, 
Massachusetts,  situated  onQuincyBayinBoston 
harbor,  7J  miles  south-southeast  of  Boston,  it  is 
famous  for  its  granite-quarries.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
John  Hancock,  John  Adams,  and  John  Q.  Adams.  It  was 
separated  from  Bralntree  in  1792.  Population  (1900) ,  23,899. 

Quincy.  A  city,  capital  of  Adams  County,  Illi- 
nois, situated  on  the  Mississippi  in  lat.  39°  55' 
N.  It  is  an  important  railway  centre ;  is  a  seat  of  river 
trade ;  and  has  fiourishing  manufactures  of  flour,  etc.,  and 
commerce.  It  was  laid  out  in  1825.  Population  (1900), 
36,262. 

Quincy,  £dmund.  Born  at  Braintree,  Mass., 
1681:  died  at  London,  1738.  An  American  ju- 
rist. 

Quincy,  Edmund.  Bom  at  Boston,  Feb.  1, 
1808:  died  at  Dedham,  Mass.,  May  17,  1877. 
An  American  author,  sbn  of  Josiah  Quincy 
(1772-18G4)  whose  biography  he  wrote  (1867) 
and  whose  speeches  he  edited  (1875). 

Quincy,  Josiah.  Bom  at  Boston,  Feb.  23, 1744 : 
died  at  sea,  April  26, 1775.  An  American  law- 
yer and  patriot,  grandson  of  Edmund  Quincy 
( 1681-1738) .  He  was  sent  on  a  political  mission  to  Eng- 
land 1774-75.  He  published  various  political  works,  in- 
cluding "Observations  on  the  Act  of  Parliament  common- 
ly called  the  Boston  Port  BUI"  (1774). 

Quincy,  Josiah.  Born  at  Boston,  Feb.  4, 1772 : 
died  at  Quincy,  Mass.,  July  1, 1864.  An  Amer- 
ican statesman,  orator,  and  historian:  son  of 
Josiah  Quincy  (1744^-75).  Hewas  aFederalist  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1805-13;  opposed  the 
embargo,  the  admission  of  Louisiana,  and  the  War  of  1812 ; 
was  a  m  ember  of  the  Massachusetts  legislature ;  was  may- 
or of  Boston  1823-28 ;  and  was  president  of  Harvard  1829- 
1846.  HewTote  a  "History  of  Harvard  University  "(1840), 
"Municipal  History  of  Boston"  (1852)^  "Life  of  J.  Q. 
Adams"  (1858). 

Quincy,  Quatrem^re  de.  See  Quatremere  de 
Qwmey. 

Quinebaug  (kwin-e-bftg').  A  river  in  south- 
ern Massachusetts  and  eastern  Connecticut, 
which  unites  with  the  Shetucket  3  miles  north- 
east of  Norwich,  Connecticut.  Length,  80-90 
miles. 

Quinet  (ke-na'),  Edgar.  Bom  at  Bouig,  Ain, 
Feb.  17;  1803 :  died  at  Versailles,  March  27, 
1875.  A  French  philosopher,  poet,  historian, 
and  politician.  After  studying  in  Heidelberg  he  trans- 
lated Herder's  "  Ideen  zur  Philosophic  der  Geschichte  der 
Menschheit."  He  had  previously  (1828)  published  "Les 
tablettes  du  Juif  errant.  He  summed  up  the  results  of 
his  travels  in  Greece,  Italy,  Spain,  etc.,  in  "De  la  Grice 
modeme  et  de  ses  rapports  avec  I'antiquit^  "  (1830),  "  Voy- 
ages d'un  solitaire"  (1836),  "  AUemagne  et  Italic ''(1839), 
"Mes  vacances  en  Espagne  "  (1846),  etc.  In  connection 
with  his  studies  and  observations  in  foreign  countries 
Quinet  wrote  a  number  of  monographs  and  contributed 
many  articles  to  the  leading  periodicals.  He  also  com- 
posed epic  poems,  including  "Napoleon "(1836)  and"Pro- 
m^thie  "  (1839),  and  "  Ahaav^rus,  a  prose  drama  "  (1833) .  He 
lectured  in  the  faculty  of  letters  at  Lyons,  and  in  1842  ac- 
cepted a  chair  of  South  European  literature  at  the  College 
de  France.  His  best  work  of  this  period  is  "  Le  g^nie  des 
religions  "  (1842).  He  lost  his  position  in  1846  on  account 
of  his  radical  views,  went  to  Spain,  and  after  hisretiun  in 
1847  was  elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies.  He  took 
part  in  the  revolution  of  1848,  and  in  1852  was  banished 
from  France.  He  resided  subsequently  in  Belgium  and 
Switzerland,  and,  although  amnestied  in  1869,  did  not  re- 
turn to  France  until  after  the  downfall  of  the  empire. 


Quito 

Aside  from  numerous  articles  and  pamphlets,he  completed 
"Les  revolutions  d'ltaJie"  in  1852,  and  published  "  Lea 
esclaves"  (1853),  "Merlin  I'enchanteur"  (1860),  "Oluvrea 
Do6tiaues"(1860),"Histoire delacampagnede  1815  (1862), 
"La  revolution'' (1865V' la  creation " (1870\  "Laripub- 
lique  "  (1872),  and  "  L'Esprit  nouveau  "  (1874> 

Quinsigamond  (kwin-sig'a-mond)  Lake.  A 
lake  in  Massachusetts,  2J  miles  east  of  Wor- 
cester. Its  outlet  is  by  the  Quinsigamond  Eiver 
into  the  Blackstone.    Length,  5  miles. 

Quintana  (ken-ta'na),  Manuel  Jos6.  Bom  at 
Madrid,  April  11,  1772:  died  there,  March  11, 
1857.  A  Spanish  author.  He  was  a  lawyer;  was  sec- 
retary of  the  Cortes  and  regency  during  the  struggle  against 
Joseph  Bonaparte ;  and  was  imprisoned  1814-2a  Sub- 
sequently he  was  preceptor  of  the  infant  queen  Isabella 
(1833),  and  in  1836  was  made  senator.  Quintana  was  one 
of  the  first  poets  of  his  time,  but  he  is  best  known  for  his 
"VidasdeEspafioles  celebreB"(3  vols.  1807-34:  many  sub- 
sequent  editions),  which  isone  of  the  Spanish  proseclassics. 

Quintilian  (kwin-tU'i-an)  (Marcus  Fabius 
Quintilianus  or  Quinctilianus),  Bom  at 
Calagurris  (Calahorra),  Spain,  about  35  A.  d.  : 
died  about  95  a.  d.  A  celebrated  Roman  rhet- 
orician. He  was  educated  at  Kome ;  returned  to  his 
birthplace  as  teacher  of  oratory ;  and  went  back  to  £ome 
with  Galba  in  68,  and  taught  oratory  there  for  20  years. 
He  was  patronized  by  Vespasian  and  Domitian.  His  most 
celebrated  work  is  his  "Institutio  Oratoria." 

Some  copies  of  Quintilian's  Institutions  of  Oratory,  very 
much  corrupted  and  mutilated  by  the  ignorance  or  pre- 
sumption of  copyists,  were  known  in  Italy  before  the  fif- 
teenth century.  But  in  1414,  while  the  Council  of  Con- 
stance was  sitting,  Poggio,  a  learned  Italian,  was  commis- 
sioned by  the  promoters  of  learning  to  proceed  to  that 
f>lace,  in  searcii  of  ancient  manuscripts,  which  were  be- 
ieved  to  be  preserved  in  the  monasteries  of  the  city  and 
its  vicinity.  His  researches  were  rewarded  by  discovering 
in  the  monastery  of  St. -Gall,  beneath  a  heap  of  long-neg- 
lected lumber,  a  perfect  copy  of  the  Institutions. 

Taylor,  Hist.  Anc  Books,  p.  168. 

Quintus  (kwin'tus).  Asonof  TitusAndronicus 
in  Shakspere's  (?)  "Titus  Andronicus." 

Quintus  Ourtius  Eufus.    See  CurUus. 

Quintus  Icilius.    See  Guicliard. 

Quip  for  an  Upstart  Courtier,  or  a  Quaint 
Dispute  between  Velvet-breeches  and 
Cloth-breeches.  ApamphletprintedbyEobert 
Greene  in  1592.  It  attacked  Gabriel  Harvey  and  his 
family  in  a  few  lines  which  were  afterward  canceled.  It 
was  mostly  a  reproduction  of  Thynne's  "Debate  between 
Pride  and  Lowliness,"  and  satirized  pride  of  attire,  etc. 

QuiriguSi  (ke-re-gwa'^,  or  Quirihua  (ke-i'e-wa'). 
A  site  of  ancient  ruins  in  eastern  Guatemala, 
on  the  river  Motagua  13  miles  south  of  Izabal. 
Tlie  remains  include  a  pyramid,  a  great  altar  (?)  formed  of 
asingle  sculptured  stone,  etc.  The  place  appears  to  have 
been  abandoned  before  the  Spanish  conquest. 

Quirinal(kwir'i-nal),L.MonsQuiriiialis(monz 
kwir-i-na'lis) .  The  furthest  north  and  the  high- 
est of  the  seven  hills  of  ancient  Borne,  lying 
northeast  of  the  Capitoline  and  northwest  of 
the  Vimiual.  It  has  its  name  from  an  old  Sabine  sanc- 
tuary of  Qolrinus  (Mars).  On  the  hlU  stands  the  palace 
of  the  Qnirinal,  the  former  Bummer  palace  of  the  Pope. 

Quirinalia  (kwir-i-na'U-a).  la  ancient  Bome, 
a  festival  in  honor  of  (^'uirinus,  celebrated  on 
Feb.  17,  on  which  day  Bomulus  was  said  to 
have  been  translated  to  heaven, 

Quirinus  (kwi-ri'nus).  An  Italian  divinity, 
identified  with  Bomulus  and  assimilated  to 
Mars. 

Quirinus.  The  pen-name  of  Dr.  L  J.  von  D61- 
linger. 

Quirites  (kwi-ii'tez).  The  citizens  of  ancient 
Bome  considered  in  their  civil  capacity.  The 
name  Quirites  pertained  to  them  in  addition  to  that  of  Bo- 
mani,  the  latter  designation  having  application  in  their 
political  and  military  capacity. 

Quirix.    See  Keresan. 

Quirk,  Gammon,  and  Snap.  A  firm  of  rascally 
solicitors  in  Warren's  "Ten  Thousand  a  Year." 
See  Gammon. 

Quiros.    See  Queiros. 

Quissama  (ke-sa'ma).    See  Kisama. 

Quistello  (kwis-tel'16).  A  to  wn  in  the  province 
of  Mantua,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Seoohia  14 
miles  southeast  of  Mantua.  Here,  1734,  the  Impe- 
rialists defeated  the  French  and  Sardinians.  Population 
(1881),  commune,  10,492. 

Quiteria  (ke-ta're-a).  The  lost  bride  of  Cama- 
cho.    See  Camaeho. 

Quitman  (kwit'man),  John  Anthony.  Bom 
at  Ehinebeck,  N."T.,  Sept.  1,  1799:  died  at 
Natchez,  Miss.,  July  17,  1858.  An  American 
politician  and  general.  He  served  In  the  Texan  war 
for  independence  in  1836,  and  was  distinguished  in  the 
Mexican  war  at  Monterey ,Vera  C!ruz,  Puebla,  and  Chapul- 
tepec.  He  was  governor  of  the  city  of  Mexico  in  1847 ;  gov- 
ernor of  Mississippi  1850-61 ;  and  Democratic  member  of 
Congress  from  Mississippi  1855-58. 

Quito  (ke'to).  The  capital  and,  except  Guay- 
aquil (?),  the  largest  city  of  Ecuador,  situated 
on  the  plateau  of  the  Andes,  9,350  feet  above 
the  sea,  m  lat.  0°  13'  8.,  long.  78°  27'  W     it  Ues 


Quito 

at  the  base  of  the  Fichincha.  volcano,  and  Cotopaxi,  Cay- 
amb^,  Antlsana,  and  several  other  lofty  peaks  are  in  the 
immediate  vicinity,  surrounding  a  basin  called  the  valley 
or  plain  of  Quito.  The  city  is  an  archbishop's  seat,  and 
contains  numerous  convents,  a  university,  etc.  It  was  the 
ancient  capital  of  the  Quitus  and  later  of  Atahualpa,  and 
was  conquered  by  the  Spaniards  under  Benalcazar  and  Al- 
varado  in  1684.    Population,  about  80,000. 

Quito,  Audience  of.  The  chief  court  and  gov- 
erning; body  of  Quito  or  Ecuador  during  the 
colonial  period.  Quito  was  long  a  province  of  Peru, 
and  when  uie  first  audience  was  established,  in  1663,  it  was 
made  subordinate  to  that  of  Lima.  The  president  of  the 
audience  was  also  governor  of  the  province ;  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  crown,  but  answered  directly  to  the  viceroy 
at  Lima.  From  1710  to  1722  Quito  was  attached  to  Kew 
Granada.  The  audience  was  abolished  in  1718  when  New 
Granada  became  a  viceroyalty,  but  was  restored  in  1789, 
and  thereafter  remained  subordinate  to  Peru  until  the  rev- 
olution of  1822,  when  Quito  was  incorporated  with  Colom- 
bia. The  name  Ecuador  was  adopted  in  1831,  when  the 
country  became  independent. 

Quito,  Kingdom  of.  The  ancient  domain  of 
the  Quita  Indians.  It  comprised  a  large  part 
of  the  highlands  of  Ecuador.    See  Qwitus. 

Quito,  Ehigdom  or  Presidency  of.  The  colo- 
nial name  of  Ecuador.    See  Qidto,  Audience  of. 

Quitus  (ke't6s).  A  very  ancient  and  powerful 
Indian  trilje  of  the  highlands  of  Ecuador.  Ac- 
cording to  the  doubtful  traditions  preserved  by  Velasoo, 
they  had  a  monarchical  form  of  government,  and  their 


837 

kings  reigned  for  many  generations  at  Quito.  They  were 
probably  of  the  Quichua  stock.  Like  then'  Peruvian  neigh- 
bors, they  were  well  advanced  in  civilization,  and  the 
strength  of  their  empire  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  Inoas 
subdued  them  only  after  many  years  of  war  (1460-87).  Their 
descendants  form  a  large  portion  of  the  Indian  population 
of  Ecuador,  speaking  a  dialect  of  Quichua. 

Quivas  (ke'vas).  An  Indian  tribe  of  Vene- 
zuela, on  the  upper  Orinoco  near  the  confluence 
of  the  Meta.  it  is  said  that  they  formerly  lived  on  the 
Casanare  in  Colombia,  They  are  very  savage,  and  enemies 
of  the  whites,  frequently  attacking  travelers.  Their  lan- 
guage has  been  referred  to  the  Carib  stock. 

Quivira  (ke-ve'ra),  La  Gran.  [Sp.,  'the 
great  Quivira.']  The  name  given,  in  the  second 
half  of  the  18th  century,  to  the  ruins  of  the  Piro 
pueblo  of  Tabirft,  south  of  the  salt-deposits  of 
the  Manzano.  The  origin  of  this  designation  was  a  geo- 
graphical misunderstanding,  coupled  with  the  fabulous 
tales  about  the  wealth  of  the  Quivira  tribe. 

Quixote,  Don.    See  Don  Qmxote. 

Quixote  of  the  North,  The.    Charles  xn.  of 

Sweden. 
Quomodo  (kwo-mo'do).     In  Middleton's  play 

"Michaelmas    Term,"  a   woolen-draper    and 

usurer,  whose  amusingly  frustrated  ambition 

is  to  be  a  landed  proprietor. 
Quongti  Bichard.    A  pseudonym  of  Macaulay. 
Quoratean   (kwo-ra-te'an),   or   Quoratem. 


Qwinctunnetun 

[Prom  the  native  name  of  Salmon  River.]  A 
linguistic  stock  of  North  American  Indians,  it 
embraces  the  Karok  and  Kworatem  divisions,  formerly  oc- 
cupying numerous  villages  on  the  Elamath  River  and  its 
tributaries,  from  the  range  of  hills  above  Happy  Camp  to 
its  junction  with  the  Trinity,  and  on  the  Salmon  from  its 
mouth  to  its  sources  in  northwestern  California.  Number 
between  300  and  500.    See  Petgik. 


Quoratem.  Se 

Quorra.    See  Niger. 

Quotem  (kwot'em),  Caleb.  A  character  in 
"The  Eeview,"  by  Colman  the  younger.  The 
character  was  taken  by  him  from  an  unsuccessful  comic 
opera,  "  Caleb  Quotem  and  his  Wife,  or  Paint,  Poetry,  and 
Putty,"  by  Henry  Lee.  Quotem  is  a  ubiquitous  and  preter- 
naturally  loquacious  jack  of  all  trades,  as  may  be  seen  by 
the  sign  over  his  door :  "  Quotem,  Auctioneer,  Plumber, 
Glazier,  Engraver,  Apothecary,  Schoolmaster,  Watch- 
maJker,  Sign-Fainter,  etc.,  etc.  TS.  B.  This  is  the  Parish 
Clerk's — I  cure  Agues  and  Teach  the  Use  of  the  Globes." 

Quran.    See  Koran. 

Q'Winctunnetun  (6hwin''''shtun-na'tun).  ['Peo- 
ple among  the  gravel.']  A  subdivision  (village) 
of  the  Pacific  division  of  the  Athapascan  stock 
of  North  .American  Indians :  also  known  as  the 
Wishtenatin  or  Pistol  Elvers  (so  called  from 
their  former  habitat  on  Pistol  River,  Oregon). 
The  survivors  are  on  the  Siletz  reservation, 
Oregon.    See  Athapascan. 


See  Brown,  John  (1810- 


a(ra).  In  Egyptian  mytholo- 
gy, the  sun-god,  a  type  of  the 
supreme  deity,  always  vic- 
torious: the  protector  of 
men  and  vanquisher  of  evil. 
He  was  frequently  associated  or 
confounded  with  other  gods,  as 
Amun-Ha,  or  Sebek-Ra.  In  art 
he  was  represented  either  hawk- 
headed  or  in  human  form,  exhib- 
iting on  his  head  the  solar  disk  with  the  urseus.  As  the 
emblem  of  supreme  power,  every  Egyptian  king  was  styled 
his  son. 

Baab  (rab).  A  river  in  Styria  and  Hungary 
which  joins  an  arm  of  the  Danube  at  Eaab. 
Length,  about  150  miles. 

Kaab,  Hung.  Gyor  (dyer)  orNagy-Gyor  (nody'- 
dyer' ).  A  royal  free  city,  capital  of  the  county 
of  Baab,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Eaab 
and  an  arm  of  the  Danube  (the  "Little  Dan- 
ube "),  63  miles  west  by  north  of  Budapest,  ithas 
Important  trade.  It  contains  a  cathedral,  and  the  Abbey 
of  St.  Martinsberg  is  in  the  vicinity.  It  was  an  ancient  Ro- 
man town ;  was  he]  d  by  the  Turks  in  1694-98 ;  and  was  for- 
merly strongly  fortified.  Near  it,  June  14, 1809,  the  French 
under  Prince  Eugene  defeated  the  Austrian  forces  under 
Archduke  John.  It  was  held  by  the  Hungarians  In  1848- 
1849,  and  stormed  by  the  Austrians  in  1849.  Population 
(1890),  22,795. 

Baasay,  or  Basay  (ra'sa).  An  island  of  the 
Inner  Hebrides,  Inverness-shire,  Scotland,  sep- 
arated from  the  Isle  of  Skye  on  the  west  by 
Eaasay  Sound.    Length,  13  miles. 

Bab.    See  Arle. 

Bab  (rab)  (Abba  Axeka).  Bom  175 :  died  247. 
A  celebrated  rabbi  in  Babylonia,  the  most  im- 
portant Jewish  personage  of  his  period.  He  held 
for  a  time  the  post  of  agoranomos  (inspector  of  markets); 
was  one  of  the  collectors  of  the  Mishna ;  founded  the 
celebrated  Jewish  academ}^  at  Sora ;  and  in^duced  many 
reforms,  more  especially  in  the  marriage  laws  and  the 
practice  of  the  courts  of  justice. 

Babagas  (ra-ba-gas').  A  play  by  Sardou,  pro- 
duced in  1871. 

Bab  and  his  Friends, 
1882). 

Babanus,  or  Hrabanus,  or  Bhabanus  (ra-ba'- 
nos),  Maurus  ('the  Moor').  [OHO.  Hrdban, 
raven.]  Bom  at  Mainz  about  776:  died  at 
Winkel,  Germany,  Feb.  4, 856.  A  German  theo- 
logian, abbot  of  Pulda,  and  later  (847)  arch- 
bishop of  Mainz.  He  was  a  disciple  of  Alculn,  and 
before  his  elevation  to  the  archbishopric  taught  theology, 
philosophy,  poetry,  and  rhetoric  at  Paris  in  a  school  es- 
''  tablished  there  by  Anglo-Saxon  monks.  He  wrote  com- 
mentaries and  theological  works  (edited  by  Colvenerius, 
1627>. 

3lab3,t  (ra-baf),  or  New  Sallee.  A  seaport  in 
Morocco,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bu  Ee- 
greg,  opposite  Sallee,  in  lat.  34°  N.  it  has  impor- 
tant manufactures  of  leather,  carpets,  cotton  and  woolen, 
'etc.,  and  has  coasting  and  foreign  trade.  Population, 
26,000.    Also  Rdiat,  Itibat,  Arbet,  Arbat,  Bbat,  etc. 

Habbah,  or  Babba,  or  Babbath-Anunon.  See 

PMladelpMa. 

Babelais  (rab-e-la'),  Fran?ois.  Bom  at  Chi- 
non,  Touraine,  probably  in  1495 :  died  at  Paris, 
April  9,  1553.  A  celebrated  French  humorist. 
He  attended  school  at  an  abbey  near  his  native  town,  and 
went  thence  to  the  convent  of  La  Baumette  near  Angers. 
In  compliance  with  the  wishes  of  his  father,  Thomas  Babe- 
lais, he  became  a  monk  and  spent  some  15  years  in  con- 
scientious work  at  the  Cordelier  convent  of  Fontenay- 
le-Comte  (1609-24).  He  was  transferred  thence  to  the 
order  of  Benedictine  monks  at  Maillezais,  and  his  occupa- 
tions during  the  6  years  that  follow  are  not  well  defined. 
In  1530  he  is  found  studying  medicine  at  Montpellier,  and 
two  years  later  practising  the  profession  at  Lyons,  though 
he  took  the  doctor's  degree  in  1537  only.  He  devoted  a 
great  deal  of  his  time  to  writing,  and  yet  led  a  wandering 
life  in  France  and  in  Italy.  He  was  in  charge  of  the 
parish  of  Meudon  1550-52,  and  died  shortly  afterward, 
presumably  in  Paris,  Besides  composing  yearly  alma- 
nacs, of  which  but  a  few  fragments  are  preserved  to  this 
day,  Eabelals  edited  various  old  medical  treatises,  and 
made  his  lasting  reputation  with  the  novels  "  Pantagruel " 
(1533)  and  "  Gargantua '"  (1636),  of  which  the  latter  comes 
first  in  point  of  the  story  they  both  tell.  They  were 
published  under  the  name  of  Alcofribas  Basier,  which  is 
simply  the  anagram  of  Fran(;ois  Rabelais.  Their  suc- 
cess was  such  as  to  encourage  a  sequel.  Subsequent  vol- 
umes came  out  under  Rabelais's  own  name,  the  third  in 
1545,  the  fourth  in  1652,  and  the  fifth  as  a  posthumous 
work  in  1564. 


Babelais,  The  English.  An  epithet  given  to 
Swift,  Amory,  and  Sterne. 

Bab-mag  (rab-mag' ) .  The  title  of  a  Babylonian 
ofloer  mentioned  in  Jer.xxxix.  3:  possibly  the 
chief  of  the  Magi,  a  class  of  soothsayers. 

Babshakeh  (rab-shak'e).  [Assyro-Babylonian 
rab  Mg^.']  The  title  of  a  Babylonian  officer 
(2  Ki.  xviii.  17,  Isa.  xxxvi.  2),  probably  general 
or  commander. 

Babutin(rar.bu-tan'),  Boger  de.Comte  de  Bussy, 
known  as  Bussy-Babutin  (bli-se'ra-bii-tan'). 
Born  at  Epiry,  Nidvre,  France,  April  18,  1618: 
died  at  Autun,  France,  April  9, 1693.  AFrenoh 
officer  and  writer.  He  wrote  "  Histoire  amoureuse  des 
Gaules  "  (1665 :  a  kind  of  scandalous  chronicle  recording 
gossip  about  the  ladies  of  the  court),  "M^moires,"  and 
*'Lettres." 

Baccoon  (ra-kon'),  or  Coon  (k8n),  Biver.  A 
river  in  Iowa,  a  tributary  of  the  Des  Moines, 
which  it  joins  at  Des  Moines.  Length,  about 
175  miles. 

Bace  (ras).  Cape.  A  headland  at  the  southeast- 
ern extremity  of  Newfoundland. 

Bace  of  Aldemey.  That  part  of  the  English 
Channel  which  lies  between  Aldemey  and  the 
neighboring  coast  of  France  (department  of 
Manche). 

Bachel  (ra'chel).  [Heb.,  'a  ewe';  P.  JJocfeeJ, It. 
Bachele,  Sp.  Eaquel,  Pg.  Eacliel,  Gr.  JRahel.  ]  The 
daughter  of  Laban,  sister  of  Leah,  and  wife  of 
Jacob :  mother  of  Joseph  and  Benjamin. 

Bachel  (ra-shel'),  :filsa  or  f^lisabeth  Tilix, 

called.  Bom  at  Mumpf,  Aargau,  Switzerland, 
Feb.  28,1821  (March  24,1820?):  died  nearCannes, 
France,  Jan.  3, 1858.  A  celebrated  French  tra- 
gedienne, of  Hebrew  descent,  she  was  a  street- 
singer  In  Lyons  in  1831  with  her  sister  Sophie,  known  as 
Sarah.  Choron,  director  of  a  school  of  music,  hearing  her, 
was  struck  with  the  quality  of  her  voice,  and  took  her  with 
her  family  to  Paris,  where  she  entered  his  academy.  She 
soon  lost  her  voice,  however,  and  studied  the  dramatic 
art  with  Saint-Aulaire.  He  had  a  small  theater  known  as 
"La  Salle  Molifere,"  where  he  produced  plays  with  his 
pupils  as  actors.  Rachel  played  soubrettes  and  tragic 
r61es  there  from  1834  to  1836.  She  began  to  attract  at- 
tention, and  was  admitted  to  the  Conservatoire  in  1836 ; 
made  rapid  progress ;  resigned  In  1837 ;  appeared  at  the 
Gymnase  in  July  of  that  year;  and  in  1838  appeared  as 
Caraille  in  "Horace  "at  the  Th&tre  Fran^ais.  Her  suc- 
cess was  extraordinary,  in  the  greenroom  and  orchestra  as 
well  as  in  the  house.  From  this  time  her  reputation  was 
seouie.  She  went  to  England  in  1841,  and  to  America  in 
1856,  where  she  contracted  a  cold  that  ended  in  her  fatal 
illness.  Her  finest  parts  were  in  the  plays  of  Gomeille 
and  Bacine,  and  in  "Adrienne  Lecouvreur."  She  also 
played  Jeanne  Dare,  Mademoiselle  de  BeUe  Isle,  Clfo- 
p&tre,  etc. 

Bacine  (rar-sen').  A  city,  capital  of  Eaeine 
County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  Lake  Michigan 
23  miles  south  of  Milwaukee.  It  has  a  flourishmg 
trade  in  grain,  and  important  manufactures  (threshing- 
machines,  wagons,  etc.).  It  was  settled  in  1834.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  29,10i 

Bacine  (ra-sen'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom  at  La 
Fert^-Milon,  Dec.  21, 1639 :  died  at  Paris,  April 
26,  1699.  A  celebrated  French  tragic  poet. 
He  lost  his  parents  at  a  very  early  age,  and  was  brought 
up  by  his  grandparents.  His  studies,  begun  when  he  was 
ten  years  old  at  the  College  of  Beauvais,  were  continued  at 
Port  Royal,  and  finished  at  the  College  d'Harcourt  (1668- 
1659).  On  graduating,  he  went  to  live  with  a  cousin  of  his, 
who  was  in  the  service  of  the  Due  de  Luynes.  He  was 
well  received  in  society,  and  made  stanch  friends  among 
men  of  literary  bent.  His  early  training  in  Greek  and 
Latin  classics,  especially  the  former,  had  been  very  thor- 
ough, and  his  tastes  aU  ran  in  the  direction  of  intellec- 
tual pursuits.  He  attracted  attention  in  this  line  for  the 
first  time  by  an  ode  written  for  the  marriage  of  Louis  xrv., 
andentitled  "Lesnymphe3delaSeine"(16eo).  Acouple 
of  short  comedies,  "  Amasie "  (1660)  and  "Les  amours 
d'Ovide"  (1661),  are  among  his  first  attempts  as  a  play- 
wright, and  unfortunately  are  now  lost.  His  friendly  rela- 
tions with  men  like  la  Fontaine,  Boileau,  and  Moli^re  led 
him  to  devote  himself  to  writing  for  the  stage :  he  thus 
produced  a  couple  of  plays,  "La  Th^baide"  (1664)  and 
"Alexandre"  (1666).  His  first  real  success  as  a  dramatic 
poet  was  scored  in  "  Andromaque "  (1667),  which  is  the 
initial  tragedy  in  a  long  series  of  masterpieces.  He  at- 
tempted comedy  next  in  "Les  plaideurs"  (1668),  but  re- 
verted completely  to  tragedy  in  "Britannicus"  (1669), 
"BSrSnice"  (1670),  " Bajazet " (1672),  "Mithridate"(1673), 
"  Ipbigtoie  "  (1674),  and  "  PhMre  ''(1677).  Racine's  ene- 
mies conspired  against  him  at  this  juncture,  and  preferred 
to  him  a  minor  poet  named  Pradon,  who  had  written  a 
838 


rival  tragedy  on  "Phfedre"  which  they  extolled  far  above 
Racine's  play.  The  great  poet  abstained  then  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  from  composing  tragedies,  but  finally,  at 
the  request  of  Madame  de  Maintenon,  wrote  a  couple  of 
plays  of  great  lyric  beauty,  dealing  with  subjects  from  the 
Bible : "  Esther  "  (1689)  and  "  Athalie  "  (1691).  Besides  the 
above,  Racine  composed  four  hymns  that  rank  among 
the  finest  productions  in  lyric  poetiy  of  his  day,  also  an 
"Abr^g^  de  lliistoire  de  Port-Boyal,"  and  a  few  other 
minor  writings.  The  best  edition  of  Racine's  ^orks  was 
made  by  Paul  Mesnard  <or  the  "Collection  des  grands 
Ecrivains  de  la  France "  (1865-74).  Bacine  was  made  a 
member  of  the  French  Academy  in  1673. 

Bacine,  Louis.  Bom  at  Paris,  Nov.  6,  1692: 
died  there,  Jan.  29, 1763.  A  French  poet,  son  of 
J.  B.  Eaeine  whose  biography  he  wrote  (1747). 

Backet  (rak'et),  Mrs.  A  character  in  Mrs. 
Cowley's  comedy  "The  Belle's  Stratagem": 
"a  qualified  flirt,  the  incarnation  of  vivacity 
and  good  humour." 

Backet  Lake  (rak'et  lak).  A  lake  in  the  Adi- 
rondacks,  in  Hamilton  County,  northern  New 
York.  Its  outlet  is  by  Long  Lake  and  Backet  Biver  into 
the  St.  Lawrence.    Also  Baqv^Ue, 

Backet  Biver.  A  river  in  the  northern  part  of 
New  York.  it  joins  the  St.  Lawrence  45  miles  north- 
east of  Ogdensburg.    Length,  about  126  miles. 

Baclawice  (rat-sla-vit'se).  _  A  village  in  the 
government  of  Kielce,  Eussian  Poland,  north 
of  Cracow.  Here,  April  4, 1794,  the  Poles  under  Kos- 
ciuszko  defeated  the  Russians. 

Bacow.    See  Bakow. 

Bada  (ra'da),  Juan  de.  Bom  in  Castile  about 
1490 :  died  at  Jauja,  Peru,  1542.  A  Spanishcav- 
alier.  He  followed  Alvarado  to  Guatemala  and  Peru 
(1634),  was  with  the  elder  Almagro  in  Chile  (1536-36),  and 
later  headed  the  conspiracy  against  Pizarro,  killing  him, 
it  is  said,  with  his  own  hand  (June  26, 1541).  Rada  then 
declared  young  Diego  Almagro  governor  of  Peru,  and  ruled 
through  him  until  his  sudden  death  while  marching  to 
Cuzco.    Also  Juan  de  Rerrada. 

Badack  (ra'dak),  or  Batak  (ra'tak).  Islands. 
A  chain  of  islands  in  the  Pacific,  nearly  parallel 
.with  the  Ealik  chain,  and  with  it  forming  the 
Marshall  group. 

Badagaisus  (rad-a-ga'sus),  or  Badagais  (rad- 
a-gas').  _  Died  405  a.  d.  A  leader  of  an  army 
of  Suevi,  Vandals,  and  other  tribes  which  in- 
vaded Italy  in  405  A.  D .  He  was  defeated  by  Stilicho 
at  Fsesulse,  and  surrendered  on  condition  of  having  his 
life  spared.    He  was,  however,  treacherously  put  to  death. 

Badautz  (ra'douts).  A  town  in  Bukowina,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  a  subtributary  of  the 
Sereth  31  miles  south  of  Czemowitz.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  12,895. 

Badcliffe  (rad'klif).  A  town,  in  Lancashire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Irwell  7  miles  north- 
west of  Manchester.  Population  ?1891),  20,020. 

BadcUffe,  Mrs.  (Ann  ward).  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, July  9, 1764:  died  there,  Feb.  7, 1823.  An 
English  novelist.  She  appears  to  have  reached  the 
culmination  of  the  romantic  novel,  and  her  imitators  have 
produced  little  that  is  new  In  the  way  of  conjuring  up 
miaginary  horrors.  Among  her  novels  are  "The  Castles 
of  Athlin  and  Dunbayne,""The Sicilian Romance''(1790), 
"Romance  of  the  Forest"  (1791),  "The  Mysteries  of 
Udolpho"(1794),  "The Italian" 0797X  etc. 

Badcliffe,  James,  Earl  of  Derweutwater.  Bom 
1689 :  beheaded  at  London,  Feb.  24,  1716.  An 
English  Catholic  nobleman,  a  leader  in  the  re- 
bellion of  1715. 

Badcliffe,  John.  Bom  at  Wakefield,  England, 
1650 :  died  near  London,  Nov.  1, 1714.  An  Eng- 
li  sh  physician,  founder  of  the  Eadcliffe  Library. 
He  studied  at  Oxford,  and  in  1684  settled  at  London  as 
a  medical  practitioner.  He  obtained  great  celebrity  as  a 
physician,  and  attended  several  members  of  the  royal 
family.  He  entered  Parliament  In  1713.  He  left  £40,000 
for  the  erection  of  the  library  at  Oxford  which  bears  his 
name. 

Badcliffe  (rad'klif)  College.  An  institution 
of  learning  situated  at  Cambridge,  Massachu- 
setts. It  was  founded  in  1879  as  "  The  Society  for  the  Col- 
legiate Instruction  of  Women,"  popularly  known  as  "the 
Harvard  Annex,"  with  the  purpose  of  giving  to  women  a 
collegiate  educationof  the  same  characterasthataflorded  to 
thestudents  of  Hari'ard  College.  Theinstruction  has  always 
been  given  by  the  professors  and  the  teachers  of  Harvard 
At  first  it  conferred  no  degree,  but  only  a  certificate  thatthe 
graduate  had  taken  the  same  courses  and  passed  the  same 
examinations  as  a  graduate  of  Harvard  College  In  1894 
it  was  formally  Incorporated  by  the  Massachusetts  legis- 
lature as  a  degree-giving  body,  its  degrees  to  be  coun- 


Badcliffe  College 

itersigned  by  the  president  ot  Harvard,  and  its  Instmction 
and  general  manageipent  to  be  under  the  direction  of  the 
corporation  ot  Harvard  College.  The  name  KadcliiTe  was 
given  in  honor  of  Lady  Mowlson,  whose  maiden  name 
was  Anne  RadcUffe,  and  who  gave  one  hundred  pounds  to 
Harvard  College  in  1643,  the  first  gift  made  to  the  college 
by  a  woman.    It  hag  about  400  students. 

Sadcliffe  Library.  A  library  (originally  medi- 
cal) oonneoted  'with  the  University  of  Oxford, 
England :  founded  by  John  Badclme. 

Baoetzki,  or  Badetzky  (ra-det'ske),  Feodor. 
Bom  at  Kazan,  July  28,  1820:  died  at  Odessa, 
Feb.  26,  1890.  A  Eussian  general.  He  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  P,usso- Turkish  war  by  his  success- 
ful defense  of  the  Shipka  Pass,  Aug.-Sept.,  1877. 

iXadetzkyiOrKadetzkiLJosephwenzeliCount 

Radetzky  de  Eadetz.  Born  at  Trzebnitz,  near 
Tabor,  Bohemia,  Nov.  2,  1766:  died  at  Imlan, 
Jan.  5,  1858.  An  Austrian  field-marshal.  He 
served  against  the  Turks,and  against  the  French  at  Hohen- 
linden,  Aspem,  Wagram,  etc. ;  was  chief  of  staff  in  the 
campaigns  of  1813-15 ;  became  commander  in  Italy  in  1881 ; 
was  defeated  by  the  Sardinians  at  Goito  in  1848 ;  and  de- 
feated them  at  Custozza  in  1848,  and  at  Mortara  and  Kovara 
in  1849,  and  captured  Venice.  He  was  governor  of  Upper 
Italy  1849-57. 
!Sadha  (ra'dha).  [Skt.,  'success,  blessing.'] 
In  Sanskrit  mjahology:  (a)  The  foster-mother 
of  Kama.  Her  husband,  Adhiratha,  the  charioteer  ot 
King  Shura,  found  Kama,  the  illegitimate  son  of  Fritha 
or  Kunti  by  the  Sun,  exposed  on  the  Jumna  by  his  mother, 
and  reared  him  as  his  own  son.  See  Kama.  (Z>)  A  cow- 
herd or  Gopi,  the  favorite  mistress  of  Krishna 
when  at  Vrindavana  among  the  cowherds,  and  a 
a  principal  character  in  Jayadeva's  "Gritago- 
vinda."  she  is  sometimes  held  to  typify  the  human  soul 
attracted  toward  Krishna  as  the  divine  goodness,  some- 
times the  divine  love  to  which  Krishna  returns  after  other 
affections.  She  is  also  regarded  as  an  avatar  of  Lakshmi 
as  Krishna  is  of  Vishnu. 

Badhanpur  (rad-han-^or'),  orBabdunpur  (ra- 
dun-pSr  )  1.  A  native  state  in  India,  under 
British  protection,  situated  about  lat.  23°  40' 
N.,  long.  71°  40'  E.  Area,  1,150  square  miles. 
Population  (1881),  98,129.-3.  The  capital  of 
the  state  of  Eadhanpur.  Population  (ISgi'*, 
14,175. 

Badnor  (rad'nor).  A  coTinty  of  South  Wales. 
It  is  bounded  by  ]^ontgomery  on  the  north,  Shropshire  on 
the  northeast,  Hereford  on  the  east,  Brecknock  on  the 
south,  and  Brecknock  and  Cardigan  on  the  west.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  hilly.  Area,  440  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  21,791. 

Badolfzell  (ra'dolf-tsel),  or  Zell  (tsel).  Atown 
in  the  circle  of  Constance,  Baden,  situated  on 
the  Untersee  arm  of  Lake  Constance,  11  miles 
northwest  of  Constance. 

Badom  (ra'dom).  1.  A  government  of  Eussian 
Poland,  surrounded  by  the  governments  of 
Kieloe,  Piotrkow,  Warsaw,  Siedlce,  and  Lublin, 
andbyGalicia.  Area,  4,769  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  782,274.-3.  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  Eadom,  situated  on  the  Mleczna 
59  miles  south  of  Warsaw;  Population  (1890), 
16,065. 

Badowitz  (ra'do-vits),  Joseph  Maria  von. 
Bom  at  Blankenburg,  Q-ermany,  Feb.  6,  1797: 
died  Dec.  25, 1853.  A  Prussian  general  and  poli- 
tician, of  Hungarian  descent.  He  was  a  deputy  to 
the  Frankfort  parliament  in  1848,  and  to  the  Erfurt  parlia- 
ment in  1850.  He  was  a  friend  and  confidential  adviser  of 
Frederick  William  IV.,  and  was  a  leader  of  the  anti-revo- 
lutionary party. 

Badstadt  (rad'stat).  A  town  in  Salzburg,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  the  Enns  31  miles 
south  by  east  of  Salzburg.  It  was  formerly  of 
importance. 

Bae  (ra),  John.  Born  in  the  Orkney  Islands, 
1813 :  died  at  London,  July  24, 1893.  A  British 
arctic  explorer.  He  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh, 
and  was  for  a  time  a  ship's  surgeon  iu  the  employment 
of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company.  He  made  explorations  in 
1845  and  1846-47.  In  1848  he  went  with  Sicbardson  in 
search  of  Franklin.  He  proved  King  William's  Land  to  be 
an  island  and  discovered  traces  of  Sir  John  Franklin  1863- 
1854.  In  1864  he  made  a  telegraphic  survey  across  the 
Eocky  Mountains. 

Baeburn  (ra'bem).  Sir  Henry.  Bom  at  Stock- 
bridge,  near  Edinburgh,  March  4,  1756:  died 
there,  July  8, 1823.  A  Scottish  portrait-painter. 
He  was  educated  at  Heriot's  Hospital,  and  at  IS  appren- 
ticed to  a  goldsmith  at  Edinburgh.  From  this  he  passed 
to  miniature-painting  and  to  oil-painting,  entirely  self- 
taught.  He  visited  Sir  Joshua  Keynolds  in  London,  and 
later  (1778)  went  to  Italy,  returning  to  Edinburgh  in  1780, 
where  lieremained.  He  painted  jwrtraits  of  Scott,  Blair, 
Kobertson,  Dugald  Stewart,  etc.  In  1814  he  was  made 
associate  royal  academician ;  and  in  1816  royal  acad- 
emician. 

Baedwald  (rad'waid),  or  Bedwald  (red'waid). 
A  powerful  king  of  East  Anglia  (died  about 
617) :  included  among  the  Bretwaldas. 

Ba-en-ka  (ra'en-ka').  A  remarkable  work  of 
early  Egyptian  art,  in  the  museum  at  (Jizeh, 
Egypt.  It  is  a  figure  of  wood,  of  over  half  natural  size, 
representing  a  middle-aged  man  standing  in  the  attitude 
of  a  person  directing  worlonen.   The  eyes  are  inlaid.  The 


839 

figure  is  very  lifelike.  Commonly  called  the  Sheikh  el 
Beled,  or  village  sheikh.  He  was  an  overseer  of  public 
works  in  the  time  of  the  4th  dynasty, 

Bstia.    See  BhsBUa. 

Bafael.    See  Baphael. 

Baff  (raf ),  Joseph  Joachim.  Bom  at  Laehen, 
Sohwyz,  Switzerland,  May  27,  1822:  died  at 
Frankf  ort-on-the-Main,  June  24, 1882.  A  Ger- 
man composer.  His  works  number  nearly  300,  includ- 
ing symphonies  (among  wbich  are  "Im  Walde,"  "Leo- 
nore,"  etc.),  sonatas,  songs,  quartets,  and  operas.  Among 
the  last  are  "KOnig  Alfred "  (1850), "Dame  Kobold"  (1870X 
etc. 

BafFaello,  or  Baffaelle.    See  Baphael. 
Baffles  (raf 'Iz),  Sir  Thomas  Stamford.    Bom 

at  sea,  July  5, 1781:  died  July  5, 1826.  An  Eng- 
lish colonial  governor  and  administrator  in 
Java  and  Sumatra.  He  published  a  "  History 
of  Java"  (1817). 

RafinescLue(ra-fe-nesk'),ConstantineSmaltz. 
Bom  at  Galatz,  Constantinople,  1784:  died  at 
Philadelphia,  Sept.  18, 1842.  A  French-Ameri- 
can botanist.  He  published  several  works  on 
botany  and  miscellaneous  subjects. 

Bafn  (raf  n),  Karl  Christian.  Bom  at  Brahes- 
borg,  Fiinen,  Denmark,  Jan.  16,  1795 :  died  at 
Copenhagen,  Oct.  20, 1864.  A  noted  Danish  an^ 
tiquary.  He  published  various  works  on  Northern  an- 
tiquities, and  is  best  known  from  his  "  Antiquitates  Ameri- 
oanse  "  (1837),  on  the  medieval  (10th-century)  discoveries 
and  the  settlements  from  the  11th  to  the  14th  century  of 
the  Scandinavians  in  America. 

Raft  of  the  Medusa.  A  painting  by  GSricault, 
in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  The  raft  bears  the  dying  survi- 
vors of  the  lost  frigate.  It  is  a  dramatic  presentation  ot 
suffering  and  despair.  The  picture  created  a  sensation, 
when  exhibited  in  1819,  as  one  of  the  earliest  strongly  de- 
fining the  tendencies  of  the  new  Romantic  school. 

Bagatz,  or  Eagaz  (ra'gats).  A  watering-place 
in  the  canton  of  St.-Gall,  Switzerland,' situated 
on  the  Tamiua  in  lat.  47°  N.,  long.  9°  30'  B.  it  is 
noted  for  its  hot  springs,  and  has  about  50,000  visitors  an- 
nually. A  victory  was  gained  here  by  the  Swiss  Confed- 
erates over  the  Austrians,  1446,  by  which  the  independence 
of  the  former  was  materially  strengthened. 

Baghava  (ra'gha-va).  [Skt.,  'descendant  of 
Eaghu.']  In  Sansfirit  mythology,  a  name  of 
Eama. 

Baghu  (ra'g-hS).  In  Hindu  mythology,  an  an- 
cient king,  ancestor  of  Eama  (whence  the  lat- 
ter is  called Eaghava,  'descendant  of  Eaghu')- 

Baghuvansha  (ra-g-hS-van'sha).  [Skt.,  'the 
Eaghu  race.']  A  Sanskrit  poem,  ascribed  to 
Kalida^,  on  the  history  of  Eamachandra,  the 
Eaghava.  its  date  cannot,  according  to  Jacobi,  be  ear- 
lier than  the  4th  century  A.  D.  It  has  been  translated  into 
Latin  by  Stenzler,and  into  English  by  Griffiths. 

Raglan,  Lord.  See  Somerset,  Mtzroy  James 
Henry. 

Ragman  Boll.  1.  A  collection  of  parchments 
containing  the  record  of  the  fealty  of  Scottish 
barons,  clergy,  and  gentry  to  Edward  I.  of  Eng- 
land when  in  Scotland  in  1296. 

In  the  Chronicle  of  Lanercost  (edited  by  Stevenson,  page 
261)  we  read  that  an  instrument  or  charter  of  subjection 
and  homage  to  the  Kings  of  England  is  called  by  the  Scots 
ragman,  because  ot  the  many  seals  hanging  from  it. 
"Unum  instrumentum  sive  cartam  subjectionis  et  homa- 
gil  faciendi  regibus  Anglise  ...  a  Scottis  propter  multa 
sigilla  dependentia  ragman  vocatur."  That  is  the  sense  in 
which  Langland  uses  the  word.  Afterwards  in  Wyntoun's 
Chronicle,  Douglas  and  Dunbar, "  ragman  "  and  "  ragment" 
mean  a  long  piece  of  writing,  a  rhapsody,  or  an  account. 
In  course  of  time,  it  is  said,  "ragman's  roll  "became  "rig- 
marole." Morley,  English  Writers,  IV.  291. 
3.  A  poem  printed  by  Wynkyn  deWorde,  con- 
sisting of  a  list  of  good  and  bad  women  in 
alternate  stanzas. 

Bagnar  Lodbrok  (rag'narlod'brok).  A  semi- 
legendary  Norse  viking,  supposed  to  have  in- 
vaded England  about  the  end  of  the  8th  cen- 
tury. * 

EamarSk  (rag'na-r6k').  [Prom  Icel.  ragna 
rokr,  twilight  of  "the  gods  (G.  Gg'tterdammer- 
ung),  from  ragna,  gen.  of  rogn,  regm^  neuWpl., 
the  gods  (=  Goth,  ragin,  counsel,  wUl,  determin- 
ation, from  ragineis,  counselor),  and  rokr,  twi- 
light, dimness,  vapor;  but  orig.  ragna  rok,  the 
history  of  the  gods  and  the  world,  esp.  with  ref. 
to  the  last  judgment,  doomsday,  from  rok,  rea- 
son, judgment.]  In  Old  Norse  mythology,  the 
general  destruction  of  the  gods  in  a  great  bat- 
tle with  the  evil  powers,  in  which  the  latter  also 
perish  and  the  universe  is  consumed  by  fire. 
It  is  followed  by  the  regeneration  of  all  things.  A  new 
earth  rises  from  the  sea ;  sons  of  Odin  and  of  Thor,  gods 
who  represent  the  regenerative  forces  of  nature,  reappear, 
together  with  Baldur  and  Hbdur  (Old  Norse  Hodhr),  gods 
of  the  year's  seasons ;  and  the  earth  is  peopled  anew. 

Eagotzky.    See  Edlcdcsy.  ," .,  ^  ,  , . 

Raguet  (ra-ga'),  Condy.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
Jan.  28, 1784:  died  there,  March  22,  1842.  An 
American  political  economist.  He  published  "Prin- 
ciples of  Free  Trade  "  (1835),  "  On  Currency  and  Banking  " 
(1839),  etc. 


Eainer 

Raglisa  (ra-go'sa).  [F.  Baguse,  It.  Bagusa,  Slav. 
Dubrovnik,  Turk.  Paprovnik.']  A  seaport  of  Dal- 
matia,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Adri- 
atic in  lat.  42°  38'  N.,  long.  18°  9'  E.  It  exports  oil. 
The  chief  buildings  are  the  cathedral  and  the  medieval 
palace.  It  is  strongly  fortified.  It  was  settled  in  the  7th 
century ;  was  recruited  largely  by  fugitives  from  Old  Ea- 
gusa  and  by  Slavs ;  became  a  republic  governed  by  rectors ; 
came  under  the  protection  of  Hungary,  Turkey,  etc.;  was  a 
flourishing  maritime  state  in  the  16th  century  ;  was  nearly 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1667 ;  became  the  seat  of  a 
fiourishing  literature ;  was  occupied  by  the  French  in  1806 ; 
and  was  given  to  Austria  in  1814.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 11,177. 

Ragnsa.  A  city  in  the  province  of  Syracuse, 
Sicily,  situated  on  the  river  Eagusa  30  miles 
west-southwest  of  Syracuse,  it  is  sometimes  identi- 
fled  with  the  ancient  Hybia  Hereea.  Population  (183l), 
24,341 ;  with  the  lower  town,  30,721. 

Ragusa'Vecchia(ra-g8'savek'ke-a).  ['OldEa- 
gusa.']  A  small  town  9  miles  southeast  of  Ea- 
gusa in  Dalmatia :  the  ancient  Epidaurus. 

Raguse,  Due  de  (Duke  of  Eagusa).  See  Mar- 
mont. 

Rahab  (ra'hab).  In  Old  Testament  history,  a 
woman  of  Jericho  who  protected  two  spies  sent 
by  Joshua  to  view  the  land,  she  concealed  them  in 
her  house,  put  their  pursuers  on  a  false  scent,  and  let  them 
down  by  a  cord  from  a  window  (Josh.  IL).  She  was  the 
mother  of  Boaz,  and  David  was  her  descendant. 

Rahel.     See  Varnhagen  von  Ense. 

Rahl  (ral),  Karl.  Bom  at  Vienna,  Aug.  13, 1812 : 
died  there,  July  9, 1865.  An  Austrian  historical 
painter. 

Rahmaniyeh  (rah-ma-ne'ye),  or  Ramanieh 
(ra-ma-ne'e).  A  place  in  the  Delta  of  Egypt, 
40  miles  east  by  south  of  Alexandria,  it  was  a 
scene  of  military  operations. in  the  French  campaigns  in 
Egypt  1798-1801. 

Ra-Hotep.    See  Nefert  and  Ba-Hotep. 

Rahu(ra'ho).  [Skt.j'theseizer';  tiomy/rabh^^ 
grah,  seize.]  In  Sanskrit,  the  demon  who  seizes 
the  sun  and  moon,  and  thereby  occasions  their 
eclipse,  in  astronomical  treatises,  the  ascending  node, 
the  eclipse  itself,  and  especially  the  moment  at  whioh  the 
obscuration  begins. 

Rahway  (rS.'wa).  A  city  in  Union  County,  New 
Jersey,  situated  on  Eahway  Eiver  17  miles  south- 
west of  New  York.  It  has  manufactures  of  car- 
riages, etc.    Population  (1900),  7,935. 

Raiatea  (ri-a-ta'a),  orUlietea  (o-le-e-ta'a). 
One  of  the  Society  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean,  it 
is  the  largest  of  the  Leeward  group,  situated  northwest 
of  Tahiti 

Rai  Bareli  (ri  ba-ra'le),  or  Roy  Bareilly  (roi 
ba-ra'le).  1.  AdivisionofOudh,  British  India. 
Area,  4,882  square  miles.  Population  (1881), 
2,756,864. — 3.  A  district  in  the  division  of  Eai 
Bareli,  intersected  by  lat.  26°  15'  N.,  long.  81° 
E.  Area,  1,751  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
1,036,521.-3.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Eai 
Bareli,  situated  on  the  Sai  about  lat.  26°  14'  N., 
long.  81°  15'  E.    Population  (1891),  18,798. 

Baibolini,  Francesco.    See  Franma. 

Baikes (raks), Bobert.  Bomat Gloucester, Eng- 
land, Sept.  14,  1735:  died  April  5,  1811.  An 
English  publisher,  noted  as  a  philanthropist. 
He  was  the  originator  of  the  modern  Sunday-schools,  the 
first  of  which  he  established  at  Gloucester  in  1780. 

Bailroad  City,  The.    Indianapolis. 

Bail-Splitter,  The.  A  nickname  of  Abraham 
Lincofii,  in  allusion  to  his  early  life. 

Raimond.    See  Baymond. 

Raimondl  (ri-mon'de), Antonio,  Bomat MUan, 
1825 :  died  at  Lima,  Pern,  Dec,  1890.  An  Ital- 
ian geographer  and  naturalist.  He  went  to  Peru 
in  1850,  and  spent  20  years  in  traveling  and  collecting 
material  for  his  great  work  on  the  geography  and  natural 
history  of  the  republic.  This  was  to  have  been  printed 
at  the  expense  of  the  nation,  and  3  preliminary  volumes 
appeared  (1874, 1876,  and  1880).  The  edition  of  the  4th 
volume  was  destroyed  by  the  Chileans  in  1881,  and  after  the 
war  the  publication  was  interrupted ;  but  the  materials 
collected  by  Eaimondi  are  preserved  by  the  Peruvian 
Geographical  Society.  He  published  a  topographical  and 
geological  account  of  Ancachs  (1873). 

Raimondl  (ri-mon'de),  Marcantonio.  Bom  at 
Bologna,  Italy,  about  1475:  died  before  1534. 
One  of  the  chief  Italian  engravers  of  the  Ee- 
naissance.  He  engraved  after  Eaphael,  Giulio 
Eomano,  Albrecht  Diirer,  and  others. 

Raimund.    See  Baymond, 

Raimund  (ri'mond),  Ferdinand.  Bom  at  Vi- 
enna, June  1,1790:  died  Sept.  5, 1836.  An  Aus- 
trian dramatist  and  actor. 

Raimiindus  LuUus.    See  Lully. 

Rain  (rin).  A  small  town  in  Swabia,  Bavaria, 
situated  near  the  Lech  22  miles  north  of  Augs- 
burg. It  was  the  scene  of  an  engagement  between  the 
forces  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  and  Tilly,  April  15, 1632,  in 
which  Tilly  was  mortally  wounded. 

Rainer  (ri'ner),  Archduke  of  Austria.  Bom 
Sept.  30,  1783:  died  in  Tyrol,  Jan.  16,  1853. 
Seventh  son  of  the  emperor  Leopold  n.,  vice- 


Bainer 

roy  of  the  Austrian  possessions  in  Italy  from 
1818  to  the  insurrection  of  1848. 

Kainier  (ra'ner),  Mount.  The  highest  moun- 
tain in  the  State  of  Washington,  situated  east 
of  Tacoma.  It  is  of  volcanic  origin.  Height, 
14,526  feet.     Sometimes  called  Tacoma. 

Bains  (ranz),  Qabriel  James.  Bom  in  North 
Carolina,  1803:  died  at  Aiken,  S.  C,  Sept.  6, 
1881.  An  American  general.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  In  1827 ;  served  In  the  Seminole  and  Mexican  wars ; 
and  obtained  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  in  1860.  He 
accepted  a  brigadier-generalship  in  the  Confederate  ser- 
vice in  1861,  and  served  with  distinction  at  Wilson's  Creek, 
Shiloh,  and  Seven  Pines.  He  afterward  had  charge  of  the 
conscript  and  torpedo  bureaus  at  Eichmond. 

Bainy  (ra'ni)  Lake.  A  lake  on  the  border  of 
Minnesota  and  Canada,  northwest  of  Lake  Su- 
perior. Its  outlet  is  the  Rainy  Kiver  (length  80  to  100 
miles)  to  the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  Length  of  the  lake, 
about  55  miles. 

Baipur  (ri-p6r').  The  capital  of  the  district  of 
Eaipur,  Central  Provinces  of  British  India,  sit- 
uated about  lat.  21°  15'  N.,  long.  81°  41'  E.  Pop- 
ulation, with  cantonment  (1891),  23,759. 

Bais.    see  Retz. 

Baisin  (ra'zn).  A  river  in  southern  Michigan 
which  flows  into  Lake  Erie  34  miles  south-south- 
west of  Detroit.  Length,  about  125  miles.  For 
the  battle  fought  on  it  in  1813,  see  FrenoMown. 

Rajagriha  (ra-ja-gri'lia)/  ['King's  house';  in 
Pali  Bajagaha.2  The  Girivraja  of  theEamayana, 
the  modem  Kajgir  in  Behar.  it  was  the  capital  of 
Magadha,  and  one  of  the  scenes  of  Buddha's  preaching. 
Near  it  was  the  Veluvana  ('bamboo  grove')  which  King 
Bimbisaragave  to  Buddha,  and  in  which  Buddha  delighted 
to  dwell. 

Bajamandrjr  (ra-ja-man'dre),  or  Bajama- 
hendri  (ra-ja-ma-hen'dre).  Jk  town  in  Goda- 
vari  district,  Madias,  British  India,  situated  on 
the  Godavari  about  lat.  17°  N.,  long.  81°  48'  E. 
Population  (1891),  28,397. 

Bajashekhara  (ra-ja-sha'k-ha-ra).  A  Hindu 
dramatist  who  live  A  about  90'6  a.  d.  (Von 
Schroder).  He  was  the  author  of  three  Sanskrit  dramas, 
the  "Balaramayana"  (''Exploits  of  Balarana"),  the  "Pra- 
chandapandava  "  ("  The  Wrathful  Sons  of  Pandu  "),  and  the 
*'  Viddhashalabhanjika"  ("The  Wounded  Doll"),  and  of  a 
Prakrit  drama,  the  '*Karpuramanjari "  ("Cluster  of  Cam- 
phor-blossoms "). 

Bajatarangini  (ra-ja-ta-rang'gi-ue).  [Skt., 
'  Stream  of  Kings.']  A  Sanskrit  chronicle  of  the 
kings  of  Kashmir,  written  about  1148  A.  D.  by 
Kalhana.  it  is  remarkable  as  almost  the  only  work  in 
Sanskrit  literature  which  has  any  historical  value.  There 
is  a  French  translation  by  Troyer. 

Bajeshaye,  or  Bajeshahi.    See  MajsMM. 

Bajputana,  or  Bajpootana  (raj-p6-ta'na).  A 
name  given  collectively  to  twenty  native  states 
in  India,  under  British  protection,  situated  in 
the  northwestern  pari;  of  the  country.  The  chief 
states  are  Bikanir,  Jaipur,  Jaisalmir,  Marwar,  and  Hewar. 
The  ruling  people  are  the  Eajputs.  The  region  formed 
part  of  the  Mogul  empire ;  it  was  subjugated  by  the  Mah- 
rattas.  Area,  130,268  sgtnare  miles.  Population  (1891), 
12,016,102. 

BajputS,  or  Rajpoots  (raj-p5ts').  [Prom  Hindu 
rajput,  a  prince,  son  of  a  raja.]  The  members 
of  the  Hindu  race  (divided  into  numerous  clans) 
who  regard  themselves  as  descendants  of  the 
ancient  Kshatriya,  or  warrior  caste.  They  are  the 
ruling  (though  not  the  most  numerous)  race  of  the  great 
region  named  from  them  Kajputana,  consisting  of  several 
different  states.  Their  hereditary  profession  is  that  of 
arms,  and  no  race  in  India  has  furnished  so  large  a  num- 
ber of  princely  families.  The  Itajputs  are  not  strict  ad- 
herents of  Brahmanism. 

Bajshahi  (raj-sha'he),  or  Bajeshaye  (ra-je- 
sha'e) .  1 .  A  division  in  Bengal,  British  India. 
Area,  18,735  square  miles.  Population  (1881), 
8,336,399.-2.  A  district  in  the  Rajshahi  divi- 
sion, intersected  by  lat.  24°  30'  N.,  long.  89°  E. 
Area,  2,330  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
1,313,336. 

Bakas  Tal  (ra'kas  tsl),  or  Bavan  Hrad  (ra- 
van'  hrad);  A  sacred  lake  in  Tibet,  situated 
about  lat.  30°  45'  N.  It  is  one  of  the  sources 
of  the  Sutlej.    Circumference,  about  50  miles. 

Bake's  Progress,  The.  A  series  of  8  pictures 
by  Hogarth  (1735),  in  the  Soane  Museum,  Lon- 
don. The  subject  is  the  descent  of  a  rich  young 
man,  through  dissipation,  to  poverty,  despair, 
and  madness. 

Biikdczy  (ra'kot-se),  Francis  II.  Died  at  Eo- 
dosto,  Turkey,  Apnl  8,  1735.  A  Hungarian 
statesman,  leader  of  the  insurrection  of  1703- 
1711.  He  was  chosen  prince  of  Transylvania 
1704,  and  assumed  the  government  1707.  He 
left  Hungary  after  the  peace  of  1711. 

Rftkoczy,  Cteorge  I.  Died  Oct.,  1648.  Prince 
of  Transylvania  1631-48.  In  alliance  with  the 
Swedes,  he  invaded  Hungary  and  Moravia  1644^ 
1645. 

R^OS  (ra'kosh).  Field  of.    A  large  plain  near 


840 

Budapest,  Hungary,  east  of  the  Danube.  Many 
Hungarian  Diets  have  met  here.  It  was  the 
scene  of  several  combats  in  1849. 

Bakow  (ra'kov).  A  small  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Eadom,  Eussian  Poland,  near  Kielce. 
It  was  the  center  of  the  Polish  Socinians  in  the  end  of 
the  16th  century  and  the  beginning  of  the  17th. 

Bakshasa  (ra '  ksha  -  sa) .  [Skt. ,  from  rakshas, 
hurt,  injury,  and  theii  personified  'injurer.'j 
An  evil  demon.  The  Rakshasas  play  a  great  part  in 
Hindu  belief.  According  to  some  they  are  divided  into 
three  classes,  one  being  semi-divine  and  ranking  with  the 
Yakshas,  another  being  like  the  Titans  and  relentless  ene- 
mies of  the  gods,  while  a  third  are  imps  and  goblins  that 
go  about  at  night,  haunting  cemeteries,  disturbing  sacri- 
fices, animating  dead  bodies,  ensnaring  and  even  devour- 
ing human  beings.  Some  have  long  arms,  some  are  fat, 
some  thin,  some  dwarfish,  some  tall  and  humpbacked, 
some  have  only  one  eye,  some  only  one  ear,  some  enormous 
paunches,  projecting  teeth,  and  crooked  thighs,  while 
others  can  assume  beautiful  forms. 

Baleigh  (r&'li).  [Named  after  Sir  Walter  Ea- 
leigh.]  A  city,  capital  of  North  Carolina  and 
of  Wake  County,  situated  in  lat.  35°  47'  N.  it 
has  an  important  trade  in  cotton,  and  considerable  manu- 
factures. It  is  called  "the  City  of  Oaks."  Itwaslaidout 
In  1792.    Population  (1900),  13,643. 

Baleigh  (originally  Balegh),  Sir  Walter.  Bom 
at  Hayes,  Devonshire,  1552:  executed  at  Lon- 

'  don,  Oct.  29,  1618.  An  English  courtier,  offi- 
cer, colonizer,  historian,  and  poet.  Alter  a  short 
residence  at  Oriel  College,  Orford,  he  entered  the  Hugue- 
not army  (1669),  returning  to  England  In  1576  (?).  In  1680  he 
commanded  an  English  company  in  Munster,  Ireland.  In 
1682  he  was  in  Leicester's  suite  at  Antwerp.  He  was  a 
favorite  of  Elizabeth.  In  1586  he  became  warden  of  the 
stannaries  and  vice-admiral  of  Devon  and  Cornwall;  in 
1687  he  was  captain  of  the  guard.  In  1684  he  obtained  a 
charter  of  colonization,  and  sent  Amidas  and  Barlow  to 
explore  the  region  which  he  called  Virginia.  In  1585  he 
despatched  a  fleet  of  colonists,  who  landed  on  Boanoke 
Island,  but  were  brought  back,  by  Drake  the  following 
year.  In  1687  he  despatched  another  body  of  emigrants, 
which  settled  in  Roanoke  Island,  but  which  had  disap- 
peared when  arelief-expedition  reached  the  island  in  1590. 
In  1584  he  introduced  the  potato  in  Munster.  In  1588  he 
took  an  active  part  against  the  Armada.  He  introduced 
Spenser  to  Elizabeth,  and  persuaded  him  to  publish  the 
"  Faerie  Queene. "  For  his  seduction  and  marriage  of  Eliza- 
beth Throckmorton  he  was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower.  In 
1696  he  sailed  for  Trinidad  and  ascended  the  Orinoco.  In 
1596  he  commanded  a  squadron  under  Howard  and  Essex 
in  the  expedition  which  destroyed  the  Spanish  fleet  at 
Cadiz.  In  1697  he  captured  Fayal  in  the  Azores.  On  the 
accession  of  James  I.  in  1603,  Raleigh  was  charged  with  a 
plot  to  place  Arabella  Stuart  on  the  throne,  and  was  im- 
prisoned in  the  Tower.  In  the  Tower  he  devoted  himself 
to  chemical  experiments,  and  wrote  as  much  of  his  "His- 
tory of  the  World  "  as  was  ever  flnished.  In  1616  he  was 
released  to  command  another  expedition  to  Guiana  and  the 
Orinoco.  The  expedition  was  a  failure,  and  on  his  return 
he  was  condemned  and  executed.    Eficyc.  Brit. 

Balik,  or  Balick  (ra'lik),  Islands.  A  chain  of 
islands  in  the  Pacific,  nearly  parallel  with  the 
Eadack  chain,  and  with  it  forming  the  Marshall 
group. 

Balph  (ralf ,  in  Great  Britain  often  raf  or  rif ), 
James.  Bom  at  Philadelphia:  died  at  Chis- 
wick,  England,  Jan.  24,  1762.  An  English 
pamphleteer,  historical  writer,  poet,  and  play- 
wright. 

Balph  Bolster  Doister  (rois'tsr  dois'ter).  A 
comedy  by  Nicholas  XTdall,  probably  written  be- 
tween 1534  and  1541,  to  be  played  by  Eton  boys. 
Udall  was  master  there  at  that  time.  It  was  licensed  and 
printed  in  1566,  and  is  the  first  English  comedy.  The 
"  Miles  Oloriosus  "  of  Plautus  appears  to  be  its  direct  fore- 
runner. 

The  plot  turns  on  the  courtship  of  Dame  Christian  Cns- 
tance  [Constance],  a  widow  of  repute  and  wealth  as  well 
as  beauty,  by  the  gull  and  coxcomb  Ralph  Roister  Dois- 
ter, whose  suit  Is  at  once  egged  on  and  privately  crossed 
by  the  mischievous  Matthew  Merrygreek,  who  plays  at 
once  parasite  and  rook  to  the  hero.  Although  Custance 
has  not  the  slightest  intention  of  accepting  Ralph,  and  at 
last  resorts  to  actual  violence,  assisted  by  her  maids,  to 
get  rid  of  him  and  his  followers,  the  affair  nearly  breeds 
a  serious  quarrel  between  herself  and  her  plighted  lover, 
GawlH  Goodlnck ;  but  all  ends  merrily. 

Saimtsbury,  Hist,  ef  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  64. 

Balston  (r&l'ston),  William  Balston  Shed- 
den.  Bom  1828 :  died  at  London,  Aug.  6, 1889. 
An  English  Eussian  scholar.  He  was  educated  at 
Cambridge  (Trinity  College),  and  was  called  to  the  bar  at 
the  Inner  Temple  In  1862.  He  visited  Russia  four  times, 
and  was  a  friend  of  Turgeniefl.  He  published  a  transla- 
tion of  Turgenieff's  "Liza"  (1869),  "Krilofl  and  his  Fables" 
(1869),  "Songs  of  the  Russian  People"  (1872),  "Russian 
Folk-Tales,  etc."  (1878). 

Rama(ra'ma).  [Lit. 'joy-bringer.']  The  name 
of  three  heroes  of  Hindu  mythology — Balara- 
ma,  Parashurama,  and  Eamaehandra  (see  these 
names) :  especially  applied  to  the  last. 

Ramachandra(ra-ma-ohan'dra).  [Skt.,'Eama- 
moon.'  In  the  Black' Yajurveda,  Sita,  daughter 
of  Savitri,  is  wedded  to  Soma,  the  king  of  plants 
and  god  of  fecundity,  identified  with  the  moon. 
The  name  Rama-Lunns  is  thus  a  reminiscence  of 
the  connection  of  Eama  with  the  moon,  and  im- 
plies an  original  lunar  agricultural  ^od ;  but  the 
name  is  all  that  survives  of  this  origin,  just  as 


Rambam 

Sita,  'furrow,'  retains  only  her  name  and  the 
legends  of  her  birth  and  death.  See  Barth's 
"  Eeligions  of  India,"  p.  177.]  The  hero  of  the 
Eamayana  (which  see).  He  there  typifies  the  con- 
quering Kshatriyas,  advancing  southward  and  subjugating 
the  barbarous  abongines.  His  story  is  also  given  more 
briefly  in  the  Mahabharata.  He  was  the  son  of  Dashara- 
tha,  king  of  Ayodhya,  by  Kaushalya. 

Ramadan  (ra-ma-dan':  E.  pron.  ram-a-dan'),  or 
Bamazan  (ra-ma-zan') .  The  ninth  month  of  the 
Mohammedan  year.  Each  day  of  the  entire  month  is. 
observed  as  a  taat  by  the  Mohammedans  from  dawn  till 
sunset 

Bamah  (ra'ma).  [Heb.,  'a  high  place.']  In 
Old  Testament  geography,  the  name  of  several 
places  in  Palestine.  The  principal  were  the  Ramah 
of  Benjamin,  situated  a  few  miles  north  of  Jerusalem  (at 
Er-Ram),  and  the  Ramah  of  Samuel,  also  called  Rama- 
thaim  Zophim.  The  latter  was  situated  northwest  of  Je- 
rusalem, probably  near  Lydda:  some  identify  it  with, 
the  Ramah  of  Benjamin. 

Bam  Alley,  or  Merry  Tricks.  A  comedy  by 
Lodowick  Barry,  acted  probably  in  1609  and 
printed  in  1611.  Earn  Alley  led  from  Fleet  street  to  the 
Temple,  and  formerly  secured  immunity  from  arrest ;  hence 
it  was  the  resort  of  sharpers  and  persons  of  ill  lame  of 
both  sexes.  It  was  full  of  cooks'  shops,  and  is  frequently- 
referred  to  in  this  connection  in  contemporary  literature. 

Bamanieh.    See  Bdhmaniyeh. 

Bamantha.    See  Laodicea. 

Bamannja  (ra-ma'no-ja).  [Prom  Bdma  and 
aMM/a,bomafter,youiiger brother :  lit.  'youugfer 
brotherof  Rama.']  Born  about  1017  a.  d.  at  Shri 
Parambattur,  about  26  miles  west  of  Madras : 
said  to  have  died  in  1137.  The  founder  of  a  Va- 
ishnava  sect.  He  is  buried  in  the  great  temple  of  Shri- 
ranganath.  His  distinctive  tenet  was  his  assertion  of  a. 
triad  of  principles — (1)  the  supreme  spirit,  Parabrahman 
or  Ishvara ;  (2)  the  separate  spirits  of  men ;  and  (8)  non- 
spirit.  All  three  are  eternal  and  inseparable,  but  the  spirits 
of  men  and  the  visible  world  or  non-spirit  are  dependent 
on  Ishvara.  In  this  Ramanuja  was  opposed  to  Shankara, 
who  viewed  the  separate  existence  of  man's  spirit,  as  dis- 
tinct from  the  universal  spirit,  as  illusory.  Still  he  so  far 
accepted  a  modified  form  of  Shankara's  system  of  non- 
duality  that  his  own  system  is  called  that  of  "qualified 
non-duality  "  (vishishtadvaita).  In  the  13th  century  a  di- 
vision arose  among  his  followers,  resulting  in  the  northern 
school  (Vadagalai)  and  the  southern  (Tengalai).  In  their 
view  of  the  human  spirit's  dependence  on  Vishnu  the  Va- 
dagalais  are  Armlnian,  the  Tengalais  Calvinist,  and  the 
sects  have  struggled  as  fiercely  as  in  Europe.  At  present 
the  chief  ground  of  contention  is  the  frontal  mark,  the 
Vadagalais  holding  that  it  should  represent  the  impress 
of  Vishnu's  right  loot,  while  the  TengEdais  claim  that  equal 
reverence  is  due  to  both  feet.  Each  of  the  present  chiefs- 
ol  the  two  sects  claims  unbroken  succession  Irom  Rama- 
nuja himself,  the  Vadagalai  successor  living  in  the  Kurnool 
district,  the  Tengalai  in  the  Tinnevelly.  Each  makes  a 
periodical  visitation  ol  his  diocese,  holding  a  kind  ol  con- 
firmation, when  he  brands  the  initiated  with  the  proper 
marks.  See  Williams's  "Brahmanism  and  Hinduism," 
pp.  119-129. 

Ramasetu(ra-ma-sa'to).  [Skt.,'Eama'8  dike.'] 
The  ridge  of  roc£s  which  extends  from  the  soutt 
extremity  of  the  Coromandel  coast  toward  Cey- 
lon, supposed  to  have  been  formed  by  Hanumat 
as  a  bridge  for  the  troops  of  Eama  when  fight- 
ing Eavana|  "Adam's  bridge." 

Ramatapaniyopanishad  (ra-ma-ta-pa-ne-yo- 
pa-ni-shad').  [Skt.,  'the  (pure)  golden  Upani- 
shad  treating  of  Eama ' :  f  rom  JJawa  and  tdpaniya 
and  TJpanishad.']  An  Upanishad  of  the  Athar- 
vaveda,  in  which  Eama  is  worshiped  as  the  su- 
preme god.  Its  earliest  possible  date  is  the  11th  century. 
Text  and  translation  were  published  by  Weber  in  1864. 

Ramayana  (ra-ma'ya-na).  [Rdma-ayana,  the 
goings  or  doings  of  Eama.]  One  of  the  two  great 
epics  of  India,  the  other  beingthe  Mahabharata. 
It  is  ascribed  to  a  poet  Valmiki,  and  consists  at  present  ol 
about  24,000  stanzas,  divided  into  7  books.  It  is  the  pro- 
duction ol  one  man,  though  many  parts  are  later  additions, 
such  as  those  in  which  Rama  is  represented  as  an  incarna- 
tion ol  Vishnu,  all  the  episodes  in  the  first  book,  and  the 
whole  ol  the  seventh.  It  was  at  first  handed  down  orally, 
and  variously  modified  in  transmission,  as  alterward  when 
reduced  to  writing :  hence  the  number  ol  distinct  recen- 
sions, agreeing  lor  the  most  part  as  to  contents,  but  fol- 
lowing a  different  arrangement  or  varying  throughout  in 
expression.  One  belongs  to  Benares  and  the  northwest: 
another,  generally  more  diffuse  and  open  to  suspicion  of 
interpolations,  to  Calcutta  and  Bengal  proper;  a  third  to 
Bombay  and  western  India;  while  Weber  has  found  among 
the  manuscripts  of  the  Berlin  Library  what  seems  to  bo  a 
fourth.  Weber  has  sought  to  show  ("  Ueber  das  Ramaya- 
nam,  1870)  that  the  modifications  ol  the  story  of  Eama  in 
Its  earliest  shape,  as  contained  in  Buddhist  legends,  show 
Valmikl  s  acquaintance  with  the  Trojan  cycle  of  legend. 
He  dates  the  composition  of  the  present  Ramayana  at 
a  time  toward  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era,  when 
Wreek  influence  had  begun.  In  1806  and  1810  Carey  and 
Marshman  published  at  Serampore  the  text  and  translation 
of  2  books  m  the  Bengal  recension; lnl829-38  A.  W.  von  Schle- 
gel  at  Bonn  2  ol  the  northern  with  Latin  translation  •  in  1843- 
1870  the  Italian  (Jorresio  at  Paris  the  complete  text  of  the 
Bengali  recension  with  Italian  translation.  Two  complete 
editions  of  the  text  appeared  in  1869  in  India,  one  at  Bom- 
bay, the  other  at  Calcutta.  There  is  a  French  translation  by 
Fauohe,  loUowing  Gorresio's  text,  and  an  English  transla- 
tion by  Griffiths  (Benares,  1870-74),  lollowing  the  Bombay 

Rambam.     See  Maimonides. 


Kamberrillers 

Rambervillers  (ron-ber-ve-ya').  A  town  in 
the  department  of  Vosges,  France,  35  miles 
southeast  of  Nancy.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 5,735. 

Bambler  (ram'bl6r).  The.  A  periodical  after 
the  style  of  the  "  Spectator,"  published  in  Lon- 
don by  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson  1750-52.  It  is  an 
imitation  of  the  "Spectator." 

Rambouillet  (ron-bS-ya')-  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  25  miles 
southwest  of  Paris,  it  is  celebrated  for  its  ancient 
cMtean,  at  diflerent  times  a  royal  residence  (of  Francis  I. , 
Louis  XVI. ,  Charles  X.,  etc. }.  The  park  of  the  ch&teau  is 
celebrated  for  its  scenery  and  its  trees.  Charles  X.  abdi- 
cated here  in  1830.    Population  (1891),  commune,  5,897. 

Bamboiiillet,  Hdtel  de.    See  Hdtel. 

Bambouillet,  Marcillise  de.  See  Vivonne,  Cath- 
erine de. 

Bambouillet  Decree.  A  decree  issued  by  Na- 
poleon I.,  March  23, 1810,  providing  for  the  seiz- 
ure and  sale  of  American  vessels. 

Bameau  (ra-mo'),  Jean  Philippe.  Born  at 
Dijon,  France,  Sept.  25,1683:  diedatJParis,  Sept. 
12, 1764.  A  French  composer  and  musical  the- 
orist. He  published  "Traits  de  I'harmonie"  (1722), 
"  NouTeau  systime  de  masique  th^orique  "(1726),  etc.  His 
operas  and  ballets  Include  "Hippolyte  et  Aricie"  (1733), 
"Les  Indes  galantes"  (1735),  "Castor  et  Pollux"  (1737), 
"Les  tttes  d'H^b^"  (1739),  "Dardanus"  (1739),  "Zais" 
(1748), "La  prlncesse  de  Navarre "(1745),  "Les  paladins" 
(1760),  etc. 

Ramee,  Pierre  de  la.    See  Ramus. 

Bamenghi  (ra-meng'ge),  Bartolonuueo,  called 
Bagnacavallo  (bauTya-ka-val'lo).  Bom  near 
Bologna,  1484 :  died  1542.  An  Italian  painter, 
of  the  Bolognese  school:  a  pupil  of  Raphael. 

Barneses  (ram'e-sez),  or  Bamses  (ram'sez).  In 
(3ld  Testament  geography,  a  city  of  Lower 
Egypt.  It  was  built  by  the  Israelites.  Its  exact  site  is 
disputed :  by  Brugsch  it  waa  identified  with  lanis  or  San, 
and  by  Lepsius  with  Tel-el-Maskhuta. 

Barneses  (ram'e-sez)  I,,  or  Bamses  (ram'sez). 
[NL.  Barneses,  Bamses,  L.  Bamises,  Bhamises, 
Bhamses,  Gr.  'Vafieaiji,  Egypt.  Ba-me-su,  child 
of  Ra.]  An  Egyptian  king,  the  founder  of  the 
19th  dynasty  (about  1400b. C).  A  memorial  stone 
of  the  second  year  of  his  reign  has  been  found  at  the  sec- 
ond cataract  at  Wady-Halfa. 

Barneses  II.,  or  Bamses:  Miamunl.  One  of  the 

most  famous  of  Egyptian  kings,  the  third  of  the 
19th  dynasty  (1300  B.  q.),  son  of  Seti  I.  He  was 
a  great  builder  and  a  successful  warrior.  His  most  no- 
table campaign  was  one  against  the  Hlttites;  and  tlie 
great  battle  of  Kadesh,  in  which  he  was  saved  by  his  per- 
sonal bravery,  is  celebrated  in  the  epic  poem  of  Pentaur. 
(See  Pentaur.)  His  mummy  was  found  at  Deir-el-Bahari 
in  1881.  Also  called  Ses,  Seetesu,  Setesu,  Sethoris,  and  by 
the  Greeks  Sesostris. 

Here  [Tanis,  Sknj  also  Mr.  Petrie  discovered  the  remains 
of  the  largest  colossus  ever  sculptured  by  the  hand  of  man. 
This  huge  figure  represented  Rameses  11.  in  that  position 
known  as  "  the  hieratic  attitude" ;  that  is  to  say,  with  the 
arms  straightened  to  the  sides,  and  the  left  foot  advanced 
in  the  act  of  wall^ing.  It  had  been  cut  up  by  Osorkon  II., 
of  the  Twenty.aecond  Dynasty,  to  build  a  pylon  gateway ; 
and  It  was  from  the  fallen  blocks  of  this  gateway  that 
Mr.  Petrie  recognized  what  it  had  originally  been.  Among 
these  fragments  were  found  an  ear,  part  of  a  foot,  pieces  of 
an  arm,  part  of  the  pilaster  which  supported  the  statue  up 
the  back,  and  part  of  the  breast,  on  which  are  carved  the 
royal  ovals.  Ex  pede  Hereulem.  These  fragments  (mere 
chips  of  a  few  tons  each),  although  they  represent  but  a 
very  small  portion  of  the  whole,  enabled  Mr.  Petrie  to 
measure,  describe,  and  weigh  the  shattered  giant  with  ab- 
solute certainty.  He  proved  to  have  been  the  most  stu- 
pendous colossus  known.  Those  statues  which  approach 
nearest  to  him  in  size  are  the  colossi  of  Abtl-Simbel,  the 
torso  of  the  Kamesseum,  and  the  colossi  of  the  Plain. 
These,  however,  are  all  seated  figures,  and,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  torso,  are  executed  in  comparatively  soft 
materials.  But  the  Barneses  of  Tanis  was  not  only  sculp- 
tured in  the  obdurate  red  granite  of  Assflan,  and  designed 
upon  a  larger  scale  than  any  of  these,  but  he  stood  erect 
and  crowned,  ninety-two  feet  high  from  top  to  toe,  or  one 
hundred  and  twenty-flve  feet  high  including  his  pedestal. 
Bd^lmrds,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  63. 

Barneses  III.,  or  Bamses.  An  Egyptian  king 
(about  1200  B.  c),  the  founder,  or  according 
to  some  the  second  king,  of  the  20th  dynasty. 
He  reigned  32  years  and  conducted  successful 
campaigns. 

Bamesseum  (ram-es-se'um),  commonly,  but 
erroneously,  called  the  Memnonium  (mem-no- 
ni'um).  A  splendid  monument  built  by  Ram- 
eses  II.  at  Thebes  in  Egypt.  The  entrance,  between 
two  great  pyramidal  towers,  opens  on  a  court  about  200 
feet  square,  which  had  on  each  side  a  double  range  of  col- 
umns. The  second  oourt,alittle  smaller,ha3  Osiride  pillars 
in  front  and  rear,  and  double  ranges.of  columns  on  the 
sides.  From  the  rear  portico  is  entered  the  splendid  hy- 
postyle  hall,  which  has  8  ranges  of  6  columns,  forming  9 
aisles.  The  columns  of  the  central  aisle,  32^  feet  high  and 
over  21  in  circumference,  are  the  largest,  and  still  support 
■part  of  the  lintels  of  the  roof.  The  capitals  are  of  the 
spreading  bell-form.  Beyond  the  hypostyle  hall  were  9 
chambers  in  3  rows,  the  first  two  of  the  central  row  col- 
umned. Among  the  sculptures  the  colossal  seated  figure 
of  Rameses  in  the  outer  court,  now  shattered,  should  be 
mentioned  as  by  far  the  largest  statue  in  Egypt :  its  weight 


841 

is  computed  at  1,000  tons.  The  reliefs,  among  which  are 
illustrations  of  the  Asiatic  campaigns  of  Hameses  IL,  are  of 
the  highest  interest. 

Bameswaram  (ra-mes'wa-ram),  or  Bamesh- 
waram  (-mesh'-),  or  Bamisseram  (ra-mis'e- 
ram).  An  island  between  India  and  Ceylon, 
forming  the  western  end  of  Adam's  Bridge. 
Here  is  a  Dravidian  temple  of  great  size.  The  plan  is  a 
rectangle  672  by  868  feet,  with  a  large  gopura  or  pylon  in 
the  middle  of  each  face  except  the  eastern,  which  has  a 
portico,  the  gopura  here  rising  from  within  the  structure. 
The  interior  consists  of  corridors  forming  two  rectangles, 
one  within  the  other,  but  not  concentric,  and  crossed  by 
galleries  connecting  the  four  gopuras.  In  the  center  is 
the  small  shrine,  with  a  gilt  ball  and  spire.  The  corridors 
are  about  30  feet  wide  and  high,  and  those  on  the  sides 
are  nearly  700  feet  long.  They  are  flanked  on  each  side  by 
compound  piers  on  a  coniiinuous  dado,  with  bracket-cap- 
itals supporting  an  ornamented  ceiling.  Tlie  piers  are 
sculptured  with  arabesque  designs  of  remarkable  variety 
and  richness.  The  construction  is  assigned  to  the  17th 
century. 

Bamganga,  or  Eamgunga  (ram-gung'ga),  or 
Bamaganga  (ra-ma-gung'ga).  AriveriuBrit- 
ish  India, whichjoins  the  Ganges  53  miles  north- 
northwest  of  (Jawnpore.  Length,  over  300 
miles. 

Bamillies  (ra-me-ye').  A  village  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Brabant,  Belgium,  29  miles  southeast  of 
Brussels.  Here,  May  23, 1706,  the  Allies  under  the  Duke 
of  Marlborough  defeated  the  French  and  Bavarians  under 
Villeroi.  The  loss  of  the  French  was  about  13, 000 ;  of  the 
Allies,  over  3,500.  The  victory  led  to  the  capture  of  nearly 
all  the  fortresses  held  by  the  French  in  the  Low  Countries. 

Baminagrobis  (ra-me-na-gro'bis).  In  Rabe- 
lais's  "  Pantagruel,"  an  aged  poet:  intendedfor 
Cretin,  a  poet  celebrated  in  his  time,  now  neg- 
lected. La  Fontaine  gives  this  name  to  a  great 
cat  in  his  "Fables." 

Bamirez  (ra-me'reth),  Juan.  Bom  about  1765 : 
died  after  1823.  A  Spanish  general  in  Peru. 
He  was  the  principal  lieutenant  of  Goyeneche  in  Charcas 
(1809-12),  and  subsequently  held  a  separate  command 
against  the  formidable  rebellion  of  Pumaoagua  in  Peru, 
finally  defeating  him  at  the  battle  of  Umachki,  March  11, 
1815.  Ramirez  treated  the  prisoners  with  great  cruelty, 
and  a  large  number  were  put  to  death.  In  1816  he  was 
made  president  of  Quito,  where,  on  May  24,  1822,  he  was 
defeated  by  the  patriots  under  Sucre  at  the  battle  of 
Pichincha.  Ramirez  then  capitulated  and  left  Quito, 
which  was  never  again  occupied  by  the  Spaniards. 

Bamirez,  Norberto.  Bom  about  1800:  died  in 
1856.  A  Central  American  politician,  president 
of  Salvador  1840-41,  and  of  Nicaragua  April  1, 
1849;  to  March  14,  1851. 

Bamiro  (ra-me'ro)  II.  Died  Jan.  5,  950.  King 
of  Leon  and  Asturias  from  about  930  to  950. 
He  defeated  the  calif  Abd-er-Rahman  in.  on 
the  plain  of  Simanoas  July  21,  939. 

Bamisseram.    See  Bameswaram. 

Bamleh  (ram'le).  [Ar.,  'sand.']  A  town  in 
Palestine,  an  important  stopping-place  on  the 
road  from  Jaffa  to  Jerusalem,  ISJ  miles  from 
Jaffa.  It  was  founded  by  the  Ommiad  calif  Suleiman, 
and  was  twice  captured  during  the  Crusades  by  the  Sara- 
cens. Napoleon  had  his  headquarters  there.  Population, 
about  8,000. 

Bamman  (ram 'man).  An  Assyro-Babylonian 
divinity  who  presided  over  storms.  The  eleventh 
month  (the  rainy  month),  Shebat,was  dedicated  to  him.  His 
worship  extended  over  Syria  (2  Ki.  v.  18),  under  the 
names  Dad,  Eadad,  and  also  Simmon.  See  Sadad-rim- 
Tnon. 

Bamman-Nirari  (ram'man-ni-ra're).  The 
name  of  several  kings  of  Assyria.  The  first  reigned 
about  1346  B.  c. ;  the  second,  911-890  B.  0. ;  and  the  third, 
811-782  B.  0.  The  last  conquered  many  of  the  neighboring 
countries  and  restored  Assyrian  influence  in  Babylonia. 

Bammelsberg  (ram'mels-bera).  A  mountain 
in  the  Harz,  Germany,  directly  south  of  Goslar. 
It  is  noted  for  its  mines  of  copper,  lead,  silver, 
etc.    Height,  2,040  feet. 

BammohTin  Boy  (ram-mo-hun'  roi).  Born 
about  1774  in  the  district  of  Murshidabad:  died 
at  Bristol,  England,  Sept.  27,  1833.  The  first 
great  modern  theistieal  reformer  of  India.  His 
father  was  a  Brahman,  and  his  grandfather  had  been  an  of- 
ficial of  theMognl  emperors.  Disgusted  with  the  extrava- 
gant Hindu  mythology,  at  16  he  composed  a  tract  against 
idolatry.  Persecuted,  he  fled  to  Benares  and  then  to  Tibet 
that  he  might  converse  with  Buddhist  priests,  being  deter- 
mined to  study  each  religion  at  its  fountainhead.  He 
learned  Pali  to  read  the  Tripitaka,  as  later  Arabic,  Hebrew, 
and  Greek  to  read  the  sacred  books  of  those  languages. 
At  20  he  returned  and  resumed  his  Sanskrit  studies,  at  the 
same  time  learning  English.  After  his  father's  death  in 
1803  his  antagonism  to  idolatry  became  more  marked,  and 
he  set  on  foot  the  movement  which  resulted  in  1830  in 
abolishing  the  self-immolation  of  widows  (sati).  He  formed 
at  Calcutta  in  1816,  the  Atmiya  Sabha,  or  Spiritual  Society, 
which  became  in  1830  the  Brahma  Sabha,  'the  Assembly 
or  Society  of  God,"  the  precursor  of  the  later  Adi-Brahma- 
Samaj  and  Brahma  Samaj  or  Brahmo  Somaj.  In  April, 
1831,  he  visited  England,  where  he  stayed  until  his  death. 

Eamnes  (ram'nez).  One  of  the  three  tribes  into 
which  the  ancient  Roman  people  were  said  to 

.have  been  divided :  supposed  to  represent  the 
Latin  element  in  the  composition  of  the  nation. 

Ramnuggur  (ram-nug'ur).    A  place  in  the  Pan- 


Ramsey 

jab,  British  India,  situated  on  the  Chenab  60 
miles  north-northwest  of  Lahore.  It  was  the  scene 
of  a  battle  between  the  British  under  Gough  and  the  Sikhs 
in  1848. 

Bamona  (ra-mo'na).  A  novel  by  Helen  Hunt 
Jackson,  publishecl  in  1884.  it  is  an  exposure  of 
the  wrongs  suffered  by  the  North  American  Indians. 

Bamoth  Glilead  (ra'moth  gil'e-ad)  and  Ba- 
moth  Mizpah  (miz'pa).  Places'(or  a  place) 
in  Bible  geography,  probably  identical  with 
Mizpah  (which  see). 

Rampur  (ram-por').  1.  Anative  state  in  India, 
under  British  protection,  intersected  by  lat.  28° 
45'  N.,  long.  79°  E.  Area,  945  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  551,249.-2.  The  capital  of 
tlie  state  of  Rampur,  situated  on  the  Kosila. 
Population  (1891),  76,733. 

Rampur  Beaulean  (be-a'le-a).  The  capital  of 
the  district  of  Rajshahi,  Bengal,  British  India, 
situated  on  the  Ganges  130  miles  north  of  Cal- 
cutta.    Population  (1891),  21,407. 

Ramri,  or  Bamree  (ram-re').  An  island  west 
of  British  Burma,  to  which  it  belongs,  situated 
about  120  miles  south  of  Aiakan.  Length, 
about  50  miles. 

Bamsay  (ram'zi),  Allan.  Bom  at  LeadhUls, 
Lanarkshire,  Oct.  15, 1686:  died  at  Edinburgh, 
Jan.  7,  1758.  A  Scottish  poet.  He  was  a  peasant 
by  birth,  and  was  apprenticed  at  fifteen  to  a  barber  in 
Edinburgh.  The  "Gentle  Shepherd,"  a  pastoral  comedy, 
his  best-known  work,  was  suggested  by  the  critique  of 
Pope's  "Windsor  Forest "  in  the  "  Guardian,"  April  7, 1713. 
It  substituted  for  the  pseudo-pastoral  poetry  of  the  time 
the  real  life  of  the  Scotch  shepherds.  It  has  been  called 
"the  first  genuine  pastoral  after  Theocritus."  He  set  up 
a  book-shop  in  High  street  and  published  his  collections 
of  poems ;  "  The  Tea-Table  Miscellany  "  (English  and  Scot- 
tish songs,  1724 :  the  music  for  these  was  published  in  1725), 
and  the  "Evergreen,"  the  precursor  of  "Percy's  Reliques," 
containing  Scottish  songs  written  before  1600  (1724); 
"  Thirty  Fables  "  partly  original  (1730) ;  "  Scots  Proverbs  " 
a737);  etc. 

Bamsay,  Allan.  Bom  at  Edinburgh  about 
1713 :  died  at  Dover,  Aug.  10, 1784.  A  Scottish 
portrait-painter,  son  of  Allan  Ramsay. 

Ramsay,  Sir  Andrew  Orombie.  Bom  at  Glas- 
gow, Jan.  31, 1814:  died  Dec.  9, 1891.  A  Scot- 
tish geologist.  He  was  appointed  director-general  of 
the  geological  survey  of  the  United  Kingdom  and  of  the 
Museum  of  Practical  Geology  in  1872,  and  was  knighted 
on  retiring  from  these  ofiices  in  1881.  His  works  include 
"  Physical  Geology  and  Geography  of  Great  Britain,"  etc. 

Ramsay,  Andrew  Michael,  called  the  Cheva- 
lier de  Ramsay.     Born  at  Ayr,  Scotland,  Jan. 

.9,  1686:  died  at  St.-Germain-en-Laye,  France, 
May  6, 1743.  A  Scottish-French  miscellaneous 
author.  His  chief  work  is  "Voyages  de  Cy- 
rus" (1727). 

Ramsay,  David.  Bom  in  Lancaster  County, 
Pa.,  April  2,  1749:  died  at  Charleston,  S.  C, 
May  8,  1815.  An  American  physician,  histo- 
rian, and  patriot,  a  delegate  to  the  Continental 
Congress.  He  published  a  "History  of  the  Revolution 
of  South  Carolina,  etc."  (1785),  ''History  of  the  American 
Revolution  "(1789),  "Life  of  Washington  "(1807),  "History 
of  South  Carolina"  (1809),  "History  of  the  United  States  " 
(1816 :  forming  part  of  "  Universal  History  Americanized, " 
in  12  vols.,  1819),  etc. 

Ramsay,    Edward    Bannerman    Burnett. 

Born  at  Aberdeen,  Jan.  31,  1793:  died  at 
Edinburgh,  Dec.  27,  1872.  A  Scottish  clergy- 
man and  author,  dean  of  the  diocese  of  Edin- 
burgh in  the  Scottish  Episcopal  Church.  His 
"Reminiscences  of  Scottish  Life  and  Character"  (1857)  is 
notable. 

Ramsay,  Fox  Maule,  second  Baron  Panmure 
and  eleventh  Earl  of  Dalhousie.  Born  at  Bre- 
chin Castle,  Forfarshire,  April  22,  1801:  died 
July  6,  1874.  A  British  politician,  known  at 
first  as  Fox  Maule .  He  entered  the  army  in  his  youth, 
and  was  returned  to  Parliament  as  a  Liberal  in  1835.  He 
was  secretary  at  war  under  Lord  John  Russell  (1846-52), 
and  under  Lord  Palmerston  (1855-58).  He  succeeded  his 
father  in  the  barony  in  185^  and  his  cousin  in  the  earl- 
dom in  1860,  assuming  the  surname  of  Ramsay  after  that 
of  Maule  by  royal  license  in  1861. 

Ramsbottom (ramz'bof'um).  Amanufacturing 
town  in  Lancashire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Irwell.    Population  (1891),  16,726. 

Ramsden  (ramz'den),  Jesse.  Born  at  Salter- 
hebble,  near  Halifax,  England,  1785 :  died  Nov. 
5,  1800.  An  English  manufacturer  of  mathe- 
matical instruments.  Telescopes  and  divided 
circles  were  among  his  specialties. 

Ramses.    See  Barneses. 

Ramsey  (ram'zi).  Aseaportand watering-place 
in  the  Isle  of  Man,  situated  12  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Douglas.  Population  (1891 ),  3,934. 

Bamsey,  Alexander.  Born  Sept.  8,  1815: 
diedApril22, 1903.  An  American  politician.  He 
was  Whig  member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  1843- 
1847 ;  governor  of  Minnesota  Territory  1849-53 ;  governor 
of  Minnesota  18,i9-63;  Republican  United  States  senator 
from  Minnesota  1863-75 ;  secretary  of  war  1879-81 ;  and  a- 
member  of  the  Utah  commission  1882-86. 


Ramsgate 

Bamsgate  (ramz'gat).  [See  Thanet.']  A  sea- 
port in  the  Isle  of  Thanet,  Kent,  England,  situ- 
ated on  the  North  Sea  65  miles  east  by  south  of 
London :  an  important  watering-place.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  24,676. 

Ramus  (ra-miis'),  Joseph  Marius.  Bom  at 
Aix,  Prance,  June  19, 1805:  died  at  Nogent-sur- 
Seine,  June  3,  1888.  A  French  sculptor.  He 
went  to  Paris  in  1822  and  studied  with  Gortot.  Among 
hi8worl[sare"DaplinlsetClilo6,""L'Innocenoe,""Ciphale 
et  Procris,"  "Anne  d'Autriclie"  (gardens  of  the  Luxem- 
bonrgX  &  statue  of  Fuget  for  Marseilles,  Saint  Michel  and 
Saint  Gabriel  for  the  Church  of  St.  Bustache,  etc. 

Ramus  (ra'mus),  Petrus  (Pierre  de  la  Ram6e). 
Born  at  Cuth, Vermandois,  France,  1515 :  killed 
in  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  Aug.  24, 
1572.  A  French  logician,  noted  for  his  writings 
directed  against  Tmstotelianism. 

Bamusio  (ra-mS'se-o),  Giovanni  Eattista. 
Bom  at  Treviso,  Italy,  June  20,  1485 :  died  at 
Padua,  July  10,  1557.  A  Venetian  statesman 
and  author,  secretary  of  the  Senate  and  later  of 
the  Council  of  Ten.  He  traveled  in  various  European 
countries.  By  correspondence  he  was  acquainted  with 
Oviedo,  Cabot,  and  other  distinguished  historians  and  trav- 
elers ;  and  he  was  indefatigable  in  collecting  accounts  of 
the  explorations  made  in  his  time.  His  *'  Delle  navigationi 
e  Yiaggi,  etc. "  (3  vols.  1550-59-63  and  subsequent  editions)  is 
one  of  the  most  important  of  the  early  collections  of  trav- 
els. Ramusio's  name  flrat  appeared  in  the  second  volume, 
which  was  delayed  until  1559. 

Ran  (ran).  [ON.iJrfre.]  In  Old  Norse  mythology, 
a  water-demon,  the  goddess  of  the  sea,  where  she 
caught  drowning  men  in  her  net.  She  was  the 
wife  of  ^gir,  but  typified  the  destructive  characteristics 
of  the  sea. 

Ran  of  Eachh.    See  Kachh. 

Rancagua  (ran-kag'wa).  A  city  of  Chile,  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  O'Higgins,  43  miles  south 
of  Santiago.  Here  the  patriots  under  O'Higgins  were 
defeated  by  the  Spaniards  under  Osorio  in  a  two  days'  bat- 
tle in  the  streets,  Oct.  1-2, 1814.  O'Higgins  escaped  with 
only  a  small  part  of  his  force.  Carrera  was  held  respon- 
sible for  this  defeat,  as  he  could  have  reinforced  O'Higgins. 
The  disaster  made  the  Spaniards  masters  of  Chile  until 
1817.    Population,  about  8,000. 

Ranc6  (ron-sa'),  Armand  Jean  leBoutliillier 
de.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  9,  1626:  died  at  So- 
ligny-la-Trappe,  Ome,  Prance,  Oct.  .12,  1700. 
Abbot  of  La  Trappe :  founder  of  the  Trappists. 

Rand,  The.     See  WitwaUrsrand. 

Randall  (ran'dal),  Alexander  Williams. 
Born  in  Montgomery  County,  N.  Y.,  Oct.,  1819: 
died  at  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  July  25, 1872.  An  Amer^ 
ican  politician.  He  was  Bepublican  govemorof  Wis- 
consin 1867-61 ;  United  States  minister  to  Italy  1861-62 ; 
and  postmaster-general  1866-69. 

Randall,  James  Ryder.  Born  at  Baltimore, 
Jan.  1,  1839.  An  American  song-writer  and 
journalist,  author  of  "Maryland,  my  Mary- 
land" (1861),  and  other  songs  in  behalf  of  the 
Confederate  cause. 

Randall,  Samuel  Jackson.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, Oct.  10, 1828 :  died  at  "Washington,  D.  C, 
April  13;  1890.  An  American  statesman.  He  was 
a  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  from 
1863  until  his  death,  and  was  speal^erof  the  House  1876-81. 
He  was  noted  as  the  leader  of  the  Protectionist  Democrats. 

Randall's  Island.  An  island  in  the  East  Riv- 
er, opposite  the  upper  part  of  New  York  city, 
to  which  it  belongs.  It  contains  several  hos- 
pitals and  other  institutions. 

Randegger  (rSu'deg-ger),  Alherto.  Bom  at 
Triest,  April  13,  1832.  An  Italian  composer, 
conductor,  and  singing-master.  He  went  to  Eng- 
land in  1854,  and  in  1868  was  made  professor  of  singing  at 
the  Koyal  Academy  of  Music. 

Randers  (ran'ders).  The  capital  of  Eanders 
province  in  Jutland,  Denmark,  situated  on  the 

,  Guden-Aa  22  miles  north  by  west  of  Aarhnus. 
It  has  manufactures  of  gloves,  etc.,  and  was  a  flourishing 
town  in  the  middle  ages.    Population  (1890),  16,617. 

Randolph  (ran'dolf),  Edmund.  Bom  at  Wil- 
liamsburg, Va.,  Aug.  10,  1753 :  died  in  Clarke 
County,  Va. ,  Sept.  13, 1813.  An  American  states- 
man, nephew  of  Peyton  Randolph.  He  was  a  del- 
egate  to  Congress  1779  and  1780-82 ;  governor  of  Virginia 
1786-88  ;  an  influential  delegate  to  the  Constitutional  Con- 
vention 1787  (introducer  of  the  "Virginia  Plan  ") ;  attorney- 
general  1789-94  ;  and  secretary  of  state  1794-95. 

Randolph,  John,  "of  Roanoke."  Bom  at  Caw- 
sons,  Chesterfield  County,  Va.,  June  2,  1773: 
died  at  Philadelphia,  June  24, 1833.  An  Amer- 
ican statesman.  He  was  Democratic  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Virginia  1799-1813,  1815-17,  and  1819-25 ;  United 
States  senator  1825-27 ;  member  of  Congress  1827-29 ;  and 
United  States  minister  to  Hussia  1830.  He  was  reelected 
to  Congress  in  1832. 

Randolph,  Peyton.  Bom  at  Williamsburg,  Va., 
1723 :  died  at  PhUadelphia,  Oct.  22,  1775.  An 
American  patriot,  a  leading  member  of  the  Vir- 
ginia House  of  Burgesses.  He  was  president  of 
the  first  Continental  Congress  in  1774,  and  a 
delegate  to  Congress  in  1775. 


842 

Bandolph,  Theodore  Frelinghuysen  Fitz. 

Born  at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  June  24,  1826 : 
died  at  Morristown,  N.  J.,  Nov.  7,  1883.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  Democratic  gov- 
ernor of  New  Jersey  1869-72,  and  United  States 
senator  from  New  Jersey  1875-81. 
Bandolph,  Thomas.  Born  at  Houghton,  Da- 
ventry,  Northamptonshire,  1605 :  died  1634.  An 
English  poet  and  dramatist.  He  was  educated  at 
Westminster  and  Cambridge,  and  was  also  incorporated 
at  Oxford.  Ben  Jonson  adopted  him  as  one  of  his  "sons." 
He  wrote  " Aristippus,"  "The  Muses'  Looking-Glass,  a 
Comedy,"  "Amyntas,  or  the  Impossible  Dowry,"  "The 
Conceited  Pedlar,"  "The  Jealous  Lovers,"  "Down  with 
Knavery "  (from  the  "  Plutus  "  of  Aristot>hanes),  etc. ;  also 
a  number  of  minor  poems. 

Bandolph-Macon  College.  An  institution  of 
learning  at  Ashland,  Virginia,  opened  in  1832. 
It  is  under  the  control  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  (South).  It  has  about  400  stu- 
dents. 

Bandom  (ran'dom)  Island.  A  small  island  in 
Trinity  Bay,  eastern  Newfoundland. 

Bandom  Sound.  An  inlet  south  of  Random 
Island. 

Bandon  (ron-ddn'),  Comte  Jacques  Louis  C6- 
sar  Alexandre.  Bom  at  Grenoble,  Prance, 
March  25, 1795:  died  at  Geneva,  Jan.  16, 1871. 
A  French  marshal,  governor-general  of  Alge- 
ria and  minister  of  war  under  Napoleon  HI. 

Bandsfjord  (rands 'fydrd).  A  lake  in  southem 
Norway,  north  of  Christiania.  It  has  its  outlet 
into  Christiania  Fjord.    Length,  44  miles. 

Ranelafh  (ran'e-la)  Gardens.  Gardens  for- 
merly situated  near  the  Thames,  in  Chelsea, 
London.  They  were  noted  for  concerts  from  1740  to  1806, 
and  famous  as  the  scene  of  wild  and  extravagant  enter- 
tainments, masquerades,  etc.  They  were  closed  in  1805, 
and  no  trace  now  remains. 

Ranen  Fjord  (ra'nen  fyfird).  A  fiord  on  the 
western  coast  of  Norway,  in  lat.  66°  20'  N. 

Rangeley  (ranj'li)  Lakes.  A  group  of  lakes 
in  the  western  part  of  Maine,  includuig  Range- 
ley  Lake,  Lake  Umbagog  (partlyinNew  Hamp- 
shire), etc.  Their  outlet  is  by  the  Androscoggin. 

Ranger  (ran' jer).  1.  A  character  in  Wycher- 
\erfa  comedy  "Love  in  a  Wood":  a  brilliant 
specimen  of  the  rakish  fine  gentleman  of  the 
period. — 2.  A  similar  character  in  Hoadley's 
''  Suspicious  Husband."    Garriok  created  it. 

Rangoon,  or  Rangun  (ran-gon').  The  capital 
of  Lower  Burma,  in  the  Pegu  division,  situated 
on  the  river  Rangoon  in  lat.  16°  46'  N.,  long. 
96°11'E.  It  forms  a  district.  It  has  considerable  com- 
merce in  rice,  etc.,  and  its  principal  industry  is  ship-build- 
ing. The  Shoedagong  Pagoda  is  at  the  base  a  polygon  of 
many  sides  carried  up  in  a  concave  cone  with  decorated 

-  surface,  and  terminating  in  a  sharp  flnial.  It  is  about  400 
feet  in  diameter  and  300  high,  and  the  base  is  surrounded 
by  a  great  number  of  little  pagodas.  Rangoon  was  founded 
in  1763.  It  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1824  and  1852. 
Population,  Including  cantonment  (1891),  180,324. 

Rangpur,  or  Rungpoor  (mng-por').  l.  A  dis- 
trict in  Bengal,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  25°  40'  N.,  long.  89°  15'  E.  Area,  3,486 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  2, 065,464.— 
2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Rangpur,  sit- 
uated on  the  river  Ghaghat.    Population  ( 1891), 

Ranke  (ran'ke),  Leopold  von.  Bom  at  Wiehe, 
Thuringia,  Germany,  Dec.  21,  1795:  died  at 
Berlin,  May  23,  1886.  A  celebrated  German 
historian.  He  was  educated  at  Leipsic;  became  ex- 
traordinary professor  of  history  at  Berlin  in  1826,  ordi- 
nary professor  in  1834,  and  historiographer  of  Prussia 
in  1841 ;  and  retired  from  his  professorship  in  1871.  His 
chief  works  are  "Geschichten  der  romanischen  und  ger- 
manischen  Tolker  von  1494  bis  1636  "  ("Histories  of  the 
Romanic  and  Teutonic  Peoples  1494-1635,"  1824), "  FUrsten 
und  Talker  von  SUdeuropa  im  16.  und  17.  Jahrhundert " 
("Princes  and  Peoples  of  Southem  Europe  in  the  16th 
and  17th  Centuries,"  1827),  "Die  serbische  Revolution" 
("The  Servian  Revolution,"  1829),  "Die  TerschwOrung 
gegen  Venedig  im  Jahr  1688 "("The  Conspiracy  against 
Venice  In  1688,"  1831),  "Die  romischen  Papste"  ("The 
Popes  of  Rome,"  1834-37),  "Deutsche  Geschichte  im 
Zeitalter  der  Reformation  "  ("German  History  in  the  Pe- 
riod of  the  Reformation,"  1839^7),  "Neun  Bucher  preus- 
sischer  Geschichte  "("Nine  Books  of  Prussian  History," 
1847-48),  "FranzSsische  Geschichte,  vornehmlich  im  16. 
und  17.  Jahrhundert"  ("French  History,  especially  in 
the  16th  and  17th  centuries,"  1852-61),  "Englisohe  Ge- 
schichte im  16.  und  17.  Jahrhundert"  ("English  History  In 
the  16th  and  17th  Centuries,"  1859-67),  "Weltgeschichte" 
("Universal  History,"  1880-«6),  "Geschichte  Wallen- 
steins"  (1869),  "Ursprung  des  Siebenjahrigen  Krieges" 
(1871),  "Ursprung  der  Revolutionskriege  1791  und  1792" 
(1875),  "Die  dentschen  MSchte  und  der  Fiirstenbund" 
(1872).    Life  by  Prutz  (1886). 

Rankinejran'kin),  William  John  Macquorn. 

Bom  at  Edinburgh,  July  5, 1820 :  died  at  Glas- 
gow, Dec.  24,  1872.  A  Scottish  physicist,  pro- 
fessor of  civil  engineering  in  the  University  of 
Glasgow  from  1855.  He  wrote  manuals  on  "The 
Steam-Engine,"  "Civil  Engineering,"  etc. 
Rannoch  (ran'oeh).  Loch.    A  lake  in  north- 


Raphael 

western  Perthshire,  Scotland,  36  miles  north- 
west of  Perth.  Its  outlet  is  indirectly  into  the 
Tay.    Length,  9i  miles. 

Ranpur  (run-por').  A  small  native  state  in 
India,  imder  British  protection,  intersected  by 
lat.  20°  N.,  long.  85°  E. 

Banqueles  (ran-ka'las).  Indians  of  the  Argen- 
tine Republic,  in  the  southem  part  of  Men- 
doza,  San  Luis,  and  C6rdoba.  They  are  of  the  Pam- 
pean  or  Araucanian  stock,  and  are  said  to  have  immigrated 
from  Chile.  They  have  had  little  Intercourse  with  the 
whites. 

Bansom  (ran'som),  Thomas  Edward  Green- 
field. Bom  at  STorwich,  Vt.,  Nov.  29, 1884:  died 
near  Rome,  Ga.,  Oct.  29, 1864.  An  American  gen- 
eral in  the  Civil  War.  pe  entered  the  Union  army  as 
a  volunteer  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  and  served 
with  distinction  at  Fort  Donelson,  at  Shiloh,  and  in  the  At- 
lanta campaign,  attaining  the  brevet  rank  of  major-general 
of  volunteers  in  1864. 

Bantoul  (ran'tol),  Bobert.  Bom  at  Beverley, 
Mass.,  Aug.  13, 1805 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
Aug.  7,  1852.  An  American  politician,  lawyer, 
and  reformer:  an  opponent  of  slavery.  He  was 
United  States  senator  from  Massachusetts  in  1861 ;  and 
Democratic  and  Free-soil  member  of  Congress  from  Massa- 
chusetts 1861-62. 

Banz  des  Vaches  (ron  da  vash).  [P.,  'chime 
of  the  cows.']  A  strain  of  an  irregular  descrip- 
tion, which  in  some  parts  of  Switzerland  is  sung 
or  blown  on  the  Alpine  hom  in  June  to  call  the 
cattle  from  the  valleys  to  the  higher  pastures. 
Grove.  ,. 

Baon-l'Etape  (ron'la-tap').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Vosges,  Prance,  situated  on  the 
Meurthe  37  mUes  southeast  of  Nancy.  Here, 
Oct.  5,  1870,  the  French  were  repulsed  by  the 
Baden  army.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
4,036. 

Baoul  Island.    See  Sunday  Island. 

Baoul-Rochette  (ra-ol'ro-shef)  (D6sir§  Ba- 
oul). Born  at  St.-Amand,  Cher,  France,  March 
9,  1790 :  died  at  Paris,  July  3, 1854.  A  French 
archaeologist.  He  wrote  "Histoke  critique  de  Wtab- 
lissement  des  colonies  grecques"  (1815),  "Monuments  in- 
^dits  d'antiquit^s  "  (1828-30),  "Pemturesin^dites"(183e), 
etc. 

Baoux  (ra-8'),  Jean.  Bom  at  MontpeUier, 
Prance.  June  12,  1677:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  10, 
1734.  A  French  genre-painter.  He  won  the  grand 
prix  de  Rome  in  1704,  and  was  made  a  member  of  the 
Academy  in  1717. 

Bapa.    See  Oparo. 

Bapallo  (ra-pal'lo).  A  small  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Genoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf 
of  Genoa  16  miles  east  of  Genoa.  It  is  a  winter 
health-resort,  and  has  a  trade  in  oil. 

Bape  of  Lucrece,  The.  1.  A  narrative  poem 
by  Shakspere,  published  in  1594. — 2.  A  tragedy 
bjr  Thomas  Heywood,  printed  in  1608.  It  con- 
tains, singularly  enough,  comic  songs. 

Bape  of  the  Lock,  The.  A  mock-heroic  poem 
by  Pope,  published  in  two  cantos  in  1712,  and  in 
its  present  form  in  1714.    See  Belinda,  5. 

Bape  of  the  Sabines,  The.  1 .  A  group  in  mar- 
ble by  Giovanni  da  Bologna,  in  the  Loggia  del 
Lanzi,  Florence.  A  young  Roman,  bearing  off  a  stmg- 
glmg  woman,  strides  over  the  crouching  form  of  a  Sabine 
warrior. 

2.  A  vigorous  painting  by  Luoa  Giordano,  in  the 
museum  at  Dresden.  The  Romans,  in  armor,  are  seiz- 
ing the  Sabine  women,  some  of  whom  defend  themselves 
with  energy,  in  an  open  place  adorned  with  an  arch  and 
Corinthian  columns.    Romulus,  mounted,  is  in  command- 

3.  A  painting  by  Rubens,  in  the  National  Gal- 
lery, London.  The  scene  is  in  the  Forum,  with  the  Pan- 
theon and  a  triumphal  arch  in  the  background. 

Raphael  (ra 'fa-el  or  raf'a-el).  An  angel  men- 
tioned in  Jewish  literature.  He  Is  the  companion 
and  mstructor  of  Tobias  in  the  Book  of  Tobit,  and  Milton 
represents  him  as  a  winged  seraph  sent  by  "  heaven's  high 
King    to  converse  as  "  friend  with  friend  "  with  Adam. 

Raphael,Cartoonsof.  See  Cartoons  of  Raphael. 

Raphael  de  JeSfis  (ra-f  a-al'  de  zhe-z6s').  Born 
at  Guimaraes,  1614:  died  at  Lisbon,  Dec.  23, 
1693.  A  Portuguese  Benedictine  monk  and  his- 
torian. He  was  made  chroniata-mor,  or  chief  annalist,  of 
the  kingdom  in  1681.  His  principal  works  are  "  Castriota 
Lusitan^"  a  history  of  the  war  against  the  Dutch  In  Brazil 
(1679:  2d  ed.  1844),  and  "Monarchla  Lusitana,  parte  sep- 
tjnia,  containing  the  reign  of  Aflfonso  IV.  (1683).  His 
Vida  d  elrei  D.  Joao  IV."  remains  in  manuscrint  at 
Lisbon. 

Raphael  of  Oats,  The.  A  name  given  to  the 
Swiss  painter  Gottfried  Mind. 

Raphael  (ra'fa-el)  (or  Rafael,  or  Raffaello) 
Sanzio  (san'ze-o)  or  Santi  (san'te).  Bom  at 
Urbino,  Italy,  March  28,  1483:  died  at  Rome, 
April  6, 1520.  A  celebrated  Italian  painter.  He 
studied  under  his  father,  Giovanni  Santi,  and  after  about 
1499  under  Perugino  in  Perugia,  whose  style  he  Imitated 
for  many  years.  He  assisted  in  the  decoration  of  the  Sala 
del  Cambio  there.    His  first  great  work,  stiU  in  the  style  at 


Raphael 

Fernglno,  1b  the  "  Coronation  of  the  Virgin  "  (1503),  now  in 
the  Vatican.  From  1603  to  1B04  he  painted  a  series  of  pic- 
tures for  the  Cittk  dt  Castello,  chief  of  which  is  the  "Mar- 
riage of  the  Virgin,"  or  "Sposallzlo,"  in  the  museum  of 
Brera.  In  1604  he  eBtablished  himself  in  Florence,  but 
worked  also  at  Ferugia  and  Siena.  To  this  period  belongs 
the  St  George  of  the  Louvre.  The  works  of  the  second  or 
Florentine  period  are  mainly  Madonnas  and  Holy  Families, 
also  the  portrait  of  himself  in  the  rffizi.  Here  he  studied 
the  great  cartoons  of  Michelangelo  and  Leonardo  da  Vinci. 
In  1508,  at  the  recommendation  of  his  countryman  Bra- 
mante,  he  went  to  Borne  to  decorate  the  Vatican  for  Julius 
II.  In  this  third  and  last  period  Eaphael  emancipated  him- 
self froih  the  traditions  of  his  predecessors  and  formed  his 
own  style.  His  activity  at  this  time,  during  the  remainder 
of  the  reign  of  Julius  II.  and  that  of  Leo  Z. ,  was  prodigious. 
In  15U  he  was  appointed  chief  architect  of  St.  Peter's.  He 
organized  f ites  for  the  popes,  was  guardian  of  antiquities, 
and  had  prepared  a  great  archseological  work  on  Boman 
remains.  His  work  m  Bome  may  be  divided  into  five  main 
groups :  (1)  The  Stanze  of  the  Vatican.  (3)  Loggie  of  the 
Vatican.  (3)DecorationofiheV01aChigi(Farnesina).  (4) 
Cartoons  for  the  tapestries  of  the  Sistine  Chapel  (they  are 
now  at  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  London^  A  tapes- 
try f  romBaphael's  cartoons  is  preserved  in  the  old  museum 
at  Berlin.  It  was  made  at  Brussels  for  Henry  VIII.  in  1515- 
1516.  The  colors  are  somewhat  faded.  There  are  9  subjects 
in  this  collection,  the  tenth,  "Paul  in  Prison  at  Philippi," 
having  perished.  (6)  Works  at  St.  Peter's.  Among  his  chief 
easel-pictures  are  "Sposallzio"(1504:  in  Milan),  "Entomb- 
ment" (Borghese,  Bome),  "La  belle  jardiniere  "  (Louvre), 
*'La  Fomarina"  (Bome\  "The  Resurrection "  (Vatican), 
"The  CruciBxion  (London),  "Coronation  of  the  Virgin" 
(Vatican),  "Marriage  of  the  Virgin  "(Milan),  "St.  George 
and  the  Dragon,"  "St.  Michael,"  "St.  John,"  "Apollo  and 
Marsias"  (Louvre),  "The  Transfiguration,"  finished  by 
Glulio  Romano  (1519-20 :  Vatican),  "Vision  of  EzekieP' 
(Florence),  "Lo  Spasimo"  (Madrid).    See  MaSmma. 

Baphia  (ra-fi'a).  [Gr.'Po^jo.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  on  the  coast  of  Palestine,  south- 
west of  Gaza.  Near  it  Ptolemy  Philopator  de- 
feated Antiochus  the  Great  in  217  b.  c. 

Saphoe  (ra-fo').  An  ancient  episcopal  city  in 
Donegal,  northern  Ireland,  13  miles  sonthwest 
of  Londonderry. 

Bapidan  (rap-i-dan').  The  chief  tributary  of 
the  Rappahannock,  in  Virginia,  ■which  it  joins 
10  miles  west-northwest  of  Fredericksburg. 
Length,  75-100  miles. 

Bapp  (rap) ,  George.  Bom  at  Wiirtemberg,  1770 : 
died  at  Economy,  Pa.,  Aug.  7, 1847.  A  German- 
American  socialist,  founder  of  the  Harmonists. 
He  emigrated  with  his  followers  in  1803  to  Pennsylvania, 
where  he  founded  a  religious  communistic  settlement, 
which  received  the  name  of  Harmony.  In  1815  the  com- 
munity removed  to  Indiana.  The  new  settlement  was 
called  New  Hannony.  The  property  at  New  Harmony 
was  sold  to  Kobert  Owen  in  1824,  and  the  Harmonists  re- 
moved to  Beaver  County,  Pennsylvania,  where  they  built 
tlie  village  of  Economy.  Bapp  continued  to  be  the  spiri- 
tual head  of  the  Harmonists  until  his  death. 

Bapp,  Comte  Jean.  Bom  at  Colmar,  Alsace, 
April  26, 1772 :  died  near  Lorrach,  Baden,  Nov. 
8,  1821,  A  French  general.  He  served  in  the  Na- 
poleonic campaigns,  and  was  particularly  distinguished 
at  the  defense  of  Oantzlc  1813-14,  which  he  surrendered  in 
Jan.,  1814. 

Bappaccini's  Daughter.  A  tale  by  Hawthorne, 
published  in  1844. 

Bappahannock  (rap-a-han'ok).  A  river  in  Vir- 
ginia .  It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  North  Fork  with 
other  branches,  and  fiows  into  Chesapeake  Bay  25  miles 
south  of  the  mouth  of  the  Potomac.  It  was  of  great  stra- 
tegic importance  in  the  Civil  War,  particularly  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  1862-64.  Length,  over 
200  miles. 

Bapperschwyl  (rap'per-shvel),  or  Bappers- 
■Wil  (rap'pers-vel).  A  town  in  the  canton  of 
St.-(5all,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  upper 
Lake  of  Zurich  16  miles  southeast  of  Zurich. 

Bappists  (rap'ists),orBappites  (rap'its).  Same 
as  Harmonists. 

Bapti  (rap'te).  A  river  in  Nepal  and  British 
India  which  joins  the  Gogra  about  80  miles 
northeast  of  Benares.  Length,  about  375-400 
miles. 

Baratonga  (ra-rS-tong'gS).  The  largest  island 
of  Cook's  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  53  miles 
in  circuit. 

Baritan  (rar'i-tan).  [From  an  Indian  tribal 
name.]  A  river  in  New  Jersey,  it  is  formed  by 
the  union  of  the  north  and  south  branches  in  Somerset 
County,  and  flows  into  Baritan  Bay  at  Perth  Amboy.  To- 
tal length,  about  76  miles. 

Baritan  Bay.  A  bay  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
New  Jersey,  south  of  Staten  Island. 

Barotonga.    See  Baratonga. 

Basalas  (ras'a-las).  [Ar.  rds-al-asad,  the  head 
of  the  lion.]  The  third-magnitude  star/iLeonis. 
It  is  often  further  designated  as  AlshsmM  or  Borealis,  as 
being  the  northernmost  of  the  group  of  stars  in  the  lion's 
head. 

Bas-al-gethi  (ras-al-ge'thi),  also  Bas-al-geti. 
[Ar.  rds-al-jatlii,  the  head  of  the  kneeler  (the  gi- 
ant beingrepresented  as  kn  eeling) .]  The  third- 
magnitude  variable  colored  double  star  a  Her- 
cuiis,  in  the  head  of  the  constellation. 

Basalhague  (ras-al-ha'gu).  [Ar.  rds-aUhauwd, 
the  head  of  the  serpent-charmer.]  The  second- 


843 

magnitude  star  a  Ophiuchi,  in  the  head  of  the 
constellation. 

Bascia  (rash'ia).  A  repon  in  the  southern 
part  of  Bosnia."  The  chief  place  is  Novibazar. 
It  is  inhabited  by  Serbs.  The  name  was  for- 
merly applied  to  the  kingdom  of  the  Serbs. 

Basgrad  (ras'grad).  A  town  in  Bulgaria,  situ- 
ated on  the  Ak  Lom  35  miles  southeast  of 
Eustehuk.  It  was  the  scene  of  engagements  between 
the  Turks  and  Eussians  in  1810  and  1877.  Population 
(1888),  12,974. 

Bashi  (ra'she).  [Contracted  from  the  initials 
of  the  full  name:  Babbi  Salomoh  Izbaki  (i.e. 
'son  of  Isaac').]  Lived  1040-1105  at  Troyes, 
in  Champagne  (northern  France).  One  of  the 
most  eminent  and  influential  men  in  Jewish 
talmudieal  and  biblical  literature.  He  studied 
in  the  celebrated  schools  of  his  time  at  Mainz  and  Worms 
(Germany).  He  was  the  first  to  compose  a  commentary 
on  the  Talmud  (with  the  exception  of  three  tracts)  and  on 
most  of  the  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  His  commen- 
taries, especially  that  on  the  Talmud,  are  distinguished 
by  clearness  of  language  and  sobriety  of  judgment.  His 
commentary  on  the  Talmud  saved  that  monumental  work 
from  neglect,  and  has  not  been  surpassed ;  and  his  com- 
mentary on  the  Bible  is  still  a  great  favorite  with  the 
.Tews,  and  is  constantly  drawn  upon  by  modern  exegetes. 

Basht.    See  BesM. 

Bask  (rask),  Basmus  Eristian.  Bom  at  Bran- 
deMlde,  Denmark,  Nov.  22, 1787 :  died  at  Copen- 
hagen, Nov.  14, 1832.  A  Danish  philologist  and 
writer,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  modern 
science  of  comparative  philology.  He  went  to  the 
Copenhagen  University  without  means,  but  obtained  a 
subsidiary  position  in  the  university  library,  and  eked  out 
a  support  by  giving  private  instruction  while  he  contin- 

•  ued  the  linguistic  studies  to  which  he  had  devoted  him- 
self. His  earliest  work  was  particularly  in  the  direction 
of  Old  Norse.  In  1808  he  published  a  translation  of  the 
Edda ;  .in  1811  an  Icelandic  grammar.  In  1813,  with  gov- 
ernment assistance,  hemadea  journey  to  Iceland  to  study 
the  language,  returning  by  the  way  of  Scotland  in  1815. 
In  the  meantime  he  had  been  awarded  the  gold  medal  of 
the  Boyal  Society  of  Antiquaries  for  an  essay  on  the  ori- 
gin of  the  Old  Norse  language.  In  1816,  with  public  sup- 
port, he  started  on  an  extended  journey  to  the  East.  He 
was  first  for  some  months  in  Stockholm,  then  in  St.  Peters- 
burg, whence  he  set  out  in  the  summer  of  1819  for  Tiflis. 
He  traveled  through  Persia  in  1820,  and  then  went  on  to 
Bombay,  everywhere  actively  engaged  in  studying  the  lan- 
guages of  the  countries  through  which  he  passed.  In  In- 
dia he  remained  two  years,  engaged  in  linguistic  study  and 
in  collecting  and  copying  MSS.  He  finally  returned  to 
Copenhagen  in  1823.  His  labors  for  a  long  time  failed  of 
a  j  ust  recognition.  A  small  pension  was  given  him  for  three 
years  by  the  government ;  in  1825  he  was  made  professor 
extraordinarius  of  the  history  of  literature,  but  without  a 
stipend.  In  1829,  however,  he  was  appointed  university 
libj'arian ;  and  at  the  end  of  1831,  barely  a  year  before  his 
death,  he  finally  received  the  professorship  of  Oriental  lan- 
guages which  hehad  so  long  desired.  His  linguistic  stud- 
ies covered  a  most  extraordinary  range.  He  published, 
among  others,  grammars  of  Icelandic,  Anglo-Saxon,  Sin- 
galese,  Spanish,  Friesian ,  Italian,  Dan  ish(in  English),  Lapp, 
and  English,  and  wrote  monographs  on  especial  points  of 
many  languages  and  dialects.  In  numerous  instances  he 
cleared  the  way,  by  his  preliminary  labors  and  suggestions, 
for  other  workers  in  the  same  field.  The  principle  of  the  rel- 
ative correspondence  of  consonants  in  the  Indo-Germanic 
languages,  for  instance,  was  discovered  by  him,  although 
it  was  formulated  as  a  law  by  Jacob  Grimm  whose  name  it 
bears.  His  collected  essays  ("Samlade  Afhandlinger") 
were  published  at  Copenhagen,  1834-S8,  in  3  vols. 

Bas  Mohammed  (ras  mo-ham'ed).  The  south- 
ernmost headland  of  the  Sinai  peninsula,  pro- 
jecting into  the  Red  Sea. 

Baspail  (ras-pay'),  FranQois  Vincent.    Bom 

at  (5arpentras,  France,  Jan.  29, 1794:  died  Jan. 
8,  1878.  A  French  naturalist  and  radical  re- 
publican politician.  He  took  part  in  the  revolution- 
ary movements  of  1830  and  1848,  in  which  latter  year  he 
was  imprisoned.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Corps  L^gis- 
latif  in  1869,  and  was  elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies 
in  1876.  Among  his  works  are  "Nouveau  systfeme  de 
chimie  organique  "  (1833),  "Nouveau  systtoe  de  physiolo- 
gic v^gStale"  (1836),  "Histoire  naturelle  de  la  sant^  et 
de  la  maladie''  (1843),  "Nouvelles  etudes  scientiflques 
(1864),  etc. 

Baspe  (ras'pe),  Budolph  Erich.  Born  at  Han- 
nover, 1737 :  died  at  Muekross,  Ireland,  1794.  A 
German  author.  He  was  for  a  time  professor  of  archae- 
ology and  curator  of  the  museum  at  Cassel,  but  was  charged 
with  stealing  medals  under  his  care,  and  fied  to  England 
to  avoid  prosecution.  He  was  assay-master  and  storekeeper 
at  the  Dolcoath  mines  in  Cornwall  1782-88.  He  wrote  some 
scientific  works,  but  is  known  chiefly  as  the  compiler  of 
"Baron  Munchausen's  Narrative  of  his  Marvellous  Travels 
and  Campaigns  in  Bussia"  (1785),  a  German  translation  of 
which  was  introduced  in  Germany  by  the  poet  Biirger  in 
1787. 

Bassam  (ras-sam' ),  Hormuzd.  Bom  at  Mosul, 
Turkey,  1826.  A  Turkish  Assyriologist,  of  Chal- 
dean Christian  parentage.  He  assisted  Layard  in 
his  archseological  excavations  at  Nineveh  1846-47.  Having 
at  Layard's  instance  completed  his  studies  at  (jBford,  he 
accompanied  him  on  his  second  expedition  in  1849,  and  in 
1851  became  his  successor  as  British  agent  for  the  con- 
duct of  Assyrian  explorations,a  post  which  he  held  unta  the 
explorations  came  to  an  end  in  1864.  In  1864  he  was  sent  by 
the  British  government  on  a  mission  to  Theodore,  kmg  of 
Abyssinia,  Tjy  whom  he  was  kept  imprisoned  until  1868. 
From  1876-82  he  conducted  explorations  in  Mesopotamia 


Batisbon 

tor  the  British  Museum.    He  has  published  "The  British 
Mission  to  Theodore,  King  of  Abyssinia"  (1£69). 

Basselas  (ras'e-Ias).  A  philosophical  romance 
by  Dr.  Samuei' Johnson,  published  in  1759. 

Basselas  and  his  royal  brothers  and  sisters  live  in  a  se- 
cluded portion  of  the  earth  known  as  the  Happy  Valley, 
where,  completely  isolated  from  the  world,  they  await  their 
succession  to  the  crown  of  the  imaginary  land  of  Abyssinia, 
surrounded  by  every  luxury  which  can  make  life  agreeable, 
and  shut  off  &om  all  knowledge  of  those  evils  which  can 
make  it  painful.  The  aim  of  the  story  is  to  show  the  van- 
ity of  expecting  future  happiness,  and  the  foUy  of  sacrifi- 
cing present  advantages  for  the  delusive  promises  of  the 
future.     Tuekermanf  Hist,  of  Enghsh  Prose  Flct.,  p.  234. 

Bastaban  (ras-ta-ban').  [Ar.  rds-al-thu'hdn, 
the  head  of  the  basilisk.]  The  third-magnitude 
star  7  Draconis,  in  the  head  of  the  constellation. 

Bastatt,  or  Bastadt  (ras'tat).  A  town  in  the 
circle  of  Baden-Baden,  in  Baden,  situated  on 
the  Murg  14  miles  southwest  of  Karlsruhe,  it 
is  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  in  Germany.  The  Baden 
insurrection  of  1849  commenced  here  on  May  11,  and  ended 
with  the  surrender  of  the  fortress  on  July  23.  Population 
(1890),  11,557. 

Bastatt,  Congress  of.  1.  A  congress  held  in 
1713^14  for  putting  an  end  to  the  war  between 
Austria  and  France. — 2.  A  congress  held  in 
1797-99  for  the  purpose  of  arranging  the  ques- 
tions at  issue  between  France  ,and  the  Empire. 
It  met  Dec.  8, 1797,  and  was  dissolved  April  8,  1799.  The 
cession  of  the  left  bank  of  the  Bhine  to  France  and  the  secu- 
larization of  various  German  dominions  were  agreed  to. 
Two  of  the  French  envoys  were  murdered  by  Austoian  hus- 
sars near  Bastatt,  April  28, 1799. 

Bastatt,  Convention  of.  A  secret  agreement 
between  Prance  and  Austria,  Dee.  1,  1797,  pro- 
viding for  the  delivery  of  the  left  bank  of  the 
Rhine  to  the  French. 

Bastatt,  Peace  of.  A  treaty  concluded  be- 
tween Prance  and  Austria  in  March.6,  1714.  It 
was  supplemented  by  the  treaty  of  Baden  (which 
see). 

Bastrick  (ras'trik).  A  town  in  the  West  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  near  the  Calder 
12  miles  southwest  of  Leeds.  Population  (1891), 
9,279. 

Bata.    See  Bota. 

Batak  Islands.    See  Badack  Islands. 

Batazzi.    See  Battaezi. 

Batekau.    See  Batkau. 

Bathenow  (ra'te-no),  or  Bathenau  (ra' te- 
non). A  town  in  the  province  of  Brandenburg, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Havel  45  miles  west  by 
north  of  Berlin.  It  has  manufactures  of  spectacles  and 
glass.  It  was  repeatedly  taken  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War, 
and  was  the  scene  of  a  victory  of  the  Great  Elector  of 
Brandenburg,  Frederick  William,  over  the  Swedes,  June  16, 
1675.    Population  (1890),  16,353. 

Bathlin  (rath'lin).  A  small  island  belonging  to 
the  county  of  Antrim,  Ireland,  situated  in  the 
North  Channel  50  miles  north  by  west  of  Belfast. 

BathmineS  (rath-minz').  A  place  in  Ireland  3 
miles  south  of  Dublin.  Here,  Aug.  2, 1649,  the  Boyal- 
ists  under  Ormonde  were  defeated  by  the  ParliamentarianB 
under  Jones. 

Batibor  (ra'te-bor).  A  city  in  the  province  of 
Silesia,  Prussia,  siimated  on  the  Oder  in  lat.  50° 
5'  N.,  long.  18°  12'  E.  It  has  flourishing  trade  and 
manufactures,  and  was  formerly  the  capital  of  the  princi- 
pality of  Batibor.    Population  (1S90),  20,737. 

Batibor,  Duchy  of.  A  duchy  of  the  Holy  Ro- 
man Empire,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Silesia. 
It  was  acquired  by  the  Hapsburgs  1632,  and  by  Prussia 
1742.    The  principality  of  Batibor  was  created  1822. 

Batibor,  Duke  of  (Victor  Moritz  Karl,  Prince 
of  Corvey  and  of  Hohenlohe- Waldenburg-SchU- 
lingsfiirst).  Bom  Feb.  10,  1818 :  died  Jan.  30, 
1893.  A  (jerman  politician,  president  of  the 
Prussian  upper  house  from  1877. 

Batisbon  (rat'is-bon),  G.  Eegensburg  (ra'gens- 
boro).  [F.  Batishonne,  ML.  Batisoona,  from 
Celtic  Badespona.  The  Roman  name  was  B^gi- 
num  or  Castra  Begina,  the  camp  on  the  river 
Regen  (OH(j.  Began) ;  OHG.  Beganespuruc,  G. 
Begensiurg.J  The  capital  of  the  Upper  Palati- 
nate, Bavaria,  situated  on  the  south  bank  of  the 
Danube,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Regen,  inlat. 
49°  2'  N.,  long.  12°  5'  E. :  the  Roman  Reginum  or 
Castra Regina.  Ithasatransittrade, andmannfactures 
of  boats,  pottery,  lead-pencils,  etc.,  and  contains  many  me- 
dieval buildings.  The  cathedral  was  built  between  1275  and 
1634.  The  west  front  is  of  the  15th  century;  it  is  covered  with 
arcading,  flanked  by  2  towers  with  lofty  openwork  spires 
(flnislied  1869),  and  has  before  its  sculptured  central  portal 
a  curious  pro]  ecting  arcaded  triangular  porch.  The  cathe- 
dral measures  306  by  125  feet;  the  nave-vault  is  132  feet 
high.  Other  obj  ects  of  interest  are  the  Bathaus  (the  seat  of 
the  German  Reichstag  from  1663  to  1806),  Golden  Cross  Inn, 
Golden  Tower  and  other  towers,  Church  of  St.  Dlrich,  Ab- 
bey of  St.  Emmeram,  and  Schottenkirche.  In  the  vicinity 
is  the  hall  Walhalla.  Batisbon  was  an  important  Boman 
town,  later  a  free  imperial  city,  and  one  of  the  most  flour- 
ishing medieval  towns  of  Germany.  It  suffered  in  the 
Thirty  Years'  War ;  was  given  to  the  prince  primate  Dal- 
berg  in  1803 ;  suffered  severely  in  the  five  days'  fighting 


Batisbon 

between  Napoleon  and  the  ajcMuke  Charles,  April  19-23, 
1809 ;  and  passed  to  Bavaria  in  1810.  Population  (1890), 
37,934. 

Batisbon  Interim.  Aprovisional  arrangement 
devised  by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  for  the  set- 
tlement of  the  poiits  of  dispute  between  the 
Catholics  and  Protestants,  it  was  based  on  a  con- 
ference held  during  the  Diet  at  Ratisbon,  in  1541,  between 
leading  theologians  (Melanchthon,  Bucer,  Eck,  etc.). 

Rat  (rat)  Islands.  A  group  of  islands  in  the 
western  part  of  the  Aleutian  chain. 

Batkau  (rat'kou),  or  Eatkow  (rat'ko),  or 
Batekau  (ra'te-kou).  A  village  5  miles  from 
Liibeek,  Germany.  Here,  Nov.  7, 1806,  Bliicher,  on  the 
retreat  from  Anerstadt,  surrendered  with  about  7,000  men 
to  the  French. 

Batlam.    See  Butlam. 

Batnagiri  (rut-na-ge're),  or  Rutnagherry  (rut- 
na-ger'i).  1.  A.  distriet  in  Bombay,  British  In- 
dia, situated  along  the  coast  of  the  Arabian  Sea, 
andintersectedby  lat.  17°  N,  Area,  3,922  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  1,105^926.-2.  The 
capital  of  the  district  of  Ratnagiri,  situated  on 
the  Arabian  Sea  in  lat.  17°  N.,  long.  73°  16'  E. 
Population  (1891),  14,303. 

Batnavali  (rat-na'va-le).  [8kt. :  ratna,  pearl, 
and  avaU,  row.]  "  The  Pearl  Necklace,"  a  San- 
skrit drama  of  the  7th  century,  ascribed  as  the 
Nagananda  and  the  Priyadarshika  to  the  king 
Shri  Harsha.  Hall,  Btthler,  and  Weber  believe  the  real 
author  to  have  been  Bana,  while  Fischel  ascribes  it  to 
Dhavaka.  The  iirst  scene  describes  the  sports  and  jokes 
of  the  spring  festival  now  called  Holi,  Sagarika,  called 
Batnavali  from  her  jewel  necklace,  a  princess  of  Ceylon, 
is  accidentally  brought  to  the  court,  falls  In  love  with  the 
king,  and  paints  his  picture.  The  queen  discovers  the  pic- 
ture, is  jealous,  and  imprisons  Sagarika.  In  the  end,  how- 
ever, the  Idng  conciliates  the  first  wife  and  gains  a  second. 
A  sorcerer  plays  a  great  part  in  it.  The  best  edition  is 
by  Cappeller  in  Bohtlingk  s  "  Sanskrit  Chrestomathie  "  (2d 
ed.).  It  has  t)een  translated  Into  English  by  Wilson,  and 
into  German  by  Fritze. 

Baton  (ra-ton')  Monntains.  Amountain group 
in  southern  Colorado  and  the  northern  part  of 
New  Mexico. 

Rat  Portage  (rat  por'taj).  A  town  of  Algoma, 
Ontario,  situated  on  the  Canadian  Pacific  Rail- 
way at  the  northern  end  of  the  Lake  of  the 
Woods.  It  is  noted  for  the  production  of  cav- 
iar.    Population  (1901),  5,202. 

Ratsey  (rat'si),  Gamaliel,    See  the  extract. 

Gamaliel  Batsey  was  a  notorious  highwayman,  who  al- 
ways robbed  in  a  mask,  which  was  undoubtedly  made  as 
hideous  as  possible  in  order  to  strike  terror.  In  the  title- 
page  of  an  old  pamphlet  (which  I  have  not  seen)  con- 
taining the  history  of  his  exploits,  he  is  said  to  be  repre- 
sented with  this  frightful  visor :  in  allusion  to  which,  I 
suppose,  he  is  called  by  Gab.  Harvey  "Gamaliel  Hobgob- 
lin." On  the  books  of  the  Stationers'  Company  (May, 
1606)  is  entered  a  work  called  "  The  lyf  e  and  Death  of  Ga- 
maliel Batsey,  a  famous  theefe  of  England,  executed  at 
Bedford."  There  are  also  several  "Ballat8"on  the  sub- 
ject, entered  about  the  same  time.  But  the  achievements 
of  Gamaliel  have  been  sung  in  more  than  one  language. 
Qiffordf  Notes  to  Jonson'a  The  Alchemist,  II.  7. 

Ratsey's  G-host.  A  very  rare  tract,  printed 
without  date,  but  supposed  to  be  prior  to  1606. 
It  mentions  Shakspere's  "Hamlet"  by  name, 
and  refers  to  the  author  and  some  circum- 
stances of  his  life.  {Collier.)  Eatsey  is  referred 
to  in  many  publications  of  the  time.  See  the 
article  above. 

Battazzi,  or  Batazzi,  Urbane.  Bom  at  Ales- 
sandria, Italy,  June  29, 1808 :  died  at  Prosinone, 
Italy,  June  5, 1873.  An  Italian  statesman.  He 
became  deputy  in  the  Sardinian  parliament  in  1848 ;  was 
minister  for  short  periods  in  1848  and  1849 ;  became  min- 
ister of  justice  in  1863,  and  of  the  interior  in  1864 ;  re- 
signed in  1858 :  was  again  minister  of  the  interior  1859-60 ; 
and  was  premier  in  1862  and  1867. 

Rattenmnger  von  HameIn  (rat'ten-feng'<'er 
fon  ham'eln),  Der.  [Gr., '  The  Kat-oatcher  of 
Hameln.']  An  opera  by  Victor  Nessler,  pro- 
duced at  Leipsic  in  1879.   See  Sameln,  Piper  of. 

Battlin  (rat'lin).  Jack.  A  sailor,  a  character 
in  Smollett's  "Roderick  Random." 

Batzeburg  (rat'se-bSra).  1.  A  former  bishop- 
ric, afterward  a  secularized  principality,  lying 
northwest  of  Meoklenburg-Schwerin,  and  be- 
longing to  Meeklenburg-Strelitz. — 2.  A  town 
in  Lauenburg,  in  the  province  of  Schleswig- 
Holstein,  Prussia,  situated  on  Lake  Batzeburg 
12  miles  south  of  Liibeek.  The  cathedral,  with  the 
northern  part  of  the  town,  belongs  to  Meeklenburg-Strelitz 
(see  def.  1).    Population  (1890),  4,233. 

Eau  (rou),  Karl  Heinrici.  Born  at  Erlangen, 
Bavaria,  Nov.  23,  1792:  died  at  Heidelberg, 
March  18, 1870.  A  German  political  economist, 
professor  at  Heidelbergfrom  1822.   His  chief  work 

I  is  "  Lehrbuoh  der  politischen  Okonomie  "  ("  Manual  of  Po- 
litical Economy,"  1826-37). 

B^uber  (roi'ber).  Die.  [G.,  'The  Robbers.'] 
A  play  by  Schiller,  printed  in  1781  and  repre- 
sented in  1782. 


844 

Bauch  (rouch).  Christian  Daniel.  Born  at 
Arolsen,  Waldeck,  Germany,  Jan.  2, 1777:  died 
at  Dresden,  Deo.  3,  1857.  A  noted  German 
sculptor.  Among  his  works  are  the  mausoleum  of  Queen 
Luise  of  Prussia  at  Charlottenburg  (1814);  statues  of 
Bliicher  in  Breslau  and  Berlin,  and  of  Maximilian  1.  of  Ba- 
varia in  Munich ;  the  monument  of  Diirer  at  Nuremberg ; 
statues  of  Schamhorst,  Von  BUlow,  Francke,  etc. ;  and  the 
monument  of  Frederick  the  Great  at  Berlin  (1851). 

Banch,  Friedrich  August.  Bom  in  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  July  27, 1806:  died  at  Mercersburg, 
Pa.,  March  2,  1841.  A  German-American  phi- 
losopher, first  president  of  Marshall  College, 
Mercersburg  (1835-41).  He  wrote  "Psychol- 
ogy" (1840),  etc. 

Baucoux.    See  Roconx. 

Baudian  (r&'di-an)  Fields.  [L.  Campi  Bauclii.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  a  noted  plain  in  northern 
Italy,  probably  near  Vercelli,  but  by  some  lo- 
cated near  Verona.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  battle  in  101 
B.  0.,  in  which  the  Clmbri  were  annihilated  by  theBomans 
under  Harius  and  Catulus. 

Baudnitz  (roud'nits).  A  town  in  northern  Bo- 
hemia, situated  on  the  Elbe  25  miles  north  by 
west  of  league.  It  is  noted  for  its  castle. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  6,615. 

BaiOie  Alp  (rou'e  alp)  or  Alb  (alb).  The 
Swabian  Jura,  or  that  part  of  it  between  Hohen- 
zollern  and  Bavaria ;  in  a  more  restricted  sense, 
a  group  of  mountains  near  ReutUngen. 

Baumer  (rou'mer),  Friedrich  Ludwig  Georg 
von.  Bom  at  WorUtz,  Anhalt,  Germany,  May 
14, 1781 :  died  at  BerUn,  June  14, 1873.  A  Ger- 
man historian.  He becameprofessorat Breslau  in  1811, 
and  at  Berlin  in  1819,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Frankfort 
parliament  in  1848,  and  later  of  the  Prnssiari  chamber.  His 
chief  works  are  "Geschichte  der Hohenstaufen"  ("History* 
of  the  Hohenstauf  ens,  "1823-25),  and  "Geschichte  Europas 
seit  dem  Endedesl5.  Jahrhunaerts"("  History  of  Europe 
since  the  End  of  the  15th  Century,"  1832-60);  otherworks 
are "Briefeaus Paris  und  Frankreich"(lS31),  "England" 
(1836-41),  "Die  Vereinlgten  Staaten  von  Nordamerika" 
(1846),  etc. 

Baumer,  Karl  Georg  von.  Bom  at  Worlitz, 
Germany,  April  9,  1783:  died  at  Erlangen,  Ba- 
varia, June  2, 1865.  A  German  geographer,  ge- 
ologist, and  writer  on  pedagogics,  professor  at 
Erlangen :  brother  of  Friedrich  Ludwig  Georg 
von  Raumer.  His  works  include  "Lehrbuoh 
der  aUgemeinen  Geographic"  (1832),  "Ge- 
schichte  der  Padagogik"  (1842),  etc. 

Raumer.  Rudolf  von.  Born  at  Breslau,  Prussia, 
April  14, 1815 :  died  at  Erlangen,  Bavaria,  Aug. 
30,  1876.  A  German  philologist,  son  of  K.  G. 
von  Raumer :  professor  at  Erlangen  from  1846. 
He  wrote  "  Gesehichte  der  germanisehen  Phi- 
lologie"  (1870),  etc. 

Baupach(rou'pach),Ernst  Benjamin  Salome. 
Born  at  Straupitz,  near  Liegnitz,  SUesia,  May 
21, 1784 :  died  March  18, 1852.  A  German  dram- 
atist. 

Bauraci  Montes.  In  ancient  geography,  a  name 
given  to  Abnoba,  now  the  Black  Forest. 

Baurici  (r4'ri-si),  or  Bauraci  (ra'ra-si).  [L. 
(CsBsar)  JRawrici,  Gr.  (Ptolemy)  'VavpaKol.']  A 
German  tribe  first  mentioned  by  Csesar.  They 
were  situated  in  the  neighborhood  of  Basel,  on  the  upper 
Bhine,  in  territory  north  of  the  Helvetii,  whom  they  had 
joined  in  their  attempted  migration,  68  B.  p. 

Ravaillac  (ra-va-yak'),  Frangois.  Bom  near 
Angoullme,  Prance,  about  1578:  executed  at 
Paris,  May  27, 1610.  The  murderer  of  Henry  IV, 
of  Prance  (May  14,  1610). 

Ravee,    See  Ravi  (in  India). 

Ravello  (rSr-vel'lo).  A  small  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Salerno,  Italy,  it  was  formerly  a  place  of 
importance.  The  cathedral,  founded  in  1087,  is  remark- 
able especially  for  its  bronze  doors  of  1176  and  its  pulpit 
of  1272. 

Raven  (ra'vn),  The.  A  notable  poem  by  Edgar 
Allan  Poe,  published  in  1845. 

Ravenna  (ra-ven'a;  It.  pron,.  ra-ven'na).  1. 
A  province  "in  the  compartimpnto  of  Emilia, 
Italy.  Area,  715  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  223,013.—  2.  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Ravenna,  situated  between  the  Bonco  and 
Lamone,  6  miles  from  the  Adriatic,  in  lat.  44° 
25'  N.,  long.  12°  12'  E. :  the  Roman  Raveima. 
It  is  famous  for  its  churches  (basilicas  of  the  late-Eoman 
and  Byzantine  periods).  The  cathedral,  founded  In  the 
4th  century,  but  remodeled  in  the  18th,  was  a  5-aisled  ba- 
silica with  mosaics,  but  is  now  a  3-aisled  domed  church 
with  grotesque  ornament.  The  venerable  circular  cam- 
panile and  the  crypt  are  of  the  original  construction. 
There  are  several  noteworthy  frescos  by  Guide  Eeni.  San 
Giovanni  Evangelista  is  a  votive  church  built  in  425  by 
Galla  Placidia.  There  is  a  narthex  on  the  west :  Its  door 
is  a  veiy  richly  sculptured  work  of  the  13th  century.  The 
3-aisled  interior  has  24  antique  columns;  in  one  chapel 
there  is  a  fresco  of  the  evangelists  and  the  doctors  of  the 
church,  by  Giotto,  powerful  and  characteristic  despite 
restoration.  The  palace  of  Theodoric,  a  fragment  66  feet 
long,  with  two  tiers  of  arcades,  a  large  arched  doorway  in 
the  middle,  and  over  it  a  large  domed  niche  containing  a 
double-arched  window,  is  important  historically  as  the 


Rawlins 

abode  of  Theodoric,  the  exarchs,  and  the  Lombard  kings, 
and  architecturally  as  one  of  the  best  secular  examples  of 
early  Italian  Eoinanesque.  Themausoleum  of  Theodoric, 
of  the  6th  century,  though  Eoman  in  character,  is  in  plao 
a  decagon  46  feet  in  diameter.  The  upper  story,  35  f  eetln 
diameter,  is  circular,  roofed  by  a  single  enormous  slab  cut 
to  the  form  of  a  flat  dome.  This  story  was  surrounded  by 
ornamental  arcades,  now  gone.  Each  side  of  the  decagon 
below  has  a  niche  formed  by  a  massive  arch.  Each  story 
contains  a  chamber:  the  lower  one  is  cruciform.  The 
mausoleum  of  GaUa  Placidia,  built  in  440,  is  in  plan  a  Latin 
cross  40  by  46  feet.  The  four  arms  have  barrel-vaults,  and 
the  central  space  is  covered  by  a  raised-groined  vault.  The 
ends  of  the  arms  are  occupied  by  sarcophagi.  The  vaults 
are  lined  with  mosaics  which  rank  among  the  finest 
remains  of  early  Christian  art.  Among  other  notable  struc- 
tures are  the  baptistery,  Dante's  tomb,  library,  archi- 
episcopal  palace,  and  churches  of  San  Vitale,  San  Na- 
zario  e  Celso,  Santa  Maria  in  Cosmedin,  San  Apollinare 
Nuovo,  and  San  Apollinare  in  Classe.  Bavenna  was  an 
■ancient  city  of  Cisalpine  Gaul:  it  is  mentioned  in  the  his- 
tory of  Julius  Caesar.  It  was  in  old  times  a  seaport^  and 
the  headquarters  of  the  EonSan  Adriatic  fleet ;  the  chief 
capital  of  the  Western  emperors  from  about  402  to  476; 
and  the  capital  of  Odoacer,  of  Theodoric  and  the  East 
Goths,  and  of  the  exarchate  of  Eavenna  (which  see,  below). 
It  was  taken  by  the  Lombard  Aistulf  about  762 ;  was  taken 
by  Pepin  in  765,  and  granted  to  the  Pope ;  had  various 
other  rulers  in  the  middle  ages  (the  Polentas,  Venetians, 
etc.) ;  and  passed  finally  to  the  Papal  States  in  1509.  A  vic- 
tory was  gained  near  it,  April  11, 1612,  by  the  French  under 
Gaston  de  Foix  (killed  in  the  battle)  over  the  papal  and 
Spanish  troops.  It  was  united  with  the  kingdom  of  Italy 
in  1860.  Dante  died  here  in  1321.   Population  (1892),66,50a 

Ravenna.  A  viUage,  the  capital  of  Portage 
County,  Ohio,  36  miles  southeast  of  Cleveland. 
Population  (1900),  4,003. 

Ravenna,  Exarchate  of.  The  dominion  of  the 
Byzantine  exarch  (or  governor)  in  Italy,  with 
its  headquarters  in  Ravenna.  The  Ostrogothic 
realm  in  Itoly  was  conquered  by  the  Byzantines  in  636- 
653,  and  the  exarchate  was  instituted  in  568.  It  comprised 
at  first  Italy,  but  was  soon  confined  to  a  district  in  north- 
eastern Italy,  nearEavenna ;  and  was  taken  from  the  Lom- 
bards by  Pepin  the  Short  in  765  and  granted  to  the  Pope. 

Bavensbuxg  (ra'vens-borG).  A  town  in  the 
circle  of  the  Danube,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on 
the  Schussen  22  miles  east-northeast  of  Con- 
stance. It  has  flourishing  manufactures  and  trade,  and 
has  several  fine  buildings.  It  was  founded  by  the  Welfs ; 
became  a  free  imperial  city  in  the  13th  century ;  passed 
to  Bavaria  in  1803 ;  and  passed  to  Wiirtemberg  in  1810. 
Population  (1890),  12,267. 

Bavenscroft  (ra'venz-kroft),  Edward.  An 
English  dramatist  o'i  the  17th  century.  He  was 
a  student  of  law  in  the  Temple.  His  works  include 
"  The  Careless  Lovers  "  (1673),  "  Mamamouchi,  or  the  Cit- 
izen turned  Gentleman"  (1675),  "Scaramouch"  (1677), 
"  The  Wrangling  Lovers,  or  the  Invisible  Mistress  "(1677), 
"King  Edgar  and  Alfreda"  (1677),  "The  English  Laivyer" 
(1678:  a  translation  of  the  Latin  play  "Ignoramus"), 
"The  London  Cuckolds "  (1683),  "  Dame  Dobson,  or  the 
Cunning  Woman"  (1684),  "The  Canterbury  Guests,  or  a 
Bargain  Broken"  (1695),  "The  Anatomist,  or  the  Sham 
Doctor"  (1697),  "The  Italian  Husband"  (1697). 

Bavenspur  (ra'vn-sper).  A  place  (now  sub- 
merged) on  the  coast  of  Yorkshire,  England, 
near  Spurn  Head,  where  Henry  IV.  landed  in 
1399  and  Edward  IV.  in  1471. 

Bavenswood  (ra'venz-wud),  Edgar,  Master 
of.  The  lover  of  LiicyAshton  in  Scott's  "Bride 
of  Lammermoor."  A  melancholy  and  revengeful  man, 
finding  her,  as  he  supposes^  faithless  to  him,  he  bitterly 
reproaches  her,  is  challenged  by  her  brother,  and  perishes 
in  a  quicksand  on  his  way  to  the  meeting. 

Bavi  (ra've),  or  Maravi  (ma-ra've).  A  Bantu 
tribe  of  British  Nyassaland,  central  .Africa, 
settled  on  a  high  plateau  southwest  of  Lake 
Nyassa.  Once  a  powerful  nation,  they  have  been  much 
reduced  in  numbers  and  power  by  the  Maviti  and  other 
tribes  owning  firearms.  They  are  kinsmen  of  the  Ma- 
nganja.  A  fraction  of  the  tribe  fled  east  to  the  Namuli 
Mountains,  and  mixed  there  with  Lomwe  tribes. 

Bavi,  or  Bavee  (ra've).  One  of  the  "five  riv- 
ers" of  the  Panjab,  India,  uniting  with  the 
Chenab  35  miles  northeast  of  Multan.  Length, 
over  400  miles, 

Bawal  Pindl,  or  Bawul  Pindee  (rft'ul  pin'de). 
1.  A  division  of  the  Panjab,  British  India. 
Area,  15,435  square  miles.  Population  (1881), 
2,520,508.-2.  A  district  in  the  Bawal  Pindi 
division,  intersected  by  lat.  33°  30'  N.,  long.  73° 
Ev"^?^'  *'^^  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
V^.*-7"^-  '^^^  capital  of  the  district  of  Ea- 
^o  K/"^^'  situated  about  lat.  33°  37'  N.,  long, 
vd  5  E.  It  is  an  important  military  station 
and  commercial  center.  Population,  including 
cantonment  (1891),  73,795. 

Rawdon,  Lord.  See  Hastings,  Frauds  Bawdon. 

Rawll,  or  Rawyl  (ra-vel'),  Pass,  F.  Col  des 
Ravins  (kol  da  ra-van').  An  Alpine  pass  on 
the  border  of  the  cantons  of  Bern  and  Valais, 
Switzerland,  leading  from  the  Simmenthal  in 
Bern  to  the  Rhone  valley  at  Sion. 

Rawlins  (rft'linz),  John  Aaron.  Bom  at  East 
Galena,  111.,  Feb.  13, 1831:  died  at  Washin^on, 
D.  C,  Sept.  9, 1869.  An  American  general.  He 
was  a  Douglas  Democrat  in  1860,  but  joined  the  Union 
army  on  the  outbreak  of  the  CivU  War,  and  became  assis. 


Hawlins 

tant  adjutant-general  to  Grant  in  1861,  and  chief  of  staff 
with  the  ranlc  of  brigadier-general  in  1865.  He  was  secre- 
tary of  war  1869. 

Rawlinson  (rft'lin-son),  George.  Born  at  Chad- 
lington,  Oxfordshire,  Nov.  23,  1812:  died  at 
Canterbury,  Oct.  6, 1902.  An  Bnglisli  historian, 
Orientalist,  and  theologian,  the  brother  of  Sir 
H.  G.  Rawlinson.  He  became  canon  of  Canterbury 
cathedralin  1872.  He  published  "Five  Great  Monarchies 
of  the  Ancient  Eastern  World  "  (1862-67), '  'The  Sixth  Great 
Oriental  Monarchy"  (1873),  "The  Seventh  Great  Oriental 
Monarchy  "  (1876),  "  A  Manual  of  Ancient  History  "  (1869), 
a  translation  of  Herodotus  (1858-60:  conjointly  with  his 
brother  and  Sir  J.  G.  Wilitinsou),  "A  History  of  Egypt " 
(1881),  "Phoenicia  "(1889),  and  various  theological  worlds. 

RawUnson,  Sir  Henry  Creswicke.    Bom  at 

Chadlington,  Oxfordshire,  April  11,  1810:  died 
at  London,  March  5, 1895.  An  English  Assyri- 
ologist  and  diplomatist.  He  entered  the  East  India 
Company's  army  in  1827,  and  held  various  important  of- 
fices both  military  and  dii)lomatic,  retiring  in  1866.  In 
1858  he  was  appointed  British  minister  at  Teheran,  where 
he  remained  one  year.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  India  in  1868,  and  president  of  the  Boyal  Geographi- 
cal Society  in  1871.  He  was  made  a  K.  C.  B.  in  1856,  a 
Q.  C.  B.  in  1889,  and  a  baronet  in  1891.  He  copied,  amid 
great  hardships,  the  trilingual  Inscription  at  Behistun. 
He  publislied  "On  the  Inscriptions  of  Assyria  and  Baby- 
lonia "  (1860),  "Outline  of  the  History  of  Assyria"  (1862), 
and  "  England  and  Kussia  in  the  East "  (1876) ;  and  was 
the  joint  editor  of  "Cuneiform  Inscriptions  of  Western 
Asia  "  (1861-70),  and  other  collections  of  inscriptions. 

Eawson  (r^'son),  Edward.  Bom  at  Gilling- 
ham,  England,  April  16,  1615:  died  at  Boston, 
Aug.  27,  1693.  A  colonial  secretary  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  historical  writer. 

Bawtenstall  (r&'ten-stM).  A  manufacturing 
town  in  Lancashire,  England,  16  miles  north  of 
Manchester.    Population  (1891),  29,507. 

Rawul  Findee.    See  Bmoal  Pmdi. 

Baxalp  (raks'alp).  An  elevated  plateau-moun- 
tain on  the  border  of  Lower  Austria  and  Styria, 
northwest  of  the  Semmering  Pass  and  44  miles 
southwest  of  Vienna.    Height,  6,500  feet. 

Bay  (ra),  Cape.  The  southwestemmost  cape  of 
Newfoundland,  situated  in  lat.  47°  37'  N.,  long. 
59°  18'  W. 

Bay,  orWray  (ra),  John.  Bom  near  Braintree, 
Essex,  England,  1628:  died  Jan.  17,  1705.  A 
noted  English  naturalist,  called'"  the  father  of 
English  natural  history."  He  traveled  on  the  Con- 
tinent with  Willughby  1663-66.  It  is  thought  that  the  lat- 
ter deserves  much  of  the  praise  which  Ray  received  as  the 
founder  of  systematic  zoology.  He  published  "Catalogus 
plantarum  Anglise,  etc.  "(1670) ;  "A  Collection  of  English 
Proverbs  '(1670,  and  many  later  editions);  "Methodus 
plantarum  nova,  etc. "  (1682) ;  "  Historia  plantarum  "  (1686- 
1704) ; ' '  Methodus  insectorum  "  (1705),  and  many  zoBlogioal 
works ;  "The  Wisdom  of  God  manifested  in  the  Works  of 
tile  Creation "(1691);  "Miscellaneous  Discourses"  (1692); 
etc.  The  Bay  Society  was  established  in  1844  for  the  pur- 
pose of  publishing  "rare  books  of  established  merit"  on 
zoology,  botany,  etc. 

Bayi  (ra'e).  [Ar.  al-rd'i,  the  shepherd.]  A 
rarely  used  name  of  a  Ophiuchi,  usually  known 
as  Basalhague. 

Bayleigh.  Lord.    See  Strutt,  John  WilUam. 

Baymi,  feast  of.    See  HaUm  Baymi. 

Basnuond  (ra'mgnd).  A  village  in  Hinds 
County,  Mississippi,  13  miles  west  by  south  of 
Jackson.  Here,  May  12,  1863,  part  of  Grant's 
army  defeated  the  Cfonfederates. 

Bayniond  IV.,  of  Saint-Gilles.  Died  at  Tripo- 
lis,  Feb.  28, 1105.  Count  of  Toulouse  1088-1105. 
He  was  one  of  the  most  powerful  princes  in  Europe  in  his 
time,  and  in  1096  assumed  command  of  a  large  army  wliich 
participated  in  the  first  Crusade.  He  besieged  Tripolis 
in  1104.    Also  Sainumdy  Rairmind,  etc. 

Baymond  VI.  Born  1156 :  died  1222.  Count  of 
Toulouse  1194-1222.  He  took  part  with  the  Albigenses 
against  the  Crusaders  under  Montfort,  and  was  totfOly  de- 
feated by  the  latter  in  1213. 

Baymond,  Henry  Jarvis.  BomatLima,N.Y., 
Jan.  24,  1820:  died  at  New  York,  June  18, 
1869.  An  American  journalist  and  politician. 
He  became  assistant  editor  of  the  New  York  "Tribune  " 
1841 ;  later  was  on  the  staff  of  the  "  Courier  and  Enquirer  " ; 
was  speaker  of  the  New  Tork  Assembly  In  1850  and  1861 ; 
founded  the  "  New- York  Times  "  in  1851 ;  was  lieutenant- 
governor  of  New  York  1865-57;  and  was  Kepublicau 
member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1866-67.  He  wrote 
"A  History  of  the  Administration  of  President  Lincoln  " 
(1864),  "Life  and  Public  Services  of  Abraham  Lincoln" 
(1866),  etc. 

Baymond,  John  T.  (assumed  name  of  John 
O'Brien).  Bom  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y. ,  April  5, 1836 : 
died  at  EvansvUle,  Ind.,  April  10,  1887.  An 
American,  comedian.  He  made  his  first  appearance 
on  the  stage  at  Hochester,  New  York,  in  1863 ;  and  in  1859 
made  his  first  distinctive  hit  as  Asa  Trenohard  with  Soth- 
em  as  Dundreary.  In  1873  he  first  took  the  part  of  Colo- 
nel Mulberry  Sellers  in  "  The  Gilded  Age,"  for  which  he 
is  chiefly  remembered. 

Baymond  LuUy.    See  Lully. 

Baynal  (ra-nar),  Ouillaume  Thomas  Fran- 
gois:  called  Abh6  Baynal.  Bom  at  St.-Cire- 
niez,  Aveyron,  Prance,  April  12, 1713 :  died  at 
Paris,  March  6, 1796.    A  French  historian  and 


845 

philosopher.  He  was  a  priest  attached  to  the  parish  of 
St.  Sulpice  in  Paris,  but  was  dismissed  for  bad  conduct, 
and  subsequently  devoted  himself  to  literature.  His  best- 
known  work  is  the  "  Histoire  philosopiiique  et  politique 
des  ^tabliesements  et  du  commerce  des  Europ6ens  dans  les 
deux  Indes"  ("Philosophical  and  Political  History  of  the 
Establishments  and  Commerce  of  the  Europeans  in  the  Two 
Indies  " :  publislied  1770 ;  new  edition  1780-85).  The  book 
Wi\a  burned  by  order  of  the  Parlement  in  1781  on  account 
of  its  liberalism,  and  its  author  was  exiled.  He  also  wrote 
"  Histoire  du  Stathoud^rat  "(1748), "Anecdotes litt^raires " 
(2  vols.  1760),  "M^moires  politiques  de  I'Europe  "  (3  vols. 
1764-74),  etc.  Eaynal  was  regarded  as  a  leader  of  the 
Erench  freethinkers. 

Baynouard  (ra-no-ar'),  FranQois  Juste  Marie. 

Born  at  Brignoles,  France,  Sept.,  1761:  died  at 
Passy,  Paris,  Oct.  27, 1836.  A  French  poet  and 
scholar.  He  was  noted  for  his  works  on  Provencal  liter- 
ature and  language,  including  "  Choix  des  poesies  origi- 
nsdes  des  troubadours "(1816-21),  and  "Lexique  roman,"a 
dictionary  of  the  language  of  the  troubadours,  with  a 
grammar  and  a  selection  of  poems  (1836-45). 

Baz^S  (ra-za').  A  former  small  division  of 
Lauguedoc,  France,  corresponding  to  parts  of 
the  departments  of  Aude  and  Pyr6n6es-Orien- 
tales. 

Bazor  (ra'zor).  An  amusing  intriguingvalet 
in  Vanbrugh's  comedy  "The  Provoked  Wife." 

Bazzi.    See  Sodpma. 

Be,  or  Bh6  (ra),  lie  de.  An  island  in  the  Bay  of 
Biscay,  situated  opposite  La  Eochelle,  belong- 
ing to  the  department  of  Charente-Inf6rieure. 
Cmef  place,  St.-Martin.  The  chief  industry  is  salt 
manufacture.  It  was  the  scene  of  an  unsuccessful  expedi- 
tion of  the  English  under  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  against 
the  French  in  1627.    Length,  18  miles. 

Bead  (r§d),  George.  [The  E.  surname  Bead, 
also  spelled  Beade,  Beed,  Sc.  Beid,  is  the  same 
as  the  adj.  red,  and,  like  Blach,  White,  etc.,  re- 
ferred, asa  surname,  to  the  complexion.]  Bom 
in  Cecil  County,Md.,Sept.  18,1733:  died  at  New- 
castle, Del.  ,  Sept.  21, 1798.  Aji  American  states- 
man and  jurist,  signer  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  as  delegate  to  Congress  from 
Delaware.  He  was  United  States  senator  from 
Delaware  1789-93,  and  chief  justice  of  Delaware 
1798-98. 

Bead,  Thomas  Buchanan.  Bom  in  Chester 
County,  Pa.,  March  12, 1822 :  died  at  New  York, 
May  11, 1872.  An  American  poet  and  painter. 
He  wrote  "Poems "  (1847, 1853, 1860-66),  "The  New  Pas- 
toral" (1866),  "The  House  by  the  Sea"  (1866),  "Sylvia, 
etc."  (1857),  "The  Wagoner  of  the  Alleghaniea"  (1862), 
"Sheridan's  Eide"  (1865),  etc. 

Beade  (red),  Charles.  Bom  at  Ipsden  House, 
Oxfordshire,  June  8, 1814:  died  at  London,  April 
11,1884.  An  English  novelist  and  dramatist.  He 
(9'aduated  at  Oxford  (Magdalen  College)  in  1835;  was 
elected  to  a  Vinerian  scholarship  at  Oxford;  and  was 
called  to  the  bar  at  Line  oln's  Inn  in  1847.  He  is  noted  for 
the  skill  with  which  he  inveighed  against  social  wrongs. 
Hisflrstplay,  "The  Ladies' Battle,"  appeared  in  1861.  His 
principal  works  are  "Peg  WofHngton"  (1862),  "Christie 
Johnstone  "  (1853),  "  Masks  and  Faces  "  (a  play,  with  Tom 
Tiiylor).  "  Clouds  and  Sunshine  "  and  "Art"(1856),  "Itis 
Never  Too  Late  to  Mend  "  (1856 :  also  dramatized),  "  Love 
me  Little,  Love  me  Long"  (1859),  "The  Cloister  and  the 
Heai-th"  (1861),  "Hard  Cash"  (1863),  "Griffith  Gaunt" 
(1866),  "Foul  Play"  (1869),  "Put  Yourself  in  His  Place" 
(1870),  "A  Terrible  Temptation"  (1871),  and  "The  Wander- 
ing Heir"  (1872).  Among  his  other  novels  are  "  The  Course 
of  True  Love  never  did  Enn  Smooth  "  (1857), "  White  Lies  " 
(18571  "A  Woman-Hater"  (1877),  "A  Simpleton"  (1874), 
etc.  Among  his  plays  are  "  A  Scuttled  Ship  "  (1879 :  with 
Boucicault,  from  "Foul  Play  ")  and  "Drink"  (from  Zola's 
"  L'Assommoir  "). 

Beade,  William  Winwood.  Bom  at  Ipsden, 
England,  1839:  died  at  Wimbledon,  England, 
April  24,  1875.  An  English  traveler  in  Africa, 
and  novelist,  a  nephew  of  Charles  Keade.  He 
published  "Savage  Africa"  (1863),  "The  African  Sketch- 
Book"  (1873),  "  Ashantee  Campaign"  (1876),  etc. 

Beading  (red'ing).  \ME.Beding,  AS.  Beddingas, 
prop,  the  jiame  of  the  inhabitants, '  the  descen- 
dants of  Redd,'  i.  e.  Red,  a  man's  name.]  A  town 
in  BerkslJire,  England,  situated  on  the  Kennet, 
near  its  jimction  with  the  Thames,  39  miles  west 
by  south  of  London,  it  has  considerable  trade,  and 
manufactures  of  biscuits,  iron,  ale,  etc.,  and  contains  ruins 
of  a  Benedictine  abbey.  It  was  the  lieadquarters  of  the 
Danes  in  their  inroad  on  Wessex  in  871,  and  the  scene  of 
one  of  their  defeats ;  was  burned  by  the  Danes  in  1006 ;  and 
was  taken  by  the  Parliamentarians  under  the  Earl  of  Essex 
in  1643.  Population  (1901),  72,214. 

Beading.  A  city,  capital  of  Berks  Coimty,  Penn- 
sylvania, situated  on  the  Schuylkill  50  miles 
northwest  of  Philadelphia,  it  is  an  important  rail- 
way and  manufacturing  center ;  contains  machine-shops 
of  the  Philadelphia  and  Beading  Railroad ;  and  has  manu- 
factures of  iron,  steel,  brass,  shoes,  cigars,  leather,  etc.  It 
was  laid  out  in  1748,  and  became  a  city  in  1847.  Popula- 
tion (1800),  78,961. 

Beading  Magdalen,  The.    See  Magdalen,  1. 
Beading  the  Will.    A  painting  by  Sir  David 

Wilkie  (1820),  in  the  New  Pinakothek  at  Munich . 

A  number  of  persons,  of  all  ages  and  various  demeanor, 

are  assembled  in  a  room  listening  to  the  reading  of  a  will 

by  a  lawyer,  who  sits  at  a  table. 

Eeagan  (re'gan),  John  Henninger.    Bom  m 


Becorde 

Sevier  County,  Tenn.,  Oct.  8, 1818.  An  Ameri- 
can Democratic  politician.  He  was  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Texas  1867-61 ;  was  postmaster-general  of  the 
Confederacy  1861-65,  and  (for  a  short  time)  acting  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury ;  was  a  member  of  Congress  from 
Texas  1876-87 ;  and  was  a  United  States  senator  1887-91, 
when  he  resigned  in  order  to  accept  the  chairmanship  of 
the  railroad  commission  of  the  State  of  Texas. 

Beate  (re-a'te).    The  ancient  name  of  Bieti. 

B^aumur  (ra-o-miir'),  Ben6  Antoine  Fer- 
chault  de.  Bom  at  La  Eochelle,  Prance,  Feb. 
28,1683:  died  on  his  estate,Bermondi6re,  Maine, 
France,  Oct.  18, 1757.  A  French  physicist  and 
naturalist,  best  known  as  the  inventor  (about 
1731)  of  the  ESaumur  thermometer,  in  the  scale 
of  which  the  space  between  the  freezing-point 
and  the  boiling-point  of  water  is  divided  into  80 
degrees.  He  also  discovered  the  porcelain  named  from 
him.  His  chief  work  is  "  M^moires  pour  servir  k  I'histoire 
naturelle  des  insectes  "  (1734-42). 

Bebecca,  or  Bebekah  (rf-bek'a).  [F.  Bebecgue, 
8p.  Bebeea,  Pg.  It.  Bebecca,  li" Bebecca,  Gr.  'Pe- 
Beiaca,  Heb.  Bibhqah,  from  rabhak,  bind,  fasten.] 
The  sister  of  Laban,  wife  of  the  patriarch  Isaac 
and  mother  of  Esau  and  Jacob. 

Bebecca  (re-bek'a).  A  character  in  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  novel  "Ivanhoe":  a  Jewess,  the  daughter 
of  Isaac  of  York,  she  secretly  loves  Ivanhoe,  whom 
she  cures  of  a  wound,  and  repulses  at  the  peril  of  her  life 
the  criminal  love  of  De  Bois  Guilbert,  on  account  of  whose 
infatuation  she  is  condemned  as  a  witch,  but  is  saved  by 
the  sudden  death  of  her  accuser.  After  the  marriage  of 
Ivanhoe  to  Bowena,  she  leaves  England  with  her  father. 

BebellioUjThe.  1.  In  United  states  history, 
the  Civil  War  (which  see). — 3.  In  Scottish  his- 
tory, the  Jacobite  insurrections. 

Bebellion,  The  Great.  In  English  history,  the 
war  waged  by  the  Parliamentary  army  against 
Charles  I.  from  1642  to  his  execution  in  1649, 
and  the  subsequent  maintenance  by  force  of  a 

government  opposed  to  the  excluded  sovereign 
harles  H.  till  the  Restoration  in  1660. 
Bebello  da  Silva  (re-bel'lo  da  sel'vS),  Luis 
Augusto.  Born  at  Lisbon,  April  1,  1822:  died 
Sept.  19, 1871.  A  Portuguese  historian,  novel- 
ist, and  political  orator.  His  chief  worlts  are  a  "His- 
tory of  Portugal  in  the  17th  and  18th  Centuries"  (1860-71) 
and  the  historical  novel  "A  mocidade  de  D.  Joao  V." 
C^The  Youth  of  Dom  John  V.,"  1861-63). 

B6camier  (ra-ka-mya' ) ,  Madame  (Jeanne  Fran- 
coise  Julie  Adelaide  Bernard).  Bom  at 
Lyons,  Dec.  4, 1777:  died  at  Paris,  May  11, 1849. 
A  celebrated  French  leader  of  society,  she  was 
married  at  15  to  Monsieur  Jacques  E^camier,  who  was 
nearly  three  times  her  age.  Her  beauty  and  intelligence 
attracted  to  her  salon  a  brilliant  circle  at  Paris  during  the 
consulate  and  empu-e,  and  later  at  Abbaye-aux-Bois.  She 
was  exiled  from  Paris  by  Napoleon.  Among  her  friends 
were  Madame  de  Stael,  Chateaubriand  (who  wished  to 
marry  her  after  the  death  of  her  husband).  Constant,  etc. 
The  only  one  of  her  adfnirers  who  is  thought  to  have 
touched  her  heart  was  Prince  Augustus  of  Prussia.  She 
agreed  to  marry  him,  and  her  husband,  who  had  lost  his 
fortune,  consented  to  a  divorce :  she,  however,  touched  by 
his  amiabUity,  refused  to  leave  him  in  his  pover^.  Her 
"Souvenirs  et  correspondance  "  were  edited  by  her  niece 
Madame  Lenormant  in  1859. 

Bechabites  (rek'a-blts).  The  members  of  a 
Jewish  family  andsect  descended  from  Eechab, 
which,  in  obedience  to  the  command  of  Jona- 
dab,  Eechab's  son,  refused  to  drink  wine,  build 
or  live  in  houses,  sow  seed,  or  plant  or  own 
vineyards  (Jer.  xxxv.  5-10). 

Becife.    See  Pernatiibiico. 

Eecklinghausen  (rek'ling-hou-zen).  1.  A 
former  countship  in  Westphalia,  annexed  to 
Prussia  in  1815. —  2.  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  31  miles  south- 
west of  Mitnster.  Population  (1890),  7,640; 
commune,  14,041. 

Beclus  (ra-klii'),  Jean  Jacques  Elis6e.  Bom 
at  St.-Foy-la-Grande,  Gironde,  March  15,  1830. 
A  French  geographer.  He  traveledin  England,  Ire- 
land,  and  North  and  South  America,  1852-67,  and  subse- 
quently devoted  himself  to  writing  boolu  of  travel  and 
geography :  some  of  these  were  first  published  in  the 
"Tour  du  Monde"  and  the  "Eevue  des  Deux  Mondes," 
and  republished  in  book  form.  They  include  "  La  terre  " 
(1867-68),  "Les  phSnomfenes  terrestres,  le  monde  et  les 
m^ttores"  (1872:  republished  in  English  as  "The  Ocean"), 
"Voyage  k  la  Sierra  Nevada  de  Sainte-Marths,"  etc.  His 
greatest  work  is  the  "Nouvelle  geographic  universelle  " 
(20  vols.,  4to,  1876-94).  In  1871  Eeclus  was  sentenced  to 
transportation  for  life  on  account  of  his  connection  witli 
the  Paris  Commune,  but  the  sentence  was  commuted  to 
banishment  at  the  intercession  of  numerous  distinguished 
scientists,  and  he  lived  at  Clarens,  Switzerland,  until  the 
amnesty  of  1879  permitted  bis  return  to  Paris. 

Becoaro  (ra-ko-a'ro).  A  watering-place  in  the 
province  of  Vicenza,  northern  Italy,  situated 
21  miles  north-northeast  of  Verona.  Popula- 
tion (1881),  commune,  6,163. 

Becorde  (rek'ord),  Bobert.  Bom  at  Tenby, 
Wales,  about  1500:  died  in  the  King's  Bench 
prison,  London,  1558.  A  British  mathemati- 
cian and  physician .     He  entered  Oxford  in  1625 ;  was 


Recorde 


846 


Beeve,  Henry 


em  Minnesota,  intersected  hj  lat.  48°  N.  Its 
outlet  is  by  the  Bed  Lake  Eiver.  Length,  33 
miles. 


fellow  of  All  Sonls  in  1531 ;  and  was  physician  to  Edward 
VI.  and  Queen  Mary.  He  wrote  "The  Oiounde  of  Artes, 
teachlnge  the  Perfect  Worke  and  Practise  of  Arithme- 

ticke"  (1640),  "The  Patnway  to  Knowledge,  containing  _     ,.,,_.  ,     .         .  .,  .         ■.,. 

the  First  Principles  of  Geometry"  (1551X  "The  Castle  of  Red  Lake  RlVei.    Axiver  innorthwestem  Mm- 
Knowledge,  etc.   (1666X  "The  Whetstone  of  Witte,  etc.,"    nesota  which  joins  the  Bed  Eiver  of  the  North 
theflratEngll8hbookonalgebra(l6B7).    Most  of  his  works    opposite  Grand  Forks,  North  Dakota.    Length, 
are  in  the  form  of  dialogues  between  the  pupil  and  his     „£!„„  ica  „ji„„ 
master  over  ±ov  zuiieb. 

Reculver  (re-tul'ver),  or  Reculvers  (-verz).  Ked  Lions,  The,    An  association  formed  in 
A  place  on  the  coast  of  Kent,  England,  9  miles    1839  at  Birmingham,  England 


northeast  of  Canterbury:  the  Bomau  Begul- 
bium. 

Becuyell  of  the  Historyes  of  Troye.    ['  Col- 
lection of  the  Tales  of  Troy.']  See  the  extract. 

The  first  book  printed  in  English,  the  "Eeeuyell  of  the 
Historyes  of  Troye,"  a  stout  folio  of  361  leaves,  does  not 
contain  the  date  of  printing,  nor  the  name  and  place  of  the 
printer;  but  it  appears  from  the  introduction  that  it  was 
translated  from  the  French  by  William  Caxton  between  the 
years  1469  and  1471.  De  Vinne,  Invention  of  Printing,  p.  607. 

Redan  (re-dan').    A  fortification  defending  Se- _    ,  „       .    .         .  .     tit       ■ 

bastopol'in  the  Crimean  war.  It  was  stormed  R?d  Mountain.  A  range  in  Wyoming,  near 
by  the  British  Sept.  8,  1855,  but  immediately  Yellowstone  Lake.  The  highest  point  is  Mount 
abandoned  by  them.   '  _Sheridau  (which  see) 


Africa  on  the  west.    It  divides  in  the  north  Jnto  the 
Gulf  of  Sinai  and  the  Gulf  of  Akaba.    The  chief  islands  are 
Farsan  and  the  Dahlak  archipelagoes.  It  communicates  on 
the  north  with  the  Mediterranean  by  the  Suez  Canal,  and 
on  the  south  with  the  Indian  Ocean  by  the  Strait  of  Bab-el- 
Mandeb  and  the  Gulf  of  Aden.    It  is  noted  for  its  heat   Its 
commercial  importance  has  increased  since  the  opening 
of  the  Suez  Canal  in  1869.    It  receives  no  river  of  impor- 
tance.   Length,  about  1,460  miles.    Greatest  breadth,  206 
miles.    Greatest  depth,  about  1,200  fathoms. 
Redshid  Pasha.    See  SesMd  Pasha. 
When  the  British  Association  met  there,  several  of  its  Red  SkinS,  The.     A  novel  by  Cooper,  published 
younger  members  happened  accidentally  to  dine  at  the     in  1»40.  „   .,    ,  ^.    ,       ,.  ^  .^i 

-  ■ -■  -  -  " ■---' Red  Sticks.     In  United  States  history,  those 

Creek'  Indians  who,  expelled  from  their  lands 


Red  Lion  in  Church  street.  ...  It  was  resolved  to  con- 
tinue the  meeting  from  year  to  year,  wherever  the  Asso- 
ciation might  happen  to  meet.  By  degrees  the  "Red 
Lions  " —  the  name  was  assumed  from  the  accident  of  the 
flrstmeeting-place— became  a  very  exclusive  club.  Forbes 
first  drew  round  him  the  small  circle  of  jovial  philosophers 
which  included  Lankester,  Thomson,  Bell,  Mitchell,  and 
Sfo-ickland.  Many  were  added  afterwards,  as  the  club  was 
kept  up  in  London  in  meetings  at  Anderton's  in  Fleet 
street.  Timbs. 


during  the  War  of  1812,  retired  southward  and 
continued  hostile  to  the  United  States.  They 
were  so  called  because  in  their  principal  village  they  erect- 
ed a  high  pole,  and  painted  it  red  to  signify  their  eagerness 
for  the  blood  of  the  whites. 

Remaining  at  St.  Mark's  [Fla.]  for  two  days,  and  Inspli^ 
ing  new  terror  by  hanging  on  the  spot  two  Red  Stick 
chiefs  who  had  fallen  into  his  hands,  Jackson  next  set  out 
in  pursuit  of  the  enemy. 

ScJwuler,  Hist,  of  the  United  States,  III.  70. 

Redwald.    See  Bxdwald. 


»??  Ba_nk  (red  bangk').    A_village  in  Glouces-  T^tl}^;tt^:\,^tJT'J'^^^^t?^^\f.  Red  Wing.    A  city,  capital  of  Goodhue  County, 


ter  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  the  Dela- 
ware 7  miles  south  of  Philadelphia.  Here,  Oct. 
22, 1777,  the  Americans  defeated  the  British  and 
Hessian  forces  under  Donop. 

Red  Book  of  Hergest,  The.    \W.LlyfrCoeh.']    ^       „h  ,^t„     ■.  -a,-     -i.      ■  ^      to 
The  collection  of  Welsh  tales  known  in  its  Eng-    ^'^^f'  ^0,  184^.    A  French  painter  of  flowers, 
lish  translation  as  "The  Mabinogion."   it  is  a   professor  at  the  Museum  of  Natura,!  History  in 
MS.  of  the  14th  century,  and  is  at  Jesus  CoUege,  Oxford.    Pans.    He  illustrated  many  botanical  works. 
It  contains  a  chronology  from  Adam  to  1318  A.  B.,  a  chrono-  Redpath  (red'pSlth),  James.    Bom  at  Berwick- 
logical  history  of  the  Saxons  to_i376,  and  the  olSest  copies    on-Tweed,  England,  Aug.  14, 1838 :  died  at  New 


Ille-et-yilaine,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  -MTunesoFa,  situated  on  the  Mississippi,  at  the 
Oust  with  the  Vilame,  37  miles  southwest  of  ^  ^^  ^f  Lake  Pepin,  39  miles  southeast  of  St. 
Eennes.  Population  (1891),  commime,  6,929  p^^j  It  exports  wheat.  Pop.  (1900),  7,525. 
Redout6(r6-do-ta'),Pierre  Joseph,  BornatSt.-  Redwitz  (red'vits).  Baron  Oskar  von.  Bom 
Hubert,  Belgimn,  July  10,  1759:  died  at  Pans,  '^t  Liehtenau,  near  Ansbach,  Bavaria,  June  28, 


known  to  exist  of  the  poems  of  Taliesin  and  Lly  warch  Hen. 

Red  Cross  Knight,  The.    The  hero  of  the  frst 
book  of  the  "Faerie  Queene,"  by  Spenser. 

The  Red  Cross  Knight,  by  whom  is  meant  reformed  Eng- 
land (see  c.  X.  61,  where  he  is  called  "St.  George  of  merry 
England"),  has  just  been  equipped  with  the  "armourwhich 
Una  brought  (that  is,  the  armour  of  a  Christian  man,  speci- 
fied by  St  Paul,  v.  [vi.]  Ephes.),"  as  Spenser  tells  Sir  W. 
Baleigh  in  his  letter.  The  armour  "wherein  old  dints 
&c.,"  though  new  to  the  Knight,  is  old  as  Christendom. 
Thus  equipped  and  guided  by  truth,  he  goes  forth  to  fight 


1823 :  died  July  7, 1891.  A  German  poet,  dram- 
atist, and  novelist.  Among  his  works  are  the  drama 
"Philippine  Welser,"  the  poems  "Amaranth  "(1849),  "Das 
Lied  vom  neuen  Deutschen  Reich"  (1871),  "Odilo''(1878), 
the  novel  "Hermann  Stark  "  (1868),  etc. 

York,  Feb.  10^1891.   AuAmerican  abolitionist  Ree.    See  Ankara. 
and  author.    He  became  a  journalist  at  an  early  age,  Ree  (re),  Lough.    A  lake  in  Ireland,  an  expan- 
identified  himself  with  the  abolition  movement  and  acted    gj^n  gf  ^jjg  riyer  Shannon,  between  Roscommon 
as  a  war  correspondent  for  Northern  papers  during  the  .-.      .,„„„(.  „-,  j  T.nniyfnrfl  anrl  Wpstmpji+li  nT> 

CivUWar.    He  established  the  Lyceum  Bureau  at  Boston    on  tHe  west  antt  Liongiora  ana  westmeatn  on 
inl868.  Among  his  works  are  "Echoes  of  Harper's  Ferry"    the  east.     Length,  lb  miles. 

(I860),  "The  John  Brown  Invasion"  (1860),  "The  Public  Reed  (red).  Sir  Edward  JamOS.  Born  at  Sheer- 
Life  of  Captaiii_John  Brown "  (1860), J'John  Brown,  the    ngss,  England,  Sept.  20, 1830.     A  noted  English 

marine  engineer,  designer  of  various  vessels 


Hero"  (J862),  "Talks  about  Ireland"  (1881X  etc. 


Red  Peak.   A  peak  of  the  Park  Eange  in  Colo-   ^'^;  British7German,"and"other  na^ea 
Height,  13.dd3  te_et.  _  _    __      ■R-eJ    TTerirw.     Bom  at  Philadelnhia.  Jul 


rado. 


the 


ander  of  Parma.  

EiteTieny  Note  in  Spenser's  Faery  Queene.  T^ec^  River 

Red  Cross  Society.  A  philanthropic  society 
founded  to  carry  out  the  views  of  the  Geneva 
Convention  of  1864.  its  objects  are  to  care  for  the 
wounded  in  war  and  secure  the  neutrality  of  nurses,  hos- 
pitals, etc.,  and  to  relieve  suffering  occasioned  by  pesti- 
lence, floods,  Are,  and  other  calamities.  The  society  was 
established  through  the  efforts  of  Henri  Dunant.  The 
president  of  the  American  National  Red  Cross  Society  is 
Clara  Barton.  The  distinctive  flag  is  a  red  cross  on  a 
white  ground. 

Redditch  (red'ieh).    Atown  in  Woroester-shire, 

England,  12  miles  south  by  west  of  Birmingham. 

Population  (1891),  parish,  8,266.  ,  -i>,-„„«  Ti-.r,.«ji+;.»« 

Re<femption  (re-iemp'shon)   The.    A  tnlo^  ^.H^l^^^^^lP^-^^i^S 

by  Gounod,  produced  at  the  Birmingham 

val in  1882.   ' 
Redesdale  (redz'dal).    The  valley  of  the  Reed, 

a  tributary  of  the  Tyne,  in  Northumberland, 

England. 
Reiueld  (red'feld),  Isaac  Fletcher.    Bom  at 

Weathersfield,  Vt.,  April  10, 1804:  died  at  Bos- 
ton, March- 23, 1876.    An  American  jurist.    He 

published  "Law  of  Railways" (1857),  "Law  of 

Wills"  (1864-70),  etc. 
Redgauntlet  (red-^ant'let).    A  novel  by  Sir 

Walter  Scott,  published  in  1824.    it  describes  the 

Jacobite  enthusiasm  of  the  18th  century.    Darsie  Latimer, 

who  has  been  kept  out  of  England  during  his  minority,  be- 
comes infatuated  with  a  mysterious  lady  in  a  green  cloak 

known  asGreenmantle.  He  discovers  that  he  is  in  reality 

Sir  Arthur  Barsie  Redgauntlet,  and  that  Greenmantle  is 

his  sister  Lilias  Redgauntlet.    He  is  imprisoned  by  his 


mi.  Reed,  Henry.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  July  11, 
■"•"^  1808:  lost  at  sea,  Sept.  27, 1854.  AuAmerican 
author,  grandson  of  Joseph  Eeed.  He  was  admit- 
ted to  tlieT)ar  in  1829,  but  abandoned  law  on  accepting  an 
assistant  professorship  of  English  literature  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  in  1831.  He  was  appointed  professor 
of  rhetoric  and  English  literature  in  1335.  He  was  lost  at 
sea  on  a  return  voyage  from  Europe.  He  edited  the  works 
of  Wordsworth  and  Gray,  and  wrote  "Lectures  on  English 
Literature  "  (1855),  "  Lectures  on  English  History  and  Tra- 
gic Poetry  "(1865),  "Lectures  on  the  British  Poets  "(1867), 
etc. 


tales  in  the  collection  by  Perrault, 

led  River.    The  largest  right-hand  tributary 

of  the  Mississippi,  after  the  Missouri  and  the 

Arkansas.     It  rises  in  the  Staked  Plain  of  Texas,  forms 

the  boundary  between  Texas  and  Indian  Territory,  flows 

through  the  southwestern  part  of  Arkansas,  traverses 

Louisiana,  and  joins  the  Mississippi  about  lat.  31°  N.    Its 

chief  tributary  is  the  Washita.    Length,  about  1,200  miles ; 

navigable  to  Shreveport  navigation  above  that  point  being  _      J    t«_„„-i,       -d^-..^    „<■  rr-„-„4.„^    -nt    t      a„™ 

partlycheokedby"rafts,"orcoUection8ofdrlftwood, which  Beett,  JOSepn.     Born  at  Irenton,  N.  J.,  Aug. 

formerly  blocked  the  channel  for  46  miles.  27,1741:  died  at  Philadelphia,  March  5,  1785. 

Red  River,  or  Song-koi  (song-koi).    The  chief    An  American  patriot,  a  member  of  the  Conti- 

river  of  Tongking.    It  rises  in  the  province  of  Yun-    nental  Congress.  He  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 

nan,  China,  and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Tongking.    Length,     and  was  president  of  the  Supreme  Executive  Council  of 

600-700  miles.  Pennsylvania  1778-81. 

.iinoT,  Red  River  Expedition.  1.  In  United  States  Reed,  Philip.  Died  Nov.  2,  1829.  An  Ameri- 
i„„5f  history,  an  unsuccessful  Federal  expedition  can  politician.  He  was  a  United  States  senator  from 
lesn-     fMaroh-Mav  ISfiifl  iTn  tlifi  Rfid  Rivfir  vallfiv  for    Maryland  1806-13,  and  a  member  of  Congress  1817-19  and 

(Maron-may,  l»t)4;  up  tne  Kea  «iver  vaiiey,  lor    1822-23.    He  commanded,  as  colonel  of  militia,  the  regi- 

the  purpose  of  recovering  western  Louisiana,    ment  of  home  guards  whleh  defeated  the  British  under 

The  Federal  land  forces  were  commanded  by  Banks,  the    sir  Peter  Parker  at  Moorefields,  Maryland,  Aug.  SO,  1814. 

rT^aX^°'^'e^t^f°e?Jl^r;l°/e°ITd'^^^^^^^  Thomas  Brackett     Bom  at  Portland. 

Sabine  Cross-Roads,  a  Federal  victory  at  Pleasant  Hill,     Maine,^Oct.   18,  1839  :    died  at  Washmgton, 
and  the  rescue  of  the  Federal  fleet  by  Joseph  Bailey.    See     ■-^'-^ 
Bailey. 

2.  In  Canadian  history,  the  expedition  under 
Wolseley  in  1870,  which  succeeded  in  putting 
down  the  insurrection  under  Eiel  in  the  valley 
of  the  Red  River  of  the  North. 
Red  River  of  the  North.  A  river  in  the  United 

states  and  Canada.  It  rises  In  western  Minnesota; 
forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Minnesota  and  North 
Dakota;  traverses  Manitoba;  and  flows  into  Lake  Win- 
nipeg. It  is  called  in  part  of  its  upper  course  the  Otter 
Tail  River.    Length,  about  700  miles. 


7,  1902.    An  American  Republican 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1865;  com- 


uncle  and  guardian  Redgauntlet  to  force  him  into  the  Red  RlVCr  Settlement.  A  name  formerly  given 


It  is 


Jacobite  insurrection. 

Redgrave  (red'grav),  Richard.    Bom  at  Lon- 
don, April  30, 1804 :  died  Dec.  14, 1888.   An  Eng- 

'^JZr.^Litot.T:^:iZ'ohZ%tll  Red  Rose     The  emblem  of  the  Ho^^^^^^ 
pictures.    He  published  (with  his  brother)  "A    caster  in  the  Wars  of  the  Roses  (which  see) 


D.  C,  Dec. 
politician. 

menced  practice  at  Portland,  Maine ;  and  held  various  po- 
litical offices  in  his  native  State.  He  was  a  member  of 
Congress  from  Maine  1877-99,  and  was  speaker  of  the 
House  1889-91, 1896-97,  and  1897-99. 

Reed,  Thomas  German.  Bom  at  Bristol,  June 
27,  1817:  died  March  21,  1888.  An  English 
musician  and  conductor.  He  was  the  originator  in 
1866  of  a  novelty  known  as  "Mr.  and  Mrs.  German  Reed's 
Entertainment. '  Itprovidedmilddramaticentertainment 
for  persona  who  objected  to  the  theater,  and  was  very 
popular.  Mrs.  German  Reed  was  Priscilla  Horton  (bom 
at  Birmingham,  Jan.  1, 1818),  an  actress. 


to  the  British  colony  settled  in  what  is  since  Reeder  (re'dfer),  Andrew  H.     Bom  Aug.  6, 


1870  the  Canadian  province  of  Manitoba, 
traversed  by  the  Red  River  of  the  North. 


pictures.    He  published  (with  his  brother) 
Century  of  Painters  of  the  English  School" 
(1866). 

Red  Horse,  Vale  of  the.    A  valley  in  the  south- 
em  part  of  Warwickshire,  England. 

Redi  (ra'de),  Francesco.  Born  at  Arezzo,  Italy, 
Feb.  18, 1626 :  died  at  Pisa,  March  1, 1698.    An 


1807:  died  at  Saston,  Pa.,  July  5,  1864."  An 
American  politician.  He  was  governor  of  Kansas 
1864-.'>5,  and  a  delegate  from  Kansas  in  1866.  He  was 
elected  United  States  senator  from  Kansas  In  1866,  but 
was  refused  admission. 

Reelfoot  Lake  (rel'f ut  lak) .    A  submerged  dis- 
trict in  Lake  and  Obion  counties,  northwestern 

tolheTterritory  now  included  in  the  eastern  Rees  (res),  Abraham.  Bom  at  Llanbrynmair, 
part  of  Galicia  (Aust-na-Hungary)  and  m  the  Wales,  1743:  died  June  9,  1825.  A  British  au- 
part  of  Russian  Poland  near  Chelm.       __  _  thor.   He  edited  "Chambers's Cyclopedia "(1776-86),  and 


Red  Rover  (red  ro'vfer).    A  sea-novel  by  J.  P 
Cooper,  published  in  1827. 
Red  Russia  (rush'a).    A  name  formerly  given 


ItaUan  naturalist  and  poet.  He  wrote  "  Esperienze  Redruth  (red'rSth).    A  town  in  CornwaU,  Eng-    "Rees's  Cyclopedia  "  (1802-19). 


intomo  alia  generazione  degli  insetti"("  Experiments  on 
the  Generation  of  Insects,"  1668). 

Red  Jacket  (Indian  name  Sagoyewatha).  Bom 

at  Old  Castle,  near  Geneva,  NT  Y.,  about  1752 : 
died  at  Seneca  Village,  N.  Y.,  Jan.,  1830.    A 
chief  of  the  Senecas,  noted  as  an  orator. 
Red  Lake,    A  lake  in  Beltrami  County,  north- 


land,  8  mUes  northwest  of  Falmouth,  it  is  an -Reese  (res)  River.  A  river  in  Central  Nevada^ 
important  center  of  tin-  and  copper-mining.  Population  a  tributary  (at  times)  of  the  Humboldt  River 
(1891),  10,324.  Length,  about  150  miles. 

Red  Sea.  [L.  Arabicus  Smus  or  MareBubmm,  Reeve(rev),Henry.  Born  1813:  died  Oct  21  1895 
F.  MerBonge,  Or.  Botes  MeeroTArah^cherMeer.  An  English  writer  and  editor.  He  wa^  rilstrai 
busen.']  One  of  the  principal  arms  ot  the  Indian  of  the  privy  council  1837-87,  and  became  editor  of  the 
Ocean,  lying  between  Arabia  on  the  east  and    "Edinburgh  Review  "in  1866.    He  published  translationB 


Keeve,  Henry 

of  De  TooqneTllIe's  "  Democracy  in  America  " and  "  France 
before  tlie  Kevolution  of  1789, "  and  of  Guizot's  ' '  Wasliing- 
ton."  He. publislied  "A  Journal  of  tlie  Eeigns  of  King 
George  IV.  and  King  William  IV."  byGreville  in  1874, 
and  a  sequel  to  ttiat  work  in  1885.  He  also  publislied 
"Eoyal  and  Kepublican  France,"  a  collection  of  liistori- 
oal  essays. 
Seeve,  Tapping.  Bom  at  Brookhaven,  L.  I., 
1744:  died  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  Deo.  13,  1823. 
An  American  jurist.  He  established  a  law  school  at 
Litchfield  in  1784.    He  published  various  legal  treatises. 

Reeves  (revz),  Mrs.  (Helen  Beckenham  Ma- 
thers). Bom  at  Crewkeme,  Somerset,  1852. 
An  English  novelist,  known  as  Helen  Mathers. 
She  has  published  "Comin'thro'  the  Eye  "(1875),  "Cherry 
Eipe"(1877X  "My  Lady  Green  Sleeves  "  (1879),  "The  Story 
of  a  Sin  "  (1881),  "  Found  Out "  (1884),  "The  Fashion  of  this 
World  "  (1886),  "  A  Man  of  the  Time  "  (1894),  etc. 

Beeves,  John  Sims.  Bom  Sept.  26,  1818': 
died  Oct.  25,  1900.  A  noted  English  tenor 
singer.  He  made  his  first  appearance  as  a  baritone  at 
Newcastle  in  1839,  but  from  1841  to  1843  he  sang  second 
tenor  rdles.  Shortly  after  he  went  to  Paris  to  study,  and 
In  1847  appeared  in  tenor  rdles  in  England.  He  was  greatly 
admired  also  in  oratorio. 

Beeve's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's  "Canter- 
bury Tales." 


847  Eehan 

l^rl^ot^iz^Pd'L^'iL^Jf^i^ed^t^tfn^Xl^^^^^^^ 


was  recognized  by  the  United  States,  greatly  strengthen- 
ing his  cause.  On  July  12,  1869,  he  issued  his  famous  de- 
cree confiscating  church  property,  and  thus  increasing  the 
breach.  The  war,  on  the  side  of  Juarez,  was  generally 
carried  on  by  his  generals,  but  Miramon  often  commanded 
his  own  forces.  The  movements  and  counter -movements 
were  confusing  to  the  last  degree,  and  during  the  whole 
period  the  interior  was  in  a  state  of  anarchy,  the  prey  of 
guerrilla  parties.  Some  of  the  chief  events  were :  Reac- 
tionist victory  at  Salamanca  in  Guanajuato,  March  9-10, 
1858,  followed  by  the  surrender  of  the  liberals  under  Par- 
rodi  at  Guadalajara;  Miramon  and  Mejia  occupy  San 
IiUis  PotosI  Sept.  12,  and  defeat  Vidaurri  at  Ahualulco 
Sept.  29;  siege  of  Guadalajara  by  the  liberals  Sept.  28 
until  its  capture,  Oct.  27;  Guadalajara  retaken  by  Mar- 
gnez,  Dec.  15 ;  first  siege  of  Vera  Cruz  by  Miramon,  ending 
in  his  repulse,  March  29, 1859 ;  liberals  defeated  at  Tacu- 
baya,  April  11 ;  execution  of  prisoners  (called  the  "mas- 
sacre of  Tacubaya  "),  April  11 ;  United  States  vessels  cap- 
ture as  pirates  Miramon's  ships  which  had  attempted  to 
attack  Vera  Cniz,  March  6, 1860 ;  abandonment  of  second 
siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  March  21;  liberals  repulsed  from 
Guadalajara,  May  25 ;  Miramon  defeated  on  the  Silao  Hills, 
Aug.  10 ;  liberals  defeated  at  Toluca,  Dec.  9 ;  final  defeat 
of  Miramon  at  Calpulalpam,  Dec.  22 ;  Miramon  resigns  and 
secretly  leaves  Mexico,  Dec.  24 ;  entry  of  Juarez  into  Mexico, 
Jan.  11, 1861.  The  confusion  did  not  entirely  cease  with 
Miramon's  defeat^  and  it  eventually  opened  the  way  to  the 
French  intervention  and  the  short-lived  empire  of  Maxi- 
milian, 


He  probably  took  it  from  Jean  de  Bove's 
fabliau  "  De  Gombert  et  des  deux  clercs,"  but  it  forms  the 

tS'eS^t'BetrrSn'^d^'^r:""''"'"™''  """  Refusal,  The  .or  the  Ladies' Philosophy    A 

Reformation (ref-Or-ma'shon), The.  Thegreat  ^^^^\^l  ^om^^I^^^^'lest^^!^'^ 

religious  revolution  in  the  16th  century,  which  Mantes  "  witffldents  of  the  South  S^a^ania" 

itr^.L^T^'l'^^^'^r"*  °'  the  Protestant  RTgafWi"S-Wtl)°"A^^own^^ 

an^esmt'ed  i^^tSS*jrdSpre  tf d^S?S?inX"o^^  3°^  Catania,  Sicily,  situated  25  nules  west- 

or  less  fundamental  in  different  countries  and  in  different  ^°I™^^®''  °*  t'atama.     Population  (1881),  10,- 

Btages  of  its  progress.    Various  reformers  of  great  influ-  032. 

ence,  as  Wyclif  and  Huss,  had  appeared  before  the  16th  Eegaldi  (ra-gal'de),  GiUseppe.      Born  at  No- 
century,  but  the  Eeformation  f.roper  began  nearly  simul-  yara,  Italy,  Nov. ,  1809 :  died  at  Bologna,  Feb. , 


taneously  in  Germany  under  the  lead  of  Luther  and  in 
Switzerland  under  the  lead  of  Zwlngli.  The  chief  points 
urged  by  the  Eeformers  were  the  need  of  justification  by 
faith ;  the  use  and  authority  of  the  Scriptures,  and  the 
right  of  private  judgment  in  their  interpretation ;  and  the 


1883. 

sator : 

1866. 


An  Italian  poet,  noted  as  an  improvi- 
professor  of  history  at  Bologna  from 


Mmler,  called.  Bom  at  Konigsberg,  Francouia, 
June  6,  1436 :  died  at  Rome,  July  6,  1476.  A 
German  mathematician  and  astronomer,  bishop 
of  Katisbon. 

Begnard  (re-nar'),  Jean  Fran?ois,  Bom  a< 
Paris,  Feb.,  1655:  died  at  his  estate  of  Grillon, 
near  Dourdan,  Sept.  4,  1709.  A  French  writer 
of  comedy.  He  was  of  a  wealthy  family,  and  received 
an  excellent  education.  He  visited  successively  Italy, 
Holland,  Scandinavian  countries  (including  Lapland),  Po- 
land, Turkey,  Germany,  etc.,  and  left  copious  notes  on  his 
trips  to  these  countries.  When  he  finally  returned  to 
France,  it  was  to  divide  his  time  between  Paris  and  his 
estate  at  Grillon.  After  Moli^re  he  is  regarded  as  the 
greatest  exponent  of  comedy  in  France.  His  prose  come- 
dies began  to  appear  in  1688,  and  followed  rapidly  on  each 
other  during  five  years.  After  1693  he  composed  a  num- 
ber of  short  plays  in  verse,  and  in  1696  he  finally  put  on 
the  stage  the  comedy,  in  verse,  that  ranks  him  immediately 
next  to  Molifere— "Le  joueur."  He  further  displayed  the 
originality  of  his  talent  in  "Le  distrait "  (1697), "  D^mocrite  " 
(1700),  "Les  folies  amourenses"  (1704),  "Les  M^nechmes" 
(1705),  and  "Le  l^gataire  universel"  (1708).  His  success 
was  by  no  means  limited  to  these  plays  in  verse,  for  some 
of  his  best  work  is  done  in  prose,  like  "La  foire  de  Saint- 
Germain"  (1696)  and  "Le  retour  impr^vu  "  (1700),  or  else 
in  prose  and  verse  together,  like  "  La  suite  de  la  foire  de 
Saint.Germain"or  "Les  momies  d'Sgypte"  (1696).  Eeg- 
nard's  novel  "La  Proven<;ale"  is  in  a  certain  measure 
autobiographical :  it  was  not  published  till  1731. 

Regnault  (re-no'),  Alexandre  George  Henri. 

Bom  at  Paris,  Oct.  30,  1843:  kUled  in  battle  at 
Buzenval,  Jan.  19,  1871.  A  French  historical 
painter,  son  of  H.  V.  Regnault.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  Montfort,  Lamothe,  and  Cabanel ;  took  the  grand  prix 
de  Rome  in  1866;  studied  in  Italy  till  1868 ;  and  then  went 
to  Spain,  where  he  painted  the  equestrian  portrait  of  Gen- 
eral Prim.  In  1869  he  revisited  Italy,  and  in  1870  went 
to  Africa.  He  returned  to  fight  in  the  German  war.  His 
works  include  "Antomedon "  (1867),  "Salome,"  "Execu- 
tion in  Granada,"  "Judith  and  Holotemes,"  "Thetis  giv- 
ing  Achilles  the  Arms  of  Vnlcan,"  "A  Fantasia  in  Tan- 


right  oi  private  judgment  m  their  interpretation;  and  the  Ttotra-n  (i-a'trst-n^ 
abandonment  of  the  doctrine  o£  transubstantiation,  the  •^"Sg^i  U"  gS"; 


giers,"  ete. 
The  second  daughter  of  Lear  Regnault,  Henri  Victor.    Born  at  Aix-la-Cha 


adoration  of  the  Virgin  Mary  and  saints,  the  supremacy  of 
the  Pope,  and  various  other  doctrines  and  rites  regarded  by 
the  Eeformers  as  unscriptural.  In  the  German  Eeforma- 
tion the  leading  incidents  were  the  publication  at  Witten- 
■-utTii   ■•■-■-  '^ 


the 


in  Shakspere's  tragedy  of  "King  Lear" 
fierce  and  revengeful  wife  of  Cornwall. 
Regen  (ra'gen).  A  river  in  Bavaria  which 
joins  the  Danube  opposite  Eatisbon.  Length, 
about  100  miles. 

The  German  name 


berg  of  Luther's  ninety-five  theses  against  indulgences  in 

1617;theexcommunicationofLutherinl520:histestimony  .^ 

before  the  Diet  of  Worms  in  1621 ;  the  SOTead  of  the  princi-  Regensburg  (ra'gens-borG) 
pies  in  many  of  the  German  states,  as  Hesse,  Saxony,  and     of  Katisbon 

=fa"n^^fcSS?er5^5°l\JL°s^X^ST5^?;*S^dTh'e^^^^^^  KegeSt  Diamond-    Another  name  for  the  Pitt 
longed  struggle  between  the  Protestants  and  the  Catholics,     Uiamond  (wnicri  see  ) . 

ending  with  comparative  religious  equality  in  the  peace  Regent's  Park  (re'jents  park).  One  of  the 
of  Passau  in  1652.  Kie  Eeformation  spread  in  Switzerland  largest  parks  of  London,  situated  in  the  north- 
under  Zwmgh  and  Calvin,  in  France,  Hungary,  Bohemia,  wfistom  nnrt  of  the  pifir  It  ia  4.7?!  afi-Aa  in  ctt 
the  Scandinavian  countries,  the  Low  Countries,  etc.  In  westem  part  Ottne  City,  it  IS  4// acres  in  ex- 
Scotland  it  was  introduced  by  Knox  about  1560.  In  Eng-  tent,  and  contams  the  Zoological  Gardens, 
land  it  led  in  the  reign  of  Heiiry  VIIL  to  the  abolition  of  Regent's  Sword  (re'jents  sord).  A  peninsula 
the  papal  supremacyandtheliberationfrompapalcontrol    jn  the  province  of  ShingMng,  Manchuria,  sep- 

of  the  Church  of  England,  which,  after  a  short  Eoman     „„„+:„„ +1,.  ri,,!*  ^f  ^  ;„„+„^2 V-^™  xr ^  t„ 

CatholicreactionunderMaiV.was&mlyestablishedunder     aratmg  the  Gulf  of  Liaotung  from  Korea  Bajr.       ^^__ „..s"^  -  »i— .==. 

Elizabeth.  InmanycountriestheEeformationoccasioned  Regent  Street  (re  jent  stret).  Oneofthepnn-  "d^ot,!-- /-s  t,„5/n  t„„„„~.  A„~~,„t.^  aj-i«t,» 
an  increased  strength  and  zeal  in  the  Eoman  Catholic  oipal  streets  of  the  West  End  of  London,  ex-  T?^  „+^^?J  ■'r.  ™*  t  ?^  ?Sn^  '^^  5''®; 
Church,  sometimes  called  the  Counter-Eeformation.  tendingfrom  Portland  Place  to  Waterloo  Place.     FoSafi^et 'o^tl^  ?Ja/    -A'p^n^/^tLf 

Beformatipn  Symphony.  Mendelssohn's  sym-  ^^^^(j^-fA^rJ'^'n^  1"^^'^^^    Ss?Ubtarian'?f1he'ff  e  of  PoZ?n&^ 

SFstfS  i!f£2'  ,-t  M        *  ^^®  °i  t^^    from  1873.    He  was  the  author  of  works  on  Ger- 
Kongo  State,  between  the  Manyema  and  the    ^^nio,  classical,  and  Oriental  philology. 
Bakumu,  northwest  of  Lake  Tanganyika.   Living  TJiffnipr  (ra-Tiva'l   MatTiiiHn      Bnm  at  Char 
isolated  in  anunexploredforestregiouTtheyyetshow,  m  •KegniCT  (ra-nya  ),  matnunn.     iSorn  at  Cnar- 
far  as  known,  a  state  of  culture  superior  to  that  of  the     t^es,  Dec.  21, 1573:  died  at  Rouen,  Oct.  22, 1613. 
average  African  negro.  A  French  satirical  poet,  a  nephew  of  the  poet 

Reggio  (red'jo).    A  former  duchy  now  forming    " 
part  of  the  province  of  Reggio  nell'  Emilia, 
Italy, 


pelle,  July  21,  1810:  died  Jan.  19,  1878.  A 
French  chemist  and  physicist.  He  became  director 
of  the  Sevres  porcelain  manufactures  in  1854.  He  wrote 
articles  in  the  "Comptes-rendu8"of  the  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences, "Cours  a^mentaire  de  chimie  "  (1847-49),  etc. 

Regnault,  Jean  Baptiste,  Baron^  Bom  at 
Paris,  Oct.  19,  1754:  died  there,  Nov.  12,  1829. 
A  French  historical  and  genre  painter.  He  took 
the  grand  prix  de  Eome  in  1776;  and  received  the  title 
of  Baron  in  1819.  Among  his  works  are  "  Education  of 
Achmes"(1783),"TheDescent  from  the Cross"(1789),"The 
Tliree  Graces"  (in  the  Louvre). 

R^gne  Animal  (rany  a-ne-mal'),  Le.  [F., '  The 
Animal  Kingdom.']  A  treatise  on  zoology,  by 
Georges  Cuvier,  published  in  4  vols.  1817.  The 
system  developed  in  this  work  may  be  regarded  as  the 
basis  of  nearly  all  the  scientific  classifications  until  after 
the  appearance  of  Darwin's  "Origin  of  Species." 


phony  in  D  minor,  written  for  the  tercentenary 
celebration  of  the  Augsburg  Protestant  Confes- 
sion in  1830.  It  was  not  performed,  however, 
till  1832,  when  it  was  given  in  Berlin. 

Reform  Bill.  In  English  history,  a  biU  for  the 
purpose  of  enlarging  the  number  of  voters  in 

■  elections  for  members  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
and  of  removing  inequalities  in  representation. 
The  first  of  these  bills,  passed  in  1832  by  the  Liberals  after 


a  violent  struggle  (often  called  specifically  the  Eeform  ReggiO.   A  province  of  Calabria,  Italy,  formerly 
Bill),  disfranchised  many  rotten  boroughs,  gave  increased    called  Calabria  TJlteriore  Prima.     Area,  1,221 
representation  to  the  large  towns,  and  enlarged  the  num-     annaro  milaa      PnTinlnHnn  C1SQ1^    qoq  19fi 
ber  of  the  holders  of  county  and  borough  franchise.    The  ^^^T^^}^%\   t  ?    ,^f-^^-}'-'-  ,•%  -  .■.^ 
effect  of  the  second  Eeform  BiU,  passed  by  the  Conserva>  KegglO  dl  Ualabna  (red  30  de  ka-la  bre-a),  or 
tives  under  Liberal  pressure  in  1867,  was  In  the  direction     ReggiO.     A  cathedral  city,  the  capital  of  the 


of  a  more  democratic  representation,  and  the  same  ten< 
den^  was  further  shown  in  the  Franchise  Bill  passed  by 
the  Liberals  in  1884. 

This  measure  [The  Eeform  Bill  of  1832]  disfranchised 
flf  ty-six  nomination  boroughs  which  returned  111  members, 
took  away  one  member  fiom  thirty  others,  and  two  from 
Weymouth  and  Melcombe  Eegis,  thus  leaving  vacant  143 


province  of  Reggio,  situated  on  the  Strait  of 
Messina  in  lat.  38°  8'  N.,  long.  15°  4(5'  E.  it  is 
noted  for  its  fruits ;  has  manufactures  of  essences,  scented 
waters,  silk,  etc. ;  and  exports  fruit,  etc.  It  was  the  ancient 
Rhegium  (which  see) ;  was  taken  by  Alaric  in  410,  by  Totila 
in  649,  and  by  Eobert  Guiscard  in  1060 ;  and  was  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  an  earthquake  in  1783.  Population  (1892),  43,000. 
seats.    It  gave  sixty-five  additional  members  to  the  coun-  Reggio  noU' Emilia  (red'ionella-me'le-a.).    1 


ties,  two  members  each  to  Manchester,  Leeds,  Birming- 
ham, and  nineteen  large  towns,  Including  the  metropolitan 
districts,  and  one  member  each  to  twenty-one  other  towns, 
aU  of  which  had  been  previously  unrepresented.  In  the 
counties  copyholders  and  leaseholdersforyearswere  added 
as  voters  to  the  40s.  freeholders ;  and  tenants  at  will  pay- 
ing £50  a  year  (the  Chandos  clause)  were  enfranchised. 
In  the  towns  a  £10  household  franchise  was  established, 
and  the  rights  of  freemen  to  vote  were  restricted. 
Acland  and  Ransome,  English  Political  History,  p.  180. 


A  province  in  the  compartimento  of  Emilia, 
Italy.  Area,  876  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  249,374.-3.  The  capital  of  the  province 


Desportes.  At  the  age  of  11  he  received  the  tonsure, 
and  when  20  followed  the  Cardinal  de  Joyeuse  to  Eome  as 
a  private  secretaiy.  On  his  return  to  IVance  in  1604,  he 
maintained  the  dissipated  mode  of  living  into  which  he 
had  fallen  while  away,  hut  was  appointed  to  a  canonry 
in  the  Chartres  cathedral  in  1609.  As  a  writer,  E^gnier  is 
well  known  for  his  satires.  He  is  at  his  best  in  "  Le  gofit 
decide  de  tout,"  "L'Honneur  ennemi  de  la  vie,"  "L" Amour 
qu'on  ne  peut  dompter,"  "ESgnier  apologists  de  lui- 
m^me,"  "  La  folie  est  giniisHe,"  "Ify  cralnte  ny  esp^rance," 
"Le  mauvais  repas,"  and  "Le  mauvals  lieu.'  Sainte- 
Beuve  speaks  of  E^gnier  as  standing  on  the  threshold  of 
the  17th  century,  and  yet  looking  backward  and  fraterniz- 
ing with  Montaigne,  Eonsard,  and  Rabelais.  He  states 
that  where  E^gnier  excels  is  in  his  knowledge  of  life,  his 
expression  of  manners,  his  delineation  of  characters,  and 
his  description  of  home  scenes.  He  likens  R^gnier's  satires 
to  a  gallery  of  wonderful  Flemish  portraits. 

Regnitz  (reg'nits).  A  river  in  Bavaria,  it  is 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  Pegnitz  and  Rednitz  near 
Fiirth,  and  joins  the  Main  near  Bamberg.  Length  (in- 
cluding the  Pegnitz),  about  125  miles. 


of  Reggio  nell' Emilia,  situated  on  the  Crostolo  Regulus  (reg'u-lus).    [NL.  (Copernicus),  trans 


in  lat.  44°  42'  N.,  long.  10°  37'  E.  it  contains  a 
cathedral  and  various  works  of  art.  It  was  an  ancient  Eo- 
man town  (Eegium  Lepidi),  often  mentioned  in  the  civil 


lating  Gr.  pacnTiicKog,  the  name  of  the  star  in 
Ptolemy.]  A  very  white  star,  of  magnitude  1.4, 
on  the  heart  of  the  Lion;  a  Leonis. 


Reform  War.  ISp.  Guerra  de  la  Meforma.;\  A  Begicide(rej'i-sid),The.  AtragedybySmoUett. 
civil  war  in  Mexico,  1857-61.  it  arose  out  oif  the  It  was  published  in  1749,  but  was  never  acted, 
adoption  (Feb.  5,  1857)  of  the  present  constitution  of  BegiUus  (re-jil'us).  Lake.  In  ancient  geog- 
Mexico,  which  greatly  restricted  the  power  of  the  clergy,     raphy,  a  small  lake  near  Rome  (perhaps  near 

This,  and  some  acts  of  President  Comontort  which  were     ■ri^„ili.-\    Ti.„j.i,„„„ „„*„ +..c,^^firvT,!ll^rint,^,.T7 

regarded  as  hostile  to  the  church,  led  to  a  reaction  and     Prascati).  Itisthe  scene  of  a  traditional  victory 

the  deposition  of  Comonfort  (Jan.  21, 1858).    His  legal     of  the  Romans  over  the  Latins  about  49b  B.  c. 

successor,  Juarez,  established  a  government  at  Vera  Cruz  Begina  (re-ji'na).     The  capital  of  Assiniboia, 

(May  4, 1868X  and  this  became  the  focus  of  the  "  liberal,"     nJL  „  j  „ 

"reform,"  or  "constitutional"  party.     The  reactionists  ■^f'^T:,'   /,„  j;/„„~\ 

made  Zuloaga  president  of  Mexico,  but  he  was  deposed  on  Meginum  ("e-Jl  num; 

Dec.  23, 1858,  and  General  Miramon,  their  principal  mili-     isbon. 


war.    Ariosto  and  Cialdinl  were  bom  there.    Population  ■n-_,i„„   /_ ,  -  i     ^    -Mr'  »j..i-  tv   j 

(1892),  56,000.  Regulus  (reg'u-lus),  Marcus  Atilius.    Died 

--    —        ■■         ^  ^    -      "..     250(?)b.  c.    A  celebrated  Roman  general.    He 

wis  consul  in  267 ;  and  as  consul  in  256  defeated  the  Car- 
thaginian fleet,  invaded  Africa,  and  defeated  the  Cartha- 


ginian army.  He  was  defeated  by  the  Carthaginians  under 
Xantippus  in  265  and  taken  prisoner.  Accordinjr  to  Roman 
tradition  he  was  sent  by  the  Carthaginians  to  Eome  with 
an  embassy,  in  250,  to  ask  for  peace  or  an  exchange  of  pris- 
oners. In  this  he  was  unsuccessful,  and  was  put  to  death 
on  his  return  to  Carthage,  whither  he  went  in  accordance 
with  his  promise. 
A  Roman  name  of  Rat-  Behan  (re'an),  Ada.  Bom  at  Limerick,  Ii-e- 
land,  April  "22, 1860.  A  noted  American  actress. 


Behan 

She  came  to  America  with  her  family,  whose  name  is  Cre- 
han,  in  1865.  In  1874  she  made  her  d^but  at  Newarls,  ^N'ew 
Jersey,  and  her  first  appearance  in  New  Yorli:  the  same 
year.  She  became  leading  lady  in  the  company  of  Aagiis- 
tin  Daly  in  1878,  and  made  her  first  appearance  in  his  thea- 
ter in  1879.  She  has  since  appeared  with  success  in  both 
London  and  Paris.  Her  best  impersonations  are  Sosalind 
in  "As  you  Lilce  it,"  Katharine  in  "The  Taming  of  the 
Shrew,"  Viola  in  "Twelfth  Night,"  and  Countess  Vera  in 
"The  Last  Word";  arid  she  has  created  more  than  40  rdles 
in  the  light  comedy  of  the  dn^ 
Behearsal  (re-hto'sal),  The,  A  burlesque  tra- 
gedy or  farce' by  George  Villiers,  duke  of  Buck- 
ingfiam,  and  others,  produced  in  1671.  it  is  a 
travesty  of  the  bombastic  rimed  plays  of  Dryden  and 
others.  Butler,  the  author  of  "Hudibras,"  Dr.  Sprat,  Mar- 
tin Oliltord,  and  others  assisted  Buclsingham.  Davenant, 
Dryden,  and  Sir  Robert  Howard  are  Sn  satirized.  (See 
Bayes,)  Sheridan's  "  Critic  "  is  a  similarplay,  and  Marvell's 
satire  "The  Rehearsal  Transprosed"  is  indebted  to  it. 

Kehfues  (ra'fiis),  Philipp  Joseph  von.    Bom 

at  Tubingen, Wiirtemberg,  Oct.  2, 1779:  died  on 
his  estate  near  the  Draehenfels,  Oct.  21, 1843. 
A  German  novelist  and  miscellaneous  author. 

Behoboam  (re-ho-bo'am).  King  of  Judah  953- 
932  B.  c.  (Dvmcker),  son  of  Solomon.  His  acces- 
sion was  the  signal  for'the  revolt  of  the  ten  northern  tribes 
under  the  leadership  of  Jeroboam,  which  resulted  in  the 
separation  of  the  Hebrews  into  two  kingdoms,  that  of  Ju- 
dah and  that  of  Israel. 

Behoboth  (re -ho 'both).  The  name  of  three 
places  mentioned  in  the  Old  Testament :  (i)  Be- 
noboth-Ir,  a  city  near  Nineveh ;  (2)  a  city  near  the  Eu- 
phrates ;  possibly  the  modern  Rahabeh ;  (3)  a  well  situ- 
ated probably  about  20  miles  south  of  Beersheba,  Palestine : 
the  modem  Wady  Ruheibe. 

Behoboth  Bay.  A  bay  on  the  coast  of  Dela- 
ware, south  of  Cape  Henlopen. 

Beicha(ri'cha),  Anton  Joseph.  BomatPragae, 
Feb.  27,  1770 :  died  at  Paris,  May  28,  1836.  A 
composer  and  writer  on  music.  He  published 
"Traits  de  m^lodie"  (18U),  "Cours  de  composition  mnsi- 
cale"  (1818),  "Traite  de  haute  composition  musicale" 
(1824-26),  "L'Art  du  compositeur  dramatiqae"  (1833). 

Beichard  (ri'chart),  Paul.  Bom  at  Neuwied 
ontheEhine,  Dec.  2,1854.  An  African  explorer. 
When  Leopold  II.  and  the  German  government  sent,  in 
1880,  Dr.  Kaiser  and  Dr.  Bohm  on  an  expedition  to  central 
Africa,  Reichard  joined  them.  The  station  Kalcoma  was 
founded,  Lake  Upemba  was  discovered,  tracts  of  land  were 
acquired  by  Reichard,  and  much  new  ground  in  the  upper 
Lualaba  basin  was  explored ;  but  only  Reichard  survived 
and  reached  again  the  east  coast  in  1884. 

Beichardt  (ri'chart),  JohannFriedrich.  Bom 
at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  Nov.  25,  1752 :  died  at 
Giebiehenstein,  near  Halle,  Prussia,  June  27, 
1814.  A  German  composer  and  musical  writer, 
best  known  now  from  his  songs. 

Beichenau  (ri'6he-nou).  An  island  in  the  TJn- 
tersee  of  the  Lake  of  Constance,  5  miles  north- 
west of  Constance,  it  has  belonged  to  Baden  since 
1803.  It  was  formerly  noted  for  its  Benedictine  abbey, 
founded  about  728  (secularized  in  1799).    Length,  3  miles. 

Beichenbach  (ri'ohen-baoh).  A  small  tributary 
of  the  Aar,  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland, 
which  joins  the  Aar  16  miles  east  of  Interlaken. 
It  is  celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  its  cascades  (at 
its  entrance  into  the  Aar  valley). 

Beichenbach.  A  to  wn  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony, 
31  miles  southwest  of  Chemnitz.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  woolens.   Population  (1890),  21,496. 

Beichenbach.  A  manufacturing  town  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  32  miles  southwest 
of  Breslau.  Here,  Aug.  16, 1762,  Frederick  the  Great 
defeated  the  Austrians  under  Laudon ;  and  here  a  conven- 
tion was  signed,  July  27, 1790,  by  which  the  emperor  Leo- 
pold agreed  not  to  annex  Turkish  territory.  A  treaty  was 
concluded  here,  June  15,  1813,  by  which  Great  Britain 
agreed  to  subsidies  f  orRussia  and  Prussia  in  the  war  against 
Napoleon.    Population  (1890),  13,040. 

Beichenbach.  A  small  town  in  the  province  of 
Silesia,  Prussia,  9  mUes  west  of  Gorlitz.  Near 
it.  May  22,  1813,  the  French  defeated  the  Eus- 
sians.     Population  (1890),  1,944. 

Beichenbach,  Anton  Benedict.  Bom  1807:, 
died  1880.  A  German  naturalist,  brother  of 
H.  G.  L.  Eeiohenbach. 

Beichenbach,  Georg  von.  Bom  at  Durlaeh, 
Baden,  Aug.  24,  1772 :  died  May  21,  1826.  A 
German  mechanician,  manufacturer  of  astro- 
nomical and  mathematical' instruments. 

Beichenbach,  Heinrich  Gottlieb  Ludwig. 
Bom  at  Leipsic,  Jan.  8,  1793 :  died  March  17, 
1879.  A  German  botanist  and  zoologist,  pro- 
fessor at  Dresden  from  1820.  His  chief  work  is 
"Flora  Germanlca " (with  the  "Iconographia,"  1823-84). 
He  also  wrote  "Regnum  animale"  (1834-36),  etc. 

Beichenbach,  Baron  Karl  von.  Bom  at  Stutt- 
gart, wiirtemberg,  Feb.  12, 1788:  died  at  Leip- 
sic, Jan.  19,  1869.  A  German  scientist  and 
manufacturer.  He  discovered  creosote,  paraffin,  etc. ; 
but  is  best  known  from  his  theories  concerning  the  so- 
called  "od"or  "odio force." 

Reichenberg(ri'ehen-berG).  AcityinBohemia, 
situated  on  the  Gorlitzer  Neisse  56  miles  north- 
east of  Prague,    it  is  the  tUrd  city  of  Bohemia,  and 


848 


Beiske 


shire,  Scotland,  1791:  died  in  England,  Oct., 
1858.  A  British  meteorologist  and  colonial  gov- 
ernor, chairman  of  the  executive  committee  of 
the  exhibition  of  1851.  He  published  "An  Attemptto 
develop  the  Law  of  Storms"  (1838X  "Progress  of  the  De- 
velopment of  the  Law  of  Storms  "  (1S49),  etc. 


the  first  in  regard  to  manufactures  (yarn,  carpets,  beer, 
etc.,  its  cloth  manufactures  being  especially  noted).  It 
belonged  to  Wallenstein  1622-34,  and  later  to  the  families 
Gallas  and  Clam-GaUas.  The  Prussians  defeated  the  Aus- 
trians here  April  21, 1767.    Population  (1890),  30,890. 

Beichenhall  (ri'chen-hal).    A  small  town  in 

Upper  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Saalach  9  miles  _.-.       .,-,,       ..  •     a  -i^i, 

southwest  of  Salzburg.  It  is  noted  for  its  salt-  Beigate  (n'gat).  A  town  m  Surrey,  England, 
springs,  and  as  a  watering-place  and  health-re-  situated  20  miles  south  «£  Lo"fo°-  Thf  site  of 
^^  °  '  °  '^  the  old  castle  is  marked  by  a  large  cave  which  the  barons 

^  .1  ,   ,  .      .  .are  said  to  have  used  as  a  meeting-place  and  guard-room. 

Beichensperger  (ri'chen-sperg-er),  August,    population (i89i),  22,646. 

Bom  1808 :  died  July  16, 1895.  A  Pmssian  poll-  Keign  of  Terror,  The.  In  French  history,  that 
tician  and  writer  on  art :  one  of  the  leaders  of  period  of  the  first  revolution  during  which  the 
the  clerical  (Center)  party.  country  was  under  the  sway  of  a  faction  which 

Beichensperger,  Peter  Franz.    Bom  at  Co-    ]nadetheexecutionofpersons,regardlessofage, 
blenz,  Prussia,  May  28,  1810 :  died  at  Berlin,  "        —         "  .-.       -    - 


Dec.  31,  1892.  A  Prussian  politician,  brother 
of  August  Beichensperger,  and  a  prominent 
member  of  the  clerical  (Center)  party. 
BeichUn-Meldegg  (ridh'lin-merdeg),  Baron 
Karl  Alexander  von.  Born  at  Graf  enau,  Ba- 
varia, Feb.  22,  1801:  died  at  Heidelberg,  Feb. 

15,  1877.    A  German  philosopher  and  theolo-  E;ir(Si);-jfohann"c£nstian.  Born  at  Ehaude, 
gian,  _pr9fessor  of  philosophy  at  Heidelberg    ^ast'  FJiesland,  Feb.  28,  1759:,  died,  at  Halle! 


sex,  and  condition,  who  were  considered  obnox- 
ious to  their  measures  one  of  the  cardinal  princi- 
ples of  their  government.  This  period  may  be  said  to 
have  begun  in  March,  1798,  when  the  Revolutionary  tribu- 
nal was  appointed,  and  to  have  ended  in  July,  1794, with  the 
overthrow  of  Robespierre  and  his  associates.  Also  called 
the  Terror. 
Beikiavik.    See  BeyJyavilc. 


from  1839.    He  wrote  "Lehrbuch  der  Psyeho- 
logie"  (1837-38),  etc. 

Beichshofen  (riehs'ho-fen).   A  manufacturing 
town  in  Lower  Alsace,  24  miles  north  of  Stras- 


Nov.  22,  1813.  A  German  anatomist  and  phy- 
sician, professor  (1810)  at  Berlin.  He  was  super- 
intendent of  the  military  hospitals  in  1813,  and  died  of 
typhus  contracted  in  the  performance  of  his  duties. 


burg.  (ForthebattleofAug.6,1870,seeJFcira.)  Reille  (ray),  Comte  HonotS  Charles  Michel 
Population  (1890),  3,056.  -        -^    ■'-^'  -  ~     .    - 

Beichsland  (riehs'lant).  [G.,  'imperial  terri- 
tory.'] A  designation  since  1871  of  Alsace-Lor- 
raine. 

Beichstadt  (rioh'stat).  A  small  town  in  north- 
em  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Zwittebach  43 
miles  north  by  east  of  Prague.  It  gave  the  title  to 
the  Duke  of  R«ichstadt.  At  ameetiug  here  of  the  emperors 
of  Austria  and  Russia,  July  8, 1876,  it  was  agreed  that  these 
powers  should  not  take  independent  action  in  the  dismem- 
berment of  Turkey.    Population  (1890),  commune,  1,769. 


Joseph.  Bom  at  Antibes,  Prance,  Sept.  1, 
1775:  died  at  Paris,  March  4,  1860.  A  French 
marshal.  He  served  in  the  Napoleonic  wars  in  Spain, 
at  Quatre-Bras,  Waterloo,  etc.,  and  was  made  marshal  in 

1847. 

Beimarus  (ri-ma'rSs),  Hermann  Samuel. 

Bom  at  Hamburg,  Dec.  22, 1694 :  died  at  Ham- 
burg, March  1,  1768.  A  German  philosopher 
and  scholar,  professor  (1727)  of  Hebrew  and 
later  also  of  mathematics  at  the  gymnasium  in 
Hamburg.  He  is  especially  noted  as  the  author  of  the 
rationalistic  "WolfenbiittelFragments,"publisIied  by  Les- 
sing  (1774-78)  as  fragments  of  the  work  of  an  unknown  au- 
thor found  by  him  in  the  Wolf  enbiittel  Library.  The  whole 
work  bears  the  title  "  Apologia  Oder  Schutzschrift  f iir  die 
vemiinf tigen  Verehrer  Gottes  "  ("  Apology  or  Defense  for 
the  Rational  Worshipers  of  God  "). 


31,  1841. 

painter.    „„. 

Durgh,  and  with  MoUinger,  Israels,  and  Yvon.    He  was  '         .,....„ 
elected  president  of  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy  in  1891.     ''"™  ™^  ■'"'^• 
Among  his  portraits  are  those  of  John  Mackenzie,  H.  Well-  Boiue  MargOt  ( 


painter.    He  studied  at  the  Trustees;  Academy^Edin-  ifeineke  VOS  (G.~Beineke  Fuchs). 


Beichstadt,  Duke  of.    See  Napoleon  II. 

Eeichstag(G.pron.  riehs'tag).  [G.,' parliament 
of  the  empire.']  1 .  In  the  present  empire  of  Ger- 
many, the  deliberative  body  which,  in  combina- 
tion with  the  Bundesrat,  exercises  the  legisla- 
tive power  in  imperial  matters.  It  is  composed  "B^^^as  See  Bheims, 
of  397  deputies  elected  by  universal  suffrage  Reinecke  Fuchs.  See  Beynard  the  Fox. 
for  5  years.-2.  The  name  by  which  the  Ger-  Reine  de  Chypre  (ran  de  shepr).  La.  [P.,  'The 
mans  designate  the  Hungarian  Diet,  a  body  Queen  of  Cjmras.']  An  opera  by  HaWvy,  pro- 
composed  of  a  House  of  Magnates  (about  300  Juoed  at  Paris  in  1841.  The  words  are  by  Saint- 
members)  and  a  Lower  House  or  House  of  Eep-   Georges,  and  have  much  literary  merit. 

^liAfls^T^^Sr^r^^^^T^-   *  AT>    .,       «  ^  Reine  de  Saba  (de  sa-ba'),  La.     [P.,  'The 

®^1  184f  ^'  A  WHf^=^fl«L^*'^^^H'^'^°l° ■!•  Q^««°  °f  Sli«l'a-T  A.n  opera  by  Goiio(i,  first 
31.  1841.    A  Scottish  landscape-  and  portrait-    produced  at  Paris  in  1862: 

S66  Bey- 
nard the  Fox. 

, „-.  (mar-go').  La.    A  novel  by  the 

wood  Maxwell,  and  ^rd  President  Inglis  (the  last  in  the    elder  Dumas,  published  in  1845.     It  was  drama- 

'  Scottish  Parhament  House.  tized  with  the  assistance  of  Anguste  Maquel^  and  p^ed 

Beid,  Mayne.    Bom  in  Ireland,  1818:  died  at   ini847. 
London,  Oct.  22, 1883.    A  British  novelist.    He  Beine  Topaze  (to-pSz'),  La.     [P., 'Queen  To- 
traveled  in  the  United  States,  and  served  as  captain  in  the    paze.']     An  opera  by  Victor  Mass6,  produced 
United  States  army  in  the  Mexican  war.    He  sailed  from    at  Paris  in  1856 

NewYorkinl849withapartyof  volunteerstoaidinthe  T>„j»,i.„_j„v_„'__ /_=    »v."_i.    v  •.    ^     a       j.   3 
Hungarian  struggle  for  freedom,  but  arrived  too  late  to  ■KemhardSDrUnn  (nn  harts-bron).  AnotedcaS- 
take  part  in  it.    He  wrote  tales  of  adventure,  including    tie  of  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  situated 
!!S!;®5'^1T^*?^^"!!^ll?.^"}!,^',?''4,^''*lP  Hunters"  (1851),    at  the  foot  of  the  Thiiringerwald,  near  Pried- 
"TheBoyHunter3"(1852),"TheWhiteChief"(1856),"The    riphroda    9  miles  smitliwflS-  of  ^^+1,= 
Bush  Boys"  (1855X  "The  Quadroon"  (1856), ^"The  War  TJ^ii^l,iLV„-™,Vltf\  Si    -        P^.S       t-^'      -c 

Trair'(i867),"Osoeoia''(i85S),"TheBoyTar*(i859)"The  lleinhart(nn  hart),Benjamin Franklin.  Bom 

Maroon "(1862),  "The  Headless  Horseman"  (1865),  "The  at  Waynesburg,  Pa.,  Aug.  .29,  1829:  died  at 
S'Ti1f74J4'h^'M^^f  B?=?;i.r'.H*,l'^S*iyi^  Philadelphia,  May  3,  1885.    An  American  por- 

(?8^0),^"'^L^Jfh?SL''o'?'1?lio)faS?'*'^         <^?  and  historical  painter.  He  studied  at  fiiis- 

Eeid,  Samuel  Chester.  BomatNorwich,  Conn.,    seldorf  Eome,  and^Paris. 
Aug.  25, 1783:  died  at  New  York,  Jan.  28, 1861.  Beinhart,  Oharles  Stanley.    Bom  at  Htts- 
An  American  naval  ofdcer.    As  commander  of  a    }^g'  ^?-'  1844:  died  at  New  York,  Aug.  30, 
privateer  he  repulsed  a,  British  attack  at  Fayal  in  1814.     1°^"-     An  American  genre-painter  and  iUus- 
He  designed  the  United  States  flag  in  its  present  form.        trator.     He  studied  at  Paris  and  Munich. 

Beid,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Strachan,  Kineardine-  Beinhold  (rin'holt),  Karl  Leonhard.  Boro  at 
shire,  April  26,  1710:  died  at  Glasgow,  Oct.  7,  Vienna,  Oct.  26,  1758 :  died  at  Kiel,  Holstein, 
1796.  A  Scottish  philosopher,  the  principal  April  10,  1823.  A  German  philosopher,  pro- 
founder  of  the  Scottish  school  of  philosophy,  fessor  at  Jena  1787-94  and  at  Kiel  1794-1823.  He 
He  graduated  at  Marischal  College,  Aberdeen,  in  1726 ;  was  advocated  Kant's  philosophy  in  "Brief  e  iiber  die  Kantische 
librarian  there;  became  pastor  at  Newmachar,  near  Aber-  Philosophic"  (1786-87),  and  also  published  "Versuch 
deen,  in  1739;  was  appointed  professor  of  philosophy  at  einer  neuen  Theorie  aes  Vorstellungsvermogen8"("New 
King's  College,  Aberdeen,  in  1762 ;  and  was  professor  of  Theory  of  the  Faculty  of  Ideas,"  1789),  etc 
moral  phUoMphy  at  Glasgow  1764-81  He  wrote  an  "Es- EolniSCh  (ri'nish),  LOO.  Bom  at  Osterwitz, 
say  on  Quantity "f  1748),  "Enquuy  into  the  Human  Mind  Stvria  1832  A  rin+pH  Ti'<»xmt«l,»,Ti=+  „^S  A*^ 
onthePrincipleofCommonSense"(l764),"Bssaysonthe  „„^  +  •  loi^  I  Jigyptologist  and  Afn- 
Intellectual  Powers  of  Man  "  (1786),  and  "Es^s  on  the  ^^}^%  Since  1872  professor  of  Egyptology  at  the 
Active  Powers  of  the  Human  Mind"  (1788).  His  works  University  of  Vienna.  His  numerous  works  include 
were  edited  by  Sir  William  Hamilton.  "Agyptische  Chrestomathle  "  (1873-76);  grammars  of  Barea 

BeidiWhitelaW.  Bom  in  Ohio,  Oct.  27,1837.  5874),Nnba(1879),andBilin(1883);anddictionaryofBilin 
An  American  jOUmaUst.  He  graduated  at  Miami  fflag^^  repeatedly  visited  all  the  tribes  speaking  these 
UnlversityfOhio)  in  1856,  became  a  journalist,  and  during  Uajli-l^l./^    n         \    -r  t.  »t   ,       .      ■„ 

the  Civil  War  acted  as  war  correspondent  of  the  Cincin-  ■'"finKenS  (nn  kens),  Joseph  Hubert.  Bom  at 
nati  "Gazette."  He  became  connected  vrith  the  New  York  Burtscheid,  near  Aix-la-Chapellfi,  March  1  1821: 
"Tribune  "  in  1869,  and  in  1872  became  its  editor  in  chief,  died  Jan.  4, 1896.  A  German  nrelatp  and  RnTnnTi 
He  was  United  States  minister  to  France  1889-92,  and     P»tV,,^i1„  +i^o~i „.!;„     .  „  5  °i  •     ii^^^ 

was  candidate  for  the  vice-presidency  on  the  Republican  ^^tholic  theologian :  suspended  in  1870  on  ao- 
ticket  which  was  defeated  m  the  presidential  campaign  "Oin't  ot  opposition  to  the  dogma  of  papal  in- 
OJ1892.  AppointedspecialanibassadortpEnglMidtorepre-  fallibility.  He  was  consecrated  bishop  of  the  Old  Cath- 
sent  the  President  at  the  Queen  s  Jubilee  1897,  and  mem-  olics  in  1873,  and  resided  in  Bonn.  He  published  various 
ber  of  the  Spanish  Peace  Commission  1898.  works  on  ecclesiastical  history,  etc 

Beid,  Sir  William.    Born  at  Kinglassie,  Fife-  Beiske  (ris'ke),  Johann  Jakob.    Bom  at  ZSr- 


Belske 

big,  near  Halle,  Deo.  25, 1716 :  died  Aug.  14, 1774. 
A  noted  German  Orientalist  and  classical  phi- 
lologist, rector  of  the  Nikolaischule  at  Leipsie 
from  1758.  He  published  works  on  Arabic,  edi- 
tions of  Greek  authors,  etc. 
Beiss  (ns),  Wilhelm.  ^om  at  Mannheim,  1838. 
A  German  scientist  and  traveler.  From  1868  to  1878 
he  traveled  in  South  America,  generally  In  company  with 
A.  StubeL  They  made  their  headquarters  at  Quito  lor 
four  years;  explored  the  Ecuadorian  mountains;  made  an 
extended  examination  of  the  ancient  necropolis  of  Ancon, 
near  Lima,  and  other  PeruTian  antiquities ;  and  finally 
descended  the  Amazon  and  visited  the  Braziliau  coaM 
cities.  Their  most  important  Joint  work  is  "  Das  Toten- 
f eld  von  Ancon  in  Peru  "  (3  vols,  folio,  with  plates,  1880- 
1887).  Keiss  has  also  published  many  geological  works 
and  papers  on  South  America,  and  various  scientific  mem- 
oirs in  Spanish  (at  Quito). 

Keissiger  (ris'sig-er),  Karl  Gottlieb.  Bom  at 
Belzig,  near  "Wittenberg,  Jan.  31,  1798:  died 
at  Dresden,  Nov.  7, 1859.  A  German  composer 
of  operas,  songs,  etc. 

B6jane  (ra-zhan' ) ,  Gabrielle  B6ju,  called.  Bom 
at  Paris  in  1857.  A  French  actress.  She  made  her 
dfibut  in  1875  at  the  Vaudeville.  One  of  her  greatest  suc- 
cesses is  Madame  Sans  Q&ne  in  Sardou's  play  of  that  name 
(1894),  in  which  she  appeared  in  the  United  States.  About 
189a  she  married  M.  Porel,  director  of  the  Grand  Th^Mre. 

Bejected  Addresses.  A  collection  of  parodies 
onWordsworth,  Byron,  Scott,  Moore,  Coleridge, 
and  other  poets,  written  on  the  occasion  of  the 
burning  of  Druiy  Lane  Theater,  London,  by  the 
brothers  James  and  Horace  Smith,  published  in 
1812. 

Belapse,  The,  or  Virtue  in  Danger.  A  play  by 
Vanbrugh,  produced  in  1697.  it  was  a  sequel  to 
Gibber's  "Love's  Last  Shift."  Sheridan  altered  it  to  "  The 
Trip  to  Scarborough."    See  Comte  de  Boursou/te., 

Belay  House.  A  junction  on  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Railway,  7  miles  from  Baltimore,  which 
General  Butler  fortified  in  May,  1861. 

Belief  of  Lucknow,  The.  Aplayby  Boucicault. 

The  incident  of  Jessie  Brown  and  the  approach  of  the 
relief  playing  "The  Campbells  are  coming"  is  said  to  be 
mythical. 
Beligio  Laici  (re-lij'i-o  la'i-si).     [L.,  'A  Lay- 
man's Religion.']    A  polemic  poem  by  Dryden, 
published  in  1682. 
Beligio  Medici  (rf-lij'i-o  med'i-si).     [L.,  'A 
Physician's  Religion.']   A  religious  treatise  by 
Sir  Thomas  Browne,  published  in  1643. 
Bemagen  (ra'ma-gen).    A  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine  22 
miles  northwest  of  Coblenz :  the  Roman  Rigo- 
magus.  It  contains  various  Roman  antiquities. 
Population  (1890),  3,218. 

Bembang  (rem-bang').  Atown  nearthe  north- 
em  coast  of  Java,  situated  in  lat.  6°  42'  S.,  long. 
111°  21'  B.  Population,  about  14,000. 
Bembrandt  (rem'brant;  D.  pron.  rem'brant) 
(Bembrandt  Hermanzoon  van  Bijn  or  Bjm). 
Bom  at  Leyden,  July  15, 1607:  died  at  Amster- 
dam (buried  Oct.  8, 1669).  A  celebrated  Dutch 
painter  and  etcher,  the  chief  member  of  the 
Dutch  sohool^f  painting.  His  father  was  a  miller 
In  easy  circumstances.  At  the  age  of  12  he  entered  the 
studio  of  Van  Swanenburch  and  three  years  later  that  of 
Pieter  Lastman  at  Amsterdam.  In  1623  he  returned  to  Ley- 
den, where  he  remained  until  1630.  About  1628  he  received 
his  first  pupil,  Gerard  Douw.  In  1630  he  removed  to  Am- 
sterdam, where  he  soon  had  many  pupils  and  many  orders. 
On  June  10, 1634,  he  married  Saskia  van  Ulenburg.  After 
her  death  he  became  involved  in  litigation,  contracted 
debts,  and  in  1656  was  formally  declared  bankrupt,  and  his 
collections  were  seized  and  sold  tor  500  florins.  Among 
his  principal  works  are  "Presentation  in  the  Temple" 
(1631);  "Lesson  in  Anatomy "(1632);  "Descent  from  the 
Cross,"an  etching  (1633);  the  "Artemisia"  at  Madrid,  and 
"  St.  Thomas  "  at  the  Hermitage,  St.  Petersburg  (1634) ;  por- 
trait ot  himself  with  his  wife  Saskia  on  his  knee  (1638); 
etching  ot  Tobias  and  the  Angel  and  Ecce  Homo  (1638); 
portrait  of  his  mother,  atVienna(1639);  "Ledoreur"("The 
Gilder,"  1640),  now  in  New  York ;  "  Sortie  of  the  Company 
of  Frans  Banning  Cock"  (the  so-called  "Night- Watch"), 
his  masterpiece  (1642);  etching  of  "The  Three  Trees" 
(1643) ;  "  Pilgrims  of  Emmaus,"  in  the  Louvre  (1648) ;  por- 
trait of  Turenne  on  horseback,  now  in  Lord  Cowper's  col- 
lection (1649);  the  "hundred-guilder"  print  of  Christ 
preaching  (1651)  (the  name  comes  from  a  tradition  that  a 
Soman  merchant  offered  him  seven  engravings  by  Marc- 
antonio,  worth  100  guilders,  for  a  copy  of  the  etching); 
"  Tlie  Burgomaster  and  his  wife  "  (165^ ;  "Moses  descend- 
ing Sinai"  (1659);  "Syndics  ot  the  Cloth  Hall"  (1661); 
"  Jewish  Bride  "  (1663).  He  painted  between  40  and  50 
portraits  of  himself,  which  are  in  the  various  public  gal- 
leries of  Europe. 

Bemedy  of  Love,  The.  A  poem  apparently 
written  about  1530.  it  was  printed  in  1532  in  an  edi- 
tion of  Chaucer's  poems,  and  wrongly  attributed  to  him. 

Bemesal  (ra-ma-sal'),  Antonio  de.  Bom  at 
AUariz,  Galicia,  about  1570:  died  at  Madrid, 
1639.  A  Spanish  Dominican  historian.  He  was 
insttodor  ot  his  order  in  Central  America  1613-17,  and 
while  there  wrote  his  "Historia  de  las  provincias  de  Chl- 
apa  y  Ouatemala"  (Madrid,  1619),  sometimes  called  "His- 
toria general  de  las  Indias."  It  was  the  flrst  history  of 
Guatemala  prepared  in  the  country,  and  is  much  esteemed 
by  historians. 
C— 54 


849 

Bemi  (re'mi).  In  ancient  history,  a  people  of 
the  BelgsB,  in  Gaul,  dwelling  in  the  vicinity  of 
Rheims  (their  capital).  They  sided  with  Julius 
Csesar  in  his  Gallic  wars. 

Bemigius  (re-mij'i-us),  or  Bemedius  (re-me'- 
di-us),  or  P.  Bemi  (re-me').  Saint.  Bom  about 
435 :  died  about  530-533.  Ajchbishop  of  Rheims. 
He  was  raised  to  the  episcopate  about  45?,  and  was  infiu- 
ential  with  Clovis  whom  he  baptized  in  496.  The  "  Vita 
Eemigii"  was  written  by  Hincmar  in  the  9th  century. 

Bemington  (rem'ing-ton),  Frederic.  Bom  at 
Canton,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  4, 1861.  An  American  fig- 
ure- and  animal-painter  and  illustrator.  Among 
his  works  are"ADashfor  the  Timber,"  "Last  Stand,"  "Past 
all  Surgery,"  and  "  A  Broncho  Buster  "  (in  bronze).  He  is 
well  known  as  an  illustrator  of  the  principal  periodicals. 

Bemois  (rS-mwst' ).  An  ancient  district  in  Cham- 
pagne, France.    Its  chief  place  was  Rheims. 

Remonstrance,  The  Grand.  In  English  his- 
tory, a  protest  passed  by  the  House  of  Commons 
Nov.  22,  1641.  It  rehearsed  the  unconstitutional  and 
unwise  acts  ot  the  reign  ot  Charles  I.,  and  demanded  reme- 
dies. 

Bemonstrants  (re-mon'strants).  The  Armin- 
ians :  so  called  because  they  formulated  their 
creed  (a.  d.  1610)  in  five  articles  entitled  "  The 
Remonstrance."  This  document  expressed  theirpoints 
of  divergence  from  strict  Calvinism,  and  was  presented  to 
the  states  of  Holland  and  West  Friesland. 

Bemscheid  (rem'shit).  A  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  19  miles  northeast  of  Co- 
logne. It  is  the  center  of  hardware  manufactures  In 
Germany  (including  scythes,  saws,  skates,  files,  etc.),  and 
has  an  important  export  trade.  Population  (1890),  18,641 ; 
commune,  40,371. 

Bemsen  (rem'zn),  Ira.  Born  at  New  York, 
Feb.  10, 1846.  Aii  American  chemist.  He  grad- 
uated  at  the  College  ot  Physicians  and  Surgeons  ot  Colum- 
J)ia  College  in  1867 ;  was  professor  of  chemistry  and  phys- 
ics  at  Williams  College  1872-76;  andwas  professor  of  chem- 
istry at  Johns  Hopkins  University  1876-1901,  and  president 
1901-.  He  has  published  "Principles  of  Theoretical  Chem- 
istry" (1877),  "An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Organic 
Chemistry"  (1885),  "Elementary  Chemistry"  (1887),  etc. 

Bemus  (re'mus).  In  Roman  legend,  the  bro- 
ther of  Romulus,  by  whom  he  was  slain.  Spe 
Romulus. 

Bemus,Uncle.  An  oldplantationnegro,  feigned 
narrator  of  the  plantation  and  folk-lore  tales 
collected  by  Joel  Chandler  Harris. 

B6musat  (ra-mii-za'),  Comtesse  de  (Claire 
Elisabeth  Jeanne  Ghravier  de  Vergennes). 
Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  5, 1780 :  died  Dec.  21, 1821. 
A  French  lady,  wife  of  the  chamberlain  of  Napo- 
leon I.,  and  an  attendant  of  the  empress  Jose- 
phine. Her  "  M^moires  "  on  the  courtof  Napoleon,  etc., 
were  published  in  1879,  and  her  "Lettres"  in  1881. 

B6musat  JDomte  Francois  Marie  Charles  de. 
Bom  at  Paris,  March  14,  1797 :  died  at  Paris, 
June  6, 1875.  A  French  politician  and  author, 
son  of  the  Comtesse  de  R^musat.  He  was  minis- 
ter of  the  interior  in  1840,  and  minister  ot  foreign  affairs 
1871-73.  He  wrote  various  philosophical  works,  includ- 
ing "Bssais  de  philosophic^'  (1842),  "Abailard"  (1846), 
"St.  Anselme  de  Canterbury"  (1853),  "L'Angleterre  au 
XVIIIb  sifecle"(1866),  "Bacon,  sa  vie,  son  temps,  sa  philo- 
sophic "  (185'0,  "Histoire  de  la  philosophic  en  Angleteri'e  " 
(1875),  etc. 

B^musat,  Jean  Pierre  Abel.  Bom  at  Paris, 
Sept.  5,  1788:  died  June  3,  1832.  A  French 
Orientalist.  He  wrote  "Essai  sur  la  langue  et  la  lit- 
t^rature  ohinoises"' (1811),  "Recherches  sur  les  langues 
tartarea"  (1820),  "Elements  de  la  grammaire  chinoise" 
(1822),  and  other  works  on  Chinese,  etc. 

B6my  (ra-me'),  Jules.  Born  near  Chaions-sur- 
Marne,  Sept.  2,  1826:  died  Deo.  5,  1893.  A 
French  traveler  and  botanist.  From  1861  to  1863 
he  traveled  extensively  in  South  and  North  America,  the 
Pacific  Islands,  and  Asia.  Besides  botanical  memoirs  he 
published  many  books  on  the  countries  visited  by  him : 
one  of  the  best-known  is  "Voyage  au  pays  des  Mormons" 
(2  vols.  1860 :  an  English  translation  1860). 

Benaix  (r&-na').  A  manufacturing  town  in  the 
province  of  East  Flanders,  Belgium,  situated 
34  miles  west  by  south  of  Brussels.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  16,912. 

Eenan(re-non'),  Joseph  Ernest.  BomatTr^- 
guier,  C6tes-du-Nord,  Jan.  27,  1828:  died  at 
Paris,  Oct.  2,  1892.  A  French  philologist  and 
historian.  He  was  the  acknowledged  leader  of  the  school 
of  critical  philosophy  in  France.  His  studies,  begun  m 
his  native  town,  were  completed  in  Paris.  He  was  dis- 
couraged in  the  study  of  theology  by  the  barrenness  of  the 
scholastic  method  then  in  vogue,  and  broke  sharply  with 
the  system.  While  making  his  living  by  teaching,  he  pur- 
sued hia  studies  in  comparative  philology,  and  took,  one 
after  the  other,  his  university  degrees.  His  works  pub- 
lished between  1850  and  1860  attracted  much  attention,  es- 
pecially for  their  style.  They  include  hjs  doctor  s  thesis 
5n  "Averrofes  et  I'averroisme " (1852),  "Etudes  dTiistoire 
religieuse"  (1867)i  "  De  I'origine  du  langage  (186^,  Es- 
sais  de  morale  et  de  critique  "  (1859),  etc.  Soon  after  his 
return  from  a  mission  to  the  East  (1861),  Eenan  was  called 
to  the  chatt  of  Hebrew  in  the  Colftge  de  France ;  but,  as 
he  denied  the  divinity  of  Christ,  he  fell  out  with  the  cleri- 
oal  party,  and  was  forced  to  resign  his  professorship  m  1864. 
The  works  he  wrote  about  this  time  contributed  perhaps 
in  greatest  measure  to  his  reputation.    Foremost  among 


Bene 

them  stands  "La  vie  de  J^sus "  (1863),  the  flrst  book  In 
the  series  entitled  "Histoiredesoriginesduchristianisme,'* 
which  includes  further  "Les  apOtres"  (1866),  "St.  Paul  et 
sa  mission"  (1867),  "L'Antechrist"  (1873),  "Les  ^vangiles 
et  la  seconde  g^n^ration  chr^tienne  "  (1877),  "  L'Eglise 
chr^tienne  "  (1879),  and  "  Marc-AurMe  et  la  fin  du  monde 
antique  "  (1880).  The  "  Index  "  was  published  in  1889,  and 
the  natural  introduction  to  the  entire  series  is  to  be  found 
in  an  entirely  separate  work,  "  Histoire  du  peuple  d'Israel " 
(1887-94).  Eenan  was  also  the  author  of  "Questions  con- 
temporaines"  (1868),  "Dialogues  philosophiques"(1876X 
"Drames  philosophiques"  (1888),  and  many  other  worlis. 
He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  French  Academy  June  13, 
1878. 

Benart,  Boman  de.    See  Beynard  the  Fox. 

Bendel  (ren'del),  James  Meadows.  Bom  near 
Dartmoor,  England,  1799 :  died  at  London,  Nov. 
21,  1856.  An  English  engineer,  constructor  of 
bridges  and  harbors  of  refuge. 

Bendsburg  (rends'boro).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Sehleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Eider  and  on  the  Sehleswig-Holstein 
Canal'%0  miles  west  of  Kiel .  It  was  formerly  strongly 
fortified ;  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  Wrangel  in  1645 ; 
and  was  taken  by  the  Schleswig-Holsteiners  in  1848.  The 
fortifications  were  demolished  by  the  Danes  in  1862.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  13,195. 

Aen6  (re-na').  A  romance  by  Ch&teaubriand, 
published  in  1802. 

Ken6  I.,  surnamed  "The  Good."  pj.  Benatus.2 
Bom  at  Angers,  Prance,  Jan.  16,  1409 :  died  at 
Aix,  Prance,  Jiily  10,  1480.  Duke  of  Anjou, 
count  of  Provence,  and  (titular)  king  of  Naples, 
son  of  Louis  II.  of  Naples  and  Yolande  of  Ara- 
gon.  He  succeeded  Joanna  II.  in  Naples  In  1435,  bat 
was  dispossessed  by  Alfonso  V.  of  Aragon  in  1442.  He  vras 
a  patron  ot  literature  and  art. 

Benegado,  The,  or  the  Gentleman  of  Venice. 

A  play  by  Massinger,  licensed  in  1624  and  printed 
in  1630.  The  title  was  changed  before  Shirley's 
"Gentleman  of  Venice"  was  produced. 
Benfrew  (ren'fr5).  1.  A  southwestern  county 
of  Scotland,  it  is  bounded  by  the  Clyde  and  Dumbar- 
ton on  the  north,  Lanark  on  the  east,  Ayr  on  the  south 
and  southwest,  and  the  Firth  of  Clyde  on  the  west.  It 
contains  the  large  towns  Paisley  and  Greenock,  and  has 
coal-  and  iron-mines  and  important  manufactures.  Area, 
246  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  290,790. 

2.  The  county  town  of  Renfrew,  situated  near 
the  Clyde  6  mUes  west  of  Glasgow.  Population 
(1891),  6,246. 
Beni  (ra'ne),  Guido.  Bom  at  Bologna,  Nov.  4, 
1575 :  died  there,  Aug.  18, 1642.  A  noted  painter 
of  the  Bolognese  school.  Hewasapupilof  Calvaert, 
and  also  of  the  CarraccL  He  went  about  1608  to  Some, 
where  he  remained  for  twenty  years.  He  was  the  rival  of 
Caravaggio,  and  was  opposed  from  jealousy  by  Annibale 
Carracci,  and  even  by  his  friend  AlbanL  He  had  many 
pupils  at  Home  and  Bologna.  He  decorated  the  private 
chapel  of  the  Palazzo  Monte  Cavallo  at  Eome,  and  at  a  later 
period  executed  the  celebrated  fresco  of  "^ Aurora"  in  the 
Palazzo  Eospigliosi.  Among  his  works  are  "  The  Massacre 
of  the  Innocents,"  "  St.  Sebastian,"  "  Madonna  della  Piet&," 
and  "SamsonVictorious"at  Bologna;  the  doubtful  portrait 
of  Beatrice  Cenci  at  the  Palazzo  Barberini,  Borne ;  "Cruci- 
fixion of  St.  Peter  "and  "Madonna  in  Glory  "  (Vatican) ; 
several  "Ecce  Homos"at  Bologna,  Eome,  Dresden,  Paris, 
London,  and  other  places ;  and  numerous  other  paintings^ 
many  of  them  of  saored  subjects. 

Bennell  (ren'el),  James.  Bom  near  Chud- 
leigh,  Devon,  England,  Dec.  3,  1742 :  died  at 
London,  March  29,  1830.  An  English  geogra- 
pher, in  the  service  of  the  Bast  India  Company. 
His  chief  works  are  "  Memoir  of  a  Map  of  Hindustan  " 
(revised  ed.  1793),  "Bengal  Atlas " (1781),  "Geographical 
System  of  Herodotus  "  (1800),  "  Topography  of  the  Plain  ot 
Troy"  G8U),  and  "Expedition  of  Cyrus  "  (1831). 

Bennes  (ren).  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  France,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  nie  and  Vilaine,  in  lat.  48°  7'  N., 
long.  1°  41'  W. :  the  Gallic  Condate  and  Roman 
Civitas  Redonum.  The  noted  buildings  are  the  Ca- 
thedral of  St.  Peter,  Church  ot  Notre  Dame,  Mordelaise 
gate,  palace  of  justice,  and  town  house.  It  contains  a  pic- 
ture-gallery and  a  university  college  (with  faculties  ot 
law,  sciences,  and  letters).  It  was  the  capital  of  ancient 
Brittany ;  was  several  times  besieged ;  and  was  nearly  ae- 
stroyed  by  fire  in  1720.  Population  (1901),  74,006. 

Bennie  (ren'i),  John.  BomatPhantassie,  Had- 
dington, Scotland,  June  7,  1761 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  16, 1821.  A  noted  British  engineer  and 
architect.  Three  of  the  Thames  bridges  (the  Southwark, 
the  Waterloo,  and  the  London)  were  built  from  his  de- 
signs. He  also  designed  the  London  docks,  the  India  docks 
and  docks  at  Hull,  Greenock,  Liverpool,  and  Dublin,  and 
the  dockyards  at  Portsmouth,  Chatham,  Sheerness,  and 
Plymouth. 

Beno  (ra'no).  A  river  in  Italy  which  rises  in 
the  Apennines  and  flows  as  the  Po  di  Primaro 
into  the  Adriatic  12  miles  north  of  Ravenna. 
It  was  called  Rhenus  by  the  Romans,  and  for. 
merly  flowed  into  the  Po.  Total  length,  about 
125  miles. 

Beno  (re 'no).  The  capital  of  Washoe  County, 
Nevada,  situated  on  TrucKee  River  16  miles 
northwest  of  Virginia  City.  Population  (1900), 
4,500. 


Beno,  Jesse  Lee 

Bene,  Jesse  Lee.  Bom  at  Wheeling,  W.  Va., 
JuD  e  30, 1823 :  killed  at  the  bat  tie  of  South  Moun- 
tain, Md.,  Sept.  14, 1862.  An  American  general. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1846 ;  served  in  the  Mexi< 
can  war ;  and  was  appointed  a  brigadier-general  of  United 
States  volunteers  in  1861.  He  served  in  the  Koanoke  ex- 
pedition in  1862 ;  and  participated  as  a  corps  commander 
in  the  second  battle  oJ  Bull  Euo,  and  in  the  battles  of 
Chantilly  and  South  Mountain. 

Keno,  Marcus  A.  Bom  in  niinois  about  1835 : 
died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  March  31, 1889.  An 
American  officer.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1857,  and  served  through  the  Civil  War.  As  major  he  com- 
manded a  detachment  of  Custer's  army  at  the  time  of  the 
massacre  of  Little  Big  Horn  In  1876.  He  was  dismissed 
Irom  the  United  States  service  in  1880  on  the  charge  of 
misconduct. 

Kent  Day,  The.  A  domestic  drama  by  Douglas 
Jerrold,  printed  in  1832. 

Benwick  (ren'ik),  James.  Bom  at  Moniaive, 
Dumfriesshire,  Feb.  15, 1662:  executed  Feb.  17, 
1688.  A  Scottish  Covenanter  and  martyr.  He 
attended  Edinburgh  University,  but  was  denied  his  degree 
for  refusing  the  oath  of  allegiance.  In  1683  he  wasordained 
at  Groningen,  Holland.  In  1684  he  published  the  "Apolo- 
getic Declaration,"  for  which  he  was  outlawed.  He  de- 
nounced James  II.  on  his  accession,  and  was  condemned 
and  executed. 

Benwick  (reu'wik),  James.  Bom  in  England, 
1790  (1792  ?):  died  at  New  York,  Jan.  12,  1863! 
An  American  physicist.  He  wrote  ■ '  Outlines  of  If  at- 
ural  Philosophy "(1822-23),  "A  Treatise  on  the  Steam-En- 
gine"(1830),  "Elements  of  Mechanics"  (1832),  scientific 
text-books,  and  biographies  of  Fulton,  Hamilton,  etc. 

Benwick,  James.  Bom  at  Bloomingdale  (now 
part  of  New  York  city),  Nov.  3, 1818 :  died  at 
New  York,  June  23,  1895.  An  American  archi- 
tect, son  of  James  Eenwick.  He  designed  Grace 
Church  (New  York,  1846),  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  (New 
York,  commenced  1868),  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and 
Corcoran  Art  Gallery  (Washington),  Vassar  College,  etc. 

B^ole  (ra-ol'),  La.  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Gironde,  France,  situated  on  the  Garonne  31 
miles  southeast  of  Bordeaux.  Population(1891), 
commune,  4,177. 

Be  Pastore  (ra  pas-to're),  II.  A  dramatic 
cantata  by  Mozart,  to  Metastasio's  words,  com- 
posed in  1775. 

Bephaim  (ref 'a-im  or  re-fa'im).  In  Old  Testa- 
ment history,  a  race  of  giants,  the  ancient  in- 
habitants of  Palestine  and  of  the  land  east  of 
the  Jordan. 

Bephaim,  Valley  of.  In  ancient  geography,  a 
valley  or  plain  southwest  of  Jerusalem. 

Bepnin  (rep-nen').  Prince  Nikolai.  Bom  at  St. 
Petersburg,  March  22, 1734:  died  at  Eiga,  May 
24, 1801.  A  Bussian  general  and  diplomatist. 
He  served  against  the  Turks,  whom  he  defeated 
at  the  battle  of  Matchin,  July  9,  1791. 

Bepos  de Cyrus  (r6-p6'  dS  se-rus'),  Le.  Awork 
by  the  Abb6  J.  Pometti. 

"  Le  Repos  de  Cyrus  "  embraces  the  same  period  of  the  life 
of  the  Persian  prince  as  the  work  of  Ramsay,  and  compre- 
hends his  journey  into  Media,  his  chase  on  the  frontiers 
of  Assyria,  his  wars  with  the  king  of  that  country,  and  his 
return  to  Persia.      Durdop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  n.  349. 

Bepose  in  Egypt.  1 .  A  painting  by  Muiillo,  in 
the  Hermitage  Museum,  St.  Petersburg.  The 
Virgin  sits  under  a  tree  watching,  with  two  cherubs,  the 
sleeping  Child  at  her  side.  St.  Joseph  stands  beyond,  with 
the  ass,  amid  attributes  of  the  journey. 
3.  A  painting  by  Van  Dyck,  in  the  Hermitage 
Museum,  St.  Petersburg.  The  Vfrgin  sits  before  St. 
Joseph  on  a  shaded  bank,  holding  the  Child  standing  in 
her  lap.  All  are  looking  at  a  covey  of  partridges.  Some- 
times called  3[adimna  with  the  Partric^es. 

Bepresentatives,  House  of.  The  lower  or  more 
numerous  branch  of  the  United  States  Congress, 
comprising  (1903)  386  members,  chosen  every 
secondyear  by  the  people  of  the  several  States. 
Representatives  are  apportioned  among  the  States  accord- 
ing to  population,  the  ratio  at  present  being  one  to  every 
173,901  of  population.  No  one  can  be  a  representative 
who  has  not  attained  the  age  of  twenty-five,  who  has  not 
been  seven  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  is 
not  an  inhabitant  of  the  State  in  which  he  is  chosen.  The 
House  of  Representatives  has  the  sole  power  of  impeach- 
ment and  of  originating  bills  for  raising  revenue.  Each 
Territory  has  a  delegate  in  the  House  of  Representatives, 
who  is  entitled  to  speak,  though  he  has  no  vote. 

Repressor,  The.  An  ecclesiastical  treatise  by 
Bishop  Pecook,  written  in  1449. 

Reprisals,  The,  or  the  Tars  of  Old  England. 
A  farce  by  Smollett,  produced  in  1757.  It  is 
said  to  be  his  single  success  on  the  stage. 

Beptile  Fund,  The.  A  name  given  in  Germany 
to  a  Prussian  fund  held  for  the  deposed  Hano- 
verian dynasty,  part  of  which  it  was  alleged  was 
diverted  to  the  subsidizing  of  journals  in  the 
interest  of  the  government. 

Reptile  Press,  The.  A  name,  in  Germany,  given 
collectively  to  the  journals  believed  to  be  sub- 
sidized by  the  Prussian  government.  It  came 
into  use  in  1869.    Compare  Reptile  Fund. 


850 

Bepublic,  The.  A  famous  work  by  Plato,  de- 
scriptive of  an  ideal  commonwealth. 

Bep'dblica  Dominicana.  See  Dominican  Be- 
public. 

BepubUcan  Party.  1.  The  usual  name  of  the 
Democratic  party  (in  full  Democratic-Eepub- 
lican  party)  during  the  years  following  1792- 
1793 :  it  replaced  the  name  Anti-Federal,  and 
was  replaced  by  the  name  Democratic.  See 
Democratic  Party. — 3.  A  party  formed  in  1854, 
having  as  its  original  purpose  opposition  to  the 
extension  of  slavery  into  the  Territories.  It  was 
composed  of  Free-soilers,  of  antislavery  Whigs,  and  of 
some  Democrats  (who  unitedly  formed  the  group  known 
as  Anti-Nebraska  men),  and  was  joined  by  the  abolition- 
ists, and  eventually  by  many  Know-nothings.  During  the 
period  of  the  Civil  War  many  war  Democrats  acted  with 
it.  It  first  nominated  a  candidate  for  President  in  1866. 
In  1856  it  elected  its  candidate  (Banks)  for  speaker  of 
the  House  of  Representatives,  and  in  1861  it  gained  con- 
trol of  the  executive  and  both  houses  of  Congress.  The 
presidents  from  1861  to  1886,  Lincoln,  Johnson,  Grant, 
Hayes,  Garfield,  and  Arthur,  were  Republicans,  and  the 
presidency  was  again  filled  by  a  Republican,  Harrison, 
from  1889  to  1893,  and  by  another,  McKinley,  1897-%  The 
Republicans  held  the  power  in  Congress  until  187B ;  they 
then  lost  the  House,  regained  it  in  1881,  lost  it  in  1883,  again 
regained  it  in  1889,  and  lost  it  again  in  1891,  regaining  it 
once  more  in  1895,  and  holding  it  in  1897.  The  Senate,  how- 
ever, they  continued  to  hold,  except  for  1879-83,  until  1893, 
when  the  executive  and  both  branches  of  Congress  passed 
into  the  hands  of  the  Democrats ;  in  1897  they  obtained  one 
half  of  the  total  number  of  senators  and  the  Vice-President. 
The  party  favors  generally  a  broad  construction  of  the  Con- 
stitution, liberal  expenditures,  extension  of  the  powers  of 
the  national  government^  and  a  high  protective  tariff. 
Among  the  measures  with  which  it  has  been  identified  in 
whole  or  in  part  are  the  suppression  of  the  rebellion,  the 
abolition  of  slavery,  reconstruction,  and  the  resumption  of 
specie  payments. 

Bepublican  Pawnee  (pft-ne').  A  tribe  of  the 
Pawnee  Confederacy  of  North  American  Indi- 
ans.   Also  called  the  Kitkehaliki.    See  Pawnee. 

Bepublican  Biver,  or  Bepublican  Fork.  A 
river  in  eastern  Colorado,  southern  Nebraska, 
and  northern  Kansas.  It  unites  with  the  Smoky  Hill 
Fork  in  Davis  County,  Kansas,  61  miles  west  of  Xopeka,  to 
form  the  Kansas.    Length,  about  500  miles. 

Bepulse  Bay  (re-puls'ba).  A  bay  south  of  Mel- 
ville Peninsula,  British  America,  near  the  en- 
trance to  Hudson  Bay. 

Beouena  (ra-ka'na).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  V  alencia,  Spain,  42  miles  west  of  Valencia. 
It  is  a  wine  center.     Population  (1887),  14,457. 

Bequier  (re-kya'),  Augustus  Julian.  Bom  at 
Charleston,  S.  C,  May  27,  1825:  died  at  New 
York,  March  19, 1887.  An  American  poet  and 
dramatist. 

Resaca  de  la  Palma  (ra-sa'ka  da  la  pal'ma) 
(Sp.,  'dry  river-bed  of  the  palm'),  orBesacade 
Guerrero  (da  ga-ra'ro).  A  place  in  southern 
Texas,  4  miles  north  of  Matamoros,  Mexico, 
where  a  battle  was  fought.  May  9, 1846,  between 
the  United  States  troops  (about  2,200)  under 
Taylor  and  the  Mexicans  (4,000  to  5,000)  imder 
Arista.  The  engajgement  followed  the  battle  of  Palo  Alto 
on  the  8th,  and,  as  in  that,  Taylor  was  victorious.  All  the 
Ifexlcan  artillery  and  trains  fell  into  his  hands. 

Besen  (re'sen).  One  of  the  ancient  cities  in 
Assyria. 

The  site  of  Resen  has  not  been  identified,  though  its 
name  has  been  met  with  in  the  Assyrian  inscriptions  under 
the  form  of  Reseni,  'the  head  of  the  spring.' 

Sayee,  Assyria,  -p.  2a 

Beservoir  of  the  1,001  Columns.  A  reservoir 
in  Constantinople,  built  by  Constantine.  it  is  in 
plan  197by  166  f  eet ;  its  groined  vaults  rest  on  212  columns 
in  15  ranges.  Though  about  half  filled  with  sedimentde- 
posited  by  the  water,  the  shafts  and  capitals  still  project 
to  a  height  of  33  feet. 

Beshd.     See  Besht. 

Beshid  Pasha  (re -shed'  pash'4)  (Mustapha 
Mehemed).  Bom  at  Constantinople,  1802:  died 
at  Candia,  Jan.  7,  1858.  A  Turkish  statesman 
and  diplomatist.  He  was  several  times  minister  of 
foreign  aflairs  under  Mahmud  II.  and  AbdulMedjid ;  pro- 
mulgated the  Hatti-sherif  of  GiUhanfe  (see  Abdvl-Medjid)  in 
1839 ;  and  was  grand  vizir  at  the  time  of  the  Crimean  war. 

Besht  (resht),  or  Basht  (rasht),  or  Beshd 
(resht).  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Gilan, 
Persia,  situated  near  the  Caspian  Sea  about 
lat.  37°  18'  N.,  long.  49°  37'  E.  it  has  important 
commerce,  tlirough  its  port  Enzeli,  and  is  the  chief  place 
in  Persia  for  th«  silk-trade.  It  was  terribly  ravaged  by 
fire  in  1885.    Population,  about  26,000. 

Besolute  (rez'o-liit).  An  arctic  exploring  ship 
which  belonged  to  Sir  Edward  Belcher's  squad- 
ron. She  sailed  with  the  Assistance,  Pioneer,  Intrepid, 
and  North  Star  in  April,  1862,  to  search  for  Sir  John  Frank- 
lin. On  May  15, 1854,  at  the  command  of  Belcher  and 
against  their  will.  Captain  Kellett  and  Commander  MoClin- 
tock  abandoned  the  Resolute  and  the  Intrepid  in  the  ice 
off  Melville  Island.  On  Sept.  17, 1855,  Captam  Budding- 
ton,  in  the  American  whaler  George  Henry,  met  the  desert- 
ed Resolute  in  sound  condition  about  40  miles  from  Cape 
Mercy.  She  must  have  drifted  through  Barrow  fStrait, 
Lancaster  Sound,  and  Baffin  Bay.  ■  She  was  recovered, 
and  the  United  States  bought  her  and  restored  her  in  per- 


B6tif  de  la  Bretonne 

feet  condition  to  the  British  service.    She  was  presented 
to  the  queen  by  Captain  Hartstein  in  1856.    She  is  now 
dismantled. 
Besolution  (rez-o-lii'shon).    An  exploring  ship 
in  which,  with  tte  Discovery,  Sir  Thomas  But- 
ton sailed  from  England  in  1612.    He  wintered  at 
the  mouth  of  Nelson's  River,  and  accomplished  the  ex- 
ploration of  Hudson  Bay  and  of  Southampton  Island,  re- 
turning to  England  in  the  autumn  of  the  next  year. 
Besolution  (rez-o-lti'shon)  Island.    An  island 
of  British  America,  situated  north  of  Labrador, 
at  the  entrance  of  Hudson  Strait. 
Bestif  de  la  Bretonne.    See  M^tif. 
Bestigouche  (res-ti-gosh').     A  river  in  New 
Brunswick  which  forms  part  of  the  boundary 
between  New  Brunswick  and  Quebec,  and  flows 
into  the  Bay  of  CJhaleur  at  Dalhousie.    Length,, 
about  200  miles. 
Bestitution,  Edict  of.     An  edict  by  the  em- 
peror Ferdinand  II.,  dated  March  6,  1629,  re- 
quiring Protestants  to  restore  to  the  Roman 
Catholics  sees  and  ecclesiastical  property  ap- 
propriated since  the  treaty  of  Passau  in  1552. 
Bestoration,  The.     1.  In  English  history,  the 
reestablishment  of  the  English  monarchy  with, 
the  return  of  King  Charles  II.  in  1660 ;  by  ex- 
tension, the  whole  reign  of  Charles  II. — 2.  Irn 
Jewish  history,  the  return  of  the  Jews  to  Pales- 
tine about  537  b.  c.  ;  also,  their  future  return  to. 
and  possession  of  the  Holy  Land,  as  expected  by 
many  of  the  Jewish  race  and  by  others. — 3.  In 
French  history,  the  return  of  the  Bourbons  to- 
power  in  1814  (called  the  first  Restoration)  and 
(after  the  episode  of  the  Hundred  Days)  in  1815- 
(called  the  second  Restoration). 
Restorer  of  the  Boman  Empire.   A  title  given 
by  the  senate  to  Aurelian. 
Bestrepo  (res-tra'p6),  Jos6  Manuel.    Bom  at 
Euvigado,  Antioquia,  about  1775:  died  about 
1860.     A  New  Granadan  historian.     He  was  a  law- 
yer and  active  in  politics,  occupying  various  civil  and  cab- 
inet positions.    His  intimate  acquaintance  with  Bolivar 
and  other  leaders  of  the  movementfor  independence  pecu- 
liarly fitted  him  for  writing  a  history  of  the  times.    His. 
most  important  work  was  "  Historia  de  la  Revolucion  de  la 
Repiiblica  de  Colombia  "  (1827 :  7  vols.,  with  3  vols,  of  doc- 
uments ;  3d  ed.  4  vols.,  1858). 

Beszke  (resh'ke),  ^douard  de.  Bom  at  War- 
saw, 1856.  A  noted  Polish  bass  singer,  brother 
of  Jean  de  Reszke.  He  made  his  d^but  at  Paris  hi 
1878,  and  his  career  practically  coincides  with  that  of  his. 
brother.  His  principal  parts  are  Ruy  Gomez  ("  Hemani  '\ 
DonBasileC'BarbierdeS^ville"),  Leporello("Dou  Juan"? 
M^phistophafes  ("Faust"),  and  Frfere  Laurent  ("Eom&. 
et  Juliette"). 

Beszke,  Jean  de.    Bom  at  Warsaw,  1853.    A 

noted  Polish  tenor  singer.  He  made  his  d^but  in  Lon- 
don in  1876,  and  appeared  at  the  Th4&tre  Francais  in  1876, 
and  again  m  1883.  At  this  time  hisvoice  changed  from  the- 
baritone  to  the  tenor  register,  and  his  success  has  since^ 
been  great.  In  1884  he  was  engaged  at  the  Italian  Opera, 
and  has  since  sung  there,  with  various  absences.  In  1892, 
1893-94, 1895-96, 1896-97, 1898-99, 1900-01  he  sang  in  Amer- 
ica. His  principal  parts  are  Faust,  Romeo,  Radames. 
(   Aida  ),Vasco("L'Africaine"),andAscanio("CeJlini"). 

Retford.  East,   ^ee  East  Betford. 

Bethel  (re-tel').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Ardennes,  France,  situated  on  the  Aisne  23- 
miles  northeast  of  Rheims.  Popidation  (1891),, 
commune,  7,136. 

Bethel  (ra'tel),  Alfred.  Bom  near  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  May  15, 1816 :  died  at  Dusseldorf  ,Pms- 
sia,  Dee.  1,  1859.  A  noted  German  historical! 
painter.  His  works  include  frescos  of  subjects  taken  from, 
the  history  of  Charles  the  Great  (in  the  Eathaus  at  Aix-la- 
Chapelle),  series  on  the  "Dance  of  Death,"  and  "  Hannibal 
Crossing  the  Alps." 

Bethelois  (ret-lwa').  A  former  division  of 
Champagne,  France,  now  comprised  within  the- 
department  of  Ardennes. 

Bethra  (reth'ra  or  ret'ra).  An  ancient  Slavic- 
city  in  the  present  Meoklenburg-Strelitz,  Ger- 
ma,nj.    Its  exact  locality  is  unknown. 

B6tif  (ra-tef)  or  Bestif  de  la  Bretonne  (ra- 
tef  d6  la  br6-ton')  (Nicolas  Edme  Bestif). 
iiom  at  Sacy, Yonne,  France,  Nov.  22, 1734 :  died, 
at  Pans,  Feb.  3, 1806.  A  French  romancer  and; 
litterateur. 

A  much  more  remarkable  name  is  that  of  Restif  de  la. 
Bretonne,  who  has  been  called,  and  not  without  reason, 
,5l,"®'i  j.-"^.®*"^-  H^  "^s  '>°™  a*  Sacy  in  Burgundy  in 
Uzfi.  V  ^^^^  ''*•  ^^^  '°  1*6.  Although  of  very  humble 
Oirtn,  he  seems  to  have  acquired  an  irregular  but  consid- 
erable education,  and,  establishing  himself  early  in  Paris, 
he  became  an  indefatigable  author.  Some  fifty  separate 
works  of  his  exist,  some  of  which  are  of  great  extent  and 
one  of  which, "  Les  Contemporaines, "  includes  forty-two  vol- 
umes and  nearly  three  hundred  separate  articles  or  tales. 
Restif ,  whose  entire  sanity  may  reasonably  be  doubted  wa» 
a  novelist,  a  philosopher,  a  social  innovator,  a  dUieent  ob- 
server of  the  manners  of  his  times,  a  spellinc  reformer 
HiB  work  is  for  the  most  part  destitute  of  the  most  rudi- 
mentary notions  of  decency,  but  it  is  produced  in  goodi 
faith  and  evidently  with  no  evil  purpose. 

SaintsimT/,.Ereneb  Lit,  p.  428.. 


Betimo 

Retimo  (ra-te'mo).  A  seaport  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Crete,  27  miles  east-southeast  of  Canea. 
Population,  about  8,000. 

Retreat  of  the  Ten  Thousand  Greeks.  See 
Anabasis. 

Return  from  Parnassus,  The.  A  play  in  two 
parts,  being  the  second  and  third  parts  of  "  The 
Pilgrimage  to  Parnassus."  Theywerewritten before 
the  death  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  haverecently  been  print- 
ed as  a  whole.  "  The  Pilgrimage  "  was  acted  at  Cambridge 
In  1597,  the  first  part  of  "  The  Return  "  probably  in  1698,  and 
the  last  in  1601.  They  are  thought  to  have  been  written 
by  members  ot  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  and  are  per- 
sonal satires  showing  the  trials  of  poor  authors  from 
Shakspere  down,  and  the  jealousy  ejdsting  between  pro- 
fessional actors  and  scholars. 

Retz  (rets).  A  former  division  of  Brittany, 
Prance,  corresponding  to  part  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Loire-Inf6rieure. 

Retz,  or  Rais  (ras),  or  Raiz  (raz),  Baron  de 
(Qilles  de  Laval).  Bom  about  1396:  executed 
at  Nantes,  France,  Oct.,  1440.  A  French  mar- 
shal, notorious  for  his  cruelties  to  children.  His 
Btory  is  connected  with  that  of  "  Barbe-Bleue." 
See  Bluebeard. 

Retz  (ras),  Cardinal  de  (Jean  Francois 
Paul  de  Gondi).  Bom  at  Montmirail,  Oct., 
1614:  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  24,  1679.  A  French 
politician  and  author.  He  received  his  education  at 
the  hands  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  and  thereafter  at  the 
Jesuit  College  ot  Clermont.  From  earliest  childhood  he 
was  Intended  for  the  church,  where  he  was  to  become 
eventually  archbishop  of  Paris,  a  dignity  that  had  long  been 
held  in  his  family ;  but  by  his  stormy  conduct  he  came 
near  foiling  all  plans  made  in  his  interest.  After  a  trip  to 
Italy,  he  settled  down  in  Paris,  keeping  the  archiepiscopal 
seat  well  present  in  his  mind.  A  strong  desire  on  his  part 
to  become  a  political  leader  led  him  to  take  an  active  part 
In  the  movement  against  Cardinal  Mazarin  (1648-49).  He 
obtained  at  last  the  removal  of  that  statesman,  and  rose 
himself  to  the  dignity  of  cardinal.  But  his  popularity  was 
short-lived,  and  he  was  finally  imprisoned  at  Vincennes 
(1652).  He  made  good  his  escape,  and  traveled  in  foreign 
countries  until  the  time  ot  Mazarin's  death.  Then  he  re- 
turned to  France.  He  resigned  the  archbishopric,  which 
In  the  meantime  had  fallen  to  his  lot  through  his  uncle's 
death,  and  retired  shortly  after  to  private  life  in  Lorraine. 
Here  he  wrote  his  "  M^moires,"  which  are  of  great  value 
In  the  history  of  the  court  life  and  doings  of  his  day.  They 
are  included  in  the  collection  of  the  "M^moires  sur  I'his- 
toirede  France."  The  best  edition  is  the  one  made  by  M. 
Feillet  in  the  " Collection  des  grands ^crivains dela France" 
(1872).  To  Cardinal  de  Retz  we  are  indebted  for  important 
and  doubtless  reliable  information  concerning  the  queen, 
Mazarin,  Gaston  d'Orl^ans,  Cond^,  Turenne,  La  Rochefou- 
cauld, and  many  others. 

Retzius  (ret'se-os),  Anders  Adolf.  Bom  in 
Lund,  Oct.  13,  1796:  died  April  18,  1860.  A 
Swedish  anatomist,  son  of  A.  J.  Retzius :  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  and  physiology  at  Stock- 
holm. 

Retzius,  Anders  Johan.  Bom  1742:  died  1821. 
A  Swedish  botanist,  professor  at  Lund. 

Retzsch  (retsh),  Moritz.  Bom  at  Dresden,  Dec. 
9,  1779:  died  there,  June  11,  1857.  A  German 
etcher  and  painter.  He  illustrated  works  of 
Goethe,  Schiller,  etc. 

Reuben  (rS'ben).  [Heb.,  prob.  'beholdl  a  son.'] 
1.  The  eldest  son  of  Jacob  and  Leah. — 2.  One 
of  the  tribes  of  Israel,  descended  from  Beuben. 
Its  territory  lay  east  of  the  Dead  Sea  and  Jor- 
dan, south  of  Gad,  and  north  of  Moab. 

Reuben  and  Simeon,  whom  it  was  soon  difficult  to  dis- 
cern from  Moab,  Edom,  and  the  Arabs  of  the  desert,  dis- 
appeared at  an  early  period  as  tribes.  They  were  consid- 
ered, like  that  ot  Levi,  as  sporadic  tribes  dispersed  tlirough 
the  rest  of  Israel. 

Senan,  Hist,  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  293. 

Reuchlin  (roich'lin),  Johann  (Grecized  as  Oap- 
nio).  Bom  at  Pforzheim,  Baden,  Dec.  28 
(or  Feb.  22),  1455:  died  at  LiebenzeU,  near 
Hirschau,  Bavaria,  June  30, 1522.  A  celebrated 
German  humanist.  He  studied  and  traveled  in  Ger- 
many, Switzerland,  France,  and  Italy ;  settled  at  Tiibingen 
in  1481  as  a  teacher  of  jurisprudence  and  the  liberal  arts ; 
was  a  judge  in  the  Swabian  League  from  1500  or  1502  to  1612 ; 
opposed,  in  a  formal  opinion  to  the  emperor  in  1610,  the 
suppression  of  the  Jewish  books  hostile  to  Christianity,  ad- 
vocated by  the  converted  Jew  Pf eSerkom,  which  involved 
him  in  a  controversy  (1610-16)  with  the  Dominicans  and 
the  obscurantists  generally ;  and  taught  at  Ingolstadt  and 
Tubingen.  He  promoted  education  in  Germany  by  pub- 
lishingGreek  text-books ;  and  wrote  various  works  on  Latin, 
Greek,  and  Hebrew,  including  a  Hebrew  grammar  "Rudi- 
mentaHebraica"(1506).  Hepnblishedthecabalistic works 
"De  verbo  mirifioo"  (1494),  "De  arte  cabbalistica"  (1494). 

Reudnitz  (roid'nits).  A  manufacturing  village, 
an  eastern  suburb  of  Leipsic.    ■ 

Reumont  (roi'mont),  Alfred  von.  Bom  at 
Aix-la-Chapelle,  Aug.  15,  1808:  died  at  Burt- 
scheid,  near  Aix-la-Chapelle,  April  27, 1887.  A 
German  writer  on  Italian  history  and  art,  and 
diplomatist.  His  diplomatic  service  was  rendered  prin- 
cipally in  Italy,  and  largely  at  the  papal  court.  He  wrote 
"Geschichte  der  Stadt  Rom"  ("History  of  the  City  of 
Rome  "  1867-70),  etc. 

Reunion,  Chambers  of.    Special  courts  estab- 


851 

lished  by  Louis  XTVo  at  Metz,  Besan?on,  Tour- 
nai,  and  Breisach,  1680.  They  decided  on  the  an- 
nexation to  France  of  various  territories  along  the  eastern 
frontier  (Saarbriicken,  Luxemburg,  etc.). 

Reunion  (ra-ti-ny6n'),  lie  de  la,  formerly  lie 
Bourbon.  An  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  a 
colonial  possession  of  France,  southwest  of  Mau- 
ritius. St.-Denis,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  lat  20°  51'  S., 
long.  55°  80'  B.  The  surface  is  mountainous  and  vol- 
canic, the  highest  summit  being  Piton  des  Neiges  (10,069 
feet).  The  chief  product  is  sugar.  The  inhabitants  are 
descendants  of  French,  negroes,  coolies,  etc.  The  island 
was  discovered  by  Mascarenhas  in  the  beginning  of  the 
16th  century,  and  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  French 
about  1642  and  in  1649.  It  was  occupied  by  the  British 
1810-15.  Area,  780  square  mUes.  Population  (1892),  171,731. 

Reunion,  wars  of.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  wars  between  Prance  and  the  allied 
powers  waged  in  consequence  of  the  annexation 
of  territory  determined  by  the  Chambers  of  Re- 
union in  1680. 

R6us  (ra'os).  A  city  in  the  province  of  Tarra- 
gona, Spain,  situated  near  Tarragona  63  miles 
southwest  of  Barcelona,  it  is  the  second  industrial 
place  in  Catalonia,  and  has  important  manufactures  of 
wines,  cotton,  silk,  etc.  Salou  is  its  seaport.  Population 
(1887),  28,780. 

Reuss  (rois).  A  river  of  Switzerland,  it  rises  in 
the  St.-Ootthard,  traverses  the  Lake  of  Lucerne,  and  joins 
the  Aare  near  Brugg.    Length,  90  miles. 

Reuss.  A  land  in  Thuringia,  central  Germany, 
consisting  of  several  detached  portions,  west 
of  the  kingdom  of  Saxony :  part  of  the  ancient 
Vogtland.  The  origin  of  the  house  dates  from  the  11th 
century,  and  the  present  division  of  the  land  was  estab- 
lished 1616. 

Reuss(ElderLine),orReuss-G)Teiz(rois'grits'). 

[G.  Bettss  altere  Idnie.']  A  principality  and  state 
of  the  German  Empire,  bordering  on  Saxony, 
Saxe-Weimar,  and  other  German  states.  Capi- 
tal, Greiz.  It  is  largely  engaged  in  manufacturing.  The 
government  is  a  hereditary  monarchy,  vested  in  a  prince 
and  (since  1867)  a  chamber  of  12  members.  It  sends  1  mem- 
ber to  the  Bundesrat  and  1  to  the  Reicli&tag.  Area,  122 
square  miles.    Population  (1900) ,  68,396. 

Reuss(YoungerIiine),orReuss-(}era-Schleiz- 
Lobenstein-Ebersdorf  (rois'ga'ra-shlits'16'- 
ben-stin-a'bers-dorf ).  [G.  Beuss  jungere  lAnie.'] 
A  principality  and  state  of  the  German  Empire. 
Capital,  Gera.  it  comprises  the  principality  of  Gera, 
situated  west  ot  Saze-Altenburg,  and  the  principalities  of 
Schleiz  and  of  Lobenstein-Ebersdorf,  situated  west  of  the 
kingdom  of  Saxony  and  north  of  Bavaria.  It  has  flourish- 
ing manufactures.  The  government  is  a  hereditary  mon- 
archy, vested  in  a  prince  and  a  chamber  of  16  deputies.  It 
sends  1  member  to  the  Bundesrat  and  1  to  the  Reichstag. 
Area,  319  square  miles.    Population  (1900),  139,210. 

Reuss  (rois),  Eduard  Wilhelm  Eugen.    Bom 

at  Strasburg,  July  18, 1804:  died  there,  April 
15,  1891.  A  noted  Alsatian  Protestant  theolo- 
gian, professor  at  Strasburg  from  1834.  His 
works  include  "Geschichte  der  heiligen  Schritten  des 
Neuen  Testaments "(1842X  "Histoire  de  la  th^ologiechr^- 
tienne  an  siMe  apostolique"  (1862),  "Histoire  du  canon 
des  Saintes-BcritureB "  (1863),  "Geschichte  der  heiligen 
Schritten  des  Alten  Testaments  "  (1881),  etc. 

Reute.    See  Beiitte. 

Renter  (roi'ter),  Fritz.  Bom  at  Stavenhagen, 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  Nov.  7,  1810:  died  at 
Eisenach,  June  12,  1874.  A  noted  German  dia- 
lect (Platt-Deutsch)  poet.  His  works  (tales  and 
poems)  include  "  Lauschen  un  Rimels  "  (1853),  "Reia  nah 
Belligen  "  (l866),  "  Kein  Hiisung  "  (1858),  "  Hanne  Nlite  un 
de  ludde  Pudel "  (1869),  "  Schurr-Murr  "  (1861) :  also  a  col- 
lection of  novels,  "Olle  Kamellen  "  (comprising  "Ut  de 
Franzosentid  "  (1860),  "Ut  mine  Festungstid"  (1862),  "Ut 
mine  Stromtid  "  (1864),  etc.X 

Renter's  Telegraph  Agency.  An  agency  for 
the  collection  and  transmission  of  news,  devel- 
oped by  P.  J.  von  Renter  in  the  decade  1850-60 
and  later,  and  now  eirtending  over  nearly  the 
entire  world. 

Reutlil^en  (roit'ling-en).  The  chief  city  of  the 
Black  Forest  circle,  Wurtemberg,  situated  on 
the  Echatz,  at  the  foot  of  the  Swabian  Alp,  20 
miles  south  of  Stuttgart.  It  has  flourishing  manu- 
factures, especially  of  leather.  The  chief  building  is  a 
Gothic  church  (13th  and  14th  centuries).  It  was  made  an 
imperial  city  in  1240.  Its  citizens  defeated  the  Count  of 
WUi-temberg  in  the  battle  of  Reutlingen  in  1377.  It  was 
the  first  Swabian  city  to  receive  the  Reformation.  In  1803 
it  was  annexed  to  Wiirtemberg.    Population  (1890),  18,642. 

Reutte,  or  Reute  (roi'te).  A  tourist  resort  in 
northern  Tyrol,  near  the  Bavarian  frontier,  sit- 
uated on  the  Lech  35  miles  west-northwest  of 
Innsbruck. 

Reval  (rev'ai),  or  Revel  (rev'el).  [Buss.  Be- 
vel.^ A  seaport,  and  the  capital  of  Esthonia, 
Russia,  situated  on  a  bay  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland, 
in  lat.  59°  26'  N.,  long.  24°  45'  E.  It  consists  ot 
the  lower  town  and  the  "Dom  ";  has  a  large  and  increasing 
commerce ;  is  a  favorite  watering-place ;  and  contains  sev- 
eral noteworthy  buildings  (including  the  Olai  and  Nikolai 
churches).  It  was  founded  by  the  Danes  in  1219 ;  became  a 
Hanseatio  town ;  joined  the  Livonian  Order  ot  Knights  in 
1346 ;  and  was  annexed  to  Sweden  in  1661,  and  to  Russia 
in  1710.    Population  (1894),  52,896. 


Revolutionary  War 

Revel  (r6-vel'),  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Garonne,  France,  30  miles  east-southeast 
of  Toulouse.  Population  (1891),commune,  5,566. 

Revelation,  Book  of,  or  The  Revelation  of  St. 
John  the  Divine.  The  last  book  of  the  New 
Testament:  also  called  the  Apocalypse,  it  has 
been  generally  attributed  by  the  church  to  the  apostle 
John,  and  the  date  of  its  composition  is  often  put  near  the 
end  of  the  1st  century  :  but  its  authorship  and  date  are 
subjects  of  dispute.  There  Is  a  wide  difference  of  opinion 
also  as  to  the  interpretation  and  significance  of  the  book. 

Reveller  (rev'el-er),  Lady.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal characters  in  Mrs.  CentUvre's  comedy 
"The  Basset-Table."  she  is  a  coquettish  widow  and 
brilliant  fine  lady  who  keeps  a  basset-table,  where  she 
devotes  herself  night  and  day  to  not  too  scrupulous  play. 

Revenge.  A  tragedy  by  Dr.  Young,  produced 
in  1721. 

Revenge  for  a  Father,    See  Hoffman. 

Revenge  for  Honour.  A  tragedy  by  Chap- 
man (f),  published  in  1654. 

Revenge  of  Bussy  d'Ambois.  See  Bvssy 
d'Ambois. 

Revenger's  Tragedy,  The.  A  play  by  Cyril 
Toumeur,  licensed  and  printed  in  1607. 

Revere  (re-ver').  A  town  and  watering-place 
in  Suffolk  County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on 
Massachusetts  Bay  4  or  5  miles  northeast  of 
Boston.    Population  (1900),  10,395. 

Revere,  Paul.  Bom  at  Boston,  Jan.  1, 1735: 
died  at  Boston,  May  10, 1818.  An  American  pa- 
triot, famous  from  his  ride  from  Boston  to  Lex- 
ington, April  18-19, 1775,  to  arouse  the  minute- 
men.  This  ride  is  celebrated  by  Longfellow  in 
the  poem  "Midnight  Ride  of  Paul  Revere,"  pub- 
lished in  "  Tales  of  a  Wayside  Inn." 

Review,  The.  A  musical  farce  by  George  Col- 
man  the  younger,  printed  in  1800.  it  was  taken 
from  an  unsuccessful  comic  opera, "  Caleb  Quotem  and  his 
Wife,  or  Paint,  Poetry,  and  Putty,"  by  Henry  Lee. 

Revilla  Gigedo,  generally  written  ReviUagi- 
gedo  (ra-vel'ya-He-Ha'THo).  A  group  of  vol- 
canic islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  principal 
island,  Socorro,  is  situated  in  lat.  18"  43'  N.,  long.  110°  57'  W. 
They  belong  to  the  state  of  Collma,  Mexico,  and  are  un- 
inhabited. 

Revillagigedo,  Count  of,  Viceroy  of  Mexico. 
See  Oiiemes. 

Reville  (ra-vel'),  Albert.  Bom  at  Dieppe, 
Prance,  Nov.  4,  1826.  A  French  Protestant 
clergyman  and  theological  writer.  He  accepted 
a  call  as  pastor  of  the  Walloon  church  at  Rotterdam  in  1851 
(having  previously  been  suffragan  at  Nlmes  and  pastor  at 
Luneray,  near  Dieppe) ;  was  appointed  titular  professor  ot 
religious  history  in  the  College  of  France  in  1880;  and  was 
chosen  president  of  the  Section  of  Religious  Sciences  at 
the  Sorbonne  in  1886.  Among  his  works  are  "Essais  de 
critique  raigieuse"(1860),  "Histoire  des  religions"  (1883 
et  se^.X  etc. 

RSviUon  (ra-ve-y6n'),  Antoine,  called  Tony 
R6villon.  BomatSt.-Laurent-lez-Maeon,Ain, 
France,  Deo.  29, 1832:  died  Feb.  12,  1898.  A 
French  novelist  and  miscellaneous  author. 

Revin  (re-van').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Ardennes,  France,  on  the  Meuse  12  miles  north 
by  west  of  M^ziftres.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 4,292. 

Revlsta  Trimensal  de  Historia  e  Geographia. 
See  Instituto  Historico  e  Geographico  Brazileiro. 

Revizor  (re-ve-zor'J.  [Russ., '  The  Inspector- 
General.']  A  satirical  comedy  by  Gogol,  pro- 
duced in  1841. 

Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  (nants ; 
P.  pron.  nont).  A  proclamation  of  Louis  XTV. 
of  France,  Oct.  22, 1685,  annulling  the  Edict  of 
Nantes,  it  forbade  the  tree  exercise  of  the  Protestant 
religion.  Its  promulgation  was  followed  by  the  emigra- 
tion of  about  300,000  persons,  including  artisans,  men  of 
science  and  letters,  and  others,  to  Holland,  Brandenburg, 
England,  Switzerland,  America,  etc. 

Revolt  of  Islam,  The.  A  narrative  poem  by 
Shelley,  published  in  1818.  It  was  first  called 
"Laon  and  Cythna." 

Revolution,  American.  SeeBevoluUonary  War. 

Revolution,  English.  The  movements  by  which 
James  II.  was  forced  to  leave  England  and  a 
purer  constitutional  government  was  secured 
through  the  aid  of  William  of  Orange,  who 
landed  in  England  in  Nov.,  1688.  in  1689  William 
and  Mary  were  proclaimed  constitutional  sovereigns,  and 
Parliament  passed  the  Bill  of  Rights. 

Revolution,  French.    See  French  BevoluUon. 

Revolution,  South  American.  See  South 
American  BevoluUon. 

Revolutionary  Tribunal.  In  French  history, 
specifically,  an  extraordinary  court  of  justice 
established  by  the  Convention,  in  1793,  to  take 
cognizance  of  all  attacks  directed  against  the 
Revolution,  the  republic,  and  the  public  wel- 
fare.   It  was  suppressed  in  1795. 

Revolutionary  War,  or  War  of  the  American 
Revolution.  The  war  for  redress  of  grievances, 


Revolutionary  War 

and  later  for  independence,  waged  by  the  thir- 
teen American  colonies  (States)  against  Grreat 
Britain.  They  were  assisted  by  France,  Spain,  and  the 
Netherlands  (in  the  latter  part  of  the  war).  Its  causes 
were  the  repressive  measures  of  Great  Britain  (Writs  of 
Assistance,  1761 ;  Stamp  Act,  1765  ;  taxes  on  glass,  paints, 
etc.,  1767 ;  Boston  Port  Bill,  1774).  The  following  are  the 
leading  incidents  and  events :  Boston  massacre,  1770 ; 
Boston  Tea-Party,  Deo.  16,  1773 ;  first  Continental  Con- 
gress, Sept.,  1774 ;  battles  of  Lexington  and  Concord,  April 
19, 1775 ;  meeting  of  the  second  Continental  Congress,  May 
10 ;  capture  of  Ticonderoga,  May  10 ;  Mecklenburg  Decla- 
ration of  Independence,  May  20  or  31 ;  battle  of  Bunker 
Hill,  June  17 ;  unsuccessful  attack  on  Canada,  1775-76 ; 
evacuation  of  Boston,  March  17, 1776 ;  British  repulse  off 
Charleston,  June  28 :  Declaration  of  Independence,  July 
4 ;  battle  of  Long  Island,  Aug.  27 ;  battle  of  White  Plains, 
Oct.  28 ;  loss  of  Forts  Washington  and  Lee,  and  retreat 
through  New  Jersey,  end  of  1776 ;  battle  of  Trenton,  Dec. 
26 ;  battle  of  Princeton,  Jan.  3, 1777 ;  battle  of  Bennington, 
Aug.  16 ;  battle  of  Brandywlne,  Sept.  11 ;  battle  of  Still- 
water, Sept.  19 ;  battle  of  Germantown,  Oct.  4 ;  battle  of 
Saratoga,  Oct.  7 ;  Burgoyne's  suirender,  Oct.  17 ;  adoption 
of  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  Nov.  15 ;  treaty  with 
France,  Feb.  6, 1778 ;  battle  of  Monmouth,  June  28 ;  storm- 
ing of  Stony  Point,  July  16, 1779 ;  naval  victory  of  Paul 
Jones,  Sept.  23 ;  British  capture  of  Charleston,  May  12, 1780 ; 
battle  of  Camden,  Aug.  16 ;  Arnold's  treachery,  Sept. ;  battle 
of  King's  Mountain,  Oct.  7 ;  battle  of  the  Cowpens,  Jan.  17, 
1781 ;  ratification  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation  by  the 
last  of  the  States,  March  1 ;  battle  of  Guilford,  March  15 ; 
battle  of  Eutaw,  Sept.  8 ;  surrender  of  Cornw^is  at  York- 
town,  Oct.  19 ;  peace  of  Paris,  Sept.  3,  1783 :  evacuation 
of  New  Tork,  Nov.  26. 

Bevolution  in  Spanish  South  America.   See 

South  American  Itevolution. 

Revolution  of  July.  The  French  revolution  of 
July,  1830,  which  overthrew  Charles  X. 

Revolution  of  1848.  The  French  revolution 
of  Feb.,  1848,  which  overthrew  the  govern- 
ment of  Louis  Philippe. 

Rewah,  or  Rewa  (ra'wa).  1.  A  native  state  in 
India,  under  British  control,  intersected  by  lat. 
24°  N.,  long.  81°  E.  Atreaty  establishing  a  Brit- 
ish protectorate  was  made  in  1812.  Area,  12,- 
679  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,508, 943. 
— 2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Eewah,  situ- 
a,ted  in  lat.  24°  31'  N.,  long.  81°  20'  E.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  23,626. 

Rewbell  (re-bel'),  Jean  Francois.  Bom  at 
Colmar,  Alsace,  Oct.  8,  1747:  died  at  Colmar, 
Nov.  23,  180Y.  A  French  politician.  He  was  a 
deputy  to  the  Constituent  Assembly  and  Convention,  and 
a  member  of  the  Directory  1795-99. 

Reybaud  (ra-bo'),  Madame  (Henriette  Etien- 
nette  Fanny  Arnaud).  Bom  at  Aix,  France, 
1802:  died  Jan.  1,  1871.  A  French  novelist, 
wife  of  M.  E.  L.  Reybaud. 

Reybaud,  Marie  Roch  Louis.  Bom  at  Mar- 
seilles, Aug.  15,  1799:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  28, 
1879.  A  French  miscellaneous  writer  and  poli- 
tician. Hisworks  include  "ifitudes  sur  les  r^formateurs 
ou  sociEdistes  modernes  "  (1840-43),  thesatirical  novel "  J^- 
rdme  Paturot"  (1843),  etc. 

Reykjavik  (rik'^a'-'vik),  or  Reikiavik  (ri'ke- 
a-vik).  The  capital  of  Iceland,  situated  on  the 
southwestern  coast,  on  a  bay  of  the  Faxafloi,- 
in  lat.  64°  9'  N.,  long.  21°  55'  W.  It  was  founded 
in  874,  and  is  the  chief  trading-place  of  the 
island.    Population  (1890),  3,900. 

Reyna  Bamos  (ra'e-naba-re'os),  Jos6  Maria. 
A  Guatemalan  politician,  nephew  of  Eufino  Bar- 
rios. He  was  elected  president  of  Guatemala 
for  the  term  of  4  years  beginning  March,  1892. 

Reynaldo  (ra-nal'do).  A  character  in  Shak- 
spere's  tragedy  "Hamlet":  a  servant  to  Polo- 
nius. 

Reynard  (ra'nard  or  ren'ard)  the  Fox.  A  sa- 
tirical epic  poem  in  whio"h  the  characters  are 
animals :  it  receives  its  name  from  its  hero,  the 
fox  Reynard.  The  ultimate  origin  of  the  story  was  a 
folk-tale  which  was  subsequently  embodied  in  ^sop's  fa- 
ble of  the  fox  and  the  lion.  A  Latin  beast  epic  by  ah  un- 
known monk  was  written  In  the  10th  century.  In  1148 
Master  Nivardus  of  Ghent  wrote  a  much  longer  epic  in 
Latin,  with  the  title  "Isengrimus."  The  Flemish  poet 
Willem  finally  wrote  in  his  own  language,  in  the  first  half 
of  the  13th  century,  the  poem  "Eeinaert,"  after  a  French 
original  by  the  priest  Pierre  de  St.  Cloud  from  the  begin- 
ning of  the  same  century.  About  1380  Willem's  work  was 
remodeled  and  continued  by  an  unknown  poet,  and  a  cen- 
tury later  was  furnished  with  a  prose  commentary  by  Hen- 
rik  van  Alkmer.  A  Low  German  version  of  this,  possibly  by 
Herman  Barkhuseu,  was  published  at  Liibeck  in  1498.  In 
1544  a  High  German  version  of  this  last  was  made  by  Mi- 
chael Beuther.  In  1566itwastranslatedintoLatin("Spe- 
culum  vita:  aulicse")  by  Hartmann  Schopper.  Goethe,  in 
1794,  wrote  a  free  version  of  the  Low  German  poem  in 
hexameters  with  the  title  "K-einecke  Fuchs."  A  prose 
version  of  the  14th-century  poem  "Historic  van  Eeynaert 
de  Vos"  ("History  of  Reynard  the  Fox")  was  printed  at 
Gouda  in  1479  and  at  Delft  in  1485.  A  Middle  High  German 
poem, "  Reinhart  Fuchs, "  was  written  by  the  Alsatian  poet 
Heinrich  der  Ollchezare  in  the  12th  century  from  French 
sources.  The  Low  German  poem  was  published  by  Liib- 
ben  as  "Reinke  de  Vos,"  Oldenburg,  1867. 

Reynaud  (ra-no'),  Jean  Ernest.  Bom  at  Ly- 
ons, Feb.  14,  1806:  died  at  Paris,  June  28, 1863. 
A  French  philosophical  writer.    He  became  a  min- 


852 

ing  engineer  in  the  service  of  the  government  in  1830,  but 
resigned  his  position  after  the  July  revolution  of  that  year, 
and  associated  himself  with  the  Saint-Simonists.  He  was 
a  moderate  Democrat  in  the  assembly  of  1848,  and  soon 
retired  to  private  life.  His  chief  work  is  "Terre  et  ciel" 
(1864). 

Reynier  (ra-nya' ),  Jean  Louis  Antoine.  Born 
at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  July  25,  1762:  died 
there,  Dec.  17, 1824.  A  French  political  econo- 
mist and  administrator.  Bonaparte  placed  him  in 
charge  of  the  financial  aSairs  of  Egyp^  and  he  later  served 
under  Joseph  Bonaparte  as  commissi  in  Calabria.  He 
wrote  "L'Egypte  sous  la  domination  des  RomainB"(1807), 
"  De  r^conomie  publique  et  morale  des  ^gyptiens  et  des 
Carthaginois"(1823),  "  De  I'^conomie  publique  et  morale 
des  Arabes  et  des  Juif  s  "  (1830),  etc. 

Reynier,  Jean  Louis  Ebenezer.  Born  at  Lau- 
sanne, Jan.  14, 1771 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  27, 1814. 
A  French  general,  brother  of  J.  L.  A.  Reynier. 
He  lost  the  battle  of  Maida,  July  4, 1806. 

Reynolds  (ren'oldz),  John.  Born  in  Montgom- 
ery Comity,  Pa.,  about  1789:  died  at  Belleville, 
111.,  May  8,  1865.  An  American  politician.  As 
governor  of  Illinois  he  commanded  the  militia  in  Black 
Hawk's  war  in  1832.  He  was  Democratic  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Illinois  1834-37  and  1839-43.  He  published 
"Pioneer  History  of  Illinois  "  (1848),  etc. 

Reynolds,  John  Fulton.  Bom  at  Lancaster, 
Pa.,  Sept.  20,  1820:  killed  at  the  battle  of  Get- 
tysburg, July  1,  1863.  An  American  general. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1841 ;  served  in  the  Mexi- 
can war ;  and  was  appointed  a  brigadier-general  of  United 
States  volimteers  in  1861.  He  served  with  distinction  in 
the  Peninsular  campaign;  was  promoted  major-general 
in  1862  ;  and  commanded  the  first  army  corps  at  Gettys- 
burg, where  he  fell. 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua.  Bom  at  Plympton  Earl, 
Devonshire,  July  16, 1723 :  died  at  London,  Feb. 
23, 1792.  A  celebrated  English  portrait-painter. 
He  was  educated  by  his  father,  a  schoolmaster  and  clergy- 
man. In  Oct.,  174;^  he  went  to  London  and  studied  under 
Thomas  Hudson.  In  1746  he  established  himself  as  a  por- 
trait-painter in  London.  By  invitation  of  his  friend,  Com- 
modore (afterward  Admiral)  Keppel,  he  sailed  for  Italy  on 
the  Centurion,  arriving  in  Rome  at  the  close  of  1749. 
Owing  to  a  cold  which  he  took  there,  he  became  deaf  and 
never  recovered  his  hearing.  After  two  years  in  Rome  he 
visited  Parma,  Florence,  Venice,  and  other  Italian  cities. 
He  returned  to  London  in  1752,  and  was  intimately  asso- 
ciated with  Johnson,  Burke,  Goldsmith,  Garrick,  and  oth- 
ers. The  "Literary  Club  "  was  established  at  his  sugges- 
tion in  1764.  In  1768  the  Royal  Academy  was  founded, 
with  Reynolds  as  its  first  president.    His  annual  addresses 

,  form  its  well-Imown  "Discourses."  In  1784,  on  the  death 
of  Allan  Ramsay,  he  was  made  painter  to  the  king.  Rey- 
nolds wrote  three  essays  in  the  "  Idler  "  (1759-60).  His  most 
famous  works  are  his  portraits  of  Johnson,  Garrick,  Sterne, 
Goldsmith,  the  little  Lady  Penelope  Boothby,  Mrs.  Siddons 
as  the  "Tragic Muse, "the "InfantHercules,"the  "Straw- 
berry Girl,"  "Garrick  between  Tragedy  and  Comedy,"  etc. 

Rezat  (ret'sat),  Franconian,  and  Swabian  Re- 
zat.  Two  small  rivers  in  Bavaria  which  unite 
and  form  the  Rednitz. 

Bezin  (re'zin).  Lived  in  the  8th  century  B.  o. 
A  king  of  Syria,  a  contemporary  and  opponent 
of  Ahaz,  king  of  Judah,  and  Tiglath-Pileser, 
king  of  Assyria. 

Rezonville  (re-z6n-vel').  A  village  10  miles 
west  by  south  of  Metz.  it  was  the  scene  of  impor- 
tant events  in  the  Franco-German  war  (Aug.,  1870).  The 
battle  of  Gravelotte  is  sometimes  called  the  battle  of  Re- 
zonville. 

Rha  (ra).    The  ancient  name  of  the  Volga. 

Rhabanus  Maurus.    See  Babanw. 

Rhadamanthus  (rad-a-man'thus).  [Gr.  "Pa6a- 
/lavdog.']  In  Greek  mythology,  brother  of  Minos 
and  son  of  Zeus  and  Europa.  He  was  associ- 
ated with  Minos  and  .3!aous  as  a  judge  in  the 
lower  world. 

Rhsetia,  more  correctly  Raetia  (re'shia).  [L. 
MxUa,  aisoBhsetia,  Gr.  'Pairia ;  from  Bseii,  BhsBti, 
Gr.  TaiTot,  ''SaiToi,  the  inhabitants,  prob.  Celtic, 
'  mountaineers.']  In  ancient  geography,  a  prov- 
ince of  the  Roman  Empire,  it  was  bounded  by  Vin- 
dellcia  (at  first  Included  in  it,  but  afterward  made  a  sepa- 
rate province  as  Rhsetia  Secunda)  on  the  north,  Norioum 
on  the  east,  Italy  on  the  south,  and  Helvetia  on  the  west, 
corresponding  to  the  modern  Grisons,  northern  part  of 
Tyrol,  and  part  of  the  Bavarian  and  Lombard  Alps.  It  was 
conquered  by  Tiberius  and  Drusus  in  15  B.  0.,  and  made 
soon  after  a  Roman  province. 

Rhaetian  Alps  (re'shian  &ips').  A  term  of  va- 
ried signification,  applied  in  ancient  times  to 
the  mountainous  regions  of  Rhsetia,  but  in  mod- 
em times  generally  to  the  chain  of  the  Alps  ex- 
tending from  the  neighborhood  of  the  Spliigen 
Pass  to  the  valley  of  the  Adda,  divided  by  the 
Engadine  and  Bergell  into  the  Northern  and 
Southern  Rhsetian  Alps. 

Rhamnus  (ram'nus).  [Gi.  'Vaiivdg.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  place  in  Attica,  Greece,  sit- 
uated on  the  coast  24 miles  northeast  of  Athens. 
The  temple  of  Nemesis  here  was  a  Doric  hexastyle  perip- 
teros  with  12  columns  on  the  flanks,  measuring  37  by  98 
feet.  The  cella  had  pronaos  and  opisthodomos.  Eight 
columns  are  still  smnding.  The  cult-statue  was  by 
Phidias. 


Rheingau 

Rh^tikon  (ra'te-kon).  A  chain  of  the  Rhse- 
tian Alps,  situated  on  the  borders  of  Grisons, 
Vorarlberg,  and  Liechtenstein.  Highest  sum- 
mit, Scesaplana  (9,738  feet). 
Rhazes(ra'zes).  Born  at  Raj,  Persia:  diedabont 
932.  An  Arabian  physician,  author  of  an  en- 
cyclopedic treatise  on  medicine. 

Rhd.    SeeiJ^. 

Rhea(re'a).  [Gr. 'Pe/a  or 'P^a.]  1.  In  Greek  my. 
thology,  a  daughter  of  Uranus  and  G«a,  wife  oi 
Cronus  and  mother  of  Zeus,  Poseidon,  Hades, 
Hera,  Hestia,  and  Demeter:  often  identified 
with  Cybele.  She  was  worshiped  especially  in 
Crete.  At  Rome  she  was  sometimes  identified 
with  Ops. — 3.  The  fifth  satellite  of  Satum,  dis- 
covered by  Cassini  Dec.  23,  1672. 

Rhea,  or  Rea  (re'a),  Silvia,  also  called  Ilia.  In 
Roman  legend,  a'vestal  virgin,  mother  by  Mars 
of  Romulus  and  Remus. 

Rhegium  (re ' ji-um) .  [Gr. '  Virytov.  ]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  of  Magna  Greecia,  Italy:  now 
Reggio  di  Calabria  (which  see ) .  It  was  founded  by 
ChEUcidians  and  Messenians  in  the  8th  century  B.  0.;  was 
a  flourishing  commercial  city ;  was  besieged,  taken,  and  de- 
stroyed by  Dionysius  the  Elder  in  387b.  0.;  and  was  taken 
bytheCampanians  in  280,  and  held  till  their  expulsion  by 
theRomansin270.  LateritwascalledRhegium(orBeginm) 
Julium. 

Rheidt,  or  Rheid.    See  Bheydt. 

Rheims,  or  Reims  (remz ;  F.  pron.  rans).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  Bhemes;  ME.  Beymes,  Bemes,  F. 
Beims.']  A  city  in  the  department  of  Marne, 
France,  situated  on  the  Vesle  in  lat.  49°  15'  N., 
long.  4°  2'  E. :  the  ancient  Gallic  town  Durocor- 
torum,  chief  town  of  theRemi  (whence  the  name, 
originally Remi).  Itisoneoftheleadingmanufacturing 
and  commercial  cities  of  France ;  is  a  leading  center  of  the 
manufacture  and  export  of  champagne  ;  is  noted  especially 
for  its  manufacture  of  various  kinds  of  woolen  goods ;  and 
has  also  manufactures  of  biscuits,  etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  an 
academy  of  sciences,  and  formerly  had  a  university.  The 
cathedral,  one  of  the  greatest  in  the  world,  was  the  his- 
toric place  of  coronation  of  the  kings  of  France.  The  west 
front  has  twin  towers,  a  great  central  rose,  and  3  mag- 
nificent canopied  portals,  covered  with  13th-century 
statues  and  reliefs  of  such  excellence  that  many  of  them 
can  defy  comparison  with  the  best  classical  work.  This 
facade  is  the  finest  produced  in  the  middle  ages.  The 
lateral  elevations  and  the  chevet  are  at  once  rich  and  very 
massive ;  and  the  facade  and  portal  of  the  north  transept 
are  most  admirable.  The  interior  (466  feet  long  and  124 
high)  is  unsurpassed.  The  nave  is  flanked  by  single  aisles, 
while  the  choir  has  a  double  deambulatory  upon  which 
open  radiating  chapels.  The  glass,  much  of  it  of  the  13th 
century,  is  superb.  The  cathedral  originally  possessed  7 
lofty  spires,  which  were  destroyed  by  a  fire  in  1480.  The 
abbey  church  of  St.  Remi  is  a  noble  Romanesque  church, 
of  great  size,  with  Pointed  facade  and  chevet.  The  inte- 
rior is  350  feet  long  and  79J  high,  with  wide  nave  and  beau- 
tiful perspectives  in  its  arcading.  The  choir  possesses  a 
sculptured  Renaissance  screen  of  marble.  The  canopied 
Renaissance  shrine  of  St.  Remi  bears  the  effigy  of  the  saint 
and  statues  of  the  12  peers  of  France.  The  Porta  Martis, 
a  Roman  triumphal  arch,  held  to  have  been  dedicated  by 
Agrippa  in  honor  of  Augustus,  but  probably  later,  has  3 
large  archways  of  equal  size,  flanked  by  8  Corinthian  col- 
umns, and  preserves  part  of  its  sculptured  ornament 
Rheims  was  sacked  by  the  Vandals  In  406 ;  is  celebrated 
as  the  scene  of  the  coronation  of  Clovis  by  Remigius  in 
496,  and  as  the  usual  place  of  coronation  of  later  Capetian 
and  Bourbon  monarchs  from  Philip  II.  to  Charles  X.;  and 
was  the  seat  of  an  archbishopric  and  the  meeting-place 
of  many  church  councils  (1119, 1148,  etc.).  Joan  of  Arc 
crowned  Charles  VII.  here  in  1429.  An  English  Roman 
Catholic  seminary  existed  at  Rheims  in  the  time  of  Eliza- 
beth. Napoleon  defeated  the  Russians  nearRheimsMarch 
13, 1814.  It  was  the  headquarters  of  King  William  of 
Prussia  hi  Sept.,  1870.    Population  (1901),  107,773. 

Rhein  (rin).    The  German  name  of  the  Rhine. 

Rheine  (n'ue).  A  town  in  the  province  of  West- 
phalia, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ems  24  miles 
north  by  west  of  Munster.  It  has  manufactures 
of  cotton.    Population  (1890),  7,356. 

Rheineck  (ri'nek).  A  noted  castle  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Pmssia,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Rhine,  about  22  miles  northwest  of  Coblenz. 

Rheinfelden  (rin'f  el-den).  A  small  town  in  the 
canton  of  Aargau,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the 
Rhine  10  miles  east  of  Basel.  Here,  March  3, 
1638,  Bernhard  of  Weimar  defeated  the  Imperi- 
alist and  Bavarian  forces. 

Rheinfels  (rin'felz).  A  castle  and  former  for' 
tress  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Pmssia,  near  St. 
Goar,  the  most  imposing  ruin  on  the  Rhine,  it 
was  built  in  the  13th  century,  and  soon  after  successfully 
resisted  the  combined  attack  of  the  Rhenish  towns  which 
were  aggrieved  by  its  river-tolls.  Its  huge  walls  and  tow- 
ers, shattered  by  gunpowder  but  still  imposing,  form  sev- 
eral lines  of  defense  and  cover  much  ground.  It  was  uh- 
su«cessfully  besieged  by  the  French  under  Tallard  in  1692 
and  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1794. 

Rheingau  (rin'gou).  A  district  in  the  province 
of  Hesse-Nassau,  Pmssia,  lying  along  the  right 
bank  of  the  Rhine,  from  Niederwalluf,  near 
Mainz,  to  Rudesheira.  it  is  noted  for  the  beauty  of 
Its  scenery,  and  for  its  wines  (Johannisberger  Steinber- 
ger  Assmannshausen,  etc.).  Length,  13  mUes.  Breadth. 
6  miles.  io™»u, 


Bheingold,  Das 

Bheingold  (rin'golt),  Das.  [G., '  The  Ehine- 
gold.'J  The  first  part  of  Wagner's  "  Eing  des 
Nibelungen,"  performed  at  Munich  in  1869. 

Bheinhessen.    See  Rhine  Hesse. 

Bheinland.    See  Rhine  Province. 

Eheinpfalz  (rin'pfaits).    BwPalaUnate. 

Bheinsberg  (rins'tera).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  46  miles 
north-northwest  of  Berlin.  It  has  often  been 
a  royal  residence. 

Bheinwaldgebirge.    See  Adtila. 

Bhenisb  Alliance  or  Confederation.  An  alli- 
ance between  the  Electors  of  Mainz,  Cologne, 
and  Treves,  the  Bishop  of  Miinster,  Sweden, 
Hes^e-Cassel,  Liineburg,  and  Pfalz-Neuburg, 
formed  in  1658.  it  was  directed  against  the  emperor 
I/eopold  I.,  and  in  favor  of  the  Frencli.  It  was  dissolved 
in  1667. 

Bhenish  Bavaria.    See  Palatinate. 

Bhenisb  Confederation.  Bo&BUne,  Confeder- 
ation of  the. 

Bhenisn  Prussia.    See  BUne  Province. 

Bhenish  Switzerland.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  valley  of  the  Ahr,  in  the  Bhine 
Province,  Prussia. 

Bbenus  (re'nus).  The  Boman  name  of  the 
Bhine,  and  also  of  the  Beno. 

Bhesus  (re'sus).  [Gr. 'P^uof.]  In  Greek  legend, 
a  Trojan  prince,  ally  of  the  Trojans  against  the 
Greeks.  On  the  night  of  his  arrival  before  Troy,  Siomed 
and  Ulysses  fell  upon  him,  slew  him,  and  carried  off  his 
white  steeds,  ooncerning  which  it  had  been  prophesied 
that  if  they  fed  on  Trojan  fodder  or  drank  the  waters  of 
Xanthus  before  Troy,  the  city  could  not  be  overthrown. 

Bhett  (ret),  Bobert  Barnwall  (original  name 
Smith).  Bom  atBeaufort,  S.  C,  Dec.  24, 1800: 
died  Sept.  14,  1876.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  a  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  South 
Carolina  18S7-49;  United  States  senator  lSSl-52;  and  a 
member  of  the  Confederate  Congress.  He  was  the  owner 
of  the  Charleston  "Mercury,"  and  a  leading  nnlli&er  and 
extreme  Secessionist  ("  fire-eater  "). 

Bheydt,  or  Bheidt,  or  Bheid  (rit).  A  town  in 
the  Bhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Niers  28  miles  northwest  of  Cologne .  it  has  manu- 
factures of  cotton,  silk,  iron,  etc.  Population  (1890),  16,290 ; 
commune,  26,830. 
Bhin  (ran).  The  French  name  of  the  Bhine. 
Bhin,  Bas-  (ba).  A  former  department  of 
Prance,  now  included  in  the  German  Alsace. 
Bhin,  Haut-.  See  Belfort,  Territory  of. 
Bhine  (rin).  [G.  Bhein,  F.  Rhin,  T>.  Eijn,  Rhyn, 
etc. ,  Ladin  Bin,  It.  Beno,  L.  Ehenus.']  The  prin- 
cipal river  of  Germany,  and  one  of  the  most 
famous  rivers  in  the  world,  it  rises  In  the  can- 
ton of  Grisonek  Switzerland,  being  formed  by  the  union  at 
Beichenau  of  its  two  chief  head  streams,  the  Yorderrheln 
and  Hinterrhein ;  flows  north,  and  forms  the  boundary 
between  Switzerland  on  the  west  and  Liechtenstein  and 
Vorarlberg  on  the  east ;  traverses  the  Lake  of  Constance ; 
Sows  west,  forming  (for  most  of  the  distance)  the  boundary 
between  Switzerland  and  Baden;  at  Basel  turns  north, 
and  separates  Baden  on  the  east  from  Alsace  and  the  Khine 
Palatinate  on  the  west ;  traverses  Hesse ;  turns  west  at 
Mainz,  and  separates  Hesse  from  Prussia ;  turns  north  at 
Bingen,  and  flows  through  Prussia  generally  north-north- 
west ;  enters  the  Netherlands  near  Emmerich,  and  divides 
into  the  Waal  (which  finally  discharges  through  the 
Meuse)  and  the  Rhine,  the  latter  subdividing  and  sending 
off  the  New  Yssel  totheZuyderZeeand  theLektotheMeuse 
and  the  Vecht ;  and  empties  as  the  Oude  Eljn  (Old  Bhine) 
into  the  North  Sea  north  of  The  Hague.  Its  chief  tributsr 
ries  are  the  Neckar,  Main,  Lahn,  Sieg,  Ruhr,  and  Lippe  on 
the  right,  and  the  Aare,  111,  Ifahe,  Moselle,  Ahr,  and  Erft  on 
the  left.  The  chief  towns  on  its  banks  are  Coire,  Schaft- 
hausen,  Basel,  Spires,  Mannheim,  Worms,  Mainz,  Coblenz, 
Cologne,  Dusseldorf,  Wesel,  Amheim,  Utrecht,  and  Ley- 
den.  It  is  famous  for  its  beauty,  especially  in  the  part  be- 
tween Bingen  and  Bonn.  The  chief  falls  are  at  Scbafl- 
hausen.  It  is  celebrated  in  German  legend  and  poetry. 
In  Roman  times  it  was  long  aboundary  between  the  prov- 
ince of  Gaul  and  the  German  tribes.  It  played  an  important 
part  in  the  history  of  Germany,  latterly  and  until  1871  as 
the  frontier  between  Germany  and  France.  It  is  naviga- 
ble for  boats  from  Coire,  and  for  large  vessels  from  Eehl. 
It  has  often  been  crossed  by  armies :  twice  by  Julius  Cse- 
sar,  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  and  in  the  wars  of  Louis 
XIV.,  the  Revolution,  and  Napoleon.  Its  navigation  was 
declared  free  in  1868.    Its  length  is  about  800  miles. 

Bhine.Confederation  ofthe.  A  confederation 
of  most  of  the  German  states,  formed  in  Juhr, 
1806,  under  the  protectorate  of  Napoleon  I., 
emperor  of  the  French,  and  dissolved  in  1813. 
It  comprised  Bavaria,  WUrtemberg,  Saxony,  Westphalia, 
Baden,  Hesse-Darmstadt,  and  all  the  other  minor  German 
states  except  Brunswick  and  Electoral  Hesse. 

Bhinebeck  (rin'bek).  A  town  in  Dutchess 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson,  op- 
posite Kingston,  82  miles  north  of  New  York. 
Population  (1900),  3,472. 

Bhine  Cities,  League  of.  A  union  of  German 
cities  (Mainz,  Worms,  Oppenheim,  and  others 
near  the  Bhine)  formed  in  1254  for  the  purpose 
of  preserving  the  public  peace.  It  was  revived  in 
the  14tli  century ;  but  its  influence  diminished  after  its 
defeat  at  Worms  by  the  elector  palatine  in  1388. 

Bhine-Hesse  (hes),  G.  Bheinhessen  (rin'hes- 
sen).    A  province  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Hesse- 


853 

Darmstadt,  lying  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Bhine, 
north  ofthe  Bhine  Palatinate.  Area,  531  square 
miles.    Population  (1890),  307,329. 

Bhine  Palatinate.    See  Palatinate. 

Bhine  Province,  or  Bhenish  Prussia,  G. 
Bheinprovinz  (rin'pro-vints")  or  Bheinland 
(rin'laut).  The  westernmost  province  of  Prus- 
sia, situated  on  both  banks  of  the  Bhine.  it  is 
bounded  by  the  Netherlands  on  the  north,  Westphalia, 
Hesse-Nassau,  Hesse,  and  the  Rhine  Palatinate  on  the  east, 
Lorraine  on  the  south  and  southwest,  and  the  Netherlands, 
Belgium,  and  Luxemburg  on  the  west.  Thesurface  is  gener- 
ally level  in  the  north,  hilly  and  mountainous  in  the  south. 
The  manufactures  are  important,  particularly  thoseof  iron, 
steel,  cotton,  woolen,  silk,  etc. ;  and  the  wine-growing 
district  is  notable.  The  province  has  5  government  dis- 
tricts :  Dusseldorf,  Cologne,  Coblenz,  Treves,  and  Aix-la- 
Chapelle.  It  is  composed  of  various  territories  acquired  in 
the  17th  18th,  and  19th  centuries  (Cleves,  Jiilich,  Berg, 
Treves,  Cologne,  etc.).  Area,  10,416  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  4,710,391. 

Rhinns,  or  Einns  (rinz),  of  Galloway.  A  pe- 
ninsula in  the  county  of  Wigtown,  Scotland,  pro- 
jecting into  the  Irish  Sea.  It  terminates  in  the 
south  in  the  Mull  of  Galloway.  Lensth,28  miles. 

Bhinthon  (rin'thon).  [(Jr.  ''Piv8o,v.']LAyeA  about 
300  B.  c.  A  Greek  poet  of  Tarentum,  noted  in 
the  development  of  the  burlesque  drama. 

Bhinthonic  (rin-thon'ik)  Comedy.  A  variety  of 
ancient  Boman  comedy,  named  from  Bhinthon 
of  Tarentum,  a  writer  of  travesties  of  tragic 
subjects.     No  specimens  have  survived. 

Bhio  (re'd),  or  Biou  (re-ou')-  1.  A  name  given 
to  an  archipelago  south  of  the  Malay  penin- 
sula and  east  of  Sumatra. —  3.  A  seaport  off 
the  island  of  Biutang  in  the  Bhio  Archipelago, 
50  miles  southeast  of  Singapore. 

Bhipeei  Montes  (ri-pe'i  mon'tez).  [Gr.  'Pmala 
bp9i/\  An  imaginary  range  of  mountains  sup- 
posed by  the  ancient  Greeks  to  be  at  the  ex- 
treme north  of  the  world. 

Bhodanus  (rod'a-nus).  The  Latin  name  of  the 
Bhone. 

Bhode  Island  (rod  i'land).  [Named  from  the  isl- 
and so  called  in  Narragansett  Bay.]  A  State  of 
New  England  in  the  United  States  of  America, 
one  of  the  thirteen  original  States.  Capital,  Prov- 
idence,andformerly  also  Newport.  Itis  bounded  by 
Massachusetts  on  the  north  and  east,  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on 
the  south,  and  Connecticut  on  the  west;  and  comprises  be- 
sides theterri  to  ryonthemainlandthe  islands  Rhodelsland, 
Canonicul^  Prudence,  Block  Island,  andsomesmallerones. 
It  is  situated  in  lat.  41°  18'-42''  1'  N.  (not  including  Block  Isl- 
and), long.  71°  8-71°  63'  W.  The  surface  is  diversified.  ■  The 
coast-line  is  deeply  indented  by  Narragansett  Bay.  Rhode 
Island  is  essentially  a  manufacturing  state :  it  is  the  sec- 
ond State  in  the  production  of  cotton  goods,  and  the  first  in 
proportion  to  population  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton, 
woolen,  worsted,  etc.  Among  its  other  manufactures  are 
jewelry,  machinery,  screws,  rubber,  etc.  It  is  the  smallest 
State  territorially  in  the  Union,  and  the  most  densely 
peopled.  It  has  6  counties,  sends  2  senators  and  2  represen- 
tatives to  Congress,  and  has  4  electoral  votes.  It  was  per- 
haps visited  by  the  Northmen ;  was  visited  by  Verrazano 
in  1524 ;  and  was  settled  by  Roger  Williams  at  Providence 
in  1636.  A  charter  was  granted  in  1643-44,  and  a  more  lib- 
eral charter  in  1663.  It  suffered  in  King  Philip's  war. 
Commerce  was  developed  in  the  18th  century.  It  toolt 
an  active  part  in  the  Revolution,  and  ratified  the  Con- 
stitution in  1790.  A  new  constitution  went  into  effect  in 
1843  in  consequence  of  the  agitation  caused  by  Dorr's  re- 
bellion in  1842.  Area,  1,250  square  miles.  Population 
(1900),  428,566. 

Bhode  Island,  or  Aquidneck(a-kwid'nek).  An 

island  in  Narragansett  Bay,  belonging  to  Bhode 
Island  State.  It  contains  the  city  of  Newport. 
Length,  16  miles. 

Bhodes  (rodz).  [li.Bhodiis,  from.  Gr.'F6dog.'\  1. 
An  island  in  the  .^gean  Sea,  southwest  of  Asia 
Minor,  intersected  by  lat.  36°  N.,  long.  28°  E. 
It  belongs  to  Turkey.  The  surface  is  mountainous  and 
hilly.  It  is  noted  for  its  fertility,  and  has  increasing  com- 
merce. The  inhabitants  are  largely  Greeks.  It  was  col- 
onized by  Phenicians,  later  by  Dorians,  and  its  three  cities 
formed,  with  Halicamassus,  Cnidus,  and  Cos,  the  "  Dorian 
Hexapolls. "  The  three  cities  Lindus,  lalysus,  and  Camirus 
founded  the  city  Rhodes  in  408  B.  0.  Rhodes  became  in 
the  4th  century  B.  0.  a  leading  maritime  and  commercial 
state ;  became  notedfor  its  maritimelaws  and  as  a  center 
of  art  and  oratory ;  was  in  alliance  with  Rome  and  nomi- 
nally independent ;  passed  from  the  Byzantine  empire  to 
the  Knights  of  St.  John  about  1309  ;  and  surrendered  to 
the  Turks  in  1622.  Length,  about  45  miles.  Area,  670 
square  miles.  Population,  29,000. 
S.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  island  of  Bhodes.  it 
was  founded  408  B.O. ;  was  successfully  defended  against  De- 
metrius Poliorcetes  in  306-804  E.  c,  and  against  the  Turks 
in  1480  A.  D. ;  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1622 ;  and  was  vis- 
ited by  an  earthquake  in  1863.  Population,  about  10,000. 
For  the  Colossus  of  Rhodes,  see  Chares. 

Bhodes,  Cecil  John.  Bom  at  Bishop  Stort- 
ford,  Herts,  England,  July  5, 1853 :  died  at  Cape 
Town,  March  26, 1902.  A  South  African  states- 
man. He  went  to  South  Africa  for  his  health;  amasseda 
fortune  in  the  diamond-fields  of  Kimberley ;  and  became  a 
member  of  the  Cape  ministry  in  1884,  and  prime  minister 
of  Cape  Colony  in  1890.  He  resigned  this  position  in  1896, 
as  also  that  of  chairman  of  the  British  South  Africa  Com- 
pany, on  account  of  his  connection  with  the  Jameson 
raid  into  the  Transvaal,    (See  Jameson,  h.  S.)    He  was 


Biall 

the  prime  mover  in  obtaining  mining  rights  over  Mata- 
beleland  and  Mashonaland,  and  in  extending  British  in- 
fluence in  South  Africa.  He  was  created  a  member  of 
the  Privy  Council  in  1896. 

Bhodes,  Inner,  and  Bhodes,  Outer.    See  Ap- 

penzell. 

Bhodes,  Knights  of.    See  Hospitalers. 

Bhodes,  William  Barnes.  Lived  in  the  last 
half  of  the  18th  century.  An  English'dramatist, 
author  of  "Bombastes  Purioso,"  a  burlesque 
tragic  opera. 

Bhodesia  (ro-de'zia).  [Prom  Cecil  iJi^ocfes.]  A 
local  name  of  British  Zambesia. 

Bhodope  (rod'o-pe),  modem  Despoto-Dagh 
(des-po-to-dag').  \G:v.'VoS&kti.'\  A  mountain- 
range  in  Bulgaria,  Eastern  Eumelia,  and  Tur- 
key, branching  from  the  Balkans  toward  the 
south,  and  then  turning  east.  Highest  summits, 
9,000-9,500  feet. 

BhodopiS  (ro-do'pis).  [Gr.  'Voiowig,']  A  cele- 
brated Greek  courtezan,  a  Thracian  by  birth, 
said  to  have  been  a  fellow-slave  of  -ffisop.  she 
was  taken  to  Naucratis,  Egypt,  where  the  brother  of  Sap- 
pho fell  in  love  with  her  and  ransomed  her.  She  was  at- 
tacked by  Sappho  in  a  poem.  Her  real  name  was  Doricha, 
and  Rhodopis,  'the  rosy-cheeked,'  was  merely  an  epithet. 
It  was  under  this  name  of  Doricha  that  she  was  mentioned 
by  Sappho. 

Bhone  (ron).  [P.  Rh6ne,  L.  Rhodanus,  Gr.  'Po- 
davcif.]  A  river  of  Europe:  the  Boman  Bho- 
danus. It  rises  in  the  Rhone  glacier  near  the  Furka 
Pass,  canton  of  Valais,  Switzeriand ;  flows  west-southwest 
to  Martigny ;  turns  to  the  northwest,  forming  the  boun- 
dary between  Valais  and  Bern ;  traverses  the  Lake  of  Ge- 
neva ;  enters  France ;  traverses  a  chasm  (Perte  du  Rh6ne) ; 
flows  generally  south  and  west ;  from  Lyons  flows  nearly 
south,  separating  Dauphin^  and  Provence  on  the  east  from 
Lyonnais  and  Languedoc  on  the  west ;  and  flows  into  the 
Mediterranean  by  two  mouths,  forming  a  delta,  the  Grand 
Rh6ne  and  Petit  Ehdne.  The  chief  tributary  is  the  Sadne. 
Among  the  other  tributaries  are  the  Ain  and  Gard  on  the 
right,  and  the  Arve,  Isfere,  Dr6me,  and  Durance  on  the  left. 
The  chief  towns  on  its  banks  are  Geneva,  Lyons,  Vienne, 
Valence,  Avignon,  and  Aries.  Length,  about  600  miles ; 
navigable  from  Seyssel. 

Bhdne  (ron).  A  department  of  Prance,  capi- 
tal Lyons,  formed  from  the  ancient  Lyonnais 
and  Beaujolais.  it  Is  bounded  by  Sa6ne-et-Loire  on 
the  north,  Ain  and  Is^re  (separated  by  the  Sa6ne  and 
Rhone)  on  the  east,  and  Loire  on  the  south  and  west.  The 
surface  is  mountainous  and  hilly.  There  is  considerable 
wine-culture,  and  the  manufactures  are  very  important, 
particularly  those  of  silk,  cotton,  chemicals,  iron,  eta 
Area,  1,077  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  806,737. 

Bhdne,  Bouches-du-.    See  Bouches-dii-Bh&ne. 

Bhdne,  Perte  du.    See  Perte  du  Rhdne. 

Bhone  Glacier.  A  glacier  near  the  eastern  end 
of  the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland :  the  source 
of  the  Bhone. 

Bhone-Bhine  Canal.  [F.  Canal  du  RMne  au 
Bhin.l  A  canal  connecting  the  basins  of  the 
Bhone  and  Bhine.  It  leads  from  Saint-Sym- 
phorien  on  the  Sadne  to  the  HI  near  Strasburg. 

BhSngebirge  (rto'ge-ber-ge),  or  Bhon  (ren). 
A  group  of  mountains  in  the  northern  part  of 
Lower  Pranconia  in  Bavaria,  and  in  the  adjoin- 
ing parts  of  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,  Prussia, 
and  Saxe-Meiningen.  Highest  point,  the  Grosse 
Wasserkuppe  (3,115  feet). 

B'hoone  (r6n),  Lord.  One  of  Balzac's  early 
pseudonyms. 

Bhyl  (ril).  A  town  and  watering-place  in  the 
county  of  Flint,  Wales,  situated  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Clwyd,  22  mUes  west-southwest  of  Liver- 
pool.   Population  (1891),  6,491. 

Bhyme  of  Sir  Topaz.    See  Rime  of  Sir  Thopas. 

Bhyme  of  the  Duchess  May.  A  romantic  bal- 
lad by  Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning. 

Bhymer,  Thomas  the.    See  Thomas  theBhymer. 

Bhymney,  or  Bumney  (mm'ni).  A  manufac- 
turing and  mining  town  in  Monmouthshire, 
England,  5  miles  east  of  Merthyr  Tydvil.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  7,733. 

Bhyndacus  (rin'da-kus).  [Gr.  'Pw<5a/t(if.]  A 
river  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Asia  Minor: 
the  modem  Adranas-  or  Adirnas-Tchai.  it  trav- 
erses Lake  Abullonia,  receives  the  Macestus,  and  flows 
into  the  Sea  of  Marmora  55  miles  south-southwest  of  Con- 
stantinople.    Length,  about  160  miles. 

Biad  (re-ad'),  or  Blyad.  The  Wahhabee  capi- 
tal inNedjed,  Arabia,  situated  in  lat.  24°30'  N., 
long.  46°  42'  E,  it  contains  a  palace  and  large  mosque. 
It  has  been  the  capital  since  about  1818.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 30,000. 

Biah  (ri'a),  Mr.  In  Dickens's  "Our  Mutual 
Friend,"  a  gentle  old  Jew  in  the  employment 
of  Fascination  Fledgeby,  and  abominably 
treated  by  him. 

Eiall  (ri'al).  Sir  Phinehas  or  Phineas.  Bom 
in  England,  1775 :  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  10,  1851. 
An  English  major-general.  He  commanded  at 
the  battles  of  Chippewa  and  Lundy's  Lane  in 
1814. 


Bialto 

Bialto  (re-al'to).  1.  See  Eialto,  Bridge  of  the. 
— 2.  The  name  given  to  the  block  on  14th  street 
between  Broadway  and  Fourth  Avenue  in  New 
York  city,  and  also  to  the  west  side  of  Broad- 
way between  23d  and  32d  streets — both  fre- 
quented by  actors. 

Eialto  (re-al'to),  Bridge  of  the.  A  bridge  over 
the  Grand  Canal  in  Venice,  it  was  begun  in  1688, 
and  consists  of  a  single  graceful  arch  of  marble,  about  91 
feet  in  span,  24^  feet  above  the  water  in  the  middle,  and 
72  feet  wide.  In  the  middle  there  is  a  short  level  stretch 
beneath  a  large  open  arch,  to  which  steps  ascend  from  the 
quay  on  each  side.  It  is  divided  into  3  footways  separated 
by  2  rows  of  shops  bnilt  under  arcades.  The  bridge  is  sim- 
ple and  well-proportioned,  with  some  sculpture  in  the 
spandrels. 

Bianzares,  Duke  of.    See  Mufloz. 

Biazan.    See  Ryazan. 

Bibault,  or  Bibaut  (re-bo'),  Jean.  Bom  at 
Dieppe,  1520:  died  in  Florida,  Sept.  23,  1565. 
A  French  navigator.  As  the  agent  of  Coligny  he  es- 
tablished in  1562  a  colony  of  French  Protestants  near  Port 
Royal,  South  Carolina,  where  he  erected  Fort  Charles, 
which  was  abandoned.  In  1564  Coligny  sent  out  a  band 
of  colonists  under  Ren^  de  Laudonnifere,  who  founded 
Fort  Carolina  on  the  St.  John's  River  in  Florida.  Ribault 
followed  in  1565  with  reinforcements.  Soon  after,  while  he 
was  exploring  the  coast,  the  fort  was  attacked  and  destroyed 
by  the  Spaniards  under  Menendez  de  Avil^s  (see  that 
name).  Ribault  on  his  return  was  shipwrecked,  and  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards,  who  killed  him  with  most 
of  his  men. 

Eibbeck  (rib'bek),  Johann  Karl  Otto.    Bom 

at  Erfurt,  Prussia,  July  23, 1827:  died  in  July, 
1898.  A  noted  German  philologist  and  critic, 
professor  at  Leipsio  from  1877.  He  published  an 
edition  of  Vergil  «  vols.,  1869-68),  "Scenicse  Romanorum 
poesis  fragmenta'  (1862-65),  "Dieromische  Tragodie  im 
Zeitalter  der  Republik  "  (1875),  "  Alazou :  ein  Beitrag  zur 
antiken  Ethnologie,  etc."  (1882),  etc. 

Bibble  (rib'l).  [AS.  BibUl.l  A  river  in  Eng- 
land which  rises  in  Yorkshire,  traverses  Lan- 
cashire, and  flows  by  an  estuary  into  the  Irish 
Sea  below  Preston.  Length  (including  the 
estuary),  about  75  miles. 

Bibbon  Society,  The.  In  Irish  history,  a  secret 
association,  formed  about  1808  in  opposition  to 
the  Orange  organization  of  the  northern  Irish 
counties,  and  so  named  from  the  green  ribbon 
worn  as  a  badge  by  the  members.  The  primary 
object  of  the  society  was  soon  merged  in  a  struggle  against 
the  landlord  class,  with  the  purpose  of  securing  to  tenants 
fixity  of  tenure,  or  of  Inflicting  retaliation  for  real  or  sup- 
posed agrarian  oppression.  The  members  were  bound  to- 
gether by  an  oath,  had  passwords  and  signs,  and  were  di- 
vided locally  into  lodges. 

Bibe  (re'be),  or  Bipen  (re'pen).  A  small  town 
in  Jutland,  Denmark,  situated  on  the  river  Elbe, 
near  the  North  Sea,  in  lat.  55°  18'  N.,  long.  8° 
44'  E. :  formerly  important. 

Bibera  (re-ba'ra).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Girgenti,  Sicily,  21  miles  northwest  of  Girgenti. 
Population  (1881),  8,081. 

Bibera  (re-sa'ra),  Jusepe,  called  Spagnoletto 
('Little  Spaiiiard').  Born  at  Jdtiva  (San  Fe- 
lipe), near  Valencia,  Spain,  Jan.  12, 1588 :  died 
at  Naples,  1656.  A  Spanish  Neapolitan  painter, 
chiefly  of  historical  pieces:  a  pupil  and  imita- 
tor of  Caravaggio. 

Bib^rac  (re-ba-r3,k').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Dordogne,  France,  on  the  Dronne  20 
miles  west  of  P^rigueux.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  3,696. 

Bibot  (re-bo' ),  Alexandre  F61ix  Joseph.  Bom 
at  Saint-Omer,  France,  Feb.  7, 1842.  A  French 
statesman.  He  became  a  republican  member  of  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1878  ;  was  minister  of  foreign  af- 
f  ahs  under  Freycinet  in  1890 ;  and  was  premier  1892-93, 
and  again,  under  President  Faure,  in  1895. 

Bibot  (re-bo'),  Augustin  Th^odule.  Bom  at 
Bretenie,  Bure,  Aug.  8, 1823:  died  at  Colombes, 
Sept.  11, 1891.  A  French  historical,  genre,  and 
portrait  painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Glaize  at  Paris 
m  185L  Among  his  paintings  are  "les  cuisiniers"  (1861), 
"St.  S^bastien,"  "Jesus  et  les  docteurs,"  *'Samaritain," 
"  Mfere  Morieu, "  etc.  He  had  two  stjjles,  the  one  realistic, 
dealing  often  with  disagreeable  subjects,  and  a  more  ele- 
vated but  gloomy  manner. 

Bicara.     See  AriMra. 

Bicardo  (ri-kar'do),  David.  Bom  at  London, 
April  19, 1772 :  died  at  Gatcomb  Park,  Glouces- 
tershire, Sept.  11,  1823.  A  noted  English  po- 
litical economist,  of  Hebrew  descent,  in  1819  he 
became  a  member  of  Parliament.  His  chief  work  is**  Prin- 
ciplesof  Political  Economy  and  Taxation  "(1817).  He  also 
wrote  "The  High  Price  of  Bullion  a  Proof  of  the  Depre- 
ciation ofBank-Notes"  (1809),  "Funding  System "(1820 :  in 
the  ■*Encyclop8ediaBritannica").  He  was  especially  noted 
for  his  discussion  of  the  theory  of  rent.  His  works  were 
edited  by  M'Culloch  in  1846. 

Bicasoli  (re-ka's6-le).  Baron  Bettino.     Bom 

at  Florence,  March  9,  1809 :  died  at  his  castle 
Brolio,  near  Siena,  Oct.  28,  1880.  An  Italian 
statesman,  gonfalonier  of  Florence  1847-48. 
He  took  part^  as  a  liberal,  in  the  movements  in  Tus- 
cany 1848-49 :  was  the  head  of  the  Tuscan  government 


854 

1859-60,  and  labored  strenuously  for  the  annexation  of 
Tuscany  to  Sardinia;  was  governor-general  of  Tus- 
cany 1860-61;  and  was  premier  of  Italy  1861-62  and 
1866-67. 

Bicaut,    See  Mycaut. 

Bicci  (ret'ohe),  federico.  Bom  at  Naples,  Oct. 
22, 1809 :  died  at  Conegliano,  Dec.  10, 1877.  An 
Italian  composer  of  operas,  etc.,  brother  of 
Luigi  Ricci,  and  collaborator  with  him  in  ' '  Cris- 
pino  e  la  Comare."  He  also  wrote  "  Une  Folic 
k  Rome." 

Bicci,  Luigi,  Bom  at  Naples,  June  8,  1805: 
died  at  Prague,  Dec.  31, 1859.  An  Italian  com- 
poser of  operas.  He  studied  with  Zingarelli,  and  was 
sub-professor  at  the  Royal  Conservatory,  Naples.  He  com- 
posed about  30  operas,  of  which  the  best-known  is  his 
"Crispino  e  la  Comare    (1850:  with  his  brother). 


Bichardson,  Henry  Hobson 

peasantsunderWat  Tyler  was  putdown  in  1881.  Richard 
assumed  the  government  personally  iii  1389.  He  was 
overthrown  by  the  Duke  of  Hereford  (see  Henry  IV.)  in 
1899,  and  was  Probably  murdered  in  prison. 
Bichard  III.  Born  at  Fotheringay,  England. 
Oct.  2,  1452 :  killed  at  the  battle  of  Bosworth, 
Aug.  22,  1485.  King  of  England  1483-85,  third 
son  of  Richard,  duke  of  York,  and  younger 
brother  of  Edward  IV.  He  was  known  as  the  Duke 
of  Gloucester  before  his  accession.  He  served  in  the  bat. 
ties  of  Bamet  and  Tewkesbury  in  1471 ;  and  invaded  Scot- 
land  in  1482.  On  the  death  of  Edward  IV.  in  April,  1483, 
he  seized  the  young  Edward  V.,  and  caused  himself  to  be 
proclaimed  protector.  On  June  26, 1483,  he  assumed  the 
crown,  the  death  of  Edward  V.  and  his  brother  in  prison 
being  publicly  announced  shortly  after.  He  suppressed 
Buckingham's  rebellion  in  1483 ;  and  was  defeated  and 
slain  in  the  battle  of  Bosworth  by  the  Earl  of  Richmond 

giee  Henry  VII.).    He  was  the  last  of  the  Plantagenet 
ne. 

A  title  assumed 


Bicci,  Matteo.    Born  at  Macerata,  Italy,  1552 

died  at  Peking,  1610.    An  Italian  Jesuit  mis-  Bichard  IVj,  King  of  England, 
sionary  in  China,  one  of  the  chief  founders  of    by  Perkin  Warbeck. 
Christian  missions  in  that  country.    He  settled  Bichard  II.    A  historical  play  by,  Shakspere, 


in  China  1583  (at  Peking  1601) 
Bicciarelli.    See  Volterra. 
Biccio,  David.    See  Sizzio. 


produced  between  1594  and  1596.  at  is  the  earliest  I 
of  the  historical  series,  and  the  plot  is  from  Holinshed's 
"  Chroniole/1  Theobald  adapted  it  in  1720. 


tticcio,  i^ayiQ,    "e^i'f^  "•    „  ,,   -  _  „„,^,    Bichard  III.    A  historical  play,  thought  to  be 
BlCCip  (ret'cho),  DomemCO,  called  E  Brusa-  Tn"*^'t„,,     'a   .1*™,,-^   hv  .Shaksnere  in  l.-ifld 


sorci.    Bom  at  Verona,  Italy,  1494 :  died  1567. 

An  Italian  painter. 
Biccoboni  (rek-ko-bo'ne),  Lodovico.    Bom  at 

Modena,  1677 :  died  at  Parma,  Dec.  5, 1753.   An 

Italian  playwright,  actor,  and  writer  on  the 

theater. 
Biccoboni  (rek-ko-bo'ne),  Madame   (Marie 

Jeanne  Laboras  de  M6zi4res).  Bom  at  Paris, 


completed  and  altered  by  Shakspere  in  1594 
from  an  earlier  play  by  Marlowe,  left  unfinished 
at  his  death,  it  was  printed  anonymously  in  1597: 
in  the  1598  edition  Shakspere's  name  appears,  and  Cibber 
produced  an  alteration  in  1700  which  was  long  considered 
the  only  acting  version  of  the  text.  Macready  produced 
a  partial  restoration  in  1821.  In  1876  Edwin  Booth  re- 
stored the  Shakspere  version  with  slight  changes  of  ar- 
rangement, but  no  interpolations.  The  famous  line  "OS 
with  his  head  —  so  much  for  Buckingham ! "  is  Gibber's. 


1714:  died  there,  1792.    A  French  novelist  and  Bichard,  Duke  of  Gloucester.    See  Hiehard  III, 
letter-writer,  daughter-in-law  of  L.  Ricooboni.  Bichard,  Duke  of  York.    See  York,  Duke  of. 
Herbestwork8are"HistoireduMarqnisdeCr^oy,""Let.  JJigJiard   COBUr    de   Lion.      An   old   romance, 
tres  de  Milady Catesby,"  and  "Ernestine."    She  alsowrote    _.,-„t„j  v.^'Wimlrvn  Ho  "Wnrrla  in  1  "iOQ      rt  .«„.„_ 

LTS^'Sr"™  "'  ''""'""■'  ■'^''^^•'«'"  "•^"'^  ">«  ""^    gfhalei^e^  w^^n  FreSth^timf of  EdwS?dT 
nomnisn.  j.  -kt  _li.i.  i.      and  afterward  translated  into  English. 

Bice  (ns),  Luther.  Bom  at  Northboroi^h,  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion.  An  opera  by  Gr6try, 
Mass.,  March  25  1783 :  died  m  Edgefield  dis-  .^^ords  by  Sedaine,  produced  at  Paris  m  1784. 
tnct,  S.  C,  Sept.  25, 1836.  An  American  clergy-  Richard  of  Cirencester.  Died  at  Westminster 
man.  He  went  as  Congregational  missionair  to  India  to  about  1401.  -Aji  English  Benedictine  monk  and 
1812:  and  became  a  Baptist  and  returned  m  1813.  Hewaa  !,:„+-_;„„  xi  „  »  -n  <■  u  i.,  i.  „.c  ,  „ 
the  founder  of  Columbian  University, Washington,  District  '^l?™"?^' „„?«  '"?'«  »"  English  history  ("Speculum," 
nfrnliimhia  edited  1863-69),  and  long  was  reputed  to  be  the  author  ot 

oicoiumDia.  .  -r>  4.     •        the  forgery  "De  situ  BritanniK." 

Bice  Lake.    A  lake  m  the  province  of  Ontario,  .„. „.__,_,„_.  „_„__.      a„„  z,j„^,„„^.^ 
Canada,  60  miles  northeast  of  Toronto,  and  10  5j«J^jd  Plantagenet.    BeePlan^^t 
miles  north  of  Lake  Ontario,  into  which  it  ul-  Richard  the  Fearless.  Died  996.  Ihikeof  Nor- 
timately  discharges.     Lengtk,  about  20  miles.    "^^""^  «»?  °oA^'^olf  ^"""Ssword  whom  he 

Bich  (rich),  giaudius  James,  feom  near  Dijon,    succeeded  in  943  or  942.  Normandy  was  GaUi- 
France,  March  28, 1787 :  died  at  Shiraz,  Persia;    «.'^«d  PPSf  P^^  ^  ^^  '-*'«".. 


Oct.  5,  1821.    An  English  Orientalist  and  trav-  ■ 


1026,  son  of  Richard  the  Fearless, 


Duke  of  Normandy  996- 


eler  in  Syria,  Babylonia,  Kurdistan,  and  else-  _\"1°'  »°°  "^  JMcuaru  me  ^  ^,,    ,, 

where.    He  was  British  resident  in  Bagdad.    Narrativea  ^^.^,^1^  the  BodeleSS.     A  poem  probably  by 

of  his  travels  were  published  in  1811  and  1836.  William  Lan  gland,  written  m  1399.     The  title  is 

■Di^i.  Tij«.„«j      a^ ji'/7™,.™.3    £•„«•„*  given  by  Professor  Skeat,  and  refers  to  the  "redeless" 

Blch,  Edmund.     See  mmund,Samt.  Richard  II.,  or  Richard  "without  counsel." 

Blch,  John.  Bom  m  1692 :  died  Nov.  26,  1761.  Richards  (rich'ardz),  Brinley.  Bom  at  Car- 
A  noted  English  harlequin,  called  "the  Father  marthen,  Nov.  l3, 1817:  died  at  London,  May  1, 
of  Harlequins."  HeplayedunderthenameofLun.  He  1885.  A  Welsh  composer.  He  was  the  author 
was  manager  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  1713-82,  and  then  built  -f  ofivBTnl  nnTiiilnr  snn<ra  fUTTar  liricrhf  omilo 
the  first  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  which  was  opened  Dec.  7,  ?^  several  popular  songs  (  Mer  Bngtlt  smile 
1732.    During  the  season  of  1718-19  Rich  frequently  pro-    naimts  me  Still,"  etc.). 

duced  French  plays  and  operas  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.      BichardS   (rich'ardz),  JameS.      Bom  at  New 

Bich,  Penelope  Devereux.     See  Stella.  Canaan.  Conn.,  about  1767 :  died  at  Auburn, 

Bich,  Thomas  D.    Bom  at  New  York,  May  20,    N.Y.,  Aug.,  1843.    An  American  Presbyterian 

1808 :  died  there,  Sept.  19, 1860.    An  American   clergyman,  professor  at  Auburn  Theological 

negro  minstrel,  the  originator  of  "  Jim  Crow."   Seminary. 

3ae  made  his  first  appearance  in  negro  character  at  Louis-  Richards  (rich'ardz),  ThomaS  AddiSOn.    Bom 
ville,andflrstappearedmNew.York,attheParkTh,eater,    ^^  London,  Dei.  3,  1820.     An  American  land- 


as  Jim  Crow.    PEe  went  to  England  in  1836,  and  acted  at 
the  Surrey  Theatre,  London,  with  great  success. 
Bichard  (rieh'ard)  I.,  surnamed  "  The  Lion- 
Hearted"(F."(JceurdeLion").    [ME.  Bichard, 
from  OP.  Bichard,  F.  Bichard,  It.  Sp.  Pg.  Bicar- 


scape-pamter.  He  was  made  a  national  academician 
in  1861,  and  has  been  corresponding  secretary  of  the  acad- 
emy since  1862.  He  was  first  director  of  the  Cooper  Union 
School  of  Design  for  Women  1868-60,  and  has  been  pro- 
fessor of  art  in  the  University  of  New  York  since  1867. 


do,  ML. Bicardus.tcom  OHG.  Bichart, G. Beicli-  Eichards, William.  Bom  at  Plainfleld,  Mass., 
ar(J,  powerful.]  Born  probably  at  Oxford,  Sept.  Aug.  22,  1792:  died  at  Honolulu,  Sandwich 
8, 1157:  died  April  6j  1199.  King  of  England  1189-   Islands,  Dec.  7,    .        .      '. 


1199,  third  son  of  Henry  II.  He  was  invested  with 
the  duchy  of  Aquitaine  in  1169 ;  joined  the  league  between 
his  elder  brother  Henry  and  Louis  VII.  of  France  against 
his  father  1173-74 ;  became  heir  apparent  on  the  death  of 


,  1847.  An  American  mis- 
sionary to  the  Sandwich  Islands.  He  was 
also  in  the  Hawaiian  diplomatic,  and  political 


hisbrotherHenryinll83;actedwithPhilipII.  of  France  Eichards,  William  Trost.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, Nov.  14, 1833.  ^An  American  marine- and 
landscape-painter.  He  is  an  honorary  member  of 
the  National  Academy.  He  studied  with  Paul  Weber  in 
Philadelphia,  and  visited  Italy,  France,  Germany,  and  Eng- 
land at  diHerent  periods  between  1855  and  1880.  A  series 
of  47  water-color  landscapes  and  marine  views  (1871-76) 
Sidleft  Palestine  in' Oct.  He  was  taken  prisoner  in  iCus:  >?«*  t^e  Metropolitan  Museum,  New  York, 
tria  by  Duke  Leopold  in  Dec;  was  transferred  to  the  em-  lUcnarOSOn    (rieh'ard- son),  Albert   DeanO. 

" — ■'"  '-  "— •■  """■-'  -' ^  .-T,_-,._.    Born  at  Franklin,  Mass.,  Oct.  6, 1833:  killed  at 

NewYork,Dec.  2,1869.  An  American  journalist. 
He  was  correspondent  of  the  New  York  '*  Tribune  "  in  the 
Civil  War.     He  published  "The  Field,  the  Dungeon,  and 

,---    _    v,.i,„i.„- r.i,„i.,,  „.».T-  "      the  Escape  "(1866),  alifeof  U.  S.  Grant  (1868).  eio. 

woundedbyanam.wwhilebes.egmgChaluz,nearLimoges    Richardsoi,  Oharles.     Born  July,  1775:   died 
%*'^^J^  ^^-  -u^-?,™  ^*  ■^'"■'^l^'i^  France  April    atFeltham,  near  London,  Oct.  6, 1865.   An  Eng- 
13,1366:  probably  murdered  atPonteta^^^^  Hsh  lexicographer.      Hewas  the  teacher  of  a  school 

land,  Feb..   1400.     King  of  Jingland  1377-99,     at  Clapham.    He  compiled  a  dictionary  of  the  English 
son  of  the  "  Black  Prince  "  Edward,  and  grand-    language  (1836 :  supplement  1856),  and  also  published  "  On 
son  of  Edward  in.  whom  he  succeeded.    During    theStudyof  Languages,  etc "(1864). 
his  minority  thegovemmentwasconductedby  his  uncles  KlCnaraSOn,   Henry  UODSOn.     Bom    at   New 
the  Dukes  of  Lancaster  and  Gloucester.    A  rebellion  of  the     Orleans,  1838:  died  at  Boston,  April  28,  1886. 


against  his  father  1188-89;  and  succeeded  to  the  throne  of 
England,  the  duchy  of  Normandy,  and  the  county  of  Anjou 
in  1189.  He  started  on  the  third  Crusade  in  alliance  with 
Philip II.  of  France  in  1190;  conquered  Cyprus  in  1191;  ar- 
rived at  Acre  in  June ;  assisted  in  the  capture  of  Acre  in  July; 
defeated  the  Saracens  at  Arsuf  the  same  year ;  retook  Jaffa 
from  Saladin  in  1192 ;  signed  a  truce  with  Saladin  in  Sept. ; 


peror  Henry  VI.  in  March,  1193 ;  and  returned  to  England 
on  the  payment  of  a  ransom  in  1194.  Having  suppressed 
a  rebellion  of  his  brother  John,  he  turned  against  John's 
ally,  Philip  II.,  whom  he  defeated  at  Gisors  in  1195.  He 
built  the  ChUteau  Gaillard  in  1197,  and  was  mortally 


Bichardson,  Henry  Hobson 

An  American  axohitect.  He  graduated  at  Harrard 
in  1869,  and  studied  at  tlie  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts,  Paris. 
Among  liis  designs  are  Trinity  Churoli  (Boston),  Albany 
city  liali,  and  parts  of  tlie  State  Capitol  at  Albany. 
Bichardson,  James.  Born  at  Boston ,  England, 
Nov.  3,  1809:  died  in  Bornu,  Sudan,  March  4, 
1851.  An  English  traveler  in  Africa.  Hisexplora^ 
tion  of  the  Sahara  (Ghadames,  Ghat,  etc.)  and  studies  on 
the  luaregs  (1845)  were  described  in  his  "Travels  in  the 
Great  Desert  of  Sahara"  (1849).  Accompanied  by  Over- 
weg  and  Barth,  he  started  in  18!>0  from  Tripoli  for  Lake 
Chad,  and  explored  the  rocky  plateau  of  Bammada,  but 
succumbed  at  Ungurutna,  near  fake  Chad.  His  notes  were 
published  in  "Narrative  of  a  Mission  to  Central  Africa" 
(1853)  and  "Travels  in  Morocco  "  (1859). 

Bichardson,  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Dumfries,  Scot- 
laud,  Nov.  5,  1787:  died  near  G-rasmere,  Eng- 
laud,  June  5,  1865.  A  British  naturalist  and 
traveler.  He  took  part  as  surgeon  and  naturalist  in  the 
arctic  expeditions  of  Parry  and  Franklin,  and  in  the  Frank- 
lin relief  expedition  of  1848.  He  published  "  Fauna  Bore- 
ali-Americana"  (1829-37),  "Arctic  Searching  Expedition" 
(1861),  etc. 

Bichardson,  Samuel.  Bomin  Derbyshire,  Eng- 
land, 1689 :  died  at  London,  July  4, 1761.  An 
English  novelist,  called  "  the  founder  of  the  Eng- 
lish domestic  novel."  He  was  apprenticed  as  a 
printer  in  London  in  1706,  and  quite  late  in  life  became 
master  of  the  Stationers'  Company.  When  a  boy  he  was 
addicted  to  letter-writing,  and  was  employed  by  young 
girls  to  write  love.letters  for  them.  In  1739  he  composed 
a  volume  of  "Familiar  Letters,"  which  were  afterward 
published  as  an  aid  to  those  too  illiterate  to  write  their 
own  letters  without  assistance.  From  this  came  "Pamela, 
or  Virtue  Rewarded  "  (1740).  He  then  wrote  "  Clarissa 
Harlowe,  or  the  History  of  a  Young  Lady  "  (first  4  vols. 
1747,  last  4,  1748),  and  "The  History  of  Sir  Charles 
tirandison  "  (1753).  His  correspondence,  with  a  biography 
by  Anna  Letitia  Barbauld,  was  published  in  1804.  All  his 
novels  were  published  in  the  form  of  letters,  which  was 
suggested  by  his  early  work  in  letter-writing. 

Bichardson,  William  Alexander.     Bom  in 

Fayette  County,  Ky.,  Oct.  11,  1811:  died  at 
Quincy,  HI.,  Dec.  27, 1875.  An  American  poli- 
tician. He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from 
Illinois  1847-56 ;  governor  of  Nebraska  1867-58 ;  and  Demo- 
ciatic  United  States  senator  from  Nebraska  1863-66. 

Bichardson,  William  Merchant.  Bom  at  Pel- 
ham,  N.H.,  Jan.  4, 1774:  died  at  Chester,  N.  H., 
March  23,  1838.  An  American  jurist  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  a  Federalist  member  of  Congress  from 
Massachusetts  1812-14,  and  chief  justice  of  New  Hamp- 
shire 1816-38. 

Bichborough  (rich'bur'''o).  A  place  in  Kent, 
England,  on  the  Stour  11  miles  east  of  Canter- 
bury: the  Koman  KutupisB.  It  was  an  impor- 
tant Boman  fortress  and  seaport. 

Bich^  (re-sha'),  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom  at  Cap 
Haitien,  1780:  died  at  Port-au-Prince,  Feb.  28, 
1847.  A  Haitian  general  and  politician.  He  was 
a  negro,  and  in  early  life  was  a  slave.  He  se^ed  under 
Christophe  against  Potion,  and  subsequently  under  Boyer; 
and  was  president  of  Haiti  from  March  1, 1846. 

Bichelieu  (resh-ly6').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on  the 
Mable  32  miles  southwest  of  Tours.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  2,364. 

Bichelieu,  or  Chamhly  (shon-ble'),  or  St.  John 
(sant  jon).  A  river  in  the  province  of  Quebec, 
Canada,  which  issues  from  Lake  Champlain  and 
flows  into  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Sorel,  44  miles 
northeast  of  Montreal.  Length,  about  80  miles. 

Bichelieu  (F.  pron.  resh-ly6';  E.  resh'lo),  Gar- 
dbial  and  Due  de(Armand  Jean  duFlessis). 
Born  at  Paris  (or  at  the  Castle  of  Bichelieu  in 
Poitou),  Sept.  5, 1585 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  4, 1642. 
A oelebratedFrench statesman.  Hewaseducated 
for  the  church ;  became  bishop  of  Ln^on  in  1607,  and  secre- 
tary of  state  inl616;wasexiledtoBlois(laterto  Avignon)  in 
1617;  became  cardinal  in  1622 ;  and  was  the  principal  min- 
ister of  Louis  XIII.  1624-42.  He  increased  the  influence 
«f  France  abroad  and  the  power  of  the  crown  at  home,  and 
lessened  the  power  of  the  nobles.  The  chief  events  in 
his  administration  were  the  destruction  of  the  political 
power  of  the  Huguenots  by  the  siege  and  capture  of  La 
Bochelle  1627-28 ;  the  war  m  Italy  against  Spain  and  Aus- 
tria 1629-30;  the  defeat  of  the  partizans  of  Maria  de' 
Medici  in  1630^'  the  suppression  of  the  rising  of  Mont- 
morency and  Gaston  of  Orleans  in  1632 ;  the  cooperation 
of  France  with  Sweden  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War ;  the 
founding  of  the  French  Academy  in  1635  ;  and  the  defeat 
of  the  Cinq-Mars  conspiracy  in  1642.  His  literary  re- 
mains include  religions  works,  dramas,  memoirs,  corre- 
spondence, and  state  papers. 

Bichelieu,  Due  de  (Armand  Emmanuel  du 
Plessis).  Born  at  Paris,  Sept.  25,  1766:  died 
May  17,  1822.  A  French  politician,  grandson 
of  Marshal  Bichelieu.  He  emigrated  about  1789,  and 
was  in  the  Russian  service  during  the  Revolutionary  and 
Napoleonic  periods,  being  appointed  governor  of  Odessa 
In  1803.  He  returned  to  France  in  1814 ;  became  premier 
in  1816;  signed  the  treaty  with  the  Allies  in  1815;  was 
ambassador  at  the  Congress  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  in  1818 ; 
and  retired  from  office  in  1818.  He  was  premier  again 
1820-21. 

Bichelieu,  Due  de  (Louis  Francois  Armand 
du  Plessis).  Bom  at  Paris,  March  13,  1696 : 
died  there,  Aug.  8,  1788.  A  French  marshal, 
grandnephe w  of  Cardinal  Bichelieu.  He  defended 


855 

Genoa  in  1747 ;  captured  Port  Mahon  in  1766 ;  and  served 
in  Hannover  1767-68.  He  was  the  (alleged)  author  of  "'M.6- 
moires,"  published  in  1790. 

Bichelieu.  A  play  by  Bulwer  Lytton,  first  pro- 
duced March  7,  1839.  Maoready  created  the 
part. 

Bichepin  (resh-pan'),  Jean.  Bom  at  M6d6ah, 
Algeria,  Feb.  4, 1849.  A  French  poet  and  dra- 
matic author.  He  served  with  the  francs-tireurs  who 
followed  the  army  of  Bourbaki  in  1870,  and  went  to  Paris 
In  1871  and  wrote  for  "Le  Mot  d'Ordre,"  "Le  Corsaire," 
"La^V^rit^,"  etc.  He  published  "Jules  VaU6s"  (1872), 
"L'Etoile"(a  comedy,  with  AndrS  Gill),  "La  chanson  des 
gueux  "  (1876 :  for  this  he  was  imprisoned  and  fined),  "Les 
morts  bizarres "  (1877),  "Les  caresses "(1877:  a  drama  in 
verse),  "Les  blasphemes"  (1884:  a  collection  of  short 
pieces),  "  La  mer '  (1886 :  poemsX  and  a  number  of  dramas, 
among  which  is  "  Nana  Sahib  "  (1882  :  he  wrote  this  for 
Sarah  Bernhardt,  and  played  the  principal  part  with  her  on 
account  of  the  illness  of  the  proper  actor).  He  also  wrote 
a  version  of  "Macbeth"  (1884)  for  her,  and  "Monsieur 
Scapin  "  (1886),  "  Le  flibustier  "  (1888),  and  "  Par  le  glaive  " 
(1892)  for  the  Com^die  Francaise. 

Bicherus  (ri-ke'rus).  Latinized  from  Bicher 
(re-sha').  Lived  in  the  seeondhalf  of  the  10th 
century.  A  Prankish  historian,  author  of  a  his- 
tory for  the  period  888-995  (edited  by  Pertz 
1839). 

Biches  (rich'ez).  A  version  of  Massinger's 
"  City  Madam,"  which  still  keeps  the  stage. 

Eichfield  Springs  (rich'feld  spiingz).  A  vil- 
lage and  fashionable  summer  resort  in  Otsego 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  Schuyler  Lake 
65  miles  west  by  north  of  Albany.  It  has  sul- 
phur springs.     Population  (1900),  1,537. 

Eich  Pisher,  The*    See  Aleyn. 

Bichier  (re-shya*),  LSgier  or  Michier.  Born 
at  Dagonville,  near  Ligny,  1500  or  1506 :  died 
about  1572.  A  French  sculptor.  He  spent  five  or 
six  years  in  Rome,  where  he  is  said  to  have  come  under 
the  personal  influence  of  Michelangelo.  He  returned  to 
Lorraine  about  1621,  and  remained  there  the  rest  of  his 
life.  His  work  consisted  largely  of  the  decoration  of  houses. 
In  1532  he  executed  the  colossal  group  celebrated  under 
the  name  of  "  the  Sepulcher  of  Saint-Mihiel,"  composed  of 
eleven  figures,  larger  than  life,  grouped  about  the  foot  of 
the  cross,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  creations  of  the  Re- 
naissance ;  and  in  1644  the  mausoleum  of  the  Prince  of 
Orange,  with  its  extraordinary  **  Squelette,"  in  the  Church 
of  Saint-Pierre  at  Bar-le-Duc. 

Bichings  (rich'ingz),  Peter.  Bom  at  London, 
May  19, 1797 :  died  at  Media,  Pa.,  Jan.  18, 1871. 
An  English-American  actor  and  manager.  He 
came  to  America  in  1821,  and  made  his  d^but  at  New  York 
as  Harry  Bertram  in  "GuyMannering."  For  sixteen  years 
he  was  a  reigning  favorite  at  the  Park  Theater,  where  he 
was  a  memberof  the  regular  company.  Captain  Absolute 
("  The  Rivals  ")  was  one  of  his  best  impersonations.  For 
a  time  he  acted  as  manager  of  the  Bichings  English  opera 
troupe,  but  retired  from  active  life  in  1867. 

Bichmond  (rioh'mond).  A  town  in  the  North 
Biding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Swale  42  miles  northwest  of  York.  It  is  noted 
for  its  castle,  now  in  ruins.  Population  (1891), 
4,216. 

Bichmond.  A  town  in  Surrey,  England,  situated 
on  the  south  bank  of  the  Thames,  10  miles  west- 
southwest  of  St.  Paul's.  It  was  formerly  called 
Sheen  (Schene,  •  beautiful "),  etc.  It  was  long  a  royal  resi- 
dence :  used  by  Edward  I.,  Edward  in. ,  Richard  II.,  Henry 
VII.  (who  gave  it  the  name  Richmond  in  1500),  etc.  Rich- 
mond Park  was  inclosed  by  Charles  I.  Richmond  is  a 
favorite  summer  resort,  and  its  whitebait  dinners  at  the 
Star  and  Garter  are  noted.    Population  (1891),  22,684. 

Bichmond.  The  capital  of  Virginia  and  of  Hen- 
rico County,  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the 
James  Biver,  in  lat.  37°  32'  N.,  long.  77°  27'  W. 
It  has  an  important  trade  in  tobacco  and  fiour,  and  manu- 
factures of  tobacco,  iron,  etc.  Among  the  noted  objects 
are  the  capitol,  St.  John's  Church,  Crawford's  statue  of 
Washington,  etc.  The  site  was  first  settled  in  1609.  The 
place  was  called  at  first  Byrd's  Warehouse.  Richmond 
was  incorporated  in  1742;  was  made  the  capital  in  1779; 
suffered  from  fire  in  1811 ;  was  noted  before  the  war  as  an 
important  commercial  center  for  tobacco,  tea,  etc. ;  became 
the  capital  of  the  Confederate  States  May,  1861;  was 
threatened  by  McClellan  in  1862 ;  was  besieged  by  Grant 
1864-65 ;  was  evacuated  by  the  Confederates  (who  burned 
the.business  portion)  April  2,  and  occupied  by  the  Federals 
April  3, 1866;  and  suffered  from  a  fiood  in  1870.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  86.050. 

Bichmond.  A  city,  capital  of  "Wayne  County, 
Indiana,  situated  on  a  branch  of  the  Whitewater 
River,  68  miles  east  of  Indianapolis.  It  Is  a  rail- 
road and  trading  center,  and  has  manufactures  of  agri- 
cultural implements,  furniture,  machinery,  etc.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  18,226. 

Bichmond,  Dukes  of.    See  Lennox. 

Bichmond,  Earl  of.  The  title  of  Henry  vn. 
of  England  previous  to  his  accession  to  the 
throne. 

Bichmond,  Legh.  Bom  at  Liverpool,  Jan.  29, 
1772:  died  at  Turvey,Beds,  England,  May  8, 
1827.  An  English  clergyman  and  religious  wri- 
ter. He  is  best  known  from  his  tracts'entitled  "Annals  of 
the  Poor"  (1814:  inclndtag  "The  Dairyman's  Daughter, 
"The  Young  Cotiiger,"  "The  Negro  Servant,'  etc.).  He 
edited  "Fathers  of  the  English  Church  "  (1807-M). 

Bichmond  and  Gordon,  Duke  of  (Charles 
Henry  Gordon  Lennox).    Bom  at  Richmond 


Bicketts 

House,  Whitehall,  Feb.  2, 1818 :  died  at  Gordon 
Castle,  Banffshire,  Sept.  27,  1903.  An  English 
Conservative  politician.  He  was  president  of  the 
board  of  trade  1867-68,  lord  president  of  the  council  1874- 
1880,  and  secretary  for  Scotland  1886-86.  He  succeeded 
his  father  as  sixth  duke  of  Richmond  in  1860,  was  created 
duke  of  Gordon  in  1876,  and  was  commonly  designated  as 
the  Duke  of  Richmond  and  Gordon.  He  was  also  duke  of 
Lennox  in  the  peerage  of  Scotland,  and  due  d'Aubigny  in 
that  of  I^ance.  For  other  dukes  of  Richmond,  see  Lennox. 

Bichmond  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  on  the  northern  side  of  Prince  Ed- 
ward Island,  deeply  indenting  that  island  for 
about  10  miles. 

Bich  (rich)  Mountain.  A  place  in  Randolph 
County,  in  the  eastern  part  of  West  Virginia. 
Here,  July  11, 1861,  the  Federals  under  Bose- 
crans  defeated  the  Confederates. 

Bichter  (ridh'tfer),  Adrian  Ludwig.  Bom  at 
Dresden,  Sept.  28, 1803 :  died  n  ear  Dresden,  June 
19,  1884.  A  noted  German  landscape-painter 
and  illustrator  of  scenes  from  German  life. 

Bichter,  Ernst  Friedrich  Eduard.  Bom  at 
Grossschonau,  Saxony,  Oct.  24,  1808:  died  at 
Leipsic,  April  9,  1879.  A  German  composer 
andT  musical  writer,  author  of  text-books  on 
harmony,  counterpoint,  and  the  fugue. 

Bichter,  Eugen.  Bom  at  Dilsseldorf,  Pmssia, 
.July  30, 1838.  A  German  politician.  He  entered 
the  Reichstag  in  1867,  and  the  Prussian  Landtag  in  1869. 
He  has  been  the  leader  of  the  progressist  ("Fortschritts  ") 
party,  and  of  the  German  liberal  ("  Deutsche  Freisinnige  ") 
party,  and  is  at  present  the  leader  of  the  radical  people's 
party  ("Freisinnige  Yolkspartei "). 

Bichter,  Gustav.  Bom  at  Berlin,  Aug.  31, 1823 : 
died  at  Berlin,  Aug.  3, 1884.  A  German  painter 
of  portraits  and  historical  subjects. 

Bichter,  Hans.  Bom  at  Raab,  Hungary,  April 
4,  1843.  A  celebrated  conductor,  in  1868  he  was 
conductor  at  the  Hof-  und  National-Theater,  Munich ;  in 
1871  conductor  at  the  National  Theater,  Pest ;  and  in  1875 
became  principal  conductor  at  the  Imperial  Opera  House, 
Vienna,  where  he  also  conducts  the  Philharmonic  con- 
certs. He  also  directed  the  rehearsals  of  the  "Nibe- 
lungen  Ring  "  at  Bayreuth,  and  in  1876  the  whole  of  the 
festival  there,  and  later  other  works  of  Wagner ;  and  since 
1879  itas  conducted  very  successful  orchestral  concerts  at 
London.  From  1893  i»  1898  he  was  first  court  kapell- 
meister at  Vienna. 

Bichter,  Jean  Paul  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Wun- 
siedel,  Bavaria,  March  21,  1763:  died  at  Bay- 
reuth, Bavaria,  Nov.  14,  1825.  A  celebrated 
German  humorist.  His  father  was  first  a  teacher,  and 
subsequently  village  pastor  at  Joditz  and  then  at  Schwar- 
zenbach.  After  the  death  of  his  father,  who  left  the  fam- 
ily in  extreme  poverty,  he  went  to  Leipsic  in  the  hope  of 
being  able  to  support  himself  by  giving  private  instruction 
while  he  studied  theology.  He  began  here  his  literary  ' 
career,  in  1783,  with  the  satirical  sketches  "  Diegrbnland- 
ischen  Processe  "  ("  The  Greenland  Lawsuits  "),  which  met 
with  but  little  success,  as  did  also  "  Auswahl  aus  des  Teu- 
fels  Papieren"("  Selections  from  the  Papers  of  the  Devil," 
1789).  After  1784  he  lived  with  his  mother  in  poverty  at 
Hof,  whence  he  went  to  Schwarzenbach,  where  he  taught. 
Here,  in  1793,  he  wrote  the  novel  "  Die  unsichtbare  Loge  " 
C'  The  Invisible  Lodge  "),  for  which  he  received  100  ducats. 
From  1794  he  lived  again  in  Hof,  where  he  wrote  (1794) 
the  novel  "  Hesperus,"  like  the  other  a  fictitious  biography, 
which  firmly  founded  his  literary  fame.  This  was  followed 
by  "Quintus  Fixlein  "  in  1796 ;  by  "  Siebenkas  "  in  1796-97 
(full  title,  "Blumen-,  Frucht-,  und  Domenstiicke,  oder 
Ehestand,  Tod,  und  Hochzeit  des  Armenadvocaten  Sie- 
benlc^s  " :  "  Flower,  Fruit,  and  Thorn  Pieces,  or  Wedlock, 
Death,  and  Marriage  of  Siebenk£ls,  the  Advocate  of  the 
Poor");  "Campanerthal"("The  Valley  of  Campan,"  1797); 
"Titan"  (1800-03);  "Die  Flegeljahre"  ("The  Awkward 
Age,"  1804-05),  considered  his  best  work ;  "Reise  des 
Feldpredigers  Schmelzle  nach  Fiaz"("  Journey  of  Field- 
Preacher  Schmelzle  to  Flaz")  and  "Dr.  Katzenbergers 
Badereise  "  ("  Dr.  Katzenberger's  Journey  to  the  Water- 
ing-place "),  both  1809.  Besides  these  and  other  novels 
and  tales  he  wrote  "  Vorschule  der  Aesthetik  "  ("Prepar- 
atory Course  in  Esthetics,"1804)and  "Levana  Oder  Erzie- 
hungslehre  "  ("Levana,  or  the  Theory  of  Education,"  1807). 
He  was  tlie  author  also  of  a  number  of  essays  and  political 
pamphlets.  After  the  death  of  his  mother  he  left  Hof, 
lived  for  a  time  in  Leipsic,  Jena,  and  Weimar,  and  subse- 
quently in  Gotha,  Hildburghausen,  and,  in  1801,  in  Berlin, 
where  he  married.  Afterward  he  lived  in  Meiningen,  in 
Coburg,  and  finally  in  Bayreuth,  where  hewasmadecoun- 
selor  of  legation  and  the  recipient  of  a  government  pen- 
sion, and  where  he  died.  He  is  best  known  as  a  writer 
under  his  pseudonym  Jean  Paul.  A  complete  edition  of 
his  works  was  published  at  Berlin,  in  1879,  in  60  vols. 

Bicimer  (ris'i-mer).  Died  Aug.  18,  472.  A  Bo- 
man commander.  He  was  the  son  of  a  Suevic  chief 
by  a  daughter  of  Wallia,  king  of  the  West  Goths ;  was  edu- 
cated at  the  court  of  the  emperor  Valentinian  III. ;  and  rose 
to  high  command  in  the  Roman  army.  He  defeated  the 
Vandals  in  a  decisive  naval  battle  off  Corsica  in  456.  In  the 
same  year  he  deposed  the  emperor  Avitus,  and  in  457 
caused  himself  to  be  created  patrician.  Under  this  title 
he  ruled  the  Western  Empire  until  his  death,  making  and 
unmaking  emperors  at  his  pleasure,  butfearing  to  assume 
the  purple  himself  on  account  of  his  barbaric  origin. 

Bickarees.    See  Ankara. 

Bicketts  (rik'ets),  James  Brewerton.  Bom  at 
New  York,  June  21, 1817:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  Sept.  22, 1887.  An  American  general.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1839 ;  served  in  the  Mexican 
war ;  was  appointed  a  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in 


Blcketts 

S861;  and  served  in  the  Army  of  theFotomacfromtheflrst 
battle  of  Bull  Run  to  the  siege  of  Petersburg  (1864).  He 
was  brevetted  major-general  in  the  regular  army  in  1865. 
Eico  (re'ko),  Martin.  Born  at  Madrid.  A  con- 
temporary Spanish  painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Ma. 
drazo,  and  later  studied  in  Kome  and  Paris.  Most  of  his 
paintings  are  architectural :  they  include  many  Venetian 
scenes.  He  received  the  distinction  of  the  Legion  of  Honor 
in  1878. 

Bidden  (rid'l),  Mrs.  (Charlotte  Eliza  Lawson 
Cowan).  Bom  about  1837.  AnEnglishnovelist, 
daughter  of  James  Cowan,  of  Carriekf  ergus,  Ire- 
land, She  married  J.  H.  Elddell  in  1857,  and  became 
co-proprietor  and  editor  of  the  "  St.  James's  Magazine  "  in 
1867.  She  published  some  of  her  earlier  novels  under  the 
pseudonym  of  "F.  G.  Trailord:"'  She  has  written  "Far 
above  Bubies,"  "George  Geith,"  "The  Buling  Passion," 
"The  Senior  Partner,"  "  AStruggle  for  Fame,"  "MlssGas- 
coigne,"  "Idle  Tales,"  etc. 

Biddle  (rid'l),  George.  Bom  at  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  Sept.  22, 1853.  An  American  elocution- 
ist. He  appeared  as  CEdipns  In  the  "  CEdipns  Tyrannus  " 
given  at  Harvard  University  In  1881,  and  has  given  Shak- 
sperian  readings. 

Biddle,  George  Beade.  Bom  at  Newcastle, 
Del.,  1817 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  March, 
1867.  An  American  politician.  He  was  Deipo- 
cratic  member  of  Congress  from  Delaware  1851-65,  and 
United  States  senator  1864-67. 

Biddle,  Joseph  Esmond.  Bom  about  1804:  died 
at  Cheltenham,  Aug.  27,1859.  AnEnglish  clergy- 
man and  scholar,  a  graduate  of  Oxford.  He  was 
associated  with  Arnold  and  White  in  the  preparation  of 
Latin-English  dictionaries. 

Bideau  Lake  (re-do'  lak).  A  lake  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Ontario,  Canada,  45  miles  southwest  of 
Ottawa.  It  communicates  hy  the  Eideau  Canal 
with  the  Ottawa  Eiver  and  Lake  Ontario. 

Biderhood  (ri'd6r-hud).  Pleasant.  InDickens's 
novel "  Our  Mutual  Friend,"  Eogue  Riderhood's 
daughter.  "Upon  the  smallest  of  small  scales  she  was 
an  unlicensed  pawnbroker,  keeping  what  was  popularly 
called  a  leaving-shop." 

Biderhood,  Boger  or  Bogue.  In  Dickens's 
novel  "Our  Mutual  Friend,"  a  river-thief  and 
longshoreman,  the  accuser  of  Gaffer  Hexam. 
Afterward  a  look-keeper,  he  was  drowned  in  the 
lock  in  a  struggle  with  Bradley  Headstone. 

Bidinger,  or  Biedinger  (re'dlng-er),  Johann 
Elias.  Bom  at  Ulm,  Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  15, 
1695:  diedatAugsburg,  April  10, 1767.  A  Ger- 
man artist,  especially  noted  for  his  drawings 
and  etchings  of  wild  animals. 

Bidley  (rid'li),  Nicholas.  Bom  in  Northum- 
berland, England,  about  1500:  bumed  at  Ox- 
ford, Oct.  16,  1555.  An  English  bishop  and 
*  Protestant  martyr.  He  was  chaplain  to  Cranmer  and 
Henry  VIIL,  and  sided  with  the  Eetormation.  He  be- 
came bishop  of  Kochester  in  1547,  and  of  London  in  1650. 
He  was  arrested  under  Mary  in  1653  and  1556,  and  con- 
demned to  death  for  heresy.    See  Latimer. 

Biduna  (ri-dii'na).  The  Roman  name  of  Al- 
demey. 

Bied  (ret).  A  town  in  Upper  Austria,  Austria- 
Hungary,  38  miles  west  of  Linz.  A  treaty  was  con. 
eluded  here  between  Austria  and  Bavaria  Get.  3,  1813, 
whereby  Bavaria  joined  the  alliance  against  KTapoleon. 
Population  (1890),  4,517. 

Biedel  (re'del),  August.  Bom  at  Bayreuth, 
Bavaria,  Dec.  27,  1799:  died  at  Rome,  Aug. 
8,  1883.  A  German  painter,  professor  at  the 
Academy  of  San  Luca  at  Rome. 

Biedesel  (re'de-zel),  Baron  Friedrich  Adolph 
von.  Born  at  Lauterbaeh,  Hesse.  June  3, 1738: 
died  at  Brunswick,  Jan.  6, 1800.  A  German  ma- 
jor-general, commander  of  the  Brunswick  con- 
tingent of  the  British  forces  in  the  Revolution- 
ary War.  He  served  at  Ticonderoga  and  at  Hubbard- 
ton,  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  Saratoga  Oct.  17, 1,777.  He 
was  exchanged  in  1779,  and  commanded  on  Long  Island 
1779-80.  His  wife  (1746-1808)  accompanied  him  in  Ws 
American  campaigns.  Her  "Letters"  (1800)  were  trans- 
lated by  W.  L.  Stone  (1867) ;  and  his  "  Memoirs,  Letters, 
etc. "  were  translated  by  Stone  (1868). 

Biego  y  Nunez  (re-a'go  e  nbn'yeth),  Bafael 
del.  Bom  at  Oviedo,  Spain,  Oct.  24,  1785: 
executed  at  Madrid,  Nov.  7,  1823.  A  Spanish 
general  and  patriot.  He  served  against  Napoleon ; 
was  leader  of  the  revolution  in  southern  Spain  Jan.  1, 
1820 ;  was  president  of  the  Cortes ;  and  was  taken  prisoner 
in  the  French  invasion  of  1823,  and  put  to  death  as' a 
traitor. 

Biehl  (rel),  Wilhelm  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Bie- 
brich  on  the  Rhine,  May  6, 1823 :  died  Nov.  16, , 
1897.  A  German  novelist  and  historical  writer. 
His  father  was  custodian  of  the  castle  at  Biebrich.  He 
studied  theology  at  Marburg,  Tubingen,  and  Giessen, 
and  iubsequently  the  history  of  culture  at  Bonn.  For 
the  next  ten  years  he  was  engaged  in  journalistic  work  In 
turn  at  Frankfort,  Karlsruhe,  and  Wiesbaden.  In  1853 
he  was  made  professor  of  political  economy  at  the 
University  of  Munich,  and  in  1859  professor  of  the  his- 
tory ol  culture.  He  was  ennobled  in  1880.  In  1886  he 
was  inade  director  of  the  Bavarian  National  Museum.  His 
literary  work  was  almost  wholly  in  the  direction  of  the 
history  of  culture.  From  1851  to  1856  appeared  "Na- 
turgesdiichte  des  Volks  als  Grundlage  einer  deutschen 


856 

Social-Politik"("Natural  History  of  thePeopleas  theFoun- 
dationof  aGerman  Social-Political  System,  Sparts)  ;"Mu- 
sikalische  Chai'akterkepfe  "  ("  Musical  Character  Stud- 
ies," 1852-78,  3  vols.);  "tulturgeschichtliche  Novellen" 
("Stories  in  the  History  of  Culture,"  1856);  "Die  Pfalzer" 
("The  People  of  the  Palatinate, "  1857) ;  "  Kulturstudien  aus 
drel  Jahrhunderten  '  ("Culture  Studies  from  Three  Centu- 
ries," 1869);  "Gesohiohten  aus  alter  Zeit"(" Stories  of  Old 
Times,"  1862-64,  2  vols.);  "Neues  Novellenbuch"("New 
Story-Book,"  1867) ;  "Freie  VortrSge  "  ("  Impromptu  Lec- 
tures," 1873-85,  2  vols.);  three  volumes  of  "Novellen" 
("Stories")  from  1875, 1880,  and  1888;  "Kulturgeschioht- 
liche  Charakterkopf  e  ("  Character  Studies  in  the  History 
of  Culture,"  1891). 

Biel  (re-el'),  Louis.  Born  in  Manitoba,  Oct. 
23,  1844:  executed  at  Regina,  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory, Nov.  16,  1885.  A  Canadian  half-breed, 
leader  of  the  Red  River  rebellion  of  1869-70 
(which  was  suppressed  by  Wolseley),  and  of 
the  rebellion  of  1885  (which  was  put  down  by 
Middleton). 

Biemann  (re'm^n),  Georg  Friedrich  Bern- 
hard.  Born  at  Breselenz,  near  Dannenberg, 
Hannover,  Sept.  17,  1826:  died  at  Selasoa, 
Lago  di  Maggiore,  July  20, 1866.  A  noted  Ger- 
man mathematician,  professor  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Gottingen  from  1857.  His  collected 
works  were  published  by  H.  Weber  (1876). 

Bienzi  (re-en'ze).  1.  A  tragedjr  by  Miss  Mit- 
ford,  published  in  1828. — 2.  A  historical  novel 
by  Bulwer  Lytton,  published  in  1835. — 3.  An 
opera  by  Wagner,  first  produced  at  Dresden  in 
1842. 

Eienzi(re-en'ze),  or  Bienzo(re-en'z6),  Cola"di. 
Bom  at  Rome  about  1313 :  killed  at  Rome,  Oct. 
8,1354.  An  Italian  patriot.  He  was  in  1343  employed 
on  a  mission  to  the  Pope  at  Avignon,  by  whom  he  was 
made  a  notary  of  the  apostolic  chamber.  In  1347  he  led  a 
revolution  at  IU)me  which  overthrew  the  power  of  the 
aristocracy,  and  introduced  beneficial  reforms  in  the  gov- 
ernment. He  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  municipality 
under  the  title  of  tribune  of  the  people,  and  received  the 
recognition  of  Clement  VI.  He  became  intoxicated  with 
success,  and  his  arrogant  and  arbitrary  conduct  alienated 
the  populace,  while  his  visionary  plans  for  the  restoration 
of  the  universal  dominion  of  the  city  brought  him  into 
conflictwith  the  papacy.  He  was  expelled  in  1348.  Here- 
turned  in  1354  at  the  instance  of  Innocent  VI.,  who  sought 
to  recover  control  of  the  city  through  his  instrumentality. 
His  conduct,  however,  provoked  a  riot  in  which  he  was 
killed. 

Bies  (res),  Ferdinand.  Bom  at  Bonn,  Prussia, 
Nov,  29, 1784:  died  at  Frankfort,  Jan.  14, 1838. 
A  German  pianist  and  composer,  a  pupil  of 
Beethoven. 

Biesengebirge(re'zen-ge-ber*ge),  [G,,  'giants' 
mountains,']  Arange  of  the  Sudetio  Mountains, 
on  the  boundary  of  Bohemia  and  Prussian  Sile- 
sia, They  are  the  highest  mountains  in  northern  Ger- 
many, and  are  noted  for  their  picturesque  scenery  and  in 
legend.  Length,  23  miles.  Highest  point,  the  Schneekoppe 
(5,265  feet). 

Biesi  (re-a'se),  A  town  in  the  province  of  Cal- 
tanissetta,  Sicily,  54  miles  west  by  south  of 
Catania,    Population  (1881),  12,008, 

Bieti  (re-a'te),  A  cathedral  city  in  the  province 
of  Perugia,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Velino  42 
miles  northeast  of  Rome :  the  ancient  Reate. 
It  was  an  ancient  Sabine  town.  Its  vicinity  was  long 
famous  for  its  fertility.    Population  (1881),  13,679. 

Bietschel  (ret'shel),  Ernst  Friedrich  August. 
Born  at  Pulsnitz,  Saxony,  Dec.  15,  1804:  died 
at  Dresden,  Feb.  21,  1861.  A  noted  German 
sculptor.  Among  his  works  are  Goethe  and  Schiller 
(Weimar),  Lessing  (Brunswick),  Piet^  (Potsdam),  Luther 
(Worms),  etc. 

BietZ  (rets),  Julius.  Bom  at  Berlin,  Dec.  28, 
1812:  died  at  Dresden,  Sept,  12,  1877,  A  Ger- 
man composer,  conductor,  violoncellist,  and 
musical  editor, 

Eif (ref),  orEiff (rif),  orEr Eif (erref),  Arange 
of  mountains  in  northern  Morocco,  nearly  par- 
allel with  the  Mediterranean  coast.  The  aggres- 
sions of  its  Inhabitants,  the  Rifflans,  led  to  complications 
between  Spain  and  Morocco  in  1893. 

Eiffelberg  (rif 'f  el-bera) .  A  noted  height  south 
of  Zermatt  in  the  Alps  of  Valais,  Switzerland. 
Height,  at  the  Eiffel  Hotel  on  the  summit, 
8,430  feet, 

Eifas  (rif' iz),  or  Eiffians  (rif'i-anz).  The  in- 
habitants of  the  Rif  mountains,"  See  Bif. 

Eiga(re'ga).  [Russ. Riga,'Lett.Sihge,'Eathonia,n 
BiaAin.l  Aseaport,oapitalofthe  government  of 

■  Livonia,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Duna,  near  its 
mouth,  in  lat.  56°  57'  N. ,  long.  24°  8'  E.  it  is  one  of 
the  chief  cities  in  Russia  in  commerce  and  population ;  ex- 
ports flax,  hemp,  linseed,  timber,  grain,  etc. ;  and  has  manu- 
factures of  machinery,  woolens,  cigars,  etc.  The  cathedral 
(with  one  of  the  largest  organs  in  the  world)  and  the  castle 
are  notable.  Kiga'was  settled  by  Bishop  Albert  of  Livonia 
in  1201 ;  was  ruled  by  the  bishops  and  by  the  Knights 
Sword-bearers  (who  coalesced  with  the  Teutonic  Order  in 
1237) ;  passed  to  Poland  in  1561 ;  was  taken  by  Gustavus 
Adolphus  in  1621 ;  and  was  flnaUj  taken  and  annexed  by 
Russia  in  1710.    Population  (1897),  with  suburbs,  282,943. 

Eiga,  Gulf  of.    An  arm  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  north 


Eikwa 

of  Courland  and  west  of  Livonia.  Length, 
about  115  miles. 

Bigas  (re'gas),  Konstantinos.  Bora  about  1753: 
executed  1798.    A  Greek  patriot  and  poet. 

Bigaud  (re-go').  A  character  in  Dickens's  "Lit- 
tle Dorrit,"  a  sinister-looking,  sharp,  murderous 
criminal,  formerly  a  convict  in  Marseilles: 
otherwise  Blandois,  otherwise  Lagnier,  His 
"  moustache  went  up  and  his  nose  went  down." 

Bigaud,  Hyacinthe.  Bom  at  Perpignan, 
France,  July  20,  1659 :  died  Dec,  27,  1743.  A 
French  portrait-painter. 

Eigault  de  Genouilly  (re-go'  de  zhn8-ye'), 
Charles.  Bom  at  Rochef  ort,  France,  April  12, 
1807:  died  at  PariS;  May  14,  1873.  A  French 
admiral  and  politician.  He  served  in  the  Crimean 
and  Chinese  wars,  and  was  minister  of  marine  under  Na- 
poleon ni.  1867-70. 

Bigdon  f(rig'don),  Sidney.  Bom  in  St.  Clair 
township,  Allegheny  County,  N.  Y,,  Feb.  19, 
1793 :  died  at  Friendship,  N.  Y,,  July  14,  1876, 
An  American  Mormon,  He  was  associated  with  Jo- 
seph Smith  about  1829,  and  was  collaborator  with  huu  in 
publishing  the  "  Book  of  Mormon." 

Bigdumfunnidos  (rig'dum-fun'i-dos).  A  lord 
in  waiting  at  the  court  of  Chrononhotonthol- 
ogos,  in  Carey's  burlesque  of  that  name,  Scott 
gave  this  name  to  John  Ballantyne,  his  printer,  as  being 
more  mercurial  than  his  brother.  See  Aldiborontephoi- 
cophomio. 

Bigel  (re'jel  or  ri'jel).  [Ar,  rijl-al-jauzd,  the 
leg  of  the  giant.]  The  brilliant  white  double 
first-magnitude  star  /3  Ononis,  The  same  name 
(then,  however,  more  usually  spelled  Rigil)  is.also  some- 
times given  to  /3  Centauri. 

Bigg  (rig),  James  Harrison.  Bom  at  Neweas- 
tle-on-Tyne,  1821.  An  English Wesleyan  clergy- 
man and  religious  writer.  He  became  principal  of 
the  Wesleyan  Training  College  in  1868,  and  was  president 
of  the  Wesleyan  Conference  in  1878.  He  has  published 
"The  Churcnmanship  of  John  Wesley  and  Wesleyan 
Methodism  "  (1868),  "A  Comparative  View  of  Church  Or- 
ganizations "  (1887),  etc. 

Eiggs  (rigz),  Elias.  Bom  Nov.  10, 1810 :  died 
Jan.  17,  1901.  An  American  missionary.  He 
graduated  at  Andover  Theological  Seminary  in  1832, 
and  was  a  missionary  at  Constantinople  from  1863.  He 
published  "Manual  of  the  Chaldee  Language"  (1832), 
etc. 

Biggs,  Stephen  Beturn.  Bom  at  SteubenviUe, 
Ohio,  March  23, 1812 :  died  at  Beloit, Wis.,  Aug. 
24,  1883.  An  American  missionary  among  the 
Dakota  Indians.  He  published  various  works  on  the 
Dakotas  and  their  language,  including  "Grammar  and  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Dakota  Language  "  (1852). 

Eighi.     See  Bigi. 

Bight  (ri^),  Captain.  A  fictitious  title  borne 
by  an  insurgent  leader  whom  the  peasants  of 
Ireland  in  the  18th  century  were  sworn  to  obey. 

Bight,  Petition  of.    See  Petition  of  Bight. 

Eightful  Heir,  The.  A  play  by  BvJwer  Lytton, 
produced  in  1869. 

Eights,  Bill  of.  1.  See  Declaration  of  Eight. — 
2.  A  statement  or  declaration  of  personal  rights 
in  the  constitution  of  a  State  of  the  American 
Union,  incorporated  in  the  amendments  to  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

Bights  of  Man,  The.  A  work  by  Thomas  Paine, 
published  in  1791 :  a  reply  to  Burke's  "  Reflec- 
tions on  the  Revolution  in  France." 

Bigi,  or  Eighi  (re'gi).  A  mountain  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  cantons  of  Lucerne  and  Schwyz, 
Switzerland,  situated  north  of  the  Lake  of  Lu- 
cerne and  south  of  the  Lake  of  Zug,  8  miles  east 
of  Lucerne,  isolated  in  position,  it  is  famous  for  its 
extensive  vlew(300  miles  in  circumference).  It  is  a  noted 
tourist  resort,  reached  by  rack-and-pinion  railways  from 
Arth  and  Vitznau.    Highest  point,  the  Bigi-Kulm  (5,905 

Bigi,  Bavarian.  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
the  Peissenberg,  south  of  the  Ammersee. 

Bigi  of  Upper  Swabia.  A  name  given  to  the 
Griinten,  Bavaria,  on  account  of  its  extensive 
view. 

Eigolets  (re-go-la')  Pass.  A  strait  in  eastern 
Louisiana,  the  outlet  of  Lake  Pontchartrain 
into  Lake  Borgne  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Bigoletto  (re-go-let'to).  An  opera  by  Verdi,  pro- 
duced at  Venice  in  1851. 

Eigveda.    See  Veda. 

Eigvldhana  (rg-vi-d-ha'na).  [Skt,,  lit. '  ar- 
rangement' or  'disposition  of  the  Rik,'  or  Rig- 
veda.]  A  Sanskrit  work  treating  of  the  magic 
efficacy  of  the  recitation  of  the  hymns  of  the  Eig- 
veda, or  of  single  verses,  it  belongs  to  the  period  of 
the  Puranas.  It  has  been  edited  by  R.  Meyer  Berlin 
1877.  ' 

Eiis  (res),  Jacob.  Bom  at  Ribe,  Denmark,  May 
3, 1849.  A  Danish-American  reporter  and  writer 
on  social  topics.  He  has  written  "How  the  Othei 
Half  Lives"  (1890),  "Children  of  the  Poor"  (1892),  etc 

Bikwa.    See  Weitspekan. 


Riley,  Cbarles  Valentine 

Biley  (ri'li),  Charles  Valentine.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Sept.  18,  1843:  died  Sept.  14,  1895.  An 
Anglo-American  entomologist.  He  was  State 
entomologist  ol  Missonri  1868-77,  when  he  was  appoint- 
ed chief  of  the  United  States  commission  to  investigate 
the  Eocify  Mountain  locust  Trom  1881  to  1894  he  was 
head  of  the  entomological  division  of  the  department 
of  agriculture  at  Washington.  He  made  important  re- 
searches on  the  phylloxera,  the  potato-beetle,  cotton-worm, 
etc. 

Biley.  James  Whitcomb.  Bom  at  Greenfield, 
Ind.,  1854.  An  American  poet  and  dialect 
writer.  Be  was  for  a  time  engaged  in  journalism.  Be 
first  published  under  the  pseudonym  "Benj.  F.  Johnson 
of  Boone."  Among  his  works  are  "The  Old  Swimmin' 
Hole,  etc'  (1883),  "  Afterwhiles "  (1887),  "Character 
Sltetches,  etc."  (1887),  "  Old-Fashioned  Eoses,  etc."  (1888X 
"Pipes  o  Pan,  etc.  (1889),  "Green  Fields  and  Eunning 
Brooks"  (1893),  "Poems  Here  at  Home"  (1893),  etc. 

Bilo-Dagh  (re-16-dag').  A  mountain  group  m 
southwestem  Bulgaria,  about  40  miles  south 
of  Sofia,  connecting  the  Bhodope  and  Balkan 
mountains.    Height,  about  8,775  feet. 

Bima-Szombat  (rim'o-som'bot),  G.  Gxoss- 
Steffelsdorf  (gros'stef 'f els-dorf ).  The  capital 
of  the  county  of  G8m8r,  Hungary,  situated  on 
the  Bima  78  miles  northeast  of  Budapest.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  5,562. 

Bime  of  Sir  Thopas.  One  of  (Chaucer's  "  Can- 
terbury Tales,"  a  biirlesque  on  the  metrical 
romances  of  the  day. 

Bime  of  the  Ancient  Mariner.  See  Aneimt 
Mariner, 

Bimini  (re'me-ne).  A  city  in  the  proYinoe  of 
Forli,  Italy,  situated  near  the  Adriatic  in  lat. 
44°  4'  N. ,  long.  12°  34'  E. :  the  ancient  Ariminum. 
It  has  silk  manufactures,  and  there  is  sea-bathing  in  the 
neighborhood.  The  cathedral  was  built  in  the  14th  and 
renovated  in  the  16th  century.  There  are  notable  Eoman 
antiquities,  including  an  amphitheater  and  a  triumphal 
arch.  The  bridge  of  Augustus,  across  the  Marecchia,  is 
one  of  the  most  perfect  of  ancient  bridges.  It  is  built  of 
marble  In  five  arches,  with  a  square  pedimented  niche  in 
every  pier.  It  is  236  feet  long  and  14.7  wide,  and  the  span 
of  the  central  arch  ia  34  feet.  The  place  was  a  town  of  the 
Umbrians,  laterof  the  Etruscans,  and  then  of  the  Senones; 
was  made  a  Roman  colony  about  268  B.  0.;  was  the  termi- 
nus of  the  Flaminian  and  ^milian  ways ;  and  was  the 
starting-point  of  Julius  Caesar  in  the  civil  war  49  B.  0.  It 
was  an  important  imperial  city ;  was  later  subjected  to  the 
exarchate,  and  one  of  the  cities  forming  the  Fentapolis ; 
and  cameunderthe  rule  of  theMalatesta  family  in  the  first 
part  of  the  13th  century.  Its  most  noted  ruler  was  Sigis- 
mondo  Ualatesta  (16th  century).  It  passed  definitely  to 
the  Papal  States  in  1628,  and  was  annexed  to  Italy  in  1860. 
Population  (1881),  10,838 ;  commune,  87,078. 

Bimini,  Francesca  da.  See  Franeesca  da  Bi- 
mini, 

Bimini,  Story  of.  A  poem  by  Leigh  Hunt,  pub- 
lished in  1816. 

Bimmer  (rim'6r),'William.  Bom  at  Liverpool, 
England,  Feb.  20, 1816:  died  at  South  Milford, 
Mass.,  Aug.  20, 1879.  An  American  sculptor, 
painter,  and  art  anatomist.  His  father,  a  French 
refugee,  whose  name,  Thomas  Eimmer,  was  assumed,  set- 
fled  in  Boston  as  a  shoemaker  in  1826.  Before  1846  Eim- 
mer commenced  the  study  of  medicine,  and  in  1866  began  to 
practise  it  at  East  Milton.Massachusetts,  painting  portraits 
and  religious  pictures  as  occasion  offered.  He  carved  the 
"  Head  of  St.  Stephen  "  in  1861,  and  modeled  the  "  Falling 
Gladiator."  In  1864  he  executed  a  statue  of  Alexander 
Hamilton,  and  immediately  afterward  the  "Osiris,"  his 
favorite  work.  The  "Dying  Centaur"  was  made  about 
1871,  and  the  "  Fighting  Lions  "  (presented  to  the  Boston 
Art  Club)  at  the  same  time.  Be  published  "  Art  Anatomy  " 
In  1877.  From  1876  he  was  professor  of  anatomy  and  sculp- 
ture at  the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston, 

Binunon.    See  Bamman. 

Bimnik  (rem'nek).  A  small  river  in  Bumania 
which  joins  the  Sereth  28  miles  west-northwest 
of  Galatz.  Near  it,  in  1789,  the  Eussians  under 
Suvaroff  defeated  the  Turks. 

Bimouski  (re-mes-ke'),  A  watering-place, 
capital  of  the  county  of  Bimouski,  Quebec,  Can- 
ada, situated  on  the  St,  Lawrence  45  miles  north- 
east of  the  mouth  of  the  Saguenay, 

Binaldo  (ri-nal'do) .  [P.  Bmaud.']  1 .  A  famous 
character  in  medieval  romance.  Be  was  one  of  the 
four  sons  of  Aymon,  the  cousin  of  Orlando,  and  one  of  the 
bravest  of  the  knights  of  Charlemagne.  In  the  French  ro- 
mances he  is  known  as  Eenaud,  or  Eegnanlt,  or  Eenaud 
de  Montauban.  The  last  is  the  title  of  a  chanson  de  geste 
attributed  to  Huon  de  Villeneuve,  devoted  to  an  account 
of  his  adventures.  It  was  to  Eenaud  or  Einaldo  that  the 
famous  horse  Bayard  was  given.  See  Quatre  File  Aynwm. 
a.  A  steward  in  Shakspere's  "All 's  Well  that 
Ends  Well." 

Binaldo  and  Armida.  A  tragedy  (from  Tasso's 
■"  Gerusalemme  Liberata")  by  John  Dennis, 
produced  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  in  1699. 

Binaldo  Binaldinl  (re-nardo  re--nai-de'ne).  A 
romance  by  Vulpius,  published  in  1797. 

Bind  (rind).  In  Norse  mythology,  one  of  the 
wives  of  Odin,  personifying  the  crust  of  the 

Binehart  (rin'hart),'William  Henry.  Bom  in 


867 

Maryland,  Sept.  13,  .1825 :  died  at  Eome,  Oct.  28, 
1874.  An  American  sculptor,  resident  at  Bome 
after  1858.  He  completed  Crawford's  bronze  doors  (at 
Washington).  Among  his  other  works  are  "Clytie  "(in 
Baltimore),  "Love  Eeconciled  with  Death "  (Baltimore), 
"Woman  of  Samaria,"  "Latona  and  her  Children,"  etc. 

Bing  and  the  Book,  The.  A  poem  by  Eobert 
Browning,  published  in  1869. 

Bing  des  Nibelungen  (ring  des  ne'be-16ng-en), 
Der.  [G,,  'The  King  of  the  Nibelu^.']  A 
sequence  of  four  musical  dramas  by  Wagner, 

■  first  played  together  at  Bayreuth  in  1876,  it  com- 
prises "  Das  Eheingold  "  (the  first  part  was  first  performed 
1869),  "DieWalkiire"  (1870i  "Siegfried  "(1876),  and  "Gflt- 
terdilmmerung  "  (1876),  It  has  very  little  in  common  with 
the  "Nibelungenlied,'"  being  based  on  the  Icelandic  sagas. 

Bingkjobing  (ring'ch6"bing)  Fjord.  A  lagoon 
on  the  western  coast  of  Jutland,  Denmark,  com- 
municating with  the  North  Sea.  Length,  about 
20  miles. 

Bink  (rinek),  Henry  John.  Born  atCopenhagen 
in  1819 :  died  at  Christiania,  Norway,  Dec.,  1894. 
A  Danish  naturalist  and  explorer.  Be  went  round 
the  world  in  the  Galatea  in  1846,  and  in  1848  made  the  first 
of  thirty-eight  exploring  expeditions  to  Greenland.  He 
became  inspector  in  South  Greenland,  and  returned  to 
Denmark  as  director  of  the  Greenland  trade  in  1871.  He 
wrote  numerous  works  about  Greenland. 

Bink  (ringk),  Johann  Christian  Heinrich. 

Bom  at  Elgersburg,  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  Feb. 
18,  1770:  died  at  Darmstadt,  Aug.  7,  1846.  A 
noted  German  composer  for  the  organ. 
Binteln  (rin'teln).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Weser 
30  miles  west-southwest  of  Hannover.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  4,045. 

Bio.    A  common  abbreviation  of  Bio  de  Janeiro, 
Biobamba  (re-6-bam'ba).    A  town  in  Ecuador, 
95  miles  south  of  Quito,    it  was  removed  from  its 
former  site  at  Cajabamba  after  its  destruction  by  an  earth- 
quake in  1797.    Population,  about  12,000. 

Bio  Branco.    See  Branco. 

Bio  Branco,  Viscount  of.  See  Silva  Paranhos, 
Josi  Maria  da. 

BioBravo  delNorte.  See  Bio  Or ande  del  Norte. 

Bio  Cuarto,  or  Concepcion  del  Bio  Cuarto 
(kon-thep-the-on'del  re'6  ko-ar'to).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  C6rdoba,  Argentine  Eepublic, 
on  the  Bio  Cuarto  112  miles  south  of  Cordoba. 
Population  (1889),  12,000. 

Bio  de  Janeiro  (re'6  de  zha-na'ro),  often  called 
Bio.  [Pg.,'riverof  January,'aname  applied  to 
the  bay,  in  allusion  to  th  e  date  of  its  discovery.  ] 
The  capital,  largest  city,  and  most  important 
port  and  commercial  center  of  Brazil,  situated 
on  the  western  side  of  the  Bay  of  Eio  de  Ja- 
neiro, in  lat.  22°  54'  S.,  long.  43°  8'  W.  Withits 
beautiful  suburbs  it  nearly  surrounds  a  group  of  moun- 
tains. The  city  contains  numerous  public  institutions, 
including  libraries,  a  museum,  observatory,  navy-yard, 
large  hospitals,  etc.  The  leading  export  is  coffee,  nearly 
half  the  amount  consumed  in  the  world  coming  from  this 
port.  The  exports  are  mainly  to  the  United  States,  the 
imports  from  Europe.  Epidemics  of  yellow  fever  com- 
monly occur  in  the  summer  months  (Oct.-May).  The  city 
is  included  in  the  "Municipio  Neutro"  ('independent 
township '),  which  contains  621  square  miles,  and  is  under 
the  direct  control  of  the  federal  government.  The  Bay  of 
Eio  de  Janeiro  was  discovered  and  named  Jan.  1, 1616. 
In  1666  Villegaignon  established  a  colony  of  French  Prot- 
estants on  the  island  which  still  bears  his  name ;  they 
were  driven  out  in  1667  by  the  Portuguese,  who  then 
founded  the  city  of  Sao  Sebasti^o,  or  Eio  de  Janeiro.  In 
1762  it  was  made  the  capital  of  the  state  of  Brazil,  to 
which  Maranhao  (northern  Brazil)  was  attached  in  1774, 
It  was  the  residence  of  the  Portuguese  court  1808-21,  and 
became  the  capital  of  the  empire  of  Brazil  in  1822.  Un- 
til 1834  it  was  also  the  capital  of  the  province  of  Eio  de 
Janeiro.  The  revolution  of  1889  occurred  here,  and  in  1893 
the  city  was  bombarded  during  the  naval  rebellion.  Popu- 
lation of  the  city  proper,  about  600,000  (there  are  no 
census  figures).  Population  of  the  Municipio  Neutro 
(estimated,  1892),  622,661. 

Bio  de  Janeiro.  A  maritime  state  of  Brazil, 
lying  south  of  Minas  Geraes.  Capital,  Petropo- 
lis.  Area,  26,634  square  miles.  Estimated  pop- 
ulation (1893),  excluding  the  Municipio  Neutro 
which  it  surrounds,  1,3<&,901. 

Eio  de  Janeiro,  Bajf  of.  A  bay  on  the  coast  of 
Brazil,  the  port  of  Bio  de  Janeiro.  It  is  one  of  the 
finest  harbors  in  the  world,  and  is  noted  for  its  beauty. 
Length,  about  17  miles. 

Bio  de  la  Plata  (re'6  da  la  pla'ta),  or  La  Plata, 
or  Plate  (plat).  [Sp., 'river  of  silver.']  An 
estuary  between  Uruguay  and  theArgentine  Ee- 
public. It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Uruguay  and  the 
combined  ParanA  and  Paraguay,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic 
about  lat.  35°  S,  The  cities  Buenos  Ayres  and  Montevideo 
stand  on  it.  Length,  about  150  miles.  The  name  is  also 
given  to  the  river-system  finding  its  outlet  in  this  estuary. 
Compare  ParanA  and  Paraguay. 

Bio  de  la  Plata.  A  colonial  division  of  Span- 
ish South  America,  at  first  called  a  territory 
(gobemacion),  and  later  a  province.  It  was  sep- 
arated from  Paraguay  in  1620,  Buenos  Ayres  being  made 
the  capital  and  the  seat  of  a  bishop.  It  was  the  basis  of  the 


Bio  Negro,  Captaincy  of 

modern  ArgentineEepublic,but  embraced  only  the  modern 
provinces  of  Buenos  Ayres,  and  Entre  Eios,  with  Uruguay ; 
the  northeastern  portion  of  the  present  republic  was  at- 
tached to  Paraguay,  the  western  part  to  Chile ;  Patagonia 
was  unexplored,  and  Cdrdoba  and  Santa  F6  (later  the  prov- 
ince of  Tucuman)  were  a  part  of  Charcas,  The  governor 
of  Eio  de  la  Plata  was  subject  to  the  viceroy  of  Peru.  In 
1661  an  audience  or  high  court  was  established  at  Bueuos 
Ayres,  and  thereafter  the  governor  was  president  of  the 
audience  with  the  title  of  captain-general.  This  arrange- 
mentcontinued  until  the  province  was  merged  in  the  vice- 
royalty  of  La  Plata  in  1776, 

Bio  Grande  (re'6  gran'da),  [Sp.  and  Pg. , '  great 
river.']  A  name  designating  various  rivers  in 
regions  discovered  by  the  Spanish  and  Portu- 

faese.  (a)  A  river  in  Senegambia  which  fiows  into  the 
tlantic  about  lat,  11°  46'  N,  Estimated  length,  about  300 
miles.  (&)  One  of  the  chief  head  streams  of  the  river  ParanA 
in  Brazil.  It  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  the  states 
of  Minas  Geraes  and  S5.0  Paulo,  and  unites  with  the  Para, 
nahyba  about  lat,  19°  S,  Length,  over  600  miles.  Also 
called  the  ParA.  (c)  The  name  given  to  the  upper  part  of 
the  Araguaya,  ((i)  One  of  the  head  streams  of  the  Mamor^ 
in  Bolivia,  Also  called  the  Gvapey.  (e)  The  Eio  Grands 
del  Norte. 

Bio  Grande  del  Norte  (del  n6r'ta),  or  Eio 
Bravo  del  Norte  (re'6  bra'v6  del  n6r'ta),  or 
Eio  GIrande  (often  pronounced  in  the  United 
States  re'6  grand').  [Sp.,' great  river  (or  fine 
rlt'er)  of  the  north,']  A  river  in  North  America. 
It  rises  in  the  Eocliy  Mountains  in  southwestern  Colorado, 
traverses  New  Mexico  from  north  to  south,  forms  the  boun- 
dary between  Mexico  and  Texas,  and  fiows  into  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  below  Matamoros,  The  chief  tributary  is  the 
Feces.  Length,  estimated,  about  1,800  miles ;  navigable 
(for  small  boats  only)  to  Kingsbury  Eapids  (about  460 
miles), 

Eio  Grande  de  Santiago  (da  san-te-a'g6).  A 
river  in  Mexico,  principally  in  Jalisco,  which 
flows  into  the  Pacific  about  lat.  21°  40'  N.  It 
is  called  in  its  upper  course  the  Eio  de  Lerma. 
Length,  about  500  miles. 

Eio  Grande  do  Belmonte.  See  Jequitinhonha. 

Bio  Grande  do  Norte  (d$  nor'te).  [Pg., 'great 
river  of  the  north.']  A  maritime  state  of  Bra- 
zil, lying  north  of  Parahyba.  Capital,  Natal. 
Area,  22,195  square  miles.  Population  (1894), 
347,818, 

Eio  Grande  do  Snl  (do  sol) .  [Pg. ,'  great  river 
of  the  south,']  The  outlet  of  the  Lagoa  dos  Pa- 
tos,  Brazil,  near  lat.  32°  8'  S.  Length,  about 
50  miles. 

Eio  Grande  do  Sul,  formerly  Sao  Pedro  do  Eio 
G-rande  do  Sul,  which  was  often  abbreviated  to 
Sao  Pedro.  1.  The  southernmost  state  of  Bra- 
zil. It  borders  on  the  Atlantic,  Uruguay,  and  the  Argen- 
tine Eepublic,  and  contains  various  successful  German 
and  Italian  colonies.  Area,  91,336  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1894),  774,406. 

3.  A  seaport  in  the  state  of  Eio  Grande  do  Sul, 
situated  on  the  Eio  Grande  do  Sul  in  lat.  32° 
S.,  long.  52°  8'  W.  it  is  the  chief  port  in  the  state, 
and  exports  hides,  dried  meat,  tallow,  etc.  Population, 
about  20,000. 

Eioja  (re-6'Ha),  La.  1.  A  province  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  the  Argentine  Eepublic, 
bordering  for  a  short  distance  on  Chile.  Area, 
26,500  square  miles.  Population  (1895),  70,010. 
— 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Bioja,  near 
lat.  29°  19'  S.,  long.  67°  10'  W.  Population, 
about  10,000. 

Bioja,  La.  A  fertile  plain  in  the  province  of 
Logrono,  Spain,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Bbro. 

Eiom(ry6n').  Atown  inthe  department  of  Puy- 
de-D6me,  France,  situated  on  the  Ambfene  9 
miles  north  of  Clermont-Ferrand,  it  has  consid- 
erable trade;  was  formerly  the  capita]  of  Auvergne;  and 
contains  several  old  churches.    Population  (1391),  11,189. 

Eion  (re-6n'),  or  Eioni  (re-6'ne).  A  river  in 
Transcaucasia,  Eussia,  which  flows  into  the 
Black  Sea  39  miles  north  of  Batum :  the  ancient 
Phasis.  Legend  connects  it  with  the  expedition  of  the 
Argonauts,  and  it  was  on  the  line  of  traffic  between  Europe 
and  Asia  from  very  early  times.    Length,  about  160  miles. 

Bio  Negro  (re'6  na'gr6).  [Pg.,  '  black  river,'] 
A  river  in  South  America,  it  rises  in  Colombia 
(region  also  claimed  by  Venezuela);  flows  through  northern 
Brazil ;  and  joins  the  Amazon  about  75  miles  west  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Madeira  (lat.  3°  9'  S.,  long.  69°  58'  W.),  In 
its  upper  course  it  is  called  the  Guaynia.  It  communicates 
by  the  Cassiquiare  with  the  Orinoco.  The  chief  tributaries 
are  the  Uap^s  and  Branco,  Length,  about  1,360  miles ; 
navigable  for  600  miles,  and,  after  passing  20  miles  of 
rapids,  for  a  long  distance  beyond, 

Eio  Negro.  A  river  of  the  Argentine  Bepublic, 
rising  m  the  Andes  and  flowing  east-southeast 
to  the  Atlantic,  which  it  reaches  near  lat.  41°  S. 
Most  of  its  course  lies  within  the  territory  of  Eio  Negro. 
Length,  about  660  miles ;  the  greater  part  is  said  to  be  nav> 
igable. 

Eio  Negro,  or  Sao  Jos6  do  Bio  Negro  (soun 
zho-za'  di?  re'ij  na'gro),  Captaincy  of.  A  colo- 
nial division  of  Brazil,  created  in  1759,  and  cor- 
responding nearly  to  the  present  state  of 
Amazonas.     It  was  called  at  first  SSio  Jos^  do  Javary. 


Bio  Negro,  Captaincy  of 

It  was  united  to  the  province  of  Pari  in  1822,  and  again 
separated  as  the  province  of  Amazonas  in  1852  (by  decree 
of  1860). 

Eios  (re'os),  Jos6  Amador  de  los.  Bom  at 
Baena,  Spain,  May  1, 1818 :  died  at  Seville,  Feb. 
17, 1878.  A  Spanisli  historian,  professor  of  lit- 
erature at  the  University  of  Madrid.  He  wrote 
"Historia  critica  de  la  literatnra  espanola" 
(1861-67),  etc. 

Rio  Seco  (re'6  sa'ko)  [Sp.,  'dry  river'],  or 
Medina  del  Bio  Seco.  See  Medina  de  Bio 
Seco. 

RioTinto(ten'tp).  [Sp., 'colored (orred)river.'] 
A  mining  to  wn  in  the  province  of  Huelva,  Spain, 
46  miles  northwest  of  Seville.  Population 
(1887),  10,671. 

Biouw.    See  BMo. 

Bio  Vermejo.    See  Vermejo. 

Bipley  (rl^'li).  A  town  in  Derbyshire,  Eng- 
land, 10  miles  north  by  east  of  Derby.  Popu- 
lation Q891),  6,815. 

Bipley,  Eleazar  Wheelock.  Bom  at  Hanover, 
NT  H.,  April  15, 1782:  died  in  Louisiana,  March 
2,  1839.  An  American  general  and  politician. 
He  served  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  at  the  batues  of  Chip- 
pewa, Niagara,  and  Fort  Erie  in  1814.  He  was  Democratic 
member  of  Congress  from  Louisiana  1835-39. 

Bipley,  George.  Bom  at  Greenfield,  Mass., 
Oct.  3, 1802:  died  at  New  York,  July  4,  1880. 
Aa  American  critic  and  scholar.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1823,  and  was  settled  as  a  Unitarian  clergyman 
in  Boston.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Transcenden- 
talists,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  "Dial,"  and  one  of  the 
chief  promoters  of  the  Brook  Farm  experiment.  In  1849 
he  became  literary  critic  for  the  New  York  "Tribune"; 
and  was  Joint  editor  with  C.  A.  Dana  of  the  "New  Ameri- 
can Cyclopsedia"  1857-63,  and  of  the  revised  edition  1873- 
1876. 

Bipley,  Mount.  A  peak  in  the  Coast  Bange, 
California,  about  lat.  39°  N.  Height,  about 
7,500  feet. 

mpon  (rip'on).  A  city  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  lEngland,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Skell  with  the  TJre,  22  miles  northwest  of 
York.  It  was  formerly  noted  for  its  manufactures  of 
woolens  and  spurs.  The  cathedral  was  built  between  the 
12th  and  the  15th  century.  The  interior  forms  a  pictur- 
esque mass,  with  its  low  square  tower  at  the  crossing,  and 
the  2  towers  flanking  the  west  front.  The  facade  has  3 
recessed  canopied  doors,  which  are  surmounted  by  2  tiers 
of  5  lancets,  and  3  small  lancets  adorn  the  upper  part  of  the 
gable.  The  interior  is  very  plain.  The  nave  is  for  the 
most  part  Perpendicular.  The  choir  is  walled  in  by  a 
sculptured  Perpendicular  screen.  The  large  Decorated 
east  window  is  handsome,  as  are  the  16th-century  stalls. 
The  crypt,  dating  from  the  7th  century,  is  one  of  the  only 
two  Saxon  crypts  surviving  in  England.  The  cathedrsd 
measures  270  by  87  feet.    Population  (1891),  7,612. 

Bipon,  Earls  and  Marquis  of.    See  BoUnson. 

Bipon,  Treaty  of.  A  tmce  concluded  at  Eipon 
by  Charles  I.  with  the  Scots  in  Oct.,  1640. 

Bippach  (rip'padh),  Hans  von.  A  German 
slan^  designation,  denoting  a  coarse,  awkward, 
boonsh  fellow:  an  equivalent  for  the  Scotch 
Sawney  as  it  is  used  in  some  localities.  Taylor, 
Notes  to  Faust. 

Bippoldsau  (rip'pold-sou).  A  village  and  wa- 
tering-plaeeinthe  BlackForest,  Baden,  27mUes 
east-southeast  of  Strasburg. 

Bipuarian  Franks.    See  Franks. 

Bip  Van  Winkle  (ripvanwing'kl).  Theheroof 
one  of  the  principal  stories  in  the  "  Sketch-Book" 
by  Washington  Irving,  published  in  1819.  The 
scene  is  laid  in  the  Catskllls,  and  the  point  of  the  story  lies 
in  the  awakening  of  Rip  Van  Winkle,  an  easy,  good-natured 
ne'er-do-well,  from  a  sleep  of  20  years  to  find  himself  a  tot- 
tering old  man,  his  wife  dead,  his  village  changed,  and  his 
country  a  republic.  It  has  furnished  the  material  for  8 
or  10  plays.  Boucicault  rewrote  the  existing  one,  and  it 
was  first  produced  in  his  version  at  the  London  Adelphi  in 
1865.  Joseph  Jefferson  has  altered  the  play,  and  has  made 
the  part  of  Eip  Van  Winkle  peculiarly  his  own. 

Biquet  with  the  Tuft.  [F.  Riquet  d  la  houppe.'] 
A  fairy  tale  by  Perrault,  translated  into  Eng- 
lish in  the  18th  century.  He  took  the  story  from 
Straparola.  Madame  Le  Prince  de  Beaumont  expanded 
the  story  into  "Beauty  and  the  Beast." 

Bishanger,  William.  An  English  chronicler 
who  flourished  about  the  beginning  of  the  14th 
century.  He  was  a  monk  of  St.  Albans,  and  compiled 
a  chronicle  covering  the  period  from  1269-1807,  which  is 
commonly  looked  upon  as  a  continuation  of  Matthew 
Paris. 

Bishi  (ri'shi ;"  Skt.  pron.  r'shi).  In  the  Veda, 
'singer  of  sacred  songs,'  'poet.'  These  ancient 
singers  appear  to  later  generations  as  the  saints  of  pri- 
meval times.  "The  seven  [that  is,  many]  Rishis  "  are  the 
representatives  of  those  times.  The  expression  is  also  used 
of  the  seven  stars  of  the  Great  Bear. 

Bisk  (risk).  A  character  in  the  musical  farce 
"  Love  Laughs  at  Locksmiths,"  by  the  younger 
Colman.  Eisk  was  a  favorite  character  with 
Charles  Mathews. 

Rist  (rist),  Johann.  Born  at  Ottensen,  Hol- 
stein,  March  8, 1607:  died  at  Wedel,  Holstein, 


858 

Aug.  31, 1667.  A  German  poet  and  author,  es- 
pecially noted  for  his  hymns. 
Bistori  (res-to're),  Adelaide.  Bom  atCividale, 
Friuli,  Jan.  29, 1822.  A  noted  Italian  tragic  ac- 
tress. She  appeared  in  Paris  in  135S,  and  was  regarded 
as  posing  as  the  rival  of  Rachel,  who  was  then  in  the  height 
of  her  success.  Notwithstanding  much  heated  criticism, 
she  became  more  and  more  successful,  and  her  reception 
in  other  countries,  especially  in  the  United  States,  was  en- 
thusiastic. She  retired  from  the  English  stage  in  1873,  but 
has  since  appeared  occasionally.  Among  her  leading  parts 
are  Francesca  da  Rimini,  Maria  Stuart,  Pia  dei  Tolomei, 
Myrrha,Phtedra,  Lady  Macbeth  (whichsheplayed  in  Amer- 
ica with  Edwin  Bootli),  Judith,  etc. 

Bitchie  (rich'i),  Mrs.  (Anna  Oora  Ogden:  also 
Mrs.  Mowatt),  Bom  at  Bordeaux,  France, 
about  1819:  died  at  Henley-on-Thames,  Eng- 
land, July  28, 1870.  An  American  actress,  nov- 
elist, dramatist,  and  poet.  She  married  James  Mo- 
watt in  1834,  and  owing  to  loss  of  property  went  on  the 
stage  at  New  York  in  1845.  She  left  the  stage  before  her 
marriage  to  W.  F.  Ritchie.  She  published  her  autobiog- 
raphy in  1854.  Among  her  plays  are  "Gulzara"  (1840), 
"Fashion "(1846),  "Armand"(1847). 

Bitchie,  Mrs.  Bichmond  (Anne  Isabella 
Thackeray).  Bom  at  London,  1838.  An  Eng- 
lish novelist,  the  daughter  of  William  Make- 
peace Thackeray.  She  has  published  "The  Story  of 
Elizabeth"  (1863),  "The  Village  on  the  Cliff"  (1863)^  "Old 
Kensington'' (1873),  "Miss  Angel "  (1876),  "A  Book  of  Sibyls" 
(1883),  etc. 

Bito  Alto  (re'to  al'to).  Mount.  A  peak  of  the 
Sangre  de  Cristo  range,  Colorado.  Height, 
about  13,000  feet. 

Bitschl  (ritsh'l),  Albrecht.  Bom  at  Berlin, 
March  25,  1822:  died  March  20,  1889.  A  Ger- 
man Protestant  theologian,  professor  at  G6t- 
tingeu  from  1864.  He  wrote  "Die  christliche  Lelire 
von  derRechtfertigungund  derVersohnung"("  The  Chris- 
tian Doctrine  of  Justification  and  Expiation,"1870-74X  etc. 

Bitschl,  Friedrich  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Gross- 
vargula,  Thuringia,  April  6, 1806 :  died  at  Leip- 
sie,  Nov.  9,  1876.  A  noted  German  classical 
philologist.  He  became  professor  at  Breslau  in  1834, 
at  Bonn  in  1839,  and  at  Leipsic  in  1865.  He  is  best  known 
from  his  works  on  Plautus  (including  an  edition  1848-54). 
He  edited  "Friscse  latinitatis  monumenta  epigraphica" 
(1862 :  facsimiles  of  Latin  inscriptions).  His  lesser  philo- 
lo^cal  writings  were  published  1867-79. 

Bitson(rit'son),  Joseph.  BomatStockton,Eng- 
land,  Oct.  2;'-1753:  died  1803.  An  English  anti- 
quary. Among  his  works  are  "Ancient  Songs"  (1790), 
"Scottish  Songs"(1794),"RobinHood"(1795:  a  collection 
of  ballads). 

Bittenhouse  (rit'n-hous),  David,  Bom  near 
Philadelphia,  April  8,  1782:  died  at  Philadel- 
phia, June  26, 1796.  An  American  astronomer. 
He  worked  on  his  father's  farm  until  about  the  age  of  19, 
when  he  established  himself  as  a  clock-maker  at  Norriton. 
He  also  made  mathematical  instruments,  and  in  1770  com- 
pleted an  orrery  on  an  improved  model  devised  by  himself. 
He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical 
Society  in  1768,  and  in  1769  made  an  observation  of  the 
transit  of  Venus.  He  was  treasurer  of  Pennsylvania  1777- 
1789;  was  professor  of  astronomy  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  1779-82;  and  was  director  of  the  United 
States  mint  at  Philadelphia  1792-95.  He  was  elected  an 
honorary  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London  in  1795, 
and  was  president  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society 
from  1790  until  his  death. 

Bitter(rit'ter), Frederic  Louis.  BomatStras- 
burg,  1834:  died  at  Antwerp,  July  6, 1891.  An 
American  composer,  conductor,  and  musical 
writer.  His  family  were  Spanish :  their  name  was  Cabal- 
lero,  which  he  translated.  He  came  to  America  in  1856  and 
went  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  organized  the  Cecilia  and 
Philharmonic  societies.  In  1861  he  became  conductor  of 
the  Arion  and  Sacred  Harmonic  societies,  New  York,  and 
was  director  of  music  at  Vassar  College  1867-91.  He  pub- 
lished "  A  History  of  Music  "  (1870-74), ' '  Music  in  England " 
(1883),  "Music  in  America"  (1883),"  Manual  of  Musical  His- 
tory, etc."  (1886),  etc.  His  wife,  Fanny  Raymond  Ritter, 
has  written  "  Woman  as  a  Musician  "  (1877),  "Some  Famous 
Songs"  (1878),  "Songs  and  Ballads "  (1887),  and  has  trans- 
lated Lobe's  "Catechism  of  Music,"  Ehlert's  "Letters  on 
Music,"  Schumann's  "  Music  and  Musicians,"  etc. 

Bitter,  Heinrich,  Bom  at  Zerbst,  Germany, 
Nov.  21, 1791:  died  at  Gottingen,  Feb.  3, 1869. 
A  German  philosopher,  professor  at  GSttiugen 
from  1837.  His  chief  work  is  "Geschichte  der 
Philosophic"  ("History  of  Philosophy,"  1829- 
1855). 

Bitter,  Earl.  ,  Bom  at  Quedlinburg,  Prassia, 
Aug.  7, 1779 :  died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  28, 1859.  A 
celebrated  German  geographer,  professor  at 
Berlin  from  1820.  His  chief  work  is  "  Die  Erdkunde 
im  VerhBltniss  zur  Natur  und  Geschichte  des  Menschen  " 
("Geography  in  Relation  to  Nature  and  to  the  History  of 
Man,"  1817-18 :  incomplete  ;  revised  ed.  treating  of  Africa 
and  Asia).  Among  his  other  works  are ' '  Europa  "  (1804-07), 
lectures  on  universal  and  European  geography,  etc. 

Bittershaus  (rit'ters-hous),  Friedrich  Emil. 
Born  at  Barmen,  Prussia,  April  3, 1834 :  died 
there,  March  8,  1897.     A  German  lyric  poet. 

Bitusanhara(r-t6-san-ha'ra).  ['TheCoUeetion 
or  Circle  of  the  Seasons.']  A  Sanskrit  poem 
by  Kalidasa  on  the  six  Indian  seasons :  the  hot 
season,  the  rains,  autumn,  the  cold  season,  the 


Bivera,  Jos6  Fructuoso 

dewy  season,  the  spring.  "  Kalidasa's  fine  feeling 
for  nature  and  its  beauty,  his  rich  gift  of  observation,  which 
even  the  little  and  the  least  do  not  escape,  his  symraetri- 
cally  beautiful,  now  delicate,  now  strong,  even  glowing 
coloring,  that  we  know  also  from  his  dramas,  show  them- 
selves clearly  and  to  great  advantage  in  this  poem."  (Kon 
Schroder,  Indiens  Literatur  und  Cultur.)  Edited  by  Sir 
William  Jones,  and  printed  in  Bengali  characters  at  Cal- 
cutta in  1792,  it  was  the  first  book  ever  printed  in  San- 
skrit. It  was  again  edited  with  a  Latin  and  a  metrical 
German  translation  to  P.  von  Bohlen  at  Leipsic  in  1840. 

Biva  (re'va),  in  G.  also  Beif  (rif).  A  town  in 
Tyrol,  situated  at  the  northern  end  of  the  Lago 
di  Garda,  17  miles  southwest  of  Trent :  a  tourist 
resort.    Population  (1890),  commune,  6,480. 

Biva-Agiiero  (re'va-S-gS-a'ro),  Jos^.  Bom  at 
Lima,  May  3,  1783:  died  there.  May  21,  1858. 
A  Peruvian  politician.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of 
the  early  movements  for  independence,  and  was  twice  im- 
prisoned ;  joined  San  Martin's  army  in  1821;  was  governor 
of  the  department  of  Lima ;  and  on  Feb.  28, 1823,  was  elected 
first  president  of  Peru  with  the  rank  of  grand  marshal. 
Owing  to  the  machinations  of  Bolivar  and  Sucre  he  was 
deposed  June  19, 1823.  He  attempted  to  reestablish  his 
government  at  Trujillo,  but  was  arrested  on  Nov.  26,  and 
condemned  to  be  shot.  Admiral  Ouise  insisted  on  his  re- 
lease, and  he  was  allowed  to  leave  the  country.  Hereturned 
in  1831,  but  owing  to  his  support  of  Santa  Cruz  was  again 
banished  (1839-47). 

Bivadavia  (re-va-da-ve'a),  Bernardino.  Bom 

at  Buenos  Ayres,  1780:  died  at  Cadiz,  Spain, 
Sept.  2, 1845.  An  Argentine  statesman.  He  was 
minister  of  war  and  for  a  time  minister  of  state  and  of  the 
the  treasury  (1811-12);  was  minister  of  state  under  Eo. 
driguez;  was  governor  of  Buenos  Ayres  1820-23;  and  became 

g resident  of  the  Argentine  Confederation  Feb.  8,  1826, 
ut  resigned  June  27, 1827,  to  prevent  a  civil  war.  In  all 
these  offices  he  conferred  great  benefits  on  the  country  by 
his  enlightened  and  far-seeing  measures.  Aspresidenthe 
initiated  the  plan  by  which  Uruguay  became  independent 
in  1828.  In  the  interims  he  held  important  diplomatic 
positions  in  Europe.  His  later  years  were  spent  in  exile. 
Bivadavia  stands  in  America  second  alone  to  Wash- 
ington as  the  representative  statesman  of  a  free  people. 
Mitre,  Historia  de  San  Martin. 

Bival  Fools,  The.  An  alteration  of  Fletcher's 
"Wit  at  Several  Weapons,"  produced  in  1709 
by  Colley  Cibber. 

Bival  Ladies,  The.  A  tragicomedy  by  Dryden, 
produced  in  1664. 

Bival  Queens,  The,  or  the  Death  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great.  A  tragedy  by  Nathaniel  Lee, 
played  in  1677.  This  is  Lee's  best-known  play.  Some 
of  the  scenes  seem  to  have  been  suggested  by  La  Cal- 
prenMe's  novel  "Cassandre";  and  it  has  always  been  a 
favorite  with  actresses.  Cibber  produced  a  "comical 
tragedy  "  called  "  The  Rival  Queans,  with  the  Humours  of 
Alexander  the  Great,"  in  1710,  printed  in  1729. 

Bivals,  The.  1.  An  alteration  of  "The  Two  No- 
ble Kinsmen,"  attributed  to  Davenant,  played 
in  1664,  printed  in  1668. — 2.  A  comedy  by  Sheri- 
dan, produced  in  1775.  Thig  is  considered  a  bet- 
ter play  than ' '  The  School  for  Scandal,"  though 
less  celebrated. 

BivaPalacio(re'va  pS-ia'tbe-o), Vicente.  Bom 
Oct.  16,  1832:  died  Nov.  22,  1896.  A  Mexican 
general.  He  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished  lenders 
under  Juarez ;  opposed  Lerdo,  and  was  banished  'by  him 
in  1875;  and  was  minister  of  the  interior  under  Diaz.  He 
was  a  well-known  journalist,  novelist,  and  poet,  and  pub- 
lished "  Historia  de  la  administracion  de  D.  Sebastian 
Lerdo  de  Tejada"  (1875:  the  first  part  only  written  by 
Eiva  Palacio). 

Bivarol  (re-va-rol'),  Antoine,  called  Comte  de. 
Born  at  Bagnols,  Languedoe,  June  26,  1753: 
died  at  Berlin,  April  13, 1801.  A  French  writer, 
noted  as  an  epigrammatist.  He  emigrated  as  a  roy- 
alist in  1792.  His  works  include  "  Petit  Almanach  de  nos 
grands  hommes  pour  1788,"  a  translation  of  Dante's  "In- 
ferno," etc. 

Bivas  (re'vas).  A  town  of  Nicaragua,  between 
Lake  Nicaragua  and  the  Pacific,  about  4  miles 
from  the  former.  It  was  an  ancient  village  of 
the  Nioaraos.    Population,  about  12,000. 

Bivas,  Duke  of.    See  Saavedra,  Angel  de. 

Bivas  (re'vas),  Patricio.  Born  1798:  died  1867. 
A  Nicaraguau  politician.  He  was  made  president 
by  the  conservative  faction  Oct.  30, 1856.  At  first  he  up- 
held Walker,  and  made  him  commander-in-chief  of  the 
army,  hut  deposed  him  in  June,  1866.  Walker  thereupon 
had  himself  illegally  elected  president,  and  declared  Rivas 
deposed.  The  latter  joined  with  the  other  Central  Amer- 
ican governments  in  driving  Walker  from  the  country  in 
1857.    Rivas  resigned  his  power  early  in  1857. 

Bive-de-Gier  (rev'd6-zhe-a').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Loire,  France,  situated  on  the 
Gier  19  miles  southwest  of  Lyons,  it  is  a  coal- 
mining center,  and  has  manufactures  of  coke,  glass,  iron, 
etc.    Population  (1891),  commune,  13,134. 

Bivera  (re-va'ra),  Jos6  Fructuoso.  Bom  in 
Paysand-d  about  1790 :  died  at  Cerro  Largo,  Jan. 
13, 1854.  An  Uruguayan  general  and  poUtician. 
He  was  a  leader  of  the  Gaucho  cavalry ;  was  engaged  in 
various  civil  wars  (1811-27) ;  and  was  president  of  Uruguay 
Oct.  24,  1830,-Oct.  24,  1834.  Succeeded  by  Oribe,  he  re- 
volted against  him  in  July,  1836.  Oribe  was  at  length  forced 
to  resign,  and  Rivera  was  again  president  Oct  1888  -  Oct. 
1842.  In  1842  Oribe,  aided  by  Rosas,  began  the  nine 
years'  siege  of  Montevideo,  in  which  Rivera  directed  the 
defense,  acting,  during  most  of  the  tune,  with  his  cavalry 


Rivera,  Jos6  Fructuoso        * 

In  the  interior,  until  he  was  defeated  by  TTrqniza  in  the 
battle  of  India  Muerta  (March  28, 1845).  In  1863  he  aided 
in  the  revolt  against  Oribe,  and  after  his  overtliro?r  was 
a  member  of  the  executive. 

Bivera,  Manuel.  A  Mexican  historian.  His 
principfu  works  are  "Hiatoria  antigua  y  moderna  de  Jala- 
pa"  (S  vols.,  1869-71:  a  general  history  of  Mexico,  with 
special  reference  to  Vera  Cruz  and  Jalapa)  and  "Los  go- 
bernantes  de  Mexico  "  (2  vols.,  1872). 

Rivera,  Fayo  Henriauez  de.    See  Henriquez 
de  Rivera. 
Rivera  Paz  (re-va'ra  path),  Mariano.    Bom 

about  1795:  assassinated  in  1849.  A  Guatema- 
lan politician.  He  became  president  July  22, 1838 ;  was 
deposed  Jan.  SO,  1839,  but  restored  April  13, 1839,  and  held 
the  post  until  Dec.  13, 1841.  He  was  again  president  May 
14, 1842,  to  Dec.  8,  18i44,  when  he  resigned.  During  his 
administration  he  liad  constant  difficulties  with  Carrera. 

Rivero  (re-va'ro),  Mariano  Eduardo  de.  Bom 

at  Arequipa  about  1795 :  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  6, 
1857.  A  Peruvian  naturalist.  He  received  an  elab- 
orate education  in  Europe ;  conducted  a  scientific  explora- 
tion In  Venezuela  1823-26 ;  and  on  his  return  to  Peru  at 
the  end  ol  the  latter  year  was  made  director-general  of 
mines.  Later  he  was  director  of  the  national  museum, 
and  founded  and  edited  a  scientific  journal,  the  "Memo- 
rial de  ciencias  naturales."  He  was  a  member  of  Congress 
in  1832,  governor  of  Junin  in  1846  and  of  Tacna  in  1849, 
and  consul-general  to  Belgium  in  1861.  His  works  include 
"Antiguidades  peruanas"  (with  Tschudi,  1861),  "Colec- 
cion  de  memorias  cientiflcas"  (1867)h  etc. 

River  of  Swans,  The,    The  Potomao. 

Eiveros  (re-va'ros),  Galvarino.  Bom  at  Quin- 
chao,  ChiloS,  1830.  A  Chilean  naval  officer,  in 
conjunction  with  Latorre  he  captured  the  Huatear,  the 
last  important  Peruvian  war-vessel,  off  Point  Angamos 
(Oct.  8,1879).  (See  Grau,  Miguel.)  Soon  after  he  was  made 
rear-admiral  with  command  of  the  Chilean  fleet,  which  he 
directed  during  the  rest  of  the  war.  His  operations  in- 
cluded the  bombardment  of  Callao  (May  26,  1880)  and 
Arica  (June  B,  1880). 

River  Plate  Republics,    See  PlaUne  States. 

Riverside  Park,  A  narrow  park  running  from 
72d  street  to  130th  street,  New  York,  border- 
ing Hudson  River,  it  contains  narrow  lawns  and  the 
Riverside  Drive,  which  runs  through  it  to  123th  street,  and 
Grant's  tomb.    Its  average  width  is  about  600  feet. 

Rives  (re vz ) ,  William  Cabell,  Bom  in  Nelson 
County,  Va.,  May  4, 1793:  died  near  Charlottes- 
ville, va.,  April  26,  1868.  An  American  politi- 
cian. He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Vir- 
ginia 1823-29 ;  United  States  minister  to  France  1829-32 ; 
United  States  senator  from  Virginia  1833-34  and  1836-46; 
minister  to  France  1849-63 ;  delegate  to  the  PeaceCongress 
in  1861 ;  and  member  of  the  Confederate  Congress.  He 
published  "Life  and  Times  of  James  Madison  "  (1859-69), 
etc. 

Rivesaltes  (rev-zalf).  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Pyr6n6es-Orientales,  Prance,  situated 
on  the  Agly  6  miles  north  of  Perpignan.  It  is 
noted  for  its  fine  Muscat  wines.  Population  (1891X  com- 
mune, 6,016. 

Riviera  (re-ve-a'ra),  or  Riviera  of  Genoa, 

[It., '  coast.']  The  narrow  strip  of  coast  which 
separates  the  Maritime  Alps  and  the  Apennines 
from  the  Mediterranean,  between  Nice  and 
Spezia.  It  is  celebrated  tor  its  fruitfulness  and  pictur- 
esque scenery.  The  Eiviera  di  Ponente  (or  Western  E.i- 
viera)  extends  from  Nice  to  Genoa,  and  the  Eiviera  di 
Levante  (or  Eastern  Biviera)  from  Genoa  to  Spezia. 

Riviera.  That  part  of  the  valley  of  the  Ticlno, 
canton  of  Tieino,  Switzerland,  which  extends 
from  Biasca  to  Bellinzona. 

Riviere  (re-vyar'),  Briton.  Bom  at  London, 
Aug.  14, 1840.  An  English  painter,  son  and  pu- 
pil of  a  drawing-master  at  Cheltenham  College 
and  afterward  at  Oxford,  of  French  Huguenot 
extraction.  He  began  to  exhibit  in  1858  at  the  Royal 
Academy.  Among  his  works  are  "The  Poacher's  Nurse" 
(1866),  "Circe,  etc."  (1871),  "  Daniel  in  the  Den  of  Lions" 
(1872),  "Sympathy"  (1878)  "Rizpah,"  "The  Exile"  (1886), 
etc. 

Riviere,  Henri  Laurent.  Bom  July  12, 1827: 
killed  by  the  Black  Flags  before  Hanoi,  Tong- 
king,  May  19, 1883.  A  French  naval  officer  and 
writer,  commander  of  an  expedition  into  Tong- 
king  1882-83. 

Rivieres  du  Sud  (re-vyar'  du  Slid),  A  French 
dependency  in  western  Africa,  situated  along 
the  coast  about  lat.  9°-ll°  N.  Its  capital  is 
Conakry.  Population  of  the  coast  region  (the 
colony  proper),  about  47,000. 

Rivington  (riv'ing-ton),  James.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don about  1724:  died  at  New  York,  July,  1802. 
An  American  bookseller  and  printer.  He  emi- 
grated to  America  in  1760,  and  in  1761  established  himself 
as  a  boolraeller  at  New  York.  In  1773  he  founded  a  royal- 
ist newspaper,  "The  New  York  Gazetteer,"  which  was  dis- 
continued in  1775  on  the  destruction  of  his  press  by  a 
party  ol  American  soldiers.  In  1777  he  established  "Rlv- 
ington's  New  York  Loyal  Gazette,"  whose  title  was  changed 
to  "  The  Royal  Gazette"  in  the  same  year.  After  the  evac- 
uation of  New  York  by  the  British,  he  renamed  his  paper 
"  Rivington's  New  York  Gazette  and  Universal  Advertiser." 
It  was  discontinued  in  1788. 

Bivoli  (re'v6-le).  1.  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Turin,  Italy,  9  miles  west  of  Turin.  Popula- 
tion (1881),  5,314.-2,  A  village  in  the  province 


859 

of  Verona,  Italy,  13  miles  northwest  of  Verona. 
Here,  Jan.  14,  1797,  the  French  under  Bona- 
parte defeated  the  Austrians  under  Alvinezy. 

Rivoli,  Due  de.    See  Massena. 

Rivoli,  Rue  de.    See  Ev^  de  Rivoli. 

Rixdorf  (riks'dorf).  A  manufacturing  village 
directly  south-southeast  of  Berlin,  Prussia,  it 
was  partly  founded  by  Bohemian  emigrants  in  1787.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  85,702. 

Riyad.    See  Riad. 

Rizzio  (ret'se-6),  or  Riccio  (ret'cho),  David, 
Killed  at  Edinburgh,  March  9, 1566.  A  favorite 
of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  He  was  a  native  of  Pied- 
mont, and  in  1561  accompanied  the  Fiedmontese  ambas- 
sador to  Scotland  as  his  secretary.  He  entered  the  Scot- 
tish  queen's  service  as  a  musician  in  1664,  and  afterward 
became  her  French  secretary  and  confidential  adviser.  He 
promoted  the  marriage  of  Mary  with  Darnley.  The  latter, 
however,  failed  to  supplant  him  in  Mary's  confidence,  and 
suspected  liim  of  bemg  tlie  cause  of  her  refusal  to  share 
the  government  with  him.  He  consequently  organized  a 
conspiracy  of  the  Protestant  lords  against  him,  at  the  head 
of  whom  he  burst  into  Holyrood  Palace,  wounded  Rizzio 
in  the  queen's  presence,  and  despatched  him  outside  the 
chamber. 

Rjukanfos  (ryS'kan-fos).  A  cataract  in  the 
province  of  Bratsberg,  Norway,  in  the  Maan- 
Elf  80  miles  west  of  (IJhristiania :  one  of  the 
finest  in  Europe.    Height,  about  800  feet. 

Roan  Barbary.  The  favorite  horse  of  King 
Bichard  H. 

Roan  (ron)  Mountain.  A  mountain  in  Mitchell 
County,  in  the  western  part  of  North  Carolina, 
near  the  Tennessee  border.  Height,  about  6,300 
feet. 

Roanne  (ro-an').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Loire,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Loire  42  miles 
northwest  of  Lyons :  the  Roman  Rodumna.  It 
has  varied  manufactures  and  considerable  trade.  The 
leading  industry  is  the  cotton  manufacture.  It  was  an 
ancient  town  of  the  Segusiani,  and  later  a  Roman  station. 
Population  (1891X  commune,  31,380. 

Roanoke  (ro-a-nok').    A  river  in  Virginia  and 

.  North  Carolina,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Dan 
and  Staunton  at  Clarkville,  Virginia,  it  flows 
into  Albemarle  Sound.  Length,  including  the  Staunton, 
about  460  miles ;  navigable  to  Weldon. 

Roanoke.  A  manufacturing  city  of  Roanoke 
County,  Virginia.     Population  (1900),  21,495. 

Roanoke  Island.  An  island  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  North  Carolina,  between  Albemarle 
Sound  on  the  north  and  Pamlico  Sound  on  the 
south.  Unsuccessful  attempts  to  colonize  it  were  made 
by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  in  1685  and  1587.  A  victory  was 
gained  here  by  the  Federals  under  Burnside  over  the  Con- 
federates, Feb.  8, 1862,  resulting  in  the  capture  of  the  Con- 
federate garrison.    Length,  about  10  miles. 

Roaring  Forties,  The.  The  notably  rough  part 
of  the  North  Atlantic  crossed  on  the  passage 
from  Europe  to  the  ports  of  North  America  be- 
tween the  40th  and  50th  degrees  of  north  lati- 
tude. The  term  is  also  applied  to  the  region  between  40° 
and  50"  south  latitude  in  the  South  Atlantic,  Pacific,  and 
Indian  oceans. 

Roaring  Girl,  The.  A  comedy  hy  Thomas  Dek- 
ker  and  Middleton.  it  was  probably  written  before 
May,  1605;  produced  in  1610;  and  printed  in  1611.  "The 
Roaring  Girl"  was  Mary  Frith,  a  notorious  London  char- 
acter. 

Roatan,    See  Ruatan. 

Robber  Council  or  Synod.  See  Ephesus,  Coun- 
cil of  (449  A.  D.). 

Robber  Indians,    See  Bannock. 

Robber  Romances.  In  German  literature,  a 
class  of  romances  prevalent  at  the  end  of  the 
18th  and  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century. 

Robbers,  The.    See  Rduber,  Die. 

Robbia  (rob'be-a),  Andrea  della.  Bom  in  1437 : 
died  about  1528.  The  nephew  of  Luoa  della 
Robbia,  noted  for  his  work  in  terra-cotta,  the 
secret  of  which  he  inherited.  He,  with  his  son  Luca, 
spent  eleven  years  upon  the  frieze  of  the  Ceppo  hospital 
at  Pistoia.  He  also  executed  the  decorations  of  the  Loggia 
di  San  Paolo  at  Florence,  the  medallions  of  the  facade  of 
the  Hospital  of  the  Innocents,  the  decoration  of  Or  San 
Michele,  and  a  long  series  of  bas-reliefs  executed  for  the 
churches  of  Arezzo,  Prate,  Pistoia,  Siena,  etc.  He  very 
rarely  worked  in  marble :  a  marble  PietJi  is  in  the  Church 
of  Santa  Maria  delle  Grazie,  near  Arezzo. 

Robbia,  Giovanni  della.  Bom  about  1469: 
died  about  1529.  Son  of  Andrea  della  Robbia, 
noted  as  a  worker  in  terra-cotta. 

Robbia,  Girolamo  della.  Died  about  1566. 
Son  of  Andrea  della  Robbia,  noted  as  a  worker  m 
terra-cotta  and  as  an  architect.  None  of  the  sons  of 
Andrea  della  Robbia  did  so  much  in  applying  Robbia  ware 
to  architectural  purposes  as  Girolamo,  his  fourth  son,  who 
was  architect,  sculptor,  and  painter,  and  had  already  ob- 
tained notice  for  his  works  in  bronze  and  marble  when  he 
was  taken  to  France  by  some  Florentine  merchants,  and 
there  found  employment  during  the  remaining  45  years 
of  his  life  under  four  kings  of  the  house  of  Valois.  On  his 
arrival  he  was  employed  by  Francis  I.  to  build  the  Chateau 
de  Madrid  in  the  Bois  de  Boulogne,  which  he  decorated 
throughout  with  Robbia  ware.  This  palace  was  leveled 
in  the  Revolution,  and  its  beautiful  terra-cottas  were  used 
to  mend  roads. 


Robert  le  Diable 

Robbia,  Luca  della  (real  name  Luca  di  Simone 
di  Marco  della  Robbia),  Born  at  Florence 
about  1400:  died  at  Florence  (?),  Sept.  22, 1482. 
A  celebrated  Italian  sculptor.  He  was  early  appren- 
ticed to  Leonardo  di  Ser  Giovanni,  the  best  goldsmith  of 
the  city.  In  1443  he  made  the  first  work  in  Robbia  ware 
after  long  study  and  repeated  experiments.  At  first  he 
employed  a  simple  combination  of  white  figures  witli  blue 
draperies  and  occasionally  green  in  the  backgrounds.  He 
ana  his  famUy  afterward  multiplied  the  number  of  colors 
and  carried  them  into  the  fiesh  and  draperies  of  their  fig- 
ures. The  first  bas-reliefs  of  Robbia  ware  are  those  of  the 
Resurrection  and  Ascension  in  the  lunettes  of  the  doors 
leading  into  the  sacristy  of  the  Duomo.  The  earliest 
memorials  of  the  first 43  years  of  his  life  are  the  bas-reliefs 
set  into  the  side  of  Giotto's  Campanile  1435-40,  and  2  un- 
finished reliefs  of  the  imprisonment  and  crucifixion  of  St. 
Peter.  He  made  the  well-known  reliefs  of  singing  boys 
for  the  screen  of  one  of  the  organ-lofts  of  the  cathedral 
1431-40.  To  1445  belong  the  bronze  doors  of  the  saci  isty 
of  the  Duomo.  It  is  difficult  to  distinguish  his  works  from 
those  of  Andrea  and  his  four  sons,  Giovanni,  Luca  II.,  Am- 
brogio,  and  Girolamo.  Among  the  most  remarkable  of 
those  which  may  be  attributed  to  Luca  alone,  or  Luca  and 
Andrea,  are  the  altarpiece  in  the  Church  of  the  Osservanza 
near  Siena  (which  represents  the  Coronation  of  the  Virgin), 
a  bas-relief  over  the  door  of  the  Church  of  San  Pierino  in 
the  Via  di  Terra  Vecchia  in  Florence,  the  ceiling  of  the 
Chapel  of  San  Miniato,  some  of  the  medallions  on  the 
outside  of  Or  San  Michele,  a  Virgin  and  Child,  an  Annun- 
ciation in  the  cloister  of  the  Innocenti  Hospital  in  Flor- 
ence, a  Madonna  with  two  saints  in  the  Via  della  Scala,  a . 
Coronation  of  the  Virgin,  an  adoring  Madonna  formerly  at 
Pisa,  and  a  fountain  in  the  sacristy  of  Santa  Maria  Novella. 
After  lasting  nearly  a  century,  the  school  of  Delia  Robbia 
died  out. 

Robbins  (rob'inz),  Ashur,  Born  at  Wethers- 
field,  Conn.,  Oct.  26,1757:  died  at  Newport,  R.  I., 
Feb.  25,  1845.  An  American  politician,  Whig 
United  States  senator  from  Rhode  Island  1825- 
1839. 

Robbins,  Royal,  Bom  at  Wethersfield,  Conn., 
Oct.  21,  1788:  died-at  Beriin,  Conn.,  March  26, 
1861.  An  American  Congregational  clergyman 
and  author.  He  wrote  a  "  History  of  American  Litera- 
ture "  (1837),  "  Outlines  of  Ancient  and  Modern  History  " 
(1839X  etc. 

Robert  (rob'fert)  I,  IME. Robert,  Eoierd,  Robard, 
OF.  Robert,  Bobart,  F.  Robert,  Rupert,  It.  Ro- 
berto, Ruberto,  Ruperto,  Sp.  Roberto,  Ruperto,  Pg. 
Roberto,  from  OLGr.  Bodbraht,  OHGr.  Hruodbert, 
etc.,  Gr.  Rupert,  Rudbert,  Rupreeht  (also  Robert, 
from  P.),  lit.  'fame-bright,'  illustrious.]  Killed 
at  Soissons,  Prance,  923.  King  of  France,  son 
of  Robert  the  Strong :  chosen  king  in  opposition 
to  Charles  the  Simple  in  922. 

Robert  II.  (sometimes  called  Robert  I.),  sur- 
named  "The  Pious."  Bom  at  Orleans,  France, 
971:  died  at  Melun,  France,  1031.  King  of 
France,  son  of  Hugh  Capet  whom  he  succeeded 
in  996.  During  his  reign  the  kingdom  suffered  from 
an  yisuiTection  of  the  seris  and  from  famine. 

Robert  I,  (Robert  Bruce:  often  called  "Robert 
the  Bruce"  or  "The  Bruce").  Bom  July  11, 
1274 :  died  at  Cardross,  Scotland,  June  7, 1329. 
King  of  Scotland:  one  of  the  national  heroes 
of  the  country.  He  was  known  before  his  accession  as 
Earl  of  Carrick.  He  sided  variously  with  the  Scottish  and 
English  parties  previous  to  1304,  when  he  united  with 
Lamberton  against  Edward  I.  of  England,  who  claimed  the 
suzerainty  of  Scotland.  He  murdered  the  rival  claimant 
Comyn  at  Dumfries  in  1306,  and  was  crowned  king  at 
Scone  in  March  of  that  year.  He  was  defeated  and  es- 
caped to  Ireland  (1306),  but  continued  the  war  against 
Edward  II.,  whom  he  totally  defeated  at  Bannockbum  in 
1314.  He  supported  his  brother  Edward  in  1317  in  his 
attempt  on  Ireland ;  conquered  Berwick  in  1318 ;  and  in- 
vaded England  several  times.  His  title  was  recognized 
by  England  in  the  treaty  of  Northampton  in  1328. 

Robert  II.,  "  The  Steward."  Bom  about  1316 : 
died  1390.  King  of  Scotland,  grandson  of 
Robert  Bruce,  and  first  of  the  Stuart  dynasty. 
He  was  regent  under  David  H.,  his  unele,  whom 
he  succeeded  in  1370  or  1371. 

Robert  in.  Died  1406.  King  of  Scotland,  son 
of  Robert  H.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1890.  He 
was  at  war  with  England  in  the  latter  part  of  his  reign. 
The  government  was  chiefly  administered  by  his  brother, 
the  Earl  of  Fife  (Duke  of  Albany),  and  by  the  earl's  son, 
the  Earl  of  Carrick  (Duke  of  Rothesay). 

Robert  I,,  sumamed  "The  Devil."  Died  at 
Nicsea,  July  22, 1035.  Duke  of  Normandy  1028- 
1035,  younger  son  of  Richard  the  Good.  He  sup- 
ported the  English  athelings  against  Canute.  He  made 
a  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem,  on  the  return  from  which  he 
died.  Lodge  wrote  a  life  of  Robert  before  1693,  and  many 
myths  have  collected  about  his  name.  See  Jtoiert  le  Diable. 

Robert  II,  Bom  about  1056:  died  in  prison 
1134.  Duke  of  Normandy,  eldest  son  of  Wil- 
liam the  Conqueror.  He  was  several  times  in  rebel- 
lion against  his  father ;  succeeded  him  in  the  duchy  in 
1087 ;  was  at  war  with  William  II. ;  mortgaged  Normandy 
to  him;  took  part  in  the  first  Crusade  1096-99;  invaded 
England  in  1101 ;  and  was  defeated  and  taken  prisoner  by 
his  brother  Henry  I.  at  Tiochebrai,  1106. 

Robert,  Earl  of  Gloucester.  Died  about  1147. 
An  illegitimate  son  of  Henry  I.,  and  an  adher- 
ent of  Matilda  against  Stephen. 

Robert  le  Diable  (ro-bar'  le  dya'bl).  [P., '  Rob- 
ert the  Devil.']     An  opera  by   Meyerbeeiv 


Sobert  le  Diable 

libretto  by  Scribe,  produced  at  Paris  in  1831. 
See  Soberi  I.,  surnamed  "  The  Devil." 

Bobert  of  Anjou,  surnamed  "The  Wise." 
Bom  about  1275 :  died  1343.  King  of  Naples, 
son  of  Charles  n.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1309. 
He  unsuccessfully  attempted  to  conquer  Sicily. 

Bobert  of  Bmnne.    See  Manning,  Bohert. 

Bobert  of  Gloucester.  Lived  in  the  second 
half  of  the  13th  century.  An  English  monk, 
the  reputed  author  of  a  rimed  "Chronicle  of 
English  Histor;y"  (ed,  by  Heame  1724). 

Bobeirt  of  Jumi^ges.  A  Norman  prelate,bishop 
of  London,  and  archbishop  of  Canterburv 
1051-52. 

Bobert  of  Paris,  Count.  See  Count  Bohert  of 
Paris. 

Bobert  (ro'bert),  Ernst  Friedrich  Ludwig. 
Born  at  Berlin,  Dec.  16,  1778 :  died  at  Baden- 
Baden,  July  5, 1832.  A  German  dramatist  and 
poet. 

Bobert  (ro-bar'),  Hubert.  Bom  at  Paris,  1733 : 
died  there,  April  15,  1808.  A  French  painter, 
noted  for  his  architectural  paintings. 

Bobert,  Louis  Leopold.  Bom  at  La-Chaux-de- 
Ponds,  Switzerland,  May  13,  1794:  committed 
suicide  at  Venice,  March  20,  1835.  A  Swiss 
painter,  noted  for  scenes  from  Italian  life. 
Among  his  works  are  the  "  NeapolitEin  Improvisator," 
"  Fishers  of  the  Adriatic,"  "Eeapers,"  etc. 

Bobert  Elsmere  (rob'ert  elz'mer).  A  novel  by 
Mrs.  Humphry  Ward,  published  in  1888. 

Bobert  Guiscard  (ges-kar').  Bom  about  1015 : 
died  in  Cephalonia,  July  17,  1085.  Duke  of 
Apulia  and  Calabria,  son  of  Tancred  de  Haute- 
ville.  He  succeeded  his  brother  Eumplirey  as  leader 
of  the  Normans  in  Apulia  in  1057 ;  and  in  1059  received 
the  papal  confirmation  of  the  title  of  duke  of  Apulia  and 
Calabria  which  he  had  previously  assumed.  In  conjuuc- 
tion  with  his  brother  Roger,  he  conquered  part  of  Sicily 
from  the  Saracens,  capturiug  Palermo  in  1072,  and  Salerno 
about  1077.  He  defeated  Alexius  Comnenus  at  Dnrazzo 
in  1081,  and  in  1084  captured  Home  and  delivered  Pope 
Gregory  VII.  from  the  emperor  Henry  IV. 

Bobert  Macaire.  A  comedy  by  Fr^ddrie  Le- 
maltre  and  Benjamin  Antier,  produced  at  Paris 
in  1834.  It  is  the  sequel  of  "I/Auberge  des 
Adrets."    See  Macaire,  Bohert. 

Boberto  Devereux  (ro-ber'to  dev-r6').  1. 
An  opera  by  Donizetti,  produced  at  Naples  in 
1837.  The  words  are  from  Thomas  Corneille's 
' '  Comte  d'Bssex." —  3.  An  opera  by  Meroadante, 
produced  at  Milan  in  1883. 

Boberts  (rob'erts),  David.  Bom  at  Stock- 
bridge,  near  Edinburgh,  Oct.  24,  1796 :  died  at 
London,  Nov.  25, 1864.  A  British  painter,  noted 
for  his  landscapes  and  architectural  paintings. 
In  1822  he  went  to  London  as  a  scene-painter,  and  w^  as- 
sociated with  Stansfleld.  In  1831  he  was  president  of  the 
Society  of  British  Artists.  In  1838  he  visited  the  Holy 
Land.  He  was  made  an  associate  of  the  royal  academy  in 
1839,  and  a  royal  academician  in  1841. 

Boberts,  Ellis  Henry.  Bom  at  Utica,  N.  Y., 
Sept.  30,  1827.  An  American  journalist  and 
politician.  He  became  editor  of  the  Utica  "Morning 
Herald  "  in  1850,  and  was  Bepublican  member  of  Congress 
from  New  York  1871-75,  and  treasurer  of  the  United  States 
1897-.  He  wrote  a  history  of  New  York  for  the  "American 
Commonwealth  Series"  (1887). 

Boberts,  Frederick  Sleigb,  Earl  Boberts. 
Bom  at  Cawnpore,  Sept.  30,  1832.  A  distin- 
guished British  general.  He  served  in  the  Indian 
mutiny  and  in  the  Abyssinian  war,  and  was  distinguished 
in  the  Afghan  war  1878-80.  He  gained  the  victory  of 
Oharasiab  in  1879 ;  made  a  celebrated  march  from  Kabul 
to  Kandahar  in  1880 ;  defeated  Ayub  Khan  near  Kandahar 
Sept.  1, 1880 ;  and  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  in 
India  1885-93,  commander  of  the  forces  in  Ireland  1895- 
1899,  commander-in-chief  in  South  Africa  1899-1900,  and 
commander-in-chief  of  the  British  army  1900.  He  was 
created  a  baronet  1881,  Baron  Koberts  1892,  and  Earl  Bob- 
erts 1901. 

Boberts,  George  Washington.  Bom  in  Ches- 
ter County,  Pa.,  Oct.  2, 1833:  killed  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Murfreesboro,  Dec.  31,  1862.  An  Amer- 
ican general.    He  served  in  the  West. 

Bobertson  (rob'fert-son),  Agnes.  Bom  at  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland,  Deo.  25,  1833.  A  British  ac- 
tress. She  gave  concerts  in  public  before  she  was  11  years 
old,  and  began  her  theatrical  career  at  Hull  when  she  was 
16.  She  first  appeared  in  London  as  Nerissa  in  1851.  In 
1853  she  was  married  to  Dion  Boucicault. 

Bobertson  (rob'6rt-son),  Charles  Franklin. 

Bom  at  New  York  city,  March  2,  1835  :  died  at 
St.  Louis,  May  1, 1886.  An  American  bishop  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  and  writer  on 
American  history. 

Bobertson,  Frederick  William.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  3, 1816 :  died  at  Brighton,  Aug.  15, 1853. 
A  British  clergyman  and  pulpit  orator.  He  was 
the  son  of  a  captain  in  the  Boyal  Artillery,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh  University.  He  tried  law  and  the 
army,  and  Anally  matriculated  at  Oxford.  In  1840  he  was 
ordi&ned  and  settled  at  Cheltenham.  In  Aug.,  1847,  he 
entered  upon  his  famous  ministry  at  Trinity  Chapel, 


860 

Brighton.  His  "Sermons,"  in  separate  series,  were  pub- 
lished  in  1865, 1857, 1S69, 1863,  and  complete  in  1870 ;  his 
"  Lectures  "  in  1852  and  1858. 

Bobertson,  George  Croom.  Bom  at  Aberdeen, 
1842 :  died  at  London,  Sept.  20, 1892.  A  Scottish 
metaphysician  and  educator.  He  graduated  at  the 
University  of  Aberdeen  in  1861,  and  was  made  assistant  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  there  in  1864,  and  professor  of  the  philoso- 
phy of  mind  and  logic  in  University  College,  London,  in 
1866.  From  1876  till  1892  he  was  editor  of  "Mind."  He 
wrote  a  biographical  study  of  Hobbes  in  the  "  Philosophical 
Classics  "  in  1886,  etc. 

Bobertson,  James.  Born  in  Fifeshire,  Scot- 
land, April  1, 1725 :  died  March  4, 1788.  A  Brit- 
ish governor  and  general.  From  1768  to  1769  he 
served  (as  quartermaster-general)  against  Louisburg  and 
Ticonderoga.  ^om  1763  to  1765  he  was  stationed  in  New 
York.  He  was  made  major-general  on  Jan.  1,  1776,  and 
commanded  a  brigade  in  the  battle  of  Long  Island.  In 
1779  he  was  appointed  royal  governor  of  New  York,  and 
was  made  lieutenant-general  Nov.  20, 1782. 

Bobertson,  James  Cr  aigie.  Bom  at  Aberdeen, 
1813 :  died  July  10, 1882.  A  Scottish  historian, 
a  graduate  of  Cambridge  (Trinity  College)  in 
1834.  He  was  vicar  of  Bekesboume  1846-69,  and  became 
canon  of  Canterbury  in  1869,  and  professor  of  ecclesiastical 
history  in  King's  GoUege,  London,  in  1864.  He  published 
a  "History  of  the  Christian  Church  from  the  Apostolic 
Age  to  the  Reformation  "(1854-75),  and  edited  "Materials 
for  the  History  of  Thomas  Becket,  eto."  (1871-81). 

Bobertson,  John  Parish.  Bom  at  Edinburgh 
about  1793:  died  at  Calais,  Prance,  Nov.  1, 
1843.  A  Scottish  author  and  traveler.  Until  1830 
most  of  his  life  was  spent  in  the  Platine  States  of  South 
America,  where  he  was  a  merchant  and  at  one  time  very 
wealthy.  He  was  in  Paraguay  during  the  dictatorship  of 
Francia.  His  works  (written  in  conjunction  with  his 
brother,  William  Parish  Robertson)  include  "Letters  on 
Paraguay  "  (1838),  "  Francia's  Reign  of  Terror  "  (1839),  and 
"Letters  on  South  America  "  (1843). 

Bobertson,  Joseph,  Bom  at  Aberdeen,  May  17, 
1810:  died  Dec.  13, 1866.  A  Scottish  antiquary. 
He  was  educated  at  Marischal  College,  and  was  a  news- 
paper editor  at  Aberdeen,  Glasgow,  and  Edinburgh  from 
1839  to  1863.  In  1853  he  was  appointed  curator  of  the  his- 
torical department  of  the  Register  House,  Edinburgh.  He 
published  "Concilia  Scotiee ;  Ecclesiee  Scoticanee  Statuta"' 
(1863),  eto. 

Bobertson,  Madge.  See  Kendal,  Mrs.  {Mar- 
garet Brunton  Boiertson). 

Bobertson,  Thomas  William.  Bom  at  Newark 
on  the  TrentjJan.  9, 1829 :  died  at  London,  Feb. 
3j  1871.  An  English  dramatist,  son  of  a  provin- 
cial actor  and  manager.  In  1864  his  first  successful 
drama,  "David  Garrick,"  was  produced  at  the  Haymarket 
with  Sothern  in  the  principal  r61e.  Among  his  other  plays 
are  "  Society  "  (1865), "  Ours  "  (1866), "  Caste  "  (1867), "  Play  " 

■  (1868),  "School"  (1869),  "M.  P. "(1870). 

Bobertson,William.  Bom  at  Borthwick,  Scot- 
land, Sept.  19, 1721 :  died  near  Edinburgh,  June 
11, 1793.  A  Scottish  historian,  and  clergyman 
in  the  Church  of  Scotland.  He  became  a  royal  chap- 
lain in  1761 ;  principal  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh  in 
1762 ;  and  historiographer  in  1764.  His  works  include  a 
"History  of  Scotland  during  the  Reigns  of  Mary  and  James 
VI."  (1769),  "  History  of  the  Reign  of  the  Emperor  Charles 
V."(1769^,  "History  of  America " (1777),  "An  Historical 
Disquisition  concerning  the  Knowledge  which  the  An- 
cients had  of  India,  etc."  (1791),  etc. 

Eoberval  (ro-ber-val'),  Gilles  Personne  or 
Personier  de.  Bom  at  Eoberval,  in  Beauvoisis, 
France,  1602 :  died  at  Paris,  1675.  A  French 
mathematician,  best  known  from  his  methods 
of  drawing  tangents. 

Bobeson(r6b'sgn),  George  Maxwell.  Bom  at 
Oxford,  Warren  County,  N.  J.,  1829:  died  at 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  Sept.  27,  1897.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  secretary  of  the  navy  1869-77,  and 
Republican  member  of  Congress  from  New  Jersey  1879-83. 

Bobeson  Channel.  A  sea  passage  in  the  north 
polar  regions,  between  Hall  Land  in  (jreenland 
on  the  east,  and  (Jrant  Land  on  the  west. 

Bobespierre  (P.prou.ro-bes-pyar'),  Augustin 
Bon  Joseph,  called  "  The  Younger."  Born  at 
Arras,  Jan.  21, 1763:  guillotined  in  Paris,  July 
28,  1794.  Brother  of  Maximilien  Robespierre, 
and  a  deputy  to  the  Convention. 

Bobespierre,  Marie  Marguerite  Charlotte. 
Bom  Jan.  21,  1760  :  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  1, 1834. 
Sister  of  Maximilien  Bobespierre:  memoirs  of 
her  brothers  were  published  under  her  name 
by  Laponneraye  in  1835. 

Bobespierre,  Maximilien  Marie  Isidore,  sur- 
named "The  Incorruptible."  Born  at  Arras, 
May  6, 1758 :  guillotined  at  Paris,  10th  Thermi- 
dor,  year  2  (July  28, 1794) .  A  celebrated  French 
revolutionist.  He  was  originally  an  advocate  at  Arras ; 
was  elected  from  Artois  to  the  Third  Estate  of  the  States- 
General  in  1789 ;  and  became  the  leader  of  the  Extreme 
Left  in  the  Constituent  Assembly,  and  one  of  the  leading 
orators  in  the  Jacobin  Club.  His  influence  increased  after 
the  death  of  Mirabeau  in  1791.  He  was  elected  deputy  to 
the  Convention  in  1792 ;  opposed  the  Girondins  ;  became 
a  member  of  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  in  July,  1793 ; 
was  identified  with  the  "Reign  of  Terror  " ;  attacked  Dan- 
ton  and  Hubert  in  1794 ;  was  overthrown  in  the  Convention 
July  27;  aud  with  his  partizaos,  Saint-Just,  Couthon,  and 
others,  was  arrested  and  put  to  death. 


i  Bobinson,  John 

Bobin  (rob'in).  [ME.  Boiin,  Bdbyn,  from  OP.' 
Bohin,  dim.  of  Bohert.]  In Shakspere's  "Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,"  a  page  following  Falstaff. 

Bobin  (ro-ban'),  Charles  or  Charles  Philippe. 
Bom  at  Jasseron,  Ain,  June  4, 1821 :  died  there, 
Oct.  5,  1885.  A  French  anatomist  and  physi- 
ologist. His  works  include  "  Histoire  naturelle  des  v^g^ 
taux  parasites"  (1863),  "Anatomic  mioroscopique"(1868), 
eto.    He  edited,  with  lAtiii, "  Dictionnaire  de  mfideciue. '" 

Bobin  Adair  (rob'in  a-dar').  A  song  and  air. 
The  latter  first  became  popular  in  England  in  the  last 
halt  of  the  18th  century :  it  is  the  Irish  air  "Eileen  Aroou." 
English  words  were  written  for  it,  and  there  are  several 
versions,  aU  having  "Robin  Adair"  as  the  refrain.  Bums 
made  a  Scottish  version,  but  it  is  not  known  who  wrote 
the  present  song.  Robin  Adair  is  said  to  have  been  a  real 
person  of  some  local  interest :  a  Robert  Adair,  an  ancestor 
of  the  later  Viscounts  Molesworth,  lived  in  County  Wick- 
low  in  the  early  part  of  the  18th  century. 

Bobinetta  (rob-i-net'a).  A  painting  by  Sir 
JoshuaBeynolds(identifiedasMissLewis,after- 
wardtheHon.  Mrs.  ToUemache),  in  the  National 
Gallery,  London,  it  is  a  half-length  of  a  seated  girl 
with  a  bu-d  on  her  right  shoulder  and  her  left  arm  resting 
on  its  cage. 

Bobin  Goodfellow.    See  Puck. 

Bobin  Hood.    See  Hood,  Bohin. 

Bobin  of  Bedesdale.  The  assumed  name  of  Sir 
William  Conyers,  the  leader  of  a  peasants'  insur- 
rection in  Yorkshire  against  Edward  IV.  in  1469. 

Bobins  (rob'inz),  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Bath, 
England,  1707:  died  in  India,  July  29,  1751. 
An  English  natural  philosopher  and  mathema- 
tician. He  invented  the  ballistic  pendulum,  first  de- 
scribed in  his  "New  Principles  of  Gunnery"  (1742),  and 
made  important  discoveries  regarding  the  fiight  of  pro- 
jectiles and  the  rifling  of  gun-barrels.  In  1749  he  was  ap- 
pointed engineer-general  to  the  East  India  Company. 

Bobinson  (rob'in-sgn),  Edward.  Bom  at  South- 
ington,  Conn.,  April  10, 1794 :  died  in  New  York 
city,  Jan.  27,  1863.  An  American  biblical 
scholar.  Hegradnated  atHamilton  College ;  was  instruc- 
tor in  Andover  Theological  seminary  1823-26,  and  professor 
there  1830-33 ;  and  was  professor  in  Union  Theological  Sem- 
inary (New  York)  1837-6a  From  1887  to  1839  he  was  in  the 
Orient,  traveling  in  Egypt,  the  Sinaitic  peninsula,  and  Pal- 
estine, largely  in  company  with  Dr.  Eli  Smith.  The  results 
of  their  investigations  were  published  in  his  chief  work, 
"Biblical  Researches  in  Palestine  and  the  Adjacent  Coun- 
tries "  (3  vols.  1841,  revised  ed.  1867).  He  translated  Gese- 
nius's  ''Hebrew  Lexicon  "  (1836),  and  compiled  a  "  Greek 
and  English  Lexicon  of  the  New  Testament  (1836),  "  Greek 
Harmony  of  the  Gospels  "  (1845),  "  English  Harmony  of  the 
Gospels"  (1846),  and  "Pnysiciil  Geography  of  the  Holy 
Land'"  (1866).  He  founded  the  "Biblical  Repository" 
(1831)  and  the  "Bibliotheoa  Sacra"  (1843). 

Bobinson,  Ezekiel  Gilman.  Bom  at  Attlebo- 
rough,  Mass.,  March  13,1815:  died  June  13, 1894. 
An  American  Baptist  clergyman  and  educator. 
He  was  professor  in  the  theological  seminary  at  Covington 
(Kentucky),  and  1853  at  Rochester  (New  York),  and  became 
president  of  the  theological  seminary  at  Rochester  in  1860^ 
and  was  president  of  Brown  University  1872-89.  He  pub- 
lished a  revised  translation  of  Neander's  "Planting  and 
Training  of  the  Church  "  (1866),  and  edited  the  "  Christian 
Review  "  1869-64. 

Bobinson,  Frederick  John,  first  Earl  of  Bipon. 
Born  Nov.  1,1782:  died  Jan.  28, 1859.  An  Eng- 
lish statesman,  younger  son  of  the  second  Lord 
Grantham.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1806 ;  be- 
came president  of  the  board  of  trade  in  1818;  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer  in  1823 ;  colonial  secretary  in  1827 ;  pre- 
mier 1827-28;  colonial  secretary  in  1830;  lord  privy  seal 
1833-34  ;  and  president  of  the  board  of  trade  1841-43.  He 
was  created  Viscount  Goderich  in  1827,  and  earl  of  Ripen 
in  1833. 


American  Revolution,  the  Peninsular  war,  and  the  War  of 
1812. 

Bobinson,  George  Frederick  Samuel,  first 
Marquis  of  Bipon.  Bom  Oct.  24,  1827.  An 
English  politician,  son  of  the  Earl  of  Bipon. 
He  was  secretary  for  war  1863-66,  and  for  India  1866 ;  lord 
president  of  the  council  1868-73 ;  chairman  of  the  joint 
high  commission  to  negotiate  the  treaty  of  Washington 
1871;  and  governor-general  of  India  1880-84.  Known  at 
first  by  the  courtesy-title  Viscount  Goderich,  he  succeeded 
his  father  as  second  earl  of  Ripon  in  1869,  and  was  ad- 
vanced to  the  marquisate  in  1871. 

Bobinson,  Henry  Crabb.  Bom  at  Bury  Saint 
Edmunds,  May  13,  1775:  died  at  London,  Feb. 

t  i  ■  7'  *  T^''  EngUsh  writer.  From  1800  to  1805  he 
studied  at  Jena,  Weimar,  ete.;  in  1807  was  reporter  of  the 
limes  in  Spain  (the  first  war  correspondent) ;  and  in 
1813  was  caUed  to  the  bar.  In  1828  he  was  one  of  the 
lounders  of  the  London  University.  His  "Diary  Remi- 
niscences, and  Correspondence"  was  edited  in  1869  by  Dr 
Sadler.  He  was  a  friend  of  Goethe,  Wieland,  Wordsworth. 
Lamb,  and  other  authors. 

Bobinson,  John.  Bom  near  Scrooby,  Notting- 
hamshire, 1575:  died  at  Leyden,  Netherlands, 
March  1,  1625.  An  English  Independent  min- 
nl™"""  ?^  entered  Cambridge  (Corpus  Christ!  College)  in 
1692,  and  was  elected  fellow  in  1697  (?).  He  took  onlers, 
but  was  suspended  by  his  bishop  for  Puritanism  In  16(S 
he  joined  the  Independents,  and  in  1606  became  pastor  of 
the  Separatist  congregation  at  Scrooby,  England.   In  1808 


Robinson,  John 

he  removed  to  Amsterdam,  and  In  1609  to  Leyden.  He  was 
pastor  of  the  English  Separatist  Church  In  the  Nether- 
lands.   His  works  were  edited  by  Ashton  in  1851. 

Robinson,  Sir  John  Beverley  or  Beverly.  Bom 

in  Lower  Canada,  July  26,1791:  died  at  Toronto, 
Jan.  30, 1863.  A  Canadian  jurist  and  politician. 
Robinson,  John  Cleveland.  Bom:  at  Bingham- 
ton,  N.  Y.,  April  10,  1817:  died  there,  Feb.  18, 
1897.  An.  American  general.  He  served  in  the  Mex- 
ican war,  and  was  commissioned  brigadier-general  ol 
volunteers  in  1862.  He  commanded  a  division  at  Fred- 
ericksburg, Chancellorsville,  and  Gettysburg,  and  in  the 
battles  of  the  Wilderness  and  at  Spottsylvania  Court 
House.  He  was  retired  with  the  rank  of  major-general 
ill  1869.  He  was  lieutenant-governor  of  New  York  187&-75. 

Robinson,  John  Thomas  Romney.    Bom  at 

Dublin,  April  23,  1792:  died  Feb.  28,  1882.  A 
British  astronomer,  the  inventor  of  the  eup- 
anemometer.  He  was  a  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin. In  1823  he  became  astronomer  at  the  Armagh  Ob- 
servatoiT-  He  was  the  author  of  the  "Armagh  Catalogue 
of  Stars"  (1869). 

Robinson,  Mary.  Bom  at  Leamington,  Feb. 
27,  1857.  An  English  poet,  in  1888  she  married 
M.  Darmesteter,  the  French  Orientalist.  She  has  written 
"A  Handful  of  Honeysuckles  "(1878), "  The  Crowned  Hip- 
polytus  "  (1880),  a  translation  of  Euripides  (1881)/ "  TheEnd 
of  the  Middle  Ages  "  (1889 :  a  historical  work),  etc. 

Robinson,  Mrs.  (Mary  Darby),  known  as  Per- 
dita.  Born  at  Bristol,  England,  Nov.  27, 1758: 
died  Dec.  26, 1800.  An  English  actress,  novel- 
ist, and  poet.  She  went  on  the  stage,  for  which  she 
bad  previously  been  prepared  by  Garrick,  on  account  of 
the  loss  of  her  husband's  property,  and  in  her  third  season 
was  cast  for  Perdita,  and  attracted  the  notice  of  the  Prince 
■of  Wales  (George  IV.).  She  left  the  stage  for  him,  but 
be  soon  cast  her  off.  Her  profession  being  closed  to  her, 
she  wrote  poems  and  novels  under  the  pen-name  of  Per- 
dita. She  afterward  lived  for  nearly  10  years  with  Colonel 
Tarleton. 

Hobinson,  Richard.  An  actor  of  Ben  Jonson's 
time,  celebrated  as  an  impersonator  of  female 
characters.  He  was  known  as  Dick  Robinson.  The 
actor  who  was  slain  at  the  siege  of  Basing  House  by  Ma- 
jor Harrison  was  William  Kobinson. 

Hobinson,  Mrs.  (Therese  Albertine  Luise  von 
Jakob):  jjseudonym  Talvj.  Bom  at  Halle, 
Prussia,  Jan.  26, 1797:  died  at  Hamburg,  April 
13,  1870.  A  (German  writer,  wife  of  Edward 
Robinson  and  daughter  of  L.  H.  von  Jakob. 
She  published  translations  of  Servian  folk-songs  (1825-26), 
^'Historical  View  of  the  Languages  and  Literature  of  the 
Slavic  Nations  "  (I860),  tales,  etc. 

Ttobinson.William  Erigena.  Bom  near  Cooks- 
town,  Ireland,  May  6,  1814:  died  at  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  23,  1892.  An  American  journalist 
and  politician.  He  was  a  Democratic  member  of  Con- 
gress from  New  York  1867-69  and  1881-85.  He  frequently 
wrote  under  the  signature  of  "Kichelieu." 

Robinson  Crusoe  (rob'in-sgn  kro'so).  The  hero 
of  a  famous  story  of  that  name  by  Defoe,  pub- 
lished in  1719.    See  Selkirk. 

Hob  Roy  (robroi)  (Robert  McGregor  or  Camp- 
bell). ['EedBob.']  Bom  in  Buchanan  parish, 
1671:  died  at  Balquhidder,  Dec.  28,  1734.  A 
Scottish  outlaw.  He  was  the  younger  son  of  Donald 
McGregor,  a  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  army  of  James  II. 
He  got  his  name  Roy  from  his  red  hair,  and  adopted  Camp- 
bell as  his  surname.  After  the  accession  of  William  III. 
he  obtained  a  commission  from  James  II.,  and  in  1691 
made  a  descent  on  Stirlingshire.  In  1712  he  was  evicted 
and  outlawed  on  a  charge  of  embezzlement.  He  became 
a  Highland  freebooter,  and  was  included  in  the  Act  of  At- 
tainder. Under  the  protection  of  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  he 
continued  to  levy  blackmail  on  the  Scottish  gentry.  He 
is  the  subject  of  a  novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  (published  in 
1818),  of  an  opera  by  Hotow  (1832),  and  of  several  plays. 

llobsart  (rob'sart),  Amy.  A  character  in  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  novel  "Keuilworth."  She  is  the 
unacknowledged  wife  of  the  Earl  of  Leicester,  and,  escap- 
ing from  her  place  of  concealment,  follows  him  to  KenU- 
worth,  only  to  be  disowned  and  sent  back  to  die  at  the 
hand  of  Richard  Vamey.    See  Dudley,  Robert. 

RobsOTi  (rob'son),  Frederick  (real  name  Fred- 
erick Robson  Brownhill).  Bom  at  Margate, 
England,  1821:  died  Aug.  12,  1864.  An  Eng- 
lish actor.  In  1853  he  made  his  d^but  at  the  Olympic 
in  Wych  street,  London.    He  was  a  successful  comedian, 

Robson,  Stuart.  Born  at  Annapolis,  Md.,  March 
4, 1836 :  died  at  New  York,  April  29, 1903.  An 
American  comedian.  He  was  a  page  in  the  Senate  at 
Washington,  and  wen>t  on  the  stage  at  Baltimore  in  1852. 
In  1855  he  played  at  Washington,  and  in  1862  became  a 
member  of  Laura  Keene's  company  at  New  York.  F^om 
1877  to  1889  he  acted  in  partnership  with  W.  H.  Crane. 

Robusti.    See  Tintoretto. 

Roc  (rok).  The.  In  the  "Arabian  Nights,''  a 
gigantic  bird  which  carries  Sindbad  the  Sailor 
out  of  the  Valley  of  Diamonds.  Such  a  bird  appears 
also  In  other  stories  in  the  "Entertainments."  A  roc's 
egg  has  become  the  symbol  of  something  unattainable. 

Roca  (ro'ka),  Cape,  Pg.  Cabo  da  Roca  (ka'- 
bg  da  ro'ka).  A  headland  in  Portugal,  west  by 
north  of  Lisbon,  it  is  the  westernmost  capo  of  the 
continent  of  Europe.  Lat.  of  lighthouse,  38°  47'  N.,  long. 
9°  31'  W. 

'Roca,  Julio  A.     Born  at  Tucuman,  July,  1843. 


861 

An  Argentine  general  and  politician.  He  waa 
minister  of  war  under  Avellaneda  1874-«0,  and' in  this  ca- 
pacity led,  in  1879,  a  military  expedition  into  Patagonia 
which  did  much  to  open  up  that  region  to  settlement. 
From  Oct.  12, 1880,  to  Oct.  12, 1886,  he  was  president  of  the 
republic.    He  was  again  chosen  president  in  1898. 

Roca  (ro'ka),  Vicente  Ramon.  Bom  at  Guaya- 
quil about  1790:  died  there,  1850,  An  Ecua- 
dorian politician.  He  was  senator,  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  revolution  of  1845,  a  member  of  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment formed  that  year,  and  president  1845-49.  During 
this  period  there  were  several  revolts  by  the  partizans  of 
Flores. 

Rocafuerte  (ro-ka-f o-ar'ta),  Vicente.    Bom  at 

(juayaquil.  May  3,  1783 :  died  at  Lima,  Peru, 
May  16,  1847.  An  Ecuadorian  statesman.  He 
traveled  extensively  in  Europe  and  North  America,  and 
was  deputy  from  Guayaquil  to  the  Spanish  Cortes  (1812- 
1814),  where  he  opposed  the  government  of  Fernanda  VII. 
From  1824  to  1830  he  was  envoy  of  Mexico  to  the  court  of 
St.  James's.  He  returned  to  Ecuador  in  1833 ;  was  elected 
to  Congress,  and  the  same  year  led  a  revolution  against 
Flores ;  and  was  defeated  and  captured  in  1834.  Flores  par- 
doned him  and  made  him  commander  of  the  army,  in 
which  position  he  did  efficient  service.  From  1835  to  1839 
he  was  president  of  Ecuador,  and  his  term  was  the  most 

grosperous  the  country  has  ever  known.  Subsequently 
e  held  various  important  civil  and  diplomatic  positions. 
Rocafuerte  is  regarded  as  the  greatest  of  Ecuadorian  states- 
men. He  published  various  works  on  political  subjects. 
Rocamadour  (ro-ka-ma-dbr').  A  village  in  the 
department  of  Lot,  France,  situated  23  miles 
north-northeast  of  Cahors.  it  has  a  noted  church 
and  chapels,  and  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  places  of 
pilgrimage  in  France. 

Rocas  (ro'kas).  A  reef  in  the  Atlantic,  situ- 
ated northeast  of  Cape  St.  Roque,  in  lat.  3°  52' 
S.,  long.  33°  49'  W.  Being  almost  entirely  cov- 
ered during  high  tides,  it  is  veiy  dangerous  to 
ships. 

Rocca,  or  Roca,  Inca.    See  Inea  Bocca. 

Roccasecca  (rok-ka-sek'ka).  [It., 'dry  castle.'] 
A  small  town  in  the  province  of  (Jaserta,  Italy, 
59  miles  northwest  of  Naples. 

Roch  (rok),  or  Rochus(ro'kus),  Saint.  Bom  at 
MontpeUier,  Prance,  about  1295:  died  at  Mont- 
pellier,  1327.  A  French  Franciscan,  noted  for 
his  ministrations  to  the  plague-stricken.  Hewaa 
canonized,  and  his  feast  is  celebrated  in  the  Roman  Church 
Aug.  16.  In  England  St.  Roch's  day  was  celebrated  as  a 
harvest-home. 

Rochambeau,  Comte  de.  See  Vimeure,  Jean 
Baptiste  JDonatien  de. 

Rochambeau,  Vicomte  de.  See  Vimeure,  Do- 
natien  Marie  Joseph  de. 

Rocha  Pitta  (rosh'a  pet'ta),  Sebastiao  da. 
Bom  at  Bahia,  May  3, 1660 :  died  near  the  same 
place,  Nov.  2,  1738.  A  Brazilian  historian.  He 
spent  many  years  in  collecting  material  for  his  "Historia 
oa  America  Portugueza"  (1780,  and  subsequent  editions). 
It  was  the  first  general  history  of  Brazil,  bringing  the  ac- 
count down  to  1724,  and  was  long  a  standard. 

Rochdale  (roch'dal).  A  parliamentary  and 
municipal  borough  of  Lancashire,  England,  sit- 
uated on  the  Eoch  11  miles  north-northeast  of 
Manchester,  it  has  manufactures  of  flannels,  woolens, 
cotton,  iron,  and  machinery ;  and  is  the  seat  of  a  success- 
ful working-men's  cooperative  association.  It  was  founded 
in  1844.  John  Bright  had  his  residence  there.  Population 
(1901),  83,112. 

Rochefort(r6sh-for').  Aseaport  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Charente-InfSrieure,  France,  situated 
on  the  Oharente,  9  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  lat. 
45°  57'  N.,  long.  0°  58'  "W.  it  has  an  immense  marine 
arsenal,  with  a  hospital  and  other  government  establish- 
ments, and  a  naval  harbor.  Its  commerce  is  important. 
The  principal  industry  is  ship-building.  It  was  selected 
by  Colbert  as  an  important  naval  station  in  1666.  The 
British  fleet  defeated  the  French  near  it  in  1809.  Napo- 
leon was  taken  prisoner  in  the  neighborhood  by  the  British 
in  July,  1815.  There  was  a  convict  establishment  here 
until  1862.    Population  (1891),  33,334. 

Rochefort,  Henri  (Victor  Henri,  Comte  de 
Rochefort-Lugay),  Bom  at  Paris,  Jan.  30, 1830. 
A  French  journalist,  radical  politician,  and 
playwright.  He  contributed  to  the  "Figaro,"  etc. ;  at- 
tacked the  empire  in  his  journal  "La  Lanterne"  1868; 
fled  to  Belgium  in  1868  -.iwas  elected  to  the  Corps  L^gislatif 
in  1869 ;  founded  the  "Marseillaise  "  (1869),  in  which  he  con- 
tinued his  attack  on  Napoleon ;  was  imprisoned  in  1870 ; 
became  ,a  member  of  the  government  of  national  defense 
in  1870;'and  was  a  member  of  the  National  Assembly  in 
1871.  He  sympathized  with  the  Commune  (1871);  was 
arrested  in  May,  1871 ;  was  banished  to  New  Caledonia  in 
1873 ;  escaped  to  England  in  1874 ;  and  was  amnestied  in 
1880.  He  founded  in  Paris  the  "Intransigeant"  in  1880. 
He  was  a  bitter  opponent  of  Gambetta  and  the  Opportu- 
nists, and  was  a  supporter  of  Boulanger. 

Rochefoucauld,  La.    See  La  Boohefoucauld. 

Rochef  oucauld-Liancourt,  La.  See  La  Boche- 
~foucauld-IAaneourt. 

Kochejacquelein,  La.    See  La  Bochejaeguelem. 

Rochelle,  Xia.    See  La  Bochelle. 

Roches  frosh).  Col  des.  A  pass  in  the  Jura,  on 
the  borders  of  Prance  and  the  canton  of  Neu- 
chatel,  Switzerland,  11  miles  west-northwest  of 
Neuehatel.  „    ,     .       .  t, 

Rochester  (roch'es-tSr).     [ME.  Bochester,  AS. 


Rock  Island 

Brofeceaster,  Brofesceaster,  translated  by  ML. 
Brofi  or  BroU  civitas,  city  of  Hrof  (a  man's 
name).]  A  city  and  seaport  in  Kent,  England, 
situated  on  the  Medway,  adjoining  Chatham  and 
Strood,  26  miles  east-southeast  of  London :  the 
Roman  DurobrivEB  or  Dorobrevum.  It  has  con- 
siderable trade.  It  contains  a  ruined  Norman  castle.  The 
cathedral  is  of  very  early  foundation,  but  was  rebuilt  in  the 
13th  century  and  later.  The  choir  is  Early  English,  hand- 
somely arcaded,  with  square  chevet.  The  cleai'story  of  the 
nave  is  Perpendicular,  with  a  very  large  west  window.  The 
ceiling  is  of  wood.  The  cathedral  has  double  transepts,  and 
an  ugly  square  tower  over  the  first  crossing.  The  recessed 
west  portal  is  fine,  and  there  is  a  remarkable  crypt.  The 
dimensions  are  306  by  68  feet,  and  120  across  the  west  tran- 
septs. It  was  a  British  and  Roman  town ;  was  sacked  by 
the  Danes ;  and  was  besieged  by  William  Ruf  us.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  26,309. 

Rochester.  [NamedfromNathanielEochester.] 
A  city,  capital  of  Monroe  County,  New  York, 
situated  on  the  (Jenesee  7  miles  from  Lake  On- 
tario, and  on  the  Erie  Canal,  in  lat.  43°  8'  N., 
long.  77°  37'  W.  It  is  an  important  railway  center.  It 
has  manufactures  of  ready-made  clothing,  boots  and  shoes, 
flour,  beer,  tobacco,  carriages,  and  furniture ;  an  important 
trade  in  coal ;  and  many  nurseries.  It  contains  the  Uni- 
versity of  Rochester  (Baptist,  founded  1850),  Baptist  Theo- 
logical Seminary,  an  observatory,  and  charitable  and  re- 
formatory institutions.  There  are  three  falls  of  the  Genesee 
within  the  city  limits.  It  was  settled  in  1812.  and  incor-  " 
porated  as  a  city  in  1834.    Population  (1900),  162,608. 

Rochester.  A  city  in  Strafford  County,  New 
Hampshire,situated  on  the  Salmon  and  Cocheeo 
rivers,  28  miles  east  by  north  of  Concord.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  8,466. 

Rochester.  A  city,  capital  of  Olmsted  County, 
Minnesota,  situated  on  the  south  fork  of  Zum- 
bro  River,  73  miles  south-southeast  of  St.  Patd. 
Population  (1900),  6,843. 

Rochester,  Earl  of.    See  Wilmot,  John. 

Rochester,  Edward  Fairfax.  The  principal 
character  in  Charlotte  Bronte's  "Jane  Eyre." 
He  is  probably  responsible  for  most  of  the  muscular 
heroes  in  the  world  of  fiction  since  his  time. 

Rochester,  Nathaniel.  Bom  in  Westmoreland 
County,  Va.,  Feb.  21,  1752:  died  at^Rochester, 
N.  Y. ,  May  17, 1831.  An  American  pioneer  and 
Revolutionary  officer.  He  was  one  of  the  chief  colo- 
nizers of  the  Genesee  valley  (New  York)  and  of  the  city  of 
Rochester  (which  was  named  after  him). 

Roche-SUr-Yon,  La.    See  La-Boche-sur-Yon. 

Rochet  (ro-sha'),  Louis.  Bom  at  Paris,  Aug. 
24,  1813 :  died  there,  Jan.  21,  1878.  A  French 
sculptor.  Among  his  works  are  "  Comte  XJgolino  et  ses 
enfants "  (1839),  "Jeune  femme  pleurant"  (1840),  "Guil- 
laume  le  Conqu6rant "  (1851 :  at  Falaise), "  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte, ^Ifeve  de  Brienne  "  (1853 ;  statuette),  "  Napoleon 
Bonaparte" (1855),  "Mme.  de  S^vign^"  (1857:  at  Grignan), 
"  L'Empereur  Dom  Pedro  I."  (1861 :  large  equestrian  statue 
erected  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  1862),  etc. 

Rochette.    See  Baoul-Bochette. 

Rochlitz  (roch'lits).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated on  the  edge  of  the  Riesengebirge  62  miles 
northeast  of  Prague.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 7,391. 

Rochlitz.  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony, 
situated  on  the  Zwickauer  Mulde  28  miles  south- 
east of  Lmpsio.    Population  (1890),  6,186. 

Rochlitz,  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Leipsic,  Feb.  12, 
1769 :  died  there,  Dec.  16, 1842.  A  (Jerman  mu- 
sical critic  and  novelist.  He  founded' the  "  All- 
gemeine  musikalische  Zeitung"  in  1798. 

Rochus.    See  Boch. 

Rock  (rok).  Captain.  A  fictitious  name  signed 
to  notices,  summonses,  etc.,  by  the  leader  of  a 
certain,  band  of  Irish  insurgents  in  1822. 

Rockaway  (rok'a-wa) .  A  summer  resort  on  the 
south  coast  of  Long  Island,  southeast  of  Brook- 
lyn. 

Rockaway,  Far.  A  summer  resort  east  of 
Rockaway. 

Rockaway  Beach.  A  long  beach  on  the  south 
coast  of  Long  Island,  10-12  miles  southeast  of 
Brooklyn. 

Rockford  (rok'ford).  A  city,  capital  of  Winne- 
bago County,  northern  Illinois,  situated  on  Rock 
River  79  miles  west-northwest  of  Chicago,  it 
has  varied  and  extensive  manufactures,  and  is  the  seat  of 
a  female  seminary.    Population  (1900),  81,061. 

Rockhampton  (rok-hamp'ton).  a  town  in 
Queensland,  Australia,  situated  on  Fitzroy 
River  about  lat.  23°  25'  8.  Population  (1891), 
11,629. 

Rockhill  (rok'hil),  William  Woodville.  Bom 
at  Philadelphia  in  1854.  An  American  traveler, 
diplomat,  and  author.  He  was  secretary  of  legation 
in  Peking  1885-86;  first  assistant  secretary  of  state  of  the 
United  States  1896-97 ;  minister  to  Greece  1897-99 ;  and 
was  appointed  special  envoy  to  China  in  July,  1900,  He 
has  written  "  The  Land  of  the  Lamas  "  (1891),  etc. 

Rockingham,  Marquis  of.     See  Wentworth, 

Charles  Watson. 
Rock  Island  (rok  i'land).     An  island  in  the 

Mississippi,  opposite  the  city  of  Rock  Island. 


Bock  Island 

It  is  the  seat  of  a  large  United  States  arsenal  and  armory, 
and  was  the  site  of  Fort  Armstrong  at  the  time  of  the  BlacK 
Hawk  wai.    Length,  about  8  miles. 

Bock  Island,  A  city,  capital  of  Bock  Island 
County,  Illinois,  situated  on  the  Mississippi,  op- 
posite Davenport  (in  Iowa),  in  lat.  41°  28'  N. 
It  is  an  important  railway  center,  and  the  seat  of  a  United 
States  arsenal.    Population  (1900),  19,493. 

Bockland  (rok'land).  A  city  and  seaport,  capi- 
tal of  Knox  County,  Maine,  situated  on  Penob- 
scot Bay  38  miles  southeast  of  Augusta,  it  has 
important  manufacturing  and  ship-buildmg  industries, 
exports  gi'anite,  and  has  trade  in  lirae.  Population  (1900) , 
8,160. 

Bockland.  A  town  in  Plymouth  County,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 18  miles  south-southeast  of  Boston: 
formerly  called  East  Abington.  Population 
(1900),  5,327. 

Bockport(rok'port).  A  seaportinBssexCounty, 
Massachusetts,  situated  at  the  extremity  of  the 
Cape  Ann  peninsula,  30  miles  northeast  of  Bos- 
ton.   Population  (1900),  4,592. 

Eockstro  crok'stro),  William  Smyth.  Born 
about  1830 :  died  July  2, 1895.  An  English  com- 
poser, author  of  a  "  History  of  Music." 

Bocky  (rok'i)  Mountains.  The  most  important 
mountain  system  in  North  America.  The  name 
is  sometimes  applied  to  the  entire  mountainous  region  in 
the  western  part  of  the  continent,  extending  to  the  Pacific, 
but  is  generally  restricted  to  the  series  of  ranges  which  ex- 
tend from  Mexico  through  the  United  States  north-north- 
west, and  through  British  America,  exclusive  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  Cascade  Mountains,  Coast  Eange,  and  ranges  of 
the  Great  Basin.  Among  the  chief  ranges  are  the  Coeur 
d'Alfene  Mountains,  Bitter  Boot  Mountains,  Salmon  River 
Mountains,  Big  Horn,  Black  Hills,  Crazy  Mountains,  Sho- 
shone Mountains,  Wahsatch  Mountains,  Medicine  Bow 
B.ange,  Park  Hang'es,  Front  Bange,  Sawatch  Mountains, 
and  Elk  Mountains.  The  system  traverses  Arizona,  New 
Mexico,  Utah,  Colorado,  Idaho,  Wyoming,  and  Montana. 
The  chief  peaks  are  Pike's  Peak,  Long's  Peak,  Gray's  Peak, 
Mount  Harvard,  Mountain  of  the  Holy  Cross,  tjncompaligre 
Peak,  and  Blanca  Peak  (14,463  feet,  the  highest  in  the  sys- 
tem witliin  the  United  States).  The  heights  of  the  princi- 
pal summits  in  British  America  are  not  definitely  known, 
and  it  is  doubtful  if  any  peak  rises  above  13,000-14,000  feet, 
unless  it  be  about  the  Alaskan  region.  Mount  Brown, 
frequentlyrepresented  to  be  15,000-16,000feet  in  elevation, 
has  recently  (1894)  been  shown  to  fall  below  10,000  feet. 
Among  the  special  features  of  the  Bocky  Mountains  are 
the  cafions  and  geyser  springs  (see  Yellowstone  Natwiud 
Park)t  and  the  singular  rock  formations,  in  the  shape  of 
pinnacles,  columns,  etc,  which  have  likened  them  to  mon- 
uments (Monument  Park,  Garden  of  the  Gods,  near  Colo- 
rado Springs).  The  "parks"  (North,  Middle,  South,  San 
Luis,  etc.)  are  notable  features.  The  system  contains  the 
sources  of  the  Saskatchewan,  Missouri,  Platte,  Arkansas, 
Bio  Grande,  Columbia,  Colorado,  and  other  rivers. 

Bocourt,  or  Bocour  (ro-kor'),  or  Bocouz  (ro- 
ko'"),  or  Baucoux  (ro-ko'),  or  Baucourt  (ro- 
k6r').  A  village  in  Belgium,  3  miles  north-north- 
■west  of  Lifege.  Here,  Oct.  11, 1746,  the  French 
under  Marshal  Saxe  defeated  the  Austrians  and 
their  allies. 

Bocroi,  or  Bocroy  (ro-krwa').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Ardennes,  France,  situated  near 
the  Belgian  frontier,  15  miles  northwest  of 
M6zi6res.  it  was  fortified  by  Vauban,  and  waa  taken 
by  the  Allies  in  1816,.  and  by  the  Germans  Jan.  6, 1871.  A 
victory  was  gained  near  it  May  19, 1643,  by  the  French 
under  the  Due  d'Enghien  ("  the  Great  Cond£  ")  over  the 
Spaniards.    Population  (1891),  commune,  2,265. 

Bodbertus  (rod-ber'tos),  Johann  Karl.  Bom 
at  Greif swald,  Prussia,  Aug.  12, 1805 :  died  on 
his  estate  Jagetzow,  Dee.  6,  1875.  A  German 
political  economist,  originator  of  German  sci- 
entific socialism.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Prussian 
National  Assembly  in  1848,  and  of  the  second  chamber  in 
1849.    He  wrote  "Soziale  Brief  e  "  (1860-61),  etc. 

Bodenberg  (ro'den-bera)  (originally  Levy), 
Julius.  Bom  at  Eodenberg,  Prussia,  June  26, 
1831.  A  German  poet,  novelist,  and  writer  of 
travels.  He  has  edited  the  "Deutsohe  Eund- 
schau"  since  1875. 

Boderick,  or  Boderic  (rod'6r-ik) .  [F.  Bodrigue, 
Boderic,  Sp.  Bodrigo,  Buy,  Pg.  It.  Bodrigo,  Gael. 
Buairidh,  Bory,  Pol.  Boderyk,  Buss.  Boderikh, 
BuriJc,  ML.  Bodericus,  from  Goth.  *Er6tha- 
reiks,  OHG.  Sruoderic,  Bodench,  G.  Boderich, 
prince  of  fame.]  The  last  king  of  the  West 
Goths  in  Spain.  He  ascended  the  throne  about 
710  and  was  overthrown  and  probably  slain  by  the  Sara- 
cens under  Tarik  in  711.  According  to  legend  he  violated 
Florinda  or  Cava,  daughter  of  Count  Julian  of  Ceuta,  whose 
father  avenged  her  dishonor  by  calling  in  the  Saracens. 
Boderick  waa  overcome  in  a  seven  days'  fight,  and  fled  to 
the  mountains,  where  he  became  a  hermit. 

The  fate  of  Roderick  has  remained  a  mystery  to  this  day. 
Hlfl  horse  and  sandals  were  found  on  the  river-bank  the 
day  after  the  battle,  but  his  body  was  not  with  them. 
Doubtless  he  was  drowned  and  washed  out  to  the  great 
ocean.  But  the  Spaniards  would  not  believe  this.  They 
clothed  the  dead  king  with  a  holy  mystery  which  assuredly 
did  not  enfold  him  when  alive.  They  made  the  last  of  the 
Goths  into  a  legendary  saviour  like  King  Arthur,  and  be- 
lieved that  he  would  come  again  from  his  resting-place  in 
some  ocean  isle,  healed  of  his  wound,  tolead  the  Christians 
once  more  against  the  infidels.    In  the  Spanish  legends, 


862 

Soderlck  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  pious  acts  of  penance, 
and  was  slowly  devoured  by  snakes  in  punishment  for  the 
sins  he  had  committed,  until  at  laat  his  crime  was  washed 
out,  "  the  body's  pang  had  spared  the  spirit's  pain,"  and 
*•  Don  Bodrigo "  was  suffered  to  depart  to  the  peaceful 
isle,  whence  his  countrymen  long  awaited  his  triumphant 
return.  Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  21. 

Boderick /the  Last  of  the  Goths.  A  narrative 
poem  by  Robert  Southey,  published  in  1814. 

Boderick  Dhu  (rod'er-ik  du).  A  Highland 
chieftain,  one  of  the  principal  characters  in 
Scott's  "Lady  of  the  Lake." 

Boderick  Bandom  (ran'dgm).  A  novel  by 
Smollett,  published  in  1748. 

Boderigo  (rod-e-re'go).  1.  In  Shakspere's 
"Othello,"  a  foolish  gentleman  in  love  with 
Desdemona  and  duped  by  lago. — 2,  In  Middle- 
ton's  play  "The  Spanish  Gipsy,"  a  brutal  ruf- 
fian whose  repentance  and  reformation  form 
the  theme  of  the  play.  ^ 

Bodewisch  (ro'de-vish).  Amanufacturingtown 
in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  situated  on  the 
Goltzsch  14  miles  south  by  west  of  Zwickau. 
Population  (1890),  4,630. 

Bodez,formerlyBhodez(r6-das').  \Kh.Butena, 
Buthenis,  Butenica;  from  the  Buteni:  see  the 
def.]  The  capital  of  the  department  of  Aveyron, 
France,  situated  on  the  Aveyron  in  lat.  44°  21' 
N.,  long.  2°  34'  E.:  the  ancient  Sagodunum.  it 
has  considerable  commerce  and  manufactures.  The  ca- 
thedral, founded  in  1274,  and  carried  on  for  two  centuries, 
is  large,  and  has  by  the  north  transept  a  tower  266  feet  high. 
The  nave  is  110  feet  high.  The  town  was  the  capital  of  the 
Buteni,  and  later  of  Rouergue.  It  was  united  to  France 
under  Henry  IV.    Population  (1891),  commune,  16,122. 

Bodgers  (roj'^rz),  Christopher  Baymond 
Perry.  Bom  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. ,  Nov.  14, 1819 : 
died  at  Washington,  D.  (J.,  Jan.  8,  1892.  An 
American  admiral.  He  entered  the  United  States 
navy  as  a  midshipman  in  1833,  and  served  in  the  Seminole 
andMexicanwars,  beingpromoted  commanderin  1861.  He 
was  fleet-captain  in  the  Wabash  of  Admiral  Du  Pout's  fleet 
at  the  battle  of  PortBoyalinl861;  commanded  an  expedi- 
tion to  St.  Augustine  and  up  St.  Mary's  River  in  1862 ;  and 
was  fleet-captain  in  tbo  New  Ironsides  in  the  attack  on 
the  defenses  of  Charleston  April  7,1863.  He  was  superin- 
tendent of  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  1874-77  and 
in  1881.    Promoted  rear-admiral  1874 :  retired  1881. 

Bodgers,  John.  Bom  in  Harford  County,  Md., 
July  11, 1771 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  Aug.  1,1838. 
An  American  naval  of&cer.  He  was  executive  offi- 
cer of  the  Constellation  at  the  capture  of  the  French 
frigate  L'Insurgente  in  1799,  and  in  1805  succeeded  Com- 
modore Barron  in  command  of  the  American  squadron 
operating  against  Tripolis.  He  commanded  the  President 
in  the  action  against  the  Little  Belt  in  1811,  and  took  part 
in  the  defense  of  Baltimore  in  1814. 

Bodgers,  John.  Bom  in  Maryland,  Aug.  8, 1812 : 
died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  May  5,  1882.  An 
American  admiral,  son  of  John  Rodgers  (1771- 
1838).  He  served  agains  the  Seminoles;  was  distin. 
guished  in  the  Civil  War,  capturing  the  Confederate  iron- 
clad Atlanta  in  1863 ;  and  commanded  the  Korean  expedi- 
'tion  in  1871.  He  was  superintendent  of  the  United  States 
Naval  Observatory  at  Washington  1877-82. 

Bodiger  (re'dig-er),  Emil.    Born  at  Sanger- 

» hausen,  Thuringia,  Oct.  13, 1801 :  died  at  Berlin, 
June  15, 1874.  A  German  Orientalist,  professor 
at  Berlin  from  1860. 

Bodilardus  (ro-di-lar'dus).  [From  L.  rodere 
lardum,  to  gnaw  lard.]  An  immense  cat,  in  Eabe- 
lais's  "Pantagruel,"  which  attacks  Panurge. 

Bodin  (ro-dan'),  Augxtste.  Bom  at  Paris,  Nov., 
1840.  A  French  sculptor.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he 
entered  La  Petite  Ecole,  and  later  the  school  of  the  Gobelins 
and  Barye's  classes  at  the  J^ardin  des  Plantes.  He  executed 
the  famous  bust  called  "The  Broken  Nose"  in  1862-63. 
Bodin  worked  as  an  artisan  at  Marseilles  and  Strasburg,  and 
finally  entered  the  atelier  of  Carrier-Belleuse.  During  the 
Commune  he  followed  Carrier-Belleuse  to  Belgium,  where 
he  remained  until  1874.  He  then  went  to  Italy,  where  he 
made  a  profound  study  of  Donatello  and  Michelangelo, 
which  seemstohaverevealedhisown  powers  to  the  sculptor 
himself,  now  34  years  of  age.  He  returned  to  Brussels.  At 
the  Salon  of  1877  he  exhibited  a  figure  called  "L'Age  d'ai- 
rain,"whichexpre8sedwhathe  believed  tobe  therightprin- 
ciple  of  construction  of  astatue.  Hisbustof"St.-JeanBajp- 
tiste  "  established  his  reputation.  Among  his  other  works 
are  another  "  St. -Jean  "  (1880),  "Creation  of  Man  "  (1881), 
busts  of  J.  P.  Laurens  and  Carrier-Belleuse  (1882),  victor 
Hugo  (1884),  a  statue  of  Bastien-Lepage  (l886),  and  a 
monument  for  the  city  of  Calais  in  commemoration  of  the 
patriotism  of  Eustachede  Saint-Pierre  and  his  companions, 
who  offered  themselves  as  a  sacrifice  to  the  demands  of 
Edward  III.  of  England,  conqueror  of  the  city  in  1347.  He 
also  received  a  commission  for  the  bronze  doors  of  the 
Mus^e  des  Arts  D^coratifs,  of  which  the  subject  is  taken 
from  the  "Inferno"  of  Dante. 

Bodman  (rod'man),  Isaac  Peace.    Bom  at 

South  Kingston,"B.  I.,  Aug.  18,  1822 :  died  at 
Sharpsburg,  Md. ,  Sept.  30, 1862.  A  Union  gen- 
eral in  the  Civil  War.  He  was  mortally  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Antietam. 
Bodman,  Thomas  Jackson.  Born  at  Salem, 
Ind.,  July  31, 1816:  died  at  Bock  Island,  111., 
June  7, 1871.  An  American  (brevet)  brigadier- 
general.    He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1841,  and  is 


Boebling,  John  Augustus 

notable  as  the  author  of  various  inventions  in  different 
departments  of  ordnance,  the  chief  of  which  Is  the  Rod- 
man gun. 

Bodna  (rod'na).  A  jjass  in  the  Carpathians  in 
northern  Transylvania,  leading  from  the  valley 
of  the  Szamos  into  Moldavia. 

Bodney  (rod'ni),  Caesar.  Born  at  Dover,  Del., 
Oct.  7,  1728:  died  there,  June  29,  1784.  An 
American  patriot,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  as  member  of  Congress  in  1776. 
He  was  an  officer  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and 
president  of  Delaware  1778-82. 

Bodney,  Csesar  Augustus.  Born  at  Dover, 
Del.,  Jan.  4, 1772:  died  at  Buenos  Ayres,  June 
10, 1824.  -Ail  American  politician,  son  of  Csesar 
Bodney.  He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from 
Delaware  1803-05,  and  United  States  attorney-general  1807- 
1811.  He  served  in  the  War  of  1812 ;  was  commissioner 
to  South  America  in  1817 ;  was  member  of  Congress  from 
Delaware  1821-22,  and  United  States  senator  1822-28 ;  and 
was  minister  to  Buenos  Ayres  1823-24. 

Bodney,  George  Brydges,  first  Baron  Bodney. 
Bom  at  Walton-on-Thames,  England,  Feb.  19, 
1718:  died  in  London,  May  24, 1792.  A  noted 
English  admiral.  He  served  in  the  Seven  Years'  War ; 
and  gained  a  victory  over  the  Spaniards  off  Cape  St  Vin- 
cent, Jan.,  1780,  and  one  over  the  French  under  De  Grasae 
off  Dominica,  April  12, 1782.  He  was  created  Baron  Bod. 
ney  June  19, 1782. 

Bodogune  (ro-do-giln').  A  tragedy  by  Cor- 
neille,  produced  in  1646. 

Bodomont  (rod'o-mont).  A  brave  though  brag- 
ging Moorish  king  in  "Orlando  Innamorato" 
and  "  Orlando  Purioso."  The  word  "  rodomon- 
tade "  is  derived  from  his  name.  He  appears  to 
have  originated  in  the  Mezentius  of  Vergil. 

Bodoni  (ro-do'ne).  Cape.  A  cape  on  the  coast 
of  Albania,  Turkey,  situated  in  lat.  41°  37'  N., 
long.  19°  28'  E. 

Bodosto  (ro-dos'to).  A  seaport  in  European 
Turkey,  situated  on  the  Sea  of  Marmora  78 
miles  west  of  Constantinople :  the  ancient  Bi- 
santhe  and  BhsBdestus.  Poptdation,  estimated, 
17,000. 

Bodrigo  Diaz  de  Bivar.    See  Cid. 

Bodrigues  Ferreira  (rod-re'ges  fa-rar'rS), 
Alexandre.  Bom  at  Bahia,  April  27,  1756 : 
died  at  Lisbon,  Portugal,  April  23,  1815.  A 
Brazilian  naturalist.  From  1783  to  1793  he  traveled 
in  the  interior  of  Brazil  (the  Amazon  valley,  Matto  Grosso, 
etc.)  on  a  scientific  commission  from  the  Poi'tuguese  gov- 
ernment. His  numerous  reports  and  scientific  papers 
were  left  in  manuscript,  but  some  of  them  hare  been  pub- 
lished during  the  nineteenth  century. 

Bodrigues  Torres  (tor'ras),  Joaquim  Jos6, 

Bom  at  Sao  Joao  de  Itaborahy,  Bio  de  Janeiro, 
Dec.  13,  1802 :  died  at  Bio  de  Janeiro,  Jan.  8, 
1872.  A  Brazilian  politician.  He  was  several  times 
minister  of  marine  (1831-32, 1832-34,  and  1837-39),  minister 
of  the  treasury  (1849X  and  premier  May  11, 1852,-Sept  6, 
1863.  In  1844  he  was  chosen  senator,  and  from  1864  waa 
the  acknowledged  chief  of  the  conservative  par^.  He 
was  created  viscount  of  Itaborahy  in  1854. 

Bodriguez  (ro-dre'ges),  or  Bodrigues  (rod- 
reg' ) .  An  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  in  about 
lat.  19°  40'  S.,  long.  63°  25'  E.,  east  of  Mauri- 
tius, of  which  it  is  a  dependency,  it  waa  origi- 
nally settled  by  the  French,  but  is  now  a  British  possession. 
Area,  42  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  2,068. 

Bodriguez  (rod-re'geth),  Jos6  Joaquin.     A 

Costa  Bican  statesman,  president  from  Mav  8, 
1890,  to  May  8,  1894. 

Bodriguez,  Mariano  Ospina.  See  Ospina  Bo- 
driguez. 

Boe  (ro),  Azel  Stevens.  Bom  in  New  York  city 
Aug.  16, 1798 :  died  at  East  Windsor  Hill,  Coun., 
Jan.  1,  1886.  An  American  novelist.  Among 
his  works  are  "James  Mountjoy,  or  I've  been  Thinking" 
(1860),  "  A  Long  Look  Ahead''  (1866),  "True  to  the  Last" 
(1859),  etc. 

Boe,  Edward  Payson.  Bom  at  New  Windsor, 
Orange  County,  N.  Y.,  March  7, 1838 :  died  at 
Cornwall,  N.  Y.,  July  19,  1888.  An  American 
Presbyterian  clergyman  and  novelist.  Among 
his  novels  are  "Barriers  Burned  Away  "  (1872),  ■'  Opening 
a  Chestnut  Burr"(1874X  "From  Jest  to  Earnest "  (1876), 
A  Knight  of  the  Nineteenth  Century"  (1877).  "A  Face 
lUummed    (1878),  "  Without  a  Home  "  (1880),  etc. 

Boe  (ro),  Bichard.  Thename  of  the  imaginary 
defendant  in  fictions  formerly  in  use  in  cases  of 
ejectment.    Compare  Doe,  John. 

Boe,  or  Bow,  Sir  Thomas.  Bom  at  Low  Ley- 
ton,  Essex,  about  1568  (?) :  died  1644.  AnEng- 
Ush  diplomatist  under  James  I.  and  Charles  I. 
He  was  "esquire  to  the  body"  to  Queen  Elizabeth;  was 
knighted  by  James  I.  in  1604 ;  and  was  sent  by  Prince 
Henry  to  the  West  Indies  in  1609.  He  gained  consider- 
able reputation  by  his  embassy  to  the  coui't  of  the  Great 
Mogul  at  Agra  (1616-18).  In  1621  he  was  ambassador  to 
the  Porte,  and  m  1641  was  sent  to  the  Diet  of  Ratisbon. 

■'^^V/?;?  (reb'lmg),  John  Augustus.  Bom 
at  Muhlhausen,  Pmssia,  June  12, 1806:  died  at 
Brooklyn,  July  22,  1869.  An  American  civil 
S?^?®®'^"  Among  his  works  are  suspension-bridges  over 
the  Niagara  (1851-66),  over  the  Ohio  at  Cincinnati  (USB-W). 


Roebling,  John  Augustus 

and  deBlgns  for  the  East  River  Bridge  between  New  York 
and  Brooklyn.  He  died  from  injuries  received  wliile  iD< 
specting  tlie  work  on  this  bridge.  He  published  "Long 
and  Short  Span  Bridges"  (1869),  etc. 

Roebling,  Washington  Augustus.  Bom  at 
Saxenburg,  Pa.,  May  26,  1837.  An  American 
civil  engineer,  son  of  J.  A.  Eoebling.  After  the 
latter's  death  he  superintended  the  construction 
of  the  Brooklyn  Bridge. 

Roebuck  (lo'buk'),  John  Arthur.  Born  at  Ma- 
dras, Dee.,  1802 :  died  Nov.  30,  1879.  A  British 
Badloal  politician.  He  became  member  of  Parliament 
tor  Bath  in  1S32,  and  later  sat  for  Sheffield.  He  wrote  a 
"  Plan  for  the  Government  of  our  English  Colonies  "  (1849), 
«  History  of  the  Whig  Mhiistry  of  18S0  "  (1862),  etc. 

Roederer(r&'der-er),ComtePierreLouis.  Bom 
at  Metz,  Feb.  15,  1754:  died  Dec.  17,  1835.  A 
French  politician,  publicist,  and  economist.  He 
WHS  a  member  of  the  National  Assembly  in  1789,  and  an 
administrator  under  Napoleon  I.  He  was  created  a  count 
In  1809.  He  supported  Napoleon  during  the  Hundred 
Days,  and  retired  to  private  life  after  the  second  restora- 
tion of  the  Bourbons.  He  published  "M^moires  pour  ser- 
vir  ibl'histoire  de  Louis  XIL  et  de  Francois  I."  (1825)  and 
"Esprit  de  la  revolution  de  1789  "(1881),  and  "  Chronique 
de  cinguante  jours,  du  20  Juin  au  10  Aout "  (1832). 

Roer,  or  Ruhr  (r6r).  A  river  in  the  western 
part  of  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  and  the 
Netherlands.  It  join  s  the  Meuse  at  Eoermond. 
Length,  about  125  miles. 

Roermond  (r5r-mont').  or  Roermonde  (ror- 
mdn'de),  F.  Buremonde  (rur-m6nd').  A  town 
in  the  province  of  Limburg,  Netherlands,  situ- 
ated at  the  junction  of  the  Roer  and  Meuse,  27 
miles  northeast  of  Maestricht.  it  has  a  minster 
and  cloth  manufactures.    Population  (1889),  8,984. 

RoesMlde,  or  Rdskilde  (r6s'kil-de).  A  town 
in  the  island  of  Zealand,  Denmark,  situated  on 
Roeskilde  Fjord  20  miles  west  of  (Copenhagen. 
The  cathedral,  built  in  the  middle  of  the  13th  century  in 
the  Transition  style,  is  with  three  exceptions  <the  finest 
medieval  church  in  Scandinavia.  The  masonry  is  of  sand- 
stone and  brick.  There  are  many  interesting  tombs,  in- 
cluding those  of  several  kings  and  queens  of  Denmark. 
The  cathedral  is  280  feet  long,  the  tower  246  high.  Boes- 
kilde  was  an  ancient  ecclesiastical  center.  It  had  at  one 
time  a  population  of  100,000,  and  was  the  capital  until  1443. 
By  the  peace  concluded  at  Koeskilde  between  Denmark 
and  Sweden,  Feb.  28,  1668,  the  former  ceded  Schonen, 
Ealland,  Bomholm,  Drontheim,  etc.  Population  (1890), 
6,974. 

Roger  (roj'fir)  I.  (Roger  Ghiiscard).  [L-  s.o- 
gerus,  F.  Roger,  It.  Buggiero,  Bogero,  Sp.  Pg. 
Mogerio,  G.  Miidiger.']  Bom  1031:  died  at  Mileto, 
1101.  Grand  Count  of  Sicily,  youngest  son  of 
Tancred  de  HauteviUe  and  brother  of  Robert 
Guiscard.  He  aided  his  brother  in  Calabria  after  1068, 
and  began  with  him  about  1060  the  conquest  of  Sicily,  tak- 
ing Messina  (1061),  Palermo  (1072),  Catania,  Girgenti,  etc. 
In  1090  he  took  Malta  from  the  Saracens.  He  assumed 
the  title  of  count  of  Sicily  about  1071. 

Roger  H.  Bom  about  1096 :  died  at  Palermo, 
1154.  Count  and  later  king  of  Sicily,  son  of 
Roger  I.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1101.  He  was 
acknowledged  duke  of  Apulia  and  Calabria  in  1127,  thus 
uniting  the  Norman  conquests  in  Italy  with  Sicily ;  was 
crowned  king  of  Sicily  in  1130 ;  was  defeated  by  the  em- 
peror Lothair  in  1137  ;  waged  war  successfully  against  the 
Pope  in  1139,  and  against  the  Eastern  Empire  and  the 
Arabs ;  and  conquered  Naples  and  the  Abruzzi. 

Roger  de  Coverley.    See  Coverley. 

Roger  of  Hoveden  (roj'6r  ov  huv'den  or  hov'- 
deu).  Lived  in  the  last  half  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury. The  author  of  a  chronicle  of  England, 
first  printed  in  1596.  He  was  a  clerk  and  a  member 
of  the  royal  household  of  Henry  II. ,  and  seems  to  have  been 
well  versed  in  the  law.  He  served  the  king  in  various  dip- 
lomatic and  public  affairs,  and  on  Henry's  death  he  prob- 
ably retired  to  the  collegiate  church  of  Hoveden  (Hovedon 
or  HowdenX  in  the  East  Kiding  of  Yorkshire,  and  wrote  his 
chronicle. 

Roger  of  Hoveden's  Chronicle  was  based  first  upon  a  com- 
pilation made  probably  at  Durham  between  the  years  1148 
and  1161,  and  known  as  the  "Historia  Saxonum  vel  Anglo- 
rum  post  obitum  Bedss."  This  chronicle  was  compiled 
from  the  histories  of  Simeon  of  Durham  and  Henry  of 
Huntingdon.  Roger  of  Hoveden  added  to  this  an  account 
of  the  miracles  of  Edward  the  Confessor ;  an  abstract  of  a 
charter  of  William  the  Conqueror  granting  Heminburgh 
and  Brackenholm  to  Durham ;  a  copy  of  a  charter  by  which 
Thomas  I.,  archbishop  of  York,  released  Durham  churches 
in  his  diocese  from  customaiy  payments  to  the  Archbishop ; 
a  list  in  iSrench  of  warriors  at  the  siege  of  Nice ;  and  about 
eight  other  additions.  The  part  of  Hoveden's  Chronicle 
which  extends  from  1148  to  1170  is  not  founded  upon  any 
written  authority  except  the  chronicle  of  Melrose.  .  .  . 
The  Melrose  Chronicle  was  based  upon  Simeon  of  Durham 
until  the  year  1121,  and  was  then  continued  until  1169  with 
contemporary  record.  Between  1163  and  1169  Roger  of 
Hoveden  draws  largely  from  the  lives  of  Becket  in  the  rec- 
ord of  his  qnarrel  with  the  king.  .  .  .  From  1169  to  the 
spring  of  119K  Roger  of  Hoveden's  Chronicle  embodies, 
with  occasional  divergence,  and  addition  of  documents, 
chiefly  northern,  that  of  Benedict  of  Peterborough ;  and 
from  1192  to  1201,  at  which  date  the  chronicle  ends,  the 
addition  of  documents  especially  relating  to  the  north  of 
England  becomes  a  marked  feature  of  the  work.  This  is 
tl\p  part  of  the  chronicle  in  which  Roger  of  Hoveden  is  his- 
torian of  his  own  time,  and  his  work  is  of  the  highest  value. 
The  reputation  of  thechronicle  was  in  its  own  time  so  gt,ud 
that  Edward  I.  is  said  to  have  caused  diligent  search  to  be 
made  tor  copies  of  it  in  the  year  1291,  in  order  that  on  its 


863 

evidence  he  might  adjust  the  disputes  as  to  homage  due  to 
him  from  the  Crown  of  Scotland. 

Morley,  English  Writers,  III.  193,  194, 

Roger  of  Wendover  (wen'd6-v6r).  Died  1237. 
An  English  chronicler,  a  monk  of  the  Abbey  of 
St.  Albans  and  prior  of  Belvoir.  He  was  the  author 
of  that  portion  of  the  "Flores  historiarum"  which  treats 
of  the  period  after  1189.    The  rest  is  by  John  de  Cells. 

Rogero  (ro-ia'ro),  or  Ruggiero  (rod-ja'ro).  A 
Saracen  knight  in  Boiardo's  "  Orlando  lunamo- 
rato"  and  in  Ariosto's  "  Orlando  Furioso."  He 
becomes  a  Christian  and  is  baptized  for  the  sake  of  Brada- 
mant.    He  is  one  of  the  most  important  characters. 

Rogers  (roj'6rz),  Fairman.  Born  Nov.  15, 
1833 :  died  Aug.  23,  1900.  An  American  engi- 
neer. He  graduated  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1863,  and  was  professor  of  civil  engineering  in  that  uni- 
versity 1856-70,  serving  as  a  volunteer  in  the  Union  army 
during  the  Civil  War.  He  published  "  Terrestrial  Magnet- 
ism and  the  Magnetism  of  Iron  Ships  "  (1883),  etc. 

Rogers^Henry.  Bom  Oct.  18,  1806:  died  in 
North  Wales,  Aug.  20,  1877.  An  English  Con- 
gregationalist  preacher  and  essayist,  professor 
of  English  at  University  College,  London.  His 
best-known  work  is  "The  Eclipse  of  Faith" 
(1852). 

Rogers,  Henry  Darwin.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
Aug.  1, 1808:  died  near  Grlasgow,  Scotland,  May 
29,  1866.  An  American  geologist.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  geology  and  mineralogy  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania 1836-46,  made  a  geological  survey  of  New  Jersey 
(begun  in  1836),  and  was  the  State  geologist  of  Pennsyl- 
vania 1836-38.  In  1855  he  removed  to  Edinburgh,  and  in 
1868  became  professor  of  natural  history  at  the  University 
of  Glasgow.  He  published  a  "  Description  of  the  Geology 
of  the  State  of  New  Jersey  "  (1840),  "Geology  of  Pennsyl- 
vania :  a  Government  Survey"'  (1S68),  etc.  With  the  firm 
of  W.  and  A.  K.  Johnston  he  published  a  geographical 
atlas  of  the  United  States  (1867). 

Rogers,  James  Edwin  Thorold.  Bom  at  West 
Meon,  Hampshire,  1823:  died  Oct.  12, 1890.  An 
English  political  economist.  He  graduated  at  Ox- 
ford (Magdalen  Hall)  in  1846,  and  officiated  for  a  time  as 
a  clergyman,  but  afterward  renounced  his  orders.  From 
1862  to  1868  he  was  professor  of  political  economy  at  Ox- 
ford ;  and  from  1880  to  1886  he  sat  in  Parliament  as  an 
advanced  Liberal.  He  published  "History  of  Agriculture 
and  Prices  in  England"(1868-88),  "Six  Centuries  of  Work 
and  Wages  "  (1886X  "  The  Economic  Interpretation  of  His- 
tory "  (1888X  etc. 

Rogers,  John.  Bom  near  Birmingham  in  1505 : 
burned  at  Smithfield,  Feb.  4, 1555.  An  Eng- 
lish Protestant  clergyman.  He  graduated  at  Cam- 
bridge (Pembroke  Hall)  in  1626.  In  1637,  under  the  name 
of  John  Matthew,  he  published  "Matthew's  Bible"  (com- 
piled from  Coverdale's  and  Tyndale's  versions  with  the 
Apocrypha  in  his  own  translation.  After  the  accession  of 
Mary  he  preached  against  Romanism  at  Paul's  Cross,  and 
was  arrested,  tried  as  a  heretic,  and  burned,  the  first  mar- 
tyr of  that  reign. 

Rogers,  John.  Bom  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Oct.  30, 
1829.  An  American  sculptor,  best  known  by 
his  small  groups  illustrating  soenes  from  the 
Civil  War,  country  life,  etc. 

Rogers,  Randolph.  Born  at  Waterloo,  New 
York,  July  6, 1825 :  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  15, 1892. 
An  American  sculptor.  He  removed  to  Italy  in  1866. 
Among  his  works  are  the  bronze  doors  in  the  Capitol  at 
Washington  and  portrait-statues  and  memorial  monu- 
ments in  Richmond,  Providence,  Detroit,  etc. 

Rogers,  Robert.  Bom  at  Dunbarton,  N.  H., 
1727 :  died  about  1800.  An  American  ofBeer, 
noted  in  the  French  and  Indian  war  as  com- 
mander of  the  corps  called ' '  Rogers's  Rangers." 
He  served  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  George  and  at  Detroit; 
was  arrested  by  Washington  as  a  spy  in  1776 ;  secured  his 
freedom  by  violating  his  parole,  and  raised  a  royalist  corps 
called  "The  Queen's  Rangers  " ;  and  went  to  England  in 
1777,  after  which  nothing  is  known  of  him.  He  wrote 
"A  Concise  Account  of  North  America  "  (1766),  "Jour- 
nals" (1766),  and  "  Diary  of  the  Siege  of  Detroit"  (published 
1860). 

Rogers,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Newington  Green, 
London,  July  30, 1763 :  died  at  London,  Dec.  18, 
1855.  An  English  poet,  son  of  a  London  banker. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Nonconformist  Academy  at  New- 
ington Green,  and  entered  his  father's  bank.  His  house  in 
London  was  noted  as  a  literary  center.  His  principal  po- 
ems are  "  Pleasures  of  Memory,  etc."  (1792),"  Epistle  to  a 
Friend,  etc."(1798),"  Voyage  of  Colunibus"(1812),"Jacque- 
line  "  (1814),  "Human  Life"  (1819),  "Italy''  (1822-28). 

Rogers,  William  Augustus.  Born  at  Water- 
ford,  Conn.,  Nov.  13,  1832:  died  at  Waterville, 
Me.,  March  1, 1898.  An  American  astronomer 
and  physicist,  a  specialist  in  micrometry.  He 
graduated  at  Brown  University  in  1857,  and  in  1868  be- 
came professor  of  mathematics  and  astronomy  at  Alfred 
University,  a  post  which  he  occupied  thirteen  years.  He 
was  appointed  asi^xstant  in  the  Harvard  Observatory  in 
1870  •  became  assis>Ant  professor  of  astronomy  at  Harvard 
in  1877 ;  and  accepted  the  chair  of  astronomy  and  physics 
at  Colby  University  in  1886. 

Roget  (r6-zha'),Peter  Mark.  Bom  at  London, 
1779:  died  1869.  An  English  physician  and 
scientific  writer.  He  took  his  medical  d^ee  at 
Edinburgh  in  1798,  and  practised  as  a  physician  in  Man- 
chester and  London,  where  he  became  physician  to  the 
Northern  Dispensary.  He  was  for  many  years  secretary 
of  the  Royal  Society,  and  was  Fullenan  lecturer  on  physi- 


Rokelle 

ology  at  the  Royal  Institution.  His  chief  work  Is  the  nota- 
ble "  Thesaurus  of  English  Words  and  Plirases  "  (1852). 

Roggeveld  Berge  (rog'ge-veld  berG'e).  A  moun- 
tain-range in  the  western  part  of  Cape  Colony, 
intersected  by  lat.  32°  S.  It  is  connected  on 
the  east  with  the  Nieuweveld  Berge. 

Rogier  (ro-zhya'),  Charles.  Bom  at  St.-Quen- 
tin,  France,  Aug.  12,  1800:  died  May  27,  1885. 
A  Belgian  statesman.  He  was  prominent  in  the  rev- 
olution of  1830,  and  was  one  of  the  members  of  the  pro- 
visional government^  and  one  of  the  chief  founders  of  the 
Belgian  monarchy.  He  was  a  member  of  various  minis- 
tries, and  a  leader  of  the  Uberal  party. 

Rogue  (rog)  River.  A  river  in  southwestern 
Oregon,  which  flows  into  the  Pacific  at  EUens- 
burg.    Length,  about  200  miles. 

Rogue  River  Indians,  See  Athapascan  and 
Takelma. 

Rohan  (ro-on'),  Due  Henri  de.  Bom  at  the 
castle  of  Blain,  Brittany,  Aug.  25,  1579:  died 
April  13,  1638.  A  celebrated  French  general, 
writer,  and  statesman.  He  was  a  leader  of  the  Hugue- 
nots in  the  civil  wars  which  ended  in  1629 ;  was  forced  to 
retire  to  Venice,'where  he  became  general  (1631) ;  was  re- 
called to  France,  and  conquered  the  Valtelline,  defeating 
the  Imperialists  and  Spaniards,  1636-36 ;  and  was  mortally 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Rheinfelden  in  1638.  He  wrote 
"Le  parfait  capitaine  "  (1636),  "  M^moires  et  lettres  sur  la 
guerre  de  la  Valtelline"  (1768),  etc. 

Rohilkhand,  or  Rohilcund  (ro-hil-kund').  A 
division  in  the  Northwest  Provinces,  British  In- 
dia. Area,  10,885  square  miles.  Population 
(1881),  5,122,557. 

Rohitsch  (ro'hitsh).  A  village  in  Styria,  Aus- 
tria-Hvmgary,  situated  in  lat.  46°  14'  N.,  long. 
15°  43'  E.  Near  it  is  the  watering-place  and 
health-resort  Rohitsch-Sauerbrunn. 

Rohlfs  (rolfs),  Friedrich  Gerhard.  Bom  at 
Vegesack,  near  Bremen,  April  14, 1831 :  died  at 
Godesberg,  Pi-ussia,  June  3, 1896.  An  African 
explorer.  He  was  a  military  surgeon  in  Algeria  1865-60.; 
ex^ored  Morocco,  Tafllet  (1860-62),  and  Tuat  (1864);  crossed 
Africa  from  Tripoli  to  Lagos  over  Lake  Chad,  Bornu,  Man- 
dara,  Sokoto,  Binue,  and  Yoruba  (1866-66) ;  visited  Abys- 
sinia in  1868,  the  oases  between  Tripoli  and  Egypt  in  1868, 
the  Libyan  desert  1873-74,  and  the  oases  Sokna  and  Eutra 
In  1878 ;  and  was  German  consul  at  Zanzibar  18S4r-86.  His 
nnmerous  works  include  "  Reise  durch  Marolsko"  (1869% 
"  Von  Tripoli  nach  Alexandria  "  (1871), "  Quer  durch  Afrika" 
(1874-76),  "  Kufra"  (1881),  "  Quid  novi  ex  Africa?"  (1886). 

Rohri.     See  Mori. 

Rohtak  (ro-tuk').  1.  A  district  in  the  Hissar 
division,  Panjab,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  29°  N.,  long.  76°  40'  E.  Area,  1,797  square 
mUes.  Population  (1891),  590, 475.— 2.  The  cap- 
ital of  the  district  of  Kohtak,  42  miles  north- 
west of  Delhi.    Population  (1891),  16,702. 

Roi  des  Montagues  (rwa  da  m6n-tany').  [F., 
'  King  of  the  Mountains.']  A  novel  by  Edmond 
About,  published  in  1856.  The  scene  is  laid  in 
Greece. 

Roi  d'Yvetot  (rwa dev-to'),  Le.  [F.,'The King 
of  Yvetot.']  A  song  by  B6ranger,  which  ap- 
peared in  1813.  It  alludes  to  the  contented  ruler  of. 
a  very  small  seigniory,  and  has  a  political  signification, 
turning  on  the  fact  that  the  French,  at  that  time  returned 
from  Moscow,  had  begun  to  weary  of  the  glory  which  cost 
so  much  blood  and  tears.  The  ballad  of  the  King  of  Yvetot, 
w}io  took  "  pleasure  for  his  code, "  was  sung  by  all  France, 
andpassedinto  literature  as  a  type  of  the  "roibon  enfant " 
whose  reign  the  French  wished  to  inaugurate. 

Roi  s' Amuse  (rwa  sa-miiz'),  Le.  [F.,  'The 
King  Amuses  Himself.']  A  drama  by  Victor 
Hugo,  produced  in  1832.  The  scene  is  laid  in 
the  reign  of  Francis  I. 

Rois  Faineants  (rwa  fa-na-on'),  Les.  [F.,'the 
do-nothing  or  sluggard  kings.']  A  name  given 
to  KingCIovis  H.  of  Neustria  (died  656)  and  his 
ten  successors.  They  were  merely  figureheads,  being 
entirely  under  the  management  of  the  mayor  of  the  palace, 
or  major  domus,  an  officer  who  had  charge  of  the  royal 
household  and  later  of  the  royal  domain.  The  mayor  was 
originally  elected  by  the  nobles,  but  the  office  became 
hereditary  in  the  Austrasian  family  of  the  Carolingians. 
The  empire  of  the  Merovingians  slowly  declined  in  the  use- 
less hands  of  the  "rois  faineants  "  until  751,  when  Pepin  the 
Short  usurped  the  crown. 

Rojas  (ro'Has),  Fernando  de.  Died  about  1510. 
A  Spanish  dramatist,  author  of  the  play ' '  Celes- 
tina." 

Rojas  Pa61  (pa-61'),  Jos6  Pablo.  Bom  about 
1845.  A  Venezuelan  politician,  president  from 
Feb.  20,  1888,  to  Feb.  20,  1890. 

Rojas-Zorilla  or  -Zorrilla  (ro'Has-thor-rel'ya), 
Francisco  de.  Bom  at  Toledo,  Oct.  4,  1607. 
A  Spanish  dramatist,  distinguished  as  a  writer 
both  of  tragedies  and  comedies.  Among  his  ^days 
are  "Garcia del Castafiar" and  "Donde  hayagraviosnohay 
zelos,"  imitated  by  Scarron,  Thomas  Comeille,  and  Rotrou. 

Rokeby  (rpk'bi).  A  narrative  poem  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  published  in  1813.  The  scene  is 
laid  in  northern  Yorkshire  in  1644. 

Rokelle  (ro-kel' ) .  A  river  in  the  southern  part 
of  Senegambia  andin  Sierra  Leone.  It  flows  into 


Bokelle 

the  Sierra  Leone  estnary.  Length,  estimated, 
over  200  miles. 

Rokitansky  (ro-ke-tan'ske).  Baron  Karl  von. 
Born  at  Koniggratz,  Bohemia,  Feb.  19,  1804: 
died  at_  Vienna,  Jtdy  23,  1878.  An  Austrian 
anatomist,  founder  of  the  German  school  of 
pathological  anatomy.  Hewrotea"Handbuchder 
pathologisohen  Anatomie"  ("Manual  of  Pathological 
Anatomy,"  1842-46),  etc. 

Kokjtno  (ro-ket'no) .  A  marshy  district  in  west- 
ern Russia,  between  the  Dnieper  and  the  Pri- 
pet.  According  to  one  theory  it  was  the  home 
of  the  Aryans. 

Itoland  (ro'land).  [E.  also  Rowland,  D.  Boeland, 
F.  Roland,  Sp.  Rolando,  Pg.  Rolando,  Orlando, 
RoldSo,  It.  Orlando,  ML.  Rolandus,  from  OHG-. 
Sruodland,  G.  Rudland,  Ridand,  Roland,  hav- 
ing a  famous  land.]  In  medieval  romance, 
■the  most  celebrated  of  the  paladins  of  Char- 
lemagne, famous  for  his  prowess  and  death 
in  the  battle  of  Eoncesvalles  in  778.  His  deeds 
■were  first  recorded  in  Turpin's  chronicle  and  in  the 
"  Chanson  de  Roland,"  also  in  the  works  of  Pulci,  Boiardo, 
xaA  Ariosto.  He  I 'ad  a  wonderful  horn  called  Olivant, 
which  he  won,  together  with  the  sword  Durandal  (Durin- 
dana),  from  the  giant  Jutmundus.  Tiie  horn  might  be 
heard  at  the  distance  of  twenty  miles.  There  are  numer- 
ous legends  concerning  Roland.  He  once  fought  for  five 
days  with  Oliver  or  Olivier,  son  of  Regnier,  dulse  of  Genoa, 
another  of  Charlemagne's  paladins.  They  had  previously 
known  each  other,  and  were  nearly  equally  matched. 
Neither  gained  the  advantage:  hence  the  phrase  "togivea 
Roland  for  an  Oliver,"  i.  e.  a  blow  for  a  blow.  "  Childe 
Roland  (Rowland)  to  the  Dark  Tower  came,"  a  poem  by 
Robert  Browning,  is,  according  to  his  own  statement,  sim- 
ply a  dramatic  creation  called  forth  by  the  line  sung  by 
Edgar  in  "  King  Lear"  ill.  4. 

Boland,  Chanson  de.    See  Chanson  de  Roland. 

Poland  de  la  Platifere  (ro-lon'  d6  la  pla-tySr'), 
Jean  Marie.  Bom  at  Thizy,  near  Vaiefranche, 
France,  Feb.  18, 1734:  committed  suicide  near 
Houen,  Nov.  15, 1793.  A  French  statesman  and 
'Writer.  Previous  to  the  Eevolutiou  he  was  an  inspector 
of  manufactures  at  Amiens  and  Lyons.  He  became  a  re- 
publican propagandist  in  Paris  In  1791 ;  and  was  one  of  the 
Girondist  leaders.  He  was  minister  of  the  interior  March- 
June,  1792,  and  Aug. ,  1792,-Jan.  22, 1793,  and  was  a  deputy 
to  the  Convention.  He  escaped  from  Paris  in  June,  1793. 

HolanddelaPlatifere  (ro-lou'  d6  lapia-tyar'), 
Madame  (Manon  Jeanne  FMipon).  Born  at 
Paris,  March  17,  1754:  guillotined  at  Paris, 
Nov.  8,  1793.  The  wife  of  Roland  de  la  Pla- 
tifere,  a  famous  adherent  of  the  Revolution. 
;Her  salon  in  Paris  was  the  headquarters  of  the  republi- 
cans and  Girondists  1791-93.  She  was  arrested  May  31, 
1793.  Her  "M^moires,"  written  in  prison,  were  first  pub- 
lished in  1795. 

Boland  for  an  Oliver.  A  farce  by  Thomas 
Morton,  founded  on  Scribe's  "  Visite  a  Bedlam  " 
and  "ITne  heure  de  mariage":  produced  in 
1819.    See  Roland. 

^landseck  (ro'lants-ek).  A  small  village  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  22  miles  south-south- 
east of  Cologne.  It  is  noted  for  its  ruined  castle. 
Near  it  is  the  village  of  Rolandswertb. 

^oldan  (rol-dan' ),  Francisco.  Bom  about  1450 : 
died  July  2  (?),  1502.  A  Spanish  adventurer. 
In  1493  he  went  with  Columbus  to  Espanola,  where  he  be- 
came chief  judge.  In  1497  he  headed  a  rebellion  against 
BartholomewColumbua,  who  was  then  governingthe  island. 
He  submitted  to  Columbus  himself  in  1498  on  the  promise 
-of  a  pardon  and  his  reinstatement  in  office,  terms  which 
proved  the  weakness  of  the  admiral's  rule.  The  Spanish 
..sovereigns  sent  Bobadilla  to  inquire  into  these  disorders, 
.and  he,  instead  of  punishing  Roldan,  forced  Columbus 
and  his  brothers  to  return  to  Spain  as  prisoners.  Roldan 
was  arrested  by  Ovando  in  1502,  and  ordered  to  Spain. 
Soon  after  leaving  the  island  he  was  drowned  in  the  great 
storm  in  which  Bobadilla  also  perished. 

Eolf.    See  Rollo. 

:Eolfe  (rolf ),  Robert  Monsey,  Baron  Cranworth. 
Bom  at  Cranworth,  Norfolk,  England,  Dec.  18, 
1790 :  died  at  London,  July  24, 1868.  An  Eng- 
lish jurist.  He  was  lord  chancellor  1852-58  and 
1865-66. 

'Rolla  (rol'a).  A  character  in  Kotzebue's  play 
"The  Spaniards  in  Peru  "  (known  in  English  as 
Sheridan's  "  Pizarro  ") :  the  commander  of  the 
army  of  Ataliba. 

Rolla.  A  tale  in  verse  by  De  Musset,  published 
in  1836. 

Boll-Call, The.  AnotedpaintingbyLady Butler 
(Elizabeth  Thompson),  in  Windsor  Castle,  Eng- 
land, of  date  1874.  it  represents  the  calling  of  the 
roll  of  the  Grenadier  Guards,  in  presence  of  the  colonel 
after  a  battle  in  the  Crimea,  in  winter. 

;Koll-Gall  of  the  Last  Victims  of  the  Terror. 

A  painting  by  MiiEer  (1850),  in  the  palace  of 
Versailles,  it  represents  the  calling  of  the  names,  in 
the  Conciergerie  prison,  of  the  last  detail  of  victims  for  the 
guillotine,  in  July,  1794.  The  Princesse  de  Chimay  is  in 
the  tumbril,  which  is  seen  through  the  open  door ;  the 
Princesse  de  Monaco  rises  upon  hearing  her  name,  Andr^ 
Ch^er,  the  poet,  sits  in  a  chair  in  the  foreground.  There 
is  a  replica  in  the  J.  J.  Astor  collection,  New  York. 
BoUe  (rol),  Richard.  Bom  at  Thornton,  York- 
shire, about  1290 :  died  at  Hampole,  1349.    An 


864 

English  hermit  and  religious  writer,  known  as 
"  the  Hermit  of  Hampole."  He  was  well  educated, 
and  wrote  many  prose  treatises  and  a  long  poem, "  The 
Prick  of  Conscience."  It  was  edited  by  Richard  Mor- 
ris for  the  Philological  Society  in  1863. 

RoUin  (ro-lan'),  Charles.  Born  at  Paris,  Jan. 
30,  1661:  died  Sept.  14,  1741.  A  French  his- 
torian. He  became  professor  of  eloquence  at  the  College 
de  France  in  1688 ;  was  rector  of  the  University  1694-95; 
and  in  1699  was  appointed  coadj  utor  of  the  College  de  Eeau- 
vais,  a  post  which  he  lost  twelve  years  later  on  account 
of  his  Jansenistic  sympathies.  He  was  reelected  rector 
of  the  university  in  1720.  Among  his  works  are  "Histoire 
ancienne"  ("Ancient  History,"  1730-38),  "Traits  des 
etudes"  (1726-31),  and  "Histoire romaine"  ("Roman  His- 
tory," 1738-48). 

RoUin,  Ledru-.    See  Ledru-Rollim. 

Rollo  (rol'o),  or  Rolf  (rolf),  or  Hrolf  (hrolf),  or 
Rou(ro).  Diedabout930.  The  first  duke  of  Nor- 
mandy. He  was  a  Norwegian  viking  who  ascended  the 
Seine  and  took  Rouen  at  the  head  of  a  band  of  Scandina^ 
vian  pirates,  and  in  911  or  912  compelled  Charles  m.  the 
Simple  to  invest  him  with  the  sovereignty  of  the  region 
between  the  Seine  and  the  Epte,  which  received  the  name 
of  Normandy.  He  on  his  part  accepted  Christianity,  mar- 
ried Charles's  daughter  Gisela,  and  recognized  the  king  of 
France  as  his  teudiil  superior. 

Rollo,  Duke  of  Normandy.  See  Bloody  Bro- 
tlier.  The. 

Rom  (rem).  An  island  in  the  North  Sea,  be- 
longing to  the  province  of  Schleswig-Holstein, 
Prussia,  4  miles  west  of  the  mainland.  Length, 
8  miles. 

Roma.    The  Latin  and  Italian  name  of  Rome. 

Romagna  (ro-man'ya).  A  territorial  division 
in  Italy.  It  formed  the  main  part  of  the  exarchate  of 
Ravenna,  and  later  was  an  important  part  of  the  Papal 
States.  It  now  comprises  the  provinces  of  Bologna,  Fer- 
rara,  Ravenna,  and  Forli. 

Remain  (ro-man'),  Cape.  Apoint  on  the  coast 
of  South  Carolina,  38  miles  northeast  of  Charles- 
ton. 

Romain'ville  (ro-man-vel') .  A  village  and  fort 
directly  northeast  of  the  fortifications  of  Paris. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a  defeat  of  the  French  by 
the  Allies,  March  30,  1814.  The  Russians  es- 
tablished their  headquarters  here  on  the  night 
before  they  entered  Paris. 

Roman  Actor,  The.  A  play  by  Massinger, 
licensed  in  1626.  It  was  revived  in  1722,  1796, 
and  1822. 

RomanBourgeois(ro-mon'b8r-zhwa'),Le.  [P., 
'The  Bourgeois  Romance.']  A  work  of  fiction 
by  Antoiue  Furetifire,  published  in  1666. 

An  original  and  lively  book,  vrithout  any  general  plot, 
but  containing  a  series  of  very  amusing  pictures  of  the 
Parisian  middle-class  society  of  the  day,  with  many  curious 
traits  of  language  and  manners. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  323. 

Roman  Campagna.    See  Campagna  di  Roma. 

Romance  of  the  Forest,  The.  A  romance  by 
Mrs.  Radcliffe,  published  in  1791. 

Roman  comiq.ue(r6-mon'k6-mek').  [P., 'com- 
ical romance.']  A  work  by  Scarron, ' '  an  unfin- 
ished history  of  a  troupe  of  strolling  actors,  dis- 
playing extraordinary  truth  of  observation  and 
power  of  realistic  description  in  the  style  -which 
Le  Sage  and  Fielding  afterwards  made  popular 
throughout  Europe"  (Saintsbury).  it  was  ver- 
sified by  M.  d'Orvilliers,  and  published  at  Paiis  (1733). 
La  Fontaine  wrote  a  comedy  which  comprehends  most 
of  the  characters  and  best  situations,  and  (goldsmith  wrote 
an  English  version  of  the  romance. 

Roman  de  laRose(r6-mon'd6iar6z).  [F., 'Ro- 
mance of  the  Rose.']  An  early  French  poem, 
begun  by  Guillaume  de  Lorris  before  1260,  and 
continued  forty  or  fifty  years  later  by  Jean  de 
Meung.  The  part  written  by  the  former  extends  to  4,670 
lines,  and  the  entire  poem  contains  more  than  20,000.  It 
is  an  elaborate  allegory  the  theme  of  which  is  the  art  of 
love.  For  a  long  time  it  enjoyed  extraordinary  popularity. 
See  Bomaunt  of  the  Rose, 

But  the  real  secret  of  its  vogue,  as  of  all  such  vogues,  is 
that  It  faithfully  held  up  the  mirror  to  the  later  middle 
ages.  In  no  single  book  can  that  period  of  history  be  so 
conveniently  studied.  Its  ingrained  religion  and  its  nas- 
cent free-thought ;  its  thirst  for  knowledge  and  its  lack  of 
criticism ;  its  sharp  social  divisions  and  its  indistinct  as- 
pirations after  liberty  and  equality ;  its  traditional  moral- 
ity and  asceticism,  and  its  halt-pagan  half-childish  relish 
for  the  pleasure  of  sense ;  its  romance  and  its  coarseness, 
all  its  weakness  and  all  its  strength,  here  appear. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  86. 

Roman  de  Troie  (ro-mon'  d6  trwa).  A  poem 
by  Benoit  de  Sainte-Maure,  written  about  1160. 

The  principal  poem  of  this  class  is  the  "Roman  de 
Troie  "  of  Benoist  de  Sainte-More.  This  werk,  which  ex- 
tends to  more  than  thirty  thousand  verses,  has  the  re- 
dundancy and  the  longwindedness  which  characterise 
many,  if  not  most,  early  French  poems  written  in  its  metre. 
But  it  has  one  merit  which  ought  to  conciliate  English 
readers  to  Benoist:  it  contains  the  undoubted  original 
of  Shakespeare's  "  Cressida." 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit,  p.  44. 

Roman  de  Brut.  A  romance  by  Wace,  who 
versified  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  under  this  title. 


Romberg,  Andreas 

Other  romances,  however,  had  the  same  name, 
and  it  became  a  common  one.    See  Brut. 

Roman  d'un  Jeune  Homme  Pauvr^  Le.  [P., 
'The  Romance  of  a  Poor  Young  Man.']  A 
novel  by  FeuUlet,  published  in  1857.  He  dram, 
atized  it  in  1858. 

Roman  du  Renart.    See  Reynard  the  Fox. 

Roman  Empire.    See  under  Rovie. 

Roman  Empire,  Holy.  See  Holy  Roman  En^ 
pire. 

Romanes  (ro-man'ez),  George  John.  Born  at 
Kingston,  Canada,  May  20,1848:  died  at  Oxford, 
May  23, 1894.  A  British  naturalist.  He  graduated 
at  Cambridge  (Cains  College)  in  1870 ;  was  Burney  priae 
essayist  in  1873,  and  Croonlan  lecturer  to  the  Royal  So. 
ciety  in  1875  and  1881 ;  and  was  elected  Fullerlan  professor 
of  physiology  at  the  Royal  Institution  in  1889.  He  pub. 
lished  "Anim allntelligenoe " (1881), " Mental  Evolution  in 
Animals"  (1883),  "The  Philosophy  of  Natural  History 
before  and  after  Darwin  "  (1888),  ete. 

Romani,  Ginlio.    See  Caccini,  GiuUo. 

Romania  (ro-ma'ni-a).  1.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  Eastern  Empire. — 2,  The  eastern 
part  of  the  Morea,  during  the  Venetian  period. 
— 3.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  Rumelia. — 
4.  See  Rumania. 

Romania  (ro-m9.-ne'a),  Cape.  A  headland  at 
the  southeastern  extremity  of  the  Malay  penin- 
sula, east  of  Singapore. 

Romanika  (ro-ma-ne'ka).    See  Ruanda. 

Romano  (ro-ma'no),  Cape.  A  cape  on  the 
southwestern  coast  of  Florida,  situated  in  lat. 
25°  52'  N.,  long.  81°  57'  W. 

Romano,  Ezzelino  da.  See  Eeselino  da  Ro- 
mano. 

Romano,  Giulio.    See  GiuUo  Romano. 

Romanoff  (ro-ma'nof).  The  present  reigning 
house  of  Russia,  descended  from  Andrei  Ro- 
manoff (14th  century).  The  family  came  to  the  throne 
in  the  person  of  Mikhail  in  1613.  The  direct  male  line  ter- 
minated in  1730,  and  the  female  line  in  1762.  The  present 
ruler  belongs  to  the  Holstein-Gottorp  (or  Oldenburg-Ro- 
manoff) branch  line. 

Roman  Republic.  1.  See  Rome.—Z.  A  name 
given  to  the  short-lived  republic  established  at 
Rome  in  1798  and  overthrown  in  1799. 

Romans  (ro-mon').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Dr6me,  France,  situated  on  the  Isdre  11  miles 
northeast  of  Valence :  formerly  the  seat  of  an 
ancient  abbey.    Population  (1891),  16,545. 

Romans  (ro'manz),  Epistle  to  the.  An  epistle 
written  by  the  apostle  Paul  to  a  Christian  com- 
munity  at  Rome,  consisting  partly  of  Jews  and 
partly  of  Gentile  converts,  it  was  composed  before 
the  apostle  had  visited  Rome,  and  is  generally  supposed  to 
have  been  vn'itton  from  Corinth  about  58  A.  D.  Its  main 
objeot  is  the  doctrine  of  justiBcation  by  faith,  with  special 
reference  to  the  relations  of  the  Jews  and  Gentiles  re- 
spectively to  the  law  of  God  (natural  and  revealed),  the 
rejection  of  the  Jews,  and  the  admission  of  the  Gentiles. 

Romans  of  the  Decadence.  A  large  painting 
by  Couture  (1847),  in  the  Luxembourg  Museum, 
Paris.  It  represents  a  wild  debauch  in  the  later  days  of 
the  empure,  in  the  court  of  a  splendid  house.  The  statues 
of  dignified  ancestors  contrast  with  the  scene  of  unbridled 
license  before  them. 

Bomanus  (ro-ma'nus).    Pope  897. 

Bomanus  I.  Lecapenus.  Died  948.  Emperor 
of  the  East  919-944,  father-in-law  and  colleague 
of  Constantino  Porphyrogenitus. 

Bomanus  II.  Emperor  of  the  East  959-963,  son 
of  Constantine  Porphyrogenitus. 

Bomanus  III.  Argyrus  (ar-ji'ms).  Emperor 
of  the  East  1028-34,  husband  of  Zoe. 

Bomanus IV. Diogenes  (di-oj'e-nez).  Emperor 
of  the  East  1068-71.  He  was  defeated  by  Alp 
-Arslan  and  imprisoned. 

Boman  Wall.    See  Hadrian's  Wall. 

Bomanzoff.    See  Rumiantaeff. 

Bomanzoff  (ro-man' tsof),  Cape.  A  cape  on  the 
western  coast  of  Alaska,  situated  in  lat.  61°  52' 
N.,  long.  166°  17'  W. 

Bomanzoff  Bay.  An  inlet  at  the  northern  ex- 
tremity of  the  island  of  Yezo,  Japan. 

Bomanzoff  Mountains.  A  range  of  mountains 
in  the  northeastern  part  of  Alaska,  near  the 
Ai'ctic  Ocean. 

Boma  Quadrata  (ro'ma  kwod-ra'ta),  FL. , '  the 
square  Rome/;]  The  earliest  fortified  Bom4,  oc- 
cupying the  Palatine  HUl  and  a  quadrangidar 
mclosure  suiTounding  its  base.  This  oldest  fixed 
area  or  pomerium  was  hSked  upon  with  reverence  a^ 
rrisHn^''ft^L7°<'r-»'?°f  » l»t«  as  the  empire!'  me 
p=i„«i.?^™fK'^,  °*  ancient  wall  on  the  slopes  of  the 
of  the  P^attae'    ^  ^"^  ^  ^^  luolosure,  but  to  thl  citadel 

Bomaunt  of  the  Rose.    A  translation  of  the 
Roma,n  de  la  Rose,"  attributed  with  some  un- 

"SomlS  '^bn?  ^,?b  °%'i;  ^*  ?^"^'"ly  ^"""'^ated  the 
,™  ?S',  ""*  whether  the  version  first  nrinted  In  the 
1632  edition  is  by  his  hand  is  not  clear        ^ 

TL^^'m-?  (rom'bero), Andreas.  Bom  atVeohte, 
near  Munster,  Germany,  April  27, 1767:  died  ai 


Romberg,  Andreas 

<jrotha,  Nov.  10,  1821.  A  Grerman  violinist  and 
composer  of  sacred  music,  operas,  etc.  He  com- 
posed the  music  for  Schiller's ' '  Song  of  the  Bell," 
etc. 

Romberg,  Bernhard.  Bom  at  DinMage,  Mttn- 
ster,  Nov.  11, 1770:  died  at  Hamburg,  Aug.  13, 
1841.  A  German  player  on  the  violoncello,  and 
composer  for  that  instrument. 

Rome  (rom).  A  compartimento  and  province 
of  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  formerly  belonging  to 
the  Papal  States.  Area,  4,663  square  mues. 
Population  (1891),  986,135. 

Rome.  [F.  Home,  It.  Boma,  G.  Rom,  L.  Roma,  Gr. 
'Viijoi.  There  were  two  other,  older,  cities  in 
Italy  so  named,  and  one  in  the  Troad ;  the  name 
is  prob.  lit.  'strength'  or  'stronghold,'  from 
Gr.  piifm,  strength,  force.  The  name  Valentia, 
'  strength,'  was,  in  fact,  also  applied  to  Eome, 
and  was  the  name  of  several  other  cities.] 
The  capital  and  center  of  the  greatest  state  of 
the  ancient  world,  the  center  of  the  Eoman 
Catholic  Church,  and  the  capital  of  the  present 
kingdom  of  Italy.  This,  the  most  famous  of  all  cities, 
is  situated  on  both  banks  of  the  Tiber,  15  miles  from  the 
Mediterranean,  in  lat.  41°  54'  N.,  long.  12°  29'  E.  The  city 
proper  is  on  the  left  bank,  on  the  original  seven  hills  (Capi- 
■toline,  Palatine,  Aventine,  Ceelian,  Viminal,  Esguiline,  and 
Quirinal)  and  the  connecting  valleys  and  plains  near  the 
river.  The  government  quarter  is  in  the  northeast ;  the 
modern  part,  where  the  great  development  (since  1870)  of 
the  city  is  most  marked,  is  in  the  north  and  east ;  the 
papal  quarter  (the  Leonine  City)  is  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  river.  Among  the  existing  remains  of  the  ancient  city 
the  Forum,  Colosseum,  Forum  of  Trajan,  Cloaca  Maxima, 
catacombs.  Pantheon,  column  of  Aurelius,  theater  of  Mar- 
cellus,  pyramid  of  Cestius,  arches  of  Constantine,  Titus,  and 
Septlmius  Severus,  baths  of  Titus  and  Caracalla,  ruins  on 
the  Palatine,  temple  of  Neptune,  basilica  of  Constantine, 
temples  of  Concord,  Fortune,  Saturn,  and  Neptune,  palace 
of  Caligula,  mausoleum  of  Hadrian,  and  obelisks  are  no- 
table. (For  the  various  objects  of  interest  in  ancient  and 
modern  Rome,  see  the  separate  articles.)  The  history  of 
Home  is  that  of  the  city  and  of  the  power  which,  growing 
up  around  it,  extended  throughout  Italy  and  beyond  it 
under  the  republic,  and  finally  under  the  Bioman  Empire 
comprised  nearly  the  whole  of  the  civilized  world.  The 
early  accounts  we  have  of  Home  appear  to  consist  of  an 
undistinguishahle  thread  or  two  of  fact  in  a  web  of  le- 
gend. According  to  tradition  the  city  was  founded  by 
Bomulus  in  753  B.  0.,  and  was  ruled  by  seven  kings  in  suc- 
cession (Romulus,  Numa  Pompilius,  Tullus  Hostilius, 
Ancus  Martins,  Tarquinius  Priscus,  Servius  TuUius,  and 


410,  threatened  by  the  Huns  under  Attila  and  saved  by 
Pope  Leo  the  Great  in  452,  and  sacked  by  the  Vandals  in 
456 ;  end  of  the  Western  Empire,  476,  and  accession  of  Odo- 
acer  (chief  of  the  Heruli)  as  ruler  of  Italy  (see  ItcUy)  ■  in- 
crease of  the  ecclesiastical  importance  of  the  city  through 
the  gradual  development  of  the  claims  of  the  bishops  of 
Eome ;  Eome  taken  by  Belisarius  in  636,  by  Totila  in  546, 
and  by  Narses  in  662 ;  establishment  of  the  temporal  power 


865  Ronaldshay,  South 

German  geologist,  an  authority  on  the  moun- 
tains of  northwestern  Germany. 
Romero  (ro-ma'ro),  Matias.  Bom  in  1837:  died 
at  Washington,  D.  C,  Deo.  30, 1898.  A  Mexican 
diplomatist  and  politician.  He  was  minister  to  the 
United  States  1863-68  and  again  1882-98 ;  and  at  various 

of  the  Pope,  8th  century ;  consecration  of  the  emperors  at  vT^ZvA7r^^^f^r^V''''TiJ.^  Tr^'^^f^'^JTi-T^i 
Eome  commencedwith  Charles  the  Great,  800  (ended  with  Bomford  (rum  ford).  Atowninthe  county  of 
Frederick  IIL,  1462) ;  Gregory  VIL  besieged  by  the  em-  JliSsex,  England,  Situated  on  the  nver  Rom  11 
peror  Henry  IT.  and  delivered  by  Eobert  Guiscard,  1084  ;  miles  east-northeast  of  London.  It  is  noted 
revolutionunderArnoldofBreBCia,lM3;-55;removalofpa-  for  ale.  Population  (1891),  8,408. 
pal  residence  to  Avignon,  1309 ;  revolutions  under  Eienzi,  ■D«-iv.in.^/«„™'i  n\  t-t,.-  Tin™,  lono.  jj„j  rw^. 
1347  and  1354 ;  return  of  the  popes  to  Eome,  1377 ;  over-  ^°™;W  ^^°F^  l^''  J°™-  ^°™  ^^^^  ■  died  Dee. 
throw  of  the  republican  privileges  by  Pope  Boniface  IX.,  23,  1874.  An  English  junst,  second  son  of  Sir 
'""'  '  "      '"      ~      '  "     '    "      '  Samuel  Eomilly.     He  was  educated  at  Cambridge 

(Trinity  College),  and  was  called  to  the  bar  at  Gray's  Inn 
in  1827.  He  was  solicitor-general  1848-50,  attorney-general 
1850-51,  and  master  of  the  rolls  1861-72.  In  this  last  office 
he  superintended  the  publication  of  public  records  of  great 
historic  importance.    Created  a  baron  in  1866. 

Romilly,  Sir  Samuel.  Bom  at  London,  March 
1,  1757:  committed  suicide  Nov.  2,  1818.  An 
English  lawyer  and  philanthropist,  of  Hugue- 
not descent.  At  21  years  of  age  he  entered  Gray's  Inn. 
In  1806  he  was  appointed  solicitor-general  of  the  Gren- 
ville  administration.  He  is  famous  &om  his  labors  for  the 
reform  of  the  criminal  law,  commencing  in  1807.  His 
plans  were  not  realized  during  his  lifetime.  His  speeches 
were  published  in  1820,  and  his  autobiography  in  1840. 


1398 ;  Eome  taken  by  the  Constable  de  Bourbon,  1627 , 
Roman  republic  revived,  1798-99 ;  Eome  in  the  possession 
of  France  1808-14 ;  insurrection,  1848 ;  Eoman  republic  re- 
vived in  1849,  and  suppressed  in  the  same  year  by  French 
troops ;  meeting  of  the  Vatican  Council,  1869-70 ;  Eome 
entered  by  the  Italian  troops,  Sept.  20,  1870,  and  made 
the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  1871.  Population 
(1901),  commune,  462,783. 

It  is  not  surprising  that  from  the  same  somewhat  vague 
premises  the  following  very  different  conclusions  are 
draw^  by  their  respective  authors :  Bunsen  fixes  the 
population  of  Eome  (B.  0.  15)  at  1,300,000,  Marquardt  at 
1,680,000,  Zumpt  at  1,970,000,  Hoeck  at  2,265,000.  I  take 
this  comparison  of  theirdiSerent  results  from  Von  Wieters- 
heim,  who  himself  arrives  at  results  very  similar  to  those 
of  Bunsen,  making  the  total  population  of  the  city  1,360, 


000.    The '"  Curiosum  Urbis,"  a  description  of  thecityof  Romilly-SUr-Seme(r6-me-ye'siir-san').  Atown 

w'^??fi?,°^'\v°*L^^?'  *^°,",1*?,*'"^' ^'™/.*?«noT"    ia  tlie  department  of  Aube,  Prance,  situated 
berof  the  dwellings  therein  as  1790  Domus  and  46,602  In-     .„„„„j.t,    o   ■       ca      -i  a         j.i,       j.    .c  t>  _• 

sulffi.     Scholars  a?e  generally  agreed  that  the  former  are     ^©ar  the  Seme  64  miles  east-southeast  of  Pans, 
the  great  self-contained  mansions  of  the  rich,  andthelat-     Population  (1891),  commune,  7,244. 
ter  the  blocks  of  what  we  should  call  "tenemented  prop-  ■Rnnrnpw   nv 'NrA-nr  Pntniio-ir  ^roTn'Tii>       A   fnwn 
erty"  let  out  in  fiats  and  rooms  to  the  poorer  classes.  From     i°^?„^?^,?L£'5^„i?"55?ii!TouiiV 


this  number  of  dwellings  Gibbon  infers  a  population  of 
1,200,000  and  Von  Wietersheim  1,470,000  at  the  beginning 
of  the  fourth  century.  It  is  obvious,  however,  how  ex- 
ceedingly liable  to  error  are  all  calculations  of  the  popu- 
lation of  a  city  from  a  conjectural  allowance  of  so  many 
inhabitants  to  each  house. 

Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  394. 

For  ages  the  Empire  remained  Eoman  in  the  fullest 
sense,  Eoman  even  in  keeping  possession  of  the  Old  Eome. 
It  was  Eoman  too  in  one  most  distinctive  characteristic  of 
the  older  Roman  power.  From  the  first  Julius  to  the  last 
Palaiologos,  the  Eoman  Empire  was  a  power  and  not  a  na^ 
tion.  Of  no  phase  of  the  Roman  power  is  this  more  true 
than  of  its  Eastern  or  Byzantine  phase.  The  name  Eoman, 
in  the  use  of  Procopius,  when  it  does  not  refer  geographi- 
cally to  the  elder  Rome,  means  any  man,  of  whatever  race, 
who  is  a  subject  of  the  Roman  Empire  or  who  serves  in 
the  Roman  armies.  His  nationality  may  be  not  only 
Greek,  Macedonian,  or  Thracian,  but  Gothic,  Persian,  or 
Hunnish.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  246. 


Tarquinius  Superbus),  the  overthrow  of  the  last  of  whom 
led  to  the  establishment  of  the  republic  in  or  about  609 

B  0.    The  histoiy  of  the  first  two  or  three  centuries  of  Rome.     A  manufacturing  city,  Capital  of  Ployd 
the  republic  IS  also  largely  traditional.    During  the  5th     ^"1      ri     ""."^™^'''"'   s^  Y  Vil     iT     j    Vli 
and  4th  centuries  B.  0.  it  was  confined  mostly  to  Latium,     Couilty   Georgia,  situated  at  the  head  of  the 
and  was  occupied  with  the  struggles  between  the  patri-     Coosa  Elver,  57  miles  northwest  of  Atlanta, 
oians  and  plebeians  and  with  wars  against  the  .^qui.     Population  (1900),  7,291. 

Hemici,.Volsci,  Etruscans, Gauls,  and  Samnites. .  MUter  Rome.     A  city  of  Oneida  County,  New  York, 

situated  on  the  Mohawk  and  at  the  junction  of 


events  the  following  is  a  summary :  Secession  of  the  plebs 
and  formation  of  the  tribunate,  about  494  E.  0.;  formation 
of  the  decemvirate,  461-449 ;  capture  of  Veil,  396 ;  invasion 
of  the  Gauls  and  sack  of  Rome,  390  ;  passage  of  the  Licin- 
ian  laws,  367 ;  passage  of  the  Fublilian  laws,  338  ;  Samnite 
wars,  343-341,  326-304,  and  298-290 ;  Latin  war  340-338 ; 
Hortensian  law,  2S6(?);  war  against  Gauls,  Etruscans,  etc., 
286-282 ;  war  against  larentnm  and  Pyrrhus,  282-275 ;  oon- 
4]uest  of  the  peninsula  completed  by  266 ;  first  Punic  war. 


the  Erie  and  Black  Elver  canals,  95  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Albany,  it  is  an  important  dairy  cen- 
ter, and  has  flourishing  manufactures.  It  occupies  the 
site  of  Fort  Stanwix,  besieged  by  the  British  in  1777.  Pop- 
ulation (1800),  16,343. 

Rome  of  the  North,  The,    Cologne. 


264-241 ;  lllyrian  war,  229-228 ;  conquest  of  Cisalpine  Gaul,  Romen.     See  Romny, 

226-222 ;  second  Punic  war,  218-201  (Eome  threatened  by  Pnman  anil  Tnliot       A  trnirpflv 'hir  RTinkanprH 
Haninihii  9n^•  Mnnfirtnni»n  iv«T»  5!ii-!!ns  900-107  !.nS  ±iomeo  autt  J uuet.    A  wageoy  Dy  fenaKspcre, 

surreptitiously  prmted  m  1597  (a  correct  edi- 


Hannibal,  211);  Macedonian  wars,  214-205,  200-197,  and 
171-168 ;  war  with  Syria,  192-189 ;  third  Punic  war,  149- 
146 ;  subjugation  of  Greece  complete,  146 ;  war  in  Spain 
ended  with  capture  of  Numantia,  133;  attempted  reforms 
under  the  Gracchi,  133-121 ;  war  with  Jugurthaterminatfed, 
106 ;  overthrow  of  the  Teutones  and  Cimbri,  102-101 ;  Social 
War,  90-88 ;  civil  wars  of  Marius  and  Sulla,  88-82  (Rome 
stormed  by  Sulla,  88 ;  reign  of  terror  In  the  city  under 
Marius  and  Carbo,  87  ;  proscription  by  SuUa,  82);  Mithri- 
datio  wars,  88-84, 83-81,  and  74-64  ;  struggle  with  the  gladi- 
ators, 73-71 ;  war  with  the  pirates,  ended  67 ;  conspiracy 
of  Catiline,  63 ;  first  triumvirate,  60 ;  conquest  of  Gaul 
nnder  Julius  Ceesar,  68-51 ;  tumults  in  the  city  between 
the  partizans  of  Clodius  and  Milo,  57-52 ;  civil  war  of 
Ciesai  and  Pompey,  49-48 ;  supremacy  of  Csesar,  49-44 ; 
assassination  of  Csesar,  44  ;  second  triumvirate,  43 ;  over- 
throw of  the  republicans  at  Philippi,  42 ;  battle  of  Ac- 
tinm  31,  and  commencement  of  the  sole  rule  of  Augustus ; 
establishment  of  the  Eoman  Empire,  27 ;  golden  period  of 
Roman  literature  during  the  reign  of  Augustus,  31 B.  0.- 
14  A.  D.;  Julian  emperors,  until  68  A.  D.  (death  of  Nero) ; 
Flavian  emperors,  69-96 ;  reign  of  Trajan,  98-117,  the  em- 
pire then  reaching  its  greatest  extent,  comprising  Italy, 
Britain,  Gaul,  Spain,  western  Germany,  Ehsetia,  Noricum, 
Fannonia,  Dalmatia,  Dacia,  Moesia,  Thrace,  Macedonia, 
Greece,  Asia  Minor,  Syria,  Armenia,  parts  of  the  Cau- 
casus regions,  Arabia,  Egypt,  Cyrenaica,  Africa  (Tunis), 
Numidia,  Mauretania,  Corsica,  Sardinia,  Sicily,  Crete,  Cy- 
prus, and  other  Islands  in  the  Mediterranean ;  age  of  the 
Antonines,  down  to  death  of  Marcus  Aurelius  in  180 ; 
inroads  of  the  northern  barbarians,  commenced  in  the 
Sd  century ;  reign  of  Aurelian,  270-275 ;  reign  of  Diocle- 
tian, 284-305,  followed  by  division  of  the  empire  between 
various  rulers;  last  general  persecution  of  the  Chris- 
tians, about  308 ;  reign  of  Constantine  as  sole  ruler,  and 
recognition  of  Christianity  as  the  religion  of  the  empire, 
323-337 ;  capital  transferred  to  Constantinople,  330 ;  reign 
of  Julian  the  Apostate,  361-363 ;  reign  of  Theodosius,  379- 
396 ;  final  separation  of  the  Eastern  and  Western  empires, 
395  (see  Eaetem  Empire) ;  Western  Empire  disintegrated 
in  the  5th  century  under  attacks  of  Goths  (under  Alaric, 


in  the  county  of  Kent,  England,  situated  on  the 
English  Channel  18  miles  southwest  of  Dover: 
one  of  the  original  Cinque  Ports.  Population 
(1891),  1,366. 
Romney,  George.  Bom  at  Beckside,  Lanca- 
shire, England,  Dec.  15,  1734 :  died  at  Kendal, 
Nov.  15, 1802.  A  noted  English  painter  of  por- 
traits and  historical  subjects.  He  was  apprenticed 
at  first  to  a  wood-worker,  was  a  clever  musician,  and  began 
very  early  to  paint  portraits.  He  established  himself  in 
London  in  1760,  and  made  some  success  with  his  "  Death 
of  General  Wolfe."  He  visited  Paris  in  1764,  and  exhibited 
the  "  Death  of  King  Edmund  "  in  1765.  This  was  followed 
by  a  sojourn  in  Italy.  He  returned  to  London  in  1775, 
where  he  took  a  studio  in  Cavendish  Square  and  painted  a 
series  of  famous  portraits.  He  assisted  in  preparing  the 
Boydell  Shakspere  Gallery  in  1790.  Although  left  without 
a  rival  at  the  death  of  Reynolds,  he  was  seized  with  hypo- 
chondria, left  Xondon,  rejoined  his  wife  and  family,  whom 
he  had  abandoned  30  years  before,  and  spent  the  remainder 
of  his  life  in  retireihent  at  Eendal. 

Romney  Marsh.  A  large  tract  of  reclaimed 
land  in  Kent,  England,  near  Eomney. 

Romny  (rom-ne'),  or  Romen  (ro-men').  Atown 
in  the  government  of  Pultowa,  Eussia,  situated 
on  the  Sula  95  miles  northwest  of  Pultowa. 
Population  (1894),  15,249. 

Romola  (rom'o-la).  A  novel  by  George  Eliot, 
published  originalhr  in  the ' '  Cornhill  Magazine  " 
from  July,  1862,  to  July,  1863,  and  in  book  form  in 
1863.  The  scene  Is  laid  in  Florence  at  the  end  of  the  16th 
century.  The  artistic  aim  of  the  novel  is  to  ahow  the  con- 
fiict  between  liberal  and  classical  culture  and  the  Christian 
faith  aroused  by  the  influence  of  the  reformer  Savonarola 
in  the  heart  of  Romola,  a  daughter  of  the  Florentine  house 
of  Bardi.  Her  marriage  with  the  Greek  Tito  Melema  having 
proved  a  failure,  and  all  the  ties  of  her  life  having  been 
broken,  she  devotes  herself  to  the  service  of  a  plague- 
stricken  people,  and  attains  peace  through. self-sacrifice, 

Romonan  (ro-mo-nan').  A  tribe  of  Indians  for- 
merly on  San  Francisco  Bay,  California.  See 
Costanoan. 

A  town  in  the 
department  of  Loir-et-Cher,  Prance,  situated  on 
the  Grande  Sauldre  39  miles  south  by  west  of 
Orleans.  It  has  manufactures  of  wool.  The  edict  of 
Romorantin,  issued  in  May,  1560,  through  the  influence  of 
L'Hdpital,  secured  the  exclusion  of  the  Inquisition  from 
France.    Population  (1891),  commune,  7,812. 

Romsdal  (roms'dal).  A  province  in  Norway, 
situated  along  the  coast  about  lat.  62°-63°  N. 
Area,  5,785  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
127,806. 


tion  in  1599),  and  produced  between  1591-96, 
The  legend  of  the  lovers  is  founded  on  a  tale  found  among 
the  "Novelle"  of  Masuccio  di  Salerno,  of  whom  little  is 
known.  It  was  printed  at  Naples  in  1476.  The  story  next 
appears  in  "  La  Giulietta, "  a  tale  by  Luigi  da  Porta,  in  1636 ; 
then  "  a  Dominican  monk,  Matteo  Bandello,  took  up  the 
tale,  rehandled  it,  and  included  it  among  his  somewhat 
unclerical  'Novelle,'  which  appeared  at  Lucca  in  1664.  Romorautin  (ro-mo-ron-tan') 

Five  years  later  it  passed  the  Alps  —  a  version  of  Bandel-     j__.Xi3!rt_i  .ir  „: j.  /-ii -n. 

lo's  *  Novelle,'  with  variations  and  additions,  being  given 
to  French  readers  by  Pierre  Boaistuau  among  his  'His- 
toires  Tragiques.'  In  1662  Arthur  Brooke  produced  the 
English  poem,  *  The  Tragicall  History  of  Romeus  and  Ju- 
liet,' on  which  Shakspere  founded  his  tragedy.  Brooke 
speaks  of  h&ving  seen  *  the  same  argument  lately  set  forth 
on  stage';  no  such  drama  of  early  Elizabethan  days  sur- 
vives ;  rude  indeed  must  have  been  the  attempt  of  any 
playwright  in  England  of  1662.  Again  Ave  years,  and  Boais- 
tuau's  French  paraphrase  of  Bandello  was  translated  into 
English  prose  by  William  Painter  for  his  '  Palace  of  Plea- 

Z!:U'^lS^!^^^^l^^^i!Xii'&nt'!^  Romuaido,  Saint,  pied.1027.  The  founder  of 
in  ottava  rima,  professedly  by  a  noble  lady  of  Verona  nam-  the  order  oi  Camaldolesi.  Dante  placed  him  in  his 
ing  herself  '  Clitia'— really,  it  is  supposed,  by  Gherardo  «  Paradise."  The  Eoman  Church  celebrates  his  memory 
Bolderi ;  it  had  been  dramatized  by  the  blind  poet  and  ac-     on  Feb.  7. 

tor  Luigi  Groto,  with  scene  and  time  and  names  of  persons  RomulUS  (rom'u-lus).  According  to  Roman  le- 
changed;  it  had  been  recorded  as  grave  matter  of  history  ,   the  founder  of  Eome  (753  B   o)   and  ita 

by  De  la  Corte,  who  states  that  he  had  many  times  seen     geM,  }'^^ /i'Jir^~L      J^°™f  V        "■  ^'li  ^^"-  "f 
the  tomb  or  sarcophagus  of  the  lovers,  then  used  as  a  wash-     first  king  (753-716) :  son  of  Mars  and  the  vestal 
ing-trough,  at  the  well  of  the  orphanage  of  St.  Francis"     Rhea  Silvia.     He  was  worshiped  as  a  divinity 
(Bowden).  Garrick  produced  a  version  of  ''Romeo  and  Ju-     ^jj^g,,  ^jjg  name  of  Quirinus. 
Iiet"inl748,  with  a  different  ending,  for  Barry  and  Mrs.  p  ,         fHreno  nf      Spr  r7»V™« 

Cibber;  James  Howard's  adaptation  appeared  about  1668.   KOmUlUS.OircUS  01.     bee  C^rcus. 

lope  de  Vega  and  Francisco  de  Eoxas  also  wrote  Spanish  KomUlUS  AUgUStUlUS  (a-gus  tu-lus).  Last  em- 
plays  on  the  subject.  The  story  is  of  the  love  and  tragic  peror  of  the  West,  son  of  Orestes.  He  was  pro- 
death  of  two  impassioned  lovers  The  subject  has  o^^^^^^^^  claimed  in  475,  and  deposed  by  Odoacer  in  476. 
been  used,by  ™«'PO««^|»f„°P„«^a?f/^Jj,*'y  gjl^fij^  Ronaldshay  (ron'ald-sha),  North.    One  of  the 


Bellini,  and  Gounod.    „„.„„. , .,.,-,      _...    ^,      -j    .      ,,  ,, 

, ,     maticfifth  symphony  ("Eom^oet  Juliette, "1839).  Orkney  Islands,  Scotland,  m  the  northeastern 

etc.),>rank8.  Vandals  (under  (Jenseric  etc.)  Burgundiajs,  Rgmer.  or  Roemcr  (re'mer),  Friedrich  Adolf .     part  of  the  group. 

rtsfil^c^rffh\TirrL=m"p^SL^fo^fioS  Bom  'at  Hildesheim    Prussia,  April  14  1809:  Ronaldshay  fouth    One  of  ^^^^ 

by  the  Goths  under  Alaric  about  408-  sacked  by  Alaric  in    died  at  Clausthal,  Pmssia,  Nov.  25,  1869.    A    Islands,  m  the  southern  part  of  the  group. 

C— 55 


Boncaglia 

fioncaglia  (ron-kal'ya).  A  village  east  of  Pia- 
eenza,  Italy :  a  rendezvous  of  the  followers  of 
the  medieval  German  emperors  on  their  jour- 
neys to  Eome. 

Boncal  (ron-kal').  A  valley  in  Navarre,  Spain, 
situated  on  the  southern  slope  of  the  Pyrenees, 
40  miles  east  of  Pamplona. 

Roncesvalles  (ron-thes-val'yes),  F.  Bonce- 
Taux  (r6ns-v6').  A  place  in  Navarre,  Spain, 
in  the  Pyrenees  20  miles  northeast  of  Pamplona. 
It  is  notable  for  the  defeat  there  of  the  rear-guard  of 
Charles  the  Great's  army,  on  its  return  from  Spain,  by  the 
Basques  (or  according  to  tradition  by  the  Moors)  in  778. 
From  the  death  of  Koland  in  the  battle,  the  "Chanson  de 
Koland"  is  called  also  "Chanson  de  Roncevaux." 

Ko  action  of  so  small  importance  [as  Roncesvalles]  has 
ever  been  made  the  theme  of  so  many  heroic  legends  and 
songs.  It  is  the  Thermopylse  of  the  Pyrenees,  with  none 
of  the  glory  or  the  significance,  but  all  the  glamour,  of  its 
prototype.  Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  38. 

Sonciglione  (ron-chel-yo'ne).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Bome,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Bicano 
31  miles  north-northwest  of  Bome.  Population 
(1881),  5,769. 

Konconi  (ron-ko'ne),  Domenico.  Bom  at  Leu- 
dinara,  July  11,  1772 :  died  at  Milan,  April  13, 
1839.  An  Italian  composer  and  teacher  of 
vocal  music. 

Bonda  (ron'da).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Malaga,  southern  Spain,  situated  near  the 
Guadiaro  40  miles  west  of  Malaga,  it  occupies  a 
picturesque  situation  on  a  lofty  and  steep  rock ;  has  con- 
siderable trade ;  and  is  famous  for  its  bull-flghts.  It  was 
captured  from  the  Moors  in  1485.  Population  (1887),  18,350. 

Bondeau  (rou-do'),  Jos6.  Bom  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  1773:  died  there,  1884.  A  Spanish- Amer- 
ican general.  He  commanded  the  patriot  forces  in  the 
siege  of  Montevideo  1811-13,  and  subsequently  in  Upper 
Peru  or  Bolivia  1814-19,  where  he  was  generally  unsuccess- 
ful. He  was  supreme  director  of  the  United  Provinces 
June  10, 1819,  to  Feb.  12, 1820,  when  he  was  deposed.  From 
Nov.  24, 1828,  to  April  17, 1830,  he  was  provisional  presi- 
dent of  Uruguay. 

Eondo(ron'd6),orOvarondo(6-va-ron'd6).  See 
Ndonga. 

Kondout  (ron'dout).  A  former  village,  since 
1872  a  part  of  the  city  of  Kingston,  Ulster 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson  79 
miles  north  of  New  York.  It  has  a  large  coal 
trade. 

Bonge  (rong'e),  Johannes.  Bom  at  Bischofs- 
walde,  Silesia,  Oct.  16, 1813:  died  at  Vienna,  Oct. 
26, 1887.  A  German  Boman  Catholic  priest,  one 
of  the  chief  founders  of  the  German  Catholic 
movement  in  1844  and  succeeding  years.  He 
was  in  exile  1849-61. 

Bonne  (r6u'ne).  The  capital  of  the  island  of 
Bomholm  in  the  Baltic,  belonging  to  Denmark, 
situated  on  the  west  coast.  Population  (1890), 
8,281. 

Bonne,  Lud-wig  Moritz  Peter  von.  Bom  Oct. 
18, 1804:  died  at  BerliUj  Dee.  22, 1891.  A  Pms- 
sian  jurist  and  politician.  Among  his  works  are 
'*  Die  Verf  assung  una  Verwaltung  des  preussischen  Staats  " 
(1843-72),  "  Das  Staatsrecht  der  preussischen  Monarchie" 
(1856-63),  "Das  Staatsrecht  des  deutschen  Reichs  "  (1876- 
1877),  etc. 

Bonneburg  (ron'ne-bOre).  A  manufacturing 
town  in  the  duchy  of  Saxe-Altenburg,  Germany, 
35  miles  south  by  west  of  Leipsio.  Population 
(1890),  6,011. 

Bonsard  (rSn-sar'),  Pierre  de.  Bom  in  the 
ChS;teau  de  La  Poissonni&re,  Vend6mois,  Sept. 
11,  1524:  died  at  the  priory  of  St.-C6me,  Tou- 
raine,  Dec.  27, 1585.  A  celebrated  French  i)oet. 
After  a  brief  stay  at  the  College  de  Navarre  in  Paris,  he 
became  page  to  Charles,  duke  of  Orleans,  second  son  of 
Francis  I.  of  France.  He  spent  also  a  couple  of  years  in 
the  service  of  James  V.  of  Scotland,  and  then  returned  to 
his  former  post,  and  was  attached  to  various  diplomatic  em- 
bassies. On  his  final  return  to  France  in  1B42,  he  lost  his 
sense  of  hearing  in  consequence  of  a  severe  illness.  This 
infirmity  compelled  him  to  give  up  the  lite  at  court,  and  led 
him  to  turn  all  his  attention  to  literary  labors.  Together 
with  his  friend  Baif,  he  took  up  a  course  of  study  that  ex- 
tended over  7  years  (1542-49)  and  made  of  him  an  excellent 
frreek  scholar.  The  ultimate  end  he  had  in  view  was  to 
regenerate  his  native  tongue,  and  demonstrate  in  his  own 
works  that  the  French  language  was  capable  of  as  much 
power  and  nobility  of  expression  as  it  had  of  acknowledged 
grace  and  refinement.  About  1652  he  began  to  publish  his 
poetic  works :"  Odes,"  "  Sonnets  k  Cassandre,"  "  Le  booage," 
"Les  amours,"  etc.  His  greatest  success  was  attained  in 
his  "Hymnes"  (1555-56),  and  he  became  a  great  favorite 
with  Charles  IX.,  king  of  France  from  1560  to  1674.  On 
the  death  of  his  royal  patron,  Ronsard  was  gradually  rele- 
gated to  the  background  :  finally  he  left  the  court  in  ut- 
ter discouragement.  The  last  years  of  his  life  (1674-86) 
were  spent  in  quiet  and  sad  retirement.  Ronsard  was  the 
father  of  lyric  poetry  in  France.  His  gi-eat  ambition, 
however,  had  been  to  rank  as  the  Homer  or  Vergil  of  his 
country,  and  in  this  spirit  he  undertook  to  write  a  long 
poem,  "  La  Franciade  " :  he  labored  on  it  for  26  years,  and 
finally  left  it  unfinished. 

Bonsdorf  (rons'dorf).  A  manufacturing  town 
intheEhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  23  miles 


866  Bosales 

northeast  of  Cologne.  Population  (1890),  7,470;  theatrical  director,  brother  of  J.  t,.  C.  Eoqus 

commune,  11,762.  plan-                                 ,.„       , ,,           ,     n     » 

B5ntgen (rent'gen), Wilhelm Konrad.    Bom  Eoaues  (ro'kes),,Los.    [Si;.,  'therooks.]    A 

March  27, 1845.    An  eminent  German  scientist,  group  of  small  uninhabited  islands m  tne  uarib- 

He  was  educated  at  Zurich  and  Utrecht    Since  1870  he  bean  Sea,  belonging  to  Venezuela,  Sltuatefl  m 

has  taught  at  Wiirzburg,  Strasburg,  and  elsewhere,  and  in  i„i   iio  fifi' N     lone.  66°  40' W. 


1888  was  made  director  of  the  Physical  Institute  of  the 
University  of  'WUrzburg.  Professor  at  Munich  since  1899. 
His  discovery  of  the  X-rays  was  announced  in  Dec,  1895. 
Bood  (r6d),  Black.  [Black  and  rood,  a  cross.] 
A  relic  brought  to  Scotland  by  the  wife  of  Mal- 
colm Canmore,  and  long  held  in  extreme  venera- 
tion by  the  Scots,  it  consisted  of  a  cross  of  gold,  in- 
closing a  piece  of  the  true  cross,  set  in  an  ebony  figure  of 
Christ.  It  was  deposited  with  the  regalia  in  Edinburgh 
Castle,  and  carried  with  them  to  England  by  Edward  I.,  and 
used  by  him  to  give  increased  solemnity  to  the  oaths  he  ex- 
acted from  the  Scottishmagnates.  All  trace  of  it  is  now  lost. 

Boodee  (ro'de).  A  meadow,  outside  the  city  of 
Chester,  which  is  partly  surrounded  by  a  Boman 
wall,  the  best  preserved  in  England.  It  has  been 
used  as  a  race-coiirse  from  the  earliest  times.  The  name  is 
derived  from  the  rood  or  cross  which  formerly  stood  here. 

Bookery  (riik'er-i).  The.  A  dense  mass  of 
houses  which  was  once  the  worst  part  of  St. 
Giles  in  London.  It  has  been  cleared  away  in 
the  formation  of  New  Oxford  street. 

Book  (ruk)  Island,  or  Book's  Island.  An 
island  in  the  Pacific,  east  of  Papua  and  west  of 
New  Britain,  in  long.  148°  E.     Length,  31  miles. 

Boom.     See  Bum. 


Boom-Elee.    See  f  ^f  Ko.        „  „   .„^  _„.,  B5raas  (re'r&s),  or  Boros  (re'ros).     A  smaU 
Boon  (ron),  Count  ^^brechtlCheodor  Emil  ""to  in  the  province  of  South  Trondhjem,  Nor- 


Boauette  (r6-ket'),"0tt0.  Bom  at  Krotoschin, 
Posen,  April  19, 1824:  died  at  Darmstadt, March 
18  1896  A  German  poet  and  author.  He  studied 
history  and  philosophy  at  Heidelberg,  Berlin,  and  Halle  ; 
was  afterward  a  teacher  m  Dresden,  and  after  1862  m  Ber- 
lin •  and  in  1869  was  made  prof  essor  of  the  German  language, 
literature,  and  history  in  the  school  of  technology  at  Darm- 
stadt  He  wrote  numerous  lyrics,  dramas,  novels,  and 
tales.'  Among  them  are  "  Waldmeisters  Brautfahrt :  ein 
Rhein-  Wein-,  und  Wandermarchen  •  ("Waldmeisters- 
Wedding  Journey :  aTale  of  the  Rhine  Wine,  and  Travel,' 
1851)  •  "Liederbuoh"  ("Song-Book,"  1852:  the  third  edi- 
tion under  the  title  "Gedichte  "  (''Poems  "),  1880) ;"  Dra- 
matische  Dichtungen"  ("  Dramatic  Writings,  1867-76,  2 
vols.):  the  novels  "Im  Haus  der  Vater  ("In  the  Ances- 
tral House")  "Das  Buchstabirbuch  der  Leidenschaft 
("The  Spelling-Book  of  Passion,"  1878),  and  "Die  Pro- 
phetenschule  ■^"  The  School  of  the  Prophets  "  1879).  He- 
is  also  the  author  of  a  "  Geschichte  der  deutschen  titte- 
ratur"  ("  History  of  German  Literature,"  1862),  which  itt 
the  third  edition  has  the  title  "  Geschichte  der  deutschen- 
Dichtung"  ("History  of  German  Poetry,"  1879). 

Boauevaire  (rok-var').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Bouches-du-Bhone,  France,  situated  on, 
the  Huveaune  11  miles  east-northeast  of  Mar- 
seilles. It  is  noted  for  its  export  of  raisins- 
Population  (1891),  commune,  3,115. 

small 


von.  Bom  at  Pleushagen,  near  Kolberg,  Prus- 
sia, April  30, 1803:  died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  23, 1879. 
A  celebrated  Prussian  general  and  statesman. 
He  was  minister  of  war  1869-73,  and  minister  of  marine 
1861-71.  He  is  especially  famous  for  his  successful  eif orts 
in  reorganizing  the  Prussian  army,  the  result  of  which  was 
shown  in  its  rapid  mobilization  in  the  wars  of  1866  and 
1870.  He  was  made  general  field-marshal  and  Prussian 
premier  in  1873,  but  resigned  the  latter  office  in  the  same 

Boos  (ros),  Johann  Heinrich.    Bom  at  Otter-  Bori  (r6;re),jor  Warori  /wa-r6're)_.  ^  A^Bantu 
berg.  Palatinate,  Oct.  27, 1631:  died  Oct.  3, 1685. 


way,  situated  61  miles  southeast  of  Trondhjem: 
noted  for  its  copper-niiines. 
Boraima  (ro-ra'e-ma).  The  highest  mountain 
of  British  Guiana,  on  the  western  frontier,  in 
territory  claimed  by  Venezuela.  It  is  properly  a. 
part  of  the  Pacaraima  range.  The  upper  portion  is  a  table- 
land with  very  precipitous  sides,  ascended  in  1884  by  Im 
Thurm.    Height,  estimated,  8,580  feet. 


A  German  painter  of  landscapes  and  animals. 

Boos,  Joseph.    Bom  about  1728:  died  1805.    A 

German  painter  and  etcher,  grandson  of  Johann 

Heinrich  Boos. 


tribe  of  German  East  Airica,  north  of  Lake 
Nyassa,  on  the  Eueha  afluent  of  the  Bufiji 
Eiver.  They  are  of  short  stature  except  the  chiefs,  wear 
capes  and  belts  of  bead-work,  live  in  large  tembes,  eat  dogs,, 
and  are  feared  as  slave-raiders.  The  country  is  called. 
Urori. 


Boos,  Philipp  Peter:  called  also  Bosa  di  Ti-  Borschach  (ror'shaeh).  A  town  and  watering- 
voli.  Born  at  Frankfort,  1657:  died  at  Bome,  place  in  the  canton  of  St. -Gall,  Switzerland,  sit- 
1705.  A  German  painter  of  landscapes  and  ani-  uated  on  the  Lake  of  Constance  20  miles  south- 
mals,  son  of  Johann  Heinrich  Boos.  east  of  Constance.    It  has  a  large  grain  trade. 

Boosendal,  orBozendaal  (ro'zen-dal).  A  town    Population  (1888),  5,863. 
in  the  province  of  North  Brabant,  Netherlands,  Bory  O'More  (ro'ri  6-m6r').  A  novel  by  Samuel 
27miles  south  of  Botterdam.  Population  (1889),    Lover,  published  in  1836. 


6,118 ;  commune,  11,197. 
Boosevelt  (ro'ze-velt),  BobertBamwell.  Born 

in  New  York  city,  Aug.  7,  1829.  An  American 
author  and  politician.  He  was  New  York  State  fish- 
commissioner  1867-88;  Democratic  member  of  Congress 
from  New  York  1871-73 ;  editor  of  the  New  York  "Citizen"; 
and  United  States  minister  to  the  Netherlands  in  1888. 
He  wrote  "  Game  Fish  of  North  America,"  "  Game  Birds 
of  the  North,"  etc. 

Boosevelt,  Theodore.  Bom  at  New  York,  Oct. 
27,  1858.  An  American  author  and  statesman. 
He  was  Republican  New  York  State  assemblyman  1882-84 ; 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  mayor  of  New  York  city  in 
1886 ;  United  States  civil-service  commissioner  1889-95  ; 
president  of  the  New  York  board  of  police  commissioners 
1895-97 ;  assistant  secretary  of  the  navy  1897-98 ;  fought 


Bos  (ros).  [LL.  Bhos;  Byzantine  Gr.  'Puf  (Gly- 
cas),  'Puffoj.]  The  Scandinavians,  specifically 
the  Swedes,  who  conquered  a  part  of  Bussia  in- 
the  9th  century  and  gave  their  name  to  the 
country  itself.  Novgorod,  in  the  north,  and  Kiefl,  in- 
the  south,  became  centers  of  Scandinavian  power.  About 
866  A.  1>.  the  Ros  made  incursions  southward  as  far  as 
Constantinople,  which  they  again  threatened  in  941.  l^ey 
were  amalgamated  with  the  Slavs.  Better  known  as- 
Varangiam. 

Bosa  (ro' sa).  Saint  (Isabel  Flores), called  Bosa 
of  Lima.  Bom  at  Lima,  1586 :  died  there,  Aug. 
24,  1617.  A  Peruvian  ascetic.  She  was  can- 
onized in  1671,  her  feast-day  being  fixed  on 


Aug.  30. 
aslieutenant-coloneloftheFirstVolunteerCavalry(Rough  Tfnaa  Cro'za)  fiarl       Rom  Marph  99  1842-  died 
Riders)  at  Las  Guasimas  June  24,  and  San  Juan  July  1 ;  '^P^^K.r.  iVo'rT     a  "/m  J-^iaron  ^^,  liy^ .  oieu 

was  appointed  colonel  July  8, 1898 ;  was  elected  governor  ■'^P"'  ^"i  l******-  ■*•  German  Violinist  and  mana- 
of  New  York  Nov.,  1898,  and  vice-president  of  the  United  ger  of  opera.  After  the  success  of  his  wife  Parepa-Bosa 
States  1900 ;  and  became  president  of  the  United  States  in  opera,  he  formed  an  English  opera  company  which  con- 
Sept.  14, 1901,  on  the  death  of  President  McEiuley.  His  tlnued  with  success  after  her  death.  He  produced  nearly 
works  include  "  History  of  the  Naval  War  of  1812  "  (1882) ,  20  operas  not  previously  sung  in  English, 
livesof  Thomas  H.  Benton  (1887)  and  Gouverneur  Morris  Vnaa   T!iiTi'hrnH-ffnp  Pornnn      9,pr  Tnrpna-'Rnsn 

RZ^:^or^tr  G^r  p~hS""r  ^sia;  i^aSarSz-de ii teT«s 

Root  (rot  or  rut),  G-eorge  Frederick.    Born     de  la  Bosa 
Aug.  30,  1820 :  died  Aug.  6,  1895.     An  Amer-  Rosa,  Monte.     See  Monte  Bosa. 
lean  composer  and  musical  publisher.     He  was  Bosa  (ro'sa),  Salvator.    Bom  at  Benella,  near 

Naples,  June  20, 1615  (?) :  died  at  Bome,  March 
15,  1673.    A  painter  of  the  Neapolitan  school. 


the  author  of  various  songs  ("  There  's  Music  in  the 
Air,"  "Tramp,  Tramp,  Tramp,  the  Boys  are  March- 
ing," "Battle  Cry  of  Freedom,"  etc.),  cantatas,  manu- 
als, etc. 

Boot  and  Branch.  In  English  history,  the  ex- 
tremists of  the  Parliamentary  party  who  about 
1641  favored  the  overthrow  of  episcopacy;  also, 
the  policy  of  these  extremists. 

Boot-Diggers.    See  Diggers. 

Boot-Eaters.    See  Diggers. 

Bociuefort  (rok-for').    A  village  in  the  depart 


He  was  a  pupil  of  his  uncle  Paolo  Greco  and  Falcone.  He 
is  said  to  have  learned  from  the  banditti  of  the  Abruzzi 
many  incidents  which  he  afterward  painted.  He  went  to 
Rome  in  1635,  and  soon  became  famous  as  a  painter,  musi- 
cian, and  satirical  poet.  He  sympathized  with  Masaniello 
in  1646-47,  and  is  said  to  have  been  a  member  of  a  Com- 
pagnia  della  Morte,  formed  for  the  waylaying  and  killing 
of  Spaniards  in  Naples.  His  masterpiece  is  considered  to 
be  the  "  Conspiracy  of  Catiline,"  in  the  Fitti  at  Florence. 
He  excelled  in  battle-pieces. 


ment  of  Aveyron,  southern  Prance,  33  miles  Bosader  (ros'a-dfer).  In  Lodge's  "  Bosalynde," 
southeast  of  Bodez.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  the  younger  tirother  of  Torrismond  the  Usurper, 
manufacture  (in  its  grottoes)  of  Boquefort  and  lover  of  Bosalynde.  He  is  the  Orlando  of 
cheese.  "  As  you  Like  it." 

Bomieplan  (rok-plon'),  Joseph  Etienne  Ca-  Bosa  di  Tivoli.    See  Boos,  PUUpp  Peter. 
mille.  BomatMallemort,Bouches-du-Bh6ne,  Bosales  (ro-sal'as),  Diego  de.    Bom  at  Madrid, 
France,  1802:  died  1855.    A  French  painter.        1595 :  died  in  Spain,  1674.    A  Jesuit  historian. 

BoQUeplan,  Louis  Victor  Nestor.  Bom  at  From  1029  to  1665  he  was  in  ChUe,  where  he  traveled  ex- 
Mnllp^nrt  Franpfi  1804-  died  at  Paris  Ariml  tensively  and  for  a  time  was  provincial.  His  "Hiatoria 
Si  iQ^  '*  Si  1,  •  ■  ill  ;;«.  ™i!'  ^  i  general  del  ReynodeChUe"  was  first  published  in  1877.  It 
24,  1870.    A  French  miscellaneous  writer  and     fc  one  of  the  best  of  the  early  works  on  Chile? 


Rosalie 

Sosalle  (roz'a-li),  Saint.  The  patron  saint  of 
Palermo,  sai3  to  have  lived  near  there  in  the 
12th  century. 

Bosalie  Peak  (roz'a-li  pek).  A  peak  in  the 
Front  Bange,  Colorado,  about  14,340  feet  in 
height. 

Bosalind  (roz'a-lind).  1 .  A  name  given  to  Bosa 
Daniel,  the  sister  of  Samuel  Daniel  and  the  wife 
of  John  Florio.  she  was  loved  by  Spenser  In  her 
youth,  and  he  complains  of  her  ill  usage  of  him  in  "  The 
Shepherd'sCalendar."  In  "The  Faerie  Queene"  he  again 
introdnces  her  under  the  name  of  MirabeL 

2.  The  daughter  of  the  exiled  duke,  in  love  with 
Orlando:  a  character  in  Shakspere's  "As  you 
Like  it."  Her  vivacity  gives  the  chief  charm 
to  the  play. 

Rosaline  (roz'a-lin).  1.  Borneo's  former  love, 
a  lady  mentioned  in  Shakspere's  "Eomeo  and 
Jvdiet." — 2.  A  lady  attending  on  the  Princess 
of  France:  a  character  in  Shakspere's  "  Love's 
Labour 's  Lost."  She  "holds  her  part  victori- 
ous" in  a  war  of  words  with  Biron  whom  she 
loves. 

Bosalynde,  or  Euphues'  Golden  Legacy.  A 
prose  idyl  by  Thomas  Lodge,  first  printed  in 
1590.  Shakspere  took  his  "As  you  Like  it "  from  it.  It 
is  themost  famous  book  of  the  Euphuist  school,  with  the  ex- 
ception of ' '  Euphues  "  itself,  Rosalynde  is  the  niece  of  the 
usurper  Torrismond,  and  disguises  herself  as  Ganymede. 

Rosamond  (roz'a-mond).  [See  Bosamunda.2 
An  opera  by  AddisonJ  produced  at  Drury  Lane 
in  1707. 

Rosamond,  Fair.    See  Clifford,  Bosamond. 

Rosamond  S  Bower,  A  subterranean  labyrinth 
in  Blenheim  Park,  said  to  have  been  built  by 
Henry  11.  as  a  retreat  for  Bosamond  Clifford. 

Rosamond's  Pond.  A  sheet  of  water  formerly 
lying  in  the  southwest  corner  of  St.  James's  Park 
in  London.  It  was  "  long  consecrated  to  disas- 
trous love  and  elegiac  poetry."  It  was  filled  up 
in  1770. 

Rosamunda  (ro-za-mun'da),  or  Rosamond 
(roz'a-mond).  [Or.  Bosamwnde  or  Sosimund.'] 
Daughter  of  Cunimond,  king  of  the  Gepidse, 
and  wife  of  Alboin,  king  of  the  Lombards.  She 
is  said  to  have  procured  the  death  of  her  husband  (573). 
See  Alboin. 

Rosario  (ro-sa're-o).  A  city  in  the  province  of 
Santa  Fe,  Argentine  Bepublic,  situated  on  the 

Parand  about  lat.  33°  5'  S.  It  is  an  important  rail- 
way terminus  and  center  for  river  and  foreign  trade, 
and  was  made  a  port  of  entry  in  1854.  Population  (1896), 
93,684. 
Rosario.  A  small  town  in  the  state  of  Sinaloa, 
Mexico,  about  35  miles  southeast  of  Mazatlan. 
Rosas  (ro'sas).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Gerona,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Bosas  82 
miles  northeast  of  Barcelona.  Population(1887), 
2,996. 

Rosas  (ro'sas),  Juan  Manuel  de.  Bom  at 
Buenos  Ayres,  March  30, 1793 :  died  near  South- 
ampton, England,  March  14, 1877.  Dictator  of 
Buenos  Ayres.  For  many  years  he  was  a  leader  of  the 
Gauchos,  and  Dorrego  (1827)  made  him  commander  of 
Uie  rural  militia.  By  the  deposition  and  death  of  Dorrego 
(Dec,  1828),  Bosas  became  chief  of  the  federalist  party, 
which  aimed  at  securing  the  practical  independence  of  the 
provinces.  After  some  months  of  fighting,  the  unitarian 
chief,  Lavalle,  resigned,  and  Rosas  was  governor  of  Buenos 
Ayres  Dec,  1829,-Dec.,  1832.  His  successor,  Balcarce,  was 
deposed  by  a  resolution  instigated  by  Bosas's  wife ;  and 
Bosas  was  again  elected  governor  with  extraordlnaiy 
powers  (March  7,  1836).  From  this  time,  by  successive 
reelections,  he  governed  as  an  absolute  dictator  until  his 
fall,  and  often  with  tyrannical  cruelty.  The  press  was 
muzzled,  commerce  was  restricted,  and  hundreds  of  his 
political  opponents  were  driven  into  exile  or  assassinated. 
Some  ,of  the  provinces  formed  aloose  alliance  with  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  Rosas  managed  to  put  his  creatures  in  charge 
of  most  of  the  others :  thus,  for  a  time,  he  practically  ruled 
them  all,  though  nominally  he  was  only  governor  of  Buenos 
Ayres.  One  of  his  great  ambitions  was  to  subject  Monte- 
video, which  had  become  a  refuge  for  exiles  from  Buenos 
Ayres  and  a  center  of  the  unitarian  party;  to  this  end 
he  joined  with  the  exiled  president,  Oribe,  who,  thus  aided, 
held  most  of  the  interior  of  Uruguay  from  1842  to  1861, 
though  the  city  was  never  taken.  (See  OrCbe.)  Owing  to 
Bosas's  persecution  of  French  residents,  a  French  fleet 
blockaded  Buenos  Ayres  during  most  of  the  time  from 
1838  to  1846.  In  the  latter  year  France  and  England  in- 
terfered to  protect  Montevideo,  and  their  combined  fleets 
attacked  and  took  the  intrenched  camp  of  Bosas  at  Funta 
de  Obligado  (Nov.  20),  but  nothing  further  came  of  the 
matter.  The  unitarians  made  many  armed  attempts  to 
depose  Bosas,  the  most  formidable  being  that  commanded 
by  lavalle  (1838-41),  but  all  failed.  At  length  (1851)  Brazil 
interfered  to  protect  the  independence  of  Uruguay,  unit- 
ing with  Urquiza,  governor  of  Entre  Bios.  They  were 
joined  by  Corrientes,  and  later  by  other  provinces.  The 
combined  forces,  under  Urquiza,  eventually  defeated  the 
army  of  Bosas  at  Monte  Gaseros,  near  Buenos  Ayres  (Feb. 
3, 1852).  Bosas  fled  to  England,  where  he  lived  in  retire- 
ment until  his  death. 

Rosbach.    See  Bossbach. 

Roscellinus  (ros-e-li'nus),  Boscellin  (ros-el- 
an'),  Rucelinus  (ro-se-li'nus),,  etc.  Born  in 
northern  France  about  the  middle  of  the  11th 


867 

century :  died  after  1121.  A  scholastic  theolo- 
gian, the  chief  foimder  of  Nominalism:  canon 
at  Compifegne.  He  was  condemned  by  a  church  coun- 
cil at  Soissons  in  1092  on  account  of  his  teachings  regard- 
ing the  Trinity. 

Roscher  (r6sh'er),Wilhelm.  Born  atHannover, 
Germany,  Oct.  21,  1817:  died  at  Leipsic,  June 
4,  1894.  A  noted  German  political  economist, 
professor  at  Leipsic  from  1848:  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  historical  school  of  political 
economy.  His  works  include  "System  der  Volkswirth- 
schaft"("  System  of  Political  Economy,"  1854-81),  "Ge- 
schichte  der  Nationaldkonomik  in  Deutsonland  "("  History 
of  Political  Economyin  Germany,"  1874),  etc. 

Rosciad  (rosh'iad),  The.  A  poem  by  Churchill, 
publishedin  1761.  it  is  his  first  published  poem,  and 
IS  a  reckless  satire  on  various  London  actors.  It  was  issued 
anonymously,  but  its  success  was  so  great  that  Churchill 
at  once  acknowledged  it, 

Roscius  (rosh'ius),  Quintus.  Died  about  62 
B.  0.  The  greatest  of  Roman  comic  actors.  He 
was  a  native  of  Solonium,  near  Lanuvium.  He  was  pre- 
sented by  Sulla  with  a  gold  ring,  the  symbol  of  equestrian 
rank,  and  was  the  instructor  and  friend  of  Cicero. 

Roscius,  African,  The.    Ira  Aldridge. 

Roscius,  Bnglish,  The.    David  Garriok. 

Roscoe  (ros'ko),  Sir  Henry  Enfield.  Bom  in 
London,  Jan.  7,  1833.  A  noted  English  chem- 
ist, emeritus  professor  of  chemistry  in  Victoria 
University  (Owens  College),  Manchester.  He 
was  chosen  member  of  Parliament  for  Manchester  in  1885 
and  1889.  His  works  include  "  Lessons  in  Elementary  Chem- 
istry" (1866X  "Lectures  on  Spectrum  Analysis"  (1869), 
"A  Treatise  on  Chemistry"  (with  Schorlemmer,  1878-89). 

Roscoe,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Alliston  Hall,  near 
Liverpool,  1791:  died  at  Liverpool,  Sept.  24, 
1871.  An  English  translator  and  scholar,  son 
of  William  Boscoe.  He  translated  "Memoirs  of  Ben- 
venuto  Cellini " (1822),  Sismondi's  "  Literatureof  the  South 
of  Europe"  (1823),  Lanzi's  "  History  of  Painting  in  Italy" 
(1828),  etc. 

Roscoe,  William,  Bom  at  Liverpool,  March  8, 
1753 :  died  June  30, 1831.  A  noted  English  his- 
torian, poet,  and  miscellaneous  author.  His  chief 
works  are  "  Life  of  Lorenzo  de'  Medici "  (1796)  and  "Lite  and 
Pontificate  of  Leo  X."  (1805).  He  also  published  poems, 
pamphlets  against  the  slave-trade,  etc. 

Roscoff  (ros-kof ').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Finistfere,  Prance,  situated  on  the  English 
Channel  34  miles  northeast  of  Brest.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  4,600. 

Roscommon  (ros-kom'on).  1 .  A  county  of  Con- 
naught,  Ireland,  it  is  bounded  by  Leitrim  on  the  north 
and  northeast ;  Longford,  Westmeath,  and  King's  County 
on  the  east ;  Galway  on  the  south ;  Galway  and  Mayo  on 
the  west ;  and  Sligo  on  the  northwest.  The  surface  is  level 
or  undulating.  Area,  949  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  114,397. 

3.  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Roscommon, 
situated  43  miles  northeast  of  Galway.  The  castle, 
one  of  the  largest  and  finest  in  Ireland,  built  in  1268,  is 
quadrangular  in  plan,  with  round  towers  at  the  angles. 
The  gate  is  flanked  by  towers.  The  state  apartments  oc- 
cupy a  building  in  the  inner  court  Population,  about 
2,000. 

Rose  (roz),  George,  Bom  in  1830 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, Nov.  13, 1882.  An  English  humorous  writer 
under  the  pseudonym  Arthur  Sketohley .  He  was 
the  author  of  several  plays,  but  is  better  known  as  the 
author  of  the  "Mrs.  Brown  Lectures,"  written  in  the 
character  of  a  "  garrulous  cockney  woman,  based  probably 
on  Mrs.  Gamp."  In  1867  he  visited  America  and  gave 
these  lectures,  but  they  were  not  very  successful. 

Rose  (ro'ze),  Gustav.  Bom  at  Berlin,  March 
28,  1798 :  died  there,  July  15, 1873.  A  German 
mineralogist,  professor  of  mineralogy  at  Berlin 
from  1826.  He  published  "  Elemente  der  Krys- 
taUographie"  (1833),  etc. 

Rose,  Heinrich.  Born  at  Berlin,  Aug.  6, 1795 : 
died  Jan.  27, 1864.  AGerman  chemist,  brother 
of  Gustav  Kose :  professor  of  chemistry  at  Ber- 
lin from  1823.  His  chief  work  is  a  "  Handbueh 
der  analytischen  Chemie"  ("Manual  of  Analyt- 
ical Chemistn'^,"  1829). 

Rose  (roz).  The.  1.  A  playhouse  opened  by 
Henslowe  on  the  Bankside,  Southwark,  London, 
about  1592.— 2.  An  ordinary  in  Bussell  street, 
Covent  Garden,  London,  near  the  theaters,  and 
much  frequented  about  1667. 

Roseau  (ro-zo').  The  capital  of  the  island  of 
Dominica,  British  West  Indies,  situated  on  the 
southwestern  coast.    Population,  about  5,000. 

Rosebery,  Earl  of.    See  Primrose,  A.  P. 

Rosecrans  (ro'ze-kranz),  William  Starke. 
Born  at  Kingston,  Ohio,  Sept.  6,  1819  :  died  at 
Bosecrans,  near  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  March  11, 
1898.  An  American  general.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1842,  but  resigned  his  commission  in  the  army  in 
1864  after  attaining  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant.  He  volun- 
teered as  aide  to  General  George B.  McClellau(then  in  com- 
mand of  the  Department  ot  the  Ohio)  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Civil  War,  and  soon  received  a  commission  as  brigadier- 
general  in  the  regular  army.  He  gained  the  battle  of  Rich 
Mountain  in  July,  1861;  was  appointed  commander  of  the 
Department  of  the  Ohio  in  the  same  month ;  gained  the 
battle  of  Cainifex  Ferry  in  Sept.,  1861 ;  took  part  in  the 


Rosetta 

siege  of  Corinth  in  1862 ;  gained,  as  commander  of  the  Army 
of  the  Mississippi,  the  battles  ot  luka  in  Sept.,  and  of 
Corinth  in  Oct.,  1862;  was  transferred  to  the  command 
of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  in  Oct.,  1862 ;  gained  the 
battle  of  Murtreesboro  Dec.  31, 1862,  J^an.  3, 1863 ;  crossed 
the  Cumberland  Mountains  and  the  Tennessee  Biver  in 
Aug.,  1863 ;  was  defeated  in  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  in 
Sept.,  1863  ;  was  relieved  of  the  command  of  the  Army  of 
the  Cumberland  in  Oct.,  1863 ;  and  as  commander  of  the  De- 
partment of  the  Missouri  repelled  Price's  invasion  of  Mis- 
souri in  1864.  He  resigned  from  the  army  in  1867 ;  was 
United  States  minister  to  Mexico  1868-«0 ;  was  Democratic 
member  of  Congress  from  California  1881-86  ;  and  register 
of  the  United  States  treasuiy  1885-93.  He  was  reap- 
pointed brigadier-general  and  placed  on  the  retired  list 
by  a  special  act  of  Congress  In  Feb.,  1889. 

Rosedale  (roz'dal).  A  play  by  Lester  Wallack, 
founded  on  Hamley's  novel ' '  Lady  Lee's  Widow- 
hood": it  was  produced  in  1863. 

Rose-Garlands,  Feast  of.  See  Feast  of  Bose- 
Garlands. 

Rosellini  (rd-sel-le'ne),  Ippolito.  Bom  at  Pisa, 
Italy,  1800 :  died  there,  June  4, 1843.  An  Italian 
Orientalist  andarchseologist,  associate  of  Cham- 
poUion  in  Egypt:  prof  essorofOrientallanguages 
at  Pisa  from  1824  to  1839,  when  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  archaeology.  He  published ' '  I  monu- 
menti  dell'  Egitto  e  della  Nubia  "  (1832-40). 

Roselly  de  Lorgues  (ro-za-le'  d6  lorg)  (before 
1860,  Koselly),  Antoine  Francois  F61iz. 
Bom  at  Grasse,  Alps-Maritimes,  Iranoe,  Aug. 
11,  1805:  died  Jan.  2,  1898.  A  French  author, 
best  known  for  his  works  in  defense  of  Eomau 
Catholicism  and  his  writings  on  Columbus. 
The  former  include  "Le  Christ  devant  le  sifecle"  (1835), 
"  La  croix  dans  les  deux  mondes  "  (1844),  etc.  His  works  on 
Columbus  are  extremely  laudatory,  and  were  undertaken 
with  the  direct  end  of  securing  the  beatification  of  his 
hero.  Among  them  are  "Christophe  Colomb"  (1866,  2 
vols.),  "Christophe Colomb serviteurde  Dieu"(1884),  and 
"Hlstoire  posthume  de  Christophe  Colomb  "  (1886). 

Rosenbusch  (ro'zen-bosh),  Karl  Heinrich 
Ferdinand.  Bom  at  Einbeek,  June  24,  1836. 
A  noted  (German  geologist.  In  1878  he  was  made 
professor  at  Heidelberg.  He  has  principally  devoted  him- 
self to  microscopic  petrography.  He  edited  the  "  Neuen 
Yahrbuchs  fur  Mineralogie,  Geologic  und  Palaontologie" 
with  Klein  and  Benecke  1879-^. 

Rosencrantz  and  Guildenstem,  Characters  in 

Shakspere's  "Hamlet."  They  are  old  schoolfellows 
of  Hamlet,  and  are  sent  for  by  the  king  to  spy  upon  him. 
They  always  appear  together. 

Rosendale  (ro'zn-dal).  A  village  near  Kings- 
ton, New  Tork,  noted  for  its  cement. 

Rosengarten  (ro'zen-gar-ten),  or  Great  Rosen- 
garten.  A  medieval  German  folk  epic  (dating 
in  its  present  form  from  about  1300).  It  treats  of 
Dietrich  of  Bern,  Kriemhild  of  Worms,  etc  It  was  edited 
by  W.  Grimm  (1836). 

Rosenheim  (ro'zeh-him).  A  town  in  Upper 
Bavaria,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Inn  31  miles 
southeast  of  Munich.   Population  (1890),  10,090. 

Eosenkranz  (ro'zeu-krants),  Johann  Karl 
Friedrich.  Bom  at  Magdeburg,  Prussia,  April 
23,  1805 :  died  at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  June  14, 
1879.  A  German  Hegelian  philosopher  and  his- 
torian of  literature,  professor  at  Konigsberg 
1833-49.  He  wrote  "Geschichte  der  deutschen  Poesie 
im  Mittelalter  "  (*'  History  of  German  Poetry  in  the  Middle 
Ages,"  1830),  "Handbueh  einer  allgemeinen  Geschichte 
der  Poesie"  ("Manual  of  a  Universal  History  of  Poetry," 
1832-33),  "Encyklopadie  der  theologischen  Wissenschaf- 
ten  "  ("  Encyclopedia  of  the  Theological  Sciences,"  1831), 
"KritischeErlauterungen  desHegelschen  Systems"("Crit- 
ical  Illustrations  of  the  Hegelian  System,"  1840),  "Stu- 
dien" (1839-44),  "Psychologic "(1837),  "Goethe  und  seine 
Werke"(1847),  "Die  Padagogik  als  System  "("  Pedagogy 
as  a  System,"  1848),  "Wissenschaft  der  logischen  Idee" 
(1868-59),  life  of  Diderot  (1866),  of  Hegel  (1844),  "Neue 
Studien"  (1876-77),  etc  With  F.  W.  Schubert  he  edited 
Kant's  works  (1838-40:  with  a  "History  of  the  Eantian 
Philosophy"). 

Rosenlaui  (ro'zen-lou-wi)  Glacier.  One  of  the 
most  noted  Alpine  glaciers,  situated  in  the  can- 
ton of  Bern,  Switzerland,  11  miles  east  by  south 
of  luterlaken. 

Rosenmiiller(r6'zen-miil-ler),Ernst  Friedrich 
Karl.  Bom  at  Hessberg,  near  Hildburghausen, 
Germany,  Dec.  10, 1768 :  died  Sept.  17,  1835.  A 
German  Orientalist  and  Protestant  theologian, 
son  of  J.  G.  Bosenmtiller:  professor  at  Leipsic 
from  1795.  Among  his  works  are  scholia  to  the  Old 
Testament,  "Handbueh  der  biblischen  Altertnmskunde  " 
(1823-31),  etc 

Rosenmliller,  Johann  Georg.  Bom  at  Um- 
merstadt,  near  Hildburghausen,  Germany,  Dec. 
18,  1736:  died  at  Leipsic,  March  14,  1815.  A 
German  Protestant  theologian  and  popular  re- 
ligious writer,  professor  of  theology  and  super- 

■  intendent  at  Leipsic  from  1785. 

Rosenthal  (ro'zen-tal),  Moritz.  Bom  at  Lem- 
berg,  Dec.  18,  1862.  A  noted  German  pianist. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Liszt,  and  is  noted  for  his  brilliant 
technic 

Roses,  Wars  of  the.    See  Wars  of  the  Roses. 
Rosetta  (ro-zet'ta),  Ar.  Rashid  (ra-shed').    A 
town  in  the  Delta  of  Egypt,  situated  near  the 


Bosetta 

mouth  of  the  Rosetta  arm  of  the  Nile,  35  miles 
east-northeast  of  Alexandria.  Popu]ation(1897), 
14,414. 

Rosetta  Branch.  The  westernmost  of  the  two 
chief  branches  into  which  the  Nile  divides  to 
form  the  Delta.  It  separates  from  the  Damietta  branch 
a  few  miles  north-northwest  of  Cairo. 

BiOSetta  Stone.  The  name  given  to  a  stone  nowin 
the  British  Museum,  originally  found  by  French 
soldiers  who  were  digging  near  the  Eosetta 
mouth  of  the  Nile,  it  is  a  piece  of  black  basalt,  and 
contains  part  of  three  equivalent  inscriptions,  the  first  or 
highest  in  hieroglyphics,  the  second  in  demotic  characters, 
and  the  third  in  Greek.  According  to  these  inscriptions, 
the  stone  was  erected  in  honor  of  Ptolemy  Epiphanes, 
March  27,  B.  c.  196.  This  stone  is  famous  as  having  fur- 
nished to  Young  and  ChampoUion  the  first  key  for  the 
interpretation  of  Egyptian  hieroglyphics.  In  its  present 
broken  condition  it  measures  3  feet  9  inches  in  height,  2 
feet  4|  inches  in  width,  and  H  inches  in  thickness. 

Bosheim  (roz'him').  A  town  in  Lower  Alsace, 
Alsace-Lorraine,  situated  15  miles  southwest 
of  Strasburg.  It  was  once  a  free  imperial  city. 
Population  (1890),  3,264. 

Bosier  (ro'zher),  James.  Bom  in  Norfolk,  Eng- 
land, about  1575 :  died  in  the  middle  of  the  17th 
century.  An  English  explorer.  He  accompanied 
Waymouth  in  his  voyage  to  Maine  and  the  Penobscot  in 
1605,  and  described  the  voyage  in  his  "True  Relation." 

Bosinante(roz-i-nan'te).  DonQuixote'soharger, 
all  skin  and  bone.  '-He  next  proceeded  to  inspect 
his  hack,  which,  with  more  quarters  than  a  real  and  more 
blemishes  than  the  steed  of  Gonela  that  tarvtum  pellis  et 
ossafuit,  surpassed  in  his  eyes  the  Bucephalos  of  Alexan- 
der and  the  Babieca  of  the  Cid."   Also  Eocinante. 

Rosine  (ro-zen' ).  The  ward  of  Doctor  Bartholo 
in  Beautnarchais's  comedy  "  The  Barber  of  Se- 
ville." He  seeks'to  marry  her,  but  through  the  adroitness 
of  Figaro  she  is  married  to  Count  Almaviva. 

Rosini  (ro-se'ne),  Giovanni.  Born  at  Luoi- 
gnano,  Italy,  June  24, 1776:  died  at  Pisa,  May 
16,  1855.  An  Italian  poet  and  writer  of  histori- 
cal novels. 

Roslin  (ros'Un).  Avillage  in  Midlothian,  Scot- 
land, situated  about  7  miles  south  of  Edinburgh. 
The  notable  chapel  here  was  built  in  1446  as  the  choir  of  a 

grojeoted  collegiate  church.  The  nave  consists  of  five 
ays,  and,  especially  in  its  comparatively  plain  exterior, 
with  beautiful  arches  and  flying  buttresses,  presents  the 
appearance  of  being  much  older  than  it  is.  The  interior 
is  sculptured  with  foliage  and  arabesque  ornament  much 
undercut. 

Bosmini  (ros-me'ne),  Carlo  de'.  Born  at  Ko- 
veredo,  Tyrol,  Oct.  29,  1758:  died  at  Milan, 
June  9,  1827.  An  Italian  historian  and  biog- 
rapher. His  chief  work  is  "Storia  di  Milano" 
("History  of  Milan,"  1820). 

Bosmini-Serbati  (ros-me'ng-ser-ba'te),  Anto- 
nio. Born  at  Eoveredo,  Tyrol,  March  25, 1797 : 
died  at  Stresa,  near  Lago  Maggiore,  July  1, 
1855.  A  noted  philosopher,  founder  of  the  re- 
ligious order  of  the  Brothers  of  Charity.  Among 
his  numerous  works  is  "Nuovo  saggio  sull'  origine  delle 
idee  "  ("  New  Essay  on  the  Origin  of  Ideas,"  1830). 

Bosmunda  (roz-mun'da).  A  tragedy  by  Al- 
fieri,  published  in  1783. "  Eistori  was  celebrated 
in  the  part  of  Eostounda. 

Bosny  (ro-ne'),  L§on  de.  Bom  at  Loos,  Nord, 
Prance,  Aug.  5,  1837.  A  French  Orientalist 
and  ethnographer,  author  of  various  works  on 
the  Chinese,  Japanese,  and  Coreau  languages, 
and  on  the  antiquities  of  Central  America  and 
Yucatan. 

Boss  (ros),  or  Boss-shire  (ros'shir).  Anorthern 
eouuty  in  Scotland.  The  mainland  portion  is  bounded 
by  Sutherland  and  Dornoch  Firth  on  the  north,  Moray 
Firth  on  the  east,  Inverness  on  the  south,  and  the  Atlan- 
tic on  the  west  and  northwest,  and  includes  various  de- 
taclied  portions  of  Cromarty.  Koss-shire  comprises  also 
the  northern  part  of  Lewis  and  other  islands  of  the  Hebri- 
des. The  Bu^ace  is  generally  mountainous.  It  is  con- 
nected politically  with  Cromarty.  United  area  of  Ross  and 
Cromarty,  8,078  square  miles ;  population  (1891),  78,727. 

Boss.  A  town  in  the  county  of  Herefordshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Wye  15  miles  west  by 
north  of  Gloucester,  it  has  «,  noted  church  (with 
the  tomb  of  John  Kyrle,  the  "Man  of  Boss").  Popula- 
tion (1891),  3,675. 

Boss,  orBosse,  Alexander.  Born  at  Aberdeen, 
1590:  died  1654.  A  Scottish  clergyman  who 
became  chaplain  to  Charles  I.  and  master  of 
the  Southampton  free  school.  Among  his  works  is 
"A  View  of  all  the  Religions  in  the  World"  (1652),  to 
which  Butler  refers  in  the  couplet  in  "Hudibras  : 
"  There  was  an  ancient  sage  philosopher. 
Who  had  read  Alexander  Boss  over." 

Boss,  Alexander.  Born  in  Aberdeenshire, 
1699 :  died  atLoehlee,  Forfarshire,  May  20, 1784. 
A  Scottish  schoolmaster  and  poet.  He  wrote 
*'  Helenore,  or  the  Fortunate  Shepherdess  "  (1768 ;  a  nar- 
rative poem),  and  a  number  of  songs  ("  VVooed  an'  Married 
an'  a',"  etc.)  and  other  poetical  pieces,  in  the  rural  dialect 
of  Aberdeenshire. 

Boss,  Alexander.  Bom  in  Nairnshire,  Scot- 
land, May  9,  1783:  died  in  Colony  Gardens 
(now  in  Winnipeg,  Manitoba),  Red  Eiver  Settle- 


868 

ment,  British  North  America,  Oct.  23,  1856.  A 
British  fur-trader  and  pioneer  in  British  Amer- 
ica. He  wrote  "Adventures  ot  the  First  Settlers  on  the 
Oregon  or  Columbia  River"  (1849),  "Fur-Hunters  of  the 
Far  West"  (1855),  "The  Red  River  Settlement"  (1856). 

Boss,  Alexander  Milton.  Bom  at  Belleville, 
Ontario,  Canada,  Dec.  13, 1832 :  died  at  Detroit, 
Mich.,  Oct.  27,  1897.  A  Canadian  naturalist 
and  botanist,  noted  for  his  collections  of  Cana- 
dian fauna  and  flora. 

Boss,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  (Betsy)  Griscom).  Bom 
at  Philadelphia,  Jan.  1, 1752  :  died  there,  Jan. 
30,  1836.  An  American  woman,  who,  at  the 
suggestion  of  Washington,  made  the  first  Amer- 
ican flag,  adopted  by  Congress  June  14,  1777. 
The  house,  239  Arch  Street,  Philadelphia,  in  which  the 
flag  was  made  is  now  the  property  of  the  American  Flag 
House  and  Betsy  Ross  Memorial  Association. 

Boss,  Sir  James  Clark.  Bom  at  London,  April 
15,  1800:  died  at  Aylesbury,  England,  April  3, 
1862.  A  British  navigator  and  arctic  explorer. 
He  served  with  his  uncle.  Sir  John  Ross,  and  with  Parry 
in  their  arctic  expeditions ;  commanded  the  expedition  of 
the  Erebus  and  Terror  to  the  antarctic  regions  1839-43,  dis- 
covering Victoria  land  and  penetrating  to  lat.  78°  10'  S., 
the  furthest  point  ever  yet  reached  in  the  antarctic  re- 
gions ;  and  commanded  the  Enterprise  in  search  of  Sir 
John  Franklin  in  1S4S.  He  published  "  Voyage  of  Discovery 
and  Research  in  the  Southern  and  Antarctic  Regions  1839- 
1843  "  (1847).  To  Sir  James  Clark  Ross  is  generally  given 
the  credit  for  the  discovery  of  the  north  magnetic  pole. 

Boss,  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Inch,  Wigtownshire, 
Scotland,  June  24,  1777:  died  at  London,  Aug. 
30, 1856.  A  British  admiral  and  arctic  explorer. 
He  commanded  expeditions  in  search  of  the  northwest 
passage  1818  and  1829-33,  and  one  in  search  of  Sir  John 
Franklin  1850-51.  He  published '  'A  Voyage  of  Discovery  " 
(1819) ,  "  Narrative  ot  a  Second  Voyage  in  Search  of  a  North- 
west Passage" (18B5),  etc. 

Ross,  John.  Born  in  Georgia  about  1790 ;  died 
at  Washington,  D.  C,  Aug.  1,  1866.  A  Chero- 
kee half-breed.  He  became  Cherokee  chief  1828 ;  pro- 
tested against  the  removal  to  Indian  Territory  1835 ;  and 
sided  with  the  Confederates  1861. 

Ross,  Man  of.    See  Kpie,  John. 

Boss,  New.     See  Nero  Hoss. 

Boss,  Robert.  Born  at  Ross  Trevor,  Devonshire, 

England,  1770 :  killed  at  North  Point,  Md. ,  Sept. 

12,  1814.   A  British  general.  He  served  in  the  wars 

against  France ;  defeated  the  Americans  at  Bladensburg, 

Aug.,  1814;  and  burned  Washington. 

Ross  and  Cromarty.    See  Boss. 

Bossano  (ros-sa'no).  A  city  in  the  province  of 
Cosenza,  southern  Italy,  situated  on  a  spur  of 
Mount  Sila,  near  the  Gulf  of  Taranto,  27  miles 
northeast  of  Cosenza.  It  has  marble  and  alabaster 
quarries,  and  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishop.  It  belonged  to 
the  Byzantine  empire  in  the  early  middle  ages.  Popula- 
tion (1881),  16,224. 

Bossbach  (ros'badh),  in  P.  sometimes  Bos- 
bach.  A  village  in  the  province  of  Saxony, 
Prussia,  9  miles  southwest  of  Merseburg.  Here, 
Nov.  5, 1767,  the  Prussians  (22,000)  under  Frederick  the 
Great  defeated  the  united  armies  of  the  French  under  Sou- 
bise  and  the  Imperialists  under  the  Prince  of  Saxe-Hild- 
burghausen  (total  43,000).  Loss  of  the  Prussians,  about 
600;  of  the  Allies,  1,700  kiUed  and  7,000  prisoners. 

Bossberg  (ros'bero).  A  mountain  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  cantons  of  Sehwyz  and  Zug,  Swit- 
zerland, 12  miles  east  by  north  of  Lucerne,  a 
landslide  from  it  buried  the  village  of  Goldau  in  1806. 
Height,  5,195  feet. 

Bossbrunn  (ros'bron).  A  village  in  Lower 
Franconia,  Bavaria,  about  8  mUes  west  of  Wiirz- 
burg.  Here,  July  26,  1866,  the  Prussians  defeated  the 
Bavarians. 

Bossdorf  (ros'dorf).  A  village  in  Saxe-Mein- 
iugen,  Germany,  12  miles  northwest  of  Meinin- 
gen.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  battle  between  the  Prussians 
and  Bavarians  July  4,  1866. 

Bosse  (ros).  A  thane  of  Scotland  in  Shak- 
spere's  "Macbeth." 

Bosse  (ros'e).  Earl  of.    See  Parsons,  William. 

Bossellino  (ros-sel-le'no),  Antonio  (real  name 
GambarelU).  Bom  about  1427:  died  about 
1497.  A  Florentine  sculptor,  brother  of  Ber- 
nardo Rossellino.  He  is  said  to  have  studied  with 
Sonatello,  and  possessed  great  delicacy  of  treatment. 
Among  his  works  is  the  noble  monument  to  Carding  Por- 
tc^allo  in  San  Miniato  at  Florence,  executed  in  1461.  The 
Duke  of  Amalfl  ordered  Antonio  to  make  one  like  it  f  oi 
the  Church  of  Monte  Oliveto  in  Naples,  in  memory  of  his 
•yite,  Mary  of  Aragon. 

Bossellino,  Bernardo.  Bom  1409:  died  about 
1464.  AFlorentineseulptoraudarchiteet.  Hewas 
the  eldest  of  the  family  of  Matteo  di  Domenico  Gambarelli, 
which  gave  five  sculptors  to  Tuscany  (Bernardo,  Domenico, 
Maso,  Giovanni,  and  Antonio).  Two  of  these,  Bernardo  and 
Antonio,  were  artists  of  great  ability.  Bernardo  wasa  disci- 
ple of  Alberti,  and  attained  special  eminence  as  an  archi- 
tect in  the  service  ot  Pope  Nicholas  V.  It  was  through 
his  agency  that  this  Pope,  who  restored  the  falling  edifices 
of  ancient  Rome  and  reconstructed  St.  Peter's  and  the  Vati- 
can, built  palaces  at  Orvieto  and  Spoleto,  and  princely 
baths  at  Viterbo.  After  the  death  of  Nicholas  and  his 
successor  Calixtus  III.,  Bernardo  found  an  equally  zealous 
patron  in  Pius  II.,  whose  chief  aim  was  the  embellishment 
of  his  native  town,  Cosignano,  to  which  he  gave  the  name 


Bossini 

of  Pienza.  In  this  little  town  Bernardo  built  a  palace,  a 
cathedral,  and  a  city  hall.  He  also  made  the  beautiful 
monument  to  Leonardo  Bruni  (Aretino)  in  Santa  Croce 
(1444),  generally  considered  to  be  the  finest  inonument  of 
the  Quattrocento,  and  a  typical  specimen  of  the  style  of 
the  time.  Two  of  his  works  are  a  bust  of  St.  John,  in 
Florence,  and  an  excellent  portrait-bust  of  Battista  Sforza. 

Bossetti  (ros- set 'te),  Christina  Georgina. 
Bom  Dec.  5, 1830.:  died  Dee.  29, 1894.  An  Eng- 
lish poet,  sisterof  D.G.Bossetti.  she  contributed  to 
"  The  Germ  "  as  Ellen  AUeyn,  and  wrote  "  Goblin  Market " 
(1862),  "The  Prince's  Progress  "  (1866), ' '  Sing-Song,  a  Nur- 
sery Rhyme  Book"  (1871),  "A  Pageant  and  Other  Poems" 
(1881),  "  Time  Flies,"  etc.  (1885),  and  a  number  of  religious 
works  on  the  Benedicite,  the  minor  festivals,  etc. 

Bossetti,  Dante  Gabriel  (Gabriel  Charles 
Dante).  Bom  at  London,  May  12,  1828:  died 
at  Birchington,  England,  April  9,  1882.  An 
English  poet  and  painter,  son  of  Gabriele  Bos- 
setti. He  became  noted  as  one  ot  the  leading  Prera- 
phaelites  (see  Premphaelite  brotherhood),  and  one  of  the 
chief  romantic  and  sensuous  poets  ot  modern  English 
literature.  He  was  educated  at  King's  College  school, 
and  about  1846  entered  the  Royal  Academy.  In  1847  he 
entered  Madox  Brown's  studio.  Among  ms  chief  paint- 
ings are  "Found,"  "  Girlhood  of  the  Virgin  "  (1849),  "  The 
Annunciation,"  "Ecce  Ancilla  Domini  "(1850 :  in  iJie  Na- 
tional Gallery),  "Boat  ot  Love,"  "Lady  Lilith"  (1864), 
"  Sibylla  Palmif  era  "  (1866), "  Dante's  Dream  "(1870),  "Pros- 
erpina" (1874),  "La  Pia"  (1881),  etc.  He  wrote  transla- 
tions from  Italian  poets  (1861),  and  published  "Poems" 
(1870),  including  "The  Blessed  Damozel,"  "My  Sister's 
Sleep,"  and  other  poems  reprinted  from  "The  Germ" 
(1860),  and  "Ballads  and  Sonnets"  (1881),  including  his 
series  of  one  hundred  sonnets  called  "  The  House  of  Life." 

Bossetti,  Gabriele.  Bom  at  Vasto,  kingdom 
of  Naples,  March  1, 1783 :  died  at  London,  April 
26, 1854.  An  Italian  poet  and  commentator  on 
Dante:  father  of  Dante  Gabriel  Bossetti.  He 
fled  to  Malta  in  1821  and  to  England  in  1824,  and  was  made 
professor  of  Italian  at  King's  College,  London ,  in  1826.  He 
is  best  known  from  his  patriotic  poems  at  the  time  of  the 
revolution  of  1820. 

Bossetti,  William  Michael.  Born  at  London, 
Sept.  25, 1829.  An  English  poet  and  art  critic, 
brother  of  Dante  Gabriel  Bossetti.  He  wrote  a 
translation  of  Dante's  "Inferno"  (1865),  "Poems  and  Bal- 
lads "  (1866),  "Life  of  Shelley  "  (1869) ;  edited  the  poetical 
works  ot  S.  T.  Coleridge  (1871),  Milton  (1S71),  Campbell 
(1872),  William  Blake  (1874),  Shakspere's  works  with  glos- 
sary (1880)  ;  and  wrote  a  "Life  of  Keats"  (1877). 

Bossi(ros'se),ErnestO.  Bom  at  Leghorn,  Italy, 
1829 :  died  at  Pescara,  June  4,  1896.  .An  Ital- 
ian actor  and  dramatist.  He  early  became  noted 
in  the  plays  ot  Alfleri  and  Shakspere.  He  went  to  Paris 
In  1866  with  Ristori,  and  again  in  1866, 1874,  and  1876.  He 
was  called  "the  Italian  Talma."  He  played  with  much 
success  in  all  the  principal  cities  of  Europe,  and  retired 
from  the  stage  in  1889.  Among  his  plays  are  "Adele" 
(written  for  Ristori),  "Les  hyfenes/"  "La  pri6re  d'un  soldatx" 
"Consorzio  parentale,"  etc.  He  also  wrote  dramatis 
studies  and  personal  reminiscences  (1887-90). 

Bossi,  Giovanni  Battista  de.  Bom  Feb.  23, 
1822 :  died  Sept.  20,  1894.  An  Italian  arohseolo- 
gist.  He  is  best  known  from  his  discoveries  in  the  Ro- 
man catacombs,  published  in  "Inscriptiones  christianse 
urbis  Romse  septimo  sseculo  antiqulores "  (1857-61)  and 
"  Roma  sotterranea  Christiana  "  (1864-77).  He  also  pub- 
lished other  importantworks  on  Roman  art  andantiquities. 

Rossi,  Count  Pellegrino.  Bom  at  Carrara, 
Italy,  July  13,  178^:  assassinated  at  Eome, 
Nov.  15, 1848.  An  Italian  politician ,  jurist,  and 
economist.  He  lived  in  exile  after  1816.  In  1816  he 
settled  at  Geneva,  became  professor  of  Roman  and  penal 
law  at  the  academy  (1819),  and  played  a  prominent  part  in 
Swiss  politics.  In  1833  he  went  to  France  and  became  (1834) 
professor  of  political  economy  at  the  College  de  France, 
and  later  of  constitutional  law  at  the  Law  School.  He 
was  made  a  peei-  in  1889,  and  was  in  the  service  of  the 
French  government  under  Guizot  1840-45.  He  was  ap- 
pointed French  ambassador  at  Rome  in  1846,  and  became 
papal  premier  in  Sept.,  1848.  He  wrote  "  Traltd  de  droit 
pSnal  "^(1829),"Cours  d'^conomie  politique  "(1840-64),  etc. 

Bossignol  (ros-sen-yol').  Lake.  A  lake  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  Nova  Scotia,  17  miles 
north  of  Liverpool.  Its  outlet  is  the  Mersey. 
Length,  12  mUes. 

Bossini  (ros-se'ne),  Gioachino  Antonio.  Bom 
at  Pesaro,  Italy,  Feb.  29,  1792 :  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.  13,  1868.  A  celebrated  Italian  operatic 
composer.  He  was  of  humble  birth,  and  was  early  ap- 
prenticed to  a  smith.  He  began  to  take  regular  lessons 
in  music,  and  played  the  horn  in  a  theater  at  Bologna  when 
he  was  about  13.  In  1807  he  entered  a  class  in  counter- 
point at  the  Liceo,  and  a  little  later  studied  the  violon- 
cello. In  1808  a  cantata  by  him  was  performed  in  public, 
and  before  1823  he  had  written  twenty  operas,  most  of  them 
after  1815,  at  which  time  he  became  director  of  the  San 
Carlo  and  Del  Fondo  theaters  at  Naples.  In  18a  he  mar- 
ried Isabella  Colbran  and  went  to  Vienna  (1822)7where  he 
had  much  success  in  spite  of  opposition.  He  visited 
London  in  1823,  where  he  was  warmly  received,  and  soon 
went  to  Paris,  where  he  was  made  director  of  theThMtre 
Italien  for  18  months.  Here  he  brought  out  a  number  of 
his  operas  as  well  as  Meyerbeer's  ' '  Crociato. "  He  was  re- 
tained in  the  king's  service,  and  in  1829  produced  "Guil- 
laume  Tell,"  his  greatest  work.  He  retired  in  1886  to 
Bologna,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  encouragement  ot  the 
Liceo.  In  1842  his  'Stabat  Mater"  was  first  given  com- 
plete. In  1847  he  went  to  Florence,  and  in  1855  to  Paris, 
where  at  his  villa  at  Passy  he  was  the  center  of  a  brilliant 
circle  till  his  death.  Toward  the  end  ot  his  lite  he  wrote 
littlebutpianofortemusic.  Hisopera9include"Tancredi" 
(1813).  ''Eli8abetta"(1816),  "IlBarbieredlSiviglia"(]S16), 


Bossini 

•  Otello " (1816),  "LaCenerentola"(1817),  "la  Gazza  La- 
ilia"(1817),  "Armida"  (1817),  "La  Donna  del  Lago"(1819), 
"  Maometto  Seoondo  "  (1820),  "Zelmira"  (1821),  "Semira- 
mlde  "  (1823),  and  "  Gaillaume  Tell "  (1829).  He  also  wrote 
"Mosfe  in  Egitto"  (181§:  an  oratorio),  "Stabat  Mater" 
(1842X  and  "  Messe  Solennelle  "  (1861^  etc 

Rossiter  (ros'i-tfer),  Thomas  Pritchard.  Born 
at  New  Haven,  CJonn.,  1817:  died  at  Cold 
Spring,  N.  Y.,  May  17, 1871.  An  Ameriean  his- 
torical painter.  He  began  the  practice  of  his  profeB- 
Bion  in  1838,  and  in  1840-41  studied  at  London  and  Paris, 
and  from  1841  to  1846  at  Kome,  He  was  elected  national 
academician  in  1849. 

Eossmassler  (ros'mas-ler),  Emil  Adolf.  Bom 

at  Leipsio,  March  3,  1806 :  died  there,  April  8, 
1867.  A  (Jerman  naturalist  and  popular  writer. 
His  chief  work  is  "  Ikonographie  der  enrop^ischen  Land- 
und  SiisswassermoUusken  "  ("Iconography  of  European 
Land  and  Fresh-water  MoUusks,"  1835-56). 

Boss-shire.     See  Boss. 

Bostand  (ros-tan'),  Edmond.     Bom  at  Mar 

seilles  in  1868.    A  French  poet  and  playwright. 

He  has  written  "  Les  Komanesgues  "  (1894),  "  La  Princesse 

Lointaine  "  (1895),  "  La  Samaritaine  "  (1897),  "  Cyrano  de 

Bergerac"  (1897),  "L'Aiglon"  (1900),  etc. 

Bostock  (ros'tok).  A  seaport  in  Meoklenburg- 
Sehwerin,  situated  on  the  estuary  of  the  War- 
now,  in  lat.  54°  5'  N.,  long.  12°  8'  E.  It  Is  the 
principal  place  in  Mecklenourg,  and  one  of  the  chief  ports 
of  the  Baltic,  and  has  a  trade  in  grain,  lierrings,  timber, 
oil,  etc.  St.  Peter's  Churchand  someof  the  other  churches 
are  notable.  Bltioher  was  born  and  Grotius  died  there. 
The  university,  founded  in  1419,  was  temporarily  trans- 
ferred to  Greifswald  from  1437  to  1443,  and  (in  part)  to 
Butzow  from  1760  to  1789:  it  had  523  students  m  1896- 
1897,  and  a  library  of  about  307,000  volumes.  Kostock 
is  an  ancient  Wendish  town.  It  belonged  to  the  Hansa 
until  1630.    Population  (1890),  44,409. 

Bostoff  (ros-tof).  A  .town  in  the  government 
of  Yaroslaff,  situated  on  Lake  Nero  125  miles 
northeast  of  Moscow,  it  was  founded  in  the  early 
middle  ages ;  was  the  seat  of  a  principality  annexed  by 
Ivan  in.  in  1474 ;  and  has  Important  commerce  and 
manufactnresof  sacred  pictures.  Population  (1894),  17,446. 

Bostoff.  A  city  in  the  government  of  Tekateri- 
noslaff ,  situated  on  the  Don  about  lat.  47°  16'  N. , 
long.  39°  43'  E.  It  was  built  in  the  18th  century,  and 
is  an  important  distributing  center  for  the  grain  and  other 
agricultural  products  of  southern  Bussia.  Population 
(1897),  119,889. 

Bostoptchin  (ros- top 'chin),  Count  Feodor. 
Bom  in  the  government  of  Orel,  Russia,  March 
23,  1765:  died  at  Moscow,  Feb.  12,  1826.  A 
Russian  politician,  general,  and  writer:  gov- 
ernor of  Moscow  at  the  time  of  the  French  in- 
vasion in  1812.  He  is  believed  to  have  ordered 
the  burning  of  Moscow.  He  published  memoirs, 
etc. 

Bos'wltha  (ros've-ta),  or  Hf  Ots^tha  (hrots'- 
ve-ta),  or  Hrosvitha  (hros've-ta) :  properly 
Hrotsuit  (hrot'svit).  Bom  about  935:  died 
probably  about  1000.  A(xerman  poet  and  chron- 
icler :  a  nun  in  the  Benedictine  nunnery  of  Gan- 
dersheim,  Brunswick,  she  wrote  poetical  chronicles 
of  Otto  I.,  etc.,  and  six  Latin  comedies  for  the  entertain- 
ment of  the  sisterhood.  Her  works  were  edited  by  Eon- 
lad  Celtes  in  ISOL 

Bota  (ro'ta),  or  Bata  (ra'ta).  One  of  the  La- 
drone  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean,  situated  in  lat. 
14°  T  Ny  long.  145°  13'  E. 

Beta  or  Coffee  Club,  The,  A  London  political 
club,  founded  in  1659  as  a  kind  of  debating  soci- 
ety for  the  dissemination  of  republican  opin- 
ions. Itmetin  Kew  Palace  Yard  "at  one  Miles's,  where 
was  made  porposely  a  large  ovall  table  with  a  passage  in 
the  middle  tor  Miles  to  deliver  his  coffee."  The  club  was 
broken  up  after  the  Bestoration.    TimbB. 

Botanev  (rot'a-nev).  [L.  venator,  with  the  let- 
ters reversed.]  A  name  assigned  in  the  Paler- 
mo catalogue  to  the  fourth-magnitude  double 
star;3Delphini,<by  the  Italian  astronomer  Nio- 
colo  Cacciatore,  the  Latinized  form  of  whose 
name  is  Nicolaus  Venator.  The  origin  of  the 
name  was  long  a  puzzle,  until  the  trick  was  de- 
tected by  Webb.    Compare  Svaloein. 

Both  (rot),  Justus  Ludwi^  Adolf.  Bom  at 
Hamburg,  Sept.  15, 1818:  died  at  Berlin,  April 
1,  1892.  A  noted  German  geologist  and  min- 
eralogist, professor  at  Berlin  from  1867. 

Both,  Budolf  von.  Bom  April  3,  1821 :  died 
June  22,  1895.  A  noted  German  Oriental- 
ist, professor  at  Tubingen  from  1848  (or- 
dinary professor  1856).  His  chief  work  is  a  "San- 
skrit W6rterbuoh  "  ("Sanskrit  Dictionary,"  1863-75,  with 
Bohtlingk).  Among  his  other  works  are  "Zur  Litteratar 
und  Gescmchte  desYeda  "(1846),  an  edition  of  the  Atharva- 
veda  (with  Whitney,  1856-67),  etc. 

Bothaargebirge  (rot'har-ge-ber'^ge),  or  Rotla- 
gergebirge  (rot'la-ger-ge-ber'-'ge).  A  moun- 
tain-range in  the  southern  part  of  the  province 
of  Wesl5)halia,  Prussia.  Height,  about  2,500 
feet. 

Bothe  (ro'te),  Bichard.  Bom  at  Posen,  Prus- 
sia. Jan.  28, 1799:  died  at  Heidelberg,  Aug.  20, 


869 

1867,  A  noted  German  Protestant  theologian, 
professor  at  Heidelberg  from  1854.  His  chief  work 
is  "Theologische  Ethik" ("Theological  Ethics,"  1845-48: 
revised  ed.  1867-71).  His  other  works  include  "  Die  An- 
fange  der  christlichen  Kirche"  ("The  Beginnings  of  the 
Christian  Church,"  1837),  "Zur  Dogmatik"  (1863),  etc. 

Rothenburg  ob  der  Tauber  (ro'ten-bora  6b  der 
tou'ber).  A  town  in  Middle  Franoonia,  Bava- 
ria, situated  near  the  Tauber  41  miles  west  of 
Nuremberg,  it  is  one  of  the  oldest  Jranconian  towns, 
and  was  formerly  a  free  imperial  city.  It  took  part  in  the 
Eranconian  League  and  in  the  Peasants'  War,  and  suffered 
in  the  Thirty  Years'  War.    Population  (1890),  7,O0L 

Botherham  (roTH'er-am).  A  town  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire, "England,  situated  on  the 
Don  6  miles  northeast  of  Sheffield.  It  has 
extensive  manufactures.  Population  (1901), 
54,348. 

Botherhithe  (roTH'Sr-hisH),  or  Bedriff  (red'- 
rif).  ['Cattle-port.']  A  district  of  London, 
situated  in  Surrey,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Thames,  2  miles  east-southeast  of  St.  Paul's. 
It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Thames  tunnel. 

Bothermel  (roth'6r-mel),  Peter  Frederick. 
Born  July  18,  1817:  died  Aug.  15,  1895.  An 
American  historical  painter.  He  visited  Europe  in 
1866-59,  and  afterward  lived  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  was 
an  associate  of  the  Pennsylvania  Academy.  Many  of  his 
pictures  have  been  engraved.  Among  them  are  "De  Soto 
discovering  the  Mississippi "  (1844),  "Patrick  Henry  before 
the  Virginia  House  of  Burgesses,"  "  Battle  of  Gettysburg  " 
(1871). 

Botherthurmpass  (ro  'ter-t8rm'pas ' ) .  [G. ,'  red- 
tower  pass.']  A  pass  in  the  Transylvanian 
Carpathians,  ontheborders  of  Transylvaniaand 
Wallachia,  situated  in  the  valley  of  the  Aluta 
south  of  Hermannstadt.  it  was  the  scene  of  defeats 
of  the  Turks  by  the  Hungarians  in  1442  and  1493.  The 
Bussian  invaders  passed  through  it  in  1849. 

Bothesay  (roth'sa).  A  royal  burgh,  capital  of 
the  county  of  Bute,  Scotland,  situated  on  the 
island  of  Bute,  in  the  Firth  of  Clyde,  30  miles 
west  of  Glasgow,  it  is  a  watering-place  and  health- 
resort;  has  important  fisheries;  and  contains  a  ruined 
castle.    Population  (1891),  9,034. 

Bothesay,  Duke  of.    See  Stewart,  David. 

Bothorn,  or  Bothhorn  (rot'hom).  [G.^  'red 
horn.']  The  name  of  several  summits  in  the 
Alps  of  Bern,  Valais,  the  Grisons,  etc. 

Bothschild  (G.  pron.  rot'shilt;  commonly  E. 
roths'child).  [Said  to  be  from  the  sign  of  the 
house  in  Frankfort — "zum  rothen  Schilde," 
'  at  the  Red  Shield.']  A  celebrated  Jewish  bank- 
ing-house at  Frankf ort-on-the-Main,  founded  in 
the  latter  half  of  the  18th  century  by  Mayer  An- 
selm  Rothschild.  Mayer  Anselm  died  in  1812,  leaving 
five  sons,  all  of  whom  were  created  barons  of  the  Austrian 
empire  in  1822.  The  eldest,  Anselm  Mayer  (1773-1855), 
succeeded  as  head  of  the  firm.  Solomon  (1774-1855)  es- 
tablished a  branch  at  Vienna ;  Nathan  Mayer  (1777-1836),  a 
branch  at  London  (1798);  Charles  Mayer  (1788-1856),  a 
branch  at  Naples  (discontinued  about  1861) ;  and  Jakob 
(James)  (1792-1868),  abranchatParia.  Nathan  Mayerwas 
succeeded  by  his  son  Lionel  Nathan  (1808-79)  as  head  of 
the  London  branch :  the  present  head  is  Lionel's  son  Na- 
thaniel Mayer  (bom  in  1840 :  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron 
Bothschild  in  1885). 

Bothschild,  Baron  Lionel  Nathan,  Bom  Nov. 
22,1808:  died  June  3, 1879.  An  English  banker 
and  politician,  of  Hebrew  birth:  son  of  N.  M. 
Rothschild.  He  was  several  times  elected  a  member  of 
Parliament  for  London,  but  did  not  take  his  seat  before 
1858,  when  the  Parliamentary  oath  was  modified  by  omit- 
ting the  words  obnoxious  to  his  faith. 

Bothschild,  Anselm  Mayer.  Bom  at  Frank- 
f  ort-on-the-Main,  1743 :  died  at  Frankfort,  Sept. 
19, 1812.  A  German-Jewish  banker,  founder  of 
the  house  of  the  Rothschilds.  He  became  a  banker 
at  I'rankfort,  and  in  1801  was  appointed  agent  to  the 
Landgrave  (subsequently  Elector)  of  Hesse-Cassel.  He 
preserved  the  elector's  private  fortune,  wMch  was 
intrusted  to  him  during  the  invasion  of  the  French 
in  1806,  and  was  iu  gratitude  allowed  the  free  use  of 
it  for  a  time,  which  enabled  him  to  lay  the  founda- 
tion of  his  wealth. 

-Bothschild,  Baron  Nathan  Mayer.  Bom  Sept. 
16,1777:  died  July  28, 1836.  The  founder  of  the 
English  branch  of  the  house  of  Rothschild, 
third  son  of  Mayer  Anselm  Rothschild.  About 
1800  he  went  to  Manchester  to  buy  goods  for  his  father. 
In  1806  he  settled  in  London.  He  became  the  financial 
agent  of  nearly  every  oivillzed  government. 

Bothwell  (roth'wel).  A  town  in  the  West  Rid- 
ing of  Yorkshire,  England,  4  miles  southeast  of 
Leeds.    Population  (1891),  6,205. 

Botrou  (ro-trS'),  Jean  de.  Born  at  Dreux, 
France,  Aug.  21,  1609:  died  there,  June  28, 
1650.  A  French  dramatist.  His  tragedies  and  come- 
dies are  largely  imitated  from  the  classics  and  the  Span- 
ish. He  formed,  with  Corneille,  Colletet,  Boisrobert,  and 
L'fitoile,  the  band  of  Bichelieu's  "five  poets,"  who  com- 
posed tragedies  jointly  on  the  cardinal  s  plans.  Among, 
his  best  works  are  the  tragedies  "Saint-Genest '  (1646), 
"Venoeslaa "  (1647),  "Cosroes "  (1649). 

Botse  (rot'se),  or  Barotse  (ba-rot'se):  also 
called  Marutse.    A  Bantu  tribe  of  Central 


Bouen 

Africa,  settled  in  the  low  plain  of  the  upper 
Zambesi  vaUey,  which  is  periodically  flooded, 
and  hence  fertile  but  unhealthy.  The  kingdom  o£ 
the  Barotse  extends  far  beyond  the  tribal  boundaries.  By 
a  revolution  the  Barotse  exterminated,  in  1865,  their  con- 
querors the  Makololo,  but  retained  the  language  of  these 
and  the  dominion  over  neighboring  tribes.  These  tribu- 
tary tribes  are  the  Manansa,  Malaya,  Masubia,  Matotela, 
Mauchoia,  Mambunda,  Balibale,  and  Mahe.  The  kings 
since  1865  are  Sepopa,  Ngwanawina,  Lobosl,  Akufuna,  and 
Lewanika.  The  Barotse  kingdom  is  in  the  British  sphere 
of  influence. 

Bottee.    See  Motti. 

Eottenburg(rot'ten-borQ).  Atown  in  the  Black 
Forest  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the 
Neckar  24  miles  south-southwest  of  Stuttgart. 
Population  (1890),  6,912. 

EottenEow(rot'n  r6).  [PromF.  BouteduSoi, 
the  king's  way.]  A  fashionable  thoroughfare 
for  equestrians,  in  Hyde  Park,  London,  extend- 
ing west  from  Hyde  Park  Comer  for  1-J  miles. 
"The  old  royal  route  from  the  palace  of  the  Plantagenet 
kings  at  Westminster  to  the  royal  hunting  forests  was  by 
what  are  now  called  'Birdcage  Walk,'  'Constitution 
Hall,'  and  'Botten  Bow' ;  and  this  road  was  kept  sacred 
to  royalty,  the  only  other  person  allowed  to  use  it  being 
(from  its  association  with  the  hunting-grounds)  the  Grand 
Falconer  of  England."    Hare,  London,  II.  107. 

Botterdam(rot'er-dam ;  D.  pron.rot-ter-dam'). 
[From  the  river  Rotte.]  A  city  and  seaport  in 
the  province  of  South  Holland,  Netherlands, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Rotte  with  the 
Nieuwe  Maas  (or  New  Mouse),  in  lat.  51°  55'  N., 
long.  4°  29'  E.  It  is  the  second  seaport  of  the  country 
and  the  second  city  in  population ;  and  has  extensive  sea 
commerce  and  river  traffic  with  Belgium,  Germany,  etc. 
Its  trade  in  colonial  products  is  very  large.  It  is  the  ter- 
minus of  a  steamshipline  to  New  York ;  and  has  ship-build- 
ing industries  and  manufactures  of  machinery,  sugar,  to- 
bacco, etc.  It  consists  of  an  outer  and  an  inner  city. 
Among  the  objects  of  interest  are  Boyman's  Museum,  the 
quays,  Church  of  St.  Lawrence,  Bourse,  etc.  The  town  was 
burned  in  1663,  and  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1672.  It 
developedrapidlyinthel9thcentury.  Populatiou  (1900i, 
332,186. 

Botti,  or  Bottee  (rot'te).  One  of  the  smaller 
islands  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies,  situated  south- 
west of  Timor. 

Bottweil  (rot'vil).  A  town  in  the  Black  Forest 
circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the  Neckar  50 
miles  southwest  of  Stuttgart :  formerly  a  free 
imperial  city.    Population  (1890),  6,912. 

Botuma  (ro-to'ma).  A  small  island  in  the 
South  Pacific,  belonging  to  the  British,  situated 
in  lat.  12°  30''  S.,  long.  177°  5'  E.,  north  of  the 
Fiji  Islands,  of  which  it  is  a  dependency.  It 
was  annexed  by  the  British  in  1880. 

Bouarie  (rS-a-re'),  Marquis  de  la  (Axmand 
Teffin).  Born  near  Rennes,  France,  1756:  died 
near  Lamballe,  France,  Jan.  30, 1793.  A  French 
officer.  He  served  in  the  American  Eevolutionary  War 
1777-82;  and  was  a  royalist  agitator  in  Brittany  1791-93. 

Boubaiz  (r8-ba').  A  city  in  the  department  of 
Nord,  France,  5  miles  northeast  of  Lille.  It  is 
a  leading  industrial  center.  The  principal  manufactures 
are  woolen,  cotton,  silk,  dyes,  etc.  It  developed  notably 
in  the  19th  century.    Population  (1901),  124,660. 

Boubillac  (r6-be-yak'),  Louis  Francois.  Bom 

at  Lyons,  1695:  died  at  London,  Jan.  11,  1762. 
A  French  sculptor  (known  in  England  under 
the  name  Roubiliac),  a  pupil  of  Balthazar  in 
Dresden  and  of  Nicholas  Coustou  in  Paris,  in 
1730  he  won  the  second  grand  prix  in  sculpture.  In  1744 
he  went  to  England,  and  watf  a  prot^g6  of  the  Walpole 
family.  In  1746  he  went  to  Bome.  On  his  return  to  Eng- 
land he  executed  a  number  of  monuments  in  the  great 
churches.  His  chief  works  are  the  statue  of  Handel  at 
Vauxhall ;  the  monument  to  Duke  John  of  Argyll  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  which  Canova  called  the  best  work  in  Eng- 
land ;  the  statue  of  Shakspere  for  David  Garrick,  now  in 
the  British  Museum ;  the  monument  of  the  Duke  and 
Duchess  of  Montagu  at  Boughton ;  etc. 

Boucouennes  (rS-ko-enz').  [From  roucou,  ar- 
notto,  with  which  they  paint  themselves.] 
Indians  of  the  Carib  Stock  in  the  southern  part 
of  French  Gtdana.  They  are  probably  remnants  of 
the  true  Caribs  or  Galibis,  which  have  been  driven  from 
the  coast  and  have  retained  their  independence  in  the  in- 
terior. 

Bouen  (ro-on').  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Seine-Inflrieure,  France,  situated  on  the 
Seine,  at  its  junction  with  the  Aubette  and 
Robee,  in  lat.  49°  25'  N.,  long.  1°  5'  E.:  the  Ro- 
man Rotomagus  and  medieval  Rodomum.  it  is 
an  important  port  with  extensive  quays ;  has  large  foreign 
and  domestic  trade ;  and  is  the  terminus  of  several  foreign 
steamship  lines.  It  is  sometimes  called  "the  Manchester 
of  France  '■'  on  account  of  its  cotton  manufactures.  It  has 
also  manufactures  of  woolenjgoods,  machinery,  etc.  The 
cathedral  is  one  of  the  most  impressive  existing.  "The  wide 
front  ranges  in  date  from  the  Bomanesque  to  the  Flam- 
boyant. The  Florid  south  tower  (Tour  de  Beurre)  is 
notable.  The  transepts  possess  fine  rose-windows  and 
admirable  sculpture  in  profusion  about  their  rich  gabled 
portals.  The  central  spire,  of  iron,  600  feet  high,  re- 
places an  old  one  destroyed  by  lightning.  The  arches 
of  the  nave  are  subdivided  into  2  tiers  below  the  trlfo- 
rium-gallery ;  the  choir  is  remarkable  for  its  lightness ;  and 
there  are  admirable  Benaissance  tombs  of  the  Due  deBr^ 


Rouen 


870 


and  Cardinal d'AmbolBe,and  much  rich  13th-centarygla8S.     (1859),  "Lou  M^ge  de  Cucugnan  "  (186SX  "Li  Conte  pro- 
The  length  of  the  cathedral  is  447  feet ;  the  height  of  the     ven^au  li  caacareleto  "  with  a  French  translation  (1884), 
nave,  92.  The  abbey  church  of  St.  Ouen,  a  celebrated  monu-     "  Le  Campano  Mountado,"  etc. 
ment  of  great  size  and  harmony  of  design,  was  built  in  the  Roumelia.     See  Bumelia. 

14th  and  15th  centuries,  except  the  facade,  which  was  fin-  Soundheads  (round'hedz).    In  Englisll  history, 

the  members  of  the  Parliamentarian  or  Puritan 


Ished  only  recently  in  a  somewhat  earlier  style  than  the  re- 
mainder. The  central  lantern  is  as  famous  for  grace  and 
lightness  as  that  of  Burgos.  Other  beauties  are  the  porch 
of  the  south  transept  and  the  admirable  grouping  of  the 
apse  and  radiating  chapels.  The  interior  is  very  light  and 
elf  ective,  the  wall-spaces  being  reduced  to  a  minimum.  The 
length  is  453  feet ;  the  height  of  the  nave,  106.  Other  ob- 
jects of  interest  are  the  churches  of  St.  Maclou,  of  St.  Vin- 
cent, of  St.  Godaid,  and  of  St.  Patrice,  Palais  de  Justice, 
industrial  and  commercial  museum,  Corneille's  house,  li- 
brary, musSe,  H6tel  du  Bourgth^roalde,  H6tel  de  Yille,  an- 
tiquarian museum,  and  museum  of  natural  history.  There 
are  schools  of  theology,  medicine,  and  agriculture.  The 
city  was  the  birthplace  of  Pierre  and  Thomas  Corneille  and 
of  Boieldieu.  It  was  the  capital  of  LugdunensisII. ;  became 
the  seat  of  a  bishopric  about  300 ;  and  was  several  times 
sacked  by  the  Normans,  who  finally  settled  there  and  made 
it  the  capital  of  Normandy.  Arthur  of  Brittany  is  said  to 
have  been  murdered  at  Kouen.  It  was  taken  by  Philip  II. 
in  1204 ;  was  taken  by  Henry  V.  of  England  in  1419,  and  re- 
covered by  the  French  in  1449;  was  the  scene  ol  the  burn- 
ing of  Joan  of  Arc  in  1431 ;  suffered  in  the  Huguenot  wars ; 
resisted  Henry  IV.  of  France  in  1592 ;  and  was  occupied  by 
the  Germans  Dec,  1870.  Population  (1901),  116,914. 
Souergue  (rS-Srg').  An.  ancient  territory  of 
southern  France,  in  the  government  of  Gtvi- 
enne  andGascony,  corresponding  mainly  to  the 
department  of  Aveyron .  It  was  a  county  in  the  mid- 
dle ages,  and  was  united  to  the  crown  in  1525. 

Roug6  (ro-zha'),  Vicomte  Olivier  Charles  Oa- 
mille  Emanuel  de.  Bom  at  Paris,  April  11, 
1811:  died  athisCh&teau  Bois-Dauphin,  Dec. 
31,  1872.  A  celebrated  French  Egyptologist, 
professorof  archsBologyattheCoUSgedeFrance. 
He  is  best  known  from  his  discovery  of  the  prototypes  of 
the  Semitic  alphabet  in  the  early  Egyptian  hieratic. 


party  during  the  civil  war.  They  were  so  called  op- 
probriously  by  the  Boyalists  or  Cavaliers,  in  allusion  to 
the  Puritans'  custom  of  wearing  their  hair  closely  cut, 
while  the  Cavaliers  usually  wore  theirs  in  ringlets.  The 
Eoundheads  were  one  of  the  two  great  parties  in  English 
politics  first  formed  about  1641,  and  continued  under  the 
succeeding  names  of  Whigs  and  Liberals,  as  opposed  to 
the  Cavaliers,  Tories,  and  Conservatives  respective^. 
Roundheads,  The.  A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Aphra 
Behn,  produced  in  1682, 


Rowan 

a  brilliant  success.  The  following  years  witnessed  a  series 
of  literaiy  triumphs,  such  as  " Le  devin  du  village  (1752), 
"Discours  Bur  I'in^galit^  des  conditions  "  (1764),  "Lettre 
sur  les  spectacles "(1768),  "La  nouveUe  Hamse  (1761), 
"  Le  oontrat  social "  (1782),  and  "  Emile,  ou  de  1  Education  " 
(1762).  The  ideas  expressed  in  this  last  work  led  to  Rous- 
seau's exile  from  France,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  mod- 
em pedagogy.  He  lived  in  Switzerland  and  England  until 
he  -was  allowed  to  come  back,  in  1767,  on  condition  that  he 
would  not  write  any  more.  And  in  fact  his  last  works  of 
consequence, "  Les  confessions  "  and  "E^veries  d'un  prome- 
neur  solitaire,"  were  not  published  until  1782, 4  years  after 
his  death.  Rousseau's  home  life  is  an  enigma :  he  lived 
with  a  woman  unworthy  of  him,  Th^rfese  Le  Vaaseur,  who 
bore  to  him  6  children,  whom  he  sent  one  after  the  other 
to  the  Foundling  Asylum.  He  died  of  apoplexy  after  hav- 
ing been  for  many  years  a  victim  to  the  mania  of  persecu- 
tion. 


Round  Table,  The.     In  Arthurian  legend,  a  Rousseau,  Lovell  Harrison.    Bom  in  Lincoln 


table  made  by  Merlin  for  Uther  Pendragon,  who 
gave  it  to  the  father  of  Guinevere,  from  whom 
Arthur  received  it  with  100  knights  as  a  wed- 
ding gift.  The  table  would  seat  160  knights.  One  seat 
was  caUed  the  siege  or  seat  perilous  because  it  was  death 
to  any  knight  to  sit  upon  it  unless  he  were  the  knight 


County,  Ky.,  Aug.  4, 1818 :  died  at  New  Orleans, 
Jan.  7, 1869.  An  American  general  and  politi- 
cian. He  served  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  in  the  TTnion 
army  in  the  Civil  War  (in  the  battles  of  Shiloh,  Perry  ville, 
Murfreesboro,  Chickamauga,  etc.).  He  was  Republican 
member  of  Congress  from  Kentucky  1865-67. 


whose  achievement  of  the  Holy  Grail  was  certain.    The  t> „,„-„„„  -Dian-o  fi+loTiTiA  Th^ndnrp  known  as~ 
Order  of  the  Round  Table  was  an  institution  founded  by  RgUSSCaU,  Pierre  EtlCnnC  J.neoaore,Jmown  as- 

- -  •  ■     -      Theodore  Rousseau.    Bom  at  Pans,  Apnl  15, 

1812:  died  at  Barbizon,  near  Fontainebleau, 


King  Arthur  at  the  advice  of  Merlin.  It  was  originally 
military,  but  it  ultimately  became  amilitary  and  theocratic 
organization.  The  romances  of  the  grail  and  of  the  Round 
Table  are  closely  connected.  There  were  legends  of  the 
latter  before  1165,  but  between  1165  and  1200  several  books 
were  collectively  called  "  Romances  of  the  Round  Table." 
Among  the  poetic  and  prose  compositions  belonging  to 
this  cycle  are  "  Parzif al  und  Titurel "  (German),  "  Perce- 
val" (French),  "Morte  Arthur"  (English  and  French), 
"  Lancelot  du  Lao  "  (French),  "  Tristan  "  (FrenchX  "  Life  of 
Merlin"  (French  and  English),  "Quest  of  the  Holy  Grail" 
(Hrench  and  English), "  Percef  orest "  (French), "  Meliadus  " 
and  "  Guiron  le  Courtois  "  (French).  ' 

Round  Table  Conference.  Aresultless  confer- 
ence of  representatives  of  the  Gladstonian  Lib- 
erals and  Liberal-Unionists  in  1887,  the  object 
of  which  was  to  effect  a  reunion  of  the  Liberal 


The  entire  glory  of  this  discovery  is  due  to  the  genius 
of  a  French  Egyptologist,  Emanuel  de  Roug^.    The  first 
account  of  his  investigations  was  given  in  a  paper  read     party, 
before  the  Academic  des  Inscriptions  in  the  year  1859.  Rouudway  Down  (round'wa  doun) 


A  meagre  summary  of  his  results  was  published  at  the 
time  in  the  "  Comptes  rendus,"  but  by  some  mischance 
the  MS.  itself  was  lost^  and  has  never  been  recovered. 

Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  89. 


A  place 


France,  Deo.  22,  1867.  A  noted  French  land- 
scape-painter, one  of  the  leaders  of  the  French 
reaustio  school,  known  as  the  school  of  Fon- 
tainebleau. His  father  was  a  merchant  tailor  from  the 
Jura ;  his  maternal  uncle,  Gabriel  Colombet,was  a  portrait- 
painter  and  pupil  of  David.  He  began  when  very  young 
to  paint  with  R^mond,  and  copied  Claude  at  the  Louvre. 
To  the  famous  Salon  of  1831  he  contributed  a  "  View  in 
Auvergne."  He  shared  with  Barye  the  patronage  of  the 
Due  d'Orl^ans,  who  in  1833  bought  his  "Border  of  Felled 
Woods."  From  1831  to  1836  he  led  the  revolt  against  for- 
malism. In  1836  his  "Descent  of  Cattle  from  the  Jura 
Mountains  "  was  rejected  by  the  Salon,  and  in  1837  his 
"  Avenue  of  Chestnuts  "  was  also  rejected.  No  picture  of 
his  appeared  at  the  Salon  until  1849.  In  1846  he  was  estab- 
lished in  a  studio  at  Paris ;  later  he  withdrew  entirely  to 
Barbizon.  He  painted  a  large  number  of  pictures  particu- 
larly representing  the  neighborhood  of  Barbizon  and  the 
forest  of  Fontainebleau. 


Rougemont  (F.  pron.  rozh-m6n')  Castle.    A  ■n-,-,_t,,-_      o„.  Ai„-heu<! 


the  Conqueror. 
Rouget  ae  Lisle,  or  I'lsle  (ro-zha'  d6  lei), 
Claude  Joseph.  Bom  at  Montaigu,  Lons-le- 
Saulnier,  France,  May  10, 1760:  died  at  Choisy- 
le-Eoi,  near  Paris,  June  27,  1836.  A  French 
soldier  and  composer  of  songs.  He  was  the  son  of 
royalists;  refused  to  take  the  oath  to  the  constitution 
abolishing  the  crown ;  and  was  stripped  of  his  rank  as  first 


Devizes,  Wilts,  England,  at  which  the 
Parliamentary  forces  under  Waller  were  totally  ■£o^^-{^;:^''^"''"i;;' Roulers. 
defeated  by  the  Royalists  under  Hopton,  July  RoussiUon  (r6-se-y6n').     An  ancient  govem- 
id.  Ibid.  ment  of  France,  bordering  on  Spain.    Capital, 

Perpignan.    It  corresponds  nearly  to  the  department  of 


Rous,orRouse(rous),Jrancis.  BomatHalton, 
Comwall,  1579:  died  at  Aeton,  Jan.  7,  1659. 
An  English  Puritan,  noted  as  the  author  of  a  met- 
rical version  of  the  Psalms  (1646) .  He  was  educated 


at  Oxford,  was  a  member  of  the  Long  Parliament  and  the  _ „„_„_      o„„  ri;„n/i^t 
is,andinl643wasappointed  RoUSSy.     bee  (^irodet. 


Pyr^^es-Orientales.  It  was  a  countship  in  the  middle 
ages ;  was  annexed  to  Aragon  in  1172 ;  was  freed  from  the 
nominal  feudal  supremacy  of  France  in  1258 ;  was  annexed 
by  Louis  XI.  in  1471 ;  was  recovered  by  Aragon  from  Charles 
VIII.  in  1493 ;  and  was  annexed  to  Ilrance  by  the  treaty  of 
the  Pyrenees  in  1669. 


WestminsterAssemblyofDivines,£ *„- ^^ t*        a-  a       -n 

provost  of  Eton.    His  version  is  that  still  used  in  the  Scot-  BoUStem.     bee  Mustam, 

tish  churches.  Rouvier   (ro-vya'),   Maurice.    Born    at  Aix, 

France,  April  17,  1842.     A  French  politician. 
Hewasministerof  commerce  1881-82andl884-85;  premier 

miles.  May-Dec,  18S7;  and  minister  of  finance  1889-92  and  1902-. 

puW"iBhed"Cinqnaiite  chants  fran?'ais ''(1826)  aniT other  Rouse's  Point  (rous'iz  point).      A  village  in  Rover   (r6'v6r).     The   principal    character  in 
works,  but  is  most  celebrated  as  the  author  of  the  "Mar-    Champlain    township,    (jUnton   County,   New    O'Keefe's  farce  "Wild  Oats." 

Pm'J^han'dRpalt  Old   An  enithet  often  riven    York,  situated  at  the  northeastern  extremity  of  Rover,  The,  or  the  Banished  CavaUers.    A 
KOUgn  ancl  ileaay,  Uia.  An  epitnetotten  given    ^j^^  g^.^^^^^  ^^^  ^-^^  ^^^j^^  ^^  Lake  Champlain,  near    comedy  by  krs.  Aphra  Behn,  produced  in  1677. 

the  Canadian  frontier.  Population  (1900),  1,675.  Roveredo  (ro-ve-ra'do),  G.  also  Rofreit  Cro'- 


heutenant,  and  imprisoned.  He  escaped  after  the  death  BousaV  (ro'sa).  One  of  the  Orkney  Islands, 
of  Robespierre;  was  wounded  under  General  Hoche  in  La  a„„fis,„fl  i  ™;i„  T,„_tVi  nf  MpinlaTifl  liPtncrOi  6 
Vendue ;  and  retired  to  Montaigu,  where  he  lived  in  all  but  bqotlana,  1  mile  nortn  ot  Mamiana.  uengin,  o 
absolute  starvation.     He  wrote  a  number  of  songs,  and 


to  General  Zaehary  Taylor. 
Rough  Riders.     The  popular  name  of  the  First  r^""  """^(75-85^  jkcaUM^ 

1630:  died  at  London,  1693.  A  French  painter. 
His  pictures  were  principally  interiors  and  architectural 
views,  and  under  the  direction  of  Lebrun  he  decorated  all 
the  royal  residences.  After  a  period  of  study  in  Italy,  he 
decorated  many  public  buildings  and  a  number  of  apart- 
ments at  Saint-GeiTQain,  at  Marly,  and  at  the  palace  of  Ver- 
sailles. He  went  to  London  to  decorate  one  of  the  houses 
of  Lord  Montage,  but  died  before  completing  it. 


United  States  Volunteer  Cavalry,  organized  by 
Theodore  Roosevelt  and  Leonard  Wood  for 
service  in  the  Spanish-American  war.  It  con- 
sisted of  1,000  men,  recruited  mainly  from  western  States. 
They  fought  (dismounted)  at  Las  Guasimas  June  24,  and 
San  Juan  July  1, 1898. 

Rougon-Macquart  (ro-g6n' ma-kar')-     The    „^^„,„^„„„    ,^„  „„„ ,„„^  „„„»„  w^.^.^ 

name  of  a  family  celebrated  by  Zola,  after  the  RousseaurJeanBapttste^^^ 

*„„.. *Tj„i,„„  ,„„.™„„„^>„^™1„/1a■71_oQ^    jg,  1670 :  died  at  Brussels,  March  17, 174L    A 

French  poet.  He  was  exiled  from  France  in  1712  on  the 
charge  of  writing  satirical  verses  on  certain  influential 
persons.  ''  '  ----  -— -^i- ■.i-_ii_.-         j 

others. 

The  first  poet  who  is  distmctively  of  the  ISth  century, 
and  not  the  least  remarkable,  was  Jean  Baptiste  Rousseau 
(1669-1741).  Rousseau's  life  was  a  singular  and  rather  an 
unfortunate  one.  In  the  first  place,  he  was  exiled  for  a 
piece  of  scandalous  literature  of  which  in  aU  probability 
he  was  quite  guiltless ;  and,  in  the  second,  meeting  in  his 
exile  with  Voltaire,  who  professed  (and  seems  really  to 
have  felt)  admiration  for  him,  he  offended  the  irritable  dis- 
ciple and  was  long  the  butt  of  his  attacks. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  894. 

Rousseau,  Jean  Jacques.  Born  at  Geneva,  June 
28, 1712 :  died  at  Ermenonville,  near  Paris,  July 
2, 1778.   An  eminent  Svriss-French  philosopher, 


fashion  of  Balzac,  in  a  series  of  novels  (1871-93) 
under  the  general  title  of  "Les  Rougou-Mac- 
quart,  histoire  naturelle  et  sociale  d'une  f  amiUe 
sous  le  second  empire."  See  Zola. 
Rouher  (r6-ar')>Eug6ne.  Bom  at  Riom,  France, 
Nov.  30,  1814:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  3,  1884.  A 
French  statesman.  HewasdeputytotheConstituent 
Assembly  in  1848,  and  to  the  legislative  Assembly  in  1849 ; 
minister  of  justice  and  premier  1849-51 ;  and  minister  of 
justice  1851-52.  He  became  vice-president  of  the  State 
Council  in  1852,  and  minister  of  commerce,  agriculture, 
etc.,  in  1855 ;  and  concluded  a  commercial  treaty  with 
Great  Britain  in  1860,  and  others  with  Belgium,  Italy,  and 
Germany.  He  was  premier  1863-69,  and  reactionary  leader ; 
president  of  the  Senate  1869-70 ;  and  after  1871  a  Bonapartist 
leader. 

Roulers  (ro-la'),  or  Rousselaere  (ros-lar'),  or 
Roeselare  (ro-se-la're).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  West  Flanders,  Belgium,  situated  on  the 
Mandelbeke  27  miles  west-southwest  of  Ghent. 
It  has  cotton  and  other  manufactures.  Here,  July  13, 1794, 
the  French  under  Pichegru  and  Macdonald  defeated  the 
Anstrians  under  Clerlayt.    Population  (1890),  20,339. 

Roum.    See  Mum. 

Roumania.    See  Mumania. 

Roumanille  (rS-ma-nely'),  Joseph.  Bom  at 
Saint-Remy  (Bouches-du-Rh6ne),  At^.  8, 1818: 
died  at  Avignon,  May  24,  1891.  A  ProveuQal 
poet.  He  studied  at  Tarascon ;  went  in  1847  to  Avignon ; 
and  was  one  of  the  principal  members  of  the  "  Faibriges." 
In  1869  he  organized  "L'ArmanaProven9au."  His  improvi- 
sations include  '  Li  Margarideto  "  (1847),  "  Lis  Ouhreto  " 


frit).  A  town  in  South  Tyrol,  Austria-Hungary, 
situated  on  the  Leno,  near  the  Adige,  14  miles 
south  by  west  of  Trent.  It  is  an  important  silk-manu- 
facturing center,  and  has  a  flourishing  trade.  It  was  an- 
nexed by  Venice  in  1413,  and  by  Austria  in  1610.  Here, 
Sept.  3  and  4, 1796,  the  French  under  Mass^na  defeated 
the  Austrians.    Population  (1890),  9,030. 

Rovigno  (ro-ven'yo).    .A.  seaport  in  Istria,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  the  Adriatic  40  miles 
south  of  Triest.     It  has  a  cathedral,  is  noted  for  its 
wine,  and  has  flourishing  trade  and  fisheries.  Population 
(1890),  9,662. 

He  engaged  in  controversies  with  Voltaire  and  RovigO  (ro-ve'go).     1.  A  province  in  the  com- 

partimento  of  Venetia,  Italy.  Area,  685  square 
miles.  Population  (1891), 236,405.— 2.  The  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Rovigo,  situated  on  the 
Adigetto  37  miles  southwest  of  Venice.  It  has 
a  large  library  and  picture-gallery.  Population 
(1892),  11,500. 

Rovigo,  Due  de.    See  Savary. 

Rovira,  Custodio  Garcia.  See  Garcia  Bovira. 

Rovuma  (ro-vo'ma).  A  river  in  Africa  which 
separates  German  East  Africa  from  Portuguese 
East  Africa,  and  flows  into  the  Indian  Ocean 
near  Cape  Delgado. 


His  mother  died  in  giving  him  birth  arid  his  father,  a  Rowan(r6'an),  Stephen  ClegK.  BomnearDub- 
mon  r.t  ciolflch  onil  (.oTolnainiatiiT'B  siiBnt. his time mendmsT  "y"™"\       ..    ''       oI^^qJTq  .^.^^     i^nn-     Z-    tl 

D.C., March  31,1890.  An  American  admiral.  He 


man  of  selfish  and  careless  nature,  spent  his  time  mending 
watches  and  teaching  dancing  as  a  means  of  livelihood.  For 
education  Jean  Jacques  read  Plutarch  and  some  novels. 
He  was  successively  an  engraver's  apprentice,  a  lackey,  a 
musician,  a  student  in  a  seminary,  a  clerk,  a  private  tutor, 
and  a  music-copyist.  He  changed  his  religion  repeatedly, 
even  on  pecuniary  inducements.  He  lived  thus  from  hand 
to  mouth  until  the  age  of  38,  and  the  only  time  that  he 
knew  no  need  was  during  the  years  spent  with  the  notori- 
ous Madame  de  Warens.  His  first  real  awakening  to  his 
latent  talents  dates  from  the  summer  of  1749,  when  he  un- 
dertook to  compete  for  a  prize  oflered  by  the  Academy  of 
Dijonfor  the  best  dissertation  on  the  subject  "Whether  the 
progress  of  the  sciences  and  of  letters  has  tended  to  corrupt 
or  to  elevate  morals."  So  eloquent  was  he  in  his  paradox- 
ical condemnation  of  civilization,  that  he  achieved  at  once 


entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman  in  1826;  served  In  the 
Seminole  and  Mexican  wars ;  and  commanded  the  Pawnee 
at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  In  this  vessel  he  par- 
ticipate ■  in  the  first  naval  action  of  the  war,  namely,  the 
attack  on  the  Confederate  batteries  on  Aquia  Creek,  May 
26, 1861.  He  destroyed  a  small  fieet  of  gunboats  near 
Elizabeth  City,  North  Carolina,  in  Feb.,  1862';  commanded 
the  fieet  which  coBperated  with  General  Burnside  in  the 
capture  of  Newbem  in  March  of  the  same  year;  and  com- 
manded the  New  Ironsides  in  the  operations  against  the 
defenses  in  Charleston  harbor,  Aug.-Sept.,  1863.  He  was 
promoted  rear-admiral  in  1866  and  vice-admiral  in  1S70L 
and  was  retired  in  1889. 


Rowandiz 

Rowandiz  (rou-g.n'diz).    See  the  extract. 

The  "  mountain  of  the  world,"  orKowandiz,  the  Accadlan 
OlympoB,  was  believed  to  be  the  pivot  on  which  the  heaven 
rested,  covering  the  earth  like  a  huge  extinguisher.  The 
world  was  bound  to  it  by  a  rope,  like  that  with  which  the 
sea  was  churned  In  Hindu  legend,  or  the  golden  cord  of 
Homer,  wherewith  Zeus  proposed  to  suspend  the  nether 
earth  after  binding  the  cord  about  Olympos  (n.  viii.  19-26). 
.  .  .  It  lay  far  away  in  the  regions  of  the  northeast,  the  en- 
trance, as  it  was  supposed,  to  the  lower  world,  and  it  was 
sometimes  identified  with  the  mountain  of  Kizir,  the  mod- 
em Bowandiz,  on  whose  summit  the  ark  of  the  Chaldean 
Noah  was  believed  to  have  rested. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  pp.  173-178. 

Aowandiz.  A  town  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated 
on  a  tributary  of  the  Greater  Zab,  83  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Mosul. 

Sowe  (ro),  Nicholas.    Bom  at  Little  Barford, 
Bedfordshire,  England,  1674 :  died  Dec.  6, 1718. 
An  English  dramatist  and  poet,  appointed  poet 
laureate  1714.   He  was  educated  for  the  bar.   His  chief 
tragediss  are  "The  Ambitious  Stepmother,"  "Tamer- 
lane"(1702), "  The  Fair  Penitent  "(1703),  "Ulysses,"  "The 
Eoyal  Convert,"  "Jane  Shore"  (1714),  and  "Lady  Jane 
Grey  "  (1715).    He  also  wrote  "  The  Biter,"  a  comedy.    He 
edited  Shakspere  (1709),  and  translated  Lucan's  "Phar- 
saUa." 
Eowena  (ro-e'na).    1.  The  legendary  daughter 
of  Hengist,  and  the  wife  of  the  British  chief  Vor- 
tigem. —  2.  A  ward  of  Cedric  in  Scott's  "Ivan- 
hoe."    She  is  the  rival  of  Kebecoa  the  Jewess, 
and  marries  Ivanhoe. 
Rowland.    See  Soland. 
Rowland  (ro'land),  Henry  Augustus.     Bom 
Nov.  27,  1848 :"  died  April  16,  1901.     A  noted 
American  physicist.    -He  was  professor  of  physics  at 
Johns  Hopkins  (Jniversity  1876-1901 ,  and  was  the  author  of 
numerous  papers  chiefly  relating  to  optics  and  electricity. 
He  was  especiallyuoted  for  his  work  on  the  solar  spectrum. 
Rowlands  (ro'landz),  Samuel.     Bom  about 
1570:  his  last  poem  was  written  in  1630.    An 
English  pamphleteer.    His  pamphlets  and  others  of 
the  same  style  took  the  place  now  occupied  by  the  news- 
paper. 
Rowley  (rou'li),  Samuel.    An  English  drama- 
tist of  the  17th  century.    Only  two  of  his  plays  exist 
in  print :  "When  you  see  me,  you  know  me,"  a  chronicle- 
play  (1632),  and  "The  Noble  Soldier "(1634). 
Rowley,  William,    Lived  at  the  end  of  the  16th 
and  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatist.  He  is  mentioned  as  an  actor  in  the  Duke 
of  York's  Company  in  1610.  Four  of  his  dramas  are  extant: 
"A  New  Wonder :  A  Woman  never  Vext "  (1632), "A  Match 
at  Midnight"  (1633),  "All 's  Lost  by  Lust*"  (1633),  and  "A 
Shoemaker  a  Gentleman  "  (1638).     He  also  collaborated 
with  Middleton,  Bekker,  Ford,  Massinger,  and  others. 

Rowley  Poems,  The.  A  collection  of  poems 
written  by  Chatterton,  and  attributed  by  him 
to  a  mythical  Thomas  Eowley,  a  priest  of  the 
15th  century.  He  began  to  write  them  in  1764.  They 
were  decUned  by  Dodsley  the  publisher  in  1768,  but  in 
1769  Chatterton  succeeded  in  deceiving  Walpolewith  them. 
Gray,  however,  discovered  the  hoax. 

Rowley  Regis  (rou'li  re'jis).  A  town  in  Staf- 
fordshire, England,  6  miles  west  of  Birmingham: 
a  manufacturing  and  mining  center.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  30,791. 

Rowton  Heath.  A  place  near  Chester,  in  Eng- 
land, where,  Sept.  24, 1645,  the  Parliamentarians 
defeated  the  Royalists. 

Roxana  (L.  pron.  roks-a'nS ;  E.  pron.  roks-an'a), 
or  Roxane  (F.  pron.  rok-san').  Murdered  "at 
Amphipolis,  Macedonia,  311  B.  c.  A  Bactrian 
princess,  daughter  of  Oxyartes.,  She  married  Alex- 
ander the  Great  in  327,  and  was  put  to  death  with  her  son 
by  order  of  Cassander. 

Roxana.    A  novel  by  Defoe,  published  in  1724. 

Roxburgh  (roks'bur-o).  A  southern  county  of 
Scotland,  it  is  bounded  by  Berwick  on  the  north,  Eng- 
land on  the  east  and  souOieast,  Dumfries  on  the  southwest, 
and  Selkirk  and  Edinburgh  on  the  west.  It  is  largely  in- 
cluded in  the  valleys  of  the  Teviot  and  Tweed.  The  county 
town  is  Jedburgh.  It  contains  various  antiquities,  and 
was  the  scene  of  many  border  conflicts.  Area,  665  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  63,600. 

Roxburghe  Club,  The.  A  club  founded  in  1812, 
at  the  time  of  the  sale  of  the  library  of  John, 
duke  of  Eoxburghe.  "The  Eev.  Thomas  Frognall 
Dibdin  claimed  the  title  of  founder.  The  avowed  object  of 
the  club  was  the  reprinting  of  rare  pieces  of  ancient  litera- 
ture. ...  It  still  exists,  and,  with  the  Dilettanti  Society, 
may  be  said  to  have  suggested  the  publishing  societies  of 
the  present  day,  at  the  head  of  which  is  the  Camden." 
Timis. 

Roxbury  (roks'bur-i).  A  former  city  of  Norfolk 
County,  Massachusetts,  south-southwest  of  the 
old  part  of  Boston.  It  was  founded  in  1630,made 
a  city  in  1846,  and  annexed  to  Boston  in  1868. 

Roxo  (rok'so  or  ro'sho),  Cape.  A  cape  on  the 
coast  of  Senegambia,  western  Africa,  about  170 
miles  south  of  Cape  Verd,  in  lat.  12°  25'  N., 
long.  16°  49'  W. 

Roxolani  (roks-6-la'ni),  or  Roxalani  (roks-a- 
la'ni).  A  people  of  Sarmatian  stock,  living  in 
southern  Russia,  between  the  Don  and  Dnieper, 
about  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era. 


871 

Roy,  Rammohun.    See  Bammohun  Boy. 

Roy  (roi),  William.  Bom  in  Scotland,  May  4, 
1726:  died  at  London,  July  1,  1790.  A  British 
surveyor.  He  conducted  the  measurements  for  ascer- 
taining the  difference  in  longitude  between  the  Greenwich 
and  Paris  observatories.  He  wrote  "  Military  Antiquities 
o(  the  Romans  in  North  Britain  "  (1793),  etc. 

Royal  Academy  of  Arts.  A  society  founded 
in  1768  by  George  III.  for  the  establishment  of 
a  school  of  design  and  the  holding  of  an  annual 
exhibition  of  the  works  of  living  artists,  its  first 
rooms  were  in  Somerset  House,  London;  thence  it  removed 
to  Trafalgar  Square  (1834) ;  and  it  now  occupies  Burlington 
House.  The  society  consists  of  42  royal  academicians,  at 
least  30  associates,  and  2  associate  engravers.  Its  first  presi- 
dent was  Sir  Joshua  Beynolds ;  the  present  holder  of  the 
office  is  Sir  E.  J.  Poynter  (elected  Nov.,  1896). 

Royal  Exchange,  The.  See  Queen's  Exchange, 
The. 

Royal  George.  An  English  man-of-war  of  108 
guns.  While  being  refitted  at  Spithead,  Aug.  29, 1782, 
she  suddenly  heeled  over,  under  the  strain  caused  by  the 
shifting  of  her  guns,  filled,  and  went  down  with  her  com- 
mander. Admiral  Eempenfelt,  and  nearly  1,000  sailors, 
marines,  and  visitors  on  board,  about  800  of  whom  were 
lost. 

Royalist  (roi'al-ist).  The.  A  play  by  D'Urf  ey, 
produced  in  1682.  It  contains  good  songs  and 
music,  some  of  the  latter  by  Henry  PurceU. 

Royalists  (roi'al-ists).  1.  In  English  history, 
the  partizaus  of  Charles  I.  and  of  Charles  II. 
during  the  civil  war  and  the  Commonwealth ; 
the  Cavaliers,  as  opposed  to  the  Roundheads. 
—  2.  In  American  history,  the  adherents  of  the 
British  government  during  the  revolutionary 
period. — 3.  In  French  history,  the  supporters 
of  the  Bourbons  as  against  the  revolutionary 
and  subsequent  governments. 

Royal  Merchant,  The.    See  Beggar's  Bush. 

Royal  Society,  The.  An  association  founded 
in  London  in  or  a  little  before  1660  (incorpo- 
rated in  1662),  the  object  of  which  is  the  ad- 
vancement of  science,  especially  of  the  physi- 
cal sciences,  its  designation  in  full  is  "  The  Royal 
Society  of  London  for  Improving  Natural  Knowledge."  It 
has  held  the  foremost  place  among  such  societies  in  Eng- 
land, and  has  always  numbered  the  leaders  of  British  sci- 
ence among  its  members.  Its  principal  publications  are 
"The  Proceedingsof  the  Royal  Society  "and  "The  Philo- 
sophical Transactions."  It  meets  at  Burlington  House, 
Piccadilly. 

Royal  Society  Club,  The.  A  London  club 
which  appears  to  have  existed  from  1709.  it 
has  consisted  largely  but  not  exclusively  of  fellows  of  the 
Royal  Society.  Its  members  were  formerly  known  as 
"Royal  Philosophers,"  and  later  as  "Royals." 

Royal  Sovereign.  1.  A  British  line-of -battle 
ship  of  100  guns  and  2,175  tons  register.  She 
served  in  the  Channel  fieet  1793-96,  and  was  the  fiag-ship 
of  Vice- Admiral  Cuthbert  Collingwood  at  Trafalgar,  Oct. 
21, 1806. 

2.  A  British  line-of -battle  ship  of  120  guns  and 
3,144  tons  register,  she  was  out  down  to  one  deck, 
armored  with  a  water-line  belt  6^  inches  thick,  provided 
with  4  turrets,  and  launched  in  1864. 

Royan  (rwa-yon').  A  seaport  and  sea-bathing 
resort  in  the  department  of  Charente-Inf6ri- 
eure.  Prance,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Gironde,  22  miles  south  of  Eochefort.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  7,247. 

Royat  (rwa-ya').  A  watering-place  in  the  de- 
partment of  Puy-de-D6me,  France,  situated 
on  the  Tiretaine  near  Clermont-Ferrand.  It  is 
noted  for  its  hot  springs. 

Roy  Bareilly.    See  Bat  Bareli. 

Royer-Collard  (rwa-ya'ko-lar'),  Pierre  Paul. 
Born  at  Sompuis,  Mame,  France,  June  21, 
1763:  died  at  Ch&teauvieux,  near  St.-Aignan, 
Sept.  4,  1845.  A  French  philosopher  and 
statesman.  He  was  a  member  of  the  municipal  council 
of  Paris  at  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution,  and  a  member 
oftheCouncil  of  Five  Hundred  inl797.  He  became  profes- 
sor of  philosophy  in  the  Faculty  of  Letters  at  Paris  in  1811, 
teaching  the  doctrines  of  the  Scottish  school.  After  the 
Restoration  he  was  a  leading  member  of  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies  and  chief  of  the  "Doctrinaires."  He  became  a 
member  of  the  French  Academy  in  1827,  and  president  of 
the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  1828. 

Royle  (roil),  John  Forbes.  Bom  at  Cawnpore, 
British  India,  1800 :  died  at  Acton,  near  London, 
Jan.  2,  1858.  A  British  botanist,  in  1822  he  was 
assistant  surgeon  to  the  East  India  Company,  and  from 
1837  to  1866  was  professor  of  materia  medioa  at  King's 
College,  London.  His  works  include  "On  the  Antiquity 
of  Hindoo  Medicine  "  (1837),  "Illustrations  of  the  Botany 
and  other  Branches  of  Natural  History  of  the  Himalaya 
Mountains  "  (1833-40),  etc. 

Royton  (roi'ton).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
Lancashire,  England,  situated  3  miles  north  of 
Oldham.    Population  (1891),  18,395. 

Rozas,  Juan  Martinez  de.  See  Martinez  de 
Bogas. 

Rozinante  (roz-i-nan'te).    See  Bosinante. 

Rua(r6'a), orBarua(ba-r6'a).  ABantunation 
of  the  Kongo  State,  included  in  the  concession 


Rubinstein 

of  the  Katanga  Company.  Once  a  great  kingdom, 
occupying  most  of  the  Lualaba  basin  between  the  Lomami 
and  Lake  Tanganyika,  it  has  lost  its  political  unity  and  has 
been  dismembered  by  the  Arabs  in  the  north  and  by  King 
Msidi  in  the  south,  and  by  the  rebellion  of  native  tribes. 
The  kingdom  of  Eassongo  exists  now  only  in  traditional 
history.  Ethnically  the  Rua,  Ruba,  and  Luba  are  identical. 
See  Luia. 

Ruad  (r6-a,d').  A  small  island  on  the  coast  of 
Syria,  70  miles  north-northeast  of  Beirut.  It 
contained  the  ancient  city  Aradus. 

Ruanda  (ro-an'da)  or  Waruanda  (wa-ro-an'- 
da).  A  Bantu  tribe  in  the  high  and  mountain- 
ous region  around  Mount  Mfumbiro,  between 
Lakes  Albert  Edward  and  Tanganyika,  on  the 
boundary  of  the  Kongo  State  and  British  East 
Africa.  They  are  a  strong  and  warlike  race. 
Kin^  Romanika  of  Karagwe  was  of  Ruanda 
origin. 

Ruatan  (rS-a-tan'),  or  Roatan  (ro-a-tan').  An 
island  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  35  miles  north  of 
Honduras,  to  which  republic  it  belongs.  Length, 
about  30  miles. 

Rubaiyat(ro'bai-yat)^The.  See  Omar  Khayyam. 

Ruben  (ro'ben).  Christian.  Bom  at  Treves, 
Prussia,  Nov.  30, 1805:  died  in  Vienna,  July  8, 
1875.  A  German  historical  and  genre  painter. 
Among  his  noted  paintings  is  "  Columbus  Dis- 
covering America." 

Rubens  (r8'benz),Peter  Paul.  Bom  at  Siegen, 
Westphalia,  June  29, 1577:  died  at  Antwerp,May 
30,1640.  A  celebrated  Flemish  painter.  He  lived 
in  Cologne  until  1587,  when  his  father  died  and  his  mother 
removed  with  her  children  to  Antwerp.  He  received  his 
education  in  the  Jesuits'  school  at  Antwerp,  and  later  be- 
came a  lay  brother.  To  the  Jesuits  he  owed  his  excellent 
classical  training.  Rubens's  first  teachers  were  Tobie  Ver- 
haegt,  a  landscape-painter,  and  Adam  van  Noort,  a  figure- 
painter  and  imitator  of  Paul  Veronese.  He  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Gild  of  St.  Luke  in  1698.  In  1600  he  went  to  Italy, 
studied  in  Venice  and  Rome,  and  served  Duke  Vincenzo 
Gonzaga  at  Mantua  5  years.  In  1608  he  returned  to  Ant- 
wero.  In  the  same  year  he  married  Isabella  Brandt  (died 
1626) ;  two  years  later  he  built  a  house  in  Antwerp  and  be- 
gan to  employ  assistants  in  his  work.  Chief  of  these  were 
Vandyok,  Jordaens,  and  Snyders.  In  1622  Rubens  was 
summoned  to  Paris  to  decorate  the  Luxembourg  for  Marie 
de  M^dicis.  His  private  collection,  whicli  he  sold  to  the 
Duke  of  Buckingham,  contained  17  Titians,  21  Bassanos. 
13  Veroneses,  8  Palma-Vecchios,  17  Tintorettos,  3  Leonardo 
da  Vincis,  3  Raphaels,  and  13  pictures  by  himself.  In 
Sept.,  1628,  he  went  to  Madrid  on  a  diplomatic  mission 
to  the  Spanish  court,  and  met  Velasquez.  He  painted  5 
portraits  of  Philip  IV.  From  Madrid  he  went  to  London, 
where  he  arrived  June  6, 1629,  on  the  same  diplomatic 
mission.  He  was  made  honoraiy  M.  A.  at  Cambridge,  and 
knighted  at  Whitehall,  March  3, 1630.  He  left  London 
March  6.  He  painted  several  pictures  in  England,  and 
received  an  order  for  the  decoration  of  Whitehall.  On 
Dec.  6,  1630,  he  married  Helena  Fourment,  a  niece  of  his 
first  wife.  He  was  famous  as  a  colorist^  and  painted  his- 
torical and  sacred  subjects,  portraits, landscapes,  etc.  Of 
his  pictures  89  are  in  Munich,  46  in  the  Louvre,  40  in  the 
Belvedere  at  Vienna,  22  at  Antwerp  (besides  many  pic- 
tures in  churches),  and  11  are  in  the  National  Gallery  in 
London.  Among  his  chief  works  are  "The  Descent  from 
the  Cross  "  (Antwerp),  "Elevation  of  the  Cross,"  "Fall  of 
the  Damned"  (Munich),  and  "  Rape  of  the  Sabines"  (Lon- 
don). 

Riibezahl  (rU'be-tsal).  In  German  folk-lore, 
the  mountain  spirit  of  the  Eiesengebirge,  in 
Silesia  and  Bohemia. 

Rubicon  (ro'bi-kon).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
small  river  in  Italy,  near  Rimini,  in  the  later 
Roman  republic  it  was  the  boundary  between  Italy  proper 
and  Cisalpine  Gaul.  The  crossing  of  it  by  Csesar,  49  B.  0., 
began  the  civil  war.  It  has  been  identified  with  the  Ur- 
gone  and  with  theUso. 

The  most  recent  investigations  tend  to  show  that  the 
Rubicon  has  entirely  quitted  its  ancient  course.  It  ap- 
pears originally  to  have  fallen  into  the  Fiumioino,  farther 
south,  while  at  the  present  day  its  upper  part  (Urgone) 
unites  with  the  Pisciatello.   Baedeker,  Central  Italy,  p.  91. 

Rubini  (ro-be'ne),  Giovanni  Battista.  Born 
at  Romano,  near  Bergamo,  Italy,  April  7, 1795 : 
died  there,  March  3, 1854.  A  celebrated  Italian 
tenor  singer.  His  first  important  engagement  was  at 
Naples,  where  hetook  lessonsfrom  Nozzari ;  but  his  first  ap- 
pearance in  Paris  in  1825  was  the  beginning  of  his  career 
of  great  and  unbroken  success.  He  first  sang  in  England 
in  1831,  and  till  1843  sang  there  and  in  Paris  alternately. 
In  1843  he  set  out  on  a  tour  with  Liszt  through  Holland 
and  Germany,  but  they  soon  separated.  Rubini  went  on 
to  St.  Petersburg,  where  he  sang  with  such  effect  that  he 
was  made  director  of  singing  in  Russia.  He  retired  from 
public  life  about  1844  with  a  large  fortune. 

Rubinstein  (ro'bin-stin),  Anton.  Bom  in  Vol- 
hynia,  Russia,  Nov.  30, 1829:  diednear  St.  Peters 
burg,  Nov.  20,  1894.  A  noted  Russian  pianist 
and  composer,  in  1839  he  made  a  concert  tour  with 
his  teacher  Villoing ;  went  to  Paris ;  studied  under  Liszt ; 
went  to  England  in  1842 ;  made  other  concert  tours ; 
studied  for  8  years  in  Russia;  and  in  1856  appeared  in 
Hamburg  with  many  of  his  own  compositions.  From  this 
time  his  success  was  unbroken.  He  was  appointed  im- 
perial concert  director  in  Russia  in  1858 ;  founded  the  St. 
Petersburg  Conservatory  of  Music  in  1862 ;  and  became 
its  principal  in  1867.  He  visited  England  and  France  a 
number  of  times,  andthe  United  States.  His  works  include 
"Ocean  Symphony,  Op.  42,"  and  other  symphonies,  many 
songs  and  concertos,  and  the  operas  "  Feramorz, "  "  TheDe- 


Bubinstein 

nion,"  "The  Maccabees,"  "Nero,"  etc.;  but  he  is  cele- 
brated principally  as  a  pianist.  He  wrote  his  *'  Autobiog- 
raphy" and  a  "Conversation  on  Music."  In  1887  he  gave 
a  series  of  historical  recitals  in  London. 

RubruillMare(ro'brmnma're).  [L., 'Red Sea.'] 
A  Latin  name  of  the  Red  Sea. 

Bucbah  (ruk'ba).  [Ar.  aX-niMibah,  the  knee.] 
A  name  assigned  both  to  the  third-magnitude 
star  £  CassiopeisB  and  to  the  fourth-magnitude 
star  a  Sagittarii. 

Bucellai  (rS-ehel-la'e),  Griovanni,  BomatFlor- 
ence,  Oct.  20, 1475:  died  1526.  AJi  Italian  poet 
and  dramatist. 

Rtickert  (riik'ert),  Friedrich.  Bom  at 
Schweinfurt,  May  16,  1788 :  died  on  his  estate 
Neuses,  near  Coburg,  Jan.  31, 1866.  A  German 
poet.  He  studied  at  Wurzburg,  Heidelberg,  and  Jena,  at 
which  university  he  settled  for  a  tune  as  docent,  but  soon 
renounced  the  position  and  lived  in  various  places.  In 
1817  he  went  to  Italy  and  spent  the  winter  in  Kome.  He 
then  devoted  himseU  to  Oriental  studies.  In  1826  he  was 
called  to  Erlangen  as  professor  of  Oriental  languages,  and 
remained  there  until  1841,  when  he  was  called  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Berlin  in  a  like  capacity.  In  184S  he  resigned 
his  position  and  lived  thenceforth  at  Neuses,  where  he 
died.  His  first  poems  are  from  1807.  In  1814  appeared 
the  collection  "  Deutsche  Gedichte  von  Freimund  Baimar  " 
("German  Poems  by  Freimund  Uaimar  "),  which  contained 
among  other  poems  his  "  Geharnischte  Sonette"  ("Son- 
nets in  Armor").  In  1817  was  published  another  collec- 
tion with  the  title  "  Kranz  der  Zeit " ;  in  1822  "  Liebesfriih- 
ling  "  ("  Love's  Spring  ").  He  made  many  translations  and 
imitations  of  Eastern  poetry,  among  them  "  Ostliche  Eo- 
sen" ("Eastern  Roses,  1822)  and  "Nal  und  Damajanti" 
(1828).  His  collected  poetical  works,  "  Gesammelte  poe- 
tische  Werke,"  were  published  in  Frankfort  (1868-69)  in 
12  volumes.  "  Nachgelassene  Gedichte  "  ("  Posthumous 
Poems  ")  were  published  In  Vienna  (1877). 
Budabah  (ro-d&-be').  In  the  Shahnamah, 
daughter  of  Mihrab  (Mng  of  Kabul),  wife  of  Zal, 
and  mother  of  Rustam.  The  story  of  the  love  of  Zal 
and  Budabah,  of  the  anger  of  Mihrab,  and  of  the  opposi- 
tion of  Sam  and  Mlnuchihr  is  one  of  the  most  idyllic  por- 
tions of  the  great  poem. 

Ruddiman  (rud'i-man),  Thomas.  Bom  at 
Boyndie,  Banffshire,  Oct.,  1674:  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1757  or  1758.  A  Scottish  elassieal  scholar. 
He  wrote  "  Rudiments  of  the  Latin  Tongue  "(1714),"  Gram- 
matics Latinee  Institntiones  "  (1725, 1731),  etc.,  and  edited 
"Livy*(1761). 

Buddygore  (md'i-gor),  or  the  Witches'  Curse. 

A  comic  opera  by  Gilbert  and  Sullivan,  pro- 
duced in  1887.  It  is  sometimes  spelled  Buddi- 
gore. 

Bude  (rud),  Francois.  Born  at  Dijon,  France, 
Jan.  4,  1784 :  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  3,  1855.  A 
noted  French  sculptor.  Among  his  works  are 
the  "  Neapolitan  Fisher,"  a  group  in  the  Arc  de 
Triomphe,  etc. 

Rudelsblirg  (r8'dels-b6rG).  A  ruined  castle 
near  Kosen,  on  the  Saale,  southwest  of  Naum- 
burg,  in  Prussian  Saxony. 

Btidesheim  (ru'des-him).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situatednearthe 
Rhine  opposite  Bingen.  It  is  celebrated  lor  its 
Rhine  wine  "  Riidesheimer,"  and  tor  the  castle  Bromser- 
burg.    Population  (1890),  4,240. 

Biidiger  (rli'di-ger).  One  of  the  leading  char- 
acters in  the  "  Nibelungenlied." 

Biidiger  (rS'di-ger),  Count  Feodor.  Bom  at 
Mitau,  Russia,  1784 :  died  at  Karlsbad,  June  23, 
1856.  A  Russian  general.  He  served  with  distinc- 
tion in  the  wars  against  Napoleon,  against  Turkey  1828-29, 
and  against  Poland  in  183L  He  received  the  surrender  of 
GBrgey  at  Viligos  in  1849. 

Bud^Sbing  (r8d'ch6"bing).  The  chief  town  in 
the  island  of  Langeland,  Denmark,  situated  in 
lat,  54°  56'  N.,  long.  10°  41'  B.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  Orsted.    Population  (1890),  3,485. 

Budolf  (ro'dolf)  I.  King  of  Burgundy  888-912. 
He  originally  held  a  county  in  the  Jura,  and  on  the  dis- 
memberment of  the  empire  at  the  deposition  of  Charles 
III.  made  himself  master  of  Transjurane  Burgundy,  which 
he  erected  into  a  kingdom.  His  dominion  extended  over 
the  northern  part  of  Savoy  and  all  Switzerland  between 
tlie  Reuss  and  the  Jura. 

Budolf  I.,  or  Budolph  (rS'dolf).  Bom  May  1, 
1218 :  died  at  Germersheim,  Germany,  July  15, 
1291.  German  T^^iTig  1273-91,  son  of  Albert  IV., 
count  of  Hapsburg  and  landgrave  of  Alsace.  He 
succeeded  his  father  in  Hapsburg  and  Alsace  in  1289,  and 
was  elected  German  king  in  Sept.,  1273,  being  the  first 
monarch  of  the  Hapsburg  line.  By  a  war  with  Ottocar  of 
Bohemia,  who  was  slain  on  the  Marchf  eld  in  1278,  he  ob- 
tained Austria,  Styria,  and  Camiola  for  his  house. 

Budolf  II.,  or  Budolph.  Bom  July  18,  1552: 
died  Jan.  20, 1612.  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman 
Empire  1576-1612,  son  of  the  emperor  Maximil- 
ian II.  He  succeeded  his  father  as  archduke  of  Austria, 
king  of  Bohemia  and  Hungary,  and  as  emperor  in  1576. 
He  was  a  scholar  in  his  tastes  and  habits,  but  an  unprac- 
tical man  of  affairs,  and  was  under  the  influence  of  the 
'  court  of  Spain.  He  was  forced  to  acknowledge  his  brother 
Matthias  as  king  of  Hungary  and  governor  of  Austria  and 
Moravia  in  1608 ;  was  forced  to  grant  religious  freedom  in 
his  "letter  of  majesty "  to  the  Bohemian  Protestants  in 
1609  ■  and  resigned  Bohemia  to  his  brother  in  1611. 

Eudolf,  or  Budolph.  Bom  Aug.  21, 1858:  com- 


872 


Buhla 


mitted  suicide  at  Mierling,  near  Vienna,  Jan. 
30, 1889.  Archduke  and  crown  prince  of  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, only  son  of  the  emperor  Francis 
Joseph.  He  was  a  man  of  considerable  literary  attain- 
ments, and  was  a  collaborator  on  "Die  Osterreichisoh-  JJug  St.-Honor^  (san-to-no-ra').  The  name  giv- 
Ungarisohe  Monarchic  in  Wort  und  Bild  "  (1886,  etc.).  g^  ^^  ^^  gj^  street  in  Paris,  called  in  early  times 

Budolf,  or  Budolph,  of  Ems.    Died  in  Italy  be-  -     - 

tween  1251  and  1254.    A  Middle  High  German 


terminates  in  the  Boulevard  de  la  Chapelle,  forming  one 
of  the  most  ancient  linefe  of  streets  in  Paris.  The  Porte 
St. -Denis  is  a  triumphal  arch  built  in  1672  to  commemorate 
the  victories  of  Louis  XIV.  in  Holland  and  the  lower  Rhine 
region. 


times 
the  Foumus  du  Louvre.  It  was  so  named  from 
a  chapel  near  the  western  gate  of  the  wall  of  Philippe 
Auguste,  dedicated  about  1204  to  St.-Honor^,  bishop  of 
Amiens.  After  1209  the  chapel  was  definitely  established 
as  a  collegiate  church.  After  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  the 
lower  lands  ('petits  champs ')  without  the  walls  became 
the  Faubourg  St.-Honor4.  The  street  runs  from  the  Rue 
du  Pont  Neuf  past  the  Place  du  Theatre  Franjais,  where 
it  is  called  the  Rue  du  Faubourg  St.-Honor6,  and  by  the 
Palais  de  I'i^s^e  to  the  Avenue  des  Ternes.  During  the 
middle  ages  the  Rue  St-HonorS  was  the  great  street  of 
Paris,  corresponding  to  the  Strand  in  London. 

See  Budolf  I.,  German  BufSni  (ro-fe'ne),  Giovanni  Domenico.   Bom 
at  Genoa,  Italy,  in  1807 :  died  at  Tag^ia  (Ri- 


poet.  He  was  by  birth  a  Swiss,  and  probably  owes  his 
nameto  Hohenems,  in  the  Vorarlberg  region.  He  is  sup- 
posed to  have  begun  to  write  about  1225.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  the  legendary  poems  "Der  gute  Gerhard  "("Good 
Gerhard'^  and  "Barlaam  und  Josaphat";  the  historical 
dramatic  poems  "Wilhelm  von  Orleans"  and  "Alexan- 
der"; and  a  "Weltchronik"  ("Universal  Chronicle"), 
which,  however,  only  comes  down  to  Solomon.  This  last 
work  is  dedicated  to  Conrad  IV.  with  whom  he  went  to 
Italy,  where  he  died. 

Budolf  of  Hapsburg, 

Budolf,  or  Budolph,  of  Swabia.  Died  Oct.  15,  viera)7  in  I88I: '  An  English-Italian  writer, 
1080.  Duke  of  Swabia  after  1057.  He  was  chosen  Bufinus  (ro-fi'nus).  Born  in  Aquitama :  assas- 
king  in  opposition  to  Henry  rv.  of  Germany  in  1077,  and  was  sinated  Nov.  27,  395.  Chief  minister  of  Theo- 
supported  by  Pope  Gregory  vn.  He  was  at  war  with  Hosius  the  Great,  and  later  of  Arcadius.  He 
Henry  1078-80,  and  was  defeated  in  battle  and  slain  encouraged  the  inroad  of  the  Goths  into  the 

Budolf,  Lake.    A  large  lake  in  British  East    Ro^an  Empire 
Africa,  northeast  of  Victoria  Nyanza.  j,       /^g  ^  ^^  Hogolu  (h6'g6-16).    One  of  the 

Budolstadt  (ro'dol-stat).  The  capital  of  the  i^^ds  of  the  Caroline  group,  North  Pacific, 
principality  of  Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  Ger-  gituated  in  lat.  7°  28'  N.,  long.  151°  55'  B.  Pop- 
many,  situated  on  the  Saale  in  lat.  50°  43  N.,     „iation,  estimated,  5,000. 

long.  11°  20' E.    It  has  manufactures  of  porcelain,  Rnebv  (rug'bi).    A  town  in  Warwickshire,  Eng- 
"     ■  it  is  the  palace  of  Heidecksburg.    Popu-     ?  °j|'   -j.   ot„j  -        ■  —       ..     '       •? 


dyes,  etc.  Near  i 
lation  (1890),  11,398. 
Budra  (rS'dra;  with  Vedic  accent,  ro-dra'). 
[Etymology  and  original  meaning  uncertain. 
The  Hindus  connect  it  with  the  root  rud,  to 
cry,  and  understand  it  as  meaning  'howUng,' 
'roaring,'  'terrible.']  In  the  Rigveda,  the  lord 
of  the  Maruts ;  the  storm-god.  with  his  how  he 
shoots  deadly  darts  at  the  earth,  but  he  also  bestows  re- 
medial herbs  and  has  a  special  power  over  the  cattle.    In 

the  

life 


land,  situated  near  the  Avon  28  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Birmingham.    It  is  a  railway  Junction, 
and  a  seat  of  fairs,  but  is  notable  principally  for  its  gram. 
-    "  ■  ohof'      -  "     ■     ■ 


mar-school,  one  of  the  great  public  schools  of  England. 
It  was  founded  by  Laurence  Sheriff  in  1667,  and  reached 
its  greatest  celebrity  under  the  head-mastership  of  Dr. 
Thomas  Arnold  1827-42.  Population  (1891),  11,262. 
lugbv.  A  colony  in  eastern  Tennessee,  in  Mor- 
gan County,  founded  in  1880  by  ThomasHughes, 
"-,  J    ,.    .     ?     J  -.     ,   J      iv         i      .    and  partly  colonized  by  Englishmen. 

Atharvaveda  he  is  ateeady  invoked  as  the  master  of  ■p,,_riL       \  „p™pT,+  +„  fh-  (i^ins  in  ShaksnPTfi'a 
„  and  death,  and  those  of  his  aspects  which  inspire  terror  K^goy-     A  servantto  JJr.  oaius,  in  onaKspere  8 
are  exalted  in  preference  to  the  beneficence  which  most     "Merry  Wives  of  Windsor." 
distinguishes  him  in  the  Rigveda.    Later  he  becomes  the  Riitre  (ro'ge),  Arnold    Bom  at  Bergen,  island  of 
Shiva  of  the  Hindu  triad.    Hisevolution  and  character-     R^gen,  Germany,  Sept.  13, 1802  :  (Ued  at  Brigh- 
ton, England,  Dec.  31, 1880.  A  German  political 
and  philosophical  writer.  He  conducted  various  jour- 
nals which  were  suppressed  by  the  Prussian  and  Saxon  gov- 
ernments on  account  of  their  radical  tendencies,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  Frankfort  Parliament  in  IS48.   After  1849 
he  lived  in  England. 


istics  are  treated  very  fully  in  Muir's  "Original  Sanslcrit 
Texts,"  IV.  299-420. 
Bueda  (ro-a'ssa).  Lope  de.  Bom  in  Seville : 
flourished  from  1544  to  1567.  A  Spanish  drama- 
tist and  actor.  He  enjoyed  great  popularity  during  his 
lifetime,  and  occupies  an  important  place  in  the  history 


thea?!?.'"'"^^""''"**'*'"""*^''""''^^''^"'""*"™*'  Kugen  (rii'gen).    The  largest  island  of  Ger- 


til  eater. 

Bue  d'Autriche  (rii  do-tresh').  An  old  street 
within  the  wall  of  Philippe  Auguste,  between 
the  Louvre  and  the  H6tel  de  Bourbon,  in  Paris. 
It  extended  from  the  Quai  de  1' Jlcole  to  the  Bue  St.-Honor6. 
In  1664  a  considerable  part  was  absorbed  by  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  Louvre,  and  the  northern  portion  was  called 
Rue  de  I'Dratoire,  from  the  church  of  tliat  name  established 
in  1616. 

Bue  de  I'Ancienne  Com^dle  (rii  d6  lon-se-en' 
ko-ma-de').  The  old  road  in  Paris  calledRue 
des  Fosses  St.-Germain-des-Pr^s,  made  on  the 
site  of  the  moat  of  the  wall  of  Philippe  Auguste, 
near  the  abbey  of  St.-Germain-des-Pr6s.  The 
alinement  was  established  in  1660.  In  1689  the  Com^die 
Francaise  had  its  house  here,  and  gave  its  modem  name  to 
the  street. 

Bue  de  la  FaiX  (rii  d6  la  pa).  A  street  in  Paris, 
running  from  the  Place  de  I'Opfira  to  the  Col- 
umn of  the  Vend6me.     It  is  filled  with  fine 


Bue  de  I'Oratoire.    See  Bue  cPAutriche. 

Bue  de  Bivoli  (d6  re-v6-le').  An  important 
street  in  Paris,  leading  from  the  Place  de  la 
Concorde  to  the  Rue  St.-Antoine,  which  con- 


many,  situated  in  the  Baltic  north  of  the  main- 
land of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  to  which  it  belongs, 
and  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Strela- 
sund  and  Bodden  (li  miles  wide),  it  is  diversified 
and  picturesque,  is  deejply  indented  in  outline,  and  rises  to 
over  400  feet.  It  contuns  the  peninsulas  Jasmund,  Wit- 
tow,  Mtinchgu^  etc.  It  is  frequented  on  account  of  its 
scenery  and  bathing-places.  The  noted  points  are  Bergen, 
Putbus,  and  the  Stubenkammer.  It  has  flourishing  fish- 
eries. The  ancient  inhabitants  were  Germans,  followed 
by  Slavs.  The  island  remained  heathen  until  late  in  the 
middle  ages.  It  was  in  the  possession  of  Denmark  1168- 
1325  (and  nominaUy  a  century  longer) ;  was  then  attached 
to  Pomerania ;  passed  to  Sweden  in  1648 ;  and  was  annexed 
to  Prussia  in  1815.  Length,  37i  miles.  Area,  377  square 
miles.    Population  (1390),  46,185. 

Buger  (ro'gfer),  Thomas  Howard.  Bom  at 
Lima,  Livingston  County,  N.  Y.,  April  2, 1833. 
A  Union  general  in  the  Civil  War.  He  graduated 
at  West  Point  in  1854,  but  resigned  from  the  army  in  1855 
in  order  to  take  up  law.  He  volunteered  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Civil  War ;  commanded  a  division  at  Gettys- 
burg;  and  aided  in  suppressing  the  draft  riots  at  New  York 
in  1863.  He  became  a  colonel  iu  the  regular  army  1866; 
was  superintendent  of  West  Point  Academy  1871-76 ;  and 
was  promoted  brigadier-general  in  1886,  and  major-gen- 
eral in  1895.    He  retired  in  1897. 


nects  it  With  the  Place  de  la  Bastille,   it  dates  Buggiero.    See  Boqero. 

fromtheflrst  empire,  and  derives  its  name  from  the  Tic-  ■n,,__i-_  ^..„„/T.  mj__ii -a  i-o     i.     i. 

tory  of  Bonaparte  over  the  Austrians  at  Rivoli,  Jan.  14, 1797.  ■'^Irf lr®^^™?„  ,^i  A™*?*'^^' .  5?.™  *■ .  Koehester, 
The  present  street  was  completed  in  1865,    The  reasons  -.....*-         ^ 

for  its  creation  were  mainly  military,  as  it  controlled  the 
approach  to  the  western  palaces  and  the  faubourg  from 
the  Place  de  la  Bastille.  It  contains  many  fine  shops  and 
hotels,  and  passes  the  Louvre,  the  Place  du  Palais  Royal, 
the  garden  of  the  Tuileries,  the  Hdtel  de  Ville,  etc. 
Bueil  (rfi-ay').    A  town  in  the  department  of 


Mass.,  Oct.  20, 1711:  died  at  Wibnot,  Nova  Sco- 
tia, Aug.  4, 1795.  An  American  lawyer,  and  a 
general  in  the  French  and  Indian  war.  He  was 
president  of  the  Stamp  Act  Congress  of  1765,  but  refused 
to  sign  the  addresses  and  petitions  which  it  drew  up,  and 
was  publicly  censured  for  this  by  the  general  court.    He 

,         .    .  .  emigrated  from  Massachusetts  to  Nova  Scotia  in  1776. 

Seine-et-Oise,Frano^,4inilesw6st^of  the^forti-  Rugii  (r5'ji-i).     [L.  Bugii  (Tacitus),  or  Rugt 
n.  j^.  _.  „  „+       /1Qn1^  nno-r         (Paulus  Diaconus),  Gr. 'Poyoi  (Ppocopius).]    A 


fications  of  Paris.  Population  (1891),  9,937, 
Bue  St.-Antoine  (rii  san-ton-twan').  A  street 
in  Paris,  leading  from  the  Rue  de  Rivoli  to  the 
Place  de  la  Bastille,  from  which  point  it  is 
known  as  the  Faubourg  St.-Antoine.  it  was  ori- 
ginally a  Boman  road  leading  'from  the  Pont  Notre  Dame 
to  Vincennes.  During  the  middle  ages  It  passed  betw  een 
the  royal  palaces  of  Saint-Paul  and  Les  Toumelles.  About 
the  reign  of  Louis  XI.  it  began  to  be  identified  with  the 
proletariat  of  Paris.  It  is  the  street  by  which  the  mob  of 
the  Faubourg  St.-Antoine  and  the  Place  de  la  Bastille  ad- 
vanced on  the  Louvre  and  Faubourg  St.-Honor6.  This  fact 
led  to  the  construction  of  the  Rue  de  Bivoli  and  Caserne 
Napol&n  by  the  Napoleonic  dynasty, 


Germanic  tribe  first  mentioned  by  Tacitus.  They 
were  originally  situated  on  the  Baltic,  west  of  the  mouth 
of  the  Vistula.  In  the  6th  century  tliey  appeared  south  of 
the  Carpathians,  where  they  are  named  among  the  people 
in  the  army  of  AttUa.  They  founded  a  kingdom  on  fiie 
Danube,  including  parts  of  Roman  Noricum,  which  was 
overthrovni  late  in  the  same  century.  They  then  joined 
themselves  to  the  East  Goths,  with  whom  they  subse- 
quently disappear  from  history.  With  Jutes,  Angles,  Sax- 
ons, and  possibly  Friesians,  they  seem  to  have  taken  part 
in  the  conquest  of  England,  where  their  name  is  preserved 
in  Surrey  (AS.  Stlth^ryge)  and  in  Eaatry  in  Kent  (A3.  EM- 
ryge). 


Bue  St.-DeniS  (ru  son-dfe-ne').    A  street  in  Pa-  ^T^SJ^ilf '^l^"  =it  ^^^S,  »^,^^'"^?*i"J.®^'"^  P 
ris,  leading  noAh  from  the  Rue  de  Rivoli  to  the    an^g^p^^^i^^^^fax^e^^ml^-'i*^^^^^^^^^^ 
Boulevard  St.-Denis.    Crossing  this  at  the  Porte  St.-     Coburg-Gotha,  and  has  manufactures  of  pines,  efc    Poon.- 
Denis,  it  becomes  the  Bue  du  Faubourg  St.-Denis,  which     lation  (1890),  6,077.  " 


Buhmeslialle 

Bulimeshalle  (ro'mes-lial-le).  [G.,  'hall  of 
fame.']  A  Doric  hall  in  the  southwest  of  Mu- 
nich, finished  by  Klenze  in  1853.  It  is  adorned 
with  busts  of  noted  Bavarians. 

Ruhmkorff (rom'korf ),  Heinrich Daniel.  Bom 
at  Hannover,  1803 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  21, 1877. 
A  German-French  mechanician,  inventor  of 


873 

man  and  patron  of  science,  son  of  Count  Petr 
Kumiantzefi :  chancellor  of  the  empire  previous 
to  1812. 

Kumiantzeflf,  Count  Petr.  Bom  1725:  died  1796.- 
A  Kussian  general.  He  served  in  the  Seven  Years' 
War ;  commanded  against  tlie  Turks  1769-74 ;  and  dictated 
tlie  treaty  of  Kutohak-Kainardji  in  1774. 


the  "EuhmkorfEcoU"  (1851).  He  lived  in  Paris  Riimker  (rum'ker),  Karl  Ludwig  Christian, 


from  1839. 

Ruhr  (r8r).  1.  A  right-hand  tributary  of  the 
Ehine  in  Prussia.  It  rises  in  southern  West- 
phalia and  joins  the  Ehine  at  Euhrort.  Length, 
146  miles. — 2.  See  Moer. 

Buhrort  (r5r'ort).    A  town  in  the  Ehine  Prov- 


Born  at  Stargard,  MecMenburg-Strelitz,  May 
18, 1788 :  died  at  Lisbon,  Dec.  21, 1862.  A  Ger- 
man astronomer.  He  was  director  successively  of  the 
School  of  Navigation  in  Hamburg  (1819),  and  of  observa- 
tories  in  Farametta,  New  South  Wales  (1821),  Hamburg 
(1830),  and  Lisbon  (1S57).  He  published  a  catalogue  of 
12,000  fixed  stars  (1848). 


ince,  Prussia,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Rummel  (ru-mel').  A  river  in  Algeria  which 
Ruhr  with  the  Ehine.  it  has  a  large  river  harbor,  flows  into  the  Mediterranean  45  miles  north- 
SL^'in"  tt^  "''pnntenn  S^ f?  oS"'  '^^'^''^ '"  ^^^  ^"^"^    ^^ ^st  of  Constautino :  the  ancient  Ampsaga.   In 

P,X^^ai     r»  Z,S    '  "s  lower  course  it  is  called  the  Wad/el-lebir. 

Ruisdael;    See  |«2/«<?oe«.  „.     .     .    ^    Length,  over  100  miles. 

RuiZ..('-o.-.e%'.),  Juan,  called  the  ''Archpriest  Runmer  Tavern.    An  old  London  tavem,  sit- 


of  Hita."  Flourished  about  the  middle  of  the 
14th  century.  A  Spanish  poet  of  note.  "He  ap- 
pears to  have  been  born  at  Alcal4  de  Henares,  and  lived 
much  at  Guadelaxara  and  Hita."  Tichnor. 


Tiated  between  Whitehall  and  Charing  Cross. 
It  was  kept  by  Sam  Prior,  the  uncle  of  Matthew 
Prior  the  poet. 

Rump  Parliament.  1.  In  English  history,  the 
The  Archpriest  [of  Hita,  Juan  Kuiz]  has  not,  indeed,  name  given  to  the  remnant  of  the  Long  Parlia- 
the  tenderness,  the  elevation  or  the  general  power  of  mfint  nff-.BrPrTrlA'aPm-D'B  T)pr>  1648  Spo  r,n«« 
Chaucer;  but  his  genius  has  a  compass,  and  his  verse  a  „®",';  alter  Jr-riaesi^-urge.uec,  1048.  isee  l^ong 
skill  and  success,  that  show  him  to  be  more  nearly  akin  -t^arhament  and  Pride's  Purge. — 2.  In  trerman 
to  the  great  English  master  than  will  be  believed  except  history,  the  name  given  to  the  remnant  of  the 
by  those  who  have  carefully  read  the  works  of  both.  National  Assembly  of  Frankfort,  which  met  at 

Tickmr,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  77.    Stuttgart  June  6-18,  1849. 
Rule  a  Wife  and  Have  a  Wife.    A  comedy  by  5f™sen  (.J^'sea)-    [From jumsenta,  north.] 


Fletcher,    it  was  played  in  1624  and  printed  in  1640,  and 


A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians  which  f  or- 


was  extremely  popular.  It  was  partly  founded  on  one  of  merly  lived  in  villages  on  the  coast  of  California 
Cervantes's  novels,  but  the  main  plot  is  Iletoher'a.  Inl769  from  Pajaro  Elver  to  Point  El  Sur.  Also^cfeosto, 
it  was  revived  by  Garriok.  AchastUan,  Rumsien,  BvMCien,  Munsen,  Bibslen. 

Rule  Britannia.  An  English  national  air,  the  See  Costanoan. 
words  by  Thomson  and  Mallet,  music  by  Ame:  Runaway  (run'a-wa),  Cape.  A  cape  on  the 
both  were  composed  for  the  mask  "Alfred."  It  eastern  coast  of  "the  North  Island  of  New  Zea- 
was  first  performed  at  Clief den  House,  Maiden-  land,  situated  In  lat.  87°  31'  S.,  long.  178°  E. 
head,  the  residence  of  Frederick,  Prince  of  It  forms  the  eastern  limit  of  the  Bay  of  Plenty. 
Wales,  in  1740.  Runaway,  The.    A  play  by  Mrs.  Hannah  Cow- 

BuUianus.  See  FaUus  Maximus  Bullianus,  ley.  It  was  produced  by  Garriek  in  1776  and 
Quimtus.  printed  the  same  year,  and  was  very  popular. 

Bum,  of  Boum  (rom).  [A  f orm  of  iJome.]  In  Runcorn  (rung'kom).  A  town  in  Cheshire, 
Arabian  literature,  Eome.  it  is  often  used  in  a  re-  England,  situated'bnthe  Mersey,  atthe  terminus 
^^^a^lTsVjrtgr^ire^&SL-Xof  ^rs^^^^^  f.  ^^-  Bridgewater  Canal  11  miles  southeast  of 
Turks  in  Asia  Minor,  which  had  Its  center  at  Iconium.        Liverpool.     Population  (1891),  J0,050. 

Bum  (rum).  An  island  of  the  Inner  Hebrides,  Eundi  (ron'de),  or  Warundi  (wa-ron'de).  A 
Scotland,  belonging  to  the  county  of  Argyll,  Bantu  tribe,  partly  in  the  Kongo  State  and 
situated  south  of  Skye  and  west  of  the  main-  partly  in  German  East  Africa,  at  the  north  end 
land,  and  intersected  by  lat.  57°  N.  Length,  8  of  Lake  Tanganyika,  in  the  valley  of  the  Euzizi. 
miles.    Also  Boom.  Their  country  is  called  Urundi. 

Bumania,  or  Boumania  (rS-ma'ni-a),  some-Buneberg(r8'ne-berG),  JohannLudvlg.  Bom 
times  Bomania  (ro-ma'ni-a).    [F.  iSovmanie,    at  -Jacobstad,  Finland,  Feb.  51,  1804:  died  at 


G.  Bumdnien,  NL.  Bumania,  Bomania,  from  En- 
manian  Buman,  Boman  (nasal  a),  Eumanian,  a 
Eumanian,fromL.£oma7i2(«(EumanianJioma»), 
Eoman.]  A  kingdom  of  southeastern  Europe. 
Capital,  Bukharest.  it  is  bounded  by  Austria-Hun- 
gary on  the  north,  Russia  on  the  northeast,  the  Black  Sea 
on  the  eastv  Bulgaria  on  the  south,  and  Servia  and  Austria^ 
Hungary  on  the  west.  The  Danube  forms  a  great  part  of 
Its  southern  boundary,  and*  the  Cai'pathians  (Transylva- 
nian  Alps)  form  the  boundary  with  Austria-Hungary. 
It  is  composed  of  the  former  principalities  of  Wallachia 
in  the  south  and  west,  and  Moldavia  in  the  northeast,  be- 
sides the  Dobrudja  in  the  east.  The  surface  rises  with  a 
gradual  slope  from  the  Danube  plain  to  the  Carpathians. 
The  chief  occupation  is  agriculture.  The  leading  exports 
are  wheat  and  maize.  The  government  is  a  hereditary 
constitutional  monarchy,  administered  by  a  king,  a  senate 
of  120  members  elected  for  8  years,  and  a  chamber  of  183 
deputies  elected  for  4  years.  The  leading  nationality  is 
Kumanian ;  the  population  Includes  also  about  400,000 
Jews,  besides  Gipsies,  Slavs,  etc.  The  leading  religion  is 
the  Greek  Church ;  there  are  also  many  Roman  Catholics, 
(for  early  history,  see  Moldavia  and  Wallachia.)  The  two 
principalities  were  united  in  1869  under  Alexander  John 
I.  Cuza,  and  a  legislative  union  was  established  in  1861. 
In  1866  Cuza  was  deposed,  Charles  of  HohenzoUern-Sigma- 
ringen  elected,  and  a  new  constitution  established.  Ru- 
mania assisted  Russia  in  the  war  with  Turkey  1877-78 :  its 
troops  distinguished  themselves  especially  before  Plevna 
in  1877.  At  the  end  of  this  war  it  was  recognized  as  in- 
dependent of  Turkey,  and  ceded  its  portion  of  Bessarabia  to 
Russia,  receiving  the  Dobrudja  as  compensation.  Prince 
Charles  assumed  the  title  of  king  in  1881.  Area,  48,307 
square  miles.    Population  (1892),  estimated,  6,500,000. 

Bumburg  (rSm'boro).  A  manufacturing  town 
in  Bohemia,  situated  near  the  frontier  of  Sax- 
ony, 61  miles  north  of  Prague.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  10,178. 

Bumelia,  or  Boumella  (rd-me'li-a).    [F.  Bou 


Borga,  May  6, 1877.  A  Swedish  poet,  the  great- 
est name  in  Swedish  literature.  His  father  was  a 
merchant  captain  in  extremely  poor  circumstances.  After 
attending  school  at  Wasa,  Runeberg  went,  in  1822,  to  the 
University  of  Abo,  where  he  supported  himself  by  giving 
private  instruction.  After  the  burning  of  Abo  in  1827,  he 
was  for  three  years  tutor  in  Sarijarvi,  in  the  interior  of 
Finland,  where  he  wrote  a  number  of  his  most  important 
works.  His  first  volume  appeared  in  1830.  Among  others 
it  contains  the  long  poem  "  Svartsjukans  Natter  "  ("  Nights 
of  Jealousy  "),  and  a  number  of  lyrics.  This  same  year  he 
was  appointed  docent  in  Latin  literature  at  the  university, 
which  had  been  transferred  from  Abo  to  Helsingfors.  In 
1832  appeared  his  first  great  work,  the  epic  "Elgskyttame  " 
("The  Elk-Hunters"),  written  in  hexameters.  A  second 
volume  of  lyrics  appeared  in  1833.  In  1836  appeared  the 
idyl  "Hanna."  In  the  meantime  he  had  founded  the 
journal  "  Helsingfors  Morganblad,"  which  he  edited  with 
great  success,  and  to  which  he  contributed  much  valuable 
criticism.  In  1837  he  gave  up  this  and  his  university  posi- 
tion to  accept  the  post  of  lector  at  the  gymnasium  in  Borgi, 
where  he  subsequently  lived,  and  where  he  died.  In  1841 
appeared  another  idyl,  "Julqv&llen "(" Christmas  Eve"), 
like  the  "Elk-Hunters"  and  "Hanna,"  in  hexameters. 
This  same  year  was  published,  further,  the  epic  "Na- 
donchda."  In  1843  appeared  a  third  volume  of  lyrics ;  in 
1844  the  romantic  cycle  "Kung  Fjalar"  ("King  Fjalar"). 
In  1848  was  published  the  first  part  of  the  greatest  of  his 
works,  the  series  of  narrative  poems  with  the  title  "Fan- 
rick  Stais  Sagner  "  ("  Ensign  Sfill's  Stories"),  whose  motive 
is  the  war  of  1808.  A  second  part  appeared  in  1860.  In 
1844  he  had  been  made  professor  at  Borga,  where,  in  1847, 
he  was  elected  rector.  His  last  works  were  dramatic. 
"Kan  e]"(" Can't"),  a  rimed  comedy,  was  published  in 
1862;  "Knngarnep&Salamis"("  The  Kings  at  Salamis  ■) 
in  1863.  In  1863  he  had  collected  and  published  his  prose 
writings  under  the  title  "Smarre  Berrattelser"  ("Minor 
Writings").  His  collected  works  ("Samlade  Skrifter") 
were  published  at  Stockholm  in  1876  in  2  vols. ;  his  posthu- 
mous works  ("  Efterlemlade  Skrifter  ")  at  Stockholm  1878- 
1879  In  3  vols. 


melie,  T^rk.  Bumili.^    A  geographieal  term  of  Eunjeet  Singh  (run-jet'  singh).  Bom  at  Guga 


varying  signification,  it  is  used  to  denote  (a)  the 
European  possessions  of  Turkey ;  (b)  the  Balkan  Penin- 
sula, south  of  the  Balkans,  extending  westward  from  the 
Black  Sea  to  the  Adriatic  (or  to  Albania)  and  southward 
to  Greece ;  (c)  the  southeastern  part  of  the  Balkan  Penin- 
sula (the  ancient  Thrace). 

Bumelia,  Eastern.    See  Eastern  Bumelia. 
Bumfordf,  Count.    See  Thompson,  Benjamin. 
Bumiantzeff  (re-me-an'tsef).  Count  Nikolai. 
Bom  1754 :  died  Jan.  15, 1826.  A  Eussian  states- 


ran  walla,  Nov.  2, 1780 :  died  at  Lahore,  June  27, 
1839.  Maharaja  of  the  Panjab.  He  organized 
his  army  with  the  aid  of  French  officers,  and  subjugated 
the  Sikhs  in  his  neighborhood.  In  1809  those  between 
the  Sutlej  and  the  Jumna  appealed  to  the  British.  An 
agreement,  however, was  concluded  between  Runjeet  Singh 
and  the  army  sent  against  him,  and  the  Sutlej  was  made 
the  limit  of  his  dominion.  He  attacked  the  Afghans,  con- 
quered  Kashmir  in  1819  and  Peshawar  in  1829,  and  left  his 
empire  at  his  death  on  a  firm  footing.  He  was  known  as 
the  King  of  Lahore. 


Bush,  Benjamin 

Runnymede,  or  Bunnimede  (nm'i-med),  or 
Runnemede  (run'e-med).  A  meadow  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Thames,  near  Egham  in  Surrey, 
21  miles  west  by  south  of  London,  itis  celebrated 
in  English  history  as  the  place  where  the  barons  forced 
King  John  to  grant  Magna  Charta,  June  16,  1216. 

Runnymede.  A  pseudonym  of  Benjamin  Dis- 
raeli, Earl  of  Beaeonsfield.  In  1836  he  wrote  a 
series  of  letters  which  appeared  in  the  "  Times  "  with  this 
signature,  containing  attacks  upon  Lord  Melbourne's  gov- 
ernment. They  were  reprinted  in  1836  in  a  volume  en- 
titled "The  Letters  of  Runnymede." 

Runo  (ro'no),  Sw.  Bnno  (ro'nS).  A  small  isl- 
and in  the  Gulf  of  Eiga,  belong^g  to  the  gov- 
ernment of  Livonia,  Eussia. 

Runsen.     See  Rumsen. 

Rupel  (F.  ru-pel').  A  short  tributary  of  the 
Schelde,  in  Belgium,  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
Dyle  and  Nethe  northwest  of  Mechlin. 

Rupert  (ro'pert);  or  RupertUS  (ro-p6r'tus). 
Lived  about  700.  A  bishop  of  Worms,  called 
"the  Apostle  of  the  Bavarians"  from  his  mis- 
sionary labors  in  Eatisbon,  Salzburg,  etc. 

Rupert,  Prince  of  the  Palatinate.  Born  at 
Prague,  Dec,  1619:  died  Nov.  29, 1682.  Third 
son  of  the  elector  palatine  Frederick  V.  and 
Elizabeth  of  England,  and  nephew  of  Charles  I. 
He  served  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War  against  the  Imperial- 
ists ;  and  became  celebrated  in  the  English  civil  war  as  a 
cavalry  leader.  He  fought  at  Edgehill,  Chalgrove,  New- 
bury, Marston  Moor,  and  Naseby ;  captured  Bristol,  1643 ; 
surrendered  it  in  1646 ;  and  was  a  naval  commander  against 
the  Parliament  1648-53.  In  1660  he  returned  to  England ; 
became  a  privy  councilor ;  and  commanded  against  the 
Dutch  fleet  1665-66  and  1673.  He  was  governor  of  the  Hud- 
son Bay  Company ;  and  was  a  student  of  engraving,  chem- 
istry, etc. 

Rupert  Land,  or  Rupert's  Land.    See  Hudson 

Bay  Territory. 
Rupert  River.    A  river  in  Canada,    it  issues  from 

Lake  Mistassini,  and  flows  into  the  southeastern  part  of 

James  Bay.    Length,  about  350  miles. 

Ruphia  (ro-fe'a).  The  modem  name  of  the 
Alpheus. 

Rupp  (rop),  Julius.  Bom  at  Konigsberg,  Prus- 
sia, Aug.  13, 1809:  died  there,  July  11, 1884  A 
Prussian  pastor:  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
German  "Free  Congregations."  He  founded 
that  of  Konigsberg  in  1846. 

Riippell  (rup'pel),  Wilhelm  Peter  Eduard 
Simon.  Bom  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Nov. 
20,  1794:  died  at  Frankfort,  Dec.  11,  1884.  A 
German  traveler  and  naturalist.  He  traveled  in 
Nubia,  Eordofan,  Sennaar,  and  Arabia  1822-27 ;  and  in 
Abyssinia  1833-34.  He  wrote  accounts  of  his  travels,  and 
works  on  natural  history. 

Ruppin  (rSp-pen').  A  former  countship,  situ- 
ated in  the  present  province  of  Brandenburg, 
Prussia,  northwest  of  Berlin  and  southeast  of 
Priegnitz. 

Ruprecht  (rS'predht).  Born  1352 :  died  1410. 
King  of  Germany.  He  succeeded  as  elector  of  the 
Palatinate  in  1398,  and  was  chosen  king  in  1400. 

Ruprecht,  ELUecht.    See  Knecht  Ruprecht. 

Rupunum  (rup-6-no'ne).  A  river  in  British 
Guiana,  joining  the  Essequibo  about  lat.  3°  57' 
N.,  long.  58°  3'  W.    Length,  about  220  miles. 

Ruremonde.    The  French  name  of  Roermond. 

Rurik  (ro'rik).  Died  879.  The  reputed  founder 
of  the  Eussian  monarchy.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
a  Scandinavian  adventurer  who,  with  his  two  brothers, 
about  862  gained  Novgorod  and  neighboring  regions,  and 
ruled  alone  as  grand  prince  of  Novgorod. 

Rurik,  House  of.  A  Eussian  royal  house,  de- 
scended from  Eurik.  It  became  extinct  in  the 
person  of  Peodor  in  1598. 

Rurutu,  or  Rouroutou  (ro-r6-t5'),  Island.  A 
small  island  of  the  Austral  or  Tubuai  group. 
South  Pacific,  situated  in  lat.  22°  29'  S.,  long. 
151°  24'  W. 

Rus  (rus).  In  the  middle  ages,  the  collection  of 
Slavic  states  in  southern  Eussia  of  which  KieS 
was  the  principal.  The  name  was  later  applied  to  the 
realm  of  Moscow  (and  modified  to  JRjoesiya,  Auasia).  It 
now  denotes  the  regions  of  the  Little  Russians  and  White 
Russians.    See  Itos. 

Rusalki  (rS-sal'ki),  or  Russalkas  (-kaz).  In 
Slavic  folk-lore,  water-nymphs  with  green  hair, 
who  entice  unwary  people  into  the  water  and 
kill  them. 

Ruscuk,  or  Ruscsuk.    See  Bustchuk. 

Rush  (rash),  Benjamin.  Bom  near  Philadel- 
phia, Dec.  24, 1745:  died  in  Philadelphia,  April 
19,  1813.  A  noted  American  physician.  He  was 
educated  at  Princeton  and  Edinburgh ;  and  became  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  at  the  Medical  School  of  Philadelphia, 
and  later  professor  of  clinical  practice  and  physic.  He 
was  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
as  member  of  Congress  from  jPennsylvania,  and  was  a 
surgeon  in  the  army  1777-78.  In  1799  he  was  appointed 
treasurer  of  the  United  States  mint.  He  wrote  "  Medical 
Inquiries  and  Observations  "  (6  vols.  1789-98),  "Essays" 
(1798),  "Sixteen  Introductory  Lectures "(1811),' 
ol  the  Mind  "  (1812),  etc. 


Rush,  Friar 

Bush,  Friar.  A  mythical  personage  who  origi- 
Dated  in  German  folk-lore  (Bnider  Eausch) ;  a 
fiendish-looking  creature  who  was  really  a  devil 
and  kept  monks  and  friars  from  leading  a  re- 
ligious Ufe:  he  was  also  a  household  sprite. 
A  number  of  tales  and  plays  were  written  about  him  in 
England,  notably  "The  Hlstorie  of  Frier  Rush,  etc.,"  the 
under-title  of  which  runs,  "A  pleasant  History,  How  a 
BevU  (named  Bash)  came  to  a  religious  house  to  seek 
a  service  "  (1620) :  this  was  commended  to  the  reading  of 
"  young  people."  Chettle  also  wrote  a  play  called  "Mar 
Kush,  or  the  Proud  Woman  of  Antwerp." 

Friar  Kush  was  probably  at  one  time  a  good-natured 
Imp  like  Robin  Good  Fellow,  but  under  the  influence  of 
Christian  superstition  he  became  the  typical  emissary  from 
Satan,  who  played  tricks  among  men  calculated  to  set 
tbem  by  the  ears,  and  who  sought  by  various  devices,  al- 
ways amusing,  to  fit  them  for  residence  in  his  master's 
dominions.         Tuckerman,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  p.  54. 

Rush,  James.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  March  1, 
1786:  died  at  Philadelphia,  May  26,  1869.  An 
American  physician  and  author,  son  of  Benja- 
min Rush.  He  wrote  "Philosophy  of  the  Hu- 
man Voice  "  (1827),  etc. 

Bush,  Bichard.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Aug. 
29, 1780:  died  there,  July  30, 1859.  An  Ameri- 
can statesman,  diplomatist,  and  jurist :  son  of 
Benjamin  Rush.  He  was  United  States  attorney-general 
1814-17 ;  acting  secretary  of  state  in  1817 ;  United  States 
minister  to  Great  Britain  1817-26,  where  he  negotiated  the 
fisheries  treaty  of  1818,  and  treaties  on  the  boundaries ; 
secretary  of  the  treasury  1825-29 ;  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  Vice-President  in  1828 ;  commissioner  to  obtain  the 
Smithsonian  legacy  1836-38 ;  and  United  States  minister 
to  France  1847-61.  He  wrote  "Codification  ol  the  Laws 
of  the  United  States  "  (1816),  "Narrative  of  a  Residence 
at  the  Court  of  London"  (1833-45:  new  edition  as  "The 
Court  of  London,"  1873),  "Washington  in  Domestic  Life  " 
(1857),  "  Occasional  Productions,  etc."  (I860),  etc. 

Busk  (rusk),  Jeremiah  McLain.  Bom  in  Mor- 
gan County, Ohio,  June  17, 1830 :  died  at  Viroqua, 
Wis.,  Nov.  21, 1893.  An  American  politician.  He 
served  in  the  Civil  War,  attaining  the  rank  of  brevet  briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers ;  was  a  Republican  member  of 
Congress  from  Wisconsin  1871-77 ;  was  governor  of  Wis- 
consin 1882-89 ;  and  was  secretary  of  agriculture  1889-93. 

Busk,  Thomas  Jefferson.  Bom  at  Camden, 
S.  C,  Aug.  8,  1802:  committed  suicide  at  Na- 
cogdoches, Texas,  July  29, 1856.  An  American 
politician.  He  played  a  prominent  part  in  the  Texan 
war  of  independence  1835-36,  and  in  the  agitation  which 
led  to  the  annexation  of  Texas  to  the  United  States  in  1845. 
He  was  a  United  States  senator  from  Texas  1846-66. 

Buskin  (rus'kin),  John.  Bom  at  London,  Feb. 
8,  1819  :  died  at  Brantwood;  Jan.  20,  1900.  An 
eminent  English  art  critic  and  writer.  He  en- 
tered Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  1833 ;  gained  the  Newdi- 
gate  prize  by  a  poem  entitled  "  Salsette  and  Elephanta  " 
in  1839;  and  graduated  in  1842.  He  studied  painting  under 
Copley,  Fielding,  and  Harding.  In  1843  he  published  a 
volume  entitled  "  Modern  Painters,"  which  aimed  to  prove 
the  superiority  of  modem  landscape-painters,  and  espe- 
cially of  Turner,  over  the  old  masters.  This  work  created 
a  sensation  by  the  brilliancy  of  its  style  and  the  startling 
originality  of  its  views,  and  established  the  author's  repu- 
tation as  an  art  critic.  It  was  afterward  enlarged,  by  the 
addition  of  several  volumes,  into  a  discursive  treatise  on 
art.  After  the  appearance  of  the  first  volume  of  "  Modern 
Painters,"  Ruskin  spent  some  years  abroad,  chiefly  devoted 
to  the  study  of  art  in  Italy.  His  father,  a  wealthy  wine- 
merchanl^  died  in  1864,  leaving  him  an  ample  fortune.  He 
was  appointed  professor  at  the  Cambridge  School  of  Art  in 
1858,  and  Rede  lecturer  at  Cambridge  in  1867 ;  and  held  the 
Slade  professorship  of  fine  art  at  Oxford  1869-79  and  1883- 
1885,  after  which  date  he  lived  in  retirement  on  his  estate 
at  Brantwood,  on  Coniston  Lake,  in  the  Lake  Country.  He 
wrote  a  number  of  worlds  of  a  socialistic  tendency  on 
political  economy,  and  in  1871  established  the  St.  George's 
Gild,  an  industrial  society  based  on  his  peculiar  views  in 
reference  to  capital  and  labor.  Among  his  works  are 
"  The  Seven  Lamps  of  Architecture  "  (1849), "  Poems  "  (1860), 
'The  Stones  of  Venice"  (1851-53),  "Pre-Raphaelitism" 
(1861),  "The  Elements  of  Drawing"  (1867),  "Unto  this 
Last"  (1862),  "Sesame  and  Lilies"  (1864),  "The  Ethics  of 
the  Dust" (1866),  "The  Crown  of  Wild  Olive"  (1866),  "The 
Queen  of  theAir  (1869),  "Lectures  on  Art,"delivered  before 
the  University  of  Oxford  (1870), "  Fors  Clavigera :  Letters  to 
the  Workmen  and  Labourers  of  Great  Britain  "  (1871-84), 
"  Munera  Pulveris :  Six  Essays  on  the  Elements  of  Politi- 
cal Economy  "(1872),  "AratraPentelici:  Six  Letters  on  the 
Elements  of  Sculpture"  (1870),  "The  Relations  between 
Michael  Angelo  and  Tintoret,"  a  lecture  on  sculpture  de- 
livered at  Oxford  (1870-71),  "The  Eagle's  Nest :  Ten  Lec- 
tures on  the  Relation  of  Natural  Science  to  Art "  (1872), 
"  The  Sepulchral  Monuments  of  Italy,  etc."  (1872),  "Love's 
Meinie :  Lectures  on  Greek  and  English  Birds  "  (1873), 
"  Ariadne  Florentina :  Six  Lectures  on  Wood  and  Metal 
Engraving  "(1872), "  Val  d'Arno :  Ten  Lectures  on  the  Tus- 
can Art  directly  Antecedent  to  the  Florentine  Year  of  Vic- 
tories" (1873),  "Frondes  Agrestes:  Readings  in  Modern 
Painters,  etc."  (1880),  "Proserpina:  Studies  of  Wayside 
Flowers,  etc. "(1875-79),  "Deucalion:  Collected  Studies  of 
the  Lapse  of  Waves  and  Life  of  Stones  "  (1875-7S),  "Morn- 
ings in  Florence  "(1875-77),  "St.  Mark's  Rest:  the  History 
of  Venice,  etc."  (1877-79),  "The  Laws  of  FSsole,  etc." 
(1877-79),  "Elements  of  English  Prosody "(1880),  "Notes 
on  Samuel  Prout  and  William  Hunt "  (1880),  "  Arrows  of 
the  Chace"(1880),  "The  Lord's  Prayer  and  the  Church: 
Letters  to  the  Clergy,  with  Replies  "  (1881X  "  Our  Fathers 
Have  Told  Us  "  (1881),  "The  Art  of  England  "  (1883),  "  Coeli 
Euarrant:  Studies  of  Cloud  Form  and  of  its  Visible 
Causes,  etc." (1884),  "The  Pleasures  of  England"  (1884), 
"The  Storm-cloud  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  "  (1884),  "On 
the  Old  Road :  a  Collection  of  Miscellaneous  Essays,  Pam- 
phlets, and  Articles,  published  1834-86  "  (1886),  "Hortus 


874 

Inclusus ;  Messages  from  the  Wood  to  the  Garden,  etc." 
(1887),  "Dilecta:  consisting  of  Correspondence,  Diary, 
Notes,  and  Extracts  from  Books,  illustrating  Praeterita " 
(1887),  "PrsBterita:  an  Autobiography"  (1887-88). 

Bussel  (rus'el),  Dan.  [The  name  Bussel^  Rus- 
sell, means  'reddish,'  i.  e.,  red-haired,  from  OF. 
roussel,  rousseau,  reddish,  red-haired.]  The 
Pox  in  Chaucer's  "Nun's  Priest's  Tale." 

Bussell,  CharleSffirst  Lord  Russell  of  KiUowen. 
Born  at  Newry,  Ireland,  Nov.  10,  1832:  died 
Aug.  10, 1900.  A  British  jurist  and  politician. 
He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  practised 
for  a  time  as  a  solicitor  at  Belfast.  Hewas  called  to  the  Eng- 
lish bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1859 ;  became  Q.  C. ;  and  reached 
the  highest  eminence  as  a  pleader.  He  entered  Parliament 
as  a  Liberal  in  1880,  and  was  attorney-sreneral  in  1886  and 
1892-94,  when  he  became  lord  chief  justice  of  England. 
He  was  knighted  in  1886,  and  created  Baron  Russell  of 
Eillowen  in  May,  1894. 

Bussell,  Edward,  first  Earl  of  Orford.  Bom 
1651:  died  1727.  An  English  Whig  politician 
and  admiral,  grandson  of  the  fourth  Earl  of  Bed- 
ford. He  gained  the  naval  victory  of  La  Hogue  over  the 
French  in  1692,  and  was  created  earl  of  Orford  in  1697. 

Bussell,  Henry.  Born  Dec.  24, 1813-  died  Dec. 
7, 1900.  An  English-American  singer  and  com- 
poser of  songs.  He  went  to  Italy  in  1826,  and  to  America 
in  1833 ;  lived  and  taught  at  Rochester,  New  Yorl^  for 
some  years ;  and  appeared  as  Elvino  in  "LaSonnambula" 
at  PhUadelphia  in  1839.  In  1840  he  returned  to  England, 
where  he  repeated  the  concert  tours  which  had  been  so 
successful  in  America.  He  composed  nearly  800  songs, 
among  which  are  "A  Life  on  the  Ocean  Wave,"  "I'm 
Afloat,"  ''Cheer,  Boys,  Cheer," "The  Maniac," "The  Gam- 
bler's Wife,  "etc.  His  songs  were  very  influential  in  send- 
ing emigrants  to  the  colonies  and  the  United  States, 
especially  "There  's  a  Good  Time  Coming,"  etc. 

Bussell,  John,  fourth  Duke  of  Bedford.  Born 
1710 :  died  1771.  An  English  statesman.  He  was 
secretary  of  state  1748-51 ;  was  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland 
1756-61;  negotiated  a  treaty  with  France  in  1762;  and  was 
president  of  the  council  1763-65. 

Bussell,  John,  firstl  Earl  Russell :  known  as 
Lord  John  Bussell  till  1861.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Aug.  18,  1792:  died  May  28,  1878.  An 
English  statesman,  orator,  and  author:  third 
son  of  the  sixth  Duke  of  Bedford.  He  studied  at 
Edinburgh ;  entered  Parliament  in  1813 ;  began  his  ad- 
vocacy of  Parliamentary  reform  in  1819;  advocated  Catho- 
lic emancipation  in  1826,  and  the  repeal  of  the  Test  Acts 
in  1828 ;  became  paymaster  of  the  forces  in  1830 ;  intro- 
duced the  Reform  Bill  in  1831,  and  was  one  of  its  leading 
champions  imtil  its  passage  in  1832 ;  became  leader  of  the 
Whig  party  in  1834 ;  was  home  secretary  1836-39,  secre- 
tary for  war  and  the  colonies  1839-41,  and  prime  minister 
and  flrst  lord  of  the  treasury  1846-52;  published  the  "Dur- 
ham Letter  "in  1850 ;  was  foreign  secretary  and  later  pres- 
ident of  the  council  1862-55 ;  represented  England  at  the 
Vienna  Conference  in  1856 ;  was  colonial  secretary  in  1865, 
foreign  secretary  in  the  Palmerston-Russell  administra- 
tion 1859-65,  and  prime  minister  and  flrst  lord  of  the  trea- 
sury 1865-66 ;  and  was  created  Earl  Russell  in  1861.  He 
edited  the  memorials  and  correspondence  of  Charles  James 
Fox  (1853-57),  and  of  Moore  (1852-56);  and  wrote  "Life 
and  Times  of  Fox"  (1859-66X  "Recollections  and  Sugges- 
tions" (1875),  etc. 

Bussell,  John  Scott.  Bom  in  Scotland,  1808 : 
died  at  London,  June  10,  1882.  A  noted  Brit- 
ish engineer.  He  introduced  the  so-called  "wave-sys- 
tem" into  the  construction  of  steam  vessels.  He  super- 
intended the  building  of  the  Great  Eastern.  His  works 
include  "The  Modem  System  of  Naval  Architecture  for 
Commerce  and  War"  (1864),  "Systematic  and  Technical 
Education  for  the  English  People  "  (1869). 

Bussell,  Odo  William,  first  Baron  Ampthill. 
Born  at  Florence,  Feb.  20,  1829:  died  at  Pots- 
dam, Aug.  25,  1884.  -An  English  diplomatist, 
brother  of  the  ninth  Duke  of  Bedford.  He  was 
ambassador  at  Berlin  18'71-84. 

Bussell,  William,  first  Duke  of  Bedford.  Bom 
in  1614 :  died  Sept.  7,  1700.  An  English  noble- 
man who  took  a  leading  part  in  the  Revolu- 
tion. He  succeeded  his  father  as  fifth  earl  of 
Bedford  in  1641,  and  was  created  duke  in  1694. 

Bussell,  William^Lord  Russell  (often  errone- 
ously called  Lord  William  Russell).  Bom  Sept. 
29,  1639:  beheaded  at  London,  July  21, 1683. 
An  English  statesman,  third  sou  of  the  fifth  Earl 
(later  the  first  Duke :  see  above)  of  Bedford.  His 
older  brothers  predeceasing  him,  he  was  known  by  the 
courtesy-title  Lord  Russell.  He  became  an  active  member 
of  the  "country  party"  in  1673;  was  a  leading  opponent 
of  Dauby  and  the  Duke  of  York ;  was  a  privy  councilor 
1679-80 ;  and  supported  the  Exclusion  BilL  He  was  tried 
and  condemned  on  a  charge  of  high  treason  (pretended 
complicity  in  the  Bye  House  Plot)  in  1683.  His  son,  Wrio- 
thesley,  succeeded  to  the  dukedom  of  Bedford  in  1700. 

Bussell,  William.  Bom  in  Selkirkshire,  Scot- 
land, 1741 :  died  in  Dumfi-iesshire,  Dec.  25, 1793. 
A  Scottish  historian.  He  wrote  "History  of  Modern 
Europe  "  (1779-84X  and  other  works. 

Bussell,  William  Clark.  Bom  at  New  York, 
Feb.  24,  1844.  An  English  novelist.  He  went  to 
sea  in  the  English  merchant  service  when  between  13  and 
14  years  of  age ;  but  after  seven  or  eight  years  returned  to 
England  and  began  to  write  nautical  novels.  The  flrst 
was  "John  Holdsworth,  chief  mate  "  (1874) ;  this  was  fol- 
lowed by  "The  Wreck  of  the  Grosvenor,"  "TheLittleLoo," 
"A  Sailor's  Sweetheart,"  "An  Ocean  Free  Lance,"  "A  Sea 


Bussia 

Queen,"  "The  Lady  Maud,"  "Jack's  Courtship,"  "The 
Strange  Voyage,"  "The  Death  Ship,"  "A  Frozen  Pirate," 
"Marooned,"  "  AnOcean  Tragedy,"  "My  Shipmate  ton, 
ise,"  etc.    He  has  also  written  a  "Life  of  Nelson." 

Bussell,  Sir  William  Howard.  Bom  near 
Dublin,  March  28,  1821.  A  British  journalist. 
He  was  war  correspondent  of  the  London  "  'Ames  "  in  the 
Crimean  war,  the  Indian  mutiny,  the  flrst  part  of  the 
American  Civil  War,  the  Austro-Pruasiaiv  war,  and  the 
Fi-anco-German  war.  In  1876  he  accompanied  the  Prince 
of  Wales  to  India.  He  has  written  a  "History  of  the 
Crimean  War  "(1855-56),  "  My  Diaiy  in  India "(1860),  "My 
Diary,  North  and  South"  (1862X  "My  Diaiy  during  the 
Last  Great  War "(1873),  "The  Prince  of  Wales'  Tour  in 
India  "  (1877),  etc.    He  was  knighted  in  1895. 

Bussellae  (ro-sel'e).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
city  of  the  Etruscan  League,  situated  near  the 
Umbro  (Ombrone)  about  6  miles  northeast  of 
the  modem  (Jrosseto.  it  was  conquered  by  the  Ro- 
mans about  300  B.  0.  There  are  various  remains  of  anti- 
quity on  the  site. 

Bussell  Sciuare.  A  London  square  which  Ues  to 
the  east  of  the  British  Museum. 

Bussia(msh'a), formerly  Muscovy(mus'k6-vi), 
[F.  Russie,  NL.  Bussia  (Gr.  Russland),  from  fiuss. 
Sossiya :  see  Rus,  iSos.]  An  empire  of  eastern 
Europe.  Capital,  St.  Petersburg;  second  capital 
and  coronation  city,  Moscow.  It  is  the  largest  coun- 
try of  Europe  in  area,  and  has  the  largest  population ;  and, 
including  its  Asiatic  possessions,  it  is  the  most  exten- 
sive dominion  in  the  world,  next  to  the  British  empire. 
It  comprises  European  Russia  (including  Russian  Po- 
land and  Finland),  Caucasia,  Russian  Central  Asia,  and 
Siberia.  European  Russia  is  bounded  by  the  Arctic  Ocean 
on  the  north ;  its  Asiatic  possessions  on  the  east ;  the 
Caspian  on  the  southeast ;  Persia,  Turkey,  and  the  Black 
Sea  on  the  south ;  Rumania  on  the  southwest ;  the  Aus- 
trian empire,  the  German  Empire,  the  Baltic,  and  Swe- 
den on  the  west ;  and  Norway  on  the  northwest.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  a  great  plain ;  but  on  the  borders  are  the 
Urals,  Caucasus,  the  mountainous  region  of  the  Crimea, 
and  spurs  of  the  Carpathians ;  and  northwest  of  the  center 
the  surface  is  broken  by  the  Valdai  Hills.  Russia  is  noted 
for  its  great  rivers:  the  Niemen,  Diina,  Neva,  Mezen,  Dwina, 
Petchora,Ural,Volga(withtheKamaandOkaXDon,Kuma, 
Terek,  Eluban,  Dnieper,  Dniester,  Pmth,  Vistvda,  etc.  The 
Black  and  Caspian  seas  are  largely  Russian,  and  Russia 
includes  Lakes  Ladoga,  Onega,  Saima,  llmen,  Peipus,  etc. 
It  contains  large  forests,  and  extensive  steppes  and  tun- 
dras. Much  of  it  is  fertile,  especially  in  the  "  black  earth  " 
belt  toward  the  south.  The  leading  occupation  is  agri- 
culture. The  chief  crops  are  wheat,  lye,  and  other  cere- 
als, hemp,  flax;  potatoes,  tobacco,  etc.  There  are  manu- 
factures of  linen,  woolen,  etc. ;  live  stock  is  raised ;  and 
there  are  fisheries  of  sturgeon,  etc.  Gold,  platinum,  coal, 
iron,  petroleum,  copper,  etc.,  are  mined.  'The  leading  ex- 
port (in  normal  years)  is  grain ;  after  it  come  flax,  liemp,  lin- 
seed,timber,  animal  products,  etc.  Russia  proper,  including 
Poland,  Finland,  and  Caucasia,  has  78  governments.  The 
government  is  a  hereditary  absolute  monarchy,  vested  in 
the  czar.  Administration  is  committed  to  the  council  of 
the  empire,  senate,  holy  synod,  and  ministry.  The  leading 
race  is  Russian  (the  Great  Russians  being  the  most  impor. 
taut,  then  the  Little  Russians  and  White  Russians).  Ottier 
nationalities  are  the  Poles,  Lithuanians,  Finns,  Germans; 
Swedes,  Letts,  Rumanians,  Jews,  various  tribes  of  Cau- 
casians, Esthonians,  Mordvinians,  Tcheremisses,  Tatars 
Bashkirs,  Persians,  Armenians,  Kirghiz,  Kalmucks,  Tchu- 
vashes,  etc.  The  leading  religion  is  the  Greek  Catholic. 
There  are  many  dissenters  (Raskolniks)  as  well  as  many 
Roman  Catholics,  Jews,  Protestants,  Mohanomedans,  and 
some  pagans.  Russia  has  no  foreign  possessions :  Bokhara 
and  Ehiva  are  vassal  states.  Russia  was  known  to  the 
ancients  as  Sarmatia.  It  had  Greek'  colonies  on  its  south- 
ern coast  (Crimea,  etc.) ;  was  inhabited  by  the  Scythians, 
Finns,  and  other  races ;  and  was  overrun  by  the  Goths, 
Huns,  Avars,  Bulgarians,  Magyars,  and  Khazars.  The 
Russian  Slavs  at  the  beginning  of  their  history  (9th  cen- 
tury) were  confined  mainly  to  the  upper  Dnieper,  the 
smu-ces  of  the  Oka,  Volga,  Dwina,  and  Dniester,  and  Lake 
llmen.  The  Varangians  under  Rurik  came  to  Novgorod 
in  862.  Under  Oleg,  about  880,  Kieff  became  the  center. 
Sviatoslafl  (964-972)  defeated  the  Khazars,  and  waged  war 
with  the  Byzantine  empire.  Christianity  was  introduced 
under  Vladimir  (980-1016).  Russia  became  united  under 
Yaroslafl (1015-1054),  with  Kiefl  asthe  capital.  After  1054 
Russia  was  divided  into  many  principalities,  Kiefl  being 
the  grand  principality  and  overlord  for  about  a  century, 
and  then  Suzdal  (Vladimir)theleadingpower :  others  were 
Novgorod,  PskoB,  Smolensk,  Galicia  (HaliezlL  Volhynia, 
Ryazan,  Tver,  Tchernigofl,  Polotsk,  etc.  The  Mongol  in- 
vasion, and  the  conquest  of  all  Russia  except  Novgorod, 
happened  about  1240.  The  Russian  principalities  became 
tributary  to  the  khans.  Moscow  became  a  principality  at 
the  close  of  the  13th  century,  and  the  chief  power  in  1328. 
(See  Moscow.)  Russia  was  freed  from  the  Mongol  yoke  in 
1480.  The  work  of  consolidation  was  greatly  advanced  under 
IvanIII.,yasihandIvan  IV.  (See  summary  of  acquisitions 
below.)  The  title  of  czar  (or  tsar)  was  assumed  by  Ivan 
IV.  in  1547.  The  dynasty  of  Rurik  came  to  an  end  in  1598. 
The  date  of  the  accession  of  the  house  of  Romanoff  (the 
present  reigning  house)  is  1613.  A  great  development  of 
the  country  took  place  under  Peter  the  Great  0.689-1725)  ■ 
Russia  took  part  in  the  Northern  War ;  and  the  capital  St 
Petersburg  was  built.  It  was  also  involved  in  the  Seven 
Years  War.  The  reign  of  Catharine  II.  (1762-96)  was  sig- 
nalized by  wars  with  Turkey  (1768-74  and  1787-92)  and  with 
Sweden  (1788-90).  Russia  was  at  war  with  France  1798- 
1801.  ThefoUowingarethe leading eventaandiricidentsof 
more  recent  history :  Reign  of  Alexander  I.,  1801-26 ;  war 
with  France,  1806-07;  alUance  with  France,  1807-12 ■  inva- 
sion of  Russia  by  Napoleon,  1812  ;  war  with  France,  1812- 
1815 ;  Holy  Alliance  (with  Austria  and  Prussia) :  wars  with 
Turkey,  Persia,  and  Sweden  ;  reign  of  Nicholas,  1825-66 ; 
war  with  Persia,  1826-28;  war  with  Turkey,  1827-29-  Polish 
insurrection,  1830-31 ;  Hungarian  rebellion  suppressed  by 
Russian  aid,  1849 ;  Crimean  war,  1863-66 ;  reign  of  Alexan- 
der II.,  1855-Sl ;  emancipation  of  the  serfs,  1861;  growth  of 
nihilism ;  war  with  Turkey,  1877-78 ;  assassination  of  Alex- 


Russia 

ander  n.,  1881 ;  famine,  1891-92.  The  following  is  a  synop- 
tical account  of  the  acquisition  of  the  diSerent  Russian 
territories.  Moscow  was  founded  as  a  principality,  in  the 
end  of  the  13th  century,  by  Daniel,  son  of  Alexander  Nevski 
(of  Novgorod).  Vasili  (1889-1426),  grand  prince  of  Moscow 
and  Vladimir,  acquired  Suzdal,  Murom,  Vologda,  and 
other  territories.  Ivan  111.  (1462-1606)  acquired  Perm  in 
1472,  Novgorod  in  1478,  Tver  in  1482,  Vyatka  in  1489,  Kostoff 
and  vast  regions  in  the  north,  and  made  conquests  from 
Lithuania  as  far  westward  as  the  river  Soga.  Vasili  (1605- 
1638)  acquired  Pskoff  in  1510,  and  Ryazan  about  1621. 
Under  Ivan  IV.,  Kazan  was  acquired  in  1552,  and  As- 
trakhan in  1664.  The  Don  Cossacks  came  under  the  pro- 
tection of  Russia,  and  a  great  part  of  Siberia  was  added. 
The  acquisition  of  Siberia  went  on  through  the  17th  cen- 
tury. Under  Alexis  (1646-76),  Smolensk,  Kieff,  and  the 
eastern  Ukraine  were  added  (about  1667).  By  the  treaty 
of  Nystad,  Peter  the  Great  gained  from  Sweden  Livonia, 
Esthonia,  Ingria,  and  Karelia,  which  had  been  conquered 
several  years  previously.  There  was  a  small  cession  in 
southern  Russia  by  Turkey  in  the  reign  of  Anna  (1730-40). 
Part  of  Finland  was  acquired  by  Elizabeth  in  1743.  Lithu- 
ania and  a  large  part  of  Poland  were  acquired  by  the  par- 
titions of  1772, 1793,  and  1796,  under  Catharine  II. :  she 
received  cessions  from  Turkey  in  the  peace  of  1774,  the 
terms  of  which  enabled  her  to  annex  the  Crimea  (1783)  ; 
annexed  the  republic  of  the  Saporogian  Cossacks ;  gained 
territory  from  Turkey  between  the  Bug  and  Dniester  in 
1792 ;  and  annexed  Courland  in  1795.  Paul  annexed  Georgia 
in  1801.  I'inland  was  conquered  in  1808-09  by  Alexander 
I.,  who  also  won  Bessarabia  from  Turkey  in  1812.  By  the 
treaties  of  1816  a  large  part  of  the  duchy  of  Warsaw  was 
assigned  as  the  kingdom  of  Poland  to  Alexander  I.  He 
added  also  Daghestan,  Mingrelia,  Imeritia,  and  Shirvan. 
Nicholas  in  1828  acquired  Erivan  and  Nakhitchevan  from 
Persia,  and  in  1829  Foti  and  other  fortresses  near  the 
eastern  shore  of  the  Black  Sea  from  Turkey,  and  received 
the  submission  of  the  Kirghiz.  Under  Alexander  II.  the 
Caucasus  practically  submitted  in  1859 ;  the  Amur  terri- 
tory was  gained  in  1868 ;  the  Khanate  of  Samarkand  was 
gained  in  1868 ;  and  Bokhara  became  a  vassal  state.  Rus- 
sian America  was  ceded  to  the  United  States  in  1867. 
Khiva  became  a  vassal  state  in  1878.  The  Chinese  prov- 
ince of  Kuldja  was  acquired  in  1871,  but  retroceded  in 
1881.  Khokand  was  annexed  in  1876.  The  strip  of  Bessa- 
rabia, lost  in  1856,  was  regained  in  1878,  and  Kars  and 
Batum  were  gained  at  the  same  time.  Geok-Tepe  was 
taken  in  1881.  The  Merv  oasis  submitted  in  1884.  The 
region  around  Pendjdeh,  in  northwestern  Afghanistan, 
was  gained  1887-^.  The  area  of  European  Russia  projper 
is  returned  as  1,902,092  square  miles,  and  the  population 
(1891)  as  04,660,000 ;  including  Poland  and  Finland,  the 
ai-ea  is  2,U»a,6o^  aquai'e  miles,  and  the  population  106,- 
154,607.  The  area  of  the  Russian  empire  is  8,660,282  squaie 
miles,  and  the  population  (1897)  128,982,173. 

Russia,  Great,  Little,  Red,  White.  See  Great 
Russia,  etc. 

Russian  America,  .  An  old  name  of  Alaska. 
Russian  Armenia.  That  part  of  Armenia  which 
is  included  in  Russia.    It  was  conquered  in 
part  from  Persia  (1827-28)  and  in  part  from 
Turkey  (1877-78),  and  comprises  the  govern- 
ments of  Erivan  and  Kars. 
Russian  Asia.    See  Asiatic  Bussia. 
Russian  Byron,  The.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  Pushkin. 

Russian-Oerman  Legion.  In  the  war  against 
Prance  1813-14,  a  corps  recruited  from  Germans 
in  Russia,  in  the  Russian  service,  but  nnder 
Prussian  military  rules,  and  supported  by  (3-reat 
Britain. 

Russian  Turkestan.    See  Turkestan. 

Russian  Wars  with  Turkey.  The  most  im- 
portant of  the  so-calledRusso-TurMsh  or  Tureo- 
Russian  wars  in  modern  times  are  the  following. 
(1)  Wars  of  the  reign  of  Peter  the  Great :  Russia  con- 
quered Azolt,  1696 ;  truce  (the  peace  of  Oarlowitz)  1699 ; 
war  renewed,  1711 ;  Russian  reverses ;  treaty  of  the  Pruth, 
1711.  (2)  War  of  1736-39:  Austria  on  the  side  of  Russia.  (3) 
War  of  1768-74 :  Russians  generally  successful  in  the  Danu- 
bian  principalities  and  the  Crimea ;  advance  into  Bulgaria, 
1773-74;  Russians  repulsed  before  Silistria,  Varna,  and 
Shumla ;  peace  of  Kntchuk-Kainardji,  1774 ;  Tatars  in  the 
south  of  Russia  freed  from  allegiance  to  Turkey;  Russian 
conquests  in  southern  Russia  retained.  (4)  War  of  1787- 
1792  (Austria  on  the  side  of  Russia) :  Otchakoff  stormed  by 
the  Russians,  1788 ;  Russians  and  Austrians  gained  the 
victory  of  Fokshani,  1789 ;  Suvarofl  stormed  Ismail,  1790  ; 
peace  of  Jassy,  1792 ;  Russian  boundary  extended  to  the 
Dniester.  (6)  War  of  1806-12  :  war  commenced,  1806'; 
truce,  1S07 ;  war  renewed,  1809 ;  terminated  by  the  peace 
of  Bukharest,  1812 ;  Russian  boundary  extended  to  the 
Pruth.  (6)  War  of  1827-29 :  Russian  fleet  took  part  in 
the  battle  of  Navarino,  1827 ;  war  declared,  1828 ;  Russians 
took  Varna,  1828 ;  repulsed  before  Shumla  and  Silistria  ; 
successful  under  Paskevitch  in  Asia,  1828-29 ;  Russians 
nnder  Diebitsch  crossed  the  Balkans,  1829 ;  war  ended  by 
the  treaty  of  Adrianople,  1829.  (7)  War  of  1853-66 :  see 
Crimean  War.  (8)  War  of  1877-78 :  war  declared,  April, 
1877 ;  Russians  crossed  the  Danube,  June ;  Shipka  Pass 
taken,  Jnly;  Russian  reverses  before  Plevna,  July  and 
Sept. ;  defeat  of  the  Turks  at  Alad ja  Dagh,  Oct. ;  Russians 
stormed  Kars,  Nov.;  fall  of  Plevna,  Dec;  Russians  crossed 
the  Balkans  under  Gourko  and  others,  Dec.  1877,-Jan., 
1878,  and  advanced  to  the  outskirts  of  Constantinople ; 
peace  of  San  Stefano  (very  disadvantageous  to  Turkey) 
concluded,  March,  1878 ;  intervention  of  England  in  behalf 
of  Turkey;  final  settlement  at  the  Congress  of  Berlin, 
June-July. 

Rust  (rust).  An  antiquarian  in  Poote's  play 
"  The  Patron." 

Rustam  (Pers.  pron.  ros-tem').  A  hero  of  the 
Shahnamah,  son  of  Zal  and  Rudabah,  daughter 
of  Mihrab,  king  of  Kabul.  On  the  first  day  of  his 
life  he  became  as  large  as  a  child  a  year  old,  and  ten  nurses 


875 

were  necessary  to  provide  him  with  milk.  While  a  mere 
child  he  kills  a  raging  elephant,  and  while  still  a  youth  he 
avenges  the  death  of  his  great-grandfather  Nariman  by 
taking  the  fortress  of  Sipand,  which  he  enters  disguised 
as  a  salt-merchant.  In  the  reign  of  Garshasp,  Zal  gives 
over  the  dignity  of  Pahlavan,  or  champion  of  the  realm, 
to  Rustam,  who  takes  the  club  of  Sam  and  chooses  his 
horse  Raksh.  On  the  death  of  Garshasp,  Rustam  is  sent 
to  offer  the  crown  to  Kaiqubad,  who  is  at  Mount  Alburz. 
Returning  with  Kaiqubad,  Rustam  defeats  without  help 
the  armies  of  Afrasyab.  Eustam  fights  with  Af  rasyab  him- 
self, and  drags  him  fastened  by  Ms  girdle  to  Raksh.  The 
girdle  breaks,  and  Afrasyab  is  hidden  by  his  warriors.  He 
advises  Pashang,  the  king  of  Turan,  to  make  peace.  In 
the  next  reign  (that  of  Kaikawus)  Rustam  has  his  seven 
adventures,  encountered  in  delivering  Kaikawus  from  the 
King  of  Mazandaran.  Raksh  kills  a  lion,  Rustam  finds  a 
spring  in  a  burning  desert,  slays  a  dragon  eighty  feet  long, 
slays  an  enchantress,  subdues  Aulad  and  spares  his  life  on 
condition  that  he  shall  guide  him  to  the  caves  of  the  White 
Demon,  slays  the  demon  chief  Arzang,  and  finally  slays  the 
White  Demon.  After  the  return  of  Kaikawus,  Rustam 
goes  to  hunt  in  Turan,  where  his  horse  Raksh  is  captured 
as  Rustam  sleeps.  Rustam  goes  to  the  city  of  Samangan 
to  recover  the  steed ;  is  received  with  honor  by  its  king ; 
and  weds  his  daughter  Taliminah.  Summoned  away  be- 
fore the  birth  of  his  son,  Rustam  leaves  for  him  a  bracelet 
by  which  he  is  to  recognize  him.  When  Suhrab  the  son 
is  born,  Tahminah,  fearing  that  the  child  will  be  taken 
away  to  Iran,  pretends  that  it  is  a  daughter.  Suhrab  grows 
up  unknown  to  his  father,  and  becomes  a  great  warrior. 
The  Turanians  and  Iranians  fight.  A  council  of  chiefs  de- 
cides for  single  combat  between  the  leaders  Suhrab  and 
Rustam,  when  Rustam  kills  Suhrab.  Learning  from  the 
bracelet  that  he  has  slain  his  son,  he  returns  in  grief  to 
Zabulistan,  whence  he  comes  later  to  kill  Sudabah,  the 
treacherous  wife  of  Kaikawus,  and  to  continue  thewar  with 
Turan,  in  which  he  performs  endless  exploits  in  the  reigns 
of  Kaikhusrau,  Luhrasp,  and  Gushtasp,  the  most  consider- 
able being  the  combat  with  Asfandiyar.  (^See  Isfendiyar.) 
Zal,  father  of  Rustam,  had  by  a  slave  a  son,  Shaghad,  who, 
the  astrologers  said,  was  to  be  the  ruin  of  his  race.  This 
Shaghad,  becoming  the  son-in-law  of  the  King  of  Kabul, 
was  irritated  at  the  annual  tribute  of  a  cowskin  paid  by 
Kabul  to  Zabul,  and  byaruse  drew  Rustam  andahundred 
knights  to  Kabul,  where  they  were  lured  into  a  hunting- 
park  in  which  had  been  dug  concealed  trenches  filled  with 
javelins.  Raksh  sank  into  one  of  these.  Rustam  came 
up  wounded  unto  death,  but  before  his  death  was  able  to 
pierce  with  an  arrow  the  treacherous  Shaghad. 

Rustchuk(ros-ohok')>o'^Ruscuk,  AcityinBul- 
garia,  situated  on  the  Danube,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Lom,  inlat.  43°  50'  N.,  long.  25°  58'  E.  it  was 
long  an  important  strategic  point  in  uie  Russian  and  Turk- 
ish wars.  It  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Russians  in 
1810 ;  destroyed  in  1811 ;  rebuilt  in  1812 ;  and  besieged  by 
the  Russians  in  1877-78,  when  the  fortifications  were  nearly 
destroyed.    Population  (1887),  27,198. 

Rusteboeuf.    See  Butebmuf. 

Rustow  (riis'to),  Wilhelm  Friedrich,  Bom  at 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  May  25, 1821:  committed 
suicide  at  Zurich,  Aug.  14,  1878.  A  German 
military  writer.  He  served  with  Garibaldi  in  i860.  His 
works  include  "Geschichte  des  griechischen  Kriegswe- 
sens"  ("History  of  the  Greek  Military  Art,"  1852),  "Heer- 
wesen  und  Kriegf  iihrung  Casars  "  (1855),  works  on  Napo- 
leon I.'s  campaigns,  "Die  Feldherrnkunst  des  19.  Jahr- 
hunderts " (1857),  "Geschichte  der  Infanterie" (1867-58), 
"Militarisohes  HandwSrterbuch"  ("Military  Dictionary," 
1859),  etc. 

Ruteboeuf  (riit-bef ').  Bom  probably  about  1230: 
died  about  1280.  A  French  trouvfere  of  the  13th 
century.  Very  little  is  known  concerning  him  beyond 
what  may  be  gathered  from  his  own  writings.  Gaston 
Paris  passes  the  following  judgment  on  his  works :  "  The 
Parisian  poetry  of  Rutebceuf  is  semi-popular  in  form.  It 
stands  by  itself  in  subject-matter  and  inspiration.  The 
poet  celebrates  the  events  and  the  people  of  note  in  his 
day ;  or  he  interests  himself  keenly  in  the  dissensions  ex- 
isting between  the  church  and  the  University  of  Paris ;  or 
again,  and  this  is  most  frequently  the  case,  he  relates  his 
own  troubles  in  his  humble  clerkship  where  he  depends 
for  the  support  of  his  family  upon  either  the  favor  of  the 
nobles  or  public  charity."  Besides  being  a  caustic  satir- 
ist, Ruteboeuf  wrote  a^number  of  tableaux,  among  others 
"  Chariot  le  Juif,"  "  L'Ame  du  vilain,"  "Frfere  Denise,"  and 
"Le  testament  de  I'lne";  he  is  also  the  author  of  the  po- 
etic compositions  "Notre-Dame,"  "  La  voie  de  Paradis," 
"Le  miracle  de  Th^ophile"  (a  sort  of  miracle-play  which 
might  be  said  to  contain  the  germ  of  Calderon's  "  El  Ma- 
gico  Prodigioso,"  and  thus  jemotely  of  Goethe's  "Faust " — 
Lowell),  "Sainte-Marie  ragyptienne,"  "Sainte-EUsabeth 
de  Hongrie,"  etc. 

Ruteni  (ro-te'ni).  In  ancient  history,  a  people 
in  southern  Gaul,  occupying  the  later  Rouergue. 

Rutennu  (rS-ten'no),     See  the  extract. 

Syria,  in  the  widest  sense  of  the  word,  was  known  to  the 
Egyptians  as  the  country  of  the  Rutennu  or  Lutennu.  It 
was  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower,  the  Lower  Rutennu  ex- 
tending from  the  ranges  of  the  Lebanon  as  far  as  Mesopo- 
tamia. What  is  meant  by  the  Upper  Rutennu  is  made 
clear  in  an  inscription  of  Thothmes  III.,  in  which  the 
towns  he  had  conquered  from  Kadesh  on  the  Orontes  to 
the  southern  boundaries  of  Palestine  are  described  as 
cities  of  the  Upper  Rutennu. 

~      6,  Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  123. 


Rutgers  (rut'gerz),  Henry.  Born  at  New  Tork, 
Oct.  7,  1745:  died  there,  Peb.  17,  1830.  An 
American  philanthropist.  He  graduated  at  Colum- 
bia College  in  1766;  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War;  and 
was  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  New  York  State 
University  1802-26.  He  gave  $6,000  to  Queen's  College,  New 
Jersey,  which  took  the  name  of  Rutgers  College  in  1825. 

Rutgers  College.  An  institution  of  learning  at 
New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey :  called  originally 
Queen's  College,    it  was  chartered  under  the  latter 


Rutledge,  John 

name  in  1768  —  a  second  charter  being  issued  ui  1770  —  and 
was  opened  in  1771.  It  was  closed  during  the  Revolution- 
ary War,  the  building  being  burned  by  the  British ;  and  in- 
struction was  subsequently  twice  suspended  for  financial 
reasons  (1796-1806  and  1816-25).  In  1826  it  was  enabled  to 
resume  its  exercises  by  a  gift  from  Henry  Rutgers,  whose 
name  it  adopted.  It  comprises,  besides  the  academic 
department,  a  department  of  agricultural  and  mechan- 
ical arts,  a  grammar-school,  and  an  observatory.  It  is 
non-sectarian,  and  has  about  80  instructors  and  170 
students. 

Ruth  (roth).  [Heb., '  a  friend.']  The  leading 
character  of  the  Book  of  Ruth,  a  Moabitess  who 
with  Naomi  went  to  Bethlehem  and  there  mar- 
ried Boaz :  an  ancestor  of  David. 

Rutherford  (ruTH'6r-fprd),  Daniel.  Born  at 
Edinburgh,  Nov.  3,  1749 :  died  there,  Nov.  15, 
1819.  A  Scottish  physician  and  scientist,  the 
discoverer  of  nitrogen. 

Rutherford,  or  Rutherfurd  (mTH'6r-f6rd), 
Samuel.  BomatMsbet,  Roxburghshire,  about 
1600 :  died  March  29, 1661.  A  Scottish  Presby- 
terian clergyman,  theologian,  and  controver- 
sialist. He  graduated  (M.  A.)  at  Edinburgh  in  1621,  and 
became  professor  there  in  1623.  He  was  banished  for  his 
severe  Calvinism  from  1686  to  1638.  In  1643  he  attended 
the  Assembly  at  Westminster.  He  wrote  "Lex  Rex" 
(1644),  which  was  publicly  burned  by  the  authorities,  and 
other  works,  but  is  best  known  from  his  "  Letters  "  (first 
published  in  1664). 

Rutherfurd,  Lewis  Morris.  Bom  at  Morrisa- 
nia,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  25, 1816:  died  at  Tranquillity, 
N.  J.,  May  30, 1892.  A  distinguished  American 
physicist.  He  graduated  at  Williams  College  in  1884, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1887,  but  abandoned  law  in 
1849  in  order  to  devote  himself  to  the  study  of  physics.  He 
obtained  important  results  in  astronomical  photography, 
and  by  means  of  a  ruUng-engine,  designed  by  him  in  1870, 
constructed  the  finest  diffraction-gratings  which  had,  up 
to  that  time,  been  made  (now  surpassed  by  those  of  Row- 
land).    ' 

Rutherglen  (ruTH'6r-glen,  popularly  rug'len). 
A  royal  burgh  in  Lanarkshire,  Scotland,  sit- 
uated near  the  Clyde  3  miles  southeast  of 
Glasgow.    Population  (1891),  13,361. 

Ruthven  (ruth'ven,  locally  riv'en),  Raid  of, 
In  Scottish  history,  a  conspiracy  at  CJastle  Ruth- 
ven, near  Perth,  in  1582.  The  Earls  of  Gowrie,  Mar, 
and  others  seized  ^e  person  of  James  VI.,  and  took  him 
out  of  the  keeping  of  his  guardians,  the  Duke  of  Lennox 
and  the  Earl  of  Arran. 

Ruthwell  Cross.    See  the  extract. 

Among  the  remains  of  the  Northumbrian  Saxon  is  the 
runic  writing  combined  with  sculpture  from  sacred  sub- 
jects and  Latin  inscriptions  upon  the  stone  obelisks  at 
Ruthwell,  on  the  Scottish  border — an  obelisk  or  cross  that 
was  flung  down  by  the  Presbyterians  in  1642,  and  had  part 
of  its  writing  then  effaced.  The  Ruthwell  runes  had  been 
misread  by  Repp  and  Professor  Finn  Magnnsen  as  half 
Danish  or  as  some  perfectly  new  language,  and  they  were 
first  rightly  interpreted  by  John  Mitchell  Kemble,  in  a 
paper  on  Anglo-Saxon  Runes  read  to  the  London  Society 
of  Antiquaries  as  an  inscription  in  what  was  the  English 
of  Northumbria  during  the  seventh,  eighth,  and  ninth  cen- 
turies. Mr.  Kemble  then  pointed  out  that  they  set  forth 
a  few  couplets  of  a  religious  poem  on  the  events  sculptured 
in  the  two  principal  compartments  of  the  stone,  namely, 
the  washing  of  our  Saviour's  feet  by  Mary  Magdalene  and 
the  glorification  of  Christ  through  His  Passion.  The  cor- 
rectness of  his  interpretation  was  afterwards  i)roved  by 
the  discovery  of  lines  similar  to  those  read  by  him  in  one 
of  the  poems  of  the  Vercelli  Book. 

Marley,  English  Writers,  IL  174. 

Rutilico  (ro-til'i-ko).  [From  L.  ruUUcus,  glit- 
tering.] A  rarely  used  name  for  the  bright 
third-magnitude  star  /3  Heroulis,  more  usually 
called  Kortiefaros. 

Rutlam,  or  Ratlam  (rut'lam).  1.  A  native 
state  in  India,  under  Britisli  protection,  inter- 
sected by.  lat.  23°  15'  N.,  long.  75°  E.  Area, 
729  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  89,160.— 
2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Rutlam.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  29,822. 

Rutland  (rut'land).  The  smallest  county  in 
England.  ChieiE  town,  Oakham,  it  is  bounded  by 
Lincoln  on  the  northeast,  Northampton  on  the  southeast, 
and  Leicester  on  the  west  and  northwest.  The  surface  is 
undulating.  It  contains  the  fertile  vale  of  Catmoss.  Area, 
162  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  20,659. 

Rutland.  The  capital  of  Rutland  County,  cen- 
tral Vermont,  situated  on  Otter  Creek  in  lat.  43° 
37'  N.  It  is  noted  for  its  quarries  of  white  marble.  It 
was  one  of  the  capitals  of  Vermont  1784-1804.  Population 
aSOO),  citv,  11,  ■199. 

Rutland,  Dukes  of.    See  Manners. 

Rutledge  (mt'lej),  Edward.  Bom  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C,  Nov.  23,  1749:  died  there,  Jan.  23, 
1800.  An  American  poUtioian,  brother  of  John 
Rutledge.  He  was  a  member  of  Congress  from  South 
Carolina  1774-77,  and  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence ;  served  in  the  Revolutionary  army,  and  was  taken 
prisoner ;  and  was  governor  of  South  Carolina  1798-1800. 

Rutledge,  John.  Bom  at  Charleston,  S.  C, 
1739:  died  at  Charleston,  July  23,  1800.  An 
American  statesman.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Stamp  Act  Congress  in  1766,  of  the  South  Carolina  Conven- 
tion in  1774,  and  of  the  Continental  Congress  1774-75  ;  was 
president  of  South  Carolina  1776-78,  governor  of  South  Caro- 
lina 1779-82,  and  member  of  Congress  1782-83;  was  a  dele- 


Butledge,  John 

gate  to  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787;  was  asso- 
ciate justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  1789-91 ; 
was  chief  justice  of  South  Carolina  1791-95  ;  and  was  ap- 
pointed chief  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
in  1795,  but  was  not  confirmed. 
Biitli  (rut'li),  or  Griitli  (griit'li).  A  meadow 
in  the  mountains  of  the  canton  of  Uri,  Switzer- 
land, situated  near  the  southern  arm  of  the 
Lake  of  Lucerne,  15  miles  east-southeast  of  Lu- 
cerne. It  is  famous  as  the  legendary  scene  of  the  for- 
mation of  the  Swiss  League  against  Austria,  by  Stauf- 
facher,  Arnold  von  Melchthal,  Walther  Fiirst,  and  thirty 
others,  Nov.  8, 1307. 

Butnagherry.    See  Matnagiri. 

BiUtter  (rut'^r),  Joseph.  Lived  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.  An  English  dramatic  author.  He 
was  of  noble  family  (that  of  the  Earl  of  Dorset),  and  at  the 
earl's  order  translated  into  English  "The  Old,"  from  the 
French  of  Corneille  (first  part  printed  in  1637).  The  sec- 
ond part  of  "  The  Cid  "  was  printed  in  1640,  and  was  trans- 
lated by  Rutter  at  the  command  of  the  king.  "  The  Shep- 
herd's Holiday,"  a  pastoral  tragicomedy,  acted  at  White- 
hall and  printed  at  London  in  1635,  is  also  ascribed  to 
him. 

Butuli  (ro'tu-li).  In  Roman  legendary  history, 
a  people  of  Latium,  whose  capital  was  Ardea. 
Their  king  Turnus  was  famous  in  connection 
with  the  legends  of  .^neas. 

BUVO  di  Puglia  (ro'vo  de  pol'ya).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Bari,  southeastern  Italy,22  miles 
west  of  Bari :  the  ancient  Euhi.  Many  ancient 
Apulian  vases  have  been  discovered  here.  Pop- 
ulation (1881),  17,956. 

Buwenzori  (ro-wen-zo're),  Mount.  A  moun- 
tain in  Equatorial  Africa,  between  Albert 
Nyanza  and  Albert  Edward  Nyanza.  It  was 
discovered  by  Stanley  in  1888.  Height,  16,600 
feet. 

BuyBlas  (rile  bias).  1.  Adrama  by  Victor  Hugo, 
produced  in  1838  at  Paris.  Ruy  Bias,  the'  principal 
character,  Is  a  lackey  who  rises  to  power,  loves  the  queen, 
enjoys  a  terrible  revenge  on  his  previous  master,  Don 
Salluste,  who  endeavors  to  degrade  her,  and  kills  himseU 
to  save  her  honor,         • 

2.  An  opera  by  Marchetti,  first  produced  at 
Milan  in  1869. 

Buy  Diaz.    See  Cid. 

Buysch  (roiseh),  Frederik.  Bom  at  The  Hague, 
March  23,  1638 :  died  Feb.  22,  1731.  A  noted 
Dutch  anatomist  and  surgeon,  professor  of 
anatomy,  and  later  of  botany,  at  Amsterdam. 
He  investigated  the  lymphatics,  etc. 

Buysdael^r  Buisdael,  or  Buisdaal  (rois'dal), 
Jakob.  Bom  at  Haarlem,  Netherlands,  about 
1625 :  died  there,  March  14,  1682.  A  Dutch 
landscape-painter  and  etcher.  He  is  noted  for 
representations  of  forest  scenery,  etc. :  the  figures  are  by 
other  artists.  His  works  are  in  the  Netherlands,  Paris, 
London,  Dresden,  and  elsewhere. 

Buyter  (ri'tfer ;  D.  pron.  roi'ter),  Michel  Adri- 
aanszoon  de.  Bom  at  Flushing,  Netherlands, 
March  24, 1607 :  died  at  Syracuse,  Italy,  April  29, 


876 

1676.  A  famous  Dutch  admiral.  He  served  against 
the  Spaniards  in  1641,  and  against  the  English  1662-64. 
He  was  made  vice-admiral  of  Holland  after  the  death  of 
Tromp  in  1663,  and  in  1659  commanded  the  Dutch  fleet 
which  supported  Denmark  against  Sweden.  He  was  en- 
nobled by  the  King  of  Denmark  at  the  conclusion  of  the  war 
in  1660.  He  was  subsequently  made  admiral-in-chief  of  the 
Dutch  fleet,  and  commanded  against  the  English  1666-67, 
sailing  up  the  Thames  and  Medway  in  1667.  He  com- 
manded against  the  combined  English  and  French  fleets 
1672-73,  and  was  mortally  wounded  in  a  battle  against  the 
French  off  Messina,  in  April,  1676. 

Byan  (ri'an),  Loch.  An  arm  of  the  sea  in  Wig- 
townshire, Scotland.    Length,  8  miles. 

Byan,  Bichard.  Died  at  London,  Aug.,  1760. 
A  British  actor,  contemporary  with  Better- 
ton,  with  whom  he  acted,  on  his  first  appear- 
ance, as  Seyton  to  Betterton's  Macbeth.  He 
rose  to  the  first  place  among  actors  of  the  second  rank. 
He  played  Orestes,  Lord  Townley,  Edgar,  Macduff,  lago, 
Cassio,  and  many  other  characters  with  great  effect. 

Byance  (li'ans),  or  Byence  (ri'eus).  A  legen- 
dary king  of  Ireland  and  Wales,  in  the  Arthurian 
legends.    His  sword  was  named  Marandaise. 

Byazan,  or  Eiazan  (re-a-zau').  1.  A  govern- 
ment of  central  Russia,  surrounded  by  Vladi- 
mir, TambofF,  Tula,  and  Moscow.  It  is  traversed 
bytheOka.  The  soil  is  fertile.  Area,  16,265  square  miles. 
Population  (1890),  1,928,600. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Ryazan, 
situated  on  the  Trubej,  near  the  Oka,  about 
lat.  54°  42'  N.,  long.  39°  50'  E.  The  capital  of  the 
old  principality  01  Ryazan  was  Old  Ryazan,  situated  on  the 
Oka.    Population  (1894),  30,319. 

Byazan,  FrincipaUty  of.  A  medieval  princi- 
pality of  Russia.  It  was  frequently  a  rival  of  Mus- 
covy, and  was  annexed  by  Muscovy  about  162L 

Bybinsk  (rii-bensk'),  orBuibinsk,  orBiibinsk. 

A  town  in  the  government  of  xaroslaff,  cen- 
tral Russia,  situated  on  the  Volga,  opposite 
the  mouth  of  the  Sheksna,  170  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Moscow.  It  is  an  important  center  of 
transit  trade  over  the  Volga  and  the  canal-system  which 
connect  St.  Petersburg  with  the  southeast  of  Russia.  Pop- 
tdation  (1890),  32,111. 

Bycaut,  or  Bicaut  (re-ko').  Sir  Paul.  Died  in 
England,  Dee.  16,  1700.  An  English  diploma- 
tist, traveler,  and  historian.  He  wrote ' '  Present 
State  of  the  Ottoman  Empire"  (1670)  and  "  His- 
tory of  the  Turks  1623-1699"  (1680-1700). 

Bydal  (ri'dal).  A  village  in  Westmoreland, 
England,  2  miles  north-northwest  of  Amble- 
side. It  contains  Kydal  Mount,  the  home  of 
Wordsworth. 

Byde  (rid).  A  town  and  watering-place  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  England,  situated  on  the  north- 
em  coast  5miles  south-southwest  of  Portsmouth. 
Population  (1891),  10,952. 

Bydgvist  (rid'kvist),  Johan  Erik.  Bom  at 
(Jothenburg,  Sweden,  Oct.  20,  1800:  died  at 
Stockholm,  Dee.  19, 1877.    A  Swedish  philolo- 


Byswick 

gist  and  author,  chief  librarian  of  the  royal  li- 
brary 1858-65.  He  wrote  "  Svenska  sprftkets  Lagar  " 
("  Laws  of  the  Swedish  Language,"  1860-74X  etc.,  and  ed- 
ited  "  Heimdall,"  a  literary  journal,  1828-32. 

Eye  (ri).  A  seaport  in  the  county  of  Sussex, 
England,  situated  near  the  English  Channel  53 
miles  southeast  of  London,  it  is  one  of  the  an- 
cient Cinque  Ports,  and  formerly  stood  directly  on  the 
coast.    Population  (1891),  3,871. 

Bye.  A  town  in  Rockingham  County,  New 
Hampshire,  situated  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  di- 
rectly south  of  Portsmouth.  The  summer  resort 
Rye  Beach  is  near  it.    Population  (1900),  1,142. 

Bye  House  Plot,  In  English  history,  a  conspir- 
acy by  some  extreme  Whigs  to  kill  Charles  II. 
and  the  Duke  of  York  (James  H.),  June,  1683. 
It  is  so  called  from  Rye  House  in  Hertfordshire,  the  meet- 
ing-place of  the  conspirators.  Lord  Russell  (see  Sussell, 
William),  Algernon  Sidney,  and  Robert  Baillie  were  exe- 
cuted for  alleged  complicity. 

Byle  (ril),  John  Charles,  Bom  May  10, 1816: 
died  June  10,  1900.  Bishop  of  LiveiT)ool.  He 
was  educated  at  Oxford  (Christ  Church),  and  in  1880  was 
appointed  bishop  of  Liverpool.  He  was  the  author  of  nu- 
merous religious  works. 

B3naier  (ri'mer),  Thomas.  Bom  about  1641: 
died  at  London,  Deo.  14,  1713.  A  noted  Eng- 
lish antiquary.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  at  Gray's  Inn 
June  16, 1673.  In  1692  he  succeeded  Thomas  Shadwell  as 
historiographer  royaL  On  Aug.  26,  1693,  he  began  the 
great  "Foedera,"  based  on  the  "Codex  Juris  Gentium 
Diplomaticus  "  of  Leibnitz.  It  Is  a  compilation  of  all  the 
treaties,  conventions,  correspondence,  and  other  records 
relating  to  theforeign  relations  of  England  from  1101  A.  D. 
to  his  own  time.  The  publication  was  completed  after  his 
death,  in  1736.  His  critical  work  was  good,  but  he  pro- 
duced an  unsuccessful  play,  "Edgar,  or  the  English  Mon- 
arch" (1678). 

Bysdyk's  Hambletonian  (10).   A  bay  trotting 

stallion,  foaled  about  1849.  From  him  has  sprung 
most  of  the  improved  trotting  stock  of  America.  He  was 
by  Abdallah  (1),  dam  the  Charles  Kent  mare ;  Abdallah  by 
Mambrino,  dam  Amazonia;  and  Mambrino  by  Messenger 
out  of  a  thoroughbred  mare.  The  Charles  Kent  mare  was 
by  the  imported  Norfolk  trotter  Bellfounder  out  of  One 
Eye  by  a  son  of  Messenger.  He  was  thus  a  cross  between 
the  thoroughbred  and  the  partially  developed  English 
trotting  horse  of  the  day. 

Byswick,  or  Byswijk  (riz'wik).  Peace  of.   [D. 

MijswijJc.]  A  treaty  signed  at  Ryswijk,  a  village 
in  the  province  of  South  Holland,  Netherlands, 
2  miles  south-southeast  of  The  Hague,  Sept.  21, 
1697,  between  France  on  the  one  side  and  Eng- 
land, the  Netherlands,  and  Spain  on  the  other. 
France  acknowledged  William  III.  as  king  of  England, 
abandoning  the  cause  of  the  Stuarts,  and  restored  con- 
quests in  Catalonia  and  in  the  Spanish  Netherlands  (ex- 
cept certain  "reunited  "  towns) ;  the  Dutch  restored  Pon- 
dicherry  to  the  French ;  and  England  and  France  mutually 
restored  conquests  in  Am  erica.  The  treaty  was  ratified  by 
the  Empire  Oct.  30 :  France  restored  its  conquests  except 
those  in  Alsaee ;  the  Duke  of  Lorraine  had  most  of  his  do- 
minions restored ;  and  a  clause  prejudicial  to  the  Protes- 
tants was  inserted,  applying  to  the  towns  "  reunited  "  by 
France. 


&  (sa),  Estacio  de.    Bom  in 

Portugal  aljout  1520:  died 
at  Sao  Sebastiao  (Eio  de 
Janeiro),  Feb.  20,  1567.  A 
Portuguese  oaptain,nepliew 
of  Mem  de  8&.  in  1664  he  was 
sent  against  the  French  Frotes* 
tant  colony  in  Brazil.  Aided  by 
his  uncle,  he  founded  the  city  of 
Kio  de  Janeiro,  March,  1966,  but 
was  closely  besieged  there  by  the  French  and  Indians,  who 
were  defeated  only  on  the  arrival  of  Mem  de  SA  with  rein- 
forcements. Estacio  de  S^  died  of  a  wound  received  in 
the  engagement. 

Sa,  Mem  or  Men  de.  Bom  at  Coimbra,  Portu- 
gal, about  1500 :  died  at  Bahia,  Brazil;  March  2, 
1572.  Governor-general  of  Brazil  from  1558 
(appointed  1556).  in  March,  1660,  he  took  the  French 
fort  of  VlUegagnon  in  the  harbor  of  Kio  de  Janeiro,  but 
was  unable  to  dislodge  the  interlopers  from  the  interior, 
and  they  returned  alter  he  had  left.  In  1666  the  city  of 
Kio  de  Janeiro  was  founded  (see  Sd,  Estacio  de),  and  on 
Jan.  21,  1567,  Mem  de  34  completely  defeated  the  French 
and  their  Indian  allies.  He  put  down  several  Indian  re- 
volts, and  laid  the  foundations  of  the  future  prosperity  of 
the  country. 

Saadi.    See  Sadi. 

Saadia  Gaon  (sa-ad'ya  ga-6n ').  Born  atFaymn, 
Egypt,  892:  died  942.  A  celebrated  Jewish 
exegete,  religious  philosopher,  and  apologist. 
He  became  gaon  (i.  e.  head  of  the  Talmudic  academy)  at 
Sora.  He  may  be  considered  as  the  founder  of  scientific 
Judaism,  and  the  creator  of  religious  philosophy  in  the 
middle  ages.  He  defended  Judaism  against  Earaism, 
Christianity,  and  Islam.  Besides  his  polemical  works,  he 
wrote  many  treatises  on  the  Talmud,  composed  a  Hebrew 
lexicon  (*'  Iggaron  "),  and  translated  the  Old  Testament  into 
Arabic.  But  his  principal  work  is  on  the  philosophy  of 
religion,  written  in  Arabic  "Eitab  al-Amanat  wal  Itiqa- 
dot";  in  Hebrew,  "Emunoth  we-Deoth"  ("Faiths  and 

,  Opinions  "),  in  which  he  attempts  to  bring  the  doctrines 
of  Judaism  into  a  system,  and  to  reconcile  them  with  the 
philosophy  of  his  time.  In  his  various  controversies 
Saadia  displayed  not  only  great  learning  and  clearness  of 
thinking,  but  also  mildness  and  tolerance. 

Saalach.    See  Saale,  Salzburger. 

Saale  (za'le),  Franconian.  A  river  in  Lower 
Franconia,  Bavaria :  the  chief  right-hand  tribu- 
tary of  the  Main,  which  it  joins  at  Gremiinden, 
21  miles  northwest  of  ■Wiirzburg;  Length,  69 
miles. 

Saale,  Salzburger  (zalts'borg-er),  or  Saalach 
(za'lach).  A  river  in  Salzburg  and  Bavaria 
which  joins  the  Salzaoh  4  miles  northwest  of 
Salzburg.    Length,  about  70  miles. 

Saale,  Saxon  orTThiiringlan.  One  of  the  chief 
tributaries  of  the  Elbe,  it  rises  in  the  Fichtelge- 
birge,  Bavaria ;  traverses  Thnringia,  Prussian  Saxony,  and 
Anhalt,  flowing  generally  north;  and  joins  the  Elbe  19 
miles  southeast  of  Magdeburg.  Its  tributaries  are  the  Ilm, 
Unstrut,  Wipper,  Bode,  and  White  Elster.  Kudolstadt, 
Jena,  Naumburg,  Merseburg,  and  Halle  are  on  its  banks. 
Length,  about  226  miles;  navigable  from  ITaumburg. 

SaaJ|feld  (zai'felt).  A  town  in  the  duchy 
of  Saxe-Meiningen,  Germany,  situated  on  the 
Saale  24  miles  south  of  Weimar,  it  has  manufac- 
tures of  sewing-machines,  etc.  It  contains  the  ruined 
Sorbenburg.  On  Oct.  10, 1806,  a  battle  occurred  in  its  vicin- 
ity between  the  French  and  the  Prussians,  in  which  the 
latter  were  defeated  and  Prince  Ludwig  of  Prussia  was 
slain.    Population  (1890),  9,801. 

Saalfeld.  A  former  duchy  of  Germany,  founded 
in  1680  by  Johann  Ernst,  youngest  son  of  Duke 
Ernst  the  Pious  of  Gotha,  and  annexed  to  Saxe- 
Meiningen  in  1826. 

Saane  (za'ne),  P.  Sarine  (sa-ren').  A  river 
in  the  cantons  of  Bern,  Vaud,  and  Pribourg, 
Switzerland.  It  rises  on  the  border  of  Bern  and  Valais, 
and  joins  the  Aare  10  miles  west  by  north  of  Bern. 
Length,  78  miles. 

Saanen  (za'nen).  Af  ormer  division  of  Switzer- 
land, in  the  upper  vaUey  of  the  Saane,  now 
divided  between  Bern  and  Vaud  (the  pays  d'en- 
haut). 

Saar  (zar),  P.  Sarre  (sar).  [L.  Saravus  or 
Sarra.'}  A  river  in  Alsace-Lorraine  and  the 
Ehine  Province,  which  joins  the  Moselle  5  miles 
southwest  of  Treves.   In  its  basin  is  one  of  the  chief 

coal-flelds  of  Germany.     Length,  130-140  miles.    It  is 

navigable  from  Saargemiind  to  its  mouth. 

Saarbriicken  (zar'bruk-en),  or  Saarbriick 
(zar'bruk),  F  Sarrebruck  (sar-brtik').   A  city 


in  the  Bhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Saar  38  miles  south-southeast  of  Treves,  it  is 
the  center  of  an  important  and  extensive  coal-mining  dis- 
trict, and  has  considerable  manufactures.  In  its  vicinity 
occurred  a  skirmish,  the  first  action  of  the  Franco-German 
war,  Aug.  2, 1870.  Its  result  was  favorable  to  the  French, 
and  it  was  represented  by  Napoleon  HI.  as  an  important 
victory.    Population  (1890),  13,812. 

Saarburg  (zar'boro),  P.  Sarrebourg  (sar- 
b<5r').  A  town  in  Lorraine,  Alsace-Lorraine, 
situated  on  the  Saar  35  miles  west-northwest 
of  Strasburg.  It  has  a  ruined  castle.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  5,445. 

Saardam.    See  Zaandam. 

Saargemiind  (zar'ge-mfint),  P.  Sarreguemines 
(sarg-men').  A  town  in  Lorraine,  Alsace-Lor- 
raine, situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Blies  with 
the  Saar,  40  miles  east  of  Metz.  It  has  important 
manufactures  of  porcelain,  earthenware,  faience,  majol- 
ica, plush,  and  velvet.    Population  (1890),  13,076. 

Saarlouis  (zar-18'i),  F.  Sarrelouis  (sar-lo-e')- 
A  town  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Saar  31  miles  south  by  east  of  Treves. 
It  is  an  industrial  and  commercial  center,  and  one  of  the 
strongest  border  fortresses  of  Prussia.  It  was  founded  by 
Vauban  in  1681 ;  granted  to  France  in  1697 ;  and  ceded  j» 
Prussia  in  1816.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Key.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  6,844. 

Saasgrat.    See  MischabelMmer 

Saastbal  (sas'tal).  An  Alpine  valley  in  the 
canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  south-southwest 
of  Brieg :  traversed  by  the  Saaser  Visp. 

Saati  (sa'te).  A  height  west  of  Massowah, 
eastern  Africa,  occupied  by  the  Italians  in  1885 
as  a  military  post. 

Saavedra  (sa-a-va'sma).  Angel  de,  Duke  of 
Eivas.  Bom  at  Cordova,  Spain,  March  1,1791: 
died  at  Madrid,  1865.  A  Spanish  poet,  politi- 
cian, and  diplomatist.  He  was  twice  exiled.  Among 
his  works  are  the  tragedies  "Lanuza  "  and  "Don  Alvaro" 
(1835),  the  epic  "Florinda,"  the  narrative  poem  "El  moro 
exp6sito  "  (1834),  etc. 

Saavedra,  Cervantes.    See  Cervantes. 

Saavedra  y  Faxardo  (e  fa-nar'do),  Diego. 
Bom  in  the  province  of  Muroia,  Spain,  May  6, 
1584 :  died  at  Madrid,  Aug.  24, 1648.  A  Spanish 
diplomatist  and  author.  Eis  chief  works  are 
"Empresas  politicas"  (1640)  and  "Eepiiblica 
literaria"  (1655). 

Saaz  (zats),  Bohem.  Zatec  (zha'tets).  A  to  wn  in 
northwestern  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Eger43 
miles  northwest  of  Prague :  the  center  of  an  im- 
portant hop-growing  district.  It  was  formerly 
a  Hussite  stronghold.  Population  (1890),  13,234. 

Saba  (sa ' ba),  or  Sabea  (sa-be '  a).  A  former 
kingdom  in  Yemen,  southwestern  Arabia:  also 
its  chief  city.     See  Sheba. 

Saba  (sa'ba).  A  small  island  in  the  Lesser  An- 
tilles, West  Indies,  situated  northwest  of  St. 
Christopher's,  in  lat.  17°  39'  N.,  long.  63°  15' 
W.  It  belongs  to  the  Dutch.  Population  (1890), 
1,883. 

Sabaco  (sab'a-kd),  or  Shabaka  (sha'ba-ka). 
The  first  of  the  recognized  monarehs  of  the  25th 
or  Ethiopian  dynasty  of  Manetho:  a  native  of 
Akesh,  in  Kush  or  Ethiopia.  He  is  mentioned  by 
Herodotus.  He  retired  from  Egypt  in  consequence  of  a 
dream.  ,  The  death  of  an  Apis  at  the  Serapeum  is  recorded 
in  the  second  year  of  his  reign,  and  his  name  is  found  on 
the  monuments  of  Earnak.  He  concluded  a  treaty  with  one 
of  the  Assyrian  monarehs,  and  the  seal  which  was  attached 
to  it  was  found  in  the  archives  of  Kuyunjik,  the  ancient 
Nineveh.  His  reign  is  supposed  to  have  lasted  eight  years. 
Birch. 

Herodotus  mentions  only  one  Sabaco,  but  the  monu- 
ments and  Manetho  notice  two,  the  Sabakdn  and  Sebi- 
ohds  (Sevfichos)  of  Manetho,  called  Shebek  in  the  hiero- 
glyphics. One  of  these  is  the  same  as  So  (SavA),  the  con- 
temporary of  Hosea,  King  of  Israel,  who  is  said  (in  2  Kings 
xvii.  4)  to  have  made  a  treaty  with  the  King  of  Egypt,  and 
to  have  refused  the  annual  tribute  to  Shalmaneser,  King 
of  Assyria.  RawUmon,  Herod.,  II.  216,  note. 

Sabah.    Same  as  British  North  Borneo. 

Sabako.    See  Sabaco. 

Sabanilla.    See  Savanilla. 

Sabard  (sa-ba-ra').     A  town  in  the  state  of 

Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  situated  on  the  Eio  das 

Velhas,  about  lat.  19°  54'  S.,  long.  44°  21'  W. 

Population,  about  8,000. 

877 


Sabazius  (sa-ba'zhi-us).  A  Phrygian  god  of 
nature,  by  the  Greeks  partially  identified  with 
Zeus  and  with  Dionysus.  His  worship,  which  was 
orgiastic,  was  closely  connected  with  that  of  Cybele  and 
Attis.  It  was  introduced  into  Rome,  and  flourished 
throughout  Italy,  especially  in  the  latest  pagan  times. 
His  symbol  was  the  snake. 

Sabbatai-Zevl  (sab-ba-ti'ze-ve').  Bom  in  Smyr- 
iia  (Asia  Minor) ,  1626 :  died  1676.    A  Hebrew  im- 

Sostor.  "When  20  years  old  he  proclaimed  himself  the 
Messiah,  and,  favored  by  the  mystical  tendencies  of  the 
time  and  the  oppression  under  which  the  Jews  were  suf- 
fering, obtainedagreat  following  among  theEastern  Jews, 
notwithstanding  the  opposition  and  anathemas  of  the  most 
prominent  rabbis.  When  he  arrived  with  his  followers  in 
Constantinople,  he  was  seized  by  Sultan  Mohammed  IV. 
and  put  into  prison.  The  false  prophet  then  embraced 
Islam,  but  the  movement  which  he  started  lasted  for  many 
years. 

Sabbatians  (sa-ba'tianz).  A  Novatian  sect  of 
the  4th  century,  followers  of  Sabbatius,  who 
adopted  the  (Juartodeeiman  rule.  Also  Saba- 
thians,  Sabbathaists,  Sabbaihians. 

Sabbioneta  (sab-be-6-na'ta).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Mantua,  Italy,  19  miles  southwest 
of  Mantua.  It  was  the  chief  town  of  a  former  princi- 
pality of  Sabbioneta.    Population  (1881),  commune,  7,102. 

Sabeans  (sa-be'anz).  1.  Members  of  some  ob- 
scure tribes  mentioned  in  the  authorized  ver- 
sion of  the  Bible,  and  regarded  as  the  descen- 
dants (a)  of  Seba,  son  of  Cush;  (6)  of  Seba,  son 
ofEaamah;  or(c)of  Sheba,  son  of  Joktan.  Also 
Sabseans. —  3.  The  natives  or  inhabitants  of  that 
part  of  Arabia  now  called  Yemen,  the  chief  city 
of  which  was  Saba.  The  Sabeans  were  extensive  mer- 
chants of  spices,  perfumes,  precious  stones,  etc.,  which 
they  imported  from  India. 

Sabellians  (sa-bel'i-anz).  1.  A  primitive  Ital- 
ian people  which  included  the  Sabines,  Sam- 
nites,  Lucanians,  etc. —  2.  Followers  of  Sabel- 
lius,  aphilosopher  of  the  3d  century.  Sabellianism 
arose  out  of  an  attempt  to  explain  the  doctrine  of  the 
Trinity  on  philosophical  principles.  It  agrees  with  ortho- 
dox Trinitarianism  in  denying  the  subordination  of  the 
Son  to  the  Father,  and  in  recognizing  the  divinity  mani- 
fested in  Christ  as  the  absolute  deity ;  it  differs  therefrom 
in  denying  the  real  personality  of  the  Son,  and  in  recog- 
nizing in  the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Spirit  not  a  real  and 
eternal  Trinity,  but  one  only  temporal  and  modalistic. 
According  to  Sabellianism,  with  the  cessation  of  the  mani- 
festation of  Christ  in  time  the  Son  also  ceases  to  be  the 
Sou.    It  is  nearly  allied  to  Modalism. 

Sabellius  (sa-bel'i-us).  Lived  at  the  end  of  the 
2d  and  the  beginning  of  the  3d  century  A.  D.  A 
Eomanpresbyter,founder  of  the  Sabellians.  He 
was  excommunicated  by  Bishop  Callistus. 

Sabians  (sa'bi-anz).    See  Mandmans. 

Sabina  (sa-be'na).  La.  A  mountainous  region 
north-northeast  of  Eome. 

Sabina,  Foppsea.    See  Poppssa  Sabina. 

Sabine  (sa-ben').  Ariverin  eastern  Texas,  and 
on  the  boundary  between  Louisiana  and  Texas. 
It  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  through  Sabine 
Lake  and  Sabine  Pass.  Length,  about  500  miles. 

Sabine  (sab'in),  Sir  Edward.  Bom  at  Dublin, 
Oct.  14, 1788 :  died  at  Eichmond,  June  26, 1883. 
A  British  astronomer  and  physicist.  He  obtained 
a  commission  in  the  artillery  about  1804  ;  accompanied 
Koss  and  Parry  as  astronomer  in  the  arctic  expeditions  of 
1819-20;  and  was  president  of  the  British  Association  in 
1863,  and  of  the  Koyal  Society  1861-71.  He  published  a 
number  of  valuable  papers  pertaining  to  terrestrial  mag- 
netism in  the  "Philosophical  Transactions." 

Sabine  (sa'bin),  Lorenzo,  Bom  at  Lisbon, 
N.  H.,  Feb.  28, 1803 :  died  April  14, 1877.  An 
American  author  and  politician,  Whig  member 
of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1852-53.  His 
works  include  a  "  Life  of  Preble  "  (1847),  "  Biographical 
Sketches  of  the  Loyalists  of  the  American  Kevolutiou" 
(1847),  etc. 

Sabine  Cross-Roads  (sa-ben'  krds'rodz).  A 
place  in  Mansfield,  De  Soto  parish,  northwest- 
ern Louisiana,  where,  April  8, 1864,  the  Confed- 
erates under  Taylor  defeated  the  Federals  un- 
der Banks. 

Sabine  Lake. '  An  expansion  of  the  river  Sa- 
bine, on  the  boundary  between  Louisiana  and 
Texas,  near  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Length,  about 
18  miles. 

Sabine  (sa'bin)  Mountains,  A  range  of  moun- 
tains east  of  Rome,  near  the  eastern  border  of 


Sabine  Mountains 

Latiiuu.  It  is  a  branch  of  the  Apennines.  Its 
highest  point  is  about  4,200  feet. 

Sabine  Fass  (sa-ben'  pas).  A  short  and  narrow 
passage  connecting  Sabine  Lake  with  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico. 

Sabines  (sa'binz),  L.  Sabini  (sa-bi'ni).  In  an- 
cient history,  a  people  of  central  Italy,  who 
lived  chiefly  in  the  mountains  north-northeast 
of  Borne.  They  were  allied  to  the  TTmbrianB  and  Oscans, 
and  the  Samnites  were  descended  from  them.  They  formed 
an  important  element  in  the  composition  of  the  Roman 

Seople.  The  rape  of  the  Sabine  women  is  a  notable  ind- 
ent in  the  legendary  history  of  early  Bome.  Komulus, 
finding  difficulty  in  obtaining  wives  for  the  men  who  had 
gathered  around  him  in  his  new  city,  is  said  to  hare  in- 
vited the  neighboring  tribes  to  a  celebration  of  games, 
and  the  Soman  youths  took  occasion  to  carry  off  a  num- 
ber of  the  Sabine  virgins.  The  chief  town  of  the  Sabines 
was  Keate  (now  £ieti).  They  were  subjugated  by  the  Ro- 
mans about  290  B.  c. 

Sabines,  Rape  of  the.    See  Mape  of  the  Sabines. 

Sabiniim  (sa-bi'num).  The  country  villa  of 
Horace,  situated  not  far  from  Tivoli:  celebrated 
in  his  poetry. 

Sabis  (sa'bis).  The  ancient  name  of  the  Sambre. 

8abl6  (sa-bla').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Sarthe,  France,  situated  on  the  Sarthe  27  miles 
southwest  of  Le  Mans.  In  its  vicinity  are  quarries 
of  black  marble.    Population  (1891),  commune,  6,047. 

Sable  (sa'bl),  Cape.  [F.  sable,  sand.]  1.  The 
southwestemmost  extremity  of  Nova  Scotia,  in 
lat.  43°  23'  N.,  long.  65°  37'  W.— 2.  The  south- 
ernmost point  of  the  mainland  of  Florida  and 
of  the  United  States,  in  lat.  25°  8'  N. 

Sable  Island.  [F.  sa&Ze,  sand.]  A  sandy  island 
southeast  of  Nova  Scotia,  to  which  it  belongs: 
lat.  of  eastern  lighthouse  43°  58'  N.,  long.  59° 
46'  W.  It  is  surrounded  by  shoals  and  sand- 
banks.   Length,  about  45  miles. 

Sables d'Olonne (sa'bl  do-lon'),Les.  Aseaport 
in  the  department  of  Vendue,  France,  situated 
on  the  Bay  of  Biscay  21  miles  southwest  of  La- 
Eoche-Sur-Yon.  it  has  considerable  trade  and  impor- 
tant fisheries ;  it  is  a  summer  watering-place.  Population 
(1B91),  commune,  11,657. 

Sabra  (sa'bra).  In  the  ancient  ballads  of  "St. 
Greoige  and  the  Dragon,"  the  maiden  for  whom 
the  knight  slew  the  dragon,  and  whom  he  after- 
ward married. 

Sabrina  (sa-bri'na).  The  Boman  name  of  the 
river  Severn. 

Sabrina.  The  legendary  daughter  of  Loorine. 
She  was  drowned  in  the  river  Severn  (Savarina,  Sabrina), 
with  her  mother,  by  Locrine's  enraged  widow,  and  became 
its  nymph.  Milton  introduces  her  in  "Comu8,"andDrayton 
In  the  "Polyolbion  "  and  Hetcher  in  "The  Faithful  Shep- 
herdess "relate  her  transformation. 

Sabrina  (sa-bre'na).  Atemporary  island  formed 
by  volcanic  eruptions  near  the  coast  of  St.  Mi- 
chael, Azores,  m  June,  1811.  It  disappeared 
July-Oet.,  1811. 

Sabrina  Land.  [Named  by  its  discoverer,  Bal- 
leny,  captain  of  an  English  whaler,  from  a  vessel 
which  accompanied  him.]  A  region  in  the  -Ant- 
arctic Ocean,  about  lat.  66°  S.,  long.  120°  E. 

Sac  (s&k).  [PI.,  also  Sacs.'i  -A  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  who  anciently  lived  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Ottawa  Eiver,  and  were  driven  by 
the  Iroquoisf  rom  that  regionto  settle  in  northern 
Wisconsin.  They  united  with  the  Poxtribe,  and  about 
1765  took  possession  of  the  land  on  both  sides  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  conquered  from  the  Illinois.  In  1810  they 
held  a  large  temi»ry  In  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Iowa,  and 
Missouri.  Tliey  fought  against  the  United  States  in  1812, 
and  in  1832apartof  the  tribe  led  by  Black  Hawk  rebelled, 
and  was  defeated  and  removed.  Most  of  them  arenowin  the 
Indian  Territory,  their  whole  number,  together  with  the 
Foxes,  being  somewhat  less  than  1,000.  Their  name,  prop- 
erly Oiagi,  has  been  translated  as  *i)eople  at  the  mouth  of  ' 
a  river,'  referring  to  their  early  habitat.    See  Mgonqwian. 

Sacs  (sa'se).  In  ancient  history,  a  nomadic 
people  dwelling  in  Central  Asia  near  the  sources 
of  the  Oxus  and  the  Jaxartes. 

Sacapa,    See  Zacapa, 

Sacaza  (sa-ka'tha),  Boberto.  Bom  at  Leon, 
Feb.  27, 1840.  A  Nicaraguan  politician.  He  was 
a  senator,  and  when  President  Carazo  died  (Aug.,  1889) 
was  chosen  by  lot,  according  to  the  constitution,  to  suc- 
ceed him  ad  interim.  By  (alleged)  arbitrary  measures  he 
obtained  the  position  of  constitutional  president  for  four 
years  in  the  election  of  Nov.,  1890.  He  was  overthrown 
by  a  revolution.  May,  1893,  and  went  to  New  York. 

Saccas.    See  Ammonms. 

Saccharissa  (sak-a-ris '  a) .  A  lady  celebrated  by 
Waller  in  his  poems : '  she  was  Lady  Dorothy 
Sydney. 

Sacer  Mens.    See  Sacred  Mount. 

Sacheverell  (sa-shev'e-rel),  Henry.  Bom  at 
Marlborough,  England,  1672 :  died  at  London, 
June  5,  1724.  An  English  clergyman  and  Tory 
politician.  He  studied  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
and  was  associated  there  with  Addison,  with  whom  he 
shared  his  rooms.    He  came  into  notice  as  preacher  of  St. 


878 

Saviour's,  Southwark.  Por  two  sermons  criticizing  the 
Whig  ministry,  preached  Aug.  14  and  Nov.  5,  1709,  ho 
was  prosecuted  at  the  instigation  of  Godolphin,  and  March 
28, 1710,  suspended  for  three  years.  He  was  reinstated  by 
the  Tory  ministry,  April  13, 1713. 
Sachs  (zaks),  Hans.  Bom  at  Nuremberg,  Nov. 
5,  1494:  died  there,  Jan.  19, 1576.  A  German 
poet,  the  most  celebrated  of  the  mastersingers, 
so  called.  His  father,  a  tailor,  sent  him  to  the  Latin 
school,  which  he  left  in  his  fifteenth  year  to  become  a 
shoemaker.  Two  years  later,  as  a  journeyman  of  his  trade, 
he  wandered  through  Germany,  studying,  when  the  op- 
portunity presented  itself  in  the  larger  cities,  the  art  of 
mastersong.  Four  years  afterwardj  in  1515,  he  returned 
to  Nuremberg,  where  he  married,  in  1519,  and  where  he 
died.  He  was  a  most  prolific  writer.  From  1514,  when  he 
began  to  write,  to  1567  he  had  by  his  own  computation 
composed  4,275  mastersongs,  208  dramas,  1,658  narratives, 
tables,  allegories,  and  the  like,  and  7  prose  dialogues —in 
all  6,048  works,  a  number  that  was  considerabl;^  increased 
in  the  succeeding  two  years  of  his  literary  activity.  His 
dramas  are  tragedies,  comedies,  and  carnival  plays.  Among 
them  are  his  first  tragedies  "LUcretia"  (1627)  and  "Vir- 
ginia" (1530),  and  the  later  ones  "Julian  der  Abtriin- 
nige "("  Julian  the  Apostate"),  "Melusine,"  "Klytem- 
nestra,"  "Hiimen  Seyfried"  ("The  Horned  Siegfried," 
1557);  the  comedy  " Die  ungleichen  Kinder  Eva"  ("The 
Unlike  Children  of  Eve,"  1653) ;  the  carnival  play  "Das 
Narrenschneiden."  In  the  Reformation  he  arrayed  him- 
self on  the  side  of  Luther,  in  praise  of  whom  he  wrote,  in 
1523,  his  "WittenbergischNachtigall("  Wittenberg  Night- 
ingale ") ;  from  1524  are  4  prose  dialogues  counseling  mod- 
eration in  the  religious  strife.  His  literary  material  is 
drawn  from  all  available  sources  of  the  time :  he  makes  use 
of  the  Bible,  of  ancient  history,  legends,  popular  tales,  and 
folk-books.  He  was  a  real  poet,  and  his  influence  upon 
German  literature  has  been  lasting.  A  selection  from  his 
works,  "Dichtungen  von  Hans  Sachs,"  was  published  at 
Leipsic,  1870-71,  in  3  vols.  A  new  edition  of  the  original 
one  by  Hans  Sachs  himself,  has  been  published  at  Tubin- 
gen, 1870-80,  in  12  vols. 

Sachsen    (zak'sen).    The    German   name    of 


Sachsenchronik  (zak'Ben-kr6'''nik).  ['Saxon 
Chronicle.']  A  universal  history,  written  origi- 
nally in  Low  German  in  the  middle  of  the  13th 
century.  It  was  attributed  to  Eike  von  Bep- 
gowe.    Also  called  "Repgauische  Chronik." 

Sachsenhausen  (zak'sen-hou-zen).  That  part 
of  Frankf ort-on-the-Main  which  lies  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Main. 

Sachsenland.     See  Saxonland. 

Sachsenspiegel  (zak'sen-spe"gel).  [G., '  Saxon 
Mirror.']  A  German  book  of  law,  composed  by 
Eike  von  Eepgowe  about  1230 :  widely  influen- 
tial in  northern  Germany  and  neighboring  lands 
down  to  modem  times.  It  was  written  in  Latin,  and 
was  soon  translated  into  German.  It  gives  a  summary  of 
the  laws  of  northern  Germany,  especially  of  the  duchy  of 
Saxony. 

Sacile  (sa-che'le).  [ML.  Sacilum.']  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Udine,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
Livenza  38  miles  north  by  east  of  Venice.  It  be- 
longed to  the  republic  of  Venice  1420-1797.  In  its  vicinity, 
in  1809,  a  victory  was  gained  by  the  Austrians  under  the 
archduke  John  over  the  French  under  Eugene  de  Beau- 
hamais.     Population  (1881),  commune,  5,326. 

Sack  (zak),  Karl  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Berlin, 
Oct.  17,  1790 :  died  at  Poppelsdorf,  near  Bonn, 
Prussia,  Oct.  16,  1875.  A  German  Protestant 
theologian.  He  was  professor  of  theology  (1818-47)  and 
preacher  (1819-34)  at  Bonn,  and  consistorial  councilor  at 
Magdeburg  (1847-75).  He  wrote ' '  Chrlstliche  Apologetik  " 
(1829),  "Chrlstliche  Polemik"  (1838),  etc. 

Sackanoir.    See  Lahmiut. 

Sackarson  (sak'arTSgn).  The  name  of  a  famous 
performing  bear  in  Shakspere's  time.  Slender 
mentions  him  to  Anne  Page,  and  there  are  other  refer- 
ences to  him. 

SackatOO.     See  SoTcoto. 

Sacken,  Osten-.    See  Osten-Sacken. 

Sackett's  Harbor  (sak'ets  har'bor).  A  lake 
port  of  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  situated 
on  an  arm  of  Lake  Ontario  63  miles  north  of 
Syracuse,  it  was  formerly  an  important  naval  station. 
Here,  in  May,  1813,  the  Americans  under  Brown  repulsed 
an  attack  of  the  British  under  Prevost. 

Sack  of  Venezuela,  Sp.  Saco  de  Venezuela. 

A  name  often  given  to  Lake  Maracaibo,  from 
its  sack-shaped  outline. 

SackvlUe  (sak'vil).  The  family  name  of  the 
English  noble  family  of  Dorset. 

Sackville,  George,  Viscount  Saokville.  See 
Germain. 

Sackville,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Buckhurst,  Sus- 
sex, 1536:  died  at  London,  April  19, 1608.  An 
English  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  entered 
the  Inner  Temple.  He  was  for  many  years  one  of  Eliza- 
beth's chief  councilors,  holding  high  office.  He  was  made 
Lord  Buckhurst  in  1567,  and  earl  of  Dorset  at  the  accession 
of  James  I.  Hispoems  were  the  models  for  some  of  Spenser's 
best  work,  and  his  induction  to  the  "  Mirror  for  Magis- 
trates "  is  the  best  part  of  that  book.  He  wrote  with  Nor- 
ton the  tragedy  of  "Gorboduc"  (which  see). 

Sackville-West  (sak'vil-wesf),  Lionel  Sack- 
ville, second  Baron  Sackville.  Born  Oaly 
19,  1827.  An  English  diplomatist,  British 
minister  to  the  United  States  1881-88.    He  re- 


Sacred  Way 

ceived  his  passports  from  President  Cleveland  in  1888  for 
having  written,  in  answer  to  a  correspondent  who  rep- 
resented liimself  as  a  naturalized  citizen  of  English  birth 
in  search  of  advice,  a  letter  in  which  he  recommended  the 
inquirer  to  vote  the  Democratic  ticket  as  favorable  to  Brit- 
ish interests.  The  incident  occurred  during  thepresidential 
canvass. 

Saco  (s^'ko).  A  river  in  New  Hampshire  and 
Maine,  it  rises  in  the  White  Mountains,  traverses  the 
White  Mountain  Notch,  and  flows  into  the  ocean  14  miles 
southwest  of  Portland.    Length,  about  160  miles. 

Saco.  A  city  in  York  County,  Maine,  situated 
on  the  Saco  near  its  mouth,  opposite  Biddef  ord, 
16  miles  southwest  of  Portland.  It  has  coast- 
ing trade,  cotton  manufactures,  etc.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  6,122. 

Saco  (sa'ko),  Jos6  Antonio.  Bom  at  Bayamo, 
May  7,  1797:  died  at  Barcelona,  Spain,  Sept. 
26,  1879.  A  Cuban  ;publicist  and  author.  Part 
of  his  life  was  spent  in  exile  for  political  reasons :  he  was 
several  times  deputy  to  the  Spanish  Cortes.  Saco  is  best 
known  for  his  important  works  on  the  history  and  effects 
of  slavery. 

Saco  Bay.  A  small  indentation  on  the  coast  of 
Maine,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Saco  Biver. 

Sacramento  (sak-ra-men'to).  [Sp.,  'sacra- 
ment.'] The  largest  river  in  California,  its 
longest  head  stream,  the  Pitt  River,  or  Upper  Sacramento, 
rises  in  Goose  Lake  on  the  Oregon  frontier.  The  Sacra- 
mento proper  rises  on  the  slope  of  Mount  Shasta,  flows 
generally  south,  enters  Suisun  Bay,  and  through  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay  enters  the  Pacific.    Length,  nearly  500  miles. 

Sacramento,  or  Sacramento  City.  A  city,  the 
capital  of  California  and  of  Sacramento  County, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  American  and 
Sacramento  rivers,  in  lat.  38°  33'  N.,  long.  121° 
20'  W.  It  is  the  fourth  city  in  the  State,  exports  fruit, 
has  extensive  manufactures,  and  is  a  railway  center.  Its 
chief  building  is  the  State  capitol.  Sacramento  was  set- 
tled by  J.  A.  Sutter  in  1841.  Gold  was  discovered  in  the 
neighborhood  in  1848.  It  became  the  capital  in  1854,  and 
was  made  a  city  in  1863.  It  has  been  several  times  de- 
vastated by  floods.    Population  (1900),  29,282. 

Sacred  and  Profane  Love.  A  paiiiting  by 
Titian,  in  the  Palazzo  Borghese,  Bome.  The 
scene  is  a  garden.  By  a  fountain  sit  two  women,  one  nude, 
the  other  richly  dressed.  The  former  turns  her  head  to 
see  Cupid  playing  in  the  water;  the  latter  turns  her  back 
on  Love. 

Sacred  Band,  The.  1.  Abandof  SOOThebans 
formed  to  take  part  in  the  wars  of  the  4th  cen- 
tury B.  C.  against  Sparta,  it  was  especially  distUi- 
guished  at  Leuctra  in  371 B.  0.,  and  was  destroyed  at  Chse- 
ronea  in  338  B.  o. 

3.  A  company  of  several  hundred  Greeks, 
formed  in  1821  by  Alexander  Ypsilanti  for  ser- 
vice in  the  Danubian  Principalities  against  the 
Turks.  It  was  destroyed  in  the  battle  of  Dragat- 
chan  in  1821. 

Sacred  Mount,  L.  Mons  Sacer.  A  hill  3  miles 
northeast  of  Bome,  beyond  the  Anio.  it  is  noted 
in  Roman  history  as  the  place  of  temporary  emigrations  of 
the  plebeians,  undertaken  in  order  to  extort  civil  privi- 
leges. The  first  (494  (?)  B.  0.)  led  to  the  establishment 
of  the  tribunate :  the  second  (449  B.  0.)  resulted  in  ths 
abolition  of  the  decemvirate. 

Sacred  Nine,  The.    The  Muses. 

Sacred  Wars.  In  Greek  history,  wars  under- 
taken by  members  of  the  Amphictyonie  League 
in  defense  of  the  shrine  of  Delphi.  There  were 
four  of  these  wars.  (1)  In  600-690  B.  0.(696-688^:  the  Am- 
phiotyons  overthrew  Crissa  and  Cirrha.  (2)  About  448  B.  c. : 
Athens  aided  the  Phocians  in  recovering  Delphi.  (3)  In 
357-346  B.  c. :  the  Phocians,  at  first  successful  against  the 
Thebans,  Locrians,  etc.,  were  overthrown  by  the  aid  of 
Philip  of  Macedon,  who  joined  the  allies  in  3ij2  ;  Phocis 
was  replaced  by  Philip  in  the  League.  (4)  In  339-338  B.  0. : 
the  Amphictyons  appointed  Philip  to  punish  the  Locrians 
of  Amphissa  for  sacrilege ;  his  successes  led  to  the  union 
of  Athens  and  Thebes  against  him  and  their  defeat  at 
Chseronea  in  338. 

Sacred  Way.  1.  The  ancient  road  from  Athens 
to  Eleusis,  starting  at  the  Dipylon  Gate  and 
traversing  the  Pass  of  Daphne.  Over  it  passed 
every  autumn  from  Athens  the  solemn  procession  for  the 
celebration  in  the  shrine  of  the  great  Eleusinian  sanctuary 
of  the  mysteries  in  honor  of  Demeter,  Persephone,  and 
lacchus.  For  almost  its  whole  length  it  was  bordered 
with  tombs,  chapels,  and  even  more  important  founda- 
tions. At  the  outset  of  the  road  a  number  of  the  tombs 
remain  in  place,  practically  uninjured.  (See  Ceramicm.) 
Further  along  the  modern  road  to  Eleusis,  whose  line  is 
almost  identical  with  that  of  the  Sacred  Way,  many  archi- 
tectural fragments  are  still  visible,  and  some  can  be  iden- 
tified from  the  descriptions  of  Pausanias.  In  the  middle 
of  the  Pass  of  Daphne  rises  beside  the  road  a  monastery 
which  exhibits,  in  contrast  with  its  Byzantine  architecture, 
some  remnants  of  French  Pointed  work.  It  was  founded 
by  the  French  dukes  of  Athens,  and  contains  their  tombs, 
but  occupies  the  site  of  a  temple  to  Apollo.  Further  on, 
toward  the  Bay  of  Salamis,  there  are  considerable  remains 
of  a  sanctuary  to  Aphrodite. 

3.  [L.  Via  Sacra.']  The  first  street  of  ancient 
Bome  to  be  established  on  the  low  ground  be- 
neath the  hills.  It  had  its  name  either  because  on  its 
line,  according  to  tradition,  Romulus  made  his  treaty  with 
the  Sabine  chief  Tatius,  or  because  on  It  lay  several  of 
the  oldest  and  most  revered  sanctuaries  of  Rome,  as  the 
temple  of  Vesta  and  the  Regia.  It  began  at  the  Clivus 
Capitolinus  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  Forum  Romanum, 


Sacred  Way 

and  ran  along  the  southern  side  of  the  3E'oram,  past  the 
Basilica  Jnlia  and  the  temple  of  Castor  and  Follox ;  then 
It  turned  at  right  angles  and  crossed  the  Forum,  and 
turned  again  to  skirt  the  northern  side  of  the  temple 
of  Julius  Csesar.  It  continued  in  front  of  the  temple  of 
Antoninus  and  Faustina  and  the  basilica  of  Constantine 
to  the  arch  of  Titus.  Under  the  empire  it  was  extended 
hence  past  the  Colosseum  to  a  point  on  the  Esquiline. 
The  lava  pavement  of  the  Via  Sacra,  as  it  now  exists,  is 
almost  all  late  in  date ;  and  it  is  probable  that  the  course 
of  the  Sacred  Way  was  slightly  altered  from  time  to  time 
to  meet  architectural  exigencies. 

Sacrificial  Stone.  The  stone  on  wMoh  human 
victims  'were  sacrificed  before  the  war-god 
Huitzilopoohtli,  in  the  principal  Aztec  temple 
at  Mexico,  it  was  du»  up  near  the  site  of  the  temple 
in  1791,  and  is  now  in  the  Mexican  national  museum. 
The  stone  is  disk-shaped,  8J  feet  in  diameter  and  2j 
feet  thick.  The  sides  are  covered  with  elaborate  sculp- 
tures. 

Sacripant  (sak'ri-pant).  1 .  A  character  in  the 
"Orlando  Innamorato"  of  Boiardo  and  the 
"Orlando  Furioso"  of  Ariosto. — 3.  A  charac- 
ter in  Tasso's  "  Seeehia  Eapita." 

Sacriportus  (sak-ri-por'tus).  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  locality  in  Latium,  Italy,  near  Prse- 
neste.  Here,  in  82  b.  c,  Sulla  decisively  de- 
feated the  forces  of  the  younger  Marius. 

Sacsahuana  (sak-sa-wa'na),  or  Sacsahuaman 
(sak-sa-wa'man).  A  hill  and  ancient  fortress, 
northwest  of  and  overlooking  the  city  of  Cuz- 
CO,  Peru.  The  hill  is  a  terrace  of  higher  mountains, 
ana  is  so  steep  as  to  be  practically  unassailable  on  the  side 
toward  the  city,  where  it  is  but  slightly  defended.  The 
principal  works  face  the  other  way,  inclosing  a  project- 
ing portion  of  the  terrace.  They  consist  of  three  walls, 
each  1,800  feet  long,  rising  one  behind  the  other  and  sup- 
porting artificial  terraces,  which  were  defended  by  para- 
pets. The  walls  are  built  with  salient  and  reentering  an- 
gles, thus  embodying  a  principle  of  modern  fortification ; 
counting  from  the  outer  one,  they  are  respectively  27, 18, 
and  14  feet  high.  They  are  formed  of  immense  irregular 
limestone  blocks,  fitted  together  with  great  skill  (see  the 
quotation) :  some  of  these  were  evidently  taken  from 
quarries  three  quarters  of  a  mile  distant.  There  are  sub- 
sidiary structures,  and  the  place  waa  artificially  supplied 
with  water.  These  works  are  commonly  called  the  for- 
tress of  the  Incas  or  of  Ouzoo.  Oarcilasso  (followed  by 
Squier)  says  that  they  were  built  by  the  later  Incas, 
and  even  names  the  engineer.  Most  modern-  archseolo- 
gists  now  assign  them  to  the  pre-Incarial  period,  and  they 
are  supposed  to  be  coeval  with  the  structures  at  Tiahua- 
nucu  (see  that  name  and  Pirwxs).  "Wben  Inca  Manco  be- 
sieged the  Spaniards  in  Cuzco  (April,  1536),  he  seized  this 
fortress,  and  the  Indians  were  dislodged  only  after  a  fierce 
battle. 

The  work  is  altogether  without  doubt  the  grandest 
specimen  of  the  style  called  Cyclopean  extant  in  America. 
The  outer  wall,  as  I  have  said,  is  heaviest.  Each  salient 
terminates  in  an  immense  block  of  stone,  sometimes  as 
high  as  the  terrace  which  it  supports,  but  generally  sus- 
taining one  or  more  great  stones  only  less  in  size  than  it- 
self. One  of  these  stones  is  27  feet  high,  14  broad,  and  12 
in  thickness.  Stones  of  15  feet  in  length,  12  in  width,  and 
10  in  thiclsiess  are  common  iu  the  outer  walls. 

E.  O.  Squier,  Peru,  p.  471. 

Sacy  (sa-se').  Baron  Silvestre  de  (Antoine 
Isaac  Silvestre).  Bom  at  Paris,  Sept.  21, 1758 : 
died  at  Paris,  Feb.  21,  1838.  A  French  Orien- 
talist. He  became  professor  of  Persian  at  the  College 
de  France  iu  1806.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  European 
study  of  Arabic.  Among  his  works  are  "Grammaire  arabe" 
(1810),  "  Chrestomathie  arabe  "  (1806 :  revised  ed.  1826-31), 
''  Principes  de  la  grammaire  gto^rale  "  (1799),  etc. 

Sacy,  Samuel  ITstazade  Silvestre  de.    Bom 

at  Paris,  Oct.  17,  1801 :  died  Feb.  14,  1879.  A 
French  publicist  and  miscellaneous  writer,  son 
of  Baron  Silvestre  de  Sacy. 

Sad  (sad).  [At.  sa'd,  a  lucky  star.]  The  name 
given  on  some  maps  to  the  third-ma,gnitude 
star  ?i  Pegasi.     The  full  name  is  Sad-rhator. 

%&  da  Bandeira  (sa  da  ban-da'ra),  Bernardo 
de.  Bom  at  Santarem,  Portugal,  Sept.  26, 
1795 :  died  Jan.  6, 1876.  A  Portuguese  politi- 
cian and  general.  He  took  part  in  the  insurrections 
of  1820  and  1846 ;  was  several  times  minister  (of  war  or  of 
marine) ;  and  was  premier  1865,  1868-69,  and  1870. 

Sadachbiah  (sad-ak-be'ya).  [Ar.  sa'd-al-ah,- 
hiya,  the  lucky  (star)  of  the  hidden  creatures  — 
' '  because  when  it  appears  the  earthworms  creep 
out  of  their  holes  "  {Smyth).'}  The  fourth-mag- 
nitude star  y  Aquarii. 

Sadah  (se-de')..  The  name  of  the  tenth  day  of 
the  month  Bahman:  a  are  festival  on  which 
the  Persian  kings  lighted  fires  and  attached 
burning  wisps  to  the  feet  of  Tsirds.  Firdausi  as- 
cribes the  festival  and  its  name  to  Hushang,  the  king  who 
struck  a  spark  in  hurling  a  stone  at  a  demon,  and  so  dis- 
covered fire. 

Sadalmelik  (sad-al-mel'ik).  [At.  sa'd-aUnelik, 
the  lucky  (star)  of  the  king.]  The  third-mag- 
nitude star  a  Aquarii. 

Sadalsuud  (sad-al-s6-6d'  or  sad-al-sod').  [Ar. 
sa'd-as-su'4d,  the  luckiest  of  the  lucky.]  The 
third-magnitude  star  /?  Aquarii. 

Sadatoni  (sad-a-to'ni).  [Ar.,  corrupted  from 
dhdi-at-'indn.]  'The  fourth-magnitude  starf  Au- 
rigsB. 


879 

Saddleback  (sad'l-bak).  A  mountain  in  Cum- 
berland, England,  5  miles  northeast  of  Keswick. 
Height,  2,847  feet. 

Saddleback  Mountain.  A  mountain  in  Frank- 
lin County, western  Maine.  Height, about  4,000 
feet. 

Saddle  (sad'l)  Mountain.  A  mountain  of  the 
Taeonio  range  in  Berkshire  County,  northwest- 
ern Massachusetts.  Its  chief  peak  (Greylook) 
is  3,635  feet  high. 

Sadducees  (sad'u-sez).  Areligious  andpolitical 
party  in  Judea  in  the  last  centuries  of  its  exis- 
tence as  a  Jewish  state.  They  were  the  rivals  of  the 
Pharisees.  The  name  is  probably  derived  from  Zadok,  one 
of  the  leaders  of  the  party.  The  Sadducees  were  recruited 
from  among  the  aristocracy  and  the  wealthy  class,  and 
formed  the  following  of  the  Hasmonean  princes.  From 
them  the  oflicers  of  the  state  and  army  were  taken.'  Con- 
trary to  the  Pharisees,  they  placed  secular  interests  above 
those  of  religion.  They  did  not  absolutely  reject  the  tra- 
dition and  the  oral  law,  but  considered  only  the  ordinances 
wliich  appeared  clearly  expressed  iu  the  Pentateuch  as 
binding,  regarding  the  traditional  precepts  as  subordinate. 
In  like  manner  they  did  not  exactly  deny  the  immortality 
of  the  soul,  but  repudiated  the  idea  of  judgment  after 
death.  Owing  to  this  tenet  and  to  their  literal  interprets^ 
tion  of  the  Mosaic  code,  they  were  very  rigorous  in  the 
administration  of  justice.  In  the  last  struggle  of  Judea 
for  independence,  the  Sadducees  mostly  sided  with  Rome. 
After  the  faU  of  Jerusalem,  they  vanish  from  history. 

S&  de  Miranda  (sa  de  me-ran'da),  Francisco 
de.  Bom  at  Coimbra,  Portugal,  Oct.  27,  1495 : 
died  at  Coimbra,  March  15, 1558.  A  Portuguese 
and  Spanish  poet,  writer  of  comedies,  bucolics, 
and  epistles. 

Sad  Fortunes  of  the  Reverend  Amos  Barton, 
The.  A  story  by  Greorge  Eliot,  it  first  appeared 
In  "Blackwood's  Magazine  for  Jan.  and  Feb.,  1857,  and 
was  afterward  included  in  "Scenes  of  Clerical  Life." 

Sadi  (sa-de').  [Pers.  Sa'di.}  One  of  the  most 
celebrated  Persian  poets.  His  real  name  was  Shaikh 
Muslihu-'d-Din,  Sadi  being  a  nom  de  plume  said  to  be 
taken  from  the  king  Sad  ben  Zangi,  and  so  meaning  'the 
Sadyan.'  He  was  born  and  died  at  Sliii-az,  and  lived,  it  is 
said,  1190-1291  A.  D.;  but  there  is  great  uncertainty  as  to 
these  dates,  as  also  with  regard  to  many  statements  con- 
cerning his  life.  He  is  said  to  have  been  educated  at 
Bagdad,  to  have  made  the  pilgrimage  to  Mecca  16  times, 
and  to  have  traveled  in  parts  of  Europe  and  in  all  the  coun- 
tries between  Barbary  and  India.  When  near  Jerusalem 
he  was  captured  by  the  Crusaders  and  forced  to  work 
upon  the  fortifications  of  Tripoli,  but  was  ransomed  by 
a  citizen  of  Aleppo,  sometimes  described  as  a  chief,  some- 
times as  a  merchant,  who  married  him  to  a  beautiful  but 
termagant  daughter.  After  her  death  he  married  again 
and  unhappily.  His  son  and  daughter  were  children  of 
the  first  wife.  The  son  died  in  infancy;  the  daughter 
lived  to  become  the  wife  of  the  poet  Haflz.  Sadi  is  hon- 
ored as  a  saint,  and  his  tomb  near  Shiraz  is  still  visited. 
He  wrote  many  works  in  both  prose  and  verse  and  in  both 
Arabic  and  Persian,  and  Garcin  de  Tassy  declares  that  he 
was  the  first  poet  who  wrote  in  Hindustani.  Among  his 
writings  are  a  divan,  or  collection  of  odes,  the  "  Gulistan  " 
("  Kose-Garden"), "  Bustan "  ("Tree-Garden "),  and  "Pand- 
namah,"  or  "Book  of  Counsel."  (See  Gvligtan,  Bustan.) 
Elegance,  simplicity,  and  wit  are  Sadi's  chief  merits.  The 
first  complete  edition  of  his  works  was  that  of  Harrington 
(Calcutta,  1791-95).  The  "Gulistan,"  first  edited  with  a 
Latin  translation  by  Gentius  (Amsterdam,  1651),  has  been 
translated  into  English  by  Eastwiok  in  Trubner's  Oriental 
Series ;  the  *'  Bustan  "  by  Davie  (London,  1882). 

Sadi-Carnot.    See  Carnot,  Marie  Francois  Sadi. 

Sadir  (sa'der),  or  Sad'r  (sa'dr).  [Ar.  al-sadr, 
the  breast.]  The  second-magnitude  star  yCygni. 

Sadira  (sad'e-ra).  [_Ai.  al-na'aim  al-cddirali, 
the  ostrich  returning  from  water  (with  refer- 
ence to  an  old  Oriental  constellation).]  The 
second-magnitude  star  a  Sagittarii.  It  is  now 
probably  much  brighter  than  when  Bayer  assigned  the 
Greek  letters  to  the  stars  of  this  consteUation. 

Sadler  (sad'16r),  Sir  Balph.  Born  at  Hackney, 
1507 :  died  at  Standon,  Herts,  England,  March 
30,  1587.  An  English  statesman.  While  a  child 
he  entered  the  service  of  Thomas  Cromwell,  earl  of  Essex. 
Essex  introduced  him  to  the  notice  of  Heniy  VIIL ,  whom 
he  assisted  in  the  dissolution  of  the  monasteries.  He  vis- 
ited Scotland  1539-40  and  1641,  and  in  1642  was  sent  to  ne- 
gotiate a  marriage  between  Edward,  prince  of  Wales,  and 
the  young  queen  Mary  of  Scotland.  He  was  knighted  in 
1643.  In  1547  he  was  appointed  by  Henry's  will  a  coun- 
cilor to  the  16  nobles,  guardians  of  Edward  VI.  During 
the  reign  of  Mary  he  lived  retired  at  Hackney.  On  the  ac- 
cession of  Elizabeth  (1668)  he  became  member  of  Parlia- 
ment for  the  county  of  Hertford  and  a  privy  councilor. 
In  1584  he  was  keeper  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  at  Tutbury 
Castle.  The  letters  and  negotiations  of  Sir  Ralph  Sadler 
were  published  in  1720,  and  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  1809. 

Sado  (sa'do).  An  island  of  Japan,  west  of  the 
main  island,  in  the  Sea  of  Japan,  in  lat.  38°  N. 
Length,  57  miles. 

Sadowa  (Sa'do-va).  A  village  near  Koniggratz, 
Bohemia,  its  name  is  frequently  given  to  the  battle 
commonly  known  as  the  battle  of  KBniggratz  (which 

Sad  Shepherd,  The.  A  pastoral  drama  by  Ben 
Jonson,  published  posthumously  in  1641.  it  is  a 
tale  of  Robin  Hood,  and  was  left  unfinished.  It  was  fin- 
ished by  F.  G.  Waldron  in  1783. 

Si,  e  Benevides  (sa  e  be-ne-ve'des),  Salvador 
Corrga  de.  Bom  at  Eio  de  Janeiro,  1594 :  died 
at  Lisbon,  Jan.  1,  1688.    A  Portuguese  soldier 


Sage  of  Monticello,  The 

and  administrator.  He  was  prominent  in  the  wars 
with  the  Dutch  and  Indians  in  Brazil ;  governed  the  cap- 
taincy of  Rio  de  Janeiro  (1637-42),  and  the  three  captain- 
cies composing  Southern  Brazil  (1648-S2) ;  and  during  the 
latter  period  recovered  from  the  Dutch  the  colony  of 
Angola  in  Africa.  From  1668  to  1661  he  was  again  gov- 
ernor of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  or  Southern  Brazil,  then  a  sepa- 
rate colony. 

Saemund  (sa'mond),  sumamed  "hinnfrodhi" 
('The  Learned').  Born  about  1055 :  died  1133. 
An  Icelandic  scholar,  long  erroneously  reputed 
to  be  the  author  of  the  ' '  Elder  "  or  "  Seemund's  " 
Edda.    See  Edda. 

Saenz  Pena  (sa'anth  pan'ya) ,  Luis.  Bom  about 
1830.  An  Argentine  jurist  and  politician.  He 
was  a  justice  of  the  supreme  court,  and  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Argentine  Republic  for  the  term  beginning 
Oct.  12, 1892.    He  resigned  Jan.  21, 1896. 

Saetersdal  (sa'ters-dai) .  A  valley  in  the  south- 
western extremity  of  Norway,  north  of  Chris- 
tiansand.    Length,  about  148  miles. 

Safed  (sa'fed).  A  city  in  Palestine,  situated 
on  the  southern  promontory  of  the  Jebl  Safed 
(Mountain  of  Naphtali),  which  inclosed  the 
Meron  valley.  In  the  Jerusalem  Talmud  it  is  referred 
to  as  one  of  the  holy  cities  of  Palestine.  Safed  played  a 
part  daring  the  struggles  of  the  Crusades.  It  experienced 
many  earthquakes,  the  last  of  which  occurred  on  New 
Tear's  day,  1837,  when  6,000  inhabitants  were  buried  un- 
der the  ruins.  It  now  contains  about  26,000  inhabitants, 
most  of  whom  are  Jews.  Among  its  ruins  is  a  medieval 
castle,  oval  in  plan,  with  ahuge  quadrangular  keep  in  the 
middle :  founded  in  the  12th  century  by  the  Crusaders,  and 
rebuilt  in  the  13th  by  the  Templars. 

Safed  Koh  (ko),  or  Suffeed  Koh,  etc.  Arange 
of  mountains  in  eastern  Afghanistan,  southeast 
of  Kabul.    Height,  about  14,000-15,000  feet. 

Saffarids  (saf  Vridz),  or  SofEarids  (sof 'a-ridz). 
A  Mohammedan  dynasty  which  reigned  in 
Persia  in  the  latter  part  of  the  9th  century. 

Saffi.    See  Safi. 

Saffis.    See  Sufis. 

Safford  (saf'ford),  Truman  Henry.  Bom  at 
Eoyalton,  Vt.,  Jan.  6,  1836 :  died  at  Newark, 
N.  J.,  June  13,  1901.  An  American  astronomer 
and  mathematician.  He  became  professor  of  astron- 
omy at  the  University  of  Chicago  in  1865,  and  at  Williams 
College  in  1876.    His  works  include  star-catalogues,  etc. 

Saffron  Walden  (saf 'ron  wal'dn).  A  town  in 
Essex,  England,  situated  near  the  Cam  38 
miles  north-northeast  of  London.  Ithasaruined 
castle.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Gabriel  Harvey,  and  as 
such  was  made  famous  by  the  lampoon  of  Nashe,  "Haue 
with  you  to  Saffron  Walden,  or  Gabriel  Harvey's  Hand  is 
up,"  written  in  1696.    Population  (1891),  6,104. 

Safi  (sa'fe),  or  Saffi  (saf'fe),  or  Asfi  (as'fe). 
A  seaport  of  Morocco,  situated  on  the  Atlantic 
coast  102  miles  west-northwest  of  Morocco. 
Population,  9,000. 

Safer.    See  Skahpur, 

Safvet  Pasha  (sa'vet  pash'3,),  Mehemet.  Bom 
at  Constantinople  about  1815 :  died  there,  Nov. 
17,  1883.  A  Turkish  statesman.  As  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  he  signed  the  treaty  of  San  Stefano  March 
3, 1878.    He  was  grand  vizir  June-Dec,  1878. 

Saga  (  sU.'ga) .  A  seaport  and  commercial  center 
in  the  island  of  Kiusiu,  Japan,  about  74  miles 
northeast  of  Nagasaki. 

Sagan  (za'gan).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Si- 
lesia, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Sober  82  miles 
northwest  of  Breslau.  it  is  the  capital  of  the  media- 
tized principality  of  Sagan.  It  was  formerly  a  possession 
of  Wallenstein.    Population,  12,623. 

Sagar  (sa-gur').  A  sacred  island  of  the  Hindus, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Hugh. 

Sagar  (sa-gur'),  or  Saugur  (s&-gur'),  or  Sanger 
(sa-gor').  1.  A  district  in  the  Central  Prov- 
inces, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  24°  N., 
long.  78°  40' E.  Area,  4,007  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  591,743.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Sagar,  situated  about  lat.  23°  50'  N., 
long.  78°  45'  E.    Population  (1891),  44,674. 

Sagara  (sa-ga'ra),  orWasagara  (wa-sS-ga'ra), 
or  Sagala  (sa-ga'la).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  German 
East  Africa,  dwelling  in  a  mountainous  and 
fertile  region  bordering  on  Uzegua,  Ugogo,  and 
Masailand.  They  vary  in  stature  and  color,  and  have  a 
tribal  mark  tattooed  on  their  temples.  They  live  in  con- 
stant fear  of  attack.  TJsagara  is  the  name  of  the  country, 
Kisagara  that  of  th  e  language.  The  Warn  egi  are  a  subtribe. 
French  and  English  missions  are  at  work  in  TJsagara. 

Sagasta  (sa-gas'ta),  Praxedes  Mateo.  Bom 

July  21,  1827 :  died  Jan.  5,  1903.  A  Spanish 
liberal  statesman.  He  took  part  iu  the  unsuccessful 
insurrections  of  1856  and  1866 ;  was  minister  of  the  inte- 
rior in  the  provisional  government  of  1868,  and  president 
of  the  Cortes  in  1871 ;  and  was  premier  in  1872,  1874, 
1881-83,  1885-90, 1893-96,  1897-99,  and  March,  1901-02. 

Sage,  Le.    See  Le  Saqe. 

Sage  of  Concord,  The.  Ralph  Waldo  Emer- 
son :  he  resided  at  Concord,  Massachusetts. 

Sage  of  Monticello,  The.  Thomas  Jefferson : 
from  his  country  residence  at  Monticello,  Vir- 
ginia. 


Sage  of  Samoa,  The 

Sage  of  Samos,  The.    Pythagoras. 

Saghalin,  or  Sag^halien  (sa-ga-leu').  [Also 
Sakhalin;  Ssl^. Kdraftuov Karafuto.'\  Anislamd 
belonging  to  Russia,  in  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk,  east 
of  Siberia  (separated  by  the  Gulf  of  Tatary) 
and  north  of  Yezo,  Japan  (separated  by  the 
Strait  of  La  P^ronse).  it  is  traversed  by  mountain- 
ranges.  The  climate  is  cold.  The  inhabitants  are  Rus- 
sians, Ainos,  Gilyaks,  Oroks,  and  Japanese.  It  was  ceded  by 
Japan  to  Russia  in  1876.  latterly  it  has  been  used  as  a 
convict  station.  Length,  670  miles.  Area,  24,560  square 
miles.    Population,  about  16,000. 

Sag  Harbor  (sag  har'bor).  A  seaport  and  sum- 
mer resort  in  Suffolk  County,  Long  Island,  New- 
York,  situated  on  Grardiner's  Bay  92  miles  east 
by  north  of  New  York.  Pop.  (1900),  1,969. 

Saginaw  (sag'i-n4).  A  river  in  Michigan  which 
flows  into  Saginaw  Bay.  It  is  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  PUnt,  Shiawassee,  Cass,  and  Titta- 
bawassee. 

Saginaw.  A  city,  capital  of  Saginaw  County, 
Michigan,  situated  on  Saginaw  Kiver  98  miles 
northwest  of  Detroit.  It  is  a  railway  center  and  river 
port^  and  has  extensive  sawmills  and  various  manufac- 
tures.    Population  (1900),  42,346. 

Saginaw,  East.    See  East  Saginaw. 

Saginaw  Bay.  The  largest  arm  of  Lake  Hu- 
ron on  the  United  States  side.  It  penetrates 
about  60  miles  into  Michigan. 

Sagitta  (sa-jit'a).  [L.,' an  arrow.']  An  insig- 
nificant but  very  ancient  northern  constella- 
tion, the  Arrow,  placed  between  Aquila  and  the 
bill  of  the  Swan,  it  is,  roughly  speaking,  in  aline  with 
the  most  prominent  stars  of  Sagittarius  and  Centaurus, 
with  which  it  may  originally  have  been  conceived  to  be 
connected.    Also  called  Alahance. 

Sagittarius  (saj-i-ta'ri-us).  [L.,  'the  archer.'] 
A  southern  zodiacal  constellation  and  sign,  the 
Archer,  representing  a  centaur  (originally 
doubtless  some  Babylonian  divinity)  drawing 
a  bow.  The  constellation  is  situated  east  of  Scorpio,  and 
is,  especially  in  the  latitude^  of  the  southern  United  States, 
a  prominent  object  on  summer  evenings.  The  symbol  of 
the  constellation  (  f  )  shows  the  Archer's  arrow  and  part  of 
the  bow. 

Sagittary  (saj'i-ta-ri).  A  monster  described 
in  medieval  romances  of  the  Trojan  war  as  a 
terrible  archer,  a  oentatir  armed  with  a  bow.  His 
eyes  of  fire  struck  men  dead.  The  allusion  in  Shakspere's 
"  Othello  "  i.  1  is  conjectured  by  Knight  to  be  to  the  official 
residence  at  the  Arsenal  in  Venice. 

Sago  (sa'go),  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Characters  in  Mrs. 
Centlivre's  comedy  "The  Basset-Table."  Mrs. 
Sago,  an  ambitious  woman,  proud  of  her  intimacy  with 
Lady  Reveller,  and  with  a  passion  for  gaming,  is  in  love 
with  Sir  James  Courtly,  and  deceives  Sago,  the  druggist, 
her  doting  husband. 

Sagon  (sa-g6n'),  FranQOis,  See  the  extract. 
Among  the  idlest  but  busiest  literary  quarrels  of  the  cen- 
tury —  a  century  fertile  in  such  things — was  that  between 
Marot  and  a  certain  insignificant  person  named  Francois 
Sagon,  a  belated  rMtorvmeur^  who  found  some  other  rhym- 
ers of  the  same  kind  to  support  him.  One  of  Marot's 
best  things,  an  answer  of  which  his  servant,  Pripelipes,  is 
supposed  to  be  the  spokesman,  came  of  the  quarrel;  but 
of  the  other  contributions,  not  merely  of  the  principals, 
but  of  their  followers,  the  Marotiquei  and  SagotOiques, 
nothing  survives  in  generalmemory.ordeservesto  survive. 
Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  176. 

Sagori  (sar-go'ri),  or  Zagore  (za-go're).  A  small 
town  north  of  the  Sea  of  Jauina,  Albania :  cap- 
ital of  a  small  state  having  a  constitution  of 
its  own. 

Sagoskin.    See  ZagosMn. 

Sagras  (sa'gras).  m  ancient  geography,  a  small 
river  in  Brut'tium,  southern  Italy,  flowing  into 
the  Mediterranean  north  of  Locri  (identification 
uncertain) :  noted  for  the  victory  gained  near 
it  by  the  Locrians  over  the  forces  of  Croton  in 
the  6th  century  b.  c. 

Sagres  (sa'gres).  A  small  seaport  at  the  south- 
western e^emity  of  Portugal,  near  Cape  St. 
Vincent,  it  was  the  headquarters  of  Prince  Henry  the 
Navigator,  who  erected  there  an  observatory,  and  directed 
thence  his  exploring  expeditions. 

Sagnache  (sa-wach'),  or  Sawatch,  Bange.  A 
range  of  the  llocky  Mountains,  in  central  Colo- 
rado, southwest  of  Denver  and  west  of  the  upper 
course  of  the  Arkansas.  It  contains  several  peaks 
over  14,000  feet  high,  inclnding  Mount  Harvard  and  the 
Mountain  of  the  Holy  Cross. 

Sagnenay  (sag-e-na').  A  river  in  the  province 
of  Quebec,  Canada,  it  traverses  Lake  St.  John,  and 
joins  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Tadonsac,  about  115  miles  north- 
east of  Quebec.  In  itsiower  course  (from  Ha  Ha  Bay)  it 
is  of  great  depth,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  scenery.  Length 
from  Lake  St.  John,  over  100  miles;  total  length,  including 
its  chief  aflluent,  the  Chomouchonan,  about  400  miles.  It 
is  navigable  for  steamers  to  C^icoutimi  (75  miles). 

Saguntlim(sa-gun'tum).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  city  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Spain,  on  the  site 
of  the  modem  Murviedro  (which  see),  itwasflour- 
ishing  in  the  3d  century  B.  C,  and  became  an  ally  of  Rome. 
In  '19  B.  0.  it  was  besieged  and  captured  by  Hannibal :  this 
was  the  immediate  cause  of  the  declaration  of  war  by 
Rome  against  Carthage. 


880 

Sahaglin  (sa-S;-gSn'),  Bernardino  de.  Bom  at 
Sahagun,  Spain,  about  1499 :  died  either  at 
Mexico  or  at  the  Convent  of  Tlatelolco,  Feb.  5, 
1590.  A  Franciscan  missionary  and  historian. 
From  1529  he  lived  in  Mexico,  where  he  held  various  offices 
in  his  order.  His  historical  works,  published  in  modern 
times,  were  freely  used  in  manuscript  by  the  old  historians. 
They  include  accounts  of  the  Aztecs  and  of  the  conquest 
of  Mexico.  He  also  published  works  in  the  Aztec  language. 

Sahaptin.    See  Chopunnish. 

Sahara  (sa-ha'ra).  [Ar. /Sa7jr(J,  the  desert.]  The 
largest  desert  in  the  world,  situated  in  northern 
Africa.  Its  limits  to  the  north  and  south  are  vague  and 
varying ;  but  its  boundaries  may  be  given  generally  as  the 
Atlas  Mountains  and  their  eastern  continuations  on  the 
north,  the  Nile  valley  on  the  east,  the  Sudan  on  the  south, 
and  the  Atlantic  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  diversified,com- 
prising  plateaus,  mountain-ranges,  sand-hills,  and  oases.  It 
includes  the  Libyan  desert,  the  oases  of  Fezzan  and  Air, 
the  plateaus  of  Ahaggar  and  Tasili,  the  depression  of  Djuf, 
etc.  The  eastern  half  is  in  the  possession  of  various  in- 
dependent tribes.  Southwest  of  Morocco  a  large  district 
along  the  coast  is  called  a  Spanish  protectorate.  The  re- 
mainder is  recognized  since  1890  as  belonging  to  the  French 
sphere  of-  influence.  It  thus  connects  Algeria  with  the 
French  possessions  in  Senegambia  and  the  Niger  region. 
The  inhabitants  are  Tuaregs(Berbers),Arabs,  and  Negroes. 
Area,  estimated,  3,500,000-4,000,000  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, estimated,  2,600,000.  The  area  of  the  French  Sa^ 
hara  is  estimated  at  1,660,000  square  miles. 

Saharanpur  (sa-har-an-por'),  or  Sehamnpoor 
(se-har-un-p6r').  1.  A  district  in  the  Meerut 
division,  Northwest  Provinces,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  30°  N.,  long.  77°  40'  E. 
Area,  2,242  square  miles.  Poptdation  (1891), 
1,001,280.—  2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Sa- 
haranpur, 95  miles  north  by  east  of  Delhi.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  63,194. 

Saho  (sa'ho),  or  Shoho  (sho'ho).  A  tribe  of 
poor  pastoral  nomads,  dwelling  between  Abys- 
sinia and  Adulis  Bay  (Eed  Sea).  Of  Hamitic  race, 
they  belong  to  the  same  cluster  as  the  Afar  or  Danakil,  and 
profess  Mohammedanism.    They  number  about  30,000. 

Saiaz  (si-az').  A  tribe  of  the  Pacific  division 
of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  American  In- 
dians, which  formerly  occupied  the  tongue  of 
land  between  Eel  Kiver  and  van  Dusen's  Fork, 
California.     See  Athapascan. 

Said  (sa-ed').  The  Arabic  name  for  Upper 
Egypt. 

SaidPasha(sa-ed'pash'^).  Bornl822:  died  Jan. 
18, 1863.  Fourth  son  of  Mehemet  All:  viceroyof 
Egypt  1854-63.    He  promoted  various  reforms. 

Said  Pasha,  Mehemet.  A  Turkish  politician, 
premier  1879-82,  and  grand  vizir  1882-85  and 
1901-. 

Saida  (si'da).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Oran, 
Algeria,  76  miles  southeast  of  Oran.  Popula- 
tion, about  5,000. 

Saida,  or  Seida  (si'da).  A  seaport  in  Syria, 
situated  on  the  Mediterranean  in  lat.  33°  34' 
N.,  long.  35°  22'  E.,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Sidon.  Various  antiquities  have  been  discovered  there 
by  Renan  and  others.  It  was  bombarded  and  taken  by  the 
allied  Turkish-Austrian-British  fleet  in  1840.  Population, 
about  10,000. 

Saidnka.    See  Saidyuha. 

Saidyuka  (sid-H'ka).  A  confederacy  of  5  small 
tribes  of  North  American  Indians  which  for- 
merly lived  near  Pyramid  Lake,  western  Neva- 
da, whence  they  were  forced  into  Oregon  by  the 
Paviotso:  now  on  Klamath  reservation.  Also 
Saiduha,  Sidocaw,  and  Oregon  Snakes.  Number 
(1893),  145.     See  Shoshonean. 

Saigon  (si-gon' ;  P.  pron.  si-g6ii').  The  capi- 
tal of  French  Cochin-China,  situated  on  the 
Donnai  or  Saigon  River,  not  far  from  the 
China  Sea,  in  lat.  10°  47'  N.,  long.  106°  42'  E. 
It  is  an  important  commercial  center,  and  has  regu- 
lar steamship  communication  with  France.  It  was  cap- 
tured by  the  French  in  1859,  and  was  annexed  by 
France  in  1862.  Population  (1891),  with  suburbs,  esti- 
mated, 80,000. 

Saigo  Takamori  (si'go  ta-ka-mo're).  Bom 
about  1825:  died  1877.  A  Japanese  general, 
influential  in  reestablishing  the  rule  of  the  mi- 
kado in  1868.  He  was  a  leader  of  the  Satsuma 
rebellion  of  1877. 

SaiMo  (si-ke'6).  ['Western  capital.']  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  Kioto,  the  ancient  capital  of 
Japan,  in  distinction  from  Tokio,  the  eastern 
capital. 

St.  For  names  of  saints,  see  under  the  proper 
name,  as  George,  Saint. 

Saima  (si'mS),  Lake.  A  large  lake  in  southern 
Finland,  north  of  Viborg.  Its  outlet  is  into 
Lake  Ladoga. 

St.-Affriqne  (san-taf-rek').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aveyron,  southern  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Sorgues  32miles  southeast  of  Bodez. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  7,223. 

St.  Agnes  (sant  ag'nez).  1.  The  southwestern- 
most  of  the  Soilly  Isles. —  3.  A  small  seaport 


St.-Antoine,  Faubourg 

in  Cornwall,  England,  situated  on  Bristol  Chan- 
nel 8  miles  noriiwest  of  Truro. 
St.-Algnan  (san-tan-yon').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loir-et-Cher,  France,  situated  on 
the  Cher  33  miles  east-southeast  of  Tours.  It 
has  a  ruined  chS,teau.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 3,301. 

St.  Albans  (a.l'banz).  A  city  in  Hertfordshire, 
England,  20  miles  north-northwest  of  London. 
The  abbey  church  was  constituted  a  cathedral  In  1877.  It 
is  a  building  of  great  size,  founded  in  the  11th  century ; 
the  handsome  choir  is  of  the  13th.  The  recent  restoration 
has  greatly  altered  the  exterior  aspect  of  the  building, 
and  given  it  a  markedly  Early  English  character.  This 
restoration  aroused  a  heated  cdntroversy ;  but  it  is  certain 
that  the  new  west  front,  with  its  three  portals  and  its 
Decorated  central  window,  and  the  two  side  divisions  ar- 
caded  and  flanked  by  slender  turrets,  could  not  be  matched 
architecturally  on  the  western  side  of  the  channel.  The 
square  central  tower  is  Norman.  The  interior  combines 
very  early  and  massive  Romanesque  work  with  the  most 
graceful  fully  developed  Pointed.  The  cathedral  possesses 
many  notable;  tombs  and  brasses.  It  is  560  feet  long  (second 
only  to  Winchester),  and  measures  176  across  the  transepts. 
The  city  is  situated  near  the  ancient  Yerulaminm,  one  of 
the  chief  towns  of  the  Britons  and  Romans.  St.  Albau  is 
said  to  have  been  martyred  here  about  300  A.  n.  A  Bene- 
dictine monastery  was  founded  in  793.  Theflrst battle  in 
the  Wars  of  the  Roses  was  fought  here  in  May,  1465,  the 
Yorkists  under  York  defeating  the  Lancastrians  under 
Somerset,  and  Henry  VI.  being  taken  prisoner ;  and  here, 
Feb.  17, 1461,  the  Lancastrians  under  Queen  Margaret  de- 
feated the  Yorkists  under  the  Earl  of  Warwick.  Popula- 
tion (1891X  12,896. 

St.  Albans.  The  capital  of  Franklin  County, 
Vermont,  situated  45  miles  northwest  of  Mont- 
pelier,  near  Lake  Champlain.  It  has  an  import- 
ant trade  in  dairy  products,  and  some  manufactures. 
Population  (19001,  city,  6,239. 

St.  Albans,  Duchess  of  (Harriet  Mellon). 

Bom  at  London  about  1775 :  died  there,  Aug. 
6,  1837.  An  English  comic  actress,  of  Irish  de- 
scent. She  went  on  the  stage  as  a  child,  and  appeared, 
through  the  influence  of  Sheridan,  at  Drury  Lane  in  1795 
as  Lydia  Languish.  She  was  vivacious  and  very  popular, 
being  eclipsed  only  by  Mrs.  Jordan.  Her  characters  in- 
cluded Dorinda,  Mrs.  Candour,  Rosalind,  Miranda,  Ophelia, 
Miss  Prue,  Estifania,  etc.  In  1815  she  married  the  banker 
Coutts,  and  in  1827  the  ninth  Duke  of  St.  Albans.  She  left 
a  large  fortune  to  Miss  Burdett-Contts. 

St.  Albans,  Viscount.    See  Bacon,  Francis. 

St.  Alban's  Head.  A  promontory  in  Dorset- 
shire, England,  which  projects  into  the  English 
Channel  19  miles  southeast  of  Dorchester.         , 

St.-Amand,  or  St.-Amand-Montrond  (san-ta- 
mon'm&n-r6n').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Cher,  France,  situated  on  the  Marmande,  near 
the  Cher,  25  miles  south  by  east  of  Bourges. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  8,673. 

St,-Amand-les-£auz  (-la-z6  ).  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Nord,  France,  situated  at  the 
union  of  the  Searpe  and  Elnon,  8  miles  north- 
west of  Valenciennes:  noted  for  its  hot  mineral 
springs.  It  has  a  ruined  abbey.  Population 
(1891),  8,703;  commune,  12,043. 

St.  Ambrose  (sant  am'broz).  A  small  island 
in  the  Pacific,  west  of  Chile  and  near  St.  Felix, 
in  lat.  26°  21'  S.,  long.  79°  40'  W. 

St.  Andrew  (an'drS),  Cape.  A  cape  on  the 
western  coast  of  Madagascar,  in  lat.  16°  12'  S., 
long.  44°  29'  E. 

St.  Andrews  (an'droz).  A  city  and  seaport  in 
Fifeshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  North  Sea 
11  miles  southeast  of  Dundee.  The  cathedral  was 
founded  in  the  12th  century,  and  the  castle  (now  in  ruins) 
was  built  in  the  13th  and  rebuilt  in  the  14th  century.  It 
maybe  regarded  as  the  headquarters  of  the  game  of  golf, 
which  is  played  on  the  adjoining  "links."  The  university, 
founded  by  Bishop  Wardlaw  in  1411,  and  attended  by  about 
200  students,  consists  of  two  colleges :  the  united  college 
of  St.  Salvator  and  St.  Leonard,  and  the  college  (theologi- 
cal) of  St.  Mary.  St.  Andrews  was  made  a  bishopric  about 
the  9th  centni7,  and  was  an  archbishopric  from  the  16th 
century  to  the  17th.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  martyrdom  of 
Patrick  Hamilton  and  Wishart,  and  of  the  murder  of  Car- 
dinal Beaton.    Population  (l891),  6,853. 

St.  Andrews.  A  seaport,  capital  of  CJharlotte 
County,  New  Brunswick,  situated  on  Passa- 
maquoddy  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  St.  Croix  Kiver, 
54  miles  west  by  south  of  St.  John.  Population 
(1891),  1,778. 

St.  Andrew's  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  situated  on  the  coast  of  Florida  80  miles 
east  by  south  of  Pensacola.    Length,  40  miles. 

St.  Anthony  (an'to-ni).  A  former  city  of  Min- 
nesota, now  a  part  of  Minneapolis. 

St.  Anthony,  Falls  of.  A  cataract  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi Eiver,  opposite  the  city  of  Minneapolis. 
Height,  18  feet  (or,  includingtherapids,  50 feet). 
It  is  utilized  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

St.-Antoine,Faubourg(f6-b6r  san-ton-twan'). 
A  faubourg  of  Paris,  lying  without  the  Enceinte 
of  Charles  V.,  and  extending  from  the  Place  de 
la  BastUle  eastward  toward  Vinoennes.  As  early 
as  the  time  of  Louis  XI.  the  proletariat  of  Paris  began  to 
drift  into  the  neighborhood  of  the  Bastille,  the  Hotel  St.. 
Paul,  and  the  Tournelles.  When  the  two  palaces  were  abaa 


St.-Antoine,  Faubourg 

doned,  the  aristocracy  of  Paris  removed  permanently  to  the 
western  side  of  the  city,  and  the  quartier  St.-Faul  and  fau- 
boors  St,-Anto!ne  were  abandoned  to  the  lower  classes. 
The  emeutes  of  Paris  always  come  oat  of  this  region.  It 
corresponds  curiously  in  dmost  every  way  to  the  White- 
chapel  region  in  London.   See  Rue  St-Avimne. 

Saint-Arnaud  (sau-tar-no'),  Jacaues  Achille 
Leroy  de.  Bom  at  Bordeaux,  Aug.  20,  1796: 
died  Sept.  29, 1854.  A  French  general.  He  sub- 
dued the  Eabyles  in  Algeria  in  1851 ;  was  appointed  min- 
ister of  war  Oct.,  1861 ;  participated  in  the  coup  d'etat  of 
Dec.  2, 1851 ;  was  made  marshal  in  1862 ;  and  was  appointed 
commander-in-chief  of  the  French  army  in  the  Cnmea  in 
1854.  He  cooperated  with  Lord  Baglan  in  the  battle  of 
the  Alma,  Sepi  20 ;  but  died  shortly  after  on  board  ship. 

iSt.  Asaph  (sant  az'af).  A  city  in  Flintshire, 
Wales,  situated  on  the  Clwyd  21  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Liverpool.  The  present  cathedral 
was  built  about  1480. 

St.  Augustine  (ft'gus-ten  or  a-gus'ten).  A  city 
and  seaport,  capital  of  St.  John's  County,  Flor- 
ida, situated  near  the  Atlantic,  on  the  peninsula 
of  the  Matanzas  and  San  Sebastian  rivers,  in 
lat.  29°  53'  N.,  long.  81°  19'  W.  it  is  the  oldest 
town  in  the  United  States,  and  a  favorite  winter  resort. 
The  Spanish  fort  San  Marco  (Fort  Marion)  is  notable.  The 
town  was  settled  by  the  Spaniards  under  Menendez  de 
Aviles  In  1565 ;  was  plundered  by  Drake  in  1586 ;  was  held 
by  the  British  from  1763  to  1783 ;  and  was  ceded  to  the 
Americans,  who  took  possession  in  1821.  Population  (1900), 
4,272. 

St.  Austell  (fts'tel).  A  town  in  Cornwall,  Eng- 
land, situated  near  the  English  Channel,  29 
miles  west  of  Plymouth.  Population  (1891), 
parish,  11,377. 

St.  Bartholomew  (bar-thol'o-mii),  F.  St.-Bar- 
th^lemy  (san-bar-tal-me').  A  small  island 
in  the  Lesser  AntUles,  West  Indies,  situated  in 
lat.  17°  54'  N.,  long.  62°  51'  W.  Chief  town, 
Gustavia.  it  is  a  colonial  possession  of  Fi'ance,  and  a 
dependency  of  Guadeloupe.  It  was  settled  by  the  French 
In  1648 ;  and  was  ceded  to  Sweden  In  1784,  and  ceded  back 
to  France  in  1878.    Population  (1889),  2,674. 

St.  Bartholomew,  Massacre  of.  In  French 
history,  a  massacre  of  the  Huguenots,  com- 
mencing in  Paris  on  the  night  of  Aug.  23-24 
(St.  Bartholomew's  day),  1572.  The  anti-Hugue- 
not leaders  were  the  Duke  of  Guise,  the  queen  mother 
(Catharine  de'  Medici),  and  Charles  IX.  Coligny  was  the 
principal  victim,  and  the  total  number  In  France  is  esti- 
mated at  from  20,000  to  30,000.  The  occasion  was  the 
wedding  festivities  of  Henry  of  Navarre.  A  religious  war 
followed  directly.  It  is  disputed  whether  the  massacre 
was  suddenly  caused  by  the  discorery  of  Huguenot  plots 
or  had  been  long  preipedltated. 

St.  Bees  (bez).  A  village  in  Cumberland,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Irish  Sea  4  miles  south  of 
Whitehaven.  It  is  the  seat  of  St.  Bees  College 
(Anglican  theological). 

St.  Bees  Head,  A  headland  in  Cumberland, 
England,  projecting  into  the  Irish  Sea  in  lat.  54° 
31'  N.,  long.  3°  38'  W. 

St.-Beno£t-sur-Loire  (san-bfe-nwa'slir-lwar'). 
A  place  in  the  department  of  Loiret,  France,  on 
the  Loire  20  miles  east-southeast  of  Orleans. 
It  contains  a  Benedictine  monastery.  The  abbey  church, 
built  between  1026  and  1218,  is  the  finest  of  its  type  In 
France.  It  is  preceded  by  a  narthex  of  3  bays,  with  a 
crypt,  and  has  double  transepts  and  a  central  tower.  It 
contains  the  tomb  of  Philip  I.,  and  has  fine  sculpture  and 
handsome  16th-century  choir-stalls. 

St.  Bernard  (sant  bfer-nard';  F.  pron.  san  ber- 
nar').  Great.  An  Alpine  pass  leading  from 
Martigny,  Valais,  Switzerland,  to  Aosta,  Italy, 
and  connecting  the  valleys  of  the  Rhone  and 
"the  Dora  Baltea.  it  was  traversed  by  armies  in  Ko- 
man  and  medieval  times.  The  passage  by  the  French  army 
under  Napoleon  in  May,  1800,  is  especially  noteworthy. 
The  great  monastery  or  hospice  of  St.  Bernard,  main- 
tained here  for  the  relief  of  travelers,  consists  of  two  large 
plain  structures  of  masonry.  The  larger  building  dates 
from  the  middle  of  the  16th  century ;  with  it  is  connected 
the  church  of  1680.  There  are  many  interesting  memen- 
tos of  those  who  have  been  saved  by  the  monks.  A 
small  separate  building  serves  to  receive  the  bodies  of 
those  found  dead  in  the  snow.  Height  of  the  pass,  8,103 
feet. 

St.  Bernard,  Little.  An  Alpine  pass  leading 
from  Bourg  St.-Maurice,  in  the  valley  of  the 
Isfere,  France,  to  the  valley  of  the  Dora  Baltea, 
Italy.  This  is  almost  certainly  the  pass  traversed  by 
Hannibal's  army  21S  B.  0.    Height,  7,235  feet. 

St.  Blaise  (blaz).  A  chestnut  race-horse,  foaled 
in  1880,  winner  of  the  Derby  in  1883.  He  was  im- 
ported in  1885,  and  was  sold  at  auction  in  1891  for  $100,000. 
His  principal  foals  are  St.  Florian,  Potomac,  La  Tosoa,  and 
Chesapeake. 

St.  Brandan's  Island.    See  Brendan,  Saint. 

St).  Bride's  Bay  (bridz  ba).  A  bay  on  the  west- 
em  coast  of  Pembrokeshire,  South  Wales. 

St.-Brieuc  (san-bre-e').  The  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  COtes-du-Nord,  France,  situated 
near  the  entrance  of  the  GrOuStinto  the  English 
Channel,  in  lat.  48°  31'  N.,  long  2°  47'  W.  it  is 
the  seat  of  a  bishopric.  Its  seaport  is  the  neighboring  Ii4- 
gai.    Population  (1891),  19,948.  . 

ffii.-Oalais  (san-ka-la').   A  town  in  the  depart- 

0.— 56 


881 

ment  of  Sarthe,  France,  27  miles  east-south- 
east of  Le  Mans.    Population  (1891),  3,613. 

St.  Catharine  (sant  kath'a-rin)  Island.  An 
island  about  1  mile  from  the  coast  of  Georgia,  to 
which  it  belongs,  and  27  miles  south  by  west  of 
Savannah.    Length,  about  14  miles. 

St.  Catharines  (kath'a-rinz).  A  city,  capital 
of  Lincoln  County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on 
the  Welland  Canal  about  10  miles  northwest 
of  Niagara  Palls :  noted  for  mineral  wells.  Pop- 
ulation (1901),  9,946. 

St.  Catharine's  Island  (BrazU).  See  Santa 
Catharina. 

Saint  Cecilia's  Day,  Ode  for.  See  Alexander's 
Feast. 

Saint  Cecilia's  Day,  Song  for.  A  lyrical  poem 
by  Dryden. 

St.-Cergue  (san-sarg').  A  tovra  in  the  canton 
of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  17  miles  north  of  Geneva. 

St.-Chamas  (san-sha-ma').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Bouches-du-Eh6ne,  France,  25 
miles  northwest  of  Marseilles.  It  contains  a  Roman 
bridge  (PontFlavien)offlnemasonry  spanning  the  Toulou- 
bre  by  a  single  arch.  At  each  end  there  is  a  triumphal 
arch  with  Corinthian  ornament.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 2,319. 

St.-Chamond(-sha-m6n').  Amanufacturingand 
mining  town  in  the  department  of  Loire,  France, 
situated  on  the  Gier  25  miles  southwest  of 
Lyons.    Population  (1891),  commune,  14,693. 

St.  Charles  (sant  charlz).  A  city,  capital  of  St. 
Charles  County,  Missouri,  situated  on  the  north 
bank  of  the  Missouri,  20  miles  northwest  of  St. 
Louis.  The  river  is  spanned  here  by  a  long  bridge.  St. 
Charles  was  settled  by  the  Spaniards  in  1769.  Population 
(1900),  7,982. 

St.-Chinian  (san-she-nyon' ) .  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  H&ault,  France,  18  miles  north 
of  Narbonne.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
3,424. 

St.  Christopher  (sant  kris'to-f6r),  or  St.  Eitts 
(kits).  An  island  of  the  Lesser  Antilles,  British 
West  Indies,  situated  in  lat.  17°  18'  N.,  long.  62° 
43' W.  Capital,  Basseterre.  It  is  traversed  by  moun- 
tains. It  exports  sugar.  It  is  separated  from  Nevis  by  a 
channel  about  IJ  miles  wide,  and  the  two  islands  are  po- 
litically united.  They  form  part  of  the  colony  of  the  Lee- 
ward Islands.  This  was  the  first  of  the  West  Indies  set- 
tled by  the  French  (1625),  but  the  English  had  a  small 
colony  here  in  1623.  The  dispute  regarding  its  possession 
was  settled  in  1713  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  which  left  it 
in  the  hands  of  the  English.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1782  and  restored  in  1783.  Area,  68  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  80,876. 

St.  Clair  (klar).  A  city  in  St.  Clair  County, 
Michigan,  situated  on  St.  Clair  River  47  miles 
northeast  of  Detroit.   Population  (1900),  2,543. 

St.  Clair,  Arthur,  Born  at  Thurso,  Scotland, 
1734 :  died  near  Greensburg,  Pa.,  Aug.  31, 1818. 
An  American  general.  He  served  at  Lonisburg  in 
1758  and  at  Quebec  in  1759 ;  took  part  in  the  victories  of 
Qienton  and  Princeton ;  commanded  in  1777  at  Ticonde- 
roga,^  which  he  evacuated  before  Burgoyne ;  and  was  pres- 
ent at  Iforktown.  He  was  president  of  Congress  in  1787, 
and  governor  of  the  Northwest  Territory  1789-1802.  In 
1791  he  was  defeated  by  the  Indians  under  Little  Turtle 
near  the  Miami  villages,  and  resigned  his  command  in 
1792.  He  published  "  A  Narrative  of  tlie  Manner  in  which 
the  Campaign  against  the  Indians  in  the  year  1791  was 
conducted  under  the  Command  of  Ma]. -Gen.  St.  Clair, 
etc."  (1812). 

St.  Clair,  Lake.  A  lake  lying  between  Michi- 
gan and  Ontario,  Canada,  it  receives  the  waters 
of  Lake  Huron  through  St.  Clair  Eiver,  and  has  its  outlet 
by  Detroit  Kiver  into  Lake  Erie.  Length,  28  miles. 
Breadth,  12-25  miles, 

St.  Clair  Biver.    The  outlet  of  Lake  Huron. 

St.  Clare  (klar),  Augustine.  One  of  the  leading 
characters  of  "Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,"  by  Mrs. 
Stowe:  the  amiable  owner  of  Uncle  Tom  and 
father  of  Eva. 

St.-Claude  (san-klod').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Jura,  France,  situated  on  the  Bienne 
19  miles  northwest  of  Geneva.  It  has  varied 
manufactures.  Its  cathedral  of  St.  Peter  is  no- 
table.   Population  (1891),  commune,  9,782. 

St.-Cloud  (san-klo').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  situated  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Seine,  li  miles  west  of  the  for- 
tifications of  Paris.  The  castle  or  palace  formerly 
standing  here  was  rebuilt  by  Louis  XIV.  in  1658  for  the 
Duke  of  OrWans,  and  bought  by  Louis  XVI.  for  Marie  An- 
toinette. It  was  the  favorite  summer  residence  of  the  two 
Napoleons.  The  interior  was  burned  in  the  war  of  1870, 
and  the  palace  has  since  been  demolished.  It  was  the 
scene  of  the  coup  d'etat  of  the  18th  Brumaire,  1799.  The 
treaty  for  the  capitulation  of  Paris  was  signed  there  in 
1815 ;  and  there,  too,  the  ordinances  of  July,  1830,  were 
signed  by  Charles  X.    Population  (1891),  5,660. 

St.  Cloud  (kloud).  The  capital  of  Steams  Coun- 
ty, Minnesota,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  75 
miles  northwest  of  St.  Paul.  Population  (1900), 
8,663. 

St.  Croix  (West  Indies).     See  Santa  Cruz. 

St.  Croix  (kroi)  River,  or  Schoodic  (sko'dik). 


Sainte-Beuve 

A  river  on  the  boundary  between  New  Bruns- 
wick and  Maine.  It  is  the  outlet  of  Grand  Lake, 
and  flows  into  Passamaquoddy  Bay.  Length, 
about  75  miles. 

St.  Croix  Biver.  A  river  in  northwestern  Wis- 
consin, and  on  the  boundary  between  Wiscon- 
sin and  Minnesota.  It  joins  the  Mississippi 
20  miles  southeast  of  St.  Paul.  Length,  about 
200  miles. 

Saint-Cyr.    See  Gouvion-Saint-Cyr. 

St.-Cyr-l'ficole  (san-ser'la-kol').  A  village  in 
the  department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  Prance,  2i 
miles  west  of  Versailles,  it  was  formerly  the  seat 
of  a  convent  school  for  young  ladies,  founded  by  Madame 
de  Maintenon,  which  was  transformed  into  a  military 
school  (transferred  from  Fontainebleau)  in  1806.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  3je41. 

St.  David  (da'vid)  Islands,  or  Freewill  (fre'- 
wil)  Islands.  A  group  of  small  islands  in  the 
Pacific,  situated  in  lat.  1°  N.,  long.  134°  15'  E. 

St.  David's  (da'vidz).  A  city  in  Pembroke- 
shire, Wales,  situated  near  the  coast,  almost  at 
the  western  extremity  of  Wales,  15  miles  north- 
west of  Milf  ord.  it  is  the  seat  of  a  bishopric.  The 
cathedral  is  a  late-Norman  building,  with  later  modifica- 
tions. The  exterior,  with  central  tower,  is  varied  in  outline. 
The  interior  is  very  richly  ornamented,  but  not  vaulted. 
The  dimensions  are  290  by  70  feet ;  length  of  transepts, 
120 ;  height  of  vaulting,  46. 

St.  David's  Head.  One  of  ,the  westernmost 
points  of  Wales,  situated  in  Pembrokeshire 
northwest  of  St.  David's. 

St.-Denis  (san-d6-ne').  A  city  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine,  France,  situated  on  the  Seine 
and  the  Crould,  3J  nules  north  of  the  fortifica- 
tions of  Paris.  It  has  important  manufactures  and 
trade.  The  abbey  church,  the  historic  burial-place  of  the 
kings  of  France,  was  founded  by  Dagobert  and  rebuilt  by 
Suger  (1144),  who  introduced  the  pointed  arch,  one  of  the 
earliest  authenticated  examples.  Suger's  battlemented 
west  front,  with  recessed  sculptured  porials,  and  his  ap- 
sidal  chapels  and  crypt  survive.  The  intervening  parts 
form  one  of  the  most  elegant  and  purely  designed  cre- 
ations of  the  ISth  century,  the  walls  being  little  but  tra- 
ceried  frames  of  stone  in  which  the  glass  of  the  windows 
is  set.  The  great  rose-windows  of  the  transepts  are  un- 
surpassed in  lightness  and  beauty.  The  royal  tombs  were 
injured  in  the  Bevolntion,  but  have  been  restored :  many 
of  them  are  of  great  interest  and  beauty.  The  church  is 
354  feet  long ;  the  nave  40  feet  wide  and  92  high.  A  vic- 
tory was  gained  near  St.-Denis,  Nov.  10, 1667,  by  the  French 
Catholics  under  Montmorency  (who  was  mortally  wound- 
ed) over  the  Huguenots  under  Coud6.  Population  (1901), 
69,884. 

St.-Denis.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  island  of 
Reunion,  Indian  Ocean,  situated  on  the  north 
coast.    Population  (1891),  33,233. 

St.-Die  (sah-dya').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Vosges,  France,  situated  on  the  Meurthe  26 
miles  east-northeast  of  fipinal.  it  has  a  lumber 
trade  and  flourishing  manufactures,  and  conteins  a  cathe- 
dral. In  the  latter  part  of  the  15th  and  first  part  of  the 
16th  century  it  had  a  college  and  printing-press  under 
the  patronage  of  the  dukes  of  Lorraine.  Here,  in  1607,  the 
name  America  was  first  proposed  in  a  little  tract  published 
by  Waldseemiiller.    Population  (1891),  commune,  18,136. 

St.-Dizier  (san'de-zya').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Mame,  France,  situated  on  the 
Marne  35  miles  southeast  of  Chalons-sur-Marne. 
It  has  an  important  timber  trade,  and  iron  manufactures. 
It  was  defended  against  Charles  V.  in  1544,  and  was  the 
scene  of  several  combats  between  the  French  and  the  Allies 
in  1814.    Population  (1891),  commune,  13,372. 

St.  Domingo.    See  Santo  Domingo. 

Sainte-Aldegonde  (sant-al-d6-g6nd'),  Philipp 
van  Marnix.  Bom  at  Brussels,  1538 :  died  at 
Leyden,  Dec.  15,  1598.  A  Dutch  writer  and 
statesman.  His  early  education  was  received  at  Ghent, 
where  he  was  brought  up  in  the  Calvinistic  faith.  After 
William  of  Orange,  he  played  the  foremost  part  in  the  lib- 
eration of  the  Netherlands.  The  treaty  of  Breda  in  1566 
was  formulated  by  him.  In  1572  he  waa  governor  of  Delft 
and  Rotterdam.  In  1584-86  he  conducted  the  defense  of 
Antwerp.  His  principal  work  is  "De  Byencori  der  h. 
EoomscherKercke"("The  Beehive  of  the  Holy  Church 
of  Rome  "),  a  Calvinistic  satire  on  Catholicism,  published 
in  1569  under  the  pseudonym  Isaac  Eabbotenus,  In  1691 
he  published  a  metrical  translation  of  the  Psalms,  and  had 
been  commissioned  by  the  States-General  to  make  in  Ley- 
den, where  he  died,  a  translation  of  the  whole  Bible.  He 
was  the  author  of  numerous  writings  in  Latin,  French,  and 
Flemish  on  ecclesiastical  and  political  subjects,  and  is  re- 
puted to  have  written  the  folk-song  "  Wilhelmus  van  Nas- 
souwen"  ("William  of  Nassau").  His  '  Beehive"  waa 
translated  into  German  by  Johann  Fischart  with  the  title 
"  Bienenkorb  "  (1679). 

Sainte-Anne  (sant-an') .  A  pilgrim  resort  in  the 
department  of  Morbihan,  Prance,  10  mUes  west- 
northwest  of  Vannes. 

Sainte-Barbe.    See  Noisseville. 

Sainte-Beuve  (sant-bev'),  Charles  Augustin. 
Born  atBoulogne-sur-Mer,  Dee.  28, 1804:  died  at 
Paris,Oet.l3,1869.  APrenehpoetandcritic.  He 
began  his  studies  in  his  native  city,  and  completed  them  in 
Paris  at  the  colleges  Charlemagne  and  Bourbon.  On  gradu- 
ation he  took  a  course  in  medicine,  but  gave  it  up  a  year 
later  as  uncongenial.  A  few  book-reviews  brought  him 
favorably  into  notice  in  literary  circles.  Among  the  many 
friends  he  made  there  was  Victor  Hugo.    In  1827  he  conk- 


Sainte-Beuve 

peted  without  sncoess  for  a  prize  offered  by  the  French 
Academy  for  a  dissertation  on  the  subject  '*  Tableau  de  la 
po^sie  francaise  aa  XVI'  slfecle."  An  improved  edition 
of  this  work  appeared  in  1843,  and  is  considered  an  au- 
thority on  the  subject  and  period  in  question.  He  was 
also  a  contributor  to  "La  Kevue  de  Paris,"  "La  P.,eTue 
des  Deux  Mondes/' "  Le  Constltutionnel,"  "Le  Moniteur," 
and  "Le  Temps.''  The  revolution  of  1830  developed  the 
political  instinct  within  him,  and  he  became  closely  con- 
nected with  "le  Globe"  and  "Le  NationaL"  His  early 
work  embraces  some  collections  of  poems,  "Poesies  de 
Joseph  Delorme"  (1829),  "Consolations"  (1830),  and  "Pen- 
s&s  d'aoat"  (1837);  also  a  novel,  "Volupt^"  (1832).  Of  a 
more  serious  nature  are  "L'Histoire  de  Port-Royal "(1840- 
1842),  and  "  Ch&teaubriand  et  son  groupe"  (1849).  His 
contributions  to  periodicals  Include  most  of  his  work  as  a 
critic.  These  so-called  "Portraits"  and  "Causerie8"have 
since  been  collected,  and  constitute  his  strongest  claim  to 
literanr  recognition.  They  are  published  as  "Portraits 
lltt^raires  "  (Ist  series,  1832-39 ;  2d  series,  1844),  "Portraits 
defemmeB''(1844),  "Portraltscontemporains"(1846),  "Cau- 
serles  du  lundi"(1861-67X  "Nouveaux  lundis"  (1863-72), 
"Premier8lundis''(1875).  In  1846  Sainte-Beuve  was  elected 
to  the  French  Academy.  He  gave  a  series  of  lectures  on 
literary  subjects  at  Lausanne  in  1837,  and  atLi^ge  in  1848. 
For  a  brief  period  thereafter  he  filled  the  chair  in  Latin 
poetry  at  the  College  de  France.  His  last  work  as  an  edu- 
cator was  done  In  connection  with  the  lectureship  he  held 
at  the  Jioole  Normale  1867-6L  He  was  made  senator  in 
1865. 

Sainte-Ohapelle  (sant'sha-pel').  [F.,  'holy 
chapel.']  A  ehapel  in  Paris,  built  by  St. -Louis 
as  the  chapel  of  nis  palace,  and  to  receive  and 
enshriu&a  precious  relic — the  crown  of  thorns 
— preservedin  the  treasury  of  the  Byzantine  em- 
peror. Baudouin  (Baldwin),  son-in-law  of  the  Emperor 
of  Constantinople,  Jean  de  Brienne,  and  his  designated 
successor,  had  bound  himself  during  a  visit  to  Paris  to  se- 
cure this  relic  for  Louis  IX.  On  his  return  to  Constanti- 
nople he  found  the  emperor  dead,  the  crown  of  thorns  in 
pawn  with  the  Venetians,  and  the  treasury  without  money 
to  redeem  it.  St.-Louis  paid  the  required  ransom  (about 
100,000  francs,  present  value),  and  the  relic  was  sent  to  him. 
It  arrived  Aug.  18,  1239,  and  was  deposited  at  Vincennes, 
whence  it  was  carried  with  great  pomp  by  the  king  him- 
self to  Notre  Dame.  It  was  afterward  placed  in  the  Chapel 
of  St.  Nicholas,  then  the  chapel  of  the  palace.  Sainte-Cba' 
pelle  was  then  built^  and  consecrated  April  29, 1248.  It  is 
now  that  of  the  Palais  de  Justice.  It  Is  the  most  perfect 
example  of  its  type  produced  during  the  best  period  of 
Pointed  architecture.  It  consists  of  two  chapels,  one  be- 
low the  other.  The  lower  chapel  was  dedicated  to  the  Vir- 
gin, has  nave  and  narrow  aisles,  and  is  in  Itself  archi- 
tecturally remarkable.  The  upper  chapel,  36  by  115  feet, 
is  vaulted  in  a  single  span  66  feet  high.  .Almost  the 
entire  wall-space  is  occupied  by  the  great  traceried  win- 
dows, which  are  all  filled  with  13th-century  glass  of  inde- 
scribable richness  of  color.  The  Flamboyant  rose-win- 
dow which  occupies  the  entire  upper  half  of  the  west  end 
was  inserted  in  the  16th  century  in  place  of  the  original 
window.  All  the  stonework  of  the  interior  is  decorated 
in  gold  and  brilliant  color,  and  there  is  much  delicate 
sculpture.  Beneath  the  windows  is  a  range  of  arcades 
whose  quatrefoils  are  filled  with  illuminations  represent- 
ing martyrdoms.  The  graceful  wooden  tabernacle  at 
the  east  end  is  of  the  13th  century.  The  upper  chapel 
was  built  to  receive  the  crown  of  thorns  and  other 
relics.  Before  the  west  end  there  is  a  two-storied  ar- 
caded  porch. 

Sainte-Claire  Deville  (sant-klar'  d6-yel'), 
Charles.  Bom  at  St.  Thomas,  West  Indies, 
1814:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  10,  1876.  A  French 
scientist.  He  made  a  special  study  of  volcanic  and  seis- 
mic phenomena,  exploring  for  this  purpose  the  West  In- 
dies, Teneriff e,  southern  Italy,  etc. ;  was  the  assistant  and 
successor  of  Mie  de  Beaumont  in  the  College  de  France ; 
and  established  a  chain  of  meteorological  stations  in 
France  and  Algeria.  He  published  "Voyage  g^ologique 
aux  Antilles  et  aux  lies  T4n6rifle  et  de  Fogo "  (7  vols. 
1856-64),  etc 

Sainte-Croix  (sant-krwa').  1.  A  town  in  the 
canton  of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  22  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Lausanne.  It  has  manufactures 
of  watches,  etc.  Population  (1888),  6,009.-2. 
See  Santa  Cruz. 
St.  Elian's  Well.  A  celebrated  weU  in  Den- 
bighshire, known  as  "  the  head  of  the  cursing- 
wells."  It  was  thought  that  by  throwing  a  pin  or  a  peb- 
ble into  the  well,  inscribed  with  the  name  of  a  hated  per- 
'  son,  and  at  the  same  time  performing  certain  impious  rites, 
the  victim  would  be  caused  to  pine  and  die,  and  his  fields 
would  be  blasted. 

St.  Elias  (e-li'as),  Mount,  1.  Thename  of  sev- 
eral mountains  in  Grreece.  Mountains  so  named  are 
situated  (a)  In  the  western  part  of  Laconia ;  (&)in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Euboea ;  (c)  in  Zea ;  (d)  in  Mjlo ;  (e)  in  .^ina ; 
[CO  in  Faros ;  (s)  in  Santoiin. 

2.  A  mountain  in  Alaska,  near  the  boundary 
of  British  America,  in  lat.  60°  17'  35"  N., 
long.  140°  55'  47"  W.,  near  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
It  was  once  thought  to  be  the  highest  peak  In  North 
America,  but  is  now  known  to  be  surpassed  by  the  Peak 
of  Orizaba,  in  Mexico,  and  also  by  Mount  Xiogan,  in  British 
territory,  26  miles  northeast  of  St.  Elias.  Height^  18,023 
feet. 

St.  Elmo.    See  Mmo,  Castle  of  St. 

Sainte-Margiierite  (sant-mar-gref).  One  of 
the  lies  de  L^rins,  near  Cannes,  Prance,  in  its 
fort  Monterey  the  "man  with  the  iron  mask  "was  confined 
1686-98 ;  and  Bazalne  was  confined  there  from  1£73  until 
his  escape  in  1874. 

Sainte-Marie  (sant-ma-re').  A  small  island 
east  of  Madagascar,  about  lat.  17°  S.  It  belongs 
to  the  French.    Population  (1883),  7,496. 


882 

Sainte-Menehould  (sant'm6-n6-61'  orm6-n8'). 
A  town  in  the  department  of  Marne,  Prance, 
situated  on  the  Aisne  41  miles  east-southeast  of 
Bheims.    Population  (1891),  commune,  5,298. 

St.-^milion  (san-ta-me-ly6n').  A  small  town 
in  the  department  of  Gironde,  Prance,  19  miles 
east  of  Bordeaux:  noted  for  its  wines. 

Saintes  (sant).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Charente-Inf^rieure,  situated  on  the  Charente 
38  miles  southeast  of  La  Eochelle :  the  ancient 
Mediolanum.  it  is  celebrated  for  its  Roman  remains. 
The  triumphal  arch,  formerly  the  head  of  the  old  Charente 
bridge,  has  2  arched  openings,  13  feet  wide,  between  pi- 
lasters and  engaged  Corinthian  columns.  The  height  is 
38  feet.  The  inscriptions  show  that  it  was  built  under 
Nero,  in  honor  of  Germanicus,  Tiberius,  and  Drusus.  The 
cathedral  and  the  churches  of  St.  Eutropius  and  Notre 
Dame  are  notable.  The  town  was  the  capital  of  the  San- 
tones,  and  afterward  of  Saintonge ;  was  held  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  the  middle  ages ;  and  suffered  in  the  Huguenot 
wars.    Population  (1891),  18,461. 

St.-£tienne  (san-ta-tyen').  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Loire,  France,  situated  in  lat.  45° 
26'  N.,  long.  4°  23'  E.  it  is  the  center  of  the  principal 
coal-field  in  southern  France,  and  one  of  the  greatest  manu- 
facturing cities  of  the  country ;  manufactures  iron,  wea- 
pons, cutlery,  ribbons,  etc. ;  has  a  national  arms  factoiy ; 
and  is  an  important  railway  center.  It  has  a  school  of 
mines  and  a  palace  ofarts.    Population  (1901),  146,671. 

St.  Eustache.    See  Eustache,  St. 

St.  Eustatius  (sant  u-sta'shi-us),  or  St.-Eu- 
stache  (san-t6-stash').  An  island  of  the  Dutch 
"West  Indies,  a  dependency  of  Curajao,  situated 
northwest  of  St.  Christopher's  in  lat.  17°29'N., 
long.  62°  59'  W.  Capital,  Orangetown.  it  is  of 
volcanic  formation.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Dutch  in  1636, 
and  ha«  been  held  uninterruptedly  by  them  since  1814. 
Area,  7  square  miles.    Population  (1890),  1,688. 

Saint-£vremond  (sau-tavr-m6n').  Seigneur  de 
(Charles  de  Marguetel  de  Saint-Denis). 

Bom  at  St.-Denis-ai-(}uast,  near  Coutanoes, 
France,  April  1, 1613 :  died  in  England,  Sept. 
29,  1703.  A  French  author.  He  was  educated  by 
the  Jesuits,  and  served  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War.  He  was 
a  favorite  of  Cond^,  but  incurred  his  displeasure  and  later 
that  of  the  king  after  the  fall  of  Fouquet  by  his  letter  on 
the  peace  of  the  Pyrenees,  and  also  by  his  adhesion  to  the 
school  of  freethinkers  founded  or  encouraged  by  Gassendi. 
In  1660  he  went  to  England,  and  lived  there  in  exile  at  the 
court  of  Charles  II.  till  his  death.  His  works  include  cri- 
tiques, letters,  etc.,  first  published  in  1705. 

St.  Felix  (f  e'liks) .  A  small  island  in  the  Pacific, 
west  of  Chile,  situated  in  lat.  26°  16'  S.,  long. 
80°  7'  "W. 

St.-Flour  (san-fl8r').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Cantal,  France,  33  miles  north  by  east  of 
Aurillae.    Population  (1891),  commune,  5,308. 

St.  Francis  (fran'sis).  1.  A  river  in  eastern 
Missouri  and  eastern  Arkansas,  it  forms  part  of 
the  boundary  between  these  two  States,  and  Joins  the  Mis- 
sissippi 9  miles  north  of  Helena.   Length,  about  450  miles. 

2.  A  river  in  the  province  of  Quebec,  Canada, 
joining  the  St.  Lawrence  in  Lake  St.  Peter,  24 
mUes  southwest  of  Three  Rivers.  Length, 
about  175  miles. 

St.  Francis,  Cape.  1.  A  cape  in  the  penin- 
sula of  Avalon,  southeastern  Newfoundland,  at 
the  entrance  to  Conception  Bay. — 2.  A  cape 
on  the  southern  coast  of  Cape  (Colony,  situated 
in  lat.  34°  12'  S.,  long.  24°  50'  E. 

St.  Francis,  Lake.  1.  An  expansion  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  below  the  New  York  and  Canada 
boundary.  Length,  about  30  miles.  Width,  2-5 
miles. —  2.  A  lake  in  Beauee  County,  Quebec, 
Canada,  59  miles  south  of  Quebec.  Its  outlet  is 
by  the  St.  Francis  Kiver  into  the  St.  Lawrence. 
Length,  about  14  miles. 

St.  Gall  (sant  gai),  F.  St.-Gall  (san-gai'),  G. 
Sankt  Gallon  (sankt  gal'len).  1.  A  canton 
of  Switzerland.  Capital,  St.  Gall,  it  is  bounded 
by  Thurgau  and  the  Lake  of  Constance  on  the  north,  the 
Rhine  (separating  it  from  Vorarlberg,  Liechtenstein,  and 
in  part  from  Grisons)  on  the  east,  Grisons  and  Glarus  on 
the  south,  and  Glarus,  Schwyz,  Zurich,  and  Thurgau  on 
the  west.  It  incloses  the  canton  of  Appenzell.  The  sur- 
face is  mountainous  and  hilly :  the  south  and  center  are 
traversed  by  the  Glarneralpen  and  Thuralpen.  It  is  large- 
ly a  manufacturing  canton.  The  prevailing  language  is 
German.  About  two  fifths  are  Protestants  and  three  fifths 
Roman  Catholics.  A  large  part  of  the  territory  was  for- 
merly subject  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Gall ;  different  por- 
tions came  under  the  sovereignty  of  the  confederation  in 
the  16th  and  16th  centuries ;  the  canton  was  formed  in 
1803.    Area,  779  square  miles.    Population  (1888),  228,174. 

3.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  St.  Gall,  sit- 
uated in  lat.  47°  26'  N.,  long.  9°  23'  E.,  at  a 
height  of  2,165  feet  above  sea-level,  it  is  one 
of  ttie  chief  manufacturing  and  commercial  cities  in 
Switzerland,  and  the  centerof  alarge  district  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  embroidery  and  white  goods.  Tim  abbey 
is  a  famous  Benedictine  establishment,  founded  by  the 
Irish  missionary  St.  Gall  in  the  7th  century,  and  sup- 
pressed in  1806.  The  existing  buildings,  now  used  for 
cantonal  offices,  schools,  episcopal  palace,  and  the  valua- 
ble librai7,  are  not  old,  the  grand  medieval  structures 
having  unfortunately  disappeared.     The  church  dates 


St.-Germain-en-Laye 

from  1765.  The  city  grew  up  around  the  abbey,  and  be- 
came an  important  literary  center.  The  abbots  obtained 
extensive  power  in  the  middle  ages.  St.  Gall  joined  the 
Swiss  Confederation  in  1461.    Population  (1888),  27,390. 

St.-Galmier  (san-gal-mya' ) .  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Loire,  France,  28  miles  west-south- 
west of  Lyons.  It  exports  mineral  waters. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  3,257. 

St.-Gaudens  (san-go-dan').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Haute-Garonne,  France,  situated 
near  the  Garonne  50  miles  southwest  of  Tou- 
louse. It  has  a  Eomanesque  church.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  7,007. 

Saint-Gaudens  (sant-gS^'denz),  Augustus. 
Bom  at  Dublin,  Ireland,  March  1,  1848.  An 
American  sculptor.  He  studied  In  New  York,  Paris, 
and  Rome,  where  he  produced  his  first  statue, "  Hiawa- 
tha,"  in  1871.  He  received  the  commission  for  the  Farragut 
monument  in  Madison  Square,  New  York,  in  1876,  and  fin- 
ished the  work  in  1880.  Among  his  other  works  are  "Adora- 
tion of  the  Cross"  (a  bas-relief  in  St.  Thomaa'B  Church, 
New  YorkX  "The  Puritan,"  statues  of  Abraham  Lincoln, 
Robert  P.  Randall,  etc.,  and  busts  of  W.  M.  Evarts,  Theo- 
dore D.  Woolsey,  General  Sherman,  and  others.  The 
"Diana"  on  the  tower  of  Madison  Square  Garden  Is  also 
his. 

Saint-Gelais  (san-zh6-Ia'),  Mellin  (or  Merlin 
or  Melusin)  de.  Bom  at  Angoulgme,  1487: 
died  at  Paris,  Oct.,  1558.  A  French  poet.  He 
was  the  most  important  poet  of  the  school  of  Clement 
Marot.  He  is  noted  as  the  Introducer  of  the  sonnet  from 
Italy  into  France. 

St.-Geniez  (san-zh6-nya').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aveyron,  France,  situated  on  the 
Lot  .19  miles  east-northeast  of  Eodez.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  3,825. 

St.  George  (j6rj).  Cape.  1.  A  cape  on  a  small 
island  off  the  mouth  of  the  Appalachioola  Eiver, 
in  Florida. — 2.  A  cape  on  the  western  coast  of 
Newfoundland,  forming  the  northern  limit  of 
St.  George  Bay. 

St.  George,  Cape,  or  Cape  George.  A  cape  in 
the  northeastern  part  of  Nova  Scotia,  at  the 
entrance  to  St.  George  Bay. 

St.  George,  Gulf  of.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic, 
on  the  eastern  coast  of  Argentina,  about  lat. 
45°-47°  S. 

St.  George  Bay.  -An  arm  of  i  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  on  the  western  coast  of  Newfound- 
land.   Length,  about  50  miles. 

St.  George  Bay,  or  George  Bay.  Aa  inlet  of 
the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  between  Nova  Scotia 
and  Cape  Breton. 

St.  George's  (i6r'jez).  A  seaport,  capital  of  the 
island  of  Grenada,  British  West  Indies.  Popu- 
lation, about  5,000. 

St.  George's.  1.  One  of  the  Bermuda  Islands. 
Length,  SJ  miles. — 2.  A  seaport  in  the  island 
of  St.  George's.    Population,  about  2,000. 

St.  George's  Bank.  A  bank  about  lOO  miles 
east  of  (jape  Cod  in  Massachusetts.  It  is  often 
visited  by  fishermen. 

St.  Geq^e's  Channel.  A  sea  passage  sepa- 
rating Wales  and  Ireland,  and  connecting  the 
Irish  Sea  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

St.  George's  Chapel.    See  Windsor. 

St.  George's  Island.  An  island  in  the  Gulf  ol 
Mexico,  situated  off  the  coast  of  Florida,  oppo- 
site the  mouth  of  the  Appalachicola.  Length, 
19  miles. 

St.  George's  Sound.  An  arm  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  separating  St.  George's  Island  from  the 
mainland  of  Florida. 

Saint-Germain  (san-zher-man').  Bishop  of 
Paris  and  architect  of  the  church  which  Chfide- 
bert  constructed  in  honor  of  St.  Vincent,  550 
A.  D.  It  became  afterward  the  chapel  of  the  Abbey  of 
St-Germain-des-PrSs.  He  Is  also  supposed  to  ha"e  built 
for  Ghildebert  a  church  to  St.-Germain  rAnxerrois  at 
Angers,  and  the  monastery  at  Mans. 

Saint-Germain,  called  Comte  de.    Died  in 

Schleswig  or  Cassel  after  1780.  A  European  ad- 
venturer, of  unknown  origin.  He  appeared  at  the 
court  of  Louis  XV.  about  1760,  had  a  large  fortune,  and 
was  mixed  up  in  all  the  court  Intrigues  of  the  day.  He 
claimed  the  possession  of  the  elixir  of  life. 

St.-Germain  (san-zher-man').  Faubourg  of. 

A  once  fashionable  quarter  of  Paris,  situated  on 
the  south  bank  of  the  Seine,  long  noted  as  the 
headquarters  of  the  French  royalists.  Many 
of  the  houses  of  the  old  nobility  are  still  stand- 
ing. 

St.-Germain-des-Fr^s  (da-pra').  The  impres- 
sive early-Eomanesque  church  of  the  historic 
abbey  of  the  same  name  in  Paris,  conspicuous 
by  its  tall  heavy  pyramid-pointed  tower.  The 
massive  columns  and  arches  and  the  curloudy  sculptured 
capitals  are  of  high  Interest.  The  walls  of  the  nave  are 
covered  with  beautiful  scriptural  paintings  by  Flandrin. 

St.-Germain-en-Laye  (-on-la' ) .  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  France,  situated 


St.-Germain-en-Laye 

on  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine,  8  miles  west- 
northwest  of  the  fortifications  of  Paris,  it  is  a 
freqnentedsummerresidence.  Tlieoh4teau,afavoritere8i- 
dence  of  Francis  I.,  Louis  XIV.,  and  others,  and  of  James 
II.  of  England  after  his  deposition,  has,  like  most  of  such 
residences,  been  constantly  altered  and  renewed  with  the 
development  of  modern  civilization.  The  existing  struc- 
ture, half  citadel,  dates  chiefly  from  the  reign  of  Francis  L 
The  more  luxurious  Ch&teau  Neuf,  adjoining,  wasbuUt  by 
Henry  11.,  but,  except  the  Pavilion  Henry  IV.,  was  demol- 
ished in  the  18th  century.  The  chapel,  which  is  earlier 
than  the  rest,  is  of  remarkable  beauty.  The  ch&teau  now 
contains  the  Museum  of  French  National  Antiquities. 
Among  the  treaties  signed  here  were  that  of  1670  between 
the  French  Koman  Catholics  and  the  Huguenots,  whereby 
the  latter  received  various  concessions,  and  that  of  1679  be- 
tween France  and  Brandenburg,  whereby  the  latter  was 
obliged  to  cede  Sweden  most  of  its  conquests  in  Fome- 
rania.    Population  (1891),  commune,  14,262. 

St.-Oermain  I'Auxerrois  (16-ser-wa').  The 
parish  ohiireh  of  the  kings  of  France,  in  Paris. 
The  existing  picturesque  building  dates  from  the  12th  to 
the  16th  century ;  it  has  a  fine  porch  of  B  arches,  beneath 
which  open  the  3  richly  sculptured  ISth-century  portals. 
The  Interior  has  a  nave  and  i  aisles ;  It  contains  fine  glass 
and  good  modem  frescos.  The  signal  for  the  massacre 
of  St.  Bartholomew  was  sounded  from  the  small  belfry  of 
the  south  transept. 

St.-Gervaix  (san-zher-va').  A  watering-place 
in  the  department  of  Haute-Savoie,  Prance,  sit- 
uated in  the  Aive  valley  35  miles  southeast  of 
Geneva ;  noted  for  its  not  baths. 

St.  Giles's  ( jil'ziz).  A  locality  in  London,  west 
of  the  City  and  northeast  of  Westminster,  long 
noted  as  a  center  of  poverty  and  vice. 

St.-Gilles  (san-zhel').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gard,  Prance,  12  miles  south  by  east  of 
Nimes.  It  has  a  remarkable  church.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  5,947. 

St.-Oirons  (san-zhe-r6n').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ari6ge,  southern  France,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Lez  with  the  Salat,  24 
miles  west  of  Foix.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 5,448. 

St.  Gotthard  (E.  sant  goth'ard),  G.  Sankt 
Gotthard  (sankt  got'hart).  A  small  town  in 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Eaab  41  miles  east  by 
south  of  Gratz.  it  is  memorable  for  the  victory  of  the 
Imperialists  under  Montecuculi  over  the  Turks  under 
Kiuprill  Aug.  1, 1664. 

St.  Gotthard.  [G.  Sankt  Gotthard,  F.  St.-Got- 
thard :  named  from  St.  Godehardus,  bishop  of 
Hildesheim  1038.]  A  mountain  group  of  the 
Lejjontine  Alps,  on  the  borders  of  Valais,  TJri, 
Tieino,  and  Grisons,  Switzerland.  Highest 
points,  over  10,000  feet. 

St.  Gotthard,  Pass  of  the,   A  celebrated  pass 

over  the  Alps,  it  leads  from  MUelen  in  Switzerland 
up  the  valley  of  the  Reuss,  across  the  St.  Gotthard  group, 
and  down  the  valley  of  the  Tieino  to  Bellinzona.  Height 
of  the  pass,  6,935  feet.  A  carriage-road  was  constructed 
through  it  in  1820-23.  It  was  the  Ime  of  the  retreat  of 
SuvarofC  in  1799. 

St.  Gotthard,  Tunnel  of  the.  The  tunnel 
through  the  St.  Gotthard  group,  in  the  St.  Gott- 
hard railway  from  Lucerne  to  Milan,  it  extends 
from  Gbschenen  to  Airolo ;  was  commenced  in  1872 ;  and 
was  opened  in  1882.  It  is  the  longest  tunnel  in  the  world, 
extending  to  9^  miles.  Height  of  central  point,  3,786  feet. 

St.  Helena  (he-le'na).  An  island  in  the  South 
Atlantic,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  situated 
in  lat.  15°  55'  S.,  long.  5°  44'  W.  it  is  about  1,200 
miles  west  of  Africa,  1,800  miles  east  of  South  America,  and 
820  miles  from  Ascension,  the  nearest  land.  It  is  of  vol- 
canic origin.  The  only  town  is  Jamestown.  It  was  dis- 
covered by  the  Portuguese  in  1501 ;  became  a  British  pos- 
session in  1651 ;  and  is  celebrated  as  the  place  of  imprison- 
ment of  Napoleon,  who  resided  here  at  Longwood,  1815-21. 
Length,  10  miles.  Area,  47  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
4,116. 

St.  Helena  Bay.  A  bay  of  the  Atlantic,  on  the 
west  coast  of  Cape  Colony,  about  lat.  32°  40'  S. 

St.  Helena  Island.  An  island  on  the  coast  of 
Beaufort  County,  South  Carolina,  southwest  of 
Charleston :  noted  for  the  production  of  sea-isl- 
and cotton. 

St.  Helen's  (hel'enz),  A  municipal  and  parlia- 
mentary borough  in  Lancashire,  England,  sit- 
uated 10  miles  east-northeast  of  Liverpool,  it 
ha?  important  manufactures  of  glass,  copper,  chemicals, 
etc.    Population  (1901),  84,410. 

St.  Helen's,  Mount.  A  volcanic  mountain  in 
the  State  of  Washington,  one  of  the  highest 
summits  of  the  Cascade  Eange,  situated  in  lat. 
46°  12'  N.,  long.  122°  4'  W. 

St.  Holier  (P.  pron.  san-ta-lya'),  or  St.  Heller's 
(sant  hel'ySrz).  The  capital  of  the  island  of 
Jersey,  Channel  Islands,  situated  on  St.  Aubin's 
Bay  in  lat.  49°  10'  N.,  long.  2°  7'  "W.  It  is  a 
fortress,  seaport,  and  watering-place.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  29,100. 

Saint-Hilaire  (san-te-lar'),  Augustin  Fran- 

Sois  C6sar  Frovensal  de,  called  Auguste 
,e  Saint-Hilaire.  Bom  at  Orleans,  France, 
Oct.  4,  1799:  died  there,  Sept.  80,  1853.  A 
French  botanist.   He  traveled  in  the  southern  and  in- 


883 

tertor  provinces  of  Brazil  1816-22,  bringing  back  a  very  val- 
uable collection  of  plants  and  animals.  His  most  impor- 
tant writings  are  "  Flora  Brasilise  meddionalis  "  (3  vols. 
1824X  and  a  series  of  4  works,  in  8  volumes,  describing  his 
travels,  with  the  general  title  "  Voyage  dans  I'int^rieur  du 
•Br^sil "  (1830-51). 

Saint-Hilaire,  Barthdlemy-.  See  BarthSlemy- 

m  Saint-Hilaire. 

Saint-Hilaire,  Geoffroy.  See  Geoffroy  Samt- 
Bilaire. 

Saint-Hilaire,  Marco  de  (properly  Emile  Marc 
Hilaire).  Bom  at  Versailles,  May  22, 1796 :  died 
at  Neuiily,  Nov.  5, 1887.  A  French  writer,  page 
at  the  court  of  Napoleon  I.  He  wrote  "Mdmoires 
d'un  page  de  la  cour  imp^rlale  "  (1830),  and  other  works 
on  Napoleon  I.  and  the  empire. 

St.-Hubert  (san-tu-bar').  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Luxemburg,  Belgium,  30  miles  north- 
east of  Sedan:  noted  for  its  chapel  of  St.  Hu- 
bert.   Population  (1890),  2,712. 

St.  Hyacinthe  (sant  hi'a-sinth ;  P.  pron.  saiit- 
e-a-sant').  A  city,  capital  of  St.  Hyacinthe 
County,  Quebec,  Canada,  situated  on  the  river 
Yamaska  31  miles  east-northeast  of  Montreal. 
Population  (1901),  9,210. 

St.-Imier  (san-te-mya').  A  town  in  the  canton 
of  Bern,  Switzerland,  26  miles  northwest  of 
Bern.  It  has  manufactures  of  watches.  Popu- 
lation (1888),  7,613. 

St.-Imier,  Val,  G.  Sankt  Immerthal  (sS.nkt 
im'mer-tal).  A  valley  in  the  Jura,  canton  of 
Bern,  Switzerland,  north  of  the  Lake  of  Bienne. 

Saintine  (san-ten'),  Joseph  Xavier  Boniface, 
called.  BomatParis,  July  10, 1798:  died  there, 
Jan.  21,  1865.  A  French  poet,  dramatist,  and 
novelist.  He  wrote  nearly  200  plays,  at  first  under  the 
name  of  "Xavier,"and  a  number  of  novels, but  is  best  re- 
membered by  his  "Picciola,"  a  tale  of  the  love  of  a  pris- 
oner for  a  flower. 

St.  Ives  (ivz).  A  seaport  and  watering-place 
in  Cornwall,  England,  situated  on  St.  Ives  Bay 
57  miles  west-southwest  of  Plymouth,  it  has  an 
important  pilchard-fishery,  and  is  a  favorite  winter  resort. 
Population  (1891),  6,094. 

St.  Ives.  A  town  in  Huntingdonshire,  England, 
situated  on  the  Ouse  5  miles  east  of  Hunting- 
don.   Population  (1891),  3,005. 

St.  James  S  Palace.  A  palace  in  London,  adapt- 
ed as  aroyal  residence  by  Henry  Vni.,  enlarged 
by  Charles  I. ,  damaged  by  fire  in  1809,  and  since 
restored.  Though  no  longer  occupied  by  the  sovereign, 
it  gives  its  name  ofiicially  to  the  British  court.  The  pic- 
turesque brick  gate  toward  St.  James's  street,  and  the  in- 
teresting presence-chamber,  date  from  Henry  VIII.,  as 
does  the  chapel,  which  is  known  as  the  Chapel  Hoyal.  The 
apartments  of  state  are  splendidly  decorated. 

St.  James's  Park.  A  public  park  of  87  acres,  in 
London,  east  of  Green  Park,  it  originally  consisted 
of  fields  acquired  by  Henry  VIII.  in  exchange  for  lands  in 
Suffolk,  The  Hospital  of  St.  James,  which  owned  it,  was 
pulled  down,  and  St.  James's  Palace  was  erected  on  its  site. 
It  is  the  first  of  a  series  of  parks  extending  from  near  the 
Thames  at  Whitehall  to  Kensington  Palace,  2J  miles,  east 
and  west.  It  reached  its  greatest  importance  in  the  days 
of  the  Stuarts,  and  is  especially  associated  with  the  private 
life  of  Charles  II. 

St.-Jean  d'Acre.    See  Acre. 

St.- Jean  d' Allg61y  (san-zhon'  don-zha-le ' ) .  A 
townin  the  department  of  Charente-Inf^rieure, 
France,  situated  on  the  Boutonne  35  miles 
southeast  of  La  Eoohelle.  it  suffered  in  the  Hun- 
dred Years*  War ;  was  a  Calvinist  -stronghold ;  and  was 
captured  and  dismantled  by  Louis  Xni.  It  has  remains 
of  aBenedictine  abbey.  Population  (1891),  commune,  7,297. 

St.-Jean-ds-Luz  (-de-luz').  A  seaport  and  wa- 
tering-place in  the  department  of  Basses-Pyr6- 
n6es,  France,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ni- 
velle,in  the  (3rulf  of  Gascony,  12  miles  southwest 
of  Bayonne.  It  was  formerly  a  center  of  the 
whale-fishery.    Pop.  (1891),  commune,  3,856. 

St.  John  (sant  jon).  An  island  in  the  West  In- 
dies, situated  in  lat.  18°  18'  N.,  long.  64° 42'  W. 
It  belongs  to  Denmark.  Area,  21  square  miles. 
Population  (1890),  984. 

St.  John.  A  city  of  New  Brunswick  and  of 
St.  John  County,  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  St.  John  Eiver  in  lat.  45°  16'  N.,  long.  66° 
4'  W.  It  has  a  fine  harbor,  and  flourishing  foreign  and 
coasting  commerce,  manufactures  (including  ship-build- 
ing), and  fisheries.  It  was  settled  chiefly  by  American 
loyalists  at  the  close  of  the  Kevolution;  was  chartered 
as  a  city  in  1785 ;  and  was  partly  destroyed  by  fire  in  1877. 
Population  (1901),  40,711. 

St.  John,  or  St.  Johns  (jonz).  A  seaport,  capi- 
tal of  Antigua  and  of  the  Leeward  Islands  col- 
ony, British  West  Indies.  Population,  about 
9,000. 

St.  John  (sant  jon';  in  England  sin'jon),  Bayle. 
Bom  at  London,  Aug.  9, 1822:  died  there,  Aug. 
1,  1859.  An  English  traveler  and  author,  son 
of  J.  A.  St.  John.  He  wrote  "  Village  Life 
in  Egypt"  (1858),  "The  Subalpine  Kingdom" 
(1856),  and  other  works  of  travel. 


St.  John's  Park 

St.  John,  Charles  William  George.  BomDec. 

3,  1809 :  died  July  22, 1856.    A  British  natural- 
ist and  writer  on  sports. 

St.  John,  Henry,  first  Viscoimt  Bolingbroke^ 
Born  at  Battersea,  London,  Oct.  1,  1678:  died 
at  Battersea,  Dec.  12, 1751.  An  English  states- 
man and  political  writer.  He  entered  Parliament  in 
1701,  and  acted  with  the  Tories.  He  was  secretary  at  war 
1704-08,  and  secretary  of  state  1710-14,  and  was  created 
Viscount  Bolingbroke  in  1714.  He  was  opposed  to  the  ac- 
cession of  the  house  of  Hanover,  and  on  the  death  of  Queen 
Anne  in  1714  fled  to  France,  where  he  entered  the  service 
of  the  Pretender:  he  was  soon  dismissed,  however,  and 
subsequently  returned  to  England.  He  was  a  friend  of 
Pope  and  Swift.  He  wrote  "  Dissertation  on  Parties  "(1786), 
"  Idea  of  a  Patriot  King  "  (1749),  etc. 

St.  John,  James  Augustus.  Born  in  Carmar- 
thenshire, Wales,  Sept.  24, 1801 :  died  Sept.  22, 
1875.  An  English  traveler  and  miscellaneous 
author.  His  works  include  "Journal  of  a  Residence 
in  Norway  "  and  "Lives  of  Celebrated  Travelers"  (1830X 
"History,  Manners,  and  Customs  of  the  Hindoos"  (1832), 
"Egypt  and  Mohammed  All  "(1834), "  The  Hellenes :  Man- 
ners and  Customs  of  Ancient  Greece  "  (1842),  "Egypt  and 
Nubia"(1844),  "Views  in  Borneo  "(1847),  "l8is,etc."(1853V 
"  History  of  the  Four  Conquests  of  England  "  (1862),  several 
novels,  lives  of  Ealeigh  and  Louis  Napoleon,  etc. 

St.  John,  John  Pierce.  Bom  in  Franklin  Coun- 
ty, Ind.,  Feb.  25^  1833.  An  American  politician. 
He  served  in  the  Civil  War ;  was  Republican  governor  of 
Kansas  1879-83 ;  and  was  the  Prohibitionist  candidate  for 
President  in  1884. 

St.  John,  Oliver.  Bom  about  1598:  died  1673. 
An  English  politician  and  lawyer.  He  defended 
Hampden  in  the  "  ship-money  trial  '*  in  1637 ;  was  solicitor- 
general  1641-43;  and  was  commissioner  of  the  great  seal, 
chief  justice  of  Common  Pleas,  and  councilor  of  state 
during  the  period  of  the  Long  Parliament  and  Common- 
wealth. 

St.  John  Lateran.  [It.  San,  Giovanni  in  Late- 
rano.']  A  famous  church  in  Eome,  "  the  mother 
and  head  of  all  churches."  The  original  basilica, 
erected  by  Constantine  in  the  palace  of  the  Lateran  (which 
see),  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  896.  It  was  re- 
built, and  was  twice  destroyed  by  fire  (1308,  1360),  and  at 
various  times  remodeled.  Extensive  changes  were  made 
in  the  latter  half  of  the  16th  century.  The  present  clas- 
sical front  is  of  the  18th  century  ;  the  heavy  Renaissance 
omameuts  of  the  nave,  mostly  in  stucco,  date  from  1644. 
The  fiat  wooden  roof  is  richly  coffered.  The  beautiful 
13th-century  cloisters  have  round  arcades,  slender  coupled 
columns,  and  mosaics.  The  octagonal  baptistery  was 
founded  by  Constantine,  and  is  essentially  unaltered  ;  it 
possesses  a  much-revered  font  and  beautiful  old  mosaics. 

If  it  could  be  ascertained  at  what  period  in  the  life  ot 
Constantine  these  churches  were  built,  some  light  might 
be  thrown  on  the  history  of  his  personal  religion.  For, 
the  Lateran  being  an  imperial  palace,  the  grant  of  a  basil- 
ica within  its  waUs  for  the  Christian  worship  (for  such  we 
may  conjecture  to  have  been  the  first  church)  was  a  kind 
of  direct  recognition,  if  not  of  his  own  regular  personal 
attendance,  at  least  of  his  admission  of  Christianify  within 
his  domestic  circle.  The  palace  was  afterwards  granted 
to  the  Christians,  the  first  patrimony  of  the  popes. 

UUman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  298. 

St.  John  Biver.  A  river  in  Maine  and  Canada. 
It  rises  on  the  boundary  between  Maine  and  Quebec,  flows 
northeast  (known  in  part  of  its  upper  course  as  the  Walla- 
stook),  forms  part  of  the  boundary,  then  fiows  east,  south- 
east, and  south,  and  empties  into  the  Bay  of  Fundy  at  St. 
John.  Its  chief  branches  are  the  Alleguash,  St.  iSancis, 
Madawaska,  and  Ai'oostook.  Length,  about  500  miles ; 
navigable  to  Fredericton,  and  for  smaller  vessels  to  Grand 
Falls  and  above. 

St.  John's  (jonz).  A  seaport,  the  capital  of 
Newfoundland,  situated  almost  at  the  east- 
em  extremity  of  the  island,  in  lat.  47°  34'  N., 
long.  52°  41'  W.  It  exports  fish,  and  has  manufac 
tures  of  cod  and  seal  oUs,  etc.  A  large  part  of  it  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire,  July  8, 1892.    Population  (1901),  29,694. 

St.  Johnsbury  (jonz'bu-ri).  The  capital  of 
(Caledonia  County,  Vermont,  situated  on  Pas- 
sumpsic  Eiver  30  miles  east-northeast  of  Mont- 
pelier.  it  is  the  seat  of  the  largest  scale  factory  in  the 
world  (Fairbanks's  scales).    Population  (1900),  7,010. 

St.  John's  College.  A  college  of  Cambridge 
University,  England,  founded  in  1511  by  Lady 
Margaret  Beaufort,  replacing  St.  John's  Hos- 
pital, which  was  established  in  the  12th  cen- 
tury. On  the  first  of  the  four  courts  face  the  hall  and 
the  chapel.  The  former  possesses  a  spacious  interior, 
oak-paneled,  and  with  open-framed  ■wooden  roof.  The 
chapel  is  a  very  handsome  modern  Decorated  building  by 
Sir  Gilbert  Scott.  The  second  court,  built  of  brick  of  a 
purple  tone,  is  the  most  beautiful  in  Cambridge.  From 
the  west  side  of  the  third  court,  a  covered  bridge,  called 
the  Bridge  of  Sighs, whose  arched  openings  are  filled  with 
tracery,  leads  over  the  Cam  to  the  New  Court,  whose 
buildings  are  of  stone  in  the  Elizabethan  style. 

St.  John's  College.  A  college  of  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, England,  founded  in  1555.  The  build- 
ings are  of  various  dates,  and  are  picturesquely  grouped ; 
some  of  them  belonged  to  the  earlier  College  of  St.  Ber- 
nard, and  were  built  about  the  middle  of  the  loth  century. 
The  two  quadrangles  are  connected  by  a  vaulted  passage. 

St.  John's  Park.  A  park  formerly  bounded  by 
Hudson,  Beach,  Varick,  and  Laight  streets,  in 
New  York  city,  it  was  originally  appropriated  from 
Trinity  Church  domains,  and  embellished  by  the  churcb 
corporation.    It  is  now  covered  by  a  freight  depot. 


St.  John's  Biver 

St.  John's  River.  A  river  in  Florida,  it  flows 
In  general  northward  nearly  parallel  to  the  coast,  travers- 
ing Lake  George  and  other  lakes,  and  empties  into  the 
Atlantic  16  miles  east-northeast  ol  Jacksonville.  Length, 
about  350  miles ;  navigable  to  Enterprise. 

St.  John's  Wood.  A  quarter  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  London,  west  of  Regent's  Park,  it  is  a 
large  colony  of  second-rate  villas.  Lord's  Cricket  Ground 
is  here,  where  the  Eton  and  Harrow  match  is  played  an- 
nually in  July. 

St.  Joseph  ( jo'zef ).  A  city,  capital  of  Buchanan 
County,  western  Missouri,  situated  on  the  Mis- 
souri in  lat.  39°  45'  N.  it  is  the  third  city  in  the 
State,  and  an  important  railway,  commercial,  andmanulac 
turing  center.  It  was  founded  in  1843,  and  was  formerly  a 
pointof  departure  for  Western  settlers.  Population  (19bOJ, 

St.  Joseph  (or  Joseph's)  Bay.  An  arm  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  coast  of  Florida,  120 
miles  east-southeast  of  Pensaoola. 

St.  Joseph  Island.  An  island  belonging  to 
Ontario,  Canada,  situated  in  the  outlet  of  Lake 
Superior  into  Lake  Huron.    Length,  20  miles. 

St.  Joseph  Biver.  1.  A  river  in  southwestern 
Michigan  and  northern  Indiana,  it  flows  into  Lake 
Michigan  at  St.  Joseph.  Length,  about  200  miles ;  navi- 
gable for  about  half  its  length. 
2.  A  river  in  southern  Michigan,  northwestern 
Ohio,  and  northeastern  Indiana,  it  unites  at  Fort 
Wayne  with  the  St.  Mary's  to  form  the  Maumee.  Length, 
about  100  miles. 

St.-Junien  (san'zhii-nyan').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Haute-Vienne,  Prance,  situated  on 
the  Vienne  19  miles  west  of  Limoges.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  9,376. 

Saint-Just  (san-zhiisf ),  Ajltoine.  Bom  at  D^- 
cize,  near  Nevers,  Prance,  Aug.  25, 1767:  guillo- 
tined at  Paris,  July  28, 1794.  A  French  revolu- 
tionist, an  intimate  associate  of  Robespierre, 
and  one  of  the  chief  promoters  of  the  Reign  of 
Terror.  He  became  deputy  to  the  Convention  in  1792 ; 
was  a  member  of  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  1783-94 ; 
and  was  sent  on  missions  to  the  armies  on  the  frontiers 
1793-94.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  overthrow  of  the 
H^bertists  and  Dantonists,  and  was  involved  in  the  down- 
fall of  Robespierre. 

St.  Eilda  (kil'da).  A  remote  island  of  the  Outer 
Hebrides,  Scotland,  situated  west  of  North  Uist, 
in  lat.  57°  49'  N.,  long.  8°  35'  W.  The  surface 
is  rocky.  Length,  3 miles.  Population(1886),  80. 

St.  Kitts.     See  St.  Christopher. 

Saint-Lambert  (san'lou-bar'),  Jean  Francois, 
Marquis  de.  Bom  at  Nancy,  Prance,  Dec.  26, 
1716:  died  Feb.  9,  1803.  A  French  poet  and 
philosopher;  one  of  the  encyclopedists.  His 
best-known  work  is  the  poem  "Les  saisons" 
(1769). 

St.  Lawrence  (la'rens).  One  of  the  principal 
rivers  of  North  America,  the  outlet  of  the  Great 
Lakes.  The  stream  issues  from  Lake  Ontario,  and  flows 
into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  at  Cape  Gasp^.  For  some 
distance  below  Lake  Ontario  it  forms  the  boundary  be- 
tween Canada  and  the  United  States  (New  York).  Its  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Ottawa,  St.  Maurice,  and  Saguenay  on 
the  left,  and  the  Richelieu,  St.  Francis,  and  Chaudi^re  on 
the  right.  It  contains  the  Thousand  Islands,  the  islands 
of  Montreal,  Jesus,  Orleans,  etc.,  and  forms  Lakes  St. 
Francis,  St.  Louis,  and  St.  Peter.  The  chief  fall  is  the 
Lachine  Rapids.  Length  from  Lake  Ontario,  about  740 
miles ;  navigable  for  the  largest  vessels  to  Quebec,  for 
large  sea  vessels  to  Montreal.  Width  of  part  below  Que- 
bec, from  7  to  90  (at  its  embouchure)  miles. 

St.  Lawrence.  An  island  in  Bering  Sea,  be- 
longing to  Alaska,  intersected  by  lat.  63°  N., 
long.  170°  W.    Length,  about  100  miles. 

St.  Lawrence,  Cape.  A  cape  at  the  northern 
extremity  of  Cape  Breton  Island,  projectinginto 
the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

St.  Lawrence,  Gulf  of.  [P.  Golfe  du  St.-Lau- 
rent.']  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  River,  it  borders  on  the  province 
of  Quebec  on  the  north,  Newfoundland  on  the  east,  Nova 
Scotia  on  the  south,  and  New  Brunswick  and  Quebec  on 
the  west.  It  communicates  with  the  sea  by  a  wide  open- 
ing on  the  southeast,  by  the  Strait  of  Belle  Isle  on  the 
northeast,  and  by  the  Gut  of  Canso  on  the  south ;  and  con- 
tains Prince  Edward  Island,  Anticosti,  and  the  Magdalen 
Islands.  The  chief  branches  are  Chaleur  Bay,  Miramiqhl 
Bay,  Bay  of  Islands,  and  St.  George  Bay.  The  fisheries  are 
important. 

St.  Leger  (sant  lej'er).  An  English  race,  sec- 
ond in  importance  only  to  the  Derby,  it  was  estab- 
lished in  1776,  and  named  from  ColonelAnthony  St.  Leger 
in  1778.  It  is  a  race  for  three-year-olds,  and  is  run  at  Don- 
caster  about  the  second  week  of  September. 

St.  Leger  (sant  lej'6r  or  sil'in-jer),  Barry.  Born 
1737:  died  1789.  A  British  officer,  of  Hugue- 
not descent.  He  served  in  the  French  and  Indian  war 
and  In  the  Revolutionary  War.  He  commanded  the  un- 
successful expedition  against  Fort  Stanwix  in  1777,  and 
attained  the  rank  of  colonel  in  1780.  He  published  "  St. 
Leger's  Journal  of  Occurrences  in  America"  (1780). 

St.  Ldon  (saii-la-6n'),  Fanny  (originally  Fran- 
cesca  Oerrito).  Bom  at  Naples,  March  11, 
1821.  A  noted  Italian  dancer,  she  made  her  daut 
at  the  San  Carlo  in  1835,  and  was  a  favorite  in  London  1840- 
.1846.   She  married  the  dancer  and  violinist  St.  L^on  about 


884 

this  time,  but  was  separated  from  him  in  1860.  She  assisted 
Gautier  in  the  composition  of  the  ballets  "Gemma" 
"Gipsy,"  and  others. 

St.-L6onard  ( san-la-6-nar ' ) .  A  to wn  in  the  de- 
partment of  Hante-Vienne,  France,  situated  on 
the  Vienne  10  miles  east  of  Limoges.  It  was 
the  birthplace  of  Gay-Lussac.  Population(1891), 
commune,  5,981. 

St.  Leonards  (len'ardz).  A  western  suburb  of 
Hastings,  Sussex,  ^England :  a  watering-place 
on  the  English  Channel. 

St.  Leonards,  Baron.    See  Sugden. 

St.-Leu  (san-le').  A  village  in  the  department 
of  _  Seine-et-Oise,  Prance,  northward  of  Paris. 
It  is  the  place  of  burial  of  Louis  Bonaparte  and 
other  Bonapartes. 

St.-Leu,  Comte  de.  A  name  assumed  by  Louis 
Bonaparte  after  his  deposition  (1810)  as  king  of 
Holland. 

St.-L6  (san-16').  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Manche,  France,  situated  on  the  Vire  in  lat. 
49°  7'  N.,  long.  1°  7'  "W.  it  is  largely  engaged  in 
cloth  manufacture.  The  Cathedral  of  Notre  Dame  has 
tall  spires,  and  triple  portals  beneath  three  great  arches 
inclosing  large  traceried  windows.  On  the  north  side  of 
the  facade  some  Flamboyant  tabernacle-work  was  added, 
which  is  among  the  most  exquisite  productions  of  that 
style.  St.-Ld  was  pillaged  by  the  Normans,  and  later  by 
the  English,  and  suffered  in  the  religious  struggles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  11,445. 

St.  Louis  (sant  18'is  or  16'i).  A  city  in  Missouri, 
situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi, 
20  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri,  in  lat. 
38°  38'  N.,  long.  90°  15'  "W.  it  is  the  laigest  city  in 
Missouri  and  in  the  Mississippi  basin,  and  fourth  city  in 
the  United  States ;  one  of  the  chief  railway  centers  of  the 
country :  and  one  of  its  leading  commerci^  and  manufac- 
turing cities.  The  river  is  crossed  here  by  a  bridge  2,226 
feet  long,  connecting  the  city  with  East  St.  Louis.  There  is 
extensive  commerce  by  river ;  among  the  leading  articles 
of  shipment  are  grain,  live  stock,  tobacco,  flour,  and 
cotton.  The  leading  manufactures  are  flour,  beer,  sugar, 
iron  and  steel,  tobacco,  etc.  The  chief  buildings  are  the 
custom-house  and  post-offlce,  court-house,  merchants'  ex- 
change, Four  Courts,  etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  St.  Louis  and 
Washington  universities,  and  is  noted  for  its  public  schools. 
It  was  founded  by  the  French  in  1764  (see  Chouteau,  Aw- 
gvgU) ;  was  formally  occupied  by  the  Spaniards  in  1771 ; 
was  ceded  to  the  United  States  in  1803 ;  was  made  a  city 
in  1822 ;  and  has  been  several  times  devastated  l>y  cholera 
and  flood,  and  in  1849  by  fire.  Its  progress  was  retarded 
by  the  Civil  War.  It  was  separated  from  St.  Louis  County 
in  1877.    Population  (1900),  676,238. 

St.-Louis  (san-18-e ' ) .  The  capital  of  the  French 
colony  of  Senegal,  West  Africa,  situated  on  an 
island  in  the  Senegal  River,  near  its  mouth,  in 
lat.  16°  1'  N.,  long.  16°  34'  W.  (lighthouse).  It 
has  considerable  commerce.  Population,  about 
20,000.  _ 

St.  Louis  (lo'is  or  16'i),  Lake.  An  expansion 
of  the  St.  Lawrence  below  Lake  St.  Francis  and 
above  Montreal. 

St.  Louis  (lo'is  or  lo'i)  River.  A  river  in  north- 
eastern Minnesota  which  flows  into  Lake  Su- 
perior 9  miles  southwest  of  Duluth.  Length, 
about  200  miles. 

St.  Lucas,  Cape.    See  San  Lucas,  Cape. 

St.  Lucia  (iB'sha),  or  Santa  Lucia  (san'ta  18- 
se'a).  An  island  of  the  British  West  Indies, 
situated  in  lat.  14°  N.,  long.  61°  W.  Capital, 
Castries,  its  surface  is  mountainous  and  volcanic.  It 
exports  sugar,  cacao,  etc.  It  was  settled  by  the  English  in 
1639 ;  was  several  times  held  by  the  French ;  and  has  been 
held  permanently  by  the  British  since  1803.  It  forms  part 
of  the  colony  of  the  Windward  Islands.  Area,  237  square 
miles.    Population  (1892),  43,310. 

St.  Lucia  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Indian  Ocean, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Umvolozi  River,  Zululand, 
situated  south  of  the  St.  Lucia  Lake,  it  was 
claimed  by  the  Germans  in  1884,  but  yielded  to  the  British 
in  1885. 

St.  Lucia  Lake,  A  lagoon  on  the  eastern  coast 
of  Zululand,  South  Africa,  about  lat.  28°  S.  It 
communicates  with  the  Indian  Ocean  by  St.  Lucia  Bay. 
Length,  about  60  miles. 

St.-Macaire  (san'ma-kar').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gironde,  France,  situated  on  the 
Garonne  25  miles  southeast  of  Bordeaux:  a 
Roman  andmedieval  town.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  2,249. 

St.-Maizent  (san'ma-kson').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Deux-S6vres,  situated,  on  the 
SSvre  30  miles  southwest  of  Poitiers. '  It  eon- 
tains  an  interesting  church.  Population  (1891), 
5,036. 

St.-Malo  (san'ma-lo').  A  seaport  in  the  de- 
partment of  nie-et-Vilaine,  France,  situated  on 
an  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ranee,  in  lat.  48° 
40'  N.,  long.  1°  59'  W.  It  is  a  strong  fortress,  and 
an  important  commercial  city  and  watering-place ;  has 
extended  quays  and  docks ;  and  is  celebrated  for  the  height 
of  the  tides.  Its  ramparts,  castle,  and  parish  church  (for- 
merly a  cathedral)  are  notable.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Cartier,  Maupertuis,  Lamettrie,  Mah6  de  la  Bourdonnais, 
Ch&teaubriand,  and  Lamennais.     It  was  unsuccessfully 


Saint  Mary's 

attacked  by  the  English  in  1693,  1695,  and  1758.    Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  11,896. 

Saint-Marc  Girardin  (san'mar'  zhe-rar-dan'), 
Francois  Auguste  (originally  Marc  Girar- 
din). Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  12,  1801-;  died  at 
Morsang-sur-Seine,  near  Paris,  April  11,  1873. 
A  French  author,  publicist,  and  politician.  His 
works  include  "  Cours  de  litt^rature  dramatique  "  (1843- 
1863),  "Bssais  de  litt^rature  et  de  morale  "  (1844),  etc. 

St.  Margaret's.  A  historic  church  in  West- 
minster, London,  founded  by  Edward  I.  and 
modified  by  Edward  IV.  Here  Sir  Walter  Raleigh 
and  William  Caxton  were  buried,  and  Milton  was  married. 
The  church  is  full  of  colored-glass  windows  and  other  me- 
morials to  the  great  men  who  have  been  associated  with  it. 

St.  Mark's  (Venice).   See  Marie,  St.,  BasiUeaof. 

St.  Mark's  Square.  The  principal  square  m 
Venice.  It  contains  St.  Mark's  Church  and  the 
Campanile.  Near  it  are  the  Ducal  Palace, 
Bridge  of  Sighs,  etc. 

Saint-Mars  (san-mar'),  Gabrielle  Anne  de 
Cistemes  de  Courtiras,  Marquise  de  Foilow 
de :  best  known  by  her  pseudonym  of  Com- 
tesse  Dash.  Born  at  Poitiers,  Aug.  2,  1804: 
died  at  Paris,  Se^t.  11, 1872.  A  French  woman 
of  society  and  writer.  Among  her  books  are  "  Le  Jeu 
de  la  reine,"  "  Les  bals  masques,"  "  La  chaine  d'or,"  "Les 
chateaux  en  Afrique,"  "La  duchesse  d'Bponnes,"  "Le 
fruit  d^fendu,"  "Les  galanteries  de  lacour  de  Louis  XV.," 
"Lar^gence,"  "La  jeunesse  de  Louis  XV.,"  "Les  mal- 
tresses  du  roi,""Le  pare  aux  cerfs,""La  marquise  de 
Parab^re,"  "La  marquise  sanglante,"  "La  poudre  et  la 
neige,"  "  Le  salon  du  diable,"  etc. 

St.  Martin  (sant  mar'tin;  F.  pron.  san-mar- 
tau').  An  island  in  the  Lesser  Antilles,  West 
Indies,  situated  in  lat.  18°  4'  N.,  long.  63°  5'  W. 
It  is  divided  between  France  and  the  Netherlands.  The 
surface  is  hilly.  St.  Martin  exports  salt,  sugar,  and  live 
stock.  The  capital  of  the  French  part  is  Marigot ;  of  the 
Dutch  part,  Philippsburg.  It  was  divided  between  the  two 
nations  in  1648.  Area  of  French  part,  20  square  miles ; 
population  (1889),  3,641.  Area  of  Dutch  part,  17  square 
miles ;  population  (1890),  3,882. 

St.  Martin  (mar'tin),  or  St.  Martin's  (mar'- 
tinz).  One  of  the  Scilly  Islands,  southwest  of 
Cornwall,  England. 

Saint-Martin  (san'm^r-tan'),  Antoine  Jean. 
Born  at  Paris,  Jan.  17,  1791 :  died  there,  July, 
1832.  A  French  Orientalist.  His  chief  work  is 
"M^moires  sur  I'histoire  et  la  geographic  de 
l'Arm6nie  "  (1818-19). 

Saint-Martin,  Louis  Claude  de,  styled  "  Le 
philosophe inconnu."  Bornat Amboise, France, 
Jan.  18,  1743 :  died  at  Aunay,  near  Paris,  Oct. 
13,1803.  AFrenohmystieal philosopher:  called 
"  the  French  Behme."  He  entered  the  army,  but 
abandoned  it  about  1800,  and  thereafter  lived  in  retire- 
ment, first  at  Paris  and  later  at  Aunay.  Among  bis  works 
are  "Des  erreurs  et  de  la  v^rit^"  (1776), "Tableau  naturel 
des  rapports  qui  existent  entre  Dieu,  I'homme  et  I'uni- 
vers  "  (1782),  etc. 

Saint-Martin,  Louis  Vivien  de.  See  Vivien 
de  Saint-Martin. 

St.-Martin  de  R6  (d6  ra).  The  capital  of  the 
lie  de  R6,  department  of  Charente-Inf^rieure, 
France.     Population  (1891),  commune,  2,608. 

St.  Martin's  le  Grand.  A  monastery  and 
church  formerly  in  London,  dating  from  very 
early  times,  in  the  second  year  of  William  the  Con- 
queror it  was  exempted  from  ecclesiastical  and  civil  Juris- 
diction. Its  site  is  now  occupied  by  the  General  Post 
Office,  built  in  1826-29  from  Smlrke's  designs. 

St.  Mary  (Azores).    See  Santa  Maria. 

St.  Mary  (ma'ri).  Cape.  1.  The  southernmost 
point  of  Madagascar,  situated  in  lat.  25°  39'  S., 
long.  45°  7'  B.— 3.  A  cape  in  the  peninsula  of 
Avalon,  southeastern  part  of  Newfoundland,  at 
the  entrance  to  Placentia  Bay.— 3.  A  cape  at 
the  western  extremity  of  Nova  Scotia. 

St.  Mary  Bay.  1.  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic,  on 
the  southern  coast  of  the  peninsula  of  Avalon, 
Newfoundland. —  2.  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic, 
on  the  western  coast  of  Nova  Scotia. 

St.  Mary  de  Arcubus  or  le  Bow,  or  Bow 
Church.  [L.  de  areuhvs,  of  the  arches.]  A 
church  in  London,  on  Cheapside,  within  the 
sound  of  whose  celebrated  bells  all  cockneys 
are  bom.  it  is  an  excellently  designed  structure  by 
Wren,  begun  in  1671.  It  stands  over  the  fine  Norman  crypt 
of  the  older  church,  which  was  destroyed  by  the  fire  of 
1666.  The  spire  (235  feet  high)  is  especially  admired,  jand 
has  been  pronounced  the  most  graceful  in  outline  and  ap- 
propriate in  details  erected  since  the  medieval  period. 

Stow,  usually  very  clear,  rather  contradicts  himself  for 
once  about  the  origin  of  the  name  of  the  church.  In  one 
place  he  says  it  was  so  called  because  it  was  the  first  Lon- 
don Church  built  on  arches ;  and  elsewhere  he  says  it  took 
its  name  from  certain  stone  arches  supporting  a  lantern 
on  the  top  of  the  tower.  The  latter  is  more  probably  the 
true  derivation,  for  St.  Paul's  could  also  boast  its  Saxon 
crypt.  Walfvri  and  Thornbury,  London,  1. 835. 

Saint  Mary's  (ma'riz),  or  Saint  Mary.    1. 

An  island  of  the  British  colony  of  Gambia, 
western  Africa,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 


Saint  Mary's 

Gambia.—  3.  The  largest  of  the  Soilly  Islands, 
southwest  of  Cornwall,  England.  Area,  2  square 
miles. 

St.  Marys.  A  town  in  Perth  County,  Ontario, 
Canada,  situated  on  a  branch  of  the  Thames 
65  miles  west  of  Hamilton.  Population  (1901), 
3,384. 

St.  Mary's  Falls.    See  iSault  Sainte  Marie. 

St,  Mary's  Loch  (loch).  A  lake  in  the  county 
of  Selkirk,  Scotland,  14  miles  west-southwest 
of  Selkirk.  Length,  including  the  Loch  of  the 
Lowes,  4i  miles. 

St.  Mary's  Eiver.  1.  The  outlet  of  Lake  Su- 
perior into  Lake  Huron.  Length,  55  miles; 
navigable  by  aid  of  ship-canal. —  2.  A  river  on 
the  boundary  between  Georgia  and  Florida.  It 
empties  into  the  Atlantic  near  Fernandina, 
Florida.  Length,  about  150  miles. — ^3.  A  river 
in  northwestern  Ohio  and  northeastern  Indi- 
ana. It  unites  at  Fort  Wayne  with  St.  Joseph's  EiTer 
to  form  the  Maumee.    Length,  ahout  lOO  miles. 

St.  Mary's  the  Great.  The  oflcial  university 
church  at  Cambridge,  England.  It  is  a  Perpen- 
dicular structure,  built  between  1478  and  1519. 

St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  Church  of.  The  ofacial 
university  church  at  Oxford,  England.  The  great 
tower  is  surmounted  by  a  superb  octagonal  spire  of  1300, 
with  unusually  rich  pinnacles  at  the  angles,  rising  in  the 
form  of  steps.  The  existing  choir  dates  from  1460,  and  the 
nave  from  1488 :  they  exhibit  varied  types  of  the  Perpen- 
dicular. The  south  porch,  with  broken  pediment  and 
twisted  columns,  is  of  the  17th  century. 

St.  Matthew  (math'u).  A  small  island  in  Be- 
ring Sea,  belonging  to  Alaska,  south-southwest 
of  St.  Lawrence. 

St.  Matthew  (or  Matthew's)  Island.  A  small 
island  of  British  Burma,  lying  near  the  coast 
of  the  Malay  peninsula,  in  lat.  10°  N. 

St.  Maurice  (sant  ma'ris ;  F.  pron.  san mo-res') • 
A  river  in  Quebec,  Canada,  which  rises  in  a 
chain  of  lakes,  and  joins  the  St.  Lawrence  at 
Three  Kivers.  it  contains  the  Tails  of  Shawenegan  (160 
feet).    Length,  ahout  350  miles. 

St.-Maurice  (san-mo-res').  A  commune  in  the 
department  of  Seine,  France,  situated  on  the 
Mame  about  3  miles  east-southeast  of  the  forti- 
fications of  Paris.    Population  (1891),  6,653. 

St.-Maurice.  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Valais, 
Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Ehone  28  miles 
southeast  of  Lausanne :  the  Boman  Agaunum. 
The  abbey  was  founded  in  the  6th  century.  TIus  was  one 
of  the  leading  towns  of  the  ancient  Burgundian  kingdom. 
Population  (1888),  1,666. 

St.-Maur-les-Foss6s  (san'mor'la-fo-sa').  A 
village  in  the  department  of  Seine,  France,  sit- 
uated on  the  Mame  4  miles  east-southeast  of 
the  fortifications  of  Paris.  Population  (1891), 
17,333. 

St.-Maur-sur-Loire  (-siir-lwar').  A  Benedic- 
tine monastery,  founded  by  St.  Maurus,  situated 
near  Saumur,  France.  It  was  destroyed  by  the 
Normans  in  the  9th  century. 

Saint-M6ry,  Med6ric  Louis  Elie  Moreau  de. 
See  Moreau  de  Saint-M&ry. 

St.  Michael.    See  St.  Michel, 

St.  Michael  overcoming  Satan.  A  painting 
by  Raphael  (1518),  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  The 
archangel,  in  glowing  corselet,  with  one  foot  resting  on 
the  prostrate  form  of  his  adversary,  is  about  to  transfix 
him  with  his  poised  spear.  It  is  a  striking  work,  though 
black  in  the  shadows. 

St.Michaers(mi'kelz),orSt.Michael(mi'kel). 
[Pg.  88,0  Miguel.']  The  largest  and  most  popu- 
lous of  the  Azores  Islands,  situated  in  the  east- 
ernmost group.  The  surface  is  mountainous  and  vol- 
canic. It  exports  fruit  and  wine,  and  is  noted  for  its  hot 
springs.  The  chief  town  is  Ponta  Belgada.  Area,  300 
square  miles.    Population,  about  126,000. 

St.  Michael's  Mount.  A  pyramidal  rock  in 
Mount's  Bay,  on  the  coast  of  Cornwall,  England, 
18  miles  west  of  Falmouth :  the  ancient  letis.  It 
is  almost  isolated  from  the  mainland.  Height, 
230  feet. 

St.  Michel  (mi'kel),  or  St.  Michael.  1 .  A  laen 
in  southern  Finland,  largely  occupied  by  lakes. 
Area,  8,819  square  miles.  Population  (1890), 
180,920.-3.  The  capital  of  the  laen  of  St.  Mi- 
chel, 80  miles  northwest  of  Viborg. 

St.-Michel,  Mont.    See  Mont  St.-Michel. 

St.-Mihiel  (san-me-yel').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Mouse,  France,  situated  on  the 
Mouse  33  miles  west-northwest  of  Nancy.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  commune,  8,126. 

St.-Nazaire  (san-na-zar').  A  seaport  in  the 
department  of  Loire-Inf^rieure,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Loire,  near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  47°  16' 
N.,  long.  2°  12'  W.  It  is  the  outer  haven  of  Nantes 
and  the  terminus  of  several  ocean  steamship  lines,  and 
has  large  docks  and  quays.  Near  it  is  a  large  granite  dol- 
men.   Population  (1891),  commune,  30,935. 

St.  NeotS  (ne'ots).  A  town  in  Huntingdonshire, 


885 

England,  situated  on  the  Ouse  17  miles  west  of 
Cambridge.    Population  (1891),  4,077. 

St.-Nicolas  (san-ne-ko-la' ) .  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  East  Flanders,  Belgium,  13  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Antwerp.  It  has  flourishing  man- 
ufactures. It  was  the  capital  of  the  ancient 
Waesland.    Population  (1893),  28,487. 

St.-Nicolas,  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Meurthe-et-MoseUe,  France,  situated  on  the 
Meurthe  6  miles  southeast  of  Nancy.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  5,654. 

St.-Omer  (san-to-mar').  The  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Pas-de-Calais,  France,  situated  on 
the  Aa  in  lat.  50°  45'  N.,  long.  2°  15'  E.  it  is  a 
strong  fortress,  and  a  commercial  and  manufacturing  cen- 
ter. The  cathedral  is  a  large  and  handsome  building:  the 
choir  is  of  the  13th  century,  the  transepts  of  the  14th,  and 
the  remainder  Flamboyant.  The  interior  contains  paint- 
ings by  Kubens  and  Van  Dyck,  and  several  noteworthy 
tombs.  The  Church  of  Notre  Dame  and  the  ruined  Church 
of  St.  Bertin  (where  Childeric  III.  died)  are  also  note- 
worthy. St.  -Omer  formerly  had  a  Soman  Catholic  college 
for  British  youth.  In  early  times  it  belonged  to  Flanders. 
It  was  often  taken  and  retaken.  In  1677  it  was  taken  from 
the  Spaniards  by  Louis  XIV.  and  annexed  to  France.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  21,661. 

Sainton-Dolby  (san'ton-dol'bi),  Madame 
(Charlotte  Helen  Dolby).  Bom  at  London, 
1821:  died  there,  Feb.  18,  1885.  An  English 
singer  of  ballads  and  in  oratorio,  and  musical 
writer,  she  wrote  many  songs,  three  cantatas,  etc.  In 
1860  she  married  Prosper  Sainton,  a  violinist,  and  in  1872 
opened  a  "vocal  academy." 

Saintonge  (san-t6nzh').  A  former  division  of 
western  Prance,  which  formed  with  Angoumois 
a  government  before  the  Revolution.  Chief  city, 
Saintes.  it  was  bounded  by  Aunia  and  Poitou  on  the 
north,  Guienne  on  the  east  and  south,  and  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay on  the  west.  Angoumois  was  in  its  eastern  part.  Sain- 
tonge itself  is  mostly  included  in  the  department  of  Cha- 
rente-Inf^rieure.  It  passed  with  Eleanor  of  Aquitaine  to. 
the  Plantagenet  house,  and  generally  followed  the  fortunes 
of  Aquitaine. 

St.-Ouen(san-to-on').  Atownin the  department 
of  Seine,  Prance,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Seine,  1-J-  miles  north  of  the  fortifications 
of  Paris.  It  has  various  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments and  docks.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 25,969. 

St.-Ouen,  Declaration  of.  A  proclamation  to 
the  French  nation,  made  by  Louis  XVIII.  at  St.- 
Ouen,  May  2,  1814,  promising  a  constitution. 

St.  Fancras  (pang'kras).  A  borough  (munici- 
pal) of  London,  situated  north  of  the  Thames. 
The  borough  returns  4  members  to  Parlia- 
ment. 

Saint  Patrick's  Day,  or  the  Scheming  Lieu- 
tenant. Af aree  by  Sheridan,  producedin  1775. 

St.  Patrick's  Purgatory.  A  cave  on  a  small 
island  in  Lough  Derg,  Ireland.  It  was  a  famous 
place  of  medieval  pilgrimage,  as  the  supposed  entrance  to 
an  earthly  purgatory  or  place  of  expiation. 

St.  Faul  (pal).  An  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
situated  in  lat.  38°  43'  S.,  long.  77°  32'  E.,  about 
50  miles  south  of  New  Amsterdam.  It  belongs 
to  France  (since  1892).  The  surface  is  vol- 
canic.   Length,  1^  miles. 

St.  Faul  (sant  p&l ;  F.  pron.  san  pol).  A  small 
island  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gmf  of  St.  Law- 
rence, north-northeast  of  Cape  Breton. 

St.  Faul  (sant  pal).  The  capital  of  Minnesota 
and  of  Ramsey  County,  situated  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, in  lat.  44°  56'  N.,  long.  93°  7'  W.,  south 
of  and  adjoining  Minneapolis.  Next  to  Minneapo- 
lis it  is  the  largest  city  in  the  State.  It  is  an  important 
railway  center ;  is  at  the  head  ol  uninterrupted  naviga- 
tion of  the  Mississippi ;  has  extensive  commerce ;  and  is 
a  large  meat-packing  center.  Its  manufactures  include 
macMnery,  agricultural  implements,  furniture,  boots  and 
shoes,  etc.  It  was  settled  in  1838,  and  became  a  city  in 
1854.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  rapid  growth.  Population 
(1900),  163,065. 

St.-Faul  (san-pol').  A  seaport  on  the  island  of 
Reunion,  Indian  Ocean,  situated  on  the  north- 
west coast. 

St.  Faul,  or  Faulus.  Mendelssohn's  first  ora- 
torio, produced  in  1836  at  Diisseldorf. 

St.  Faul's  (pWz).  A  cathedral  in  London,  be- 
gun 1675,  according  to  the  designs  of  Sir  Chris- 
topher-Wren,  in  place  of  the  old  cathedral  of 
the  llth-13th  centuries,  which  was  destroyed  in 
the  great  fire  of  1666.  Old  St.  Paul's  was  a  very  notable 
church,  590  feet  long,  and  with  a  14th-century  wooden  cen- 
tral spire  460  feet  high.  The  existing  cathedral  was  first 
used  for  divine  service  in  1697,  and  was  completed  in  1710, 
the  cost  being  about  83,600,000.  In  plan  and  architecture 
it  is  akin  to  St.  Peter's  at  Home,  but  only  one  half  as  great 
in  area,  and  relatively  longer  and  narrower.  Its  dimen- 
sions are  500  by  118  feet ;  length  of  transeptsj  260 ;  inner 
height  of  dome,  225 ;  height  to  top  of  cross,  364 ;  diameter 
of  dome,  112  feet— the  diameter  of  that  of  St.  Peter's  be- 
ing 139i  feet,  and  of  the  Pantheon  143.  The  exterior  is  clas- 
sical, with  two  stories ;  the  front  and  transepts  are  pedi- 
mented,  and  the  former  is  flanked  by  bell-towers.    The 


St.  Fetersburg 

upper  story  on  the  sides  is  merely  a  mask,  the  actual  struc- 
ture of  lofty  nave  and  low  aisles  being  the  same  as  in  a 
medieval  cathedral.  The  dome  is  magnificent :  itiis  per- 
haps the  most  imposing  in  existence.  Its  drum  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  range  of  Corinthian  columns,  and  it  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  lantern.  The  interior  is  impressive  fron^ 
its  size,  and  is  not  dwarfed  like  St.  Peter's  by  dispropor- 
tionate size  of  its  classical  details ;  but  its  decoration  is  far 
from  finished,  and  the  eflfect  is  bare  and  cold.  The  vaulted 
crypt,  like  the  church  itself,  contains  many  tombs  of  fa- 
mous men.  The  modern  reredos,  in  the  Italian  £enaissanc& 
style,  is  elaborately  sculptured. 

St.  Paul's  Bay.  A  bay  on  the  northern  coast  of 
Malta,  the  traditional  scene  of  Paul's  shipwreck. 

St.  Paul's  Churchyard.  The  open  space  sur- 
rounding St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  London. 

St.  Paul  S  Rocks.  A  group  of  islets  in  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  east  of  South  America,  situatedl 
in  lat.  0°  55'  N.,  long.  29°  23'  W. 

St.  Paul  Without  the  Walls.  A  famous  4th- 
oentury  basilica  at  Rome,  unfortunately  burned 
in  1823.  The  original  plans  have  been  reproduced  as  far- 
aa  possible.  The  original  facade,  the  tribune  with  its  im- 
portant mosaics,  and  a  number  of  antique  columns  sur- 
vive. The  rich  interior  is  411  feet  long,  the  transepts  214- 
feet.  The  flat  wooden  ceiling  is  elaborately  carved.  Th& 
main  cloister  is  a  beautiful  work  of  the  13th  century,  with, 
round  arcades  and  coupled  columns  in  great  variety. 

St.  Peter  (pe'tSr) ,  The  capital  of  Nicollet  Coun- 
ty, Minnesota,  situated  on  the  Minnesota  River 
62  miles  southwest  of  St.  Paul.  Population 
(1900),  4,302. 

St.  Peter,  Lake.  An  expansion  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence above  Three  Rivers.  Length,  20  miles. 
Width,  9  miles. 

St.  Feter  Port.  A  seaport,  chief  town  of  Guern- 
sey, Channel  Islands,  situated  on  the  east  side. 
It  is  a  watering-place,  and  has  a  Gothic  town 
church.    Population  (1891),  16,658. 

St.  Peter's  (pe't^rz).  The  metropolitan  church 
of  the  Roman  see.  The  ancient  basilica  had  become 
ruinous  in  1460,  and  it  was  decided  to  replace  it.  Little- 
was  accomplished  until  1506,  when  the  carrying  out  of  the 
plans  of  Bramante  was  begun.  Advance  was  slow  until 
1634,  when  Michelangelo's  designs  were  substituted  ;  but 
the  dome  was  not  completed  until  1690,  and  the  basilica, 
was  dedicated  only  in  1626.  The  plan  is  a  Latin  cross,  613J; 
by  446J  feet,  with  rounded  apse  and  transepts,  and  a  ves- 
tibule. The  height  of  the  nave  is  152J  feet,  its  width  874. 
The  interior  diameter  of  the  dome  is  139^  feet,  its  height  to- 
the  top  of  the  cross  448.  The  architecture  is  heavy  pseudo- 
Boman,  all  the  members  being  of  such  huge  size  that 
much  of  the  natural  effect  of  magnitude  is  lost.  The  in- 
terior is  lavishly  decorated  with  stucco  ornament  and  gild- 
ing, with  colossal  statues  of  saints.  The  pedimented  dome,, 
resting  on  its  four  enormous  piers,  is  one  of  the  most  mag- 
nificent achievements  of  architecture.  The  high  altar  is 
canopied  with  a  bronze  baldacchino  95  feet  high,  with 
spiral  columns.  Parts  of  the  walls  and  vaults  are  covered 
with  mosaics.  There  are  many  papal  and  princely  tombs' 
rich  in  statuary,  some  of  it  fine.  The  spacious  crypts  are- 
in  part  of  the  time  of  Constantino,  and  contain  many  in- 
teresting memorials  and  art  works. 

St.  Petersburg  (pe't6rz-b6rg).  A  government 
of  Russia,  bounded  by  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  Fin- 
land, Lake  Ladoga,  and  the  governments  of  Olo- 
netz,  Novgorod,  Pskoff,  Livonia,  and  Esthonia. 
The  surface  is  generally  level.  It  corresponds  to  the  an- 
cient Ingermanland.  Area,  20,760  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  1,688,200. 

St.  Petersburg.  [F.  Saint-P^tersbourg,  G. 
Sanlet-Petersbwg,  Petersburg,  Russ.  SanTctpeter- 
burg,  Peterburg.]  The  capital  of  the  Russian 
empire,  situated  in  the  government  of  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, at  the  mouth  of  the  Neva,  in  lat.  60°' 
N.,  long.  30°  19'  E.  it  stands  partly  on  the  main- 
land and  partly  on  low  islands  formed  by  the  mouths  of: 
the  river.  It  is  the  Icrgest  city  in  the  empire,  and  the- 
fifth  in  population  of  Europe ;  has  important  manufac- 
tures, including  cotton,  leather,  glass,  porcelain ;  and  has 
extensive  commerce,  foreign  (directly  and  through  Kron- 
stadt)  and  internal,  by  its  system  of  railways  and  by  the 
Neva  and  its  connections.  St  Isaac's  Cathedral  is  a  build- 
ing of  Eenaissance  style,  imposing  from  its  size  (364  by 
316  feet)  and  the  magnificence  of  its  materials ;  completed 
after  the  middle  of  this  century.  The  plan  is  a  Greek  cross 
crowned  by  a  fine  dome  336feet  high, with  Ian  tern  and  cross. 
From  each  face  projects  an  octastyle  Corinthian  portico 
with  columns  60  feet  high,  the  shafts  monoliths  of  polished 
granite,  and  the  capitals  of  bronze.  The  pediments  are 
filled  with  sculpture  in  bronze.  The  huge  doors  are  of 
bronzecovered withreliefs.  In  theinteriorthe iconostasis 
is  adorned  with  remarkable  columns  of  malachite,  over  30 
feet  high,  and  its  royal  doors  are  fianked  by  great  pillars  of 
lapis  lazuli.  The  Kazan  cathedral  is  in  plan  a  Latin  cross 
with  hexastyle  porticos  before  the  nave  and  transepts,  and 
an  apsidal  chevet.  Though  one  third  smaller  ffian  St. 
Isaac's,  it  is  still  an  imposing  structure.  The  chief  entrance, 
which  is  in  the  north  transept,  is  preceded  by  curved  porti- 
cos of  admirable  effect,  in  imitation  of  those  of  St.  Peter's, 
Bome.  The  dome  rests  on  4  piers  from  which  extend  4  flue 
double  ranges  of  columns  with  granite  shafts  and  bronze 
capitals  and  bases.  The  iconostasis  is  of  silver,  from  the 
spoils  of  Napoleon  I.;  the  cathedral  contains  many  other 
martial  trophies.  The  Cathedral  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul, 
in  the  fortress,  has  been  since  the  foundation  of  St.  Peters- 
burg the  mausoleum  of  Russian  sovereigns.  In  plan  it  is 
rectangular,  3-ai5led,  98  by  210  feet;  it  is  rococo  in  style  and 
crowned  by  a  slender  pyramidal  spire,  of  Dutch  design,  302 
feethigh,  covered  with  gildedcopper.  The  imperial  tombs 
are  interesting,  and  the  icons  and  other  church  ornaments  of 
extreme  richness.  The  interior  contains  a  great  number 
of  warlike  trophies.   The  palace  of  the  grand  duke  Michael, 


St.  Petersburg 

tmflt  1820,  Is  architecturally  the  finest  palace  in  St.  Peters- 
bupfr,  and  of  a  stateliness  and  harmony  of  design  which 
would  command  attention  anywhere.  The  garden  front 
presents  long  ranges  of  Corinthian  columns  resting  on  a 
single  story  of  rusticated  masonry,  the  total  height  being 
87  feet.  Hie  12  columns  of  the  central  portion  stand  free, 
torming'a  portico.  At  each  end  a  pavilion  proj  eots  slightly, 
and  is  adorned  by  six  engaged  columns  surmounted  by  a 
pediment  The  opposite  front  is  of  varied  but  kindred 
disposition.  The  entrance-hall,  with  the  grand  staircase, 
is  80  feet  square,  and  all  the  interior  arrangements  are  at 
once  appropriate  and  magnificent.  The  cottage  of  Peter 
the  Great,  built  by  the  czar  in  170S,  and  inhabited  by  him 
during  the  building  of  St.  Petersburg,  is  carefully  pre- 
served as  a  memorial,  and  contains  many  relics  of  Peter. 
It  is  20  by  65  feet,  of  wood,  with  2  rooms  and  a  kitchen. 
The  czar's  bedroom  is  now  arranged  as  a  chapel.  The 
Moscow  gate,  a  fine  triumphal  arch  in  aneo-Greek  style, 
■was  erected  in  1SS8  in  commemoration  of  Kussian  victories 
in  Poland,  Turkey,  and  Persia.  Twelve  columns,  68  feet 
high  and  17  in  diameter,  support  an  attic  which  bears  12 
angels  in  relief  and  inscriptions.  Other  objects  of  inter- 
est are  the  winter  palace.  Hermitage  (which  see),  Anitch- 
koff  palace,  Nikolai  and  Alexander  bridges,  equestrian 
statue  of  Peter  the  Great,  and  Alexander  column.  The 
Nevskii  Prospekt  is  the  principal  street.  The  city  is  the 
seat  of  the  imperial  library  (over  1,000,000  vols.).  Academy 
of  Sciences  (with  rich  collections),  Academy  of  Arts,  vari- 
ous museums,  military,  mining,  naval,  medical,  and  other 
schools,  and  learned  societies.  The  university,  founded  in 
1810,  has  faculties  of  history  and  philosophy,  physics  and 
mathematics,  law,  and  Oriental  studies,  ana  is  attended 
by  abou  1 3,000  students.  The  winter  is  long  and  the  climate 
unhealthy.  St.  Petersburg  was  founded  by  Peterthe  Great 
in  1703,  and  thousands  were  compelled  by  the  emperor  to 
remove  their  residences  to  it.  It  was  largely  developed 
by  Catharine  II.,  Alexander  I.,  and  Nicholas.  Population 
0897),  1,267,023. 

St.  Peter's  College,  or  Peterhouse  (pe'tto- 
hous).  The  oldest  college  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
Tersity,  England,  founded  as  a  hospital  in  1257 
and  as  a  college  1280-86  by  Hugh  de  Balsham, 
bishop  of  Ely,  andnamedfrom  the  parish  church 
of  St.  Peter,  which  was  at  first  used  by  the 
scholars  for  their  devotions.  Only  parts  of  the 
original  buildings  remain. 

St.-Pierre.     See  St.  Peter  Port. 

St.-Pierre  (san-pySr' ).  1 .  A  small  rocky  island 
belonging  to  France,  south  of  Newfoundland 
and  southeast  of  Miquelon.  it  is  connected  by  cable 
with  France  and  the  United  States.  The  inhabitants  are 
engaged  in  the  cod-fishery.  Area,  10  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, with  Miquelon  (1888),  6,664. 
2.  A  town  on  the  island  of  St.-Pierre.  Popula- 
tion (1883),  4,365. 

St.-Pierre.  Aseaportand  the  commercial  center 
of  Martinique,  French  West  Indies.  It  was  totally 
destroyed  by  an  eruption  of  Mount  Pel6e  on  May  8, 1002. 
About  40,000  people  in  St.-Plerre  and  vicinity  were  killed. 

St.-Pierre.  A  seaport  on  the  island  of  Reunion, 
Indian  Ocean,  situated  on  the  southern  coast. 
Population,  about  28,000. 

Saint-Pierre,  Bernardin  de.  See  Bemardin 
de  Saint-Pierre. 

St.-Pol-de-L6on  (san'p61'd6-la-8n')-  Atownin 
the  department  of  Finistfere,  France,  situated 
near  the  English  Channel  32  miles  northeast  of 
Brest.  The  cathedral  is  a  beautiful  13th-century  build- 
ing, with  west  front  flanked  by  twin  spires,  a  splendid  rose 
lin  the  south  transept,  and  a  large  porch  on  the  south  side. 
The  interior  is  very  beautiful  and  graceful — the  finest  in 
jBrittany.  The  choir  is  inclosed  by  a  good  screen,  and  pos- 
Besses  handsome  16tb-century  stalls.  The  Chapelle  de 
Creizker  is  chiefly  14th-  and  16th-centttry  work.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  7,430. 

Salnt-Preuz  (san-pr6').  The  lover  of  Julie,  a 
leading  characterin  Rousseau's  novel  "La  nou- 
velle  H61oise." 

Saint-Priest  (san-pre'),  Alexis  Gkiignard, 
Comtede.  BoruatSt.Petersburg,April23,1805: 
died  at  Moscow,  Sept.  29, 1851.  A  French  his- 
torian and  diplomatist.  His  best-known  work  is 
"Histoire  de  la  conqufite  de  Naples  par  Charles  d'Anjou" 
(1847-48). 

St.-Privat-la-Montagne  (san -pre-va'la - m6n- 
tany').  A  village  8  miles  northwest  of  Metz. 
See  Gravelotte. 

St.-Quentin  (san-kon-tan').  A  city  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aisne,  France,  situated  on  the 
Somme  25  miles  northwest  of  Laon.  it  is  the 
center  of  an  important  manufacturing  district,  the  lead- 
ing manufactures  being  cotton  and  woolen  goods.  The 
collegiate  church,  chiefly  of  the  13th  century,  ranks  among 
the  most  admirable  examples  of  Pointed  architecture.  The 
h6tel  de  ville  is  a  typical  Flemish  Pointed  municipal  build- 
ing. The  city, -which  stands  on  the  site  of  the  Boman  Au- 
gusta Veromanduorum,  was  sacked  by  the  Normans  in  the 
9th  century.  It  was  the  chief  town  of  the  former  Verman- 
doia.  Two  battles  have  been  fought  in  its  neighborhood: 
the  army  of  Philip  II.  under  Philibert  Emmanuel,  duke  of 
Savoy,  defeated  the  French  under  the  Constable  de  Mont- 
morency, Aug.  10, 1557 ;  and  the  Germans  under  Von  Giiben 
defeated  the  French  under  Faidherbe,  Jan.  19, 1871.  The 

glace  repulsed  a  German  attack  Oct.  8, 1870,  but  was  taken 
y  the  Germans  Oct.  21.    Pop.  (1901),  commune,  60,150. 

Saint-E^al  (san-ra-al'),  Cdsar  Vichard,  Abb6 
de.  Bom  at  Chamb^ry,  Prance,  1639:  died 
there,  1692.  A  French  historian.  He  went  to 
Paris  early  in  life,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of 
history.  He  went  to  London,  but  returned  shortly  to  Paris, 
and  in  1679  to  Chamb^ry,  where  he  became  historiographer 


886 

to  the  Duke  of  Savoy.  His  principal  work  was  the  "  Con- 
juration des  Espagnols  centre  Venise  "  (1672),  which  was 
the  basis  of  Otway's  "Venice  Preserved. 

St.  Begis  (re'jis).  An  Iroquois  reservation  sit- 
uated on  the  St.  Lawrence  Kiver,  partly  in  Que- 
bec, Canada,  and  partly  in  New  York,  45  miles 
northeast  of  Ogdensburg. 

St.-Eemy  (san-re-me').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Bouches-du-Rh6ne,  France,  14  miles 
northeast  of  Aries.  Near  it  (about  li  miles  distant)  are 
antiquities  from  the  Koman  town  of  Glanum  Livii.  The 
Boman  triumphal  arch,  noted  for  its  beautiful  proportions 
and  ornament,  and  for  its  fine  reliefs  of  bound  prisoners 
attended  by  women,  is  of  date  about  100  A.  D.  The  Boman 
mausoleum,  called  tomb  of  the  Julii,  is  of  pyramidal  out- 
line, about  60  feet  high,  and  includes  2  stories  above  a 
square  basement  encircled  by  reliefs  of  military  scenes. 
The  lower  story  is  a  structure  pierced  by  archways  and  dec- 
orated with  Corinthian  semi-columns,  and  the  upper  is  a 
circular  edicule  with  10  Corinthian  columns  and  a  domical 
root  sheltering  2  statues.  This  beautiful  monument  is  as- 
signed to  the  early  empire. 

Saint-Rend  Taillandier.    See  Taillandier. 
St.-Biciuier  (san're-kya'),  or  St.-Ricnuier.    A 

town  in  the  department  of  Somme,  France,  19 
miles  northwest  of  Amiens,  its  abbey  was  notable. 
The  Flamboyant  abbey  church  has  a  lavishly  sculptured 
facade  with  a  single  graceful  tower,  elaborate  vaulting,  and 
fine  choir-stalls.  The  choir  is  of  earlier  date.  The  sacristy 
is  frescoed  with  a  curious  "Dance  of  Death."  Population 
(1891),  commun&l,476. 

St.  Eonan's  well.  A  novel  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  published  in  1824. 

St.  Boaue,  Cape.    See  SSo  Soque. 

Saint-SrUtn  (san-riit')-  Died  1691.  A  French 
general.  He  commanded  the  Jacobite  forces  in  Ireland 
in  1691,  and  fell  at  the  battle  of  Aghrim  in  that  year. 

Saint-Saens  (san -son'),  Charles  Camille. 

Bom  at  Paris,  Oct.  9, 1835.  AnotedFrench  com- 
poser and  pianist.  He  began  to  study  the  piano  at  the 
age  of  seven,  in  1847  entered  the  Conservatoire,  and  was 
the  pupil  of  Hal^vy,  Beber,  Benolt,  and  Gounod.  In  1861 
he  composed  his  first  symphony.  He  was  organist  of  St. 
Merri  in  1863,  and  of  the  Madeleine  1868-77.  He  composed 
several  operas,  but  his  instrumental  music  and  orchestra- 
tion have  brought  him  fame.  His  musical  criticisms, 
written  for  various  periodicals,  were  collected  and  pub- 
lished in  1886  as  "  Harmonic  et  m^lodie."  Among  his  works 
are  the  symphonic  poems  "Phaeton,"  "Le  rouet  d'Om- 
phale,"  "Danse  Macabre,"  "La  jeunesse  d'Hercule,  etc.,"  a 
"  Suite  alg^rienne,"  Symphonies  in  B(j,  A  minor,  and  C 
minor,  abarcaxolle  "UnenuitkLisbonne,"several masses, 
and  much  vocal,  pianoforte,  and  chamber  music. 

Saint-Sauveur(san-s6-v6r').  A  watering-place 
in  the  department  of  Hautes-Pyr6n6es,  France, 
situated  on  the  Gave  de  Pau  29  miles  south  of 
Tarbes :  noted  for  hot  sulphur  springs. 

Saintsbury  (sants'bu-ri),  George  Edward 
Bateman.  Bom  at  Southampton,  Oct.  28, 1845. 
An  English  literary  critic  and  historian.  He  was 
educated  at  Oxford  (Merton  College),  where  he  graduated 
in  1867.  He  was  classical  master  at  Elizabeth  College, 
Gu  ernsey,  1868-74,  and  head-master  of  the  Elgin  Education- 
al Institute  1874-76.  Soon  after  1876  he  established  himself 
in  London.  He  has  published  a  "  Primer  of  French  liter- 
ature "  (1880),  "  Dryden  "  in  English  Men  of  Letters  (1881), 
"A  Short  History  of  French  Literature  "  (1882),  "  French 
Lyrics:  Selected  and  Annotated  "(1883),  "Marlborough  "in 
English  Worthies  (1885),  a  "  History  of  Elizabethan  Lit- 
erature "  (1887),  "  Essays  on  English  Literature "  (1891)^ 
"Essays  on  French  Novelists  "  (1891),  etc. 

St.  Sebastian.    See  San  Sebastian. 

St.  Sepulcbxe  (sep'ul-ker).  A  church  in  Cam- 
bridge, England,  commonly  known  as  the  Round 
Church :  a  Norman  building  dating  from  1101. 
It  is  the  oldest  of  the  four  circular  churches 
surviving  in  England. 

St.-Servan  (san-ser-von').  A  seaport  in  the 
department  of  ILle-et-Vilaine,  France,  situated 
on  the  Ranee  opposite  St.-Malo.  Population 
(1891).  commune,  11,608. 

Saints  Everlasting  Rest,  The.  A  religious 
work  by  Richard  Baxter,  published  in  1650. 

Saint-Simon  (san-se-m6n' ;  Anglicized  sant  si'- 
mon),  Claude  Henri,  Comte  de.  Bom  at  Pa- 
ris, Oct.  17, 1760:  died  there.  May  19, 1825.  A 
French  philosopher,  the  founder  of  French  so- 
cialism. Hecame  of  an  ancient  and  noble  though  impov- 
erished family,  studied  under  D'Alembert,  and  served  as  a 
volunteer  in  the  American  Eevolution.  He  was  prevented 
by  his  aristocratic  birth  from  playing  a  prominent  part  In 
the  French  Eevolution  (being  indeed  for  a  time  impris- 
oned), but  accumulated  a  fortune  by  speculating  in  con- 
fiscated lands,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  phi- 
losophy. The  latter  years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  pov- 
erty, hisf  ortune  having  been  wasted  in  costly  experiments. 
His  first  work,  "(Lettres  d'un  habitant  deGeniveksescon- 
temporaius,"  appeared  in  1802 ;  but  it  was  not  until  1817 
that  a  distinct  approach  to  a  system  of  socialism  was  made 
in  "  L'Industrie."  The  fullest  exposition  of  his  socialistic 
views,  which  are  frequently  confused  and  contradictory, 
is  that  given  in  his  "Nouveau  Christianisme"  (1825). 
These  views  were  developed  by  his  disciples  into  the  com- 
plete system  known  as  St.-Simonism.  "  According  to  this 
system  the  state  should  become  possessed  of  all  property  ; 
the  distribution  of  the  products  of  the  common  labor  of 
the  community  should  not,  however,  be  an  equal  one,  but 
each  person  should  be  rewarded  according  to  the  services 
he  has  rendered  the  state,  the  active  and  able  receiving  a 
larger  share  than  the  slow  aud  dull ;  and  inheritance  should 
be  abolished,  as  otherwise  men  would  be  rewarded  accord- 


St.  Vincent  Island 

ing  to  the  merits  of  their  parents  and  not  according  to 
their  own.  The  system  proposes  that  all  should  not  be 
occupied  alike,  but  difierently,  according  to  their  voca- 
tion and  capacity,  the  labor  of  each  being  assigned,  like 
grades  in  a  regiment,  by  the  will  of  the  directing  author- 
ity." (y.  5.  jtf«i,  Polit.  Econ.,11.  i.  §4.)  Among  his  other 
works  are  *'  De  la  reorganisation  de  la  so6i6t6  europ^enne  " 
(1814),  "L'Organisateur,"  "Syst6meindustriel,"and  "CM- 
cbisme  des  industriels  "  (1824). 

Saint-Simon,  Due  de  (Louis  de  Rouvroy). 

Born  Jan.  15, 1675 :  died  on  his  estate  Laf  ert6, 
March  2,  1755.  A  French  soldier,  statesman, 
and  writer.  He  was  in  the  military  service  of  Louis 
XIV.;  and  was  a  member  of  the  council  of  regency  at  the 
beginning  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XV.  In  1721  he  was  am- 
bassador to  Spain.  His  celebrated  "  M^moires  "  on  French 
affairs  and  the  court  during  the  last  part  of  the  reign  of 
Louis  XIV.  and  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XV. 
(a  period  of  about  SO  years)  were  first  published  in  a  com- 
plete form  by  Sautelet  under  the  title  "M^moirescomplets 
et  authentiques  du  due  de  Saint-Simon  sur  le  si&cle  de 
Louis  XIV.  et  la  r^gence  "  (20  vols.  1829-30).  An  improved 
edition  by  Ch^ruel  and  B^gnier  appeared  1856-68  (new 
ed.  1872-). 

St.  Simon's  (si'monz)  Island,  An  island  on 
the  coast  of  Georgia,  60  miles  south  by  west  of 
Savannah.    Length,  10  miles. 

St.  Sophia.    See  Sophia,  Santa. 

St.-Sulpice  (san-sul-pes').  A  large  church  at 
Paris,  built  by  Louis  XIV.  The  facade  of  two  super- 
posed classical  porticos  is  between  square  pedimented 
towers  with  cylindrical  tops.  The  interior  has  a  nave, 
aisles,  and  many  chapels,  with  ovoid  vaulting  and  a  low 
dome  at  the  crossing.  The  dimensions  are  462  by  183  feet ; 
height  of  vaulting,  108.  There  are  many  important  fres- 
cos, including  notable  works  by  Eugene  Delacroix. 

St.  Thomas  (tom'as).  An  island  of  the  West 
Indies,  belonging  to  Denmark,  situated  east  of 
Porto  Rico,  in  lat.  18°  20'  N.,  long.  64°  56'  W. 
Chief  town,  Charlotte  Amalie.  In  1870  the  United 
States  Senate  refused  to  ratify  a  treaty  for  the  purchase  of 
tills  island  from  Denmark,  and  in  1902  a  treaty  ceding  the 
Danish  West  Indies  to  the  United  States  was  defeated  in 
the  Bigsdag.  Area,  32  square  miles.  Population  (1890), 
12,019. 

St.  Thomas.  [Pg.  SSo  Thom4.']  An  island  be- 
longing to  Portugal,  situated  in  the  Gulf  of 
Guinea,  off  the  western  coast  of  Africa,  in  lat. 
0°  20'  N.,  long.  6°  43'  E.  The  surface  is  volcanic  and 
mountainous,  and  the  climate  unhealthy.  Coif  ee  and  cacao 
are  produced.  The  island  was  discovered  by  the  Portuguese 
about  1470.  Area,  358  square  miles.  Population  (1878), 
18,266. 

St.  Thomas.  The  capital  of  Elgin  County,  On- 
tario, Canada,  situated  75  miles  west-southwest 

.  of  Hamilton.     Population  (1901),  11,485. 

St.  Ubes.    See  Setubal. 

St.-Valery-en-Caux  (san-val-re'on-ko').  A 
seaport  and  watering-place  in  the  department 
of  Seiue-Inf6rieure,  Prance,  situated  on  the 
English  Channel  34  miles  north-northwest  of 
Rouen.    Population  (1891),  commune,  4,014.  ■ 

St.-Valery-sur-Somme  (-siir-som').  A  seaport 
in  the  department  of  Somme,  Prance,  situated 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Somme  into  the  English 
Channel,  36  miles  northwest  of  Amiens.  Wil- 
liam I.  embarked  here  for  the  conquest  of  Eng- 
land in  1066.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
3,541. 

Saint-Victor  (san-vek-tor'),  Paul  Jacques 
Raymond  Binsse,  Comte  de  (usually  known  as 
Paul  de  Saint- Victor).  Bom  at  Paris,  July 
11, 1825:  died  there,  July  9,  1881.  A  French 
critic.  In  1848  he  became  the  secretary  of  Lamartine ; 
in  1866  theatrical,  artistic,  and  literary  critic  for  "La 
Fresse";  and  in  1870  inspector-general  of  fine  arts.  He 
is  noted  as  a  stylist.  Among  his  works  are  "  Hommes  et 
dieux,"  a  collection  of  studies  (1867) ;  "  Les  femmes  de 
Goethe  "  (1869) ;  "  Les  dieux  et  les  demi-dieux  de  la  pein- 
ture"  (1863),  with  Gautier  and  Honssaye;  "Les  deux 
masques,"  a  history  of  the  stage,  unfinished. 

St.  Vincent  (vin'sent).  An  island  of  the  Brit- 
ish West  Indie,s,  situated  west  of  Barbados  in 
lat.  13°  9'  N.,  long.  61°  13'  W.  Capital,  Kings- 
town .  Its  surface  is  mountainous,  and  near  the  northern 
end  there  is  a  volcano,  the  Soufrifere :  in  1812  (April  27- 
May  1)  there  was  a  violent  eruption,  and  in  1902  (May  7 
and  later) ;  the  latter  was  very  destructive  of  life.  Sugar, 
molasses,  arrowroot,  etc.,  are  exported.  The  island  was 
ceded  by  the  French  to  the  British  in  1763.  Area,  148 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  41,054. 
St.  Vincent,  Cape.  1.  A  cape  at  the  south- 
western extremity  of  Portugal,  projecting  into 
the  Atlantic  in  lat.  37°  1'  N.,  long.  8°  58'  W. 
A  naval  victory  was  gained  off  this  cape,  Feb.  14, 1797,  by 
the  British  fleet  of  15  vessels  under  Jervis  over  the  Span- 
ish fleet  of  27  vessels,  4  of  which  were  captured. 
3.  A  cape  on  the  western  coast  of  Madagascar, 
in  lat.  21°  54'  S.,  long.  43°  20'  E. 
St.  Vincent,  Earl  of.  See  Jervis,  John. 
St.  Vincent,  Gulf  of.  -An  arm  of  the  sea  in- 
denting South  Australia,  situated  east  of  Yorke 
Peninsula,  which  separates  it  from  "Spencer 
Gulf.    Length,  100  miles. 

St.  Vincent  Island.  An  island  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Appa- 
lachicola  River,  Florida. 


St.-Yrieix 

St.^Trleiz  (saA-te-ryaks ' ) .  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Vienne,  Prance,  situated  on  the 
Loue  24  miles  south  of  Limoges.  Kaolin-quar- 
ries were  discovered  here  in  1765.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  8,711. 

Saiph  (sa-if').  [Ar.]  The  third-magnitude  star 
K  (Jrionis,  in  the  giant's  right  knee. 

Sals  (sa'is).  [Gr.  2dif.]  £  ancient  geography, 
a  city  in  the  Delta,  on  the  Eosetta branch  of  the 
Nile,  Egypt,  about  lat.  31°  N.  its  rains  are  nearthe 
modern  village  of  Sa-el-hugar.  It  wag  an  important  den- 
ter  of  commerce  and  learning ;  was  at  times  the  capital  of 
lower  Egypt ;  and  furnished  Itings  to  the  Saitic  dynasties 
(the  21th,  26th,  and  28th).    The  chief  local  deity  was  Neith. 

Saisan,  Lake.    See  Zaisan. 

Sai<3  (sho'yo).  A  river  in  northern  Hungary 
which  joins  the  Theiss  40  miles  northwest  of 
Debreczin.  Near  it,  in  1241,  the  Mongols  defeated  the 
Hungarians  under  King  B^la  IV,  Length,  ahout  12S 
miles. 

Sak  (sak).  A  small  salt  lake  in  the  western 
part  of  the  Crimea,  Bussia,  situated  nearPupa- 
toria  and  the  Black  Sea  coast. 

Sakai  (sa'kl).  A  port  near  Osaka,  in  Japan, 
Population  (1891),  45,563. 

Sakalava  (sEl-k£i-lS>'v9.).  A  collective  name 
for  the  native  tribes  which  occupy  the  western 
part  of  Madagascar. 

Sakanderabad.    See  Secunderabad. 

Sakaria  (sa-ka-re'a).  A  river  in  northwestern 
Asia  Minor:  the  ancient  Sangarius.  it  flows  into 
the  Black  Sea  93  miles  east  of  Constantinople.  The  prin- 
cipal tributaries  are  the  Fursak  and  Engnri  Su.  Length, 
about  320  miles.    It  is  not  navigable. 

Sakhrah  (sakh'ra),  [Ar.  as-Sakhrdh,  the  rook.] 
In  Mohammedan  belief,  a  sacred  rock  in  Jeru- 
salem on  which  the  temple  was  erected,  and  on 
which  the  mosque  of  Omar  stands. 

Sakkara  (sak-ka'ra).  A  village  near  llhe  an- 
cient Memphis,  in  Egypt.  Near  it  are  important 
remains  of  antiquity.  The  Apis  mausoleum  (or  Serapeum, 
as  it  is  often  called,  though  the  Serapeum,  the  temple 
which  stood  above  thesubteiTanean  mausoleum,  hasceased 
to  exist),  a  famous  sanctuary  of  the  ancient  Egyptian  cult, 
was  discovered  by  Mariette  in  1860,  when  the  great  avenue 
of  sphinxes  which  preceded  the  Serapeum  was  excavated. 
Access  to  the  Apis  tombs  is  by  a  sloping  subterranean  pas- 
sage. They  consist  of  three  groups,  beginning  in  the  18th 
dynasty  (about  1700  b.  0.).  The  fii-st  two  groups  arethe  least 
interesting,  and  are  now  again  inaccessible.  The  third 
group,  extending  from  Psammetichus  I.  of  the  26th  dy- 
nasty (about  650  B.  C.)  to  about  50  B.  o.,  consists  of  a  series 
of  burial-chambers  opening  from  huge  galleries  about  1,200 
feet  in  extent  Every  Apis  was  buried  in  a  granite  sar- 
cophagus about  13  feet  long,  7i  wide,  and  11  high.  The 
Step  Pyramid  of  Sakkarah  is  believed  to  be  the  oldest  pyra- 
mid in  Egypt.  It  is  assigned  with  probability  to  the  4th 
Pharaoh  of  the  1st  dynasty.  It  consists  of  S  steps  or  stages 
with  sloping  sides ;  its  present  height  is  about  197  feet, 
and  its  base  measurement  361  by  394.  Unlike  the  other 
pyramids,  it  is  not  oriented  toward  the  cardinal  points. 
There  are  a  number  of  interior  chambers  connected  by  a 
labyrinth  of  passages,  and  a  deep  dome-shaped  excavation 
ki  the  rock  in  the  axis  beneath  the  base.  Some  of  the 
chambers  are  incrusted  with  blue-green  vitri&ed  tiles. 

Sakya-Muni,    See  Buddha. 

Sala  (sa'lsi),  George  Augustus  Henry.  Bom 
at  London,  1828 :  died  Dec.  8,  1895.  An  Eng- 
lish noveUst,  journalist,  and  miscellaneous 
writer.    He  was  correspondent  of  the  London  "  Tele- 

fraph"  in  the  United  States  during  the  Civil  War,  in 
ranee  in  1870-71,  in  Huasia  in  1876,  and  in  Australia  in 
18S5.  He  founded  "  Temple  Bar,"  and  was  its  first  editor. 
Among  his  works  are  the  novel  "Seven  Sons  of  Mammon  " 
(1861),  "A  Journey  Due  North,  etc."  (1858),  "My  Diary  in 
America  in  the  Midst  of  War  "  (1866),  "  From  Waterloo  to 
the  Peninsula,"  "  Some  and  Venice,"  "  Under  the  Sun, 
etc."  (1872),  "  A  Journey  Due  South  ■'  (1886),  etc. 

Sala  del  Maggior  Consiglio  (sa'ladel  mS,d'jdr 
kon-sel'yo),  or  Hall  of  tSe  Council  of  Nobles. 
In  the  Ducal  Palace,  Venice,  an  imposing  room, 
175  feet  long,  84wide,and51  high,  begun  in  1310. 
It  was  originaUT  painted  throughout  by  Titian,  Tintoretto, 
tlie  Bellini,  and  Paolo  Veronese,  out  was  destroyed  by  fire  in 
1677.  As  restored,  the  sides  are  completely  covered,  except 
the  window-spaces,  with  paintings  by  Tintoretto  and  the 
later  Venetians,  and  the  ceiling  contains  Paolo  Veronese's 
masterpiece,  the  "  Apotheosis  of  Venice,"  framed  in  gilded 
ornament  and  surrounded  with  other  priceless  paintings. 

Saladin  (sal'a-din)  (Salah-ed  d!n  Yusuf  ion 
Ayub).  Born  at  Tekrit,  1137 :  died  at  Damas- 
cus, March,  1193,  A  famous  sultan  of  Egypt  and 
Syria.  He  became  vizir  in  Egypt  about  1169;  sup- 
pressed the  Fatimlte  dynasty  in  1171 ;  was  proclaimed  sul- 
tan about  1174  ;  and  conquered  Damascus  and  the  greater 
part  of  Syria.  He  endeavored  to  drive  the  Cliristians  from 
Palestine;  totally  defeated  them  near  Tiberias  in  1187, 
taking  prisoner  Guy  de  Lusignan  (king  of  Jerusalem), 
Chfttillon  (grand  master  of  the  Templars),  and  many 
others ;  and  captured  Acre,  Jerusalem,  Ascalon,  etc.  The 
fall  of  Jerusalem  brought  on  the  scene  a  powerful  army 
of  Crusaders  under  Bichard  the  Lion-Hearted  and  Philip 
II.  of  France,  which  captured  Acre  in  1191.  Eichard 
took  Csesarea  and  Jaffa,  and  forced  Saladin  to  accept  a 
truce  for  three  years  in  1192.  Scott  introduces  him  in 
"The  Talisman"  disguised  as  the  Arabian  physician 
Adonbec  and  as  Ilderim. 
fialado  (sa-la'THo),  Rio.  [Sp.,' salt  river.']  1. 
A  river  in  the  Argentine  EepubUc  which  joins 
the  Parand,  on  the  western  side,  about  100  miles 


887 

north  of  Bosario.  Length,  about  1,000  miles. 
This,  and  other  smaller  rivers  of  the  same  name  in  the 
republic,  are  brackish  or  salty  in  their  lower  courses. 
3.  One  of  the  most  considerable  streams  in 
Arizona,  and  the  main  tributary  of  the  Gila, 
which  it  joins  below  the  town  of  Phenix.  The  Sa- 
lado  is  formed  in  the  Apache  reservation  by  the  junction 
of  the  White  Mountain  and  Black  rivers,  and  its  main 
course  is  nearly  from  east  to  west.  Its  waters  are  very 
saline,  as  they  pass  through  large  salt-deposits  shortly- 
after  the  junction  of  the  two  rivers  mentioned.  On  its 
banks  are  interesting  aboriginal  ruins. 
3.  A  small  riverin  the  province  of  Cadiz,  Spain, 
which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  near  Tarifa.  On 
its  banks,  in  1340,  the  Moors  were  defeated  by  Alfonso  XI. 
of  Castile  and  Alfonso  IV.  of  Portugal. 
Salamanca  (sa-la-man'ka).  Aprovince  of  Spain, 
in  the  ancient  Leon,  bounded  by  Zamora  and 
Yalladolid  on  the  north,  Avila  on  the  east,  Ca- 
oeres  on  the  south,  and  Portugal  on  the  west,  it 
is  flat  and  hilly  in  the  north  and-mountainous  in  the  south. 
Area,  4,940  square  miles.    Population  (1887),  314,424. 

Salamanca.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Salamanca,  situated  on  the  Tormes  about  lat, 
41°  N.,  long.  5°  37'  W. :  the  Eoman  Salmantioa. 
The  river  is  crossed  here  by  an  ancient  Koman  bridge.  The 
manufactures  and  commerce  of  Salamanca  were  formerly 
important.  Among  its  notable  buildings  are  the  old  and 
new  cathedrals.  It  contains  also  the  Convent  of  San  Es- 
teban,  which  sheltered  Columbus  1484-86.  The  church 
is  of  the  period  of  transition  between  Pointed  and  Kenais- 
sance.  The  front  is  most  elaborately  sculptured  with 
figures  and  arabesques  inclosed  in  a  great  round  arch. 
The  choir  is  elevated  on  a  broad  flat  arch  at  the  west 
end.  The  cloisters  are  light  and  have  good  sculpture. 
The  once  celebrated  university  was  founded  in  1415.  Sala- 
manca was  the  chief  town  of  the  ancient  Vettones.  Sala- 
manca was  taken  by  Hannibal  in  222  B.  0.,  and  was  re- 
covered from  the  Moors  in  the  llth  century.  Population 
(1887),  22,199. 

Salamanca,  Battle  of,  A  battle  fought  July 
22,  1812,  at  Arapiles,  near  Salamanca,  in  which 
the  British  army  under  Wellington  defeated 
the  French  under  Marmont. 

Salamanca,  Council  or  Junta  of,  A  meet- 
ing held  at  Salamanca,  apparently  in  the 
winter  of  1486-87,  to  consider  the  projects  of 
Columbus.  King  Ferdinand  had  referred  them  to  Ta- 
lavera  to  be  laid  by  him  before  a  gathering  of  scholars. 
The  opinions  of  the  majority  were  against  Columbus. 
Probably  the  importance  of  this  council  has  been  over- 
estimated. 

There  seems  no  reason  to  suppose  that  at  best  it  was 
anything  more  than  some  informal  conference  of  Talavera 
with  a  few  councilors,  and  in  no  way  associated  with  the 
prestige  of  the  university  of  Salamanca.  The  registers  of 
the  university,  which  begin  back  of  the  assigned  date  for 
such  council,  have  been  examined  in  vain  for  any  refer- 
ence to  it.  Winsor,  Christopher  Columbus,  p.  162. 

Salamis  (sal'a-mis).  [Gr.  2a/la/iif.]  l.AnisIand 
of  ancient  Greece,  situated  in  the  Saronic  Gulf, 
south  of  Attica,  and  opposite  the  harbor  of 
Athens,  in  early  times  it  was  independent,  and  was 
contended  for  by  the  Megarians  and  Athenians.  It  was 
acquired  by  Athens  in  the  beginning  of  the  6th  century 
B.  0. ;  passed  to  Macedon  in  318 ;  and  was  restored  to  Ath- 
ens about  232  B.  c.  A  famous  naval  victory  was  gained  in 
tlie  bay  between  Salamis  and  Attica,  Sept.  20, 480  B.  C,  by 
the  Greek  fleet  under  Themistocles  and  Eurybiades  over 
the  Persians.  It  was  one  of  the  decisive  battles  of  the 
Persian  wars.  Length,  10  miles. 
2.  A  city  on  the  south  coast  of  the  island  of 
Salamis,  later  transferred  to  the  east  coast. 

Salamis.  Li  ancient  geography,  a  city  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  Cyprus.  Teucer  was  its  reputed 
founder.  In  the  Eoman  period  it  was  rebuilt  as  Constan- 
tia.  A  naval  victory  was  gained  near  Salamis,  306  B.  C,  by 
Demetrius  Poliorcet^  over  Ptolemy  and  his  allies. 

Salammbo  (sa-lam-bo').  A  novel  by  Gustavo 
Flaubert,  the  history  of  Hannibal's  sister  Sa- 
lammbd,  published  in  1862. 

Salang  (sa-lang').  An  island  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  belonging  to  Siam. 

SalaniO  (sa-la'ni-6)  and  Salarino  (sa-la-re'no). 
Two  characters  in  Shakspere's  "Merchant  of 
Venice."  Then:  names  were  confused  by  the  early  com- 
positors, and  the  spellings  are  various.  A  third  character, 
Salerio,  was  added  to  the  dramatis  personse  by  Steevens  in 
his  attempt  to  solve  the  difficulty,  but  Dyce,  Furness,  and 
others  consider  it  unwarranted  and  the  character  to  be 
SalaniO  misspelled.    See  Saterio. 

Salankeman,  or  Salankamen.  See  Slankamen. 

Salassi  (sa-las'i).  In  ancient  history,  a  Celtic 
or  Ligurian  tribe  which  occupied  the  valley  of 
the  Dora  Baltea,  nerthwestem  Italy.  They  were 
in  conflict  with  the  Bomans  143  B.  0.  and  later,  and  were 
finally  subdued  in  26  B.  o.  A  Eoman  colony  was  planted 
at  the  modem  Aosta. 

Salathiel  (sa-la'thi-el).  A  romance  by  George 
Groly,  published  in  1827,  on  the  subject  of  the 
Wandering  Jew. 

Salaverry  (sa-la-va're),  Felipe  Santiago  de. 
Born  at  Lima,  May  3,  1806:  died  at  Arequipa, 
Feb.  19,  1836.  A  Peruvian  general.  He  headed 
nnsuccessful  revolts  in  1833,  and  commanded  a  division 
in  the  campaign  against  Gamarra  in  1834.  Behig  in  com- 
mand of  the  castle  at  Callao,  which  he  had  taken,  he  de- 
clared against  President  Orbegoso  during  the  latter's  ab- 


Salerno 

sence  (Feb.  28, 1835) ;  deposed  the  vice-president ;  and  on 
Feb.  26  proclaimed  himself  supreme  chief  of  Peru.  He 
was  soon  acknowledged  by  all  the  country  except  Arequipa. 
Orbegoso  invited  the  aid  of  Santa  Cruz,  president  of  Bo- 
livia, who  marched  into  Peru,  defeated,  captured,  and  shot 
Salaverry,  and  established  the  Peruvian-Bolivian  Confed- 
eration. Salaverry  was  a  brilliant  leader  and  extremely 
popular. 

Salawatti,  or  Salawati  (sa-la-wa'te),  or  Sal- 
watti  (sal-wat'te).  An  island  lying  near  the 
northwestern  extremity  of  NewGuinea.  Length, 
about  30  miles. 

Salayer  (sa-li'er),  or  Saleiyer  (sa-li'yer),  or 
Saleyer  (sa-B'er),  or  Silayara  (se-li'a-ra). 
An  island  directly  south  of  Celebes,  East  In- 
dies, belonging  to  the  Dutch.  Area,  estimated, 
180  square  miles. 

Salayer  Islands,  A  group  eonsisting^of  Sa- 
laver  and  some  neighboring  islands.  Popula- 
tion (1880),  66,276. 

SaldanhaBay(sai-da'nS;Orsai-dan'yaba).  An 
inlet  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  western  coast 
of  Cape  Colony,  60  miles  north-northwest  of 
Cape  Town.  Here  a  Dutch  fleet  of  6  ships  sur- 
rendered to  Elphinstone  Aug.  16  (17?),  1796. 
Length,  about  17  miles. 

Saldanha  de  01i7eira  e  Daun  (sSl-dan'ya  de 
6-le-va'ra  e  doun),  JoEo  Carlos  de,  Duke  of 
Saldanha  from  1846.  Bom  at  Lisbon,  Nov.  17, 
1791 :  died  at  London,  Nov.  21, 1876.  A  Portu- 
guese statesman  and  general.  He  was  a  moderate 
constitutionalist,  and  supported  Dom  Pedro  against  Dom 
Miguel,  whose  forces  he  defeated  in  1834.  He  was  prime 
minister  in  1835, 1846-49, 1851-66,  and  1870.  He  was  am- 
bassador at  London  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Said.    See  Sallee. 

Sale  (sal).  A  town  in  Cheshire,England,  5  miles 
southwest  of  Manchester.  Population  (1891), 
9,644. 

Sale,  George,  Bom  in  England,  probably  about 
1680 :  died  in  London,  Nov.  14, 1736.  An  Eng- 
lish Orientalist,  best  known  from  his  transla- 
tion of  the  Koran  (1734).  His  Oriental  MSS. 
are  in  the  Bodleian  Library,  Oxford, 

Salee,  or  Saleh,    See  Sallee. 

Saleiyer.    See  Salayer. 

Salem  (sa'Iem).  [LL.  Salem,  Gr.  lalfjfi,  Heb. 
Shalem.'j  1.  The  name  of  the  place  of  which 
Melchizedek  was  king.  It  seems  to  be  impos- 
sible now  to  identify  it  with  certainty. —  3.  An 
ancient  name  of  Jerusalem :  still  used  rhetori- 
cally and  in  poetry. 

Salem,  A  city,  one  of  the  capitals  of  Essex 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  a  peninsula 
between  North  and  South  rivers,  and  on  Massa- 
chusetts Bay,  in  lat.  42°  31'  N.,  long.  70°  54'  W. 
It  has  flourishing  coasting-trade  and  manufactures,  par- 
ticularly of  leather.  Next  to  Plymouth,  it  is  the  oldest  town 
in  the  State.  It  was  settled  by  John  Endicott  in  1628 ;  was 
noted  in  connection  with  the  witchcraft  delusion  in  1692; 
and  was  extensively  engaged  in  privateering  in  the  Eevolu- 
tion.  At  the  end  of  the  18th  and  the  beginning  of  the  10th 
century  it  was  famous  for  its  foreign  commerce  with  the 
East  Indies,  etc.  It  has  been  the  home  of  many  noted 
men.  It  was  the  birthplace  and  for  several  years  the 
residence  of  Hawthorne.  It  became  a  city  in  1836.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  35,966. 

Salem.  A  city,  capital  of  Salem  County,  New 
Jersey,  situated  on  Salem  Creek  31  miles  south- 
west of  Philadelphia.   Population  (1900),  5,811. 

Salem.  A  city  in  Columbiana  County,  eastern 
Ohio,  62  miles  southeast  of  Cleveland.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  7,582. 

Salem.  A  city,  capital  of  Oregon  and  of  Marion 
County,  situated  on  the  Willamette  in  lat.  44° 
56'  N.  It  has  extensive  manufaetures.especially  of  wool- 
ens, flour,  and  tobacco ;  and  is  the  seat  of  Willamette  Uni- 
versity (Methodist).    Population  (1900),  4,268. 

Salem.  Thecapital of  Eoanoke County, Virginia, 
situated  on  Staunton  Eiver  55  miles  west  of 
Lynchburg.  It  is  the  seat  of  Eoanoke  College. 
Population  (1900),  3,412. 

Salem.  1.  A  district  in  Madras,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  12°  N.,  long.  78°  E.  Area, 
7,529  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,962,- 
591. —  2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Salem, 
situated  on  the  river  Tirumanimuttar  about  lat. 
11°  39'  N.,  long.  78°  12'  E.  Population  (1891), 
67,710. 

Salemi  (sa-la'me).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Trapani,  Sicily,  41  miles  southwest  of  Palermo  - 
the  ancient  Halicyse.    Population,  11,512. 

Salerio  (sa-le'ri-6).  A  messenger  from  Venice; 
a  character  in  Shakspere's  "Merchant  of  Ven- 
ice."   See  SalaniO, 

Salerno  (sa-16r'no;  It.  pron.  sa-ler'no).  1. 
A  province  in  Italy  (formerly  called  Principato- 
Citeriore),  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  Area, 
1,916  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  566,870. 
—  2.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of  Sa- 
lerno, Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Salerno  in 
lat.  40°  41'  N.,  long.  14°  47 '  E. :  the  ancient  Sa- 


Salerno 

lernum.  It  has  some  commerce  and  manufactures  of 
cotton,  etc.  Its  chief  building,  the  Cathedral  of  San  Mat- 
teo,  was  dedicated  in  1084.  It  is  preceded  by  an  arcaded 
atrium  or  fore  court  with  28  antique  columns.  The  chief 
portal  is  richly  sculptured  with  foliage  and  animals,  and 
has  bronze  doors  with  54  panels  bearing  crosses  and  sacred 
personages.  Thepavementisinrichmosaic ;  theanibones, 
ornamented  with  sculpture  and  mosaics,  rank  with  the 
best  of  early  medieval  art.  Salerno  was  an  ancient  Roman 
colony ;  became  the  seat  of  a  Lombard  principality ;  and 
was  taken  by  Robert  Guiscard  about  1077.  Its  medical 
school  was  famous  in  the  middle  ages.  The  university 
was  closed  in  1817.    Population  (1881),  22,328. 

Salerno,  Gulf  of,  or  Gulf  of  Psestum.  An  ann 

of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  on  the  western  coast 
of  Italy,  southeast  of  the  Bay  of  Naples. 
Sales  (sal;  E.  salz),  FranQOis.  Born  in  Rous- 
sillon,  France,  1771:  died  at  Camhridge,  Mass., 
Feb.  16,  1854.  A  French-American  scholar, 
professor  at  Harvard.  He  published  a  Span- 
ish grammar,  and  edited  Spanish  and  French 
classics. 

Sales,  Francis  of.    See  Francis  of  Sales. 
Saleyer.    See  Salayer. 

SaKord  (s^l'ford).     A  municipal  and  parlia- 
mentary borough  in  Lancashire,  England,  ad- 
joining Manchester,  from  which  it  is  separated 
by  the  Irwell.    In  industries  and  interests  it  is  closely 
connected  with  Manchester,  of  which  it  is  practically  a 
part.    Population  (1901),  220,956. 
Salghir,  or  Salgir  (sal-ger').    The  principal 
river  of  the  Crimea.     It  flows  into  the  Putrid  Sea  on 
the  eastern  coast.    Length,  about  100  miles. 
Salian  Emperors.    See  Franoonian  Emperors. 
Salian  Franks,    See  Salii  and  Franks. 
Salieri  (sa-le-a're),  Antonio.  Bom  at  Legnano, 
Italy,  Aug.  19,  1750:  died  at  Vienna,  May  7, 
1825.   Anltalian  composer  of  operas  and  church 
music.      He  went  to  Vienna  in  1766 ;  was  made  court 
kapellmeister  there  1788-1824 ;  and  was  director  of  opera 
there  1766-90.    Hia  works  include  five  masses,  a  number 
of  Te  Deums  and  lesser  church  music,  four  oratorios,  be- 
tween thirty  and  forty  operas,  etc.    Among  the  latter  are 
"Les  Danaides"  (1784),  "La  Grotte  de  Trofonio"  (1785), 
"Tarare"  (first  produced  in  1787  as  "Axur,  Re  d'Ormus  : 
his  most  noteworthy  work),  and  "  Die  Neger  "  (1804). 
Salies  (sa-le').    ['Salt-springs.']    Atovraand 
watering-place  in  the  department  of  Basses- 
Pyr6n6es,  France,  28  miles  east  of  Bayonne.    It 
has  salt-springs.    Population  (1891),  commune, 
6,243. 
Salii  (sa'li-i).    [lili.  Salii,  Franci  Salii.']    AGer- 


888 


Salm-Salm,  Madame 


51°  4'  N.,  long.  1°  48' W.    It  was  formerly  noted  for  SallUSt  (sal'ust)  (OaiUS  SalluStiUS  OrispUS), 


cutlery  and  woolen  manufactures.  Near  it  is  Old  Sarum, 
from  which  the  episcopal  see  was  transferred  in  1220.  The 
cathedral,  the  most  beautiful  of  English  ecclesiastical 
monuments,  was  begun  in  1220  and  finished  in  1260,  in  a 
uniform  and  dignified  early-Pointed  style.  The  plan  has 
a  square  chevet  with  projecting  Lady  chapel,  double  tran- 
septs, and  long  nave.  The  west  front,  while  lacking  the 
clearness  and  structural  propriety  of  French  designs,  is  a 
notable  work :  it  is  flanked  by  low  towers,  and  possesses 
3  canopied  portals,  the  central  one  triple.  The  wall-space 
and  that  of  the  towers  is  covered  with  six  bands  of  arcades 
and  quatrefoils,  the  arcades  containing  ranges  of  statues. 
The  capital  exterior  feature  is  the  superb  central  tower 
and  spire  (406  feet  high).  The  interior  is  excellently  pro- 
portioned, with  graceful  arches  and  pillars  but  sober  deco- 
ration. There  is  a  rich  modern  metal  choir-screen  of  open- 
work, and  there  are  a  number  of  fine  medieval  tombs. 
The  dimensions  of  the  cathedral  are  473  by  99  feet ;  length 
of  west  transepts,  230 ;  height  of  nave-vaulting,  81.    The 

very  large  13th-century  cloister  is  of  great  beauty,  and  the  i    .    Vr  e 

octagonal  chapter-house,  vaulted  from  a  central  clustered  SallUSt,  HOUSe  01. 
column  and  arcaded  below  the  windows,  is  admirable,   gallv  in  OUT  Alley, 


Population  (1891),  15,980. 

Salisbury,  Earl  of.    See  Cecil,  Mohert. 
Salisbury,  Jolin  of.    See  John  ^Salisbury. 


Bom  at  Amiternum,  country  of  the  Sabines, 
Italy,  about  86  b.  c.  :  died  about  34  B.  c.  A 
Koman  historian.  He  was  elected  tribune  of  the  peo- 
ple in  62.  In  60  he  was  expelled  from  the  senate  by  the 
censors  on  the  ground,  according  to  some,  of  adulteiy 
with  Fausta,  the  daughter  of  the  dictator  Sulla  and  wife 
of  T.  Annius  Milo,  but  more  probably  for  political  reasons, 
inasmuch  as  he  was  an  active  partizan  of  Csesar.  He  ac- 
com^nied  Csesar  in  46  on  his  African  campaign,  at  the 
conclusion  of  which  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Nunii- 
dla,  a  post  in  which  he  is  said  to  have  amassed  a  fortune 
by  injustice  and  extortion.  He  wrote  "Catilina,"  or 
"Bellum  Catilinarium,"  and  "Jugurtha,"  or  "Bellum 
Jugurthinum." 
Sallust,  Gardens  of.  A  noted  imperial  plea- 
sure-ground in  ancient  Kome,  built  originally 
by  the  historian  Sallust,  situated  in  the  north- 
ern part,  east  of  the  Pincian. 
■■"■"*  *     See  Pompeii. 

1.  A  popular  ballad  with 


an  original  melody  by  Henry  Carey,  composed 
about  the  middle  of  the  18th  century.— 2.  A 
comedy  by  Douglas  Jerrold,  produced  in  1826. 


Salisbury,  Third  Marquis  of  (Robert  Arthur  Sa,lni(selm).  IntheShahnamah,theeldestofthe 
Talbot  Gascoyne  Cecil).    Born  at  Hatfield     ^hree  sons— Salm,  Tur,  and  Iraj  — of  Faridun, 


oyne 
House,  Herts,  Feb.  3,  1830 :  died  there,  Aug, 
22, 1903.  An  English  Conservative  statesman, 
second  son  of  the  second  Marquis  of  Salisbury. 
Known  at  first  as  Lord  Robert  Cecil,  and  after  his  elder 
brother*B  death  (June  14, 1866)  by  the  courtesy  title  of 
Viscount  Cranborne,  he  succeeded  his  father  as  marquis 
April  12, 1868.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  at  Ox- 
ford (Christ  Church),  graduating  in  1850.  He  entered  Par- 
liament as  member  for  Stamford  in  Feb.,  1864,  and  took  an 
active  part  in  the  discussion  of  public  questions —  notably 
in  opposing  the  abolition  of  church  rates  in  1858,  and  in 
support  of  Disraeli's  reform  bill  in  1869.  He  held  the 
of&ce  of  secretary  for  India  in  Lord  Derby's  ministry  from 
July,  1866,  to  March,  1867.  In  1869  he  was  elected  chan- 
cellor of  the  University  of  Oxford.  In  1874  he  entered  the 
cabinet  of  Disraeli  (later  Earl  of  Beaconsfleld),  again  as 
secretary  for  India.  On  the  reopening  of  the  Eastern  Ques- 
tion he  was  sent  to  Constantinople  as  the  representative 
of  England  in  a  conference  of  the  European  powers,  and  on 
Lord  Derby's  resignation  in  April,  1878,  he  became  foreign 
secretary.  The  same  year  he  accompanied  Lord  Beacons- 
field  to  the  Congress  of  Berlin.  The  death  of  Beaconsfleld 
( April  19, 1881 )  made  him  leader  of  the  Conservative  party: 
and  lie  held  ofiice  as  prime  minister  in  four  administra- 
tions—June, 1886,-Feb.,  1886,  Aug.,  1886,-Aug.,  1892, 
July,  1895,-Nov.,  1900,  and  Nov.,  1900,-July,  1902.  In  the 
first,  during  the  greater  part  of  the  second,  and  the  third  he 
was  foreign  secretary  as  well  as  premier  until  Nov.,  1900. 

Salisbury  Court  Theatre. 


,---  ,  ^  ,  ,„  «„„j.  -„„+;„„„ J  theater.  In  158S  it  was  one  of  the  principal  "play- 
man  tribe,  apart  of  the  Franks,  hrst  mentioned  houses."  It  was  destroyed  in  1649,  and  Duke's  Theatre 
by  Ammianus  late  in  the  4th  century.    They  were    took  its  place  in  1660. 

settled  along  the  lower  Rhine,  about  the  Yssel  on  the  Salisbury  CragS.  A  high  range  of  hills  east  of 
north  and  the  Maas  and  Schelde  on  the  south  to  the  North  Edinburgh,  on  the  westem  side  of  Arthur's  Seat. 
Sea.  In  the  6th  century,  under  Clovis,  they  overthrew  the  g-'^^""""!"."  i~\  =  „H  in  ihp,  wfistem 

RomanpowerinGaul,andfoundedtheMerovingianFrank-  SallSbUIT  Island.  An  island  m  tne  western 
ish  monarchy.  part  of  Hudson  Strait,  British  America. 

Salim  (sa'lim).  A  place  (not  identified)  men-  Salisbury  Plain.  An  extended  undulating  and 
tioned  in  John  iii.  28.  elevated  districtinWiltshire,England, between 

Salina  (sa-le'na).    One  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  in    Salisbury  and  Devizes.  .   ,     a 

the  Mediterranean  4  miles  northwest  of  Lipari.  Salish  (sa'lish).  The  leading  tnbe  of  the  Sa- 
Leuffth  6  miles  lishan  stock  of  North  American  Indians.    They 

C9..i.-«..   'coo  IT'nbN        rSn    snlinn    snlt-Tiit    Bfllt-    formerly  lived  about  Flathead  Lake  and  valley,  Montana. 

Salina    (sa-Ji  na).      Lop-  «»»»«.  salt-pit,  sail-    j^™  ar'e  wrongly  called  Flatheads  by  surrounding  tribes, 
spring.]     The  capital  ot  balme(X)unty,  central    wars  with  the  Blackfeet(Algonquian)  have  decreased  their 
Kansas,  situated  on  Smoky  HiU  Biver  107  miles    numbers.    See  Salishan. 
west  by  south  of  Topeka.    Population  (1900),  Salishan  (sa'lish-au).     [Fi 
6,074.  ...■■-- 

Salinan(sa-le'nan).  Alinguistic  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  now  represented  only  by  the 
Chalone  tribe,  formerly  residing  at  San  Antonio 
and  San  Miguel  missions,  in  Monterey  and  San 
Luis  Obispo  counties,  California.  The  name 
is  derived  from  that  of  the  Salinas  Eiver. 

Salinas,  Marquis  of.  Viceroy  of  Peru. 
Yelasco,  Luis  de. 

Salinas  (sa-le'nas)  River.  A  river  in  Califor- 
nia which  flows  into  Monterejr  Bay  76  miles 
south-southeast  of  San  Francisco.  Length, 
125-150  miles. 

Saline  (sa-len')  River.    1.  A  river  in  central 


His  mother  was  Shahrinaz,  daughter  of  Jamshid.  He 
wedded,  like  his  brothers,  one  of  the  three  daughters  of 
Sarv,  king  of  Yemen.  On  the  return  of  the  brothers  from 
Yemen,  Faridun  divided  his  realms  among  them,  giving  to 
Salm  Rum  and  the  West ;  to  Tur,  Turan ;  and  to  Iraj,  Iran. 
Salm,  jealous  of  Iraj,  arouses  Tur  to  jealousy,  and  the  two, 
after  sending  a  threatening  message  to  Faridun,  march 
against  Iran.  Iraj  peaceably  advances  to  meet  his  bro- 
thers, and  offers  to  resign  his  throne,  but  Tur  kills  him,  fills 
his  head  with  amber  and  musk,  and  sends  it  to  Faridun. 
When  they  hear  of  the  rise  of  an  avenger  in  Minuohihr, 
Salm  and  Tur  make  overtures  to  Faridun,  but  without  re- 
sult. In  the  ensuing  war  Minuchihr  slays  Tur  and  sends 
his  head  to  Faridun,  after  which  Salm  thinks  of  retiring 
to  Alan ;  hut  that  fortress  is  taken  [by  Qarin  and  Shirui, 
and  Salm  is  forced  to  fight,  this  time  in  alliance  with  Ka- 
kui,  Zohak's  grandson.  Both  fall  by  the  hand  of  Minu- 
chihr, who  sends  Salm's  head  to  Faridun. 

Salmacis  (sal'ma-sis).  In  Greek  mythology, 
the  nymph  of  a'fountain  in  Caria.  She  was 
united  with  Hermaphroditus  into  one  person. 

Salmagundi  (sal-ma-gun'di).  A  humorous 
periodical,  published  in  1807  by  Washington 
Irving,  J.  K.  Paulding,  and  William  Irving. 
A  second  series,  by  J.  K.  Paulding  alone,  was 

„, „„,.,  ^ published  in  1819. 

An  old  London  Salmanassar.    See  Shalmaneser. 

Salmantica  (sal-man'ti-ka).  The  Eoman  name 
of  Salamanca. 

Salmasius  (sal-ma'shius),  Claudius,  Latinized 
from  Claude  de  Saumaise.  Born  at  S^mur, 
C6te-d'0r,  Prance,  April  15,  1588:  died  Sept. 
3,  1653.  A  French  classical  scholar.  He.  suc- 
ceeded his  father  as  a  counselor  of  the  parliament  of  Di- 
jon, but  was  ultimately  deprived  of  this  post  on  aecount 
of  his  Protestant  faitii.  He  became  in  1631  a  professor 
in  the  University  of  Leyden,  a  position  which  he  occupied 
until  his  death.  He  exercised  a  virtual  literary  dictator- 
ship throughout  western  Europe,  and  his  advice  was 
sought  in  English  and  Scottish  politics.  In  1649  he  de- 
tended  the  absolutism  of  Charles  I.  of  England  in  "Be. 
f ensio  regia  pro  Carolo  I.,"  which  elicited  an  answer  from 
Milton.  Among  his  other  works  are  editions  of  Florus 
(1609)  and  the  "Augustan  History  "(1620),  and  "Plinianje 
exercitationes  in  Solinum  "  (1629). 


Prom  salst,  the  Okin- 


Madame  Pipelet).  Born  at  Nantes,  France, 
Nov.  17,  1767:  died  at  Paris,  April  13,  1845. 
A  French  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer.  She 
married  the  Prince  de  Salm-Dyck  in  1803.  She  wrote  a 
series  of  po^s,  which  she  styled  "  !fipltres  "  (the  first  of 
which  is  "Epitre  aux  femmes,"  and  the  most  notable 
"Epitre  surl'aveuglement  du  si^cle  "), "  Mes  soixante  ans  " 
(1833),  "Les  vingt-quatre  heures  d'une  femme  sensible," 
"Pens^es,"  "Cantate  sur  le  mariage  de  Napolton,"  etc; 
also  several  plays,  etc. 


of  North  American  Indians,  living  in  British  Co 
lumbia,  Montana, Washington,  andOregon.  They 
number  nearly  19,000.  The  principal  tribes  are  the  Atnah, 
Bilqula,  Chehalis,  Clallam,  Colville,  Cowichin,  Cowlitz, 
Dwamish,  Ealispel,  Lummi,  Met'how,  Nestucca,  Nisqualli, 
Okinagan,  Pisquow,  Puyallup,  Queniultt  Salish,  SansPnell, 
Shooshwap,  Skokomish,  Spokan,  TiUamook,  and  Twana. 
See  Salis-Seewis  (sa'lis-sa'vis  or  sa-les'sa-ves'), 
Baron  Johann  Gaudenz  von.  Born  in  the 
(Prisons,  Switzerland,  Dee.  26, 1762:  died  in  the 


Grisons,  Jan.  29, 1834.    A  Swiss  poet.   He  served  Salmon  (sam'on),  George.    Bom  at  Dublin, 


in  the  army  of  the  Helvetic  Republic,  andbecame  adjutant- 
general  to  Mass^na.     He  published  "Gedichte"  (1793). 
Longfellow  translated  some  of  his  songs, 
SaUe,  La.    See  La  Salle. 


and soutliern  Arkansas  which  joins  the  Washita  gaUee.  or  Salee  (sa-le'),  or  Saleh  (sa-le'),  or 


near  the  boundary  of  Louisiana.  Length,  about 
200  miles.— 2.  A  river  in  southern  Illinois 
which  joins  the  Ohio  9  miles  south  of  Shawnee- 
town.  Length,  including  the  South  Fork,  over 
100  miles. —  3.  A  river  in  Kansas  which  flows 


Sal6  (sa-la').     A  seaport  on  the  western  coast 


Sept.  25,  1819 :  died  there,  Jan  22,  1904.  An 
Irish  divine  and  mathematician.  He  graduated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1839 ;  took  orders  in  1844 ; 
and  became  regius  professor  of  divinity  at  Trinity  College 
in  1866,  and  provost  in  1888.  He  published  text-books  on 
higher  mathematics,  and  works  on  theology. 


of  Morocco,  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Salmon  (sam'on)  Falls.  Anotedoataractof  the 

Bu  Eakrak,  opposite  Rabat,  in  lat.  34°  4'  N.,    Snake  Eiver,  in  Idaho,  about  long.  114°  50'  W. 

long.  6°  48'^  W.    It  was  formerly  an  important  sea-  SalmOURiver.     A  river  in  Idaho  which  joins 


port  and  pirate  headquarters.    Population,  about  10,000. 


easterly  and  joins  the  Smoky  Hill  River  about  gallet  (za'let),  Friedrich  yon.  Born  at  Neisse, 


100  miles  west  of  Topeka.  Length ,  250-300  miles. 

SaUnS  (sa-lan').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Jura,  France,  21  miles  south-southwest  of  Be- 
san^on:  noted  for  its  salt-springs  and  salt- 
works.   Population  (1891),  commune,  6,068._ 

Salisbury  (sMz'bu-ri),  or  New  Sarum  (nil  sa'- 
rum).  [ME.  Salisliury,  Salesbury,  AS.  Seares- 
burh,  gen.  and  dat.  Seareshyrig,  also  Searoiiirh, 
Searohyrig,  Searehyrig,  appar.  'sear  borough,' 
'dry  town,'  but  the  first  element  (ML.  Sarum) 
is  perhaps  of  other  origin.]  A  city  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Wiltshire,  England,  situatedat  the  junction 
of  the  Wily  and  Bourne  with  the  Avon,  in  lat. 


Snake  Eiver  in  lat. 
350-400  miles. 


45°  44'  N.    Length,  about 


Pmssia,  April  20,  1812:  died  at  Reichau,  near  Salmon  River  Mountains.  A  range  of  moun- 
Nimptsch,  Prussia,  Feb.  21,  1843.  A  German  tains,  outliers  of  the  Eocky  Mountains  proper, 
poet.  His  chief  work  is  "Laienevangelium"  situated  in  Idaho  about  lat.  44°  N.  The  lofti- 
("  Laymen's  Gospel,"  1842).  est  summits  are  about  10,000-12,000  feet  high. 

Sallier  Papyrus.    See  the  extract.  Salm-Salm  (zalm-zaim),  Madame  (Agnes  Le- 

The  great  event  of  the  reign  of  Rameses  was  the  cam-  clercq).  Bom  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  Dee.  25, 1840 
paign  against  the  Khita  in  his  fifth  year.  It  commenced 
on  the  ninth  of  the  month  Epiphi,  and  is  represented  or 
described  in  the  temples  of  Luxor,  Abusimbel,  Bcitoualli, 
and  the  Ramesseum,  as  well  as  on  a  papyrus  in  the  Brit- 
ish Museum,  known  as  the  Sallier  papyrus,  in  which  the 
events  are  described  in  terms  resembling  an  epic  poem, 
which  has  been  called  the  Iliad  of  Egypt. 

Birch,  Egypt,  p.  126. 


The  wife  of  Prince  Salm-Salm.  she  obtained  some 
reputation  as  an  actress  under  the  name  of  Agnes  Le- 
clercq  ;  married  the  prince  in  1862 ;  and  accompanied  him 
in  his  campaigns.  After  his  death  she  organized  a  hos- 
pital brigade  which  did  good  service  in  the  Franco-Prus- 
sian war.  She  married  Charles  Heneage  in  1876.  She 
wrote  "Ten  Years  of  My  Life"  (1876).  She  is  living  at 
Bouu. 


Salm-Salm,  Prince  Felix 

Salm-Salm,  Prince  Felix.  Bom  at  Anholt, 
Prussia,  Dec.  25,  1828 :  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Gravelotte,  Aug.  18, 1870.  A  German  soldier  of 
fortune.  He  was  an  officer  first  in  the  Prussian  and 
afterward  in  the  Austrian  service.  Compelled  to  resign 
from  the  Austrian  army  on  account  of  pecuniary  difficul- 
ties, he  came  to  the  United  States  in  1861,  and  served  in  the 
Union  army  during  the  Civil  War,  attaining  the  brevet  rank 
of  brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  He  entered  the  service 
of  Maximilian,  emperor  of  Mexico,  in  1866,  and  became 
his  aide-de-camp  and  chief  of  the  imperial  household.  He 
returned  to  Europe  on  the  emperor's  execution,  reentered 
the  Prussian  army  as  major  in  the  grenadier  guards,  and 
fell  at  the  battle  of  Gravelotte  in  the  Franco-German  war. 
He  published  "My  Diary  in  Mexico  in  1867,  Including  the 
Last  Days  of  the  Emperor  Maximilian,  with  Leaves  from 
the  Diary  of  the  Princess  Salm-Salm  "  (1868). 

Salo  (sa'16).  Atown  in  the  province  of  Brescia, 
northern  Italy,  situated  on  the  Lago  di  Garda, 
14  miles  east-northeast  of  Brescia.  Here,  Aug. 
3,  1796,  the  French  defeated  the  Austrians. 
Population,  3,204. 

8aloman(sa-ld-mon'),  Louis  EtienneF^licitS. 
Bom  at  Aux  Cayes,  1820:  died  at  Paris,  France, 
Oct.  19, 1888.  A  Haitian  general  and  politician. 
He  was  of  pure  African  descent.  He  was  one  of  Soulouque's 
ministers,  and  general-in-chief  of  his  army  from  1855.  On 
the  overthrow  otSoulou<}ue(1869)he  fled  from  the  island, 
but  through  his  friends  melted  several  revolts ;  returned 
in  1879;  and  on  Oct.  23  of  that  year  was  chosen  president 
for  seven  years.  By  reelection  in  1886  he  ruled  until  Aug., 
1888,  when  he  was  deposed  by  a  revolution.  As  president 
he  was  practically  dictator,  but  the  republic  was  unusually 
prosperous  under  him. 

Salome  (sa-lo'me).  1.  Died  al)outl2  A.  D.  The 
sister  of  Herod  the  Great.— 2,  The  daughter  of 
Herodias,  and  wife  of  Philip  and  later  of  Aris- 
tobulus.  She  caused  the  death  of  John  the  Bap- 
tist. 

Salome  Alexandra,    Wife  of  Alexander  Jan- 

nseus.  She  succeeded  her  husband  in  78  B.  0.  as  regent 
of  Judea,  and  for  9  years  managed  the  affairs  of  the  coun- 
try with  great  skill  and  success.  Contrary  to  the  policy 
of  her  husband,  she  favored  the  Pharisees,  but  was  just  and 
tolerant  to  the  Sadducees.  Under  her  rule  Judea  for  the 
last  time  enjoyed  peace  and  prosperity,  and  she  may  be 
considered  its  last  independent  ruler. 

Salomo,  Salomon.    See  Solomon. 

Salomon  ben  Judah  aben  Grebirol  (ge-be'rol) 
or  Gabirol  (ga-be'rol),  called  Avicebron  (a-ve- 
tha-bron').  Bom  in  Spain:  died  about  1070.  A 
Jewish  poet  and  philosopher,  author  of  a  philo- 
sophical work  called  in  the  Latin  translation 
"  Fons  Vitse  "  ("  Fountain  of  Life"). 

Salomon  Islands.   See  Solomon  Islands. 

Salon  (sa-ldn')>  Le.  1.  The  gallery  at  the 
Louvre  in  which  exhibitions  of  art  were  for- 
merly held. — 2.  The  galleries  in  Paris  in  which 
the  works  of  modem  artists  are  now  periodi- 
cally exhibited. — 3.  The  annual  exhibition  of 
Buoh  works. 

Salona  (sa-16'na).  A  village  in  Dalmatia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, 4  miles  east-northeast  of  Spalato. 
Near  it  is  the  site  of  the  ancient  Salona,  an  imponant  Ko- 
man  city,  the  birthplace  of  Diocletian,  destroyed  by  Avars 
in  the  7th  century.  Many  Boman  antiquities  have  been  re- 
cently cUscovered  in  the  vicinity  (amphitheater,  basilica, 
etc.). 

Salona,  on  her  own  inland  sea,  with  her  own  archipelago 
In  front  of  her,  with  her  mountain  wall  rising  above  her 
shores,  became  the  greatest  city  of  the  Dalmatian  coast, 
and  one  of  the  greatest  cities  of  the  Boman  world. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  30. 

Salona.  The  capital  of  the  nomarchy  of  Pho- 
cis,  Greece,  51  miles  northwest  of  Corinth,  on 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Amphissa.  Population 
(1889),  5,180. 

Salona  Bay.  A  bay  on  the  northern  side  of  the 
Gulf  of  Lepanto,  Greece. 

Saloniki  (sa-lo-ne'ke).  1.  A  vilayet  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey.  Population  (1887),  966,308.-2. 
A  seaport,  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Saloniki,  sit- 
uated at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Saloniki,  in  lat. 
40°  37'  N.,  long.  22°  58'  E. :  the  ancient  Thessa- 
lonica.  It  has  a  large  and  increasing  foreign  commerce, 
and  contains  relics  of  Eoman  architecture  and  Byzantine 
churches.  Santa  Sophia,  now  the  chief  mosque,  is  a  ven- 
erable church  built  by  .Tustinian  upon  the  general  lines  of 
the  great  metropolitan  church  at  Constantinople,  but  on  a 
smaller  scale.  The  beautiful  portico  has  8  columns  of  verd- 
antique ;  the  dome  is  lined  with  a  great  mosaic  of  the  Sa- 
viour. St.  George  is  an  ancient  church  said  to  have  been 
built  by  Constantine :  now  a  mosque.  The  dome  (82  feet 
In  diameter)  is  lined  with  beautiful  mosaics.  The  city,  the 
ancient  Therma,  later  Thessalonioa,  became  an  important 
Soman  commercial  center,  and  the  capital  of  Macedonia. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a  massacre  by  Theodosius  in  390 ;  was 
taken  by  the  Saracens  in  904 ;  was  besieged  and  taken  by 
the  Sicilian  Normans  in  1186 ;  was  the  seat  of  an  ephemeral 
kingdom  in  the  13th  century ;  and  was  taken  from  the  Ve- 
netians by  the  Turks  under  Amurath  II.  in  1430.  A  Mo- 
hammedan mob  murdered  the  French  and  German  con- 
suls here  in  1876.  Population  (1893),  estimated,  150,000(?). 
Also  StUanika,  Salonica,  Salonichi,  etc. 

Saloniki,  Gulf  of.  The  northwestemmost  arm 
of  the  ^gean  Sea,  situated  west  of  the  Chal- 
eidic  peninsula :  the  ancient  Sinus  Thermaicus. 
Length,  about  60  miles. 


889 

Salop.    See  Shropshire. 

Salpetri^re  (sal-pa-tre-ar').  La.  A  hospital  or 
almshouse  for  infirm,  insane,  and  otherwise 
helpless  women,  on  the  Faubourg  St. -Victor, 
Paris,  opposite  the  great  arsenal,  it  covers  nearly 
80  acres.  The  general  hospital  was  founded  by  royal  edict 
in  1656.  It  contained  at  one  time  nearly  10,000  people, 
and  the  treatment  was  extremely  brutal.  Formerly  it  was 
a  houseof  lietention  as  well  as  a  hospital.  In  1823  the  ser- 
vice was  reformed,  and  the  institution  assumed  its  present 
form.    The  Bic^tre  is  a  similar  institution  for  men. 

Salpi  (sal'pe),  Lago  di.  A  salt  lake  20  miles 
east  of  Foggia,  eastern  Italy,  near  and  parallel 
to  the  Gulf  of  Manfredonia.  Length,  about  12 
miles. 

Salsette  (sal-set').  An  island  on  the  western 
coast  of  British  India,  lying  near  Bombay  Isl- 
and, with  which  it  is  connected  by  causeway 
and  bridge:  noted  for  cave  antiquities.  The 
Buddhist  chaitya,  one  of  the  group  of  caves  at  Keneri, 
is  a  noted  monument.  It  measures  S8J  by  40  feet,  and 
dates  from  the  early  6th  century  A.  D.  Salsette  was  teken 
by  the  Portuguese  in  the  16th  century ;  by  the  Mahrattas 
in  1739 ;  and  by  the  British  in  1774.  Area,  241  square  miles. 
Population  (1881),  108,149. 

Salso  (sal'so).  A  river  in  Sicily  which  flows 
south  into  the  Mediterranean,  28  miles  south- 
east of  Girgenti :  the  ancient  BBmera.  Length, 
about  65  miles. 

Salt  (s&lt),  Sir  Titus.  Bom  at  Morley,  near 
Leeds,  Sept.  20, 1803 :  died  Dec.  29,  1876.  An 
English  manufacturer  and  philanthropist.  He 
introduced  the  manufacture  of  alpaca  goods  into  England. 
He  established  the  model  village  of  Saltaire  around  his 
mills  near  Bradford.  In  1848  he  was  mayor  of  Bradford. 
He  was  elected  a  member  of  Parliament  in  1869,  and  was 
created  a  baronet  in  1869. 

Salta  (sal'ta).  1.  A  province  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  Argentine  Eepublio,  south  of  the 
province  of  Jujuy  and  bordering  on  Chile. 
The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  Area, 
45,000  square  miles.  Population  (1895),  118,- 
138. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Salta,  situated  in  lat.  24°  48'  S.,  long.  65° 
30'  W.  It  has  a  flourishing  trade  with  Bo- 
livia. It  was  founded  in  1582.  Population 
(1895),  16,672. 

Saltaire  (sai'tar).  [Namedfrom  Sir  Titus  Salt.] 
Atowninthe"WestEidingofYorkshire,England, 
3  miles  north-northwest  of  Bradford:  founded 
by  Sir  Titus  Salt  in  1853.  It  has  manufactures 
of  woolens  and  worsted  (suspended  1892). 

Saltcoats  (sftlt'kots).  A  seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the 
Firth  of  Clyde  25  miles  southwest  of  Glasgow. 
Population  (1891),  5,895. 

Saltee  (sal'te)  Islands.  Two  small  islands  off 
the  coast  of  Ireland,  14  miles  south-southwest 
of  Wexford. 

Saltens  Fjord  (sal'tens  fy6rd).  A  deep  flord 
on  the  coast  of  northern  Norway,  about  lat.  67° 
15' N. 

Saltillo  (sal-tel'yo).  The  capital  of  the  state 
of  Coahuila,  Mexico,  near  lat.  25°  25'  N.,  long. 
101°  4'  W.  It  was  founded  in  1586.  Popula- 
tion (1895),  19,654. 

Salt  Key  Bank  (salt  ke  bangk).  A  bank  lying 
north  of  Cuba  and  south  of  Florida,  in  about 
lat.  24°  N.,  long.  80°  W. 

Salt  Lake.    See  Great  Salt  Lake. 

Salt  Lake  City  (salt  lak  sit'i).  The  capital  of 
the  State  of  Utah,  situated  on  the  Jordan  Eiver, 
near  Great  Salt  Lake,  about  lat.  40°  45'  N., 
long.  111°  50'  W.  It  is  the  largest  city  of  Utah,  the 
headquarters  of  Mormonism,  and  the  seat  of  the  Uni- 
versify  of  Utah  (formerly  of  Deseret).  Its  most  noted 
buildings  are  the  Tabernacle,  an  elliptical  structure  250 
feet  long,  150  feet  wide,  and  70  feet  high,  capable  of  seat- 
ing over  8,000  people,  built  1864-67;  and  the  new  Temple, 
a  granite  structure,  built  1863-92, 186  feet  long  and  99 
feet  high,  with  three  towers  at  each  end,  the  loftiest  of 
which  is  210  feet  high.  The  cost  of  the  Temple  was 
83,469,118.  The  city  was  laid  out  by  the  Mormons  in  1847. 
Population  (1900),  63,531.  "   * 

Salto  Grande  (sal'to  gran'da).  A  cataract  in 
the  river  Jequitinhonha,  Brazil.  Height,  about 
145  feet. 

Salton  Sea.  A  large  temporary  lake  recently 
formed  in  the  Colorado  desert  of  southeastern 
Califomia.    It  was  shallow,  and  soon  disap- 

^Itonstall  (sai'ton-stai).  Sir  Richard.  Bom 
at  Halifax,  England,  1586:  died  in  England 
about  1658.  On  e  of  the  early  colonists  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, son  of  Sir  Richard  Saltonstall,  lord 
mayor  of  London  (1597) .  In  1630  he  went  to  Massa- 
chusetts as  assistant  governor  to  Winthrop ;  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  Watertown  in  1630 ;  and  returned  to  Eng- 
land in  1631.  ,„      ,  _, 

Saltonstall,  Richard.  Bom  at  Woodsome,  Eng- 
land, 1610 :  died  at  Hulme,  England,  April  29, 
1694.  An  English  colonist  in  Massachusetts, 
son  of  Sir  Eichard  Saltonstall.    He  went  out 


Salve  Regina 

to  Massachusetts  with  his  father  in  1630,  and 
became  one  of  the  governor's  assistants  in  1637. 

Salt  (salt)  Range,  or  Kalabagh  (ka-lSr-bag'). 
A  mountain-range  in  the  Panjab,  India,  from 
the  Jhelum  westward  to  Afghanistan,  about 
lat.  32°  35'  N. :  noted  for  its  salt-mines.  The 
loftiest  summits  are  about  5,000  feet  high. 

Salt  River.  1.  A  river  in  northern  Kentucky 
which  joins  the  Ohio  19  miles  south-southwest 
of  Louisville.  Length,  over  100  miles. —  2.  A 
river  in  northeastern  Missouri,  formed  by  the 
union  of  its  North,  Middle,  and  South  forks. 
It  joins  the  Mississippi  22  miles  southeast  of  Hannibal. 
Length,  including  the  North  Fork,  about  130  miles. 

Salt  Sea.    See  Dead  Sea. 

Saltstrom  (salt'strem).  A  cataract  formed  by 
the  tide  in  the  Skjerstad  Fjord,  on  the  western 
coast  of  Norway,  about  lat.  67°  15'  N. 

Saltus  (sai'tus),  Edgar  Evertson.  Bom  at 
New  York,  June  8,  1858.  An  American  novel- 
ist and  miscellaneous  Vfriter.  He  has  written  a 
life  of  Balzac  (1884X  "Philosophy  of  Disenchantment" 
(1885),  "Anatomy  of  Negation  "  (1886),  "Mr.  Inooul's  Mis- 
adventure "  (1887),  "Eden "(1888),  etc. 

Saltzburg.    See  Salzburg. 

Saluda  (sa-lo'da).  A  river  in  South  Carolina 
which  unites  ait  Columbia  with  the  Broad  to 
form  the  Congaree.    Length,  nearly  200  miles. 

Salus(sa'lus).  [L.,' safety,"  prosperity.']  InEo- 
man  mythology,  a  goddess  personifying  health 
and  prosperity :  often  identified  with  the  Greek 
Hygeia. 

Saluzzo  (sa-lot's6).  [F.  Saluces.']  A  city  in 
the  province  of  Cuneo,  Italy,  situated  near  the 
Po  31  miles  south-southwest  of  Turin,  it  con- 
tains a  castle  and  a  cathedraL  It  was  the  seat  of  a  mar- 
quisate  from  the  12th  century  to  1648 ;  was  taken  then  by 
the  French ;  and  was  ceded  to  Savoy  in  1601.  It  was  the 
birthplace  of  Silvio  Pellico.    Population,  9,716. 

Salvador  (sal-va-THor').  [Sp.  Bejp4I>Uca  del 
Salvador;  incorrectly  San  Sahador  from  its 
capital.]  The  smallest  but  most  thickly  popu- 
lated of  the  Central  American  republics,  lying 
between  Guatemala  on  the  northwest,  Hondu- 
ras on  the  north  and  northeast,  Nicaragua  on 
the  east  (separated  by  the  Gulf  of  Fonseca), 
and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  south.  The  surface 
is  traversed  by  several  mountain-chains  with  intervening 
fertile  valleys  and  plains ;  there  are  many  active  or  quies- 
cent volcanoes,  and  earthquakes  are  frequent.  The  prin- 
cipal products  and  exporte  are  coffee,  indigo,  sugar,  and 
balsam  of  Peru;  the  manufactures  are  unimportant. 
About  6  per  cent,  of  the  inhabitants  are  whites  of  Spanish 
descent;  the  remainder  are  Indians  (56  per  cent.),  mixed, 
races  (40  per  cent.),  and  a  few  negroes.  Spanish  is  the 
common  language,  and  the  prevailing  religion  is  the  Ko- 
man  Catholic.  The  government  is  a  centralized  republic  : 
the  president  is  elected  for  4  years,  and  congress  consists 
of  a  single  house,  the  members  elected  for  one  year.  The' 
territory  of  SalvadorwasinvadedbyPedrodeAlvarado  1524, 
and  conquered  by  Jorge  de  Alvarado  1528.  Independence 
was  proclaimed  in  1821,  and  from  1823  to  1839  the  country 
was  a  state  of  the  Central  American  Union.  Since  then 
there  have  been  frequent  revolutions  and  wars  with  the- 
other  Central  American  republics.  The  present  constitu- 
tion dates  from  1886,  Area,  7,226  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (estimated,  1891),  777,896. 

Salvages  (sai-va'zhaz)  Islands.  A  group  of 
small  islands  in  the  Atlantic,  north  of  i:he  Ca- 
nary Islands,  about  lat.  30°  8'  N. ,  long.  15°  51'  W. 

Salvandy    (sal-von-de'),  .  Comte    Narcisse- 
Achille  de.    Bom  at  Condom,  Gers,  Prance, 
June  11, 1795 :  died  at  the  Castle  of  Graveron,. 
Euro,  France,  Dec.  15,  1856.    A  French  politi- 
cian, publicist,  and  historical  vraiter. 

Salvatierra  (sal-va-te-er 'ra) .  A  to wn  in  Spain, 
18  miles  south-southeast  of  C4eeres. 

Salvation  Army,  The.  An  organization  formed 
upon  a  quasi-military  pattern,  for  the  revival  of 
religion  among  the  masses.  Itwas  founded  in  Eng- 
land by  the  Methodist  evangelist  William  Booth  about 
1366,  under  the  name  of  the  Christian  Mission :  the  present  - 
name  and  organization  were  adopted  about  1378,  It  has 
extended  to  the  continent  of  Europe,  to  India,  Australia, 
and  other  British  possessions,  to  the  United  States,  South 
America,  and  elsewhere.  Its  work  is  carried  on  by  means 
of  processions,  street-singing  and  -preaching,  and  the  like, 
under  the  direction  of  officers  entitled  generals,  majors, 
captains,  etc.  Both  sexes  participate  in  the  services  and 
direction  of  the  body  on  equal  terms.  Besides  its  religious 
work,  it  engages  in  various  reformatory  and  philanthropic 
enterprises.  It  has  no  formulated  creed,  but  its  doctrines . 
bear  a  general  resemblance  to  those  common  to  all  Prot- 
estant evangelical  churches,  and  especially  to  those  of ' 
Methodism. 

Salvator  (sal-va'tor).  A  famous  American 
race-horse,  ohestnutvpith  white  legs  and  blaze, 
foaled  in  1886.  in  isoo  he  won  the  Suburban  and  the 
match  against  Tenny  (by  Eayon  d'Or) ;  and  in  a  race  against 
time  on  the  straight  course  at  Monmouth  he  made  the  rec- 
ord for  one  milel:36J.  This  is  still  (1900)  the  fastest  time 
for  the  distance. 

Salvator  Rosa,    See  Bosa. 

Salve  Regina  ( sal' ve  re-ji'na).  [Sonamedfrom 
its  first  words,  L.  salve,  regina  misericordise,  hail,. 
queen  of  compassion!]  In  the  Eoman  Catholic- 
Church,  an  antiphonal  hymn  to  the  Virgin  Mary. . 


Salve  Begina 

It  Is  contained  in  the  breviary,  is  much  used  in  private  de- 
votions, and  from  Trinity  Sunday  to  Advent  is  sung  after 
lauds  and  complin. 

Salvi,  Giambattista.    See  Sassoferrato. 

Salviauus  (sal-vi-a'nus).  A  Christian  writer 
■who  flourished  in  the  5th  century.  He  appears  to 
have  been  a  native  of  Cologne,  to  have  been  of  noble  birth, 
and  to  have  been  a  priest  at  Marseilles.  He  wrote  "  De 
gubernatione  Dei"  and  "Adversus  avaritiam." 

Near  the  end  of  the  life  of  Flacidia,  a  book  was  written 
in  Gaul,  and  circulated  from  monastery  to  monastery, 
which  evidently  produced  a  profound  impression  on  the 
minds  of  the  generation  who  first  read  i^  and  which  re- 
mains to  this  day  one  of  our  most  valuable  sources  of  in- 
formation as  to  the  inner  life  of  the  dying  Empire  and  the 
moral  character  of  its  toes.  This  work  is  the  treatise  of 
St.  Salvian,  Presbyter  of  Marseilles,  concerning  the  Gov- 
ernment of  Qod,  in  eight  books. 

HodgUn,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  604. 

Salviati  (sal-ve-a'te),  Antonio.  Born  at  Vi- 
cenza,  Italy,  in  1816 :  died  at  Venice,  Jan.  25, 
1890.  An  Italian  artist.  He  revived  the  ancient 
Venetian  glass  industry  at  Murano  in  1860. 

Salvini  (sal-ve'ne),  Tonunaso.  Bom  atMilan, 
Jan.  1,  1829.  A  celebrated  Italian  tragedian. 
He  studied  dramaticart  with  Gustavo  Modena.  Hisrepu- 
tatiou  was  still  confined  to  Italy  when  his  theatrical  career 
was  interrupted  by  the  revolution  of  1848,  in  which  he  took 
.an  active  part  and  was  taken  prisoner  with  Mazzini,  Gari- 
baldi, and  Saffl  at  Genoa.  After  quiet  was  restored  he  de- 
voted a  year  to  classical  studies  at  Florence,  and  mastered 
many  of  his  Shaksperian  parts.  He  then  returned  to  the 
«tage  and  played  with  great  success.  He  visited  South 
America  in  1872  and  the  United  States  in  1873  (for  the 
first  time),  1880, 1882, 1886  (when  he  played  "  Othello  "  with 
Bdwin  Booth  as  lago,  and  the  Ghost  to  Booth's  Hamlet), 
and  1889.  He  played  in  England  in  1875  and  1884.  His 
principal  rOles  are  Egisto  in  Alfleri's  *'M6rope,"  Paolo  in 
"Franoesca  da  Rimini, "  Saul  in  Alfieri's  "Saul,"  CEdipus 
In  a  play  written  for  him  by  Wicolini,  Orosmane  in  Vol- 
taire's "  Zaire,"  Conrad  in  "  La  Morte  Civile,"  Samson,  the 
Gladiator,  Hamlet,  Macbeth,  Coriolanus,  Othello,  lago  (in 
Italy,  1891),  and  King  Lear. 

Salwatti.    See  SalawatU. 

Salwin  Hill  Tracts.    A  district  in  Tenasserim 

division,  British  Burma.     Area,  4,646  square 

miles.    Populatioii  (1891),  31,439. 
Salzach  (zalt'zaeh),  or  Salza  (salt'sa) .  A  river 

in  Salzburg  which,  in  its  lower  course,  forms  the 

boundary  between  Bavaria  and  Upper  Austria. 

It  is  the  chief  tributary  of  the  Inn,  which  it  joins  36  miles 

southwest  of  Passau.    Length,  190  miles. 

Salzbrnnn  (zalts '  brSn),  or  Obersalzbrunn 
(o'ber-zalts"br8n).  ['Salt-spring.']  A  village 
and  watering-place  in  the  province  of  Silesia, 
Prussia,  38  miles  southwest  of  Breslau.  It  is 
frequented  on  account  of  its  saline-alkaline 
springs.    Population  (1890),  3^469. 

Salzburg  (zalts'bSrG).  1.  A  crownland  in  the 
Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary.  Capi- 
tal, Salzburg.  It  is  boundedby  Upper  Austria  on  the 
north.  Upper  Austria  and  Styria  on  the  east,  Carinthia 
and  Tyrol  on  the  south,  and  Tyrol  and  Bavaria  on  the  west. 
It  is  mountainous(containing  the  Iforic  and  Bavarian  Alps), 
and  is  traversed  by  the  Salzach.  Live  stock  is  raised,  and 
there  is  extensive  production  of  salt  and  marble.  Salzburg 
has  6  representatives  in  the  Austrian  Keichsrat,  and  has  a 
Landtag  of  26  members.  The  language  is  German ;  the  re- 
ligion, fioman  Catholic.  This  crownland  formed  part  of  the 
ancient  Xoricum.  It  became  a  bishopric,  and  was  raised 
In  798  to  an  archbishopric.  Its  archbishops  were  leading 
princes  of  the  Empire,  and  were  noted  for  their  intolerance : 
the  Jews  were  banished  in  1493,  the  Protestants  in  1731-32. 
The  bishopric  was  secularized  in  1802,  given  to  Ferdinand 
m.  of  Tuscany,  and  made  an  electorate.  The  region  was 
ceded  to  Austria  in  1806 ;  was  taken  by  Napoleon  in  1809, 
and  by  him  given  to  Bavaria  in  1810  ;  was  ceded  back  to 
Austria  in  1814  ;  and  became  a  crownland  in  1849.  Area, 
2,767  square  miles.  Population  (1890]^  173,510. 
S.  The  capital  of  the  crownland  of  Salzburg, 
situated  on  the  Salzach  in  lat.  47°  48'  N.,  long. 
13°  3'  B. :  the  ancient  Juvavia.  It  is  noted  for  its 
picturesque  location ;  has  considerable  trade  and  manu- 
lactures ;  is  a  tourist  resort ;  and  contains  many  objects  of 
interest.  Hohen-Salzburg,  the  citadel,  is  a  picturesque 
medieval  fortress,  crowning  an  abrupt  eminence  above 
the  city.  The  castle  displays  bartizans  at  its  angles,  and 
is  girdled  by  many  square  and  cylindrical  battlemented 
■towers,  one  of  them  80  feet  high.  The  fortress  was  founded 
in  the  9th  century,  but  in  its  present  form  is  chiefly  of  the 
early  16th.  The  Chapel  of  St.  George  (1602)  possesses  in- 
teresting sculptures,  among  them  the  apostles  in  red 
marble.  The  university,  founded  in  1620,  was  closed  in 
1810.  Above  the  city  are  the  Monohsberg  and  Eapuziner- 
bei'g.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Mozart.  Population  (1890), 
-J7,244. 

Salzburger  Alps  (zalts'b5rQ-er  alps).  A  range 
of  the  Alps  situated  on  the  border  between  Salz- 
burg and  Bavaria. 

Salzkammergut  (zalts'kam'''mer-g5t).  An  Al- 
pine land  and  imperial  domain,  situated  in  the 
southern  part  of  Upper  Austria,  adjoining  part 
of  Styria.  On  account  of  its  lakes  (Traunsee,  etc.)  and 
its  natural  beauty,  it  is  often  called  "the  Austrian  Switzer- 
land." It  contains  the  watering-place  Ischl.  The  highest 
mountain  is  the  Dachstein.  "The  inhabitants  are  largely 
engaged  in  the  production  of  salt. 

Salzungen  (zalf  song-en).  A  town  and  water- 
ing-place in  the  duchy  of  Saxe-Meiningen,  Ger- 
many, situated  on  the  Werra  19  miles  north- 


890 

northwest  of  Meiningen.  It  has  salt-works. 
Population  (1890),  4,161. 

Salzwedel  (zalts'va-del).  _  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Jeetze 
53  miles  north-northwest  of  Magdeburg,  it  is  a 
very  ancient  place,  noted  in  the  Altmark ;  was  a  Hanse- 
atic  town;  and  has  old  churches  and  other  buildings. 
Population  (1890),  9,008. 

Sam  (sftm).  One  of  the  great  heroes  of  the  Shah- 
namah,  son  of  Nariman,  father  of  Zal,  and  grand- 
father of  Eustam.  The  most  striking  episode  of  his 
histoiT  is  his  exposure  near  Mount  Albnrz  of  his  infant  son 
Zal,  whom  he  disowned  because  hishair  was  white,  and  who 
was  reared  by  the  Simurgh.  (See  Simurgh.)  One  night  Sam 
saw  in  a  dream  a  horseman  coming  from  the  direction  of 
Hindustan,  who  gave  him  news  of  his  son.  Called  to  inter- 
pret the  dream,  the  wise  men  of  the  realm  advised  Sam  to 
seek  his  son,  who  was  brought  to  Sam  by  the  Simurgh, 
received  with  joy,  and  invested  with  distinctions  by  both 
Sam  and  King  Minuchihr— Sam  intrusting  tohim  his  realm. 

Samaden  (sa'ma'''den).  [Eomansh  Samedan.'] 
A  tourist  center  and  health-resort  in  the  Upper 
Engadine,  canton  of  Grrisons,  Switzerland,  situ- 
ated on  the  Inn  28  miles  southeast  of  Coire. 
Height,  5,670  feet. 

Samael,    See  Sammael. 

Samak  (sa-mak').  The  chief  island  of  the  Bah- 
rein group,  Persian  Sea,  situated  in  lat.  26°  N. 
Capital,  Menama.  Length,  about  30  miles. 
Population,  60,000  to  70,000. 

SamanS.  (sa-ma-na')-  A  peninsula  in  the  east- 
em  part  of  the  Dominican  Republic.  Length, 
about  40  miles. 

Samani,  or  Santa  Barbara  de  Samani  (ssin'- 
ta  bar'ba-ra  da  sa-ma-na').  A  seaport  in  the 
Dominican  Bepublic,  situated  on  Samand,  Bay 
in  lat.  19°  12'  N.,  long,  69°  19'  "W.  Population, 
about  3,000. 

Samanel  Bay.  A  bay  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the 
Dominican  Eepublic,  island  of  Santo  Domingo, 
south  of  the  peninsula  of  Samand.  It  forms  one 
of  the  largest  and  finest  harbors  in  the  world. 

Samanids  (sam'a-nidz).  A  Persian  dynasty 
which  reigned  in  Transoxiana,  Turkestan,  from 
about  872  to  999. 

Samar  (sa-mar').  One  of  the  Philippine  Islands. 
Capital,  Catbalongan.  it  is  separated  from  Luzon  pn 
the  northwest  by  the  StrMt  of  San  Bernardino,  and  from 
Leyte  on  the  southwest  by  the  Strait  of  San  Juanico. 
Length,  120  miles.  Area,  4,367  square  miles.  Population 
of  province  of  Samar  (including  neighboring  small  islands), 
178,890. 

Samara  (sS-ma'ra) .  1 .  A  government  of  eastern 
Eussia,  situated  east  of  the  Volga.  It  is  bounded 
by  the  governments  of  Astrakhan,  Sarafofl,  Simbirsk,  Ka- 
zan, Ufa,  Orenburg,  the  territory  of  the  Ural  Cossacks,  and 
the  Kirghiz  Steppes.  The  chief  occupation  is  agriculture. 
Area,  68,321  square  miles.  Population  (1890),  2,665,300. 
3.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Samara, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  river  Samara 
with  the  Volga,  about  lat.  53°  N. ,  long.  50°  12'  B. 
It  is  one  of  the  chief  ports  on  the  Volga,  and  has  a  large 
trade  in  grain.  Population  (1891),  99,866. 
3.  A  river  in  eastern  Eussia  which  joins  the 
Volga  at  Samara.    Length,  about  300  mUes. 

Samara  (sam'a-ra).  The  ancient  name  of  the 
Somme. 

Samara  (sa-ma'ra),  or  Samhara  (sS,m-ha'ra). 
A  region  in  eastern  Africa,  bordering  on  the  Eed 
Sea  east  of  Abyssinia. 

Samara.    See  Samarrdh. 

Samarang  (sa-ma-rang').  a  seaport,  capital  of 
the  residency  of  Samarang,  Java,  situated  on 
the  north  coast  in  lat.  6°  58'  S.,  long.  110°  26'  E. 
It  is  one  of  the  chief  ports  in  the  Island,  e^orting  sugar, 
coffee,  etc.    Population,  about  70,000. 

Samarcand.    See  Samarkand. 

Samaria  (sa-ma'ri-a).  [L.  Samaria,  Gr.  Sa/io- 
peia,  also  'Sxp.ape&v,  Heb.  Shomron,  city  of  She- 
mer  (Gr.  'S,eimpog).']  1.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  kingdom  of  Israel. —  3.  A  name 
given  about  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era 
to  the  central  division  of  western  Palestine, 
lying  north  of  Judea  and  south  of  Galilee. — 3. 
An  ancient  city  of  Palestine,  situated  in  lat.  32° 
15'  N.,  long.  35°  12'  E.  it  was  founded  by  Omri  (899- 
876  B.  0.).  After  a  siege  of  three  years  by  Shalmaneser  IV. 
it  was  taken  by  his  successor  Sargon  in  722,  and  settled 
with  transported  colonists.  John  Hyrcanus  destroyed  it 
in  109,  but  it  was  soon  rebuilt.  Pompey  included  Samaria 
in  the  province  of  Syria,  and  from  the  proconsul  Gabinius 
it  obtained  the  name  of  Gabinia  or  Gabiniopolis.  Herod 
changed  its  name  to  Sebaste  (Augusta)  in  honor  of  Au- 
gustus, and  adorned  it  with  magnificent  buildings.  Grad- 
ually Sebaste  was  surpassed  in  growth  by  Nablus  (She- 
chem).  Down  to  the  6th  and  again  in  the  12th  century  an 
episcopal  see  of  Sebaste  is  mentioned,  and  to  this  day  a 
Greek  bishop  derives  his  title  from  it.  At  present  Sebaste 
is  represented  by  the  insignificant  Mohammedan  village 
Sebastieh,  in  which  are  still  seen  the  ruins  of  a  church 
erected  by  the  Crusaders  over  the  supposed  grave  of  John 
the  Baptist. 

Samaritans  (sa-mar'i-tanz).  A  religious  com- 
munity which  originated  after  the  fall  of  the 
northern  kingdom,    in  place  of  the  Israelites  who  had 


Sanmite  Wars 

been  killed  and  transported,  Sargon  brought  to  the  terri- 
tory of  Samaria  a  colony  from  Babylon  and  Cuthah ;  and 
this  was  increased  by  contingents  from  the  Assyrian  prov- 
inces (Ezra  iv.  2-10).  Although  priests  were  sent  to  in- 
struct these  foreigners  in  the  "  worship  of  Jehovah,"  the 
population  had  a  mixed  belief  and  practice.  After  the  re- 
turn from  the  captivity,  the  Jews  declined  the  aid  of  the 
Samaritans  in  restoring  the  walls  and  the  temple  of  Jeru- 
salem, in  consequence  of  which  the  breach  between  them 
was  widened.  The  Samaritans,  under  the  leadership  of 
Sanballat  and  his  son-in-law,  founded  a  sanctuary  of  their 
own  on  Mount  Gerizim  (according  to  Josephu^  in  332). 
In  consequence  of  this  the  town  of  Shecnem  (Nablus), 
at  the  base  of  the  mountain,  rose  in  importance,  while 
Samaria  declined.  The  temple  was  destroyed  by  John 
Hyrcanus,  and,  apart  from  some  rebellions  and  repeated 
conflicts  between  them  and  the  Jews  and  Christians,  the 
Samaritans  henceforward  cease  to  have  any  noteworthy 
separate  history.  The  Samaritans  are  strict  monotheists, 
believe  in  spirits  and  a  resurrection,  expect  a  Messiah  to 
appear  6,000  years  after  the  creation  of  the  world,  and  pos- 
sess only  the  Pentateuch,  written  in  the  old  Hebrew 
characters,  in  its  text  more  akin  to  that  of  the  Septuagint 
than  to  the  Hebrew  Massoretic  text.  Theystill  make  a  pil- 
grimage  on  the  three  principal  festivals  to  Mount  Gerizim. 
Their  numbers  are  steadily  diminishing,  consisting  at 
present  (1896)  of  forty  or  fifty  families  only,  who  live  in  a 
separate  quarter  of  Nablus. 

Samarkand,  or  Samarcand  (sam-ar-kand').  A 
city  in  the  district  of  Serafshan,  Turkestan, 
Asiatic  Eussia,  situated  near  the  Serafshan 
about  lat.  39°  40'  N.,  long.  67°  E.:  the  ancient 
Maracanda.  it  has  active  commerce,  and  manufactures 
of  cotton,  silk,  etc.  Among  the  objects  of  interest  are  the 
grave  of  Timur,  citadel,  3  colleges,  and  neighboring  ruins. 
The  ancient  city  was  destroyed  by  Alexander  the  Great 
In  the  middle  ages  Samarkand  was  a  large  and  flonrishing 
city,  renowned  as  a  seat  of  learning.  It  was  taken  and  de- 
stroyed by  Jenghiz  Khan  in  1219 ;  became  the  capital  of 
Timur ;  was  occupied  by  the  Kussians  in  1868 ;  and  was 
afterward  annexed  to  Eussia.    Population  (1B83]^  33,117. 

Samarobriva  (sam'''arr6-bri'va).  The  ancient 
name  of  Amiens. 

Samarra,  or  Samara  (sa-ma'ra).  A  small 
town  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  on  the  Tigris 
70  miles  north-northwest  of  Bagdad:  a  noted 
Shiite  place  of  pilgrimage. 

Samary  (sa-ma-re'),  Jeanne  L6onie  Pauline. 
Bom  at  Neuilly,  March  4, 1857 :  died  at  Paris, 
Sept.  18,  1890.  A  Prenoh  actress,  she  was  the 
granddaughter  of  Suzanne  Brohan,  and  studied  with  her 
aunt  Augustine  Brohan.  She  entered  the  Conservatoire 
In  1871,  made  her  d^but  at  the  Th^^tre  Fran^ais  in  1S76  as 
Dorine  in  "  Tartnf e,"  and  gained  a  success  in  soubrette 
parts.  Among  her  favorite  r61es  were  Toinon  in  "L'Etin- 
celle  "  and  Suzanne  de  Villiers  in  "  Le  monde  oil  Ton  s'en- 
nnie,"  though  she  attained  distinction  in  the  classic  reper- 
tory.   In  1880  she  married  a  banker,  M.  Lagarde. 

Samas.    See  Shamash. 

Samaveda  (sa-ma-va'da).    See  Veda. 

Sambalpur,  or  Siimbulpur  (sum-bul-por').  l . 
A  district  in  the  Central  Provinces,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  21°  30'  N.,  long.  84° 
B.  Area, 4,948  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
796,413.-2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Sam- 
balpur,  situated  on  the  Mahanadi.  Population 
(1891),  14,571. 

Sambara  (sam-ba'ra),  or'Wasambara(wa-sam- 
ba'ra),  or  Sambala.  A  Bantu  tribe  of  German' 
East  Africa,  in  the  mountainous  district  facing 
the  island  of  Pemba.  vigorous,  agricultural,  and 
pastoral,  they  are  nevertheless  poor,  because  they  leave  aU 
the  trade  to  the  Arabs  and  coast  people.  Usambara  is  the 
name  of  the  country,  Kisambara  that  of  the  language. 

Sambos  (sam'bos).  [Sp.  Samho,  a  person  of 
mixed  Indian  and  negro  blood.]  A  name  often 
giyen  to  the  Mosquitos  (which  see). 

Sambre  (sonbr) .  A  river  in  northeastern  France 
and  Belgium  which  joins  the  Mouse  at  Namur: 
the  Eoman  Sabis.  Csesar  defeated  the  Nervii  on  its 
banks  in  67  B.  0.,  and  French  victories  were  gained  on  it 
in  1791.    Length,  110  miles ;  navigable  to  Landrecies, 

Sambre-et-Meuse  (sonbr'a-mez').  A  depart- 
ment of  Prance  during  the  period  of  the  repub- 
lic and  the  first  empire.    Capital,  Namur. 

Sambro  (sam'bro),  Cape.  A  cape  on  the  south- 
ern coast  of  Nova  Scotia,  south  of  Halifax,  in 
lat.  44°  27'  N.,  long.  63°  35'  W. 

Sambwa  (sam'bwa).    See  Nyamwezi. 

Samgar-Nebo  (sam'gar-ne'bo).  [Assyr.,  'be 
gracious,  Nebo.']  An  oflScer  in  the  army  of 
Nebuchadnezzar,  mentioned  in  Jer.  xxxix.  3. 

Samhar.    See  I^gri. 

Samhara  (eastern  Africa).    See  Samara. 

Samian  Sage,  The.    See  Sage  ofSamos. 

Samland  (zam'iai^t).  A  district  in  the  province 
of  Bast  Prussia,  Prussia,  lying  between  the 
Frisches  Haff  and  Kurisches  Hafif,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Konigsberg.  Its  western  coast  is  noted  as 
"the  Amber  Coast." 

Sammael,  or  Samael  (sa'ma-el).  In  rabbini- 
cal demonology,  a  personification  of  the  evil 
principle. 

Samnite  "Wars  (sam'nit  warz).  In  Eoman  his- 
tory, the  wars  between  Eome  and  the  Samnites. 
The  following  are  the  most  important:  (o)  In  34S-341 B.  c: 
the  wai'  was  ended  by  a  treaty  of  alliance ;  £omereceived 


Samnite  Wars 


891 


Sancho  Fanza 


Capua,  the SamnitesTeanum.   (!>)In32&-304B.o.:  theEo-  SampSOn,  Deborah.    Born  at  Plympton,  Mass., 

mane  were  In  general  suooessful,  through  an  entire Kflman  jjeg  17  1760:  died  at  Sharon,  Mass.,  April  29, 

army  was  captured  at  the  Caudine  Forks  by  Pontius  in  321;    ,„„_      \      ,         .        „„„  „i „     '    ^-     A' 

the  Samnites  were  joined  in  the  last  years  of  the  war  by  Jf-^ '  ■ ,  An  Amencan  woman  who  served  m  the 
the  EtruBcana,  Umbrians,  Marsi,  Peligni,  etc.    (c)  In  298-    Revolutionary  War  disguised  under  the  name 

290:  the  Samnites  were  allied  with  the  Umbrians,  Etrus-  of  Robert  Shurtleff.    She  published  a  narrative 

cans, "'    '  '      "    '        ""        ' ^■■-•^ ■»  -                                      _    »^.     _ 

a 


nor  does  his  history  form  the  chief  part  of  their  contents. 
Like  the  books  of  Kings,  the  books  of  Samuel  formed  oii? 
inally  one  book :  the  division  was  introduced  in  the  old 
Greek  and  Latin  versions.  The  books  of  Samuel  comprise 
the  history  of  Israel  from  the  birth  of  Samuel  to  the  death 

.. ,  .„„„„..„„„.    „„„  I .•„„„ii„„i,o     of  David  (which,  however,  is  not  distinctly  recorded  in  the 

ns,  Cisalpine  Gauls,  and  Lucanians;  the  Romans  gained  of  Vifirnrmvlifo  oTititlBfl  "ThePfiTnnloTjQTr^Qw  »  book)  — i.  e.,  a  period  of  more  than  100  years.  The  first 
decisive  victory  at  Sentinum  295,  and  the  power  of  the  ?^  ^^^^™y  "^^'  entiwea  X  ne  J!  emale  Keview,  boot  relates  the  birth  of  Samuel,  the  establishing  of  the 
— -■» 1.— > —  in  1(9/.  monarchy  in  Israel,  and  the  conflict  between  Saul  and 


Samnites  was  broken.  „  t*       .    .        »     1.         j.      .     o.  "■ — '  ■■>"'"-»,■•"-  -"»  wuun,v  ucvnccu  cam  auu 

Samnium  (sam'ni-um).    In  ancient  geography,  Bampson,  Dominie.   A  character  in  Sii'  Walter    David,  closing  with  the  death  of  SauL    The  second  book 
a  mountainous  district  in  central   Italy,  .it    Scott's  novel  "  Guy  Mannering."    He  is  a  homely  „8ives 'he  history  of  David's  reign, 
was  bounded  by  the  country  of  the  Marsi,  Peligni,  and    awkward  schoolmaster,  loved  for  his  honesty  and  faith-  oan  (San).     bee  JiUShmen  and  KIlOlKhoin. 
Frentani  on  the  north,  Apulia  on  the  east,  Lucania  on  the    fulness,  who  educates  (Jodfrey  Bertram's  children,  quotes  San.     See  Zoan. 
south,  Campania  on  the  southwest,  and  Latium  on  the    Latin,  and  exclaims  "  Prodigious  1  gan   (gan).     A  river   in  Galicia,  Austria-Hun- 

west,  and  was  inhabited  by  the  Samnites,  a  race  of  Sabme  Sampson,   William  Thomas.      Born  at   Pal- 
origin.    The  Samnite  confederacy  included  also  the  Hir- -•    - 

pini  and  Fentri,  and  colonists  of  Samnite  stock  settled 
in  Lucania  and  Campania.  The  first  treaty  with  Home 
was  concluded  in  354  B.  0.  (For  the  wars  with  Eome,  see 
Samnite  Wan.)  Part  of  the  Samnites  sided  with  Hannibal 


in  the  second  Punic  war.  They  took  a  leading  part 
against  Home  in  the  Social  War  of  90-88  B.  0.,  and  as  par- 
tizans  of  Marins  were  finally  defeated  in  the  battle  of  the 
Colline  Gate  (82  B.  a).  The  principal  towns  were  Bovia- 
num,  .^Bcmia,  and  Beneventum. 
Samoa.    See  Samoan  Islands. 


-    ,-•_.    _,    „.,„,„     ,.,     ,™.     ,.      ,  gary.      it  rises  in  the  Carpathians,  and  joins  the  Vis- 

myra,  N.  T.,  Feb.  9,  1840:  died  at  Washington,  tula,  near  the  Polish  frontier,  in  long.  21°  60'  B.  Length, 
D.  C. ,  May  6, 1902.    An  American  naval  officer.    243  miles. 

He  entered  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  in  1857,  San,  or  Saint.  For  Portuguese  and  Brazilian 
served  in  the  Union  navy  during  the  Civil  War,  and  was    names,  see  Sao. 

promoted  lieutenant-commander  in  1866,  commander  Rana  nr  Sanaa  ^sS-nn'^  Otib  nt  fha  nhiat 
in  1874,  captain  in  1889,  commodore  .July  3,  1898,  and    +„?^'   °?v  i      v-     ''■■j,    ?  .5    I     ^^   f  iko 

rear-admiral  Aug.  10,  1898.  He  was  superintendent  of  towns  ot  Yemen,  Arabia,  Situated  about  lat.  15° 
the  Naval  Academy  1886-90;  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  20'  N.,  long.  44°  20'  E.  It  has  active  commerce  and 
Naval  Ordnance  1893-97 ;  and  president  of  the  board  of  manufactures,  and  was  formerly  the  most  important  city 
inquiry  into  the  Maine  disaster  1898.  He  was  appointed  of  Arabia.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1872.  Popula- 
commander-in-ohief  of  the  North  Atlantic  naval  station  in     tion,  about  20,000. 


Samoan  (s&-mo  an  or  sa-mo  an)  Islands,  or    April,  1898 ;  bombarded  San  Juan  de  Porto  Rico  May  12 ;  gan  Antonio  (san  an-to'ni-o).    A  city,  capital 


Sajnoai  (sa-mo'p.  or  sS-mo'a),  formerly  Na^Ti-    and  c'ouducted  the  blockade  of  Santiago.   The  fleet  under 

^n^-^'Ti:l'^}^^vUl^''A±^oZ:t      -a"orh\"?atrpTtVu'i;^tfTe??rri?«t""^^^ 
il^o  w  So  an'^S"^*?  ^^°i«ai^i*^o*w  ^  Samsat.     See  Samosata. 

^"SO'-MOSO'  S.,long.l68°-173°W.    .They  are  gamsoe  (sams'6).        An  island  belonging  to 
mostiv  volcanic.    The  principal  islands  are  Savaii,  Upolu,    Uenmrf,  situatid  east  of  Jutland  and  north- 


mostly  volcanic. 

and  Tutuila ;  chief  town,  Apia. 


The  leading  exports  are 


copra,  cotton,  and  coffee.    Trade  is  in  German  and  Brit-    west  of  Zealand. 
Ish  hands.    Samoa  was  explored  by  Bougainville  in  1768.    tion  (1880),  6,599 
Christianity  was  introduced  in  1830.    Inl872theharborot  c;„— .aK.  T>ai4. 
Pango-Pango  was  granted  to  the  United  States  as  a  coal-  o«*™Hoe  ueit. 
ing-station.    An  opposition  king,  TamaBese,prot^g6  of  the    ana  oamsoe. 
Germans,  was  in  1886  set  up  against  King  Malietoa,  and  Samson  (sam'son) 


of  Bexar  County,  Texas,  situated  on  the  San 
Antonio  River  about  lat.  29°  30'  N.,  long.  98° 
25'  W.  Its  trade  is  in  wool,  cattle,  grain,  bides,  etc. 
It  is  a  railway  center,  the  chief  commercial  town  of  west- 
em  Texas,  and  the  second  city  in  the  State.  A  fort  was 
built  here  in  1714 ;  the  mission  of  the  Alamo  was  estab- 


Length,  lb  miles,     i'opula-    ijahed  in  1718.    Population  (1900),  63,321. 

A  o^„  «„=».«o^o+,;,rBB^  7,^010^/1  San  Antonio,  or  Sant'Antao  (Cape  Verd).  See 
A  sea  passage  between  Zealand   g^g  AntSo  ^     r  ^ 

[From  Heb.  Shemesh,  sun.' 


his  death,  in  1898,  trouble  arose  over  the  succession,  which   monarchy  was  established.     His  exploits  and  ad- 


Alicante,  projecting  into  the  Mediterranean. 
—  3.  A  cape  at  the  western  extremity  of  Cuba. 


re3ultedinthebombardment,inMaroh,  1899,  of  Apia  and    ventures  with  the  Philistines,  the  hereditary  enemies  of -,         »     i    *■     /  ••     ■•     j.-/    •  -\ -n. '   "< 

villages  along  the  coast  by  American  and  Britishwai-ships.     his  people,  are  related  in  the  Book  of  Judges  xiii.-xvL  oaiL  AntOniO  (san  an-to  Ul-o)  KlVer.     A  river 

LaterGreatBritainwithdrewfrom  the  islands,  and  Upolu    ~  •      -x.-  j_  m i-.-i.  j i__i_  -m  _  .  •,     ^      ,     -r, 

and  Savaii  were  ceded  to  Germany,  and  Tutuila  and  Manua 
to  the  United  States.  Area,  1,100  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1887)_,  36,665.    See  Apia. 

Samogitia(sam-6-jish'i-a).  Aformerdivisiouof     ...  _      , 

Lithuania, borde'ringontheBaltio,Prussia,andSamson  (son-s6n'),  Joseph  Isidore.  Bom  at 
Courland.  Capital, Rossieny.  Mostofitisnow  St.-Denis,Prance,  July2, 1793:  died  at  Auteuil, 
included  in  the  Russian  government  of  Kovno.  March  28, 1871.    A  noted  French  actor.    He  was 

SamOS(sa'mos).     [Gr.  Sii/ior.]     Oneof  theprin-   admitted  to  the  Conservatoire  in  ISU,  played  at  first  in 


Some  exegetes  relegate  them  to  the  sphere  of  myth,  con- 
sidering Samson,  both  because  of  his  name  and  his  ex- 
ploits, aSemiticformoftheGreekHercules.  Itis, however,  HomTionat  foa-n   >,^ll'o^■^ 
likely  that  the  accounts  of  his  deeds,  though  embellished     fE./k^it  ^atZ'"^!:  .^li 
by  popular  legend,  rest  on  a  foundation  of  historical  fact.     ■'""'""'•        ■■" 


the  provinces,  and  was  engaged  at  the  Od^on  in  1819.  In 


in  Texas  which  flows  into  Espiritu  Santo  Bay. 
Length,  about  200  miles. 
Sanballat  (san-bal'at).  [Assyro-Babylonian 
Sm-uhallit,  Sin  (the  moon-god)  has  given  life.] 
The  chief  and  most  hostile  opponent  of  Nehe- 
miah  in  his  endeavors  to  restore  the  city  of 
Jerusalem  and  its  walls.  He  was  connected  by 
marriage  with  the  house  of  the  high  priest  Eliashib.  He 
was,  very  likely,  head  of  the  Samaritans,  and  himself,  as 


«;»«!  :nln«-q,.  „*  4.l,„    a7«.«-._  o-         -J,      J.    J     1.       1.    i-ne  provinces,  aau  was  eugaeeu  ai,  iiie  uueun  in  ioi».    in  "<*°,  »^*j  ix^^oij,  «ica.u  u±  n*c  ut^uioiiuauB,  uuu  uiiuHcii,  as 

Cipal  ISlanas  ot  tne  .^gean  Sea,  situated  about    ig26  he  made  his  d6but  at  the  Com^die  Francaise.    He  his  name  would  indicate,  a  descendant  of  one  of  the  colo- 

lat.  37°  N.,  west  of  Asia  Minor,  from  which  it    played  witli  success  in  nearly  all  the  principal  parts  of  nists  transplanted  by  the  Assyrian  kings  to  Palestine.   See 

is  separatedby  a  narrow  strait.    Capital,  Vathy.    classical  and  modem  comedy.    He  retired  from  the  stage  -Samaria. 

It  is  traversed  by  a  mountain-range.    The  chief  exports    '^  '^^^'  ^°*  ^ave  lessons  in  dramatic  art  as  professor  at  SanBernarainO(sanber-nar-de  no).  AnAlpino 

are  wine  and  raisins.    It  is  a  principality  tributary  to    the  Conservatote.    He  also  wrote  a  number  of  plays.  pass  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland.   It 

Turkey  administered  by  a  prince  appointed  by  the  sultan,  Samson   AgOnlsteS    (sam'son  ag-0-nis'tez).  connects  the  valleys  of  the  Hinterrhein  andtheMoesa, 

assisted  by  an  assembly.     The  language  is  Greek ;  the    r(Jr.  hyuviCTm,  struffgler,  champion.!  "A classical  hranching  from  the  Splugen  road  at  Spliigen,  and  leading 

rehgion,  Greek  Catholic.    Samos  was  early  colonized  by    ^^„ "   /  x,.^  ■mHr.W^rt^tc^^irtKRTA  ^  Bellinzona.    It  was  known  to  the  Romans.    Height, 

lonians.    It  became  an  important  center  of  Greek  com- „"'^*™^  ''7  ^l"°^',,P"'\''®*  ™  l"'l'       .     .    „  6,768  feet, 
merce,  civilization,  and  art,  especially  under  the  despot  SamSUn  (sam-son  ).     A  seaport  m  Asiatic  Tur- 
Polycrates,  in  the  6th  century  B.  c.    It  was  freed  from   key,  situated  on  the  Black  Sea  in  lat.  41°  20'  N., 

hv''Jfh''.n=''l^'?q*Q'SV"£?,f  •  "•,  '7*'  besieged  and  taken   long.  36°  21'  E.     Population,  about  2,000. 

by  Athens  »n  439  B.O.;  and  was  later  under  Persian,  Athe- c_ _°, -„„  ^-K    „«   ■y^i\   „_  17!,™,.,™,. /+i,a    vv,k 

nian,  Pergamene,  and  Roman  rule  in  turn.    It  took  an  «'-3!?l?^<'^S  (sa-mo-liOS_ ),  or  ZamUCUS  (tha;;mo- 


San  Bernardino,  Mount.  The  loftiest  moun- 
tain of  the  Coast  Range,  California,  giving  name 
to  the  San  Bernardino  range.  Height,  11,604 
feet. 


hnportant  part  in  the  Greek  war  of  liberation,  but  was  kos').  Indiansof  the  department  of  Santa  Cruz,  gan  Blas  (san  bias).  Cane      A  cane  on  the 
restored  to  Turkev  in  1830.    The  nreaont.  o-nvommonf ,»».   ooa+QTm   RnliVip.   liofwooTi  lata     IRo  oti,1  900  S       _  "  .r:*'*°,  ^     f   .  ^T'' .V**!^''™     "^  i-ape  OH  ine 


restored  to  Turkey  in  1830.    The  present  government  was  eastern  Bolivia,  between  lats.  18°  and  20°  8. 
L»^h"^bV^fmiles"  ilrea?l^"s'q'^iemr.^lS^t  1?°'^*''^'"^  border  of  the  Gran  Chaco  region). 


lation  (1894),  48,666. 


southern  coast  of  Florida,  123  miles  east-south- 
east of  Pensacola. 

San  Bias,  Bay  of.  A  small  inlet  of  the  Carib- 
bean Sea,  on  the  northern  side  of  the  Isthmus  of 
Panama. 


They  were  formerly  numerous,  and  were  divided  into  sev- 

g,    ■  -r  .      ,  1.       J.1  ...  eral  small  tribes  (Morotocos,  Tapios,  Guaranocas,  Samu- 

eamOS.     in  ancient  geography ,_  tne   principal  cus  proper,  etc.).    D'Orbigny  was  the  first  to  apply  the 

city  of  the  island  of  Samos,   situated  on  the  name  to  the  whole  group.    Physically  they  are  a  fine  race, 

southern  coast.  tall,  well  formed,  and  rather  light-colored.     They  are  San  BuenaVOntura  Indians.     See  Chumashan. 

Samos,  or  Same.    Ancient  city  in  Cephalonia.  ^^^^^^i  '^^'^%^^,^i;\iT^rt^''ii^^.  San  Carlo  (san  kar'lo)     The  largest  and  most 

Samosata   (sa-mos  a-ta).     In   ancient  geogra-  ent  tribes,  is  soft  and  musical :  it  appears  to  constitute  a    famous  theater  of  JSfaples.   It  was  built  in  1737;  was 

phy,  a  town  in  Commagene,  Svria   situated  on  disMuo*  stoclt    The  race  is  nearly  extinct.  humed  in  1816,  but  immediately  rebuilt ;  and  in  1844  was 

the  Euphrates  about  lat.  37°  32' N     long  38°  Samuel  (sam'u-el).     IF.  Samuel,lt.SamueU,D.    thoroughly  restored,    since  i860  its  popularity  has  de- 

36'  E. :  the  modern  Samsat.    It  was  the  birth-  ^-  Samuel,  IAj.  Samuel,  Gr.  ^a/iov^l,  Heb.  She-  g"" °  o'     i_g     g^e  Aneud 

ulaoe  of  Lucian.  mml.^  A  Hebrew  prophet.    HewasthesonofElka- g*"  V*^'vilv„f^f-r -c--        ^  n    ,.■■,       c      c, 

^moset  fsam^S  set)      Lived  in  the  firs*-  h«lf  nf  °«h  and  Hannah,  of  the  tribe  of  Ephraim  (according  to  1  Sancho  (san'oho)  I    King  of  Castile.    See  San- 

jsamoSOT  (.sam  o-set;.    Liivea  in  tne  tost  half  of  chron.  vi.  27, 34,  of  the  tribe  of  LeviX  and  grew  up  in  the    cho  III.,  King  of  Navarre, 

the  17th  century._     An  Indian  chief,  a  firm  sanotuaryofShiloh,  under  the  eyes  of  the  high  priest  Eli.  Sancho  II.,  "The  Strong."     King  of  Castile 

friend  of  the  Pilgnm  colonists  at  Plymouth.  In  his  early  youth  he  felt  himself  called  to  the  exalted  vo-    1065-72      He  conouered  Leon  and  Galicia 

Samothrace  (E,  pron.  sam'o-thras;  L.  sa-mo-  cation  of  prophet,  and^obtained  a  place  in  the  history  of  „,     •-„     „„^    Great"    Born   1958 -di  nil 

+i,_5/_s\       rn-n    ■f«..„fl„.i™  1  ■   A«  j„i      -q  ■     7i7  Israel  second  only  to  that  of  Moses.  He  was  the  preserver  o«*i;i;10i  v.,       -liib    vxreai.       r>orn    liioo  .  aiea 

thrase).      [Gr.  Sa.uoe^/c)?.]    An  island  in  the  of  the  work  of  Moses,  reuniting  the  people  and  averting  the    1295.    King  of  Castile,  son  of  Alfonso  X.  whom 


He  took  Tarif  a  from  the 


nortnem  part  ot  tne  -dligean  Ssea,  belonging  to  threatening  decay  and  internal  corruption.    Alter  the  fall    he  succeeded  in  1284. 

Turkey,  situated  in  lat.  40°  25'  N.,  long.  25°  ot  the  sanctuary  of  Shiloh  and  the  defeat  of  Israel  by  the    Mngrs 

30'  E, :  the  modern  Samothraki.    it  was  in  much  ff'iJP^"^'' .??™"°'  ™^i'!2  *''*  ^^°'^^t  "-?1T?,^5T'1^^  Sancho  I     Kins  of  Navarre  905-926 

vnima  in  antinnitv  as  a  relieions  oentpi-  pRneniniiv  woS  ^ebi  Samwil),  renewed  the  covenant  with  Jehovah,  and  »ancnO  X.     J^ng  or  i-Navarre  »UO-a.iO. 

ffltecuirSm';steriefofX'citoT1?wafp'^^^^^^^^^^  'T' of tw  r^5Slf„%s?a%*'' To's^d  fheif  ^^^^^^^  Sancho  III.,  surnamed  "The  Great."     King 

larly  popular  during  the  Alexandrine  epoch,  froiS  which  SS?e^?i\Sus  Me^n  IsraHe  eS^^^^^^  »*   Navarre    1001-1035.      His    dominion    ulti- 

^^.CZ^J^of'^^'S^ScTe^rZ^Af'Z  WS^S^rt^^T^^^^^^^o?^^^^  mately  included  Castile,  Leon,  Navarre,  and 


■tnnnA  tTii.  fninniia  ■.t»tiip  callprt  "thfi  Viftr.™  nf  "oi^T    the  Cultivation  Of  sacrcd  poetry  and  song.    His  sons  Joel     — 

?Si^t>o^TnX^^u"^e".^"5|ee|  t7n^^  ^  J^H^^^iS^J^  ^^rl^.SZT^^^  SanchO  (sang'sh?) _I 


recently  been  scientifically  explored  by  Conze  and  Nie- 
mann. The  circular  temple,  62  feet  in  diameter,  dedi- 
■cated  by  Arsinoe,  queen  of  Ptolemy  II.,  had  a  basement- 
wall  of  masonry,  surmounted  by  44  square  piers  with  or- 
nate ca]  ■'  ■  "  ~  ....  _.  _  - 
temple, 
foreshadowing 

2  intervening  columns  "between  "angle-column  and'  anta 
on  each  flank.  The  cella  was  divided  into  3  aisles,  and 
ended  within  in  an  apse,  though  square  outside.  The 
plan  measures  43  by  120  feet.  The  area  of  the  island  is 
about  71  square  miles.  There  are  few  inhabitants.  Mount 
Phengari  rises  to  the  height  of  6,248  feet. 
Sampson  (samp 'son).  Servant  of  Capulet,  in 
Shakspere's  "Romeo  and  Juliet." 


the  affairs  of  the  people.  They  were  disliked,  being  ac- 
cused of  misusing  their  power.  In  addition  to  this,  need 
for  a  leader  in  case  of  war  became  more  and  more  felt. 
This  resulted  in  the  demand'by  the  people  for  Samuel  to 


Aragon. 

_■  "  Born  1154:  died  1211. 

King  of  Portugal  1185-1211,  son  of  Alfonso  L 
Sancno  II.    King  of  Portugal  1223-48,  son  of 
Alfonso  IL 


the  war  against  AmaJek  caused  a  rupture  between  the 
prophet  and  himself,  and  his  virtual  deposition.  Later  he 
anointed  David  as  king,  and  this  is  the  last  act  recorded 
of  him.  He  died  at  an  advanced  age  in  Uamah.  The  time 
of  his  activity  falls  at  the  end  of  the  12th  and  the  begin- 
ning of  the  nth  century  B.  0.  The  books  of  Samuel  owe 
their  title  to  the  circumstance  that  they  begin  with  the 
history  of  the  prophet :  they  were  not  composed  by  him, 


romance  of  that  name.  On  his  ass  Dapple  h» 
faithfully  follows  the  knight.  See  Don  Quixote. 
At  first  he  is  introduced  as  the  opposite  of  Don  Quixote, 
and  used  merely  to  bring  out  his  master's  peculiarities  in 
a  more  striking  relief.  It  is  not  until  we  have  gone  through 
nearly  half  of  the  First  Part  that  he  utters  one  of  those 
proverbs  which  form  afterwards  the  staple  ot  his  conver- 


Sancho  Fanza 

aatlon  and  humor ;  and  it  is  not  till  the  opening  of  the 
Second  Part,  and,  indeed,  not  till  he  comes  forth,  in  all  his 
mingled  shrewdness  and  credulity,  as  governor  of  Bara- 
taria,  that  his  character  is  quite  developed  and  completed 
to  the  full  measure  of  its  grotesque,  yet  congruous,  pro- 
portions. Ticknor,  Span.  Lit. .  II.  U6. 

Sanchuniathon  (san-ku-ni'a-thon),  or  Sancbo- 
niathoil  (san-ko-ni'a-tkon)"  [Gr.  2a)';(;oOTid6(jv, 
'S^y^umid.Buv,  'S.ayxuvla'Suv,  said  fey  Movers  to 
mean  'the  whole  law  of  Chon,'  and  thus  the 
name,  not  of  a  person,  but  of  a  collection  of 
writings.]  An  (alleged)  ancient  Phenician 
writer,  said  to  have  lived  before  the  Trojan  war, 
whose  works  (founded  upon  records  preserved 
in  the  temples)  PhiloByblius  pretended  to  have 
translated. 

Great  importance  is  usually  attributed  to  the  so-called 
fragments  of  Sanchoniathon.  It  is  well  known  that  in  Eu- 
sebius  there  are  complete  extracts  of  a  Phoenician  history 
written  by  a  certain  Philo  of  Byblos  who  lived  in  the  first 
and  second  centuries  A.  D.  This  Philo  of  Byblos  is  said  to 
have  translated  his  history  from  the  Phoenician  original 
of  a  certain  Sanchoniathon.  But  now  the  question  re- 
mains, did  this  ancient  Phoenician  document  ever  exist, 
or  did  Philo  only  wish  to  cover  his  own  work  by  the  author- 
ity of  an  ancient,  more  or  less  mythical,  name?  This  last 
opinion  was  formerly  maintained  by  Movers,  and  quite 
lately  defended  with  important  arguments  by  Baudissin. 
This  opinion  is  supported  by  the  strong  syncretistio  and 
euhemeristio  tendency  of  the  fragments,  which  betray  far 
too  much  knowledge  of  Egyptian,  Greek,  and  perhaps  even 
Persian  ideas  to  be  regarded  as  reliable  statements  as  to 
the  original  form  of  the  Phoenician  religion. 

La  Saussaye,  Science  of  Keligion,  p.  316. 

San  Cristobal  (san  kres-to'bal).  A  town  in 
Mexico,  formerly  capital  of  the  state  of  Chiapas. 
It  was  formerly  Ciudad  Beal  and  Ciudad  de  Las  Casas. 
Population  (1894),  11,248. 

Bancroft  (sang'teott;,  William.  Bom  at  Pres- 
singfield,  Suffolk,  England,  Jan.  30,  1617:  died 
there,  Nov.  24,  1693.  An  English  prelate. 
He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (Emmanuel  College)  in  1641, 
and  became  dean  of  York  in  1663,  dean  of  St.  Paul's  in 
1664,  and  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1677.  He  wrote  the 
petition  against  reading  the  Declaration  of  Indulgence 
in  1687 ;  was  one  of  the  seven  bishops  committed  to  the 
Tower  and  tried  in  1688 ;  and  was  deprived  of  of&ce  in  1691 
for  refusal  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance. 

Sand  (soiid;  B.  sand),  George:  nomde  plume  of 
Aimandine  Lucile  Aurore  Dupin,  Baroness 
Dudevant.  Bom  at  Paris,  July  5, 1804 :  died  at 
Nohant,  Indre,  Jime  8, 1876.  A  noted  French  nov- 
elist and  playwright.  Her  early  life  was  spent  in  the 
quiet  of  her  grandmother's  country  house,  and  in  1817  she 
entered  the  Couvent  des  Dames  Anglaises  in  Paris,  where 
she  remained  till  1820.  Her  marriage  with  Baron  Dude- 
vant, a  retiied  army  officer,  was  celebrated  in  1822.  Their 
union,  although  blessed  with  two  children,  was  not  happy, 
and  in  1831  she  went  to  Paris  with  Jules  Sandeau  in  search  of 
a  life  of  independence  born  of  literary  work.  Herflrst  writ- 
ing wajB  done  in  collaboration  with  Jules  Sandeau,  and  was 
signed  jointly  "Jules  Sand."  On  St.  George's  day,  Sandeau 
urged  her  to  work  on  her  own  account  and  receive  the  full 
credit  due  her.  From  this  concourse  of  circumstances 
arose  her  nom  de  plume.  Embracing  the  views  of  ad- 
vanced republicanism,  she  mingled  freely  in  pontics :  she 
published  a  couple  of  open  letters,  and  made  prefatory  re- 
marks, at  the  request  of  Louis  Blanc,  to  his  "Histoire  dela 
revolution  trancaise  "  (1847),  and  also  to  the  official "  Bul- 
letins de  la  republiqae."  At  various  times  she  con- 
tributed to  "  La  Revue  Ind£pendante"and  "  La  Commune 
de  Paris,"  and  in  1848  she  even  started  a  newspaper  of  her 
own,  "  La  Cause  du  Peuple."  The  preface  to  a  work  with 
socialistic  tendencies,  "Les  conteurs  ouvriers"(1849),  was 
written  by  her,  and  under  the  title  "R^publiqueet  royaut6 
en  Italie"  (1850)  she  published  a  translation  of  a  book 
by  the  celebrated  Italian  revolutionist  Joseph  Mazzini. 
But  her  best  work  is  in  her  novels,  as  for  instance  in  "In- 
diana" (1831X  "Valentine"  (1832),  "Lflia"  (18.33),  "Le 
secretaire  intime"  (1834),  "Jacques"  (1834),  "Mauprat" 
(1836),  "Consuelo"  (1842),  "Francois  le  Champi,"  "La 
mare  au  diable,"  "La  petite  Fadette"  (1846-48),  "Les 
maitres  sonneurs'  (1853),  "Mont-EevSohe "  (1865),  "Elle 
et  lui "  (1858)  (\vhich  called  out  De  Musset's  "  Lui  et  elle  "), 
"L'Homme  de  neige"  (1859),  "Jean  de  la  Koche"  (I860), 
"Mile,  de  la  Quintinie'  (1864),  "Pierre  qui  roule  "  (1869), 
"  -Vanon"  (1872),  etc.  Most  of  these  books  appeared  first 
In  serial  form  in  "La  Revue  des  Deux-Mondes."  Of  the 
above,  "Le  secretaire  intime  "  and  "Elle  et  lui,"  and  also 
another  work,  "  Lettres  d'un  voyageur  "  (1830-36),  deal  with 
the  period  of  (Jeorge  Sand's  intimacy  with  Alfred  de  Mus- 
set.  The  great  novelist  herself  dramatized  her  story  of 
"  Francois  le  Champi  "in  1849 ;  most  of  her  plays,  however, 
were  written  direct  for  the  stage,  and  include  "Claudie  " 
(1851),  "Le  pressoir"  (1853),  and  many  others. 

Sand,  Maurice.  The  pseudonym  of  Maurice 
Dudevant,  the  son  of  George  Sand. 

Sandabar  (sen-de-bar').  The  Mishle  Sandabar, 
'  Parables  of  Sandabar,'  are  a  medieval  collec- 
tion of  tales  in  Hebrew.  They  are  substantially  the 
same  book  as  the  Greek  "Syntipas,  the  Philosopher,  and 
the  Arabic  "Romance  of  the  Seven  Vizirs."  The  name 
.VondaSar  is  supposed  (Keith-Fal Conor's  "Bidpai'sFables," 
p.  Ixxii.)  to  come  from  a  misreading  of  the  unpointed 
Arabic  name  Baidaba  (the  Sanskrit  mdyapaM,  'lord  of 
wisdom  ■),  which  has  become  Bidpai  and  Pitpay.  Baidaba 
may  have  had  in  an  earlier  form  a  final  d  to  represent 
the  (  of  pati :  thus,  when  misread,  yielding  the  form  Sanda- 
bad  (pron.  sen-de-ba'd),  which  also  occurs.  As  written  in 
Hebrew  the  final  d  might  be  confounded  with  r,  thus 
giving  the  form  Sandabar.  The  "  Parables  of  Sandabar  " 
must  not  be  confounded  with  the  Hebrew  versions  of  the 
Arabic  "Kalilah  and  Dimnah."  See  "Paraboles  de  Sendst 
bar.  traduites  de  I'Hebreu  par  E.  Carmoly,"  Paris  (1849); 


892 


Sandwich 


"Syntipas.    De  Syntipa  et  Cyri  Alio  Andreopnli  narratio  gan  DiegO,  Cape.     A  cape  at  the  eastern  ex- 

v^'v.".?.?';'™?*^'!,^."''  ^^Hi  *B?  '°';  i"!,"^^!?"    tremityof  the  main  island  of  Tierra  del  Puego. 

Vizirs,   "Tales,  AnecdotesandLetters,translatedfromthe  o       j  ■/  i.     tj^ *_       a„   „„+;  rn,:«„c.„  ....^-i,- 

Arabic  and  the  Persian  by  Jonathan  Scott,  Shrewsbury  Sand  LotS  Party.  An  anti-Chinese  working- 
(1800) ;  also  Comparetti, "  Researches  Respecting  the  Book  men's  party  in  California  about  the  period  1877- 
ot  Sindibad  "  publication  ix.  of  the  Folk-lore  Society;  and  1880 :  SO  called  from  a  place  of  meeting  —  the 
" Sindban  Oder  die  7  weisen  Meister.  Syrisch  u.  deutsch  c!„y,H  T  nta  nn  nnnn  snapp  in  thfi  wpsstpm -nnT-t  nf 
von  Fr.  Baethgen,"  Leipsic (1879).  bandl/Ots,  an  open  space  in  tne  western  part  of 

'^  San  Francisco.    Its  leader  was  Denis  Kearney. 

...Pe  famous  collection  which  in  the  East  went  under  the  Sando  (san'de),  or  Sandoe  (san'dfe).     ['Sand 
title  of  Sendafiad  was  translated  into  Latra  at  least  early     ^"it-j  n     Dnprif  the  Tfarnn  Islands 
in  the  13th  century,  and  became  very  popular  in  almost  -'^^^S?-  J  .  ^°^  °^*"®„  aroe  iSia,nas. 
every  language  of  ■Western  Europe  under  the  name  of  the  Sa'n  DoUUngO.     See  Santo  Dommgo. 
Romance  of  the  Seven  Sages.      T.  Wright,  Essays,  IL  60.   gan  DomingO,  BepubliC  Of.     See  Dominican 

Mepublie. 
Sandomir  (zaii-do-mer'),Pol.  Sandomierz  (s^n- 

do'myarzh).    A  town  in  the  government  of  Ea- 


Sandakan  (san-da-kan').     The  chief  town  of 

British  North  Borneo,  on  the  eastern  coast. 

Population,  7,000. 
Sandalpbon  (san-dal'fon).    In  Jewish  angelol- 

ogy,  one  of  the  three  angels  whose  duty  is  to 
.  receive  the  prayers  of  the  Israelites  and  weave 

them  into  crowns.    Longfellow  has  a  poem  on 

the  subject 


dom,  Eussian  Poland,  situated  on  the  Vistula  on 
the  frontier  of  Galicia.  Under  the  Jagellons  it  was 
one  of  the  chief  cities  of  Poland.  A  synod  held  there  in 
April  (9-15),  1570,  effected  the  union  of  various  bodies  of 
Polish  Protestants.  The  town  was  destroyed  by  the  Swedes 
in  1656.    Population,  5,765. 


Sandalwood  (san'dal-wM)  Island,  or  Sumba  Sandoval  (san-do-val'),  Gonzalo  de.    Bom  at 


(som'ba).  An  island  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies, 
in  the  residency  of  Timor,  south  of  Floresi 
It  is  very  fertile.  Area,  4,385  square  miles. 
Population,  200,000. 

Sandby  (sand'bi),  Paul.  Bom  at  Nottingham, 
1725:  died  at  London,  Nov.  9,  1809.  An  Eng- 
lish landscape-painter,  the  founder  of  the  Eng- 
lish school  of  water-color  painting.  He  studied 
in.  London,  and  in  1746  was  appointed  by  the  Duke  of 
Cumberland  draftsman  to  the  survey  of  the  Highlands. 
In  1752  he  retired  to  Windsor  and  devoted  himself  to 
water-color  painting.  His  water-colors  are  mainly  topo- 
graphical. 


Medellin,  Estremadura,  1496:  died  at  Pales, 
Deo.  (?),  1528.  A  Spanish  soldier,  one  of  the 
principal  lieutenants  of  Cort6s  in  the  conquest 
of  Mexico  (1519-21). 

Sandoval,  Prudencio  de.  Bom  about  1560: 
died  at  Pamplona,  Spain,  March  17,  1621.  A 
Spanish  historian .  His  best-known  work  is  "  Historia 
de  lavidayhechos  del  Emperador Carlos  V."  ("History of 
the  Life  and  Deeds  of  the  Emperor  Charles  V.,"  1604). 

Sandown  (san'douu).  A  watering-place  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  England,  10 
miles  south  by  west  of  Portsmouth.    Popula- 


K'^^  Itn^n  ¥reutf  rS^FeWg-  Sandoz^'^olilf^n'doz  nob).    A  peak  .of  the 
±som  at  AuDusson,  creuse,  j ranee,  Deb.  19,    Black  Mountains,  in  the  western  part  of  North 

Carolina.    Height,  6,600  feet. 
Sandringham   (sand'ring-am).      A  residence 
of  King  Edward  VII.,  near  the  coast  of  Nor- 
folk, England,  north  of  Lynn. 


1811:  died  at  Paris,  April  24,  1883.  A  French 
novelist  and  dramatist.  Having  made  the  acquain- 
tance of  George  Sand,  they  went  to  Paris  together  in  1831 
to  try  their  fortune  in  the  world  of  letters.  They  lived 
and  worked  together,  and  their  articles  were  published  in 

"Figaro."  In  1833  Sandeau  went  to  Italy,  and  their  liaison  gandrOCOttUS  (san-dro-kot'us),  or  Sandrokot- 
came  to  an  end.    He  returned  to  Paris  in  1834.    In  1853     ivl  ,  "„  ?"^  i,X+/„„\   „„  n-j,.,-i«„™T,„*- /  f^ 
he  was  made  librarian  of  the  Mazarin  Library,  andcurator     toS  (san-dro-kot  OS),  or  Chandragupta  (ehuu- 


in  1859.  He  wrote,  under  the  joint  nom  de  plume  "Jules 
Sand,"  in  collaboration  with  George  Sand,  the  novel "  Rose 
et  Blanche"  (1831).  Independently  he  wrote  the  novel 
"  Marianna  "  and  others.  He  wrote,  in  collaboration  with 
Angler,  the  comedies  "Mile,  de  la  Seiglifere,"  "Le  gendre 
de  Monsieur  Poirier"  (1854),  etc.,  and  became  a  member 
of  the  Academy  in  1858. 

Sandeman  (san'df-man),  Robert.  Bom  at 
Perth,  Scotland,  17l8 :  flied  at  Danbury,  Conn., 
April  2,  1771.  A  Scottish  elder,  son-in-law  of 
John  Glas:  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Sande- 
manians  or  Glassites. 

Sandemanians  (san-de-ma'ni-anz).  A  denomi- 
nation, followers  of  !ftobert  Sandeman  (1718- 
1771),  a  native  of  Perth,  Scotland,  and  a  zeal- 
ous disciple  of  John  Glas.  Among  the  distinctive 
practices  of  the  body  are  community  of  goods,  abstinence 
from  blood  and  from  things  strangled,  love-feasts,  and 
weekly  celebration  of  the  communion.  Called  Glaesites  in 
Scotland. 

Sanderson(san'd6r-son),Eobert.  Borneitherat 
Sheffield  or  at  Gilthwaite  Hall,  nearEotherham, 
Yorkshire,England,  Sept.  19, 1587 :  died  athis  pal- 
ace of  Buckden ,  Hunts,  Jan.  29, 1663.  An  English 
bishop  and  writer.  He  was  educated  at  Lincoln  Col- 
lege, Oxford ;  took  orders  in  1611 ;  in  1631  was  a  royal  chap- 
lain ;  and  was  regius  professor  of  divinity  at  Oxford  1646- 
1648.  At  the  Restoration  hewas  created  bishop  of  Lincoln. 
The  "Cases  of  Conscience,"  his  most  celebrated  work,  com- 
posed of  deliberate  judgments  on  points  of  morality,  was 
published  after  his  death.  His  "Compendium  of  Logic" 
was  published  in  1616. 

Sanderson,  Robert.    Bom  at  Eggleston  Hall,    „ ,^    .  .     ,—  , i--- • — 

Dnrhnm    .Tnlv  97  IfifiO- fliprl  T)pp    OT    1741      An  J™  o'.^anda  by  a  low-caste  woman  named  Mura (whence 

iJurnam,  JUiy  Z4,  lOOU.  aiea  uec.  ^O,  IIU.   An  j,e  and  his  descendants  were  called  Mauryas).    The  Bud- 

Jinglisn  antiquarian.    Hewas  educated  at  St.  John's  dhistsclaimthattheMauryaswereof  thesamefamUywith 

College,  Cambridge;  and  became  a  lawyer  in  London,  and  ■O".^.^^-"  *^-  cti,„i 

clerk  of  the  rolls,  ■  .    -    . 

the  "Foedera, 


dra-gop'ta).  The  founder  of  the  Maurya  or 
Magadha' kingdom  in  India  (capital  Patna). 
He  reigned  about  315-291  B.  0.  Accordmg  to  Greek  tra- 
dition he  was  an  Indian  king  who  in  the  time  of  SeleucuB 
Mcator  ruled  over  the  Gangaridse  and  Prasii  on  the  banks 
of  the  Ganges.  He  was  of  mean  origin,  and  was  the  leader 
of  a  band  of  robbers  before  obtaining  the  supreme  power. 
In  the  troubles  following  the  death  of  Alexander,  he  ex- 
tended his  sway  over  the  greater  part  of  northern  India, 
conquering  the  Macedonians  left  by  Alexander  in  the  Pan- 
jab.  Selencus  invaded  his  dominions,  but  did  not  succeed, 
and,  concluding  a  peace,  ceded  to  Sandrocottus  his  con- 
quests in  the  Panjab  and  the  country  of  the  Paropamisus, 
receiving  in  return  500  war  elephants.  For  many  years  af- 
terward Seleucus  had  as  his  ambassador  at  the  court  of  San- 
drocottus,  Megasthenes,  to  whose  work  entitled  "Indica" 
later  Greek  writers  were  chiefly  indebted  for  their  accounts 
of  India.  The  identity  of  Chandragupta  and  Sandrocottus 
admits  of  no  reasonable  doubt.  The  identification  is  of 
the  utmost  importance  to  Indian  chronology,  in  which 
everything  depends  upon  the  date  of  Chandragupta  as  as- 
certained from  that  of  Sandrocottus  as  given  by  the  clas- 
sical writers.  His  accession  is  the  subject  of  the  Sanskrit 
drama  "Mudrarakshasa."  Hindu  and  Buddhist  writers 
are  entirely  silent  as  to  Alexander,  but  show  that  Chandra- 
gupta overthrew  the  dynasty  of  the  Nandas  and  "  estab- 
lished freedom  in  India  by  the  help  of  robbers. "  His  cap- 
ital was  Pataliputra  (in  Greek  Palibothra),  the  modem 
Patna.  The  dynasty  of  the  Nandas  is  often  spoken  of 
aa  the  "  nine  Nandas,"  meaning '  nine  descents,'  or,  accord- 
ingtosome,  'the  last  king  Mahapadma  and  eight  sons.'  Ma- 
hapadma  Nanda  was  the  son  of  a  Shudra,  and  so  by  law  a 
Shudra  himself.  He  was  a  tyrant.  The  Brahman  Chanalya 
is  represented  as  having  brought  about  his  fall.  Chandra- 
gupta was  then  raised  to  the  throne  and  founded  the  Mau- 
ryan  dynasty,  qf  which  the  great  Ashokawas  the  third  kmg. 
The  commentator  on  the  Vishnupurana  says  that  he  was  a 


Buddha,  the  Shakyas. 


Sandford  and  l.^.^^uuu,.u.ioi;>/xj  ux,  ....^^v.^ ».«...  j.^   , 

book  for  children,  by  Thomas  Day,  published  n!''  _  ..... 

17fi'?-8Q'  nflmed   frnrn  its  havnaa   i.v^n  achnnl-  J.'l"'^'  , He  was  associated  with  Bryant  and  Verplanck  in 

1106  aa.  namea  irom  lis  neroes,  two  eenooi-  theauthorshipof  the  annual  "Talisman  "0828-80).    His 

DOyS-  works  were  edited  by  Verplanck  (l834). 

Sandgate  (sand'gat).  A  watering-place  on  the  Sandusky  (san-dus'ki).    A  city,  lake  port,  and 

coast  of  Kent,  Ei^land,  near  Hythe.  capital  of  Erie  County,  Ohio,  situated  on  San- 

Sandnurst  (sand'herst).  A  parish  in  Berkshire,  dusky  Bay  in  lat.  41°  26'  N  .  long  82°  43'  W 


England,  33  miles  west-southwest  of  London,  it 
is  the  seat  of  the  Royal  Military  College,  and  near  it  is  the 
Staff  College, 

Sandhurst.    A  city  in  Bendigo  County,  Vic- 


It  has  a  large  trade  in  fish,  also  in  lime,  fruit,  lumber,  ice, 
etc.;  is  the  center  of  an  important  wine-growing  region ; 
has  manufactures  of  wood,  etc. ;  and  is  the  seat  of  a  Targe 

.^xAu^.^....     - .,, fish-hatchery.    Population  (1900),  19,664. 

toria,  Australia,  situated  on  Bendigo  Creek  85  Sandusky  Bay.    An  arm  of  Lake  Erie,  near 

miles  north-northwest  of  Melbourne,    it  is  the    Sandusky.    Length,  about  20  miles. 

center  of  a  gold-mining  district.    Population  (1890),  with  Sandusky  Eivcr.     A  river  in  Ohio  which  iiows 

suburbs,  37,000.  _  into  Sandusky  Bay  at  Sandusky .  Length,  about 

San  Diego  (san  de-a  go).    A  seaport,  capital  of    125  miles. 

San  Diego  Couiity  California,  situated  on  the  gandwich  (sand'wich).     [ME.  Sandwielie,  AS. 

Pacific,  at  nearly  the  southwestem  extremity_of    Sandwic,  sand-town .]    One  of  the  Cinque  Ports 


/ 


the  country,  in  lat.  32°  43'  N.,  long.  117°  10'  W. 
It  has  one  of  the  best  harbors  on  the  Pacific  coast ;  is  on 
the  Southern  California  Railroad ;  and  is  a  winter  health- 
resort.  It  was  founded  by  Roman  Catholic  missionaries 
in  1769.    Population  (1900),  17,700. 


situated  in  Kent,  England,  on  the  Stour  and 
near  the  coast  opposite  the  Downs,  11  miles 
north  of  Dover.  It  was  an  important  seaport 
in  the  middle  ages.     Population  (1891),  2,796. 


Sandwich,  Earls  of 

Sandwich,  Earls  of.    See  Montagu. 

Sandwich  Bay.  An  inlet  on  the  eastern  coast 
of  Labrador,  about  lat.  53°  30'  N. 

Sandwich  Dome.  A  mountain  in  central  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  boundary  of  Grafton  and  Car- 
roll counties,  43  miles  north  of  Concord.  Height, 
about  4,000  feet. 

Sandwich  Island.    See  Vatg. 

Sandwich  Islands.  [Named  by  Cook  for  the 
Earl  of  Sandwich.]    See  Hawaiian  Islands. 

Sandwich  Land.  An  island  group  in  the  South 
Atlantic,  about  lat.  58°  S.,  long.  27°  W. 

Sandy  (san'dl)  Cape.  A  cape  in  Queensland, 
Australia,  on  Great  Sandy  Island,  at  the  en- 
trance to  Hervey  Bay. 

Sandy  Hook.  A  narrow  sandy  peninsula  in 
Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  which  projects 
into  the  Lower  Bay  of  New  York,  about  16  miles 
south  of  New  York.    Length,  8  miles. 

Sandy  Hook  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Lower  Bay 
of  New  York,  lying  west  of  Sandy  Hook. 

Sandy  Biver.    See  Big  Sandy. 

Sandys  (san'dis  or  sandz),  Edwin.  Born  at 
Hawkshead,  Lancashire,  England,  1519 :  died 
at  Southwell,  England,  July  10, 1588.  An  Eng- 
lish prelate,  archbishop  of  York.  He  graduated 
at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  In  1639.  He  embraced 
the  Beformation.  In  1653  he  became  vice-chancellor  of 
Cambridge  University.  He  refused  to  proclaim  Queen 
Mary,  and  was  Imprisoned  in  the  Tower.  After  the  acces- 
sion of  Elizabeth  ne  was  made  bishop  of  Worcester  (Dec. 
21,  1B59),  of  London  (1570),  and  archbishop  of  York  (1676). 
He  was  one  of  the  translators  of  the  "Bishops'  Bible" 
(1565). 

Sandys,  Sir  Edwin.  Bom  at  Worcester  about 
1561 :  died  at  Northbome,  Kent,  Oct.,  1629.  An 
English  politician  and  author,  son  of  Archbishop 
Sandys.  He  was  educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  was 
associated  with  Bacon  in  drawingupthe  "Remonstrance" 
of  1604 ;  became  treasurer  of  the  Second  Virginia  Company 
In  1610 ;  and  assisted  the  Pilgrims  in  chartering  the  May- 
flower. He  was  knighted  In  1603.  He  wrote  "  Europaa 
Speculum  "  (1606). 

Sandys,  Gteorge.  Born  at  York,  1577 :  died  at 
Bexley  Abbey,  Kent,  March,  1644.  .An  English 
traveler  and  translator,  brother  of  Sir  Edwin 
Sandys.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  began  to  travel 
In  1610.  His  records  were  a  valuable  contribution  to  early 
geography  and  ethnology.  In  1615  he  published  a  valu- 
able account  of  a  journey  to  Greece,  Asia  Minor,  Pales- 
tine, and  Egypt.  He  came  out  to  Virginia  as  colonial 
treasurer  in  1621.  He  built  the  first  water-mill,  the  first 
iron-works,  and  the  first  ship  in  Virginia.  He  returned  to 
England  in  1624.  He  subsequently  printed  various  reli- 
gious works  and  a  translation  of  Ovid's  "Metamorphoses," 
and  paraphrased  the  Psalms,  the  Book  of  Job,  Ecclesiastes, 
and  the  Lamentations  of  Jeremiah. 

Sanetsch  (sa'nech).  An  Alpine  pass  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  cantons  ofValais  and  Bern,  Switzer- 
land, north  of  Sion.  It  connects  the  valleys  of 
the  Morge  (tributary  of  the  Rhone)  and  the 
Saane. 

San  Fele  (san  fa'le).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Potenza,  southern  Italy,  17  miles  northwest 
of  Potenza.    Population  (1881),  6.859. 

Sanfellce,  Giovanni  Vlcenzo.  See  Bagnuolo, 
Count, 

San  Felipe  (sSn  fa-le'pa).  [Sp.,' Saint  Philip.'] 
The  capital  of  the  province  of  Aconcagua, 
Chile,  55  miles  east-northeast  of  Valparaiso. 
Population  (1885),  11,768. 

San  Felipe.  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, inhabiting  a  pueblo  of  the  same  name 
on  the  west  bank  of  the  Bio  Grande,  above 
Bernalillo,  north  central  New  Mexico.  The 
name  originally  was  applied  by  the  Spanish  to 
the  mission.    They  number  554.    See  Keresan. 

San  Felipe  de  Jdtlva.    See  Jdtiva. 

San  Fernando  (san  fer-nan'do).  A  seaport  in 
the  province  of  Cadiz,  Spain,  on  the  Isla  de 
Leon,  in  the  Bay  of  Cadiz,  8  miles  southeast  of 
Cadiz.  It  exports  salt.  Population  (1887),  29,287. 

San  Fernando  de  Apur£  (da  a-po-ra').  A 
town  in  Venezuela,  situated  on  the  Apur6,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Portuguesa,  about  187  miles 
southwest  of  Caracas.  Population,  about 
3,000. 

San  Fillppo  d'Argir6.    See  Agira. 

San  Francisco  (san  fran-sis'ko).  [Sp.,  'Saint 
Francis.']  A  city  and  seaport  of  California, 
situated  on  San  Francisco  Bay,  in  lat.  37° 47'  55" 
N.,  long.  122°  24'  32"  W.  (Washington  Square). 
It  occupies  the  northern  part  of  a  peninsula  between  the 
bay  and  the  Pacific  and  forms  a  county.  It  possesses  one 
of  the  finest  harbors  In  the  world ;  is  the  largest  city  on 
the  Pacific  coast,  and  one  of  the  chief  seaports  in  the  counr- 
try ;  and  has  regular  steam  communication  with  China, 
Japan,  Australia,  Central  America,  etc.  It  exports  silver, 
gold,  quicksilver,  wheat,  flour,  wool,  etc.;  and  has  manu- 
factures of  boots  and  shoes,  cigars,  flour,  iron  and  wooden 
articles,  etc.  It  contains  a  United  States  mint.  A  Spanish 
post  and  mission  station  were  established  there  in  1776. 
The  mission  was  secularized  in  1834,  and  a  town  was  laid 
out  in  1836.    A  United  States  man-of-war  took  possession 


893 

of  it  in  1846,  and  it  became  an  important  place  in  1849  on 
account  of  the  discovery  of  gold  (1848).  It  was  devastated 
by  fires  1849-61.  In  1860  it  was  incorporated  as.a  city.  The 
original  name  of  the  place  was  Yerba  Buena  (Sp.,  'good 
herb ').  It  was  changed  to  San  Francisco  in  1847.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  342,782. 

SanFrancisco  (san  fran-this'k6),0ape.  Acape 
on  the  coast  of  Ecuador,  lat.  0°  40'  N.,  long. 
80°  7'  W. 

San  Francisco  Bay  (san  fran-sis'ko  ba).  A 
landlocked  inlet  of  the  Pacific,  in  California. 
The  entrance  to  it  from  the  ocean  is  by  the  passage  called 
the  Golden  Gate,  on  the  northwest  of  San  Francisco  city. 
It  extends  southeast  for  about  40  miles,  widening  about 
its  center  to  12  mUes.  San  Pablo  Bay  is  an  extension  of 
it  toward  the  north. 

San  Francisco  Mountain  or  Mountains.    The 

loftiest  mountain  group  in  Arizona.  Its  chief 
summit  (Humphrey's  Peak)  is  about  12,800  feet 
high. 

Sangai  (san-^').  A  volcano  in  the  Andes  of 
Ecuadoi",  120  miles  south  of  Quito,  it  is  in  a  state 
of  constant  activity.  Height,  17,464  feet  (Reiss  and  Stiibel). 

The  saying  is  current  that  eruptions  of  Sangai  are  to  be 
apprehended  when  Cotopaxi  becomes  tranquil,  and  the 
opinion  seems  to  prevail  that  the  two  mountains  act  as 
safety-valves  to  each  other. 

Whymper,  Travels  amongst  the  Great  Andes  of  the 
[Equator,  p.  73. 

Sangallo  (sUng-gal'ld),  Antonio  da,  "The 
Elder."  Born  1450:  died  1543.  An  Italian 
architect  and  military  engineer,  brother  of 
Giuliano  da  Sangallo. 

Sangallo,  Antonio  da,  "  The  Younger."  Born 
at  Mugello,  near  Florence,  1485 :  died  at  Terni, 
1546.  An  Italian  architect,  nephew  of  Giuliano 
da  Sangallo.  He  worked  on  the  Vatican,  Famese  Palace, 
and  other  buildings  in  Borne. 

Sangallo,  Francesco  da.  Born  1493 :  died  1570. 
A  Florentine  sculptor,  son  of  Giuliano  da  San- 
gallo the  architect.  His  best  works  are  the  statues 
of  the  Bishop  of  Cortona  in  the  Florentine  Certosa,  and 
the  Bishop  of  Nocera  in  the  cloisters  of  San  Lorenzo. 

Sangallo,  Giuliano  da.  Bom  at  Florence,  1445 : 
died  there,  Oct.  20, 1516.  An  Italian  architect, 
military  engineer,  and  sculptor.  HewenttoEome 
and  in  1466  began  the  famous  album  of  the  Biblioth^que 
Barberini,  a  book  of  sketches  of  antique  monuments  many 
of  which  have  since  been  destroyed.  He  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  Paul  II.  as  mason,  and  later  as  superintendent  of 
the  Tribune  of  St.  Peter's.  In  1478  he  fortified  the  city 
of  Castellina  and  defended  it  against  a  siege  directed 
by  Francesco  di  Giorgio  Martini.  About  1489  he  built 
the  octagonal  sacristy  of  Santo  Spirito  at  Florence  and 
the  Villa  dl  Poggio  at  Cajano.  In  1492  he  commenced 
the  cloister  of  Cestello  and  Santa  Maria  Maddelcna 
de'  Pazzi,  using  an  Ionic  capital  found  at  Fiesole  as  a 
model  for  his  order.  He  was  at  this  time  especially  at- 
tached to  the  Cardinal  della  Eovere  (later  Julius  II.), 
and  executed  a  long  series  of  works  for  him.  He  was  prob- 
ably in  France  with  the  cardinal  about  1494,  and  returned 
to  Italy  in  1497.  From  this  time  until  the  accession  of 
Della  Rovere  as  Julius  II.  (1503),  Giuliano  was  engaged  on 
many  important  works,  the'  chief  of  which  is  the  Palazzo 
Gondi  at  Florence,  the  sculptured  decorations  of  which 
are  by  his  own  hand.  After  the  accession  of  Julius  II. 
Giuliano  associated  himself  with  Michelangelo  in  the  com- 
petition with  Raphael  and  Bramante  for  the  works  of  St. 
Peter's.  (See  Bramante.)  On  the  accession  of  Leo  X.  he 
was  associated  with  Raphael  in  the  work  of  St.  Peter's 
(about  1614).  In  1616  he  made  a  design  for  the  f agade  of 
San  Lorenzo  at  Florence. 

Sangamon  (sang'ga-mon)  River.  _  A  river  in 
central  Illinois,  joining  the  Dlinois  River  45 
miles  west-northwest  of  Springfield.  Length, 
including  the  North  Fork,  about  225  mUes. 

Sangarlus  (sang-ga'ri-us),  The  ancient  name  of 
the  Sakaria. 

Sangar  Strait  (san -gar'  strat),  or  Tsugaru 
Strait  (tso-ga'ro  strat).  A  sea  passage  which 
separates  the  main  island  of  Japan  from  Yezo, 
and  connects  the  Sea  of  Japan  with  thePadific. 

Sangay.    See  Sangai. 

San  Germane.    Same  as  Cassino  (Italy). 

Sangir  (sang-ger')  Islands.  A  group  of  small 
islands  between  Celebes  and  the  Philippine 
Islands.  They  are  under  the  suzerainty  of  the 
Dutch.  The  chief  island  contains  a  volcano,  an  eruption 
of  which  in  1866  killed  12,000  inhabitants  and  nearly  de- 
stroyed the  island. 

Sangpo.    See  Sanpu. 

Sangraal,  or  Sangreal.    See  Grail. 

SangradoXsan-gra'THo),  Doctor.    A  character 

inLe  Sage's  "Gil Bias."  His  treatment  consists  in 
profuse  blood-letting  and  the  drinking  of  hot  water.  He 
resembles  Doctor  Sagredo  in  Espinel's  "Marcos  de  Obre- 
gon." 

Sangre  de  Cristo  (san'gra  da  kris'to).  [Sp., 
'  blood  of  Christ.']  A  range  of  the  Rooky  Moun- 
tains in  Colorado,  on  the  northeastern  boundary 
of  San  Luis  Park.  It  contains  Blanca  Peak,  the 
highest  summit  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  proper 
of  the  United  States  (14,463  feet). 

Sangrus  (sang'gms).  The  Roman  name  of  the 
Sangro. 

Sangnlnetto  (san-gwe-net'to).  A  small  river,  a 
tributary  of  the  Lake  of  Perugia,  in  Italy.  On  its 


San  Juan  de  Vita, 

banks  is  supposed  to  have  occurred  the  battle  of  Labe 
Trasimene. 
Sanhita(san'hi-ta).  [Skt., 'combination':  sant, 
together,  and  ■/  dhd,  put.  ]  Technically,  in  San- 
skrit literature,  the  real  continuous  text  of  the 
Veda  as  recited,  in  which  the  individual  words 
are  subjected  to  sandhi,  or  the  rules  of  euphonic 
combination  characteristic  of  Sanskrit:  in  dis- 
tinction from  the  pada  text,  in  which  the  words 
(padas)  appear  each  for  itself  uninfluenced  by 
sandhi.  The  Pratishaldiyas  teach  how  the  padas  must  be 
changed  to  form  the  sanhita ;  thence  sanhita  is  also  used  to 
designate  the  collection  of  mantras  or  hymns  thus  formed, 
as  in  the  expression  Rigvedasanhita. 

San  Ildefonso,    See  La  Granja. 

San  Jacinto  (san  ja-sin'to).  A  river  in  south- 
em  Texas,  which  flows  into  Galveston  Bay  north 
of  Galveston.    Length,  about  120  miles. 

San  Jacinto,  Battle  of.  A  battle  fought  on  the 
banks  of  the  San  Jacinto  River,  17  miles  east- 
southeast  of  the  present  city  of  Houston,  be- 
tween the  Mexicans  (1,600)  under  Santa  Anna 
and  the  Texans  (783)  -under  Sam  Houston  (April 
21, 1836).  Santa  Anna  was  completely  defeated 
and  was  captured.  This  victory  decided  the  in- 
dependence of  Texas. 

San  Joaquin  (san  Ho-a-ken').  A  river  in  Cali- 
fornia which  rises  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  trav- 
erses the  fertile  San  Joaquin  Valley,  and 
unites  with  the  Sacramento  near  its  entrance 
into  Suisun  Bay.  Length,  about  350  miles,  it  is 
navigable  for  large  steamers  to  Stockton,  and  for  smaU 
steamers  for  about  two  thirds  of  its  course. 

San  Jos6  (san  no-sa').  A  city,  capital  of  Santa 
Clara  County,  California,  48  miles  southeast  of 
San  Francisco.  The  first  California  legislature 
met  there  1849-50.     Pop.  (1900),  21,500. 

San  Jos&  The  capital  of  Costa  Rica,  Central 
America,  near  lat.  9°  56'  N.,  long.  84°  8'  W. 
Its  seaports  are  Limon  on  the  Caribbean  coast  and  Punta 
Arenas  on  the  Gulf  of  Nicoya.  It  was  founded  about  1738, 
and  has  been  the  capital,  except  for  short  intervals,  since 
1823.    Population  (1892X  39,112. 

San  Juan  (san  no-an').  [Sp..  '  Saint  John.'] 
A  province  in  the  western  part  of  the  Argen- 
tine Republic,  bordering  on  (3hile.  Area, 
about  38,000  square  miles.  Population  (1895), 
84,251. 

San  Juan.  1.  A  river  of  Central  America,  the 
outlet  of  Lake  Nicaragua,  flowing  into  the  Carib- 
bean Sea  near  lat.  10°  55'  N.  The  lower  portion 
forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Nicaragua  and  Costa 
Rica ;  the  remainder  is  entirely  in  Nicaraguan  territory. 
The  channel  is  obstructed,  especially  near  its  mouth ;  but  it 
is  proposed  to  utilize  the  upper  course  for  the  interoceanic 
canal  (see  Nicaragua  Canal).  Length,  about  108  miles. 
2.  A  river  in  southern  Bolivia,  a  tributary  of  the 
Pilaya  and  subtributary  of  the  Pilcomayo. 
Length,  about  300  miles. — 3.  A  river  in  the 
province  of  San  Juan,  in  the  western  part  of 
the  Argentine  Republic,  flowing  into  the  La- 
goon of  Guanacache.  Length,  about  250 
miles. 

San  Juan,  The  name  given  byColumbus  (1493) 
to  the  island  of  Porto  Rico :  it  was  in  common 
use  until  the  18th  century.  Subsequently  the  island 
was  known  as  San  Juan  de  Porto  Rico,  from  its  capital ; 
now  generally  shortened  to  Porto  Rico. 

San  Juan.  A  locality  about  4  miles  southeast 
of  Santiago  de  Cuba.  It  was  attacked  and 
captured  by  United  States  troops  July  1, 1898. 

San  Juan,  or  San  Juan  de  la  Frontera  (da  la 
fron-ta'ra).  The  capital  of  the  province  of  San 
Juan,  Argentine  Republic,  situated  on  the  river 
San  Juan  92  miles  north  of  Mendoza.  Popula- 
tion (1895),  10,517. 

San  Juan,  Cape.  A  cape  at  the  northeastern 
extremity  of  Porto  Rico. 

San  Juan  Bautlsta.  See  San  Juan  de  PortoSico, 

San  Juan  de  Fuca.    See  Juan  de  Fuca. 

San  Juan  de  las  Aguilas.    See  Aguilas. 

San  Juan  del  Norte  (del  nor'ta),  or  San  Juan 
de  Nicaragua  (ne-ka-ra'gwa),  or  Greytown 
(gra'toun).  A  seaport  of  Nicaragua,  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  San  Juan  in  lat.  10" 
55'  N.,  long.  83°  42'  W.  it  is  the  only  important  At- 
lantic  seaport  of  the  republic.  It  was  bombarded  and 
burned  by  Commander  Hollins  of  the  United  States  sloop 
of  war  Cyane,  July  13, 1854.    Population,  1,200-1,600. 

San  Juan  de  los  Lagos  (da  16s  la'gos),  or  La- 
gos. A  town  in  the  state  of  Jalisco,  Mexico, 
east  of  Guadalajara.  Population  (1889),  13,500. 

San  Juan  de  Porto  Rico  (da  por'to  re'ko),  or 
San  Juan  Bautlsta  (bou-tes'ta).  A  seaport, 
capital  of  the  island  of  Porto  Rico,  situated  on 
the  northern  coast  in  lat.  18°  29'  N.,  long.  66° 
7'  W.  It  was  founded  in  1511.  Population 
(1899),  32,048. 

San  Juan  de  XJMa  (S-lB'a),  often  called  San 
Juan  de  Ulloa.  A  fort,  on  a  small  island  of 
the  same  name,  protecting  the  harbor  of  Vera 


San  Juan  de  Ullia 

Cruz,  Mexico,  it  was  bnilt  in  the  17th  century,  was  the 
strongest  fortification  of  Mexico,  and  has  had  an  important 
place  in  the  history  of  the  coantry.  It  was  the  last  post 
held  by  the  Spaniards  in  North  America,  capitulating  Nor. 
19, 1S2B. 

San  Juan  Islands.  A  group  of  islands  in  the 
Gulf  of  Georgia,  belonging  to  the  State  of 
Washington  (see  below).  The  principal  islands 
are  San  Juan,  Oroas,  Lopez,  and  Shaw. 

San  Juan  Question,  The.  A  dispute  concern- 
ing the  possession  of  the  San  Juan  Islands  in 
the  Gulf-  of  Georgia,  southeast  of  Vancouver, 
which  arose  through  different  interpretation  of 
the  treaty  of  1846,  They  were  occupied  jointly  by 
British  and  American  garrisons  in  1859.  By  the  treaty  of 
Washington  the  question  was  referred  to  the  arbitration 
of  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  who  decided  in  favor  of  the 
United  States  iu  Oct.,  1872. 

San  Juan  Range.  A  range  of  the  Eoeky  Moun- 
tains, on  the  western  border  of  San  Luis  Park, 
sonthem  Colorado.  Highest  peaks,  over  14,000 
feet. 

Sankey  (sang'ki),  Ira  David.  Bom  at  Edin- 
burgh, Pa.,  Aug.  28, 1840.  An  American  evan- 
gelist, singer,  and  composer  of  popular  religious 
music :  associated  in  evangelistic  work  with  D. 
L.  Moody. 

Sankhya  (san'khya).  [Skt. :  from  sankhyd, 
'reckoning,  enumeration,'  comes  the  adjective 
sdnlchya,  'relating  to  number,  reckoning,  cal- 
culating,' of  which  Sankhya  is  the  masc.  or 
neuter  sing,  used  substantively  in  the  sense  of 
the  primitive.]  The  third  of  the  six  systems 
of  Hindu  philosophy,  ascribed  to  the  sage 
Kapila.  it  repudiates  the  notion  that  matter  can  ori- 
ginate from  spirit,  and  that  anything  can  be  produced  from 
nothing.  Instead  of  an  analytical  inquiry  into  the  uni- 
verse as  existing,  it  proceeds  synthetically,  starting  from 
an  original  primordial  tattva,  or  'eternally  existing  es- 
sence,' called  prakriti,  a  word  meaning  in  philosophy '  that 
which  evolves  or  produces  everything  else.'  Beginning 
with  this  original,  eternal  germ,  the  Sankhya  reckons  up 
(whence  its  name)  23  other  tattvas  or '  entities,*  all  produc- 
tions of  the  first  and  evolving  themselves  spontaneously 
out  of  it.  Of  these  23,  7  are  produced  and  producers, 
whence  come  16 productions.  The  7  are  (1)  intellect(bud- 
dhi),  (2)  self -consciousness  (ahankara,  the  "I-making  "  fac- 
ulty), (3)  five  principles  called  tanmatras  ('subtle  elemen- 
tary particles ").  The  16  are  the  6  mahabhuta  or  grosser 
elements  (viz.,  ether,  air,  fire  or  light,  water,  and  earth, 
these  being  produced  by  the  tanmatras),  followed  by  the 
11  organs  produced  by  the  ahankara  (viz.,  5  organs  of 
sense  and  6  organs  of  action,  together  with  an  11th,  stand- 
ing between  the  two  sets,  called  manas,  'mind,'  an  inter- 
Did  organ  of  perception,  volition,  and  action).  Furusha, 
'the  soul,*  is  the  25th  entity.  It  is  neither  producer  nor 
produced,  but  eternal  like  prakriti,  and  quite  distinct  from 
the  produced  and  producing  elements  of  the  phenomenal 
world.  The  8  producers,  the  5  grosser  elements,  and  the 
11  organs  constitute  the  phenomenal  world  ;  but  as  ahan- 
kara or  '  self-consciousness '  is  after  prakriti  the  most  im- 
portant producer,  the  whole  world  of  sense  is,  according 
to  the  Sankhya,  practically  created  by  the  Ego.  Prakriti 
again  is  viewed  as  constituted  of  8  principles  in  equipoise 
called  gnnas,  'qualities,*  viz.  goodness  or  purity,  passion 
or  activity,  and  darkness  or  ignorance.  As  the  ingredients 
of  prakriti  they  affect  all  that  is  evolved  from  it.  The 
ethical  end  of  the  Sankhya  system  is  to  effect  the  libera- 
tion of  the  purusha  or  'soul  from  the  fetters  In  which  it 
Is  involved  by  union  with  prakriti.  This  is  done  by  prama 
or  'correct  knowledge'  of  the  24  constituent  principles  of 
creation,  and  discriminating  the  soul  from  them,  its  pra> 
manas,  or  'means  of  obtaining  the  correct  measure  of  ex- 
isting things,*  being  3 — viz.,  sense-perception,  inference, 
and  credible  assertion  or  trustworthy  testimony.  Some 
adherents  of  the  Sankhya  maintain  the  existence  of  a  su- 
preme soul  called  Hiranyagarbha.  The  Sankhya  proper 
not  so  much  denies  the  existence  of  a  supreme  being  as 
ignores  it  asincapable  of  dialectical  demonstration.  "He 
must  be  free  from  desires  and  not  bound  by  troubles," 
say  in  substance  the  92d  and  following  aphorisms.  "If 
he  were  free  from  desires,  he  could  have  no  wish  to  create. 
If  he  were  bound  by  desires  of  any  kind,  ho  would  be  un- 
der bondage  and  deficient  in  power." 

Sankhyakarika  (sah-khya-ka'ri-ka).  [Skt. : 
sankhya  and  kdrikd, '  concise  metrical  explana- 
tion of  difficult  rules,'  especially  in  philosophy 
and  grammar, '  a  memorial  verse,  or  collection 
of  such  verses.']  In  Sanskrit  literature,  a  col- 
lection of  memorial  verses  by  Ishvarakrishna, 
in  which  is  given  a  summary  of  the  Sankhya 
philosophy,  it  dates  perhaps  from  the6th  century  A.  a 
It  has  been  edited  and  translated  both  by  Colebrooke  and 
by  Wilson. 

Sankbyasara  (san-khya-sa'ra).  'The  essence 
of  the  Sankhya' philosophy:  a  workby  Vijnana- 
bhikshn.  It  has  been  edited  and  translated  by 
Hall. 

Sankt  Andreasberg.    See  Andreasberg. 

Sankt  Beatenberg  (sankt  ba-a'ten-bera).  A 
health-resort  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzer- 
land, north  of  the  Lake  of  Thun,  near  Inter- 
laken. 

Sankt  Blasien  (bla'ze-en).  A  health-resort  in 
Baden,  situated  on  the  Alb  20  miles  southeast 
of  Freiburg:  formerly  noted  as  the  seat  of  an 
imperial  abbey. 

Sai^t  GaUen  (gal'len).  The  German  name  of 
St.  GalL 


894 


San  Salvador 


Sankt  Goar  (go'Sr).  A  town  in  the  Ehine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Rhine  16  miles 
southeast  of  Coblenz.  Near  it  is  the  castle  of 
Rheinfels.    Population  (1890),  1,468. 

Sankt-Ingbert  (ing'bert).  A  town  in  the 
Rhine  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  40  miles  southeast 
of  Treves.  It  is  the  center  of  a  coal-  and  iron- 
mining  district.    Population  (1890),  10,847. 

Sankt  Jakob  (ya'kop).  A  village  l  mile  south- 
east of  Basel,  Switzerland :  famous  f orthe  heroic 
battle,  Aug.  26,  1444,  between  about  20,000 
Armagnaes  under  the  dauphin  (Louis  XI.)  and 
1,600  Swiss.  The  latter  were  all  killed  except 
16,  after  slaying  about  8,000  of  the  enemy. 

Sankt  Jobann  (yo'han).  A  town  lying  oppo- 
site Saarbriioken  (which  see). 

Sankt  Moritz  (mo'rits),  Romansh  San  Murez- 


tion  of  Santiago  (Feb.lB).  On  March  19, 1818,  he  was  defeated 
at  Cancha  Kayada ;  but  his  brilliant  victory  at  the  Malpo 
(April  6, 1818)  virtually  expelled  the  Spaniards  from  Chile. 
He  had  declined  the  office  of  supreme  director  of  Chile,  and 
prepared  for  the  invasion  of  Peru.  A  small  navy  was  or- 
ganized, and  in  Aug.,  1820,  the  patriot  army  of  4,500  men 
sailed  for  the  Peruvian  coast.  Mainly  by  skilful  manoeu- 
vers,  San  Martin  was  able  to  occupy  Lima  July  9, 1821,  and 
Callao  soon  after.  On  Aug.  3  he  was  proclaimed  supreme 
protector  of  Peru.  Th  e  approach  of  Bolivar  with  another 
army  from  the  north  threatiened  a  strife  for  leadership,  and 
San  Martin  patriotically  gave  way  to  his  rival:  after  an  in- 
terview with  Bolivar  at  Guayaquil  (July  26, 1822)  he  re- 
signed his  office  to  the  Peruvian  congress  (Sept.  22),  issued 
an  eloquent  farewell  address,  and  soon  after  left  the  coun- 
try. The  emancipation  of  Peru  was  completed  by  Bolivar. 
San  Martin  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  comparative  poverty 
iu  Trance,  taking  no  further  part  in  South  American  affairs. 
San  Matias  (san  mSr-te'S.s),  Gulf  of.  An  arm 
of  the  Atlantic,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Argeu- 
,....-,.,..   s  •.     .,,  ,       ,         tina,  about  lat.  410-42°  S. 

zan  (san  mo-ret'san).     A  villa,ge  and  water-  gj^  jjECTiel.    See  St.  Michaels. 
ing-place  m  the  Upper  Engadme,  canton  of  §„  miluel  (me-gel').    A  small  island  off  the 
Gnsons,  Switzerland,  situated  near  the  Inn  m  ^   f  California,  immediately  northwest  of 

lat.  46°29'N.,long.  9°51'E.    it  is  one  of  the  most    Santa  Rosa 

celebrated  and  frequented  health-resorts  in  Switzerland,  Q„„  lUTi-,,.!'  A  in-am  ^n  RoWnrlni.  nnn+rnl 
and  has  noted  mineral  springs.  Elevation,  6,090  feei  San  jVUgUel.  A  tOWTl  m  HalvaaoT,  L^entral 
(highest  in  the  Engadine).  America,  74  miles  east  ot  ban  balvaaor.    i'op- 

SanktVeit(fit).    AtowninCarinthia, Austria-    nlation  (municipality,  1890),  23,800. 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Glan  11  mUes  north  of  San  Miguel,  Duke  Evansto.   Bom  about  1780 : 
Kla^nfurt.    Population,  3,971.  died  at  Madrid,  May  29, 1862.    A  Spamsh  poli- 

San  Xazaro,  or  San  Lazzaro  (san  lad'zS-ro).     tician  and  general.    He  was  prominent  in  the  revo- 
['  Saint  Lazarus.']  A  small  island  2  miles  south    l°,«on  »*  IfO-^i:  was  minister  of  Iweign  aflairs  m  1822 ; 
jiTT      .  J.  J       J.-U        -A.VJJ4.1,    Hi-  1  T-'i     •  i.        ana  was  a  leader  In  the  events  or  1004.    ne  wrote  a  nis- 

of  Venice,  noted  as  the  seat  ot  the  Mekhitarists.     tory  of  Philip  II.,  and  other  works. 
.ThemonasterycontainsalargeOrientallibrary.  gan  Miguel,  Gulf  of.    -/^  eastern  arm  of  the 
San  Lorenzo  (16-ren'tho),  Cape.    ['  Saint  Lau-    Bay  of  Panama. 

rence.']  A  cape  on  the  western  coast  of  Ecua-  gan  Miguel  de  Allende  (da  al-yen'da),  or  Al- 
dor,  lat.  1°  3'  8.,  long.  80°  55'  W.  lendeSan  Miguel,  or  Allende.    A  town  in 

San  Lucar  de  Barrameda  (lo'kar  da  bar-ra-    the  state  of  Guanajuato,  Mexico.    Population 
ma'sHa).    A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Cadiz,     (1894),  21,748. 

Spain, situatedatthemouthoftheGuadalquivir  SanBCniato(me-ne-a'to).  1.  Atownlntheprov- 
18  miles  north  of  Cadiz,   it  exports  sherry.   It  was    ince  of  Florence,  Italy,  21  miles  west-southwest 


the  starting-point  of  Magellan  on  his  great  voyage.  Popu- 
lation, 22,667. 

San  Lucas  (is'kas),  or  Saint  Lucas  (lu'kas). 
Cape.  The  southernmost  point  of  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, in  lat.  22°  53'  N.,  long.  109°  55'  W. 

San  Luis  (lo-es').  1.  A  province  in  the  interior 
of  the  Argentine  Republic,  east  of  Mendoza.  It 
isrichinmines.  Area,30,000scLuare miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1895),  81,155.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  San  Luis,  155  miles  east-southeast 
of  Mendoza.    Population  (1895),  17,827. 

San  Luis  Park.  The  largest  and  one  of  the 
finest  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  parks,  situated  in 
the  southern  part  of  Colorado  and  the  northern 
part  of  New  Mexico,  it  is  partly  traversed  by  the  Rio 
Grande.  Length,  about  140  miles.  Average  width,  about 
60  miles.    Area,  about  9,000  square  miles. 

San  Luis  POtosf  (IS-es'  po-to-se').  1.  A  state 
of  Mexico,  bounded  by  Zacatecas,  Coahuila, 
Nuevo  Leon,  Tamaulipas,  Vera  Cruz,  Hidalgo, 
Quer6taro,  and  Guanajuato .  Much  of  the  surface  is 
mountainous  or  hilly,  and  it  is  rich  In  silver  and  other 
minerals,  as  well  as  in  fertile  lands. 


of  Florence.  It  contains  a  cathedral,  founded 
in  the  10th  century  and  remodeled  in  1488.  Pop- 
ulation (1881),  2,189;  commune,  16,850.-2.  A 
church  on  a  hill  southeast  of  Florence,  on  the 
other  side  of  the  Amo.  it  was  built  before  or  in  the 
early  part  ot  the  12th  century,  and,  with  its  grounds  cov- 
ering the  whole  hill,  is  now  used  as  a  cemetery. 
Sannazaro  (san-nad-za'rd),  Jacopo.  Bom  at 
Naples,  July  28,  1458 :  died  at  Naples,  April 
27,  1530.  An  Italian  poet.  He  wrote  in  Italian  a 
prose  pastoral,"  Arcadia,"  sonnets,  etc.,  and  In  Latin  "De 
partu  Virginia"  and  other  poems. 

Sannazaro— a  Neapolitan  gentleman,  whose  family  had 
been  carried  from  Spain  to  Naples  by  the  political  revo- 
lutions of  the  preceding  century — is  the  true  father  of 
the  modem  prose  pastoral,  which,  from  him,  passed  di- 
rectly to  Spain,  and,  during  a  long  period  of  success  in 
that  country,  never  entirely  lost  the  character  its  author 
had  originally  impressed  upon  it.  His  "Arcadia"— writ- 
teiu  probably,  without  any  reference  to  the  Greek  pastoral 
of  Longus,  but  hardly  without  a  knowledge  of  the  "  Ame- 
to"of  Boccaccio  and  the  Eclogues  of  Bembo — was  first 
published  entire,  at  Naples,  in  1504. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  HI.  8L 


Area,  24,446  square 
miles.  Population  (1896),  570,814. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  San  Luis  Potosf,  San  Pablo  Bay  (pa'blo  ba).  A  bay  in  Califor- 
225  miles  north-northwest  of  Mexico,  it  was  nia,  connected  with  San  Francisco  Bay  (of 
founded  in  1576.  It  is  an  Important  railroad  center,  and  which  it  really  forms  a  part)  on  the  south.  It 
(W96*  69OT6  ""^^       "'°  "'°'^''°°"   ^"P"'**'""    contains  Mare  Island.    Length,  about  13  miles. 

San  Marcos,  University  of.  A  university  at  Smi  Pedro  Bay  (pe'dro  ba).  A  bay  on  the  coast 
Lima,  Peru,  it  is  the  oldest  In  America  (founded  in  °f,«°"*^5^?  S^^^o"""*  near  Los  Angeles,  about 
1661),  and  is  still  one  of  the  most  famous  in  Spanish     lat.  do    4U    JN. 

America.  Its  building  was  sacked  by  the  Chileans  in  1881,  San  Pietro   (pe-a'tro).     A  small  island  south- 
but  was  reopened  for  lectures  In  1886.  „     ,   ,  ,      west  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  belonging  to 
San  Marino  (ma-re'no).    l.  The  smallest  state    Italy :  the  ancient  Aceipitrum. 
in  Europe,  situated  between  the  provmoes  of  ganPietroinVincoU(enveng'ko-le).    [It., 'St. 
Forii  and  Pesaro  e  Urbmo,  Italy,  on  spurs  of    p^ter  in  chains.']    A  noted  church  in  Rome, 
the  Apennines,  it  Is  governed  by  a  great  council  of  60    situated  north  of  the  Colosseum 
members,  two  of  whom  are  captains  regent.    It  has  been  c.^^,,   /oSt,  T>K'^       A   -norv,/:.  »;n<,«  «.»  4^t.» 'D««T< 
anindependentoommunity8in?ethemiddleages:!tsinde-  SanpU  (san-po  ).     A  name  given  to  the  Brah- 
pendence  was  confirmed  by  the  Pope  In  1631,  and  several     maputra  m  the  upper  part  of  its  course, 
times  since.    Area,  23  square  miles.    Pop.  (1891),  8,200.  gan  Bafaol  (ra-fa-el').     The  capital  of  Marin 
2.  The  capital  of  the  republic  of  San  Marino.    County,  California,  and  a  summer  resort,  situ- 
Population,  1,600.  ated  near  San  Francisco  Bay  12  miles  north- 
San  Martkl,  Cape.    A  cape  in  the_prq;sance  of  jvestof  San  Francisco.  Pop.  (1900)j  3,879. 

"  ."    '.      A  seaport  in  the  province 

of  Porto  Maurizio,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Riviera 
26  miles  east-northeast  of  Nice,   it  is  frequented 


Alicante,  Spain,  projecting  into  the  Mediter-  gan  Bemo  (ra'mo). 
ranean  directly  south  of  Cape  San  Antonio.  "  ""      ■  -     - 


San  Martin  (san  mar-ten'),  Jos6  de.    Bom  at 
Yapeyii,  Misiones  (now  in  the  Argentine  Re- 
public), Feb.  25, 1778:  died  at  Boulogne, France, 
Aug.  17, 1850.    A  celebrated  Spanish-American 
;eneral  in  the  war  for  independence.  Heserved  In 


as  a  health-resort  on  account  of  its  climate.  It  was  the 
residence  of  the  Crown  Prince  (Itederick  IIL)  of  Germany 
1887-88.    Population,  12,000. 

San  Boo[ue  (ro'ka),  or  Saint  Boiiue  (sant  rok), 

§pMn  against  the  French  (1793-1811),  attaining  the  rank  of     Cape.     See  SaO  Bogue. 

lieutenant-colonel ;  resigned  in  the  latter  year ;  and  early  San   Salvador  (san  sal-va-SHor').     [Sp.,  'holy 

In  1812  went  to  Buenos  Ayres,  whCTe  he  Joined  the  patri-     Saviour.']     The  name  given  by  Columbus  to 

ots.    In  1818  he  received  command  of  the  army  operating     ^,      ^     ,  ^  i   ^  fliaonvBTOil  bv  Kim  in  tha  New 

in  Upper  Peru  or  Bolivia.  Heretofore  the  patriots  had  en-     IE®  "rst  isiana  mscoverea  Dy  mm  m  tne  JN  ew 

deavored  to  strike  the  central  Spanish  power  In  Peru  by     WorlQ.     bee  (ruananam. 

wayof  ChuquisacaandLakeTiticaca.  San  Martin  resolved  San  Salvador,  BepubliC  Of.     See  Salvador. 

to  open  a  new  line  of  operations  through  Chile,  and  in  this  gan  Salvador.     The  capital  of  the  republic  of 

hewasefflcieutlysupportedbythesuprememrectorPueyr;  XlvadorsX^ed  inland,  near  lat.  13°  43'  N., 


redon.  An  army  of  Invasion  was  organized  and  drilled  at 
Mendoza  during  two  years ;  and  on  Jan.  17, 1817,  San  Mar- 
tin, with  4,000  men,  began  his  celebrated  march  over  the 
Andes  by  the  Pspallata  Pass  (12,800  feet  high).  The  victory 
of  Chacabuco  (Feb.  12, 1817)  was  followed  by  the  occupa- 


long.  89°12''W.  It  contains  a  university  and  cathedraL 
It  was  fpunded  In  1528,  and  has  often  been  devastated  by 
earthquakes:  the  latest  and  most  destructive  of  these  dis- 
asters were  in  1854  and  1873.    Pop.  (1892),  est.,  80,000. 


San  SalviEidor 

San  Salvador,  oTQuezaltepec(ka-zS,l-ta-pak'), 
An  extinct  volcano  in  the  republic  of  Salvador, 
3  miles  northwest  of  the  city  of  San  Salvador. 
Height,  about  8,000  feet. 

Bansanding  (siin-san-ding'),  or  Sansandig 


895 

Santa  Barbara  (bar'ba-ra).  The  capital  of 
Santa  Barbara  County,  California,  situated  on 
the  coast  in  lat.  34°  26'  N.,  long.  119°  43'  W.  It 
is  a  watering-place,  known  as  the  American 
Mentone.    Population  (1900),  6,587, 


(san-san-dig').     A  town  in  Segu,  western  Af-  Santa  Barbara,    A  small  island  off  the  coast 


rica,  situated  on  the  Niger  about  lat.  18°  40'  N., 
_long._6o  25'  W.    Population,  about  40,000. 


of  southern  California,  60  miles  southwest  of 
Los  Angeles. 


San  Sebastian  (sa-sas-te-an'),  or  Saint  Se-  Santa  Barbara  Channel.  A  sea  passage  which 


bastian  (sant  se-bas'tyan).  A  seaport,  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Suipuzcoa,  Spain,  in  lat. 
43°  20'  N.,  long.  1°  59'  W.  It  !a  an  important  for- 
tress,  has  considerable  trade,  and  is  a  fashionable  bathing- 
resort.  It  was  besieged  by  Wellington,  and  taken  by  as- 
sault Aug.  31, 1813. 

Sans  G§ne  (son  jan'),  Madame.    [F., '  without 
constraint,'  hence  in  a  free  and  easy  manner. 


separates  Santa  Rosa,  Santa  Cruz,  and  other 
small  islands  from  the  mainland  of  California. 

Santa  Barbara  Indians.    See  Chumashan. 

Santa  Barbara  Islands.  A  group  of  8  islands 
in  the  Pacific,  near  the  coast  of  southern  Cali- 
fornia, to  which  they  belong.  The  principal  are 
Santa  Barbara,  Santa  Sosa,  Santa  Cruz,  Santa  Catalina,  and 
San  Clemente. 


^^ithouttroubHng^one'sseWastotheopimoMor  Santa  Catalina  (ka-ta-le'nS,).    An  island  off 
„ti        1    A  _,„i         „~i!j-i,„     «„    the  coast  of  southern  Calif oriiia,  50  miles  south 

of  Los  Angeles.  Length,  20  miles. 
Santa  Catharina  (k9.-tS.-re'na).  An  island  sep- 
arated by  a  narrow  channel  from  the  coast  of 
the  state  of  Santa  Catharina,  Brazil,  to  which 
it  belongs.  It  contains  the  capital,  Besterro. 
Length,  about  30  miles, 


convenience  of  others.]  Anickname  of  thewife 
of  Marshal  Lefebvre,  duke  of  Dantzic,  who  was 
raised  from  the  ranks  by  Napoleon  I.  she  was  ori- 
ginally a  washerwoman,  and  followed  her  husband  to  the 
wars  as  a  virandi^re.  She  was  rude,  kind-hearted,  and  with- 
out knowledge  of  social  etiquette,  and  became  the  butt  of 
the  court.  Her  high  temper  and  natural  shrewdness  gave 
her  the  advantage  in  the  long  run.  The  play  of  this 
name  by  Sardou  was  produced  in  1893. 


Santa  Maria  in  Cosmedin 

in  the  South  Pacific,  north  of  the  New  Hebrides 
and  east-southeast  of  the  Solomon  Islands. 

Santa  T6  (fa).  [8p.,  'holy  faith.']  1.  A  prov- 
ince of  the  Argentine  Republic,  west  of  the  river 
Paran&  and  north  of  the  province  of  Buenos 
Ayres.  Area,  50,000  square  miles.  Population 
(1895),  397,285.-2.  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Santa  F6,  situated  on  the  Salado,  near 
the  Paran4,  90  miles  north  of  Rosario.  Pop- 
ulation (1895),  35,288. 

Santa  Fe.  The  capital  of  New  Mexico,  it  was 
founded  by  Juan  de  OiSate  in  1698,  and  has  remained  the 
seat  of  government  since  that  time.  In  1846  the  United 
States  forces  under  General  Kearny  occupied  Santa  F6  with- 
out resistance.  It  was  held  by  the  Confederates  in  1862. 
There  are  remains  (very  indistinct)  of  an  ancient  IndiaD 
village  at  Santa  Fi,  but  the  pueblo  had  been  abandoned 
long  previous  to  the  16th  century,  and  the  site  was  deserted 
when  Ofiate  founded  Santa  K  in  1598.  The  stories  that  it 
was  once  a  "  capital "  of  all  the  Pueblo  tribes  of  New  Mex- 
ico, and  that  its  Spanish  settlement  was  founded  in  1540, 
or  1650,  or  1583,  are  mythical.    Population  (1900),  6,603. 

Santa  F6,  Audience  of.  The  supreme  court  of 
colonial  New  Granada,  sitting  at  Santa  P6  de 
Bogota.  The  governors,  and  subsequently  the  viceroys, 
were  presidents  of  the  audience,  which  ruled  in  case  of  a 
vacancy.  New  Granada  was  sometimes  called  the  kingdom 
(reino)  of  Santa  ¥6.    See  New  Granada. 


Sansovinp  (s8n-s6-ve'no),  Andrea  (Andrea  ^^^%.^^^^f^^-±Z''^Z'^^%±T't  I??*?  fi ^e  BogoU.    See  Bogota, 


Contucci  da  Monte  Sansovino).    Bom  at 

Monte  Sansovino,  Tuscany,  1460 :  died  at  Rome, 
1529.  A  Tuscan  sculptor  and  architect.  He 
studied  In  Ilorence  with  Pollajuolo.     About  1490  he  was 


ern  Brazil,  lying  northeast  of  Rio  Grande  do  Santa  Inez  Indians' 
Sul.  It  has  many  European  colonists,  espe-  Santal  Insurrection, 
cially  Germans.  Area,  28,627  square  miles.  "  "  ~ 
Population  (1888),  236,346. 


See  Chumashan. 

An  unsuccessful  revolt 

by  the  Santals  of  the  Rajmahal  Hills  (Bengal, 
Bbuuiou  lu  jDiurcuuo  wiLii  jTuuajuuxu.    Auuub  ifttnj  lie  was  o     "4.      m      *        "tri  '       /       /x-.  ii4  \       r*        British  India,  northwost  of  Calcutta)  in  1855. 
appointedarchitectandBculptortoKingJohnofPortugal,  !>anta  Olaus  or  KlauS  (san  ta  klftz).      [An  Santal Parganas (sau-tal' par-gun'as).    Adis- 
for  whom  he  built  a  royal  palace  and  made  some  sculpture     adapted  form  of  the  D.  Sant  mkolaas,  Mlclaas,     triet  in  Beno'nl    iintoTaontort  w  lot  "OAo  An'  ivr 
f5S.X^t6l^2^?Sn•^»sVt^^u?^f'tl'^^C^^^  -,^«--]   TheDutchnameof  Saintkcholas;    K  ^7°^°"  A^et  Meg^taaL  mile^.  X^u- 

overoneof  theSsofthrbaptisteiy.    In^^^^  patron  saint  of  children,  and  dispenser  of  gifts    lation  (1891),  1,754,196.  ^ 

to  Rome  and  was  commissionedV  Pope  Julius  II.  to  make    on  Christmas  eve.      See  Mcholas,  Saint.  Santa  Lucia     See  St.  Lucia 

the  tombs  of  the  two  cardinals  Eovere  and  Sforza  for  Santa  Santa  Croce  SuU' Arno  (sSn'ta  kro'che  sSl  Santa  Luzia  Csan'ta  lo-ze'ai      A  small  ialnn,! 
MariadelPopolohismaaterpieces).  His  group  of  the  "Ma-    lar'no).   A  small  town  in  the  province  of  Flor-     of  ttieCaDe  VerTCTOun 

dODDa  and  Child   ID  Sant  AeoBtmo.  ordered  bv  the  German ^„„  tj.  t—     _  ai,      a  c^a      n      at.  j.-i     J^^ ''"^*^^«'P*5  v  era  group. 

prelate  Corycius,  was  made  the  subject  of  a  coUeeM™  of    «?«S'  I^^ly,  on  the  Arno  24  miles  west  by  south  Santa  Maria  (san'ta  ma-re'a).  La.  The  largest 

vessel  of  Columbus,  and  his  flag-ship,  in  the 
voyage  of  1492.  she  was  a  decked  boat  of  the  type 
known  aa  a  carack,  over  200  tons  burden,  and  about  63  feet 
long  and  20  feet  beam.  Some  accounts  call  her  the  Marie 
Galante.  The  flag-ship  was  a  dull  sailer.  She  was 
wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Espanola,  Deo.  26, 1492. 

Santa  Maria,  or  Saint  Mary.  The  south- 
easternmost  island  of  the  Azores,  south  of  St. 
Michael.    Area,  37  square  mUes. 

Santa  Maria,  Puerto  de.  See  Puerto  de  Santa 
Maria. 


X.  to  Loreto  to  execute  the  bas-reliefs  on  the  exterior  of  Santa  CrUZ  (san'ta  krSz),  or  Saint  Croiz  (sant 


the  marble  temple  which  incloses  the  Santa  Casa. 
Sans  Sonci  (P.  pron.  son  s8-se').  [P., '  free  from 
care.']  A  palace  at  Potsdam,  Prussia,  built  by 
Frederick  the  Great  1745-47,  and  enlarged  and 
adorned  by  Frederick  William  IV.  it  is  of  a  shigle 
story,  with  a  projecting  semicircular  central  pavilion,  and 
large  arched  windows  opening  between  coupled  pilasters 
terminating  above  in  caryatids  and  atlantes. 

San  Stefano  (sSn  stef'a-no).  Treaty  of.  A 
treaty  concluded  between  Russia  and  Turkey 
March  3, 1878,  at  San  Stefano  Ta  small  port  on 
the  Sea  of  Marmora,  west  of  Constantinople), 
which  put  an  end  to  the  Russo-Turkish  war. 
Bussla  was  to  receive  the  Dobrudja,  Ears,  Batum,  and 
other  possessions,  as  well  as  a  war  indemnity  of  300,000,000 
rubles ;  a  principality  of  Bulgaria  was  to  be  created,  ex- 
tending from  the  Danube  to  the  ^gean ;  Eumania,  Servia, 
and  Montenegro  were  recognized  as  independent.  The 
provisions  of  this  treaty  were,  however,  greatly  altered  by 
the  Congress  of  Berlin,  June-July,  1878. 


kroi),  or  Sainte  Croix  (sant  krwa).  ['Holy 
Cross.']  An  island  in  the  West  Indies,  belong- 
ing to  Denmark,  in  lat.  (of  Christiansted)  17° 
45'  N.,  long.  64°  41'  W.  Chief  town,  Christian- 
sted. The  surface  is  hilly.  The  chief  products  are 
sugar  and  rum.  It  has  been  a  Danish  possession  since 
1733.    Area,  84  square  miles.    Population  (1890),  19,783. 

Santa  Cruz,  An  island  off  the  coast  of  Cali- 
fornia, in  lat.  34°  N.    Length,  23  miles. 

Santa  Cruz.  A  territory  of  the  Argentine  Re- 
public, comprising  the  southern  part  of  Pata- 
gonia, south  of  Chubut.  Area,  about  111,000 
square  miles.  Population  (1893),  less  than 
3,000. 

Santa  Cruz.  The  capital  of  Santa  Cruz  County, 
California,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Monterey 
in  lat.  36°  58'  N.,  long.  122°  1'  W.  Population 
(1900),  5,659. 


Santa  (san'ta).  A  river  in  Peru.    It  flows  into  the  Santa  CrUZ  (san'ta  krSth).  An  eastern  depart- 


Faci&c  about  lat.  9°  S.  Length,  about  200  miles. 
Santa  Ana  (san'ta  a'na).  A  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  which  inhabit  a  pueblo  of  the 
same  name  on  the  Rio  Jemez,  a  western  afdu- 
ent  of  the  Rio  Grande,  in  north  central  New 
Mexico.    The  name  originally  was  applied  by  the  Span- 


ment  of  Bolivia,  bordering  on  Brazil. 


Santa  Maria  degli  Angeli  (del'yg  an'je-le). 
[It.,  '  Saint  Mary  of  the  Angels.']  A  church 
on  the  site  of  the  baths  of  Diocletian,  at  Rome, 
constructed  by  Michelangelo,  and  later  remod- 
eled by  Vanvitelli.  The  vestibule  is  the  original  cir- 
cular laognicum,  66  feet  in  diameter,  of  the  ancient  baths. 
The  tepidarium  of  the  baths,  now  the  transept  of  the 
church,  retains  much  of  its  ancient  decoration.  It  is  a 
splendid  halL  297i  feet  long,  91  wide,  and  84  high,  with 
three  groined  vaults  whose  apparent  imposts  are  received 
by  eight  antique  granite  columns.  The  church  possesses 
line  paintings. 


l8h  to  the  mission,  the  native  name  of  the  pueblo  being  Santa  UrUZ  (san'ta  kroth'),  AndreS,     Bom  at 
Tamaya.  _  Number,  263.    See^ereran.  La  Paz  about  1794:  died  near  Nantes,  France, 


em  portion,  which'  is  a  plain.ls  very  tZiy  iSlbi^i   ^.^^^^.^^^^^  ^fl  P?P°1°  ^^\  P  j'P°-J°)-^  P*- 
Area;  126,317  square  mUe£    pip.  (1893),  est.,  112,200.  '  R-inf  Me,T.,r^f  tT,<>  T3o..v-i„  *n    a  „i,„.„i,  „4.t5 

Santa  Cruz,  or  N'itendi(ne-ten'de).  The  chief 
of  the  Santa  Cruz  Islands,  in  the  South  Pacific 
in  lat.  10°  40'  S.,  long.  166°  E, 


Santa  Anna,  originally  Santa  Ana  (san'ta 
a'na),  Antonio  Lopez  de.  Bom  at  Jalapa, 
Feb.  21,  1795:  died  at  Mexico  City,  June  21, 
1876.  A  Mexican  general  and  politician.  He 
served  In  the  Spanish  army  from  1810,  and  supported 
Iturbide  in  1821,  nut  was  the  prime  cause  of  his  overthrow 
by  the  revolt  which  he  led  at  Vera  Cruz,  Dec.  2, 1822.  He 
also  led  the  revolts  which  overthrew  Pedraza  (1828)  and 
Bastamante  (1832),  and  was  elected  president  for  the  term 
beginning  April  1, 1833.  During  this  and  his  succeeding 
occupations  of  the  ofBce  he  frequently  retired  to  his  estate 
or  took  command  of  the  army,  leaving  the  administration 
in  the  hands  of  acting  presidents,  who  were  generally 
more  or  less  subservient  to  him  and  took  the  odjum  of  ar- 
bitrary proceedings.  In  1836  he  led  the  army  against  the 
revolted  Texans.  His  flist  successes  were  followed  by  mas- 
sacres of  the  prisoners.     He  was  defeated  and  captured 


Saint  Mary  of  the  People.']  A  church  at  Rome, 
founded,  according  to  tradition,  in  1099  (?)  to 
quiet  the  phantom  of  Nero,  on  whose  burial- 
place  it  was  built,  and  rebuilt  by  the  Roman 
people  in  1227.  it  is  now  modernized,  but  is  remark- 
able for  its  splendid  Renaissance  tombs  (those  of  Cardinals 
Girolamo  Basso  della  Rovere  and  Ascamo  Maria  Sforza,  by 
Sansovino,  are  artistically  the  most  important  in  Rome), 
for  its  fine  paintings  and  frescos  by  Pinturicchio,  and  for 

„w.„o  --V -  .,j i.»...v,™  ...  ^^,  j„.u»v.  „„.,.„,  iv,=»     **'  magnificent  Renaissance  glass  and  mosaics. 

to  be  general,  and  led  an  unsuccessful  invasion  of  Upper  Santa  Mana  del  Solo  (del  so'le).     [It.,  'Saint 

Peru  in  1823.  From  Sept.,  1826,  to  June,  1827,  he  was  presi-     '^' ^  ^i- .  o        ,.,..,.  .       ._ 

dent  of  Peru.    After  the  deposition  of  Sucre,  president  of 

Bolivia,  Santa  Cruz  was  elected  president  of  that  country 

for  ten  years  (beginning  Jan.  1, 1829),  with  the  military 

grade  of  grand  marshal.  His  rule  was  firm  and  progressive. 

In  1835  he  interfered  in  the  affairs  of  Peru,  ostensibly  to 

reinstate  the  deposed  president,  Orbegoso ;  defeated  Ga- 

marra  and  Salaverry  (condemning  the  latter  to  death);  and 


1865.  A  Bolivian  general  and  politician,  of  In- 
dian race.  He  was  a  colonel  in  the  Spanish  army ;  butj 
being  captured  by  the  patriots  in  1820,  joined  them,  rose 


Mary  of  the  Sun.']  A  circular  temple  at  Rome 
(now  a  church),  near  the  Ponte  Rotto,  now  held 
to  be  that  of  Hercules,  but  familiar  under  the 
name  of  temple  of  Vesta.  The  cella  is  oircuLir,  33 
feet  in  diameter,  with  a  peristyle  of  20  graceful  Corinthian 
columns  32  feet  high.  The  entablature  and  the  ancient  roof 
are  gone.  The  probable  date  is  the  beginning  of  the  empire, 
formed  the  Peruvian-Bolivian  Confederation  (proclaimed  Sa.nta.  Maria  rli  T.Piim  Cilsln'nlrn^  Pans  A 
Oct.  28, 1836),  with  himself  at  its  head  as  "protector."  „It:?'„T^}^^ir^  ^  J:  .1^  -V'  9t?^'  ■ 
Gamarra  and  other  fugitive  Peruvians  obtained  the  aid  of  ,''^P^„fJ  jS?  southeastem  extremity  of  Italy,  in 
ChUe ;  a  Chilean  army  invaded  Peru ;  and  Santa  Cruz  was  lat.  39°  48'  N.,  long.  18°  22'  E. :  the  ancient  Sa- 
flnally  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Yungay  (Jan.,  1839).    He     lentinum  Promontorium. 


at  the  battle  of  San  Jacinto,  April  21,  and  released  only     immediately  left  the  country,  and  the  confederation  was  Santa  Maria  in  Ara  Coeli  (a'ra  se'li).    f  Saint 

on  agreeing  to  favor  the  independence  of  Texas.     The     broken  up     Most  of  his  subsequent  life  was  passed  m     Marv  of  the  Alt^of  Heaven'-  from  th^  trnrti 

popularity  lost  In  this  campaign  was  regained  by  the  part     Europe,  where  he  long  held  diplomatic  positions  for  Bo-     -(^"V."!  ''le  -^"ar  oi  iieaven  .  rrom  tne  tradi- 

which  he  took  in. the  unsuccessful  defense,  against  the     u^i^- 

French,of  Vera  Cruz,  where  he  lost  a  leg  (Dec,  1838).    He  Santa  CrUZ  de  la  Palma  (da  la  pal 'ma).    A 

was  prominent  in  the  defeat  of  the  federalist  revolt  of    seaport,  capital  of  the  island  of  Palma,  Canary 

1839,  supporting  President  Bustamanto    but  in  Oct.,  1841,     T„i„%.,q„       S^ i„««      ..■i.„„t.  a  nnn 

be  forced  Bustamante's  resignation  and  was  again  proi  „^sl¥i°S:     Population,  about  6,000_. 

claimed  president.    By  a  new  constitution,  adopted  June  Santa  OrUZ  de  la  Sierra  (da  la  se-er  ra) .    1  he 

12, 1843,  he  became  practically  dictator.    He  was  deposed    capital  of  the  department  of  Santa  Cruz,  Bolivia, 

md  exUed  In  1845 ;  recalled  and  again  made  president  in     situated  near  the  Piray  1 65  miles  northeast  of 

Dec,  1846;  and  commanded  the  army  in  the  war  with  the     a,:„"       -or  ,,i„tL      inooo 

Pnited  States.   After  Scott's  occupation  of  Mexico  (Sept.,   -"llO'^e.     Population,  1U,JS». 

1847)  he  resigned  and  left  the  countiy.  By  a  revolt  of  the  Santa  CrUZ  de  Teneriffe  (ten-e-rif  )  or  de  San- 
army  he  was  recalled  and  made  president,  April,  1853,  as-    tiago  (da  san-te-a'go), 


auming  dictatorial  powers.  The  revolution  which  quickly 
followed  drove  him  into  exile  in  Aug.  ,1855 ;  and,  though  he 
made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  interfere  in  Mexican 
aifairs  in  1864,  he  never  after  rose  to  prominence.  He  re- 
turned to  Mexico  after  the  death  of  Juaie^  and  died  al- 
most forgotten. 


capital  of  the  Canary  Islands,  situated  on  Tene 
riffe  in  lat.  28°  28'  N.,  long.  16°  15'  W.  it  is  the 
chief  commercial  place  in  the  islands.  Population,  about 
16,000. 

Santa  Cruz  Islands.  A  group  of  small  islands 


tion  that  an  altar  was  here  erected  by  Augustus, 
in  recognition  of  a  heavenly  vision  of  the  Virgin 
and  Christ.]  An  old  and  interesting  church  at 
Rome,  rich  in  its  22  varied  ancient  columns,  its 
curious  mosaic  pavement,  its  beautiful  frescos 
of  the  Ufe  of  St.  Bernardino  by  Pinturicchio,  its 
medieval  ambones  covered  with  mosaics,  and 
its  fine  paintings  and  tombs.  This  church  possesses 
the  famous  miracle-working  image  of  the  Santissimo  Bam- 
A   spanort  and  the     l"'""  ('most  holy  infant'). 

is.  situated  on  Tene-  SantaMariainCosmedin(inkos'me-din).  [It., 
'  Saint  Mary  in  Cosmedin,'  a  square  in  Con- 
stantinople :  it  originally  belonged  to  a  Greek 
brotherhood.]  A  very  early  church  at  Rome, 
with  antique  columns,  raised  choir,  crypt,  me- 


Santa  Maria  in  Cosmedin 

dieval  ambones  and  tabernacle,  fine  mosaic 
pavement,  and  medieval  campanile.  The  church 
is  important  as  having  replaced  the  ancient  temple  of 
Ceres,  Liber,  and  Libera,  a  large  peripteral  structure,  with 
Composite  columns,  which  served  as  the  treasury  and 
record-office  of  the  ediles  of  the  people.  Ten  peristyle 
columns  and  parts  of  the  cella-wall  remain  in  situ.  In 
the  vestibule  is  preserved  alarge  ancient  mask  with  pierced 
mouth  and  eyes,  popularly  called  the  Bocca  delta  Veritd. 
It  was  originally  set  in  a  pavement  to  permit  water  to 
drain  into  a  sewer. 

Santa  Maria  Maggiore  (mad-jo're).  [It., 
'  Saint  Mary  the  Greater.']  A  church  at  Rome, 
built  352  A.  D.,  and  keeping  much  of  its  original 
character.  The  two-tiered  loggia  of  the  f  a9ade  is  ol  the 
last  century.  The  interior  has  a  wide  nave  bounded  by 
ranges  of  Ionic  columns  with  horizontal  entablature, 
above  which  is  a  row  of  arcaded  windows  and  fine  Old  Tes- 
tament mosaics  of  the  5th  century.  The  mosaics  of  the 
apse,  with  the  Coronation  of  the  Virgin,  are  splendid  works 
of  the  13th  century.  There  are  many  fine  monuments  and 
sculptures. 

Santa  Maria  Novella  (no-vel'la).  A  church 
in  Florence,  built  1278-1349  on  the  site  of  an 
older  church  o&  the  Piazza  di  Santa  Maria  No- 
vella. It  is  an  example  of  the  purest  Tuscan  Oothic.  In 
1456-70  a  marble  f  agade  was  added,  with  a  fine  portaL  Its 
cloisters  are  the  lEU-gest  in  Florence,  and  it  is  celebrated 
for  its  frescos  by  Ghirlaudajo,  Orcagna,  and  others. 

Santa  Maria  sopra  Minerva  (so'pra  me-ner'- 
va).  [It., 'Saint  Mary  above  Minerva.']  A  church 
atEome,sonamedfrombeingbuiltoveratemple 
of  Minerva :  the  only  medieval  church  in  Rome 
which  retains  its  Pointed  forms  and  decoration. 
The  church  contains  beautiful  tombs,  notable  paintings 
by  Filippino  Lippi  and  others,  and  important  sculptures, 
among  them  Michelangelo's  Christ. 

Santa  Marta,  or  Santa  Martha  (mar'ta). 
['  Saint  Martha.']  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  state 
of  Magdalena,  Colombia,  situated  on  a  bay  of 
the  Caribbean  Sea  in  lat.  11°  15'  N.,  long.  74° 
14'  W.  Except  Oumani  it  is  the  oldest  city  of  European 
origin  in  continental  South  America,  having  been  founded 
by  Bastidas  in  1526.  From  this  point  Quesada  started  on 
the  expedition  which  resulted  in  the  subjugation  of  the 
plateau  of  New  Granada.  The  port  was  long  important 
for  its  trade  with  the  Magdalena  Biver,  but  is  now  in  de- 
cadence. It  is  the  seat  of  a  bishop.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 6,000. 

Santa  Maura  (mou'ra),  or  Leucadia  (mod.  Gr. 
pron.  lef-ka-THe'3,).  1.  One  of  the  Ionian  Isl- 
ands, Greece,  situated  west  of  Aoamania,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  channel:  the 
ancient  Leukas.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  mountainous. 
The  chief  products  are  currants,  wine,  and  oil.  In  its 
southwestern  part  is  a  steep  cliff,  known  as  Sappho's  Leap, 
from  which  Sappho  is  said  to  have  thrown  herself  into  the 
sea.  Length,  23  miles.  Area,  110  miles. 
2.  The  chief  town  of  the  island  of  Santa  Maura, 
situated  on  the  northern  coast.     See  Levkas. 

Santana.    See  Santa  Ana. 

Santana  (san-ta'na),  Pedro.  Bom  at  Hineha, 
June  29, 1801 :  died  at  Santo  Domingo,  June  14, 
1864.  A  general  and  politician  of  the  Domini- 
can Republic.  He  led  the  revolution  by  which  the  re- 
public separated  from  Haiti  in  1844  ;  was  president  1844- 
1848 ;  repulsed  the  invasion  of  Soulouque  in  1849 ;  was 
again  president  1853-56,  when  he  was  deposed ;  and,  his 
successor  Baez  having  been  deposed,  was  a  third  time 
elected  president  in  Nov.,  1868,  holding  the  post  until 
March  18, 1861,  when  hedelivered  over  the  country  to  Spain. 

Santander  (san-tan-dar').  1.  A  province  of 
Spain,  bounded  by  the  Bay  of  Biscay  on  the 
north,  Vizcaya  on  the  east,  Burgos  and  Palencia 
on  the  south,  and  O  viedo  and  Leon  on  the  west : 
a  part  of  Old  Castile,  it  is  traversed  by  the  Canta^ 
brian  Mountains.  It  has  flourishing  agriculture  and  man- 
ufactures. Area,  2,113  square  miles.  Population  (1887), 
244,274. 

2.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of  San- 
tander, situated  on  a  harbor  of  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay, in  lat  43°  28'  N.,  long.  3°  49'  W.  It  is  the 
terminus  of  steam-lines ;  exports  grain,  iron  ore,  wine,  etc. : 
and  is  a  favorite  summer  watering-place.  It  was  sacked 
by  Soult  In  1808.    Population  (1887),  42,126. 

Santander,  A  department  in  the  eastern  part 
of  Colombia,  bordering  on  Venezuela  and  on  the 
Magdalena  River,  and  north-northeast  of  Bo- 
gota. Capital,  Bucaramanga.  Area,  18,000 
square  miles.  Population,  about  555,600,  be- 
sides wild  Indians. 

Santander,  or  Jimenez^  or  Bio  de  lasPalmas. 
A  river  in  eastern  Mexico  which  flows  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  100  miles  north  of  Tampico. 
Length,  about  150  miles. 

Santander  (san-tan-dar'),  Francisco  dePanla. 
Born  at  Rosario  de  Ciieuta,  April  2,  1792:  died 
at  Bogota,  May  5, 1840.  A  New  Granadan  gen- 
eral and  politician.  He  served  in  the  revolutionary 
army  ;  was  made  general  of  division  on  the  field  of  Boyaci 
Ang.  7,  1819 ;  was  appointed  vice-president  (governor)  of 
Cundinamarca  Sept.,  1819;  and  on  Sept.  7,  1821,  was 
elected  vice-president  of  Colombia.  During  Bolivar's  ab- 
sence in  the  south  (Dec,  1821,- Nov.,  1826)  and  in  Vene- 
zuela (Jan.-Sept.,  1827),  he  acted  as  president.  In  1827-28 
he  led  the  federalist  opposition  to  Bolivar.  Bolivar  as- 
sumed dictatorial  powers  and  deposed  him  June,  1828 ;  and 
soon  afterward  he  was  condemned  to  death  for  alleged 


896 

complicity  in  an  attempt  to  assassinate  Bolivar,  but  the 
sentence  was  commuted  to  banishment  and  loss  of  rank 
(1829).  During  his  absence  the  republic  of  Colombia  fell  to 
pieces,  and  on  March  9, 1832,  he  was  elected  president  of 
the  new  republic  of  New  Granada,  the  vice-president,  Mar- 
quez,  presiding  until  his  return.  He  held  the  post  until 
the  beginning  of  1837,  and  subsequen  tly  was  an  active  mem- 
ber of  congress.  Santander  is  regarded  as  the  founder  of 
New  Granada  (the  modern  Colombia). 

Sant'  Angelo  (sant  an'je-16).  Castle  of.    See 

Angela,  Sant'. 

Santarem  (san-ta-ran' ) .  A  city  in  the  province 
of  Estremadura,  Portugal,  situated  on  the  Tagus 
46  miles  northeast  of  Lisbon :  the  ancient  Sca- 
labis  PrsBsidium  Julium.  it  was  taken  from  the 
Moors  in  1146,  and  the  Almohades  were  defeated  near  it 
in  1184.  On  May  16, 1834,  the  Miguelists  were  totally  de- 
feated there  by  Napier  and  Villafior.  Population  (1878), 
7,001. 

Santarem.  A  district  in  the  province  of  Estre- 
madura, Portugal.    Population  (1890),  258,298. 

Santarem,  A  town  in  the  state  of  Pard,  Brazil, 
situated  on  the  Tapaj6s,  near  its  junction  with 
the  Amazon,  in  lat.  2°  24'  S.,  long.  54°  40'  W. 
It  has  a  considerable  river  trade.  Population, 
about  7,000. 

Santarem,  Viscount  of  (Manuel  Francisco 
de  Barros  e  Sousa).  Born  at  Lisbon,  Nov. 
18,  1791:  died  at  Paris,  Jan.  18,  1856.  A 
Portuguese  politician  and  author.  He  was  di- 
rector of  the  archives  of  Portugal  1823-27,  and  minister 
of  state  under  the  regency  and  Dom  Miguel  1827-33; 
subsequently  he  resided  in  Paris.  His  many  important 
works  relate  to  early  Portuguese  discoveries,  diplomatic 
history,  chartography,  etc.  They  include  "Eecherches 
BUT  I'Am^ric  Vespuce"  (1842),  "Essai  sur  I'histoire  de  la 
cosmographie  et  de  la  cartographic  pendant  le  moyen 
ftge"  (3  vols.  1849-62;  succeeding  volumes  by  Mendes 
Leal),  and  "Quadro  elementar  das  rela{6es  politicas  e  di- 
plomaticas  de  Portugal "  (10  vols,  published  up  to  1864 ; 
completed  by  Bebello  da  Silva). 

Santarem  Channel.  A  channel  between  the 
Great  Bahama  Bank  and  the  Salt  Key  Bank, 
north  of  Cuba. 

Santa  Kosa  (ro'za).  An  island  off  the  coast  of 
California,  in  lat.  33°  55'  N.,  long.  120°  8'  W. 
Length,  18  miles. 

Santa  Kosa.  The  capital  of  Sonoma  County, 
California,  50  miles  north  by  west  of  San  Fran- 
cisco. It  is  the  center  of  a  wine-producing 
district.    Population  (1900),  6,678. 

Santa  Bosa  Islanders.    See  Chumashan. 

Santa  Sophia.    See  Sophia,  Santa. 

Santa  Victoria  do  Ameixial  (san'ta  ve-to'- 
re-a  do  a-ma-she-al' ) .  A  place  near  Estremoz, 
Alemtejo,  Portugal,  notedf  or  the  victory  gained 
there  by  the  Portuguese  over  the  Spaniards  in 
1663. 

Santee  (san-te').  A  river  in  South  Carolina, 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Wateree  and 
Congaree  about  30  miles  southeast  of  Columbia. 
It  flows  into  the  Atlantic  in  lat.  33°  7'  N.  Length,  about 
150  miles.  Total  length,  including  the  Wateree  or  Cataw- 
ba, over  400  miles. 

Sant'  Elmo  Castle.  A  great  fortress  at  Naples, 
Italy,  built  in  the  16th  century  by  Pedro  de  To- 
ledo. It  was  built  on  a  very  much  earlier  structure  of 
great  strength  as  a  fortification,  on  a  high  rock,  called  the 
hill  of  Sant'  Elmo,  overlooking  the  city. 

Santerre  (son-tar').  A  former  small  division 
of  Picardy,  France,  now  divided  between  the 
departments  of  Oise  and  Somme.  Capital,  F6- 
ronne. 

Santerre,  Antoine  Joseph.  Bom  at  Paris, 
March  16, 1752:  died  Feb.  6,  1809.  A  French 
revolutionist  and  general.  He  took  an  active  part 
in  the  storming  of  the  Bastille  in  1789  and  the  overthrow 
of  the  monarchy  in  1792 ;  was  commander  of  the  national 
guard  of  Paris  in  1792-93;  fought  against  theVendeans  in 
1793 ;  and  was  imprisoned  1793-94. 

Santerre,  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom  at  Magny, 
Prance,  Jan.  1,  1658:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  21, 
1717.  A  French  genre-  and  jjortrait-painter. 
His  "  Susanna  Bathing"  (1704)  is  in  the  Louvre. 

Sant'  Bufemia  (sant  a-o-f a'me-a).  Gulf  of.  An 
arm  of  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  western  coast 
of  Calabria,  southern  Italy. 

San  Thiago.    See  SSo  Thiago. 

Santiago  (san-te-a'go).  [Sp.,  'Saint  James.'] 
A  province  in  the  central  part  of  Chile.  Area, 
5, 223  square  miles.    Population  (1894),  401,561. 

Santiago,  called  Santiago  de  Chile.  The  cap- 
ital of  Chile  and  of  the  province  of  Santiago,  in 
lat.  33°  27'  8.,  long.  70°  40'  W.,  on  the  Rio 
Mapocho.  It  is  the  most  populous  city  on  the  Pacific 
side  of  South  America,  and  has  many  public  institutions, 
including  a  university,  cathedral,  military,  art,  and  music 
schools,  national  library,  mint,  etc.  It  was  founded  by 
Pedro  de  Valdivia  in  1541.  Earthquakes  are  frequent, 
but  have  seldom  been  very  destructive.  On  Dec.  8, 1863, 
occurred  the  burning  of  the  Jesuit  church,  in  which  2,000 
people  perished.    Population  (1886),  189,332. 

Santiago,  or  Santiago  de  los  Caballeros  (da 

16s  ka-Bal-ya'ros).  [Sp., 'St.  James  of  the 
Knights.']   A  town  of  the  Dominican  Republic, 


S3o  Antao 

situated  on  the  Yaqui  87  miles  west  of  SamanA. 
It  is  the  richest  town  in  the  republic,  and  has  an  extensive 
trade,  especially  in  tobacco.    Population,  about  10,000. 

Santiago  de  Compostella  (da  kom-pos-tel'ya.) 
or  Compostela  (kom-pos-ta'la).  A  city  in  the 
province  of  Corunna,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
slope  of  Monte  Pedroso  in  lat.  42°  52'  N.,  long. 
8°  30'  W. :  famous  from  the  9th  century  as  con- 
taining the  relics  of  St.  James  the  Great,  it  is 
the  seat  of  an  archbishop,  one  of  the  chief  Spanish  prel- 
ates, and  has  a  university.  In  the  middle  ages  the  town 
was  one  of  the  principal  pilgrim  resorts  in  the  world.  It 
was  the  capital  of  ancient  Galicia.  Population  (1387), 
24,300. 

Santiago  de  Cuba  (da  kS'ba;  E.  kii'ba,),  often 
locally  called  Cuba  (ko'ba).  A  seaport,  the  cap- 
ital of  the  eastern  department  of  Cuba,  situated 
on  the  southern  coast  in  lat.  20°  N.,  long.  75° 
50'W.  It  exports  sugar,  coffee,  tobacco,  copper  ore,  etc. 
It  was  founded  in  1614,  and  for  several  years  was  the 
capital  of  the  island.  In  1873  it  was  the  scene  of  the 
execution  of  various  persons  on  the  Virginius  (which  see). 
It  surrendered  to  the  United  States  troops  July  17, 18»lj. 
The  campaign  lasted  from  June  20,  and  included  the 
battles  of  Las  Guasimas,  June  24,  and  of  San  Juan  and 
El   Caney,  July  1-2.     Population   (1899),  43,090. 

Santiago  del  Bstero  (del  es-ta'ro),  or  San- 
tiago. 1.  A  province  in  the  interior  of  the  Ar- 
gentine Republic,  between  C6rdoba  and  the  ter- 
ritory of  Ohaco.  Area,  39,500  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1895),  160,445.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Santiago  del  Estero,  situated  on 
the  Rio  Dulce  about  lat.  27°  45'  S.  Popula- 
tion, about  15,000. 

Santillana  (san-tel-yS;'na),  Marquis  of  (Inigo 
Lopez  de  Mendoza).  Bom  at  Carrion  de  loa 
Condes,  Spain,  Aug.  19,  1398 :  died  at  Guadala- 
jara, Spain,  March  25,  1458.  A  Spanish  poet, 
distinguished  in  the  military  and  political  ser- 
vice of  Castile.  Among  his  works  are  the  didactic  dia- 
logue  poem  "Bias  contra  fortuna";  "Los  proverbios,"  a 
collection  of  rimed  proverbs  made  at  the  request  of  John 
II.,  printed  in  1496  (he  made  another  collection,  first 
printed  In  1608,  which  were  not  rimed) ;  the  "Comedieta 
de  Ponza,"  a  dramatic  poem  ;  and  serranillas. 

Santillana  de  la  Mar  (da  la  mar).  A  small 
town  in  Spain,  west  of  Santander,  near  the  Bay 
of  Biscay :  birthplace  of  Gil  Bias  in  Le  Sage's 
novel  of  that  name. 

Santley  (sant'li),  Charles.  Bom  at  Liverpool, 
Feb.  28, 1834.  An  English  barytone  singer.  He 
sang  with  success  in  the  Dnited  States  in  1871. 

Santlow  (sant'lo),  Hester,  See  under  Booth, 
Barton. 

Santo  Antonio  (Cape  Verd).    See  SSo  Ant&o. 

Santo  Domingo.    See  Dominican  BepuUic. 

Santo  Domingo  (san'to  do-meng'go).  The  cap- 
ital of  the  Dominican  Republic,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Ozama  River,  in  lat.  18°  28'  N., 
long.  69°  53'  W.  It  was  founded  by  Bartholomew  Co- 
lumbus in  1496,  and  is  the  oldest  European  city,  and  was 
long  the  most  important  place,  in  the  New  World.  It 
was  sacked  by  Su?  Francis  Drake  in  1686.  Population, 
26,000. 

Santo  Domingo.  A  name  often  given  to  the 
island  of  Haiti  (which  see). 

Santo  Domingo,  Audience  of.  A  Spanish  high 
court  and  governing  body  at  Santo  Domingo.  It 
was  established  in  1511,  being  the  first  audience  in  the 
New  World :  until  1628  its  jurisdiction  included  all  of 
Spanish  America.  Cortes  derived  his  first  legal  authority 
from  it,  as  did  Gil  Gonzalez  Davila  and  other  conquerors. 
Later  this  audience  became  subordinate  to  that  of  Mexico. 
It  existed  as  a  legal  tribunal  until  the  union  of  Santo  Do- 
mingo with  HaitL 

Santo Espiritu (san'to es-pe're-to).  [Sp., 'holy 
spirit.']    A  town  on  the  southern  coast  of  Cuba. 

Santorin  (san-to-ren').  An  island  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  Cyelades,  belonging  to  Greece, 
situated  in  lat.  36°  25'  N.,  long.  25°  27'  E. :  the 
ancientThera.  Capital,  Thira.  It  rises  steeply  from 
the  sea,  and  is  celebrated  aa  a  center  of  great  volcanic 
activity.  Eruptions  caused  the  appearance  of  the  islets 
Palsea  Kaumene  in  199  or  196  B.  0.,  Mikra  Kaumene  in 
1573,  and  Nea  Kaumene  in  1707.  It  sent  forth  the  colony 
of  Cyrene  in  631  B.  0.  It  produces  wine  and  pozzuolana. 
Length,  10  miles.    Population  (1889),  17,382. 

Santos  (san'tgs).  A  seaport  of  the  state  of  Sao 
Paulo,  Brazil,  situated  on  Santos  Bay  in  lat. 
23°  56'  S. ,  long.  46°  19'  W.  As  a  coflee-shipping  port 
it  is  second  only  to  Elo  de  Janeiro.  Epidemics  of  yellow 
fever  are  frequent  and  often  severe.  Population,  about 
16,000. 

Santos  (sSn'tos),  Juan.  Died  about  1760.  A 
Peruvian  Indian  who  claimed  to  be  a  descen- 
dant of  the  ancient  sovereigns  of  Peru,  and  took 
the  name  Apu  Inea.  He  led  an  insurrection  in  1741- 
1748,  and  subsequently  lived  as  a  bandit  in  the  eastern 
mountains. 

San  Vito  (sSn  ve'to).  Cape.  A  cape  which 
forms  the  northwestern  extremity  of  Sicily. 

Sao  Antao  (san  an-tan').  [Pg., '  St.  Anthony.'] 
The  most  northwesterly  of  the  Cape  Verd  Isl- 
ands, west  of  Africa,  it  is  mountainous  and  fertile. 
Population,  about  20,000.  Also  written  Son  AntSo,  San 
Antonio,  and  Santo  Antonio. 


Sao  Francisco 

Sao  Francisco  (san  fran-ses'k^).  [Pg.,  'St. 
Francis.']  A  river  in  eastern  Brazil,  it  rises  in 
Mlnas  Geraes,  traverses  Bahia  (separating  Pemambuoo), 
separates  Alagoaa  and  Sergipe,  and  flows  into  the  Atlantic 
in  lat.  10°  25'  S.  The  chief  tributaries  are  the  flio  das 
Velhas,  Verde  Grande,  and  Piracatii.  Length,  about  1,800 
miles ;  navigable  below  the  cataract  of  Paulo  Affonso  160 
miles,  and  for  several  hundred  miles  above  it. 

Sao  Francisco.  A  small  island  on  the  coast 
of  the  state  of  Santa  Catharina,  Brazil  (to 
which  it  belongs),  in  lat.  26°  14'  S. 

Sao  Jorge  (san  zhor'zhe),  or  St.  George.  [Pg., 
'  St.  Greorge.']  One  of  the  Azores  Islands, 
west  of  Teroeira.    Area,  94  square  miles. 

Sao  Jose  do  Rio  Negro.  See  Mo  Negro,  SSo  Jos4 
do. 

Sao  Leopoldo  (sanl§-o-p61'd§).  Atown  in  the 
state  of  Bio  Grande  do  ISul,  southern  Brazil, 
situated  on  the  Sinos  28'miles  north  of  Porto 
Alegre.  There  is  a  population  of  from  3,000  to  4,000, 
chiefly  German  colonists,  forming  the  center  of  a  German 
district  of  about  30,000. 

Sao  Miguel  (san  me-gel').  The  Portuguese 
name  ot  St.  Michael. 

Saona  (sa-6'na).  A  small  island  in  the  West  In- 
dies, near  the  southeastern  extremity  of  the  Do- 
minican Kepuhlie,  to  which  it  belongs. 

Sadne  (son).  The  principal  tributary  of  the 
Bhone :  the  Roman  Arar.  it  rises  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Vosges,  and  joins  the  Rhone  at  Lyons.  The  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Doubs  and  Ognon.  It  is  connected  by 
canals  with  the  Loire,  Seine,  and  Shine.  Length,  280  miles ; 
navigable  from  Gray. 

Sadne,  Haute-.    See  Saute-Sadne, 

Sadne-et-Loire  (son'a-lwar')-  A  depariiment 
of  France,  capital  M&eon,  formed  from  part  of 
the  ancient  Burgundy.  It  is  bounded  by  C6te-d'0r 
on  the  north,  Jiua  and  Ain  on  the  east,  Ain,  B,h6ne,  and 
Loire  on  the  south,  and  Allier  and  Nifevre  on  the  west,  and  is 
traversed  by  a  low  range  of  mountains.  Agriculture  and 
manufactures  are  in  a  flourishing  condition.  Wine  and 
coal  are  among  the  chief  products.  Area,  3,302  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  619,623. 

Sao  Paulo  (san  pou'18).  [Pg., '  St.  Paul.']  1. 
A  maritime  state  of  southern  Brazil,  lying 
south  of  Minas  Greraes  and  northeast  of  ParanA. 
It  is  the  principal  coifee-producing  state,  and  one  of  the 
richest  and  most  populous  in  the  empire.  Area,  112,330 
square  miles.  Population  (1888),  1,306,272. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Sao  Paulo,  Bra- 
zil, situated  in  lat.  23°  33'  S.,  long.  46°  39'  W. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  cities  of  southern  Brazil, 
and  contains  several  professional  schools.  Originally  it 
was  an  Indian  village  (Piratininga)  in  which  the  Jesuit 
Anchleta  founded  a  mission,  1664.  It  l)ecame  the  capital 
of  the  captaincy  in  1681.    Population  (1892),  100,000. 

Sao  Paulo  de  Loanda.    See  Loanda. 

S3o  Pedro.    See  Mio  Grande  do  Sul. 

Sao  Roque  (san  ro'ka),  or  Saint  RocLue  (sant 
rok).  Cape.  A  low  headland  of  the  Brazilian 
coast  (state  of  Eio  Grande  do  Norte),  in  lat.  5° 
29'  15"  S.,  long.  35°  14'  1"  W.  (Mouehez).  it  is 
improperly  called  a  cape,  as  there  is  hardly  any  projection. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  easterly  points  of  continental  Amer- 
ica. The  extreme  eastern  point  is  Ponta  de  Pedras  in  Per- 
nambuco  (lat.  7°  35'  24"  S.,  long.  34°  46'  42"  W.),  146  miles 
further  to  the  south. 

Sao  ROQ.ue.  A  town  in  Brazil,  situated  32  miles 
west-southwest  of  Sao  Paulo. 

Sao  Salvador.    See  BaMa. 

Sao  Salvador,  or  Ambassi  (am-ba'se),  or  Kon- 
go (kong'go).  The  capital  of  the  native  king- 
dom of  Kongo,  and  one  of  the  chief  towns  of 
the  district  of  Kongo  in  the  province  of  Angola. 
Famous  and  flourishing  in  the  16th  century,  it  defined 
after  the  rise  of  Loanda.  Of  late  years  it  has  reassumed 
some  commercial  importance. 

Sao  Salvador  da  Bahia.    See  Bahia. 

Sao  Thiago(sarite-a'g6).  [Pg.,  'Saint  James.'] 
The  largest  of  the  Cape  Verd  Islands,  west  of 
Africa.  The  surface  is  hilly.  Porto  Praia  is  the  chief 
place.  Area,  360  square  miles.  Population,  about  40,000. 
Also  San  TMago. 

Sao  Thom6  (to-ma' ),  Cape.  A  cape  on  the  coast 
of  Brazil,  in  lat.  22°_S.,long.  40°  59'  "W. 

Sao  Vicente  (san  ve-sen'te).  One  of  the  Cape 
Verd  Islands,  west  of  Africa. 

Sao  Vicente.  A  colonial  captaincy  of  Brazil, 
formed  in  1534.  It  corresponded  to  the  coast  from  a 
point  45  miles  north  of  Cape  Frio  southward  to  the  river 
Paranagui,  now  in  Parand.  Subsequently  it  was  extended 
southward  and  westward  to  the  limits  of  Brazil.  From  it 
were  successively  out  off  the  captaincies  (now  states)  of  Rio 
de  Janeiro  (1668),  Minas  Geraes  (1720),  Santa  Catharina 
(then  embracing  Rio  Grande  do  Sul)  (1738),  and  Goyaz 
and  Matto  Grosso  (1748).  In  1681  the  capital  was  removed 
to  SSo  Paulo,  and  the  captaincy  soon  became  known  by  the 
name  of  that  city,  which  it  has  since  retained  as  a  province 
and  state.  (See  SHo  Paulo.)  Parani  was  separated  from 
it  in  1853. 

Sapelo  (sa-pe'16)  Island.  An  island  on  the 
coast  of  Georgia,  belonging  to  Mcintosh  County, 
42  miles  south  by  west  of  Savannah.  Length, 
12  miles. 

Sapho  Csa-fo').  A  name  by  which  the  novel- 
0.— 87 


897 

1st  Mademoiselle  de  Scud6rywas  known  among 
her  intimate  friends.    See  Sappho. 

Sapho.  [It.  Saffo.]  An  opera  by  Gounod,  first 
produced  at  Paris  in  1851,  and  with  alterations 
in  1884. 

Sapienza  (sa-pe-en'tsa).  A  small  island  off  the 
southwest  coast  of  Messenia,  Greece,  to  which 
it  belongs :  one  of  the  ancient  CEnussffi  Islands. 

Sapor  (sa'por)  I.,  or  Shapur  (sha-p6r').  King 
of  Persia  242  (240?  239?)-about  272,  son  of 
Ardashir.  He  waged  war  with  the  Bomans  and 
took  prisoner  the  emperor  Valerian,  and  was 
defeated  by  Odenathus. 

Sapor  II.,  surnamed  "  The  Great.''  King  of 
Persia  from  about  310  to  880  (381  ?).  He  waged 
war  against  the  Arabs ;  was  for  many  years  at  war  with 
Rome ;  and  defeated  Constantius  in  348.  He  unsuccess- 
fully besieged  Nisibis  and  other  cities.  Persia  was  in- 
vaded by  Julian  362-363,  who  was  repulsed  and  died  in  the 
retreat.  By  peace  with  Jovian,  Persia  obtained  territory 
east  of  the  Tigris,  including  Nisibis,  Singara,  etc.  Sapor 
II.  conquered  Armenia  and  persecuted  the  Christians. 

Sapor  III.  King  of  Persia  from  about  384  to 
about  389,  son  of  Sapor  II. 

Saporogians  (sa-p6-r6'ji-anz).  A  warlike  di- 
vision of  the  Cossacks,  who  formerly  dwelt 
along  the  lower  Dnieper.  Th^  were  compelled  to 
remove  in  the  18th  centuiy  to  the  Crimea,  and  later  to  the 
Kuban,  etc.    Also  Zaporogians. 

Sappa  (sap'a)  Creek.  A  river  in  northwestern 
Kansas  and"  southern  Nebraska,  it  is  formed  by 
the  union  of  its  North  and  South  Forks,  and  joins  Beaver 
Creek  (a  tributary  of  the  Republican  River)  about  long. 
99°  35'  W.    Length,  about  175  mUes. 

Sapphira  (sa-fi'ra).  In  New  Testament  his- 
tory, a  woman  who,  with  her  husband  Ananias, 
was  struck  dead  for  lying. 

Sappho  (saf '6).  [Gr.  SoTn^ii,  P.  Sa^^ho,  It.  Saf- 
/o.]  A  Greek  lyric  poet  who  flourished  about 
600  B.  C.  She  appears  to  have  been  a  native  of  Myti- 
lene,  in  Lesbos,  where  she  probably  spent  her  life.  Ac- 
cording to  Suidas,  her  father's  name  was  Scamandronymus, 
her  mother's  Cleis.  She  had  a  brother,  Larichus,  who  in 
his  youth  acted  as  cup-bearer  in  the  prytaneum  of  Myti- 
lene,  an  office  assigned  only  to  beautiful  youths  of  noble 
birth.  Another  brother,  Charaxus,  a  merchant,  became 
enamoured  of  the  courtezan  and  slave  Doricha,  surnamed 
Rhodopis,  at  Naucratis,  in  Fgypt^  and  purchased  her 
freedom  at  an  immense  price.  So  much  is  known  of  the 
brothers  from  Sappho's  poems.  She  also  mentions  a 
daughter,  named  Cleis.  Her  husband's  name  is  said  to 
have  been  Cercolas  or  Cercylas  of  Andros.  She  was  a 
contemporary  of  Alcseus,  with  whom  she  maintained 
friendly  relations,  and  with  whom  she  shared  the  suprem- 
acy of  the  ^olian  school  of  lyric  poetry.  She  appears  to 
have  given  instruction  in  the  art  of  versification,  and  to 
have  been  the  center  of  a  literary  coterie  of  women. 
There  is  no  foundation  for  the  story  that  she  threw  herself 
from  the  Leucadian  promontory  into  the  sea,  out  of  love 
for  a  beautiful  youth,  Phaon,  who  disdained  her  advances. 
She  wrote  nine  books  of  lyric  poems,  all  of  which  are  lost 
except  an  ode  to  Aphrodite  and  a  number  of  fragments. 
She  was  called  "the  tenth  Muse." 

Among  the  ancients  Sappho  enjoyed  a  unique  renown. 
She  was  called  **The,  Poetess,"  as  Homer  was  called  "  The 
Poet."  Aristotle  quoted  without  question  a  judgment 
that  placed  her  in  the  same  rank  as  Homer  and  Archilo- 
chus.  Plato,  in  the  Phsedrus,  mentioned  her  as  the  tenth 
Muse.  Symonds,  Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets,  I.  309. 

Sappho  of  Toulouse,  The.    CMmenee  Isaure. 

Sappho's  Leap  (saf'oz  lep).  A  steep  cliff  in 
the  southwestern  extremity  of  Leuoas  (Santa 
Maura),  Ionian  Islands:  so  called  from  the  tradi- 
tion that  Sappho,  for  love  of  Phaon,  threw  her- 
self from  it  into  the  sea. 

Sarahat  (sa-ra-baf).  A  modem  name  of  the 
river  Hermus. 

Saracens  (sar'a-senz).  [Ar., ' easterns,'  'orien- 
tals.'] Originally  the  name  of  a  predatory  Arab 
tribe  (the  Saraceni)  which  harassed  the  Eoman 
frontiers,  afterward  applied  in  a  broader  sense 
to  the  Bedouins,  later  the  designation  of  the 
Arab  followers  of  Mohammed,  who  established 
the  great  realm  of  the  califs,  and  finally^  a 
name  embracing  the  Moslems  in  general  with 
whom  the  medieval  Christian  states  Were  at 
war,  including  the  enemies  encountered  in  the 
Crusades.  The  Saracens  conquered  Syria,  Palestine, 
Persia;  and  Egypt  between  634  and  641 ;  completed  the  con- 
quest of  northern  Africa  in  709 ;  invaded  Spain  in  711,  and 
soon  conquered  it;  invaded  France,  and  were  overthrown 
at  Poitiers  in  732.  Their  subsequent  conquests  included 
that  of  Sicily  in  827-878.  The  disruption  of  their  realm  be- 
gan with  the  establishment  of  the  kingdom  (later  calif- 
ate)  of  Cordova  in  756. 

Saracus  (sar'a-kus).  [Gr.  2apa/cof.]  The  name 
of  the  last  Assyrian  king,  Sin-shar-ishkun. 

SaragOSsa  (sar-a-gos'a).  A  province  of  Aragon, 
Spain.  It  is  bounded  by  Navarre  on  the  north,  Huesca, 
Lerida,  and  Tarragona  on  the  east,  Teruel  and  Guadalajara 
on  the  south,  and  Soria  and  Navarre  on  the  west ;  is  trav- 
ersed  by  the  Abro;  and  is  mountainous  in  the  north 
and  west.  Area,  6,607  square  miles.  Population  (1887), 
415,195. 

Saragossa,  Sp.  Zaragoza  (tha-ra-go'tha),  F. 
SaragOSSe  (sa-ra-gos').  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Saragossa,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Ebro,  at  its  junction  with  the  Huerva,  in  lat. 


Saratoff 

41°  39'  N.,  long.  0°  58'  W.  It  has  considerable  trade. 
The  principal  objects  of  note  are  the  two  cathedrals 
(founded  in  the  14th  and  17th  centuries  respectively),  uni- 
ver8ity(founded  1474),leaningtower  (Torre  Nueva),  bourse, 
and  citadel.  The  ancient  name  of  the  town  (Salduba)  was 
changed  by  the  Romans  to  Csesaraugusta  (whence  the 
modem  name).  It  was  taken  by  northern  invaders  in  the 
6th  century ;  became  important  after  its  conquest  by  the 
Moors  in  the  8th  century ;  and  was  regained  by  the  Chris- 
tians under  Alfonso  I.  in  1118,  becoming  the  capital  of 
Aragon.  Philip  V.  was  defeated  here  in  1710.  It  was 
twice  besieged  by  the  French  in  1808.  The  first  siege  be- 
gan in  June,  the  French  being  commanded  by  Lefebvre 
(later  by  Verdierji  and  the  defenders  by  Palafox;  the  French 
raised  the  siege  in  Aug.  The  second  siege  began  in  Dec, 
the  French  being  commanded  by  Moncey  and  Mortier 
(later  by  Lannes),  and  the  Spanish  by  PalitCox ;  the  town 
capitulated,  after  an  obstinate  defense  (with  prolonged 
house-to-house  fighting),  Feb.  21, 1809.  Population  (1887), 
92,407. 

Saragossa,  Maid  of.    See  Agustina. 

Sarah  (sa'ra).  [Heb., 'princess.']  In  Old  Tes- 
tament history,  the  wife  of  Abraham  and  mother 
of  Isaac.  Her  name  was  at  first  Sarai  (Heb., 
probably  'contentious'). 

Sarai  (sa-ri'),  or  Serai  (sa-ri'),  A  medieval 
city,  capital  of  the  kianate  of  Kiptchak.  its  ruins 
are  in  the  government  of  Astrakhan,  Russia,  along  the 
Akhtuba  branch  of  the  Volga,  near  Zarevka. 

Sarakhs  (sa-rachs').  A  Persian  fort  on  the  Eus- 
sian  frontier,  situated  near  the  Tejend,  east- 
northeast  of  Meshhed,  and  62  miles  southwest 
of  Merv.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Eussians  in. 
1884. 

Sarama  (sa-ra'ma).  In  the  Bi^veda,  a  dog,  a 
messenger  of  Indra  and  the  Angirases,  who  dis- 
covers the  place  where  the  Panis  have  hidden 
the  stolen  cows  of  Indra,  and  recovers  them. 
Adalbert  Kuhn,  the  first  comparative  student  of  the  myth, 
concluded  that  Sarama  meant  *  storm.'  Max  Muller  regards 
her  as  the  dawn,  and  identifies  her  with  the  Homeric  Helen. 

Saramaca,  or  Saramacca  (sa-ra-mak'ka).  A 
river  in  Dutch  Guiana,  flowing  into  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean  47  miles  west-northwest  of  Parama- 
ribo.   Length,  over  200  miles. 

Saran.    See  Sarun. 

Saranac  (sar'a-nak)  Lake,  Lower,  A  lake  in 
the  Adirondaeis,  east  of  Upper  Saranac  Lake, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  Bound  Lake. 
Length,  6  miles.  > 

Saranac  Lake,  Upper.  A  lake  in  Franklin 
County,  New  York,  in  the  Adirondaeks  64 
miles  southeast  of  Ogdensburg.  Length,  Smiles. 

Saranac  River.  A  river  in  northeastern  New 
Tork  which  issues  from  Lower  Saranac  Lake 
and  flows  into  Lake  Champlain  at  Plattsburg. 
Length,  about  65  mUes. 

Sarapis.    See  Serapis. 

Sarasate  y  Navascues  Tsa-ra-sa'ta  e  na-vas'- 
ko-as),  Pablo  Martin  Meliton.  Bom  at  Pam- 
plona, Spain,  March  10,  1844.  A  noted  Spanish 
violinist.  He  was  taken  to  Paris  as  a  child,  and  entered 
the  Conservatoire  in  1866.  Shortly  after  1859  he  began 
successful  concert  tours.  He  has  visited  aU  parts  of  Eu- 
rope and  many  parts  of  North  and  South  America.  He 
has  composed  a  number  of  fantasias,  arrangements  of 
Spanish  airs  and  dances,  etc. 

Sarasota  Bay  (sa-ra-so'ta  ba).  An  inlet  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a 
chain  of  keys,  situated  on  the  western  coast  of 
Florida  south  of  Tampa  Bay.  Length,  about 
30  miles. 

Sarasvati.(sa'ras-wa-te).  [Skt.,  'rich  in  wa- 
ters.'] 1 .  In  the  Eigveda,  the  name  of  a  mighty 
river  emptying  into  the  sea  (conjectured  by 
Both  to  be  the  Indus),  and  of  its  genius,  who 
protects  the  dwellers  upon  its  banks,  and  be- 
stows upon  them  blessings  of  every  kind.  Roth 
regards  Sarasvati  as  the  special  and  sacred,  Sindhu  as  the 
general  and  profane,  name  of  the  stream,  and  thinks  that 
its  name  and  sacred  attributes  were  transferred  in  later 
times  to  the  little  river  in  Madhyadesha,  to  which  in  his 
opinion  the  description  in  the  Rigveda  cannot  with  prob- 
ability be  applied. 

3.  Several  times  in  the  Eigveda,  and  very  often 
in  the  later  literature,  a  little  river,  regarded  as 
sacred,  that  with  the  Drishadvati  forms  the 
boundaries  of  Brahmavarta,  and  is  lost  in  the 
sand,  but  at  last,  according  to  the  view  of  the 
Hindus,  running  on  under  the  earth,  unites  it- 
self with  the  Gangesandthe  Jumna.  Muir("Ori- 
ginal  Sanskrit  Texts,'  V.  337-348)  refers  the  name  only  to 
the  latter  river,  and  explains  the  development  of  the  idea 
of  the  goddess.  The  region  between  the  Sarasvati  and 
the  Drishadvati,  called  Brahmavarta,  having  long  been  a 
stronghold  of  Brahmanlc  culture,  the  Sarasvati  became  to 
the  early  Indians  what  the  Ganges  has  been  to  their  de- 
scendants ;  hence  the  Sarasvati  personified  became  the 
patroness  of  sacrifice,  and  was  imagined  to  have  a  part  in 
the  composition  of  the  hymns  and  so  identified  with  Vach, 
the  goddess  of  speech.  As  Brahma  is  essentially  in  origin 
the  personification  of  the  Brahmanic  order  and  of  Brah* 
manism,  Sarasvati  is  Brahma's  wife. 

Saratof[  (sa-ra'tof).  1.  A  government  of  east- 
em  Eussia.  It  is  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Volga,  and 
is  surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Penza,  Simbirsk,  Sa- 
mara, Astrakhan,  the  province  of  the  Don  Cossaeks,  Voro- 


Saratoff 

nech,  and  XamboS.  There  is  plateau  land  in  the  north  and 
steppes  in  the  sonth.  The  soil  is  fertile.  Area,  32,624 
square  miles.  Population  (1890),  2,427,600. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Saratoff, 
situated  on  the  Volga  about  lat.  51°  30'  N., 
long.  45°  45'  E.  it  is  one  of  the  chief  commercial  cities 
in  Russia,  with  a  trade  in  corn,  tallonr,  salt,  wood,  etc.,  and 
has  various  manufactures.  It  was  founded  on  its  present 
site  about  1605.    Population  (1897) ,  133,116. 

Saratoga.    See  Saratoga  Springs. 

Saratoga  (sar-a-to'ga),  Battles  of.  Two  bat- 
tles in  the  American  Revolution,  fought  near  the 
Hudson  12  miles  east  of  Saratoga  Springs.  The 
first  was  an  indecisive  battle  between  the  British  under 
Burgoyne  and  the  Americans  under  Gates  (with  Morgan 
and  Arnold  under  him),  fought  Sept.  19,  1777.  The  sec- 
ond was  a  decisive  victory  of  the  Americans  over  the  Brit- 
ish (both  armies  under  the  above-mentioned  commanders), 
Oct.  7, 1777 :  it  was  followed  by  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne 
and  his  army  (about  6, 000)  to  the  Americans,  Oct.  17.  These 
are  called  also  the  battles  of  Stillwater  or  of  Bemis's 
Heights. 

Saratoga  Lake.  A  lake  in  Saratoga  County, 
New  York,  4  miles  east  of  Saratoga  Springs. 
Length,  about  5  miles. 

Saratoga  Springs.  A  village  and  watering- 
place  in  Saratoga  County,  New  York,  29  miles 
north  ot  Albany,  it  is  one  of  the  principal  summer 
resorts  in  the  United  States.  It  has  mineral  springs  (chaly- 
beate, sulphur,  etc.).    Population  (1900),  12,409. 

Saravia,  Antonio  Gonzales  de.  See  MolUnedo 
y  Saravia. 

Saravia,  Melchor  Bravo  de.  See  Bravo  de  Sa- 
ravia Sotomayor. 

Sarawak  (sa-rS-wak').  A  British  protectorate 
in  the  western  part  of  Borneo.  Capital,  Ku- 
ching.  Its  surface  is  largely  hilly.  It  produces  sago, 
etc.,  and  has  mines  of  gold,  coal,  antimony,  quicksilver, 
etc.  The  government  is  an  absolute  monarchy,  vested  in 
the  Brooke  family.  It  was  formerly  subject  to  Brunei. 
It  was  first  visited  by  Sir  James  Brooke  in  1839-40 ;  he  was 
appointed  governor  in  1841,  and  rajah  In  1842.  Sarawak 
was  recognized  by  Great  Britain  as  independent  in  1868. 
In  1888  it  was  placed  under  British  protection.  Area, 
abaut41,000  square  miles.    Population,  about  300,000. 

Sarawan  (sa-ra-wan').  A  district  in  northern 
Baluchistan,  situated  north  and  west  of  Khelat. 

Sarcey  (sar-sa'),  Francisque.  Bom  at  Dour- 
dan,  Seine-et-Oise,  Oct.  8,  1828 :  died  at  Paris, 
May  16,  1899.  A  French  dramatic  critic  and 
novelist.  He  graduated  from  the  Lyc^e  Charlemagne 
in  Paris,  and  entered  the  Ecole  Normale,  where  he  pre- 
pared himself  for  a  professor's  career.  After  teaching 
in  the  provinces,  he  came  to  Paris  in  1859  on  leave  of  ab- 
sence for  one  year,  and  tried  his  hand  at  journalism.  He 
contributed  to  the  "Figaro  "  and  other  papers,  and  in  1860 
resigned  his  professorship  to  become  dramatic  critic  on 
**  L'Opinion  Kationale,"  which  had  just  been  founded.  He 
was  employed  in  the  same  capacity  on  *'  Le  Temps  "  after 
1867.  For  three  or  four  years  he  contributed  frequently  to 
a  new  paper,  "Le  Gaulois,"  started  in  1S68.  Prom  that 
time  he  was  actively  connected  with  "  Le  XIX«)  Sifecle,"  be- 
Bides  writing  incidentally  for  "Le  Gagne-Petit,"  "L'Es- 
tafette,"  "  La  Prance,"  etc.  Sarcey's  most  important  work 
is  in  the  line  of  dramatic  criticism.  In  the  course  of  his 
long  and  successful  career  he  appeared  repeatedly  as  a 
polemical  writer  in  defense  of  his  own  views  and  opin- 
ions. He  is  known  furthermore  as  the  author  of  a  few 
novels  and  other  compositions,  including  "  Le  nouveau 
seigneur  de  village  "  (1862),  "  Le  mot  et  la  chose  "  (1862), 
"Le  si6ge  de  Paris"  (1871),  "Etienne  Moret"  (1876),  "Le 
piano  de  Jeanne"  (1876),  "Com^diens  et  comediennes" 
(first  series  1876-77;  second  series  1878-84),  "Lesmisferes 
d'un  fonctionnaire  chinois**  (1882),  *' Souvenirs  de  jeu- 
nesse "  (1885),"  Souvenirs  d'^ge  miir"  (1892),  and  the  second 
volume  of  " Paris-vivant,"  entitled  "Le  th^&tre"  (1893). 

Sarci  (sar'se).  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians, an  offshoot  of  the  Tsa  ottine  or  Beaver, 
and  one  of  the  tribes  of  the  Montagnards.  It  is 
now  confederated  with  the  Siksika  or  Blackfeet  of  the  Al- 
gonquian  stock.    See  Montagnards. 

Sardanapalus.    See  Asurbanipal. 

Sardanapalus.  A  tragedy  by  Lord  Byron,  pub- 
lished in  1821.  Macready  produced  it,  and 
played  the  principal  part. 

Sardes.    See  Sardis. 

Sardinia  (sar-din'i-a).  A  former  kingdom,  con- 
stituted in  1720  oiit  of  the  duchy  of  Savoy,  to 
which  the  island  of  Sardinia  had  just  been  ceded. 
It  comprised  Savoy  proper,  Nice,  Aosta,  Montf errat.  Pied- 
mont. Genoa,  and  the  island  of  Sardinia.  It  made  acqui- 
sitions from  Milan  in  1736  and  1748 ;  joined  the  Allies 
against  France  in  the  French  Revolution ;  lost  dominions 
on  the  mainland  to  France  in  1798,  and  recovered  them  in 
1814.  An  insurrection  in  1821  was  suppressed  with  the 
aid  of  Austria  King  Charles  Albert  was  at  war  with 
Austria  in  1848-49 ;  was  defeated  at  Novara,  March  23, 
1849 ;  and  immediately  abdicated  in  favor  of  Victor  Em- 
manuel The  leading  more  recent  events  are  the  follow- 
ing :  accession  of  Cavour  to  the  premiership,  1852 ;  union 
with  the  Allies  against  Russia  in  the  Crimean  war,  1855 ; 
successful  war  in  alliance  with  France  against  Austria 
ended  by  the  treaty  of  Villafranca,  1869;  Lombardy  an- 
nexed, 1859 ;  Savoy  and  Nice  ceded  to  France,  1860 ;  Emilia, 
Tuscany,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  Papal  States  annexed, 
1860 ;  kingdom  of  Naples  invaded  by  Garibaldi  and  an- 
nexed, 1860 ;  title  of  king  of  Italy  assumed  by  Victor  Em- 
manuel, 1881.    See  Savoy  and  Italy. 

Sardinia,  It.  Sardegna  (sar-dan'ya),  P.  Sar- 
daigne(sar-dany'),Sp.Cerde5a(ther-dan'ya). 
An  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  belonging  to 


898 

Italy:  the  ancient  Greek  Ichnousa  C^x^ovaa) 
and  Sardo  {'SapSa),  and  the  Boman  Sardinia. 
Capital,  Cagliari.  it  lies  south  of  Corsica  (separated 
by  the  Strait  of  Bonifacio),  and  about  150  miles  west  of  the 
mainland  of  Italy.  Its  surface  is  largely  mounteinous, 
particularlyin  theeast  (highest  point,over6,000feet).Ithas 
mineral  wealth  in  the  south  (lead,  zinc,  iron,  silver,  etc.). 
The  leading  exports  are  ores  and  live  stock.  It  is  divided 
into  the  two  provinces  of  Sassari  and  Cagliari.  It  was 
settled  and  conquered  by  the  Cai'thai^inians  about  600  B.  c. ; 
became  a  Roman  possession  in  238 ;  was  one  of  Uie  chief 
sources  of  grain-supply  for  Rome ;  was  ravaged  by  the  Van- 
dals, Goths,  and  Saracens  (the  Fisans  dispossessing  the 
Saracens  about  the  middle  of  the  11th  century) ;  passed  to 
Aragon  about  1325 ;  continued  Spanish  until  granted  by 
the  treaty  of  Utrecht  to  Austria  in  1713 ;  was  ceded  to 
Savoy  in  1720 ;  and  became  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Sar- 
dinia, and  in  1861  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy.  Area,  9,294 
square  miles.  Population  of  compartimento(lS91X  731,467. 

Sardinian  Convention.  A  convention  between 
Sardinia,  France,  and  Great  Britain,  Jan.,  1855, 
by  which  Sardinia  agreed  to  furnish  a  military 
contingent  against  Eussia  in  the  Crimean  war. 

Sardis  (sar'dis),  or  Sardes  (sar'dez).  [Gr. 
Sdpfc?,  2(ipJ(f  ]  In  ancient  geography,  the  capi- 
tal of  Lydia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  Tmolus,  on  the  Pactolus  near  the  Her- 
mus,  in  lat.  38°  29'  N.,  long.  28°  5'  E.  it  was  a 
fiourishing  city  under  Croesus ;  was  taken  by  the  Athenians 
and  lonians  from  the  Persians  about  498  B.  c;  was  the 
residence  of  Persian  satraps  in  western  Asia ;  and  was  later 
an  importantRoman  city.  Its  church  was  one  of  the  seven 
addressed  by  the  apostle  John  in  Revelation.  Sardis  was 
several  times  destroyed,  last  by  Tiraur.  Its  site  is  occu- 
pied by  the  village  Sart.  The  tomb  of  Alyattes  here  is  a 
conical  tumulus  1,180  feet  in  diameter  and  142  high,  with 
a  sloping  base-revetment  of  massive  masonry.  The  temple 
of  Cybele,  a  famous  sanctuary,  in  its  existing  remains  of 
Hellenistic  date,  was  an  Ionic  dipteros  of  8  by  17  cohimns, 
with  3  ranges  of  columns  on  the  fronts  and  measured  144 
by  261  feet.  The  columns  are  6^  feetin  diameter  and  about 
68^  high. 

Sardona  (sar-do'na).  A  group  of  the  Glamer 
Alps,  on  the  confines  of  the  cantons  of  Glarus, 
St.  (Sail,  and  Grisons,  Switzerland.  Height, 
about  10,000  feet. 

Sardou  (sar-do'),  Victorien.  Born  at  Paris, 
Sept.  7, 1831.  A  noted  French  dramatist.  His 
extreme  poverty  as  a  young  man  compelled  him  to  give  up 
his  medical  studies.  In  1854  he  wrote  a  play,  "Lataveme 
des  etudiauts,"  which  proved  a  complete  failure.  Discour- 
aged and  broken  down  in  health,  he  fell  dangerously  ill. 
He  was  cared  for  by  a  charitable  neighbor.  Mademoiselle 
de  Br^court,  whom  he  subsequently  married,  and  who  was 
largely  instrumental  in  restoring  his  enthusiasm  for  dra- 
matic writing.  A  fortunate  introduction  into  theatrical 
circles  enabled  him  to  place  his  plays :  his  first  success 
may  be  said  to  date  from  his  productions  of  "M.  Garat" 
and  "Les  pr^s  Saint-Ger\'ais  "  (1860-61).  Among  his  numer- 
ous plays  are  the  comedies  "Les  pattes  de  mouche"  (1861), 
"Nos  intimes"(1861),  "La  familleBenolton"  (1865),  "Les 
bona  viIlageois"(1866),  "  Maison  neuve"  (1866),  "Ferr^ol" 
(1875),  "Dora"(1877),  "DanielRochat"(1880),  "Divorfons" 
(1880),  "Odette"  (1881),  "Georgette"  (1885),  "Marquise" 
(1889),  and  "Belle-Maman"  (1889).  He  is  also  the  author  of 
"  Rabagas  "  (1871),  a  political  satire ;  "  L'Onole  Sam  "  (187S), 
a  satire  on  American  society;  "Les  bourgeois  de  Pont- 
Arcy"  (1878);  "Fedora"  (l882);  "Le  crocodile"  (1886); 
and  "Madame  8ans-6Sne"  (with  others,  1894).  Sar- 
dou has  acquired  reputation  for  a  more  serious  style  of 
work,  as  "Patrie"(1869),  "La  haine"  (1874),  and  "Theo- 
dora" ('1884),  "La  To8oa"(1887),"Cieopatre"  (1890),  "Ther- 
midor'  (1891).  Theaccusationof  plagiarismhasrepeatedly 
been  brought  against  Sardou :  for  instance,  "Les  pattes  de 
mouche"  has  been  said  to  be  based  on  "The  Purloined 
Letter"  by  Edgar  Allan  Poe ;  "L'Oncle  Sam"  to  have  been 
borrowed  from  Alfred  Assollant's  "  Sotoes  de  la  vie  des 
Etats-Unis  "  (1868),  etc.  In  addition  to  winning  cases  of  this 
kind  before  the  courts,  Sardou  wrote  "  Mes  plagiats  "  (1883) 
in  refutation  of  such  attacks.  Ha  was  elected  to  the  French 
Academy  June  7, 1877. 

Sarduris.    See  Armenia. 

Saree,    See  Sari. 

Sarepta  (sa-rep'ta),  or  Zarepliatll(zar'e-fath). 
[Heb.,  'smelting-house.']  An  ancient  city  sit- 
uated between  Tyre  and  Sidon  in  Phenicia.  It 
is  mentioned  in  1  Ki.  xvii.  as  the  home  of  the  widow  at 
whose  house  the  prophet  Elijah  performed  a  miracle.  In 
the  cuneiform  inscriptions  of  Sennacherib  it  is  mentioned 
under  the  name  of  Cariptu.  Its  wine  was  celebrated. 
The  Crusaders  established  there  an  episcopal  see.  It  is 
now  represented  by  the  village  Saraf  end. 

Sarepta  (sa-rep'ta).  A  small  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Saratoff,  Eussia,  situated  near  the 
junction  of  the  Sarpa  with  the  Volga,  230  miles 
northwest  of  Astrakhan.  It  was  founded  by 
the  Moravian  Brethren. 

Sargasso  (sa,r-gas'6)  Sea.  A  region  (or,  more 
properly,  regions)  within  the  great  gyration  of 
the  (Julf  Stream  in  the  North  Atlantic.  It  is  so 
named  from  the  abundance  in  it  of  the  weed  Sargassum 
baceiferum.  There  existed  no  such  delimited  fucus-bank 
as  was  supposed  by  Humboldt,  but  merely  areas  where 
the  sargassum  was  most  abundant.  The  maximum  de- 
velopment appears  to  be  south  of  the  35th  parallel  of 
latitude  and  west  of  long.  52°  W. 

Sargent  (sar'jent),  Charles  Sprague,  Bom  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  April  24,  1841.  An  American 
arboriculturist  and  botanist.  He  was  director  of 
the  botanic  garden  and  Arnold  Arboretum  at  Harvard 
University  1872-78,  and  was  appointed  Arnold  professor  of 
arboriculture  in  1878.  Since  1888  he  has  also  been  editor 
of  "Garden  and  Forest."    He  has  published  "Catalogue 


Sarmatia 

of  the  Forest  Trees  of  North  America  "  (1880),  "The  Woods- 
of  the  United  States  "  (1885),  etc 

Sargent,  Epes,  Bom  at  Gloucester,  Mass..  Sept. 
27,1812:  died  at  Boston,Dec.31, 1880.  AnAmeri- 
can  miscellaneous  author  and  journalist.  He  was 
for  a  number  of  years  editor  of  the  "Boston  Evening  Tran- 
script," from  which  he  retired  in  order  to  devote  himself 
toauthorship.  Hepublished"  The  Bride  of  Genoa  "(1836), 
"Velasco"(1837),  "Change  Makes  Change,"  "The  Priest- 
ess"; poems,  including  "Life  on  the  Ocean  Wave " ;  tales ; 
lives  of  Henry  Clay  and  Benjamin  Franklin ;  edited  English 
poets,  and  public-school  readers  and  other  school  text- 
books. He  also  published  "The  Modem  Drama "  (1846-), 
"Proof  Palpable  of  Immortality :  an  account  of  the  Mate- 
rialization Phenomena  of  Modem  Spiritualism  "  (1876)  and 
other  works  on  Spiritualism,  "Cyclopsedia  of  English  and 
American  Poetry"  (1881),  and  other  compilations. 
Sargent,  John  Singer,  BornatFlorence,  Italy, 
1856.  A  noted  American  portrait-  and  genre- 
painter  :  a  pupil  of  Carolus  Duran.  in  1878 he  re- 
ceived an  honorable  mention  at  the  Salon,  and  in  1881  a 
medal  of  the  second  class.  At  the  International  Exhibi- 
tion of  1889  heobtainedamedalof  honor,andwas  awarded 
the  Temple  medal  of  the  Pennsylvania  Academy  of  Fine 
Arts  in  1894.  Among  his  picturesare"PortraitofCaroIus. 
Duran"  (1879),  "El  Jaleo"  (1882),  etc.  Many  of  his  por. 
traits  are  in  America.  He  has  also  executed  a  series  of 
decorative  panels  for  the  Boston  Public  Library.  Elected 
royal  academician  1897. 

Sargent,  Lucius  Manlius.  Bom  at  Boston, 
June  25,  1786 :  died  at  West  Eoxbury,  Mass., 
June  2,  1867.  An  American  poet,  journalist, 
temperance  lecturer,  and  miscellaneous  author, 
brother  of  Henry  Sargent.  He  wrote  "Tem- 
perance Tales,"  "  The  Irrepressible  Conflict." 

Sargent,  Nathan.  Bom  at  Pultney,  Vt.,  May 
5, 1794 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Feb.  2, 1875. 
An  American  journalist  and  politician.  He  was 
register  of  the  United  States  treasury  1851-63,  and  com- 
missioner of  customs  1861-67.  He  wrote  "  Life  of  Henry 
Clay"  (1844)  and  "Public  Men  and  Events  "  (1875). 

Sargent,  Winthrop.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
Sept.  23, 1825:  died  at  Paris,  May  18, 1870.  An 
American  antiquary  and  bibliographer,  grand- 
son of  Winthrop  Sargent  (1753-1820).  He  wrote 
a ' '  History  of  an  Expedition  against  Fort  Duquesne,  in  1755, 
under  Major-General  Braddock  "  (1865),  "  Loyalist  Poetry 
of  the  Revolution  "  (1857),  "  Life  and  Career  of  Major  .Tohn 
Andr6  "  (1861),  etc. 

Sargon  (sar'gon).  [Assyr.  Sharrn-Tcenu,  the  le- 
gitimate king.]  1.  The  first  historical  king  in 
the  oldBabylonianperiod.  An  inscription  of  Naboni- 
dus,  the  last  king  of  the  Babylonian  empire  (655-638  E.  c), 
speaks  of  SargOn's  son  Naram-Sin  as  having  ruled  3,200 
years  before  (about  3750  B.  o.).  Sargon's  reign  may  there- 
fore be  placed  at  about  3800  B.  o.  Sargon  ruled  over  North 
Babylonia,  with  his  residence  in  Agade  (Akkad).  He  made 
conquests  in  the  west  (Syria),  and  erected  the  temple 
Eulbar  In  honor  of  Anunit. 

2.  King  of  Assyria  722-705  B.  C.  He  was  prob- 
ably a  usurper  and  assumed  this  significant  name  after  his 
accession  to  the  throne.  He  is  one  of  the  most  imposing 
characters  among  the  Assyrian  kings,  great  both  as  a  war- 
rior and  ruler.  He  was  the  consolidator  of  the  Assyrian 
empire,  by  subduing  with  an  iron  hand  the  rebellions  which 
continually  broke  out  in  all  parts  of  the  vast  empire,  and 
by  employing  the  policy  of  transplanting  the  subjugated 
peoples  to  remote  provinces,  thus  crushing  their  national 
existence.  The  first  act  recorded  of  him  was  the  conquest 
of  Samaria  and  the  destruction  of  the  northern  kingdom  of 
Israel.  The  inhabitants  of  Samaria  (according  to  Sargon's 
account,  27,290  in  number)were  transported  to  "Halah,  Ha., 
bor  by  the  river  of  Gozan,  and  the  cities  of  the  Modes,"  and 
in  their  place  were  settled  peoples  from  "Babel,  Cuthah, 
Ava,  Hamath,  and  Sepharvaim  (2  Ki.  xvii.  6,  24).  (See  Sa- 
maria.) Of  Sargon's  other  expeditions  may  be  mentioned 
those  against  Ilubi'di  (or  Yahubi'di)  of  Hamath  in  720,  Car- 
ohemish  in  717,  Ashdodln  711  (cf.  Isaiah  xx.  1),  and  espe- 
cially his  war  against  Merodach  Baladan  of  Babylon,  which 
ended  with  the  defeat  of  the  latter  and  Sargon's  taking  pos- 
session of  Babylon.  He  received  an  embassy  and  gifts  from 
seven  kings  who  ruled  in  Cyprus,  in  return  for  which  he  pre- 
sented them  with  a  stele  bearing  his  image  and  an  inscrip- 
tion which  is  now  preserved  in  the  Royal  Museum  of  Ber- 
lin. No  less  energetic  was  Sargon  in  works  of  peace.  He 
established  a  city  for  his  residence,  naming  it  Dur-Sharru- 
kin.  It  was  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain  Musri, 
north  of  Nineveh,  and  is  now  represented  by  the  ruins  of 
Khorsabad.  Cruel  as  Sargon  was  in  war,  he  had  great  care 
and  concern  for  the  welfare  and  prosperi^  of  his  subjects. 

Sari  (sa-re').  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Mazanderan,  northern  Persia,  situated  114 
miles  northeast  of  Teheran. 

Sarine  (sa-ren').     The  French  name  of  the 


Sari-su,  or  Sary-su  (sa-re's8).  A  river  in  Ak- 
molinsk,  Russian  Central  Asia,  situated  north- 
east of  the  Sir-Daria.  Its  waters  are  absorbed  by  the 
desert    Length,  about  400-500  miles. 

Sarju,  or  Sarjou  (sar-jb').  Aname  given  to  the 
river  Gogra  m  part  of  its  course. 

Sark  (sark),  or  Sercq,  or  Serk  (sark).  One  of 
the  Channel  Islands,  situated  6  miles  east  of 
Guernsey,  of  which  it  is  a  dependency.  The 
scenery  is  very  picturesque.    Length,  3i  miles. 

Sarlat  (sar-la').  A  cathedral  city  in  the  de- 
partment of  Dordogne,  France,  32  miles  south- 
east of  P^rigueux.  Population  (1891),  com- 
mune, 6,615. 

Sarmatia(sar-ma'shia).  [Gr.  Snp/iana.]  Inan- 
cient  geography,  according  to  Ptolemy,  a  tern- 


Sarrmatia 

tory  extending  from  the  Vistula  to  the  Volga.  It 
comprised  a  large  part  of  Bussia  and  ot  Poland.  Tne  Sar- 
matians  were  probably  of  Median  origin ;  according  to  He- 
rodotus, they  were  allied  to  the  Scythians.  In  the  time  of 
the  Koman  Empire  they  penetrated  into  Hungary,  the 
lower  Danube  valley,  etc.  The  Jazyges  and  Eoxolani 
were  among  the  principal  tribes.  They  became  finally 
absorbed  in  other  peoples,  as  the  Avars. 

Sarmaticum  Mare  (sar-mat'i-kum  ma're),  or 
Sarmaticus  Oceanus  (sar-mat'i-kus  o-se'a- 
nus).  In  ancient  geograpliy,  a  name  of  the  Bal- 
tic Sea. 

Sarmiento  (sS^r-me-en'to),  Domingo  Faustino. 
Born  at  San  Juan,  Feb.  15, 1811:  died  at  Asun- 
cion, Paraguay,  Sept.  11, 1888.  An  Argentinian 
educator,  journalist,  author,  and  statesman.  He 
was  minister  of  public  instruction  1860,  and  of  the  interior 
1861 ;  governor  of  San  Juan ;  and  while  minister  to  the 
United  States  was  elected  president  ot  the  Argentine  He- 
public  for  the  term  Oct.  12, 1868,-  Oct.  12, 1874.  Daring  this 
period  his  efforts  to  improve  the  educational  system  of  the 
republic  were  continued  with  great  success;  the  Pai'a- 
guayan  war  was  brought  to  a  close ;  and  an  insurrection 
was  put  down.  Sarmiento  published  many  books,  includ- 
ing "  Vida  de  Quiroga  "  (1861),  travels,  etc. 

Sarmiento  (sar-me-en'to),  Mount.  The  high- 
est mountain  of  the  Tierra  del  Puego  group, 
situated  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  main 
island.    Height,  6,630  feet. 

Sarmiento  de  Gamboa  (sar-me-en'to  da  gam- 
bo'a),  Pedro.  Bom  in  Galieia  about  1530:  died 
after  1589.  A  Spanish  navigator,  long  promi- 
nent on  the  Peruvian  coast,  in  1679  he  was  sent 
with  a  fieet  to  the  Strait  of  Magellan  in  a  vain  attempt 
to  intercept  Drake,  who,  it  was  supposed,  would  return 
through  the  strait  after  his  ravages  on  the  Pacific  coast, 
Sarmiento  went  on  to  Spain,  and  in  1681  was  associated  with 
Flores  Valdez  in  command  of  a  powerful  expedition  des- 
tined to  plant  a  colony  on  the  strait.  Many  of  tha»ship3 
were  lost;  the  commanders  quarreled;  and  Flores  returned 
to  Spain,  leaving  Sai'miento  with  only  four  vessels.  He 
left  a  colony  on  the  strait  (1583),  and  while  returning  to 
Europe  was  captured  by  English  ships  belonging  to  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  and  remained  a  prisoner  until  1688.-  The 
colony  perished  of  hunger,  only  two  persons  being  rescued 
(whence  the  site  is  still  called  Port  Famine).  Sarmiento's 
report  was  published  in  1708.  Often  written  Pedro  de 
Sarmiento  Gomftoa. 

Sarnen  (zar'nen).  The  capital  of  the  half -can- 
ton of  IJuterwalden  Obwald,  Switzerland,  sit- 
uated at  the  northern  end  of  the  Lake  of  Sar- 
nen, 12  miles  south-southwest  of  Lucerne.  Pop- 
ulation (1888),  3,928. 

Sarnen,  Lake  of.  A  lake  in  the  canton  of  Un- 
terwalden,  Switzerland,  5  miles  southwest  of 
the  Lake  of  Lucerne,  into  which  it  discharges. 
Length,  3  miles. 

Samia  (sar'ni-a).  The  Eoman  name  of  the 
island  of  Guernsey. 

Samia  (sar'ni-a).  The  capital  of  Lambton 
County,  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  St.  Clair 
Eiver,  near  Lakp  Huron,  55  miles  northeast 
of  Detroit.    Population  (1901),  8,176. 

Sarnus  (sar'nus).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
small  river  of  Italy,  which  flows  into  the  Bay 
of  Naples  near  Pompeii:  the  modern  Sarno. 
Hear  it  the  Goths  under  Teias  were  totally  defeated  by  the 
Bomans  under  Narses  in  663  or  552. 

Saronic  Gulf  (sa-ron'ik  gulf).  [L.  Saronieus 
Sinus.^  An  arm  of  the  .3!gean  Sea,  Ijang  south- 
west of  Attica  and  northeast  of  Argolis,  Greece : 
the  modern  (Julf  of  .^gina.  It  contains  the  isl- 
ands of  Salamis  and  .Sgina.  Length,  about  50 
miles. 

Saronno  (sa-ron'n6).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Milan,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Lura  15  miles 
north-northwest  of  Milan.  The  Sanctuary  of  the 
Virgin,  a  domed  church  of  the  16th  century,  is  remarkable 
for  its  series  of  frescos  by  Gaudenzio  Ferrari  and  Bernar- 
dino Luini.    Population  (1881),  6,869. 

Saros  (sa'ros).  Gulf  of.  A  gulf  in  the  north- 
eastern extremity  of  the  .^gean  Sea,  north  of  the 
peninsula  of  Gallrpoli:  the  ancient  Melas  Sinus. 

Siros-Patak,  or  Saros-Nagy-Patak  (sha'rosh- 
nody-po'tok).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Zem- 
plin,  northern  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Bodrog 
54milesnorth  of  Debreozin.  Population  (1890), 
6,350. 

Sarpa  (sar'pa).  A  river  in  the  government  of 
Astrakhan,  Bussia.  It  joins  the  Volga  near 
Sarepta.    Length,  150  to  200  miles. 

Sarpedon  (sar-pe'don).  [Gt.  Sapir^Sav.']  In 
Greek  legend :  (as)  A  son  of  Zeus  and  Buropa, 
arnd  king  of  the  Lydians :  often  confounded  with 
(6).  (6)  A  Lycian  prince,  son  of  Zeus  and  Lao- 
damia,  or,  according  to  others,  of  Bvander  and 
Deidameia.  He  was  an  ally  of  the  Trojans  in  the  Tro- 
jan war,  during  which  he  fell  by  the  hand  of  Patroolus. 
His  body  was,  at  the  command  of  Zeus,  anointed  with  am- 
brosia by  Apollo  and  carried  by  Sleep  and  Death  to  lycia 

for  burial. 

Sarpi  (sar'pe),  Pietro  or  Paolo,  called  Fra 
Paolo  ( '  Brother  Paul '),  and  sumamed  Servita. 
Born  at  Venice,  Aug  14, 1552:  died  there,  Jan. 
15,  1628.    A  Venetian  historian.    He  entered  the 


899 

Order  ot  the  Servites  in  1665.  In  1670  he  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  in  the  Servite  monastery,  Venice.  He 
was  distinguished,  in  the  controversy  with  Pope  Paul  V. 
1606-07,  as  th  e  champion  of  free  thought.  His  chief  work 
is  "Istoria  del  concilio  di  Trento  "  ("  History  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  Trent "),  published  in  London  (1619)  by  Antonio  de 
Dominis.  He  was  noted  also  for  his  letters  and  scientific 
attainments,  and  corresponded  with  Galileo,  Harvey,  Ba- 
con, and  others. 

Sarpsfos  (ssirps'fos).  A  cataract  in  the  river 
Glommen,  Norway,  northeast  of  Fredrikstad. 
Height,  74  feet.  The  fall  is  crossed  by  a  sus- 
pension bridge  built  in  1854. 

Sarre.    The  French  name  of  the  Saar. 

Sarrebourg.    The  French  name  of  Saarburg. 

Sarrebruck.  The  French  name  of  Saarbriicken. 

Sarreguemines,  The  French  name  of  Saarge- 
miind. 

Sarrelouis.    The  French  name  of  Saarlouis. 

Sars  (sars),  Michael.  Bom  atBergen,  Norway, 
Aug.  30,1805:  died  Oct.  22, 1869.  A  noted  Nor- 
wegian zoologist,  professor  at  the  University 
of  Christiania  from  1854.  His  works  include 
"Fauna  littoralis  Norvegiss"  (1846),  etc. 

Sarsfield  (sars'feld),  Patrick,  Earl  of  Luean. 
Killed  at  the  battle  of  Neerwinden,  July,  1693. 
An  Irish  Jacobite  general.  He  served  against  Mon- 
mouth at  Sedgmoor  in  1685 ;  was  a  member  of  the  Irish 
Parliament;  and  served  in  the  army  of  James  II.  in  Ire- 
land. He  was  present  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne  in  1690; 
forced  William  III.  to  raise  the  siege  of  Limerick  in  the 
same  year ;  and  negotiated  the  final  capitulation  of  Limer- 
ick in  1891.    He  thereupon  entered  the  seiTiceof  France. 

Sartain  (sar-tan'),  Jobn.  Bom  at  London,  Oct. 
24,  1808:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Oct.  25,  1897. 
An  English-American  engraver,  pioneer  in 
mezzotint-engraving  in  the  United  States,  to 
which  coxmtry  he  came  in  1830.  Until  about  1840 
he  painted  portraits  in  oil  and  miniatures  on  ivory.  He 
published  *'Sartain's  Union  Magazine  "(1848-62),  and  was 
editor  of  several  other  magazines. 

Sartain,  William.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Nov. 
21,  1843.  An  American  landscape-  and  genre- 
painter,  son  of  John  Sartain. 

Sarthe  (sart).  A  river  in  northwestern  Prance 
which  unites  near  Angers  with  the  Mayenne  to 
form  the  Maine.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the 
Huisne  and  Loir.  Length,  about  170  miles ; 
navigable  from  Le  Mans. 

Sarthe.  A  department  of  France,  capital  Le 
Mans,  formed  from  the  eastern  part  of  Maine 
and  small  portions  of  Anjou  and  Perche.  It  is 
bounded  by  Orne  on  the  north,  Bure-et-Loir  on  the  nortli- 
east,  Loir-et-Cher  on  the  east,  Indre-et-Loire  and  Maine- 
et-Loire  on  the  south,  and  Mayenne  on  the  west.  The 
surface  is  hilly.  Area,  2,396  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  429,737. 

Sarti  (sar'te),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Faenza,  Italy, 
Dec.  1,  1729 :  died  at  BerUn,  July  28, 1802.  An 
Italian  composer.  He  wrote  many  operas  (among 
which  are  "II  Bfepastore,"  "ArmidaeRinaldo,"  "Didone 
Abbandonata,"  etc.)  and  much  sacred  music.  He  also  in- 
vented a  machine  for  counting  the  vibrations  of  sound. 

Sarto  (sar'to),  Andreadel.  Bomnear Florence, 
July  16,  1486:  died  at  Florence,  Jan.  22,  1531. 
A  noted  Florentine  painter,  famous  for  his 
frescos,  many  of  which  are  in  Florence .  His  real 
name  was  Andrea  d'Angelo  di  Francesco,  but  he  was  called 
del  Sarto  because  his  father  Angelo  was  a  tailor ;  the  name 
Vanucchi  has  been  given  him  without  good  reason.  The 
subjects  of  the  frescos  are  mostly  religious.  Among  them 
are  the  "  Madonna  del  Sacco  "  in  the  cloisters  of  San  An- 
nunziata ;  the  "  Madonna  di  San  Francesco  "  and  "  Birth  of 
St.  Jolin"  at  the  Scalzo ;  the  "Last  Supper"  at  San  Salvi; 
five  frescos  illustrating  scenes  in  the  life  of  St.  Philip,  in 
the  courtof  Sant' Annunziata  de'  Servi ;  a  "  Procession  of  the 
Magi "  and  the  "Nativity  of  the  Virgin  "  in  the  court  of  the 
Servi  (this  "Nativity"  is  said  to  be  the  best  fresco  ever 
painted).  Among  his  easel-pictures  are  two  "Annuncia- 
tions," two  "  Assumptions,"  a  "Deposition  from  the  Cross," 
a  "Holy  Family,"  a  "Madonna,"  etc.,  at  the  Pitti  Palace, 
Florence ;  "Charity  "  and  a  "Holy  Family  "  at  the  Louvre ; 
a  portrait  of  himself  and  a  "  Holy  Family  "  at  the  National 
Gallery,  London ;  and  pictures  at  Vienna,  Dresden,  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, and  other  galleries. 

Sartoris  (sar-to'ris),  Mrs.  (Adelaide  Kemble). 
Born  in  1814:  died  in  1879.  An  BngKsh  singer 
and  writer,  the  daughter  of  Charles  Kemble. 
She  appeared  first  in  1836,  and  retired  from  the  stage  on 
her  marriage  in  1843.  She  published  "  A  Week  in  a  French 
Conn  try  House"(1867),"Medusa,eto."(1868),'Past  Hours," 
edited  by  her  daughter  (1880). 

Sartoro  (sar '  tor-e  ').  An  island  off  the  west- 
ern coast  of  Norway,  10  miles  west  of  Bergen. 
Length,  20  miles. 

Sartor  Kesartus  (sar'torrf-sar'tus).  [L.,  'the 
tailor  patched.']  A  satirical  work  by  Thomas 
Carlyle,  published  in  "Eraser's  Magazine" 
1833-34,  and  in  book  form  in  1835. 

Sarum,  New.    See  SaUsiwy. 

Sarum,  Old.    See  Old  /Sarum. 

Sarun,  or  Saran  (sa-run').  A  district  in  the 
Patna  division,  Bengal,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  26°  15'  N. ,  long.  84°  30'  E.  Area, 
2,653  square  mUes.  Population  (1891),  2,467,- 
477. 


Satire  M6nipp6e 

Sarus  (sa'rus).  The  ancient  name  of  the  river 
Sihun. 

Sarv  (surv).  [Pers.,  '  cypress.']  In  the  Shah- 
namah,  the  king  of  Yemen  whose  three  daugh- 
ters were  wedded  to  Salm,  Tur,  and  Iraj,  the 
three  sons  of  Paridun. 

Sarzeau  (sar-z6').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Morbihan,  northwestern  France,  situated  on 
the  Gulf  of  Morbihan  33  miles  southeast  of 
Lorient:  thebirthplaceof  LeSage.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  5,686. 

Sasanians.    See  Sassanids. 

Sasbach  (zas'baeh).  A  village  in  Baden,  29 
miles  southwest  of  Karlsruhe.  Here,  July  27, 
1675,  Marshal  Tureune  was  killed  in  a  skir- 
mish. 

Sasik,  or  Sasyk  (sa-sik'),  or  Kunduk  (kon- 
dSk'),  Lake.  A  coast  lake  of  Bessarabia,  Rus- 
sia, situated  near  the  Black  Sea,  with  which  it 
communicates  near  the  KUia  mouth  of  the 
Danube.     Length,  20  miles. 

Saskatchewan  (sas-kaoh'e-wan).  1.  A  river 
in  British  America.  It  is  formed'by  the  North  Branch 
and  South  Branch  (which  rise  in  the  Rocl^  Mountains^ 
and  unite  about  long.  106°  W.),  flows  through  Lake  Win- 
nipeg, and  issues  thence  as  the  Nelson  Biver.  The  chief 
tributaries  of  the  system  are  the  Bed  Deer  Kiver,  Battle 
Eiver,  and  Red  Kiver  of  the  North.  The  total  length  is 
about  1,600  miles. 

2.  A  district  formed  in  1882  from  part  of  the 
northwest  territories  of  Canada.  It  lies  north  of 
Manitoba  and  Assiniboia  and  east  of  Alberta.  Area,  114,- 
000  square  miles.    Population  (1901),  25,679. 

Sassanians.    See  Sassanids.  > 

Sassanids  (sas'a-nidz),  or  Sassanians  (sa-sa'- 
niTanz).  The  dynasty  of  Persian  kings  which 
ruled  from  about  226  a.  d.,  when  Ardashir  I. 
overthrew  the  Parthian  realm  of  the  Arsaeids, 
until  about  641,  when  it  was  overthrovrai  by  the 
Arabs  at  Nehavend.  Itwas  at  the  heightof  itspower 
under  Khusrau  I.  and  Khusrau  II.  The  Persian  empire 
in  that  period  is  sometimes  called  the  Sassanian  empire. 

Sassari  (sas'sa-re).  1.  The  northernmost  of 
the  two  provinces  of  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
Italy.  Ajea,  4,090  square  miles.  Population 
(1892),  282,575.—  3.  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Sassari,  situated  in  lat.  40°  44'  N.,  long.  8° 
34'  E.  Its  port  is  Porto  Torres.  It  contains  a  cathedral, 
university,  and  castle.    Population  (1892),  41,000. 

Sassenach (sas'e-nach).  ASaxon:  atermsome- 
times  applied  by  the  Scottish  Highlanders  to 
Englishmen. 

Sassoferrato  (sas-s6-fer-ra't6).  A  small  town 
in  the  province  of  Aneona,  Italy,  situated  on 
the  Sentino  36  miles  west-southwest  of  Aneona. 
Near  it  is  the  site  of  the  ancient  Sentinum. 

Sassoferrato,  Giovanni  Battista  Salvi,  called 
II.  Bom  at  Sassoferrato,  July  11,  1605:  died 
at  Rome,  April  8,  1685.  An  Italian  painter. 
He  devoted  himself  principally  to  devotional 
subjects  and  Madonnas. 

Sastean  (sas'te-an).  Alinguistic  stock  of  North 
American  Indians  which  formerly  dwelt  in  Cali- 
fornia in  the  valleys  of  Shasta  and  Scott  rivers, 
and  along  the  Klamath  from  beyond  Bogus 
Creek  to  the  range  of  hills  above  Happy  Camp. 
It  once  extended  into  Oregon  as  far  as  Ashland,  and  was 
composed  of  the  3  tribes  or  divisions  Autire,  Edohwe,  and 
Iruwai.     Only  a  few  survive.     Also  Shaataj  Shasiicaj 


Satan  (sa'tan).  [Heb.,  '  an  enemy,'  '  Satan.'] 
The  chief  evil  spirit;  the  great  adversary  of 
man ;  the  devil. 

Satanella  (sat-a-nel'a),  or  the  Power  of  Love. 
An  opera  by  Balfe,  produced  at  London  in  1858. 

Satanic  School,  In  19th-century  literary  his- 
tory, a  name  first  given  by  Southey  to  a  class  of 
writers  who  were  supposed  to  write  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  received  principles  of  morality  and 
the  Christian  religion.  Among  the  most  prom- 
inent were  Byron,  Moore,  Shelley,  Bulwer,  Paul 
de  Kock,  Victor  Hugo,  etc. 

Satanstoe  (sa'tanz-to).  A  novel  by  Cooper, 
published  in  1845. 

Satara,  or  Sattara  (sa-ta'ra).  1.  A  district  in 
Bombav,  British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  17° 
30'  N.,*long.  74°  E.  Area,  4,987  square  miles. 
Pop.  (1891),  1,225,989.-3.  The  capital  of  Sa- 
tara district,  situated  in  lat.  17°  41'  N.,  long. 
74°  E.    Pop.,  with  cantonment  (1891),  29,601. 

Saterland  (za'ter-lant).  A  small  districtinthe 
western  part  of  Oldenburg,  Germany,  west  of 
the  city  of  Oldenburg. 

Satilla  (sa-til'a).  A  river  in  southeastern  Geor- 
gia which  flow's  into  the  Atlantic  82  miles  south- 
southwest  of  Savannah.  Length,  about  200 
miles. 

Satire  M6nipp6e  (sa-ter'  ma-ne-pa' ).  A  French 
political  satire  (in  prose  and  verse)  which  ap- 
peared in  1594,  and  was  directed  against  the 


'  Satire  M6mpp€e 

League,  it  was  written  by  7  men  (Leroy,  Gillot,  Passerat, 
Kapin,  Chrestien,  Pithou,  and  Durant),  most  of  them  law- 
yers. 

The  plan  of  the  [Satire]  M^nippSe  (the  title  of  which,  it 
is  hardly  necessary  to  say,  is  borrowed  from  the  name  of 
the  cynic  philosopher  celebrated  by  Lucian)  is  for  the  time 
singularly  original  and  bold  ;  but  the  spirit  in  which  the 
subject  is  treated  is  more  original  still.  Generally  spealc- 
ing,the  piece  has  theformof  acompte-renduol  the  assem- 
bly of  the  states  at  Paris.  The  full  title  is  "  Pe  la  Vertu 
du  Catholicon  d'Espagne  et  de  la  Tenue  des  Etats  de  Pa- 
ris." The  preface  contains  a  sarcastic  harangue  in  ortho- 
dox charlatan  style  on  the  merits  of  the  new  Catholicon  or 
Panacea.  Then  comes  a  description  (in  which,  as  through- . 
out  the  work,  actual  facts  are  blended  inextjicably  with 
satirical  comment)  of  the  procession  of  opening.  To  this 
succeeds  a  sketch  of  the  tapestries  with  which  the  hall  of 
meeting  was  hung,  all  of  which  are,  of  course,  allegorical, 
and  deal  with  murders  of  princes,  betrayal  of  native  coun- 
tries to  foreigners,  etc.  Then  comes  "L'Ordre  tenu  pour 
les  Stances,"  in  which  the  chief  personages  on  the  side  of 
the  League  are  enumerated  in  a  long  catalogue,  every  item 
of  which  contains  some  bitter  allusion  to  the  private  or 
public  conduct  of  the  person  named.  Seven  solemn 
speeches  are  then  delivered  by  the  Duke  de  Mayenne  as 
lieutenant,  by  the  legate,  by  the  Cardinal  de  Pelv^,  by  the 
Bishop  of  Lyons,  by  Rose  the  fanatical  rector  of  the  Uni- 
versity, by  the  Sieur  de  Kieux  as  representative  of  the 
nobility,  and,  lastly,  by  a  certain  Monsieur  d'Aubray  (or 
the  Tiers-fitat.  A  burlesque  coda  concludes  the  volume, 
the  joints  of  which  are,  first,  a  short  verse  satire  on  Pelv6 ; 
secondly,  a  collection  of  epigrams ;  and,  thirdly,  Durant's 
"Eegre^t  Punfebre  kMademoiselle  maOomm^re  sur  le  TrSpas 
de  son  Ane,"  a  delightful  satire  on  the  leaguers,  which  did 
/  not  appear  in  the  first  edition,  but  which  yields  to  few 
things  in  the  book.  Saintsbury,  French  Lit.,  p,  259. 

Satire  of  the  Three  Estates,  A  morality  play 
l)y  Sir  David  Lindsay,  produced  in  1540. 

Satiromastix  (sat"i-r6-mas'tiks),  or  the  Un- 
trnssing  of  the  Humorous  Poet.  A  play  by 
Dekker,  acted  in  1601  and  printed  in  1602.  it  is 
Dekker's  answer  to  Jonson's  "  Poetaster,"  which  is  thought 
to  be  a  direct  attack  on  him.  In  1603,  however,  Jonson  and 
Dekker  were  joint  authors  of  a  pageant  for  the  reception 
of  James  I. 

Satlej.     See  Sutlej. 

Satoralja-Ujhely  (sa'to-rol-yo-oy'hiely).  The 
capital  of  the  county  of  Zemplin,  Hungary,  sit- 
uated 61  miles  north  of  Deljreozin.  PopTilation 
(1890),  13,017. 

Satpura  (sat-po'ra)  Mountains,  A  mountain- 
range  in  central  India,  extending  generally  east 
and  west  between  the  valley  of  the  Nerbudda  on 
the  north  and  that  of  the  Tapti  on  the  south. 
Height,  2,000-4,000  feet. 

Satsuma  (sat-so'ma).  A  province  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  island  of  Kiusiu,  Japan,  it  is 
one  or  the  most  flourishing  provinces  of  the  empire,  and 
is  especially  noted  for  its  pottery,  called  Satsuma  ware.  It 
was  the  principal  seat  of  the  unsuccessful  rebellion  in  1877 
against  the  mikado's  government. 

Sattel  (zat'tel).  [G., '  saddle.']  A  village  and 
pass  in  the  canton  of  Sehwyz,  Switzerland, 
north  of  Sehwyz.  The  pass  is  notable  for  defeats  of 
the  French  by  the  men  of  Sehwyz  and  Uri,  May  2  and  3, 
1798. 

Saturday  (sat'6r-da).  [Prom  L,  Saturni  dies, 
Saturn's  day.]  The  seventh  or  last  day  of  the 
week:  the  day  of  the  Jewish  Sabbath. 

Saturn  (sat'6rn).  \Jj.  Saturnus.']  1.  An  ancient 
Italic  deity,  popularly  believedto  have  appeared 
in  Italy  in  the  reign  of  Janus,  and  to  nave  in- 
structed the  people  in  agriculture,  gardening, 
etc.,  thus  elevating  them  from  barbarism  to 
social  order  and  civilization.  His  reign  was  sung 
by  the  poets  as  "the  golden  age."  He  became  eai-ly  iden- 
tified with  the  Cronus  of  the  Greeks.  Ops,  the  personifi- 
cation of  wealth  and  plenty,  was  his  wife,  and  both  were 
the  especial  protectors  of  agriculture  andof  all  vegetation. 
2.  The  most  remote  of  the  anciently  known 
planets,  appearing  at  brightest  like  a  first- 
magnitude  star.  It  revolves  in  an  orbit  inclined  2i° 
to  the  ecliptic.  Its  mean  distance  from  the  sun  is 
9J  times  that  ol  the  earth,  or  883,000,000  miles.  Its 
sidereal  revolution  occupies  29  Julian  years  and  167 days; 
its  synodical,  878  days.  The  eccentricity  of  the  orbit  is 
considerable,  the  greatest  equation  of  the  center  being 
6°.4.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  period  of  Saturn  is  very 
nearly  2J  times  that  of  Jupiter,  these  planets  exercise  a 
curious  mutual  influence,  analogous  to  that  of  one  pendu- 
lum upon  another  swinging  from  the  same  support.  Since 
1790,  when  in  consequeuce  of  this  influence  Saturn  had 
lagged  50'  behind  and  Jupiter  had  advanced  20' beyond  the 
positions  they  would  have  had  if  undisturbed,  Saturn  has 
been  moving  continually  faster,  and  the  whole  period  of 
the  inequality  is  629  years.  This  is  the  largest  perturbation 
of  those  affecting  the  motions  of  the  principal  bodies  of 
our  system.  Saturn  is  the  greatest  planet  except  Jupiter,  ■ 
its  diameter  (75,800  miles)  being  about  9  times,  its  volume 
697  times,  and  its  mass  93.0  times  that  of  the  earth.    Its 

I  mean  density  is  0.7,  water  being  unity.  Gravity  at  the 
surface  has  1^  the  intensity  of  terrestrial  gravity.  Its  al- 
bedo is  0. 5  (about  that  of  a  cloud),  but  its  color  is  decidedly 

,  orange ;  it  shows  some  bands  and  spots  upon  the  surface 
which  are  not  constant.  The  compression  of  the  spheroid  of 
Saturn  exceeds  that  of  every  other  planet,  amounting  to  ^ 
of  its  diameter.  Its  rotation,  according  to  Asaph  Hall,  is 
3>ei'formed  in  10  h.  14.4  m.  Its  equator  is  nearly  parallel  to 
that  of  the  earth.  After  the  discovery  by  GalUeo  of  the  4 
satellites  of  Jupiter,  Kepler  conjectured  that  Mars  should 
have  2  and  Saturn  6  or  8  moons.  In  fact,  Saturn  has  9  sat- 
ellites :  Mimas,  Enceladus,  Tethys,  Dione,  Rhea,  Titan, 
Hyperion,  lapetus,  and  one  dis'jovered  in  189S.  This  planet 


900 

has  the  unique  appendage  of  a  surrounding  ring— consist- 
ing really  of  three  apparent  rings  lying  in  one  plane.  The 
ring  is  6,900  miles  from  the  surface  of  Saturn,  and  its  total 
breadth  is  48,600  miles,  its  total  diameter  being  thus  172,- 
800  miles.  The  thicknessof  the  ring  is  considerably  less  than 
100  miles.  Its  plane  is  inclined  7"  to  the  planet's  equator 
and  28"  10'  to  the  earth's  orbit.  It  is  best  seen  when  the 
planet  is  in  Taurus  or  in  Scorpio.  The  symbol  of  Saturn 
is  ^^  probably  representing  a  scythe. 

Saturnalia  (sat-er-na'li-a).  In  Roman  anti- 
quity, the  festival  of  Saturn,  celebrated  in  the 
middle  of  December  as  a  harvest-home  obser- 
vance. It  was  a  period  of  feasting  and  mirthful  license 
and  enjoyment  for  all  classes,  extending  even  to  the  slaves. 

Satyrane  (sat'i-ran).  A  type  of  the  natural 
man  in  Spenser's"  Faerie  Queene."  He  was  bred 
in  the  woods,  and  shows  in  the  outer  world  all  the  might 
and  courage  of  his  race. 

Satyre  M6nipp6e,    See  Satire  M4nippSe. 

Sau,    See  Save. 

Sauchieburn  (s^ch'i-bern).  A  small  stream 
near  Stirling,  Scotland,  near  which  James  III. 
was  defeated  by  insurgent  nobles  in  1488.         i 

Saucourt  (s6-kor').  A  village  near  Abbeville, 
department  of  Somme,  France :  noted  for  the 
defeat  of  the  Northmen  by  Louis  III.  in  880. 

Sauer.    See  Sure. 

Saueriand  (zou'er-lant).  The  southern  part  of 
the  province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia. 

Saueriand  Mountains,  A  plateau  region  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  province  of  Westpha- 
lia and  the  adjoining  part  of  the  Ehine  Province. 
Highest  point,  the  Kahler  Astenberg  (about 
2,700  feet). 

Saugerties  (s^'g^r-tiz).  A  town  in  Ulster 
<I!ounty,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson 
43  miles  south  of  Albany.  Population  (1900), 
village,  3,697. 

Saugor  (s§,-gor').  An  island  of  Bengal,  situ- 
ated in  the  Ganges  delta,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Hugli,  50  miles  south  of  Calcutta. 

Saugur,  or  Saugor,    See  Sagar. 

Sauk  (sS,k)  River,  A  river  in  Minnesota  which 
joins  the  Mississippi  near  St.  Cloud. 

Saul  (s&l).  [LL.  Saul,  Gr.  Zaoi/l,  Heb.  ShaHl, 
asked  (of  God).]  The  first  king  of  the  Hebrews 
(1055-rl033  B.  c— Duncker),  son  of  Kish  of  the 
tribe  of  Benjamin.  His  reign  was  occupied  by  wars 
against  the  Philistines,  Amalekites,  and  other  Gentile  na- 
tions. He  fell  in  battle  against  the  Philistines  on  Mount 
Gilboa.    See  David  and  SaTtiud. 

Saul,  The  original  name  of  the  apostle  Paul, 
Saul,  1.  An  oratorio  by  Handel,  produced  at 
London  in  1739.  It  contains  a  notable  "Dead 
March." — 2.  A  tragedy  by  Alfieri,  printed  in 
1783.  It  was  a  favorite  with  its  author,  and  has  retained 
a  place  on  the  stage.  It  is  more  Shaksperian  and  less 
classical  than  any  of  his  other  plays. 
3.  A  poem  by  Robert  Browning,  published  in 
his  collected  works. 

Saulcy  (s6-se'),  Louis  Felicien  Joseph  Cai- 
gnart  de.  Born  at  Lille,  France; March  19, 1807 : 
died  at  Paris,  Nov.  3, 1880.  A  French  numisma- 
tist, archseologist,  and  Orientalist.  He  traveled 
extensively  in  Palestine.  Among  his  works  are  "Voyage 
autourde  laMer  Morte"  (1852-64),  "Recherchessurlanu- 
mismatique  judaYque  "(1854),  "Campagnes  de  Jules  C^sar 
dans  les  Gaules"  (1862),  "Voyage  en  terre  salnte"  (1865), 
"Derniers  jours  de  Jerusalem"  (1866),  "Histoire  d'HS- 
rode"  (1867),  " Numismatique  de  la  terre  sainte"  (1873), 
"  Sept  si^cles  de  I'histoire  judarque  "  (1874). 

Saulsbury  (sMz'bu-ri),  Eli.  Born  in  Kent 
County,  Del.,  Deo.  29, 1817:  died  at  Dover,  Del., 
March  22, 1893.  An  American  politician.  Demo- 
cratic United  States  senator  from  Delaware 
1871-89. 

Saulsbury,  Willard.  Bom  in  Kent  County, 
Del.,  June  2, 1820 :  died  at  Dover,  Del.,  April  6, 
1892.  An  American  politician,  brother  of  Eli 
Saulsbury.  He  was  attorney-general  of  Delaware  1860- 
1865 ;  Democratic  United  States  senator  from  Delaware 
1859-71 ;  and  chancellor  of  Delaware  from  1874  until  his 
death. 

Saulteurs.    See  Ojibwa. 

Sault  (or  Saut)  Sainte  Marie  (so  sant  ma'ri ; 
F.  pron.  so  sant  ma-re').  1.  The  capital  of 
Chippewa  County,  Michigan,  situated  at  the 
rapids  of  St.  Mary's  River,  near  the  outlet  of 
Lake  Superior.  Pop.(1900),  10,538.-2.  Atown 
in  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  opposite  Sault 
Sainte  Marie  in  Michigan.  Pop.  (1901),  7,169. 

Sault  Sainte  Marie,  or  Saint  Mary's  Falls. 
The  rapids  in  St.  Mary's  River  between  Lakes 
Superior  and  Huron.  The  impediment  to  navigation, 
produced  by  the  fall  of  18  feet,  has  been  obviated  by  a  ship- 
canal  built  in  1866  and  enlarged  in  1870  and  in  1894. 

Saumaise.    See  Salmasius. 

Saumarez,  or  Sausmarez  (s6-ma-ra'),  James, 
first  Baron  de  Saumarez.  Born  in  Guernsey, 
March  11, 1757:  died  in  Guernsey,  Oct.  9, 1836. 
A  British  admiral.  He  served  at  the  battle  of  Cape 
St.  Vincent  in  1797  and  at  the  battle  of  the  Nile  in  1798, 


Savannah 

and  defeated  the  allied  French  and  Spanish  fleets  in  1801. 
He  was  created  Baron  de  Saumarez  in  18S1. 

Saumur  (so-mtir').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Maine-et-Loire,  France,  situated  on  the  Loire 
27  miles  southeast  of  Angers,  it  has  manufactures 
of  rosaries,  enamels,  etc.,  and  has  an  important  trade,  par- 
ticularly in  sparkling  wines.  The  chief  buildings  are  the 
castle  and  the  churches  of  Notre  Dame  de  Nantilly  and 
St.  Pierre,  There  are  Boman  and  Celtic  antiquities  in  the 
vicinity,  including  the  dolmen  of  Bagneux.  The  place  is 
the  seat  of  a  cavalry  school.  It  was  a  Huguenot  strong, 
hold  and  the  seat  of  a  Protestant  academy  until  tfr«  revo- 
cation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  in  1685.  A  victory  was  gained 
here  by  the  Vendeans,  June  9-10, 1793,  over  the  republi- 
cans, and  the  city  was  taken  by  the  Vendeans.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  14,867. 

Saunders  (san''derz)j  Frederick.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, Aug.  13,  1807:  died  Dee.  12,  1902.  An 
American  author.  He  emigrated  to  the  United  States 
in  1837,  and  became  assistant  librarian  of  the  Astor  Library 
at  New  York  in  1869,  and  librarian  in  1876.  He  published 
"Memoirs  of  the  Great  Metropolis"  (1862),  "Salad  for 
the  Solitary"  (1863),  "Salad  tor  the  Social"  (1866), 
"Pearls  of  Thought"  (1858),  'Festival  of  Song"  (1866), 
"Evenings  with  the  Sacred  Poets"  (1869),  etc. 

Saunders,  Nicholas.  Born  near  Keigate,  1527 : 
died  in  Ireland  between  1580-83.    Aii  English 

golemical  writer.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester  and 
xford,  and  became  fellow  of  New  College,  Oxford,  in  1648, 
and  regius  professor  of  common  law  in  1568.  He  went  to 
Eome,  and  was  ordained  priest  in  1561,  and  subsequently 
was  professor  of  theology  for  13  years  at  Louvain.  He  is  the 
author  of  "Devisibile  monarohia  eccleslEe  "(1571)  and  "De 
Origine  ao  Progressu  Schismatis  Anglicani "  (1686). 

Saunders,  Bichard.  The  pseudonym  under 
which  Benjamin  Franklin  published  his  alma- 
nac in  1733.  It  was  known  as  "Poor  Richard's 
Almanac,"  and  was  issued  by  him  for  25  years. 

Sausmarez.    See  Saumarez. 

Sauslier  (s6-sya'),  F61ix  Gustavo.  Born  at 
Troyes,  France,  Jan.  16, 1828.  A  French  gen- 
eral and  politician.  He  was  appointed  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  army  in  Algeria  in  1881,  and  became  mili- 
tary governor  of  Paris  in  1886.    He  retired  in  1898. 

Saussure  (s6-siir' ),  Horace  B6nedicte  de.  Bora 
at  Geneva,  Feb.  17,  1740:  died  there,  Jan.  22, 
1799.  A  Swiss  geologist,  physicist,  and  natu- 
ralist, professor  of  philosophy  at  (jeneva.  He 
traveled  extensively,  especially  in  the  Alps ;  made  in  1787 
the  second  ascent  of  Mont  Blanc ;  and  made  many  re. 
searches  in  meteorology,  the  hygrometer,  etc.  His  chief 
work  is  "Voyages  dans  les  Alpes  "  (1779-86). 

Sauternes  (so-tam').  A  village  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gironde,  Prance,  23  miles  south-south- 
oast  of  Bordeaux.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  pro- 
duction of  white  wines. 

Savage  (sav'aj),  James.  Born  at  Boston,  July 
13, 1784:  died  there,  March  8,  1873.  An  Ameri- 
can antiquary.  He  edited  Winthrop's  "History  of 
New  England"  (1825-26),  Paley's  works  (1828),  and  pub- 
lished a  "Genealogical  Dictionary  of  the  First  Settlers  of 
New  England  "(4  vols.  1864). 

Savage,  John.  Born  at  Dublin,  Dee.  13,  1828: 
died  at  Spragueville,  Pa.,  Oct.  9,  1888.  An 
Irish-American  journalist,  poet,  and  dramatist. 
He  came  to  America  in  1848.  He  wrote  "  '98  and  '48 :  the 
Modern  Revolutionary  History  and  Literature  of  Ireland " 
(1866),  "Sibyl,"  a  tragedy  (produced  in  1858,  printed'in 
1866),  "Our  Living  Representative  Men"  (I860),  "Life  of 
Andrew  Johnson "  (1866),  "Fenian  Heroes,  etc." (186^,  and 
a  number  of  popular  songs,  including  "The  Starry  Flag." 

Savage,  Bichard.  Bom  at  London,  Jan.  10, 
1698  (?) :  died  at  Bristol,  England,  1743.  An  Eng- 
lish poet.  He  maintained  that  he  was  the  illegitimate  son 
of  the  fourth  Rivers  and  the  Countess  of  Macclesfleld,  but 
the  child  bom  of  that  connection  is  thought  to  have  died. 
He  owes  his  literary  fame  to  the  life  which  Johnson  wrote. 
His  life  was  disreputable,  and  he  abused  the  charity  of  his 
friends.  During  his  last  years  he  lived  on  a  pension  al- 
lowed  him  by  Pope,  and  finally  died  miserably  in  a  debt- 
ors' prison.  He  published  a  poem  on  the  Bangorian  Con. 
troversy  (1717),  adapted  a  play  ("  Woman  "s  a  Riddle")  al- 
ready translated  from  the  Spanish  (1717),  published  "Love 
in  a  Veil"  (1719:  a  comedy^  "Sir  Thomas  Overbury" 
(1724),  in  which  he  played  (very  indifferently)  the  hero, 
"The  Bastard"  (1728  :  a  poem  addressed  to  his  supposed 
mother),  "  The  Wanderer  "  (1729),  etc.  In  1776  his  works 
were  collected  and  published  with  Johnson's  "  Life  of  Sav- 
age "  prefixed. 

Savage's  Station.  A  place  10  miles  east  of 
Richmond,  Virginia.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  battle  be- 
tween a  part  of  the  Federal  army  of  McClellan  under 
Sumner  and  a  part  of  the  Confederate  army  of  Lee  under 
Magruder,  June  29, 1862,  forming  part  of  the  Seven  Days' 
Battles. 

Savaii  (sa-vi'e),  or  Sa'waii.  The  largest  of  the 
Samoan  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean,  situated  in  lat. 
13°  45'  S.,  long.  172°  17'  W.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous.  Length,  43  miles.  Area,  about  660-700  square 
miles.    Population,  12,500.    It  belongs  to  Germany. 

Savanilla  (sa-va-nel'ya),  or  Sabanilla  (sa-ba- 
nel'ya).  A  town  and  port  on  a  bay  of  the  north- 
ern coast  of  Colombia,  situated  in  lat.  11°  3'  N., 
long.  74°  58'  W.  The  port  proper  is  Puerto  Colombia, 
3  miles  from  the  town.  A  large  part  of  the  commerce  of 
Colombia  passes  through  it  to  and  from  Baranqnilla  on 
the  river  Magdalena. 

Savanna,    See  Shawano. 
Savannah  (sa-van'a).     A  seaport,  capital  of 
Chatham  County,  Georgia,  situated  on  the  Sa- 


SaTannah 

vaunah  Eiver,  18  miles  from  the  ocean,  in  lat. 
32°5'N.,loiig  SPS'W.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  cities 
in  the  State  aod  the  second  cotton-port  in  the  country.,  and 
has  also  alarge  trade  in  rice,  resin,  turpentine,  andluniber. 
Its  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  South.  It  was  settled 
by  Oglethorpe  in  1738  ;  repelled  a  British  attack  in  1776 ; 
and  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1778.  An  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  recover  it  was  made  by  the  French  and  Ameri- 
cans in  Oct.,  1779,  when  Pulaski  was  killed  in  the  assault. 
It  became  a  city  in  1789 ;  was  devastated  by  Are  in  1796 
and  in  182G ;  was  an  important  Confederate  post ;  was  in- 
vested by  the  Federals  under  Sherman  Dec.  10,  1864  ;  and 
was  occupied  by  them  Deo.  23.  Pop.  (1900),  64,214. 
,  Savannah  Biver.  A  river  on  the  Tjoimdary  Be- 
tween South  Carolina  and  Georgia.  Itisformedby 
the  union  of  the  Tngaloo  and  Kiowe,  and  falls  into  the  At- 
lantic about  lat.  82°  N.  Length,  including  the  Tugaloo  and 
subtributary  Chattooga,  about  660  miles ;  navigable  for 
large  vessels  to  Savannah,  for  smaller  vessels  to  Augusta. 

Savary  (sa-va-re'),  Anne  Jean  Marie  Ren6, 

Duo  de  Rovigo.  Born  at  Mareq,  Ardennes, 
Prance,  April  26, 1774:  died  at  Paris,  June  2, 
1833.  A  French  general  and  politician.  He  en- 
tered the  army  in  1790 ;  became  the  confidential  agent 
of  Napoleon  about  1800 ;  presided  at  the  trial  of  the 
Duo  d'Enghien  in  1804 ;  captured  Hameln  in  1806 ;  de- 
feated the  KuBsians  at  Ostrolenka  in  1807 ;  and  was  en- 
gaged in  various  diplomatic  missions,  particularly  in 
Spain  (1808),  He  was  minister  of  police  1810-14,  and  was 
commander-in-chief  of  the  army  in  Algeria  1831-33.  He 
published  "M^moires  "  (1828). 

Save  (sav),  G-.  Sau  (sou).  One  of  the  principal 
trihutaries  of  the  Danube:  the  Latin  Savus. 
It  rises  near  the  Terglou,  traverses  Carniola,  forms  the 
boundary  between  Carniola  and  Styria,  traverses  Croatia- 
Blavonia,  forms  the  boundary  between  Croatia-Slavonia  on 
the  north  and  Bosnia  and  Servia  on  the  south,  and  joins 
the  Danube  at  Belgrad.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Kulpa, 
Vnna,  Bosna,  and  Drina.  Length,  about  660  miles ;  navi- 
gable from  the  mouth  of  the  Laibach. 

Save.  A  river  in  southwestern  France  which 
joins  the  Garonne  17  miles  northwest  of  Tou- 
louse.   Length,  about  85  miles. 

Savelan  (sa-ve-lan'),  or  Sevellan  (sa-vel-lan'). 
A  mountain  in  the  province  of  Azerbaijan, 
northwestern  Persia,  90  miles  east  by  north  of 
Tabriz.    Height,  about  15,790  feet. 

Savenay  (sav-na').  Atown  in  the  department 
of  Loire-Inf  6rieure,  France,  22  miles  northwest 
of  Nantes.  By  a  victory  which  the  republicans  under 
K16ber  and  Marceau  gained  here  over  the  Vendeans  (Dec. 
22, 1793),  the  power  of  the  latter  was  almost  annihilated. 
Population  (1891X  commune,  3,272. 

Savemake,  A  celebrated  forest  region  in  Wilt- 
shire; England;  near  Marlborough. 

Saverne.    The  French  name  of  Zabern. 

Saverne  (sa-varn').  Col  de,  or  Zabern  Pass 
(tsa'bern  pas).  A  low  pass  over  the  Vosges, 
near  the  town  of  Saverne  (Zabern). 

Savigliano  (sa-vel-ya'no) .  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Cuneo,  Italy,  situated  near  the  Maira 
29  miles  south  of  Turin.  Population  (1881), 
9,932;  commune,  17,150. 

Savigny  (sa-ven-ye').  Friedrich  Karl  von. 
Bom  at  Franifort-on-the-Main,  Feb.  21,  1779 : 
died  at  Berlin,  Oct.  25, 1861.  A  celebrated  Ger- 
man jurist  and  politician:  one  of  the  greatest 
of  modern  jurists,  and  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  historical  school  of  jurisprudence.  He  be- 
came  professor  in  Berlin  in  1810 ;  held  various  Prussian 
offices ;  and  was  minister  for  the  revision  of  the  legisla- 
tion 1842-48.  His  works  include  "Das  Recht  des  Besitz- 
es"  ("Eight  of  Possession,"  1803),  "Vom  Beruf  unserer 
Zeit  fiir  Gesetzgebung  und  Kechtswissenschaft"  (1814), 
**  Geschichte  des  r5mischen  Uechts  im  Mittelalter  "  ("His- 
tory of  Roman  Law  in  the  Middle  Ages,"  1816-31),  "  System 
des  heutigen  romischen  Rechts  "  ("  System  of  Modern  Ro- 
man Law,    1840-49),  "  Das  Obligationenrecht"  (1851-63). 

Savigny,  Karl  Friedrich  von.  Born  at  Berlin, 
Sept.  19,  1814 :  died  at  PranMort-on-the-Main, 
Feb.  11, 1875. '  A  Prussian  diplomatist  and  poli- 
tician, son  of  F.  K.  von  Savigny.  He  was  am- 
bassador at  Frankfort  1864-66 ;  a  leading  negotiator  In  the 
treaties  and  arrangements  of  1866 ;  and  after  1867  a  leading 
member  of  tlie  Centre  in  the  Reichstag  and  Landtag. , 
Savile  (sav'il),  George,  first  Marquis  of  Halifax. 
Bom  1630 :  died  at  London,  April  20, 1695.  An 
English  statesman,  author,  and  orator.  He  was 
made  privy  oonncllor  1672 ;  and  in  1680  caused  the  rejec- 
tion of  the  Exclusion  Bill  debarring  the  Duke  of  York,  as 
a  papist,  from  succeeding  to  the  throne.  He  was  lord 
privy  seal  1682-86  and  1689,  and  was  the  chief  of  the  party 
called  the  "Trimmers."  His  "Miscellanies"  were  pub- 
lished in  1700. 

Savile,  Sir  Henry.  Bom  near  Halif  ax,England, 
Nov.  30,  1549:  died  at  Eton,  England,  Feb.  19, 
1622.  An  English  classical  scholar  and  mathe- 
matician. Besides  mathematical  works  he  published 
"Rerum  Anglicarum  scriptores  post  Eedam  "  (1696),  an 
edition  of  Chrysostom,  etc. 
Savio  (sa've-6).  A  small  river  in  eastern  Italy 
which  flows  into  the  Adriatic  8  miles  southeast 
of  Bavenna :  the  ancient  Sapis. 
Saviolina  (sav"i-o-H'na).  A  character  in  Ben 
Jonson's  comedy  "Every Man  out  of  his  Hu- 
mour " :  "a  court  lady,  whose  weightiest  praise 
is  a  light  wit,  admired  by  herself  and  one  more, 
her  servant  Brisk." 


901 

Savior  of  Eome.  A  title  given  to  Marius  for 
his  victories  over  the  Teutones  and  Cimbri  102- 
101  B.  c. 

Savior  of  Societv.  A  title  given  to  Napoleon 
III. 

Savior  of  the  Nations.  A  title  given  to  the 
Duke  of  Wellington. 

Savitri  (sa'vi-tre).  1.  The  celebrated  verse 
of  the  Eigveda  III.  Ixii.  10,  repeated  by  every 
Brahman  at  his  morning  and  evening  devotions, 
and  often  in  religious  ceremdnies,  as  especially 
in  investing  the  members  of  the  three  castes  of 
the  twice-born  with  the  sacred  sacrificial  thread 
(whence  the  thread  itself  is  also  known  as  savi- 
tra).  The  verse  is  so  called  as  addressed  to  the  Sun  (Savi- 
tri). It  is  also  called  Gayatri.  See  that  word,  under  which 
it  is  quoted. 

2.  The  heroine  of  an  episode  of  theMahabharata. 
She  was  the  daughter  ol  Ashvapati,  king  of  Madra,  and 
beautiful  asLakshmi ;  but,  when  the  time  came  for  her  to 
choose  a  husband  in  accordance  with  the  custom  of  the 
svayamvara,  chose  Satyavant,  the  son  of  the  blind  and 
exiled  king  Dyumatsena,  who  dwelt  with  his  wife  and 
son  in  the  forest.  The  divine  seer  Narada  warns  against  the 
choice,  as  Satyavant,  though  handsome,  magnanimous,  and 
piouE,ha3  only  ayearto live.  Savitriisflrm, weds  Satyavant, 
and  lives  in  joy  with  him  until  theapproach  of  thefatal  day. 
On  that  day  Satyavant  andSavitri  go  together  into  the  forest. 
Satyavant  sinks  to  the  ground  in  deadly  illness ;  and, while 
Savitri  supports  his  head  upon  her  bosom,  Yama  the  death- 
god  appears  and  withdraws  Satyavant's  soul.  As  Yama 
turns  to  go,  Savitri  follows  him,  asking  her  husband's  life. 
Yama  urges  her  to  return,  offering  her  other  gifts  but  not 
Satyavant.  She  obtains  the  restoration  of  Dyumatsena's 
sight  and  kingdom,  for  her  father  a  hundred  sons,  and  a 
hundred  sons  for  herself  and  Satyavant,  but  still  insists 
upon  following  Satyavant  into  the  realm  of  death  if  his 
life  is  not  restored.  At  last  Yama  relents,  and  when  Savitri 
goes  back  to  Satyavant's  body  and  again  takes  his  head 
upon  her  bosom,  he  awakes  as  from  a  sleep,  and  the  two 
live  happy  many  years  in  the  recovered  kingdom  of  the 
now-seeing  Dyumatsena.  The  Savitri  episode  has  been 
translated  into  German  by  Bopp,  Riickert,  Hiifer,  Holtz- 
mann,  Meier,  and  Merkel. 

Savoie  (sa-vwa').  A  department  of  Prance, 
capital  Chamb^ry,  formed  in  1860  from  a  part 
of  Savoy  ceded  by  Sardinia,  it  is  bounded  by 
Haute-Savoie  on  the  north,  Italy  on  the  east,  Italy  and 
Hautes-Alpes  on  the  south,  Istoe  on  the  southwest  and 
west,  and  Ain  on  the  northwest.  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous. The  leading  occupation  is  agriculture.  Area,  2,224 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  263,297. 

Savoie,  Haute-.    See  Baute-Savoie. 

Savona  (sa-v6'na).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Genoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa 
23  miles  west-southwest  of  Genoa :  the  ancient 
Savo.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  the  Riviera ;  has 
an  active  trade  in  silk,  fruits,  etc. ;  and  has  manufactures 
of  pottery,  soap,  cloth,  glass,  etc.  The  cathedral  is  a 
very  good  classical  church  of  1598,  containing  magnificent 
inlaid  choir-stalls  from  the  older  cathedral,  and  some  ex- 
cellent sculptures  and  paintings.  The  harbor  was  destroyed 
by  the  Genoese  in  1625.  The  place  was  conquered  by  Sar- 
dinia in  1746,  but  restored  to  Genoa.  It  was  the  enforced 
residence  of  Pope  Pius  Vn.  1809-12.  Population  (1881), 
24,481. 

Savonarola  (sa-vo-na-ro'la),  Grirolamo.    Bom 

at  Perrara,  Italy,  Sept.  21,  1452:  executed  at 
Florence,  May  23,  1498.  An  Italian  moral,  po- 
litical, and  religious  reformer.  He  became  a  Do- 
minican monk  at  Bologna  in  1475 ;  and  in  1482  removed  to 
Florence,  where  he  became  prior  of  St.  Mark's  in  1491.  He 
brought  about  a  religious  revival  by  his  denunciation 
of  the  vice  and  corruption  prevalent  both  in  the  church 
and  in  the  state,  and  was  one  of  the  chief  instruments  in 
tlie  overthrow  of  the  Medici  and  the  restoration  of  the 
republic  in  1494.  He  was  for  a  time  virtually  dictator  of 
Florence,  but  incurred  the  enmity  of  Pope  Alexander  VI., 
whom  he  had  denounced,  and  was  in  consequence  excom- 
municated in  1497.  He  was  arrested  at  Florence  in  April, 
1498,  and  put  to  death  (strangled  and  then  burned)  at  the 
instance  of  the  Pope. 

Savou,  or  Savu  (sa-vo')-  A  small  island  and 
island  group  in  the  East  Indies,  belonging  to  the 
Dutch,  situated  east  of  Sandalwood  Island  and 
west  of  Timor.    Also  Savoe,  etc. 

Savoy  (sa-voi'),  P.  Savoie  (sa-vwa'),  It-  Sa- 
voja  (sa-v6'ya).  A  former  duchy,  now  divided 
into  the  departments  of  Savoie  and  Haute-Sa- 
voie (which  see)  in  Prance,  it  was  occupied  in 
ancient  times  by  the  AUobroges ;  passed  to  Rome  about 
122  B.  0. ;  was  conquered  by  the  Burgundians  in  the  6th 
century,  and  by  the  Franks  in  the  6th  century;  and  later 
was  part  of  the  kingdom  ol  Aries  until  1032,  passmg  then 
under  German  suzerainty.  The  rise  of  the  counts  of  Sa- 
voy dates  from  the  middle  of  the  11th  century,  and  Turin 
and  Aosta  were  annexed  in  that  century.  Savoy  was  made 
a  county  of  the  empire  in  1111 ;  Valais  was  annexed  in  the 
13th  century ;  and  Nice  was  added  in  the  14th  century. 
Savoy  was  made  a  duchy  in  1416 ;  Vaud,  Geneva,  Valais, 
Chablais,  and  Gex  were  lost  1633-36.  Montferrat  was  ac- 
quired in  part  in  1631  and  in  part  in  1708.  Sicily  was 
granted  to  Savoy  in  1713,  and  was  exchanged  for  the 
island  of  Sardinia  in  1720.  Savoy  was  made  the  kingdom 
of  Sardinia  in  1720.    See  Sardinia. 

Savoy,  House  of.  A  royal  family  of  Europe, 
now  the  reigning  house  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy. 
Its  members  are  descended  from  Humbert  the  White- 
handed  Cdied  1048!),  count  of  Savoy.  They  have  been 
dukes  ol  "Savoy  since  1416,  kingsof  Sardinia  since  1720,  and 
kings  of  Italy  since  1861. 

Savoy,  The.    A  former  London  palace,  now  a 


Saxe-AltenbuTg 

chapel  royal.  On  Feb.  12, 1246,  a  grant  ol  land  lying 
between  the  "  Straunde "  and  the  Thames  was  made  by 
Henry  III.  to  Peter  of  Savoy,  uncle  of  Queen  Eleanor,  and 
he  built  the  palace  there.  Peter  died  and  left  his  property 
to  the  friars  of  Montjoy,  who  sold  the  palace  to  Queea 
Eleanor  in  1270.  In  1284  she  gave  it  to  Edmund,  earl  of 
Lancaster,  and  later  it  became  the  town  seat  of  the  dukes 
of  Lancaster.  When  the  Savoy  was  occupied  by  John  ol 
Gaunt  in  1376,  it  was  twice  attacked  by  a  mob  and  again 
by  Wat  Tyler's  followers  in  1381,  who  completely  destroyed 
the  palace.  It  was  rebuilt  about  1605  as  a  hospital,  and 
endowed  by  the  iviU  of  Henry  Vn. ;  suppressed  by  Edward 
VI. ;  refounded  by  Maiy ;  and  finally  dissolved  by  Eliza- 
beth. The  present  chapel  royal  was  built  on  the  ruins  of 
a  chapel  of  John  of  Gaunt,  dedicated  in  1511.  The  style  is 
Perpendicular;  the  wooden  ceiling  is  modern ;  there  is  ex- 
cellent gkiss.  This  is  the  only  one  of  the  old  buildings  re- 
maining, and  was  made  a  chapel  royal  by  George  III.  in 
1773 ;  in  1864  it  was  partly  destroyed  by  fire,  and  was  re- 
opened in  1866  :  it  is  entirely  supported  from  the  queen's 
privy  purse.  The  French  Protestants  had  a  chapel  here 
from  the  time  of  Charles  II.  till  about  1737:  this  is  the 
origin  of  the  name  Savoy,  given  in  the  18th  century  to  tlie 
psalm-tune  known  as  "Old  Hundredth."  The  Savoy  The- 
atre was  built  near  here  on  the  Strand,  and  opened  in  1881. 

Savoy  Conference.  A  conference  held  at  the  Sa- 
voy in  London,  afterthe  restoration  of  CharlesH. 
(1661),  between  21  Episcopalians  and  an  equal 
number  of  Presbyterians,  for  the  purpose  of  se- 
curing ecclesiastical  unity.  It  utterly  failed, 
leaving  both  parties  more  bitterly  hostile  than 
before. 

Savoy  Declaration.  A  "declaration  of  the 
faith  and  order  owned  and  practised  in  the  Con- 
gregational churches  in  England,"  agreed  upon 
at  a  meeting  at  the  Savoy,  London,  in  1658.  doc- 
trinallyitis  amodiflcationof  the  Westminster  Assembly's 
confession  of  faith.  It  is  no  longer  regarded  as  authorita- 
tive among  Congregational  churches.  Also  called  Savoy 
ConfesHon, 

Savus  (sa'vus).  The  Roman  name  of  the  river 
Save. 

Sawaii.    See  Savaii. 

Sawantwari  (sa-wunt-wS're).  A  native  state 
in  India,  under  British  control,  situated  near 
the  western  coast,  north  of  Goa,  about  lat.  16°  N. 
Area,  about  900  square  miles.  Population  (1881), 
174,433. 

Sawatch  Bange.    See  Sagtiadhe  Range. 

Sa'wney  (sa'ni).  [A  corruption  of  Sandy,  which 
is  a  familiar  contraction  of  Alexander. 1  A  nick- 
name for  a  Scotsman. 

Sawtelle's  Peak  (s4-telz'  pek).    A  volcanic' 
peak  in  the  Eocky  Mountains,  in  Montana. 

Sawyer  (s&'yer).  Bob.  A  medical  student  in 
Dickens's  "Pickwick  Papers." 

Sawyer,  Frederick  Adolphus.  Bom  at  Bol- 
ton, Mass.,  Dec.  12,  1822:  died  at  Sewanee, 
Tenn.,  July  31, 1891.  An  American  politician. 
He  was  a  Republican  United  States  senatoi'  from  South 
Carolina  from  1868  to  1873,  when  he  became  assistant  sec- 
retary ol  the  treasury,  a  post  which  he  occupied  about  a 
year. 

Sawyer,  Mother.  The  "witch  of  Edmonton" 
in  the  play  of  that  name  by  Ford,  Dekker,  and 
Eowley. 

Saz  (saks),  Antoine  Joseph,  known  as  Adolphe 
Sax.  Bom  at  Dinant,  Nov.  6, 1814 :  died  Feb. 
9,  1894.  A  noted  Belgian-French  maker  of 
musical  instruments,  the  son  of  Charles  Joseph 
Sax,  also  a  well-known  instrument-maker  (1791- 
1865).  Adolphe  Sax  patented  the  saxhorn,  the 
saxotromba,  and  the  saxophone. 

Saxa  Bubra  (sak'sa  rS'bra).  [L., '  red'  stones.*] 
An  ancient  station  on  tlie  Flaminian.  Way,  8 
miles  north  of  Eome. 

Saxe,    The  French  name  for  Saxony. 

Saxe  (saks) ,  John  Godfrey.  Bom  at  Highgate, 
Vt.,  June  2, 1816 :  died  at  Albany,  N.  T.,  March 
31,  1887.  An  American  poet,  journalist,  and 
lecturer.  He  is  best  known  from  his  humorous  poems, 
which  include  "Rhyme  of  the  Rail,"  "The  Proud  Miss 
McBride,"  etc.  He  published  "Progress"  (1846),  "Hn- 
morons  and  Satirical  Poems"  (1860),  "The  Money  King 
and  other  Poems"  (1869),  "Clever  Stories  of  Many  Na- 
tions," "Masquerade  and  Other  Poems"  (1866),  "Fables 
and  Legends,  etc." (1872),  "Leisure- Day  Rhymes"  (1876), 
etc.  He  was  the  unsuccessful  Democratic  candidate  for 
governor  of  Vermont  in  1869  and  1860. 

Saxe,  Comte  Maurice  de,  generally  called  Mar- 
shal de  Saxe  or  Marshal  Saxe.    Bom  at 

Goslar,  Germany,  Oct.  28, 1696:  died  at  Cham- 
bord,  France,  Nov.  30,  1750.  A  French  mar- 
shal, illegitimate  son  of  Augustus  H.  of  Saxony 
and  Aurora  von  Konigsmark.  HeservednnderMarl- 
borough  in  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession,  and  under 
Prince  Eugene  against  the  Turks ;  was  made  a  mar^chal  de 
camp  in  the  French  service  in  1720 ;  became  titular  duke 
of  Courland  in  1726 ;  served  under  Berwick  in  1734 ;  cap- 
tured Etague  in  1741  and  Bger  in  1742 ;  was  made  mar- 
shal ol  France  in  1744 ;  gained  the  victory  ol  Fontenoy  in 
1745 ;  gained  the  victory  ol  Raucoux  in  1746 ;  was  made  mar- 
shal-general in  1747,  and  gained  the  victory  of  Lafteld  and 
stormed  Bergen-op-Zoom  in  the  same  year ;  and  captured 
Maestrioht  in  1748.  He  wrote  "Reveries"  (1767)  and 
"Lettres  et  mtooires"  (1794). 

Saxe-Altenbiirg  (saks-al'ten-bferg),  G  Sach- 
sen-Altenburg   (zak '  sen -al' ten -bora).    A 


Saxe-Altenburg 

duohy,  one  of  the  states  of  the  German  Empire, 
sit  uated  in  the  eastern  part  of  Thuringia.  Capi- 
tal, Altenburg.  It  consists  of  two  detached  parts,  the 
eastern  bordering  on  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  and  the  west- 
ern separated  from  the  other  by  Reuss,  and  bordering  on 
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.  The  eastern  part  is  traversed  by 
outliers  of  the  Erzgeburge,  the  western  by  spurs  of  the 
ThUringerwald.  Agricultnre  and  manufactures  are  flour- 
ishing. Tlie  government  is  a  hereditary  constitutional 
monarchy.  The  duchy  sends  one  member  each  to  the 
Bundesrat  and  Eeichstag.  The  religion  is  Protestant 
The  Altenburg  branch  of  the  Ernestine  line,  founded  in 
1603,  became  extinct  in  1672,  and  was  followed  by  the  line 
of  Gotha- Altenburg,  which  became  extinct  in  1825.  Alten- 
burg was  assigned  in  1826  to  the  Dulse  of  Saxe-Hildburg- 
hausen,  who  took  the  title  of  duke  of  Saxe-Altenburg.  A 
constitution  was  granted  in  1831:  it  was  made  more  liberal 
in  1848  and  has  been  since  modified.  Area,  611  square 
miles.    Population  (1900),  194,914. 

Saxe-Ooburg-Gotha  (saks-ko'berg-go'ta),  Gr. 
Sachsen-Coburg-Gotna  (zak '  sen  -  ko '  boro- 
go'ta).  A  duchy  in  Thuringia,  one  of  the  states 
ol  the  German  Empire.  Capitals,  Gotha  and 
Cobure.  it  consists  principally  of  two  detached  por- 
tions :  the  duchy  of  Gotha  in  the  north,  surrounded  by 
Prussia,  Saxe-Weimar-Bisenach,  etc.,  and  the  duchy  ol 
Coburg  In  the  south,  surrounded  by  Bavaria  and  Saxe- 
Meiningen.  Coburg  is  hilly  and  Gotha  mountainous,  con- 
taining the  highest  summits  of  the  Thiiringerwald.  The 
leading  occupation  is  agriculture.  The  manufactures  are 
varied  and  flourishing.  The  government  is  a  hereditary 
constitutional  monarchy  .  The  duchy  has  1  member  in 
the  Bundesrat  and  and  2.in  Beichstag.  The  religion  is 
Protestant.  The  line  of  Saxe-Coburg  was  founded  in  1680, 
but  became  extinct  in  1699.  The  title  of  duke  of  Saxe- 
Coburg-Saalf  eld  was  assumed  in  1735.  Its  duke  was  de- 
posed by  Napoleon  in  1807,  but  was  restored  and  entered 
the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine.  A  constitution  was 
granted  in  1821.  The  duchy  ceded  Saalfeld  in  1826,  and 
received  Gotha  and  other  possessions  and  took  the  title 
of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.  Lichtenberg  (acquired  in  1816) 
was  sold  in  1834  to  Prussia.  Area,  755  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  229,550. 

Saxe-Gotba- Altenburg  ( saks  -  go '  ta  -  al '  ten  - 
bferg).  A  former  duchy  of  Germany.  The  Gotha 
line  was  founded  in  1640,  and  acquired  part  of  Eisenach  in 
1645  and  Altenburg  in  1672.  The  line  of  Gotha-Altenburg 
became  extinct  in  1825.  The  line  of  Hildburghausen  suc- 
ceeded in  1826.    See  Saxe-Altenfmrg. 

Saxe-Hildburghausen  (saks  -Mid'  boro  - hou - 
zen).  A  former  Saxon  duohy,  founded  in  1680, 
the  ruler  of  which  became  in  1826  the  Duke  of 
Saxe-Altenburg. 

Saxe-Lauenbuxg.    See  Laueriburg. 

Saxe-Meiningen  (saks-mi'ning-en),  G.  Sach- 
sen-Meiningen  (zak'sen-mi'ning-en).  A 
duchy  in  Thuringia,  one  of  the  states  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire.  Capital,  Meiningen.  it  consists 
of  a  main  division  bounded  by  Bavaria,  Coburg,  Prussia, 
SaxC' Weimar- Eisenach,  etc.,  and  several  small  exclaves. 
The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  It  has  active  manu- 
factures of  iron,  glass,  porcelain,  toys,  cloth,  etc.  The  gov- 
ernment is  a  hereditary  constitutional  monarchy.  It  has 
1  vote  in  the  Bundesrat  and  2  in  the  Reichstag.  The  reli- 
gion is  Protestant.  The  duchy  was  founded  in  1680 ;  joined 
the  Confederation  ol  the  Rhine ;  and  annexed  in  1826  Hild- 
burghausen, Saalfeld,  etc.  It  sided  with  Austria  in  1866. 
Area,  953  square  nules.    Population  (1900),  250,731. 

Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach  (saks  -  vi '  mar  -  i '  ze- 
nach),  G.  Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach  (zak'- 
sen-vi'mar-i'ze-nach).  A  grand  duchy  of  Thu- 
ringia, one  of  the  states  of  the  German  Empire. 
Capital,  Weimar.  It  is  composed  of  three  main  de- 
tached portions ;  Weimar,  bounded  by  Prussia,  Saxe-Al- 
tenburg, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  etc. ;  Eisenach,  lying 
west  ol  Saxe-Meiningen  and  Gotha ;  and  Neustadt,  sepa- 
rated from  Weimar  by  Saxe-Altenburg.  It  also  contains 
several  exclaves,  as  Ilmenau,  AUstedt,  etc.  It  is  partly  oc- 
cupied by  the  Th  iiringerwaldand  spurs  oltheRhOngebirge. 
The  leading  occupation  is  agriculture.  The  chief  manu- 
factures are  cotton  and  woolen.  The  government  is  a 
hereditary  constitutional  monarchy.  It  has  1  vote  in  the 
Bundesrat  and  3  members  in  the  Reichstag.  The  religion 
is  Protestant.  The  present  Weimar  line  was  founded  in 
1640 ;  Jena  was  reunited  to  Weimar  in  1690,  and  Eisenach  in 
1741.  The  state  was  a  famous  center  of  learning  and  lit- 
erature under  Charles  Augustus  (1776-1828).  It  entered  the 
Confederation  of  the  Rhine  and  was  changed  from  a  prin- 
cipality to  a  duchy  in  1806.  It  received  additional  terri- 
tory in  1814-16,  and  was  made  a  grand  duchy.  A  consti- 
tution was  granted  in  1816.  It  sided  with  Prussia  in  1866. 
Area,  1,388  square  miles.    Population  (1900),  362,873. 

Saxe-Wittenberg  (saks-vit'ten-bero).  A  me- 
dieval duohy,  part  of  the  old  Saxon  duchy  which 
was  broken  up  on  the  deposition  of  Henry  the 
Lion  in  1180.  Its  capital  was  Wittenberg.  It 
was  merged  in  the  later  electorate  of  Saxony. 

Saxnot  (sSks'not).  [AS.  Saxnedt,  OS.  Saxn6t.'\ 
In  Germanic  mythology,  a  name  of  the  god  of 
war.  He  is  known  only  from  Saxon  sources : 
in  Anglo-Saxon  he  appears  as  a  son  of  Wodan 
(Odin). 

Saxo  Grammaticus  (sak'sd  gra-mat'i-kus). 
A  Danish  historian  of  the  13th  century.  Little  is 
known  with  certainty  of  his  personal  history,  except  that 
he  was  a  clerk,  and  that  hisfather  and  grandfather  fought 
tinder  Waldemar  the  Great.  He  had  the  surname  Longus, 
but  is  commonly  known  as  Grammaticus  from  his  fluent 
style  as  a  writer.  His  history,  called  "  Gesta  Danorum" 
or  "Historia  Danica,"  Is  written  in  Latin,  and  was  under- 
taken at  the  instance  ol  Archbishop  Absalom, whose  secre- 
taiy  he  probably  was.    Parts  ot  the  work,  from  internal 


902 

evidence,  were  written  belore  1202 ;  he  is  supposed  to  have 
died  shortly  alter  the  year  1208.  The  hisiiory  consists  ol 
16  books :  the  first  9  are  purely  legendary ;  the  2  following 
partly ;  authentic  history  begins  with  the  twelfth  book. 
The  whole  ends  with  the  year  1186.  The  material  for  the  ear- 
liest part  was  oral  traditions,  myths,  legends,  and  poems, 
most  of  which  have  else  been  lost,  although  a  lew  have 
been  preserved  in  the  original  Old  Norse  form.  Among 
others  of  the  kind  it  contains  the  Hamlet  ("  Amleth  ")  le- 
gen(^  ot  which  it  is  the  single  extant  source.  The  oldest 
edition  is  that  olKristiern  Pedersen,  Paris,  1514,  according 
to  which  all  subsequent  editions  have  been  printed.  The 
classical  Danish  translation  is  by  Anders  Sorensen  Vedel 
(1542-1616),  published  first  at  Copenhagen  in  1676. 

Saxon  Duchies.  A  collective  designation  for 
the  duchies  of  Saxe-Altenburg,  Saxe-Coburg- 
Gotha,  and  Saxe-Meiningen,  and  the  grand 
duchy  of  Saxe-Weimar-Bisenaeh. 

Saxon  Dynasty.  A  line  of  German  kings  and 
emperors  of  the  Holy  Eoman  Empire,  It  com- 
menced with  Henry  the  Fowler  in  919,  and 
ended  with  Henry  II.  in  1024. 

Saxonland  (sak'sn-land),  G.  Sachsenland 
(zak'sen-lant).  That  part  of  Transylvania 
which  was  settled  principally  by  descendants 
of  the  Saxons,  who  immigrated  in  the  12th  cen- 
tury and  later.  It  lies  mostly  in  the  south 
of  Transylvania,  the  county  of  Hermannstadt 
forming  the  main  part  of  it. 

Saxon  Mark.    See  the  extract. 

In  Saxony  beyond  the  Elbe,  the  modem  Holstein,  the 
Slaves  held  the  western  coast,  and  the  narrow  Saxon  Mark 
fenced  oft  the  German  land.    Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  198. 

Saxons  (sak'snz).  [Usually  explained  as  lit. 
'  sword-men,'  from  OHG.  sahs,  a  short  sword.] 
1.  The  nation  or  people  that  formerly  dwelt  in 
the  northern  part  of  (Germany,  and  invaded  and 
conquered  England  in  the  5th  and  6th  centu- 
ries; also,  their  descendants. —  2.  The  English 
race  or  English-speaking  races.  The  name  is  some- 
times used  for  the  Lowlanders  ol  Scotland  as  distinguished 
from  the  Highlanders  or  Gaels,  and  in  Ireland  lor  English- 
men as  distinguished  from  Irishmen. 
3.  The  inhabitants  of  Saxony  in  its  later  Ger- 
man sense,  including  Saxony  and  the  Saxon 
duchies  (which  see). 

Saxon  Shore.  That  portion  of  the  eastern  and 
southern  British  coast  which  was  exposed  to 
forays  of  Saxon  pirates  at  the  time  of  the  Ro- 
man occupation.  The  Saxon  Shore  was  guarded  by  a 
force  of  Roman  soldiers,  whose  commander  enjoyed  the 
title  of  Comes  Litoris  Saxonici,  or  Count  of  the  Saxon  Shore, 
and  whose  jurisdiction  extended  from  Sussex  to  Norfolk. 
Compare  the  extract. 

There  is  some  question  whether  Frisian  or  Saxon  tribes 
were  not  settled  on  the  eastern  coasts  of  Britain  before  the 
landing  of  Csesar.  This  theory  rests  chiefly  on  the  supposed 
Germanic  names  of  two  tribes,  the  Coritavi  and  the  Cati- 
enchlani ;  on  a  remark  of  Tacitus  that  the  Caledonians 
were  large-limbed  and  red-haired  like  the  Germans ;  on 
the  title  "Comes  Litoris  Saxonici,"  given  to  the  Roman 
officer  who  governed  the  littoral  from  the  Wash  to  the 
Adur ;  and  on  the  fact  that  the  Saxons  in  the  filth  cen- 
tury seem  to  have  lound  a  kindred  people  already  estab- 
lished in  East  Anglia,  since  no  conquest  ol  that  district 
is  on  record.  Pearson,  Hist.  Eng.,  I.  6. 

Saxon  Siberia  (si-be'ri-a).  A  portion  of  the 
kingdom  of  Saxony  in  the  Brzgebirge,  noted  for 
its  severe  climate  (whence  the  name). 

Saxon  Switzerland  (swit'z6r-land).  [G.  Sdch- 
sisclie  Sehweiz,  Elhsandsteingehirge,  Meissner 
HocJiland,  or  Sachsisch-Bohmisehe  Sehweiz.']  A 
mountainous  region  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
kingdom  of  Saxony.  It  lies  on  both  sides  ol  the  Elbe, 
from  Pirna  above  Dresden  to  Tetschen,  Bohemia.  It  is 
noted  for  its  rock-lormations  and  its  picturesque  beauty. 
Highest  mountains,  2,000-2,300  leet 

Saxony  (sak' sn-i) .  [Mli .  Saxonia,  It.  Sassonia,  P. 
Saxe,  from  G.  Sachsen  (AS.  Seaxan),  prop,  a  tribe 
name, '  Saxons.']  The  land  of  the  Saxons :  a 
geographical  name  the  use  of  which  has  greatly 
varied  in  medieval  and  modem  times.  The  an- 
cient duohy  ol  Saxony  was  one  ol  the  lour  great  duchies 
ol  the  old  German  kingdom.  It  was  in  northern  Germany, 
comprised  (roughly)  between  the  Ems,  North  Sea,  Eider, 
and  Elbe,  and  extending  to  the  south  of  the  Harz,  touching 
^anconia,  but  not  the  Rhine.  Saxons  appear  first  about 
160  A.  D.,  dwelling  north  ol  the  Elbe  estuary.  Later  they 
absorbed  the  Chauci,  Cherusci,  and  Angrivarii;  spread 
westward  to  the  Rhine ;  and  became  noted  as  pirates,  plun- 
dering the  coasts  ol  Gaul  and  Britain.  Theyaided  Carau- 
sinsin287;  were  defeated  by  Valentinian;  founded  Essex, 
Sussex,  and  Wessex  in  Britain  in  the  5th  and  6th  centu- 
ries ;  and  settled  at  the  mouth  ol  the  Loire  and  on  the  coast 
ol  Normandy.  Their  four  divisions  in  northern  Germany 
were  the  Westlalla,  Ostlalia,  Engem,  and  Nordalbingia. 
They  were  reduced  by  Charles  the  Great  in  a  series  ol  wars 
772-804,  and  obliged  to  accept  Christianity.  About  800, 
bishoprics  were  established  at  Osnabriick,  Verden,  Brem- 
en, Paderborn,  Minden,  Miinster,  Hildesheim,  andHalber- 
stadt.  The  duchy  ol  Saxony  arose  under  the  Liudolflnger  in 
the  middle  ol  the9th  century.  It  lurnishedthe  Saxon  line 
ol  German  kings  and  emperors  from  Henry  the  Fowler  (919) 
to  Henry  II.  (1024).  "  The  modem  kingdom  ol  Saxony  has 
nothing  but  its  name  in  common  with  the  Saxony  which 
was  brought  under  Franklah  dominion  by  Charles  the 
Great."  (JiVceman,Hist.Geog.,p.  196.)  It  was  governed 
later  by  the  house  ot  Billing,  and  opposed  Henry  IV.  Its 
duke  Lothaire  became  king  ol  Germany  in  1125.  Henry 
the  Lion  ol  Saxony  and  Bavaria  (duke  from  1139)  extended 


Saxton 

the  territory,  but  was  overthrown  by  Frederick  Barbarossa 
in  1180.  "  liie  duchy  ol  Saxony  consisted  ol  three  main 
divisions,  Westlalla,  Engem  or  Angria,  and  Eastfalia.  .  .  . 
The  duchy  was  capable  ol  any  amount  ol  extension  tovr&vit 
the  east,  and  the  lands  gradually  won  Irom  the  Wends  on 
this  side  were  all  looked  on  as  additions  made  to  the  Saxon 
territory.  But  the  great  Saxon  duohy  was  broken  up  at 
the  lall  ol  Henry  the  Lion.  .  .  .  The  name  ol  Saxony, 
as  a  geographical  expression,  now  clave  to  the  Eastlalian 
remnant  ol  the  old  duchy,  and  to  Thuringia  and  the  Sla- 
vonicconquests  to  the  east."  (Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  212.) 
Westphalia  fell,  as  a  duchy,  to  Cologne ;  the  eastern  part 
of  Saxony  fell  to  Bernard  of  Ascania ;  Bavaria  passed  to  the 
Witt3lsbach  family.  "The  duchy  of  Saxony  ...  was 
granted  to  Bernard  of  Ballensted  [Duke  of  Saxony  1180- 
1212],  the  founder  ol  the  Ascanian  house.  01  the  older 
Saxon  land  his  house  kept  only  lor  a  while  the  small  dis. 
trict  north  ol  the  Elbe  which  kept  the  name  ol  Sachsen- 
Lauenburg,  and  which  in  the  end  became  part  ol  the  Han- 
over electorate.  But  in  Thuringia  and  the  conquered 
Slavonic  lands  to  the  east  ol  Thuringia  a  new  Saxony 
arose. "  (Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  213.)  This  was  the  later 
duchy  of  Saxony,  the  capital  of  which  was  Wittenberg. 
The  strife  for  the  electorate  between  the  two  branches  ol 
Saxe-Wittenberg  and  Saxe-Lauenburg  was  decided  in  lavor 
ol  the  former  by  the  Golden  Bull  ol  1356.  On  the  extinc- 
tion ol  the  Ascanian  house  ol  Saxe-Wittenberg,  the  elector- 
ate and  duchy  were  conlerred  on  Frederick,  margrave  ol 
Meissen.  Thuringia  was  separated  in  1445,  and  reunited 
in  1482.  Frederick's  grandsons,  Ernest  and  Albert,  raled 
Jointly  Irom  1482  to  1486,  when  there  was  a  partition  ol  the 
territories,  Ernest  receivingthe  electorate,  Thuringia,  etc., 
and  Albert  Meissen,  etc.,  while  Osterland  was  divided. 
This  was  the  origin  ol  the  Ernestine  and  Albertine  lines. 
The  elector  Frederick  the  Wise  (the  son  ol  Ernest)  became 
a  champion  ol  the  Reformation.  By  the  capitulation  of 
Wittenberg  (1647)  the  electorate  and  various  territories 
were  transferred  to  Maurice  ol  the  Albertine  line.  Saxony  • 
fiourished  under  Maurice  and  his  brother  Augustus ;  suf- 
fered greatly  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  and  vacillated  be- 
tween the  parties ;  and  acquired  in  1635  and  1648  Lusatia, 
the  tiishopric  ol  Merseburg,  etc.  Its  electors  were  kings  ol 
Poland  from  1697  to  1763 :  suffered  severely  in  the  Silesian 
and  Seven  Years'  wars,  in  which  it  generally  opposed  Prus- 
sia ;  sided  with  Prussia  in  the  War  of  the  Bavarian  Succes- 
sion ;  joined  the  Fiirstenbund  in  1785  ;  joined  in  the  fiiBt 
coalition  against  France,  and  sided  with  Prussia  in  1806, 
but  went  over  to  Napoleon ;  and  entered  the  Confederation 
of  the  Rhine,  and  became  a  kingdom.  (SeeMeissen,  Thurin- 
gia, and  Saxmiy,  Kingdom  of.)  The  portion  of  Saxony  left 
to  the  Ernestine  line  in  1547  soon  became  divided  into  the 
Thniingian  petty  states  ol  Weimar,  Gotha,  Altenburg, 
Meiningen,  etc.    See  Saxe-Weimar-EUenach,  etc. 

Saxony,  Kingdom  of.  [G.  Eonigreieh  Sachsen.] 
A  kingdom  of  Germany,  the  fifth  in  area  and 
third  in  population  of  the  states  of  the  German 
Empire.  Capital,  Dresden,  it  is  bounded  by  Prus- 
sia on  the  north,  northeast,  and  east,  Bohemiaon  the  south- 
east and  south,  Bavaria  on  the  southwest,  and  Prussia, 
Saxe-Altenburg,  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,  and  Reuss  on  the 
west.  The  surface  is  level  in  the  north,  elsewhere  hilly, 
and  in  the  south  mountainous,  with  outliers  of  the  Erz- 
gebirge,  and  the  Saxon  Switzerland.  It  lies  mostly  in 
the  basin  of  the  Elbe,  which  traverses  it  from  south  to 
north.  It  is  noted  for  its  mineral  wealth,  manufacturing 
activity,  and  agricultural  progress ;  produces  cereals,  Iruit, 
etc.;  and  has  mines  of  coal,  silver,  tin,  lead,  iron,  zinc, 
porcelain-earth,  etc.   It  is  especially  famous  for  its  textiles 

■  (cottons, woolens,  half-woolens,  yarns,  hosiery,  etc.).  Other 
leading  manufactures  are  machinery,  tools,  porcelain, 
paper,  glass,  tob&cco,  musical  instruments,  china,  and  con. 
fectionery.  It  has  extensive  trade,  which  is  largely  con- 
centrated in  Leipsic,  and  exports  manufactured  articles. 
It  has  4  administrative  districts ;  Zwickau,  Leipsic,  Dres- 
den, and  Bautzen.  The  government  is  a  hereditary  con- 
stitutional monarchy,  administered  by  a  king,  an  upper 
chamber,  and  a  lower  chamber  ol  80  deputies.  Saxony 
sends  4  representatives  to  the  Bundesrat  and  23  to  the 
Reichstag.  Over  96  per  cent,  ol  the  population  is  Prot- 
estant. About  60,000  are  Wends.  The  electorate  ol 
Saxony  (see  above)  became  a  kingdom  in  1806  under  Fred- 
erick Augustus  I.  The  duchy  of  Warsaw  was  created  lor 
him  by  Napoleon  in  1807.  In  1809  its  extent  was  greatly 
increased.  The  king  sided  with  the  Allies  alter  the  bat- 
tle ol  Leipsic  in  1813 ;  and  in  consequence  had  to  cede 
hall  ol  Saxony  to  Prussia  in  1816  (besides  losing  the  duchy 
ol  Warsaw);  Saxony  was  the  scene  ol  riots  in  1830,  and 
received  a  new  constitution  in  1831.  A  revolutionary  out- 
break in  1849  was  suppressed  by  Prussian  arms.  Saxony 
formed  an  alliance  with  Prussia  and  Hannover  in  1849 ; 
sided  with  Austria  in  1866;  was  occupied  by  Prussian 
troops,  and  forced  to  pay  an  indemnity  ;  entered  the  North 
German  Confederation  in  1866 ;  and  entered  the  German 
Empire  in  1871. _.  (See  Saxony.)  Area,  6,787  squaie  miles 
Population  (1900),  4,202,216. 

Saxony,  Lower.    See  Lower  Saxon  Circle. 

Saxony,  Province  of,  or  Prussian  Saxony. 
[G.  Provinz  Sachsen.]  A  province  of  Prussia. 
It  is  bounded  by  Hannover  and  Brandenburg  on  the  north, 
Brandenburg  and  Silesia  on  the  east.  Saxony  and  Thurin- 
gia on  the  south,  and  Brunswick,  Hannover,  and  Hesse- 
Nassau  on  the  west.  It  has  also  several  exclaves,  and 
surrounds  portions  ol  other  states.  It  produces  sugar- 
beets,  wheat,  barley,  rye,  etc. ;  has  large  and  varied  manu- 
lactures ;  and  has  mines  ol  salt,  coal,  copper,  silver,  etc. 
It  is  divided  into  the  government  districts  ol  Magdeburg, 
Merseburg,  and  Erfurt.  It  was  lormed  Irom  various  ter- 
ritories, including  parts  ol  Saxony  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1816, 
the  Altmark,  Magdeburg,  Mansleld,  Halberstadt,  Quedlin- 
burg,  Erliirt,  etc.  Area,  9,746  square  miles.  Population 
(1900),  2,832,616. 

Saxony,  Upper.    See  Upper  Saxon  Circle. 

Saxton  (saks'ton),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Hunting- 
don, Pa.,  March  22, 1799:  died  at  Washington, 
D.  C!.,  Oct.  26,  1873.  An  American  inventor. 
He  accepted  a  position  in  the  United  States  mint  at  Phila- 
delphia in  1837,  and  in  1843  became  connected  with  the 
United  States  Coast  Survey,  having  in  charge  the  construc- 
tion ol  standard  weights,  balances,  and  measures.    Among 


Sazton 

Ilia  inventions  were  a  locomotive  diSerential  pulley,  a 
ueep-sea  thermometer,  and  an  immersed  hydrometer. 
Say  (sa),  Jean  Baptiste.  Bom  at  Lyons,  Jan. 
5,  1767:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  15,  1832.  A  noted 
French  political  economist,  a  member  of  the 
tribunate  1799-1804.  His  chief  works  are  "Traits 
d'ficonomie  politique"  (1803),  "Catfichisme  d'foonomie 
politique "(181B),  "Coura  complet d'^conomie politique prst 
tique  "  (1828-30),  "  De  1' Angleterre  et  des  Anglais  "  (1816), 


903 

sena  was  besieghig  Rome  in  509  b.  c,  Mucius,  conceal- 
ing a  dagger  about  his  person,  went  out  to  the  king's  camp 
with  the  intention  of  putting  him  to  death,  but  killed  in- 
stead a  royal  secretary  whom  he  mistook  for  Porsena.  He 
was  threatened  with  death  by  fire  unless  he  revealed  the 
details  of  a  conspiracy  which  he  said  had  been  formed  at 
Borne  for  the  purpose  of  assassinating  Porsena,  where- 
upon he  thrust  his  right  hand  into  a  sacrificial  Are  burn- 
ing on  an  altar  hard  by.  This  firmness  excited  the  admira- 
tion of  Porsena,  who  ordered  him  to  be  released. 


Say,  Jean  Bajptiste  Lion.    BornatParis,  June  Scseyola,Q.  Mucius.    Died82B.c.     A  Roman 
6, 1826:  diea  there,  April  21,  1896.    .A.  French   j™ist.     He  was  a  tribune  of  the  people  in  loe,  curule 


edile  in  104,  and  consul  in  95.  He  was  subsequently  pro- 
consul of  the  province  of  Asia,  and  ultimately  became 
pontifex  maximus.  He  was  proscribed  by  the  Marian 
party  during  the  Social  War,  and  was  killed  in  sanctuary. 

^^^ ^  ^^^  .x«»u..^o      *uu«  .  Excei-pts  from  his  writings  are  preserved  in  the  Digest. 

Say j_ Thomas.    Born  at  Philadelphia,  July  27,  Scafell,  orScawfell  (skWel').    A  mountain  in 

Pike.    Height,  3,162  feet. 
Sea  Fell  Pikes.   The  highest  mountain  in  Eng- 
land, in  the  Lake  District,  Cumberland,  10  miles 
west  of  Ambleside.    Height,  3,210  feet. 


financier  and  politician,  grandson  of  J.  B.  Say. 
He  was  minister  of  finance  1872-73, 1876-76,  1876-79,  and 
1882 ;  and  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Academy  in  1874. 
He  published,  conjointly  with  Foyot  and  Lanjalley, "  Dio- 
tionnaire  des  finances  "  (1889) 

.Say,  Thomas.    Bor 

1787 :  died  at  New  Harmony,  Ind. ,  Oct.  10, 1834, 
An  American  naturalist.  He  accompanied  Long's 
expedition  to  the  Eocky  Mountains  1819-20,  and  that  to 
the  sources  of  St.  Peter's  River  in  1823.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  Robert  Owen's  short-lived  communistic  settlement 
at  New  Harmony  (1826-27).  His  "American  Entomology  " 
was  first  published  1824-28,  and  this  title  is  given  to  a  col- 
lected edition  of  his  entomological  writings,  with  notes  by 
Jjeconte  (2  vols.  1869).  Say  also  published  papers  on  the 
MoUusca,  etc. 
Sayana  (sa'yarna).  A  great  Hindu  scholar  of 
the  14th  century  A.  d.,  brother  of  Madhavacarya 


was  first  published  1824-28,  and  this  title  is  given  to  a  eol-  ocala  (Ska  la).   Cane  G'ranae  della  (usually 

'    ' ■■  ""      '    '       known  as  Can  Graude).     Born  at  Verona  in 

1291 :  died  at  Treviso,  July  22, 1329.    A  sover- 
eign prince  of  Verona.    He  was  the  most  illustri- 
ous of  his  line,  and  conquered  Vicenza,  Padua,  and  Treviso. 
He  is  famous  as  the  patron  of  Dante, 
and  minister  of  Vira  Bukka,  raja  of  Vijayana-  Scala  (ska'la),  La.    A  theater  in  Milan,  one  of 

fara.    (For  Burnell's  identification  of  Sayana  and  Ma-    the  largest  in  the  world :  inaugurated  1778. 
hava,  see  ^adAara).    Sayana  is  especially  famous  as  the  Scala  Wova,  Gulf  Of.     An  arm  of  the  ^gean 
reputed  author  of  a  great  commentary  on  the  Rigveda,      a„„     wesf  of  Aaln   Minm.    nBrtlv  in^lnooH   V.,r 
the  value  of  which  in  Vedic  exegesis  has  been  the  subject     5^^'  ^^^^  °^  ^^^^  Minor,  partly  inclosed  by 
of  a  sometimes  heated  discussion,  in  wliich  all  the  most     bamos. 
eminent  Vedic  scholars  have  taken  part,  the  conclusion  Scala  Santa  (ska'la  san'ta),  or  Pilate's  Stair- 


of  which  is  that  the  commentary,  whatever  may  be  its 
value  in  suggestion,  does  not  represent  a  genuine  tradi- 
tion and  is  not  authoritative.  On  this  discussion,  see 
Whitney's  "Oriental  and  Linguistic  Studies,"  1. 100. 

Saybrook  (sa '  bruk) .  A  town  in  Middlesex  Coun- 
ty, Connecticut,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
(jonnectiout  River  28  miles  east  of  New  Haven. 
Population  (1900),  1,634. 

Saybrook  Platform.  A  declaration  of  princi- 
ples adopted  by  a  Congregational  synod  at  Say 


case.  [It. , '  holy  stairway.']  A  stairway  on  the 
north  side  of  St. . John  Lateran,  at  Rome,  it 
consists  of  28  marble  steps,  said  to  have  come  from  the 
house  of  Pilate  in  Jerusalem,  and  leads  to  the  medieval 
papal  chapel  in  the  Lateran  Palace.  The  stairs  can  be 
ascended  only  by  penitents  on  their  knees.  The  treasure 
of  the  chapel  is  the  painting  of  the  Saviour  as  a  boy,  said 
to  have  been  drawn  by  St.  Luke  and  finished  by  an  angeL 
The  painting  appears  to  be  Greek. 

Scaldis   (skal'dis).     The  Roman  name  of  the 

rrT^L£SrJ^'*r^&«ii^^  '^""^  ^'  *^^  ScSa  (ska-let'ta).     An  Alpine  pass  in  the 
•«=t^»  A^!,^  ^ilf^^,  I  AI^^'t!...  «f  <5l,l..      «™to=  of  G-risons,  Switzerland,  leading  from 
Sayce  (sas),  Archibald  Henry.  Born  at  Slure-    -^^^^^  ^^^^^  ^^  q[-^  ^    C       ^^  j    the  Upper 
hampton,  near  Bristol,  England,  Sept.  25^  1846.    Engadine  ^);v°'- 

An  English  philologist,  deputy  professorof  com-  gcaliger  (skal'i-jer),  Joseph  Justus.    Bom  at 
parativephilologyatOxfordl876-90,andprofes-    ^.gen,  France,  lug^  5,  15l0:  died  at  Leyden, 


sor  of  Assyriology  from  1891.  He  is  especially  noted 
as  an  Orientalist.  His  works  include  an  Akkadian  and 
an  Assyrian  grammar,  "  Principles  of  Comparative  Phi- 
lology" (1874),  "  The  Monuments  of  the  Hittites"  (1881), 
"  Ancient  Empires  of  the  East "  (1884),  "Herodotus  i.~iii." 
(1883),  "Records  of  the  Past"  (2d  series,  1888-91),  etc. 

Save  (sa)  (or  Say)  and Sele  (sel),First Viscount 
(William  Fiennes).  Born  May  28, 1582:  died 
April  14,1662.  AnEnglishpolitieian,son  of  Rich- 


Jan.  21, 1609.  A  celebrated  Protestant  scholar, 
son  of  J.  C.  Scaliger.  He  studied  at  Bordeaux  and 
Paris ;  traveled  in  Italy,  England,  and  Scotland ;  lectured 
in  Geneva  1572-74 ;  lived  with  his  patron  La  Roche  Pozay ; 
and  became  professor  at  Leyden  in  1693.  By  his  "De 
emendatlone  temporum"  (1583)  and  "Thesaurus  tempo- 
rum  "  (1606)  he  became  the  founder  of  modern  chronology. 
He  edited  Catullus,  Propertius,  Tibullus,  etc.   His  "  Opu- 

^.w^......-,* .  „«„— E,»-„— jt- „—,„„...„»„»>-„-     scula  varia "  were  edited  by  J.  Oasanbon  in  1610. 

ardPiennes,BaronSaye  and  Sele.   Hetookhisseat  Scaliger,  '  Julius    Osesar    (originally    Delia 

in  the  House  of  Lords  on  the  death  of  his  father  in  1613,  and  ~   "    "^       "      -^''-*    "  '■•        ""         -.    . .    -^^ 

^became  one  of  the  most  prominent  opponents  of  the  court. 

He  was  created  viscount  in  1624  at  the  instance  of  Bucking- 
ham, who  was  seekingto  conciliate  thepopular  leaders  with 

aview  to  bringing  on  war  against  Spain  after  the  breaking 

off  of  the  Spanish  match.  In  association  with  Lord  Brooke 

«nd  ten  others  he  obtained,  March  19, 1632,  a  patent  for  a 

large  tract  of  land  on  the  Connecticut  River  from  Lord 

Warwick  and  the  New  England  Company.  John  Winthrop 

was  appointed  governor,  and  a  fort  was  established  at  the 

mouth  of  the  river,  which  received  the  name  of  Saybrook. 

Lord  Saye  and  Sele  was  appointed  a  privy  councilor,  mas- 
ter of  the  court  of  wards,  and  a  commissioner  of  the 

treasury  in  1641.    At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he 

raised  a  regiment  for  the  Parliament,  but  did  not  favor 


Scala,  a  nickname  of  his  father,  Benedetto  Bor- 
done).  Born  near  Lago  di  Garda,  Italy,  April 
23,  1484:  died  at  Agen,  Prance,  Oct.  21,  1558. 
A  noted  Italian  humanist,  philosopher,  and  sci- 
entist. He  lived  until  1526  at  Venice  or  Padua,  and  then 
at  Agen,  where  he  practised  as  a  physician.  His  chief 
philosophical  work  is  "  Exeroitationes  "  on  the  "  De  subtili- 
tate"  of  Cardan  (1557).  He  wrote  also  Latin  verse,  "  Poe- 
tices  "  (1661),  commentaries  on  Aristotle,  Hippocrates,  and 
Theoplirastus,  etc. 

Scalloway  (skal'o-wa).    A  small  seaport  on 
Mainland,  Shetland  Islands,  Scotland,  6  miles 
from  Lerwick. 

the  abolition  of  the  monarchy,  and  retired  to  private  life  Scalpa(skal'pa).    1.  An  island  of  the  Hebrides, 

after  the  execution  of  the  king.  He  was  appointed  to  the     «■-■■  ••.       ^   -^       .        ^         .,         ,.„ 

council  of  the  colonies  in  1660,  after  the  Restoration. 
Sayes  Court  (saz  kort).    The  estate  of  John 

Evelyn  at  Deptford,  England,  it  came  to  him  with 

his  wife,  who  held  it  on  a  lease  from  the  crown.    On  his 

removal  to  Wotton,  Sayes  Court  and  its  gardens  were  let. 

Peter  the  Great  occupied  it  in  1698 ;  in  1769  it  was  used 

■as  a  workhouse.    In  1881  the  owner,  a  descendant  of     _  _ 

?Z^}^'  ""P.^^'''^^  "  i"*"  *•>«  Evelyn  Almshouses,  and  in  gcamander  (ska-man'der),  or  Xanthus  (zan'- 
lRa«  fl.  Tinblin  erarden  was  endowed.    The  Sjiven  Cniirf.  Mn-   •',^"'-***«'**'**'*  \         .       ,  /?    „    .*•.*«**«**.*«  \ 


Scotland,  east  of  Harris.  Length,  about  3 
miles. — 2.  An  island  ofthe  Hebrides,  Scotland, 
east  and  north  of  Skye  and  south  of  Raasay. 
Length,  4J-  miles. 

Scalve  (skal've),  Val  di.  An  Alpine  valley  in 
Bergamasca,  province  of  Bergamo,  northern 
Italy,  25  to  30  miles  northeast  of  Bergamo. 


1886  a  public  garden  was  endowed.    The  Sayes  Court  Mu- 
seum and  cricket-ground  are  quite  near  it. 

Saypan.     One  of  the  Ladrone  Islands. 

Sayre  (sar),  Lewis  Albert.  Bom  Feb.  29, 
1820  :  died  Sept.  21,  1900.  An  American  sur- 
geon, professor(from  1861)  at  Bellevue  Medical 
College,  New  York  city.  He  invented  many  sur- 
gical instruments  and  appliances,  and  was  tlie  first  to  use 
plaster  of  Paris  "  jackets  "  in  spinal  diseases  and  curva- 
ture. He  published  ' '  Practical  Manual  of  the  Treatment 
of  Club-Foot"  (1869),  "Lectures  on  Orthopedic  Surgery 
and  Diseases  of  the  Joints  "  (1876),  etc. 
JSayri  Tupac  (sa-e're  to'pak).  Bom  about  1530: 
died  near  Cuzoo,  1560.  A  Peruvian  chief,  son  of 
Inca  Maneo  and,  by  the  Inca  succession,  legiti- 
mate sovereign  of  Peru.  After  the  death  of  his  father 


(1544)  he  kept  up  an  independent  rule  in  the  mountains     T^oi-t  nf  SwoflaT, 
.,«t<i  i;;>:q  ™i,™  T,a  «,„.  £„t„«aA  tr,  «.<,;,»<  his  .;»!.«.  ™     pari  oi  Dweaen. 


thus).  The  ancient  name  of  a  river  in  Mysia, 
Asia  Minor:  the  modem  Mendere  (which  see). 

Scanderbeg,  or  Skanderbeg  (skan'der-beg), 
from  Iskander  (Alexander)  Bey  (originally 
George  Castriota).  Born  1403 :  died  at  Ales- 
sio,  Jan.  17,  1468.  An  Albanian  commander. 
He  was  the  son  of  Ivan  (John)  Castriota,  lord  of  a  heredi- 
tary principality  in  Albania,  and  in  his  youth  was  sent  as 
a  hostage  to  the  Ottoman  court.  On  the  death  of  his  fa- 
ther in  1443,  the  Porte  decided  to  annex  this  principality, 
which  had  hitherto  enjoyed  a  semi- independent  existence. 
He  returned  to  Albania  in  1444,  proclaimed  his  indepen- 
dence, and  maintained  himself  successfully  agaiust  Amu- 
rath  II.  and  Moliammed  II. 

Scandia  (skan'di-a).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
supposed  island,  identical  with  the  southern 


until  1658,  when  he  was  induced  to  resign  his  rights,  re- 
ceiving the  Spanish  title  of  adelantado,  with  a  pension ; 
but  he  quickly  sank  into  melancholy  and  died. 

S.  0,    An  abbreviation  of  South  Carolina. 

Scsvola  (sev'o-la)  ('Left-handed'),  0.  Mucius, 
A  Roman  hero.   According  to  legend,  when  Lars  Por- 


Scandinavia  (skan-di-na'vi-a).  Aname  denot- 
ing either  the  peninsula  which  comprises  Nor- 
way and  Sweden,  or  the  lands  occupied  by  the 
Scandinavian  peoples,  including  Norway,  Swe- 
den, and  Denmark. 


Scarpa 

Scandinavians  (skan-di-na'vi-anz).  Natives  of 
the  region  loosely  called  Scandinavia. 

The  [ancient]  Scandinavians,  a  tall  Northern  dolicho- 
cephalic race,  represented  by  the  Row  Grave  and  Staen- 
genaes  skeletons,  and  the  people  of  the  kitchen-middens. 
The  stature  averaged  5  feet  10  inches.  They  were  dolicho- 
cephalic, with  an  index  of  from  70  to  73,  and  somewhat 
prognathous,  with  fair  hair  and  blue  eyes,  and  a  white 
skin.  They  are  represented  by  the  Swedes,  the  Frisians, 
and  the  fair  North  Germans.  Taylfyr,  Aryans,  p.  213. 

Scapa  Flow  (ska'pa  flo).  An  inclosed  sheet  of 
water  in  the  Orkney  Islands,  Scotland,  south  of 
Mainland. 

Scapin  (ska-pan' ;  E.  ska 'pin).  [P.,  from  It. 
Scapino.']  A  wily  intriguing  valet  in  Moli^re's 
comedy  "  Les  f  ourberies  de  Scapin."  He  is  fertile 
in  expedients,  and  a  consummate  deceiver.  He  conducts 
the  affairs  of  four  lovers,  against  the  wishes  of  their  respec- 
tive fathers,  to  the  desired  end.  In  order  to  escape  the 
consequences  of  his  insolence  in  having  severely  beaten 
G^ronie,  the  father  of  Hyacinthe,  he  has  himself  brought 
in  in  an  apparently  dying  condition,and  obtains  his  pardon. 
The  nickname  of  Jupiter  Scapin  was  given  to  the  first  Na- 
poleon by  the  Abb6  de  Pradt,  in  allusion  to  his  disposition 
to  employ  trickery. 

Scapino  (ska-pe'no).  [It.]  A  typical  character 
in  Italian  masked  comedy,  the  cunning  and  kna- 
vishservant  of  Gratiano,  originally  speaking  the 
dialect  of  Bergamo.  Molifere  introduced  him  to  French 
comedy  (see  Scapin)  in  such  a  manner  as  to  turn  his  name 
into  a  proverb. 

Scaramouche  (skar'a-mouch ;  p.  ska-ra-mosh'). 
[P.]  The  Italian  Soaramuccia  (which  see).  It 
was  introduced  into  France  about  1640  by  an  Italian  actor, 
Tiberio  Fiurelli  (1608-96). 

Scaramuccia  (ska-ra-mo'cha).  [It. ;  P.  Scara- 
mouche, G.  Scaramue.']  A  boaster  and 'clown 
who  is  in  mortal  fear  of  Poliehinelle  or  Harle- 
quin: a  typical  character  inltalian  comedy.  He 
grew  out  of  the  old  pantomimic  character  Capitan  (which 
see),  which  was  turned  into  Scaramuccia  after  the  Span- 
iards lost  their  infiuence  in  Italy.    See  Scaramouche. 

Scarborough  (skar'bu-ro).  A  borough  and 
watering-place  in  the  North  Riding  of  Yorkshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  North  Sea  36  miles 
northeast  of  York.  The  ruins  of  its  ancient  castle  are 
situated  on  a  promontory  northeast  of  the  town.  It  is 
frequented  for  sea-bathing  and  for  its  mineral  springs.  It 
has  a  picturesque  situation  and  environs,  and  is  sometimes 
called  "theQueen  of  Watering-places."  Population  (1891), 
33,776. 

Scarborough.  The  capital  of  Tobago,  British 
West  Indies,  situated  on  the  southeastern  coast. 

Scarborough  Islands,  or  Scarborough  Bange. 
A  group  of  the  Gilbert  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean. 

Scaria  (ska're-a),  Emil.  Bom  at  Gratz,  Styria, 
1838:  died  July  22, 1886.  A  German  bass  opera- 
singer.  He  made  his  d^but  at  Pest,  and  went  to  London 
in  1860,  to  Dessau  in  1862,  to  Dresden  in  1865,  and  to  Vienna 
in  1872,  where  he  sang  for  many  years.  He  was  noted  in 
Wagnerian  opera. 

Scarlatti  (skar-lat'te),  Alessandro.  Born  at 
Trapani,  SieilyJ  1659 :  died  at  Naples,  Oct.  24, 
1725.  A  celebrated  Italian  composer.  He  is  called 
the  founder  of  modern  opera.  Little  is  known  of  his  early 
life,  but  he  was  a  most  prolific  composer,  leaving  over  100 
operas  and  200  masses,  besides  cantatas  and  oratorios. 
He  was  the  reputed  inventorof  accompanied  recitatives  and 
of  the  "  da  capo,"  but  the  latter  was  first  used  by  Cavalli 
in  his  opera  "  Giasone  "  (1655).  He  became  a  professor  in 
three  of  the  Naples  conservatories,  and  many  celebrated 
musicians  were  his  pupils. 

Scarlatti,  Domenico.  Bom  at  Naples,  1685 : 
died  there,  1757.  An  Italian  musician,  son  of 
Alessandro  Scarlatti.  He  was  a  noted  performer  on 
the  harpsichord  and  organ ;  composed  many  worlds  for  the 
harpsichord ;  and  did  much  for  modern  technic.  Men- 
delssohn and  Liszt  and  other  composers  show  his  influence 
in  tills  particular.  His  sonatas  and  fugues,  especially  the 
"  Cat's  Fugue,"  are  still  played. 

Scarlet  (skar'let),Wlll.  One  of  the  companions 
of  Robin  Hood.  He  is  also  known  in  old  bal- 
lads as  Scadlook  and  Scathelock. 

Scarlet  Letter,  The,  A  romance  by  Nathaniel 
Hawthorne,  published  in  1850.  The  scene  is  laid 
in  New  England  in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century.  See 
Prynne,  Hester. 

Scarlett  (skar'let),  Sir  James.  Bom  in  Jamaica, 
1769 :  died  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  April  7, 1844. 
An  English  jurist.  In  1790  he  graduated  atCambridge 
(Trinity  College)  and  entered  the  Inner  Temple ;  in  1818 
was  elected  member  of  Parliament  for  Peterborough ;  in 
1827  was  appointed  attorney-general  by  Canning ;  and  in 
1834  chief  baron  of  the  Court  of  King's  Bench  and  Baron 
Abinger. 

Scarlett,  Sir.  James  Yorke.  Born  1799 :  died 
1871.  An  English  major-general,  younger  son 
of  Lord  Abinger.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the 
Crimean  war,  particularly  at  the  battle  of  Balaklava, 

Scarlet  Woman,  The.  A  name  sometimes 
given  by  Protestants  to  the  Church  of  Rome, 
in  allusion  to  Rev.  xvii. 

Scarpa  (skar'pa),  or  Scarp  (skarp).  Anisland 
of  the  Outer  Heibrides,  county  of  Inverness,  Scot- 
land, west  of  Harris.    Lei^h,  3  miles. 

Scarpa  (skar'pa),  Antonio.  Bom  at  Motta, 
northeastern  Italy,  June  13, 1747:  died  Get.  31, 
1832.    A  noted  Italian  anatomist  and  surgeon. 


Scarpa 

He  became  professor  of  anatomy  at  Modena  in  1772,  and 
at  Pavia  in  1784.  He  was  chief  surgeon  to  Napoleon  I. 
He  published  numerous  anatomical  and  surgical  works, 
of  which  a  collective  edition  was  published  by  Vacconi 
in  1836. 
Scarpanto  (skar'pan-to).  An  island  of  the 
jEgean  Sea,belongingtoTurkey,situated  north- 
east of  Crete  and  about  30  miles  southwest  of 
Ehodes:  the  ancient  Carpathus.  The  surface  is 
mountainous.  Its  early  inhabitants  were  Dorians.  Length, 
31  miles.    Population,  about  5,000  (Greeks). 

Scarpe  (skarp).  A  river  in  northeastern  France 
■which  joins  the  Sohelde  11  miles  north  by  west 
of  Valenciennes.    Length,  70  miles. 

Scarron  (ska-r6n'),  Paul.  Born  at  Paris  in 
1610:  died  there,  Oct.  U,  1660.  A  French 
biu'lesque  poet  and  dramatist.  As  a  child,  his 
strained  relations  with  his  stepmother  led  him  to  live 
away  from  home  even  during  his  father's  lifetime.  He 
began  to  study  for  the  church,  and  lived  meanwhile  on  an 
allowance  amply  sufficient  to  meet  all  his  needs.  About 
1638  he  sustained  some  serious  accident  that  left  him  a 
deformed  paralytic  deprived  of  the  use  of  his  lower  limbs. 
About  the  same  time  his  father  died,  leaving  him  with- 
out any  share  in  the  patrimony.  He  obtained  some  pen- 
sions and  sought  besides  to  help  himself  along  by  means 
of  his  pen.  He  attempted  the  burlesque  style,  and  made 
a  success  of  it  in  his  first  publication,  "Le  Typhon,-ou  la 
Gigantomachie  "  (1644).  His  style  of  writing  became  at 
once  the  fashion ;  this  made  the  more  acceptable  his 
comedies  "Jodelet,  ou  le  maitre  valet"  and  "  Les  trois 
Doroth^e,  ou  Jodelet  soufflet6*'  (1645),  and  his  farce 
"Scfenea  du  capitan  Matamore  et  de  Boniface  pedant" 
(1647).  In  1648  he  began  the  publication  of  "Virgile 
travesti."  Then  hewrote  some  stinging  pamphlets,  among 
others  "La  mazarinade,"  and  scored  a  great  success  with 
his  "  Roman  comigue  "  (1651).  The  following  year  Scarron 
married  Frangoise  d'Aubign^,  who  became  later  Madame 
deMaintenon.  During  the  last  period  of  his  life  he  wrote 
several  short  stories,  "  Nouvelles  tragi-comiques  "  (1654), 
one  of  which  ("L'Hypocrite")  underlies  Molifere's  **Tar- 
tufe,"  and  composed  ajso  his  best  comedies,  "Don  Japhet 
d'Arm^nie  "  (1653), ' '  L'Ecolier  de  Salamanque  "  (1654),  and 
"Le  marquis  ridicule  "  (1656),  and  a  couple  of  posthumous 
plays,  "la  fausse  apparence"  and  "Le  prince  corsaire" 


Scartazzini  (skslr-tat-se'ne),  Johann  Andreas. 
Bom  Deo.  30,  1837;  died  Feb.,  1901.  A 
Swiss  author,  noted  as  a  student  of  Dante. 
Among  his  works  are  "Dante  Alighieri,  seine  Zeit,  sein 
Leben  und  seine  Werke  "  (1869),  "  Divina  Commedia  "  with 
commentary  (1874-82),  and  editions  of  Tasso  and  Petrarch. 

Scawfell.    See  Scafell. 

Sceaux  (so).  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Seine,  France,  4  miles  south  of  the  fortifica- 
tions of  Paris.  It  was  the  scene  of  an  unsuccessful 
sortie  of  the  French  Sept.  19,  1870.  Population  (1891), 
3,66T. 

Scesaplana(sha-za-pla'na).  The  highest  moun- 
tain of  the  Ehatikon,  situated  on  the  border 
of  Vorarlberg  and  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerland, 17  miles  north-northeast  of  Coire. 
Height,  9,738  feet. 

Schachenthal  (shaeh'en-tal).  An  Alpine  val- 
ley in  the  canton  of  Uri,  Switzerland,  east  of 
Altdorf :  a  side  valley  of  the  Eeuss. 

Schack  (shak),  Count  Adolf  Friedrich  von. 
Born  atBriisewitz,  Germany,  Aug.  2, 1815 :  died 
at  Eome,  April  14, 1894.  A  German  poet,  trans- 
lator, and  literary  historian.  Among  his  works  are 
"Geschichte  der  dramatischen  Litteratur  und  Kunst  in 
Spanien  "  (1845-46), "Poesie  und  Kunst  der  Araberin  Span- 
ien  und  Sieilien  "  (2d  ed.  1877),  translations  from  the  Span- 
ish andfrom  Firdausi,  and  dramatic,  epic,  and  lyric  poems. 

Schadow  (sha'do),  Wilhelm  Friedrich  von. 

Bom  at  Berlin,  Sept.  6,  1789 :  died  at  Diissel- 
dorf ,  March  19,  1862.  A  German  painter  and 
teacher  of  painting,  son  of  J.  G.  Sehadow.  He 
became  professor  at  the  Berlin  Academy  in  1819,  and  ex- 
erted great  influence  as  the  director  of  the  Diisseldorf 
Academy  1826-59,  becoming  the  founder  of  amodem  school 
of  German  painters.    See  Overheek. 

Schadow,  Johann  Gottfried.  Born  at  Berlin, 
May  20,  1764 :  died  there,  Jan.  27,  1850.  A 
noted  German  sculptor,  founder  of  the  modem 
Berlin  school  of  sculptors.  His  works  include  stat- 
nes  of  Frederick  the  Great  (Stettin),  BlUcher  (Rostock), 
Luther  (Wittenberg),  and  the  quadriga  on  the  Branden- 
burger  Thor  (Berlin).    He  also  wrote  several  works  on  art. 

Schafarik  (sha'fa-rik)  (Bohem.§afafIk),Paul 
Joseph.  Bom  at  Kobelyarowo,  northern  Hun- 
gary, May  13, 1795 :  died  June  26, 1861.  A  Slovak 
philologist,  noted  for  his  researches  in  Slavic 
speech,  literature,  and  history.  He  was  professor 
at  the  gymnasium  at  Neusatz  1819-33,  and  its  director  1819- 
1826 ;  and  was  connected  with  the  library  of  Prague  1841- 
1857.  Among  his  principal  works  are  "  Slavic  Antiquities  " 
(1837),  "History  of  the  Slavic  Language  and  Literature" 
(1826), "  Slavic  Ethnography  "  (1842),  a  collection  of  Slovak 
songs,  and  works  on  Bohemian  and  South  Slavic  philology 
and  literature. 

Schafberg  (shaf'bera).  Amountain  on  the  bor- 
der of  Salzburg  and  Upper  Austria,  19  miles 
east  of  Salzburg.  It  is  called  "the  Austrian  Bigi"  on 
account  of  Its  extensive  view.    Height,  6,840  feet. 

Schafer,  or  Schaefer  (sha'fer),  Arnold.  Bom 
at  Seehausen,  near  Bremen,  Oct.  16, 1819 :  died 
at  Bonn,  Pmssia,  Nov.  20,  1883.  A  German 
iistorian,  brother  of  J.  W.  Schafer :  professor 


904 

of  history  at  Bonn  from  1865.  He  wrote  "  Ge- 
schichte des  SiebenjahrigenKriegs  "  (1867-74), 
etc. 

Schafer, or  Schaefer,Heinrich.  Bornat  Schlitz, 
Germany,  April  25,1794:  died  at  Giessen,  Ger- 
many, July  2, 1869.  A  German  historian,  pro- 
fessor of  history  at  Giessen  from  1833,  and  di- 
rector of  the  university  library  from  1864.  He 
wrote  " Geschichte  von  Portugal " ("History  of  Portugal," 
1836-54),  "Geschichte  von  Spanien^'  (1831-67),  etc. 

Schafer,  or  Schaefer,  Johann  Wilhelm.  Bom 

at  Seehausen,  near  Bremen,  Sept.  17,  1809 : 
died  at  Bremen,  March  2, 1880.  A  German  his- 
torian of  literature.  His  works  include  "Grundriss 
der  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Litteratur"  (1836),  "Hand- 
buoh  der  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Litteratur  "  (1842-44), 
"Geschichte  der  deutschen  Litteratur  des  18.  Jahrhun- 
derta  "  (1856),  lives  of  Goethe  and  Schiller,  etc. 

Schaff  (shaf ),  Philip.  Bom  at  Coire,  Svyitzer- 
land,  Jan.  1,  1819:  died  at  New  York,  Oct.  20, 
1893.  A  German-American  church  historian, 
theologian,  and  miscellaneous  writer.  He  grad- 
uated at  the  University  of  Berlin  in  1841,  and  in  1844  ac- 
cepted a  professorship  in  the  theological  seminary  of  the 
German  Reformed  Church  of  the  United  States  at  Mer- 
cersburg,  Pennsylvania :  a  post  which  he  occupied  until 
1863.  He  was  appointed  professor  in  Union  Theologi- 
cal Seminary  at  New  York  in  1870,  being  elected  presi- 
dent in  1887,  aud  retired  as  professor  emeritus  in  the 
spring  of  1893.  He  was  president  of  the  American  com- 
mittee for  the  revision  of  the  authorized  version  of  the 
Bible.  Among  his  works  are  "History  of  the  Christian 
Church"  (new  ed.,  Vols.  I-IV,  and  VI,  1882-88),  "Creeds 
of  Christendom"  (1877),  "The  Person  of  Christ"  (1865), 
"Through  Bible  Lands"  (1878),  and  "Bible  Dictionary" 
(1880).  He  edited  "Christ  in  Song  "  (1868),  and,  with  others, 
"  Library  of  Religious  Poetry  "  (1881),  "  Schaff-Herzog  Re- 
ligious Encyclopaedia  "  (3  vols,  and  supp.  1882-87),  etc. 

SchafEhausen  (shaf'hou-zen).  1.  A  canton  of 
Switzerland,  situated  north  of  the  Ehine,  and 
lying  partly  in  the  Swabian  Jura  and  partly 
in  the  Klettgau.  Capital,  SchafEhausen.  it  is 
nearly  surrounded  by  Bad^n,  and  is  bounded  also  on  the 
south  by  the  cantons  of  Zurich  and  Thurgau.  It  has  also 
two  small  exclaves  north  of  the  Rhine.  It  sends  2  mem- 
bers each  to  the  State  and  National  councils.  The  lan- 
guage is  German,  and  the  prevailing  religion  Protestant. 
It  freed  itself  from  Austrian  rule  in  1419 ;  was  allied  to  the 
Swiss  Confederates  in  1454 ;  became  a  canton  in  1501 ;  and 
received  a  democratic  constitution  in  1876.  Area,  114 
square  miles.  Population  (1888),  37,783. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Sohaffhausen, 
situated  on  the  Ehine  in  lat.  47°  41'  N.,  long. 
8°  38'  E.  It  has  various  manufactures,  and  contains 
the  castle  of  Munoth,  a  cathedral,  "  Imthurneum,"  etc.  It 
became  a  free  imperial  city  in  1264,  and  passed  later  to  the 
Hapsburgs.  Population  (1888),  including Feuerthalen  (can- 
ton of  ZurichX  13,664. 

SchafEhausen,  Falls  of.  A  cataract  of  the 
Ehine,  at  Laufen,  near  SchafEhausen.  Height, 
about  60  feet ;  including  rapids,  about  100  feet.  Width 
above  the  falls,  about  375  feet. 

Schaflle  (shef'fle),  Albert  Eberhard  Fried- 
rich.  Bom  at  Niirtingen,  'Wiirtemberg,  Feb. 
24,  1831.,  A  German  political  economist.  He 
became  professor  of  political  economy  at  Tiibingen  in 
1861  and  at  Vienna  in  1868,  and  was  Austrian  minister  of 
commerce  in  1871.  He  afterward  removed  to  Stuttgart, 
and  devoted  himself  wholly  to  literature.  He  has  pub- 
lished "  Die  Nationalbkonomie  "  (1861),  the  third  edition 
of  which  was  renamed  "  Das  gesellschaftliche  System  der 
menschlichen  Wirtschaft"  (1873),  "  Kapitalismus  und  So- 
cialismus"(1870),  "Quintessenz  des  Socialismus"  (1874), 
etc. 

Schamir  (sha'mer).  A  mysterious  worm 
which,  according  to  Persian  and  other  tradi- 
tions adopted  by  the  Jews  and  woven  around 
the  legends  of  Solomon,  was  able  to  cut  the 
hardest  stone,  it  was  about  the  size  of  a  barleycorn, 
but  nothing  could  resist  its  strength.  It  was  with  the  aid 
of  Schamir  that  Solomon  built  the  temple,  the  stones  of 
which  were  not  hewn  by  human  hands.  In  some  versions 
it  is  called  a  stone.  In  early  rabbinical  fable  it  is  not  a 
worm,  and  is  something  more  than  a  stone,  being  called 
a  "creature."  It  is  an  impersonation  of  a  mysterious  force. 
The  storypassedovertothe  Greeks,  and  the  force  became 
a  plant.  In  the  English  "Gesta  Romanorum  "  it  is  again 
a  worm  called  Thumaxe.  Gervaise  of  Tilbury  speaks  of  it 
in  connection  with  Solomon  as  a  worm  called  Thamir. 
The  same  legend  in  different  forms  is  met  with  in  Ice- 
land and  many  other  European  countries.  In  some 
forms  Schamir  has  the  power  of  giving  life  or  of  paralyz- 
ing life. 

It  bursts  locks  and  shatters  stones;  it  opens  in  the 
mountains  the  hidden  treasures  hitherto  concealed  from 
men ;  or  it  paralyses,  lulling  into  a  magic  sleep ;  or,  again, 
it  restores  to  life.  I  believe  the  varied  fables  relate  to 
one  and  the  same  object—  and  that,  the  lightning. 
S.  Barmg-GmddfiwAoxiS  Myths  of  Mid.  Ages,  2d  ser. ,  p.  144. 

Schamyl  (sha'mil).  Bom  1797 :  died  at  Medina, 
March,  1871.  A  Caucasian  leader.  Hewaselected 
imam  of  the  Lesghians  in  1834,  and  acquired  a  complete 
ascendancy  over  all  the  tribes  of  Daghestan,  which  he  led 
in  a30  years'  struggle  for  independence  against  Russia.  His 
last  stronghold,  Weden,  was  taken  April  12, 1869,  and  he 
himself  was  surprised  and  captured  in  the  following  Sept. 
He  was  assigned  aresidence  in  the  interior  of  Russia,  and 
died  on  a  pilgrimage  to  Mecca. 

Schandau  (shan'dou).  A  town  in  the  kingdom 
of  Saxony,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Kir- 
nitsch  with  the  Elbe,  in  the  midst  of  the  Saxon 


Scheffer,  Ary 

Switzerland,  21  miles  southeast  of  Dresden.  It 
is  a  tourist  center.     Population,  3,155. 

Schanfigg  (shan-flg'),  or  Schalflgg  (shal-flg'). 
An  Alpine  valley  in  the  canton  of  Grisons, 
Switzerland,  east  of  Coire,  traversed  by  the 
PlessuT. 

Schar-Dagh  (shar-dag''),  or  Tchar-Dagh.  A 
mountain -range  in  the  western  part  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  on  the  eastern  border  of  Albania : 
the  ancient  Seardus.  It  separates  the  valleys  of 
theDrinandVardar.  Highest  peak,  10,005  feet. 

Scharf  (sharf),  John  Thomas.  Bom  at  Balti- 
more, May  1, 1843 :  died  at  New  York,  Feb.  28, 
1898.  An  American  historian.  He  served  in  the 
Confederate  army  and  navy  during  the  Civil  War,  and 
afterward  engaged  in  journalism.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1874,  and  was  appointed  commissioner  of  the 
land  office  of  Maryland  in  1884.  Among  his  works  are 
"  History  of  Maryland  "  (1879),  "  History  of  the  Confeder- 
ate States  Navy  "  (1887),  "  History  of  Delaware  "  (1888). 

Scharnhorst  (sharn'horst),  Gerhard  Johann 
David  von.  Born  at  Bordenau,  Hannover, 
Nov.  12,  1755 :  died  at  Prague,  June  28,  1813. 
A  (jerman  general  and  military  writer.  He  was. 
in  the  Hanoverian  service  until  1801,  and  then  in  that  of 
Prussia.  He  was  director  of  a  Prussian  military  school' 
1801-03 ;  served  against  the  French  1806-07 ;  was  president 
of  the  commission  for  reorganizing  the  Prussian  army; 
and  was  director  of  the  department  of  war  1807-10.  He 
was  severely  wounded  at  Grossgorschen  in  1813.  He  wrote; 
"Handbuoh  fiir  Offiziere " (1781-90),  etc. 

Scharwenka  (shar-veng'ka),  Philipp.  Born  at 
Samter,  East  Prussia,  Feb.  16, 1847.  A  German 
musician  and  composer,  the  brother  of  Xaver 
Scharwenka.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Kullak,  and  has  taught 
in  the  latter's  academy  at  Berlin.    He  is  also  a  oarioaturist. 

Scharwenka,  Xaver.  Bom  at  Samter,  East 
Prussia,  Jan.  6,  1850.  A  noted  German  pianist 
and  composer.  He  was  a  pupil  and  teacher  at  Eullak'ft 
academy ;  and  played  in  public  at  Berlin  in  1869,  and  in 
England  in  1879,  and  also  in  the  United  States.  He  es- 
tablished a  school  of  music  In  New  York  in  1891.  He  has 
published  a  numberof  pianoforte  concertos,  songs,  sonatas,, 
etc. ;  also  a  good  deal  of  chamber-music. 

Schassburg  (shes'bbro),  Hung.  Segesvdr  (she'- 

fesh-var).  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Nagy- 
tikiillo,  Transylvania,  situated  on  the  Nagy- 
Kiikiillo  in  lat.  46°  10'  N.,  long.  24°  47'  E.  Here, 
July  '31,  1849,  the  Russians  under  Xiiders  defeated  th« 
Hungarians  under  Bem.    Population  (1890),  9,618. 

Schaumburg(shoum'b6rG).  1.  Aformercount- 
ship  of  Germany,  in  the  valley  of  the  Weser. 
It  was  divided  in  1648  between  Lippe  and  Hesse-Cassel. 
The  former  part  is  now  Schaumburg- Lippe. 
2.  A  oountship  in  Prussia,  on  the  Lahn.  The 
title  is  now  in  the  family  of  Oldenburg. 

Schaumburg-Lippe  (shoum 'bora-lip 'pe).  A 
principality  and  state  of  the  German  Empire, 
situated  west  of  Hannover,  and  surrounded  by 
Hannover,  Westphalia,  and  the  Prussian  part  of 
Schaumburg.  (japital,  Biiokeburg.  The  surfaca 
is  level  or  hilly.  It  is  a  hereditary  constitutional  monarchy, 
and  has  1  vote  in  the  Bundesrat  and  1  in  the  Reichstag. 
The  prevailing  religion  is  Protestant.  The  present  line 
was  founded  in  1613,  and  was  at  first  called  Btickeburg- 
Lippe.  It  was  raised  to  a  principality  in  1807.  It  sided.at 
first  with  Austria  in  1866,  but  changed  to  the  Prussian  side- 
Area,  131  square  miles.    Population  (1900),  43,132. 

Scheat  (she'at).  [Ar. :  a  corruption  of  sd'id^ 
the  arm  or  cubit.]  A  name  given  to  the  sec- 
ond-magnitude star  (3  Pegasi,  sometimes  called 
MenMb,  and  also  to  the  third-magnitude  star  6 
Aquarii.  As  applied  to  the  latter  star  the  name  is  often 
spelled  Skat, 

Schedir,  or  Shedir  (sha'd^r  or  she'dfer).  [Ar. 
al-gadr,  the  breast.]  The  second-magnitude 
star  a  (!!assiopei8e,  in  the  breast  of  the  figure. 

Scheele  (sha'le),  Karl  Wilhelm.  Bom  atStral- 
sund,  Dec.  2,  1742:  died  at  Koping,  Sweden, 
May,  1786.  A  celebrated  Swedish  chemist.  He 
lived  as  an  apothecary  at  Kdping  from  1777.  He  was  the 
independent  discoverer  of  oxygen,  ammonia,  and  hydro- 
chloric-acid gas,  and  discovered  many  other  important 
substances,  including  manganese,  ohlorin,  baryta,  tartaric 
acid,  Scheele's  green,  arsenic  acid,  glycerin,  lactic  acid, 
etc.    His  collected  works  were  published  in  1793. 

Scheffel  (shef 'fel),  Joseph  Victor  von.  Born 
at  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  Feb.  16, 1826 :  died  there, 
April  9, 1886.  A  German  poet  aud  novelist.  He 
studied  jurisprudence  at  Heidelberg,  Munich,  and  Berlin. 
In  1860  he  occupied  a  minor  judicial  position  in  Sackingen, 
and  in  1852  in  Bruchsal.  Subsequently  he  traveled  in  Italy, 
and  lived  afterward  at  various  places  in  Germany,  Switzer- 
land, and  the  south  of  France.  In  1857  he  was  given  the 
position  of  librarian  at  Donaueschingen.  In  1872  he  re- 
moved to  Rudolf  szall,  on  the  Lake  of  Cbnstance,  where  he 
lived  until  his  death.  In  1876  he  was  ennobled.  His  first 
important  work  was  the  idyl  "Der  Trompeter  von  Sack- 
ingen "  ("The  Trumpeter  of  SSckingen  "),  which  appeared 
in  1853.  The  historical  novel  "Bkkehard"  is  from  1S65. 
"  Frau  Aventiure,"  a  collection  of  lyrics,  appeared  in  1863, 
"Juniperus"  in  1868,  " Bergpsalmen''  ("Mountain 
Psalms")  in  1870,  "Waldeinsamkeit"  (' '  Forest  Solitude")  in. 
1881.  "Gaudeamus,"  acoUection  of  popular  poems  of  a  hu- 
morous character,  has  been  published  in  some  40  editions. 

Scheffer  (shef'fer),  Ary.  Bom  at  Dordrecht, 
Netherlands,  Feb.  12, 1795 :  died  at  Paris,  June 
5,  1858.    A  French  painter,  of  a  style  between 


Scheffer,  Aiy 

the  classical  and  Romantic  schools.  Among  his 
works  are  "  Suliote  Women,"  "  Eberhard  the  Weeper," 
several  on  the  subjects  of  "  Faust,"  "  Mignon,"  and  "  Gret- 
chen,"  "  Francesoa  da  Rimini,"  "ChailemagneandWitte- 
kind,"  "St.  Augustine  and  his  Mother,"  " Christus  Con- 
Bolator,"  "Christus  Remunerator,"  "Dante  and  Beatrice," 
"  Christ  Bearing  the  Cross,"  etc. ;  portraits  of  B^ranger, 
Marshal  Ney,  Liszt,  Rossini,  the  artists  mother,  etc. 

Scheffer,  Henry.  Bom  at  The  Hague,  Sept.  27, 
1798 :  died  at  Paris,  March  15, 1862.  A  French 
historical  and  genre  painter,  brother  of  Ary 
Scheffer. 

Schef3.er,  Johannes.    See  Angelus  SUesius. 

Schehallion.    See  ScMehalUon. 

Scheherazade,  or  Sheherazade  (she-he'ra- 
zad),orShahrazad(sha-ra-zad').  A  character 
in  the  "Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments," 
daughter  of  the  grand  vizir  and  wife  of  Sehariar, 
sultan  of  India.  The  tales  -which  she  nightlyrelates  so 
interest  the  sultan  that  he  spares  her  life  from  day  to  day 
in  order  to  hear  more,  and  finally  repeals  the  law  con- 
demning to  death  each  morning  his  bride  of  the  previous 
night.    See  AraMan  Nights. 

Scheideck  (shid'ek),  or  Scheidegg.  A  spur  of 
the  Eigi,  in  Svpitzerland. 

Scheideck,  Great.  The  height  of  the  pass 
between  Grindelwald  and  Meiringen,  Bei-nese 
Oberland,  Switzerland.    Height,  6,430  feet. 

Scheideck,  Little,  or  Wen^ern-Scheideck 
(yeng'6rn-shi'dek).  A  pass  in  the  Bernese 
Oberland,  Switzerland,  leading  from  Grindel- 
wald over  the  Wengemalp  to  Xauterbruunen. 
Height,  6,798  feet. 

Scheideck,  Beschen-.  A  pass  in  western  Tyrol, 
near  the  Swiss  frontier,  leading  from  Landeok 
in  the  valley  of  the  Inn  to  the  Viutschgau  in  the 
valley  of  the  upper  Adige. 

Schelde  (sohel'de),  or  Scheldt  (skelt).  [D. 
Schelde,  formerly  also  Scheldt,  F.  Escaut,  from 
L.  Scaldis.']  A  river  in  Europe  which  rises  in 
the  department  of  Aisne,  northeastern  France, 
traverses  Belgium,  andflows  in  the  Netherlands 
into  the  North  Sea  by  its  chief  arms,  the  West 
Schelde  (or  Hont)  and  the  East  Schelde.  its  chief 
branches  are  the  Selle,  Scarpe,  Lys,  and  Rupel ;  the  chief 
towns  on  its  banks  are  Tournai,  Oudenarde,  Ghent,  Dea- 
dermonde,  and  Antwerp.  It  was  closed  to  navigation  1648- 
1792.    Length,  250  miles ;  navigable  to  near  Catelet. 

Scheler  (sha'ler),  Johann  August  Huldreich. 
Born  at  Ebnat,  Switzerland,  April  6, 1819 :  died 
at  Brussels,  Nov.  17, 1890.  A  noted  philologist. 
He  held  a  professorship  in  the  University  of  Brussels  from 
1876  until  his  death,  and  wrote  a  number  of  works  on  Ro- 
mance philology,  including  "Diotionriaire  d'^tymologie 
fran^aise"  (1861),  and  "Eicpos^  des  lois  qui  r^gissent  la 
transformation  fran^aise  des  mots  latins"  (1875). 

Schellenberg  (shel'len-bero).  A  hill  near  Do- 
nauworth,  Bavaria,  on  which,  July  2,  1704,  the 
Bavarians  and  French  were  totally  defeated 
by  the  Imperialists  under  Marlborough  and 
Louis  of  Baden. 

Schelling  (shel'ling),  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Jo- 
seph von.  Born  at  Leouberg,  Wiirtemberg, 
Jan.  27, 1775 :  died  at  Kagatz,  Switzerland,  Aug. 
20,  1854.  A  celebrated  German  philosopher. 
He  was  educated  at  Tiibingen ;  became  professor  at  Jena 
in  1798,  and  at  Wiirzburg  in  1803 ;  occupied  various  official 
positions  at  Munich  1806-41  (as  secretary  of  the  Academy 
of  Arts,  from  1827  as  professor  of  philosophy,  and  later 
director  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences) ;  lectured  at  various 
times  at  Stuttgart  and  Erlangen ;  became  a  member  of  the 
Berlin  Academy ;  and  1841-46  was  lecturer  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Berlin.  His  works  Include  "Erster  Entwurf  eines 
Systems  der  Naturphilosophie"  ("First  Plan  of  a  System 
of  the  Philosophy  of  Nature,"  1799),  "Dertranscendentale 
Idealismns  "  (1800),  "Darstellung  raeines  Systems  der  Phi- 
losophie"  ("Presentation  of  my  System  of  Philosophy," 
1801),  "Bruno"  (1802),  "Philosophie  und  Religion"  (1804), 
"Menschliche  Freiheit"  (1809),  etc.  His  collected  works 
were  published  in  14  vols.  1856-61. 

Schemnitz  (shem'nits).  Hung.  Selmecz-Banya 

(shel-mets'ban'yo).  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Honth,  Hungary,  67  miles  north  of  Budapest,  it 
is  the  most  important  mining  town  in  Hungary,  with  mines 
of  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  etc. ;  and  has  an  academy  of 
mining  andforestry.  It  existed  as  early  as  the  8th  century. 
Population  (1890),  15,280. 

Schenck  (skengk),  Robert  Gumming.  Born  at 
Franklin,  Ohio,  Oct.  4, 1809:  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  March  23, 1890.  An  American  poli- 
.tician,  diplomatist,  and  general.  He  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1831 ;  was  a  Whig  member  of  Congress  from 
Ohio  1843-61 ;  was  United  States  minister  to  Brazil  1861-63 ; 
and  served  in  the  Union  army  in  the  Civil  War,  participating 
in  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  the  battle  of  Cross  Keys, 
and  the  second  battle  of  jBulI  Run,  and  attaining  the  rank 
of  major-general.  He  was  a  Republican  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Ohio  1868-71,  and  United  States  minister  to 
Great  Britain  1871-76. 

Schenectady  (ske-nek'ta-di).  A  city,  capital 
of  Schenectady  County,  New  York,  situated  on 
the  Mohawk  Eiver  and  the  Erie  Canal,  17  miles 
northwest  of  Albany.  It  has  manufactures  of  loco- 
motives, agricultural  implements,  etc.,  and  is  the  seat  of 
Union  College.  It  was  burned  by  the  French  and  Indians 
Feb.  8,  1690,  and  the  inhabitants  were  massacred.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  31,682. 


905 

Schenkel  (sheng'kel),  Daniel.  Bom  at  Dager- 
len,  canton  of  Zurich,  Switzerland,  Dec.  21, 1813 : 
died  May  19, 1885.  A  German  Protestant  theo- 
logian, professor  at  Heidelberg  from  1851:  one 
of  the  chief  founders  of  the  German  Protestant 
Union.  Among  his  works  are  "Christliche  Dog- 
matik"  (1858-59),  "Das  Charakterbild  Jesu" 
(1864),  etc. 

Schenkendorf  (shengk'en-dorf).  Max  von. 
Bom  at  Tilsit,  Prussia,  Dec.  11,  1783:  died  at 
Coblenz,  Dec.  11,  1817.  A  German  lyric  poet. 
He  studied  jurisprudence  in  Konigsberg,  where  in  1812  he 
became  a  referendary ;  but  with  the  advent  of  the  French 
army  in  that  year  he  left,  and  was  subsequently  in  Berlin, 
Weimar,  and  Karlsruhe.  In  1813,  in  response  to  the  Prus- 
sian call  to  arms,  he  joined  the  army  in  Silesia,  and  fought 
in  the  battle  of  Leipsic.  After  the  war,  in  1815,  he  was 
made  counselor  at  Coblenz,  where  he  died.  His  lyrics, 
many  of  them  patriotic  songs,  appeared  under  the  title 
"Gedichte  "  ("Poems  "Hn  1816. 

Scherer  (sha-rar'),  Barthelemy  Louis  Joseph. 

Born  at  Delle,  near  Belfort,  France,  .Dec.  18, 
1747 :  died  on  his  estate  Chauny,  Aisne,  Aug.  19, 
1804.  A  French  general.  He  served  in  the  revolu- 
tionary armies;  as  commander-in-chief  in  Italy  gained 
the  battle  of  Loano  Nov.  24, 1795 ;  was  minister  of  war  1797- 
1799^  and  was  defeated  by  the  Austrians  in  Italy  in  1799. 

Scherer.  Edmond  Henri  Adolphe.    Bom  at 

Paris,  April  8,  1815:  died  at  Versailles,  March 
16,  1889.  A  French  Protestant  theologian  of 
the  radical  school,  politician,  and  critic.  He 
was  made  professor  of  exegesis  at  the  !l&cole  ]6vang^lique 
at  Geneva  in  1845 ;  resigned  in  1860,  and  became  a  leader 
in  the  liberal  movement  in  Protestant  theology ;  became 
chief  literary  critic  of  "Le  Temps"  in  1860 ;  and  later  was 
its  editor  in  chief.  He  was  elected  member  of  the  Na- 
tional Assembly  in  1871,  and  of  the  Senate  in  1875.  He 
wrote  "  Melanges  de  critique  religieuse,"  seven  volumes 
of  literary  criticisms,  etc. 

Scherer  (sha'rer),  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Sohon- 
born,  Lower  Austria,  April  26,  1841:  died  at 
Berlin,  Aug.  6,  1886.  A  German  philologist 
and  literary  historian.  He  wrote  "  Geschiehte 
der  deutsehen  Litteratur"  (1883),  etc. 

Scheria  (ske'ri-a).  [Gr.  'Zxepia.']  In  the  Odys- 
sey, a  mythical'island,  the  abode  of  the  Phasa- 
cians :  identified  by  the  ancients  with  Corcyra. 

Scherr  (sher),  Johannes.  Bom  at  Hohenrech- 
berg,  Wiirtemberg,  Oct.  3, 1817:  died  at  Zurich, 
Nov.  21,  1886.  A  German  historian  and  demo- 
cratic leader  in  Wiirtemberg  until  his  flight  to 
Switzerland  in  1849.  He  was.  professor  in  the  Poly- 
technic School  at  Zurich  from  1860.  His  works  include 
"Deutsche  Kultur-  und  Sittengeschichte "  ("History  of 
German  Civilization  and  Manners,"  1852),  "  Schiller  und 
seine  Zeit"  (1859),  "Geschiehte  der  deutsehen  Litteratur" 
(2d  ed.  1854),  "Geschiehte  der  englischen  Litteratur" 
(1854),  "AUgemeine  Geschiehte  der  Litteratur"  (1851), 
"Geschiehte  der  Religion"  (1865-57),  "BlUcher"(1862), 
"Geschiehte  der  deutsehen  Frauenwelt"  (3d  ed.  1873). 
Scherzer  (shert'ser).  Karl  von.  Bom  at  Vienna, 
May  1, 1821 :  died  Feb.  20, 1903.  .An  Austrian 
traveler.  He  traversed  North  and  Central  America 
1852-56  J  was  a  member  of  the  Novara  expedition  round 
the  world  1857-59;  was  chief  of  an  expedition  to  eastern 
Asia  in  1869 ;  and  was  Austrian  consul-general  at  Genoa 
from  1884.  Besides  books  of  travel  he  published  "  Welt- 
industrien"  (1880)  and  "Das  wirtschaftliohe  Lebeu  der 
Vblker  "  (1885),  etc. 

Scheuren  (shoi'ren),  Johann  Kaspar.  Bom  at 

Aix-la-ChapeUe,  Aug.  22,  1810:  died  1887.  A 
German  landscape-painter,  of  the  Diisseldorf 
school.  He  became  professor  at  the  Diisseldorf  Academy 
in  1855.  His  pictures  are  mostly  in  German  galleries. 
Scheveningen  (s6ha'ven-inQ-en).  A  fishing  vil- 
lage in  the  province  of  South  Holland,  Nether- 
lands, situated  on  the  North  Sea  3  miles  north- 
west of  The  Hague.  It  is  a.oelebrated  watering-place, 
and  a  favorite  resort  for  artists.  Near  it,  Aug.  10  (O.  S. 
July  31),  1653,  the  English  fleet  under  Monk  defeated  the 
Dutch  under  Tromp,  who  fell  in  the  engagement.  Popu- 
lation (1889),  17,277. 

Schiaparelli  (skyS-pa-rel'le),  Giovanni  Vir- 
ginio.  Born  at  Savigliano,  Italy,  March  4, 1835. 
An  Italian  astronomer.  He  was  du-ector  of  the  ob- 
servatory at  Milan  1862-1900.  He  has  published  "Note  e 
reHessioni  suUa  teoria  astronomica  delle  stelle  cadenti " 
(1870)  and  "  I  precursor!  di  Copernico  nell'  antichitk  " 
(1876).  He  has  also  published  investigations  in  meteo- 
rology and  the  topography  of  Mars. 

Schick  (shik),  Gottlieb.  Born  at  Stuttgart,  Aug. 
15, 1779:  died  there,  April  11, 1812.  A  German 
historical  painter,  in  1799-I802  he  studied  at  Paris 
with  David,  and  at  Rome  1802-11.  He  is  called  one  of  the 
regenerators  of  German  art. 

Schiedam  (sehe-dam').  A  town  in  the  province 
of  South  Holland,  Netherlands,  situated  near 
the  junction  of  the  Sehie  and  Meuse,  3^  miles 
west  of  Rotterdam.  It  is  noted  as  a  center  of  gin 
manufacture  (Hollands  and  Geneva) .    Pop.  (1891) ,  25,371. 

Schiefner  (shef'ner),  Franz  Anton.  Bom  at 
Eeval,  Russia,  July  18, 1817:  died  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, Nov.  16,  1879.  A  Russian  philologist, 
noted  for  his  researches  in  Tibetan,  Mongolian, 
and  the  Finnic  and  Caucasian  groups  of  lan- 
guages. He  was  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  St.  Pete.rs- 
burg,  and  was  connected  with  its  library  from  1863. 


Schiller 

Schiehallion  (she-hal'yon).  A  mountain  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  30  miles  northwest  of 
Perth.  It  was  here  that  Maskelyne  conducted  his  ex- 
periments for  determining  the  density  of  the  earth. 
Height,  3,647  feet    Also  Schehallion. 

Schiermonnikoog  (scher-mon'nik-oG).  An  isl- 
and in  the  North  Sea,  belonging  to  the  prov- 
ince of  Friesland,  Netherlands,  5  miles  north  of 
the  mainland.     Length,  8  miles. 

Schikaneder  (she-ka-na'der),  Emanuel.  Born 
at  Ratisbon,  1751:  died  at  Vienna,  Sept.  21, 
1812.  A  German  librettist,  manager,  singer,  and 
actor.  In  1780,  while  manager  of  a  company  of  strolling 
players,  he  met  Mozart.  He  wrote  the  text  of  Mozart's 
"  Zauberflote  "  in  1791,  and  played  Papageno  himself. 

Schiller  (shil'ler),  Johann  Christoph  Fried- 
rich  von.  Born  at  Marbach,  Wiirtemberg, 
Nov.  10,  1759 :  died  at  Weimar,  May  9,  1805. 
A  famous  German  poet,  dramatist,  and  histo- 
rian. His  father,  who  had  previously  been  a  surgeon, 
entered  the  Wiirtemberg  service  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
Seven  Years' War,  and  at  the  time  of  the  birth  of  the  poet- 
was  a  lieutenant.  Subsequently  he  rose  to  the  rank  of 
captain,  and  in  1768  was  given  the  position  of  park-keeper 
at  Ludwigsburg  and  the  duke's  country-seat.  Solitude. 
He  married,  in  1749,  Elizabeth  Dorothea  Kodweis,  daugh- 
ter of  the  landlord  of  the  Golden  Lion  in  Marbach.  Schil- 
ler's earliest  education  was  obtained  in  the  village  of' 
Lorch,  and  then  at  the  Latin  school  of  Ludwigsburg.  It- 
was  his  original  intention  to  study  theology,  but  in  ac-  - 
cordance  with  the  demand  of  the  duke,  Karl  Eugen,  who 
in  1770  had  set  up  a  military  academy  at  his  castle.  Soli- 
tude, he  entered  there  in  1773  and  began  the  study  of  ju- 
risprudence. In  1775  the  academy  was  removed  to  Stutt- 
gart, where  he  exchanged  the  study  of  law  for  that  of  medi- 
cine ;  and  in  1780,  on  the  conclusion  of  his  studies,  was 
appointed  regimental  surgeon  at  Stuttgart.  His  literary 
career  began  in  1781  with  the  publication  of  the  tragedy 
"Die  Rauber"("The  Robbers"),  the  plan  of  which  he  had 
conceived  as  early  as  1778,  when  a  pupil  at  the  military 
academy.  He  was  not  able  to  find  a  publisher,  and  was 
obliged  to  print  the  work  at  his  own  expense,  but  the  fol- 
lowing year  it  was  successfully  produced  at  Mannheim. 
The  publication  of  the  drama  had  drawn  upon  him  the 
displeasure  of  the  duke,  which  was  intensified  when  he 
went  secretly  to  Mannheim  in  order  to  be  present  at  its 
first  representation.  Subsequently  he  was  forbidden  by 
the  duke  to  print  anything  which  did  not  relate  to  his 
profession.  Once  more  he  went  to  Mannheim  without 
leave,  in  order  to  see  his  drama,  and  this  time,  when  it 
was  discovered,  he  was  condemned  to  a  fortnight's  arrest. 
He  now  determined  to  escape  from  this  restraint,  and  the 
same  year  (1782)  fled  in  company  with  a  friend  to  Mann- 
heim, and  thence  went  to  Darmstadt  and  Frankfort.  Un- 
der the  assumed  name  of  Dr.  Schmidt,  he  lived  for  a  time 
at  the  village  of  Oggersheim,  near  Mannheim,  and,  not  be- 
lieving himself  here  free  from  pursuit,  accepted  the  in- 
vitation of  Frau  von  Wolzogen,  and  took  up  his  abode  on 
her  estate  Bauerbach,  near  Memingen.  In  the  meantime 
he  had  been  at  work  on  another  drama  which  finally  ap- 
peared in  1783,  after  having  been  twice  rejected  by  the 
theater  direction  at  Mannheim.  This  is  his  "  Fiesco  "' 
(full  title  "Di:  Verschworung  des  Fiesco  zu  Genua:  re- 
publikanisches  Trauerspiel";  "The  Conspiracy  of  Fiesco 
at  Genoa:  a  Republican  Tragedy").  At  Bauerbach  he 
lived  until  July,  1783,  under  the  name  of  Dr.  Ritter,  en- 
gaged upon  athird  tragedy  which  he  at  first  called  "Luise 
Millerin,"  but  which  was  published  in  1784  under  the  name 
of  "Kabale  und  Liebe"  ("Love  and  Intrigue").  In  1783 
he  returned  to  Mannheim  to  accept  the  position  of  theater 
poet  with  a  stipend  of  300  fiorins,  for  which  he  was  to 
furnish  three  plays  a  year :  to  eke  out  a  support  he  had 
founded  a  journal  (which  was  abandoned  in  1793)  called 
"Die  rheinische  Thalia  "("The  Rhenish  Thalia"),  after- 
ward "Die  neue  Thalia"  ("The  New  Thalia").  His  con- 
nection with  the  theater  lasted  only  until  Nov.,  1784,  when 
he  resigned.  In  1785,  with  the  advice  and  assistance 
of  Christian  Gottfried  Konier,  the  father  of  the  poet  Kor- 
ner,  he  left  Mannheim  for  Leipsic,  where  he  arrived  in 
April.  Shortly  after  he  moved  out  to  the  little  village  of 
Gohlis,  near  by,  and  then,  that  same  year,  accompanied 
Korner  to  Dresden :  here,  and  in  the  village  of  Loschwitz, 
where  his  friend  had  a  villa,  he  lived  until  1787.  In  1786 
three  lyrical  poems  had  appeared  in  the  "Thalia":  "Frei- 
geisterei  der  Leidenschaft"i("Free-thinking  of  Passion"), 
"Resignation, "and  "Lied  an  die  Freude  "("Hymn  to  Joy  "), 
the  last  written  in  Gohlis.  In  the  garden-house  at  Losch- 
witz he  completed  the  drama  "Don  Carlos, "  begun  at  Mann- 
heim and  finally  published  in  1787.  Unlike  the  preced- 
ing dramas,  which  are  all  in  prose,  this,  like  its  successors,. 
is  written  in  iambic  pentameter.  To  the  Dresden  period 
belongs,  further,  a  novel  that  was  never  completed,  called 
"Der  Geisterseher"  ("The  Ghost-seer").  In  1787,  having 
grown  tired  of  his  life  in  Dresden,  he  removed  to  Weimar^ 
where,  with  the  exception  of  the  period  from  1789  to  1799, 
he  subsequently  lived.  In  1788  appeared  his  first  histori- 
cal work,  the  "Geschiehte  des  Abfalls  der  Niederlande  "" 
("History  of  the  Revolt  of  the  Netherlands").  Belong- 
ing also  to  this  early  time  in  Weimar  are  the  poems  "  Die: 
Gotter  Griechenlands"  ("The  Gods  of  Greece")  and  "Die 
Kilnstler  "  ("  The  Artists  ").  In  1789  he  was  called  as  pro- 
fessor extraordinarius  of  history,  but  without  a  stipend,  to 
the  University  of  Jena.  The  succeeding  year  (1790)  he  mar- 
ried Lotte  von  Lengef eld,  having  previously  been  granted, 
on  his  application,  a  small  stipend  by  the  Duke  of  Wei- 
mar. During  1790-93  appeared  his  second  historical  work, 
the  "  Geschiehte  des  dreiszigjahrigen  Kriegs  "  ("  History 
of  the  Thirty  Years'  War  ").  In  1794  falls  the  beginning 
of  the  intimate  association  with  Goethe,  which  had  a 
marked  influence  upon  both  poets.  In  1795,  with  the  co- 
operation of  Goethe,  he  founded  the  journal  "Die  Horen  " 
("The  Horse"),  which  was  continued  down  to  1798.  In 
1796  the  annual  "Der  Musenalmanach "  ("The  Almanac 
of  the  Muses")  was  begun  under  his  editorship,  and  was 
published  down  to  1800,  when  it  was  abandoned.  In  it 
appeared  the  satiric  epigrams,  the  famous  "Xenien." 
written  jn  collaboration  with  Goethe,  and  a  number  of  his 
most  celebrated  poems,  among  them  "Der  Handschuh" 


Schiller 

<"The  Glove"),  "Der  Ring  des  Polykrates"  ("The  Eing 
of  Polycrates"),  "Ritter  Toggenburg"  ("Knight  Toggen- 
burg"),  "Der  Taucher"  ("The  Diver  ),  "Die  Kraniche 
des  Ibycus"  ("The  Cranes  of  Ibycus"),  "Der  Gang  nach 
dem  Eisenhammer"("The  Walk  to  the  Forge"),  "Der 
Eampf  mit  dem  Draoheu  "  ("  The  Fight  with  the  Drag- 
on"), "Das  Eleusiaobe  Feat"  ("The  Eleusinian  Festi- 
val"), and  (1800)  "Das  Lied  von  der  Gloclre"  ("The  Song 
of  the  Bell "),  the  most  populai'  of  all  his  poems.  In  1799 
another  dramahad  been  completed,  and  the  following  year 
it  was  revised  for  publication.  Tliis  is  tlie  trilogy  "  Wal- 
lenstein,"  which  consists  of  the  prelude  "Wallensteins 
Lager  "  ("  Wallenstein's  Camp  "),  "  Die  Piccolomini "  ("  Tlie 
Piccolomini"),  a  drama  in  five  acts,  and  "Wallensteins 
Tod"  ("Wallenstein's  Death"),  also  in  five  acts.  In  1798, 
further,  he  gave  up  his  professorship  at  Jena  and  went  back 
to  Weimar,  which  was  henceforth  his  home.  The  succeed- 
ing years  were  characterized  by  extraordinaiy  dramatic 
productiveness.  The  tragedy  "Maria  Stuart"  appeared 
in  1801.  "Die  Jungfrau  von  Orleans"  ("The  Maid  of  Or- 
leans "),  which  he  calls  "aromantic  tragedy,"  followed  in 
1802.  This  same  year  he  was  ennobled  by  the  emperor 
Francis  II.  In  1803  appeared,  further,  "Die  Braut  von 
Messina "  ("  The  Bride  of  Messina  "),  with  the  subtitle 
*'  Die  feindlichen  Bruder :  Trauerspiol  mit  ChOren  "  ("The 
Hostile  Brothers :  a  Tragedy  with  Choruses  ") ;  and  final- 
ly, in  1804,  the  drama  "  Wllhelm  Tell. "  He  died  suddenly 
in  1805.  Still  another  tragedy,  "Demetrius,"  was  left  un- 
completed at  his  death.  His  life  may  be  divided  into  3 
periods.  The  first  is  that  of  his  youth,  from  1759  to  1785, 
when  he  removed  to  Leipsic :  in  this  period  fall  the  "  Storm 
and  Stress"  dramas  "The  Robbers,"  "Fiesoo,"and  "Love 
and  Intrigue,"  and  the  lyric  poems  published  in  his  "  An- 
thologie  "  of  1782.  A  second  period  is  the  period  of  scien- 
tiflc  production,  in  reality  a  time  of  research,  from  1785 
down  to  his  intimate  association  with  Goethe  in  the  publi- 
cation of  the  "  Horen  ":  in  this  period  fall,  most  especially, 
"Don  Carlos,"  his  historical  works,  and  several  philosophi- 
cal and  esthetic  treatises,  the  principal  among  them  being 
that  on  "Naive  und  sentimentalische  Dichtung"(" Naive 
and  Sentimental  Poetry  ").  A  third  and  last  period  is  from 
1794  until  his  death  in  1805.  This  is  the  time  of  his  great- 
est productivity :  in  it  fall  the  best  of  his  poems,  of  which 
there  are  many  besides  the  ballads  mentioned,  and  the 
most  important  of  his  dramas.  A  critical  edition  of  his 
complete  works  was  published  at  Stuttgart,  1867-76,  in  17 
volumes. 

Schiller -Stiftung  (shii'ler-stif  tong).  [G., 
'  Schiller  Institution.']  A  German  society 
founded  in  1855  (definitely  organized  at  Dres- 
den, Oct.,  1859)  for  the  purpose  of  rendering 
pecuniary  aid  to  German  authors  needing  as- 
sistance. 

Schilling  (shil'ling),  Johannes.  Bom  at  Mitt- 
weida,  Saxony,  June  23, 1828.  A  German  sculp- 
tor, professor  at  Dresden.  Among  his  works  are  the 
Schiller  statue  in  Vienna,  statues  in  the  Briihl  Terrace, 
Dresden,  and  the  national  monument  in  the  Niederwald. 

Schilthorn  (sHlt'hom).  Amountain  in  the  Ber- 
nese Oberland,  Switzerland,  southwest  of  Lau- 
terbrunnen.     Height,  9,748  feet. 

Schimper,  WilheLm  Fhilipp.  Born  at  Dosen- 
heim,  Alsace,  Jan.  12,  1808:  died  May  20, 1880. 
An  Alsatian  botanist  and  paleontologist.  He 
published  "Traits  de  paMontologie  v6g6tale" 
(1867-69),  researches  on  bryology,  etc. 

Schipka  Pass.    See  SMpJca  Pass. 

Schirmer  (shir'mer),  Johann  Wilhelm.  Bom 
at  Jiilich,  Prussia,  Sept.  5, 1807 :  died  at  Karls- 
ruhe, Baden,  Sept.  11,  1863.  A  German  land- 
scape-painter. His  subjects  were  taken  largely 
from  Bible  scenes. 

Schirmer,  Wilhelm.  Bom  at  Berlin,  May  6, 
1802 :  died  at  Nyon,  Switzerland,  .Tune  8,  1866. 
A  German  landscape-painter.  His  subjects 
were  taken  chiefly  from  the  South. 

Schism,  The  Great.  1.  The  division  between 
the  Latin  and  Greek  churches,  which  began  in 
the  9th  century,  the  principal  doctrinal  diffi- 
culty relating  to  the  "fllioque"in  the  creed. 
The  immediate  occasion  of  suspension  of  communion  was 
the  intrusion  by  the  emperor  Michael  HI.,  in  857,  of  the 
learned  Piiotiua  into  the  see  of  Constantinople  instead  of 
Ignatius,  at  that  time  patriarch.  The  Roman  see  asserted 
jurisdiction  in  the  matter  as  possessing  supreme  power, 
and  mutual  charges  of  false  doctrine  and  excommunica- 
tions followed ;  but  Photius  was  finally  acknowledged  at 
Rome  as  patriarch.  The  final  division  was  that  between 
Pope  Leo  IX.  and  the  patriarch  Michael  Cerularius,  in 
1054,  since  which  time  Roman  Catholics  regard  the  Greeks 
or  Easterns  as  cut  oif  from  the  Catholic  Church,  while  the 
Greeks  claim  that  they  have  remained  faithful  to  the 
Catholic  creed  and  ancient  usages. 
2.  The  forty  years'  division  (1378-1417)  be- 
tween different  parties  in  the  Eoman  Catholic 
Church,  which  adhered  to  different  popes. 

Schlagintweit  (shla'gin-tvit),  Adolf  von. 
Bom  Jan.  9,  1829:  killed  in  Kashgar,  1857. 
Brother  of  Hermann  Schlagintweit,  and  his  as- 
sociate in  travel  and  collaborator  in  his  works. 

Schlagintweit,  Hermann  von.  Bom  at  Mu- 
nich, May  13,  1826 :  died  at  Munich^  Jan.  19, 
1882.  A  German  traveler  and  scientist.  He  ex- 
plored the  Alps  in  company  with  Adolf  von  Schlagintweit 
1846-48,  and  published  their  results  in  "  Untersuohungen 
liber  die  physikalische  Geographic  der  Alpen"  ("Re- 
searches on  the  Physical  Geography  of  the  Alps,"  1860). 
Heraadefurther  journeys  with  his  broth  er,ascendingMonte 
Rosa  (first  ascent  made)  in  1851.  They  published  "  Nene 
Untersuchungen,  etc."  (1854).  In  1854  he  started  on  an 
expedition  to  India  with  his  brothers  Adolf  and  Robert, 


906 

and  the  three,  together  or  separately,  explored  India,  the 
Himalaya,  Tibet,  Sikkim,  Bhutan,  Kashmir,  Ladak,  Nepal, 
and  the  Karakorum  and  Kuenlun  mountains  (1855-57). 
Their  travels  were  published  in  "Results  of  a  Scientific 
Mission  to  India  and  High  Asia"  (1860-66)  and  "Reisen  in 
Indien  und  Hochasien  "  (1869-80).  He  received  the  sur- 
name "  Sakiinliinski "  in  1864  from  his  passage  of  the 
Kwenlun. 

Schlagintweit,  Robert  von.  Born  Oct.  27, 
1833  :  died  at  Giessen,  Germany,  June  6,  1885. 
A  brother  of  Hermann  von  Schlagintweit,  whom 
he  accompanied  to  India  and  central  Asia.  He 
traveled  in  the  United  States  1868-69  and  1880,  and  pub- 
lished the  results  of  the  journey  in  "Die  Pacific- Eisen- 
bahn  "  (1870),  "  Californien  "  (1871),  etc. 

Schlangenbad  (shiang'en-bad).  A  watering- 
place  in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prus- 
sia, 6  miles  west  of  Wiesbaden:  noted  for  its 
mineral  springs. 

Schlegel  (shla'gel),  August  Wilhelm  von. 
Bom  at  Hannover,  Sept.  8, 1767 :  died  at  Bonn, 
May  12,  1845.  A  celebrated  German  poet  and 
critic.  ■  He  studied  at  Gbttingen.  Subsequently  he  was 
a  tutor  for  three  years  at  Amsterdam.  Returning  thence 
to  Germany,  he  devoted  himself  wholly  to  literature,  until 
in  1798  was  made  professor  of  literature  and  esthetics 
at  the  University  of  Jena.  He  had  founded,  with  his 
brother  Friedrichvon  Schlegel,  the  critical  journal  "Athe- 
nseum,"  which  became  the  organ  of  the  Romantic  school 
in  Germany.  In  1801  he  left  Jena  for  Berlin,  where  in 
1803-04  he  delivered  lectures  on  literature.  After  1804 
he  traveled  extensively,  and  was  in  France,  Italy,  Austria, 
and  Sweden,  the  greater  part  of  the  time  in  the  company 
of  Madame  de  Stael,  with  whom  he  afterward  also  spent 
some  time  at  her  castle  at  Coppet  in  Switzerland.  In 
Sweden,  as  the  secretary  of  the  crown  prince  Bernadotte, 
he  was  ennobled.  In  1818  he  was  made  professor  of  es- 
thetics and  literature  at  the  University  of  Bonn,  where  he 
subsequently  lived,  and  where  he  died.  He  was  several 
times  in  France,  and  in  1823  in  England,  engaged  in  Ori- 
ental studies.  He  wrote  distichs,  romances,  sonnets,  odes, 
and  elegies.  His  first' volume  of  poems  appeared  in  1800. 
The  tragedy  "Ion  "  (1803),  which  was  produced  at  Weimar, 
was  not  successful.  His  work  as  a  critic,  and  particularly  as 
a  translator,  is  of  especial  importance.  His  "Spanisches 
Theater"  ("Spanish  Theater^')  appeared  1803-09;  "Vor- 
lesungen  iiber  dramatische  Kunst  und  Litteratur  "  ("Lec- 
tures on  Dramatic  Art  and  Literature  "),  delivered  origi- 
nally in  Vienna,  were  published  1809-U ;  his  translation 
of  Shakspere,  afterward  continued  by  Zudwig  Tieck,  ap- 
peared 1797-1810.  From  1823  to  1830  he  published  the 
"Indische  Bibliothek  "  ("  Indian  Library  "),  a  periodical  de- 
voted to  Oriental  languages,  and  printed  several  Sanskrit 
texts  in  the  printing-office  which  had  been  equipped  by 
the  Prussian  government  at  his  suggestion.  His  complete 
works  were  published  at  Leipsic,  1846-47,  in  12  vols. 

Schlegel,  Madame  von  (Dorothea  (originally 
VeroniKa)Mendelssohn,MadameVeit).Bom 
at  Berlin,  Oct.  24,  1763:  died  at  Frankfort-on- 
the-Main,  Aug.  3,  1839.  A  German  author, 
daughter  of  Moses  Mendelssohn  and  wife  of  K. 
W.  F.  von  Schlegel.  By  her  first  husband  she 
was  the  mother  of  the  painter  Philipp  Veit. 

Schlegel,  Karl  Wilhelm  Friedrich  von.  Bom 
at  Hannover,  March  10, 1772:  died  at  Dresden, 
Jan.  12,  1829.  A  noted  German  poet,  author, 
and  critic.  He  studied  at  Gottingen  and  Leipsic,  and 
subsequently  lived  in  Dresden,  Berlin,  and  Jena,  where  he 
settled  in  1800  as  decent  at  the  university.  In  1802  he 
renounced  this  position  to  study  Oriental  languages  in 
Paris,  where  he  remained  two  years.  In  1803  he  went 
over  to  the  Roman  Catholic  Clturch.  In  1808  he  went 
to  Vienna,  where  he  became  secretary  to  the  state 
chancery.  From  1815  to  1818  he  was  Austrian  coun- 
selor of  legation  at  the  Diet  in  Frankfort-on-the-Main. 
He  died  at  Dresden,  whither  he  had  gone  to  deliver 
a  course  of  lectures.  He  wrote  numerous  lyrics,  the 
drama  "Alarcos,"  and  the  novel "  Lucinde  "  (1799).  More 
important  are  his  essay  "tjber  die  Sprache  und  "Weisheit 
der  Indier"  ("On  the  Language  and  Wisdom  of  the  In- 
dians," 1808)  and  the  "Vorlesungen  iiber  die  Geschichte 
der  altenundneuenLiteratur"  ("Lectures  on  the  History 
of  Old  and  Modem  Literature,"  181B).  His  complete 
works  ("Sammtliche  Werke")  were  publislied  at  Vienna, 
1822-25,  in  10  vols.,  increased  in  the  edition  of  1846  to  15 
vols. 

Schlei,  or  Schley  (shli),  or  Sley  (sli).  A  narrow 
inlet  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
province  of  Sohleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  which 
it  penetrates  as  far  as  Sohleswig.  Length,  25 
miles. 

Schleicher  (shli'cher),  August.  Bom  at  Mei- 
ningen,  Germany,  Feb.  19,  1821:  died  at  Jena, 
Dec.  6,  1868.  A  noted  German  philologist, 
professor  at  Jena  from  1857.  His  works  Include 
"Die  Sprachen  Europas"  ("The  Languages  of  Europe," 
1850),  "Kompendium  der  vergleichenden  Grammatik 
der  mdogermanischen  Sprachen"  ("Compendium  of  the 
Comparative  Grammar  of  the  Indo-Germanic  Languages," 
1862),  works  on  the  Lithuanian  and  Slavic  languages,  etc. 

Schleiden  (shli'den),  Matthias  Jakob.  Bom 
at  Hamburg,  April  5, 1804 :  died  at  Frankfort- 
on-the-Main,  June  23,  1881.  A  noted  German 
botanist.  He  was  professor  at  Jena  1839-62,  and  at  Dor- 
pat  1863-64.  His  chief  work  is  "Grundziige  der  ^vissen- 
schaftlichen  Botanik"  ("Principles  of  Scientific  Botany," 
1842-43).  He  also  wrote  "  Die  Pflanze  und  ihr  Leben  " 
(1850),  "Fiir  Eanm  und  Wald"  (1870),  etc. 

Schleiermacher  (shli'er-maeh-er),  Friedrich 
Ernst  Daniel.  Bom  at  Breslau,  Nov.  21, 1768 : 
died  at  Berlin,  Feb.  12, 1834.  A  celebrated  Ger- 
man philosopher  and  theologian.   He  was  the  son  of 


Schleswig 

a  clergyman  of  the  Reformed  Church.  The  greater  part  of 
his  youth  was  spent  in  the  Moravian  schools  at  Niesky  and 
Barby.  Subsequently  he  studied  theology  at  Halle,  and 
in  1794  was  ordained.  From  1796  to  1802  he  was  pastor  of 
the  Charity  Hospital  in  Berlin.  In  1802  he  went  as  pastor 
to  the  little  town  of  Stolpe,  in  Pomerauia,  where  he  re- 
mained two  years.  From  1804  to  1807  he  was  university 
preacher  and  professor  at  Halle.  Thence  he  went  once 
more  to  Berlin,  where  he  was  appointed  pastor  of  the 
Trinity  Church,  and  in  1810  was  made  professor  of  theol- 
ogy at  the  new  university  of  Berlin,  in  both  of  which  posi- 
tions he  remained  active  until  his  death.  His  most  im- 
portant works  are  his  "Reden  iiber  die  Religion  "("Ad- 
dresses fon  Religion,"  1799),  "Monologen"  ("Mono- 
logues," 1800),  "Grundlinien  einer  Kritik  der  bisherigen 
Sittenlehre  "  ("Basis  of  a  Critique  of  Ethics  to  the  Present 
Time,"  1803 :  the  first  of  his  philosophical  works),  "Wei- 
nachtsfeier"  ("Christmas  Celebration,"  1806), and  "Kurze 
Darstellung  des  theologischen  Studiums"  ("A  Short  State- 
ment of  Theological  Study,"  1810),  with  which  he  began 
his  professorial  career  in  Berlin.  Hisprincipal  theologi- 
cal work,  "Der  christliohe  Glaube  nach  den  Grundsatzen 
der  evangelischen  Kirche"  ("Christian  Dogma  Accord- 
ing to  the  Fundamental  Principles  of  the  Evangelical 
Church  "),  appeared  first  in  1821-22,  and  in  a  second  edi- 
tion, greatly  altered,  in  1830-31.  "Studien  und  Kritiken" 
("Studies  and  Criticisms  ")  appeared  in  1829.  He  made 
the  classical  translation  of  Plato,  the  first  volume  of  which 
was  published  in  1804 ;  the  last,  the  "Republic,"  in  1828. 
As  a  theologian  he  made  a  deep  impression  upon  the  the- 
ology and  the  religious  life  of  his  own  day;  his  fame 
as  a  philosopher  is,  however,  almost  wholly  posthumous. 

Schleissheim  (shlis'him).  A  royal  Bavarian 
castle,  8  miles  north  of  Munich.  It  has  a  noted 
picture-gallery. 

S'chleiz  (shlits).  A  town  in  the  principality 
of  Reuss  (younger  line),  Germany,  situated  on 
the  Wiesenthal  36  miles  southeast  of  Weimar. 
It  is  the  second  town  of  the  principality,  and  was  the  capi- 
tal  of  the  former  principality  of  Renss-Schleiz.  It  has  a 
palace.  Here,  Oct.  9, 1806,  the  French  defeated  the  Prus- 
sians.   Population  (1890),  4,928. 

Schlern  (shlem).  One  of  the  Dolomite  Moun- 
tains of  Tyrol,  east  of  Botzen.  Height,  8,402 
feet. 

Schlesien  (shla'ze-en).  The  German  name  of 
Silesia. 

Schleswig  (shlaz'vio),  or  Sleswick  (sles'wik), 
Dan.  Slesvig  (sles'viG).  The  northern  part  of 
the  province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia, 
separated  from  Holstein  by  the  Eider  and  the 
Baltic  Canal.  The  "Danish  Mark"  was  organized  by 
the  German  sovereigns  in  the  10th  century.  About  1026 
the  emperor  Conrad  II.  ceded  the  region  to  CanutCv  king 
of  Denmark,  and  for  about  200  years  Schleswig  was  closely 
connected  with  Denmark,  being  generally  ruled  by  mem- 
bers of  the  Danish  royal  house,  after  which  it  was  a 
hereditary  duchy,  a  fief  of  the  Danish  crown  (ruled  from 
1282  to  1376  by  a  branch  of  the  Danish  dynasty).  In  1386 
Schleswig  and  Holstein  were  formally  united.  From  1460 
the  kings  of  Denmark  of  the  Oldenburg  Une  ruled  over 
Schleswig-Holstein  (being  princes  of  the  German  Empire 
as  dukes  of  Holstein).  Under  this  house  various  divisions 
and  subdivisions  took  place,  but  in  1777  nearly  all  of 
Schleswig-Holstein  was  reunited  with  Denmark.  The 
King  of  Denmark  entered  the  Germanic  Confederation 
for  Holstein  in  1815.  The  dual  relations  of  Schleswig  and 
Holstein  toward  Denmark  and  Germany  led  to  the  Schles- 
wig-Holstein wars  of  1848-60  and  1864  (see  below).  A 
provisional  government  of  the  duchies  was  formed  in 
1848 ;  and  Danish  rule  was  restored  in  1851.  The  queslSon 
was  reopened  by  the  death  of  the  King  of  Denmark  in 
1863.  In  consequence  of  the  war  of  1864,  Schleswig  and 
Holstein  were  handed  over  to  Prussia  and  Austria ;  and 
in  1865,  by  the  Convention  of  Gasteln,  Schleswig  fell  under 
Prussian  rule.  After  the  war  of  1866  both  Schleswig  and 
Holstein  were  annexed  to  Prussia.    See  Bolstein. 

The  history  of  the  relations  of  Denmark  and  the  Duch- 
ies to  the  Romano-Germanic  Empire  is  a  very  small  part 
of  the  great  Schleswig-Holstein  controversy.  But  having 
been  unnecessarily  mixed  up  with  two  questions  properly 
quite  distinct, — the  first,  as  to  the  relation  of  Schleswig 
to  Holstein,  and  of  both  jointly  to  the  Danish  crown  ;  the 
second,  as  to  the  diplomatic  engagements  which  the  Dan- 
ish kings  have  in  recent  times  contracted  with  the  Gennan 
powers, — it  has  borne  its  part  in  making  the  whole  ques- 
tion the  most  intricate  and  interminable  that  has  vexed 
Europe'f or  two  centuries  and  a  half.  Setting  aside  irrele- 
vant matter,  the  facts  as  to  the  Empire  are  as  follows:  — 
I.  The  Danish  kings  began  to  own  the  supremacy  of  the 
Frankish  Emperors  early  in  the  ninth  century.  Having 
recovered  their  independence  in  the  confusion  that  fol- 
lowed the  fall  of  the  Carolingian  dynasty,  they  were  again 
subdued  by  Henry  the  Fowler  and  Otto  the  Great,  and  con- 
tinued tolerably  submissive  till  the  death  of  Frederick  11. 
and  the  period  of  anarchy  which  followed.  Since  that 
time  Denmark  has  always  been  independent,  although  her 
king  was,  until  the  treaty  of  1865,  a  member  of  the  German 
Confederation  as  duke  of  Holstein  and  Lauenburg.  11. 
Schleswig  was  in  Carolingian  times  Danish ;  the  Eyder  be- 
ing, as  Eginhard  tells  us,  the  boundary  between  Saxonia 
Transalbiana  (Holstoin)  and  the  Terra  Nortmannorum 
(wherein  lay  the  town  of  Sliesthorp),  inhabited  by  the 
Scandinavian  heathen.  Otto  the  Great  conquered  all 
Schleswig,  and,  it  Is  said,  Jutland  also,  and  added  the 
southern  part  of  Schleswig  to  the  immediate  territory  of 
the  Empire,  erecting  it  into  a  margraviate.  So  it  re- 
mained tilLthe  days  of  Conrad  n.,  who  made  the  Eyder 
again  the  boundary.  III.  Holstein  always  was  an  integral 
part  of  the  Empire,  as  it  was  afterwards  of  the  Germanic 
Confederation  and  is  now  of  the  new  German  Empire. 

Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire,  p.  460. 

Schleswig.  The  capital  of  the  province  of 
Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  situated  at  the 
western  extremity  of  the  Schlei,  in  lat.  54°  31' 


Schleswig 


907 


Schomburgk,  Bobert  Hermann 


N.,  long.  9°  34'  E.    it  contains  a  cathedral  and  the  SchliiSSelbUTg  (shlus'sel-bBrO).     A  town  and     the  manufacturing  establishment  at  Le  Creusot;  became 
J      1       X,      .  «_^i  .  _.___    .  .       ■.  ^  .___._-.  ...  .      -  ™.  .       -  minister  of  commerce  in  1851;  and  was  president  of  the 


ducal  castle  of  Oottorp.  A  church  was  founded  here  by 
Ansgar  about  850.  The  town  was  the  ancient  capital  of 
Schleswig,  and  formerly  a  commercial  center  ;  was  occu- 
pied in  turn  by  the  Danes  and  the  allies  in  April,  1848 ; 
was  regained  by  the  Danes  July,  1850  ;  and  was  occupied 
by  the  Austrians  in  Feb.,  1864.    Population  (1890),  16,123. 


fortress  in  the  government  of  St.  Petersburg, 
Eussia,  situated  at  the  exit  of  the  Neva  from 
Lake  Ladoga,  about  30  miles  east  of  St.  Peters- 
burg. Ivan  VL  was  imprisoned  here  1756-64. 
Population,  aljout  4,000. 
ScUeswig-Holstein  (sMaz'viG-hol'stin).  A  Schmadrifall  (shma'dri-fai).  A  waterfall  in 
province  of  Prussia.  Capital,  Schleswig ;  chief  the  Ammertenthal,  Bernese  Oberland,  Switzer- 
eities,  Kiel  and  Altona.  it  is  bounded  by  Denmark  land,  south  of  Lauterbrunnen,  formed  by  the 
on  the  north,  the  little  Belti  Baltic  Sea,  Lubeck,  and  Sohmadribaoh,  Height,  over  200  feet. 
Mecklenburg  on  the  east,  Hamburg  and  the  province  of  Schmalkalden  (shmai'kal'''den),  sometimes  in 
Hannover  on  the  south,  and  the  North  Sea  on  the  west,  ^  o^-niT-Tj  „«  a„n1««1.3  riL.^Ti  ■■t^\  a 
and  consists  of  the  divisions  of  Schleswig,  Holstein,  and     f  •   omalkald  or  Smalcald   (smal   kald).     A 

-■      town  m  the  provmce  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia, 

situated  attne  junction  of  the  Stille  and  Sehmal- 
kalde,  18  miles  southwest  of  Gotha.  it  is  a  center 
of  iron  and  steel  manufactures.  It  passed  with  Hesse- 
Cassel  to  Prussia  in  1866.  It  is  an  ancient  town,  noted  in 
the  Eeformation  period.  (See  SmalkaZdic  Articles  and 
SmcUkaldic  League.)    Population  (1890),  7,318. 

AreC'wTs  Sclimerling  (shmer'ling),  Anton  von.  Bom  at 
Vienna,  Au^.  23,  1805  :  died  at  Vienna,  May  28, 
1893.  An  Austrian  statesman.  He  was  imperial 
minister  in  the  provisional  national  government  instituted 
by  the  FranidEort  parliament  in  1848 ;  Austrian  premier 
1860-65 ;  a  leading  liberal  member  of  the  Austrian  upper 
house  from  1867;  and  president  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Austria  (Cisleithania)  from  1865-91. 


Lauenburg.  It  contains  various  islands,  including  Feb 
mem,  Alsen,  and  the  North  Friesian  Islands,  and  includes 
several  enclaves  of  Hamburg,  LUbeck,  and  MecidenbiU'g. 
It  nearly  surrounds  the  principality  of  Liibeck  in  the 
southeast.  Its  surface  is  generally  level,  but  in  parts 
hilly.  It  is  noted  for  its  cattle.  The  prevailing  religion 
is  Protestantism.  The  prevailing  language  is  German ; 
but  there  are  many  Danes  in  the  north.  It  was  made  a 
Prussian  province  after  the  war  of  1866. 
square  miles.    Population  (1890),  1,217,437. 

Scnleswte-Holstein  Wars.    1.  A  war  carried 

on  with  Denmark  in  1848-50.  The  Schleswig- Hol- 
fiteiners  formed  a  provisional  government  in  March,  1848, 
and  were  supported  by  German  troops  (chiefly  Prussians). 
The  Danes  invaded  Schleswig,  but  were  driven  back  by  th  e 
Prussians.  The  war  was  suspended  by  truce  in  Aug.,  1848, 


but  was  renewed  in  March,1849,  the  Schleswig-Holsteiners  Schmidel  (shme'del),  Ulricll.     Born  at  Strau- 


being  aided  again  by  German  troops.    Operations  were 
again  suspended  by  a  truce  from  July,  1849,  to  July,  1850. 
The  Germanic  Confederation  then  formally  withdrew  from 
the  struggle,  which  was,  however,  renewed  by  Schleswig- 
Holstein  against  Denmark.    The  victory  of  the  latter  at 
Idstedt,  July  24-25,  1850,  restored  Danish  rule. 
2.  A  war  of  Austria  and  Prussia  against  Den- 
mark in  1864,  the  otaiect  of  which  was  to  pre-  c.■l-•JJ.^^.•J.^■r^••1.TT  -d  i. 
^ent  the  incorporatio'n  of  Schleswig  with  D^en-  ^^Slet^^StirMarch^^lf  "^^^^^^^ 
-mark.    SnhiAswiir  was  inv.rtprt  hv  Aiist.rion»  »«rt  P™».    ii^^^?^!!J^?SSj.  ■'^'^^ssia,  iviarcn  /,  J-oio.    aiea 

March  27,  1886.     A  German  literary  historian 


bingen,  Bavaria :  died  there,  after  1557.  A  Ger- 
man adventurer.  He  served  as  a  common  soldier  in 
Paraguay  1532-52,  and  shared  in  most  of  the  prominent  ex- 
plorationsand  conquests.  In  1557hepublishedinGerman 
an  account  of  his  travels.  Though  obscured  by  barbarous 
orthography,  it  is  of  great  historical  value.  There  are  old 
and  modem  editions  in  several  languages. 


mark.  Schleswig  was  invaded  by  Austrians  and  Prus- 
sians in  Feb.,  and  the  Dtippel  was  stormed  in  April.  The 
success  of  the  allies  in  July  led  to  the  treaty  of  Vienna  in 
Oct.,  and  the  cession  by  Denmark  of  Schleswig,  Holstein, 
and  Lauenburg.  See  Schleswig, 
Schlettstadt  ( shlet '  stat ),  sometimes  ScUe- 
stadt  (shla'stat).  A  town  in  Alsace-Lorraine, 
on  the  111  27  miles  south-southwest  of  Strasburg, 


and  journalist.  His  chief  works  are  "  Geschichte  der 
S.omantik  im  Zeitalter  der  Reformation  und  Revolution  " 
(1850),  "Geschichte  der  deutschen  Nationalliteratur  im 
19.  Jahrhundert '  ("History  of  theGerman  National  Litera- 
ture in  the  19th  Century,"  1853),  "Geschichte  der  franzbsi- 
schen  Literatur  aeit  der  Revolution"  (1868),  "Bilder  aus 
dem  geistigen  Leben  unserer  Zeit "  (1870-78). 


Tvas  founded  there  by  Agricola  in  the  15th  century.    It 
annexed  to  France  in  1634 ;  and  was  besieged  and  taken 
by  the  Germans  in  Oct.,  1870.    Population  (1890),  9,418. 
Schleusingen  (shloi'zing-en).   A  small  town  in 
Prussian  Saxony,  29  miles  south  of  Gotha.    It 


It  was  formerly  a  free  imperial  city.    A  noted  academy  SchlUOller  (shmol'ler),  GllStav.     Born  atHeil- 

Dronn,  W urtemoerg,  June  24, 1838.  A  German 
political  economist.  He becameprofessorof  political 
economy  at  Halle  in  1864,  at  Strasburg  in  1872,  and  at  Ber- 
lin in  1882.  He  has  published  ' '  Uber  einlge  Grundfiagen 
^_  .,-•„.,  ,»TT  ,  des  Rechts  und  der  Volkswirtschaf  t "  (1875),  etc. 

was  the  residence  of  the  counts  of  Henneberg.  gdmaase  (shna'ze),  Karl.    Born  at  Dantzic, 
Schley.    See  SeUei.  Prussia,  Sept.  7, 1798 :  died  at  Wiesbaden,  Prus- 

ScMey  (sll),  Winfield  Scott.  Born  in  Fred-  sia,  May  20,  1875.  A  German  writer  on  art. 
erick  County,  Md.,  Oct.  9,  1839.  An  American  His  chief  work  is  "Geschichte  der  bildenden  KUnste" 
naval  commander.  He  graduated  at  the  United  States  J"  History  of  the  Fine  Arts,"  7  vols.  1843-64). 
Naval  Academy  in  1860;  served  in  the  Union  navy  during  Schneckenburger  (shnek'en-borg-er),  MaX. 
the  Civil  War ;  was  instructor  at  the  Naval  Academy  1866-  Born  at  Thalheim,  Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  17, 1819 : 
1869  and  1874-76;  and  commanded  the  relief  expedition  Ai^A  „f,  Rnrwilnrf  Tipnv  Bpni  Mnv  3  1fi4P  A 
whichrescuedGreelyandsixofhiscompanionsinl884.  He  2^^"  ^^  uurgaort,  near  .Bern,  Ma^d,  la^.  A 
was  promotedcaptain  in  1888,  commodore  Feb.  6, 1898,  and  German  poet,  author  of  the  song  Die  Wacht 
rear-admiral  Aug.  10, 1898.  In  the  Spanish-American  war  am  Eheiu"  ("The  Watoh  on  the  Rhine,"  1840). 
he  commanded  the  "Flying  Squadron"  (Brooklyn,  Massa-  Schneeberg  (shna'berG).  [G.,  'snow-moun- 
chusetts,Texas,etc.),anddirectedtheflgljtinginthebattle    tain.']  1 .  A  summit  of  the  Austrian  Alps,  about 


oil  Santiago  Julys,  1898.  Hehas  published, conjointly  with 
Soley,  "The  Rescue  of  Greely  "  (1836).    Retired  1901. 

Schliemann  (shle'mlin),  Heinrich.  Bom  at 
Neu-Buokow,  Mecklenburg-Sehwerin,  Jan.  6, 
1822 :  died  at  Naples,  Dec.  27,  1890.    A  noted 


20  miles  southwest  of  Vienna.  Height,  6,808 
feet. — 3.  The  highest  mountain  of  the  Fichtel- 
gebirge,Bavaria,15milesnortheastofBayTeuth. 
Height,  3,454  feet, 


German  archaeologist' and  traveler,  'neacquired  Schneeberg.  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony, 


a  large  jwoperty  as  a  merchant;  traveled  extensively  in 
Greece  and  elsewhere  in  Europe,  the  East,  and  around  the 
world ;  and  became  famous  from  his  explorations  of  Greek 
sites  and  antiquities.    From  1870  to  1882  he  explored  the 


21  miles  southwest  of  Chemnitz.  It  was  noted  for- 
merly for  mining,  and  is  now  for  its  manufactures  of  lace, 
chemicals,  etc.  It  has  a  noted  Gothic  church.  Population 
(1890),  8,213. 


site  of  ancientTroy,makingmanyremarkable  discoveries,  Schneeberg,  Great.     A  mountain  on  the  fron- 
^r.A  h.„o„  cinaii.,  w„..v  )„  i=7R  ,-„  lu™.-™  .•„  ,=o,  i„  «.     ^icr  of  Pmsslan  Silesia,  Moravia,  and  Bohemia, 

46  miles  north-northwest  of  Olmutz.  Height, 
4,660  feet. 

Schneekopf(shna'kopf).  [G.,'snowhead.']  One 
of  the  highest  mountains  of  the  Thiiringerwald, 
situated  in  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  Germany,  19 
miles  south  of  Gotha.    Height,  3,210  feet. 

Sclineidem1ilil(shni'de-miil),Pol.  Pila.  Atown 
in  the  province  of  Posen,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Kiiddow  53  miles  north  of  Posen.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  14,443. 


and  began  similar  work  in  1876  in  MyceuBe,  in  1881  in  Or- 
chomenus,  and  in  1884  in  Tiryns.  He  wrote  "La  Chine  et 
le  Japon  "  (1866),  "  Ithaka,  der  Peloponnesus  und  Troja  ' 
(1869),  "TrojanischeAltertiimer"  ("Trojan  Antiquities," 
1874),  "Mykena"  (1878),  "Ilios"  (1881),  "Orchoraenos" 
(1881),  "  Reise  in  der  Troas  "  (1881X  "  Troja  "  (1883),  "  Ti- 
ryns'' (1886). 
Scllliengen(shleng'gen).  AsmalltowuinBaden, 
situated  near  the  Rhine  20  miles  southwest  of 
Freiburg.  Here,  Oct.  24, 1796,  the  archduke  Charles  de- 
feated the  French  under  Moreau,  compelling  their  retreat 
across  the  Rhine. 

Schlik  or  Schlick  (shlik)  zu  Bassano  und 


Weisskirchen,  Count  Franz  von.    Bom  at  Schneider  (shni'd6r).    The  dog  of  Kip  van 
Prague,  May  23, 1789 :  died  at  Vienna,  March  17,    Winkle  in  the  play  of  that  name. 

-  Schneider(Bhni'der),FriedrichJohannOhris- 

tlan.  Bom  at  Alt-Waltersdorf,  near  Zittau, 
Saxony,  Jan.  3,  1786:  died  at  Dessau,  Nov.  23, 
1853.  A  German  composer,  teacher,  and  con- 
ductor. Among  his  works  are  the  oratorios  "  Die  Siind- 
flut,"  "Das  verlorene  Paradies,"  "Pharao,"  "Christus  das 
Kind,"a  number  of  masses  andcantatas,  and  about400 songs 
for  men's  voices,  etc.  He  conducted  musical  festivals  in 
all  parts  of  Germany  from  1825  till  nearly  1850. 

Schneider  (shna-dar'),  Hortense  Catherine. 

Bom  at  Bordeaux  about  1838.  A  French  actress. 
She  went  on  the  stage  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  and  after  playing 
minor  rdles  made  a  hit  at  the  Vari^t^s  in  1864  in  "La  Belle 
Hafene,"and  till  1881,  when  she  married  and  retired  from 
the  stage,  was  a  popular  favorite  in  operas  of  this  class. 


1862.  An  Austrian  general.  He  served  in  the  wars 
against  Napoleon  ;  was  distinguished  in  the  Hungarian  in- 
surrection of  1848-49 ;  and  commanded  the  right  wing  at 
Solferino  in  1859. 

Schlosser  (shies' ser),  Friedrich  Christoph. 
Bom  at  Jever,  Germany,  Nov.  17, 1776 :  died  at 
Heidelberg,  Sept.  23, 1861.  A  German  historian, 
professor  at  Heidelberg  from  1817.  His  works  in- 
clude "  Weltgeschichte  in  zusammenh^ngender  Erzah- 
lung"  ("History  of  the  World  in  Connected  Narrative," 
1817-24),  "  Geschichte  des  18.  Jahrhunderts  "  ("  History  of 
the  18fh  Century,"  1823 :  continued  into  the  19th  century  to 
the  overthrow  of  the  French  empire ;  5th  ed.,  8  vols.,  1866- 
1868),  etc. 

Schlucht  (shlSoht).    A  pass  over  the  Vosges 


which  leads  from  the  valley  of  the  Miinster  in  Schneider  (shna-dar'),  Joseph  Engtoe.  Bom 
AlsaoetothatofGSrardmerin France.  Height,  at  Nancy,  1805 :  died  Nov.  27, 1875.  AFrench 
3,735  feet.  maniifaeturer  and  politician.    He  was  director  of 


Corps  L^gislatif  1867-70. 

Schnitzer  (shnits'er),  Eduard.  See  JBimin 
Pasha. 

Schnitzler  (shnits'ler),  Jean  Henri.  Bom  at 
Strasburg,  June  1,  1802:  died  there,  Nov.  19, 
1871.  An  Alsatian  writer,  best  known  from  his 
works  on  the  history  and  statistics  of  Russia. 

Schnorr  von  Karolsfeld  (shnor  fon  kar'ols- 
felt)  or  Carolsfeld,  Julius.  Bom  at  Leipsie, 
March  26, 1794:  died  May  24, 1872.  A  German 
historical  and  landscape  painter.  He  executed 
frescos  (from  Ariosto)  at  the  Villa  Massimi  at  Rome,  and 
held  appointments  at  Munich  and  later  at  Dresden.  He 
painted  frescos  (from  the  "  Nibelungenlied  ")  at  Munich 
(1830-50),  and  other  frescos  from  the  Charlemagne  and 
other  cycles  of  romance,  etc.  He  published  a  pictorial 
Bible,  "Die  Bibel  in  Bildem"  (1852-60). 

Schoelcher  (skel-shSr'  or  shel'dher),  Victor. 
Bom  at  Paris,  July  21, 1804:  died  at  Paris,  Dec. 
26, 1893.  A  French  politician  and  author,  noted 
for  his  efforts  in  behalf  of  the  emancipation  of 
slaves.  He  published  various  works,  including  "De 
I'esclavage  des  noirs"  (1838),  "Abolition  de  I'esolavage" 
(1840),  "Des  colonies  franpaises "  (1842),  "Colonies  ^tran- 
geres"  (1843),  etc.  As  under  secretary  for  the  navy  he 
procured  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  colonies  in  1848. 
During  the  reign  of  Napoleon  IIL  (1862-70)  he  lived  in 
exile,  chiefly  in  England.  Returning  to  France,  he  served 
in  the  siege  of  Paris,  and  became  a  deputy  and  senator. 

SchofFer,  or  Schoeffer  (shef'fer),  Peter.  Born 
at  Germersheim,  Bavaria :  died  about  1502.  One 
of  the  earliest  German  printers,  an  associate  of 
Gutenberg  and  Fust. 

His  reputation  as  the  father  of  letter-founders,  and  the 
inventor  of  matrices  and  the  type-mould,  is  entirely  unde- 
served. His  types  show  that  he  had  no  skill  as  a  letter- 
cutter  or  mechanic.  It  is  not  possible  that  a  man  who 
has  shown  such  feeble  evidences  of  mechanical  ability 
could  have  been  the  first  inventor  of  the  matrices  and  the 
type-mould.  While  Gutenberg  and  Fust  were  living, 
Schoefler  never  made  the  claim  that  he  was  the  inventor, 
or  even  a  co-inventor,  of  printing.  But  when  they  were 
buried,  he  claimed  that  he  was  superior  to  both,  and  that 
he  was  really  the  first  to  enter  the  sanctuary  of  the  art.  In 
1468  he  falsely  said  that  although  Gutenberg  was  the  first 
inventor,  he  was  the  man  who  perfected  the  art. 

De  Vinne,  Invention  of  ftinting,  p.  472. 

Schofield  (sko'feld),  John  McAllister.    Bom 

in  Chautauqua  County,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  29,  1831. 
An  American  general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1853 ;  was  professor  at  West  Point  1855-60 ;  became  chief 
of  staff  to  General  Nathaniel  Lyon  in  1861 ;  commanded 
the  Army  of  the  Frontier  1862-63,  and  the  Department  of 
the  Missouri  1863-64 ;  was  appointed  commander  of  the 
Army  of  the  Ohio  in  1864 ;  took  part  in  Sherman's  Atlanta 
campaign,  and  gained  the  victory  of  Franklin  over  Hood 
in  the  same  year;  commanded  the  Department  of  North 
Carolina  in  1865 ;  was  secretary  of  war  1868-69 ;  became 
commander  of  the  Department  of  the  Missouri  in  1869 ; 
was  commander  of  the  Division  of  the  Pacific  1870-76  and 
1882-83,  of  the  Division  of  the  Missouri  1883-86,  and  of 
the  Division  of  the  Atlantic  1886-88 ;  was  superintendent 
of  the  West  Point  Academy  1876-Sl ;  and  became  general- 
In-chief  of  the  army  in  1888  and  lientenant-generaUn  189S. 
Retired  in  1895. 

Scholastic  Doctor,  The.    Anselm  of  Laon. 

Schollenen  (sh61'len-en).  A  deep  Alpine  ra- 
vine in  the  canton  of  Dri,  Switzerland,  north 
of  Andermatt.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Eeuss. 
Length,  2J  miles. 

Scholten  (schol'ten),  Johannes  Hendrik. 
Bom  near  trtreeht,  Netherlands,  Aug.  17,  1811: 
died  at  Leyden,  April  10,  1885.  A  Dutch 
Pi'otestant  theologian,  professor  of  theology  at 
Leyden  1843—81.  Among  his  works  are  "De  leer 
der  revormde  kerk"  ("The  Doctrine  of  the  Reformed 
Church,"  1848-50),  "Geschiedenis  van  Godsdienst  en  wys- 
begeert^"  ("Histoiy  of  Religion  and  Philosophy,"  1853), 
"De  vrije  wU"  ("Free  Will,"  1859),  "Het  Evangelic  naar 
Johannes"  ("The  Gospel  According  to  John,"  1864),  etc. 

Schomberg  (shom'bera;  F.  pron.  sh6n-bar'), 
Friedrich  von,  Duke  of  Schomberg.  Bom 
at  Heidelberg,  Dec,  1615 :  killed  at  the  battle 
of  the  Boyne,  July  1  (O.  S.),  1690.  A  noted 
general.  He  entered  the  French  service  in  1650 ;  com- 
manded successfuUyinPortugal  against  the  Spaniardsl661- 
1668;  was  naturalized  in  Erance  in  1668,  and  was  made  a  gran- 
dee and  marshal  in  1675 ;  left  France  after  the  revocation 
of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  (1685);  became  commander-in-chief 
of  the  Brandenburg  army;  accompanied  the  Prince  of 
Orange  to  England  in  1688 ;  and  commanded  In  Ireland 
1689-90.    He  was  created  duke  of  Schomberg  in  1689. 

Schomberg,  Comte  Henri  de.  Bom  about  1575 : 
died  1632.  AFrench  marshal,  distinguished  in 
the  wars  against  the  Huguenots  and  in  Italy  in 
1630. 

Schomburgk  (shorn 'berk;  G.  pron.  shom'- 
b6rk),  Moritz  Richard.  Born  at  Freiburg, 
1811:  died  at  Adelaide,  Australia,  March  24, 
1891.  A  Prussian  botanist, brother  of  Sir  E.  H. 
Schomburgk,  whom  he  accompanied  in  the  ex- 
ploration of  Guiana  1841-44.  He  published  "Rei- 
sen  in  Britisch-Guiana"  (3  vols.  1847-48)  and  many  botani- 
cal papers.  In  1865 he  was  made  director  of  the  botanical 
garden  at  Adelaide,  Australia. 

Schomburgk  (shom'berk;  G.pron.shom'bork), 
Sir  Eobert  Hermann.     Bom  at  Freiburg- 


Schomburgk,  Eobert  Hermann 

an-der-Unstrut,  June  5, 1804:  died  near  Berlin, 
March  11, 1865.  A  Prussian  traveler.  He  went 
as  a  clerk  to  the  United  States  in  1826 ;  thence  passed  to  the 
■WestlndiesinlSao,  and,  assisted  by  the  Koya]  Geographical 
Society,  made  a  geographical  and  botanical  exploration 
ot  British  Guiana,  1833-39.  Among  the  many  new  plants 
which  he  made  known  was  the  Victoria  regia.  In  1841- 
18-14  he  surveyed  the  boundary  of  British  Guiana  and  Brazil 
for  the  British  government  Subsequently  he  held  con- 
sular positions  in  the  Dominican  Eepublic  and  Slam.  His 
works  include  several  books  and  many  scientiflo  papers  on 
Guiana,  and  a  "History  of  Barbadoes"  (1847).  He  was 
knighted  in  England  In  1845. 

Schomburgk  Line.  The  boundary  between 
British  Guiana  and  Venezuela  and  Brazil  sur- 
veyed by  Sir  Robert  Schomburgk  1841-44.  The 
part  bounding  Venezuela  runs  from  a  point  west  of  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Barima,  In  about  long.  60°  80'  W.,  in  a 
Bpnerally  southerly  direction  to  Mount  Eoraima.  It  was 
not  accepted  by  the  Venezuelans,  who  claimed  all  the 
territory  held  by  the  British  to  the  river  Essequibo ;  nor 
did  the  latter  hold  to  it,  but  enlarged  their  claims  to  in- 
clude a  large  tract  extending  as  far  west  as  long.  63°.  The 
settlement  of  the  boundary  dispute  by  arbitration  was 
urged  by  the  United  States  government,  most  forcibly  in 
1895-96,  anditsattitudeforatimethreatenedseriouscompli- 
cations  with  England.  Arbitration  was  agreed  to  by  Eng- 
land in  the  latter  year,  and  a  decision  was  reached  in  1899, 

Schonbein  (shen'bin),  Christian  Friedrich. 
Born  at  Metzingen,  Wiirtemberg,  Oct.  18, 1799: 
died  at  Baden-Baden,  Aug.  29,  1868.  A  Ger- 
man chemist,  professor  at  Basel.  He  discovered 
ozone  in  1839,  and  guncotton  and  collodion  in  1845.  He 
wrote  "  Das  Verhalten  des  Eisens  zum  SauerstoS  "  (1837), 
"  Uber  die  Erzeugung  des  Ozons  "  (1844),  etc. 

Schonberg  in  Mecklenburg  (shen'berGin 
mek'len-borG).  The  capital  of  the  principality 
of  Eatzeburg,  Meeklenburg-Strelitz,  situated 
on  the  Maurine  11  miles  east  of  Liibeok.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  2,846. 

Schonbrnnn  (shen'bron).  An  imperial  castle 
three  miles  southwest  of  Vienna.  It  Is  noted  for 
its  gardens  and  works  of  art.  It  was  several  times  occupied 
by  Napoleon  L,  and  is  historically  important  (see  below). 

Schonbrunn,  Proclamation  of.  A  proclama- 
tion issued  Dee.  27,  1805,  by  Napoleon.  I.  at 
SchSnbrunn,  declaring  that  the  Bourbon  dy- 
nasty in  Naples  had  ceased  to  reign. 

Schonbrunn,  Treaty  of.  1 .  A  treaty  concluded 
at  Schonbrunn,  Dee.  15, 1805,  between  Napoleon 

1.  and  Haugwitz  (acting  for  Prussia).  Prussia 
ceded  Cleves,  Ansbach,  and  Keuchatel  to  France,  and  re- 
ceived Hannover. 

2.  A  treaty  (called  also  the  treaty  of  Vienna) 
concluded  Oct.  14,  1809,  at  Schonbrunn,  be- 
tween Napoleon  I.  and  Francis  I.  of  Austria. 
Austria  ceded  Salzburg  and  Berchtesgaden,  the  Innviertel, 
and  part  of  the  Hausruckviertel  to  Bavaria ;  part  of  Galicia 
to  the  duchy  of  Warsaw,  and  part  to  Russia ;  andpart  of  Ca- 
rinthia,  Carniola,  parts  of  Croatia  and  Hungary,  the  Mari- 
time Province,  etc.,  to  Napoleon,  who  formed  from  them 
the  government  of  the  lUyrian  Provinces.  Austria  joined 
the  Continental  system,  and  paid  an  indemnity, 

Schonbucll  (shen'boeh).  A  plateau  region  in 
Wiirtemberg,  situated  south  of  Stuttgart  and 
north  of  Tubingen. 

Schonebeck  (she'ne-bek).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Elbe 
9  miles  south-southeast  of  Magdeburg,  its  salt- 
works are  the  most  important  in  Europe.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  chemicals,  etc.    Population  (1890),  14,189. 

Schoneberg  (sh6'ne-berG).  A  suburb  of  Berlin, 
2  miles  to  the  southwest.  Population  (1890), 
26,546. 

Scnonefeld  (she'ne-felt).  A  village  2  miles 
northeast  of  Leipsic.  It  was  an  important  posi- 
tion in  the  battle  of  Leipsic,  Oct.  16-18, 1813. 

Schonemann  (sh6'ne-man),  Anna  Elisabeth, 
later  Frau  von  Tiirckheim.  Born  at  Frankf  ort- 
on-the-Main,  June  23,  1758 :  died  May  6,  1817. 
A  German  lady,  celebrated  by  Goethe  under 
the  name  of  Lili. 

Schonen.    See  Skdne. 

Schoner  (shS'ner),  .Johann.  Bom  at  Karlstadt, 
1477:  died  at  Nuremberg,  Jan.  16, 1547.  A  Ger- 
man mathematician.  He  took  orders ;  subsequently 
joined  the  Protestants ;  was  a  friend  of  Melanchthon;  and 
was  professor  of  mathematics  at  Nuremberg.  Schtiner  pub- 
lisbed  several  mathematical  and  geographical  works.  He 
made  at  least  two  globes  (1515  and  1520;  the  former  known 
only  in  copies),  which  are  among  the  earliest  showing  the 
name  America.  They  also  indicate  a  strait  (probably  con- 
jectural) at  the  southern  end  of  South  America.  Often 
written  Schorier. 

Schongauer  (shon'gou-er),  Martin,  called  Bel 
MartinO;  Hipsch  (Hiibsch)  Martin,  and  Mar- 
tin Schon.  Born  at  Kolmar,  Alsace;,  about 
1446 :  died  there,  Feb.  2, 1488.  A  notedGerman 
historical  painter  and  engraver,  said  to  be  the 
greatest  of  the  15th  century,  the  founder  of  a 
school  of  painting  at  Kolmar.  His  chief  painting 
Is  a' Virgin  and  Child,  called  "The  Madonna  of  the  E-ose- 
hedge  "  (1473),  at  Kolmar. 

Schonhausen  (shen'hou-zen).  A  village  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  near  the 
Elbe  8  miles  east  of  Stendal:  noted  as  the  fam- 
ily seat  and  birthplace  of  Bismarck. 


908 


Schroder-Devrient,  Wilhelmine 


SchoodicLake(sk8'dik]ak).  A  lake  on  the  bor-    German  Orientalist,  professor  at  Berlin.  He  pub. 

der  of  Maine  and  New  Brunswick,    its  two  chief    Ushed  many  works  on  the  languages  and  literatures  of  the 

divisions  are  sometimes  called  Grand  Lake  and  First  Lake.     Tatars,  Chinese,  Japanese,  Siamese,  Annamese,  etc. 

Itsoutletisintothe St.  CroixEiver. Length, about 26 miles.  Schoulor  (sko  Wr),  JameS.   Born  at  West  Cam- 
Schoolcraft  (skol'kraft),  Henry  Bowe.  ■  Bom    bridge  (now  Arlington),  Mass.,  March  20, 1839. 

at  Watervliet  (Guilderland),  N.  T.,  March  28,    An  American  historian  and  legal  writer,  son  of 


William  Schouler.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1869, 
and  was  subsequently  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  was  ap- 
pointed lecturer  in  the  Boston  Univeraity  Law  School,  and 
in  the  National  Law  School,  Washington,  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, and  lectured  on  American  constitutional  history  in 
Johns  Hopkins  University.  Among  his  works  are  "Treatise 

1  the  Law  of  Bailments  "  (1880)  and  "  History  of  the  United 

ates  under  the  Constitution    (1880-). 


1798:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Deo.  10, 1864. 

An  American  ethnologist  and  explorer.    He  trav- 

eled  in  Missouri  and  Arkansas  1817-18 ;  was  geologist  to 

Cass's  expedition  to  Lake  Superior  in  1820 ;  was  appointed 

Indian  agent  in  the  lake  region  in  1822 ;  discovered  the 

source  of  the  Mississippi  in  Itasca  Lake  in  1832 ;  negotiated 

aland  cession  from  the  Indians  in  1836;  and  held  various 

government  positions  relating  to  Indian  matters.  He  pub-  „  ,        ,        •—.,,.  -r.         ■  ..  i^-n        ^         ci 

lished,  under  government  auspices, 'I  Historical  and  Statis-  Schouler,  William.  Born  at  Kllbarchan,  Scot- 

tical  Information  respecting  the  History,  etc.,  of  the  In-     land,  Dec.  31,  1814 :  died  near  Boston,  Oct.  24, 

dianTribesoftheUnitedStates"(6vols  1851-57).   Among     X872.     An  American  journalist  and  politician, 

his  other  works  are  "  Travels  m  the  Central  Portions  of  the  ,7      ^Hitt^x  i^ir     „„„i „„*^j-„  j„  i-i,    n-    -i 

Mississippi  Valley  "  (1825),  "  Expedition  to  Itasca  Lake  "    author  of  '  'History  of  Massachusetts  in  the  Cml 
(1834),  "AlgicEesearches" (1839), "Notes on  the  Iroquois"     War"  (1868-71),  etc. 

(1846),  and  "Personal  Memoirs  of  a  Eesidence  of  Thirty  gchouten  (s6hou'ten),'Willem  ComeliS.    Born 
v„„™,„,fi,  n.^T„A,.„  T..,ho=-  /■iai;i\  atHoorn,  about  1567:  died  onthe  coast  of  Mada- 


Years  with  the  Indian  Tribes  "  (1851), 

Schooley's  (sko'liz)  Mountain.  1.  A  moun- 
tain ridge  of  northern  New  Jerse^r,  the  contin- 
uation of  the  Blue  Ridge  of  Virginia,  Maryland, 
and  Pennsylvania. — 2.  A  summer  resort  in 
Washington  township,  Morris  County,  New 
Jersey,  44  miles  west  of  New  York. 

School  for  Husbands.    See  ^cole  des  Maris,  L'. 


gasear,  1625.  A  Dutch  navigator,  long  in  the 
service  of  the  East  India  Company.  Aided  by  the 
merchant  Isaac  Lemaire,  he  made  a  voy^e  to  the  East  In- 
dies by  the  west,  being  the  first  to  double  Cape  Horn  (1616). 
The  cape  had  been  seen  by  earlier  explorers. 
Schouten  (sho'ten)  Island.  A  small  island  off 
the  eastern  coast  of  Tasmania,  south  of  Frey- 
cinet  Peninsula. 


School  for  Scandal,  The.  A  play  by  Sheridan,  Schouten  Islands.  1 .  A  group  of  islands  north- 
produced  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  May  8,  1777.  west  of  New  Guinea,  about  long.  136°  E.,  con- 
It  took  its  position  at  once  as  the  most  brilliant  comedy  of    taining  Misery  and  other  islands.— 2.  A  group 

modern  society  on  the  English  stage.    "In  1788  the  screen       ~  ii   •  i    ''j  i.x,     t  -nt -  n    •    «        -u     1. 

and  auction  scenes  were  embodild  in  a  piece  called  'Les  <>*  small  islands  north  of  New  Guinea,  about 

Deux  Neveux,'  played  with  success  in  Paris,  and  later  on  long.  144°-145°  E, 

it  was  produced  at  the  Theatre  Franjais  [in  1803]  under  SchoUValoflf.     See  Skuvaloff. 

Jl'n^^s''?Ltcrii^st^SeT'lfer^^J^^^°?£ltm''e^^ 


was  produced  in  Vienna  by  Schroder,  an  actor  and  author 
of  repute,  who  had  traveled  to  England  for  the  purpose  of 
seeing  it  played  and  it  has  also  been  played  in  The 
Hague."    MUloy,  Famous  Plays. 

School  for  Wives.    See  JScole  des  Femmes,  L'. 

Schoolmaster,  The.  A  treatise  on  education  by 
Roger  Ascham,  published  in  1570  by  his  widow. 
It  was  the  result  of  a  conversation  between  the  author  and 
Sir  Eichard  Sackville,  who  asked  him  to  put  in  writing 
"theohief  points  of  this  our  talk  .  .  .  for  the  good  bring- 
ing up  of  children  and  young  men."  The  whole  title  is 
"The  Scholemaster,  a  plaine  and  perflte  way  of  teachyng 
children  to  vnderstand,  write  and  speake  in  Latin  tong." 
It  has  been  many  times  reprinted. 

Schoolmistress,  The.  A  poem  by  Sbenstone, 
published  in  1742.  It  originally  had  a  ludicrous  turn, 
and  Shenstone  expressly  says :  "  I  have  added  a  ludicrous 
index  purely  to  show  (fools)  that  I  am  in  jest."  Dodsley, 
however,  in  a  later  edition  omitted  the  "  ludicrous  index," 
and,  as  the  poet  foresaw,  his  object  was  mistaken. 

School  of  Abuse,  A.  A  book  by  Stephen  Gos- 
son,  published  in  157S. 

School  of  Athens,  The.  1 .  Af  resoo  by  Raphael, 
in  the  Stanza  della  Segnatura  of  the  Vatican, 
Rome.  Thesubject  is  Philosophy — the  joy  of  pure  know- 
ledge and  humanism  as  contrasted  with  the  triumph  of 
religion.    The  great  Greek  philosophers  occupy  the  cen- 


wick,  Germany,  Jan.  5,  1836.  A  noted  German 
Orientalist  (especially  Assyriologist)  and  Prot- 
estant theologian :  professor  at  Berlin  from  1875. 
He  has  published  "  Die  Keilinscbrif  ten  und  das  Alte  Testa- 
ment "  ("  The  Cuneiform  Inscriptions  and  the  Old  Testa- 
ment," 1872)  and  numerous  other  works  on  Oriental  phi- 
lology, ethnology,  and  history. 

Schrader,  Julius.  Born  at  Berlin,  June  16, 
1815:  died  at  Grossliohterf  elde,nearBerlin,Feb. 
17, 1900.  A  German  historical  painter,  a  master 
01  color.  He  was  a  pupil  of  the  Berlin  Academy  and 
of  W.  Schadow  at  Diisseldorf,  and  studied  in  Italy  1845-47. 
In  1848  he  was  elected  professor  at  the  Berlin  Academy, 
Among  his  principal  paintings  are  "Death  of  Leonardo 
da  Vinci"  (1851),  "Dedication  of  the  Church  of  St.  Sophia 
in  Constantinople"  (fresco,  in  Berlin),  "Charles  I.  taking 
Leave  of  his  Family"  (1855),  "Esther  before  Ahasuerus" 
(1856),  portraits  of  A.  von  Humboldt,  Von  Eanke,  etc. 

Schreckhorn,  or  Great  Schreckhorn  (shrek'- 
hom).  One  of  the  chief  summits  of  the  Ber- 
nese Alps,  Switzerland,  situated  15  miles  south- 
east of  Interlaken.  it  was  first  ascended  in  1861. 
Height,  13,386  feet.  This  mountain  and  the  peaks  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  are  called  the  SchreckhOrner. 

Schreiberhau  (shri'ber-hou).  A  manufactur- 
ing town  in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia. 


____^_ ,,  Population  (1890),  3,509. 

ter  Taround  them  are  assembled  the  great  teachers  of  nat-  Schroiner  (shri'ner),  OlivC  (Mrs.  Cronwrieht) 
rinf  ^■JhS^rni^faiJlf  ^Sllr^'inf  ^a^d?    Born  about  1863     A  SouthWrican  autho?,  th'^ 
mirable.  The  architectural  setting  of  porticos  and  dome    uaughterotaliutherauclergymanatCapeTown. 
is  probably  based  on  Bramante's  design  for  St.  Peter's.  She  came  to  England  about  1883  with  her  book  "  The  Stoiy 

3.  A  cartoon  by  Raphael  for  the  picture  in  the  °i™i;!;?™'i^fT/™'''a^*'l''P"V''^''*?,'.V^®*™'*^'"*S 
VoWnoT,  IT,  t>,A  AmHT.f.afnT.H>.ra..^atM;ioTi  Tt  P^™'i™y"nEalphIron.  She  has  alsopubllshed  "Dreams" 
yatiean,m  the  Ambrosiau  Library  at  Milan.  It  (iggo;  and  "Dream  Life  and  Real  Life"  (1893). 
isof  full  size,  in  black  chalk  on  a  gray  ground,  and  IS  con-  goVirpvpr  C«!h^^'Pl•^  \Ar^^f  T5n»„  <,t  Tiivo^irf/^.-i- 
sidered  one  of  the  most  important  and  instructive  of  such  *'''''t?y  ,^^^?""-T  V'^  ,9,-lt;  n?^?  ^*  Frankfort- 
examples.  on-the-Main,  July  9,  1828 :  died  at  Kronberg, 
Schopenhauer  (sho'pen-hou-er),  Arthur.  Bom  Prussia,  July  29, 1899.  A  German  animal- and 
at  Dantzic,  Feb.  22, 1788 :  died  at  Frankf ort-on-    SeSF^jR^^P*^';  .^^  ^.^.  »  pupU.of  the  Stadel  Institute 


the-Main,  Sept.  21, 1860.  A  celebrated  German 
philosopher,  the  chief  expounder  of  pessimism. 
His  father  was  a  well-to-do  merchant.  At  the  outset  he, 
too,  was  intendedf  or  a  mercantile  career,  and  with  this  end 
in  view  was  placed,  in  1805,  in  the  office  of  a  merchant  in 
Hamburg.  His  father  died  a  few  months  later,  and  as  soon 
as  he  had  become  of  age  he  gave  up  the  Idea  of  a  business 
career,  and  studied  first  in  Gottingen  and  then  in  Berlin 
and  Jena.  His  first  work  was  the  monograph  "  Uber  die 
vierfache  Wurzel  des  Satzes  vom  zureichenden  Grunde" 
C'On  the  Fourfold  Eoot  of  the  Principle  of  Sufficient 
Eeason"),  which  was  published  in  1813.    His  principal 


at  Frankfort^  and  traveled  much  in  Eussia,  in  Syria  and 
Egypt,  etc.,  devoting  himself  to  the  study  of  the  horse. 
Most  of  his  pictures  depict  horsemen  with  horses  in 
rapid  action.  He  lived  alternately  at  Paris  and  at  Kron- 
berg near  Frankfort.  Among  his  pictures  are  "  Artillery 
attacked  by  Prussian  Hussars  "  (1854  :  at  Berlin),  "Battle 
near  Waghausel"  (1868  :  at  Schwerin),  "Cossack  Horses" 
(1864),  "Charge  of  Artillery  "(1865  :  at  one  time  in  the  Lux- 
embourg), "  Cuirassiers'Attack, "  "  Tunisian  Cavalry  "  (1883), 
"  Arabs  Eesting,"  "  Arabs  Eetreating,"  "  Watering-Place," 
"Wallachian  Teamsters,"  "Danger,"  "Arabs  on  the 
March,"  "Arab  Scout,"  etc.  The  last  seven  and  a  number 
of  others  are  In  the  United  States. 


work,  "DieWeltalsWilleundVorstellung"  ("The  World  a„i,_K„i,T,    /•„t,„ai  \     t_v._   '  -nir   iiv  -d 

as  Will  and  Idea"),  appeared  in  1819.  iS  1820  he  settled  »ChrOCkh  (shrek),  JohanU  Matthias.  Bom 
as  docent  at  the  University  of  Berlin,  but,  having  failed  to  at  Vienna,  July  26,  1733:  died  Aug.,  1808.  A 
obtain  a  professorship,  withdrew,  in  1831,  into  private  German  Protestant  church  historian.  His  chief 
life  at  Frankf ort-on-the-Main,  where  h.e  subsequently  work  is  "Christliche  Kirchengeschichte "  (35  vols.  176&- 
lived.  His  other  importMt  works  are  "Uber  den  WiUen  igos:  continued  for  the  post-Reformation  period  1804-12). 
InderNatur   ("On  the  Will  in  Nature,    1836),  which  was  0/.l.«Rjn..  c„T,  a/j     \   tit   j  /«     1    ■      xj.    o 

directed  against  the  professorial  philosophy  of  the  day,  "CUTOi^r  (shr6  der),  Madame  (Antoinette  So- 
and"Die  beidenGrundproblemeder  Ethik"("The  Two  phie  BUTgOr).  Bom  at  Paderbom,  Prussia, 
Fundamental  Problems  of  Ethics,"  1841).  A  collection  Feb.  23,  1781:  died  at  Munich,  Feb.  25,  1868. 
of  his  minor  essays  was  published,  in  1851,  under  the  title  A  noted  Gprma-n  traonr.  net-rpsa  tnnwTi  ns  "flip, 
"Parerga  und  Paralipomena."  His  complete  works  ap-  ^  """^eu  uerman  tragic  actress,  Jinown  as  me 
peared  at  Leipsic,  1873-74,  in  6  vols.  ^erman  Ciiaaous .     She  was  a  member  of  the  Hamburg, 

Sehopenhauer,  Madame  ( Johanna  Henriette  lT?^;iv"M5Sh''M''f' ^"'J  ^'"'  °  f *^'  p"^*^  '^'"'^  ^^' 
Trosina).    Botu  at  Dantzic,  July  9, 1766 :  died  J^L^^Z^^  ^  ^t^   I^'  % 
at  JenaVApril  16, 1838.    A  dermL  author,  mo-  ^^^''te^"®^^''^^?^^*!..  Bom  at  Schwe- 
ther  of  Arthur  Schopenhauer.    She  wrote  nov-    ^°'  <>erinany,  Nov.  3, 1744 :  died  Sept.  3,  1816. 
els  books  of  travel  etc.  ^  noted  German  actor,  theatrical  director,  and 

SipTintt   (ahnt^     AntnTi   '  Bom  at   Staufpneck     Playwright.    He  was  director  of  the  Hamburg  theater. 

^Swabl,^  Jl^e'25^l&'!' AnotedGe™^^  Xr'^  ™--  P'^^^  -"^  arrangements  of  English 

Schott,  Wilhelm.    Bom  at  Mainz,  Germany,  ^hroder-Devrient  (shrfe'der-dev-ryon'),  Wil- 
Sept.  3,  1802:  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  21, 1889.    A    helmihe.    Born  at  Hamburg,  Dee.,  1804:  died 


Schroder-Devrient,  Wilhelmine 

at  Coburg,  Jan.  26,  1860.  A  noted  German 
opera-singer,  daughter  of  Madame  A.  S.  Sehro- 
der.  She  made  a  very  successful  first  appearance  in 
1821  at  Vienna  In  "Die  ZauberflOte";  and  in  1823  she  cre- 
ated the  part  ol  Leonore  in  Beethoven's  "  Fidelio,"  on  its 
revival  in  Vienna,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  composer.  In 
1823  she  sang  in  Dresden,  and  from  that  time  till  1837 
continued  her  successes  as  a  popular  favorite.  She  then 
began  gradually  to  lose  power,  though  she  still  delighted 
lier  audiences  and  did  not  cease  singing  till  about  1866. 
Her  unusual  dramatic  power  excelled  the  quality  of  her 
voice,  which  was  a  strong  soprano.  She  married  Karl  Dev- 
rient  in  1823 ;  was  divorced  or  separated  in  1828 ;  married 
a  Herr  von  Doring  who  wasted  her  money  and  from  whom 
she  was  divorced;  and  in  1860  married  Herr  von  Bock. 
Her  repertoire  was  very  extensive. 

Schrodter  (shret'ter),  Adolf.  Bom  at  Sohwedt, 
Prussia,  June  28, 1805 :  died  at  Karlsruhe,  Ba^ 
den,  Deo.  9, 1875.  A  German  genre-painter  and 
etcher.  He  was  a  pupil  of  the  Berlin  Academy  and  of 
W.  SchSdow  at  Dusseldorf ;  lived  at  Frankfort  1848-64 ;  and 
was  professor  in  the  polytechnic  school  at  Karlsruhe  1869- 
1872.  He  was  noted  for  his  humorous  representations  of 
"DonQuixote,"I'alstalI'slife,  "Auerbachs Keller," "Hans 
Sachs,"  etc. 

Schroon  (skronj  Lake.  An  expansion  of 
SohroonEiver,  on  the  border  of  Essex  and  War- 
ren counties,  New  York.  Length,  about  8  miles. 

Schroon  Biver.  A  small  river  in  eastern  New 
York  which  joins  the  Hudson  7  miles  north- 
west of  Caldwell. 

Schubart  (sho'bart),  Christian  Friedrich  Da- 
niel. Bom  at  Obersontheim,  Swabia,  March 
24,  1739 :  died  Oct.  10,  1791.  A  German  poet. 
He  was  imprisoned  by  the  Duke  of  Wiirtemberg  1777-87. 
His  collected  poems  were  published  1785-86,  including 
religious  poems,  hymn  to  Frederick  the  Great,  etc. 

Schubert  (sho'bert),  Franz  Peter.  Bom  at  Vi- 
enna, Jan.  31,  1797 :  died  there,  Nov.  19,  1828. 
A  celebrated  Austrian  composer,  when  little  over 
10  years  old  he  was  first  soprano  in  the  choir  of  Liohten- 
thi,  the  district  or  parish  in  which  he  was  bom,  and  had 
composed  songs  and  violin  solos.  He  was  educated  in 
music  at  the  Imperial  Konvikt,  a  school  in  Vienna.  In 
1818  lie  became  teacher  of  music  in  the  Esterh&zy  family ; 
but  soon  returned  to  V  ienna,  and  lived  th  ere  for  a  time  with 
Mayrhof  er  the  poet.  In  1819  his  song  the  "  Sohaf  ers  Kla- 
gelied  "  was  performed  in  public  at  Vienna.  In  1826  he 
made  a  tour  with  his  friend  Vogl,  who  sang  Schubert's  songs 
irom  '*The  Lady  of  the  Lake"to  the  latter's  accompani- 
ments. He  next  directed  his  attention  to  dramatic  music. 
By  1827  his  prospects  had  decidedly  brightened,  and  he 
composed  ceaselessly,  surpassing  his  former  achievements, 
and  having  many  demands  from  foreign  publishers ;  but 
poverty  and  hard  work  had  already  weakened  his  system, 
and  in  1828  he  sucsumbed  to  an  attack  of  typhoid  fever. 
The  number  of  his  compositions  is  large,  including  sev- 
eral operas,  cantatas,  10  symphonies,  many  sonatas,  masses, 
marches,  quartets,  fantasias,  etc.,  and  more  than  five  hun- 
dred songs,  in  which  he  reached  the  highest  level  of  song- 
writing.  Among  the  songs  are  "ErlkSnig,"  *'The  Wan- 
derer," "The  Trout,"  "Who  is  Sylvia?'  "Hark,  Hark,  the 
lark,"  etc.  The  great  mass  of  his  works  published  after 
his  death  almost  excited  suspicion  as  to  their  genuineness. 

Schubert,  Gotthilf  Heinrich  von.  Born  at 
Hohensteiu,  Saxony,  April  26, 1780 :  died  July  1, 
1860.  A  German  naturalist,  natural  philoso- 
pher, and  mystic.  Among  his  works  are  "Ansichten 
von  der  Naohtseite  der  ITaturwissenschaf ten  "  (1808),  "  Sym- 
bolik  desTraum3"(1814),  "  Geschichte  der  Seele  "  (1830), 
etc. 

Schiicking  (shiik'ing),  Christoph  Bemhard 
Levin,  Bom  at  Clemenswerth,  ancient  bish- 
opric of  Miinster,  Sept.  6,  1814 :  died  Aug.  31, 
1883.  A  German  novelist.  His  novels  include  "Die 
Eitterbiirtigen "  (1846),  "Bin  Sohn  des  Volks  "  (1849), 
"  Schloss  Dornegge  "  (1868),  etc. 

Schulpforta.    See  PforU. 

Schuls.    See  Tarasp-Sclmls. 

Schulte  (shol'te),  Johann  Friedrich  von.  Bom 
at  Winterberg,  "Westphalia,  April  23,  1827.  A 
German  Boman  Catholic  author,  professor  at 
Bonn  from  1873 :  after  1870  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  Old  Catholics.  He  has  published  "Lehrbuch 
des  katholischen  Kirchenrechts  "  ("Manual  of  Catholic  Ec- 
clesiastical Law, "  1863),  and  other  works  on  Soman  Catho- 
lic ecdesiastical  law,  etc. 

Schultze  (shsit'se).  Max  Johann  Sigismund. 

Bom  at  Freiburg,  Baden,  March  25,  1825 :  died 
at  Bonn,  Prussia,  Jan.  16,  1874.  A  German 
anatomist  and  biologist,  professor  atBonnfrom 
1859.  He  is  best  loiown  from  his  contributions  to  micro- 
scopic anatomy,  and  his  researches  on  protoplasm,  the 
protozoa,  etc. 

Schulz  (sholts),  Albert:  pseudonym  San- 
Marte,  Bom  at  Schwedt,  Prussia,  May  18, 
1802 :  died  at  Magdeburg,  June  3, 1893.  A  Ger- 
man scholar  and  critic.  He  published  studies  on 
mediev^  literature,  including  the  Arthurian  cycle  of 
romance,  Wolfram  von  Eschenbach,  etc. 

Schulz,  Johann  Abraham  Peter.    Bom  at 

Liineburg,  Prussia,  March,  1747:  died  at 
Schwedt,  Prussia,  June  10,  1800.  A  German 
composer,  noted  for  his  folk-songs.  Among  his 
compositions  were  10  operas  and  some  sacred  music.  He 
puDlished  "  Lieder  im  Volkston,  bei  dem  Klavier  zu  sing- 
en  "  (1782),  containing  nearly  60  songs,  and  other  works. 
Schulze  (sholt'se),  Gottlob  Ernst.  Born  at 
Heldrangen,  Thuringia,  1761:  died  at  Gottin- 


909 

gen,  1833.  A  German  skeptical  philosopher, 
professor  at  Helmstedt  1788-1810,  and  at  Got- 
tingen  1810-33.  Chief  work :  "  Kritik  der  theo- 
retisohen  Philosophic." 

Schulze  -  Delitzsch  (shSlt '  se  -  da '  lich),  Her- 
mann, Bom  at  Delitzsch,  Prussia,  Aug.  29, 
1808:  died  at  Potsdam,  April  29,  1883.  A  Ger- 
man politician.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  Leipsic 
and  Halle ;  was  for  a  time  employed  in  the  civil  service  of 
Prussia ;  and  in  1841  became  a  Patrimonialrichter  (a  kind, 
of  estate  manager  with  judicial  and  administrative  f  unc- 
tions)at  Delitzsch.  He  is  chiefly  known  as  the  founder  of 
the  system  of  working-men's  cooperative  associations  in 
Germany,  including  the  people's  bank.  He  published 
"Vorsohuss- und  Kredit-Vereine  als  Volksbanken"  (5th 
ed.  1876),  etc. 

Schumacher  (sho'mach-er),  Heinrich  Chris- 
tian. Bom  at  Bramstedt,  Holstein,  Sept.  3, 
1780 :  died  at  Altona,  Holstein,  Dee.  28, 1850. 
A  German  astronomer,  director  of  the  observa- 
tory at  Altona.  He  founded  the  "Astrono- 
misohe  Nachrichten"  in  1821. 

Schumann  (shs'man),  Madame  (Clara  Jose- 
phine Wieck),  Bom  at  Leipsic,  Sept.  13, 1819 : 
diedatPrankfort,May20,1896.  Anoted German 
pianist  andcomposer,  wif  e  of  Robert  Schumann. 
She  was  especially  successful  in  rendering  the  music  of 
Chopin  (which  she  was  the  first  in  Germany  to  play  for 
the  public)  and  Schumann.  She  made  her  d6but  about 
1832,  and  visited  England  first  in  1866.  After  the  death 
of  her  husband  she  lived  at  Diiaseldorf,  and  then  at  Ber- 
lin and  Baden-Baden,  and  in  1878  was  made  principal 
teacher  of  the  pianoforte  at  the  conservatoire  at  Frankfort. 

Schumann,  Kobert.  Bom  at  Zwickau,  Saxony, 
June  8,  1810:  died  at  Endenich,  near  Bonn, 
Prussia,  July  29, 1856.  A  distinguished  German 
composer  and  musical  critic,  an  exponent  of  the 
Romantic  school.  He  studied  at  Heidelberg  1828-30, 
and  then  at  Leipsic  under  Wieck ;  founded  the  musical 
journal  "Die  neueZeitschriftfiirMusik"in  1834;  and  re- 
mained its  editor  until  1844.  In  1836  he  met  Mendelssohn. 
In  1840  he  married  Clara  Wieck. ,  In  1844  he  left  Leipsic 
and  settled  in  Dresden.  From  1860  to  1853  he  was  director 
of  music  at  Diisseldorf,  a  post  for  which  he  was  unfitted. 
From  1861  until  his  death  his  eccentricities,  due  to  disease 
of  the  brain,  increased,  and  in  1854  he  was  placed  in  a 
private  asylum.  Among  his  chief  works  are  symphonies, 
overtures,  quartets,  songs  (**Das  Gliick  von  Edenhall," 
"Der  Eose  Pilgerf ahrt "),  "Genoveva"  (an  opera),  music 
to  Byron's  "Manfred"  and  Goethe's  "Faust,"  "Pai*adise 
and  the  Peri."  His  complete  works  are  published  by 
Breitkopf  and  HSrtel  (Leipsic). 

Schurz  (sh6rts),  Carl.  Bom  at  Liblar,  near 
Cologne,  Prussia,  March  2,  1829.  A  German- 
American  statesman,  journalist,  and  general. 
He  studied  at  Bonn  1847-48,  and  in  1849  took  part  in  the 
insurrection  in  the  Palatinate  and  Baden,  on  the  repression 
of  which  he  was  arrested,  but  escaped  to  Switzerland.  He 
went  to  the  United  States  in  1852,  and  became  a  prominent 
member  of  the  Eepublican  party.  He  was  appointed 
United  States  minister  to  Spain  in  1861,  but  resigned  on 
the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  in  order  to  enter  the  Union 
army.  He  served  at  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run,  Chan- 
cellorsville,  Gettysburg,  and  Chattanooga,  and  attained  the 
rank  of  major-general  of  volunteers.  He  was  Eepublican 
United  States  senator  from  Missouri  1869-75 ;  was  a  leading 
member  of  the  "  Liberal-Eepublican  "  revolt  in  1872  ;  was 
secretary  of  the  interior  1877-81;  and  was  editor  of  the 
New  York  "Evening  Post "  1881-84.  He  was  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  "  Mugwump"  movement  in  1884.  He  has 
written  a  "Life  of  Henry  Clay  "  (1887),  etc. 

Schuyler  (sM'ler),  Eugene.  Bom  at  Ithaca, 
N.  Y.,  Feb.  26, 1840 :  died  at  Cairo,  Egypt,  July 
18, 1890.  An  American  diplomatist  and  author. 
He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1869,  and  at  the  Columbia  Law 
School  in  1863 ;  entered  the  diplomatic  service  in  1866 ; 
was  secretary  of  legation  at  St.  Petersburg  1870-76,  and  at 
Constantinople  1876-78 ;  traveled  in  central  Asia  in  1873  ; 
became  charge  d'affaires  at  Bukharest  in  1880 ;  was  min- 
ister to  Eumania,  Servia,  and  Greece  1882-84 ;  and  was  con- 
sul-general at  Cairo  from  1S89  until  his  death.  He  wrote 
"Turkestan"  (1876),  "Peter  the  Great"  (2  vols.  1884),  and 
"American  Diplomacy"  (1886). 

Schuyler,  Philip.  Bom  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Nov., 
1738 :  died  at  Albany,  Nov.  18, 1804.  An  Ameri- 
can general  and  politician.  He  served  in  the  French 
and  Indian  war ;  was  a  delegate  to  the  Continental  Con- 
gress in  1776, 1777,  and  1779-81 ;  was  appointed  major-gen- 
eral in  1775 ;  was  infiuential  in  the  northern  department 
and  in  the  commissary ;  was  commander  of  the  forces 
against  Burgoyne  in  1777  until  superseded  by  Gates  in 
August ;  and  resigned  from  the  army  in  1779.  He  was 
Indian  commissioner  during  the  war,  and  was  Feder- 
alist United  States  senator  from  New  York  1789-91  and 
1797-98. 

Schuyler  Lake.  A  small  lake  in  Otsego  Coun- 
ty, New  York,  24  miles  southeast  of  XJtica.  It 
has  its  outlet  into  the  Susquehanna. 

Schuylkill  (skol'kil) .  A  river  in  Pennsylvania 
which  joins  the  Delaware  at  Philadelphia.  It 
contributes  largely  to  the  water-supply  of  Phil- 
adelphia. Its  Indian  name  was  Manayunk. 
Length,  130  miles. 

Schuylkill  Haven.  A  borough  in  Schuylkill 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Schuyl- 
kill 72  miles  northwest  of  Philadelphia.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  3,654. 

Schwab  (shvab),  Gustav.  Bom  at  Stuttgart, 
Wurtemberg,  June  19, 1792:  died  there,  Nov.  4, 
1850.  AGermanpoet  and  author,one  of  the  chief 


Schwarzburg-Budolstadt 

Swabian  poets.  He  is  best  known  from  his  ballads  and 
romances.  He  wrote  also  "Die  schonsten  Sagen  des  klas- 
sischen  Altertums  "  ("The  Most  Beautiful  Legendsof  Clas- 
sical Antiquity,  "1838-40),  a  life  of  Schiller,  "Deutsche  Volks. 
hiioher,"  etc. 

Schwabach  ■  (shva'bach).  A  town  in  Middle 
Franconia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  river  Schwa- 
bach 9  miles  south  by  west  of  Nuremberg.  It  has 
manufactures  of  needles,  etc.  A  meeting  of  princes  here, 
Oct.  16, 1629,  adopted  tlie  17  articles  of  Schwabach  that 
formed,  in  part,  the  basis  of  the  Augsburg  Confession. 
Population  (1890),  8,104. 

Schwabach  (shva'bach)  Articles.  1.  Articles 
of  religion  established  1528  by  the  Margrave  of 
Brandenburg-Ansbach  as  the  basis  of  the  Ref- 
ormationinhis  territories. — 2.  Seventeen  arti- 
cles drawn  up  by  Luther  and  submitted  to  the 
convention  of  Schwabach.  They  subsequently 
formed  the  basis  of  the  Augsburg  Confession. 

Schwabe  (shva'be),  Heinrich  Samuel,  Bom 
at  Dessau,  Germany,  Oct.  25, 1789 :  died  at  Des- 
sau, April  11,  1875.  A  German  astronomer, 
noted  tor  his  discovery  of  the  periodicity  of 
sun-spots. 

Schwaben  (shva'ben).  The  German  name  of 
Swabia. 

Schwabenspiegel  (shva'ben-spe-gel).  [G., 
'  Swabian  mirror.']  A  compilation  of  law  which 
attained  great  authority  in  southern  Germany, 
compiled  by  an  unknown  author  at  the  end  of 
the  13th  century.  It  was  based  largely  on  the 
Saohsenspiegel. 

Schwabisch-Gmiind.    See  Gmiind. 

Schwabisch-Hall  (shva'bish-hai),  or  Hall.  A 
town  in  the  Jagst  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated 
on  the  Koeher  34  miles  northeast  of  Stuttgart. 
It  has  important  sali>'Works.  Formerly  a  free  imperial 
city,  it  was  annexed  to  Wiirtemberg  in  1802.  Population 
(1890),  9,000. 

Schwalbach.    See  Langenscliwalbach. 

Schwann  (shvan),  Theodor,  Bom  at  Neuss, 
Prussia,  Dec.  7, 1810:  died  at  Cologne,  Jan.  14, 
1882.  A'distinguished  German  physiologist,  the 
founder  of  the  cell-theory,  which  he  published  in 
"  Microscopical  Researches  "  (Berlin,  1839).  He 
was  professor  of  anatomy  at  Louvain  1838-48,  and  at  Li§ge 
from  1848.  He  discovered  pepsin,  and  made  many  impor- 
tant investigations  in  the  nerves,  muscles,  etc. 

Schwansen  (shvan'zen).  A  peninsula  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  province  of  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein,  Prussia,  east  of  Schleswig.  It  is  nearly  sur- 
rounded by  the  Baltic  Sea,  the  Schlei,  ondEckernforde  Ba^. 

Schwanthaler  (shvan 'ta"ler),  Ludwig  Mi- 
chael. Born  at  Munich,  Aug.  26,  1802 :  died 
there,  Nov.  15,  1848.  A  German  sculptor.  He 
worked  especially  in  Munich  under  official  patronage. 
Among  his  works  there  are  statues  for  the  new  palace  in 
Munich,  the  Old  Pinakothek,  the  Euhmeshalle,  and  the 
Walhalla,  and  the  colossal  statue  "  Bavaria."  He  left  his 
collection  of  models  ("  Schwanthaler-Museum  ")  to  the  gov- 
ernment of  Bavaria. 

Schwartz,  Christian  Friedrich.  See  Schwarz. 

Schwartz,  or  Schwarz  (shvarts),  Madame  von 
(Marie  Esperance  Brandt) :  Grecized  name 
Elpis  Melena  (el'pes  me-la'na).  Bom  at  South- 
gate,  England,  Nov.  8, 1821.  A  German  author. 
After  a  separation  from  Von  Schwartz,  who  was  her  second 
husband,  she  went  to  Eome,  became  a  great  admirer  of 
Garibaldi,  went  with  him  on  his  campaigns,  and  oared  for 
him  in  his  captivity.  She  wrote  "Travels  "  in  Crete,  the 
soutli  of  Italy,  etc.,  and  works  on  Garibaldi's  career,  and 
also  published  a  volume  of  his  letters.  She  has  often  been 
confounded  with  the  Swedish  novelist  (see  next  jirticle). 

Schwartz,  Mme.  (Marie  Sophie Birath).  Born 
at  Bor&s,  Sweden,  JUly  4,  1819 :  died  at  Stock- 
holm, May  7,  1894.  A  Swedish  novelist.  Her 
works  were  translated  Into  German  in  44  volumes  (1865- 
1874),  andseveral  of  them  have  been  translated  into  French 
and  EngUsii. 

Schwartzenberg.    See  Sckioarzenberg. 

Schwarz  (shvarts),  Berthold  (originally  Kon- 
stantin  Ancklitzen).  Born  at  Freiburg:  lived 
in  the  first  half  of  the  14th  century.  A  German 
Franciscan  monk  and  alchemist,  said  to  have 
invented  gunpowder  about  1330. 

Schwarz,  or  Schwartz,  Christian  Friedrich. 
Bom  at  Sonnenburg,  Prussia,  1726 :  died  at  Tan- 
jore,  Hindustan,  Feb.  13, 1798.  A  German  mis- 
sionary in  India.  Sent  out  at  first  by  the  Danes,  he  was 
afterward  engaged  in  English  missions.  He  was  remark- 
ably  successful  at  Trichinopoly  and  Tanjore. 

Schwarz,  Marie  Esperance.    See  Schwartz. 

Schwarzbach  (shvarts'bach)Fall.  A  cascade 
in  the  Salzburg  Alps,  near  Konigssee.  Height, 
300  feet. 

Schwarzburg  (shvarts'bbre).  A  village  in 
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  Germany,  situated 
on  the  Sehwarza  32  miles  south  by  west  of 
Weimar.  It  is  a  tourist  center,  and  contains 
the  princely  castle  of  Schwarzburg. 

Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt  (shvarts'borc-ro'- 
dol-stat).  A  principality  and  one  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  German  Empire,  situated  in  Thurin- 
gia.    Capital,  Rudolstadt.    it  consists  of  two  main 


Schwarzburg-Budolstadt 

divisions  —  the  larger  in  tlie  south,  between  Saxe-Weimar- 
Eisenach  and  Saxe-Meiningen,  and  the  smaller  in  the 
north,  surrounded  by  Prussian  Saxony  and  Schwarzburg- 
Sondershausen.  It  has  also  several  small  exclaves.  The 
surface  is  hilly  and  mountainous.  The  government  is  a 
hereditary  constitutional  monarchy.  It  has  1  vote  in  the 
Bundesrat  and  1  member  in  the  Eeichstag.  The  reli- 
gion is  Protestant.  The  state  was  raised  from  a  countship 
to  a  principality  in  1711 ;  joined  the  Confederation  of  the 
Khine  in  1807,  and  the  Germanic  Confederation  in  1816 ; 
and  sided  with  Prussia  in  1866.  Area,  363  square  miles. 
Population  (1900),  93,069. 

Schwarzbur^-Sondersliausen  (-zon'ders-hou- 
zen).  A  principality  and  one  of  the  members 
of  the  German  Empire,  situated  in  Thuringia. 
Capital,  Sondershansen.  it  consists  of  two  por- 
tions—  the  southern,  situated  west  of  Schwarzburg-Ru- 
dolstadt,  and  the  northern,  nearly  surrounded  by  Prussian 
Saxony.  The  surface  is  generally  hilly.  ■  The  government 
is  a  limited  hereditary  monarchy.  It  has  1  vote  in  the 
Bundesrat  and  1  member  in  the  Reichstag.  The  religion 
is  Protestant.  The  state  was  raised  from  a  countship  to 
a  principality  in  1697;  joined  the  Confederation  of  the 
Rhine  in  1807,  and  the  Germanic  Confederation  in  1815 ; 
and  sided  witB  Prussia  in  1866.  Area,  333  square  miles. 
Population  (1900),  80,898. 

Schwarzenberg  (shvart'sen-bere),  Prince  Fe- 
lix Ludwig  Jolianii  Friedricli  von.  Born  at 
Krumau,  Bohemia,  Oct.  2, 1800 :  died  April  5, 
1852.  An  Austrian  diplomatist  and  statesman, 
prime  minister  1848-52. 

Schwarzenberg,  Prince  Friedrich  von.  Born 
April  6,  1809 :  died  March  27,  1885.  An  Aus- 
trian cardinal,  archbishop  of  Salzburg,  and 
later  of  Prague. 

Schwarzenberg  (shvart'sen-bere),  Prince  Karl 
Philipp  von.  Bom  at  Vienna,  April  15, 1771: 
died  at  Leipsio,  Oct.  15,  1820.  An  Austrian 
general.  He  served  with  distinction  at  Hohenlinden  in 
1800 ;  escaped  from  the  surrender  at  Ulm  in  1806 ;  served 
at  Wagram  in  1809 ;  filled  various  diplomatic  missions  in 
Russia  and  France ;  commanded  the  Austrian  contingent 
in  Russia  in  1812  _;  became  field-marshal  in  1812 ;  was  com- 
mander of  the  Allies  against  Napoleon  1813t-14  ;  and  gained 
the  victory  of  Leipsic  in  1813. 

Schwar2horn(shvarts'hom).  [Gr.,  'blaekhom.'] 
The  name  of  several  peaks  in  the  Alps.  Among 
them  is  one  in  Valais,  southeast  of  Sierre. 

Schwarzsee  (shvarts'za).  [P.  Lac  Domhie  or 
Lac  d' Omenaz.']  A  small  Alpine  lake  in  the  can- 
ton of  Fribourg,  Switzerland,  llmiles  southeast 
of  Fribourg. 

Schwarzwald  (shvarts'valt).   &6eSlacJc Forest 

Schwatka  (shwot'ka),  Frederick.  Born  at 
Galena,  111.,  Sept.  29,  1849:  died  at  Portland, 
Oregon,  Nov.  2,  1892.  An  American  explorer. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1871,  receiving  a  commis- 
sion as  lieutenant  of  cavalry  in  the  United  States  army, 
which  he  resigned  in  1886.  He  commanded  an  arctic  ex- 
pedition in  search  of  traces  of  Franklin  1878-80 ;  explored 
the  course  of  the  Yukon  River  1883-84;  and  conducted  an 
expedition  to  Alaska  sent  out  by  the  New  York  "  Times  " 
in  1886.  He  wrote  "Along  Alaska's  Great  River  "  (1885), 
"  Nimrod  iu  the  North  "  (1885),  and  " Children  of  the  Cold '' 
(1886). 

Schwedt  (shvet).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Oder  51 
miles  northeast  of  Berlin.  Population  (1890), 
9,801. 

Schwegler(shvag'ler),  Albert.  Born  at  Michel- 
bach,  Wiirtemberg,  Feb.  10,  1819:  died  at  Tu- 
bingen, Jan.  5, 1857.  A  German  historian  and 
philosophical  writer,  professor  of  classical  phi- 
lology and  later  of  history  at  Tubingen.  His  works 
include  "Das  nachapostolischs  Zeitalter"  ("The  Post- 
Apostolic  Age, "  1846), "  Geschichte  der  Philosophic  "("  His- 
tory of  Philosophy,"  1848),  "Geschichte  der  griechischen 
Philosophie  "  (1859),  "Romische  Geschichte  "  (1863-68),  edi- 
tions of  Eusebius,  Aristotle"  "  Metaphysics,    etc. 

Schweidnitz  (shvid'nits).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Weis- 
tritz  31  miles  southwest  of  Breslau.  It  is  an  im- 
portant commercial  and  manufacturing  center,  and  has 
long  been  famous  for  its  beer.  It  was  formerly  the  capi- 
tal of  the  ancient  principality  of  Schweidnitz,  which  be- 
longed to  Bohemia  until  1741.  It  was  several  times  be- 
sieged and  taken  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War  and  the  Seven 
Years'  War.    Population  (1890),  9,016. 

Schweinfurt  (shvin'fort).  A  town  in  Lower 
Praneonia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Main  iu  lat. 
50°  4'  N.,  long.  10°  14'  E.  It  has  important  trade 
and  varied  manufactures  (among  the  latter,  the  noted 
Schweinfurt  green).  It  became  a  free  imperial  city  in  the 
12th  century ;  was  annexed  to  Bavaria  soon  after  the  peace 
of  Lun^ville  (1801) ;  and  belonged  to  the  grand  duchy  of 
"Wiirzburg  from  -1810  to  1814.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
EUckert.    Population  (1890),  12,472. 

Schweinfurth  (shvin'fort),  Georg  August. 
Born  at  Riga,  Livonia,  Dee.  29, 1836.  An  Afri- 
can explorer  and  botanist.  He  made  a  botanical  ex- 
ploration of  the  Nile  valley  in  1864-66 ;  traveled  among  the 
Dinka,  Djur,  and  Bongo  in  1868 ;  among  the  Nyam-Nyam, 
Mombutto,  and  Akka  in  1870,  discovering  the  Welle  River ; 
and  returned  to  Khartum  in  1871,  and  to  Europe.  In  1873- 
1874  he  explored  the  oasis  El  Chargeh  and  founded  (1874^ 
1876)  a  geographical  society  at  Cairo,  where  he  has  since  re- 
sided. He  made  botanic  and  mineraloeic  explorations  in 
the  desert  between  the  Nile  and  the  Red  Sea  1876-88.  His 
works  Include  "In  the  Heart  of  Africa"  (1874),  books  on 

'    botany,  "  Artes  Africanse  "  (1876),  etc. 


910 

Schweinitz  (shvi'uits),  Hans  Lothar  von. 

Born  nearLiiben,  Silesia,  Dec.  30,  1822:  died 
at  Cassel,  Prussia,  June  24,  1901.  A  German 
diplomatist.  He  became  envoy  of  the  North  German 
Confederation  at  Vienna  in  1869,  and  was  ambassador  of 
the  German  Empire  at  Vienna  1871-76,  and  at  St.  Peters- 
burg 1876-93. 

Schweinitz,  Lewis  David  von.  Bom  at  Beth- 
lehem, Pa.,  Feb.  13,  1780 :  died  there,  Feb.  8, 
1834.  An  American  botanist,  noted  for  his  re- 
searches in  American  flora,  especially  in  fungi. 

SchweinschMel  (shvin'sha-del).  A  small  vil- 
lage in  northeastern  Bohemia,  near  Skalitz, 
about  28  miles  east  of  Gitschin.  Here,' June  29, 
1866,  the  Prussians  imder  Steinmetz  defeated 
the  Austrians. 

Schweiz  (shvits),  Die.  The  German  name  of 
Switzerland. 

Schwenkfeld  (shvenk'felt),  Kaspar.  Bom  in 
Silesia,  1490 :  died  at  Ulm,  Germany,  Deo.  10, 
1561.  A  German  Protestant  mystic,  persecuted 
by  the  Lutherans :  founder  of  a  sect  named 
from  him  Schwenkfeldians. 

Schwerin  (shva-ren').  1.  AduchyinMecklen- 
burg-Schwerin,  forming  the  circle  of  Mecklen- 
burg.— 2.  A  former  principality  and  imperial 
bishopric,  now  in  the  grand  duchy  of  Mecklen- 
burg-Sehwerin. —  3.  The  capital  of  the  grand 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Sohwerin,  Germany,  sit- 
uated on  the  Schwerinersee  in  lat.  53°  38'  K., 
long.  11°  25'  E.  The  principal  buildings  are  the 
grand-ducal  palace,  and  the  Pointed  cathedral  of  the  16th 
century.  An  ancient  Wendish  place,  it  was  captured  by 
Henry  the  Lion  in  1161.    Population  (1890),  33,643. 

Schwerin,  Count  Kurt  Christoph.  Bom  at 
Wusecken,  Pomerania,  Oct.  26,  1684:  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Prague,  May  6,  1757.  A  German 
general.  He  entered  the  Dutch  service  in  1700,  that  of 
Mecklenburg  in  1706,  and  that  of  Prussia  in  1720.  He  was 
made  a  field-marshal  by  Frederick  the  Great,  and  in  1741 
gained  the  victory  of  MoUwitz.  He  distinguished  himself 
in  the  second  Silesian  war  1744-46,  and  in  the  Seven  Years' 
War  in  the  invasion  of  Bohemia  1766-67. 

Schwerin,  Lake  of.    See  Schwerinersee. 

Schwerin-an-der-Warthe  (shva  -ren '  an  -  der- 
var'te).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Posen, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Warthe  59  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Posen.    Population  (1890),  6,560. 

Schwerinersee  (shva-reu'er-za),  or  Lake  of 
Schwerin.  ^  lake  in  the  grand  duchy  of  Meck- 
leuburg-Schwerin,  Germany.  Its  outlet  is  by 
the  Stor  to  the  Elde,  and  thence  to  the  Elbe. 
Length,  14  miles. 

Schwind(shvint),Moritzvon.  Bomat Vienna, 
Jan.  21, 1804 :  died  at  Munich,  Feb.  8, 1871.  A 
German  painter  of  the  Romantic  school.  His 
chief  works  are  the  cyclus  of  the  "Seven  Ravens  "(Wei- 
mar^ the  cyclus  of  Melusine  (Vienna),  and  the  cyclus 
of  Cinderella ;  "  Singers'  Contest"  (Frankfort) ;  decorative 
paintings  in  the  "Wartburg ;  etc. 

Schwyz  (shvits).  1.  A  canton  of  Switzerland. 
Capital,  Schwyz ;  largest  town,  Einsiedeln.  It 
is  bounded  by  the  Lake  of  Zug,  Zug,  and  Zurich  on  the 
northwest,  the  Lake  of  Zurich  on  the  north,  St.  Gall  on 
the  northeast,  Glarus  on  the  east,  Uri  and  the  Lake  of  Lu- 
cerne on  the  south,  and  Lucerne  on  the  west,  and  is  one 
of  the  "Four  Forest  Cantons."  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous. It  is  noted  for  its  cattle.  It  sends  3  members  to  the 
National  Council.  The  prevailing  religion  is  the  Roman 
Catholic ;  the  prevailing  language,  German.  Schwyz  be- 
longed in  the  middle  ages  to  the  Zurich  gau ;  was  united 
with  Uri  and  Unterwalden  in  1201  in  league  against  the 
Hapsburgs ;  took  a  leading  part  in  the  14th  and  16th  cen- 
turies in  the  affairs  of  the  Confederation ;  opposed  the 
Reformation ;  made  resistance  to  the  French  in  1798 ; 
and  had  internal  troubles  in  1832-33.  It  was  a  member 
of  the  Sonderbund.  Area,  361  square  miles.  Population 
(1888),  60,307. 

3.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Schwyz,  sit- 
uated at  the  foot  of  the  Mythen,  in  lat.  47°  1'  N., 
long.  8°  38'  E.  Its  parish  church  is  notable. 
Population  (1888),  6,663. 

Schyn  (shen).  The  lower  valley  of  the  river 
Albula,  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  situated 
10-14  miles  south  of  Coire :  noted  for  its  roman- 
tic scenery. 

Sciacca  (shak'ka).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Girgenti,  Sicily,  situated  on  the  southern 
coast  46  miles  south-southwest  of  Palermo.  It 
has  a  cathedral.  In  its  neighborhood  are  va- 
rious warm  springs,     Population,  20, 709. 

Scilla,  or  Scylla  (shel'la),  or  Sciglio  (shel'yo). 
A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Eeggio  di  Calabria, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  promontory  of  Scylla, 
Strait  of  Messina,  9  miles  north-northeast  of 
Reggio.  It  has  a  castle.  It  was  nearly  destroyed  by 
an  earthquake  in  1783.    Population,  5,802. 

Scilly  (sU'i)  Islands.  A  group  of  small  islands 
southwest  of  England,  belonging  to  the  county 
of  Cornwall,  situated  in  lat.  49°  54'  N.,  long.  6° 
21'  W. :  probably  the  ancient  Cassiterides.  The 
principal  islands  are  St.  Mary's  (containing  the  chief  town, 
Hugh  Town),  St.  Martin's,  St.  Agnes,  Tresco,  and  Bryher. 
The  islands  were  taken  by  the  English  in  the  10th  century. 


Scogan 

They  were  a  Royalist  stronghold  in  the  civil  war,  and  were 
reduced  by  Blake  in  1661.  Area,  10  square  miles.  Popu- 
latiou  (1891)k  1,911. 

Scinde.    See  Sind. 

Scindia.    See  Sindhia. 

Scio  (si'6  or  she'6).  An  island  in  the  .aigean  Sea, 
belonging  to  Turkey,  situated  west  of  Asia  Mi- 
nor, in  lat.  38°  20'  N.,  long.  26°  E. :  the  ancient 
Chios  and  Turkish  Saki-Adasi.  Capital,  Scio. 
The  surface  is  hiUy  and  rocky.  The  island  has  been  noted 
in  ancient  and  modern  times  for  wine  and  fruit.  The  in- 
habitants are  mostly  Greeks.  It  was  settled  by  lonians ; 
passed  under  Persian  rule  in  the  6th  century  B.  0. ;  was  a 
member  of  the  Confederacy  of  Delos  until  412  B.  0. ;  wa& 
a  center  of  art  and  literature,  and  particularly  noted  for  its 
school  of  epic  poets ;  has  been  claimed  as  the  birthplace 
of  Homer ;  formed  part  of  the  Macedonian,  Roman,  and 
other  dominions ;  was  taken  by  the  Genoese  in  the  14th 
century;  was  conquered  by  the  Turks  in  1666 ;  was  the 
scene  of  a  terrible  massacre  by  the  Turks  in  1822 ;  and  was 
ravaged  by  earthquakes  in  1881-82.  Length,  30  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, about  36,000. 

Scioto  fsi-o'to).  AriverinOhio.  it  flows  east  and 
then  generally  south  to  the  Ohio,  which  it  joins  at  Ports- 
mouth. Length,  about  250  miles ;  navigable  about  130 
miles. 

Scipio  (sip'i-6).  The  secretary  of  Gil  Bias  in. 
Le  Sage's  novel  of  that  name. 

Scipio  (sip'i-6),  Cneius  Cornelius.  Killed  212 
or  211 B.  c.  A  Roman  general,  brother  of  P.  C. 
Scipio.  He  was  consul  in  222  b.  c,  when  with  his  col- 
league M.  Claudius  Marcellus  he  completed  the  subjuga- 
tion of  Cisalpine  Gaul.  He  was  appointed  legate  in  Spain 
in  218,  and  was  associated  with  his  brother  in  the  Spanish 
campaigns. 

Scipio,  Metellus  Pius.  See  Metelkis  Pius  Sdpio. 

Scipio,  Publius  Cornelius.  Killed  212  or  2ii 
B.  o.  A  Roman  general.  He  was  consul  in  218  b.  c, 
when  he  attempted  unsuccessfully  to  prevent  Hannibal's 
passage  of  the  Rhone ;  and  was  defeated  at  the  Ticinus 
and  (with  Sempronius)  at  the  Trebia.  In  217  he  defeated 
the  Carthaginian  fleet  at  the  mouth  of  thelberus,  whereby 
he  gained  for  the  Romans  the  supremacy  of  the  sea.  With 
hisbrother,  Cneius  Cornelius  Scipio,  he  gained  several  vic- 
tories over  the  Carthaginians  in  Spain,  but  was  defeated 
and  slain  with  his  brother. 

Scipio  (Publius  Cornelius  Scipio  iEmilianus 
Africanus  Minor,  sumamed  also  Numanti- 
nus).  Bom  about  185  B.  C. :  died  129  B.  c.  A 
celebrated  Roman  general,  son  of  .^milius 
Paulus  and  grandson  by  adoption  of  Scipio 
Africanus  Major.  He  served  at  Pydna  in  168,  and  in 
Spain  as  military  tribune  in  151 ;  went  to  Africa  as  mili- 
tary tribune  on  the  outbreak  of  the  third  Punic  war  in  149 ; 
was  elected  consul  and  commander  of  the  army  against 
Carthage  in  147 ;  captured  Carthage  in  146 ;  was  censor  in 
142 ;  was  appointed  consul,  with  Spain  as  his  province,in  134; 
and  took  Numantia  in  133.  On  his  return  to  Rome  in  132  he 
placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  artistocratic  opposition 
to  the  reforms  of  the  popular  party.  He  was  found  dead 
in  his  room  one  morning  after  a  tempestuous  day  in  the 
forum,  and  was  commonly  supposed  to  have  been  assas- 
sinated. 

Scipio  (Publius  Cornelius  Scipio  Africanus 
Major).  Born  about  234  B.  c. :  died  probably 
183  B.  c.  A  Roman  general,  son  of  P.  C.  Scipio. 
He  served  at  the  Ticinus  and  Cannse  ;  became  edile  in  212 ; 
was  appointed  to  the  chief  command  in  Spain  as  proconsul 
in  210 ;  captured  New  Carthage  in  210 ;  defeated  HasdrubaJ 
in  209 ;  completed  the  conquest  of  Spain  in  206 ;  was  elected 
consul,  with  Sicily  as  his  province,  in  206 ;  invaded  Africa 
in  204 ;  defeated  Syphax  and  Hasdrubal  (son  of  Cisco)  in 
203 ;  defeated  Hannibal  at  Zama  in  202  ;  negotiated  the 
treaty  with  Carthage  ending  the  second  Punic  war  in  201 ; 
was  censor  in  199  and  consul  in  194 ;  and  accompanied  hi» 
brother  in  the  campaign  against  Antiochus  in  190. 

Scipios  (sip'i-6z).  Tombs  of  the.  A  group  of 
ancient  Roman  tombs  situated  on  the  Appian 
Way,  near  Rome. 

Sciron(si'ron).  [Gr.  2K£ip(jiior2«:j/)6n'.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a  robber  who  frequented  the  region 
near  Megara,  and  forced  strangers  over  the 
rocks  (the  Scironian  rocks)  into  the  sea,  where 
they  were  devoured  by  a  turtle.  He  was  slain 
by  Theseus. 

Scituate  (sit'ii-at) .  A  town  in  Plymouth  Coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  situated  on  Massachusetts 
Bay  21  miles  southeast  of  Boston.  Population 
(1900),  2,470. 

Sclater-Booth  (skla't6r-b6th),  George,  first 
Baron  Basing.  Born  1826  :  died  Oct.  22,  1894. 
An  English  Conservative  politician.  He  was 
president  of  the  Local  Government  Board  1874- 
1880,  and  was  created  Baron  Basing  in  1887. 

Sclavinia.    See  Slavinia. 

Sclavonia,     See  Slavonia. 

Sclopis  de  Salerano  (sklo'pes  do  sa-le-rS'no), 
Count  FederigO.  Bom  at  Turin,  Jan.  10, 1798 : 
died  there,  March  8,  1878.  An  Italian  politi- 
cian and  jurist.  He  was  president  of  the  Geneva  tri- 
bunal of  arbitration  for  settling  the  Alabama  claims  1871- 
1872.  His  chief  work  is  "Histoire  de  la  Iteislation  itali- 
enne  "  (1840-67). 

Scodra(sk6'dra).   The  ancient  name  of  Scutari. 

Scogan(sk6'gan), Henry.  Livedat  the  end  of  the 
14th  and  the  beginning  of  the  15th  century.  An 
English  poet,  a  contemporary  of  Chancer.  He 
inserted  in  one  of  his  poems,  called  "  Scogan  unto  the  Lords 
and  Gentilmen  of  the  King's  house,"  Chaucer's  ballad* 


Scogan 

"GentlllesBe,"  and  refers  to  Chaucer  frequently  as  "my 
mautre."  He  la  probably  the  man  to  whom  Chaucer's 
Lenvoy  to  Scoean "  was  written,  and  is  not  to  be  con- 
founded with  a  jester  named  John  or  Thomas  Scogan,  to 
whom  a  book  called  "Scoggins  Jests  "  is  attributed,  and 
who  flourished  at  the  court  of  Edward  IV.  It  is  this  Sco- 
gan that  Shakspere  introduces  anachronously  in  the  se- 
cond part  of  "Henry  IV.,"  iii.  2 ;  but  the  Scogan  to  whom 
Jonson  alludes  In  "The  Fortunate  Isles  "  is  Henry  Scogan. 

Scone  (sk6n).  A  locality  in  Perthshire,, Soot- 
land,  near  the  Tay,  2  miles  north  of  Perth.  An 
abbey  was  built  hereby  Alexander  I.  in  1115,  and  remained 
till  destroyed  in  the  Reformation  riots  about  1579.  Scone 
was  from  early  times  a  place  of  residence  of  the  kings  of 
Scotland,  and  notably  the  place  of  their  coronation.  A 
"stone  of  destiny"  which  formed  part  of  the  coronation 
chair  was  carried  oil  to  Westminster  by  Edward  I.  in  1296. 
The  present  Scone  Palace,  a  modern  building,  is  a  seat  of 
the  Earl  of  Mansfield. 

Scopas  (sko'pas).  [Gr.  S/cuTraf.]  Bom  in  the 
island  of  Paros  about  420  b.  c.  A  celebrated 
Greek  sculptor  and  architect.  His  first  important 
work  was  the  temple  of  Athene  Alea  atTegea,  built  on  the 
site  of  an  older  temple.  A  few  fragments  of  the  sculp- 
ture of  this  temple  have  been  recovered.  In  its  in- 
terior a  Corinthian  order  was  superimposed  upon  an 
Ionic,  the  first  recorded  use  of  this  order.  Scopas  prob- 
ably went  to  Athens  about  377  B.  0.,  and  remained  there 
25  years,  when  he  went  to  Halicarnassus  to  superintend 
the  sculpture  of  the  MauBoleum.  The  fragments  from 
this  monument  in  the  British  Museum  probably  give  us 
our  only  reliable  information  as  to  Scopas  s  style.  A  doubt> 
ful  passage  of  Fausanias  makes  it  probable  that  he  is  rep- 
resented in  the  sculpture  recovered  from  the  Artemisium 
at  Ephesus.  The  Apollo  Citharoedus  of  the  Vatican  is 
always  associated  with  Scopas  as  a  copy  of  his  statue.  The 
original  of  the  Niobe  group  was  by  either  Scopas  or  Praxi- 
teles, probably  Scopas.  The  Niobide  of  the  Vatican  may 
have  belonged  to  the  original  group.  The  style  of  Scopas 
was  highly  ideal  and  sympathetic.  Pathos  is  the  word  by 
which  his  work  is  characterized  in  the  old  writers. 

Scoresby  (sk6rz'bi),William.  Born  near  "Whit- 
by, Yorkshire,  Oct.  5,  1789 :  died  at  Torquay, 
March  21, 1857.  An  English  physicist  and  arctic 
navigator,  in  ISOO  he  accompanied  his  father,  William 
Scoresby,  an  arctic  whaler,  on  a  voyage  to  Greenland.  On 
May  24, 1806,  as  chief  officer  of  the  Resolution,  he  reached 
lat.  81"  ac  N.,  long.  19°  E. ,  the  farthest  point  north  (?)  which 
had  been  reached  at  that  date.  In  1811  he  took  command 
of  the  Resolution,  which  was  engaged  in  the  whale-fishery. 
In  1819  he  communicated  to  the  Royal  Society  of  London  a 
paper  "On  the  Anomaly  in  the  Variation  of  the  Magnetic 
Needle."  In  1820  he  published  his  "History  and  Descrip- 
tion of  the  Arctic  Regions.."  He  surveyed  the  east  coast 
of  Greenland  between  lats.  69°  30'  N.  and  72°  30'  N.  in  1822, 
and  in  1823  published  his '  'Journal  of  a  Voyage  to  the  North- 
ern Whale-Fishery,  etc."  He  now  abandoned  the  sea,  re- 
sided two  years  at  Cambridge,  and  in  1825  was  ordained  and 
appointed  curate  of  Bessingby.  His  especial  study  was 
terrestrial  magnetism.  He  visited  America  in  1844-48,  and 
Australia  in  1856.  Besides  the  works  above  mentioned,  he 
wrote  "  Memorials  of  the  Sea  "  (1850),  "Journal  of  a  Voyage 
to  Australia  for  Magnetic  Research  "  (1859),  etc. 

Scornful  Lady,  The.  A  comedy  of  domestic 
life,  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  published  in 
1616.  It  was  played  about  1609.  In  1783  it  was 
altered  by  Cooke  and  produced  as  '•  The  Ca- 
pricious Lady." 

Scorpio  (sk6r'pi-6).  [L.,  '  the  Scorpion.']  A 
constellation  and  the  eighth  sign  of  the  zodiac, 
represented  by  the  character  fll.  The  constellation, 
which  is  conspicuous  in  early  summer  in  the  skies  of  the 
southern  United  States  (where  the  whole  of  the  magnifi- 
cent tail  clears  the  horizon),  contains  the  first-magnitude 
red  star  Antares  and  several  of  the  second  magnitude. 
With  the  Chaldeans  and  Greeks  it  extended  over  one  sixth 
of  the  planetary  circle,  the  Scorpion  being  represented 
with  exaggerated  claws  embracing  a  circular  space  where 
Libra  is  now  placed.  From  this  irregularity  it  may  be 
inferred  that  the  constellation  is  older  than  the  zodiac, 
which  was  foi-med  before  2000  B.  0.    Libra,  though  later, 

,  is  of  no  small  antiquity,  since  it  appears  in  the  Egyptian 
zodiacs.  Its  adoption  by  Julius  Gsesai  in  his  calendar  made 
it  familiar.  Ptolemy,  however,  though  living  in  Egypt 
nearly  two  centuries  later,  follows  Babylonian  and  Greek 
astronomers  in  covering  the  place  of  Libra  with  the  Scor- 
pion's claws.  In  designating  the  stars  of  this  constella- 
tion by  means  of  the  Greek  letters,  the  genitive  Scorpii 
(from  the  alternative  Latin  form  ecorpi'm) ia  used:  thus, 
Antares  is  a  Scorpii. 

Scorpion,  The,    See  Scorpio. 

Scot,  or  Scott  (skot),  Michael.  [Identified  by 
Boece  with  Sir  Michael  Scot  of  Balwearie  in 
Fifeshire,  but  by  Camden  with  a  Cistercian 
monk  of  Cumberland.  The  traditionE||l  date  of 
his  death  is  about  1291.]  A  Scottish  school- 
man, with  posthumous  fame  as  a  wizard  and  ma- 
gician. He  is  said  to  have  studied  at  Oxford  and  Paris, 
and  to  have  learned  Arabic  at  Toledo.  On  the  invitation  of 
the  emperor  Frederick  II.  he  superintended  a  translation 
of  Aristotle  and  his  commentators  from  Arabic  into  Latin. 
His  original  works  deal  with  astrology,  alchemy,  and  the 
occult  sciences.  The  chief  are  "Super  auctorem  spherse  " 
(Bologna,  1495  ;  Venice,  1631). "  De  sole  et  luna  "  (in  "  The- 
atrum  chimicum,"  Strasburg,  1622),  and  "De  physiog- 
nomia  et  de  hominis  procreatione."  According  to  a  tra- 
dition followed  by  Scott  in  "  The  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel," 
and  to  Border  folk-lore,  he  was  buried  in  Melrose  Abbey. 

Scot,  Beginald.  Died  1599.  An  English  author. 
He  studied  at  Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  and  afterward  lived  at 
Smeeth.  He  wrote  a  book  against  the  persecution  of 
witches,  entitled  "  Discoverie  of  Witchcraft "  (1584),  which 
was  burned  by  order  of  James  I. 

Scotia  (sko'shi-a).  [ML.,' land  of  Scots,'  from 
Scotus,  Scot.]   "l.  A  name  given  in  the  early 


911 

middle  ages  to  Ireland. — 2.  A  name  given  to 
Scotland. 

Scotichronicon  (sko  ti-kron'i-kon).  The.  A 
Scottish  chronicle  written  partly  by  John  of 
Fordun  (see  Fordun),  who  brought  the  chroni- 
cle down  to  1153,  and  partly  by  Walter  Bower 
(1385-1449),  who  brought  it  to  1436.  An  abridg- 
ment of  the  work  written  by  Walter  Bower  is  known  as 
the  "  Book  of  Cupar  " :  this  has  not  been  printed. 
Scotists  (sko'tists).  The  followers  of  Duns 
Scotus.  His  fundamental  doctrine  is  that  distinctions 
which  the  mind  inevitably  draws  are  to  be  considered  as 
real,  although  they  do  not  exist  apart  from  their  relations 
to  mind.  Such  distinctions  were  called  formal,  the  ab- 
stractions thence  vesulting  formalities^  aba  those  who  in- 
sisted upon  them  formalists  or  formalizers  (Middle  Latin 
formalizantes).  He  taught  the  important  principle  of  haec- 
ceity — that  individual  existence  is  no  quality,  is  capable  of 
no  description  or  general  conception,  but  isapeculiar  ele- 
ment of  being.  He  held  that  the  natures  of  genera  and 
species,  as  animal  and  horse,  are  real,  and  are  not  in  them- 
selves either  general  or  pai'ticnlar,  though  they  cannot 
exist  except  as  particular  nor  be  thought  except  as  gen- 
eral. The  teaching  of  Scotism  in  the  English  universities 
was  prohibited  by  the  royal  injunctions  of  1536. 
Scotland  (skot'land).  [AS.  /Scotland,  land  of 
Scots ;  F.  JScosse',  G.  Schotfland,  L.  Caledonia.'] 
A  country  of  Europe,  occupying  the  northern 
division  of  the  island  of  Gfreat  Britain,  and 
f  ormlag  part  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland.  Capital,  Edinburgh; 
largest  city,  Glasgow.  The  mainland,  which  extends 
from  lat.  54°  38'-58°  41'  N.,  and  from  long.  1°  45'-6°  14'  W., 
is  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  west  and  north,  the  North 
Seaon  the  east,  and  Englandandthe  Irish  Sea  on  the  south. 
The  country  is  divided  generally  into  the  Highlands  in  the 
north  and  west,  and  the  Lowlands  in  the  south  and  east. 
The  chief  indentations  of  the  coast  are  the  Moray  Firth, 
Firths  of  Tay  and  Forth,  Solway  Firth,  and  Firth  of  Clyde. 
The  highest  mountains  are  the  Grampians,  about  4,000 
feet  (Ben  Nevis,  4,406  feet).  The  chief  river-systems  are 
those  of  the  Spey,  Tay,  Forth,  Tweed,  and  Clyde.  There 
are  many  mountain  lakes,  including  Lochs  Tay,  Awe,  Lo- 
mond, Katrine,  etc.  The  principal  islands  are  the  Orkney 
Islands,  Shetland  Islands,  Lewis  and  Harris,  North  Uist, 
South  Uist,  Skye,  Mull,  Jura,  Islay,  Arran,  and  Bute.  Scot- 
land has  important  commerce,  valuable  mines  of  iron  and 
coal,  fisheries,  flourishing  iron,  cotton,  woolen,  linen,  and 
jute  manufactures,  ship-building  Industries,  w"hisky-dis- 
tilleries,  etc.  It  has  33  counties.  The  kingdom  is  repre- 
sented by  72  members  in  the  House  of  Commons ;  and  the 
peerage,  to  which  no  additions  have  been  made  since  1707, 
but  which  still  numbers  87  members,  appoints  16  peers 
at  the  opening  of  each  Parliament  iio  sit  in  the  House 
of  Lords,  in  which,  however,  61  of  the  other  Scottish  peers 
have  seats  as  holders  of  British  titles.  The  great  majority 
of  the  Scots  are  Presbyterians  (mostly  of  the  Established 
Church,  Free  Church,  or  United  Presbyterian  Church) ; 
there  are  also  Roman  Catholics,  Episcopalians,  Congrega- 
tionalists,  etc.  Gaelic  (a  Celtic  language)  is  spoken  in 
many  parts  of  the  Highlands.  The  original  inhabitants 
were  Celts.  Scotland  was  invaded  by  the  Romans  under 
Agricola  in  th  e  1st  century.  A  wall  between  the  Clyde  and 
Forth  was  built  under  Antoninus  and  Septimlus  Severus. 
Invasions  of  Roman  Britain  by  the  Picts  and  Scots  took 
place  in  the  4th  and  5th  centuries.  In  the  6th  century  a 
kingdom  was  founded  by  the  Dalriad  Scots ;  there  was  a 
settlement  of  Angles  in  the  southeast ;  and  the  conversion 
of  the  Picts  was  begun  by  Columba.  A  union  of  Picts  and 
Scots  into  the  kingdom  of  Albania  or  Scotia  was  effected 
in  the  9th  century.  From  the  8th  century  to  the  11th  there 
were  raids  by  the  Norsemen,  and  settlements  were  made 
by  them  especially  in  the  Orkneys  and  Shetlands.  King 
Malcolm  II.  achieved  the  conquest  of  Lothian  in  1018.  In 
the  struggles  between  England  and  Scotland,  the  latter  was 
invaded  by  William  the  Conqueror,  but  no  territory  was 
lost.  The  kingdom  prospered  in  the  12th  and  13th  centu- 
ries, especially  under  the  three  Alexanders.  The  death  of 
Margaret,  the  Maid  of  Norway,  granddaughter  of  Alexan- 
der m.,  led  to  a  notable  dispute  about  the  succession,  and 
to  the  interference  of  Edward  I.  of  England  in  Scottish  af- 
fairs. In  the  contest  between  Bruce  and  Baliol,  in  which 
Edward  was  virtually  arbitrator,  Baliol  (see  Baliol,  John  de) 
was  chosen  king  in  1292.  He  paid  homage  to  Edward,  but 
afterward  renounced  his  allegiance,  and  a  war  followed 
which  was  really  a  struggle  on  Edward's  part  for  sover- 
eignty and  on  Scotland's  for  independence.  Scotland  was 
invaded  by  Edward  in  1296.  The  Scots  under  Wallace  were 
victorious  at  Stirling  in  1297,  but  were  defeated  at  Falkirk 
in  1298.  On  the  death  of  Wallace  in  1305,  Robert  Bruce 
succeeded  as  national  leader,  and  was  crowned  king  in 
1306.  The  independence  of  Scotland  was  secured  by  the 
victory  of  Bannookburn  in  1314,  and  was  recognized  by  Ed- 
ward in.  in  1328.  Robert  II.  (who  succeeded  in  1371),  the 
son  of  Bruce's  daughter,  was  the  first  sovereign  of  the 
Stuart  dynasty.  In  1613  the  Scots  under  James  IV.  in- 
vaded England  and  suffered  a  disastrous  defeat  at  Flod- 
den,  Sept.  9.  The  following  are  important  among  more 
recent  events:  reign  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1542-67;  in- 
troduction of  the  Reformation,  1560 ;  invasion  by  the  Eng- 
lish under  Somerset,  and  defeat  at  Puikie,  1547 ;  accession 
of  James  VI.,  king  of  Scotland,  to  the  throne  of  England 
as  James  I.,  1603 ;  success  of  the  Covenanters  against 
Charles  I.,  1639-40 ;  persecution  of  the  Covenanters  under 
Charles  II.  and  James  II. ;  legislative  union  of  the  two 
kingdoms  of  England  and  Scotland,  1707  ;  Jacobite  insur- 
rections 1715  and  1745-46.  Area,  29,785  square  miles. 
Population  (1901),  4,472,103. 

When  the  disputed  relations  between  the  English  and 
Scottish  crowns  began,  the  names  of  England  and  Scotland 
seem  not  to  have  been  in  use  at  all.  And  if  we  choose  to 
use  them  as  convenient  ways  of  expressing  the  English 
and  Scottish  territories  as  they  then  stood,  we  must  still 
remember  that  the  limits  of  those  territories  in  no  way 
answered  to  the  modern  limits  of  England  and  Scotland. 
Part  of  modern  England  was  not  yet  English,  and  a  very 
large  part  of  modern  Scotland  was  not  yet  Scottish.  The 
growth  of  the  Scottish  nation  and  kingdom  id  one  of  the 


Scott,  Sir  Walter 

moat  remarkable  facts  in  history.  It  was  formed  by  the 
fusing  together  of  certain  portions  of  all  the  three  races 
which  in  the  tenth  century,  as  now,  inhabited  the  Isle  of 
Britain.  Those  three  races  may  be  most  conveniently 
spoken  of  as  English,  Welsh,  and  Irisli. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  1. 57. 

Scotland  Yard.  A  short  street  in  London,  near 
Trafalgar  Square.  Here  formerly  were  the  headquar- 
ters of  the  London  police,  now  removed  to  New  Scotland 
Yard,  on  the  Thames  embankment,  near  Westminster 
Bridge. 

Scots  (skots).  1.  A  Gaelic  tribe  which  came 
from  the  northern  part  of  Hibernia  and  settled 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  Britannia  (Scotland) 
about  the  6th  century. 

The  Soots  were  properly  the  people  of  Ireland ;  but  a 
colony  of  them  had  settled  on  the  western  coast  of  north- 
ern Britain,  and,  in  the  end,  they  gave  the  name  of  Scot- 
land to  the  whole  North  of  the  island. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  98- 

2.  The  natives  or  inhabitants  of  Scotland. 

Scots'  Darien  Colony.    See  Paterson,  William. 

Scots  Greys  (skots  graz).  A  regiment  of  British 
dragoons,  first  organized  under  Claverhouse 
about  1683. 

Scots  wha  hae  wi'  Wallace  bled.  A  song  by 
Robert  Burns. 

Scott  (skot),  Clement.  Born  at  London,  1841. 
An  English  journalist,  playwright,  and  dramatic 
critic.  He  has  also  published  several  volumes  of  poems : 
"Lays  of  a  Londoner"  (1882),  "Lays  and  Lyrics  "  (1888),  etc. 

Scott  (skot),  David.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Oct. 
10  (12?),  1806:  died  there,  March  5,  1849.  A 
Scottish  historical  painter.  He  was  the  pupil  of  his 
father,  an  engraver.  His  chief  works  are  "The  Descent 
from  the  Cross,"  "The  Dead  Rising  at  the  Crucifixion," 
"Vasco  da  Gama,"  "Peter  the  Hermit,"  "Ariel  and  Cali- 
ban," etc.  His  illustrations  for  the  "  Monograms  of  Man  " 
(outlines),  Coleridge's  "Ancient  Mariner,"  and  "The  Pil- 
grim's Progress  "  were  published  in  1831, 1837,  and  1850. 
In  1841  he  published  a  pamphlet  on  "British,  French,  and 
German  Painting."  His  works  are  noted  for  boldness  of 
conception  and  exaggerated  draftsmanship. 

Scott,  Sir  George  Gilbert.  Bom  at  Gaweott, 
near  Buckingham,  July  13, 1811 :  died  atLondon, 
March  27,  1878.  An  English  architect,  grand- 
son of  Thomas  Scott  (1747-1821).  He  became  the 
chief  practical  architect  of  the  Gothic  restoration  in  Eng- 
land. In  1841  he  erected  the  Martyrs'  Memorial  at  Ox- 
ford, and  in  1847  began  at  Ely  the  renovation  of  English 
cathedrals.  In  1856  he  was  obliged  by  Lord  Palmerston 
to  build  the  new  Foreign,  Home,  and  Domestic  Offices  in 
the  Renaissance  style.  In  1862-63  he  designed  and  con- 
structed the  Albert  Memorial.  He  was  buried  in  the  nave 
of  Westminster  Abbey.  His  "Personal  and  Professional 
Recollections"  were  edited  by  his  son  in  1879.  He  pub- 
lished a  number  of  works  on  architecture,  among  which 
are  "Remarks  on  Secular  and  Domestic  Architecture" 
(1850),  "Gleanings  from  Westminster  Abbey  "  (1862),  etc. ; 
and  others  published  after  his  death,  are  "  Lectures  on  the 
Rise  and  Development  of  Mediaeval  Architecture  "  (18'r9)i, 
"English  Church  Architecture  prior  to  the  Separation  oi 
England  from  Rome  "  (1881). 

Scott,  Hugh  Stowell:  pseudonym  Henry 
Seton  Merriman.  Died  at  Melton,  Suffolk, 
Nov.  19,  1903.  A  British  novelist.  He  wrote 
"From  One  Generation  to  Another  "  (1892),  "  With  Edged 
Tools"  (1894),  "The  Sowers"  (1896),  "In  Kedar's  Tents" 
(1897),  "  Roden's  Corner"  (serially,  1898),  etc. 

Scott,  Michael.    See  Scot. 

Scott,  Michael.  Bom  at  Glasgow,  Oct.  30, 
1789:  died  there,  Nov.  7,  1835.  A  British  novel- 
ist, writer  of  sea  stories,  among  which  are 
"  Tom  Cringle's  Log,"  etc. 

Scott,  Bobert.  Bom  in  Devonshire,  1811 :  died 
1887.  An  English  lexicographer.  In  1833  he  grad- 
uated at  Oxford  (Christ  Church).  He  took  orders,  and  be- 
came master  of  Balliol  in  1854,  professor  of  exegesis  in 
1861,  and  dean  of  Rochester  in  1870.  He  assisted  in  form- 
ing the  Oxford  library  of  the  "Fathers,"  and  was  associated 
with  Dean  Liddell  in  the  preparation  of  Liddell  and  Scott's 
"  Greek-English  Lexicon  "  (1843). 

Scott,  Thomas.  Bora  at  Braytoft,  Lincoln- 
shire, Feb.  16,  1747 :  died  at  Aston  Sandford, 
Buckinghamshire,  April  16,  1821.  An  English 
clergyman.  He  was  ordained  in  1773,  and  in  1780  sue 
ceeded  John  Newton  as  curate  of  Olney.  He  published 
"The  Force  of  Truth"  (1779),  the  " Family  Bible,  with 
Notes"  (5  vols.,  1788-92),  etc. 

Scott,  Thomas  Alexander.  Bom  at  Loudon, 
Franklin  County,  Pa.,  Dec.  28,  1824:  died  May 
21,  1881.  An  American  financier,  long  con- 
nected as  vice-president  and  president  with  the 
Pennsylvania  Kailroad.  "He  was  assistant  sec- 
retary of  war  1861-62,  and  president  of  the 
Texas  Pacific  Kailroad  and  other  roads. 

Scott,  Sir  Walter.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  Aug. 
15, 1771 :  died  at  Abbotsford,  Sept.  21, 1832.  A 
famous  Scottish  novelist  and  poet.  He  was  the 
son  of  Walter  Scott,  a  writer  to  the  signet,  and  Anne 
Rutherford,  daughter  of  Professor  John  Rutherford  of 
Edinburgh.  He  became  lame  in  infancy.  In  1779  he  was 
sent  to  the  Edinburgh  high  school,  and  later  studied  at  the 
university  and  read  for  the  bar.  He  was  admitted  mem- 
ber of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates  in  1792,  and  in  1799  was 
made  sheriff  of  Selkirkshire,  and  in  1806  one  of  the  clerks 
of  session.  In  1797  he  married  Miss  Charpentier  (or  Car- 
penter), daughter  of  a  French  refugee.    Becoming  inter- 


Scott,  Sir  Walter 

ested  in  the  new  German  romantic  literature  in  1788,  he 
published  translations  ot  Burger's  ballads  in  1796,  and  in 
1799  a  translation  of  Goethe's  "Gotz  von  Berlichingen." 
The  "Minstrelsyofthe  Scottish  Border"  appearedl802-03, 
and  the  first  of  his  poems,  "  The  Lay  ot  the  Last  Minstrel," 
in  1805.  These  were  published  by  Ballautyue  with  whom 
Ixe  established  an  unfortunate  partnership  in  business. 
This  was  followed  by  the  poems  "  Marmion  "  (1808),  "  The 
Lady  of  the  Lake"  (1810),  "The  Vision  of  Don  Eoderick" 
(1811),  "Eokeby"(1813),  "TheBridalof  Tiiermain"  (1813), 
"The  Lord  of  the  Isles"  (1814),  "The  Field  of  Waterloo" 
<1815),  and  "Harold  the  Dauntless"  (1817).  In  1805  he 
wrote  several  chapters  of  a  Scottish  novel  of  the  time  of 
the  last  Jacobite  rebellion  :  this  was  looked  at  in  1810,  but 
■was  again  laid  aside  till  1814,  when  it  was  completed  and 
T)ublished  anonymously  (July  7)  under  the  title  of  "Wa- 
Terley,  or  'Tis  Sixty  Years  Since. "  It  was  the  first  of  those 
masterpieces,  the  "  Waverley  Novels,"  which  place  Scott  in 
the  front  rank  of  the  writers  of  fiction.  The  following  is 
the  list  of  them  :  "Waverley"  (1814),  "Guy  Mannering" 
<1815),  "The  Antiquaiy"  (1816),  "Old  Mortality"  (1816), 
"The Black  Dwarf ''(1816),  " Rob  Eoy"  (1818),  "The  Heart 
of  Midlothian  "  (1818),  "  TJie  Brideof  Lammermoor"(1819), 
"The  Legend  ot  Montrose"  (1819),  "Ivanhoe"  (1820), 
"The  Monastery"  (1820),  "The  Abbot"  (1820),  "Kenil- 
■worth"  (1821),  "The  Pirate"  (1822),  "The  Fortunes  of 
Nigel"  (1822),  "Peveril  ot  the  Peak"  (1823), •' Quentin 
Durward  "  (1823),  "  St.  Eonan's  Well"  (1824),  "  Eedgaunt- 
let"  (1824),  "'The  Betrothed"  (1825),  "The  Talisman" 
<1825),  "Woodstock"  (1826X  "The  Two  Drovers"  (1827), 
"The  Highland  Widow"  (1827),  "The  Surgeon's  Daugh- 
ter"  (1827),  "The  Fair  Maid  ot  Perth"(1828),  "Anne  of 
Oeierstein"  (1829),  "Count  Robert  of  Paris '" (1831),  and 
"Castle  Dangerous"  (1831).  His  earliest  printers  and 
l)ublishers  were  the  Ballantynes  with  whom  he  formed  a 
secret  partnership.  The  publishing  business  was  not  suc- 
cessful—  mainly,  it  would  appear,  from  the  production  of 
costly  works  for  which  there  was  but  a  limited  demand. 
In  1818  and  later  his  copyriahts  were  jiurchased  by  Con- 
stable, and  when  that  publisher  tailed  in  1826,  the  novel- 
ist was  involved  to  the  amount  ot  £120,000 — in  addition 
to  which  he  had  private  debts  of  £30,000.  Th?  purchase 
of  the  estate  of  Abbotsford,  and  the  erection,  adornment, 
and  maintenance  of  the  mansion  (which  he  occupied  from 
1812  to  1826X  had  been  a  very  serious  drain  on  his  resources. 
~Re  struggled  manfully  to  meet  his  liabilities ;  and  by  his 
publications  (written,  after  the  failure,  in  gradually  tailing 
Iiealth),  and  the  disposal  of  copyrights  after  his  death,  his 
creditors  were  paid  in  full.  The  writer  of  the  novels  long 
Temained  "the  Great  Unknown";  extraordinary  precau- 
tions were  taken  to  conceal  the  authorship,  and  the  vast 
amount  ot  literary  work  published  by  Scott  under  his  own 
name  helped  to  preserve  the  secret  of  his  identity.  It  was 
not  till  Feb.  23,  1827,,  that  he  publicly  confessed  himself 
"the  total  and  undivided  author."  He  was  the  first  oq 
Tvhom  the  title  ot  baronet  was  conferred  (1820)  by  George 
IV.  He  edited  the  works  of  Dryden  (1808:  in  18  vols.,  with 
lite)  and  of  Swift  (1814  :  in  19  vols.,  with  lite),  and  wrote, 
in  addition  to  the  works  mentioned  above,  a  "lite  ot  Nar 
poleon  (9  vols.  1827),  "Tales  of  a  Grandfather"  (1827-30), 
"  History  ot  Scotland  "  (1829-30),  "  Letters  on  Demonology 
and  Witchcraft"  (1830),  etc.,  besides  numerous  introduc- 
tions, prefaces,  and  articles  in  magazines  and  reviews.  His 
"  Familiar  Letters  "  were  published  in  1893.  A  biography  of 
Scott,  by  his  son-in-law,  J.  G,  Lockhart,  appeared  1836-38. 
Scott,  William,  Baron  Stowell.  Bom  Oct.  17, 
1745:  died  Jan.  28,  1836.  An  English  jurist, 
■brother  of  Lord  Eldon.  Hebecamejudgeof  theCon- 
sistory  Court  and  advocate-general  in  1788 :  and  was  judge 
ot  the  High  Court  of  Admiralty  1798-1827.  He  is  noted 
for  his  decisions  in  international  law. 

Scott,  William  Bell.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Sept. 
12, 1811 :  died  at  Penkill  Castle,  Ayrshire,  Nov. 
22,  1890.  A  Scottish  artist  and  poet,  brother 
of  David  Scott. 

Scott,  Winfleld.  Bom  near  Petersburg,  Va., 
JtmelS,  1786:  diedafWestPoint,N.  Y.,  May29, 
1866.  An  American  general.  He  studied  at  Wil- 
liam  and  Mary  College ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1806 ; 
entered  the  United  States  army  as  captain  in  1808;  served 
in  the  War  of  1812,  distinguishing  himself  in  the  attack  on 
Queenstown  Heights  (1812),  and  the  battles  ot  Chippewa 
and  Lundy's  Lane  (1814) ;  was  made  brigadier-general  and 
brevet  major-general  in  1814 ;  commanded  in  South  Caro- 
lina dnring  the  Nullification  troubles  of  1832  ;  served 
against  the  Seminoles  and  Creeks  1835-37 ;  took  part  in 
settling  with  Great  Britain  the  disputed  boundary  line  of 
Maine  and  New  Brunswick  in  1839 ;  became  major-gen- 
eral and  commander-in-chief  ot  the  army  in  1841 ;  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  chief  command  in  Mexico  in  1847;  took 
Vera  Cruz  in  March ;  defeated  the  Mexicans  at  Cerro  Gordo 
In  April,  Contreras  and  Churubusco  in  Aug.,  Molino  del 
JRey  and  Chapultepec  in  Sept.,  and  occupied  Mexico  Sept. 
14, 1847 ;  was  an  unsuccessful  Whig  candidate  for  Presi- 
■dent  in  1852 ;  was  appointed  brevet  lieutenant-general  in 
1847;  was  a  commissioner  to  settle  the  San  Juan  question 
with  Great  Britain  in  1859;  andretired  from  active  service 
In  the  autumn  ot  1861.  He  wrote  "General  Regulations 
for  the  Army  "  (1825),  "  Infantry  Tactics  "  (1836),  and  an  au- 
tobiography (1864). 

Scottish  Chiefs,  The.  A  romance  by  Jane  Por- 
ter, published  in  1810.  It  is  founded  on  early 
Scottish  history. 

Scotus,  Duns.    See  Duns  Seotus. 

Scotus  Erigena.    See  Erigena. 

Scourers.    See  Mohocks. 

Scourge  of  God,  The.    Attila. 

Scourge  of  Homer.    Zoilus. 

Scourge  of  Princes.  ThesatiristPietro  Aretino. 

Scourge  of  Scotland.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  Edward  I.  of  England. 

Scourge  of  Villanie,  The.  A  work  by  Marston, 
consisting  of  a  series  of  satires  published  in  1598 
under  the  name  of  W.  Eliusayder,  which  has 
been  variously  explained. 


912 

Scranton  (skran'ton).  A  city,  capital  of  Lacka- 
wanna County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  Lack- 
awanna River  in  lat.  41°  23'  N.,  long.  75°43'W. 
It  is  the  fourth  city  in  the  State ;  is  a  railway  center ;  is 
the  center  ot  a  great  coal-mining  region :  and  has  extensive 
manufactures  of  iron,  steel,  locomotives,  boilers,  machin- 
ery, iron-ware,  etc.  It  was  made  a  city  in  1866.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  102,026. 

Scrap  of  Paper,  A.  A  play  adapted  from  Sar- 
dou's  "Les  pattes  de  mouche"  (1861)  by  Pal- 
grave  Simpson .  Charles  Mathews  produced  an  adapts 
tion,  by  himseU,  in  1867  as  "  Adventures  of  a  Love  Letter." 

Scribe  (skrib).  The.  A  celebrated  early  Egyp- 
tian statue  (5th  dynasty) ,  in  the  Louvre  Museum, 
Paris.  The  figure  is  colored  red,  and  has  inlaid  eyes  of 
crystal ;  It  sits  cross-legged,  with  a  striking  expression  of 
life  and  energy. 

Scribe  (skreb),  Augustin  EugSne.  Bom  at 
Paris,  Dec.  24, 1791:  died  there,  Feb.  20, 1861. 
A  French  dramatist.  While  studying  law  to  please 
his  mother,  he  wrote  for  the  stage  to  satisfy  his  own  tastes. 
He  did  not  meet  with  success.  In  time  he  gathered  ex- 
perience in  dramatic  matters  sufilcient  to  locate  public 
taste ;  then  he  undertook  to  gratify  it,  and  catered  to  it 
thereafter  almost  altogether.  Either  alone  or  in  collab- 
oration with  others  he  wrote  upward  of  350  plays.  His 
earliest  successes  were  "Flore  et  ZSphire  "  (1816),  "Le  sol- 
liciteur"  (1817),  "L'Ours  et  le  pacha" (1820),  "Le  secr^- 
taire  et  le  ouisinier,"  "Mon  oncle  C^sar,"  "Le  manage  de 
garden,"  "La  petite soeur" (1821),  "Valerie"  (1822),  etc.  A 
number  ot  his  comedies  were  produced  tor  the  first  time 
at  the  ComMie  Fran^aise;  among  the  best  are  "Le  ma- 
nage d'argent"  (1827),  "Bertrand  et  Eaton  "(1833),  "L'Am- 
bitieux"(1834),  "Lacamaraderie"and  "Lesind^pendants" 
(1837),  "La  calomnie"  and  "Le  verre  d'eau"  (1840),  "Une 
chaine  "  (1841),  "  Le  flls  de  Cromwell "  (1842),  "Le  puff,  ou 
Mensonge  et  v&it6"  (1848),  "Les  contes  de  la  reine  de 
Navarre "  (1860X  "Bataille  de  dames"  (1861),  and  "Les 
doigts  de  f^e  "  (1858).  The  two  last-named  were  written 
in  collaboration  with  Legouvi,  as  was  also  the  well-known 
drama  "  Adrienne  Lecouvreur  "  (1849).  Another  drama  of 
Scribe's  composition  was  "La  czarine"  (1855).  Scribe 
wrote  also  the  words  to  an  unusually  large  number  of 
celebrated  musical  compositions,  as,  for  instance,  to  Boiel- 
dieu's  "La  dame  blanche "(1825);  to  Auber's  "  La  muette 
de  Portici"  (1828),  "Fra  Diavolo"  (1830),  "Le  domino 
noir"  (1837)  etc.;  to  Meyerbeer's  "Eobert  le  Diable" 
(1831),  "Les  Huguenots"  (1836),  "Le  prophfete"  (1849), 
"L'Btoile  du  Nord"(1854),  and  "  L'Afrioaine  "  (1866) ;  to 
Cherubini's  "AliBaba"  (1833);  to  HalSvy's  "La  Juive" 
(1835),  etc.;  toDonizetti's"Lafavorita"(1840);  to  Verdi's 
"  Les  vfipres  siciliennes  "  (1855) ;  etc.  As  a  novelist  Scribe 
was  not  particularly  successful.  He  was  received  into 
the  French  Academy  in  1836. 

Scriblerus  Club  (skrib-le  'rus  klub) .  A  club  of 
writers  in  London,  founded  by  Swift  in  1714 
after  the  breaking  up  of  "The  Brothers"  in 
1713.  Among  the  members  were  Pope,  Arbuthnot,  Bo- 
lingbroke.  Gay,  and  others.  The  object  of  the  club  was  to 
satirize  literaiy  incompetence :  It  was  not  political.  See 
Martinus  Scriblerus. 

Scribner  (skrib'ner),  Charles.  Born  at  New 
York,  Feb.  21,  1821 :  died  at  Lucerne,  Switzer- 
land, Aug.  26,  1871.  An  American  publisher, 
the  founder  (1846)  of  the  publishing  house  now 
Charles  Soribner's  Sons,  and  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  "  Scribner's  Monthly"  (1870). 

Scribonia  (skri-Tso'ni-a).  The  wife  of  Augus- 
tus Csesar,  whom  he  married  40  B.  C.  and  di- 
vorced 39  B.  C. :  mother  of  Julia. 

Scrivener  (skriv'ner),  Frederick  Henry  Am- 
brose. Bom  at  Bermondsey,  near  London, 
Sept.  29,  1813 :  died  at  Hendon,  Oct.  26,  1891. 
An  English  biblical  scholar.  He  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  1846-66  was  head-master  of 
Falmouth  School,  and  was  one  of  the  revisers  ot  the  New 
Testament.  He  published  "Plain  Introduction  to  theCriti- 
cism  of  the  New  Testament"  (1861),  "Cambridge  Para- 
graph Bible  "(1873),  "Bezse  codex  Cantabrigiensis,"  etc. 

Scroggs  (skrogz).  Sir  William.  Died  1683.  A 
venal,  unjust,  and  brutal  English  judge,  chief 
justice  of  the  King's  Bench  1678.  He  tried 
the  victims  of  Titus  Oates's  antipopish  con- 
spiracies. 

Scrooge  (skroj),  Ebenezer.  The  leading  char- 
acter in  Dickens's  "  Christmas  Carol;"  He  is  "a 
squeezing,  wrenching,  grasping,  scraping,  clutching,  cove- 
tous old  sinner";  but  is  visited  by  spirits  on  Christmas  eve, 
and  changed  by  his  experiences  into  a  worthy,  kindly  man. 

Scrope  (skrop),  Gteorge  Poulett.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, 1797 :  died  Jan.  19,  1876.  An  English  ge- 
olo^st.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow  and  Cambridge. 
On  his  marriage  he  changed  his  name  (Thomson)  to  that  of 
his  wite(Scrope).  He  studied  volcanic  phenomena  at  Ve- 
suvius and  in  France ;  and  published  "  Considerations  on 
Volcanoes  "  (1824)  and  "  Geology  of  the  Extinct  Volcanoes 
in  Central  France  "  (1827). 

Scrope,  or  Scroop  (skrop),  Bichard.  Executed 
1405.  An  English  prelate,  archbishop  of  York : 
one  of  the  leaders  in  the  insurrections  of  1403-05. 

Scrub  (skmb).  In  "  The  Beaux'  Stratagem"  by 
Farquhar,  an  amusing  valet :  a  favorite  charac- 
ter with  (xarrick. 

Scudamour,  Sir.  In  Spenser's  "Faerie  Queene," 
the  lover  of  Amoretta. 

Scudder  (skud'er),  Horace  Elisha.  Bom  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  16, 1838:  died  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Jan.  11,  1902.  An  American  author. 
He  graduated  at  Williams  College  in  1858;  edited  "The 


Scyros 

Riverside  Magazine  for  Young  People  "  1867-70;  and  the 
"Atlantic  Monthly  "  1890-98,  succeeding  Tliomas  B.  Aid- 
rich.  He  publiihed '  'The  Bodley  Books"  (1875-84),  "Boston 
Town  "(1881),  "Seven  Little  People  and  their  Friends" 
(1831),  "Xoah  Webster"  (1882),  "History  of  the  United 
States"  (1884),  "George  Washington"  (1886),  and  "Men 
and  Letters  "  (1887) ;  and  edited  "American  Poems  "(1879), 
"American  Prose"  (1880),  and  "The  American  Common- 
wealth Series  "  (from  1885) .  He  was  Joint  author  with  Mis. 
Taylor  ot  the  "Life  and  Letters  of  Bayard  Taylor"  (1884). 

Scudder,  Samuel  Hubbard,  Bom  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  April  13, 1837.  An  Americannaturalist, 
brother  of  Horace  E.  Scudder.  He  graduated  at  Wil- 
liams College  in  1857,  and  at  the  Lawrence  .Scientific  School 
of  Harvard  in  1862 ;  was  assistant  librarian  of  Harvard 
1879-85 ;  and  was  appointed  paleontologist  to  the  U.  S.  Ge- 
ological Survey  in  1886.  He  has  published  a  "  Catalogue  of 
Scientific  Serials  of  all  Countries,  including  the  Transac- 
tions of  Learned  Societies  1633-1876"  (1879),  "Butterflies: 
their  Structure,  etc.,  with  reference  to  American  Forms" 
(1881),  "NomenclatorZoologicus"(1882),  "  The  Butterflies 
of  the  Eastern  United  States  and  Canada  "  (1887-). 

Scud6ry,  or  Scndery,  or  Scuddri  (sku-da-re'), 
Georges  de.  Born  at  Havre  about  1601 :  died 
at  Paris,  May  14, 1667.  A  French  author,  best 
known  from  nis  tragicomedy  "  L' Amour  tyran- 
nique"  and  his  epic  "  Alaric." 

Scudiry,  Madeleine  de.  Bom  at  Havre  in 
1607:  died  at  Paris,  June  2,  1701.  A  French 
novelist  and  poet.  On  her  parents'  death  she  was  care- 
fully brought  up  by  an  uncle,  and  when  he  died  she  went  to 
Paris  withherbrotherGeorges.  Naturally  bright  andclever, 
she  was  not  slow  to  assert  her  ability  in  the  literary  circle 
of  the  Hdtel  de  Eambouillet.  When  these  famous  gather- 
ings broke  up  as  a  gradual  result  of  the  internal  troubles 
that  attended  the  minority  of  Louis  XIV.,  Mademoiselle 
de  Scud^ry  was  able  to  command  her  own  salon,  meeting 
every  Saturday.  Her  first  novel,  "  Ibrahim,  ou  I'illustre 
Bassa,"  appeared  in  1641  under  her  brother's  name.  En- 
couraged by  its  success,  she  affixed  her  own  signature  to 
the  two  works  for  which  she  is  best  known,  "Artam6ne, 
ou  le  grand  Cyrus  "  (1660)  and  "  CMlie,  bistoire  romaine  " 
(1656).  In  these  novels  she  has  introduced  under  assumed 
names  a  great  many  of  her  contemporaries:  in  the  former 
she  speaks  ot  herself  as  Sapho.  Victor  Cousin  discovered 
the  complete  key  to  all  her  characters.  In  addition  to  these 
works.  Mademoiselle  de  Scudfiry  published  "Almahide, 
ou  I'esclave  reine  "  (1660),  "  Cainde  "  (1661),  "Les  femmes 
illustres,  ou  harangues  h^ro'iques"  (1665),  "Mathilde 
d'Aguilar,  histoire  espagnole"  (1665),  "La  promenade  de 
VersaiUes,  ou  histoire  de  C^lanire  "  (1669),  and  finally  "  Le 
discours  de  la  gloire  "  (1671),  which  won  for  the  first  time 
the  academic  prize  for  French  eloquence  founded  by  Jean- 
Louis  Guez  de  Balzac. 

Scugog  (sku'gog),  Lake.  Alake  in  Ontario,  Can- 
ada, 40  miles  northeast  of  Toronto.  Its  waters 
find  their  way  to  Lake  Ontario.  Jjength,  about 
10  miles. 

Scurcola,  Battle  of.    See  Tagliaeoszo. 

Scutari  (sko'ta-re).  A  city  in  Albania,  the  capi- 
tal of  a  vilayet  of  the  Turkish  empire,  situated 
at  the  southern  end  of  the  Lake  of  Scutari,  at 
its  outlet  into  the  Bojana,  in  lat.  42°  1'  N.,  long. 
19°  27'  E. :  the  ancient  Scodra,  and  Slavic  Ska- 
dar. It  has  considerable  commerce,  and  manufactures 
of  arms,  etc.  It  was  the  capital  of  lUyria,  and  was  con- 
quered by  the  Eomans  in  168  B.  c.  It  passed  from  the 
Venetians  to  the  Turks  in  1479.    Population,  about  26,000. 

Scutari,  Turk.  Iskudar  or  Iskuder.  A  city 
in  Asia  Minor,  Turkey,  situated  on  the  Bos- 
porus opposite  Constantinople.  Ithaslongbeen 
noted  as  a  point  of  departure  and  rendezvous,  and  contains 
various  mosques,  etc.,  and  the  most  famous  cemetery  in 
Turkey.  It  occupies  the  site  ot  the  ancient  Chiysopolis. 
Population,  estimated,  60,000. 

Scutari,  Lake  of.  A  lake  on  the  border  of 
Montenegro  and  Albania  in  European  Turkey. 
Its  outlet  is  by  the  Bojana  into  the  Adriatic. 
Length,  29  miles. 

Scutum  Sobiescianum  (sku'tum  so-bi-es-i-a'- 
nuna.).  [L.,  'shield  of  Solsieski.']  A  constella- 
tion made  by  Hevelius  late  in  the  171?h  century, 
and  representing  the  shield  of  the  king  of  Po- 
land, John  SobiesM,  with  a  cross  upon  it  to 
signify  that  he  had  fought  for  the  Christian  re- 
ligion at  the  siege  of  Vienna,  it  lies  in  the  bright- 
est part  of  the  Milky  Way,  over  the  bow  of  Sagittarius. 
Its  brightest  star  is  of  the  fourth  magnitude. 

Scylla  (sil'a).  [Gr.  S/ci^^la.]  In  Greek  mythol- 
ogy, a  sea-^inonster,  said  to  have  been  a  sea- 
nymph  (according  to  some  traditions),  and  rep- 
resented as  dwelling  in  the  rock  Scylla,  opposite 
Charybdis,  in  the  Strait  of  Messina.  See  Cha- 
ryidis. 

Scylla.  In  Greek  legend,  a  daughter  of  King 
Nisus  of  Megara,  sometimes  confused  with  the 
sea-monster  Scylla. 

Scylla  (town).    See  Scilla. 

Scyllseum  (si-le'um).  [Gr.  ^iwX?uuov.2  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  promontory  in  Argolis, 
Greece,  projecting  into  the  .^gean :  the  eastern- 
most point  of  the  Peloponnesus:  the  modern 
Kavo-Skyli. 

Scyllseum.  [Gr.  ^Ki?l2.aiov.2  A  promontory  in 
southern  Italy,  projecting  into  the  Strait  of 
Messina:  the  modem  Scilla  or  Sciglio. 

Scyros  (si'ros).  [Gr.  SKipof.]  1.  In  ancient 
geography,  an  island  of  Greece,  in  the  .Slgean 


Scyros 

Sea  25  miles  east  of  Euboea,  to  wliieh  nom- 
arohy  it  now  belongs:  the  modem  Skyro.  it 
was  conquered  by  the  Athenians  under  Cimon  in  469 
B.  c,  and  is  connected  with  the  legends  of  Achilles. 
Length,  19  miles. 

2.  The  chief  city  in  ancient  times  of  the  island 
of  Scyros,  occupying  a  strong  position  on  the 
northeastern  coast. 

Scythe-Bearers  (site' bar "6rz),  or  Scythe- 
Men  (siTH'men).  A  name  given  to  bodies  of 
revolutionists,  mainly  peasants  armed  with 
scythes,  in  the  Polish  insurrections  of  1794, 
1831, 1846,  and  in  the  movement  of  the  Prussian 
Poles  in  1848. 

Scythla  (sith'i-a).  [Grr.  Sraft'a.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  narae  of  varying  meaning,  it  des- 
ignated at  first  a  region  in  modem -southern  Russia  and 
Rumania  inhabited  by  the  Scythians  (see  below).  They 
resisted  the  invasion  of  Darius  I.  of  Persia.  After  the  time 
of  Alexander  the  Great  they  were  subjugated  by  the  Sar- 
matians  and  others,  tater  Scythla  denoted  northern  and 
much  of  central  Asia,  divided  by  the  Imaus  Mountains 
into  Scythia  Intra  Imaum  and  Scythia  Extra  Imaum.  As 
a  Roman  province  it  comprised  the  lands  immediately 
south  of  the  mouths  of  the  Danube. 

Scythians  (sith'i-anz).  In  ancient  times,  the 
inhabitants  of  the  whole  north  and  northeast  of 
Europe  and  Asia  (which  was  called  by  the  Greeks 
Scythia).  After  the  time  of  Herodotus  the  northeast 
of  Europe  received  the  name  of  Sarmatia,  while  all  central 
Asia  was  still  considered  as  inhabited  by  the  Scythians. 
Of  the  nomadic  tribes  of  the  Scythians  are  mentioned  the 
Aorses  north  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  extending  to  the  Jaxartes ; 
south  and  east  of  them,  the  Massagetes  and  the  Sacee  (mod- 
ern Kirgises).  In  the  7th  century  B.  0.  Scythian  hordes, 
strengthened  by  the  Cimmerians  (which  see),  invaded  Me- 
dia, next  Armenia  and  Assyria,  reachingover  Syria  and  Pal- 
estine to  the  frontiers  of  Egypt,  and  leaving  everywhere 
behind  them  desolation.  Many  exegetes  assume  that  Eze- 
kiel,  in  his  description  of  the  hosts  of  Gog  and  Magog  (ch. 
xxxviii.  and  xxxix.),  alludes  to  this  Invasion.  They  scat- 
tered and  were  disintegrated,  some  of  them  having  been 
kUled,  others  returning  to  the  north,  and  still  others  re- 
maining in  the  countries  they  invaded. 

Scythopolis  (si-thop'o-lis).  [Gr.]  Beth-shean, 
a  city  of  the  Decapolis:  the  modem  Beisan, 
about  55  miles  north-northeast  of  Jerusalem. 

Sea-Born  City,  The.    An  epithet  of  Venice. 

Seaham  (se'am),  or  Dawdon  (d&'don).  A  sea- 
port in  the  county  of  Durham,  England,  situ- 
ated on  the  North  Sea  5  miles  south  of  Sunder- 
land.   Population  (1891),  8,856. 

Seal  Islands.    See  Lobos  Islands. 

Seal  (sel)  Kiver.  A  river  in  British  America.  It 
flows  into  the  west  side  of  Hudson  Bay  northwest 
of  Churchill  River.    Length,  about  200  miles. 

Sealsfleld  (selz'feld),  Charles  (originally  Karl 
Fostl).  Born  at  Poppitz,  Moravia,  March  3, 
1793:  died  near  Solothurn,  Switzerland,  May 
26,  1864.  A  German  author.  He  traveled  exten- 
sively in  the  United  States,  and  lived  in  Switzerland.  He 
wrote  the  novel  "  Tokeah,  or  the  White  Rose  "  (1828 :  al- 
tered as  "Der  legitime  und  die  Eepublikaner,"  1833), 
and  novels  and  works  on  America,  includiug  "Der  Virey 
und  die  Aristokraten "  (1836),  "lebensbilder  aus  beiden 
Hemispharen"  (1836-37:  2d  ed.  as  "Morton,"  1846),  and 
"Suden  und  Norden"  (1842-43). 

Sea  of  Glory.  One  of  the  principal  gems  of  the 
Persian  crown.  It  is  a  diamond  weighing  66 
carats. 

Sea,  or  River,  of  Light.  The  largest  diamond 
belonging  to  the  Shah  of  Persia.  It  weighs 
186  carats. 

Search  (sSrch),  Edward,  Escl.  A  pseudonym 
of  Abraham  Tucker,  under  which  he  wrote 
"The  Light  of  Nature"  (1768-78). 

Seasons,  The.  A  poem  in  blank  verse,  in  four 
parts,  by  James  Thomson.  "  winter "  was  published 
in  1726,  "Summer"  in  1727,  "Spring"  in  1728, the  whole 
(including  "Autumn  "  and  a  "Hymn  to  Nature")  in  1730. 

Seasons,  The.  [G.  Die  Jahreszeiten.']  An  ora- 
torio by  Haydn,  produced  at  Vienna  in  1801. 

Seaton,  Baron.    See  CoTborne,  John. 

Seattle  (se-at'l).  The  capital  of  King  County, 
Washington,  situated  on  Puget  Sound  in  lat. 
47°  36'  N.,  long.  122°  20'  W.  It  is  one  of  the  chief 
places  of  the  State  in  population  and  importance,  and  has 
a  large  trade  in  lumber  and  coal.  It  is  the  seat  of  the 
State  university.  In  1889  it  was  devastated  by  Are.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  80,671. 

Sea  View  (se  vu),  Mount.  A  mountain  in  New 
South  "Wales,  about  lat.  31°  25'  8.  Height, 
about  6,000  feet. 

Seb  (seb).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  the  father 
of  Osiris,  god  of  the  earth  and  consort  of  Nut, 
goddess  of  heaven.  In  art  he  is  given  the 
human  form. 

Sebago  Lake  (se-ba'go  lak).  A  lake  in  south- 
western Maine,  17  miles  northwest  of  Portland. 
Length.  12  miles. 

Sebaste  (se-bas'te).  [Gr.  SE/3a(n-^.]  The  name 
of  the  city  of  Samaria  after  the  time  of  Herod 
the  Great 

Sebasteia  (seb-as-te'ya).  [Gr.  SE^SiJureia.]  The 
ancient  name  of  Sivas. 

C— 58 


913 

Sebastian  (se-bas'tian).  Saint.  Born  at  Nar- 
bonne,  Gaul:  shot  to  death  by  order  of  Dio- 
cletian, about  288  A.  D.  A  Roman  soldier  and 
Christian  martyr,  revered  as  a  protector  against 
pestilence. 

Sebastian.  1.  Brother  to  the  King  of  Naples, 
a  character  in  "The  Tempest"  by  Shakspere. 
— 2.  Brother  to  Viola,  a  character  in  Shak- 
spere's  "Twelfth  Night." 

Sebastian.  Bom  1554 :  killed  in  the  battle  of 
Alcazarquivir,  Aug.  4,  1578.  King  of  Portugal 
1557-78.  He  led  an  expedition  against  Morocco  in  1678, 
in  which  he  was  defeated  and  slain.  Soon  after  the  battle 
rumors  began  to  arise  that  he  was  not  dead,  and  in  1684, 
1594,  and  1598  impostors  appeared  claiming  the  crown. 
The  last  was  hanged  at  San  Lucar  in  Spain  in  1603.  The 
belief  of  the  people  in  these  impostors  arose  from  the  popu- 
larity of  Sebastian  and  their  firm  faith  in  his  reappear- 
ance. So  late  as  1808  in  Portugal  and  1838  in  Brazil,  his 
name  was  used  as  a  rallying-cry.  Dryden  and  others  have 
written  plays  on  the  subject, 

Sebastian,  Don.    See  Bon  SehasUano. 

S^bastiani  (sa-bas-te-a'ne),  Comte  Francois 
Horace  Bastion.  Born  near  Bastia,  Corsica, 
Nov.  10,  1772:  died  at  Paris,  July  21,  1851.  A 
French  marshal,  diplomatist,  and  politician. 
He  served  in  the  Napoleonic  wars;  was  ambassador  in 
Constantinople  in  1802  and  1806-07;  was  distinguished 
in  the  Spanish  and  Russian  campaigns  and  in  1813-14; 
was  minister  1830-34  (minister  of  foreign  affairs  1830- 
1832) ;  and  was  ambassador  to  Naples  in  1834,  and  to  Lon- 
don 1836-40. 

Sebastiano  del  Piombo.  See  Piombo,  Sebasti- 
ano  del. 

Sebastopol  (sf-bas'to-pol  or  seb-as-to'p61),  or 
Sevastopol  (se-vas'to-pol;  Russ.  pron.  sa- 
vas-to'poly).  A  seaport  in  the  government 
of  Taurida,  Russia,  situated  on  the  south- 
western coast  of  the  Crimea,  in  lat.  44°  34' 
N.,  long.  33°  36'  E.  It  is  situated  in.a  strong  posi- 
tion on  arms  of  the  roads  of  Sebastopol.  and  is  an  Im- 
portant naval  station  for  the  Black  Seafleet.  It  was  found- 
ed in  1784  on  the  site  of  a  Tatar  village  Akhtiar,  and  was 
strongly  fortified  under  Alexander  I.  and  Nicholas.  Since 
1870  it  has  been  fortified  anew.  The  siege  of  Sebastopol 
was  the  chief  event  of  the  Crimean  war.  The  allied  army 
(British,  French,  Turkish,  and  later  Sardinian)  commenced 
the  siege  in  Oct.,  1854,  after  the  battle  ot  the  Alma  (the 
British  commanded  by  Raglan,  later  by  Simpson ;  the 
French  by  Canrobert,  later  by  P^lissier ;  and  the  Russians 
by  Mentchikoff,  later  by  Gortchakoff).  The  Russian  forti- 
fications were  superintended  by  Todleben.  An  unsuccess- 
ful attempt  to  storm  was  made  June  18, 1865.  On  Sept.  8 
the  French  took  the  Malakofl  by  storm,  and  the  British 
attacked  the  Redan.  The  city  was  entered  by  the  allies  Sept. 
11.    (Compare  Crimean  War.)    Population  (1885),  33,803. 

Sebek  (seb'ek).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  the 
crocodile-headed  god,  seemingly  a  double  of 
Set,  the  god  of  evil.  In  historical  times  he  was  gener- 
ally detested,  and  his  sacred  animal  (the  crocodile)  was 
hunted  except  in  the  localities  where  his  cult  was  in  honor. 

Sebenico  (sa-ba'ne-ko).  [Slav.  Zibnik.']  A  sea- 
port in  Dalmatia,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on 
the  Adriatic,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kerka,  in  lat. 
43°  45'  N.,  long.  15°  58'  E.  Ithas  a  flourishing  trade. 
The  cathedral,  begun  in  the  16th  century  in  the  richest 
Venetian  Pointed  style,  and  finished  a  century  later  upon 
Renaissance  lines,  has  a  fine  dome  100  feet  high.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  7,014 ;  commune,  20,360. 

Sebennytus(se-ben'i-tus).  [Gr.  S£;8&vDrof.]  A 
town  of  ancient  Egypt,  nearly  in  the  center  of 
the  Delta.  The  town  of  Semennud  is  on  its  site. 

Sebu  (sa-bo').  A  river  in  northern  Morocco 
which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  north  of  Sallee : 
the  ancient  Subur.    Length,  over  200  miles. 

Sebnstieh  (sa-bos'te-e).  A  village  on  the  site 
of  the  ancient  Samaria. 

Secchi  (sek'ke),  Angelo.  Bom  at  Reggio,  Emi- 
lia, Italy,  June  29,  1818 :  died  at  Rome,  Feb.  26, 
1878.  A  noted  Italian  astronomer,  director  of 
the  observatory  in  Rome :  a  member  of  the  Jes- 
uit order.  Hemaderesearchesinspectrumanalysis,me- 
teorology,  etc.  His  chief  work  is  "Lesoleil"  ("The  Sun," 
1870). 

Secchia  (sek'ke-a).  A  river  in  northern  Italy 
which  joins  the  Po  12  miles  southeast  of  Man- 
tua :  the  ancient  Seeia.  Length,  about  80  miles. 

Secession,  Ordinances  of.  In  United  States 
history,  ordinances  passed  by  conventions  of 
eleven  Southern  States  in  1860-61,  declaring 
their  withdrawal  from  the  Union. 

Secession,  War  of.    See  Civil  War. 

Secession  of  the  Plebs  to  the  Sacred  Mount. 
See  Sacred  Mount. 

Sechuen.    See  Seeclmen. 

Seckendorff  (zek'en-dorf),  Count  Friedrich 
Heinrich  von.  Born  at  Konigsberg,  Franeonia, 
July  5, 1673 :  died  at  Meuselwitz,  Germany,  Nov. 
23, 1763.  An  Austrian  general  and  diplomatist, 
nephew  of  V.  L.  von  Seckendorff.  Hebecame  am- 
bassador in  Berlin  in  1726 ;  defeated  the  French  at  Klauzen 
Oct.  20,  1736  ;  commanded  against  the  Turks  in  1737 ;  and 
was  in  the  Bavarian  service  1740-46. 

Seckendorff,  Veit  Ludwig  von.  Born  at  Her- 
zogenaurach,  Bavaria,  Dec.  20, 1626 :  died  Deo. 


Sedgemoor 

18, 1692.  A  German  historian  and  official  in  the 
service  of  several  German  states.  His  chief  works 
are  "Der  deutsche  Fiirstenstaat"  (1666),  "Commentarius 
historicus  et  apologeticus  de  Lutheranismo  "  (1602). 
Seckenheim  (zek'en-him).  A  village  in  north- 
em  Baden,8ituated  on  the  Neekar  near  Sohwetz- 
ingen.  Here,  June  30, 1462,  the  elector  Frederick  I.  of 
the  Palatinate  gained  a  decisive  victory  over  tho  allied 
forces  of  Baden  and  Wiirtemberg. 

Seclin  (s6-klah').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Nord,  Prance,  situated  6  miles  south-southwest 
of  Lille.    Population  (1891),  commune,  6,141. 

Second  Maiden's  Tragedy,  The.  A  play  at 
one  time  attributed  to  Chapman  and  also  to 
Shakspere,  from  their  names  having  been  writ- 
ten on  the  back  of  a  manuscript  where  the  name 
of  Goughe  stood  erased;  it  was  licensed  in  1611  and 
first  printed  in  1824.  It  is  thought  to  be  by  Massinger  and 
Tourneur  from  internal  evidence,  and  probably  owes  its 
existence  to  the  success  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's 
"Maid's  Tragedy,"  though  the  plot  is  entirely  different. 

Second  Nun's  Tale,  The.    One  of  Chaucer's 

' '  Canterbury  Tales."  It  is  a  tale  of  the  life  and  pas- 
sion of  St.  Cecilia,  and  was  taken  from  the  "  Legenda  Au- 
rea  "  of  Jacobus  a  Voragine.  There  was  a  French  version 
of  this  by  Jehan  de  Vignay  about  1300,  an  Early  English 
one  before  1300,  and  Caxton's  "Golden  Legend  "  in  1483; 
also  a  Latin  version  by  Simeon  Metaphrastes.  The  pre- 
amble to  Chaucer's  poem  contains  fourteen  or  fifteen  lines 
translated  from  the  83d  canto  of  Dante's  "Paradise,"  or 
perhaps  from  their  original  in  some  Latin  prayer  or  hymn. 
See  Jfun'8  Priest's  Tale. 

Secr^tan  (sek-ra-tau'),  Charles.  Born  at  Lau- 
sanne, Jan.  19,  1815  :  died  there,  Jan.  22, 1895. 
A  Swiss  philosopher.  He  was  appointed  professor 
of  philosophy  at  Lausanne  in  1838,  in  1840  at  Neuch&tel, 
and  returned  to  the  same  position  at  Lausanne  in  1866. 
He  wrote  many  philosophical  works,  and  was  for  some 
time  editor  of  the  "  Revue  Suisse." 

Secunderabad  (se-knn-de-ra-bad'),  or  Sakan- 
derabad  (sa-kun-de-ra-bad'),  or  Sikandera- 
bad  (se-kun-de-ra-bad' ),  or  Sekunderabad  (se- 
kun-de-ra-bad').  A  British  cantonment  and 
town  in  the  Nizam's  Dominions,  India,  situated 
6  miles  north  of  Hyderabad.  It  is  the  largest  Brit- 
ish  military  station  in  India.  Population  of  cantonment, 
6,000  to  6,000 ;  of  town,  about  30,000. 

Secundra  (se-kun'dra).  A  village  situated  5 
miles  northwest  of  Agra,  Britishlndia.  Itisnota- 
ble  for  the  tomb  of  Akbar,  dating  from  the  beginning  of 
the  17th  century,  an  imposing  monument  whose  Indian- 
Saracenic  style  is  much  influenced  by  Buddhist  models.  It 
stands  in  a  large  inclosed  garden  with  a  fine  arched  gate- 
way, and  consists  of  4  square  terraces  of  red  sandstone^ 
superposed  in  the  form  of  a  stepped  pyramid.  On  a  plat- 
form in  the  middle  is  the  splendid  cenotaph  of  the  king, 
covered  with  sculptured  arabesques.  The  real  tomb  is  in 
a  vaulted  chamber  in  the  basement.  The  lowest  terrace 
is  320  feet  square,  the  highest  167. 

Secundus,  Johannes.    See  Johannes  Secundus. 

Sedaine  (se-dan'),  Michel  Jean.  Bom  at  Paris, 
July  4, 1719 :  died  there,  May  17, 1797.  A  French 
dramatist  and  poet.  Among  his  works  are  the  comic 
operas  "Le  diable  &  quatre "  (1766),  "Blaise  le  savetier" 
(1769),  "Rose  et  Colas"  (1764);  the  comedies  "Le  philo- 
sophe  sans  le  savoir  "  (1765),  "La  gageure  impr^vue  "  (1768) ; 
a  poem, "  Le  vaudeville  "  (1750) ;  etc.  He  also  wrote  "  GuU- 
laume  Tell "  and  "Richard  Coenr  de  Lion  "  with  Gr^try,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  Academy  in  1786. 

Sedalia  (se-da'li-a).  A  city,  the  capital  of  Pet- 
tis County,  Missouri,  situated  60  miles  west  of 
Jefferson  City,  it  is  a  leading  railroad  center,  and  has 
flourishing  manufactures  and'  commerce.  Population 
(1900),  16,231. 

Sedan  (s6-doh').  1.  A  former  barony  or  princi- 
pality in  France,  the  chief  place  of  which  was 
the  town  of  Sedan.  It  was  annexed  to  France 
in  1642. — 2.  A  city  in  the  department  of  Ar- 
dennes, France,  situated  on  the  Mouse  in  lat. 
49°  43'  N.,  long.  4°  56'  E.  it  has  important  manu- 
factures of  cloth,  and  was  formerly  a  strong  fortress.  In 
early  times  it  was  under  the  rule  of  lords  and  princes  of 
the  families  La  Marck  and  Turenne,  but  passed  to  France 
in  1642.  It  was  taken  by  the  Germans  in  1815.  It  was 
the  scene  of  a  notable  victory,  gained  Sept.  1, 1870,  by  the 
German  army  of  260,000,  under  the  direct  command  of 
William  I.,  over  the  French  under  Napoleon  III.,  Mac- 
Mahon,  and  Wimpff  en.  The  next  day  the  French  emperor 
and  army  (about  84,000)  surrendered^  The  battle  and 
capitulation  led  directly  to  the  fall  of  the  French  empire 
and  the  establishment  of  the  republic.  Population  (1891), 
20,291. 

Seddon  (sed'on),  James  Alexander.    Bom  at 

Falmouth,  Stafford  County,  Va.,  July  13, 1815 : 
died  in  (Joochland,  Va.,  Aug.  19,  1880.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  a  Democratic  member 
of  Congress  from  Virginia  1845-47  and  1849-61,  and  was 
afterward  Confederate  congressman  and  secretary  of  war. 

Seddon,  Thomas.  Bom  at  London,  Aug.  28, 
1821 :  died  at  Cairo,  Nov.  23,  1856.  An  Eng- 
lish landscape-painter,  in  1862  he  began  to  exhibit 
at  the  Royal  Academy.  In  1853  he  joined  Holman  Hunt 
at  Cairo,  and  devoted  himself  to  topographical  landscape 
in  the  East.  He  exhibited  "The  Pyramids"  and  "Jeru- 
salem "  in  1864,  and  returned  to  Cairo  in  1856. 

Sedgemoor  (sej'mOr).  A  locality  in  Somerset, 
England,  near  Bridgwater.  Here,  July  6, 1685,  the 
Royalists  under  Feyersham  defeated  the  forces  ot  the 


Sedgemoor 

Dake  of  Monmouth.  The  battle  (which  has  been  called 
the  last  battle  in  England)  resulted  in  the  OTerthrow  and 
capture  of  Monmouth. 

Sedgwick  (sej'wik),  Adam.  Bom  at  Dent, 
Yorkshire,  1785 :  died  at  Cambridge,  Jan.  25, 
1873.  An  English  geologist.  He  graduated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  1808,  and  was  elected  lel- 
low  in  1809.  In  1818  he  became  Woodwardian  professor 
of  geology  at  Cambridge.  His  principal  discoveries  were 
In  the  Paleozoic  strata  of  Devonshire  and  Cornwall,  and 
the  Permian  of  the  northwest  of  England. 

Sedgwick,  Catharine  Maria.  Bom  &t  Stock- 
bridge,  Mass.,  Deo.  28,  1789:  died  near  Rox- 
bury,  Mass.,  July  31,  1867.  An  American 
novelist  and  misoellaneous  writer,  daughter  of 
Theodore  Sedgwick.  Her  works  include  "A  New  Eng- 
land Tale"  (1882),  " Eedwood " (1824),  "Hope  Leslie,  etc." 
(1827),  "Clarence,  etc."  (1830),  ''The  Linwoods,  or  Sixty 
Years  Since  in  America  "  (1835), "  Live  and  Let  Live  "  (1837), 
"  Means  and  Ends,  etc.  (1838),  "  Letters  from  Abroad, 
etc."  (1841),  "Married  or  Single"  (1867),  etc. 

Sedgwick,  John.  Bom  at  Cornwall,  Conn., 
Sept.  13,  1818:  killed  at  the  battle  of  Spottsyl- 
vania,  May  9,  1864.  An  American  general. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1837 ;  served  in  the  Semi- 
nole and  Mexican  wars ;  and  was  a  lieutenant-colonel  of 
cavalry  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War.  He  served  in 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  as  commander  of  brigade  and 
division  until  Feb.,  1803,  when  he  obtained  command  of 
the  6th  army  corps.  He  distinguished  himself  at  the  bat- 
tles of  Pair  Oaks,  Savage's  Station,  and  Glendale  ;  was  se- 
verely wounded  at  Antietam  ;  and  took  a  leading  part  in 
the  battles  of  Chancellorsville,  Gettysburg,  and  the  wilder- 
ness. 

Sedgwick,  Theodore.  Born  at  West  Hartford, 
Conn.,  1747:  died  at  Boston,  Jan.  24,  1813.  An 
American  Federalist  politician  and  jurist.  He 
served  in  the  Eevolution ;  was  a  delegate  to  the  Continen- 
tal Congress  from  Massachusetts  1785-86 ;  was  member  of 
Congress  from  Massachusetts  1789-96 ;  was  United  States 
senator  1796-99  (and  president  pro  tempore) ;  was  mem- 
ber of  Congress  and  speaker  1799-1801 ;  and  was  judge  of 
the  Massachusetts  Supreme  Court  1802-13. 

Sedley  (sed'li),  Amelia.  The  foolish  daugh- 
ter of  a  broken-down  London  stockbroker,  in 
Thackeray's  "Vanity  Fair."  she  marries  George 
Osborne,  whom  she  adores,  and  after  his  death  Captain 
Dobbin,  who  has  long  adored  her.  She  is  the  antithesis  of 
Becky  Sharp. 

Sedley,  Catherine,  Countess  of  Dorchester. 
Died  1717.  The  daughter  of  Sir  Charles  Sedley, 
and  the  mistress  of  James  II. 

Sedley,  Sir  Charles.  Bom  in  Kent,  1639 :  died 
Aug.  20, 1701.  A  wit,  poet,  and  dramatist  of  the 
Eestoration.  His  first  comedy,  "The  Mulberry  Gar- 
den," was  published  in  1668.  He  also  wrote  "Antony 
and  Cleopatra"  (1677),  "Bellamira,  etc."  (1678),  "Beauty 
the  Conqueror"  (V102),  "  The  Grumbler"  (1702),  and  "  The 
TvTant  King  of  Crete"  (1702).  He  sat  in  Parliament  for 
New  KiOmney,  and  took  an  active  part  in  politics.  His  life 
was  scandalous,  and  he  is  remembered  as  excusing  him- 
self for  the  part  he  took  in  the  Eevolution  by  saying  that, 
"  as  James  II.  had  made  his  [Sedley's]  daughter  a  countess 
[see  above],  he  could  do  no  less  than  endeavour  to  make  the 
king's  daughter  a  queen." 

Sedley,  Joseph.  A  collector  from  Bogley  Wal- 
lah, in  Thackeray's  "Vanity Fair":  brother  of 
Amelia  Sedley.  He  is  a  fat,  sensual,  but  timid 
dandy,  and  falls  a  victim  to  Becky  Sharp. 

Sedmz  (sed'lits),  or  Seidlitz  (sid'lits).  A  small 
village  in  northern  Bohemia,  near  Briix :  noted 
for  its  springs  of  mineral  water. 

Sedulius  (se-dii'li-us),  Coelius.  Lived  in  the 
5th  century.  A  Roman  Christian  poet.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  poetical  version  of  the  history  of  the 
NewTestament,  entitled  "  CarmenPaschale"(subsequently 
enlarged  in  prose  as  "Paschale  opus**),  and  of  an  abece- 
darian hymn,  "A  solis  ortus  cardine." 

Seduni  (se^iti'm).  In  ancient  geography,  a  peo- 
ple in  the  upper  valley  of  the  Rhone,  Switzer- 
land. 

Seeberg  (za'bero).  A  height  near  Gotha,  Ger- 
many, long  noted  as  the  seat  of  an  observatory. 

Seebonm  (se'bom),  Frederick.  Bom  at  Brad- 
ford, Yorkshire,  1833.  An  English  historian. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  1866, 
and  subsequently  became  a  member  of  a  banking  firm  at 
Hitchin,  Hertfordshire.  Among  his  works  are  *  The  Oxford 
Reformers  of  1498  "  (1867), "  The  Era  of  the  Protestant  Eevo- 
lution" fin  Epochs  of  Modern  History  series,  1874),  "The 
English  Village  Community,  etc.  "(1888). 

Seeland.  1.  See  Zealand  (in  Denmark). — 3. 
See  Zealand  (in  Netherlands). 

Seeley  (se'li).  Sir  John  Robert.  Bom  1834: 
died  Jan.  13,  1895.  An  English  historian.  He 
graduated  at  Cambridge  (Christ  College)  in  1857;  and  be- 
came professor  of  Latin  in  University  College,  London,  in 
1863,  and  in  1869  professor  of  modern  history  at  Cam- 
bridge. "  Ecce  Homo,  or  Survey  of  the  Life  and  Work 
of  Jesus  Christ,"  his  most  celebrated  work,  appeared 
anonymously  in  1865.  His  other  works  are  an  edition  of 
Livy,  "  Lectures  and  Essays  "  (1870),  "  Life  and  Times  of 
Stein"  (1879),  "Natural  Kell^on"  (1882),  "The  Expan- 
sion of  England  "  (1883),  "Short  History  of  Napoleon  I." 
(1886),  etc. 

Seelye  (se'li),  Julius  Hawley,  Bom  Sept.  14, 
1824:  died  May  12, 1895.  An  Ajnerican  educator. 
He  became  professor  of  philosophy  at  Amherst  College  in 
1853 ;  was  president  of  Amherst  College  1876-90 ;  and  was 
Independent  Bepubllcan  member  of  Congress  from  Massa- 


914 

chusetts  1875-77.  He  translated  Schwegler's  "History 
of  Philosophy"  (1856),  and  wrote  "Lectures  to  Educated 
Hindus"  (1873),  "Christian  Missions"  (1876),  and  philo- 
sophical text-books. 

Seelye,  Laurens  Clark.  Bom  at  Bethel,  Conn., 
Sept.  20,   1837^    A  clergyman  and  educator, 


Seiue-et-Marne 

ated  in  the  upper  valley  of  the  Niger.  The  in- 
habitants are  Bambarras. —  2.  The  capital  of 
the  state  of  Segu,  situated  on  the  Niger.  It  is 
in  the  French  sphere  of  influence.  Population, 
___^_ ,   ^  ^     36,000. 

brother  of  J.  H.  Seelye.^He  was  professor  of  Eng-  Seguin  (sa/gwin),  Arthur  Edward  Shelden, 
,..,.  ,...„. X  ._,..„.  „_„ „„.  » .  _.  ....  ]jjio.^n  ag  Edvrard  Seguin.  Bom  at  London- 
April  7, 1809 :  died  at  New  York,  Dec.  9,  1852. 
A  popular  English  bass  singer.  A  pupil  of  the  Eoyal 
Academy,  he  appeared  first  in  1828,  and  sang  success- 
fully in  England  till  1838,  when  he  came  to  New  York. 
Handel's  "Joshua."  It  is  introduced  three  times,  The  Seguin  Opera  Troupe,  which  he  organized,  was  sue. 
and  was  so  popular  that  he  used  it  again  in  his  "Judas  cessful  in  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
Maccabffiusj-    It  has  frequently  been  used  as  a  motif  by  ggguin  (s6-gan'),  fdOUard.    Born  at  Clamecy. 

others,  with  many  vanations.    The  words  were  written     •p?„Tr„    T„5   on   TaT^-AiTA  of -Mn^^-w i,    -i  ' 

by  Dr.  Thomas  Morell  for  Handel's  "Joshua  "  (1748) ;  they  l^^ance,  Jan.  20,  1812  :  died  at  New  York  city,, 
were  introduced  in  late  acting  versions  of  Lee's  "Eival  Oct.  28, 1880.  A  FrenoU-Amencan  physician,  a 
Queens  "  at  the  beginning  of  the  second  act.  As  this  first  specialist  in  the  training  of  idiots,  and  the  in- 
appeared  in  1677,  Lee  has  been  erroneously  supposed  to    yentor  of  a  physiological  thermometer.    Amonc 

«a»4^I''^'*^*^=r'l'S?l^i^^lTjfl^°w!?£'T/.?-  W5worksare"fca1temen?moral,hygifeneetMucationdel 

beewis  (za  vis).    A  village  and  noted  health-  idiots,"  "Historical  Notice  of  the  Origin  and  Progress  of 

resort  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  the  Treatment  of  Idiots,"  etc. 

situated  in  the  Prattigau  12  miles  north-north-  Sigur  (sa-gilr'),  Comte  Louis  Philippe  de. 

east  of  Coire.  Bom  at  Paris,  1753:  died  1830.    A  French  poU- 

S6ez,orS6es(sa-es').  A  town  in  the  department  tioian  and  aijthor.  He  served  in  the  American  Eevo- 


lish  literature  at  Amherst  College  1865-73 ;  and  since  1874 
has  been  president  of  Smith  CoUege  (for  young  women)  at 
Northampton,  Massachusetts. 

S6es.    See  S^ez. 

See !  the  Conquering  Hero  Comes !   An  air  in 


of  Ome,  northern  France,  situated  on  the  Ome 

11  miles  north-northeast  of  Alencon.    Thecathe- 

dral  is  a  fine  13th-oentury  building.    The  west  front  has 

handsome  buttressed  spires,  pleasing  arcades,  and  a  south 

portal  of  charming  design  and  ornament.    The  south  „,  n       ±    t»'u-t         t«      i  j 

transept,  with  its  great  rose,  closely  approaches  that  of  oegUr,  Comte  JfJUlippe  JfaUl  oe. 


Intion ;  was  ambassador  to  Eussia ;  was  a  councilor  of 
state  under  the  empire ;  and  was  made  a  peer  at  the 
Eestoration.  His  chief  work  is  "M^moires,  ou  souvenirs 
et  anecdotes  "  (1824).  He  also  wrote  a  history  of  France 
a  universal  history,  etc. 

Born  Nov.  4, 


the  cathedral  of  Paris ;  and  ihe  choir  is  admirable,  with  1780 :  diedFeb.  25, 1873.  A  French  general  and 
its  radiating  chapels  and  the  tracery  of  the  clearstory,  historian,  son  of  L.  P.  de  S6gur.  He  served  in  the: 
Population  (1891),  commune,  4,272.  Napoleonic  campaigns.    His  best-lnown  work  is  a  "His- 

Sefid  (se-fed'),  or  Sand  (sa-fed  ).     A  river  in     toire  de  Napolfon  et  de  la  grande  arm&  en  1812  "  (1824). 
northwestern  Persia  which  flows  into  the  south-  Segura  (sa-go'ra).    A  river  in  southeastern 
western  side  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  east  of  Resht.    Spain  which  flows  into  the  Mediterranean  19i 


Length,  including  its  main  head  stream  (the 
Bazil-Uzen),  about  300  miles. 

Segan  Fu.    See  Singan  Fu. 

Segesta  (se-jes'ta).  [Gr.  S^ycffra.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  of  Sicily,  situated  near  the 
coast  27  miles  west-southwest  of  Palermo,  it 
was  of  non-Hellenic  (reputed  Trojan)  origin ;  was  often 
at  war  with  Selinus ;  was  an  ally  of  Athens  in  the  Pelopon- 
nesian  war ;  became  a  dependent  of  Carthage  about'  400 
B.  0. ;  was  saxjked  by  Agatnocles,  and  had  its  name  changed 


miles  southwest  of  Alicante :  the  ancient  Taderi 
Length,  about  150  miles. 
Segura,  Juan  Bautista,  Bom  at  Toledo,  Spain, 
about  1542 :  died  in  Virginia,  Feb-  {%),  1571.  A 
Jesuit  missionary.  He  went  to  Honda  as  vice-pro- 
vincial of  his  order  in  1668.  In  Aug.,  1570,  he  and  several 
companions  were  sent  to  Chesapeake  Bay  to  establish  a 
mission.  They  ascended  the  Potomac  and  thence,  appa- 
rently, crossed  to  the  Eappahannocl^  where  all  were  killed 
by  the  Indians. 


to  DicBopolis;  and  passed  under  Eoman  supremacy  in  the  SegUSianI  (se''''gu-si-a'ni),  [L.]  In  the  time  ot 
time  of  the  flret  Pumc  war.  Hiere  are  ruins  near  the  Juliug  Cffisar,  a  Gallic  people  living  in  the  val- 
modem  Calataflmi.    The  Greek  temple,  though  never  fin-     i  „„„*+>,„  ■c>t,„-,„  i-  "f.^  "'"^s  "*  >'"d  »<*»^ 

ished,  isoneof  the  most  complete  examples  surviving.  It  ^^y  Ot  the  Khone,  m  the  Vicinity  of  Lyons, 
is  Doric,  hexastyle,  with  14  columns  on  the  fianks,  on  a  SeharunpOOr.  See  8aha/ranpur, 
stylobate  of  4  steps.  The  architectural  details  are  of  the  Spidl  (zi'dlll  Antfm  'Rnm  at  Poot  TTii-n^oirr 
best  period.  AU  the  36  peristyle  columns  are  still  stand-  Ma  ^7  IS^n .'  ^^  o^Vj^  v  i  ^r  '  u  o^f  S 
ing,  and  the  entablature  and  pediments  are  almost  entire.  ^^  ^  ^^°y  •  "led  at  New  York,  March  28, 1898. 
There  is  also  a  Greek  theater,  of  the  6th  century  B.  0. ,  with  A  Hungarian  conductor,  especially  of  Wagner's. 
Eoman  modifications.  Inplan  it  is  more  than  a  semicircle:     music.    He  was  a  pupil  of  the  conservatory  at  Leipsic- 

and  in  1870  tihrmitrh  Wn(yniai.'a  {nfliion..a  nK4-»i....j  ai _-_y' 


that  of  the  orchestra  54;  the 
The  cavea  is  in  great  part  rock- 


andin  1879  through  Wagner's  influence  obtained  the  posi- 
tion of  conductor  at  the  Leipsic  Opera  House.  In  1882  he- 
left  it  for  a  tour  through  various  parts  of  Europe  as  con- 
ductor of  the  Nibelungen  Opera  Troupe.  In  1883  he  waff 
made  conductor  of  the  Bremen  Opera  House,  and  in  1885 
of  German  opera  in  New  York,  from  which  time  he  con- 
ducted the  concerts  of  the  Philharmonic  Society.  New 
York,  etc.  ' 

Seidlitz.    See  Sedlitg. 


the  diameter  is  209  feet, 
length  of  the  stage  is  91, 
hewn. 

Segesvd,r,    See  Schdssburg. 

Seginus  (se-ji'nus).  [Origin  uncertain.]  One 
of  the  many  names  of  the  constellation  BoStes : 
assigned  ou  some  maps  as  the  name  of  the  third- 
magnitude  star  y  Bootis.  _. 

Segnes  (zeg'nes)  Pass.  An  Alpine  pass  in  Swit-  Seiero  (si'e-r6).    A  small  island  belonging  to. 
zerland,  leadingfrom  Glams  to  the  valley  of  the    Denmark,  situated  northwest  of  Zealand. 
Vorderrhein  in  Grisons,  15  miles  west-north-  Seiero  Bay.    An  indentation  on  the  northwest- 
west  of  Coire.  em  coast  of  the  island  of  Zealand,  Denmark. 

Segni  (sen  ye).  A  town  m  Latium,  Italy,  situ-  Seiland  <si'land).  An  island  of  Norway,  off 
atednear  theVolseiauMountains  31mil«s  south-  the  northern  coast,  southwest  of  Hammerfest- 
east  of  Kome :  the  ancient  Sjgnia.    it  is  said  to    Length,  27  mUes. 

have  been  colonized  by  Tarquin,  and  was  a  Eoman  frontier  Seille  (sav'*  A  rivpr  in  T,ni-rair.o  wl.i/.1i  -inirio 
town  against  the  Volscians.  It  contains  many  antiquities.  +ho  MA=^ni'r,^.>^7/  t  1^^,5a  ^R  * 
Population  (1881),  6,608.  ,  the  Moselle  near  Metz.  Length,  about  70miles. 

SegO.    See  Segu.  Seim  (sa-em').  A  river  of  southern  central Eus- 

SegO  (sa'go),  or  Seg  (seg).  Lake.  A  lake  in  the    sia  'which  joins  the  Desna  52  miles  east  of 
government  of  Olonetz,  northern  Bussia,  north-    Tehernigoff.    Length,  about  350  mUes. 
west  of  Lake  Onega.  It  has  its  outlet  into  Lake  R®"^®  (sSn).     One  of  the  principal  rivers  of 
Vyg  and  the  White  Sea.    Length,  about  25    Prance :  the  Eoman  Sequana.    It  rises  in  the  pla. 


miles. 

Segovia  (se-g6'vl-a;  Sp.  pron.  sa-go've-a).  1. 
A  province  of  Old  Castile,  Spain,  it  is  bounded 
by  valladolid  on  the  northwest,  Burgos  on  the  north, 
Soria  on  the  northeast,  Guadalajara  and  Madrid  on  the 
southeast,  and  Avila  on  the  southwest.  The  surface  is 
generally  a  plateau.  Area,  2,714  square  miles.  Population 
0887),  164,457. 

a.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Segovia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Eresma  in  lat.  40°  54'  N.,  long.  4° 
10'  W, 


toau  of  Langres,  In  the  department  of  C6te-d'0r ;  flows  gen- 
erally northwest  ;  widens  into  an  estuary  near  Quillebentr 
and  flows  into  the  English  Channel  between  Havre  and 
Honfleur.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Anbe,  Marne,  and. 
Oise  on  the  right,  and  the  Yonne,  Loing,  Essonne,  and 
Eure  on  the  left.  Themostimportentplaceson  its  bank&' 
areChatillon,  Bar,  Troyes,  Nogent,  Melun,  Paris,  St-Denis, 
Mantes,  Eouen,  Caudebec,  Havre,  and  Honfleur.  The  basin 
is  connected  by  canals  with  those  of  the  Somme,  Meuse, 
Ehine,  Ehone,  and  Loire.  Length,  482  miles.  It  is  navi- 
gable to  Maroilly,  for  larger  vessels  to  Paris,  and  for  large 
sea-vessels  to  Eouen. 


lofty  and  lightwithin,  andwith  good  stained  glass.  There  is  SJ.'?  o'.I^a"a ;  is  surrounded  by  the  department  of  8eine-et- 
a  beautiful  Flamboyant  cloister,  of  earlier  date,  surround-  "'^® '  '^  ™^  ^**  ™  ^^^y  important  manufactures  and  com- 
ing an  attractive  garden.  The  Eoman  aqueduct,  presumed  S^P^ '  j  "ff  *  flourishing  market-gardening  industry, 
to  be  of  the  time  of  Trajan,  forms  a  great  bridge,  987  feet  ,  fo"ned  part  of  the  ancient  province  of  ne-de-France. 
long,  and  consisting  of  320  arches  in  two  tiers.  The  high-  Area,  184  square  miles.  Population  (18911,  3,141,596. 
est  arches  (in  the  middle  of  the  lower  tier)  are  102  feet  Seine-et-Mame  (san'a-mS,m')i  A  department 
high.  It  is  built  of  large  blocks  of  granite,  somewhat  of  France,  capital  Melun,  formed  from  parts  of 
rounded  at  the  edges  and  assembled  without  cement.  Se-  the  formpr  TSinfi  and  Ofiti-nn-ia  r^ho^nrttTi^ur  to  on. 
govia  was  a  Eoman  city,  and  was  a  residence  of  the  kings  .  tS^  ^  «*tmais  ( Delongmg  to  an- 
of  Leon  and  Castile.  Population  (1886),  11,169.  cientne-de-France  and  Champagne).  Itisbonnd- 
Seere  (sa'era).  A  river  in  northern  Spain,  it  ed  by  else  on  the  north,  Aisne  on  the  northeast,  Mame  and 
riMS  in  the  Byrenees,  and  joins  the  Ebro  22  mfles  south-  Aube  on  the  east,  Yonne  and  Lofreton  the  south,  and  Seine- 


west  of  Lerida.    Its  chief  tributary  is  the  Cinca.    Length, 
about  250  miles. 

Segu  (sa'gS),  or  SegO  (sa'go).  1.  ANe^o  realm 
in  the  western  part  of  the  Sudan,  Africa,  situ- 


et-Oise  on  the  west.  Its  surface  is  generally  level.  It  con- 
tains many  forests,  including  that  of  Fontainebleau.  The- 
manufactures  and  commerce  are  important,  and  agricul- 
ture isflourishing.  Area, 2,216square miles.  Population- 
(1891),  856,709. 


Seine-et-Oise 

Seine-et-OiRe  (san'a-waz').  A  department  of 
France,  capital  Versailles,  formed  from  part  of 
the  ancient  lle-de-France.  it  is  bounded  by  Eure  on 
the  northwest^  Olse  on  the  north,  Seine-et-Marne  on  the 
east,  Loiret  on  the  south,  and  Eure-et-Loir  on  the  west,  and 
surrounds  the  department  of  Seine.  The  surface  is  level, 
and  in  parts  hilly.  Agriculture  and  manufactures  are 
highly  developed.  Area,  2,164  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  628,690. 

Seine-Infdrieure  (san'an-fa-ry6r').  [P., 'lower 
Seine.']  Adepartmeutof  Prance, capitalEouen, 
foi-med  from  part  of  the  ancient  Normandy,  it 
is  bound  ed  by  the  English  Channel  on  the  west,  northwest, 
and  north,  Somme  on  the  northeast,  Oise  on  the  east,  and 
Eure  and  Calvados  on  the  south.  The  soil  is  generally 
fertile  and  agriculture  flourishing.  It  has  important  man- 
ufactures, commerce,  and  fisheries.  Area,  2,830  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  839,876. 

Seir  (se'ir),  Mount,  In  ancient  geography,  a 
mountain-ridge  in  Edom,  occupying  part  of  the 
region  between  the  Dead  Sea  and  the  Elanitic 
Q-ulf  of  the  Red  Sea. 

Seisseralp  (2as'ser-alp).  A  pastoral  plateau 
in  the  Alps  of  Tyrol,  about  15  miles  east  of 
Botzen.  Length,  12  miles.  Height,  6,000-7,000 
feet. 

Seistan.    See  Sistan. 

Sejanus  (se-ja'nus),  .Slius.  Died  31  A.  d.  A 
Roman  courtier.  He  was  the  son  of  Seius  Strabo,  a 
Soman  eques,  commander  of  the  pretorian  guard,  and 
was  a  native  of  Vulsinii  in  Etruria.  He  became  the  favor- 
ite of  the  emperor  Tiberius,  who  raised  him  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  pretorians.  With  a  view  to  usurping  the  im- 
perial power,  he  poisoned  in  23  Drusus,  son  of  the  emperor, 
with  the  assistance  of  Livia,  the  wife  of  Drusus,  whom  he 
had  seduced,  and  induced  the  emperorto  banish  Agrippina, 
the  widow  of  Germanicus.  His  design  was  ultimately  dis- 
covered, and  he  was  put  to  death  by  the  senate  at  the  in- 
stance of  the  emperor. 

Sejanus  His  Fall.  A  tragedy  by  Ben  Jon  son, 
acted  in  1603  and  published  in  1605.  it  is  said  that 
Shakspere  played  in  it.  "The  Favourite,"  a  satire,  was 
founded  on  it  in  1770. 

S6jour  (sa-zh6r'),  Victor.  Bom  at  Paris,  1816 : 
died  there,  Sept.  21, 1874.  A  Preneh  dramatist. 
Among  his  plays  are  "Richard  III."  (1852),  "Le  flls  de  la 
nuit"(1857),  "  Les  flls  de  Charles-Quint  "(1864),  etc.  They 
are  all  chiefly  remarkable  for  their  scenic  effects. 

Sekhet.    In  Egyptian  mythology:  SQd  Pakht. 

Sekiang.    See  Sikiang. 

Sekunderabad.    See  Secunderabad. 

Selangor  (se-lan-gor'),  or  Salangore  (sa-lan- 
gor').  A  Malay  state  under  British  protection, 
situated  on  the  western  side  of  the  Malay  Pe- 
ninsula, intersected  by  lat.  3°  N.  Population 
(1891),  81,592. 

Belbig(zerbig),Elisa.  The'pseudonymofPrau 
von  Ahlefeld  (Charlotte  Elizabeth  Sophie  WU- 
helmine  von  Seebach). 

Selborne  (sel'bom).  A  parish  in  Hampshire, 
England :  notefi  on  account  of  Gilbert  white's 
"  Natural  History  of  Selborne." 

Selborne,  Earl  of.    See  Palmer,  Soundell. 

Selby  (sel'bi).  A  town  in  the  "West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Ouse  20 
miles  east  of  Leeds,  its  abbey  church  Is  a  very  flne 
Benedictine  foundation  of  the  12th  century.  Fart  of  the 
original  nave  and  transepts  survives:  the  remainder  of 
them  is  Early  English.  The  Lady  chapel  is  Decorated,  and 
some  Perpendicular  windows  have  been  inserted.  The 
church  possesses  some  interesting  sculptures  and  abba- 
tial  tombs.  The  length  is  306  feet.  Population  (1891),  6,022. 

Selden  (sel'den),  John.  Born  at  Salvington, 
Sussex,  Dee.  16, 1584:  died  at  London,  Nov.  30, 
1654.  An  English  jurist,  antiquary.  Oriental- 
ist, and  author.  At  about  16  years  of  age  he  entered 
Hart  Hall,  Oxford,  and  in  1603  Clifford's  Inn,  London ;  iu 
1604  he  migrated  to  the  Inner  Temple.  He  was  inti- 
mately associated  with  Ben  Jonson,  Drayton,  EdwardLyttle- 
ton,  Henry  BoUe,  Edward  Herbert,  and  Thomas  Garde- 
ner. He  was  first  employed  by  Sir  Robert  Cotton  to  copy 
and  abridge  parliamentary  records  in  the  Tower.  He  es- 
tablished a  large  and  lucrative  practice,  but  his  chief  repu- 
tation was  made  as  a  writer  and  scholar.  In  1610  he  pub- 
lislied  "England's  Epinomis  "  and  "Janus  Anglorum,  Fa- 
des Altera,"  which  treated  of  English  law  down  to  Henry 
II.  These  were  followed  by  "Titles  of  Honour" (1614), 
"Analeoton  Anglo-Britannicon"  (1615),  "De  Diis  Syriis" 
(1617).  The  "Histonr  of  Tithes,  published  in  1618,  was 
suppressed.  He  was  the  instigator  of  the  "protestation  " 
of  Dec.  18, 1621,  and  was  committed  to  the  Tower.  In 
1623  he  entered  Parliament  as  member  for  Lancaster,  and 
in  1628  helped  to  draw  up  and  carry  the  Petition  of  Right. 
In  1635  he  dedicated  his  "Mare  Clausum"  to  the  king 
(Charles  I.),  and  seems  to  have  inclined  to  the  court  party. 
He  was  returned  to  the  Long  Parliament  (1640)  for  the 
University  of  Oxford,  and  was  a  member  of  the  committee 
which  impeached  Archbishop  Land.  In  1646  he  became 
master  of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge.  Besides  the  works  al- 
ready mentioned,  he  was  the  author  of  "De  Juri  ITaturali, 
etc."(1640)  ''Privileges  of  the  Baronage  of  England,  etc." 
(1642),  and"  Table-Talk,"  his  best-known  work  (1689). 

Sele  (sa'le).  A  river  in  southern  Italy  which 
flows  into  the  Mediterranean  17  miles  south- 
west of  Salerno :  the  ancient  Silarus.  Length, 
about  60  miles. 

Sele  (sa'le),  or  Basele  (ba-sa'le).    See  Swmhe. 

Selene  (se-le'ne).     [Gr  SeAi^.]    InGreekmy- 


915 

thology,  the  goddess  of  the  moon,  daughter  of 
Hyperion  and  Thea. 

Selenga  (sa-leng'ga).  A  river  in  northern  Mon- 
golia and  southern  Siberia.  It  is  the  largest 
stream  that  flows  into  Lake  Baikal.  Length, 
600-800  miles. 

Seleucia  (sei-ii'gi-a),orSeleuceia  (sei-u-se'ya). 

[Gr.  2eAeiK«a.]  l^he  name  of  many  ancient 
towns.  The  following  are  the  principal :  (1)  A  city  in 
Syria,  situated  on  the  coast  north  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Orontes :  the  port  of  Antioch.  It  was  built  by  Seleucus 
Nicator,  and  is  sometimes  called  Seleucia  Pieria.  There  are 
many  antiquities  on  the  site.  (2)  A  city  near  the  Tigris, 
about  17  miles  below  Bagdad.  It  was  built  largely  from 
the  ruins  of  Babylon  by  Seleucus  Nicator,  and  was  one  of 
the  largest  cities  of  the  East.  It  was  plundered  by  Tra- 
jan, and  was  destroyed  by  Verus  about  162  A.  D.  (3)  A 
city  in  Cilicia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  near  the  coast  about 
70  miles  southwest  of  Tarsus.  There  are  remains  of  a 
Roman  hippodrome.  (4)  A  city  in  northern  Pisidia,  Asia 
Minor,  near  the  frontier  of  Phrygia. 

Seleucians  (se-lu'gi-anz).  A  sect  of  the  8d  cen- 
tury, which  foUowed'Seleuous  of  Galatla,  whose 
teaching  included  the  doctrines,  in  addition  to 
those  of  Hermogenes,  that  baptism  by  water  is 
not  to  be  used,  and  that  there  is  no  resurrec- 
tion of  the  body  and  no  visible  paradise. 

Seleucids  (se-lu'sidz),  or  Seleucidae  (se-lu' si- 
de). A  royal  dynasty  in  Syria  which  reigned 
312  B.  c.  to  about  64  B.  C. :  descended  from 
Seleucus  Nicator. 

Seleucus  (se-lu'kus)  I.,  surnamed  Nicator.  [Gt. 
2^/le«K0f :  TSiKUTup,  Doric  for  TSitdirap,  a  conquer- 
or.] Born  about  358  B.  c. :  assassinated  280 
B.  c.  A  Macedonian  general  in  the  army  of 
Alexander  the  Great.  After  the  death  of  Alexander 
he  became  satrap  of  Babylonia ;  engaged  in  war  against 
Antigonus ;  conquered  Babylon  312 (era  of  the  Seleucids); 
extended  his  conquests  into  central  Asia  and  India ;  and 
assumed  the  title  of  king  about  306.  He  was  one  of  the 
leading  allies  in  the  overthrow  of  Antigonus  at  Ipsus  in 
301 ;  obtained  part  of  Asia  Minor ;  took  Demetrius  pris- 
oner ;  defeated  Lysimachus  at  Corupedion  281 ;  and  was 
ruler,  for  a  short  time,  of  nearly  all  of  Alexander's  empire. 

Seleucus.  1 .  In  Shakspere's ' '  Antony  and  Cleo- 
patra," an  attendant  of  Cleopatra. — 3.  In  Shir- 
ley's "The  Coronation,"  the  supposed  son  of 
Bubulus,  but  in  reality  Leonatus,  the  king  of 
Epirus. 

Self-denying  Ordinance.  In  English  history, 
an  ordinance  passed  by  the  Parliament  April 
3,  1645,  requiring  members  of  either  house  of 
Parliament  holding  military  or  civil  ofBce  to 
vacate  such  positions  at  the  expiration  of  forty 


Seliger,  or  Seligher  (sa-le-gar'),  or  Selguer  (sel- 
gar').  Lake.  A  lake  on  the  border  of  the  gov- 
ernments of  Novgorod  and  Tver,  Russia,  situ- 
ated southeast  of  Novgorod.  It  is  the  source  of  an 
affluent  of  the  upper  Volga,  and  is  sometimes  considered 
as  the  source  of  the  Volga.    Length,  about  30  miles. 

Selim  (se'lim  or  se-lem')  I.  Born  about  1465 : 
died  Sept.  22,  1520.  Sultan  of  Turkey,  son  of 
Bajazetll.  whom  he  dethroned  and  succeeded  in 
1512.  He  was  an  ardent  Sunnite,  and,  in  order  to  main- 
tain uniformity  in  the  Mohammedan  faith  throughout  his 
dominions,  put  to  death  40,000  Shiites  shortly  after  his  ac- 
cession. He  extended  his  empire  by  conquests  from  Per- 
sia in  1514,  and  subsequently  annexed  Syria  and  Palestine 
(1516)  and  Egypt  (1517). 

Selim  II.,  surnamed  "  The  Sot."  Died  Dee.  12, 
1574.  Sultan  of  Turkey,  son  of  Solyman  the 
Magnificent,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1566.  Among 
the  events  in  his  reign  were  the  conquest  of  Cyprus  in 
1570-71,  and  the  battle  of  Lepanto  in  1671. 

Selim  III.  Bom  Dee.  24,  1761:  put  to  death 
May  8, 1808.  Sultan  of  Turkey,  nephew  of  Ab- 
dul Hamid  I.  whom  he  succeeded  in  1789.  He 
inherited  a  war  with  Austria  and  Russia,  with  whom  he 
concluded  the  peace  of  Sistowa  (1791)  and  that  of  Jassy 
(1792)  respectively.  He  concluded  an  alliance  with  Russia 
and  England  against  France  on  the  invasion  of  Egypt  by 
Napoleon.  In  1805  he  began  the  reorganization  of  the 
Turkish  army  on  the  European  model,  which  occasioned 
a  revolt  of  the  janizaries  in  1807.  He  was  deposed  in 
favor  of  Mustapha  IV.,  and  was  strangled  in  prison. 

SelinUS  (se-li'nus).  [Gr.  'ZeTuvovg.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  in  southwestern  Sicily,  situ- 
ated near  the  coast  48  miles  southwest  of  Paler- 
mo, near  the  modem  Castelvetrano.  it  was  built 
by  colonists  from  Megara  and  Megara  Hybleea  about  628 
B.  C,  and  soon  became  rich  and  powerful.  A  quarrel  be- 
tween it  and  Segesta  caused  the  Athenian  expedition  to 
Sicily  in  the  Peloponnesian  war.  It  was  conquered  and 
destroyed  by  the  Carthaginians  about  409  B.  o. ;  was  rebuilt 
as  a  subject  city  to  Carthage ;  but  was  finally  destroyed  in 
the  first  Punic  war.  Besides  minor  remains  of  antiquity,  the 
site  retains  the  ruins  of  seven  important  Doric  temples,  sev- 
eral of  them  among  the  most  archaic  examples  of  the  style 
known,  and  metopes  from  an  eighth  temple  have  recently 
been  found.  This  is  the  most  extensive  existing  group  of 
Greek  temples.  Four  of  them  were  on  the  Acropolis,  and 
three  on  a  hill  about  a  mile  to  the  east.  The  sculptured 
metopes  found  are  now  in  the  museum  at  Palermo :  they 
are  of  importance  in  the  study  of  Greek  sculpture. 

Selish.    See  Salislian. 

Selish  Lake.    See  Flathead  Lake. 


Selzerbrunnen 

Seljuks  (sel-joks'),  [Turk.]  The  name  of  sev- 
eral Turkish  dynasties,  descended  from  the 
Ghuzz  chieftain  Seljuk,  which  reigned  in  cen- 
tral and  western  Asia  from  the  11th  to  the  13th 
century.     After  conquering  Persia,  Toghrul  Beg,  the 

trandson  of  Seljuk,  who  belonged  to  the  orthodox  Mo- 
ammedan  sect  of  the  Sunnites,  rescued  the  faineant 
Abbassid  calif  at  Bagdad  from  his  Shiite  lieutenant  (1055), 
and  was  nominated  "commander of  the  faithful."  He  was 
in  1063  succeeded  by  his  nephew  Alp  Arslan,  who  took 
Syria  and  Palestine  from  the  Fatimite  calif  of  Egypt,  and 
in  1071  defeated  and  captured  the  Byzantine  emperor  Ro- 
manuB  Diogenes, who  purchased  his  release  by  the  cession 
of  a  large  part  of  Anatolia  or  Asia  Minor.  Alp  Arslan  was 
followed  in  1072  by  his  son  Malik  Shah,  on  whose  death  in 
1092  the  succession  was  disputed.  Civil  war  ensued,  which 
resulted  in  the  partition  of  the  empire  among  four  branches 
of  the  Seljukian  family,  of  which  the  principal  dynasty 
ruled  in  Persia,  and  three  younger  dynasties  at  Eerman, 
Damascus,  and  Iconium  respectively.  The  last  named, 
whose  sultanate  was  called  Roum  (i.  e.  'of  the  Romans'), 
outlasted  the  others :  it  was  superseded  by  the  Ottomans 
at  the  end  of  the  13th  century. 

Selkirk  (sel'kSrk).  1.  A  county  in  the  south 
of  Scotland,  it  is  bounded  by  Peebles  on  the  west 
and  north,  Edinburgh  on  the  north,  Roxburgh  on  the  east 
and  southeast,  and  Dumfries  on  the  southwest.  Its  sur- 
face is  largely  hilly.  It  contains  the  valleys  of  the  Ettrick 
and  the  Yarrow,  and  is  celebrated  in  poetry  and  romance. 
Area,  257  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  27,363. 
2.  The  capital  of  Selkirkshire,  Scotland,  30 
miles  south-southeast  of  Edinburgh.  It  has 
tweed  manufactures.  Population  (1891),  6,397. 

Selkirk,  or  Selcraig  (sel'krag),  Alexander. 
Bom  at  Largo,  Pif  eshire,  1676 :  died  on  the  ship 
Weymouth,  1723.  A  Scottish  sailor,  the  sup- 
posed original  of  Defoe's  "Robinson  Crusoe." 
He  was  engaged  in  bucaneering  exploits  in  the  south  seas, 
and  in  1703  was  sailing-master  of  a  "  Cinque  Ports  "  galley. 
In  1704  he  was  at  his  own  request  put  ashore  on  the  island 
of  Juan  Fernandez,  and  remained  there  alone  four  years. 
His  "Life  and  Adventures  "were  published  by  Howell  in 
182^  and  he  is  the  subject  of  a  poem  by  Cowper. 

Selkirks(sel'kerks),The.  Agroupofloftymoun- 
tains  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  system  of  Canada. 

Sellasia  (se-la'shi-a).  [Gr.  ZeAAacrta.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  place  in  Laconia,  Greece,  a 
few  miles  northeast  of  Sparta.  Here,  in  221  b.  0., 
the  Lacedsemonians  under  Cleomenes  III.  were  totally 
defeated  by  the  Macedonians  and  their  allies  under  An- 
tigonus Doson. 

Sellers  (sel'erz),  Colonel.  A  leading  character 
in  the  novel ' '  The  Gilded  Age,"  by  Mark  Twain 
and  C.  D.  Warner,  it  was  dramatized,  and  the  char- 
acter created  by  J.  T.  Raymond.  Sellers  is  a  visionary 
Southern  speculator. 

Sellier  (se-lya'),  Henri.  Born  at  Ch4tel-Cen- 
soir.  Prance,  March  26, 1849 :  died  June  26, 1899. 
A  noted  French  tenor  singer.  He  sang  the  part  of 
Arnold  in  "  Guillaume  Tell "  in  1878  with  such  effect  that 
he  succeeded  to  all  the  great  tenor  r61es.  He  created 
Radamir  in  "Aida"  (1880),  Manoel  in  "Le  tribut  de  Za- 
mora  "  (1881),  Paolo  in  "  Francesca  da  Rimini "  (1882),  and 
Sigurd  in  "  Sigurd  "  (1885).  He  also  sang  in  •'  Salammbd  " 
at  Brussels  (1890). 

Selma  (sel'ma).  A  city,  capital  of  Dallas  County, 
Alabama,  situated  on  the  Alabama  River  43 
miles  west  of  Montgomery,  it  is  a  railway  center 
and  the  head  of  steamer  navigation,  and  has  manufactures 
and  trade  in  cotton.  It  was  an  important  Confederate 
arsenal  in  the  Civil  War,  and  was  taken  by  the  Feder^s 
under  Wilson  Feb.  2, 1865.    Population  11900),  8,713. 

Selous,  Frederick  Courteney.  Bom  in  Jersey 

in  1852.  A  noted  sportsman.  He  went  to  Africa  in 
1871  as  explorer  and  pioneer,  and  on  various  hunting  trips 
1882-88.  In  1889  he  conducted  a  gold-prospecting  party 
through  eastern  Mashonaland,  where  he  made  treaties, 
opened  up  roads,  etc.,  returning  to  England  in  1892. 

Selsea,  or  Selsey  (sel'se),  Bill.  A  headland  at 
the  southwestern  extremity  of  Sussex, England, 
15  miles  east-southeast  of  Portsmouth. 

Selters  (zel'ters),  Nieder.  A  village  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  17  miles  north 
of  Wiesbaden :  famous  for  its  spring  of  Seiters 
water,  discovered  in  the  16th  century  (errone- 
ously called  Selzer  water :  see  Selzerh'unnen). 

Selvretta.    See  SUwetta. 

Selwyn  (sel'win),  George.  Bom  Aug.  11,1719: 
died  at  London,  Jan.  25, 1791.  An  English  wit. 
In  1745  he  was  expelled  from  Hertford  College,  Oxford, 
for  a  blasphemous  travesty  of  the  Eucharist.  In  1747  he 
was  a  member  of  Parliament  and  sided  with  the  court 
party.    He  was  an  intimate  friend  of  Horace  Walpole. 

Selwyn,  George  Augustus.  Bom  April  5, 1809 : 
died  April  11, 1878.  An  English  missionary  and 
bishop.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge.  In 
1829  he  rowed  in  the  flrst  university  boat-race.  In  1841  he 
was  consecrated  bishop  of  New  Zealand  and  Melanesia. 
In  1867  he  became  bishop  of  Lichfield. 

Selwyn  College.  A  college  of  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity, founded  in  1882  to  meet  the  wants  of 
students  of  the  Church  of  England  who  cannot 
afford  to  attend  the  more  expensive  colleges. 
It  was  founded  in  memory  of  George  Augustus 
Selwyn,  bishop  of  Lichfield. 

Selzerbrunnen  (selt'ser-brSn-nen).  A  mineral 
spring  in  Hesse,  near  Grosskarben,  north  of 


Selzerbrunnen 

Frankfort:  noted  for  Selzer  water  (sometimes 
oonfnsed  with  Selters  water:  see  Selters). 

Semaine  (se-man'),  La.  [F., '  The  Week,'  i.  e. 
'  of  Creation.']  A  descriptive  poem  by  Du  Bar- 
tas,  published  in  1575.    See  Bartas. 

Semao  (sa-ma'o),  or  Simao  (se-ma'6).  A  small 
island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  southwest  of 
Timor.    It  belongs  to  the  Dutch. 

Semele  (sem '  e  -le).  [Gr.  'SE/iiA.?/.']  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  daughter  of  Cadmus  and  Har- 
monia,  and  mother  by  Zeus  of  Dionysus.  Wish- 
ing to  behold  Zeus  as  the  god  of  thunder,  she  was  con- 
sumed by  lightning. 

Semele.  A  musical  drama,  after  the  manner  of 
an  oratorio,  by  Handel,  it  was  first  played  in  1744 
at  Covent  Garden  Theatre,  London,  The  libretto  is  altered 
from  an  opera  by  Congreve  written  in  1707  but  never  played. 

Semendria  (se-men'dre-a),  Serv.  Smederevo 
(sme-de-re'v6).  A  fortified  town  in  Servia.  it  is 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Jesava  and  Danube,  25 
miles  southeast  of  Belgrad.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in 
1439,  1459,  1690,  and  1738,  and  by  the  Austrians  in  1717 
and  1789.    Population  a890\  6,726. 

Seminara  (sa-me-na'ra).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Reggio  di  Calabria,  southern  Italy,  20 
miles  northeast  of  Eeggio.  Here  the  French  under 
D'Aubigny  defeated  Ferdinand  II.  of  I^aples  in  1496 ;  and 
D'Aubigny  was  defeated  here  and  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Spaniards  under  Andrada,  April  21, 1603.  Population  (1881), 
commune,  4,908. 

Seminole(sem'i-n61).  ^l.,alBoSeminoles.  Their 
name  means  'separatist'  or  'renegade.']  Atribe 
of  North  American  Indians  composed  of  the 
members  of  the  Creek  Confederacy  who  during 
the  18th  and  the  early  part  of  the  19th  century 
left  the  main  body  and  settled  in  Florida.  They 
were  engaged  in  two  wars  with  the  United  States  (1817-18 
and  1835-42).  That  of  1817-18  was  occasioned  by  their  dep- 
redations on  the  frontier  settlements  of  Georgia  and  of 
Alabama  Territory.  General  E.  P.  Gaines  destroyed  an 
Indian  Tillage  on  the  refusal  of  the  inhabitants  to  sur- 
render certain  alleged  murderers,  and  the  Indians  retali- 
ated by  waylaying  a  boat  ascending  the  Appalachicola 
with  supplies  for  Fort  Scott,  and  killing  34  men  and  a  num- 
ber of  women.  General  Jackson  took  the  field  against  the 
Indians  in  Jan.,  1818,  and  after  a  short  but  sharp  campaign 
destroyed  the  Seminole  villages  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
present  city  of  Tallahassee,  in  April.  He  court-martialed 
and  executed  two  British  subjects,  Arbuthnot  and  Ambrist- 
er,  who  were  among  the  captives,  and  whom  he  accused 
of  stirring  up  the  Indians,  and  on  May  24, 1818,  entered 
the  Spanish  town  of  Pensacola,  which  he  claim  ed  had  given 
refuge  to  the  savages.  The  war  of  1835-42  was  the  most 
bloody  and  stubborn  of  all  those  against  Indian  tribes.  It 
originated  in  the  refusal  of  a  part  of  the  tribe  to  cede  their 
Florida  lands  and  remove  to  the  Indian  Territory  accord- 
ing to  a  treaty  ratified  in  1834,  Osceola  was  the  Seminole 
leader,  and  the  war  was  conducted  with  varying  success 
under  Scott,  Call,  Jesup,  Taylor,  and  others,  till  the  sub- 
jugation of  the  Indians  in  1842.  The  number  of  Semlnoles 
finally  removed  in  1843  was  oflicially  reported  as  3,824. 
Those  who  reached  the  Indian  Territory  constituted  one 
of  the  five  "  civilized  nations  "  there,  now  numbering  about 
3,000,  including  negroes  and  adopted  whites,  andmore  than 
200  remain  in  southern  Florida,    See  MusJchogean. 

Seinipalatinsk(se-me-pa-la-tinsk').  1.  Aprov- 
ince  in  the  Kirghiz  Steppe,  Eussian  Central 
Asia.  It  lies  to  the  south  of  Siberia,  and  borders  on  the 
Chinese  empire  on  the  east  and  Lake  Balkash  on  the  south. 
Besides  steppes,  it  contains  several  mountain-ranges,  in- 
cluding chains  of  the  Altai.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Irtish. 
Area,  184,631  square  miles.  Population  (1897),  688,639 
(chiefly  Kirghiz). 

2 .  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Semipalatinsk, 
situated  on  the  Irtish  about  lat.  50°  25'  N.,  long. 
80°  13'  E.  It  is  animportant  trading  centerfor 
central  Asia.     Population  (1888),  19,310. 

Semiramide  (se-me-ra'mi-de).  [It.,  "Semira- 
mis."]  The  name  of  various  Italian  operas.  The 
most  important  are  "Semiramide," by  Kossini,  libretto  by 
Bossi  (produced  at  Venice,  1823);  and  "  Semiramide  Hico- 
nosciuta,"  by  Gluok,  libretto  by  Metaatasio  (produced  at 
Venice,  1748). , 

Semiramis  (se-mir'a-mis).  [Assyr.  Sammu- 
ramat,  loving  doves;  Gr.  ^E/iipa/nc.']  In  the 
Greek  historiographers,  wife  of  Ninus  the 
founder  of  Nineveh,  she  was  the  daughter  of  the 
Syrian  goddess  Derketo,  and  was  endowed  with  surpassing 
beauty  and  wisdom.  She  assumed  the  government  of  As- 
syria afterher  husband's  death  ;  built  the  city  of  Babylon 
with  its  hanging  gardens,  the  temple  of  Bel,  and  the  bridge 
over  the  Euphrates ;  conquered  Egypt,  Ethiopia,  and  Libya ; 
and  organized  a  campaign  against  India :  in  short,  every- 
thing marvelous  in  the  Orient  was  ascribed  by  the  Greeks 
to  the  supernatural  queen.  These  statements  of  Greek 
writers  find  no  confirmation  in  the  cuneiform  monuments. 
Some  of  the  exploits  of  Semiramis  are  identical  with  those 
recorded  of  the  goddess  Ishtar  in  the  so-called  Kimrod  epic. 
It  is  possible,  however,  that  there  was  some  historical  fpun- 
dation  for  these  legends,  as  the  name  Sammuramat  occurs 
in  the  inscriptions  as  the  queen  of  Bamman-Nirari  III. 
(811-782  B.  0,X  She  is  the  only  Assyrian  queen  whose  name 
IS  recorded  on  the  monuments. 

Semirainis.    See  Semiramide. 

Semiramis  of  the  North,  The.  1.  Margaret, 
queen  of  Norway,  Denmark,  and  Sweden. — 2. 
Catharine  n.  of  Russia. 

Semiryetchensk  (se-me-rye-ohensk').  A  prov- 
ince in  the  governor-generalship  of  Turkestan, 
Eussian  Central  Asia,  situated  south  of  Lake 
Balkash,  and  bordering  on  the  Chinese  empire 


916 

on  the  east,  it  contains  steppes  and  various  mountain- 
ranges,  including  part  of  the  Tian-Shan.  The  chief  rivers 
are  the  Hi  and  others  belonging  to  the  basin  of  Lake  Bal- 
kash, Area,  162,280  square  miles.  Population  (1897), 
990,243  (largely  Kirghiz), 

Semites  (sem'its) .  The  descendants,  or  supposed 
descendants,  of  Shem,  son  of  Noah:  a  name 
given  by  Eiehhom  to  the  Hebrews  and  alUed 
races  in  southwestern  Asia  and  eastern  Africa. 

The  true  Semite,  whether  we  meet  with  him  in  the  des- 
erts and  towns  of  Arabia,  in  the  baa-reliefs  of  the  Assyrian 
palaces,  or  in  the  lanes  of  some  European  ghetto,  is  dis- 
tinguished by  ethnological  features  as  definite  as  the  philo- 
logical features  which  distinguish  the  Semitic  languages. 
He  belongs  to  the  white  race,  using  the  term  "race"  in 
its  broadest  sense.  But  the  division  of  the  white  race 
of  which  he  is  a  member  has  characteristics  of  its 
own  so  marked  and  peculiar  as  to  constitute  a  special 
race— or,  more  strictly  speaking,  a  sub-race.  The  hair 
is  glossy-black,  curly  and  strong,  and  is  largely  developed 
on  the  face  and  head.  The  skull  is  dolichocephalic.  It  is 
curious,  however,  that  in  Central  Europe  an  examination 
of  the  Jews  has  shown  that  while  about  16  per  cent,  are 
blonds,  only  26  per  cent,  are  brunettes,  the  rest  being  of 
intermediate  type,  and  that  brachycephalism  occurs  almost 
exclusively  among  the  brunettes.  It  is  difiicultto  account 
for  this  except  on  the  theory  of  extensive  mixture  of  blood. 
Whenever  the  race  is  pure,  the  nose  is  prominent  and 
somewhat  aquiline,  the  lips  are  thick,  and  the  face  ovaL 
The  skin  is  of  a  dull  white,  which  tans  but  does  not  redden 
under  exposure  to  the  sun.  There  is  usually,  however,  a 
good  deal  of  colour  in  the  lips  and  cheeks.  The  eyes  are 
dark  like  the  hair.  Sayee,  Eaoes  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  77. 

Semler  (zem'ler),  Johann  Salomo.    Bom  at 

Saalfeld,  Thuringia,Dec.  18,  1725:  died  March 
14, 1791.  AGermanProtestanttheologian,  critic, 
and  church  historian,  professor  at  Halle  :  some- 
times styled  the  "  father  of  German  rational- 
ism." Among  his  works  are  "  Abhandlung  von  der  Un- 
tersuohung  des  Kanons  "  ("Treatise  on  the  Investigation 
of  the  Canon,"  1771-75),  "Selecta  capita  historise  ecclesias- 
ticae"  (1767-69),  etc. 

Semliki  (sem-le'ke).  A  river  in  central  Africa 
which  forms  the  outlet  of  Lake  Albert  Edward 
Nyanza  into  Lake  Albert  Nyanza. 

Semlin  (sem-len'),Hung.Zimony  (zim'ony), 
Servian  Zemun  (ze-m8n').  A  city  in  Croatia- 
Slavonia,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the 
Danube,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Save,  nearly  op- 
posite Belgrad.  It  has  important  transit  trade 
with  the  Balkan  peninsula.  Population  (1890), 
12,823. 

Semmering,  or  Semering  (zem'er-ing),  or  Som- 
mering  (zem'mer-ing) .  A  pass  in  the  Alps,  on 
the  border  of  Styria  and  Lower  Austria,  often 
regarded  as  marking  the  eastern  limit  of  the 
Alps.  It  has  been  traversed  since  1854  by  the  Semmer- 
ing E-ail  way,  connectingGloggnitz  with  Mtirzzuschlag,  and 
more  remotely  Vienna  with  Laibach,  Triest,  Italy,  etc. 
Height  at  the  tunnel,  2,940  feet. 

Semmering  Alps.  A  branch  of  the  Alps,  on  the 
borders  of  Styria  and  Lower  Austria.  Greatest 
elevation,  about  4j500  feet. 

Semmes  (semz),  Raphael.  Bom  in  Charles 
County,Md.,  Sept.  27, 1809:  died  at  Mobile,  Ala., 
Aug.  30, 1877.  A  noted  Confederate  naval  com- 
mander. He  served  in  the  Mexican  war ;  and  was  com- 
mander of  the  privateer  Sumter  in  1861,  and  of  the  cele- 
brated privateer  Alabama  1862-64.  (See  Alabama  and 
Eearsarge.)  Hepublished " ServiceAfloatand Ashoredur- 
ing  the  Mexican  War  "  (1861),  "  Campaign  of  General  Scott 
In  the  Valley  of  Mexico  "  (1852),  "  Cruise  of  the  Alabama  " 
(1864),  and  "  Service  Afloat  during  the  War  between  the 
States  "(1869). 

Semneh  (sem'ne).  AnancientfortressinEgypt, 
on  the  west  bank  of  the  NUe,  south  of  the  sec- 
ond cataract:  built  to  check  the  Cushites. 

Semnones  (sem-no'nez  or  sem'no-nez).  [L. 
(Tacitus)  Semnones,  Gr.  (Strabo)  Jii/iVijueg.']  A 
German  tribe,  a  principal  branch  of  the  Suevi, 
first  mentioned  by  Strabo,  who  describes  them 
as  subject  to  Maroboduus.  They  were  situated  about 
the  middle  Elbe  eastward  to  the  Oder.  They  are  .named 
for  the  last  time  at  the  end  of  the  2d  century,  in  the  so- 
called  Maroomannio  war. 

Sempach  (zem'pach).  A  small  town  in  the  can- 
ton of  Lucerne,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the 
Lake  of  Sempach  8  miles  northwest  of  Lucerne. 
A  victory  gained  here  by  the  Swiss  Confederates  over  the 
Austrians  under  Duke  Leopold,  July  9,  1886,  secured  the 
independence  of  the  Swiss.    Compare  WiiUcelried. 

Sempach,  Lake  of.  A  lake  in  the  canton  of 
Lucerne,  Switzerland,  8  miles  northwest  of  Lu- 
cerne. Its  outlet  is  by  the  Suhr  to  the  Aare. 
Length,  5  miles. 

Sempronia  (sem-pro'ni-a).  A  character^in  Ben 
Jonson's  "Catiline."  "  She  dabbles  in  politics,  reads 
Greek,  and  thinks  herself  the  match  of  Cicero  in  eloquence, 
of  Caesar  in  statecraft."    Symonds. 

Sempronia  gens  (sem-pro'ni-a  jenz).  A  Eoman 
house  or  elan  containing  several  noted  families 
in  the  time  of  the  republic,  the  most  famous  of 
which  was  the  family  of  the  Gracchi. 

Sempronius  (sem-pro'ni-us).  1.  A  character  in 
Shakspere's  "Timon  of  Athens."— 3.  A  char- 
acter in  Addison's  tragedy  "  Cato." 


Seneca 

Sempronius  (Tiberius  Sempronius  Longus). 

Died  about  210  b.  c.  A  Eoman  consul  in  218 
B.  c.  He  was  a  colleague  of  Publius  Scipio, 
with  whom  he  was  defeated  by  Hannibal  on 
the  Trebia. 

Semur  ( sfe-mlir' ) .  A  to wn  in  the  department  of 
C6te-d'0r,  France,  situated  on  the  Armancjon 
36  miles  west-northwest  of  Dijon.  Notre  Dame  is 
an  unusually  beautiful  church  of  the  13th  century,  with 
triple  porch,  flue  sculptured  portals,  and  interior  of  ex- 
cellent proportions  and  details.  There  is  flue  glass,  and 
the  chapels  contain  noteworthy  scriptural  reliefs.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  8,797. 

Senaar.    See  Sennar.  , 

Senancour  (se-non-kor'),  Etienne  Pivert  de. 
Born  at  Paris,  1770:  died  at  St. -Cloud,  France, 
1846.  A  French  ethical  writer,  moral  essayist, 
and  disciple  of  Eousseau.  Among  his  works  are 
"Efiveries  sur  la  nature  primitive  de  I'homme"  (1799), 
"Obermann  "  (1804 :  which  see),  "  De  I'amour  selon  les  lois 
primordiales,  etc."  (1805),  "Observations  sur  le  gfeie  du 
Christianisme"  (1816),  a  number  of  r^sum^s  of  history, 
tradition,  etc.  (1821-27),  "Isabella,"  a  romance  (1883),  etc. 

Senate.  [L.  senatus,  from  senex,  old.]  1.  In 
ancient  Eome,  a  body  of  citizens  appointed  or 
elected  from  among  the  patricians,  and  later 
from  among  rich  plebeians  also,  or  taking  seats 
by  virtue  of  holding  or  of  having  held  certain 
high  of&ces  of  state .  Originally  the  senate  had  supreme 
authority  in  religious  matters,  much  legislative  and  judi- 
cial power,  the  management  of  foreign  aifairs,  etc.  At 
the  close  of  the  republic,  however,  and  under  the  empire, 
the  authority  of  the  senate  was  little  more  than  nominal. 
The  original  senate  of  the  patricians  numbered  100 ;  after 
the  adjunction  of  the  Sabines  and  Luceres,  the  number 
became  300,  and  so  remained  with  little  change  until  the 
supremacy  of  Sulla.  Julius  Ceesar  made  the  number  900, 
and  after  his  death  it  became  over  1,000,  but  was  reduced 
to  [600  by  Augustus,  and  varied  under  subsequent  em- 
perors. 

2.  The  upper  or  less  numerous  branch  of  the 
legislature  in  various  countries,  as  in  Prance, 
Italy,  the  United  States,  most  South  American 
coimtries,  and  in  the  separate  States  of  the 
American  Union.  The  Senate  of  theUnited  States  con- 
sists of  2  senators  from  each  State,  and  numbers  (1901)  90 
members.  A  senator  must  be  at  least  30  years  of  age,  9 
years  a  citizen  of  the  countrj;,  and  a  resident  of  the  State 
from  which  he  is  chosen .  Senators  are  elected  by  the  State 
legislatures,  and  sit  for  6  years,  but  the  terms  of  office  are 
so  arranged  that  one  third  of  the  members  retire  every  2 
years.  In  addition  to  its  legislative  functions,  the  Senate 
has  power  to  confirm  or  reject  nominations  and  treaties 
made  by  the  President,  and  also  tries  impeachments.  The 
Vice-President  of  the  XJnited  States  is  the  president  of  the 
Senate :  in  his  absence  a  senator  is  chosen  president  pro 
tempore.  The  name  Senate  has  been  adopteaby  the  upper 
houses  of  the  Canadian  Parliament  and  of  the  Common- 
wealth of  Australia. 

Senchus  Mor  (sen'chos  mor).  The.  [L-.,  'The 
(Jreat  Law.']  A  revision  of  the  Brehon  laws  of 
Ireland,  said  to  have  been  made  by  the  chief 
lawyers  of  the  country,  with  the  assistance  of 
St.  Patrick,  in  the  5th  century. 

Sendabad,    See  Sandabar. 

Sendai  (sen-dl').  A  town  in  the  main  island  of 
Japan,  situated  on  the  eastern  coast.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  66,310. 

Seneca  (sen'e-ka).  [PL,  also  Senecas.1  A  tribe 
of  North  American  Indians.  The  name  is  foreign 
to  their  language,  and  is  probably  a  corruption  of  a  word 
meaning  'red  paint."  They  called  themselves  by  a  name 
meaning  'people  of  the  mountain."  The  French  called 
them  Tsonnontouan.  They  shared  with  the  Mohawks  the  < 
glory  of  the  Iroquois  Confederacy,  and  were  conspicuous 
in  the  wars  west  of  Lake  Erie.  When  first  known  they  oc- 
cupied the  land  in  western  New  York  between  Seneca 
Lake  and  the  Genesee  Eiver.  On  the  defeat  of  the  Erie  and 
the  Neuter  tribes  they  took  possession  of  the  territory  west 
to  Lake  Erie  and  south  along  the  Allegheny  to  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  received  by  adoption  many  of  the  conquered  peo- 
ples, by  which  they  became  the  largest  tribe  of  the  con- 
federacy. They  sided  with  the  British  in  the  Eevolution, 
but  did  not  generally  abandon  their  homes.  They  num- 
ber about  3,000.    See  Iroquois. 

Seneca,  Lucius  Annseus,  Bom  at  Corduba 
about  4  B.  c. :  died  at  his  villa  near  Eome, 
65  A.  D.  A  celebrated  Eoman  Stoic  philoso- 
pher. He  was  the  son  of  M.  Annceus  Seneca  and  Helvia, 
and  when  a  child  was  brought  by  his  parents  to  Eome, 
where  he  studied  rhetoric  and  philosophy  and  rose  to 
prominence  as  a  pleader  of  causes.  He  was  a  senator  un- 
der Caligula,  In  the  first  year  of  the  reign  of  Caligula's 
successor,  Claudius  (41),  he  was  banished  to  Corsica  at  the 
instigation  of  the  empress  Messalina,  who  accused  him  of 
improper  intimacy  with  Julia,  the  daughter  of  Germani- 
cus.  He  was  recalled  in  49  through  theinfiuence  of  Agrip- 
pina,  the  new  wife  of  Claudius,  who  intrusted  him  with 
the  education  of  her  son  Nero.  On  the  accession  of  his 
pupil  in  54  he  obtained  virtual  control  of  the  government, 
which  he  exercised  in  concert  with  the  pretorian  prefect 
Burrus.  The  restraint  which  his  counsel  imposed  on  the 
emperor  made  his  tenure  of  power  precarious,  and  on  the 
assassination  of  Burrus  in  62  he  petitioned  for  permission 
to  retire  from  the  court.  The  permission  was  withheld; 
nevertheless  he  withdrew  from  the  management  of  affairs. 
He  was  ultimately  charged  with  complicity  in  the  con- 
spiracy of  Piso,  and  took  his  own  life  in  obedience  to  the 
order  of  Nero.  His  writings  consist  of  the  prose  works 
"De  ira,"  "De  consolatione  ad  Helviam  matrem  liber," 
"De  consolatione  ad  Polybium  liber,"  "Liber  de  consola- 
tione ad  Marciam,"  "De  provldentia  liber,"  "De  animi 


Seneca 

tranqullltate,"  "De  constantia  saplentis,"  "De  dementia 
ad  Neronem  CBesarem  libri  duo,  "De  brevitate  vitse  ad 
Paulinum  liber,"  "De  vita  beata  ad  Gallionem,"  "  De  otio 
aut  aecessu  saplentis,"  "De  beneflciis  libri  septem,"  "Epis- 
toloB  ad  Lucilium,"  ''Apooolocyntosis,"  and  "  Qusestionum 
natarallum  libri  septem  " ;  and  tbe  tragedies  "  Hercules," 
"Troades,"  "Phoenissse"  or  "Thebais,"  ''Medea,"  "Pha- 
dra'or  "  Hippolytus,"  "CEdipus,"  "Agamemnon,"  "Thy- 
estes,"  "Hercules  (Etseus,"  and,  according  to  some,  "Oo- 
tavia." 

Seneca  Falls.  A  village  and  townsMp  in  Sene- 
ca County,  New  York,  situated  on  Seneca  Eiver 
45  miles  east-southeast  of  Rochester.  It  has  va- 
rious manufactures.  Pop.  (1900),  village,  6,519. 

Seneca  Lake,  A  lake  in  western  central  New 
York,  west  of  Cayuga  Lake.  Its  outlet  is  the 
Seneca  Eiver.  Length,  about  36  miles.  Great- 
est breadth,  4  miles. 

Senefelder  (za'ne-fel-der),  Aloys.  Born  at 
Prague,  Nov.  6,  1771:  died  at  Munich,  Feb.  26, 
1834.  A  Grerman  inventor,  discoverer  of  the  pro- 
cess of  lithography  (1798). 

Seneffe  (sfe-nef ')•  A  village  in  the  province  of 
Hainant,  Belgium,  22  miles  south  by  west  of 
Brussels.  Here,  Aug.  11, 1674,  an  Indecisive  battle  was 
fought  by  the  Prench  under  Cond^  and  the  Dutch  under 
William  of  Orange ;  and  here,  July  2, 1794,  the  Trench 
under  Marceau  defeated  the  Austrians. 

Senegal  (sen-e-gW).  A  river  in  western  Africa, 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  Bafing  and  Bakhoy. 
It  flows  generally  northwest  and  west,  and  empties  into 
tbe  Atlantic  about  lat.  16°  N.  Length,  about  1,000  miles ; 
navigable  to  Matu,  and  in  the  rainy  season  to  M^dine, 

Sdndgal  (sa-na-gal').  Acolonyinwestem  Africa, 
belonging  to  Prance.  Capital,  St.  Louis,  it  lies 
mainly  south  of  the  river  Senegal,  and  extends  eastward  to 
the  upper  Niger  valley.  Various  native  states  in  the  vicinity 
are  under  a  French  protectorate.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly 
negroes.  It  became  a  French  colony  in  the  17th  century ; 
was  twice  held  temporarily  by  the  British ;  and  was  greatly 
developed  under  Faidherbe  in  1864  and  succeeding  years. 

Senegambia  (sen-e-gam'bi-a).  [From  Sene(gal) 
and  Gambia.^  A  region  in'western  Africa,  ex- 
tending along  the  Atlantic  coast  south  of  the 
Sahara  (from  which  it  is  partly  separated  by  the 
Senegal)  to  Sierra  Leone,  and  eastward  to  the 
upper  Niger  valley.  The  surface  in  the  interior  is 
table-land.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Senegal  and 
Gambia.  It  is  divided  between  the  French  (colony  of 
Senegal),  English  (Gambia,  etc.),  and  Portuguese  (Bissagos 
Archipelago,  etc.).    See  also  Sudan,  French. 

Senior  (se'nypr),  Nassau  William.  Born  at 
Compton,  Berkshire,  England,  Sept.  26,  1790 : 
died  at  Kensington,  Jtme  4,  1864.  An  English 
political  economist  and  critic.  At  Magdalen  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  he  was  a  private  pupil  of  Richard  Whately 
(afterward  archbishop  of  Dublin).  He  graduated  in  1811 ; 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1819 ;  and  became  master  in  chan- 
cery in  1836.    From  1826  to  1830  he  was  professor  of  polit- 

■  leal  economy  at  Oxford.  He  filled  the  chair  again  1847-62. 
In  1861  he  was  a  commissioner  of  popular  education.  He 
published  "An  Outline  of  the  Science  of  Political  Econ- 
omy" (1836),  a  lecture  on  the  ('Production  of  Wealth" 
(1847), "  Suggestions  on  Popular  Education  "  (1861), "  Amer- 
ican Slavery"  (1862),  "Essays  on  Fiction"  (1864),  "His- 
torical and  Philosophical  Essays  "(1866),  and  many  lectures 
and  essays  on  economic  subjects,  and  journals  of  travels. 

Senkereh  (sen'ke-re).  A  place  on  the  site  of 
the  ancient  Chaldean  city  Larsa.  See  Ellasar. 
Tablets  containing  lists  of  squares  and  cubes  of  numbers 
have  been  found  in  the  ruins. 

Senlac  (sen'lak).  A  hill  in  Sussex,  England, 
near  Hastings,  it  is  notable  as  the  scene  of  the  battle 
of  Senlac  (or  battle  of  Hastings),  Oct.  14, 1066,  in  which 
William  the  Norman  (William  I.  of  England,  William  the 
Conqueror)  defeated  the  English  under  Harold,  who  was 
slain  in  the  battle.  This  was  the  one  battle  fought  in  the 
Norman  conquest  of  England. 

Senlis  (son-les'  or  son-le').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Oise,  Prance,  situated  on  the  No- 
nette  25  miles  north-northeast  of  Paris,  it  was 
formerly  the  seat  of  a  bishopric.  The  cathedral  is  an  in- 
teresting church  of  the  12th  century  and  later.  The  west- 
ern fajade  possesses  a  very  fine  sculptured  portal  and  a 
13th-century  spire  which,  though  not  very  lofty  (211  feet), 
is  a  model  of  grace,  and  forms  an  architectural  tj^pefor  its 
date.  Sixteen  towers  of  the  Gallo-Koman  fortifications 
are  stiU  to  be  seen.  The  town  is  often  mentioned  in 
medieval  history.    Population  (1891),  commune,  7,116. 

Sennaar.    See  Sennar. 

Sennacberib  (se-nak'e-rib).  [Assyr.  Sin-ajte- 
erba,  Sin  (the  moon-god)  increase  the  brothers.] 
King  of  Assyria  705-681  b.  c,  son  and  successor 
of  Sargon .  one  of  the  great  Assyrian  monarchs, 
and  well  known  in  biblical  history.  He  was  first 
engaged,  like  his  father,  in  many  bloody  wars  against  the 
Babylonian  and  Elamite  alliance  headed  by  Merodach- 
baladan,  the  hereditary  foe  of  Assyria.  These  ended  with 
the  capture  and  destruction  of  Babylon  in  689,  and  the  de- 
feat of  Elam  in  the  memorable  battle  of  Halule  in  691 
B.  0.  (See  Elam.)  Of  his  further  expeditions,  which  ac- 
cording to  Greelc  and  cuneiform  accounts  reached  as  far  as 
Cilicia  in  Asia  Minor,  where  he  is  supposed  to  have  founded 
the  city  of  Tarsus,  may  be  mentioned  that  against  Phenioia 
and  Palestine  Itnown  from  the  Old  Testament.  ((Jonoern- 
ing  therelation  of  the  biblical  account  to  that  of  the  cunei- 
form inscriptions,  see  Hezeldah  and  Jerusalem,)  The 
expedition  was  provolsed  by  the  coalition  of  Phenicia, 
Palestine,  and  the  principalities  of  Syria  with  Egypt, 
Mesopotamia's  rival  for  the  supremacy  over  Asia,  and  its 
object  was  to  isolate  Egypt.    The  bulk  of  the  Assyrian 


917 

army  met  the  forces  of  the  coalition  at  Eltekeh  (Assyrian 
Altaku).  The  battle  seems  to  have  been  indecisive.  The 
siege  of  Jerusalem  had  to  be  given  up  on  account  of  a  pes- 
tilence which  broke  out  in  the  Assyrian  army.  Like  Sargon, 
Sennacherib  indulged  in  building,  and  endeavored  to  pro- 
mote the  welfare  of  the  country  by  introducing  improve- 
ments. His  reign  was  of  special  importance  for  the  his- 
tory of  the  city  of  Nineveh,  which,  after  having  long  been 
neglected,  was  again  raised  by  him  to  the  dignity  of  a  capi- 
tal, and  restored  to  unprecedented  splendor  and  glory. 
While  praying  in  a  temple  he  was  murdered  by  two  of  his 
sons,  who  fled  to  Armenia  (Urartu). 

Sennar,  o?  Sennaar,  or  Senaar  (se-nar').  1 .  A 
region  in  eastern  Africa,  it  extends  between  the 
White  Nile  and  the  Rahad  (a  tributary  of  the  Blue  Nile) 
southward  from  Khartum  to  about  lat.  11°  N.  The  sur- 
face, generally  level,  is  mountainous  in  the  southeast.  Be- 
fore the  Mahdist  revolt  of  1881  it  was  a  province  of  the 
Egyptian  Sudan.  The  inhabitants  are  Arabs,  Funji(Negro), 
etc. 

3.  The  chief  town  of  the  district  of  Sennaar, 
situated  on  the  Blue  Nile. 
Sennheim  (zen'him),  P.  Oernay  (ser-na').  A 
town  in  Upper  Alsace,  Alsace-Lorraine,  sit- 
uated on  the  Thur  9  miles  northwest  of  Miil- 
hausen.  Near  it  is  the  Ochsenfeld,  where  Caesar  Is  said 
to  have  defeated  Ariovistus  68  E.  c.  Population  (1890), 
4,376. 

Sdnonais  (sa-no-na')-  A  former  division  of  the 
ancient  Champagne,  in  France.  Capital,  Sens. 

Senones  (seu'o-nez-).  1.  In  ancient  history,  a 
people  of  the  Cfisalpine  Gauls,  dwelling  between 
the  Adriatic  and  the  Apennines,  about  lat.  43° 
30'-44°  N.  They  were  conquered  by  the  Ro- 
mans about  283  b.  o.  and  expelled  from  their 
lands. — 2.  In  ancient  history,  a  tribe  in  central 
Gaul,  situated  northwest  of  the  .^jdui,  and  hav- 
ing Agedincum  (Sens)  as  their  capital.  They 
revolted  against  Csesar  54-52  b.  o. 

Senones  (s6-n6n').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Vosges,  eastern  France,  41  mUes  southeast 
of  Nancy.  Population  (1891),  commune,  4,027. 

Senova  (sa-no'vS.).  A  place  south  of  the  "Bal- 
kans, in  the  Valley  of  Eoses,  Eastern  Eumelia, 
where  the  Russians  under  SkobeleflE  defeated 
the  Turks,  Jan.  9,  1878. 

Sens(sons).  A  city  in  the  department  of  Yonne, 
France,  situated  on  the  Yonne  61  miles  south- 
east of  Paris:  the  ancient  Agedincum.  The 
Cathedral  of  St.  ]^tienne  Is  a  beautiful  early-Pointed 
structure,  rebuilt  in  the  12th  century,  and  taken  as  a 
model  by  the  architect  of  Canterbury  cathedral.  There 
are  remains  of  Eoman  walls.  The  town  was  the  capital  of 
the  ancient  Senones,  and  became  an  important  B.oman  city. 
Its  archbishop  was  "  primate  of  Gaul  and  Germany."  It 
was  the  meeting-place  of  the  church  council  which  con- 
demned Abelard.  It  favored  the  League  and  resisted 
Henry  IV.  until  1594.  It  was  besieged  in  1814,  and  was 
held  by  the  Germans  in  1870-71.    Population  (1891),  14,006. 

Sense  and  Sensibility.  A  novel  by  Jane 
Austen,  written  during  1797-98  aiid  published 
in  1811. 

Sent  (sent),  or  Senta  (sen'ta).  An  Egyptian 
king.     See  the  extract. 

It  is  even  possible  to  go  back  for  another  600  years, 
when  we  come  at  last  to  the  very  earliest  extant  Inscrip- 
tion In  the  world.  This  venerable  record  is  a  tablet  now 
In  the  Ashmolean  Museum  at  Oxford,  which  was  erected 
by  Sent,  a  king  of  the  second  dynasty,  to  the  memory  of 
Shera,  who  appears  to  have  been  his  grandson.  According 
to  tlie  chronological  scheme  of  M.  Mariette,  King  Sent 
must  have  lived  about  the  year  4700  B.  0.  But,  as  will  pres- 
ently be  shown,  this  very  inscription,  the  oldest  written 
record  In  existence,  affords  conclusive  proof  that  even  at 
that  distant  date  of  some  60  or  70  centuries,  the  hiero- 
glyphic writing  was  already  an  extremely  ancient  graphic 
system,  with  long  ages  of  previous  development  stretch- 
ing out  behind  it  into  a  distant  past  of  almost  inconceiva- 
ble remoteness.  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  I.  66. 

Sentimental  Journey  tbrougb  France  and 
Italy,  A.  A  work  by  Laurence  Sterne,  two 
volumes  of  which  were  published  shortly  before 
his  death  in  1768.  He  intended  to  make  it  a  much 
larger  work.  Several  continuations  have  been  written  by 
others. 

Sentinum  (sen-ti'num).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  city  in  Italy,  near  the  Apennines,  37  miles 
west-southwest  of  Aneona:  the  modem  Sen- 
tino.  It  is  noted  for  the  decisive  victory  gained  there 
296  E.  0.  by  the  Romans  under  Fablus  and  Deoius  Mus 
over  the  allied  Samnites  and  Gauls. 

Sentis,  or  Santis  (sen'tis).  A  mountain  in 
Switzerland,  6  miles  south  of  Appenzell.  It  is 
about  8,215  feet  high,  and  is  most  easily  as- 
cended from  the  Weissbad. 

Seoni,  or  Seonee  (se-6'ne).  1.  A  district  m  the 
Central  Provinces,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  22°  N.,  long.  79°  45'  B.  Area,  3,198  square 
miles.  Pop.  (1891),  370,767.-3.  The  capital 
of  the  district  of  Seoni.    Pop.  (1891),  11,976. 

Seoul.    See  Seul 

Sepbarad  (sef'a-rad).  A  region  where  de- 
ported Israelite's  lived,  its  geographical  location  is 
uncertain.  The  Septnagint  renders  It  by  Ephratha,  the 
Vulgate  by  Bosphorus.  Some  identify  it  with  Spard  which 
occurs  in  the  Persian  cuneiform  inscriptions,  and  which  is 


Septennial  Act 

supposed  to  represent  Sardis  and  Lydia ;  others  with  Se. 
parda  In  the  southwest  of  Media,  mentioned  In  Sargon's 
mscriptions ;  still  others  with  Sepurd,  a  mountain_south' 
west  of  Erzerum.  The  Syriao  translation  of  the  Peshita  and 
Jewish  mterpreters  render  it  by  Spain,  and  in  medieval  and 
modern  Jewish  writings  the  name  always  designates  Spain. 

Sepbardim  (se-far'dim).  [Heb.]  Spanisi-Por- 
tuguese  Jews,  as  distinguished  from  Ashkena- 
zim,  or  German-Polish  Jews.    See  Ashkenasim. 

Sepbardo  (se-f  ar'do),  Salomo.  In  George  Eliot's 
"Spanish  (3ipsy,"  a  Jewish  astrologer  who  per- 
ceives clearly  the  scientific  limits  to  astrologi- 
cal prediction. 

Sepbarvaim  (sef-Sr-va'im).  In  the  Assyrian 
inscriptions,  Sippara,  a  city  in  Mesopotamia,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Euphrates,  it  was  divided  by 
the  "Royal  Canal  "  or  the  "Canal  of  Agade,"  one  part  be- 
ing  originally  called  SIppar,  the  other  Agade ;  but  the 
name  of  Agade,  it  seems,  was  lost  In  the  lapse  of  time,  and 
both  cities  became  one.  In  the  cuneiform  Inscriptions 
the  two  portions  of  the  city  are  distinguished  as  "Sippar 
of  Shamash"  and  "  Sippar  of  Annuit,"  being  centers  of  the 
cult  of  these  divinities.  The  temple  of  Shamash,  the  sun- 
god,  called  E-babbara,  was  also  consecrated  to  the  worship 
of  Moloch,  who  was  the  sun-god  in  his  destructive  aspect. 
This  agrees  with  2  Ki.  xvii.  31,  according  to  which  the  colo- 
nists from  Sepharvaim  settled  in  Samaria  "burned  their 
sons  with  fire  to  Adrammeleoh  and  Anammelech."  Seph- 
arvaim is  now  represented  by  the  ruins  of  Abuhabba, 
where,  in  1881,  Hormuzd  Rassam  discovered  the  temple 
of  the  sun-god. 

Sepbestia(se-fes'tia).  In  Greene's  novel  "Mena- 
phon,"  the  banished  daughter  of  King  Damo- 
cles, beloved  by  the  shepherd  Meuaphon.  While 
disguised  as  the  shepherdess  Samela,  she  Is  also  the  object 
of  the  passion  of  her  father,  her  husband  Maximus,  and  her 
son  Pleusldippus.    Her  song  to  her  child  — 

"Weep  not,  my  wanton,  smile  upon  my  knee : 
When  thou  art  old,  there 's  grief  enough  for  thee  "— 
is  well  known. 

Sepbirotb  (sef'i-roth).  [Heb.,  from  saphar, 
write,  count.]  In  the  Kabbala,  the  ten  attri- 
butes or  intelligences  forming  the  Adam  Kad- 
mon  (first  man)  and  emanating  from  the  En- 
Soph  or  Infinite :  compared  to  rays  of  light,  and 
identified  with  Scriptiire  names  of  God. 

Sepoy  Mutiny.    See  Indian  Mutiny. 

Sepp  (sep),  Johann  Nepomuk.  Bom  at  Tolz, 
Bavaria,  Aug.  7, 1816.  A  German  Eoman  Cath. 
olic  theologian  and  historian,  professor  of  his- 
tory at  Munich  1846^7  and  1850-67.  His  works 
Include  "Leben  Jesu"("Life  of  Jesus,"  1842-46),  "Das 
Seidentum  und  dessen  Bedeutung  f ilr  das  Christentum  " 
(1863),  etc. 

Seppboris  (sef'o-ris).  [In  the  Talmud,  Zippori.'] 
The  modern  village  Sefuriyeh,  situated  li  miles 
distant  from  Nazareth.  Herod  Antipa  made  it  the 
capital  of  Galilee.  Its  Roman  name  was  Dlocsesarea. 
Under  Rabbi  Jehuda  the  Prince  (ha  Nasi)  it  became  the 
seat  of  the  Sanhedrim ;  later  it  was  tiie  residence  of  a 
bishop  of  Palestina  Secunda.  In  339  (under  Constan- 
tine)  it  was  destroyed  in  consequence  of  a  revolt  of  the 
Jews.  During  the  Crusades,  the  tradition  that  Sepphoris 
was  the  home  of  Joachim  and  Anna,  the  parents  of  the 
Virgin  Maiy,  was  generally  accepted,  and  the  Crusaders 
erected  a  church  on  the  traditional  site  of  their  dwelling. 
The  modem  Sefuriyeh  numbers  about  600  inhabitants. 

September  (sep-tem'ber).  [L.  September,  sc. 
mensis,  the  '  seventh  month'  of  the  Roman  year, 
which  began  with  March.]  The  ninth  month 
of  the  year,  containing  thirty  days. 

September,  Massacres  of.  A  series  of  murders 
perpetrated  by  the  extreme  revolutionists  at 
Paris,  Sept.  2-6,  1792,  the  victims  being  royal- 
ists and  constitutionalists  confined  in  prison. 
The  massacres  were  undertaken  by  the  Commune  of  Paris, 
and  were  occasioned  by  the  consternation  felt  over  the 
approach  of  the  Prussians,  whose  avowed  object  was  to 
restore  the  kln^. 

Danton  believed  that  before  going  forth  to  conquer 
foreign  enemies  it  was  necessary  to  exterminate  those  at 
home,  at  least  to  "  strike  terror  to  the  royalists!"  He  or- 
dered, or  allowed  the  committee  of  surveillance  to  order, 
the  frightful  massacres  of  September  2-6.  A  band  of  four 
or  five  hundred  assassins,  hired  by  the  Commune,  took 
possession  of  the  prisons.  Some  of  them  constituted  them- 
selves a  tribunal,  others  served  as  executioners.  The  pris- 
oners were  called,  and  after  a  few  questions  they  were  set 
at  liberty  or  led  into  the  courtyard  of  the  prison  and  de- 
spatched with  sabres,  pikes,  axes,  and  clubs.  After  having 
killed  the  political  prisoners,  they  murdered  prisoners  of 
all  classes.  The  number  of  killed  amounted  to  nine  hun- 
dredand  sixty-six.    D«r«2/,Hist.of  France,p.562(tran8.). 

September  Convention.  A  treaty  concluded 
Sept.  15, 1864,  between  France  and  Italy,  in  ac- 
cordance with  which  France  was  to  withdraw 
troops  from  Rome  in  two  years,.and  Italy  was  to 
guarantee  the  retention  of  Eome  by  the  Pope. 

September  Laws.  In  French  history,  laws  re- 
stricting the  freedom  of  the  press,  promulgated 
in  Sept.,  1835. 

Septembrists  (sep-tem'brists).  1.  The  insti- 
gators of  the  September  massacres  in  Paris  in. 
1792. — 3.  In  Portuguese  history,  the  partizans 
of  the  liberal  constitution  of  Sept.,  1822. 

Septennial  Act.  In  English  history,  an  act  of 
Parliament  passed  in  1716,  which  superseded 


Septennial  Act 

the  Triennial  Act,  and  prolonged  to  seven 
years  the  possible  life  of  Parliament:  Parlia- 
ment must  be  dissolved  at  the  end  of  seven 
years. 

Septentriones  (sep-ten-tri-6'nez).  [From  sep- 
tem,  seven,  and  trio,  a  plow-ox.]  The  seven  stars 
belonging  to  the  constellation  of  the  Great 
Bear  (or  Charles's  Wain) ;  hence,  this  constel- 
lation itself,  which  is  also  called  Septentrio. 

Sept  iles  (set  el).  [P.,  'seven  islands.']  A 
group  of  seven  small  islands,  situated  in  the 
English  Channel  26  miles  northeast  of  Morlaix. 
They  form  a  part  of  the  department  of  Cdtes- 
du-Nord,  Prance. 

Septimania  (sep-ti-ma'ni-a),  or  GrOthia  (go'- 
thi-a).  [Named  from  fhe" seventh  Eoman  le- 
gion, which  established  a  colony  at  Beterrse 
(B^ziers).]  An  ancient  territory  in  the  south- 
em  part  of  Prance,  of  varying  limits.  Chief 
place,  Narbonne.  it  comprised  part  of  the  Roman 
Narbonensis,  extending  from  tlie  moutli  of  the  Rhone  to 
the  Pyrenees  along  the  Mediterranean  coast,  and  north- 
westward to  the  C^vennes,  and  comprising  also  NImes  and 
Carcassonne.  It  formed  part  of  the  West-Gothic  liingdom, 
and  was  retained  by  the  West  Goths  in  the  Merovingian 
epoch ;  was  conquered  by  the  Saracens  early  in  the  8th 
century ;  and  was  conquered  by  Pepin  the  Short  762-759. 
It  was  made  a  duchy,  and  in  the  9th  century  became  a 
marquisate.    Later  it  followed  the  fortunes  of  Toulouse. 

Septimer  (zep'ti-mer).  An  Alpine  pass  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  canton  of  G-risons,  Switzer- 
land. It  leads  from  Bivio  and  the  Oberhalbstein  valley  to 
Casaooia  and  the  valley  of  the  Maira.    Height,  7,682  feet. 

Septimius  Felton.  An  unfinished  story  by  Na- 
thaniel Hawthorne,  published  in  1872,  after  his 
death. 

Septimius  Severus.    See  Severus. 

Septimius  Severus,  Arch  of.  See  Arch  of  Sep- 
timius Severus. 

Septinsular  (sep-tin'su-lar)  Republic.  A 
name  sometimes  given  to  the  republic  of  the 
seven  Ionian  Islands. 

Septuagint  (sep'tu-a-jint).  [Prom  L.  sepfua- 
ginta,  seventy.]  AGreekversionof  theHebrew 
Scriptures  made,aooordingto  tradition,  byabout 
seventy  translators :  usually  expressed  by  the 
symbol  LXX  ('the  Seventy').  The  legend  is  that 
it  was  made  by  seventy-two  persons  in  sevens-two  days. 
It  is  said  by  Josephus  to  have  been  made  in  the  reign 
and  by  the  order  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  king  of  Egypt, 
about  270  or  280  B.  0.  It  is  supposed,  however,  by  mod- 
ern critics  that  this  version  of  the  several  books  is  the 
work  not  only  of  different  hands  but  of  separate  times. 
It  is  probable  that  at  first  only  the  Pentateuch  was  trans- 
lated, and  the  remaining  books  gradually ;  but  the  trans- 
lation is  believed  to  have  been  completed  by  the  2d  cen- 
tury B.  0.  The  Septuagint  is  written  in  the  Hellenistic 
(Alexandrine)  dialect,  and  is  linguistically  of  great  im- 
portance from  its  effect  upon  the  diction  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment, and  as  the  source  of  a  large  part  of  the  religious  and 
theological  vocabulary  of  the  Greek  fathers,  and  (through 
the  Old  Latin  version  of  the  Bibleand  the  influence  of  this  on 
the  Vulgate)  of  that  of  the  Latin  fathers  also  and  of  all  west- 
ern nations  to  the  present  day.  In  the  Greek  Church  the 
Septuagint  has  been  in  continuous  use  from  the  earliest 
times,  although  other  Greek  versigns  (see  Hexapla)  were 
anciently  also  in  circulation,  and  it  is  the  Old  Testament 
still  used  in  that  church.  The  Septuagint  contains  the 
books  called  Apocrypha  intermingled  among  the  other 
books.  It  is  the  version  which  agrees  with  most  of  the 
citations  in  the  New  Testament. 

Sepulcher  (sep'iil-k6r).  Knights  of  the  Holy. 

A  military  order  established  by  Godfrey  de 
Bouillon  in  1099  to  watch  the  sepulcher  of  Christ. 
Sepulcher,  The  Holy.  The  sepulcher  in  which 
the  body  of  Christ  lay  between  his  burial  and 
resurrection,  its  traditional  site  at  Jerusalem  has  been 
marked  since  very  early  times  by  a  chui'ch. 

Seprilveda  (sa-pol'va-THa),  Juan  Ginez  de. 

Bom  near  Cordova  about  1490:  died  at  Mariano, 
near  Cordova,  1573.  A  Spanish  theologian  and 
historian.  He  was  royal  historiographer  from  1536,  and 
preceptor  of  Prince  Philip,  afterward  PhUip  11.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  noted  opponents  of  Las  Casas,  holding  in 
his  treatise  **Democrates  Secundus"  that  war  on  the  In- 
dians and  Indian  slavery  were  justifiable.  Sepulveda's 
numerous  works  are  all  in  Latin.  They  include  histories 
of  the  reigns  of  Charles  Y.  and  Philip  II.,  and  many  the- 
ological treatises.  Refeningtothe  elegance  of  his  Latinity, 
Erasmus  called  him  "the  Spanish  Livy." 

Sequana  (sek'wa-na).  The  Eoman  name  of  the 
Seine. 

Se(iuani(sek'wa-ni).  In  ancient  history,  apeople 
of  eastern  Gaul  who  dwelt  east  of  the.ZEdui  (from 
whom  they  were  separated  by  the  Sa6ne)  and 
west  of  the  Jura.  They  were  allied  with  the  Arvemi 
against  the  M&ai.  They  invited  Ariovistus  and  the  Ger- 
mans across  the  Rhine;  allowed  the  Helvetii  passage 
through  their  country  in  68  B.  0. ;  and  joined  the  league 
against  Caesar  in  62  B.  c. 

Serafshan.    See  Zerafshan. 

Seraglio  (se-ral'yo).  [It.,  '  an  inclosure.']  The 
chief  or  official  palace  of  the  Sultan  of  Turkey 
at  Constantinople,  it  is  of  great  size,  and  contains 
government  buildings,  mosques,  etc.,  as  well  as  the  sultan's 
harem. 

Seraglio  Point.  The  point  on  the  southern  side 


918 

of  the  Golden  Horn  where  that  inlet  joins  the 
Bosporus. 

The  old  walls  run  out  to  a  point,  and  then  wind  round 
to  the  north,  bounding  the  harbour.  The  Point  is  crowned 
by  a  group  of  irregular  ruinous  buildings,  and  a  few  bet- 
ter preserved  kiosques,  which  are  all  that  remain  of  the 
Seraglio  of  the  Grand  Signior.  Over  them  rise  the  bulbous 
dome  and  cupolas  of  St.  Sophia,  with  its  Turkish  minarets, 
and  beyond  are  other  domes  and  minarets  innumerable. 
Rounding  Seraglio  Point,  the  vessel  glides  into  the  Golden 
Horn  —  the  wide  inlet  which  forms  the  splendid  harbour 
of  Constantinople,  and  divides  the  city  into  its  European 
and  its  Turkish  quarters.    Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  262. 

Serai.    See  Sarai. 

Seraievo.    See  Bosna-Serai. 

Seraing  (se-ran').  A  village  in  the  province  of 
Li6ge,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Mouse  3  miles 
southwest  of  Lifege.  it  is  the  seat  of  a  large  establish- 
mentformanufacturing machinery,  engines,  cast-iron  arti- 
cles, etc.,  founded  by  John  Cockerill  in  1817.  Population 
(1893),  36,278. 

Serajewo,  or  Serajevo.    See  Bosna-Serai. 

Serampur  (ser-am-p6r'),  or  Serampore  (ser-am- 
por').  A  town  in  Hugli  district,  Bengal,  Brit- 
ish India,  situated  on  the  Hugli  13  miles  north  of 
Calcutta.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  English  Baptist  mission. 
It  belonged  to  Denmark  until  1846.  Population  (1891), 
35,962. 

Serang.    See  Ceram. 

Serapeum,  or  Serapeium  (ser-a-pe'um),  [Gr. 
Sspaireiov,  a  temple  of  Serapis.j  1.  The  great 
Egyptian  sanctuary  near  Memphis,  where  the 
Apis  bulls  were  buried.  It  was  explored  by 
Mariette  in  1851.  See  Serapis  and  Sakkarah. — 
2.  A  famous  temple  of  Serapis  in  ancient  Alex- 
andria, destroyed  by  Theodosius.  See  the  ex- 
tract, and  that  under  Serapis,  below. 

The  Serapion,  at  that  time,  ai)peared  secure  in  the  su- 
perstition which  connected  this  inviolable  sanctuary,  and 
the  honor  of  its  god,  with  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  Nile, 
with  the  fertility  and  existence  of  Egypti  and,  as  Egypt 
was'the  granary  of  the  East,  the  existence  of  Constanti- 
nople. The  Pagans  had  little  apprehension  that  the  Sera- 
pion itself,  before  many  years,  would  be  levelled  to  the 
ground.  The  temple  of  Serapis,  next  to  that  of  Jupiter 
in  the  Capitol,  was  the  proudest  monument  of  Pagan  reli- 
gious architecture.  Like  the  more  celebrated  structures 
of  the  East,  and  that  of  Jerusalem  in  its  glory,  it  compre- 
hended within  its  precincts  a  vast  mass  of  buildings,  of 
which  the  temple  itself  formed  the  center.  It  was  built 
on  an  artificial  hill,  in  the  old  quarter  of  the  city,  called 
Rhacotis,  to  which  the  ascent  was  by  a  hundred  steps.  AU 
the  substructure  was  vaulted  over ;  and  in  these  dark  cham- 
bers, which  communicated  with  each  other,  were  supposed 
to  be  carried  on  the  most  fearful  and,  to  the  Christian, 
abominable  mysteries.  All  around  the  spacious  level  plat- 
form were  the  habitations  of  the  priests,  and  of  the  ascet- 
ics dedicated  to  the  worship  of  the  god.  Within  these 
outworks  of  this  city  rather  than  temple  was  a  square,  sur- 
rounded on  all  sides  with  a  magnificent  portico.  In  the 
center  arose  the  temple,  on  pillars  of  enormous  magnitude 
and  beautiful  proportion.  The  work  either  of  Alexander 
himself  or  of  the  first  Ptolemy  aspired  to  unite  the  colossal 
grandeur  of  Egyptian  with  the  fine  harmony  of  Grecian 
art.  MUman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  IIL  160. 

Seraphic  Doctor,  L.  Doctor  seraphicus.  The 

scholastic  theologian  Bonaventura. 

Seraphic  Saint,  The.    St.  Praneis  of  Assisi. 

Siraphita  (sa-ra-fe'ta).  A  novel  by  Balzac,  pub- 
lished in  1835.  It  presents  the  destiny  of  woman  as  an 
ascending  series  of  lives  reaching  from  love  of  self  to  love 
of  heaven. 

Serapion,  or  Serapeion.    See  Serapeum. 

Serapionsbriider  (za-ra-pe-6ns'bru"der).  Die. 
A  collection  of  tales  by  E.  T.  A.  Hoffmann,  pub- 
Ushed  1819-21. 

Serapis  (se-ra'pis).  The  Greek  and  Boman 
name  of  a  deity  of  Egyptian  origin  whose  wor- 
ship was  of3.eiallypromotedunderthePtolemies, 
and  was  introduced  into  Greece  and  Eome. 
Serapis  was  the  dead  Apis,  honored  under  the  attributes 
of  Osiris ;  he  was  lord  of  the  under  world  and  identified 
with  the  Greek  Hades.  His  worship  was  a  combination 
of  Egyptian  and  Greek  cults,  and  was  favored  by  the 
Ptolemies  for  political  reasons.    See  Serapeum. 

Egyptian  and  Greek  met  as  worshippers  of  Serapis.  The 
Serapis  of  Egypt  was  said  to  have  been  worshipped  for 
ages  at  Sinope ;  he  was  transported  from  that  city  with  great 
pomp  and  splendor,  to  be  reincorporated,  as  it  were,  and 
reidentified  with  his  ancient  prototype.  ,  .  .  The  colossal 
statue  of  Serapis  [in  the  Serapeum]  embodied  these  various 
attributes.  It  filled  the  sanctuary :  its  outstretched  and 
all-embracing  arms  touched  the  walls ;  the  right  the  one, 
the  left  the  other.  It  was  said  to  have  been  the  work  of 
Sesostris ;  it  was  made  of  all  the  metals  fused  together — 
gold,  silver,  copper,  iron,  lead,  and  tin  ;  it  was  inlaid  with 
all  kinds  of  precious  stones ;  the  whole  was  polished,  and 
appeared  of  an  azure  color.  The  measure  or  bushel,  the 
emblem  of  productiveness  or  plenty,  crowned  its  head.  By 
its  side  stood  the  symbolic  three-headed  animal,  one  the 
fore-part  of  a  lion,  one  of  a  dog,  one  of  a  wolf.  In  this  the 
Greeks  saw  the  type  of  their  poetic  Cerberus.  The  serpent, 
the  symbol  of  eternity,  wound  round  the  whole,  and  re- 
turned resting  its  head  on  the  hand  of  the  god. 

Milman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  IIL  161-162. 


Serawatty  Islands.    S« 
Serayevo.    See  Bosna-Serai. 
Serbal  (ser-bal'),  Jebel.  A  mountain  in  the  Si- 
naitie  peninsula,  situated  on  the  western  side : 


Seringapatam 

sometimes  identified  with  the  biblioal  Sinai. 
Height,  over  6,000  feet. 

Serbati.    See  Bosmini-Serbati. 

Serbie,  or  Servie  (sar-ve').  The  French  name 
of  Servia. 

Serbien  (zer'be-en).  The  German  name  of 
Servia. 

Serbonis  Lacus.    See  Sirbonis  Lacus. 

Serbs  (serbz).  [Serv.  &?-i!),  lit.  '  kinsman.']  Na- 
tives of  Servia :  Servians. 

Serbs'  Rout.    See  Maritza. 

Serchio  (ser'ke-6).  A  river  in  western  Italy 
which  flows  into  the  Mediterranean  8  miles 
northwest  of  Pisa :  the  ancient  Auser.  Length, 
about  55  miles. 

Sere  (sa're).  A  tribe  of  the  eastern  Sudan, 
neighbors  of  the  Nyam-Nyam  and  the  Bongo, 
and  related  to  both.  They  were  once  strong  and  inde- 
pendent, but  are  now  conquered  and  scattered  by  the  Ny- 
am-Nyam.  Theyarehuntersandagriculturists, makingre- 
maikable  granaries,  but  keep  no  domestic  animals  except 
fowls.  The  women  wear  tufts  of  grass  in  front  and  behind ; 
the  men  do  not  tattoo  themselves  like  the  Nyam-Nyam. 
Travelers  say  that  they  are  hardy,  patient,  and  jovial. 

Serena.    See  La  Serena. 

Serendib  (se-ren'dib).  An  ancient  name  of 
Ceylon. 

Serer  (se-rar')-  A  negro  tribe  of  French  Sene- 
gambia,  dwelling  between  Cape  Verd  and  the 
basin  of  the  Salum  Eiver.  Some  are  also  found  in 
Cayor,  where  they  have  mixed  with  their  kinsmen  the 
Wolof.  In  other  places  they  have  mixed  with  the  Man- 
dingos,  to  which  nation  their  rulers  belong.  They  are  di- 
vided in  two  main  sections  (the  Serer  None  and  the  Serer 
Sine),  speaking  different  dialects.  They  are  the  tallest 
race  of  Senegambia,  but  their  features  are  coarse.  They 
are  honest,  industrious,  and  opposed  to  slavery,  but  are 
given  to  drinking. 

Seres  (se'rez).  The  inhabitants  of  the  ancient 
Serica. 

Seressaner(ze-res-sa'ner).  ['Eedcloaks.']  For- 
merly, a  corps  of  Austrian  troops  (established 
about  1700),  stationed  on  the  southern  frontier 
to  guard  against  Turkish  inroads:  since  1871, 
a  body  of  gendarmerie  in  Croatia-Slavonia. 

Sereth  (ser-ef  or  sa-ret').  A  river  which  rises 
in  Bukowina,  traverses  Moldavia,  in  its  lower 
course  separates  Moldavia  from  Wallachia,  and 
joins  the  Danube  near  Galatz :  th6  ancient  Hie- 
rasus.    Length,  about  290  miles. 

Sergeant  (sar'jant),  John. .  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, Dee.  5,  VflQ:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Nov. 
25,  1852.  An  American  politician  and  lawyer. 
He  was  a  member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  1816- 
1823, 1827-29,  and  1837-42,  and  was  the  unsuccessful  Whig 
candidate  for  Vice-President  in  1882. 

Sergievsk  Posad  (ser-gyefsk'  po-zad").  A 
town  in  the  government  of  Moscow,  Eussia,  47 
miles  northeast  of  Moscow,  it  was  built  around  the 
monastery  Troitsk,  and  is  a  noted  place  of  pilgrimage.  It 
has  manufactures  of  toys  and  sacred  pictures.  Popula- 
tion, 31,413. 

Sergipe  (ser-zhe'pe).  A  maritime  state  of 
Bra^l,  bordering  on  the  Atlantic  northeast  of 
Bahia,  and  separated  from  Alagoas  by  the  river 
Sao  Francisco.  Capital,  Aracajii.  Area,  15,090 
square  miles.     Population  (1894),  264,991. 

Sergius  (sfer'ji-us).  Saint.  Died  about  300.  A 
martyr  whose  cult  is  celebrated  particularly  by 
the  Eastern  Church. 

Sergius.  Patriarch  of  Constantinople  610-638,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  MonotheUte  controversy. 

Sergius,  Saint.  Born  1315:  died  Sept.  7,  1391. 
A  saint  of  the  Eastern  Church,  founder  of  the 
Troitsk  monastery  in  Sergievsk  Posad. 

Sergius  I.  Pope  687-701.  He  rejected  certain  provis- 
ions of  the  Quinisext  Council  of  692,  whereupon  the  empe- 
ror Justinian  II.  ordered  his  arrest.  The  soldiers,  however, 
prevented  the  imperial  officers  from  carrying  out  the  order. 

Sergius  II.  Pope  844-847.  During  his  pontifi- 
cate Eome  was  plundered  by  the  Saracens  (846). 

Sergius  III.    Pope  904r-911. 

Sergius  IV.    Pope  1009-12. 

Sen  (sa-re').  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indi- 
ans, living  on  Tiburon  Island  and  the  adjacent 
coast  of  Mexico,  extending  into  the  interior. 
See  Tuman. 

Seriana  (sa-re-a'na),  Val  or  Valle.  A  valley 
in  the  district  of  Bergamasca,  province  of  Ber- 
gamo, northern  Italy. 

Serica  (ser'i-ka).  [Gr.  Sj/p^b^.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphjr,  a  country  in  eastern  Asia,  probably 
identical  with  northern  China.  The  inhabi- 
tants were  noted  for  their  production  of  silk. 

Serinagur.    See  Srinagar. 

Seringapatam  (ser-ing-ga-pa-tam'),  or  Sri- 
rangapatam  (sri-rang-ga-pa-tam').  [Named 
from  its  famous  temple  of  V  ishnu,  Shri  Ranga.] 
A  town  in  Mysore,  Cidia,  situated  on  an  island 
in  the  Kaveri,  7  miles  north  of  Mysore,  it  was 
formerly  famous  for  its  fortress,  and  contains  the  former  \ 
royal  palace  and  a  mausoleum  of  Hyder  Ali.   It  was  be- ' 


Seringapatam 

Bieged  by  ths  British  in  1792,  when  the  aucceases  of  the  be- 
siegers under  Cornwallia  loroed  Tippu  Salb  to  sign  a  treaty ; 
and  again  in  April  and  May,  1799,  by  Harris,  when  the  town 
waa  aiormea  "by  a  detachment  under  Baird  (May  4),  and 
Tippu  Saib  was  killed.    Population  (1891),  12,651. 

Seringham.     See  Srirangam. 

Seripnos  (se-ri'fos),  or  Seriphus  (se-ri'fus). 
[Gi\  Slpj^of.]  An  island  of  the  Cyolades,  be- 
longing to  Grreece,  situated  in  the  .SIgean  Sea  in 
lat.  37°  10'  N.,  long.  24°  30' E. ;  the  modem  Ser- 
pho.  Here,  according  to  the  legend,  the  chest  containing 
Danae  and  the  infant  Perseus  was  oast  ashore.  The  island 
was  a  place  of  banishment  during  the  Roman  Empire. 
Length,  9  miles.    Population,  about  3,000. 

Serlio(sar'le-o),  Sebastian.  Born  at  Bologna, 
Sept.  6, 1473 :  died  at  Fontainebleau,  1554.  An 
Italian  painter,  engraver,  and  architect.  From 
IBOO-U  he  was  at  Peaaro,  where  he  worlced  as  painter  and 
architect.  From  Fesaro  he  went  to  Borne  and  Venice, 
where  be  was  associated  with  Titian.  In  1532  he  waa  again 
In  Home  ;  in  1637  he  returned  to  Venice,  where  he  pub- 
lished hia  great  work  "  Kegole  general!  d'architeotura." 
He  visited  France  in  1640,  where  he  is  supposed  to  hare 
assisted  Pierre  Lescot  on  the  Louvre.  In  1541  Prunaticclo 
was  appointed  architect  of  Fontainebleau,  with  Serllo  as 
his  assistant.  It  is,  however,  difficult  to  determine  on 
"what  parts  of  Fontainebleau  Serlio  worked,  though  the 
«ast  front  of  the  Court  of  the  Fountain  has  been  attributed 
to  him.  With  the  reign  of  Francis  1.  the  supremacy  of 
the  Itidians  passed  away,  and  Serllo  left  f or^yons.  ;In  1563 
he  returned  to  Fontainebleau. 

Sermione  (ser-me-6'ne).  A  peninsula  project- 
ing into  the  southern  part  of  the  Lago  di  Garda, 
Italy. 

^erna  y  Hinojosa.  Jos6  de  la.    See  La  Serna. 

Serneus  (zer-nois  ).  A  watering-place  in  the 
canton  of  Orisons,  Switzerland,  situated  in  the 
Prattigau  15  miles  east  of  Goire. 

SeroUX  d'AgincOUrt  (s6-r6'  da-zhan-kor'), 
Jean  Baptiste  Louis  Georges.  Bom  1730: 
died  1814.  A  French  archaeologist,  author  of 
"Histoire  de  I'art  par  les  monuments"  (1808- 
1823),  etc. 

Serpa  (sar'pS.).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Alemtejo,  Portugal,  situated  near  the  Guadi- 
aua,  106  miles  southeast  of  Lisbon.  Population 
(1878),  6,089. 

Serpa  Pinto  (sar'pa.  pen' t8),  Alexandre  Al- 
berto da  Rocha.  Bom  at  Sinfaes,  Portugal, 
April  20,  1846 :  died  at  Lisbon,  Deo.  28,  1900. 
An  African  explorer  and  Portuguese  politician. 
As  major  in  the  army  he  was  sent,  with  Capello  and  Ivena, 
to  Angola  on  a  acientiflc  expedition,  and  crossed  the  con- 
tinent to  Pretoria,  Transvaal  (1877-79).  In  1884-86 he, with 
Cardozo,  extended  Portuguese  influence  from  Mozambique 
to  Lake  Nyassa,  where  he  came  in  conflict  with  British  in- 
terests.   He  wrote  "  How  I  Crossed  Africa"  (1881). 

Serpentarius.    See  OpMiichus. 

Serpent-bearer,  The.    See  Ophiuchus. 

Serpent  Column,  The.  A  bronze  column  in 
Constantinople :  the  base  of  the  golden  tripod 
set  up  in  the  sanctuary  at  Delphi  from  the 
spoils  of  the  Persians  at  Platsea  in  479  B.C.  it 
was  placed  in  the  spina  of  the  hippodrome  by  Constan- 
tine.  It  consists  of  three  intertwined  serpents,  whose  di- 
verging heads  are  now  broken,  and  is  18  feet  high. 

Serpentine  (s6r'pen-tin),  The.  A  sheet  of  arti- 
ficial water  in  Hyde  Park,  London,  it  was  formed 
by  order  of  Queen  Caroline,  and  ia  now  supplied  from  the 
Thames. 

Serpent's  Mouth.    See  Boca  del  Sierpe. 

'Serpha  (sSr'fa).  [Ar.  al-garfa,  the  changer 
(of  the  weather),  being  the  twelfth  lunar  man- 
sion.] A  rarely  used  name  for  the  second- 
magnitude  star  /3  Leonis,  usually  known  as  De- 
nehola. 

iSerpho.    See  Seriphos. 

iSerpukhoff  (ser-p8-ehof ').  A  town  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Moscow,  Eussia,  situated  on  the 
Nara  56  miles  south  of  Moscow,  it  haa  impor- 
tant commerce,  and  haa  manufactures  of  cotton,  leather, 
etc.  It  was  sacked  by  the  Tatars  in  1382.  Population 
(1886),  23,018. 

Serra  (sar'ra),  Junipero,  Bom  in  the  island 
of  Majorca,  1712 :  died  at  the  San  Carlos  mis- 
sion, California,  J784.  A  Franciscan  mission- 
ary. He  went  to  Mexico  in  1749,  and  in  1768  was  placed 
In  charge  of  the  California  misaiona,  then  confined  to 
Lower  California.  In  1769  he  founded  San  Diego  and 
Monterey,  the  firat  misaiona  and  aettlements  in  what  is 
now  the  State  of  California,  where  most  of  the  remainder 
of  his  life  was  passed. 

Serra  do  Mar  (do  mar').  [Pg., '  sea-chain.']  A 
division  of  the  Brazilian  mountains  of  the  Coast 
System,  forming  a  chain  parallel  to  and  near 
the  coast,  from  the  northern  part  of  the  state 
of  Eio  Grande  do  Sul  to  the  river  Parahyba  do 
Sul  (confines  of  Espirito  Santo).  It  culminates  in 
the  group  called  the  Organ  Mountains,  at  the  head  of  the 
Bay  of  Rio  de  Janeiro(7,325feet).  The  valley  of  the  Para- 
hyba separates  it  from  the  Serra  da  Mantiqueira. 

Serra  dos  Aimor6s  (d§z  i-mo-ras').  [From  the 
Botoeudos  or  Aimores,  an  Indian  tribe.]  Moun- 
tains near  the  Brazilian  coast,  from  the  river 
Parahyba  do  Sul  northward  nearly  to  the  mouth 
<ot  the  river  Sao  Francisco.    Ihey  are  properly  a 


919 

iiorthern  prolongation  of  the  Serra  da  Mantiqueira,  which 
here  becomes  the  Coast  Range,  the  Serra  do  Mar  dying  out. 
Northward  the  chain  is  lower  and  much  broken.  It  sej)- 
arates  Minas  Geraes  from  Espirito  Santo. 

Serrano  y  Domiiiguez  (ser-ra'no  e  do-men'- 
gath),  Francisco,  Duke  de  la  Torre.  Bom  at 
Argonilla,  Andalusia,  Sept.  17,  1810:  died  at 
Madrid,  Nov.  26,  1885.  A  Spanish  statesman 
and  general.  He  served  in  the  war  against  the  Carlists 
after  1833 ;  waa  a  member  of  various  ministries ;  was  minis- 
ter at  Paris  in  1867 ;  was  captain-general  of  Cuba  1869-62 ; 
attempted  to  annex  Santo  Domingo  to  Spain ;  headed  the 
revolution  of  1868;  defeated  the  royalists  at  AlcoleaSept. 
28, 1868 ;  became  president  of  the  provisional  ministry  in 
1868 ;  was  appointed  regent  in  1869,  and  resigned  Jan.  2, 
1871 ;  commanded  suocessluUy  against  the  Carlists  in  1872 ; 
was  again  head  of  the  government  in  1874 ;  defeated  the 
Carlists  in  the  same  year ;  and  was  minister  at  Paris  in  1883. 

Sertorius  (ser-to'ri-us),  QuintUS.  Assassinated 
72  B.  C.  A  Roman  general.  He  served  under  Ma- 
rius  against  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones ;  served  in  Spain  in 
97 ;  was  questor  in  91;  waa  a  Marian  leader  in  the  civil 
wars ;  waa  pretor  in  83 ;  went  to  Spain  as  Marian  com- 
mander in  82;  captured  Tangier;  waged  war,  generally 
with  success,  against  the  Sullan  commanders;  was  op- 
posed by  Metellus  after  79,  and  also  by  Pompey  after  76 ; 
and  was  joined  by  Perpenna  in  77,  who  intrigued  against 
him  and  overthrew  him. 

Serva  Padrona  (ser'va  pS-dro'na),  La.  [It., 
'  The  Maid  as  Mistress.']  An  Italian  musical 
drama  by  Pergolesi,  words  by  Nelli,  produced 
at  Naples  in  1733.  In  1754  it  was  produced  at 
Paris  in  French  as  "La  servante  maitresse," 
and  in  1873  at  London. 

Servetus  (s6r-ve'tus),  Michael  (originally 
Miguel  Serveto).  Bom  at  Tudela  (he  has 
given  both  Tudela  and  Villanova  as  hia  birth- 
place), Spain,  1511:  burned  at  Geneva,  Oct.  27, 
1553.  A  Spanish  controversialist  and  physician. 
He  studied  law  at  Saragossa  and  Toulouse,  and  afterward 
visited  Italy  in  the  train  of  Juan  deQuintaiia,  confessor  to 
Charles  Y.  He  published  at  Hagenau  In  1531  an  essay  di- 
rected against  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  entitled  "De 
trinitatia  erroribus,"  which  attracted  considerable  atten- 
tion. It  was  revised  and  reprinted  under  the  title  of  "  Dia^ 
logorum  de  trinitate  libri  duo  "  in  1632.  In  1635  he  was 
at  Lyons  editing  scientific  works  for  the  printing  firm  of 
Trechsel,  under  the  name  of  Michel  de  Villeneufve,  or 
Michael  de  Villanova :  this  name  he  henceforth  used  with- 
out interruption.  He  removed  in  1536  to  Paris,  where, 
accordingto  his  own  statement,he  graduated  in  medicine 
and  lectured  on  geometry  and  astrology.  He  afterward 
studied  theology  at  Louvain.  After  practising  medicine 
for  short  periods  at  Avignon  and  Charlieu,  and  after  fur- 
ther study  in  medicine  at  MontpeUler,  he  settled  in  1641  as 
a  medical  practitioner  at  Vienne.  In  1553  he  published 
"Christianismi  restitutio,"  which  caused  him  to  be  ar- 
rested by  order  of  the  inquisitor-general  at  Lyons.  He 
made  his  escape,  but  was  apprehended  at  the  instance  of 
Calvin  at  Geneva  on  his  way  to  Naples,  and  was  bunied 
after  a  trial  for  heresy  lasting  from  Aug.  14  until  Oct.  26, 
1663. 

Servia  (s6r'vi-a).  [F.  Serine  or  Servie,  G.  Ser- 
bien.']  A  kingdom  in  the  Balkan  peninsula, 
southeastern  Europe.  Capital,  Belgrad.  it  is 
bounded  by  Austria- Hungary  (separated  by  the  Save  and 
Danube)  on  the  north,  Rumania  (separated  by  the  Dan- 
ube) and  Bulgaria  on  the  east,  Turkey  and  Bosnia  on  the 
south,  and  Boania  (mainly  separated  by  the  Drina)  on  the 
west.  The  surface  is  generally  mountainous  and  hilly. 
The  principal  river  (besides  the  frontier  rivers)  is  the  Mo- 
rava.  The  leading  occupations  are  agriculture  and  the 
raising  of  live  stock ;  the  chief  products  are  hogs,  sheep, 
wheat,  and  maize.  The  government  is  a  constitutional 
hereditary  monarchy.  The  legislative  body  is  the  Skupsh- 
tina.  The  prevailing  religion  is  the  Greek  Catholic.  The 
inhabitants  are  mostly  Serbs  (with  over  100,000  Ruma- 
nians, besides  Gipsies,  etc.).  The  Serbs(or  Croats)  expelled 
the  Avars  and  settled  the  country  in  the  7th  century,  and 
expelled  the  Byzantine  governors  in  the  11th  century. 
The  title  of  king  was  assumed  in  the  11th  century.  The 
country  waa  most  flourishing  under  Stephen  Dushan(about 
1334-56),  who  assumed  the  title  of  emperor  and  annexed 
Macedonia,  Albania,  etc.  The  Servian  power  was  over- 
thrown By  the  Turks  at  the  battle  of  Kosaova  in  1389,  and 
Servia  was  incorporated  with  Turkey  about  1458.  The 
greater  part  of  the  country  was  occupied  by  Austria  1718- 
1739.  A  rising  under  Czerny  George  in  1804  resulted  in  the 
expulsion  of  the  Turks,  but  they  reconquered  the  country 
in  1813.  A  rising  in  1816  under  Milosh  Obrenovitch  (who 
was  elected  prince  in  1817)  was  more  successful,  and 
Servia  became  practically  independent.  The  Turkish  gar- 
risons were  withdrawn  in  1867.  The  war  against  Turkey 
in  1876  was  unsuccessful.  Servia  took  part  with  Russia 
against  Turkey  in  1877-78,  and  became  absolutely  inde- 
pendent,* receiving  a  considerable  addition  of  territory  in 
1878.  Prince  Milan  assumed  the  title  of  king  in  1882.  A 
war  with' Bulgaria  in  Nov.  and  Dec,  1885,  proved  unsuc- 
cessful. King  Alexander  in  1893  and  1894  conducted  the 
government  in  a  reactionary  sense.  Area,  19,060  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  2,162,759. 

Servian  Wall,  The.  [Named  from  Servius  Tul- 
lius,  its  (traditional)  builder.]  The  earliest  wall 
which  included  the  entire  seven-hUled  city  of 
Bome,  of  which  the  CapitoUne  was  the  cita- 
del. It  connected  the  fortifications  which  existed  pre- 
viously on  almost  all  the  hills.  Practically  the  entire  cu?- 
ouit  of  the  wall  and  the  positions  of  its  gates  are  known, 
but  most  of  its  remains  have  been  destroyed,  especially 
during  the  recent  modernization  of  Rome.  On  the  Aven- 
tlne  there  is  a  fine  fragment  of  11  courses,  and  in  the  Vigna 
Torlonia  there  is  a  stretch  which  attains  25  courses,  and  is 
50  feet  high  and  lOJ  thick.  The  masonry  is  massive  aah- 
ler  of  tufa,  in  the  lower  part  quarry-laced  with  margin- 
draft.    The  upper  part  consisted  of  a  range  of  flue  arches. 


Sete  Quedas 

Servian  Voivodeship  and  Temesvdr  Banat 

(tem'esh-var  ba-nat').  A  crownland  of  Austria, 
formed  in  1849  from  parts  of  southern  Hun- 
gary and  Slavonia.  Capital,  Temesvd,r.  It  was 
abolished  in  1860. 

Serviles  (ser-ve'les).  [Sp.,  '  serviles.']  Origi- 
nally, in  1823,  a  nickname  given  to  the  moder- 
ate or  conservative  party  of  Guatemala,  it  passed 
into  common  use  in  this  and  to  some  extent  in  the  other 
Central  American  states.  The  party  was  at  first  composed 
of  the  richer  Spanish  families  and  their  descendants 
(whence  they  were  also  called  Aristocrats),  with  their  fol- 
lowers, the  ignorant  portion  of  the  population,  who  were 
generally  laborers  or  servanta.    See  Fiebres. 

Servile  Wars  (ser'vU  w^rz).  Three  wars  con- 
ducted by  the  Romans  against  insurgent  slaves. 
(1)  The  firat  war  (134^-132  B.  o.)  was  occasioned  by  an  insur- 
rection in  Sicily.  The  slaves  were  led  by  the  Syrian  Eu- 
nus,  who  styled  himaelf  King  Antiochus,  defeated  several 
Roman  armies,  and  maintained  himself  at  Henna  and  Taro- 
menium,  but  was  ultimately  captured  and  executed.  (2) 
The  second  war  (102-99  B.  c.)  was  occasioned  by  an  insur- 
rection, also  in  Sicily,  under  Tryphon  and  Athenion,  which 
was  put  down  by  the  consul  Manius  Aquilliua.  (3)  The  third 
war  (73-71  B.  o.),  also  called  the  war  of  the  gladiators,  was 
occasioned  by  bands  of  gladiators  who  had  escaped  from 
a  gladiatorial  school  at  Capua  and  occupied  Vesuvius, 
whence  under  the  command  of  two  Gauls  and  the  Thra- 
cian  Spartacus  they  plundered  the  neighborhood.  They 
were  joined  by  runaway  slaves,  defeated  four  Roman  armiea 
in  auccession,  and  wandered  about  Italy,  even  threatening 
the  capital,  but  were  finally  put  down  by  M.  Liciniua  Craa- 
aus  and  Cn.  Pompeiua.    Spartacua  fell  fighting. 

Servilius  Cspio.    See  Csepio. 

Servius  Tullius  (s6r'vi-us  tul'i-us).  Accord- 
ing to  Roman  legend,  the  sixth  Mng  of  Rome 
(578-534  B.C.),  son-in-law  of  Tarquinius  Prisons : 
noted  for  his  reformation  of  the  constitution 
through  the  institution  of  the  tribes,  classes, 
centuries,  and  Comitia  Centuriata.  He  ex- 
tended the  limits  of  Rome,  and  surrounded  it 
with  a  wall.    See  Servian  Wall. 

Serwati(ser-wa'te),  or  Serawatty  (ser-a-waf- 
te).  Islands,  A  group  of  small  islands  in  the 
Malay  Archipelago,  east-northeast  of  Timor. 

Sesha  (sa'sha).  In  Hindu  mythology,  the  king 
of  the  serpents,  upholder  of  the  world. 

Sesia  (sa'ze-a).  A  river  in  northwestern  Italy 
which  rises  in  the  Alps  and  joins  the  Po  6  miles 
east  of  Casale :  the  ancient  Sessites.  Length, 
about  100  miles. 

Sesostris  (se-sos'tris).  [Gr.  "S.^uarpig.']  In  an- 
cient Greek  legend,  a  king  of  Egypt,  said  to 
have  conquered  the  world.  His  legendary  ex- 
ploits were  founded  on  the  deeds  of  Rameses  II. 
and  others. 

In  all  probability  the  ejrploits  of  Rameses  himself  had 
already  become  blended  with  thoae  of  Thothmea  and  Se- 
thos  Into  the  legend  of  the  imaginary  hero  Sesostris. 

Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  II.  10. 

Sessa  (ses'sS).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Ca- 
serta,  Italy,  32  miles  northwest  of  Naples :  the 
ancient  Suessa  Aurunca.  It  is  famous  for 
its  wine.  Population  (1881),  5,864;  commune, 
19,547. 

Sestos  (ses'tos),  or  Sestus  (ses'tus).  [Gr.  Siya- 
ri5f .]  In  ancient  geography,  a  town  in  the  Thra- 
cian  Chersonesus,  situated  on  the  shore  of  the 
Hellespont,  opposite  Abydos.  it  is  noted  as  the 
residence  of  Hero  in  the  legend  of  Hero  and  Leander,  and 
as  the  place  of  debarkation  of  the  army  of  Xerxes  in  his 
Invasion  of  Europe. 

Set  (set),  called  by  the  Greeks  Typhon  (ti'fon). 
In  Egyptian  mythology,  the  brother  or  son  and 
deadly  opponent  of  Osiris.  He  was  the  god  of  evil, 
of  the  powers  that  oppressed  sonla  after  death,  of  the  en- 
emies of  Egypt,  and  of  the  desert.  In  later  times  he  was 
excluded  from  the  circle  of  divinities,  and  while  remain- 
ing the  virulent  god  of  all  evil,  was  dreaded  but  no  longer 
worshiped.  In  «si  he  was  shown  with  a  strange  animal's 
head,  having  a  pointed  muzzle  and  high  square  ears. 

Setebos  (set'e-bos).  A  Patagonian  god,  alluded 
to  by  Shakspere  in  "  The  Tempest." 

Seteboa  waa  the  name  of  an  American  god,  or  rather 
devil,  worshipped  by  the  Patagoniana.  In  Eden'a  "  Hia- 
tory  of  Travaile,"  printed  in  1677,  is  an  account  of  Magel- 
lan'a  voyage  to  the  South  Pole,  containing  a  description 
of  this  god  and  his  worshippers :  wherein  the  author  says : 
"When  they  felt  the  shackles  fast  about  their  legs,  they 
began  to  doubt;  but  the  captain  did  put  them  in  comfort 
and  bade  them  stand  still.  In  flue,  when  they  saw  how 
they  were  deceived,  they  roared  like  bulls,  and  cryed  upon 
their  great  devil  Setebos  to  help  them." 

Hudion,  Int.  to  The  Tempeat, 

Sete  Lagoas  (sa'te  la-go'as).  [Pg.,  'seven 
lakes.']  The  source  of  the  river  Paraguay,  in 
the  Brazilian  state  of  Matto  Grosso,  near  lat. 
14°  36'  S.,  long.  56°  T  W.  The  name,  an  old  one, 
probably  originated  in  reporta  of  the  Indians,  and  is  in- 
correct. The  river  rises  in  a  swamp,  and  immediately  re- 
ceives the  water  of  two  very  small  ponds  or  springs,  called 
lagoas  (lakes),  a  term  which,  in  this  region,  is  applied  to 
any  body  of  still  water. 

Sete  Quedas  (sa'te  ka'das),  also  called  the 
Gruayrd,  (gwi-ra')  or  Conenditi  (ko-nan-de-o') 
Cataract.    [Pg., 'seven  falls.']    A  fall  on  the 


Sete  Quedas 

river  Parand,  (lat.  24°  2'  59"  S.,  long.  53°  57' 
53"  W.,  aeeording  to  Bourgade la  Dardye).  The 
river  above  is  broad  and  lake-like,  but  at  the  falls  is  sud- 
denly divided  into  many  small  channels.  "Traversing 
sligbtly  inclined  planes,  the  waters  gather  themselves 
in  circular  eddies,  whence  they  flow  in  falls  varying  from 
60  feet  to  60  feet  in  depth.  These  circular  eddies,  which 
are  quite  independent  of  each  other,  range  along  an  arc 
of  about  two  miles  in  its  stretch ;  they  are  detached,  like 
giant  cauldrons  yawning  unexpectedly  at  one's  feet,  in 
which  the  flood  seethes  with  incredible  fury ;  every  one 
of  these  has  opened  for  itself  a  narrow  oriilce  in  the  rock, 
through  which,  like  a  stone  from  a  sling,  the  water  is 
hurled  into  the  central  whirlpool.  The  width  of  these 
outlets  rarely  exceeds  16  yards,  but  their  depth  cannot  be 
estimated.  They  all  empty  themselves  into  one  central 
channel,  about  200  feet  wide,  rushing  into  it  with  as- 
tounding yelocity."— Bourgade  la  Dardye,  Paraguay. 

Seth  (seth).  [Hel).,  'appointed.']  The  third 
son  of  Adam,  and  the  ancestor  of  Noah,  ac- 
cording to  the  account  in  Genesis.  He  was  the 
father  of  Enos. 

Sethos.    See  SeU. 

Seti  (se'ti)  I.,  or  Sethos  (se'thos).  About  1366 
B.  c.  A  king  of  Egypt,  of  the  19th  dynasty, 
father  of  Eameses  II. :  noted  as  a  builder. 

Seti  II.  A  king  of  Egypt,  of  the  19th  dynasty, 
son  of  Menepthah. 

Setibos  (sa-te'bos).  Indians  of  northern  Peru, 
on  the  river  Ueayale  about  lat.  5°  30'  S.  They 
belong  to  the  Fano  linguistic  stock,  and  are  closely  allied 
to  the  ConiboB,  Gachibos,  Sipibos,  and  other  tribes  of  the 
same  region.  They  are  agriculturists,  and  use  cotton 
garments  of  their  own  manufacture.  A  few  thousand  re- 
main, essentially  in  a  wild  state. 

Seton  (se'ton),  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Ann  Bayley). 
Bom  at  New  York  city,  Aug.  28, 1774 :  died  at 
Emmittsburg,  Md.,  Jan.  4, 1821.  An  American 
philanthropist:  founder  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
order  of  Sisters  of  Charity  1809,  of  which  she 
was  the  first  mother  superior. 

Sette  Comuni  (set'te  ko-mS'ne).  ['  Seven  com- 
munes.'] A  district  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  province  of  Vioeuza,  northern  Italy,  long 
noted  as  the  seat  of  communities  speaking  a 
Germanic  dialect.  This  language  is  now  nearly 
supplanted  by  Italian.  The  district  formerly 
possessed  extensive  privileges. 

Settle  (set'l),  Elkanah.  Bom  at  Dunstable, 
1648:  died  in  the  Charterhouse,  London,  1723. 
An  English  poet  and  playwright  of  the  Bestora- 
tion.  He  was  a  fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  and 
wrote  and  edited  many  political  pamphlets  in  the  time  of 
Charles  II.  He  offended  Dryden,  who  attacked  him  in  a 
coarse  pamphlet  (assisted  by  Crowne  and  Shadwell) ;  he 
criticized  and  "answered"all  Dryden's  political  poems  in 
retaliation,  andthe  town  tooksides,Settlebeing  the  favorite 
among  the  younger  Cambridge  and  London  men.  He  has 
been  immortalized  by  the  ridicule  of  Dryden  and  Pope,  be- 
ing the  Doeg  of  "Absalom  and  Aohitophel "  and  appearing 
in  the  "Dunciad."  Later  he  waB  made  citypoet^  andcom- 
posed  verses  to  be  recited  at  the  pageants :  he  was  the  last 
to  hold  that  office.  Among  his  plays  are  "  The  Empress  of 
Morocco"  (1673),  "Love  and  Revenge "(1676),  "Cambyses, 
King  of  Persia"  (1675X  "Pastor  Hdo,  or  the  Faithful 
Shepherd  "(1677:  a  pastoral  drama,  being  an  alteration  of 
Sir  R.  Fanshawe's  translation  from  Guarini),  "Fatal  love, 
or  the  Forced  Inconstancy"  (1680),  "  The  Female  Prelate, 
or  the  History  of  the  Life  and  Death  of  Pope  Joan  "  (1680), 
"The  Heu-  of  Morocco,  with  the  Death  of  Gayland"(1682), 
"Distressed  Innocence,  or  the  Princess  of  Persia"  (1682: 
Mr.  Montfort  wrote  the  last  scene  of  this  play,  and  Bet- 
terton  afforded  valuable  assistance),  "  The  World  in  the 
Moon  '■  (1698 ;  a  dramatic  comic  opera),  "The  City  Ramble, 
or  the  Play-house  Wedding"  (1712),  and  "The  Ladies  Tri- 
umph" (1718 :  a  comic  opera). 

Settlement,  Act  of,  or  Succession  Act.   In 

English  history,  an  act  of  Parliament  regulating 
the  succession  to  the  throne,  passed  in  1701. 
See  the  extract. 

The  Crown  to  pass  after  Anne  to  the  Electress  Sophia  and 
her  Protestant  descendants.  The  sovereign  not  to  leave 
England  without  consent  of  Parliament.  No  foreigner  to 
hold  office  or  receive  grants  from  the  Crown.  Public  busi- 
ness to  be  done  by  the  Privy  Council,  and  resolutions  to 
be  signed  by  those  members  who  advise  him.  No  war 
to  be  made  for  the  foreign  dominions  of  the  sovereign. 
Judges  are  to  receive  fixed  salaries,  and  cannot  be  removed 
except  for  conviction  of  some  offence,  or  on  the  address 
of  both  Houses  of  Parliament, 
jldosnd  (iretiiJimsonM,  Handbook  of  Political  History,p.  124. 

Setubal  (sa-te'bal),  or  Setnval  (sa-tS'val).  also 
called  St.  Ubes  (sant  ubz)  or  St.  Yves  (ivz). 
A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Bstremadura, 
Portugal,  situated  on  Setubal  Bay  in  lat.  38° 
31'  N.,  long.  8°  53'  "W.  it  has  important  commerce 
and  fisheries,  and  is  one  of  the  chief  seaports  of  Portugal, 
and  the  leading  port  (or  the  exportation  of  salt.  It  occu- 
pies the  site  of  the  Roman  Cetobriga.  It  was  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  earthquake  in  1766.    Population  (1890),  16,986. 

Seul,  or  Seoul  (sfe-Sl').  The  capital  of  Corea, 
situated  on  the  river  Han.  Its  seaport  is  Che- 
mulpo.   Population  (1890),  about  192,000. 

Seranga,  or  Sevan,  or  Sevang  Lake.  See 
Goktoha. 

Sevastopol.    See  Sebastopdl. 

Seven  against  Thebes,  Expedition  of  the.  In 
Greek  legend,  an  expedition  by  the  heroes  Ad- 


920 

rastus,  Polynioes,  Tydeus,  Amphiarans,  Hippo- 
medon,  Capaneus,  and  Parthenopseus  against 
Thebes :  all  perished  except  Adrastus. 

Seven  against  Thebes,  The.  A  tragedy  by 
^schylus,  exhibited  468  B.  c. 

Seven  Bishcms,  Case  of  the.  A  famous  Eng- 
lish trial  in  1688.  Archbishop  Bancroft  and  six  bishops 
were  arraigned  on  a  charge  of  libel  in  protesting,  in  a  peti- 
tion to  James  II.,  against  his  order  that  his  "  declarations 
for  liberty  of  conscience"  be  read  in  the  churches.  They 
were  acquitted  on  the  day  (June  30)  that  the  invitation  was 
sent  to  William  of  Orange  to  land  in  England. 

Seven  Champions  of  Christendom.    1.  In 

medieval  tales,  the  following  seven  national 
saints:  St.  Denis  of  Prance,  St.  Anthony  of 
Italy,  St.  James  of  Spain,  St.  George  of  Eng- 
land, St.  Andrew  of  Scotland,  St.  Patrick  of 
Ireland,  and  St.  David  of  Wales.  Their  exploits 
are  celebrated  in  many  ballads,  plays,  etc.,  notably  in  the 
"Famous  History  of  the  Seven  Crtampions  of  Christen- 
dom," by  Richard  Johnston,  a  romance  entered  on  the 
"  Stationers'  Register  "  in  1596 :  a  second  part  was  brought 
out  in  1608,  and  a  third  in  1616.  Sir  George  Buo  made  a 
poetical  version  in  1622. 

2.  A  play  by  John  Kirke,  licensed  in  1638  and 
probably  acted  in  1636:  it  is  in  prose  and 
verse. 

Seven  Cities.  [Sp.  Siete  Cittdades.']  A  name 
given  (1536-40)  to  supposed  large  and  powerful 
cities  in  the  present  New  Mexico.  Fray  Marcos 
de  N iza  (1539)  reported  that  one  of  them  was  larger  than 
Mexico,  and  rich  in  precious  metals.  Coronado's  expedi- 
tion (1640)  proved  that  they  were  Tillages  of  the  Zufil  In- 
diana.   See  C^ola  and  Ntaa. 

Seven  Cities,  Island  of  the.  A  fabled  island 
which,  in  the  14th  and  15th  centuries,  was  sup- 

?osed  to  exist  in  the  Atlantic  west  of  Europe, 
t  was  said  to  have  been  peopled  by  seven  bishops  who, 
with  many  followers,  had  been  driven  out  of  Spain  by  the 
invasion  of  the  Moors,  In  1476,  and  later,  the  kings  of 
Portugal  granted  privileges  to  discover  and  govern  It, 
The  geographers  of  the  time  frequently  called  it  Antilla 
or  Antillia. 

Seven  Communes.    See  Sette  Comuni. 

Seven  Days'  Battles.  In  the  Peninsular  cam- 
paign of  the  American  Civil  "War,  the  series  of 
battles  between  the  Federal  army  under  Me- 
Clellan  and  the  Confederate  army  under  Lee, 
in  the  Chiekahominy  swamp  region  east  of 
Eiohmond.  The  fighting  began  at  Oak  Grove  June  25, 
1862,  and  the  Federals  won  a  victory  at  Mechanicsville 
June  26.  McClellan  then  determined  to  remove  his  base 
to  the  James  River,  and  while  this  operation  was  being 
effected  the  battles  of  Gaines's  Mill  (June  27),  Savage's 
Station  (June  29),  and  Frayser's  Farm  (June  30)  occurred. 
The  Federals  now  rested  in  a  strong  position  on  the 
James,  at  Malvern  Hill,  and  were  unsuccessfully  assailed 
there  by  Lee,  July  1.  A  few  weeks  later  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  was  withdrawn  from  the  James,  and  the  Penin- 
sular campaign  was  ended. 

Seven  Days'  Campaign,  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  series  of  battles  in  Bohemia  be- 
tween Austria  and  Prussia  in  1866,  ending  with 
the  decisive  Prussian  victory  of  Sadowa,  July 

3,  1866. 

Seven  Deadly  Sins  of  London,  The.  A  pam- 
phlet by  Thomas  Dekker,  published  in  1606. 
It  is  described  on  the  title-page  as  "Opus  Sep- 
tem  Dierum." 

Seven  Dials.  A  locality  in  London,  about  mid- 
way between  the  British  Museum  and  Trafal- 
gar Square.  It  was  long  notorious  as  a  center 
of  poverty  and  crime. 

Seven-hilled  City,  The.    Rome. 

Seven  Hills  of  BiOme,  The.  The  seven  hills  on 
which  Home  was  originally  built,  included  with- 
in the  circuit  of  the  Servian  Wall.  They  are  the 
Palatine,  the  Capitoline,  the  Quu-inal,  the  Aventine,  the 
Cielian,  the  Esquiline,  and  the  Viminal;  The  elevations 
are  inconsiderable,  the  highest,  the  Quirinal,  rising  226 
feet  above  the  sea,  and  the  lowest,  the  Aventine,  151.  The 
Capitoline  and  the  Aventine  rise  above  the  left  bank  of 
the  Tiber,  the  former  to  the  north.  The  Palatine  lies  be- 
tween them,  a  little  back  from  the  river.  North  of  the 
Palatine,  the  furthest  north  of  the  seven,  is  the  Quirinal, 
and  on  the  east  are  the  Viminal,  the  Esquiline,  and  the 
Cselian,  respectively  northeast,  east,  and  southeast  of  the 
Palatine. 

Seven  Lamps  of  Architecture,  The,  A  treatise 
on  architecture  by  EusMn,  published  in  1849. 

Sevenoaks  (sev-n-5ks').  A  town  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land, 20  miles  southeast  of  London.  Near  it 
is  Knole  Park.    Population  (1891),  7,514. 

Seven  Pines.    See  Fair  Oaks. 

Seven  Sages,  The,  1.  Seven  men  of  ancient 
Greece,  famous  for  their  practical  wisdom.  A 
list  commonly  given  is  made  wp  of  Thales,  So- 
lon, Bias,  Chilo,  Cleobulus,  Periander,  and  Pit- 
tacus. —  2.  See  Seven  Wise  Masters. 

Seven  Sleepers  of  Ephesus,  The.  Seven  Chris- 
tian youths  who  are  said  to  have  concealed 
themselves  in  a  cavern  near  Ephesus  during 
the  persecution  under  Decius  (a.  d.  249-251), 
and  to  have  fallen  asleep  there,  not  awaking 
till  two  or  three  hundred  years  later,  when 


Severo,  Oape 

Christianity  had  become  the  religion  of  the 
empire. 

Seven  Streams,  Land  of  the.  The  delta  of 
the  river  Hi  at  its  entrance  into  Lake  Balkash, 
Russian  Central  Asia. 

Seventy,  The.  1.  The  Jewish  Sanhedrim. —  2. 
The  body  of  disciples  mentioned  in  Luke  x.  as 
appointed  by  Christ  to  preach  the  gospel  and 
heal  the  sick.-—  3.  The  body  of  scholars  who, 
according  to  tradition,  were  the  authors  of  the 
Septuagint  (which  see) :  so  called  from  their 
number,  which,  however,  is  gjven  as  seventy- 
two. — 4,  Certain  ofifieials  in  the  Mormon 
Church  whose  duty  it  is,  under  the  direction 
of  the  Twelve  Apostles,  "to  travel  into  all  the 
world  and  teach  the  Gospel  and  administer  its 
ordinances"  (Mormon  Catechism). 

Seven  Weeks'  War.  The  war  of  1866  (some- 
times called  the  Awstro-Prussian  war)^  caused 
immediately  by  the  Schleswig-Holstem  ques- 
tion and  indirectly  by  the  long  rivalry  between 
Austria  and  Prussia.  Austria  was  supported  by  the 
South  German  states  and  by  Hannover,  Nassau,  Frank- 
fort, etc.,  while  Prussia  was  supported  by  most  of  the 
North  German  states  and  by  Italy.  The  main  interest  of 
the  war  is  in  the  rapid  successes  of  the  Prussian  army 
under  the  direction  of  Von  Moltke.  Bohemia  was  invaded 
and  the  Austrian  army  was  overthrown  at  the  battle  of 
Sadowa  or  KBniggratz  July  3.  Elsewhere  the  Prussians 
were  almost  uniformly  successful ;  but  their  Italian  allies 
were  defeated  on  land  at  Custozza  June  24,  and  on  sea  at 
Lissa  July  20.  The  war  was  ended,  after  about  seven 
weeks  of  fighting,  by  the  preliminaries  of  Nikolsburg,  July 
26,  confirmed  by  the  peace  of  Prague,  etc.  Prussia  became 
the  leading  political  and  military  power  In  Germany,  and 
Italy  acquired  Venetia. 

Seven  Wise  Masters,  The.  An  old  collection 
of  tales,  of  Eastern  origin,  which  has  undergone 
many  transformations.  It  consists,  In  the  main,  of 
the  story  of  a  king  who  is  dissuaded  from  executing  his 
son  (on  the  false  accusation  of  one  of  his  queens)  by  his 
son's  instructors,  each  of  whom  narrates  one  or  more  stories 
(which  are  answered  by  the  king),  showing  the  dangers  of 
hasty  punishment.  The  collection  is  an  important  one 
in  the  history  of  popular  fictions.    See  Sa-ndc^ar. 

Seven  Wise  Men  of  Greece,  The.  Same  as 
The  Seven  Sages,  1. 

Seven  Wonders  of  the  World,  The.  The  seven 
most  remarkable  structures  of  ancient  times. 
These  were  the  Egyptian  pyramids,  the  mausoleum  erected 
by  Artemisia  at  Ealicamassus,  the  temple  of  Ariemis  at 
Ephesus,  the  walls  and  hanging  gardens  at  Babylon,  the 
colossus  at  Rhodes,  the  statue  of  Zeus  by  Phidias  in  the 
great  temple  at  Olympia,  and  the  Pharos  or  lighthouse  at 
Alexandria. 

Seven  Years'  War.    One  of  the  greatest  wars 

of  the  18th  century.  It  was  waged  against  Frederick 
the  Great  of  Prussia  by  an  alliance  whose  chief  members 
were  Austria,  France,  and  Russia.  Frederick  had  the  as- 
sistance of  British  subsidies  and  of  the  Hanoverian 
troops.  Saxony  and  Sweden  were  against  him.  The  chief 
events  were  the  following :  battle  of  Lobositz,  Oct.  1, 1756 ; 
Frederick's  invasion  of  Bohemia  in  1757 ',  his  victory  over 
the  Austrians  at  Prague,  May  6 ;  his  defeat  at  Eolin,  June 
18 ;  the  French  victory  at  Hastenbeck,  July  26,  leading  to 
the  Convention  of  Closter-Zeven ;  the  Russian  victory  at 
GroBsjagemdorf,  Aug.  30;  Frederick's  great  victories  at 
Bossbach  (Nov.  5)  and  Leuthen  (Dec.  6) ;  his  victory  over 
the  Russians  at  Zomdorf ,  Aug,  25, 1758 ;  his  defeat  by  the 
Austrians  at  Hochkiroh,  Oct.  14 ;  the  victory  of  Minden 
over  the  French,  Aug.  1, 17B9 ;  Frederick's  crushing  defeat 
at  Kunersdorf ,  Aug.  12 ;  his  victories  at  Liegnitz  (Aug.  16) 
and  at  Torgau  (Nov.  3),  1760;  death  of  the  czarina,  Jan., 
1762  (her  successor,  Peter  III.,  sided  with  Frederick) ;  vic- 
tory of  Frederick  at  Burkersdorf,  July  21 ;  victory  of  his 
brother  H.enry  at  Freiberg,  Oct. ;  peace  of  Hubertusburg, 
Feb.,  1763  (by  this  Silesia  was  confirmed  to  Frederick). 
The  war  is  sometimes  known  as  the  third  Silesian  war. 
Closely  connected  with  the  Seven  Years'  War  was  the 
struggle  between  the  French  and  English  1754-63,  ending 
with  the  peace  of  Paris  in  1763,  and  the  triumph  of  England 
in  America  and  India.  (For  the  American  part,  see  French 
and  Indian  War.)  Other  important  events  were  Olive's 
victory  at  Plassey  June  23, 1757 ;  English  naval  victories 
at  Lagos  in  Aug.,  and  at  Quiberon  Nov.  20, 1769 ;  and  the 
conquest  of  various  French  possessions.  The  war  raised 
Prussia  to  the  front  rank  of  European  powers,  and  devel- 
oped England's  colonial  empire. 

Severians  (se-ve'ri-anz).  1.  AnEncratite  sect 
of  the  second  century. —  2.  A  Gnostic  sect  of 
the  second  century,  often  identified  with — 8. 
A  Monophysite  sect,  followers  of  Severus,  pa- 
triarch of  Antioch  512-519  A.  D.    See  NioUtes. 

Severn(sev'6m).  Next  to  the  Thames,  the  long- 
est river  in  England:  the  Roman  Sabrina.  It 
rises  in  Montgomeryshire,  Wales ;  traverses  Shropshire, 
Worcestershire,  and  Gloucestershire ;  and  empties  into  the 
Bristol  Channel  at  the  junction  of  the  Lower  Avon,  west 
of  Bristol.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Tern,  Teme,  Avon, 
Wye,  and  Lower  Avon.  ItpassesWorcesterand  Gloucester. 
Length,  about  200  miles ;  navigable  to  Stourport,  for  large 
vessels  to  Gloucester. 

Severn.  A  river  in  Canada  which  flows  north- 
east into  the  southwestern  side  of  Hudson  Bay, 
near  Port  Severn. 

Severn,  Joseph.  Bom  1793:  died  at  Rome, 
Aug.  3, 1879.  An  English  portrait-  and  figure- 
painter,  noted  for  his  devotion  to  Keats. 

Severe  (sa-va'ro),  Cape,  or  Northeast  Oape. 
The  northernmost  cape  of  Asia,  situated  at  the 


Serero,  Gape 

eixtremity  ol  the  Taimyr  peninsula  in  Siljeria,  in 
lat.  77°  41'  N.,  long.  104°  1'  E.  It  was  visited 
by  NordenskiSld  m  1878.  Also  called  Cape 
Severo-Vosiokhnoi,  Cape  Chelyuskin,  etc. 

Severus,  Alexander.    See  Alexander  Severus. 

Severus  (se-ve'rus),  Lucius  Septimius.  Bom 
at  Leptis  Magna,  Africa,  146  a.  d.  :  died  at 
Eboraoum  (York),  Britain,  211.     Eoman  em- 

Seror  193-211.  He  was  questor  and  later  pretor  un- 
er  MarcuB  Aurellus;  and  was  commander  in  Upper  Pan- 
nonla  at  the  time  of  tlie  death  of  Commodus  in  192.  He 
was  proclaimed  emperor  by  his  soldiers  and  overthrew 
Bidius  Julianus  at  Itome  in  193 ;  crushed  his  rival  Fescen- 
nius  Niger  in  194  f  overthrew  hia  rival  Albinus  near  Lyons 
in  197  ;  waged  war  successfully  against  the  Parthians  197- 
202 ;  and  passed  the  years  208-211  in  Britain.  During  his 
reign  improvements  in  the  administration  of  justice  were 
made  by  the  jurist  Fapinianus. 

Severus.Wall  of.  A  wall  built  about  208  A.  D., 
by  tbe  emperor  Septimius  Severus,  between  the' 
Tyne  and  the  Solway  in  Britain,  as  a  defense 
against  northern  inroads.  It  followed  the  line 
of  the  fortifications  of  Hadrian. 

Sevier  (se-ver'),  John.  Boi-n  in  Eockingham 
County,  Va.,  Sept.  23, 1745 :  died  near  Port  De- 
catur, tta.,  Sept.  24,  1815.  An  American  pio- 
neer, general,  and  politician,  famous  as  an  In- 
dian-fighter. He  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Point  Pleas- 
ant Oct,  10, 1774,  and  King's  Mountain  in  1779 ;  was  gover- 
nor of  Franklin  (which  see)  1785-88 ;  member  of  Congress 
from  North  Carolina  1790-91 ;  governor  of  Tennessee  1796- 
1801  and  1803-09 ;  member  of  Congress  from  Tennessee 
1811-15 ;  and  United  States  commissioner  to  negotiate  witli 
the  Creeks  in  1816. 

Sevier  Desert.  A  desert  in  western  Utah,  in- 
cluding the  valley  of  Sevier  Lake  and  the  ad- 
jacent region  to  the  north. 

Sevier  Lake.  A  salt  lake  in  Maiard  Cotmty, 
western  Utah,  120  miles  south-southwest  of 
Great  Salt  Lake.  Length,  20-25  mUes.  It  has 
no  outlet. 

Sevier  River.  A  river  in  western  Utah  which 
flows  northerly  and  then  southwesterly  into 
Sevier  Lake.    Length,  200  miles. 

SivimI  (sa-ven-ya'),Marie  deRabutin-Chan- 

tal,  Marcpise  de.  Born  at  Paris,  Feb.  6, 1626 : 
died  at  Grignan  (Dr6me),  April  18,  1696.  A 
French  epistolary  writer.  Her  parents  died  when 
she  was  a  child,  and  she  was  brought  up  by  a  maternal  un- 
cle. She  had  the  best  of  teachers,  and  as  she  grew  up  she 
had  also  access  to  court.  In  1644  she  was  married  to  Henri, 
marquis  de  .S^vign^,  who  was  killed  in  a  duel  In  1661. 
Their  union  had  not  been  happy,  though  it  was  blessed 
with  two  children,  a  daughter  and  a  son.  Theformermar- 
ried  in  1669  M.  de  Grignan,  who  occupied  an  administra- 
tive position  in  southern  France.  Madame  de  Grignan  ac- 
companied her  husband  to  his  home,  while  her  mother, 
Madame  de  Sfivign^  spent  her  time  either  at  Paris  or  at  her 
country-seat,  Les*  Rochers,  in  Brittany.  It  was  this  sepa- 
ration that  occasioned  the  famous  correspondence  from 
mother  to  daughter  which  still  ranks  as  one  of  the  finest 
monuments  in  the  French  language.  As  everything  of 
d^y  interest  is  recorded  by  Madame  de  S^vign^  for  her 
daughter's  benefit,  these  letters  are  valuable  from  a  his- 
torical point  of  view  as  well  as  for  the  charm  of  their  ex- 
pression. The  best  edition  of  Madame  de  S6vign6's  letters 
was  made  by  Paul  Mesnard  for  the  series  of  "Les  grands 
^crivains  de  la  I'rance." 

Seville  (sev'ilorse-vir),  Sp.  Sevilla  (sa-vel'- 
ya).  A  province  of  Andalusia,  Spain,  bounded 
by  Badajoz  on  the  north,  Cordova  on  the  north- 
east, Malaga  on  the  southeast,  Cadiz  on  the 
south,  and  Huelva  on  the  west.  Tlie  surface  is 
generally  level  in  the  south  and  mountainous  in  the  north. 
The  soil  is  fertile  and  productive.  Area,  6,296  square  miles. 
Population  (1887),  843,944. 

Seville,  Sp.  Sevilla  (sa-vel'ya),  P.  Seville  (sa- 
vel').  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Seville, 
Spain,situated  on  theleft bank  of  the  Guadalqui- 
vir, in  lat.  37°  22'  N.,  long.  5°  59'  W. :  the  Roman 
Hispalis  or  Sevilla.  it  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
important  commercial  cities  of  Spain.  Besides  extensive 
commerce  it  has  manufactures  of  tobacco,  etc.,  andformer- 
ly  had  silk  manufactures.  Opposite  it  is  the  Gipsy  suburb 
of  Triana.  It  contains  many  specimens  of  Moorish  archi- 
tecture. The  cathedral,  of  the  16th  century,  but  preserv- 
ing the  broad  rectangular  plan  of  the  original  mosque,  is 
very  large,  with  great  richness  in  its  fiorid  ornament  and 
picturesque  vistas  through  its  shadowy  arches.  The  nave 
is  1.50  feet  high.  There  is  beautiful  Flemish  colored  glass. 
Here  is  buried  Fernando,  son  of  Columbus,  and  the  Colum- 
bus books  and  manuscripts  are  in  the  chapter  library. 
The  Moorish  Court  of  Oranges,  with  its  venerable  gate, 
adjoins  the  cathedral.  The  Torre  del  Oro,  or  tower  of 
gold,  is  Moorish  with  later  alterations,  in  plan  an  octagon, 
and  rises  in  three  stages.  It  has  its  name  from  having 
been  used  for  the  storage  of  the  precious  metals  brought 
from  America  from  the  time  of  the  discovery.  Other 
buildings  are  the  Moorish  palace  Alcazar,  the  exchange 
(Lonja),  university,  amphitheater,  museum  (containing 
masterpieces  of  Murillo,  etc.),  Eoman  aqueduct,  and  Co- 
sa  de  Hlatos.    The  place  was  a  Phenician  colony ;  an  im- 

Sortant  Roman  city,  and  the  capital  of  Baitioa ;  and  a  Van- 
al  capital  and  important  city  under  the  Goths.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Arabs  in  712 ;  became  one  of  the  chief  Moor- 
ish cities ;  was  the  capital  of  the  Abbadid  dynasty  in  the 
11th  century ;  was  taken  by  the  Almoravides  in  1091,  and  by 
the  Almohades  in  1147 ;  was  recovered  by  the  Christians 
under  Ferdinand  III.  of  Castile  in  1248  (many  of  its  in- 
habitants emigrating);  and  was  made  the  capital:  car- 


921 

Tied  on  extensive  commerce  with  America ;  was  plundered 
by  the  French  under  Soult  in  1810 ;  and  was  bombarded 
by  Espartero  in  1843.    Population  (1897),  146,20.9. 

Seville,  Archives  of.  A  great  collection  of 
documents  relating  to  colonial  (particularly 
American)  affairs,  at  Seville,  Spain,  in  1778 
Charles  III.  ordered  that  all  such  documents  in  the  gov- 
ernment offices  should  be  collected  in  one  place.  A  build- 
ing was  provided  for  them  at  Seville,  and  in  1788  the  most 
important  papers  of  the  Simancas  and  other  deposits  were 
transported  to  it.  There  are  said  to  be  47,000  large  pack- 
ages of  manuscripts. 

Seville,  Council  of.  See  Casa  de  Contratacion 
de  las  Indian. 

Seville,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  between  Grreat 
Britain,  Spain,  and  Prance,  concluded  at  Se- 
ville in  1729.  It  put  an  end  to  the  war  between  Eng- 
land and  Spain,  left  England  in  possession  of  Gibraltar- 
and  established  a  close  alliance  between  the  three  powers., 

Sevres  (savr).  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise,  Prance,  2|  miles  southwest  of 
Paris.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  porcelain  manufactures, 
established  at  Vincennes  in  1745,  removed  to  Sevres  in  1756, 
and  acquired  by  the  state  in  1759.  A  mosaic  establish- 
ment was  founded  here  in  1876.  There  is  an  important 
art  museum.    Population  (1891),  commune,  6,902. 

Sevres,  Deux-.     See  Deux-Shires. 

Sewall  (sH'al),  Arthur.  Bom  at  Bath,  Maincj 
Nov.  25,  1835  :  died  at  Small  Point,  near  Bath, 
Me.,  Sept.  5, 1900.  An  American  ship-builder 
and  banker.  He  was  an  advocate  of  the  free  coin- 
age of  silver,  and  as  such  he  received  the  nomination  of 
the  Democratic  party  for  Vice-President  at  the  Chicago 
Convention  of  July,  1896. 

Sewall  (sH'al),  Jonathan  Mitchell.    Bom  at 

Salem,  Mass.,  La  1748:  died  at  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  March  29, 1808.  An  American  poet.  He 
wrote  a  number  of  patriotic  songs,  and  in  his  epilogue  to 
Cato  (1778)  occur  the  lines 

No  pent-up  Utica  contracts  your  powers. 
But  the  whole  boundless  Continent  is  yours." 

His  poems  were  published  in  1801. 

Sewall,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Bishopstoke,  Eng- 
land, March  28,  1652:  died  at  Boston,  Jan,  1, 
1730.  An  American  judge  and  official  in  Mas- 
sachusetts. He  was  one  of  the  judges  at  the  trials  for 
witchcraft  in  1692,  and  became  chief  Justice  in  1718. 

Sewall,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Boston,  Dec.  11, 
1757 :  died  at  Wiseasset,  Mame,_  June  8,  1814. 
An  American  jurist,  chief  justice  of  Massa- 
chusetts 1813-14. 

Sewall,  Stephen.  Bom  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Dee. 
18,  1704:  died  Sept.  10,   1760.     An  American 

Jurist,  chief  justice  of  Massachusetts  1752-60. 

Seward  (su'ard),  Anna.  Born  at  Eyam,  Derby- 
shire, England,  1747:  died  at  Lichfield,  March 
23,  1809.  Aa  English  poet,  called  "the  Swan 
of  Lichfield."  in  1782  she  published  her  poetical  novel 
"Louisa";  this  was  followed  by  "Sonnets"  (1799)  and 
the  "  Life  of  Dr.  Darwin  "  (1804).  She  was  associated  with 
Dr.  Johnson,  Dr.  Darwin,  and  others,  and  her  letters,  in 
which  she  imitated  Johnson,  were  published  in  six  vol- 
umes 1811-13.  She  bequeathed  the  publication  of  her 
poems- to  Sir  Walter  Scott.  They  were  issued  in  three 
volumes  in  1810.  .„  „.  .„ 

Seward,  Frederick  William.   Bom  1830.  An 

American  lawyer,  assistant  secretary  of  state 
1861-69  and  1877-81.  He  published  "  Life  and 
Letters  "  of  his  father,  W.  H.  Seward. 

Seward,  Creorge  Frederick.  Born  at  Florida, 
N.  T. ,  Nov.  8,  1840.  An  American  diplomatist, 
nephew  of  W.  H.  Seward.  He  became  consul  in 
Chraa  in  1861  and  consul-general  in  1863,  and  was  United 
States  minister  to  China  1876-80. 

Seward,  Mount,  [Named  from  W.  H.  Seward. ] 
A  summit  of  the  Adirondacks,  situated  in 
Franklin  County,  New  York,  14  miles  west  of 
Mount  Marcy.     Height,  4,384  feet. 

Seward,  William  Henry.  Bom  at  Florida, 
Orange  County,  N.  Y.,  May  16,  1801:  died  at 
Auburn,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  10,  1872.  A  noted  Ameri- 
can statesman.  He  graduated  at  Union  College  in 
1820 ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1822 ;  settled  in  Auburn 
in  1823 ;  was  elected  in  1830  as  anti-Masonic  candidate  to 
the  ISTew  York  State  Senate,  in  which  he  served  until 
1834  ;  was  the  unsuccessful  Whig  candidate  for  governor 
in  1834 ;  was  elected  (Whig)  governor  of  New  York  in 
1838 ;  was  reelected  in  1840,  and  served  till  Jan.  1, 1843 ; 
was  Whig  and  afterward  Kepublican  United  States  sen- 
ator from  New  York  1849-61 ;  made  in  1868  a  celebrated 
speech  at  Eoohester,  in  which  he  declared  that  the  an- 
tagonism between  freedom  and  slavery  was  an  "irrepres- 
sible conflict"  between  opposing  forces;  was  a  candidate 
for  the  Republican  nomination  for  President  m  1860 ;  was 
secretary  of  state  1861-69 ;  was  severely  wounded  by  an 
accomplice  of  John  Wilkes  Booth  AprU  14, 1865;  made  a 
journey  to  Europe  1859  (having  made  a  similar  journey  in 
1833) ;  traveled  in  western  United  States  and  Mexico  in 
1869 ;  and  made  a  journey  around  the  world  1870-71.  Dur- 
ing his  incumbency  of  the  secretaryship  of  state  he  averted 
serious  complications  with  Great  Britain  by  his  prudence 
and  skill  in  the  negotiations  over  the  "  Trent  afltair  (which 
see) ;  prevailed  on  the  French  government  to  withdraw  its 
troops  from  Mexico ;  and  in  1867  concluded  the  negotiations 
with  Russia  for  the  cession  of  Alaska.  He  supported  the 
reconstruction  policy  of  President  Johnson.  His  works 
were  published  by  G.  B.  Baker  in  B  vols.  1863-84. 


Seymour,  Robert 

Sewestan  (se-wes-tan'),  or  Sewistan  (se-wis- 
tan').  A  district  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
Afghanistan,  bordering  on  British  India  on  the 
east  and  Baluchistan  on  the  south. 

Sextans  (seks'tanz).  [NL.,' the  sextant.']  A 
constellation  introduced  by  Hevelius  in  1690. 
It  represents  the  instrument  used  by  Tycho  Brahe ;  but  it 
is  placed  between  Leo  and  Hydra,  two  animals  of  a  fiery 

,  nature  according  to  the  astrologers,  to  commemorate  the 
burning  of  his  own  instruments  and  papers  in  1679.  The 
brightest  star  of  the  constellation  is  of  magnitude  4.6. 

Sextus  (seks'tus).  In  Roman  legend,  the  son 
of  TarcLuinius  Superbus,  noted  in-  the  story  of 
Lucretia. 

Sextus  Empiricus  (em-pir'i-kus).  Lived  about 
200  A.  D.  A  Greek  skeptical  philosopher.  He 
wrote  "  Pyrrhonire  hypotyposes"  and '  'Adversus 
mathematioos." 

Seybert  (si'b6rt),  Adam.  Bom  at  Philadelphia, 
1773 :  died  at  Paris,  May  2, 1825.  An  American 
chemist  and  politician.  He  was  member  of  Congress 
from  Pennsylvania  1809-15  and  1817-19.  He  wrote  "Sta- 
tistical Annals  of  the  United  States  "  (1818),  etc. 

Seychelles  (sa-shel').  A  group  of  small  islands 
in  the  Indian  Ocean,  belonging  to  Great  Britain, 
situated  east  of  Zanzibar,  about  lat.  5°  S.,  long. 
55°  30'  E.  The  surface  is  granitic.  The  largest  island 
is  Mah6 ;  the  principal  port  is  Port  Victoria.  Cocoanut- 
oil  and  vanilla  are  among  the  exports.  Population  (1891)[ 
16,440. 

Seydlitz  (zid'lits),  Friedrich  Wilhelm  von. 

Born  at  Kalkar,  near  Cleves,  Feb.  3,  1721 :  died 
Nov.  8, 1773.  A  Prussian  cavalry  general.  He 
served  with  distinction  in  the  Seven  Years  War,  particu- 
larly at  Kolin,  Rossbaoh,  Zorndorf,  Hochkirch,  Freiberg, 
etc.    He  was  wounded  at  Kunersdorf . 

Seymour  (se'mor).  A  city  in  Jackson  County, 
Indiana,  58  miles  south  by  east  of  Indianapolis. 
Population  (1900),  6,445. 

Seymour,  Edward,  Duke  of  Somerset.  Bom 
about  1500:  beheaded  at  London,  Jan.  22, 1552. 
An  English  politician,  brother  of  Jane  Seymour 
and  uncle  of  Edward  VI. :  made  earl  of  Hert- 
ford in  1537.  He  invaded  Scotland  in  1644  (sacked  Ed- 
inburgh) and  1545 ;  became  protector  in  1647  and  duke  of 
Somerset ;  and  gained  the  battle  of  Pinkie  in  1647.  He 
supported  the  Reformation.  In  1549  he  was  removed  from 
the  protectorate ;  was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  1549-50 ; 
and  was  executed  for  treason, 

Seymour,  Sir  Edward.  Born  1633:  died  1708. 
All  English  Tory  politician,  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons.  He  took  part  in  the  revo- 
lution of  1688. 

Seymour,  Frederick  Beauchamp  Paget,  first 
Baron  Alcester.  Born  April  12,  1821:  died 
March  30, 1895.  An  English  admiral.  He  entered 
the  navy  in  1834 ;  became  captain  1864 ;  rear-admiral  1870 ; 
vice-admiral  1876,  and  admiral  in  1882.  In  1880  he  com- 
manded the  allied  fleet  off  the  Albanian  coast  which 
compelled  the  Turks  to  agree  to  the  cession  of  Dulcigno  to 
Montenegro.  He  commanded  the  English  fleet  in  the 
bombardment  of  Alexandria,  July,  1882,  and  was  raised 
to  the  peerage  Nov.  24. 

Seymour,  Sir  George  Hamilton.  Born  in  Eng- 
land, 1797:  died  at  London,  Feb.  3,  1880.  A 
British  diplomatist.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford 
(Merton  College),  In  1817  he  entered  the  diplomatic  ser- 
vice. In  1830  he  became  minister  at  Florence,  in  1835  at 
Brussels,  and  in  1861  at  St.  Petersburg.  Through  him  the 
czar  Nicholas,  before  entering  on  the  Crimean  war,  made 
his  famous  proposals  for  a  joint  dismemberment  of  the 
Turkish  empire  by  Russia  and  England. 

Seymour,  Horatio.  Boi-n  at  Pompey  Hill, Onon- 
daga County,  N.  Y.,  May  31, 1810:  died  at  Utica, 
N.  Y.,  Feb.  12, 1886.  An  American  Democratic 
politician.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1832 ;  entered 
the  New  York  State  assembly  in  1841,  and  became  its 
speaker  in  1845 ;  was  elected  mayor  of  Utica  in  1842 ;  was 
the  unsuccessful  Democratic  candidate  for  governor  of 
New  York  in  1850 ;  was  governor  1853-66  ;  vetoed  a  pro- 
hibition bill  in  1854 ;  was  defeated  as  candidate  for  gov- 
ernor in  1864;  and  was  governor  1863-66.  Among  the 
events  in  his  second  term  were  the  draft  riots  in  1863. 
He  presided  over  the  Democratic  national  conventions  of 
1864  and  1868 ;  was  defeated  as  Democratic  candidate  for 
governor  in  1864 ;  and  was  the  unsuccessful  Democratic 
candidate  for  President  in  1868. 

Seymour,  Jane.  Born  in  England  about  1510 : 
died  Oct.  24,  1537.  The  third  queen  of  Henry 
VIII.,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Seymour  and  sister 
of  the  protector  Somerset,  she  was  lady-in-waiting 
to  Catharine  of  Aragon,  and  later  to  Anne  Boleyn.  She 
married  the  king  May  20, 1536,  the  day  after  the  execution 
of  Anne  Boleyn.  On  Oct.  12, 1537,  her  son  (afterward  Ed- 
ward TI.)  was  bom. 

Seymour,  Sir  Michael.  Bom  1802:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Feb.  23,  1887.  A  British  admiral.  He  en- 
tered the  navy  in  1813;  was  promoted  captain  in  1826  and 
vice-admiral  in  1864;  and  commanded  the  naval  force 
which  operated  againstCanton  in  1857.  He  was  promoted 
admiral  in  1864,  and  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  in  1870. 

Seymour,  Robert.  Born  1798 :  died  April  20, 
1836.  An  English  caricaturist.  He  was  first  ap- 
prenticed to  a  pattern-weaver  of  Duke  street.  Shortly 
after  the  termination  of  his  apprenticeship  he  set  up  a 
studio  as  a  painter  in  oils,  and  executed  several  pictures. 
The ''  Humourous  Sketches  "  appeared  1834-36.  The  "  Book 
of  Christmas,  "with  some  of  his  best  work,  is  now  very  rare. 
On  Dec.  10, 1831,  he  began  "Figaro  in  London,"  continued 


Seymour,  Bobert 

until  1834.  Seymour  was  associated  with  Dickens  as  the 
first  illustrator  of  "Pickwick  Papers."  In  a  fit  of  depres- 
sion after  a  difference  with  that  author,  he  committed  sui- 
cide, April  20,  1836. 

Seyne  (san),  La.  A  seaport  in  the  department 
of  Var,  France,  situated  on  tlie  Bay  of  Toulon 
4  miles  southwest  of  Toulon.  It  has  important 
ship-building.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
14,332. 

Sfax  (sfaks).  A  seaport  on  the  eastern  coast 
of  Tunis,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Gabes  142 
miles  south  of  Tunis.  It  has  important  exports.  It 
was  taken  by  the  French,  July  16,  1881,  after  a  twenty 
days'  bombardment.  Population,  about  30,000.  Also  writ- 
ten Sfaks,  SfakuSt  or  SfaHs. 

Sforza  (sfort'sa),  Francesco.  Born  1401 :  died 
1466.  Anltalianooudottiere, sonof  MuzioSforza. 
He  married  Biauca  Maria  Visconti,  the  natural  daughter  of 
Fil  ippo  Maria  Visconti,  duke  of  Milan,  on  whose  death  with- 
out male  heirs  he  procured  his  own  elevation  as  duke  (1450). 

Sforza, Francesco II.  Died  1535.  DukeofMilan, 
son  of  Lodovioo  Sforza.  His  elder  brother,  Massimi- 
liano,  had  been  deprived  of  his  duchy  by  Francis  I.  of 
France  in  1515.  After  the  defeat  of  the  French  at  La 
Bicocca  in  1522,  Francesco  was  restored  to  the  duchy. 
He  was  the  last  of  the  Sforzas. 

Sforza,  Lodovico,  surnamed  II  Moro  ('the 
Moor').  Died  a  prisoner  at  Loohes,  France, 
about  1510.  Duke  of  Milan,  sou  of  Francesco 
Sforza.  He  was  agent  for  Giovanni  Galeazzo  Sforza, 
whose  throne  he  usurped,  and  whom  he  is  said  to  have 
poisoned.  He  was  expelled  from  Milan  by  Louis  XII.  of 
France  in  1499.  He  was  afterward  restored,  but  was  taken 
prisoner  in  1500,  and  carried  to  France. 

Sforza,  Muzio  Attendolo.  Bom  about  1369: 
died  1424.  Anitalian  leader  of  mercenarytroops, 
founder  of  the  Sforza  family.  Originally  a  peasant, 
he  entered  the  service  of  the  famous  condottiere  Alberico 
da  Barbiano,  from  whom,  on  account  of  his  great  strength, 
he  received  the  surname  of  Sforza.  He  ultimately  became 
commander-in-chief  of  the  Neapolitan  forces,  and  was 
drowned  in  the  Pescara  during  the  siege  of  Aguila  in  1424. 

Sganarelle  (sga-na-rel').  A  comic  character 
out  of  ancient  comedy,  frequently  introduced 
by  Moli^re  in  his  plays,  and  invested  by  him 
with  different  traits  and  peculiarities  according 
to  the  necessities  of  the  subject.  He  first  appears 
In  "Sganarelle,  ou  le  cocu  Imaginalre"  (1660),  and  after 
that  in  many  other  plays  (in  "Don  Juan,  ou  le  festin  de 
Pierre"  (where  he  is  the  Leporello  of  the  opera  "Don  Gio- 
vanni "),  in  " L* Amour m^decin,"  "Le  m^decin malgr6  lui," 
"Le  medecin  volant,"  "L'Scole  des  maris,"  "Le  mariage 
forc6,"  etc.).  The  Sganarelle  to  which  most  frequent  al- 
lusion is  made  is  that  in  "Le  medecin  malgr^  lui,"  where 
he  uses  many  expressions  which  have  become  proverbial, 
as  "  Nous  avons  change  tout  cela,"  etc. 

'S  G-ravesaude,    See  Gravesande. 

Shadrach  (sha'drak).  [Heb.  Hananiah.']  In 
Old  Testament  history,  a  companion  of  Daniel : 
one  of  the  three  (Shadrach,  Meshaoh,  and  Abed- 
nego)  thrown  into  the  fiery  furnace. 

Shadwell  (shad'wel),  Thomas.  Bom  in  Nor- 
folk, 1640 :  died  at  London,  Nov.  20,  1692.  An 
English  playwright  and  poet  laureate.  He  was 
educated  at  Cambridge  and  the  Inner  Temple,  but  de- 
serted the  law  for  literature.  He  is  chiefly  remembered 
for  his  quarrel  with  Dryden,-  who  revenged  Shadwell's  at- 
tack upon  him  in  "  The  Medal  of  John  Bayes"  by  merci- 
lessly satirizing  him  in  "  MacFlecknoe,"  and  as  "  Og  "  in  the 
second  partof  "Absalom  and  Achitophel."  He  succeeded 
Dryden,  however,  as  poet  laureate  and  historiographer 
royal  in  1688  (when  Dryden  would  not  take  the  oath),  not- 
withstanding his  predecessor's  satire  in  "MacFlecknoe," 
"  The  rest  to  some  faint  meaning  make  pretence. 
But  Shadwell  never  deviates  into  sense." 
Shadwell  was  heavy,  but  not  so  dull  as  Dryden  saw  fit  to 
depict  him.  His  plays  are  coarse  and  witty.  Among 
them  are  "The  Sullen  Lovers,  or  the  Impertinents  "  (1668), 
"  The  Humourists,"  "  Psyche  "  (an  opera),  "Epsom  Wells," 
"  The  Virtuoso, "  "  The  Libertine, "  "  The  True  Widow  "  (a 
comedy  to  which  Dryden  wrote  an  epilogue  in  1678,  before 
their  quarrel),  "The  Lancashire  Witches,  etc.,  "The 
Squire  of  Alsatia,"  "  Bury  Fair,"  "  The  Volunteers."  His 
son,  Charles  Shadwell,  was  the  author  of  several  plays 
sometimes  confounded  with  Thomas  Shadwell's.  They  are 
"  The  Fair  Quaker  of  Deal,  or  the  Humours  of  the  Navy  " 
(1710  :  Hester  Santlow  played  Dorcas  in  this  play  and  con- 
tributed largely  to  its  success), "  The  Humours  of  the  Army  " 
(1716),  "Eotherio  O'Connor,"  "The  Sham  Prince,"  etc. 

SnaMtes  (shaf 'i-its ) .  [From  Ar.  Shafi'i,  name 
of  the  founder.]  The  members  of  one  of  the 
four  divisions  or  sects  into  which  the  Orthodox 
Mohammedans,  or  Sunnites,  are  divided. 

Shatter  (shaf'ter),  William  Eufus.  Born  at 
Galesburg,  Mich.,  Oct.  16,  1835.  An  American 
general.  He  served  in  the  Union  army,  and  was 
breveted  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  March  13,  1865. 
He  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  regular  army 
in  1866 ;  was  promoted  brigadier-general  in  May,  1897 ; 
and  was  appointed  major-general  of  volunteers  May  4, 
1898.  He  led  the  expedition  to  Cuba  which  effected  the 
surrender  of  Santiago  July  17, 1898.    Ketired  1899. 

Shaftesbury  (shafts'bu-ri),  or  Shaston  (shas'- 
ton).  A  town  in  Dorset,  England,  19  miles  west- 
sbuthwestof  Salisbury.  Population(1891),  2,122. 

Shaftesbury,  Earls  of.  See  Cooper.  Eight  of  the 

nine  earls  of  Shaftesbury  have  borne  the  name  Anthony 
Ashley  Cooper,  being  all  eldest  sons. 
Shahabad (sha-ha-bad').  Adistrictin the Patna 
division,  Bengal,  British  India,  intersected  by 


922 

lat.  25°  N.,  long.  84°  B.  Area,  4,365  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  2,063,337. 

Shahaptian  (sha-hap'te-an).  A  linguistic  stock 
of  North  American  Iniiians,  which  inhabited 
a  large  territory  along  the  Columbia  Kiver 
and  its  tributaries  in  Oregon,  Washington,  and 
northern  Idaho. 

Shah  Jehan  (shah  ye-han'),  or  Shah  Jahan 
(ya-han').  Born  about  1592:  died  1666.  Mo- 
gul emperor  1628-58,  son  of  Jahangir.  During 
his  reign  the  Mogul  empire  reached  its  highest  point. 
He  founded  the  modern  Delhi,  and  built  the  Taj  Mahal 
and  other  magnificent  buildings  at  Agra.  (SeeAgra.)  He 
was  deposed  by  his  son  Aurung-Zeb. 

Shahnamah  (sh§,h-na-me').  ['Book  of  Kings.'] 
The  title  of  several  works,  the  most  celebrated 
of  which  is  the  great  Persian  epic  of  Firdausi. 
See  Alml  Kasim  Mansw.  There  is  also  a  Shahnamah 
in  Turkish,  written  by  Firdausi  al  Thauil,  and  recounting  ' 
the  history  of  all  the  kings  of  the  East.  When  Bajazet  II., 
to  whom  it  was  dedicated,  ordered  its  abridgment  from 
300  to  80  volumes,  the  author  emigrated  in  mortification 
to  Khorasan. 

Shahpur  (shah-por')-  A  district  in  Baw.al 
Pindi  division,  Panjab,  British  India,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  32°  30'  N.,  long.  72°  30'  E.  Area, 
4,840  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  493,588. 

Shahrazad.    Same  as  Scheherazade. 

Shairp  (sharp),  John  Campbell.  Bom  at 
Houston,  Linlithgowshire,  Scotland,  July  30, 
1819:  died  Sept.  18,  1885.  A  British  literary 
critic  and  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow  and  at 
Oxford,  where  he  took  the  Newdigate  prize  in  1842.  From 
1846  to  1857  he  was  a  master  at  Rugby,  and  became  in 
1861  professor  of  Latin  at  St.  Andrews,  in  1868  principal 
of  the  United  College,  St.  Andrews,  and  in  1877  professor 
of  poetry  at  Oxford.  He  published  "Kilmahoe"(1864), 
"Studies  in  Poetry  and  Philosophy"  (1868),  "Culture  and 
Religion"  (1870),  "Poetic  Interpretation  of  Nature" 
0.877),  "Aspects  of  Poetry"  (1881),  etc. 

Shaikas  ( sha'kaz ).  In  the  history  of  lodia,  a 
people  identified  with  the  Sakai  and  Sacas  of 
classical  writers  (the  Indo-Scythians  of  Ptole- 
my), who  about  the  beginning  of  the  Christian 
era  extended  along  the  west  of  India  to  the 
mouths  of  the  Indus.  They  were  probably  Turks  or 
Tatar  tribes.  As  they  pushed  toward  Central  India  they 
were  met  by  ageneral  league  of  Hindu  princes.  The  Gup- 
tas shared  in  the  league,  and  possibly  led  it.  A  great  bat- 
tle was  fought  at  Kahror,-  near  the  eastern  limits  of  the 
great  desert  of  Marwar.  The  Indo-Scythians  were  utterly 
defeated  and  lost  their  place  in  history.  The  battle  of  Kah- 
ror  was  probably  fought  about  A.  D.  78.  It  is  said  that  the 
year  78  A.  D.  has  become  known  as  the  Shaka  or  Shali- 
vahana  era  in  consequence  of  this  battle. 

Shakspere  (shak'sper,  originally  shak'sper), 
William.  [Also  Shakespeare,  Shalcespear, 
Shaxper,  and  many  other  forms,  th%  proper 
modern  form  etymologicaUy  being  Shalcespear, 
as  in  the  1664  impression  of  the  third  folio 
and  the  fourth  folio  of  the  dramatist's  works ; 
lit.  'one  who  shakes  a  spear,'  orig.,  like  Break- 
spear,  a  complimentary  or  sarcastic  name  for 
a  knight  or  soldier;  from  ShaTce  and  spear. 2 
Born  at  Stratf  ord-on-Avon,  April,  1564  (baptized 
April  26) :  died  there,  April  23,  1616  ([buried 
April  25).  A  famous  English  poet,  the  great- 
est of  dramatists.  Little  Is  known  of  his  life.  He 
was  the  first  son  and  the  third  child  of  John  Shak- 
spere, a  glover,  and  Mary  Arden,  both  children  of  hus- 
bandmen. His  parents  were  possessed  of  a  little  prop- 
erty, and  the  father  held  various  public  ofiices  (consta- 
ble, alderman,  and  high  bailiff)  in  Stratford :  but  their 
prosperity  did  not  survive  the  poet's  boyhood.  Where  or 
when  Shakspere  was  educated  is  not  known.  On  Nov.  28, 
1582,  he  took  out  a  bond  (in  which  the  name  is  written 
Shagspere)  for  license  of  marriage  with  Anne  (or  Agnes) 
Hathaway  of  Shottery,  who  survived  him  seven  years. 
(Her  birthplace  was  bought  for  the  nation  in  1892.)  The 
date  of  the  religious  ceremony  is  not  known.  A  child, 
Susanna,  was  born  to  them  May  26. 1683,  and  on  Feb.  2, 
1585,  twins,  Hamnet  and  Judith.  Abont  1587  Shakspere 
went  to  London  to  seek  his  fortune  in  connection  with  the 
stage,  and  became  an  actor,  probably  in  Lord  Leicester's 
company  of  players,  who  had  visited  Stratford  about  that 
time.  After  the  death  of  Leicester  it  became  Lord 
Strange's  company.  (The  story  that  he  was  forced  to  leave 
Stratford  for  deer-stealing  in  the  park  of  Sir  Thomas  Lucy 
at  Charlecote  is  a  fable ;  but  there  may  be  truth  in 
Davenant's  story  that  he  held  horses  at  the  theater  doors.) 
Shakspere  had  the  advantage  of  being  associated  with 
Alleyne,  the  best  tragic  actor  in  England,  and  with  Kempe 
and  Pope,  the  best  comedians.  Greene,  Kyd,  Marlowe, 
Wilson,  Peele,  Lodge,  Lyly,  Munday,  and  others  were  all 
at  this  time  writing  plays  for  the  different  companies 
playing  in  the  London  theaters ;  and  as  early  as  1589  or 
1590  Shakspere  was  part  author  or  reviser  of  some  of  the 
plays  acted  by  his  own  company,  Lord  Strange's  men.  It 
was  this  collaboration  that  induced  Greene,  his  rival  play- 
wright, to  allude  to  him  in  his  "Groatsworth  of  Wit"  as 
"an  upstart  crow  beautified  with  our  feathers,  that,  with 
his  Tiger's  heart  wrapped  in  a  player's  hide,  supposes  he 
Is  as  well  able  to  bombast  out  a  blank  verse  as  the  best ; 
and,  being  an  absolute  Johannes-fac-totum,  is  in  his  own 
conceit  the  only  Shake-scene  in  a  country."  About  1593 
he  ceased  to  work  as  a  collaborator,  and  in  reviving  the 
plays  produced  at  this  period  seems  to  have  taken  out  the 
work  of  the  other  hands,  substituting  lines  of  his  own. 
In  1693  Lord  Strange's  men  played  at  the  Rose  Theatre.  At 
Lord  Strange's  death  in  this  year  the  company  became 
"The  Chamberlain's,"  and  with  Shakspere  and  Burbage 
played  at  "  The  Theatre. "    After  this  time  Shakspere  was 


Shaktas 

one  of  the  chief  actors  in  the  best  company  m  London,  and 
its  acknowledged  play- writer,  and  attained  fame  as  a  poet 
as  well.  His  son  Hamnet  having  died  in  1696,  Shakspere 
went  for  a  short  time  to  Stratford.  He  obtained  a  grant 
of  arms,  and  in  1697  bought  New  Place.  In  this  year 
the  Chamberlain's  Company  removed  to  "The  Curtain," 
and  about  this  time  Ben  Jonson  began  to  write  for  them. 
Shakspere  lived  at  this  time  in  St.  Helen's,  Bishopsgate, 
with  occasional  absences  in  Stratford.  In  1698  he  played 
in  Ben  Jonson's  "  Every  Man  in  his  Humour."  The  Globe 
Theatre  was  opened  in  1599,  and  after  this  Shakspere'a 
plays  were  first  produced  here.  In  1601  the  Chamberlain's 
Company  traveled,  having  become  obnoxious  to  the  court 
for  playing  "Richard  II."  They  played  at  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge, and  also  went  to  Scotland.  In  this  year  Shak- 
spere's  father  died.  The  turbulent  quarrel  known  as  "the 
war  of  the  theaters,"  which  had  raged  since  1599  between 
Jonson,  Dekker,  Chapman,  Marston,  Shakspere,  and  others, 
seems  to  have  been  composed  about  1602.  The  plays  pro- 
duced between  these  years  are  filled  with  bitter  personal 
allusions.  In  this  latter  year  the  Chamberlain's  Company 
went  back  to  the  court.  In  1603  the  theaters  were  closed 
on  account  of  the  plague ;  the  queen  died ;  and  the  cham- 
berlain's men  took  the  name  of  "The  King's  Company." 
In  1605  Shakspere  invested  money  in  a  lease  of  the  tithes 
of  Blshopton,  Welcombe,  Stratford,  and.Old  Stratford.  In 
1607  his  daughter  Susanna  married  John  Hall,  a  physician 
at  Stratford,  and  his  brother  Edmund  died.  His  mother 
died  in  1608.  In  1610  he  retired  from  the  theater,  and 
was  living  in  Stratford  in  1611.  In  1613  he  bought  a  house 
near  Blackfriars  Theatre,  his  brother  Richard  died,  and 
it  is  thought  that  at  this  time  Shakspere  sold  his  shares 
in  the  Globe  and  Blackfriars  theaters.  Little  is  known  of 
his  life  in  Stratford  after  his  retirement  from  the  stage, 
but  his  name  appears  in  documents  until  1615.  On  Feb. 
10, 1616,  his  daughter  Judith  married  Thomas  Quiney,  a 
vintner.  Shakspere  died  the  following  April  (it  is  sup- 
posed on  the  23d,  which  is  also  celebrated  as  his  birthday). 
Shakspere's  poems  are  "  Venus  and  Adonis  "(entered  on  the 
"Stationers'  Register  "  1593),  *  *  The  Rape  of  Lucrece"  (1594)^ 
"Sonnets  "  (not  published  till  1609,  but  conjectured  to  have 
been  written  1594-98),  "A  Lover's  Complaint"  (published 
with  the  "  Sonnets,"  probably  written  about  1594).  The 
sonnets  are  154  in  number,  and  were  published  with  a 
dedication  by  the  publisher,  Thomas  Thorpe,  to  "Mr.  W. 
H.,"  "-their  only  begetter,"  about  whom  controversy  has 
raged.  The  "Passionate  Pilgrim"  was  first  published  in 
1594.  A  volume  called  "Poems :  written  by  Wil.  Shake- 
speare, Gent.,"  was  published  in  1640.  It  contains  many 
poems  now  known  to  be  by  others.  In  1796  the  famous 
Ireland  forgeries  were  published  (see  Ireland,  W.  B.). 
The  authenticity  of  Shakspere's  plays  was  first  discussed 
in  1848  by  J.  C.  Hart  in  "The  Romance  of  Yachting." 
He  was  followed  by  others,  notably  by  Miss  Delia  Ba- 
con in  1867  and  by  Nathaniel  Holmes  in  1866  and  1888, 
and  by  Ignatius  Donnelly,  all  striving  to  prove  that  Bacon 
wrote  the  plays.  About  50O  works  have  appeared  ou  tlie 
subject.  In  the  following  list  the  dates  of  production  are 
given  as  nearly  as  possible ;  but  reference  should  be  made 
to  the  separate  entries.  "  Love's  Labour 's  Lost "  (1589 : 
revised  in  1597),  "  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona  "  (1591  and 
1696),  "Romeo  and  Juliet "  (1691  and  1696),  "  Henry  VL" 
(in  three  parts,  1692-94),  "  A  Comedy  of  Errors  "  (1694), 
"  King  Richard  III."  (1694),"  Titus  Andronicus  "  (?)(1694), 
"A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream"  (1596),  "King  Richard 
II."  (1696),  "The  Merchant  of  Venice "(1598),  "King  John" 
(1696), "Henry  IV."  (in  two  parts,  1697  and  1698),  "Much 
Ado  about  Nothing  "  (1598),"  As  you  Like  it"(1699),  "Henry 
V. "  (1599),  "  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor  "  (1600),"Troilus  and 
Cresslda  "  (1600),  "  Julius  Csesar  "  (1600),  "  Hamlet"  (1601), 
"Macbeth^' (1601),  "All's  Well  that  Ends  Well"  (1601), 
"Twelfth  Night''  (1602),  "The  Taming  of  the  Shrew" 
(1603),  "Othello"  (1604),  "Measure  for  Measure"  (1604), 
"King  Lear"  (1605),  "Antony  and  Cleopatra"  (1607),  "Ti- 
mon  of  Athens  "(1607-08),  "Coriolanus  (1608),  "Pericles" 
(1608X  "Cymbeline"(ie09),  "The  Tempest "  (1611),  "The 
Winter's  Tale"  (1611),  "King  Henry  Vin."  (1613).  The 
doubtful  plays  were  first  attributed  to  Shakspere  in 
the  1864  issue  of  the  third  folio :  they  are  "  The  Two  No. 
ble  Kinsmen,"  "Edward  III.,"  "The  London  Prodigal," 
"Thomas  Lord  Cromwell,"  "Sir  John  Oldcastle,"  "The 
Puritan  Widow,"  "Loorine,"and  "A  Yorkshire  Tragedy." 
"Arden  of  Feversham,"  "The  Birth  of  Merlin,"  and  other 
plays  have  also  been  attributed  to  him.  Some  of  the  plays 
were  printed  in  quarto  during  Shakspere's  lifetime.  The 
first  collected  edition  was  the  folio  of  1623 ;  the  second 
folio  appeared  in  1632,  a  third  in  1663  and  1664,  a  fourth 
in  1686.  Rowe  issued  the  first  critical  edition  of  theplays 
with  the  poems  in  1709.  Among  the  many  later  editions 
may  be  mentioned  that  of  Pope  (1726),  Johnson  (1765), 
Johnson  and  Steevens  (1773),  Malone  (1790),  Boydells 
edition,  revised  by  Steevens  (1802),  Bowdler's  expurgated 
edition  (1818),  Knight  (1838-43  and  later),  CoUier  (1841-44 
and  later),  Halliwell  (1853),  Dyce  (1867),  Richard  Grant 
White  (1857-66  and  1883),  Hudson  (1880),  Cambridge  edi- 
tion (1863-66),  Globe  edition  (1864).  Variorum  editions 
have  been  edited  by  Reed  (1803)  and  BosweU  (1821),  and 
notably  by  Furness  (begun  in  1877). 

Shakspere  of  Divines,  The.    Jeremy  Taylor. 

Shakspere  of  Germany,  The.  A  name  some- 
times given  to  Kotzebue. 

Shakspere's  Cliff.  A  cliff  near  Dover,  England, 
bordering  the  Strait  of  Dover.  Itis  graphically  pic- 
tured in  Shakspere's  "King  Lear."    Height,  360  feet. 

Shaktas  (shak'taz).  [Skt.  shdkta,  relating  to 
Shakti  (which  see).]  In  India,  the  worshipers 
of  the  divine  power  under  its  female  representa- 
tion. As  Hinduism  has  resolved  itself  into  two  great  sys- 
tems (Shaivism  and  Vaishnavism) ,  so  the  adherents  of  each 
of  these  are  divided  into  two  great  classes  (the  Dakshina- 
margis  and  the  Vamamargis).  Both  are  Shaktas,  bnt  the 
first,  the  '  followers  of  the  right-hand  path,'  worship  Shiva 
and  Vishnu  in  their  double  nature  as  male  and  female,  do 
not  show  undue  preference  for  the  female  or  left-hand  side 
of  the  deity,  and  are  not  addicted  to  mystic  or  secret  rites ; 
while  the  second,  the  Vamamargis,  or  *  followers  of  the  lef  U 
hand  path,'  worship  exclusively  the  female  side  of  Shiva 
and  Vishnu.  Theformer  find  theirBiblein  the  Puranas.  the 
latter  in  the  Tantras.  The  rites  of  the  latter  are  orgiastic 
and  represent  the  most  corrupt  development  of  Qindttism. 


Shakti 

BhaktL(B}iak'ti).  In  Sanskrit,  'strength,  energy,' 
and  then  in  Hindu  religion  the  energy  or  active 
power  of  a  deity  personified  as  his  wife  and  wor- 
shiped under  various  names.  Fifty  different  forms 
of  the  Shakti  of  Vishnu  besides  Lakshmi  are  reckoned,  and 
fifty  of  the  Shakti  of  Shiva  besides  Durga  or  Gauri.  Brah- 
manism  holds  that  the  One  Universal  Self-existent  Spirit 
is  pure  existence.  The  moment  he  becomes  conscious,  his 
nature  becomes  duplex ;  and  this  double  nature  is  held  to 
be  partly  male  and  partly  female,  the  female  constituting 
his  left  side.  The  male  side  of  the  god  is  believed  to  rel- 
egate his  more  onerous  functions  to  the  female  ;  hence 
the  female  side  of  the  personal  god  is  more  often  propiti- 
ated than  the  male.    See  Shdktae. 

Shakuutala  (sha-kon'ta-la).  The  heroine  of 
the  great  drama  of  Kalidasa.  she  was  the  daughter 
of  the  sage  Vishvamitra  by  the  nymph  Menalsa,  and  was 
left  at  birth  in  a  forest  where  she  was  nourished  by  birds 
until  found  by  the  sage  Kanva,  who  brought  her  up  in  his 
hermitage  as  his  daughter.  In  the  drama  she  is  seen  in  the 
forest  by  King  Dushyanta,  who  has  gone  there  to  hunt.  He 
induces  her<  to  contract  with  him  a  Gandharva  marriage' — 
that  is,  one  formed  by  a  simple  declaration  of  mutual  ac- 
ceptance. On  leaving  her  to  return  to  his  capital,  he  gives 
her  a  ring.  When  Shakuntala  goes  back  to  the  hermitage, 
she  does  not  heed  the  approach  of  thetesty  sage  Durvasas, 
who  pronounces  upon  her  the  curse  of  being  forgotten  by 
her  beloved.  Belenting,  however,  Durvasas  promises  that 
Dushyanta  shall  remember  her  on  seeing  the  ring.  Shakun- 
tala sets  out  to  join  her  husband,  but  on  the  way  bathes  in 
a  sacred  pool  and  loses  thering.  Ihekingdoes  not  recog- 
nize her,  and  she  is  obliged  to  return  to  the  forest,  where  she 
tfives  birth  to  Bharata.  A  fisherman  catches  a  fish  in  which 
he  finds  a  royal  ring,  which  is  taken  to  the  king  with  the 
fisherman,  who  is  thought  to  have  stolen  it.  On  seeing  the 
Ting  the  Idng  recognizes  it,  remembers  Shakuntala,  and 
•goes  in  quest  of  her.  The  play  exists  in  two  recensions, 
one  known  as  the  Devansgari,  the  other  as  the  Bengali,  at 
which  the  former  is  thought  to  be  the  older  and  purer.  It 
was  from  the  latter  that  Sir  William  Jones  made  his  cele- 
brated translation  of  1789,  which,  translated  into  German 
by  Forster  in  1791,  so  excited  the  admiration  of  Herder  and 
Goethe.  Monier- Williams  has  published  an  exquisite  and 
masterly  translation  of  the  Deranagari  recension. 

SlialerCsha'ler),  Nathaniel  Southgate.  Bom 
at  Newport,  Ky.,  Feb.  22, 1841.    Ajx  American 

feologist  and  paleo'utol^ist.  He  graduated  at  the 
awrence  Scientifljc  School  (Harvard)  in  1862 ;  served  in 
the  Union  army  during  the  Civil  War ;  and  was  professor 
of  paleontology  at  Harvard  from  1868  to  1887,  when  he  be- 
came professor  of  geology.  Among  his  works  are  "  A  First 
Book  in  Geology"  (1884),  "Kentucky"  (1884 :  in  American 
Commonwealths  series),  "The  Interpretation  of  Nature" 
(189U  etc. 
Shallow  (shal'6).  A  solemn,  insignificant  eotm- 
try  justice  in  the  "Merry  Wives  of  Windsor," 
and  in  the  2d  part  of  "King  Henry  IV.,"  by 
Shakspere.  He  has  lofty  pretensions  to  having  been 
a  roaring  blade  in  his  youth,  and  is  a  satire  on  Sir  Thomas 
Lucy,  the  author's  old  Stratford  enemy.  Fhelps  made  a 
great  hit  in  ILondon  in  this  part. 

Shalmaneser  (shal-ma-He'z6r).  [Assyr.  Jm?- 
man-asarid, the  godShiilmanistheleader.]  The 
name  of  four  Assyrian  kings.  The  first  reigned 
about  1330  B.  0.  From  an  inscription  of  Asurnazirpal 
(884-860  B.  o.)it  is  known  that  he  founded  the  city  of  Calah 
(modern  Nimrud),  which  he  made  his  residence,  and  that 
he  extended  the  boundaries  of  the  Assyrian  empire  in  the 
northwest.  The  second  reigned  860-824  B.  0.  He  was  war- 
like and  enterprising  like  his  father  Asurnazirpal,  and 
under  him  the  first  direct  collision  between  Assyria  and 
Israel  took  place.  The  extant  monuments  of  him  are  the 
"black  obelisk,"  about  7feet  high,  with  190  lines  of  cunei- 
form writing  and  representations  of  war-scenes  in  bas-re-/ 
lief,  discovered  by  Layard  in  the  Nimrud  mound ;  two  bull- 
colossi  covered  with  inscriptions,  found  in  the  same  place ; 
a  monolith,  found  in  Eurldi ;  the  bronze  coverings  of  his 
palace  doors  decorated  with  scenes  of  war,  games,  sacri- 
fices, etc.,  and  an  account  of  the  first  nine  years  of  his 
reign,  in  repouss6  work,  discovered  by  Hormuzd  Bassam 
in  Balawat.  From  these  monuments  we  learn  that  Shal- 
maneser II.  invaded  Babylonia,  conquering  the  city  of 
Babylon  and  manyother  cities.  He  then  directed  his  forces 
against  the  confederation  of  the  Syrian  Idngs  to  which 
also  Ahab  of  Israel  belonged,  and  defeated  it  in  the  battle 
of  Earkar.  In  842,  after  the  defeat  of  Hazael  of  Damascus, 
he  received  tribute  from  T^e,  Sidon,  and  Jehu  of  IsraeL 
The  last  four  years  of  his  reign  were  occupied  with  the  re- 
hellion  which  one  of  his  sons  had  aroused,  and  which  his 
other  son  put  down  two  years  after  his  father's  death.  The 
third  reigned  782-772  B.  0.  During  the  ten  years  of  his 
reign  he  made  six  expeditions  against  Armenia  (Urartu), 
one  against  Damascus,  and  one  against  Chatarika  (the  bib- 
lical Hadraoh).  The  fourth  reigned  727-722.  He  is  known 
from  the  Old  Testament.  He  undertook  an  expedition  into 
the  west,  on  which  occasion  Hosea,  king  of  Israel,  who  be- 
came tributary  to  his  predecessor,  Tiglath-Fileser  III.,  re- 
peated the  assurance  of  his  submission  and  brought  him 
presents.  But,  soon  after  the  departure  of  the  Assyrian 
Ifing,  Hosea  sent  an  embassy  to  the  Egyptian  king  Shabe 
(biblical  So)  offering  him  his  alliance,  whereupot  Shal- 
maneser IV.  appeared  before  Samaria,  took  the  faithless 
Hosea  captive,  and  laid  siege  to  the  city  (2  Ki.  rvii.).  From 
the  cuneiform  inscriptions  it  is  known  that  Shalmaneser 
IV.  himself  met  with  his  death  during  the  siege,  and  that 
it  was  his  successor,  Sargon,  who  succeeded  in  taking  Sa- 
maria after  a  three  years'  siege. 

Shamaka.    See  Shemakha. 

^hamash  (sha'mash).  In  the  Assyro-Babylo- 
nian  pantheon,  the  god  of  the  sun.  He  is  called 
the  "light  of  the  gods,"  the  "illuminator  of  heaven  and 
earth,"  and  especially  the  "great  judge  of  heaven  and 
earth."  His  wife  is  Aa,  the  "lady  of  mankind,"the  "lady 
of  the  countries. "  The  principal  seats  of  his  worship  were 
Sippara  (the  biblical  Sepharraim)  and  Larsa  (modern  Sen- 
kereh). 

Shamba  (sham'bS,).    See  Kabail. 


923 

Shame,  Desert  of.    See  GoU. 

Shamokin  (sha-mo'kin).  A  borough  in  North- 
umberland County,  Pennsylvania,  50  miles 
northwest  of  Reading.  It  is  important  as  the 
center  of  a  coal-mining  region.  Population 
(1900J,  18,202. 

Shamrock  (sham'rok).  A  sloop  yacht,  the  un- 
successful challenger  for  the  America's  cup  in 
1899.  She  was  owned  by  Sir  Thomas  Lipton  and  designed 
by  William  Fife,  Jr.  Her  dimensions  were :  length  over 
»11, 128  feet ;  water-line  length,  87  feet  8J  inches  (for  the 
last  race,  88  feet  11§  inches) ;  beam,  25  feet  5  inches. 

ohamrock  II.  A  sloop  yacht,  the  unsuccess- 
ful challenger  for  the  America's  cup  in  1901, 
designed  by  George  L.  Watson  and  owned  by 
Sir  Thomas  Lipton.    She  failed  to  wiu  a  race. 

Shamyll    See  Sehamyl. 

Shanaon  (shan'don),  Captain.  A  witty,  sweet 
tempered,  but  intemperate  literary  hack  who 
lives  in  the  Fleet  Prison :  a  character  in  Thack- 
eray's "  Pendennis."  His  original  was  William 
Maginn. 

Shandy  (shan'di).  Captain.     See  Toby,  Uncle. 

Shandy,  Tristram.    See  Tristram  Shandy. 

Shanghai  (shang-hi').  A  city  and  seaport  in 
the  province  of  Kiangsu,  China,  situated  on  the 
river  Wusung,  at  the  junction  of  the  Hwangpu, 
and  near  the  Yangtse,  in  lat.  31°  15'  N.,  long. 
121°  29'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  ports  of  the  empire,  ex- 
porting tea,  silk,  etc.  It  contains  an  important  foreign 
quarter  inhabited  by  British,  Americans,  French,  etc.  It 
became  a  treaty  port  in  1843.  It  was  taken  by  the  rebels 
andheldtemporarilyinl853.  Population,  estimated,  about 
400,000.         *■  '  1-  ,  -, 

Shankara  (shang'ka-ra),  or  Shankaracarya 
(-a-char'ya).  ['The  teacher  or  doctor  Shan- 
kara.'] One  of  the  most  renowned  theologians 
of  India.  His  exact  date  is  uncertain :  Wilson  puts  it  in 
the  8th  or  9th  century  A.  D.  Tradition  generally  makes  him  a 
native  of  Malabar.  He  is  described  as  having  led  a  wander- 
ing, controversial  life,  and  as  having  gone  toward  the  close 
of  it  to  Kashmir  and  then  to  Kedarnath  in  the  Himalaya, 
where  he  is  said  to  have  died  at  the  age  of  32.  He  is  held 
to  have  worked  various  miracles,  among  others  reanimat- 
ing and  entering  the  dead  body  of  King  Amaru  in  order 
to  become  temporarily  the  husband  of  Amaru's  widow  that 
he  might  be  able  to  argue  with  a  Brahman  on  the  weddedt 
state,  and  was  even  regarded  as  an  incarnation  of  Shiva. 
He  is  made  the  founder  of  the  Dashnamidandins,  or  *  Ten- 
named  Mendicants '  (so  called  as  divided  into  10  classes, 
each  distinguished  by  the  name  of  one  of  the  10  pupils  of 
each  of  Shankara's  4  chief  pupils),  one  of  the  principal 
Shaiva  sects.  South  Indian  pandits  represent  him  also  as 
founder  of  all  the  6  principal  sects  of  !^nduism  —  viz.,  the 
Shaivas,  the  Vaishnavas,  the  Shaktas,  the  Ganapatyas,  the 
Sauras,  and  the  Pashupatas — though  falsely,  as  Shankara 
was  opposed  to  all  sectarian  ideas.  He  is  said  to  have  es- 
tablished several  maths,  or  monasteries,  particularly  one 
still  flourishing  at  Sringiri  on  the  Western  Ghats,  near  the 
sources  of  the  Tnngabudra.  The  essential  fact  of  his  life 
is  that  he  molded  the  Uttaramimansa  or  Vedanta  philoso- 
phy into  its  final  form,  and  popularized  it  into  a  national 
religion.  A  large  number  of  works  are  ascribed  to  him, 
of  which  the  most  important  are  commentaries  on  the  Ve- 
dantaautras,  the  Bhagavadgita,  and  the  principal  Upanl- 
shadS. 

Shankara'Tijaya  (shang-ka-ra-vi'ja-ya).  [Skt., 
'the  triumph  of  Shankara.']  The  "name  of 
several  Sanskrit  works,  but  especially  of  a  bi- 
ography of  Shankara  (which  see%  by  Ananda^ 
Riri. 

Shanklin  (shangk'lin).  A  watering-place  situ- 
ated on  the  southeastern  coast  of  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  England.    Population  (1891),  3,277. 

Shannon  (shan'on).  The  principal  river  of 
Ireland,  it  rises  in  the  north ;  flows  south  and  south- 
west ;  traverses  Loughs  Allen,  Bee,  and  Derg ;  and,  form- 
ing a  wide  estuary,  empties  into  the  Atlantic  in  lat.  52° 
30'  N.  The  chief  tributary  is  the  Suck.  Length,  about  250 
miles ;  navigable  tor  the  greater  part  of  its  course  (for 
large  vessels  to  Limerick). 

Shannon,  The.  A  British  man-of-war  which 
captured  the  American  vessel  of  war  Chesa- 
peake off  Marblehead,  Massachusetts,  June  1, 
1813.    See  Chesapeake. 

Shansi  (shan-se').  ['Mountainous  west.']  A 
province  of  northern  China.  Capital,  Taiyuen- 
fu.  It  borders  on  Mongolia  on  the  north  and  on  the 
Hwangho  on  the  south  and  west ;  the  surface  is  largely 
mountainous.  Area,  about  66,000  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, estimated,  11,000,000. 

Shan  (shan)  S'tates.  A  group  of  Lao  states, 
partly  under  British  rule  in  Burma,  partly  inde- 
pendent, and  partly  under  the  rule  of  Siam. 

Shan-tung  (shan-tong').  A  maritime  province 
of  China.  Capital,  Tsinan.  it  borders  on  the  Yel- 
low Sea  and  the  Gulf  of  Pe-chi-li.  The  surface  is  generally 
level,  except  in  the  peninsular  portion.  Area,  about  66,000 
square  miles.     Population  (1896),  est.,  34,438,(W0. 

Sharezer  (sha-re'zer).  According  to  2  Ki.  xix. 
37,  Isa.  xxxvii.  38,  the  son  of  Sennacherib  who, 
with  his  brother  Adrammelech,  assassinated 
his  father,  in  Abydenus  he  bears  the  name  of  Nergilos, 
and  it  is  not  improbable  that  his  complete  name  was  Ner- 
gal-Sharezer  (Assyrian  Nergal-iar-ufur,  'Nergal(the  god 
of  war)  protect  the  king').  The  name  Sharezer  occurs  also 
as  that  of  a  Judean  in  the  time  of  Darius  (Zech.  vu.  2). 

Shari  (sha're).    The  chief  tributary  of  Lake 


Shasu 

Chad,  Sudan,  which  it  joins  from  the  south; 
source  unknown.    Length,  700  miles  f?). 
Shark  Bay  (shark  ba).    An  inlet  of  the  Indian 
(Jcean,  on  the  western  coast  of  West  Australia. 
Sharkieh  (shar-ke'ye).    The  easternmost  prov- 
ince of  Lower  Egypt.    Area  of  the  cultivated  region, 
905  square  mUes.    Population  (1882),  164,665. 
Sharon  (shar'on).  A  borough  in  Mercer  County, 
western  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  Shenango 
River  64  miles  northwest  of  Pittsburg.     It 
has  important  iron  manufactures.    Population 
(1900),  8,916.  ^ 

Sharon,  Plain  of.  In  Bible  geography,  a  plain 
in  western  Palestine,  extending  along  the  coast 
from  the  vicinity  of  Joppa  to  Csesarea  or  Car- 
mel.  It  was  celebrated  for  its  fertility. 
Sharp  (sharp),  James.  Born  at  Castle  Banff, 
May  4, 1618 :  murdered  on  Magus  Muir,  near 
St.  Andrews,  May  3,  1679.  A  Scottish  prelate, 
archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  in  1637  he  graduated 
at  King's  College,  Aberdeen ;  in  1643  was  chosen  a  re- 
gent of  philosophy  in  St.  Leonard's  College,  St.  Andrews ; 
and  in  1648  he  was  appointed  minister  of  Crail  in  Fif  eshire. 
He  was  aleader  of  the  Kesolutioners  against  the  Protesters. 
In  1666  he  went  to  London  to  counteract  the  influence  oi 
the  Protesters  with  the  Protector.  In  Feb.,  1660,  he  vis- 
ited London  again  to  watch  the  movements  of  Monk.  He 
was  well  received  byMonkand  sent  to  CharlesIL  at  Breda, 
ostensibly  to  advocate  the  Presbyterian  cause.  He  was 
in  confidential  communication  with  Charles  and  Claren- 
don, assisted  in  the  restoration  of  Episcopacy  in  Scot- 
land, and  for  his  treachery  was  appointed  archbishop 
of  St.  Andrews  in  Aug.,  1661.  When  Lauderdale  became 
supreme.  Sharp  cooperated  in  passing  the  National  Synod 
Act  of  1663,  the  first  step  in  subjecting  the  church  to  the 
crown.  In  1667,  with  Rothes,  hewasthegoverning  power 
in  Scotland.  Their  tyranny.and  cruelty  provoked  a  rising 
of  the  Covenanters.  On  July  10, 1668,  an  attempt  to  assas- 
sinate him  was  made  by  Robert  Mitchell,  a  preacher.  He 
was  murdered  by  a  number  of  Covenanters  while  on  his 
way  to  St.  Andrews. 

Sharp,  John.    Bom  at  Bradford,  England,  Feb. 
16,  1644:  died  at  Bath,  Feb.  2, 1714.     An  Eng- 
lish prelate,  archbishop  of  York. 
Sharp,  Rebecca  (Becky  Sharp),    One  of  the 
ipriuoipal  characters  in  Thackeray's  "Vanity 
(Fair":  a  friendless  girl,  "with  the  dismal  pre- 
cocity of  poverty,"  whose  object  it  is  to  rise  in 
the  world.    She  is  agreeable,  cool,  selfish,  and  entirely 
unmoral ;  "  small  and  slight  of  person,  pale,  sandy-haired, 
and  with  green  eyes,  habitually  cast  down,  but  very  large, 
odd,  and  attractive  when  they  looked  up." 

But  the  finest  character  in  the  whole  novel  is  Miss  Re- 
becca Sharp,  an  original  personage,  worthy  to  be  called 
the  author's  own,  and  as  true  to  life  as  hypocrisy,  ability, 
and  cunning  can  make  her.  She  is  altogether  the  most 
important  person  in  the  work,  being  the  very  impersona- 
tion of  talent,  tact,  and  worldliness,  and  working  her  way 
with  a  graceful  and  executive  impudence  unparalleled 
among  managing  women.  She  indicates  the  extreme  point 
of  worldly  success  to  which  these  qualities  will  carry  a 
person,  and  also  the  impossibility  of  their  providing  against 
all  contingencies  in  life. 

Whipple,  Essays  and  Reviews,  II.  407. 

Sharp,  Timothy.  The  "lying  valet"  in  Gar- 
rick's  p^y  of  that  name. 

Sharp,  William.  Bom  at  London,  Jan.  29, 
1749:  died  at  Chiswick,  England,  July  25, 1824. 
An  English  line-engraver.  He  executed  excel- 
lent plates  from  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  and  the 
old  masters. 

Sharper  (shar'per).  A  character  in  Congreve's 
' '  Old  Bachelor."    it  is  he  who  says : 

"Thus  grief  still  treads  upon  the  heels  of  pleasure — 
Marry'd  in  haste,  we  may  repent  at  leisure." 

Sharpshurg(sharps'berg).  1.  Asmalltownin 
Washington  County,  western  Maryland,  situ- 
ated near  the  Potomac  12  miles  south  of  Ha- 
gerstown.  For  the  battle  of  Sharpsburg,  see 
Antietam. —  2.  A  borough  of  Allegheny  County, 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Allegheny  River 
5  miles  northeast  of  Pittsburg.  Population 
(1900),  6,842. 

Sharswood  (sharz'wiid),  George.  Bomat  Phil- 
adelphia, July  7,  1810:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
May  28,  1883.  An  American  jurist  and  legal 
writer.  He  became  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1867,  and  later  chief  justice.  He  edited 
various  legal  works,  including  "Blackstone"  (1869),  and 
wrote  "Prof essional  Ethics,"  etc. 

Shasta.    See  Sastean. 

Shasta  (shas'ta),  Mount.  A  mountain-peak  in 
Siskiyou  County,  California,  situated  about  lat. 
41°  25'  N.  It  is  one  of  the  highest  peaks  in  the 
United  States.    Height,  14,380  feet. 

Shastica.    See  Sastean. 

Shasu  (sha'so).    See  the  extract. 

Very  distinct  from  the  Phoenicians  of  Kaf  t  are  the  Shasu 
or  Bedawin,  'Plunderers,'  of  the  Egyptian  monuments. 
They  were  the  scourge  of  the  settled  populations  of 
Canaan,  as  their  descendants  are  at  the  present  day.  We 
hear  of  them  as  existing  from  the  Egyptian  frontier  up  to 
the  north  of  Palestine,  'the  land  of  the  Amorite,'  where 
theur  place  was  taken  in  the  fifteenth  century  before  our 
era  by  the  invading  Hittite.    They  were  properly  inhabt 


Shasu 

tants  of  the  desert^  who  perpetually  hovered  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  cultivated  land,  taking  advantage  of  every  op- 
portunity to  harry  and  plunder  it. 

Sayce,  Eaces  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  105. 

Shat-el-Arab  (shat-el-a'rab) .  The  lower  course 
of  the  Euphrates  after  its  junction  with  the 
Tigris.  • 

Shattuck  (shat'uk),  Aaron  Draper.  Bom  at 
Francestown,  N.  H.,  March  9, 1832.  An  Ameri- 
can landscape-painter.  He  first  exhibited  in 
1856,  and  was  made  a  national  academician  in 
1861. 

Shattuck, Lemuel.  Bom  at  Ashby, Mass.,  Oct. 
15,  1793 :  died  at  Boston,  Jan.  17,  1859.  An 
American  historical  and  statistical  writer. 

Shaula  (sha'la).  [Ar.  oZ-sawJa,  the  sting.]  The 
second-magnitude  star  /I  Scorpii,  at  the  extrem- 
ity of  the  creature's  tail. 

SLavano  (sha-va'no),  Mount.  A  mountain  of 
the  Saguache  Mountains,  central  Colorado. 
Height,  14,289  feet. 

Shaw  (sh4),  Henry  Wheeler:  pseudonyms 
Josh  Billings  and  Uncle  Esek.  Bom  at  Lanes- 
borough,  Mass.,  April  21,1818 :  died  at  Monterey, 
Cal.j  Oct.  14, 1885.  An  American  humorist.  He 
published  annually  "  Josh  BiUinga'  Farmers'  AUminax," 
and  began  his  career  as  a  lecturer  in  1863.  His  complete 
works  were  published  in  1877. 

Shaw,  Lemuel.  Bom  at  Bamstable,Mass.,  Jan. 
9,1781:  died  at  Boston,  March  80, 1861.  A  noted 
American  jurist.  He  was  chief  justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Massachusetts  1830-60. 

Shaw,  Robert  Gould.  Born  at  Boston,  Oct.  10, 
1837 :  killed  at  Fort  Wagner,  S.  C,  July  18, 1863. 
A  Union  ofttcer  in  the  Civil  War.  He  enlisted  as 
a  private  in  1861 ;  was  promoted  captain  Aug.  10, 1862 ;  and 
April  17, 1863,  became  colonel  of  the  B4th  Massachusetts, 
the  first  regiment  of  colored  troops  from  a  free  State  mus- 
tered into  the  United  States  service. 

Shawangunk  (shong'^um)  Mountains.  A 
range  of  the  Appalachian  system  ia  Orange, 
Sullivan,  and  Ulster  counties,  southeastern 
New  York,  extending  from  New  Jersey  north- 
eastward.   Height,  about  2,000  feet. 

Shawano  (sh&'wa-no).  or  Shawnee  (shS,'ne),  or 
Savannas  (sa-vaii'az).  Atribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  From  their  wanderings  and  the  difficul- 
ties of  identification,  their  habitat  has  been  much  dis- 
cussed. They  were  early  known  in  the  Cumberland  valley 
in  Tenn  essee  and  on  the  upper  Savannah  in  South  Carolina. 
About  the  middle  of  the  18th  century  these  two  bodies, 
after  several  changes  of  homes,  were  united  in  the  Ohio 
vaUey,  and  were  almost  constantly  at  war  with  the  English 
and  afterward  with  the  United  States,  being  under  Tecnm- 
seh's  leadership  in  the  War  of  1812.  About  1,500  remain, 
chiefly  in  the  Indian  Territory.  The  name  is  translated 
'southerners,'  referring  to  the  fact  that  for  a  long  period 
they  lived  farther  south  than  any  of  the  other  Algon- 
qaian  divisions.    See  Algonquiaiu 

Shawano  (sha- w&'no)  Lake.  A  lake  In  Sha-: 
wano  County ,'eastern"Wisconsin,30  miles  north- 
west of  Grreen  Bay.  Its  outlet  is  by  Wolf  Kiver  into 
Lake  Winnebago.    Length,  about  6  miles. 

Shawnee.    See  Slmwano. 

Shays  (shaz),  Daniel.  Bom  at  HopMnton, 
Mass.,  1747:  died  at  Sparta,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  29, 
1825.  An  American  insurgent,  one  of  the  lead- 
ers of  the  insurrection  of  1786-87  in  western 
Massachusetts  commonly  known  as  Shays's  Re- 
bellion. He  was  an  ensign  in  Woodbridge's  regiment  at 
the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  and  attained  the  rank  of  captain 
in  the  Continental  army.  After  resigning  his  commission 
he  settled  at  Pelham  (now  Prescott),  Massachusetts.  He 
fled  on  the  suppression  of  the  insurrection  in  question 
to  New  Hampshire  and  thence  to  Vermont,  where  he  re- 
mained about  a  year,  at  the  end  of  which  time  he  received 
a  pardon.  He  thereupon  removed  to  Sparta,  New  York. 
He  enjoyed  a  pension  during  his  later  years  for  his  ser^ 
vices  in  the  Revolution. 

Shays's  Rebellion.  An  instirrection  in  western 
Massachusetts  against  the  State  government, 
1786-87,  under  the  leadership  of  Daniel  Shays 
and  others,  occasioned  by  the  unsettled  condi- 
tion of  affairs  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution  and 
the consequentpopulardiscontent.  Thechief grie- 
vances  complained  of  were  that  the  governor's  salary  was 
too  high,  that  the  Senate  was  aristocratic,  that  the  lawyers 
were  extortionate,  and  that  taxes  were  too  burdensome ; 
and  the  principal  remedy  demanded  was  a  large  issue  of 
paper  money.  Shays,  in  Dec,  1786,  attempted  at  the  head 
of  1,000  followers  to  prevent  the  session  of  the  Supreme 
Court  at  Springfield,  but  was  forestalled  by  the  militia. 
In  Jan. ,  1787,  three  bodies  of  insurgents,  under  Shays,  Luke 
Day,  and  Eli  Parsons  respectively,  marched  on  Springfield 
with  a  view  to  capturing  the  Continental  arsenal.  The 
largest  body,  that  under  Shays,  numbering  1,000,  was  at- 
tacked by  the  militia(about  4,000)  under  General  Benjamin 
Lincoln  on  the  2Bth,  and  was  put  to  flight  with  a  loss  of 
3  men  killed  and  1  wounded.  The  fugitives,  including 
Shays,  joined  the  force  under  Eli  Parsons.  The  insurgents 
were  finally  dispersed  Feb.,  1787,  at  Petersham,  where  160 
of  them  were  captured.  Shays  escaped.  Some  of  the  other 
leaders  were  sentenced  to  death,  but  were  ultimately  par- 
doned. 

She  (she).  Anovelby  Eider  Haggard,  published 
in  1887.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the  interior  of 
southern  Africa. 


924 

Shea  (sha),  John  Dawson  Gilmary.    Bom  at 

New  York,  July  22, 1824 :  died  at  Elizabeth,  N.  J., 
Feb.  22, 1892.  An  American  historical  writer 
and  philologist.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1846, 
but  soon  abandoned  law  in  order  to  devote  himself  wholly 
to  literature.  He  wrote  "Discovery  and  Exploration  of 
the  Mississippi  Valley  "  (1863),  "  History  of  the  Catholic 
Missions  among  the  Indian  Tribes  of  the  United  States  " 
(1854),  "EarlyToyage3upanddowntheMissi88ippi"(1862), 
and  "Lincoln  Memorial  "(1865).  He  also  published  gram- 
mars and  dictionaries  of  various  Indian  languages,  and 
various  translations,  including  Charlevoix's  "History  and 
General  Description  of  New  France  "  (1886-72) ;  and  edited 
"  Washington's  Private  Diary  "  (1861). 

Sheaffe,  Sir  Roger  Hale.  Born  at  Boston,  July 
15, 1763 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  July  17,  1851.  A 
British  general.  He  defeated  the  Americans  at  Queens- 
ton,  Canada,  1812,  and  commanded  at  the  defense  of  York 
Soronto)  in  the  following  year. 
eba  (she'ba).  A  grandson  of  Cush  ((Jen.  x.  7) ; 
a  descendant  of  Jokshan  (x.  28) ;  grandson  of 
Abraham  and  Keturah  (xxv.  2).  The  Sabseans  were, 
according  to  biblical  and  classical  notices,  the  most  im- 
portant people  of  South  Arabia.  They  were  settled  in 
southwestern  Arabia,  Yemen,  with  the  capital  Mariba. 
The  numerous  inscriptions  bear  evidence  of  their  culture. 
From  this  country  there  came  a  queen  to  test  Solomon's 
wisdom  (1  Ki.  x.  1) :  Arabic  legends  give  her  the  name  of 
Balkis,  and  assert  that  she  bore  a  son  to  Solomon.  Itls  from 
this  son  that  the  Ethiopians  claim  descent.  In  24  B.  c.  the 
Egyptian  governor  .^ius  Gallus  undertook  an  expedition 
against  Mariba  with  the  aid  of  the  Nabatseans,  but  with- 
out success.  According  to  Arabic  accounts  the  capital 
was  destroyed  by  a  flood  200  A.  D.  The  Himyarite  dynasty 
of  Yemen  was  extinguished  shortly  before  Mohammed. 

Shebat  (she-baf).  [_Assji.  ^abatu.1  InZech. 
i.  7,  the  name  of  the  eleventh  month  of  the  He- 
brew year,  corresponding  to  Jan.-Feb. :  bor- 
rowed by  the  Jews  from  the  Babylonians  after 
the  exile.  Among  the  Assyro-Babylonians  this  month 
was  sacred  to  Bamman,  the  storm-god.  The  name  is  de- 
rived from  the  verb  ehabat,  to  strike,  and  means  'the 
month  of  devastation,'  on  account  of  the  destructive 
storms  and  inundations  which  it  brought  in  its  train. 

Sheboygan  ishe-boi'gan).  A  city,  capital  of 
Sheboygan  County,  Wis.,  situated  on  Lake 
Michigan,  at  the  mouth  of  Sheboygan  Kiver, 
48  miles  north  by  eastof  Milwaukee.  It  has  a  large 
export  trade  in  grain,  has  varied  manufactures,  and  is  a 
dairy  center.    Population  (1900),  22,962. 

Shechem  (she'kem).  [Heb.,  'shoulder.']  An 
ancient  city  of  Palestine,  situated  in  the  val- 
ley between  Mount  Bbal  and  Mount  Grerizim. 
It  was  afterward  called  Neapolis  (whence  the  modern 
name  Nablus),  or  more  fully  Flavia  Neapolis,  from  its  hav- 
ing been  restored  by  Titus  Flavins  Vespasianus  after  its 
destruction  in  the  Jewish-Roman  war,  Shechem  (or  Si- 
chem)  played  an  important  part  throughout  the  history  of 
Israel.  The  patriarch  Jacob  and  his  sons  sojourned  there 
for  some  time.  It  fell  to  the  lot  of  the  tribe  of  Ephraim, 
and  Joshua  held  there  his  farewell  meeting.  It  was  one 
of  the  free  Levitical  cities.  During  the  period  of  the 
judges  it  was  the  center  of  the  rule  of  Abimelech,  and  after 
the  division  of  the  Idngdom  Jeroboam  made  it  his  tempo- 
rary residence.  After  the  exile  it  became  the  center  of 
the  Samaritans,  who  erected  near  it  their  temple  on  Mount 
Gerizim.  It  suffered  a  great  deal  during  the  Crusades, 
but  is  still  an  important  city.    See  Ndbl'us, 

Shechinah,  or  Shekinah  (she-M'na).  [From 
Heb.  shakhan,  dwell.]  The  Jewish  name  for  the 
symbol  of  the  divine  presence,  which  rested  in 
the  shape  of  a  cloud  or  visible  light  over  the 
mercy-seat. 

Shedd  (shed),  William  Greenough  Thayer. 
Born  June  21,  1820 :  died  Nov.  17,  1894.  An 
American  theologian.  He  became  professor  of  ec- 
clesiastical history  in  Andover  Theological  Seminary  in 
1854,  professor  of  biblical  literature  at  Union  Theological 
Seminary  (New  York)  in  1863,  and  prdfessor  of  systematic 
theology  in  the  latter  institution  1874-90.  Among  his 
works  are  "  History  of  Christian  Doctrine  "  (1863), "  Homi- 
letics  and  Pastoral  Theology "  (1867),  "  Sermons  to  the 
Natural  Man  "  (1871),"  Theological  Essays  "  (1877),"  Liter- 
ary Essays  "  (1878),  "CommentaryonEomans  '(1879),  "Ser- 
mons to  the  Spiritual  Man  "  (1884),  "Doctrine  of  Endless 
Punishment  "(1886X  "Dogmatic  Theology  "(1888-94),  etc. 

Sheelin  (she'lin),  Lough.  A  lake  on  the  south- 
em  border  of  County  Cavan,  Ireland,  12  miles 
south  of  Cavan.    Length,  about  5  miles. 

Sheepshanks  (shep'shangks),  John.  Bom  at 
Leeds,  1787 :  died  at  London,  Oct.  6, 18Q3.  An 
English  art-collector.  He  collected  the  works  of 
modern  British  artists,  especially  Landseer,  Mulready,  and 
Leslie.  In  1856  he  gave  his  coUection  to  the  British  Mu- 
seum. 

Sheepshanks,  Richard.  Born  at  Leeds,  1794: 
died  at  Reading,  1855.  An  English  clergyman 
and  astronomer,  brother  of  John  Sheepshanks. 
His  representatives  founded  the  ' '  Sheepshanks 
Astronomical  Exhibition"  in  1858. 

Sheepshead  Bay  (sheps'hed  ba).  A  small  in- 
let of  the  Atlantic,  near  Coney  Island,  Long 
Island,  New  York.  Near  it  is  a  noted  race- 
course. 

Sheep-shearing,  The.  A  play  by  George  Col- 
man  the  elder,  produced  in  1777.  It  is  taken 
from  Garrick's  alteration  of  "The  Winter's 
Tale." 

Sheeraz.    See  Shiraz. 


Shellak 

Sheemess  (sher-nes')-  A  seaport  and  water, 
ing-place  in  Kent,  England,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Medway  with  the  Thames,  on 
the  Isle  of  Sheppey,  36  miles  east  of  London. 
It  has  been  a  naval  estoblishment  with  doclgrards  and 
strong  fortifications.  In  1667  it  was  taken  by  the  Dutch 
under  De  Ruyter.  Population  (1891),  13,841. 
Sheffield  (shef 'eld).  Aparliamentar^and  muni- 
cipal borough  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Don,  Sheaf,  and  other 
streams,  in  lat.  53°  24'  N.,  long.  1°  28'  W.  it  is 
the  chief  seat  of  English  cutlery  manufacture.  Among 
the  articles  manutaotured  are  knives,  scissors,  razors,  tools 
of  all  kinds,  rails,  armor-plates,  castings,  surgical  instru- 
ments, machinery,  silver-plate,  axles,  etc.  The  grammar- 
school.  Firth  College,  St.  Peter's  Church,  St.  George's 
Museum,  com  exchange,  and  music-hall  are  noteworthy. 
Its  cutlery  has  been  celebrated  from  early  times.  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots  was  confined  In  the  castle.  Sh^fiield  has 
been  a  headquarters  of  trades-unions.  It  returns  6  mem- 
bers to  Parliament.  Population  (1901),  409,070. 
Sheffield.  A  city  in  northern  Alabama,  on  the 
Tennessee.  It  is  an  iron-manufacturing  and 
mining  center,  of  recent  foundation.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  1333. 

Sheffield,  Jolm,  Duke  of  Buckinghamshire. 
Born  1649:  died  Feb.  24,  1721.  An  English 
statesman  and  poet.  In  1668  he  succeeded  to  the 
titles  of  his  father,  the  second  Earl  of  Mulgrave.  He  fought 
against  the  Dutch  in  1666 ;  was  chamberlain  to  James  II., 
cabinet  councilor  to  William  III.,  and  lord  privy  seid 
(1702-06).  In  1694  he  was  made  marquis  of  Normanby, 
and  in  1703  was  created  duke  of  Normanby  and  duke  of 
Buckinghamshire.  He  was  deprived  of  all  his  offices  by 
Godolphin  and  Marlborough.  He  wrote  an  "Essay  on 
Satire  which  was  attributed  to  Dryden,  an  "  Essay  on 
Poetry,"  two  tragedies,  and  minor  poems.  His  works 
were  published  in  1723. 

Sheffield  Scientific  School.  A  department  of 
Yale  University,  devoted  to  special  training  in 
science,  it  confers  various  degrees,  including  bachelor 
of  philosophy,  civil  engineer,  and  doctor  of  philosophy. 
It  was  established  in  1847,  and  was  named  from  its  chief 
benefactor,  J.  E.  Sheffield  (1793-1882). 

Sheherazade.    See  Scheherazade. 

Shell  (shel),  Richard  Lalor.  ■  Bom  at  Drum- 
downey,  Tipperary,  Aug.  17, 1791 :  died  at  Flor- 
ence, Italy,  May  25, 1851.  An  Irish  politician, 
orator,  and  dramatist.  He  graduated  from  Trinity 
CoUege,  Dublin,  in  1811 ;  studied  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn ; 
and  was  admitted  to  the  Irish  bar  in  1814,  but  devoted 
himself  for  some  years  to  literature.  In  1816  his  drama 
"Adelaide,  or  the  Emigrants  "  was  brought  out  at  Covent 
Garden.  "  The  Apostate  "  (1817)  confirmed  his  reputation, 
and  was  followed  by  "BeUamira"  (1818),  "Evadne  "  C1819), 
"  The  Huguenot "  (1819),  and  "  Montini "  (1820).  In  1823  he 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Catholic  Association.  He 
supported  O'Connell's  agitation  until  Catholic  emancipa- 
tion was  granted  in  1829.  In  1829  he  was  member  of  Parha- 
ment  for  Milbome  Port,  Somerset ;  and  in  1831  was  returned 
for  Louth,  and  later  for  Tipperary  and  Dungarvan.  In 
1839  he  was  vice-president  of  the  board  of  trade  in  Lord 
Melbourne's  ministry ;  in  1846  master  of  the  mint  under 
Lord  John  Russell ;  and  in  1850  British  minister  at  Florence. 
His  memoirs,  by  McCullagh.  were  published  in  1866. 

Sheksna,  (sheks'na).  A  river  in  the  govern- 
ments of  Novgorod  and  YaroslafE,  Russia,  which 
joins  the  Volga  at  Rybinsk.  It  is  the  outlet  of 
Lake  Bieloe.    Length,  about  275  miles. 

Shelburne  (shel'bem).  A  seaport,  capital  of 
Shelbume  County,  Nova  Scotia,  situated  104 
miles  southwest  of  Halifax.  It  has  a  fine  har- 
bor.    Population,  about  1,000. 

Shelburne,  Earl  of.    See  Petty,  William. 

Shelby  (shel'bi),  Isaac.  Born  in  Maryland,  Deo. 
11, 1750 :  died  in  Kentucky,  July  18, 1826.  An 
-American  pioneer  and  officer,  distinguished  in 
contests  with  the  Indians  1774  and  1776.  He 
served  in  the  Revolution;  was  governor  of  Kentuclty 
1792-96  and  1812-16;  and  commanded  a  Kentucky  contin- 
gent at  the  battle  of  the  Thames  in  1813. 

Shelbyville(sherbi-vil).  1.  The  capital  of  Shel- 
by County,  Illinois,  56 miles  southeast  of  Spring- 
field. Population  (1900),  3,546.-2.  The  cap- 
ital of  Shelby  County,  Indiana,  situated  on  Big 
Blue  River  27  miles  southeast  of  Indianapolis. 
Population  (1900),  7,169.-3.  The  capital  of 
Shelby  County,  Kentucky,  17  miles  west  of 
Frankfort.  Population  (1900),  3,016.-4.  The 
capital  of  Bedford  County,  Tennessee,  situated 
on  Duck  River  50  miles  south-southeast  of 
Nashville.    Population  (1900),  2,236. 

Sheldon  (shel'don),  Gilbert.  Bom  1598 :  died 
1677.  AnEnglisfi  prelate,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury 1663-77. 

Sheldonian  (shel-do'ni-an)  Theatre.  A  theater 
at  Oxford  University,"  built  by  Archbishop 
Sheldon  (Sir  Christopher  Wren  architect)  in 
1664-69,  in  which  the  "  Enetenia,"  or  annual 
commemoration  of  founders  (with  the  reading 
of  prize  poems  and  essays  and  conferring  of 
honorary  degrees),  is  held. 

SheUak,  or  Shelyak  (shel  'yak) .  [Prom  an  Ar a- 
bianized  form  of  Gr.  ;t^^"f ;  a  tortoise :  in  allu- 
sion to  the  fabled  origin  of  the  lyre.  ]  The  name 
of  the  third-magnitude  variable  star  /3  Lyrse. 


Sheliff 

Bheliff  (shel'if);  [F.ChSUff.-\  The  largest  river  of 
Algeria :  the  ancient  Chinalaph.  it  rises  in  the  Je- 
bel-Anmr,  and  flows  intotlie  Mediterranean  near  Mostaga- 
nem.    Length,  from  350  to  400  miles. 

Shelley  (shel'i),  Mrs.  (Mary  WoUstonecraft 
Qodwin).  Born  at  London,  Aug.  30, 1797:  died 
Pel).  21,  1851.  An  English  author,  daughter 
of  William  Godwin,  and  seeond  wife  of  Percy 
Bysshe  Shelley,  she  returned  to  England  in  1823  with 
her  son  (see  SheUey,  Percy  Bysshe).  Her  chief  work  is  a 
romance;  "Frankenstein  (1818),  originating  in  Byron's 
proposition  that  he  himself,  Polidori,  and  Shelley  and  his 
wife  should  each  write  a  ghost-story.  She  also  wrote 
"  Valperga,  etc.  "(1823),  "The  Last  Man  "  (1826),  "Lodore  " 
(1836),"Falkner"  (1837),  and  other  novels;  "Journal  of  a 
Six  Weeks'  Tour  "  with  Shelley  (1814),  and  "Rambles  In  Ger- 
many and  Italy  "  (1844) ;  and  edited  Shelley's  poems,  etc. 

Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe.  Born  at  Field  Place, 
near  Horsham,  Sussex,  England,  Aug.  4, 1792 : 
drowned  in  the  Bay  of  Spezia,  Italy,  July  8, 
1822.  A  famous  English  poet,  son.  of  Timothy 
(afterward  (1815)  Sir  Timothy)  Shelley.  Hewas 
educated  at  Eton  1804-10 ;  entered  University  College,  Ox- 
ford, in  1810;  and  was  expelled  on  account  of  the  publication 
of  the  pamphlet  "The  Necessity  of  Atheism  "  (1811).  He 
married  Harriet  Westbrook  (the  young  daughter  of  a  oof- 
fee-house  keeper)  in  1811.  He  was  19,  she  16,  years  of  age, 
and  the  marriage  proved  unfortunate.  In  May,  1814,  lie 
met  Mary  WoUstonecraft,  daughter  of  William  Godwin 
and  Mary  WoUstonecraft,  the  author  of  "The  Eights  of 
Women. "  He  abandoned  Harriet  and  went  to  Switzerland 
with  Mary  in  1814,  and  returned  to  England  in  181B  and 
settled  at  Bishopagate,  near  Windsor  Forest,  where  he 
wrote  "Alaator,  or  the  Spirit  of  Solitude."  They  joined 
Byron  in  Switzerland  in  1816.  Harriet  Shelley  drowned 
herself  Nov.  9, 1816,  and  Dec.  30,  1816,  Shelley  formally 
married  Mary.  In  March,  1818,  they  went  again  to  Italy, 
where  they  remained,  in  the  society  of  Byron,  Trelawney, 
Edward  Williams,  and  others,  for  the  rest  of  Shelley's  lite. 
By  the  capsizing  of  the  boat  in  which  he  and  Edward  Wil- 
liams were  returning  to  Spezia,  their  summer  home,  both 
were  drowned.  Their  bodies  were  consumed  on  a  funeral 
pyre  in  the  presence  of  Hunt,  Byron,  and  Trelawney  on  the 
19th  of  July,  1822.  His  chief  long  poems  are  "  Queen  Mab  " 
(1813,  printed  1821),  "Alastor,  or  the  Spirit  of  Solitude, 
etc."  (1816),  "Laon  and  Cythna,  or  the  Revolution  of  the 
Golden  City  "  (1818 :  it  was  at  once  recalled  and  issued 
with  some  alterations  as  "The  Revolt  of  Islam"),  "Ro- 
salind and  Helen "(1819),  "The  Cencl"(a  tragedy,  1819), 
"Prometheus  Unbound,  etc."(1820),  "Adonais,etc."C1821), 
and  "  Epipsychidion  "  (1821).  His  "Poetical  Works,  con- 
taining "Julian and Maddalo,"  "OdetotheSkylark,""The 
Cloud,"  "Ode.  to  the  West  Wind,"  "Hellas,"  "Witch  of 
Atlas."  etc.,  were  edited  by  Mrs.  Shelley  in  1839,  and  in 
18-40  she  edited  Ills  letters,  essays,  etc. 

Shellif.    SeeSheliff. 

Shelomohibn  G-ebirol.  See  Salomon  ibn  Gebirol. 

Shelter  (shel'ter)  Island.  An  island  in  Gar- 
diner's Bay,  east  of  Long  Island,  New  York.  It 
forms  a  township  in  Suffolk  County.  Length, 
about  6  miles. 

Shelton  (shel'ton),  Thomas.  Lived  in  the  first 
part  of  the  17tii  century.  An  English  author. 
He  published  the  first  English  translation  of  "Don  Qui- 
xote "  (1612-20).  Gay  ton's ' '  Pleasant  Notes  upon  Don  Qui- 
xote "  was  based  on  Shelton's  translation. 

Shem  (shem).  In  Old  Testament  history,  one 
of  the  three  sons  of  Noah,  represented  as  the  an- 
cestor of  the  Semitic  races.    See  Semites. 

Shemakha  (she-ma'cha),  or  Shamaka  (sha- 
ma'ka).  A  town  in  the  government  of  Baku, 
Transcaucasia,  Bussia,  situated  on  an  afluent 
of  the  Pirsagat,  68  miles  west  by  north  of  Baku. 
It  is  built  near  the  site  of  Old  Shemakha,  once  a  flour- 
ishing commercial  place,  destroyed  by  Nadir  Shah.  The 
new  town  was  overthrown  by  earthquakes  in  1859, 1872, 
and  1902.    Population  (1892),  22,139. 

Shenandoah  (shen-an-do'a).  A  river  in  Vir- 
ginia which  joins  the  Potomac  at  Harper's 
Ferry.    Length,  about  175  miles. 

Shenandoah.  A  borough  in  SohuyUdll  Cotmty, 
Pennsylvania,  84  miles  northwest  of  Philadel- 
phia. It  is  the  center  of  an  important  coal- 
mining region.    Population  (1900),  20,321. 

Shenandoah.  A  vessel  built  at' Glasgow  in 
1863  for  the  China  trade,  and  sold  to  the  Con- 
federates in  1864.  It  was  used  as  a  privateer  under 
command  of  J.  I.  Waddell  1864-65,  and  captured  38  United 
States  vessels. 

Shenandoah  Mountains.  A  part  of  the  range 
which  forms  the  western  boundary  of  the  Shen- 
andoah Valley. 

Shenandoah  Valley,  The  valley  of  the  Shen- 
andoah in  Virginia.  It  lies  between  the  Blue  Ridge 
on  the  east  and  a  parallel  range  of  the  AUeghanies  on  the 
west,  and  is  noted  for  its  fertility.  It  was  the  scene  of 
various  important  events  in  the  Civil  War,  including 
"Stonewall  Jackson's  campaign  in  1862  and  Sheridan's 
campaign  In  1864. 

Shenango  (she-nang'go)  Eiver.  A  river  in 
northwestern  Pennsylvania  which  unites,  near 
New  Castle,  with  the  Mahoning  to  toYra  Beaver 
Eiver.    Length,  about  80-90  miles. 

Shendy,  or  Shendi  (shen'de ) .  A  town  in  Nubia, 
situated  on  the  Nile  in  lat.  16°  40'  N.  it  was  an 
important  place  before  its  destruction  by  the  Egyptians  in 
1822.  It  was  captured  by  the  Mahdists  in  1884  and  recap- 
tured by  Gordon,  but  later  retaken.  Population  variously 
estimated  at  from  3,000  to  5,000. 


925 

Shen-si  (shen-se').  A  province  of  northern 
China,  bordering  on  Mongolia  and  west  of 
Shan-si.  Chief  city,  Singan.  Area,  76,400  square 
miles.    Population  (1896),  est.,  8,473,000. 

Shenstone  (shen'ston),  WilUam.  Bom  at 
Hales  Owen,  England,  Oct.  18, 1714:  died  there, 
Feb.  11, 1763.  An  English  poet.  He  was  educated 
at  Pembroke  College,  Oxford.  His  best-known  poem  is 
"The  Schoolmistress"  (which  see).  Besides  this,  which 
gained  for  him  the  title  of  "the  water-gruel  bard"  from 
Horace  Walpole,  he  published  "Poems,  etc."  (1737),  "The 
Judgment  of  Hercules  "  (1741),  etc. 

Sheol  (she'61).  [Heb.  sMdl;  etym.  doubtful.] 
The  place  of  departed  spirits.  The  original  is  in 
the  authorized  version  generally  rendered  grave,  lietl,  or 
pit;  in  the  revised  version  of  the  Old  Testament  tlie  word 
Sheol  is  substituted.  It  corresponds  to  the  word  Hades  in 
Greek  classic  literature  and  in  the  revised  version  of  tlie 
New  Testament. 

Shepherd  Kings.    See  HyJcsos. 

Shepherd  of  Banbury.  A  title  assumed  by 
JohnClaridge  in  publishing  in  1744  a  collection 
of  rules  for  predicting  weather  changes.  The 
Shepherd  of  Banbury's  rules  attained  great  popularity,  and 
passed  through  many  editions. 

Shepherd  of  Hermas  (her'mas),  The.  [L.  Pas- 
tor Sermee.2  An  early  Christian  allegorical 
and  didactic  book,  classed  among  the  works  of 
the  apostolic  fathers.  The  flrst  part  of  the  book  con- 
sists of  "  Visions,"  in  the  last  of  which  a  man  appears 
dressed  as  a  shepherd  (whence  the  name  Shepherd  or 
Pastor  given  to  the  book).  This  shepherd  gives  Hermas  in- 
structions in  the  form  of  "Mandates  "and  "Similitudes," 
which  form  the  second  and  third  parts  of  the  book.  The 
scene  of  the  visions  is  laid  in  Rome  or  its  neighborhood, 
and  the  writer  speaks  of  St.  Clement  as  a  contemporary. 
Accordingly  some  assign  the  date  of  composition  to  about 
A.  D.  100 ;  others,  however,  date  it  about  A.  D.  160.  The 
"Shepherd  "  was  in  early  tiroes  much  esteemed,  and  was 
publicly  read  in  the  churches  and  accounted  as  in  some 
sense  Scripture,  though  not  afterward  included  in  the 
canon.  Hermas  has  often  been  identified  with  the  Hermas 
of  Rom.  xvi.  14.    Also  called  The  Pastor  of  Hermas. 

Shepherd  of  Salisbury  Plain,  The.  A  popular 
moral  tale  by  Hannah  More. 

Shepherd  of  the  Ocean.  A  name  given  by 
Spenser  to  Sir  Walter  Ealeigh. 

Shepherd's  Calendar,  The.  A  pastoral  poem 
in  12  eclogues  by  Edmund  Spenser,  published 
in  1579.  In  this  form  he  gave  utterance  to  his  opinions 
on  the  most  important  questions  of  the  day.  Some  of  tlie 
eclogues  are  paraphrases  of  Clement  Marot,  and  sugges- 
tions are  taken  from  the  pastorals  of  Mantuan.  With  the 
publication  of  this  poem  the  Elizabethan  age  of  literature 
may  be  said  to  begin.    See  Colin  Clout. 

Shepherd's  Week,  The.  A  series  of  burlesque 
pastoral  poems  by  John  Gay.  published  in  1714. 
They  were  intended  to  ridicule  the  fashion  of  pastoral 
poems  and  to  depict  pastoral  life  without  any  illusions,  but 
they  are  so  good  that  they  have  survived  as  a  collection  of 
excellent  bucolics.    See  Blowzelinda  and  Colin  Clowt. 

Sheppard  (shep'ard),  Elizabeth  Sara.    Bom 

at  Blaokheath,  England,  about  1830:  died  at 
Brixton,  March  13,  1862.  An  English  novelist. 
She  wrote  under  the  pseudonym  E.  Berger.  Among  her 
books  are  "Charles  Auohester"  (1853),  "Counterparts,  or 
the  Cross  of  Love  "  (1854),  "  My  First  Season,  by  Beatrice 
Reynolds"  (1865),  "Rumour"  (1858). 
Sheppard,  Jack.  Bom  at  Stepney,  1702:  hanged 
at  Tybum,  Nov.  18,  1724.  A  famous  English 
robber.  He  was  a  carpenter  by  trade,  and  began  his  ca- 
reer of  robbery  about  1720.  He  was  of  a  generous  disposi- 
tion, and  was  very  popular.  His  portrait  was  painted  by 
Sir  John  Tliornhill ;  a  pantomime,  "Harlequin  Sheppard," 
was  produced  atDrury  Lane ;  Defoe  wrote  anarrativeabout 
him  in  1724 ;  and  a  novel  by  Ainsworth,"  Jack  Sheppard," 
was  published  in  1839.  He  made  two  remarkable  escapes 
from  Newgate,  but  after  many  vicissitudes  was  finally  cap- 
tured in  an  ale-house  while  drunk. 

Sheppey  (shep'i),  or  Isle  of  Sheppey.  An  isl- 
and in  the  county  of  Kent,  England,  lying  be- 
tween the  estuaries  of  the  Thames  and  Medway 
and  the  Swale.    Length,  9-J  miles. 

Shepton  Mallet  (shep'ton  mal'et).  A  town  in 
Somerset,  England,  18  niiiles  -south  of  Bristol. 
Population  (1891),  5,501. 

Sheratan  (sher-a-tan').  [Ar.  saratain,  the  two 
signs  (referring  to  the  two  stars  in  the  ram's 
head).]  The  ordinary  name  for  the  third-mag- 
nitude star  /?  Arietis. 

Sheraton  (sher'a-ton),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Stock- 
ton-on-Tees, 17Bl :"  died  at  London,  1806.  A 
noted  English  furniture-maker  and  -designer. 

Sherborne  (shfer'bom).  A  town  in  Dorset, 
England,  31  miles  south-southwest  of  Bath,  its 
abbey  church  and  Sherborne  Castle  are  notable.  It  was 
the  seat  of  a  bishopric  from  the  8th  to  the  11th  century. 
Population  (1891X  3,74L  ,,./,.       -n 

Sherbro  rsher'bro),  or  Sherboro  (sher  bu-ro), 
Island.  An  island  off  the  coast  of  SierraLeone, 
West  Africa,  it  belongs  to  the  colony  of  Sierra  Leone, 
and  lies  oft  the  mouth  of  Sherbro  River.  Its  length  is 
about  30  miles.  _,  ■j_  ■,     ^  j.-\. 

Sherbrooke  (sher'bruk).  The  capital  of  the 
county  of  Sherbrooke,  Quebec,  Canada,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Magog  with  the  St.  Fran- 
cis, 79  miles  east  of  Montreal.  Population 
(1901),  11,765. 


Sheridan's  Bide 

Sherbrooke,  Viscount.    See  Lmoe,  Robert. 

Shere  Ali  (sher  a'le).  Bom  1825:  died  in  Bus- 
sian  Turkestan,  Feb.,  1879.  Ameer  of  Afghanis- 
tan, son  of  Dost  Mohammed  whom  he  succeeded 
in  1863.  He  lost  the  throne  in  1866 ;  regained  it  in  1868 ! 
suppressed  the  insurrection  of  Yakub  in  1870 ;  and  fled 
from  Kabul  in  Dec,  1878,  on  the  approach  of  the  British 
troops. 

Sheriat-el-Eebir  (she-re'at-el-ke-ber').  Amod- 
ern  name  of  the  Jordan. 

Sheridan(8her'i-dan),Mrs.(FrancesChamber- 
laine).  Bom  in  Ireland,  1724 :  died  at  Blois, 
France,  1766.  A  British  novelist  and  dramatist, 
wife  of  Thomas  and  mother  of  B.  Brjnsley  Sheri- 
dan. Among  her  novels  are  "Memoirs  of  Miss  Sidney 
Biddulph  "  (1761)  and  "  Nourjahad  "(1788 :  afterward  dram- 
atized). She  wrote  two  comedies,  "The  Discovery" 
(1763 :  the  principal  rdle  was  played  by  Garrick)  and  "  The 
Dupe"  (1764). 

Sheridan,  Mount.  [Named  from  General  P. 
H.  Sheridan.]  A  peak  of  the  Bed  Mountains 
in  Yellowstone  National  Park,  south  of  Yellow- 
stone Lake.    Height,  10,385  feet. 

Sheridan.Philip  Henry.  Born  at  Albany,  N.Y., 
March  6, 1831:  died  at  Nonquitt,  Mass.,  Aug.  5, 
1888.  A  famous  American  general.  He  graduated 
at  West  Point  in  1853 ;  was  promoted  captain  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  War  in  1861 ;  was  appointed  quarter- 
master of  the  army  in  southwestern  Missouri  in  Dec, 1861 ; 
was  quartermaster  under  Halleck  during  the  advance  on 
Corinth  in  1862 ;  was  appointed  colonel  of  cavalry  in  May, 
1862,  and  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  July  1,  1862; 
served  with  distinction  as  division  commander  at  the  liat- 
tle  of  Perryville  Oct.  8,  and  at  Murfreesboro  Dec  31, 1862,- 
Jan.  2,1863 ;  was  appointed  maj  or-general  of  volunteers  Dec. 
31, 1862 ;  served  at  Chickamauga  in  1863 ;  commanded  an 
important  assault  at  the  battle  of  Missionary  Ridge  in  1863 ; 
became  commander  of  the  cavalry  corps  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  in  April,  1864 ;  took  part  in  tlie  battle  of  the 
Wilderness  May  5-6 ;  led  an  important  raid  May  9-25  ; 
fought  the  battles  of  Hawe's  Shop  May  28,  and  Trevellian 
Station  June  11 ;  was  appointed  commander  of  the  Middle 
Military  Division  Aug.  7 ;  conducted  the  successful  cam- 
paign in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  against  Early,  gaining  the 
victories  of  Winchester  Sept.  19,  and  Fisher's  Hill  Sept.  22 ; 
was  appointed  brigadier-general  in  the  regular  army  in 
Sept ;  devastated  the  Shenandoah  Valley ;  gained  the  ' 
victory  of  Cedar  Creek  Oct.  19  ("Sheridan's  Ride":  see 
below) ;  was  appointed  major-general  in  the  regular  army 
Nov.  8 ;  conducted  a  successful  raid  from  Winchester  to 
Petersburg,  Feb.-March,  1865,  gaining  the  victory  of 
Waynesboro;  commanded  at  the  battle  of  Five  Forks, 
March  31- April  1;  and  took  a  leading  part  in  the  pursuit 
to  Appomattox  Court  House  in  April.  He  commanded  the 
Military  Division  (later  Department)  of  the  Gulf  1865-^37 ; 
was  appointed  commander  of  the  Department  of  the  Mis- 
souri in  1867 ;  was  made  lieutenant-general  in  1869 ;  visited 
Europe  in  1870  to  witness  the  conduct  of  the  Franco- Prus- 
sian war ;  succeeded  Sherman  as  general-in-chief  in  1883 ; 
and  received  the  rank  of  general  from  Congress  in  18b8. 
He  wrote  "  Personal  Memoirs  "  (2  vols.  1888). 

Sheridan,  Richard  Brinsley  Butler.    Bom 

at  Dublin,  Sept.  30, 1751 :  died  at  London,  July 
7,  1816.  A  noted  British  dramatist,  orator, 
and  politician :  son  of  Thomas  Sheridan  (1721- 
1788).  He  was  educated  at  Harrow ;  settled  in  London  in 
1773;  and  married  Miss  Linley,  a  singer  ("the  Maid  of 
Bath  "),  and  daughter  of  the  composer.  He  bought  Gar- 
rick's  share  of  Drury  Lane  Theatre  in  1776 ;  and  in  1778,  with 
his  associates,  bought  the  remaining  half.  He  entered 
Parliament  in  1780  as  Whig  member  for  Stafford ;  and  was 
Under-Secretary  for  foreign  affairs  in  1782,  and  secretary  of 
the  treasury  in  1783.  He  was  one  of  the  Whig  leaders ;  \7as 
distinguished  by  his  speeches  (1787-94)  on  the  impeach- 
ment of  Warren  Hastings ;  was  treasurer  of  the  navy  in 
1806 ;  and  left  Parliament  in  1812.  He  was  in  favor  of  the 
French  Revolution,  and  denounced  Napoleon.  He  was  a 
favorite  companion  of  the  prince  regent  (George  IV.)  and 
the  wite  of  the  time,  but  his  last  years  were  obscured  by 
debt  and  disappointment.  His  dramatic  works  are  "The 
Rivals"  (1775),  "  St.  Patrick's  Day"  (1776),  "  The  Duenna" 
(1776),  "A  Trip  to  Scarborough"  (1777 :  altered  from' Van- 
brugh's  "Relapse"),  "The  School  for  Scandal"  (1777), 
"The  Critic "  (1779),  and  "Pizarro"  (1799:  a  translation 
from  Kotzebue). 

Sheridan,  Thomas.  Born  about  1684:  died  in 
1738.  An  Irish  clergyman,  grandfather  of  Eich- 
ard  Brinsley  Sheridan  the  dr-amatist.  He  was  a 
favorite  companion  of  Swift  in  Ireland.  He  wrote  the 
'  ■  Art  of  Punning,"  and  in  1728  published  an  edition  of  the 
satires  of  Persius.    Swift  wrote  "Gulliver"  at  his  house. 

Sheridan,  Thomas.  Born  at  Quilca,  near  Dub- 
lin, 1721 :  died  at  Margate,  England,  1788.  An 
Irish  actor,  elocutionist,  and  author:  son  of 
Thomas  Sheridan.  He  first  went  on  the  stage  at  Dub- 
lin in  1743  and  at  London  in  1744,  and  played  with  Garrick 
in  1745.  He  was  manager  of  a  Dublin  theater  for  10  years, 
and  of  Drury  Lane  after  his  son  Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan 
bought  out  Garrick  there.  He  wrote  ''Dictionary  of  the 
English  Language,"  "Life  of  Swift"  (1784 :  whose  works  he 
edited  in  17  volumes),  and  works  on  education. 

Sheridan's  Bide.  A  famous  incident  of  the  bat- 
tle of  Cedar  (ireek,  Virginia,  Oct.  19, 1864.  Sheri- 
dan's army,  which  was  encamped  on  Cedar  Creek  in  the 
Shenandoah  Valley,  was  surprised  before  daybreak  and  de- 
feated by  the  Confederates  under  General  Early.  Sheri- 
dan, who  was  at  Winchester,  twenty  miles  from  the  field, 
on  his  return  from  a  visit  to  Washington,  heard  the  sound 
of  battle  and  rode  rapidly  to  the  scene  of  action.  As 
he  galloped  past  the  retreating  soldiers,  he  shouted, 
"  Face  the  other  way,  boys !  We  are  going  hack ! "  He  re- 
formed his  corps,  and  before  the  close  of  the  day  had 


Sheridan's  Ride 

gained  a  decisive  victory.  This  incident  has  been  made 
tie  subject  of  a  poem  by  T.  B.  Read,  entitled  "  Sheridan's 
Hide  "  (1866). 

Sherittmuir  (sher-if-mtir').  A  plateau  in 
Perthshire,  Scotland,  situated  near  Dunblane 
5  miles  north  of  Stirling.  Here,  Nov.  13, 1716,  an 
indecisive  battle  was  fought  between  the  Royalists  (3,000- 
4,000),  under  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  and  the  Jacobite  High- 
landers (9,000-12,000),  under  the  Earl  ol  Mar. 

Sherlock  (sh6r'lok),  Thomas.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, 1678:  died  July  18, 1761.  An  English  prel- 
ate, son  of  William  Sherlock.  He  became  bishop 
of  Bangor  in  1728,  and  later  of  Salisbury  and  London.  He 
published  "  Trial  of  the  Witnesses  of  the  Resurrection  of 
Jesus  "  (1729),  "Pastoral  Letters"  (1760),  and  sermons. 

Sherlock,  William.  Born  at  London,  1641: 
died  at  Hampstead,  June  19, 1707.  An  English 
clergyman.  He  was  suspended  in  1689  for  refusing  to 
take  Hie  oath  of  allegiance  to  William  and  Mary,  but  sub- 
mitted later,  and  was  made  dean  of  St.  Paul's  in  1691.  He 
published  "  The  Case  of  Resistance  of  the  Supreme  Pow- 
ers" (1684),  "Doctrine  of  the  Trinity"  (1690),  "Discourse 
Concerning  Death,"  etc. 

Sherman  (shfev'man).  A  city  and  the  capital 
of  Grayson  (bounty,  northern  Texas,  60  miles 
north  of  Dallas.  It  is  a  trading  center.  Popu- 
*      lation  (1900),  10,243. 

Sherman,  Jonn.  Bom  at  Lancaster,  Ohio,  May 
10, 1823:  died  at  Washington,  Oct.  22, 1900.  An 
American  Republican  statesman  and  financier, 
brother  of  W.  T.  Sherman .  He  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1814 ;  was  a  Republican  member  of  Congress  from 
Ohio  1865-61 ;  United  States  senator  from  Ohio  1861-77 
'  and  1881-97;  secretary  of  the  treasury  under  President 
Hayes  1877-81;  add  secretary  of  state  under  President 
McKinley  1897-98.  He  was  intimately  associated  with 
llnancial  legislation  during  and  after  the  Civil  War. 

Sherman,  Roger.  Born  at  Newton,  Mass. ,  April 
19,  1721 :  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  July  23, 
1793.  An  American  patriot.  He  became  a  judge  in 
Connecticut  and  a  member  of  the  Connecticut  legislatura 
He  was  a  delegate  from  Connecticut  to  Congress  1774-89 ; 
and  was  one  of  the  committee  of  five  to  draft  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  and  one  of  its  signers.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787,  and  of 
the  Connecticutratifying  convention.  Hewas  United  States 
senator  from  Connecticut  1791-93. 

Sherman,  Thomas  West,  Bom  at  Newport, 
E.  I.,  March  26, 1813:  died  at  Newport,  March 
,  16,1879.  An  American  general.  He  served  agaiust 
the  Indians  and  in  the  Mexican  war ;  commanded  the  land 
forces  in  the  Port  Royal  expedition  1861 ;  and  was  division 
commander  at  the  sieges  of  Corinth  and  Port  Hudson. 

Sherman,  William  Tecumseh.  Bom  at  Lan- 
caster, Ohio,  Feb.  8,  1820 :  died  at  New  York 
city,  Feb.  14, 1891.  A  celebrated  American  gen- 
eral. He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1840 ;  served  in  Cali- 
fornia during  the  Mexican  war ;  resigned  from  the  army  in 
1853,  in  order  to  accept  a  position  as  manager  of  a  bank  at 
San  Francisco,  California ;  and  was  superintendent  of  the 
State  military  academy  at  Alexandria,  Louisiana,  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War.  He  accepted  a  colonelcy  in  the 
Union  army  in  1861 ;  commanded  a  brigade  at  Bull  Run  in 
July ;  Was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in 
Aug.;  commanded  a  division  at  Shiloh  in  April,  1862,  and 
in  the  advance  on  Corinth ;  was  made  major-general  of  vol- 
unteers May  1 ;  commanded  the  unsuccessful  expedition 
against  Vicksburg  Dec.  26-29 ;  stormed  Fort  Hindman  Jan. 
11, 1863 ;  took  an  important  part  in  the  campaign  before 
Vicksburg  in  1863 ;  was  appointed  brigadier-general  in  the 
regular  army  July  4, 1863 ;  served  with  distinction  at  Chat- 
tanooga in  Kov.;  was  appointed  commander  of  the  Mili- 
tary Division  of  the  MississippiinMarch,1864  ;  started  from 
Chattanooga  on  his  march  through  Greorgia  May  6 ;  won 
the  battles  of  Dalton,  Resaca,  and  New  Hope  Church  in 
May,  Kenesaw  Mountain  in  June,  and  Feachtree  Creek  and 
Atlanta  in  July ;  was  made  major-general  in  the  regular 
army  Aug.  12 ;  occupied  Atlanta  Sept.  2 ;  started  from  At- 
lanta on  his  "  march  to  the  sea"  Nov.  16  ;  entered  Savan- 
nah Dec.  21 :  marched  northward  through  the  Carolinas  in 
1865 ;  gained  the  battles  of  Averyaboro  and  Bentonville ; 
and  received  the  surrender  of  Johnston's  army  April  26. 
He  was  appointed  commander  of  the  Military  Division  of 
the  Mississippi  in  1865,  and  of  the  Division  of  the  Missouri 
in  1866 ;  was  made  lieutenant-general  in  1866 ;  succeeded 
Grant  as  general  and  as  commander  of  the  army  in  1869 ; 
visited  Europe  1871-72 ;  and  retired  from  the  service  in 
1884.  He  published  "Memoirs  of  General  William  T. 
Sherman,  byHimself " (2 vols.  1875). 

Sherman  Bill.  -An  act  of  Congress  approved 
July  14,  1890.  It  was  supported  by  Senator  Sherman 
and  others  as  a  compromise  measure,  since  the  two  houses 
were  unable  to  agree  on  a  financial  policy.  It  directed  the 
secretary  of  the  treasury  to  purchase  silver  bullion  to  the 
amount  of  4,500,000  ounces  per  month,  issuing  treasury 
notes  in  payment.  The  repeal  of  the  act  was  often  urged. 
In  the  summer  of  1893  the  act  was  believed  to  be  a  main 
cause  of  the  business  depression,  and  President  Cleveland 
summoned  Congress  to  meet  in  special  session  Aug.  7. 
A  bill  to  repeal  the  silver-purchasing  clause  passed  the 
House  Aug.  28 ;  in  the  Senate  a  substitute,  the  Voorhees 
bill,  which  repealed  the  silver-purchasing  clause  but  af- 
firmed bimetEdlism  as  a  national  policy,  passed  after  a 
prolonged  struggle  Oct.  30.  The  Voorhees  bill  was  con- 
curred In  by  the  House  Nov.  1,  and  approved  the  same  day 
by  the  President. 

Sherrington  (sher'ing-ton),  Madame  Lem- 
mens.  Born  at  Preston,  fingland,  Oct.  4, 1834. 
An  English  soprano  singer.  She  made  her  first  ap- 
pearance in  London  in  1856,  and  soon  took  a  leading  posi- 
tion on  the  operatic  stage. 

Sherwood  (sh6r'wud),  Mrs.  (Mary  Martha 
Butt).  Born  at  Stanford,  Worcestershire,  May 


926 

6,  1775:  died  at  Twickenham,  England,  Sept. 
22,1851.  An  English  author.  She  went  to  India  in 
1803  with  her  husband,  and  was  interested  in  the  mission- 
ary work  of  Henry  Martyn  and  Bishop  Corrie.  She  is  known 
for  her  works  for  j  uveniles,  among  which  are  "  Little  Henry 
and  his  Bearer,"  "History  of  Susan  Gray,"  etc. 

Sherwood  Forest.  AforestinNottinghamshire, 
England,  14  miles  north  of  Nottingham,  it  was 
formerly  of  large  extent.  It  is  the  principal  scene  of  the 
legendary  exploits  of  Robin  Hood. 

Shesha  (sha'sha).  In  Hindu  mythology,  a  thou- 
sand-headed serpent,  regarded  as  the  .emblem 
of  etemity(whenc6he  is  also  calledAnanta,' the 
infinite').  He  is  king  of  the  nagas  or  serpents  Inhabiting 
Patala  (which  see).  He  forms  the  couch  and  canopy  of 
Vishnu  while  Bleeping  during  the  intervals  of  creation, 
bears  the  entire  world  on  one  of  his  heads,  or  supports  the 
seven  Patalas. 

Sheshonk,  or  Sheshenk.    See  Shishak. 

She  Stoops  to  Conauer,  or  the  Mistakes  of 
a  Night.  A  comedy  by  Oliver  Goldsmith,  first 
played  March  15,  1773,  printed  1774. 

At  the  present  day  it  Is  probably  the  best  known  of  the 
author's  works,  and,  outside  Shakespeare  and  Sheridan, 
the  English  play  with  which  the  greatest  number  of  per- 
sons are  familiar.  Of  post-Elizabethan  comedies  which  pre- 
ceded it  in  this  country,  those  of  Congreve  alone  can  be 
named  by  its  side ;  and,  if  it  is  less  artistically  constructed, 
somewhat  less  carefully  written,  and  much  less  witty,  its 
moral  purity  and  wholesomeness,  its  fund  of  good  spirits, 
and  its  wonderful  flow  of  natural  dialogue,  are  qualities 
that  raise  It  almost  to  a  level  with  "Love  for  Love"  or 
"The  Way  of  the  World."  Of  succeeding  comedies,  but 
one  has  approached  it  in  lasting  popularity  — the  "School 
for  Scandal,"  produced  four  years  later,  by  Sheridan. 

Gosae,  Hist.  £ng.  Lit.,  p.  319. 

Shetimasha.    See  CMUmachan. 

Shetland  (shet'land)  Islands,  or  Zetland  (zef- 
land)  Islands.  (SJiefland,  Zetland,  earlier  "Shelt- 
tand,  orig.  Bialtland,  Icel.  Hjaltland,  later  Het- 
land,  land  of  Hjalt  or  Hjalti,  a  man's  name, 
from  hjalt  =  E.  hilt.  ]  A  group  of  islands  north  of 
Scotland,  forming  the  county  of  Shetland,  situ- 
ated about  50  miles  northeast  of  the  Orkneys. 
Chief  town,  Lerwick.  The  group  contains  about  lOO 
islands,  of  which  30  or  more  are  inhabited.  The  surface 
is  hilly  and  rocky.  The  principal  island  is  Mainland ; 
others  are  Unst,  Yell,  Fetlar,  Bressay,  Whalsay,  Papa- 
Stour,  and  Foula.  The  inhabitants  are  of  Norse  descent. 
The  ancient  inhabitants  were  Picts.  The  islands  were 
settled  by  the  Northmen  in  the  9th  century,  and  were  ac- 
quired by  Scotland  in  1469.  (Compare  Orkney  Islands.) 
Area,  551  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  28,711. 

Shetucket  (she-tuk'et).  Ariver  in  eastern  Con- 
necticut. It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Willimantic 
and  Natchaug,  and  unites  at  Norwich  with  the  Yantic  to 
form  the  Thames.  Length,  includingthe  Natchaug,  nearly 
60  miles ;  including  the  Quinebaug,  about  90  miles. 

She  Would  if  She  Could.  A  very  successful 
comedy  by  George  Etherege,  produced  in  1668. 

Sheyenne.     See  Cheyenne. 

Shiahs  (she'az).  A  division  of  the  Mohamme- 
dans which  maintains  that  Ali,  first  cousin  of 
Mohammed  and  husband  of  his  daughter  Fati- 
ma,  was  the  first  legitimate  imam  or  successor 
of  the  prophet,  and  rejects  the  first  three  califs 
of  the  Sunnis  (the  other  great  division)  as  usurp- 
ers. TheShiahs  "are  also  called  the  Imamiyahs,  because 
they  believe  the  Muslim  religion  consists  in  the  true 
knowledge  of  the  Imam  or  rightful  leaders  of  the  faithful " 
(Hvffhes,  Diet,  of  Islam).  They  claim  to  be  the  orthodox 
Mohammedans,  but  are  treated  by  the  Sunnis  as  heretics. 
The  Shiahs  comprise  nearly  the  whole  Persian  nation,  and 
are  also  found  in  Oudh,  a  province  of  British  India ;  but 
the  Mohammedans  of  tlie  other  parts  of  India  are  for  the 
most  part  Sunnis.    Also  Shiites. 

Shiawassee  (shi-a-wos'e).  Ariver  in  Michigan 
which  unites  witfi  Flint  River  8  miles  southwest 
of  Saginaw  CSty  to  form  Saginaw  River.  Length, 
about  90  miles. 

Shidzuoka  (shed-zo-6'ka).  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Suruga,  Japan,  95  miles  southwest  of 
Tokio.    Population  (1891),  38,246. 

Shiel  (shel).  Loch.  A  lake  in  western  Scotland, 
forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  Argyll 
and  Inverness.  It  communicates  with  the  ocean 
by  Loch  Moidart.    Length,  17^  miles. 

Shield  (sheld),  William.  Bom  at  Swalwell, 
near  Newcastle,  1748 :  died  at  London,  Jan.  25, 
1829.  An  English  operatic  composer,  in  1772  he 
was  second  violin  in  an  opera  orchestra.  In  1778  he  pro- 
duced "  The  Flitch  of  Bacon,"  his  first  comic  opera.  He 
was  engaged  at  Covent  Garden  as  composer,  and  remained 
there  1791-97.  He  composed  "Rosina,"  "The  Mysteries 
ol  the  Castle,"  "Robin  Hood,"  "The  Lock  and  Key," 
"Aladdin,"  "The  Castle  of  Andalusia,"  etc.  Among  his 
songs  are  "The  Arethusa,"  "The  Heaving  of  the  Lead," 
"The  Thorn,"  "The  Wolf,"  the  trio  "0  Happy  Fair,"  etc. 

Shields  (sheldz),  Charles  Woodruff.  Bom  at 
New  Albany,  Ind.;  April  4, 1825.  An  American 
theologian  and  philosopher,  professor  at  Prince- 
ton. He  has  published  "Philosophla  Ultima"  (1861), 
"  Book  of  Common  Prayer  »  (1864),  "  Religion  and  Science 
in  their  Relation  to  Philosophy"  (1876),  etc. 

Shields,  James.  Bom  inCounty  Tyrone,Ireland, 
1810 :  died  at  Ottumwa,  Iowa,  June  1, 1879.  An 
American  general  and  politician .  He  was  a  general 


Shimonoseki 

in  the  Mexican  war,  and  was  severely  wounded  at  Cerra 
Gordo  and  Chapultepec  in  1847;  was  Democratic  Unite4 
States  senator  from  Illinois  1849-56,  and  from  Minnesota 
1858-69 ;  gained  the  victory  of  Winchester  March  23, 1862  ; 
and  was  defeated  at  Port  Republic  June  9, 1862. 

Shields,  North.  A  town  which  forms  part  of 
the  borough  of  Tynemouth,  England.  See  Tyne- 
mouth. 

Shields,  South.    See  South  Shields. 

Shift  (shift).  1.  An  impudent  beggar  who  pre- 
tends to  be  a  disbanded  soldier,  "one  that 
never  was  a  soldier,  yet  lives  upon  lendings": 
a  character  in  .Tonson's  "  Ever^  Man  out  of 
his  Humour,"  since  frequently  imitated. — 2, 
An  attorney's  clerk,  a  mimic,  appearing  as. 
Smirk,  an  auctioneer,  in  Foote's  play  "The 
Minor."  This  part  was  played  by  Foote  himself  ^ 
and  was  designed  to  satirize  Tate  Wilkinson^ 
his  associate. 

Shiites.    See  Shiahs. 

Shikarpur  (shik-ar-pSr' ) .  1 .  A  district  in  Sind, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  28°  N.,  long, 
68°  30'  E.  Area,  9,296  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  915,497.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Shikarpur,  situated  about  lat.  27° 
55'  N.,  long.  68°  40'  E.  Population  (1891), 
42,004. 

Shikoku  (she-ko'ko),  or  Sikoku  (se-ko'ko). 
One  of  the  four  principal  islands  of  Japan,  sit- 
uated southwest  of  the  main  island  and  north- 
east of  Kiusiu.  It  is  mostly  occupied  by  low  moun- 
tains. Length,  about  160  miles.  Area,  7,031  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  2,879,260. 

Shilange  (she-lang'ge).    See  Imha. 

Shilha  (shU'ha),  or  Shlu  (shl8).  The  Berber 
tribes  of  southern  Morocco  and  of  the  Adrar 
Mountains  in  the  western  Sahara. 

Shilka  (shil'ka).  A  large  river  of  southern  Si- 
beria. It  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Onon  and  In. 
goda,  and  unites  with  the  Argun  to  form  the  Amur. 

Shillaber  (shil'a-ber),  Benjamin  Fenhallow. 

Born  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  July  12,  1814 :  died 
at  Chelsea,  Mass.,  Nov.  25, 1890.  An  American 
humorist,  from  1840-50  editor  of  the  "Boston 
Post,"  and  from  1856-66  editor  of  the  "  Saturday 
Evening  Gazette " :  noted  as  the  author  of  the 
"  Sayings  of  Mrs.  Partington."  Among  his  works, 
are  "Life  and  Sayings  of  Mrs.  Partington  "(1864),  "Rhymes- 
with  Reason  and  Without"  (1863), "  Knitting  Work  "  (1857), 
"  Partingtonian  Patchwork  "  (1873), "  Wide-Swath  "  (1882 : 
poems),  etc.  The  "Ike  Partington  Juvenile  Series"  was- 
published  1879-82. 

Shilluk  (shel'lok).  A  negro  tribe  of  the  eastern 
Sudan,  occupying  the  left  bank  of  the  White  Nile 
from  Bahr-el-Ghazal  to  Dar  Nuba,  and  stretch- 
ing westward  to  the  Baggara  tribe.  They  are  black 
and  ill-featured,  but  their  hair  is  not  always  woolly. 
They  are  both  agricultural  and  pastoraL  The  Dyur  (in* 
the  south),  the  Belanda,  and  the  Dembo  tribes  are  branches- 
of  the  Shilluk,  speaking  practically  the  same  language. 
They  are  said  to  number  1,000,000,  living  in  3,000  villages. 
They  call  themselves  Luoh.  Shilluk  is  their  name  in  Dinka. 

Shiloah.    See  Siloam. 

Shiloh  (shi'lo).  In  Old  Testament  geography, 
a  town  in  Ephraim,  Palestine,  identified  witli 
Seilun,  19  miles  north  by  east  of  Jerusalem.  It 
contained  the  sanctuary  of  the  ark  of  the  cov- 
enant. 

Shiloh  may  be  regarded  as  having  been  the  first  central 
point  of  the  whole  family  of  Israel.  As  soon  as  the  great 
temporary  camp  of  Gilgal  was  raised,  the  ark  was  estab- 
lished there,  and  it  remained  there  for  centuries.  Sbilob 
was,  in  this  way,  a  common  city.  The  fine  stretch  of  plain 
was  a  favourable  place  of  meeting  of  all  Israel. 

Renan,  Hist  of  the  People  of  Israel,  I.  210. 

Shiloh.  A  locality  in  Hardin  County,  Tennes- 
see, near  Pittsburg  Landing,  on  the  Tennessee- 
River,  88  miles  east  of  Memphis,  it  was  the  scene- 
of  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  or  Pittsburg  Landing,  April  6  and  7, 
1862.  The  Federals  under  Grant  were  surprised  by  the 
Confederates  under  A.  S.  Johnston  and  forcetl  back  ia  the- 
river.  Johnston  was  killed,  and  Beauregard  succeeded 
him.  On  the  7th  Grant,  reinforced  by  BueU's  army, 
drove  the  Confederates  from  the  battle-field.  Loss  of 
Federals,  13,673,  including  1,735  killed ;  loss  of  Confeder- 
ates, 10,699. 

Shimba  (shem'ba),  or  Bashimba  (ba-shem'bS,), 
Pg.  Baximba.  A  Bantu  tribe  of  southemi 
Angola,  West||Africa,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
lower  Kunene  River.  They  are  closely  allied,, 
linguistically  with  the  Ndonga  tribe. 

Shimoga(she-m6'ga),orSheemogga(she-mog'- 
ga) .  A  district  in  Mysore,  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  14°  N.,  long.  75°  30'  E.  Area,  3,986  square 
miles.     Population  (1891),  527,981. 

Shimonoseki  (shim-6-no-sek'e),  or  SimonoselE} 
(sim-o-no-sek'e).  A  seaport  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  main  island  of  Japan,  situated 
in  lat.  33°  58'  N.,  long.  130°  58'  E.  K  was  bom- 
barded by  the  Americans,  British,  French,  and  Dutch  in 
1864,  in  retaliation  for  injuries  received.  An  indemnity 
was  paid  by  the  Japanese  government  in  1875.  Fopnla* 
tion  (1894),  est.,  35,384. 


Shimonoseki,  Strait  of 

Shimonoseki,  Strait  of.  A  sea  passage  wbioh 
separates  the  main  island  of  Japan  from  Kiiisiu, 
andoonnectsthe  Suwonadawitnthe  Seaof  Japan. 

Shimonoseki,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  of  peace  con- 
cluded between  China  and  Japan  at  Shimono- 
seki, April  17,  1895.  The  Chinese  plenipotentiaries 
were  Li-hung-chang  and  Li-ching-f ong ;  the  Japanese, 
Count  Ito  Hirobumi  and  Viscount  Mutsu  Munemitsu. 
China  recognized  the  independence  ot  Korea ;  ceded  to 
Japan  the  southern  portion  of  the  province  of  Shingliing 
(i.  e.,  the  Liautung  peninsula  from  Poit  Arthur  to  the 
fortieth  parallel),  the  island  of  Formosa,  and  the  Pesca- 
dores Islands  ;  agreed  to  pay  a  war  indemnity  of  200,090,- 
000  Knping  taels  (about  $176,000,000);  opened  Shashih, 
Chungkmg,  Suchow,  and  Hangchow ;  and  granted  other 
important  commercial  privileges.  Japan  later  agreed  to 
give  up  the  Liautung  peninsula  in  deference  to  the  objec- 
tions of  Russia. 

Shin  (shin),  Loch,  A  lake  in  the  county  of  Suth- 
erland, Scotland,  situated  about  lat.  58°  5'  N., 
long.  4°  30'  W.  Its  waters  are  discharged  by  the  Oy- 
klll  into  the  Korth  Sea.    Length,  17  miles. 

Shinar  (shi'nar).  In  Bible  geography,  the  tract 
of  land  between  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris  down 
to  the  Persian  Gulf — i.  e.,  Babylonia  in  distinc- 
tion from  Mesopotamia  (Irak),  it  is  now  commonly 
identified  with  Shumer,  which  in  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions denotes  Southern  pr  Lower  Babylonia,  in  contrast  to 
Akkad  (the  biblical  Acead),  Upper  Babylonia, 

Shingking  (shing-king'),  or  Liautung  (lyou- 
t6ng').  A  province  of  Manchuria,  bordering 
on  Mongolia,  Korea,  Korea  Bay,  the  Gulf  of 
Liautung,  China  proper,  and  £Qnn.  Capital, 
Mukden. 

Shingle  (shing'gl),  Solon.  A  character  in ' '  The 
People's  Lawyer,"  a  play  by  J.  S.  Jones.  The 
part  was  made  popular  by  John  B.  Owens. 

Sninji  (shen'je),  or  Mashinji  (ma-shen'je),  Pg. 
Xinge  or  Chinge.  A  Bantu  tribe  of  Angola, 
West  Africa,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Kuangu 
Eiver,  north  and  south  of  lat.  9°  S.  They  are 
linguistically,  but  not  politically,  allied  with  the  Makioko. 
Their  principal  chief  is  (1894)  Eapenda  ka  Mulemba. 

Shinnecock  Bay  (shin'e-kok  ba).  An  inlet  of 
the  Atlantic,  on  the  southern  side  of  Long  Isl- 
and, 75  miles  east  of  New  York  city. 

Shinumo.    See  Tusayan. 

Shipka  Pass  (shlp'kS.  pas).  A  pass  in  the  Bal- 
kans, 47  miles  northeast  of  Philippopolis.  it  be- 
came famous  in  the  war  between  Turkey  and  Russia  in 
1877-78,  especially  for  the  unsuccessful  attacks  of  Sulei- 
man Pasha  on  the  Russian  positions  in  Aug.  and  Sept, 
1S77. 

Shipley  (ship'li).  A  town  in  the  West  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Aire  10 
miles  west-northwest  of  Leeds.  Population 
(1891),  16,043. 

Shipman's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's  "Can- 
terbury Tales."  The  story  is  from  the  first 
novel  of  the  eighth  day  of  Boccaccio's  "De- 
cameron." 

Ship-money  (ship'mun'^i).  In  old  EngUsh  law, 
a  charge  or  tax  imposed  by  the  king  upon  sea- 
ports and  trading  towns,  requiring  them  to  pro- 
vide and  furnish  war-ships,  or  to  pay  money 
for  that  purpose,  it  fell  into  disuse,  and  was  Included 
in  the  Petition  of  Right  (1628)  as  a  wrong  to  4e  discontin- 
ued. The  attempt  to  revive  it  met  with  strong  opposition, 
and  was  one  of  the  proximate  causes  of  the  Great  Rebel- 
lion. {See  Ha/mpden,  John.)  Itwas  abolished  by  statute 
16  Charles  I.  c.  11  (1640),  which  enacted  the  strict  obser^ 
vance  of  the  Petition  ot  Right 

Ship  of  Fools^  The.  A  translation  by  Alexan- 
der Barclay,  in  1508,  of  Brant's  "Narrenschiff" 
(which  see).  The  first  English  book  in  which 
mention  is  made  of  the  New  World. 
Shippegan  (ship-e-gan'),  or  Shippa^an  (ship- 
a-gan').  Island.  An  island  in  the  (xulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  situated  near  the  northeastern  ex- 
tremity of  New  Brunswick  (to  which  it  belongs), 
at  the  southern  entrance  to  the  Bay  of  Chaleur. 
Length,  about  14  miles.. 
Shippen  (ship'en),  Edward.  Bom  at  Phila- 
delphia, Feb.  16"  1729 :  died  there,  April  16, 1806. 
An  American  jurist.  He  became  chief  justice 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania  in  1799. 
Shipton  (ship'ton),  Mother.  Bom  nearEnares- 
borough,  Yorkshire.  July,  1488:  died  about 
1559.  A  half-mythical  English  prophetess, bap- 
tized Ursula  Southiel.  She  married  Tony  Shipton, 
a  builder.  According  to  tradition,  however,  she  was  the 
child  of  Agatha  Shipton  and  the  devil.  See  Mather  Ship- 
ton')  PropheeCei. 

Shipwreck,  The.  A  descriptive  poem  by  Wil- 
liam Falconer,  published  in  1762. 

ShirAli.    SeeShereAU. 

Shiraz  (she'raz)  The  capital  of  Farsistan,  Per- 
sia, situated  about  lat.  29°  36'  N.,  long.  52°  35' 
E.  It  has  considerable  commerce,  and  manufactures  of 
wine,  etc.;  was  formerly  famous  for  its  surroundings,  as 
the  residence  of  Haflz  and  Sadi,  and  as  a  seatot  culture  in 
the  middle  ages ;  and  was  atone  time  of  great  importance 
and  the  capital.  It  was  devastated  by  earthquakes  in  1824 
and  in  1853.    Population,  estimated,  30,000. 


927 

Shire  (she'ra).  A  river  in  eastern  Africa  which 
issues  from  Lake  Nyassa  and  joins  the  Zambesi 
near  its  mouth.  Length  below  Lake  Nyassa, 
about  370  miles ;  navigable  to  Murchison  Palls. 

Shirley  (sher'li).  A  town  in  Hampshire,  Eng- 
land, 2  miles  northwest  of  Southampton.  Popu- 
lation of  Shirley  andPreemantle  (1891),  15,899. 

Shirley.  A  novel  by  Charlotte  Bronte,  pub- 
lished in  1849  under  the  pseudonym  of  Currer 
Bell.  The  heroine,  Shirley  Keeldar  (an  idealized  por- 
trait of  Emily  Bronte),  is  an  impulsive  girl  of  twenty  who 
inherits  her  father's  estate  and  administers  It  as  squire. 

Shirley,  James.  Bom  at  London,  Sept.  18, 
1596 :  died  at  London,  Oct.  29,  1666.  An  Eng- 
lish dramatist.  Hewas  educated  at  Merchant  Taylors' 
School,  London,  and  at  both  Oxford  and  Cambridge.  Ow- 
ing to  scruples  of  conscience  he  gave  up  a  living  to  which 
he  had  been  presented  after  ordination,  taught  school  tor  a 
time,  and  from  about  1625  wrote  from  thirty  to  forty  plays. 
Among  them  are  "  Love  Tricks  "  (published  in  1631), "The 
Maid's  Revenge"  (1639X  "The  Brothers  "  (1652), "  The  Witty 
Fair  One"  (1633),  "The  Grateful  Servant"  (licensed  in 
1629,  under  the  titleof  "The  Faithful  Servant,"and  printed 
In  1630),  "The  Traitor"  (1635 :  the  most  powerful  and 
pathetic  of  Shirley's  tragedies),  "  Love's  Cruelty  "  (1640), 
"The  Changes"  (1632),  "Bird  in  a  Cage"  (1633),  "Hyde 
Park"  (1637),  "The  Ball " (licensed  Nov.  16, 1632,  and  printed 
1639as  thejoiutwork  ot  Chapman  and  Shirley),"The  Game- 
ster"(1637),"  The  Contention  of  Honour  and  Riches  "(pub- 
lished in  1633,  and  evidently  not  intended  for  representa- 
tion), "The  Coronation " (licensed  Feb.  6, 1634-85,  as  "a  play 
by  Shirley,"  but  the  title-page  of  the  first  edition  in  1640 
gives  it  to  Fletcher,  who  had  died  ten  years  before :  Shirley 
claimed  it  as  his,  but  ithas  continued  to  appear  inall  collec- 
tions of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  works),  "Chabot,  Admiral 
of  France"  (the  joint  performance  ot  Chapman  and  Shirley, 
licensed  April  29, 1635,  and  printed  1639 :  Shirley  had  lit- 
tle to  do  with  this),  "  The  Lady  of  Pleasure  "  (1637 :  gener- 
ally considered  his  best  playX  "St.  Patrick  for  Ireland" 
(1640),  "The  Humorous  Courtier"  (1640X  "The  Arcadia" 
(1640X " The  Imposture  " (1662),  "The  Cardinal " (1652),  and 
"The  Sisters  "  (1652).  In  1659  Shirley  published,  together, 
"Honoriaand  Mammon  "and  "TheContentionsofAjax and 
Ulysses  for  the  Armour  of  Achilles. "  The  first  piece  was  a 
revision  of  his  own  interlude  called  "  The  Contention  of 
Honour  and  Riches."  He  also  wrote  "Manductio,  or  a 
Leading  of  Children  by  the  Hand  through  the  Principles 
of  Grammar  "  (1660).  He  also  finished  and  fitted  for  the 
stage  a  number  of  Fletcher's  plays.  Henry  Shirley,  a  con- 
temporary of  James  Shirley,  wrote  a  play  called  "The  Mar- 
tyred Soldier,"  which  was  acted  and  printed  in  1638. 

Slur  ley,  John,  Bom  about  1368 :  died  at  Lon- 
don, Oct.  21,  1456.  An  English  traveler  and 
collector  of  manuscripts,  especially  those  of 
Chaucer  and  Lydgate.  He  copied  them  himself  "in 
sundry  volumes  to  remain  for  posterity."  Some  of  them 
are  preserved  in  the  British  Museum ;  one  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge;  and  one  at  Sion  College. 

Shirley,  Lawrence,  fourth  Earl  Ferrers.  Bom 
in  Aug.,  1720  :  died  May  5,  1760.  An  English 
nobleman,  notable  as  the  last  nobleman  who 
died  a  felon's  death  in  England.  He  murdered  his 
land-steward,  Johnson,  in  a  fit  of  ungovernable  passion  (to 
which  he  was  subject),  in  Jan.,  1760,  and  was  hanged  ait 
Tyburn. 

Shirley,  Selina,  Countess  of  Huntingdon.  Bom 
near  Ashby-de-la-Zouch,  Aug.  24, 1707 :  died  at 
London,  June  17,  1791.  An  English  religious 
leader,  daughter  of  the  second  Earl  Ferrers. 
She  was  noted  as  the  founder  of  chapels  and  as  the  leader 
of  the  sect  of -the'^Conntess  of  Huntingdon's  Connexion." 

Shirley,  William.  Bom  at  Preston,  Sussex, 
England,  1693 :  died  at  Eoxbury,  Mass.,  March 
24, 1771.  A  colonial  governor  of  Massachusetts 
1741-45.  He  planned  the  expedition  against  Louis- 
burg  in  1745 ;  became  governor  of  Massachusetts  in  1763 ; 
was  commander  of  the  British  forces  in  America  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Old  French  and  Indian  war  in  1766 ; 
planned  the  expedition  against  Niagara  in  1755 ;  was  made 
lieutenant-general  in  1759 ;  and  afterward  was  governor  of 
one  of  the  Bahama  Islands.  He  published  "  Letter  to  the 
Duke  of  Newcastle"  (1745),  "Conduct  of  General  William 
Shirley"  (1768),  etc. 

Shirvaa  (shir-van').  Amedieval  khanate  south 
of  the  Caucasus,  now  forming  part  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Baku,  Transcaucasia,  Russia.  Chief 
place,  Shemakha.  It  was  incorporated  with 
Russia  in  1820. 

Shlrwa  (sher'wS).  A  lake  in  eastern  Africa, 
south-southeast  of  Lake  Nyassa  and  east  of  the 
ShirS.    Length,  about  40  miles. 

Shishak  (shi'shak)  I.,  or  Sheshonk  (she'- 
shonk),  or  Shashano,  Lived  in  the  10th  cen- 
tury B.  c.  A  king  of  Egypt,  of  the  22d  dynasty. 
He  plundered  Jerusalem  in  the  reign  of  Keho- 
boam. 

Shiva  (shi'.va).  The  third  god  of  the  Hindu 
triad,  in  the  'later  mythology  regarded  as  the 
destroyer,  while  Brahmajs  the  creator  and  Vish- 
nu the  preserver.  The  Shaivas,  or  Shiva- worshipers, 
assign  to  him  the  first  place  in  the  triad,  identifying  him 
with  creation  and  reproduction  as  well  as  destruction,  and 
so  constituting  him  the  Supreme  Being.  This  character 
in  present  Hinduism  is  supposed  to  be  a  development  of 
that  of  the  Vedic  Rudra  (which  see)  by  the  addition  of 
many  characteristics  drawn  from  the  popular  as  distin- 
guished from  the  priestly  religion,  and  taken  especially 
from  the  religion  of  the  aborigines,  whose  chief  god  some 
suppose  Shiva  to  have  been.  The  name  Shiva, '  the  pro- 
pitious," seems  to  have  been  at  first  only  a  euphemistic 


Shore 

epithet  used  to  propitiate  Rudra,  the  god  of  storms,  and 
then  to  have  supplanted  the  name  Rudra  itself.  Accord- 
ing to  the  Vishnupnrana  there  are  8  principal  manifesta- 
tions of  Shiva,  viz. :  Rudra,  Bhava,  Sharva,  Ishana,  Pashu- 
pati,  Bhima,  Ugra,  and  Mahadeva,  which  are  visibly  repre- 
sented  under  8  tanus,  or  material  forms,  viz, :  the  Sun,  Wa- 
tei^  Earth,  Air,  Fire,  Ether,  the  officiating  Brahman,  and 
the  Moon,  Shiva  upholding  the  universe  by  means  of  these 
forms.  As  presiding  over  reproduction  which  follows  de- 
struction, he  is  generally  worshiped  under  phallic  sym- 
bols. As  sharing  with  YamaandVaruna  the  attributes  of 
justice  and  punishment,  he  rides  on  a  white  bull,  Dharma 
having  taken  this  form  to  become  Shiva's  vehicle ;  as 
Kala,  or  destroying  'time, '  he  is  black ;  as  Ardhanari, '  half, 
female,'  he  symbolizes  the  unity  of  the  generative  princi- 

gle ;  as  Fanchanana  he  has  5  faces ;  he  has  3  eyes,  one  in 
is  forehead,  which  are  held  to  denote  his  view  ot  pres- 
ent, past,  and  future ;  while  a  crescent  about  the  central 
eye  marks  the  measure  ot  time  by  months,  a  serpent  around 
his  neck  that  by  years,  and  a  necklace  of  skulls  and  ser- 
pents about  his  person  the  revolution  of  ages.  His  hair  is 
thickly  matted,  and  projects  like  a  horn  from  his  forehead. 
On  his  head  he  bears  tlie  Ganges.  His  throat  is  dark-blue 
from  the  poison  which  would  have  destroyed  the  world 
had  he  not  swallowed  it  at  the  churning  of  the  ocean. 
He  wears  sometimes  a  deerskin,  sometimes  a  tigersldn, 
sometimes  an  elephant's  skin,  and  at  times  sits  on  a  tiger- 
sldn or  holds  a  deer  in  one  of  his  hands.  His  weapons 
are  a  trident  (now  held  to  symbolize  him  as  Creator,  De- 
stroyer, and  Regenerator),  a  bow,  a  thunderbolt,  an  ax,  a 
skull-surmounted  stalf,  and  a  nondescript  weapon,  the 
khinkira.  He  carries  a  drum  shaped  like  an  hour-glass, 
and  a  noose.  His  servants  are  the  demons  called  Prama- 
thas,  his  chief  wife  Durga  with  her  various  names,  and  his 
sons  Ganesha  and  £arttlkeya.  His  residence  is  Kailasa, 
one  of  the  loftiest  peaks  of  the  Himalaya.  He  is  espe- 
cially worshiped  at  Benares.  He  has  even  more  names  thani 
Vishnn,  1,008  being  specified  in  the  Shiva  Purana  and  the- 
Mahabharata.  See  Barth's  "Religions  of  India,"  159  flf. ; 
Williams's  "Brahmanism  and  Hinduism,"  III.  TV.;  and 
Muir'B  "Original  Sanskrit  Texts,"  Vol.  IV. 

Shlu.    See  Sliilha. 

Shoa  (sho'a).  A  kingdom  in  the  southeastern 
part  of  Abyssinia,  southeast  of  Amhara.  The 
chief  towns  ore  Licheh  (the  capital),  Ankober,  and  An- 
golalla.  The  inhabitants  (Amharas  and  GaUas)  are  esti- 
mated at  1,500,000. 

Shoalhaven  (shol'ha-vn).  A  river  in  New 
South  Wales,  Australia,  which  flows  into  the 
Pacific  about  80  mues  south-southwest  of  Syd- 
ney.   Length,  over  150  miles. 

Shoalwater  Bay  (sharwa'^tfer  ba).  An  inlet 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  situated  in  Pacific  County, 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  State  of  Wash- 
ington.   Length,  28  miles. 

Shoeburyness  (sno'ber-i-nes).  A  headland  in 
Essex,  England,  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Thames  estuary,  33  miles  east  of  London. 
Near  it  is  the  village  of  Shoeburyness,  with  a 
noted  artillery  shooting-range. 

Shoemaker's  Holiday,  The,  or  the  Gentle 
Craft.  A  comedy  by  Dekker.  it  was  published 
anonymously  in  1600,  and  had  been  played  the  year  before. 
It  contains  one  of  his  best  characters,  Simon  Eyre,  "  shoo- 
maker  and  Lord  Maior  of  London." 

Shoe-string  District,  The.    See  the  extract. 

The  most  flagrant  Instance  of  gerrymandering  is  prob- 
ably the  sixth  [Congressional]  district  of  Mississippi.  Thia 
remarkable  district  consists  of  all  the  counties  of  the  State 
which  touch  the  Mississippi  River.  Its  length  is  about 
800  miles  and  its  average  breadth  about  20,  and  its  peculiar 
shape  has  given  it  its  popular  name  of  the  "shoe-string" 
district.  Lalor,  Cyc.  Polit  Science,  II.  368. 

[In  the  late  redistribution[the  Shoe-string  District  has  dis<' 
appeared.] 

Sholapur  (sho-ia-p8r').  1.  A  district  in  Bom- 
bay, British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  18°  N., 
long.  75°  20'  E.  Area,  4,542  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  750,689.-2.  The  capital  of 
the  district  of  Sholapur,  situated  about  lat.  17° 
40'  N.,  long.  75°  53'  E.  It  is  a  trading  center. 
Population  (1891),  61,915. 

Shona  (sho'na),  or  Mashona  (ma-shd'na).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  British  South  Africa,  living  on  the 
highland  which  forms  the  watershed  between 
the  Limpopo  and  Zambesi  basins  (intersected 
by  lat.  18°  S.  and  long.  30°  E.).  They  are  Indus, 
trious,  work  iron,  and  spin  and  weave  native  cotton.  They 
were  subjects  of  the  Matabele  before  the  subjugation  of 
these  by  the  British  South  Africa  Company  in  1^.  Seft 
MaehanalanA. 

Shoofoo,    See  Khufu. 

Shoomla.    See  Shumla. 

Shoosha.    See  Shusha. 

Shooter's  Hill  (shb'terz  hil).  A  prominent  hill 
in  Kent,  England,  8  miles  southeast  of  London. 
Height,  446  feet. 

Shore  (shor),  Jane.  Bom  at  London :  died  in 
1527.  The  mistress  of  King  Edward  IV.  while 
still  a  girl  she  married  William  Shore,  a  citizen  of  London. 
After  her  intrigue  with  the  king  began  she  lived  in  the 
greatest  luxury,  and  after  his  death  she  became  the  mis- 
tress of  Lord  Hastings  wholwas  beheaded  by  Richard  III. 
June  13,  1483.  Richard  imprisoned  Jane  Shore  out  o{ 
malice  and  pretended  virtue,  robbed  her  house,  accused 
her  of  witchcraft,  and  obliged  her  to  do  penance  for  un- 
chastity  at  Paul's  Cross.  She  afterward  became  the  mis- 
tress of  the  Marquis  of  Dorset.  The  agonizing  details  ol 
her  death  in  a  ditch  from  starvation  are  without  author- 
ity, though  the  old  ballad  gives  them  with  great  precision. 
See  Jane  Shore. 


Shoreditch 

Shoreditch  (shor'dieh).  Aborough  (municipal) 
of  London,  situated  north  of  the  Thames. 

Shoreham  (shor'am),  or  New  Shoreham.  A 
seaport  in  Sussex,  England,  situated  on  the 
English  Channel  6  miles  west  of  Brighton. 
Population  (1891),  3,393. 

Shorncliffe  (shom'klif ).  A  height  in  the  county 
o£  Kent,  situated  near  the  English  Channel 
west  of  Folkestone. 

Short  (sh6rt),  Bob.  The  pseudonym  of  Pope  in 
his  contributions  to  the  "  (Juardian,"  Nos.  91 
and  92. 

Shorthouse  (short'hous),  Joseph  Henry.  Born 
at  Birmingham,  Sept.  9, 1834 :  died  at  London, 
March  4,  1903.  An  English  author.  His  works 
include  "John  Inglesant"  (1881),  "Tlie  Platonlsm  ol 
Wordsworth"  (1882),  "The  Little  School-Master  Mark " 
(1883-84),  "Sir  Percival"  (1886),  "A  Teacher  ol  the 
Violin"  (1888),  "The  Countess  Eve"  (1888),  "Blanche, 
LadyFalaisc"  (1891),  etc. 

Short-Lived  Administration,  The.  In  British 
history,  a.name  given  to  the  administration  un- 
der the  premiership  of  "William  Pulteney  in  1746, 
which  lasted  only  two  days. 

Short  Parliament,  In  English  history,  the  Par- 
liament which  sat  from  April  13  to  May  5, 1640. 
It  was  followed  in  November  by  the  Long  Par- 
liament. 

Shoshoko  (sho-sho'ko).  {PI.,  also  Shoshohos.'] 
A  name,  meaning  'walker,'  applied  collectively 
to  the  j)oorer  bands  and  individuals  of  Shosho- 
nean  tribes  of  North  American  Indians  who  do 
not  own  horses,  and  are  therefore  "walkers." 
The  name  Digger  (which  see)  has  been  applied  more  gen. 
erally  to  this  class  than  to  any  other. 

Shoshonean  (shd-sho'ne-an).  An iinportant 
linguistic  stock  of  Nortli  American  lidians. 
Their  early  habitat  included  southwestern  Montana ;  all  of 
Idaho  south  of  lat.  46°  30';  southeastern  Oregon  south  of 
the  Blue  Mountains ;  western  and  central  Colorado ;  a  strip 
in  northern  New  Mexico ;  eastern  New  Mexico ;  all  of 
northwestern  Texas ;  the  entire  territory  of  Utah ;  a  sec- 
tion in  northern  Arizona;  all  of  Nevada;  and  a  small  strip 
In  the  northeastern  part  of  California,  east  of  the  Sierras, 
and  a  wide  section  along  the  eastern  border  south  of  lat. 
38^  extending  also  across  the  mountains  to  the  sources  of 
the  San  Joaquin  and  Kings  rivers,  as  well  as  in  a  wide  band 
over  the  southern  portion  of  the  State,  reaching  northward 
to  Tulare  Lake.  Along  the  Pacific  the  tribes  of  this  stock 
forced  their  way  between  the  Chumashan  and  Yuman 
stocks,  and  occupied  the  coast  between  lats.  33°  and  34°  N. 
The  principal  Shoshonean  tribes  are  the  Bannock,  Cheme- 
huevi,  Comanche,  Gosiute,  Paiute,  Paviotso,  Saidyuka, 
Shoshoni,  Tobikhar,  Tukuarika,  Tusayan,  and  Uta.  Esti- 
mated number,  16,460.  The  name  of  the  stock  is  adopted 
from  that  of  the  Shoshoni  tribe. 

Shoshone  Falls  (sho-sho'ne  faiz).  A  cataract 
in  the  Snake  Eiver,  in  Idaho,  about  lat.  42°  35' 
N..  long.  114°  20'  W.  It  is  one  of  the  grandest  falls 
in  the  XTnited  States.  Height,  210  feet.  Width,  about  900 
feet. 

Shoshone  Lake.  A  lake  in  Yellowstone  Na- 
tional Park,  west-southwest  of  Yellowstone 
Lake.   It  is  one  of  the  sources  of  Snake  Biver. 

Shoshone  River.     See  Snahe  Biver. 

Shoshoni  (sho-sho'ni).  [Origin  of  name  uncer- 
tain.] The  most  northerly  division  of  the  Sho- 
shonean stock  of  North  American  Indians,  it 
comprises  a  number  of  tribes  which  formerly  occupied 
western  Wyoming,  part  of  central  and  southern  Idaho,  a 
small  area  in  easteiii  Oregon,  western  and  central  Nevada, 
and  a  small  strip  of  Utah  west  of  Great  Salt  Lake.  The 
Snake  Eiver  region  of  Idaho  was  their  chief  seat.  In  1803 
they  were  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Missouri  in  western 
Montana,  but  they  had  earlier  ranged  farther  east  on  the 
plains,  whence  they  had  been  driven  into  the  Bocky  Moun- 
tains by  the  Atsina  and  Blackf eet.  Tlie  most  importantof 
the  tiventy  known  tribes  comprising  the  Shoshoni  division 
are  the  Panamint,  Tukuarika  or  Sheep-eaters,  and  W^ 
shaki.  They  number  about  5,000.  Of  these  about  1,000 
are  under  Fort  Hall  agency  and  300  undar  Lemhi  agency, 
Idalio.    Also  called  Snakes.    See  Shoshonean. 

Shotover  Hill  (shot'p-v6r  hil).  A  hill  4  mUes 
east  of  Oxford,  England.    Height,  600  feet. 

Shottery(shot'er-i).  A  village  in  Warwiokshire, 
noted  as  the  residence  of  Anne  Hathaway, 
Shakspere's  wife.  The  farm-iouse  In  which  she  is 
thought  to  have  lived  was  bought  for  the  nation  in  1892. 
It  is  known  as  "Anne  Hathaway's  Cottage," 

Shovel  (shuv'l),  Sir  Oloudesley.  Bom  about 
1650 :  drowned  Oct.  22,  1707.  An  English  ad- 
miral. He  served  at  Bantry  Bay  in  1689,  Beachy  Head  to 
1690,  La  Hogiie  in  1692,  and  later  in  the  Mediterranean.  He 
became  commander  of  the  British  fleets  in  1706,  and  was 
shipwrecked  off  the  Scilly  Isles  on  his  way  home  from  an 
unsuccessful  expedition  against  Toulon. 

Shreveport  (shrev'port).  A  city,  and  the  capi- 
tal of  Caddo  parish,  Louisiana,  situated  on  the 
Red  Eiver  in  lat.  32°  30'  N.,  long.  93°  46'  W. 
It  is  the  second  commercial  city  m  the  State,  and  has  an 
important  export  trade  in  cotton  and  other  products. 
Population  (1900),  16,013. 

Shrewsbury  (shroz'bu-ri).  [See  extract  under 
Shropshire.^  A  parliamentary  and  municipal 
borough,  and  the  capital  of  Shropshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Severn  in  lat.  52°  43'  N., 
long.  2°  46'  W.    It  has  manufactures  of  linen  thread. 


928 

cakes,  iron  wares,  etc.,  and  considerable  trade.  It  contains 
several  ancient  churches  and  a  celebrated  grammar-school. 
It  was  the  ancient  Pengwerne  and  the  capital  of  Powis ; 
was  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  early  England ;  and  was  often 
taken  and  retaken  in  the  Welsh  wars.  A  victory  was  gained 
near  it,  July,  1403,  by  Henry  IV.  over  the  insurgents  un- 
der the  Percys,  when  Henry  Percy(Hotspur)was  slain.  The 
place  was  made  the  headquarters  of  Charles  I.  in  1642.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Parliamentarians  in  1645.  Population 
(1891),  26,967. 

Shrewsbury,  Earls  of.    See  TaWot. 

Shri(shre).  [Skt.,  'beauty.']  TheHindugod- 
dess  of  beauty  and  fortune,  Lakshmi.  See 
Lakshmi. 

Shrimp-Girl,  The.  A  painting  by  Hogarth,  in 
the  National  G-allery,  London,  it  is  a  half-length 
figure,  almost  in  full  face,  wearing  a  white  cap  covered 
with  a  piece  of  dark  stuff,  on  which  rests  the  tray  of 
shrimps. 

Shropshire  (shrop'shir),  or  Salop  (sal'op).  A 
western  county  of  England.  Capital,  Shrews- 
bury. It  is  bounded  by  Wales  and  Cheshire  on  the 
north,  Stafford  on  the  east,  Worcester  on  the  southeast^ 
Hereford  on  the  south,  and  Wales  on  the  southwest  and 
west.  The  surface  is  generally  undulating.  It  is  trav- 
ersed in  the  west  by  high  hills,  and  belongs  chiefly  to  the 
valley  of  the  Severn.  It  is  largely  an  agricultural  county, 
but  has  coal-mines  and  iron  manufactures.  Area,  1,320 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  236,324. 

But  the  Scrobsaetan  have  done  more  than  this :  they 
have  given  their  name  to  Shropshire,  the  only  Mercian 
shire  which  keeps  a  tribe-name ;  and,  like  our  own  Sum- 
ersaetan,  Dorsaetan,  and  Wilsaetan,  the  shire  contains  a 
town  with  a  cognate  name,  the  borough  of  the  Scrobsae- 
tan, Scrobbesburh  or  Shrewsbury.  Shropshire  and  Rut- 
land are  the  only  two  Mercian  shires  which  have  strictly 
names  of  their  own,  not  taken  from  any  town. 

Freemanj  English  Towns,  p.  123. 

Shubrick  (shii'brik),'WilliamBranford.  Bom 

onBuU's  Island,  S.C.,Oct.  31, 1790:  died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  May  27, 1874.  An  American  admi- 
ral. He  served  with  distinction  in  the  War  of  1812,  and 
commanded  the  Pacific  squadron  in  the  Mexican  war.  In 
1869  he  was  sent  in  command  of  a  squadron  to  Paraguay, 
inasmuch  as  a  United  States  steamer  had  been  flred  upon. 
He  obtained  an  apology  and  a  promise  of  pecuniary  in- 
demnity.   He  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  in  1861. 

Shucker,    See  Shoshoko. 

Shufeldt  (sho'felt),  Robert  Wilson.     Born 

Feb.  21,  1822:  died  Nov.  7,  1895.  An  Amer- 
ican admiral.  He  commanded  the  United  States 
steamer  Conemaugh  in  the  blockade  of  Charleston,  and 
afterward  the  steamer  Proteus  of  the  Eastern  Gulf  Block- 
ading Squadron,  during  the  Civil  War.  He  was  promoted 
rear-admiral  in  1883,  and  was  retired  in  1884. 

Shufflebottom  (shuf 'l-bot-'om),  Abel.  A  pseu- 
donym sometimes  used  by  Southey. 

Shukulumbwe  (sho-k6-lom'bwe),  orMashuku- 
lumbwe  (ma-sh8-ko-lom'bwe).  A  Bantu  tribe 
in  British  Zambesia,  Africa,  between  the  Ba- 
rotse,  Lunda,  the  Zambesi,  and  the  Kafue.  They 
are  periodically  raided  by  the  Barotse,  who  claim  authority 
over  them,  and  are  fiercely  hostile  to  white  men. 

Shuli  (sho'le).     See  Lur. 

Shumagin  (shS'ma-gen)  Islands.  A  group  of 
small  islands  south  of  the  Alaska  Peninsula, 
Alaska. 

Shumanas.    See  Jumanas. 

Shumer.    See  Shinar. 

Shumla  (shSm'la),  or  Shiunna  (sh5ni'na).  A 
town  and  fortress  in  Bulgaria,  situated  in  lat. 
43°  15'  N.,  long.  26°  56'  E.  it  has  manufactures  of 
clothes,  slippers,  etc.  It  is  a  place  of  great  strength ;  was 
burned  by  the  Byzantine  emperor  in  811 ;  was  besieged  by 
Alexius  In  1087 ;  was  surrendered  to  the  lurks  about  1387 ; 
was  strengthened  in  the  17th  century ;  was  unsuccessfully 
besieged  by  the  Russians  in  1774, 1810,  and  1828 ;  and  was 
occupied  by  the  Russians  in  1878.  Population  (1887),  23,161. 

Shunem  (sho'nem).  In  Bible  geography,  a  place 
in  Palestine,  about  7  miles  south  of  Nazareth : 
the  modem  Sulem. 

Shurtleflf  (shert'lef),  Nathaniel  Bradstreet. 
Bom  at  Boston,  June  29, 1810:  died  there,  Oct. 
17,  1874.  An  American  antiquary  and  poli- 
tician, mayor  of  Boston  1868-70.  He  published 
"The  Passengers  of  the  Mayflower"  (1849),  and  various 
genealogical  and  other  works ;  and  edited  "Records  of  the 
Governor  and  Company  of  Massachusetts  Bay"  (1853-54) 
and  "  Records  of  the  Colony  of  New  Plymouth  "  (with  Pul- 
sif  er,  1856-61). 

Shusha  (sho'sha).  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Yelisavetpol,  Transcaucasia,  Russia,  situated 
about  lat.  39°  40'  N.,  long.  46°  40'  E.  It  is  an 
important  fortress.     Population  (1890),  32,040. 

Shushan  (sho'shan).  [In  the  Persian  inscrip- 
tions Shushuna.']  The  capital  of  El^m,  situated 
on  the  Bulseus  (Hebrew  and  Assyrian  Ulai).  It 
was  destroyed  in  646  B.  c.  by  Asurbanipal.  The  Achemenid 
kings  of  Persia  made  it  their  winter  residence,  and  pro- 
vided it  with  a  citadel.  It  was  still  flourishing  in  the  12th 
century  A.  D.  Since  the  13th  century  it  has  gradually  fallen 
into  decay.  It  is  frequently  mentioned  in  the  books  of 
Daniel  and  Esther.    See  Elam  and  Susa. 

Shute  (shiit),  Samuel.  Bom  at  London,  1653 : 
died  in  England,  April  15, 1742.  An  English  of- 
ficer, colonial  governor  of  Massachusetts  1716- 
1727.  He  carried  on  a  controversy  with  the 
legislature  regarding  his  prerogative. 


Siamese  Twins,  The 

Shuter  (shii'ter),  Edward.  Born  about  1730: 
died  Nov.  1,  1776.  An  English  actor,  said  by 
Garrick  to  be  the  greatest  comie  genius  he  had 
ever  known.  He  went  on  the  stage  in  1744,  and  ended 
his  career  as  Falstaflf,  at  his  own  benefit  at  Covent  Garden, 
in  1776.  He  had  a  wide  comic  repertory.  Among  his 
original  creations  are  Papillon  in  "The  Liar,"  Old  Hard- 
castle,  and  Sir  Anthony  Absolute.  He  was  a  lively  com- 
panion, "  addicted  to  hard  drinking,  and  religion  as  it  was 
expounded  by  Whitefleld." 

Shuvaloflf  (sho-va'lof ),  Count  Paul.  Bom  1830. 
A  Russian  general  and  diplomatist,  brother  of 
Peter  Shuvaloff.  He  served  in  the  Crimean  war,  was 
ambassador  to  Berlin  1885-94,  and  in  1894  was  appointed 
governor  of  Poland. 

Shuvaloff  (sho-va'lof  ),Couiit  Peter.  Bom  July 
15, 1827:  died  March,  1889.  A  Russian  diploma- 
tist. He  was  a  special  envoy  to  London  in  1873 ;  ambassa- 
dor to  London  1874-79 ;  and  plenipotentiary  to  the  Congress 
of  Berlin  in  1878. 

Shuzub  (sh6'z5b).  A  name  of  two  Babylonian 
kings,  (a)  The  first  was  of  Babylonian  origin.  On  his 
accession  to  the  Babylonian  throne,  he  assumed  the  name 
of  Nergal-Ushezib  ('Nergal  delivered').  After  reigning 
a  year  and  six  months,  he  was  taken  captive  by  Sennach- 
erib in  the  battle  of  Nippur  (Niffer),  694  B.  0.  (6)  The 
second  was  a  Chaldean,  successor  of  the  preceding  under 
thenameof  Mushezib-Marduk.  He  bought  with  the  trea- 
sures of  the  temple  of  Marduk  (Merodach)  the  help  of 
the  Elamite  king  Umman-menann,  but  both  were  routed 
by  Sennacherib  in  the  battle  of  Halule  691  B.  0.  When 
in  690  (or  689)  Sennacherib  Invaded  and  destroyed  Baby- 
lon, Shuzub  sought  refuge  with  his  former  ally  Umman- 
menann,  but  was  delivered  by  him  into  the  hands  of  the 
Assyrians. 

Shyenne.    See  Cheyenne. 

Shylock  (shi'lok).  A  Jew,  one  of  the  princi- 
pal characters  in  Shakspere's  "Merchant  of 
Venice."  He  lends  Bassanio  3,000  ducats  on  condition 
that  if  they  are  not  repaid  at  the  promised  time  lie  shall 
be  allowed  to  cut  a  pound  of  fiesh  from  the  body  of  An- 
tonio, Bassanio's  friend  and  surety.  He  claims  the  forfeit- 
ure, but  is  defeated  by  Portia,  who,  in  a  celebrated  speech, 
reminds  him  that  he  loses  his  life  if  he  sheds  one  drop  of 
Christian  blood  or  takes  more  or  less  than  his  la^vf  ul  pound 
of  fiesh.  Down  to  the  time  of  Macklin  the  part  was  played 
by  the  low  comedian,  and  was  grotesque  to  buffoonery.  He 
transformed  it  from  "  the  grimacings  of  low  comedy  to  the 
solemn  sweep  of  tragedy,"  and  made  Shylock  a  revengeful, 
inexorable  money-maker.  Edmund  Kean,  in  1814,  played 
the  part  as  that  of  "a  Jew  more  sinned  against  tlian  sin- 
ning. .  .  .  From  that  hour  a  reaction  in  favor  of  Shylock 
set  in,  until  now  it  is  generally  agreed  that  up  to  a  certain 
point  he  was  the  victim  of  a  downright  quibble,  and  that 
even  on  the  third  point,  that  of  conspiracy,  his  conviction 
was  perhaps  of  doubtful  propriety  "  (Fumess). 

Sia(se'a).  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians, 
inhabiting  a  pueblo  of  the  same  name  on  the 
Rio  Jemez,  a  western  affluent  of  the  Rio  Grande, 
in  New  Mexico,  in  1582  Sia  was  said  to  be  the  largest 
of  five  villages  forming  a  province  called  Funames.  The 
present  pueblo  dates  from  about  1692,  when  the  village 
formerly  occupied  was  abandoned.  The  tribe,  which  was 
once  comparatively  populous,  now  numbers  but  106.  The 
decrease  is  attributed  largely  to  infectious  disease  and  to 
the  killing  of  persons  accused  of  witchcraft.  Also  Chea, 
Chia,  Cia,  Cilia,  Silla,  Tsea,  Tsia,  Tzia,  Zia.    See  Keresan. 

Sialkot,  or  Sealkote  (se-al-kof).  1.  A  district 
in  Amritsar  division,  Panjab,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  32°  20'  N.,  long.  74°  30'  E. 
Area,  1,991  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
1,119,847.-2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of 
Sialkot,  situated  about  lat.  32°  30'  N.,  long.  74° 
35'  E..   Population  (1891),  55,087. 

Siam  (si-am'  or  se-am').  A  kingdom  in  the 
peninsula  of  Indo-China,  in  southeastern  Asia. 
Capital,  Bangkok,  it  is  bounded  by  Burma  on  the 
west,  the  vague  Shan  states  on  the  north,  the  Frencli  de- 
pendencies Tongking,  Annam  (the  river  Mekong  being 
the  recognized  boundary),  and  Cambodia  on  the  east,  and 
the  Gulf  of  Siam  on  the  south.  In  addition  Siam  has  a 
considerable  part  of  the  Malay  Peninsula.  The  principal 
river  is  the  Menara.  The  chief  product  is  rice.  The  gov- 
ernment is  vested  in  the  king  and  a  council  of  mlnist^s. 
The  prevailing  religion  is  Buddhism.  The  capital,  Ayuthia, 
was  founded  about  1360.  In  the  I6th  century  the  country 
was  enlarged,  and  trade  commenced  with  Europe.  Ayu- 
thia was  sacked  by  the  Burmese  in  1767,  and  the  capital 
transferred  to  Bangkok  1782.  Western  civilization  has 
been  partially  introduced  in  recent  years.  French  ad- 
vances and  claims  along  the  eastern  frontier  led  in  1893 
to  serious  complications,  nearly  involving  England.  The 
French  in  July  entered  the  Menam  River  and  blockaded 
Bangkok ;  and  in  Oct.  Siam  ceded  to  France  about  100,000 
square  miles  east  of  the  river  Mekong.  Area,  about  200,000 
square  miles.    Population,  about  6,000,000. 

Siam,  GfTllf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
partly  inclosed  by  18he  Malay  Peninsula  on  the 
west,  Siam  on  the  north,  and  Cambodia  and 
Cochln-China  on  the  northeast.  Length,  about 
470  miles. 

Siamese  Twins  (si-a-mes'or  -mez'  twin?),The. 
Born  in  Siam,  April  15,  1811:  died  in  North 
Carolina,  Jan.  17, 1874.  Eng  and  Chang,  twins 
bom  of  a  Chinese  father  and  a  Siamese  mother. 
They  were  joined  to  one  another  by  a  short  tubular  cartila- 
ginous band,  through  which  their  livers  and  hepatic  ves- 
sels communicated,  and  in  the  center  of  which  was  tlieir 
common  umbilicus.  They  were  brought  to  America  for  ex- 
hibition in  1828,  and  after  mailing  a  competency  in  various 


Siamese  Twins,  The 

•countries  Bettled  in  North  Carolina.  Tliey  married  sisters 
in  1842.  In  1869  they  again  exhibited  themselves  in  Europe. 
The  one  survived  the  other  two  hours  and  a  hall. 

Sianti,    See  Ashanti. 

Siao  (se-a'6),  or  Siamo  (se-a'mo).  A  small 
island  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  northeast  of 
Celebes. 

Sibbald  (sib'ald).  Sir  Robert.  Bom  about 
1641:  died  1?12.  A  Scottish  physician  and 
scientist.  He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh,  Leyden,  and 
Paris.  He  was  the  first  proteasor  of  medicine  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  the  first  president  of  the  College  ot 
Physicians,  and  geographer  royal.  In  1710  he  published 
"A  History  of  File  and  Fiteshire,"  followed  by  similar 
works  of  local  interest. 

Siberia  (si-be'ri-a).  [Buss.  SiMr,  F.  SibSrie,  Gr. 
Sibirien.']  A  vast'region  in  northern  and  central 
Asia,  which  forms  part  of  the  Russian  empire. 
Chief  towns,  Tomsk  and  Irkutsk,  it  is  bounded  by 
the  Arctic  Ocean  on  the  north,  Bering  Strait  on  the  north- 
east, the  Pacific  and  its  arms  on  the  east,  the  Chinese  em- 
pire and  Russian  Central  Asia  on  the  south,  and  Russia  on 
the  west.  It  comprises  officially  West  Siberia  (includ- 
ing the  governments  of  Tobolsk  and  Tomsk),  Irkutsk 
(with  the  governments  of  Irkutsk,  Yeniseisk,  and  Yakutsk), 
and  the  Amur  Region  (Amur,  Transbaikalia,  the  Maritime 
Province)  and  the  island  of  Saghalin.  The  surface  is 
largely  a  low-lying  plain  in  the  north :  in  the  interior  and 
the  south  it  is  a  plateau  traversed  by  chains  of  mountains, 
including  the  Altai,  Sayan,  Baikal,  Yablonoi,  Stanovoi,  etc. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Obi  (with  the  Irtish),  Yenisei 
(with  the  Angara),  Lena,  and  Amur.  The  largest  lake  is 
Baikal.  The  leading  occupation  is  agriculture.  Siberia 
.contains  considerable  mineral  wealth,  including  gold, 
platinum,  silver,  iron,  lead,  etc.  Government  is  adminis- 
tered by  governors-general  and  governors.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  largely  Russians :  there  are  also  Burials,  Kir- 
ghiz, Tunguses,  Yakuts,  Kalmucks,  Ostiaks,  Samoyeds, 
Kamchad^es,  etc.,  besides  many  thousands  of  exiles  from 
European  Russia.  The  Russian  conquest  commenced  in 
the  16th  century,  in  the  reign  of  Ivan  the  Terrible,  and 
advanced  to  Lake  Baikal,  the  Amur,  and  the  Pacific  in  the 
17th  century.  Saghalin  was  formally  acquired  in  1876. 
Area,  4,833,496  square  miles.    Pop.  (1897),  6,727,090. 

Siberian  Railway.  A  railway  under  construc- 
tion by  the  Russian  government,  to  traverse  Si- 
beria from  west  to  east.  Ground  was  broken  in  1891, 
and  the  work  will  be  completed  about  1904. '  The  line  is 
to  run  from  Cheliabinsk,  via  Omsk  and  Irkutsk,  to  Vladi- 
vostok on  the  Pacific  —  over  4,000  miles. 

Siberut  (se-be-rof),  or  Sibiru  (se-be-ro'),  or  Se 
Beero  (se  be'ro),  or  North  Pora  (po'ra)  Isl- 
and. An  island  west  of  Sumatra,  aboilt  lat. 
1°  30'  S.    Length,  about  85  miles. 

^ibi  (se'be).  A  district  on  the  border  of  Af- 
ghanistan and  Baluchistan,  now  under  British 
rule. 

Sibley  (sib'H),  Henry  Hastings.  Bom  at  De- 
troit, Mich. ,  Feb.  20, 1811 :  died  at  St.  Paul ,  Minn., 
Feb.  18, 1891.  An  American  pioneer,  politician, 
and  general.  He  was  a  delegate  to  Congress  from  Wis- 
'Consin  Territory  in  1849,  and  from  Minnesota  Territory 
1849-53 ;  and  was  elected  first  governor  of  Minnesota  as  a 
Democrat  in  1858.  He  organized  a  force  for  the  protec- 
tion of  the  frontier  settlements  against  the  Sioux  in  1862, 
when  he  received  a  commission  as  brigadier -general.  He 
put  down  the  Sioux  outbreak  of  that  year. 

Sibley,  Henry  Hopkins.  Bom  at  Natchitoches, 
La.,  May  25, 1816:  died  at  Fredericksburg,  Va., 
Aug.  23,  1886.  An  American  general.  He  served 
in  the  Mexican  war ;  entered  the  Confederate  service  at  tlie 
outbreak  of  the  CivU  War  in  1861 ;  and  commanded  in  New 
Mexico  in  1862.  He  entered  the  Egyptian  service  in  1869, 
with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  returning  to  the  United 
States  five  years  later. 

Sibley,  Hiram.  Born  at  North  Adams,  Mass., 
Feb.  6, 1807 :  died  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  July  12, 
1888.  An  American  financier.  He  was  one  of  the 
organizers  and  the  first  president  of  the  Western  Union 
Telegraph  Company,  and  constructed  in  1861  the  telegraph 
line  across  the  continent  to  California  (afterward  trans- 
ferred to  the  Western  Union).  During  his  presidency  the 
Western  Union  expended  $3,000,000  on  a  line  to  Europe 
via  Bering  Strait,  which  was  ahandoned  on  the  completion 
of  the  Atlantic  cable.  He  gave  JIOO.OOO  for  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Sibley  College  of  Mechanical  Engineering  and 
the  Mechanic  Arts,  connected  with  Cornell  University. 

Sibley,  John  Langdon,  Born  at  Union,  Maine, 
Dec.  29,  1804:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Dec. 
9,  1885.  An  American  librarian.  He  was  assistant 
librarian  of  Harvard  College  1841-66,  and  librarian  1866-77. 
He  was  editor  for  manyyears  of  the  annual,  triennial,  and 
quinquennial  catalogues  of  Harvard  ;  and  wrote  "Bio- 
graphical Sketches  of  the  Graduates  of  Harvard  Vniver. 
sity"(3vols.  1873-86). 

Sibola.    See  Cibola  and  Zufli. 

Sibthorp  (sib'thdrp),  John.  Bom  at  Oxford, 
England,  Oct.  28,  1758 :  died  at  Bath,  Feb.  8, 
1796.  An  English  botanist,  son  of  Dr.  Hum- 
phrey Sibthorp,  professor  of  botany  at  Oxford. 
Be  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1778;  studied  medicine ;  became 
professor  of  botany  at  the  College  of  Physicians  in  1784 ; 
;and  succeeded  his  father  at  Oxford.  He  wrote  "  Flora 
Oxoniensis"  (1794)  and  "Flora  Grseca"  (edited  by  J.  E. 
Smith  and  John  Lindley,  1807  et  seq.). 

Sibylline  Books,  Sibylline  Oracles.     See 


Sibyls  (sib'ilz).  In  ancient  mythology,  certain 
women  reputed  to  possess  special  powers  of 
prophecy  or  divination  and  intercession  with 

,    C— 59 


929 

the  gods  in  behalf  of  those  who  resorted  to  them. 
Different  writers  mention  from  one  to  twelve  sibyls,  but 
the  number  commonly  reckoned  is  ten,  enumerated  as  the 
Persian  or  Babylonian,  Libyan,  Delphian,  Cimmerian,  Ery- 
thrsean,  Samian,  Oumscan,  Hellespontine  or  Trojan,  Phry- 
gian, and  Tiburtine.  01  these  the  most  celebrated  was  the 
Cumaean  sibyl  (of  Cums^  in  Italy),  who,  according  to  the 
story,  appeared  before  Tarquin  the  Proud  and  offered  him 
nine  books  for  sale.  He  refused  to  buy  them,  whereupon 
she  burned  three,  and  offered  the  remaining  six  at  the 
original  price.  On  being  again  refused,  she  destroyed  three 
more,  and  offered  the  remaining  three  at  the  price  she  had 
asked  for  the  nine.  Tarquin,  astonished  at  this  conduct, 
bought  the  books,  which  were  found  to  contain  directions 
as  to  the  worship  of  the  gods  and  the  policy  of  the  Romans. 
These  Sibylline  Books,  or  books  professing  to  have  this 
origin,  written  in  Greek  hexameters,  were  kept  with  great 
care  at  Rome,  and  consulted  from  time  to  time  by  oracle- 
keepers  under  the  direction  of  the  senate.  They  were  de- 
stroyed at  the  burning  of  the  temple  of  Jupiter  in  83  B.  0. 
Fresh  collections  were  made,  which  were  finally  destroyed 
soon  alter  A.  B.  400.  The  Sibylline  Oracles  referred  to  by 
the  Christian  fathers  belong  to  early  ecclesiastical  litera^ 
ture,  and  are  a  curious  mixture  of  Jewish  and  Clu^istiau 
material,  with  probably  here  and  tliere  a  snatch  from  the 
older  pagan  source.  In  composition  they  seem  to  be  of 
various  dates,  from  the  2d  century  before  to  the  3d  century 
after  Christ. 

But  the  Sibylline  verses,  which  clearly  belong  to  this 
period  [of  Antoninus],  express,  in  the  mostremarkable  man- 
ner, this  spirit  of  exulting  menace  at  the  expected  simul- 
taneous fall  of  Roman  idolatry  and  of  Roman  empire.  Th  e 
origin  of  the  whole  of  the  Sibylline  oracles  now  extant  is 
not  distinctly  apparent^  either  from  the  style,  the  manner 
of  composition,  or  the  subject  of  their  predictions.  It  is 
manifest  that  they  were  largely  interpolated  by  the  Chris- 
tians to  a  late  period ;  and  some  of  the  books  can  be  as- 
signed to  no  other  time  but  the  present.  Much,  no  doubt, 
was  of  an  older  date.  It  is  scarcely  credible  that  the 
Fathers  of  this  time  would  quote  contemporary  forgeries 
as  ancient  prophecies.  The  Jews  of  Alexandria,  who  had 
acquired  some  taste  for  Grecian  poetry,  And  displayed 
some  talent  for  the  translation  of  their  sacred  books  into 
the  Homeric  language  and  metre,  had,  no  doubt,  set  the 
example  of  versifying  their  own  prophecies  and  of  ascrib- 
ing them  to  the  Sibyls,  whose  names  were  universally 
venerated,  as  revealing  to  mankind  the  secrets  of  futurity. 
They  may  have  begun  by  comparing  their  own  prophets 
with  these  ancient  seers,  and  spoken  of  the  predictions  of 
Isaiah  or  Ezekiel  as  their  Sibylline  verses,  which  may  have 
been  another  word  for  prophetic  or  oracular. 

Milman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  121. 

Almost  every  region  of  heathenism  boasts  its  Sibyl. 
Poetic  predictions,  ascribed  to  these  inspired  women,  were 
either  published  or  religiously  preserved  in  the  sacred 
archives  of  cities.  Nowhere  were  they  held  in  such  awful 
reverence  as  in  Rome,  The  opening  of  the  Sibylline  books 
was  an  event  of  rare  occurrence,  and  only  at  seasons  of 
fearful  disaster  or  peril. 

Milman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  123. 

Sibyls,  The.  Paintings  by  Michelangelo,  alter- 
nating with  his  figures  of  the  prophets  on  the 
coved  triangles  of  the  vaulting  of  the  Sistine 
Chapel,  Rome. 

Sicambri  (si-kam'bn).  A  powerful  German 
tribe  in  ancient  times.  Also  called  Sugambri 
^which  see). 

Sicanians  (si-ka'ni-anz).  [Gr.  'S.imvol,  L.  SU 
cam.']  The  primitive  Inhabitants  of  Sicily, 
found  there  on  the  arrival  of  the  Sioulians,  or 
Sicilians  proper. 

Sicard  (se-kar'),  Abb6  Roch  Ambroise  Oucur- 
ron.  Born  at  Fousseret,  near  Toulouse,  France, 
Sept.  20, 1742 :  died  May  10, 1822.  AFrench phi- 
lanthropist, known  as  an  instructor  of  deaf- 
mutes.  He  published  "Th^oriedessignespour 
I'instraction  des  sourds-muets"  (1808),  etc. 

Sicarii  (si-ka'ri-i).  A  class  of  assassins  and 
zealots  in  Palestine  in  the  later  years  of  Nero's 
reign.    They  are  referred  to  in  Acts  xxi.  38. 

Sichseus.    See  EUssa. 

Sichem.    See  Shechem. 

Sicilian  Bull,  The,  A  bronze  bull  made  as  an 
instrument  of  torture  by  Perillus  for  the  Sicil- 
ian tyrant  Phalaris. 

Sicilian  Vespers.  A  name  given  to  the  mas- 
sacre of  the  French  in  Sicily  by  the  Sicilians 
1282 :  so  called  from  its  commencement  at  ves- 
pers on  Easter  Monday.   See  Vepres  Siciliennes. 

^cilien,  Le,  ou  I'Amour  Peintre.  A  comedy 
by  Molifere,  produced  in  1667. 

Sicilies,  Kingdom  of  the  Two.  See  Two  Sici- 
lies, Kingdom  of  the. 

Sicily  (sis'i-li).  [Gr.  XtiKeVia,  from  ZmeAoi  (L. 
Siculi),  the  ancient  inhabitants ;  L.  Sicilia,  It.  Si- 
<HUa,F.Sicile,G:.Sicilien.2  An  island  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, belonging  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy, 
and  forming  (with  small  neighboring  islands)  a 
compartimento.  Its  chief  cities  are  Palermo, 
Catania,  and  Messina,  it  is  situated  southwest  of 
the  mainland  of  Italy  (separated  by  the  Strait  of  Messina), 
and  is  triangular  in  shape.  The  general  surface  is  elevated 
and  mountainous :  the  culminating  point  is  Mount  Etna, 
and  the  principal  ranges  are  in  the  north  (Peloritan,  Ne- 
hrodian,  and  Madonie).  The  principal  plain  is  Catania. 
The  leading  products  are  wheat,  oranges,  citrons,  olives, 
lemons,  and  other  fruits,  sulphur,  silk,  and  salt.  Sicily 
was  formerly  famous  as  the  granary  of  Italy  and  Rome.  It 
contains  7  provinces— Messina,  Catania,  Syracuse,  Calta- 
nissetta,  Palermo,  Girgenti,  and  Trapani.    The  inhabitants 


Siddons,  Mrs. 

are  of  mixed  descent.  The  early  inhabitants  were  the  S>> 
cani,  Siculi,  and  Elymi;  and  Phenician  colonies  were  set- 
tled in  early  times.  Greek  colonization  commenced  in 
the  8th  century  B.  0. :  among  the  chief  Greek  cities  were 
Syracuse,  Gatana,  Agrigentum,  Selinus,  and  Himera.  An 
unsuccessful  Carthaginian  invasion  occurred  in  480  B.  c, 
and  an  Athenian  invasion  in  416-413.  The  western  part  of 
Sicily  was  conquered  by  Carthage  in  the  end  of  the  6th 
century  B.  o.  Syracuse  was  the  leading  Greek  power  un- 
der Sionysius  the  Elder,  Timoleon,  Agathocles,  etc.,  in  the 
4th  century.  The  island  was  the  scene  of  important  events 
in  the  campaigns  of  Pyrrhus  and  in  the  first  Punic  war. 
The  greater  part  of  it  was  annexed  by  Rome  in  241.  Syra- 
cuse and  Agrigentum  were  annexed  in  the  second  Punic 
war.  Sicily  suffered  in  the  Servile  Wars  of  the  2d  centuiy 
B.  0.,  and  under  the  administration  of  Verres  (73-71  B.  c). 
It  was  conquered  by  the  Vandals,  and  passed  to  the  East 
Goths  in  tlie  5th  century ;  was  taken  from  the  Goths  by 
the  Eastern  Empire  in  the  6th  centuiy  (the  conquest  be- 
ginning with  the  successes  of  Belisarius  in  535);  was  con- 
quered by  the  Saracens  827-966 ;  was  temporarily  con- 
quered by  the  Christians  about  1040 ;  and  was  conquered 
by  the  Normans  under  Robert  and  Roger  Guiscard  1061- 
1090.  Roger  11.  united  Sicily  with  southern  Italy  (Sicily 
this  side  of  the  Faro)  in  1127,  and  in  1130  assumed  the  title 
of  king.  The  Two  Sicilies  were  taken  possession  of  by  the 
Hohenstaufen  emperor  Henry  VI.  in  1194.  The  Hohen- 
staufens  were  overthrown  by  Charles  of  Anjou  in  1266. 
The  Sicilians  revolted  against  the  Angevins  in  1282,  and 
Sicily  came  under  the  rule  of  Aragon.  It  was  separated 
from  Aragon  in  1296 ;  was  reunited  with  it  in  1412 ;  was 
several  times  united  and  separated  from  Naples,  and  final- 
ly united  with  it  under  Spanish  rule  in  1603 ;  was  ceded 
to  Savoy  in  1713,  and  to  Austria  in  1720 ;  was  conquered 
by  Spain  in  1734 ;  was  united  with  Naples  and  ruled  by 
a  Bourbon  dynasty  in  1734;  and  was  separated  from  Na- 
ples and  made  a  separate  kingdom  under  British  protec- 
tion 1806-15.  There  were  unsuccessful  risings  in  1820, 
1836,  and  1848-49.  The  Boupbons  were  overthrown  by  the 
expedition  of  Garibaldi  in  1860,  and  Sicily  was  annexed  to 
the  dominions  of  Victor  Emmanuel.  Area,  9,936  square 
miles.    Population  (1892),  3,364,940. 

Sickingen  (zik' king-en),  Franz  von.     Born 

near  Kreuznach,  March  2,  1481:  died  May  8, 
1523.  A  German  knight,  influentialinthe  reigns 
of  Maximilian  I.  and  Charles  V.  He  was  often  at 
war  with  the  various  states,  as  Worms,  Metz,  Wiirtem- 
berg,  etc. ;  favored  the  Reformation ;  and  became  the  head 
of  a  league  (1622-23)  for  the  forcible  introduction  of  the 
Reformation  and  tlie  overthrow  of  the  princes  and  the 
ecclesiastical  rulers.  He  besieged  Treves  in  1622 ;  was  op- 
posed by  Hesse  and  the  Palatinate;  and  was  besieged  in 
ills  fortress  near  Kaiserslautern  and  mortally  wounded. 

Sickles  (sik'lz),  Daniel  Edgar.  Bom  at  New 
York,  Oct.  20,  1825.  An  American  general  and 
politician.  Hewas  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1844 ;  and  was 
a  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1857-61. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he  raised  the  Excelsior 
Brigade  of  United  States  Volunteers  at  New  York,  and 
was  commissioned  colonel  of  one  of  the  regiments.  He 
served  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  in  the  Peninsular  cam- 
paign; took  part  in  the  battle  of  Antietam ;  and  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  corps  commander  at  Chancellorsville 
and  Gettysburg  (where  he  was  severely  wounded).  He 
commanded  the  military  district  of  the  Carolinas  after  the 
war ;  wasUnited  States  minister  toSpain  1869-73 ;  and  later 
was  presidentof  the  New  York  State  Board  of  Civil  Service 
Commissioners.  He  was  a  Democratic  member  of  Con- 
gress from  New  York  1893-96. 

Sick  Man,  The,  or  Sick  Man  of  the  East.   A 

name  given  to  the  Turkish  empire,  in  allusion 
to  its  decaying  condition :  first  used  by  the  czar 
Nicholas  of  Russia  in  a  conversation  with  the 
British  ambassador  Seymour. 

Siculi  (sik'u-H).  [Grv.'SmeTioi.l  One  of  the  early 
peoples  of  Sicily  and  southern  Italy :  probably 
allied  to  the  Latins.  They  gave  its  name  to  the 
island. 

Sicyon  (sish'i-onj.  [Gr.  ^mvav.']  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a  city  mthe  northern  part  of  the  Pel- 
oponnesus, Greece,  situated  near  "the  Gulf  of 
Corinth  10  miles  northwest  of  Corinth,  sicyon 
was  a  flourishing  commercial  center,  and  was  renowned 
for  its  art.  It  was  ruled  by  the  dynasty  of  the  Ortha- 
goridae  in  the  7th  and  6th  centuries  B.  c,  and  251  became 
a  member  of  the  Achsean  League.  Its  site  is  occupied  by 
the  village  of  Vasilika.  The  ancient  theater,  a  large  and 
important  monument,  has  recently  been  excavated  by  the 
American  School  at  Athens.  At  the  bottom  of  the  cavea 
there  is  a  row  of  seats  of  honor,  in  the  form  of  benches 
with  backs  and  arms.  Access  to  the  cavea  from  without 
is  facilitated  by  two  Greek  vaulted  passives.  There  is  a 
covered  underground  passage,  as  at  Eretria,  from  the  mid- 
dle of  the  orchestra  to  the  interior  of  the  stage-structure. 

Sicyonia  (sish-i-6'ni-a).  In  ancient  geography, 
the  territory  surrounJiing  Sicyon,  and  bounded 
by  the  Gulf  of  Corinth  on  the  northeast,  Co- 
rinthia  on  the  east,  Argolis  and  Phliasia  on  the 
south,  Arcadia  on  the  west,  and  Achaia  on  the 
northwest. 

Siddhartha  (si-dhar'tha).  The  personal  name 
of  the  founder  of  Buddhism.     See  Buddha. 

Siddim  (sid'im).  A  valley,  mentioned  in  the 
Old  Testament  (Gen.  xiv.  3,  8,  10),  which  con- 
tained the  cities  of  Sodom  and  Gomorrah.  It 
has  not  been  identified  with  certainty. 

Siddons  (sid'onz),  Mrs.  (Sarah  Kemble). 
Bom  at  Brecon,  Wales,  July  5,  1755:  died  at 
London,  June  8,  1831.  A  -celebrated  English, 
tragic  actress,  daughter  of  Roger  Kemble,  a 
theatrical  manager,  she  was  educated  at  the  schools 
of  the  towns  in  which  Kemble's  company  played,  and  Nov. 
26, 1773,  married  William  Siddons,  an  actor.    She  made 


Siddons,  Mrs. 

her  first  appearance  In  London  In  1775  as  Portia.  In  1777 
she  returned  to  the  provinces,  and  in  1782  appeared  at 
Drury  Lane  with  extraordinary  success  as  Isabella  in 
Southerne's  "  Fatal  Marriage. "  In  1785  she  first  appeared 
as  Lady  Macbeth,  her  greatest  rdle,  and  in  1788  appeared 
as  Queen  Katharine  in  her  brother's  revival  ot  Henry 
Vin.  In  1803  her  brother  John  bought  a  share  ot  Covent 
Garden  Theatre,  and  she  joined  his  company,  playing 
there  until  she  lejt  the  stage,  June  29, 1812,  after  a  remark- 
able career  in  her  profession.  She  made  a  great  impres- 
sion as  Jane  Shore,  as  Belvidera  In  "  Venice  Preserved," 
and  as  Queen  Elinor  in  "  King  John."  Many  stories  are  told 
of  her  tragic  mien  in  private  life.  In  1783  Sh:  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds painted  her  as  "the  Tragic  Muse." 
Siddons,  Mrs.  A  portrait  by  Grainsborongli 
(1784),  in  the  National  Gtallery,  London.  The 
figure  is  half-length  and  seated. 
Siddons,  Mrs.,  as  the  Tragic  Muse.  Apainting 
by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  (1784),  in  Grosvenor 
House,  London .  The  great  actress  is  seated,  in  deep 
thought,  on  a  throne  surrounded  by  clouds  ;  behind  her 
stand  two  figures  impersonating  open  and  secret  violence. 
Siddons,  Mrs.  Scott.  Bom  in  India,  1844 :  died 
at  Paris,  Nov.  19,  1896.  An  English  actress. 
She  was  the  great-granddaughter  of  the  celebrated  Mrs. 
Siddons,  and  was  educated  in  Germany.  She  made  her 
first  professional  appearance  at  Nottingham,  England,  as 
Lady  Macbeth,  and  her  ddbut  in  America  as  an  actress  at 
the  Boston  Museum  about  1868,  although  she  had  pre- 
viously appeared  in  New  York  as  a  dramatic  reader. 
Side  (si'de).  [Gr.  SM)?.]  Li  ancient  geography,  a 
town  of  Pamphylia,  Asia  Minor,  situated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Pamphylia,  about  lat.  36°  45'  N..  long. 
31°  25'  E. ,  on  the  site  of  the  modern  Eski  Adalia. 
It  contains  a  Roman  theater,  in  part  excavated  from  a  hill- 
side and  in  part  built  up  of  masonry.  The  cavea,  greater 
than  a  semicircle,  has  26  tiers  of  marble  seats  below  the 
preoinction  and  23  above  it-.  A  number  of  vaulted  pas- 
sages lead  from  the  preoinction  to  the  exterior.  The  di- 
ameter is  409  feet ;  that  of  the  orchestra,  125. 
SideUlorn,  See  Siedelhom. 
Sidgwick  (sij'wik),  Henry.  Born  May  31, 
1838  :  died  Aug.  28,  1900.  An  English  author. 
He  was  educated  at  Rugby  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge (being  elected  fellow  in  1859),  and  was  Knight- 
bridge  professor  of  moral  philosophy  at  Cambridge  1883- 
190O.  He  pubUshed  "Methods  of  Ethics"  (1874), 
"  Principles  of  Political  Economy"  (1883),  "Outlines  of 
the  History  of  Ethics"  (1886),  etc. 
Sidlaw  Hills  (sid'ia  hilz).  A  range  of  low 
mountains  in  eastern  Perthshire  and  southern 
Forfarshire,  Scotland. 

Sidmouth  (sid'muth).  A  seaport  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  English  Chan- 
nel 13  miles  east  by  south  of  Exeter.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  3,758. 

Sidmouth,  Viscount.    See  Addington,  Henry. 
Sidney  (sid'ni).    The  capital  of  Shelby  County, 
western  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Miami  69  miles 
west-northwestof  Columbus.  Population(1900), 
5,688-. 

Sidney,  or  Sydney  (sid'ni),  Algernon.  Bom  at 
Penshurst,  Kent,  England,  about  1622:  behead- 
ed at  London,  Dec.  7,  1683.  An  English  poli- 
tician and  patriot,  younger  son  of  the  second 
Earl  of  Leicester.  HeservedintheParliamentaryarmy, 
being  wounded  at  Marston  in  1644 ;  was  in  1645  elected 
to  Parliament,  where  he  took  rank  as  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  Independents;  became  governor  of  Dublin  and 
lieutenant-general  of  horse  in  Ireland  1646 ;  became  coun- 
cilor of  state  in  1659 ;  was  peace  commissioner  between 
Denmark  and  Sweden  1659-60  ;lived  on  the  Continent  after 
the  Restoration  until  1677 ;  and,  being  known  to  be  a  sup- 
porter of  Monmouth,  was  arrested  on  the  discovery  of  the 
Rye  House  Plot  (with  which  hehad  no  connection)  in  June, 
1683,  and  condemned  to  death  for  high  treason.  He  wrote 
"Discourses  Concerning  Government"  (1698),  etc. 

Sidney,  Mary,  Countess  of  Pembroke.  Born 
in  1557:  died  in  1621.  An  English  poet,  sister 
of  Sir  Philip  Sidney.  She  married  the  Earl  of  Pem- 
broke in  1577,  and  in  1680  Sidney,  being  in  disgrace  at  court, 
went  to  stay  at  Wilton  with  her.  They  made  a  poetical 
version  of  the  psalms  together,  and  Sidney  wrote  for  her 
there  his  "Arcadia,"  which  she  prepared  for  the  press  and 
published  in  1590,  after  his  death.  She  also  wrote  poems, 
and  a  tragedy  "  Antonius."  She  is  the  subject  of  Ben  Jon- 
son's  well-known  epitaph  for  "Sidney's  sister,  ^Pembroke's 
mother." 

Sidney,  or  Sydney,  Sir  Philip.  Bom  at  Pens- 
hurst, Kent,  England,  Nov.  29, 1554:  died  at  Am- 
heim,  Netherlands,  Oct.  7,  1586.  An  English 
author  and  general.  He  studied  at  Shrewsbury  school 
and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  supplementing  his  scholastic 
education  by  several  years  of  travel  on  the  Continent.  He 
was  envoy  to  the  emperor  Rudolf  11.  1576-77;  was  an  offi- 
cer in  the  English  expedition  to  the  Netherlands  under 
Leicester  1585-86 ;  was  appointed  governor  of  Flushing  in 
1585 ;  and  was  mortally  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Zutphen 
Sept.  22, 1586.  He  wrote  the  pastoral  romance  "  Arcadia  " 
(1590),  the  series  of  sonnets  "  Astrophel  and  Stella  "  (1691), 
"  Def  en  ce  of  Poesie  "  (15D5),  etc.  A  complete  edition  of  his 
works  was  published  in  1725;  his  "  Complete  Poems  "  were 
edited  by  Grosart  in  1873. 

Sidney  Sussex  College.  A  college  of  Cambridge 
University,  founded  in  1595  by  the  Countess  of 
Sussex,  daughter  of  Sir  "William  Sidney,  on  the 
site  of  a  Franciscan  monastery. 

Sidon(si'don).  ['Fishingtown.'  Gr.  'Li5iw.'\  The 
oldest  eity  of  ancient  Phenicia.  From  the  17th  cen- 

'  tury  to  about  1100  B.  0.  it  held  supremacy  in  Phenicia  and 


930 

established  most  of  the  Phenician  colonies.  Later  It  was 
outrivaled  by  Tyre,  but  continued  to  maintain  an  impor- 
tant position.  In  361 B.  0.  it  was  destroyed  in  consequence 
of  a  revolt  against  the  Persian  king  Artaxerxes  III.  Ochus. 
It  was  still  a  wealthy  city  about  the  beginning  of  the  Chris- 
tian era.  During  the  Crusades  it  was  several  times  de- 
stroyed. At  present  Sidon  is  represented  by  the  town  of 
Saida,  with  about  16,000  inhabitants.  The  ancient  Necropo- 
lis, long  known  and  exploited,  has  yielded  numerous  monu- 
ments of  the  most  diverse  ages  and  civilizations,  from  the 
oldest  Phenician,  still  under  Egyptian  influence,  through 
the  various  stages  of  Greek  art.  In  1887  an  Important  dis- 
covery was  made,  consisting  of  an  intact  subterranean 
mausoleum  of  several  chambers,  containing  22  sarcophagi, 
several  of  them  bearing  polychrome  sculptures  in  relief 
of  the  best  Greek  art,  and  almost  uninjured.  The  sarcoph- 
agi  were  transported  to  the  museum  at  Constantinople, 
where  they  form  one  of  the  most  important  existing  col- 
lections of  ancient  art.  The  Greek  sarcophagi  were  not 
executed  at  Sidon,  but  were  Imported  from  different 
places  and  at  diflerent  times.  Their  usual  form  Is  that  of 
a  temple.  Four  only  are  completely  covered  with  sculp- 
ture ;  hut  these  four  rank  with  the  finest  existing  pro- 
ductions of  Greek  art,  and  are  the  only  sarcophagi  known 
which  belong  to  the  best  period  of  sculpture. .  The  old- 
est is  of  Lycian  form,  w'th  Centaurs  and  Lapiths  and  hunt- 
ing-scenes. The  second,  dating  from  the  beginning  of  the 
4thcenturyE.O.,  is  called  "the  Sarcophagus  of  the  Weep- 
ing Women,"  from  the  graceful  figures  in  the  intercolum- 
niations  of  its  Ionic  colonnade.  The  third  bears  varied 
scenes  from  the  life  of  an  Oriental  ruler.  The  fourth  is  so 
splendid  that  its  discoverers  may  be  pardoned  for  pro- 
claiming it  the  sarcophagus  of  Alexander.  Four  of  its  six 
sculptured  panels  represent  hunting-or  battle-scenes  in 
which  the  portrait  of  Alexander,  almost  contemporaneous, 
actually  figures.  It  is  no  doubt  the  tomb  of  an  Oriental  chief 
who  had  enjoyed  the  companionship  of  the  Macedonian 
conqueror.    See  Phenicia. 

Sidonius  ApoUinaris  (si-do'ni-us  a-pol-i-na'- 
ris)  (properly  Oaius  SoUius  ApoUinaris  Si- 
donius). Born  at  Lyons  about  430:  died  in  482 
or  484,  A  Christian  author.  He  was  descended  from 
a  noble  family,  received  a  careful  education,  and  married 
Papianilla,  the  daughter  of  Avitus  (afterward  emperor). 
He  was  appointed  governor  of  Rome  by  the  emperor 
Anthemius  in  467,  and  afterward  raised  to  the  rank  of  a 
patrician  and  senator.  He  ultimately  entered  the  church, 
however,  and  in  472  succeeded  Eparchius  as  bishop  of 
Clermont.  His  extant  works  are  "Carmina"and"Episto- 
larum  libri  IX." 

One  man  alone  .  .  .  gives  us  that  more  detailed  infor- 
mation concerning  the  thoughts,  characters,  persons  of 
the  actors  in  the  great  drama  which  can  make  the  dry 
bones  of  the  chronologers  live.  This  is  Cains  ApoUinaris 
Sidonius,  man  of  letters,  Imperial  functionary,  country 
gentleman  and  bishop,  who,  notwithstanding  much  mani- 
fest weakness  of  character  and  a  sort  of  epigrammatic 
dulness  of  style,  is  still  the  most  interesting  literary  figure 
of  the  fifth  century. 

Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  II.  298. 

Sidra  (sid'ra),  Gulf  of.  The  largest  arm  of  the 
Mediterranean,  on  the  northern  coast  of  Africa, 
situated  north  of  Tripoli  and  west  of  Barca : 
the  ancient  Syrtis  Major.  Length,  about  260 
miles. 

Sidrophel  (sid'ro-fel).  A  character  in  Samuel 
Butler's  "Hudibras,"  probably  intended  for 
William  Lilly. 

Siebenbiirgen  (ze'ben-biirg-en).  [G.,  'seven 
castles.']     The  German  name  of  Transylvania. 

Siebengebirge  (ze'ben-ge-ber'''ge).  \Gi.,  '  seven 
mountains.']  A  mountainous  region  in  the 
Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Ehine,  near  Konigswinter,  22  miles  south- 
east of  Cologne.  Its  chief  mountains  are  the  Drachen- 
fels,  Olberg,  and  Lbwenburg.  It  is  famous  for  its  pictur- 
esque scenery  and  legendary  and  historical  associations. 

Siebold  (ze'bolt),  Karl  Theodor  Ernst  von. 

Bom  at  Wlirzburg,  Bavaria,  Feb.  16, 1804 :  died 
at  Munich,  April  i,  1885.  A  German  zoologist 
and  physiologist,  brother  of  P.  F.  von  Siebold: 
professor  of  physiology,  comparative  anatomy, 
and  zoology  at  Munich  from  1853.  He  published 
"  Lehrbuch  der  vergleichenden  Anatomic  der  wirbellosen 
Tiere  "  ("Manual  of  Comparative  Anatomy  of  the  Inverte- 
brates," 1848),  etc. 

Siebold,Philipp  Franz  von.  BomatWUrzburg, 
Bavaria,  Feb.  17, 1796:  died  there,  Oct.  18, 1866. 
A  German  explorer  in  Japan.  He  entered  the  Dutch 
medical  service  in  1822,  and  was  stationed  in  Java;  and 
was  employed  on  a  Dutch  mission  to  Japan  1823-30.  He 
published  "  Nippon,  Archiv  zur  Beschreibung  von  Japan  " 
(1832),  "Fauna  Japonica"  (with  collaborators,  1833-  ), 
"FloraJaponica"(1836-  ),  "BibliothecaJaponica"(1833- 
1841),  "Cataloguslibrorum  Japonicorum"(1845),  etc. 

Siedelhorn,  or  Sidelhorn  (ze'del-horn).  A 
mountain  in  the  Alps,  with  two  summits  (Gross 
Siedelhom  and  Klein  Siedelhom),  situated  on 
the  border  of  the  cantons  of  Bern  and  Valais, 
Switzerland,  24  miles  southeast  of  Interlaken. 
Height,  9,395  feet. 

Siedlce  (sya'dl-tse),Euss.  Syedlets  (syad'lets). 
1 .  A  government  of  Russian  Poland,  situated 
east  of  the  government  of  Warsaw.  Area,  5^535 
square  mSes.  Population,  671,598. —  3.  The 
capital  of  the  government  of  Siedlce,  situated 
50  miles  east  by  south  of  Warsaw. 

Si^ge  de  Oorinthe,  Le.  An  opera  by  Rossini, 
produced  in  1826. 


Siena 

Siege  of  Corinth,  The.  A  narrative  poem  by 
Lord  Byron,  published  in  1816. 

Siege  of  Rhodes,  The.  A  play  by  Davenant, 
first  brought  out  as  a  musical  and  spectacular 
entertainment  in  1656.  In  1662  it  was  produced  in 
a  much  elaborated  form  with  a  great  deal  of  music,  and 
a  second  part  was  added  :  both  were  printed  in  1663.  It 
is  important  as  being  practically  the  first  opera  produced 
in  England.  Lock,  Lawes,  and  Cook  provided  the  music, 
and  Lock,  Cook,  Purcell,  Harding,  and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Cole- 
man were  among  the  actors. 

Siege  of  the  Legations.  The  siege  of  the  for- 
eign legations  in  Peking  by  Boxers  and  Chinese 
troops  during  the  summer  of  1900.  It  lasted  from 
June  21  until  Aug.  14,  when  it  was  raised  by  the  capture 
of  Peking  by  tlie  allied  forces. 

Siege  of  Troy.     See  Becuyell  de  Trow. 

Siegen  (ze'gen).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Sieg  47 
miles  east  by  south  of  Cologne.  It  is  the  center  of 
an  iron-mining  and  leather-manufacturing  district,  and 
contains  the  castle  of  the  princes  of  Nassau-Siegen.  It 
was  the  birthplace  ot  Rubens.  Population  (1890),  12,312 ; 
commune,  18,242. 

Siege  (sej)  Perilous,  The.  A  vacant  seat  at 
the  Round  Table,  in  Arthurian  romance,  which 
could  be  filled  only  by  the  predestined  finder  of 
the  Holy  Grail.  Any  other  who  sat  in  it  paid 
for  the  act  with  his  life. 

Siegfried,  or  Sigfrid  (seg'fred;  G.  pron.  zeg'- 
f  ret).  [MHG.  Sifrit.']  A  mythical  prince  (later- 
king)  of  Niderland  on  the  lower  Rhine :  the 
hero  of  the  "Nibelungenlied."  He  is  the  husband 
of  Kriemhild,  and  is  slain  by  Brunhild.  Siegfried  is  the 
Sigurd  of  the  Old  Norse  version  of  the  legend  in  the  Vol- 
sunga  Saga  and  the  Edda. 

Siegfried.  One  of  the  four  parts  of  Wagner's 
musical  tetralogy  "Der  Ring des  Nibelungen," 
first  represented  in  1876. 

Siemens  (ze'mens),  Werner.  Bom  at  Lenthe, 
near  Hannover,  Dee.  13,  1816:  died  at  Berlin,. 
Dec.  6,  1892.  A  German  inventor  and  manu- 
facturer. He  entered  the  Prussian  army  in  1834,  but 
left  the  service  in  1849.  In  1847  he  established  the  firm 
of  Siemens  and  Halske  at  Berlin,  branches  of  which  were 
subsequently  established  at  St.  Petersburg  (1857),  London 
(1858),  Vienna  (1868),  and  Tiflis  (1863).  He  was  ennobled 
in  1888.  He  is  noted  for  his  researches  in  electricity,  and 
was  the  author  of  numerous  scientific  papers. 

Siemens  (se'menz:  G.  pron.  ze'mens).  Sir 
William  (G.  Wiihelm).  Born  at  Lenthe,  near 
Hannover,  April  4, 1823 :  died  at  London,  Nov. 
19, 1883.  A  German-English  physicist,engineer, 
and  inventor :  brother  of  Werner  Siemens.  He 
settled  in  England  in  1844;  became  a  naturalized  British 
subject  in  1869 ;  was  elected  to  the  Royal  Society  in  1862 ; 
was  president  of  the  British  Association ;  and  in  1883  was 
knighted.  His  researches  relate  chiefly  to  electricity  and 
heat.  Hepublished  "  On  the  Utilization  of  Heat  and  Other 
Natural  Forces  "  (1878), "  The  Dynamo-Electric  Current  and 
Its  Steadiness"  (1881),  and  "  On  the  Conservation  of  Solar 
Energy  "  (1883).  His  "  Scientific  Works  "  have  been  edited 
by  E.  F.  Bamber  (1888). 

Siena  (se-a'na).  A  province  of  Tuscany,  Italy. 
Area,  1,471  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
207,221. 

Siena  (se-a'na),  or  Sienna  (se-en'na).  The  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Siena,  Italy,  situated  in  lat^ 
43°  19'  N.,  long.  11°  19'  B. :  the  ancient  Sena 
Julia  or  Colonia  Julia  Senensis.  It  has  consider- 
able trade  and  manufactures,  and  is  celebrated  for  itsworks 
of  art.  The  cathedral  is  one  of  the  most  notable  of  Italian 
Pointed  buildings,  essentially  of  the  13th  century,  289  feet 
long,  80J  across  nave  and  aisles,  and  170  across  the  tran-. 
septs.  In  the  14th  century  the  plan  was  formed  to  make- 
the  existing  church  merely  the  transept  of  a  grand  new 
cathedral,  facing  the  south,  and  much  was  done  toward 
carrying  this  out,  but  the  work  was  stopped  by  the  plague 
of  1356.  The  rich  triple-pedimented  front  is  inlaid  in  black, 
red,  and  white,  with  painting  and  gilding ;  the  interior, 
built  throughout  of  alternate  courses  of  black  and  white 
marble,  even  to  the  high  clustered  columns,  is  very  im- 
pressive :  it  is  famous  for  its  mosaic  and  grafflto  pavement 
in  pictorial  designs  (the  finest  work  of  the  kind  in  exis- 
tence), and  for  ite  hexagonal  sculptured  pulpit  by  Niccolo 
Pisano.  In  addition.  It  is  full  of  fine  church  furniture, 
and  possesses  statues  by  Michelangelo,  a  noted  painting 
of  the  Madonna  by  Duccio,  and  many  beautiful  frescos  by 
Pinturicchio  and  others.  Thei*e  is  a  lofty  square  campanile- 
on  the  south  transept.  The  Palazzo  del  Governo,  or  Pic- 
colomini  (now  containing  the  Sienese  archives),  by  Rosel- 
lino,  finished  in  1600,  is  one  of  the  best-proportioned  and 
most  effective  Renaissance  palaces  in  Tuscany.  The  Pa- 
lazzo Pubblico,  an  Imposing  14th-century  structure,  with 
traceried  windows,  arcades,  and  battlemented  roof,  is  fa- 
moils  for  the  frescos  which  adorn  its  halls.  The  Piazza- 
del  Campo,  churches  of  San  Giovanni  and  Sau  Dofaenico, 
university,  Opera  del  Duomo,  Oratorio  di  San  Bernardino,, 
picture-gallery,  libraries,  house  of  St.  Catherine,  fountains,, 
and  palaces  of  Tolomel,  Buonsignori,  etc.,  are  also  notable. 
Siena  was  probably  a  settlement  of  the  Senonian  Gauls. 
It  was  made  aRoman  colony  by  Augustus ;  was  in  the  mid- 
dle ages  the  capital  of  a  powerful  republic,  and  an  im- 
portant art  center  ;  was  a  stronghold  of  the  Ghibellines, 
and  a  rival  of  Florence,  which  It  defeated  at  Monte  Aperta 
in  1260 ;  was  under  the  rule  of  the  despot  Pandolfo  Pe- 
trucci  about  1500 ;  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Floren- 
tines and  Imperialists  in  1555 ;  and  was  formaUy  incor- 
porated with  Tuscany  in  1557.  It  was  famous  in  the 
development  of  architecture,  painting,  and  wood-carvin(& 
Population  (1892),  28,600. 


Siena,  Council  of 

Siena,CounciI  of.  A  council  of  the  church  held 
in  Siena  1423-24.  It  was  unproductive  of  results. 

Sienkiewicz  (syen-kye'vich),  Henryk.  Bom 
in  Lithuania  in  1845.  A  Polish  novelist.  He 
studied  at  Warsaw,  and  passed  some  of  his  early  years  in 
California.  Among  his  works  are  "Ogniem  i  mleczem  " 
("By  Fire  and  Sword  "J, "  Bartek  Zwyoleroa  "("  Bartek  Vic- 
torious"), "Rodzina  Polanieokich  (translated  as  "Chil- 
dren of  the  Soil"),  and  "Quo  Vadis?" 

Sienna.    See  Siena. 

Sierra  (se-er'ra).  [Sp.,  'mountain-range':  in 
South  America  often  used  for  mountainous 
and  open  lands,  in  contradistinction  to  plains 
and  forest.]  A  common  name  in  Peru  for  the 
region  between  the  central  and  eastern  Cordil- 
leras of  the  Andes,  drained  by  affluents  of  the 
upper  Amazon.  It  was  the  priicipal  seat  of  the 
Inca  civilization. 

Sierra  (se-er'ra)  Blanca,  [Sp.,  'white  moun- 
tains.'] The  name  of  three  distinct  mountain- 
chains  in  the  Southwest.  One  Is  in  southern  Colo- 
rado,  and  contains  the  highest  peak  in  that  State ;  an- 
other is  in  southeastern  New  Mexico,  and  rises  to  about 
12,000  feet ;  and  the  third  is  in  eastern  Arizona  (its  highest 
peaks  are  not  over  11,000  feet). 

Sierra  Capitana  (ka-pe-ta'na).  [Sp.,  'captain 
(i.e. 'chief')  mountains.']  A  mountain-range  in 
middle  New  Mexico,  having  an  elevation  of  over 
10,000  feet.  It  lies  between  the  Pecos  Kiver 
and  the  Kio  Grande. 

Sierra  de  Dolores  (da  do-16'res).  [Sp., 'moun- 
tains of  our  Lady  of  Sorrow.']  A  mountain- 
chain  south  of  Santa  F6,  New  Mexico,  also 
called  Placer  ViejoC  Old  Placer'),  its  altitude  is 
about  9,000  feet.  It  contains  placers  of  gold  of  some  value, 
but  not  productive  on  account  of  lack  of  water. 

Sierra  de  Gredos  (da  gra'THos).  A  mountain- 
range  in  central  Spain,  in  the  provinces  of  Avila 
and  C4ceres.  Highest  point,  8,693  feet. 

Sierra  de  Guadalupe  (da  gwa-THa-lii'pa).  A 
mountain-range  in  the  province  of  (5doeres, 
western  Spain. 

Sierra  de  Guadarrama  (gwa-sHar-ra'ma).  A 
mountain-range  in  central  Spain,  north  and 
northwest  of  Madrid-.  It  divides  northern  from 
southern  Spain.    Highest  point,  7,888  feet  ^ 

Sierra  de  los  Ladrones  (da  los  la-THro'nes). 
[Sp., '  mountains  of  the  thieves.']  Apicturesque 
cluster  of  mountains  in  New  Mexico,  south- 
west of  Albuquerque,  about  9, 000  feet  high,  in 
the  beginning  of  the  18th  century  it  was  a  favorite  re- 
sort of  the  Apaches:  hence,  probably,  the  name,  as  these 
marauders  were  accustomed  to  retire  thither  with  their 
booty. 

Sierra  de  San  Francisco  (san  fran-thes'ko). 
See  San  Francis  Mountain. 
Sierra  de  Santa  Bita  (da  san'ta  re'ta).    A 
high  range  in  southern  Arizona,  southeast  of 
the  town  of  Tucson. 

Sierra  Florida  (flo-re'THa).  [Sp.;  'blooming 
mountains.']  A  mountain  cluster,  a  little  over 
7,000  feet  high,  rising  a  short  distance  from 
Doming  in  southeastern  New  Mexico,  its  slopes 
are  very  barren,  but  the  gorges  In  its  interior  are  quite 
rich  in  flowers :  hence  the  name. 

Sierra  Leone  (le-o'ne,  locally  le-6n';  Sp.  pron. 
la-6'na).  ABritishcolony  on  the  coast  of  west- 
ern Africa.  Capital,  Freetown,  it  includes  Sierra 
Leone  proper  and  various  territories  under  British  protec- 
tion, and  is  situated  northwest  of  Liberia,  about  lat.  6°  66'- 
10°  N.  The  peninsula  of  Sierra  Leone  is  traversed  by 
hills.  The  chief  exports  are  palm  products,  rubber,  nuts, 
etc.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  negroes  of  various  races. 
The  establishment  of  a  colony  of  liberated  slaves  here  in 
1787  was  unsuccessful ;  but  a  successful  attempt  was  made 
in  1791,  under  the  patronage  of  Wilberforce  and  others. 
Sierra  Leone  became  a  crown  colony  in  1807.  Area,  about 
30,000  square  miles.    Population  (1897),  about  180,000. 

SierraMadre (ma'THra).  [Sp., 'mother moun- 
tains,'i.  6.  '  main  range.']  A  mountain-range 
in  Mexico,  in  an  extended  sense  the  name  is  applied 
to  the  Rocky  Mountain  system  in  New  Mexico. 

Sierra  Magdalena  (mag-da-la'na).  The  high- 
est mountain-range  in  southern  New  Mexico, 
west  of  the  Eio  Grande.  Its  greatest  elevation 
is  about  11,000  feet.  It  is  very  rich  in  silver 
ores. 

Sierra Morena(m6-ra'na).  [Sp.,  'brownmoun- 
tains.']  A  mountain-range  in  southern  Spain, 
stretching  nearly  east  and  west  on  the  border 
of  Ciudad  Real  on  the  north  and  Jaen  on  the 
south.  The  name  is  sometimes  extended  to  include  the 
chains  westward  to  the  frontier  of  Portugal. 

Sierra  Nevada  (na-va'iHa).  [Sp.,  'snowy 
mountains.']  The  highest  mountain-range  in 
Spain.  It  is  situated  in  the  southern  part  of  Andalusia, 
south  and  southeast  of  Crranada,  nearly  parallel  with  the 
coast.    Highest  peak,  Mulahacen  (11,660  feet). 

Sierra  Nevada  (ne-va'da).  A  collection  of 
mountain-ranges  in  California,  nearly  parallel 
to  the  Pacific  coast,  it  is  continued  by  the  Cascade 
Mountains  on  the  north,  and  on  the  south  merges  with  the 
Coast  Range  near  the  Tejon  Pass.    It  forms  the  eastern 


931 

border  of  the  great  valley  of  California,  and  is  famous  for 
its  grand  scenery  (big  trees,  Yosemite  Valley,  etc.).  High- 
est summit,  Mount  Whitney  (14,897  feet). 

Siete  Partidas  (se-a'ta  par-te'THas),  Las. 
[Sp., 'The  Seven  Laws.']  A  code  of  Spanish 
law,  compiled  under  the  direction  of  Alfonso 
X.  of  Castile. 

Sievers  (ze'vers),  Georg  Eduard.  Born  Nov. 
25,  1850.  A  noted  German  philologist,  pro- 
fessor successively  at  Jena  (1871-83),  Tiibing- 
en  (1883-87),  Halle  (1887-92),  and  Leipsic 
(1892).  Among  his  works  on  Teutonic  philology  are  "Der 
Heliand  und  die  angelsachsische  Genesis  "  (1875),  "Angel- 
siichsische  Grammatik"  ("Anglo-Saxon  Grammar";  2ded. 
1886),  etc. 

Sievershausen  (ze' vers-hou-zen).  A  village  in 
Prussia,  17  miles  east  of  Hannover.  Here,  July 
9,  1663,  Maurice,  elector  of  Saxony  (who  was  mortally 
wounded  in  the  battle),  defeated  the  margrave  Albert  of 
Brandenburg. 

Sieyfes  (se-a-yas'),  Comte  Emmanuel  Joseph, 

fenerally  called  Abb6  Sieves.  Born  at  Fr^jus, 
ranee.  May  3,  1748 :  died  at  Paris,  June  20, 
1836.  A  French  statesman  and  publicist.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  bourgeois  family  at  Fr^jus ;  received  his 
preliminary  education  from  the  Jesuits  of  his  native  town 
and  the  Doctrinaire  Fathers  atDraguignan ;  studied  theol- 
ogy at  St.-Sulpice ;  and  became  vicar-general  of  the  Bishop 
of  Chartres.  He  was  in  thorough  sympathy^  with  the  as- 
pirations of  the  reform  party  in  the  political  agitation 
which  preceded  the  French  Revolution ;  and  his  brochure 
"  Qu'est-ce  que  le  tiers  ^tat?  "  created  a  tremendous  sen- 
sation, furnishing  a  program  for  the  popular  leaders  in  the 
initial  steps  of  tlie  Revolution.  He  was  elected  deputy  of 
the  third  estate  in  1789 ;  toolc  an  importantpart  in  the  organ- 
ization and  early  measures  of  the  National  Assembly;  was 
a  deputy  to  the  Convention  1792-95 ;  was  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  FiveHundred;  was  ambassadortoBerlinl798-99; 
became  a  member  of  the  Directory  in  1799 ;  and  was  one  of 
the  chief  organizers  of  the  coup  d'etat  of  the  18th  Brumaire 
of  that  year,  which  placed  Napoleon  at  the  head  of  the 
government  as  first  consul.  He  was  later  president  of  the 
Senate ;  was  created  a  count  of  the  empire ;  and  became  a 
member  of  the  French  Academy.  He  went  into  exile  on 
the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons,  and  returned  to  France 
in  1830. 

Sif(sef).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  mythology,  the  wife 
of  Thor.  She  was  robbed  of  her  golden  hair  by  Loki,  who 
was  compelled  to  procure  new  hair  made  by  the  black 
elves  out  of  gold.  ' 

Sigebert  (sij'e-b6rt;  F.  pron.  sezh-bar')  of 
Gremblours.  Bom  in  Brabant  about  1030: 
died  1112.  A  Belgian  chronicler.  He  left  a  chron- 
icle of  events  from  A.  r.  381  to  his  own  times  (1112),  and  a 
work  containing  the  lives  of  illustrious  men. 

Sigel  (se'gel),  Franz.  Born  at  Sinsheim, 
Baden,  Nov.  18,  1824:  died  at  New  York,  Aug. 
21,  1902.  A  German- American  general.  He 
took  a  leading  part  in  the  Baden  insurrections  of  1848 
and  1849,  but  escaped  capture,  and,  after  having  lived  in 
Switzerland  and  England,  came  to  the  United  States  in  1852, 
settling  at  St.  Louis  as  a  teacher  in  a  German  institute  in 
1858.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  organized  a 
regiment  of  United  States  volunteers  of  which  he  became 
colonel.  He  won  the  battle  of  Carthage  in  1861;  com- 
manded a  wing  of  the  army  at  Pea  Ridge  and  at  the  sec- 
ond battle  of  Bull  Run  in  1862 ;  and  was  commander  of  the 
Department  of  West  Virginia  in  1864,  being  defeated  by 
Breckinridge  at  Newmai-ket.  He  was  United  States  pen- 
sion agent  at  New  York  under  Cleveland  1885-89. 

Sigeum  (si-je'um).  [Gr.  Jiiyecov.'\  In  ancient 
geography,  a  promontory  and  town  in  the  Troad, 
Asia  Minor,  at  the  entrance  to  the  Hellespont. 
It  was  the  legendary  station  of  the  Greek  fleet  in  the 
Trojan  war. 

Sigismund  (sij'is-mund;  G.  pron.  ze'gis-mont). 
Born  1361 :  died  Dec.  9,  1437.  Emperor  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire,  son  of  Charles  TV.  and 
brother  of  Wenzel.  He  received  the  margravate  of 
Brandenburg  in  1378  ;  married  the  heiress  of  Hungary  and 
became  king  of  that  country  in  1387 ;  was  defeated  by  the 
Turks  at  Nicopolis  in  1396 ;  was  deposed  by  the  Hungarians 
in  1401,  but  recovered  the  throne  by  force ;  succeeded 
Wenzel  as  emperor  in  1411 ;  and  on  Wenzel's  death  in  1419 
succeeded  to  the  crown  of  Bohemia,  where,  however,  his 
authority  was  set  at  naught  by  the  Hussites  until  shortly 
before  his  death.  Among  the  events  of  his  reign  were  the 
Council  of  Constance,  where  he  had  Huss  burned  in  spite 
of  a  safe-conduct ;  the  Hussite  war ;  and  the  granting  of 
Brandenburg  to  Frederick  of  Nuremberg  (1416).  He  was 
crowned  by  the  Pope  in  1433.  He  was  the  last  emperor 
of  the  house  of  Luxemburg. 

Sigismund  I.  Born  Jan.  1,  1467 :  died  at  Cra- 
cow, April  1, 1548.  King  of  Poland  1506-48.  He 
waged  war  successfully  with  Russia,  Wallachia,  and  Mol- 
davia, and  was  a  capable  and  energetic  ruler. 

Sigismund  II.  Augustus.  Bom  Aug.  l,  1520 : 
died  1572.  King  of  Poland,  son  of  Sigismund-I. 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1548.  Lithuania  and  the 
Ukraine  were  united  to  Poland  in  his  reign.  He  was  the 
last  of  the  Jagellons. 

Sigismund  III.,  or  SigismundVasa.  Born  1566 : 
died  at  Warsaw,  1632.  King  of  Poland  1587- 
1632.  He  inherited  Sweden  in  1692,  and  was  crowned  king 
of  Sweden  in  1694,  but  was  deposed  and  succeeded  by 
Charles  IX.  in  1604.  .     ,     » 

Sigmaringen  (zig'ma-ring-en).  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  HohenzoUem,  Prussia,  situated 
on  the  Danube  in  lat.  48°  5'  N.,  long.  9°  13'  E. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  former  prinoipahty  ot  Sigma- 


Sikhs 

ringen,  and  has  an  important  art  and  archEeologlcal  col- 
lection.   Population  (1890),  4,807. 

Sigmund.    See  Sigismund. 

Signol  (sen-yol'),  ^mile.  Born  at  Paris  in  1804: 
died  there,  Oct.  17,  1892.  A  French  historical 
and  genre  painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Blondel  and 
Gros,  and  won  the  grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1830,  His  "  Wo- 
man taken  in  Adultei-y  "  was  bought  for  the  Luxembourg 
in  1840.  He  executed  a  good  deid  of  work  for  the  Made- 
leine in  Paris  and  other  churches. 

Signorelli  (sen-yo-rel'le),  Luca  di  Egidio  di 
Ventura  de'.  Bom  at  Cortona  in  1441 :  died 
there  in  1523.  An  Italian  painter.  He  was  the 
pupil  of  his  uncle,  Lazzaro  Vasari,  and  later  of  Piero  della 
Franoesca,  who  is  supposed  to  have  taken  him  to  Rome 
with  him.  In  1472  he  executed  his  first  independent  work, 
the  decoration  of  the  Chapel  of  Santa  Barbara  in  San  Lo- 
renzo at  Arezzo,  which  was  followed  by  other  works  in  that 
city.  As  a  fresco-painter  his  career  is  marked  by  great 
works  — the  decoration  of  the  Sacristy  of  Loretto,  that  of 
the  Sistine  Chapel  at  Rome  (before  1484),  and  that  of  the 
Chapel  of  the  Virgin  at  Orvieto.  In  1499  he  was  invited 
to  complete  the  work  begun  by  Fra  Angelico  60  years  be- 
fore at  Orvieto,  which  resulted  in  the  great  frescos  espe- 
cially associated  with  his  name. 

Sigourney  (sig'er-ni),  Mrs.  (Lydia  Huntly). 
Born  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  Sept.  1,  1791 :  died  at 
Hartford,  Conn.,  June  10, 1865.  An  American 
poet  and  miscellaneous  writer.  Her  works  include 
"Letters  to  Young  Ladies"  (1833),  "Pocahontas,  and  Other 
Poems"  (1841),  "Pleasant  Memories  ot  Pleasant  Lands" 
(1842). 

Sigsbee  (sigs'be),  Charles  Dwight.  Bom  at 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  16,  1845.  An  American 
naval  officer.  He  was  graduated  from  the  United 
States  Naval  Academy  in  1863 ;  served  under  Farragut  at 
the  battle  of  Mobile  Bay,  Aug.  6, 1864 ;  and  was  promoted 
commander  in  1882,  and  captain  in  1897.  He  commanded 
the  United  States  battleship  Maine  at  the  time  of  her  de- 
struction in  Havana  harbor,  Feb.  15,  1898.  During  the 
Spanish-American  war  he  commanded  the  auxiliary 
cruiser  St.  Paul,  and  was  later  transferred  to  the  Texas. 

Sigtuna  (sig-to'na),  or  Sigtun  (sig'ton).  A 
small  town  on  Lake  Malar,  Sweden,  26  miles 
north  by  west  of  Stockholm :  said  to  be  the 
oldest  city  of  Sweden. 

Sigurd  (ze'gOrd).  In  the  northern  Volsunga 
Saga,  the  Siegfried  of  the  "  Nibelungenlied." 

Sigyn  (se'giin).  In  Norse  mythology,  the  wife 
of  Loki. 

Sihasapa  (se-ha'sa-pa).  ['  Blackfeet.']  A  tribe 
of  North  American  Indians,  commonly  called 
Blackf  oot  or  Blackfeet.  They  are  to  be  distinguished 
from  the  Blackfeet,  or  Siksika,  who  belong  to  the  Algon- 
quian  stock.  The  Sihasapa  are  the  people  of  the  chief 
John  Grass. 

Sihon  (si'hon).  In  Old  Testament  history,  a 
king  of  the  Amorites,  defeated  by  the  Israelites. 

Sihon.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  Sir-Daria. 

Sihun  (se-hon').  A  river  in  Asiatic  Turkey 
which  flows  into  the  Mediterranean  28  miles 
southwest  of  Adana :  the  ancient  Sarus. 

Sikes  (siks),  "Bill.  A  hard  unfeeling  thief  in 
Dickens's  "Oliver  Twist,"  the  murderer  of 
Nancy,  and  the  persecutor  of  Oliver  whom 
Nancy  tries  to  befriend. 

Sikhim,  or  Sikkim  (sik'im).  A  native  state  in 
northern  India.  Capital,  Tumlung.  It  is  bounded 
by  Tibet  on  the  north,  Bhutan  on  the  east,  British  India 
on  the  south,  and  Nepal  on  the  west,  and  is  comprised 
within  the  Himalaya  region.  The  inhabitants  are  Lepchas 
or  Rong.  It  is  governed  by  a  raja,  subsidized  by  the  Brit- 
ish. It  became  a  British  protectorate  in  1889-90.  Area, 
estimated,  2,600  square  mUes.    Population  (1891),  30,468. 

Sikhs  (seks).  [From  Hind.  Sikh,  lit.  a  '  disci- 
ple': a  distinctive  name  of  the  disciples  of 
Nanak  Shah,  who  founded  the  sect.]  The  mem- 
bers of  a  politico-religious  community  in  In- 
dia, founded  near  Lahore  about  1500  as  a  sect 
based  on  the  principles  of  monotheism  and  hu- 
man brotherhood.  Under  their  hereditary  theocratic 
chiefs  the  Sikhs  were  organized  into  a  political  and  mil- 
itary force,  collectively  called  Khalsa,  *  the  portion '  (of 
God),  while  every  member  received  the  surname  of  Singh 
(in  Sansltrit  sinha^  *lion  *).  This  military  organization  was 
especially  due  to  Govind  Singh.  Social  inequality  was 
abolished.  Of  the  Hindu  usages  only  the  respect  paid  to 
cows  was  retained.  Every  one  was  an  unbeliever  who  had 
not  been  admitted  to  the  Ehalsa  by  having  five  of  the  in- 
itiated drink  with  him  the  sherbet  of  the  Pahlul.  A  Sikh 
was  forbidden  to  return  the  salutation  of  a  Hindu,  and 
was  bound  to  kill  a  Mussulman  on  meeting  him.  The  holy 
war  was  his  vocation.  The  Sikh  soldier  prayed  to  his 
sword.  Govind  Singh  struggled  with  the  Moguls  30  years, 
and  then  accepted  a  command  in  the  imperial  army.  Ho 
fell  by  an  Afghan  assassin  in  1708,  appointing  no  succea- 
sor  and  declaring  the  Granth  (see  Adi-Granth)  to  be  the 
future  guru.  After  him  an  ascetic  named  Banda  was  the 
chief  of  the  Khalsa.  Under  him  the  Sikhs  were  almost 
annihilated  by  the  armies  of  Farrukhshir.  Banda  himself 
was  captured,  compelled  for  a  week  to  witness  the  torture 
of  740  companions  (of  whom  no  one  winced)  and  the  death 
of  his  own  son,  and  then  tortured  to  death  with  red-hot 
pincers,  while  he  praised  God  for  choosing  him  tn  be 
the  instrument  of  his  vengeance.  After  Banda's  death 
in  1716,  the  Akalis,  'the  faithful  of  the  Eternal,'  became 
the  guardians  of  the  sanctuary  at  Amritsar,  where  the  Adi- 
Granth  was  kept.  The  Gurmata,  '  council  of  the  guru,' 
held  supreme  authority,  The  political  history  of  the  Sikhs 


Sikhs 

ended  in  1849,  when  the  English,  after  a  violent  struggle, 
annexed  the  Panjah.  The  Sikhs  have  now  ceased  their 
religions  fanaticism,  and  are  a  valuable  contingent  of  the 
British  annies.    See  Adi  Cfranth  and  Nanak. 

Sikh  Wars.  Two  wars  between  the  British  iin- 
lier  Sir  Hugh  Gough  and  the  Sikhs.  The  Sikhs 
invaded  British  territory  in  Dec,  1845,  and  were  defeated 
in  the  battles  of  Mudki,  Ferozshah,  Aliwal,  and  Sohraon. 
Lahore  was  taken  by  the  British,  and  peace  was  concluded 
March  9,  1846.  The  second  war  began  with  the  massacre 
of  British  officers  at  Multan  in  April,  1848.  A  drawn  bat- 
tle at  Chillianwalla  was  followed  by  a  British  victory  at 
Gujrat  (Feb.  22, 1849),  which  completely  broke  the  power 
of  the  Sikhs,  and  led  to  the  annexation  of  the  Panjab  to 
British  India. 

Sikiang  (se-ke-ang').  A  riverin  southern  China 
\Thieh  rises  in  Yunnan  and  flows  into  the  China 
Sea.     Canton  and  Hong-Kong  are  in  its  delta. 

Siklno  (se'ke-no  or  se-lte'no).  An  island  of  the 
Cyclades,  Greece,  19  miles  south  of  Paros :  the 
ancient  Sicinos  (Gr.  Siravof).     Length,  9  miles. 

Sikkim,     See  SilcMm. 

Sikoku.    See  Shikoku. 

Siksika  (sik'sik-a).  A  confederacy  of  North 
American  Indians,  one  of  the  most  important 
still  existing  in  the  Northwest,  consisting  of  3 
tribes,  the  Siksika  proper  or  Blackf  eet,  the  Kino 
or  Blood,  and  the  Piegan.  Their  country  is  in  north- 
em  Montana  and  the  adjacent  part  of  Canada,  extending 
from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  tlie  junction  of  Milk  Kiver 
with  the  Missouri,  and  from  the  Muscle  Shell  River  in  Mon- 
tana to  the  Belly  and  South  Saskatchewan  rivers  in  Can- 
ada. Their  present  number  is  about  7,000.  The  Siksika 
proper  and  the  Kino  are  chiefly  in  Canada,  and  the  Piegans 
at  Blackfoot  agency,  Montana.  The  name  is  translated 
'  Black  feet,'  with  several  traditional  explanations.  See 
Algonquian. 

Sil  (sel).  A  river  in  northwestern  Spain  which 
joins  the  Minho  9  miles'  northeast  of  Orense. 
Length,  about  125  miles. 

Sila  (se'la),  or  Monte  Nero  (mon'te  na'ro). 
An  extensive  wooded  region  in  the  Apennines 
of  Calabria,  southern  Italy,  situated  east  of 
Cosenza.  It  rises  to  the  height  of  6,200  feet. 
Length,  about  37  miles. 

Silarus  (sil'a-rus).  The  ancient  name  of  the 
river  Sele  in  southern  Italy.  Near  it,  in  71 B.  n. , 
Spartacus  was  defeated  and  slain  by  the  Bo- 
mans  under  Crassus. 

Silas  (si'las),  or  Silvanus  (sil-va'nus).  Lived 
in  the  1st  century.  A  Christian  missionary,  a 
companion  of  the  apostle  Paul. 

Silas  Maruer  (mar'ner),  the  Weaver  of  Bave- 
loe.  A  novel  by  George  Eliot,  published  in 
1861. 

Silberberg  (zil'ber-berG).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  42  miles 
south-southwest  of  Breslau.  It  was  formerly 
noted  for  its  silver-mines  and  for  its  fortress. 

Silbury  Hill  (sil'bu-ri  hil).  A  large  barrow 
near  Avebury,  in  Wiltshire,  England.  Height, 
130  feet. 

Silcher  (zircher),Friedrich.  Bom  at  Sehnaith, 
Wiirtemberg,  June  27.  1789:  died  at  Tiibin- 
gen,  Aug.  26,  1860.  A  German  composer  of 
popular  songs,  du'ector  of  music  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Tubingen  from  1817. 

Silchester  (sirches-t6r) .  A  village  near  Basing- 
stoke in  Hampshire,  England,  on  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Eoman  town  of  Calleva.  Many  remains 
of  antiquity  have  been  discovered  here. 

It  is  a  speaking  fact  that  of  what  must  have  been  one  of 
the  greatest  Roman  cities  of  Britain  we  have  absolutely  no 
history  whatever.  Antiquaries  are,  we  believe,  now  pretty 
well  ag;reed  that  Silchester  is  the  R^man  Calleva  Atreba- 
tum — in  Gaul  the  place  might  have  been  called  Arras  and 
its  district  Artois — and  it  is  so  marked  in  Dr.  Guest's  map. 
But  this  is  merely  a  geographical  and  not  an  hietorical 
fact.  Calleyaissimplyanamein  theltineraries;  nothing 
that  we  ever  beard  of  is  recorded  to  have  happened  there. 
Freeman,  English  Towns,  p.  169. 

Silence  (si'lens).  A  dull  country  justice  in  the 
second  part'of  Shakspere's  "King  Henry  IV." 
He  is  the  cousin  of  Shallow,  and  prides  himself  on  having 
*'  been  merry  twice  and  once  ere  now." 

Silent  Woman,  The.    See  Epicoene. 

Silenus  (si-le'nus).  [Qr.  2«/l^of.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  divinity  of  Asiatic  origin,  the  fos- 
ter-father of  Bacchus,  and  leader  of  the  satyrs, 
"but  very  frequently  merely  one  of  a  number. of 
kindred  attendants  in  the  Dionysiac  thiasus. 
He  was  represented  as  a  robust  full-bearded  old  man,  hairy 
and  with  pointed  ears,  frequently  in  a  state  of  intoxica^ 
tion,  often  riding  on  an  ass  and  carrying  a  cantharus  or 
other  wine-vessel. 

Silenus  and  Bacchus.  A  Greeo-Boman  group 
in  marble,in  the  Glyptothek, Munich,  silenus,  as 
a  strong,  bearded  man,  nude,  his  head  wreathed  with  ivy, 
holds  the  smiling  infant  in  his  arms. 

Silenus  and  Satsnrs.  A  painting  by  Bubens, 
in  the  Old  Pinakothek  at  Munich.  Silenus  reels 
along,  supported  by  a  satyr  and  a  negro  and  attended  by 
a  train  of  satyrs  and  bacchantes,  who  are  accompanied 
by  a  tiger  and  two  goats. 

Silesia  (si-le'shia).     [NL.  Silesia,  F.  SiUsie,  G. 


932 

Schlesien,  a  name  of  Slavic  origin,  earlier  Sleen- 
zane,  Zlesane,  Pol.  Zlesalci.']  A  large  region  of 
central  Europe,  mainly  in  the  upper  basin  of  the 
Oder,  northeast  of  the  Sudetio  Mountains,  its 
early  inhabitants  were  Slavs.  The  possession  of  it  was  dis- 
puted between  Poland  and  Bohemia.  It  became  Polish  in 
the  10th  century ;  was  separated  from  Poland  in  1163 ; 
was  divided  into  various  duchies  ruled  by  branches  of  the 
Polish  dynasty  of  Plast;  gradually  became  largely  Ger- 
manized ;  and  was  incorporated  with  Bohemia  in  1355. 
With  Bohemia  It  passed  to  the  house  of  Hapsburg.  It 
suffered  in  the  Hussite,  Thirty  Years',  Silesian,  and  Napo- 
leonic wars.  It  was  conquered  by  I'rederick  the  Great 
1741-42,  and  the  larger  part  of  it  was  ceded  by  Austria  to 
Prussia  in  1742 :  the  cession  was  confirmed  in  1763. 

Silesia,  or  Austrian  Silesia.  A  crownland 
and  titular  duchy  belonging  to  the  Cisleithan 
division  of  Austria-Hungary.  Chief  town, 
Troppau.  it  is  bounded  by  Prussian  Silesia  on  the 
north,  Galicia  on  the  east,  Hungary  and  Moravia  on  the 
south,  and  mainly  by  Moravia  on  the  west.  The  surface 
is  largely  mountainous,  being  traversed  by  branches  of 
the  Sudetio  and  Carpathian  mountains.  Silesia  has  min- 
eral wealth  in  coal,  iron,  etc.,  and  flourishing  manufac- 
tures. It  sends  12  members  to  the  Reichsrat.  The  in- 
habitants are  Germans,  Poles,  Czechs,  Slovaks,  and  Mo- 
ravians. The  crownland  comprises  the  part  of  ancient 
Silesia  not  conquered  by  Prussia.  It  was  united  to  Mo- 
ravia until  1849.  Area,  1,987  square  miles.  Population 
(1890),  605,649. 

Silesia,  or  Prussian  Silesia.  A  southeastern 
province  of  Prussia.  Capital,  Breslau.  it  is 
hounded  by  Brandenburg  on  the  northwest,  Posen  and  Rus- 
sian Poland  on  the  northeast,  Austrian  Silesia,  Moravia, 
and  Bohemia  on  the  south,  and  Bohemia,  Saxony,  and 
Prussian  Saxony  on  the  west.  It  comprises  most  of  the 
ancient  duchy  of  Silesia,  Glatz,  part  of  Upper  Xusatia,  etc. 
Tlie  surface  is  mountainous  and  hilly  in  the  southwest  and 
south,  and  level  generally  in  the  north  and  northeast.  It 
is  traversed  by  the  Oder.  Prussian  Silesia  is  noted  for  its 
mineral  wealth,  especially  for  coal,'iron,  and  zinc,  and  is 
one  of  the  chief  manufacturing  provinces  of  the  l^lngdom. 
Among  its  leading  industries  are  metal-working  and  man- 
ufactures of  machinery,  linen,  cotton,  woolen,  etc.  It 
contains  three  government  districts:  Liegnitz,  Breslau, 
and  Oppeln.  The  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  Germans, 
but  there  are  many  Poles  and  some  Czechs,  Moravians, 
and  Wends.  Area,  15,557  square  miles.  Population  (1890), 
4,224,458. 

Silesian  (si-le'shian)  Poetical  Schools.    In 

German  literature,  two.groups  of  minor  poets 
in  the  17th  century — one  composed  of  followers 
of  Opitz,  the  other  of  followers  of  Hofmann 
von  Hofmannswaldau. 

Silesian  Wars.  Three  wars  waged  by  Freder- 
ick the  Great  of  Prussia  against  Austria  for 
the  possession  of  Silesia,  in  the  flrst  war  (1740-42) 
Prussia  was  allied  with  Saxony,  Bavaria,  and  France,  and 
Austria  with  Great  Britain.  Frederick  invaded  Silesia 
in  1740,  and  the  Prussians  were  victorious  at  MoUwitz  in 
1741,  and  at  Chotusitz  in  1742.  By  the  peace  of  Breslau 
(June,  1742)  the  greater  part  of  Silesia  was  ceded  to  Prus- 
sia. In  the  war  of  1744-45  Austria  was  aided  by  Saxony. 
Frederick  invaded  Bohemia  and  took  Prague,  but  had  to 
fall  back  into  Saxony  in  1744.  Prussian  victories  were  won 
at  Hohenfriedberg,  Sorr,  and  Kesselsdorf  in  1746.  The  pos- 
session of  Silesia  by  Prussia  was  confirmed  by  the  peace  of 
Dresden,  Dec.  25, 1746.  The  third  of  the  Silesian  wars  is 
the  Seven  Years'  War  (which  see). 

Silesius,  Angelus.    See  Angelvs  Silesius. 

Silistria  (si-Us'tri-a).  A  town  in  Bulgaria,  sit- 
uated on  the  Danube  in  lat.  44°  7'  N.,  long.  27° 
16'  E. :  the  ancient  Durostorus  or  Durostorum. 
Silistria  and  its  vicinity  have  been  the  field  of  many  mili- 
tary operations,  especially  between  theRussians  and  Turks. 
It  was  attacked  by  the  Russians  in  1773 ;  taken  by  them 
in  1810 ;  besieged  by  them  in  1828 ;  besieged  and  taken  in 
1829;  unsuccessfully  besieged  inl864 ;  and  occupied  by  them 
in  1878.  The  fortifications  were  razed  in  1878.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  11,414. 

Silkworm  (silk'werm).  Sir  Diaphanous.  A 
oou]*tier  "of  a  most  elegant  thread,"  in  Jon- 
son's  comedy  "The  Magnetiek  Lady." 

Sill  (sil),  Edward  Rowland.  Bom  at  Windsor, 
Conn.,  1841 :  died  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,.  Feb.  27, 
1887.  An  American  poet.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1861,  and  was  professor  of  the  English  language  and 
literature  in  the  University  of  California  1874-82.  Among 
his  works  are  "The  Venus  of  Milo,  etc."  (1883),  and 
"Poems"  (1887). 

Sillery  (sel-re').  A  village  in  the  department 
of  Mame,  France,  on  the  Vesle  6  miles  south- 
east of  Bheims:  celebrated  for  its  champagne. 

Silliman  (sil'i-man),  Benjamin,  Born  atNorth 
Stratford  (Trumbull),  Conn.,  Aug.  8, 1779:  died 
at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Nov.  24,  1864.  A  noted 
American  chemist,  geologist,  and  physicist. 
He  graduated  at  YaleCoUege in  1796 ;  was  appointed  tutor 
there  in  1799,  and  professor  in  1802 ;  and  became  professor 
emeritus  in  1853,  He  founded  the  "American  Journal 
of  Science  "  in  1818,  and  was  long  its  editor.  He  published 
"Elements  of  Chemistry"  (2  vols.  1830),  "Travels  in  Eng- 
land,  etc."  (1810),  "Narrative  of  a  Visit  to  Europe  "  (1863), 
etc. ;  and  edited  Henry's  "Chemistry  "(1808-14)  and  Bake- 
well's  "Introduction  to  Geology"  (1829-), 

Silliman,  Benjamin.  Bom  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Dec.  4,  1816:  died  there,  June  14,  1885. 
An  American  chemist,  son  of  Benjamin  Silli- 
man. He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1837 ;  bec&.ne  professor 
In  the  scientific  school  (afterward  the  Sheffield  Scientific 
School)  in  1846 ;  was  professor  at  Louisville  1849-64 ;  and 
was  again  professor  at  Yale  1854-85.    He  became  associate 


Silves 

editor  of  the  "  American  Journal  of  Science  "  in  1838,  and 
associate  proprietor  in  1846.  His  scientific  articlej  in- 
elude  about  100  titles,  published  1841-74.  In  1869  he  woe 
made  one  of  the  State  chemists  of  Connecticut.  He  pub 
lished  "First  Principles  of  Chemistry  " (1847),  "Principles 
of  Physics,  etc."  (1869),  and  "American  Contributions  to 
Chemistry."  He  edited,  with  C.  G.  Goodrich,  "  The  World 
of  Science,  Art,  and  Industry"  (1853),  and  "Progress  of 
Science  and  Mechanism  "  (1854),  which  recorded  the  chief 
results  of  the  World's  Fair  (New  York,  1853). 

Silliman,  Mount.  A  peak  of  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada, in  the  northern  part  of  Tulare  County, 
California. 

Silly  Billy  (sil'i  bil'i).  A  nickname  of  Wil- 
liam IV.,  king  of  Great  Britain. 

Siloam  (si-16'am),  or  Siloah  (si-16'a).  [Heh. 
Shiloach,  sending.]  A  pool  at  the  southeast 
end  of  Jerusalem  (Neh.  iii.  15,  "by  the  king's 
garden"),  fed  by  the  waters  of  a  spring  of  the 
Gihon  (the  modern  Virgin's  Fount),  which  were 
conducted  to  it  through  a  tunnel,  it  consisted  of 
several  artificial  channels  and  basins  which  supplied  Jeru- 
salem with  water.  The  pool  of  Siloam  which  is  still  in 
existence  formerly  had  an  outlet  in  the  southeast  called 
the  "lower  pond,"  and  is  now  called  fiiVAre^eZ-ffaTn&ra  ('red 
pond ').  Another  part  of  the  former  water-reservoir  is  now 
occupied  by  gardens.  The  Virgin's  Fount  is  intermittent 
In  1880  the  oldest  Hebrew  inscription  known  was  dis- 
covered in  the  rocky  aqueduct.  It  gives  the  length  of  the 
channel,  and,  among  other  details,  mentions  that  the  work- 
men  began  the  boring  from  both  ends.  The  Arabs  called 
Siloam  Ain  Silwan. 

Hardly  less  interesting  has  been  the  discovery  of  the 
inscription  of  Siloam,  which  reveals  to  us  the  very  char- 
acters used  by  the  Jews  in  the  time  of  Isaiah,  perhaps 
even  in  the  time  of  Solomon  himself.  The  discovery  has 
cast  a  flood  of  light  on  the  early  topography  of  Jerusalem, 
and  has  made  it  clear  as  the  daylight  that  the  Jews  of  the 
royal  period  were  not  the  rude  and  barbarous  people  it 
has  been  the  fashion  of  an  unbelieving  criticism  to  as- 
sume, but  a  cultured  and  literary  population. 

Saycc,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  6. 

Sils  (zils).  The  name  of  several  villages  in  the 
canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland.  Sils  in  the  Upper 
Engadine  is  situated  8  miles  southwest  of  Fontresina. 
Near  it  is  Silser  See,  formed  by  the  Inn,  4J  miles  long. 

Silsilis  (sil 'si -lis).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
place  on  the  Nile,  near  Edfu:  the  modern.  Sil- 
sili.  Itis remarkableforitssandstone-quarries. 

Silures  (sil'u-rez).  In  ancient  history,  a  people 
dwelling  in  the  western  part  of  Great  Britain, 
mainly  in  what  is  now  South  Wales,  at  the  pe- 
riods of  the  Eoman  and  Anglo-Saxon  conquests. 

Silurist  (si-lu'rist),  The.  A  name  given  to 
Henry  Vaughan,  from  his  birth  in  Wales. 

Silva  (sel'va),  Antonio  JosI  da.  Bom  at  Bio 
de  Janeiro,  May  8, 1705 :  died  at  Lisbon,  Oct. 
13,1739.  A  Portuguese  dramatist.  His  comedies 
areamongtheflnestin  the  Portuguese  language.  Silva  was 
twice  imprisoned  by  the  Inquisition  on  the  charge  of 
"Judaism."  The  last  incarceration  was  in  1738,  and  ended 
In  his  being  burned  with  his  wife  and  aged  mother. 

Silva,  Innocencio  Francisco  da.  Bom  at  Lis- 
bon, Sept.  28, 1810:  died  there,  J^ine  28,  1876.  A 
Portuguese  bibliographer.  He  labored  under  great 
disadvantages,  being  poor  and  forced  to  spend  much  of  his 
time  in  the  subordinate  government  positions  which  he 
was  able  to  obtain.  His  principal  work  is  the  "Dicciona- 
rio  bibliographico  portuguez  "  (7  vols.  1868-62,  and  unfin- 
ished supplement,  2  vols.  1867-70).  It  is  the  most  com- 
plete bibliography  of  Portuguese  (including  Brazilian) 
literature,  containing  19,328  titles,  with  biographical  notes 
on  the  authors. 

Silva  Alvarenga.    See  Alvarenga. 

Silva  Marciana.    See  Abnoba. 

Silvana  (sil-va'na),  or  Silvana  das  Wald- 
madcnen.  An  opera  by  Weber,  produced  at 
Frankfort  in  1810. 

Silvanus,  or  Sylvanus  (sil-va'nus).  In  Italian 
mythology,  a  god,  protector  of  woods,  fields, 
herds,  etc. 

Silva  Paranhos  (sel'va  pa-ran'y6s),  3os6  Ma- 
ria da.  Born  in  Bahia,  March  16j  1819 :  died  at 
Bio  de  Janeiro,  Nov.  1, 1880.  A  Brazilian  diplo- 
matist and  statesman,  viscount  of  Bio  Branco 
from  1870.  He  was  senator  from  1862,  several  times 
cabinet  minister,  and  premier  1871-73.  During  the  latter 
period  he  proposed  and  carried  through  parliament  the 
law  of  Sept.  28,  1871,  by  which  children  born  of  slave  pa- 
rents were  declared  free  under  certain  conditions,  and  a 
fund  was  provided  for  manumissions.  This  is  often  called 
"the  Rio  Branco  law" :  it  prepared  the  way  for  the  final 
extinction  of  slavery. 

Silver-Fork  School.  In  English  fiction,  a  nick- 
name given  to  a  group  of  novelists  (Theodore 
Hook,  Mrs.  Trollope,  Lady  Blessington,  etc.) 
who  laid  great  stress  on  matters  of  etiquette. 

Silver  Grays.  The  bolting  Whigs,  led  by  Fran- 
cis Granger,  who  left  the  New  York  conven- 
tion of  1848 :  so  called  from  the  fact  that  several 
of  them  were  gray-haired  men. 

Silver  (sil'vfer)  Mountain.  Apeak  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  in  Alpine  County,  California. 

Silves  (sel'ves).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Al- 
garve,  southernPortugal,112 miles  south-south- 
east of  Lisbon.  The  cathedral  is  a  fine  Romanesque 
building  with  some  Pointed  arches  and  windows,  and 


Silves 

other  later  features.  The  castle  is  of  Moorish  foundation, 
with  a  fine  cistern  and  six  main  towers :  in  front  of  the 
walls  there  are  detached  towers :  communicating  with  the 
fortress  by  stone  bridges,  as  is  the  great  tower  of  Bellver, 
near  Falma.  The  city  walls  are  Moorish,  well  preserred, 
and  picturesque.  Several  of  the  gates  are  noteworthy : 
one,  of  great  size,  has  three  large  arches  opening  on  di- 
verging streets.    Population  (1878),  6,913. 

Silvester,  or  S^vester  (sil-ves'ter),  I.  [L., 
'  of  the  woods,'  F.  Silvestre,  Pg.  Sjjlvestre,  G.  Sil- 
vester.'] Bishop  of  Rome  314-335'.  Little  is  known 
concerning  his  pontificate.  The  story  which  connects 
his  nam  e  with  the  baptism  of  Constantine  the  Great  is  pure 
fiction  (see  Donation  of  Constantine). 

Silvester  II,,  originally  Gerbert.  Died  May  12, 
1003.  Pope  999-1003.  He  was  a  native  of  Aquitania, 
end  before  his  accession  became  famous  under  his  Chris- 
tian name  of  Gerbert,  first  as  an  educator  and  afterward 
as  archbishop  successively  of  Kheims  and  Bavenna. 

Silvester  III.  Pope  or  antipope  1044.  He  was 
elevated  on  the  expulsion  from  Home  of  Boniface  IX.  in 
1044,  but  was  in  turn  expelled  some  months  later.  He  was 
deprived  of  his  priesthood  by  the  Council  of  Sestri  In  1046, 
ana  was  confined  in  a  monastery. 

Silvestre,  or  Sylvestre  (sil-vastr'),  Israel. 
Bom  at  Nanoy,  1621 :  died  in  1691.  An  eminent 
French  engraver.  The  Silveatres  were  a  large  family 
of  painters'  and  engravers  of  which  Israel  was  the  most 
important  member.  He  formed  his  style  on  Delle  Bella 
and  Callot.  He  was  discovered  by  Louis  XIV.,  for  whom 
he  engraved  his  plates  of  the  royal  monuments  and'  fes- 
tivals. He  was  a  member  of  the  Academy,  and  visited 
Italy  twice.    His  plates  number  more  than  1,000. 

Silvestye  de  Sacy.    See  Sacy. 

Silvia,  or  Sylvia  (sil'vi-a).  1.  In  Shakspere's 
"  Two  Grentlemen  of  Verona,"  the  daughter  of 
the  Duke  of  Milan,  loved  by  Valentine : ' '  the  au- 
burn-haired Silvia,  rash  andreekless." — 2.  The 
principal  female  character  in  Farquhar's  com- 
edy "The  Eeeruiting  Of&cer."  She  is  the  daughter 
of  Ballance,  and  in  love  with  Captain  Flume.  She  disguises 
herself  as  a  rakish  soldier  and  serves  in  his  company,  and 
is  one  of  the  most  sparkling  and  witty  characters  of  com- 
edy. This  was  a  favorite  character  with  the  actresses  of 
the  18th  century. 

3.  The  forsaken  mistress  of  Vainlove  in  Con- 
greve's  "  Old  Bachelor." 

Silvius  (sil'vi-us).  A  shepherd  in  Shakspere's 
"As  you  Like  it." 

Silvretta  (sil-vret'ta),  or  Selvretta  (sel-vref- 
ta).  A  group  of  the  Ehsetian  Alps,  situated  in 
the  eastern  part  of  the  canton  of  Grrisons,  Swit- 
zerland, north  of  the  Inn,  and  on  the  borders  of 
Tyrol  and  Vorarlberg,  about  25-30  miles  east  of 
Coire.  Highest  summit,PizLinard:(ll,207feet). 

Simabara  (se-ma-ba'ra),  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  on  the  western  coast  of  the 
island  of  Kiusiu,  Japan. 

Simancas  (se-man'kas).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Valladolid,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Pisuerga  7  miles  southwest  of  Valladolid.  The 
castle  is  a  moated  and  battlemented  fortress,  formerly  a 
seat  of  the  admirals  of  Castile.  From  the  time  of  Charles 
V .  it  has  been  the  place  of  deposit  of  the  national  archives 
of  Spain. 

Simancas,  Archives  of.  A  collection  of  docu- 
ments relating  to  Spain  and  its  colonies,  formed 
at  Simancas  by  order  of  Charles  V.  (1543).  it 
was  reorganized  by  Philip  II.  in  1567.  In  1788  many  im- 
portant papers  relating  to  the  colonies  were  sent  to 
Seville ;  many  others  disappeared  during  the  Napoleonic 
wars ;  and  the  collection,  once  very  large,  is  now  com- 
paratively unimportant.  It  is  kept  in  the  old  castle  (see 
above), 

Simbirsk  (sim-bersk')-  1.  A  government  of 
eastern  Russia,  it  lies  west  of  the  Volga,  and  is  sur- 
rounded by  the  governments  of  Kazan,  Samara,  Saratoff, 
Penza,  and  Nljni-Novgorod.  Area,  19,100  square  miles. 
Population  (1890),  1,656,600. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Simbirsk, 
situated  on  the  Volga  and  the  Sviyaga,  about 
lat.  54°  25'  N.  It  has  an  important  fair.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  39,395. 

Simcoe  (sim'ko).  [Named  from  J.  Gr.  Simcoe.] 
The  capital  of  Norfolk  County,  Ontario,  Canada, 
situated  on  the  river  Lynn  37  miles  southwest 
of  Hamilton.    Population  (1901),  2,627. 

Simcoe,  John  Graves.  Born  near  Exeter,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  25,  1752 :  died  at  Torbay,  England, 
Oct.  26,  1806.  A  British  commander  in  the 
American  Revolution,  and  later  colonial  gov- 
ernor in  Upper  Canada  and  elsewhere. 

Simcoe,  Lake.  A  lake  in  Ontario,  Canada,  37 
miles  north  of  Toronto.  Its  outlet  is  into  Geor- 
gian Bay,  Lake  Huron.   Length,  about  30  miles. 

Simeon  (sim'e-on).  [Heb.  Sim'dn;  F.  Simeon, 
Simon,  It.  Simone,  Sp.  Simon,  Pg.  SimSo,  Si- 
meSo,  G.  Simeon,  Simon.']  1.  One  of  the  patri- 
archs, a  son  of  Jacob  and  Leah. — 2.  One  of 
the  tribes  of  the  Israelites,  descended  from  the 
patriarch  Simeon.  It  occupied  the  extreme 
southwestern  part  of  Palestine. 

Simeon,  orSymeon,  of  Durham.  Died  about 
1130.  An  English  historian,  author  of  a  history 
of  the  church  of  Durham,  and  of  a  history  of  the 


933 

kings  of  Northumbria.  His  works  were  edited 
by  Hinde  (1868)  and  by  T.  Arnold  (1882-85). 
Simeoni  (se-ma-6'ne),  Giovanni.  Bom  at  Pa- 
liano,  July  23, 1816 :  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  14, 1892. 
A  noted  Italian  ecclesiastic  and  statesman.  He 
became  secretary  to  the  Congregation  of  the  Propaganda 
in  1868 ;  was  made  a  cardinal  in  1875 ;  was  secretary  of  state 
under  Pius  IX.  1876-78 ;  and  became  prefect  of  the  Propa- 
ganda on  the  accession  of  Leo  illl. 

Simeon  Stylites  (sim'e-on  sti-li'tez).  [Gr.  arv- 
Mt7!(,  of  the  pillar.]  B6rn,at  Sisan,  Syria :  died 
459.  A  Syrian  ascetic  who  passed  the  last  30 
years  of  his  life  on  a  pillar  near  Antioch.  He 
was  the  first  and  most  notable  of  the  stylites 
(pillar-saints). 

Simferopol  (sim-fer-6'poly).  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  Taurida,  Russia,  situated  in  the 

■  Crimea,  on  the  Salghir,  in  lat.  44°  58'  N.,  long. 
34°  6'  E.  It  was  formerly  a  Tatar  seat  of  government, 
and  has  been  the  capital  of  Taurida  since  1784.  Popular 
Hon,  41,339. 

Simkin.    A  nickname  for  Simeon. 

Simla  (sim'la).  1.  A  district  in  the  northern 
part  of  British  India,  about  lat.  31°  7'  N.,  long. 
77°  5'  E.  Area,  102  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  44,642.-2.  The  capital  of  the  district 
of  Simla,  situated  about  7,000  feet  above  sea- 
level.  It  is  noted  as  a  sanatorium,  and  as  the  residence 
of  many  otilcials  (including  the  viceroy)  during  the  hot 
season.    Population,  with  cantonment  (1891),  13,836. 

Simme  (zim'me),  Greater  or  Great.  A  small 
river  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  which 
joins  the  Kander  (tributary  of  the  Aare)  5  miles 
south  of  Thun. 

Simmenthal  (zim'men-tal),  popularly  Sieben- 
thal  (ze'ben-tal).  An  Alpine  valley  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  canton  of  Bern,  Swit- 
zerland, traversed  by  the  Great  Simme. 

Simmering  (sim'mer-ing).  A  southeastern  sub- 
urb of  Vienna. 

Simms  (simz),  William  Gilmore.  Bom  at 
Charleston,  S.  C,  April  17,  1806:  died  there, 
June  11, 1870.  An  American  novelist,  historian, 
and  poet.  He  wrote  many  novels,  largely  on  Southern 
life,  and  many  of  them  historical  (Revolutionary  and  colo- 
nial epoch)  and  frontier  romances.  These  include  "  The 
Yemassee''^(1835),  "Carl  Werner  "(1838),  "Pelayo"(1839), 
"The  Kinsman  "(later  called  "The  Scout,"  1841),  "The 
Partisan"  (1836),  and  "Count  Julian  "(1846).  His  best- 
known  poem  is ' '  Atalantis :  a  Drama  of  the  Sea  "  (1832).  His 
historical  works  include  *' A  History  of  South  Carolina" 
(1840),  "South  Carolina  in  the  Hevolution"  (1864),  lives  of 
Marion,  Greene,  etc. 

Simnel  (sim'nel),  Lambert.  Bom  about  1472. 
A  pretender  to  the  throne  of  England,  person- 
ating the  Earl  of  Warwick.  His  adherents  were 
defeated  by  Henry  VII.  at  Stoke  in  1487. 

Lambert  Simnel,  with  his  tutor,  Simon  the  priest,  fell 
into  the  king's  hands,  who  spared  their  lives,  and  appointed 
the  former  to  the  office  of  turnspit,  being  eventually  pro- 
moted to  that  of  falconer,  and  as  guardian  of  the  king's 
hawlcs  be  lived  and  died. 

Lawless,  Story  of  Ireland,  p.  136. 

Simois  (sim'o-is).  [Gr.  Si/ifef.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  small  river  in  the  Troad,  Asia 
Minor,  often  mentioned  in  the  Iliad. 

Simon.  [F.  Simon,  Sp.  Simon,  Pg.  SimSo,  It. 
Simone,  LL.  Simon,  Gr.  ^i/xov,  prop,  a  Gr.  name, 
lit.  'flat-nosed,'  but  in  part  also  an  accommoda- 
tion of  the  different  Heb.  name  Shimon,  Simeon. 
See  Simeon.]    See  Peter. 

Simon  (si'mon).  Abrother  or  relative  of  Jesus: 
often  identified  with  Simon  the  Canaanite. 

Simon.  A  tanner  of  Joppa  at  whose  house  St. 
Peter  resided. 

Simon,  sumamed  Magus  ('the  Magician').  A 
sorcerer  of  Samaria,  represented  in  Acts  viii.  as 
having  been  converted  by  Philip,  and  as  seeking 
to  purchase  miraculous  powers  with  money.  In 
later  accounts  he  is  represenfed  as  the  founder  of  a  hereti- 
cal sect.  The  legend  of  Doctor  Faustus  contains  traces  of 
the  legends  of  Simon  and  Helena,  his  companion. 

Simon  probably  was  one  of  that  class  of  adventurers 
which  abounded  at  this  period,  or  like  ApoUonius  of  Ty- 
ana  and  others  at  a  later  time,  with  whom  the  opponents 
of  Christianity  attempted  to  confound  Jesus  and  his  apos- 
tles. His  doctrine  was  Oriental  in  its  language  and  in  its 
pretensions.  He  was  the  first  jEon  or  Emanation ,  or  rather 
perhaps  the  first  manifestation,  of  the  primal  Deity.  He 
assumed  not  merely  the  title  of  the  Great  Power  or  Virtue 
of  God,  but  all  the  other  appellations  —  the  Word,  the  Per- 
fection, the  Paraclete,  the  Almighty— the  whole  combined 
attributes  of  the  Deity.  He  had  a  companion,  Helena,  ac- 
cording to  the  statement  of  his  enemies  a  beautiful  pros- 
titute, whom  he  found  at  Tyre,  who  became  in  like  man- 
ner the  first  conception  (the  Enncea)  of  the  Deity ;  but  who, 
by  her  conjunction  with  matter,  had  been  enslaved  to  its 
malignant  influence,  and,  having  fallen  under  the  power 
of  evil  angels,  had  been  in  a  constant  state  of  transmigra- 
tion, and,  among  other  mortal  bodies,  had  occupied  that 
of  the  famous  Helen  of  Troy. 

Milman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  61. 

Simon.  The  mayor  of  Queenborough  in  Middle- 
ton's  play  of  that  name. 


Simple  Cobbler  of  Agawam,  The 

The  comic  figure  is  the  tanner  Simon,  the  mayor  of 
Queenborough,  who  is  cozened  by  a  company  of  pretended 
comedians  while  looking  on  at  what  he  takes  to  he  aplay. 

Ward. 

Simon  the  Canaanite,  or  Simon  Zelotes  (ze- 
16'tez).  [Gr.  f^AiiTiyf,  an  emulator.]  One  of  the 
apostles,  often  identified  with  Simon  the  relative 
of  Jesus. 

Simon (se-m6n').  Anovelby  George  Sand, pub- 
lished in  1836. 

Simon  bar  Giora.  One  of  the  heroes  and  leaders 
of  the  Zealot  party  during  the  Judeo-Roman 
war.  He  was  a  man  of  iron  will,  stern  character,  and 
reckless  boldness.  After  the  fall  of  Jerusalem  he  surren- 
dered to  the  Eomans,  and,  after  appearing  in  the  triumph 
of  Titus,  was  hurled  from  the  Taipeian  Eock  in  Eome. 

Simon  ben  Shetach.  Brother-in-law  of  Alex- 
ander Jannssus,  and  president  of  the  Sanhe- 
drim. In  conjunction  with  Judah  ben  Tabbai,  he  intro- 
duced many  refoims,  promoted  instruction,  and  restored 
law  and  order,  which  had  been  disturbed  through  the  ar- 
bitrariness and  tyranny  of  his  brother-in-law.  They  were 
therefore  honored  with  the  title  "restorers  of  the  law." 

Simon  de  Montfort.    See  Montfort. 

Simon  (se-m6n'),  Jules  (in  full  Jules  Fran- 
<;ois  Simon  Suisse).  Born  at  Lorient,  Morbi- 
han,  Prance,  Deo.  31,  1814:  died  at  Paris,  June 
8,  1896.  A  distinguished  French  statesman, 
philosopher,  and  publicist :  professor  at  the  Sor- 
bonne.  He  was  a  republican  member  of  the  Assembly 
1848-50 ;  was  removed  from  his  professorship  in  1851 ;  was 
a  leading  opposition  member  of  the  Corps  L^gislatif  1863- 
1870 ;  was  member  of  the  government  of  national  defense 
and  minister  of  public  instruction  1870-71  and  1871-73 ;  was 
chosen  senator  and  member  of  the  French  Academy  in  1875 ; 
and  was  premier  1876-77.  Among  his  works  are  "  Histoire 
de  r^cole  d'Alexandrie  "  (1844-46),  "Le  devoir"  (1854), 
"La,  liberty  de  conscience  "  (1869),  "  L'Ouvri^re  "  (1863)i 
"_L'Ecole"_(1864),  "Le  travail "(1866),  etc. 

Simon  (se-mon'),  Pedro  Antonio.  Bom  at  La 
Parrilla,  Spain,  in  1574 :  died  in  New  Granada 
after  1627.  A  Franciscan  missionary  and  his- 
torian. He  went  to  New  Granada  in  1604,  and  began  to 
write  a  history  of  the  conquest  in  1623,  when  he  was  pro- 
vincial of  his  order.  Only  the  first  part,  relating  mainly 
to  Venezuela,  was  published  (1627),  and  it  is  now  very  rare. 
Two  other  parts  are  known  in  manuscript.  The  work  is 
of  great  value. 

Simon  (se-m6u'),  Richard.  Born  at  Dieppe, 
Prance,  May  13, 1638 :  died  there,  April  11, 1712. 
A  French  biblical  critic,  a  member  of  the  Con- 
gregation of  the  Oratory.  His  chief  works  are  "  His- 
toire critique  du  Vieux  Testament "  ("  Critical  History  of 
the  Old  Testament,"  printed  in  France,  but  suppressed; 
published  in  Holland  in  1686),  "Histoire  critique  du  texte 
du  Nouveaa  Testament"  (1689),  "Histoire  critique  des 
versions  du  Nouveau  Testament"  (1690),  and  "Histoire 
critique  des  principaux  commentateurs  du  Nouveau  Tes- 
tament "(1698). 

Simonides  (si-mon'i-dez),  or  Semonides  (se- 
mon'i-dez),  of  AmorgOS.  [Gr.  'ZijMMl&rig.]  Bora 
in  Samos :  lived  about  660  b.  c.  A  famous  Greek 
iambic  poet.  Fragments  of  his  poems  have  been 
preserved  (Bergk's  "Poetae  lyrici  Grseci"). 

The  next  poet  of  this  period  is  Simonides,  or,  as  some 
call  him,  Semonides,  son  of  Krines,  of  Samos,  who  led  a 
colony  to  the  Island  of  Amorgos,  after  -which  the  poet  is 
called,  to  distinguish  him  from  the  later  Simonides  of 
Keos.  Here  he  dwelt  in  the  town  of  Minoa  Tlie  chro- 
nologists  place  him  about  01.  29  or  30  (660  B.  c),  and  make 
him  contemporary  with,  if  not  later  than,  Archilochus. 
Though  chiefly  celebrated  as  one  of  the  earliest  iambic . 
poets,  he  wrote  the  "  Archseology  of  Samos, "  in  two  boolss 
of  elegiacs,  of  which  no  trace  now  remains.  About  forty 
fragments  of  his  iambic  verse  are  to  be  found  in  Bergk's  col- 
lection, but  only  two  of  them  are  of  any  importance.  One 
(25  lines)  reflects  on  the  restlessness  and  trouble  of  life, 
and  recommends  equanimity  in  a  spirit  of  sad  wisdom. 
The  other  (120  lines)  is  the  famous  satu'e  on  women,  com- 
paring them  to  sundry  animals,  owing  to  their  having  been 
created  of  these  respective  natures. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  1. 161. 

Simonides  of  Ceos.  Bom  at  lulis,  island  of 
Ceos,  Greece,  556  b.  c:  died  at  Syracuse  about 
469-467  B.  c.  A  noted  Greek  poet.  He  lived  in 
Athens,  Thessaly,  Syracuse,  and  elsewhere,  and  wrote  epi- 
grams, Ivrics,  threnodies,  etc. 

Simon  Maccabseus.    See  Maccabees. 

Simonoseki.    See  SMmonoselci. 

Simon's  To'wn  (si'monz  toun).  A  small  sea- 
port in  Cape  (5olony,  South  Africa,  situated  on 
False  Bay  18  miles  south  of  Cape  Town. 

Simony  (si'mo-ni),  Dr.  A  character  in  Foote's 
play  "  The  Cozeners,"  supposed  to  be  intended 
for  Dr.  Dodd  who  was  afterward  executed 
(though  for  forgery,  not  for  simony). 

Simon  Zelotes.    See  Simon  the  Canaanite. 

Simpcox  (sim'koks).  An  impostor  in  the  sec- 
ond part  of  Shakspere's  "  King  Henry  VT." 

Simple  (sim'pl).  A  servant  of  Slender :  a  char- 
acter in  Shakspere's  "Merry  Wives  of  Windsor." 

Simple,  Peter.  The  hero  of  a  novel  of  the  same 
name  by  Marryat,  published  in  1837. 

Simple  Cobbler  of  Agawam,  The.  A  satire 
by  Nathaniel  Ward,  published  in  1647.  Though 
written  in  America,  it  was  sent  or  taken  to  England  by 
the  author,  and  published  there  under  the  pseudonym  oj 
Theodore  de  la  Guard. 


Simple  Story,  A 

Simple  Story,  A,  A  novel  by  Mrs.  Inchbald, 
published  in  1791. 

Simplicius  (sim-plisli'i-us).  Bishop  of  Rome 
468-483. 

Simplicius.  Born  in  Cilioia :  lived  in  the  first 
half  of  the  6th  century  a.  d.  A  Greek  Neopla- 
tonist.  He  lived  in  Persia  about  632-533.  Hewrote  com- 
mentaries on  Aristotle  and  Epictetus. 

Simplon  (san-pl6n'),  It.  Sempione  (sem-pe- 
o'ne).  One  of  the  chief  passes  over  the  Alps, 
situated  on  the  border  of  northern  Italy  and  the 
canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland.  Through  it  runs 
one  of  the  chief  roads  over  the  Alps,  built  by  Napoleon 
1800-06.  It  leads  from  Brieg,  In  the  valley  of  the  Shone,  to 
Domo  d'Ossola,in  the  valley  of  the  Toce  (a  subtributary 
of  the  Po).    Height  of  summit  of  pass,  about  6,590  feet. 

Simplon  Railway.  A  railway  projected  in  1889 
to  connect  the  valley  of  the  Khoue,  from  near 
Visp,  with  the  valley  of  the  Po  at  Domo  d'Ossola, 
by  tunneling  the  Simplon  Mountain.  The  money 
was  to  be  furnished  by  Italy  and  Switzerland.  Work  on 
the  tunnel  began  in  1898. 

Simpson  (simp'son),  Edward.  Born  at  New 
York,  March  3, 1824 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
Deo.  2,  1888.  An  American  rear-admiral.  He 
served  in  the  Mexican  and  Civil  wars,  and  was  appointed 
rear-admiral  in  1884.  He  wrote  "Ordnance  and  Kaval 
Gunnery  "  (1862),  etc. 

Simpson,  Sir  James  Young.  Born  at  Bathgate, 
Scotland,  June  7,  1811:  died  May  6,  1870.  A 
Scottish  physician,  professor  of  medicine  at 
Edinburgh  University  from  1840 :  noted  for  his 
introduction  of  chloroform  and  of  other  anes- 
thetics, especially  in  midwifery.  He  was  created 
a  baronet  in  1866.  Among  his  works  are  "Obstetric Mem- 
oirs and  Contributions"  (1886-66),  "Acupressure"  (1864), 
"  Homoeopathy,"  etc. 

Simpson,  Matthew.  Bom  at  Cadiz,  Ohio,  June 
20,1810:  died  at  Philadelphia,  June  18, 1884.  An 
American  bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  He  was  president  of  Indiana  Asbury  University 
((ireencastle,  Indiana)  1839-48,  and  was  elected  bishop  in 
1852.  He  was  distinguished  as  a  pulpit  orator.  He  pub- 
lished "One  Hundred  Years  of  Methodism  "  (1876),"  Cyolo- 
pasdia  of  Methodism  "  (1878),  etc. 

Simpson,  Thomas.  Born  at  Market  Bosworth, 
England,  Aug.  20, 1710 :  died  there,  May  14, 1761. 
An  English  mathematician.  He  wrote  "Ele- 
ments of  Plane  Geometry"  (1747), "  Miscellane- 
ous Tracts"  (1757),  etc. 

Simpson,  Thomas.  Born  1808 :  died  1840.  A 
British  explorer.  He  conducted  an  expedition  to  the 
Mackenzie  Valley  and  the  arctic  coast  of  British  America 
1836-39.  "Life  and  Travels"  by  his  brother  Alexander 
Simpson  (1845). 

Simrock  (zim'rok),  Karl.  Born  at  Bonn,  Prus- 
sia, Aug.  28,  1802 :  died  there,  July  18,  1876.  A 
German  poet,  translator,  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  professor  of  Old  German  literature  at 
Bonn  from  1850.  His  chief  original  poem  is  "  Wieland 
der  Schmied  "  (1835).  His  other  works  include  transla- 
tions of  the  "Nibelungenlied"  (1827),  "Der  arme  Hein- 
rich,"  "Parzival,"  "Titurel,"  "Tristau,"and  other  Middle 
High  German  works,  and  of  the  "Edda"(1851),"BeowuU," 
"Heliand,''and  Shakspere's  poems  and  dramas,  in  part. 
He  also  published  "  Heldenbuch  "  (1843-49), "  Handbuch 
der  deutschen  Mythologie  "  (1863-66),  "Deutsche  Volks- 
bUcher  "  (1839-67),  "lauda  Sion"(1860),  "Deutsche  Sion- 
sharf e  "  (1867),  "  Qiiellen  des  Shakspere  "  (with  collabora- 
tors, 1831),  "Rheinland,"  etc. 

Sims  (simz),  James  Marion.  Bom  in  Lancas- 
ter County,  S.  C,  Jan.  25,  1813:  died  in  New 
York  city,  Nov.  13, 1883.  An  American  surgeon, 
noted  for  his  development  of  the  science  of 
gynecology.  He  invented  the  silver  suture  and  various 
medical  instruments.  He  was  the  organizer  of  theWoman's 
Hospital  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  in  1870  of  the 
Anglo- American  Ambulance  Corps  in  the  Franco-German 
war. 

Simurgh  (se-m6rgh').  [From  si,  thirty,  and 
murgh,  bird  (as  having  the  size  of  thirty  birds).] 
In  the  Shahnamah,  the  huge  bird  that  cared  for 
and  reared  the  infant  Zal  when,  in  consequence 
of  his  white  hair,  he  had  been  exposed  by  his 
father  Sam  near  Mount  Alburz. 

The  child  remained  thus  in  this  place  one  day  and  one 
night  without  shelter.  Sometimes  he  sucked  his  thumb, 
sometimes  he  uttered  cries.  The  little  ones  of  the  Simurgh 
being  hungry,  the  mighty  bird  rose  from  his  nest  into  the  air. 
He  saw  a  child  who  needed  milk  and  was  crying,  he  saw 
the  earth  that  seemed  likeasurgingsea.  Thornsformedthe 
cradle  of  the  child,  his  nurse  was  the  earth,  his  body  was 
naked,  his  mouth  devoid  of  milk.  Around  him  was  the  soil 
black  and  burned,  above  the  sun  that  had  become  fiery  hot. 
Oh,  why  were  his  father  and  his  mother  not  tigers  ?  He  would 
then  perhaps  have  found  a  shelter  against  the  sun.  God 
gave  to  Simurgh  an  impulse  of  pity,  so  that  the  bird  did 
not  think  of  devouring  that  child.  He  came  down  from 
the  clouds,  took  him  in  his  talons,  and  carried  him  from 
the  burning  rock.  He  bore  him  swiftly  to  Mount  Alburz, 
where  was  the  nest  of  his  family.  He  bore  him  to  his  little 
ones  that  they  might  see  him,  and  that  his  mournful  voice 
might  prevent  them  from  devouring  him,  for  God  granted 
him  his  favors,  since  he  was  predestined  to  enjoy  life.  The 
Simurgh  and  his  little  ones  looked  at  this  child,  whose 
b  1  ood  was  streaming  from  his  two  eyes.  Th  ey  surrounded 
bim  with  marvellous  tenderness,  they  were  astonished  at 
the  beauty  of  his  countenance.  The  Simurgh  chose  the 
tenderest  venison,  that  liis  little  guest,  who  had  no  milk, 


934 

might  suck  blood.  So  a  long  time  passed  during  which 
the  child  remained  hidden  in  this  place.  When  the  child 
had  grown,  a  long  time  still  passed  upon  this  mountain. 
He  became  a  man  like  a  lofty  cypress,  his  breast  was  like 
a  hill  of  silver,  his  stature  like  a  reed. 

Shahnamah,  Eeign  of  Minuchihr. 

Simusir(se-mo-ser').  One  of  the  Elurile  Islands, 
situated  in  lat.  47°  3'  N.,  long.  151°  53'  E. 

Sin  (sin).  The  Assyro-Babylonian  moon-god.  He 
ranks  before  Shamash,  the  sun-god.  His  wife  is  Nin-gal, 
'  the  great  lady.'  The  oldest  and  chief  seat  of  his  worship 
was  in  Ur,  and  next  to  this  in  Harran. 

Sin,  Wilderness  of.  A  desert  in  the  western 
part  of  the  Sinaitic  peninsula,  noted  in  the 
wanderings  of  the  Israelites. 

Sinse  (si'ne).  An  ancient  name  of  a  people  in 
eastern  Asia  (the  Chinese  or  Cochin-Chinese). 

Sinai  (sl'na  or  si'ni).  [Prom  Sin,  the  Babylo- 
nian moon-god  (?).]  The  main  mountain  group 
of  the  Sinaitic  peninsula ;  the  mountain  (called 
,also  Horeb)  near  which  the  Israelites  encamped 
and  whence  the  law  was  given  to  Moses.  The 
identity  of  the  latter  is  not  certain.  See  Sina- 
itic Peninsula. 

Sinai,  Convent  of,  or  of  St.  Catherine.  A 
convent  on  Mount  Sinai,  consisting  of  a  laby- 
rinth of  buildings  and  courts  inclosed  by  a 
fortified  wall  measuring  about  209  by  235  feet. 
The  chief  interest  is  in  the  great  Byzantine  church,  built 
in  the  reign  of  Justinian,  but  often  altered  since.  It  has 
narthex,  nave,  and  aisles  divided  by  granite  columns,  and 
semi-domed  apse  with  superb  mosaics,  on  gold  ground,  of 
the  Transfiguration  and  other  subjects.  The  iconostasis 
is  richly  sculptured,  and  adorned  with  curious  Bussian 
icons.    See  ^naitie  Peninsula. 

Sinaitic  (si-na-it'ik)  Peninsula.  A  peninsula 
situated  between  the  Gulf  of  Suez  and  the 
Gulf  of  Akaba.  In  the  north  of  the  peninsula  is 
the  desert  Paran  (modern  et-Tih),  a  desolate  limestone 
plateau,  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  Jebel-et-Tih  (4,000 
feet  high).  This  is  joined  in  the  south  by  a  tract  of  low 
sandstone  mountains,  ravines,  and  valleys  rich  in  minerals 
which  had  been  worked  as  early  as  3000  B.  c.  Then  rises 
the  barren,  rugged,  and  majestic  triangle  of  the  Sinai 
Mountain,  the  Jebel-et-Tur  or  Tur-Sinai,  formed  of  masses 
of  granite  rock  and  gneiss,  intermingled  with  diorites  and 
porphyries.  In  this  mountain-chain  are  to  be  distin- 
guished the  following  groups :  in  the  northwest  is  the 
Jebel-Serbal  (6,731  feet  high),  overhanging  the  coast  plain 
el-Koah  and  the  Wady  Feiran,  the  most  fertile  spot  of 
the  peninsula.  From  here  through  the  Wady  esh-Sheikh 
in  the  southeast  appears  the  Jebel-Musa  ('mountain  of 
Moses '),  or  Sinai  proper,  which  embraces  the  Jel3el-Musa 
itself  (7,362  feet  high,  and  in  the  south  the  highest  point 
of  the  peninsula)  and  the  Jebel  Katherin  ('  mountain  of  St. 
Catherine ')  (8,638  feet  high).  In  the  southwest  rises  the 
third  and  last  group,  the  Jebel  Um-Shomar  ('the  watch  or 
guard ')  (over  8,000  feet  high),  in  the  neighborhood  of  el- 
Koah.  The  Jehel-Musais  generally  thoughttobe  the  moun- 
tain of  the  law  (Lepsius  and  Ebers  claim  the  distinction  for 
the  Serbal),  and  the  plain  er-Rahah,  north  of  the  Musa 
group,  to  be  the  valley  in  which  the  Israelites  camped  dur- 
ing their  sojourn  at  Sinai.  The  Wady  er-Rahah  is  joined  in 
a  right  angle  from  the  northeast  by  the  Wady  ed-Deir,  while 
to  the  southeast  of  the  Musa  stretches  the  high  plateau 
Wady  es-Sebaiyeh.  The  western  ridge  of  the  Musa  is  the 
Jebel  el-Humr  ('  the  red  mountain '),  from  which  the  St. 
Catherine  Mountain  in  tlie  south  rises ;  the  eastern  ridge 
is  the  Jebel  ed-Deir  ('  mountain  of  the  monastery ').  In  the 
Wady  Shurib,  or  Jethro  valley,  between  the  Musa  and  ed- 
Deir,  the  monastery  of  St.  Catherine  is  situated,  with  its 
beautiful  gardens.  Tradition  attributes  its  foundation  to 
the  emperor  Justinian  (627-565),  and  it  was  originally  ded- 
icated to  the  remembrance  of  the  Transfiguration.  Its 
present  name  was  obtained  when  the  relics  of  St.  Cath- 
erine were  transferred  thither.  The  monastery  contains 
at  present  only  20-30  monks  instead  of  the  300-400  of  for- 
mer times.  It  became  celebrated  in  recent  years  by  the 
discovery  of  the  Codex  Sinaiticus  (the  Greek  version  of  the 
Old  Testament  and  the  Greek  New  Testament),  made  in  it 
by  Tischendorf  in  1844.  The  Sinaitic  peninsula  is,  as  a 
whole,  barren.  The  mountains  are  naked,  and  the  valleys 
are  dry  river-beds.  There  are,  however,  exceptions,  as  the 
lovely  Wady  Feiran  and  other  cases.  The  present  popu- 
lation of  the  peninsula  consists  of  about  6,000  Bedouins. 

Sinaloa,  or  Cinaloa  (se-na-16'a).  1.  A  state 
of  Mexico,  bounded  by  Sonora'  on  the  north- 
west. Chihuahua  and  Durango  on  the  northeast, 
Jalisco  on  the  southeast,  and  the  Pacific  and 
the  Gulf  of  California  on  the  southwest.  The  chief 
occupations  are  agriculture  and  mining.  Capital,  Culi- 
acan ;  chief  port,  Mazatlan.  Area,  28,000  square  miles. 
Population  (1895),  256,414. 

2.  A  small  town,  formerly  the  capital  of  Sina- 
loa, on  the  river  Sinaloa  about  230  miles  north- 
west of  Mazatlan. 

Sinbad.    See  Sindbad. 

Sinchi  Roca.    See  Inca  Mocca. 

Sinclair  (sing'kler  or  sin-klar'),  Catherine. 
Born  at  Thurso  Castle,  Caithness,  April  17, 1800 : 
died  Aug.  6, 1864.  A  Scottish  novelist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Sinclair. 
She  was  supervisor  of  a  charitable  institution  for  widows  of 
officers  of  the  army  and  navy,  and  was  active  in  good  works. 
She  wrote  "Modern  Accomplishments"  (1835),  "Modern 
Society"  (18S6),  "Holiday  House"(1839),  "Modern  Flir- 
tations" (1841),  "Beatrice"  (a  "Protestant"  novel,  over 
40,000  copies  of  which  were  sold  within  16  months  of  its 
publication  in  1852),  etc. 

Sinclair,  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Thurso  Castle, 
Caithness,  Scotland,  May  10, 1754:  died  Dee.  21, 
1835.   A  Scottish  agriculturist,  financial  writer, 


Sing  Sing 

and  politician.  He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity ;  became  a  member  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates ; 
and  was  later  called  to  the  English  bar.  He  was  a  member 
of  Parliament  1784-1811.  He  developed  greatly  the  re- 
sources of  Caithness.  He  wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Public 
Revenue  of  the  British  Empire"  (1785-89X  "Statistical 
Account  of  Scotland"  (1791-99),  etc. 

Sind  (sind).  One  of  the  names  of  the  river 
Indus. 

Sind  (river  in  Gwalior).    See  Sindh. 

Sind,  or  Sinde,  or  Scinde,  or  Sindh  (sind).  A 
province  of  British  India,  comprised  in  the  gov- 
ernorship of  Bombay.  It  is  bounded  by  Panjab, 
Bhawalpur,  and  Eajputana  on  the  east ;  the  Ran  and 
Cutch  on  the  south ;  the  Indian  Ocean  on  the  southwest; 
and  Baluchistan  on  the  west.  It  contains  the  districts 
Frontier,  Shikarpur,  Hyderabad,  Karachi,  Thar,  and  Par- 
kar.  The  chief  towns  are  Karachi,  Hyderabad,  and  Shi- 
karpur. The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Sindis  and  Hindus. 
It  was  invaded  by  Alexander  the  Great ;  was  conquered 
by  Mahmud  of  Ghazni;  formed  part  of  the  Mogul  em- 
pire and  of  Nadir  Shah's  dominions ;  was  governed  later 
by  ameers ;  and  was  conquered  by  Sir  Charles  Napier  in 
1843,  and  annexed  to  British  India.  Area,  47,789  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  2,871,774. 

Sindbad  (sind'bad)  the  Sailor.  A  character 
in  the  story  of  that  name  in  the  "Arabian 
Nights'  Entertainments."  He  is  a  wealthy  citizen  of 
Bagdad,  called  "  the  sailor  "  because  of  his  seven  wonderful 
voyages,  in  which  he  discovers  a  roc's  egg  and  the  valley 
of  diamonds,  escapes  twice  from  the  Anthropophagi,  is 
buried  alive,  kills  the  Old  Man  of  the  Sea  (a  monster 
which  got  on  his  back  and  would  not  dismount),  is  the 
bearer  of  a  letter  and  gifts  from  the  King  of  th^  Indies  to 
Harun-al-Rashid,  and  is  sent  back  by  that  monarch  with 
his  acknowledgment  of  the  letter.  During  this  last  voy- 
age he  finds  a  valley  filled  with  the  dead  bodies  of  ele- 
phants, from  which  he  obtains  much  Ivory.  Sometimes 
spelled  Sinbad. 

Well  known  in  Europe  as  having  the  history  of  his  voy- 
ages Incorporated  in  the  Thousand  and  One  Nights,  but 
they  form  in  Arabic  a  distinct  work,  which  Baron  Walke- 
naer  (in ' '  Nouvelles  Annales  des  Voyages, "  tome  LIII,  p.  6) 
regards  as  of  equal  value  with  those  of  Soliman  and  Abu 
Said.  The  voyages  belong  to  the  9th  century,  when  the 
commerce  of  the  Arabs  under  the  khalifs  of  Baghdad  was 
at  its  highest  activity.  In  his  first  voyage  Sindbad  reaches 
the  country  of  the  maharaja.  ...  In  Sindbad's  second 
voyage  mention  is  made  of  the  kingdom  of  Eiha  (the 
Malay  Peninsula  according  to  some),  and  the  manner  of 
the  preparation  of  camphor,  produced  in  the  mountain 
forests  there,  is  accurately  described.  In  the  third  voyage 
the  island  of  Silaheth  is  mentioned.  In  the  fourth  he 
was  carried  to  a  country  (Malabar)  where  he  found  men 
gathering  pepper,  and  from  it  he  went  to  the  isle  of  Na- 
cous(the  Nicobars?)and  on  to  Kela(Quedah  or  Keydah?). 
In  the  fifth  voyage  he  is  shipwrecked  on  the  island  (i.  e. 
country)  of  the  Old  Man  of  the  Sea,  probably  somewhere 
on  the  Konkan  coast.  Thence  he  crossed  the  sea  to  the 
Maldives,  and  back  again  to  the  pepper  country  of  Mala- 
bar, passing  on  to  tlie  peninsula  of  Comorin,  where  he 
found  the  aloes-wood  called  sknty,  and  afterwards  to  the 
pearl-fisheries  of  the  Gulf  of  Manaar,  whence  he  traveled 
back  to  Baghdad.  In  the  sixth  voyage  be  visited  an  isl- 
and (i.  e.  country)  where  were  superb  trees  of  the  kinds 
named  santy  and  comary,  and  the  island  of  Serendib  (Cey- 
lon), which  was  also  the  limit  of  his  seventh  and  last 
voyage.  Balfour,  Cyclopsedia  of  India. 

The  story  of  Polyphemus  is  in  the  third  voyage  of  Sm- 
bad.  other  parts  of  the  adventures  of  that  bold  mariner 
seem  to  be  borrowed  from  the  pistory  of  Aristomenes  in 
Pausanias.  Dunlop,  Hist.  Prose  Fiction,  n.  608. 

Sindh,  or  Sind  (sind).  A  river  in  Gwalior, 
India,  which  joins  the  Junma  about  70  miles 
west  of  Cawnpore.     Length,  about  225  miles. 

Sindhia,  or  Sindia,  or  Scindia  (sin'di-a) .  The 
name  of  a  Mahratta  dynasty  reigning  in  Gwa- 
lior, India,  from  the  18th  century. 

Sinestra  (se-nes'tra),  Val.  A  small  valley  in 
the  Lower  Engadine,  canton  of  Grisons,  Swit- 
zerland, 40  miles  east  of  Coire. 

Singan-fu  (se-ngan'fo),  or  Sian-fu  (se-an'fo), 
or  Segan-fu  (se-gan'fo).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Shen-si,  China,  situated  about  lat, 
34°  17'  N.,  long.  108°  55'  E.  it  is  one  of  the  chief 
cities  of  the  empire,  an  important  commercial  center,  and 
a  point  of  great  strategic  importance.  Many  antiquities 
are  in  the  neighborhood.    Population  (1896),  est.,  600,00a 

Singapore  (sing-ga-p6r').  1.  An  island  south 
of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  separated  from  the 
m ainland  of  Johore  by  a  narrow  strait.  Length, 
27  miles. —  2.  A  British  settlement,  belonging 
to  the  colony  of  the  Straits  Settlements,  and 
comprising  the  island  of  Singapore  and  some 
neighboring  islets.  It  was  purchased  from  the 
Sultan  of  Johore  in  1824.  Area,  206  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  184,554.-3.  The  cap- 
ital of  the  Straits  Settlements,  situated  on  the 
southern  coast  of  the  island  of  Singapore,  on 
the  Strait  of  Singapore,  in  lat.  1°  17'  N.,  long. 
103  51'  E.  It  has  extensive  trade,  and  is  an  important 
port  of  call  for  steamers.  An  English  factory  was  estab- 
lished there  in  1819.    Population  (1891),  184,664. 

Singbhum  (sing-bhom').  A  district  in  Bengal, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  22°  30'  N., 
long.  85°  45'  E.  Area,  3,753  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  545,488. 

Single-Speech  Hamilton.  See  Hamilton,  W.  G. 

Sing  Sing  (sing  sing).  A  village  (now  Ossining) 
in  Westchester  County,  New  York,  situated  on 


Sing  Sing 

the  Tappan  Bay  of  Hudson  Biver,  32  miles 
north  of  New  York.  It  has  a  State  prison. 
Population  (1900),  7,939. 

Singular  Doctor.    Occam. 

Sjnigaglia  (se-ne-gal'ya),  or  Senigallia  (sa-ne- 
gal'le-a).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Ancona, 
Italy,  situated  at  the  entrance  of  the  Misa  into 
the  Adi-iatie,  17  miles  northwest  of  Ancona :  the 
ancient  Sena  Galliea  (whence  the  name).  It  was 
formerly  of  great  importance.  It  was  an  ancient  town  of 
the  Senones,  and  became  a  Koman  colony  about  285  B.  c. 
Near  it  occurred  tlie  battle  of  the  Metaurus  in  207  B.  c.  It 
was  sacked  by  Ponipey  in  the  civil  war  between  Marius 
and  Sulla.    Population  (1881),  9,602 ;  commune,  11,361. 

Sinkat  (sen-kaf),  or  Singat.  A  fortress  in  the 
Egyptian  possessions,  40  miles  west-northwest 
of  Suakim.  It  was  defended  by  the  Egyptians  under 
Xewflk  Fasha  against  the  Mahdists  under  Osman  Digma 
1883-84.  Tewflk's  force  abandoned  Sinkat  with  the  inten- 
tion of  cutting  its  way  through  to  Suakim,  but  was  anni- 
hilated by  the  Mahdists,  Feb.  11, 1884. 

Sinnamary  (sen-na-ma-re'),  or  Sinnimari  (sen- 
ne-ma-re').  A  river  in  French  Guiana  which 
flows  into  the  Atlantic  northwest  of  Cayenne. 
Length,  about  150  miles. 

Sinno  (sin'no).    The  modern  name  of  the  Siris. 

Sinope  (si-no'pe),  Turk.  Sinub  (se-nob')-  [Gr. 
SivwTT^.]  A  seaport  in  Asia  Minor,  in  the  ancient 
Pontus,  situated  on  the  Black  Sea  in  lat.  42°  N. 
It  has  one  of  the  best  harbors  on  the  Black  Sea.  It  was 
an  ancient  colony  from  Miletus  ;  was  an  important  Greek 
city  and  colonizing  center ;  was  conquered  by  Pharnaces 
in  183  B.  0.  and  became  the  capital  of  Pontus ;  was  con- 
quered by  LucuUus  and  became  a  Koman  city ;  and  was 
captured  by  the  Turks  under  Jlohammed  II.  in  the  IBth 
century.  A  part  of  the  Turkish  fleet  was  destroyed  here 
by  the  Russian  admiral  Nakhimoff  Nov.  30, 1853.  Popula- 
tion, about  9,000. 

Sinsheim  (zjns'him).  A  small  town  in  the  circle 
of  Heidelberg,  Baden,  situated  on  the  Elsenz 
28  miles  northeast  of  Karlsruhe.  It  has  been  the 
scene  of  several  battles,  including  one  (June  16,  1874)  be- 
tween the  French  under  Turenne  and  the  Imperialists  un- 
der Bournonville, 

Sintram  and  his  Companions.  A  tale  by  Fou- 
qu6. 

Sirni  (se-n8'),  or  Zenii  (tha-no'),  or  Zinii  (the- 
no').  A  river  in  Colombia  which  flows  into  the 
Gulf  of  Morosquillo  south-southwest  of  Carta- 
gena.   Length,  about  250  miles. 

Sinuessa  (sin-u-es'a).  [Gr.  Stvoieaaa.']  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  "town  on  the  borders  of  La- 
tium  and  Campania,  Italy,  situated  on  the  coast 
89  miles  southeast  of  Rome.  On  its  site  is  the 
modern  Mondragone. 

Sion.     See  Zion. 

Sion  (se-6n'),  Gr-  Sitten  (zit'ten).  The  capital 
of  the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  situated 
on  the  Sionne,  near  the  Rhone,  in  lat.  46°  14' 
N.,  long.  7°  22'  E.:  the  Roman  Sedunum.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  5,513. 

Sion  College.  A  Loudon  college,  founded  in 
1623  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  White  as  a  college  and 
almshouse,  in  1834  the  almshouse  was  abolished.  In 
1886  a  new  building  was  formally  opened.  It  is  situated 
toward  the  east  end  of  the  Victoria  Embankment.  It  con- 
tains the  most  valuable  theological  library  in  London, 
numbering  60,000  volumes.  The  original  buildings  were 
on  the  foundation  of  an  old  priory  near  the  London  Wall. 

Sioot.    See  Siut. 

Siouan  (so'an).  [See  Sioux.2  A  linguistic  stock 
of  North  American  Indians:so  called  from  the 
Sioux  or  Dakota,  its  principal  division.  The 
former  habitat  of  this  family  included  parts  of  Brit- 
ish North  America  and  of  each  of  the  following  States  and 
Territories :  Montana,  Wyoming,  North  and  South  Dakota, 
Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Nebraska,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Missouri, 
Oklahoma,  Indian  Territory,  Mississippi,  the  Carolinas, 
tlie  Virginias,  and  Kentucky.  The  Dakota  tribes  have 
been  the  most  warlike  of  this  stock.  They  have  been  hos- 
tile not  only  to  white  settlers  and  to  Indians  of  other 
stocks  (especially  the  Ojibwa  and  Pawnee),  but  even  to 
tribes  of  their  own  stock,  such  as  the  Crow,  Hidatsa,  Man- 
dan,  and  Omaha.  The  principal  Siouan  divisions  are: 
(1)  The  Dakota  division,  including  the  Dakota  tribes  and 
the  Assiniboin.  (2)  The  Dhegiha  division,  including  the 
Ponka,  Omaha,  Kwapa,  Osage,  and  Kansa  tribes,  (s) 
The  Tciwere  division,  to  which  belong  the  Iowa,  Missouri, 
and  Oto  tribes.  (4)  The  Winnebago.  (5)  The  Mandan. 
(6)  The  Hidatsa  division,  including  the  Hidatsa  and  Ab- 
saroka  tribes.  (7)  The  Tutelo  and  cognate  tribes.  (8) 
The  Biloxi.  (9)  The  Kataba  group,  including  several 
Carolina  tribes.  In  addition  to  these,  there  was  a  Vir- 
ginia division  to  which  belonged  many  tribes  whose  names 
were  recorded  by  Captain  John  Smith.  The  present  num- 
ber of  the  Siouan  stock  is  about  43,400,  of  whom  about 
2,204  are  in  British  North  America,  the  rest  being  in  the 
United  States. 
Sioux  (so).  [AFrench  corruption  of  the  Algon- 
kin  word  nadowessiwag,  the  snake-like  ones 
or  enemies.]  See  Dakota. 
Sioux  (so)  City.  A  city,  capital  of  Woodbury 
County,  Iowa,  situated  on  the  Missouri  River 
88  miles  north  by  west  of  Omaha.  It  is  an  im- 
portant railway,  manufacturing,  and  trading 
center.    Population  (1900),  33,111. 


935 

Sioux  Falls.  The  capital  of  Minnehaha  County, 
South  Dakota,  situated  at  the  falls  of  the  Big 
Sioux  River,  59  miles  northeast  of  Yankton. 
It  has  important  granite-quarries.  Population 
(1900),  10,266. 

Sipand  (si-pend').  In  the  Shahnamah,  the  for- 
tress in  the  siege  of  which  Nariman,  father  of 
Sam,  lost  Ms  life,  and  which  was  taken  and 
burned  by  Rustam,  his  great-grandson,  to 
avenge  him.  The  moimtain  is  described  as  steep  on 
all  sides,  with  only  one  road  and  gate  leading  to  its  sum- 
mit. It  has  been  identified  with  Qala-i-sataid,  near  Shiraz. 
See  RiLgtam. 

Sipan  Dagh  (se-pan'  dag').  A  mountain  in  Ar- 
menia, Turkey,  north  of -Lake  Van.  Height, 
about  12,000  feet. 

Siphnos  (sif 'nos).  [Gr.  'S.i^voq.']  An  island  of 
the  Cyclades,  Greece,  situated  in  the  ^gean 
Sea  about  lat.  37°  N.,  long.  24°  44'  E. :  the 
modem  Sifanto,  Siphanto,  or  Sipheno.  it  was 
formerly  noted  for  its  mines  of  gold  and  silver.  Length, 
10  miles.    Population,  about  4,000. 

Sipibos  (se-pe'bos).  An  Indian  tribe  of  Peru, 
on  the  Ucayale  River  between  lats.  6°  and  8°  S. 
They  belong  to  the  Pano  stock,  were  gathered  into  mis- 
sions during  the  18th  century,  but  relapsed  into  barbarism, 
and  are  now  nearly  extinct.    See  Conibos  and  Setiboa. 

Sippar,  Sippara.    See  Sepharvaim. 

Sipylus  (sip'i-lus).     [Gr.  S(7ru/lof.]     In  ancient 

geography,  a  mountain  of  Lydia,  Asia  Minor, 

near  Smyrna. 

NotfarfromKarabelanothermonumentofHittitearthas 
been  discovered.  Hard  by  the  town  of  Magnesia,  on  the 
lofty  olifls  of  Sipylos,  a  strange  figure  has  been  carved  out 
of  the  rock.  It  represents  a  woman,  with  long  locks  of  hair 
.  streaming  down  her  shoulders,  and  a  jewel  like  a  lotus- 
flower  upon  the  head,who  sits  on  a  throne  in  a  deep  artificial 
niche.  Lydian  historians  narrate  that  it  was  the  image  of 
the  daughter  of  Assaon,  who  had  sought  death  by  casting 
herself  down  from  a  precipice ;  but  Greek  legend  preferred 
to  see  in  it  the  figure  of  "  weeping  NiobS  "  turned  to  stone. 
Already  Homer  told  how  NiobS,  when  her  twelve  children 
had  been  slain  by  the  gods,  "now  changed  to  stone,  broods 
over  the  woes  the  gods  had  brought  there,  among  the  rocks, 
in  lonely  mountains,  even  in  Sipylos,  where  they  say  are 
the  couches  of  the  nymphs  who  dance  on  the  banks  of  the 
Akheloios."  But  it  was  only  after  the  settlement  of  the 
Greeks  in  Lydia  that  the  old  monument  on  Mount  Sipylos 
was  held  to  be  the  image  of  Niobd.  The  limestone  rock 
out  of  which  it  was  carved  dripped  with  moisture  after 
rain ;  and  as  the  water  flowed  over  the  face  of  the  figure, 
disintegrating  and  disfiguring  the  stone  as  it  ran,  the  pious 
Greek  beheld  in  it  the  Niob6  of  his  own  mythology.  The 
figure  was  originally  that  of  the  great  goddess  of  Asia 
Minor,  known  sometimes  as  Atergatis  or  Derketo,  some- 
times as  Kybelfi,  sometimes  by  other  names. 

Sayce,  Hittites,  p.  69. 

Sirajganj  (se-raj-gunj'), or Surajgunje.  Atrad- 
ing  center  in  the  district  of  Pabna,  Bengal, 
British  India,  situated  on  the  Jamuna  arm  of 
the  Brahmaputra,  152  miles  northeast  of  Cal- 
cutta.    Population  (1881),  21,037. 

Siraj-ud-Daula  (se-raj'6d-dou'la),  or  Surajah 
Dowlah  (s6-ra'ja  dou'la).  Put  to  death  in 
1757.  A  nawab  of  Bengal,  notorious  for  his 
imprisonment  of  146  British  prisoners  in  the 
Black  Hole  of  Calcutta  in  1756.  He  was  de- 
feated by  Clive  at  Plassey  in  1757.  See  Black 
Bole. 

Sirang.    See  Ceram. 

Sirbonis,orSerbonis,Lacus(ser-b6'nisla'kus). 
In  ancient  geography,  a  bog  or  morass  situated 
between  the  Isthmus  of  Suez,  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  the  Delta;  "the  Sirbonian  bog." 

Sir  Onarles  Grandison.  A  novel  by  Richard- 
son, published  in  1753.  sir  Charles  Grandison,  the 
hero,  IS  respectfully  in  love  with  Harriet  Byron  whom  he 
marries. 

He  [Grandison]  is,  in  fact,  "the  faultless  monster  whom 
the  world  ne'er  saw  !"  Young,  rich,  graceful,  and  accom- 
plished, he  is  not  only  absolutely  free  from  vice,  but  all 
his  actions  are  governed  by  high  religious  principle.  He 
is  romantically  generous  and  yet  perfectly  prudent,  and 
his  behavior  toward  the  fair  sex  is  marked  with  all  that 
chivalrous  delicacy  and  respect  which,  since  the  novel 
was  written,  has  passed  into  a  proverb,  and  to  be  a  Sir 
Charles  Grandison  to  the  ladies  is  supposed  to  be  a  mod- 
ern lady's  perfect  knight. 
Forsyth,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Century,  p.  220. 

Sir  Courtly  Nice,  or  It  Cannot  Be.  A  com- 
edy by  Crowne,  produced  in  1685.  The  title  is  the 
name  of  the  principal  character,  an  insignificant  but  self- 
important  fop.  The  play  held  the  stage  for  nearly  a  cen- 
tury. 

Sir-Daria,  or  Syr-Daria,  or  Syr-Darya  (ser- 
dar'ya) .  A  river  in  Russian  Central  Asia  which 
rises  in  the  Thian-Shan  Mountains  and  flows 
by  a  delta  into  the  eastern  side  of  the  Sea  of 
Aral  about  lat.  46°  N.:  the  ancient  Jaxartes  or 
Sihon.  It  is  called  in  its  upper  course  the  Naryn. 
Length,  about  1,600  miles;  navigable  in  the  lower  halt  of 
its  course. 

Sir-Daria.  A  province  in  the  governor-gene- 
ralship of  Turkestan,  Russian  Central  Asia,  east 
of  the  Sea  of  Aral,  north  of  Bokhara,  and  south 
of  Turgai  and  Akmolinsk.    The  largest  city  is  Tash- 


Sirsa 

kend.  The  inhabitants  are  Kirghiz,  etc.  Area,  194,853 
square  miles.    Population,  1,214,800. 

Sir^ne  (se-ran'),  La.  An  opera  by  Auber,  words 
by  Scribe,  produced  at  Paris  in  1844. 

Sirens  (si'renz).  In  Greek  mythology,  two,  three, 
or  an  indeterminate  number  of  sea-nymphs  who 
by  their  singing  fascinated  those  who  sailed 
past  their  island,  and  then  destroyed  them,  in 
works  of  art  they  are  represented  as  having  the  head,  arms, 
and  generally  the  bust  of  a  young  woman,  and  the  wings 
and  lower  part  of  the  body,  or  sometimes  only  the  feet,  of 
a  bird.  In  Attic  usage  they  are  familiar  as  goddesses  of 
the  grave,  personifying  the  expression  of  regret  and  lam- 
entation for  the  dead. 

In  the  classic  Sirens  we  cannot  fail  to  detect  the  wailing 
of  the  rising  storm  in  the  cordage,  which  is  likely  to  end 
in  shipwrecks.  The  very  name  of  Siren  is  from  the  Greek 
to  pipe  or  whistle,  just  as  their  representatives  in  Vedic 
mythology,  the  B.ibhus,  draw  their  name  from  the  word 
to  sound.  .  .  .  The  Sirens  are  themselves  winged  beings 
rushing  over  the  earth,  seeking  everywhere  the  lost  Perse- 
phone. Baring-Gould,  Curious  Myths,  etc.,  2d  ser.,  p.  164. 

Sir  Fopling  Flutter.    See  Man  of  Mode. 

Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight.    An 

Early  English  romance  taken  from  the  French 
"Roman  de  Perceval."  It  was  written  about 
1360. 

Sir  Harry  Wildair.  A  comedy  by  George  Far- 
quhar,  printed  in  1701 :  a  sequel  to  "  The  Con- 
stant Couple."    See  Wildair. 

Sir  Hercules  Buflfoon,  or  the  Poetical  Squire, 
A  play  by  John  Lacy,  published  in  1684,  after 
Lacy's  death. 

Sirhind  (ser-hind').  1.  A  region  in  northern 
India,  southeast  of  Lahore  and  northwest  of 
Delhi,  comprising  part  of  the  Panjab  and  sev- 
eral protected  native  states  (Patiala,  etc.).  It 
lies  between  the  Sutlej  and  the  Jumna. — 2.  A 
small  town  in  the  state  of  Patiala,  India,  147 
miles  north-northwest  of  Delhi. 

Siricius  (si-rish'ius).  Bishop  of  Rome  from  384 
or  385  to  398. 

Sirikol,  Lake.    See  Victoria,  Lake. 

Siris  (si'ris).  [Gr.  S(/3(f.]  In  ancient  geography, 
a  small  river  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Ta- 
rentum  in  the  modern  province  of  Potenza :  the 
modern  Sinno.  Near  it  Pyrrhus  defeated  the 
Romans  in  the  battle  of  Heraclea  280  B.  c. 

Siris.  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of  Magna 
Grsecia,  Italy,  situated  at  or  near  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Siris,  about  lat.  40°  5'  N. 

Siris,  situated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  midway  be- 
tween Sybaris  and  Tarentum,  was,  according  to  diif  erent 
authors,  a  Trojan,  a  Uhodian,  or  an  Ionian  settlement, 

HawUnson,  Herod.,  III.  502,  note. 

Siris.  A  work  by  Bishop  Berkeley,  published 
in  1744.  It  is  an  extraordinary  series  of  inquiries  and 
philosophical  refiections  concerning  his  favorite  panacea, 
tar-water,  which  he  distilled  at  Cloyne. 

Sirius  (sir'i-us).  A  very  white  star,  the  bright- 
est in  the  heavens ;  the  dog-star,  it  is  more  than 
half  a  magnitude  brighter  than  Canopus,  the  next  bright- 
est ;  its  magnitude  is  —1.4.  It  is  situated  in  the  mouth 
of  the  Dog. 

Sir  John  Oldcastle.  A  play  by  Drayton,  Mon- 
day, Hathaway,  and  Wilson,  it  was  published  in 
1600  as  "by  Wm.  Shakespeare,"  but  this  was  withdrawn 
in  the  second  issue  of  the  same  year.  It  was  evidently 
written  against  Shakspere's  "Henry  IV,,"  in  which  Sir 
John  Oldcastle  was  the  original  name  of  Falstaflf,  and  was 
thought  to  be  a  caricature  of  Sir  John  Oldcastle,  "the 
good  Lord  Cobham. "  But  it  was  not  written  till-Shakspere 
had  been  compelled  to  change  the  name,  which  he  did 
early  in  1598,    See  Oldcastle,  Sir  John. 

Sir  John  van  Olden  Barneveld.  A  play  by 
Massinger  and  Fletcher,  acted  Aug.  14,  1619. 
Barneveld  had  been  executed  on  the  13th  of 
May.    See  Barneveld. 

Sir  Launcelot  Greaves,  The  History  of.  A 
satirical  romance  by  Smollett,  published  se- 
rially in  the  "British  Magazine"  1760-61.  Sir 
Launcelot  is  a  Don  Quixote  who  undertakes  to  redress 
wrongs  and  reform  society  in  England  in  the  reign;  of 
George  II. 

Sir  Martin  Mar-all,  or  the  Feigned  Inno- 
cence. A  comedy- by  Dryden,  produced  in  1667 
and  printed  in  1668.  Dryden  adapted  it  from  the  Duke 
of  Newcastle's  translation  of  Molifere's"L'£tourdi,"with 
additions  from  Quinault's  "  L'Amour  indiscret. "  The  prin- 
cipal character,  Sir  Martin  Mar-all,  is  a  foolish  knight 
always  committing  blunders  against  his  own  interest  un- 
less acting  under  the  advice  of  his  servant  Warner. 

Sirmium  (ser'mi-um).  [Gr.  S/p/iiov.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  an  important  city  of  Lower 
Pannonia,  situated  on  the  Save.  Its  ruins  are 
near  the  modern  Mitrovitz  in  Slavonia,  in  lat. 
44°  59'  N.,  long.  19°  37'  E. 

Sirrah  (sir'ra).  [At.  sirrar-al-faras,  the  navel 
of  the  horse.]  A  not  unusual  name  for  the  sec- 
ond-magnitude star  a  Andromedffi,  which  is  also 
(5  Pegasi.    See  Alpheratz. 

Sir  Roger  de  Ooverley.    See  Coverley. 

Sirsa  (ser'sa).  1.  A  district  in  the  Panjab,  Brit- 
ish India,  iiterseoted  by  lat.  30''  N.,  long.  74° 


Sirsa 

30'  E.  Area,  3,008  square  miles.  Popiilation 
(1881),  253,275.-2.  The  capital  of  the  district 
of  Sirsa,  144  miles  northwest  of  Delhi.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  16,415. 

Sir  Thomas  Wyatt,  The  Famous  History  of. 
A  play  by  Webster  and  Dekker,  printed  in  1607. 
It  appears  to  be  an  abridgment  of  the  first  part  of  a  play 
called  "Lady  Jane." 

Sir  Thopas.    See  Mime  of  S-ir  Thopas. 

Sisenna  (si-sen' a),  Lucius  Cornelius.  Bom 
about  119  B.  c. :  died  67  b.  O.  A  Eomau  annal- 
ist, author  of  a  lost  work  on  Roman  history. 

Sisera  (sis'e-ra).  In  Old  Testament  history,  the 
commander-in-chief  of  the  army  of  Jabin,  king 
of  Canaan  (Judges  iv.).  He  was  routed  by  Barak,  and 
was  treacherously  slain  by  Jael,  wife  of  Heber  the  Kenite, 
in  whose  tent  he  had  sought  refuge. 

Sismondi  (sis-mon'di;  F.  pron.  ses-m6n-de'), 
Jean  Char lesL6onard(de  Simonde)de.  Bom 
at  Geneva,  May  9,  1773 :  died  there,  June  25, 
1842.  A  noted  Swiss  historian  and  economist. 
He  lived  in  early  life  in  Geneva,  England,  and  Italy,  and 
after  1800  chiefly  at  Geneva.  His  worits  include  "  Histoire 
des  r^publiques  italiennes"  ("History  of  the  Italian  Re- 
publics," 1807-18),  "  De  la  litterature  du  midi  de  I'Europe  " 
("  On  the  Literature  of  the  South  of  Europe,"  1818-29), 
"Histoire  des  Frangais"  ("History  of  the  French,"  1821- 
1842X  the  historical  novel  "Julia  Severa"  (1829),  "Histoire 
de  la  renaissance  de  la  liberty  en  Italic  "  (1832),  "  Histoire 
de  la  chute  de  1' empire  romain,  etc. "  (1835),  "  De  larichesse 
coramerciale  "  (1803),  "  Etudes  des  sciences  sociales  "  (1836- 
1838),  etc.  His  correspondence  was  edited  by  Saint-Ben6 
Taillandier,  Montgolfler,  Villari,  and  Mouod.  About  1801 
he  observed  that  his  family  arms  were  identical  withthosB 
of  the  Italian  house  of  the  Sismondi,  and  assumed  the  con- 
nection. 

Sistan  (ses-tau'),  or  Seistan  (sa-es-tan').  A  re- 
gion in  eastern  Persia  and  southwestern  Af- 
ghanistan, lying  near  the  lower  Helmand  and 
the  Hamun.  By  British  arbitration  in  1872  it  was  di- 
vided into  Sistan  proper  (chiefly  west  of  the  Helmand), 
which  was  adjudged  to  Persia,  and  outer  Sistan  (lying  east 
and  southeast  of  Sistan  proper),  which  was  awarded  to  Af- 
ghanistan. Population  of  Sistan  proper,  estimated,  45,000. 

Sisteron  (sest-r6n').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Basses-Alpes,  Prance,  at  the  junction 
of  the  Bueoh  and  the  Durance,  25  miles  south 
by  west  of  Gap.  It  has  a  citadel,  and  a  noted 
church.     Population  (1891),  commune,  3,996. 

Sisters  (sis'tSrz),  The.  A  comedy  by  Shirley, 
licensed  in  April,  1652.  It  was  one  of  the  last 
productions  of  the  pre-Eestoratiou  drama. 

Sisters,  The,  G.  Die  Schwestern.  A  histori- 
cal novel  by  Ebers,  published  in  1880.  The 
scene  was  laid  in  Egypt  164  B.  C. 

Sistine  (sis'tin),  or  Sixtine  (siks'tin).  Chapel. 
The  papal  private  chapel  in  the  Vatican,  con- 
structed by  Pope  Sixtus  IV.  (whence  the  name). 
It  was  built  1473,  and  is  in  plan  a  rectangle  157J  by  52i  feet, 
and  59  feet  high.  Architecturally  it  is  insignificant;  but 
it  is  world-famous  for  the  paintings  which  cover  its  walls 
aud  vault,  including  works  by  Perugino,  Botticelli,  Luca 
Signorelli,  Ghirlandajo,  and  above  all  the  pictures  by 
Michelangelo  of  the  Creation,  the  Deluge,  and  the  Last 
Judgment.  The  singing  of  the  papal  choir  of  the  chapel 
has  long  been  celebrated,  and  its  archives  contain  a  remark- 
able collection  of  illuminated  manuscript  works  of  the 
composers  of  the  15th  and  16th  centuries.  The  first  cata- 
logue of  these  was  published  in  1888  by  Dr.  Haberl  at 
Leipsic. 

Sistine  Madonna.    See  Madonna. 

Sistova  (sis'to-va).  A  town  in  Bulgaria,  situ- 
ated on  the  Danube  in  lat.  43°  36'  N.,  long.  25° 
20' E.  It  has  considerable  trade.  The  Eussians  crossed 
the  Danube  near  here  in  1877.    Population  (1888),  12,482. 

Sistova,  Peace  of.  A  treaty  concluded  be- 
tween Turkey  and  Austria,  Aug.  4,  1791.  It 
fixed  as  the  boundaries  practically  those  esta,b- 
lished  by  the  peace  of  Belgrad  in  1739. 

Sisyphus  (sis  i-fus).  [Gr.  StotJi^of,  the  crafty.] 
In  (Jreek  mythology,  a  son  of  .SSolus  and  Ena- 
rete,  brother  of  Athamas,  and  husband  of  the 
Pleiad  Merope.  He  was  the  founder  of  Ephyra  (later 
Corinth).  According  to  Homer,  he  was  the  craftiest  of  all 
men.  For  some  (unstated)  reason  he  was  condemned  in 
the  lower  world  to  roll  up  a  hill,  without  ceasing,  a  huge 
stone  which  when  he  reached  the  top  always  rolled  back 
to  the  valley. 

Sita  (se'ta,).  [Skt., 'furrow':  as  pointed  out  by 
Weber  ("Indian  Literature," p.  192),  originally 
tke  field-furrow,  to  which  divine  honors  are  paid 
in  the  Eigveda  and  still  more  in  the  ritual  of  the 
Grihyasutras.]  The  heroine  of  the  Eamayana, 
where  she  is  the  daughter  of  Janaka,  king  of 
I  Videha,  and  wife  of  Eamachandra  who  rescues 
'  her  when  she  is  carried  off  by  Eavana,  the 
demon-king  of  Lanka.    See  Bamaoliandra. 

Sitapur  (se-ta-por').  A  district  in  Oudi,  Brit- 
ish India,  intersected  by  lat.  27°  30'  N.,  long. 
80°  40'  E.  Area,  2,255  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  1,075,413. 

SitcanXU  (se-ohan'gho),  or  Bois  Brfilfe,  or 
BrOl^S.  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians, 
a  part  of  the  Titonwan,  divided  into  Tipper 
BriU^s,  or  highlandSitcanxu,  and  Lower  BrAl^s, 


936 

or  lowland  Sitcanxu.  They  were  Spotted  Tail's 
people. 

Sitka  (sit'ka).  A  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians,  living  on  BaranofE  Island,  Alaska. 
Number,  721.    See  Koluschan. 

Sitka  (sit'ka),  formerly  New  Archangel.  The 
capital  of  Alaska,  situated  on  Sitka  Island  in 
lat. 57° 3'  N.,long.  135° 20'  W.  Pop . (1900),  1,396. 

Sitka  Island,  or  Baranoff  (ba-ran'of)  isl- 
and. An  island  on  the  coast  of  Alaska,  con- 
taining the  town  of  Sitka.  Length,  about  85 
miles. 

Sitten.    See  Sion. 

Sittingbourne  (sit'ing-b6rn) .  A  town  in  Kent, 
England,  36  miles  east-southeast  of  London. 
Population  (1891),  8,302. 

Sitting  Bull  (sit'ing  bul).  Bom  about  1837: 
died  Dec.  15,  1890.  A  Dakota  chief.  He  com- 
manded the  Indians  who  defeated  Custer's  command  at 
the  battle  of  the  Little  Big  Horn,  1876;  and  was  killed  near 
Fort  Yates,  North  Dakota,  while  resisting  arrest  by  tlie 
Indian  police  during  the  Sioux  outbreak  in  1890. 

Situla  (sit'ii-la).  The  fourth-magnitude  star  /c 
Aquarii,  on  the  edge  of  the  stream  which  issues 
from  the  urn. 

Siuchu  (syo'cho").  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Szechuen,  China,  at  the  junction  of  the  Wen 
and  Yangtse. 

Siut  (se-of),  or  Assiut,  or  Assiout,  or  Asyoot 
(a-syof).  The  capital  of  Upper  Egypt,  situated 
near  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile,  in  lat.  27°  12'  N. : 
one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  Egypt.  It  is  a  rail- 
road terminus.    Population  (1897),  42,078. 

Siva  (se'va).    See  Shiva. 

Sivaji,  or  Sivajee  (se-va'je).  Originally,  a  law- 
less chief  of  the  Konkan,  the  northern  section 
of  the  Western  Ghats,  son  of  a  vassal  of  the 
Sultan  of  Bijapur,  who  as  such  held  the  for- 
tresses of  Joonere  and  Poena.  He  was  born  at  Joo- 
nere  in  1627.  Forming  the  mountaineers  of  the  Konkan  into 
loose  but  organized  bands  of  horsemen,  he  waged  for  many 
years  a  war  of  craft  and  arms  with  the  Mogul  emperor  Au- 
rung-Zeb,  at  last  compelling  the  Sultan  of  Bijapur  to  recog- 
nize him  as  the  independent  sovereign  of  the  Konkan, 
being  installed  as  Maharaja  with  great  pomp  in  1674.  In 
1677  he  led  a  Mahratta  army  through  Golconda,  and  con- 
quered a  kingdom  represented  down  to  recent  times  by 
the  Baja  of  Tanjore.  He  died  about  1680,  having  main- 
tained his  independence  until  his  death. 

Sivalik  Hills.    See  Siwalik  Mills. 

Sivan  (siv'an).  [Heb.  sivdn,  Assyro-Babylonian 
simdnu.2  The  third  ecclesiastical  and  ninth  civil 
month  of  the  Jewish  year,  corresponding  to 
the  latter  part  of  May  and  part  of  June  :  conse- 
crated to  the  moon-god  (Sin)  of  the  Assyrians. 

Sivas  (se-vas').  1.  A  vilayet  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 
Area,  32,308  square  miles.  Population,  996,120. 
— 2.  The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Sivas,  situ- 
ated on  the  Kizil  Irmak  about  lat.  39°  87'  N., 
long,  37°  2'  E.  it  was  the  ancient  Sebasteia ;  was  the 
capital  of  part  of  Armenia ;  and  later  belonged  to  the  Sel- 
juks  and  to  Irak.    Population,  about  20,000. 

Sivash  (se-vash' ),  or  Putrid  Sea  (pu'trid  se).  An 
arm  of  the  Sea  of  Azoff,  northeast  of  the  Crimea, 
separated  from  the  main  sea  by  the  tongue  of 
Arabat,  and  connected  with  it  by  the  Strait  of 
Genitchi.  it  is  shallow,  very  salt,  and  largely  occupied 
by  lagoons  and  sWamps.    Length,  about  100  miles. 

Siwa  (se'wa).  An  oasis  in  the  desert  of  north- 
eastern Africa,  below  the  sea-level,  west^south- 
west  of  Alexandria,  about  lat.  29°N.,long.26°E. 
It  contains  several  lakes  and  the  town  of  Siwa.  It  was 
ancientlytheseatof  the  oracle  of  Jupiter  Ammon.  Length, 
about  20  miles.    Population,  about  3,000. 

Siwalik  (se-wa'lik),  or  Sivalik  (se-va'lik), 
Hills.  A  range  of  low  mountains  in  the  North- 
west Provinces,  British  India,  between  the  head 
waters  of  the  Jumna  and  the  Ganges,  nearly 
parallel  with  the  Himalaya. 

Siward  (se'ward).  Died  1055.  Earl  of  North- 
umberland 1041-55.  He  is  introduced  as  a 
character  in  Shakspere's  "  Macbeth." 

Siwash.    See  Sivash. 

Six  Articles,  Act  of.  In  English  history,  an 
act  passed  in  1539.  it  asserted  (l)  Transubstantia- 
tion ;  (2)  the  sufficiency  of  communion  in  one  kind ;  (3)  celi- 
bacy of  the  clergy ;  (4)  the  maintenance  of  vows  of  chastity ; 
(5)  the  continuation  of  private  masses ;  and  (6)  auricular 
confession.  The  penalty  for  denying  the  first  was  death ; 
for  the  rest,  forfeiture  of  property} or  th  e  first  offense,  death 
for  the  second. 

Six  Cities,  The.  In  German  history,  the  cities 
Bautzen,  Zittau,  LSbau,  Kamenz,  GSrlitz,  and 
Laubau,  which  in  1346  formed  a  league  against 
plundering  knights,  and  received  privileges. 
The  last  two  were  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1816  ;  the  first  four 
(under  the  name  Four  Cities)  retain  certain  rights. 

Six  Months'  War.  The  Franco-German  war, 
July,  1870,-Jan.,  1871. 

Six  Nations,  The.  A  confederation  of  Indian 
tribes  of  the  Huron-Iroquois  family,  it  was 
composed  at  first  of  the  Mohawks,   Senecas,  Cayugas, 


Skardo 

Oneidas,  andOnondagas(the  Five  If  ations),  to  which  later 
the  Tuscai'oras  were  added.    See  Iroquois. 

Sixtine  Chapel,  Sixtine  Madonna.  See  Sis- 
tine and  Madonna. 

Sixtus  (siks'tus)  I,  Bishop  of  Eome  about 
119-126  A.  D. 

Sixtus  II.  Bishop  of  Rome  257-258.  He  was 
martyred  under  Valerian. 

Sixtus  III.    Bishop  of  Eome  432-440. 

Sixtus  IV.  (Francesco  della  Eovere).  Bom 
near  Savona,  Italy,  July,  1414:  died  Aug., 
1484.  Pope  1471-84.  He  was  a  patron  of  art  and 
learning,  but  was  notorious  for  his  nepotism.  He  built 
the  Sistine  Chapel  in  the  Vatican. 

Sixtus  V.  (Felice  Peretti).  Bom  Dec,  1521: 
died  Aug.,  1590.  Pope  1585-90.  He  fixed  th© 
number  of  cardinals  at  70. 

Skadi(ska'de).  [ON.SfcadW.]  In  Old  Norse  my- 
thology, a  giantess,  the  daughter  of  the  giant 
Thjazi  and  the  wife  of  the  god  Nj6rd.  Three 
nights  she  dwelt  with  NjSrd  at  his  abode  Noatun(ON. 
Moatun) ;  nine  she  and  Njord  were  in  Thor's  abode  Thrud- 
heim  (ON.  ThrudlUmmr),  where  she  hunted  with  bow  and 
snow-shoes.  She  was  also  called  Ondurdis  (ON.  Ondurdit), 
the  snow-shoe  goddess. 

Skagastolstind  (ska'gas-tfels-tind).  One  of  the 
highest  summits  of  Norway,  situated  in  the 
Jotun  Fjeld  about  lat.  61°  34'  N.  Height,  7,875 
feet. 

Skagen,  Cape.    See  Skaw,  The. 

Skager-Rack(skag'er-rak').  Achannel,northof 
Jutland  and  south  of  Norway,  which  connects 
the  North  Sea  with  the  Cattegat,  and  hence  with 
the  Baltic.    Breadth,  about  70-90  miles. 

Skagit  (skag'it).  A  river,  in  the  southern  part 
of  British  Columbia  and  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  Washington,  which  flows  into  Puget 
Sound  52  miles  north  of  Seattle.  Length, 
about  150  miles. 

Skalitz,  or  Bohmisch-Skalitz  (b6'mish-ska'- 
lits) .  A  small  town  in  northeaistern  Bohemia, 
situated  on  the  Aupa  73  miles  east-northeast  of 
Prague.  Here,  June  28,  1866,  the  Prussians  under  Von 
SteinmetzdefeatedtheAustrians  under  Archduke  Leopold. 

Skanda(skan'da).  [Skt., 'theleaper.']  InHin- 
du  mythology,  the  younger  of  the  two  sons 
of  Shiva,  Ganesha  and  Skanda.  He  is  called  the 
god  of  war  because  he  is  commander-in-chief  of  the  armies 
of  good  demons,  whom  he  leads  against  the  evil,  especially 
against  those  who  seek  to  overcome  and  enslave  the  gods. 
He  is  often  called  Karttikeya,  fi-om  his  foster-mothers,  the 
six  Krittikas,  or  Pleiades,  and  then  has  six.  heads  and 
twelve  arms :  the  six  heads  that  he  might  be  nursed  by  the 
six  nurses,  and  the  twelve  arms  to  hold  at  the  same  time 
various  weapons.  In  the  south  of  India  he  is  not  worshiped 
as  presiding  over  war,  but  as  Subrahmanya,  'the  very  pi- 
ous or  sacred  one,*  Subrahmanya  and  his  two  wives,  ]5e- 
vayani  and  Valliamman,  are  there  believed  to  grant  chil- 
dren, and  to  thwart  and  cast  out  devils, 

Skandapurana(skan-da-p6-ra'na).  In  San- 
skrit literature,  a  Purana  in  which  Slfeanda  is  the 
narrator,  it  is  said  to  contain  81,800  stanzas,  and  is  an 
aggregation  of  many  originally  unrelated  works  and  frag- 
ments. The  most  celebrated  is  the  Kashi  Khanda,  'Benares 
Section,'  describing  minutely  the  temples  of  Shiva  at  or 
near  Benares,  and  giving  directions  for  Shiva- worship  aud 
legends  attesting  the  holiness  of  Kashi  or  Benares.  The 
greater  part  of  the  Kashi  Khanda  antedates  the  first  attack 
upon  Benares  by  Mahmud  of  Ghazni,  the  first  renowned 
conqueror  of  India,  who  reigned  997-1030  A.  B,,  and  is  said 
to  have  made  twelve  expeditions  into  India.  The  TJtkala 
Khanda  is  the  section  explaining  the  holiness  of  Orissa, 
the  inhabitants  of  which  were  known  as  TJtkalas.  A  part 
of  the  Skandapurana  has  been  printed  at  Bombay. 

Skanderbeg.    See  Scanderheg. 

Skanderun,  or  Scanderun,  or  Scanderoon. 

See  Alexandretta. 

Skanderun,  or  Scanderun,  Bay  of.  See/«fco«- 
derun,  Bay  of. 

SkS,ne  (ska'ne),  G,  Schonen  (sho'nen).  The 
southernmost  of  the  old  divisions  of  Sweden, 
comprising  the  modem  laens  (provinces)  of 
Malmohus  and  Christian  stad. 

Skaneateles  (skan-e-at'les).  Atown  in  Onon- 
daga County,  New  York,  situated  at  the  foot  of 
Lake  Skaneateles,  15  miles  west-southwest  of 
Syracuse.    Population  (1890),  1,559. 

Skaneateles,  Lake.  A  lake  in  central  New 
York,  southwest  of  Syracuse  and  east  of  Au- 
burn. Its  outlet  is  into  Seneca  Eiver.  Length, 
14  miles. 

Skaptar  JokuU  (skap'tar  yfe-kol').  A  volcanic 
group  in  southern  Iceland,  on  the  western  side 
of  the  Vatna  Jokull.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  great 
eruption  in  1783. 

Skaraborg  (ska'ra-borg).  A  laen  in  Gothland, 
Sweden,  between  Lakes  Wener  and  Wetter. 
Area,  3,307  square  miles.  Population  (1893), 
estimated,  243,223. 

Skardo  (skar'do),  or  Iskardo  (is-kar'do).  The 
capital  of  Baltistan,  Kashmir,  situated  on  the 
Indus  in  lat.  35°  17'  N. 


Skaw,  The 

Skaw  (sM),  The,  or  Skagen  (ska'gen),  Cape. 
A  cape  at  the  northeastern  extremity  of  Jutland, 
Denmark,  in  lat.  57°  44'  N.,  long.  10°  37'  E. 

Skeat  (sket),  Walter  William.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, Nov.  21, 1835.  Anoted  English  philologist. 
Ee  graduated  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  In  1868, 
and  was  mathematical  lecturer  there  186t-71,  and  Eng- 
lish lecturer  1867-83.  He  was  appointed  first  Elrington  and 
Bosworth  professor  of  Anglo-Saxon  at  Cambridge  in  1878. 
He  has  edited  "Parallel  Extracts  from  Twenty-Nine  Manu- 
scripts of  Piers  Plowman  "  (1866),  "The  Romans  of  Parte- 
nay,  or  of  Lusignan,  otherwise  known  as  the  Tale  of  Melu- 
sine "  (1866),  "  The  Vision  of  Wjlliam  concerning  Piers 
Plowman  "  (1867-85 :  the  three  versions  of  the  text  with 
"Richard  theKedeles"  and  "The  Crowned  King"),  "Speci- 
mens of  English  Literature,  A.D.1394-1679"(1871),"Speci- 
mens  of  English  Literature,  A.D.  1298-1393  "  (1S72),  Chau- 
cer's "Treatise  on  the  Astrolabe"  (1872),  "Seven  Reprint- 
ed Glossaries  "  (1873),"  Ray's  CSlossary  Reprinted"  (1874), 
"  Tales  from  the  Canterbury  Tales  "  (1874),  "  Plutarch :  be- 
ing a  Selection  from  the  Lives  in  North's '  Plutarch '  which 
illustrate  Shakespeare's  Plays  "  (1875),  "  The  Gospel  of  St. 
Mark  in  Gothic,  according  to  the  feanslation  made  by 
Wulflla  in  the  Fourth  Century ;  with  a  Grammatical  Intro- 
duction and  Glossarial  Index "  (1882),  "Chaucer's  Minor 
Poems  "  (1888),  a  complete  edition  of  Chaucer,  the  publica- 
tion of  which  was  begun  in  1894,  etc.  He  has  also  written 
"An  Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language,  ar- 
ranged on  a  Historical  Basis"  (1879-81, 1884,  and  1892),  "A 
Concise  Etymological  Dictionary  of  theEngUsh  Language" 
(1883, 1888),  "The  Principles  of  English  Etymology  "(first 
series  1887;  with  A.  L.  Mayhew),"  A  Concise  Dictionary  of 
Middle  English  1160-1680  "  (1888), ' '  Primer  of  English  Ety- 
mology "  (1892),  etc.  Tor  many  of  his  Early  English  Text 
Society  publications  he  wrote  critical  introductions  and 
supplied  notes  and  glossarial  indexes. 

Skeggs(skegz),CarolinaWilhelmina  Amelia. 

One  of  the  town  ladies  who  imposed  upon  the 
innocent  family  of  the  Vlear  of  Wakefield,  in 
Goldsmith's  novel  of  that  name. 

SkellefteS,  Elv  (skel-lef'te-a  elv).  A  river  in 
northern  Sweden  which  rises  in  the  Stor-Af  van 
and  flows  into  the  Grulf  of  Bothnia  about  lat. 
64°  45'  N.    Length,  about  140  miles. 

Skelligs  (8kel'igz),The.  Agroup  of  rooks  south- 
west of  Ireland,  in  lat.  51°  46'  N. ,  long.  10°  32'  W. 

Skelton  (skel'toi)),  John.  Bom  about  1460: 
died  probably  iii  1529.  An  English  scholar  and 
poet.  He  was  a  prot6g6  of  Henry  VII.,  a  noted  scholar, 
and  the  tutor  of  Henry  VIII.  He  took  holy  orders  in  1498, 
and  for  25  years  was  rector  of  Diss  in  Norfolk :  he  was  sus- 
pended from  this  office  for  marrying,  but  was  not  deprived. 
He  wrote  "The  Bowge  of  Court,"  "The  Boke  of  Phyllyp 
Sparrow,"  "Magnificence,"  "  The  Tunning  of  Elinor  Rum- 
myng,"  "The  Garland  of  Laurel,"  "Colin  Clout,"  a  satire 
on  the  clergy,  and  "  Why  come  ye  not  to  Court?"  a  satire 
on  Wolsey,  etc.  His  rough  wit  and  eccentric  character 
made  him  the  hero  of  a  book  of  "  merye  "  tales. 

Skene  (sken),  William  Forbes.  >  Born  at  In- 
verie,  in  Kincardineshire,  June  7, 1809 :  died  at 
Edinburgh,  Sept.  3, 1892.  A  Scottish  historian. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Edinburgh  High  School,  in  Ger- 
many, and  at  the  universities  of  St.  Andrews  and  Edin- 
burgh. In  1881  he  succeeded  Hill  Burtonas historiographer 
for  Scotland.  He  wrote  "The  Highlanders  of  Scotland" 
(1837),  "Chronicles  of  the  Plots  and  Scots"  (1867),  "The 
Four  Ancient  Books  of  Wales  "  (1868),  etc. 

Skerries  (sker'iz),  Out.  A  group  of  islets 
of  the  Shetlands,  Scotland,  10-12  miles  east  of 
Mainland. 

Skerries  Bocks.  A  group  of  rocks  in  the  Irish 
Sea,  northwest  of  Anglesea,  Wales,  in  lat.  53° 
25'  N.,  long.  4°  36'  W. 

Skerryvore  (sker-i-v6r').  A  reef  in  the  Atlan- 
tic, southwest  of  Tiree,  Scotland,  in  lat.  56°  19' 
N.,  long.  7°  7'  W.    It  has  a  lighthouse. 

Sketch-Book,  The.  A  collection  of  tales  and 
sketches  by  Washington  Irving,  published  in 
1820.  It  contains  "Rip  Van  Winkle,"  "The 
Legend  of  Sleepy  Hollow,"  etc. 

Sketches  by  Boz.  A  collection  of  stories  by 
Dickens,  published  1835-36. 

Sketchley  (skech'li),  Arthur,  The  pseudonym 
of  Greorge  Bose  (1830-82),  an  English  humor- 
ous writer.  In  1863  he  appeared  before  the  English  pub- 
lic as  the  originator  of  "Mrs.  Brown." 

Skibbereen  (skib-e-ren' ) .  A  town  in  the  county 
of  Cork,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Hen,  near  its 
mouth,  42  miles  southwest  of  Cork.  Popula- 
tion, 3,269. 

Skidbladner  (skid-blad'ner).  In  Norse  my- 
thology, the  ship  of  Frey. 

Skiddaw  (skid'&).  A  mountain  in  Cumberland, 
one  of  the  highest  in  England,  situated  near  Kes- 
wick, 19  miles  southwest  of  Carlisle.  Height, 
3,058  feet. 

Skidi  (ske'de),  or  Fa'vimee  Loup  (p^'ne  18)  (i.  e. 
'Wolf  Pawnee')-  -A.  tribe  of  the  Pawnee  Con- 
federacy of  North  American  Indians,  in  prehls- 
toric  times  they  were  east  of  the  Mississippi,  being  allies 

of  the  Siouan  tribes ;  but  after  they  reached  Nebraska 

they  were  conquered  by  the  other  Pawnee  tribes,  with 

whom  they  remained.    See  Pawnee. 

Skierniewice  (skyer-nye-vit'se).  Atowninthe 
government  of  Warsaw,  Russian  Poland,  42 
miles  southwest  of  Warsaw.  It  was  the  meeting- 
place  of  the  emperors  of  Russia,  Germany,  and  Austria 
in  Sept,  1884. 


937 

Skillet  Fork  (skil'et  f6rk).  A  river  in  southern 
Illinois  which  joins  the  Little  Wabash  near 
Carmi,  in  White  County.  Length,  about  100 
miles. 

Skilloot.    See  JEclieloot. 

Skimpole  (skim'pol),  Harold.  A  character  in 
"Bleak  House,"  by  Dickens.  He  was  drawn 
from  Leigh  Hunt. 

Skinner  (skin'^r),  Cortlandt.  Bom  in  New 
Jersey,  1728 :  died  at  Bristol,  England,  1799.  A 
Tory  commander  in  the  American  Revolution. 
He  was  attorney-general  of  New  Jersey  in  1775,  and  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Revolution  raised  a  corps  of  loyalists— 
the  New  Jersey  Volunteers — which  he  commanded  with 
the  rank  of  brigadier-general.  He  removed  to  England  on 
the  conclusion  of  peace. 

Skinner,  John.  Born  in  Birse,  Aberdeenshire, 
Scotland,  in  1721:  died  June,  1807.  A  Scottish 
clergyman  and  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Marischal 
College,  Aberdeen  ;  and  took  orders  in  the  Scottish  Epis- 
copal Church;  and  had  a  charge  at  Longside,  Aberdeen- 
shire. He  was  persecuted  for  Jacobitism.  He  is  known 
by  his  songs,  collected  in  1809 :  of  these  "  TuUochgorum  " 
■was  called  by  Burns  "the  best  Scotch  song  Scotland  ever 
saw."  In  1788  he  published  an  "Ecclesiastical  History  of 
Scotland." 

Skinner,  Stephen.  Bom  at  London,  1623:  died 
at  Lincoln,  Sept.  5, 1667.  An  English  lexicog- 
rapher. He  graduated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in 
1646,  and  studied  medicine  at  Heidelberg.  His  etymologi- 
cal dictionary  of  the  English  language  ("  Etymologicon 
Linguse  Auglicanse  ")  was.  published  by  Henshaw  in  1671. 

Skinners  (skin'ferz).  The,  1.  See  j^corchenrs. 
—  2.  A  body  of  marauders  who  pillaged  West- 
chester County,  New  York,  during  Revolution- 
ary times. 

Skiold,  or  Skjold  (shold).  In  Norse  mythol- 
ogy, the  son  of  Odin,  and  a  mythical  king  of 
Denmark. 

SkioldungS,  or  SkjoldnngS  (shol'dSngz).  The 
descendants  and  followers  of  Skiold. 

Skipetar  (skip'e-tar).  [Albanian  Skipeiar,  lit. 
'  mountaineer,'  from  sMpe,  a  mountain.]  1 .  An 
Albanian  or  Arnaut.  See  Albanian. —  3.  The 
language  of  the  Albanians:  same  as  Albanian. 

Skipton (skip'ton).  Atowninthe WestRiding 
of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Aire  23 
miles  northwest  of  Leeds.  It  contains  a  castle, 
partly  destroyed  in  1649.  Population  (1891), 
10,376. 

Sklrnir  (sMr'nir).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  mythol- 
ogy, the  messenger  of  the  gods,  but  especially  of 
Frey.  He  is  sent  to  the  giants  to  woo  for  Frey  the  giant 
maiden  Gerd  (ON.  Gerdhr),  and  to  the  dwarfs  to  procure 
the  bonds  with  which  the  wolf  Fenris  is  secured. 

Skirophoria  (skir-o-fo'ri-a).  [From  Gr.  'S.iupo- 
fdpia,  pi.,  from  oKipoijidpog,  from  adpov,  a  white 
parasol  borne  in  honor  of  Athene  (hence  called 
Supi;),  and  -il)opog,  from  ^epeiv  =  E.  bear.']  An 
ancient  Attic  festival  in  honor  of  Athene,  cele- 
brated on  the  12th  of  the  month  Skirophorion 
(about  July  1). 

Skirophorion  (skir-o-f 6'ri-on).  [Prom  Gr.  J.Kipo- 
ipopiav,  the  12th  Attid  month,  from  ^Kipoipopm :  see 
Siciroplioria.']  In  the  ancient  Attic  calendar,  the 
last  month  of  the  year,  containing  29  days,  and 
corresponding  to  the  last  part  of  June  and  the 
first  part  of  July. 

Skittagetan  (skit 'ta-ge ''tan).  A  linguistic 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  in  two  chief 
divisions,  the  Haida  proper  and  the  Kaigani. 
Habitat,  the  islands  of  the  Queen  Charlotte  group,  and 
Forester  and  Prince  of  Wales  islands,  oflE  the  west  coast 
of  British  America.  Number,  from  2,500  to  2,700.  Also 
called  Haida  and  Kygani  or  Kaigani. 

Skjold.    See  SkioM. 

Skobeleff  (sko'be-lef),  Mikhail.  Born  1844: 
died  at  Moscow,  July  7, 1882.  A  Russian  gen- 
eral. He  served  with  distinction  in  the  expedition  against 
Khiva  in  1873,  and  against  Khokand  in  1876 ;  took  an  ac- 
tive part  in  the  Russo-Turkish  wai-  of  1877-78 ;  and  as 
commander-in-chief  took  Geok-Tepe  and  conquered  the 
Tekke-Turkomans  in  1881. 

Skopelo  (sko-pa'lo).  An  island  in  the  .^gean 
Sea,  belonging  to  the  nomarchy  of  Euboea, 
Greece,  16  miles  from  Euboea,  and  southeast 
of  Thessaly.  it  is  identical  either  with  the  ancient 
Halonnesus  or  with  the  ancient  Peparethua.  Length,  14 
miles. 

Skowhegan  (skou-he'gan).  The  capital  of 
Somerset  County,  Maine," situated  on  the  Ken- 
nebec 30  miles  northeast  of  Augusta.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  town,  5,180. 

Skropha,  or  Scropha  (skro'fa),  Cape.  A  cape 
in  Greece,  at  the  northwestern  entrance  to  the 
Gulf  of  Patras,  lat.  38°  16'  N.,  long.  21°  10'  E. 

Skrzynecki  (sbzhii-net'ske),  Jan  Boncza. 
Born  in  Galicia,  Feb.  18, 1786 :  died  at  Cracow, 
Jan.  12,  1860.  A  Polish  general.  He  served  in  the 
Polish  contingent  in  aid  of  Napoleon ;  joined  the  Polish 
insurrection  in  1830 ;  served  with  distinction  at  Grochow 
Feb.  25, 1831,  and  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  Feb. 
26 ;  defeated  the  Russians  at  Wawre  and  Dembe  in  March, 
and  at  Iganie  on  April  8 ;  was  defeated  at  Ostrolenka 


Slavs 

May  26 ;  and  was  superseded  in  Aug.    He  was  temporary 
commander  of  the  Belgian  army  in  1839. 

Skunk  (skungk)  River,  A  river  in  Iowa  which 
joins  the  Mississippi  11  miles  south  of  Burling- 
ton. It  receives  from  the  north  a  tributary,  the  North 
Skunk.    Length,  over  260  miles. 

Skupshtina  (ski'ipsh'ti-na).  The  national  as- 
sembly of  Servia,  consisting  of  one  chamber  and 
comprising  178  members,  three  fourths  elected 
and  one  fourth  nominated  by  the  crown.  There 
is  also  a  larger  elected  body,  called  the  Great  Skupshtina, 
which  deliberates  on  questions  of  extraordinary  impor- 
tance. 

Skye  (sK).  An  island  belonging  to  Inverness- 
shire,  Scotland,  the  largest  of  the  Inner  Heb- 
rides. It  is  separated  from  the  mainland  on  the  east  by 
the  Sound  of  Sleat,  Loch  Alsh,  etc. ;  from  North  Uist  and 
Harris  on  the  northwest  by  the  Little  Minch  ;  and  from 
Lewis  by  the  Minch.  It  contains  many  mountains  (the 
highest  over  3,000  feet).  The  chief  town  is  Portree.  The 
language  is  mostly  Gaelic.  Area,  643  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  15,800. 

Sksrros.    See  Scyros. 

Slankamen  (slan'ka-men).  A  small  town  in 
Slavonia,  Austria-Hungary,  situatedat  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Theiss  with  the  Danube,  26  miles 
north  by  west  of  Belgrad.  Here,  Aug.  19, 1691,  the 
Imperialists  under  Louis  of  Baden  defeated  the  Turks  un- 
der Koprili,  who  was  killed  in  tlie  battle. 

Slate  (slat)  Mountain,  A  summit  of  the  Elk 
Mountains  in  Colorado. 

Slater(sla't6r),  John  Fox.  Bom  at  SlatersvillOf 
R.  I.,  March  4,  1815:  died  at  Norwich,  Conn., 
May  7,  1884.  An  American  manufacturer  and 
philanthropist.  He  established  in  1882  the  Slater  Fund 
of  $1,000,000  for  the  education  of  freedmen  in  the  Soul  h. 

Slatina  (sla-te'na).  A  town  in  Wallaobia,  Ru- 
mania, situated  near  Aluta  85  miles  west  of 
Bukharest.    Population,  about  7,000. 

Slave  Coast  (slav  kost).  .A.  region  on  the  west- 
ern coast  of  Africa,  bordering  the  Bight  of  Be- 
nin. It  extends  from  the  Volta  to  the  neighborhood  of 
Benin  on  the  east.  It  is  now  divided  hetweeji  Great  Brit- 
ain, France,  and  Germany. 

Slave  Lake.    See  Crreat  Slave  Lalce. 

Slave  Biver.    See  Great  Slave  River. 

Slave-Ship,  The,  A  painting  by  J.  M.  W.  Tur- 
ner, in  the  Lothrop  collection,  Boston.  The 
slaver  has  been  wrecked  by  a  storm,  which  is  subsiding ; 
the  slaves  have  been  thrown  overboard,  and  many  are 
seen  struggling  in  the  surf,  hampered  by  their  chains,. 
The  scene  is  illumined  by  a  crimson  light. 

Slave  States,  The.  Those  of  the  United  States- 
in  which,  in  the  period  before  the  Civil  War, 
slavery  flourished.  They  were  Virginia,  North  Caro- 
lina, South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  Missis- 
sippi, Louisiana,  Texas,  Arkansas,  and  Tennessee  (all  of 
which  seceded),  and  Missouri,  Kentucky,  Maryland,  and 
Delawai-e, 

Slavinia  (sla-vin'i-a).  The  Slavic  region  in 
medieval  times,  near  the  Baltic.  The  name  was 
also  used  to  comprise  the  Slavic  regions  further 
south. 

The  name  of  Slavinia  reached  from  the  Danube  to  Pelo- 
ponnesos,  leaving  to  the  Empire  only  islands  and  detached 
points  of  coast  from  Venice  round  to  Thessalonlca.  Their 
settlements  in  these  regions  gave  a  new  meaning  to  an  an- 
cient name,  and  the  word  Macedonian  now  began  to  mean 
Slavonic,  Freeman,  Hist.  Geog.,  p.  115. 

Slavonia  (sla-v6'ni-a),  G.  Slawonien  or  Sla- 
vonien  (sla-v6'ne-en),  F.  Esclavonle  (es-kia- 
vo-ne'),  [L.,  from  Slavus,  Selavus,  Slav.]  A 
region  in  Austria-Hungary,  forming  part  of 
the  land  of  Croatia  and  Slavonia  in  the  Trans- 
leithan  (Hungarian)  division  of  the  dual  mon- 
archy. Capital,  Bssek.  it  is  bounded  by  the  Drave 
(separating  it  from  Hungary)  on  the  north  and  northeast, 
by  the  Danube  (separating  it  from  Hungary)  on  the  east, 
by  the  Save  (separating  it  from  Servia  and  Bosnia)  on  the 
south,  and  by  Croatia  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  by- 
low  mountains  and  by  hills.  The  soil  is  fertile.  The  in- 
habitants are  mostly  Slavs.  The  prevailing  languages  are 
Croatian  and  Servian.  Slavonia  formed  part  of  the  Bo- 
man  province  of  Pannonia.  Its  possession  was  disputed, 
between  Hungary  and  the  Byzantine  empire.  It  passed 
to  Hungary  in  the  12th  century,  and  was  under  Turkish 
rule  for  the  greater  part  of  the  16th  and  17th  centuries. 
See  Croatia  and  Slavonia,  and  MUitary  Frontier. 

Slavonians  (sla-vo'ni-anz).  1.  The  Slavs. — 2. 
The  inhabitants  of  Slavonia. 

Slavonlsch-Brod  (sla-vo'nish-brod'').  A  trad- 
ing town  in  Slavonia,  on  the  Danube  in  lat,  45° 
8'  N.,  long.  18°  E. 

Slavophiles  (slav.'o-filz),  The.  A  Russian 
literary  school,  the  principal  representatives  of 
which  in  the  first  half  of  the  19th  century  were 
Pogodin,  Shevireff,  and  particularly  Aksakoff, 
KhomiakofE,  and  Kirievsky .  Thev  spoke  with  scorn 
of  western  Europe,  and  particularly  of  France,  and  pro- 
claim ed  the  superiority  of  Old  Russia  and  the  old  Byzantine 
civilization,  and  prophesied  a  brilliant  future  for  the  Slav 
race.  It  was  a  literary  movement  of  which  the  doctrines 
are  now  fallen  into  disuse.  It  should  not  be  confounded 
with  the  doctrine  of  Panslavism,  which  is  political. 

Slavs  (slavz).  1.  A  race  of  peoples  widely 
spread  in  eastern,  southeastern,  and  central 
Europe.     The  Slavs  are  divided  into  two  sections — tho 


Slavs 

southeastern  and  the  western.  The  former  section  com- 
prises the  Kusslans,  Ruthenians,  Bulgrarians,  Serbo-Croa- 
tians,  Bosniaks,  Montenegrins,  and  Slovenes ;  the  latter, 
the  Poles,  Bohemians,  Moravians,  Slovaks,  Wends,  etc. 

We  start  with  the  north  of  Europe,  with  that  race  which 
at  the  present  day  occupies  the  east  of  our  portion  of  the 
globe,  the  Slavs.  It  is  generally  known  that  these  peoples 
appear  for  the  ilrst  time  in  history  in  the  first  century  of 
our  era  under  the  jiame  of  Veneti  (Tacitus,  Germ.,  46)  or 
Venedi  (Pliny,  Hist.  Nat.,  IX.  96),  and  their  abode  at  this 
period  can  be  made  out  with  tolerable  certainty.  On  the 
one  hand,  they  cannot  yet  have  touched  the  north  coast 
of  the  Black  Sea,  tor  this  district  was  occupied  by  the 
Persian  Sarmatse  or  Sauromatse  ;  on  tlie  other  hand,  they 
cannot  on  thewesthave  crossed  either  the  Carpathians  or 
the  Vistula ;  for,  as  far  as  the  river  mentioned,  Tacitus  is 
acquainted  with  Teutonic  tribes,  which  partially,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  Bastarnse,  extended  over  it  as  far  as  the 
modem  Galicia  and  farther ;  and  in  the  ancient  Getic  or 
•  Dacian  and  Pannonian  proper  names,  large  numbers  of 
which  have  come  down  to  us,  no  one  as  yet  has  succeeded 
in  discovering  any  trace  of  Slavonic.  If,  then,  in  the  be- 
ginning of  our  era,  the  abode  of  the  Slavs  must  be  sought 
north  of  the  Black  Sea  steppes,  and  east  of  the  Vistula  and 
the  Carpathians,  it  is  also  probable  that  the  same  people 
was  settled  in  the  district  mentioned  as  much  as  five  cen- 
turies earlier. 

Schroder^  Aryan  Peoples  (tr.  by  Jevons),  p.  427, 

2.  See  the  extract. 

The  force  he  (Abd-er-Uahman  HI.)  employed  to  sustain 
the  central  power  was  a  large  standing  army,  at  the  head 
of  which  stood  his  select  body-guard  of  Slavs,  or  pur- 
chased foreigners.  They  were  originally  composed  chiefly 
of  men  of  Slavonian  nationality,  but  came  by  degrees  to  in- 
clude Franks,  Galicians,  Lombards,  and  all  sorts  of  peo- 
ple, who  were  brought  to  Spain  by  Greek  and  Venetian 
traders,  and  sold  while  still  children  to  the  Sultan,  to 
he  educated  as  Moslems.  Many  of  them  were  highly  cul- 
tivated men,  and  naturally  attached  to  their  master. 
They  resemble  in  many  respects  the  corps  of  Mamluks 
which  Saladin's  successors  introduced  into  Egypt  as  a 
body-guard,  and  which  subsequently  attained  such  renown 
as  Sultans  of  Egypt  and  Syria. 

Poole,  Story  of  the  Moors,  p.  114, 

Slawkenbergius  (sia-ken-ber'ji-us),  Hafen. 
An  imaginary  author,  noted  for  the  length  of 
his  nose:  referred  to  in  Sterne's  "Tristram 
Shandy,"  A  story  professedly  hy  him  is  intro- 
duced in  the  latter  work. 

Slay-Grood  (sla'gud),  Giant.  A  giant  in  the 
second  part  of  Bunyan's  "Pilgrim's Progress": 
killed  hy  Mr.  Greatheart. 

Sleaford  (sle'ford),  A  town  in  Lincolnshire, 
England,  17  miies  south-southeast  of  Lincoln, 
Population  (1891),  4,655, 

Sleek  (slek),  Aminadab.  A  hypocritical  char- 
acter in  Morris  Barnett's  comedy  "The  Serious 
Family." 

Sleep  and  Death.  A  group  of  Greek  sculp- 
ture in  the  royal  museum  at  Madrid.  The  two 
youths,  ivy-crowned,  stand  in  easy  attitudes,  the  arm  of 
Sleep  thrown  around  his  brother's  neck,  while  Death  holds 
a  reversed  torch  upon  a  small  altar  at  their  feet.  Behind 
Death  there  is  a  small  figure  of  Aphrodite  with  the  pome- 
granate— a  death-goddess.  The  work  dates  from  about 
the  beginning  of  the  Eoman  Empire, 

Sleeping  Ariadne.    A  celebrated  statue  in  the 

Vatican,  Home.  The  figure,  richly  draped  in  thin  tu- 
nic and  himation,  reclines  with  one  arm  thrown  over  the 
head,  which  is  supported  on  the  other  bent  at  the  elbow. 
It  is  a  flue  antique  copy  of  a  Greek  original,  probably  of 
the  time  of  the  Pergamene  school.  The  present  pedestal 
is  a  handsome  antique  sarcophagus  with  a  vigorous  gigan- 
tomachy  in  high  relief. 

Sleeping  Beauty,  The.  [F.  La  belle  aux  iois 
dormant,  G.  Dorm-dscJien,2  In  Perrault's  fairy 
tales,  aprlncesswhoin  her  fifteenth  year  pricks 
her  finger  with  a  spindle,  and  falls  into  a  sleep 
which  lasts  a  hundred  years,  thus  fulfilling  the 
prediction  of  the  fairies  at  her  christening.  All 
the  inmates  of  the  palace  sharethe  magic  slumber,  till  the 
fairy  prince  arrives  who  wakens  the  princess  with  a  kiss. 
This  story  has  been  often  told  in  French  and  English  ;  and 
Grimm  has  told  it  in  German.  Tennyson  takes  it  for  the 
subject  of  his  poem  "^  The  Day-Dreara." 

Sleepy  Hollow  (sle'pi  hol'o).  A  locality  in  Tar- 
rytown,  New  York,  rendered  famous  by  "Wash- 
ington living  in  "  The  Legend  of  Sleepy  Hol- 
low "  in  "  The  Sketeh-Book." 

Sleipnir  (slip'nir).  [ON.]  In  Old  Norse  mythol- 
ogy, the  eight-footed  steed  of  Odin. 

Slemmer  (slem'er),  Adam  J.  Bom  in  Mont- 
gomery County,  Pa.,  1828:  died  at  Fort  Lara- 
mie, Kan.,  Oct.  7,  1868.  An  American  ofSoer. 
He  successfully  defended  Fort  Pickens  against  the  Confed- 
erates at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  (Jan.-April,  1861), 
thereby  preserving  the  key  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  for  the 
"Union.  He  took  part  as  a  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers in  the  battle  of  Stone  Elver,  Dec.  31,  1862,  where  he 
was  disabled  for  further  active  service  in  the  field. 

Slender  (slen'der).  Master  Abraham.  In 
Shakspere's  "Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,"  apro- 
vineial  gentleman,  cousin  to  Robert  Shallow, 
Esq.  He  is  an  inimitable  official  booby,  in  love 
with  "sweet  Anne  Page," 

Slesvig.    The  Danish  name  of  Schleswig. 

Sleswick,    See  Sclilesivig. 

Sley.     See  Schlei. 

Slick  (slik),  Samuel  or  Sam.   A  Yankee  clock- 


938 

maker^  introduced  from  about  1835  as  a  char- 
acter into  various  works  by  T.  C.  Haliburton, 
who  afterward  used  the  name  as  a  pseudonym. 

Slidell  (sli-del'),  John.  Born  in  New  York 
city,  1793 :  died  at  London,  July  29, 1871.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  a  Democratic  member 
of  Congress  from  Louisiana  1843-46 ;  was  sent  as  United 
States  minister  to  Mexico  in  1846,  but  was  not  received  ; 
and  was  United  States  senator  from  Louisiana  1853-61,  re- 
signing as  a  Secessionist  Feb.,  1861.  He  was  sent  as  a 
Confederate  commissioner  to  France  1861,  and  with  Ma- 
son was  arrested  on  the  British  vessel  Trent  by  the  Fed- 
eral captain  Wilkes  Nov.,  1801.  On  his  release  he  sailed 
for  Europe  (Jan.,  1862).  He  failed,  however,  to  secure 
the  recognition  of  the  French  government  for  the  Con- 
federate States.    See  Trent,  The. 

Sligo  (sli'go).  1.  A  county  in  Connaught,  Ire- 
land, bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  north, 
Leitrim  on  the  east,  Roscommon  on  the  south- 
east, and  Mayo  on  the  south  and  west.  The 
surface  is  diversified.  Area,  721  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  98,013.-2.  A  seaport,  cap- 
ital of  County  Sligo,  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Garvogue,  in  Sligo  Bay,  in  lat.  54°  17'  N., 
long.  8°  28'  W.  It  has  considerable  coasting  trade, 
and  contains  a  ruined  abbey  of  some  architectural  interest. 
Population  (1891),  10,110. 

Sliven  (sle'ven),  or  Selimnia  (sa-liin'ne-a).  A 
town  in  Eastern  Rumelia,  Bulgaria,  situated  at 
the  base  of  the  Balkans,  in- lat.  42°  40'  N.,  long. 
26°  21'  E.  It  has  trade  and  manufactures,  and  is  apoint 
of  strategic  importance.  Population  (1887),  20,893.  Also 
called  Slimw,  IsUvne,  Mimye,  etc. 

Slivnitza  (sliv-nit'sa).  A  village  in  Bulgaria, 
13  miles  noTohwest  of  Sofia.  Here,  Nov.  17-19, 
1885,  the  Bulgarians  under  Prince  Alexander 
defeated  the  Servians  under  Milan. 

Sloane  (slon),  Sir  Hans.  Born  at  Killyleagh, 
County  Down,  Ireland,  April  16,  1660 :  died  at 
London,  Jan.  11, 1753.  A  British  physician  and 
naturalist.  He  resided  in  Jamaica  1685-86 ;  was  physi- 
cian to  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  1694-1724 ;  andphysician- 
generaltothearmyfrom  1716 ;  was presidentof theCoUege 
of  Physicians  1719-35  ;  and  was  physician  to  the  king  from 
1727.  In  the  latter  year  he  succeeded  Sir  Isaac  Newton  as 
president  of  the  Eoyal  Society.  His  works  include  an  ac- 
count of  his  voyage  to  Jamaica  and  of  the  natural  products 
of  that  island,  generally  called  "Natural  History  of  Jamai- 
ca"(1707-25:  whole  title,  "Voyage  to  the  IslandsMadeira, 
Barbados,  Nifeves,  St.  Christopher's,  and  Jamaica,  with  the 
Natural  History,  etc.,  of  the  last ") ;  a  catalogue  of  the 
plants  of  Jamaica ;  and  many  papers  in  the  "Philosophical 
Transactions."  His  library  (60,000  vols,  and  over '3,000 
MSS.)  and  collections  were  bequeathed  to  the  nation  on 
condition  that  £20,000 — much  less  than  their  value  — 
should  be  paid  to  his  heirs :  they  formed  the  nucleus  of 
the  British  Museum. 

Sloane,  William  Milligan.  Born  at  Rich- 
mond, Ohio,  Nov.  12, 1850.  An  American  edu- 
cator and  writer.  He  graduated  from  Columbia  Col- 
lege 1868;  studied  at  Berlin  and  Leipsic  1872-76;  was 
George  Bancroft's  secretary  at  Berlin  1873-75 ;  was  as- 
sistant and  professor  of  Latin  at  Princeton  1876-83  ;  was 
professor  of  history  there  1883-96 ;  and  became  professor 
of  history  in  Columbia  University  in  1896.  From  1885-88 
he  edited  the  "New  Princeton  Review,"  and  is  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  "American  Historical  Review."  ,  Among 
his  works  are  "The  French  War  and  the  Revolution," 
and  the  "  Life  of  Napoleon." 

Sloane  Museum.    See  Sloane,  Sir  Sans. 

Sloat  (slot),  John  Drake.  Bom  in  New  York 
city,  1780 :  died  at  New  Brighton,  Staten  Island, 
N.Y.,Nov.  28, 1867.  An  American  admiral.  He 
served  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  was  engaged  in 
suppressing  piracy  in  the  West  Indies  1824-25. 

Slocum  (slo'kum),  Henry  Warner,  Born  at 
Delphi,  Onondaga  County,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  24, 1827: 
died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  April  14,  1894,  An 
American  general  and  politician.  He  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1852 ;  resigned  his  commission  in  the  army 
in  1866 ;  and  took  up  the  practice  of  law  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  State  legislature  in  1859.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he  accepted  a  commission  as 
colonel  of  volunteers  in  the  Union  army,  and  commanded 
a  regiment  at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  July  21, 1861. 
He  was  made  a  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  the  same 
year,  and  served  with  distinction  in  the  Peninsular  cam- 
paign. He  was  promoted  major-general  of  volunteers  in 
1862,  and  engaged  in  the  battles  of  Bull  Run  (Aug.  29-30, 
1862),  South  Mountain,  Antietam,  Fredericksburg,  Chan- 
cellorsville,  and  Gettysburg  (where  he  commanded  the 
right  wing  of  the  army).  He  commanded  the  left  wing  of 
the  army  in  Sherman's  march  to  the  sea  and  his  invasion 
of  the  Carolinas  1864-66.  He  resigned  from  the  army  in 
Sept.,  1865,  and  resumed  the  practice  of  law  in  Brooklyn, 
New  York.  He  was  a  Democratic  member  of  Congress 
from  New  York  1869-73. 

Slop  (slop).  Doctor.  In  Sterne's  novel  "Tris- 
tram Shandy,"  Mrs.  Shandy's  attendant  physi- 
cian, who  breaks  Tristram's  nose  at  his  birth. 
He  is  described  as  having  "a  breadth  of  back  and  a  ses- 
quipedality  of  belly  which  might  have  done  honour  to  a 
Serjeant  in  the  Horse-Guards." 

Sloper(sl6'per),Mace.  Apseudonym  of  Charles 
Godfrey  Leland. 

Slote  (slot),  Hon.  Bardwell.  In  B.  E.  Woolf's 
play  "  The  Mighty  Dollar,"  a  character  created 
by  W.  J.  Florence :  a  caricature  of  the  American 
politician.    He  is  an  unprincipled  greedy  member  from 


Smart,  Henry 

the  Cohosh  district,  and  is  in  the  habit  of  Indicating  ex- 
pressions by  their  initials :  as,  k.  k.  (cruel  cuss),  p,  d,  q, 
(pretty  d -d  quick),  etc, 

Slough  of  Despond,  The.  A  bog  described  m 
the  first  part  of  "The  Pilgrim's  Progress"  by 
Bunyan. 

Slovaks  (slo-vaks').  A  Slavic  race  dwelling 
chiefly  in  northern  Hungary  and  the  adjoining 
part  of  Moravia, 

^ovenes  (slo-venz'),  A  Slavic  race  chiefly  in 
Styria,  Carinthia,  Carniola,  and  parts  of  the 
Kustenland  and  Hungary, 

Slowboy  (slo'boi),  Tilly.  In  Dickens's  "Crick- 
et  on  the  Hearth,"  an  awkward  nurse  employed 
by  Mr.  Peerybingle,  She  is  constantly  sm'- 
prised  at  being  so  well  treated,  and  has  a  ge- 
nius for  bumping  the  baby's  head. 

Sluis,  or  Sluys  (slois).  [F.  L'Scluse.']  A  sea- 
port in  the  province  of  Zealand,  Netherlands, 
situated  near  the  Belgian  frontier  10  miles 
northeast  of  Bruges.  A  naval  victorjf  was  gained 
here  by  Edward  III,  of  England  and  his  Flemish  allies  over 
the  French  in  1340,    Population  (1889),  2,421, 

Sly  (sli),  Christopher.  A  tinker  in  the  induc- 
tion to  Shakspere's  "  Taming  of  the  Shrew." 
He  is  found  in  a  drunken  sleep  by  a  nobleman,  who  has 
him  taken  to  his  own  liome  as  a  jest ;  and  when  he  wakes 
he  is  made  to  believe  that  he  is  the  lord  of  the  manor. 
The  "Taming  of  the  Shrew"  is  then  played  for  his  enter- 
tainment before  his  illusion  is  broken,  Harun-al-Rashid 
played  the  same  trick  on  Abu  Hassan, 

SmS/land  (sma'lant),  A  re^on  in  southern 
Sweden,  bordering  on  the  Baltic.  It  comprises 
Jonkoping,  Kronoberg,  and  Kalmar. 

Smalcald,  or  Smalkald.    See  SdhmalkaUen. 

Smalkaldic  (smal-kal'dik)  Articles.  The  arti- 
cles of  Protestant  faith  drawn  up  by  Luther  and 
submitted  to  a  meeting  of  electors,  princes,  and 
states  at  Smalkald  (or  Sehmalkalden)  in  1537, 
designed  to  show  how  far  the  Protestants  were 
willing  to  go  in  order  to  avoid  a  rupture  with 
Rome. 

Smalkaldic  League.  A  league  entered  into  at 
Smalkald  in  1531  by  several  Protestant  princes 
and  free  cities  for  the  common  defense  of  their 
faith  and  political  independence  against  the 
emperor  Charles  V. 

Smalkaldic  War.  The  unsuccessful  war  waged 
by  the  Smalkaldic  League  against  Charles  V. 
(1546-47). 

Small-Endians.    See  Little-endians. 

Small  Isles.  A  collective  name  for  the  islands 
of  Canna,  R'um,  Eigg,  and  Muck,  off  the  west- 
ern coast  of  Scotland. 

Small  weed  (smai'wed).  Grandfather.  In  Dick- 
ens's "Bleak  House,"  an  old  man,  the  grandfa- 
ther of  young  Smallweed  (called  Chickweed), 
"in  a  helpless  condition  as  to  his  lower  and 
nearly  so  as  to  his  upper  limbs."  He  enjoys  throw- 
ing his  pillows  at  his  more  feeble  wife:  both  are  then 
shaken  up  and  settled  by  their  granddaughter  Judy. 

Smaragdus  Mons  (sma-rag'dus  monz).  [Gr. 
Jili&paySoQ,  emerald.]  In  ancient  geography,  a 
mountain  in  Africa,  near  the  western  coast  of 
the  Red  Sea,  about  lat.  24°  45'  N.,  noted  for  its 
emeralds :  the  modern  Jebel  Zabareh. 

Smart  (smart),  Benjamin  Humphrey.  Born 
in  England  about  1785 :  died  in  1872.  An  Eng- 
lish grammarian,  lexicographer,  and  philosoph- 
ical writer,  for  50  years  a  teacher  of  elocution 
in  London.  He  published  "A  Grammar  of  English  Pro- 
nunciation" (1810),  "The  Rudiments  of  English  Grammar 
Elucidated  "  (1811), "  A  Grammar  of  English  Sounds  "  (1813), 
"  Practical  Logic  "  (1829),  "  Outlines  of  Sematology  "  (1831), 
"Thoughts  and  Language  "  (1835),  "Pronouncing  Diction- 
ary based  on  that  of  John  Walker"  (1836),  "  Letter  to  Dr. 
Whately  on  the  Effect  of  his  Elements  of  Logic,  etc."  (1862), 
"  Introduction  to  Grammar  on  its  True  Basis  "  (1858),  "Ac- 
cidence of  Grammar,  etc." 

Smart,  Christopher.  Bom  at  Shipbourne,Kent, 
April  11, 1722:  died  at  London,  May  18, 1770  or 
1771.  An  English  poet.  He  entered  Cambridge  (Pem- 
broke Hall)  in  17S9,  and  was  elected  fellow  in  1746.  He 
became  a  hack  writer,  and,  his  mind  giving  way,  he  died 
in  the  rules  of  the  King's  Bench.  In  the  intervals  of  a 
fit  of  insanity  he  wrote  the  poem  "A  Song  to  David," 
published  in  1763,  which  was  omitted  from  his  collected 
works  and  has  been  discovered  quite  recently.  He  also 
vreotc  "  The  Hilliad,"  a  poetical  translation  of  Phredrus 
(1765),  a  prose  translation  of  Horace,  and  metrical  ver- 
sions of  the  psalms  and  parables. 

Smart,  Sir  George  Thomas.  Bom  at  London, 
May  10,  1776:  died  there,  Feb.  23,  1867.  An 
English  musical  conductor,  instructor,  and  com- 
poser. He  was  appointed  organist  of  the  Chapel  Royal 
in  1 822,  and  composer  in  1838.  He  was  the  first  to  produce 
Mendelssohn's  "St.  Paul"  in  England,  and  was  in  great 
repute  as  a  conductor  of  musical  festivals  in  all  parts  of 
the  country  (1823-40).  He  edited  Orlando  Gibbon's  "  Mad- 
rigals"andthe  "Dettingen  Te  Deum,"  and  published  sev- 
eral volumes  of  glees,  anthems,  etc. 

Smart,  Henry.  Bom  at  London,  Oct.  26, 1813 : 
died  July  6,  1879.  An  English  musician  and 
composer :  nephew  of  Sir  G.  T.  Smart,  and  son 


Smart,  Henry 

of  Henry  Smart  (1778-1823),  a  conductor  and 
manufacturer  of  pianofortes.  He  was  organist  in 
Tai'ious  London  ohuroheB  (at  St.  Luke'a  (1844-64),  and  at 
St.  Pancras  in  1864,  when  he  became  Mind  and  was  obliged 
to  dictate  his  compositions).  His  church  music  and  part- 
songs  are  best  Icnown.  He  also  wrote  an  opera  "  Bertha, 
or  the  Gnome  of  Hartzburg  "  (186B),  and  several  cantatas, 
'■  The  Bride  of  Dunkerron  "  (1864),  "  King  Rent's  Daugh- 
ter," "  The  Fisher  Maidens  "  (1871),  and  "  Jacob  "  (1873). 

Smartas  (smar'taz),  or  Smarta  Brahmans. 

One  of  the  three'principal  classes  into  which 
the  Hindus  proper  of  the  present  day  may  be 
divided  as  to  religion,  the  other  two  being  the 
Shaivas  and  the  Vaishnavas.  The  Smartas  believe 
that  man's  spirit  is  Identical  with  the  one  Spirit,  which 
is  the  essence  of  the  universe  and  only  cognizable  through 
meditation  and  self-communion.  They  believe  also  in 
the  three  personal  gods  Brahma,  Shiva,  and  Vishnu,  with 
their  subordinate  deities,  but  only  as  coequal  manifesta- 
tions of  the  one  impersonal  Spirit  and  as  destined  to  be 
reabsorbed  into  that  Spirit.  They  are  followers  of  Shan- 
kara  (which  see). 

Smeaton  (sme'ton),  John.  Bom  at  Austhorpe, 
near  Leeds,  England,  June  8, 1724:  died  at  Aus- 
thorpe, Oct.  28,  1792.  An  English  civil  engi- 
neer. He  rebuilt  the  Bddystone  Lighthouse,  and  built 
various  canals,  bridges,  etc. 

Smectymnuiis (smek-tim'nii-us).  Theprofessed 
author  of  a  controversial  tract  against  episco- 
pacy, written  in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century 
in  answer  to  Bishop  Hall.  The  name  is  a  sort  of 
acrostic  made  up  from  the  initials  of  the  names  of  the 
authors :  Stephen  JIfarshall,  £'dmund  Calamy,  Thomas 
Koung,  JIfatthew  JFewoomeh,  TTlUiam  Spurstow. 

Smedley  (smed'li),  Francis  Edward.  Born  at 
Mario  w  in  1818:  died  at  London,  May  1, 1864. 
An  English  novelist,  editor  for  a  time  of 
"  Sharpe's  London  Magazine."  Hewrote  "  Frank 
Falrleigh"  (1850),  "Lewis  Arundel"  (1852),  and  "Harry 
Coverdale's  Courtship  "  (1854).  His  books  were  illustrated 
by  Cruikshank  and  "Phiz." 

SmelfungUS  (smel-fung'gus).  A  name  given 
by  Sterne  to  Smollett,  on  account  of  the  pes- 
simistic character  of  Smollett's  "Travels." 

Smellie  (smel'i),  William.  Born  at  Edinburgh 
in  1740:  died  there,  June  24,  1795.  A  Scottish 
printer  and  author.  He  edited  the  first  edition  of  the 
"Encyclopsedia  Britannioa"  (1768-71),  and  is  understood 
to  have  been  largely  responsible  for  the  plan  of  that  work 
and  to  have  been  the  principal  compiler.  He  also  wrote 
"  Philosophy  of  Natural  History  "  (1790-99). 

Smerdis  (smSr'dis),  or  Bardija.  Killed  about 
523  B.  c.  The  brother  of  Cambyses  of  Persia, 
by  whose  orders  he  was  put  to  death. 

Smerdis,  Fseudo-,  or  the  False  Smerdis. 

.  Killed  521 B.  c.  A  Miagian  and  Mede  who  claimed 
to  be  Smerdis  and  usurped  the  throne  of  Persia 
522-521  B.  c. 

Smeru(sma'r6).  The  highest  mountain  in  Java, 
situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  island: 
an  active  volcano.    Height,  12,148  feet. 

Smetana  (sme-ta'na),  Friedrich.  Born  in  Bo- 
hemia, March  2,  1824 :  died  May  12,  1884.  A 
Bohemian  musician  and  composer,  a  pupil  of 
Prokseh  and  Liszt.  He  produced  a  number  of  operas, 
symphonic  poems,  etc.,  and  was  conductor  in  the  National 
Theater  at  Prague  1866-74,  when  he  resigned  on  account 
of  deafness.  Among  his  operas  are  "  Married  for  Money," 
"The  Brandenburger  in  Bohemia,"  and  "The  Bartered 
Bride."  The  last  suddenly  became  famous  in  Vienna  in 
1892,  and  since  that  time  Smetana's  name  has  been  widely 
known  outside  of  Bohemia.    He  died  insane. 

Smethwick  (smeTH'ik).  Atowniu  Staffordshire, 
Eng.,  3  miles  west  of  Birmingham.  It  has  va- 
rious manufactures.   Population  ^1901),  54,589. 

Smike  (smik).  In  Dickens's  "Nicholas  Mck- 
leby,"  a  poor  homeless  persecuted  boy,  abused 
by  Squeers,  afterward  befriended  by  Nicholas 
Niokleby,  and  finally  discovered  to  be  Ealph 
Nickleby's  son. 

Smiles  (smilz),  Samuel.  Bom  at  Haddington, 
Scotland,  Deo.  23,  1812 :  died  at  London,  April 
16,  1904.  A  Scottish  miscellaneous  writer. 
He  was  graduated  iu  medicine  at  Edinburgh ;  but,  after 
practising  at  Haddington,  became  editor  of  the  "Leeds 
Times."  He  was  assistant  secretary  to  the  Leeds  and 
Thirsk  Railway  Company  1846-64,  and  secretary  of  the 
South-Eastem  Railway  1854-66.  His  works  include  "  His- 
tory of  Ireland  "  (1844), ' '  Life  of  George  Stephenson  "  (1857), 
"Self-Help,  with  Illustrations  of  Character  and  Conduct" 
(1869), "  Brief  Biographies  "  (1860), "  Lives  of  the  Engineers  " 
(1861-66), ' ' Industrial  Biography  " (1863), "The Huguenots " 
(1867),  "Character"  (1871),  "The  Huguenots  in  France" 
(1874),  "Thrift  "(1876). 

Smillie  (smi'li),  George  Henry.  Bom  a,t  New 
York,  Dec.  29,  1840.  An  American  landscape- 
painter,  brother  of  J.  D.  Smillie.  Inl871hemade 
a  sketching  tour  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Yosem- 
ite  Valley,  and  in  Florida  in  1874.  He  first  exhibited  at 
the  National  Academy  in  1863,  and  was  made  a  national 
academician  in  1882. 

Smillie.  James.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Scotland, 
1807 :  died  at  New  York,  Dec.  5,  1885.  A  Scot- 
tish-American engraver.  He  came  to  America  in 
lo21,  and  settled  in  New  York  in  1829,  He  engraved  bank- 
notes and  was  eminent  as  an  engraver  of  landscapes, 
among  which  are  Cole's  series  "The  Voyage  of  Lite," 
Blerstadt's  "  Rocky  Mountains,"  etc. 


.939 

Smillie,  James  D.  Bom  at  New  York,  June 
16,  1833,  An  American  landscape-painter,  son 
of  James  Smillie  the  engraver,  who  educated 
him  in  that  profession.  He  was  made  a  mem- 
ber of  the  National  Academy  in  1876. 

SmintheuS  (smin'thus).  [(Jr.  SfuvBevc.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  a  surname  of  Apollo. 

The  very  n  ame,  Smintheus,  by  which  his  favourite  priest 
calls  on  him  in  the  "Iliad  "  (i.  39),  might  be  rendered 
"  Mouse  Apollo,"  or  "Apollo,  Lord  of  Mice."  As  we  shall 
see  later,  mice  lived  beneath  the  altar,  and  were  fed  in  the 
holy  of  holies  of  the  god,  and  an  image  of  a  mouse  was 
placed  beside  or  upon  his  sacred  tripod. 

Lang,  Custom  and  Myth,  p.  103. 

Smirke  (smerk),  Eobert.  Bom  near  Carlisle, 
England,  1752 :  died  at  London,  Jan.  5,  1845. 
An  English  historical  painter  and  illustrator. 

Smirke,  Sir  Bobert,  Bom  at  London,  1780 : 
died  at  Cheltenham,  April  18, 1867.  An  English 
architect,  son  of  Eobert  Smirke.  He  designed 
the  British  Museum. 

Smirke,  Sydney.  Bom  1799 :  died  Dec.  11, 1877. 
An  English  architect,  brother  of  Sir  Robert 
Smirke.  He  succeeded  his  brother  as  architect  to  the 
British  Museum  in  1847. 

Smith  (smith),  Adam.  Bom  at  Kirkcaldy,  Pife- 
shire,  Scotland,  June  5, 1723:  died  at  Edinburgh, 
July  17,  1790.  A  celebrated  Scottish  political 
economist.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow  and  Oxford, 
and  in  1748  became  lecturer  on  rhetoric  and  belles-lettres 
at  Edinburgh.  He  accepted  in  1751  the  chair  of  logic  at 
Glasgow,  which  ho  exchanged  for  that  of  moral  philosophy 
in  the  same  university  in  1752.  In  1763  he  resigned  his 
professorship  in  order  to  travel  on  the  Continent  as  tutor 
of  the  young  duke  of  Bucoleuch  (1764-66),  and  afterward 
lived  for  a  time  in  studious  retirement  at  Kirkcaldy.  He 
became  commissioner  of  customs  at  Edinburgh  in  1778 ; 
and  was  elected  lord  rector  of  the  University  of  Glasgow 
in  1787.  His  chief  works  are  "Inquiry  into  the  Nature 
and  Causes  of  the  Wealth  of  Nations  "  (1776)  and  "  Theory 
of  Moral  Sentiments  "  (1759)„ 

Smith,  Alexander.  Bom  at  Kilmarnock,  Scot- 
land, Dec.  31, 1830 :  died  at  Wardie,  near  Edin- 
burgh, Jan.  5,  1867.  A  Scottish  poet  and  mis- 
cellaneous author.  He  wrote  "A  Life  Drama  and 
other  Poems "  (1863),  "War  Sonnets"  (with  Dobell,  1855), 
etc.  His  chief  prose  works  are  "A  Summer  in  Skye  "  (1866) 
and  "  Alfred  Hagart's  Household  "  (1866). 

Smith,  Andrew  Jackson.  Born  April  28, 
1815 :  died  Jan.  30,  1897.  A  Union  general 
in  the  Civil  War.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the 
Vicksburg  and  Red  River  campaigns  (1862-63  and  1864), 
participating  in  the  battles  of  Pleasant  Hill  and  Nashville 
(1864).  He  also  bore  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  reduction 
of  Mobile,  March-April,  1866. 

Smith,  Benjamin  Leigh.  Bom  1828.  An  Eng- 
lish arctic  explorer.  He  conducted  expeditions  to 
Spitzbergen  in  1871,  1872,  and  1873,  and  to  Franz  Josef 
Land  in  1880  and  1881-82. 

Smith,  Buckingham.  Born  at  Cumberland  Isl- 
and, Ga.,  Oct.  81, 1810:  died  at  New  York  city, 
Jan.  5,  1871.  An  American  antiquary.  He  ed- 
ited, translated,  and  wrote  various  works  in  Spanish  and 
English  relating  to  early  Spanish  explorations  in  America. 

Smith,  Charles  Emory.  Bom  in  1842.  An 
American  journalist,  editor  of  the  Philadelphia 
"  Press."  He  was  minister  to  Russia  under  President 
Harrison  1890-92,  and  postmaster-general  1898-Dec.,  1901. 

Smith,  Charles  Ferguson.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, April  24,  1807:  died  at  Savannah,  Tenn., 
April  25, 1862.  An  American  general.  He  gradu- 
ated at  West  Point  in  1825 ;  served  as  instructor,  adjutant, 
and  commandant  at  West  Point  1829-42 ;  commanded  a 
light  battalion  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  was  distinguished 
at  Palo  Alto,  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  Monterey,  Churubusco, 
etc. ;  commanded  the  Red  River  expedition  in  1856 ;  and 
served  in  the  Utah  expedition  1857-60.  He  was  appointed 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  1861 ;  captured  at  the 
head  of  his  division  the  heights  commanding  the  fort  at 
the  battle  of  FortDonelson  in  1862;  and  was  made  major- 
general  of  volunteers  in  March,  1862. 

Smith,  Edmund  Kirby.  Born  at  St.  Augus- 
tine, Pla. ,  May  16, 1824 :  died  at  Sewanee,  Tenn., 
March  28,  1893.  A  Confederate  general.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1845 ;  served  in  the  Mexican 
and  Indian  wars ;  was  wounded  at  Bull  Run  in  1861 ;  led 
the  advance  in  Bragg'a  invasion  of  Kentucky  in  1862 ; 
gained  the  battle  of  Richmond,  Kentucky,  Aug.  30  1862, 
and  was  madelieutenant-general ;  served  at  PerryviUe  and 
Murfreesboro ;  was  commander  of  the  Trans-Mississippi 
department  in  1863 ;  was  opposed  to  Banks  in  the  Red 
River  campaign  of  1864 ;  was  made  general ;  and  was  the 
last  Confederate  commander  to  surrender  (May  26, 1865). 

Smith,  Eli.  Born  at  Northford,  Conn.,  Sept.  13, 
1801s  died  at  Beirut,  Syria,  Jan.  11,  1857.  An 
Americanmissionary  in  Syria,  and  Arabic  schol- 
ar. He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1821,  and  at  Andover  in  1826, 
and  in  that  year  became  superintendent  of  the  missionary 
printing-house  at  Malta :  later  he  became  conn  ected  with 
the  mission  in  Syria.  In  1829  he  traveled  in  Greece.  In 
1830-31,  with  Dr.  H.  G.  0.  Dwlght,  he  made  a  journey 
throughArmenia,Georgia,  andPersia,  and  settledmBeirut 
in  1833.  In  1838,  with  Professor  Edward  Robinson,  he 
made  a  remarkable  exploration  of  Palestine,  which  is  said 
to  have  "opened  the  second  great  era  of  our  knowledge 
of  the  Promised  Land."  In  1862  they  visited  Jerusalem 
again.  He  began  in  1844  to  translate  th  e  Bible  into  Arabic, 
and  a  large  portion  of  it  was  in  print  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  It  was  completed  by  Dr.  Cornelius  Van  Dyke  in 
1866-«7.    He  had  devised  an  improved  font  of  Arabic  type, 


Smith,  Henry  Bo3mton 

which  was  cast  at  Leipsic  in  1839  under  his  direction.  He 
published,  with  Prof  essor  Robinson,  "Biblical  Researches 
in  Palestine,  Mount  Sinai,  and  Arabia  Petreea"  in  1841: 
with  the  second  edition  (1856)  appeared  "Later, Biblical 
Researches  in  Palestine,  etc. "  He  wrote  "  Missionary  Re- 
searches in  Armenia  "  (with  Dr.  Dwight,  1833)  and  "  Ser- 
mons and  Addresses  "(1834),  and  contributed  io  the  "Bib- 
liotheca  Sacra,"  etc. 

Smith,  Erasmus  Peshine.  Bom  at  New  York, 
March  2,  1814:  died  at  Eoohester,  N.  Y.,  Oct. 
21, 1882.  An  American  jurist  and  political  econ- 
omist. He  graduated  at  Columbia  in  1832,  and  at  the 
Harvard  Law  School  in  1833 ;  was  for  some  tim  e  an  official 
in  the  state  department;  and  about  1871  became  adviser 
on  international  law  to  the  Mikado  of  Japan,  a  post  which 
he  occupied  five  years.  He  wrote  "  Manual  of  Political 
Economy"  (1863). 

Smith,  Mrs.  (Erminnie  Adelle  Piatt).  Bom  at 

Marcellus,  N.  Y.,  April  26, 1836 :  died  at  Jersey 
City,  N.  J. ,  June  9, 1886.  An  American  ethnolo- 
gist. She  published  an  Iroquois-English  dictionary, 
etc. 

Smith,  Francis  Hopkinson.  Bom  at  Balti- 
more, Md. ,  Oct.  23, 1838.  An  American  painter, 
writer,  and  civil  engineer.  He  paints  chiefly  in  wa- 
ter-color, and  has  published  and  illustrated  "  Old  Lines  in 
new  Black  and  White"  (1885),  "Well-worn  Roads,  etc." 
(1886),  "  A  Book  of  the  Tile  Club  "  (1887),  "A  White  Um- 
brella in  Mexico  "  (1889), "  Colonel  Carter  of  Cartersville  " 
(1891),  "A  DayatLaguerre's,  etc. "(1892),  "American  Illus- 
trators "  (1892),  etc. 

Smith,  George.  Born  March  26,  1840:  died  at 
Aleppo,  Aug.  19,  1876.  An  English  Assyriolo- 
gist,  a  bank-note  engraver  by  trade.  He  studied 
the  cuneiform  inscriptions  in  the  British  Museum,  and, 
through  the  influence  of  Sir  Henry  Rawlinson  and  Dr. 
Birch,  was  appointed  assistant  in  the  department  of  an- 
tiquities in  the  museum.  In  1872  he  discovered  the  Chal- 
dean account  of  the  deluge,  and  in  1871  the  key  to  the 
Cypriote  character  and  script.  In  1872  he  was  sent  by 
the  "Daily  Telegraph"  to  Nineveh,  and  in  1873  returned 
to  Nineveh  by  commission  of  the  British  Museum  and 
completed  his  excavations.  He  published  "Assyrian  Dis- 
coveries" in  1875.  On  a  third  visit,  in  1876,  he  died.  He 
also  wrote  "Annals  of  Assurbanipar'(1871),  "History  of 
Assyria"  (1876),  "Eponym  Canon  "(1876),  etc. 

Smith,  (xeorge  Barnett.  Bom  near  Halifax, 
Yorkshire,  1841.  An  English  journalist  and 
writer.  He  went  to  London  in  1864  and  was  connected 
with  the  "  Globe  "and  the  "  Echo. "  He  has  contributed 
to  the  "  Encycl  opaedia  Britannica  "  and  to  a  number  of  peri- 
odicals. Among  hisworks  are  "Poets andNovelists  "(1876), 
lives  of  Shelley  (1877),  Gladstone  (1879),  Sir  Robert  Peel 
(1881),  John  Bright(1881),  Victor  Hugo  (1886),  QueenViotoria 
(1886),  and  "William  L  and  the  German  Empire  "(1889). 

Smith,  Grerrit.  Born  at  Utiea,  N.  Y.,  March  6, 
1797 :  died  at  New  York  city,  Dec.  28, 1874.  An 
American  philanthropist.  He  was  connected  with  the 
Colonization  Society,  and  later  with  the  Antislavery  Soci- 
ety, and  gave  pecuniary  assistance  to  John  Brown,  in  whose 
affair  at  Harper's  Ferry  he  was  not,  however,  implicated. 
He  was  an  abolitionist  member  of  Congress  from  New 
York  1853-54.  Among  his  publications  are  "  Sermons  and 
Speeches"  (1861)  and  "Nature  the  Base  of  a  Free  Theol- 
ogy" (1867). 

Smith,  Goldwin.  Bom  at  Eeading,  England, 
Aug.  13,  1823.  An  English  historian  and  pub- 
licist. He  graduated  at  Oxford  in  1845 ;  was  regius  pro- 
fessor of  modern  history  at  that  university  1868-66;  and 
was  professor  of  English  and  constitutional  history  at 
Cornell  University  (Ithaca,  New  York)  from  1868  to  1871, 
when  he  exchanged  his  chair  for  that  of  a  non-resident 
professor  and  removed  to  Toronto.  He  became  a  member 
of  the  senate  of  the  Toronto  University ;  was  editor  of  the 
"  Canadian  Monthly  "  1872-74 ;  and  founded  the  "  Toronto 
Week"  in  1884.  He  has  published  "Lectures  on  Modern 
History  "  (1861),  "  Irish  History  and  Irish  Character  "  (1861), 
"Rational  Religion"  (1861),  "On  Church  Endowments" 
(1862),  "The  Empire"'  (1863),  "Civil  War  in  America" 
(l866),  "Three  English  Statesmen"  (1867),  "Reorganiza- 
tion of  the  University  of  Oxford"  (1868),  "Relations  be- 
tween America  and  England"  (1869),  "Short  History  of 
England "(1869),  "  Conduct  of  England  to  Ireland  "  (1882), 
a  "  History  of  the  United  States  "  (1893),  etc. 

Smith,  Green  Clay.  Born  1882  :  died  June  29, 
1895.  An  American  politician,  general,  and 
clergyman.  He  was  a  Federal  general  in  the  Civil  War ; 
Union  member  of  Congress  from  Kentucky  1863-66 ;  gov- 
ernor of  Montana  Territory  1866-69 ;  and  later  a  Baptist 

■  mipister.    Prohibition  candidate  for  the  presidency  1876. 

Smith,  Gustavus  Woodson.  Bom  in  Scott 
County,  Ky.,  Jan.  1,  1822:  died  June  23,  1896. 
An  American  soldier.  He  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  1842 ;  served  in  the  Mexican  war ;  and  resigned  from  the 
army  in  1864.  He  was  street  commissioner  of  New  York 
city  from  1858  to  1861,  when,  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
War,  he  entered  the  Confederate  army,  and  was  appointed 
major-general  in  Sept.,  1861.  He  was  insurance  commis- 
sioner of  Kentucky  1870-76.  He  published  "  Notes  on  Life 
Insurance"  (8d  ed.  1877)  and  "  Confederate  War  Papers" 
(1884). 

Smith,  Henry  Boynton.  Born  at  Portland, 
Maine,  Nov.  21,  1815 :  died  at  New  York  city, 
Feb.  7,  1877.  An  American  clergyman  and 
scholar.  He  became  professor  of  philosophy  at  Amherst 
College  in  1847,  and  professor  of  church  history  at  Union 
Theological  Seminary  in  1860  (and  later  of  systematic 
theology).  He  resigned  in  1874.  He  was  editor  of  the 
"  American TheologioalReview,"  "Presbyterian Review," 
and  "Princeton  Review."  His  works  include  "Relations 
of  Faith  and  Philosophy  "  (1849), "  History  of  the  Church  of 
Christ  in  Chronological  Tables  "  (1859),  "  Church  History '' 
(1851),"  Theldea  of  Christian  Theology  as  a  System  "  (1877), 
withR.  D.  Hitch  cock  a  life  of  Edward  Robinson  (1864),  etc 


Smitli,  Horace 

Smith,  Horace.  Born  at  London,  Dee.  31, 1779 : 
died  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  July  12, 1849.  An  Eng- 
lish poet,  novelist,  and  miscellaneous  writer: 
brother  of  James  Smith,  and  associated  with 
him  in  the  "  Rejected  Addresses."  He  wrote 
"Brambletye  House"  (1826)  and  many  other 
novels. 

Smith,  James.  Bom  at  London,  Feb.  10, 1775 : 
died  there,  Dec.  26, 1839.  An  English  poet,  noted 
for  a  collection  of  parodies  entitled  "Reject- 
ed Addresses"  (in  collaboration  with  Horace 
Smith  in  1812).  He  aided  Charles  Mathews  in 
"Country  Cousins,"  etc. 

Smith,  John.  Born  at  Willoughby,  Lincoln- 
shire, in  Jan.,  1579:  died  at  London,  June  21, 
1631.  An  English  adventurer,  president  of  the 
colony  of  Virginia  1608-09.  He  was  the  eldest  son 
of  George  Smith,  a  tenant  farmer.  Little  is  known  of  his 
lite,  except  through  his  own  writings,  which  are  largely 
eulogistic  of  himself  and  of  questionable  authority.  He 
studied  at  the  free  schools  of  Alford  and  Louth,  and  at  the 
age  of  fifteen  was  apprenticed  to  a  trade,  but  ran  away  and 
served  under  Lord  Willoughbyin  the  Netherlands  and  else- 
where. He  afterward  served  in  Hungary  and  Transylvania 
against  the  Tnrks,  and  was  captured  and  sent  into  davery, 
but  escaped  to  Kussia  and  ultimately  returned  to  England, 
probably  about  1605.  He  accompanied  the  expedition,  con- 
sisting of  three  vessels  and  10.5  men,  which  left  London  Dec 
19, 1606,  under  the  command  of  Christopher  Newport,  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  a  colony  in  Vir^ia.  He  pro- 
fessed to  have  been  kept  under  arrest  during  part  of  the 
voyage,  on  suspicion  of  aiming  to  usurp  the  government 
andmakehimself  king.  The  colonists  sighted  the  Virginia 
coast  (Cape  Henry)  April  26,  1607.  The  same  day  they 
opened  the  sealed  orders  which  they  carried  with  them  pro- 
viding for  the  local  government  of  the  colony.  The  orders 
named  a  council  of  seven  members,  including  John  Smith 
(although  for  the  present  he  was  not  allowed  to  lake  his 
seat),  which  was  to  elect  an  annual  president,  and  which 
ultimately  chose  Edward  Maria  Wingfleld.  The  settle- 
ment of  .famestown  began  May  13, 1607.  Smith's  energy 
in  exploring  the  neighboring  rivers,  and  his  success  in  ob- 
taining supplies  from  the  Indians,  soon  secured  for  him 
admission  to  his  place  on  the  council.  Whil  e  on  a  voyage 
of  exploration  up  the  James  in  1607  he  was  captured  by 
the  Indians  and  brought  before  Powhatan,  who  after  a  six 
weeks*  captivity  sent  him  back  to  Jamestown  (see  Poca- 
hontcts).  When  he  returned  to  Jamestown,  he  found  the 
colonists  reduced  to  40  men ;  but  they  were  presently  re- 
inforced by  the  an-ival  of  Captain  Nelson  with  140  immi- 
grants. Smith  explored  the  coasts  of  the  Chesapeake  as 
far  as  the  mouth  of  the  Patapsco  June-July,  and  the  head 
of  the  Chesapeake  July-Sept.,  1608.  On  Sept.  10, 1608,  he 
was  elected  president.  Captain  Newport  returned  from 
a  visit  to  England  with  70  colonists.  Insubordination 
and  Indian  uprisings  were  overcome  by  Smith's  tact  and 
energy,  but  false  accounts  of  his  administration  were  sent 
home  by  his  enemies.  A  new  charter  was  obtained  by  the 
proprietors  in  England  (the  London  Company) ;  Lord  Dela- 
warr  was  made  governor ;  and  three  commissioners  were 
empowered  to  manage  the  affairs  of  the  colony  until  the 
arrival  of  the  governor.  The  commissioners  sailed  in  1609 
with  over  500  emigrants  in  nine  ships,  one  of  which,  the 
Sea  Venture,  was  shipwrecked  off  the  Bermudas.  The 
warrant  of  the  new  commission  was  lost  in  the  ship- 
wreck, with  the  result  that  Smith  retained  his  presidency 
and  enforced  his  authority  over  the  new-comers,  who 
were  composed  largely  of  the  riffraff  of  London.  While 
on  an  exploring  expedition  he  was  severely  wounded  by 
the  explosion  of  his  powder-bag,  and  returned  to  Lon- 
don in  the  autumn  of  1609.  He  subsequently  (in  1614) 
conducted  an  expedition  fitted  out  by  some  London 
merchants  to  the  coast  of  New  England,  which  he  ex- 
plored from  Penobscot  to  Cape  Cod.  In  1615  he  started  on 
a  similar  voyage,  but  was  captured  by  the  French.  He 
escaped  the  same  year,  and  the  remainder  of  his  life  was 
spent  in  vain  endeavors  to  procure  financial  support  for 
the  establishment  of  a  colony  in  New  England.  He  ob- 
tained the  promise  of  20  ships  in  1617,  and  received  the 
title  of  Admiral  of  New  England,  which  he  bore  until  his 
death.  The  expedition,  however,  never  sailed.  He  wrote 
"A  True  Relation  "(1608),  "A  Map  of  Virginia  "(1612),  "A 
Description  of  New  England"  (1616),  "New  England's 
Trials  (1620),  "The  General!  Histoile  of  Virginia,  New 
England,  and  the  Summer  Isles  "(1624),"An  Accidence  for 
Young  Seamen"  (1626),  "The  True  Travels "  (1630),  and 
"Advertisements  for  the  Inexperienced  Planters  of  New 
England  "  (1631). 

Smith,  John  Cotton,  Bom  at  Sharon,  Conn., 
Feb.  12,  1765:  died  there.  Dee.  7,  1845.  An 
American  politician.  He  was  Federalist  member  of 
Congress  from  Connecticut  1801-07,  and  governor  of  Con- 
necticut 1813-18.  He  was  president  of  the  American  Bible 
Society  and  of  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  of 
Foreign  Missions. 

Smith,  John  Cotton.  Born  at  Andover,  Mass., 
Aug.  4,  1826:  died  at  New  York,  Aug.  10,  1882. 
An  American  Protestant  Episcopal  clergyman. 
He  became  rector  of  the  Church  of  the  Ascension,  New 
York  city,  in  1860,  and  was  a  leader  in  tenement-house 
reform.  He  wrote  "  Miscellanies,  Old  and  New  "  (1S76), 
"  The  Liturgy  as  a  Basis  of  Union,"  ete. 

Smith,  John  Pye.  Born  at  Sheffield,  England, 
May  25, 1774:  died  at  Guildford,  England,  Feb. 
5,  1851.  An  English  Independent  clergyman. 
He  wrote  "Scripture  Testimony  to  the  Messiah  "  (1818-21), 
"  Scripture  and  Geology  "  (1839),  ete. 

Smith,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Sharon,  Vt.,  Dee.  23, 
1805 :  killed  at  Carthage,  111.,  June  27, 1844.  A 
Mormon  prophet.  He  removed  with  his  parents,  poor 
farmers,  to  the  State  of  New  York  about  1816,  and  resided 
successively  at  Palmyra  and  Manchester.  About  1820  he 
began,  as  he  claimed,  to  have  supernatural  visions,  and 
Sept  22,  J  827,  received  from  an  angel  a  book  written  in 


940 

strange  hieroglyphics  on  golden  plates,  which  he  subse- 
quentiy  translated  with  the  aid  of  Urim  and  Thummim, 
a  pair  of  magic  spectacles.  The  translation,  which  was 
dictated  by  Smith  from  behind  a  curtain,  was  published 
in  1830  under  the  title  of  the  "Book  of  Mormon" 
(which  see),  on  the  basis  of  which  the  Mormon  Church 
was  organized  in  the  same  year.  In  Feb.,  1831,  he  re- 
moved with  his  followers  fi-om  New  York  State  to  Kirt- 
land,  Ohio,  settling  afterward  in  Missouri.  In  1840  he 
founded  the  city  of  Nauvoo,  Illinois.  Therevelation  which 
he  professed  to  have  received  July  12, 1843,  authorizing 
polygamy,  stirred  up  violent  opposition  among  his  follow- 
ers, which  found  expression  in  the  "Nauvoo  Expositor," 
a  newspaper  founded  especially  for  this  purpose.  Smith's 
adherents  destroyed  the  press,  and  a  warrant  was  procured 
for  his  arrest.  He  resisted ;  the  militia  was  called  out  to 
assist  the  constable  in  serving  the  instrument ;  and  he  was 
ultimately  lodged  in  the  jail  at  Carthage  with  his  brother 
Hyrum,  where  they  were  shot  tp  death  by  a  mob. 

Smith,  Joshua  Toulmin.  Bom  at  Birmingham, 
England,  May  29, 1816 :  died  AjjrU  28, 1869.  An 
English  antiquary.  His  works  include ' '  North- 
men in  New  England  "  (1839), ' '  History  of  Eng- 
lish Guilds"  (1870),  etc. 

Smith,  Kirby.    See  Smith,  Edmund  Kirhy. 

Smith,  Marcus.  Bom  at  New  Orleans,  Jan.  27, 
1829 :  died  at  Paris,  Aug.  11, 1884.  An  Ameri- 
can actor,  known  as  Mark  Smith :  son  of  Solo- 
mon F.  Smith.  HeplayedmanyShaksperian  parts,  and 
had  great  versatility,  ranging  easily  from  Sir  Peter  Teazle 
and  Su:  William  Fondlove  to  Diggory  and  Powhatan  (in 
Brougham's  burlesque  "Pocahontas"). 

Smith,  Melancton  or  Melancthon.    Bom  at 

New  York,  May  24, 1810 :  died  at  Green  Bay, 
Wis.,  July  19, 1893.  An  American  admiral.  He 
was  appointed  midshipman  in  the  TTnited  States  navy  in 
1826 :  was  promoted  commander  in  1855,  captain  in  1862, 
commodore  in  1866,  and  rear-admiral  in  1870.  He  served 
in  the  Civil  War  before  New  Orleans,  at  Port  Hudson,  Fort 
Fisher,  ete.  He  was  commandant  of  the  Brooklyn  navy- 
yard  1870-72,  and  was  afterward  governor  of  the  Naval 
Asylum  at  Philadelphia. 

Smith,  Morgan  Lewis.  BominOswegoCounty, 
N.  Y.,  March  8, 1822:  died  at  Jersey  City,  N.  J., 
Dec.  29,  1874.  An  American  general,  brigade 
and  division  commander  under  Grant  and  Sher- 
man in  the  West  during  the  Civil  War. 

Smith,  Philip.  Died  1885.  An  English  histo- 
rian, brother  of  Sir  William  Smith  (1813-93). 
He  was  head-master  of  the  Mill  Hill  Protestant  Dissenters' 
School,  Hendon,  andiwas  a  coadjutorof  his  brother  in  the 
compilation  of  the  dictionaries  of  Greek  and  Eoman  an- 
tiquities, biography,  and  geography.  He  published  "A 
History  of  the  World  "  (1864  et  seq.). 

Smith,  Bobert.  Born  1689 :  died  at  Cambridge, 
1768.  An  English  mathematician.  He  was  ap- 
pointed Plumian  professor  of  astronomy  at  Cambridge  in 
171^  and  master  of  Trinity  College  in  1742.  He  is  chiefly 
known  as  the  founder  of  Smith's  prizes  (which  see)  at 
Cambridge.  He  wrote  "  Complete  System  of  Optics  "  (1738), 

Smith,  Robert.  Bom  Nov.,  1757 :  died  at  Bal- 
timore, Nov.  26, 1842.  An  American  poUtioian, 
brother  of  Samuel  Smith  (1752-1839).  He  was 
secretary  of  the  navy  1801-06 ;  attorney-general  1805 ;  and 
secretary  of  state  1809-11. 

Smith,  Robert  Payne.  Born  Nov.,  1818: 
died  April  1,  1895.  An  English  Orientalist 
and  theologian.  He  was  regius  professor  of  divinity 
at  Oxford  from  1865  to  1871,  when  he  became  dean  of  Can- 
terbury. He  was  a  member  of  the  Old  Testament  Revision 
Company.  He  published  "The  Authenticity  and  Mes- 
sianic Interpretation  of  the  Prophecies  of  Isaiah  Vindi- 
cated" (1862),  "Prophecy:  a  Preparation  for  Christ  "(1869), 
"Thesaurus  Syriacus"  (1808  et  seq.),  etc. 

Smith,  Boswell.  Born  at  Lebanon,  Conn., 
March  30, 1829 :  died  at  New  York,  April  19,1892. 
An  American  publisher,  a  founder,  with  Dr.  J. 
G.  Holland  and  Charles  Scribner  &  Co.,  of 
"Seribner's  Monthly,"  later  (1881)  the  "Cen- 
tury" magazine.  He  was  the  founder  and  presi- 
dent of  The  Century  Co.  (New  York  city). 

Smith,  Samuel  Francis.  Bom  at  Boston,  Oct. 
21, 1808 :  died  Nov.  16, 1895.  An  American  Bap- 
tist clergyman  and  poet.  He  is  well  known  from  his 
hymns  and  songs,  including  "My  Country,  'Tis  of  Thee" 
(1832),  "The  Morning  Light  is  Breaking  "(1832),  etc. 

Smith,  Seba.  Bom  at  Buekfield,  Maine,  Sept. 
14, 1792 :  died  at  Patchogue,  L.  L,  July  29, 1868. 
An  American  journalist  and  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter. He  published  "Life  and  Letters  of  Major  Jack  Down- 
ing" (1833),  "  'Way  Down  East,  ete."  (1865),  "My  Thirty 
Years  Out  of  the  Senate,  by  Major  Jack  Downing  "  (1859- 
1860),  ete. 

Smith,  Sydney.  Born  at  Woodford,  Essex,  Eng- 
land, June  3, 1771 :  died  atLondon,  Feb.  22, 1845. 
An  English  clergyman,  wit,  and  essayist.  He  was 
educated  at  Winchester  and  at  New  College,  Oxford ;  took 
orders ;  and  was  curate  of  Netheravon  on  Salisbury  Plain. 
He  lived  in  Edinburgh  from  1798  to  1803,  and  then  went 
to  London.  While  in  Edinburgh  he  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  "EdinburghEeview,"  its  first  editor (1802), and  one 
of  its  chief  contributors  for  twenty  years.  From  1804  to 
1808  he  was  one  of  the  lecturers  on  moral  philosophy  at 
the  Royal  Institution,  London,  teaching  the  principles  of 
Dugald  Stewai-t  These  lectures  were  published  in  1850. 
In  1809  he  was  presented  to  the  living  of  Foston-le-Clay, 
Yorkshire,  where  there  had  been  no  clergyman  for  over  100 
years :  he  lived  there  for  twenty  years  as  a  village  priest. 
In  1828  he  was  presented  to  a  prebend  of  Bristol,  and  in 


Smith,  Sir  William  Sidney 

1829  to  the  living  of  Combe-Florey  in  Somerset ;  an  d  in  1831 
he  was  canon  residentiary  of  St  Paul's.  He  was  noted  as 
a  brUliant  critic,  and  as  a  talker  and  a  wit  Macaulay  calls 
him  "  the  greatest  master  of  ridicule  that  has  appeareil 
among  us  since  Swift"  His  chief  works  ai-e  "Letters  ore 
the  Subject  of  the  Catholics,  by  Peter  Plymley"  (1807-08:' 
advocating  Catholic  emancipation  and  Parliamentary  re- 
form) ;  si^-flve  ai-ticles  from  the  "  Edinburgh  Review," 
republished  in  1839;  "Wit  and  Wisdom"  (edited  by 
Duyckinck,  1866) ;  and  a  number  of  volumes  of  speeches, 
sermons,  and  letters  on  questions  of  the  day.    His  life  v/as 

gublished  by  his  daughter,  Lady  Holland  (1855 :  iucludinK 
is  letters). 

Smith,  Walter  Chalmers.  Born  at  Aberdeen 
in  1824.  A  Scottish  clergyman  and  poet.  He 
was  educated  at  Aberdeen  and  Edinburgh,  and  has  held 
pastoral  charges  in  the  Free  Church  of  Scotland  at  Orwell, 
•Glasgow,  and  Edinburgh.  He  is  distinguished  as  apreacher 
and  for  his  practical  interest  in  public  affairs.  His  poems 
include  "The  Bishop's  Walk "  (1861),  "Olrig  Grange' 
(1872),  "  Hilda  among  the  Broken  Gods  "(1878),  "Kildros- 
tan"(1884),  etc 

Smith,  Wayland.    See  Wayland. 

Smith,  William.  Bom  at  New  York,  June  25, 
1728:  died  at  Quebec,  Canada,  Nov.  3,  1793. 
An  American  jurist  and  historian.  He  graduated 
from  Yale  in  1745,  studied  law,  and  became  chief  justice  of 
the  province  of  New  York  in  1763,  and  a  member  of  the 
council  in  1767.  He  finally  attached  himself,  after  much 
wavering,  to  the  cause  of  the  British,  and  became  chief 
justice  of  Canada  in  1786.  He  wrote  "  History  of  the  Prov- ' 
ince  of  New  York,  ete."  (1757). 

Smith,  William.  Bom  at  ChurehiU,  Oxford- 
shire, England,  March  23, 1769 :  died  at  North- 
ampton, England,  Aug.  28,  1839.  An  English 
geologist,  called  "the  Father  of  English  Geo'.- 
Ogy.  He  began  as  a  mineral  surveyor  and  civil  engineer, 
and  in  1794  was  appointed  engineer  of  the  Somerset  Coal 
Canal.  He  published  "Geological  Map  of  England  and 
Wales  with  Part  of  Scotland  "  (1815),  geological  county 
maps,  and  works  on  the  connection  of  strata  with  organic 
remains. 

Smith,  Sir  William.  Bom  at  London  in  1812 
or  1813 :  died  Oct.  7, 1893.  An  English  classical 
and  biblical  scholar.  He  studied  at  Fniversity  Col- 
lege (London),  and  kept  terms  at  Gray's  Inn,  but  aban- 
doned law  in  order  to  devote  himself  to  the  study  of  clas- 
sical literature.  He  was  editor  of  the  "Quarterly  Review  " 
from  1867  until  his  death,  and  was  knighted  in  1892.  He 
edited  a  " Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities" 
(1842),  "Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Biography  and 
Mythology"  (3  vols.,  late  ed.  1880),  "Dictionary  of  Greek 
and  Roman  Geography  "  (2  vols.  1854-57),  "  Dictionary  of 
the  Bible  "  (1860-63),  Latin-English  dictionary  (1856) ;  was 
joint  editor  of  "Dictionary  of  Christian  Antiquities" 
(1875-80),  and  "  Dlctionaiy  of  Christian  Biography  "  (4  vols. 
1877-87) ;  and  wrote  or  edited  various  classical  text-books, 
historical  manuals,  etc. 

Smith,  William  Farrar.  Bom  Feb.  17, 1824  r 
died  Feb.  28,  1903.  An  Ameirican  (Union)  gen- 
eral and  engineer.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1845;  was  a  division  commander  in  the  Peninsular  cam- 
paign and  at  Antietam  ;  and  was  a  corps  commander  at 
Fredericksburg.  He  was  chief  engineer  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Cumberland  and  of  the  Division  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. He  took  an  important  part  in  the  oper.itions 
near  Chattanooga,  1863.  In  1864  he  was  confirmed  major- 
general  of  volunteers,  and  was  corps  commander  at  Cold 
Harbor  and  before  Petersburg  in  the  same  year. 

Smith,  William  Henry.  Born  at  London,  June 
24,  1825 :  died  at  Walmer  Castle,  Oct.  6, 1891. 
An  English  Conservative  politician  and  pub- 
lisher. He  was  financial  secretary  to  the  treasury  1874- 
1877;  firstlord  of  the  admiralty  1877-80;  secretaiy  f  or  war 
1885-86  and  1886-87 ;  and  first  lord  of  the  tieasm-y  and 
leader  of  the  House  of  Commons  from  1887  until  his  death. 

Smith,  William  Robertson.  Born  at  Keig, 
Aberdeenshire,  Nov.  8,  1846:  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, England,  March  31,  1894.  A  distin- 
guished Scottishbiblicalscholarand  Orientalist. 
He  was  the  eldest  son  of  a  scholarly  clergyman,  who  was 
his  sole  teacher  till  he  entered  Aberdeen  University.  After 
gaining  exceptional  distinction  there,  he  went  to  the  Free 
Church  College  at  Edinburgh,  and  afterward  studied  at 
the  universities  of  Bonn  and  Gottingen.  In  1870  he  was 
appointed  Hebrew  professor  in  the  Free  Church  College 
at  Aberdeen.  A  keen  ecclesiastical  controversy  arose  out 
of  certain  of  his  writings  —  the  question  at  issue  being  the 
extent  of  liberty  in  matters  of  biblical  criticism  and  inter- 
pretation permissible  in  an  evangelical  church.  His  con- 
tributions to  the  "EncyclopsBdia  Britannlca,"  especially 
the  article  "  Bible,"  published  in  1876,  led  to  a  series  of  at- 
tempts to  convict  him  of  heresy.  These  were  unsuccess- 
ful, largely  owing  to  the  attraction  of  a  powerful  personal 
influence,  as  well  as  to  his  skilful  conduct  of  his  defense ; 
but  in  1881  he  was  removed  from  his  chair  without  beinir 
deprived  of  its  emoluments,  of  which,  however,  he  d  eclined 
to  continue  acceptance.  The  ground  assigned  by  the  Assem- 
bly for  this  action  was  that  "they  no  longer  considered  it 
safe  or  advantageous  for  the  church  that  Professor  Smith 
should  continue  to  teach  in  one  of  her  colleges."  From 
1881  he  was  associated  as  joint  editor  of  the  "Encyclo- 
pKdia  Britannlca"  with  T.  Spencer  Baynes,  after  whose 
death  in  1887  he  was  sole  editor.  He  was  lord  almoner's 
reader  in  Arabic  at  Cambridge  University  1883-86,  libra- 
rian of  the  University  1886-89,  and  professor  of  Arabic 
1889-94.  He  published  "  The  Old  Testament  in  the  Jewish 
Church  "  (1881),  "  The  Prophets  of  Israel,  and  their  Place 
in  History"  (1882),  "Kinship  and  Marriage  in  Early  Ara- 
bia "(1885),  "The Religion  of  the  Semites"  (1889),  etc. 

Smith,  Sir  William  Sidney:  often  called  Sir 
Sidney  Smith.  Bom  at  Westminster,  July  21, 
1764 :  died  at  Paris,  May  26, 1840.  An  English 
admiral.  Entering  the  navy  at  11,  he  won  a  lieutenancy  in 


Smith,  Bir  William  Sidney 

the  battle  off  Cape  St.  Vincent,  Jan.,  1780.  In  1788-90  he 
-advised  the  King  of  Sweden  in  his  war  withKussia;  in 
1793  he  joined  Lord  Hood  at  Toulon ;  and  on  April  19, 1796, 
ihe  was  captured  in  the  harborof  Havre-de-Gr&oe,  and  sent 
to  Paris.  He  escaped  in  1798,  and  crossed  the  Cliannel  in 
■a  skiff.  In  Oct..  1798,  he  was  sent  to  Constantinople  as 
plenipotentiary ;  but,  learning  of  Bonaparte's  operations  at 
at. -Jean  d'Acre,  went  to  its  relief.  On  March  16, 1799,  he 
captured  the  Trench  flotilla,  and  on  May  20  compelled  Bon- 
aparte to  raise  the  siege.  He  served  as  brigadier-general 
under  Abercromby  at  the  battle  of  Abukir.  In  1802  he  was 
member  of  Pai-liament  for  Kochester ;  in  1806  was  sent  on 
secret  service  to  Sicily  and  Naples  ;  in  1807  joined  Sir  John 
Duckworth  against  the  Turks ;  and  on  Febi  7  destroyed  the 
Turkish  fleet  at  Abydos. 

Smith  College.  An  institution  for  the  higher 
education  of  women,  situated  at  Northampton, 
Massachusetts.  It  was  founded  by  Sophia  Smith 
(1796-1870),  and  opened  in  1875.  It  has  about 
1,100  students. 

Smithfield  (smith'feld).  A  locality  in  London, 
north  of  St.  Paul's,  it  was  formerly  a  recreation- 
ground,  and  was  long  famous  for  its  cattle-market.  It  was 
noted  in  the  time  of  Queen  Mary  as  the  place  for  burning 
heretics  at  the  stake. 

Smith's  Island  (smiths  i'land).  A  small  island 
off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  to  which  it  be- 
longs, 24  miles  south  of  Wilmington.  It  con- 
tains Cape  Fear. 

Smithson  (smith'son),  James  (James  Lewis 
Macie).  Born  in  iFranoe,  about  1765 :  died  at 
Genoa,  June  27, 1829.  An  English  scientist,  il- 
legitimate sou  of  the  first  Duke  of  Northumber- 
land. Be  made  a  bequest  to  the  United  States  for  the 
establishment  of  a  scientiflc  institution.  See  SmithBonian 
Institution. 

Smithsonian  Institution.  An  institution  of 
learning  at  Washington,  established  in  1846, 
for  the  "  increase  and  diffusion  of  knowledge 
among  men."  it  was  founded  by  James  Smithson,  an 
English  chemist  and  mineralogist,  and  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society.  At  his  death,  in  1829,  he  bequeathed  £106,000  to 
the  government  of  the  United  States  in  trust  "  to  found, 
at  Washington  an  establishment,  under  the  name  of  the 
.Smithsonian  Institution,  for  the  increase  and  diffusion  of 
knowledge  among  men,"  which  bequest  became  operative 
in  1835.  In  1838  the  United  States  government  received 
irom  the  Court  of  Chancery  of  Great  Britain  $616,169, 
■which  sum  was  increased  by  careful  flnancial  management 
to  S703,000.  This  amount  was  further  increased  in  1891 
by  a  gift  from  Mr.  Thomas  George  Hodgkins  of  Setauket, 
J^ew  York,  of  ^200,000,  a  portion  of  the  income  of  which 
-was  to  be  devoted  to  "the  increase  and  diffusion  of  more 
•exact  knowledge  in  regard  to  the  nature  and  properties 
<3f  the  atmospheric  air,  in  connection  with  the  welfare  of 
man.''  Mr.  Hodgkins  also  named  the  Institution  as  his 
Tesiduary  legatee.  The  funds  of  the  Institution  are  de- 
3)osited  in  the  United  States  Treasury,  the  government 
paying  6  per  cent,  interest  on  thefund.  After  the  discus- 
sion of  numerous  plans.  Congress  passed  an  act  in  1846 
-creating  an  "  establishment "  consisting  of  the  President 
and  members  of  the  cabinet  and  a  board  of  regents  (the 
Tice-President,  3  senators,  3  members  of  the  House  of 
Representatives,  and  six  other  citizens),  the  executive 
officer  to  be  a  secretary  elected  by  the  board  of  regents. 
The  Institution  has  devoted  itself  to  the  two  lines  of 
■work  marked  out  in  the  terms  of  the  bequest  —  the 
prosecution  of  original  research,  and  the  publication  and 
distribution  of  memoirs  on  subjects  relating  to  science. 
Buring  the  course  of  its  existence,  it  has  originated  many 
scientiflc  undertakings  of  great  importance,  which  have 
since  been  taken  up  by  the  government,  and  for  which 
separate  bureaus  have  been  established,  some  independent 
•of  the  Institution,  others  under  its  direction.  Out  of  its 
meteorological  service  the  United  States  Weather  Bureau 
lias  grown  ;  in  connection  with  its  work  in  ichthyology  the 
United  States  Fish  Commission  was  established.  Under 
the  direction  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  are  the  United 
States  National  Museum,  the  legal  custodian  of  all  govern- 
■ment  collections ;  the  Bureau  of  International  Exchanges ; 
the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology ;  the  Astro-Physical  Ob- 
servatory; and  the  National  Zoological  Park.  The  Institu- 
tion has  a  library  of  150,000  volumes  (especially  rich  in 
•transactions  of  learned  societies)  and  scientific  journals. 
This  library  was  deposited  in  1866,  by  act  of  Congress,  with 
the  library  of  Congress,  only  a  working  library  being  re- 
tained by  the  Institution.  The  Institution,  however,  enjoys 
the  customary  use  of  its  library  as  well  as  a  free  use  of  the 
library  of  Congress.  The  Institution  has  liad  three  sec- 
retaries—  Joseph  Henry,  a  physicist  (1846-78) ;  Spencer 
FuUerton  Baird,  a  zoologist  (1878-87)  ;  and  Samuel  Pier- 
pont  Xangley,  an  astronomer  and  physicist  (1887-).  Its 
publications  consist  of  ''Contributions  to  Knowledge" 
(quarto,  vols.  1-28),  "Miscellaneous  Collections"  (vols. 
1-38),  and  Reports  (1846-92),  Reports  of  the  National  Mu- 
seum 1884-92,  Bulletins  of  the  National  Museum  (1-50), 
Proceedings  of  the  National  Museum  (1-16),  Annual  Re- 
ports of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology  (vols.  1-lS).  It  has  a 
building,  used  for  ofHces  and  exhibition  halls.  It  has  taken 
part  in  all  the  scientific  expeditions  and  explorations  con- 
ducted by  the  government,  and  in  all  international  expo- 
sitions. In  1893  it  offered  prizes  of  $10,000,  32,000,  and 
§1,000  in  connection  with  the  Hodgkins  bequest. 

Smith  Sound.  A  sea  passage  in  the  arctic  re- 
gions, leading  northward  from  Baffin  Bay,  and 
separating  Prudhoe  Land  (in  Greenland)  on 
the  east  from  Ellesmere  Land  on  the  west. 

Smith's  Frizes.  Two  prizes  at  the  University 
of  Cambridge,  founded  by  Robert  Smith  (1689- 
1768).  From  1769  to  1882  they  were  awarded  to  the  stu- 
<lents  proceeding  B.  A.  who  were  most  successful  in  a  spe- 
cial examination  in  mathematics.  From  1883  they  have 
l)een  awarded  to  writers  of  the  best  essays  on  any  subject 
in  jnathematics  or  natural  philosophy. 


941 

Smoky  (smo'ki)  City,  The.  A  name  frequently 
given  to  Pittsburg. 
Smoky  Hill  River,  or  Smoky  Hill  Fork.    A 

river  which  rises  m  eastern  Colorado,  flows 
east  through  Kansas,  and  unites  with  the  Sol- 
omon Elver  about  long.  97°  22'  W.  to  form  the 
Kansas  Eiver.    Length,  about  400  miles. 

Smoky  Mountains,  or  Great  Smoky  Moun- 
tains. A  range  of  the  Appalachian  system,  on 
the  border  between  North  Carolina  and  Ten- 
nessee.  It  contains  peaks  over  6,000  feet  high. 

Smolen  (smfe'len).  An  island  off  the  western 
coast  of  Norway,  about  lat.  63°  25'  N.  Length, 
about  15  miles. 

Smolensk  (smo-lensk').  1.  A  governnient  of 
western  central  Russia,  surrounded  by  the 
governments  of  Pskoff,  Tver,  Moscow,  Kaluga, 
Tchernigoff,  Moghileff,  and  Vitebsk.  The  chief 
occupation  is  agriculture.  Area,  21,638  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  1,412,162.—  2.  A  ca- 
thedral city,  the  capital  of  the  government  of 
Smolensk,  situated  on  the  Dnieper  about  lat. 
54°  48'  N.  It  is  an  important  strategic  point,  and 
is  one  of  the  oldest  cities  of  Russia.  It  was  annexed  to 
Lithuania  in  1404 ;  conquered  and  annexed  by  Russia  in 
1614 ;  taken  by  SIgismund  III.  of  Poland  in  1611;  retaken 
by  the  Russians  in  1664 ;  and  in  1667  definitely  reannexed 
by  Russia.  A  victory  was  gained  there  by  the  French 
army  under  Napoleon  over  the  Russians  under  Barclay 
de  Tolly  and  Bagration,  Aug.  17, 1812  (N.  S.),  when  the 
to-wn  was  partly  burned.    Population  (1890),  37,741. 

Smolensk,  Principality  of.  A  medieval  prin- 
cipality of  central  Russia,  acquired  by  Lithua- 
nia about  1400. 

Smolkin  (smol'kin).  A  fiend  mentioned  in 
Shakspere's  "King  Lear." 

Smollett  (smoi'et),  Tobias  George.  Bom  at 
Dalquhurn,  Dumbartonshire,  Scotland,  March, 
1721 :  died  at  Monte  Novo,  near  Leghorn,  Italy, 
Oct,  21,  1771.  A  British  novelist,  historical 
writer,  and  miscellaneous  author.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  grammar-school  of  Dumbarton  and  the  uni- 
versity of  Glasgow,  and  was  apprenticed  to  a  surgeon. 
About  1740  he  went  to  London  and  entered  the  navy  as  a 
surgeon,  and  In  1741  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Carta- 
gena. In  1744  he  returned  to  England,  and  until  1767 
lived  there  and  on  the  Continent,  devoting  himself  to 
literary  work,  and  editing  "  The  Critical  Review  "  and  "  The 
Briton."  In  1767  he  retired  with  broken  health  to  Monte 
Novo,  where  he  died.  Among  his  works  are  the  novels 
"The  Adventures  of  Roderick  Random"  (1748),  "The  Ad- 
ventures of  Peregrine  Pickle  "  (1751),  *'  The  Adventures  of 
Ferdinand,  Count  Fathom"(1753;^  "The  Adventures  of  Sir 
Lancelot  Greaves"  (1760-61),  and  "The  Expedition  of 
Humphrey  Clinker  '"(1771) ;  and  among  his  other  works  are 
"A  Complete  History  of  England"  (1767-66),  "The  Repri- 
sals, or  the  Tars  of  Old  England  "  (1757 :  a  farce),  "  The 
History  and  Adventures  of  an  Atom"  (1769:  a  satire), 
"Travels"  (1766),  and  translations  of  "Don  Quixote  "(1765) 
and  "  Gil  Bias  "  (1761 :  a  later  translation  by  Mr.  Benjamin 
Heath  Malkin  has  been  printed  with  Smollett's  name). 

Smyrna  (smSr'na),  Turk.  Ismir  (iz-mer').  A 
seaport  in  the  vilayet  of  Aidin,  Asia  Minor, 
Turkey,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Smyrna  in  lat. 
38°  26'  N..  long.  27°  9'  E.  it  is  the  most  important 
city  of  Asia  Minor,  and  the  chief  commercial  center  in  the 
Levant.  Its  exports  include  cotton,  figs,  raisins,  carpets, 
opium,  etc.  It  consists  of  a  Turkish  and  a  Frank  quarter, 
and  is  the  terminus  of  two  railway  lines.  It  was  an  an- 
cient Jilolian  settlement,  and  later  was  colonized  from  the 
Ionian  city  Colophon,  and  became  a  member  of  the  Ionian 
League(688  B.  0.).  Itclaimed  to  be  the  birthplace  of  Homer. 
It  was  conquered  by  the  Lydian  king  Alyattes,  and  was 
rebuilt  and  enlarged  by  Antigonus  and  Lysimachus,  and- 
became  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  Asia.  It  was  one  of  the 
seven  cities  addressed  by  Jolm  in  the  Revelation.  It  was 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake  178  A.  D.,  and  was  restored  by 
Marcus  Aurelius ;  was  occupied  by  the  Knights  of  St.  John 
in  the  14th  century ;  and  was  sacked  by  Tiraur  in  1402. 
From  1424  it  has  been  under  Turkish  rule.  Population, 
200,000  (Greeks,  Turks,  Armenians,  and  Franks). 

Smyrna,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  .Slgean  Sea, 
situated  west  and  northwest  of  Smyrna. 

Smyth  (smith  or  smith),  Charles  Piazzi.  Bom 
at  Naples,  Jan.  3,  1819:  died  at  Clova,  near 
Ripon,Peb.  21,1900.  Astronomerroyalfor Scot- 
land (1845-88),  son  of  Admiral  W.  H.  Smyth. 
He  wrote  "Teneriffle:  An  Astronomer's  Experiment, 
etc."  (1868),  "Three  Cities  in  Russia"  (1862),  "Our  In- 
heritance in  the  Great  Pyramid"  (1864),  "  Life  and  Work 
at  the  Great  Pyramid"  (1887),  "Antiquity  of  Intellectual 
Man  "  (1868),  "  The  Great  Pyramid  and  the  Royal  Society" 
(1874),  "New  Measures  of  the  Great  Pyramid"  (1884),  etc. 

Smyth,  Egbert  Coffin.  Bom  Aug.  24,  1829: 
died  April  12,  1904.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional clergyman  and  theologian,  son  of  Wil- 
liam Smith  (1797-1868).  He 'became  professor  of  ec- 
clesiastical history  at  Andover  Theological  Seminai'y  in 
1868,  and  president  of  its  faculty  in  1878.  He  was  chosen 
editor  of  the  "  Andover  Review  "  in  1884. 

Smyth,  Samuel  Phillips  Newman.  Born  at 
Brunswick,  Maine,  June  25, 1843.  An  American 
Congregational  clergyman,  brother  of  E.  C. 
Smyth.  He  graduated  atBowdoin  in  1863,  and  at  Andover 
in  1867,  having  in  the  meantime  served  in  the  Union  army 
in  the  Civil  War.  He  has  had  charge  of  the  First  Congre- 
gational Church  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  since  1882. 
He  has  published  "Religious  Feeling  "  (1877),  "Old  Faiths 
in  New  Lights"  (1879),  "The  Orthodox  Theology  of  To- 


Snoilsky 

day"  (1881),  "  The  Reality  of  Faith  '  (1884),  "The  MoraliiJ 
of  the  Old  Testament"  (1886:  in  "Helps  to  Belief"),  and 
"  Christian  Facts  and  Forces  "  (1887). 

Smyth,  William.  Born  at  Pittston,  Maine 
1797 :  died  at  Brunswick,  Maine,  April  3,  1868 
An  American  educator,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  Bowdoin  College.  He  wrote  mathe- 
matical text-books,  etc. 

Smyth,  William  Henry.  Born  at  Westmin- 
ster, Jan.  21,  1788 :  died  near  Aylesbury,  Eng- 
land, Sept.  9,  1865.  An  English  naval  officer 
and  hydrographer.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1805 ; 
made  surveys  of  Sicily,  the  shores  of  the  Adriatic,  and  Sar- 
dinia by  order  of  the  admiralty ;  attained  the  rank  of  rear- 
admiral  in  1853 ;  and  was  appointed  hydrographer  to  the 
admiralty  in  1857.  His  chief  work  is  "  The  Mediterranean  " 
(1854). 

Sneeheetten  (sna'hat-ten).  A  mountain  in  the 
Dovre  Pjeld,  Norway,  long  regarded  as  the 
highest  mountain  of  northern  Europe.  Height, 
7, 570  feet. 

Snagsby  (snagz'bi),  Mr.  A  mild,  bald,  timid 
man,  very  retiring  and  unassuming,  in  the 
law  stationery  business,  in  Dickens's  "Bleak 
House."  He  is  in  great  fear  of  his  domineering  wife, 
and  usually  prefaces  his  remarks  with  "Not  to  put  too 
fine  a  point  upon  it." 

Snake  (snak),  Mr.  A  malicious  character  in 
Sheridan's  "School  for  Scandal." 

Snake  Island.    See  Anguilla. 

Snake  (snak)  Kiver,  or  Lewis  (lii'is)  Eiver,  or 
Shoshone  (sho-sho'ne)  River.  A  river  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  the  United  States.  It  rises 
in  Shoshone  Lake  in  the  Yellowstone  National  Park ;  flows 
south  in  Wyoming,  west  through  Idaho  to  the  Oregon  bor- 
der, north  (f  orlning  the  boundary  between  Idaho  on  the  east 
and  Oregon  and  Washington  on  the  west),  and  west  through 
Washington ;  and  joins  the  Columbia  about  long.  119"  W.  1 1 
is  noted  for  its  scenery  (cataracts  and  cafions).  Its  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Malade,  Bois^,  Salmon,  Clearwater, 
and  Palouse  on  the  right,  and  the  Owyhee,  Malheur,  and 
Grande  Bonde  on  the  left.  Length,  about  1,100  miles; 
navigable  to  Lewiston. 

Snakes.    See  Shoshoni. 

Snare  (snar).  A  sheriff's  officer :  a  character  in 
the  secondpart  of  Shakspere's ' '  King  Henry  IV." 

Sneak  (snek),  Jerry.  A  foolish  good-natured 
henpecked  husband  in  Poote's  play  "The 
Mayor  of  Garratt."  He  is  unable  to  "pluck  up  a 
spirit,"  and,  when  elected  mayor,  is  unequal  to  the  oflice. 
He  has  become  the  type  of  henpecked  husbands. 

Sneeheetteu.    See  Snsehseiien. 
Sneer  (sner).    A  disagreeable  critic  in  Sheri- 
dan's play  "  The  Critic." 

Sir  Fret.  Plague  on  't  now.  Sneer,  I  shall  take  it  ill.  I 
believe  you  want  to  take  away  my  character  as  an  author. 

Sn^er,  Then  I  am  sure  you  ought  to  be  very  much 
obliged  to  me.  '  TAe  Critic. 

Sneerwell  (sner'wel).  Lady.  A  beautiful  wi- 
dow, a  scandalmonger,  in  Sheridan's  "  School 
for  Scandal."  "Everybody  allows  that  Lady  Sneerwell 
can  do  more  with  a  word  and  a  look  tlian  many  can  with 
the  most  laboured  detail,  even  when  they  happen  to  have  . 
a  little  truth  on  their  side  to  support  it." 

Sneeuwbergen  (snaw'ber-Gen).  [D.,  'snow 
mountains.']  A  range  of  mountains  in  Cape 
Colony,  about  lat.  32°  S.,  long.  25°  E.  Highest 
point,  about  8,000  feet. 

Snef[els,  Mount.    See  Sniffels. 

Sneheetten.    See  Snsehsstten. 

Snell,  Willebrord.    See  Snellius. 

Snellius  (snel'i-us),  or  Snell  (snel),  Wille- 
brord. Born  at  Leyden,  1581:  died  Oct.  30, 
1626.  A  Dutch  mathematician,  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Leyden  from  1613.  He  discov- 
ered the  law  of  refraction. 

Snevellicci  (sna-vel-le'che),  Miss.  An  actress, 
engaged  in  Mr.  Vincent  Crummles's  theatrical 
troupe,  "who  could  do  anything,  from  a  med- 
ley dance  to  Lady  Macbeth":  a  character  in 
Ch-arles  Dickens's  "Nicholas  NicMeby." 

Sneyders.     See  Snyders. 

Sniffels(suif'elz),orSneffels(suef'elz),Mount. 
A  peak  of  the  San  Juan  range,  southern  Colo- 
rado.    Height,  14,158  feet. 

Snodgrass  (snod'gras),  Mr.  Augustus.  Amem- 
ber  of  the  famous  Pickwick  Club,  with  a  turn 
for  poesy,  in  Dickens's  "Pickwick  Papers." 

Snoilsky  (snoil'ske),Oarl  JohanGnstav.  Born 
at  Stockholm,  Sept.  8,  1841.     A  Swedish  lyric 

Soet.  He  studied  at  Upsala  after  1860,  where  as  a  stu- 
ent,  in  1861,  he  published  his  first  collection  of  poems, 
"  SmMikter"  ("  Little  Poems  "),  under  the  pseudonym  Sven 
Trbst.  In  1862  appeared  a  second  volume  of  poems  with 
the  title  "  Orchideer."  In  1865  he  was  given  a  position  in 
the  Swedish  embassy  at  Palis ;  in  1866  he  was  appointed 
second  secretary  in  the  ministry  for  foreign  afliairs,  and  in 
1874  first  secretary.  In  1876  he  was  made  Swedish  charge 
d'affaires  at  Copenhagen.  He  has  the  hereditary  title  of 
count.  In  addition  to  the  works  named,  a  volume  of  ' '  Dik- 
ter"  ("Poems")  was  published  in  1869;  "Sonetter"  ("Son- 
nets ")  in  1871.  A  translation  of  (Joethe's  ballads  appeared, 
further,  in  1876 ;  "  Nye  Dikter  "  ("  New  Poems  ")  in  1881. 


Snorre  Sturleson 

Snorre  (snor'ra)  (or  Snorri  (snor're)  or  Snorro 
(snor'ro))  Sturleson  (st<5r'la-son)  or  Sturlu- 
SOn  (stor'lo-son).  Born  at  Hvamm,  1179 :  as- 
sassinated on  his  estate  Eeykjaholt,  Sept.  23, 
1241.  An  Icelandic  historian  and  high  legal 
officer  in  Iceland.  He  twice  visited  Norway.  He  was 
tlie  autlior  of  the  "Heimskringla  "  ("  Sagas  of  the  Norwe- 
gian Kings  " :  English  translation  by  Laing),  and  the  re- 
puted author  oi  the  "Younger  Edda."  See  Edda  and 
HeimHenngla. 

Snout  (snout).  In  Shakspere's  "Midsummer 
Night's  Dream,"  a  tinker  who  plays  the  part  of 
the  father  of  Pyramus  in  the  interpolated,  play. 

Snow-Bound  (sno'bound).  A  poem  by  Whit- 
tier,  published,  in  1866 :  a  winter  idyl  of  New 
England  life. 

Snowdon  (sno'dgn),  Mount,  "W.  Eryri,  [L. 
Mons  Heriri.']  A  mountain  in  Carnarvonshire, 
Wales,  10  miles  southeast  of  Carnarvon.  It  is 
the  highest  mountain  in  England  or  Wales,  and  is  noted 
for  its  grand  form  and  extensive  view.  It  has  five  peaks. 
Height,  3,690  feet. 

Snowdon.    See  the  extract. 

Snowdon,  which  is  also  the  oilicial  title  of  one  of  the 
Scottish  heralds,  has  no  connection  with  the  Welsh  moun- 
tain of  that  name,  but  is  simply  the  descriptive  name  of 
Stirling  —  Snua-dun,  the  fort,  or  fortified  hill,  on  the  river. 
"Stirling's  tower 
Of  yore  the  name  of  Snowdoun  claims," 
says  Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Stuart  Glennie,  Arthurian  Localities,  lii.  1. 

Snowdoun,  Knight  of.  [See  above.]  Thetitje 
assumed  by  James  V.  of  Scotland  in  Scott's 
poem  "The  Lady  of  the  Lake."  Under  this  dis- 
guise he  meets  Ellen  Douglas,  the  "  Lady  of  the  Lake," 
and  vanquishes  Roderick  Dhu  in  single  combat. 

Snowe  (sno),  Lucy.     The  principal  character  in 

Charlotte  Bronte's  novel  "  Villette."    She  is  a 

homeless  governess. 
Snow  King,  The.    An  epithet  given  by  the 

Aiistrians  to  Gustavus  Adolphus  of  Sweden. 
Snow  Mass  Mountain.    A  peak  in  the  Elk 

Mountains,  western  Colorado.    Height,  13,970 

feet. 

Snow  Mountains.    See  Sneeuwlergen. 
Snowy  Bange.    A  name  given  to  the  range  of 

mountains  in  Colorado  known  also  as  the  Front 

Range  or  Colorado  Range. 

Snug   (snug).      In  . Shakspere's    "Midsummer 
,  Night's  Dream,"  a  joiner  who  plays  the  part  of 

the  lion  in  the  interpolated  play. 
Snyders  (sni'ders),  Frans  or  I'ranz.    Born  at 

Antwerp,  Nov.  11,  1579:  died  there,  Aug.  19, 

1657.    A  Flemish  painter,  noted  especially  for 

representations  of  animals.     He  assisted  Uubens, 

Jordaens,  and  others  in  paiflting  the  animals,  fruit,  flowers, 

etc.,  on  their  canvases. 
So  (so).    See  Sabaeo. 

Hoshea,  as  we  know,  was  encouraged  by  the  hope  of 

support  from  So  (Sewe),  king  of  Egypt  (2  Kings  xvii.  4),  and 

^  this  monarch,  the  Sebech  [Sabe]  of  the  Assyrian  monu- 

'  men  ts,  was  in  fact  concerned  with  the  whole  movement  that 

threatened  the  Assyrian  supremacy  in  the  districts  west  of 

the  Euphrates.      W.  S.  Smithj  Prophets  of  Israel,  p.  279. 

Soa  (so'a).  A  small  island  of  the  Hebrides, 
Scotland,  south  of  Skye. 

Soane  (son),  Sir  John.  Born  at  Reading,  Sept. 
10,  1753:  died  at  London,  Jan.  20,  1837.  An 
English  architect.  The  Bank  of  England  was  built 
from  his  designs.  He  founded,  by  will,  the  Soane  Museum 
at  No.  13  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  his  residence. 

Soar  (sor).  A  small  river  in  England,  princi- 
pally in  Leicestershire.  It  joins  the  Trent  8 
miles  southeast  of  Derby. 

Sobat  (so-baf).  A  large  right-hand  tributary 
of  the  White  Nile,  which  it  joins  about  lat.  9° 
20'  N.  Its  sources  are  unknown.  Length,  es- 
timated, 600-700  miles. 

Sobieski.     See  John  III.,  King  of  Poland. 

Sobraon  (s6-bra-ou') .  A  small  place  in  the  Pan- 
jab,  British  India,  situated  on  the  Sutlej  45 
miles  southeast  of  Lahore.  Here,  Feb.  10, 1846, 
the  British  army  under  Sir  Hugh  Gough  de- 
feated the  Sikhs. 

Sobrarbe  (s6-brar'ba).  A  former  independent 
state  and  later  countship  in  Spain,  now  com- 
prised in  the  northern  part  of  the  province  of 
Huesca,  Aragon. 

Social  War,  or  Marsic  War.  A  war  (90-88  b.  c. ) 
between  Rome  and  the  greater  part  of  her  Ital- 
ian allies  in  central  and  southern  Italy,  includ- 
ing the  Marsi,  Pellgni,  Samnites,  and  Liica- 
nians.  It  was  caused  by  the  refusal  on  the  part  of  the 
Bomans  to  extend  the  privileges  of  Soman  citizenship. 
The  Italians  formed  a  new  republic  with  its  capital  at 
Corfinium.  The  chief  Roman  commanders  were  Marius 
and  Sulla.  Home  made  many  concessions  and  suppressed 
the  rebellion. 

Social  Wars.  In  Greek  history :  (a)  A  war  (357 
(358  ?)-355  B.  0.)  in  which  Athens  was  defeated 
by  her  former  allies  Byzantium,  Chios,  Cos, 


942 

and  Rhodes.  (6)  A  war  between  the  Aohsean 
and  ^toliau  leagues  (220-217  B.  c). 

Society  and  Solitude.  A  collection  of  essays 
by  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,  published  in  1870. 

Society  (so-si'e-ti)  Islands,  or  Tahiti  (ta-he'te) 
Archipelago."  fP.  Archipel  de  Tmti,  or  Archi- 
pel  de  la  SociSU.']  A  large  group  of  islands 
in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  about  lat.  16°-18° 
S.,  long.  148°-155°  W.  It  comprises  two  subgroups, 
the  Leeward  and  the  Windward.  The  chief  islands  are 
Tahiti,  Eaiatea,  Borabora,  Meetia,  and  Eimeo.  They  ex- 
port cocoanuts,  oranges,  cotton,  mother-of-pearl,  etc.  The 
capital  is  Papeete.  The  inhabitants  are  natives  (nomi- 
nally Christianized),  French,  and  others.  The  islands  were 
visited  (probably)  by  the  Spanish  navigator  Pedro  Fer- 
nandez de  Quiros  in  1607,  and  in  the  18th  century  by  Bou- 
gainville, Cook,  the  mutineers  of  the  Bounty,  and  others. 
They  were  taken  under  French  protection  in  1842  by  Du 
Petit- Thouars,  and  Tahiti,  Eimeo,  and  other  islands  were 
made  a  French,  colony  in  1880.  Area,  660  square  miles. 
Population  of  Tahiti,  9,600. 

Society  of  Friends.  The  proper  designation 
of  a  Christian  sect  commonly  called  Quakers, 
which  took  its  rise  in  England  about  the  middle 
of  the  17th  century  through  the  preaching  of 
George  Fox.  A  division  occurred  in  portions  of  the 
Society  in  America  in  1827,  through  the  preaching  of  Elias 
Hicks,  whose  followers,  commonly  called  Hicksiies,  hold 
doctrinal  views  closely  approximating  those  of  the  Uni- 
tarians, while  in  church  government  and  other  respects 
they  retain  the  usages  of  the  orthodox  Friends.  The  lat- 
ter agree  doctrinally  with  other  evangelical  Christians, 
but  lay  greater  stress  on  the  doctrine  of  the  personal  pres- 
ence and  guidance  of  the  Holy  Spirit.  They  have  no  paid 
minister,  and  accept  the  ordinances  of  baptism  and  the 
Lord's  Supper  in  a  spiritual  sense  only,  rejecting  their 
outward  observance  as  church  rites.  They  condemn  all 
oath-taking  and  all  war.  The  organization  of  the  society 
involves  four  periodical  gatherings  called  "meetings" : 
namely,  preparative  meeting,  monthly  meeting,  quarterly 
meeting,  and  yearly  meeting.  The  body  called  the  Year- 
ly Meeting  has  legislative  power.  There  are  two  Yearly 
Meetings  in  Great  Britain,  one  in  Canada,  and  ten  in  the 
United  States. 

Socinians  (so-sin'i-anz).  Those  who  hold  to 
the  doctrines  of  the  Italian  theologians  Leelius 
Socinus  (1525-62)  and  Faustus  Socinus  (1539- 
1604)  and  their  followers.  The  term  Socinianism  is 
in  theological  usage  a  general  one,  and  includes  a  con- 
siderable variety  of  opinion..  The  Socinians  believe  that 
Christ  was  a  man  miraculously  conceived  and  divinely 
endowed,  and  therefore  entitled  to  honor  and  reverence, 
but  not  to  divine  worship ;  that  the  object  of  his  death 
was  to  perfect  and  complete  his  example  and, to  prepare 
the  way  for  his  resurrection,  the  necessary  historical  basis 
of  Christianity ;  that  baptism  is  a  declarative  rite  merely, 
and  the  Lord's  Supper  merely  commemorative ;  that  di- 
vine grace  is  general  and  exerted  through  the  means  of 
grace,  not  special  and  personally  efficacious;  that  the 
Holy  Spirit  is  not  a  distinct  person,  but  the  divine  energy ; 
that  the  authority  of  Scripture  is  subordinate  to  that  of 
the  reason  ;  that  the  soul  is  pure  by  nature,  though  con- 
taminated by  evil  example  and  teaching  from  a  very  early 
age ;  and  that  salvation  consists  in  accepting  Christ's 
teaching  and  following  his  example.  The  Socinians  thus 
occupy  theologically  a  position  midway  between  the  Ari- 
ans,  who  maintain  the  divinity  of  Jesus  Christ,  but  deny 
that  he  is  coequal  with  the  Father,  and  the  Humanita- 
rians, who  deny  his  supernatural  character  altogether. 

Socinus  (so-si'nus),  Faustus,  Latinized  from 
Fausto  Sozzini.  Bom  at  Siena,  Italy,  1539: 
died  near  Cracow,  March,  1604.  An  Italian 
Unitarian  theologian,  nephew  of  Lselius  Soci- 
nus. He  lived  in  Italy  and  Basel ;  visited  Transylvania 
1578-79 ;  and  resided  in  Poland  after  1679.  Among  his 
works  are  "De  Jesu  Christo  Servatore,"  "De  auctoritate 
S.  Scripturse." 

Socinus,  Laslius,  Latinized  from  Lelio  Sozzini 
(or  Sozini  or  Soccini).  Born  at  Siena,  Italy, 
1525 :  died  at  Zurich,  1562.  An  Italian  Protes- 
tant thinker,  an  antitrinitarian.    See  Socinians. 

Soconusco  (s6-k6-n5s'k6).  A  department  which 
forms  the  southern  part  of  the  state  of  Chia- 
pas, Mexico,  bordering  on  the  Paoifie.  It  was 
conquered  by  Alvarado  in  1524,  and  formed  apart  of  Guate- 
mala until  1825.  The  aboriginal  inhabitants  (Soconuscans) 
were  perhaps  of  Chiapanec  stock,  but  had  submitted  to  the 
Aztecs  before  the  Spanish  conquest.  The  region  is  said  to 
have  been  very  populous. 

Socotra  (so-ko'tra  or  sok'o-tra),  or  Socotora 
(sok'6-t6-ra),  or  Sokotra  (so-ko'tra  or  sok'o- 
tra).  An  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  east  of 
Cape  Guardafui  and  south  of  Arabia,  in  lat.  (of 
Tamarida)  12°  39'  N.,  long.  53°  59'  E. :  the  an- 
cient Diosoorides.  The  surface  is  generally  moun- 
tainous ;  the  chief  products  are  aloes  and  dragon's-blood. 
Its  principal  place  is  Tamarida.  The  inhabitants  were 
formerly  Nestorian  Christians.  Socotra  was  occupied  by 
the  Portuguese  in  the  16th  century,  and  was  annexed  by 
Great  Britain  in  1886.  Length,  71  mUes.  Area,  1,882  square 
miles.    Population,  10,000. 

Socrates  (sok'ra-tez).  [Gr.  Su/cpdr^f.]  Born  at 
Athens  about  '470  B.  c:  died  there,  399.  A 
famous  Greek  philosopher.  He  was  the  son  of 
Sophronisous,  a  sculptor,  and  of  Phsenarete,  a  midwife. 
He  at  first  adopted  his  father's  art :  in  the  time  of  Pausa- 
nias  a  group  of  draped  Graces,  by  him,  still  stood  on  the 
approach  to  the  Acropolis.  He  soon,  however,  devoted 
himself  entirely  to  the  pursuit  of  philosophy,  and  became 
famous  through' the  persistency  and  skill  with  which,  in 
conversation  with  the  sophists  and  with  every  one  who 
would  yield  himself  to  the  dialogue,  he  conducted  the 


Sofonisba 

analysis  of  philosophical  and  ethical  ideas  ("the  Socratlc 
method  ").  He  was  above  all  a  searcher  after  a  knowledge 
of  virtue'  (which  indeed  he  identified  with  knowledge)^ 
and  was  in  himself  the  noblest  exponent  of  the  ethical  lite 
of  the  Greeks.  He  served  at  Potidsea  (431),  Delium  (424), 
and  Amphipolis  (422) ;  was  president  of  the  prytanes  in 
406 ;  and  opposed  the  Thirty  Tyrants.  He  is  the  chief 
character  in  the  dialogues  of  Plato,  in  which  his  teachings 
are  set  forth  (greatly  modified  by  Plato's  own  views),  and 
is  the  subject  of  the  "  Memorabilia  "  of  Xenophon.  His 
most  famous  pupils  were  Plato,  Xenophon,  and  Alcibia- 
des.  He  was  bitterly  attacked  by  Aristophanes  as  a  so- 
phist  and  innovator,  and  drew  upon  himself  by  his  mode 
of  life  and  the. character  of  his  opinions  the  enmity  of 
many  others.  In  399  he  was  accused  of  impiety  (the  in- 
troduction of  new  gods)  and  of  corrupting  the  youth ;  de- 
fended himself  in  a  famous  speech  which  enraged  rather 
than  conciliated  his  judges  ;  was  condemned ;  and  drank 
hemlock  in  his  prison,  surrounded  by  his  disciples. 

Socrates.  Bom  at  Constantinople :  died  after 
440  A.  D.  A  Greek  church  historian.  Hisecclesi. 
astical  history  was  edited  by  Migne  and  by  Hussey  (1863  : 
English  translation  by  Hanmer  1619).  _ 

Soden  (zo'den).  The  name  of  several  water- 
ing-places in  Germany.  The  most  notable  one  is 
in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia,  9  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Frankfort-on-the-Main.  It  has  mineral 
springs. 

S6derk6ping(se'der-ch6-ping).  Asmalltownin 
the  laen  of  Linkoping,  Sweden,  86  miles  south- 
west of  Stockholm.  It  was  of  great  impor- 
tance in  the  middle  ages. 

Sodermanland  (sfe'der-man-lant).  A  laen  in 
eastern  Sweden,  southwest  of  Stockholm.  Also 
called  NyJcoping.  Area,  2,631  square-  miles. 
Population  (1893),  estimated,  158,051. 

Sddennann  (s6'der-man),  August  Johann, 
Born  at  Stockholm,  July  17,  1832 :  died  there, 
Feb.  10, 1876.  A  Swedish  composer,  author  of 
the  "  BroUops-March." 

Sodo  Lake  (so'do  lak).  A  lake  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Louisiana,  near  Shreveport: 
connected  with  Caddo  Lake. 

Sodom  (sod'om).  In  scriptural  geography,  one 
of  the  cities  of  the  Vale  of  Siddim  (which  see), 
destroyed  on  account  of  its  wickedness  in  the 
time  of  Abraham  and  Lot.  According  to  tradition 
its  site  is  covered  by  the  Dead  Sea :  but  this  is  not  geo- 
logically possible. 

Sodoma  (s6-d6'ma),  or  Sodona  (s6-d6'na),  II 
(properly  Griannantonio  or  Giovanni  An- 
tonio Bazzi,  corrupted  to  Bazzi).  Born  at 
Vercelli,  Italy,  1477:  died  at  Siena,  Italy,  1549. 
An  Italian  painter.  Among  his  best  works  are  "St. 
Catherine,"  "Christ  Scourged,"  "Deposition  from  the 
Cross"  (all  in  Siena),  etc. 

Sodor  and  Man  (so'dor  and  man).  A  medieval 
diocese,  comprising  tiie  Hebrides  (Sodor,  from, 
a  Scandinavian  name)  and  the  Isle  of  Man. 
The  diocese  now  consists  of  the  Isle  of  Man.  The  bishop 
has  a  seat  in  the  House  of  Lords,  but  no  vote. 

Sodus  (so'dus)  Bay,  Great  and  Little.    Two 

indentations  of  the  coast  of  Lake  Ontario, 
southwest  of  Oswego,  New  York. 

Soest  (zost).  A  town  in  the  province  of  West- 
phalia, Prussia,  34  miles  southeast  of  Mlinster. 
It  has  manufactures  of  iron,  soap,  beer,  etc. ;  and  con- 
tains several  notable  churches,  including  St.  Mary-in-the- 
Fields,  the  cathedral,  and  St.  Peter's.  It  was  an  ancient 
Hanseatic  city,  and  in  the  middle  ages  was  one  of  the 
chief  places  of  northern  Germany.  Its  municipal  code 
was  celebrated.  Soest  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  by 
the  army  of  Cologne  in  1444,  and  passed  from  Cologne  to 
Cleves  in  1449.    Population  (1890),  commune,  16,071. 

Soester  Fehde  (zos'ter  f  a'de).  ['Feud  of  Soest.'] 
A  war  between  Cologne  and  Cleves  1444-49, 
caused  by  a  dispute  over  the  possession  of 
Soest  (which  see). 

Sofala  (so-fa'la).  1.  A  district  in  Mozambique, 
eastern  Africa,  extending  along  the  coast  from 
the  Zambesi  to  Delagoa  Bav.  It  has  by  some 
been  identified  with  the  biblical  Ophir. —  2.  A 
seaport,  the  chief  place  in  the  district  of  Sofala, 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  Sofala  River,  in  lat. 
20°  11'  S.,  long.  34036'  E.:  formerly  a  flourish- 
ing commercial  place.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Portuguese  in  1505.    Population,l,000-2,000. 

Sofala  Bay.  An  indentation  in  the  eoast-line 
of  eastern  Africa,  near  Sofala. 

Sofi  (so'fi).    See  Mittu. 

Sofia,  or  Sophia  (s6-fe'a).  The  capital  of  Bul- 
garia, situated  in  lat.  42°  38'  N.,  long.  23°  15' 
B. :  the  ancient  Serdica  or  Sardica.  it  was  called 
Triaditza  by  the  Byzantine  Greeks.  It  was  plundered  by  the 
Huns;  was  captured  by  the  Bulgarians  in  809 ;  was  taken 
by  the  Turks  about  1882 ;  was  occupied  temporarily  by  the 
Hungarians  in  1443 ;  and  was  taken  by  the  Russians  in  Jan., 
1878.  It  has  been  greatly  developed  and  modernized 
within  the  last  few  years.    Population  (1887),  30,428. 

Sofonisba  (s6-fon-es'ba).  1.  A  tragedy byGa- 
leotto  del  Carretto,  acted  in  1502:  the  first  Ital- 
ian tragedy.— 3.  A  tragedy  by  Trissino,  writ- 
ten about  1515,  printed  1529:  the  first  Italian 
tragedy  of  note.— 3.  A  tragedy  byAlfleri,  pro- 
duced in  1783.    See  Sophowisba. 


Soga 


943 


Boga  (so'ga),  orWasoga  (wa-s6'ga).    A  Bantu  Soldau  (zol'dou).    A  town  in  the  province  of 

tribe  of  British  East  Africa,  on  the  northern  EastPrussia,situatednearthe Russian  frontier, 

shore  of  Lake  Victoria, -where  the  Nile  separates  102  miles  southeast  of  Dantzie.    Here,  Dec.  26, 

them  from  the  Baganda.    Though  nominally  subject  1806,  the  French  defeated  the  Prussians.  Popu- 

to  Unyoro,  they  are  practically  under  Ganda  rule.    The  lation,  3,680, 

country  is  called  JTsoffa.    Population  estimated  at  600,000  o_i  j{.'>„ -ri^At mi A  „„™„.q    v    r\i. 

(by  Stanley  in  1876).  Soldier  s  Fortune,  The.    A  comedy  by  Otway, 

Sogdiana(sog-di-rna),orSogdiane(sog-di-r- JPr,9,<J^«f<i«168l  f  ,    ■    -u  -^  ^ 

nf).     [Gr.  ^  \aySuLvi^i    In  ancient  geo|:aphy,  Solchers  Three.  AcoUection  of  stories  by  Eud- 
a  large  region  in  central  Asia,  lying  north  of  J^rd  Kjpling,  published  in  1889 
Bactriana,  between  the  Oxus  and  Jaxartes,  in  Soldin  (zol-den^.    A  town  m  the  province  of 


the  vicinity  of  Bokhara  and  Samarkand, 
was  invaded  by  Alexander  the  Great. 


j^;    Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Soldin- 
ersee  67  miles  east-northeast  of  Berlin.    Popu- 

Sogne  Fjord  (sog'ne  fy6rd).    The  longest  fiord  Soiibai^  Battfp^of     See  SouthwoU  Battle  of 
in  Norway,  situated  on  the  western  coast  about  *»°^®  °^^'  battle  Ot.    bee  noutmoia,  JiatUe  of. 

lat.  61°  N. :  noted  for  its  wild  scenery,  in  its  upper 


part  it  is  bounded  by  high  mountains  (6,000  feet)  and  gla^ 
ciers.    Length,  112  miles. 

Soham  (so'ham).  A  town  In  Cambridgeshire, 
England,   l4'  miles  northeast  of  Cambridge. 

Sohar  (s6-har').  A  seaport  in  Oman,  Arabia, 
situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Oman  in  lat.  24°  22'  N., 
long.  56°  45'  E.  It  was  a  flourishing  commer- 
cial city  in  the  middle  ages.  Population,  5,000  (?). 

Sohar.    See  Zohar, 

Soheiil  (s6'he-il).  The  Arabian  name  for  the 
first-magnitude  star  a  Argus,  usually  known  as 


Soleillet  (so-la-ya'),  Paul.  Bom  at  NJmes, 
France,  1842 :  died  at  Aden,  1886.  An  African 
explorer.  He  carried  on  explorations  in  Algeria  1865-€6 ; 
endeavored  to  open  the  way  between  Algeria  and  Senegal, 
but  failed  to  penetrate  beyond  the  oasis  Ain-Salah  ;  agi- 
tated for  a  trans-Sahara  railroad ;  visited  Senegal  in  1878 ; 
and  pioneered  for  French  influence  in  Shoa,  bringing  about 
the  occupation  of  Obok.  His  works  include  "Explora- 
tion du  Sahara  Central "  (1874),  "  I'Avenir  de  la  France  en 
Alrique"  (1876),  and  "Voyages  en  f;thiopie"  (1886). 

Solem.     See  Shunem. 

Solenhofen.    See  Solnhofen. 

Solent  (so'lent),  The.  A  strait,  between  the 
Isle  of  Wight  and  the  mainland  of  Hampshire, 
England,  which  connects  the  English  Channel 
on  the  west  with  Spithead  on  the  east.  Length, 
about  16  miles,    (greatest  width,  4  miles. 


Sohn  (zon),  Karl  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Berlin, 
Dec.  10,  1805:  died  at  Cologne,  Nov.  26,  1867. 

A  German  painter,  especially  noted  for  female    "*""""  ^"  '"'f"*-    ,,      ,     ,  ,         .    ii,    j        i 
figures.  >     V         J  Solesmes_(so-lam').    1.  A  town  m  the  depart- 

Sohn,  Wilhelm.  Born  at  Berlin,  Aug.  29, 1830 : 
died  near  Bonn,  March  16,  1899.  A  German 
painter,  nephew  of  K.  F.  Sohn, 


ment  of  Nord,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Selle  8 
miles  south  of  Valenciennes.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  6,241. —  2.  A  village  in  the  depart- 
ment! of  Sarthe,  France,  situated  on  the  Sarthe 
26  miles  west-southwest  of  Le  Mans.  Its  Bene- 
dictine abbey  contains  remarkable  sculptures  of  the  first 
part  of  the  16th  century. 

The  French  name  of  Solothurn. 


Soho  (so'ho).     A  manufacturing  suburb  of  Bir- 
mingham, England,  situated  in  Staffordshire. 

Soho  SoLUare.  A  square  in  London,  south  of  Ox- 
ford street,  about  f  mile  north  of  Charing  Cross,  goleure 

It  was  made  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  and  was  at  one  time  „   ,  '-/T^    t  t>  n    -r>  j-td     -i. 

called  King's  Square,  from  Gregory  King,  its  architect.      Soley  (so  li),  JamOS  KUSSell.  Born  at  Koxbury, 

Sohrab.    See  Suhrab.  Mass.,  Oct.  1, 1850.  An  American  writer,  chiefly 

Sohrab'and  Eustum'.    A  poem  by  Matthew  Ar-    °^  ^^'^^y  affairs.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1870 ;  be- 
nold.    See  Bustam. 

Sohrau  (zo'rou).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Silesia,  Prussia,  56  miles  southeast  of  Oppeln. 
Population  (1890),  4,429. 

Soigne  (swany),  Forest  of.  A  forest  in  Belgium, 
south-southeast  of  Brussels. 

Soignies  (swan-ye').    A  town  in  the  province 


came  assistant  professor  of  English  at  the  United  States 
Naval  Academy  in  1871 ;  was  in  the  head  of  the  department 
of  English  studies,  history,  andlawat that  institution  1873- 
1882 ;  was  commissioned  a  professor  in  the  United  States 
navy  in  1876 ;  and  since  1883  has  superintended  the  publi- 
cation of  the  naval  records  of  the  Civil  War.  He  has  pub- 
lished "  History  of  the  Naval  Academy  "  (1876),  "  Memoir 
of  John  Bodgers  "  (1882),  "  The  Blockade  and  the  Cruisers  " 
"  The  Navy  in  the  CivQ  War"),  "The  Boys  of  1812, 


of'Hainaut,  Belgium,  24  miles  southwest  of  ™d  other  Naval  Heroes"  (1887),  "The  Sailor  Boys  of  m" 
pStiona890),^,00r  °''  ^""^^  ''^-"^•Solfatara  (sol-fa-ta'ra).    A  volcano  near  Poz- 

's°izr^  ^^"'~'^-  ^'^  "^•"'^  --dsSar^i'sm^n^fpess 

c!„,Vn«_„L„,K  cA^M    A  .,,•+„,•„  j.T.„.q _j. 4-   e    of  Tivoli,  Italy,  noted  for  its  floating  islands. 

SolSSOns(swa-son  ).  A  citym  the  department  of  q-ix..„j„„'/„„i  i'  „5/„x\      a  ■.„-no„o4S+i.^  T>..^,r 

Aisne,  France,  situated  on  the  Aisne  19  miles  ^-"I^^Tm^    f  f  >f.  f>.^™\?i!^T.     .     ^7' 

„„„iv,™„+ „*  T  „„„  . J™ ^„^4.  „   A  „!-         1      luce  or  Mantua,  northern  Italy.    It  is  famous  for 

southwest  of  Laon :  an  important  and  strongly  ^.j,^  battle  of  June  24, 1869,  in  which  the  allied  French  and 
lortined  strategic  point,  it  has  manufactures  and  Sardinian  armies  under  Napoleon  III.  and  Victor  Em- 
trade  in  agricultural  products.  The  Cathedral  of  Notre  manueldefeatedtheAustriansnnder  Francis  Joseph.  Loss 
Dame,  chiefly  of  the  13th  century,  is  masked  by  build-  of  the  allies,  about  18,000 ;  of  the  Austrians,  about  20,000. 
ings  and  is  not  very  effective  externally,  but  presents  an  Onli  CaS'lTI  Tftr  'S/i'^m  1  In  nncip-nt,  irRncrvanhv 
admirable  interior  of  excellent  proportions  aria  beautiful  OOilCso  ii)-  L^^r.  iOAoj.j  in  ancient  geograpny, 
arcading  and  details.  The  south  transept  has  a  semioir-  a  .^ity  on  the  coast  0±  CillOia,  Asia  Minor,  2b 
oular  endand  a  double  triforium,  offering  notable  perspec-  miles  southwest  of  Tarsus.  It  was  destroyed  by 
tive  effects.  The  cathedral  has  rich  glass  and  a  handsome  Tigranes,  and  was  rebuilt  by  Pompey  and  called  Pompeiu- 
ohapter-house.  The  Abbey  of  St.-Jean  des  Vignes  was  polls.  The  corruptness  of  the  Greek  spoken  there  was 
almost  wholly  destroyed  in  the  Kevolution,  except  the  fine    proverbial  (whence  tlie  word  soleeimi). 

west  front  of  the  church,  which  has  3  recessed  and  cano- SinHcrTnT  In  Ti-anno  Con    Ipn    ^p 'IS -trsiTi')        A 
pied  portals,  a  large  rose,  and  2  massive  flanking  towers,  O0llgny-la-J.rappe  (SO-len-ye    ia-trap   ).      A 
all  of  the  13th  century,  crowned  by  later  spires  of  unequal    small  place  m  the  department  ot  Ome,  i<  ranoe, 
height.    Soissons  was  probably  the  ancient  Belgic  town    24  miles  east-northeast  of  Alen^on :  famous  for 
Noviodunum,  and  was  the  chief  town  of  the  Suessiones    its  Trappist  monastery.     See  Trappists. 
(whence  its  name).    In  the  Roman  period  it  was  called  Cn141,,illi'«n.li  hiil'l      A  tnwn  in  Wnrwinkshire 
Augusta  Suessionum.    It  was  the  capital  of  the  Prankish  °°"'l'^^^,<-^°^^i!,'"  >•    -^J^°^  ™„"i?:'^     •      ir„r!' 
kingdom  of  Clotaire  in  the  6th  century.    It  has  of  ten  been    England,  7  miles   southeast   of  Birmingham, 
besieged  and  taken  (as  in  1814  and  1816),  the  last  time  by    Population  (1891),  23,521. 
the  Germans  in  Oct.,  1870.    It  was  the  scene  of  several  SolimaU.     See  Solyman. 
church  councils.    Population  (1891),  commune,  12,074.      gojiman.     See  Suleiman. 
Soissons,  Battles  or.     Among  the  most  im- g^Umgeg /go.ie.mQn'es).     The  common  Bra- 
portant  are :    (l)  A  battle  in  486  a.  d.,  in  which  Clovis,    zili&n  name  for  the  middle  portion  of  the  Ama- 


king  of  the  Merovingian  Franks,  defeated  the  Roman 
governor  of  Gaul,  Syagrius,  and  established  the  Prankish 
power  in  northern  Gaul.  (2)  A  victory  of  Charles  Martel 
over  the  Duke  of  Aquitania  in  719. 

Sojourner  Truth.    See  Truth,  Sojourner. 


zon  Kiver,  from  the  frontier  of  Peru  to  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Eio  Negro.  The  Solimoes  or  SorimSes, 
an  Indian  tribe  from  which  the  name  is  derived,  formerly 
occupied  a  portion  of  the  banks  near  the  junction  ot  the 
Purils :  they  were  probably  of  Tupi  stock. 


Sokoto  (so-ko  to).  1.  A  native  kingdom  of  the  golingen  (z6'ling-en).  A  town  in  the  Rhine 
central  Sudan,  extending  from  the  Bmue  River  Province,  Prussia,  18  miles  north-northeast  of 
northward,  between  Gando  and  Boruu.  The,  Cologne.  It  is  noted  for  its  manufactures  of  iron  and 
population,  estimated  at  10,000,000,  consists  of  heathen  ^j  j  gword-blades,  knives,  scissors,  files,  bayonets,  revol- 
negroes,  serai-civilized  and  Mohammedan  Hausas,  and  ^'^  pZ\  Ponulation  rl890^  36  640 
the  ruling  Fulahs.  Wurnu  and  Sokoto  are  the  capitals.  J^J^f' ®*"->-  5°?,  ,  ^^?^?^'' ''T,,  <>  -p  i.„„  ,„  „ 
In  1885  the  sultan  accepted  the  British  protectorate.  It  SollUUS  (so-h'nus).  The  Duke  ot  JLphesus,  a 
is  now  included  in  Northern  Nigeria.  character  in  Shakspere's  "Comedy  of  Errors." 

2.  A  capital  of  the  realm  of  Sokoto,  situated  Solinus  (so-li'nus),  Oaius  Julius.    Lived  in 
about  lat.  13°  N.  the  3d  century  A.  d.    A  Roman  grammarian, 

Sokotra.    See  Soootra.  author  of  a  geographical  work  drawn  largely 

Sol  (sol).  [L., 'the  sun.']  In  Roman  mythology,    from  Pliny. 


the  sun-god, 
Solario  (s6-la're-6),  Antonio,  called  Zingaro 

('the  Gipsy').    Bom  about  1382:  died  1455.    A 

Neapolitan  painter. 
Soldan,  Paz.    See  Pan  Soldan. 


The  grammarian  C.  Julius  Solinus  composed  his  Collec- 
tanea rerum  memorabilium  in  the  first  ten  or  twenty  yeaiis 
of  this  period,  if  not  earlier.  The  work  is  mainly  a  selec- 
tion from  the  curiosities  mentioned  in  Pliny  s  Natural 
History,  arranged  from  the  geographical  point  of  view 
and  greatly  enlarged.     Solinus  did  not,  however,  himself 


Solomon 

compose  this  epitome,  but  merely  further  abridged  an 
earlier  and  more  extensive  one ;  for  the  historical  mat- 
ter therein  a  chronicle  of  the  best  period  has  been  em- 
ployed. The  individual  additions  of  the  author  are  quite 
worthless,  his  diction  is  pretentious  and  void  of  taste,  the 
style  long-winded.  But  this  work  was  well  suited  to  the 
taste  of  the  succeeding  age.  It  was  revised  in  the  sixth 
century,  and  then  received  the  new  title  of  Polyhistor. 
Teuffel  and  Sehwabe,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr), 

[II.  291. 

Soils  (s6-les'),  Juan  Diaz  de.  Bom  at  Lebrija, 
Andalusia  (according  to  some  at  Oviedo,  As- 
turias,  or  in  Portugal),  about  1470:  died  on  the 
bank  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  1516.  A  Spanish 
navigator.  He  was  associated  with  Vicente  Yafiez  Pin- 
zon  in  exploring  the  coasts  of  Honduras  and  a  small  part 
of  Yucatan  in  1506,  and  the  south  American  coast  from 
Cape  St.  Augustine  to  lat.  40°  S.  in  1608.  In  this  voyage 
they  entered  (though  they  did  not  discover)  the  Bay  of 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  passed  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  de  la 
Plata  without  exploring  it.  Varnhagen  believed  that 
Soils  was  with  Gongalo  Coelho  on  the  Brazilian  coast  as 
early  as  1503.  In  1612  he  succeeded  Vespucci  as  chief 
pilot  of  Spain.  In  Oct.,  1616,  he  sailed  from  Lepe,  with  3 
vessels,  to  seek  a  southwestern  route  to  the  Pacific.  En- 
tering the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  he  explored  it  for  some  dis- 
tance, but,  having  landed,  was  killed  by  the  Indians.  It 
is  probable  that  the  river  had  been  partly  explored  by 
Portuguese  navigators  some  years  before. 

Soils,  Biver  of.  [Sp.  Bio  de  Solis.'l  A  name 
given,  in  early  maps  and  books,  to  the  Rio  de 
la  Plata.    See  SoUs,  Juan  Diaz  de. 

Soils  y  Sibadeneyra  (s6-les'  e  re-ba-THa-na'ra), 
Antonio  de.  Bom  at  Alcaic  de  Henares,  July 
18,  1610:  died  at  Madrid,  April  19,  1686.  A 
Spanish  author.  He  was  secretary  of  Philip  IV.,  and 
in  1666  was  appointed  historiographer  of  the  Indies.  In 
1667  he  took  orders.  His  earlier  works  include  poems, 
collected  and  published  at  Madrid  in  1692 ;  dramas,  among 
which  are  "GitaniUa,"  "One  Fool  Makes  a  Hundred,"  and 
"  Love  k  la  Mode  ";  an  opera  called  "  Triumphs  of  Love  and 
Fortune  " ;  etc.  His  '  ■  Historia  de  la  Conqnista  de  Mexico  " 
(1st  ed.  1684)  is  one  of  the  Spanish  prose  classics,  but  shows 
little  profundity  of  research.  There  is  a  continuation  by 
Ignacio  Salazar  y  Olarte  (1743). 

SoUas  (sol'as),  W.  J.  Bom  at  Birmingham, 
England,  May  30,  1849.  An  English  geologist 
and  biologist,  professor  of  geology  and  miner- 
alogy in  the  University  of  Dublin  1883^97,  and 
professor  of  geology  and  paleontology  at  the 
University  of  Oxford  1897-. 

SoUinger  Wald  (zol'ling-er  valt),  or  Soiling 
(zol'ling).  A  low  mountain-range  in  Bruns- 
\friek  and  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia, 
situated  north  and  northwest  of  Gottingen  and 
east  of  the  Weser.  Highest  point,  about  1,600 
feet. 

Soil  und  Haben  (z61  ont  ha'ben).  [G., ' Debit 
and  Credit.']  A  novel  by  Gustav  Freytag,  pub- 
lished in  1855.  The  scene  is  laid  in  (xermany 
in  the  19th  century. 

Solmona  (sol-mo'na),  orSulmona  (sol-mo'na). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Aquila,  central 
Italy,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Vella  and 
Gizzio,  33  miles  southeast  of  Aquila:  the  an- 
cient Sulmo.  It  was  a  city  of  the  Peligni;  and  is  famous 
as  the  birthplace  of  Ovid.    Population,  about  15,000. 

Solness  (sol'nes).  The  "master  builder"  in 
Ibsen's  play  of  that  name.  He  is  superstitious, 
egotistical,  and  cowardly. 

Solnhofen  (z6ln'h6-fen),  or  Solenhofen  (z6'- 
len-ho-fen).  A  village  in  Middle  Franeonia, 
Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Altmiihl  36  miles 
north  of  Augsburg:  noted  for  its  quarries  of 
lithographic  stone.  In  this  formation  was  made 
in  1861  the  famous  discovery  of  the  Archseop- 
teryx. 

Solo  (so'lo).  A  river  in  Java,  flowing  into  Java 
Sea  opposite  Madura.    Length,  over  300  miles. 

Sologne  (so-16ny').  A  level  region  in  the  de- 
partments of  Loir-et-cher,  Loiret,  and  Cher, 
France :  naturally  sandy  and  sterile. 

Sololel  (s6-lo-la').  A  town  in  Guatemala,  Cen- 
tral America,  near  Lake  Atitlan,  47  miles  north- 
west of  Guatemala.  It  is  the  ancient  Tecpan- 
Atitlan,  chief  town  of  the  Cakchiquel  Indians. 
Population  (1893),  7,627. 

Solomon  (sol'o-mgn).  [F.  Salomon,  It.  Salo- 
mone,  Sp.  Salomon,  Pg.  Salomao,  G.  Salomo,  LL. 
Salomo,  Gr.  ^aTMfi&v,  Heb.  Shelomoh,  peace- 
able.] A  famous  king  of  Israel,  993-953  b.  c. 
(Duncker),  son  of  David  and  Bathsheba.  He 
was  the  youngest  son  of  David,  but,  through  the  influence 
of  his  mother  and  of  Nathan,  was  made  his  heir.  Under 
him  Israel-  became  a  great  power,  and  he  himself  became 
famous  for  his  wealth,  his  luxury,  and  his  wisdom — the 
last,  according  to  the  Bible  account,  a  special  gift  of  God. 
His  great  work  was  the  building  of  the  temple  (which  see). 
He  was  in  alliance,  political  and  commercial,  with  Hiram 
of  Tyre  and  with  other  powers,  and  extended  Israelitish 
commerce  to  all  parts  of  the  known  world.  The  name  of 
Solomon,  who  was  supposed  to  have  possessed  extraordi- 
nary magical  powers,  plays  an  important  part  in  Eastern 
and  thence  in  European  legends.  According  to  one  tradi- 
tion, the  Ethiopians  are  descended  from  him  through  n 
son  which  the  Queen  of  Sheba  bore  him. 


Solomon 

The  Arabians  attribute  to  Solomon  a  perpetual  enmity 
And  warfare  against  wiclced  genii  and  giants,  and  they 
have  numberless  tales  of  his  wonder-working  ring. 

D'Eerhdot,  Southey's  Poems. 

Solomon.  1.  An  epic  poem  by  Prior,  published 
in  1718. — 2.  An  oratorio  by  Handel,  produced 
at  London  in  1749. 

Solomon  ben  or  ibn  Gabirol.    See  Gabirol. 

Solomon  Islands  or  Archipelago,  or  Salo- 
mon (P.  pron.  sa-lo-m6n')  Islands.  A  group 
of  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  east  of  New 
Guinea,  about  lat.  5°-ll°  S.  The  chief  islands  of 
the  group  are  Bougainville,  Choiseul,  Ysabel,  Malanta, 
Guadalcanar,  New  Georgia,  and  San  Christoval.  They  are 
mountainous  and  volcanic.  Their  inhabitants  are  princi- 
pally Melanesians,  and  are  warlike  cannibals.  The  islands 
were  diaoovered  by  Mendafla  in  the  16th  century.  The 
northern  part  of  the  group,  with  an  area  of  4,200  square 
miles  and  a  population  of  45,000,  belongs  to  Germany. 

Solomon  Kiver.  A  river  in  northern  Kansas 
which  unites  with  the  Smoky  Hill  River  to  form 
the  Kansas  River.     Length,  about  300  miles. 

Solon  (so'lon).  [Gr.  SiJAut'.]  Born  about  638 
B.C.;  died  about  559.  A  famous  Athenian 
lawgiver.  He  encouraged  the  Athenians  to  regain 
possession  of  Salamis.  In  594  he  became  archon  and  was 
charged  with  various  reforms.  He  improved  the  condi- 
tion of  the  debtors,  divided  the  population  into  four 
"  classes,"  and  reorganized  the  Boule,  the  popular  assem- 
bly, and  the  council  of  the  Areopagus.  He  traveled  in 
■Cyprus  and  the  East. 

Solon  (594  B.  0.),  the  great  lawgiver,  used  elegy  more  In 
the  manner  of  Callinus  or  Tyrtseus.  In  his  early  man- 
hood, his  stirring  verses  moved  the  Athenians  to  win  back 
Salamis  from  the  Iklegarians.  And  when  he  had  carried  his 
great  reforms,  elegy  became  the  voice  of  his  calm  joy. 

Jeib,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  64. 

Solor  (s6-16r').  A  small  island  in  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  east  of  Flores,  from  which  it  .is 
separated  by  the  Strait  of  Plores. 

SoKrzano  y  Pereira  (s6-16r'tha-n6  e  pa-ra'- 

,  e-ra),  Juan  de.  Born  at  Madrid,  Nov.  30, 1575 : 
died  there,  1654.  A  Spanish  jurist  and  author. 
He  was  professor  of  law  at  Salamanca,  a  judge  of  the  au- 
dience of  Lima,  Peru,  1610-27,  and  subsequently  a  coun- 
cilor of  the  Indies.  His  works  include  "  Politica  Indiana, " 
and  "De  Indiarum  Jure,"  relating  largely  to  colonial 
aifah's,  and  containing  much  information  regarding  the 
Indians. 

Solothurn  jzo'lo-torn).  l¥.Soleure.']  1.  A  can- 
ton of  Switzerland,  of  very  irregular  shape, 
bounded  by  Basel,  Aargau,  and  Bern.  Capital, 
Solothurn.  it  has  4  membersintheNational Council. 
The  prevailing  language  is  German ;  the  religion  largely 
Roman  Catholic  (over  20  per  cent.  Protestant).  A  large 
part  of  the  territories  of  the  canton  was  acquired  by  the 
city  of  Solothurn  in  the  15tb  century.  It  was  admitted  as 
A  canton  into  the  confederation  in  1481.  Area,  302  square 
miles.  Population  (1S88),  85,621. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Solothurn',  situ- 
ated on  the  Aare  in  lat.  47°  13'  N.,  long.  7°  32' 
E.:  the  Roman  Solodurum.  It  became  afree  imperial 
city  in  1218,  and  was  allied  with  Bern  in  1295.  It  has  a 
cathedral.    Population  (1800),  8,460. 

Solta  (sol'ta).  An  island  in  the  Adriatic  Sea, 
belonging  to  Dalmatia,  situated  10  miles  south- 
west of  Spalato.  Length,  11  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 3,171. 

Soltikoff  (sol'te-kof),  or  Saltikoff  (sal'te-kof), 
Nikolai.  Bom  Nov.  11, 1736:  died  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, May  28,  1816.  A  Russian  field-mar- 
shal, regent  of  the  empire  during  the  absence 
of  Alexander  I.  1813-15. 

Soltikoff,  Count  Peter.  Born  about  1700 :  died 
Dec.  15,  1772.  A  Russian  field-mar.<-hal.  He 
commanded  the  Itussian  contingent  in  the  vie'  ory  of  Ku- 
nersdorf  in  1759. 

Solus  (so'lus),  or  Soluntum  (so-lun'tum).  In 
ancient  geography,  a  city  on  the  northern  coast 
of  Sicily,  12  miles  southeast  of  Palermo.  Itwas 
an  ancient  Phenieian  colony. 

Solway  Firth  (sol'wa  fferth).  An  arm  of  the 
Irish  Sea,  lying  between  the  counties  of  Kirk- 
cudbright and  Dumfries  in  Scotland  on  the 
north,  and  Cumberland  in  England  on  the  south- 
east :  noted  for  the  rapidity  of  its  tides.  The  es- 
tuary of  the  Esk  foi-ms  its  upper  part.  Length,  86  miles. 
Greatest  width,  22  miles. 

Solway  Moss.  A  district  in  Cumberland,  Eng- 
land, 8  miles  north  by  west  of  Carlisle,  on  the 
Scottish  border.  It  was  formerly  a  bog,  but  is  now 
drained.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  victory  of  the  English  over 
the  Scots  in  1542. 

Solyman(sol'i-man)I,  (sometimes  called  Soly- 
man II.), sumamed "The Magnificent."  [ Turk. 
Ar.  Suleiman,  from  Gr.  io?u>/i&v,  Solomon.]  Born 
about  1490:  died  before  Sziget,  Hungary,  1566. 
Sultan  of  Turkey  1520-66,  son  of  Selim  I.  He 
raised  the  Turkish  empire  to  its  highest  point ;  captured 
Belgrad  from  the  Hungarians  in  1521 ;  besieged  and  cap- 
tured Bhodes  from  the  Knights  of  St.  John  in  1522 ;  in- 
vaded Hungary  in  1526,  and  totally  defeated  King  Louis 
11.  atMoh4os;andunsuccessfullybesieged  Viennainl629. 
By  the  treaty  of  1533  a  part  of  Hungary  was  ceded  to  the 
Prince  of  Transylvania,  an  ally  of  Turkey.  Solyman  oon- 
tiuered from  Persia  Mosul,  Bagdad,  part  of  Armenia,  etc.; 
seceived  the  submission  of  the  Barbary  States ;  and  again 


944 

waged  war  with  Hungary,  and  annexed  by  the  treaty 
of  1547  a  great  part  of  Hungary  and  Transylvania.  His 
troops  were  repulsed  in  the  si^e  of  Malta  in  1666.  In 
1666  he  invaded  Hungary  with  a  vast  army,  and  died 
while  besieging  Sziget.  He  was  the  greatest  of  the  Otto- 
man sultans,  and  equally  noted  as  a  ruler  and  as  a  patron 
and  encourager  of  the  fine  arts  and  of  learning. 

Solyman  II.  (sometimes  called  Solyman  III.). 

Turkish  Sultan  1687-91,  brother  of  Mohammed 
IV. 

Solyman,  or  Soliman,  or  Suleiman  (s6-la- 
man').  Killed  about  1410.  Eldest  son  of  Baja- 
zet  I.,  and  an  independent  ruler  in  Adrian ople. 

Soma  (so'ma).  [Skt., '  extract,'  from  ystj,  ex- 
tract.] In  Sanskrit,  a  plant  and  its  sap,  often 
personified  as  a  god ;  also,  the  moon.  This  plant, 
now  represented  by  the  Sareostemma  wmincdis  or  Ascle- 
pias  aeida,  was  in  Vedic  times  collected  by  moonlight  on 
certain  mountains,  stripped  of  its  numerous  leaves,  and 
then  carried  to  the  place  of  sacrifice,  where  the  priests 
crushed  the  stalks  between  stones,  sprinkled  them  with  wa- 
ter, and  placed  them  on  a  sieve  or  strainer  for  purification, 
whence  the  acid  juice  trickled  into  a  vessel,  after  which  it 
was  mixed  with  clarified  butter,  barley,  etc.,  allowed  to  fer- 
ment, and  offered  in  libations  to  the  gods,  or  drunk  by 
the  Brahmans.  It  is  sometimes  described  as  brought  from 
the  sky  by  a  falcon  and  guarded  by  the  Gandharvas,  or  as 
brought  by  the  daughters  of  the  Sun  from  a  spot  where  it 
had  been  nourished  by  Parjanya,  the  rain-god,  whom  the 
Eigveda  represents  as  Its  father.  All  the  114  hymns  of 
the  9th  Mandala  of  the  Kigveda,  besides  many  others  in 
this  Veda,  and  the  whole  Samaveda,  are  devoted  to  its 
praise.  In  some  parts  of  India  soma-sacrifices  are  still 
offered,  but  the  use  of  the  plant  is  little  known,  and  it  is 
questionable  whether  the  plant  now  regarded  as  the  soma 
is  really  that  of  the  Vedas.  The  modern  medical  work  of 
Sushruta  distinguishes  24  varieties.  The  juice  was  re- 
garded in  Vedic  times  as  a  nectar  conferring  eternal  life 
and  vigor  on  its  drinkers,  whether  gods  or  men,  and  was 
a  favorite  propitiatory  offering.  In  its  character  as  a  god 
it  was  represented  as  primeval,  all-powerful,  all-pervad- 
ing, healing  all  diseases,  lord  of  all  other  gods.  This  wor- 
ship of  Soma  has  great  similarity  to  the  Dionysiac  and 
Bacchic  worship  of  the  Greeks  and  Homans.  The  name 
becomes  in  Avestan  Haoma,  where  it  designates  a  plant 
with  yellow  flowers  and  knotty  stalk,  growing  Jn  Ghilan, 
Mazandaran,  Shirvan,  and  Yazd,  also  its  juice  and  the 
Genius  of  the  plant.  Haoma  is  often  invoked  in  the  Avesta, 
where  the  9th  Ha  of  the  Yasna  is  devoted  to  his  praises. 
The  haoma  plays  a  great  part  in  the  rites  of  the  Parsis. 
The  prominence  of  Soma  and  Haoma  in  the  Veda  and 
the  Avesta,  respectively,  constitutes  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant indications  of  an  original  Indo-Iranian  unity. 
The  name  soma  came  to  designate  the  moon  in  post- 
Vedic  mythology  probably  from  the  fact  that  the  moon 
was  regarded  as  the  yellow  drop  in  the  sky. 

Somadeva  (so-ma-da'va).  The  author  of  the 
Kathasaritsagara  (which  see). 

Somain(s6-man').  A  mining  and  manufactur- 
ing town  in  the  ,department  of  Nord,  France, 
12  miles  west  of  Valenciennes.  Population, 
(1891)j  commune,  6,043. 

Somali  (s6-ma'le),  or  Somal  (s6-m'al').  A  Ha- 
mitic  nation,  inhabiting  the  Eastern  Horn  of  Af- 
rica — that  is,  the  arid  region  between  the  Strait 
of  Bab-el-Mandeb  and  a  point  south  of  the 
Juba  River.  They  are  mixed  with  Arab  blood  in  the 
north  and  with  Negro  blood  in  the  south,  and  vary,  there- 
fore, much  in  color  and  form.  Their  language,  which  is 
practically  one  in  the  whole  region,  is  decidedly  Hamitic, 
and  has  no  written  character  or  literature.  The  Somali 
are  pastoral,  owning  herds  of  camels,  horses,  oxen,  sheep, 
and  goats :  their  limited  agriculture  is  carried  on  by  do- 
mestic slaves.  Ifominally  Mohammedan  and  split  into 
many  petty  tribes,  they  are  fiercely  opposed  to  foreign 
intrusion,  though  naturally  sociable  and  jovial.  The 
Hashia  and  Hawiya  are  the  principal  subtribes.  England 
and  Italy  claim  most  of  the  Somali  coast. 

SomaliCoastProtectorate,orSomaliland(so- 

ma'le-land).  A  British  protectorate  in  eastern 
Africa,  along  the  Gulf  of  Aden.  Chief  seaport, 
Berbera.  Area,  68,000  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  estimated,  240,000. 
Somaliland.  An  Italian  protectorate  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  Africa.  It  extends  from  the  Juba 
River  northward,  and  is  bounded  westward  by  British  East 
Africa.  The  British  boundary  was  settled  in  1891.  Area 
of  Somaliland  and  Gallaland,  70,000  square  miles  (?).  Pop- 
ulation, 210,000  (?). 

Somanatha  (s6-ma-na'tha).  The  name  of  a 
celebrated  Linga,  or  emblem  of  Shiva,  or  of  the 
temple  where  it  was  set  u^  at  Somanathapat- 
tana,  or  Somnath  Pattan,  in  the  peninsula  of 
Kathiawar in  Guzerat.  .The  temple  wasone  of  12  Linga 
temples  held  in  special  veneration.  A  legend  devised  to 
explain  the  name,  the  precise  meaning  of  which  is  uncer- 
tain, relates  that  Soma  propitiated  Shiva  by  great  auster- 
ities performed  there,  whereupon  Shiva  granted  him  a 
boon,  and  Soma  set  up  a  Linga  on  the  spot  where  he  had 
done  penance.  This  makes  the  name  mean  *the  lord  of 
Soma,'  in  the  sense  of  the  divinity  set  up  by  Soma. 

Sombrerete  (som-bra-ra'ta).  A  decayed  mining 
town  in  the  state  of  Zaoatecas,  Mexico,  about  100 
miles  northwest  of  Zacatecas.  Its  silver-mines 
were  formerly  among  the  richest  in  the  world. 

Somers  (sum'ferz),  John,  Baron  Somers.  Bom 
at  Worcester,  England,  March  4, 1652 :  died  April 
26,  1716.  An  English  statesman  and  jurist. 
He  was  counsel  for  the  seven  bishops  in  their  trial  in 
1688 ;  and  a  member  of  the  Convenflon  Parliament  in 
1689.  He  became  solicitor-general  in  1689,  attorney-gen- 
eral inl892,  and  lord  keeper  In  1693.  He  was  a  leading  mem. 


Sommen,  Lake 

ber  of  the  Whig  junto ;  was  one  of  the  lords  justices  in 
the  absence  of  William  III.  in  1695 ;  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  in  1697 ;  was  lord  chancellor  1697-170(1  j  and  was 
impeached  and  acquitted  in  1701.  In  1706  he  was  influ- 
ential in  arranging  the  union  with  Scotland.  From  1708- 
1710  he  was  president  of  the  counciL 
Somerset  (sum'6r-set).  [ME.  Somerset,  Somer- 
sete,  AS.  Snmorsmte,  orig.  the  name  of  the  in- 
habitants, appar.'summer-settlers,'fromsjmo)', 
summer,  and  -smte,  settler:  an  explanation  re- 
fleeted  in  the  ML.  translation  Mstiva  regio, 
summer  country,  and  the  W.  Gwlad  yr  haf, 
country  of  summer.]  A  county  in  the  south- 
western part  of  England,  bounded  by  the  Bris- 
tol Channel  and  Gloucester  on  the  north,  Wilt- 
shire on  the  east,  Dorset  on  the  southeast, 
and  Devon  on  the  south,  southwest,  and  west. 
Its  surface  is  hilly  and  undulating,  the  chief  hills  being 
the  Mendip  Hills,  Exmoor,  and  Brendon  Hills,  and  it  con- 
tains the  plain  of  Sedgemoor.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Parret  and  Lower  Avon ;  the  chief  cities,  Bath  and  (part  of) 
Bristol.  Somerset  was  thoroughly  occupied  by  the  Ro- 
mans ;  was  conquered  gradually  from  the  Welsh  from  the 
6th  to  the  8th  century;  and  sided  generally  with  the 
Parliament  and  later  with  Monmouth  in  the  17th  century. 
Area,  1,630  square  mUes.    Population  (1891),  484,387. 

Somerset,  Duke  of  (Edmund  Beaufort).  Died 
1455.  An  English  politician,  son  of  Thomas, 
earl  of  Dorset,  and  grandson  of  John  of  Gaunt. 
He  was  created  duke  of  Somerset  in  1447,  and  was  lieu- 
tenant of  France  1447-60,  during  which  time  Normandy  was 
lost  by  the  English.  He  was  appointed  lord  high  consta- 
ble of  England  on  his  return  in  1450,  and  succeeded  Suf- 
folk as  the  chief  minister  of  Henry  VI.  In  1463,  when 
the  king  was  stricken  with  insanity,  Somerset  supported 
Queen  Margaret  in  her  contest  for  the  regency  with  the 
Duke  of  York,  the  heir  presumptive  to  the  throne.  York 
triumphed,  and  Somerset  was  imprisoned.  Somerset  was, 
however,  released  and  restored  to  office  on  the  recovery 
of  the  king  in  1456,  but  fell  at  the  battle  of  St.  Albans  in 
the  same  year.    See  Margaret  of  Anjou. 

Somerset,  Duke  of.    See  Seymour,  Edward. 

Somerset,  Earl  of.    See  Carr,  JRoiert. 

Somerset,  Fitzroy  James  Henry,  first  Baron 
Raglan.  Born  Sept.  30, 1788 :  died  near  Sebas- 
topol,  Russia,  June  28, 1855.  A  British  general, 
youngest  son  of  the  first  Duke  of  Beaufort  by 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Admiral  Edward  Bosca- 
wen.  He  entered  the  army  in  1804 ;  served  in  the  Penin- 
sular war ;  was  military  secretary  to  the  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton ;  and  commanded  the  British  in  the  Crimea  1864-56. 

Somerset  House.  A  palace  in  the  Strand,  Lon- 
don, built  by  the  Protector  Somerset  in  1549. 
Later  it  was  crown  property.  It  was  demolished  in  1775, 
but  has  been  rebuilt  and  is  used  for  government  offices 
(Registrar-General,  Inland  Revenue,  Exchequer,  etc.). 

Somers  Islands.    See  Bermudas. 

Somersworth  (sum'6rz-werth).  A  city  in 
Strafford  County,  New  Hampshire,  situated  on 
Salmon  Palls  River  33  miles  east  of  Concord. 
It  contains  the  manufacturing  village  of  Great 
Falls.    Population  (1900),  7,023. 

Somerville  (sum'er-vil).  A  city  in  Middlesex 
County,  Massachusetts,  2  miles  northwest  of 
Boston.  It  was  made  a  city  in  1872.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  61,648. 

Somerville,  Mrs.  (Mary  Fairfax).  Bom  at 
Jedburgh,  Scotland,  Dec.  26,  1780:  died  at  Na- 
ples, Nov.,  1872.  A  British  mathematician 
and  scientific  writer,  daughter  of  Admiral  Sir 
William  George  Fairfax,  she  married  in  1804  Cap- 
tain Samuel  Greig,  a  cousin,  who  died  in  1806;  and  in 
1812  she  married  another  cousin.  Dr.  William  Somerville. 
With  his  assistance  she  studied  the  physical  sciences.  In 
1831  she  published  a  translation  of  the  "  M^canlqne  ce- 
leste "  of  Laplace.  She  also  published  "  Connection  of  the 
Physical  Sciences  "  (1835),  "Physical  Geography"  (1848), 
"  Molecular  and  Microscopic  Science  "  (1866).  Her  "Per- 
sonal Recollections  "  appeared  after  her  death. 

Somerville,  or  Somervile,  William.    Bom  at 

Edston, Warwickshire,  1677:  died  there,  July  19, 
1742.  An  English  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Win- 
chester and  New  College,  Oxford.  He  wrote  "  The  Chase  " 
(1735),  "Hobbinol,  etc."  (1740),  "Field  Sports"  (1742),  etc. 

Somes  Sound  (somz  sound).  An  inlet  on  the 
coast  of  Mount  Desert,  Maine. 

Somma  Vesuviana  (som'ma  va-s5-ve-a'na). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Naples,  Italy,  situ- 
ated at  the  foot  of  Mount  Vesuvius,  9  miles 
east  of  Naples.    Population  (1881),  8,511. 

Somme  (som).  A  river  in  northern  Prance  which 
fiows  into  the  English  Channel  30  miles  north- 
east of  Dieppe :  the  ancient  Samara.  Length, 
152  miles ;  navigable  by  aid  of  a  canal. ' 

Somme.  A  maritime  department  of  northern 
France,  bounded  by  Pas-de-Calais  and  Nord  on 
the  north  and  northeast,  Aisne  on  the  east, 
Oise  on  the  south,  Seine-Inf  6rieure  on  the  south- 
west, and  the  English  Channel  on  the  west. 
Capital,  Amiens.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  and  it 
Is  one  of  the  leading  agricultural  departments.  It  has  also 
flourishing  manufactures.  It  was  formed  from  the  greater 
part  of  Hcardy  and  a  small  part  of  Artois.  Area,  2,379 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  646,495. 

Sommen  (som'men).  Lake.  A  lake  in  southern 
Sweden,  east  of  Lake  Wetter.  Length,  24  miles. 


SSminerda 

Sonunerda  (z^m'mei-da).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  TJn- 
strut  13  miles  north-northeast  of  Erfurt :  noted 
for  the  manufacture  of  firearms.  Popxilation 
(1890),  4,583. 

Sominerfeld  (zom'mer-felt).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Lubis  44  miles  southeast  of  Frankfort-on- 
the-Oder.  It  has  important  manufactures  of 
cloth.    Population  (1890),  11,401. 

Sommeriiig  (zem'mer-ing),  Samuel  Thomas 
von.  Born  at  Thorn ,  Prussia,  Jan.  18, 1755 :  died 
at  Prankfort-on-the-Main,  March  2,  1830.  A 
noted  German  anatomist  and  physiologist.  He 
became  professor  of  anatomy  at  Casselin  1778  and  at  Mainz 
In  1784,  and  later  practised  medicine  at  Frankfort.  In 
1804  he  went  to  Munich,  returning  to  Frankfort  in  1820. 
Among  his  works  are  "Vom  Baue  des  menschlichen  K5r- 
pers"  (1791-96),  "De  corporis  humanifabrica" (1794-1801), 
"Uber  das  Organ  der  Seele  "  (1796),  etc. 

Sommi^res  (som-myar').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Grard,  France,  situated  on  the  Vidourle 
15  miles  west-southwest  of  Nimes.  Population 
(1891),  8,821. 

Somnath.  A  town  in  Gruzerat,  India,  situated 
on  the  Arabian  Sea  in  lat.  20°  53'  N.  it  was 
formerly  of  importance,  and  is  noted  for  its  temple.  It  is 
doubtful  whether  the  so-called  "gates  of  Somnath,"  car- 
ried oft  by  the  British  from  Ohazni  in  1842,  and  now  at 
Agra,  were  ever  at  this  town.  Population  (1881),  6,644. 
See  Somaruitha. 

Somniiun  Scipionis  (som'ni-um  sip-i-6'nis). 
[L. , '  Scipio's  Dream.']  An  episode  in  the  sixth 
book  of  Cicero's  "De  Eepubliea,"  in  which 
Scipio  Africauus  the  Younger  relates  a  dream 
which  he  had  in  youth,  in  which  Af  rieanus  the 
Elder  appeared  to  him,  intimated  his  destiny, 
and  urged  him  to  continue  in  the  path  of  vir- 
tue and  renown. 

Somnus  (som'nus).  [L.  somnus,  sleep.]  In 
Roman  mythology,  the  personification  and  god 
of  sleep,  the  Grreek  Hypuos,  a  brother  of  Death 
(Mors  or  Thanatos)  and  a  son  of  Night  (Nox). 
In  works  of  art  Sleep  and  Death  are  represented  alike  as 
youths,  often  sleeping  or  holding  inverted  torches. 

Somosierra  (so-mo-se-er'ra) .  A  village  in  Spain, 
at  a  pass  of  the  Sierra  de  Guadarrama,  52  miles 
north  of  Madrid.  Here,  Nov.  30, 1808,  the  French  un- 
der Napoleon  routed  the  Spaniards  and  carried  the  pass. 

Sompnour,  The.    See  Swmmoner's  laU. 

Soncino  (son-ehe'no).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Cremona,  northern  Italy,  situated  near  the 
Oglio,  33  miles  east  of  Milan.  Population  (1881), 
commune,  7,534. 

Sonderbund  (zon'der-bout).  [G.,  'separate 
league.']  A  league  of  most  of  the  Eoman  Cath- 
olic cantons  of  Switzerland,  formed  in  1843  and 
including  eventually  Lucerne,  Uri,  Unterwal- 
den,  Schwyz,  Zug,  Pribourg,  and  Valais.  it  was 
reactionary  in  its  aims,  and  in  favor  of  the  Jesuits.  Its  abo- 
lition was  resolved  on  by  the  Swiss  Confederation  July  20, 
1847.  War  upon  it  was  begun  in  Nov.,  1847,  the  Federal 
Swiss  troops  being  commanded  by  Duf  our.  The  result  was 
the  overthrow  of  the  Sonderbund,  and  the  adoption  of  a 
new  constitution  in  1848. 

Sonderburg  (zon'der-bora).  A  seaport  in  the 
province  of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  the 
chief  town  in  the  island  of  Alsen,  situated  on  Al- 
sen  Sound  29  miles  north-northeast  of  Sohles- 
wig.  It  was  a  strategic  point  in  the  Schleswig 
wars.    Population  (1890),  5,120. 

Sondershausen(zon'ders-hou-zen).  The  capi- 
tal of  the  principality  of  Schwarzburg-Sonders- 
hausen,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Wipper  33 
miles  northwest  of  Weimar.  Population  (1890), 
6,634. 

Sondre  Bergenhus  (sSn'dre  ber'gen-hos). 
['  South  Bergenhus.']  A  maritime  province  in 
southwestern  Norway,  intersected  by  lat.  60° 
30'  N.  Area,  6,024  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  128,213. 

SSndre  Trondhjem  (sen'dre  trond'yem). 
['  South  Trondhjem.']  A  province  in  Norway, 
bordering  the  ocean  on  the  west  and  Sweden  on 
theeast,  and  intersected  by  lat.  63°  20' N.  Area, 
7,188  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  123,817. 

Sondrio  (son'dre-6).  1.  A  province  in  the  eom- 
partimento  of  Lombardy,  Italy,  bordering  on 
Switzerland  and  Tyrol.  Area,  1,232  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  130,599.-2.  The  cap- 
ital of  the  province  of  Sondrio,  Italy,  situated 
on  the  Malero,  near  the  Adda,  in  lat.  46°  10'  N., 
long.  9°  52'  B.  It  is  the  chief  town  of  the  Val 
Telmia,  which  is  now  traversed  by  a  railway. 
Population  (1881),  3,989. 

Songamino  (song-ga-me'no),  or  Basongamino 
(ba-song'ga-me'no).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  the 
Kongo  State,  settled  between  the  Lukenje  and 
Sankuru  rivers  and  southward. 

Songari.    See  Sungari. 


945 

Songaria.    See  Sungaria. 

Songe  (song'ge),  or  Basonge  (ba-song'ge).    A 

Bantu  tribe  of  the  Kongo  State,  between  the 

Lubilashi  and  Lomami  rivers,  about  lat.  5°-6° 

S.,  related  to  the  Luba  nation. 
Songhai  (song-gi').    See  Surhai. . 
Song-koi.    See  Bed  Biver. 
Songo  (song'go),  or  Masongo  (ma-song'go).  A 

Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  western  Africa,  occupy 


Sophonisba 

Sopherim(s6'fe-rim).  [Heb.]  Writers;  scribes. 
In  the  Old  Testament  the  title  Sopher  is  applied  to  Ezra, 
who  is  called  "  a  ready  scribe  in  the  law  of  Moses  "  (£zra 
vii.  6).  It  was  in  the  time  of  Ezra  and  Nehemiah,  when 
the  law  became  the  center  of  Jewish  life,  that  the  institu- 
tion of  the  Sopherlm  took  its  origin.  The  task  of  these 
men  was  to  explain  the  law,  and  to  adapt  it  to  the  ever- 
changing  conditions  and  requirements  of  daily  life.  They 
were  thus,  in  a  measure,  the  successors  and  followers  of 
the  prophets.  As  the  name  would  indicate,  they  were 
also  engaged  in  multiplying  copies  of  the  Torah  (Penta/- 


^JaiHUU.    LLLKJC  \Jl.   .dUgUACUj     VV  DOWCJ.±±  -CA-JL^^I^Oi,   UUV^LL^JT-         aiaVJ    CUgdtJCU   111    lUUXUpiJillg    OVJLllCO  UL   VllC    XUiatl    ^J-CXiCiW 

ing  Great  and  Little  Songo,  between  Malange     ''*>«='»)  by  writing,  or  by  transcribing  it  from  the  old  He- 


and  the  head  waters  of  the  Luandu  River,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Kuanza  (lat.  9°-ll°  S. ).  They 
are  a  tall  and  strong  race,  closely  resembling  the  Mba- 
lundu  (Bailundo)  people ;  but  they  speak  a  dialect  of  Kim- 
bundu.  They  are  agricultural  and  pastoral,  and  engage 
in  the  carrying  business  for  white  traders.  Most  of  the 
petty  Songo  chiefs  are  independent. 

Song  of  Solomon.  The  Songs,  otherwise  called  Sophia.    See  Sofia. 
the  Song  of  Songs,  or  Canticles  (LL.  Canticnm  Sophia,  Santa  (san'ta  s6-fe'a) 


brew  script,  no  longer  intelligible  to  their  generation,  into 
the  square  characters  still  in  use.  The  Sopherim  deliv- 
ered their  interpretations  of  and  decisions  on  the  law  be- 
fore audiences  in  schools.  They  were  called  collectively 
"the  men  of  the  great  synagogue,"  and  were  succeeded  by 
the  Tanaim  and  Amoraim.  The  results  of  the  mental  ac- 
tivity of  these  teachers  of  the  law  through  several  centu- 
ries are  laid  down  in  the  Talmud. 


Canticorum  Salomonis),  one  of  the  books  of  the 
Old  Testament.  XTnta  the  19th  century  it  was  univer- 
sally  ascribed  to  Solomon,  but  critics  now  regard  it  as 
of  later  date. 

Song  of  the  Shirt.    A  poem  by  Thomas  Hood. 

Song  of  the  Three  Holy  Children.  An  addi- 
tion to  the  Book  of  Daniel,  found  in  the  Sep- 
tuagint  and  in  the  Apocrypha,  purporting  to  be 
the  prayer  and  song  of  the  ttoee  Hebrews  in 
the  fiery  furnace. 

Songs  without  Words.    See  Lieder  ohne  Worte. 

Sonho  (son'yo).  A  native  countship  and  tribe 
of  the  Kongo  Nation,  on  the  Kongo  River  south 
of  its  mouth.  The  counts  of  Sonho  always  gave  much 
trouble  to  the  kings  of  Kongo.    They  nominally  adopted 


[It.  Santa 


Sofia,  ML.  Sancta  Sophia,  MGr.  Soii'a,  wisdom, 
the  church  being  dedicated  to  Christ  as  the 
hypostatized  wisdom  of  God.]  The  famous 
metropolitan  church  of  the  Greeks  at  Oonstanti- 
nople,built  by  Justinian :  since  1453  a  mosque. 
In  plan  it  consists  of  outer  and  inner  narthez  preceding 
a  square  the  central  portion  of  which  is  covered  by  the 
great  dome,  105  feet  in  diameter  and  184  high  (interior), 
in  whose  base  open  40  arched  windows.  Most  of  the  re- 
mainder of  the  nave  is  covered  by  two  lower  semi-domes, 
which  buttress  the  central  dome.  The  aisles  have  gal- 
leries resting  on  arcades  with  beautiful  columns.  All  the 
vaults  and  arches  are  covered  with  superb  mosaics  on 
gold  ground ;  all  the  human  figures  appearing  in  these  are 
now  masked  with  whitewash.  The  walls  are  incrusted 
with  marbles.  The  exterior  of  the  venerable  church  is 
now  plain  and  unimpressive. 


Christianity  about  1500,  but  have  always  been  practically  Sophia,  Santa,  The  Little.   The  church  of  Sts. 
^    *°"  Sergius  and  Bacchus  at  Constantinople,  fin- 


Sonnambula  (son-nam'bo-la).  La.  An  opera 
by  Bellini,  produced  first  at  Milan  in  1831. 

Sonnblick  (zon'blik).  [G.,  'sun-glance.']  A 
summit  of  the  Salzburg  Alps.  Height,  10,180 
feet. 

Sonneberg  (zon'ne-bera).  A  town  and  sum- 
mer resort  in  Saxe-Meiningen,  Germany,  situ- 
ated on  the  Kothen  13  miles  northeast  of  Coburg. 
It  is  the  center  of  a  district  manufacturing  papier-mach6 
articles,  etc.    Population  (1890),  11,480. 

Sonnenburg  (zon'nen-boro).     A  town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Lenze  59  miles  east  of  Berlin, 
(1890),  5,906, 


ished  by  Justinian  in  565  A.  d.,  and  now  a 
mosque.  It  is  quadrangular,  with  a  dome  and  two 
tiers  of  vaulted  arcades ;  there  is  a  narthex  and  an  apse, 
and  fine  mosaics  under  the  whitewash. 
Sophia  Dorothea (s6-fl'a dor-6-the'a) , Eleetress 
of  Hannover.  Bom'Sepit.l5,i666:  died  Nov.  13, 
1726.  Daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Brunswick-Liine- 
burg-Celle,  wife  of  the  elector  George  of  Han- 
nover (later  George  I.  of  England),  and  mother 
of  George  H.  she  was  divorced  Deo.  28, 1694,  on  ac- 
count of  her  relations  with  Count  Konigsmark,  and  re- 
mained tor  the  rest  of  her  life  a  prisoner  in  Ahlden  Castle. 
Population  Sophie  Charlotte,  Queen  of  Prussia.  Born  Oct. 
20, 1668 :  died  Feb.  1, 1705.     Wife  of  Frederick 


Sonnets  from  the  Portuguese.    A  series  of    I.,'  king  of  Prussia :  noted  for  her  literary  and 
sonnets  by  Mrs.  Browning,  published  in  1850.      philosophical  tastes.  Charlottenburg  was  named 

Sonora   (s6-no'ra).      The    northwesternmost    from  her. 

state   of   Mexico,  between   Arizona   (United  Sophocles  (sof'6-klez).   [Gr.  So^oK?»;ff.]  Bom  at 
States),  Chihuahua,_Sinaloa,  and  the  Gulf  of    Colonus,  near  Athens,  495  or  496  B,  C. :  died  406 


California.  Capital,  Hermosillo ;  principal  port, 
GuaymaS.  The  eastern  part  is  mountainous ;  the  west- 
ern part  is  lower,  and  has  extensive  arid  plains.  Except 
in  the  higher  valleys,  little  of  the  land  can  be  used  for 
agriculture  without  irrigation.  The  most  important  in- 
dustry is  mining  (silver,  gold,  etc.).  Large  districts  are 
occupied  exclusively  by  Indians.  Area,  77,634  square  miles. 
Population  (1895),  191,281. 

Sonora.  The  capital  of  Tuolumne  County,  Cali- 
fornia, 110  miles  east  by  north  of  SanPrancisco. 

Sonora  Pass.  A  high  pass  in  the  Sierra  Neva- 
da Mountains,  California,  about  110  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Sacramento. 

Sonsonate  (s6n-s6-na'ta).  Atown  in  Salvador, 
Central  America,  40  miles  west  by  north  of  San 
Salvador.  It  was  founded  by  Pedro  de  Alva- 
rado.    Population  (1892),  est.,  11,000. 

Sontag  (zon'tag),  Henriette,  Countess  Rossi. 
Bom  at  Coblenz,  Prussia,  May  13,  1805  (Jan. 
3,  1806?):  died  in  Mexico,  June  17,  1854.  A 
German  soprano  singer. 


B.  c.  One  of  the  three  great  tragic  poets  of 
Greece.  He  defeated  .Slschylus  for  the  tragic  prize  in 
468,  and  was  defeated  by  Euripides  in  441.  He  was  one 
of  the  Athenian  generals  in  the  Samian  war  (440).  He 
added  the  third  actor  to  the  drama,  and  made  various 
changes  in  the  chorus.  His  tragedies  include  "  CEdipus 
Tyrannu3"(or"CEdipusIlex"),  "CEdipus  at  Colonus,"  "An- 
tigone," -'Electra,"  "  Philootetes,"  "Ajax,"  and  "Maidens 
ofTrachis." 

From  this  date  till  his  death,  at  the  age  of  90,  the  poet 
devoted  all  his  energy  to  the  production  of  those  famous 
works  of  art,  which  gave  him  such  a  hold  over  the  Athe- 
nian public  that  he  came  to  be  considered  the  very  ideal 
of  a  tragic  poet,  and  was  worshipped  after  his  death  as  a 
hero,  under  the  title  Dexion.  He  is  said  to  have  won  eigh- 
teen or  twenty  tragic  victories,  and,  though  sometimes 
postponed  to  Philooles  and  others,  was  never  placed  third 
in  ail  his  life.  The  author  of  the  "Poetic"  and  the  Alex- 
andrian critics  follow  the  judgment  of  the  Attic  public, 
and  most  modern  critics  have  agreed  with  them  that  the 
tragedies  of  Sophocles  are  the  most  periect  that  the  world 
has  ever  seen. 

Xahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  lit.,  I.  280. 


„ J. „__.     She  made  her  first  appear- 

ance  when  only  six  years  old,  and  acted  in  children's  parts  SophoclcS.      A  Greek  portrait-statue,   in  the 

till  she  was  fifteen.    She  retired  from  the  operatic  stage  Lateran  Museum,  Rome.    The  face  is  full-bearded ; 

1830-49,  on  her  marriage,  but  resumed  her  career,  which  ^j^g  attitude  upright  and  simple  ;  the  drapery  a  closely 

was  one  of  unbroken  success.    She  traveled  extensively  m  trapped  himation.    The  style  is  of  about  800  B.  C.    The 

Europe  and  America.  statue  is  perhaps  from  a  bronze  original. 

Soochow,  or  Su-chau  (so'ohou').    A  city  in  Sophocles,  Evangelinus  Apostolides.    Bom 

the  provmce  ^f  Kiang-su,  China,  situated  on  ^^^^  Mount  PeUon,  Greece,  March  8, 1807:  died 


the  Imperial  Canal  about  55  miles  west-north- 
west of  Shanghai.  It  has  flourishing  trade  and  man- 
ufactures, and  was  long  the  center  of  Chinese  fashion. 
Population,  about  600,000. 

Soodan.    See  Sudan. 

Sooloo  Islands.    See  Sulu  Islands. 

Soongaria,    See  Sungaria. 

Soonwald  (zon'valt).  A  portion  of  the  plateau 
of  Hundsriiek,  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  situ- 
ated south  of  Sankt  Gear,  west  of  Bingen,  and 
north  of  the  river  Nahe. 

Soor,  or  Sorr,  or  Sohr  (zor).  A  village  in 
northeastern  Bohemia,  21  miles  north  of  Konig- 
gratz.  Here,  Sept.  30, 1745,  f*e  Prussians  under  Fred- 
erick the  Sreat  defeated  the  Austrians  under  the  Duke  of 
Lorraine  (Prussian  loss,  3,000 ;  Austrian  loss,  8,000,  and  22 
guns) ;  and  here,  June  28, 1866,  the  Prussians  defeated  the 
Austrians. 

Soosa,    See  Susa  (in  Tunis). 


at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Dec.  17, 1883.  A  Greek- 
American  scholar,  professor  of  Greek  in  Har- 
vardCollege.  Hepublisheda "Greek Grammar "(1838), 
and  other  works  on  Greek  grammar,  and  a  "Greek  Lexi- 
con of  the  Koman  and  Byzantine  Periods"  (1870). 

Sophon  (so'fon),  Bridge  of.  A  bridge  over  the 
Sangarius,  built  A.  D.  561  by  Justinian.  It  sur- 
vives almost  perfect,  except  the  structures  for  defense  or 
shelter  at  the  ends.  It  is  1,400  feet  long,  with  8  arches, 
each  having  a  span  of  76  feet  and  small  arches  on  each 
side. 

Sophonisba  (s6-f o-niz'ba).  Died  about  204 B.C. 
A  Carthaginian  womanj  daughter  of  Hasdru- 
bal,  son  of  GisCO.  she  was  betrothed  to  the  Numi- 
dian  prince  Masinissa,  but  was  afterward  married  in  206 
B.  0.,  for  political  reasons,  to  Syphax,  the  rival  Numidian 
ruler.  Her  husband  was  defeated  by  Masinissa,  who  acted 
as  an  ally  of  the  Romans  while  Syphax  was  an  ally  of  the 
Carthaginians,  in  the  second  Punic  war.  Sophonisba  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  conqueror,  who  married  her,  but 


Sophonisba 

was  compelled  by  Scipio  to  reject  her.  She  died  by  poi- 
BOD  sent  by  Masinissa  to  prevent  her  from  faUiog  into  the 
hands  of  the  Romans. 

Sophonisba.  A  tragedy  by  Thomson,  produced 
in  1730. 

Sophonisba,  or  Hannibal's  Overthrow.  A 
tragedy  by  Nathaniel  Lee,  produced  in  1676. 

Sophonisba,  or  the  Wonder  of  Women.  A 
tragedy  by  Marston,  produced  in  1602.  The 
plot  is  semi-historical.    See  Sofonisba. 

Sophonisbe.  1 .  A  tragedy  by  Mairet,  produced 
in  1631.  It  is  said  to  be  the  first  French  tragedy, 
and  is  imitated  from  Trissino's  "  Sofonisba." — 
2.  A  tragedy  by  Comeille  (1663). 

Sophron  (so'fron).  [Gr.  S(!)0p6w.]  Lived  about 
440  B.  c.  A  Syracusau  writer  of  comedy,  noted 
for  his  mimes.  Fragments  of  his  works  have 
survived. 

As  to  the  controversy  whether  the  mimes  were  in  prose 
or  in  verse,  I  fancy  them  like  Walt  Whitman's  so-called 
poems,  which,  if  they  survive,  may  yet  give  rise  to  a  simi- 
lar discussion.  The  mimes  of  Sophron  were  evidently 
very  coarse  also  —  another  parallel — and  were  full  of  pro- 
verbs, and  full  of  humour,  often  using  patois,  which  is 
very  rare  in  Greek  literature.  But  Sophron's  neglect  of 
form  did  not  imply  a  revolutionary  creed:  it  was  ratiier  a 
carefully  concealed  submission  to  the  laws  of  art. 

Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  I.  407. 

Sophronia  (sof-ro'ni-a).  [Gr.,  'of  a  sound 
mind.']  A  character  in  Tasso's  "Jerusalem 
Delivered." 

Sophy  (s6'fi),The.  AplaybySir  JohnDenham, 
acted  in  1641  at  Blaekfriars,  and  printed  in  1642. 
It  is  founded  on  a  story  in  Herbert's  "Travels." 

Sora  (so'ra).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Ca- 
serta,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Garigliano  62  miles 
east-southeast  of  Kome .  it  has  a  cathedral  and  some 
manufactures.  It  was  an  ancient  Volscian  town,  was 
captured  by  the  Bomane,  and  was  colonized  by  them  in 
303  B.  0.    Population  (1881),  6,4U  ;  commune,  13,208. 

Soracte  (s6-rak'te).  A  detached  mountain  in 
Italy,  situated  near  the  Tiber  25  miles  north  by 
east  of  Eome :  the  modern  Monte  Sant'  Oreste. 
There  is  an  extensive  view  from  its  summit,  and  it  is  nota- 
ble for  an  ancient  temple  of  Apollo.    Height,  2,260  feet. 

Sorata  (s6-ra'ta),  Nevado  de,  or  lUampu  (el- 
yam'po).  A  volcanic  mountain  of  the  Bolivian 
Andes,  on  the  eastern  side  of  Lake  Titicaoa, 
nearly  north  of  La  Paz.  Height,  21,500  (ac- 
cording to  some,  23,000-24,000)  feet. 

Sorau  (so'rou).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  56  miles  south- 
southeast  of Trankfort-on-the-Oder.  it  has  man- 
ufactures of  cloth,  linen,  etc.,  and  is  the  oldest  town  in 
Lower  Lusatia.    Population  (1890),  U,466. 

Sorbonne  (sor-bon').  La.  A  celebrated  house 
founded  in  the  University  of  Paris  about  1250 
by  Robert  de  Sorbon  or  Sorbonne,  chaplain 
and  confessor  of  Louis  IX.  The  college  of  the  Sor- 
bonne became  one  of  the<Cour  constituent  parts,  and  the 
predominant  one,  of  the  faculty  of  theology  in  the  univer- 
sity. It  exercised  a  high  influence  in  ecclesiastical  affairs 
and  on  the  public  mind,  especially  in  the  16th  and  17th 
centuries.  It  was  suppressed  during  the  Bevolution,  and 
deprived  of  its  endowments.  At  the  reconstruction  of  the 
university  imder  Napoleon  I.,  the  building  erected  for  it 
by  Richelieu,  and  still  called  the  Sorbonne,  was  ceded  to 
the  city  of  Paris  on  condition  that  the  theological  faculty, 
in  connection  with  the  faculties  of  science  and  belles- 
lettres,  shoiild  remove  there.  New  buildings  were  erected 
1884-89. 

Sordello  (sor-del'16),  or  Sordel.  Born  at  Goito, 
near  Mantua,  about  1180 :  died  about  1255.  A 
Proven9al  poet  or  troubadour.  He  was  attachedfor 
a  time  to  the  household  of  the  Count  of  St.  Bonifazio,  the 
chief  of  the  Guelph  party,  in  the  march  of  Treviso,  and 
afterward  entered  the  service  of  Raymond  Berenger,  the 
last  Count  of  Provence  of  the  house  of  Barcelona.  It  was 
thought  at  that  time  that  the  Italian  language  was  not 
susceptible  of  polish,  and  Sordello  wrote  in  the  Provencal 
language.  He  gradually  became  in  popular  tradition  a 
hero  of  romance,  a  preux  chevalier,  and  an  Italian  knight 
errant  Many  fables  were  woven  about  his  name.  It  was 
even  said  that  the  sovereignty  of  Mantua  had  been  be- 
stowed upon  him.  He  owes  his  reputation  principally  to 
Dante's  mention  of  him :  he  speaks  of  him  with  admira- 
tion eight  times  in  the  "Purgatorio."  Nothing  survives 
of  his  prose  or  his  Italian  poems,  but  about  34  Provencal 
poems  still  exist,  and  are  included  in  Raynouard's  "  Chois 
des  poesies  des  troubadours  "  and  his  "Lexique  roman." 
Sordello  of  Mantua,  whose  real  merit  consists  in  the 
harmony  and  sensibility  of  his  verses.  He  was  amongst 
the  first  to  adopt  the  ballad  form  of  writing,  and  in  one  of 
those,  which  has  been  translated  by  Millot,  he  beautifully 
contrasts,  in  the  burthen  of  his  ballad,  the  gaieties  of  na- 
ture and  the  ever-reviving  grief  of  a  heart  devoted  to 
love.  Sixnumdi,  Lit.  of  South  of  Europe,  1. 103. 

Sordello.  A  poem  by  Robert  Browning,  pub- 
lished in  1840.  It  is  a  picture  of  the  restless  and 
troubled  condition  of  northern  Italy  in  the  early  part  of 
the  13th  century,  and  a  history  of  the  development  of 
the  soul  of  Sordello  the  troubadour.  It  is  the  most  ob- 
scure of  Browning's  poems. 

Sorel  (s6-rel').  The  capitalof  Richelieu  County, 
Quebec,  Canada,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Richelieu  with  the  St.  Lawrence,  44 miles  north- 
east of  Montreal.    Population  (1901),  7,057. 

Sorel  (so-rel'),  Agues.    Bom  at  Fromenteau, 


946 

Touraine,  about  1409 :  died  near  Jumigny,  Feb. 
9, 1450.  The  favorite  mistress  of  Charles  VII. 
of  Prance.  She  was  brought  up  with  Isabelle,  the  wife 
of  Ren^  d'Anjou,  and  remained  her  friend  through  life. 
Charles,  who  first  saw  her  when  she  was  about  twenty 
years  old,  remained  f aitlif ul  to  her  till  her  death,  and  her 
influence  over  him  was  generally  beneficial. 

Sor^ze  (s6-raz').  A  small  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Tarn,  southern  France,  situated  about 
35  miles  east-southeast  of  Toulouse :  the  medie- 
val Sorecinum.  It  is  noted  for  its  Roman  Cath- 
olic college. 

Soria  (s6're-a).  1.  A  province  of  Old  Castile, 
Spain,  bounded  by  Burgos  on  the  northwest, 
Logrono  on  the  north,  Saragossa  on  the  east, 
Guadalajara  on  the  south,  and  Segovia  on  the 
west.  Area,  3,836  square  miles.  Population 
(1887),  151,471.-2.  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Soria,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Duero  in  lat. 
41°  45'  N. ,  long.  2°  34'  W.  Near  it  is  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Numantia.  It  was  sacked  by  Ney  in  1808.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  7,784. 

Sorlingues  (sor-lang').  The  French  name  of 
the  Scilly  Islands. 

Soroe  (s6'r6-e),  or  Soro  (s6'r6).  A  small  town 
in  the  island  of  Zealand,  Denmark,  44  miles 
west-southwest  of  Copenhagen:  noted  for  its 
academy. 

Sorosis  (so-ro'sis).  [In  botany,  a  multiple  fruit, 
like  the  pineapple;  from  Gr.  aupdg,  a  heap.] 
The  first  women's  club  in  the  United  States, 
founded  at  New  York  in  1868. 

Sorr.    See  Soar. 

Sorrel  (sor'el),  Hetty.  One  of  the  principal 
female  characters  in  George  Eliors  novel 
"Adam  Bede" :  a  pretty,  vain,  and  pleasure- 
loving  daiiymaid. 

Sorrento  (sor-ren'to).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Naples,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Naples, 
16  miles  south-southeast  of  Naples :  the  ancient 
Surrentum.  It  is  a  favorite  watering-place ;  was  noted 
in  antiquity  for  its  wines ;  and  was  the  birthplace  of  Tasso. 
Population  (1881),  6,089 ;  commune,  7,869. 

Sorrows  of  Werther,  The.  [G.  Das  Leiden  des 
jungen  Werther.^  A  sentimental  novel  by 
Goethe  (published  in  1774),  written  in  the  form 
of  letters. 

Sosigenes  (s6-sij'e-nez).  [Gr.  SuiTfy&TC.]  Lived 
in  the  1st  century  B.  c.  An  Alexandrian  astron- 
omer who  reformed  the  calendar,  under  the 
direction  of  Julius  Csesar,  46  B.  c.  He  is  some- 
times identified  with  an  Egyptian  Peripatetic 
philosopher. 

Sospel  (SOS-pel').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Alpes-Maritimes,  France,  situated  on  the  B6- 
v6re  16  miles  northeast  of  Nice.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  3,887. 

Soter  (so'ter).  [Gr.  auriip,  savior  or  preserver.] 
A  Greek  surname  of  various  gods  and  men  (as 
Zeus,  Ptolemy  I.  of  Kgypt,  etc.). 

Sothern  (susH'Sm),  Edward  Askew.  Bom 
at  Liverpool,  April  1,  1826:  died  at  London, 
Jan.  20,1881.  An  English- American  comedian. 
He  first  played  in  Jersey  in  1849 ;  appeared  in  the  United 
States  in  1852 ;  and  in  1858  made  his  mark  in  the  character 
of  Lord  Dundreary  (see  Dundreary),  His  two  sons,  Lytton 
and  Edward,  went  on  the  stage :  Lytton  died  in  1887. 

Sothis  (so'this),  or  Sept  (sept).  The  Egyptian 
name  of  the  dog-star  (Sirius). 

Soto  (so'to),  Hernando  or  Fernando  de.  Bom 
at  Badajos,  Estremadura,  in  1500  or  1501 :  died 
near  the  Mississippi  River,  May  21, 1542  (ac- 
cording to  others,  June  5  or  June  30,  1542).  A 
Spanish  soldier,  discoverer  of  the  Mississippi. 
He  went  to  Darien  with  Pedraria^,  1514 ;  was  with  C!6i^oba 
in  Nicaragua,  1524 ;  had  an  encounter  with  Gil  Gonzalez 
Davila,  who  had  entered  that  country  from'  the  north ; 
and  opposed  C6rdoba's  defection  in  1526.  In  April,  1682, 
he  joined  Pizarro  in  the  Gulf  of  Guayaquil  with  reinforce- 
ments ;  and  thereafter  was  prominent  in  the  conquest  of 
Peru,  returning  to  Spain  very  rich  in  1536.  In  1537  he  was 
appointed  governor  of  Cuba  and  Florida,  with  orders  to 
explore  and  settle  the  latter  country.  Leaving  San  Lucar 
in  April,  1538,  he  finally  sailed  from  Havana,  Cuba,  on 
May  12, 1689,  with  9  vessels  and  670  (or  950)  men,  includ- 
ing many  cavaliers  of  rank ;  landed  at  Tampa  Bay,  May  25 ; 
and,  having  sent  part  of  his  ships  back  to  Cuba,  setout  on 
July  15  to  explore  the  interior.  His  route  during  the  next 
three  years  can  be  determined  only  approximately.  He 
was  constantly  urged  forward  by  the  hope  of  finding  new 
and  rich  countries ;  during  the  winter  months  he  halted 
at  some  Indian  village ;  and  he  twice  had  communication 
with  his  vessels  on  the  coast.  Reckoning  by  the  present 
State  boundaries,  he  first  made  a  great  circuit  northward 
through  northern  Florida,  Georgia,  perhaps  the  Carolinas 
and  Tennessee,  and  Alabama,  descending  the  Alabama 
River  to  Mobile  Bay,  where  he  had  a  fierce  battle  with  the 
Indiana  (Oct.,  1540).  Thence  he  turned  northward  and 
northwestward  through  Mississippi;  wintered  at  an  Indian 
village  on  the  Yazoo,  where  he  had  another  battle ;  and 
reached  the  Mississippi  River,  crossing  it  at  the  Lower 
Chickasaw  Bluffs  about  May,  1641.  Subsequently  he  ex- 
plored northward  nearly  to  the  Missouri,  then  turned 
southward,  reached  the  junction  of  the  Red  River  and  the 
Mississippi,  and  died  there  of  malarial  fever :  260  of  his 
men  had  perished.    The  survivors,  under  Moscoso,  de- 


Soult,  Nicolas  Jean  de  Dieu 

Bcended  the  river  and  reached  Mexico.  It  should  be  noted 
that  Alonso  de  Pineda  discovered  the  mouth  of  the  Mis. 
sissippi  (which  he  called  the  Espiritu  Santo)  in  1619,  and 
that  Cabeza  de  Vaca  crossed  it,  near  Its  mouth,  in  1628. 

Sotomayor,  Melchor  Bravo  de  Saravia.  See 

Bravo  de  Saravia  Sotmmyor. 
Sotomayor  y  Vald6s  ( e  val-das ' ),  Ramon.  Bom 
at  Santiago,  April,  1830.  A  Chilean  journalist, 
diplomatist,  and  historian.  His  most  important 
work  is  "  Historia  de  Chile  "  (2  vols.  1875),  embracing  the 
period  from  1831  to  1871. 

Sotteville  lez  Eouen  (sot-vel' la  rS-on').  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Seine-Inf6rieure, 
Prance,  situated  on  the  Seine  above  Rouen. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  16,384. 

Souabe  (s6-ab').    The  French  name  of  Swabia. 

Soubise  (so-bez').  Seigneur  de  (Benjamin  de 
Bohan).  Bom  at  La  Rochelle,  1583  :  died  at 
London,  Oct.  9,  1642.  A  French  commander, 
brother  of  Henri  de  Rohan.  He  was  one  of  the 
Huguenot  leaders  in  the  wars  of  1621-29.  He  conducted 
the  heroic  though  unsuccessful  defense  of  La  Bochelle 
1627-28. 

Soubise,  Prince  de  (Charles  de  Bohan).  Bom 

at  Paris,  July  16,  1715:  died  there,  July  4, 1787. 
A  French  general.  He  was,  through  the  influence  of 
Madame  de  Pompadour,  mistress  of  Louis  XV.,  appointed 
to  the  command  of  an  army  soon  after  the  beginning  of  the 
Seven  Years'  War.  He  was  totally  defeated  by  Frederick 
II.  at  Rossbach  Nov.  5, 1767,  but  in  the  following  year 
gained  the  victories  of  Sondershansen  and  Liitzelburg,  for 
which  he  was  rewarded  with  the  rank  of  marshal  of  France. 

Soublette  (s6-blat'ta  or  sob-let'),  Carlos.  Bom 
at  Caracas,  1790:  died  there,  Feb.  12, 1870.  A 
Venezuelan  general  and  statesman.  He  was 
prominent  in  the  war  for  independence,  commanding  in 
Venezuela  1821-23 ;  was  minister  of  war  for  Colombia  1825- 
1827 ;  president  of  the  Venezuelan  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion 1830;  minister  of  war  for  Venezuela  1880-.34;  envoy  to 
Spain  1835 ;  and  in  the  latter  year  was  elected  vice-presi- 
dent of  Venezuela.  On  the  resignation  of  Vargas  he  assumed 
the  executive  May  11,  1836,  but  soon  after  placed  it  in 
charge  of  Narvarte  and  went  to  Spain  to  conclude  an  im- 
portant treaty,  returning  and  resuming  his  post  March  11, 
1837.  He  was  succeeded  Feb.  1, 1839,  by  Paez,  who  made 
him  secretary  of  war ;  and  was  again  president  Jan.  28, 
1843,  to  March  1, 1847.  From  1848tol858he  was  banished : 
subsequently  he  held  cabinet  positions  and  commanded 
the  army. 

Soudan.    See  Sudan. 

Soulary  (so-la-re'),  Joseph  Marie,  called  Jo- 
sSphin.  Bom  at  Lyons,  Feb.  23,  1815:  died 
there,  March  28, 1891.  A  French  poet,  notable 
for  the  beauty  of  his  sonnets.  His  works  were 
published  in  3  vols.  (1872-83). 

Soul6(so-la'),Pierre.  Bom  at  Castillon, Prance, 
in  Sept.,  1802 :  died  at  New  Orleans,  March  26, 
1870.  A  French- American  politician.  He  left 
France  on  account  of  his  opposition  to  the  government  in 
1825,  and  settled  at  New  Orleans,  where  he  rose  to  dis- 
tinction as  a  lawyer.  He  was  a  Democratic  United  States 
senator  from  Louisiana  1847-63,  and  United  States  minister 
to  Si>ain  1853-55.  He  was  one  of  the  framers  of  the  Ostend 
Manifesto  in  1854,  and  sided  with  the  Confederacy  during 
the  Civil  War.  He  was  arrested  at  New  Orleans  in  18K 
and  imprisoned  at  Fort  Lafayette,  but  obtained  his  re- 
lease on  condition  that  he  would  not  return  to  the  Son^ 
until  the  suppression  of  the  rebellion. -^ 

SoulouQue  (so-lok'),  Faustin  Elie.  Bom  at 
Petit  (joiave,  1785 :  died  there,  Aug.  6, 1867.  A 
Haitian  general  and  politician.  He  was  a  negro 
slave ;  took  part  in  the  insurrection  of  1803 ;  rose  to  be 
general  under  Guerrier  and  Rlch^ ;  and  on  the  death  of 
the  latter  was  elected  to  the  presidency,  March  1, 1847, 
principally  because  he  was  old  and  Ignorant  and  it  was 
supposed  that  he  would  be  a  ready  tool  of  the  senators. 
He  displayed  an  unexpected  independence ;  secured  the- 
support  of  the  blacks ;  and,  though  unsuccessful  in  an  in- 
vasion of  the  Dominican  Republic  (March-April,  1849),  had 
himself  proclaimed  emperor  as  Faustin  I.,  Aug.  26, 1849. 
In  1855  he  again  invaded  the  Dominican  Republic,  but  was. 
defeated.  He  was  deposed  Dec.  22, 1858,  left  the  country 
Jan.  15,1869,andlivedin  exile  until  shortly  beforehisdeatli. 

Soult  (solt),  Napollon  Hector.  Born  1801: 
died  at  Paris,  Dec.  31,  1857.  A  French  diplo- 
matist and  politician,  son  of  Marshal  Soult.  He 
was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Berlin  in  1844. 

Soult,  Nicolas  Jean  de  Dieu,  Due  de  Dalma- 
tie.  Bom  at  St.-Amans-la-Bastide  (now  in 
the  department  of  Tarn),  France,  March  29, 
1769:  died  at  St.-Amans,  Nov.  26,  1851.  A 
French  marshal.  He  entered  the  armyin  1785 ;  served 
at  Fleurus  in  1794,  and  at  Altenkirchen  in  1796 ;  became, 
general  of  division  in  1799,  and  distinguished  himself  un- 
der Mass6na  at  the  battle  of  Zurich  (1799)  and  the  defense 
of  Genoa  (1800) ;  was  made  a  marshal  of  France  in  1804 ; 
distinguished  himself  as  commander  of  the  right  wing  at 
Austerlitz  in  1806 ;  served  at  Jena,  Fultusk,  and  Eylau ; 
was  created  duke  of  Dalmatia  in  1807 ;  was  sent  to  Spain  in 
1808,  and  gained  the  battle  of  Oamonal  and  pursued  Moore 

,to  Corunna ;  took  Oporto  in  1809 ;  was  appointed  com- 
mander-in-chief in  Spain  and  gained  the  victory  of  Ocafla 
in  1809 ;  conquered  Andalusia  in  1810  ;  was  defeated  at 
Albuera  in  1811 ;  served  at  Lutzen  and  Bautzen  in  1813 ; 
conducted  the  French  retreat  before  Wellington  in  the 
south  of  France  1813-14 ;  was  minister  of  war  under  Louis 
XVIII.  Dec,  1814,-March,  1816;  was  generEd-in-chiet  under 
Napoleon  in  the  Hundred  Days ;  was  in  consequence  ban- 
ished, but  was  recalled  to  France  in  1819 ;  was  again  made 
a  marshal  of  France  in  1820 ;  was  created  a  peer  in  1827 : 


Soult,  Nicolas  Jean  de  Dieu 

and  was  minister  of  war  1830-34,  ambassador  extraordinary 
at  tlie  coronation  of  Queen  Victoria  in  1838,  and  minUter 
of  war  1840-44. 

Soumet  (s6-ina'),  Alexandre.  Born  at  Castel- 
naudary,  1788 :  died  at  Paris,  1845.  A  French 
poet.  Hia  chief  work  la  "La  divine  ipopfie"  (1840). 
Among  ilia  otlier  productions  are  "  Clytemnestre  and 
"Saiil"  (tragediea  produced  In  1822),  "Cltop&tre"(1824), 
"  Les  MaccliaMes  "  (W27X  "  Jeanne  Dare  "  (1827),  "  Jeanne 
de  France  "  (1828),  "  EmiUa  "  (1829),  etc. 

Sound  (soimd),  The,  Dan.  Orasund  (6'ra- 
sond).  A  sea  passage  between  Sweden  and 
the  island  of  Zealand  in  Denmark,  connecting 
the  Cattegat  on  the  north  with  the  Baltic  on  the 
south.  Ita  width  in  tlie  narrowest  part  is  3  miles.  "Sound 
dutiea  "  on  foreign  vesaels  were  levied  here  by  Denmark 
until  1857. 

Sour,    See  Sure. 

Source  (sors).  La.  [P., 'the  spring.']  A  paint- 
ing by  Ingres  (1856),  in  the  Louvre,  Pans.  A 
graceful,  golden-haired  girl  stands  nude  in  a  rocky  recess, 
her  right  arm  passed  over  her  head,  and  supporting  the 
bottom  of  a  vase  held  on  her  shoulder  with  the  left  hand. 
Streams  of  water  fall  from  the  vase  into  apool  at  the  girl's 
feet. 

SouricLUOis.    See  Micmac. 

Sousa  (so'zS.),  Martim  Affonso  de.  Bom  at 
Braganca  about  1500 :  died  at  Lisbon,  July  21, 
1564.  A  Portuguese  captain.  He  commanded  the 
first  expedition  sent  to  Brazil  for  colonization  (1630-33), 
and  founded  the  first  Portuguese  settlement  at  Sao  Vi- 
cente, Jan.,  1532.  In  1534  he  was  granted  the  captaincy  of 
Sao  Vicente  (which  see)  in  hereditary  right,  and  he  con- 
tinned  to  attend  to  its  affairs  though  he  did  not  again 
visit  it  personally.  He  was  admiral  of  the  seas  of  India 
1534-40,  commanding  in  several  combats';  and  from  1542 
to  1545  he  was  governor  of  the  Portuguese  East  Indies. 

Sousa,  Fero  Lopes  de.  Bom  about  1503:  died  on 
the  coast  of  Madagascar,  Dec.  (?),  1539.  APortu- 
guese  captain,  brother  of  M.  A.  de  Sousa.  He  com- 
manded two  caravels  in  his  brother's  fleet  (1630-33) ,  and  by 
his  orders  explored  the  lower  ParanA(1531-32).  He  received, 
in  hereditary  right,  thi'ee  portions  of  Brazil,  corresponding 
to  northern  Pernambuco  and  Parahyba,  a  portion  of  Sao 
Paulo,  and  Santa  Catharina :  some  attempt  was  made  to 
settle  the  two  former  through  lieutenants  whom  he  ap- 
pointed. In  1539  he  commanded  a  fleet  sent  to  the  East 
Indies,  and  was  shipwrecked  and  killed  while  returning. 
He  wrote  an  account  of  the  Brazilian  expedition  which  has 
been  published  in  recent  times. 

Sousa,  Thom6  de.  Bom  about  1510 :  died  after 
1563.  A  Portuguese  administratoTjfirst  gover- 
nor-general of  Brazil  (1549-53).  He  founded 
Sao  Salvador,  or  Bahia,  April,  1549. 

South  (south),  Bobert,  Bom  at  Hackney,  near 
London,  1633 :  died  at  London,  July.  8, 1716.  A 
noted  English  divine.  He  was  made  prebendary  of 
■VTestminster  in  1663,  canon  in  Oxford  in  1670,  and  rector 
of  Islip  in  1678.    His  "  Works  "  appeared  in  1823. 

South  Africa  (af'ri-ka).  A  name  given  col- 
lectively (and  somewhat  vaguely)  to  that  por- 
tion of  Africa  south  of  the  Zambesi  and  Angola, 
most  of  which  is  under  British  influence.  The 
chief  political  divisions  are  Cape  Colony,  I^atal,  Basuto- 
land,  Bechuanaland,  Pondoland,  the  territories  of  the  Brit- 
ish South  Africa  Company,  the  Orange  River  Colony, 
Transvaal  Colony,  and  German  Southwest  Africa. 

South  Africa  Company,  British.  See  Srit- 
ish  South  Africa  Company. 

South  African  BepubUc,  now  Transvaal 

(trans-val')  Colony.     A  British  colony  (for- 
merly a  republic)  in  South  Africa.     Capital, 
Pretoria.  It  is  bounded  bytheBritishSouthAfricaCom- 
pany's  territory  on  the  north ;  Portnguese  East  Africa  ou 
the  east ;  Zululand,  Katal,  and  the  Orange  River  Colony  on 
the  south ;  and  the  Bechuanaland  Protectorate  and  colony 
on  the  west.    The  surface  is  a  plateau,  with  the  Draken- 
berge  Mountains  in  the  east.    The  chief  river-systems  are 
those  of  the  Vaal  and  Limpopo.     Ihe  colony  exports 
wool,  minerals,  hides,  ostrich-feathers,  etc.;  and  is  rich  in 
gold,  diamonds,  iron,  etc.    It  contains  18  districts.    The 
government  was  a  republic  under  a  nominal  British  suze- 
rainty, administered  by  a  president  (assisted  by  a  council) 
and  two  Volksraden  of  27  members  each.  The  inhabitants 
are  Boers,  English,  and  natives  (Bechuanas,  Basutos,  etc. ). 
The  prevailing  religion  is  the  Dutch  Reformed.    Immi- 
gration by  Boers  from  Cape  Colony  commenced  about  1836. 
The  state  was  recognized  as  independent  in  1852,  and  was 
annexed  by  Great  Britain  in  1877.    Asuccesstul  revolt  of 
the  Boers  (1880-81)  gained  them  self-government  under 
British  suzerainty.    British  control  was  restricted  in  1884. 
In  1890  small  portions  of  Swaziland  and  Amatongaland 
were  ceded  to  the  republic,  and  in  1895  a  protectorate  over 
Swaziland  was  established.    In  1900-01  it  was  conquered 
and  annexed  by  Great  Britain.    Area,  119,139  square  miles. 
Pop.,  white  (1890),  119,128;  native  (1894),  est,  370,148; 
total  (1896),  est.,  609,879. 
South  America  (a-mer'i-ka).     The  southern 
continental  division  of  the  New  World,  be- 
tween the  South  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans, 
connected  with  North  America  by  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama,   it  forms  a  triangular  mass  with  the  aouth- 
em  angle  lengthened  out  and  terminating  in  the  archi- 
pelago of  Tierra  del  Fuego.    The  extreme  points  on  the 
continent  are  Point  GalUnas  or  Chimare,  in  Colombia,  lat. 
12°  25'  ST. ;  Cape  Froward,  on  the  Strait  of  Magellan,  lat. 
53°  64'  S.;  Ponta  de  Pedras,  In  Brazil,  long.  34°  45'  52"  W.; 
and  Capo  Parifia,  in  northern  Peru,  long.  81°  19'  37"  W. 
The  coast-line  presents  no  large  Indentations,  but  near  the 
southern  end  it  is  broken  by  numerous  small  bays  and 
channels  cutting  oil  islands.    More  than  two  thirds  of  the 


947 

surface  lies  within  the  tropics.  The  principal  mountain 
system  is  the  Andean,  near  the  western  coast,  dividing 
northward  into  three  diverging  chains,  with  an  extension 
along  the  northern  coast  to  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco.  A 
notable  feature  of  this  system  is  the  giant  volcanoes  of  the 
Pacific  border.  (See  Andes,  Cordilleras,  Aconcagua,  5o- 
rata,  Chimborrazo,  Cotopaxi,  Ittimani,  etc.)  There  is  a 
smaller  mountain  system  near  the  southeastern  coast  in 
Brazil,  and  some  of  the  highlands  of  Guiana  and  Vene- 
zuela are  mountainous  in  character.  Three  great  river- 
systems,  the  Orinoco,  Amazon,  and  Paraguay-Parang  oc- 
cupy corresponding  broad  depressions,  which  are  but 
slightly  raised  above  the  sea-level.  Separated  by  them 
are  the  great  table-land  of  Brazil,  with  its  mountains 
near  the  coast;  the  table-land  of  Guiana;  and  similar 
table-lands  bordering  the  Andean  system.  These  table- 
lands are  diversified  in  their  vegetation,  but  with  little 
forest  except  near  rivers.  The  most  extensive  forests 
are  in  the  Amazon  valley,  and  on  the  mountains  of  the 
northern  and  southeastern  coasts.  The  llanos,  north 
of  the  Orinoco,  and  the  pampas  of  the  Argentine  Re- 
public, are  great  grassy  plains.  The  fauna  and  flora 
are  extremely  rich  in  species  :  there  are,  however,  but 
few  large  mammals.  South  America  was  discovered 
by  Columbus  in  1498,  and  its  continental  character  was 
ascertained  before  1515.  It  was  conquered  by  the  Span- 
iards and  Portuguese;  and  their  descendants,  with  In- 
dians, negroes,  and  mixed  races,  form  the  bulk  of  the 
modem  population.  The  Dutch  and  French  had  short- 
lived colonies  in  Brazil;  and  the  English,  Dutch,  and 
French  established  colonies  in  Guiana  which  still  exist. 
Brazil  represents  the  Portuguese  conquests :  the  other 
South  American  republics  correspond  to  Spanish  colo- 
nies, but  have  undergone  some  changes  since  the  inde- 
pendence. The  independent  states  are  Brazil,  Uruguay, 
Paraguay,  the  Argentine  Republic,  Chile,  Bolivia,  Peru, 
Ecuador,  Colombia  (including  the  Isthmus  of  Panama), 
and  Venezuela.  British,  French,  and  Dutch  Guiana  are 
colonies  of  European  powers.  Large  portions  of  the  in- 
terior are  inhabited  only  by  scattered  Indian  tribes,  and 
the  boundaries  of  the  republics  in  these  regions  are 
still  unsettled.  Extreme  length,  4,692  miles.  Greatest 
breadth,  3,230  miles.  Estimated  area,  with  the  depen- 
dent islands,  7,681,420  square  miles.  Population  (1897), 
est.,  40,000,000. 

South  American  Revolution.  The  political 
movement  and  war  by  which  the  Spanish  South 
American  colonies  became  independent.  The 
principal  causes  were  the  restrictions  on  commerce  in 
favor  of  Spanish  monopolies,  burdensome  taxes,  and  un- 
just laws ;  exclusion  of  the  colonists  from  high  offices ; 
the  Inquisition;  and  the  examples  of  France  and  the 
United  States.  The  immediate  cause  was  the  chaotic 
condition  of  Spanish  affairs  produced  by  Napoleon's  in- 
vasion of  Spain.  Most  of  the  colonists  refused  to  recog- 
nize Joseph  Bonaparte ;  and  the  junta  of  Seville,  which 
had  represented  the  legitimate  monarch,  having  fallen, 
the 'authority  of  the  viceroys  and  captains-general  disap- 

g eared  ipso  facto.  Under  these  circumstances,  revolts 
roke  out  almost  simultaneously  in  Venezuela  (April  9, 
1810),  New  Granada  (July  20-21,  1810),  Buenos  Ayres 
(May  22, 1810),  and  Chile  (July  16,  1810),  the  royal  officers 
in  each  case  being  deposed  and  juntas  established  with 
the  avowed  purpose  of  holding  the  countries  for  Ferdi- 
nand VII. :  later  all  of  them  declared  their  independence 
of  Spain.  In  Peru,  which  was  the  center  of  Spanish 
power,  there  was  no  outbreak  until  much  later.  The 
Spanish  officers,  adhering  to  Joseph  Bonaparte  or  to  one 
of  the  Spanish  juntas,  regarded  the  colonists  as  rebels. 
War  broke  out  at  once,  and  at  first  the  patriots  were  gen- 
erally successful.  In  Venezuela  the  great  earthquake  of 
May  26,  1812,  paralyzed  the  country.  The  Spaniards,  tak- 
ing advantage  of  the  confusion,  marched  on  Caracas ;  Mi- 
randa capitulated  (July  25),  and  was  sent  a  prisoner  to 
Spain ;  and  the  Spanish  general  Monteverde  obtained  en- 
tire controL  Hia  crueltiea  provoked  fresh  outbreaks,  led 
by  Bolivar  and  Marino;  bnt  the  defeats  of  La  Puerta 
(June  14, 1814)  and  Urica  (Dec.  5)  forced  the  patriot  lead- 
ers to  abandon  the  country.  Shortly  after  Morillo  ar- 
rived with  a  large  force  from  Spain ;  occupied  Venezuela ; 
took  Cartagena  after  a  disastrous  siege  (Dec.  6, 1815);  and 
captured  Bogoti  May  6,1816.  In  a  short  time  all  of  northern 
South  America  was  in  his  power.  The  patriots  in  Chile, 
weakened  by  party  strife,  had  to  meet  forces  sent  from 
Peru ;  they  were  defeated  at  Rancagua  (Oct.  2, 1814),  and 
the  leaders  fled  over  the  Andes.  Upper  Peru  (Bolivia) 
was,  from  1810  to  1816,  the  field  of  a  continuous  struggle 
between  the  royalists,  strongly  aided  from  Peru,  and  the 
patriots,  supported  by  armies  sent  from  Buenos  Ayres. 
The  royalist  general  Goyeneche  swept  the  country  in  1814, 
and  thereafter  the  war  took  on  a  guerrilla  character,  for 
which  the  mountain-land  was  especially  fitted.  A  for- 
midable revolt  in  Peru,  led  by  the  Indian  Pumacagua,  was 
ended  by  his  defeat  at  Umachiri,  March  11, 1816.  Thus,  in 
the  middle  of  1816,  the  Platine  provinces  were  the  only 
ones  which  retained  their  independence.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  revolt  the  royalist  forces  under  Blio  had  been 
besieged  in  Montevideo,  which  was  taken  by  the  patriots 
in  June,  1814.  Paraguay  proclaimed  its  independence  in 
May,  1811,  but  soon  submitted  to  the  dictatorship  of 
Francia,  and  took  no  further  part  in  the  struggle.  The 
government  of  Buenos  Ayres  was  at  first  very  weak,  and 
was  frequently  changed  :  in  1813  it  was  centralized  under 
a  supreme  director,  and  thei-eafter  it  showed  more 
strength.  San  Martin,  who  had  come  into  prominence  as 
a  military  leader,  conceived  the  plan  of  invading  Peru  by 
way  of  Chile,  and  to  this  end  massed  an  army  in  Men- 
doza.  Meanwhile  Bolivar  returned  in  1816  to  Venezuela, 
and  in  July,  1817,  established  a  patriot  central  govern- 
ment at  Angostura,  on  the  Orinoco.  The  subsequent 
events  may  be  reduced  to  two  great  movements  under 
Bolivar  and  San  Martin,  centering  on  the  Spanish  power 
in  Peru.  Bolivar's  victories  of  BoyacA  (Aug.  7,  1810)  and 
Carabobo  (June  24, 1821),  and  that  of  his  general  Sucre  at 
Pichincha  (May  24, 1822),  were  the  principal  events  which 
secured  the  independence  of  New  Granada,  Venezuela, 
and  Quito  or  Ecuador :  these  countries  united  in  the  re- 
public of  Colombia.  (See  Bolivar.)  San  Martin  crossed  the 
Andes  Jan.,  1817,  and  gained  the  battle  of  Chacabuco  Feb. 
12.  The  independence  of  Chile  was  proclaimed  Feb.  12, 
1818,  and  practically  secured  by  the  victory  of  Maipo 
AprU  6, 1818.    Aided  by  Cochrane's  fleet  San  Martin  in- 


South  Carolina 

vaded  Peru  (Aug.,  1820),  and  took  Lima  (July  9,  1821); 
but,  after  an  interview  with  Bolivar  at  Guayaquil  (July, 
1822),  he  resigned  and  left  the  country.  (See  San  Martin.) 
The  viceroy  of  Peru,  La  Sema,  driven  into  the  interior, 
led  the  final  struggle  against  Bolivar.  The  crowning 
events  of  the  war  were  the  victory  at  Junin  (Aug.  6, 1824), 
and  the  final  defeat  and  capture  of  La  Sema  by  Sucre  at 
the  battle  of  Ayacucho  (Dec.  9, 1824).  The  remnants  of  the 
Spanish  forces  were  soon  driven  from  Upper  Peru,  which 
became  the  republic  of  Bolivia.  Callao  Castle,  the  last 
Spanish  stronghold,  surrendered  Jan.  19, 1826,  thus  end- 
ing the  war.  ■ 
Southampton  (south-amp'ton  or  suTH-hamp'- 
ton).  A  seaport  in  Hampshire,  England,  situ- 
ated on  a  peninsula  at  the  head  of  Southampton 
Water,  at  the  mouths  of  the  Test  and  the  Itehen, 
in  lat.  50°  54'  N. ,  long.  1°  24'  W.  it  is  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal seaports  of  Great  Britain ;  the  terminus  of  steamer 
lines  to  France,  Ireland,  North  and  South  America,  the 
West  Indies,  the  Pacific,  and  Cape  Colony ;  and  a  port  of  call 
for  various  transatlantic  lines.  It  has  extensive  docks 
and  ship-building  industries,  and  has  relics  of  old  fortifi- 
cations. It  is  noted  for  its  double  tides.  It  is  a  very 
ancient  town.  It  was  sacked  by  the  Danes  ;  was  the 
place  of  embarkation  of  Richard  the  Lion-Hearted  for 
the  third  Crusade  in  1189,  of  Edward  III.  in  184S,  and  of 
Henry  V.  in  1415 ;  was  attacked  by  the  French  and  Geno- 
ese in  1338 ;  and  was  the  place  where  the  Pilgrim  Fathers 
embarked  on  the  Mayflower  in  1620.  Population  (1901), 
104,911. 

Southampton.  A  rarely  used  name  for  Hamp- 
shire. 

Southampton,  Earls  of.    See  Wriofhesley. 

Southampton  Island.  An  island  of  British 
America,  at  the  entrance  of  Hudson  Bay. 
Length,  230  miles. 

Southampton  Water.  An  inlet  of  the  English 
Channel  which  extends  from  the  Solent  and 
Spithead  northwestward  about  10  miles. 

South  Anna  (an'a).  A  river  in  Virginia  which 
unites  with  the  North  Anna  21  mUes  north  of 
Richmond  to  form  the  Pamuukey. 

Southard  (suTH'ard),  Samuel  L.  Bom  at 
Basking  Ridge,  N.  J.,  June  9, 1787:  died  at  Fred- 
ericksburg, Va.,  June  26,  1842.  An  American 
politician.  He  was  Whig  United  States  senator  from 
New  Jersey  1821-23 ;  secretary  of  the  navy  1823-29;  acting 
secretary  of  the  treasury  1825 ;  governor  of  New  Jersey 
1832 ;  and  United  States  senator  1833-42. 

South  Australia  (as-tra'Iia).  A  state  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Australia.  Capital,  Adelaide. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  ocean  on  the  north,  Queensland,  New 
South  Wales,  and  Victoria  on  the  east,  the  ocean  on  the 
south,  and  West  Australia  ou  the  west.  The  surface  of 
the  colony  is  generally  level  and  undulating.  It  has  gold, 
lead,  copper,  etc.,  and  exports  wool,  wheat  and  flour,  cop- 
per, etc.  Government  is  vested  in  a  crown  governor,  and 
a  parliament  comprising  a  legislative  councU  and  a  house 
of  assembly  (both  elected).  The  colony  was  founded  in 
1836,  and  the  constitution  was  established  in  1856.  The 
Northern  Territory  (north  of  lat.  26°  8.)  was  annexed  in  1863. 
Area,  903,690  square  miles.    Pop.  ;1899),  est.,  362,897. 

South  Bend  (bend).  A  city,  the  capital  of  St. 
Joseph  County,  Indiana,  situated  on  St.  Joseph 
River  73  miles  east  by  south  of  Chicago.  It 
has  manufactures  of  carriages,  wagons,  iron, 
plows,  etc.     Population  (1900),  35,999. 

South  Berwick  (b^r'wik).  A  town  in  York 
Coimty,  Maine,  situated  on  Salmon  Falls  River 
31  miles  southwest  of  Portland.  Population 
(1900),  3,188. 

South  Bethlehem  (beth'lf-em).  A  borough  in 
Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania,  situated 
on  Lehigh  River  48  miles  north  by  west  of 
Philadelphia.  It  is  the  seat  of  Lehigh  Univer- 
sity (Episcopal).    Population  (1900),  13,241. 

South  Beveland.    See  Beveland,  South. 

South  Brabant.    See  Brabant. 

South  Carolina  (kar-a-ll'ua).  One  of  the 
SoiLth  Atlantic  States  'of  the  United  States 
of  America.  Capital,  Columbia;  chief  city, 
Charleston,  it  is  bounded  by  North  Carolina  on  the 
north  and  northeast,  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  southeast, 
and  Georgia  (separated  for  most  of  the  distance  by  the 
Savannah  River)  on  the  southwest  and  west.  The  sur- 
face is  level  near  the  coast,  hilly  and  undulating  in  the 
interior,  and  mountainous  in  the  northwest.  The  princi- 
pal rivers  are  the  Great  Pedee,  Santee,  Edisto,  and  Savan- 
nah. The  State  has  gold,  porcelain  clay,  and  other  minerals, 
and  is  especially  noted  for  the  production  of  rice  and  sea- 
island  cotton.  It  has  41  counties,  sends  2  senators  and 
7  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  9  electoral  votes 
A  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  negroes.  An  unsuccess- 
ful attempt  to  colonize  was  made  by  the  French  under 
Ribaultin  1562.  The  firstpermanent  settlement  was  made 
by  the  English  in  1670.  Charleston  wasfoundedin  1680.  The 
territory  remained  under  a  proprietary  government  with 
North  Carolina  until  1729,  when  it  became  a  separate  crown 
colony.  Many  of  the  early  colonists  were  French  Hngue. 
nots,  Scotch-Irish,  Swiss,  and  Germans.  South  Carolina 
was  one  of  the  13  original  States (1776).  It  was  the  scene  of 
many  battles  in  the  Revolution  (Fort  Moultrie,  Charleston, 
Camden,  King's  Mountain,  Cowpens,  Eutaw  Springs),  and 
of  many  partizan  contests,  and  was  held  by  the  British  1780- 
1781.  Its  advocacy  of  nullification  nearly  led  to  civil  war 
in  1832r33.  It  took  the  lead  in  advocating  States-rights 
doctrines,  and  was  the  first  State  to  secede  (Dec.  20, 1860). 
It  opened  the  Civil  War  by  the  bombardment  of  Fort  Sum- 
ter, April  12, 1861 ;  and  suffered  severely  by  the  blockade, 
attacks  on  Charleston  Haibor,  and  the  march  of  Sher- 
man's army  m  1865.    It  was  readmitted  in  1868.    The 


South  Carolina 

atate  was  visited  by  a  severe  earthquake  in  1886.  In  1892  the 
sale  of  liquors  was  restricted  to  State  dispensaries,  and  the 
constitutionality  of  the  law  (of  1893)  was  afarnied  in  1894. 
Area,  30,670  square  miles.    Population  (1900),  1,340,316. 

Southcott  (south'kot),  Joanna.  Born  in  Dev- 
onshire, 1750:  died"Oct.  29,  1814.  An  English 
religious  fanatic,  originally  a  domestic  servant. 
She  became  a  Methodist,  and,  pretending  supernatural 
gifts,  dictated  prophecies  in  rime,  proclaimed  herself  to 
be  the  woman  mentioned  in  the  Apocalypse  (ch.  xii.), 
and,  although  64  years  old,  aflirmed  that  she  was  to  be 
delivered  of  "Shiloh"Oct.  19,  1814.  She  died  of  dropsy 
ten  days  later.  Her  sect  numbered  over  100,000,  and  was 
still  in  existence  in  1889.  She  wrote  the  "  Book  of  Won- 
ders" (1813-14),  etc. 

Southcottians  (south'kot-i-anz).  A  religious 
body  of  the  19th  century,  founded  by  Joanna 
Southcott  in  England.  This  body  expected  that  its 
founder  would  give  birth  to  another  Messiah.  Also  called 
New  Israelites  and  Sabiatariaiw. 

South  Dakota  (da-ko'ta).  A  North  Central 
State  of  the  United  States.  Capital,  Pierre.  It 
is  bounded  by  North  Dakota  on  the  north,  Minnesota  and 
Iowa  on  the  east,  Nebraska  on  the  south,  and  Wyoming 
and  Montana  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  rolling  and 
mountainous  in  the  west.  Wheat  is  one  of  the  most 
important  products.  The  State  has  78  counties,  sends 
2  senators  and  2  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  4 
electoral  votes.  In  1889  it  was  separated  from  North  Da- 
kota and  admitted  as  a  State.  Area,  77,650  square  miles. 
Population  (1900),  401,670. 

South  Downs  (dounz).  A  district  in  the  west 
of  Sussex  and  in  Hampshire,  of  considerable 
elevation,  forming  natural  pastures,  andlargely 
devoted  to  sheep-raising. 

Southend  (south-end').  A  watering-placeinEs- 
sex,  England,  situated  on  the  Thames  34  miles 
east  of  London.    Population  (1891),  12,333. 

Southern  Continent.     See  Antarctic  Continent. 

Southerne,  or  Southern  (suTH'em),  Thomas. 
Born  in  County  Dublin  about  1660 :  died  May 
26,  1746.  A  British  dramatist.  He  studied  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  entered  the  Middle  Temple, 
London,  but  abandoned  law  for  play-writing.  Among  his 
plays  are  "The  Persian  Prince,  or  the  Loyal  Brother" 
(1682),  "Isabella,  or  the  Fatal  Marriage "(1694),  "Oroo- 
noko"  (1696),  "Sir  Anthony  Love,  or  theKambling  Lady," 
etc. 

Southern  Fish.    See  Fisds  Austrimus. 

Southern  Killamuk.    See  Yaquina. 

Southern  Ocean.  A  name  given  by  some  ge- 
ographers to  that  part  of  the  ocean  which  lies 
between  lat.  40°  8.  and  the  Antarctic  Circle. 

Southern  Triangle.    See  Triangulum  Australe. 

Southey  (souTH'i  or  suTH'i),  Mrs.  (Caroline 
Ann  Bowles).  Bom  at  Lymington,  Hants, 
England,  Dec.  6, 1786:  died  there,  July  20, 1854. 
An  English  poet  and  author,  the  second  wife  of 
Robert  Southey  whom  she  married  in  1839. 
Among  her  works  are  the  poems  "Ellen  Fitzarthur"  (1820) 
and  "The  Widow's  Tale,  etc."(1822).  Her  collected  poems 
were  published  in  1867.  Among  her  prose  works  are 
' '  Chapters  on  Churchyards  "  (1829), "  Selwyn  in  Search  of  a 
Daughter  "  (1835),  etc.  Her  correspondence  with  Southey 
is  her  best-known  work. 

Southey,  Robert.  Bom  at  Bristol,  England, 
Aug.  12,  1774:  died  at  Greta  Hall,  near  Kes- 
wick, England,  March  21,  1843.  An  English 
poet  and  prose-writer :  one  of  the  Lake  School 
of  poets.  He  went  to  Westminster  School,  but  was  ex- 
pelled In  1792  for  an  essay  on  "Flogging"  in  the  "Flagel- 
lant," a  school  magazine.  He  was  refused  admittance  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  on  account  ot  this  essay,  but  was 
admitted  to  Balliol.  He  made  the'  acquaintance  of  Cole- 
ridge in  1794,  and  formed  with  him  the  scheme  of  an  ideal 
colony,  "Pantisocracy."  He  traveled  in  Spain  and  Portu- 
gal 1795-96 ;  held  for  a  short  time  a  government  sinecure ; 
and  settled  down  to  literary  work  in  1804  at  Greta  Hall, 
near  Keswick,  where  he  collected  a  large  library  and  wrote 
with  great  regularity.  He  was  made  poet  laureate  in  1813 
and  pensioned  by  the  government.  In  1839  he  married  his 
second  wife,  Caroline  Bowles,  and  in  the  same  year  be- 
came demented,  dying  afterward  of  softening  of  the  brain. 
His  chief  poems  are  "Joan  of  Arc"(1796),  "Thalaba,  the  De- 
stroyer" (1801),  "  Madoo  "  (1805),  "  The  Curse  of  Eehama  " 
(1810),"Eoderick,  the  Last  of  the  Goths  "(1814),  "A  Vision 
of  Judgment "  (1821),  etc.  His  prose  works  include  "His- 
tory of  Brazil "  (1810 :  still  a  standard  work),  "  Life  of  Nel- 
son "  (1813),  "  Life  of  John  Wesley  "  (1820),  "  History  of  the 
Expedition  of  Orsua  and  Crimes  of  Aguirre  "  (1821),  "  His- 
tory of  the  Peninsular  War  "  (1823),  "Book  ot  the  Church  " 
(1824),  and  "  Sir  Thomas  More  "  (1829).  He  edited  "The  Pil- 
grim's Progress,"  with  a  life  of  .John  Bunyan  (1830) ;  wrote 
"The  Doctor "(1834-37)';  and  edited  Cowper's  works,  with 
his  life  (1833-37).  He  also  translated  "Amadis  de  Gaul " 
(1806),  "Palmerin  of  England "(1807),  Espriella's  "Letters 
from  England  "  (1807),  and  "  Chronicle  of  the  Cid  "  (1808). 
His ' '  Common-Place  Book  "  was  edited  In  1849-51,  and  his 
letters  in  1866. 

South  Foreland.    See  Foreland,  South. 

South  Georgia  (jor'jia).  An  uninhabited  island 
in  the  South  Atlantic  Ocean,  about  lat.  54°-55° 
S.,  and  east-southeast  of  the  Falkland  Islands. 
It  is  claimed  by  the  British. 

South  Hadley  (had'li).  A  to-wn  in  Hampshire 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Con- 
necticut 11  miles  north  of  Springfield.  It  is  the 
seat  of  Mount  Holyoke  Female  Seminary  (which 
see).    Population  (1900),  4,526. 

South  Holland  (hol'and).  A  province  of  the 


948 

Netherlands  which  borders  on  the  North  Sea, 
south  of  North  Holland  and  north  of  Zea- 
land. It  contains  The  Hague  and  Rotterdam. 
Area,  1,166  square  miles.  Population  (1894), 
1,021,865. 

South  Island.  The  southernmost  of  the  two 
chief  islands  of  New  Zealand. 

South  Kensington  Museum.  One  of  the  "sub- 
divisions of  the  Department  of  Science  and  Art 
of  the  Committee  of  the  Council  on  Education." 
The  museum,  which  is  in  Brorapton,  in  the  western  part 
of  London,  south  of  Hyde  Park,  was  opened  in  1867  for  the 
purpose  of  promoting  science  and  art.  It  contains  a  mu- 
seum of  ornamental  or  applied  art,  the  National  Gallery  of 
British  Art,  an  art  library,  the  Royal  College  of  Science,  a 
science  and  education  library,  the  National  Art  Traiuing- 
Schools,  etc.  The  museum  is  greatly  indebted  to  private 
liberality  in  the  loan  of  treasures  of  art,  but  the  govern- 
ment has  also  purchased  and  presented  to  it  much  valuable 
material.  The  India  Museum  is  now  officially  a  part  of  it. 
The  south  and  west  galleries  of  the  buildings  used  for 
the  International  Exhibition  of  1871-74  now  contain  some 
of  the  collections  of  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  and 
the  east  gallery  contains  the  India  Museum.  The  Muse- 
um of  Natural  Ilistory,  removed  from  the  British  Museum, 
is  in  a  new  building  south  of  the  International  Exhibition 
Galleries,  built  in  1873-80.  In  1899  extensive  new  build- 
ings were  begun,  and  the  name  was  changed,  by  order  of 
the  Queen,  to  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum. 

South  Mountain.  A  ridge  of  the  Alleghaniesin 
western  Maryland  and  southern  Pennsylvania. 
A  victory  was  gained  here  by  the  Federals  under  McClel- 
lan  over  the  Confederates  under  Lee,  Sept.  14,  1862.  The 
loss  of  the  Federals  was  1,813 ;  of  the  Confederates,  934. 
Called  also  the  battle  of  Boonsboro. 

South  Norwalk  (n6r'wak).  A  seaport  and  city 
in  Fairfield  County,  Connecticut,  situated  on 
Long  Island  Sound  31  miles  southwest  of  New 
Haven.  It  has  various  manufactures.  Com- 
pare Norwalk.  Population  (1900).  6,591. 

South  Orkney  Islands,  or  Powell's  (pou'elz) 
Islands,  or  New  Orkney  (6rk'ni).  A  group 
of  islands  in  the  Southern  Ocean,  southeast  of 
Cape  Horn  and  east  of  South  Shetland. 

South  Park  (park).  A  plateau  or  elevated  val- 
ley in  central  Colorado,  southwest  of  Denver 
and  south  of  Middle  Park.  Area,  about  1,200 
square  miles.    Length,  about  40  miles. 

South  Platte.    See  Platte. 

South^ort  (south'pprt) .  A  town  and  watering- 
place  in  Lancashire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Irish  Sea  17  miles  north  of  Liverpool.  It  is 
a  favorite  resort  for  sea-bathing.  Population 
(1891),43,026. 

South  Bussia  (rush'a).  A  collective  name  for 
the  governments  in  the  southern  part  of  Euro- 
pean Russia,  including,  according  to  one  classi- 
fication, Bessarabia,  Kherson,  Taurida,  Yeka- 
terinoslaf£,andtheprovinceoftheDon  Cossacks. 

South  Sea.  The  name  given  to  the  Pacific  by 
its  discoverer,  Balboa  (1513).  As  the  Isthmus  of 
Panama,  where  he  crossed  it,  runs  nearly  east  and  west, 
the  Pacific  forms  its  southern  shore :  hence,  to  the  Span- 
iards on  the  Isthmus  it  was  the  South  Sea.  Until  the 
19th  century  this  was  the  common  name,  sometimes  em- 
ployed in  a  special  manner  for  the  South  Pacific.  It  is 
still  frequently  used.    See  Padfus  Ocean. 

Southsea  (south 'se).  An  eastern  suburb  of 
Portsmouth,  England. 

South  Sea  Bubble.  A  financial  scheme  which 
originated  in  England  about  1711  and  collapsed 
in  1720.  It  was  proposed  by  the  Earl  of  Oxford  to  fund 
a  floating  debt  of  iS10,000,000,  the  purchasers  ot  which 
could  become  stockholders  in  a  corporation,  the  South 
Sea  Company,  which  was  to  have  a  monopoly  of  the  trade 
with  Spanish  South  America,  and  a  part  of  the  capital 
stock  of  which  was  to  constitute  the  fund.  The  refusal 
of  Spain  to  enter  into  commercial  relations  with  England 
made  the  privileges  of  the  company  worthless:  but,  by 
means  of  a  series  of  speculative  operations  and  the  infat- 
uation of  the  people,  its  shares  were  inflated  from  £100  to 
£1,050.  Its  failure  caused  great  distress  throughout  Eng- 
land. 

South  Shetland,  or  New  South  Shetland 

(shet'land).  A  group  of  islands  in  the  Southern 
Ooean,'south  of  (Dape  Horn,  about  lat.  60°-65°  S. 

South.  Shields  (sheldz).  A  seaport  in  Durham, 
England,  situated  on  the  Tyne,  at  its  mouth, 
opposite  Tynemouth.  it  has  coal-trade,  ship-build- 
ing, manufactures  of  glass,  etc.  Eoman  antiquities  have 
been  discovered  there.    Population  (1901),  97,'263. 

South  XJist  ('svist).  An  island  of  the  Outer 
Hebrides,  Scotland,  about  20  miles  west  of  the 
Isle  of  Skye.    Length,  21  miles. 

Southwark  (suTH'ark).  A  parliamentary  and 
municipal  borough  in  London,  situated  on  the 
southern  bank  of  the  Thames.  It  returns  3 
members  to  Parliament.  Population  of  the 
registration  districts  (1891),  339,093. 

Southwell  '(south'wel).  A  town  in  Notting- 
hamshire, England,  12  miles  northeast  of  Not- 
tingham. The  bishopric  of  Southwell  comprises  the 
counties  of  Nottingham  and  Derby  and  parts  of  the  West 
Kiding  of  Yorkshire.  The  minster  is  a  Norman  church 
with  square  central  tower  and  two  lofty  western  towers 
with  pyramidal  roofs.  The  nave  is  of  the  most  massive 
Norman  work,  with  round  arches  and  huge  cylindrical 


Sozomen 

piers,  a  large  and  high  triforium-gallery  with  great  open 
round  arches,  and  a  very  small  clearatoiy.  The  roof  is  a 
barrel-vault  of  wood.  The  choir  is  of  the  most  beautiful 
Early  English,  with  two  tiers  of  lancets  in  the  square 
chevet.  The  length  of  the  cathedral  is  306  feet.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  2,755. 

Southwell,  Robert.  Bom  about  1562:  executed 
at  Tyburn,  Feb.  22, 1595.  An  English  poet  and 
Jesuit  martyr.  He  was  educated  at  Faiis,  and  in 
1578  was  received  into  the  Society  of  Jesus.  In  1687  he 
returned  to  England,  became  domestic  chaplain  to  the 
Countess  of  Arundel,  and  wrote  "Consolations  for  Catho- 
lics "  and  most  of  his  poems.  In  1592  he  was  betrayed  to 
the  authorities ;  was  tortured  and  closely  imprisoned  for 
three  years ;  and  was  tried  at  Westminster  and  executed. 
He  wrote  "  St.  Peter's  Complaint "  (his  longest  poem),  and 
"  The  Burning  Babe,"  much  admired  by  Ben  Jonson. 

Southwold  (south'wold) .  A  seaport  in  Suffolk, 
England,  situated  on  the  North  Sea,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Blythe,  31  miles  northeast  of  Ips- 
wich. A  naval  battle,  also  called  the  battle  of  Sole- 
bay,  was  fought  off  Southwold  in  1672  between  the  Eng- 
lish and  French  fleets  under  the  Duke  of  Tork  (later  Jame» 
II.)  and  the  Dutch  fleet  under  De  Buyter.  The  Dutch  re- 
tired.   Population  (1891),  2,311. 

Southworth  (south'werth).  Constant.  Bom  at 
Leyden,  Netherlands,  1614:  died  at  Duxbury, 
Mass . ,  about  1685.  A  colonist  of  New  England, 
stepson  of  William  Bradford :  the  reputed  author 
of  the  "  Supplement "  to  Morton's  "  Memorial." 

Southworth,  Mrs.  (Emma  D.  E.  Nevitt). 
Born  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Dec.  26,  1818 :  died 
there,  June  30,  1899.  An  American  novelist. 
Among  her  novels  are  "Retribution,"  "The  Deserted 
Wife,"  "The  Mother-in-Law,"  "Children  of  the  Isle," 
"The  Foster  Sisters,"  "The  Bridal  Eve,"  "  The  Fatal  Mar- 
riage,"  "  Vivia,  or  Secret  of  Power,"  etc. 

Sou'varoff.    See  Svmaroff. 

Souvestre  (s6-vestr'),  £mile.  Bom  at  Mor- 
laix,  France,  April  15, 1806:  died  at  Paris,  July 
5,  1854.  A  French  novelist  and  dramatist. 
Among  his  works  are  "  Demiers  Bretons  "  (1835-37),  "le 
foyer  lireton  "(1844), "  Un  philosophe  sous  les  toits  "  (1850), 
"  Causeries  historiques  et  litt^raires  "  (1854),  etc. 

Souvigny  (s6-ven-ye').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Allier,  France,  on  the  Queue  7  miles 
west-southwest  of  Moulins.  The  abbey  church  of  the 
Cluniac  priory  is  a  notable  monument  of  great  size.  The 
greater  part  is  Romanesque  ;  the  remainder,  with  much  of 
the  vaulting,  was  rebuilt  in  the  16th  century.  There  are 
double  aisles  and  curious  sculpture.  This  church  was  the 
ancestral  burial-place  of  the  Bourbon  family,  manyof  whose 
tombs  remain  in  two  rich  Flamboyant  chapels,  inclosed  by 
Rculptured  screens.    Population  (1891),  commune,  3,291. 

Souza.    See  Sousa. 

Souza-Botelho  (s6'za-b6-tel'yo).  Marquise  de 
(Adelaide  Marie  Emilie  Filleul,  later  Com- 
tesse  de  Flahaut).  Bom  at  Chateau  Longpr6, 
Normandy,  May  14,  1761:  died  at  Paris,  April 
16,  1836.  A  French  novelist.  Her  works  in- 
clude "  Adfele  de  Senanges"  (1794),  "Eugene  de 
Rothelin"  (1808),  ete. 

Souza  Brazil.    See  Pompeu  de  Sousa  Brazil. 

Souzdal.    See  Suzdal. 

Sovereign  of  the  Seas.  The  largest  of  the 
early  English  war-ships,  100  guns,  launched  at 
Woolwich  in  1637  (reign  of  Charles  I.).  Her  di- 
mensions were :  length  over  all,  232  feet ;  length  of  keel, 
128  feet ;  beam,  48  feet.  She  had  flush  decks,  a  forecastle, 
half-deck,  quarter-deck,  and  roundhouse.  She  is  supposed 
to  have  been  burned  in  1696. 

Sowerby  (sou'6r-bi),  G«orge  Brettingham. 
Born  March  25,  1812:  died  1884.  An  English 
eonchologist,  son  of  Gr.  B.  Sowerby.  He  ■wrote 
"Manual  of  Conohology"  (1839),  and  continued 
his  father's  "  Thesaurus  Conchylioram." 

Sowerby,  James.  Bom  1757:  died  1822.  An 
English  naturalist  and  artist.  He  published  "Brit. 
Ish  Mineralogy"  (1804-17),  "British  Miscellany"  (1804), 
"English  Botany,  "Mineral  Conchology  of  Great  Brit- 
ain "  (1812-30),  etc. 

Sowerby,  James  de  Carle.  Bom  1787 :  died 
1871.  An  English  artist  and  eonchologist,  son 
of  James  Sowerby. 

Sowerby  Bridge.  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated 
on  the  Calder  10  miles  southwest  of  Bradford. 
Population  (1891),  10,408. 

Sozomen  (soz'6-men)  (Hermias  Sozomenus). 
Born  probably  near  Gaza,  Palestine,  about  400 
A.  D. :  died  about  the  middle  of  the  5th  century. 
An  ecclesiastical  historian,  author  of  a  church 
history  (edited  by  Valesius  1668). 

The ' '  ecclesiastical  history  "  of  Hermeias  Salamanes  Soz- 
omenus, commonly  known  as  Sozomen,  was  nearly  con- 
temporary and  coextensive  with  that  of  Socrates  [Scholas- 
tlcus],  whom  Sozomen  is  supposed  to  have  copied,  as  far 
at  least  as  the  plan  of  his  work  is  concerned.  It  extends, 
as  we  now  have  it,  from  824  to  415,  bat  was  designed  to 
reach  the  year  439.  It  is  divided  into  nine  books,  and  is 
generally  superior  to  the  work  of  Socrates  in  elegance  of 
style,  though  it  often  exhibits  puerilities  which  fte  other 
historian  had  avoided.  Sozomen  was  bom  at  Bethel,  near 
Gaza,  in  Palestine^  and  spent  most  of  his  early  years  in  the 
Holy  Land,  to  which  he  makes  familiar  reference  in  sev- 
eral parts  of  his  book. 
K.  0.  MiiUer,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Ano.  Greece,  in.  403. 


Spa 

Spa  (sp4;  F.  and  Flem.  pron.  spSi),  or  Spaa 
(spS/).  A  town  and  watering-place  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Li6ge,  Belgium,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Spa,  Wayai,  and  Picherotte,  17  miles 
southeast  of  Lifege.  it  is  the  oldest  of  the  large  Euro- 
pean watering-places  (spas).  The  chief  spring  is  the  Foa- 
hon.    Population  (1800),  7,109. 

Spagnoletto.    See  Mhera. 

Spahawn.    See  Ispahan. 

Spain  (span).  [Sp.  Espafia,  Pg.  Eespanha,  It. 
Spagna,  D.  Spanje,  F,  Espagne,  L.  Hispamia 
and  Iberia,  Gr.  'lanavia,  'Eanepla  (western 
land),  and  'Iptipia."]  A  kingdom  of  southwest- 
em  Europe,  which  occupies  the  greater  part 
of  the  Iberian  or  Spanish  peninsula.  Capital, 
Madrid,  it  Is  hounded  by  the  Bay  of  Biscay  and  France 
on  the  north,  the  Mediterranean  on  the  east  and  south, 
the  Strait  of  Gibraltar  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  southwest, 
and  Portugal  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  west.  The  interior 
Is  occupied  by  table-lands ;  and  there  are  numerous  moun- 
tain-ranges. Including  the  Cantabrian  Mountains,  Sierra 
de  Gnadarrama,  Sierra  de  Oredos,  Mountains  of  Toledo, 
Sierra  de  Guadalupe,  Sierra  Morena,  and  Sierra  Neyada. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Ebro,  Guadalquivir,  Guadi- 
ana,  lagns,  Duero,  and  Mlfio.  Spain  has  very  valuable 
mineral  resources  (especially  quicksilver,  lead,  copper, 
silver,  salt,  zinc).  Other  leading  products  are  wine  (sherry, 
Malaga,  etc.),  grapes,  raisins,  olive-oil,  oranges,  figs,  ai^d 
other  fruits,  and  cork.  It  comprises  47  provinces  on  the 
mainland  (formed  from  the  13  old  provinces)  and  2  insular 
provinces  (Canaries  and  Balearic  Islands).  The  govern- 
mentisahereditatyconstitutional  monarchy.  The  legisla- 
tive body  is  the  Cortes,  composed  of  a  senate  and  a  cham- 
ber of  deputies.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Boman  Catho- 
lic. The  language  is  Spanish,  The  early  inhabitants 
were  Celts  and  Iberians.  Various  coast  towns  were  colo- 
nized by  the  Phenicians.  The  country  was  conquered  in 
part  by  Carthage  (Hamilcar,  Hasdrubal,  and  Hannibal), 
237-219  B.  0.  The  period  of  Soman  conquest  (under  the 
SciplOB,  Cato,  Gracchus,  Pompey,  etc.,  against  Carthage, 
Viriathus,  Numantia,  the  Celtiberians,  Sertorius,  the  Can- 
tabri,  etc.)  extended  from  about  205  to  19  B.  c.  Spain  was 
ravaged  by  Vandals,  Suevi,  and  Alani  in  409  A.  D.  A  West- 
Gothic  kingdom  was  established  in  418,  and  overthrown 
by  the  Saracens  in  711,  and  the  Ommiad  kingdom  was  es- 
tablished at  Cordova  in  766.  An  invasion  by  Charles  the 
Great  led  to  the  foundation  of  the  "  Spanish  Mark."  The 
Ommiad  dynasty  ended  in  1031.  Christian  kingdoms  were 
founded  —  that  of  Asturias  (later  Leon)  in  the  8th  century, 
Navarre  in  the  9th  century,  Castile  in  1033,  and  Aragon  in 
1035.  Toledo  was  taken  from  the  Moors  by  Castile  at  the 
close  of  the  Uth  century.  The  Almoravides  had  a  realm 
in  Spain  in  the  11th  and  12th  centuries ;  the  Almohades 
In  the  12th  and  13th  centuries.  Castile  and  Aragon  were 
united  in  1479,  Granada  was  taken  from  the  Moors  in  1492. 
Spain  reached  its  greatest  power  in  the  16th  century.  The 
Hapsburg  dynasty  ruled  from  1516  to  1700,  when  the  Bour- 
bons succeeded  them.  The  throne  was  given  to  Joseph 
Bonaparte  in  1808.  The  Peninsular  war  lasted  from  1808 
to  1814.  The  revolution  of  1820  was  suppressed  with  French 
help  in  1823.  The  first  Carlist  war  was  carried  on  from 
1833  to  1840.  Isabella  II.  was  dethroned  in  1868 ;  and  Ama- 
deus reigned  1870-73.  Therepublicformedinl873was  over- 
thrown and  the  Bourbons  were  restored  in  1875.  There  was 
a  second  Carlist  war  1872-76.  The  foreign  dependencies 
of  Spain  were  reduced,  by  the  Spanish-American  war  and 
the  sale  of  the  Carolines  and  Ladrones  to  Germany,  to  her 
possessions  in  western  Africa.  Area,  197,670  square  miles. 
Population  (1897),  18,089,600. 

Spain,  Era  O^  An  era,  long  used  in  Spain, 
which  began  with  the  first  day  of  the  year 
38  B.  c. 

Spalatin  CspS-ia-ten'),  Georg  (originally 
Burckhard).  Bom  at  Spalt,  Bavaria,  Jan.  17, 
1484:  died  Jan.  16, 1545.  A  noted  German  Ee- 
former,  a  friend  of  Luther.  He  was  in  the  diplo- 
matic and  other  service  of  Frederick  the  Wise,  elector  of 
Saxony,  and  his  successors.  He  wrote  various  historical 
works. 

Spalato  (spSi-lSi'td),  or  Spalatro  (spa-la'trd). 
pFrom  L.  palaUum,  palace  (the  palace  of  Dio- 
cletian) ;  Slav.  SpUt.J  A  seaport  in  Dalmatia, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Adriatic  in  lat. 
43°  30'  N.,  long.  16°  27'  E.,  near  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Salona.  It  has  the  largest  trade  in  Dalmatia. 
It  is  noted  for  its  Koman  antiquities,  especially  for  the 
ruins  of  the  palace  of  Diocletian,  built  about  300,  an  ag- 
glomeration of  highly  ornamented  structures  inclosed  by 
a  fortified  wall  forming  approximately  a  rectangle  of  600 
by  700  feet.  Streets  connecting  the  great  gates  in  the 
middle  of  each  side  divide  the  whole  into  4  blocks.  The 
present  spacious  arcaded  Piazza  del  Duomo  is  the  great 
court  of  the  palace,  on  the  south  side  of  which  are  vesti- 
bule, atrium,  and  remains  of  a  beautiful  series  of  rooms. 
Flanking  the  great  courts  are  areas  containing  the  impe- 
rial mausoleum  (now  the  cathedral)  and  a  temple  of  ^scu- 
lapiuB.  The  arches  of  the  great  court  are  of  importance 
in  architecture,  as  the  earliest  which  can  be  precisely  dated 
that  spring  directly  from  columns  without  the  interven- 
tion of  an  entablature.  This  marks  the  development  from 
Soman  architecture  of  the  germ  of  the  medieval.  When 
Salona  was  destroyed  by  the  Avars,  about  640,  fugitives 
from  that  place  took  refuge  in  the  ruins  of  the  palace. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  22,762. 

Fast  by  the  bay,  with  the  high  mountain  at  his  back, 
with  the  lower  hills  on  each  side  of  him,  Diocletian  built 
his  villa,  his  palace,  of  Salona.  The  prouder  name,  the 
name  which  savoured  of  the  Rome  which  Diocletian  had 
forsaken,  clave  to  the  spot,  and  the  city  which  in  after 
ages  grew  up  within  the  palatium  of  Diocletian  still  bears 
the  name  of  Spalato.         Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  44. 

Spalding  (sp&l'ding).  A  town  in  Lincolnshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  river  Welland  34  miles 


949 

south-southeast  of  Lincoln.  Population  (1891), 
9,014. 

Spalding,  Martin  John.  Bom  in  Marion  Coun- 
ty, Ky.,  May  23,  1810:  died  at  Baltimore,  Feb. 
7, 1872.  An  American  Koman  Catholic  prelate. 
He  was  bishop  of  Louisville,  and  became  archbishop  of 
Biiltimore  in  1864 ;  was  president  of  the  second  plenary 
council  in  Baltimore  in  1886 ;  and  was  prominent  as  a  del- 
egate to  the  Vatican  Council  1869-70.  He  wrote  "Evi- 
dences of  Catholicity  "(1847\  "History  of  the  Protestant 
Reformation  in  Germany  and  Switzerland  "  (1860),  a  trans- 
lation of  Darras's  "  General  History  of  the  Catholic  Church  " 
(1866). 

Spalding,  William.    Bom  at  Aberdeen,  Scot- 


:and,  1809:  died  Nov.  16,  1859.  A  Scottish 
critic,  philosopher,  and  miscellaneous  writer. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Edinburgh  in  1833,  and  was 
professor  of  rhetoric  at  Edinburgh  University  1834-45, 
and  professor  of  logic  at  the  University  of  St.  Andrews 
from  1845  until  his  death.  He  wrote ' '  Italy  and  the  Italian 
Islands  "  (1841X  "  History  of  English  Literature  "  (1862),  etc. 
Spandau  (span'dou).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Spree  and  Havel,  8  miles  west  by 
north  of  Berlin.  It  is  an  important  fortress,  and  the 
Julius  Tower  in  the  citadel  contains  the  imperial  war 
treasure.  It  has  a  cannon-foundry,  a  small-arms  factory,  a 
school  of  musketry,  artillery  workshops,  etc.  Population 
(1890),  46,366. 

Spangenberg  (spang'en-bero),  Gustav  Adolf. 

Bom  at  Hamburg,  Feb.  1, 1828:  died  at  Berlin,    and  Leopold  of  Dessau  over  Marsin  and  the  Duke  of  Or- 

,  Nov.  19,  1891.     A  German  historical  painter.    " '■  — '     "    '  ~  ■"""   ^'-      '  ' "  ^^-  '" "- 

Among  his  works  is  "  Luther  Translating  the  Bible  "  (1870). 

Spanish  America.  A  collective  name  for  those 
portions  of  America  which  were  settled  by  the 
Spaniards,  and  are  now  inhabited  by  their  de- 
scendants— that  is,  the  whole  of  South  America 
except  Brazil  and  the  Guianas,  Central  Amer- 
ica, Mexico,  Cuba,  Porto  Eico,  and  the  Domini- 
can Eepublic,  with  some  small  islands  of  the 
West  Indies. 

Spanish-American  War.     A  war  between 


Spartel,  Cape 

ing  out  of  disputes  about  the  succession  in 
Spain  on  the  death  of  Charles  H.,  fought  1701-14 
between  the  empsror  and  the  navalpowers  on 
the  one  hand,  and  France  and  its  allies  on  the 
other.  The  question  of  the  succession  agitated  the  va- 
rious cabinets  for  many  years  before  the  extinction  of 
the  Hapsburg  dynasty  in  Spain  by  the  death  of  Charles 
II.,  as  it  involved  the  balance  of  power  in  Europe.  There 
were  three  claimants:  Louis  XIV.  of  France,  the  em- 
peror Leopold  I.,  and  the  electoral  prince  of  Bavaria  (see 
the  extract).  As  England  and  Holland  would  not  allow 
the  Spanisli  possessions  to  be  united  intact  to  the  French 
or  Austrian  monarchy,  Leopold  asserted  his  claim  in  be- 
half of  his  second  son  Charles,  while  Louis  urged  his  in 
behalf  of  his  grandson  Philip  of  Anjou.  Treaties  of  par- 
tition were  made  in  1698  and  1700  dividing  the  inheritance 
between  the  claimants  (see  Partition  Treaties),  but  when 
the  vacancy  occurred  in  1700  Louis  decided  to  ignore  his 
treaty  obligations,  and  recognized  Charles  II. 's  will,  which 
made  Philip  of  Anjou  heir.  He  found  himself  opposed  in 
Sept.,  1701,  by  the  Grand  Alliance  of  The  Hague  between 
England,  Holland,  Austria,  and  the  Empire,  joined  later 
by  Portugal,  while  his  only  allies  were  the  Elector  of  Ba- 
varia and  the  dukes  of  Modena  and  Savoy.  Spain,  indeed, 
sided  with  him,  but  had  neither  money  nor  men.  The 
most  conspicuous  leaders  of  the  Grand  Alliance  were  the 
English  general  Marlborough,  the  imperial  general  Prince 
Eugene,  and  Heinsius,  pensionary  of  Holland.  The  seat  of 
the  war  was  principally  Italy,  the  Netherlands,  and  Ger- 
many. The  chief  events  were  the  victory  of  Eugene  and 
Marlborough  over  the  Bavarians  and  French  under  Tallard 
at  Blenheim, Aug.  18, 1704  ;thevictory  of  Marlborough  over 
Villeroi  at  Ramillies,  May  23, 1706;  the  victory  of  Eugene 


Mans  at  Turin,  Sept.  7,  1706;  the  victory  of  the  French 
under  Berwick  at  Almansa,  April  25,  1707 ;  the  victory  of 
Marlborough  and  Eugene  over  VendOme  and  the  Duke  of 
Burgundy  at  Oudenarde,  July  11,  1708 ;  and  the  victory 
of  Marlborough  and  Eugene  over  Villars  at  Malplaque^ 
Sept.  11, 1709.  The  death  of  the  emperor  Joseph,  the  eldest 
son  and  successor  of  Leopold  I.,  in  1711,  placed  Charles  on 
the  imperial  throne,  thus  removing  the  cliief  obstacle  to 
the  recognition  of  Philip  of  Anjou  (the  electoral  prince  of 
Bavaria  having  died  in  1699).  The  war  was  ended  by  the 
peace  of  Utrecht  (which  see)  in  1713,  and  that  of  Rastatt 
and  Baden  in  1714,  Philip  of  Anjou  being  recognized  as 
king  of  Spain  under  the  title  of  PhUip  V. 


Spain  and  the  United  States  in  1898,  waged  by  Spamsh  Town,  or  Santiago  de  la  Vega  (san- 
the  latter  for  the  liberation  of  Cuba,    m  chief    ^%-\  g°  ^^  ^^  7^  Sf:)-    A  town  m  Jamaica,  situ- 
events  were  the  breaking  off  of  diplomatic  relations  by     ajed  on  the  river  Cobre  about  10  miles  west  of 
Spain  April  21;  beginning  of  the  blockade  of  Cuba  April     Kingston.     Population  (1891),  5,019. 
22;  declaration  of  war  by  Spain  April  24,  and  by  the  United  gpanish  Tragedy,  The,  Or  Hieronimo  ( Jeroni- 
States  April  26 ;  destruction  of  Spanish  fleet  m  the  Bay  of     ^   s  •    Mnrl  Ao-nin  I      A  nlmr  hir  TVinmat.  TTvd 
Manila  May  1 ;  arrival  of  Cervera's  squadron  at  Santiago     ^°)  IS  iViaa  Again !     -A  play  Dy  inomas  JS.ya, 
May  19 ;  sinking  of  the  Merrimac  in  the  entrance  to  San-    the  continuation  01  another  play  usually  cailea 
tiago  harbor  June  3;  landing  of  United  States  troops  at      "The  First  Part  of  Jeronimo."    It  was  licensed  in 
Baiquiri  June  20-22;  battles  of  San  Juan  and  El  Caney      1592  and  in  1602  was  altered  by  Jonson.    See  Jeronimo. 
July  1-2 ;  attempted  escape  and  destruction  of  Cervera's  b-^.'-i-.^  f.^„„„r-i,i..-^   1  aAxr  fi-ixr       A  lirillinnt 
squadronJuly3;8urrenderof  Santia,go  Julyl7;campaign  Spanker  (spang  ker),  LaOy  Uay.     A  DrilUaM 


in  Porto  Rico  July  25-Aug.  12 ;  signing  of  peace  protocol 
Aug.  12 ;  capture  of  Manila  Aug.  13 ;  signing  of  treaty  of 
peace  at  Paris  Dec.  10.  By  the  treaty  Spain  relinquished 
her  sovereignty  over  Cuba,  and  ceded  Porto  Rico,  Guahan 
in  the  Ladrones,  and  the  Philippines  to  the  United  States. 

Spanish  Armada,  The.  1.  See  Armada. — 2. 
Mr.  Puff's  tragedy  rehearsed  in  Sheridan's 
"dramatic  piece"  "The  Critic." 

Spanish  Barber,  The,  or  the  Fruitless  Pre- 
caution. A  comedy  by  George  Colman  the 
elder,  taken  from  "Le  Barbier  de  Seville"  of 
Beaumarehais,  and  produced  at  London  in  1777. 

Spanish  Curate,  The.  A  play  by  Fletcher  and 
Massinger,  licensed  in  1622,  printed  in  1647, 


character  in  Dion  Bouoicault's  comedy  "Lon- 
don Assurance."  She  is  devoted  to  horses  and  hunt- 
ing, and  keeps  the  whip-hand  of  her  meek  little  husband, 
Dolly  Spanker. 

Sparagus  Garden,  The,  or  Tom  Hoyden  of 
Taunton  Dean.  A  comedy  by  Brome,  acted 
in  1635  and  printed  in  1640. 

Sparkish  (spar'kish) .  A  character  in  Wycher- 
fey's  "Country  "Wife."  He  is  the  original  of 
Congreve's  Tattle. 

The  character  of  Sparkish  is  quite  new,  and  admirably 
hit  oft.  He  is  an  exquisite  and  suffocating  coxcomb :  a 
pretender  to  wit  and  letters,  without  common  understand- 
ing, or  the  use  of  his  senses.     HazliU,  Eng.  Poets,  p.  101. 


Several  alterations  of  it  have  been  acted.    The  plot  is  from   Snarks  (spai'ks),  Jared.     Bom  at  Willington, 
a  Spanish  story,  called  in  English  "Gerado  the  Unfori;u-   "(^^j^jj^  jj;^  iQ,  1789 :  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 


nato  Spaniard,"  by  Cespedes, 

Spanish  Fury,  The.    A  name  ^ven  to  the  sack 
of  Antwerp  by  Spanish  troops  in  1576. 

Spanish  Gypsy,  The.    1 .  Aplay  by  Middleton 
(with  Eowley),  acted  1623,  printed  1653.    It  is 
founded  on  Cervantes's  "Puerza  de  la  Sangre 
and  "La  Gitanilla."— 2.  A  poem  by  George 
Eliot,  published  in  1868. 

Spanish  Main,  The.    A  name  applied,  some 


March  14,  1866.  An  American  historian.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1815,  and  became  a  Unitarian 
cler'Tman.  He  was  pastor  of  a  church  in  Baltimore 
1819-23 ;  was  editor  of  the  "  North  American  Review  " 
1824-31 ;  was  professor  of  history  at  Harvard  1839-49 ;  and 
was  president  of  Harvard  1849-63.  He  was  also  the  founder 
and  first  editor  of  the  "American  Almanac  and  Repository 
of  Useful  Knowledge  "  (Boston,  1830-61) .  He  wrote,  among 
other  works,  the  "Life  of  John  LedyaTd"(182S)  and  the 
LifeofGouverneurMorris"(1832),andedited  "Diplomatic 


=^=tpe^i=SQ^  c™i^^.e^W^,R2J^- 

America,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco  west-  t^e  Author "(12 vols.  1834-38),  "Library  of  AmerioanBiog- 

ward.     Sometimes  it  included  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  raphy  "  (1834-38 :  writing  the  lives  of  Arnold,  Ethan  Allen, 

and  Central  America,  or  all  the  continental  lands  border-  jiarquette.  La  Salle,  etc.),  "  Works  of  Benjamm  Franklm, 

ine  on  the  Caribbean  Sea,  as  distinguished  from  the  islands,  ^ith  a  Life  of  the  Author"  (10  vols.  1836-40)  and  'Corre- 

The  term  was  probably  derived  from  the  Spanish  Tierm  spondence  of  the  American  Revolution    (1854),  etc. 

Firme,  or  Costa  Firme,  used  in  the  16th  century  for  the  c„j,rta,(spar'ta),orLaced8emOn(las-e-de'mqn). 

appcM  to  suppose  that  the  Spanish  Main  was  the  Carib-  Laconia,  Greece,  situated  on  the  Eurotas  m 

bean  Sea  ^popular  use  of  the  name).                        .  Jat.  87°  5'  N.,  long.  22°  24'  E.    It  became  powerful 

Snanish  Mark,  The.     A  Prankish  possession,  ^jgj  jjjg  legislation  of  Lyourgus  in  the  9th  century  B.  c. ; 

eonauered  bv  (jharles  the  Great,  situated  in  the  conquered  Messenia  in  the  8th  and  7th  centuries ;  was  the 

it       J.      •^      i«„„^+,.  „f  «t»o5t,      Tt  woarnlcrt  hv  leadins  Greek  state  by  the  6th  century,  and  the  champion 

northeastem  extremity  o^^^^ij  "cSoMa  an^  of  aristocratic  government;  took  a  leading  part  in  the 

counts  of  Barcelona,  and  became  mergedin  Catalonia,  ana  ra  arisv  ^^^    ^b^  ^^^  ^^j.^,  ^^^^^^^  ^^.^^^  ^^^^^^  .^  ^^ 

finally  in  Aragon.                      tit„,„«t,  Peloponnesian  war.    The  years  404-371  were  the  period  of 

Spanish  Moliere,  The.     moraxm.  spartan  hegemony.    Sparta  passed  under  Roman  rule  in 

Spanish  Moor's  Tragedy,  The.     A  play  by  ^^^^^^^ 

Thomas  Dekker,  Day,  and  Haughton,  Ucensed  gpartacus  (spar'ta-kus).    Killed  71  b.  c.    A 

in  1600  and  printed  in  1657.                   ■  _  Thracian  who  became  a  Eoman  slave  and  glad- 

Spanish  Peaks.  Two  isolated  mountains  ot  iator  in  Capua.  He  headed  an  insurrection  of  slaves  in 
conical  shape  in  southern  Colorado,  near  the  italyin73B.c.,  and  routed  several  Roman  armies,  but  was 
boundarv  of  New  Mexico,  which  rise  to  an  ele-  ultimately  defeated  by  Crassus  on  the  SUarus,  and  slam, 
vation  oiE  nearly  14,000  feet.  They  are  very  gpartel  (spar-tel').  Cape.  The  northwestern- 
prominent  landmarks.  Their  aboriginal  name  most  point  of  Africa,  situated  m  Morocco,  at  the 
IS  Hmiatoyas.  entrance  to  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  m  lat.  d5 

Spanish  Succession.  War  of  the.  A  war  aris-  47'  N.,  long.  5°  56'  W. 


Spartianus 

Spartianus  (spar-ti-a'nus),  ^lius.  Lived  at 
the  end  of  tlie  3d  century  A.  D.  A  Roman  his- 
torian, one  of  the  authors  of  the  "Augustan 
History."  He  composed  the  lives  of  Verus, 
Severus,  Niger,  etc. 

Spartivento  (spar-te-ven'to),  Cape.  1.  A  cape 
at  the  southern  extremity  of  Italy,  in  lat.  37°  55' 
29''  N.,  long.  16°  3'  31"  E. :  the  ancient  Her- 
culispromontorium. —  2.  Acapeatthe southern 
extremity  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  in  lat.  38° 
52' 34"  N.,  long.  8°51'8"B. 

Spasmodic  Scnool,  The.  A  name  given  col- 
lectively to  various  19th-century  writers,  on  ac- 
count of  their  alleged  unnatural  style :  among 
them  were  Gerald  Massey,  Sydney  Dohell, 
Bailey,  Gilfillan,  Alexander  Smith,  and  others. 

Its  adherents,  lacking  perception  and  syntiiesis,  and  mis- 
talcing  the  materials  of  poetry  for  poeti^  itself,  aimed  at 
the  production  of  quotable  passages,  and  crammed  their 
verse  with  mixed  and  conceited  imagery,  gushing  diction, 
interjections,  and  that  mockery  of  passion  which  is  but 
surface-deep.  Stedman,  Victorian  Poets,  p.  262. 

Specie  Circular,  The.  In  United  States  history, 
an  order  by  the  secretary  of  the  treasury,  July 
11,  1836,  which  directed  that  payment  for  pub- 
lic lands  should  be  made  to  government  agents 
in  gold  and  silver  only  (except  in  certain  oases 
in  Virginia).  It  was  designed  to  check  specu- 
lative purchases  of  public  lands. 

Spectator  (spek-ta'tor),  The.  An  English  pe- 
riodical, published  daily  from  March  1,  1711,  to 
Dec.  6,  1712.  it  comprised  655  numbers,  of  which  274 
were  byAddison  ("  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  "  papers,  critiques 
on  "Paradise  Lost,"  etc.),  236  by  Steele,  1  by  Pope  ("  The 
Messiah,"  Ho.  378),  and  19  by  Hughes.  Eustace  Budgell 
also  contributed  to  it.  Addison  killed  Sir RogerdeCoverley 
in  No.  517,  "that  nobody  else  mightmurder  him."  Itwas 
revived  in  1714. 

Specter  of  the  Brocken.    See  BrooJcen. 

Speculum  Salutis  (spek'u-lum  sa-lu'tis),  or 
Speculum  Humanee  Salvationis  (spek'ii-lum 
hu-ma'ne  sal-va-ti-6'nis).  [L.,'mirTor  of  safe- 
ty,' or  '  of  man's  salvation.']  An  early  book  in 
Latin  rime,  in  45  chapters.  It  tells  the  incidents 
of  the  Bible  story  from  the  fall  of  Lucifer  to  the  redemp- 
tion. There  are  manuscript  copies  as  old  as  the  12th  cen- 
tury. It  is  of  great  interest  in  relation  to  the  invention 
of  printing.  The  earliest  date  which  can  be  assigned  to 
the  printed  book  is  1467. 

The  "  Speculum  "  was  printed  at  different  times  and 
places  during  the  fifteenth  century,  but  the  copies  of  great- 
est value  are  those  which  belong  to  four  correlated  edi- 
tions—two in  Latin  and  two  in  Dutch— all  without  date, 
name,  or  place  of  printer.  In  these  four  editions  the  illus- 
trations are  obviously  impressions  from  the  same  blocks ; 
but  each  edition  exhibits  some  new  peculiarity  in  the  shape 
or  disposition  of  the  letters.  Those  who  favor  the  theory 
of  an  invention  of  typography  in  Holland  maintain  that 
these  letters  are  the  impressions  of  the  first  movable  types, 
and  that  the  curious  workmanship  of  the  book  marks  the 
development  of  printing  at  the  great  turning-point  in  its 
progress  when  it  was  passing  from  xylography  to  typog- 
raphy. De  VinTie,  Invention  of  Printing,  p.  269. 

Spedding  (sped'ing),  James.  Bom  at  Mire- 
house,  near  Bassenthwaite,  June,  1808 :  died, 
from  an  injury,  at  St.  George's  Hospital,  Lon- 
don, March  9,  1881.  An  English  editor  of  Ba- 
con. He  entered  Cambridge  (Trinity  College)  in  1827; 
from  1837  to  1841  was  a  clerk  in  the  Colonial  Office ;  and  in 
1843  was  private  secretary  of  Lord  Ashburton  in  America, 
From  1857  to  1874  he  published  "  Works,  Life,  and  Letters 
of  Bacon."  In  1878  he  published  an  "Account  of  the  Life 
and  Times  of  Bacon,"  and  in  1881  "  Studies  in  English 
History,"  etc. 

Speed  (sped).  Servant  of  Valentine,  in  Shak- 
spere's  "Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona." 

Speed  (sped),  John.  Bom  at  Farrington,  Che- 
shire, 1542:  died  at  London,  July  28, 1629.  An 
English  antiquary.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  Great 
Britain  under  the  Conquests  of  the  Romans,  Saxons, 
Danes,  and  Normans  "  (1611)  and  "  Theater  of  the  Empire 
of  Great  Britain  "  (1611). 

Speed  the  Plough.  A  comedy  by  Thomas  Mor- 
ton, produced  in  1798. 

Speedwell  (sped'wel).  A  ship  of  about  60  tons 
burden,  bought  and  fitted  out  in  Holland, 
which  sailed  from  Southampton  with  the  May- 
flower in  1615  for  New  England,  she  was  sent 
back  from  Plymouth,  England,  owing  to  a  series  of  mis- 
haps, and  those  of  the  "  pilgrims  "  who  were  disheartened 
turned  back  with  her, 

Speicher  (spi'cher).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  canton  of  Appenzell  Outer  Rhodes,  Switzer- 
land, 21  miles  southeast  of  Constance.  Here, 
in  1403,  the  inhabitants  of  Appenzell  defeated 
the  troops  of  the  Abbot  of  St.  Gall. 

Speichern.     See  Sjneheren. 

Speier.     See  Speyer. 

Speke  (spek),  John  Banning.  Bom  at  Jor- 
dans,  Somersetshire,  May  4, 1827 :  died  at  Bath, 
England,  Sept.  15, 1864.  An  African  explorer. 
After  military  and  scientific  service  in  India,  he  accom- 
panied Sir  R.  F.  Burton  to  the  great  central  African  lakes 
(1858),  and  crossed  the  continent  with  Grant  from  Zanzibar 
over  Victoria  Nyanza  and  down  the  Nile  to  Egypt  (1860- 


950 

1863).  He  discovered  the  Victoria  Nyanza  and  its  afSuent, 
the  Kagera,  or  Alexandra  Nile,  the  main  source  of  the 
Nile.  He  published  a  "  Journal  of  the  Discovery  of  the 
Source  of  the  Nile  "  (1863). 

Spelman  (spel'man).  Sir  Henry.  Bom  at 
(5ongham,  England,  1562:  died  at  London,  1641. 
An  English  antiquary. 

Spence  (spens),  Joseph.  Bom  at  Kingsolere, 
Hampshire,  April  25, 1699:  drowned  at  Byfleet, 
Surrey,  Aug.  20, 1768.  An  English  critic.  His 
chief  works  ai-e  an  "Essay  on  Pope's  Translation  of  Homer  " 
(1727),  "  Polymetis,  etc. "  (a  work  on  Roman  art  and  poetry, 
1747),  and  avolumeof  anecdotes,  observations,  and  charac- 
ters of  books  and  men  (an  edition  by  Malone  and  one  by 
Samuel  Weller  Singer  were  published  in  1820,  on  the  same 
day). 

Spence,  William.  Bom  1783 :  died  at  London, 
Jan.  6,  1860.  An  English  entomologist.  He  col- 
laborated with  Kirby  in  his  "Introduction  to  Entomology." 

Spencer,  Cape.  A  cape  at  the  southern  extrem- 
ity of  Yorke  Peninsula,  South  Australia. 

Spencer,  Charles,  third  Earl  of  Sunderland. 
Born  about  1674:  died  April  19, 1722.  An  Eng- 
lish politician,  son  of  the  second  Earl  of  Sun- 
derland. He  was  envoy  to  Vienna  in  1705  ;  secretary  of 
state  1707-10 ;  lord  11  eutenant  of  Ireland  1714-15 ;  lord  privy 
seal  1715-17 ;  secretary  of  state  1717-18 ;  and  first  lord  of 
the  treasury  and  prime  minister  1718-21.  He  was  involved 
in  the  South  Sea  scheme. 

Spencer,  George  John,  second  Earl  Spencer. 
Bom  Sept.  1,  1758:  died  Nov.  10, 1834.  An  Eng- 
lish bibliophile  and  politician.  He  collected  a  very 
valuable  library,  described  in  "Bibliotheca  Spenceriana  " 
(1814)  by  Dibdin. 

Spencer,  Herbert.  Bom  at  Derby,  April  27, 
1820 :  died  at  Brighton,  Dec.  8,  1903.  A  cele- 
brated English  philosopher,  founder  of  the 
system  named  by  himself  the  synthetic  philos- 
ophy. He  was  educated  by  his  father,  a  schoolmaster 
at  Derby,  and  by  his  uncle,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Spencer,  rec- 
tor of  Hinton.  He  was  articled  to  a  civil  engineer  in 
1837,  but  in  1845  abandoned  engineering  and  devoted 
himself  to  literature.  He  was  assistant  editor  of  the 
"Economist"  1848-53,  and  in  1882  visited  the  United 
States,  where  he  gave  a  number  of  lectures.  His  first 
effort  in  the  field  of  general  literature  (he  had  previ- 
ously published  a  number  of  professional  papers  in  the 
"Civil  Engineers'  and  Architects'  Journal ")  was  a  series 
of  letters  to  the  "Nonconformist"  on  "The  Proper  Sphere 
of  Government,  "which  appeared  in  1842  and  was  reprinted 
in  pamphlet  form  in  the  following  year.  In  1855  (four  years 
before  the  appearance  of  Darwin's  "Origin  of  Species") 
he  published  his  "Principles  of  Psychology,"  which  is 
based  on  tlie  principle  of  evolution.  In  1860  he  issued  a 
prospectus  of  his  "System  of  Synthetic  Philosophy,"  in 
which,  beginning  with  the  first  principles  of  knowledge,  he 
proposed  to  trace  the  progress  of  evolution  in  life,  mind,  so- 
ciety, and  morality.  His  works  include  "Social  Statics,  or 
the  Conditions  Essential  to  Human  Happiness  Specified, 
etc."  (1850),  "Over-Legislation "(1854),  "The  Principles  of 
Psychology"  (1865),  "Part  I.:  The  Data  of  Psychology" 
(1869 :  an  enlarged  edition  of  these  two  was  published 
later  (1870-72) :  see  below), "  Essays  "  (1867-63-64-74),  "Edu- 
cation :  Intellectual,  Moral,  and  Physical "  (1861),  "  Classi- 
fication of  the  Sciences"  (1864),  "Illustrations  of  Universal 
Progress"  (1864),  "The  Study  of  Sociology"  (1873),  "De- 
scriptive Sociology  "  (1874-82 :  compiled  under  his  direc- 
tion by  James  Collier,  D.  Duncan,  and  Richard  Sheppig), 
"  Progress :  its  Law  and  Course  "  (1881),  "  The  Philosophy 
of  Style  "  (1882),  "  The  Man  versus  the  State  "  (1884),  "The 
Factors  of  Organic  Evolution  "(reprinted  In  1887  from  the 
"  Nineteenth  Century  "),  etc.  The  series  announced  in  1860 
under  the  general  title  "  A  System  of  Synthetic  Philoso- 
phy "  was  published  as  follows :  Vol.  I,  "First  Principles" 
(1862) ;  Vols.  II,  III,  "The  Principles  of  Biology  "  (1863- 
and  1867) ;  Vols.  IV,  V,  "  The  Principles  of  Psychology  " 
(1870-72);  Vols.  VI,  VII,  VIII,  "  The  Principles  of  Sociol- 
ogy" (1877:  vol.  1  of  these  includes  "The  Data  of  Soci- 
ology," "  The  Inductions  of  Sociology,"  and  "The  Domestic 
Relations";  vol.  ii  includes  "Ceremonial  Institutions" 
(1879),  "Polltlcal.Institutions"  (1882),  and  "Ecclesiastical 
Institntlons "  (1885);  vol.  iii  was  published  in  1897); 
Vols.  IX,  X,  "  The  Principles  of  Morality  or  of  Ethics  " 
(vol.  i  of  these  includes  "The  Data  of  Ethics  "(1879),  "In- 
duction of  Ethics  "  (1892),  and  "  Ethics  of  Individual  Life  " 
(1892),  and  vol.  il  contains  "  Justice  "  (1891)  and  "  Nega- 
tive Beneficence  and  Positive  Beneficence"  (1893)). 

Spencer,  Bohert,  second  Earl  of  Sunderland. 
JBornl640:  died  at  Al thorp,  Northamptonshire, 
Sept.  28,  1702.  An  English  politician.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  earldom  in  1643 ;  served  as  ambassador  at 
several  courts  under  Charles  II.;  was  secretary  of  state 
1679-81 ;  became  secretary  again  about  1682 ;  and  continued 
in  office  under  James  II.  He  was  made  lord  chamber- 
lain and  lord  justice  by  William  III.,  whom  he  was  said 
to  have  rendered  important  services  before  his  accession. 
He  retired  to  private  life  in  1697. 

Spencer,  John  Charles,  third  Earl  Spencer: 
known  as  Viscount  Al  thorp  previous  to  his  ac- 
cession to  the  earldom.  Born  at  London,  May 
20,  1782:  died  at  "Wiseton  Hall,  Nottingham- 
shire, Oct.  1, 1845;  An  English  statesman,  son 
of  the  second  Earl  Spencer :  leader  of  the  Whig 
opposition  in  the  House  of  Commons  under 
George  IV.  He  was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  and 
leader  of  the  House  of  Commons  1830-34,  and  was  largely 
instrumental  in  procuring  the  passage  of  the  Reform  Bill. 
He  became  Earl  Spencer  in  1834. 

Spencer,  John  Poyntz,  filth  Earl  Spencer.  Born 
Oct.  27,  1835.  An  English  statesman,  nephew 
of  the  third  Earl  Spencer.  He  was  lord  lieutenant  of 
Ireland  1868-74,  1882-86 ;  president  of  the  council  1880-82, 
188B  ;  and  Hrst  lord  of  the  admiralty  1892-96. 


Speyer 

Spencer,  William  Robert.  Bom  about  1769: 
died  at  Paris,  1834.  An  English  poet.  He  was 
educated  at  Harrow  and  Oxford.  He  spent  the  last  ten 
years  of  his  life  in  Paris.  His  principal  poems  are  vera 
de  soci^t^  and  baUads,  among  the  latter  that  of  "Beth 
Gelert,  or  the  Grave  of  the  Grey-Hound." 

Spencer  Gulf.  [Named  from  the  second  Earl 
Spencer.]  A  gulf  on  the  coast  of  South  Aus- 
tralia, about  lat.  32°  30'-35°  S.  Length,  inland, 
about  200  miles. 

Spener  (spa'ner),  Philipp  Jakob.  Bom  at  Rap- 
poltsweiler,  Alsace,  Jan.  13, 1635:  died  at  Ber- 
lin, Feb.  5, 1705.  A  German  theologian :  called 
"  the  Father  of  Pietism."  He  was  pastor  at  Frankfort 
1666-68,  and  court  chaplain  in  Dresden  1668-91,  and  later 
(1691)  in  Berlin.    He  wrote  "Theologische  Bedenken,"  etc. 

Spenlow  (spen'16),  Dora.  The  ' '  child-wife  "  of 
David  Copperfield,  in  Dickens's  "David  Copper- 
field." 

Spennymoor  (spen'i-m5r).  A  town  in  Durham, 
England,  5  miles  south  of  Durham.  Population 
(1891),  6,041. 

Spens  (spens),  Sir  Patrick.  The  subject  of  a 
Scottish  ballad:  said  to  have  been  wrecked  in 
the  Orkneys. 

Spenser  ( spen '  ser) ,  Edmund.  Bom  at  London 
about  1552 :  died  at  London,  Jan.  13,  1599.  A 
celebrated  English  poet.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Merchant  Taylors  School,  London,  and  at  Pembroke  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1669-76,  where  he  associated  with  Gabriel 
Harvey,  Edward  Kirke,  and  other  men  of  note.  After- 
ward he  became  intimate  with  Sir  Philip  Sidney  and  Lei- 
cester, who  did  much  for  him.  He  was  sent  abroad  by  Lei- 
cester in  1679,  and  went  in  1580  as  secretary  with  Lord  Grey 
de  Wilton  to  Ireland,  to  assist  in  suppressing  Desmond's  re- 
hellion,  and  became  extremely  unpopular.  In  the  redistri- 
bution of  Munster  he  became  an  undertaker  for  the  settle- 
ment of  about  3,000  acres  of  land,  with  Kilcolman  Castle, 
County  Cork,  attached  (forfeited  by  the  Desmonds),  the  gov- 
ernment undertaking  his  security.  In  1681  he  was  made 
a  clerk  of  the  Irish  court  of  chancery,  and  in  1588  clerk  to 
the  council  of  Munster.  In  his  "View  of  the  State  of 
Ireland  "  (written  about  1596,  but  not  published  till  1633) 
Spenser  advocates  the  most  oppressive  measures,  little 
short  of  wholesale  depopulation.  At  the  suggestion  of  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  whom  he  met  at  the  Fort  del  Ore  in  1680, 
he  returned  to  London  in  1689  with  the  first  three  books  of 
the  "Faerie  Queene,"  which  were  entered  at  Stationers' 
Hall,  Dec,  1589,  and  published  in  1590.  In  1591  he  re- 
turned, already  famous,  to  Kilcolman  Castle,  and  wrote 
"Colin  Clout  's  Come  Home  Again"  (published  in  1595). 
His  house  was  burned  by  the  Irish  rebels  in  1598,  and  he 
fled  with  his  family  to  Cork,  and  then  went  to  London, 
where  about  four  weeks  later  he  died.  His  first  poems 
were  published  in  a  small  volume  entitled  "  The  Theatre 
for  Worldlings  "  (1569),  said  to  have  been  translations  from 
Bellay  and  Petrarch,  liut  this  has  been  disputed.  He  also 
wrote  "The  Shepherd's  Calendar"  (1679),  "The  Faerie 
Queene  "(1590-96) (see  these  entries),  "Daphnaida"  (1591), 
"Complaints"  (1691:  including  "Tears  of  the  Muses," 
"Mother  Hnbberd's  Tale,"  etc.),  "  Epithalamion "  and 
"Amoretti"  (1695),  "Astrophel,"  " Prothalamion,"  "Four 
Hymns"  (1596),  etc. 

Speransky,  or  Speranski  (spa-ran'ske),  Count 
Mikhail.  Bom  in  the  government  of  Vladimir, 
Jan.  1,  1772 :  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  11, 
1839.  A  Russian  statesman.  He  became  state 
secretary  in  1801,  colleague  of  the  minister  of  justice  in 
1808,  and  secretary  of  the  empire  in  1809.  He  was  in  ban- 
ishment 1812-16.  From  1819  to  1821  he  was  governor-gen- 
eral of  Siberia.  He  directed  the  compilation  of  the  Rus- 
sian laws. 

Sperchius(sper-ki'us).  [Gr.  Smpx^'if-]  Ariver 
in  Greece  which  flows  (now)  into  the  Gulf  of 
Lamia  (Maliaous  Sinus)  near  ThermopylsB :  the 
modem  Hellada.    Length,  about  50  miles. 

Spessart  (spes'sart),  or  Spesshart  (spes'hart). 
A  mountain  group  or  range  in  Lower Franoonia, 
and  in  the  neighboring  part  of  Hesse-Nassau, 
situated  north  of  the  Main,  between  the  Kin- 
zig  and  Sinn :  noted  for  its  forests.  Highest 
point,  the  Geiersberg,  1,920  feet. 

Speusippus  (spii-sip'us).  [Gr.  Smiio-fmrof.] 
Bom  about  407  b.  c.  :  died  339  b.  c.  An  Athe- 
nian philosopher,  nephew  and  disciple  of  Plato : 
head  of  the  Academy  after  Plato's  death.  He 
left  a  fragment  of  a  work  on  "Pythagorean 
Numbers." 

Spey  (spa).  A  river  in  Scotland  which  rises  in 
Inverness,  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between 
Elgin  and  Banfl:',  and  flows  into  the  North  Sea 
8  miles  east-northeast  of  Elgin.  It  has  valu- 
able salmon-fisheries.  Length,  about  100  miles. 

Speyer,  or  Speier  (spi '  er  or  spir),  E.  Spires 
(spirz),  F.  Spire  (sper).  [L.  Spira.^  The  capi- 
tal of  the  Rhine  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Speyerbach  and  Rhine,  in 
lat.  49°  19'  N.,  long.  8°  26'  E.  Its  cathedral  is  a  Ro- 
manesque structure,  founded  in  1030  and  completed  in 
1061,  and  still,  despite  fires  and  restorations,  retaining  in 
great  part  its  original  form.  The  three  portals  of  the 
west  end  open  into  a  narthex  called  the  Kaiser-Halle, 
from  which  one  great  recessed  and  sculptured  door  leads 
into  the  nave.  Over  the  west  end  rise  two  bold  square 
towers.  The  transepts  are  at  the  east  end,  immediately 
in  front  of  the  semicircular  apse,  and  the  crossing  is  cov- 
ered with  a  fine  dome.  The  church  is  surrounded  with 
open  arcading  beneath  the  roof.  The  interior  produces 
a  striking  effect  of  great  size ;  it  is  adorned  with  excellent 


Speyer 

modern  Iresoos  of  Old  and  New  Testament  subjects,  and 
other  art  works  medieval  and  modem. '  The  interesting 
crypt  is  wholly  of  the  early  Uth  century.  The  dimensions 
are  440  hy  12B  feet ;  length  of  transepts,  180 ;  height  of 
vaulting,  105  ;  width  of  nave,  45.  Speyer  is  the  Eoman  N o- 
viomaguB  Nemetnm.  It  became  the  seat  of  abishopricabout 
610  A.  D. ;  became  a  free  imperial  city  1294;  and  was  long 
the  seat  of  the  imperial  chamber.  It  was  burned  by  the 
Trench  in  1689.  The  chief  diets  of  Speyer  were  those  of 
1526  and  1529 :  the  latter  condemned  the  Reformation,  and 
the  "  Protestation  "  then  made  by  the  Reformers  gave  rise 
to  the  name  "Protestant."    Population  (1890),  17,685. 

Speyerbach  (spi'er-bach).  A  small  river  -whieh 
joins  the  Rhine  at  Speyer.  On  its  banks,  Nov.  16, 
1708,  the  French  (18,000)  under  Tallard  defeated  a  Ger- 
man army  (12,000)  under  the  Count  of  Nassau- Weilburg. 

Spezia,  or  Spezzia  (spet'se-a).  A  geaport  in 
the  province  o£  (3-enoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
Gull  of  Spezia,  in  lat.  (of  lighthouse)  44°  4' 
N.,  long.  9°  51'  E. :  the  ancient  Pityussa  or 
Haliussa  (?).  it  is  one  of  the  chief  Italian  naval  sta- 
tions, has  the  largest  and  best  harbor  in  Italy,  and  has  a 
marine  arsenal,  docks,  and  extensive  ship-building  works. 
It  is  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  Roman  Luna.  Popula- 
tion, 19,864. 

Spezia,  Gulf  of.  A  small  arm  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, near  Spezia. 

Spezzia,  or  Spetzia  (spet'ge-9,).  1.  An  island 
belonging  to  Argolis,  Greece,  situated  at  the 
entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Nauplia,  28  miles  south- 
east of  Nauplia.  Length,  5  miles. — 2.  A  seaport 
on  the  island  of  Spezzia. 

Sphacteria  (sfak-te'ri-a).  [Gr.  S^o/cr^/p/a.]  A 
small  island  near  Navarino,  off  the  coast  of 
Messenia,  Greece :  the  modem  Sphagia.  Here, 
425  B.  0,,  the  Spartans  were  blockaded  by  the  Athenians, 
and  were  compelled  by  Gleon  to  surrender. 

Spheres  of  Influence.  Large  areas  of  land  in 
Africa  recognized  as  under  the  control  of  Euro- 
pean powers.  The  phrase  came  into  use  about  1886. 
It  designates  the  region  which  may  be  occupied  and  de- 
veloped by  the  power  for  which  it  is  named.  The  Euro- 
pean spheres  of  influence  in  Africa  comprise  a  large  part 
of  the  continent.  See  East  Africa  (British,  Qetman,  Portu- 
guese), Oerman  Southwest  Afliea,  and  Kongo,  French. 

Sphinx,  Temple  of  the,  A  structure  (incor- 
rectly called  a  temple)  lying  a  short  distance 
southeast  of  the  Sphinx  at  Gizeh.  It  is  in  fact  a 
family  mausoleum  of  Khafra  or  Chephren,thebuilder  of  the 
Second  Pyramid,  and  is  connected  with  the  Temple  of  the 
Second  Pyramid  by  a  rock-cut  passage.  Here  was  found 
the  colossal  statue  of  Khafra  now  in  the  Gizeh  Museum. 
The  temple  is  built  of  splendid  blocks  of  red  granite  and 
alabaster.  It  consists  of  a  passage  descending  to  an  open 
three-aisled  area  with  square  piers  and  lintels,  and  two 
cross-passages  or  transepts  toward  the  east.  At  the  end 
of  the  first  transept  there  is  a  burial-chamber  with  6  niches 
for  mummies,  in  two  ti^s,  and  similar  chambers  open  from 
the  entrance  passage. 

Sphinx  (sfingks).  The,  A  celebrated  figure  at 
'  Gizeh,  Egypt,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  south- 
east of  the  Great  Pyramid.  According  to  present 
archseological  opinion,  it  is  older  than  ijie  Gizeh  pyra- 
mids. It  consists  of  an  enormous  figure  of  a  crouching 
sphinx  of  the  usual  Egyptian  type,  hewn  from  the  natural 
rock,  with  the  flaws  and  cavities  filled  in  with  masonry. 
The  body  is  140  feet  long ;  the  head  measures  about  30  feet 
from  the  top  of  the  forehead  to  the  chin,  and  is  14  wide. 
Except  the  head  and  shoulders,  the  figure  has  for  ages  gen- 
erally been  buried  in  the  desert  sand.  The  face,  despite 
the  mutilation  of  eyes  and  nose  due  to  Mohammedan  fa- 
naticism, impresses  by  its  calm  dignity.  The  low  head- 
dress extends  broadly  outward  on  each  side.  A  long  rock- 
cut  passage  composed  of  inclined  plane  and  steps  leads 
down  in  front  to  the  extended  fore  paws  of  the  Sphinx, 
■which  are  60  feet  long  and  cased  with  masonry.  Between 
the  paws  were  found  an  altar,  a  crouching  lion  with  frag- 
ments of  others,  and  3  large  inscribed  tablets,  one,  14  feet 
high,  against  the  Sphinx's  breast,  and  the  two  others  ex- 
tending from  it  on  each  side,  thus  forming  a  sort  of  shrine. 
The  Sphinx  was  a  local  personification  of  the  sun-god.  No 
interior  chamber  has  been  discovered. 

To  this  day,  the  most  ancient  statue  known  Is  a  colossus 
— namely,  the  Great  Sphinx  of  Gizeh.  It  was  already  in 
existence  in  the  time  of  Khoofoo  (Cheops),  and  perhaps  we 
should  not  be  far  wrong  if  we  ventured  to  ascribe  it  to 
the  generations  before  Mena,  called  in  the  priestly  chron- 
icles "the  Servants  of  Horus."  Hewn  in  flie  living  rock 
at  the  extreme  verge  of  the  Libyan  plateau,  it  seems,  as 
the  representative  of  Horus,  to  uprear  its  head  in  order  to 
be  the  first  to  catch  sight  of  his  father,  Ra,  the  rising  sun, 
across  the  valley.  For  centuries  the  sands  have  buried  it 
to  the  chin,  yet  without  protecting  It  from  ruin.  Its  bat- 
tered body  preserves  but  the  general  form  of  a  lion's  body. 
The  paws  and  breast,  restored  t)y  the  Ptolemies  and  the 
Csesars,  retain  but  a  part  of  the  stone  facing  with  which 
they  were  then  clothed  in  order  to  mask  the  ravages  of 
time.  The  lower  part  of  the  head-dress  has  fallen,  and  the 
diminished  neck  looks  too  slender  to  sustain  the  enormous 
weight  of  the  head.  The  nose  and  beard  have  been  broken 
off  by  fanatics,  and  the  red  hue  which  formerly  enlivened 
the  features  is  almost  wholly  effaced.  And  yet,  notwith- 
standing its  fallen  fortunes,  the  monster  preserves  an  ex- 
pression of  sovereign  strength  and  greatness.  The  eyes 
gaze  out  afar  with  a  look  of  intense  and  profound  thought- 
fulness  ;  the  mouth  still  wears  a  smile ;  the  whole  counte- 
nance is  informed  with  power  and  repose. 

Maspero,  Egypt.  Arohseol.,  p.  201. 

Spica  (spi'ka).  Avery  white  star  of  magnitude 
1.2,  the  sixteenth  in  order  of  brightness  in  the 
heavens,  a  Virginis,  situated  in  the  left  hand 
of  the  virgin. 


951 

Spice  Islands.    See  Moluccas. 

Spicheren  (spe'dher-en),  or  Speichern  (spi'- 
ohern).  A  village  in  German  Lorraine,  3  miles 
south  of  Saarbriicken.  There,  Aug.  6, 1870,  the  Ger- 
mans defeated  the  French  under  Frossard.  Loss  of  each 
army,  about  4,000.    Also  called  the  battle  of  Forbach. 

Spiegel  (spe'gel),  Friedrich,  Bom  at  Kitzin- 
gen,  near  Wiirzburg,  Bavaria,  July  11, 1820.  A 
German  Orientalist,  notedf  or  researches  in  the 
Iranian  and  Indian  languages:  professor  at 
Brlangen  from  1849.  Among  his  works  are  an  edition 
and  translation  of  the  "Avesta"  (1863-68),  "Die  altpers- 
ischen  Keilinschiiften  "  (1862),  "  Eran  "  (1863),  "Eranische 
Altertumskunde  "  (1871-78),  Iranian  grammars,  etc. 

Spiekeroog  (spe'ker-oG).  A  small  island  of 
the  East  Priesian  Islands,  in  the  North  Sea,  be- 
longing to  the  province  of  Hannover,  Prussia. 
Population,  243. 

Spielbetjg  (spel'bero).  A  former  fortress  and 
state  prison  near  Briinn,  Moravia. 

Spielhagen  (sperha"gen),  Friedrich.  Bom  at 
Magdeburg,  Feb.  27,  1829.  A  German  novelist. 
He  studied  at  Berlin,  Bonn,  and  Greifswald,  first  jurispru- 
dence and  subsequently  philology  and  literature.  In  1854 
he  went  to  Leipsic  and  became  a  teacher  in  the  gymna- 
sium, but  at  the  death  of  his  father  decided  upon  a  liter- 
ary career.  From  1860  to  1862  he  was  literary  editor  of 
the  "Zeitung  ftir  Norddeutschland  "  in  ^Hannover.  In 
the  latter  year  he  removed  to  Berlin,  where  he  has  since 
lived.  Among  his  novels  are  particularly  to  be  mention- 
ed "  Problematische  Naturen  "("  Problematic  Natures," 
1861)  and  its  continuation  "Durch  Nacht  zum  Licht" 
("Through  Night  to  Light,"  1862),  "Die  von  Hohen- 
stein  "  (1864),  "  In  Reih'  und  Glied  "  (■'  In  Rank  and  File," 
1866),  "Hammer  und  Amboss"  ("Hammer  and  Anvil," 
1869),  "Allzeit  voran!"  ("Always  Ahead  1"  1872),  "Was 
die  Schwalbe  sang"  ("what  the  Swallow  Sang,"1873), 
"Sturmflut"(" Flood  Tide,"  1878),  "Piatt  Land"  ("Flat 
Land,"  1879),  and"  Quisisana"  (1880).  He  has  also  written, 
besides  a  number  of  minor  novels  and  stories,  the  two 
dramas  "Liebe  fiir  Liebe"("Love  for  Love,"  1876)  and 
"Hans  und  Grethe"  (1876). 

Spiers  (sperz),  Alexander,  Bom  at  Gosport, 
England,  1807 :  died  at  Passy,  near  Paris,  Aug. 
26,  1869.  An  Anglo-French  grammarian  and 
lexicographer.  He  published  a  French-English 
and  English-French  dictionary  (1849). 

Spies  (spes),  August.  Bom  in  Germany,  1855 : 
hanged  at  Chicago,  Nov.  11,  1887.  A  German- 
American  anarchist,  ooudenmed  for  his  part  in 
provoking  the  Haymarket  Square  (Chicago) 
massacre.    See  Haymarket  Square  Eiot. 

Spindler  (spind'ler).  Earl.  Bom  at  Breslau, 
Prussia,  Oct.  16,  1796 :  died  at  Freiersbach, 
July  12,  1855.  A  German  novelist.  Among  his 
works  are"Der  Jude"  ("The  Jew,"  1827),  "Der  Jesuit" 
(1829),  "Der  Invalide  "  (1831),  etc. 

Spinello^or  Spinello  Aretino  (spe-nel'lo  a-ra- 
te'no).  Bom  at  Arezzo,  Italy,  about  1330 :  died 
about  1410.  An  Italian  painter.  His  works  in- 
clude frescos  in  Siena  and  in  the  Campo  Santo 
of  Pisa. 

Spinner  (spin'er),  Francis  Elias.  Bom  at 
German  Plats  (Mohawk),  N.  T.,  Jan.  21,  1802: 
died  at  Jacksonville,  Fla.,  Dec.  31,  1890.  An 
American  financier,  politician,  and  general  of 
militia.  He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from 
New  York  1865-67;  Republican  member  of  Congress 
1867-61 ;  and  United  States  treasurer  1861-75. 

Spinola  (spe'u6-la).  Marquis  Ambrogio  di. 
Bom  at  Genoa  about  1570 :  died  at  Castel-Nu- 
ovo  di  Sorivia,  Italy,  Sept.  25,  1630.  An  Ital- 
ian general  in  the  Spanish  service.  He  captured 
Ostend  in  1604 ;  commanded  in  the  Netherlands  against 
Maurice  of  Nassau  until  the  peace  of  1609 ;  conquered 
the  Palatinate  in  1620 ;  besieged  and  took  Breda  in  1625 ; 
and  later  commanded  in  Italy, 

Spinoza  (spi-no'za),  Baruch  (or  Benedict). 

Bom  at  Amsterdam,  Nov.  24, 1632 :  died  at  The 
Hague,  Feb.  21,  1677.  A  famous  philosopher, 
the  greatest  modem  expounder  of  pantheism. 
His  parents  were  members  of  a  community  of  Jews  who 
had  emigrated  from  Portugal  and  Spain.  In  1666  he  was 
condemned  by  the  Jewish  congregation  of  Amsterdam  as 
a  heretic,  and  excommunicated.  From  this  time  on  he  sup- 
ported himself  by  grinding  lenses,  an  art  in  which  he  was 
very  proficient.  He  lived  with  a  friend  to  Remonstrant) 
just  outside  of  Amsterdam  until  about  the  beginning  of 
1661,  when  they  removed  to  the  village  of  Rhynsburg,  near 
Leyden.  In  1664  he  went  to  Voorburg,  a  suburb  of  The 
Hague,  and  in  1670  took  up  his  residence  in  The  Hague  it- 
self. An  attempt  upon  his  life  was  made  at  Amsterdam  in 
1666.  He  was  a  student  of  the  philosophy  of  Descartes,  and 
his  metaphysical  speculations  have  the  Cartesian  philoso- 
phy as  their  point  of  departure.  He  wrote  "Tractatus 
theologico-politicns"(1670),  a  practical  political  treatise 
designed  to  demonstrate  the  necessity  in  a  free  common- 
wealth of  freedom  of  thought  and  speech ;  "Ethica  ordine 
geometricodemon8trata"(completed in  1674,  but  published 
posthumously:  "Ethics  Demonstrated  in  the  Geometri- 
cal Order  "),  his  most  famous  work,  and  the  one  containing 
his  metaphysical  system  ;  "  De  intellectus  emendatione  "; 
and  a  small  treatise  on  the  rainbow  (published  in  1687:  sup- 
posed to  be  lost,  but  discovered  by  Van  Vloten  and  re- 
printed 1882-83). 

Spirdingsee  (spir'ding-sa).  One  of  the  largest 
lakes  of  Prussia,  situated  in  the  province  of 
East  Prussia  80  miles  south-southeast  of  K6- 


Spofford,  Mrs. 

nigsberg.  Its  outlet  is  by  the  Pissek  into  the 
Vistula.  Length  (not  including  arms),  about 
12  miles. 

Spires,    See  Speyer. 

Spiridion  (spi-nd'i-on).  A  novel  by  George 
Sand,  published  in  1839. 

Spirillen  (spe-ril'len).  Lake.  A  lake  in  south- 
em  Norway,  about  40  mUes  northwest  of  Chris- 
tiania.    Length,  15  miles. 

Spirit  Lake  (spir'it  lak).  A  lake  in  Dickinson 
County,  northwestern  Iowa,  situated  on  the 
frontier  of  Minnesota.    Length,  11  miles. 

Spirit  of  Hebrew  Poetry.  [G.  Geistder  ebrd- 
ischen  Poesie."]  A  critical  work  by  J.  G.  von 
Herder,  published  in  1782-83. 

Spirit  of  the  Cape,  The,    See  Adamastor. 

Spirit  of  the  Laws,    See  Msprit  des  Lois. 

Spiritual  Quixote,  The.  A  novel  by  the  Eev. 
Richard  Graves,  published  in  1772.  It  was  in- 
tended to  ridicule  the  illiterate  and  fanatical 
among  the  Methodists. 

The  hero  ...  is  Geoffrey  Wildgoose,  a  young  man  of 
a  respectable  family  and  small  estate,  who,  having  picked 
up  someoldvolimies  of  Puritan  divinity,  such  as  "Crumbs 
of  Comfort,"  "Honeycombs  for  the  Elect,"  the  "Marrow 
of  Divinity,"  the  "  Spiritual  Eye  Salve  and  Cordials  for  the 
Saints,"  and  a  book  of  Baxter  with  an  unmentionable 
name,  resolves  to  sally  forth  and  convert  his  benighted 
fellow-countiymen  in  the  highways  and  by-ways  of  Eng- 
land. He  is  accompanied  by  Jeremiah  Tugwell,  a  cob- 
bler, who  acts  as  a  sort  of  Sancho  Fanza ;  and  they  visit 
Gloucester,  Bath,  and  Bristol,  where  they  are  involved 
in  various  adventures  more  creditable  to  the  zeal  of  Wild- 
goose  than  to  his  discretion. 

Forsyth,  Novels  and  Novelists  of  the  18th  Cent.,  p.  297. 

Spitalflelds  (spit'al-feldz).  A  quarter  of  Lon- 
don, north  of  the"  Tower,  noted  as  a  seat  of 
silk-manufacture,  which  was  introduced  by 
French  refugees  expelled  in  1685,  on  the  rev- 
ocation of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  It  once  be- 
longed to  the  Priory  of  St.  Mary  Spital,  founded 
in  1197. 

Spithead  (spit'hed).  A  roadstead  off  the  south- 
ern coast  of  England)  between  Portsmouth  and 
Eyde  in  the  Isle  of  Wight.  It  communicates 
with  the  Solent  and  Southampton  Water  on  the 
west. 

Spithead  Mutiny.  A  mutiny  of  the  British. 
sailors  in  the  ships  stationed  at  Spithead  in 
1797.  It  was  settled  amicably,  and  the  sailors' 
grievances  were  remedied  by  Parliament. 

Spitzbergen  (spits-ber'gen) .  [Named  from  its 
sharp-pointed  mountains.]  A  group  of  islands 
in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  north  of  Norway  and  north- 
east of  Greenland,  in  lat.  76°  30'-80°  48'  N., 
long.  10°-30°  (32°  ?)  E. :  called  also  Hast  Green, 
land.  It  comprises  West  Spitzbergen,  North  East  Land, 
Barents  Land,  Stans  Foreland,  Prince  Charles  Foreland, 
and  King  Charles  Land,  and  many  smaller  islands.  The 
islands  are  partly  mountainous,  abound  in  glaciers,  and 
are  cut  by  many  fiords  and  bays.  They  are  not  perma- 
nently inhabited.  They  were  discovered  in  1696  by  the 
Dutch  sailors  Jakob  van  Eeemskerck,  Jan  Comeliszoon 
Eipp,  and  WUlem  Barents,  who  took  them  to  be  part  of 
Greenland  and  named  them  "New  Land."  They  have 
been  much  visited  by  whalers  and  walrus-hunters.  Re- 
cently they  have  been  made  the  base  of  arctic  expeditions, 
especially  by  the  Swedes  (Nordenskjflld  and  others).  Area, 
about  28,000  square  miles. 

Spitzkop  (spits'kop).  A  mountain  in  the  Com- 
pass Berg,  in  Cape  Colony. 

Spix  (spiks),  Johann  Baptist  von.  Bom  at 
Hochstadt-an-der-Aisoh,  Feb.  9,  1781:  died  at 
Munich,  March  13,  1826.  A  Bavarian  natural- 
ist, the  companion  of  Martins  in  Brazil  1817- 
1820.  He  wrote  part  of  the  "Reise  in  Brasilien,"  and 
published  important  papers  on  South  American  verte- 
brates, etc.    See  Maa^ius. 

Spleen  (splen).  The.  A  poem  by  Matthew 
Green,  published  in  1796. 

Splitter  (split'er).  A  village  in  East  Prassia, 
situated  on  the  Memel  near  Tilsit.  Here,  Jan. 
30,  1679,  the  forces  of  Brandenburg  defeated 
the  Swedes. 

Splligen  (splii'gen).  It.  Splnga  (splo'ga).  An 
Alpine  pass  leading  from  the  village  of  Splli- 
gen, canton  of  Grisous,  Switzerland,  to  Chia- 
venna  in  Italy.  It  connects  the  vaUeys  of  the  Hinter- 
rhein  and  the  Maira,  a  subtributary  of  the  Po.  Height 
of  highest  point,  6,945  feet.  The  road  was  constructed  1819- 
1821. 

Spofford  (spof'ord),  Ainsworth  R.    Bom  at 

Gilmanton,  N.  H.,  Sept.  12, 1825.  Librarian  of 
the  Congressional  Library  1865-1897.  He  ed- 
ited the  "American  Almanac"  (from  1878), 
catalogues  of  the  library,  etc. 
Spofford,  Mrs.  (Harriet  Prescott).  Bom  at 
Calais,  Maine,  April  3, 1835.  An  American  nov- 
elist and  poet.  Among  her  works  are  "Sir  Rohan's 
Ghost"  QSm),  "The  Amber  Gods,  and  Other  Stories" 
(1868),  "  Azarian"  (1864),  "New  England  Legends"  (1871), 
"The  Thief  in  the  Night"  (1872),  "Poems"  (1881),  "Mar- 
quis of  Carabas"(1882),  "BaUads  about  Authors "(1887), 
etc. 


Spolir 

Spohr  (spor),  Louis.  Bom  at  Brunswick,  Ger- 
many, April  5,  1784 :  died  at  Cassel,  Oct.  22, 
1859.  A  German  violinist  and  composer.  He 
became  court  concert-master  at  Qotha  in  1805 ;  went  to 
Vienna  in  1812  as  second  kapellmeister  at  the  Theater  an 
der  Wien  ;  employed  the  years  1815-17  in  concert  tours ; 
was  kapellmeister  at  Frankfort  1817-19 ;  went  to  London 
in  1820 ;  and  became  established  as  court  kapellmeister 
at  Cassel  in  1822.  Among  his  works  are  the  operas 
"Faust"  (1818),  "Zemire  und  Azor"  (1819),  "Jessonda" 
(1823),  "  Der  Berggeist"  (1825),  "  Pietro  von  Albano  "  (1827), 
"Der  Alchemist"  (1830),  and  "Die  Kreuzlahrer"  (1846); 
the  oratorios  "Die  letzten  Dinge  "  ("  The  Last  Judgment," 
1826),  "Des  Heilands  letzte  Stunden  "  (1836:  known  in 
English  as  "Calvary"),  and  "The  Fallot  Babylon";  and 
compositions  for  the  violin,  songs,  etc. 

Spokane  (spo-kan'),  or  Spokan  (spo-kan').  A 
river  in  Idalio  and  Washington  wmch  joins  the 
Columbia  about  lat.  47°  51'  N.  Length  from 
Coeur  d'Alfene  Lake,  over  100  miles. 

Spokane  Falls  (spo-kan'  falz).  A  city  in  Spo- 
kane County,  Washington,  situated  on  Spo- 
kane Eiver  in  lat.  47°  20'  N.,  long.  117°  25'  W. 
It  is  the  chief  commercial  and  railroad  center  in 
eastern  Washington.  It  was  devastated  by  fire 
1889.  Population  (1900),  36,848. 

Spoleto  (sp6-la't6).  [L.  Spoletium.']  A  city  in 
the  province  of  Perugia,  Italy,  60  miles  north 
by  east  of  Rome.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishopric. 
It  conLains  a  castle  and  a  cathedral,  and  has  various  an- 
tiquities, including  a  triumphal  arch.  Its  aqueduct  was 
built  by  the  Lombards  604  A.  D.  Spoleto  was  an  ancient 
Etruscan  city ;  was  colonized  by  Eome  about  240  B.  0. ;  and 
was  defended  successfully  against  Kannibal  in  217  B.  c. 
The  Marians  were  defeated  there  by  Crassus  and  Pompey 
in  82  B.  0.  It  was  an  important  fortress  In  Gothic  times ; 
became  about  670  the  capital  of  an  important  Lombard 
duchy ;  and  afterward  belonged  to  the  Papal  States.  Pop- 
ulation (1887),  7,696._ 

Spontini  (spon-te'ne),  Oasparo  Luigi  Pacifico. 

Born  at  Majolati,  near  Ancona,  Italy,  Nov.  14, 
1774:  died  there,  Jan.  14,  1851.  An  Italian  ope- 
ratic composer,  director  of  Italian  opera  in  Paris 
1810-12,  and  musical  director  in  Berlin  1820-42. 
His  chief  operas  are  "LaVestale"  (1807), " Ferdinand Cor- 
tez"(1809,  1817),  "01ympia"(1819, 1821),  and  "Agnes  von 
Hohen8taufen"(1829, 1837). 

Spooner  (sp6n'6r),  Shearjashup.  Bornat  Bran- 
don, Vt.,  1809:  died  at  Plainfield,  N.  J.,  March, 
1859.  An  American  author.  He  published  a  "  Bio- 
graphical and  Critical  Dictionary  of  Painters,  Engravers, 
Sculptors,  and  Architects  "(1853). 

Spoon  (spon)  River.  A  river  in  western  Illi- 
nois which  joins  the  Illinois  Kiver  opposite 
Havana.     Length,  about  150  miles. 

Sporades  (spor'a-dez).  [Gr.  'S.vopaSng  (so.  vrjaoi), 
scattered  isles."]  A  group  of  islands  in  the 
.^gean  and  neighboring  seas.  The  list  is  differ- 
ently given  by  ancient  writers.  It  includes  Melos,  Thera, 
Cos,  etc.,  and  sometimes  Samos,  Chios,  Lesbos,  and  others. 
The  modem  Sporades  are  divided  between  Turkey  and 
Greece. 

Sporus  (spo'rus).  A,  favorite  of  the  emperor 
Nero.  Hewasabeautifulyouthof  servile  origin,  and  pos- 
sessed a  striking  resemblance  to  Nero's  wife  Poppaea  Sar 
bina.  After  the  death  of  Sabina,  which  occurred  in  65  A.  D., 
Nero  had  him  castrated  and  dressed  as  a  woman,  and  gave 
him  the  name  of  Sabina,  publicly  going  through  the  cere- 
mony of  marriage  with  him  in  Greece  in  67.  Sporus  fled 
with  Nero  from  Rome  on  the  insurrection  of  Galba  in  the 
following  year,  and  was  present  at  his  suicide.  He  was 
afterward  intimate  with  the  emperor  Otho,  a  former  com- 
panion in  debauchery  of  Nero,  and  ultimately  committed 
suicide  under  Vitellius  to  avoid  the  indignity  of  appearing 
under  degrading  circumstances  as  a  girl  on  the  stage. 

Sporus.    A  name  given  by  Pope  to  Lord  Hervey . 

SpotSWOOd  (spots'wud),  or  SpotiSWOOd,  or 
Spottiswood  (spot 'is-wud) ,  Joan.  Bom  1565 : 
died  at  London,  Nov.  26, 1639.  A  Scottish  prel- 
ate, made  archbishop  of  Glasgow  in  1603  (not 
consecrated  till  1610),  and  archbishop  of  St. 
Andrews  and  primate  of  Scotland  in  1615.  He 
was  chancellor  of  Scotland  1636-38 :  in  the  latteryear  he  was 
deposed  and  excommunicated.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  the 
Church  and  State  of  Scotland  "  (1666),  etc. 

SpottiSWOOde,  William.  Bom  at  London,  Jan. 
11, 1825  :  died  June  27, 1883.  An  English  mathe- 
matician and  physicist,  sou  of  Andrew  Spottis- 
woode,  a  printer  and  member  of  Parliament. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton,  Harrow,  and  Oxford  (Balliol 
College).  In  1846  he  entered  his  father's  business.  In  1847 
he  published  "MeditationesAualyticse."  In  1866  he  trav- 
eled in  Kussia,  and  in  1867  published  "  A  Tarantasse  Jour- 
ney through  Eastern  Eussia,"  etc.  In  1878  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Society.  His  mathematical  work  was 
especially  in  the  Held  of  higher  algebra. 

Spottsylvania  (spot-sU-va'ni-a)  Court  House. 

The  capital  of  Spottsylvania  (Jounty,  Virginia, 
situated  on  the  Po  49  miles  north  by  west  of 
Eichmond.  A  seriesof  battles  occurred  here  between  the 
Federals  under  Grant  and  the  Confederates  under  Lee,  May 
8-21, 1864.    The  Confederates  withdrewto  the  North  Anna. 

Sprague  (sprag),  Charles.  Bom  at  Boston,  Oct. 
26, 1791 :  died  there,  Jan.,  1875.  An  American 
poet.  Among  his  poems  are  "  Curiosity  "  (1829),  "  Ode  to 
Shakspere,"  prologues,  etc.  His  collected  works  were 
published  in  1841  and  1876. 

Sprague.  Peleg.  Bom  at  Duxbury,  Mass.,  AprU, 
1793 :  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  13, 1880.    An  Ameri- 


952 

can  politician  and  jurist.  He  was  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Maine  1826-29,  and  United  States  senator  from 
Maine  1829-36.  He  published  "Speeches  and  Addresses" 
(1868). 

Sprague,  William.  Born  at  Cranston,  E.  I., 
Nov.  3, 1799 :  died  at  Providence,  E.  I.,  Oct.  19, 
1856.  An  American  politician.  He  was  a  Demo- 
cratic member  of  Congress  from  Rhode  Island  1836-37; 
governor  of  Rhode  Island  1838-39 ;  and  United  States  sen- 
ator 1842-44. 

Sprague,  William.  Born  at  Cranston,  R.  I., 
Sept.  12, 1830.  An  American  politician  and  man- 
ufacturer, nephew  of  William  Sprague.  He  was 
Republican  governor  of  Rhode  Island  1860-63 ;  served  as 
a  colonel  in  the  Civil  War;  and  was  United  States  senator 
from  Rhode  Island  1863-76. 

Sprat  (sprat),  Thomas.  Bom  in  Devonshire, 
1636 :  died  at  Bromley,  May  30, 1713.  An  Eng- 
lish prelate,  bishop  of  Rochester.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  James  II. 's  ecclesiastical  commission.  He  wrote  a 
history  of. the  Royal  Society,  an  account  of  the  Rye  House 
Plot,  poems,  etc. 

Spree  (spra).  A  river  in  Germany  which  rises 
in  eastern  Saxony,  flows  through  Berlin,  and 
joins  the  Havel  at  Spandau,  8  miles  west  by 
north  of  Berlin.    Length,  225  miles. 

Spreewald  (spra'valt).  [G.,' Spree  forest.']  A 
swampy  region  in  the  province  of  Brandenburg, 
Prussia,  traversed  by  the  Spree :  situated  in  the 
vicinity  of  Kottbus  and  Liibben.  Its  inhabitants 
are  Wends.  '  Length,  28  miles. 

Spremberg  (spram'bera).  Atown  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Spree  78  miles  southeast  of  Berlin.  It  has  man- 
ufactures of  cloth.    Population  (1890),  10,951. 

Sprengel  (spreng'el),  Eurt.  BomatBoldekow, 
near  Anklam,  Prussia,  Aug.  3,  1766 :  died  at 
Halle,  March  15, 1833.  A  German  botanist  and 
physician,  professor  of  medicine  at  Halle  from 

1789.  Amonghisworksare"Versucheinerpragmati8chen 
GeschichtederArzneikunde,""Handbuch der  Pathologic" 
(1796-97),  "  Institutiones  medicse  "  (1809-16),  "  Geschichte 
der  Botanik"  (1817-18),  "Neue  Entdeckungen  "  (1819-22). 

Springer  (spring'er),  William  M.  Bom  in  Sul- 
livan County,  Ind.,  May  30,  1836:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  Dec.  4,  1903.  An  Ameri- 
can Democratic  politician.  He  removed  to  niinois 
with  his  parents  in  1848 ;  graduated  at  the  Indiana  State 
University,  Bloomington,  in  1868 ;  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1869;  was  a  member  of  the  State  legislature  of 
Illinois  1871-72;  and  a  member  of  Congress  from  that 
State  1875-95.  He  was  chairman  of  the  Ways  and  Means 
Committee  1891-93. 

Springfield  (spring'feld).  The  capital  of  Illinois 
and  of  Sangamon  County.  It  contains  the  State 
Capitol,  the  former  home  of  Lincoln,  and  the  National 
Lincoln  Monument.  It  was  laid  out  in.l822,  and  became 
the  capital  of  Illinois  in  1837.    Pop.  (1900),  34,159. 

Springfield.  The  capital  of  Hampden  County, 
Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Connecticut  in 
lat.  42°  6'  N.,  long.  72°  35'  W.  It  is  an  important 
railway  junction;  has  various  manufactures ;  and  contains 
a  national  armory  founded  iu  1794.  Springfield  was  settled 
in  1636  (or  1635),  and  was  at  fijst  called  Agawam.  It  was 
burned  by  the  Indians  in  1676.  The  arsenal  was  unsuc- 
cessfully attacked  by  insurgents  in  Shays's  Rebellion  in 
1787.  It  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1852.  Population 
(1900),  62,059. 

Springfield.  The  capital  of  Greene  County,  Mis- 
souri, situated  on  the  Ozark  Mountains  115 
miles  southwest  of  Jefferson  City,  it  is  a  railroad 
center,  and  is  the  seat  of  Drnry  College.  Pop.  (1900),  23,267. 

Springfield.  A  town  in  New  Jersey,  west  of 
Newark.  It  was  the  scene  (June  23, 1780)  of  a  defeat 
of  the  British  and  Hessians  by  the  Americans, 

Springfield.  The  capital  of  Clark  County,  Ohio, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  Lagonda  Creek  and 
Mad  Eiver,  45  miles  west  of  Columbus.  It  is  a 
railroad  center,  and  has  extensive  manufactures  of  agri- 
cultural machinery,  etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  Wittenberg  Col- 
lege (Lutheran).    Population  (1900),  38,253. 

Spring  Garden.  A  place  of  refreshment  in  St. 
James's  Park,  London,  much  frequented  in  the 
17th  century  by  persons  of  quality. 

Sprottau  (sprot'tou).  A  manufacturing  town 
in  the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Bober  74  miles  northwest  of  Breslau.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  7,644. 

Sprnner  von  Mertz  (sprS'ner  f  on  merts),  Karl. 
Bom  at  Stuttgart,  Wiirtemberg,  Nov.  15, 1803 : 
died  at  Munich,  Aug.  24,  1892.  A  chartogra- 
pher,  geographer,  historian,  and  Bavarian  gen- 
eral. He  produced  many  atlases,  especiMly  "Historisch- 
geographischer  Handatlas"  (1837-52),  medieval  and  school 
atlases,  "Atlas  antiquus,"  etc. 

SpuUer  (spii-lar'),  Eugtae.  Bom  at  Seurre, 
Cdte-d'Or,  Dec.  8,  1835:  died  July  23,  1896.  A 
French  politician  and  journalist.  He  was  secretary 
to  Gambetta  1870-71 ;  minister  of  education  1887-89 ;  and 
vice-president  of  the  chamber  in  1890. 

Spumador  (sp6-ma-d6r').  [Sp.,  'the  foamer.'] 
Prince  Arthur's  steed  in  Spenser's  "Faerie 
Queene." 

Spurgeon  (sper'jon),  Charles  Haddon.  Bom  at 
Kelvedon,  Essex,  June  19,  1834 :  died  at  Men- 


Sraosha 

tone,  France,  Jan.  31, 1892.  An  English  Baptist 
preacher.  He  was  educated  at  Colchester  and  Maid- 
stone, and  became  usher  in  a  private  school  at  Cambridge. 
In  1861  he  became  pastor  of  me  Baptist  church  at  Water- 
beach,  five  mUes  from  Cambridge,  while  retaining  his 
place  as  usher.  He  accepted  a  call  to  the  pastorate  of  the 
New  Park  Street  Baptist  Church  in  Southwark,  London, 
in  1853,  removing  with  his  congregation  in  1861  to  a  new 
edifice,  the  Tabernacle,  in  Newington,  London.  He  was 
also  the  founder  of  a  pastors'  college,  schools,  alms-houses, 
and  an  orphanage;  and  edited  a  monthly  magazine, 
"The  Sword  and  the  Trowel."  Among  his  works  are 
"The  Treasury  of  David :  Exposition  of  the  Book  of 
Psalms  "  (1870-86),  "  Feathers  for  Arrows,  or  Illustrations 
for  Preachers  and  Teachers"  (1870),  "Lectures  to  my  Stu- 
dents "  (1875-77),  "  Commenting  and  Commentaries :  to- 
gether with  a  Catalogue  of  Biblical  Commentaries  and  Ex. 
positions  "  (1876),  "John  Ploughman's  Pictures :  More  of 
his  Plain  Talk  "  (1880),  and  many  volumes  of  sermons. 

Spurn  Head  (spem  hed) .  A  point  in  Yorkshire, 
England,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Humber,  project- 
ing into  the  North  Sea. 

Spurs,  Battle  of  the.  1.  The  victory  of  the 
Flemings  over  the  French  at  Courtrai,  1302:  so 
called  on  account  of  the  number  of  gilt  spurs 
captured. — 2.  The  victory  of  the  English  over 
the  French  at  Guinegate,  1513 :  so  called  from 
the  precipitate  flight  of  the  French. 

Spurzheim  (sports'him),  Easpar.  Bom  at 
Longwich,  near  Treves,  Dec.  31, 1776 :  died  at 
Boston,  Nov.  10, 1832.  A  German  phrenologist, 
a  disciple  of  Gall.  He  vprote  "The  Physiognomical 
System  of  Drs.  Gall  and  Spurzheim  "  (1816),  "  Outlines  of 
the  Physiognomical  System  "  (1816),  and  philosophical  and 
anatomical  works. 

Spuyten  Duyvil  Creek  (spi'tn  di'vil  krek).  A 
creek  on  the  northern  boundary  of  Manhattan 
Island,  New  York,  connecting  the  Harlem  Eiver 
with  the  Hudson. 

Spy  (spi).  The.  A  novel  by  Cooper,  published 
in  1821.  The  scene  is  laid  in  southeastern  New 
York,  about  1780. 

Sciuab  (skwob)  Poet,  The.  A  nickname  given  to 
Dryden  by  his  antagonist  Eochester,  and  after- 
ward adopted  by  lampooners  of  every  degree. 

Sc[uam  Lake  (skwom  lak).  A  lake  in  the  cen- 
tral part  of  New  Hampshire,  northwest  of  Lake 
Winnipiseogee.  Its  outlet  is  into  the  Merri- 
mac.     Len^h,  about  8  miles. 

Squeamish  (skwe'mish),  Lady.  1.  A  charac- 
ter in  Wyoherley's  "Country  Wife." — 2.  A 
character  in  Otway's  "Friendship  in  Fashion." 

Squeers  (skwerz),  Mr.  Wackford.  The  cruel 
and  ignorant  schoolmaster  of  Dotheboys  Hall 
(Yorkshire) :  a  character  in  Dickens's  "Nicho- 
las Niokleby." 

Squier  (skwir),  Ephraim  George.  Bom  at 
Bethlehem,  N.  Y.,  June  17, 1821 :  died  at  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y. ,  April  17,  1888.  An  American  arehse- 
ologist  and  traveler,  in  1843-48,  while  conducting  a 
newspaper  in  Ohio,  he  investigated  the  mounds  and  other 
ancient  monuments  of  the  Mississippi  valley,  and  in  1848 
examined  similar  works  in  New  York.  In  1849-50  he 
was  special  charge  d'affaires  for  the  tinited  States  in 
Central  America,  and  in  1863  again  visited  that  region  to 
examine  the  line  of  a  proposed  interoceanic  railroad  : 
on  both  occasions  he  made  extensive  archaeological  ex- 
plorations. In  1863-64  he  visited  Peru  as  special  commis- 
sioner of  the  United  States.  In  1868  he  was  appointed 
consul-general  of  Honduras  at  New  York,  and  in  1871 
was  elected  first  president  of  the  American  Anthropologi- 
cal Institute.  After  1874  his  health  was  seriously  impaired. 
His  numerous  and  valuable  works  include  "Ancient  Mon- 
uments of  the  Mississippi  Valley  "  (with  Dr.  E.  H.  Davis, 
1848),  "Antiquities  of  the  State  of  New  York"  (1861), 
"Travels  in  Central  America "  (1852),  " Waikna,  or  Adven- 
tures on  the  Mosquito  Shore  "  (1866 :  under  the  pseudonym 
Samuel  A.  Bard),  "The  States  of  Central  America"  (1868), 
and_"Peru"(1877). 

Squillace  (skwel-la'che).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Catanzaro,  southern  Italy,  7  miles  south- 
west of  Catanzaro:  the  Eoman  Scylaeium. 
The  emperor  Otto  II.  was  defeated  there  by  the 
Saracens  in  982.    Population,  2,673. 

Squillace,  Prince  of.    See  Borja  y  Arragon. 

Squillace,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea,  on  the  coast  of  Calabria,  Italy. 

Squint  (skwint),  La'wyer.  A  character  in  the 
play  "A  Citizen  of  the  World,"  by  Goldsmith, 

Squire  of  Alsatia.  A  comedy  by  Thomas  Shad- 
well,  produced  in  1688. 

Squire's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's  "Can- 
terbury Tales."  It  is  told  by  the  squire  "who  left 
half  told  the  story  of  Cambuscan  bold,"  which  Milton 
wished  Musseus  or  Orpheus  could  finish.  Spenser  triedto 
finish  it  in  the  fourth  book  of  "The  Faerie  Queene." 

Sraosha  (sra-6'sha).  [Fvom  y/ srushf'hes.T, 
obey,  obedience.]  In  the  Avesta,  a  Yazata, 
or  sacred  being,  who  first  taught  the  law  and 
is  the  especial  foe  of  Aeshma,  the  demon  of 
wrath.  As  heavenly  guardian  of  the  world  he  is  awakened 
by  fire  in  the  third  night-watch,  and  then  awakes  the  cock, 
who  by  his  crowing  drives  away  Bushyansta,  the  demon  of 
sleep.  To  him  is  addressed  in  the  Yasna  the  Srosh  Yasht 
In  Firdausi,  as  Sarush  or  Surush,  he  becomes  the  messenger 
of  heaven,  and  in  the  later  literature  is  often  identified 
with  GabrieL 


Srinagar 

Srlnagar  (sri-na-^ar'),  or  Serinagar  (ser^i-na^ 
gor'),  or  Kaslmur,  or  Cashmere  (kash-mer'). 
The  capital  of  Kashmir,  situated  on  the  Jhelum 
in  lat.  34°  4'  N.,  long.  74°  48'  B.  It  has  man- 
ufactures of  shawls,  papier-m&ch6  articles, 
silver  and  copper  ware,  etc.  Population  (1891), 
118,460. 

Srirangam  (sri-rang'gam),  or  Seringham  (ser- 
ing'am).  A  town  in  the  district  of  Trichi- 
nopoli,  Madras,  India,  situated  on  an  island  of 
the  Kaveri  near  Trichinopoli.  it  has  a  noted  temple 
of  Vishnu.  The  Dravidian  temple  is  remarkable  especially 
for  its  great  size  (the  inclosure  measures  2,475  by  2,880  leet), 
and  for  the  lavish  sculptured  ornament  of  its  many  magnifi- 
cent gopuras,  or  lofty  pyramidal  pylon  gateways.  The 
general  plan  presents  a  series  of  courts,  in  the  central  one 
of  which  is  the  sanctuary,  and  in  the  second  one  the  choul- 
tiT,  or  hall  of  1,000  columns,  which  is  traversed  by  a  beau- 
tiful central  aisle  of  double  the  height  and  width  of  the 
others.  The  construction  belongs  to  the  17th  and  18th 
centuries.    Population  (1891),  21,632. 

Srirangapatam.    See  Seringapatam. 

St.  For  words  beginning  with  St.,  see  Saint, 
Sanht,  San,  SSo,  Santo,  or  Santa. 

Staal  (stS.1),  Baronne  de  (Marguerite  Jeanne 
Oordier) :  often  called  Mine,  de  Staal-Delaii- 
nay.  Bom  at  Paris,  May  30, 1684:  died  June 
16,1750.  AFrenchwriterof memoirs.  Shewasthe 
daughter  of  the  painter  Gordier,  whose  name  she  dropped 
for  that  of  her  mother,  Delaunay.  She  received  her  edu- 
cation at  the  convent  of  St.  Louis  at  Eouen,  and  at  27  en- 
tered the  service  of  the  Du-chesse  de  Maine,  In  1736  she 
married  the  Baron  de  Staal,  but  remained  in  the  duchess's 
household.  Her  "  MSmoires  "  were  published  in  176B.  She 
also  left  two  comedies  and  some  letters. 

Stabat  Mater  (sta'bat  ma'ter).  [So  called 
trom.  the  first  words  of  the  Latin  text,  Stabat 
mater,  'The  mother  (sc.  of  Jesus)  was  stand- 
ing.'] In  the  Koman  Catholic  liturgy,  a  se- 
quence on  the  Virgin  Mary  at  the  crucifixion, 
written  about  1300  by  Jacobus  de  Bene- 
dicts (Jacopone  da  Todi).  it  has  also  been  as- 
cribed to  Innocent  III.  and  others,  and  was  probably 
modeled  on  older  hymns  such  as  the  staurotheotokia  of 
the  Greek  Church.  It  is  sung  after  the  Epistle  on  the 
feast  of  the  Seven  Dolours  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary  on 
the  Friday  before  Good  Friday  and  on  the  third  Sunday 
in  Sept.  Music  for  it  has  been  written  by  Palestrina, 
Fergolesi,  Kossini,  Dvordk,  and  others. 

Stabise  (sta'bi-e).  An  ancient  Roman  watering- 
place,  on  the  Bay  of  Naples,  4  miles  south  of 
Pompeii,  overwhelmedby  the  eruption  of  Vesu- 
vius m  79  A.  D.  It  has  been  excavated  in  part. 
Castellamare  occupies  its  site. 

Stabroek  (stab'rSk).  The  old  name  of  George- 
town, British  Gruiana:  given  by  the  Dutch  who 
were  its  original  settlers  in  1774. 

Stachelberg  (stach'el-bero).  A  watering-place 
in  the  canton  of  Glarus,  Switzerland,  situated 
on  the  Linth  9  miles  south -southwest  of  Gla- 
rus.     It  has  sulphur  springs. 

Stachys  (sta'kis).  [Gr.(Tra;;;i;c,aspike  of  wheat.] 
A  rarely  used  name  for  a  Virginis,  ordinarily 
called  Spica. 

Stade  (sta'de).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Sehwinge 
22  miles  west  by  north  of  Hamburg,  it  was  for- 
merly an  important  commercial  place,  and  until  recently 
a  fortress.  It  passed  from  the  archbishopric  of  Bremen 
to  Sweden  in  1648 ;  was  ceded  to  Hannover  in  1719 ;  and 
passed  to  Prussia  in  1866.    Population  (1890),  10,191. 

Stade,  or  Staden  (sta'den),  or  Stadt  (stat), 
Hans.  Bom  in  Hesse-Homburg  about  1520 : 
died  after  1557.  A  (Jerman  soldier.  He  was  in 
Brazil  1B47-48 ;  enlisted  in  a  Spanish  expedition  for  the  Rio 
de  la  Plata  1649 ;  was  shipwrecked  in  Santa  Catharina ;  and 
passed  3  years  in  captivity  among  the  Indians.  Ultimately 
(late  in  1564)  he  escaped  to  a  French  ship.  An  account  of 
his  adventures  was  published  in  1657  as  "  Geschichte  eines 
Xandes  America  genannt."  There  are  later  editions  in 
several  languages. 

Stadion  (sta'de -on),  Count  Johann  FMlipp 
Karl  Joseph  von.  Bom  June  18, 1763 :  died 
at  Baden,  near  Vienna,  May  14-15,  1824.  An 
Austrian  statesman.  He  was  minister  of  foreign  af- 
fairs from  the  peace  of  Presburg  (Dec,  1805)  to  1809,  and 
later  was  minister  of  finance. 

Stadtlohn  (stat-lon').  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Berkel 
25  miles  northeast  of  Wesel.  Here,  Aug.  6, 1623, 
the  Imperialists  under  TDly  defeated  the  administrator 
Christian  of  Halberstadt.  Of  the  army  of  the  latter  6,000 
fell  and  4,000  were  captured,  including  William,  duke  of 
Weimar. 

Stael-Holstein  (sta'el-hol'stin;  F.  pron.  sta'el- 
ol-stan'),  Anne  Louise  Germaine  Necker, 
Baronne  de:  commonly  called  Madame  de 
Stael.  Bom  at  Paris,  April  22, 1766 :  died  there, 
July  14, 1817.  A  celebrated  French  writer,  she 
was  the  daughter  of  Neoker,  the  minister  of  finance  un- 
der louis  XVI.  Already  as  a  child  she  enjoyed  in  her 
own  home  the  society  of  men  like  Buffon,  Marmontel, 
Grimm,  and  Gibbon,  who  were  all  personal  friends  of  her 
father,  and  who  stimulated  her  to  mental  activity.  She 
especially  admired  J.  J.  Rousseau,  and  devoted  to  hira 
her  flrat  serious  essay,  "Lettres  sur  le  caract^re  et  les 
Merits  de  J.  J.  Rousseau  "  (1788).    In  1786  she  was  married 


953 

to  the  Baron  of  Stael-Holstein,  ambassador  from  Sweden 
to  France :  he  died  in  1802.  Madame  de  Stael  spent  a 
couple  of  years  in  Germany  (1803-04),  and  met  both  Goethe 
and  Schiller  at  Weimar.  In  1805  she  took  a  short  trip  to 
Italy.  In  1800  she  published. one  of  her  best  works,  "De 
la  litt^rature  consid^r^e  dans  ses  rapports  aveo  les  insti- 
tutions sociales."  In  1802  appearedher  novel "  Delphine," 
and  in  1807  "  Corlnne."  She  returned  to  Geimany  in  1808 
to  finish  "De  I'Allemagne,"  her  best-known  work.  The 
first  edition  (Paris,  1810)  was  destroyed,  presumably  at  the 
instigation  of  Napoleon,  who  at  all  times  evinced  a  spirit 
of  petty  enmity  toward  the  great  writer.  He  was  further- 
more the  cause  of  her  exile  from  France  (1812-14),  when 
she  visited  Austria,  Russia,  Sweden,  and  England.  She  also 
wrote  ' '  Consid^ations  sur  la  revolution  f  ran^aise  "  (1818). 
Other  posthumous  works  by  her  are  "  Dix  ann^es  d'exil " 
and  "  Essais  dramatiqnes  "  (1821),  and  finally  her  "(Euvres 
in^dites  "  (1836). 

Staempfii,    See  Stdmpfli. 

Staffa  (staf'a).  A  small  island  of  the  Inner 
Hebrides,  Scotland,  off  the  western  coast  of 
Mull,  north  of  lona  and  southwest  of  TJlva.  It 
contains  FingaVs  Cave. 

Stafford  (staf'prd),  or  Staffordshire  (staf'ord- 
shir).  [ME.  Stafford,  AS.  Stiefford,  appar.  from 
stsef,  staff,  and/ord,  ford.]  A  midland  county 
of  England,  bounded  by  Cheshire  on  the  north- 
west, Derby  and  Leicester  on  the  east,  Warwick 
on  the  southeast,  Worcester  on  the  south,  and 
Shropshire  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  level  or  un- 
dulating.  Stafford  produces  iron,  coal,  clay,  and  marble, 
and  has  manufactures  of  iron  wares,  pottei-y,  ale,  etc.  It 
was  an  ancient  Druid  stronghold.  It  formed  part  of  the 
medieval  Mercia.  Area,  1,169  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  1,083,273.  ^ 

Stafford.  The  capital  of  Staffordshire ,  situated 
on  the  Sow  in  lat.  52°  48'  N.,  long.  2°  6'  W.  it 
has  various  manufactures,  including  boots  and  shoes. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  Izaak  Walton.  Population  (1891), 
20,270. 

Stafford,  Henry,  second  Dvike  of  Buckingham. 
Born  in  England  about  1440:  beheaded  at  Salis- 
bury, Nov.  1, 1483.  An  English  soldier,  son  of 
Humphrey,  the  first  duke.  He  was  the  most  prom- 
inent  supporter  of  Richard  III.  in  usurping  the  throne, 
and  in  1483  was  made  hereditary  lord  high  constable  of 
England.  Having  joined  a  conspiracy  to  restore  the  Lan- 
castrians, he  was  betrayed  and  executed.  He  is  a  promi- 
nent character  in  Shakspere's  "King  Richard  m." 

Stafford,  Humphrey,  fourth  Earl  of  Stafford, 
afterward  Duke  of  Buckingham.  Bomin  1404: 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Northampton,  July  10, 
1460.  An  English  soldier.  He  was  present  at  the 
coronation  of  Henry  VI.  as  king  of  France  in  Paris  in  Dec, 
1431.  He  was  made  lord  high  constable  of  England,  and 
in  1444  was  created  duke  of  Buckingham. 

Stafford,  First  Viscount  (William  Howard). 
Born  in  England,  Nov.  20,  1612:  executed  on 
Tower  HUl,  Dee.  29, 1680.  The  chief  victim  of 
the  Gates  conspiracy,  second  son  of  Thomas 
Howard,  earl  of  Arundel.  He  was  brought  up  as  a 
Roman  Catholic.  About  1634  he  married  Mary,  sister  and 
heir  of  Henry,  Baron  Stafford,  through  whom  he  acquired 
the  title  of  Baron  Stafford.  He  was  created  Viscount  Staf- 
ford in  1640.  He  was  a  Royalist  during  the  civil  war.  He 
was  accused  of  complicity  in  the  "Popish  Plot "  of  Titus 
Gates,  and  of  treason,  and  was  convicted  Dec.  7, 1680. 

Stagira  (sta-ji'ra),  or  Stagirus  (sta-jl'ms). 
[Gr.  Srayei/offi.]  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  on 
the  coast  of  Chalcidice,  Macedonia,  about  43 
miles  east  of  Thessaloniea:  the  birthplace  of 
Aristotle.     It  was  colonized  from  Andros.  • 

Stagirite  (staj'i-rit),  The.  Aristotle:  so  named 
from  his  birthplace  Stagira. 

Stagnelius  (stag-na'le-os),  Erik  Johan.  Born 
in  Oland,  Sweden,  Get.  14, 1793:  died  at  Stock- 
holm, April  13, 1823.  A  Swedish  poet.  He  stud- 
ied at  Lund  and  Upsala.*  Subsequently  he  received  a  mi- 
nor government  position  at  Stockhobn,  where  he  died 
in  his  thirtieth  year.  His  short  life  was  embittered  by 
physical  infirmity,  and  his  cares  and  sufferings  reflected 
themselves  in  his  poetry.  His  first  important  work  was 
the  epic  "Wladimrr  den  Store"  ("Wladimir  the  Great "), 
which  appeared  in  1817.  The  year  after  he  was  awarded 
the  prize  of  the  Academy  for  the  poem  "  Quinnoma  i 
Norden"  ("The  Women  of  the  North").  His  greatest 
work  is  the  cycle  of  poems,  philosophical-religious  in 
character,  under  the  title  "  Liljor  i  Saron  "  ("  The  Lilies  of 
Sharon  "),  published  in  1821.  Among  his  other  works  are 
the  uncompleted  epics  "Blenda"and  "Gunlog";  the  dra- 
matic poem  "Martyreme"("The  Martyrs  ");  the  drama 
"  Riddartornet "  ("  The  Knight's  Tower  ") ;  and  the  trage- 
dies "Baochantoma"("The  Bacchanals'"),  "Visbur,"and 
"Sigurd  Ring."  His  collected  works  were  published  at 
Stockholm,  1867-68,  in  2  vols. 

Stagnone  (stan-yo'ne)  Islands.  A  group  of 
small  islands  off  thewesterncoastofSicily,north 
of  Marsala  and  south-southwest  of  Trapani. 

Stahl  (stiil),  Friedrich  Julius.  Bom  at  Mu- 
nich, Jan.  16,  1802:  died  at  Briickenau,  Bava- 
ria, Aug.  10,  1861.  A  noted  Gemia,n  political 
philosopher  and  conservative  politician:  pro- 
fessor at  Berlin  from  1840.  He  was  an  advocate  for 
close  union  between  church  and  state.  He  wrote  "  Philo- 
sophic des  Rechts"  (1830-37),  etc. 

Stahl,  Georg  Ernst.  Born  at  Ansbach,  Bava- 
ria, Oct.  21,  1660 :  died  at  Berlin,  May  14, 1734. 
A  noted  German  chemist,  physician  of  the  King 
of  Prussia  from  1716.   His  works  include ' '  Theoria  me- 


Stampalia 

dica  vera  "  (1707),  "Experimenta  et  observationes  chemi- 
cse  "  (1731),  etc. 

Stahr  (star),  Adolf  Wilhelm  Theodor.  Bom 
at  Prenzlau,  Prussia,  Oct.  22,  1805:  died  at 
Wiesbaden,  Prussia,  Oct.  3,  1876.  A  German 
scholar  and  author.  Among  his  works  are  "Aristo- 
telia "  (1830-32)  and  various  other  works  on  Aristotle, 
"  Ein  Jahr  in  Italien  "  ("A  Year  in  Italy,"  1847-60),  "  Die 
preussische  Revolution"  (1860),  "Torso,  Oder  Kunst, 
Ktinstler,  und  Kunstwerke  der  Alten"  (1854-55),  "Les- 
sing"(1858),  "Bilderaus  dem  Altertum"  (1863-66),  etc. 

Sfcahremberg.     See  Starhemberg. 

Stainer  (sta'ner).  Sir  John.  Born  June  6, 1840 : 
died  March  31,  1901.  An  English  composer  of 
sacred  music,  and  organist.  He  was  organist  and 
choir-master  at  St.  Benedict  and  St.  Peter's  in  1864,  and 
organist  of  the  college  at  Tenbury  in  1866.  He  matricu- 
lated at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  1859 :  and  was  organist 
of  the  University  of  Oxford  1863-72,  and  of  St.  Paul's,  Lon- 
don, 1872-88,  when  he  resigned  on  account  of  tailing  sight. 
He  was  professor  of  music  at  Oxford  University  1889-99. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  manual  on  harmony  and  of  one  on 
the  organ,  and  was  editor  with  W.  A.  Barrett  of  a  "  Dic- 
tionaryot  Musical  Terms"  (1870).  He  was  knighted  in  1888. 

Staines  (stanz).  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Middlesex,  England,  situated  on  the  Thames 
19  miles  west-southwest  of  London.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  5,060. 

Stair,  Earls  of.    See  Dah-ymple. 

Stair,  Viscount.    See  Dalrymple,  James. 

Stair  of  Sighs,     See  the  extract. 

The  flight  of  steps  which  led  from  the  door  of  the  upper 
prison  down  to  the  Forum  ^b  called  the  ScaXx  Qtmja- 
nise:  or,  according  to  Pliny  (Hist,  Nat.,  viii.  146),  Gfradus 
OemiloHi,  'the  stairs  of  sighs';  see  also  Tac,  Hist.,  iii. 
74  and  86.  On  it  the  body  of  Sabinus,  and  a  few  days 
afterwards  that  of  the  murdered  Vitellius,  were  thrown 
(Suet.,Vit.,  17);  and  in  the  reign  of  Tiberius  the  bodies  of 
JSlius  Sejanus,  his  family  and  friends,  after  they  were 
cruelly  murdered  by  the  Emperor's  orders,  were  exposed 
on  these  ScaXsB  to  the  number  of  twenty  in  one  day ;  see 
Suet.,  Tib.,  61.    Middleton,  Remains  of  Anc.  Rome,  I.  154. 

Staked  Plain,  Sp.  Llano  Estacado  (lya'no  es- 
ta-ka'do).  Anextensive  sterile  plateau  in  north- 
western Texas  and  southeastern  New  Mexico. 
The  name  is  derived  from  lines  of  stakes  which  were  set 
up  to  guide  travelers,  or,  according  to  another  account, 
from  the  stalks  of  a  yucca  plant  resembling  stakes. 

Staleybridge.    See  Stalybridge. 

Stalybridge,  or  Staleybridge  (sta'li-brij).  A 
town  in  Cheshire  and  Lancashire,  England,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tame  7  miles  east  of  Manchester. 
It  has  important  cotton  manufactures.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  26,783. 

Stamboul  (stam-bol').  [Turk.  Istambul,  from 
MGr.  eJc  t^v  '!r67\.iv,  into  the  city.]  The  Turkish 
name  of  Constantinople,  and  also,  in  a  narrower 
use,  of  the  oldest  part  of  it,  southwest  of  the 
Golden  Horn. 

Stambuloff  (stam-bo'lof),  Stephen.  Bom  1853: 
died  at  Sofia,  July  18, 1895.  A  Bulgarian  liberal 
politician .  He  was  president  of  the  Sobranye  1884-86 ; 
one  of  the  regents,  1886-87,  between  the  abdication  of 
Alexander  and  the  accession  of  Ferdinand ;  and  premier 
1887-94.    He  was  shot  by  an  assassin  July  16, 1895. 

Stainford(stam'ford).  [MS.. Stamford, AB. Stan- 
ford, stone  ford.]  A  town  in  Lincolnshire  and 
Northamptonshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Welland.  It  was  one  of  the  "five  Danish 
boroughs."    Population  (1891),  8,358. 

Stamford.  A towninFairfieldCounty, Connecti- 
cut, situated  on  Long  Island  Sound.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  18,839. 

Stamford  (stam'fgrd).  Battle  of.  A  victory 
gained  by  Edward  IV.  over  the  Lancastrian  in- 
surgents in  1470.  Also  called  the  battle  of  Lose- 
coat  Field. 

Stamford  Bridge.  A  place  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, 8  miles  east-northeast  of  York.  Here,  Sept., 
1066,  the  English  under  Harold  II.  defeated  the  army  of 
Harold  Hardrada  of  Norway  and  Tostig. 

Stammerer  (stam'er-er).  The.  A  surname  of 
Louis  II.  of  France,  and  also  of  Michael  XL., 
Byzantine  emperor. 

Stamp  Act.  -A.n  act  imposing  or  regulating  the 
imposition  of  stamp  duties ;  in  American  colo- 
nial history,  an  act,  also  known  as  Grenville's 
Stamp  Act,  passed  by  the  British  Parliament  in 
1765,  providing  for  the  raising  of  revenue  in  the 
American  colonies  by  the  sale  of  stamps  and 
stampedpaperforcommeroialtransactions,real- 
estate  transfers,  lawsuits,  marriage  licenses,  in- 
heritances, etc. :  it  also  provided  that  the  royal 
forces  in  America  should  be  billeted  on  the  peo- 
ple. The  act  was  to  go  into  effect  Nov.  1,  1765 ;  but  it 
aroused  intense  opposition,  led  by  the  assemblies  of  Vir- 
ginia, Massachusetts,  and  other  colonies.  A  "  Stamp  Act 
Congress,"  with  delegates  from  many  of  the  colonies,  met 
at  New  York  in  Oct.,  1766,  and  a  petition  against  this  and 
otherrepressive  measures  was  sent  to  England.  The  Stamp 
Actwas  repealed  in  March,  1766,  but  the  agitation  was  one 
of  the  leading  causes  in  effecting  the  Revolution. 

Stampalia  (stam-pa-le'a),  or  Astropalia  (as- 
tro-pa-le'a).    An  island  in  the  .SIgean  Sea,  be- 


Stampalia 

longing  to  Turkey,  77  miles  west-northwest  of 
Ehodes:  the  ancient  Astypalsea.  Length,  13 
miles. 

Stampfli  (stempf  li),  Jakob.  Bom  at  Schtip- 
fen,  Bern,  Switzerland,  1820:  died  at  Bern,  May 
15,1879.  A  Swiss  liberal  politician.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  the  government  of  the  canton  of  Bern  1849-50,  and 
was  vice>preBident  of  the  Bandesrat  in  1855,  and  president 
in  18!>6  and  1862.  He  was  president  of  the  federal  bank  in 
Bern  from  1865. 

Stanchio  (stan'ke-6).    A  modern  name  of  Cos. 

Standard,  Battle  of  the.  A  victory  gained  by 
the  English,  led  hy  Archbishop  Thnrston,  over 
the  Scots  under  King  David,  near  Northallerton, 
Yorkshire,  in  1138 :  so  called  from  the  English 
banner. 

Standish  (stan'dish),  Miles  or  Myles.  Bom 
in  Lancashire,  England,  about  1584:  died  at 
Duxbury,  Mass.,  Oct.  3, 1656.  One  of  the  early 
colonists  of  New  England.  He  served  in  the  Nether- 
lands as  a  soldier ;  came  over  in  the  Mayflower  to  Ply- 
mouth in  1620,  and  was  appointed  captain  by  the  Pilgrims ; 
commanded  various  expeditions  against  the  Indians,  de- 
feating them  at  Weymouth  in  1623 ;  was  agent  of  the  colony 
in  England  1625-26;  and  was  one  of  the  settlers  and  a 
magistrate  of  Duxbury.  He  is  the  subject  of  a  poem  by 
Longfellow,  "The  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish." 

Stanfield(stan'f eld), William  Clarkson.  Bom 
at  Sunderland,  England,  about  1794:  died  May 
18,  1867.  A  noted  English  painter,  chiefly  of 
marine  subjects.  He  was  a  sailor  in  his  youth.  In 
1818  he  painted  scenery  for  the  Old  Royalty,  a  sailors' 
theater,  in  London.  In  1^6  he  painted  at  Drury  Lane.  In 
1827  he  exhibited  hia  first  important  picture,  "Wreckers 
off  Fort  Eouge,"  at  the  British  Institution.  In  1830  he 
traveled  on  the  Continent.  He  was  made  associate  royal 
academician  in  1832,  and  royal  academician  in  1835.  Among 
his  paintings  are  "The  Battle  of  Trafalgar "(1836),  "The 
Castle  of  Isohia"  (1841),  "Isola  Bella " (1842),  "Battle  of 
Roveredo  "  (1851),  etc. 

Stanford  (stan'ford),  Sir  Charles  Villiers. 
Born  at  Dublin,  Sept.  30, 1852.  A  British  com- 
poser and  conductor,  in  1872  he  was  appointed  con- 
ductor of  the  Cambridge  University  Musical  Society,  and 
graduated  there  in  1874.  He  is  professor  of  composition 
and  orchestral  playing  at  the  Royal  College  of  Music,  Lon- 
don, and  in  1887  was  elected  professor  of  music  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge.  Among  his  compositions  are  the 
operas  "The  Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorassan"  (1881),  "Sa- 
vonarola "  (1884),  and  "  The  Canterbury  Pilgrims  "  (1884). 
He  has  also  written  many  overtures,  songs,  suites,  etc. ,  and 
some  church  music.    He  was  knighted  in  1902. 

Stanford  fstan'ford),  Leland.  Bom  at  Water- 
vliet,  N.  Y.,  March  9,  1824:  died  at  Palo  Alto, 
Cal.,  June  20,  1893.  An  American  capitalist 
and  politician.  He  was  Republican  governor  of  Cali- 
fornia 1861-63 ;  first  president  of  the  Central  Pacific  Rail- 
road (elected  1861) ;  and  United  States  senator  from  Cali- 
fornia 1885-93.  He  gave  to  California  the  Leland  Stanford 
Junior  University  at  Palo  Alto,  with  an  endowment  of 
about  $20,000,000. 

Stanhope  (stan'op),  Charles,  third  Earl  Stan- 
hope. Born  Aug.  3,  1753:  died  at  Chevening, 
Kent,  Dec.  15, 1816.  An  English  statesman  and 
scientist.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Geneva.  From 
1780  to  1786,  when  he  succeeded  to  the  earldom,  he  was  mem- 
ber of  Parliament  for  Wycombe,  Buckinghamshire,  and  was 
a  supporterof  Pitt,  whose  sister  he  married  Dec.  19, 1774.  In 
the  arbitrary  measures  of  his  later  career  Lord  Stanhope 
opposed  his  brother-in-law.  He  was  chairman  of  the 
"Revolutionary  Society,"  formed  in  commemoration  of 
the  revolution  of  1688,  which  sympathized  with  the  French 
Revolution;  and  in  1795  introduced  a  motion  in  the 
House  of  Lords  deprecating  interference  with  French  af- 
fairs. He  was  left  in  a  "minority  of  one,"  a  sobriquet 
which  clung  to  him,  and  left  Parliament  for  five  years. 
He  was  caricatured  by  Sayers  and  Gillray.  On  March  17, 
1781,  he  married  as  his  second  wife  a  niece  of  the  first  Earl 
Temple  and  George  Grenville.  Lady^  Hester  Stanhope 
was  a  daughter  of  his  first  wife.  He  invented  the  Stan- 
hope printing-press  and  lens,  improved  canal-locks,  and 
(1795-97)  made  experiments  in  steam  navigation.  He  pub- 
lished "Principles  of  Electricity"  (1779)  and  a  reply  to 
Burke's  "  Reflections  on  the  Revolution  in  France  "(1790). 

Stanhope,  Lady  Hester  Lucy.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, March  12,  1776 :  died  at  Djoun  in  Mount 
Lebanon,  June  23, 1839.  Daughter  of  the  third 
Earl  Stanhope,  and  niece  of  William  Pitt,  and 
from  1803  the  head  of  Pitt's  household  and  his 
private  secretary,  she  attended  his  death-bed.  In 
Feb.,  1810,  she  left  England  and  established  a  small  satrapy 
at  Djoun  in  Mount  Lebanon.  In  1832  Ibrahim  Pasha,  when 
about  to  invade  Syria,  was  obliged  to  secure  her  neutrality. 
Her  "Memoirs,  as  Related  by  Herself  in  Conversations 
with  her  Physician  "  (Dr.  Meryon),  were  published  in  1845, 
and  later (1846) the  "Memoirs  "  were  supplemented by^her 
"Travels." 

Stanhope,  James,  first  Earl  Stanhope..  Bom 
at  Pans;  1673:  died  at  London,  Feb.  5,  1721. 
An  English  general  and  politician,  nephew  of 
the  second  Earl  of  C!hesterfield.  He  resided  in 
Spain,  where  his  father  was  minister ;  entered  the  army  in 
1694  ;  was  member  of  Parliament  in  1702 ;  served  as  briga- 
dier-general at  the  siege  of  Barcelona  in  1705 ;  was  com- 
mander-in-chief in  Spain  in  1708,  when  he  captured  Port 
Mahon ;  with  Starhemberg  defeated  the  Spaniards  at  Al- 
menara  July  17, 1710,  and  at  Saragossa  Aug.  20 ;  and  sur- 
rendered at  Brihuega  (1710).  On  the  accession  of  George 
I.  (1714)  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  state ;  in  1717  was 
first  lord  of  the  treasury  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer ; 
and  in  April,  1718,  was  created  Earl  Stanhope. 


954 

Stanhope,  Philip  Dormer,  fourth  Earl  of  Ches- 
terfield. Bom  at  London,  Sept.  22,  1694:  died 
March  24, 1773.  An  English  politician,  orator, 
and  writer :  famous  as  a  man  of  fashion.  He  was 
a  graduate  of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge ;  occupied  a  num- 
ber of  diplomatic  positions ;  and  was  lord  lieutenant  of 
Ireland  1744-46.  His  chief  work  is  "Letters  to  liis  Son," 
which  were  not  written  for  publication,  but  were  published 
in  1774.  These  letters  give  instruction  In  manners 
and  morals,  and  the  method  of  "uniting  wickedness  and 
the  graces,"  written  by  the  man  who  of  all  others  in  Eng- 
land desired  to  be  considered  the  mirror  of  politeness.  It 
was  to  Chesterfield  that  Johnson  wrote  his  celebrated  in- 
vective about  the  dictionary  in  1766,  whichisnow  thought 
to  be  unjust. 

Stanhope,  Philip  Henry,  fifth  Earl  Stanhope, 
designated  by  the  courtesy  title  Lord  Mahon 
before  his  accession  to  the  earldom.  Bom  Jan. 
31,  1805:  died  at  Bournemouth,  Dec.  24,  1875. 
An  English  historian  and  politician,  grandson  of 
the  third  Earl  Stanhope.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  Eng- 
land from  the  Peace  of  Utrecht  to  the  Peace  of  Versailles  " 
(1836-54) ;  "The  War  of  Succession  in  Spain"  (1882) ;  lives 
of  Belisarius,  Cond^,  Joan  of  Arc,  and  William  Pitt ;  and 
a  "History  of  England,  comprising  the  Reign  of  Anne  un- 
til the  Peace  of  Utrecht "  (1870). 

Stanihurst.     See  Stanyhurst. 

Stanislaus  (stan'is-l&s),  or  Stanislas  (stan'is- 
las),  Saint.  Born  1030 :  killed  1079.  Bishop  of 
(Jracow,  and  patron  saint  of  Poland. 

Stanislaus  I.  Leszcynski  (lesh-ohiin'ske). 
Bom  at  Lemberg,  Galieia,  Oct.  20,  1677:  died 
Feb.  23,  1766.    King  of  Poland,  elected  as  the 


Stapleton 

of  Livingstone  in  1869;  started  from  Zanzibar  March,  1B71; 
found  Livingstone  at  UJiji  Nov.,  1871,  and  returned  1872; 
was  sent  by  the  "Herald"  and  London  "Telegraph  "  to 
central  Africa  1874;  left  the  coast  Nov.,  1874;  circum- 
navigated Victoria  Nyanza  1876 ;  explored  Albert  Nyanza 
and  Tanganyika ;  discovered  the  Albert  Edward  Nyanza, 
and  descended  the  Lualaba  (Kongo)  1876-77.  To  him 
is  due  the  demonstration  that  the  great  system  of 
waters  immediately  west  of  Lake  Tanganyika,  including 
the  lake  itself,  lies  in  the  upper  basin  of  the  Kongo,  and 
is  tributary  to  that  river.  '  He  was  sent  under  the  auspices 
of  the  International  African  Association  to  develop  the 
Kongo  region  1879 ;  was  instrumental  in  founding  the 
Free  State  of  the  Kongo ;  took  part  in  the  Kongo  confer- 
ence in  Berlin  1884-86 ;  was  Bent  to  the  relief  of  Emin 
Pasha  1887;  returned  with  Bmln  from  the  Nile  to  the 
coast  1889;  and  arrived  in' England  in  1890.  He  wrote 
"  How  I  Found  Livingstone  "  (1872),  "  Through  the  Dark 
Continent"  (1878),  "The  Congo  and  the  Founding  of  its 
Free  State  "  (1885),  "  In  Darkest  Africa  "  (1890), "  My  Dark 
Companions,  etc."  (1893).  "  Slavery  and  the  Slave  Trade 
in  Africa  "  (1893),  etc.    He  was  made  G.  C.  B.  in  1699. 

Stanley,  Sir  Hubert.  An  impoverished  squire 
in  Thomas  Morton's  comedy  "A  Cure  for  the 
HeartAche"(1797).  Thephrase "Approbation from 
Sir  Hubert  Stanley  is  praise  indeed"  occurs  in  Act  v., 
scene  2.  ^         .,-,,.■,,.       .., 

Stanley,  Thomas.  Born  m  Hertfordshire,  Eng- 
land, 1625  :  died  at  London,  April  12,  1678.  An 
English  translator,  poet,  and  miscellaneous  au- 
thor. He  wrote  a  "History  of  Philosophy" 
(1655-62). 

Stanley  Falls.  [Named  from  Henry  M.  Stan- 
ley.] A  series  of  falls  in  the  upper  Kongo, 
situated  near  the  equator. 


candidate  of  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  in  1704,  Stanley  Pool.    [From  H.  M.  Stanley.]    A  lake 


and  crowned  in  1705.  He  was  obliged  to  leave  Poland 
in  1709 ;  was  again  a  candidate  in  1733 ;  and  formally  ab- 
dicated in  1736,  but  retained  the  title  and  received  the 
duchies  of  Lorraine  and  Bar  in  1737. 

Stanislaus  II.  Augustus  (fi-gus'tus)  (Ponia- 
towski).  Bom  at  Wolczyn,  Lithuania,  Jan. 
17,  1732:  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Feb.  12,  1798. 
King  of  Poland  1764-95.    He  was  elected  through 


formed  by  the  expansion  of  the  Kongo,  about 
lat.  4°  5'  S. 

Stanovoi  (sta-no-voi' )  Mountains.  Amountain- 
chain  in  eastern  Siberia,  which  extends  from  the 
borders  of  Mongolia  and  Manchuria  to  Bering 
Strait.  It  connects  in  the  southwest  with  the 
Yablonoi  Mountains.   Height,  5,000-7,000  feet. 


the  intervention  of  Russia.    He  was  in  1795  forced  to  sign  Stanton  (stan'ton),  Edwin  McMasters.  Born 


the  third  partition  of  Poland,  which  put  an  end  to  his 
kingdom. 

Stanislaus  River,  A  river  in  California  which 
joins  the  San  Joaquin  22  miles  south  of  Stock- 
ton.   Length,  over  150  miles. 

Stanislawow.    See  Stanislaus. 

Stanko  (stan'ko).    A  modem  name  of  Cos. 

Stanley.     See  Falkland  Islands. 

Stanley  (stan'li),  Arthur  Penrhyn.  Born  at 
Alderiey,  Cheshire,  England,  Dec.  13, 1815 :  died 
at  London,  July  18,  1881.  An  English  divine, 
historian,  and  theological  writer.    He  was  a  tu- 


at  Steubenville,  Ohio,  Dec.  19,  1814:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  Dec.  24,  1869.  A  noted 
American  statesman  and  jurist.  He  was  educated 
for  the  bar ;  practised  in  Ohio,  at  Pittsburg,  and  at  Wash- 
ington before  the  United  States  Supreme  (3ourt ;  was  at- 
torney-general Dec,  1860,-Maxch,  1861;  was  appointed 
secretary  of  war  by  President  Lincoln  in  Jan.,  1862 ;  was 
suspended  by  President  Johnson  in  Aug.,  1867 ;  and  was 
restored  by  the  Senate  in  Jan.,  1868.  Johnson's  attempt 
to  remove  him  in  Feb. ,  1868,  caused  the  impeachment  of 
the  President :  on  the  latter's  acquittal  in  May,  1868,  Stan- 
ton resigned.  He  was  appointed  associate  justice  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court,  Dec.  20, 1869. 


tor  in  Oxford  1841-61 ;  canon  of  Canterbury  1851-66 ;  and  StantOU,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Cady).  Bom  at 
professor  of  ecclesiastical  history  in  Oxford  1856-63.  He  Johnstown,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  12,  1815:  died  at  New 
wasappointeddeanofWestminsterlses.andenteredonthe  York  Oct  5!fi  IPO!?  An  A-mBricnTi  mfnTinPT  n 
offlce  in  1864.  He  traveled  in  Egypt  and  Palestine  1862-63,  ^°^^'.  ^'^\  '^'  "^^i"  f^  -Mnerioan  retormer,  a 
In  Russia  in  1867,  in  Egypt  and  Palestine  with  the  Prince  prommentadvocate  of  womansuffrage.  Theflrst 
of  Wales  in  1862,  and  in  America  in  1878.  He  was  a  woman's  rights  convention  was  held  at  her  house  in  1848. 
leader  of  the  "Broad  Church."  His  works  include  "Life  Stau'wix  (stan'wiks),  John.  Born  in  England 
andCorrespondenceof  Thomas  Arnold  "(1844),  "Sermons  nhnnt  IfiQn-  Inut  at  sbji  Dec  ITfi"!  An  fSiTirHali 
and  Essays  on  the  Apostolic  Age "  (1847),  "Commentary     ^"°^^  \'^""  vi      t^        t'        j'  r   j-  J''"g'^1 

on  the  Epistlesto  the  Corinthians  "(1865),  "Sinai  and  Pal-  general  m  the  French  and  Indian  war.  He 
estine " (1866),  "Memorials  of  Canterbury "  (1866),  "Lee-  erected  Fort  Stanwix  on  the  Mohawk  in  1758. 
turesontheGreekChurch"(1861),"  History  of  the  Jewish  St.ativ'hiirR'h  Cstan'i  hprstl  'Ricliaril  Tiorn  nt 
Church"  (1862-66),"  Historical  Memorials  of  Westminster  'S^???'^^'  i  ,  f?^  ,?  f*^',  -S'*"^*™  • ,  „,°™ . 
Abbey"(1867),  "Essays  onChurchandState"(1870),"Church 
of  Scotland  "'(1872),  and  "Christian  Institutions '^'(1881). 


Dublin  about  1545 :  died  at  Brussels,  1618.    An 

Irish  miscellaneous  author  and  translator,  an 

Stanley,  Ed-ward  Geoffrey  Smith,  fourteenth    uncle  of  Archbishop  Usher.    He  was  educated  at 

Earl  of  Derby.    Born  at  Knowsley,  Lancashire,     ll^niversity  College,  Oxford,  and  studied  law  at  Furnival's 

England,  March  29,  1799:  died  at  Knowsley^     ^'"''   ^'*""^ ""''■'■■'■"'"  .„.,K„„o„.f,..„K„„,..-„„,  ai. 

Oct.  23, 1869.     A  British  statesman.   He  entered 


Parliament  in  1821 ;  was  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  1830- 
1833,  and  colonial  secretary  1833-34  and  1841-45 ;  was  created 
Baron  Stanley  in  1844 ;  succeeded  to  the  earldom  In  1861 ; 
and  was  premier  in  1852,  1868-69,  and  1866-68.  He  pub- 
lished a  translation  of  the  Iliad  (1864). 

Stanley,  Edward  Henry  Smith,  fifteenth  Earl 
of  Derby.  Born  at  Knowsley,  Lancashire,  Eng- 
land, July  21,  1826 :  died  there,  April  21, 1893. 
A  British  politician,  son  of  the  fourteenth  Earl 
of  Derby.  He  was  secretary  of  state  for  India  1868-69 ; 
foreign  secretary  1866-68  and  1874-78  ;  and  colonial  sec- 
retary 1882-85.    Originally  a  Conservative,  he  acted  with 

f  the  Liberals  from  1880  to  1886,  when  he  joined  the  Liberal- 
Unionists. 

Stanley,  Frederick  Arthur,  sixteenth  Earl  of 


He  took  orders  later,  and  became  the  chaplain  of  Al- 
bert, archduke  of  Austria,  the  governor  of  the  Spanish 
Netherlands.  He  translated  the  first  four  books  of  Vergil's 
"^neid, "printed  in  Leydeninl682,andthenextyearinLon- 
don,  with  translations  of  the  Psalms,  etc.  "This  wonder- 
ful book  (in  which  the  spelling  is  only  less  marvellous  than 
the  phraseology  and  verse)  shows  more  than  anything  else 
th  e  active  throes  which  English  literature  was  undergoing ; 
and  though  the  result  was  but  a  false  birth,  it  is  none  the 
less  interesting  "  (Saintsbury).  He  also  wrote  the  descrip- 
tion of  Ireland  In  Eolinshed's  "  Chronicles,"  a  life  of  St. 
Patrick  (1687),  etc. 

Stanz  (stants),  or  Stans  (stans).  The  capital 
of  the  canton  of  IJnterwalden  nid-dem-Wald, 
Switzerland,  7  miles  south-southeast  of  Lu- 
cerne. It  was  the  scene  of  a  battle  between  the 
French  and  the  men  of  Unterwalden  Sept.  9, 
1798.    Population,  2,458. 


Derby: '  Bom  Jan.  15, 1841.   An  English  noble-  Stanzerthal  (stant'ser-tai).    An  Alpine  valley 
man,  second  son  of  the  f  ouri;eenth  eari.    He  was    in  western  Tyrol,  50  mUes  west  of  Innsbrack. 
financial  secretary  of  the  treasury  1877-78;  secretary  for   Q4.,_i.  _f  ■M-i„„ /„ +=/„!  „„  „,t;„x    mi,.       a  „r.r„ 
war  1878-80 ;  colonial  secretary  1885-86 ;  president  of  the   "^Pi^  °i  NOWS  (sta  pi  OV  nuz).  The.     A  com- 
board  of  trade  1886-88 ;  and  governor-general  of  Canada     eay  by  Ben  Jonson^cted  in  1625. 
1888-93.    He  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Stanley  Staples    (sta '  plz),    William  Bead.      Bom  at 
of  Preston  in  I886,_and  on  the  death  of  his  brother,  April    Providence,  R.  I.,  Oct.  10,  1798 :  died  at  Provi- 
dence, Oct.  19,  1868.     An  American  historian 
and  jurist,  author  of  several  historical  and  legal 
works  relating  to  Bhode  Island. 
Stapleton  (sta'pl-ton),  or  Stapylton,  Sir  Eob- 
ert.    Died  in  1669.    An  English  soldier,  trans- 


21, 1893,  succeeded  to  the  earldom. 

Stanley,  Sir  Henry  Morton  (originally  John 
Rowlands).  Born  near  Denbigh,  Wales,  1841 : 
died  at  London,  May  10,  1904.  A  noted  Afri- 
can explorer.  He  was  of  obscure  parentage;  was 
thrown  upon  his  own  resources  at  an  early  age ;  and,  it 
is  said,  worked  his  way  as  a  cabin-boy  to  New  Orleans, 
where  he  was  employed  by  a  merchant  named  Stanley, 
whose  name  he  adopted.  He  served  in  the  Confederate 
army,  and  later  in  the  United  States  navy  ;  went  to  Tur- 
key as  a  newspaper  correspondent ;  went  with  the  British 
expedition  to  Abyssinia  in  1868  as  correspondent  of  the 
New  York  "  Herald  "  ;  was  sent  oy  the  "  Herald  "  in  search 


]  ator,  dramatist,  and  poet.  He  was  a  student  at  Douai, 
but  was  converted  to  Protestantism,  and  became  gentle- 
man usher  to  King  Charles  II.  He  translated  Juvenal  and 
Musseus,  and  wrote  two  plays,  "The  Slighted  Maid  "  (acted 
in  1 663)  and  "  Hero  and  Leander,"  based  on  Musfcus  (printed 
in  1669).  He  translated  Valcroisant's  "Entertainments  of 
the  Course,  or  Academical  Conversations  "  (1668)  and  Da 


Stapleton 


955 


ago  of  Tierra  del  Fuego,  separated  from  the 
main  island  by  the  Strait  of  Le  Maire.  Length, 
aboat  50  miles. 

Staten  Island  Sound.  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic 
which  separates  Staten  Island  from  New  Jer- 
sey, and  connects  Newark  Bay  on  the  north 
with  Raritan  Bay  on  the  south. 

States,  The.     1.  The  Netherlands.— 2.    The 

(■t,o  „<„Y,o  ntthp.  fi,i<.T,»fi.l  <1nPiiTT,flTiV«  PTCfipiitpd     Jersey,  it  consists  of  the  baUifl,  jurats  of  the  royal  court, 

the  name  of  the  hnancial  aocuments  executea     conatj^iee,  rectors  of  the  parishes,  and  fourteen  depu- 

betweentheexohequerof  the  Jews  (who  tarmea     ties.  The  lieutenant-governor  has  the  veto  power.  Guern- 

the  British  revenues)  and  the  early  kings  of     sey  has  a  similar  body,  the  Deliberative  States,  and  a  more 

England.]     In  English  history,  a  court  of  civil     popular  assembly,  the  Eleotiye  States.  reviews,"  oi  wn.cn  ne  .s  tne  eaitor  ana  puDiisner. 

and  criminal  jurisdiction  atWestmmster.  It  was  States-General  (stats  jen  e-rai).     la .  ^tats-  gtedinger  (sted'ing-er).     [From   OS.  stath, 


Bergerac's  "  History  of  the  World  in  the  Moon  "  from  the 

French,  and  "Strada  dl  Bello  Belgier"  (1650)  from  the 

Itelian. 
Star  and  Garter.    A  famous  tavern  formerly 

standing  in  Pall  MalL  London. 
Starbuck  (star'buk)  Island.    A  small  island  in 

the  Pacific,  in  lat.  5°  38'  S.,  long.  155°  55'  W. 

It  has  deposits  of  guano. 
Star  Chamber'  (star  eham'ber).    [So  called,  it 


Steelyard 

Sea  south  of  Astrakhan  and  the  province  of 
the  Don  Cossacks.  Area,  23,397  square  miles. 
Population  (1897),  873,863.-2.  The  capital  of 
the  government  of  Stavropol,  about  lat.  45°  N. 
It  was  built  as  a  military  post  about  1776, 
Population  (1889),  34,838. 
Stead  (sted ),  William  Thomas.  Bom  at  Em- 
bleton,  Northumberland,  July  5,  1849.  An 
English  journalist,  son  of  a  Congregational 
minister.  He  was  educated  at  home  and  at  Wakefield, 
leaving  school  at  the  age  of  fourteen  in  order  to  become 
offlce-boy  in  a  mercantile  office.  He  was  appointed  editor 
of  the  "Northern  Echo  "  (Darlington)  in  1871,  and  in  1880 
assistant  editor  of  the  "  Pall  Mali  Gazette,"  of  which  he 
was  editor  1883-89.  In  1890  he  founded  the  "Eeview  of 
Eevlews,"  of  which  he  is  the  editor  and  publisher. 


constituted  in  vfew  of  offenses  and  controversies  mostfre-     Geniraux.'l     The  name  given  to  the  legislative 
quent  at  the  royal  court,  or  affecting  the  interests  of  the     assemblies  of  Prance  before  the  revolution  of 
crown, suchaBmaintenance,fraud,libel,conspiracy,orriots     1700    „„j  4.- +i,„oo  nf  tlio  TSTAthprlnTiflH 
re8ultingfrorafactionoroppreB8ion,b{itfreelytookluris-     y»3       ^If     nv        1.       a       S^!,„f  c/^*  » 
diction  of  other  crimes  and  misdemeanors,  and  adminis-  btates  01  tlie  l/nUTCu.     oee  jrapai  orares. 
tered  justice  by  arbitrary  authority  instead  of  according  State  Street,     A  street  in  Boston,  Massachu- 
to  the  common  law.    Such  a  jurisdiction  was  exercisedat     ggj-^g   noted  as  a  financial  center, 
leastasearlyasthereignof  Henry  VI.,  thetribunal  then  «...',,     .-,..,      rrji.  yi-nrr/nw  1    1     TTib  wifn 
consisting  of  the  privf  council.    A  statute  of  3  Henry  Statira  (sta-tl  ra).    [W.  iToreipa.J    1.  ine  Wlte 
VII.  authorized  a  committee  of  the  council  to  exercise     of  Artaxerxes  Mnemon,  king  ot   i'ersia:    put 


such  a  jurisdiction,  and  this  tribunal  grew  in  power  (al- 
though successive  statutes  from  the  time  of  Edward  IV, 
were  enacted  to  restrain  it)  until  it  fell  into  disuse  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  In  31  Henry  VIII., 
a  statute  declared  that  the  king's  proclamation  should 
have  thef  orce  of  law,  and  that  offenders  might  be  punished 
by  the  ordinary  members  of  the  council  sitting  with  cer- 
tain bishops  and  judges  "in  theSterr  Chamber  at  Westm. 
or  elsewhere."    In  1640  the  court  of  Star  Chamber  was 


to  death  by  Parysatis.  —  3.  The  wife  of  Darius 
Codomannus,  king  of  Persia:  taken  prisoner 
by  Alexander  the  (Jreat  after  the  battle  of 
Issus. — 3.  The  daughter  of  Darius  Codoman- 
nus, and  wife  of  Alexander  the  Great.  She  was 
put  to  death  by  Boxana.  Also  called  Barsme. 
Latins,  Csecilius.    See  Csedlius  Statins. 


abolished  by  an  act  of  16  Charles  I.,  reciting  that  "the  StatiuS  (sta'shi-us),  FubliUS  FapiniUS.  Bom 
reasons  and  motives  Inducing  the  erection  and  continu-  about45A.  D.:  died  about  96.  A  Roman  poet: 
ance  of  that  court  [of  Star  Chamber]  do  now  oease/l  court  poet  to  Domitian.     He  wrote  the  epics  "  The- 

Starhemberg    (sta'rem-bero).    Count   Ernst     bais"and  "Aohilleis"  (unfinished),  and  the  collection 
Blidiger.    BornatCJratz,  Styrla,  1635:  died  in    "Silvse." 

1701.  An  Austrian  field-marshal,  celebrated  as  Stator  (sta'tor).  [L., 'the  stayer.']  A  surname 
commander  of  Vienna  during  the  attack  by  the  _of  Jupiter  as  the  stayer  of  flight. 


beach,~shore.]  In  the  middle  ages,  the  dwell- 
ers along  the  lower  Weser.  They  resisted  the  au- 
thority of  the  archbishop  of  Bremen  in  the  first  part  of  the 
13th  century,  and  were  overthrown  at  Altenesch,  May, 
1234. 

Stedman  (sted'man),  Edmnnd  Clarence.  Bom 

at  Hartford,  Conn.,  Oct.  8, 1833.  A  noted  Amer- 
ican poet  and  critic.  He  entered  Yale  in  1849,  leaving 
in  his  junior  year ;  was  afterward  employed  in  journalistic 
work ;  was  war  correspondent  of  the  New  York  "  World  " 
1861-63 ;  and  later  became  a  stock-broker  in  New  York  city. 
He  has  published  "Poems  Lyric  and  Idyllic  "(1860),  "Alice 
of  Monmouth,  and  other  Poems  "  (1^64),  "The  Blameless 
Prince,  and  other  Poems"  (1869),  "Hawthorne,  and  other 
Poems  "  (1877), ' '  Lyrics  and  Idylls,  etc."  (1879),  and  various 
poems  for  public  occasions,  as  "Gettysburg,  "  Dartmouth 
Ode,"  etc.  His  collected  poems  were  published  in  1884. 
His  chief  critical  works  are  "Victorian  Poets  "(1875:  re- 
vised ed.,  with  supplement,  1887),  "Edgar  Allan  Poe" 
(1880),  and  "  Poets  of  America  "  (1885).  With  Ellen  Mackay 
Hutchinson  he  edited  "A  Library  ot  American  Literature, 
etc."  (11  vols.  1888-90). 

Stedman,  John  Gabriel.  Bom  in  Scotland, 
1745:  died  in  1797.    An  officer  in  the  Dutch 


Turks  in  1683. 

Starhemberg,  Count  Guido.  Bom  Nov.  11, 
1654:  died  at  Vienna,  March  7, 1737.  A  noted 
Austrian  field-marshal,  cousin  of  Count  E.  E. 
Starhemberg :  distinguish  edin  the  Turkish  wars. 
As  Austrian  commander  in  Spain,  he  gained  with  Stan- 
hope the  victories  of  Almenora.  and  Saragossa  in  1710. 

Stark  (stark),  John.     Bom  at  Londonderry, 


Staubbach  (stoub'baoh).    A  waterfall  in  the 

Bernese  Oberland,  Switzerland,  situated  near 

Lauterbrunnen,  9  miles  south  of  Interlaken. 

Height,  980  feet.  o^j  /..-j/        \t  t»        xi. 

Stauffacher(stouf'fach'''er),  Werner.  Accord-  Steedman  (sted  man),  James^Baxrett 

ing  to  tradition,  a  patriot  of  Sehwyz  who,  with 

Arnold  von  Melohthal  andWalter  Fiirst,  planned 

the  liberation  of  Switzerland  on  the  Riitli,  1307. 


N.  H.^  Aug.^28, 1728  :^  djed  at  Manchester,  N.  H.,  Staunton  (stan'ton).    A  river  in  southern  Vir- 
i.,__o  1000      A     -i-j  A     „.  „™      TT.    gjj^jg^  which  breaks  through  the  Blue  Eidge 


May  8,  1822.  A  noted  American  general.  He 
was  taken  captive  by  the  Indians  in  1762 ;  was  an  officer 
in  Eogers's  Rangers  in  the  French  and  Indian  war,  and 
distinguished  himself  in  the  campaigns  near  Lakes  Chain- 
plain  and  George.    He  was  colonel  of  a  regiment  at  the  bat- 


service.  He  was  brevet  captain  in  an  expedition  against 
the  "bush  negroes'  of  Dutch  Guiana,  1772-77.  He  pub- 
lished "Narrative  of  an  Expedition  against  the  Hevolted 
Negroes  of  Surinam  "  (2  vols.  1796).  It  is  one  of  the  stan- 
dard works  on  Guiana. 

^ _^, Bom 

in  Northumberlancl  County,  Pa.,  July  30, 1818: 
died  at  Toledo,  Ohio,  Oct.  18, 1883.  A  Union 
general  in  the  Civil  War.  He  served  In  West  Vir- 
ginia and  Kentucky ;  and  was  distinguished  at  Chicka- 
mauga  in  1863,  and  in  the  Atlantic  and  Nashville  cam- 
paigns in  1864. 


and  unites  with  the  Dan  at  Clarksville,  Meek-  Steele,  Sir  Bichard,    Bom  at  Dublin,  March, 


lenburg  County,  to  form  the  Eoanoke.   Length, 
about  200  mUes. 


tie  of  Bunker  Hal  in  1775 ;  served  in  the  expedition  against  gtaunton  (stan'ton).  Sir  GeorgO.   The  seducer 
Canada,  and  in  the  battles  of  Trenton  and  Princeton  j^  won     ^^  g^g^  Deans  in  Seotf  s  "Heart  of  Midlothian." 


the  victory  ot  Bennington  Aug.  16, 1777 ;  and  later  was 
(fommander  of  the  Northern  Department.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  court  martial  which  condemned  Andr& 
Starnberg(stam'berG).  Avillage  and  summer 
resort  on  the  northern  shore  of  the  Stamber- 
gersee. 


Also  known  as  Gentle  Geordie. 
Staunton,  Sir  George  Leonard.  Bom  in  Ire- 
land, 1737:  died  1801.  A  British  diplomatist  in 
India  and  China.  He  published  "An  Authentic  Ac- 
count of  an  Embassy  from  the  King  of  Great  Britain  to 


Starnbergersee  (starn'berg-er-za),  or  Staren-  s*^^S™;|foward!"Bom  about  1810 :  died  at 
bergersee.  or  Jtahrenbergersee  (sta  ren-  "^^^^  'j^^^  22,  1874.  An  English  chess- 
berg"er-za),  orWurmsee(vurm'za).   A  lake  in      -"         '    ..  '-  .  „    .  s     . 

Upper  Bavaria,  14  miles  southwest  of  Munich. 
Its  outlet  is  by  the  Wiirm  to  the  Isar.  Length, 
13  miles. 

Star-Spangled  Banner,  The.  An  American 
national  song,  composed  by  Francis  Scott  Key, 
Sept.,  1814,  at  the  time  of  the  bombardment 
of  Fort  MoHenry  (near  Baltimore)  by  the  Brit- 
ish.   It  was  set  to  the  music  of  "Anacreon  in 

Start  (start) Point.  AheadlandinDevonshire,  Stavanger  (sta-vang'ger).  A  maritime  amt 
England,  25  miles  southeast  of  Plymouth,  pro-  of  southwestern  Norway  Area  3,531  square 
jecting  into  the  English  Channel.  mles.    Population  (1891),  117,008 

Starucca(sta-ruk'afviadU(Jt.  Astone  viaduct  Stavanger.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  amt  of 
of  the  Brie  Kailway  over  Starucca  Creek,  near    Stavanger^    J>f<?r^ay, 


player,  writer  on  chess,  and  Shaksperian  com- 
mentator. He  defeated  the  French  chess-player  Saint- 
Amant  in  1843,  and  was  regarded  as  the  strongest  player 
of  that  time.  He  was  for  many  years  the  chess  editor  of 
the  "Illustrated  London  News,"  and  by  his  column  there 
and  his  books  did  much  to  expound  and  popularize  the 
game.  He  published  an  edition  of  Shakspere  (1867-60), 
"Memorials  of  Shakspere  "  (1864),  a  facsimile  of  the  folio 
of  1623  (1864),  "The  Great  Schools  of  England"  (1866), 
"Chess-Player's  Handbook  "  (1847),  "Chess-Player's  Com- 
panion" (1849),  "Chess  Praxis"  (1860). 


Lanesborough,  Susquehanna  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Height,  110  feet.    Length,  1,200  feet. 

Starvation  Dundas.  A  nickname  given  to  Lord 
Melville  (Henry  Dundas)  because  in  1775,  in  a 
speech  on  American  affairs,  he  invented  (or 
brought  into  notice)  the  word  "starvation." 

Starveling  (starv'ling).  In  Shakspere's  "Mid- 
summer Night's  Dream,"  a  tailor  who  plays  the 
part  of  Thisbe's  mother  in  the  interpolated  play. 

Stassfnrt  (stas'fort).    A  town  in  the  province 


situated  on  Stavanger 
Fjord  in  lat.  (lighthouse)  58°  58'  N.,  long.  5° 
44'  E.    It  has  important  trade,  and  exports  fish,  esp^ 


1672 :  died  near  Carmarthen,  Sept.  1,  1729.  A 
British  essayist,  dramatist,  and  'Wnig  politician: 
companion  of  Addison  at  the  Charterhouse 
School,  and  later  at  Oxford.  He  did  not  gradu- 
ate, but  entered  the  army  (1694),  serving  aa  a  troopet 
under  the  Duke  of  Ormonde,  and  becoming  a  captain. 
He  was  gazetteer  1707-10,  and  later  member  of  Parlia- 
ment, but  was  expelled  for  seditious  language  in  "The 
Crisis."  He  was  knighted  and  held  various  offices  under 
George  I.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Kit-Kat  Club,  and  in 
1707  is  said  to  have  first  met  Swift :  by  1710  their  relations 
became  strained,  and  in  1719  he  quarreled  with  Addison. 
He  was  extremely  careless  in  money  matters  and  incon- 
sistent in  morals,  but  warm-hearted  and  impulsive.  He 
founded  and  edited  the  "  Tatler"  1709-11,  under  the  name 
of  Isaac  Bickerstaff  e,  and  next  to  Addison  was  chief  con- 
tributor to  the  "  Spectator  "  1711-12.  He  founded  and  was 
chief  contributor  to  the  "Guardian"  in  1713.  To  attack 
the  Tory  ministry  he  started  "  The  Englishman"  in  Jan., 
1714 :  his  later  ventures,  "Town  Talk,"  "The  Tea  Table," 
and  "Chit  Chat"were  unsuccessful.  In  his  most  famous 
political  periodical,  "  The  Plebeian  "  (1718),  he  opposed 
Addison  on  Sunderland's  Peerage  Bill.  His  last  venture 
was  "The  Theatre"  (1719-20),  about  this  time  he  was 
patentee  of  Drury  Lane.  In  1714  he  wrote  "An  Apology" 
for  himself  and  his  writings.  He  was  an  ardent  Whig, 
and  in  1710  lost  his  gazetteership  on  the  accession  of  the 
Tories  to  power.  He  wrote  the  treatise  "The  Christian 
Hero"  (1701:  a  manual  of  religious  ethics  at  variance 
with  his  loose  career),  and  the  comedies  (which  were  writ- 
ten with  the  avowed  purpose  of  reforming  the  morals  of 
the  age)  "The  Funeral "  (1701),  "The  Lying  Lover  "(1708), 
"The Tender  Husband " (1706),  "The  Conscious  Lovers" 
(1722),  besides  pamphlets,  etc. 


cially  herrings.    The  cathedral  of  Stavanger  was  founded  gtgele  GlaS.  The.     A  satire  in  blank  verse  by 


in  the  11th  century  and  rebuilt  in  the  13th.  The  massive 
nave-piers,  of  Byzantine  character,  belong  to  the  original 
building.  The  choir  is  Pointed  ;  it  is  flanked  by  four  tow- 
ers and  has  a  fine  east  window.  There  are  two  noteworthy 
doorways  on  each  side.  The  west  tower  is  ruinous.  The 
church  measures  260  by  70  feet.  Stavanger  is  one  of  the 
oldest  towns  in  Norway.  Population  (1891),  23,899. 
Stavanger  Fjord  (fySrd).  A  bay  on  the  south- 
western coast  of  Norway,  near  Stavgnger. 


oTSaxony,  Prussiai  situated  on  the  Bode  20  Stavenhagen  (sta'ven-iia-gen),  Bemhard, 
miles  south  of  Magdeburg:  one  of  the  centers  Born  at  Greiz,  Nov.  24, 1862.  A  German  com- 
of  salt-Tjroduction  in  Germany.  It  has  manu-  poser  and  pianist.  He  studied  at  Berlin ;  in  1880  re- 
factures^fchemicals.Population(1890),mi04     -'-^^i^^  ^^i^'-^^S  ^f^' ^^Sk'^ '^^^^ 


of  Liszt.    He  appeared  at  New  York  in  1894.     He  has 


Staten  (Stat'n;  ISlana.  An  ISlana  lormmgiwcn-  .^jtten  Norse  songs  and  piano  pieces,  etc. 
inond  County,  New  York,  and  the  borough  of  Stavoren  (sta'vo-ren).  A  small  town  m  the 
Richmond  in  the  enlarged  city  of  New  York,  province  of  Friesland,  Netherlands,  at  the  en- 
It  is  separated  from  Long  Island  by  the  Narrows,  and  fiance  to  the  Zuyder  Zee,  22  miles  south-south- 
from  New  Jersey  (north  and  west)  by  the  Kill  van  Kull,  "„"<.„*  Franeker  It  was  the  ancient  Friesian 
Newark  Bav  and  Staten  Island  Sound.  Its  surface  is  un-  west  or  r  raneKei .  ±11  w  a,i>  vi^a  ^i^-^^ 
dSltTng,  and  hffly  in  the  nori;h.  Length,  13  miles.  Area,  capital,  and  a  prosperous  seaport  in  the  middle 
68  square  miles.    Population  (1890),  61,693.  ages. 

Staten  (stat'n  or  sta'ten)  Island.    An  island  Stavropol  (stav'ro-poly).    1.  A  government  of 

at  the  southeastern  extremity  of  the  archipel-  Caucasia,  Russia,  bordering  on  the  Caspian 


George  Gascoigne,  written  in  1576  and  published 
with  "  The  Complaint  of  Philomene."  It  is  the 
first  English  satire  in  blank  verse,  and  holds  up  a  mirror 
"true  as  steel"  to  the  vices  of  his  countrymen,  the  allu- 
sion being  to  the  early  mirrors  made  of  polished  metal. 

Steelton  (stel'ton).  A  borough  in  Dauphin 
Coimty,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Susquehanna 
near  Harrisburg.  It  has  manufactures  of  steel. 
Population  (1900),  12,086. 

Steelyard  (stel'yard,  coUoq.  stil'yard).  [Ex- 
plained as  orig.  'the  yard  in  London  where 
steel  was  sold  by  German  merchants,'  as  if  from 
steel  and  yard;  but  in  fact  an  imperfect  trans- 
lation of  the  MD.  staelhof,  later  staalhof,  = 
MLG.  stalkof,  an  office  or  hall  where  cloth  was 
marked  with  a  leaden  seal  as  being  properly 
dyed ;  from  MD.  stael,  a  sample,  test  of  dyeing.] 
A  place  in  London,  comprising  great  ware- 
houses called  before  the  reign  of  Edward  PV. 
Gildhalla  Teutonicorum,  'Gildhall  of  the  Ger- 
mans,' where,  until  expelled  in  1597,  the  mer- 


steelyard 

chants  of  theHanseatic  League  had  their  Eng- 
lish headquarters ;  also,  the  company  of  mer- 
chants themselves.  The  merchants  of  the  Steelyard 
were  bound  by  almost  monastic  gild  rules  under  a  sepa- 
rate jurisdiction  from  the  rest  oif  London,  were  exempt 
from  many  exactions  and  restrictions,  and  for  centuries 
controlled  most  of  the  foreign  trade  of  England. 

Steen  (stan),  Jan.  Born  at  Leyden  about  1626 : 
died  at  Leyden,  1679.  A  Dutch  genre-painter. 
Among  his  works  are  "Feast  of  St.  Nicholas," 
"Human Life,"  "Marriage  Feast,"  etc. 

Steenbergen  (stan'herG"en).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  North  Brabant,  Netherlands,  25 
miles  south-southwest  of  Rotterdam.  Popula- 
tion, 6,889. 

Steeuie  (ste'ni).  A  name  given  by  James  I., 
king  of  England,  to  the  Duke  of  Buckingham, 
on  account  of  a  fancied  resemblance  to  St. 
Stephen. 

Steenkerke  (stan'kerk''e),  or  Steenkerken 
(8tan'kerk'"en).  A  village  in  the  province  of 
Hainaut,  Belgium,  20  miles  southwest  of  Brus- 
sels. Here,  Aug.  3, 1692,  the  French  under  the  Duke  of 
Luxembourg  defeated  the  Allies  under  William  III.  of  Eng- 
land.   Also  called  the  battle  of  Steinkirk. 

Steen'Wijk  (stan'vik).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Overyssel,  Netherlands,  in  lat.  52°  47'  N., 
long.  6°  7'  B.  It  was  defended  against  the 
Spaniards  in  1581,  and  was  taken  by  them  in 
1582.     Population,  5,087. 

Steerforth  (ster'f orth),  James.  The  mostprom- 
inent  youth  at  Salem  House,  in  Dickens's 
"David  Copperfield":  a  friend  and  protector  of 
David  Copperfield,  and  afterward  the  lover  and 
betrayer  of  Little  Em'ly. 

Steevens  (ste'venz),  George.  Bom  at  Stepney, 
London,  May  id)  1736:  died  at  Hampstead,  near 
London,  Jan.  22, 1800.  An  English  Shaksperian 
scholar.  He  was  educated  as  a  foundationer  at  Eton, 
and  was  a  scholar  at  King's  College,  Cambridge.  He  pub- 
lished "  Twenty  of  the  Plays  of  Shakspere  "  (1766),  and 
with  Dr.  Johnson  edited  Shakspere  in  1773.  His  own 
edition  (with  Reed)  of  Shakspere,  in  which  he  adopted 
"the  expulsion  of  useless  and  supernumerary  syllables, 
etc.,*  supplying  what  he  thought  necessary,  appeared  in 
1793  and  1803,  and  was  an  authority  till  Malone's  "Va- 
riorum Shakspere,"  edited,  after  Malone's  death,  by  Bos- 
well  ig  1821,  took  its  place.  His  life  was  one  of  constant 
quarrels  from  his  habit  of  making  anonymous  attacks  upon 
his  friends  in  the  newspapers,  and  his  bad  temper. 

Stefanie  (ste-fa-ne'),  Lake.  A  lake  in  British 
East  Africa,  northeast  of  Lake  Rudolf. 

SteSani  (stef 'fa-ne),  Agostino.  Bom  at  Castel- 
franco,  Italy,  in  1655:  died  ab  Frankfort-on-the- 
Main  in  1730.  An  Italian  composer,  diploma- 
tist, and  ecclesiastic.  He  was  court  musician  at  Mu- 
nich, and  after  1688  ka{>ellmeister  at  Hannover  and  diplo- 
matist in  the  Hannoverian  service,  and  later  in  the  service 
of  the  Palatinate.     He  wrote  operas  and  chamber-music. 

Steier.     See  Steyr. 

S'teienuark  (sti'er-mark).  The  German  name 
of  Styria. 

Steigerwald  (stS'ger-valt).  A  mountain-range 
in  Pranconia,  Bavaria,  south  of  the  Main,  east 
of  Wiirzburg,  and  west  of  Bamberg.  Its  lofti- 
est summit  is  about  1,600  feet  high. 

Stein  (stin), Baroness  von  (Charlotte  Alber- 
tine  Ernestine  von  Schardt).  Bom  at  Wei- 
mar, Germany,  Dec.  25, 1742:  died  there,  Jan. 
6,  1827.  A  German  lady,  noted  for  her  friend- 
ship with  Goethe.  The  latter's  letters  to  her 
were  edited  by  Scholl  and  by  Pielitz. 

Stein,  Baron  vom  und  zum  (Heinricb  Fried- 
rich  Karl).  Bom  at  Nassau,  Germany,  Oct.  26, 
1757:  died  at  Kappenberg,  Westphalia,  June  29, 
1831.  AnotedPrussianstatesman.  Hewaseducated 
at  Oottingen ;  entered  the  Prussian  service  in  the  depart- 
ment of  mines  in  1780 ;  became  head  of  the  department  of 
commerce,  customs,  etc.,  in  the  Prussian  ministry  in  1804 ; 
wasdismiased  in  Jan.,  1807 ;  was  chief  minister  1807-Nov., 
1808 ;  carried  out  a  vast  system  of  reforms ;  was  proscribed 
by  Kapoleon  Dec,  1808,  and  exiled;  was  the  intimate 
counselor  of  Czar  Alexander  L  in  1812-13;  and  brought 
about  the  anti-N^oleonic  alliance  between  Prussia  and 
Russia.  He  founded  the  society  for  editing  the  "Monu- 
menta  Germanise." 

Stein.  Lorenz  von.  Born  Nov.  18,  1815 :  died 
Sept.  23, 1890.  A  noted  German  economist  and 
writer  on  politics,  professor  at  Vienna  1855-85. 
He  published  several  works  on  French  social  and  politi- 
cal history,  "System  der  Staatswlssenschaf ten  "  (1852-56), 
"Lehrbuch  der  Volkswirthschaft "  (1868),  "Lehrbuch  der 
Finanzwissenschaff'C'Manual  of  the  Science  of  Finance," 
1860),  "  Handbuch  der  Verwaltungslehre  "  ("Handbook  of 
the  Theory  of  Administration,"  1865-68),  etc. 

Steinamanger  (stin-am-ang'er).  Hung.  Szom- 
bathely  (som'bot-hely).  The  capital  of  the 
county  of  Vas  (Eisenburg),  Hungary,  situated 
on  the  Giins  70  miles  south  of  Vienna.  It  has  a 
cathedral  and  Roman  antiquities.  It  was  built  on  the 
site  of  the  ancient  Sabaria  or  Savaria.  Population  (1890), 
16,133. 

Steinau  (sti'nou).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  near  the  Oder  34  miles 
northwest  of  Breslau.  Here,  in  1474,  King  Matthias  of 


956 

Hungary  defeated  the  Poles,  and  on  Oct.  11, 1633,  Wallen- 
stein  defeated  the  Swedes.    Population,  3,552. 

Steinen  (sti'nen),  Earl  von  den.    Bom  at 

Mulheim-an-der-Ruhr,  March  7,  1855.  A  Ger- 
man traveler  and  ethnologist.  He  made  a  voyage 
round  the  world  1879-81 ;  was  naturalist  of  the  German 
expedition  to  South  Georgia,  1882;  andinl884-86madeavoy- 
age  through  the  central  parts  of  South  America,  ascending 
the  Parana  and  Paraguay  and  making  the  first  (modern) 
descent  of  the  river  Xingil.  In  its  geographical  and  eth- 
nographical results  this  was  one  of  the  most  important 
South  American  explorations  of  the  century.  Von  den 
Steinen  made  a  second  trip  to  the  upper  Xingil  1887-88. 
He  has  published  "  Durch  Centralbrasilien  "  (1886),"Unter 
den  Naturvdlkern  Zentral-Brasiliens "  (1894),  and  other 
works  on  South  America,  with  special  reference  to  eth- 
nology. 

Steiner  (sti'ner),  Jakob.  Bom  at  Utzendorf, 
Switzerland,  March  18, 1796 :  died  at  Bern,  April 
1, 1863.  A  Swiss-German  geometer,  noted  for 
his  researches  in  synthetic  geometry.  His  chief 
work  is  "Systeniatisch'e  Entwickelung  der  Abhangigkeit 
geometrischer  Gestalten  von  einand'er"  (1832). 

Steiner  Alpen  (sti'ner  ai'pen).  A  division  of 
the  Karawanken,  situated  near  the  frontiers  of 
Carniola,  Carinthia,  and  Styria.  Height,  6,000- 
8,000  feet. 

Steinernes  Meer  (sti'ner-nes  mar;.  [G.,  'sea 
of  rooks.']  A  wild  mountainous  region  in  the 
Salzburger  Alps,  south  of  the  Konigssee. 

Steinfurt  (stin'fort).  A  former  countship  in 
Westphalia. 

Steinfurt,  or  Burg-Steinfurt  (borg-stin'fort). 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia, 
17  miles  northwest  of  Miinster.  Population 
(1890),  4,484. 

Steinheil  (stin'Ml),  Earl  August.  BomatRap- 
poltsweUer,  Alsace,  Oct.  12,  1801:  died  at  Mu- 
nich, Sept.  12,  1870.  A  German  physicist  and 
astronomer,  especially  noted  in  the  develop- 
ment of  telegraphy. 

Steinitz  (stin'its),  WilUam,  Bom  at  Prague, 
Bohemia,  May  17,  1836 :  died  at  New  York, 
Aug.  12,  1900.  A  noted  German  chess-player 
and  chess  analyst.  He  resided  in  London  from  1862 
to  1883,  when  he  came  to  New  York.  He  was  never  beaten 
in  a  match  until  he  succumbed  to  Lasker  in  1894  (see 
Lasker,  ETnanuel),  losing  then  the  position  of  chess  cham- 
pion of  the  world,  which  he  had  been  regarded  as  holding 
from  the  time  he  defeated  Anderssenby  8  games  to  6  (1866). 

Steinkirk.    See  Steenkerke. 

Steinmetz  (stin'mets),  Earl  Friedrich  von. 
Born  at  Eisenach,  Germany,  Dec.  27, 1796:  died 
at  Landeck,  Silesia,  Aug.  4, 1877.  A  noted  Prus- 
sian general.  He  served  against  the  French  1813-16 ; 
fought  in  Schleswig-Holstein  1848-49 ;  as  corps  com- 
mander defeated  the  Austrians  at  Nachod,  Skalitz,  and 
Schweinschadel,  June,  1866 ;  was  appointed  commander 
of  the  first  army  July,  1870,  which  fought  at  Spicheren, 
Colombey-Nouilly,  and  Gravelotte;  was  removed  Sept., 
1870,  and  appointed  governor-general  of  Posen  and  Si]  esia ; 
and  was  made  field-marshal  general  in  1871. 

Steinschonau  (stin'she''''nou).  Atown  in  north- 
ern Bohemia,  50  miles  north  of  Prague:  the 
center  of  a  glass-manufacturing  region.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  5,038. 

Steinthal  (stin'tal).  [G.,  'stone-valley.']  A 
mountainous  region  in  Lower  Alsace,  about  25 
miles  west-southwest  of  Strasburg. 

Steintbal,  Heymann,  Bom  at  Grobzig,  An- 
nalt,  May  16,  1823:  died  March  14,  1899.  A 
noted  German  philologist,  professor  at  Berlin 
from  1863.  His  works  include  "Der  TJrsprung  der 
Sprache"  ("The  Origin  of  Language,"  1861),  "Klassiflka- 
tion  der  Sprachen  "  (1860 :  later  edition  as ' '  Charakteristik 
der  hauptoachlichsten  Typen  des  Sprachbaues,"  1860), 
"Die  Entwickelung  der  Schrif t "  (1862),  etc. 

Steinway  (stin'wa),  C.  F.  Theodore.   Born  at 

Seesen,  Germany,  Nov.  6,  1825:  died  at  Ham- 
burg, March  26, 1889.  A  German  inventor  and 
piano-manufacturer.  The  art  of  piano-making  in 
America,  Germany,  and  Russia  baa  been  developed  upon 
his  practice  and  theory,  especially  in  the  construction  of 
the  metal  frame. 

Steinwehr  (stin'var).  Baron  AdolphWiUxelm 
Friedrich.  Bom  atBlankenburg,  Brunswick, 
Sept.  25,  1822:  died  at  BufCalo,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  25, 
1877.  A  German-American  general.  He  com- 
manded a  division  of  the  Union  army  at  ChancellorsviUe 
and  at  Gettysburg.  He  published  a  series  of  geographies, 
and  a  map  and  gazetteer  of  the  United  States. 

Stella  (stel'a).  [L., 'star.']  A  name  given  to 
Penelope  D'evereux  (afterward  Lady  Rich  and 
later  Countess  of  Devonshire),  beloved  by  Sir 
Philip  Sidney,  and  celebrated  in  his  sonnets.  It 
has  been  sought  to  identify  her  with  the  "dark 
lady  "  of  Shakspere's  sonnets. 

Stella.  The  name  given  by  Swift  to  Esther 
Johnson  (died  1728),  to  whom  in  1716  he  was 
secretly  married. 

Stella.  A  play  by  Goethe,  published  in  1776. 
In  1806  he  altered  its  close,  making  Stella  take  poison.  In 
the  first  version  she  surrenders  her  rights  to  her  husband's 
second  wife.  In  this  form  the  play  suggested  to  Canning 
his  parody  "  The  Rovers,  or  the  Double  Arrangement." 


Stephen 

Stella  del  Nord,  La.    See  :6toile  du  Nord. 

Stellaland  (stel'a-land).  An  ephemeral  Boer 
republic,  west  of  the  Transvaal,  founded  in  1882. 
It  was  in  1884-86  absorbed  by  the  Transvaal  and  by  Great 
Britain  (in  Becbuanaland). 

Stelvio  Pass  (stel've-6  pas).  [G.  SUlfser  Joeh.'\ 
An  Alpine  pass  which  leads  from  the  Vintsch- 
gau  in  the  valley  of  the  Adige,  Tyrol,  to  Bor- 
mio  in  the  valley  of  the  Adda,  Italy :  the  highest 
pass  in  Europe.  A  road  was  constructed  through  it 
1820-26.  It  was  contested  in  the  wars  of  1S48,  1869,  and 
1866.    Highest  point,  9,056  feet. 

Stenbock  (sten'bok),  Count  Magnus  von.  Born 
at  Stockholm,  1664 :  died  1717.  A  Swedish  gen- 
eral. He  was  distinguished  at  Narva  in  1700 ;  defeated 
the  Danes  at  Helsingborg  Feb.  28, 1710 ;  and  invaded  Hol- 
stein,  but  was  forced  to  surrender  at  Tonning  May  16, 
1713. 

Stendal  (sten'dal).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Saxony,  Prussia,  on  the  Uchte  32  miles  north 
by  east  of  Magdeburg,  it  is  a  railwayjunction,  and 
has  important  railway  works.  It  contains  a  cathedral. 
Stendal  was  founded  by  Albert  the  Bear ;  was  the  ancient 
capital  of  the  Altmark ;  and  was  the  seat  of  the  Stendal 
line  of  the  Ascanian  house.    Population  (1890),  18,472. 

Stendhal  (ston-dal'),  De.  The  nom  de  plume 
of  Marie  Henri  Beyle. 

Steno  (sta'no),  Nicolaus.  Bom  at  Copenhar 
gen,  1638 :  died  about  1687.  A  Danish  anato- 
mist, discoverer  of  "Steno's  duct." 

Stenterello  (sten-te-rel'lo).  A  farcical  person- 
age who  assumes  various  parts  in  Florentine 
comedy.    See  the  extract. 

Stenterello  is  the  Florentine  mask  or  type  which  sur- 
vives the  older  Italian  comedy  which  Goldoni  destroyed; 
and  during  carnival  he  appeared  in  a  great  variety  of  char- 
acters at  three  different  theaters.  .  .  .  With  this  face  [ab- 
surdly painted]  and  this  wig  he  assumes  any  character 
the  farce  requires, 

W.  D.  Howdls,  The  Century,  XXX.  210. 

Stentor  (sten'tor).  [Gr.  'SrevTap.']  In  Greek 
legend,  a  Greek  herald  before  Troy,  who,  ac- 
cording to  Homer,  had  a  voice  as  loud  as  those 
of  fifty  other  men  together.  The  adjective  sten^ 
torian  is  derived  from  his  name. 

Stenzel  (stent'sel),  Gustav  Adolf  Harald. 
Bom  at  Zerbst,  Germany,  March  21, 1792:  died 
at  Breslau,  Jan.  2,  1854.  A  German  historian, 
professor  at  Breslau  from  1820.  He  wrote ' '  Die 
Geschichte  Deutsehlandsunterden  frankischen 
Kaisern"  (1827-28),  etc. 

Stephano.  1  (stef'a-no).  A  drunken  butler  in 
shakspere's ' '  Tempest."  He  is  the  master  of  the 
ship  in  Dryden  and  Davenant's  version.  Maek- 
lin  ;played  the  part. — 3  (ste-fa'no).  Amessen- 
ger  in  Shakspere's  "Merchant  of  Venice." 

Stephanus  (printers).     See  Ustienne. 

Stephanus  Byzantius  (stef'a-nus  bi-zan'shi- 
us).  [L.  stephanus,  Stephen.]"  Lived  probably 
in  the  first  half  of  the  6th  century.  AByzantine 
geographer,  author  of  a  work  ."Ethnika." 

Stephen  (ste'veu).  Saint.  [Gr.  ari^avoQ,  a  crown; 
L.  Stephanus,  It.  Stefano,  Sp.  Estevan,  Vg.  Es- 
tevao,  P.  Mtienne  {Estienne).']  In  New  'Testa- 
ment history,  a  deacon  of  the  church  at  Jeru- 
salem, stoned  to  death  by  the  people.  He  was 
the  first  martyr,  and  his  day  is  celebrated  in  the  Roman 
and  Anglican  churches  on  Deo.  26.  In  England  St  Ste- 
phen's day  is  known  as  Boxing  Day,  as  CThristmas-boxes, 
or  presents  of  money,  are  then  begged  or  given. 

Stephen  I.    Bishop  of  Rome  254^257  A.  D. 

Stephen  (II.).  Chosen  pope  in  752:  died  four 
daysafterhis  election.  He  is  sometimes  omitted 
from  the  list  of  popes. 

Stephen  II.  Pope  752-757.  He  demanded  aid  from 
Fepin  the  Short  against  Aistulf,  king  of  the  Lombards, 
and  received  from  the  former  tlie  exarchate  of  Ravenna 
and  the  Fentapolis  (foundation  of  the  Papal  States). 

Stephen  III.    Pope  768-772. 

Stephen  IV.    Pope  816-817. 

Stephen  V.    Pope  885-891. 

Stephen  VI.    Pope  896-897. 

Stephen  VII.    Pope  929-931. 

Stephen  VIII.    Pope  939-942. 

Stephen  IX.  Died  at  Florence,  1058.  Pope 
1057-58,  brother  of  the  Duke  of  Lorraine, 
whom  he  wished  to  make  emperor.  He  ex- 
erted himself  to  eradicate  the  abuses  in  the 
church. 

Stephen.  Bom  at  Blois,  1105 :  died  Oct.  25, 1154. 
King  of  England.  He  was  the  son  of  Stephen,  earl  of 
Blois,  and  Adela,  daughter  of  William  the  Conqueror.  He 
obtained  the  county  of  Boulogne  by  marriage  with  Ma- 
tilda, daughter  of  Count  Eustace.  Although  he  had  sworn 
to  secure  the  succession  of  the  empress  Matilda  and  her 
son,  he  went  to  England  on  the  death  of  Henry  I,  in  1136, 
and,  with  the  help  of  his  brother  Henry,  bishop  of  Win- 
chester, was  elected  and  crowned  (Dec.  26).  In  two  char- 
ters he  undertook  to  observe  the  laws  and  his  subjects 
liberties.  His  defective  title  was  the  cause  of  outbreaks 
in  1136  and  1137.  David,  king  of  Scotland,  Matilda's  uncle, 
invaded  Yorkshire,  but  his  advance  was  checked  by  the 
Battle  of  the  Standard  in  1138.  Matilda  landed  in  England 
in  1139,  and  the  country  was  plunged  in  civil  war.    This 


Stephen 

continued  till  1163,  when  the  treaty  of  Wallingford  gave 
Stephen  permission  to  reign  until  his  death  and  secured 
the  succession  to  Henry  (Hemy  II.)>  the  son  of  Matilda. 

Stephen  I.,  Saint.  Died  1038.  King  of  Hungary. 
He  succeeded  as  dul^e  in  997 ;  and  was  crowned  flrst  king 
of  Hungary  in  1000.  He  promoted  the  spread  of  Chris- 
tianity, and  became  the  patron  saint  of  Hungary. 

Stephen  II.    King  of  Hungary  1114-31. 

Stephen  III.  Died  March  4,  1173.  King  of 
Hungary  1161-73. 

Stephen  IV.  Died  1164.  King  of  Hungary, 
uncle  of  Stephen  HI.  and  rival  claimant  to  the 
throne  in  1161. 

Stephen  V.  Died  Aug.  l,  1272.  King  of  Hun- 
gary 1270-72,  son  of  Bela  IV. 

Stephen,.  Henry  John.  Bom  1787 :  died  1864. 
An  English  barrister,  brother  of  Sir  James  Ste- 
phen. He  wrote  "Summary  of  the  Criminallaw"  (1834), 
and  "New  Commentaries  on  the  Laws  of  England"  (1841). 

Stephen,  Sir  James.  Bom  at  London,  Jan.  3, 
1789:  died  at  Coblenz,  Sept.  15,  1859.  Aa 
English  historical  writer.  He  was  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge  (Trinity  Hall)  and  Lincoln's  Inn.  He  was  under- 
secretary for  the  colonies  1834-47.  In  1849  he  was  ap- 
pointed regius  professor  of  modern  history  at  Cambridge. 
He  published  "Essays  in  Ecclesiastical  History,"  and  in 
1861  "Lectures  on  the  History  of  France." 

Stephen,  Sir  James  ritzjames.  Bom  March  3, 
1829:  died  March  11, 1894.  AnEnglish  jurist,  son 
of  Sir  James  Stephen  (1789-1859).  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Eton,  at  King's  College,  London,  and  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  in  1852.  In  1864  he 
was  called  to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple.  From  1879  to 
1891  he  was  judge  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice.  He  pub- 
lished "Genei'al  View  of  the  Criminal  Law  of  England" 
(1863),  "  Digest  of  the  Law  of  Evidence  "  (1876),  "  History 
of  the  Criminal  Law  of  England  "  (1883). 

Stephen,  Sir  Leslie.  Bom  at  Kensington,  Nov. 
28,  1832 :  died  there,  February  22,  1904.  An 
English  man  of  letters,  son  of  Sir  James 
Stephen.  He  was  educated  at  Eton,  at  King's  College, 
London,  and  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  the 
degree  B.  A.  in  1864.  He  was  editor  of  the  "Cornhill 
Magazine"  1871-82,  and  editor  of  the  "Dictionary  of  Na- 
tional Biography  "  1886-91,  latterly  in  association  with  Sid- 
ney Lee,  who  succeeded  him.  He  published  "The  Play- 
ground of  Europe  "  (1871),  "  Hours  in  a  Library  "  (1874-79), 
"  History  of  English  Thought  in  the  Eighteenth  Century  " 
(1876), and  "  Life  of  Henry  Fawoett"  (1886), etc.  Hewas 
knighted  in  1902. 

Stephen  B&thori.  See  Sdthori. 
Stephens  (ste'venz),  Alexander  Hamilton. 
Born  near  Craw'fordville,  Ga.,  Feb.  11,  1812 : 
died  at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  March  4, 1883.  An  Ameri- 
can statesman.  He  graduated  at  the  University  of 
Georgia  in  1832 ;  studied  law ;  was  chosen  member  of  the 
State  legislature  in  1836  ;  was  member  of  Congress  from 
Georgia  1843-69,  acting  at  flrst  with  the  Whigs  and  later 
with  the  Democrats ;  opposed  secession  in  1860 ;  was  Vice- 
President  of  the  Confederacy  1861-66 ;  was  chief  Confed- 
erate commissioner  in  the  Hampton  Koads  conference  in 
Feb.,  1865 ;  was  imprisoned  in  Fort  Warren,  Boston  harbor, 
May-Oct. ,  1865 ;  was  elected  United  States  senator  in  1866, 
but  was  not  seated ;  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress 
from  Georgia  1873-82;  and  was  governor  of  Georgia  in 
1883.  He  wrote  "The  War  between  the  States  "(2  vols. 
1868-70),  a  "  History  of  the  United  States"  (1883),  etc. 

Stephens,  George.  Bom  at  Liverpool,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  13, 1813 :  died  Aug.  9, 1895.  An  Eng- 
lish archaeologist  and  philologist.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  University  College,  London.  In  1851  he  was 
lector  and  later  professor  of  English  in  the  University  of 
Copenhagen.  He  published  '*  Old  Northern  Runic  Monu- 
ments of  Scandinavia  and  England  "(186^  1868,  1884). 

Stephens,  James.  Bom  1824  :  died  March  29, 
1901.  A  Fenian  agitator.  Hewas  employed  in  the 
construction  of  the  Waterford  and  Limerick  Railway; 
joined  the  Young  Ireland  party,  and  was  wounded  at  Bal- 
lingarry  June  29, 1848 ;  fled  to  Paris ;  and  in  1853  became 
"Head  Centre"  of  the  Fenian  conspiracy.  He  visited 
America  in  1864,  and  on  Nov.  10,  1864,  was  arrested  in 
Dublin.  He  escaped  to  New  York,  where  he  was  deposed 
by  the  Fenians.    He  returned  to  Ireland  in  1891. 

Stephens,  John  Lloyd.  Bom  at  Shrewsbury, 
N.  J.,  Nov.  28,  1805:  died  in  New  York  city, 
Oct.  10,  1852.  An  American  lawyer,  traveler, 
and  arehsBologist.  In  1834-36  he  traveled  in  Europe 
and  the  East,  and  after  his  return  published  "  Egypt, 
j^abia  Petrssa,  and  the  Holy  Land "  (2  vols.  1837)  and 
"Greece,  Turkey,  Russia,  and  Poland  "  (1838).  In  1839  he 
was  envoy  to  Central  America.  Accompanied  by  the  "Eng- 
lish artist  Catherwood,  he  visited  many  of  the  ruined 
Indian  cities  ot  that  region,  and  these  explorations  were 
supplemented  in  a  second  trip.  The  results  were  pub- 
lished as  "  Incidents  of  Travel  in  Central  America,  etc." 
(2  vols.  1841)  and  "Incidents  of  Travel  in  Yucatan"  (2 
vols.  1843).  Mr.  Stephens  was  president  of  the  Panama 
Railway  Company,  and  died  from  the  results  ot  exposure 
while  personally  superintending  the  work. 

Stephenson  (ste'ven-son),  George.  Bom  at 
Wylam,  near  Newcastle,  June  9,  1781:  died 
near  Chesterfield,  Aug.  12, 1848.  The  perf  ecter 
of  the  locomotive.  He  was  the  son  of  Robert  Stephen- 
son, fireman  of  a  coUiery  engine  at  Wylam,  and  while  as- 
sisting his  father,  educated  himself  at  night-schools.  In 
1812  he  was  made  enginewright  at  a  coal-pit  at  Killing- 
worth.  He  constructed  a  "traveling  engine "  worked  by 
steam,  for  a  tramroad  between  the  colliery  and  the  port, 
nine  miles  distant ;  and  on  July  26,  1814,  made  a  success- 
ful trial  of  it.  Continuing  his  experiments,  he  was  made 
engineer  of  the  Stoobton  and  Darlington  Railway,  which 


957 

was  opened  Sept.  27, 1826,  being  the  flrst  to  carry  passen- 
gers and  goods  by  steam  locomotion.  This  was  followed 
by  the  construction,  under  his  direction,  of  the  Liverpool 
and  Manchester  Railway,  opened  Sept.  15, 1830.  He  is  said 
by  some  to  have  been  the  inventor  of  the  safety-lamp,  usu- 
ally attributed  to  Sir  Humpliry  Davy. 

Stephenson,  Robert.  Bom  at  Willington,  near 
Newcastle,  England,  Oct.  16,  1803 :  died  Oct. 
12,  1859.  An  English  railway  engineer,  son  of 
George  Stephenson.  He  assisted  his  father  in  the 
construction  of  the  engine  "Rocket "  in  1829.  He  built 
many  railway  bridges  and  viaducts,  including  the  Britan- 
nia tubular  bridge  over  the  Menai  Strait,  the  Victoria 
tubular  bridge  near  Montreal,  the  viaduct  of  Berwick, 
a  bridge  at  Newcastle,  etc. 

Stepney  (step'ni).  [The  SUVbenhidde  or  Stehen- 
hem  of  early  deeds:  the  affix  indicating  the 
"hid"  or  hseredium  of  a  Saxon  freeman.]  A 
borough  (municipal)  of  London,  2  miles  east  of 
St.  Paul's. 

Stepniak  (step'nyak),  Sergius.  Born  about 
1851 :  died  Dec.  23,  1895.  A  pseudonym  of  a 
Russian  author.  He  was  compelled  to  leave  Russia  in 
1876,  and  settled  in  London.  He  wrote  much  in  the  Little 
Russian  dialect,  and  worked  for  the  establishment  of  equal 
political  rights  in  his  country,  declaring  against  social- 
ism and  absolutism.  Among  his  works  are  "Russia  under 
the  Czars,"  "The  Russian  Storm  Cloud,"  "The  Career  of 
a  Nihilist,"  "The  Turks  Within  and  Without,"  "Tyran- 
nicide in  Russia,"  "Little  Russian  Internationalism," 
"Underground  Russia,"  etc. 

Step  Fyramid.    See  Sakkarah. 

Sterkrade  (sterk'ra-de).  A  town  ia  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,20  milesnorth  byeastof  Dfis- 
seldorf.  it  has  important  iron-works.  Pop.  (1890),  8,831. 

Sterling  (ster'ling).  A  city  in  Whiteside  Co., 
Illinois,  on  Rock  River  108  miles  west  of  Chi- 
cago.    It  has  varied  manufactures.    Pop.  (1900),  6,309. 

Sterling,  Antoinette.  Bom  at  Sterlingvilie, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  23,  1850:  died  at  Hampstead,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  10, 1904.  A  noted  American  contralto 
singer.  She  studied withAbellaMarchesi,ManuelGarcia, 
and  Pauline  Viardot.  In  1871  she  returned  to  the  United 
States,  and  made  a  success  as  a  concert-singer.  In  1873 
she  made  her  first  appearance  in  London  in  concert,  and 
after  that  time  mostly  lived  there.  She  married  John 
MacKinlay  in  1875. 

Sterling,  John.  Bom  at  Kames  Castle,  Bute, 
Scotland,  July  20,  1806 :  died  at  Ventnor,  Isle 
of  Wight,  Sept.  18, 1844.  An  English  poet  and 
author,  best  known  as  a  friend  of  Carlyle.  His 
father,  Edward  Sterling  (1773-1847)  was  an  editor  of  the 
"Times."  Sterling  studied  at  Glasgow  and  Cambridge 
(but  left  without  a  degree) ;  wen  t  to  London  and  purchased 
the  "  Athenseum  "  in  1828,  but  soon  gave  it  up ;  and  in  1834 
became  curate  at  Hurstmonceaux,  where  Julius  Hare  was 
vicar.  He  wrote  "Arthur  Coningsby"  (1833),  "Poems" 
(1839),  "Strafford  "  (1843),  "Essays  and  Tales  "  (edited  by 
Hare,  1848),  and  "The  Onyx  Ring  "(reprinted  from  "Black- 
wood "  in  1856).    His  life  was  written  by  Carlyle  (1851). 

Stern  (stern),  Daniel.  Pseudonym  of  the 
Comtesse  d'Agoult. 

Sternberg  (stem'bere).  A  town  in  Moravia, 
Austria-Hungary,  9  miles  north-northeast  of 
Olmlitz.  It  is  a  center  of  cotton  manufactures.  Here, 
in  1241,  Yaroslaff  of  Sternberg  defeated  the  Mongols.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  commune,  15,395. 

Sternberg,  Ungern-.    See  Ungern^Sternberg. 

Sterne  (stern),  Laurence.  Born  at  Clonmel, 
Ireland,  Nov.  24, 1713:  died  at  London,  March 
18,  1768.  A  celebrated  English  novelist  and 
humorist.  His  father  was  an  officer  in  one  of  Marl- 
borough's regiments  stationed  in  Ireland.  Sterne  fol- 
lowed the  army  until  he  was  10  years  bf  age,  and  was  at 
school  in  Halifax,  Yorkshire,  for  nine  years.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  in  1736.  He  took  orders ; 
in  1738  obtained  the  living  of  Sutton,  near  York ;  and  later 
was  made  a  prebendary  of  the  cathedral.  He  was  associated 
with  John  Hall  Stephenson,  ot  Skelton  Castle,  Yorkshire, 
a  supporter  ot  Wilkes  and  author  of  "  Fables  for  Grown 
Gentlemen"  and  "Crazy  Tales."  On  Jan.  1, 1760,  he  pub- 
lished the  flrst  two  volumes  of  "  Tristram  Shandy,"  which 
immediate^  made  him  famous.  In  1762  he  visited  France, 
and  in  1765  Italy.  In  1768  he  published  the  flrst  two  volumes 
of  the  "  Sentimental  Journey  throusjh  France  and  Italy," 
and  died  the  same  year.  His  chief  works  are  "The  Life 
and  Opinions  of  Tristram  Shandy,  Gent."  (9  vols.  1760-67: 
a  flctitious  third  volume  was  published  in  1760,  and  later  a 
ninth— Lowndes),  "A  Sentimental  Journey'throughFrance 
and  Italy  by  Mr.  Yorick  "  (1768  :  several  flctitious  continu- 
ations were  published),  "Sermons"(1760-69) :  several  vol- 
umes of  his  letters  were  also  published  in  1775. 

Sternhold  (stsm'hold),  Thomas.  Born  near 
Blakeney,  in  Gloucestershire,  about  1500 :  died 
Aug.,  1549.  An  English  writer,  joint  author 
with  John  Hopkins  of  a  metrical  version  of  the 
Psalms  (flrst  edition  about  1549 :  enlarged  as 
"  The  Whole  Book  of  Psalms,"  1562). 

Sterzing  (stert'sing).  A  town  in  Tyrol,  situated 
on  the  Eisack,  near  the  Brenner  Pass,  26  miles 
south  of  Innsbruck :  the  Roman  Vipitenum.  it 
flourished  in  the  12th  and  13th  centuries,  through  the 
neighboriug  silver-mines  ;  and  has  been  the  scene  of  sev- 
eral Tyrolese  victories  over  the  French  and  Bavarians. 
Population  (1890),  1,612. 

Stesichorus  (ste-sik'6-rus).  [Gr.  Sr^CTJXopof.] 
Lived  about  630-550  b.  c.  A  celebrated  Greek 
lyric  poet  of  Himera  in  SicUy.  Fragments  of  his 
works  have  survived. 


Stevens,  Thaddeus 

Stettin  (stet-ten').  A  seaport,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Oder  in  lat.  53°  26'  N.,  long.  14°  34'  E. :  one  ot 
the  chief  seaports  of  Germany.  It  has  a  large  trade 
in  wood,  cement,  potatoes,  herrings,  petroleum,  coal, 
grain,  spirits,  wine,  etc.,  and  important  ship-building 
works  (notably  the  "  Vulcan  "  works),  and  manufactures  of 
cement,  sugar,  chemicals,  machinery,  etc.  It  comprises 
the  city  proper ;  the  quarters  of  Lastadie  and  Silherwiese, 
separated  from  it  by  the  Oder ;  and  the  suburbs  of  Grabow, 
Bredow,  etc.  It  contains  a  castle  and  several  notable  old 
churches.  Stettin  was  a  settlement  of  the  Wends  (date 
unknown) ;  was  a  Hanseatic  town  in  the  middle  ages ;  and 
became  the  capital  of  Pomerania.  It  belonged  to  Sweden 
1648-1720,  and  then  passed  to  Prussia.  It  surrendered  to 
the  French  in  1806,  and  was  recovered  in  1813.  Population 
(1900),  210,680. 

Stettiner  Haff  (stet-te  'ner  haf ) ,  orPomer  anian 
Haff.  An  arm  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  north  of  Stet- 
tin. It  receives  the  Oder.  The  eastern  part  is  called  the 
Greater  Hafl,  the  western  the  Lesser  Haff.  Length,  about 
30  miles. 

Steuben  (stii'ben;  G.  pron.  stoi'ben),  Baron 
Friedrich  Wilhelm  August  Heinrich  Ferdi- 
nand von.  Born  at  Magdeburg,  Prussia,  Nov. 
17, 1730 :  died  at  Steubenville,  Nov.  28, 1''94.  A 
Prussian- American  general.  He  entered  the  Prus- 
sian military  service  in  1747,  rising  to  the  rank  of  adjutant- 
general  and  stafl-ofBcer;  was  distinguished  at  Prague, 
Eossbach,  Kunersdorf,  and  the  siege  of  Schweidnitz;  and 
later  was  grand  marshal  to  the  Prince  of  Hohenzollern.  In 
1777  he  came  to  the  United  States ;  was  appointed  by 
Washington  inspector-general,  with  the  rank  of  major- 
general,  in  1778 ;  and  reorganized  the  army.  He  served  at 
Monmouth  and  Yorktown,  and  was  a  member  of  the  court 
martial  on  Andr6  in  1780.  He  wrote  a  manual  of  army 
regulations.    After  the  war  he  settled  in  New  York. 

Steubenville  (stu'ben-vU).  A  city,  capital  of 
Jefferson  Coimty,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Ohio 
20  miles  north  of  Wheeling.  Pop.  (1900),  14,349. 

Stevens  (ste'venz),  Abel.  Born  at  Philadel- 
phia, Jan.  19,  l8l5:  died  at  San  Jose,  Cal.,  Sept. 
12,  1897.  An  American  Methodist  Episcopal 
clergymlan  and  historical  writer.  He  was  editor 
of  "  Zion's  Herald,"  of  the  "  Christian  Advocate  and  Jour- 
nal," and  of  the  "  Methodist. "  He  published  works  on  the 
introduction  and  progress  of  Methodism  in  the  Eastern 
States,  "Church  Polity"  (1847),  "  Preaching  Required  by 
the  Times"  (1866),  "History  of  Methodism"  (1868-61), 
"History  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church"  (1S64-67), 
"Madame  de  Stael"  (1881),  etc. 

Stevens,  Alfred.  Bom  at  Blandford,  Dorset 
(baptized  Jan.  28, 1818)  :  died  at  London,  May 
1,  1875.  An  English  sculptor.  In  1833  he  was  sent 
to  Italy,  where  he  remained  nine  years,  part  of  the  time  as 
assistant  in  Thorwaldsen's  studio.  In  1S45  he  became 
teacher  of  architectural  drawing  in  the  School  of  Design, 
Somerset  House.  He  also  didmuch  commercial  designing. 
From  1856  to  the  end  of  his  life  he  was  occupied  with  his 
chief  work,  the  monument  to  Wellington  in  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral. 

Stevens.  Alfred.  Bom  at  Brassels,  May  11, 
1828.  A  distinguished  Belgian  genre-painter. 
His  father  was  a  cavalry  officer.  He  went  to  Paris  at  seven- 
teen, and  was  educated  under  Camille  Rocqueplan  and  at 
the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts.  His  first  pictures  show  the  in- 
fiueuce  of  the  Belgian  school ;  the  later  exhibit  the  most 
modern  French  feeling  both  in  technic  and  in  conception. 
He  is  preeminently  a  painter  for  painters,  an  impressionist 
in  the  liighest  artistic  sense  of  the  term, 

Stevens,  Benjamin  Franklin.  Bom  at  Bar- 
net,Vt.,Feb.  19,1833:  died  at  Surbiton,  Surrey, 
March  5,  1902.  An  American  bibliographer, 
brother  of  Henry  Stevens.  He  edited  "Campaign 
in  Virginia  in  1781 "  (1888), "  Facsimiles  of  MS8.  in  Euro- 
pean Archives  relating  to  America  1773-83  "  (1889). 
Stevens,  Henry.  Born  at  Barnet,  Vt.,  Aug. 
24,  1819:  died  at  South  Hampstead,  England, 
Feb.  28, 1886.  An  American  bibliographer.  He 
collected  "Americana"  for  the  British  Museum,  and  was 
the  London  agent  of  many  American  libraries.  He  pub- 
lished "  Catalogue  Raisonn^  ot  English  Bibles  "  (1854),  cata- 
logues of  American,  Canadian,  Mexican,  etc.,  works  in  the 
British  Museum,  "Bibliotheca  Americana  "(1861),  "Bibles 
in  the  Caxton  Exhibition"  (1878),  and  edited  "  The  Dawn 
of  British  Trade,  etc."  (1886),  etc. 

Stevens,  Isaac  Ingalls.  Bom  at  Andover, 
Mass.,  March  28,  1818:  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Chantilly,  Sept.  1, 1862.  A  Union  general.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1839 ;  served  in  the  Mexican 
war ;  was  governor  of  Washington  Territory  1863-57 ;  was 
a  delegate  to  Congress  1867-61 ;  served  in  the  Port  Royal 
expedition ;  and  was  distinguished  at  the  second  battle  ot 
Bull  Run. 

Stevens,  John  Austin.  Bom  In  New  York 
city,  Jan.  21,  1827.  An  American  antiquarian 
and  author.  He  founded  the  "Magazine  of  American 
History,"  and  has  Ttfritten  "Valley  of  the  Rio  Grande" 
(1864),  "Colonial  Records  ot  the  New  York  Chamber  of 
Commerce"  (1867),   "Resumption  of  Specie  Payment" 

g873),  "Yorktown  Centennial  Handbook"  (1881X  a  lite  ot 
allatin  in  the  "American  Statesmen"  series  (1884),  etc. 

Stevens,  Thaddeus.  Bomin  Caledonia  County, 
Vt.,  April  4,  1793:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
Aug.  11,1868.  An  American  statesman.  Hegradu- 
ated  at  Dartmouth  College  in  1814  ;  studied  law ;  and  re- 
moved to  Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania,  in  1816 ;  became  lead- 
ing member  of  the  legislature  ot  Pennsylvania ;  and  was 
Whig  member  ot  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  1849-53;  and 
Republican  member  of  Congress  1859-68.  He  was  one 
ot  the  leaders  of  the  radical  section  of  the  Republicans : 


Stevens,  Thaddeus 

was  a  strong  opponent  of  slavery^  and  a  leading  advocate 
of  reconstruction  measures ;  and  was  chief  manager  of  the 
impeachment  of  President  Johnson  in  1868,  which  he  pro- 
posed. 

Stevens,  Thomas.  Bom  in  England,  1855.  An 
Anglo-American  iDicyclist  and  writer.  He  made 
a  tour  of  the  world  (partly  by  bicycle)  1884-86,  which  he 
described  in  "Around  the  World  on  a  Bicycle,"  and  made 
a  trip  to  Masailand,  East  Africa. 

Stevenson  (ste'ven-son),  Adlai  Ewing.  Bom 
in  Christian  County,  Ky.,  Oct.  23,  1835.  Aa 
American  lawyer  and  politician,  Vice-President 
of  the  United  States  1893-97.  He  was  educated  at 
Illinois  Wesleyan  University  and  Centre  College,  Ken- 
tucky ;  was  a  member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  1876-77, 
1879-81;  and  was  first  assistant  postmaster-general  188&-S9. 

Stevenson,  Andacew.  Bom  in  Culpeper  County, 
Va.,1784:diedinAlbemarleCounty,Va.,Jan.25, 
1857.  An  American  Democratic  politician.  He 
wasmemberofCongressfrom  Virginia  182S-34;speakerl827- 
1834 ;  and  United  States  minister  to  Great  Britain  1836-41. 

Stevenson,  James.  Bom  at  Maysville,  Ky., 
1840:  died  at  New  York  city,  July  25,  1888. 
An  American  ethnologist.  He  served  in  the  geo- 
logical survey  under  Hayden,  and  investigated  the  ZufiiB, 
Moquis,  NavajoB,  and  other  Indian  tribes. 

Stevenson,  Robert.  Born  at  GHasgow,  June 
8,  1772:  died  at  Edinburgh,  July  12,  1850.  A 
Scottish  civil  engineer.  At  19  he  assisted  his  step- 
father, Thomas  Smith,  in  the  erection  of  a  lighthouse  on 
Little  Cumbrae,  attending  Edinburgh  University  in  the 
winter.  In  1799  he  succeeded  his  stepfather  as  engineer 
to  the  Board  of  Northern  Lighthouses.  Between  1797  and 
1843  he  built  not  less  than  18  lighthouses,  including  that 
on  the  Bell  Rook  (1807-10).  He  invented  intermittent  and 
flashing  lights  and  other  contrivances.  He  constructed  har- 
bors, docks,  breakwaters,  and  several  important  bridges. 
The  admiralty  survey  was  established  at  his  suggestion. 

Stevenson,  Robert  Louis  Balfour.    Bom  at 

Edinburgh,  Nov.  13, 1850 :  died  at  Apia,  Samoa, 
Dec.  3,  1894.  A  Scottish  poet,  essayist,  and 
novelist.  His  father  was  a  lighthouse  engineer,  a  son 
of  Kobert  Stevenson.  He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh 
XTniversity,  and  was  called  to  the  Scottish  bar,  but  never 
practised.  From  1889  he  resided  in  Samoa.  He  published 
"An  Inland  Voyage"  (1878),  "Edinburgh:  Picturesque 
Notes  ■•  0878),  "  Travels  with  a  Donkey  in  the  CSvennes" 
(1879),  "  Virginibus  Puerisque,  and  other  Papers  "  (1881), 
"  Familiar  Studies  of  Men  and  Books  "  (1882),  "New  Ara- 
bian Nights  "  (1882),  "  The  Dynamiter :  More  New  Arabian 
Nights  "  (1885 :  with  his  wife),  "  Treasure  Island  "  (1883), 
"The  Silverado  Squatters"  (1883),  "A  Child's  Garden  of 
Verse"  (188B),  "  Prince  Otto  "  (1885),  "The  Strange  Case  of 
Dr.  J  ekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde  "  (1886),  "  Kidnapped  :  Memoirs 
of  the  Adventures  of  David  Balfom',  etc."  (1886),  "Under- 
woods" (1887),  "The  Merry  Men,  and  other  Tales"  (1887) 
"Memories  and  Portraits"  (1887),  "The  Black  Arrow" 
(1888),  "The  Master  of  Ballantrae"  (1889),  "Ballads" 
(18911,  "  The  Wrecker"(with  Lloyd  Osbourne,  1891-92),  "A 
Foot-note  to  History :  Eight  Years  of  Trouble  in  Samoa" 
(1892), "  David  Balfour  "  (1893),  "Island  Nights'  Entertain- 
ments" (1893),  "The  Ebb  Tide"  (1894),  "Vailinia  Let- 
ters "  (189B),  "  Fables  "  (1896),  "In  the  South  Seas  "  (1896), 
"A  Mountain  Town  in  France  "  (1897),  "St.  Ives  "  (1897). 

Stevenson  Boad.  A  road  constmoted  by  the 
British  between  Lakes  Nyassa  and  Tanganyika. 
It  is  near  the  Anglo-German  frontier  (on  the 
British  side). 

Stevens  Point  (ste'venz  point).  The  capital 
of  Portage  County,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Wisconsin 
Kiver.     Population  (1900),  9,524. 

Stewart  (royal  family).     See  Stuart. 

Stewart  (stu'art),  Alexander  Peter.  Bom  at 
Bogersville,  Tenn.,  Oct.  2, 1821.  A  Confederate 
lieutenant-general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1842 ;  was  assistant  professor  of  mathematics  there  1843- 
1845 ;  and  was  professor  of  mathematics  at  Cumberland  (Jni- 
versity  184&-49,  and  at  Nashville  University  1864-55.  He 
served  in  the  West  under  Bragg,  Johnston,  Hood,  etc.  In 
1868  he  was  appointed  professor  of  mathematics  and  nat- 
ural philosophy  in  the  University  of  Mississippi. 

Stewart,  Alexander  Tumev.  Born  near  Bel- 
f  ast,Ireland,Oct.  12,1803 :  diedin  New  York  city, 
April  10,  1876.  An  American  merchant  and 
capitalist.  He  became  established  in  the  dry-goods 
business  in  New  York  city  in  1825,  and  acquired  great 
wealth  (about  $40,000,000).  He  was  nominated  by  Grant 
as  secretary  of  the  treasury  in  1869,  but  was  not  confirmed. 

Stewart,  Balfour,  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  1, 
1828 :  died  near  Drogheda,  Ireland,  Dec.  19. 1887. 
A  Scottish  physicist.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Andrews 
and  Edinburgh  universities.  In  1846  he  entered  upon  a 
business  career  in  Australia.  In  1853  he  returned  to  Edin- 
burgh, and  became  in  1859  director  of  the  Kew  Observatory, 
and  in  1870  professor  of  physics  at  Owens  College,  Man- 
chester. He  is  especially  noted  for  his  work  on  the  radi- 
ation of  heat,  and  as  one  of  the  founders  of  the  method  of 
spectrum  analysis.  He  published  "  Eadiant  Heat "  (1858), 
"A  Treatise  on  Heat "  (1866), "  Elementary  Lessons  in  Phys- 
ics "  (1870),  "  Elementary  Treatise  on  Heat "  (1871),  "  Phys- 
ics Primer"  (1872),  and  "Conservation  of  Energy"  (1873). 
With  Professor  Tait  he  published  "The  Unseen  Universe, 
or  Physical  Speculations  on  a  Future  State  "  (1876),  and 
with  others  "  Kesearches  in  Solar  Physics." 

Stewart,  Charles.  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  July 
28, 1778:  died  at  Bordentown,  N.  J.,  Nov.  6, 
1869.  An  American  admiral.  He  was  distinguished 
In  the  cruises  against  French  privateers  1798-1800,  in  the 
Tripolitan  War,  and  in  the  War  of  1812.  As  commander  of 
the  Constitution  he  made  various  captures  1813-lB.  He 
became  rear-admiral  in  1862. 


958 

Stewart,  David.  Died  1401.  Eldest  son  of 
Robert  III.  of  Scotland. 

Stewart,  Dugald,  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Nov.  22, 
1753:  died  iSiere,  June  11,  1828.  A  Scottish 
philosopher.  He  was  the  son  of  Matthew  Stewart  (1717- 
1785),  a  Scottish  mathematician ;  was  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh ;  was  apupil  of  Keid  at  Glasgow  University  in  1771 ;  be- 
came instructor  in  mathematics  at  Edinburgh  in  1772,  con- 
jointprofessorofmathematicsinl776,and  prof  essorof  moral 
philosophy  in  1786 ;  and  retired  from  active  service  in  1810. 
His  chief  works  are  "Elements  of  the  Philosophy  of  the 
Human  Mind  "  (3  vols.  1792, 1814, 1827),  "  Outlines  of  Moral 
Philosophy  "  (1793),  "Philosophical  Essays"  (1810),  disser- 
tation for  the  supplement  of  the  "  Encyclopedia  Britan- 
nica,"  entitled  "  General  View  of  the  Progress  of  Meta- 
physical, Ethical,  and  Political  Philosophy  since  the  Re- 
vival of  Letters  "  (1816-21),  and  "  Philosophy  of  the  Active 
and  Moral  Powers"  (1828).  His  collected  works  were 
edited  by  Sir  William  Hamilton  (1854r-58),  with  a  memoir 
by  Veltch. 

Stewart,  Bsme,  Lord  of  Aubigny  and  Earl  and 
Duke  of  Lennox.  Bom  in  Prance  about  1555: 
died  at  Paris,  May  26, 1583.  A  Scottish  noble, 
grandson  of  John,  third  earl  of  Lennox.  His 
French  title  came  from  Sir  John  Stewart  of  Darnley,  consta- 
ble of  the  Scots  army  in  the  wars  of  Charles  VII.  of  France. 
He  was  a  favorite  of  James  VI.,  who  made  him  duke  of 
Lennox  and  earl  of  Darnley  in  1681.  He  secured  the  con- 
demnation of  Morton  for  the  murder  of  Darnley.  In  Dec, 
1682,  he  was  expelled  from  Scotland  for  treason. 

Stewart,  Sir  Herbert.  Bom  at  Winchester, 
June  30,  1843:  died  at  Gakdul,  Feb.  16,  1885. 
An  English  general.  He  served  In  South  Africa 
against  ttie  Zulus  in  1879 ;  was  chief  of  Sir  Garnet  Wol- 
seley's  staff,  and  was  quartermaster -general  in  the  Boer 
war  in  1881.  He  went  to  Egypt  in  1882 ;  served  (then  quar- 
termaster-general of  the  cavalry)  at  Tel-el-Kebir ;  com- 
manded the  cavalry  division  under  Sir  Gerald  Graham  in 
1884 ;  and  as  commander  of  Wolseley's  advance-guard  in 
1885  gained  the  victory  of  Abu-Klea,  Jan.  17.  He  was 
mortally  wounded  at  Gubat  Jan.  19. 

Stewart,  Robert,  Earl  of  Fife  and  Duke  of  Al- 
bany. Born  about  1340 :  died  1419.  Younger 
son  of  Kobert  II.  of  Scotland,  and  brother  of 
Robert  III.:  regent  of  Scotland  from  1388,  in 
the  reign  of  Robert  II.,  the  greater  part  of  the 
reign  of  Robert  III.,  and  the  first  part  of  the 
reign  of  James  I.  He  was  accused  of  the  mur- 
der of  the  Duke  of  Rothsay. 

Stewart,  Robert,  second  Marquis  of  London- 
derry: known  till  his  father's  death  (April  8, 
1821)  by  the  courtesy  title  Viscount  Castle- 
reagh.  Born  in  Ulster,  Ireland,  June  18,  1769: 
committed  suicide  in  a  fit  of  insanity  at  Foots 
Cray,  Kent,  Aug.  12, 1822.  A  British  statesman, 
son  of  an  Ulster  proprietor  (who  was  created 
Viscount  Castlereagh  in  1795,  earl  of  London- 
derry in  1796,  and  marquis  of  Londonderry  in 
1816).  He  became  acting  secretary  for  Ireland  in  1797, 
and  secretary  in  1798 ;  was  instrumental  in  carrying  the 
union  in  180O ;  became  president  of  the  board  of  control  in 
1802 ;  was  secretary  for  war  July,  1805,-Jan. ,  1806,  and  April, 
1807,  to  Sept,  1809 ;  plannedthePortuguese(1808)and  Wal- 
cheren  (1809)  expeditions ;  and  was  foreign  secretary  18ia- 
1822.  He  represented  England  at  the  congresses  of  Ch&- 
tillon,  Vienna,  and  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

Stewart  Diamond,  The.  A  large  diamond 
found  in  1872,  on  the  claim  of  a  Mr.  Spalding, 
in  South  Africa.  It  weighed  28&|  carats  in  the 
rough,  and  is  of  a  light-yellow  tinge. 

Stewart  Island,  or  New  Leinster  (len'stfer  or 
lin'stfer).  The  southernmost  of  the  three  prin- 
cipal islands  of  New  Zealand,  situated  south 
of  South  Island.  The  surface  is  hilly.  Pop- 
ulation, about  150. 

Stewart  Islands.  A  small  group  of  islands  in 
the  Solomon  Archipelago,  Pacific  Ocean. 

Steyne  (stin),  Marauis  of.  A  brutal  and  cyn- 
ical man  of  the  world,  in  Thackeray's  "Vanity 
Fair." 

Steyr  (stir),  or  Steier,  or  Steyer  (sti'er).  A 
town  in  Upper  Austria,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Steier  with  the  Enns,  90  miles  west  by 
south  of  Vienna,  it  has  manufactures  of  cutlery,  fire- 
arms, etc.  It  was  formerly^  the  capital  of  a  countship  of 
Steyr,  and  belonged  to  Styria.    Population  (1890),  21,499. 

Stickeen,  or  Stikine(stik-en'),  River,  or  Fran- 
ces (fran'ses)  River.  A  river  in  British  Amer- 
ica and  Alaska  which  flows  into  the  Pacific  east 
of  Sitka.    There  are  gold-mines  in  its  vicinity. 

Stieler  (ste'ler),  Karl  Joseph.  Bom  at  Mainz, 
Germany,  Nov.  1,  1781:  died  at  Munich,  April 
9,  1858.    A  German  portrait-painter. 

Stiemo  (ster'nS).  An  island  of  Norway,  off  the 
northern  coast,  about  lat.  70°  30'  N. 

Stigand  (stig'and).  Died  at  Winchester  after 
1072.  An  English  prelate.  He  was  a  favorite  of 
Edward  the  Confessor,  who  made  him  (1044),  bishop  of 
Elmham  or  of  the  Bast  Angles,  and  in  1052  archbishop 
of  Canterbury.  On  the  death  of  Harold,  Stigand  voted  for 
Edgar  ./fflheling  to  be  king.  For  this  reason  he  was  dis- 
trusted by  William  the  Conqueror,  who  induced  the  Pope 
to  deprive  him  of  his  see  and  to  condemn  him  to  perpetual 
imprisonment. 

Stikine,  or  Stikeen.    See  SUeTceen. 
Stiklestad  (stik'le-stad).  A  place  near  Trondb- 


Stirling,  James 

jera,  Norway,  where,  in  1030,  St.  Olaf,  king  of 
Norway,  was  defeated  and  slain  by  the  Danes. 
Stiles  (stilz),  Ezra.  Bom  at  North  Haven, 
Conn.,  Nov.  29, 1727:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
May  12,  1795.  An  American  Congregational 
clergyman,  scholar,  and  educator.  He  was  pastor 
for  many  years  in  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  and  president 
of  Yale  College  from  1778.  He  wrote  "An  Account  of  tlie 
Settlement  of  Bristol "  (1786),  "History  of  Three  of  the 
Judges  of  Charles  L"  (1794),  etc. 

Stilfser  Joch.    See  Stelvio  Pass. 

Stilicho  (stil'i-ko),  Flavins.  Bom  about  359 
A.  D.:  beheaded  at  Ravenna,  Italy,  Aug.  23, 408. 
A  famous  Roman  general  and  statesman.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  VandaTchief  who  had  entered  the  service 
of  the  emperor  Valens.  He  was  ambassador  to  Persia  under 
Theodosius,  andcommander-in-chief  of  thearmy;  and  was 
the  guardian  and  chief  adviser  of  Honorius  and  his  father- 
in-law.  He  carried  on  war  against  Alaric ;  repelled  an  in- 
vasion of  Alaric  in  403  after  the  battles  of  Pollentia  and 
Verona ;  and  defeated  the  barbarians  under  Radagaisus  at 
Fsesulee  in  406  or  405.  His  troops  revolted  at  Pavia,  and 
he  fied  to  Ravenna  and  was  put  to  death  by  Honorius. 

Still  (stil),  John.  Bom  at  Grantham  about 
1543:  died  Feb.  26,  1607.  An  English  prelate. 
He  was  a  student  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge;  after- 
ward  dean  of  Booking,  canon  of  Westminster,  master  of 
St.  Johns  and  of  Trinity,  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge,  and 
bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells  (1693-1607).  In  1670  he  was  Lady 
Margaret's  professor  of  divinity.  He  was  probably  the 
author  of  the  comedy  "  Gammer  Gurton's  Needle  "  (which 
see).  He  made  a  large  fortune  in  lead-mines  discovered 
in  the  Mendip  Hills. 

Still6  (stU'e),  Alfred.  Born  Oct.  30,  1813: 
died  Sept.  24,  1900.  An  American  physician, 
professor  in  the  Pennsylvania  Medical  College, 
and  later  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
He  published  various  medical  works. 

Still6,  Charles  Janeway.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, Sept.  23, 1819 :  died  at  Atlantic  City,  N.  J., 
Aug.  11, 1899.  An  American  historian,  brother 
of  Alfred  Still6  :  provost  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  1868-80.  His  works  include  "How  a 
Free  People  Conduct  a  Long  War"(lS62)  ."Northern  Inter- 
est and  Southern  Independence :  a  Plea  for  United  Action  " 
(1863),  "  History  of  the  United  States  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion" (1866),  "Studies  in  Medieval  History"  (1882),  and 
"Beaumarchais  and  *  the  Lost  Million';  a  Chapter  of  the 
Secret  History  of  the  American  Revolution  "  (1886). 

Stilling.    See  Jung. 

Stillingfleet  (stil'ing-flet),  Edward.  Bom  at 
Cranbome,  Dorset,  England,  April  17,  1635: 
died  at  Westminster,  March  28, 1699.  A  noted 
English  prelate  and  theologian.  He  graduated  at 
Cambridge  (St.  John's  College),  in  1652;  was  chaplain 
to  Charles  II.,  and  dean  of  St.  Paul's ;  and  was  made  bishop 
of  Worcester  in  1689.  Among  his  works  are  '  *  Irenicum  " 
(1659),  "Origines  Sacrse "  (1662),  "Unreasonableness  of 
Separation,"  "Origines  Britannicse  "  (1685),  works  against 
the  nonconformists  and  Roman  Catholics,  etc. 

Stillwater  (stil' w4"t6r).  The  capital  of  Wash- 
ington County,  Minnesota,  situated  on  St.  Croix 
River  19  miles  northeast  of  St.  Paul.  It  is  an 
important  seat  of  the  lumber  trade.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  12,318. 

Stillwater,  Battles  of.  See  Saratoga,  Battles  of. 

Stimson  (stim'son),  Frederic  Jesup:  pseu- 
don3rm  J.  S.  of  Dale.  Bom  at  Dedham,  Mass., 
July  20, 1855.  An  American  lawyer  and  novel- 
ist. He  has  published  a  law  glossary  (1881),  and 
a  number  of  novels  under  his  pseudonym. 

Stinkomalee  (stingk-o-ma-le').  A  name  given 
to  London  University!  first  by  Theodore  Hook. 

Stirling  (stsr'ling),  or  Stirlingshire  (stfer'ling- 
shir).  A  county  of  Scotland,  bounded  by  Perm 
and  Clackmannan  on  the  north,  the  Forth  on  the 
east,  Linlithgow  on  the  southeast,  Lanark  and 
Dumbarton  on  the  south,  and  Dumbarton  (partly 
separated  by  Loch  Lomond)  on  the  west,  it  has 
two  detached  portions  to  the  northeast.  The  surface  is 
largely  hilly  or  mountainous  (Lennox  Hills,  Ben  Lomond) 
It  was  the  scene  of  many  battles  in  the  wars  of  "Wallac^ 
Bruce,  Montrose,  and  the  Young  Pretender.  Area,  447 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  126,608. 

Stirling.  A  royal  and  parliamentary  burgh,  cap- 
ital of  the  county  of  Stirling,  situated  near  the 
Fo^th  in  lat.  56°  T  N.,  long.  3°  57'  "W.  it  has  im- 
portant woolen  manufactures.  Lts  castle  is  a  picturesque 
agglomeration  of  battlemented  buildings  of  various  dates, 
occupying  a  height  commanding  the  town.  It  was  a  favor- 
ite abode  of  the  kings  of  Scotland,  whose  palace  of  the  16th 
century  still  stands  on  the  lower  court:  on  the  upper 
court  front  the  Parliament  House  and  the  Chapel  Royal. 
It  was  frequenjbly  taken  and  retaken  by  the  Scotch  and 
English  in  the  wars  of  Edward  I.,  Edward  11.,  and  Edward 
III. ;  was  taken  by  Monk  in  1651 ;  and  was  unsuccessfully 
besieged  by  the  Highlanders  in  1745.  The  town  contains 
also  the  Greyfriars  Church.  In  a  picturesque  location  in 
the  vicinity  are  Bannockburn,  Sauchieburn,  and  Cambus- 
kennethAbbey.  Stirling  is  one  of  ttie  oldest  Scotch  towns, 
and  was  long  a  royal  residence.  Population  (1891),  16,781. 

Stirling,  Earl  of.    See  Alexander,  Sir  WilUam. 

Stirling,  James.  Bom  at  Garden,  Stirlingshire, 
1692 :  died  at  Edinburgh,  Dec.  5, 1770.  A  Scot- 
tish mathematician.  At  eighteen  he  entered  Oxford, 
but  was  expelled  in  1715  for  corresponding  with  his  Jaco* 
bite  relatives,  and  as  accessory  to  the  acta  of  rebellion. 
He  went  to  Venice  and  taught  mathematics  there^  return- 


Stirling,  James 

ing  to  London  about  1727.  He  wrote  "Linese  Tertii  Ordi- 
nis  Newtonlanee"  (1717)  and  "Methodus  DifEerentialiB " 
(1730 :  his  most  important  work).  In  1735  he  was  made 
manager  of  the  Scots  Mining  Company  at  leadhills.  In 
1762  he  made  the  first  survey  lor  deepening  the  Clyde. 

Stirling,  James  Hutchison.  Born  at  Glasgow, 
June  22, 1820.  A  Scottish  philosopher.  He  gradu- 
ated both  in  arts  and  in  medicine  at  Glasgow  University ; 
practised  medicine  in  South  Wales  lor  a  short  time; 
and  then  studied  philosophy  in  Germany.  He  has  pub- 
lished "  The  Secret  ol  Hegel ''  (1866),  "Sir  William  Hamil- 
ton :  being  the  Philosophy  ol  Perception  "  (1866),  a  trans- 
lation ol  Schwegler's  "History  ol  Philosophy  "  (1867),  "As 
Begards  Protoplasm"  (1869-72),  "Text-Book  to  Kant" 
(1881X  etc. 

Stirling  Bridge,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained 
at  Stirling  by  the  Scots  under  Wallace  over  the 
English  in  1297. 

Stirling-Maxwell  (ster'ling-maks'wel),  Sir 
William.  Bom  near  Glasgow,  1818 :  died  at 
Venice,  Jan.  15, 1878.  A  Scottish  author.  He 
graduated  at  Cambridge  (Trinity  College)  in  1839.  His 
works  include  "Annals  ol  the  Artists  ol  Spain"  (1848), 
"  Cloister  Lite  ol  Charles  V."  (1852),  "Velasquez  and  his 
Works"  (1855),  "Don  John  ol  Austria"  (1883:  privately 
printed  earlier). 

Stobseus  (sto-be'iis),  Joannes.  Bom  at  Stobi, 
Macedonia :  lived  probably  about  the  5th  cen- 
tury A.  D.  A  Greek  writer,  author  of  an  an- 
thology. 

Among  the  Byzantine  writers  to  whom  we  are  indebted 
lor  precious  relics  ol  the  older  Greek  authors,  perhaps 
the  earliest,  and  certainly  not  the  least  important,  is  John 
ol  Stobi  in  Macedonia,  generally  known  as  Stobseus.    His 

gersonal  existence  has  vanished  from  all  records,  and  even 
is  date  is  determined  rather  by  inlerence  than  by  testi- 
mony. He  mentions  Hierocles,  who  flourished  about  the 
middle  ol  the  5th  century,  and  does  not  name  any  subse- 
quent writer.  It  is  therefore  concluded  that  be  lived  soon 
after  that  author. 
K.  0.  Milller,  Hist,  ol  the  Lit.  ol  Ano.  Greece,  III.  379. 

[(DonaldBon.) 

Stockach  (stok'kach).  A  town  in  the  circle  of 
Constance,  Baden,  16  miles  north-northwest  of 
Constance.  There,  on  March  25,  1799,  the  archduke 
Charles  deleated  the  French  under  Jourdan ;  and  on  May 
4,  ISOOjthe  French  under  Moreau  deleated  the  Austrians 
under  Eray. 

Stockbridge  (stok'brij).  A  town  in  Berkshire 
County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Housa- 
toric  River  43  miles  west-northwest  of  Spring- 
field: noted  for  picturesque  scenery,  and  as  a 
summer  resort.  Itwasthescene,in  the  18th  century, 
ol  the  missionary  labors  ol  .Tonathan  Edwards  and  others 
among  the  Stockbridge  Indians.    Population  (1900),  2,081. 

Stockbridge  Indians.  See  Makican. 
Stockholm  (stok'holm).  A  laen  of  Sweden,  con- 
taining the  city  of  Stockholm.  Area,  2,995 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  153,350. 
Stockholm.  The  capital  of  Sweden,  situated 
at  the  outlet  of  Lake  Malar  into  a  bay  of  the 
Baltic  Sea,  in  lat.  59°  20'  35"  N.,  long.  18°  3' 
30"  E.  (of  observatory),  it  comprises  the  city  proper, 
or  "Staden";  the  northern  quarters  Norrmalm,  Blasie- 
holmen,  Skeppsholmen,  LadugSrdslandet,  and  Kungshol- 
men ;  and  the  southern  suburb  Sodermalm.  Stockholm  is 
a  principal  emporium  lor  the  commerce  of  central  and 
northern  Sweden,  and  has  extensive  and  varied  manufac- 
tures. The  royal  palace  is  a  massive  building,  in  plan 
forming  a  rectangle  400  by  380  leet,  begun  in  1697  in  the 
style  ol  the  Italian  Eenaissance.  The  north  arid  south 
la^ades  are  extended  by  large  wings.  The  state  apartments 
are  fine,  and  are  richly  adorned  with  ceiling  paintings, 
tapestry,  and  sculpture.  The  Kiddarholms-Kyrka,  the  old 
church  ol  the  IFranoiscans,  is  a  large  medieval  building 
with  Benaissance  and  later  modifications.  It  has  been 
lor  centuries  the  burial-place  of  the-  kings  and  distin- 
guished men  of  Sweden,  and  is  full  of  their  tombs,  with 
monuments  of  which  many  possess  historic  and  some  ar- 
tistic interest.  The  openwork  spire  of  iron  is  290  feet 
high,  liie  city  also  contains  the  National  Museum,  the 
Northern  Museum,  and  theEoyal  Library ;  and  is  the  seat  of 
the  Swedish  Academy,  and  of  academies  ol  science,  belles- 
lettres,  history  and  antiquities,  music,  etc.  It  is  noted  for 
its  picturesque  location  and  environs.  It  was  founded  in 
the  13th  century ;  has  several  times  been  besieged ;  and 
was  taken  by  Christian  II.  in  1620,  who  ordered  the  "  Blood 
Bath  "  of  Stockholm  (see  Christian II.).  Population  (1900), 
300,624. 

Stockholm,  Treaties  of.  1.  A  treaty  (1719) 
between  Sweden  and  Hannover.  To  the  latter 
were  ceded  Bremen  and  Verden  in  return  for 
a  payment  of  money. — 3.  A  treaty  (1720)  be- 
tween Sweden  and  Prussia.  Sweden  ceded  Stettin, 
Hither  Pomerania  to  the  Peene,  and  Wollin  and  Usedom, 
and  received  a  payihent  of  money. 

Stockmar  (stok'mar),  Baron  Christian  Fried- 
rich  von.  Born  at  Coburg,  Germany,  Aug.  22, 
1787:  died  there,  July  9, 1863.  A  German  physi- 
cian, an  official  in  the  service  of  Coburg.  Hewas 
a  friend  of  Prince  Leopold  (king  of  Belgium)  and  ol  Prince 
Albert,  consort  of  Queen  Victoria.  His  son  published  selec- 
tions from  his  papers  ("Denkwiirdigkeiten  aus  den  Pa- 
pieren,  etc.,"  1872). 

Stockport  (stok'port);  A  town  in  Cheshire  and 
Lancashire,  England,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Tame  with  the  Mersey,  5  miles  southeast 
of  Manchester.  Its  chief  industries  are  cotton- 
spinning  and  weaving.  Population  (1901), 
92,832. 


959 

Stockton  (stok '  ton).  The  capital  of  San  Joa- 
quin Ciounty,  California,  situated  on  the  Stock- 
ton navigable  channel,  near  the  San  Joaquin 
Biyer,  64  miles  east  by  north  of  San  Francisco. 
It  is  the  commercial  center  of  the  San  Joaquin 
valley.    Population  (1900),  17,506. 

Stockton,  Frank  Richard.  Bom  at  Philadel- 
phia, April  5, 1834 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
April  20, 1902.  An  American  humorist.  His  chief 
works  are  "  Rudder  Grange  "  (1879),  "  The  Rudder  Gran- 
gers Abroad,"  "  The  Lady  or  the  Tiger  ?  and  otber  Stories  " 
(1884),  "The  Late  Mis.  Null"  (1886),  "The  Casting  Away 
of  Mrs.  Leeks  and  Mrs.  Aleshine  "  (1886 :  with  its  sequel 
"The  Dusantes,"  1888),  "The  Hundredth  Man"  (1887), 
"Personally  Conducted"  (1889),  "The  Merry  Chanter" 
(1890),  "The Squirrel  Inn"  (1891),  "The  Clocks  of  Eon- 
daine,  etc."  (1892),  "  The  Watchmaker's  Wile,  etc."  (1893), 
"  Pomona's  Travels  "  (1894),  "  The  Adventures  of  Captain 
Horn  "  (1896),  etc. 

Stockton,  Robert  Field.  Born  at  Princeton, 
N.  J.,  1795 :  died  at  Princeton,  Oct.  7, 1866.  An 
American  naval  officer  and  politician,  son  of 
Richard  Stockton  (1764-1828).  He  served  in  the 
War  of  1812,  and  in  the  Algerine  war ;  negotiated  the  pur- 
chase of  Liberia  in  1821 ;  served  against  the  pirates ;  was 
sent  to  California  in  command  of  a  squadron  in  1845 ;  with 
Fremont  conquered  California  1846-47,  and  organized  a 
government;  resigned  from  the  navy  in  1850;  and  was 
Democratic  United  States  senator  from  New  Jersey  1851-53. 

Stockton-on-Tees  (stok'ton-on-tez').  A  sea- 
port in  thecounty  of  Durham,  England,  situated 
on  the  Tees  in  lat.  54°  34'  N.,  long.  1°  19'  W.  It 
has  considerable  commerce,  and  importantiron 
and  steel  manufactures.     Pop.  (1901),  51,478. 

Stockwell  (stok'wel) .  A  district  of  London,  in 
Southwark. 

Stoddard  (stod'ard),  Amos.  Bom  at  Wood- 
bury, Conn.,  Ooti'ae,  1762 :  died  at  Port  Meigs, 
Ohio,  May  11, 1813.  An  American  soldier,  an 
officer  in  the  Revolution  and  in  the  War  of  1812. 
He  was  governor  of  Missouri  Territory  1804r-05. 
He  published  "  Sketches  of  Louisiana"  (1812). 

Stoddard,  Charles  Warren.  Bom  at  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.,  1843.  An  American  writer,  professor 
of  English  literature  at  Notre  Dame  College, 
Indiana,  1885-86,  and  later  lecturer  on  English 

,  literature  at  the  Catholic  University,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.  He  has  wrlttea  "South  Sea  Idylls"  (1873), 
"Summer  Cruising  in  the  South  Seas "(1874),  "Mashal- 
lah  I"  (1880),  "The  Lepers  ol  Molokai"  (1885),  etc. 

Stoddard,  Mrs.  (Elizabeth  Barstow).  Bom 
at  Mattapoisett,  Mass.,  May  6,  1823:  died  at 
New  York,  Aug.  1, 1902.  An  American  poet  and 
novelist,  wife  of  R.  H.  Stoddard.  Among  her 
novels  are  "The  Morgesons"  (1862),  "Two 
Men"  (1865),  "Temple  House"  (1867). 

Stoddard,  Eichard  Henry.  Bom  at  Hingham, 
Mass.,  July  2,  1825:  died  at  New  York,  May 
12, 1903.  An  American  poet  and  literary  critic. 
He  published  "Poems  "(1852),  "Songs  of  Summer"(1857), 
"The  King's  Bell"  (1862),  "The  Story  of  Little  Red 
Riding  Hood"  (1864),,  "Children  in  the  Wood"  (1866), 
"  Abraham  Lincoln :  a  Horatian  Ode"  (1865),  "Putnam 
the  Brave"  (1869),  "The  Book  of  the  East"  (l867:  "The 
Book  of  the  East,  and  other  Poems,"  1871) ;  and  edited 
various  works,  including  the  "  Bric-ii-Brac  "  series  (1874- 
1876)  and  the  "  Sans  Souci  "  series. 

Stoddert  (stod'6rt),  Benjamin.  Bom  in  Mary- 
land, 1751:  died  at  Bladensburg,  Md.,  Dec, 
1813.  An  American  politician:  the  first  secre- 
tary of  the  navy  (1798-1801). 

Stoics  (sto'iks).  [Formerly  also  Stoich;  F.  sto- 
tgue,  Sp.  estdico,  Pg.  estoico,  It.  stoico,  from 
L.  stoicus,  from  Gr.  araiKdc,  pertaining  to  a 
porch  or  portico,  specifically  pertaining  to  that 
called  2roa  Tloiid'/.7!,  'the  Painted  Porch 'in  the 
Agora  at  Athens,  and  to  the  school  of  jjhilosophy 
founded  by  Zeno,  who  frequented  this  porch.] 
Disciples  of  the  philosopher  Zeno,  who  founded 
a  sect  about  308  B.  C.  He  taught  that  men  should  be 
free  from  passion,  unmoved  by  joy  or  grief,  and  submit 
without  complaint  to  the  unavoidable  necessity  by  which 
all  things  are  governed.  The  Stoics  are  proverbially 
known  lor  the  sternness  and  austerity  of  their  doctrines, 
and  lor  the  influence  which  their  tenets  exercised  over 
some  ol  the  noblest  spirits  ol  antiquity,  especially  among 
the  Romans.  Their  system  appears  to  have  been  an  at- 
tempt to  reconcile  a  theological  pantheism  and  a  material- 
ist psychology  with  a  logic  which  seeks  the  loundations 
ol  knowledge  in  the  representations  or  perceptions  of  the 
senses,  and  a  morality  which  claims  as  its  first  principle 
the  absolute  freedom  of  the  human  will.  The  Stoics  teach 
that  whatever  is  real  is  material ;  that  matter  and  force 
are  the  two  ultimate  principles ;  and  that  matter  is  of 
itself  motionless  and  unformed,  though  capable  of  receiv- 
ing all  motions  and  all  forms.  Force  is  the  active,  mov- 
ing, and  molding  principle,  and  is  inseparably  joined  with 
matter;  the  working  force  in  the  universe  is  God,  whose 
existence  as  a  wise,  thinking  being  is  proved  by  the  beauty 
and  adaptation  o£  the  world.  The  supreme  end  of  life,  or 
the  highest  good,  is  virtue  — that  is,  a  life  conformed  to 
nature,  the  agreement  of  human  conduct  with  the  all- 
controlling  law  ol  nature,  or  of  the  human  with  the  divine 
will ;  not  contemplation,but  action,  is  the  supreme  problem 
for  man  •  virtue  is  sufficient  for  happiness,  but  happiness 
or  pleasure  should  never  be  made  the  end  of  human  en- 
deavor. The  wise  man  alone  attains  to  the  complete  per- 
Jormancp  of  his  duty ;  he  is  without  passion,  although  not 


Stolzenfels 

without  feeling ;  he  is  not  indulgent  but  just  toward  him- 
self and  others ;  he  alone  is  free ;  he  is  king  and  lord,  and 
is  inferior  in  inner  worth  to  no  other  rational  being,  not 
even  to  Zeus  himself. 

Stoke  (stok),  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained  by 
Henry  VH.  over  the  adherents  of  the  pretender 
Lambert  Simnel  at  Stoke-upon-Trent,  1487. 

Stoke  Newington  (stok  nu'ing-ton).  A  bor- 
ough (municipal)  of  London,  3-4  miles  north- 
northeast  of  St.  Paul's. 

Stoke  Poges  (stok  po'jis).  A  village  in  Buck- 
inghamsmre,  England,  23  miles  west  of  London : 
the  burial-place  of  Thomas  Gray. 

Stokes  (stoks).  Sir  George  Gabriel.  Bom  at 
Skreen,  Ireland,  Aug.  13,  1819:  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Feb.  1,  1903.  A  British  mathema- 
tician and  physicist.  He  graduated  in  1841  at  Cam- 
bridge (Pembroke  College)  as  senior  wrangler  and  first 
Smith's  prizeman ;  was  appointed  Lucasian  prolessor  ol 
mathematics  in  1849 ;  was  made  president  of  the  Royal 
Society  in  1885  ;  and  represented  Cambridge  University 
in  Parliament  1887-92.  In  1846  he  wrote  a  report  lor  the 
British  Association  on  hydrodynamics.  He  discovered 
the  relrangibility  ol  light,  for  which  discovery  the  Rum- 
ford  medal  was  awarded  to  him  in  1852,  He  was  made  a 
baronet  in  1889. 

Stokes,  Whitley.  Bom  at  Dublin,  Feb.  28, 
1830.  A  British  philologist  and  Anglo-Indian  * 
jurist,  especially  noted  for  his  researches  in 
Celtic.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin ; 
went  to  India  (Madras)  as  a  barrister ;  was  law  member  of 
the  council  ol  the  governor-general  ol  India  1877-82,  and 
president  ol  the  Indian  law  commission  on  the  civil  and 
criminal  codes  in  1887.  He  has  published  "Irish  Glosses" 
(1860),  "Three  Irish  Glosses"  (1862),  and  has  edited  "Cor- 
mac's  Glossary,  translated  by  O'Donavan"  (1868),  "Goi- 
delioa"(1872),"SaltairnaRann"(1883),  etc,  besides  editing 
the  Anglo-Indian  codes. 

Stoke-upon-Trent  (stok'u-pon-trenf).  A  town 
in  Staffordshire,  England,  situated  on  the  Trent 
33  miles  south  of  Manchester,  it  has  manufac- 
tures of  earthenware  and  porcelain.  It  is  the  center  of 
the  "Potteries."    Population  (1891),  24,027. 

Stolberg  (stol'bera).  1.  A  countship  in  Thu- 
ringia,  at  the  southern  foot  of  the  Harzl  It  is 
divided  into  Stolberg-Stolberg  and  Stolberg- 
Rossla. —  2.  The  chief  town  of  the  countship  of 
Stolberg-Stolberg,  50  miles  southwest  of  Mag- 
deburg. It  contains  a  castle.  Population,  2,088. 

Stolberg.  A  town  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Viehtbach  7  miles  east  of 
Aix-la-Chapelle.  in  Stolberg  and  its  vicinity  are  ex- 
tensive maniilactures  ol  brass,  iron,  lead,  zinc,  glass,  eto. 
Its  manufactures  were  established  by  French  Huguenots 
in  the  17th  century.    Population  (1890),  12,792. 

Stolberg,  Count  Christian.  Born  at  Hamburg, 
Oct.  15,  1748:  died  on  his  estate  Wiudebye, 
near  Eckemf orde,  Sohleswig,  Jan.  18, 1821.  A 
German  poet,  a  member  of  the  "GSttingen 
Dichterbund."  His  works,  with  those  of  his 
brother,  were  published  1820-25. 

Stolberg,  Count  Friedrich  Leopold.  Bom  at 
Bramstedt,  Holstein,  Nov.  7,  1750 :  died  near 
Osnabriick,  Dec.  5,  1819.  A  German  poet  and 
author,  brother  of  Christian  Stolberg,  and  mem- 
ber of  the  "Gottingen  Dichterbund,"  He  wrote 
the  "lamben  "  (1784),  with  his  brother  "Schauspiele  mit 
Chbren,"  and  "Vateriandische  Gedichte";  he  al^o  wrote 
a  translation  olthe  Hiad,  Plato,  eto, ,  the  novel  "Die  Insel " 
(1788),  travels,  etc. 

Stolen  Heiress,The,  or  the  SalamancaDoctor 
Outplotted.  A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre, 
produced  in  1702 :  from  Thomas  May's  comedy 
"The  Heir," 

StoUberg  (stol'bera).  A  town  in  the  kingdom 
of  Saxony,  10  miles  southwest  of  Chemnitz. 
Population  (1890),  6,939. 

Stoilhofen  (stol'h6"fen).  A  small  village  in  Ba- 
den, near  the  Rhine  23  miles  southwest  of 
Karlsruhe.  The  Stoilhofen  lines  were  a  defense 
against  the  French  1703-07. 

Stolp  (stolp),  or  Stolpe  (stol'pe).  A  town  in 
the  province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia^  situated 
on  the  river  Stolpe  65  miles  west  of  Dantzic. 
It  was  a  Hanseatie  town.     Pop.  (1890),  23,862. 

Stolpe.  A  river  in  northern  Prussia  which  flows 
into  the  Baltic  Sea  at  Stolpmiinde.  Length, 
about  90  miles. 

Stolpmiinde  (stolp'miin"de),  or  Stolpemiin.de 
(stol'pe-miin-de).  [G.,  'mouth  of  the  Stolpe.'] 
A  small  seaport  and  watering-place  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Stolpe,  in  the  Baltic,  74  miles  west 
by  north  of  Dantzic. 

Stolzenfels  (stolt'sen-fels).  [G., 'proud  rock.'] 
A  picturesque  castle,  situated  on  a  height  above 
the  Rhine,  4miles  south  of  Coblenz.  it  was  founded 
in  the  13th  centui'y,  on  the  site  ol  an  older  structure,  by  an 
archbishop  ol  Treves,  and  was  ruined  by  Louis  XI V.  in  1689, 
In  the  present  century  it  was  restored  as  a  royal  residence 
by  Frederick  William  IV,  It  is  a  picturesque  modified 
medieval  castle  with  clustering  towers,  the  central  one  110 
leet  high.  The  interior  is  adorned  with  historical  and  alle- 
gorical Irescos,  sculptures,  and  many  interesting  artworks. 


stone 

Stone  (ston).  A  town  in  StafEordshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Trent  7  miles  nortli  of 
Stafford.     Population  (1891),  5,754. 

Stone,  Amasa.  Bom  at  Charlton,  Mass.,  April 
27,  1818 :  died  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  May  11, 1883. 
An  American  financier  and  philanthropist.  He 
largely  endowed  Adelbert  College  of  Western 
Reserve  University. 

Stone,  Charles  Pomeroy.  Bom  at  Greenfield, 
Mass.,  Sept.  30,  1824:  died  in  New  York  city, 
Jan.  24,  1887.  An  American  general  and  en- 
gineer. He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1846 ;  served  in 
the  Mexican  war ;  was  head  of  the  survey  and  scientific 
exploration  of  Sonora,  Mexico,.  1857-60;  was  engaged  in 
the  winter  of  1861  at  Washington  (as  colonel  and  inspec- 
tor-general of  the  local  militia)  in  drilling  volunteers ; 
was  placed  in  command  of  the  defenses  of  Washington 
May  14, 1861 ;  served  as  brigade  commander  under  Patter- 
son in  the  Shenandoah ;  was  in  command  of  the  corps  of 
observation  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  Aug.  10, 1861,-reb. 
9, 1862  ;  dkected  the  unfortunate  attack  at  Ball's  Bluff  Oct. 
21,  1861;  was  imprisoned  in  Fort  Lafayette  (New  York 
harbor)  Feb.-Aug.,  1862  ;  served  at thesiege  of  PortHudson 
in  1863 ;  and  was  chief  of  staff  in  the  Ued  River  campaign 
of  1864.  He  was  iu  the  service  of  the  khedive  1870-83, 
and  became  chief  of  staff.  He  was  chief  engineer  for  the 
erection  of  the  pedestal  of  the  Bartholdi  Statue  of  Liberty 
in  New  York  harbor. 

Stone,  Edwin  Martin.  Bom  at  Framingham, 
Mass.,  April  29, 1805 :  died  1883.  An  American 
Congregational  clergyman  and  author.  He 
edited  hymn-books,  and  wrote  the  "Invasion  of 
Canada  in  1775"  (1867),  memoirs,  etc. 

Stone,  Lucy  (Blackwell).  Bom  in  "West 
Brookfield,  Mass.,  Ang.  13,  1818:  died  at  Dor- 
chester, Mass.,  Oct.  18,  1893.  An  American 
reformer,  a  prominent  advocate  of  woman's 
rights. 

Stone,  Samuel.  Bom  at  Hertford,  England, 
about  1602 :  died  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  July  20, 
1663.  A  clergyman  and  colonist  in  New  Eng- 
land. He  emigrated  to  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  in 
1633,  and  became  pastor  there,  and  was  one  of  the  early 
colonists  of  Hartford  in  1636. 

Stone,  William  Leete.  Born  at  New  Paltz, 
N.  Y.,  April  20, 1792 :  died  at  Saratoga  Springs, 
N.  T.,  Aug.  15,  1844.  An  American  journalist 
and  author,  editor  and  one  of  the  proprietors 
of  the  New  York  "Commercial  Advertiser" 
from  1821.  He  wrote  "Letters  on  Masoniyand  Anti- 
Masonry"  (1832),  "Tales  and  Sketches "(1834),  "Upsand 
Downs  in  the  Life  of  a  Distressed  Gentleman "  (1836), 
"  Border  Wars  of  the  American  Revolution,"  lives  of  Brant 
(1838)  and  Red  Jacket  (1840),  etc. 

Stone,  William  Leete.  Bom  at  New  York  city, 
April  4, 1835.  An  American  lawyer  and  histor- 
ical writer,  son  of  W.  L.  Stone  (1792-1844).  He 
has  published  the  "Life  and  Times  of  Sir  William  John- 
son" (1865),  and  written  a  "History  of  New  York  City" 
(1872),  "Campaign  of  Lieutenant-Qeneral  John  Burgoyne, 
etc."  (1877),  etc 

Stoneham  (ston'am).  A  town  in  Middlesex 
County,  Massachusetts,  9  miles  north  by  west 
of  Boston.     Population  (1900),  6,197. 

Stonehaven  (ston-ha'vn).  A  seaport,  capital 
of  the  county  of  Kincardine,  Scotland,  situated 
on  the  North  Sea  14  miles  south-southwest  of 
Aberdeen.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  Dunnottar 
Castle.    Population  (1891),  4,497. 

Stonehenge  (ston'henj).    A  celebrated  prehis- 

,  toric  monument  in  Salisbury  Plain,  Wiltshire, 
England,  8  miles  north  of  Salisbury.  The  original 
plan  seems  to  have  Included  two  concentric  circles  of  up- 
right stones  inclosing  two  ellipses.  In  the  middle  there 
is  a  slab  called  the  altar.  Seventeen  stones  of  the  outer 
circle  (16-18  feet  high)  are  standing,  in  part  connected  by 
lintel-slabs  resting  on  their  tops.  In  the  vicinity  are 
many  barrows  and  a  race-course  ("  cursus  "). 

We  cannot  leave  this  point  without  alluding  to  the  ques- 
tion, whose  temple  Stonehenge  was,  or  whose  it  chiefly 
was.  After  giving  it  all  the  attention  I  can,  I  have  come 
to  the  conclusion  that  we  cannot  do  better  than  follow 
the  story  of  Geoffrey,  which  makes  Stonehenge  the  work 
of  Merlin  Emrys,  commanded  by  another  Emrys,  which  I 
interpret  to  mean  that  the  temple  belonged  to  the  Celtic 
Zeus,  whose  later  legendary  self  we  have  in  Merlin.  It 
would  be  in  vain  to  look  for  any  direct  argument  for  or 
against  such  an  hypothesis :  one  can  only  say  that  it  suits 
the  facts  of  the  case,  and  helps  to  understand  others  of  a 
somewhat  similar  nature.  What  sort  of  a  temple  could 
have  been  more  appropriate  for  the  primary  god  of  light 
and  of  the  luminous  heavens  than  a  spacious,  open-air  en- 
closure of  a  circular  form  like  Stonehenge?  Nor  do  I  see 
any  objection  to  the  old  idea  that  Stonehenge  was  the 
original  of  the  famous  temple  of  Apollo  in  the  island  of  the 
Hyperboreans,  the  stories  about  which  were  based  in  the 
flrst  instance  most  likely  on  the  journal  of  Py  theas'  travels. 
Rhye,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  194. 

Stoneman  (ston'man),  George.  Bom  at  Busti, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  8, 1822 :  died  at  Buffalo,  Sept.  5, 
1894.  An  American  general  of  cavalry.  He 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1846 ;  was  chief  of  cavalry  in 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  1861-62 ;  was  later  division  and 
corps  commander  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac ;  conducted 
a  raid  toward  Richmond  in  1863 ;  took  part  in  the  Atlanta 
campaign  of  1864 ;  was  captured  in  a  raid  in  Georgia  in 
1864 ;  and  engaged  in  other  raids  and  military  operations. 
He  was  Democratic  governor  of  California  1883-87. 


960 


Stowe,  Mrs. 


Stonemason  of  Cromarty.    A  pseudonym  of  Story  (sto'ri) ,  Joseph.    Bom  at  Marblehead, 

Hugh  Miller.  Mass. ,  Sept.  18, 1779 :  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 

Stone  Mountain.    A  small  village  in  De  Kalb   Sept.  10, 1845.  An  eminent  American  jurist.  Ha 


graduated  at  Harvard  in  1798 ;  began  the  practice  of  law  in 
1801  in  Salem  ;  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from 
Massachusetts  1808-09 ;  wasassociatejusticeof  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court  1811-45 ;  and  was  professor  of  law  at 
Harvard  1829-45.  Hepublished  "CommentariesontheLaw 
of  Bailments  "(1832),  "Commentaries  on  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States  "  (1833),  "On  the  Coniiictof  Laws  "(1834), 
"On  Equity  Jurisprudence"  (1835-36),  "Equity  Plead- 
ings" (1838^  "Law  of  Agency "  (1839),  "Law  of  Partner- 
ship "  (1841),  "  Law  of  Bills  of  Exchange  "  (1843),  "  Law  of 
Promissory  Notes,"  Circuit  Court  decisions,  and  Supreme 
Court  reports.  His  "Miscellaneous  Writings  "  were  edited 
by  his  son. 

See  Murfreeshoro,  Story,  William  Wetmore.     Bom  at  Salem, 

Mass.,  Feb.  19, 1819:  died  at  Vallombrosa,  Italy, 

An  art  treatise  by  Oct.  7,  1895.    An  American  sculptor  and  poet, 

son  of  Joseph  Story.    Among  his  works  are  statues 

A  ■niclmamB  nf  fifi-nppsil    "'  Edward  Everett  (Boston),  George  Peabody  (London), 

<37a   r^TtfJS    tL™!,^  r       "Cleopatra,"  "Semikmis" '(New  York),  etc.     Hewro^ 

oee  ttuoKson,  ±noma8  j.      legal  treatises,_several  volumes  of  poetry,  "BobadiBoma, 


County,  Georgia,  about  12  miles  east-northeast 
of  Atlanta :  noted  for  its  isolated  granite  dome 
(about  2,200  feet  high). 
Stone  of  the  Sun.  An  Aztec  monument,  con- 
sisting of  a  piece  of  basalt  twelve  feet  in 
diameter,  carved  with  characters  representing 
divisions  of  time,  and  supposed  to  serve  as  a 
calendar,  it  was  carved  about  1612,  and  is  now  in  the 
National  Museum  of  Mexico.  Chavero  is  of  opinion  that 
it  is  a  votive  monument  to  the  sun.  It  is  also  cajled  the 
Aztec  Caiendar  Stone. 

Stone  River,  Battle  of. 

Battle  of. 
Stones  of  Venice,  The. 

Ruskin,  published  in  1851, 
Stonewall  Jackson. 

Thomas  J.  Jackson 


Stonington  (sto'ning-ton).     A  seaport  in  New    orWaiks  and  'fSks  about  Rome  "■■(1862);  etc. 
London  County,  Connecticut,  situated  on  Long  Stosch  (stosh),  Albrecht  VOn.    Bom  April  20, 
Island  Sound  in  lat.  41°  20'  N. ,  long.  71°  54'  W.    1818 :  died  Feb.  29,  1896.    A  Prussian  general 
It  is  the  terminus  of  a  daily  steamer  line  to  New  York    and  state  minister,  chief  of  the  imperial  ad- 
city.    It  was  defended  against  the  British  in  1814.    Pop-    miraltv  1872-83 
ulation  (1900),  town,  8,640.  ■    ^  ^    •     r.       StOSCh,  Baron  Philipp  VOU.    Born  at  Kustrin, 

Stony(sto'ni)  Creek.  A  village  in  Ontano,  Can-  ''■^^^^    March  22, 16§1:  died  at  Florence,  Nov 
ada,  situatednearHamilton  atthe  westemend   7  ^^g^'  ^  (jemian  art  connoisseur,  noted  for 
f  P«;^«  Ontario.     Here,  1813,  the  British  de-    ^^  collection  of  antique  gems, 
feated  the  Americans.  ,  Stoss  (stos),  Der.    An  Alpine  pass  on  the  bor- 

®*f°.^y  5T*-    h  Pf  ""^^t"'^  "i^  tlie  west  bank  ^s  of  AppenzeU  and  St.^Gall,  Switzerland,  5 
oftheHudson,attheentrancetotheHighlands,   ^uies  nortfieast  of  AppenzeU. 

fj^l  f^l  tfl7J:^^Jy'^fr:^''T^Z  Stothard  (stoth'^d)  Was.    Bom  at  Lon- 

by  the  British  in  1779,  and  was  retaken  by  assault  by  the    don,  Aug.  17,  1755 :  died  there,  April  27,  1834. 

Americans  under  Anthony  Wayne,  July  16, 1779.  An  English  painter  and  illustrator.    Among  his 

Stora  (sto'ra).     The  seaport   of  Philippeville,    pamtings  Is  the  "Canterbury  Pilgrims."   He  designed  il- 

AVBria  rr  i    lustrations  for  Shakspere,  "Robinson  Crusoe," " The  Pil- 

Jr°  ,  .-..,,  i-,  -  V    .  ,       .        <    gilm's  Progress,"  Rogers's "  Italy,"  etc. 

Storace  (sto-ra'ehe  or  sto'ras),  Aima  (or  Ann)  Stotteritz  (st6t'te-rits).  Avillage  in  Saxony,  2^ 

?^.M"?-    Bom  at  London,  1766:  died  Aug.  24,    miles  southeast  of  Leipsic:   the  headquarters 

1817.  An  English  opera-smger,  sisterof  Stephen   of  Napoleon  in  the  battle  of  Leipsic  (1813). 

Storace     She  created  the  rdle  of  Susanna  in  gtoughton  (sto'ton),  Israel.    Died  atLineohi, 

Mozart's  "Nozzedi  Figaro."  ,.,   England,  1645.    'An  early  colonist  in  Massa- 

Storace,  Stephen.    Born  at  London,  1763:  died   chusetts.    He  commanded  the  Massachusetts 

there,  March  19  1796.   An  Enghsh  composer  of   troops  in  the  Pequot  war,  1637. 

operas,  son  of  Stef  ano  Storace,  an  Italian  con-  gtoughton,  William.    Bom  in  England  about 
.^?^^l.:-^^^°'^^'^^'"°''^f.^^^-?^i?^^^*^7S^-r    1631:  died  at  Dorchester,  Mass.,  July  7,  1701. 

Z^^-^^Qr'^^fS^^Zl&^^^^'^^'^r^S^   An  American  jurist,  son  'of  Isra'el  StUhton. 

(1796)  with  Colman.  He  became  heutenant-govemor  of  Massachusetts  in  1692, 

Stnra  T.11I0S  (a^k'ri  IK'15  S^       A  -ri-ii-oriTi  nniH-Ti      and  later  acting  governor.    As  chief  justice  of  the  Supe- 
atora  lilUea  (Sto  ra  10  la^a).     a  nver  m  north-      j     j,      j  j^^  p*e|iaed  over  the  Salem  witchcraft  trials. 

em  Sweden  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Both- Q4..„_  /„<.„_f     rx     o*..™,-,,.  i     1     a   » ii  _!„„- 

about  lat.  65°  40'  N.    Length,  about  240  ^*°™il*°i^-  -^^  ««!"•»«•]     1-  ^  small  river 


nia 
mUes. 

Stora  LuleSi  Lake.  -An  expansion  of  Stora  Lu- 
leS,  Eiver  in  its  upper  course. 

Storer  (sto'rSr),  David  Humphreys.  Bom  at 
Portland,  Maine,  March  26,  1804:  died  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  Sept.  10, 1891.  An  American  physi- 
cian and  naturalist.  He  was  a  practising  physician 
at  Boston  from  1826,  and  was  professor  of  obstetrics  and 
medical  jurisprudence  at  the  Harvard  Medical  School, 
and  its  dean  from  1854-68.    He  was  a  collaborator  with 


in  southern  England,  chiefly  in  Dorsetshire, 
which  unites  with  the  Avon  at  Christehuroh. — 
3.  A  small  river  in  Kent,  England,  which  flows 
past  Canterbury  and  empties  into  the  North 
Sea  at  the  Isle  of  Thanet. — 3.  A  river  on  the 
boundary  between  Essex  and  Suffolk,  England, 
which  flows  into  the  North  Sea  10  miles  south- 
east of  Ipswich. — 4.  A  river  in  Staffordshire 
and  Worcestershire,  England,  which  joins  the 
Severn  at  Stourport. 


Agassiz,  Hewrote"FishesofNorthAmerica"(1846),etc.  StoUrbridgO  (stSr'brij).     A  town  in  Woroester- 


Storer,  Francis  Humphreys.  Bom  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  March  27, 1832.  An  American  chemist, 
professor  in  Harvard  University  (1870),  and 
dean  of  the  Bussey  Institution. 

Stork,  King.    See  Log,  mng. 

Storm  and  Stress.    See  Sturm  und  Drang. 

Storm  King  (storm  king).     A  mountain  on  the 


shire,  England,  situated  on  the  Stour  10  miles 
west  of  Birmingham.  It  has  manufactures  of 
glass,  fire-brick,  etc.  Population  (1891),  9,386. 
Stourport  (stfer'port).  A  town  in  Worcester- 
shire, England,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Stour  with  the  Severn,  10  miles  north  by  west 
of  Worcester.    Population  (1891),  3,504. 


western  bank  of  the  Hudson,  above  West  Point.  Stow(sto),John.  Bom  at  London  in  1525:  died 


Height,  1,530  feet, 

Storms,  Cape  of.  A  name  given  by  Bartholo- 
meu  Dias  to  the  Cape  of  (rood  Hope. 

Stomoway  (st6r'no-wa).  A  seaport  on  the  east- 
ern coast  of  the  island  of  Lewis,  Hebrides,  in 
lat.  58°  11'  N.,  long.  6°  22'  W.  It  is  the  largest 
town  in  the  Hebrides.  Population  (1891),  3,386. 

Storo  (sto'rS).  An  island  on  the  western  coast 
of  Norway,  about  35  miles  south  of  Bergen. 

Storrs  (stdrz),  Bichard  Salter.  Bom  at  Brain- 
tree,  Mass.,  Aug.  21,  1821:  died  at  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  June  5,  1900.     An  American  Congrega-    - 

tional  clergyman,  noted  as  a  pulpit  orator.  He  ptowe  (sto).    A  village  in  Buckinghamshire, 
waspastorof  the  Church  of  the  Pilgrims, Brooklyn,  1846-    England,  3  miles  northwest  of  Buckingham: 
1900.    He  was  an  editor  of  the  "  Independent "  1848-61.     noted  for  its  castle  and  park. 
His  works  include  "Conditions  of  Success  in  Preaching  St-—,,    na^rn^n  Tllia      'Rnvn  at-  ■NToWnt   IVJooo 
without  Notes"  (187B),  "John  Wyclifle  and  the  First  **J°^?V.HTn^j?i"?V^P  at  NatlOk,  Mass., 

April  6, 1802 :  died  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  Aug.  22, 
1886.  An  American  educator  and  theological 
writer,  professor  successively  in  Dartmouth 


there,  April  6,  1604.  A  noted  English  histo- 
rian and  antiquary,  son  of  Thomas  Stow,  a 
tailor.  In  1561  he  published  "A  Summary  of  Englische 
Chronicles,"and  in  1580 his  "Annalea,  or  a  Generale Chron- 
icle of  England  from  Brute  until  the  present  yeare  of 
Christ  1680."  Stow  is  best  known  from  ills  "Survey  of 
London "  (1698),  the  standard  authority  on  old  London. 
Through  the  patronage  of  Archbishop  Parker  he  was  able 
to  print  the  ''  Flores  Historiarmn  "  of  Matthew  of  West- 
minster (1567),  the  "Chronicle"  of  Matthew  Paris  (1671\ 
and  the  "Historia  Brevis"  of  Thomas  Walsingham  (1574). 
In  1604  he  was  authorized  by  James  1.  to  collect ' '  amongst 
our  loving  subjects  their  voluntary  contributions  and  kind 
gratuities." 


English  Bible"  (1880),  etc. 

Storthing  (stor'ting).  [From  Dan.  Norw.  stor- 
thing (Icel.  storthing),  great  or  high  court.] 
The  national  parliament  of  Norway.  It  is  com- 
posed of  114  members,  who  are  chosen  by  in- 
direct election.  The  Storthing  Is  convened  every  year, 
and  divides  itself  into  an  upper  house  (Lagthing)  and  a 
lower  house  (Odelsthing).  The  former  is  composed  of  one 
fourth  and  the  latter  of  three  fourths  of  the  members. 
See  Lagthing  and  Odelsthing. 

Stor-XTman  (stor-S'man).  A  large  lake  in  Swe- 
den, about  lat.  65°  N.  Its  outlet  is  the  Ume& 
Elf. 


College,  Lane  Theological  Seminary  (Ohio), 
Bowdoin  College,  and  1852-64  (of  sacred  litera- 
ture) in  Andover  Theological  Seminary.  He  pub- 
lished "Introduction  to  the  &iticism  and  Interpretation 
of  the  Bible"  (188B),  "Origin  and  History  of  the  Books  of 
the  Bible "(1867  and  1887X  translation  of  Jahn's  "Hebrew 
Commonwealth  "  ^28). 

Stowe,  Mrs.  (Harriet  Elizabeth  Beedier). 

Bom  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  June  14,  1811:  died 
at  Hartford,  Conn.,  July  1, 1896.  A  noted  Amer- 


Stowe,  Mrs. 

ioan  novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer :  daugh- 
ter of  Lyman  Beecher,  sister  of  H.  W.  Beeoher, 
and  wife  of  C.  E.  Stowe.  she  was  educated  at  Hart- 
ford, Conn.;  tanght  school  there  and  at  Cincinnati;  and 
after  her  marriage  lived  in  Cincinnati,  Brunswick  (Maine), 
Andover,  Hartford,  Florida,  and  elsewhere.  Her  famous 
work,  "tinole  Tom's  Cabin,"  was  published  in  the  Wash- 
ington "  National  Era  "  1851-52,  and  in  book  form  in  1852. 
Among  her  other  works  are  "  Dred  "  (1856 :  also  published 
as  "Nina  Gordon  "X  "  The  Minister's  Wooing  "(1869), "  The 
Pearl  of  Orr's  Island  "  (18a2X  "  Agnes  of  Sorrento  "  (1863), 
"  Old  Town  Folks  "  (1869X  "  My  Wife  and  I "  (1872),  "  Pmk 
and  White  Tyranny"  (1871),  "We  and  Our  Neighbors" 
(1876),  "Sam  Lawson'sFh:eslde  Stories  "(1871),  "Poganue 
People  "  (1878),  "  Key  to  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  "  (1863), "  Sunny 
Memories  of  Foreign  Lands"  (1854),  "Lady  Byron  Vindi- 
cated "  (1869),  etc. 

Stowell,  Baron.    See  Scott,  WUUam. 
Stowmarket  (sto'mar-ket).    A  town  in  the 
county  of  Suffolk,  England,  situated  on  the  (Sip- 
ping 11  miles  northwest  of  Ipswich.    Popula- 
tion (1891),  4j^9. 

Stow-on-tlie-Wold  (sto'on-THe-wold')-  Atown 
in  Gloucestershire,  England,  24"miles  northwest 
of  Oxford.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  last  battle  of  the 
English  civil  war,  March,  1646,  in  which  the  BoyaJists  un- 
der Astley  were  defeated. 
Strabane  (stra-ban').  A  town  in  the  county  of 
Tyrone,  Ireland,  on  the  Moume,  opposite  Lif- 
ford  and  the  mouth  of  the  Finn,  13  miles  south- 
west of  Londonderry.  Population  (1891),  5,013. 
Strabo(stra'bo).  ['Squint-eyed': from Gr.]  Born 
at  Amasia,  Pontus,  about  63  b.  c, :  died  about  24 
A.D.  A  celebrated  Greek  geographer.  He  traveled 
extensively,  and  wrote  a  geographical  work,  in  17  books, 
describing  Europe  (Books  III.-X.),  Asia  (XI.-XVI.),  and 
Egypt  and  Libya  (XVII.).  "  The  first  two  books  contain 
a  general  introduction,  in  which  the  author  reviews  his 
principal  predecessors,  beginning  with  Homer  and  pass- 
ing on  to  Anaximander,  Hecatseus,  Democritus,  Eudoxus, 
Dicsearchus,  Ephorus,  Eratosthenes,  Polybius,  and  Posei- 
donius.  He  also  gives  us  his  general  notions  of  the  figure 
and  dimensions  of  the  earth,  and  the  climatology  of  the 
different  zones.  According  to  him  the  earth  is  a  globe, 
fixed  in  the  centre  of  the  universe,  and  its  habitable  por- 
tion resembles  a  military  cloak,  and  extends  from  Ireland 
to  Ceylon." 
Strachey,  William.  Lived  in  the  first  part  of 
the  17th  century.  An  English  colonist,  secre- 
tary of  Virginia  about  1610-12.  He  wrote  "A  True 
Eepertory  of  the  Wracke  and  Bedemptlon  of  Sir  Thomas 
Gates,  upon  and  from  the  Islands  of  the  Bermudas  "  (edited 
by  Piirchas), "  For  the  Colony  in  Virginea  Britannia:  Lawes 
Divine,  Morall,  and  Martiall "  (1612),  "Historie  of  Travaile 
into  Virginia  Britannia"  (published  by  the  Hakluyt  Society 
1849). 
Strada,  Alonzo  de.  See  Estrada. 
Stradella  (stra-del'la).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Pavia,  northern  Italy,  situated  on  the  Aversa 
10  miles  southeast  of  Pavia.  Population  (1881), 
commune,  8,630. 
Stradella.  1.  AnoperabyPlotow.  It  was  first 
produced  as  a  short  lyrical  piece  in  Paris  in  1837,  and  after- 
ward rewritten  and  produced  in  its  present  form  in  Ham- 
burg, Dec.  30, 1844,  as  "Alessandro  Stradella." 
2.  An  opera  by  Niedermeyer,  produced  at  Pa- 
ris in  1837. 

Stradella,  Alessandro.  Bom  at  Naples  about 
1645:  dieaatGenoaaboutl681.  An  Italian  com- 
poser, alleged  to  have  been  also  a  noted  singer 
and  performer. 

Stradella,  Alessandro.    See  Stradella,  1. 
Stradella  ,Deflle  of.  A  famous  pass  and  strate- 
gic point  between  the  Po  and  spurs  of  the  Apen- 
nines, near  Pavia. 
Stradivari  (stra-de-va're),  Antonio,  Latinized 
Antonius  Stradivarius.    Bom  at  Cremona, 
Italy,  about  1644  (?) :  died  there,  Dec.  17  or  18, 
1737.    A  famous  Italian  maker  of  violins,  the 
most  celebrated  of  the  masters  of  the  art :  a  pupil 
of  Nicolo  Amati.     His  best  violins  were  made  about 
1700-25.    His  sons  Francesco  and  Omobono  are  also  noted. 
Strafford  (straf'ord).    A  tragedy  by  Eobert 
Browning,  relating  to  the  Earl  of  Strafford,   it 
was  written  for  Macready,  at  his  own  request,  and  he 
played  the  title  rftle  on  Its  production  in  1837. 
Strafford,  Earl  of.    See  Wentworih,  Thomas. 
Strafford  Going  to  Execution.    A  painting  by 
Paul  Delaroehe  (1835),  in  Stafford  House,  Lon- 
don     The  earl  is  kneeling  beneath  the  prison  window 
of  Archbishop  Land,  who  extends  his  hands  through  the 
bars  in  blessing,  while  the  guards  wait. 
Strahlegg  (stra'lek).    A  glacier  pass  in  the  Ber- 
nese Alps,  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  lead- 
ing from  the  Grimsel  hospice  to  Grindelwald. 
Straits  Settlements  (strats  set'l-ments).    A 
British  crown  colony  in  the  Malay  Peninsula. 
It  comprises  Singapore,  Malacca,  Fenang  (Dindings,  Wei- 
lesley) ;  and  a  protectorate  is  exercised  over  the  native 
states  of  Perak,  Selangor,  Sungei  Ujong,  Pahang,  Johore, 
and  Negri  Sembilan.    Population  of  Straits  Settlements 
proper  (1891),  512,342. 

Strakonitz  (stra'ko-nits),  Czech  Strakonice 
(stra-ko-net'se).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Wattawa  61  miles 
southwest  of  Prague.  Population  (1890),  com- 
mune, 5,419. 

C— 61 


961 

Strakosch  (strS'kosh),  Maurice.  Bom  at  Lem- 
berg,  Galicia,  1823:  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  9, 1887. 
An  opera  and  concert  manager.  He  introduced 
Patti,  Nilsson,  and  other  famous  singers  to 
American  audiences. 

Strakosch,  Max.  Born  1835.  An  opera  mana- 
ger, brother  of  Maurice  Strakosch,  and  partner 
in  many  of  his  ventures. 

Stralsund  (stral'send).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Strelasund  in  lat.  54°  19'  N.,  long.  13°  5'  E. 
It  exports  grain,  and  has  varied  manufactures.  It  con- 
tains a  Bathaus  and  3  large  Gothic  churches.  The  city 
was  founded  by  the  Prince  of  Bugen  in  1209 ;  was  a  Hanse- 
atictown;  was  unsuccessfully  besieged  byWaUenstein  in 
1628 ;  passed  to  Sweden  in  1648 ;  was  several  times  cap- 
tured ;  was  defended  unsuccessfully  by  Schill  against  the 
French  allies  in  1809;  and  passed  to  Prussia  in  1815.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  27,814. 

Strand  (strand).  One  of  the  chief  thorough- 
fares of  London,  extending  southeast  from 
Fleet  street  to  Charing  Cross.  Originally  the  only 
route  between  the  City  and  Westminster  was  by  Wat- 
ling  street  over  Holborn  Bridge.  Later,  when  Ludgate 
was  opened  and  Fleet  Bridge  buUt,  a  more  direct  way  was 
made  by  the  '*Straunde"  through  the  fens  or  marsh  by  the 
river  side.  The  street  became  tbefashionable  quarter,  and 
was,  especially  on  the  river  side,  built  up  with  fine  palaces 
and  monasteries  (Bridewell,  Whitefriars,  The  Temple, 
Savoy,  etc.). 

Strange  (stranj).  Sir  Robert.  Born  in  Main- 
land, Orkney,  July  14,  1721 :  died  at  London, 
July  5, 1792.  A  British  line-engraver,  in  1735  he 
was  apprenticed  to  an  Edinburgh  engraver,  and  in  1746- 
1746  he  was  in  the  Jacobite  army.  In  1748  he  studied 
drawing  under  ,1.  B.  Descamps  at  Bouen ;  in  1749  was 
a  pupil  of  Le  Bas  at  Paris  ;  and  in  1760  returned  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  superintended  the  illustrations  of  Dr.  Wil- 
liam Hunter's  work  on  the  "  Gravid  Uterus  "  from  red 
chalk  drawings  by  Van  Bymsdyck,  published  in  1774.  In 
1753  he  engraved  the  "Magdalen"  and  " Cleopatra " of 
Guido,  and  in  1760  went  to  Italy.  He  was  elected,  a 
member  of  the  academies  of  Bome,  Florence,  Parma,  and 
Paris,  and  was  knighted  in  1787. 

Strange  Case  of  Dr.  Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde, 
The.  A  tale  by  K.  L.  Stevenson,  published  in 
1886. 

Stranger  (stran'jer),  The.  A  translation  from 
Kotzebue's  "  Misanthropy  and  Repentance,"  by 
Thompson,  altered  and  improved  by  Sheridan. 

Strange  Story,  A.  A  novel  by  Bulwer  Lyt- 
ton,  published  during  1862  in  "All  the  Tear 
Round." 

Strangford  (Strang '  ford),  Lough.  A  lake  or 
branch  of  the  Irish  Sea,  situated  in  northeast- 
ern Ireland  10  miles  southeast  of  Belfast. 
Length,  about  16  miles. 

Straniera  (stra-ne-a'ra),  La.  [It.,  'The 
Stranger.']  An  opera  by  BeUini,  first  pro- 
duced at  Milan  in  1829. 

Stranraer  (stran-rar').  A  seaport  in  Wig- 
townshire, Scotland,  situated  at  the  head  of 
Loch  Eyan,  in  lat.  54°  54'  N.,  long.  5°  2'  W. 
It  has  some  coasting  trade.  Population  (1891), 
6,193. 

Strap  (strap),  Hugh.  A  follower  of  Roderick 
Random  in  Smollett's  novel  of  that  name.  He 
is  a  simple,  disinterested  fellow,  ill  treated  by  his  mother. 

Straparola  da  Caravaggio  (stra-pa-ro'la  da 
ka-ra-vad'j6),  Giovanni  Francesco,  known  as 
Straparola.  Bom  near  the  end  of  the  15th 
century:  died  about  1557.  An  Italian  novelist. 
He  published  *'Sonettl,  strambotti,  epistole  e  capitole" 
(1608),  but  is  best  remembered  by  his  collection  of  stories 
called  "  Tredecl  piacevoli  notti,"  drawn  from  many  sources 
and  published  at  Venice  in  two  series  in  1560  and  1554. 
Many  editions  were  issued,  and  the  book  has  been  a  store- 
house from  which  succeeding  writers  have  obtaiped  plots, 
etc.  Shakspere  and  Molifere  are  indebted  to  it,  one  of  the 
stories  is  in  Painter's  "Palace  of  Pleasure,"  and  there  have 
been  several  French  translations.  The  stories  are  told  on 
separate  nights  by  a  party  of  ladles  and  gentlemen  enjoy- 
ing the  cool  air  at  Murano  (Venice),  and  are  frequently 
called  "Strapaiola's  Nights. 

Strasburg  (stras'berg),  G.  Strassburg  (stras'- 
borG),  F.  Strasbourg  (stras-bSr').  The  capi- 
tal of  Alsace-Lorraine,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Breusch  and  lU,  about  2  miles  from  the 
Rhine,  in  lat.  48°  35'  N.,  long.  7°  46'  E.:  the  Ro- 
man Argentoratum.  it  is  a  railway  center,  a  fortress 
of  the  first  rank,  and  an  important  strategic  point.  It  has 
manufactures  of  beer,  leather,  tobacco,  dyes,  etc. ;  and  ex- 
ports beer,  sausages,  "fat  liver  pies,"sauer-kraut,  hops, 
etc.  'The  cathedral  is  an  interesting  monument,  founded 
in  the  11th  century,  andjnot  finished  untU  the  15th.  The 
west  front  and  openwork  tower  and  spire  are  famous :  the 
front  is  very  richly  decorated  with  traceried  windows  and 
Blender  arcading,  and  has  fine  sculptured  portals  and  a 
splendid  rose,  but  it  bears  littlerelation  to  the  remainder  of 
the  edifice,  far  above  which  it  rises  in  a  heavy  square  mass. 
The  Bpire  is  468  feet  high.  The  13th-century  nave  is  100 
feet  high,  and  excellent  in  design :  the  east  end  is  of  mas- 
sive Romanesque,  with  an  early  crypt.  The  medieval  glass 
is  gorgeous  in  color,  and  the  great  astronomical  clock 
(1842)  is  an  artistic  and  scientlflo  curiosity.  The  Church  of 
St.  Thomas  is  chiefly  of  the  time  of  transition  from  Boman- 
esque  to  Pointed,  of  massive  and  imposing  architecture, 
and  possesses  good  glass.  It  is  chiefly  remarkable,  how- 
ever, for  the  tomb  of  the  Mar^chal  de  Saxe,  erected  by 


Stratonlce 

Louis  XV.,  and  designed  by  Pigalle.  The  marshal  ap- 
pears descending  to  the  grave,  to  wliich  he  is  conducted 
by  Death,  while  France  In  the  form  of  a  beautiful  woman 
seeks  to  hold  him  back.  The  University  of  Strasburg  was 
founded  in  the  first  part  of  the  17th  century ;  was  sap- 
pressed  in  the  French  Bevolution  ;  was  ref  ounded  later  as 
a  French  academy ;  and  was  refounded  as  a  university  In 
1872.  Connected  with  it  are  an  observatory  and  a  library  of 
over  700,000  volumes.  Near  Argentoratum  the  emperor  Ju- 
lian defeated  the  Alamanni  in  357 ;  but  the  town  was  later 
conquered  by  the  Alamanni  and  by  the  Franks.  Strasburg 
was  confirmed  as  a  free  imperial  city  in  consequence  of 
the  victory  of  the  citizens  over  the  bishop  in  1262.  The  ' 
gilds  obtained  a  share  in  the  government  in  1332.  A 
wholesale  execution  of  Jews  took  place  in  1349.  The  town 
became  one  of  the  leading  cities  of  the  Empire ;  accepted 
the  Eeformation ;  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1681  and  con- 
firmed to  them  in  1697 ;  and  was  annexed  with  Alsace  to 
Germany  in  1871.  The  city  was  invested  by  the  Germans 
in  the  middle  of  Aug.,  1870 ;  was  bombarded  Aug.  24  and 
succeeding  days  ;  and  capitulated  (after  great  damage  to 
the  city  and  cathedral)  Sept.  28,  with  a  garrison  of  nearly 
18,000  men  commanded  by  General  Uhrich.  The  attack- 
ing force  was  under  General  von  Werder.  Population 
(1900),  160,268. 

Strasburg.  A  village  in  Shenandoah  County, 
Virginia,  situatedontheNorthForkof  the  Shen- 
andoah, 72  miles  west  of  Washington.  It  was  an 
important  point  in  the  Civil  War.  Near  it  occurred  the 
battle  of  Fisher's  HQl,  or  Woodstock,  Sept.  22, 1864. 

Strasburg,  Oath  of.    See  the  extract. 

This  fact  comes  prominently  forth  in  the  famous  oath 
of  Strassburg,  preserved  by  Nithard.  That  precious  docu- 
ment has  been  commented  upon  over  and  over  again  as 
a  matter  of  philology ;  it  is  no  less  valuable  as  a  matter 
of  history.  It  shows  that  hi  841  the  distinctions  of  race 
and  language  were  beginning  to  make  themselves  felt 
The  Austrasian  soldiers  of  King  Lewis  swear  in  the  Old- 
German  tongue,  of  which  the  oath  is  an  early  monument ; 
but  of  the  language  in  which  the  oath  is  taken  by  the 
Neustrian  soldiers  of  King  Charles,  the  oath  Itself  is,  as  far 
as  our  knowledge  goes,  absolutely  the  oldest  monument. 
Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  I.  181. 

Strasburg-an-der-Drewenz  (stras '  bSre  -  an  - 
der-dra'vents).  A  town  in  the  province  of  West 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Drewenz  84  miles  south- 
southeast  of  Dantzic.    Population  (1890),  6,122. 

Strasburg-in-der-Uckermark  (stras'bora-in- 
der-6k'er-mark).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  Prussia,  72  miles  north-northeast 
of  Berlin.    Population  (1890),  6,246. 

Strassburg  (in  Alsace).    See  Strasburg. 

Strassnitz  (stras 'nits),  Slav.  Strd,Snice 
(strazh'net'se).  A  town  in  Moravia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  March  37  miles  south- 
southeast  of  Briinn.    Population  (1890),  4,719. 

Stratford  (strat'ford).  A  suburb  of  London, 
situated  in  Essex,  on  the  Lea,  4Jmiles  east-north- 
east of  St.  Paul's. 

Stratford.  The  capital  of  Perth  County,  On- 
tario, Canada,  situated  on  the  Avon  58  miles 
west  of  Hamilton.    Population  (1901),  9,959. 

Stratford  de  Bedcliffe,  Viscount.    See  Co»- 

ning,  Stratford. 

Stratford-upon-Avon(strat'f6rd-u-pon-a'vou), 
or  Stratford,  A  town  in  Warwickshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Avon  8  miles  southwest  of 
Warwickifamousasthe  birthplace  of  Shakspere. 
It  contains  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity  (Early  English 
and  Perpendicular  styles),  with  the  tomb  of  Shakspere ;  the 
house  where  Shakspere  was  bom ;  and  the  New  Place, the  site 
of  the  house  built  by  Sir  Hugh  Clopton  in  tlie  time  of  Henry 
VII.,  and  bought  by  Shakspere  in  1697:  Shakspere's  house 
is  now  national  property  and  has  been  suitably  restored. 
The  low  gabled  exterior,  with  its  tunber  framing  flUed  in 
with  plaster,  and  the  interior  rooms,  preserve  their  16th- 
century  character.  An  interesting  Shakspere  Museum  has 
been  formed  in  the  house.  The  Shakspere  fountain  was 
erected  in  1887  by  George  W.  ChUds.  Near  by  is  Shottery, 
with  Ann  Hathaway's  cottage.    Population  (1891),  8,318. 

Strathbogie  (strath-bo'gi).  A  district  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  the  county  of  Aberdeen, 
Scotland. 

Strathclyde  (strath-klid').  A  medieval  Celtic 
kingdom,  embracing  in  its  greatest  extent 
southwestern  Scotland  to  the  (Jlyde  and  north- 
western England  to  the  Mersey.  The  northern 
Eart  was  finally  annexed  to  Scotland  in  1124.  Called  Cum- 
ria  in  its  later  history. 

Strathearn  (strath-fem').  The  valley  of  the 
Earn,  in  Perthshire,  Scotland. 

Strathmore(strath-m6r').  An  extensive  plain 
in  eastern  Perthshire  and  Forfarshire,  Scot- 
land. 

Strath  Spey  (strath  spa).  The  valley  drained 
by  the  Spey  in  the  counties  of  Inverness,  Elgin, 
and  Banff,  Scotland. 

Strato  (stra'to),  or  Straton  (stra'ton).  [Gr. 
'ZTparitv.  ]  A  Greek  peripatetic  philosopher,  the 
successor  of  Theophrastus  in  the  presidency  of 
the  Lyceum  in  288  B.  C.  He  was  called  "the  natu- 
ralist" because  he  declared  the  intervention  of  a  deity  In 
nature  unnecessary. 

Stratonice  (strat-o-ni'se).  [Gr.  STparov^/o?.] 
Lived  about  300  b.  c.  Daughter  of  Demetrius 
Poliorcetes,  and  wife  of  Seleueus  Nicator,  and 


Stratonice 

later  of  his  son  Antioehus  I.  Seleucus,  diBcovering 
his  sod's  passion  for  her,  gave  her  to  him,  and  at  the  same 
time  made  him  Idng  of  the  provinces  of  upper  Asia. 

Stratton  (strat'n).  A  place  in  Cornwall,  Eng- 
land, 26  miles  southwest  of  Barnstaple,  where, 
in  1643,  the  Eoyalists  defeated  the  Parliamenta- 
rians. 

Stratton,  Charles  Sherwood  (sobriquet  Tom 
Thumb),  Bom  at  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  1838:  died 
at  Middleborough,  Mass.,  1883.  An  American 
dwarf,  exhibited  by  P.  T.  Barnum  in  various 
parts  of  th e  world.  He  married  in  1863  Mercy  Lavinia 
Bump  (Lavinia  Warren),  also  a  dwarf.  When  first  exhib- 
ited he  was  about  two  feet  high,  but  grew  to  a  height  of 
forty  inches. 

Strauss  (strous),  David  Friedrich.  Bom  at 
Ludwigsburg,  Wiirtemberg,  Jan.  27, 1808 :  died 
at  Ludwigsburg,  Feb.  8,  1874.  A  celebrated 
German  theological  and  philosophical  writer 
and  biographer.  He  was  educated  at  Tubingen  and 
Berlin,  and  was  "  repetent "  at  the  Theological  Seminary 
and  lecturer  at  the  University  of  Titbingen  1832-35.  He 
was  deprived  of  his  oflBce  on  account  of  his"  LebenJesu," 
and  received  the  position  of  teacher  at  the  Lyceum  of 
ludwigsburg ;  this,  however,  he  abandoned  in  1836,  and 
went  to  Stuttgart  In  1839  he  was  called  as  professor  of 
dogmatics  and  chiu-ch  liistory  to  Zurich ;  but  his  appoint- 
ment caused  so  much  opposition  that  he  was  at  once 
pensioned,  and  soon  driven  from  the  place.  He  lived 
thereafter  at  Stuttgart,  Darmstadt,  and  elsewhere.  He 
sought  to  prove  that  the  gospel  history  is  mythical  in 
character.  Among  his  works  are  "DasLebenJesu"("  Life 
of  Jesus,"  1835),  "Die  christliche  Glaubenslehre,  etc." 
("Chi'istian  Doctrine  of  Belief,"  1840-41),  biographies  of 
Schuhart  (1849),  Marklln  (1851),  rrischlin  (186B),  Ulrioh 
von  Hntten  (1868-60),  Reimarus  (1862),  Voltaire  (1870), 
"Das  Leben  Jesu  fiir  das  deutsche  Volk  "  (1864),  "Der 
alte  und  der  neue  Glaube"  ("The  Old  and  the  New  Be- 
lief," 1872),  and  controversial  works. 

Strauss,  Eduard.  Born  at  Vienna,  Feb.  14, 
1835.  An  Austrian  composer  of  dance-music, 
son  of  Johann  Strauss  (1804^49).  In  1870  he  be- 
came conductor  of  the  court  balls.  Hehas  composed  more 
than  200  pieces  of  dance-music. 

Strauss,  Johann,  Bom  at  Vienna,  March  14, 
1804:  died  there,  Sept.  25,  1849.  An  Austrian 
composer  and  conductor,  famous  for  his  dance 
music.  In  1826  he  became  the  conductor  of  a  small 
orchestra  at  Vienna,  which  gave  successful  concerts,  and 
he  was  engaged  for  six  years  at  the  "Sperl."  The  band 
was  finally  enlarged  to  200  members,  out  of  which  a  se- 
lection was  made  of  a  certain  number  who  played  music 
of  the  highest  class.  He  now  began  a  series  of  tours,  ap- 
pearing for  the  first  time  in  England  in  1838.  He  raised 
dance-music  (of  which  he  composed  about  250  pieces)  to  a 
high  level. 

Strauss,  Johann.  Bom  at  Vienna,  Oct.  25, 1825: 
diedthere,  June  3, 1899.  An Austrianeomposer, 
son  of  Johann  Strauss  (1804-49).  He  composed 
nearly  400  pieces  of  dance-music,  among  them  the  waltz 
"An  derschbnenblauenDonau"  ("By  the  Beautiful  Blue 
Danube").  Among  his  operettas  are  "Indigo,  Oder  die 
vierzig  Rftuber"  (1871),  "DerKarneval  in  Rom,"  "Die 
Fledermaus,"  "Cagliostro,"  "Prinz  Methusalem,"  etc. 

Strauss,  Joseph,  Bom  at  Vienna,  Aug.  22, 
1827:  died  there,  July  22,  1870.  An  Austrian 
composer  of  dance-music,  son  of  Johann  Strauss 
(1804-49).  He  composed  about  280  pieces  of 
dance-music. 

Strawberry  Hill  (str4'ber"i  hil).  Horace  Wal- 
pole's  country  house,  near  Twickenham,  Surrey. 
He  gave  Xitty  Clive  a  small  house  near  it,  which  he  called 
Cliveden,  sometimes  "Little  Strawberry  Hill." 

Streaky  Bay  (stre'ki  ba).  An  inlet  of  the 
ocean,  on  the  coast  of  South  Australia,  in  long. 
134°  E. 

Street  (stret),  Alfred  Billings.  BornatPough- 
keepsie^N.  Y.,Dee.  18,1811 :  died  at  Albany,N.Y., 
June  2,  1881.  An  American  poet  and  author. 
State  librarian  of  New  York.  Among  his  poems 
are  "The  Burning  of  Schenectady"  (1842),  "Drawings  and 
Tintings "  (1844),  "Fugitive  Poems '"  (1846),  "Frontenao" 
(1849).  His  other  works  include  "Woods  and  Waters," 
on  Adirondack  travel  (1860),  etc. 

Street,  The,  A  popular  name  for  the  part  of 
New  York  in  and  near  Wall  street,  famous  as 
a  financial  center. 

Strelasund  (stra'ia,-z6nt).  The  narrow  strait 
which  separates  Riigen  in  the  Baltic  from  the 
mainland  of  Germany. 

Strelitz,    See  Neustrelitz. 

Strelna  (stral'na).  A  Russian  royal  palace, 
situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Finland  12  miles  west- 
southwest  of  St.  Petersburg. 

Strephon  (stref'gn).  A  shepherd,  a  character 
in  Sir  Philip  Sidney's  "Arcadia."'  In  English 
poetry  it  is  of  ten  a  conventional  name  of  a  lover. 

Stretford  (stret'ford).  A  town  in  Lancashire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Mersey  3  miles  south- 
west of  Manchester.    Population  (1891),  21,751, 

Stretton  (stret'on),  Hesba.  The  pseudonym 
of  Sarah  or  Hannah  Smith,  an  English  novelist 
and  juvenile  writer.  She  has  published  nearly 
forty  books  under  this  name. 

Strieker  (strik'er),  Der,  Lived  in  Austria 
about  1240.    A  Middle  High  German  poet.    Of 


962 

bla  lite  nothing  is  known.  He  wrote  epics  and  "Bei- 
Bpiele  "  (fables,  stories,  etc.). 

Strickland  (strik'land),  Agnes.  Bom  about 
1808:  died  July,  1874.  An  English  historical 
writer.  Her  chief  works  are  "Lives  of  the  Queens  of 
England  "  (12  vols.  1840-49),  "Lives  of  the  Queens  of  Scot- 
land '  (8  vols.  1860-59),  "Bachelor  Kings  of  England" 
(1861),  and  "Lives  of  the  Seven  Bishops  "  (1866).  She  also 
edited  "Letters  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  wrote  sev- 
eral novels. 

Stringham  (string'am),  Silas  Horton,    Bom. 

at  Middletown,  Orange  County,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  7,' 
1798:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  7,  1876. 
An  American  admiral.  He  served  in  the  War  of 
1812,  and  in  the  Algerine  and  Mexican  wars,  and  com- 
manded the  expedition  to  the  Hatteras  forts  in  Aug.,  1861. 

Strobeck  (stre'bek).  A  small  village  in  the 
provmoe  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  near  Halberstadt. 
Its  inhabitants  are  renowned  for  their  skill  as 
chess-players. 

Stroma  (stro'ma),  A  small  island  of  Scotland, 
situated  in  Penitland  Firth  between  Caithness 
and  the  Orkneys. 

Stromboli  (strom'bo-le).  One  of  the  Lipari  Isl- 
ands, north  of  Sicily :  famous  for  its  constantly 
active  volcano  (height,  3,038  feet). 

Stromness  (strom-nes').  A  seaport  on  the 
western  coast  of  Mainland,  Orkney  Islands,  13 
miles  west  of  Kirkwall. 

Stromo  (str6'm6).  The  chief  one  of  the  Faroe 
Islands. 

Stromstad  (str6m '  stad).  A  small  watering- 
place  on  the  southwestern  coast  of  Sweden, 
near  the  Norwegian  frontier. 

Strong  (strdng),  Caleb,  Bom  at  Northampton, 
Mass.,  Jan.  9,  1745:  died  there,  Nov.  7,  1819. 
An  American  politician,  a  leading  patriot  in  the 
Revolution.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1787 ;  Federalist  United  States  senator  from 
Massachusetts  1789-96;  and  governor  of  Massachusetts 
1800-07  and  1812-16. 

Strong,  George  Crockett,  Bom  at  Stockbridge, 
Vt.,  (Jet,  16,  1832:  died  in  New  York  city,  July 
30,  1863.  An  American  general  in  the  Civil 
War.  He  was  a  stafl-offlcer  under  McDowell,  McClel- 
lan,  and  Butler;  and  as  brigadier-general  was  mortally 
wounded  in  the  assault  on  Fort  Wagner,  July  18, 1863. 

Strong,  James,  Born  at  New  York,  Aug,  14, 
1822:  died  at  Round  Lake,  N,  Y.,  Aug.  7, 1894. 
An  American  scholar,  acting  president  of  Troy 
University  1858-61,  and  professor  of  exegetir 
cal  theology  in  Drew  Theological  Seminary, 
Madison,  N.  J.,  from  1868.  He  was  one  of  the  Old 
Testament  revisers,  and  was  associated  with  Dr.  J.  Mc- 
Clintock  in  editing  the  "Cyolopsedia  of  Biblical,  Theolo- 
gical, and  Ecclesiastical  Literature,"  becoming  sole  editor 
after  McClintock's  death.  He  also  published  "A  New 
Harmony  and  Exposition  of  the  Gospels  "  (1852),  a  "  Har- 
mony "  in  Greek  (1854),  and  various  other  works,  chiefly 
religious. 

Strong,  James  Hooker,  Bom  at  Canandaigua, 
N.  Y.,  April  26,  1814:  died  at  Columbia,  S.  C, 
Nov.  23,  1882.  An  American  admiral,  dis- 
tinguished as  commander  of  the  Monongahela 
in  the  battle  of  Mobile  Bay  in  the  CJivil  War. 
He  was  promoted  rear-admiral  in  1873 ;  commanded  the 
South  Atlantic  squadron  1873-75 ;  and  retired  in  1876. 

Strong,  William,  Born  May  6, 1808 :  died  Aug. 
19,  1895.  An  American  jurist.  He  was  Demo- 
cratic member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  1847-61 ; 
justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania  1857-68; 
and  associate  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
1870-80.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Electoral  Commission 
in  1877. 

Strongbow,  Bichard,    See  Clare,  Sichard  de. 

Strong  Island,  or  Ualan  (wa-lan'),  or  Kusai 
(ko-si').  An  island  of  the  Caroline  Archipel- 
ago, Pacific  Ocean,  in  lat,  5°  21'  N.,  long,  163° 
1'  E.  It  has  an  American  mission.  Length, 
about  10  miles. 

Strongoli  (strong'go-le).  A  small  town  in  the 
province  of  Catanzaro,  southern  Italy,  36  miles 
northeast  of  Catanzaro :  the  ancient  Poetelia, 

Stronsa  (stron'sa),  or  Stronsay  (stron'sa).  An 
island  of  the  Orkneys,  Scotland,  northeast  of 
Pomona,    Length,  7i  miles. 

Stronsa  Firth,  An  arm  of  the  sea  between 
Stronsa  and  Pomona. 

Strontian  (stron'shi-an,  locally  stron-te'an). 
Avillage  in, Argyllshire,  Scotland,  situated"  on 
Loch  Sunart  20  miles  north  by  west  of  Oban. 
The  metal  strontian  (found  there)  was  named 
from  it, 

Strophades  (strof 'a-dez),  [Gr,  Srpo^drfe?,  turn- 
ing islands:  see  the  def.]  A  group  of  small 
islands  west  of  the  Peloponnesus,  Greece,  in  lat. 
37°  14'  N.,  long,  21°  E, :  the  modem  StrivaU 
or  Stamphane.  Hither  the  sons  of  Boreas  were  said, 
in  Greek  legend,  to  have  pursued  the  Harpies,  and  here 
they  turned  back  from  their  pursuit  (whence  the  name). 

Strother  (stroTH'er),  David  Hunter.   Bom  at 

Martinsburg,  Va.,  Sept.  16,  1816:  died  at 
Charleston,  W.  Va,,  March  8,  1888,  An  Ameri- 


Stuart 

can  author  and  artist.  Under  the  pseudonym  "Porte 
Crayon  "  he  contributed  to  "  Harper  s  Magazine  "  illus- 
trated articles,  chiefly  on  the  South.  He  was  a  Federal 
officer  (colonel  of  cavalry)  in  the  Civil  War. 

Stroud  (stroud).  A  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
England,  26  miles  northeast  of  Bristol :  famous 
for  its  cloth  manufactures.    Pop.  (1891),  9,818. 

Strozzi  (strot'se),  Bernardo,  Bom  at  Genoa, 
1581:  died  at  Venice,  1644.  An  Italian  painter, 
surnamed  "II  Capuceino"  ('The  Capuchin') 
and    "H   Prete    Genovese"    ('The    Genoese 

Priest')- 

Strudel  (strS'del),  Der,  [G.,  'the  whiripool.'] 
A  whirlpool  in  the  Danube,  near  Grein  in  Upper 
Austria:  formerly  very  dangerous.  Length,  90(> 
feet,  _  ,  _ 

Struensee  (strs'en-za),  Count  Johann  Fried- 
rich  von.  Bom  at  Halle,  Germany,  Aug.  5, 
1737:  executed  at  Copenhagen,  April  28, 1772. 
A  German-Danish  politician.  He  was  educated  as 
a  physician ;  was  appointed  physician  to  Christian  VII.  of 
Denmark  in  1768 ;  became  the  favorite  of  Queen  Caroline 
Matilda  (sister  of  George  III.  of  England),  and  in  1771 
the  most  influential  minister ;  introduced  various  reforms ; 
and  was  overthrown  by  a  conspiracy  in  1772. 

Struldbrugs  (struld'brugz).  An  immortal  race, 
inhabitants  of  Luggnagg,  an  imaginary  land 
described  in  "Gulliver's  Travels"  by  Swift. 

Struma (stro'ma),orKarasu(ka-ra'so).  Ariver 
in  Bulgaria  and  Turkey  which  flows  through 
Lake  Tachyno  (the  ancient  Cercinites),  and 
empties  into  the  .Slgean  Sea  50  miles  east  of 
Saloniki:  the  ancient  Strymon, 

Strutt  (strut),  John  William,  third  Baron  Eay- 
leigh.  Born  Nov.  12,  1842.  A  noted  English 
physicist.  He  studied  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
of  which  he  became  a  fellow  in  1866 ;  was  professor  of  ex- 
perimental physics  at  Cambridge  1879-84  ;  and  became 
professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  the  Royal  Institution 
in  1888.  In  1895  he,  with  Professor  William  Ramsay,  dis- 
covered argon — at  first  supposed  to  be  a  new  element — in 
the  atmosphere. 

Strutt  (strut),  Joseph,  Born  in  Essex,  Eng- 
land, Oct,  27,  1742 :  died  at  London,  Oct,  16, 
1802.  An  English  engraver  and  antiquary. 
He  published  "  The  Regal  and  Ecclesiastical  Antiquities 
of  England "  (1773),  " Horda-Angel-Cynnan  "  (1774),  "The 
Chronicle  of  England  "  (1777-79), "  Biographical  Dictionary 
of  Engravers  "(1786-86),  "Complete  View  of  the  Dress  and 
Habits  of  the  People  of  England"  (1796-99),  "Sports  and 
Pastimes  of  the  People  of  England    (1801). 

Struve  (stro've),  Friedrich  Georg  Wilhelm 
von.  Bom  at  Altona,  Germany,  April  15, 1793 ; 
died  at  St,  Petersburg,  Nov.  23, 1864.  A  noted 
German-Russian  astronomer,  director  of  the 
Dorpat  observatory  1817,  and  afterward  (1839- 
1862)  of  the  Pulkowa  observatory.  He  is  especially 
noted  for  his  researches  on  double  stars,  and  for  his  work 
in  geodesy.  He  published  "Stellarum  duplicium  men- 
surae  micrometricie  "  (1837),  "  Stellarum  flxarum,  impri- 
mis compositarum  positiones  mediae  "  (1852),"  Arc  du  m6- 
ridien  entre  le  Danube  et  la  Mer  Glaciale  "  (1861),  etc. 

Struve,  Gustav  von.  Bom  at  Munich,  Oct.  11, 
1805 :  died  at  Vienna,  Aug,  21, 1870,  A  German 
republican  agitator.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
revolutionary  movements  in  Baden  1848-49,  and  published 
works  on  politics,  history,  etc. 

Struve,  Otto  Wilhelm  von.  Bom  at  Dorpat, 
Russia,  May  7,  1819,  A  Russian  astronomer, 
son  of  F,  G,  W.  von  Struve,  and  his  successor 
as  director  of  the  Pulkowa  observatory.  He  has 
discovered  about  600  double  stars  and  a  satellite  of  Uranus, 
and  has  published  important  researches  on  comets,  neb- 
ulsB,  Saturn,  etc. 

Stryj  (stre).  A  river  in  Galicia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  which  joins  the  Dniester  31  miles 
southeast  of  Lemberg.  Length,  over  100  miles, 

Stryj,  or  Stry  (stre),  A  town  in  GaUoia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  the  river  Stryj  39 
miles  south  of  Lemberg,  It  was  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  fire  in  1886.  It  has  cattle-markets. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  16,515. 

Strymon  (stn'mon),  [Gr.  Xrpv/iiiv.']  The  an- 
cient name  of  the  Struma. 

Strymonicus  Sinus  (stn-mon'i-kussi'nus).  In 
ancient  geography,  an  arm  of  the  .^gean  Sea, 
on  the  coast  of  Macedonia,  east  of  the  penin- 
sula of  Chaloidice:  the  modem  Gulf  of  Con- 


Strype  (strip),  John,  Born  at  Stepney,  near 
London,  Nov.  1,  1643:  died  at  Hackney,  Deo, 
11,  1737,  An  EngUsh  biographer  and  histori- 
cal writer.  He  was  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School  and 
at  Cambridge,  and  In  1669  was  made  perpetual  curate  of 
Theydon-Bois  in  Essex.  His  works  fill  13  folio  volumes. 
They  include  "Memorials of  Archbishop Cranmer"  (1694), 
"Annals  of  the  Reformation  In  England"  (1709-31),  an 
edition  of  Stow's  "Survey  of  London^'  (1720),  "Ecclesias- 
tical Memorials"  (1721),  and  lives  of  Sir  Thomas  Smith, 
Aylmer,  Cheke,  Grindal,  Matthew  Parker,  and  Whitgift. 

Stuart,  or  Stewart,  or  Steuart  (stii'art),  A 
royal  family  of  Scotland  and  England."  it  was 
descended  from  a  family  which  for  sever^  generations 
held  the  oflice  of  high  steward  of  Scotland  (whence  the 
name).  .Walter,  the  sixth  high  steward,  married  Margaret^ 


Stuart 

daughter  of  Sobert  Bruce,  and  on  the  death  of  Margaret's 
brother  David  H.  in  1371,  the  only  child  of  this  marriage 
succeeded  as  Eobert  II.  The  Stuart  sovereigns  of  Scot 
land  were  Robert  II.,  Robert  m.,  James  I.,  James  II., 
James  IlL,  James  IV.,  James  V.,  Maiy  Queen  of  Scots, 
and  James  YL  James  IV.  married  Margaret^  daughter  of 
Henry  Vil.  of  England,  and  on  the  failure  of  direct  heirs 
at  the  death  of  Elizabeth,  the  last  of  Henry  Yin. 's  de- 
scendants, in  1608,  James  VI.  of  Scotland,  Margaret's  great- 
grandson,  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  England  as  James 
I.  The  Stuart  sovereigns  of  England  and  Scotland  jointly 
were  James  I.,  Charles  I.,  Charles  II.,  James  IL,  Mary 
(consort  of  William  III.),  and  Anne. 

Stuart  (stu'art),  Arabella.  Bom  about  1575: 
died  in  the  Tower  of  London,  Sept.  27,  1615. 
A  daughter  of  Charles  Stuart,  earl  of  Lennox 
younger  brother  of  Darnley),  and  cousin  of 
James  I.  she  was  the  next  heir  after  James  to  both  the 
English  and  Scottish  crowns.  "Lady  Margaret  Douglas, 
the  mother  of  Darnley  and  his  brother,  having  been  the 
daughter  of  Archibald,  sixth  earl  of  Angus,  by  Margaret, 
queen  dowager  of  James  IV.,  James  VI.  (I.  of  England) 
was  thus  nearest  heir  of  the  junior  English  branch  by 
a  double  descent^  Arabella  Stuart  being  next  heir  by  a 
single  descent."  (Erusye.  BrU.)  Sir  Walter  Baleigh  was 
accused  of  a  plot  to  place  her  on  the  throne  in  1608.  She 
married  William  Seymour  in  1610,  and  was  imprisoned 
by  James  in  consequence. 

Stuart,  Charles  Edward.  See  Charles  Ed- 
ward Loms  Philip  Casmwr. 

Stuart,  Gilbert.  Bom  at  Narragansett,  B.  I., 
1755 :  died  at  Boston,  July  27,  1828.  A  noted 
American  portrait-painter.  He  was  apupilof  West 
in  London,  and  settled  in  the  United  States  in  1793.  He 
painted  five  whole-lengths  and  a  number  of  other  portraits 
of  Washington,  and  also  portraits  of  John  Adams,  J.  Q. 
Adams,  Jefferson,  Madison,  Story,  Ames,  Astor,  etc.  Of 
his  portraits  of  Washiugton  the  so-called  "Athenseum 
head,"  and  its  pendant  the  portrait  of  Mrs.  Washington, 
were  painted  at  Germantown,  and  were  bought  from  Stu- 
art's widow  by  the  Washington  Association  and  other 
gentlemen,  who  presented  them  to  the  Boston  Athenaeum 
in  1831.  Stuart  copied  them  for  General  Washington,  ac- 
cording to  the  statement  of  his  daughter,  keeping  the 
OTiginalB  by  agreement.  The  "Gibbs  Washington"  is 
also  in  the  same  institution.  Excellent  specimens  of  Ms 
work  are  to  be  found  in  the  Boston  Museum  of  Fine  Arts 
and  the  Hew  Tork  Historical  Society,  the  latter  including 
the  portrait  of  Egbert  Benson,  painted  in  1807.  His  great- 
est works  are  the  portraits  of  Judge  Stephen  Jones  and  of 
F.  S.  Bichards  of  Boston.  His  best  work  in  England  is  a 
portrait  of  Mr.  Grant  of  Congalton  skating,  exhibited  as  a 
Gainsborough  in  1878. 

Stuart,  Henry  Benedict  Maria  Clement.  Bom 

at  Rome,  1725 :  died  at  Fraseati,  Italy,  July  13, 
1807.  A  son  of  the  Old  Pretender.  He  was  created 
cardinal  in  1747,  and  assumed  the  title  of  Henry  IX.  of 
England  on  the  death  of  his  brother  (the  Young  Preten: 
der)'iD  1788. 

Stuart,  James,  second  Earl  of  Murray  or  Mo- 
ray. Bom  1533:  killed  Jan.  21, 1570.  Regent  of 
Scotland:  illegitimate  son  of  James  V.  of  Soot- 
land  and  Margaret,  daughter  of  Lord  Erskine. 
At  the  age  of  5  he  was  made  prior  of  St.  Andrews ;  and  at 
16  he  routed  an  English  force  on  the  Eife  coast.  He 
Joined  Enox  on  his  return,  and  became  the  chief  adviser 
of  Mary  Stuart  on  her  accession.  In  1662  he  was  created 
earl  of  Mar.  Resigning  this  earldom,  he  was  created  earl 
of  Murray  or  Moray.  He  opposed  the  Darnley  marriage, 
and  was  outlawed.    On  the  abdication  of  Queen  Mary  at 

,  Lochleven  he  was  made  regent.  He  defeated  the  queen 
at  Langside,  and  was  murdered  by  one  of  heV  followers, 
Hamilton  of  Bothwellhaugh. 

Stuart,  James.  Bom  at  London,  1713:  died 
Feb  2,  1788.  An  Endish  antiquarian,  called 
"Athenian  Stuart."  He  began,  with  Bevett, 
"Antiquitiesof  Athens"(1762:completedl816). 

Stuart,  James  Ewell  Brown.  Born  in  Patrick 
(bounty,  Va.,  Feb.  6,  1833:  died  at  Richmond, 
Va.,  May  12,  1864.  A  Confederate  cavalry 
general.  He  gradnated  at  West  Point  1854 ;  was  distin- 
guished at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run ;  became  the  lead- 
ing cavalry  officer  in  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia ;  con- 
ducted a  raid  around  McClellan's  army  June,  1862 ;  served 
in  the  Seven  Days'  Battles ;  captured  Pope's  camp  and  Ma- 
nassas Junction  Aug.,  1862 ;  was  distinguished  at  Antietam 
and  elsewhere  in  the  invasion  of  Maryland ;  later  in  1862 
made  a  raid  into  Pennsylvania ;  commanded  the  extreme 
Tight  at  Eredericksburg ;  succeeded  Jackson  as  corps  com- 
mander at  Chancellorsville ;  commanded  a  large  cavalry 
force  in  the  Gettysburg  campaign ;  was  distinguished  in  the 
further  operations  of  1863-^4 ;  and  was  mortally  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Yellow  Tavern,  near  Richmond. 

Stuart,  James  Francis  Edward,  Prince  of 
Wales :  also  called  the  Chevalier  de  St. 
George  and  the  Old  Pretender.  Bom  at  St. 
James's  Palace,  June  10,  1688 :  died  at  Rome, 
Jan.  1,  1766.  Son  of  James  II.  of  England  and 
Mary  ot  Modena.  Suspicion  was  aroused  by  the  cir- 
cumstances of  his  birth,  and  it  was  believed  by  many  that 
a  fraud  had  been  perpetrated ;  but  that  he  was  the  child 
of  the  king  and  queen  there  is  no  doubt.  When  his  father 
fled  from  the  kingdom,  the  child  was  sent  to  France.  He 
was  proclaimed  king  of  England  (James  III.)  and  Scotland 
(James  VIII.)  by  Louis  XIV.  in  Sept.,  1701 ;  made  an  un- 
successful attempt  to  invade  Scotland  *ith  a  French  force 
in  1708 ;  served  in  the  French  army,  distinguishing  himself 
at  Oudenarde  and  Malplaquet ;  countenanced  the  unsuc- 
cessful Jacobite  rising  in  Scotland  in  1715,  appearing  there 
in  person  in  the  latter  part  of  that  year ;  and  was  driven 
out  early  in  1716.    He  soon  retired  to  Rome. 

Stuart,  John,  third  Earl  of  Bute.  Bom  1713: 
died  March  10,  1792.    An  English  statesman. 


963 

He  became  a  secretary  of  state  in  1761,  and  was  prime 
minister  from  May,  1762,  to  April,  1763.  He  was  extremely 
unpopular.  During  his  administration  occurred  the  cap- 
ture of  Havana  and  of  Manila,  and  the  peace  of  Paris. 

Stuart,  John  Patrick  Crichton-,  third  Mar- 
quis of  Bute.    Died  Oct.  9,  1900. 

Stuart,  John  MacDonall.  Bom  1818:  died 
1866.  An  Australian  explorer.  He  conducted 
expeditions  1858-62,  traversing  Australia  from 
south  to  north  1862. 

Stuart,  Matthew,  Earl  of  Lennox.  Bom  in 
Scotland,  1510:  died  at  Stirling,  Sept.  4,  1571. 
A  Scottish  statesman  and  soldier,  sou  of  John 
Stewart,  third  earl  of  Lennox.  He  was  the  heir 
male  of  the  Stuarts  of  Scotland  at  the  death  of  James  V. 
He  married  Lady  Margaret  Douglas,  daughter  of  Archi- 
bald, earl  of  Angus,  and  the  queen  dowager  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Henry  VII.  of  England.  Matthew  succeeded 
to  the  earldom  in  1526.  In  the  civil  war  he  sided  with  the 
party  of  the  English  king.  He  was  declared  guilty  of  trea- 
son, and  joined  the  invasion  of  Scotland  in  1545  and  1547. 
In  1562  he  was  Imprisoned  in  the  Tower  for  planning  the 
marriage  of  Lord  Darnley,  his  elder  son,  and  Mary  Stuart. 
He  assisted  in  the  imprisoumentof  the  queen  at  Lochleven 
Castle  in  1667,  and  was  elected  regent  July  12,  1670. 

Stuart,  Moses,  Bom  at  Wilton,  Conn.,  March 
26, 1780:  died  at  Andover,  Mass.,  Jan.  4,  1852. 
An  American  philologist  and  theologian.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  m  1799 ;  was  a  Congregational  clergyman 
at  New  Haven  1806-10 ;  and  was  professor  of  sacred  litera- 
ture in  Andover  Theological  Seminary  1810-48.  His.chief 
works  are  "Grammar  of  the  Hebrew  Language  without 
Points"  (1813),  "Grammar  of  the  Hebrew  Language  With 
Points"  (1821),  "Commentary  on  the  Epistle  to  the  He- 
brews "  (1827-28),  "Hebrew  Chrestomathy  "  (1829),  "  Com- 
mentary on  the  Epistle  to  the  Romans  "  (1882),  "  Grammar 
of  the  New  Testament  Dialect"  (revised  edition  1834), 
"  Hints  on  the  Prophecies,"  "  Philological  View  of  Modern 
Doctrines  of  Geology,"  "Critical  History  and  Defense  of 
the  Old  Testament  Canon"  (1845),  commentaries  on  the 
Apocalypse  (1845),  Daniel  (1850),  Bcclesiastes  (1851),  Prov- 
erbs (1852).  He  wrote  also  translations  of  German  works, 
including  Greek  and  Hebrew  grammars. 

Stuart  Island.    A  small  island  in  Bering  Sea, 
near  the  western  coast  of  Alaska. 
Stubai  Alps  (sto'bi  alps).    A  grouj)  of  moun- 
tains in  Tyrol,  sometimes  included  in  the  Otz- 
thaler  Alps. 

Stubaithal  (stb'bi-tal).  An  Alpine  valley  in 
Tyrol,  southwest  of  Innsbruck,  famous  for  its 
sublime  scenery. 
Stubbs  (stubz),  George.  Born  1722 :  died  1806. 
An  English  anatomist  and  painter  of  horses. 
He  went  to  Italy  to  study  in  1761.  In  1776  he  published  his 
celebrated  work  on  equine  anatomy:  In  1778  he  was  made 
an  associate  of  the  Royal  Academy,  and  a  full  member  in 
1781. 
StubbSiWilliam.  Born  at  Knaresborough,  Eng- 
land, June  21, 1825:  died  at  Cuddesdon,  Oxford- 
shire, April  22,  1901.  A  distinguished  English 
historian.  He  studied  at  Oxford  (Christ  Church),  grad- 
uating in  1848.  He  was  appointed  regius  professor  of 
modern  history  at  Oxford  in  1866,  curator  of  the  Bodleian 
Libraiy  in  1868,  canon  of  St.  Paul's  in  1879,  and  bishop  of 
Chester  in  1884,  and  was  translated  to  the  see  of  Oxford  in 
1889.  He  was  the  author  of  "  The  Constitutional  History  of 
England  in  its  Origin  and  Development"  (1874-78),  "The 
Early  Plantagenets  "  (1876  :  ' '  Epochs  of  Modern  History  " 
series) ,  and  "  Seventeen  Lectures  oikthe  Study  of  Mediaeval 
and  Modern  History  and  Kindred  ■Subjects"  (1886) ;  and 
edited  Benedict  of  Peterborough's  "Gesta  Regis  Henrici' 
Secundi  Benedicti  Abbatis  :  Chronicles  of  the  Reigns  of 
Henry  II.  and  Richard  I.,  1169-92  "  (1867),  "  Select  Charters 
and  other  Illustrations  of  English  Constitutional  History, 
from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Reign  of  Edward  the  First " 
(1870),"MemorialeFratris  Walteri  de  Coventria :  The  His- 
torical Collections  of  Walter  of  Coventry :  Edited  from 
the  MS.  in  the  Library  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cam- 
bridge "  (1872-73), "Memorials  of  St.  Dunstan,  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury"  (1874),  "Radulfl  de  Diceto  Decani  Ludo- 
niensis  Opera  Historica :  The  Historical  Works  of  Master 
Ralph  de  Diceto,  Dean  of  London  "  (1876),  "  The  Historical 
Works  of  Gervase  of  Canterbury :  Vols.  I  and  II,  The  Chron- 
icle of  the  Reigns  of  Stephen,  Henry  II.,  and  Richard  I.  By 
Gervase,  the  Monk  of  Canterbury  "  (1879-80), "  Chronicles 
of  the  Reigns  of  Edward  I.  and  Edward  II.'  (1882-83),  etc. 
Students,  The.  A  play  printed  in  1762,  said  by 
Genest  to  be  "professedly  'Love's  Labour  's 
Lost'  adapted  to  the  stage,"  but  it  does  not 
seem  ever  to  have  been  acted. 
Stuhlweissenburg  (stol-vis'sen-bSre),  Hung. 
Sz^kes-Feh^rvdr  (sa'kesh-fe'har-var).  The 
capital  of  the  county  of  Stuhlweissenburg, 
Hungary,  37  miles  southwest  of  Budapest:  the 
Roman  Alba  regia  or  Alba  regalis.  It  was  the 
place  of  coronation  of  the  kings  of  Hungary  from  the  11th 
to  the  16th  century,  and  was  held  by  the  -Turks  (with  one 
interruption,  1601-02)  from  about  1643  to  1688.  It  has  a 
cathedral.  Population  (1890),  27,648. 
Stukeley  (stuk'li),  Sir  Thomas.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don about  1520 :  died  at  Aloazar-Quivir  (Alca- 
zar), Aug.  4,  1578.  A  younger  son  in  an  old 
Devonshire  family,  who,  after  a  life  of  adven- 
ture, died  in  the  company  of  three  kings  on 
the  battle-field  of  Alcazar.  Peele  made  him 
the  hero  of  his  play  "The  Battle  of  Alcazar" 
(acted  in  1588). 

Stukeley  (stuk'li),  William.  Bom  at  Hol- 
beach,  Lincolnshire,  Nov.  7,  1687:  died  March 


Styria 

3,  1765.  An  English  antiquarian.  He  published 
some  20  works  on  the  antiquities  of  England. 

Stundists  (ston'dists).  [<  G.  stunde,  hour, 
lesson;  from  their  meetings  for  Bible-reading.] 
A  Russian  sect  which  originated  about  1860. 
Its  tenets  and  practices  are  in  tlie  main  evangelical  and 
Protestant  in  character.  Since  1870  the  Stundists  have 
been  objects  of  persecution  by  the  government.  The  sect 
has  rapidly  increased  in  numbers. 

Sturgeon  (stfer'jqn).  Major.  A  character  in 
Poote's  play  "The  Mayor  of  Garratt,"  played 
by  himself. 

Sturgeon  Bay  (stfer'jon  ba).  An  arm  of  Green 
Bay,  in  Wisconsin. 

Sturluson.    See  Snorre  Sturleson. 

Sturm  (stSrm),  Julius  Karl  Beinhold.  Bom 
at  KSstritz,  (jermany,  July  21,  1816:  died  at 
Leipsic  in  May,  1896.  A  German  pastor  and 
lyric  poet.    He  published  "Fromme  Lieder,"  etc. 

Sturm  und  Drang  (storm  eut  drang).  [G., 
'  storm  and  stress.']  A  period  in  German  liter- 
ature (about  1770-80)  noted  for  the  impetuosity 
of  thought  and  style  of  the  yoimger  writers : 
so  named  from  Klinger's  drama  "Sturm  und  Drang." 
Among  the  representatives  of  this  movement  were  Her- 
der, Goethe  (in  "  Werther"),  Basedow,  Klinger,  Lenz,  etc. 

Sturt  (stSrt),  Sir  Charles.  Died  at  Chelten- 
ham, England,  June  16, 1869.  An  English  ex- 
plorer in  AutetraUa.  He  discovered  the  Darling  River 
in  1828,  and  the  Murray  River  and  Lake  Alexandrina  1830- 
1831,  and  conducted  an  expedition  into  the  interior  1844-45. 

Sturt,  Moimt.  [Named  from  Sir  Charles  Sturt.] 
A  moimtain  of  the  Gawler  Range,  South  Aus- 
tralia, south-southwest  of  Lake  Gairdner. 

Stutly  (stut'li).  Will.  A  character  in  the  Robin 
Hood  cycle  of  English  legend. 

.Stuttgart  (stSt'gart).  The  capital  of  Wiirtem- 
berg,  situated  on  the  Nesenbaoh,  near  the  Neck- 
ar,  in  lat.  48°  46'  N. ,  long.  9°  1 1'  E.  It  is  the  lead- 
ing city  in  south  Germany  in  the  business  of  book-pub- 
lishing, and  has  manufactures  of  chemicals,  dyes,  musical 
instruments,  drugs,  sugar,  etc.  The  new  royEd  palace,  be- 
gun in  1746,  surrounds  three  sides  of  a  square,  and  contains 
finely  proportioned  and  decorated  apartments  with  some 
good  modern  paintings  and  sculptures.  The  old  palace, 
adjoining,  is  of  the  16th  century :  it  has  cylindrical  angle- 
towers,  and  a  picturesque  arcaded  court.  Stuttgart  .also 
contains  a  noted  academy  of  music,  a  royal  library  (of  over 
500,000  volumes),  and  an  art  museum.  It  was  made  the 
capital  of  all  Wiirtemberg  lands  in  1482,  and  has  developed 
rapidly  in  the  nineteenth  century.  It  was  the  seat  of  tlie 
"  Rump  Parliament"  in  1849.    Population  (1900),  176,318. 

Stuyvesant  (sti've-sant),  Peter.  Born  in  Hol- 
land, 1592:  died  at  New  York,  Feb.,  1672. 
The  last  Dutch  governor  of  New  York.  He 
served  in  the  West  Indies ;  was  for  a  time  governor  of  Cu- 
rasao ;  and  returned  to  the  Netherlands  in  1644.  He  was 
appointed  director-general  of  New  Netherlands  in  1646, 
arriving  at  New  Amsterdam  in  1647.  He  conciliated  the 
Indians ;  arranged  a  boundary  line  with  the  English  colo- 
nists at  Hartford  in  1650 ;  dismissed  a  convention  demand- 
ing popular  reforms  in  1663 ;  took  possession  of  the  col- 
ony of  New  Sweden  in  1665 ;  was  compelled  to  surrender 
the  colony  to  the  English  in  Sept.,  1664 ;  and  sailed  for 
the  Netherlands  in  1665,  but  returned  and  lived  on  his 
farm,  the  "  Bouwerij '"  (Bowery),  New  York. 

Styles  (stilz),  Tom  or  John.  A  fictitious  name 
formerly  used  by  lawyers  in  actions  of  eject- 
ment. 

Stylites.    See  Simeon  Stylites. 

Stymphalides  (stim-fal'i-dez).  [Gr.  ^Tv/i(l>a- 
/IMcf.]  In  Greek  legend,  a  flock  of  fierce  birds 
near  Lake  Stymphalus.  They  had  brazen  claws, 
beaks,  and  wings,  and  could  discharge  their  own  feathers 
like  arrows.   To  kill  them  was  one  of  the  labors  of  Hercules. 

Stymphalus  (stim-fa'lus).  [Gr.  2rii/i^a/lof.]  In 
ancient  geography,  a  district  and  lake  in  the 
northeastern  part  of  Arcadia,  Greece,  near 
Mount  Cyllene. 

Styr  (ster).  A  river  in  GaUcia  and  western 
Russia  which  joins  the  Pripet  about  lat.  52°  N. 
Length,  about  250  miles. 

Styria  (stir'i-a).  [G.  Steiermarlc  or  Steyermark, 
F.  Siyrie."]  A  crownland  and  titular  duchy 
of  the  Cisleithan  division  of  Austria-Hungary, 
bounded  by  Upper  Austria  and  Lower  Austria 
on  the  north,  Hungary  on  the  east,  Croatia 
and  Carniola  on  the  south,  Carinthia  on  the 
south  and  west,  and  Salzburg  on  the  west. 
Capital,  Gratz.  it  is  divided  into  Upper  Styria  in  the 
north  and  Lower  Styria  in  the  south.  The  surface  is  gen- 
erally mountainous  (the  Alps,  including  the  Styrian  Alps 
and  the  Karawanken),  and  is  traversed  by  the  Mur  and 
Drave :  the  Save  is  on  its  southern  frontier.  It  is  rich  in 
agricultural  products,  has  great  mineral  wealth  (iron 
and  coal,  lead,  zinc,  also  salt,  etc.),  and  has  important 
manufactures  of  iron  and  iron  and  steel  articles.  The 
prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catholic.  About  two  thirds  of 
the  inhabitants  are  Germans,  about  one  third  Slovenes. 
Styria  has  27  members  in  the  Reichsrat,  and  a  Landtag  of 
63  members.  The  ancient  inhabitants  were  the  Celtic 
Taurisci.  The  country  was  a  part  of  ancient  Noricum  and 
Pannonia.  The  Wends  settled  in  it  in  the  6th  century.  It 
was  conquered  by  Charles  the  Great ;  was  erected  from  a 
margravate  into  a  duchy  about  1180 ;  was  united  with  Aus- 
tria in  1192  ;  and  has  been  in  the  possession  of  the  Haps- 
burgs  since  1282.    It  was  several  times  invaded  by  the 


Styria 

Turks.  The  ReformatioD  wafl  suppressed  by  force  In 
the  16th  century.  Area,  8,670  square  miles.  Population 
(1890),  1,282,708. 

Styrian  Alps  (stir'i-an  alps).  A  name  given 
toy  some  geographers  to  a  division  of  the  Alps 
which  lies  east  of  the  Eohe  Tauern. 

Styx  (stiks).  [Gr.  Srtf ,  the  hateful.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  daughter  of  Oceanus,  and  mother 
of  Zeal,  Victory,  Power,  and  Strength,  she  first 
came  to  the  aid  of  Zeus  against  the  Titans,  and  as  a  reward 
he  kept  her  children  with  him  in  Olympus,  and  made  her 
the  goddess  by  whom  the  most  inviolable  oaths  were 
sworn.    She  was  the  goddess  of  the  river  Styx. 

Styx.  In  Greek  mythology,  a  mighty  river,  the 
tenth  part  of  the  water  of  Oceanus,  which  flows 
in  the  lower  world.  Anoathswom  by  any  of  the  gods 
in  the  name  of  the  river  was  confirmed  by  drinking  a  cup 
of  its  water  brought  by  Iris.  If  such  an  oath  was  violated, 
the  guilty  party  was  punished  by  being  deprived  of  speech 
and  breath  for  a  year  and  banished  from  the  council  of 
gods  for  nine  years.  The  name  was  also  given  to  a  water- 
fall in  Arcadia.    See  the  extract. 

Pausanias  describes  the  terrible  water  as  "a  stream 
falling  from  a  precipice,  the  highest  that  he  had  ever  be- 
held, and  dashing  itself  upon  a  lofty  rock,  through  which 
it  passed  and  then  fell  into  the  Crathis "  CVltL  xviii. 
§  2).  Homer  and  Hesiod  give  similar  descriptions.  Colo- 
nel Leake  ("Morea,"  iii.  p.  160)  seems  to  have  discovered 
the  waterfall  intended,  near  Solos,  where  "two  slender 
cascades  of  water  fall  perpendicularly  over  an  immense 
precipice,  and,  after  winding  for  a  time  among  a  laby- 
rinth of  rocks,  unite  to  form  the  torrent  which,  after 
passing  the  EUuklnes,  joins  the  river  Akrata"  (Crathis). 
Superstitious  feelings  of  dread  still  attach  to  the  water, 
which  is  considered  to  be  of  a  peculiarly  noxious  char- 
acter. Sawliraim,  Herod.,  III.  467,  note. 

Suabia.    See  Swdbia. 

Suakim  (swa'kim),  or  Suakin  (swS'kln).  A 
seaport  belonging  to  Egypt,  situated  on  the  Red 
Sea  in  lat.  19°  7'  N.,  long.  37°  19'  E.,  on  a 
small  island :  the  chief  seaport  on  the  west  coast 
of  the  Red  Sea.  it  exports  cotton,  gum,  ivory,  senna, 
etc.,  and  is  the  starting-point  for  caravans  to  the  Sudan. 
It  was  occupied  by  British  troops  in  the  Mahdist  revolt ; 
and  near  it  occurred  several  conflicts  between  the  Anglo- 
Egyptian  troops  and  the  Mahdiste  under  Osman  Digna  In 
1884  and  later.  Population,  estimated,  about  12,000.  Also 
SuwaHmy  Smoakin,  and  SauaTdn. 

Suarez(swa'reth),  Francisco.  Bom  at  Granada, 
Spain,  Jan.  5,  1548:  died  at  Lisbon,  Sept.  25, 
1617.  A  noted  Spanish  Jesuit  theologian  and 
scholastic  philosopher.  He  is  best  known  from  his 
"  Defensio  Fidel "  (1613 :  burned  in  England  and  France). 
His  works  were  edited  by  Migne. 

Subanrika  (s6-bun-re'ka).  A  river  in  India 
which  flows  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal  96  miles 
southwest  of  Calcutta.  Length,  nearly  300 
miles. 

Suben  (so'ben).  In  Egyptian  mythology,  the 
goddess  of  childbirth,  akin  to  the  Greek  Eilei- 
thyia  and  the  Roman  Lucina.  She  was  honored  in 
southern  Egypt,  and  especially  at  the  city  Eileithyia,  con- 
secrated to  her.  In  northern  Egypt  her  place  was  filled 
by  Nati,  also  called  Buto.    Her  emblem  was  the  vulture, 

Subiaco  (so-be-a'ko).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Rome,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Teverone  33 
miles  east  of  Rome:  the  ancient  Sublaqueum. 
There  are  Benedictine  monasteries  in  the  neighborhood ; 
and  it  contains  a  castle  built  in  the  11th  century,  long  a 
papalresidence.  It  also  contained  a  villa  of  IsTero.  Popu- 
lation (1881),  7,017. 

Sublime  Porte  (sub-lim'  port).  The  building  in 
which  are  the  offices  of  the  grand  vizir  and 
other  high  functionaries  of  the  Ottoman  em- 
pire ;  hence,  the  Turkish  government  itself. 

A  quay,  on  which  were  mounted  several  large  pieces  of 
artillery,  ran  along  outside  the  whole  length  of  the  sea-wall, 
which,  as  well  as  the  city-wall,  was  pierced  with  a  number 
of  gates,  but  one  only  was  in  general  use.  This  was  the 
great  gate  of  the  Seraglio,  the  Bab-i-Humayun  or  Imperial 
Gate,  that*' Sublime  Porte  "from  which  the  OttomanGov- 
emment  derives  the  name  by  which  it  is  beat  known.  Piled 
up  on  one  side,  just  without  this  gate,  were  pyramids  of 
heads,  trophies  of  victory  over  Greek  or  Serbian  rebels,  as 
ghastly  as  the  skulls  that  once  bleached  upon  London 
Bridge  or  over  Temple  Bar.  Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  268. 

Subtle  (sut'l).  1.  The  Alchemist  In  Ben  Jon- 
son's  play  of  that  name.  He  Is  a  knavish  cheat  and 
pretender,  who  offers  to  make  gold  for  his  dupes,  and 
cheats  them  in  various  ways,  inflaming  their  cupidity  and 
lust  of  power.  He  is  thought  to  be  meant  for  the  charla- 
tan Dr.  Dee. 

2.  A  sharper  in  Poote's  comedy  " The  English- 
man in  Paris." 

Subtle  Doctor,  L.  Doctor  Subtilis  (sub'ti-lis). 
A  name  given  to  Duns  Scotus,  from  his  meta- 
physical acuteness. 

Subunreeka.    See  Subanrika. 

Subura  (sii-bu'ra,).  A  valley  in  ancient  Rome, 
on  the  north  side  of  the  Fora,  and  extendii^ 
between  the  Viminal  and  the  Esquiline.  It 
was  drained  by  the  Cloaca  Maxima. 

Suburban  (su  6-6r'ban) ,  The.  One  of  the  prin. 
cipal  American  horse-races :  a  handicap  sweep- 
stakes run  annually  at  the  June  meeting  of  the 
Coney  Island  Jockey  Club  at  Sheepshead  Bay, 
Long  Island.  It  is  for  horses  three  years  old  and  np- 
w8Td.   The  distance  is  1^  miles.   The  winners  have  been' 


964 

1884,  General  Monroe;  188S,  Pontiac ;  1886,  Troubadour; 
1887jEolus;  1888,  Elkwood ;  1889,  Kaceland ;  1890,  Salva- 
tor;  1891,  Loantaka;  1892,  Montana;  1893,  Lowlander; 
1894,  Eamapo ;  1895,  Lazzarone ;  1896,  Henry  of  Navarre ; 
1897,  Ben  Brush;  1898,  fillo;  1899,  Imp;  1900,  Kinley 
Mack ;  1901,  Alcedo ;  1902,  Gold  Heels  f  1903,  Africander. 

Succoth  (suk'oth).  1.  In  scriptural  geography, 
a  place  in  Palestiae,  probably  east  of  the  Jor- 
dan and  south  oi  the  Jabbok:  destroyed  by 
Gideon. — 2.  The  place  of  the  first  encampment 
of  the  Israelites  in  the  Exodus.  It  is  called  in 
Egyptian  records  Thukot,  and  lay  east  of  S&n. 

Suchet  (sii-sha'),  Louis  Gabriel,  Duo  d'Albu- 
flra.  Born  at  Lyons,  March  2,  1770:  died  at 
Marseilles,  Jan.  3, 1826.  A  marshal  of  Prance. 
He  served  with  distinction  in  Italy,  especially  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  1800-01,  becoming  a  brigadier-general  in  1797, 
chief  of  stafl  to  MassSna  in  1798,  and  general  of  division 
in  1800 ;  and  later  at  Austerlitz,  Saalfeld,  Pultusk,  and 
elsewhere.  He  received  the  command  in  Aragon  in  April, 
1809 ;  defeated  Ble^e  at  SantaF^  and  Belchite,  Jane,  1809, 
and  O'Donnellnear  Lerida  April  23, 1810 ;  captured  Tortosa 
Jan.  2, 1811 ;  stormed  Tarragona  June  28, 1811 ;  captured 
Valencia  Jan.  9,  1812 ;  and  gained  other  victories.  He 
served  under  Napoleon  in  the  Hundred  Days.  He  became 
a  marshal  in  1811,  and  later  a  peer  of  France.  He  wrote 
memoirs  of  his  Spanish  campaigns. 

Sucbow,  or  Su-chau.    See  Soochow. 

Suchteln  (ziieh'teln).  A  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  near  the  Niers  36 
miles  northwest  of  Cologne.  Population  (1890), 
8,808. 

SuckUng  (suk'ling).  Sir  John.  Born  at  Whitton, 
Middlesex  (baptized  Peb.  10,  1609) :  supposed 
to  have  committed  suicide  at  Paris  about  1642. 
An  English  Royalist  poet  and  man  of  fashion  of 
the  court  of  Charles  I.  His  fatherwas  a  comptroller 
of  the  household  of  Charles  I.  In  1623  he  entered  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  and  1631-32  fought  in  the  Marquis  of 
Hamilton's  troop  in  Gustavus  Adolphus's  army.  Return- 
ing to  court  just  as  the  masks  had  passed  their  splendor, 
he  wrote  plays  adapted  to  the  scenery  which  the  taste  for 
them  had  developed.  "Aglaura"  was  produced  in  1637, 
and  "  Brennoralt  in  1639.  When  the  war  with  the  Scottish 
Covenanters  began  (1639),  he  raised  a  troop  of  100  horse 
for  the  king.  In  Nov.,  1640,  he  was  elected  member  for 
Bramber  in  the  Long  Parliament.  In  May,  1641,  he  was 
•implicated  in  a  plot  for  the  liberation  of  Strafford,  was 
charged  with  high  treason,  and  fled  from  England.  He  is 
best  known  from  his  lyric  poems  and  ballads. 

Sucre  (so'kra),  Antonio  Jose  de.   Bom  at  Cu- 

man4,  Venezuela,  June  13,  1793 :  died  in  the 
province  of  Pasto,  New  Granada,  June  4, 1830.  A 
Spanish- American  general  in  the  war  for  inde- 
pendence. He  was  a  trusted  lieutenant  of  Bolivar,  and 
during  his  absence  gained  two  of  the  most  decisive  victories 
of  the  war— the  battle  of  Pichincha  (May  24, 1822),  which 
freed  Quito  or  Ecuador ;  and  that  of  Ayacucho  (Dec..9, 1824), 
which  put  an  end  to  Spanish  rule  in  South  America.  Sucre 
was  awarded  the  title  of  grand  marshal  of  Ayacucho,  and 
was  elected  first  president  of  Bolivia  Oct.  3, 1826.  He  re- 
signed in  Sept.,  1828,  to  prevent  a  war  with  Peru,  the  gov- 
ernment of  that  country  having  demanded  his  removal  as 
an  adherent  of  Bolivar.  Sucre  went  to  Colombia,  where 
he  took  command  of  the  army  then  acting  against  Peru, 
gained  the  battle  of  Giron,  near  Cuenca,  Feb.  26, 1829,  and 
thus  practically  ended  the  war.  He  was  president  of  the 
Colombian  congress  of  1829,  and  while  returning  to  his 
home  in  Quito  was  assassinated,  at  the  instigation,  as  was 
supposed,  of  his  political  enemies. 

Sucre,  orChuquisaca  (cho-ke-sa'kii).  The  offi- 
cial capital  of  Bolivia,  situated  near  lat.  19°  5'  S. 
It  contains  a  cathedral  and  several  educational  institutions. 
Originally  it  was  the  Indian  village  of  Chuquisaca,  The 
Spaniards  called  it  La  Plata  de  Chuquisaca,  or  simply  La 
Hata,  from  the  important  silver-mines  of  the  vicinity. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  old  Spanish  province  of  Charcas, 
whence  it  was  also  known  as  Charcas.  The  official  name 
Sucre  was  given  when  it  became  the  capital  of  Bolivia  in 
1826.  For  many  years  La  Paz  has  been  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment.   Population,  about  19,000. 

Suczawa  (so-cha'va).  A  tovm  in  Bukowina, 
Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  river  Sucza- 
wa 45  miles  south  by  east  of  Czemowitz.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  commune,  10,221. 

Sudan,  or  Soudan  (s6-dan'),  sometimes  called 
Nigritia  (ni-grish'ia).  [Ar.  Sudan,  the  Blacks.] 
A  vast  region  in  Africa,  with  indefinite  boun- 
daries, including  the  territories  from  the  Atlan- 
tic (or  Senegambia)  eastward  to  Abyssinia  or  the 
Red  Sea,  and  from  the  Sahara  southward  to  the 
(Juinea  coast,  and  the  Kongo  Basin .  The  Eastern 
or  Egyptian  Sudan  extends  southward  from  the  frontier 
of  Egypt  to  Lake  Albert  Nyaiiza,  eastward  to  the  Ked  Sea 
and  Abyssinia,  and  westward  to  Wadai.  It  includes  Sen- 
naar,  Khartum,  Kordofan,  Darfur,  the  Equatorial  Prov- 
iuce,  and  the  Bahr-el-Ghazal  province.  Its  area  is  about 
950,000  square  miles,  and  its  population  about  10,000,000. 
Of  the  central  Sudan  states  Wadai,  Baghirmi,  and  Kanem 
are  within  the  French  sphere  of  influence,  and  a  part  of 
Bornu,  with  Sokoto  and  Gando,  witliin  the  British.  Ada- 
niawafalls  within  the  German  Kamerun  Hinterland.  The 
boundaries  between  the  English  and  the  French  posses- 
sions and  spheres  of  influence  both  west  and  east  of  tlie 
Niger  were  determined  by  a  convention  between  the 
United  Kingdom  and  France  ratified  June  13, 1899. 

Sudani  (so-da'ne).  A  dialect  of  Arabic  spoken 
in  the  Sudan. 

Sudbury  (sud'bu-ri).  A  town  in  Suffolk  and 
Essex,  England,  situated  on  the  Stour  50  miles 
northeast  of  London.  Population  (1891),  7,059. 


Suevi 

Sudbury.  A  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, 19  miles  west  of  Boston.  It  was  the 
scene  of  a  battle  with  the  Indians  in  1676.  Pop- 
ulation  (1895),  1,141. 

Sudermania.    See  Sodermanland. 

Sudermann  (z8'der-man),  Hermann.  Born  at 
Matzicken,  East  Prussia,  Dec.  9,  1857,  A  Ger- 
man dramatic  poet.  He  is  a  disciple  of  Ibsen. 
Among  his  plays  are  "Die  Ehre,"  "  Sodoma  Ende,"  and 
"  Heimat,"  which  was  played  with  great  success  in  Paris 
by  Sarah  Bernhardt  .  .,,.     t,  t  ,       , 

Sudero  (sb'de-r6).    One  of  the  Faroe  Islands. 

Sudeten(s8-de'ten).  [G., '  Sudetic'  Mountains.] 
A  mountain  system  in  Moravia,  Austrian  Sile- 
sia, Prussian  Silesia,  Bohemia,  and  Saxony,  it 
extends  from  the  basin  of  the  Beozwa  in  Moravia  to  the 
gap  of  the  Elbe  near  the  Bohemian  and  Saxon  frontier. 
Its  chief  divisions  are  the  Isergebirge,  Biesengebkge, 
Glatzer  Mountains  (Schneeberg),  Keiohensteiner  Moun- 
tains, Eulengebirge,  Adlergebirge,  Habelschwerter  Moun- 
tains, Heuscheuergebirge,  Schweidnitzer  Mountains,  Lan- 
sitzer  Mountains,  and  the  Moravian  Gesenke  and  Altvater 
Sohneegebirge. 

Sudini.    See  Mstii. 

Sue  (su),Marie  Joseph  (bestknownasEugfene). 
Born  at  Paris,  Dec.  10,  1804:  died  at  Annecy, 
Savoy,  July  3, 1857.  A  celebrated  Prenoh  nov- 
elist. His  sponsors  were  Prince  Eugene  Beanharnais 
and  the  empress  Josephine ;  from  the  former  he  took  the 
name  Eugene,  which  he  prefixed  to  Sue  to  form  his  nom 
de  plume.  After  a  short  stay  at  the  Lyc^e  Bonaparte  in 
Paris,  he  took  up  painting  and  then  medicine,  and  wrote 
also  a  couple  of  poorplays.  He  spent  six  years  in  the  navy 
as  a  surgeon,  falling  heir  to  his  father's  large  estate  on  his 
return  to  France  in  1830.  Chance  led  him  to  write  his 
first  novel,  "  Plick  et  Plock  "  (1831),  and  he  was  encouraged 
by  its  success  to  publish  "Atar-GuU"  (1831X  "La  sala- 
mandre  "  (18^,  "  La  Coucaratcha"  (1832-34),  and  "La  vi- 
gie  de  Koat- Ten  "  (1833).  For  the  subject-matter  of  all 
these  works  he  drew  largely  upon  his  store  of  personal 
reminiscences  and  experiences.  A  great  deal  of  sound  in- 
formation on  naval  matters  is  found  embodied  in  Sue's 
"Histoire  de  la  marine  fran^aise"  (1835-37).  Dropping 
gradually  into  the  general  style  of  novel,  he  published 
"  Arthur-"  (1838),  "Le  marquis  de  L^toriere"  (1839),  "Ma- 
thilde  "  (1841),  "Le  mome  au  dlable"  (1842).  In  a  more 
erudite  strain  he  composed  two  historical  novels,  "La- 
tr^aumont"  (1837)  and  "Jean  Cavalier"  (1840).  Be  ex- 
erted  a  profound  influence  by  the  views  to  which  he  gave 
expression  in  "Les  mystferes  de  Paris  "(1842-43),  and  in  "Le 
Juif  errant "  (1844-46).  A  change  of  government  drove  him 
into  exile  in  1852,  and  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  in 
Annecy.  In  addition  to  flie  works  mentioned  above,  he 
wrote  a  few  plays  and  a  number  of  novels. 

Suess  (ziis),  Eduard.  Bom  at  London,  Eng- 
land, Aug.  20, 1831.  A  noted  Austrian  geologist. 
In  1867  he  became  professor  of  geology  at  the  University 
of  Vienna.  He  has  been  a  member  of  the  Landtag  of 
Lower  Austria  since  1869,  and  in  1873  he  entered  the 
Reichsrat  as  deputy  from  Vienna,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  liberal  party.  He  has  held  several  public  oflloes.  He 
is  noted  for  his  special  researches  on  the  stratigraphy  of 
the  Alps,  the  geology  of  Italy,  and  the  organization  of  the 
brachiopod  mollusks.  Among  his  works  are  "DerBoden 
der  Stadt  Wien"  (1862),  "Die  Entstehung  der  Alpen" 
(1875),  "Die  Zukunst  des  Goldes"  (1877),  "Das  Antlitz 
der  Erde"  (1885). 

Suessiones  (swes-i-6'nez).  An  ancient  people 
of  Gallia  Belgica,  allied  to  and  situated  near 
the  Remi,  in  the  vicinity  of  Soissons  (named 
from  them).  They  were  subjugated  by  Julius 
Csesar  57  b.  c. 

Suessula  (swes'tL-la).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
place  in  (;ampariiaj  Italy,  13  mUes  northeast  of 
Naples :  the  traditional  scene  of  a  Roman  vic- 
tory over  the  Samnites  in  the  first  Samnite 
war. 

Suetonius  (swe-to'ni-us)  (Gains  Suetonius 
Tranquillus) .  Li ved  in  the  first  part  of  the  2d 
century  A.  D.  A  Roman  biographer  and  histo- 
rian. He  was  private  secretary  of  Hadrian  about  119- 
121,  and  was  a  friend  of  the  younger  Pliny,  whom  he  ac- 
companied to  Bithynia  in  112.  His  chief  work  is  "  Lives 
of  the  Ccesars, "  which  contains  biographies  (of  an  anecdoti- 
cal  character)  of  the  flrst  twelve  Caesars,  including  Julius. 
It  is  important  on  account  of  its  revelations  concerning 
the  private  life  of  the  emperors.  Fragments  of  his  "De 
grammaticis,"  and  of  other  works,  are  extant. 

Suett  (su'et),  Bichard.  Died  in  1805.  An 
English  comedian,  known  as  Dickey  Suett. 

Suevi  (swe'vi).  [L.  (Cresar)  SmU,  (Pliny) 
Suevi,  Gr.  (Strabo)  T,6j!$ot,  (Jordanes)  Sovijioi,] 
The  collective  name  of  a  German  people  men- 
tioned by  Caesar,  who  describes  them  as  the 
largest  and  most  warlike  of  the  German  tribes. 
At  the  time  of  Tacitus  the  Suevi  occupied  aU  central 
Germany  west  of  the  Oder,  from  the  boundaries  of 
the  Harudes,  who  alone  intervened  between  them  and  the 
Baltic,  to  the  Danube.  The  common  name  included  the 
Semnones,  Chatti,  Hermunduri,  Marcomanni,  Quad!,  and 
Juthungi,  with  many  of  which  tribal  appellations  the  com- 
mon name  interchanged.  In  the  first  half  of  the  6th  cen- 
tury the  Suevi,  so  called  (possibly  the  Juthungi),  appeared 
as  neighbors  and  allies  of  the  Alamannl,  with  whom  they 
acted  as  one  folk :  either  name  may  be  used  of  the  whole 
people.  Together  they  were  crushingly  defeated  by  the 
Franks  underOlovis.  SubsequentlytheSuevlweresettled 
about  the  head  waters  of  the  Danube,  where  their  name  is 
still  preserved  in  Swabia  (Schwaben).  The  Suevi  wlio  set- 
tled in  Spanish  Galicia  in  the  5th  century  were  possibly 
the  Semnones. 


Suevicum,  Mare  965 

Suevicum  (swe'vi-kum),  Mare.  [L.,  'Suevio  Prussia,  situated  in  the  Thiiringerwald,  on  the 
Sea.']  A  Roman  name  of  the  Baltic  Sea.  Lauter,  23  miles  south  of  Gotha.    it  is  famous  for 

Suez  (sb'ez  or  so-ez').  A  seaportof  Egypt,  situ-  manulaotnres  of  iron,  especially  of  flrearms,  and  was  long 
ated  at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Suez,  and  at  the  "^.lled"  the  armory  of  Germany."  Population  (1890),  11,688. 
southern  terminus  of  the  Suez  Canal,  in  lat.  Suhrab  (modem  Pers.  pron.  so-hrab':  earlier, 
29°  58'  N.,  long.  32°  33'  E. :  the  ancient  Arsinoe,  following  the  Arabic,  so-hrab').  In  the  Shah- 
later  Clysma  and  Kolzum.  it  was  the  terminus  of  'i^'i^ah,  the  son  of  Eustam  by  Tahminah.  Rus- 
an  ancient  canal.  It  was  developed  in  recent  times  by  the  tam  kills  Suhrab  without  knowing  that  he  is 
opening  of  the  fresh-water  canal  (1863),  which  extended  his  son.  (See  Rustam.)  Also  Sohrab. 
from  Suez  to  Ismailia,  and  of  the  Suez  Canal  in  1869.  ItQ,„-j_„/  -/•  j  n  r/-(  ^  /j  n  t  •  j  ,  ■. , 
has  harbors  and  quays.    Population  (1897)  17 178  auiaas(su  1-das).  [Gr.Somflaf.]  liived probably 

Suez,  Ghllf  of.  The  northwestern  'arin  of  the  J?  ^^^  second  half  of  the  10th  century  a.  d.  A 
Bed  Sea,  bounding  the  Sinaitic  peninsula  on  Byzantine  lexicographer,  author  of  a  famous 
the  west :  the  ancient  Heroopolites  Sinus.  f,?"?.  °P ,  ^?  9^^^^  lexicon.  "The  works  of  Suidas, 

S?TiO!7   THtTiinnH  nf      TTib  istlirnns  wViinh  titii+aq    pK^  those  of  Photius,  contain  a  vast  store  of  various  learn- 

BUeZ,  IStnmUS  01.  ine  IStnmuswmon  unites  ,ng,  singularly  useful  on  points  of  criticism  and  Uterary 
Asia  and  Atnca,  and  separates  the  Medlterra-  history.  The  lexicon  of  this  writer,  besides  the  definition 
nean  from  the  Red  Sea:  now  intersected  by  of  words,  contains  accounts  of  ancient  authors  of  all  classes, 
the  Suez  Canal  (which  see).  ^'^ua^^I  quotations  from  works  that  have  since  per- 

Suez  Canal.  A  ship-canal  which  connects  the  ''^f;  !!"^  ,\^  ,,  .  ^.  „  .  ,, 
Mediterranean  with  the  Red  Sea.  Napoleon  I.  of?uX*K^X«utU^r^th'^Ur^^^^ 
entertained  the  ideaof  buildinga  maritime  canal  between  compilation,  and  from  some  citations  in  the  co^entary 
these  two  bodies  of  water,  but  abandoned  it  in  conse-  of  Bustathiua.  That  he  was  a  Byzantine  monk  is  merely 
quence  of  a  report  by  the  engineer  Lepfere  (1798),  which  a  conjecture  started  by  Joannes  Rosinus  and  adopted  by 
placed  the  surface  of  the  Red  Sea  nearly  30  feet  higher  than  subsequent  scholars.  Even  the  age  in  which  he  flo-irUhed 
S* -J,"^  '«  Mediterranean.  This  mistake  was  corrected  by  is  quite  uncertain ;  for  it  cannot  be  ascertained  whether 
British  officers  in  1841,  and  in  1849  Ferdinand  de  Lesseps  the  references  to  Certain  personages  of  a  comparatively 
began  a  thorough  inyestig^ion  of  the  isthmus  With  the  modern  date  belong  to  the  origin^  fabric  of  the  lexicon, 
consent  of  the  Khedive  of  Egypt  and  the  Porte  he  organ-     or  were  subsequent  additions. 

l^^^c,S\'^Sl'y^"^  Company  of  the  Maritime  Suez  Canal  k.  0.  Mullet,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  III.  385. 
in  1856,  half  the  capital  of  which  was  raised  by  pubhc  sub-  '  UDomldson  ) 

Bcription  in  Europe  (chiefly  in  France),  the  other  half  bythe  -,    .  v     .-.-    rrr.     ..      ^  «   .  -r 

khedive.  Work  began  AprU  25, 1859,  and  Nov.  16, 1869,  the  BUlOneS(su-l'o-nez).  [L.  (Tacitus)  m«0»es,  (Jor- 
canal  was  opened  for  navigation,  having  cost  about  £20,-  danes)  iSuehanS,  ON.  Smar,  AS.  Sw4eon.']  Ac- 
000,000,    It  is  100  miles  long,  traversing  Lake  Menzaleh,    cording  to  Tacitus,  the  collective  name  of  the 

Lake  Timaah,  and  the  Bitter  Lakes,  and  was  originally    «.„_-„.?,:„  ;„^,„t,;+„'  j.„  „t  a„ /i;„„^„       ■,    -. 

from  160  to  300  feet  wide  at  the  water-surface,  and  72  at  Germanic  inhabitants  of  Scandinavia.  In  Jor- 
the  bottom,  with  a  minimum  depth  of  26  feet:  but  has  ?anes.. 'u  the  6th  century  as  SM«jians(i.e.5i!eaM«),  the  name 
since  (1886-90)  been  deepened  to  28  feet  and  considerably  f  "mited  to  the  inhabitants  of  central  Sweden,  whence  it 
widened.  The  original  capital  of  the  company  consisted  J^  "^^  extended  to  include  the  whole  country, 
of  400,000  shares  of  £20  each  (besides  100,000  founders'  SuIt  (shor).  A  river  in  Ireland  which  unites 
shares),  of  which  176,602  belonged  to  the  khedive  and  east  of  Waterford  with  the  Barrow  to  form 
roJLTn'grr stt^th^fSei^rLThrnSnC'of  ^e's!  Waterford  Harbor.  Length,  over  100  miles, 
sels  passing  through  the  canal  and  the  receipts  of  the  SuiSSO  (sues),  La.  The  French  name  of  Swit- 
company:  zerland. 

1870 486..      654,915  ..£  206,378  "™'SUn  Bay  (so-e-son'i)a).    A  bay  m  Calif  orma 

1880 2,026  . .    4,344,519  . .     1,629,577   which  communicates  on  the  west  by  Carquinez 

1890 3,389        9,749,129  ..     2,680,436    Strait  with  San  Pablo  Bay,  and  through  it 

Ji^^::::::::::::::::::  iMy.n'Mlim..  IK  with  San  Francisco  Bay.  .  it' receives  theW 
1896 3,409  . .  12,039,869  . .     8,182!800   lamento  and  San  Joaqmn  rivers.      Length, 

1897 2,986        11,123,403   .        2,913,222     about  20  mileS. 

1898 3,603  . .  12,962,632  . .    3,411,791  Suivailte  (sTie-vonf),  La.    A  comedy  by  Cor- 

1889 3,607  . .  13,815.992  . .    3,652.751  ^^^^6,  issued  in  1684,  iu  which  the  character  of 

Suffolk  (snf 'ok).     [ME.  Sj#oiifc,  AS.  .6fi^*Vofc,o^^^°'l^5®*^®.™^^.t^"^'■^*?PP^^^^^^^        ,    , 
south  folk:  opposed  to  Northfole,  north  Mk  Sukuma(so-ko'ma),orWasukimia(wa-so-ko'. 
Norfolk.]    The  easternmost  county  of  England    ^""^rA  ^=^°t^  tribe  of  German  East  Africa,  in- 
bounded  by  Norfolk,  the  North  Sea,  Essex,  and  halsiting  a  vast  undulatmg  plateau  south  of  Lake 
Cambridge.    Its  surface  is  generally  level,  and  it  is  one    IX.'i^i^,  JH^'^fi™' "„^lS'l^^^^^^  ".  sometimes 

of  the  chief  agricultural  counties  of  England.  It  formed  ^P*f  S-ift^™,  T=  .w?  '^ir.^TT^^'''-  ™S  ^^' 
part  of  the  oil  kingdom  of  East  Anglia.  Area,  1,476  square  ^°??S'w^'^V^"'5?^,i^„*"'?!S,S'/*  'S/^"™^''  ^^'"S 
miipa     PoTiniotinn /■isoTi  !Wi  09K  •  t        t  possibly  Only  a  dialect  of  the  latter.    The  Wasukuma  are 

mues.    Population  (1891),371,236.  agricultural  and  pastoral.  Their  petty  chiefs  used  to  exact 

Suffolk,  Dukes  of.    See  Brandon,  Charles,  and   toll  from  travelers. 
Grey,  Henry.  ^  ,„.„.        ,    Sul,  Eio  Grande  do.    Bee  JSio  Grande  do  Sul. 

Suffolk,  Earl  and  later  Duke  of  (Wllham  de  guia  (so'la).  A  river  in  southern  Russia  which 
la  Pole).  Executed  1450.  An  Engbsh  politi-  joins  the  Dnieper  75  miles  west-southwest  of 
eian,  grandson  of  Michael  de  la  Pole,  earl  of  Poltava.  Length,  about  200  miles. 
Suffolk :  leading  mmister  under  Henry  VL  Sulaphat  (so'lf-f at).  [Ar.  aUulhafdt,  the  tor- 
Sufften  de  Saint-Tropez  (su-fran'  d6  san-tro-  toise.  See  8haUn.'\  The  third-magnitude  star 
pa'),  Pierre  Andr^  de.   Bom  at  Saint-Cannat,    y  Lyrse. 

France,  July  13, 1726 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  8,  Suleiman  (Turkish  sultans).     See  Solyman. 
1788.    A  French  vice-admiral.    He  entered  the  gujeiman  (s6-la-man'),  Mosaue  of.  A  mosque 
?nn^"Sdi°^^^nTn\'?J?''I^XMSlfw?/'hi    m  Constantinople,  he^n  in)550     itisthefi^est 
the  service  of  Malta.    In  1781  he  was  sent  to  protect    edifice  m  the  city,  after  Santa  Sophia,  whose  plan  it  some- 
French  interests  in  the  East  Indies.    After  an  action  at    whatresembIes,havinganavewithcentraIdomebuttressed 
the  Cape  Verd  Islands  (April  16, 1781)  he  outsailed  Com-    ^y  two  large  semr-domes,  and  arcaded  aisles  with  domes 
modore  Johnstone  to  tlie  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  so  pre-    g^J  every  bay.    The  dome  is  17  feet  higher  than  that  of 
vented  an  attack  of  the  English  upon  Cape  Town.    He    ^^"**l°P^^i„/„\^T'''i'  ?"!?■,?'?,?  "^S 'i°p?'-!^  «i.? 
fought  five  hard  but  Indecisive  battles  against  the  English    ^}°^f^Z^^^^.l^tfS^Z^A^^^^^H^^^l 
under  Admiral  Hughes:   oil  Sadras  ^eb.  17,  1782),  off    ^.^^ ""5"'™'' S^,^*  tv,„^^^  1 ,1     ^,?.il?J 
Trincomalee  (April  12  and  Sept.  8,  1782),  off  JTegapatam    "als  and  proportions.  _  There  are  four  mmarets. 
(July  6, 1782),  off  Cuddalore  (June  20,  1783).    He  was  re-  SuleimanMoUntainS.  See  Suliman  Mountains. 

S^ltrt  ^fhT'E-"?;  "l'v.'''^*'y  of  Versailles,  and  was  re-  guieiman  Pasha.  Born  1840 :  died  at  Constan- 
ceived  with  the  highest  honors  and  created  a  vice-admiraL  "".^oiuicii  lono     Am     i  ■  i,  „  „i     tt 

c..«„/  •■/£  \       a  oi         an-        *j        .1      tmople,  Aug.  11,  1892.  A  Turkish  general.  He 
Buns  (so  hz),  or  Sams,  or  SafaWlS.     A  dynasty    ^^g  Sne  of  the  chief  movers  In  the  deposition  of  Abdul 
of  Persian  monarchs  who  reigned  from  about     Aziz  In  1876;  served  with  distinction  in  the  war  with  Ser- 
1501  to  the  accession  of  Nadir  Shah  in  1736.  via  in  1876,  and  in  Herzegovina  and  Montenegro  in  1877 ; 

rt         T_   •    r  -  ft.  ~\       1        o'  ij/.       commanded  the  attacks  against  the  Shipka  Pass,  Aug.- 

eUgamon  (SU-gam  bn),  also  SlgamDrl  (si-  Sept.,  1877;  and  later  was  commander  in  Bulgaria,  and  was 
gam'bri)orSicambri(si-kam'bri).  [L.(C8BSar)  forced  to  retreat  to  Constantinople  in  1878.  He  was  con- 
Sigambri,  (Tacitus)  Sugambri,  Gr.  (Strabo)  Sod-     demned  to  imprisonment  on  a  charge  of  high  treason  in 

yafi^poi.-]    A  German  tribe,  first  mentioned  by    i8!8'''"*!r?f"'?Vf'*°^       a  *•!.,« 

C»sar,  in  whose  timeitheywere  situated  on  the  Sulen  (so'len)  Islands.  A  group  of  islands  off 
right  bank  of  the  lower  Rhine,  north  of  the  tlie  western  coast  of  Norway,  50  miles  north- 
Ubii,  on  both  sides  of  the  Ruhr.  °°^*^^f,^*  °*  f^'^en.  ..  ^  .  ■     .i^, 

Sn?f]f>Ti  CsiKT'dflTi'*  VH-ararA  Tinrtmaha-ar  fir^t  Sull  (so'le).     A  mountainous  district  m  Alba- 
Wof  ^sZt'-Sl'onfr^'^K'at'^LTdt    -f.  ^'^°^'''  '''"'^'^'  "'"'"*  ''""'  "^'^  ""* 
Feb.,  1781:  died  at  Thames  Dellon,  Jam.  29,  ^Pv™™^/ •■ ,-     ■■   /x        c„i«™o«  «^  «s„ia,- 
1875.'  An  English  statesman  and  jurist.    Hewa    S^^^^-^^^-^^"?"^?  Vn„n?ifi?    1  ™?^e  o^ 
Bolicitor.generall829-30;  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland  1834-    man  (so-la-man  ),  Mountains.     A  range  ot 
1836  and  1841-46 ;  and  was  created  Lord  St.  Leonards,  and    mountains  near  the  border  ot  Atghanistan  and 
appointed  lord  high  ohancellorof  Englandin  LordDerby's    British  India,  extending  from  the  river  Kuram 
first  administration  in  1862.    He  wrote  "Law  of  Venders     sf„,+i.  g^^  ™ot  toward  the  Bolan  Pass.     The 
andPurchasers"(1805X"Powers"(1808),"Lawof  Property    1°™'^  anawesi  towaru  iub  jjuian  i aoo. 
as  Administered  by  the  House  of  lords  "  (1849),  and  othei    highest  point  is  about  13,000  teet. 
legal  treatises.  SuUmana(so-le-ma'na).  A  region  in  the  south- 

Suhl  (z61).    A  town  in  the  province  of  Saxony,    em  part  of  Senegambia,  western  Africa. 


Sully,  Due  de 

Sulina  (so-le'na).  The  middle  one  of  the  three 
chief  mouths  of  the  Danube,  and  the  one  most 
frequented  by  ships. 

Sulina.  A  town  in  Rumania,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Sulina  branch  of  the  Danube. 

Suliotes  (s6'li-6tz).  A  Greoo-Albanian  peo- 
ple who  settled  in  Suli  and  carried  on  war  in 
the  18th  century  against  the  Turks  and  Alba- 
nians. They  were  finally  subdued  In  1822,  and  forced  to 
leave  Suli  for  Greece,  where  they  played  an  important  part 
In  the  war  of  liberation. 

Sulla  (sul'a),  Lucius  Cornelius,  sumamed  Fe- 
lix. Bom  about  138  b.  c.  :  died  78  b.  c.  A  cele- 
brated Roman  general  and  dictator.  As  questor 
in  the  army  of  Harius  he  served  in  the  war  against  Ju- 
gurtha  107-106,  and  captured  Jugurtha ;  fought  against 
the  Cimbri  and  Teutones  104-101 ;  was  pretor  in  93 ;  as 
propretor  in  Cilicla  in  92  defeated  the  general  of  Mithri- 
dates  and  restored  Ariobarzanes  to  the  throne  of  Cappa- 
docla ;  took  part  in  the  Social  War  90-89,  and  captured 
Bovlanum  89 ;  and  was  consul  in  88.  The  civil  war  be- 
tween him  and  Marius  broke  out  in  88.  He  led  an  army 
against  Rome  and  expelled  the  Marians  (this  was  the 
first  time  that  a  Eoman  had  led  a  Koman  army  against 
Rome).  As  commander  in  the  Mithridatic  war,  87-^,  he  de- 
feated Archelaus  at  Cheeronea  in  86  and  Orchomenua  In 
85,  and  defeated  the  Marian  leader  Fimbria  in  84.  He 
landed  in  Italy  In  83,  and  defeated  the  Marians  in  83  and 
82,  and  the  Samnltes  at  the  Colllne  Gate  in  82.  He  issued 
a  sweeping  proscription  against  his  enemies  (see  extract 
belowO ;  was  appointed  dictator  in  82 ;  and  was  consul  in 
80.  He  attempted  various  constitutional  reforms ;  reor- 
ganized the  senato  and  the  judiciary;  established  military 
colonies  In  Italy ;  and  resigned  the  dictatorship  in  79. 

One  of  his  first  acts  was  to  draw  up  a  list  of  his  enemies 
who  were  to  be  put  to  deatl^  which  list  was  exhibited  in 
the  forum  to  public  inspection,  and  called  a  Proseriptio. 
It  was  the  first  instance  of  the  kind  in  Roman  history. 
All  persons  in  this  list  were  outlaws,  who  might  be  killed 
by  any  one  with  impunity,  even  by  slaves ;  their  prop- 
erty was  confiscated  to  the  state,  and  was  to  be  sold  by 
public  auction. 

Smxth,  Diet,  of  Greek  and  Roman  Biog.,  eto.,  III.  989. 

Sullen  (sul'eu),  Mrs.  The  gay,  youthful  wife 
of  the  drunken  blockhead  Sullen,  in  Parquhar's 
"Beaux'  Stratagem."  incompatibility  leads  to  a  di- 
vorce, and  she  marries  Archer  whom  she  loves. 

Sullivan  (sul'i-van),  Sir  Arthur  Seymour. 
Bom  at  London,  May  13,  1842:  died  there, 
Nov.  22,  1900.  A  noted  English  composer  and 
conductor.  He  was  choir-boy  In  the  Chapel  Royal; 
gained  the  Mendelssohn  scholarship  In  1856;  studied  in 
Leipsic  1858-61 ;  was  principal  of  the  National  Training 
School  for  Music  1876-81 ;  and  president  of  the  Birming- 
ham and  Midland  Institution  in  1888.  He  Is  famous  for 
his  operettas  (for  the  titles  of  those  composed  with  W.  S. 
Gilbert  as  librettist,  see  Gilbert).  Those  composed  with 
others  are  "Cox  and  Box"  (1867  :  with  Bumand),  "The 
Zoo  "  (1871 :  with  B.  Rowe),  "  Ivanhoe  "  (1891)  and  "  Had- 
don  Hall"  (1892:  with  S.  Grundy).  He  composed  many 
songs  ("The Lost  Chord,"  "Arabian  Love  Song,"  "O  Fan- 
Dove,  O  Pond  Dove,"  "  If  Doughty  Deeds,"  etc.) ;  the  ora- 
torios "The  Prodigal  Son"  (1869),  "The  Light  of  the 
World"  (1873),  "The  Martyr  of  Antioch"  (1880).  etc. ;  In- 
cidental music  for  "The  Tempest,"  "The  Merchant  of 
Venice,"  "Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,"  "Macbeth,"  and 
"Henry  VIII.,"  and  for  Wills's  "Olivia";  besides  part- 
songs,  anthems,  services,  hymn-tunes,  cantatas,  a  sym- 
phony in  E,  music  for  Longfellow's  "  Golden  Legend,"  eto. 
He  was  knighted  in  1883. 

Sullivan,  Barry.  Born  at  Birmingham,  1824 : 
died  at  Brighton,  May  3, 1891.  An  English  ac- 
tor. He  first  appeared  at  Cork  in  1840,  and  in  London  at 
the  Haymarket  in  1862.  He  visited  the  United  States 
1857-60,  and  Australia  1861-«6. 

Sullivan,  James.  Bom  at  Berwick,  Maine, 
April  22,1744:  died  at  Boston,  Dec.  10,  1808. 
An  American  politician,  brother  of  John  Sidli- 
van.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress,  and 
governor  of  Massachusetts  1807-08.  He  wrote  a  "  History 
of  Maine  "  (1796),  a  "  History  of  Land-Titles  in  Massachu- 
setts "  (1801),  eto. 

Sullivan,  John.  Bom  at  Berwick,  Maine,  Feb. 
17, 1740 :  died  at  Durham,  N.  H.,  Jan.  23, 1795. 
An  American  general.  He  was  amemberof  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  in  1774 ;  seized  a  fort  near  Portsmouth 
In  Dec,  1774  ;  became  brigadier-general  in  1776 ;  served 
at  the  siege  of  Boston ;  commanded  in  Canada  In  1776 ; 
was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Long  Island  In  1776 ; 
served  at  Trenton  and  Princeton ;  attacked  Staten  Island 
in  1777 ;  served  at  Brandywine  and  Germantown  ;  com- 
manded In  Rhode  Island  in  1778,  and  gained  the  victory 
of  Butt's  Hill  Aug.  29 ;  commanded  an  expedition  against 
the  Six  Nations  In  1779 ;  and  defeated  the  Indians  and 
Tories  at  Newtown  (Aug.  29)  and  elsewhere,  and  ravaged 
their  country.  He  was  a  delegate  to  Congress  in  1780 ; 
and  was  president  of  New  Hampsliire  1786-^9. 

Sullivan's  Island.  [Named  from  Gen.  John 
Sullivan.]  An  island  at  the  entrance  of  Charles- 
ton harbor.  South  Carolina,  east  of  Charleston: 
the  site  of  Fort  Moultrie. 

Sullivant(sul'i-vant), William  Starling.  Bom 
near  Columbus,  (Shio,  Jan.  15, 18()3 :  died  there, 
April  30, 1873.  An  American  botanist,  noted  as  a 
bryologist.  He  wrote  "  Musci  AUeghanlenses  "  (1845), 
"MuscI  and  Hepaticse  of  the  United  States  East  of  the 
Mississippi  River  "  (1866), ' '  Icones  Muscorum  "  (1864),  eto. 

Sully  (sul'i ;  F.  pron.  sli-le'),  Due  de  (Maximil- 
ien  de  Bithune,  Baron  de  Rosny).  Bom  at 
Rosny,  France,  Dec.  13, 1560 :  died  at  the  castle 


Sully,  Due  de 

of  VJlle^)on,  France,  Deo.  22,  1641.  A  French 
Protestant  statesman.  He  became  the  companion 
and  friend  of  Henry  of  Navarre ;  served  with  distinction  in 
the  civil  wars,  especially  at  Ivry ;  and  became  celebrated 
us  minister  of  finance  under  Henry  IV.  (1597-1610).  He 
tvas  made  due  de  Sully  in  1606 ;  was  appointed  governor 
Mi  the  Bastille  in  1602 ;  and  was  made  a  marshal  by  Xouis 
XIII.  in  1834.  He  was  influential  in  nearly  all  depart- 
ments of  the  government  during  the  reign  of  Henry  IV. 
He  published  "  M^moires  des  sages  et  royales  Economies 
d*6t^t,  domestiques,  politiques,  et  milltaires,  de  Hemi  le 
Grand  "  (2  vols.  1634).  Two  other  volumes  were  published 
by  Jean  le  Laboureur  in  1662. 

The  extraordinaiy  form  of  SuUy's  Memoirs  is  well 
known.  They  are  neither  written  as  if  by  himself,  nor  of 
him  as  by  a  historian  of  the  usual  kind.  They  are  directly 
addressed  to  the  hero  in  the  form  of  an  elaborate  reminder 
of  his  own  actions:  "You  then  said  this";  "his  Majesty 
thereupon  sent  you  there  ";  "when  you  were  two  leagues 
from  your  halting.place.  you  saw  a  courier  coming,"  etc. 
It  is  needless  to  say  that  this  manner  of  telling  history  is 
in  the  highest  degree  unnatural  and  heavy ;  and,  after  the 
first  guaintness  of  it  wears  off,  it  makes  the  book  very  hard 
to  read.  It  contains,  however,  a  very  large  number  of  short 
memoirs  and  documents  of  all  kinds,  in  which  the  elabo- 
rate farce  of  "  Vous  "  is  perforce  abandoned.  It  shows  Sully 
as  he  was — a  great  and  skilful  statesman;  but  it  does  not 
give  a  pleasant  idea  of  his  character. 

SaintBburyf  French  Lit.,  p.  254. 

Sully,  James.  Bom  at  Bridgwater,  Somerset- 
sliire,  1842.  An  English  psychologist.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Kegent'a  Park  CoUege,  London,  the  tJni- 
veraity  of  Gottingen,  and  the  University  of  London.  His 
works  include  "Sensation  and  Intuition"  (1874)y " Pessi- 
mlsm"(1877),  "Illusions  "(1881),  "  Outlines  of  Psychology, 
with  Special  Reference  to  the  Theory  of  Education  "  (1884), 
"The  Teachers'  Handbook  of  Peyehology"  (1886),  ".Es- 
thetics," with  G.  C.  Eobertson  (1888),  "  The  Human  Mind  " 
(1892). 

Sully,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Homcastle,  Lincoln- 
shire, England,  1783 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  Nov. 
5,  1872.  An  American  portrait-painter.  Among 
hia  best-known  works  are  "Washington  Crossing  the 
Delaware  "  (in  Boston),  portraits  of  Jefferson,  Lafayette, 
Madison,  and  Jackson,  etc. 

SuUy-Prudhomme  (sn-le'prii-dom'),  Ken6 
FranfOis  Armand,  Bom  at  Paris,  March  16, 
1839.  A  French  poet  and  critic,  elected  mem- 
berof  the  Academyinl881.  He  has  published  "Po^- 
sies  "  (1866),  "Les^preuvea"  (1866),  "Les  solitudes  "(1869), 
"Les  destins"(lB72),  "Les  values  tendresses" (1875), "La 
justice  "  (1878),  "  Le  prisme  "  (1886),  etc.  He  has  also  pub- 
lished "Lllxpression  dans  les  beaux  arts"(1884),  "Reflec- 
tions sur  I'art  des  vers  "  (1892).  A  general  edition  of  his 
works  was  published  1888-84. 

Sulmo  (sul'mo).   The  ancient  name  of  Solmona. 

Sulphur  Fork  (of  the  Bed  River).  A  river  in 
northeastern  Texas  and  southwestern  Arkan- 
sas, which  joins  the  Ked  Eiver  near  the  south- 
west comer  of  Arkansas.  Length,  about  180 
miles. 

Sulphur  Island.  A  small  island  in  the  North 
Pacific,  north  of  the  Loochoo  group. 

Sulpicians,  or  Sulpitians  (sul-pish'ianz). 
[From  F.  Sulpiden,  the  parish  of  St.  Sulpioe  in 
Paris,  where  they  were  first  organized.]  A 
Boman  Catholic  order  of  priests,  established  at 
Paris  by  the  Abb6  OUer,  about  1645,  for  the 
purpose  of  training  young  men  for  the  clerical 
ofBce. 

Snlpicius  Bufus  (sul-pish'ius  ro'fus),  PubUus. 
Born  124  b.  c.  :  killed  88  b.  o.  A  Roman  ora- 
tor. As  tribune  of  the  plebs  he  was  put  to 
death  by  the  party  of  Sulla.  None  of  his  ora- 
tions are  extant. 

Sultanpur(sul-tan-por').  1.  A  district  in  Oudh, 
British  India,  intersected  by  lat.  27°  N.,  long. 
82°  E.  Area,  1,710  square  mUes.  Population 
(1891),  1,075,851.—  2.  The  capital  of  the  district 
of  Sultanpur,  situated  on  the  Q-umti  80  miles 
southeast  of  Lucknow.  Population  (1881),  9,374. 

Sulu  (sS-lb').  A  sultanate  in  the  northeastern 
part  of  Borneo.  Part  of  i±  was  ceded  to  the 
British  North  Borneo  Company  about  1880. 

Sulu.  1.  The  chief  island  of  the  Sulu  Archi- 
pelago.—  2.  The  chief  town  of  the  Sulu  Archi- 
pelago. 

Sulu,  or  Sooloo  (so-W),  Islands.  An  archi- 
pelago lyiag  northeast  of  Borneo  and  south- 
west of  Mindanao  (in  the  PldUppine  Islands). 
The  inhabitants  are  Malays  and  Mohammedans.  It  was 
annexed  by  Spain  in  1878,  and  acquired  by  the  United 
States  in  1898.  It  was  long  notorious  for  piracy.  Area, 
about  950  square  miles.    Population,  75,000. 

Sulzbacher  Alps  (zolts'bach-er  alps).  Same 
as  Steiner  Alps. 

Sulzer  (zOlts'er),  Johann  Georg.  Bom  at  Win- 
terthur,  Switzerland,  Oct  5, 1720 :  died  at  Ber- 
lin, Feb.  27,  1779.  A  Swiss-Prussian  philoso- 
pher and  writer  on  esthetics.  His  chief  work 
is  "  AUgemeine  Theorie  der  schonen  Kiinste." 

Sumatra  (s6-ma'tra).  The  second  largest  isl- 
and of  the  Malay  "Archipelago,  situated  west 
and  south  of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  the  Strait  of  Malacca,  and 
separated  from  Java  on  the  southeast  by  the 


966 

Strait  of  Sunda.  it  is  traversed  by  a  range  of  moun- 
tains (highest  pointy  Indrapura,  about  12,500  feet),  and  has 
many  volcanoes ;  contains  mineral  wealth ;  produces  cof- 
fee, pepper,  sugar,  rice,  etc. ;  and  is  chiefly  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  Netherlands.  Administrative  divisions :  West 
Coastj  East  Coast,  Palembang,  Benkulen,  Lampongs,  and 
Atjeh.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Malays :  among  other 
peoples  are  the  Battaks.  The  religion  is  largely  Moham- 
medan. Dutch  influence  began  in  the  17th  century :  Dutch 
territories  In  Sumatra  were  taken  by  the  British  1811,  but 
restored  (last  English  possession,  Benkulen,  ceded  1825). 
War  against  Atchin  commenced  1873,  and  ended  with  the 
subjugation  and  annexation  of  Atohtn.  Length,  l,100miles. 
Area,  161,612  square  miles.    Population,  about  3,000,000. 

Sumba.    See  Sandalwood  Island. 

Sumbawa  (s6m-ba'wa).  One  of  the  Sunda  Isl- 
ands, Malay  Archipelago,  situated  east  of  Lom- 
bok  and  west  of  Flores.  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous and  volcanic  The  island  contains  several  native  states, 
under  Dutch  control.  It  was  devastated  by  an  eruption 
in  1815.  Area,  estimated,  about  5,186  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 150,000. 

Sumbe  (som'be),  orBasumbe  (ba-s6m'be).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  Angola,  "West  Africa,  settled 
around  Novo  Kedondo,  about  lat.  11°  S.  They 
form  one  nation,  linguisticaUy  and  ethnically,  with  their 
southern  neighbors,  the  Baaele.  Inhabiting  a  hilly  and 
fertile  district,  they  are  an  athletic,  hardy,  and  industrious 
people,  furnishing  the  best  slaves  and  contract  laborers 
for  the  plantations  of  Angola  and  S.  Thom^,  and  produ- 
cing corn  and  beans  for  the  cities  along  the  coast.  The 
Mbuiyi  tribe,  north  of  the  Basumbe,  is  also  closely  allied, 
but  diflfers  in  several  respects. 

Sumbulpur.    See  Sambalpur. 

Sumer  (su'mer).    See  Sumeria. 

Sumeria  (su-me'ri-a).  In  the  Assyrian  inscrip- 
tions, southern  or  lower  Babylonia,  the  country 
toward  and  around  the  Persian  Gulf,  as  opposed 
to  Akkad  (in  Gen.  x.  10  Accad  as  name  of  a 
city),  or  North  Babylonia.  The  derivation  of 
the  name  is  uncertain.  It  is  identified  with 
Shinar  (which  see). 

Sumer  is  Icumen  In.  A  very  ancient  folk-song 
set  to  a  round  or  canon.  The  original  manuscript 
of  the  music  is  in  the  British  Museum.  Sir  Frederick 
Madden  assigns  it  to  the  first  half  of  the  13th  century. 

Sumir.    See  Sumeria. 

Summa  Theologize  (sum'a  the-o-lo'ji-e).  [L., 
'substance'  or  'summary  of  theology.']  1.  A 
theological  work  by  Thomas  Aquinas. — 2.  A 
theological  work  by  Alexander  of  Hales. 

Summer  (sum'Sr),  or  Somers  (sum'erz),  Will. 

The  jester  of  Henry  VIII.  His  effigy  is  at  Hampton 
Court,  and  hia  portrait,  by  Holbein,  atKensington.  Several 
fools  in  old^lays  are  called  by  his  name. 

Summer  Islands.  1.  A  group  of  small  islands 
off  the  western  coast  of  Cromarty,  Scotland, 
about  lat.  58°  N. — 2.  See  Bermudas. 

Summerside  (sum'er-sid).  A  seaport  in  Prince 
Edward  Island,  capital  of  Princes  County,  situ- 
ated on  Bedeque  Bay  35  miles  west-northwest 
of  Charlotte  Town.    Population  (1901),  2,875. 

Summerson  (sum'fer-son),  Esther,  The  ille- 
gtimate  daughter  of  Lady  Dedloek  and  Captain 
Hawdon,  and  ward  of  Mi.  Jamdyce  who  calls 
her  "Dame  Burden" :  one  of  the  principal  char- 
acters in  Dickens's  "Bleak  House." 

Summoner's  or  Sompnour's  Tale,  The.  One 
of  Chaucer's  "Canterbury  Tales."  The  somp- 
nour's business  was  to  summon  delinquents  to  the  eccle- 
siastical courts.  The  story  is  in  large  part  from  Seneca's 
treatise  "  De  Ira,"  and  la  a  contemptuous  sketch  of  a  hypo- 
critical friar. 

Sumner  (sum'ner),  Charles.  Born  at  Boston, 
Jan.  6, 1811:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  March 
11,  1874.  Anoted  American  statesman.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Boston  Latin  School  and  at  Harvard  gradu- 
ating in  1830 ;  studied  law  at  Harvard ;  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1834.  He  traveled  in  Europe  1837-40 ;  became 
noted  as  an  advocate  of  antislavery  ideas ;  took  an  active 
part  in  politics  as  a  Whig,  and  from  1848  as  a  Free-soiler ; 
was  an  unsuccessful  Free-soil  candidate  for  Congress  in 
1848 ;  was  elected  United  States  senator  from  Massachu- 
setts by  Free-soil  and  Democratic  votes  1851 ;  became  a 
leading  opponent  of  slavery  in  Congress ;  was  assaulted  in 
the  senate-chamber  by  Preston  Brooks  May  22,  1856 ;  was 
reelected  senator  as  a  Republican  in  1857, 1863,  and  1869; 
was  absent  from  hia  seat  1856-59 ;  became  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  foreign  aSairs  in  1861 ;  and  waa  removed 
from  it  in  1871  for  his  opposition  to  Grant's  policy  regard- 
ing the  annexation  of  Santo  Domingo.  He  was  a  champion 
of  the  Civil  Rights  Bill  for  the  negroes,  and  opposed  the 
reelection  of  Grant  in  1S72.  His  worka,  in  15  vols.,  were 
published  1870-88. 

Sumner,  Ed'win  Vose.  Bom  at  Boston,  Jan .  30, 
1797  :  died  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  March  21,  1863. 
An  American  general.  He  served  in  the  Black  Hawk 
war ;  was  distinguished  as  a  cavalry  commander  at  Cerro 
Gordo  and  Molino  del  Rey  In  1847 ;  was  governor  of  New 
Mexico  1851-53 ;  commanded  the  Department  of  the  Pa- 
cific in  1861 :  was  a  corps  commander  at  Fair  Oaks,  in  the 
Seven  Days'  Battlea,  and  at  Antietam ;  and  commanded  a 
grand  division  at  Fredericksburg.  He  waa  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  Department  of  the  Missouri  in  1863. 

Sumner,  John  Bird.  Bom  at  Kenilworth,  Eng- 
land, 1780:  died  at  London,  Sept.  6,  1862.  An 
English  prelate.  He  became  bishop  of  Chester  in  1828, 
and  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1848.  He  published 
"  Records  of  Creation  "  (1816),  "  Evidence  ot  Christianity  " 
(1824X  etc. 


Sund 

Sumner,  William  Graham.  Bom  at  Patersou,. 
N.  J.,  Oct.  30,  1840.  An  American  political 
economist,  professor  of  political  and  social  sci- 
ence at  Yale  from  1872.  He  is  a  prominent  advo- 
cate of  free  trade.  His  works  include  "A  History  of 
American  Currency  "  (1874),  a  life  of  Andrew  Jackson  (in 
"American  Statesmen  'series,  1882),  "What  Social  Classes 
Owe  to  Each  Other  "  (1883),  "Problems  in  Political  Econ- 
omy" (1884),  "Protectionism"  (1886),  "Collected  Essays" 
(1886). 

Sumter,  Fort.    See  Fort  Sumter. 

Sumter  (sum't^r),  Thomas.  Bom  in  Virginia, 
1734 :  died  near  Camden,  S.  C,  June  1,  1832. 
An  American  Kevolutionary  general.  He  was 
present  at  Braddock's  defeat  in  1766 ;  was  appointed  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  a  regiment  of  South  Carolina  riflemen  in 
1776 ;  became  a  leading  partizan  commander  in  1780,  de. 
f  eating  the  Tories  at  Hanging  Rock  Aug.  6,  but  wasrepulied 
by  the  British  regulars  under  Tarleton  ;  was  defeated  by 
Tarleton  at  Fishing  Creek  Aug.  18;  and  defeated  Tarleton 
at  Blackatock  HiU  Nov.  20.  He  was  member  of  Congress 
from  South  Carolina  1789-93 ;  United  States  senator  1801- 
1809 ;  and  United  States  minister  to  Brazil  1809-11. 

Sumy  (so'me).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Kharkoff,  southern  Russia,  situated  on  the  Psicl 
106  miles  northwest  of  Kharkoff.  It  is  an  im- 
portant trading  center  for  the  Ukraine.  Popu- 
lation, 19,818. 

Sun  (sun).  The  central  body  of  the  solar  sys- 
tem, around  which  the  earth  and  other  planets 
revolve,  retained  in  their  orbits  by  its  attrac- 
tion, and  supplied  with  energy  by  its  radiance. 
Its  mean  distance  from  the  earth  is  a  little  less  than  93 
millions  of  miles,  its  horizontal  parallax  being  8. "80.  Its 
mean  apparent  diameter  is  32'  4" ;  its  real  diameter  866,608 
miles  (109^  times  that  of  the  earth).  Its  volume  is  therefore 
a  little  more  than  1,300  000  times  that  of  the  earth.  Its 
mass — that  is,  the  quantity  of  matter  in  it — is  330,000  times 
as  great  as  that  of  the  earth,  and  is  about  900  times  as 
great  aa  the  united  maaaes  of  all  of  the  planets.  The  force 
of  gravity  at  the  sun's  surface  is  nearly  28  times  as  great 
as  at  the  earth's  surface.  The  sun's  mean  density  is  only 
one  fourth  that  of  the  earth,  or  less  than  li  times  that  of 
water.  By  means  of  the  spots  its  rotation  can  be  determin  ed. 
It  is  found  that  the  sun's  equator  is  inclined  7^"  to  the 
plane  of  the  ecliptic.  The  sun's  visible  surface  is  called 
the  photosphere^  and  is  made  up  of  minute  irregularly 
rounded  "granules,"  intensely  brilliant,  and  apparently 
floating  in  a  darker  medium.  These  are  usually  400  or  600 
miles  in  diameter,  and  so  distributed  in  streaks  and  groups 
as  to  make  the  surface,  seen  with  a  low-power  telescope, 
look  much  like  rough  drawing-paper.  In  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  sun-spots,  and  to  some  extent  upon  all  parts 
of  the  sun,  f  aculse  (bright  streaks  due  to  an  unusual  crowd- 
ing together  and  upheaval  of  the  granules  of  the  photo- 
sphere) are  found.  At  the  time  of  a  total  eclipse  certain 
scarlet  cloud-like  objects  are  usually  observed  projecting 
beyond  the  edge  of  the  moon.  These  are  the  prominences, 
called  protuberances,  which  in  1868  were  proved  by  the 
spectroscope  to  consist  mainly  of  hydrogen,  and  have  been 
discovered  to  be  merely  extensions  from  an  envelop  of  in- 
candescent gases  which  overlies  the  photosphere  like  a 
sheet  of  scarlet  flame,  and  is  known  as  the  chromosphere. 
The  thickness  of  this  is  very  irregular,  but  averages  about 
5,000  miles.  The  prominences  are  often  from  50,000  to 
100,000  miles  In  height,  and  occasionally  exceed  200,000 : 
they  are  less  permanent  than  the  spots,  and  their  changes 
and  motions  are  correspondingly  swift.  They  are  not  con- 
fined to  limited  zones  of  the  sun's  surface :  those  of  the 
greatest  brilliance  and  activity  are,  however,  usually  con- 
nected with  spots,  or  with  the  taculse  which  attend  the 
spots.  The  corona —  the  most  impressive  feature  of  a  total 
eclipse— is  a  great  "glory,"  of  irregular  outline,  surround- 
ing the  sun,  and  composed  of  nebulous  rays  and  streams 
which  protrude  from  the  solar  surface,  and  extend  some- 
times to  a  distance  of  several  millions  of  miles,  especially 
in  the  plane  of  the  sun's  equator.  Ilie  lower  parts  are  in- 
tensely bright,  but  the  other  parts  are  faint  and  indefinite. 
Its  real  nature,  as  a  true  solar  appendage  and  no  mere 
optical  or  atmospheric  phenomenon,  has  been  abundantly 
demonstrated  by  both  the  spectroscope  and  the  camera. 
The  aun  is  believed  to  be,  in  the  main,  a  mass  of  intensely 
heated  gas  and  vapor,  powerfuUy  compressed  by  its  own 
gravity.  The  central  part  is  entirely  gaseous,  because  its 
temperature,  being  from  physical  necessity  higher  than 
that  of  the  inclosing  photosphere,  is  far  above  the  so-called 
"  critical  point "  for  every  known  element :  no  Bolidiflca- 
tion,  no  liquefaction  even,  can  therefore  occur  in  the 
solar  depths.  But  near  the  outer  surface  radiation  to 
space  is  nearly  free,  the  temperature  is  lowered  to  a  point 
below  the  "  critical  point "  of  certain  substances,  and  under 
the  powerful  pressure  due  to  solar  gravity  condensation 
of  the  vapors  begins,  and  thus  a  sheet  of  incandescent 
cloud  is  formed,  which  constitutes  the  photosphere.  The 
chromosphere  consists  of  the  permanent  gases  and  the  un- 
condensed  vapors  which  overlie  the  cloud-sheet,  while 
the  corona  still  remains  in  great  degree  a  mystery,  as  re- 
gards both  the  substances  which  compose  it  and  the  forces 
which  produce  and  arrange  ita  streamers. 

Sunapee  Lake  (sun'a-pe  lak).  A  lake  in  New 
Hampshire,  27mileswest-northwest  of  Concord. 
Its  outlet  is  through  Sugar  River  into  the  Con- 
necticut.   Length,  8  miles. 

Sunart  (sim'art).  Loch.  -An  arm  of  the  ocean 
on  the  coast  of  Argyllshire,  western  Scotland, 
situated  north  of  Mull.    Length,  19^  miles. 

Sunbury  (sun'bu-ri).  A  village  in  Middlesex, 
England,  situated  on  the  Thames  16  miles  west- 
southwest  of  London.   Population  (1891),  5,677. 

Sunbury.  The  capital  of  Northumberland 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Susque- 
hanna 42  miles  north  of  Harrisburg.  Populsi- 
tion  (1900),  9,810. 

Sund.    See  Sound,  The. 


Sunda,  Strait  of 

Sunda  (eun'dS.),  Strait  of.  A  sea  passage 
which  separates  Sumatra  and  Java.  It  oon- 
tains  the  voloanic  island  of  Krakatoa  (which 
see).    Width,  afcout  13  miles. 

Simda  Islands.  A  collective  name  for  a  group 
of  islands  in  the  Malay  Archipelago.  As  often 
used,  it  includes  the  Great  Sunda  (Sumatra,  Java,  Bor- 
neo; Celebes,  and  smaller  Islands  near  them),  and  the 
Little  Sunda  (Bali,  Lombok,  Sumbawa,  Sandalwood  Isl- 
and, Flores,  etc.,  to  Timor) :  sometimes  restricted  by  ex- 
cluding Celebes  and  the  islands  east  of  Sumbawa ;  also 
further  restricted  by  excluding  Borneo.  Another  classifi- 
cation includes  the  chain  from  Sumatra  to  Timor,  exclud- 
ing Borneo  and  Celebes.  Still  another  classification  com- 
prises the  smaller  islands  between  Java  and  Timor. 

Sundarbans  (s3n'dar-banz),  or  Sunderbunds 
(son'dfer-bundz).  Awildemess  region  of  swamps 
and  islands  in  the  southern  part  of  the  deltas 
of  the  Ganges  and  Brahmaputra,  southeast  of 
Calcutta. 

Sunda  Sea  (sun'da  se).  A  part  of  the  ocean 
lying  north  of  Java  and  south  of  Borneo :  often 
considered  as  identical  with  the  Java  Sea. 

Sunday  (sun'da).  The  iirst  day  of  the  week ; 
the  Christian  Sabbath;  the  Lord's  Day.  The 
name  Sunday,  or  'day  of  the  Sun,'belongs  to  the  first  day 
of  the  week  on  astrological  grounds,  and  has  long  been 
so  used  from  far  beyond  the  Christian  era,  and  far  outside 
of  Christian  countries.  The  ordinary  name  of  the  day  in 
Christian  Greek  and  Latin  and  in  the  Romanic  languages 
is  the  hordes  Day  (Greek  KupioK^,  Latin  dorrmvuia,  French 
iimamhe,  etc.),  while  the  Germanic  languages,  including 
English,  call  it  Sunday. 

Sunday  Island,  or  Raoul  (ra-ol')  Island.  A 
small  island  of  the  South  Pacific,  near  lat.  29° 
25'  S.,  long.  178°  W. 

Sunday  River.  A  river  in  Cape  Colony  which 
flows  into  Algoa  Bay  25  miles  northeast  of  Port 
Elizabeth.    Length,  about  200  miles. 

Sundeep.    See  Sundip. 

Sunderbunds.    See  mmdarbans. 

Sunderland  (sun'd6r-land).  A  seaport  in  Bur- 
ham,  England,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Wear  in  lat.  54°  55'  N.,  long.  1°  20'  W.  It  is  an 
important  seaport  and  a  coal-mining  center ;  and  has  also 
y.ards  for  building  iron  and  steel  vessels,  and  manufactures 
of  chemicals,  glass,  etc.  The  bridge  over  the  Wear  (built 
1793-96)  is  notable.  Sunderland  includes,  besides  Sun- 
derland proper,  Bishopwearmouth  and  Monkwearmouth 
(north  of  the  Wear).  The  town  grew  up  about  a  convent 
founded  in  Monkwearmouth  in  the  7th  century.  Popula- 
tion (1901),  U6,077. 

Sundewitt  (z8n'de-vit).  A  peninsula  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Schleawig-Holstein,  Prussia, 
situated  opposite  the  island  of  Alsen,  north  of 
Flensborg  Fjord. 

Sundgau  (zSnt'gou).  A  name  given  to  the  south- 
ern part  of  Alsace. 

SuncQ  (son'de),  orBasundi  (ba-sbn'de).  Atribe 
oftheKongonation,ineludediutheKongoState, 
and  settled  on  the  lower  Kongo  Eiver  between 
Vivi  and  Manyanga. 

Sundip,  or  Sundeep  (sun-dep'),  or  Sandwip 
(sund-wep' ).  .An  island  belonging  to  British  In- 
dia, situated  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Meghna.     Length,  17  miles. 

Sundsvall  (s6nds'val).  A  seaport  in  the  laen 
of  HernSsand,  Sweden,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of 
Bothnia  in  lat.  62°  23'  N.,  long.  17°  19'  B.  It 
has  considerable  trade  and  manufactures.  Pop- 
ulation, 13,215. 

Sune.    See  Zv^i. 

Sunflower  (sun'flou'''6r)  River.  A  river  m  west- 
ern Mississippi  which  flows  into  the  Yazoo  27 
miles  northeast  of  Vicksburg.  Length,  about 
150  miles. 

Sung  (sSng).  A  medieval  kingdom  in  southern 
China,  reduced  by  Kublai  Khan  in  the  13th 
century. 

Sungari  (son-ga-re'  or  s6n-ga're),  or  Songari 
(son-ga-re'  or  son-ga're).  A  river  in  Manchuria 
which  flows  into  the  Ajnur  about  lat.  47°  30'  N. 
Length,  including  the  Nonni,  over  1,000  miles. 

Sungaria,  or  Soongaria  (son-ga're-a),  or  Dzun- 
gana  (dzon-ga're-a),  or  Songaria  (son-ga'- 
re-a). A  name  given  to  a  province  of  Ili,  in  the 
Chinese  empire :  called  also  the  "  Northern  Cir- 
cuit." It  lies  south  of  the  Altai,  west  of  Mongolia,  and 
east  and  south  of  Asiatic  Kussia.  But  the  name  is  some- 
times restricted  to  a  part  of  this  province.  It  was  the 
nucleus  of  a  Mongol  kingdom,  that  of  the  Songares,  in  the 
17th  and  18'th  centuries. 

Sungei  Ujong  (sSn'ge  8-jong').  A  small  native 
state  in  the  Malay  Peninsula,  British  protecto- 
rate, attached  to  the  Straits  Settlements.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  26,602. 

Sunium  (sii'ni-um).  [Gr.  Sotomv.]  1.  In  ancient 
geography,  the  promontory  at  the  south-east- 
em  extremity  of  Attica,  Greece,  now  known 
as  Cape  Colonna.  it  contains  the  ruins  of  a  temple  of 
Athene,  a  famous  landmark  from  the  sea.  It  was  a  Doric 
peripteros  of  white  marble,  of  6  by  12  or  18  columns,  on  a 
stylobate  of  3  steps,  measuring  44  by  98  feet.  Twelve  col- 
umns are  still  standing,  with  part  of  the  cella.    The  col- 


967 

umns  have  only  16  channels,  and  are  20  feet  high.  The 
temple  possessed  a  frieze  sculptured  with  the  exploits  of 
Theseus. 

3.  In  ancient  geography,  a  town  on  the  promon- 
tory of  Sunium. 

Sunk  Islet  (sungk  i'let).  A  small  district  in 
Yorkshire,  England,  situated  near  the  estuary  of 
the  Humber,  southeast  of  Hull:  formerly  an  islet. 

Sunnis.    See  Smmites. 

Sunnites  (sun'its).  A^Mohammedau  sect  com- 
prising the  greater  part  of  the  Moslem  world, 
usually  claiming  to  be  the  traditional  or  ortho- 
dox sect.  They  recognize  the  first  three  califs  as  legiti- 
mate successors  of  Mohammed,  and  accept  six  books  of  the 
Sunna,  or  'rule,'  which  purport  to  contain  the  verbal  ut- 
terances of  Mohammed,  in  contradistinction  to  the  Koran, 
the  written  revelation.  The  Sunnites  are  opposed  by  the 
Shiites,  who  hold  that  All  was  the  first  legitimate  successor 
of  Mohammed.  They  also  have  five  books  of  traditions 
diHering  from  those  of  the  Sunnites.  In  the  course  of  time 
many  differences  of  practice  have  grown  up.  The  Moham- 
medans of  Turkey,  Arabia,  North  Africa,  and  India  are 
mostly  Sunnites,  those  of  Persia  and  many  in  India  being 
Shiites.    Also  Sunnia. 

The  Turks  were  orthodox  Sunnis,  or  believers  in  the 
conventional  doctrine  of  the  Koran  and  in  the  traditions 
handed  down  by  the  respectable  divines  of  the  orthodox 
school.  The  Persians,  on  the  other  hand,  were  Shias,  or 
believers  in  a  somewhat  mystical  variety  of  Islam,  which 
presented  many  and  important  differences  from  the  ortho- 
dox teaching,  and  offered  not  a  few  temptations  to  politi- 
cal as  well  as  religious  revolution. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  164. 

Sunnyside  (sun'i  sid).  The  house  in  which 
Washington  Irving  resided  at  Irvington,  New 
York.  It  was  built  in  the  17th  century,  and  was  originally 
known  as  "  Wolfert's  Boost." 

Sunol  (so'nol).  An  American  bay  trotting  mare 
by  Electioneer,  dam  Waxana :  Waxana  by  Gen- 
eral Benton  out  of  Waxy.  Waxy  was  supposed  to 
have  been  a  thoroughbred  daughter  of  Lexington.  Sunol 
was  foaled  in  1886,  and  held  all  age  records  except  that  for 
one  year  until  1891,  when  she  broke  Maud  S.'s  record  of 
2 :08j  by  a  mile  on  a  kite-shaped  track  in  2 :08J. 

Sun's  Darling,  The,  A  "moral  masque  "by 
Ford  and  Detter,  licensed  in  1624  and  published 
in  1656.  It  Is  probably  an  old  play  of  Dekker's("Phaeton  ") 
worked  into  its  present  shape  by  Ford.  The  songs  are 
evidently  by  Dekker. 

Siintel  (ziin'tel).  A  group  of  mountains  in 
Germany,  about  20  miles  southwest  of  Han- 
nover.   Height,  about  1,400  feet. 

Suomi  (s6-6'me).    The  native  name  of  Finland. 

Suonada.    See  Suwonada. 

Superba  (so-ijer'ba),  La.  [It.,  'the  superb.'] 
An  epithet  given  to  Genoa,  on  account  of  its 
situation. 

Superior  (su-pe'ri-or).  A  city  in  Douglas 
County,  Wisconsin,  at  the  western  end  of  Lake 
Superior,  near  Duluth.  Population  (1900), 
31,091. 

Superior,  Lake.  [F.  le  lac  Sup&rieur,  the  upper 
lake.]  The  largest  sheet  of  fresh  water  in  the 
world :  one  of  the  chain  of  the  Great  Lakes  in 
the  St.  Lawrence  system,  lying  between  British 
America  and  the  United  States.  Among  its  tribu- 
taries are  the  rivers  St.  Louis,  Pigeon,  and  Nipigon.  Its 
outlet  is  by  St.  Mary's  Eiver  into  Lake  Huron.  Elevation 
above  searlevel,  about  600  feet.  Length,  about  370  miles. 
Area,  about  32,000  square  miles. 

Superunda,  Count  of,  Viceroy  of  Peru.  See 
Manso  de  Velasco. 

Supp6  (sop-pa'),  Franz  von.  Bom  April  18, 
1820:  died  May  21,  1895.  An  Austrian  com- 
poser, kapellmeister  at  Vienna.  He  is  best 
known  from  his  operettas,  which  include  "Fa- 
tinitza"  (1876),  "Boccaccio"  (1879),  etc. 

Supper  at.  Emmaus,  The.  1.  A  masterpiece 
by  Eembrandt,  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  Christ  is 
seated  at  a  table  between  two  disciples,  before  a  niche 
flanked  by  pilasters.  The  color  is  glowing  and  aiimirably 
treated,  red  predominating. 

2.  A  noted  painting  by  Titian,  in  the  Louvre, 
Paris.  Christ  Is  seated  at  a  table  with  St.  Luke  and  Cleo- 
pas,  in  a  rich  architectural  setting,  attended  by  a  varied 
company  with  pages  and  servants.  It  is  a  genre  picture, 
approaching  in  type  the  later  compositions  of  Paolo  Vero- 


Supper  of  TrimalcMo.    Se 

Supple  (sup'l).  1.  A  character  in  Gibber's 
comedy  "The  Double  Gallant."— 2.  The  spir- 
itual adviser  and  boon  companion  of  Squire 
Western  in  Fielding's  "  Tom  Jones." 

Suppliants  (sup'li-ants);  The.  A  tragedy  by 
.^chylus,  brought  but  m  462  B.  C.  In  it  the  60 
daughters  of  Danaus,  who,  to  avoid  marrying  their  cousms, 
the  50  sons  of  ^gyptus,  have  fled  with  then:  father  from 
Egypt  to  Argos,flndasylumwithPelasgu8,  the  Argive  king. 

Supplicants  (sup'li-kants),  The.  In  Scottish 
history,  those  persons  who,  about  1637-38,  pro- 
tested against  Laud's  policy  in  Scotland:  known 
later  as  Covenanters. 

Supposes  (su-p6'zez).  The.  A  comedy  from  Ari- 
osto's  "  I  Suppositi"  (1512),  by  Gaseoigne,  acted 
in  1566.  It  is  said  to  be  the  earliest  extant  English  prose 


Surratt 

comedy.  Shakspere  was  indebted  to  it  in  "The  Taming 
of  the  Shrew." 

Supremacy  (sa-prem'a-si).  Act  of.  1.  An  Eng- 
lish statute  of  1534  (26  Hen.  VHI.,  c,  1)  which 
proclaimed  that  Henry  VIH.  was  the  supreme 
head  of  the  English  Church.—  2.  An  English 
statute  of  1558-59  (1  Eliz.,  c.  1)  vesting  spiri- 
tual authority  in  the  crown,  to  the  exclusion  of 
aU  foreign  jurisdiction. 

Siiptitz  (zfip'tits).  A  village  near  Torgau,  Prus- 
sia, the  chief  scene  of  the  battle  of  Torgau. 
See  Torgau,  Battle  of. 

Sura  (so'ra).  A  river  in  eastern  Russia  which 
joins  the  Volga  at  Vasil,  below  Nijni-Novgorod. 
Length,  400-500  miles. 

Surabaya,  or  Soerabaya(so-ra-bi'a).  1.  Aresi- 
dency  in  eastern  Java. —  2.  A  seaport  and  one 
of  the  largest  cities  of  Java,  situated  on  the 
northern  coast  in  lat.  7°  12'  S.,  long.  112°  34'  E. 
It  has  government  arsenals,  dockyards,  etc. 
Population  (1892),  145,690. 

Surajah  Dowlah.  See  Siraj-ud-BaMla. 

Surakarta,  or  Soerakarta  (s5-ra-kar'ta).  1 .  A 
residency  of  central  Java. — 2.  A  city  of  Java, 
about  75  miles  southeast  of  Samarang.  Also 
called  Solo.  Population  (1892),  101,926. 

Surat  (so-raf).  A  district  in  Bombay,  British 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  21°  N.,  long.  73°  E. 
Area,  1,662  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
649,989. 

Surat.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  district  Of  Su- 
rat, situated  on  the  river  Tapti,  near  the  sea,  in 
lat.  21°  12'  N.,  long.  72°  49'  E.  It  became  a  chief  em- 
porium of  India  under  the  Mogul  empire.  An  English 
factory  was  established  here  about  1613.  It  was  very  pop- 
ulous in  the  18th  century.  Population,  including  canton- 
ment (1891),  109,229. 

Surbiton  (ser'bi-ton).  A  suburb  of  Kingston,  in 
Surrey,  England,  "situated  on  the  Thames  11 
miles  southwest  of  London.  Population  (1891), 
10,052. 

Sure  (sUr  or  sti're),  G.  Sauer  (zou'er).  A  river 
in  southeastern  Belgium,  grand  duchy  of  Lux- 
emburg, and  on  the  boundary  between  Luxem- 
burg and  the  Khine  Province  of  Prussia,  it  joins 
the  MoseUe  at  Wasserbillig,  near  Treves.  Length,  about 
110  miles. 

Surenen  (so're-nen).  Apass  of  the TJmer  Alps, 
Switzerland,  which  leads  from  Engelberg,  inTJn- 
terwalden,  to  the  valley  of  the  Eeuss,  in  Uri. 
Height,  7,562  feet. 

Suresnes  (sii-ran').  A  western  suburb  of  Paris, 
situated  near  the  Seine,  beyond  the  Bois  de 
Boulogne.  Population,  about  8,500. 

Surettahom  (sb-ret'ta-hom).  A  mountain  on 
the  border  of  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzer- 
land, and  the  province  of  Sondrio,  Italy,  east 
of  the  Spliigen  Pass. 

Surface  (sfer'fas),  Charles.  A  light-hearted 
prodigal  in  Sheridan's  "  School  for  Scandal." 

Surface,  Joseph.  A  maUcious  hypocrite  in 
Sheridan's  "  School  for  Scandal."  He  is  the 
elder  brother  of  the  reckless  Charles,  and  is 
called  by  Moore  "  the  Tartuf  e  of  sentiment." 

Surface,  Sir  Oliver.  The  rich  uncle  of  Charles 
and  Joseph  Surface,  in  Sheridan's  "  School  for 
Scandal." 

Surgeon's  Daughter,  The.  A  short  novel  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1827. 

Surg^res  (siir-zhar').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Charente-Inf^rieure,  France,  20  miles 
east-southeast  of  La  Eochelle.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  3,375. 

Surhai  (s6-ri'),  or  Sonrhai  (son-ri').  A  great 
negro  nation  of  the  west  central  Sudan,  settled 
around  Timbuotu  between  the  Niger  Kiver  and 
the  Sahara.  They  are  strongly  mixed  with  Hamitic 
and  Fulali  elements,  and  are  known  to  have  been  in  their 
present  habitat  since  the  middle  ages.  In  books  of  travel 
they  appear  as  Kissour,  Guber,  Kallaghi,  Garaugi,  etc.  Be- 
cause of  its  extensive  use,  the  Surhai  language  Is,  with 
Hausa,  called  "  Kalam  al  Sudan  "  (language  of  the  Sudan) 
by  the  Arabs. 

Surinam  (s6-ri-nam').  Ariver  in  Dutch  Guiana 
which  flows  into  the  Atlantic  near  Paramaribo. 
Length,  about  300  miles. 

Surinam.    See  Guiana,  Dutch. 

Surly  (ser'li).  A  kind  of  "plain  dealer"  in 
Crowne's  "  Sir  Courtly  Nice."  He  is  the  antithesis 
of  Sir  Courtly,  and  one  of  the  most  repulsive  figures  in  the 
whole  range  of  English  comedy. 

Surprise  Plot.    See  Bye  Plot. 

Surratt  (sur-raf ),  Mrs.  Mary  £.  Died  July  7, 
1865.  A  member  of  the  conspiracy  to  assassi- 
nate Abraham  Lincoln.  The  conspirators,  including 
her  son  John  H.  Surratt,  had  their  ordinary  rendezvous  at 
her  house,  a  small  boarding-house  in  Washington.  Lin- 
coln was  shot  by  John  Wilkes  Booth  on  the  14th  of  April. 
The  other  conspirators,  with  the  exception  of  John  H. 
Surratt,  were  tried  by  a  military  commission  in  May  and 


Surratt 

June.  Mrs.  Surratt  was  hauged  on  the  7th  of  July,  and 
John  H.  Surratt  escaped  to  Canada,  thence  to  Europe.  He 
was  detected  in  Egypt,  and  brought  back  in  1867.  His  trial 
lasted  two  mouths,  andendedlna  disagreement  of  the  j  ury, 

Surrentum  (su-ren'tum).  The  Eoman  name 
of  Sorrento. 

Surrey  (sur'i).  [MB.  Surry,  Surrye,  Suthrey,  AS. 
Sutkrege,  Suthrige,  prob.  for  Suihrice,  South 
Kingdom.]  A  county  in  England,  bounded 
by  Berkshire  and  Middlesex  (from  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  Thames),  Kent,  Sussex,  and 
Hampshire.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Downs.  It  contains 
a  part  of  London,  and  many  of  its  suburbs.  Area,  768 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  1,731,343. 

Surrey,  Earl  of.    See  Howard,  Henry. 

Surrey,  Second  Earl  of.    See  Howard,  Tliomas. 

Sursee  (zor'za).  A  small  town  in  the  canton  of 
Lucerne,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Suhr  13 
miles  northwest  of  Lucerne. 

Surtr  (sortr).  In  Scandinavian  mythology,  a 
fire-giant  of  Kagnarok. 

Surville(sur-vel'),01otilde  de.  APrenohpoet, 
said  to  have  lived  in  the  15th  century  :  the  al- 
leged author  of  "Poesies  de  Clotilde"  (pub- 
lished by  Vanderbourg  1803:  second  collection 
published  1823). 

Survilliers,  Comte  de.   See  Bonaparte,  Joseph. 

Slirya(sor'ya).  [InSkt.,  an  adjective  of  relation 
(from  svar,  tte  sun,  sunlight,  light :  pronounced 
in  the  Veda  suar)  which  came  to  be  used  sub- 
stantively.] The  Sun:  in  the  Rigveda  one  of 
the  two  most  common  designations  of  the  Sun, 
the  other  being  Savitri.  Surya  is  called  the  son  of 
Dyaus  and  also  the  son  of  Adlti,  while  in  some  passages 
he  is  distinguished  from  the  Adityas.  In  oneplace  Ushas, 
the  Dawn,  is  said  to  be  his  wife,  while  in  another  the  Dawns 
are  said  to  produce  him  together  with  Sacrifice  and  Agni. 
He  moves  on  a  car  drawn  sometimes  by  one,  sometimes 
by  several  or  by  seven,  fleet  and  ruddy  horses  or  mares. 
Fushan  goes  as  his  messenger  with  his  golden  ships,  which 
sail  in  the  aerial  ocean.  Surya  is  the  preserver  of  all 
things  stationary  and  moving,  the  vivifler  of  men,  and 
common  to  them  all,  and  beholds  the  good  and  bad  deeds 
of  mortals.  He  is  the  eye  of  Mitra  and  Varuna,  and  some- 
times also  of  Agni.  He  is  at  times  identified  with  Indra, 
but  in  many  passages  his  position  is  dependent,  his  path 
being  prepared  by  Indra,  the  Ushases,  Soma,  Dhatri,  Va- 
runa, Mitra  and  Varuna,  Indra  and  Varuna,  Indra  and 
Vishnu,  or  tlie  Angirases,  when  the  divine  personality  of 
the  sun  is  thrown  into  the  background,  and  it  becomes 
little  more  than  a  part  of  nature.  (On  Surya  in  the  Veda, 
see  Muir's  "Original  Sanskrit  Texts,"  V.  15&-161.)  There 
is  also  a  feminine  personality  Surya  (s8r-ya'),  who  is  some- 
times merely  the  sun  personified  as  feminine,  sometimes 
the  wife  of  Surya,  sometimes  the  daughter  of  Surya  or 
Savitri  and  given  in  marriage  to  Soma,  the  Moon.  The 
Surya  or  SHryasukta,  *  Surya  hymn  *  (Bigveda  X.  85),' de- 
scribing this  wedding  plays  an  impor^nt  part  in  the 
wedding  ceremony. 

Suryasiddhanta  (sSr-ya-sid-dhan'ta).  [San- 
skrit title  :  '  Siddhanta  of  the  Sun.']  A  cele- 
brated astronomical  work  in  Sanskrit,  said  to 
be  a  direct  revelation  from  the  Sun,  and  thought 
by  some  to  be  the  same  as  the  Saiirasiddhanta, 
or  one  of  the  five  earlier  works  on  which  was 
founded  the  Panchasiddhantika  of  Varahami- 
hira,  who  lived  about  the  beginning  of  the  6th 
century  A.  D.  The  Suryasiddhanta  has  been  edited  by 
Fitzedward  Hall  and  BapuDeva  Shastrin  inthe"Bibllothe- 
ca  Indica,"  and  translated  by  the  latter  for  the  same  series. 
The  "  Journal  of  the  American  Oriental  Society  "  ( VoL  VI) 
also  contains  a  translation  nominally  by  Ebenezer  Burgess, 
but  practically  by  W.  D.  Whitney,  accompanied  by  a  very 
thorough  commentary  by  Whitney,  one  of  the  most  valu- 
able contributions  of  that  scholar  to  Oriental  research. 

Sus  (sos).  A  mountainous  district  in  Morocco, 
lying  south  and  southwest  of  the  city  of  Mo- 
rocco. 

Susa  (s8'sa) .  In  ancient  geography,  the  capital 
of  Susiana  or  Elam,  situated  between  the  rivers 
Kerkha  and  Dizful,  about  lat.  32°  N.,  long.  48° 
25'  E. :  the  modern  Sus  or  Shush,  and  the  scrip- 
tural Shushan.  it  was  a  royal  residence  and  flourish- 
ing city  throughout  the  period  of  the  Acheemenid  kings. 
The  site  at  present  exhibits  a  group  of  large  and  high 
mounds,  forming  together  a  diamond-shaped  figure  about 
3i  miles  in  circuit.  Excavations  were  made  in  1861  by 
Loftus  in  one  of  the  mounds,  with  the  result  of  disclosing 
the  palace  of  Artaxerxes  Mnemon,  the  chief  feature  being  a 
fine  colonnade  of  340  feet  front.  The  excavations  of  Dieula- 
f  oy,  between  1884  and  1886,  laid  bare  beneath  these  ruins 
those  of  the  palace  of  Darius,  son  of  Hystaspes,  and  showed 
that  the  upper  strata  of  the  mound  are  formed  by  super- 
posed layers  of  ruins,  still  but  imperfectly  explored. 

Susa  (so'sa).  A  seaport  in  Tunis,  situated  on 
the  Gulf  of  Hamama  72  miles  south  by  east  of 
Tunis:  probably  the  ancient  Hadrumetum. 
Population,  about  8,000. 

Susa.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Turin,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Dora  Biparia,  near  the  French 
frontier,  32  miles  west  of  Turin :  the  Roman  Se- 
gusio.  It  was  an  important  city  and  the  chief  town  of 
Sie  Cottian  Alps.  It  has  a  cathedral,  of  which  the  cam- 
panile and  the  massive  round  arches  of  the  nave  are  of 
the  nth  century :  the  remainder  of  the  church  is  later 
and  Pointed.  Among  its  Roman  antiquities  is  a  trium- 
phal arch  in  honor  of  Augustus,  now  serving  as  a  city 
gate.    Population,  about  4,000. 


96^ 

Susanna (so-zan'a).  [Heb.,'  alily';  F.Susanne, 
It.  Susanna,  Sp.  and  Pg.  Susana,  Gr.  Susan/ne.~\ 
The  wife  of  Joachim,  the  subject  of  "  The  His- 
tory of  Susanna,"  one  of  the  books  of  the 
Apocrypha — an  addition  to  the  Book  of  Daniel. 
The  subject  of  her  surprisal  by  two  of  the  elders  while  in 
her  bath  has  been  frequently  used  by  painters. 

Susanna.  An  oratorio  by  Handel,  produced  in 
1749. 

Susanna  and  the  Elders.  A  painting  by  Rem- 
brandt (1637),  in  the  Royal  Gallery  at  The 

Hague,  Holland.  Susanna  is  about  to  enter  her  bath, 
when  she  is  startled  at  perceiving  one  of  the  elders  in  the 
thicket. 

Susanna  at  the  Bath.  1.  One  of  the  most  fin- 
ished and  carefully  composed  paintings  of  Rem- 
brandt (1647),  in  the  Old  Museum  at  Berlin. — 
2.  A  painting  by  Rubens,  in  the  Old  Pinako- 
thek  at  Munich.  Susanna  turns  her  back  to  the  elders, 
and  seeks  to  veil  herself.  One  of  the  intruders  seizes  her 
drapery,  and  the  other  touches  her  back. 

Susdal.    See  Suzdal. 

Susiana  (su-si-a'na).  A  province  of  the  Per- 
sian empire :  the  same  as  Elam.  It  was  an  in- 
dependent state  after  the  first  destruction  of 
Nineveh,  and  was  subdued  by  Sargon. 

Suspension  Bridge.  A  former  village  in  Ni- 
agara County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Ni- 
agara River  below  the  falls.  Near  it  was  the 
suspension  railroad  bridge  over  the  Niagara. 
Now  a  part  of  Niagara  Palls. 

Suspicious  Husband,  The.  A  comedy  by  Dr. 
Hoadley,  produced  in  1747.  David  Garrick  was 
the  original  Ranger  in  this  play. 

Susquehanna  (sus-kwe-han'a).  AriverinNew 
York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Maryland,  it  rises  in 
Otsego  Lake,  New  York ;  flows  generally  south-southwest 
past  the  Great  Bend  in  Pennsylvania ;  reenters  New  York ; 
flows  southeast  and  then  southwest  through  Pennsylvania 
(and  is  also  called  the  North  or  East  Branch) ;  unites  at 
Northumberland  with  the  West  Branch ;  and  flows  into 
Chesapeake  Bay  at  Havre  de  Grace.  Among  its  tributaries 
are  the  Chenango  and  Juniata.  Length  of  united  stream, 
about  150  miles ;  total  length,  including  the  North  Branch, 
over  400  miles ;  length  of  West  Branch  to  the  junction, 
over  200  mUes. 

Sussex  (sus'eks).  [ME.  Sussex,  Sussexe,  AS. 
Sufh  sexe,  Suth  seaxe,  South  Saxons.  Of.  ilssex, 
Wessex."]  A  maritime  county  of  southern  Eng- 
land .  It  is  bounded  by  Surrey,  Kent,  the  English  Channel, 
and  Hampshire,  and  traversed  by  the  range  of  the  South 
Downs.  The  northern  part  of  the  county  is  called  the 
Weald  (part  of  the  anciient  Andredsweald).  It  is  mainly  an 
agricultural  county.  Formerly  it  was  the  chief  seat  of  the 
English  iron  manufactures.  It  contains  many  seaside  re- 
sorts. It  nearly  corresponds  to  the  ancient  kingdom  of 
Sussex,  which  was  founded  by  M\\e(yfho  landed  here  477), 
and  came  under  the  supremacy  of  Wessex  about  685.  It 
was  the  scene  of  the  landing  of  William  the  Conqueror 
and  of  the  battles  of  Senlac  and  Lewes.  Area,  1,468  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  650,446. 

Sussex,  Duke  of.'   See  Augustus  Frederick. 

Sustenpass  (zos'ten-pas).  A  pass  of  the  Umer 
Alps,  Switzerland,  which  connects  the  Hasli 
Valley,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  canton  of  Bern, 
with  the  valley  of  the  Eeuss,  canton  of  Uri. 

Sustermans  (sus'ter-mans),  or  Suttermans 
(sut'ter-mans),  Justus.  Bom  at  Antwerp,  1597: 
died  at  Plorence,  April  23, 1681.  A  Plemish  por- 
trait-painter, pupil  of  WUlem  de  Vos  and  of 
Franz  Pourbes  the  younger  in  Paris.  At  Flor- 
ence he  was  patronized  by  Grand  Dukes  Cosmo  II.  and 
III.  and  Ferdinand  II.  At  Vienna  (1623-24)  he  painted  the 
emperor's  portrait.  In  1627  he  painted  Pope  Urban  VIII. 
He  returned  to  Florence  in  1663.  He  was  a  friend  of  Ku- 
bens  and  of  Vandyke. 

Sutherland  (suTH'er-land).  The  northwestern- 
most  county  of  Scotland,  it  is  bounded  by  the  At- 
lantic on  the  west  and  north,  Caithness  on  the  east,  the 
North  Sea  on  the  southeast,  and  Hoss  and  Cromarty  on  the 
south  and  southwest.  The  surface  is  generally  mountain- 
ous and  elevated.  Area,  2,028  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  21,896. 

Sutherland,  First  Duke  of.  See  Leveson- 
Gower,  George  Granville. 

Sutherland  Falls.  A  noted  cascade  near  Mil- 
ford  Sound,  in  New  Zealand.  Height,  1,900 
feet. 

Sutlej,  or  Satlej  (sut'lej).  One  of  the  chief 
rivers  of  the  Panjab.  It  rises  in  Tibet  near  the  source 
of  the  Brahmaputra ;  flows  generally  west ;  breaks  through 
the  Himalaya;  receives  the  Bias,  and  is  known  also  as 
the  Ghara ;  unites  with  the  Chenab,  and  is  known  as  the 
Panjnad ;  and  flows  Into  the  Indus  about  lat.  29°  N.  Length, 
about  1,000  miles ;  navigable  to  near  Ludhiana. 

Sutra  (sB'tra).  In  Sanskrit,  originally  a '  thread, 
cord,'  and  then  a  brief  ride,  or  book  of  such 
rules,  so  named  because  each  rule  was  a  short 
'line,' or  because  the  collection  was  a  'string' 
of  rules.  These  rules  appear  to  have  been  at  first  mere 
aids  to  the  memory  of  teachers,  whence  they  came  to  be 
the  basis  of  teaching  not  only  In  religious  ritual  but  also 
in  philosophy  and  grammar.  Thus  there  are  the  Shrau- 
tasutras,  and  among  them  especially  the  Ealpasutras, 
founded  on  Shruti  (see  Smriti  and  Shruti)  and  treating 


Svendborg 

especially  of  ritual,  and  the  Grihyaautras  and  Samayaohari- 
kasutras  or  Dharmasutras,  which  are  'rules  for  domestic 
ceremonies'  and  'rules  for  conventional  customs,'  the 
last  two  being  called  collectively  Smartasutras,  as  based 
on  Smriti.  Out  of  the  last  grew  the  Dharmashastras  or 
'  law-books. '  Each  system  of  philosophy  has  its  text-book 
written  in  Sutras.  Examples  in  grammar  and  related 
subjects  are  the  celebrated  Sutras  of  Panini,  the  Unadisu- 
tras  on  certain  affixes,  and  thePratishakyas  onVedic  accent 
and  phonetics. 
Sutri  (so'tre).  A  town  in  Italy,  29  miles  north- 
west of  Rome  :  the  ancient  Sutrium.  it  was  an 
ancient  Etruscan  town,  and  later  a  Eoman  colony.  Pop- 
ulation (1881),  8,266. 

Sutro(s5'tr6),AdolwiHeinrich Joseph.  Bom 

at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Rhenish  Prussia,  April  29, 
1830:  died  Aug.  8, 1898.  A  German-American 
mining  engineer.  He  received  his  education  In  the 
polytechnic  schools  in  Germany;  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  in  1860;  and  in  1860  went  to  Nevada,  where  he 
planned  the  famous  Sutro  tunnel  at  Virginia  City,  con- 
necting with  and  draining  the  mines  of  the  Comstock 
Lode.  The  main  tunnel  is  over  20,000  feet  in  length.  It 
was  begun  in  1869,  and  connection  was  made  with  the  flrst 
of  the  mines  in  1878.  Elected  mayor  of  San  Francisco  1894. 

Sutter  (sut'Sr),  John  Augustus.  Born  at  Kan- 
dern,  Baden,  Feb.  15,  1803 :  died  at  "Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  June  17,  1880.  A  Swiss-American 
pioneer  and  trader.  He  founded  asettlementon  the 
site  of  Sacramento.  Gold  was  flrst  discovered  in  Califor- 
nia on  his  property  in  1848. 

Sutton  (sut'on),  Charles  Manners,  first  Vis- 
count Canterbury.  Bom  1780:  died  1845.  An 
English  politician,  for  many  years  speaker  of 
the  House  of  Commons. 

Suva  (sS'va).  A  seaport  on  the  southern  coast 
of  Viti  Levu,  capital  of  the  Fiji  Islands. 

Suvaroff  (so-va'rof ),  or  Suvoroff  (so-v6'rof ),  or 
Suwarrow  (so-va'rov),  or  Suwaroff  (so-va'- 
rof), (jount  Alexander.  Bom  in  Finland,  Nov. 
25,  1729 :  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  May  18,  1800. 
A  celebrated  Russian  field-marshal,  of  Swedish 
descent.  He  sei-ved  in  the  Seven  Years'  War  against  the 
Poles,  and  1773-74  against  the  Turks ;  suppressed  the  revolt 
of  Pugatchefl  1774-75 ;  defeated  the  Turks  at  Kinburn  in 
1787,  and  at  Fokshani  and  Kymnik  in  1789  (being  sumamed 
Rymnimski  for  this  last  victory) ;  stormed  Ismail  in  1790 : 
stormed  Praga,  near  Warsaw,  and  was  made  field-marshal 
in  1794 ;  defeated  the  French  at  the  battles  of  Cassano,  the 
Trebbia,  and  Novi  in  1799  (for  which  he  was  sumamed 
Italiiski) ;  and  crossed  tiie  Alps  and  traversed  Switzerland 
1799.  Having  been  recalled  in  disgrace  by  the  emperor 
Paul,  he  retired  to  his  country-seat,  where  he  died. 

Suwalki  (so-val'ke).  The  northernmost  gov- 
ernment in  Russian  Poland,  bordering  on  East 
Prussia  and  the  governments  of  Kovno,  Vilna, 
Grodno,  and  Lomza.  Area,  4,846  square  miles. 
Population  (1897),  604,973. 

Suwalki.  The  capital  of  the  government  of 
Suwalki,  in  lat.  54°  12'  N.,  long.  22°  55'  E. 
Population,  16,863. 

Suwanee,  or  Suwannee  (su-wS,'ne).  A  river 
in  southern  Georgia  and  Florida  which  flows 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  about  lat.  29°  18'  N. 
Length,  about  250  miles. 

Suwaroff  or  Suwarrow.    See  Suvaroff. 

Suwonad.a  (so-wo-na'da),  or  Inland  Sea.  A 
part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  which  lies  southwest 
of  the  main  island  of  Japan,  and  is  nearly  in- 
closed by  it  and  the  islands  of  Kiusiu  and  Shi- 
koku.     Its  length  is  about  240  miles. 

Suzdal  (soz-dal'),  or  Susdal  (sos-dal'),  or  SoUZ- 
dal  (soz-dal').  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Vladimir,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Kamenka 
115  miles  east-northeast  of  Moscow.  It  was 
the  seat  of  a  medieval  Russian  principality. 
Population  (1885-89),  6,991. 

Suzdal,  Principalily  of  (or  Vladimir).  A 
principality,  and  at  times  grand  principality,  of 
Russia,  about  the  upper  basin  of  the  Volga: 
founded  in  the  middle  of  the  12th  century.  It 
supplanted  Kiefl  as  the  chief  Kussian  state,  and  was  united 
with  the  principality  of  Moscow  in  the  14th  century. 

Svalocin  (sval'o-sin).  [.JRcoJaMS  reversed :  see 
Sotanev.l  The  name  given  in  the  Palermo  Cata- 
logue to  the  fourth-magnitude  star  a  Delphini. 

Svartisen  (svart'e-sen).  ['Black  ice.']  An  ice- 
covered  tract  near  the  northwestern  coast  of 
Norway,  just  north  of  the  Arctic  Circle.  Length, 
about  35  miles.  Height  above  sea-level,  about 
4,000  feet. 

Sveaborg  (sva'a-borg).  A  fortress  in  the  har- 
bor of  Helsingf  ors,  Finland,  it  was  constructed  in 
1749 ;  was  betrayed  to  the  Bnssians  May  3, 1808 ;  and  was 
bombarded  by  the  Anglo-French  fleet  Aug.  9-l(i  1866. 

Svealand  (sva'a-land).  The  historical  name 
of  central  Sweden.  It  comprised  Soderman- 
land,  Upland,  Westermanland,  Nerike,  Werm- 
land,  and  Dalecarlia. 

Svend.    See  Sweyn. 

Svendborg  (svend'borg).  An  amt  of  Denmark, 
comprising  part  of  Fiinen  with  Langeland, 
Taasinge,  etc.    Population,  120,707. 


Svendborg 

SvBndborg.  A  seaport  on  the  southern  coast 
of  the  island  of  Fiinen,  Denmark,  in  lat.  55°  4' 
N.,  long.  10°  37'  E.    Population  (1890),  8,755. 

SvengaU.    See  Tnlby. 

Svenigorodka  (sve-ne-go-rod'ka).  A  town  in 
the  government  of  Kiefl,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  G-niloi  TiMtoh  98  miles  south  of  KiefE. 
Population,  about  11,000. 

Sverige  (sva're-ge).  The  Swedish  name  of 
Sweden. 

Svetchine.    See  Swetchine. 

Sviatoi  (sve-9.'toi).  Cape.  A  headland  on  the 
northern  coast  of  Russia,  projecting  into  the 
Arctic  Ocean  near  the  entrance  to  the  White  Sea. 

Svir  (sver).  A  river  in  the  government  of  Olo- 
netz,  northern  Russia,  which  flows  from  Lake 
Onega  into  Lake  Ladoga.  Length,  about  125 
miles. 

Swabia,  or  Suabia  (swa'bi-a).  [F.  Souabe, 
ML.  SuaUa,  from  MHG-.  Swdben,  Q.  Schwaben, 
Swabia,  orig.  dat.  pi.  of  Swab,  Gr.  Schwabe,  a 
Swabian.]  An  ancient  duchy  or  Germany,  cor- 
responding in  general  to  Wiirtemberg,  Baden, 
and  southwestern  Bavaria,  and  also,  at  various 
times,  to  eastern  Switzerland,  Alsaee,  part  of 
Tyrol,  etc. :  sometimes  called  Alamanwla.  it 
was  one  of  the  four  great  duchies  of  the  early  German 
kingdom,  and  endured  from  917  to  1268.  The  Swahian 
house  of  Hohenstaufen  furnished  a  famous  dynasty  of 
German  kings  and  emperors.  The  name  Swabia  was  re- 
vived as  that  of  one  of  the  circles  of  the  Empire,  and  now 
includes  the  southern  central  part  of  Wiirtemberg,  the 
adjoining  part  of  Baden,  and  the  southwestern  part  of 
Bavaria. 

Swabia  and  Neuburg  (G.  pron.  noi'boro).  A 
governmental  district  of  Bavaria,  bounded  by 
Middle  Pranconia  on  the  north,  Upper  Bava- 
ria  on  the  east,  Tyrol  and  Vorarlberg  and  Lake 
Constance  on  the  south,  and  Wiirtemberg  on 
the  west.  Capital,  Augsburg.  Area,  3,788 
square  miles.    Population  (1890),  668,316. 

Swabian  dAJp.    See  Swabian  Jura. 

Swabian  (swa'bi-an)  Circle.  [G.  SehwaUscher 
irejs.]  One  of  tlte  ten  circles  of  the  old  Ger- 
man Empire,  as  established  by  the  emperor 
Maximilian  I.,  1512.  it  comprised  substantially  the 
modem  Wiirtemberg,  a  part  of  Bavaria,  and  a  great  part 
of  Baden. 

Swabian  Emperors.  The  German-Roman  em- 
perors who  reigned  from  1138  to  1254  (the  Ho- 
henstaufen line) :  so  called  because  the  founder 
was  duke  of  Swabia. 

Swabian  Jura,  or  Swabian  Alp,  or  Eauhe 
Alp  (rou'e  alp)  or  Alb.  A  mountain-range 
in  Wiirtemberg  and  HohenzoUern,  which  ex- 
tends from  near  Sulz  northeasterly  to  near  the 
Bavarian  frontier,  between  the  valleys  of  the 
Neckar  and  Danube.  Among  its  divisions  are  the 
Hardt  and  the  Bauhe  Alp  proper. 

Swabian  League,  or  Swabian  Cities'  League. 

A  league  of  various  Swabian  cities  formed  in 
1376,  and  extended  into  Eranconia,  Bavaria, 
and  the  Rhine  lands,  as  a  defense  against  the 
extortions  and  depredations  of  the  counts  of 
Wiirtemberg.    It  fell  into  decay  after  1388. 

Swabian  League,  Great.  A  league  of  Swabian 
cities  and  governments  formed  in  1488  for  the 
maintenance  of  the  public  peace.  It  was  dis- 
solved in  1533  on  account  of  religious  dissen- 
sions. 

Swabian  Poets,  The.  In  German  literature:  (a) 
A  former  collective  name  of  the  Minnesingers. 
(6)  A  group  of  modern  poets  of  Wiirtemberg, 
the  cMef  of  whom  were  Uhland,  Kemer,  and 
Schwab. 

Swabian  Sea.  An  occasional  name  of  the  Lake 
of  Constance.  The  baths  of  Priedriohshafen 
attract  many  visitors,  especially  from  Swabia. 

Swain  (swan),  Obarles.  Bom  at  Manchester, 
England,  1803:  died  Sept.  22,  1874.  An  Eng- 
lish poet,  called  "  the  Manchester  Poet."  He 
wrote  "Dryburgh  Abbey"  (1832),  etc. 

Swainson  (swan'son),  William.  Bom  at  Liver- 
pool, Oct.  8,  1789:  died  in  New  Zealand.  A 
British  naturalist.  His  works  include  "ZoBlogical 
Illustrations"  (1820),  "Exotic  Conchology"  (1821),  "Nat- 
uralist's Guide,"  "  Ornithological  Drawings  "  (1834-41),  and 
volumes  in  lardner's  "Cabinet  Cyclopaedia  "and  in  Jar- 
dine's  "Naturalist's  library."  He  was  associated  with 
Kichardson  in  writing  the  "Fauna  Boreali- Americana," 
and  with  Shuckard  in  the  "History  and  Natural  Arrange- 
ment of  Insects." 

Swale  (swal).  An  inlet  of  the  North  Sea  (or 
mouth  of  the  Medway),  south  of  the  Isle  of 
Sheppey,  in  Kent,  England. 

Swale.  A  river  in  Yorkshire,  England,  which 
joins  the  Ure  14  miles  northwest  of  York. 
Length,  60-70  miles. 

Swalli,  or  Swally  (swol'e).  The  outer  harbor 
of  Surat,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tapti. 


Swedenborgians 

Swartow  (swar-tou').  A  treaty  port  in  the 
province  of  Kwangtung,  China,  situated  at  one 
mouth  of  the  river  Han,  in  lat.  (of  Double  Isl- 
and) 23°  20'  N.,  long.  116°  43'  B.  It  has  con- 
siderable trade  in  tea,  bean-cake,  oranges,  cloth, 
etc.  Population  (1896),  est.,  30,000. 
post-office,  'known  as  a  center  of  the  hide  and  Swayne  (swan),  Noah  Haynes.  Born  in  Cul- 
leather  trade.  paper  (bounty,  Va.,  Dee.  7,  1804:  died  at  New 

Swamp  Angel,  The.  A  name  given  by  the  Fed-  York,  June  8,  1884.  An  American  jurist,  asso- 
eral  soldiers  to  an  8-inoh  Parrott  gun  which  was  ciate  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
mounted  on  a  battery  built  on  piles  driven  into    1861-81. 

a  swamp  outside  of  Charleston,  and  used  during  Swaziland  (swa'ze-land).  A  small  independent 
the  siege  of  that  city,  it  burst  Aug.  22, 1863.  After  the     state  in  South  Africa,  situated  near  the  Trans- 


969 

Swammerdam  (swam'mer-dam),  Jan.  Born  at 
Amsterdam,  Feb.  12, 1637 :  died  there,  Feb.  15, 
1680.  A  noted  Dutch  natxiralist,  distinguished 
as  an  anatomist  and  entomologist. 

Swamp  (swomp).  The.  A  low-lying  region  in 
the  lower  part  of  New  York  city,  east  of  the 


war  it  was  bought  with  some  condemned  metal  and  sent  to 
Trenton,  New  Jersey,  to  be  melted ;  but,  having  been  iden- 
tified, was  set  up  on  a  granite  base  on  the  corner  of  Perry 
and  Clinton  streets  in  that  city. 

Swampscott  (swomp'skot).  A  watering-place 
in  Essex  County,  Massaeliusetts,  on  Massachu- 
setts Bay.    Population  (1900),  4,548. 

Swan  (swon;,  The.    See  Cygnus. 

Swan,  The.  A  playhouse  opened  on  the  Bank- 
side,  Southwark,  London,  about  1581. 

Swan,  The  Mantuan.    See  Mantuan  Swan. 

Swan,  Knight  of  the.  A  local  religious  myth 
of  Brabantine  origin.  The  principal  part  of  the  story 
is  that  of  a  mysterious  knight  who  appears  in  a  small 
boat  drawn  by  a  swan,  and  performs  helpful  deeds,  saves 
the  lady  of  the  story,  and  marries  her,  but  who  can  remain 
with  her  only  on  condition  that  she  does  not  ask  his  name : 
this  connects  him  with  the  Enights  of  the  Grail,  who 
were  obliged  to  disappear  if  questioned.  The  condition 
having  been  broken,  the  swan  and  boat  reappear  and  he 
is  carried  swiftly  away.  This  story  is  very  ancient,  and  is 
told  of  Hellas,  Lohengrin  (in  the  Round  Table  cycle),  Sal- 
vius,  Gerhard  the  Swan,  and  others,  and  the  lady  is  Else  of 
Brabant  or  Beatrice  of  Cleves.  There  are  numerous  ro- 
mances in  Erench,  German,  and  English  on  this  subject. 
The  story  of  the  seven  swan-maidens  is  another  myth 
pieced  on  to  the  genuine  story  of  the  Knight  of  the  Swan. 

It  was  in  commemoration  of  the  beautiful  myth  of  the 
Swan-Knight  that  Frederick  II.  of  Brandenburg  instituted 
the  Order  of  the  Swan,  in  U40.  .  .  .  The  badge  of  the 
Cleves  order  of  knighthood  was  also  a  silver  swan  sus- 
pended from  a  gold  chain.  Charles,  Duke  of  Cleves,  at- 
tempted to  revive  the  Order  of  the  Swan.  When  Cleves 
fell  to  Prussia,  the  Count  de  Bar  endeavored  to  persuade 
Frederick  the  Great  to  resuscitate  the  order,  but  in  vain. 
With  Anne  of  Cleves,  the  white  swan  passed  to  our  tavern 
sign-boards. 
S.  Baring-Oovld,  Curious  Myths  of  the  Mid.  Ages,  2d  aer., 

[p.  335. 

Swan  (swon)  Lake.  A  small  lake  in  Nicollet 
County,  southern  IiCnnesota,  northwest  of  Man- 
kato. 

Swan-maidens.    See  Swan,  Knight  of  the. 

Swan  of  Avon,  Sweet.  A  name  given  by  Ben 
Jonson  to  Shakspere. 

Swan  of  Cambrai,  The.    Pfoelon. 

Swan  of  Lichfield,  The.  A  name  given  to  Miss 
Anna  Seward,  the  friend  of  Dr.  Johnson. 

Swan  of  Padua,  The.    Francesco  Algarotti. 

Swan  of  the  Thames,  The.    John  Taylor. 

Swan  (swon)  River.  [Named  from  the  black 
swans  seen  in  it  by  its  discoverer,  Willem  de 
Vlaming,  1697.  ] .  A  river  in  West  Australia 
which  flows  into  the  Indian  Ocean  near  Perth. 
It  gave  name  to  the  colony  which  formed  the 

.  nucleus  of  West  Australia. 

Swansea  (swon'se).  A  seaport  of  Glamorgan- 
shire, Wales,  situated  at  the  entrance  of  the 


vaal  Colony,  Amatongaland,  and  Zululand.  its 
independence  was  recognized  in  1884.  A  commission  was 
in  1890  formed,  with  representatives  of  Great  Britain,  the 
Transvaal,  and  the  Swazis,  to  rule  over  the  whites.  It  be- 
came subject  to  the  Transvaal  in  1895  and  to  Great  Britain 
in  1900.    Area,  6,160  square  miles.    Pop.,  about  61,600. 

Sweden  (swe'den).  [Formerly  also  Sweeden; 
P.  Sudde,  D.  Zw'eden,  G.  Schweden;  orig.  dat.  pi. 
of  Swede,  D.  Zweed.Gr.  Sehwede,  Goth.  *Swetha 
(pi.  Swethans  in  Jordanes);  a  form  appar. 
diff.  from  the  other  designation,  AS.  Swedn, 
Swidn,  loel.  Sviar,  Sw.  Svear,  L.  Suiones,  also 
Sued,  whence  the  ML.  name  Suecia  (It.  Svezia, 
Sp.  Suecia).  The  Sw.  name  for  Sweden  is 
Sverige,  Dan.  Sverrig,  Icel.  Sviariki,  Mngdom  of 
the  Svear  or  Swedes.]  A  kingdom  of  Europe, 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Scandinavian  penin- 
sula. Capital,  Stockholm.  It  is  bounded  by  Nor- 
way on  the  west  and  north,  Finland,  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia, 
and  the  Baltic  Sea  on  the  east,  the  Baltic  on  the  south, 
and  the  Sound,  Cattegat,  and  Skager  Back  on  the  S.  W. ;  and 
extends  from  lat.  66°  20'  to  69°  3'  N.,  and  from  long.  11°  6'  to 
24°  8'  E.  There  are  three  main  divisions :  Gotaland  in  the 
south,  Svealand  in  the  center,  and  Norrland  in  the  north. 
The  surface  is  generallyhilly ;  a  mountain-range(the  Kolen) 
runs  along  the  northwestern  boundary  between  Sweden 
and  Norway.  Thekingdom  containsmany lakes  (Wenern, 
Wettem,  Malar,  etc.)  and  rivers,  and  comprises  many 
neighboring  islands,  including  Gotland  and  Oland.  The 
leading  occupation  is  agriculture.  There  is  considera- 
ble mineral  wealth,  particularly  iron.  Timber,  iron,  hard- 
ware and  wooden  wares,  etc.,  are  exported.  'The  country 
is  subdivided  into  25  laens  or  provinces.  The  government 
is  ahereditary  constitutional  monarchy,  legislative  author- 
ity being  vested  in  the  king  and  the  Riksdag  of  two  houses 
(both  elected).  Sweden  and  Norway  have  been  united 
under  the  same  king  since  1814,  and  are  bound  to  stand  by 
each  other  in  war,  but  are  otherwise  free  and  independent. 
The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Swedes:  there  are  a  few  Finns 
and  Lapps  in  the  north.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Protes- 
tant (Lutheran).  Sweden  was  inhabited  in  early  times 
by  various  tribes,  the  chief  of  them  being  the  Goths  in  the 
south  and  the  Swedes  in  the  north.  Christianity  was  finally 
established  about  the  end  of  the  11th  century.  A  fusion 
of  the  Goths  and  Swedes  took  place  in  the  13th  century. 
The  union  of  the  three  kingdoms  Denmark,  Sweden,  and 
Norway  was  effected  at  Kalmar  in  1397.  A  rebellion 
against  the  Danes  was  led  by  Gustavus  Yasa,  who  was 
elected  king  in  1523.  The  Reformation  was  introduced 
by  him.  Sweden  became  one  of  the  leading  European 
powers  in  the  17th  centiu-y.  It  took  a  leading  part  in 
the  Thirty  Years*  War  under  Gustavus  Adolphus  and  his 
successor ;  obtained  a  large  part  of  Pomerania,  Bremen, 
Verden,  etc.,  in  1648 ;  carried  on  successful  wars  with  Den- 
mark and  Poland ;  received  Livonia,  Esthonia,  Scania,  etc. , 
in  1660 ;  carried  on  the  Northern  War,  under  Charles  XII., 
against  Denmark,  Russia,  Poland,  and  Saxony  ;  ceded  a 
large  part  of  its  possessions  in  northern  Germany  in  1719- 
1720 ;  ceded  Livonia,  Esthonia,  etc.,  to  Russia  in  1721 ;  and 
ceded  Finland  to  Russia  in  1809.  Norway  was  united  with 
it  in  1814.  Its  remaining  possessions  in  Germany  were 
ceded  to  Prussia  in  1815.     Area,  172,876  square  miles. 

_      ^  Population  (1900),  5,136,441. 

river  Tawe  into  Swansea  Bay,  inlat.  51° 37' N.,  Swedenborg  (swe'dn-b6rg;  Sw.  pron.  sva'den- 


long.  3°  56'  W.  It  is  the  principal  seat  of  copper- 
smelting  in  Great  Britain,  and  perhaps  in  the  world,  and 
has  also  manufactures  of  lead,  iron,  tin-plate,  zinc,  and 
other  metals,  chemicals,  etc.  There  are  extensive  coal- 
mines in  its  vicinity.  It  has  docks,  and  exports  of  tin- 
plate  and  other  manufactured  goods,  coal,  etc.  The  castle 
was  built  in  1099.    Population  (1901),  94,514. 

Swansea,  or  Swanzey  (swon'zi).  A  village  in 
Bristol  (Jounty,  Massachusetts,  4  miles  north- 
west of  Pall  River.  Here,  June  24, 1676,  the  Indians 
murdered  several  settlers :  this  event  was  the  immediate 
cause  of  King  Philip's  war. 

Swan's  Island.  An  island  of  Hancock  County, 
Maine,  5  miles  southwest  of  Mount  Desert. 
Length,  5-J-  miles. 

Swanzey.    See  Swansea. 

Swarga  (swSr'ga),  or  Swerga  (swer'ga).    In 


borg)  (originally  Svedberg  or  Swedberg), 
Emanuel.  Bom  at  Stockholm,  Jan.  29, 1688 : 
died  at  London,  March  29, 1772.  A  celebrated 
Swedish  philosopher  and  theosophist,  founder 
of  the  New  Church.  He  was  educated  at  Upsala; 
traveled  in  Europe  1710-14  ;  was  appointed  assessor  of  the 
Swedish  college  of  mines  in  1716 ;  distinguished  himself  at 
the  siege  of  Frederikshall  in  1718  by  the  invention  of  ma^ 
chines  for  the  transport  of  boats  overland  from  Stromstadt 
to  Iddef  jord ;  and  was  subsequently  elevated  to  the  nobil- 
ity. About  1743  he  commenced  to  have  "visions,"  and  in 
1747  resigned  his  oflce  in  order  to  devote  himself  wholly 
to  the  expounding  of  Scripture  as  the  immediate  mouth- 
piece of  God.  His  chief  theological  and  mystical  work  is 
"Arcana  coelestia"  (1749-66).  Among  his  other  works  are 
"  Opera  philosophica  et  mineralogica  "  (1734), "  CEconomia 
regni  animalis  "  (1740-41X  and  "Regnum  animale  "  (1744). 
See  SwedenborgiaTH. 


Hindu  mythology,  the  heaven  of  Indra  and  Swedenborgians(swe-dn-b6r'ji-aiiz).    The  be- 


other  gods,  situated  on  Mount  Meru, 
Swarthmore  (swarth'mor)  College.  An  in- 
stitution of  learning  situated  at  Swarth- 
more, Pennsylvania,  12  rmles  west-southwest 
of  Philadelphia.  It  is  under  control  of  the 
Friends.  It  has  about  30  instructors  and  200 
students. 

Swat  (swat),  or  Suwat  (su-waf).  A  httle- 
known  region  in  central  Asia,  west  of  the  up- 
per Indus  and  northeast  of  Peshawar.  It  has 
been  under  the  rule  of  a  chief  entitled  the 
Akhoond.  ,,...,,, 

Swatow  (swa-tou'),  orShantow  (shan-tou'),  or 


lievers  in  the  theology  and  religious  doctrines 
of  Swedenborg ;  the  New-Churchmen.  Sweden- 
borg held  Rev.  xxi.  2, "  And  I  John  saw  the  holy  city,  new 
Jerusalem,  coming  down  from  God  out  of  heaven,"  to  be 
a  prediction  of  the  establishment  of  a  new  dispensation, 
the  initiation  of  which  took  place  by  the  execution  of  the 
last  judgment  in  the  spiritual  world  in  the  year  1757,  where- 
by man  was  restored  to  moral  freedom  by  the  restriction 
of  evil  infestations,  the  power  of  which  had  threatened  its 
utter  extinction.  In  proof  of  this  belief,  his  followers  point 
to  the  unparalleled  spiritual  and  material  progress  of  man- 
kind. They  were  first  organized  in  London  (where  Sweden- 
borg long  resided)  in  1778  under  the  name  of  the  "  Society 
of  the  New  Church  signified  by  the  New  Jerusalem,"  usu- 
ally abbreviated  to  New  Church.  Professed  Swedenbor- 
gians, though  widely  scattered,  have  never  been  numerous  - 


Swedenborgians 

but  Swedepborg  himself  appears  not  to  have  contemplated 
the  formation  of  a  separate  church,  trusting  to  thepermea- 
tion  of  his  doctrines  ttu:ough  the  existing  churches.  Swe- 
denborgians believe  that  this  process  is  going  on,  and  that 
thus  the  new  dispensation  is  malting  its  way  indepen- 
dently of  their  own  organization  or  efforts,  and  even  with- 
out the  conscious  Imowledge  of  most  of  those  affected  by 
it.  Swedenboi'g  considered  himself  the  divinely  appointed 
herald  and  expounder  of  this  dispensation,  being  prepared 
for  the  office  by  open  intercourse  during  many  years  with 
spirits  and  angels  (all  originally  human  beings),  and  with 
God  himself,  who  revealed  to  him  the  spiritusd  or  symbolic 
sense  of  the  Divine  Word  (which  the  world  had  not  previ- 
ously been  in  a  state  to  receive  or  apprehend),  setting  forth 
spiritual  and  celestial  truths  in  every  part  through  the 
correspondence  of  all  material  things  with  the  spiritual 
principles,  good  or  evil,  of  which  they  are  the  outgrowth 
and  manifestation.  This  doctrine  of  correspondencies  is 
the  foundation  of  his  system,  which  he  elaborated  with 
uniform  consistency  in  many  volumes,  all  first  published 
in  Latin.  In  this  correspondence  consists  the  plenary  in- 
spiration of  the  Word,  which  includes  only  the  Pentateuch, 
Joshua,  Judges,  Samuel,  Kings,  the  Prophets  and  Psalms, 
the  tour  Gospels,  and  the  Apocalypse ;  the  other  books  of 
the  Bible  are  valuable  for  instruction,  but  lack  this  divine 
character. 

Swedish  (svye'dish).  The  language  of  the 
Swedes:  a  Seandinavian  dialect  akin  to  Danish 
and  Norwe^an-Ioelandio.  old  Swedish  is  preserved 
in  runic  Inscriptions  from  the  end  of  the  viking  age  in  the 
11th  century,  and  in  literature  from  late  in  the  13th  cen- 
tury.   Modem  Swedish  dates  from  the  Reformation. 

Swedish  Nightingale,  The.    Jenny  Lind. 

Swedish  Fomerania.  A  name  formerly  given 
to  the  western  part  of  Pomerania,  which  was 
granted  to  Sweden  at  the  peace  of  "Westphalia 
in  1648.  It  comprised  Vorpommem  and  EUgen,  and 
part  of  Hinterpommern.  Part  of  it  was  ceded  to  Prussia 
in  1720 ;  the  remainder  was  ceded  to  Denmark  in  1814,  and 
by  Denmark  to  Prussia  in  1815. 

Sweedlepipe  (swe'dl-pip),  Paul  or  Poll.    In 

Dickens's  "Martin  Chuzzlewit,"  a  bird-fancier 
and  "easy  shaver,"  Mrs.  Gamp's  landlord:  "a 
disapp'intin'  Sweedlepipes." 
Sweeny  (swe'ni),  Thomas  William.  Bom  at 
Cork,  Ireland,  Dec.  25, 1820:  died  at  Astoria, 
Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  April  10, 1892.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  in  the 
Civil  War  (at  Wilson's  Creek,  Fort  Donelson,  and  Shiloh, 
and  in  the  Atlanta  campaign) ;  and  took  part  in  the  Fenian 
invasion  of  Canada, 

Sweet  Singer  of  the  Temple.  George  Herbert. 

Sweetwater  (swef  waiter)  Mountains.  A 
range  of  the  Eoeky  Mountains  in  "Wyoming, 
southeast  of  the  "Wind  Eiver  Mountains,  and 
northwest  of  the  Medicine  Bow  Mountains. 

Sweetwater  Eiver.  A  tributary  of  the  North 
Fork  of  thePlatte,incentral"Wyoming.  Length, 
about  150  miles. 

Sweet  William's  Farewell  to  Black-eyed 
Susan.    See  Black-eyed  Susan. 

Swegen.    See 

Swerga.    See 

Swetchine(svech-en'),  Madame  (Anne  Sophi! 
Soymonoff),  Bom  at  Moscow,  1782:  died  at 
Paris,  1857.  A  Eussian  author.  Her  works 
and  letters  were  edited  by  Palloux. 

Swett  (swet),  Samuel.  Bom  at  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  June  9,  1782 :  died  at  Boston,  Oct.  28, 
1866.  An  American  historical  writer.  He  pub- 
lished "Bunker  Hill,"  controversial  and  other 
works  on  that  battle,  etc. 

Sweyn,  or  Swein  (swan),  or  Swegen  (sva'gen), 
or  Svend  (svend).  Died  1014.  King  of  Den- 
mark, son  of  Harold  Blaatand  and  father  of 
Canute.  He  invaded  England  in  994  and  1003, 
and  conquered  England  in  1013. 

Sweyn,  or  Swein.  Died  about  1051.  An  Eng- 
lish earl,  eldest  son  of  Godwine.  He  was  out- 
lawed and  exiled  in  1046 ;  was  restored ;  and  was  finally 
exiled  with  Godwine  in  1051. 

Sweyn.  Died  1076.  King  of  Denmark  1047- 
1076,  son  of  Canute.  HeinvadedEnglandinl068. 

Swift  (swift),  Jonathan.  Bom  at  Dublin,  Nov. 
SO,  1667 :  died  there,  Oct.  19, 1745.  A  celebrated 
English  satirist  and  man  of  letters:  usually 
spoken  of  as  Dean  Swift.  His  grandfather,  Thomas 
Swift,  vicar  of  Goodrich  in  Herefordshire,  was  a  follower 
of  Charles  I.  Swift  matriculated  at  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin, in  1682,  leaving  with  only  a  degree  speciali  gratia  in 
1686.  In  1688,  owing  to  the  Revolution,  he  went  to  Eng- 
land, and  in  1689  became  amanuensis  or  secretary  to  Sir 
William  Temple  (who  was  in  some  way  related  to  Swift's 
mother)  at  Moor  Park,  near  Tamham.  He  disliked  his  sub- 
ordinate position,  and  returned  to  Dublin  in  about  a  year. 
In  1692  he  received  the  degree  of  B.  A.  at  Oxford^  took 
orders  in  1695,  and  in  1696  obtained  the  living  of  KUroot, 
Antrim,  Ireland.  In  1696,  tired  of  obscurity,  he  returned 
to  Sir  WiUiam  Temple,  and  remained  with  him  till  his 
death  in  Jan.,  1699.  During  these  years  of  quiet  he  not  only 
read  much,  but  was  in  such  relations  with  the  court  as  to 
obtain  an  msight  into  politics  which  later  was  of  use  to 
him.  In  1696  he  wrote  "A  Tale  of  a  Tub,"  and  in  1697 
the  "Battle  of  the  Books"  (both  published  in  1704): 
he  also  published  an  edition  of  Temple's  works  (1700- 
1703).  He  was  made  rector  of  Agher,  in  Meath,  and  vicar 
of  Laracor  in  1700,  and  held  other  small  livings.  In  1696 
he  had  offered  marriage  to  Miss  Waring  ("Varina"),  who 
refused  him  on  account  of  her  ill  health  and  his  poverty. 


970 

When  he  received  the  hying  of  Laracor,  however,  in  1700, 
she  wished  the  marriage  to  take  place.  He  broke  off  the 
match  by  saying  that  if  she  would  submit  to  be  edu- 
cated so  that  she  could  entertain  him,  soothe  his  ill  hu- 
mor, accept  his  likes  and  dislikes,  etc.,  he  would  overlook 
deficiencies  in  looks  and  income.  He  published  tlie  Whig 
tract  "A  Discourse  on  the  Dissensions  in  Athens  and 
Home  "  in  1700.  At  Laracor  he  was  joined  by  Mrs.  Rebecca 
Dingley  and  by  Esther  Johnson  (bom  in  1681),  a  dependent 
of  Sir  William  Temple,  who  presided  over  his  house— the 
"Stella"  of  later  years.  In  1708  he  published  the  pam- 
phlets "The  Sentiments  of  a  Church  of  England  Man '  and 
"  On  the  Reasonableness  of  a  Test" :  these  were  followed 
by  the  ironical  '*  Argument  Against  Abolishing  Christian- 
ity "  and  by  his  best  poem,  "Baucis  and  Philemon."  He 
was  in  London  for  a  longer  or  shorter  period  nearly  every 
year  from  I'TOl  to  1710.  At  this  time  he  abandoned  the 
Whigs  and  went  over  to  the  Tories :  a  full  account  of  this 
is  given  in  the  "Journal  to  Stella,"  written  1710-13,  and 
not  intended  forthepublic.  In  Nov.,  1710,  he  began  to  write 
for  the  "Examiner,"a  Tory  journal,  and  formed  the  "So- 
ciety of  Brothers."  In  July,  1711,  he  left  the  "Examiner," 
but  oontmued  to  write  Tory  pamphlets  ("The  Conduct  of 
the  Allies  "  and  "  Remarks  on  the  Barrier  Treaty  ").  He 
was  appointed  by  Queen  Anne  dean  of  St  Patrick's,  Dublin, 
in  1713.  He  was  intimately  associated  with  Oxford  and 
Bolingbroke,  and  was  afriend  of  Steele,  Addison,  Pope,  Ar- 
buthnoi^  Congreve,  Atterbury,  Parnell,  and  Gay.  Some  of 
his  best  work  belongs  to  this  period  —  the  last  four  years 
of  Queen  Anne.  After  the  fall  of  the  Tories  he  retired  to 
Dublin.  While  living  in  London,  Esther  Vanhomrigh, 
the  "Vanessa"  of  his  poem  "  Cadenus  and  Vanessa,"  had 
formed  an  attachment  for  him.  In  1714  her  mother  died, 
and  she  followed  Swift  to  Dublin.  It  is  generally  said 
that  in  1716  he  was  privately  married  to  "Stella,"  and  in 
1717  "  Vanessa  "  retired  to  Marley  Abbey  at  Celbridge, 
where  Swift  visited  her.  In  1723  "Vanessa"  wrote  to 
"Stella"  demanding  an  explanation  of  her  relation  to 
Swift.  "Stella"  replied  that  she  was  his  wife,  and  sent 
"  Vanessa's  "  letter  to  Swift,  who  at  once,  in  one  of  his  char- 
acteristic fits  of  passion,  went  to  "Vanessa,"  threw  her 
letter  on  a  table  without  a  word,  and  rode  away.  This 
was  her  death-blow :  she  lived  only  a  few  weeks  longer. 
Swift  devoted  himself  earnestly  to  the  condition  of  Ireland 
and  Irish  politics,  and  in  1720  publi.shed  his  "Proposal 
for  the  Universal  Use  of  Irish  Manufactures,"  urging  the 
disuse  of  English  goods  by  thelrish.  A  patent  for  supplying 
Ireland  with  copper  coins  had  been  accorded  to  one  William 
Wood,  who  shared  a  40  per  cent,  profit  with  the  Duchess 
of  Kendal,  the  king's  mistress.  In  1724  Swift  attacked 
this  abuse  in  letters  signed  "  M.  B.  Drapier,"  which  raised 
his  popularity  to  a  height  that  it  always  retained.  Return- 
ing to  England,  he  was  recalled  on  account  of  "Stella's" 
illneBB,  but  she  did  not  dietill  1728.  In  1726  he  published 
"  Gulliver's  T^ravels,"  and  in  1729  his  "  Modest  Proposal  for 
Preventing  the  Children  of  Poor  People  in  Ireland  from 
being  a  Burden  to  their  Parents  " — his  ironical  suggestion 
being  that  they  should  be  fattened  and  eaten.  In  his  later 
years  his  brain  became  diseased,  and  he  was  alternately  in 
a  state  of  torture  and  apathetic  torpor;  for  a  year  of  two 
his  intellect  was  almost  wholly  eclipsed,  a  fact  of  which 
he  was  conscious  at  intervals.  He  was  putunder  restraint 
in  1741,  and  lingered  till  174S.  He  was  buried  in  St.  Pat- 
rick's CathedraX  Dublin.  With  Arbuthnot  and  Pope  he 
carried  out  the  scheme  of  the  "Scriblerus  Club  "  (which 
see).  Among  his  works  not  mentioned  above  are  **  Pin- 
darics," "Predictionsfor  1708  "(1708 :  an  attack  upon  astrol- 
ogyin  the  person  of  Partridge,  the  almanac-maker,  in  which 
Swift  assumed  the  character  of  an  almanac-maker  and  the 
name  of  Isaac  Bickersta  fie),  "AProjectfortheAdvancement 
of  Religion  "  (1709 ;  "  the  only  work  to  which  he  ever  put  his 
nam  e  "),"  Vin  dication  of  Bickerstaffe  "  (1709), "  Proposal  for 
Correcting,  Improving,  and  Ascertaining  the  English 
Tongue"  (1712),  "Free  Thoughts  on  the  State  of  Public 
Affairs  "  (1714),  "Histoiy  of  the  Last  Four  Tears  of  Queen 
Anne  "  (not  published  tUl  1757-58 :  a  number  of  volumes  of 
miscellanies  with  Arbuthnot,  Pope,  Gay,  Sheridan,  and 
others), "  The  Legion  Club  "  (1736 :  a  satire  agalnst^the  Irish 
House  of  Commons), "Directions  to  Servanta,"  and  "Polite 
Conversation  "  (1738). 

Swift.  Lewis.  Born  at  Clarkson,  N.  Y.,  Feb.- 
29,  1820.  A  distinguished  American  astrono- 
mer, director  of  the  Warner  Observatory  at 
Rochester,  New  York,  and  subsequently  of 
Lowe  Observatory.  He  is  especially  noted  as 
a  discoverer  of  comets  and  nebulae. 
S'Willy  (swil'i),  Lough.  Aninletof  the  Atlantic 
in  Ulster,  Ireland,  northwest  of  Londonderry. 
Length,  25  miles. 

Swinburne  (swia'bfem),  Algernon  Charles. 
Born  at  London,  April  5,  1837.  An  English 
poet,  son  of  Admiral  Swinburne  and  Lady  Hen- 
rietta Ashbumham,  daughter  of  the  third  Earl 
of  Ashbumham.  He  was  educated  In  France,  and  at 
Eton  and  Oxford  (Balliol  College),  entering  the  university 
in  1867  and  leaving  without  a  de^ee.  He  is  especially  re- 
markable for  his  facile  metrical  invention.  He  has  pub- 
lished "The  Queen  Mother"  and  "Rosamund"  (1861), 
"  Atalanta  in  Calydon  "  (1864),  "Chastelard :  a  Tragedy  " 
(1865),  "Poems  and  Ballads  "  (1866 :  these  were  so  severely 
censured  that  the  edition  was  withdrawn,  but  it  was  re- 
printed the  same  year  as  "  Laus  Veneris,  and  other  Poems 
and  Ballads,"  and  Swinburne  replied  to  the  criticism  (also 
in  1866)  with  "Notes  on  Poems  and  Reviews"),  "William 
Blake :  a  Critical  Essay  "(1867),  "An  Ode  on  the  Proclama- 
tion of  the  French  Republic  "  (1870X  "  Songs  Before  Sun- 
rise" (1871X  "Under  the  Microscope"  (1872  :  an  answer 
to  Robert  Buchanan's  pamphlet  "The  Fleshly  School "), 
"Bothwell's  Tragedy"  (1874),  "Songs  of  Two  Nations" 
(1875),  " Essays  and  Studies" (1876),  "George  Chapman :  a 
Critical  Essay"  (1876),  "Erechtheus:  a  Tragedy"  (1876), 
"A  Note  on  Charlotte  Bronte"  (1877),  a  second  series  of 
"  Poems  and  Ballads  "  (1878), '  'AStudy  of  Shakspere  "  (1879), 
"The  Modem  Heptalogia,  or  the  Seven  Against  Sense" 
(1880),  "Songs  of  the  Springtides"  (1880),  "Studies  in 
Song  "  (1880),  "  Mary  Stuart :  a  Tragedy"  assi),  "Tristram 
of  Lyonesse,  etc."  (1882),  "  A  Century  of  Roundels  "  (1883), 
"A  Midsummer  Holiday,  etc."  0884),  "Marino  Faliero: 
a  Tragedy"  (1886),  "Prose  Miscellames"  0.886),  "A  Study 


Switzerland 

of  "Victor  Hugo  "(1886),  "A  Study  of  Ben  Jonson""  Locrine- 
a  Tragedy  "  (1887), "  The  Armada  "  (1888X  and  "  Poems  and 
Ballads  "(1889). 

Swinemiinde  (sve'ne-miin-de).  A  seaport  m 
the  province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  island  Usedom,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Swine, 
in  lat.  53°  55'  N.,  long.  14°  17'  E.  It  forms  the 
outer  port  of  Stettin.  It  is  a  watering-place,  and  has  an 
excellent  harbor  and  important  commerce.  Population 
(1890),  8,608. 

Swing  (swing),  Captain,  A  fictitious  name 
signed  to  various  threatening  letters  in  Eng- 
land, about  1830,  especially  to  letters  addressed 
to  the  users  of  threshing-machines,  which  were 
obnoxious  to  the  old-fashioned  threshers. 

Swing  (swing),  David.  Bom  at  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  Aug.  23,  1830:  died  Oct.  3,  1894.  An 
American  Presbyterian  clergyman,  tried  for 
heresy  in  Chicago  in  1874,  and  acquitted.  He 
was  afterward  pastor  of  an  independent  church. 

Swlnton  (swin'ton).  A  village  in  Lancashire, 
England,  6  miles  west-northwest  of  Manches- 
ter. Population  (1891),withPendlebury,  20,197. 

Swinton.  Amanuf  aeturing  town  in  Yorkshire, 
England,  10  miles  northeast  of  Sheffield.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  9,697. 

Swinton,  William.  Bom  in  Haddingtonshire, 
Scotland,  April  23, 1833 :  died  at  New  York,  Oct. 
24,  1892.  An  American  journalist  and  author. 
He  became  connected  with  the  "  New- York  Times  "  in 
1858,  and  was  its  war  correspondent  186^-64 :  his  lettera 
several  times  involved  him  in  difficulties  with  the  mili- 
tary authorities.  From  1869  to  1874  he  was  professor 
of  English  at  the  University  of  California.  He  wrote  a 
series  of  historical  and  other  text-books,  and  "Rambles 
Among  Words  "  (1859),  "The  Times'a  Review  of  McClellan : 
his  Military  Career  Reviewed  and  Exposed  "  0864)y "  Cam- 
paigns of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac"  (1866),  ''Twelve  De- 
cisive Battles  of  the  War"  (1867),  "History  of  the  New 
York  Seventh  Regiment  daring  the  Rebellion  "  (1870),  etc, 

Swiss  Family  Bobinson.  A  romance  by  Eo- 
dolphe  "Wyss.  The  scene  is  laid  in  a  desert  isl- 
and about  1800. 

Swiss  Guards,  The.  A  corps  of  Swiss  merce- 
nary troops  in  the  French  service,  formed  in 
1616  and  finally  disbanded  in  1830.  They  are  cele- 
brated for  their  valor  in  the  defense  of  the  Tuileries, 
Aug.  10, 1792,  commemorated  in  the  "Lion  of  Lucerne"  at 
Lucerne. 

Swithin  (swith'in),  or  Swithun  (smth'un), 
Saint.  Bom  near  Winchester,  probably  about 
800 :  died  about  862.  A  bishop  of  Winchester. 
It  was  fabled  that  he  performed  many  miraculous  cures 
after  his  death,  and  he  was  translated  with  great  cere- 
monial July  15,  971.  He  was  not  regularly  canonized,  but 
received  his  title  of  saint  on  his  translation.  He  has,  for 
no  known  reason,  become  associated  in  the  popular  mind 
with  drunkenness.  He  is  noted  in  folk-lore,  a  common 
adage  being  that  if  it  rains  on  St.  Swithin's  day  (July  16), 
it  wiU  rain  for  forty  days  after. 

Switzerland  (swit'z6r-land) .  [  'Landof  the  Swit- 
zers' ;  G.  JHe  Scliweiz,  'ff.  Suisse,  It.  Svizzera,  Sp. 
Suiza.'}  A  country  of  Europe,  "bounded  by  France 
on  the  west  and  northwest,  Alsace  and  Baden  on 
the  north,  the  Lake  of  Constance  on  the  north- 
east,"V^orarlberg  and  Tyrol  on  the  east,  and  Italy 
andPranceonthesouth:LatinHelvetia.  Capital, 
Bern.  The  main  range  of  the  Alps  in  the  south  (partly 
on  the  Italian  border)  is  separated  from  a  secondary  range 
of  the  Alps  (Bernese  Oberland,  Todi,  Santis,  etc.)  by  the 
valleys  of  the  Rhone  and  Rhine :  the  Jura  is  in  the  west 
and  north.  (See  Alps.)  The  highest  mountain  is  Monte 
Rosa  (over  16,000  feet).  The  chief  lakes  are  the  Lakes  of 
Geneva,  Constance,  Lucerne,  Zurich,  and  NeucMtel.  The 
leading  industries  are  cotton,  woolen,  and  silk  manufac- 
tures, straw-plaiting,  manufactures  of  embroidery,  cloclts 
and  watches,  wooden  wares,  chemicals,  machinery,  music- 
boxes,  etc.,  and  dairy-farming.  The  country  contains  many 
pleasure-  and  health-resorts,  and  is  famous  as  a  summer 
resort  of  tourists.  It  contains  22  cantons  united  in  a  eon- 
federation,  the  several  cantons  being  very  largely  indepen- 
dent in  internal  matters.  The  government  of  the  confed- 
eration is  vested  in  a  federal  assembly  of  two  chimbers : 
the  State  Council  ("  Standerath  "  or  "Conseil  des  Btats") 
of  44  members  (2  for  each  canton),  and  the  National  Coun- 
cil ("  Nationalrath  "  or  "  Conseil  National "),  with  147  rep- 
resentatives. The  Federal  Assembly  in  joint  session  elects 
the  executive  body,  theFederal Council ("BundeBrath"or 
"Conseil  F^d^ral"),  of  7  members,  and  also  the  president 
of  the  Federal  Council,  who  is  elected  for  one  year  as  presi- 
dent of  the  Swiss  Confederation.  "  Whenever  a  petition 
demanding  the  revision  or  annulmentof  a  measure  passed 
by  the  Legislature  is  presented  by  30,000  citizens,  or  the 
alteration  is  demanded  by  eight  cantons,  the  law  in  ques- 
tion must  be  submitted  to  the  direct  vote  of  the  nation. 
This  principle,  called  the  referendum,  is  frequently  acted 
on."  (The  Statesman's  Tear-Book,  189i,p.9m.)  Cantonal 
government  is  exercised  byagreat  council  or  directlyhy  the 
citizens  in  popular  assembly  ("Landesgemeinde").  About 
three  fifths  of  the  inhabitants  are  Protestants  and  abouttwo 
fifths  Roman  Catholics.  About  2,000,000  speak  German, 
600,000  French,  160,000  Italian,  and  38,000  Romansh.  The 
ancient  inhabitants  were  Helvetii  and  other  tribes.  The 
land  became  part  of  the  Roman  Empire  and  largely  of  the 
province  of  Gaul,  and  was  settled  byBurgundians,  Alaman- 
ni,  etc.  The  league  between  Uri,  Schwyz,  and  Nidwald  (in 
Unterwalden)  against  Hapsburg  oppression  was  formed 
129L  Thelegend  of  Tell  and  the  founding  of  the  confedera- 
tion at  Riitli  are  assigned  to  the  beginning  of  the  14th  cen- 
tury. The  Swiss  defeated  the  Austrians  at  Morgarten  in 
1316,  and  renewed  the  league  the  same  year.    Lucerne 


Switzerland 

joined  the  confederation  in  1332,  Zurich  in  1361,  Glarus  In 
1352,  Zug  in  1852,  and  Bern  in  1363.  The  Austriana  were  de- 
feated at  Sempach  In  1386,  andvariouB  conquests  were  made 
in  the  14th  century.  Besides  its  own  members,  the  con- 
fedemtion  recognized  "associates"  and  "protected  dis- 
tricts." The  Swiss  were  freed  from  Austrian  claims  in 
1394  and  1474.  They  defeated  Charles  the  Bold  of  Bur- 
gundy at  Granson  and  Murten  in  1476.  The  "Compact  of 
Stanz  "  was  formed  in  1481.  Fribourg  and  Solothurn  were 
admitted  in  1481.  Switzerland  became  practically  inde- 
pendent of  the  Empire  In  1499.  Basel  and  Schaffhausen 
Were  admitted  in  1601,  and  Appenzell  in  1613.  The  Swiss 
were  defeated  at  Marignano  by  Francis  I.  of  France  in 
1515,  and  concluded  peace  with  France  in  1616.  The  Ref- 
ormation was  introduced  into  various  parts  by  Zwingli. 
Farel,  Calvin,  etc.  The  Oolden  League  between  Catholic 
members  was  formed  in  1586.  Switzerland  became  for- 
mally independent  of  the  Empire  in  1648.  The  Helvetic 
Kepublic  was  established  in  1798,  under  the  influence  of 
France.  A  revolt  of  the  Forest  Cantons  was  suppressed  by 
the  French  in  1798,  and  the  country  was  the  scene  of  much 
fighting  in  the  wars  of  the  Directory  and  Consulate.  The 
confederation  was  restored  in  1803,  and  the  cantons  of  St. 
Gall,  GriBons,Aargau,Thurgau,Ticino,andVaud  were  added. 
A  new  constitution  was  adopted,  neutrality  was  guaran- 
teed, and  the  cantons  of  Geneva,  Valais,  and  Neuchatel 
were  added  in  1815,  The  war  of  the  "  Sonderbund  "  oc- 
curred in  1847.  Government  was  made  more  centralized 
by  the  constitution  of  1848.  Neuohatel  was  freed  from 
Prussian  claims  in  1857.  The  constitution  was  revised 
In  1874.  Area,  16,976  square  miles.  Population  (1900), 
3,325,023. 

Such  is  the  Switzerland  of  our  own  time,  but  such  was 
not  the  Switzerland  with  which  Charles  the  Bold  had  to 
deal.  In  those  days  the  name  of  Switzerland,  as  a  distinct 
nation  or  people,  was  hardly  known.  The  names  Swit- 
enses,  Switzois,  Suisses,  were  Indeed  beginning  to  spread 
themselves  from  a  single  canton  to  the  whole  Confeder- 
ation ;  but  the  formal  style  of  that  Confederation  was 
still  the  "Great  (or  Old)  League  of  Upper  Germany  "— 
perhaps  rather  of  "Upper  Swabia."  That  League  was 
much  smaller  than  it  is  now,  and  it  was  purely  German. 
.  It  consisted  of  eight  German  districts  and  cities,  united, 
'  like  many  other  groups  of  German  cities,  by  a  lax  Federal 
tie,  which  tie,  while  other  similar  unions  have  died  away, 
has  gradually  developed  into  a  perfect  Federal  Govern- 
ment, and  has  extended  itself  over  a  large  non-German 
territory.  The  League  then  consisted  of  eight  cantons 
only — Zurich,  Bern,  Luzem,  Uri,  Schwyz,  Unterwalden, 
Zug,  and  Glarus.  Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  I.  353. 

Switzerland,  Saxon.    See  Saxon  Switzerland. 

Swiveller  (swiv'1-er),  Dick.  A  happy-go-luoky, 
devil-may-care  fellow  in  Dickens's  "Old  Curi- 
osity Shop." 

Altogether,  and  because  of  rather  than  in  spite  of  his 
weaknesses,  Dick  is  a  captivating  person.  His  gaiety  and 
good  humour  survive  such  accumulations  of  '■  staggerers," 
he  makes  such  discoveries  of  "  the  rosy  "  in  the  very  small- 
est of  drinks,  and  becomes  himself  by  his  solacements  of 
verse  such  a  "  perpetual  grand  Apollo,"  that  his  failings 
are  all  forgiven,  and  hearts  resolutely  shut  against  victims 
of  destiny  in  general  open  themselves  freely  to  Dick  Swiv- 
eller, ForateVf  Life  of  Dickens,  ii.  7. 

Swordfish,  The.    See  XipMas. 

Sword  of  God,  The.  A  name  given  to  the  Sara- 
cen conqneror  Khaled. 

Sword  of  Borne,  The.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  Maroellus. 

Swords  (sordz),  Thomas.  Born  at  New  York, 
Nov.  1,  1806 :  died  there,  March  20,  1886.  An 
American  general.  He  served  in  the  conquest  of  New 
Mexico  and  California  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  in  the 
Civil  War. 

Swynford  (swin'f ord),  Katharine.  Died  1403. 
The  third  wife  of  John  of  Graunt,  mother  of  the 
Beanf  orts  and  ancestress  of  Henry  VII.  of  Eng- 
land. 

Syagrian  (si-a'gri-an)  Promontory.  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  headland  at  the  eastern  ex- 
tremity of  Arabia. 

Syagrius  (si-a'gri-us).  The  last  Roman  gov- 
ernor of  Ganl.  He  was  defeated  by  Clovis  near 
Soissons  in  486. 

Syamantaka  ( sya-man'ta-ka ).  In  Hindu  my- 
thology, a  celebrated  jewel  of  which  the  story 
is  told  in  the  Vishnupurana.  it  yielded  daily  eight 
loads  of  gold,  and  expelled  all  fear  of  portents,  wildbeasts, 
Are,  robbers,  and  famine ;  but,  though  an  inexhaustible  re- 
source to  a  virtuous,  it  was  deadly  to  a  wicked,  wearer.  It 
was  given  by  Surya,  the  Sun,  to  Satrajit,  Surya  recompens- 
ing Satrajit  for  praises  rendered  him  by  allowing  himself 
to  be  seen  in  his  proper  form  and  by  the  bestowal  of  the 
gem.  Afraid  that  Krishna  would  take  it  from  him,  Satra- 
jit gave  the  jewel  to  his  own  brother,  Prasena,  but  Prasena 
was  killed  by  a  lion.  Jambuvat,  king  of  the  bears,  killed 
the  lion  and  carried  off  the  gem ;  but  Krishna  took  it  from 
him  and  restored  it  to  Satrajit,  who  in  thankfulness  gave 
him  his  daughter  Satyabhama  in  marriage.  One  of  the 
many  suitors  of  Satyabhama  had  been  Shatadhanvan,  who 
now  killed  Satrajit  in  his  sleep  and  carried  off  the  gem. 
Pursued  by  Krishna  and  Balarama,  Shatadhanvan  gave  it 
to  Akrura  and  continued  his  flight,  but  was  overtaken  and 
killed  by  Krishna.  As  Krishna  did  not  bring  back  the  jewel, 
Balarama  upbraided  him  with  secreting  it,  and  parted  from 
him.  Akrura,  after  fifty-two  years,  produced  it,  when  it  was 
claimedby  Krishna,  Balarama,  and  Satyabhama,anddecided 
that  Akrura  should  keep  it, whence  he  moved  about  like  the 
sun  wealing  a  garland  of  light. 

Sybaris  (sib'a-ris).  [Gr.  2£i;3ap(f.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a"  city  of  Magna  Grrrecia,  soutkern 
Italy,  situated  near  the  Gulf  of  Tarentum  in 
lat.  39°  41'  N.,  long.  16°  28'  B.  it  was  founded  by 
Achaean  colonists  in  720  E.  0.     It  was  celebrated  for  its 


971 


Symonds 


wealth,  and  its  inhabitants  were  proverbial  for  their  lux-  Sylhot,  Or  Silhet  (sil-hef).     1.  A  district  in 
„™,-™i,.      ti,      i>t.*  ci„>,„»rf*,\  Tt,„„o/i„.t     .,iv.„th.    Assam,  Britishlndia,  intersected  by  lat.  24°45' 

N.,  long.  91°  45'  E.    Area,  5,414  square  mileB. 
Population  (1891), 2,154,593.-2.  Theoapitalof 
the  district  of  Sylhet,  situated  on  the  Surma. 
Population  (1891),  14,027. 
See  Sulla. 

A  ballet  in  two  acts, 


ury  (whence  the  epithet  Sybarite).  It  was  destroyed  by  the 
inhabitants  of  Crotona  in  610  B.  0. 

Sybaris  was  one  of  the  most  important  towns  of  Magna 
Grseoia.  According  to  Strabo,  it  was  founded  by  the 
Acheeans  (vi.  p.  378),  probably  about  B.  o.  720.  (Clinton's 
F.  H.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  168,  174.)  The  colonisation  was  most 
likely  connected  with  the  gradual  conquest  of  the  Pelo-  gylla 
ponnese  by  the  Dorian  invaders.  Its  site  is  marked  by  the  —•',  ,'.,  ,  -,„-,,,  ^ 
junction  of  the  Crathis  (Orati)  with  the  Sybaris  ^CosmVe).   bylpniqe  (S61-iea  ;,_JLia, 


Sybaris  flourished  210  years  (Seym.  Ch.  1.  360).  Its  walls 
were  50  stadia  in  circumference ;  it  had  twenty-five  sub- 
ject cities,  and  ruled  over  four  neighbouring  tribes.  In  the 
great  war  with  Crotona,  it  is  said  to  have  brought  into  the 
field  800,000  men  (Strab.  1.  s.  c).  Its  excessive  luxury  is 
proverbial.  It  was  taken  (B.  C.  610)  after  a  siege  of  70 
days  by  the  Crotoniats,  who  turned  the  river  upon  the 
town,  and  in  this  way  destroyed  it.  A  second  Sybaris  arose 
upon  the  ruins  of  the  first,  but  it  never  flourished,  and  was 
flnally  merged  in  the  Athenian  colony  of  Thurii(B.  c.  443), 
which  was  built  on  a  spot  in  the  neighbourhood.  Herodo- 
tus was  one  of  the  colonists  (Suidas). 

Sawlinson,  Herod.,  III.  242,  note. 


music  by  SchneitzhofCer,  libretto  by  Nournt. 
It  was  produced  at  Paris  in  1832.  La  Sylphide  was  one  of 
Taglioni's  greatest  parts. 

Sylt,  or  Silt  (silt) .  An  island  in  the  North  Sea, 
belonging  to  the  province  of  Sehlesvrig-Hol- 
stein,  Prussia,  intersected  by  lat.  55°  N.  it  con. 
tains  the  watering-place  Westerland.  The  inhabitants  are 
chiefly  Friesians.  Length,  22J  miles.  Population,  about 
3,000. 


Sylva  (sel-va').    A  river  in  the  government  of 

Perm,  eastem'Eussia,  which  joins  the  Tchuso- 

«,,,,„  .^  ..  ,  T,  i.-.^..      ■,      vaya  near  Perm.    Length,  250-300  miles. 

Sybel  (ze'bel),  Heinnch  von.  _  Bom  at  Dussel-  gylya  Oarmen.     See  Carmen  SyVoa. 

dorf,  Prussia,  Dec.  2,  1817:  died  at  Marburg,  gyiyg,  or  a  Discourse  of  Forest  Trees,  etc. 

Prussia,  Aug.  1,  1895.    A  noted  German  his-    a  report  on  the  condition  of  timber  in  the  Bng- 

*"""''      He  has  been  a  member  rf  the  Hessian  and     Ugi^  dominions,  by  John  Evelyn,  published  in 


1664. 


tonan. 

Prussian  chambers,  of  the  Erfurt  Parliament  of  1860,  and 

later  of  the  Eeiohstag,  and  professor  at  Marburg,  Munich  „,,         ...            /ji^mi,                         j- 

(where  he  founded  the  first  historical  seminary  in  Ger-  Sylvandor    (sil-van'dfer).      The   name   under 

many),  and  (1861)  Bonn.    His  chief  work  is  "  Gesohiohte  which  Bums  corresponded  with  Mrs.  Maclehose 

derRevolutionszeit  1789-1800"  ("History  of  the  Eevolu-  ("Clariuda").     The  letters  were  published  in 

tionary  Period  of  1789-1800,"  1853-).    His  other  works  in-  ^£,„„    ^t^^'^.^    aiiTmr-AaHfid    and    remiblished 

elude  "Geschichte  deserstenKreuzzugs "("History  of  fSUA  atterwartt    suppressea,  ana   repuDUsnea 

the  first  Crusade,"  1841),  "  Die  Entstehung  des  deutschen  m  1848. 

Konigtums  "  (1844),  and  "Die  Begrundung  des  deutschen  gvlvester  (Popes).     See  Silvester. 

KeiohesdurchWilhelm  I."  ("The  Foundation  of  the  Ger-  ol,    _._ '',  .,_ ^  J,.^  -    t™»=    T„ 


Sylvester  (sil-ves't^r),  James  Joseph.  Born 
at  London,  Sept.  3, 1814 :  died  there,  March  15, 
1897.  A  distinguished  English  mathematician, 
professor  successively  at  University  College, 
London,  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  at  Wool- 
wich, at  the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  and  at 
Oxford  (Savilian  professor  1883). 


man  Empire  by  William  I., 
Sybil  (sib'il).    A  political  novel  by  Benjamin 

Disraeli,  pubHshed  in  1845. 
Sybota  (sib'o-ta).    In  ancient  geography,  a 

small  island  and'town  on  the  coast  of  Epirus, 

opposite  the  southern  end  of  Corcyra.    Near  it,       _ 

jaid1dbyithTs)':nfco?intr'  "'*"'  "''"""  *'''"""  S>lvesteri)agge^^^^^^  dag'er- 

^  '  '  ,     T.  ,  wud).  A  "whimsical  interlude  "by  George  Col- 

Sycorax  (sik'o-raks).     A  witch,  the  mother  of    man  the  younger,  produced  in  1795.    There  are 
Caliban,  referred  to  in  Shakspere's  "  Tempest."     but  two  characters— Sylvester  Daggerwood,  a  strolling 
In  Dryden  and  Davenant's  version  she  is  his  sister,  and  a     player,  and  Fustian,  a  Grub-street  playwright, 
monster  like  him  ^     t.     .  t       .,         Sylvia.     See  >S*to. 

Sydenham  (sid'n-am).    A  suburb  of  London,  gylvius,  iEneas.     See  Pius  IT. 
inKent,  Tmiles  south  of  London.     Near  it  is  Sylvius  (sil'vi-us),  FranZ  (originaUy  De  le 
the  Crystal  Palace.    Population(1891),  34,162.    g^g^^    ggrn  at  Hanau,  Prussia,  1614:  died  at 


Sydenham,  Thomas.    Born  at  Winford  Eagle, 
Dorsetshire,  England,  1624:  died  at  London, 


Leyden,- 1672.    A  German  physician,  professor 
of  medicine  at  Leyden, 


Dec,  1689     A  noted  English  physician,  sur-  Sylvius  (sil'vi-us)  (Jacques  Dubois).    Bom  at 

named  ''the  English  Hippocrates."    In  1642  he    Amiens,  France,  1478 :  died  at  Paris,  1555.    A 


entered  Magdalen  College,  Oxford.  His  course  there  was 
interrupted  by  service  in  the  Parliamentary  army ;  but 
he  graduated  (bachelor  of  medicine)  in  1648,  and  became 
a  fellow  of  All  Souls.  In  1663  he  was  licensed  by  the  Col- 
'  lege  of  Physicians  to  practise  in  Westminster.    He  was  a 


French  anatomistjleeturer  on  anatomy  at  Paris, 
He  made  various  anatomical  discoveries,  and  invented  in- 
jection. From  him  the  Sylvian  aqueduct,  the  Sylvian 
artery,  and  the  Sylvian  fissure  (of  the  brain)  were  named. 


warm  friend  of  John  Locke  and  Robert  Boyle.  His  works  SymO.     See  Symi. 

include "MethodusCurandiFebres"(1666),"EpistolffiEe-  ci,™,o^a?Tn1  Tnynoa  'RnvTi  nt EflinhiirD-h  Nov  7 
sponsori!e"(1680),  "TraotatUs  de  Podagra  et  Hydrope"  "ySp^l^j'^^^^ll'  nQ,?n  a  *  j  q  ^^S  v  ' 
(1683),etc.  Sydenhamanticipatedmodernpracticeinmany  1799 :  died  June  26, 1870.  Anoted  boottish  sur- 
ways,  especially  in  a  minute  study  of  predisposing  causes  geon.  Among  his  works  are  "Excision  of  Dis- 
externalandintemal,andinassistingnaturalcriBes,a9well  eased  Joints"  (1831),  "Principles  of  Surgery" 
as  by  the  general  liberality  of  his  practice.  (1832)    etc         ^         "  ^  °     " 

Sydney  (sid'ni).    A  seaport,  capital  of  New  Symeoil,  Henry.     See  the  extract. 
South  Wales,  Australia,  situated  on  the  harbor 
of  Port  Jackson,  in  lat.  33°  52'  S.,  long.  151° 
13'  E. :  one  of  the  two  chief  cities  of  Austra- 
lia.    Its  suburbs  include  Glebe,  Paddington,  etc.     Its 


The  inceptor  [at  Oxford]  was  required  to  swear  that  he 
would  never  consent  "to  the  reconciliation  of  Henry  Sy- 
meon,"  or  reassume  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  that  Facul- 
ty. The  exact  nature  of  Henry  Symeon's  offence  is  not 
stated,  but  for  century  after  century  the  implacable  uni- 
versity held  him  up  to  the  obloquy  of  eveiy  Bachelor  who 
was  about  to  become  a  Master  of  Arts.  This  singular  oath 
has  been  taken  by  some  men  who  are  still  living,  for  it  was 
not  abolished  until  the  year  of  grace  1827.*  [*Ward'8 
"  Oxford  University  Statutes,"  voL  ii,  p.  139.  Bryan  Twyn  e 
states  that  Symeon  was  a  Regent  in  Arts  at  Oxford  who 
feigned  himself  a  Bachelor  in  order  to  obtain  admission  to 
a  foreign  monastery  in  which  regency  in  aecnlar  arts  was 
not  allowed.  ("Antiquitatia  Oxon.  Apologia,"  p.  376.)  He 
does  not,  however,  cite  any  authority  for  this  plausible ' 
explanation.]  I^ite,  Oxford,  p.  214. 

See  Simeon  of  Durham. 
small  island  off  the  southwest 
coast  of  Asia  Minor,  15  miles  north  of  Rhodes : 
the  ancient  Syme.    It  belongs  to  Turkey. 
Symi,  Gulf  of.   An  arm  of  the  sea,  on  the  coast 
of  Asia  Minor,  near  the  island  of  Symi. 
Synunachus  (sim'a-kus).     Lived  at  the  end  of 
the  2d  century  a.  d.   The  author  of  a  Greek  ver- 
sion of  the  Old  Testament,  included  in  Origen's 
'  Hexapla." 


commerce  and  manufactures  are  important,  and  it  is  the 
terminus  of  various  steamship  lines.  Near  it  are  extensive 
coal-mines.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  mint  and  of  SydneyUniver- 
sity.  It  was  settled  in  1788  as  a  convict  colony.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  with  suburbs,  383,386. 
Sydney.  A  seaport  in  Cape  Breton,  Nova  Scotia, 
situated  on  the  eastern  coast  in  lat.  46°  16'  N., 
long.  60°  7'  W.  It  is  in  the  vicinity  of  a  coal-mining 
region.    Population  (1901),  9,909. 

Sydney,  Algernon  Philip.    See  Sidney. 

Syene.    See  Assuan.  -  t»    ,. 

Syennesis  (si-en'e-sis).  [Gr.  ^vivveaiQ.-]  A  king  Symeon  of  Durham, 
of  Cilicia,  vassal  of  Persia,  at  the  time  of  the  S3mii  (^f  ™6)-,^_s™8 
expedition  of  Cyms  the  Younger  401 B.  c.    The 
name  is  common  to  all  the  kings  of  Cilicia  men- 
tioned in  history. 

Sykes  (siks),  George.  Bom  at  Dover,  Del.,  Oct. 
9,1822:  died  in  Texas,  Feb.  9, 1880.  .AnAmeri- 
cangeneral.  HegraduatedatWestPointml842;  served 
in  the  Mexican  and  in  Indian  wars ;  and  was  a  division  and 
corps  commander  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  He  served 
with  distinction  at  Gaines's  Mill,  Gettysburg,  etc^  SymmachUS.      Pope  498-514.      The  "Palmary 

Sykes,  Mrs. :  best    known    by    her    maiden  *|^^Xheld  in  his  reign  (501).  ' 

13i6%'.temerfcractSfand'^tIr;  Symmachus, Quintus  Aurelius.  Livedabout 
dSter  of  Cornelius  A.  Logan  (1806-58).  she  400  A.  p.  A  Roman  pagan  orator,  wnter,  and 
mad?  her  d§but  in  1864  at  Philadelphia,  and  in  1867  went  politician.  He  was  prefect  of  Rome,  and  consul  391. 
S  Zrfand  where  she  finished  her  education.  She  mar-  He  wrote  epistles  and  orations,  fragments  of  which  are 
rierHenry'A.DellUe,butwasdivorcedinl866     In  1864     extant.  ^.,      ^  .,  ,,,... 

she  appeared  in  New  York  in  a  play  of  her  own,  "Eveleen.  gyjnonds  (sim'ondz  or  Bl'mondz),  John  Ad- 
_.     i-f.    , ,_    _ ...  .._.„  ,„  ,=««  h„=  H„v„t.„H  h^r=^if  t«    £Qngton_    Born  at  Bristol,  Oet,5, 1840:  died  at 

Rome,  April  19, 1893.  An  English  man  of  letters. 
He  graduated  at  Oxford  (Balliol  College),  winning  the  New- 
digate  prize  in  1860.    He  published  "An  Introduction  to 


She  retired  from  the  stage  in  1868,  has  devoted  herself  to 
lecturing,  and  has  been  a  frequent  contributor  to  news- 
papers. She  married  WiUiam  Wut  Sykes  m  1871 :  he  died 
in  1884.  She  has  written  a  number  of  books,  principally 
about  theatrical  matters,  and  several  plays. 


Symonds 

the  Study  of  Dante"  (1872),  "Studies  of  the  Greek  Poets" 
(1873-76),  and  "Sketches  In  Italy  and  Greece  "  (1874).  His 
best-known  work,  "The  Renaissance  in  Italy,"  consists  of 
flye  parts:  "The  Age  of  the  Despots "(1876),  "The  Ke- 
vlval  of  Learning"  (1877),  "The  Fine  Arts"  (1877),  "Ital- 
ian Literature  "(1881),  and  "TheCatholicReaetion"(1886). 
He  also  wrote  a  "  Life  of  Shelley "  (1878), "  Sketches  and 
Study  in  Italy  "  (1879),  "Italian  Byways  "  (1883),  "Shak- 
spere's  Predecessors  in  theEnglish  Drama"(1884),"Wine, 
Woman,  and  Song,  etc.  "(1884;  an  essay  on  the  Latin  songs 
of  the  12th-centary  students),  "Life  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney" 
(1886),  "Life  of  Ben  Jonson"  (1886),  "Life  of  Michelan- 
gelo '■  (1892),  and  several  volumes  of  verse.  He  translated 
the  sonnets  of  Michelangelo  and  Campanella  (1878),  and 
the  autobiography  of  Benvenuto  Cellini  (1887). 

Symplegades  (sim-pleg'a-dez).  In  the  legend 
of  the  Argonauts,  two  movable  rooky  islets  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Bosporus  intotheBlack  Sea. 

S^niposiiun  (sim-po'si-um),  The,  [Also  some- 
times Symposion;  from  L.  symposium,  from  Gr. 
av/iTTSaiov,  a  drinking-party,  drinking  after  a 
dinner,  from  aviiitivav,  drink  with  or  together, 
from  aiiv,  together,  and  mveiv,  drink.]  1 .  A  cele- 
brated work  by  Plato,  an  account  given  by  Aris- 
todemus  of  a  banquet  at  the  house  of  the  tragic 
poet  Agathon  after  one  of  his  victories,  at  which, 
together  with  other  less  famous  persons,  Soc- 
rates, the  physician  Eryximachus,  Aristopha- 
nes, and  by  and  by  Aloibiades,  discuss  the  na- 
ture and  praise  of  Eros  (love). — 2.  A  work  by 
Xenophon,  describing  the  character  of  Socrates. 

Syn.     See  Sin. 

Syndesmos  (sin-dez'mos).  [Gr.  avvSea/ioc,  a 
Knot.]  The  fourth-magnitude  double  star  a  Pis- 
eium,  situated  at  the  bend  or  knot  in  the  rib- 
bon by  which  the  two  fishes  are  represented  as 

Joined. 

Syndics  of  the  Arctuebusiers.  A  painting  by 
Van  der  Heist  (1657),  in  the  Eijks  Museum,  Am- 
sterdam, Holland.  The  four  syndics,  richly  dressed, 
are  seated  about  a  table  examining  the  plate  of  the  gild. 
Behind  is  a  maid  bringing  in  a  large  drinking-horn,  and  to 
the  right  in  the  distance  are  seen  soldiers  with  longbows. 

Syndics  of  the  Gild  of  the  Olothmakers,  or 
De  Staalmeesters.  A  masterpiece  by  Eem- 
brandt  (1661),  in  the  Eijks  Museum  at  Amster- 
dam, Holland.  The  five  syndics,  robed  in  black,  are 
assembled  about  a  table,  attended  by  a  servant.  It  is  a 
striking  example  of  the  powerful  effects  attained  by  the 
master  with  the  simplest  means. 

Synesius  (si-ne'shi-us).  Born  at  Gyrene,  378: 
died  about  430  A.  D.  A  Neoplatonist  philoso- 
pher and  writer.  He  was  at  Constantinople  397-400, 
and  was  bishop  of  Ptolemais,  in  the  Pentapolis  of  Libya, 
about  410-414.  His  works  include  letters,  hymns,  "En- 
comium Calvitii,"  "De  Providentia,"  the  oration  "De 
Regno,"  etc. 

Synesius,  who  was  bom  at  Cyrene  in  A.  D.  378,  must  be 
classed  rather  with  the  school  of  Justin,  Clement,  and 
Origen  than  with  the  Christian  sophists  whom  we  have 
been  considering  in  the  last  few  sections.  Perhaj)S  he 
was  the  only  eminent  Christian  in  the  fourth  or  fifth  cen- 
tury who  ventured  to  maintain  the  parallel  importance  of 
heathen  and  Christian  literature.  He  was  born  a  pagan, 
and  was  not  converted  to  Christianity  till  he  was  about 
thirty  years  old.  He  had  been  a  hearer  and  sincere  ad- 
mirer of  Hypatia,  and  even  after  he  became  a  Christian 
and  bishop  of  Ptolemais,  towards  the  end  of  A.  J).  409,  he 
was  far  from  embracing  aU  the  tenets  of  orthodoxy.  He 
did  not  hesitate  to  confess  in  the  most  candid  manner 
that  his  doctrines  were  rather  those  of  Origen  than  those 
of  Theophilus ;  and  though  he  declared  that  his  thoughts 
should  never  rise  in  open  revolt  against  his  tongue,  he 
conceived  himself  at  liberty  to  maintain  an  esoteric  faith 
in  accordance  with  his  philosophical  convictions,  as  well 
as  the  popular  views  of  Christianity  which  he  preached  to 
his  less  instructed  hearers.  He  lived  to  about  A.  s.  430. 
K.  0.  Uuller,  Hist,  of  the  Lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  HI.  344. 

UDonaliUon,) 

Synnada  (sin'a-da).  [Gr.  Stwada.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  a  town  of  Phrygia,  Asia  Minor, 
identmed  with  the  modern  EsM-Karahissar.  It 
is  noted  for  its  marble-quarries. 

Synod  (sin'od),  Holy  Goveming,  of  all  the 
Eussias.  A'synod  which  is  the  highest  ecclesi- 
astical authority  in  the  Eussian  Church,  it  con- 
sists of  several  metropolitans  and  other  prelates  and  offi- 
cials—  the  chief  procurator  of  the  synod  representing  the 
czar.  It  was  instituted  by  Peter  the  Great,  in  1721,  to  sup- 
ply the  place  of  the  Patriarch  of  Moscow.    The  last  patri- 


972 

arch  had  died  about  1700,  and  Peter  would  not  allow  the 
appointment  of  a  successor,  thinking  the  power  of  the  pa^ 
triarchal  office  too  great.  The  orthodox  national  church 
of  the  kingdom  of  Greece  is  also  governed  by  a  synod  of 
archbishops  and  bishops,  independent  of  any  patriarch. 

Synod,  The  Bobber.    See  Ephesus,  Council  of,  2. 

Synod  of  Dort.    See  Dort,  Synod  of. 

Syntax,  Doctor,    See  Combe,  William. 

Syphax  (si'faks).  [Gr.  2t)^af.]  Died  about 
201  B.  c.  A  kiiig  of  the  Masssesylians  in  west- 
ern Numidia.  He  vacillated  between  the  Roman  and 
Carthaginian  alliances ;  was  often  at  war  with  Masinissa; 
and  was  Anally  allied  with  Carthage,  and  married  Sopho- 
nisba,  daughter  of  Hasdrubal.  He  overran  all  of  Numidia, 
but  was  defeated  by  Soipio  in  203  and  taken  prisoner  to 
Rome. 

Syra  (se'ra).  An  island  of  the  Cyclades,  in  the 
.Sigean  Sea,  belonging  to  Greece,  intersected 
by  lat.  87°  25'  N.,  long.  24°  54'  E. :  the  ancient 
Syros.  Its  surface  is  rocky.  It  was  of  minor  impor- 
tance until  its  settlement  by  Greek  refugees  at  the  time  of 
the  war  of  independence  in  the  19th  centniy.  The  chief 
town  is  Hermupolis.  Length,  11  miles.  Population,  about 
33,000. 

Syra  (city).    See  Hermupolis. 

Syracuse  (sir'a-lms),  [Grt.'Sivpamvaai.']  A  prov- 
ince in  the  southeastern  part  of  Sicily,  Area, 
1,442  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  395, 797, 

Syracuse,  [Gr.  Svpamvaat,  L.  Syracusse,  It,  Sira- 
cusa.^  A  city,  capital  of  the  province  of  Syra- 
cuse, situated  on  the  island  of  Ortygia  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  Sicily,  in  lat.  37°  3'  N. ,  long.  15° 
18'  E.  It  contains  a  cathedral  (see  below)  and  museum, 
and  some  relics  of  the  ancient  city  are  near  it.  There  is  a 
Roman  amphitheater,  presumably  of  the  time  of  Augustus, 
formed  of  masonry  on  the  south  side,  and  in  other  parts 
hewn  from  the  rock.  Portions  of  the  ancient  barrier  in 
marble  remain  standing  about  the  arena.  The  temple  of 
Athene  (Pallas),  of  the  6th  century  B.  0.,  was  famous  for 
its  wealth,  and  was  plundered  by  Verres.  In  the  7th  cen- 
tury it  was  converted  into  a  church,  and  is  now  the  cathe- 
dral. The  temple  was  Doric,  hexastyle,  peripteral,  with 
14  or  16  columns  on  the  flanks,  on  a  stylobate  of  3  steps, 
measuring  74J  by  188  feet.  The  columns  of  the  flanks  are 
embedded  in  the  walls  of  the  cathedral ;  those  of  the  front 
were  overthrown  by  an  earthquake  in  1693.  The  two  col- 
umns in  antis  of  the  pronaos  survive.  Proportions  and 
details  are  of  archaic  character.  The  temple  of  Diana,  so 
called,  probably  in  fact  the  temple  of  Apollo,  is  a  Greek 
Doric  structure  of  the  6th  century  B.c.,with  notably  archaic 
features.  It  was  a  peripteros  of  6  by  19monolithic  columns, 
,on  a  stylobate  of  4  steps.  Sixteen  columns  and  a  part  of 
the  cella  wall  are  standing.  Syracuse  was  founded  by 
Corinthian  colonists  about  735  B.  0.  on  the  island,  and 
spread  over  the  adjoining  part  of  the  mainland,  form- 
ing Aohradina,  Epipolse,  Neapolis,  etc.  Gelon,  ruler  of 
Gela,  became  tyrant  of  Syracuse  in  485  E.  0. ;  and  it  became 
the  chief  power  in  Sicily.  The  tyrant  Thrasybnlus  was 
expelled  about  466,  and  Syracuse  became  ademocratic  com- 
monwealth. It  was  besieged  by  the  Athenians  under  Nicias 
and  Demosthenes  in  414-413,  the  Athenians  being  finally 
defeated  with  the  aid  of  Spartan  allies  in  413.  It  was  under 
the  rule  of  Dionysius  the  elder  about  405-367;  was  fre- 
quently at  war  with  Carthage ;  was  ruled  by  Dionysius  the 
younger  and  Dion,  and  about  343-337  by  Timoleon ;  had 
Agathocles  as  tyrant  317-289 ;  and  was  defended  byPyrrhus 
against  Carthage  about  278.  Hiero  II.,  its  king,  was  allied 
with  Rome  in  the  first  and  second  Punic  wars.  It  was 
allied  with  Carthage  later ;  was  besieged  by  the  Romans 
under  Marcellus  212,  captured,  and  annexed  by  Rome ;  and 
was  destroyed  by  the  Saracens  in  the  9th  century.  Popula- 
tion (1892),  28,000. 

Syracuse,  The  capital  of  Onondaga  County, 
New  York,  situated  near  Onondaga  Lake  in  lat. 
43°  3'  N.,  long.  76°  13'  W.  It  stands  on  the  Erie  and 
Oswego  canals ;  was  noted  for  extensive  salt-works(among 

,  the  largest  in  the  country) ;  has  varied  manufactures  and 
large  trade  ;  is  an  important  railroad  center;  and  is  the 
seat  of  the  Syracuse  University  (Methodist).  It  was  set- 
tled about  the  end  of  the  18th  century ;  had  its  present 
name£iven  it  In  1824 ;  and  became  a  city  in  1847.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  108,374. 

Syr-Daria,  or  Syr-Darya,    See  Sir-Daria. 

Syria  (sir'i-a).  [F.  Syrie,  G.  Syrien,  L.  Syria,  Gr. 
2«pia,  from  tvpot,  L.  Syri,  the  Syrians.]  Acountry 
in  Asiatic  Turkey,  extending  from  the  Mediter- 
ranean eastward  to  the  Euphrates  and  the  desert 
of  Arabia,  and  from  Egypt  northward  to  about 
lat.  36°  N.  Chief  city,  Damascus.  It  includes 
Palestine  (in  the  southwest),  Phenicia,  etc. ;  but  by 
some  Palestine  is  regarded  as  distinct.  It  is  traversed 
by  mountains  north  and  south  (Lebanon,  Anti-Libanus, 
etc.).  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Orontes,  Litany,  and 
Jordan.  The  inhabitants  are  Bedouins,  town  Arabs,  Druses, 


Szigethv&r 

Maronites,  Jacobites,  Jews,  etc.  The  ancient  inhabitants 
were  Hittites,  Araraeans,  Canaanites,  Hebrews,  and  Pheni- 
cians.  Syria  became  subj  ect  to  Assyria  about  783  B.  0.,  and 
was  later  under  Babylon,  Persia,  and  Macedon.  Partof  Syria 
was  conquered  by  Seleucus  Nicator  about  300  B.  a,  and 
Syria  gave  its  name  to  the  whole  realm  of  the  Seleucidae, 
which  had  Antioch  as  its  capital,  and  embraced  a  great 
part  of  the  Macedonian  conquests  in  Asia.  It  was  con- 
quered by  Pomjey  about  64  B.  o.,  and  annexed  to  the  Ro- 
man Empire ;  was  conquered  by  the  Saracens  634-636  A.  D. ; 
and  belonged  to  the  califate,  Seljuk  Turks,  etc.  A  Chris- 
tian kingdom  was  established  in  part  of  it  during  the 
Crusades.  It  was  conquered  by  the  Turks  in  1516 ;  and 
was  held  temporarily  by  Mehemet  AU  of  Egypt  1832-41. 
Massacres  of  Christians  in  1860  led  to  temporary  French 
occupation.  Population,  probably  from  1, 600,000  to  2,000,. 
000. 

Syrian  Gates,  The.  A  pass  between  the  moun- 
tains (ancient  Amanus)  and  the  northeastern 
angle  of  the  Mediterranean,  leading  from  CiUcia 
to  Syria :  the  modern  Pass  of  Beilan. 

Syrinx  (si'ringks).  In  Greek  mythology,  a 
nymph  who  was  changed  by  Pan  into  a  reed. 

Syrmia  (s6r'mi-a),  G.  Syrmien  (zir'me-en). 
A  former  duehyV  situated  in  Slavonia^  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  peninsula  comprised  be- 
tween the  Drave,  Danube,  and  Save. 

Syro-Phenicia  (si"r6-fe-nish'a).  A  Eoman 
province  which  included' Phenicia  and  the  ter- 
ritories of  Damascus  and  Palmyra. 

Syrophenicians  (si'^ro-f  e-nish'anz).  In  ancient 
history,  either  the  Phenicians  dwelling  in  Syria, 
or  persons  of  mixed  Syrian  and  Phenician  de- 
scent, or  the  inhabitants  of  Syro-Phenicia. 

Sjnros  (si'ros).     The  ancient  name  of  Syra. 

Syrtis  Major  (ser'tis  ma'jor).  [L.,  '  Greater 
Syrtis.']  The  ancient  name  of  the  Gulf  of 
Sidi'a. 

Syrtis  Minor  (sfer'tis  mi'nor).  [L.,  'Lesser 
Syrtis.']  The  ancient  name  of  the  Gulf  of 
Cabes. 

Syzran  (siz-rSny').  A  town  in  the  government 
of  Simbirsk,  eastern  Eussia,  situated  near  the 
Volga  80  miles  south  of  Sunbirsk.  It  has 
manufactures  of  leather,  etc.  Population, 
30,580. 

Szabad  (Hung,  so'bod),  Emeric.  Bom  in 
Hungary  about  1822.  A  Hungarian-American 
author  and  soldier.  He  was  secretary  to  the  Hun- 
garian revolutionary  government  in  1849,  and  served  in 
the  American  Civil  War.  He  wrote  "Hungary,"  "State 
Policy  of  Modern  Europe,"  "  Modem  "War,"  etc. 

Szabadka.    See  Theresienstadt. 

Szechuen,  or  Sechuen  (sa-ohe-en').  A  prov- 
ince of  western  China,  bounded  by  Kansu  and 
Shensi  on  the  north,  Hupeh  and  Hunan  on  the 
east,  Kweichow  and  Tunnan  on  the  south,  and 
Tibet  on  the  west  and  northwest.  Capital, 
Chingtu.  Area,  about  160,000  square  miles. 
Population  (1896),  estimated,  79,493,000. 

Szegedin  (seg'ed-en).  A  royal  free  city,  capi- 
tal of  the  county  of  Csongr4d,  Hungary,  situ- 
ated at  the  junction  of  the  Maros  with  the 
Theiss,  in  lat.  46°  16'  N.,  long.  20°  10'  E.  It  is 
the  second  city  of  Hungary.  It  has  important  trade  and 
various  manufactures.  It  was  formerly  fortified,  and  was 
held  by  the  Turks  in  the  16th  and  17th  centuries.  It  was 
a  seat  of  the  Hungarian  revolutionary  government  in 
July,  1849.  It  was  nearly  destroyed  by  an  inundation  of 
the  Theiss  in  March,  1879.    Population  (1890),  86,669. 

SzegSZ^rd  (sek'sard).  The  capital  of  the 
county  of  Tolna,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  S&r- 
viz,  near  the  Danube,  in  lat.  46°  23'  N.  It  has 
a  trade  in  wine.     Population  (1890),  14,325. 

Sziget  (sig'et),  or  Mdrmaros-Sziget  (mar'- 
mo-rosh-sig'et).  The  capital  of  the  county  of 
Mdrmaros,  Hungary,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Iza  and  the  Theiss,  in  lat.  47°  56'  N. 
Near  it  is  a  salt-mining  region.  Population 
(1890),  14,758. 

Szigetvix  (sig'et-var),  or  Sziget.  A  town  in 
the  county  of  Somo^,  Hungary,  situated  on 
the  Almds  25  miles  south  of  Kaposv&r :  noted 
for  its  defense  imder  Zrinyi  against  the  Turks 
in  1566,    Population  (1890),  5,078, 


aaffe  (ta'fe),  Count  Eduard 
von.  Bom  at  Prague,  Feb, 
24, 1833:  died  Nov.  29, 1895. 
An  Austrian  statesman,  of 
Irish  descent.  He  was  governor 
of  Salzburg  1863-67,  and  o(  Upper 
Austria  in  1867 ;  entered  the  Aus- 
trian (Cisleithan)  ministry  as  min- 
ister of  tlie  interior  in  1867 ;  was 
premier  from  Oct.,  1869,  to  Jan., 
1870 ;  was  minister  of  tlie  interior  1870-71 ;  became  gov- 
ernor of  Tyrol  in  1871 ;  and  was  again  premier  1879-93. 

Taasinge  (t4'sing-e).  An  island  belonging  to 
the  amt  of  Svendborg,  Denmark,  situated  south 
ofFiinen.   Length,  9  miles.    Pop.  (1880),  4,529. 

Tab  (tab)'.  Ariver  in  western  Persia  which  flows 
into  the  head  of  the  Persian  Gulf  near  lat.  80°  N. 

Tabago.    Bee  Tohago. 

Tabard  (tab'ard),  The.  An  ancient  London 
hostelry,  made  famous  by  Chaucer  as  the  house 
at  which  his  pilgrims  assembled  before  starting 
for  Canterbury,  it  was  situated  on  the  High  Street 
of  Southwark,  near  the  Kent  Koad.  Stow  says  in  1598  that 
it  was  then  "amongst  the  most  ancient"  of  the  "fairinns 
lor  receipt  of  travellers."  It  received  its  name  from  its 
sign,  which  was  a  tabard,  or  sleeveless  coat.  It  was  ori- 
ginally the  property  of  the  Abbey  of  Hyde.  In  1766  the 
sign  of  the  talbot  (see  the  extract)  was  removed  as  a  street 
obstruction,  and  in  1866  the  inn  was  condemned,  and  shortly 
afterward  demolished  and  a  freight  depot  of  the  Midland 
Bailway  built  on  the  spot. 

Up  to  a  few  years  before  its  destruction  it  was  marked 
by  an  inscription  [not  ancient]  which  said  "  This  is  the 
Inne  where  Sir  Jeffrey  Chaucer  and  twenty  pilgrims  lay  in 
their  journey  to  Canterbury  anno  1383."  .  .  .  The  front 
towards  the  street  was  comparatively  modern,  having  per- 
ished in  the  fire  of  1676,  afterwhich,  says  Aubrey,  "the ig- 
norant landlord  or  tenant  instead  of  the  ancient  sign  of 
the  Tabard  put  up  the  Talbot  or  Dog." 

Bare,  London,  1. 462. 

Tabaristan  (ta-ba-ris-tan').  The  mountain- 
ous region  in  the  southeast  of  the  province  of 
Mazanderan,  Persia. 

Tabaristan,  Sea  of.  A  medieval  name  of  the 
Caspian  Sea. 

Tabarijreh  (ta-ba-re'ye),  or  Tabariya  (ta-ba- 
re'ya).    The  modem  name  of  Tiberias. 
Tabasco  (ta-Bas'ko).    A  maritime  state  of  Mex- 
ico.   Capital,  San  Juan  Bautista.   it  is  bounded 
by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  Mexican  states  of  Vera  Cruz, 
Chiapas  and  Campeche,  and  Guatemala.    The  surface  is 
low  except  in  the  southern  part,  and  the  soil  is  fertile. 
Area,  9,844  square  miles.    Population  (1896),  134,794. 
Tabatinga(ta-ba-teng'ga).  Amilitarypost  and 
town  in  the  state  of  Amazonas,  Brazil,  situated 
on  the  Amazon  close  to  the  Peruvian  frontier. 
Tabernacle,    See  Salt  Lake  City. 
TabirSi  (ta-be-ra')-     [Origin  of  name  doubtful, 
possibly  Piro.]    The  proper  name  of  the  ruined 
pueblo  on  the  mesa  of  Jumanos  in  New  Mex- 
ico, now  called  "  la  gran  Quivira."    Tabiri  was  a 
Franciscan  mission  in  the  17th  century,  but  was  abandoned 
about  1670,  on  account  of  the  Apaches,  at  the  same  time 
as  the  village,  the  inhabitants  of  which  retreated  to  the 
south  and  to  the  Bio  Grande. 
Tabitha  (tab'i-tha).    [LL.  TaUtha,  Gr.  la^M; 
an  Aramaic  name  meaning  'a  female  gazel': 
its  Gr.  translation  is  i^opuAq.']    A  Christian  wo- 
man at  Joppa,  mentioned  in  Acts  ix.  as  making 
garments  for  the  poor:  also  called  Boreas.   She 
was  miraculously  restored  to  life  by  the  apostle 
Peter. 
Tablas  (ta'blas).  One  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
southeast  of  Mindoro.    Length,  about  30  miles. 
Table  (ta'bl)  Bay.    An  arm  of  the  ocean,  on 
the  southwestern  coast  of  Cape  Colony,  South 
Africa.    On  it  is  Cape  Town. 
Table  Diamond,  The  Great.    A  famous  royal 
Indian  diamond,  ranked  by  Tavernier,  who  saw 
it  in  Golconda  in  1642,  as  the  third  in  size  and 
quality  seen  by  him.  it  weighed  about  242/j  carats. 
It  was  then  in  the  hands  of  a  dealer,  the  king  having  been 
obliged  to  raise  money  on  it.    It  has  disappeared,  and  it 
has  been  suggested  that  the  Eussian  Table  diamond  may 
be  a  part  of  it.   The  latter  diamond  weighs  68  carats. 

Table  Mountain,  or  Tafelberg  (ta'fel-bere). 
A  mountain  immediately  south  of  Cape  Town, 
South  Africa,  remarkable  for  its  flattened  sum- 
mit.   Height,  about  3,500  feet. 


Table  Mountain.  AmountaininPickens  Coun- 
ty, in  the  northwestern  part  of  South  Carolina. 
Height,  about  4,000  feet. 

Table  of  Abydos.    See  the  extract. 

To  the  above-named  monuments  must  be  added  the 
Table  of  Abydos.  As  may  be  gathered  from  its  name,  it 
came  from  that  site,  being  brought  away  by  M.  Mlmaut, 
Consul-General  of  France ;  it  is  now  in  the  British  Muse- 
um. Of  all  the  innumerable  Egyptian  monuments  there 
is  not  one  that  is  so  famous,  nor  that  less  deserves  its 
fame.  This  time  it  is  Bamses  II.  who  adores  his  ances- 
tors, and  out  of  the  fifty  cartouches — besides  that  of 
Hamses  repeated  twenty-eight  times — there  are  now  but 
thirty  left,  and  these  are  in  a  state  more  or  less  incom- 
plete. Like  the  Hall  of  Ancestors,  the  Table  of  Abydos 
gives  a  list  resulting  from  the  artist's  choice,  the  reason 
of  which  is  also  unknown.  Another  fact  that  depreciates 
its  value  is  that  we  do  not  possess  its  commencement. 
After  the  Twelfth  Dynasty,  however,  the  list  passes  at 
once  without  a  break  to  the  Eighteenth. 

MarieUe,  Outlines,  p.  104. 

[There  are  two  temples  at  Abydos  dedicated  to  the  local 
divinity ;  the  one  built  by  Seti,  the  other  by  Bamses.  The 
same  series  of  kings,  twice  repeated,  without  any  varia- 
tion, adorns  these  buildings.  One  is  the  Table  described 
above,  the  other  was  discovered  comparatively  lately. 
Although  in  an  admirable  state  of  preservation,  this  Tab- 
let adds  but  little  to  our  knowledge.  It  mentions  some 
new  kings,  and  shows  the  correct  sequence  of  others,  but 
is  far  from  giving  us  a  connected  series  of  all  the  kings 
of  Egypt  from  Menes  to  Seti  I.— Note,  p.  105.] 

Table  Bock.  A  rooky  mass  formerly  at  Niagara 
Falls,  the  presence  of  which  is  said  to  have  at 
one  time  caused  a  separate  fall.  Until  a  part 
of  it  fell  in  June,  1850,  it  largely  overhung  the 
water.    Some  of  it  still  remains. 

Table  Bound.    See  Bound  Table. 

Tables,  The.  In  Scottish  history,  an  organi- 
zation, consisting  of  members  of  the  privy 
council  and  others,  which  took  the  lead  in  op- 
position to  the  introduction  of  episcopacy  into 
Scotland  about  1638-39.  They  were  so  called 
from  sitting  separately  or  conjointly  at  the  ta- 
bles in  the  Parliament  House. 

Table-talk,  A  name  given  to  various  collec- 
tions of  essays.  The  most  notable  works  so  entitled 
are  those  of  Luther,  of  John  Selden  (published  in  1689, 
after  his  death,  by  his  amanuensis),  of  Hazlitt(1821-67),  and 
of  Coleridge  (published  by  his  son  in  1835,  and  republished 
in  1884).  Dyce  published  in  1856  "  BecoUectious  of  the 
Table  Talk  of  Samuel  Bogers  * ;  and  Oowper  added  a  poet- 
ical dialogue  entitled  *  Table  Talk"  to  a  volume  of  poems 
published  in  1782. 

Tablet  of  Sakkarah.    See  the  extract. 

The  most  interesting,  as  also  the  most  perfect,  monu- 
ment of  this  kind  is  the  one  that  was  found  during  the 
French  excavations  at  Sakkarah,  and  which  is  now  in  the 
Gizeh  palace.  Unlike  the  others,  it  is  not  of  royal  origin. 
It  was  discovered  in  the  tomb  of  an  Egyptian  priest  named 
Tflnari,  who  lived  in  the  days  of  Bamses  II.  According 
to  the  Egyptian  belief,  one  of  the  good  things  reserved  for 
the  dead  who  were  deemed  worthy  of  eternal  life  was  to 
be  admitted  to  the  society  of  their  kings,  and  Tflnari  is 
represented  as  having  been  received  into  the  august  as- 
sembly of  flfty-eight.  Here  again  in  the  Tablet  of  Sak- 
karah, as  before  in  that  of  Abydos,  is  raised  the  same  ques- 
tion :  Why  these  flfty-eight  kings  more  than  any  others? 
M<f,HMe,  Outlines,  p.  106. 

Tabnit  (tab'nit).  King  of  Sidon  (Phenicia)  in 
the  first  part  of  the  4th  century  B.  C,  father  of 
Eshmunazar. 

Tabor  (ta'bor).  [See  Talorites.']  A  town  in 
Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Luschnitz  48  miles 
south  of  Prague,  it  was  founded  as  a  stronghold  by 
the  Hussites  under  Ziska  in  1419.  It  gave  name  to  the 
Taborites.    Population  (1890),  8,440. 

Tabor  (ta'bor),  Mount.  A  wooded  mountain  in 
Palestine,  6'niiles  east  of  Nazareth,  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  plain  of  Esdraelon :  famous  in  Old 
Testament  history.  According  to  a  tradition  it  was 
the  scene  of  the  Transfiguration ;  and  in  the  monastic  ages 
it  was  peopled  with  hermits.    Height,  about  1,800  feet. 

Taborites  (ta'bor-its).  [So  called  from  their 
great  fortified  encampment  formed,  m  1419,  on 
a  hill  in  Bohemia  named  by  them  Mount  Ta- 
bor, probably  with  reference  both  to  Bohemian 
tabor,  encampment,  and  to  Mount  Tabor  in 
Palestine.]  The  members  of  the  more  extreme 
party  of  the  Hussites.  They  were  fleroeand  success- 
ful warriors  under  their  successive  leaders  Ziska  and  Pro- 
oopius,  causing  wide-spread  devastation,  till  their  final  de- 
feat in  1434.    See  Hussites. 

Tabriz  (ta-brez'),  or  Tavris  (ta-vres'),  or  Te- 

973 


bris  (te-bres'),  or  Tauris  (t^'ris).  The  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Azerbaijan,  Persia,  situ- 
ated on  a  tributary  of  Lake  TJrumiah,  about 
lat.  38°  4'  N.,  long.  46°  18'  E.:  the  second  city 
of  Persia,  and  its  chief  commercial  center,  it 
lies  on  the  main  route  between  Teheran  and  Turkey  and 
Bussia.  Among  the  buildings  are  the  citadel  and  ''  Blue 
Mosque."  It  is  noted  for  its  orchards  and  gardens.  It 
has  often  been  devastated  by  sieges  and  earthquakes. 
Population,  180,000. 
Tacanas  (ta-ka'nas).  Indians  of  northern  Bo- 
livia, between  the  rivers  Beni  and  Madre  de 
Dios.  They  are  divided  into  many  small  tribes,  some  of 
which  have  been  gathered  into  the  Beni  missions.  The 
wild  tribes  are,  to  some  extent,  agriculturists,  and  the 
women  weave  cotton  cloths ;  but  they  are  said  to  be  very 
savage,  and  are  accused  of  cannibalism.  Among  the  tribes 
or  villages  are  the  Cavinas,  Araunas,  Lecos,  Tacanas  proper, 
Macaranis,  and  Haropa^  Their  language  appears  to  con- 
stitute a  distinct  stock. 

Tacchinardi  (tak-ke-nar'de),  Niccolo.  Bom  at 

Leghorn,  Sept.,  1776 :  died  at  Florence,  March 
14,  1859.  A  noted  Italian  tenor  singer.  He  ap- 
peared first  in  opera  in  1804,  made  a  brilliant  success  in 
Bome  and  other  cities,  and  visited  Paris  in  1811.  In 
1814  he  returned  to  Italy,  and  was  appointed  chief  singer 
to  the  Grand  Buke  of  Tuscany.  He  retired  from  the  stage 
in  1831,  and  became  celebrated  as  a  teacher. 

Tache  (ta-sha'),  Alexandre  Antonine.  Born 
at  Eivi6re-du-Loup,  Canada,  July  23,  1823: 
died  at  Winnipeg,  Manitoba,  June  22, 1894.  A 
Canadian  archbishop  of  the  Eoman  Catholic 
Church,  brother  of  E.  P.  Tach6 :  distinguished 
for  his  early  missionary  labors  among  the  In- 
dians. He  became  bishop  of  St.  Boniface  in  1853,  and 
archbishop  in  1871,  when  St.  Boniface  was  made  a  metro- 
politan see.  He  mediated  between  the  Canadian  govern- 
ment and  the  M6tis  in  1870.  His  best-known  work  is  "  Es- 
quisse  sur  le  nord-ouest  de  TAm^rique  "  (1869 :  translated 
intoEnglish)._^ 

Tach6,  Sir  Etienne  Paschal.  Bom  at  St.  Tho- 
mas, Lower  Canada,  Sept.  5,  1795:  died  there, 
July  29, 1865.  A  Canadian  politician.  He  entered 
Parliament  in  1841,  and  was  commissioner  of  public  works 
1848-49,  and  speaker  of  the  legislative  councU  1856-57. 

Tacitus  (tas'i-tus),  Cornelius.  Bom  about  55 
A.  D. :  died  probably  after  117.  A  celebrated 
Eoman  historian  and  noted  legal  orator.  He  was 
pretor  in  88  and  consul  in  97.  He  was  a  friend  of  the 
younger  Pliny.  His  extant  works  include  "Dialogus  de 
oratoribus,"  an  "  attempt  to  demonstrate  and  explain  the 
decay  of  oratory  in  the  imperial  period,  in  the  form  of  a 
dialogue  between  literary  celebrities  of  the  time  of  Ves- 
pasian"; a  biography  of  his  father-in-law  Julius  Agricola 
("De  vita  et  moribus  Julii  Agricolee ") ;  the  "Germania," 
a  celebrated  ethnographical  work  on  the  Germans ;  the 
"Historise,"  a  narrative  of  events  in  the  reigns  of  Galba, 
Otho,  Vitellius,  Vespasian,  Titus,  and  Domitian,  of  which 
only  the  first  four  books  and  the  first  half  of  the  fifth  book 
survive ;  and  the  "  Annales,"  a  history  of  the  Julian  dy- 
nasty from  the  death  of  Augustus.  Of  the  last  work  only 
the  first  four  books  and  parts  of  the  fifth  and  sixth  have 
come  down  to  us. 

Tackers  (tak'erz).  In  English  history,  a  sec- 
tion of  extreme  Tories  who  in  1704  attempted 
to  carry  their  point  by  "tacking"  a  "rider"  to 
a  revenue  bill.    They  were  defeated. 

Tackleton  (tak'1-ton),  Mr.  A  character  in 
Dickens's  "  Cricket  on  the  Hearth."  He  is  a  toy- 
merchant  who  has  mistaken  his  vocation  in  life,  and, 
"cramped  and  chafing  in  the  peaceable  pursuit  of  toy- 
making,"  becomes  at  last  the  Implacable  enemy  of  children. 

Tacna  (tak'na).  1.  A  province,  provisionally 
under  Chilean  government,  but  formerly  be- 
longing to  Peru.  (See  Arica.)  It  borders  on 
Peru.  Area,  8,685  square  miles.  Population 
(1895),  24,160.—  3.  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Tacna,  situated  on  the  river  Tacna  about  lat. 
18°  S.  It  is  the  terminus  of  one  of  the  main  routes  to 
Bolivia,  A  victory  was  gained  here,  May  26, 1880,  by  the 
Chileans  (14,000  men,  under  General  Baquedano)  over  the 
allied  Peruvians  and  Bolivians  (9,000,  under  Campero). 
Population  (1886),  14,183. 

Tacoma  (ta-ko'ma).  A  seaport  in  Pierce  County, 
Washington,  situated  on  Puget  Sound  about 
28  miles  northeast  of  Olympia:  the  terminus  of 
the  Northern  Pacific  EaUroad.  it  has  a  fiourishing 
trade  in  grain  and  lumber,  and  large  smelting-works. 
It  is  also  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  Puget  Sound,  has 
large  facilities  for  the  shipment  of  its  manufactures  and 
products,  and  is  a  starting  point  of  steamers  for  Alaska. 
It  is  called  the  "City  of  Destiny."  Population  (1900), 
37,714. 

Tacoma,  Mount.    See  Rainier. 


Taconic  Mountains 

Taconic  (ta-kon'ik),  or  Taghkanic,  Moun- 
tains, A  low  range  of  moiuitains  in  eastern 
New  York,  BerksHre  County,  Massachusetts, 
and  southwestern  Vermont. 

Tadcaster  (tad'kas-t6r).  A  towa  In  the  West 
Eiding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Wharfe  10  miles  southwest  of  York.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  4,553. 

Tadema,  Alma-.    See  Alma-Tadema. 

Tadmir  (tad-mer').  In  the  early  period  of  Mo- 
hammedan domination  in  Spain,  a  state  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  peninsula,  dependent 
on  the  califate  of  Cordova.  It  comprised  Mur- 
cia  with  portions  of  Valencia  and  Grenada. 

Tadmor.    See  Palmyra. 

Tadousac.    See  Montagnais. 

Tadonsac  (ta-db-zak').  [Prom  the  Indian 
name.]  A  watering-place  in  the  county  of  Sa- 
guenay,  Quebec,  Canada,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Saguenay  with  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Taenamm  (ten'a-rum).  [Gr.  Taivapov.'i  The 
ancient  name  of  the  promontory  in  Greece  now 
called  Cape  Matapan.  The  name  was  also 
given  to  the  adjoining  peninsula. 

Taensa  (ta-en'sa).  A  trilie  or  confederacy  of 
North  American  Indians,  formerly  living  in 
Louisiana,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi, 
near  St.  Joseph.  DlbervUle  in  1699  enumerated 
seven  Tillages.  They  were  united  until  1706,  but  were 
then  pressed  by  other  tribes  and  in  turn  attacked  others. 
In  1764  they  were  settled  on  the  Chetimachas  Fork  about 
thirty  leagues  from  New  Orleans,  and  there  were  later 
changes  of  habitat,  until  they  became  extinct  or  absorbed. 
Also  called  Temsaws,  lemau,  Tensagini,  TinntaZs.  See 
NaWbesan. 

Taeping.    See  Tai-ping. 

Tafalla  (ta-fal'ya).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Navarre,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Zidaoo  23  miles 
south  of  Pamplona.     Population  (1887),  6,496. 

Tafelberg.    See  Table  Mountain. 

Taff  (taf ) .  A  river  in  South  Wales  which  flows 
into  the  estuary  of  the  Severn  at  Cardiff. 
Length,  about  40  mUes. 

TafEy  (taf'i).  [A  corruption  of  David.l  A 
nickname  for  a  Welshman. 

Tafilet  (ta-fe-lef).  A  large  oasis  in  Morocco, 
about  lat.  31°  N.,  long.  4°  W.  Its  chief  place 
is  Abuam.     Population,  about  100,000. 

Tafna  (taf 'na).  A  small  river  in  the  province 
of  Oran,  Algeria,  which  flows  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean 58  miles  southwest  of  Oran.  It  was 
the  scene  of  conflicts  between  the  French  and 
Kabyles  Jan.  26-28,  1836. 

Tafna,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  eouoluded  between 
the  French  general  Bugeaud  and  Abd-el-Kader 
May  30, 1837. 

Taft  (taft).  A  town  in  central  Persia,  165  miles 
east-southeast  of  Ispahan.  It  has  manufactures 
of  felt  and  carpets.    Population,  about  7,000. 

Taft  (taft),  Alphonso.  Bom  at  Townshend, Vt., 
Nov.  5,  1810 :  died  at  San  Diego,  Cal.j  May  21, 
1891.  An  American  jurist  and  Kepubliean  poli- 
tician. He  was  secretary  of  war  in  1876,  attorney-gen- 
eral 1876^77,  and  United  States  minister  to  Austria  1882- 
1884,  and  to  Bussia  1884^5. 

Tagal(ta-Gal'),orTegal(te-Qar).  1.  Aseaport 
on  the  northern  coast  of  Java,  about  100  miles 
west  of  Samarang. — 2.  A  residency  of  north- 
em  Java. 

Taganrog  (ta-gan-rog').  A  seaport  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Yekaterinoslaff,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Gulf  of  Taganrog,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Don,  about  lat.  47°  15'  N.  Next  to  Odessa  it  is  the 
'leading  seaport  in  southern  Russia.  It  was  bombarded 
by  the  Allies  June  3, 1865.    Population  (1888),  48,999. 

Tagtaanack  Falls.    See  laughannock  Falls. 

Taghkanic  Mountains.    See  Taconio. 

Taginae  (taj'i-ne).  ia.  ancient  geography,  a 
place  near  the  modern  Gualdo  Tadino,  east- 
northeast  of  Perugia,  Italy.  There,  552,  Nar- 
ses  defeated  the  Goths  under  Totila. 

Tagish,  (ta'gish).  A  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians.  They  lived  about  the  head  waters  of 
Lewis  Kiver,  Alaska,  and  in  British  Columbia. 
See  Koluschan. 

Tagle  y  Portocarrero  (tag'la  e  p6r-t6-kar-ra'- 
ro),  Jose  Bernardo,  Marquis  of  Torre-Tagle. 
Bom  at  Lima,  March  21, 1779:  died  at  Callao, 
1825.  A  Peruvian  general  and  poUtieian.  He 
represented  Peru  in  the  Spanish  Cortes  1818-14 ;  subse- 
quently was  brigadier-general  and  governor  of  Trujillo  ; 
and  in  1820  deserted  to  the  patriots.  San  Martin  named 
him  grand  marshal  and  president  of  the  council  of  state, 
and  in  July-Aug.,  1822,  he  had  charge  of  the  executive,  with 
the  title  of  supreme  delegate.  From  July,  1823,  to  Feb., 
1824,  he  was  again  nominally  the  head  of  the  government, 
but  in  reality  acted  for  Sucre  and  Bolivar.  Charged  with 
treason,  he  took  refuge  with  the  loyalists  in  Callao,  where, 
despised  by  both  parties,  he  died  of  hunger  or  disease 
during  the  subsequent  siege. 

Tagliacozzo   (tal-ya-kot's6).     fML.  Tallaco- 


974 

r«)«.]  A  town  in  the  province  of  Aquila,  cen- 
tral Italy,  44  miles  east-northeast  of  Rome. 
Near  it,  Aug.  23, 1268,  a  victory  was  gained  by  Charles  of 
Anjou  over  Conradin  of  Swabia  (also  called  the  battle  of 
Scurcola).    Population  (1881),  commune,  8,327. 

Tagliamento  (tal-ya-men'to).  A  river  in 
northeastern  Italy  which  rises  in  the  Vene- 
tian Alps  and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Venice 
40  miles  east-northeast  of  Venice :  the  ancient 
Tiliaventus  (ML.  Tiliamentum).  On  its  banks  a 
victory  was  gained,  Nov.  12,  1805,  by  the  French  under 
Mass^na  over  the  Austrians  under  the  archduke  Charles. 
Length,  about  100  miles. 

Taglioni  (tal-yo'ne),  Filippo.  Bom  at  Milan, 
1777 :  died  nearthe  Lake  of  Como,  Feb.  11, 1871. 
An  Italian  ballet-master  and  composer  of  bal- 
lets.   His  best-known  ballet  is  "La  sylphide." 

Taglioni,  Maria.  Bom  at  Stockholm,  April  23 
(March  18?),  1804:  died  at  Marseilles,  Prance, 
April  23, 1884.  A  celebrated  dancer,  she  was  the 
daughter  of  Filippo  Taglioni,  an  Italian  ballet-master.  She 
first  appeared  as  a  premiere  danseuse  at  Vienna  in  1818. 
Her  most  celebrated  parts  were  in  "La  bayadere,"  "La 
sylphide,"  and  "  La  flUe  du  Danube."  Her  style  was  origi- 
nal, and  was  known  as  "the  ideal":  It  was  light  and  airy, 
in  opposition  to  the  more  sensuous  style  of  Vestris.  She 
married  Corate  Gilbert  de  Voisins  in  1847,  and  left  the  stage. 

Taglioni,  Marie.  Born  at  Berlin,  Oct.  27, 1833 : 
died  Aug.  27,  1891.  A  ballet-dancer,  daughter 
of  Paul  Taglioni.  She  married  Prince  Joseph 
Windischgratz  in  1866. 

Taglioni,  Paul.  Bom  at  Vienna,  1808:  died  Jan, 
7,  1884.  A  ballet-dancer,  ballet-master  (at  Ber- 
lin), and  composer  of  ballets,  son  of  Filippo 
Taglioni.  His  most  noted  ballets  are  "Sar- 
danapal,"  "Undine,"  etc. 

Tagno.    See  Tano. 

Tagulanda  (ta-go-lan'da).  A  small  island 
northeast  of  Celebes,  in  lat.  2°  22'  N.,  long. 
125°  24'  E. :  under  Dutch  protection. 

Tagus  (ta'gus),  Sp.  Tajo  (ta'no),  Pg.  Tejo 
(ta'zhp).  The  longest  river  in  the  Spanish 
peninsula :  the  Roman  Tagus.  It  rises  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Teruel,  Spain,  in  the  mountain  Muela  de  San  Juan ; 
flows  west  through  New  Castile  and  Estremadura ;  forms 
part  of  the  boundary  between  Spain  and  Portugal ;  and 
empties  by  two  arms  into  the  Bay  of  Lisbon.  The  chief 
place  on  its  banks  in  Spain  is  Toledo.  Its  chief  tributaries 
are  the  Jarama,  Alberche,  Tietar,  Alagon,  Zezece,  and  Zatas. 
Length,  about  660  miles ;  navigable  from  Abrantes  in 
Portugal,  for  large  vessels  from  Santarem. 

Tahaa  (ta-ha'),  or  Otaha  (o-ta-ha').  One  of  the 
Society  Islands. 

Tahamis  (ta-a'mes).  An  extinct  Indian  tribe 
of  the  department  of  Antioquia,  Colombia.  At 
the  timeof  the  Spanish  conquest  theywerenumerousand 
powerful,  occupying  a  region  west  of  the  river  Magda- 
lena.  The  Chibchas  were  their  neighbors  on  the  southeast, 
and  the  Nutabes  on  the  north.  The  Tahamis  were  hardly 
less  advanced  in  civilization  than  the  Chibchas,  but  they 
had  no  hereditary  chiefs  or  "kings,"  and  their  wealth  in 
gold  was  less  apparent,  owing  to  their  custom  of  burying 
it  with  the  dead.  Many  of  their  tombs  (huacae)t  opened 
in  modern  times,  have  yielded  large  quantities  of  gold  or- 
naments.   See  Nutabes. 

Tahano.    See  Tano. 

TaMti  (ta-he'te),  formerly  Otaheite.  The  prin- 
cipal island  of  the  Society  Archipelago  in  the 
South  Pacifi  c .  The  surface  is  mountainous,  the  highest 
point  being  7,300  feet  above  the  sea.  Annexed  to  France 
1897.  The  chief  town  is  Papeete.  Length,  36  miles. 
Area,  412  square  miles.    Population,  11,200. 

TaMti  Archipelago.    See  Society  Islands. 

Tahlequah  (ta-le-kwa')'.  The  capital  of  the 
Cherokee  Nation,  Indian  Territory,  near  the 
Illinois  River  45  miles  northwest  of  Port  Smith, 
Arkansas. 

Tahmurath  (ta-mo-raf).  In  the  Avesta,  as 
Takhmo  urupa,  a  son  of  Vivanghao,  and  elder 
brother  of  Yima.  He  tames  Ahriman  and  rides  upon 
him  30  years  until  Ahriman  devours  him,  when  Yima  over- 
comes Ahriman  by  subterfuge  and  delivers  Takhmo  urupa 
from  the  body  of  Ahriman.  In  Firdausi  he  becomes  the 
third  Iranian  king,  who  taught  weaving  and  subdued 
animals,  but  was  especially  the  vanquisher  of  the  devs  or 
demons,  whO;  freed  by  him,  taught  the  king  writing.  He 
chained  Ahrimanandrodehim  as  acourserroundtheworld. 

Tahoe  (ta-ho'),  Lake.  A  lake  in  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada Mountains,  situated  on  the  boundary  be- 
tween California  and  Nevada,  and  intersected 
by  lat.  39°  N,  It  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery. 
Its  outlet  is  the  Truckee  River.  Length,  about  20  miles. 
Elevation,  over  6,226  feet. 

Tai,  or  Thai,  or  T'hai  (ti).  [Siamese,  lit.'  free- 
men.'] The  principal  race  of  people  in  the 
Indo-Chinese  peninsula,  including  the  Siamese, 
the  Shan  tribes,  the  Laosj  etc. 

Tai-chau  (ti'chou').  A  city  in  the  province  of 
CheMaug,  China,  situated  on  the  river  Taichow 
80  miles  south-southwest  of  Ningpo. 

Taillandier  (ta-yon-dya'),  Een6  Gaspard  Er- 
nest, called  Saint-KenI,  Bom  at  Paris,  Dec. 
16,  1817 :  died  there,  Feb.  24, 1879.  A  French 
scholar  and  litterateur,  noted  especially  for  his 
historical  and  literary  writings  on  Germany  and 
Russia :  professor  in  the  Faculty  des  Lettres  at 


Tai-ping  Rebellion 

Paris  from  1863.  His  works  include  "Histoire  de  la 
jeune  Allemagne  "  (1849).  "  Allemagne  et  Eussie  "  (1868), 
"  Maurice  deSaxe"  (1866),  etc  . 

Taillebourg  (tay-bor').  A  village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Charente-Inf6rieure,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Charente  34  miles  southeast  of 
La  Roohelle.  Here,  in  1242,  Louis  IX.  defeated 
the  English  under  Henry  HI. 

Taillefer  (tay-f  ar').  Killed  at  the  battle  of  Sen- 
lac,  1066.  A  Norman  trouvfere  in  the  invading 
army  of  William  of  Normandy, 

Before  the  two  armies  met  hand  to  hand,  a  juggler  or 
minstrel,  known  as  Taillefer,  the  Cleaver  of  Iron,  rode 
forth  from  the  Norman  ranks  as  if  to  defy  the  whole  force 
of  England  in  his  single  person.  He  craved  and  obtained 
the  Duke's  leave  to  strike  the  first  blow ;  he  rode  forth 
singing  songs  of  Roland  and  of  Charlemagne —so  soon  had 
the  name  and  exploits  of  the  great  German  become  the 
spoil  of  the  enemy.  He  threw  his  sword  into  the  air  and 
caught  it  again  ;  but  he  presently  showed  that  he  could 
use  warlike  weapons  for  other  purposes  than  for  jugglers' 
tricks  of  this  kind  :  he  pierced  one  Englishman  with  his 
lance,  he  struck  down  another  with  his  sword,  and  then 
himself  fell  beneath  the  blows  of  their  comrades.  A  bra- 
vado of  this  kind  might  serve  as  an  omen,  it  might  stir  up 
the  spirits  of  men  on  either  side ;  but  it  could  in  no  other 
way  affect  the  fate  of  the  battle. 

Freeman,  Norman  Conquest  of  England,  III.  319. 

Tailors  of  Tooley  Street,  The  Three.  Three 
tailors  of  Tooley  street,  London,  referred  to 
by  Canning,  who  wrote  a  petition  to  Parlia- 
ment, beginning"  We,  the  people  of  Enrfand." 

Taimyr  (ti-mer'),  or  Taimnr  (ti-mor'),  Penin- 
sula. The  northernmost  peninsula  of  Siberia, 
projecting  into  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

Tain  (tan).  A  town  in  Ross-shire,  Scotland, 
situated  on  Dornoch  Firth  24miles  north-north- 
east of  Inverness.     Population  (1891),  2,080. 

Tain  (tan).  Atowninthe  department  of  Drdme, 
Prance,  situated  on  the  Rhone  11  miles  north 
of  Valence.  Near  it  is  produced  the  Ermitage 
wine.    Population  (1891),  commune,  ^085. 

Taine  (tan),  Hippolyte  Adolphe.  Born  at 
Vouziers,  Ardennes,  April  21,  1828:  died  at 
Paris,  March  5, 1893.  A  distinguished  French 
historian,  philosopher,  and  critic.  He  graduated 
with  the  highest  honors  from  the  College  Bourbon  in 
Paris,  and  was  admitted  in  the  first  rank  to  the  Eoole 
Normale  in  1848.  He  maintained  this  high  standing 
throughout  his  course,  and  went  then  as  a  professor  into 
the  provinces.  He  soon  returned*  to  Paris.  Anxious  to 
broaden  his  knowledge  of  science,  he  took  a  three  years' 
course  in  medicine.  In  this  time  he  accumulated  an  ex- 
tensive fund  of  information,  and  wrote  a  series  of  articles 
that  brought  him  into  notice.  In  1853  he  took  his  doc- 
tor's degree  before  the  Faculty  of  Letters  in  Paris  :  as  a 
dissertation  he  presented  the  celebrated  "  Essai  sur  les 
fables  de  La  Fontaine."  Other  essays  by  Taine"  are  on 
Livy  (1864),  On  Carlyle  (v.  "  L'ld^alisme  anglais,"  1864), 
and  on  Stuart  Mill  (v.  ''Le  positivisme  anglais,"  1864). 
He  composed  also  a  volume  of  "  Essais  de  critique  et 
dTiistoire  "  (1857),  and  another  entitled  "  Nouveaux  essais 
de  critique  et  d'histoire  "  (1865).  In  1864  he  accepted  the 
chair  of  esthetics  at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts.  His  course 
of  lectures  appeared  as  *'Lld6al  dans  I'art"  (1867).  Other 
works  of  the  same  nature  are  "Philosophic  de  I'art" 
(1866),  "id.  en  Italie"  (1868),  "id.  daua  les  PaysBas" 
(1868).  His  personal  experiences  and  impressions  about 
men  and  things  both  at  home  and  abroad  are  related  in 
his  "Voyage  aux  Pyr6n6es  "  (1855),  "Voyage  en  Italie" 
(1866),  "  Notes  sur  Paris  ou  vie  et  opinions  de  M.  Fr6d6- 
ric-Thomas  Graindorge  "  (1867),  and  "Notes  sur  I'Angle- 
terre  "  (1872).  Lastly  came  the  series  of  brilliant  works 
that  have  chiefly  made  his  reputation.  These  are  "  Les 
philosophes  olassiques  du  XIXe  si^cle  en  France"  (1866), 
"Histoire  de  la  litt^rature  anglaise"  (1864-66),  "De  I'in- 
telligence  "(1870),  and  "  Les  origines  de  la  France  contem- 
poraine  "  (in  tliree  parts :  "  L'Ancien  regime,"  "La  revo- 
lution," "Le  regime  modeme"  (1875-90)).  The  Univer- 
sity of  Oxford  conferred  upon  Taine  the  honorary  degree 
of  LL.  D.  in  1871,  and  the  French  Academy  elected  him 
to  membership  Nov.  14, 1878. 

Tainos  (ti'nos).  [Prom  tairti,  chiefs  (the  name 
which  they  gave  to  themselves).]  The  ancient 
Indian  inhabitants  of  the  island  of  Haiti.  Their 
number  is  conjectural,  but  all  accounts  agree  that  the 
island  was  very  populous.  They  are  described  as  a  race 
of  agriculturists,  going  nearly  naked,  and  living  in  small 
villages :  their  chiefs  had  little  power,  except  in  war.  The 
island  was  divided  among  several  tribes  or  subtribes,  in- 
habiting districts  which  the  Spaniards  called  provinces. 
The  tribes  in  the  central  and  eastern  districts  were  more 
warlike  than  the  others,  perhaps  from  admixture  of  Carib 
blood.  Those  of  the  northern  coast  were  very  friendly  to 
Columbus  in  1492,  and  the  subsequent  uprisings  appear 
to  have  been  provoked  entirely  by  Spanish  cruelty.  Wars 
with  the  whites  and  the  slavery  to  which  they  were  re- 
duced soon  destroyed  the  tribes,  and  their  blood  js  seen 
only  in  the  mixed  races  of  the  Dominican  Republic.  The 
few  words  of  their  language  which  have  come  down  to  us 
show  that  they  belonged  to  the  Arawak  or  Haypure  stock. 

Tai-ping,  or  Taeping  (ti'ping'),  Bebellion. 
[Chinese,  from  t'ai,  a  form  of  to,  great,  and 
Xi'ing,  peace.]  The  great  rebellion  inaugurated 
in  southern  China  in  1850  by  one  Hung-siu- 
tsuen,  who,  calling  himself  the  "Heavenly 
Prince,"  pretended  that  he  had  a  divine  mis- 
sion to  overturn  the  Manchu  dynasty  and  set 
up  a  purely  native  dynasty,  to  be  styled  the 
T'ai-pHng  Chao,  or  '  Great-peace  Dynasty.'  As 
the  cue  had  been  imposed  (about  1644)  upon  the  Chinese 


Tai-ping  Be1}ellion 

by  the  MaDchns  as  an  outivard  expression  ol  loyalty  to  the 
Tatar  dynasty,  the  Taipings  discarded  the  cue,  and  hence 
were  styled  by  the  Chinese  Ch'ang-mm-Ueh,  or  'long- 
haired rebels.'  Hung-siu-tsuen  also  promulgated  a  kind 
of  spurious  Christianity,  in  which  God  (Shangti)  was 
known  as  the  "  Heavenly  Pather,"  and  Jesus  Christ  as  the 
"Heavenly  Elder  Brother."  The  insurrection  was  sup- 
pressed about  1864,  largely  with  the  aid  of  the  "Ever-vic- 
torious Army  "  underColonel  Gordon,  who  from  that  time 
became  known  as  "Chinese  Gordon." 

Taironas.    See  Tayrmas. 

Tais  (ta'is).  [Ar.  al-tats,  the  goat.]  The  third- 
magnitude  star  (5  Draconis.  Another  form  given 
on  some  maps  is  Jais. 

Tait  (tat),  Arcliibald  Campbell.  Bom  at  Edin- 
burgh, Dee.  22,  1811 :  died  Bee.  3,  1882.    An 

English  prelate.  He  was  educated  at  Glasgow  and  Ox- 
ford; became  head  master  of  Rugby  in  1842 ;  and  was  made 
dean  of  Carlisle  in  1850,  bishop  of  London  in  1856,  and 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1868.  He  wrote  "  Dangers 
and  Safeguards  of  Modern  Theology  "  (1861),  "Word  of  God 
and  the  Ground  of  Faith  "  (1863),  and  various  sermons  and 
charges. 

Tait,  Peter  Guthrie.  Bom  April  28, 1831 :  died 
July  4,  1901.  A  Scottish  mathematician  and 
physicist,  professor  of  natural  philosophy  in 
Edinburgh  University  1860-1901.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh,  and  at  Peterhouae,  Cambridge.  He 
made  important  investigations  in  electricity,  heat,  and 
light,  and  was  an  authority  on  quaternions.  He  wrote, 
with  Steele,  "  Dynamics  of  a  Particle " ;  with  Thomson 
(now  Lord  Kelvin),  a  "  Treatise  on  Natural  Philosophy  " ; 
and  with  Balfour  Stewart,  "  The  Unseen  tlniverse."  He 
also  wrote  "Properties  of  Matter,"  etc 

Taittiriyas  (Ut-ti-re'yaz).  [In  Skt.,  a  patro- 
nymic from  Tittiri:  'the  scholars  of  Tittiri.'] 
The  name  of  a  school  of  the  Yajurveda,  whence 
Taittiriyasanhita  as  a  name  for  the  Yajurveda 
itself  as  handed  down  in  the  text  of  this  school. 
The  Taittiriyas  have  also  a  pratishakhya,  a 
hrahmana,  an  aranyaka,  and  an  upanishad. 
Taiwan  (ti-wan' ).  l .  The  Chinese  name  of  For- 
mosa.—  2.  The  capital  of  Formosa,  and  a  treaty 
port,  situated  on  the  southwest  coast.  Popula- 
tion, estimated,  about  70,000. 
Tai-yuan  (ti-wan").  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Shansi,  China,  about  lat.  37°  54'  N. 
Tajak  (ta-zhak'),  or  Tajik  (ta-zhek').  A  name 
given  collectively  to  all  persons  of  Iranian  de- 
scent in  central  and  western  Asia. 
Taj-e-mah  (tazh'e-mah').  The.  ['Crown  or 
crest  of  the  moon.']  An  Indian  diamond  in  the 
Persian  collection  of  crown  jewels.  It  weighs 
146  carats. 
Taj  Mehal  (tazhme-hal')  ['  (Jem  of  buildings.'] 
The  famous  mausoleum  erected  at  Agra,  India, 
by  Shah  Jehau  for  his  favorite  wife,  it  stands 
on  a  platform  of  white  marble  18  feet  high  and  313  square, 
with  tapering  cylindrical  minarets  133  feet  high  at  the  an- 
gles. The  mausoleum  itself  is  in  plan  186  feet  square  with 
the  corners  cut  oif ;  it  consists  without  of  two  tiers  ofkeel- 
shaped  arches,  with  a  great  single-arched  porch  in  the  mid- 
dle of  each  side.  The  structure  is  crowned  by  a  pointed 
and  slightly  bulbous  dome,  58  feet  in  diameter  and  about 
210  in  exterior  height,  flanked  by  4  octagonal  kiosks.  The 
interior  is  occupied  by  4  domed  chambers  in  the  comers, 
and  a  large  arcaded  octagon  in  the  middle,  all  connected 
by  corridors.  In  the  central  chamber  stand  two  cenotaphs 
inclosed  by  a  remarkable  openwork  rail  in  marble.  No  light 
is  admitted  to  the  interior  except  through  the  delicately 
pierced  marble  screens  which  fill  all  the  windows.  The 
decoration  is  enriched  by  admirable  mosaic  inlaying  in 
stone  of  flower-motives  and  arabesques,  much  of  it  in 
agate,  bloodstone^  and  jasper.  Also  Taj  Mahal. 
Tajo.  The  Spanish  name  of  the  Tagus. 
Tajurrah  (ta-j8'ra).  A  seaport  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  Africa,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Tajur- 
rah. 
Tajurrah,  GrUlf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Gulf  of 
Aden,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa,  about  lat. 
11°  40'  N.  A  part  of  its  coast  now  belongs  to 
France. 

Taka  (ta'ka).  A  region  near  Kassala,  in  the 
eastern  Sudan,  Africa. 

Takala  (ta-ka'la),  or  Tekele  (ta-ka'le).  A  re- 
gion in  eastern  Sudan,  south  of  Kordofan  and 
west  of  the  White  NUe. 

Takao  (ta-ka-6').  A  treaty  port  in  Formosa, 
situated  on  the  southwestern  coast  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  Taiwan. 

Takelma  (ta-kel'ma),  or  Takilma  (ta-kil'ma). 
[Their  own  name  for  themselves.]  A  tribe 
which  constitutes  the  Takilman  stock  of  North 
American  Indians.  It  formerly  occupied  seventeen 
villages  extending  along  the  south  side  of  upper  Eogue 
River,  Oregon,  from  the  valley  of  Illinois  Creek  on  the 
west  to  Deep  Eock  in  Curry  County.  There  were  27  sur- 
vivors In  1884  on  the  Siletz  reservation  in  western  Oregon. 
Sometimes  called  Eogue  Eiver  Indians  and  Upper  Eogue 
Eiver  Indians  (see  Athapasean).  See  TakUman. 
Takiang  (ta-kyang').  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  river  Sikiang  (or  Sekiang),  in  southern 
China. 

Takilma,    See  Takelma. 

Xakilman  (ta-kil'man).  A  linguistic  stock  of 
North  American  Indians.     Its  former  habitat  was 


975 

the  upper  part  of  Rogue  Eiver,  along  the  south  side, 
through  Jackson,  Josepliine,  and  Curry  counties,  Oregon. 
It  consists  of  hut  one  tribe,  the  Takelma. 

Takovo  (ta-ko'vo).  A  village  near  Rudnik, 
south  of  Belgrad,  Servia:  the  scene  of  the  up- 
rising of  the  Servians  under  MUosh  Obrenovitch 
against  Turkish  rule. 

Taku  (tak'o).  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians living  about  Taku  Lake  and  Inlet,  Alaska 
and  British  Columbia. 

Taku  Forts.  Fortifications  at  the  month  of  the 
river  Peiho,  China,  which  guard  the  approach 
to  Tientsin  and  Peking.  They  were  taken  by 
the  English  and  French  forces  May  23, 1858,  and 
Aug.  21,  1860,  and  by  the  allies  June  17,  1900. 
Also  Peiho  Forts. 

TakuUi  (ta-kul'i),  or  Carrier.  Aconfederacy  of 
the  northern  division  of  the  Athapasean  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  found  along  and 
near  Fraser  Eiver,  British  Columbia.  See  Atkci- 
pascan. 

Talamanca  (tal-a-man'ka).  A  region  on  the 
eastern  or  Caribbean  side  of  Costa  Eica,  south 
of  Puerto  Limon  and  extending  from  the  coast 
to  the  central  Cordillera.    See  Talamancas. 

Talamancas  (ta-la-man'kas).  Indians  of  Costa 
Eica,  in  the  district  called  Talamanca  (which 
see) .  The  name  is  loosely  used  for  several  tribes  of  dif- 
ferent race  who  have  taken  refuge  in  this  region  and  still 
retain  their  independence.  The  true  Talamancas  appear 
to  be  distantly  allied,  by  their  language,  to  the  ancient 
Chibchas  of  New  Granada.  They  are  said  to  be  sun-wor- 
shipers. 

Talanta  (ta-lan'ta),  Channel  of.  The  north- 
western portion  of  the  sea  passage  which  sepa- 
rates Euboea  from  the  mainland  of  Greece. 

Talaut  (ta-louf)  Islands,  or  Salibabo  (sa-le- 
ba'bo)  Islands.  A  group  of  small  islands 
northeast  of  Celebes  and  south-southeast  of  the 
Philippines,  about  lat.  4°  N.,  long.  127°  E.  It 
is  under  Dutch  control. 

Talaver  a  de  la  Reina  (ta-la-va'ra  da  la  ra'e-na) . 
A  town  in  the  province  of  Toledo,  Spain,'  situ- 
ated on  the  Tagus  44  miles  west  of  Toledo:  the 
ancient  Tala  Briga.  It  manufactures  earthenware. 
Near  it,  July  27-28, 1809,  the  allied  English  and  Spanish 
army  under  Wellington  and  Cuesta  defeated  the  Erench 
under  King  Joseph.    Population  (1887),  10,497. 

Talbot  (tai'bcjt),  Catherine.     Born  in  1720: 

died  1770.  An 'English  writer.  She  was  the  lifelong 
friend  of  Dr.  Johnson,  and  imitated  his  manner.  She  wrote 
No.  30  of  the  "  Eambler,"  and  was  the  correspondent  of 
Elizabeth  Carter :  their  letters  were  published  in  1809. 
She  also  wrote  "  Reflections  on  the  Seven  Days  of  the 
Week " (published  after  her  death,  1770),  "Essays  "(1772), 
etc.  A  collective  edition  of  her  works,  published  by  Eliza- 
beth Carter,  has  gone  through  many  editions. 

Talbot,  Charles,  twelfth  Earl  and  first  Duke 
of  Shrewsbury.  Born  1660 :  died  Feb.  1,  1718. 
An  English  statesman.  He  was  one  of  the  noblemen 
who  invited  the  Prince  of  Orange  to  England  in  1688 ;  was 
secretary  of  state  1689-90  and  1694 ;  under  Queen  Anne  was 
lord  chamberlain  and  ambassador  to  France ;  was  made 
lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  in  1713 ;  and  as  lord  high 
treasurer  in  1714  secured  the  succession  of  the  house  of 
Hanover  by  proclaiming  George  I.  He  was  created  duke 
of  Shrewsbury  in  1694,  but  had  no  successor  in  the  duke- 
dom. ' 

Talbot,  John,  first  Earl  of  Shrewsbury.  Bom 
about  1873 ;  killed  at  the  battle  of  Castillon, 
Prance,  July,  1453.  An  English  general.  He  was 
lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  under  Henry  V.;  and  fought 
with  distinction  in  France.  He  was  taken  prisoner  at  Patay 
by  Joan  of  Arc  in  1429.  He  was  created  earl  of  Shrews- 
bury in  1442,  receiving  in  addition  the  title  of  earl  of  Wex- 
ford and  Waterford  in  1446. 

Talbot,  Lying  Dick.  A  nickname  given  to  Tyr- 
connel. 

Talbot,  Silas.  Bom  at  Dighton,  Mass.,  1751 : 
died  at  New  York,  June  30, 1813.  An  American 
naval  officer.  He  served  on  the  Hudson,  the  Delaware, 
and  near  Newport  in  the  Revolution ;  captured  several 
British  prizes ;  was  member  of  Congress  from  New  York 
179?-95 ;  and  commanded  the  Constitution  in  the  war  with 
France. 

Talbot,  'William  Henry  Fox.  Born  Feb.  11, 
1800 :  died  at  Laycoek  Abbey,  Wiltshire,  Sept. 
17,  1877.  An  English  inventor  and  antiquary, 
best  known  from  hisdiscoveries  in  photography. 
He  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  in  1821. 
About  1839,  contemporaneously  with  Daguerre,  he  dis- 
covered photography.  In  1841  he  made  known  the  calo- 
type  process  discovered  by  him.  In  1838-39  he  published 
"  Hermes,  or  Classical  and  Antiquarian  Researches. "  He 
was  among  the  first  to  decipher  the  cuneiform  inscriptions 
of  Nineveh.    In  1846  he  published  "  English  Etymologies. " 

Talca  (tal'ka).  1.  A  province  in  Chile,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  35°  30'  S.  -Area,  3,678  square 
miles.  Population  (1894),  162,001.-2.  The 
capital  of  the  province  of  Talca,  situated  on 
the  Claro  135  miles  south-southwest  of  San- 
tiago.   Population  (1885),  23,432. 

Talcahuano  (tal-ka-wa'no).  A  town  and  an 
important    seaport    of    southern    Chile,     on 


Talismano,  II 

Talcahuano  Bay  8  miles  north-northwest  of 
Coneepcion.  Population,  about  6,000. 
Tale  of  a  Tub,  A.  1 .  A  comedy  by  Ben  Jonsou, 
licensed  in  1633.  Fleay  assigns  the  date  of  its  first 
performance  to  1601,  on  account  of  the  meter.  It  was  al- 
tered just  before  it  was  licensed,  and  was  played  in  this 
shape  in  1634,  and  printed  in  the  folio  edition  of  1640. 
2.  A  satire  by  Swift,  written  about  1696,  but 
not  printed  till  1704. 

In  the  wonderful  allegory  of  the  "  Tale  of  a  Tub,"  in 
which  the  corruptions  and  failings  of  the  English,  Roman, 
and  Presbyterian  churches  were  ridiculed  in  the  persons 
of  Jack,  Peter,  and  Martin,  Swift  displayed  at  an  early 
age  his  exuberant  wit  and  surpassing  satirical  power. 

Tuekerman,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  p.  172. 

Tale  of  the  Two  Brothers,  The.  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

In  another  Egyptian  story,  called  "The  Tale  of  the  Two 
Brothers,"  a  lock  of  hair  from  the  head  of  a  beautiful 
damsel  is  carried  to  Egypt  by  the  river,  and  its  perfume  is 
so  ravishing  that  the  king  despatches  his  scouts  through- 
out the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land,  that  they  may 
bring  to  him  theowner  of  this  lock  ol  hair.  She  is  found, 
of  course,  and  she  becomes  his  bride.  In  these  tales  we 
have  apparently  the  germ  of  Cinderella. 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  223. 

Tale  of  Two  Cities,  A.  A  novel  by  Charles 
Dickens.  It  first  appeared  serially  in  "All  the 
Year  Round  "  between  April  and  Nov.,  1859. 

Tales  in  'Verse.  A  poetical  work  by  Crabbe, 
published  in  1812. 

Tales  of  a  Grandfather.  A  collection  of  his- 
torical stories  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published 
in  four  series  1827-30. 

Tales  of  a  Traveler.  A  work  by  Washington 
Irving,  published  in  1824. 

Tales  of  a  "Wayside  Inn.  A  series  of  poems 
by  Longfellow,  published  in  1868. 

Tales  of  my  Landlord.  A  collective  name  for 
four  series  of  the  Waverley  novels  by  Scott. 
The  first  series  comprised  "Old  Mortality"  and  "The 
Black  Dwarf";  the  second,  "The  Heart  of  Midlothian"; 
the  third,  "The  Bride  of  Lammermoor"  and  "A  Legend 
of  Montrose  " ;  and  the  fourth,  "Count  Robert  of  Paris  " 
and  "Castle  Dangerous." 

Tales  of  the  Crusaders.  A  collective  name 
for  "  The  Talisman"  and  " The  Betrothed"  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Tales  of  the  Genii.  A  series  of  tales  pub- 
lished by  James  Ridley  in  1764,  under  the  pseu- 
donym of  Sir  Charles  Morell,  as  a  translation 
from  the  Persian  of  "Horam  the  Son  of  As- 
mar."    See  Ahudah. 

Tales  of  the  Hall.  A  work  in  verse  by  Crabbe, 
published  in  1819. 

Tales  of  the  Irish  Peasantry,  A  work  by 
Mrs.  Hall,  published  in  1840. 

Talfourd  (tai'ferd).  Sir  Thomas  Noon.  Bom 
at  Doxey,  near  Stafford,  England,  Jan.  26, 1795 : 
died  at  Stafford,  March  13,  1854.  An  English 
jurist,  dramatic  poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer. 
As  member  of  Parliament  he  advocated  the  International 
Copyright  Bill.  In  1849  he  became  judge  of  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas.  His  best-known  work  is  the  classical 
tragedy  "  Ion  "  (produced  1836).  His  other  plays  include 
"Athenian  Captive"  (1838),  "  Glencoe "  (1840),  "The  Cas- 
tilian"  (1853).  He  published  also  "Life  and  Letters  of 
Lamb  "  (1837),  "Final  Memorials  of  Charles  Lamb  "  (1849- 
1860),  travels,  a  history  of  Greek  literature,  etc. 

Taliesin  (tal'i-sin).  A  Cymric  bard  said  to 
have  lived  in  the  6th  century.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  the  school-fellow  of  Gildas  at  Llanveithin  in  Glamor- 
gan, to  have  been  seized  by  Irish  pirates  when  young, 
and  to  have  escaped  by  using  his  wood  en  shield  for  a  boat, 
and  floating  into  the  fishing-weir  of  the  son  of  tjrien, 
who  made  him  his  foremost  bard.  He  followed  his  chief 
to  battle,  and  sang  his  victories.  The  songs  are  his  authen- 
tic poems.  It  is  also  said  that  he  died  in  Cardiganshire, 
anci  was  buried  near  Aberystwith.  Many  of  the  poems 
handed  down  as  his  are  of  later  origin.  The  "Eomance 
or  Book  of  Taliesin,"  included  in  the  "  Mabinogion,"  is  not 
older  than  the  13th  century.  Ehys  connects  him  with  the 
sun  myth.    Also  Taliessin. 

In  the  last  section  I  spoke  of  the  Sun-god  in  the  person 
of  a  mythic  judge :  we  have  now  to  discuss  a  Welsh  story 
which  makes  him  a  great  bard  and  poet  bearing  the  well- 
known  name  of  Taliessin.  It  is  convenient  to  follow  the 
long-established  custom  of  speaking  of  certain  Welsh 
poems  as  Taliessin's,  and  of  a  manuscript  of  tlie  13th  cen- 
tury in  which  they  are  contained  as  the  Book  of  Taliessin. 
Those  poems  represent  a  school  of  Welsh  bardism,  but 
we  know  in  reality  nothing  about  their  authorship ;  and 
the  personality  of  Taliessin  is  as  mythic  as  that  of  Gwy- 
dion  and  Merlin,  both  of  whom  have  also  been  treated  as 
the  authors  of  Welsh  verse.  The  name,  however,  of  Tal- 
iessin, viewed  in  this  light,  has  an  interest  far  surpassing 
even  that  of  Merlin.        Bjiys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  644. 

Talisman  (tal'is-man),  The,  A  novel  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  published  in  1825.  The  scene  is 
laid  in  Palestine  during  the  reign  of  Richard  I. 
of  England. 

Talismano  (ta-lez-ma'no),  II.  [It., ' The  Talis- 
man.'] An  opera  by  Balfe  (finished  by  Macfar- 
ren),  first  produced  at  London  in  1874.  The 
words  were  English,  founded  on  Scott's  "Talis- 
man," and  afterward  translated  into  Italian. 


Talita 

Talita  (ta'lf-ta) .  [Ar.  al-thalitha,  the  third  verte- 
bra: the  name  is  supposed  to  refer  to  some  an- 
cient Oriental  constellation.]  The  third-mag- 
nitude double  star  t  Urste  Majoris,  in  the  Bear's 
right  fore  paw.  The  name  is  often  written  Ta- 
litha. 
Talkative  (tft'ka-tiv).  A  character  in  Bun- 
yan's  "  Pilgrim's  Progress." 
Talladega  (tal-a-de'ga).  The  capital  of  Talla- 
dega County,  Alabama,  80  miles  north  by  east 
of  Montgomery.  It  is  the  seat  of  Talladega  Col- 
lege. Population  (1900),  2,661. 
Tallahassee  (tal-a-has'e).  The  capital  of  Flor- 
ida and  of  Leon  County,  situated  about  lat. 
30°  26'  N.,  long;  84°  18'  W.  Population  (1900), 
2j9ol. 

Tallahatchie  (tal-a-hach'i).  A  river  in  north- 
em  Mississippi  which  unites  with  the  Yallo- 
busha  to  form  the  Yazoo.  Length,  over  200 
miles ;  navigable  about  half  its  length. 
Tallapoosa  (tal-a->p6'sa).  A  river  in  Georgia 
and  Alabama  which  unites  with  the  Coosa  to 
form  the  Alabama  northeast  of  Montgomery. 
Length,  nearly  250  miles ;  navigable  about  40 
mUes. 

Tallard  (ta-lar'),  Due  de  (Camille  d'Hostun). 
Bom  1652 :  died  1728.  A  marshal  of  Prance. 
He  defeated  the  ImperialistB  at  Speyer  in  1703 ;  and  was 
totally  defeated  and  taken  prisoner  at  Blenlieim  in  1704, 
He  was  minister  of  state  under  Fleury. 


976 

Paris,  Jan.  15,  1763 :  died  there,  Oct.  19,  1826. 
A  famous  French  tragic  actor.  He  was  educated 
in  England,  and  made  his  d^but  in  the  Th£&tre  f  rancais  at 
Paris  in  1787.  In  Uie  small  rflle  of  Procnlus  in  Voltaire's 
"  Brutus  "  he  first  Introduced  on  the  French  stage  the  cus- 
tom of  wearing  the  costume  of  the  period  represented  in 
the  play.  The  reform  was  soon  adopted.  His  first  great 
triumph  was  in  the  part  of  Charles  IX.,  in  Ch^nier's  tra- 
gedy of  that  name,  in  1789.  Among  his  parts  were  Othello 
(Duels),  C^sar,  Oreste,  Aohille,  N6ron,  Cinna,  etc.  He  wrote 
"KMexiona  sur  Lekain  et  sur  I'art  th^&tral"(1825).  He 
was  a  friend  of  Kapoleon  as  general,  consul,  and  emperor. 

Talma,    Madame    (Mademoiselle    Vanhove). 

Bom  at  The  Hague,  1771:  died  in  1860.     A 

French  actress,  wife  of  Talma. 
Talmage  (tal'maj)^  Thomas  De  Witt,  Bom 

near  Bound  Brook,  N.  J.,  Jan.  7, 1832 :  died  at 
Washington.  D.  C,  April  12,  1902.  An  Amer- 
ican Presbyterian  clergyman.  He  was  educated 
at  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York  and  the  New 
Brunswick  (New  Jersey) Theological  Seminary ;  was  pastor 
of  Reformed  Dutch  churches  at  BellevUle  (New  JerseyX 
Syracuse,  and  Philadelphia ;  and  was  pastor  of  the  Central 
I^esbyterian  Church  in  Brooklyn  1869-94,  and  of  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Washington  1895-99.  His  church 
known  as  the  Brooklyn  Tabernacle  was  built  1870,  burned 
1872,  rebuilt  1873-74,  burned  1889,  again  rebuilt  on  a  new 
site,  and  a^ain  burned  May,  1894.  He  has  edited  the  "  Chris- 
tian at  Work,"  "The  Advance,"  "Frank  Leslie's  Sunday 
Magazine,"  etc.  Among  his  works  are  "Crumbs  Swept 
Up"  (1870),  "Abominations  of  Modern  Society"  (1872), 
"Around  the  Tea-Table"(1874),  "Mask  Torn  Off"  (1879), 
"  The  Brooklyn  Tabernacle :  a  Collection  of  104  Sermons 
(1884),  "The  Marriage  Ring"  (1886),  etc. 


TTir»™3%ii.  „J;;r/t,i'rr=T^  .  w  tsi   Talmud  (tal'mud).   [FromHeb.?ama^,toleam 

^*^J^?^*^5*f/'^i^???^ri^.;^«  ir^',,^V^^^^^^   -Xdy,^  doctrine.]      The  monumental  work 

a-ron  _pa-re-gor  ),  Charles  _Maunce  de,   ^w„i,  ^'„^t.„.ir,=  ti,i  .TBwisb  t™,,iit,inT>fl.i  or  oral 


Prince  de  B6n6vent.  Bom  at  Paris,  Feb.  13, 
1754:  died  at  Paris,  May  17,  1838.  A  famous 
French  statesman  and  diplomatist.  He  was  edu- 
cated for  the  church ;  became  an  abh^,  and  a  general  agent 
of  the  French  clergy ;  was  appointed  bishop  of  Autun  in 
1788 ;  was  chosen  deputy  to  the  States-General  in  1789 ; 
urged  the  clergy  to  join  with  the  third  estate ;  became  noted 
as  a  financier  and  leader  in  the  Constituent  Assembly ;  pro- 
posed the  confiscation  of  church  property  Oct.  10, 1789 ; 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  f  6te  of  the  Champ  de  Mars 
July  14,  1790 ;  was  excommunicated  by  the  Pope  in  1791 ; 
and  made  a  report  in  favor  of  national  education  in  Sept., 
1791.  He  was  envoy  in  England  in  1792 ;  was  obliged  to 
leave  England  lor  the  United  States  in  1794 ;  returned  to 
Paris  in  1796 ;  became  a  member  of  the  Institute  ;  was  ap- 
pointedminister  of  foreign  affairs  July,1797  (resigned  1799) ; 
was  one  of  the  chief  instruments  in  preparing  the  way  for 
the  coup  d'etat  of  the  18th  Brumaire,  1799 ;  was  reappointed 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  by  Bonaparte  in  1799 ;  took  a 
leadingpart  in  n  egotiating  the  treaties  of  Lun^ville,  Amiens, 
Presburg,  and  Tilsit,  together  with  the  Concordat,  and  was 
one  of  the  chief  agents  employed  in- the  establishment  of  the 
Confederation  of  the  Rhine ;  was  made  Prince  of  B^n^vent 
in  1806 ;  resigned  in  1807 ;  quarreled  with  Napoleon  in  1809 ; 
opposed  Napoleon's  Russian  and  Spanish  policy ;  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons ;  became 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  1814  under  Louis  XVIII. ;  was 
plenipotentiary  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna,  and  by  his 
tact  secured  the  territorial  integrity  of  France;  was 
minister  of  foreign  affairs  July-Sept.,  1815 ;  took  part  in 
the  revolution  of  1830 ;  was  ambassador  in  London  1830- 
1834  ;  and  formed  the  Quadruple  Alliance  in  18S4.  His  cor- 
respondence with  Louis  XVni.  was  edited  by  PuUain  in 
1880.  His  memoirs  (the  publication  oj  which  before  1890 
was  prohibited  by  will)  appeared  under  the  editorship  of 
the  Buc  de  Broglie  in  1891,  and  have  been  translated  into 
English  by  Mrs.  A.  HaU  (1891-92). 

Tallien  (ta-lyan'),  Jean  Lambert.  Bom  at 
Paris,  1769:  died  Nov.  16, 1820.  A  French  revo- 
lutionist. He  was  connected  with  the  Paris  "Moniteur"; 
edited  the  "Ami  des  Citoycns"  in  1791 ;  was  secretary  of 
the  Revolutionary  commune  after  Aug.  10, 1792 ;  was  elected 
deputy  to  the  Convention  in  1792 ;  was  a  prominent  Jacobin 
and  the  agent  of  the  "  Terror  "  in  Bordeaux ;  took  the  lead 
in  overthrowing  Robespierre  on  the  9th  Thermidor,  1794  ; 


which  contains  the  Jewish  traditional  or  oral 
laws  and  regulations  of  life  explanatory  of 
the  written  law  of  the  Pentateuch  as  applied 
to  the  various  and  varying  conditions  and 
circumstances  of  life,  and  developed  by  logi- 
cal conclusions,  analogies,  and  combination  of 
passages.  To  a  lesser  degree  the  Talmud  contains  com- 
ments on  the  historical,  poetical,  and  ethical  portions  of 
the  Scriptures,  in  a  homiletical  spirit.  This  latter  part 
is  called  Hagada  or  Agada  (from  imgad,  to  say,  make 
known  —  narrative,  tale),  while  the  former,  or  legislative, 
part,  which  comprises  all  the  rules  of  life,  is  called  Hala- 
eha  (from  halach,  to  go,  walk  — the  path  or  way  of  life  as 
ruled  and  governed  by  the  law).  The  Talmud  may  be  ex- 
ternally divided  into  the  Mishnah  and  Gemara.  The  re- 
lation of  one  to  the  other  is  that  of  exposition  to  thesis. 
The  Mishnah  gives  a  simple  statement  of  a  law  or  precept ; 
the  Gemara  presents  the  discussion  and  debate  on  it.  The 
authors  of  the  Mishnah  are  called  Tenaim  (doctors); 
they  were  preceded  by  the  Sophervm  (scribes).  The  activ- 
ity of  the  Tenaim  began  in  the  time  of  the  Maccabees,  and 
their  rules  and  decisions,  nearly  4,000  in  number,  were 
codified  and  arranged  according  to  subjects  (see  under 
Mishnah)  by  Rabbi  Judah  I.  (patriarch  190-220  A.  D.).  The 
authors  of  the  Gemara  are  called  Atnoravm  (from  amar,  to 
say —  speakers).  The  discussions  of  the  Amoraim  in  the 
schools  of  Palestine(especially,in  Tiberias)  were  codified  in 
the4th  century  A.  ]>.  m  the  Jerusalem  Talmud ;  the  discus- 
sions of  the  Amoraim  of  the  schools  of  Babylonia  were  codi- 
fied in  the  course  of  the  5th  and  6th  centuries  A.  D.  in  the 
Babylonian  Talmud.  The  chief  redactors  were  Rab  Ashi, 
principal  of  the  school  of  Sora  375-427,  and  Rabbina,  head 
of  the  same  academy  473-499.  The  Mishnah  is  composed 
in  Hebrew  ("post-Biblical,"  or  "New  Hebrew"),  the  Ge- 
mara mainly  in  Aramean.  Neither  the  Jerusalem  nor  the 
Babylonian  Talmud  contains  the  complete  Gemara  to  the 
entire  Mishnah.  But  the  Babylonian  Talmud  is  about 
four  times  as  voluminous  as  that  of  Jerusalem,  The 
Babylonian  Talmud  obtained  greater  popularity  and  au- 
thority among  the  Jews  than  that  of  Jerusalem,  and  is 
always  meant  when  the  Talmud  is  spoken  of  without  a 
qualification.  Its  63  tracts  are  usually  printed  in  12  folio 
volumes  on  2,947  pages.  The  Mishnah  is  besides  sepa^ 
rately  printed  in  6  volumes,  according  to  its  division  into 
6  orders  or  sedarim  ;  and  also  the  portions  of  the  Hagada 
under  the  title  of  Ain  Yakob.  See  Agada^  Amoraim, 
Qenrnra,  Mishnah, 

:_:  ;■"■"  ;  [Gr.  Tffl?.6f.]  l.  in  Greek  le- 
gend, an  inventor,  nephew  of  Daedalus  by  whom 


he  was  slain.     See  Dsedalus. — 3.  A  man  of 
brass,  constructed  by  HephsBstus  for  Minos  to 


was  a  member  of  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  and  a     „,^„,^,„  ^.„ 

leading  thermidorian  1794-95 ;  and  was  a  member  of  the  nilTno  "ffi'^n'Ct 
Council  of  Five  Hundred.  He  was  with  Napoleon  in  Egypt,  A**"?  v"*  i"=; 
and  later  was  consul  in  Alicante. 

Tallien,  Madame  de.  See  CMmay,  Princesae  de. 

Tallis,  or  Tallys,  or  Talys  (tal'is),  Thomas.  ,. .,    .  ,,    » ^^  ,^ 

Born  kbout  1515:  died  Nov.  23, 1585.    An  Eng-    S^ard  the  island  of  Crete.  ,,,        ^     ,     , 

lish  composer,  called  "the  father  of  English  Talus  (ta'lus).    An  ironman,  the  attendant 
cathedral  music."  He  was  organist  of  Waltham  Abbey    oi  Artegal:  a  character  m  Spenser's  "Faene 
and  latergentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal  and  music-printer.     C^ueene."   Lompare  laios,  i. 
His  works  include  "Service  in  the  Dorian  Mode,"  "Lit-  TamauacS  (ta-mS-naks'),  or  TamauacaS  (ta- 
"  etc.  _      ,       .         _  ma-na'kas).    Indians  of  Venezuela,  south  of 


very  numerous  and  powerful,  they  are  now  reduced  to  a 
few  thousands ;  some  of  them  are  partly  civilized,  while 
others,  in  the  interior,  retain  their  independence.  The 
Tamanacs  belong  to  the  Carib  linguistic  stock.  The  Chay- 
mas  of  Barcelona  (state  of  Bermudez)  are  closely  related 
to  them.    Also  written  Tanumadks,  Tamanaques,  etc. 


Tailmadge    (tal'maj),    Benjamin.     Bom    at    ^^^  Lower  Orinoco  (state  of  BoUvarj.  Formerly 
Brookhaven,  N.Y.,Feb.  25, 1754:  diedatLitch-  -  ■--  -      -. 

field,  Conn.,  March  7, 1835.  An  American  Rev- 
olutionary officer  and  politician.  He  captured  a 
band  of  Tories  at  Lloyd's  Neck  (Long  Island),  Sept.,  1779, 
and  captured  Fort  George  (Oyster  Bay,  Long  Island),  1780. 

He  had  the  custody  of  Andr6  in  1780.    From  1801  to  1817  . 

he  was  Federalist  member  of  Congress  from  Connecticut.  TamanieD  (ta-ma-ne-eb  ).     A  village  near  Bua- 

Tallmadge,  Frederick  Augustus.    Born  at 
Litchfield,  Conn.,  Aug.  29,  1792 :  died  there, 

Sept.  17,  1869     An  American  lawyer  and  poii-    «- ™-  ^tT-ma^l^l).    A  borough  in  Schuyl- 
*'?^??-'Ji^°l?±'il?^°i??i^^fr;„H5  was Wh.g  \.ii  ^l^^^^^  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Lit- 
tle Schuylkill  Eiver  34  miles  north  of  Reading. 


kim,  Sudan.  Near  it,  March  13, 1884,  occurred  a  battle 
between  the  British  forces  under  Graham  and  the  Mah 
dists  under  Osman  Digma. 


member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1847-49.  As  recorder 
of  New  York  city  he  had  an  important  part  in  suppressing 
the  Astor  Place  riots  in  1849. 


It  is  a  coal-mining  center.     Pop.  (1900),  7,267. 


Tallyho  (tal'i-ho'),  Sir  Toby.  A  roistering  Tamar  (ta'mar).  1.  A  river  on  the  border 
character  in  Poote's  play  "The  Englishman  of  Cornwall  and  Devonshire,  England,  which 
returned  from  Paris."  empties  into  Plymouth  Sound  above  Plymouth. 

Talma  (tal-ma'),  FraUQOis  Joseph.    Bom  at    Length,  about  50-60  miles.— 2.   One  of  the 


Taming  of  the  Shrew,  The 

principal  rivers  of  Tasmania,  flo-?ring  northward 
into  Bass  Strait. 

Tamaroa.    See  Illinois. 

Tamatave  (ta-ma-tav'),  A  seaport  on  the  east- 
em  coast  of  Madagascar,  in  lat.  18°  10'  S.,  long. 
49°  28'  B.  It  is  the  chief  commercial  center  of 
the  island.    Population,  10,000. 

Tamaulipas  (ta-mou-le'pas).  A  frontier  state  of 
Mexico,  bordering  on  Texas,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
and  the  states  of  Coahuila,  Nuevo  Leon,  San 
Luis  Potosl,  and  Vera  Cruz,  its  surface  is  low  in 
the  east,  and  diversified  in  the  west.  Capital,  Gindad  Victo- 
ria. Area,  about  31,500  square  miles.  Population  (189S), 
204,206. 

Tamaya.    See  Santa  Ana. 

Tambelan  (tam-ba-ian')  Islands.  A  group  of 
small  islands  west  of  Borneo  and  east  of  Singa- 
pore, under  Dutch  control. 

Tamberlane.    See  Tambwlaine. 

Tamberlik  (tam-ber-lek'),  Enrico.  Bom  at 
Rome,  March  16, 1820 :  died  at  Paris,  March  15, 
1889.  A  noted  Italian  tenor  singer.  He  made  his 
first  appearance  at  Naples  in  1841,  and  in  England  in  I860, 
where  he  sang  with  success  for  twenty -four  years.  In  1857 
he  sang  in  America.  His  later  years  were  passed  in  Madrid 
as  a  manufacturer  of  arms. 

Tamboff  (tam-bof).  1.  A  government  of  cen- 
tral Russia,  surrounded  by  the  governments  of 
Vladimir,  Nijni-Novgorod,  Penza,  Saratofl,  Vo- 
ronezh, ()rel,  Tula,  and  Ryazan.  The  surface  is 
undulating  or  level.  The  chief  export  is  com.  Area,  26,- 
710  square  miles.  Population  (1890),  2,860,800. 
3.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Tamboff, 
situated  on  the  Tsna  about  lat.  52°  45'  N. 
Population  (1890),  40,876. 

Tamburlaine  (or  Tamberlane)  the  Great,  or 
the  Scythian  Shepherd  and  the  Scourge  of 
Grod.  A  tragedy  in  two  parts,  by  Marlowe,  acted 
in  1587,  and  entered  on  the  "Stationers'  Regis- 
ter" and  printed  in  1590.  it  is  his  earliest  play,  and 
the  first  in  which  blank  verse  was  introduced  on  the  public 
stage. '  See  Tamerlane  and  Ti/imir. 

Mr.  C.  H.  Herford  and  Mr.  A.  "Wagner  have  investigated 
the  authorities  from  which  Marlowe  drew  his  conception 
of  Tamburlaine's  character  and  history.  They  show,  at 
some  length,  and  at  the  cost  of  considerable  research,  that 
Marlowe  was  indebted  to  the  lives  of  Timur  by  Pedro 
Mexia  the  Spaniard  andPetrus  Perondinus.  Mexia's  "Silva 
de  varia  lecion,'*  published  at  Seville  in  1543,  obtained 
great  popularity,  and  was  translated  into  Italian,  French, 
and  English.  The  English  translation,  known  as  Fortes- 
cue's  "The  Foreste,"  appeared  in  1571 ;  and  there  can  be 
little  doubt  but  that  the  book  was  an  early  favourite  of 
Marlowe's.  Bv]Xen,  Introd.  to  Marlowe's  Works,  p.  xxii. 
The  subject  of  "Tamburlaine,"  ...  if  we  would  ex- 
press it  in  the  simplest  way,  is  a  mere  lust  of  dominion, 
the  passion  of  "a  mighty  hunter  before  the  Lord"  for  sov- 
ereign sway,  the  love  of  power  in  its  crudest  shape.  This, 
and  this  alone,  living  and  acting  in  the  person  of  the  Scy- 
thian shepherd,  gives  unity  to  the  multitude  of  scenes 
which  grow  up  before  us  and  fall  away.  .  .  .  There  is  no 
construction  in  "Tamburlaine."  Instead  of  two  plays 
there  might  as  well  have  been  twenty,  if  Marlowe  could 
have  found  it  in  his  heart  to  husband  his  large  supply  of 
kings,  emperors,  soldans,  pashas,  governors,  and  viceroys 
who  perish  before  the  Scourge  of  God,  or  had  he  been  able 
to  discover  empires,  provinces,  and  principalitieB  with 
which  to  endow  a  new  race  of  riilers.  The  play  ends  from 
sheer  exhaustion  of  resources. 

Oowaen,  Transcripts  and  Studies,  p.  44. 

Tame  (tam).  A  small  river  in  central  England 
which  joins  the  Trent  northeast  of  Lichfield. 

TamegO  (ta-ma'go).  A  river  in  northern  Portu- 
gal and  Spain  which  joins  the  Douro  20  miles 
east  of  Oporto.    Length,  about  90  miles. 

Tamera  (tam'e-ra).  An  ancient  name  of  Lower 
Egypt. 

Tamerlane.    See  limur. 

Tamerlane  (tam-6r-lan').  A  play  by  Eowe, 
produced  in  1702.  Tamerlane,  though  supposed  to  he 
the  Timur  (Tamburlaine)  of  Marlowe's  play,  is  made  a 
calm  philosophic  prince,  with  poetical  allusion  to  William 
III.,  so  that  it  was  played  for  many  years  on  the  4th  and 
5th  of  Nov.  J  the  anniversaries  of  the  birth  and  of  the  land- 
ing of  WiUiam  III.  Handel  composed  the  music  for  a  li- 
bretto by  Piovene,  called  Tamerlano :  it  was  produced  in 
London  in  1724. 

Tamesis  (tam'e-sis).  The  Latin  name  of  the 
Thames. 

Tamiahua  (ta-me-a'wa).  Lake  of.  A  lagoon 
on  the  coast  of  the  state  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico, 
immediately  south  of  Tampico.  Length,  nearly 
100  miles.    Also  written  Tamiagua. 

Tamils  (tam'ilz).  [Also  Tamuls :  a  Tamil  name.] 
A  race  inhabiting  southern  India  and  Ceylon, 
belonging  to  the  Dravidian  stock.  The  Tamils 
form  the  most  civilized  and  energetic  of  the 
Dravidian  peoples. 

Tamina  (ta  me-nS,).  A  small  streaminthe  can- 
ton of  St.  Gall,  Switzerland,  which  joins  the 
Rhine  near  Ragatz:  noted  for  its  romantic 
scenery. 

Taming  of  the  Shrew,  The.  A  comedy  by 
Shakspere,  produced  in.l603  and  printed  in  1623 : 
altered  from  "  The  Taming  of  a  Shrew"  printed 
in  1594.    The  earlier  play  was  not  by  Shakspere,  but  bj 


Taming  of  the  Shrew,  The 

some  one  else  (Marlowe  and  Kyd  have  been  suggested) 
for  Pembroke's  company  in  1688-89.  The  version  altered 
by  Shakspere  was  by  Lodge  (.Fleay).  See  Eatherine  and 
Pctruchio,  Cobbler  of  Preeton,  Suie  a  Wife  and  flace  a 
Wife,  and  The  Honeymoon,  all  of  which  are  more  or  less 
based  on  this  play. 

Tamise  (til-mez').  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  province  of  East  Flanders,  Belgium,  situ- 
ated on  the  Sehelde  20  miles  north-northwest 
of  Brussels.    Population  (1890),  11,039. 

Tammany  Hall  (tam'a-ni  hai').  [From  the 
conventional  spelling  oi  the  name  of  a  sachem 
of  the  Delaware  Indians  who  sold  land  toWilliam 
Penn.  In  the  aboriginal  tongue  his  name  means 
'  the  Affable,'  and  tradition  credits  him  with 
being  a  lover  of  peace ;  further  than  this,  the 
legends  and  adventures  attached  to  his  name 
are  the  invention  of  members  of  different 
American  societies  which  held  May-day  fes- 
tivals in  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania  before 
and  after  the  Revolution,  and,  adopting  the  sa- 
chem as  their  patron  saint,  commonly  described 
themselves  as  "Sons  of  St.  Tammany."]  ,  A 
New  York  political  organization,  having  its 
headquarters  in  Tammany  Hall,  the  property  of 
the  "  Tammany  Society  or  Columbian  Order." 
The  latter  was  founded  in  New  York  city  on  May  12, 1789, 
with  benevolent  and  fraternal  purposes.  In  general  op- 
position to  the  Federalists  the  Tammany  Society  became 
identified  with  the  Eepublicans  {now  the  Democratic 
party),  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  campaign  of  1800, 
which  resulted  in  the  choice  of  Thomas  Jefferson  for 
President.  In  1805  the  society  was  incorporated.  While 
adhering  to  its  original  character  as  a  secret  social  organi- 
zation, with  a  governing  council  of  sachems  and  ^  ritual 
with  aboriginal  flavor,  the  Tammany  Society  grew  in  public 
influence,  and  in  1811  built  the  original  Tammany  Hall 
at  Frankfort  street,  fronting  the  City  Hall  Park.  Since 
then  a  local  political  party,  favored  by  a  majority  of  the 
members  of  the  Tammany  Society,  has  always  had  Its 
headquarters  in  the  home  of  the  Society,  and  has  been 
popularly  known  as  "Tammany  Hall" — the  present  hall, 
erected  in  1867,  being  on  14th  street,  between  Irving  Place 
and  Third  Avenue.  Although  in  theory  the  Tammany 
Hall  General  Committee  has  no  relation  to  the  Tammany 
Society  save  as  tenant  of  the  latter'a  edifice,  in  practice 
they  are  co()rdinate  branches  of  one  political  system,  the 
Society  being  in  effect  the  citadel  of  the  controlling  spirits 
of  the  Tammany  Hall  party.  Tammany  Hall  purports  to 
be  the  regular  Democratic  organization  of  the  city  and 
county  of  New  York,  though  that  claim  has  often  been 
contested.  By  means  of  a  highly  organized  system  of 
Tammany  clubs  and  assembly-district  associations.  It  has 
usually  held  a  paramount  place  in  city  politics.  In  1893, 
Tammany  Hall,  controlled  virtually  by  one  man,  was  in 
possession  of  every  important  ofiioe  and  avenue  of  public 
employment  pertaining  to  the  luunicipal  administration. 
It  was  overthrown  1894,  regained  power  1897,  and  was 
again  overtiu^own  1901. 

Tammerfors  (tam'mer-fors).  A  manufactur- 
ing town  in  the  government  of  Tavastehus,  Fin- 
land, 105  miles  north-northwest  of  Helsingfors. 
Population  (1890),  20,489. 

Tammuz  (tam'uz).  [Heb.]  1.  The  fourth  ec- 
clesiastical and  tenth  civil  month  of  the  Hebrew 
year.  It  corresponds  to  part  of  June  and  part 
of  July. —  2.  A  Syrian  deity,  the  same  as  the 
Phenioiau  Adon  or  Adonis,  in  whose  honor  a 
feast  was  held  every  year,  beginning  with  the 
new  moon  of  the  month  Tammuz.  He  was 
identical  with  the  Assjrro-Babylonian  Du'uzu 
or  Dumuzu.    Also  Thammuz.    See  Adonis. 

Tam  o'  Shanter  (tam  6  shan't^r).  A  famous 
poem  by  Robert  Burns. 

Tamoyos  (ta-mo'yos).  [Tupi  tamuya,  a  grand- 
father or  ancestor:  hence  'the  ancient.']  A 
powerful  tribe  of  Indians  who  at  the  time  of  the 
conquest  dominated  the  Brazilian  coast  from 
Cape  Frio  to  Ubatuba  (Rio  de  Janeiro  and  Sao 
Paulo).  They  were  a  branch  of  the  great  Tupi  stock. 
They  repeatedly  attacked  the  Portuguese  settlements  of 
Sao  Vicente  and  Santos,  and  by  their  alliance  with  the 
French  colonists  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  enabled  the  latter  to 
maintain  their  position  until  1567.  As  a  tribe  they  have 
long  been  extinct. 

Tampa  (tam'pa).  A  seaport,  capital  of  Hills- 
borough County,  Florida^  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  Hillsborough  River  in  Tampa  Bay,  in  lat. 
27°  57'  N.     Population  (1900),  15,839. 

Tampa  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  (xuif  of  Mexico, 
on  the  western  coast  of  Florida.  Length,  about 
40  miles. 

Tampico  (tiim-pe'ko).  A  seaport  in  the  state 
of  Tamaulipas,  Mexico,  situated  on  the  Panuco, 
near  the  (Julf  of  Mexico,  in  lat.  (of  lighthouse) 
22°  16'  N. ,  long.  97°  49'  W.  It  has  important  com- 
merce with  the  United  States  and  Europe.  Population 
(1894),  9,885. 

Tamraparni  (tam-ra-par'ne).  [Skt.:  tamra, 
dark-red,  copper-colored,  and  parna,  leaf: 
having  dark-red  leaves,  or  "copper-leaf,  most 
probablv  from  the  color  of  the  soil  in  the  isl- 
and" (E.  Muller,  Pali  Grammar,  p.  132).]  1. 
The  Sanskrit  name  of  a  town  in  Ceylon,  and 
then  of  the  island:  the  Greek  Taprobane. — 2. 
A  river  in  southern  India. 

0.— 62 


077 

Tamsui  (tam-sb'e).  A  seaport  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Formosa,  China,  it  was  bombarded  by  the 
French  Oct.  2-3, 1884 ;  and  near  it  occurred  other  combats 
between  the  French  and  Chinese  in  the  same  month. 

Tamuz.    See  Tammuz. 

Tamworth  (tam'werth).  A  town  in  Stafford- 
shire and  Warwickshire,  England,  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Tame  and  Anker,  13  miles 
northeast  of  Birmingham.  It  has  an  ancient  castle, 
which  was  the  principal  residence  of  the  kings  of  Mercia. 
Formerly  a  parliamentary  borough,  it  was  represented  by 
Sir  Robert  Peel  from  1833  until  his  death.  Population 
(1891),  6,814. 

Tam3rras  (ta-mi'ras),  orDamuras  (da-mii'ras). 
[Gr.  Ta/j.i>pac,  Aa/iovpac'}  Inaneient  geography, 
a  river  of  Phenicia,  between  Sidon  and  Bery- 
tus :  the  modern  Nahr-ed-Damur. 

Tana-Elv  (ta'na-elf).  A  river  in  northern  Nor- 
way, and  on  the  boundary  between  Norway 
and  Russia,  which  flows  into  the  Tana-Fjord. 
Length,  about  180  miles. 

Tana-Fjord.  An  inlet  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  on 
the  extreme  northern  coast  of  Norway.  Length, 
about  40  miles. 

Tanagra  (tan'a-gra).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
town  of  Bosotia,  Greece,  situated  near  the  Aso- 
pus  24  miles  north-northwest  of  Athens,  a  vic- 
tory was  gained  here,  in  457  B.  C,  by  the  Spartans  over  the 
Athenians  and  their  allies.  Its  extensive  necropolis  has 
made  this  obscure  town  famous,  for  from  it  came  about 
1874  the  first  of  the  terra-cotta  figurines  which  drew  at- 
tention to  the  interest  and  charm  of  antiquities  of  this 
class.  Such  figurines,  previously  ignored ,  have  since  been 
eagerly  sought  and  found  in  great  quantities,  not  only  at 
Tanagra,  but  upon  a  great  number  of  sites  in  all  parts  of 
the  Greek  world.  Those  from  Tanagra,  despite  ancient 
animadversions  on  Boeotian  taste,  still  hold  the  palm  for 
elegance  and  artistic  quality. 

Tanaim  (ta-na'im),  or  Tanaites.  [From  Ara- 
mean  tena,  to  learn  and  to  teach :  '  teachers, 
doctors.']  The  name  applied  among  the  Jews 
to  the  rabbis  or  teachers  of  the  law  in  the  Mish- 
nic  period  (10-220  A.  D.) ;  the  authors  of  the 
Mishnah,  as  opposed  to  the  Amoraim,  the 
authors  of  the  Gemara.     See  under  Talmud. 

Tanais(ta'na-is).     1.  The  ancient  name  of  the 

'  Don,  Russia.' —  2.  An  ancient  Greek  colony  near 
the  head  of  Lake  Mseotis,  near  the  site  of  the 
modern  Azofl,  Russia. 

Tananarive  (ta-na-na-re'v6),  or  Antananari- 
vo (an-ta-na-na-re'v6).  The  capital  of  Mada- 
gascar, situated  in  the  interior,  about  lat.  19°  S. 
It  contains  the  royal  palace's  and  many  buildings  in  the 
European  style.    Population,  estimated,  about  100,000. 

Tanao[1lil  (tan'a-kwil).  In  Roman  legend,  the 
wife  of  Tarquinius  Prisons,  king  of  Rome. 

TanaOLUill  (tan'a-kwil).  A  British  princess. 
Spenser  uses  the  name  with  reference  to  Queen  Elizabeth 
in  the  "Faerie  Queene." 

Tanaro  (ta-na'ro).  A  river  in  northwestern 
Italy :  the  ancient  Tanarus.  It  rises  in  the  Ligurian 
Alps,  flows  past  Asti  and  Alessandria,  and  empties  into  the 
Po  li  miles  northeast  of  Alessandria.  Length,  about  130 
miles. 

Tancred  (tang'kred).  Died  at  Antioeh,  1112. 
One  of  the  chief  heroes  of  the  first  Crusade, 
1096-99.  He  was  the  son  of  Otho  the  Good  and  Emma, 
sister  of  Robert  Guiscard.  He  joined  the  omsading  army 
under  his  cousin,  Boheraund  of  Tarentum,  son  of  Robert 
(Juiacard.  He  distinguished  himself  at  the  taking  of  Nice 
and  Tarsus,  the  siege  of  Antloch,  the  capture  of  Jerusalem, 
and  the  battle  of  Ascalon.  He  became  prince  of  Galilee 
and  later  of  Bdessa.  His  virtues  and  achievements  are 
celebrated  in  Tasso's  "Jerusalem  Delivered." 

Tancred.  Died  1194.  King  of  Sicily,  illegiti- 
mate son  of  Roger,  duke  of  Apulia.  He  was 
crowned  king  1190,  and  contended  for  his  throne 
with  Henry  VI.  of  Germany. 

Tancred  and  Gismnnda.  A  tragedy  originally 
written  in  rime  by  five  gentlemen,  probably 
members  of  the  Inner  Temple,  it  was  acted  there 
in  1668,  and  was  republished  in  1572  by  Robert  Wilmot, 
the  author  of  the  last  act.  The  edition  was  put  into  blank 
verse.  It  is  remarkable  as  the  oldest  English  play  extant 
the  plot  of  which  is  known  to  be  taken  from  an  Italian 
novel. 

Tancr^de  (ton-krad').  A  play  by  Voltaire,  pro- 
duced in  1760. 

Tancredi  (tan-kra'de).  An  opera  by  Rossini, 
first  produced  at  Venice  in  1813  and  at  Lon- 
don in  1820. 

Taney  (ta'ni),  Roger  Brooke.  Bom  in  Calvert 
County,  Md.,  March  17,  1777:  died  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,Oct.  12, 1864.  An  American  jurist. 
He  became  a  leading  lawyer  in  Maryland,  and  a  Federalist 
politician;  was  made  attorney-general  of  Maryland  in  1827; 
was  a  prominent  supporter  of  Andrew  Jackson  ;  was  Unit- 
ed States  attorney-general  1831-33 ;  became  secretary  of 
the  treasury  in  1833  (Congress  not  being  in  session),  and 
removed  the  deposits  from  the  United  States  Bank,  but  was 
rejected  by  the  Senate  in  1834 ;  was  nominated  for  associ- 
ate justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1835,  but  was  rejected 
by  the  Senate ;  and  was  confirmed  as  chief  justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  in  1836.  His  most  noted  decision  was  that 
in  the  "Dred  Scott  Case  "  (which  see)  in  1867. 


Tannhauser 

Tanganyika  (tan-g;an-ye'ka),  Lake.  A  lake  in 
eastern  central  Africa,  extending  from  about  lat. 
3°  15'  S.  to  8°  45'  S. :  the  longest  fresh-water 
lake  in  the  world,  its  outlet  is  the  Lukuga,  which  flows 
into  the  Kongo.  It  was  discovered  by  Burton  and  Speke 
in  1858,  and  has  been  explored  by  Livingstone,  Cameron, 
Stanley,  Thomson,  Wissmann,  and  others.  Length,  410 
miles.  Area,  estimated,  12,650  square  miles.  Height  above 
sea-level,  2,6£0  feet. " 

Tanger.    See  Tangier. 

Tangermlinde  (tang'er-miin-de).  Atowninthe 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Tanger  with  the  Elbe,  30  miles 
northeast  of  Magdeburg.  Population  (1890), 
7,4]9. 

Tangier  (tan-jer'),  or  Tangiers  (tan-jerz'),  F. 
Tanger  (ton-zha'),  G.  Tanger  (tan'ger),  native 
Tanja  (tan'ja).  A  seaport  of  Morocco,  sit- 
uated on  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar  in  lat.  35° 
47'  N.,  long.  5°  49'  W. :  the  Roman  Tingis. 
It  is  the  principal  center  of  commerce  in  Morocco ;  has 
important  trade  with  Europe ;  and  is  the  residence  of 
consuls  and  the  diplomatic  corps  sent  to  Morocco.  It 
was  the  capital  of  the  Roman  province  of  Tingitana; 
came  into  the  possession  of  the  Portuguese  in  the  15th 
century ;  was  ceded  to  England  on  the  marriage  of  Catha- 
rine of  Braganza  with  Charles  II.  in  1662  ;  and  was  aban- 
doned to  the  Moors  in  1684.  It  was  bombarded  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1790,  and  by  the  French  in  1844.  Population, 
estimated,  20,000. 

Tangier  (tan-jer')  Island.  An  island  of  Vir- 
ginia, situated  in  Chesapeake  Bay  southeast  of 
the  mouth  of  the  Potomac. 

Tanglewood  Tales,  The.  A  series  of  tales  by 
Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  published  in  1853. 

Tanis  (ta'nis).    See  Zoan. 

Tanit  (ta'nit).  A  Phenioian  goddess.  With 
Baal,  Hammon,  and  Eshmun  she  formed  the  supreme 
triad.    Her  symbol  was  the  solar  disk  with  a  crescent. 

Tanitic  (ta-nit'ik)  Branch.     A  northeastern 
■  mouth  of  the  Nile,  which  was  silted  up  in  an- 
cient times. 

Tanjore  (tan-jor').  l.  A  Mahratta  state  in 
southern  India,  founded  in  the  17th  century. 
It  came  under  British  rule  about  1800. — 2.  A 
district  in  Madias,  British  India,  intersected  by 
lat.  11°  N.,  long.  79°  E.  Area,  3,709  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  2,228,114.-3.  The  capital 
of  the  district  of  Tanjore,  situated  on  an  arm 
of  the  Kaveri  about  lat.  10°  47'  N.,  long.  79°  10' 
E.  It  has  important  manufactures,  and  is  noted  as  a  lit- 
erary and  religious  center.  It  was  once  a  princely  resi- 
dence. The  Great  Pagoda  is  a  stately  Dravidian  temple, 
dating  from  the  14th  century.  The  shrine  measures  82 
feet  square,  and  rises  in  two  vertical  stages  with  windows 
and  engaged  columns,  upon  which  rests  the  great  Vimana 
pyramid,  with  13  stages,  and  a  domical  crowning  190  feet 
above  the  ground.  The  whole  is  covered  with  rich  or- 
namentation, in  which  a  fan-shaped  detail  and  figure- 
sculpture  are  conspicuous.  Before  the  shrine  is  a  some- 
what low  closed  porch,  from  which  an  avenue  of  columns 
leads  to  the  Bull  Shrine,  a  low  flat-roofed  columned  pa- 
vilion in  which  is  the  noted  colossal  bull  statue.  The  in- 
closure  which  contains  the  temple  is  250  by  500  feet ;  be- 
sides the  buildings  described,  it  contains  several  other 
notable  shrines,  and  has  a  monumental  sculptured  gopura 
or  gate.    Population  (1891),  54,390. 

Tann  (tan),  Von  der  (in  full:  Baron  Ludwig 
Samson  von  und  zu  der  Tann-Rathsam- 
hausen).  Born  at  Darmstadt,  June  18,  1815 : 
died  at  Meran,  April  26, 1881.  A  Bavarian  gen- 
eral. He  served  in  the  Schleswig-Holstein  war  of  1848- 
1850  and  against  Prussia  in  1866 ;  was  commander  of  the 
1st  Bavarian  army  corps  in  the  Franco-German  war ;  and 
commanded  independently  on  the  Loire.  He  was  defeated 
at  Coulmiers  Nov.  9, 1870. 

Tanna  ( tan'na) .  An  island  of  the  New  Hebrides, 
Pacific  Ocean. 

Tannahill  (tan'a-hil),  Robert.  Bom  at  Pais- 
ley, Scotland,  June  3,  1774:  committed  sui- 
cide May  17, 1810.  A  Scottish  poet.  Among 
his  best-known  lyrics  are  "  The  Flower  of  Dun- 
blane" and  "Gloomy  Winter  's  noo  awa'." 

Tannenberg  (tan'nen-bero).  A  village  in  the 
province  of  East  Prussia,  Prussia,  14  miles 
south  of  Osterode.  Here,  in  1410,  the  Polish  and 
Lithuanian  army  defeated  and  broke  the  power  of  the 
Teutonic  Order. 

Tannhauser  (tan'hoi-zer).  [MHG.  Der  Tan- 
Mser.'i  A  Middle  High  German  lyric  poet  of 
the  13th  century.  He  belonged  to  the  Salzburg  family 
of  Tanhusen.  From  about  1240  to  1270  he  led  a  wander- 
ing life  in  which  he  lived  at  the  Bavarian,  Austrian,  and 
other  courts,  and  visited  the  far  East.  He  was  a  minne- 
singer  and  the  writer,  particularly,  of  dance-songs.  A 
German  ballad  of  the  16th  century  has  preserved  the 
memory  of  the  historical  Tannhauser.  This  first  describes 
his  parting  with  Lady  Venus,  with  whom  he  has  been  for 
a  year  in  the  Venusberg.  He  makes  a  visit  of  penance  to 
Rome  and  asks  for  absolution,  but  Pope  Urban,  who  holds 
a  dry  staff  in  his  hand,  declares  that  as  little  as  the  staff 
can  grow  green,  so  little  can  he  have  God's  mercy.  In  de- 
spair he  goes  away.  On  the  third  day  after,  the  staff, 
however,  begins  to  bud,  and  the  Pope  sends  out  in  search 
of  him ;  but  he  has  gone  back  to  Venus  in  the  mountain. 
The  legend  of  Tannhauser  is  the  subject  of  the  opera  of 
the  same  name  by  Richard  Wagner. 


Tannhauser 

Tannhauser  und  der  Sangerkrieg  auf  Wart- 

■burg.  An  opera  by  Wagner,  founded  on  the 
legend  of  Tannhauser,  produced  at  Dresden  in 
1845,  and  in  England  in  1876. 

Tano  (ta'no),  or  Tahano,  or  Thano.  [From 
<inj»,a  Tiguaword  signifying  'men,' '  Indians.'] 
A  tribal  division  of  the  Tanoan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  which  formerly  occupied  a 
number  of  pueblos  in  the  vicinity  of  Galisteo, 
20  miles  south  of  Santa  F6,  New  Mexico,  it  was 
almost  destroyed  as  a  tribe  in  tlie  Pueblo  revolt  of  1680. 
Tlie  remnants  are  settled  with  the  Tigna  and  Tewa. 
See  Tanoan. 

Tanoan  (tan'yo-an),  or  Enaghmagh.  A  linguis- 
tic stock  of  North  American  Indians,  which 
embraces  the  Tewa,  Tano,  Tigua,  Jemez,  and 
Piro,  divisions  which  speak  more  or  less  closely 
allied  dialects  and  inhabit  various  communal 
pueblos  or  villages  in  the  main  and  tributary 
valleys  of  the  Rio  Grande,  in  New  Mexico,  Texas, 
and  Chihuahua,  as  well  as  one  of  the  Tasayan 
villages,  Arizona.    Number,  3,300. 

Tanta,  or  Tantah  (tan'ta).  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Gharbiyeh,  Egypt,  situated  in  the 
Delta  72  miles  southeast  of  Alexandria.  It  is 
the  seat  of  important  fairs  and  festivals.  Pop- 
ulation (1897),  57,300. 

Tantalam  (tan-ta-lam')  Island.  An  island  in 
the  Gulf  of  Siam,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the 
Malay  Peninsula,  intersected  by  lat.  7°  30'  N. 
Length,  40  miles. 

Tantallon(tan-taron) Castle.  AcastleinHad- 
dingtonshire,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  North 
Sea  near  North  Berwick:  now  in  ruins.  It  was 
a  stronghold  of  the  Douglas  family. 

Tantalus  (tan'ta-lus).  [Gr.  TdjTffi^f.]  In  Greek 
mythology,  a  son  of  Zeus  and  Pluto,  and  father 
of  Pelops  and  Niobe :  king  of  Mount  Sipylus  in 
Lydia.  For  revealing  the  secrets  of  the  gods  he  was 
condemned  to  stand  in  Tartarus  up  to  his  chin  in  water 
under  a  loaded  fruit-tree,  the  fruit  and  water  retreating 
whenever  he  sought  to  satisfy  his  hunger  or  thirst.  From 
his  name  is  derived  the  word  tantalize. 

Tantra  (tan'tra).  [Skt.,  'loom,  thread,  warp,' 
and  then  '  order  of  rites,  theory,  treatise.']  In 
Sanskrit  literature,  a  rejigious  treatise  teach- 
ing magical  formulas  for  the  worship  of  the  gods 
or  the  attainment  of  superhuman  power.  The 
Tantras  are  the  Bible  of  Shaktism  (see  Shafctas).  Like  the 
Puranas,  they  are  sometimes  called  a  fifth  Veda.  They 
are  also  known  as  Agama,  'that  which  has  come  down ' 
(also  applied  to  the  Brahmana  portion  of  the  Veda),  in  dis- 
tinction from  Nigama,  a  general  name  for  the  Vedas, 
Dharmashastras,  Puranas,  and  other  Smriti  literature. 
Their  authorship  is  sometimes  ascribed  to  Dattatreya,  who 
is  worshiped  as  an  Incarnation  of  Brahma,  Vishnu,  and 
Shiva ;  but  they  are  generally  thought  to  have  been  re- 
vealed by  Shiva  alone.  None  has  as  yet  been  printed  or 
translated  in  Europe.  They  are  said  to  number  64,  with- 
out counting  many  works  of  a  Tantrik  character.  They 
are  generally  written  In  the  form  of  a  dialogue  between 
Shiva  and  his  wife,  and  every  Tantra  ought  in  theory  to 
treat  of  five  subjects :  the  creation,  the  destruction  of  the 
world,  the  worship  of  the  gods,  the  attainment  of  super- 
human power,  and  the  four  modes  of  union  with  the  Su- 
preme Spirit  Whole  Tantras  treat  only  of  various  modes 
of  using  spells  for  acquiring  magical  power ;  others  simply 
describe  the  most  effectual  modes  of  worshiping  the 
Shaktis.  The  oldest  known  Tantra  cannot  antedate  the 
6th  or  7th  centuiyA.  D.  Full  as  they  are  of  doubtful  sym- 
bolism, and  tending  in  their  teaching  to  licentiousness, 
theyarenotall  necessarily  impure.  They  seem  connected 
with  a  distorted  view  of  the  Sankhya  philosophy  and  with 
some  corrupt  forms  of  Buddhism,  They  have  greatly  in- 
fluenced the  later  Buddhist  literature  of  Nepal.  There 
are  also  Vaishnava  Tantras,  such  as  the  Gautamiya  and 
the  Sanatkumara ;  but  even  in  these  Shiva  is  the  speaker 
and  his  wife  the  listener.  In  them  Eadha,  the  wife  of 
Krishna,  takes  the  place  of  Durga  as  the  chief  object  of 
worship. 

Taormina  (ta-or-me'na).  A  decayed  town  in 
the  province  of  Messina,  Sicily,  situated  on  the 
coast  31  miles  southwest  of  Messina:  the  an- 
cient Tauromenium.  It  has  a  castle  and  a  cathedral, 
and  is  noted  for  its  antiquities,  especially  for  its  very  fine 
theater,  of  Greek  foundation  hut  altered  by  the  Romans. 
This  important  ancient  city  was  founded  about  396  B.  c. 
It  was  often  besieged  and  taken.    Population  (1881),  2,888. 

Taos  (ta'os).  The  northernmost  of  the  Pueblo 
tribes  of  North  American  Indians,  occupying 
a  village  of  the  same  name  50  miles  northward 
from  Santa  P6,  on  the  Eio  de  Taos,  a  tributary 
of  the  Eio  Grande,  in  New  Mexico.  Number, 
409.    See  Tigua. 

TapajOS  (ta-pa-zhos'),  orTapajOSOS  (ta-pS-zho'- 
zos).  An  liidian  tribe  which,  in  the  16th  and 
17th  centuries,  occupied  the  territory  about  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Tapaj6s.  The  sites  of  their  vil- 
lages, which  were  large  and  close  together,  are  still  marked 
by  great  quantities  of  broken  pottery  strewn  over  the 
ground.  The  Tapajos  were  probably  of  Tupi  race.  Many 
of  them  were  enslaved ;  others  were  gathered  into  mis- 
sions, and  their  descendants  form  part  of  the  peasant  popu- 
lation of  the  same  region. 

Tapaj6s  (ta-pa^zhos')-  A  river  in  the  states  of 
Matto  Grosso  and  Par4,  Brazil,  it  is  one  of  the 
principal  southern  tributaries  of  the  Amazon,  which  it 


978 

joins  near  long.  54°  35'  W.  The  main  head  streams  are  the 
Arinos  (which  rises  near  the  source  of  the  Paraguay)  and 
the  Juruena.  Length,  with  the  Arinos,  nearly  1,100  miles ; 
navigable  by  steamboats  to  Itaituba,  160  miles ;  above  this 
there  are  numerous  rapids,  but  canoes  ascend  nearly  to 
the  source  of  the  Arinos.    Also  written  Tapajoz. 

Tapanecs.    See  Tepanecs. 

Tapes  (ta-pas').  Indians  of  the  Guarany  race 
who  formerly  occupied  much  of  the  territory 
between  the  rivers  ParanA  and  Uruguay,  ex- 
tending eastward  nearly  to  the  Atlantic.  Like 
the  Guaranys  proper  they  had  hardly  any  tribal  organiza- 
tion, and  probably  the  name  itself  was  loosely  used.  The 
Jesuits  had  some  of  their  largest  missions  among  these 
Indians.  Descendants  of  the  Tapes  form  a  large  portion 
of  the  country  population  of  Corrientes  and  Misiones,  part 
of  EntreRios,  northern  Uruguay,  and  southernRioGrande 
do  Snl.    See  Guaranys. 

Taphiae(ta'fi-e).  [Gr.  Ta^i'uv  u^croi.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  group  of  islands  west  of  Acarna- 
nia,  Greece,  corresponding  to  the  modem  Mega- 
nisi,  Kalamo,  etc. :  earlier  called  Telehoides. 

Tapia  (ta'pe-a),  Andr6s  de.  Bom  in  Spain 
about  1495 :  died  in  Mexico  after  1589.  A  Span- 
ish soldier.  He  was  a  nephew  of  Velasquez,  governor 
of  Cuba ;  joined  Cortes  in  1619 ;  took  a  prominent  part  in 
the  conquest  of  Mexico ;  and  subsequently  settled  at  Mex- 
ico (3ity,  where  he  held  high  civil  offices.  He  wrote  an  in- 
complete but  very  valuable  account  of  the  conquest,  which 
was  publish'ed  by  Icazbalceta  in  1866. 

Tapley  (tap'li),Mark.  A  characterin  Dickens's 
' '  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  "Martin's  servant  and  trav- 
eling companion,  a  light-hearted,  merry  fellow, 
who  takes  constant  credit  to  himself  for  being 

jolly  under  the  most  adverse  circumstances. 

Tappan  (tap'an),  Arthur.  Bom  at  Northamp- 
ton, Mass.,  May  22,  1786 :  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  July  23,  1865.  An  American  merchant 
and  philanthropist.  He  was  the  first  president 
of  the  American  Anti-Slavery  Society. 

Tappan,  Lewis.  Bom  at  Northampton,  Mass., 
May  23,  1788:  died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  June 
21,  1873.  An  American  merchant,  philanthro- 
pist, and  antislavery  advocate :  brother  of  Ar- 
thur Tappan.  He  was  a  leading  founder  of  the 
American  Missionary  Association. 

Tappan,  William  Bingham.  Bom  at  Beverley, 
Mass.,  Oct.  29,  1794:  died  at  "West  Needham', 
Mass.,  June  18,  1849.  An  American  poet.  He 
wrote"New  England,  and  other  Poems " (1819),  "Poetry 
of  the  Heart"  (1845),  "Sacred  and  Miscellaneous  Poems" 
(1846),  etc. 

Tappan  Bay,  or  Tappan  Sea.  [D.  Tappaan 
Zee.2  An  expansion  of  the  Hudson  Eiver,  in 
the  vicinity  of  Tarrytown  and  Sing  Sing,  New 
Tork.  Length,  about  12  miles.  Greatest  width, 
about  4  miles. 

Tappertit  (tap'er-tit),  Sim  or  Simon.  A  char- 
acter in  Dickens's  "Bamaby  Eudge."  He  is  a 
ridiculously  conceited  andpompous  apprentice,  very  proud 
of  his  figure,  and  in  love  with  Dolly  Yard  en.  He  is  after- 
ward concerned  in  the  "Gordon  riots." 

Taprobane  (tap'ro-ban).  A  fabulous  island  in 
the  dominion  of  Prester  John,  in  which,  ac- 
cording to  Mandeville,  there  are  huge  pismires, 
as  large  as  hounds,  that  guard  hills  of  gold,  and 
work  in  them,  finding  and  storing  the  pure  gold. 

Taprobane  (ta-prob'a-ne).  [Gr.  Tanpo^dvii,  Skt. 
Tamraparni:  see  Tdmraparni.J  The  ancient 
name  of  Ceylon. 

Tapti  (tap'te),  sometimes  Tuptee  (tiip'te).  A 
river  in  western  central  India  which  flows  into 
the  Gulf  of  Cambay  below  Surat.  Length,  about 
450  miles. 

Tapuya  stock  (ta-p8'ya  stok).  [Tu^i  tapuia, 
a  stranger:  first  applied  to  these  Indians  as  a 
term  of  dislike  or  reproach.]  Aname  given  by 
many  ethnologists  to  the  Crens  (which  see). 
On  the  Amazon  the  name  Tapuya  is  now  used 
for  any  Indian. 

Tara  (ta'rS,).  A  place  in  County  Meath,  Ireland, 
21  miles  northwest  of  DubHn.  it  was  famous  in  the 
early  history  of  Ireland  as  a  royal  residence.  In  1843  it 
was  the  scene  of  a  large  mass-meeting  in  favor  of  repeal 
of  the  Union. 

The  assembly  of  Tara  was  held  at  the  beginning  of  No- 
vember, every  third  year,  and.  .  .  was  a  sort  of  parliament 
at  which  all  the  nobles  and  principal  scholars  of  Erinn  met 
to  institute  new  laws,  or  to  renew  and  extend  old  ones, 
and  to  examine,  to  compare,  and  to  correct  the  national 
annals  and  history  of  the  country. 

O'Curry,  Ancient  Irish,  I.  1. 

Tarahumar  (ta-ra-ho-mar')-  [Adapted  from 
words  signifying  'foot-racers,'  in  allusion  to 
their  custom  of  Mcking  a  ball  in  racing.]  A  di- 
vision of  the  Piman  stock  of  North  American 
Indians,  embracing  the  Tarahumar,  Varohio, 
Guazapar,  Pachera,  and  Tubar  tribes,  its  habitat 
embraces  the  head  waters  of  the  principal  streams  in  the 
Sierra  Madre  of  Sonora  and  Chihuahua,  Mexico.  The  names 
of  nearly  all  their  settlements  terminate  in  the  locative 
form  chic.    Number,  estimated,  16,000.    See  Piman. 

Tarai  (ta-ri').  ['  Moist  land.']  1.  A  region  in 
India,  at  the  foot  of  the  Himalaya. —  2.  A  small 


Tarbat  Ness 

district  in  the  Northwest  Provinces,  Britisb 
India,  near  the  Himalaya. 

Taranc6n  (ta-ran-kon').  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Cuenca,  Spain,  situated  near  the  Ei4n- 
sares  46  miles  southeast  of  Madrid.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  5,066. 

Taranto  (ta-ran'to).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Lecce,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Taranto, 
and  the  Mare  Piccolo,  in  lat.  40°  25'  N.,  long.  17'> 
12'  E. :  the  ancient  Tarentum  or  Taras.  it  has 
considerable  commerce  and  fisheries.  The  chief  building 
is  the  castle.  (For  history,  see  Tarenlum.)  Population 
(1881),  26,240 ;  commune,  33,942. 

Taranto,  Duke  of.    See  Macdonald. 

Taranto,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, on  the  southern  coast  of  Italy :  the  an- 
cient Tarentinus  Sinus.  It  separates  the  so-called 
"heel"  of  the  peninsula  from  the  "toe,"  projecting  mto 
the  "  foot "  about  86  miles. 

Tarapaca  (ta-ra-pa-ka').  1.  A  maritime  prov- 
ince of  Chile,  situated  west  of  Bolivia  and  south 
of  Tacna:  noted  for  its  rich  nitrate  deposits. 
Capital,  Iquique.  it  was  seized  by  the  Chileans  in  1879, 
and  was  ceded  by  Peru  to  Chile  in  1883.  Area,  19,300  square 
miles.  Population  (1894),  48,638. 
3.  A  small  town,  the  former  capital  of  Tara- 
pacA,  situated  in  lat.  20°  3'  S.,  long.  69°  58'  W. 
On  Nov.  27,  1879,  a  Peruvian-Bolivian  force  defeated  the 
Chileans  near  this  place. 

Tarare  (ta-rar').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Ehone,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Turdine  22 
miles  northwest  of  Lyons.  It  is  the  center  of  a  large 
manufacturing  region,  turning  out  silk  plush,  velvet,  em- 
broidery, dyes,  muslin,  etc. ;  and  has  considerable  trade. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  12,387. 

Taras.     See  Tarentum. 

Taras  Bulba  (ta-ras'  bol'ba).  A  tale  of  the 
Cossacks,  by  Gogol,  it  appeared  in  its  first  form  in 
the  "  Evenings  at  the  Farm, "  but  was  rewritten  and  repub- 
lished. Taras  Bulba  is  a  type  of  one  of  those  fighting 
Cossack  chiefs  who  played  an  important  part  in  the  his- 
tory of  Poland,  and  later  in  the  history  of  Russia. 

Tarascans.    See  Tarascos. 

Tarascon  (ta-ras-k6n').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ari&ge,  France,  on  the  Arifege  5  miles 
south  of  Foix.  It  has  manufactures  of  iron. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  1,485. 

Tarascon.  Atown  in  the  department  of  Bouehes- 
du-Eh6ne,  France,  situated  on  the  Ehone  18 
miles  north  of  Aries :  the  Eoman  Taraseo.  it  it 
connected  by  bridges  with  Beaucaire  opposite.  The  Church 
of  Ste.  Marthe  and  the  castle  are  notable.  It  has  a  festival 
iu  honor  of  the  legendary  preservation  of  the  town  from  a 
monster  (Tarasque).    Population  (1891),  commune,  9,263. 

Tarascos  (ta-ras'kos),  or  Tarascans  (ta-ras'- 
kanz).  An  Indian  race  of  Mexico,  formerly  a 
powerful  nation  which  occupied  the  territory 
now  included  in  the  state  of  Michoacan.  Accord- 
ing to  tradition  they  came  from  the  north  about  ijie  time 
of  the  Aztec  migration,  establishing  their  capital  at  Tzin- 
tzontzan  on  the  Lake  of  Patzcuaro.  Their  language  was 
entirely  distinct  from  the  NahuatI,  forming  in  itself  a  lin- 
guistic stock.  They  were  quite  as  far  advanced  in  civili- 
zation as  the  Aztecs,  building  temples  and  houses  of  cut 
stone,  weaving  cotton  for  clothing,  and  using  a  very  com- 
plete  defensive  armor  in  war ;  their  calendar  was  similar 
to  that  of  the  Mexicans,  and  they  had  a  form  of  picture- 
writing,  no  specimen  of  which  has  been  preserved.  Hu- 
man sacrifices  were  made  to  their  gods  and  at  funerals. 
Their  chief  deity  was  Curicaneri,  said  to  have  symbolized 
the  sun.  Their  chiefs  (called  kings  by  the  Spaniards) 
were  elected  and  had  considerable  power.  The  Tarascos 
were  frequently  at  war  with  the  Aztecs,  and  were  never 
conquered  by  them.  They  submitted  without  resistance 
to  the  Spaniards ;  but,  notwithstanding  this,  Nufio  de  G  uz- 
man  tortured  and  killed  their  last  king,  Tangaxoan.  Un- 
der Hidalgo  they  were  the  first  to  revolt  against  the  Span: 
iards  in  1810,  thus  opening  the  war  for  independence,  in 
which  they  fought  bravely.  About  276,000  Tarascos  sur- 
vive, principally  in  Michoacan,  with  outlying  Tillages  iu 
Guerrero  and  Jalisco. 

Tarasp-Schuls  (ta-rasp'shols").  A  health-re- 
sort and  watering-place  in  the  Lower  Engadine, 
canton  of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  situated  on 
the  Inn  36  miles  east  of  Coire.  It  has  mineral 
springs. 

TarasCLUe  (ta-rask').  A  legendary  monster  that 
ravaged  the  neighborhood  of  Tarascon,  France. 
A  figure  of  him  is  carried  in  procession  at  a  festival  held 
annually  at  Beaucaire  and  at  Tarascon  to  celebrate  his  de- 
struction. 

Tarazed  (tar'a-zed).  [Ar.  sMMn  tdrdzed,  the 
soaring  falcon,  which  is  the  Persian  name  for  the 
constellation  Aquila.]  The  third-magnitude 
star  y  Aquilse.  4 

Tarazona  (ta-ra-tho'na).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Saragossa,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Queiles 
48  miles  northwest  of  Saragossa.  Population 
(1887),  8,588. 

Tarbagatai  (tar-ba-ga-ti').  A  range  of  moun- 
tains in  Asiatic  Eussia  and  on  the  borders  of 
Bi  (in  the  Chinese  empire),  about  lat.  47°-48°  N. 
Height,  about  10,000  feet. 

Tarbat  Ness  (tar'bat  nes).  A  cape  on  the  east* 
en^  coast  of  Scotland,between  Moray  Firth  and 
Dornoch  Firth. 


Tarbelli 

TarbelU  (tar-bel'i).  In  ancient  history,  a  peo- 
ple living  in  the  southwestern  extremity  of 
Aquitania,  in  Gaul. 

Taxbert  (tar'b6rt),"West  Loch,  An  inlet  of  the 
ocean,  on  the  western  coast  of  Argyllshire, 
Scotland,  north  of  Kintyre.  There  are  also  two 
lochs  (West  Loch  Tarbert  and  Bast  Loch  Tarliert)  on  the 
west  and  east  coasts  of  Harris,  Hebrides. 

Tarbes  (tarb).  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Hautes-Pyrdn^es,  France,  situated  on  the 
Adour^in  lat.  43°  14'  N.,  long.  0°  5'  E.  it  has 
manufactures  of  paper,  flax,  woolens,  machineiy,  etc.  The 

frincipal  buildings  are  the  cathedral  and  the  museum, 
ts  Jardin  Massey  is  notable.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  old 
county  of  Bigorre  ;  was  in  the  possession  of  the  English 
about  1360-1406 ;  and  suffered  severely  in  the  Huguenot 
wars.  Near  it  the  British  defeated  the  French  in  1814. 
Population  (1891),  25,087. 

Tarbox  (tar'hoks),  Increase  Niles.  Bom  at 
East  Windsor,  Conn.,  Feb.  11,  1815 :  died  at 
Newton,  Mass.,  May  3,  1888.  An  American 
Congregational  clergyman,  and  historical  and 
miscellaneous  writer:  secretary  of  the  Ameri- 
can College  and  Education  Society.  He  wrote 
"Nineveh"  (1884),  "Tyre  and  Alexandria" (1865),  "Life  of 
Israel  Putnam"  (1876),  "Sir  Walter  Ealeigh  and  his  Col- 
ony in  America"  (1884),  "Songs  and  Hymns  for  Common 
Life '  (1886),  etc. 

Tarentaise  (ta-ron-taz').  A  district  in  the  de- 
partment of  Savoie,  France,  in  the  upper  valley 
of  the  IsSre.  It  is  mountainous  and  pictur- 
esque. 

Tarentaise  Alps.  A  part  of  the  Graian  Alps  in 
Tarentaise,  southeastern  France.  The  highest 
point  is  the  Grande-Casse  (12,665  feet). 

Tarentinus  Sinus  (tar-en-ti'nus  si'nus).  The 
ancient  name  of  the  Gulf  of  Taranto. 

Tarentum  (ta-ren'tum).  The  ancient  and  me- 
dieval name  of  Taranto  (which  see),  in  south- 
ern Italy.  It  was  colonized  by  Sparta  about  705  B.  0. ;  be- 
came the  leading  city  of  Magna  Grsecia,  and  noted  for  wealth 
and  luxury  ;  was  at  war  with  the  Lucanians,  etc.,  in  the  4th 
century,  and  with  Rome  in  281,  aided  by  Pyrrhus ;  was  taken 
by  Some  in  272 ;  was  taken  by  Hannibal  in  212  (except  the 
citadel) ;  was  retaken  by  Fabius  in  209 ;  and  received  a 
£oman  colony  in  123.  In  the  middle  ages  it  passed  to  the 
Ooths,  Lombards,  Saracens,  and  Byzantine  Greeks,  and  in 
1063  to  the  Normans  under  Robert  Guiscard. 

Targovitz  (tar'go-vlts),  or  Targovitza  (tar-go- 
vit'sa).  A  small  town  in  the  government  of 
Kieff,  Eussia,  about  120  miles  south  of  KiefE. 
Targovitz,  Confederation  of.  A  union  of  cer- 
tain Polish  nobles,  formed  at  Targovitz  in  1792, 
in  opposition  to  the  constitution  of  1791. 
Targum  (tar'gum).  QAram.,' interpretation.'] 
The  name  applied  to  the  Chaldean  (i.  e.,  Ara- 
mean)  versions  of  the  Old  Testament.  They  devel- 
oped out  of  the  oral  translations  and  paraphrases  of  the 
passages  of  Scripture  read  in  the  synagogues :  a  custom 
which  probably  began  soon  after  the  return  of  the  Jews 
from  the  captivity.  The  most  popular  Targum  Is  that 
which  passes  under  the  name  of  Onkelos,  which  originated 
probably  in  the  3d  century  A.  P.  in  Babylonia :  the  name 
is  supposed  to  be  a  corruption  of  Aquila(Ak7los),  the  cele- 
brated convert  and  author  of  a  Greek  version  of  the  Old 
Testament,  to  whom  it  was  ascribed.  It  gives  in  general  a 
faithful  translation  of  the  Hebrew  text.  Another  Targum 
is  attributed  to  Jonathan  ben  Uzziel,  a  disciple  of  Hillel, 
which  is  more  free  in  its  rendering  of  the  original ;  while 
the  so-called  Jerusalem  Targum  ("  pseudo-Jonathan  ")  is 
more  of  a  homiletical  paraphrase  than  a  translation.  None 
of  these  Targums  is  in  its  present  shape  a  complete  trans- 
lation of  the  Old  Testament. 

Tarifa  (ta-re'fa).  A  seaport  and  fishing  town 
in  the  province  of  Cadiz,  Spain,  situated  on  the 
Strait  of  Gibraltar  in  lat.  36°  S.:  the  Punic 
Josa  and  Roman  Julia  Traducta.  it  occupies  the 
southernmost  point  of  the  continent  of  Europe.  The  Sar- 
acens under  Tarik  landed  there  in  711.  It  was  taken  by 
the  Castilians  in  the  end  of  the  13th  century  and  was  de- 
fended by  the  British  in  1812.    Population  (1887),  13,206. 

Tariff  of  Abominations.  In  United  States  his- 
tory, a  name  given  by  its  opponents  to  the  high 
tariff  act  of  1828. 

Tanja  (ta-re'na).  1.  A  department  in  south- 
eastern Bolivia,  bordering  on  the  Argentine  Ee- 
publie,  Paraguay,  and  Brazil.  The  eastern  part 
is  included  in  the  Gran  Chaco  (which  see) ;  the 
western  part  is  mountainous.  Area,  34,599 
square  miles.  Population(1893),  89,650.— 2.  The 
capital  of  the  department  of  Tarija,  200  miles 
south-southeast  of  Sucre.  Population,  about 
10,000. 

Tarik  (ta'rik).  Lived  in  the  first  part  of  the 
8th  century.  A  Saracen  general.  As  subordinate 
of  Musa,  the  governor  of  North  Africa,  he  led  the  invasion 
of  Spain ;  landed  at  Gibraltar ;  defeated  Roderick  near 
Xerez  de  la  Frontera  in  711 ;  and  conquered  Cordova,  To- 
ledo, etc.  He  aroused  the  jealousy  of  Musa,  and  was  over- 
thrown by  him  in  712. 

Tarim  (ta-rem').  A  river  of  Eastern  Turkestan, 
Chinese  empire,  which  fiows  easterly  into  Lake 
Lob  Nor.  It  is  supposed  to  receive  the  Aksu, 
Khoten,  etc.  Length,  estimated,  over  1,000 
miles. 


979 

Tarkhan  (tar-ohSn'),  Cape.  A  cape  at  the  west- 
em  extremity  of  the  Crimea,  Eussia. 
Tarleton  (tari'ton).  Sir  Banastre.  Bom  at 
Liverpool,  Aug.  il,  1754 :  died  Jan.  23, 1833.  An 
English  general,  notorious  in  the  Eevolution  for 
his  cruelty  as  a  partizan  commander  in  the  Caro- 
linas  (1780-81).  He  organized  the  "  British  Legion  "  of 
regulars  and  Tories ;  served  at  Camden ;  defeated  Sum- 
ter at  Fishing  Creek  and  was  defeated  by  him  at  Black- 
stock's  Hill  Nov.  20, 1780 ;  was  defeated  by  Morgan  at  the 
Cowpens  in  Jan.,  1781 ;  and  surrendered  with  Cornwallis  at 
Yorktown.  He  was  later  member  of  Parliament  and  lieu- 
tenant-general. He  wrote  a  "  History  of  the  Campaigns  of 
1780-81,  etc."  (1787). 
Tarleton  (tari'ton),  Richard.  Died  at  Lon- 
don, 1588.  A  famous  clown  and  comic  actor. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  brought  to  London  from  Shrop- 
shire, and  to  have  been  a  "prentice  in  his  youth"  of  the 
city  of  London,  later  a  "water-bearer."  He  was  enrolled 
afterward  as  one  of  the  twelve  of  the  Queen's  Company,  and 
became  a  kind  of  court  jester  as  well.  He  was  celebrated 
for  his  extemporaneous  rimes  and  for  his  "jigs"  (comic 
songs  with  a  dance),  which  he  invented.  His  popularity 
and  audacity  were  both  unbounded.  He  fell  into  disgrace 
and  was  dismissed  from  court  for  scurrilous  reflections 
upon  Leicester  and  Raleigh.  He  then  kept  a  tavern  in 
Paternoster  Row,  and  later  the  Tabor  in  Gracechurch 
street.  He  wrote  "The  Seven  Deadly  Sins,"  a  play  which 
appears  to  have  been  the  result  of  his  real  or  pretended 
repentance  of  his  irregularities. 
Tarma  (tar' ma).  A  colonial  intendency  of 
Peru,' corresponding,  nearly,  to  the  present  de- 
partment of  Junin  (which  see). 
Tarn  (tam).  A  river  in  southern  France  which 
joins  the  Garonne  below  Moissac :  the  Roman 
Tarnis.  a  gorge  or  caQon,  31  miles  long,  in  its  upper 
course,  is  remarkable  for  the  height  of  the  rocks.  Among 
its  tributaries  are  the  Aveyron  and  the  Agout.  Length, 
about  235  miles. 
Tarn.  A  department  of  France,  formed  from 
part  of  the  ancient  Languedoc.  Capital,  Albi. 
It  is  bounded  by  Tarn-et-Garonne  on  the  northwest,  Avey- 
ron on  the  north  and  east,  H^rault  on  the  southeast,  Aude 
on  the  south,  and  Haute-Garonue  on  the  west.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  hilly  or  mountainous  (containing  part  of 
the  C^vennes).  Area,  2,217  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  346,739. 

Tarn-et-Garonne  (tam'a-ga-ron').  A  depart- 
ment of  France,  formed  from  parts  of  the  an- 
cient Guienne,  (lasoony,  and  Languedoc.  Capi- 
tal, Montauban.  it  is  bounded  by  Lot  on  the  north, 
Aveyron  on  the  northeast.  Tarn  on  the  east  and  southeast, 
Haute-Garonne  on  the  south,  and  Gers  and  Lot-et-Gai-onne 
on  the  west.  The  surface  is  mostly  low  plateau.  Area, 
1,436  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  206,596. 

Tarnopol  (tar'no-pol).  A  town  in  Galicia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  on  the  Sereth  73  miles 
east-southeast  of  Lemberg.  Its  trade  is  flour- 
ishing, and  it  has  horse-fairs.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  27,405. 

Tarnow  (tar'nov).  A  town  in  Galicia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Dunajec  47  miles  east 
of  Cracow.  Population  (1891),  commune,  27,574. 

Tarnowitzer  (tar'no-vits-er)  Plateau.  A  pla- 
teauin  the  southeastern  part  of  Silesia,  Prussia, 
near  Tamowitz. 

Taro  (ta'ro).  A  small  river  in  the  province  of 
Parma,  Italy,  which  joins  the  Po  14  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Parma. 

Tarpeia  (tar-pe'ya).  In  Roman  legend,  the 
daughter  of  Spuriiis  Tarpeius,  governor  of  the 
citadel  of  Rome  on  the  Capitoline  Hill.  Tempted 
by  offers  of  the  golden  bracelets  and  collars  of  the  Sabines, 
she  betrayed  the  fortress  to  them :  but  as  they  entered 
they  cast  their  shields  upon  her,  and  she  was  crushed  to 
death.    From  her  the  Tarpeian  Rock  was  named. 

Tarpeian  Bock  (tar-pe'yan  rok).  [L.  Mons  Tar- 
peius.'] Originally,  the  name  of  the  entire  Capi- 
toline Hill  in' Rome,  or  at  least  of  the  peak 
occupied  by  the  citadel,  in  memory  of  the 
treason  of  the  maid  Tarpeia  in  connection  with 
the  Sabine  siege ;  later,  that  part  (Eupes  Tar- 
peia) of  the  cliff  of  the  Capitoline  above  the 
Vicus  Jugarius  and  the  Forum  Eomanum,  over 
whose  precipice  condemned  criminals  were 
hurled:  now  unrecognizable  owing  to  artificial 
and  natural  changes  in  the  rocks.  The  popular 
identification  as  the  Tarpeian  Rock  of  a  portion  of  the 
Capitoline  cliff  which  is  cut  to  a  vertical  surface,  and  with 
a  deep  vertical  channel,  above  the  Vicolo  della  Rupe  Tar- 
peia, is  incorrect. 

Tarqilin  (tar'kwin).    See  Tarquinius. 

TarCLUinii  (tar-kwin'i-i).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  city  of  Btruria,  situated  near  the  Mediterra- 
nean and  near  the  modern  Corneto,  45  miles 
northwest  of  Eome.  It  was  one  of  the  chief  cities  of 
the  Etruscan  League,  the  original  residence  of  Tarquinius 
Priscus  in  Roman  legend.  It  was  often  at  war  with  Rome, 
especially  in  the  4th  century  B.  0.  .  /,      x 

Tarquinius  Priscus  (tar-kwin'i-us  pns  fais). 
[L.  priscus,  old,  original.]  In  Roman  legendary 
history,  the  fifth  king  of  Rome:  the  son  of  a 
Greek  colonist  in  Tarquinii.  He  settled  in  Rome, 
became  guardian  of  the  sons  of  Ancus  Marcius,  and  suc- 
ceeded the  latter.  He  is  said  to  have  built  the  Cloacae, 
the  Cu-cus  Maximus,  and  the  CapitoUne  Temple.  The 
traditional  date  of  his  reign  is  616-578  B.  0. 


Tartini 

Tarquinius  Sextus.  See  Sextus.  , 

Tarquinius  Superbus  (su-p6r'bus).  [L.  super' 
bus,  haughty.]  In  Roman  legendary  history, 
the  seventh  and  last  king  of  Rome :  son  of  Tar- 
quinius Priscus,  and  son-in-law  of  Servius  Tul- 
lius  whom  he  put  to  death  and  succeeded.  He 
extended  Roman  influence  abroad,  but  is  represented  as  a 
despot  and  tyrant,  and  as  overthrown  through  the  crime 
of  his  son  Sextus.  Unsuccessful  attempts  were  made  to  re- 
store him  through  the  Etruscans  and  others.  The  tradi- 
tional date  of  his  reign  is  534-510  B.  C. 

Tarracina  (tar-a-si'na),  or  Anxur  (anks'ur). 
In  ancient  geography','  a  city  of  Latium,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Mediterranean  57  miles  south- 
east of  Eome:  the  modern  Terracina.  A  Vol- 
scian  town,  it  was  later  in  possession  of  Eome. 

Tarraco  (tar'a-ko).  The  ancient  name  of  Tar- 
ragona. 

Tarraconensis  (tar''a^k6-nen'sis).  In  ancient 
geography,  a  Roman  province  in  Spain,  called 
at  first  Hispania  Citerior.  It  occupied  the  north- 
ern and  eastern  parts  of  the  peninsula. 

Tarragona  (tar-ra-go'na).  1.  A  province  in 
northeastern  Spain,  it  is  bounded  by  the  Mediterra- 
nean and  the  provinces  of  Barcelona,  Lerida,  Saragossa, 
Teruel,  and  Castellon.  It  corresponds  to  part  of  the  an- 
cient Catalonia.  The  surface  is  partly  mountainous.  Area, 
2,451  square  miles.  Population  (1887),  348,579. 
2.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  province  of  Tarra- 
gona, situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Prancoli, 
on  the  Mediterranean,  in  lat.  41°  6'  N.,  long.  1° 
15'  E. :  the  ancient  Tarraco.  It  has  a  growing  com- 
merce, exporting  wine,  oil,  etc.  The  interior  of  the  cathe- 
di-al  is  of  French  early  Pointed  work :  the  fine  west  door 
and  rose  and  the  geometrical  tracery  of  the  chapels  lend  a 
later  character  to  the  exterior.  The  old  city  walls  are  of 
high  interest.  Their  base  is  of  rude  Cyclopean  work,  pre- 
historic, with  stones  unshaped.  Above  this  is  Roman 
ashler,  with  wide  margin-drafts,  and  still  higher  up  more 
modern  masonry.  There  Is  much  pre-Roman  masonry,  in 
very  large  blocfe,  both  in  the  fortifications  and  within  the 
city.  There  are  remains  of  a  Roman  aqueduct,  of  11  arches 
in  the  lower  tier  and  25  in  the  upper.  Its  length  is  742 
feet ;  its  height  is  96  feet.  The  margin-drafted  masonry 
is  very  solid  and  imposing.  This  town  was  a  Phenician 
settlement ;  was  fortified  by  the  Scipios ;  became  one  of  the 
leading  cities  of  Spain,  and  the  capital  of  Hispania  Tar- 
raconensis ;  was  sacked  by  the  West  Goths  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury, and  by  the  Saracens  in  the  8th  ;  and  was  rebuilt  in 
the  12th  century.  It  was  captured  by  the  British  in  1706, 
and  by  the  French  under  Suchet  in  1811.  Population 
(1887),  27,225. 

Tar  (tar)  River.  A  river  in  North  Carolina 
which  flows  into  Pamlico  Sound,  it  is  called  in 
its  lower  course  Pamlico  River.    Length,  about  200  miles. 

Tarrytown  (tar'i-toun).  A  village  in  West- 
chester County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Hud- 
son (Tappan  Sea)  24  miles  north  of  New  York 
city.  It  was  the  scene  of  Andre's  capture  in  1780,  and  is  the 
burial-place  of  Washington  Irving.  Sunnyside,  the  resi- 
dence of  Irving,  is  in  the  neighborhood.  Population  (1900), 
4,770. 

Tarshish  (tar'shish).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
place  or  region  several  times  mentioned  in  the 
Old  Testament,  it  is  commonly  identified  with  a  dis- 
trict in  southern  Spain  near  the  mouth  of  the  Guadal- 
quivir, and  was  probably  the  ancient  Tartessus.  It  was 
noted  for  its  commerce. 

Tarsus  (tar'sus).  [Gr.  Tapmc]  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, the  capital  of  Cilicia,  Asia  Minor,  sit- 
uated on  the  Cydnus  in  lat.  36°  56'  N.,  long. 
34°58'E. :  the  modem  Tersus  or  Tarsus.  It  was 
an  important  city  in  the  Persian  period ;  became  partly 
Hellenized,  and  the  seat  of  a  school  of  philosophy ;  and 
received  important  concessions  from  the  Romans.  It  was 
the  birthplace  of  the  apostle  Paul.    Population,  10,000  (?). 

Tartan  (tar'tan).  ITurtami  in  the  cuneiform 
inscriptions.]  The  Assyrian  title  of  the  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  army.    2  Ki.  xviii. 

Tartar,    Same  as  Tartarus. 

Tartarin  (tar-ta-ran').  A  gasconading  humbug, 
the  principal  character  in  Alphonse  Daudet's 
"Tartarin  de  Tarascon,"  "Tartarin  sur  les 
Alpes,"  and  "Port  Tarascon":  a  satire  on 
the  typical  c'haraeter  attributed  to  southern 
France. 

Tartars.    See  Tatars. 

Tartarus  (tar'ta-rus).  [Gr.  Tdprapoc.']  A  deep 
and  sunless  abyss,  according  to  Homer  and  the 
earlier  Greek  mythology  as  far  below  Hades  as 
earth  is  below  heaven,  it  was  closed  by  adamantine 
gates,  and  in  it  Zeus  imprisoned  the  rebel  Titans.  Later 
poets  describe  Tartarus  as  the  place  in  which  the  spirits 
of  the  wicked  receive  their  due  punishment ;  and  some- 
times the  name  is  used,  as  synonymous  with  Hades,  for  the 
lower  world  in  general. 

Tartary.    See  Tatary. 

Tartas  (tar-ta').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Landes,  southwestern  France,  situated  on  the 
Midouze  16  miles  west-southwest  of  Mont-de- 
Marsan.    Population  (1891),  2,463. 

Tartessus.    See  Tarshish. 

Tartini  (tar-te'ne),  Giuseppe.  Bom  at  Pirano, 
Istria,  April  12, 1692 :  died  at  Padua,  Italy,  Feb. 
16,  1770.  An  Italian  violinist,  composer  for 
the  violin,  and  writer  on  music.    He  lived  chiefly 


Tartini 

in  Padua,  and  wrote  "Trattatodinmaica"(1754),  "Devil's 
Sonata,"  etc.  He  diacovered  the  so-called  "third  sound 
ot  Tartini." 

Tartufe,  or  Tartuflfe  (tar-tuf).  A  famous 
comedy,  by  Molifere,  wHcli  was  produced,  at  the 
Com^die  Fran(jaise  in  1667.  Tartufe  is  "  an  obscene 
pedant,  a  red-faced,  hypocritical  wretch,  who,  palming 
himself  off  on  an  honest  and  refined  family,  tries  to  drive 
the  son  away,  marry  the  daughter,  corrupt  the  wife,  ruin 
and  imprison  the  father,  and  almost  succeeds  in  it,  not 
by  clever  plots,  but  by  vulgar  mummery  and  by  the  coarse 
audacity  of  his  caddish  disposition"  (Tame,  Eng.  Lit., 
I.  606).  Matthew  Medbourne  translated  and  adapted  it  in 
1670  as  "Tartufle,  or  the  French  Puritain."  (See  Hypo- 
crite, The.)  "  Lady  Tartufe,"  a  play  by  Madame  de  Girar- 
din,  was  produced  in  1853.  Bachel  was  much  admired  in 
the  title  rdle. 

Tarudant  (ta-ro-danf).  The  capital  of  Sus, 
Morocco,  situated  near  the  Wadi  Sus,  125  miles 
southwest  of  Morocco.  Population,  estimated, 
8,500.    -Also  Terodant,  Terudant,  etc. 

Tarumas  (ta-r6-maz').  Indians  inhabiting  the 
highlands  in  the  southern  part  of  British  and 
Dutch  Guiana.  They  belong  to  the  Arawak  or  May- 
pure  stock,  and  formerly  lived  on  the  Rio  Negro,  where 
they  are  said  to  have  been  numerous. 

Tarutino  (ta-ro-te'no).  A  village  in  Russia, 
48  miles  south-southwest  of  Moscow.  Here,  Oct. 
18, 1312,  the  Kussians  under  Eutusolt  defeated  the  French 
under  Murat. 

Taschereau   (tash-ro'),  Elzear  Alexandre. 

Born  at  Sainte  Marie  de  la  Beauce,  province 
of  Quebec,  Canada,  Feb.  17,  1820  :  died  at  Que- 
bec, April  12, 1898.  A  Canadian  Roman  Catho- 
lic prelate.  He  became  rector  of  Laval  University  in 
1860,  archbishop  of  Quebec  in  1871,  and  cardinal  in  1886. 

Taschereau,  Jules  Antoine.  Bora  at  Tours, 
France,  1801 :  died  at  Paris,  1874.  A  French 
journalist,  politician,  and  author.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  legislative  body,  and  had  charge  of  the  imperial 
library.  He  founded  the  "Kevue  retrospective"  (1833), 
wrote  histories  of  the  lives  and  works  of  Molifere  and 
ComeiUe,  and  edited  Molifere,  etc. 

Tashkend  (tash-kend'),  or  Tashkent  (tash- 
kent').  The  capital  of  the  general  government 
of  Turkestan,  Asiatic  Russia,  situated  in  the 
valley  of  the  Tchirtchik  about  lat.  41°  20'  N., 
long.  69°  20'  E.  It  consists  of  the  Asiatic  city  and  a 
European  or  Russian  quarter ;  contains  many  gardens ;  and 
is  the  seat  of  extensive  trade  and  of  silk  manufactures. 
It  has  belonged  to  Russia  since  1868.  Population  (1897), 
166,606. 

Tashmet  (tash'met).  [From  iem4,  to  hear  (the 
one  who  hears  prayer).]  In  Assyrian-Baby- 
lonian mythology,  a  name  or  epithet  of  the  wife 
of  Nebo  {JSfabu).  Her  proper  name  was  Nana. 
Her  principal  seat  of  worsnip  was  in  Erech. 

Task  (task),  The.  A  descriptive  poem,  in  six 
parts,  by  William  Cowper,  published  in  1785. 

Tasman  (tas'man),  Abel  Janszen  (Janszon, 
etc.).  Born  probably  at  Hoorn,  Netherlands, 
about  1602:  died  at  Batavia,  Oct.,  1659.  A 
Dutch  navigator.  He  sailed  from  Batavia  in  Aug., 
1642,  in  command  of  an  exploring  e3q)edition  to  Australia, 
despatched  by  Van  Diemen,  governor-general  of  theDutch 
East  Indies ;  and  discovered  Tasmania  (which  he  named 
Van  Dlemen's  Land)  in  Nov.,  1642;  New  Zealand  in  Dec, 
1642 ;  part  of  the  Friendly  Islands  in  1643 ;  returning  to 
Batavia  in  June,  1643.  In  a  second  voyage  (1644)  he  dis- 
covered the  GuU  of  Carpentaria. 

Tasman  (taz'man)  Bay.  [Named  from  A.  J. 
Tasman.]  An  inlet  of  the  ocean,  on  the  north- 
ern coast  of  South  Island,  New  Zealand. 

Tasmania  (taz-ma'ni-a),  formerly  Van  Die- 
men's  Land  (van  de'nienz  land).  [Named  from 
its  discoverer.]  An  island  and  British  colony 
in  Australasia,  situated  south  of  Australia 
(separated  by  Bass  Strait).  Capital,  Hobart. 
it»  surface  is  largely  mountainous  or  hilly.  It  has  good 
agricultural  resources,  and  mines  of  gold,  tin,  etc. ;  and 
exports  wool,  gold,  tin,  etc.  It  is  one  of  the  states  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Australia,  under  a  governor,  legislative 
authority  being  vested  in  a  council  and  assembly  (both 
elected).  The  aborigines  are  extinct.  It  was  discovered 
by  Tasman  in  1642 ;  was  visited  by  Cook,  Bass,  and  others ; 
was  settled  in  1803 ;  and  at  first  was  partly  a  penal  colony. 
It  was  a  dependency  of  New  South  Wales  until  1825. 
Area,  26,385  square  miles.    Population  (1899),  est.,  177,840. 

Tasman  (taz'man)  Peninsula.  A  peninsula 
at  the  southeastern  extremity  of  Tasmania, 
nearly  cut  off  from  the  mainland. 

Tasman  Sea.  The  name  proposed  by  the  Aus- 
tralian Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  and  adopted bythe English  Admiraltj^, 
for  the  part  of  the  Pacific  inclosed  by  Australia 
and  Tasmania  on  the  one  side,  and  New  Zea- 
land and  smaller  islands  on  the  other. 

Tasso  (tas'6;  It.  pron.  tas'so),  Bernardo. 
Bom  at  Venice,  Nov.  11, 1493:  died  at  Ostiglia, 
Sept.  4,  1569.  An  Italian  poet,  father  of  Tor- 
quato  Tasso.  His  chief  work  is  the  romantic 
poem  "L'Amadigi"  ("Amadis,"  1560),  in  oc- 
tave stanzas. 

Tasso,  Torctuato.  [F.  Le  Tasse.']  Bom  at  Sor- 
rento, Italy,  March  11,  1544:  died  at  Rome, 
April  25,  1595.    A  celebrated  Italian  poet.    He 


980 

was  educated  at  the  Jesuit  schools  at  Naples,  Rome,  and 
Bergamo.  His  father,  Bernardo  Tasso,  was  involved  in  the 
troubles  of  the  Prince  of  Salerno,  his  patron,  and  joined 
the  prince  In  Rome  ;  but,  that  city  becoming  unsafe  for 
him,  he  accepted  shelter  at  Pesaro,  the  court  of  the  Duke 
ot  Urbino,  where  his  son  Torquato  was  taught  with  the 
son  of  the  duke.  In  1667  Torquato  went  to  study  law  at 
Padua.  Hp  was  influenced  by  his  father's  writings  and 
not  by  his  advice,  and  in  1662,  while  still  at  Padua,  pub- 
lished "RinaJdo."  It  was  successful,  and,  his  father  ceas- 
ing his  opposition  to  a  literary  career,  Tasso  went  to  Bo- 
logna to  study  philosophy  and  literature.  He  returned  to 
Padua  shortly  after,  and  by  1666  was  attached  to  the  ser- 
vice of  the  house  of  Este,  the  glories  of  which  he  celebrated 
in  "Jerusalem  Delivered";  Rinaldo  was  said  to  be  of 
that  race.  He  was  well  received  at  court,  and  was  en- 
couraged to  finish  the  epic  "  Goffredo  "  (later  called  "  Ge- 
rusalemme  Liberata"),  which  he  had  begun  at  Bologna. 
In  1670  Cardinal  Luigi  d'Este,  his  patron,  went  to  Paris, 
taking  Tasso  with  him.  There  he  met  Ronsard  and  other 
distinguished  men.  He  left  the  cardinal  after  his  return  on 
accountof  adifference  in  religious  opinion,butwas  received 
by  Duke  Alfonso  of  Ferrara,  who  loaded  him  with  favors. 
He  produced  his  "Aminta "  in  1673,  and  had  written  18 
cantos  ot  "  Goffredo  "  in  1674,  when  he  was  seized  with 
fever.  After  this  his  mind  was  not  clear;  he  became 
quarrelsome,  worried  himself  about  the  orthodoxy  of  his 
poem,  and  became  subject  to  delusions,  dreading  accu- 
sations of  heresy  and  assassination  or  poison.  At 
length  he  was  placed  in  a  convent  at  Ferrara  for  medi- 
cal treatment.  He  escaped  and  fled  to  his  sister  in  the 
disguise  of  a  shepherd.  She  cared  for  him,  and  in  1578  the 
duke  received  him  again ;  but  his  delusions  continued, 
and  he  wandered  from  place  to  place  (to  Mantua,  Turin, 
etc.),  flnally  returning  to  Ferrara.  There  he  became  so 
violent  in  accusing  the  duke  of  a  design  to  poison  him 
that  he  was  placed  in  an  insane  asylum.  After  he  had  re- 
mained there  for  seven  years  he  was  released,  on  the  per- 
sonal promise  of  the  Prince  of  Mantua  that  Alfonso 
should  not  again  be  exposed  to  his  insane  attacks.  A 
theory  has  obtained  credit  that  Tasso  was  shut  up  in  an 
aaylutn  on  account  of  his  aspirations  for  the  hand  of  Leo- 
nora d'Este,  the  duke's  sister,  and  Goethe's  play  was  based 
on  this  supposition.  "Goffredo"  was  published  at  Ven- 
ice during  the  time  of  Tasso's  seclusion,  but  it  was  very 
inaccurately  printed,  and  in  1681  a  revised  edition  was 
printed  at  Parma,  with  its  present  title  "  Gerusalemme 
Liberata  "  ("  Jerusalem  Delivered  ").  He  remained  a  year 
at  Mantua,  wrote  "Torrismondo"  (1686),  and  again  re- 
sumed his  wanderings.  He  had  many  friends  eager  to 
help  him,  but  was  broken  in  health  and  spirits.  His 
"Gerusalemme  Conquistata,"  much  inferior  to  the  "Ge- 
rusalemme Liberata,"  was  published  in  1693.  Two 
years  later  he  died  at  Rome,  whither  he  had  been  sum- 
moned by  Pope  Clement  VHI.  to  be  crowned  poet  laure- 
ate ;  the  ceremony  was  never  performed,  owing  to  his  ill- 
ness. The  "Gerusalemme  Liberata"  has  been  translated 
into  many  languages.  The  most  famous  English  transla- 
tion is  that  of  Fairfax  (1600). 

Tasso  (tas'so),  Torquato.  A  tragedy  by  Goethe, 
printed  in  1790. 

Tassoni  (tas-s6'ne),  Alessandro.  Born  at  Mo- 
dena,  Italy,  1565 ;  died  there,  1635.  An  Italian 
poet  and  author.  His  best-known  work  ia  aburlesque 
heroic  poem,  "La  secchia  rapita"  ("Rape  of  the  Bucket," 
1622).  He  also  wrote  "Considerazioni  aopra  il  Petrarca" 
(1609),  etc. 

Tatar-Bazardjik  (ta-tar'ba-zar-jek'),  or  Ba- 
zardjik.  .A town  inEastemRumelia,Bu]garia, 
situated  on  the  Maritza  25  miles  west  of  Philip- 
popolis.    Population,  est.,  15,659. 

Tatars  (ta'tarz),  or  Tartars  (tar'tarz).  [From 
Pers.  Tatar,  Chinese  Tahiar,  a  Tatar.  Tartar, 
probably  due  to  some  confusion  with  Tartarus, 
was  formerly  the  established  form,  and  is  still 
frequently  used.]  1.  Certain  Tungusic  tribes 
whose  original  home  was  in  the  region  vaguely 
known  as  Chinese  Tatary  (Manchuria  and  Mon- 
golia), and  who  are  nowrepresented  by  the  Fish- 
shin  Tatars  in  northern  Manchuria,  and  the 
Solons  and  Daurians  in  northeastern  Mongolia, 
but  more  particularly  by  the  Manchus  (the  pres- 
ent rulers  of  China).  The  chief  among  these  tribes 
were  (a)  the  Khltans,  who  in  907  conquered  China  and  set 
up  a  dynasty  there  (called  the  Liao)  which  lasted  until 
1123,  when  they  were  conquered  by  their  rivals ;  (6)  the 
Niuchi,  Juchi,  or  Jurchin  (the  true  Tatars,  and  the  ances- 
tors of  the  modem  Manchus),  who  also  established  a  dy- 
nasty, called  Kin  (*  golden '),  and  are  hence  known  as  the 
Kin  Tatars;  (c)tne  Eara-Khitai  (or  black  Tatars),  a 
remnant  of  the  Khitans  who,  when  their  empire  was  over- 
thrown bythe  Juchi,  escaped  westward  and"  founded  an 
empire  which  stretched  from  the  Oxus  to  the  desert  of 
Shamo,  and  from  Tibet  to  the  Altai ;  (d)  the  Onguts  (or 
white  Tatars). 

2.  In  the  middle  ages,  the  host  of  Mongol,  Turk, 
and  Tatar  warriors  who  swept  over  Asia  under 
the  leadership  of  Jenghiz  Khan,  and  threatened 
Europe. — 3.  Numerous  tribes  or  peoples  of 
mixed  Turkish,  Mongol,  and  Tatar  origin  (de- 
scendants of  the  remnants  of  these  hosts)  now 
inhabiting  the  steppes  of  central  Asia,  Russia 
in  Europe,  Siberia  (the  latter  with  an  additional 
intermixture  of  Finnish  and  Samoyedie  blood), 
and  the  Caucasus,  such  as  the  Kazan  Tatars  (the 
remnant  of  the  Kiptchaks,  or  "  Golden  Horde  "), 
the  Crim  Tatars  in  the  Crimea,  the  Kalmucks 
or  Eleuths  (who  are  properly  Mongols),  etc. 

Tatary  (ta'ta-ri),  more  frequently  Tartary 
(tar'ta-ri).  A  name  formerly  given  to  central 
Asia,  on  account  of  the  inroads  of  Tatar  hordes 
in  the  middle  ages.    It  was  later  sometimes  divided 


Tatu 

in  part  into  Chinese  Tatary  (East  Turkestan)  and  Inde- 
pendent Tatary  (Turkestan).  The  name  has  also  often 
been  extended  to  include  Manchuria,  Mongolia,andEurope 
westward  to  the  Dnieper  or  Don.  Hence  the  division  into 
European  and  Asiatic  Tatary. 

Tatary,  Chinese.    See  Tatary. 

Tatary,  Grim.    See  Crimea. 

Tatary,  Gulf  or  Sound  of.  An  arm  of  the  sea 

which  separates  Saghalin  from  the  mainland  ot 
Siberia,  north  of  the  Sea  of  Japan. 

Tatary,  High.  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
East  Turkestan. 

Tatary,  Independent.    See  Tatary. 

Tatary,  Little.  A  name  formerly  given  to  the 
regions  in  southern  Russia  occupied  by  Tatars 
(Crimea,  Kiptchak,  etc.). 

Tate  (iat),  ITahum.  Bom  at  Dublm,  1652 :  died 
at  London,  Aug.  12, 1715.  -Aji  English  poet  and 
play-writer,  appointed  poet  laureate  in  1692. 
He  was  associated  with  Brady  in  a  poetical  ver- 
sion of  the  Psalms  (1696),  and  wrote  various 
poems  and  plays. 

Tatian  (ta'shian),  L.  Tatianus  (ta-shi-a'nus). 
Born  in  Assyria :  lived  in  the  middle  of  the  2d 
century  A.  d.  A  Christian  apologist.  He  was 
educated  as  a  Greek ;  went  to  Itome,  and  became  converted 
to  Christianity ;  and  later  adopted  in  part  Gnostic  views. 
He  wrote  "  Oratio  ad  Grsecos  "  (an  apology  for  Christianity) 
and  "  Diatessaion  "  (a  harmony  of  the  Gospels,  recovered 
by  Zahn  and  edited  by  him  1881). 

Tatihou  (ta-te-o').  A  small  fortified  island  on 
the  coast  of  the  department  of  Manehe,  Prance, 
16  miles  east  of  Cherbourg. 

Tatius,  Achilles.  See  Achilles  Tatius,  and 
Statius. 

Tatius  (ta'shi-us),  Titus.  In  Roman  legend,  a 
king  of  the  Sabines  who  attacked  Rome,  and 
ruled  over  it  conjointly  with  Romulus. 

Tatler  (tat'lSr),  The.  A  periodical  founded  by 
Steele  in  1709,  and  discontinued  in  1711.  Ad- 
dison wrote  41  papers;  Addison  and  Steele 
together  34.  Steele  wrote  a  much  larger  num- 
ber alone. 

Tatra  (ta'tro)  Mountains.  The  highest  group 
of  the  Carpathian  system,  situated  in  northern 
Hungary  and  on  the  Galician  frontier,  about 
lat.  49°  15'  N.,  long.  19°-20°  E.  Also  called 
the  Central  or  High  Carpathians.  Highest 
point,  the  Gerlsdorfer  Spitze  (8,787  feet). 

Tattam  (tat'am),  Henry.  Born  in  Ireland, 
Dec.  28,  1788':  died  at  Stamford  Rivers,  Eng- 
land, Jan .  8, 1868.  A  British  clergyman  noted  as 
an  Orientalist,  and  especially  as  an  authority 
on  Coptic.  He  published  a  Coptic  grammar, 
a  Coptic  dictionary,  various  Coptic  works,  etc. 

Tattersall's  (tat'er-salz).  A  sporting  estab- 
lishment and  auction  mart  for  horses,  inLondon, 
opened  about  1770  by  Richard  Tattersall  (1724^ 
1795) .  Since  1865  it  has  been  situated  near  Knightsbridge 
Green.  The  "subscription  room"  was  opened  in  1818. 
The  name  has  been  given  to  similar  establishments  in 
other  cities. 

Tattle  (tat'l).  A  character  in  Congreve's  "Love 
for  Love  " :  a  vain,  impertinent  beau,  boasting 
of  his  amours,  yetpridinghimself  on  his  secrecy. 

Tattnall  (tat'nal),  Josiah.  Born  near  Savan- 
nah, Ga.,  1762:  iied  at  Nassau,  Bahamas,  June 
6,  1808.  An  American  Revolutionary  soldier 
and  politician.  He  was  United  States  senator 
from  Georgia  1796-99,  and  governor  of  (Jeorgia 
1801-02. 

Tattnall,  Josiah,  Bom  near  Savannah,  Ga., 
Nov.  9,  1795 :  died  at  Savannah,  June  14, 1871. 
An  American  naval  officer,  son  of  J.  Tattnall 
( 1762-1803) .  He  served  in  the  War  of  1812 ;  In  the  Al- 
gerine  war ;  against  the  pirates  infesting  the  West  Indies ; 
and  in  the  Mexican  war.  In  1867  he  was  appointed  llag- 
offlcer  of  the  Asiatic  station.  While  occupying  this  post 
he  violated  the  law  of  neutrality  by  assisting  the  British 
in  an  attack  on  the  Peiho  forts,  China  ("Blood,"  he  said, 
"  is  thicker  than  water  ") ;  his  conduct  was  sustained  by 
the  government.  In  1861  he  accepted  a  captaincy  in  the 
Confederatenavy,andin  1862  succeededFranklin  Buchanan 
in  command  of  the  Merrimao.  When,  soon  after,  the  Con- 
federates were  forced  to  abandon  Norfolk,  he  destroyed 
the  Merrhnao  off  Craney  Island  (May  11,  1862)  in  order  to 
prevent  her  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  Federals. 

Tattvabodhinisabha  (tut-twa-bo-dhi-ne-su'- 
bha) .  ['  Truth-investigating '  or '  Truth-teach- 
ing Society.']  A  society  founded  at  Calcutta 
in  1889  by  Debendranath  Tagore  to  carry  on 
the  labors  of  Ram  Mohun  Roy  in  restoring  the 
monotheistic  system  believed  by  him  to  be 
taught  in  the  original  Hindu  scriptures.  It 
lasted  20  years,  being  merged  in  1859  in  the 
Brahmasamaj  (which  see). 

Tattycoram  (tat-i-ko'ram).  A  character  in 
Dickens's  "Little  Dorrit."  Her  real  name  is 
Harriet  Beadle. 

Tatu  (ta'tS),  or  Huchnom  (hSch'nom).  A  tribe 
of  North  American  Indians,  living  in  Upper 
Potter  Valley,  California.    See  TiMan. 


Tauber 

Tauber  (ton'ber).  A  river  in  ■Wiirtemberg,  Ba- 
varia, and  Baden,  which,  joins  the  Main  at  Wert- 
heim,  19  miles  west  of  Wtirzburgr.  Its  valley 
(the  Taubergrund)  produces  the  Tauber  wines. 
Length,  74  miles. 

Taubert(tou'bert),  Karl  Gottfried  Wilhelm. 
Born  at  Berlin,  March  23, 1811:  died  there,  Jan. 
7,1891.  A  German  composer.  He  was  made  music- 
director  of  the  royal  opera  in  1841,  court  kapellmeister  in 
1845,  and  chief  kapellmeister  in  1867.  He  wrote  songs, 
operas  ("Macbeth,"  "Cesario,"  etc.),  sonatas,  music  to 
dramas,  etc. 

Tauclinitz  (toueh'nits).  Christian  Bernhard 
von.  Bom  Aug.  25, 1816 :  died  Aug.  14, 1895.  A 
German  publisher,  nephewofK.C.T.Tauchnitz. 
He  founded  in  1837  a  printing  and  publishing  hou?e  at 
Leipsic,  and  in  1841  began  the  publication  of  his  ''Ool- 
lection  of  British  Authors  "  (the  "  Tauchnitz  Edition  "),  to 
which  were  subsequently  added  "Collection  of  German 
Authors  "  (In  English  translations)  and  "  Students'  Tauch- 
nitz  Editions." 

Tauchnitz,  Karl  Christoph  Traugott.    Bom 

at  Grosspardau,  near  Gremma,  Saxony,  Oct.  29, 
1761:  died  Jan.  14,  1836.  A  German  publisher 
(in  Leipsic) ,  He  introduced  stereotyping  into  Germany. 
He  was  especially  noted  for  his  editions  of  the  classics. 

Tauern  (tou'ern),  Hohe.  A  lofty  group  of  the 
Alps,  in  Tyrol  and  on  the  borders  of  Salzburg 
and  Carinthia.  Highest  point,  the  Grossglock- 
ner.    See  Glockner. 

Tauern,  Niedere.  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
a  mountain-range  in  Salzburg  and  Styria,  east 
of  the  Hohe  Tauern. 

Tauferer  Thai  (tou'fer-er  tal).  An  Alpine  val- 
ley in  central  Tyrol. 

Taugenichts  (tou'ge-niehts),  aus  dem  Leben 
eines.  [G.,  'From  the  Life  of  a  Good-for- 
Nothing.']  A  romance  by  EichendorfE,  pub- 
lished in  1826. 

Taughannock  (t&-gan'ok),  or  Taghanuck, 
Fafis,  A  perpendicular  cascade,  212  feet  in 
height,  near  Cayuga  Lake,  western  New  York. 

Tauler  (tou'ler),  Johann.  Born  at  Strasburg 
about  1300 :  died  there,  June  16,  1361.  A  noted 
German  mystic  and  preacher.  He  entered  the  Do- 
minican order  about  1318 ;  was  driven  from  Strasburg 
with  other  Dominicans  who  disregarded  the  interdict  of 
John  XXII.  in  1339;  and  established  himself  at  Basel. 
Here  he  became  intimately  associated  with  the  "Friends 
of  God."  Inl352heretumed  toStrasburg.  His"Sermons" 
were  published  in  1498.  Other  works  ("Book  of  Spiritual 
Poverty,"  etc.)  also  have  been  ascribed  to  him. 

Taunay  (to-na'),  Alfredo  d'EscragnoUe.  Bom 
at  Eio  de  Janeiro,  Feb.  22, 1843 :  died  there  in 
Feb.,  1899.  A  Brazilian  military  engineer,  au- 
thor, and  politician.  He  served  in  the  Paraguayan  war 
1865-70  J  subsequently  was  prominent  in  congress  as  an  ad- 
vocate of  means  for  promoting  immigration ;  was  president 
of  SantaCatharina  and  ParanA ;  and  in  1886becamesenator. 
His  "Eetraite  de  laguna  "  (1871 :  Portuguese  edition  1872) 
describes  au  episode  of  the  Paraguayan  war,  and  is  widely 
known.  He  is  the  best  of  the  Brazilian  novelists,  and 
publlslied  many  critical  and  political  essays,  poems,  etc. 

Taunton  (t&n'ton).  The  capital  of  Somerset, 
England,  situated  on  the  Tone  38  miles  south- 
west of  Bristol.  It  has  a  castle  (said  to  have  been 
founded  by  Ine)  and  a  Gothic  church ;  was  made  by  Ine, 
the  West-Saxon  king,  a  frontier  fortress  in  the  8  th  century ; 
was  long  held  by  the  bishops  of  Winchester ;  was  seized  by 
Perkin  Warbeck  in  1497 ;  was  taken  by  the  Eoyalists  in 
1643 ;  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Parliamentarians  un- 
der Blake  in  1644 ;  and  was  defended  by  Blake  in  1644-46, 
and  relieved  by  Fairfax.  The  Duke  of  Monmouth  was  pro- 
claimed king  here  in  1685,  and  the  "  Bloody  Assizes  "were 
held  here  by  Jeffreys  in  the  same  year.  Population  (1891), 
18,026. 

Taunton  (tan'ton).  A  city  in  Bristol  County, 
Massachusetts,  situated  on  Taunton  River,  at 
the  head  of  navigation,  32  miles  south  of  Bos- 
ton. It  has  manufactures  of  locomotives,  naUs,  cotton 
goods,  copper,  silver-plated  and  britannia  ware,  etc.  It 
was  settled  about  1638,  and  became  a  city  in  1864.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  31,036. 

Taunton  Kiver.  A  small  river  in  southeastern 
Massachusetts  which  flows  into  Mount  Hope 
Bay  (Narragansett  Bay)  at  Fall  River. 

Taunus  (tou'nos).  A  mountainous  and  plateau 
region  in  Prussia  and  Hesse,  lying  between  the 
Rhine,  the  Lahn,  the  Main,  and  the  Wetter. 
The  name  is  generally  limited  to  the  southern  portion  of 
this  region,  called  also  Die  Hohe.  Its  culminating  point 
is  the  Grosser  Feldberg  (about  2,900  feet).  It  contains 
many  mineral  springs. 

Taupo  (tft'po),  Lake.  A  lake  in  North  Island, 
New  Zealand,  situated  about  lat.  88°  45'  S. 
Length,  24  miles. 

Tauri  (ta'ri) .  In  ancient  history,  a  people  dwell- 
ing in  the  Crimea. 

Taurian  games  (ta'ri-an  gamz).  A  name  un- 
der the  Roman  republic  for  the  games  called 
secular  (ludi  sseculares)  under  the  empire. 
Also  called  Tarentine  games. 

Tauric  (ta'rik)  Chersonese,  or  Tauric  Penin- 
sula.   The  Crimea. 

Taurida  (tou're-da).  [6.  Taurien.']  A  govern- 
ment of  southern  Russia.    Capital,  Simferopol. 


981 

It  is  bounded  by  the  governments  of  Kherson  andYeka- 
terinoslaff,  the  Black  Sea,  and  the  Sea  of  Azoff,  and  in- 
cludes the  Crimea.  The  inhabitants  include  Russians, 
Tatars,  Germans  (Mennonites,  etc.),  and  others.  Area, 
24,639  square  miles.    Population  (1890),  1,167,600. 

Taurids  (ta'ridz).  A  shower  of  meteors  ap- 
pearing Nov.  >20,  and  radiating  from  a  point 
north,  preceding  Aldeharan  in  Taurus.  The  me- 
teors are  slow,  and  fire-balls  occasionally  appear  amoug 
them. 

Taurini  (ta-ri'ni).  In  ancient  history,  a  Ligu- 
rian  tribe  which  dwelt  in  the  valley  of  the 
upper  Po,  near  Turin. 

Tauris.    See  Tabrie. 

Taurisci  (t4-ris'i).  A  Celtic  people  which 
dwelt  in  the  ancient  Norioum. 

Tauroggen  (tou'rog-en),  Convention  of.  A 
convention  between  the  Prussian  general  York 
and  the  Russian  general  Diebitsch,  concluded 
Dee.  30, 1812,  at  Poscherun  (or  Poscherau), near 
Tauroggen,  in  the  Russian  government  of  Kov- 
no.  The  Prussian  corps  (auxiliary  to  the  French) 
was  neutralized. 

Tauromenium  (t^-ro-me'ni-um).  The  Roman 
name  of  Taormina. 

Taurus  (tS,'rus).  [Perhaps  from  Aramean  tur, 
mountain.]  A  mountain-range  in  the  southern 
part  of  Asia  Minor,  it  extends  from  the  southwest- 
ern extremity  eastward  to  near  the  northeastern  angle  of 
the  Mediterranean  (or  to  the  valley  of  the  Jihun,  separating 
it  from  the  Amanus).  The  Anti-Taurus  is  an  oifshoot  to 
the  northeast.  The  chief  pass  is  the  CHician  Gates.  High- 
est point,  probably  about  11,000  feet. 

Taurus.  [L., '  the  bull.']  An  ancient  constella- 
tion and  sign  of  the  zodiac,  representing  the 
forward  part  of  a  bull.  It  contains  the  star  Alde- 
baran  of  the  first  magnitude,  the  star  Nath  of  the  second 
magnitude,  and  the  striking  group  of  the  Pleiads.  Its 
sign  is  a . 

Taus,  or  Tauss  (tons).  A  manufacturing  town 
in  western  Bohemia,  29  miles  southwest  of  Pil- 
sen.     Population  (1891),  commune,  7,708. 

Tautphoeus  (tout'fe -6s),  Baroness  von  (Je- 
mima Montgomery).  Born  in  Ireland  in  1807 : 
died  at  Munich,  Nov.  12,  1893.  An  Irish  nov- 
elist. She  visited  Munich  in  1836,  and  married  there 
Baron  von  Tautphoeus.  She  published ' '  Cyrilla,"  "  Quits," 
"At  Odds,"  "  The  Initials,"  etc. 

Tavannes  (ta-van'),  Gaspard  de  Saulx  de. 

BornatDijon,Mareh,1509:  diedl573.  Amarshal 
of  France.  He  captured  Metz  in  1662-63  ;  took  part  in 
the  capture  of  Verdun  and  decided  the  victory  of  Kenti 
in  1554 ;  and  took  a  leading  part  in  the  wars  against  the 
Huguenots  (at  the  battles  of  Jarnac  and  Moncontour  in 
1669),  and  in  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  in  1672. 

Tavastehus  (ta-vas'ta-hos).  1.  A  government 
in  southern  Finland,  Russia.  Area,  8,334  square 
miles.  Population  (1890),  257,851.— 3.  The  cap- 
ital of  Tavastehus,  situated  60  miles  north  of 
Helsingfors.     Population  (1890),  4,644. 

Tavda  (tav'da).  A  river  in  western  Siberia 
which  rises  in  the  Urals  and  joins  the  Tobol 
southwest  of  Tobolsk.  Total  length,  about  400 
miles. 

Tavernier  (ta-ver-nya' ),  Jean  Baptiste.  Born 
at  Paris,  1605:  died  1689.  A  French  traveler. 
As  a  merchant  he  made  various  journeys  to  Turkey,  Per- 
sia, central  Asia,  and  the  East  Indies.  His  "Voyages" 
was  published  1676-79. 

Tavetscher  Thai  (ta-vech'er  tal).  An  Alpine 
valley  at  the  western  extremity  of  the  canton 
of  Grisons,  Switzerland,  at  the  head  of  the  val- 
ley of  the  Vorderrhein,  west  of  Dissentis. 

Tavira  (ta-ve'ra).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Algarve,  Portugal,  situated  in  lat.  37°  7'  N., 
long.  7°  86'  W.  It  has  a  coasting  trade  and 
fisheries.     Population  (1890),  11,558. 

Tavistock  (tav'is-tok).  A  town  in  Devonshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Tavy  12  miles  north  of 
Plymouth.  It  has  ruins  of  an  abbey  founded  in  the  10th 
century,  and  is  the  center  of  a  large  mining  district  (tin, 
copper,  lead,  etc.).    Population  (1891),  6,914. 

Tavoy  (ta-voi').  1.  A  district  in  the  Tenasse- 
rim  division,  British  Burma,  India,  intersected 
by  lat.  14°  N.  Area,  7,150  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  94,921.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
district  of  Tavoy,  situated  on  the  river  Tavoy, 
near  the  coast,  about  160  miles  west  of  Bangkok. 
Population  (1891),  15,099. 

Tavris,  or  Tavriz.    See  Tabriz. 

Taw  (tS,).  A  river  in  Devonshire,  England, 
which  unites  with  the  Torridge  and  flows  into 
Barnstaple  Bay.    Length,  about  50  miles. 

Taxila  (tak'si-la).  [Gv.Td^da.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  in  the  Panjab,  India,  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  modern  Eawal  Pindi. 

Taxiles  (tak'si-lez).  [Gr.  Tafa^.]  1.  An  In- 
dian king  in  the  Panjab  at  the  time  of  the  in- 
vasion of  Alexander  the  Great  (about  326 B.C.). 
—  2.  Aleading  general  of  Mithridates  the  Great. 

Tayfta).  The  longest  river  in  Scotland,  it  rises 
on  the  borders  of  Perthshire  and  Argyllshire,  being  called 
at  first  the  Fillan  and  then  the  Dochart ;  traverses  Loch 


Taylor,  Isaac 

Tay ,  passes  Perth ;  forms  the  estuary  or  Firth  of  Tay ;  and 
empties  into  the  North  Sea  below  Dundee.  The  principal 
tributaries  are  the  Lyon,  Tummel,  Isla,  and  Earn.  It  has 
valuable  salmon-fisheries.  Length,  118  miles ;  navigable  to 
Perth. 

Tay^  Firth  of.  The  estuary  of  the  Tay,  Scot- 
land. It  extends  to  about  the  mouth  of  the  Earn,  sepa- 
rating Fife  from  Perthshire  and  Forfarshire.  Greatest 
width,  about  2)  miles. 

Tay,  Loch.  A  lake  in  Perthshire,  Scotland, 
traversed  by  the  river  Tay.    Length,  14^  miles. 

Tayabas  (ti-a'Bas).  A  town  in  the  southern 
part  of  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands,  60  miles 
southeast  of  Manila.    Population  (1887),  16,065. 

Taygeta  (ta-ij'e-ta).  [Gr.  Tavyhri,  one  of  the 
daughters  of  Atlas  and  Pleione.]  The  fifth- 
magnitude  star  19  e  Pleiadum,  situated  at  the 
southwest  corner-  of  the  group. 

Taygetus  (ta-ij'e-tus).  The  highest  mountain- 
range  in  the  Peloponnesus,  Greece,  it  is  situated 
in  the  western  part  of  Laconia,  on  the  border  between  La- 
conia  and  Messenia,  extending  into  Arcadia.  Length,  70 
miles.  Highest  point,  St.  Elias  (the  ancient  Taletum) 
(about  5^900  feet). 

Taylor  (ta'lor),  Alfred.  Born  in  Fairfax  Countv, 
Va.,  May  23,  1810:  died  at  Washington,  D.  (3., 
April  19,  1891.  An  American  admiral.  He  was 
appointed  a  midshipman  in  the  United  States  navy  in  1825 ; 
commander  in  1865 ;  and  rear-admiral  in  1872.  He  served 
in  the  blockade  of  Vera  Cruz  during  the  Mexican  war ;  ac- 
companied Commodore  Perry  on  his  expedition  to  Japan 
1863-54 ;  and  was  attached  to  the  Boston  navy-yard  during 
the  Civil  War.    He  was  retired  in  1872. 

Taylor,  Bayard.  Bom  at  Kennett  Square, 
Chester  County,  Pa.,  Jan.  11,  1825 :  died  at 
Berlin,  Dee.  19, 1878.  An  American  poet,  trav- 
eler, writer  of  travels,  translator,  and  novel- 
ist. He  was  named  after  James  A.  Bayard,  and  in  early 
life  sometimes  signed  himself  "  J.  Bayard  Taylor. "  He  was 
apprenticed  to  a  printer  in  1842.  He  traveled  on  foot  in 
Great  Britain,  Germany,  Switzerland,  Italy,  France,  etc., 
1844-46,  writing  letters  to  American  papers ;  was  connect 
ed  with  the  New  York  "  Tribune,"  and  its  correspondent 
in  California  1849-50 ;  and  traveled  in  Egypt,  Asia  Minor, 
Syria,  and  Europe  1861-52,  and  in  Spain,  India,  China,  and 
Japan  1852-63,  joining  Perry's  expedition  in  Japan.  On  his 
return,  having  traveled  more  than  fifty  thousand  miles,  he 
began  his  series  of  lectures.  He  traveled  in  Germany, 
Norway,  and  Lapland  in  1855 ;  traveled  later  in  Greece, 
etc.;  was  secretary  of  legation  and  charge  d'affaires  at  St. 
Petersburg  1862-63 ;  resided  afterward  on  the  Continent ; 
visited  Egypt  and  Iceland  in  1874 ;  and  was  appointed  Unit- 
ed States  minister  at  Berlin  1878.  His  principal  works  are 
"Ximena,  etc."  (1844:  poems),  "Views  Afoot"  (1846), 
"Khymes  of  Travel "  (1849),  "  Eldorado,  or  Adventures  in 
the  Path  of  Empire"  (I860),  "Book  of  Bomances,  Lyrics, 
and  Songs  "  (1853),  "  A  Journey  to  Central  Africa  "  (1854), 
"The  Lands  of  the  Saracen  "  (1854),  "Poems  and  Ballads" 
(1854),  "  A  Visit  to  India,  China,  and  Japan  "  (1865), "  Poems 
of  the  Orient "  (1855), "  Poems  of  Home  and  Travel "  (1856) 
"  Northern  Travel "  (1857),  "  Travels  in  Greece,  etc. "  (1859), 

'  "At  Home  and  Abroad"  (1869-62),  "The  Poet's  Journal " 
(1862),  "Hannah  Thurston  "  (1863:  a  novel),  "John  God- 
frey's Fortunes"  (1864),  "The  Story  of  Kennett "  (1866), 
"Colorado" (1867),  "Byways  of  Europe " (1869),  "Joseph 
and  his  Friend  "  (1870),  "The  Masque  of  the  Gods  "  (1872), 
"Beauty  and  the  Beast  "(1872),  "Lars,  etc.  "(1873),  "School 
History  of  Germany  to  1871 "  (1874),  "  Egypt  and  Iceland  " 
(1874),  "The  Prophet"  (1874:  a  tragedy  of  Mormonism), 
"Home  Pastorals  "  (1876),  "The  Echo  Club,  and  other  Lit- 
erary Diversions "  (1876),  "  Boys  of  Other  Countries  " 
(1876),  "The  National  Ode"  (1876),  "Prince  Deucalion" 
(1878),  "Studies  in  German  Literature"  (1879),  "Critical 
Essays,  etc."  (1880),  and  "Dramatic  Works"  (1880:  with 
notes  by  M.  H.  Taylor).  He  edited  Tegner's  "  Frithjots 
Saga "  in  1867  (translated  by  Blackley),  and  translated 
Goethe's  "  Faust "  in  the  original  meters  (1870-71). 

Taylor,  Benjamin  Franklin.    Born  at  Low- 

•  ville,  N.  Y.,  July  19,  1819:  died  at  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  Feb.  24,  1887.  An  American  poet,  mis- 
cellaneous author,  and  war  correspondent.  He 
wrote  "  Pictures  of  Life  in  Camp  and  Field  "  (1871),  "  The 
World  on  Wheels,  etc."  (1874),  "Song  of  Yesterday"  (187n, 
"Between  the Gates"(1878),"Summer  Savory,  etc."(1879), 
"Dulce  Domum"  (1884),  "Theophilus  Trent"  (a  novel, 
1887),  etc.  His  poems  include  "Isle  of  the  Long  Ago," 
"Ehymes  of  the  River,"  and  "  The  Old  Village  Choir." 

Taylor,  Brook,  Born  at  Edmonton,  England, 
Aug.  18,  1685 :  died  at  Somerset  House,  Dec. 
29,1731.  An  English  mathematician.  He  entered 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  in  1701.  In  1708  he  solved 
the  problem  of  the  center  of  oscillation  (results  pub- 
lished later  in  "Philosophical Transactions").  His  works 
include  "Methodus  incrementorum  directa  et  inversa" 
(1715),  "New  Principles  of  Linear  Perspective"  (1719), 
"Contemplatio  Philosophica"  (1793).  He  is  best  known 
as  the  discoverer  of  "Taylor's  theorem." 

Taylor,  Sir  Henry.  Bom  near  Durham,  Oct. 
18, 1800:  died  at  Bournemouth,  March  27, 1886. 
A  noted  English  dramatic  poet,  statesman,  and 
critic.  He  went  to  London  in  1823,  and  obtained  an  ap- 
pointment in  the  colonial  office  In  1824,  retiring  in  1872. 
He  became  editor  of  the  "London  Magazine  "  in  1824,  and 
was  made  knight  commander  of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael 
and  St.  George  in  1869.  His  chief  dramas  are  "Isaac 
Comnenus"  (1827), "Philip  van  Artevelde  "  (1834),"  Edwin 
the  Fair"  (1842),"The Virgin ■Widow"(1850).  Amonghis 
other  works  are  "The  Statesman  "  (1836),  "Notes  from 
Life  "  (1847), "  The  Eve  of  the  Conquest,  and  other  Poems  " 
(1847),  "Notes  from  Books"  (1849).  His  autobiography 
was  published  in  1885 ;  his  letters  were  edited  by  Edward 
Dowden  in  1888. 

Taylor,  Isaac.  Bom  at  Lavenham,  Suffolk, 
England,  Aug.  17,  1787 :  died  at  Stanford  Riv- 


Taylor,  Isaac 

ers,  Essex,  England,  June  28, 1865.  An  English 
author.  He  studied  art,  but  ultimately  adopted  litera- 
ture as  a  profession.  Among  his  works  are  "  Natural  His- 
tory of  Enthusiasm "(1829),  "Natural  History  of  Fanati- 
cism "  (1834),  "  Saturday  Evening  "(1832),  "Spiritual  Des- 
potism (1835),  "  Physical  Theory  of  Another  Life  "  (1836), 
"  Ancient  Christianity  "  (1839),  "Restoration  of  Belief " 
(1855),  "Spirit  of  Hebrew  Poetiy  "  (1861),  etc. 
Taylor,  Isaac.  Born  at  Stanford  Elvers,  May 
2,  1829  :  died  at  Settrington,  Oct.  18, 1901.  An 
English  philologist  andantiquarian,  son  of  Isaac 
Taylor  (1787-1865).  He  studied  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  and,  after  holding  benefices  at  Bethnal  Green 
anil  Twickenham,  was  rector  of  Settrington,  Yorkshire, 
1875-1901,  and  a  canon  of  York  1886-1901.  Among  his  works 
are  "Words  and  Places  "  (1864),  "The  Alphabet:  an  Ac- 
count of  the  Origin  and  Development  of  tetters  "  (1883), 
"Etruscan  Researches"  (1874),  "Greeks  and  Goths:  a 
Study  on  the  Runes  "  (1879),  "  The  Origin  of  the  Aryans  " 
(1890),  etc. 

Taylor,  Baron  Isidore  Justin  S6verin.  Born 
at  Brussels,  Aug.  15,  1789 :  died  at  Paris,  Sept. 
8, 1879.  A  French  artist  and  author.  He  publislied 
"  Voyages  pittoresques  et  romantiques  de  I'ancienne 
France  "  (1820-63),  etc. 

Taylor,  Jane,  Bom  at  London,  Sept.  23, 1783: 
died  at  Ongar,  Essex,  April  12, 1824.  An  English 
poet  and  author.  Conjointly  with  her  sister  Ann  Taylor 
she  wrote  "Original  Poems  for  Infant  Minds,"  " Hymns 
for  Infant  Minds,"  etc.  Among  her  independent  works 
are  "Display"  (1816),  "Essays  in  Rhyme  on  Morals  and 
Manners  "  (1816),  etc. 

Taylor,  Jeremy.  Bom  at  Cambridge,  England 
(baptized  Aug.  15, 1618) :  died  at  Lisburn,  Ire- 
land, Aug.  18,  1667.  An  English  bishop  and 
celebrated  theological  writer.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
barber,  and  was  educated  at  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  be- 
ing elected  a  fellow  of  his  college  in  16:^3.  He  was  after- 
ward appointed  to  a  fellowship  at  All  Souls,  Oxford,  by  Arch- 
bishop Laud.  He  became  rector  of  Uppingham,  in  Rut- 
landshire, in  1838.  During  the  civil  war  he  adhered  to  the 
royal  cause,  serving  as  chaplain  to  Charles  I.  He  lost  his 
living  in  1642,  and  supported  himself  by  teaching.  After 
the  Restoration  he  was  made  bishop  of  Down  and  Connor 
and  a  member  of  the  Irish  privy  council.  His  chief  works 
are  "  Liberty  of  Prophesying  "7164^,  "  Life  of  Christ,  or 
the  Great  Exemplar"  (1648),  "Holy  Living"  (1660),  "Holy 
Dying"  (1661),  "Golden  Grove"  (1666),  "Ductor  Dubitan- 
tium"  (1660X  and  "Dissuasive  from  Popery "  (1664-87). 
His  collected  works  were  edited  by  Heber  in  1822. 

Taylor,  John.  Bom  in  (Jloueestershire,  1580 : 
died  at  London,  Dec,  1654.  An  English  poet, 
known  as  "  the  Water  Poet."  By  occupation  he 
was  a  waterman,  and  afterward  collector  of  wine  duties 
for  the  Tower  lieutenant.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
civil  war  he  became  a  Royalist,  and  kept  a  tavern  at  Ox- 
ford ;  at  the  time  of  his  death  he  kept  the  Crown  Tavern 
in  Phoenix  Alley,  Longacre,  London.  His  writings  are  val- 
uable illustrations  of  the  manners  of  his  age.  He  wrote 
many  poetical  and  prose  works,  first  collected  in  1830, which 
were  very  popular.  His  complete  works,  comprising  about 
140  separate  titles,  were  edited  by  Hindley  in  1872. 

Taylor,  John,  Bom  in  England,  Nov.  1, 1808: 
died  July  25, 1887.  A  Mormon  missionary  and 
apostle.  He  emigrated  to  Toronto,  Canada,  in  1832 ;  was 
converted  to  the  Mormon  faith  in  1836 ;  became  an  apostle 
in  1838 ;  was  with  Joseph  Smith  during  the  attack  on  Car- 
thage jail  in  1844 ;  succeeded  Young  as  president  of  the 
Mormon  Church  in  1877 ;  and  in  1880  became  presidentof 
the  faction  which  sanctioned  polygamy. 

Taylor,  Joseph.  An  English  actor  of  the  time 
of  Shakspere.  He  was  the  successor  of  Burbage  in 
Hamlet  and  Othello,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  the 
original  lago.  It  is  said  that  Shakspere  personally  in- 
structed him  to  play  Hamlet,  and  the  remembrance  of  this 
performance  enabled  Davenant  to  give  the  traditions  of 
Shakspere's  directions. 

Taylor,  Nathaniel  William,  Bom  at  New  Mil- 
ford,  Cfonn.,  July  28, 1786 :  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  March  10, 1858.  An  American  Congrega- 
tional clergyman  and  theologian,  leader  of  the 
"  New  Haven  School  of  Theology  "  (also  called 
"  Taylorism").  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1807;  became 
pastor  of  the  First  Congregational  Church  at  New  Haven  in 
1812 ;  and  was  professor  of  theology  at  Yale  1822-68.  He 
wrote  "  Practical  Sermons  "  (1868),  "Lectures  on  Moral 
Government"  (1859),  "Essays,  Lectures,  etc.,  on  Select 
Topics  of  Revealed  Theology"  (1869). 

Taylor,  Richard,  often  called  Dick.    Born  at 

New  Orleans,  Jan.  27, 1826:  died  at  New  York, 
April  12,  1879.  A  Confederate  general,  son  of 
Zachary  Taylor.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Secession 
Convention  of  Louisiana ;  served  under  Jackson  in  the 
Valley  campaign  and  the  Seven  Days'  battles  in  1862 ;  later 
was  commander  in  Louisiana  ;  defeated  Banks  at  Sabine 
Cross  Roads,  and  was  defeated  by  hira  at  Pleasant  Hill,  in 
1864;  commanded  east  of  the  Mississippi  1864-85 ;  and  sur- 
rendered to  General  Canby  May  4, 1865.  He  wrote  "De- 
struction and  Reconstruction  "  (1879). 

Taylor,  Samuel  Harvey.  Bom  at  Derry,  N.  H., 
Oct.  3;  1807 :  died  at  Audover,  Mass.,  Jan.  29, 
1871.  A  noted  American  educator.  He  graduated 
at  Dartmouth  College  in  1832  and  at  Andover  Theological 
Seminary  in  1837,  and  was  principal  of  Phillips  Academy, 
■  Andover,  Massachusetts,  1837-71.  He  prepared  several 
Greek  and  Latin  text-books,  and  wrote  "Method  of  Clas- 
sical Study  "  (1861). 
Taylor,  Thomas.  Bom  at  London,  May  15, 
1758:  died  Nov.  1, 1835.  An  English  classical 
scholar  and  miscellaneous  author.  He  studied 
three  years  at  St.  Paul's  School,  and  afterward  received 
ins'truction  from  private  teachers ;  was  for  a  time  a  bank 


982 

clerk,  and  then  a  teacher  in  private  schools ;  and  spent  the 
last  forty  years  of  his  life  in  studious  retirement.  He  made 
translations  of  Plato,  Aristotle,  Pausanias,  and  various 
Neoplatonists,    He  is  sometimes  called  "the  PlatoniBt." 

Taylor,  Tom.  Bom  at  Sunderland  In  1817: 
died  at  Wandsworth,  July  12, 1880.  An  English 
dramatist  and  art  critic,  editoJ-  of  "Punch" 
from  1874  to  1880.  He  studied  at  Glasgow  University 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  for  two  years  was 
professor  of  English  at  University  College,  London.  He 
was  called  to  the  bar  In  1845,  and  in  1854  was  appointed 
secretary  of  the  board  of  health.  He  wrote  or  adapted 
over  100  plays,  among  which  are  "  Still  Waters  Run  Deep," 
"Victims,"  "An  Unequal  Match,"  "The  Overland  Route," 
"The  Contested  Election,"  "Our  American  Cousin,"  "To 
Parents  and  Guardians,"  "The  Ticket-of-Leave  Man," 
" 'Twixt  Axe  and  Crown, ""  Joan  of  Arc, ""  Lady  Clancarty," 
"Anne  Boleyn,"  and,  with  Charles  Reade,  "Masks  and 
Faces,"  "Two  Loves  and  a  Life,"  and  "The  King's  Rival." 
He  wrote  a  life  of  Haydon,  edited  the  "Autobiographical 
Recollections  "  of  C.  E.  Leslie,  and  wrote  "Leicester  Square, 
its  Associations  and  its  Worthies  "  (1874),  etc. 

Taylor,  William.  Born  in  Rockbridge  County, 
Va.,  May  2,  1821:  died  at  Palo  Alto,  Cal.,  May 
18, 1902.  An  American  missionary  of  theMeth- 
odist  Episcopal  Church.  He  founded  independent 
missions  to  India  and  South  America,  and  became  a  mis- 
sionary bishop  to  Africa  in  1884.  He  wrote  "  Seven  Years' 
Street  Preaching  in  San  Francisco"  (1866),  "California 
Life  Illustrated"  (1868),  "  Model  Preacher  "  (1860),  "Four 
Years'  Campaign  in  India  "  (1875),  etc. 

Taylor,  William  Mackergo.  Bom  at  Kilmar- 
nock, Scotland,  Oct.  23,  1829:  died  at  New 
York,  Feb.  8, 1895.  A  Scottish-American  Pres- 
byterian clergyman  and  author :  pastor  of  the 
Broadway  Tabernacle  (Congregational)  in  New 
York  city  1872,  pastor  emeritus  1892.  Among 
his  works  are  "The  Miracles"  (188ii),  "David"  (1876), 
"  Elijah  "  (1878),  "  Ministry  of  the  Word  "  (1876),  "  Peter  " 
(1876),  "Daniel "(1878),  "Moses "(1879),  " Gospel  Miracles " 
(1880),  "Paul"  (1882),  "John  Knox"  (1884),  "Joseph" 
(1887),  "Parables  of  our  Saviour  "  (1886),  etc. 

Taylor,  William  Rogers.  Bom  at  Newport, 
K.  I.,  Nov.  7,  1811:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
April  14,  1889.  An  American  admiral,  son  of 
W.  Y.  Taylor.  He  entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman 
in  1828 ;  served  in  the  Mexican  war ;  and  during  the  Civil 
War  acted  as  fleet-captain  under  Dahlgren  in  the  attack 
on  Morris  Island  in  July,  1863.  He  was  promoted  rear- 
admiral  in  1871  and  retired  in  1873. 

Taylor,  William  Vigneron.  Bom  at  Newport, 
E.  I.,  1781:  died  there,  Feb.  11,  1858.  An 
American  naval  officer.  He  entered  the  United  States 
navy  as  a  sailing-master  in  1813  (having  previously  attained 
the  rank  of  captain  in  the  merchant  marine),  and  in  the 
same  year  served  with  distinction  under  Perry  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Lake  Erie. 

Taylor,  Zachary.  Born  in  Orange  County,  Va. , 
Sept.  24, 1784 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  July 
9,  1850.  The  twelfth  President  of  the  United 
States.  He  entered  the  army  as  first  lieutenant  in  1S08 ; 
served  in  the  War  of  1812,  attaining  the  rank  of  major ; 
defended  Fort  Harrison  against  the  Indians  in  1812 ;  served 
in  Black  Hawk's  war  in  1832,  with  the  rank  of  colonel ;  de- 
feated the  Seminole  Indians  at  Okeechobee  in  1837,  and 
was  brevetted brigadier-general ;  and  became  commander- 
in-chief  in  Florida  in  1838.  Later  he  commanded  in  the 
Southwest.  -In  1846  he  took  command  of  the  army  in  Texas. 
He  commanded  in  northern  Mexico  in  the  Mexican  war ; 
gained  the  battle  of  Palo  Alto  May  8,  1846,  and  that  of 
Resaca  de  la  Falma  May  9 ;  took  possession  of  Matamoroa 
May  18 ;  captured  Monterey  Sept.  24 ;  and  defeated  Santa 
Anna  at  Buena  Vista  Feb.  22-23, 1847.  He  was  appointed 
major-general  June  29, 1846.  In  1848  he  was  elected  as 
Whig  candidate  to  the  presidency,  and  was  inaugurated 
March  4, 1849. 

Taylorville  (ta'lgr-vil).  The  capital  of  Chris- 
tian County,  Illinois,  situated  on  the  South 
Fork  of  the  Sangamon,  26  miles  southeast  of 
Springfield.    Population  (1900)^  4,248. 

Tayronas  (ti-ro'nas).  An  extinct  tribe  of  In- 
dians who  occupied  the  mountain  region  of 
Santa  Marta,  now  in  northern  Colombia.  They 
were  very  brave  and  warlike,  fighting  the  first  Spanish  in- 
vaders with  poisoned  arrows.  The  Tayronas  were  per- 
haps of  Chibcha  stock.    Also  written  Taironas. 

Taywah.    See  Tewa. 

Taz  Bay.    An  eastern  arm  of  the  Gulf  of  Obi. 

Tazewell  (taz'wel),  Littleton  Waller.  Bom 
at  Williamsburg,  va.,  Dec.  17,  1774:  died  at 
Norfolk,  Va.,  March  6, 1860.  An  Americanpoli- 
tician.  He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Virginia 
1800-01;  United  States  commissioner  under  the  Florida 

1  treaty  with  Spain;  United  States  senator  1824-32;  and 
governor  of  Virginia  1834-36. 

Tca'wi  (cha-we'),  or  Grand  Pawnee  (pa.-ne'). 
The  leading  tribe  of  the  Pawnee  Confederacy 
of  North  American  Indians.    See  Pawnee. 

Tceme  (oha-ma'),  or  Tceme  Tunne  (cha-ma'  tu- 
na'), sometimes  caUed  Yahshutes,  or  Joshua 
Indians.  ['People  at  the  mouth  of  the 
stream.*]  A  tribe  of  the  Pacific  division  of  the 
Athapascan  stock  of  North  American  Indians. 
Theyformerlylivedatthe  month  of  RogueRiver,Oregon,but 
are  nowon  the  Siletz reservation, Oregon.   SeeAthapcucan. 

Tcetlestcan  Tunne  (chet-les'chan  tu-na'),  or 
Chetlessentun.  ['People  among  the  big 
rocks.']  A  village  of  the  Pacific  division  of 
the  Athai>ascan  stock  of  North  American  In- 


Tearless  Battle 

dians.  Their  habitat  was  formerly  on  the  Pacific  coast 
of  Oregon,  below  the  mouth  of  Rogue  River ;  it  is  now  on 
the  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.    See  Athapagcan. 

Tchad,  Lake.    See  Chad. 

Tchadyr-Dagh  (cha-der-dag').  ['Tent  moun- 
tain.']  A  mountain  in  the  Crimea,  south  by 
east  of  Simferopol :  the  ancient  Trapezus  Mons. 
Height,  5, 131  feet. 

Tchai  (chi).  The  Turkish  word  for 'river':  com- 
mon in  geographical  names. 

Tcbalabone.    See  Cholovone. 

Tchatal-Da^h  (oha-tai-dag').  A  range  of  the 
Balkans  in  Bastem  Eumelia,  Bulgaria,  situated 
near  Sliven. 

Tcheliuskin,  Cape.    See  Severo,  Cape. 

Tc'hemaya  (char'ni-a).  A  small  river  in  the 
Crimea,  which  flows  into  the  Black  Sea  near 
Sebastopol.  On  its  banks,  Aug.  16, 1855,  the  al- 
lies repelled  an  attack  by  the  Bussians. 

Tchernigoff  (cher-ne-gof).  A  government  of 
Eussia,  surrounded  by  the  govemments  of  Mo- 
ghileff,  Smolensk,  Orel,  Kursk,  Poltava,  Kieff, 
and  Minsk,  it  lies  in  the  basin  of  the  Dnieper,  which 
forms  part  of  its  boundary.  Area,  20,233  square  miles. 
Population,  2,108,983.    Also  Chemigof. 

Tchernigoff.  The  capital  of  the  government  of 
Tchernigoff,  situated  on  the  Desna  in  lat.  51° 
30'  N. :  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  Eussia.  Popu- 
lation, 26,815. 

Tchernigoff,  Principality  of.  A  medieval  prin- 
cipality in  central  Eussia.  It  was  acquired  by 
Lithuania  under  (Jedimin  (1315-40). 

Tchernyshevsky  (cher-ne-shef 'sTse),  Nikolai. 
Bom  at  Saratoff,  1828 :  died  there,  Oct.  29, 1889. 
A  Eussian  historical  and  political  writer  and 
novelist,  exiled  to  eastern  Siberia  as  a  Nihilist : 
well  known  from  his  "tendency"  novel  "What 
is  to  be  Done?"  (1867). 

Tcheskaya  (ehes'ka-ya),  Gulf  of.  A  gulf  in 
the  north  of  Eussia,  in  the  government  of  Arch- 
angel. 

Tchesme,  or  Chesme  (ohes'me).  A  small  port 
on  the  western  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  opposite 
Chios  and  west  of  Smyrna.  Near  it,  July,  1770,  the 
Russian  fleet  under  Orloif ,  aided  by  Rear- Admiral  John 
Elphinstone  and  Sir  Samuel  (later  Admiral)  Greig,  nearly 
annihilated  the  Turkish  fleet.  The  Turkish  vessels  were 
burned  by  the  enemy  during  the  night. 

Tchishi  (ehe'she).  The  Warm  Springs  Apaches : 
so  named  because  they  formerly  lived  at  Aguas 
Calientes,  or  Hot  Springs,  New  Mexico.  Their 
chief,  Victoria  or  Cochise,  was  killed  in  1881. 
See  Apaches. 

Tchita,  or  Chita  (ehe'ta).  The  capital  of  Trans- 
baikalia, Siberia,  situated  near  the  junction  of 
the  Tchita  and  Ingoda,  410  miles  east  of  Ir- 
kutsk. It  is  a  trading  center  for  Eastern  Si- 
beria.    Population,  about  10,000  (?). 

Tchitimacha.    See  Chitimachan. 

Tcholovone.     See  Cholovone. 

Tchu  (eho).  A  river  in  Eussian  Central  Asia 
which  rises  in  the  Thian-Shan  Mountains  and 
is  lost  in  the  sands.  It  was  formerly  a  tribu- 
tary of  the  Sir-Daria.  Length,  about  600  miles. 

Tchuktches  (chSk'chez).  A  people  dwelling 
in  the  northeastern  extremity  of  Siberia,  near 
the  Arctic  Ocean  and  Bering  Sea:  allied  to  the 
Koryakes. 

Tchiisovaya  (cho  -  so '  va  -  ya).  A  river  in  the 
government  of  Perm,  eastern  Eussia,  which 
joins  the  Kama  northeast  of  Perm.  Length, 
300-400  miles. 

Tchnvashes  (oho-vash'ez).  A  people  in  east- 
ern Eussia,  living  mainly  near  the  Volga:  prob- 
ably of  mixed  Finnic  and  Tatar  origin.  Their 
number  is  estimated  at  about  600,000. 

Tciwere  (che'wa-ra).  [An  Oto  term  meaning 
'autochthon.']  A  division  of  the  Siouan  stock 
of  North  American  Indians,  composed  of  three 
tribes:  the  Iowa,  Oto,  and  Missouri.  Their 
total  number  is  631 :  most  of  them  are  in  Okla- 
homa.    See  Siouan. 

Teaching  of  the  Twelve  Apostles.    A  didac-    i 
tic  wor^  for  use  in  the  early  church,  discovered 
by  the  metropolitan  Bryennius  at  Constanti- 
nople, and  published  in  1883;  date  and  author 
unsettled. 

Teague  (teg).  [So  called  from  the  former  prev- 
alence of  Teague  as  an  Irish  name.]  A  nick- 
name for  an  Irishman. 

Teague  (teg).  A  character  in  Howard's  play 
' '  The  Committee."  He  is  a  faithful  Irishman,  a  char- 
acter said  by  Dibdin  to  have  been  copied  from  Howard's 
own  Irish  servant.  "  Teague  "  became  a  half-contemptu- 
ous name  for  an  Irishman  in  the  17th-century  plays  and 
novels :  it  appears  in  the  famous  ballad  "LillibuUero." 

Teapi,  or  Teapy.    See  Easter  Island. 
Tearless  Battle.    A  battle,  367  b.  c,  between 
the  allied  Arcadians  and  Argives  on  one  side 


Tearless  Battle 

and  the  Spartans  on  the  other :  so  called  from 
the  immunity  from  loss  of  the  Spartans. 

Tearsheet  (tar'shet),  Doll.  A  disreputable 
character  in  the  second  part  of  Shakspere's 
"Henry  IV." 

Tears  of  the  Muses.  A  poem  by  Edmund 
Spenser. 

Tea  Water  Spring.  A  famous  spring  in  New 
York,  which  issued  from  the  ground  in  a  hollow 
near  what  is  now  the  junction  of  Chatham  and 
Boosevelt  streets,  then  out  of  town.  The  water 
was  the  best  on  the  island  of  Manhattan  about  the  begin- 
ning of  the  18th  century,  and  was  highly  prized  by  house- 
wives for  malting  tea.  Before  the  Kevolution  the  old 
spring  was  a  popular  resort.  A  pump  was  erected,  orna- 
mental grounds  were  laid  out,  and  the  wealth  and  fashion 
of  the  city  gathered  there  on  summer  evenings  to  sip  the 
water,  fortified  by  other  beverages. 

Teazle  (te'zl),  Lady.  A  gay  and  innocent  but 
imprudent  country-bred  girl  in  Sheridan's 
"  School  for  Scandal."  Married  to  an  old  man,  she 
plunges  into  the  temptations  of  town  life.  Mrs.  Abing- 
ton,  the  creator  of  the  part,  made  her  an  entirely  affected 
fine  lady,  giving  no  hint  of  her  rustic  origin.  Mrs.  Jordan 
was  the  first  who  allowed  a  trace  of  country  breeding  to 
-be  visible  through  the  glitter  of  her  artificial  town  manner. 
When  the  veterans  in  the  art  of  scandal  are  joined  by  a 
brilliant  and  mischievous  recruit  in  the  shape  of  Lady 
Teazle,  rushing  in  amongst  them  in  pure  gaili  du  aeur, 
the  energy  of  her  young  onslaught  outdoes  them  all.  The 
talk  has  never  been  so  brilliant,  never  so  pitiless,  as  when 
she  joins  them.  She  adds  the  gift  of  mimicry  to  all  their 
malice.  *  Mrs.  Oliphant,  Sheridan. 

Teazle,  Sir  Peter.  The  husband  of  Lady  Teazle 
in  Sheridan's  "  School  for  Scandal."  He  is  "some- 
thing of  a  curmudgeon  "  in  the  first  act,  but  improves  on 
acquaintance,  and  secures  the  aifection  of  his  young  wife 
at  the  crisis  of  the  play. 

Teb,  El.    See  Ml  Teh. 

Tebessa  (ta-bes'sS).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Constantino,  Algeria,  108  miles  southeast  of 
Constantiou:  the  ancient  Thereste.  it  has  im- 
portant Eomau  antiquities,  including :  (a)  A  Eoman  ba- 
silica, in  plan  71  by  212  feet,  with  nave  and  two  aisles,  and 
a  semicircular  apse  at  the  further  end.  The  basilica 
Is  preceded  by  an  atrium,  or  open  court,  surrounded  by 
sircades.  The  building  stands  in  a  large  walled  inclosure 
of  later  date,  strengthened  by  towers.  The  structure  is 
.assigned  to  tlie  beginning  of  the  2d  century  A.  D.,  and 
tliough  it  served  long  as  a  Christian  church,  underwent 
l)ut  little  alteration.  (6)  A  temple  of  Jupiter ;  a  prostyle, 
tetrastyle,  Corinthian  building,  measuring  26  by  45  feet,  on 
a  basement  12  feet  higli,  with  a  fine  flight  of  steps  in  front, 
(c)  A  triumphal  arch  of  Caracalla:  a  four-way  arch  like  that 
of  Janus  Quadrifrons  at  Kome  and  the  !Roman  arch  at 
Tripoli.  It  is  sliown  by  inscriptions  to  have  been  founded 
about  211  A.  D. 

Tebeth  (te-bef  ) .  [Heb. ;  in  Assyrian  tebetu,  in- 
terpreted to  signify  'the  muddy  month.']  The 
tenth  ecclesiastical  and  the  fourth  civil  month 
in  the  Hebrew  year,  corresponding  to  February- 
March  (Esther  ii.  16). 

Tebris,  or  Tebriz.    See  Tabriz. 

Teche  (tesh),  Bayou.  A  river  in  southern 
Louisiana  which  flows  into  the  lower  Atcha- 
falaya.  Length,  about  175  miles ;  navigable  to 
St.  Martinsville. 

Teck  (tek).  A  small  medieval  duchy  in  Swabia, 
now  belonging  to  Wiirtemberg. 

Tecpan  (tak-pan').  An  old  province  of  Mexico, 
established  by  Morelos  in  1811  as  a  revolution- 
ary measure,  but  retained  after  the  indepen- 
dence. It  corresponded,  nearly,  to  the  state 
of  Guerrero,  which  was  formed  from  it  in  1847. 

Tecpanecs.    See  Tepanecs. 

Tecumseh  (te-kum'se).  Born  near  the  site 
of  Springfield,  Ohio,  about  1768:  killed  in  the 
battle  of  the  Thames,  Canada,  Oct.  5,  1813.  A 
chief  of  the  Shawnee  Indians.  He  aided  his  bro- 
ther ("  the  Prophet")  in  his  attempt  to  unite  the  western 
Indians  against  the  whites,  and  was  an  Important  ally  of 
the  British  in  the  War  of  1812.  He  served  at  the  Baisin 
Eiver  and  at  Maguaga ;  commanded  an  Indian  contingent 
at  the  siege  of  Fort  Meigs ;  and  commanded  the  right  wing 
at  the  battle  of  the  Thames. 

Tecumseh,  A  town  in  Lenawee  County,  Michi- 
gan, situated  on  the  Raisin  Eiver  41  miles 
west-southwest  of  Detroit.  Population  (1890), 
2,310. 

Tecumseh.  An  iron-clad  vessel,  a  single-tur- 
reted  monitor,  of  the  United  States  na,vy.  It 
was  one  of  Admiral  larragut's  fleet  in  the  attack  on  Mo- 
bile, Alabama,  commanded  by  Captain  Craven,  and  was 
sunlt  by  a  torpedo  in  Mobile  Bay  Aug.  5, 1864. 

Tecunas.    See  Tucunas  and.  Jumanas. 

Teddington  (ted'ing-tgn).  A  village  in  Middle- 
sex, England,  situated  near  the  Thames  12 
miles  west-southwest  of  London.  Population 
(1891),  10,025. 

Te  Deum  (te  de'um).     [So  called  from  the  first 

words,  "Te  Deum  laudamus,"  'Thee,  God,  we 

praise.']    An  ancient  hymn,  in  the  form  of  a 

psalm,  sung  at  matins  or  morning  prayer  in  the 

Uoman  Catholic  and  in  the  Anglican  churches, 

and  also  separately  as  a  service  of  thanksgiving 

■on   special  occasions.    The  Te  Deum  is  first  men- 


•983 

tioned  early  in  the  6th  century.  Its  authorship  is  popu- 
larly attributed  to  St.  Ambrose  and  St.  Augustine,  but  it 
probably  assumed  nearly  its  present  form  in  the  4th  cen- 
tury, during  the  Arian  and  Macedonian  controversies, 
though  in  substance  it  seemu  to  be  still  older,  St.  Cyprian 
in  A.  D.  252  using  words  closely  similar  to  the  seventh, 
eighth,  and  ninth  verses,  and  several  of  the  latter  verses 
("Day  by  day,"  etc.)  agreeing  with  part  of  an  ancient 
Greek  hymn,  preserved  in  the  Alexandrine  Codex,  the  be- 
ginning of  which  is  a  form  of  the  Gloria  in  Exoelsis.  Origi- 
nally it  was  modeled  on  the  preface  and  great  intercession 
of  a  primitive  liturgy,  probably  African,  of  the  type  of  the 
liturgy  of  St.  James.  Also,  more  fully,  Te  Deum  Lauda/inus. 

Tees  (tez).  A  river  in  northern  England  which 
forms  the  boundary  between  York  and  Durham. 
It  flows  into  the  North  Sea.  Length,  70  miles ; 
navigable  for  small  vessels  to  Stockton. 

Teewah.    See  ^gua. 

Teff6  (tef-f  a' ).  A  southern  tributary  of  the  Ama- 
zon, which  it  joins  about  long.  64°  40'  W. 

Teffe,  formerly  Ega  (a'ga).  A  town  of  the 
state  of  Amazonas,  Brazil,  on  a  lake  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Teff#.  It  was  originally  a  Jesuit 
mission,  and  is  now  the  chief  commercial  town  between 
Manaos  and  Tabatinga.    Population,  about  8,000. 

Tegea  (te'je-a),  [Gr.  Tey^a.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  in  Arcadia,  Greece,  in  lat.  37°  28' 
N.,  long.  22°  26'  E.  ltfoughtinthebattleotPlatsea479 
B.  0. ,  and  sided  with  Sparta  in  the  Peloponnesian  and  Corin- 
thian wars ;  was  later  a  member  of  the  Arcadian  Confeder- 
acy ;  fought  against  Sparta  at  Mantinea  362  B.  c. ;  and  was  a 
member  of  the  .^tolian  and  Aciisean  leagues.  It  contained 
af  amous  temple  of  Athene  Alea,  burned  about  394  B.  c. ,  and 
restored  by  Scopas.  It  was  a  Doric  peripteros  of  6  by  13 
columns,  measuring  72  by  164  feet.  The  columns  within  the 
oella  were  Ionic  and  Corinthian.  The  sculptures  of  the 
eastern  pediment  represented  the  slaying  of  the  Caly- 
donian  boar ;  those  of  the  western,  the  combat  of  Telephus 
and  AchUles. 

Tegel  (ta'gel).  A  village  and  popular  resort, 
situated  on  the  Tegeler  See  7  miles  northwest 
of  Berlin. 

Tegernsee  (ta'gem-za).  A  lake  in  Upper  Bava- 
ria, situated  near  the  Alps  29  miles  south  of 
Munich:  noted  for  its  beautiful  scenery.  Its 
outlet  is  by  the  Mangfall  to  the  Inn.  Length, 
nearly  4  miles.     Elevation  2,400  feet. 

Tegetthoff  (te'get-hof),  Baron  Wilhelm  von. 
Bom  at  Marburg,  Styria,  Deo.  23,  1827 :  died 
at  Vienna,  April  7, 1871.  An  Austrian  admiral. 
He  commanded  the  Austrian  contingen  Wn  the  allied  naval 
victory  over  the  Danes  near  Helgoland  May  9, 1864 ;  and 
is  especially  noted  for  his  victory  near  Lissa  over  the 
Italian  fleet  under  Persano,  July  20, 1866. 

Tegner  (teng-nar'),Esaias.  Born  in  Kyrkerud, 
in  Wermland,  Sweden,  Nov.  13,  1782 :  died  at 
Wexio,  Nov.  2,  1846.  A  Swedish  poet.  He  was 
the  son  of  a  clergyman :  both  parents  were  from  the  peas- 
ant class.  He  was  in  his  tenth  year  when  his  father  died 
and  left  the  family  in  extremely  poor  circumstances. 
Friends  enabled  him  to  obtain  his  early  education,  and  in 
1799  he  went  as  a  student  to  Lund.  The  following  year, 
from  lack  of  means  to  continue  his  studies,  he  became  a 
tutor  in  SmSland,  but  subsequently  returned  to  Lund, 
where  he  finally  took  his  examination  in  1802.  In  1803 
he  was  appointed  decent  in  esthetics ;  ten  years  later 
he  was  made  professor  of  Greek  and  prebendaiy.  In  1824 
he  was  elected  bishop  of  WexiB.  Subsequently  he  was 
afflicted  with  a  hereditary  mental  disease,  and  from  the 
autumn  of  1840  until  the  following  spring  he  was  in  an 
asylum  in  Schleswig.  He  then  resumed  the  duties  of  his 
oflice,  but  never  recovered  his  health.  His  literary  career 
began  in  1808  with  the  "  Krigss&ng  for  det  SkSnska  landt- 
varnet"  ("  War  Song  for  the  Militia  of  Scania  ").  In  1811 
he  was  awarded  the  prize  of  the  Academy  for  the  long  poem 
"  Svea  "  (the  poetical  name  of  Sweden).  The  idyl  "  Jfatt- 
vardsbamen  "  ("  The  Children  of  the  Lord's  Supper  ")  ap- 
peared in  1820 ;  this  was  followed  two  years  later  by  the 
narrative  poem  "  Axel."  In  1825  appeared  in  its  complete 
form  the  cycle  of  romances,  based  upon  the  Old  Norse  saga 
of  the  same  name,  the  "  Frithjof  s  Saga,"  his  most  celebrated 
work  and  one  of  the  most  famous  in  Scandinavian  liter- 
ature. He  wrote  numerous  shorter  poems,  among  them 
"KarlXII."("CharlesXIL")and"S&ngtilsolen"("Hymn 
to  the  Sun").  The  longer  poems  "Gerda"  and  "Krow- 
bruden  "  were  left  unfinished.  His  last  poem,  written  a 
short  time  before  his  death,  is  "Aisked  til  min  lyra" 
("Farewell  to  My  Lyre").  He  was  the  principal  poet  of  the 
so-called  Gothic  school.  His  collected  works  were  pub- 
lished at  Stockholm,  1876,  in  2  vols.  His  posthumous  works 
appeared  at  Stockholm,  1873-74,  in  3  vols. 

Tegnum  (teg'num).    See  the  extract. 

His  [Galen's]  greatest  medical  works  were  the  treatise, 
in  seventeen  books, "on  the  use  of  the  parts  of  the  human 
body  " ;  the  essay  "  on  the  art  of  medicine,"  which  was  the 
text-book  and  chief  subject  of  examination  for  medical 
students  in  the  middle  ages,  when  it  was  known  in  barbar- 
ous Latin  as  the  Tegnum  or  Microtegnum  (Microtechnum^ 
of  Galen ;  the  fourteen  books  "  on  therapeutic  method, ' 
known  in  the  middle  ^es  as  his  Megedotegnum,  m  which 
he  defends  hisown  dogmatic  orHippocratic  system  agamst 
the  Empirics  and  Methodics;  the  ten  books  "on  the  com- 
position of  medicines  according  to  the  places,  which  con- 
tained the  pharmacopoeia  of  Archigenes,  and  which  is  a 
text-book  with  the  Arabic  physicians  under  the  name  Mi- 
ramir.  or  '  the  book  of  ten  treatises.' 

K.  0.  Muller,  Hist,  of  the  lit.  of  Anc.  Greece,  IIL  274. 

[(Dmaldson.) 

Tegua.    See  Tewa.  ^ 

Tegucigalpa   (ta-gS-the-gal'pa).     The  capital 

(since  1880)   of  Honduras,  Central  America, 

about  lat.  14°  10'  N.     It  contains  a  cathedral 

and  a  university.     Population,  about  15,000. 


Telamon 

Tehama  (ta-ha'mS).  Acomparativelylow-lying 
region  on  the  western  coast  of  Arabia. 

Teheran  (teh-e-ran'),  or  Tehran  (teh-ran'). 
The  capital  of  Persia,  situated  about  lat.  35° 
41'  N.,  long.  51°  25'  E.  It  became  the  royal 
residence  about  the  end  of  the  18th  century. 
Population,  estimated,  210,000. 

Tehri  (teh-re').  A  native  state  in  Bundelkhand, 
India,  intersected  by  lat.  25°  N.,  long.  79°  E. 
Area,  about  2,000  sc[uare  miles.  Population 
(1881),  311,514. 

Tehua,    See  Tewa. 

Tehuacan  (ta-wa-kan').  A  town  in  the  state 
of  Puebla,  Mexico,  125  miles  east-southeast  of 
Mexico.    Population  (1894),  6,223. 

Tehuantepec  (ta-wan-ta-pek').  A  town  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  state  of  Oajaca,  Mexico, 
on  the  Tehuantepec  Eiver,  13  miles  from  its 
mouth  in  the  Pacific.  It  was  an  ancient  city,  and  at 
one  time  the  capital  of  the  Zapotec  Indians  ;  but,  accord- 
ing to  tradition,  it  existed  before  their  time,  having  been 
settled  by  a  mythical  race,  the  Huabi,  who  are  said  to  have 
come  from  the  south  by  sea.  At  the  time  of  the  Spanish 
conquest  it  belonged  to  a  branch  of  the  Zapotecs ;  its  chief 
or  "king,"  Cooiyopu,  submitted  to  the  Spaniards  in  1622, 
Population  (1894),  6,674. 

Tehuantepec,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  on  the  southern  coast  of  Mexico  at  the 
Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec. 

Tehuantepec,  Isthmus  of.  An  isthmus  in 
southeastern  Mexico,  between  the  Bay  of  Cam- 
peehe  on  the  north  and  the  Gulf  of  Tehuante- 
pec on  the  south.  Width  at  the  narrowest  part, 
about  120  miles.  The  mountain  lands  are  here  some- 
what interrupted,  and  there  are  several  passes  below  900 
feet.  A  railway  crosses  it,  and  a  canal  and  a  ship-railway 
have  been  projected. 

Tehuelches,    See  Pataqonians. 

Teian  (te'an)  Muse,  The,  A  name  given  to 
Anacreon,"from  his  birthplace  in  Teos,  Asia 
Minor. 

Teifl,  or  Teify,  or  Tivy  (ti've) .  A  river  in  Wales 
which  flows  into  Cardigan  Bay  below  Cardigan. 
Length,  about  60  miles. 

Teign,  or  Teigne  (tan).  A  small  river  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  which  flows  into  the  English 
Channel  at  Teignmouth. 

Teignmouth  (tan'muth),  A  seaport  and  water- 
ing-place in  Devonshire,  England,  situated  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Teign  into  the  English  Chan- 
nel, 13  miles  south  of  Exeter.  Population  (1891), 
8,292. 

Teith  (teth).  A  small  river  chiefly  in  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  which  joins  the  Forth  near 
Stirling. 

Teixeira  (ta-sha'ra),  Pedro.  Bom  in  Portugal 
about  1575 :  died  at  Pard,  Brazil,  June  4,  IMO. 
A  Portuguese  soldier.  He  served  in  Brazil,  taking 
part  in  the  recovery  of  Maranhao  from  the  i'rench  1614, 
and  the  founding  otPar41616.  In  1620-21  he  was  governor 
of  ParA.  In  1637  he  was  placed  in  command  of  a  power- 
ful expedition  which  ascended  the  Amazon  and  Napo  and 
crossed  the  mountains  to  Quito,  returning  by  the  same 
route  and  arriving  at  Pari  Dec.  12, 1639.  This  was  the 
first  careful  exploration  of  the  Amazon,  and  had  im^ior. 
tant  results :  an  account  of  it  was  published  by  Acuiia. 
(See  that  name.)  Teixeira  was  again  governor  of  ParA 
from  Feb.  28, 1640,  until  a  few  days  before  his  death.  Often 
written  Texeira  or  Texeyra. 

Teja  (te'ja),  or  Tejas  (te'jas).  Killed  Sept.,  553. 
The  last  king  of  the  Bast  (^oths  in  Italy^  suc- 
cessor to  Totila  July,  553.  He  was  slain  in 
the  battle  on  Mount  Lactarius. 

Tejada,  Lerdo  de.    See  Lerdo  de  T^ada. 

Tejal  (ta-yal'  or  te'jal).  [Ar.  tqh  ydh.']  An 
Arabic  name,  of  uncertain  meaning,  for  the  two 
stars  >!  and  /j  Geminorum.  The  former,  a  double 
variable  star,  usually  of  the  fourth  magnitude,  is  Tejal 
priffr,  and  the  latter,  of  the  third  magnitude,  is  Tejal  post. 
The  first-named  star  is  also  known  as  Propus  (which  see). 

Tejano,    See  Coahuiltecan. 

Tejend  (te-jend').  The  name  given  to  the  lower 
course  of  the  river  Heri-Eud,  partly  on  the 
boundary  between  Persia  and  Asiatic  Eussia. 

Tejo.    The  Portuguese  name  of  the  Tagus. 

Tekele.    See  Takala. 

Tekes  (tek'es).    A  head  stream  of  the  river  Hi. 

Tekke-Turcomans  (tek'ke-ter'ko-manz).  A 
race  of  Tatar  nomads  in  central  Asia,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Persia,  Afghanistan,  and  Asiatic 
Eussia.  Their  power  was  broken  by  the  Russians  under 
Skobeleft  at  Geok.Tepe  in  1881.  Merv  was  taken  by  the 
Russians  in  1884. 

Tekna  (tek'na).    A  region  south  of  Morocco. 

Tel-Abib  (tel-a'beb).  [In  the  Assyrian  inscrip- 
tions Tel  Abubi,  hill  of  the  deluge.]  A  city  on 
the  canal  of  Kebar,  in  Babylonia,  where  many 
of  the  Jewish  exiles  were  settled,  amongst  whom 
was  the  prophet  Ezekiel. 

Telamon  (tel'a-mon).  In  Greek  legend,  son  of 
.aiacus,  brother  of  Peleus,  and  father  of  Ajax. 


Telamon 

He  took  part  in  the  Calydonian  hunt  and  the  Argonautic 
expedition,  and  accompanied  Hercules  against  Laomedon 
of  Xroy. 

Telamon.  In  aneieBt  geography,  a  place  on  the 
coast  of  Etruria,  Italy,  about  76  miles  north- 
west of  Eome.  Near  here,  in  225  b.  c,  the 
Romans  nearly  annihilated  an  army  of  Gauls. 

Telde  (tel'da).  A  town  in  the  island  of  Gran 
Canaria,  Canary  Islands. 

Tel-  (or  Tell-)  Defenneh  (tel-da-fen'ne).  See 
the  extract. 

Tell  Defenneh  is  a  large  mound,  or  group  of  mounds, 
situated  close  to  Lake  Menzaleh,  at  the  extreme  northeast- 
ern corner  of  the  Delta ;  and  the  name  of  this  group  of 
mounds,  "  Defenneh,"  is  a  corrupt  Arab  version  of  "Daph- 
nse,"  the  "Daphnse  of  Pelusium"  of  the  Greek  histori- 
ans. The  identity  of  Defenneh  and  Daphnse  has  never 
been  questioned  by  scholars,  and  the  identity  of  both 
with  the  Biblical  Tahpanhes  has  also  been  adiitiitted  by 
the  majority  of  Bible  commentators.  Here  Mr.  Petrie 
discovered  the  ruins  of  "Pharaoh's  House  at  Tahpanhes." 
Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  58. 

Telegonia  (tel-e-g6'ni-a),orLayof  Telegonus. 
A  cyclic  poem  by  Eugamon  of  Cyrene  (about 
566  B.  C).  It  was  a  continuation  of  the  Odyssey,  and 
was  named  from  its  hero  Telegonus,  son  of  Odysseus 
and  Circe,  who  slew  his  father.  The  poem  completed  the 
"Trojan  cycle." 

Telegonus  (te-leg'o-nus).  [Gr.  T^A^yovof.]  In 
Greek  legend:  {a)  A  son  of  Proteus,  slain  by 
Hercules.  (6)  A  son  of  Odysseus  and  Circe. 
He  was  sent  by  his  mother  to  Ithaca,  where  he  killed  Odys- 
seus and  whence  he  returned  to  Circe  with  Teleraachus 
and  Penelope:  the  latter  he  married.  He  was  said  to  have 
been  the  founder  of  Tusculum  and  Pi-seneste. 

Tel-  (or  Tell-)  el-Amarna  (tel-el-S-mar'na). 
The  ruins  of  a  residence  of  Amenophis  IV.,  in 
central  Egypt,  in  the  winter  of  1887-88  there  were  dis- 
covered there  about  three  hundred  clay  tablets  covered 
with  cuneiform  inscriptions  which  have  since  been  deci- 
phered :  they  contain  the  diplomatic  correspondence  of 
kings  of  Babylonia,  Assyria,  and  other  countries  of  west- 
em  Asia,  including  Palestine,  with  the  Egyptian  court. 

Tel-  (or  Tell-)  el-Kebir  (tel-el-ke-ber')  ■  Avillage 
in  Lower  Egypt,  situated  on  the  Freshwater 
Canal  about  50  miles  northeast  of  Cairo.  Here, 
Sept.  13,  1882,  the  British  under  Wolseley  defeated  the 
Egyptian  insurgents  under  Arabl  Pasha :  loss  of  the  lat- 
ter, about  3,000.    The  surrender  of  Aiabl  Pasha  followed. 

Telemachus  (te-lem'a-kus).  [Gr.  Iri'UiiaxoQ.'] 
In  Greek  legend,  the  son  of  Odysseus  and  Pe- 
nelope. He  visited  Pylos  (attended  by  Athene  in  the 
guise  of  Mentor)  and  Sparta,  in  search  of  his  father,  and 
joined  the  latter,  on  his  return  to  Ithaca,  in  slaying  the 
suitors  of  Penelope. 

Telemachus.  An  Asiatic  monk,  famous  for  his 
attempt  in  404  to  stop  the  gladiatorial  shows. 
He  sprang  into  the  arena  and  endeavored  to  separate  the 
gladiators,  but  was  stoned  to  death  by  the  spectators.  He 
was  proclaimed  a  martyr  by  the  emperor  Honorius ;  and 
his  act  and  death  led  to  the  abolition  of  the  exhibitions. 

T6llmaque  (ta-la-mak'),  Aventures  de.  [P., 
'  Adventures  of  Telemachus.']  A  romance  by 
P^nelon,  published  in  1699.  It  is  founded  on  the 
legendary  history  of  Telemachus,  and  is  one  of  the  classics 
of  French  literature. 

Though  the  beautiful  fiction  of  Telemachus,  which  has 
much  in  common  with,  and  was  doubtless  suggested  to 
F6neIon  by  the  Argenis,  be  rather  an  epic  poem  in  prose 
than  a  romance,  it  seems  to  have  led  the  way  to  several 
political  romances,  or,  at  least,  to  have  nourished  a  taste 
for  this  species  of  composition. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fict.,  II.  348. 

Telemarken  (ta-la-mar'ken).  A  mountainous 
and  picturesque  region  in  the  amt  of  Bratsberg, 
southern  Norway. 

TelephUS  (tel'e-fus).  [Gr.  liiUtjioQ.']  In  Greek 
legend,  the  son  of  Hercules  and  Auge :  king  of 
Mysia  at  the  time  of  the  Greek  expedition 
against  Troy. 

Telescope,  The.     See  Telescopium. 

Telescope  (tel'e-skop)  Mountains.  A  moun- 
tain group  in  eastern  California,  east  of  Owen's 
Lake  and  west  of  Death  Valley. 

Telescopium (tel-e-sko'pi-um).  Asoutherncon- 
stellation,  introduced  by  Lacaille  in  1752.  it 
contains  one  star  of  the  fourth  magnitude.  Telescopium 
Herschelii  is  a  constellation  inserted  by  the  Abb6  Hell  in 
1789  between  Lynx,  Auriga,  and  Gemini.    It  is  obsolete. 

Telford  (tel'ford),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Eskdale, 
Dumfriesshire,  Aug.  9, 1757:  died  at  Westmin- 
ster, Sept.  2, 1834.  A  Scottish  civil  engineer.  He 
built  the  bridge  across  the  Severn  at  Montford  in  1792 ; 
was  engineer  of  the  EUesmere  Canal  (1793),  the  Caledonian, 
Canal  (1802),  the  Gloucester  and  Berkeley  Canal  (1818),  and 
the  Grand  Trunk  Canal  (1822) ;  and  in  1810  superintended 
the  construction  of  the  Gotha  Canal,  Sweden.  From  1803 
he  superintended  the  construction  of  nearly  1,000  miles  of 
road  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  and  afterward  con- 
structed lines  of  road  through  North  Wales,  surmounting 
great  natural  difficulties.  The  most  notable  parts  of  this 
undertaking  were  the  erection  of  the  Menai  suspension- 
bridge  and  the  Conway  bridge.  He  built  the  road  from 
Warsaw  to  Brest-Sitovski  in  Poland.  He  improved  the 
harbors  of  Aberdeen  and  Dundee,  and  built  St.  Cath- 
erine's docks  in  London.  In  1828-30  he  drained  nearly 
50,000  acres  of  the  Fen  country.  The  Telford  pavement 
was  his  invention. 

Tell  (tel),  The.    That  part  of  Algeria  which 


984 

lies  along  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  and 
comprises  the  cultivated  land.  The  name  is 
extended  to  include  the  similarly  placed  regions 
of  Morocco  and  Tunis. 
Tell  (tel), William.  One  of  the  legendary  heroes 
of  Switzerland  in  the  struggle  for  independence 
of  the  cantons  Sehwyz,  IJri,  and  Unterwalden 
with  Albrecht  of  Austria  (the  German  emperor 
Albrecht  I. ).  The  story,  in  its  familiar  form,  is  that  Tell, 
who  was  the  head  of  the  independent  confederates,  hav- 
ing refused  to  salute  the  cap  which  Gessler,  the  Austrian 
governor,  had  placed  for  that  purpose  in  the  market-place 
of  Altorf,  was  ordered  to  place  an  apple  on  the  head  of  his 
little  son  and  shoot  it  off.  He  did  so,  and  revealed  another 
arrow  ivith  which  he  had  intended  to  shoot  Gessler  if  he 
had  killed  his  son.  He  was  taken  across  the  lake  by  Gessler 
to  KUssnaoht  Castle  to  be  eaten  alive  by  reptiles ;  but,  a 
storm  coming  up,  he  shot  the  governor,  escaped,  and  after- 
ward liberated  his  country.  The  Tell  legend  in  its  Swiss 
form  appears  for  the  first  time  in  a  chronicle,  written  be- 
tween 1467  and  1476,  contained  in  a  manuscript  known  as 
the ' '  White  Book  of  Sarmen,"  which  places  the  events  after 
the  accession  of  Kudolf  to  the  empire  in  1273.  It  is  also 
found  in  the  "  Chronicle  "of  Melchior Eussof  Lucerne,  who 
began  to  write  in  1482.  The  principal  source,  however,  of 
the  life  and  deeds  of  Tell  is  the  "Chronioon  Helveticum  " 
("Swiss  Chronicle")  of  iEgidius  Tschudi  (1605-72),  where 
the  year  1307  is  given  as  the  date  of  the  Tell  incident. 
Based  principally  upon  Tschudi  is  Schiller's  drama  "Wil- 
helm  Tell "  (1804),  which  closely  follows  the  episode  as  re- 
lated by  the  Swiss  chronicler,  and  even  incorporates  some 
of  the  speeches  word  for  word.  The  legend  of  William 
Tell  is  in  its  ultimate  origin  a  Germanic  myth.  The  earli- 
est extant  version  of  this  story  of  the  apple  is  contained 
in  the  Old  Norse  Vilkina  Saga,  from  the  13th  century, 
whose  material,  however,  according  to  its  own  account, 
was  derived  from  German  sources.  The  story  of  the  fa. 
mous  shot  of  the  archer  Eigil  is  here  related  with  circum- 
stantiality of  detail.  At  the  command  of  King  Nidung 
an  apple  is  placed  upon  the  head  of  the  three-year-old  son 
of  Eigil,  who  is  then  made  to  shoot^  and  strikes  it,  directly 
in  the  middle,  with  his  first  arrow.  When  asked  why  he 
had  taken  two  other  arrows  when  only  one  shot  was 
allowed,  he  replied  boldly,  "In  order  to  shoot  the  king  if 
I  had  injured  the  child."  Another  version  of  the  legend 
is  found  in  Saxo  Grammaticus,  who  ivrote  his  "  Historia 
Danica  "  early  in  the  13th  century.  The  apple-shot  is  also 
told  in  English  territory  of  William  of  Cloudesley.  The 
Swiss  story  of  William  Tell  is  simply  a  localization  of  the 
legend,  wliich  was,  apparently,  once  common  Germanic 
property. 

Tell-el-Amarna.    See  Tel-eUAmama. 

Tell-el-Kebir.    See  TeUUKeUr. 

Teller  (tel'er),  Henry  Moore.  Bom  at  Granger, 
Alleghany  County,  N.  Y.,  May_  23,  1830.  An 
American  lawyer  and  Eepubliean  politician. 
He  was  United  States  senator  from  Colorado  1876-82 ;  sec- 
retary of  the  interior  1882-85  ;  and  United  States  senator 
from  Colorado  1885-. 

Tellez  (tel'yeth),  Gabriel:  pseudonym  Tirso 
de  Molina.  Bom  at  Madrid  about  1570 :  died 
in  the  convent  of  Soria,  1648.  A  noted  Span- 
ish dramatist.  He  entered  the  church  before  1613,  and 
became  the  head  of  the  convent  of  Soria.  Five  volumes 
of  his  plays  were  published  underhis  pseudonym  between 
1616  and  1636 :  among  these  the  best-known  out  of  Spain 
is  "El  Burlador  de  Sevilla"  ("The  Seville  Deceiver '0, 
"the  earliest  distinct  exhibition  of  that  Don  Juan  who  is 
now  seen  on  every  stage  in  Europe."  In  Spain  "Don  Gil 
de  las  Calzas  Verdes "  ("  Don  Gil  in  the  Green  Panta- 
loons ")  is  the  favorite.  Among  his  other  plays  may  be 
mentioned  "Vergonzoso  en  Palacio"("  A  Bashful  Man  at 
Court"),"  La  Lealtad  contra  la  Envidia,"  "  Por  el  Sotano  y 
el  Torno,"  and  "Escarmientos  para  Cuerdos."  He  pub- 
lished in  1624  "  Cigarrales  de  Toledo,"  an  account  of  en- 
tertainments given  by  a  wedding  party  at  a  cigarral  or 
small  country  house  resorted  to  for  recreation  in  summer. 
These  were  stories  told,  plays  acted,  poetry  recited,  etc., 
a  theatrical  framework  being  used  to  connect  the  sepa- 
rate parts  instead  of  the  narrative  adopted  by  Boccaccio 
in  the  "  Decamerone,"  from  which  the  idea  was  tal^en. 
This  style  was  soon  imitated  by  other  authors,  Tirso 
published  another  of  a  graver  tone,  "  Pleasure  and  Profit, " 
in  1636. 

Tellez  y  Giron  (tel-yeth'  e  ne-ron'),  Pedro, 
Duke  of  Osuna  (or  Ossuna).  Bom  at  Valla- 
dolid,  Spain,  1579:  died  1624.  ASpanish states- 
man, viceroy  of  Sicily  1611-15,  and  of  Naples 
1616-20. 

Tellicherri,  or  Tellicherry  (tel-i-cher'i).  A 
seaport  in  the  Malabar  district,  Madras,  British 
India,  situated  on  the  Arabian  Sea  in  lat.  11° 
45'  N.,  long.  75°  29'  E.  It  has  considerable 
trade.    Population  (1891),  27,196. 

Telle,  or  Tel-loh  (tel-lo').  A  site  in  Chaldea 
exca  vated  by  DeSarzec  between  1877  and  1881. 
These  explorations  have  shed  a  new  light  upon  the  de- 
velopment of  Mesopotamian  art  by  supplying  a  series  of 
very  ancient  monuments  of  architecture  and  sculpture 
which  can  be  dated.  The  site  is  believed  to  be  the  an- 
cient SjrpuUa.  Its  remains  form  a  number  of  the  low 
mounds  produced  by  the  degradation  of  Mesopotamian 
platforms  and  buildings  in  unbumed  brick,  spread  over  a 
space  nearly  6  miles  long.  The  sculpture  which  is  more 
direct  in  spirit  and  more  lifelike  than  that  of  the  later 
Babylonian  and  Assyrian  art,  reached  its  best  period  about 
2500  B.  c,  but  much  that  is  older  and  more  primitive  has 
been  found.  The  architecture  already  exhibits  the  later 
types,  though  in  simpler  form.  The  chief  portable  re- 
mains are  in  the  Louvre. 

Tellsplatte  (telz-plat'te).  [G.,'Tell'sslab.']  A 
stone  on  the  Axenberg,  north  of  Plttelen,  on  the 
eastern  bank  of  the  Lake  of  Lucerne,  where 


Tempest,  The 

WilUam  Tell,  according  to  the  legend,  sprang 
out  of  Gessler's  boat. 

Tellus  (tel'us).  [L.,  'earth.']  In  Boman  my- 
thology,  a  goddess,  the  personification  of  the 
earth. 

Telmessus(tel-mes'us).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  town  on  the  coast  of  Lycia,  Asia  Minor,  in 
lat.  36°  36'  N.,  long.  29°  10'  E.,  on  the  site  of 
the  modem  village  of  Makri.  Among  the  impor- 
tant antiquities  on  its  site  is  an  ancient  theater,  well  pre- 
served and  of  good  style.  The  cavea  is  semicircular,  with 
one  precinction :  its  diameter  is  264  feet,  that  of  the  or- 
chestra 92.     The  stage  structure  measures  141  by  40  feet. 

Teman  (te'man).  ['  South,'  properly  'the  coun- 
try to  the  right.']  The  southern  district  and 
people  of  Edom  (Mumea):  from  Teman,  the 
grandson  of  Esau  (Gen.  xxxvi.  11-15). 

Teme  (tem).  A  river  on  the  boundary  between 
Wales  and  England,  and  in  western  England, 
which  joins  the  Severn  8  miles  south  of  Wor- 
cester.   Length,  about  70  miles. 

Tem6raire(ta-ma-rar').  1.  Aline-of-battle  ship 
of  98  guns,  called  "the  Fighting  T6m6raire," 
captured  from  the  French  at  the  battle  of  the 
Nile,  Aug.  1,  1798.  She  fought  next  to  the  Victory 
in  the  line  at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar,  Oct,  21,  1806,  under 
Captain  Harvey.  She  was  broken  up  in  1838.  Turner's 
picture  of  "the  Fighting  TimiT&ire  "  was  exhibited  at  the 
Boyal  Academy  in  1839, 

2.  A  British  armored  war-ship,  launched  in  1876. 
Her  dimensions  are:  length,  285  feet;. breadth,  62  feet; 
draught,  27  feet;  displacement,  8,640  tons.  She  has  an  ar- 
mored water-line  belt  11  inches  thick,  and  a  central  single- 
decked  citadel  with  armor  10.8  inches  thick.  She  has 
4  26-ton  guns  mounted  en  barbette  fore  and  aft  upon  the 
upper  deck. 

Tomes  (tem'esh).  A  river  in  southern  Hun- 
gary which  joins  the  Danube  8  miles  east  of 
Belgrad.    Length,  about  250  miles. 

TemeserBanat(tem'esh-erba-nat').  Afoi'mer 
administrative  division,  comprising  the  present 
counties  of  Temes,  Krass6,  and  Toront^l,  in 
Hungary. 

Temesvar  (tem'esh-var).  A  free  city,  capital 
of  the  county  of  Temes,  Hungary,  situated  on 
the  Bega  Canal  in  lat.  45°  47'  N.,  long.  21° 
13'  E.  It  consists  of  the  city  proper,  or  fortress,  and  sev- 
eral suburbs.  Jt  is  an  administrative  and  military  cen- 
ter. Among  its  buildings  are  a  Koman  Catholic  cathe- 
dral, and  a  castle  built  in  the  middle  of  the  15th  century. 
Temesvar  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1552 ; 
and  was  several  times  fruitlessly  besieged,  but  finally 
taken,  by  Prince  Eugene  in  1716  and  reunited  to  Hungary. 
It  was  made  a  royal  free  city  in  1781.  It  was  d  ef  ended  by  the 
Austrians  against  the  Hungarian  insurgents  in  1849,  wlio 
were  defeated  by  Haynau  Aug.  9, 1849.  Population  (1890), 
39,860.  ,  '     . 

Temiscaming  (te-mis'ka-ming).  Lake.  A  lake 
on  the  border  line  between  the  provinces  of 
Quebec  and  Ontario,  Canada,  intersected  by 
lat.  47°  30'  N.  Its  outlet  is  the  Ottawa  River. 
Length,  about  26  miles. 

Temiscouata  (tem-is-ks-a'ta).  Lake.  A  lake 
in  T4miscouata  County,  Quebec,  Canada,  east 
of  Quebec.  Its  outlet  is  the  Madawaska  Eiver. 
Length,  about  '22  miles. 

Temme  (tem'me),  Jodocus  Donatus  Huber- 
tus.  Born  at  Lette,  Westphalia,  Oct.  22, 1798 : 
died  at  Zurich,  Nov.  14, 1881.  A  German  jurist, 
liberal  politician,  and  novelist :  in  the  judicial 
service  of  Prussia.  He  was  tried  for  high  treason 
in  1849,  and  was  acquitted  but  was  dismissed  from  the  ser- 
vice.   He  wrote  "criminal  novels," 

Temminck(tem'mink),Coenraad  Jacob.  Born 
about  1778  :  died  in  1858.  A  Dutch  naturalist, 
noted  as  an  ornithologist. 

Temora  (te-mo'ra).  One  of  the  poems  of  Os- 
sian,  published  in  1763.    See  Ossian. 

Tempe  (tem'pe).  Vale  of.  [Gr.  Tifinv,  con- 
tracted from  1i/jnea.2  A  valley  in  eastern 
Thessaly,  Greece,  deeply  cleft  between  Olym- 
pus on  the  north  and  Ossa  on  the  south,  and 
traversed  by  the  Peneius.  it  has  been  celebrated 
from  ancient  times  for  its  beauty;  but  "the  scenery  is. 
distinguished  rather  by  savage  grandeur  than  by  the  sylvan 
beauty  which  iElian  and  others  attribute  to  it."  Length, 
about  6  miles. 

Tempel  (tem'pel),  Ernst  WilhelmLeberecht. 

Born  at  Nieder-Kunersdorf,  Lusatia,  Deo.  4, 
1821 :  died  at  Arcetri,  Italy,  March  16, 1889.  A 
German  astronomer,  director  of  the  observatory 
at  Arcetri,  near  Florence.  He  discovered  sev- 
eral asteroids,  comets,  etc. 
Tempest  (tem'pest).  The.  AplaybyShakspere, 
first  performed  at  court  in  1611,  first  printed  in 
the  folio  of  1623.  The  subject  was  taken  from  a  pam- 
phlet "  A  Discovery  of  thcBermudas,  otherwise  called  the 
Isle  of  Devils,"  by  "one  Jourdan,  who  probably  returned 
from  Virginia"  (1610).  Fleay  thinks  it  was  probably 
abridged  by  Beaumont  about  1613,  and  the  mask  inserted. 
In  1667  Dryden  and  Davenant produced  "The  Tempest,  or 
the  Enchanted  Island "  (printed  in  1670),  a  version  in- 
tended to  improve  Shakspere's  play  :  the  mutilations,  or 
rather  additions,  are  now  said  by  a  German  scholar  to  be 
wholesale  conveyances  from  a  play  of  Calderon.  (funxso.) 


Tempest,  The 


985 


In  1873  Shadwell  turned  "The  Tempest"  into  an  opera, 
and  in  1766  Garrick  produced  an  opera  with  the  same  name, 
based  on  Shakspere  and  Dryden :  he  repudiated  the  au- 
thorship. Sir  Arthur  Sullivan  has  written  "The  Music 
to  Shakspere's  Tempest,"  in  twelve  numbers :  this  was 
first  performed  in  1862. 
Templars  (tem'plarz). .  A  military  order,  also 
called  Knights  Templars  or  Knights  of  the 


of  Pitt,  and  an  advocate  of  Catholic  emancipation.    In 
1830  he  entered  the  Whig  ministry  of  Lord  Grey  as  minis- 
ter of  foreign  affairs.    His  activity  in  this  position  was 
very  great.    He  was  interested  in  the  policy  which  estab- 
lished Prince  Leopold  of  Saxe-Coburg  on  the  throne  of 
Belgium,  and  in  the  maintenance  of  the  Ottoman  empire 
aa  a  defense  against  Kussia  on  the  Bosporus  and  France 
on  the  Sile.    At  the  close  of  the  Melbourne  admiuistra- 
Temcle    from  the  earlv  hflfldniiartPT-s  nf  tlio     i'™ '.»  1?*1.  Palmerston  went  out  of  office  for  6  years.  In 
nwJl?  f^  rtwTfVnlooSit^i?^  i'S-^'iqi^a'rters  ot  tne     i848,  in  the  ministry  of  Lord  John  Eussell,  he  sympathized 
order  m  the   Crusaders'  palace  at  Jerusalem     with  the  revolutionary  party  in  Europe,  and  ardently  sun- 


(the  so-called  teniple  of  Solomon).  The  order 
was  founded  at  Jerusalem  about  1118,  and  was  confirmed 
by  the  Pope  in  1128.  Its  special  aim  was  protection  to 
pilgrims  on  the  way  to  the  holy  shrines,  and  the  distin- 
guishing garb  of  the  knights  was  a  white  mantle  with  a 
red  cross.  The  order  took  a  leading  part  in  the  conduct 
of  the  Crusades,  and  spread  rapidly,  acquiring  greatwealth 


revolutionary  party  in  Europe,  and  ardently  sup. 
ported  the  Italian  revolution.  In  1851  he  openly  approved 
the  coup  d'etat  of  Louis  I^apoleon,  and  was  dismissed  from 
the  foreign  office.  He  became  secretary  of  state  for  the 
home  office  under  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen  in  1852.  On  Feb.  6, 
1865,  he  became  prime  minister,  and  retained  the  office, 
with  the  interval  of  Lord  Derby's  administration  in  1868- 
1859,  until  his  death. 


and  influence  in  Spain,  France,  England,  and  other  conn-  Temple,  KnightS  of  the.     See  Templars. 

tries  in  Europe.    Its  chief  seats  in  the  East  were  Jem-  Temnlp  Sir  Willi  am      Rorn  at  Ijondon    IfiPR- 

salem.  Acre,  and  Cyprus,  and  in   Europe  a  foundation   Sat'MSaik^'siirrerJan^^ 

English  diplomatist,  statesman,  and  author. 
He  was  educated  at  Cambridge ;  entered  Parliament  in 
1660 ;  concluded  a  treaty  with  the  Bishop  of  Munster  in 
1665;  becameministeratBrussels  inl665;  negotiated  the 
treaty  of  the  Triple  Alliance  in  1668 ;  was  ambassador  at 
The  Hague  1668-71 ;  negotiated  a  peace  with  the  Nether- 
lands in  1674 ;  was  ambassador  to  the  Congress  of  Nirawe- 
gen ;  formed  a  plan  for  aprivy  council  in  1679,  and  became 
one  of  its  chief  members ;  and  withdrew  from  public  life 
in  1681.  He  wrote  "An  Essay  on  the  Present  State  and 
Settlement  of  Ireland  "  (1668), "  The  Empire,  etc."  (1671), 
"  Observations  upon  the  United  Provinces  "  (1672),  "Essay 
upon  Government " (1672), "Trade  in  Ireland "' (1673),  "Mis- 
cellanies," including  poems  (1679  and  1692),  "Memoirs" 
(1691  and  1709),  and  "Introduction  to  the  History  o£  Eng- 
land "(1695). 

Temple  Bar.  A  famous  gateway  'before  the 
Temple  in.  London,  -which  formerly  divided 
Fleet  streetfrom  the  Strand.  According  to  ancient 
custom,  when  the  sovereign  visited  the  City,  he  asked  per- 
mission of  the  lord  mayor  to  pass  it.  In  its  last  form  it 
was  a  rather  ugly  archway  built  by  Wren  in  167a  It 
spanned  the  street  with  an  elliptical  arch  flanked  by  two 
small  arches  oyer  the  footways,  and  had  a  second  story  in 
which  were  four  niches  with  statues  of  sovereigns,  and  a 
curved  pediment  above.  It  was  removed  in  1878,  and  re- 
erected  at  Waltham  Cross,  Herts.  It  is  now  represented 
by  a  monument  called  the  Temple  Bar  Memorial,  a  tall 
pedestal  with  statues  of  Queen  Victoria  and  the  Prince  of 
Wales  in  niches  at  the  sides,  surmounted  by  the  griffin 
and  arms  of  the  city  of  London. 


salem 

called  the  Temple,  then  just  outside  Paris?  The  members 
comprised  knights,  men-at-arms,  and  chaplains ;  they  were 
grouped  in  commanderies,  with  a  preceptor  at  the  head  of 
each  province,  and  a  grand  master  at  the  head  of  the  order. 
The  Templars  were  accused  of  heresy,  immorality,  and 
other  offenses  by  Philip  IV.  of  France  in  1307,  and  the  order 
was  suppressed  by  the  Council  of  Vienne  in  1312. 
Temple  (tem'pl).  The.  The  religious  edifice  of 
the  Jews  in  Jerusalem.  There  were  three  buildings 
successively  erected  in  the  same  spot,  and  entitled,  from 
the  names  of  their  builders,  the  temple  of  Solomon,  the 
temple  of  Zerubbabel,  and  the  temple  of  Herod.  The  first 
was  built  by  Solomon,  and  was  destroyed  by  Nebuchad- 
nezzar about  686  ,B.  0.  The  second  was  buUt  by  the  Jews 
on  their  return  from  the  captivity  (about  637  E.  0.),  and 
was  pillaged  or  partly  destroyed  several  times,  especially 
by  Antiochus  Epiphanea,  Pompey,  and  Herod.  The  thurd, 
the  largest  and  most  magnificent  of  the  three,  was  begun 
by  Herod  the  Great,  and  was  completely  destroyed  at  the 
capture  of  Jerusalem  by  the  Romans  (A.  D.  70).  Various 
attempts  have  been  made  toward  the  restoration  of  the 
first  and  the  third  of  these  temples,  but  scholars  are  not 
agreed  in  respect  to  architectural  details.  The  ornament 
and  design  were  in  any  case  of  severe  and  simple  char- 
acter, though  rich  materials  were  used.  The  successive 
temples  all  consisted  of  a  combination  of  buildings,  com- 
prising courts  separated  from  and  rising  one  above  an- 
other, and  provided  also  with  chambers  for  the  use  of  the 
priests  and  for  educational  purposes.  The  inclosure  of 
Herod's  temple  covered  19  acres.  It  comprised  an  outer 
court  of  the  Gentiles,  a  court  of  the  women,  a  court  of  Is- 
rael, a  court  of  the  priests,  and  the  temple  building  with 


the  holy  place,  and,  within  all  (entered  only  once  a  year.  Temple  BeaU,  The.    A  comedy  by  Henry  Field- 
and  only  by  the  high  priest),  the  holy  of  holies.    Within     in^  produced  in  1730 

the  court  of  the  priests  were  the  great  altar  and  the  layer;  m«~;;i«  ni.,,-nV,  a  I,i„™„t,  „-ii,-  j-v  -u  j 
within  the  holy  place,  the  golden  candlestick,  the  altar  of  "emple  Ohurch.  A  church  withm  the  bounds 
Incense,  and  the  table  for  the  showbread ;  and  within  the  of  th6  Inner  Temple  m  London.  It  consists  of  the 
holy  of  holies,  the  ark  of  the  covenant  and  the  mercy-seat.  Round  Church  and  the  Choir.  The  former  is  in  a  rich  Nor- 
Temnle  The  A  lode^fl  in  Lnndon  of  thn  rph-  ™™  style;  it  is  58  feet  in  diameter,  and  was  finished  in 
±empie,  xue.  Aioage  lUijonaou  01  xne  ren-  jjgg  The  Choir  is  Early  English.  The  Round  Church 
gious  and  military  establishment  of  the  middle  contains  several  beautiful  altar-tombs  of  Templars, 
ages  known  as  the  Knights  Templars.  The  Tern-  Temple  Gardens.  Gardens  belonging  to  the 
pie  Church,  London,  is  the^nly^part  of  it  now  existing.     Temple,  London,  separated  from  the  Thames 


by  the  Victoria  Embankment.  According  to  Shak- 
spere, the  red  and  white  roses  which  were  assumed  as 
badges  of  the  houses  of  Lancaster  and  York  were  plucked 
in  this  garden  by  Plantagenet  and  Somerset  at  the  end  of 
the  brawl  which  began  the  civil  war. 


The  first  settlement  of  the  Xnights  Templars  of  the  Holy 
Sepulchre  in  London  was  in  Holborn,  where  in  1118  they 
built  a  house  which  must  have  stood  near  the  northeast 
corner  of  Chancery  Lane.  They  removed  to  the  New  Tem- 
ple in  the  Strand  in  1184.    When  the  orderwas  suppressed 

in  the  reign  of  Edward  II.,  their  house  was  given  by  the  „  ,        - -,        -    , 

king  to  the  Earl  of  Pembroke ;  it  went  next  to  the  Earl  of  Temple  Of  ConCOrd, 
Lancaster,  and  at  his  death  reverted  to  the  crown.    In  Temple  of  Fame,  The.     A  poem  by  Alexander 
1338  it  went  to  the  Knights  Hospit^ers  of  St.  John  of  Je-    pope,  published  in  1715.    It  differs  from  Chau- 
rusalem,  at  Clerkenwell,  who  leased  part  of  it  in  1346  to     „„JL  ircr„,,„„  „*  Ti'„™„  a  4-1,^,,^-u  j™-4— f       jj. 
students  of  the  common  law,  and  on  the  site  of  the  London     c^r's  '"^House  of  Fame, '  though  imitatmg  it. 
Temple  the  two  Inns  of  Court  called  the  Middle  Temple  Temple OfGlasS, The.  ApoembyLydgate,part- 
and  Inner  Temple  now  stand :  they  have  ever  since  been     ]y  imitated  from  Chaucer's  "  House  of  Fame." 

occupi^edbybarristers,andarethe  joint  property  of  the  Temple  of  Heaven  or  of  the  Great  Dragon. 

Son.ieties  of  the  Inner  and  of  the  MidrnfiTRmnlfi-wlnf.h    * ^*"i'*»' "* -"^  »  y "  "*    w»*v.vij.wMf«  -..*«/£,«**. 

A  temple  at  Peking,  perhaps  the  most  notable 


Societies  of  the  Inner  and  of  the  Middle  Temple,  which 
have  the  right  of  calling  candidates  to  the  degree  of  bar- 
rister. The  Inner  Temple  is  so  calledbecauseitis  within 
the  precincts  of  the  City,  the  Middle  Temple  because  it 
was  between  the  Inner  and  Outer  Temple.  The  Outer 
Temple  remained  in  the  possession  of  the  Bishop  of  Exe- 
ter when  the  remainder  was  leased,  and  was  afterward 
converted  into  the  Exeter  Buildings. 

Temple,  The  Mormon.  The  chief  religious 
building  of  the  Mormons.  See  Salt  Lake 
City. 

Temple  (tonpl),  Le,  A  fortified  lodge  of  the 
Knights  Templars  established  in  Paris  by  the 
Council  of  Troyes  in  1128,  standing  where 
the  March^  du  Temple  now  stands.  After  the  abo- 
lition of  the  order  in  1312,  the  old  building  was  used  for 
various  purposes.  The  chapel  (similar  in  general  plan  to 
that  in  London)  stood  until  1660,  and  the  great  square 
tower,  made  memorable  by  the  imprisonment  of  Louis 
XVI.  in  1792-93,  was  destroyed  in  1810. 

Temple  (tem'pl),  Frederick.  Born  Nov.  30, 
1821 :  died  Dec.  23,  1902.  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury (1896).  He  graduated  at  Balliol  College, 
1842 ;  was  head-master  of  Rugby  1858-69 ;  in  1860  became 
prominent  as  the  author  of  the  first  of  the  "  Essays  and 
Reviews " ;  and  in  1868-70  advocated  the  disestablish- 
ment ot  the  Irish  Church.    He  was  appointed  bishop  of 


of  Chinese  temples.  Itstandsinaninclosureof  about 
a  square  mile.  From  the  gate  a  causeway  leads  to  the 
temple,  which  is  surrounded  by  subordinate  buildings. 
The  temple  proper  stands  on  a  3-staged  terrace  ascended 
by  flights  of  steps;  it  is  circular,  rising  in  3  recessed  stages 
each  with,  a  widely  projecting  roof,  that  of  the  highest 
stage  forming  a-  concave  cone  of  blue  tiles  terminating  in 
a  gilded  ovoid  flnial.    The  date  assigned  is  1420. 

Temple  of  Mexico.    See  Teocalli. 

Temple  of  the  Cross,  A  name  commonly  given 
to  one  of  the  ruined  edifices  at  Palenque,  Mex- 
ico. In  a  small  inner  room  of  this  building  there  is  a 
structure  resembling  an  altar ;  and  above  this  altar  for- 
merly stood  the  remarkable  symbolic  group  from  which 
the  temple  derives  its  name.  This  consisted  of  3  sculp- 
tured slabs  joined  together,  showing  a  central  cross-like 
symbol,  with  a  human  figure  on  each  side,  and  numerous 
hieroglyphics.  The  middle  slab,  containing  the  cross,  is 
now  in  the  museum  at  Mexico ;  one  of  the  others  is  at 
Washington,  where  it  is  known  as  the  Palenque  tablet; 
the  third  is  still  at  Palenque.  The  meaning  of  the  cross 
has  been  a  subject  for  much  conjecture  and  dispute :  it 
was  probably  a  symbol  of  the  fertilizing  powers  of  nature. 
Another  soulpthre  from  the  same  building  is  supposed  to 
represent  the  Maya  rain-god.  Thetemple  itself  is  a  quad- 
rilateral, and  rests  on  a  truncated  pyramid.    See  Palenque 

Exeter  1869,  and  bishop  of  London  1885.    He  published  m™ii,i«*4.i,»  o„« /■„+ Pi.-on'*     9.e,R  riiripjynrhn 
"Sermons  Preached  in  Rugby  Chapel"  (1861).  i^™Pi®?.^  '''^®  ?S?  ^  .  Cuzeo).    feee  Luncancna. 

Temple,  Henry  John,  viscount  Pailmerston.  Temptation  of  St.  Anthony^   1.  A^pamtmg 
Born  at  Broadlands,  near  Bomsey,  Hampshire,    '        -i-  -r. 


Oct.  20,  1784 :  died  at  Brocket  Hall,  near  Hat 
field,  Hertfordshire,  Oct.  18,  1865.  A  British 
statesman.  He  belonged  to  the  Irish  branch  of  the  Tem- 
ple family.  On  April  17, 1802,  he  succeeded  to  his  father's 
title.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow.  He  became  member 
d  Parliament  for  Newtown,  Isle  of  Wight,  in  1807,  and  ju- 
nior lord  of  the  admiralty  in  the  Duke  of  Portland's  ad- 
ministration in  the  same  year.    From  1809  to  1828  he  was 


by  Pieter  Brueghel  the  younger  (1604),  in  the 
museum  at  Dresden.  The  saint  is  praying  in  a  cave 
partly  roofed  with  old  planks,  and  undergoes  temptation 
from  a  young  woman  richly  dressed  and  attended  by  fan- 
tastic demons.  The  architecture  and  scenery  of  the  back- 
ground present  a  free  rendering  of  Tivoli. 
2.  A  painting  by  Tintoretto,  in  San  Trovaso  at 
Venice.  The  saint  sits  calmly,  with  four  tempters  about 
him,  one  a  demon,  and  two  women,  jjoung  and  beautiful. 


secretary  of  war.    At  this  time  he  was  a  Tory,  a  disciple  Ten,  ConnCll  Of.    In  the  ancient  republic  oi 


Teniers,  David 

Venice,  a  secret  tribunal  instituted  in  1310  and 
continued  down  to  the  overthrow  of  the  repub- 
lic in  1797.  It  was  composed  at  first  of  10  and  later  of 
17  members,  and  exercised  unlimited  power  in  the  super- 
vision of  intornal  and  external  affairs,  often  with  great 
rigor  and  oppressiveness. 

Tenaino  (tf-m'no).  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  nearly  related  to  the  Warm  Springs 
Indians.  They  formerly  lived  at  Celilo,  Oregon,  on  the 
Columbia  River.  Their  remnants  are  on  the  Warm  Springs 
reservation,  Oregon,  and  number  69.    See  Shahaptian. 

Tenant  of  Wildfell  Hall,  The.  A  novel  by 
Anne  Bronte  (Acton  Bell),  published  in  1848. 

Tenasserim  (te-nas'e-rim).  A  river  in  British 
Burma  which  flows  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal  near 
Tenasserim.    Length,  about  250  miles. 

Tenasserim.  1.  A  division  of  British  Burma. 
Area,  46,590  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
978,073. —  2.  A  town  in  the  division  of  Tenasse- 
rim, British  Burma,  situated  on  the  river  Tenas- 
serim, near  the  coast,  lat.  12°  6'  N.,  long.  99°  3'  E. 

Tenayucan.    See  Teseuco. 

Ten  Brink.    See  Brinlc. 

Tenbuiy  (ten'bu-ri).  A  town  in  Worcester- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Teme  17  miles 
west-northwest  of  Worcester. 

Tenby  (ten'bi).  A  watering-place  and  seaport 
in  Pembrokeshire,  Wales,  situated  on  Carmar- 
then Bay  in  lat.  51°  40'  N.,  long.  4°  43'  W. 
Population  (1891),  4,542. 

Tenchebrai,  or  Tenchebray.    See  Tinchebray. 

Tencin  (ton-san'),01audine  Alexandrine  Gu6- 
rin  de.  Bom  at  Grenoble,  France  :  died  1749. 
A  French  leader  of  society  in  the  reign  of  Louis 
XV. :  mother  of  D'Alembert.  She  wrote  various 
works. 

Tencteri  (tengk'te-ri).  [L.  (Ctesar)  Tenchtheri, 
(Tacitus)  Tencteri,  Gti.  (Ptolemy)  Teyre/joi.]  A 
German  tribe  first  mentioned  by  Csesar,  who 
describes  them  as  having  been  driven  by  the 
Suevi  (59  B.  c),  together  with  the  Usipites, 
out  of  their  original  homes.  They  were  cmshingly 
defeated  by  Csesar  in  Gallic  territory  near  the  confiuence 
of  the  Maas  with  the  Rhine.  They  afterward  joined  other  , 
tribes  in  wars  against  Rome.  They  were  probably  merged 
ultimately  in  the  Alamanni. 

Tenda  (ten'da).  Col  di.  Apass  in  the  Alps,  16 
miles  south  of  Cuneo,  Piedmont,  Italy.  According 
to  one  classification,  it  separates  the  jjigurian  and  Mari- 
time Alps.    Height,  6,196  feet. 

Ten'delti.    Same  as  Fasher. 

Tender  Husband,  The,  or  the  Accomplished 
Fools.  A  comedy  by  Sir  Richard  Steele,  pro- 
duced in  1705. 

Tendra  (ten'dra).  A  narrow  island  in  the  Black 
Sea,  near  the  coast  of  Russia,  about  45  miles 
southwest  of  Kherson.  Length,  about  40  miles. 

Tendra  Bay.  An  inlet  of  the  Black  Sea,  nearly 
inclosed  by  Tendra. 

Tenedos  (ten'e-dos).  [Gr.  TevsSog.']  A  small 
island  in  the  j^gean  Sea,  belonging  to  Turkey, 
situated  off  the  Troad,  on  the  northwestern 
coast  of  Asia  Minor,  in  lat.  39°  50'  N.,  long.  26° 
E. :  the  Turkish  Bogdsha-Adassi.  It  was  settled  by 
jEolians ;  is  noted  in  the  legends  of  Trojan  times ;  was 
subjugated  by  the  Persians ;  and  was  in  alliance  with 
Athens  in  the  5th  century  B.  0.  Length,  about  7  miles. 

Tenerani  (ta-na-ra'ne),  Pietro.  Bom  at  Torano, 
near  Carrara,  Italy,  Nov.  11,  1789:  died  at 
Rome,  Dec.  14, 1869.  An  Italian  sculptor.  Among 
his  works  are  "Psyche  with  Pandora's  Box,"  "Cupid  Ex- 
tracting a  Thorn,"  "  Psyche  and  Venus,"  "Descent  from 
the  Cross,"  "  Clirist  on  the  Cross,"  etc. 

Teneriflfe  (ten-er-if),  or  Tenerife  (ta-na-re'fa), 
orTeneriffa  (ta-na-ref'fa).  The  largest  of  the 
Canary  Islands.  It  is  traversed  by  mountains,  and  con- 
tains the  famous  Peak  of  Teneriffe.  On  it  is  the  capital  of 
the  group,  Santa  Cruz  de  Santiago.  Length,  60  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, about  100,000. 

Teneriffe,  Peak  of.   See  Pico  de  Teyde. 

Teniers  (ten'yerz;  P.  pron.  ta-nyar'),  Da'Fid, 
the  elder.  Bom  at  Antwerp,  1582:  died  there, 
July  29, 1649.  A  Flemish  historical,  genre,  and 
landscape  painter :  a  pupil  of  Rubens .  He  painted 
mostly  peasants  with  landscape.  His  "Temptation  of 
Saint  Anthony"  and  "Dutch  Kitohen"  are  at  the  Metro- 
politan Museum,  New  York. 

Teniers,  DA'Tid,  the  younger.  Bom  at  Antwerp 
(baptized  Dee.  15,  1610):  died  near  Brussels, 
April  25, 1690.  A  noted  Flemish  genre,  land- 
scape, and  portrait  painter,  influenced  by  Ru- 
bens :  son  and  pupil  of  D.  Teniers  the  elder.  He 
lived  mostly  at  Antwerp  and  Brussels,  and  was  master  o*  the 
Antwerp  gild  in  1632,  and  dean  1644-45.  He  was  well  re- 
ceived at  the  court  in  the  Netherlands,  and  obtained  many 
important  commissions  from  other  courts.  His  subjects 
are  taken  from  peasant  life  in  Flanders,  from  sacred  history, 
eto.  He  painted  hundreds  of  pictures,  among  them  "The 
Temptation  of  St.  Anthony,"  "Seven  Works  of  Mercy," 
"The  Denial  of  St.  Peter,"  and  "The  Prodigal  Son  "  (all  at 
the  Louvre,  with  about  SO  others),  "Marriage  ot  Teniers" 
(Rothschild  collection,  London),  "Kirmess"  (BrusselsX 
"  Temptation  of  St.  Anthony  "  (Berlin),  "Archers  ot  Ant- 
werp" (Hermitage,  St.  Petersburg),  "Village  Festival" 


Teniers,  David 

(Vienna),  "Rinaldo  and  Armida"  (Madrid),  "Marriage 
Festival "  and  "Judith"(Metropolitan  Museum,  NewYorlt), 
and  "Incantation  Scene,*' "  Parableof  the  Laborer,"  "Boors 
Feasting,"  "Village  FSte,"  and  "Charles  V.  Leaving  Dort," 
etc.  (all  at  the  rooms  of  the  Historical  Society,  ISew  York). 

Tenimber.    See  Timorlant. 

TenioLUecli.    See  Chemehuevi. 

Tenisaws.    See  Taenia. 

Tenison  (ten'i-sgn),  Thomas,  Born  at  Cotten- 
ham,  Cambridgeshire,  England,  1636 :  died  1715. 
An  English  prelate.  He  was  bishop  of  Lincoln; 
became  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1694 ;  and  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  lords  ]'tistices  during  the  absence  of 
WUIiam  III.  in  1696. 

Tennant  (ten 'ant),  William.  Bom  at  An- 
struther,  Pif  eshire,  Scotland,  May  15, 1784 :  died 
near  Dollar,  Scotland,  Feb.  15, 1848.  A  Scottish 
poet.  His  chief  work  is  the  moek-heroio  poem 
^'Anster  Fair"  (1812).  He  also  wrote  "Thane  of 
Fife,"  etc. 

Tennemanii  (ten'ne-nian),Wilhelm  Gottlieb. 
Born  at  Brembach,  near  Erfurt,  Prussia,  1761 : 
died  at  Marburg,  Sept.  30,  1819.  A  German 
philosopher,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Mar- 
burg from  1804.  His  chief  work  is  "Geschichte  der 
Philosophie"("History  of  Philosophy,"1798-1819):  abridged 
in  "Grundriss  der  Geschichte  der  Philosophic"  (1812). 

Tennent  ( ten ' ent) ,  Sir  JamesEmerson.  Born  at 
Belfast,  Ireland,  April  7, 1804 :  died  at  London, 
March  6,  1869.  A  British  traveler,  politician, 
and  author.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin ;  traveled  in  Greece,  where  he  met  Lord  Byron ;  and 
was  called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1831.  He  married 
a  daughter  of  William  Tennent  of  Belfast,  and  adopted  her 
name.  He  was  returned  as  member  of  Parliament  for 
Belfast  in  1832,  and  was  colonial  secretary  at  Ceylon  1846- 
1860,  and  permanent  secretary  of  the  board  of  trade  1862- 
1867.  He  published  a  "Picture  of  Greece"  (1826X  "Let- 
ters from  the  ^geau  " (1829),  "History  of  Modern  Times" 
(1830),  "  Belgium  "  (1841),  "  Christianity  in  Ceylon  "  (1850), 
"  Ceylon,  Physical,  Historical,  and  Topographical "  (1859), 
"  Natural  History  of  Ceylon  "  (1861). 

Tennessee  (ten-e-se')-  The  principal  tributary 
of  the  Ohio  Eiver.  It  is  formed  by  the  union  at  King- 
ston, East  Tennessee,  of  the  Clinch  and  Holston  (which  rise 
in  Virginia),  and  flows  southwest  in  Tennessee  past  Chatta- 
nooga, then  west  through  Alabama,  touching  the  northeast 
corner  of  Mississippi,  and  then  north  through  Tennessee 
and  Kentucky,  to  join  the  Ohio  at  Paducah,  Kentucky.  To- 
tal length,  including  the  Holston,  1,100  to  1,200  miles ;  navi- 
gable the  greater  part  of  its  course.  The  chief  obstruction 
is  at  the  Muscle  Shoals  in  Alabama.  _ 

Tennessee.  One  of  the  South  Central  States  of 
the  United  States  of  America.  Capital,  Nash- 
ville ;  chief  cities,  Memphis  And  Chattanooga. 
It  is  bounded  by  Kentucky  and  Virginiaon  the  north ;  North 
Carolina  on  the  southeast;  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Missis- 
sippi on  the  south ;  and  Arkansas  and  Missouri  (separated 
by  the  Mississippi  Eiver)  on  the  west.  It  is  mountainous 
in  the  east,  containing  the  AUeghaniee  and  the  Cumber- 
land plateau,  and  is  lower  in  the  center  and  west.  The 
leading  agricultural  productions  ai'e  Indian  corn,  cotton, 
and  tobacco.  The  manufactures  (iron,  cotton,  etc.)  are  in- 
creasing. The  State  has  96  counties,  sends  2  senators  and 
10  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  12  electoral  votes. 
This  region  was  claimed  in  early  times  by  North  Carolina, 
and  by  the  French  and  Spaniards.  The  leading  settlement 
was  made  from  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  in  1769.  The 
temporary  State  of  Franklin  was  formed  in  1784-  North 
Carolina  ceded  its  claims  to  the  United  States,  and  the 
Territory  of  Tennessee  was  formed  in  1790.  It  was  admit- 
ted to  the  Union  in  1796.  It  seceded  June  8,1861,  and  was 
the  scene  of  many  important  events  in  the  Civil  War,  in- 
cluding the  battles  of  Fort  Donelaon,  Shiloh,  Island  No.  10, 
Mempliis,Murfreesboro,  Chickamauga,  therelief  of  Chatta- 
nooga and  Knoxville,  and  the  battles  of  Franklin  and  Nash- 
ville. Itwasreadmittedinl866.  Area,  42,060  square  miles. 
Population  (1900),  2,020,616. 

Tennessee,  Army  of  the.    A  Federal  army  in 

the  Civil  War.  it  was  commanded  after  the  battle  of 
Shiloh  by  Halleck,  and  later  by  Grant,  Sherman,  McPher- 
son,  Howard,  and  Logan. 

Tennessee  Pass.  A  pass  over  the  main  chain 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  central  Colorado. 
Height,  10,400  feet. 

Tenney  (ten'i),  Sanborn.  Bom  at  Stoddard, 
N.  H.,  Jan.  13, 1827:  died  at  Buchanan,  Mich., 
July  9, 1877.  An  American  naturalist  and  geol- 
ogist, professor  of  natural  history  at  Vassar  Col- 
lege 1865-68,  and  at  Williams  College  1868-77. 
He  wrote  "Geology  for  Teachers,  etc."  (1869),  "A  Manual 
of  Zoology  "  (1866),  "Elements  of  Zoology"  (1875),  etc. 

Tenney,  William  Jewett.  Bom  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  1814:  died  at  Newark,  N.  Ji,  Sept.  20, 
1883.  An  American  editor  and  author.  He 
edited  "Appletons'  Annual  Cyclopaedia"  (1861-82),  and 
wrote  a  "Military  and  Naval  History  of  the  Bebellion  in 
the  United  States  "  (1866)  and  other  works. 

Tenniel  (ten'i-el),  Sir  John.  Born  at  London, 
1820.  An  English  artist  and  cartoonist.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  staff  of  "  Punch  "  1851-1901.  He 
illustrated  "Alice'sAdventures  in  Wonderland,""Xhrough 
the  Looking  Glass,"  etc.    Knighted  in  1893. 

Tennis  Oovirt.    See  Jeu  de  Pawme. 

Tennyson  (ten'i-son),  Alfred,  first  Lord  Tenny- 
son. Bom  at  Somersby,  Lincolnshire,  Aug.  6, 
1809 :  died  at  Aldworth  House,  near  Haslemere, 
Surrey,  Oct.  6, 1892.  A  celebrated  English  poet. 
He  was  the  son  of  George  Clayton  Tennyson,  vicar  of  Great 


986 

Grimsby  and  rector  of  Somersby  and  Enderby.  He  pub- 
lished with  his  brother  Charles  a  collection  of  juvenile 
poems  ("  Poems  by  Two  Brothers  ")  in  1827 ;  was  a  student 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1828-31  (with  Arthur  H.  Hal- 
lam,  Houghton,  Trench,  and  others),  where  he  wrote  the 
prize  poem  "Timbuctoo"  (1829);  lived  at  various  places 
till  1860,  when  he  married  and  settled  at  Twickenham ; 
and  afterward  lived  at  Aldworth  (Sussex),  and  from  1868 
at  Farringford  (Isle  of  Wight).  He  received  a  state  pen- 
sion in  1846,  succeeded  Wordsworth  as  poet  laureate  in 
1850,  and  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Tennyson  of 
Aldworth  in  1884.  He  lived  a  secluded  life,  and  died  of  old 
age  after  a  short  and  painless  illness.  He  was  buried  in  the 
Poets'  Comer,  near  Chaucer,  in  Westminster  Abbey.  He 
wrote  "  Poem8,Chiefly  Lyrical  "(1830 :  including  "  Mariana, " 
"  Kecollections  of  the  Arabian  Nights,"  "  The  Ballad  of  Ori- 
ana,"etc.),"Poems"(1832:including"XheLadyofShalott," 
"The  MiUer's  Daughter,"  "OSnone,"  "The  Palace  of  Art," 
"The  May  Queen,"  "The  Lotus  Eaters,"  and  "A  Dream 
of  Fair  Women"),  "Poems"  (1842  :  including  "Ulysses," 
"Two  Voices,"  "The  Talking  Oak,"  "Morte  d'Arthnr," 
"The  Gardener's  Daughter,"  and  "Locksley  Hall"),  "The 
Princess," a  medley  (1847),  "In  Memoriam " (1860),  "  Ode 
on  the  Death  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington  "  (1852),  "  Charge 
of  the  Light  Brigade,"  "Maud  "and  other  poems  (1855), 
"Idylls  of  the  King"  (1859-86),  "A  Welcome  to  the  Prin- 
cess Alexandra  "  (1863),  "  Enoch  Arden  and  Other  Poems  " 
(1864),  "  The  Golden  Supper  "  (1869),  "The  Window,  or  the 
Songs  of  the  Wrens,"  with  music  by  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan 
(1870),  "  Queen  Mary  "  (a  drama,  1875), "  Harold  "  (a  drama, 
1876),  "The  Falcon"  (a  short  play,  acted  1879,  published 
1884),  "The  Cup"  (a  short  play,  acted  1881,  published 
1884),  "The  Promise  of  May  "Vacted  1882,  published  1886), 
"Becket"  fa  drama,  1884),  "  The  Lover's  Tale  "  (1879 :  in- 
cluding as  its  fourth  part ' '  The  Golden  Supper  "), "  Ballads 
and  other  Poems"  (1880),  "Tiresias  and  Other  Poems" 
(partly  new,  1886X  "Locksley  Hall  Sixty  Years  After" 
(1S86),  "Demeter  and  Other  Poems  "  (1889),  "The  Death 
of  (Enone,  Akbar's  Dream,  and  Other  Poems  "  (1892),  "The 
Foresters,  Robin  Hood,  and  Maid  Marian  "  (a  lUama,  1892). 

Tennyson,  Charles.    See  Turner. 

Tennyson,  Frederick.  Bom  in  1807:  died  at 
Kensiiigton,  London,  Feb.  26,  1898.  An  Eng- 
lish poet,  brother  of  Alfred  Tennyson.  He  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  in  182S  took 
the  medal  for  a  Greek  poem.  He  published  a  volume  of 
poems  entitled  "Days  and  Hours  "  (1864), "  Isles  of  Greece  " 
(1890),  ■'  Daphne  and  Other  Poems  "  (1891). 

Tenochtitlan  (ten-ooh-tet-lan').  [Derivation 
doubtful.]  The  chief  city  of  the  Aztecs,  occu- 
pying the  site  of  the  modern  city  of  Mexico. 
It  was  founded  about  1325  on  what  was  then  an  island  in 
Tezcuco  Lake.  Causeways  were  built  to  the  adjacent 
mainland,  and  these  appear  to  have  been  the  only  ap- 
proaches. Many  of  the  streets  were  occupied  by  canals, 
and  the  houses  were  subject  to  frequent  inundations. 
Water  was  supplied  from  Chapultepec  by  an  aqueduct. 
The  most  remarkable  building  was  the  teocalli,  or  great 
temple :  most  of  the  other  edifices  were  low,  and  proba- 
bly were  built  of  adobe.  The  Spaniards  under  Cortes 
entered  peaceably,  but  were  subsequently  driven  out, 
and  only  took  the  place  in  1621,  after  a  terrible  siege,  in 
which  a  great  part  of  the  city  was  destroyed.  (See  CorUs.) 
The  new  capital,  which  was  built  on  its  site,  was  com- 
monly and  officially  called  Tenochtitlan  (corrupted  to  Te- 
mixtitan,  Tenustitan,  etc.)  for  many  years  after  the  con- 
quest. Mexico  (Aztec  MexiU)  was  also  a  name  of  the 
ancient  city,  or  perhaps  of  a  portion  of  it;  probably  from 
one  of  the  appellations  of  the  war-god  Huitzilopochtli. 

Tenos  (te'nos),  or  Tinos  (te'nos),  or  Tino  (te'- 
no).  [Gr.  Tijvog.']  An  island  of  the  Cyclades, 
belonging  to  Greece,  southeast  of  Andros  and 
northeast  of  Syra :  one  of  the  most  prosperous 
of  the  Greek  i  slands.  It  exports  wine  and  marble . 
The  chief  place  is  Tino  (St.  Nicolo).  Length, 
17  miles.    Population,  about  12,000. 

Tensas  (ten'sas),  or  Tensaw  (ten'sft),  River. 
An  offtake  or  bayou  of  the  Alabama  River,  in 
Alabama,  whiohflows  parallel  with  Mobile  River 
and  empties  into  Mobile  Bay. 

Tensas,  or  Tensaw,  Kiver.  A  river  in  south-, 
eastern  Arkansas  and  northeastern  Louisiana, 
which  joins  the  Washita  about  26  miles  west  by 
north  of  Natchez.  Length,  over  200  miles; 
navigable  about  two  thirds  of  its  course. 

Tensau.    See  Taensa. 

Tenterden  (ten'ter-den).  A  small  town  in  Kent, 
England. 

Tenterden,  Baron.    See  Ailott. 

Tenth  Legion,  Alegion  of  the  Roman  army,  cel- 
ebrated for  its  valor,  in  the  time  of  Julius  Csssar. 

Ten  Thousand,  Retreat  of  the.   See  Anabasis. 

Ten  Thousand  a  Year.  A  novel  by  Samuel 
Warren,  published  in  1841. 

Tent  on  the  Beach,  The.  A  collection  of  poems, 
chiefly  narrative,  by  Whittier,  published  in  1867. 

Tentyra,  or  Tentyris.    See  Denderah. 

Teocalli  (ta-o-kal'y § ) .  [NahuatI ,  '  house  of  the 
god.']  A  general  name  applied  to  any  pyrami- 
dal temple  in  ancient  Mexico ;  in  particular,  the 
great  temple  in  Tenochtitlan  or  Mexico  City,  it 
was  completed  about  1486  by  Ahuitzotl.  According  to  the 
accounts  which  have  come  down  to  us,  it  was  an  artificial 
truncated  pyramid,  faced  with  stone,  about  375  feet  long 
by  800  feet  broad  at  the  base,  and  325  by  250  feet  at  the  top, 
which  was  86  feet  above  the  ground.  In  ascending  to  the 
summit  it  was  necessary  to  pass  five  times  around  it,  on  a 
series  of  terraces ;  this  arrangement  was  well  adapted  to 
exhibit  processions  as  well  as  for  defense.  On  the  flat  sur- 
face were  several  small  buildings,  with  the  images  of  Huit- 
zilopochtli and  other  gods  and  the  sacrificial  stone.  The 
pyramid  was  surrounded  by  a  stone  wall  nearly  5,000  feet 


Teramo 

in  circumference,  and  probably  inclosing  other  but  smaller 
temples.  The  great  teocalli  was  the  scene  of  several  fierce 
battles  between  the  Spaniards  and  Indians  in  1620-21.  After 
the  city  was  taken,  the  pyramid  was  torn  down,  and  a  part 
of  its  site  is  now  occupied  by  the  cathedral.  Some  of  the 
sculptured  stones  and  idols  which  were  on  or  near  it  are 
now  in  the  Mexican  national  museum.  See  BuiteUopochtli, 
Teoyaondgui,  and  SacrifieCdl  Stone. 
Teos  (te'os).  [Gr.  Kuf.]  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, an  Ionian  city  of  Asia  Minor,  situated  on 
the  western  coast  25  miles  southwest  of  Smyrna. 
Its  ruins  contain  a  noted  temple  of  Bacchus,  a  beautiful 
Ionic  hexastyle  peripteros  on  a  stylobate  of  3  steps.  It 
stood  in  a  court  surrounded  by  stoas.  The  fine  sculptured 
frieze  is  in  the  museum  at  Constantinople. 

Teotihuacan,  or  San  Juan  Teotihuacan  (san 
Hoan  ta-6-te-wa-kan').  A  town  of  the  repub- 
lic and  state  of  Mexico,  27  miles  northeast  of 
Mexico  City.  In  the  vicinity  are  many  remarkable 
ruins,  including  two  very  large  and  many  small  pyramids, 
a  waUedinclosure  called  the  "citadel,"  etc.  Traditionas- 
signs  these  remains  to  the  Toltecs  (which  see),  and  they 
are  certainly  older  than  the  Aztec  period.  Population  of 
the  modem  town,  about  6,000. 

Teoyaomiqui  (ta-o-you-me'ke).  Thename  given 
to  a  stone  idol  which  was  dug  up  near  the  an- 
cient teocalli  at  Mexico,  and  is  now  in  the  Mexi- 
can national  museum.  Leon  y  Gama,  who  first  de- 
scribed it  under  this  name,  states  that  Teoyaomiqui  was 
the  wife  or  female  companion  of  the  war-god  Huitzilo- 
pochtli ;  others  suppose  that  the  statue  is  compound,  rep- 
resenting several  gods.  It  is  doubtful  if  Teoyaomiqui  was 
really  a  personage  in  the  NahuatI  mythology ;  and  the 
best  modern  investigators  are  inclined  tc  believe  that  this 
hideous  stone  was  the  war-god  himself.  It  is  about  8J 
feet  high  and  5J  feet  wide.    See  HuitzilopocMli. 

It  is  covered  with  carvings  almost  to  overloading.  .  .  . 
The  general  effect,  however,  is  appalling,  and  the  stone 
presents  a  most  hideous  agglomeration  of  repulsive  forms. 
...  In  place  of  christening  the  monolith  after  an  imagt 
nary  composite  deity  of  whose  existence  the  oldest  authori- 
ties make  no  mention,  it  strikes  me  as  much  more  natural 
to  believe  that  it  represents  the  well-known  war-god  of 
the  Mexican  tribe,  Huitzilopochtli ;  and  that  consequently 
it  was  indeed  the  famous  principal  idol  of  aboriginal 
Mexico,  or  Tenochtitlan. 

BandelieTt  Keport  of  an  Archseological  Tour  in  Mexico, 

[pp.  69,  67. 

Tepanecs  (ta-pa-naks'),  or  Tecpanecs  (tak-pa- 
naks').  A  NahuatI  tribe  of  the  Mexican  valley. 
They  were  originally  a  branch  of  the  Tezcucans  who  set- 
tled at  Azcapozalco,  on  the  western  shore  of  Lake  Tezcuco, 
about  1168.  In  the  14th  century  the  Aztecs  of  Tenoch- 
titlan paid  tribute  to  them.  About  1430  the  Aztecs  con- 
quered them,  destroyed  their  capital  at  Azcapozalco,  and 
established  a  slave-market  on  its  site.  The  Tepanecs  were 
allowed  to  form  a  new  capital  a  little  to  the  south  of  the 
old  one,  at  Tlacopan  (now  Tacuba).  They  joined  with 
Tenochtitlan  and  Tezcuco  in  the  confederacy  formed  soon 
after,  but  never  rose  to  prominence.  Tlacopan  was  joined 
to  Tenochtitlan  by  a  causeway  over  which  Cortes  retreated 
on  the  Noche  Triste. 

Tepeguana.    See  Tepehuan. 

Tepehuan  (ta-pa-hwan ' ) .  Atribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  which  inhabit  mainly  the  eastern 
slope  of  the  Sierra Madre,  from  lat.  25°  to  26°  N., 
in  the  state  of  Durango,  Mexico.  Their  domain 
formerly  extended  across  the  borders  into  Chilmahua, 
Sinaloa,  Jalisco,  Zacatecas,  and  Coahuila.  Their  tribal 
nameisadaptedfromaterm  signifying 'conqueror.'  Num- 
ber, less  than  1,000.    See  Piman. 

Tepic  (ta-pek').  1.  A  territory  of  Mexico,  on 
the  Pacific  coast  north  of  the  state  of  Jalisco, 
to  which  it  was  formerly  attached.  Area,  11,- 
581  square  miles.  Population  (1895),  144,308 
(mostly  semi-civilized  Indians). —  2 .  The  capi- 
tal of  the  territory,  18  miles  from  the  Bay  ol' 
San  Bias.     Population  (1895),  16,226. 

Teplitz  (tep'lits),or  Toplitz  (tfep'lits).  A  town 
and  watering-place  in  northern  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated in  the  valley  of  the  Biela,  near  the  moun- 
tains, 46  miles  northwest  of  Prague.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  frequented  watering-places  in  Europe  (saline- 
alkaline  springs),  and  has  been  the  scene  of  several  con- 
ferences of  princes.    Population  (1891),  commune,  17,526. 

Teplitz,  Alliance  of.  A  treaty  of  alliance  be- 
tween the  monarchs  of  Russia,  Austria,  and 
Prussia  against '  Napoleon,  signed  at  Teplitz 
Sept.  9,  1813. 

Tequendama  (ta-kan-da'mS).  A  celebrated 
waterfall  of  the  republic  of  Colombia,  on  the 
Punza  or  Bogota  River,  12  miles  southwest  of 
Bogota,.  It  is  475  feet  high,  and  perpendicular. 

Ter  (ter).  A  river  in  northeastern  Spain,  flow- 
ing into  the  Mediterranean  east  of  Gerona. 
Length,  about  85  miles.  • 

Teran  (te'ra).  The  father  of  Abraham  (Gen. 
xi.).  The  name  is  etymologically  connected  by 
some  with  the  Assyrian  turahu,  antelope. 

Teramo  (ta'ra-mo),  formerly  Abruzzo  Ulteri- 
ore  I.  A  province  in  central  Italy,  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  the  Abruzzi  and  Molise.  Area, 
1,067  square  miles.   Population  (1891),  264,088. 

Teramo.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Teramo, 
Italy,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Vezzola 
with  the  Tordino,  in  lat.  42°  40'  N.,  long.  13°  45 '_ 
E. :  the  ancient  Interamnium,  and  the  medieval 
Aprutium(alsoInterampne,Teranme,Terame)- 


Teramo 

It  has  a  cathedral  and  Koman  antiquities.  Pop- 
ulation (1892),  21,000. 

Terburg  (ter'bSreh)  (originally  Ter  Borch), 
Gerard.  Boto  at  ZwoUe,  Netherlands,  about 
1608 :  died  at  Deventer,  Netherlands,  1681.  A 
Dutch  genre-  and  portrait-painter,  noted  par- 
ticularly for  his  draperies. 

Terceira  (ter-sa '  ra).  One  of  the  principal  isl- 
ands of  the  Azores,  situated  northwest  of  St. 
Michael.    It'contaiDS  Angra,  the  capital  of  the  group. 

;    A  regency  in  behalf  of  Queen  Maria  was  established  here 

I  In  1829  by  Villaflor  with  Falmella  and  Guerreira.  Length, 
«bout  28  miles.    Population,  about  46,000-50,000. 

In  Dec. ,  1828,  an  expedition,  consisting  of  652  Portuguese 
refugees  of  the  party  of  the  queen,  sailed  from  England  for 
Terceira  in  four  vessels,  under  the  command  of  Count  Sal' 
danha.  Terceira  held  for  the  queen,  and  arms  and  am- 
munition had  previously  been  sent  them  from  England. 
The  British  government  ordered  Captain  Walpole,  of  the 
"Eanger,"  to  stop  this  expedition  off  Terceira,  which  he 
•did  by  firing  a  gun  into  Saldanha's  ship.  The  ground  taken 
by  the  Duke  of  Wellington  in  defence  of  this  measure  was 
liis  resolution  to  maintain  the  neutrality  of  England  be- 
tween the  two  parties  then  contending  for  the  crown  of 
Portugal ;  but  the  proceeding  was  vehemently  attacked  in 
Parliament  and  elsewhere. 

Oreville,  Memoirs  (editor's  note),  1. 169. 

Terceira,  Duke  of  (Antonio  Jos^  de  Souza, 

Count  of  Villaflor).  Bom  at  Lisbon,  March  10, 
1792:  died  there,  April  27,  1860.  A  Portuguese 
general  and  poUtieian.  He  went  to  Terceira  in  1828, 
and  took  part  in  the  political  events  tliere ;  conquered  the 
Azores  in  1831  in  behalf  of  Maria  da  Gloria ;  landed  at  Oporto 
May  26, 1832 ;  and  defeated  the  Migueliats  several  times  in 
1833  and  1834.    He  was  minister  of  war  and  premier. 

Terek  (te-rek').  A  river  in  Caucasia,  Russia, 
which  flows  by  a  broad  delta  into  the  Caspian 
Sea  about  lat.  44°  N.    Length,  about  350  miles. 

Terek.  A  province  of  Caucasia,  Russia,  situated 
on  the  northern  slope  of  the  Caucasus,  south  of 
Stavropol.  Capital,  Vladikavkas.  Area,  26,822 
square  miles.  Population  (1891),  798,145. 

Terek  Pass.  A  celebrated  and  long  used  pass 
over  the  mountain  barrier  between  Eastern 
Turkestan  and  Asiatic  Russia.  It  connects 
Khokand  with  Kashgar. 

Terenas.     See  Guanas. 

Terence  (ter'ens)  (Publius  Terentius  Afer). 
Born  at  Carthage  about  185  B.C.:  died  about  159. 
A  celebrated  Roman  comic  poet.  Hewentearlyto 
Rome  as  a  slave,  and  was  soon  liberated ;  became  afriend 
of  the  younger  Scipio  and  of  Lselius  ;  and  went  to  Greece 
after  bringing  out  his  plays.  The  material  of  his  works 
was  taken  largely  from  the  Greek  writers  Menander  and 
ApoUodorus.  He  left  six  comedies:  "Andria,"  "Hecyra," 
"Heauton-timoroumenos,"  "Eunuehus,"  "Phormio,"and 
"Adelphi." 

Terentia  (te-ren'shi-a).  The  first  wife  of  Cicero, 
from  whom  she  was  divorced  46  B.  c. 

Teresa,  Saint.    See  Theresa. 

Tereus  (te'rf-us  or  te'riis).  In  Greek  legend, 
a  king,  son  of  Ares.     See  Philomela. 

Tergeste(ter-jes'te).TheaneientnameofTriest. 

Terglou  (ter'glo),  Slavic  Triglav.  The  high- 
est summit  of  the  Julian  Alps,  situated  on  the 
borders  of  Camiola  and  Gorz,  28  miles  south- 
west of  Klagenfurt.    Height,  9,394  feet. 

Ter  Goes.    See  Goes. 

Terhune  (ter-hun'),  Mrs.  (Mary  Virginia 
Hawes):  pseudonym  Marion  Harland.  Born 
in  Amelia  County,  Va.,  1830.  An  American 
novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer.  Among  her 
novels  are  " Alone "  (1854),  "The  Hidden  Path"  (1885), 
"Sunnybank,"  etc.  Her  works  on  housekeeping  include 
"Common  Sense  in  the  Household "(1871),  "Breakfast, 
Luncheon,  and  Tea"  (1876),  etc. 

Terlizzi  (ter-let'se) .  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Bari,  Italy,  20  miles  west  of  Bari.  Population 
(1881),  20,442;  commune,  20,592. 

Termagaunt(ter'ma-gant).  A  name  given  to  the 
god  of  the  Saracens' in'the  medieval  romances, 
in  which  he  is  constantly  linked  with  Mahound. 
In  "  Orlando  Furioso  "  he  is  called  Trevigant.  The  French 
romancers  called  it  Tervagaunte.  The  origin  of  the  term 
is  unknown.  It  is  possible  that  the  latter  part  of  the  word, 
•magaunt,  may  conceal  the  name  Matumnd,  or  Mahomet ; 
if  so,  it  is  simply  an  invocation  of  the  prophet.  The  word 
in  recent  times  means  only  a  'scolding  woman.' 

Terminalia  (ter-mi-na'li-a).  In  Roman  anti- 
quity, a  festival  celebrated  annually  in  honor 
of  Terminus,  the  god  of  boundaries,  it  was 
held  on  the  23d  of  February,  its  essential  feature  being 
a  survey  or  perambulation  of  boundaries. 

Termini  (tar'me-ne),  or  Termini  Imerese.    A 

seaport  in  the  province  of  Palermo,  Sicily,  21 
miles  east-southeast  of  Palermo:  the  ancient 
Thermae  Himerenses.  it  has  warm  springs,  and  con- 
tains many  antiquities.  It  is  noted  for  its  macaroni,  and 
tor  its  sardine-  and  tunny-flsheries.  Near  it  is  the  site  of 
the  ancient  Himera  (which  see).  Population  (1881),  22,- 
733  ;  commune,  23,148.  ■ 

Terminos  (tar'me-nos),  Laguna  de.  A  large 
lagoon  on  the  coast  of  the  state  of  Campeche, 
Mexico,  eommmueating  with  the  Bay  of  Cam- 
peche.   It  was  so  called  by  the  pilot  Alaminos, 


987 

in  1518,  because  he  supposed  it  to  mark  the 
western  limit  of  Yucatan. 
Terminus  (t6r'mi-nus).  In  Roman  mythology, 
the  god  of  boundaries  :  the  deity  who  presided 
over  boundaries  or  landmarks.  He  was  represented 
with  a  human  head,  but  without  feet  or  arms,  to  intimate 
that  he  never  moved  from  whatever  place  he  occupied. 

Termoli  (tar'mo-le).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Campobasso,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adri- 
atic in  lat.  42°  N.    Population  (1881),  3,963. 

Ternant  (ter-non'),  Chevalier  Jean  del  Died 
1816.  A  French  of&cer.  He  served  in  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution,  and  was  minister  to  the  United 
States  under  "Washington. 

lemate  (ter-na'te).  1.  A  small  island  in  the 
Moluccas,  west  of  Jilolo,  in  lat.  0°  47'  N.,  long. 
127°  23'  E.  It  is  under  Dutch  control.— 3.  A 
Dutch  residency,  including  parts  of  Celebes, 
Jilolo,  and  smaller  islands. —  3.  A  seaport  in 
the  island  of  Ternate. 

Ternaux-Gompans  (ter-n6'k6n-pon')  (original- 
ly Ternaux),  Henri.  Bom  at  Paris,  1807 :  died 
there,  Dec. ,  1864.  A  French  bibliographer  and 
historian.  He  held  diplomatic  positions  in  Spain,  Portu- 
gal, and  Brazil,  and  at  one  time  was  a  deputy  in  the  French 
congress.  His  collection  of  books  and  manuscripts  relat- 
ing to  the  early  history  of  America  was  one  of  the  largest 
ever  brought  together.  His  publications  include  "Bib- 
liothfeque  Am^ricaine,"  a  catalogue  ol  books  relating  to 
America  published  previous  to  1700(1836) ;  "Voyages,  re- 
lations et  m^moires  originaux  pour  servir  k  I'histoire  de  la 
d^couverte  de  I'Am^rique,"  French  translations  of  docu- 
ments from  his  collection,  of  great  value  (2  series,  in  20 
vols.,  1836-40);  etc. 

Terni  (ter'ne).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Pe- 
rugia, Italy,  situated  between  two  arms  of  the 
Nera,  47  miles  north  by  east  of  Rome :  the  an- 
cient Interamna.  It  has  a  cathedral  and  the  ruins  of 
a  Roman  amphitheater,  and  many  other  antiquities.  Near 
it  are  the  Falls  Of  the  Veliono.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
the  emperors  Tacitus  and  Horian,  and  perhaps  of  the 
h  istorian  Tacitus.  Here,  Nov.  27, 1798,  the  French  defeated 
the  Neapolitans.    Population  (1881),  commune,  16,853. 

Terni,  Falls  of.    See  Marmore. 

Terodant,    See  Tarudant. 

Teror  (ta-ror').  A  small  town  in  the  island  of 
Gran  Canaria,  Canary  Islands. 

Terpander  (ter-pan'der).  [Gr.  Tefyrravdpog.'] 
Born  at  Antissa,  Lesbos :  lived  in  the  first  half 
of  the  7th  century  B.C.  A  famous  Lesbian  mu- 
sician and  lyric  poet,  settled  in  Sparta :  called 
"the  father  of  Greek  music,"  perhaps  from  his 
development  of  the  lyre. 

We  know  nothing  of  Terpander's  youth,  save  that  he 
was  bom  in  Lesbos,  the  real  home  of  melic  poetry,  and 
came,  or  was  called,  to  Sparta,  where  he  established  the 
musical  contests  at  the  Karnean  festival  about  670  B.  0. 
(01.  26).  He  was  said  to  have  been  victor  at  the  Pythian 
contests  for  four  consecutive  eight-year  feasts,  which 
■brings  down  his  activity  at  least  to  the  year  640  B.  0. 
Thus  we  may  imagine  him  the  older  contemporary  of  Tyr- 
tseus.  Not  twenty  lines  of  his  hymns  remain  —  solemn 
fragments  in  hexameters  or  heavy  spondaic  meters,  which 
show  that  hymns  to  the  gods  (names)  were  his  chief  pro- 
ductions.       Mahaffy,  Hist,  of  Classical  Greek  Lit.,  1. 167. 

Terpsichore  (terp-sik'o-re).  [Gr.  Tepfix^p?!,  de- 
lighting in  the  dance.]  In  classical  mythology, 
one  of  the  Muses,  the  especial  companion  of 
Melpomene,  and  the  patroness  of  the  choral 
dance  and  of  the  dramatic  chorus  developed 
from  it.  In  the  last  days  of  the  Greek  religion  her  at- 
tributions became  restricted  chiefly  to  the  province  of  lyric 
poetry.  In  art  this  Muse  is  represented  as  a  graceful 
figure,  clad  in  flowing  draperies,  often  seated,  and  usually 
bearing  a  lyre.  Her  type  is  closely  akin  to  that  of  Erato, 
but  the  latter  is  always  shown  standing. 

Terra  (ter' a).  [L., 'earth.']  In  Roman  mythol- 
ogy, a  goddess,  the  personification  of  the  earth. 

Terracina  (ter-ra-che'na).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Rome,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean 58  miles  southeast  of  Rome :  the  an- 
cient Anxur  or  Tarracina.  it  has  a  cathedral  and 
the  ruins  of  a  castle  of  Theodoric.  (See  Tarracina.)  Pop- 
ulation (1881),  commune,  8,672. 

Terracina,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, near  Terracina. 

Terra  del  Fuego.    See  Tierra  del  Fuego. 

Terra  di  Bari.    See  Bmri. 

Terra  di  Lavoro.    See  Caserta. 

Terra  di  Otranto.    Seeiecce. 

Terra Firma(ter'af6r'ma).  [L.,'solidground.'] 
A  name  sometimes  given  to  (a)  the  part  of  the 
mainland  of  Italy  that  was  formerly  subject 
to  Venice;  (6)  the  region  known  in  Spanish  as 
Tierra  Firme.     See  Spanish  Main. 

Terranova,orTerranova  di  Sicilia(ter-ra-n6'- 
va  de  se-ehe'le-a),  or  Terranuova  (ter-ra-no- 
6'va).  [It.,  'new  land.']  A  seaport  m  the 
province  of  Caltanissetta,  Sicily,  situated  on  the 
southern  coast  56  miles  west  of  Syracuse,  it 
has  some  trade.  It  was  founded  by  the  emperor  Frederick 
n.  near  the  ancient  Gela.  Population  (1881X  16,440 ;  com- 
mune, 17,173. 


Tertlel 

Terranova.  A  small  town  on  the  northeastern 
coast  of  the  island  of  Sardinia. 

Terrasson  (ter-a-s6n').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Dordogne,  France,  situated  on  the 
V6z6re  30  miles  east  by  south  of  P6rigueux. 
Population  (1891),  commime,  3,864. 

Terre  (tar).  La.  [F.,  'the  earth.']  A  novel  by 
Zola,  published  in  1887. 

"La  Terre"  was  by  common  consent  his  farthest  excur- 
sion, and  is  perhaps  the  farthest  excursion  possible  on  the 
quest  after  a  representation  of  man  and  nature  which  shall 
be  not  disrealised  but  disidealised,  which  shall  be  confined 
to  the  merely  ugly,  base,  and  low,  to  the  study  of  degrada- 
tion and  deformity,  and  to  the  study  even  of  these  things 
from  what  may  be  called  the  purely  police-court  and  re- 
porter point  of  view.    Saintamry,  French  Novelists,  p.  6. 

Terre  Haute  (ter'e  hot).  [F.,  'high  land.']  A 
city,  capital  of  Vigo  County,  Indiana,  situated 
on  the  Wabash  72  miles  west-southwest  of  In- 
dianapolis. It  is  an  important  railroad  and  manufac- 
turing center,  and  contains  the  State  Normal  School,  Rose 
Polytechnic  Institute,  etc.  It  was  settled  by  French  col- 
onists. Population  (1900),  36,673. 

Terre-Noire  (tar-nwar').  [P., 'black  countiy.'] 
An  industrial  commune  in  the  department  of 
Loire,  Prance,  east  of  St.-£tienne.  Population 
(1891),  4,944. 

Terror  (ter 'or).  An  arctic  exploring  vessel 
which  sailed  from  England  with  the  Erebus 
imder  Sir  John  Franklin  in  1845.  A  document  was 
discovered  on  the  shore  of  King  William's  Land  by  Captain 
McClintock,  stating  that  both  ships  were  abandoned  about 
a  year  after  the  death  of  Sir  John  Franklin  in  1847,  and 
that  the  survivors  had  started  for  the  Great  Fish  River. 
They  all  perished  on  their  journey  southward.  No  traces 
of  the  vessels  appear  to  have  been  found.  The  Erebus  and 
Terror  had  previously  been  the  vessels  of  the  Antarctic 
expedition  under  command  of  Sir  James  Clark  Ross. 

Terror,  The.     See  Eeign  of  Terror. 

Terror  of  the  World.    A  name  given  to  Attil  a. 

Terry  (ter'i),  Alfred  Howe.  Bom  at  Hartford, 
Conn., Nov.  10, 1827:  died atNew Haven, Conn., 
Dec.  16,  1890.  An  American  general.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Yale  law  school ;  became  a  colonel  of 
militia  in  1854  ;  served  atthefirstbattleof  BuUBun,  atthe 
capture  of  Port  Royal,  and  at  the  siege  of  Fort  Pulaski  in 
1861 ;  took  part  as  brigadier-general  in  the  operations 
against  Charleston  in  1862  ;  was  a  division  and  corps  com- 
mander in  Virginia  in  1864 ;  served  at  Drury's  Bluff,  Ber- 
muda Hundred,  the  siege  of  Petersburg,  and  elsewhere ; 
captured  Fort  Fisher  by  assault  Jan.  16, 1865 ;  served  at 
the  capture  of  Wilmington,  and  as  corps  commander  under 
Sherman  in  1865  ;  and  later  was  department  (Dakota  and 
the  South)  and  division  commander.  In  1876  he  com- 
manded a  successful  expedition  against  Sitting  BuU.  He 
was  made  major-general  in  the  regular  army  in  1886,  and 
retired  in  1888. 

Terry,  Ellen.  Bom  at  Coventry,  Feb.  27,  1847. 
A  popular  English  actress.  she  made  her  first 
appearance  on  the  stage  with  Charles  Kean's  company  in 
1868  in  the  parts  of  Mamillius  in  "  The  Winter's  Tale  "  and 
Prince  Arthur  in  ''  King  John."  She  appeared  in  London 
in  1863  as  Gertrude  in  "The  Little  Treasure."  In  1864 
she  married  and  left  the  stage,  but  reappeared  in  1867.  In 
1878  she  made  her  first  appearance  at  the  Lyceum  with 
Henry  Irving,  and  has  since  been  associated  with  him  in 
all  his  successful  Shaksperian  productions,  and  as  Camma 
in  Tennyson's  "  The  Cup"  and  Rosamonde  in  his  "Becket." 
She  has  visited  America  with  Mr.  Irving  on  his  tours  in 
1886, 1893, 1896, 1899,  1901.    She  is  best  in  high  comedy. 

Terry  Alts  (ter'i  alts).  A  body  of  rebels  Who 
appeared  in  County  Clare,  Ireland,  about  the 
beginning  of  the  19th  century. 

Terschelling  (ter-schel'ling).  An  island  in  the 
North  Sea,  belonging  to  the  Netherlands,  situ- 
ated northwest  of  Friesland  and  west  of  Ame- 
land.    Length,  15  miles. 

Tersteegen  (ter-sta'oen),  Gerhard.  Bom  at 
Mors,  Prussia,  Nov.  25, 1697 :  died  at  Mulheim, 
Prussia,  April  3, 1769.  A  German  hymn-writer. 
His  hymns  were  included  in  "  Blumengartlein  " 
(1729). 

Tersus.    See  Tarsus. 

Tertre,  Jean  Baptiste  du.    See  Dutertre. 

Tertullian  (tsr-tul'yan)  (Quintus  Septimius 
Florens  TertuUiarius).  Bom  at  (Jarthage 
about  150  A.  D. :  died  about  230.  A  celebrated 
ecclesiastical  writer,  one  of  the  fathers  of  the 
Latin  Church.  He  became  converted  to  Christianity 
about  192;  lived  in  Rome  and  Carthage;  and  became  a 
Montanist  about  203.  His  chief  work  is  his  "  Apologeti- 
cus,"  a  defense  of  Christianity  called  forth  by  the  persecu- 
tions under  Septimius  Severus.  Among- his  other  works 
are  "Ad  Martyres,"  "De  Baptismo,"  "De  Poenitentia," 
"De  Spectaculis,"  "De  Patientia,"  "De  Prsescriptione," 
"Adversus  Marcionem,"  "De  Virginibus  velandis,"  "  Ad- 
versus  Praxean." 

TertuUianists  (t6r-tul'yan-ists).  A  branch  of 
the  African  Montanists  of  the  3d  and  4th  cen- 
turies, who  held  the  doctrines  of  Montanism 
as  modified  by  Tertullian.  The  divergence  of  the 
TertuUianists  from  orthodoxy  seems  to  have  been  much 
less  marked  than  that  of  the  original  Asiatic  Montanists. 
They  called  themselves  "Pneumatics,"  or  spiritual  men, 
and  the  Catholics  "  Psychics,"  natural  or  sensual  men. 

Terndant.    See  Tarudant. 
Teruel  (ta-ro-el').     l.  A  province  in  Aragon, 
Spain.      It  is  bounded  by  Saragossa  on  the  north,  Tarra- 


Teruel 

gona  on  the  east,  Castellon  on  the  Boutheast,  Valencia  on 
the  south,  and  Cuenca  and  Guadalajara  on  the  west,  and  is 
traversed  by  mountain-chains.  Area,  5,491  square  miles. 
Population  (1887),  241,866. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Teniel,  situ- 
ated on  the  Gruadalaviar  in  lat.  40°  23'  N.,  long. 
1°  12'  W.  It  has  a  medieval  cathedral.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  9,423. 

Teschen  (tesh'en),  Slav.  Cieszyn  (tse-esh'in). 
A  manufacturing  town  in  Austrian  Silesia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Olsa  61  miles  west-southwest  of 
Cracow,  it  was  the  capital  of  the  ancient  duchy  of 
Teschen,  and  has  a  ruined  castle.  A  treaty  concluded  here. 
May  13, 1779,  between  Austria  and  Prussia,  which  termi- 
nated the  War  of  the  Bavarian  Succession,  is  known  asthe 
peace  of  Teschen.    Population  (1890),  commune,  16,220. 

Tesla  (tes'la),  Nikola.  Bom  at  Smiljan,  Lika, 
Austria-Hungary,  in  1857.  A  noted  physicist 
and  electrician.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1884 
with  a  view  of  developing  motors  based  on  his  discovery 
of  the  rotating  magnetic  field :  this  he  completed  in  1888. 
He  has  invented  a  number  of  methods  and  appliances  in 
the  line  of  electrical  vibrations  aiming  at  the  production 
of  efficient  light  with  lamps  without  filaments,  and  the 
production  and  transmission  of  power  and  intelligence 
without  wires.  On  his  discovery  of  the  action  of  air  or 
gaseous  matter  when  snbj  ected  to  rapidly  alternating  elec- 
trostatic stresses  is  based  the  modern  art  of  insulating 
currents  of  very  high  tension.  He  has  also  constructed 
steam-engines  and  electrical  generators  (oscillators)  with 
which  otherwise  unattainable  results  are  obtained. 

Tessin.    See  Tidno. 

Testament  (tes'ta-ment).  A  collection  of 
books  containing  the  iistory  and  doctrines  of 
the  Mosaic  or  old  dispensation  and  of  the  Chris- 
tian or  new,  in  two  divisions,  known  sever- 
ally as  the  Old  Testament  and  the  New  Testa- 
ment. The  word  testament  in  the  authorized  version  of 
the  Bible  always  represents  the  Greek  word  StadriKrj  (else- , 
where  rendered  'covenant'),  which  in  early  Christian' 
Latin,  and  regularly  in  the  Vulgate,  is  rendered  '  testa- 
mentum,'  perhaps  from  its  use  in  Heb.  ix.  15-20. 

Testament  of  Love.  A  prose  work,  wrongly 
attributed  by  Speght  to  Chaucer,  it  purports  to 
be  written  by  a  prisoner  in  danger  of  being  hanged,  and 
dates  probably  from  the  end  of  the  14th  century. 

Teste-de-BucIi  (test-de-btish'),  La.  A  town  in 
the  department  of  Gironde,  France,  situated  on 
theBasinof  Areachon  32mileswest-southwest  of 
Bordeaux.    Population  (1891),  commune,  6,480. 

Testry,  or  Testri  (tes-tre').  A  small  place  in 
northern  France,  situated  near  the  Somme, 
north  of  Soissons.  Here,  in  687,  Pepin  of  He- 
ristal  overthrew  the  power  of  Neustria. 

Tgte-Noire  (tat-nwar').  [P., 'blackhead.']  An 
Alpine  pass  on  the  frontiers  of  Savoy  and 
Switzerland,  leading  from  Martigny  to  the  val- 
ley of  Chamonix.  It  is  so  called  from  a  mountain  of 
the  same  name  near  thepass.    Height,  4,997  feet. 

T§tes  Plates.    See  Choctaws. 

Tethys  (te'this).    [Gr.  Trfiv;.']    A  sea-goddess. 

Tethys.  The  third  satellite  of  Saturn,  dis- 
covered by  Cassini,  March,  1684. 

Teton  (te-t6n'  or  te'ton).  A  river  in  northern 
Montana  which  joins'the  Missouri  northeast  of 
Port  Benton.    Length,  about  150  miles. 

Tetons.     See  Three  Tetons. 

Teton,  Grand.     See  Hayden,  Mount. 

Teton  Range.  A  mountain-range  in  the  Eoeky 
Mountain  system,  near  the  borders  of  Idaho 
and  Wyoming,  north  of  the  Snake  River. 

Tetrapolis  (te-trap'o-lis),  Chaldean.  [Gr.  Te- 
TpdnoAig,  a  name  applied  to  several  groups  of 
four  cities.]  The  four  cities  Babylon,  Ereeh, 
Akkad,  and  Calneh. 

Tetrapolitan  (tet-ra-pol'i-tan)  Confession. 
A  confession  of  faitt  presented  at  the  Diet  of 
Augsburg  in  1530  by  the  representatives  of  the 
four  cities  (whence  the  name)  Constance,  Lin- 
dau,  Memmingen,  and  Strasburg.  It  resembled 
the  Augsburg  Confession,  but  inclined  some- 
what to  Zwinglian  views. 

Tetricus  (tet'ri-kus).  A  pretender  to  the  Ko- 
man  Empire  who  usurped  the  throne  in  Gaul 
about  267-270  A.  D. 

Tetschen  (tet'shen).  A  town  in  Bohemia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Elbe  49  miles  north  by  west  of 
Prague,  it  is  a  center  for  the  upper  Elbe  navigation, 
and  a  tourist  center  for  the  Saxon-Bohemian  Switzerland. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  7,299. 

Tetuan  (tet-6-an').  A  town  in  MoroceOj  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Martil,  near  its  mouth  in  the 
Mediterranean,  25  miles  southeast  of  Tangier. 
It  has  manufactures  of  guns.  Here,  Feb.  4, 1860,  the  Span- 
iards under  O'Donnell  gained  a  decisive  victory  over  the 
troops  of  Morocco.    Population,  estimated,  20,000  to  25,000. 

Tetzel,  or  Tezel  (tet'sel),  Johann  (properly 
Diez,  Diezel,  etc. ) .  Bom  at  Leipsio  about  1455 : 
died  1519.  A  German  Dominican  monk  and  in- 
quisitor. The  scandal  of  his  sale  of  indulgences  led  to 
the  publication  of  Luther's  ninety-live  theses  at  Witten- 
berg in  1617  and  to  the  German  Reformation.   Seei«(Aer. 

Teucer  (tii'sfer).  [Gr.  TeS/cpof.]  In  Greek  le- 
gend: (a)  A  son  of  Scamander,  and  the  first 


988 

king  of  Troy.  (6)  A  son  of  Telamon  and  step- 
brother of  Ajax:  noted  as  an  archer.  He  was 
said  to  have  founded  Salamis  in  Cyprus. 

Teufelsbriicke  (toi'felz-bruk-e).  (Jerman  for 
Devil's  Bridge  (which  see). 

Teufelsdrockh  (toi'felz-drSk),  Herr.  A  Ger- 
man philosopher,  the  central  character  in  Car- 
lyle's  "  Sartor  Eesartus." 

Teuffel  (toif'fel),  Wilhelm  Sigismund,  Bom 
at  Ludwigsburg,  Wiirtemberg,  Sept.  27,  1820 : 
died  at'  Tubingen,  March  8,  1878.  A  German 
philologist, literary  historian,  and  arehsBologist : 
professor  of  classical  philology  at  Tubingen 
from  1849.  His  chief  woric  is"  Geschichteder  rOmisch- 
enLitteratur"("  History  of  Roman  Literature,"  1868-70). 

Teul,  or  Gran  Teul  (gran  ta-ol').  Asmall  town 
in  the  state  of  Zacatecas,  Mexico,  17  miles 
south-southwest  of  Tlaltenango.  it  was  the  capi- 
tal and  largest  town  of  the  Nayarits,  and  was  burned  by 
the  Spaniards  about  1530. 

Teulada  (ta-o-la'da),  Cape.  A  cape  at  the 
southern  extremity  of  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
west  of  Cape  Spartivento. 

Teumman  (ta-6m'man).  King  of  Elam.  He 
succeeded  his  brother  Urtaki.  In  the  Dattle  of  Ulai  (the 
classical  Eulseus)  he  was  defeated  by  the  Assyrian  king 
Asurbanipal(668-626B.O.);  and  in  thetriumphal procession 
of  Asurbanipal,Teumman's  head  was  suspended  by  a  string 
around  the  neck  of  one  of  his  chief  allies  and  friends. 

Teutobod  (tu'to-bod).  A  king  of  the  Teutoues, 
totally  defeated  by  Marius  at  the  battle  of 
Aquee  Sextiss,  102  b.  c. 

Teutoburgerwald  (toi'to-borg-er-valt).  A 
mountain-range  in  Germany,  extending  from 
the  vicinity  of  Osnabriick  in  Hannover  south- 
east through  Westphalia  and  Lippe.   It  isknown 

■  in  different  parts  as  the  Lippischer  Wald,  Osning,  etc. 
The  Egge,  to  the  south,  is  sometimes  included.  A  victory 
was  gained  in  this  range  (exact  locality  undetermined)  in 
9  A.  D.  by  the  Germans  under  Arminius  (Hermann)  over 
the  Romans  under  Varus,  the  Roman  army  being  nearly 
annihilated.    Highest  point,  about  1,500  feet. 

Teutones  (tu'to-nez),  or  Teuton!  (tu'to-ni).  In 
ancient  history,  a  (Jermanio  people  who,  with 
the  CJimbri,  defeated  several  Roman  armies  at 
the  end  of  the  2d  century  B.  C,  and  were 
nearly  destroyed  by  Marius  at  AqusB  Sextise, 
102  B.  C.  They  are  mentioned  later  as  dwelling 
near  the  lower  Elbe  and  eastward. 

We  have  a  Teutonic  parallel  of  the  same  etymological 
origin  in  the  Gothic  "thiudans,"  ,  .  .  Norse  "thjbdann," 
*  a  king,'  and  A.-Saxon  "theoden,"  which  also  meant  a  king 
or  lord:  both  the  Norse  and  the  A. -Saxon  words  are  found 
only  in  poetry,  which  is  an  indication  that  they  are  very 
ancient  formations,  going  back  probably  far  behind  the 
time  of  tFlfilas,  as  may  be  shown  by  approaching  the  ques- 
tion from  another  direction :  the  word  touta  and  its  con- 
geners entered  into  many  proper  names,  and  when  the 
Romans  had  to  write  these  names  they  represented  the 
Teutonic  dental,  as  they  did  the  Gaulish  one,  as  a  simple 
t :  witness  Caesar's  Teutones,  Amraianus  Marcellinus'  Ten-  ■ 
tomeres,  Eutropius'Teutobodus,  and  Elorus'  Teutobochus. 
Now  in  Teutones  or  Teutoni  we  have  the  plural,  as  given 
by  Roman  authors,  of  the  word  "  thiudans,"  "  thjbdann," 
and  "  theoden  ";  and  tliat  a  people  should  have  given  them- 
selves such  a  name  as  Teutones,  meaning  kings,  will  sur- 
prise no  one  who  has  noticed  such  Celtitf  names  as  that  of 
the  Bemi,  which  signified  princes;  those  of  the  Caturiges 
and  Catuvellauni,  meaning  war-kings  or  battle-princes;, 
and  that  of  the  Bituriges,  which  actually  meant  Welt- 
herrsoher,  or  lords  of  the  world.  This  explanation  of  the 
origin  of  the  modern  term  Teutonic  is  doubtless  open  to 
the  objection  of  implying  that  a  natural  inclination  to  brag 
was  not  quite  confined  to  the  Celt. 

Jthys,  Celtic  Heathendom,  p.  46. 

Teutonic  Order.    See  Order. 

Tevastehus.    See  Tavastehus. 

Teverone.    See  Anio. 

Teviot  (te'vi-ot).  A  river  in  Roxburghshire 
which  joins  the  Tweed  near  Kelso.  Length, 
about  40  miles. 

Teviotdale  (te'vi-ot-dal).  A  name  often  given 
to  Roxburghshire. 

Te'wa  (ta'wa),  or  Taywah,  or  Tegua,  or  Tehua, 
['  Houses.']  A  division  of  the  Tanoan  linguistic 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  occupying 
the  pueblos  of  Pojoaque,  Namb6,  Sanlldef  onso, 
San  Juan,  Santa  Clara,  and  Tesuque,  in  the  Rio 
Grande  valley.  New  Mexico,  and  the  pueblo  of 
Hano  which  forms  one  of  the  Tusayan  group 
■  in  northeastern  Arizona.  Number  ( 1893),  1, 100. 

Tewflk  Pasha  (tu'fik  pash'a),  Mohammed. 
Bom  Nov.  15,  1852:  died  in  his  palace  near 
Cairo,  Egypt,  Jan.  7, 1892.  Khedive  of  Egypt, 
son  of  Ismail  Pasha  whom  he  succeeded  June 
26,  1879.  From  his  accession  until  1882  Egyptian  finances 
continued  under  Anglo-French  control.  In  that  year  oc- 
curred the  rebellion  of  Arabi  Pasha.  Its  suppression  by 
the  British  marked  the  cessation  of  French  influence,  and 
the  virtual  establishment  of  a  British  protectorate.  The 
revolt  of  the  Mahdists  led,  in  spite  of  British  expeditions, 
to  the  loss  of  the  upper  Nile  and  Sudan  regions  in  1884- 
1885.    He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son,  Abbas  Pasha, 

Tewkesbury  (tuks'bu-ri).  A  town  in  Glouces- 
tershire, England,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Avon  and  Severn,  10  miles  northeast  of 


Tezcuco 

Gloucester:  the  Roman  Etoeessa.  The  abbey 
church,  chiefly  of  the  12th  century,  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant of  English  Romanesque  structures.  The  exterior 
is  marked  by  its  massive  tower,  its  beautiful  radiating 
choir-chapels  in  the  Decorated  style,  and  the  curious  re- 
cessed  porch  and  window  of  the  west  front.  The  interior 
is  highly  effective,  and  possesses  excellent  14th-oentury 
glass  and  medieval  monuments.  A  victory  was  gain  ed  here 
May  4, 1471,  by  the  Yorkists  under  Edward  IV.  over  the 
Lancastrians  under  Margaret  of  Anjou  and  Prince  Ed- 
ward: by  it  Edward  was  reestablished  on  the  throne.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  6,269.        .  ,  ,     , 

Tewkesbury  Chronicle.  A  chronicle,  chiefly 
of  English  ecclesiastical  history,  kept  at  the 
Abbey  of  Tewkesbury,  1066-1263. 

Texarkana  (teks-ar-kan'j,).  The  capital  of 
Miller  County,  in  the  southwestern  extremity 
of  Arkansas,  situated  partly  in  Texas,  it  is  a 
railroad  center.  Population  (1900),  in  Arkansas,  4,914; 
in  Texas,  5,266. 

Texas  (tek'sas).  One  of  the  South  Central  States 
of  the  United  States  of  America.  Capital,  Aus- 
tin ;  chief  seaport,  Galveston.  It  is  bounded  by 
Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territory  on  the  north,  Arkansas  on 
the  northeast  (separated  by  the  Red  River),  Louisiana  and 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  east,  the  GuU  of  Mexico  on  the 
south,  Mexico  (separated  by  the  Rio  Grande)  on  the  south- 
wesii  and  New  Mexico  on  the  west.  It  is  the  largest  State 
in  the  Union,  comprising  a  low  coast  region,  a  prairie 
country,  a  central  hillj  region,  high  plains  to  the  north 
and  west  (including  the  staked  Plain),  and  a  mountainous 
region  westof  the  Pecos.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Canadian, 
Red  River,  Sabine,  Trinity,  Brazos,  Colorado,  Nueces,  and 
Rio  Grande.  It  is  an  important  agricultural  State,  the 
leading  products  being  cotton,  Indian  corn;  live  stock, 
sugar,  and  rice.  It  has  243  counties,  sends  2  senatoi-s  and 
16  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  18  electoral  votes. 
An  attempt  at  settlement  was  made  by  La  Salle  about  1686, 
and  various  missions  were  established  by  the  Spaniards  in 
the  18th  century.  The  region  was  invaded  by  various  adven- 
turers early  in  the  19th  century.  It  formed  with  Coahuila  a 
state  of  Mexico,  and  was  settled  rapidly  about  1820-30  by 
American  colonists.  A  rebellion  against  Mexico  broke  out 
in  1835;  the  garrisons  at  the  Alamo  and  Goliad  were  mas- 
sacred by  the  Mexicans  in  1836  ;  and  the  Mexicans  were 
finally  defeated  by  Houston  at  San  Jacinto,  April  21, 1836. 
Texas  was  a  republicf  rom  ]  836 to  1815,  when  it  was  annexed 
to  the  United  States.  It  was  the  scene  of  early  events  in  the 
Mexican  war  in  1846 ;  seceded  Feb.  1, 1861 ;  was  the  scene 
of  various  events  in  the  Rebellion,  and  of  the  last  conflicts ; 
and  was  readmitted  in  1870.  Area,  265,780  square  miles. 
Population  (1900),  3,048,710. 

Texcocans.    See  Tezcucans. 

Texcoco.    See  Tezcuco. 

Texel  (tek'sel).  An  island  in  the  North  Sea,  be- 
longing to  the  Netherlands.  It  lies  north  of  North 
Holland  (separated  by  the  Marsdiep).  The  surface  is  low. 
Its  neighborhood  has  been  the  scene  of  many  naval  en- 
gagements.   Length,  15  miles.    Population,  about  6,000. 

Texier  (tes-ya'),  Charles  F61ix  Marie.  Born 
at  VersaUles,  Prance,  Aug.  29,  1802 :  died  at 
Paris,  July  1, 1871.  A  French  arehseologist  and 
traveler.  Among  his  works  are  "Description  de  I'Asie 
Mineure  "  (1839-48), "  Description  del'Arm^nie,  de  la  Perse, 
de  la  M^sopotamie  "  (1842-46),  etc. 

Teyde,  Pico  de.    See  Pico  de  Teyde. 

Tezcatlipoca  (tath-kat-le-p6' ka).  In  Aztec 
(Mexican)  mythology,  one  of  the  supreme  gods, 
the  soul  of  the  world  and  its  creator,  supposed 
to  be  endowed  with  perpetual  youth.  On  tlie 
teocalli  at  Mexico  he  had  a  chapel  near  that  of  Huitzi- 
lopochtli.  Occasional  human  sacrifices  were  made  to  him. 
The  victim  (said  by  some  to  represent  the  god  himself) 
was  selected  a  year  before,  and  was  a  young  man  of  per- 
fect form.  He  was  kept  under  a  kind  of  tutelage  for  the 
ceremony,  but  was  allowed  every  pleasure;  beautiful  girls 
were  given  him  for  companions ;  and  at  feasts  he  was 
honored  as  a  divinity.  On  the  day  of  the  sacrifice  he  was 
stripped  of  his  gaudy  clothes,  and  while  ascending  to  the 
temple  threw  away  his  chaplets  of  flowers  and  broke  his 
musical  instruments. 

Tezcotzinco  (tas-kot-sen'ko).  A  hill  about 
5  miles  east  of  the  town  of  Tezcuco,  Mexico. 
It  was  a  garden  or  park  and  country  residence  of  the  an- 
cientchiefs  of  Tezcuco.  Ixtlilxochitldescribesitasaplace 
of  wonderful  beauty,  adorned  with  fountains,  baths,  and 
palaces  :  but  this  description  is  probably  exaggerated.  It 
is  said  to  have  been  a  favorite  retreat  of  Netzahualcoyotl 
(which  see).  The  place  is  marked  by  a  few  ruins  over- 
grown with  vegetation.  Some  small  artificial  pools  are 
erroneously  called  the  Baths  of  Montezuma. 

Tezcncans  (tas-ko'kans),  or  Texcocans  (tas- 
ko'kans),  or  Acolliuans  (a-kol'o-ans).  Ad 
ancient  Nahuatl  tribe  of  the  valley  of  Mexico. 
Some  traditions  make  them  the  offspring  of  the  semi-mythi- 
cal race  called  Ohichimecs.  About  1120  they  settled  at 
TenayucanorTezcuco,  then  onthe  eastern  shoreof  the  lake, 
and  this  soon  became  the  most  powerful  pueblo  of  the  val- 
ley. Early  in  the  15th  century  they  were,  for  a  tiine,  con- 
quered by  the  Tepanecs ;  subsequently  they  joined  in  a 
league  with  Tenochtitlan  and  Tlacopan,  and  eventually  be- 
came subordinate  in  power  to  the  former  plaee.  Their  last 
chief  or  "king,"  Ixtlilxochitl,  joined  Cortes  in  1620,  and 
assisted  in  the  siege  of  Tenochtitlan  or  Mexico.  The  Tez- 
cucan  historians  claim  for  their  nation  a  preeminence  in 
civilization  among  the  Nahuatl  tribes. 

Tezcuco  (tas-ko'ko),  or  Texcoco  (tas-ko'ko).  A 
town  of  the  state  and  republic  of  Mexico,  near 
the  eastern  shore  of  Tezcuco  Lake,  about  16 
miles  from  Mexico  City,  it  was  the  ancient 
capital  of  the  Tezcucans  or  Acolhuans,  who  called  it 
Acolhuacan  or  Tenayucan.  (See  Tezeucans.)  At  this 
place,  in  1521,  Cort6s  organized  the  siege  of  Mexico 


Tezcuco 

and  built  the  brigantines  with  which  he  assaulted  that  city 
from  the  lake.     Population  (1889),  with  the  commune, 

15,865.  '  ' 

Tezcuco,  or  Texcoco,  Lake  of.  The  largest  of 
the  cluster  of  lakes  in  the  valley  of  Mexico. 
At  present  it  is  nearly  oval  in  outline,  about  12  miles  long, 
7  wide,  and  less  than  2  feet  deep.  Mexico  City  is  about  4 
miles  from  the  western  shore,  and  Tezcuco  is  about  the 
same  distance  from  the  eastern  side.  Low  and  more  or 
less  swampy  lands  around  it  mark  its  ancient  limits, 
which  were  at  least  four  times  as  great  as  at  present ;  Mex- 
ico was  then  on  an  island  in  it,  approached  by  causeways, 
and  Tezcuco,  Tlacopan,  and  other  towns  were  on  its  shore. 
The  water  was  deep  enough  in  1620  to  float  the  ships  of 
Cortes.  During  the  Aztec  and  early  colonial  periods  it 
was  freguently  swelled  by  rains,  causing  disastrous  floods 
in  Mexico ;  one  of  these  floods  lasted  3  years  (1629-32). 
The  shrinkage  is  due  to  filling  in  with  sediment,  drainage, 
and  evaporation.  Until  1893  the  drains  of  Mexico  opened 
into  the  lake,  and  its  polluted  waters,  forced  back  through 
them  during  the  rains,  caused  great  mortality  in  the  city. 
This  has  been  remedied  by  extensive  drainage  works,  and 
it  is  now  proposed  to  empty  the  lake  entirely.  Tezcuco  is 
the  lowest  of  the  valley  lakes,  and  its  waters  are  brackish. 
It  has  no  flsh,  but  the  smgular  amphibian  called  the  axolotl 
was  formerly  abundant. 

Tezel.    See  Tetzel. 

Thacher(thaeh'6r),George.  Born  at  Yarmouth, 
Maine,  April  12, 1754 :  died  at  Biddef  ord,  Maine, 
April  6,  1824.  An  American  jurist  and  politi- 
cian. He  was  a  delegate  from  Massachusetts  to  the 
Continental  Congress ;  was  member  of  Congress  from  the 
Maine  district  of  Massachusetts  1789-1801 ;  and  was  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Massachusetts  and  of  Maine. 

Thacher ,  Thomas  Anthony.  Bom  at  Hartford, 
.Conn., Jan.  11,1815:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
April  7, 1886.  An  American  classical  scholar, 
professor  of  Latin  at  Yale  from  1842.  He  trans- 
lated Madvig's  Latin  grammar,  and  edited  va- 
rious Latin  works. 

Thackeray  (thak'e-ri),  William  Makepeace. 
Born  at  Calcutta,  July  18,  1811:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Deo.  24, 1863.    A  celebrated  English  novel- 
ist, satirist,  and  critic.    He  went  to  England  when 
about  5  years  old,  and  was  educated  at  the  Chai'terhouse 
school  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  leaving  in  1830. 
He  traveled  on  the  Continent  (visiting  Weimar,  etc.)  for 
several  years.     In  1833  he  began  to  devote  himself  se- 
riously to  literature  and  art,  wrote  for  the  "National  Stan- 
dard "  (of  which  he  was  afterward  both  editor  and  pro- 
prietor), aud  later  for  "The  Times,"  for  "Fraser's  Maga^ 
zine"(to  which  he  long  contributed  as  Michael  Angelo 
Titmarsh),  for  "  Punch,"  etc.    He  had  a  talent  for  draw- 
ing and  caricature,  and  about  1834  went  to  Paris,  with 
the  idea  of  studying  painting.    In  this  he  was  unsuccess- 
ful ;  but  he  illustrated  many  of  his  own  works,  and  about 
1835  made  his  well-known  application  to  illustrate  "Pick- 
wick."   In  1837,  having  married  Miss  Isabella  Shawe,  he 
returned  to  England.    About  1840  his  wife's  mind  became 
affected,  after  the  birth  of  her  third  daughter,  and  she 
never  recovered,  though  she  did  not  die  until  many  years 
after  her  husband's  death.    He  visited  the  East  in  1844,  lec- 
tured in  the  United  States  in  1852-53  and  1854-55,  and  was 
editor  of  the  "Cm-nhill  Magazine"  1860-62.     His  chief 
novels  are  "Vanity  Fair"  (1846-48 :  which  made  his  repu- 
tation), "Pendennis"  (1848-50),  "Henry  Esmond"  (1852), 
"  The  Newcomes  "  (1853-55),  and  "  The  Virginians  "  (1857- 
1859).  Among  his  other  novels  and  stories  are  "  The  Yellow- 
plush  Papers"  (1837),  "History  of  Mr.  Samuel  Titmarsh 
and  the  Great  Hoggarty  Diamond"  (1837-38),  "The  Paris 
Sketch  Book"  (1840),  "Jeames's  Diary,"  "Fitz-Boodle's 
Confessions,"  "Shabby  Genteel   Story,"  "The  Book  of 
Snobs" (collected  from  "Punch"  1848), "The  Irish  Sketch 
Book"  (1843), "Notes  of  a  Journey  from  Cornhill  to  Grand 
Cairo"  (1846),  "Memoirs  of  Barry  Lyndon"  (1844),  "Mrs. 
Perkins's  Ball"  (1847),  "Punch's  Prize  Novelists,"  "The 
Kickleburys  on  the  Rhine,"  "Eebecca  and   Kowena," 
"Lovel  the  Widower"  (1860-61),  "Adventures  of  Philip" 
(1861-62),  "The  Eose  and  the  King."  and  "Denis  Duval" 
(unfinished).    Many  of  these  appeared  first  in  "Fraser's," 
"Cornhill,    and  other  periodicals.    His  other  works  in- 
clude "English  Humourists  of  the  18th  Century  "  (first  de- 
livered as  lectures  in  1851), "The  Four  Georges"  (lectures 
delivered  in  the  United  States  1855,  first  printed  in  1860), 
"The  Roundabout  Papers  "  (1862), "  Early  and  Late  Papers  " 
(edited  by  J.  T.  Fields,  1867),"  The  Orphan  of  Pimlico,  etc." 
(edited  1876),  ballads,  etc. 
Thaddseus  (tha-de'us).    [Gr.  QaSdaloQ.']     One  o£ 
the  apostles,  otherwise  called  Jude  or  Judas 
and  Lebbseus.    See  Jude. 
Thaddeus  of  Warsaw,    A  novel  by  Jane  Por- 
ter, published  in  1803:  named  from  its  hero. 
Thais  (tha'is).     [Grr.  Saif.]    Lived  in  the  last 
part  of  the  4th  century  b.  c.    A  famous  Athe- 
nian hetsera,  mistress  of  Alexander  the  Great. 
She  is  alleged  (probably  erroneously)  to  have  incited  him 
to  fire  the  Persian  palace  at  Persepolis.   She  was  afterward 
mistress  of  Ptolemy  Lagi. 
Thaisa  (tha'is-a).    The  daughter  of  Simonides 
and  wifeofPeri'elesinShakspere's(?)  "Pericles." 
Thalaba  the  Destroyer,    A  descriptive  poem 
by  Southey :  so  called  from  the  name  of  the  hero. 
Thalberg  (tal'berG),  Sigismond.    Bom  at  Ge- 
neva, 1812:  died  at  Naples,  1871.    A  pianist 
and  composer  for  the  piano,  illegitimate  son  of 
Prince  von  Dietrichstein.    His  works  include 
various  fantasias,  nocturnes,  etc. 
Thale  (ta'le).  A  watering-place  in  the  province 
of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  in  the  Harz,  on  the 
Bode,  5  miles  west  of  Quedlinburg.  Population 
(1890),  6,292. 
Thales  (tha'lez).  [Gr.  Qalrj^.']  Born  at  Miletus, 


Asia  Minor,  about  640  B.  c. :  died  about  546.  A 
famous  Greek  philosopher,  astronomer,  and  ge- 
ometer :  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of  Greece, 
and  the  earliest  of  the  Ionian  natural  philoso- 
phers. He  regarded  water  as  the  principle  of  all  things. 
He  predicted  an  eclipse  of  the  sun  for  May  28,  685  B.  0. ; 
and  to  him  were  attributed  various  discoveries  in  geometry 
and  astronomy. 

Volney  considered  the  eclipse  [of  Thales]  to  have  taken 
place  B.  0. 626("Eecherches,  etc.,"  vol.  i.  p.  342).  Clinton 
places  it  b.  o.  603  (F.  H.  vol.  i.  p.  419).  Ideler  considers 
that  no  eclipse  about  this  period  fulfils  the  necessary  condi- 
tions except  that  of  B.  o.  610("Handbuch  der  Chronologic," 
vol.  i.  p.  209).  Mr.  Hind  and  Professor  Airy  have  recently 
suggested  the  late  date  of  B.  0.  685  (Bosanquet;  "  Fall  of 
Nineveh,"  p.  14).  Samlinson,  Herod.,  I.  369,  note. 

Thales,  or  Thaletas  (tha-le'tas).  [Gr.  6a?.^g, 
BaXira^.']  Bomin  Crete:  lived  about  the  7th  cen- 
tury B.C.    A  lyric  poet  and  musician  of  Sparta. 

Thalia  (tha-li'a).  [Gr.  QaUui,  QaUa.'^  1.  In  Greek 
mythology,  the  joyful  Muse,  to  whom  is  due  the 
bloom  of  life.  She  inspired  gaiety;  was  the  patroness 
of  the  banquet  accompanied  by  song  and  music ;  and  also 
favored  rural  pursuits  and  pleasures.  At  a  late  period  she 
became  the  Muse  of  comedy,  and  to  the  Eomanswas  little 
known  in  any  other  character.  In  the  later  art  she  is 
generally  represented  with  a  comic  mask,  a  shepherd's 
crook,  and  a  wreath  of  ivy. 

3.  An  asteroid  (No.  23)  discovered  at  London 
by  Hind,  Dec.  15,  1852. 

Thallo  (thal'6).  [Gr.  Qani).']  In  Greek  my- 
thology, one  of  the  Hours. 

Thame  (tam).  A  river  in  Buckinghamshire 
and  Oxfordshire,  England,  which  joins  the 
Thames  (of  which  it  is  a  main  tributary)  at 
Dorchester.     Length,  about  35  miles. 

Thame.  A  town  in  Oxfordshire,  England,  situ- 
ated on  the  Thame  13  miles  east  of  Oxford. 
Population  (1891),  3,335. 

Thames  (temz).  [Early  mod.  E.  also  TImmys, 
Tames,  Temse,  ME.  Temse,  AS.  Temes,  Temese, 
Teemese,  L.  Tamesis  (Csssar),  Tamesa  (Tacitus), 
Gr.  Ta/iEca  or  Tafzhag  (Dion  Cassius),  and  said  to 
be  Celtic,  meaning  'broad  water.'  The  F.  Tamise 
is  from  the  L.,  (S.  Themse  from  the  E.]  The 
principal  river  in  Great  Britain.  It  rises  near  Ciren- 
cester ;  flows  on  the  border  between  Gloucester  and  Wilt- 
shire;  separates  Oxford  and  Buckingham  from  Berkshire, 
Middlesex  from  Surrey,  and  Essex  from  Kent ;  and,  broad- 
ening into  an  estuary,  flows  into  the  North  Sea.  Its  course 
is  generally  easterly.  To  its  junction  with  the  Thame  it  is 
called  also  the  Isis.  The  principal  tributaries  are  the  Cher- 
well,  Thame,  Colne,  Lea,  and  Ending  on  the  north,  and  the 
Kennet,  Mole,  and  Medway  on  the  south.  The  chief  places 
on  its  banks  are  Oxford,  Eeading,  Windsor,  Eton,  Kingston, 
Eichmond,  Brentford,  London,  Woolwich,  Cravesend,  and 
Sheerness.  Length  to  Sheerness,  228  miles.  Width  at 
London  Bridge,  900  feet;  at  Gravesend,  half  a  mile.  It  is 
tidal  to  Teddington,  and  is  navigable  by  locks  for  barges 
from  Lechlade ;  for  large  vessels,  from  the  Pool,  London. 

Thames,  A  river  in  Ontario,  Canada,  which 
flows  into  Lake  St.  Clair  32  miles  east  of  De- 
troit. Near  its  banks,  Oct.  5, 1813,  the  Americans  under 
Harrison  (cavalry  under  E^  M.  Johnson)  defeated  the  allied 
British  (under  Proctor)  and  Indians  (under  Tecumseh, 
who  was  killed  in  the  battle).  Length,  about  160  miles ; 
navigable  to  Chatham. 

Thames  (thamz).  A  navigable  river  in  Con- 
necticut, formed  by  the  junction  at  Norwich 
of  the  Quinebaug  and  the  Yantio.  It  empties 
into  Long  Island  Sound  below  New  London. 
Length,  15  miles. 

Thames  Embankment,  A  wide  macadamized 
carriageway,  with  foot-pavements  on  each  side, 
constructed  1864^70  by  the  Metropolitan  Board 
of  Works  in  London  along  the  north  bank  of 
the  Thames,  from  Blackfriars  Bridge  to  West- 
minster. Strictly  this  is  the  Victoria  Embankment, 
while  the  Albert  Embankment,  finished  1868,  extends  from 
Westminster  Bridge  to  Vauxhall  Bridge  on  the  south 
bank,  and  the  Chelsea  Embankment,  finished  1873,  ex- 
tends from  the  Chelsea  Hospital  to  the  Albert  Suspension 
Bridge  on  the  north  bank.  These  embankments  have  a 
granite  wall  on  the  river  side ;  the  whole  area  was  once 
covered  by  the  tide. 

Thames  Tunnel,  A  tunnel  under  the  Thames 
at  London,  near  the  Tower,  opened  in  1843. 

Thamien  (tha'mi-en).  A  tribe  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians  which  formerly  inhabited  the 
country  between  the  Almaden  mines  and  Alviso 
Landing,  Santa  Clara  County,  California;  also, 
the  native  name  of  the  site  of  Santa  Clara  mis- 
sion.   See  Costanoan. 

Thammuz,    See  Tammuz. 

Thamyris  (tham'i-ris).  [Gr.  eo/^w/Kf.]  In  Greek 
legend,  a  Thracian  singer.  He  boasted  that  he  could 
surpass  the  Muses,  and  was  deprived  by  them  of  his  sight 
and  of  the  power  of  singing. 

ThanatopsiS  (than-a-top'sis).  [From  Gr.  Bava- 
Tog  and  hptg,  vision :  ''a  vision  of  death.']  A  poem 
by  William  Cullen  Bryant,  published  in  1816. 

ThanatOS(than'a-tos).  [Gr.  eavarof,  death.]  In 
Greek  mythology,  the  personification  of  death, 
brother  of  Sleep.    See  Sleep  and  Death. 

Thanet  (than'et),  Isle  of,  Anisland  at  the  east- 


Theagenes  and  Chariclea 

em  extremity  of  Kent,  England,  it  is  formed  by 
a  bifurcation  of  the  Stour,  and  contains  Margate  and  Eams- 
gate  (so  called  from  Ruim,  the  older  name  of  the  island). 
Length,  9  miles. 

Thanet,  Octave.  The  pseudonym  of  Alice 
French.  ' 

Thann  (tan).  A  town  in  Upper  Alsace,  Alsace- 
Lorraine,  situated  on  the  Thur  23  miles  south- 
west of  Kolmar.  it  has  manufactures  of  cotton  and 
silk,  and  wine  is  produced  in-the  vicinity.  Its  church  of 
St.  Theobald  is  noteworthy.    Population  (1890),  7,426. 

Thano.    See  Xano. 

Thapsacus  (thap'sa-kus).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a  town  on  tli'e  western  bank  of  the  Eu- 
phrates :  the  biblical  Tiphsah.  it  was  probably 
situated  near  the  modem  Eakka,  about  lat.  35°  60'  N. 
The  Euphrates  was  crossed  here  in  the  expedition  of  Cy- 
rus the  Younger,  by  Darius,  and  by  Alexander  the  Great. 

Thapsus  (thap'sus).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
town  in  northern  Africa,  situated  on  the  coast, 
near  the  modem  Cape  Dimas  in  Tunis,  30  miles 
southeast  of  Susa.  Here,  46  B.  o.,  Ctesar  totaUy  de- 
feated  the  Pompeians  under  Cato,  Scipio,  and  Juba,  and 
ended  the  war  in  Africa. 

Tharand  (ta'rant).  A  small  town  in  the  king- 
dom of  Saxony,  situated  on  the  Wilde  Weis- 
seritz,  9  miles  southwest  of  Dresden.  It  is  the 
seat  of  a  noted  academy  of  forestry. 

Thargelia  (thSr-ge'li-a).  [Gr.  QapyiiXta,'\  In 
Greek  antiquity,  a  festival  celebrated  at  Athens 
on  the  6th  and  7th'  of  the  month  Thargelion,  in 
honor  of  the  Delian  Apollo  and  of  Artemis.  On 
the  first  day  of  the  festival  (probably  not  every  year)  there 
was  an  expiatory  sacrifice  of  two  persons,  for  the  men  and 
the  women  of  the  state  respectively,  the  victims  being 
condemned  criminals ;  on  the  second  day  there  were  a 
procession  and  a  contest  for  a  tripod  between  cyclic  cho- 
ruses provided  by  the  choragi. 

Tharrawaddy  (thar-a-wod'i).  A  district  in 
Pegu  division,  Britisfi  Burma,  intersected  by 
lat.  18°  N.  Area,  2,014  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  347,454. 

Thasos  (tha'sos).  [Gr.  edffoc]  1.  Anisland  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  .^gean  Sea,  intersected 
by  lat.  40°  40'  N.  it  belongs  to  Turkey,  and  is  about 
4  miles  from  the  mainland.  The  surface  is  mountainous. 
It  was  colonized  from  Paros  about  the  end  of  the  8th 
century  B.  c. ;  was  long  noted  for  its  gold-mines  ;  belonged 
to  the  Athenian  confederacy ;  revolted  about  465  B.  c,  but 
was  besieged  and  subjugated  by  Cimon  ;  was  subject  to 
Philip  V.  of  Macedon  ;  and  was  a  free  city  under  the  Ro- 
mans. The  inhabitants  (Greeks)  number  about  10,000. 
Length,  16  miles. 

2.  The  ancient  capital  of  Thasos,  situated  on 
the  northern  coast. 

Thatcher  (thaeh'er),  Benjamin  Bussey.  Born 
at  Warren,  Maine,  Oct.  8, 1809:  died  at  Boston, 
July  14,  1848.  An  American  author.  His  works 
include  "Biography  of  North  American  Indians  "  (1832), 
"  Tales  of  the  American  Eevolution  "  (1846),  etc. 

Thatcher,  Henry  Knox.  Bom  at  Thomaston, 
Maine,  May  26,  1806 :  died  at  Boston,  April  5, 
1880.  An  American  rear-admiral.  He  served  in  the 
attacks  on  Fort  Fisher,  and  commanded  the  Western  Gulf 
Squadron  in  the  naval  operations  against  Mobile  in  1865. 

Thau  (to),  Etang  de,  A  lake  in  the  department 
of  H^rault,  southern  France,  situated  near  the 
Mediterranean  (with  which  it  communicates 
by  a  canal)  near  Cette.    Length,  12  miles. 

ThaumaturgUS  (tha-ma-ler'gus).  [L.,fromGr. 
Bav/iaTovpydg,  wonder-working.]  A  surname 
given  to  Gregory  of  Cappadocia  (3d  century),  a 
reputed  worker  of  miracles. 

ThaumaturgUS  of  the  West,  The.  A  name 
given  to  St.  Bernard. 

Thaxter  (thaks'ter),  Mrs.  (Oelia  Leighton). 
Born  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  1835:  died  at  the 
Isles  of  Shoals,  Aug.  26, 1894.  An  American 
poet.  She  wrote  "Among  the  Isles  of  Shoals," 
^'Driftweed,"  "Poems  for  Children,"  etc. 

Thayer  (thar),  Abbott  Henderson,  Bom  at 
Boston,  Aug.  12,  1849.  An  American  animal-) 
figure-,  and  landscape-painter.  He  was  a  student 
at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts  under  Lehmann  and  G^rdme 
from  1875  to  1879.  Upon  his  return  to  America  he  set- 
tled in  New  York,  and  was  made  president  of  the  Society 
of  American  Artists. 

Thayer,  Joseph  Henry,  Born  at  Boston,  Nov. 
7, 1828 :  died  Nov.  26, 1901.  An  American  bib- 
lical scholar,  professor  at  Andover  Theological 
Seminary  1864^82,  and  at  the  Divinity  School, 
Harvard,  1884-1901. 

Thesetetus(the-e-fe'tus).  [Gri.QealTJirog.']  Lived 
about  the  end  of  the  5th  century  b.  c.  An 
Athenian,  a  disciple  of  Socrates.  He  is  the 
principal  character  in  one  of  the  most  famous 
of  Plato's  dialogues. 

Theagenes  (the-aj'e-nez).  [Gr.  Geay^i^f.]  A 
tyrant  of  Megara,  who  ruled  about  the  end  of 
the  7th  century  b.  c. 

Theagenes  and  Chariclea  (kar-i-kle'a).  An 
ancient  romance  by  one  Heliodorus,  written  in 
the  4th  century.  It  recounts  the  loves  and  adventures 
of  Theagenes,  a  Thessalian,  and  Chariclea,  the  daughter  of 


Theagenes  and  Chariclea 

Ferslna,  queen  of  Ethiopia.  It  was  rendered  into  English 
prose  by  Thomas  Underdown  (1677),  and  into  French  by 
Amyot  It  "supplied  with  materials  many  of  the  early 
writers  of  romance.  It  was  imitated  in  the  composition  of 
Achilles  Tatius  and  subsequent  Greek  fablers ;  and  was 
the  model  of  those  heroic  fictions  which,  through  the 
"•  writings  of  Gomberville  and  Scud^ry,  became  for  a  con- 
siderable period  so  popular  and  prevalent  in  fiance" 
(DurUop),    Also  called  ^hiopica. 

Theatins,orTlieatines(the'a-tinz).  [FiomThe- 
ate  or  Teate,  Chieti.]  A  monastic  order  of  regu- 
lar clerks,  founded  at  Eome  in  1524,  principally 
by  the  Archbishop  of  Chieti,  iu  Italy,  with  the 
purpose  of  combating  the  Eeformation.  There 
were  also  Theatin  nuns.  The  order  flourished  to  some 
extent  in  Spain,  Bavaria,  and  Poland,  but  its  influence  is 
now  confined  chiefiy  to  Italy. 

Theatre,  The.  The  first  London  theater,  it  was 
a  wooden  building  erected  by  James  Burbage,  the  father 
of  Richard  Burbage,  in  1576,  on  the  site  of  the  priory  of 
St  John  the  Baptist,  Shoreditch,  which  was  destroyed  at 
the  Reformation.  It  was  taken  down  in  1597,  and  the 
Globe,  Bankside,  built  of  the  materials. 

Theatre  de  la  Foire  (ta-atr'  d6  la  fwar).  [F., 
'theater  of  the  fair.']  A  theater  set  up  by 
provincial  comedians  at  the  fairs  of  St.-Germain 
and  St.-Laurent,  outside  of  Paris.  These  theaters 
had  privileges,  in  the  interests  of  commerce,  which  the 
regular  theaters  had  not.  The  plays  were  originally  given 
by  marionettes,  and  their  performance  can  be  traced  as 
far  back  as  1695.  Le  Sage,  Fuselier,  Dominique,  Dorneval, 
Boissy,  Sedaine,  and  others  wrote  for  it,  Le  Sage  alone 
writing  more  than  100  little  pieces,  farces,  etc.,  with  or 
without  songs. 

Theatre  FranQais  (ta-atr'  frou-sa'),  Le.  The 
most  noted  theater  in  France,  it  is  situated  on 
the  Place  du  Theatre  Fran^ais,  Rue  St.-Honor^,  near  the 
Palais  Royal,  in  Paris.  Its  rights  having  been  restricted 
during  the  Revolution,  Napoleon  reinstated  it  in  nearly 
sole  possession  of  the  right  of  producing  classic  drama. 
Its  present  constitution  was  given  to  it  in  1830,  and  it  is 
now  the  chief  home  of  the  regular  drama,  and  receives  a 
subsidy  from  the  government.  It  has  a  governing  board 
of  six,  who  in  turn  are  supervised  by  government  ofiicials. 
It  was  almost  entirely  destroyed  by  fire,  March  8,  1900. 
See  CorrUdie  FranQaise,  La. 

Theatre  Italian,  or  Les  Italians  (ta-atr'  e-ta- 
lyan'  or  laz  e-ta-lyan').  The  name  given  to  the 
old  Italian  opera-house  in  the  Bue  Le  Peletier 
in  Paris.  For  many  years  the  lyric  drama  was  given 
here.    In  1875  the  new  opera-house  was  opened. 

Theatre  Boyal.  Same  as  Drury  Lane  Theatre 
(which  see).  It  was  the  first  London  theater 
so  named. 

Thebaid  (the'ba-id),  The.  [L.  Thebais,  Gr. 
G)?/3a2f.]  In  ancient  geography,  the  domain  of 
Thebes  in  Egypt,  or  Upper  Egypt.  It  included 
the  valley  of  the'Nile  from  about  lat.  27  45'  N.  southward 
to  Syene  (about  lat.  24°  N.). 

Thebaid,  The.  An  epic  poem  by  Statius,  re- 
lating to  the  expedition  of  the  Seven  against 
Thebes. 

This  poem,  which  is  admitted  by  Merivale  to  be  faultless 
in  epic  execution,  and  has  been  glorified  by  the  admiration 
of  Dante,  occupied  the  author  twelve  years  in  the  compos- 
ing, probably  from  80  to  92  A.  D. 

CruttweUt  Hist,  of  Roman  Lit.,  p.  427. 

Th6baide  (ta-ba-ed').  La.  A  play  by  Eacine, 
produced  June  20, 1664,  by  Moli&re's  company. 

Thebais  (the'ba-is).  A  Greek  epic  poem  of  the 
Theban  cycle,  of  unknown  authorship,  relating 
to  a  mythical  war  between  Argos  and  Thebes. 

Theban  (the'ban)  Cycle,  The.  A  ^oup  of  le- 
gends or  poems  relating  to  the  mythical  war  be- 
tween Argos  and  Thebes.   See  Oyclic  Poets,  The. 

Theban  Eagle,  or  Theban  Bard.  Pindar. 

Theban  Legion.  In  Christian  legend,  a  legion 
(from  the  Thebaid  ?)  in  the  army  of  Maximian 
which  refused  to  obey  the  emperor's  order  to 
persecute  the  Christians,  and  was  twice  deci- 
mated and  finally  exterminated  for  its  disobedi- 
ence. 

Thabaw  (the'bft).    The  last  Mng  of  Burma,  de- 

•  posed  by  the  British  in  1885. 

Thebes  (thebz).  [Gr.  QijPai.,  L.  ThelsB  or  Thele 
(also  Diospolia  Magna),  Egyptian  Uast.']  A 
city  of  ancient  Egypt,  situated  on  both  sides  of 
the  Nile,  in  lat.  25°  38'  N.,  long.  32°  39'  E.  Thebes 
proper  was  on  the  east  bank,  and  the  Libyan  suburb  (Pa- 
thyris,  Memnonia)  on  the  west  bant.  The  village  of  Luxor 
now  stands  on  the  site.  The  remains  of  antiquity  here  are 
of  great  interest.  The  Colossi,  or  statues  of  Memnon  as 
commonly  called,  are  two  huge  seated  figures,  originally 
monolithic,  of  Amenhotep  III.  (about  1500  B.  0.),  stand- 
ing, with  others  now  ruined,  before  the  ruined  temple  of 
that  king.  They  are  about  50  feet  high,  and  are  raised  on 
sandstone  pedestals  measuring  about  10  feet.  They  are 
now  much  weather-beaten  and  broken  by  earthquake 
shocks,  but  have  suffered  still  more  from  vandalism.  The 
northernmost  figure  is  thefamed  vocal  statue  of  Memnon, 
which  is  said  to  have  emitted  a  sound  when  touched  by 
the  rays  of  the  rising  sun.  The  temple  of  Rameses  I. 
and  Set!  I.,  or  of  Amen-Ra,  is  entered  by  a  dromos  of 
sphinxes  between  two  pylons,  the  second  of  which  is  fol- 
lowed by  a  similar  dromos  before  the  fine  prostyle  colon- 
nade, whose  columns  are  of  the  early  type  resembling  stalks 
bound  together.  The  portal  opens  on  a  columned  hall  sur- 
rounded by  chambers,  beyond  which  lies  a  large  hall  with 
Jour  columns,  preceding  the  now  ruined  sanctuary.  On 


990 

both  sides  of  the  main  temple  there  are  other  halls  and 
rooms ;  those  on  the  west  may  have  formed  part  of  the 
royal  palace.  The  sculptures,  which  refer  to  Rameses  I., 
Seti  I.,  and  Rameses  II.,  are  of  high  interest.  The  tomb 
of  Seti  I.  (about  1400  B.  0.),  No.  17  of  the  Tombs  of  the 
Kings  (commonly  called  Belzoni's  tomb,  from  its  discov- 
erer), is,  like  its  fellows,  a  rock-cut  tomb.  At  its  entrance, 
which  is  a  mere  shaft  in  the  face  of  the  cliff,  a  long,  steep 
stair  descends,  followed  by  a  narrow  passage,  another 
stair,  and  another  passage,  at  the  end  of  which  there  was 
a  deep  pit(now  filled),  the  continuation  of  the  passage  be- 
yond which  was  walled  up,  stuccoed,  and  painted  over 
with  scenes  continuing  those  on  the  side  walls.  Beyond  is 
a  first  hall  with  four  pillars,  elaborately  sculptured  and 
painted ;  then  another  hall,  and  a  series  of  passages  by 
which  is  reached  the  great  hall,  27  feet  square,  with  6  pil- 
lars. A  vaulted  chamber  19  by  30  feet  continues  this  hall, 
and  contained  the  alabaster  sarcophagus  of  the  king.  Other 
columned  chambers  fiank  this  one,  and  still  other  passages 
and  chambers  extend  on  a  lower  level  into  the  mountain, 
the  total  length  open  being  470  feet,  and  the  depth  below 
the  entrance  180.  The  continuation  of  the  tomb  is  choked, 
and  its  extent  is  unknown.  The  sculptures,  historical, 
mythological,  and  ceremonial,  with  particular  reference 
to  the  rites  of  royal  burial,  are  exceedingly  remarkable. 
With  allowance  for  endless  differences  of  detail,  this  may 
be  taken  as  a  type  of  the  Tombs  of  the  Kings.  The  Tombs 
of  the  Queens,  temple  of  Rameses  III.,  Memnonium  (see 
RaTthessewm),  temple  of  Luxor,  temple  of  Karnak,  obelisks, 
and  sphinxes  are  also  noteworthy.  Thebes  is  first  men- 
tioned in  the  Uth  dynasty.  It  supplanted  Memphis  as  the 
great  Egyptian  center ;  was  very  flourishing  in  the  18th, 
Uth,  and  20th  dynasties  (Thothmes  III.,  Amenhotep  III., 
Seti,  Rameses  II., RamesesIII.) ;  was  afterward  supplanted 
by  cities  of  the  Delta ;  and  declined  under  the  Ptolemies. 
See  Earruxlc  and  Luxor. 
Thebes.  [Gr.  G^/Jm,  L.  T/jeSas  or  27ieie.]  In  an- 
cient geography,  the  chief  city  of  Boeotia, 
Greece,  situated  in  lat.  38°  19'  N.,  long.  23°  19' 
E. :  the  modern  Thiva.  It  is  said  to  have  been  founded 
by  Cadmus  (hence  Cadraea,  the  citadel),  and  is  celebrated 
in  connection  with  Amphion,  Zethus,  Laius  and  (Edipus, 
and  the  expeditious  of  the  Seven  against  Thebes  and  of  the 
Epigoni.  It  was  early  settled  by  the  Boeotians  from  Thes- 
B£dy  ;  had  a  quarrel  with  Athens  at  the  end  of  the  6th  cen- 
tury B.  0. ;  was  allied  with  the  Persians  in  the  Persian  war ; 
was  defeated  by  Athens  at  (Enophyta  456 ;  and  was  under 
democratic  and  Athenian  influence  until  447  ;  was  the  bit- 
ter enemy  of  Athens  in  the  Peloponnesian  war;  had  a  se- 
vere struggle  with  Sparta  in  the  battle  of  Coronea  in  394 ; 
had  to  yield  to  Sparta  382-379  ;  defeated  Sparta  at  Leuctra 
in  371,  and  at  Mantinea  in  362,  and  held  the  hegemony  in 
Greece  under  the  leadership  of  Epaminondas ;  took  part  in 
the  Sacred  War ;  was  allied  with  Athens  in  the  defeat  at 
Chajronea  in  338,  and  was  severely  treated  by  Philip ;  re- 
belled in  335,  but  was  retaken  by  Alexander  and  destroyed ; 
was  rebuilt  by  Cassander ;  became  insignificant  under  the 
Roman  Empire  ;  was  important  in  the  middle  ages  and 
noted  for  its  silk  manufactures  ;  and  was  plundered  by  the 
Normans  of  Sicily  and  others.  It  was  the  reputed  birth- 
place of  Tiresias,  Amphion,  Hercules,  and  Bacchus.  Popu- 
lation of  the  modem  town,  about  4,000. 

Thecla  (thek'la),  Saint.  A  saint  of  leouium, 
Asia  Minor,  said  to  have  been  a  disciple  of  the 
apostle  Paul. 

Theia  (the'ya).    See  Titans. 

Theiner  (ti'ner),  AugUStin,  Bom  at  Breslau, 
AprU  11,  1804:  died.  Aug.  10,  1874.  A  noted 
German  Eoman  Catholic  historian.  He  was  pre- 
fect of  the  Vatican  archives  1865-70.  He  was  suspected 
of  misusing  his  official  position  for  the  advantage  of  the 
bishops  of  the  opposition  in  the  Vatican  Council,  and  the 
key  of  the  archives  was  taken  away  from  him.  He  pub- 
lished many  ecclesiastical  works  on  the  old  monuments 
of  Poland,  Hungary,  Russia,  etc. ;  "  Geschichte  des  Pontifl- 
cats Clemens XIV."  (1853);  "Codex  diplomaticus  dominii 
temporalis  Sanctse  Ledis  "  (1862 :  on  the  temporal  power  of 
the  papacy) ;  etc. 

TheiSS  (tis).  Hung.  Tisza  (tis'o).  The  largest 
tributary  of  the  Danube :  the  Slavonian  Tisa, 
and  the  ancient  Pathissus,  or  Tissus,  or  Tisia 
(lessprobably Tibiscua).  Itisformedby theunionof 
the  Black  Theiss  and  White  Theiss  in  the  Carpathians  on 
the  border  of  Galicia ;  flows  west,  southwest,  and  south 
through  Hungary ;  and  empties  into  the  Danube  26  miles 
north  by  west  of  Belgrad.  Its  principal  tributaries  are  the 
Hernad  on  the  right,  and  the  Szamos,  KOros,  Maros,  and 
Bega  on  the  left.  The  chief  towns  on  its  banks  are  Szigeth, 
Tokay,  Szolnok,  Cs6ngrad,  and  Szegedin.  Length,  esti- 
mated, about  700  miles ;  navigable  for  steamboats  from 
Tokay. 

Themis  (the'mis).  [L.,  from  Gr.  eE|U(C-]  1.  A 
Greek  goddess,  the  personification  of  law,  order, 
and  abstract  right. —  3.  An  asteroid  (No.  24) 
discovered  by  De  Gasparis  at  Naples,  April  5, 
1853. 

Themistocles  (the-mis'to-klez).  [Gr.  Qe/ucTo- 
icXrjg.'i  Bom  in  the  latter  part  of  the  6tn  cen- 
tury B.  c. :  died  about  460  (perhaps  as  late  as 
447).  A  famous  Athenian  statesman  and  com- 
mander. He  became  a  political  leader  in  opposition  to 
Aristides,  who  was  ostracized  in  483  ;  was  instrumental  in 
increasing  the  naval  resources  of  Athens;  induced  the 
Athenians  to  leave  Athens  for  Salamis  and  the  fleet,  and 
brought  about  the  victory  of  Salamis  in  480 ;  urged  on  the 
fortifications  of  Athens  and  of  the  Pirseus,  and  the  devel- 
opment of  the  naval  power  of  Athens ;  and  was  ostracized 
about  470.  He  was  charged  with  complicity  in  the  treason 
of  Pausanias,  He  lived  in  exile  lii  Argos,  Coroyra,  Epirus, 
and  elsewhere,  and  went  to  Persia  in  465,  when  he  was  pen- 
sioned by  Artaxerxes,  and  established  himself  at  Magnesia. 

Even  after  Leonidas  had  so  gallantly  perished,  Themis- 
tocles had  great  difficulty  in  persuading  them  not  to  take 
flight  in  their  ships ;  if  once  they  went  to  sea,  he  said,  all 
was  lost.    And  then  his  reply  to  Buryblades,  which  has 


Theodoric 

been  by  some  censured,  appears  to  me  to  have  been  one  of 
the  grandest  ever  made  by  man.  Eurybiades,  in  the  heat 
of  dispute,  shook  his  staff  in  a  menacing  manner  at  him. 
"  Strike,  but  hear,"  was  the  only  return  he  made.  To  have 
drawn  forth  the  sword  by  his  side,  and  to  have  smote  him 
dead  for  such  an  insult,  would  have  been  no  more  than 
natural ;  but  any  one  could  have  done  that.  A  poor  dray, 
man  in  a  pothouse  mig:ht  have  done  it ;  but  to  forbear,  to 
waive  his  own  redress  in  order  to  extinguish  resentments, 
and  keep  the  troops  united  tor  his  country's  sake,  this  ap- 
pears  to  me  truly  great ! 

Carlyle,  Lects.  on  the  Hist,  of  Lit.,  p.  31. 

Thenard  (ta-nar'),  Louis  Jacques.  Born  at 
Louptifere,  near  Nogent-sur-Seine,  France,  May 
4, 1777 :  died  at  Paris,  Juno  21, 1857.  A  French 
chemist,  professor  in  the  Collfege  de  France: 
baron  and  peer  of  France.  He  discovered  Thtoard's 
blue,  etc.  He  wrote  "  Traits  atoentaire  de  chimie  "  (1813). 
He  worked  in  connection  with  Gay-Lussac. 

Theobald  (the'6-bMd).  Died  1161.  An  English 
prelate,-  archbishop  of  Canterbury  1139-61. 

IHieobald,  Lewis.  BomatSittingboume,  Kent, 
England:  died  1774.  An  English  playwright, 
translator,  Shaksperian  commentator,  and  his- 
torical writer.  He  published  "  Shakspere  Restored," 
abusing  Pope  (1726),  and  edited  Shakspere  (1733).  He  was 
the  original  hero  of  Pope's  "Dunciad,"aa  a  revenge  for 
"Shakspere  Restored." 

Theocritus  (the-ok'ri-tus).  [Gr.  6Ei5/cp«rof.]  Born 
at  Syracuse :  lived  in  the  3d  century  b.  c.  A 
famous  Greek  idyllic  poet.  He  lived  in  Syracuse, 
Cos,  and  Alexandria.  His  idyls  represent  the  life  of  herds- 
men, shepherds,  and  fishermen. 

Theocritus,  a  Syracusan,  flourished  about  270  B.  c,  un- 
der Ptolemy  II.  (Philadelphus),  and  is  the  Greek  repre- 
sentative of  pastoral  or  bucolic  poetry.  Shepherds  con- 
tending for  a  prize  in  alternate  or  amoebseic  strains  give 
rise  to  this  rustic  poetry,  which  was  distinctively  Dorian 
and  especially  Sicilian ;  hence  Milton  calls  his  "Lycidas,'* 
in  which  one  shepherd  is  supposed  to  be  mourning  for 
another,  a  Doric  lay,  and  invokes  the  Sicilian  muse.  Be- 
sides some  epigrams  and  fragments,  we  have  31  short 
poems  under  the  name  of  Theocritus,— though  the  gen- 
uineness of  some  is  doubtful,— mainly  in  the  Doric  dia- 
lect. Scarcely  one  half  of  these  are  properly  pastoral  in 
subject ;  but  most  of  them  may  properly  be  called  idyls, 
i.  e.  little  pictures  of  life.  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  141. 

Theodelinde  (thf-od'e-lind;  G.  pron.  ta-o-de- 
lin'de).  Lived  about  590.  A  Bavarian  prin- 
cess and  Lombard  queen,  daughter  of  Garibald 
I.,  and  wife  of  Authari  and  later  of  Ago. 

Theoderic,    See  Theodoric. 

Theodora  (the-o-do'rS).  [Gr.  QeoS&pa,  gift  of 
God.]  Born  at  Constantinople,  in  Cyprus:  died 
547  or  548.  An  actress  and  courtezan  (accord- 
ing to  the  usual  account)  who  married  Justin- 
ian about  523,  and  became  Byzantine  empress  in 
527.  She  took  an  important  part  in  the  administration 
.  of  the  affairs  of  the  empire. 

Theodora,  surnamed  "  The  Elder."  Lived  about 
the  beginning  of  the  10th  century.  A  Eoman 
woman  influential  in  Italy  and  in  papal  affairs; 
mother  of  Marozia. 

Theodora,  "  The  Younger."  Lived  in  the  lOtb 
century.  Daughter  of  Theodora  the  Elder  i 
influential  at  Eome. 

Thet)dore  (the'o-dor)  I.  [L.  Theodorus,  from 
Gr.  eedSopog,  gift  of  God ;  F.  Theodore,  It.  Teo- 
doro,  G.  Theodor,  Euss.  Feodor.2  Pope  642-649, 
an  opponent  of  the  Monothelites. 

Theodore  II.    Pope  898. 

Theodore  I,  (Lascaris).  Died  1222.  Son-in- 
law  of  Alexius  III.  Angelus.  He  was  raised  to  the 
throne  of  Nloea  April  13, 1204,  on  the  storming  of  Con- 
stantinople by  the  Venetians  and  Crusaders. 

Theodore  II.  (originally  Kasa  or  Kassa).  Born 
about  1818 :  committed  suicide  at  Magdala, 
April  13,  1868.  King  of  Abyssinia.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  educated  for  a  priest,  but  became  a  partizan 
leader.  Repeated  successes  resulted  in  the  conquest  of 
Tigr6  and  the  proclamation  of  Theodore  as  king  in  1865. 
He  also  conquered  Shoa  and  waged  war  with  the  Gallas. 
At  first  a  reformer,  he  became  at  last  a  cruel  despot.  His 
imprisonment  of  the  British  consul  Cameron  and  other 
Europeans  brought  about  the  intervention  of  the  English, 
Abyssinia  was  invaded  by  British  troops  under  Napier  in 
1868,  and  Magdala  was  stormed  April  13,  1868. 

Theodore  I.,  King  of  Corsica.    See  Neuhof. 

Theodore  of  Tarsus.  Died  690.  An  English 
prelate,  of  Greek  origin :  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury 668-690. 

Theodoret  (the -od' 6 -ret),  L.  Thaodoretus 
(the-od-6-re'tus').  Born  at  Antioch  about  390: 
died  about  457.  A  Greek  theologian,  church 
historian,  and  exegete :  a  member  of  the  school 
of  Antioch.  He  became  bishop  of  Cyrus  or  Cyrrhus 
(near  the  Euphrates)  about  423 ;  was  deposed  about  448 ; 
and  was  restored  by  the  Council  of  Chalcedon  in  451.  He 
wrote  commentaries,  controversial  works,  a  continuation 
of  the  history  of  Eusebius,  lives  of  ascetics,  letters,  etc. 

Theodoric  (the-od'o-rik),"The  Great."  [LL. 
Theodoricus,  IJGr.  9eo6o^iK6c,  accom.  form  of  a 
Gothic  name  cognate  with  (DHG.  Beotrih,  Dio- 
terih,  MHG.  Dietrich,  G.  Dietrich,  ruler  of  the 
people.]  Born  in  Pannonia  about  454:  died 
Aug.  30,  526.    A  celebrated  king  of  the  East 


Theodoric 

Goths,  son  of  the  Amaling  prince  Theodemer. 
He  passed  Us  boybood  as  a  hostage  at  Constantinople ; 
with  his  father  Invaded  Moesia  in  473 ;  and  succeeded  his 
father  about  474.  He  started  on  the  invasion  of  Italy  late 
in  488  ;  repeatedly  defeated  the  Gepidse  ;  and  defeated 
Odoaoer  at  the  Isonzo  Aug.  28, 489,  at  Verona  Sept.  SO,  and 
on  the  Adda  Aug.  11,  490.  On  Feb.  27,  493,  a  peace  was 
concluded  according  to  which  the  two  icings  were  to  live 
together  in  Italy,  Odoacer  as  the  military  subordinate  of 
Theodoric.  But  in  March  Odoacer  was  slain  by  Theodoric 
at  a  banquet)  and  the  latter  became  the  sole  ruler  in  Italy 
and  the  founder  of  the  East-Gothic  power  there.  He  in- 
troduced many  reforms.  He  put  to  death  Boethius  and 
Symmachus.  In  medieval  German  romance  he  is  cele- 
brated as  Dietrich  von  Bern.    Also  spelled  Tlmoderic. 

It  is  no  wonder  that  Theoderio  became  the  subject  of 
many  fabulous  stories,  and  that  tradition  represented  his 
reign  as  having  been  almost  a  kingdom  of  heaven  upon 
earth.  Even  before  the  sixth  century  closed,  men  told 
in  Italy  nearly  the  same  story  that  was  told  in  England  re- 
specting the  days  of  Alfred  —  how  the  great  king  had  made 
righteousness  to  prevail  in  his  realm  »o  that  gold  pieces 
could  be  left  exposed  on  the  highway  for  a  year  and  a  day 
without  being  stolen.  Many  of  his  sayings  were  quoted 
as  proverbs  in  the  land,  and  anecdotes  were  related  to 
show  how,  like  Solomon  in  the  matter  of  the  two  mothers 
and  their  infants,  Theoderio  had  displayed  in  the  judg- 
ment seat  his  wonderful  insight  into  human  nature.  But 
it  was  not  in  Italy  or  amongst  the  Goths  that  his  legen- 
dary fame  reached  its  highest  point.  The  whole  Teutonic 
race  regarded  his  glory  as  their  own,  and  his  imagined 
deeds  were  the  theme  of  popular  songs  in  all  the  German 
lands.  The  story  of  "Dietrich  of  Bern" (the  High  Ger- 
man way  of  pronouncing  *'  Theoderio  of  Verona  ")  is  in- 
deed, as  told  in  the  poems,  very  dilf erent  from  the  history 
of  the  real  Theoderio.  He  is  described  as  the  vassal  of 
Attila  and  the  foe  of  Ermanaric,  who  is  partly  confounded 
with  Odovacar;  and  in  some  of  the  songs  "Dietrich "is 
even  represented  as  vanquished,  and  as  a  fugitive  or  a 
captive.  But  amid  all  this  strange  distortion  of  the  his- 
tory, the  character  of  the  legendary  Dietrich  is  essen- 
tially that  of  the  Gothic  king. 

Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  171. 

Theodorus.    See  Theodore. 

Theodosia  (the-o-do'shi-a).  [Grr.  Qeodoala,  gift 
of  God.]     See  Feodosia.  " 

Theodosian  Code  (the-o-do'shi-an  kod).  A  col- 
lection of  Roman  laws  from  the  time  of  Con- 
stantino to  that  of  Theodosius  II.,  comprised 
in  16  books,  first  published  A.  D.  438. 

Theodosius  (the-o-do'sM-ns).  Executed  at 
Carthage  376  A.  D."  A  Roman  general,  distin- 
guished for  his  services  in  Britain,  on  the  Dan- 
ube, and  in  Africa. 

Theodosius  I.,  "  The  Great."  Born  at  Cauoa,  in 
northern  Spam,  about  346 :  died  at  Milan,  Jan. 
17, 395.  Roman  emperor,  son  of  Plavius  Theodo- 
sius, a  general  (chiefly  noted  for  his  campaigns 
in  Britain)  of  Valentinian  I.  He  commanded  in 
Mcesia  in  374 ;  was  made  joint  emperor  by  Gratian  and 
ruler  over  the  East  in  379 ;  defeated  the  Goths  and  other 
invaders ;  and  after  382  enrolled  the  Goths  in  the  empire. 
After  the  death  of  Gratian  in  383,  he  had  as  colleagues 
Maximus,  Valentinian  II.,  and  Eugenius.  He  defeated 
Arbogast  and  Eugenius  at  the  Frigidus  near  Aquileia  in 
394,  and  became  sole  emperor.  In  ecclesiastical  history 
he  is  noted  for  his  submission  to  Ambrose. 

Theodosius  II.  Bom  401:  died  450.  Emperor  of 
the  Bast,  son  of  Areadius  whom  he  succeeded 
in  408.  He  was  controlled  largely  by  his  sister  Pulche- 
ria  and  his  wife  Eudocia.  He  carried  on  war  with  Persia. 
During  his  reign  the  empire  was  invaded  by  the  Huns. 
The  Theodosian  Code  was  formed  by  his  order. 

Theodosius  III.    Byzantine  emperor  716-717. 

Theodosius,  Obelisk  of.  See  Obelisk  of  Theo- 
dosius. 

Th^odule  (ta-6-diil')  Pass,  or  Matterjoch 
(mat'ter-yooh).  A  pass  over  the  Alps,  leading 
from  Zermatt  in  Switzerland  to  Val  Tournan- 
che  in  Italy.    Height,  10,900  feet. 

Theognis  (the-og'nis;.  IGv.  9ioyvi(.']  Bom  in 
Megara:  lived  in  the  middle  or  last  part  of  the 
6th  century  b.  c.  A  celebrated  Greek  elegiac 
poet. 

Theognis  (540  B.  0.),  a  Dorian  noble  of  Megara,  has  left 
us  about  1,400  elegiac  verses  in  the  Ionic  dialect— much 
more  than  we  have  from  any  early  Greek  elegist — in  which 
he  seeks  to  impress  the  orthodox  doctrines  of  the  Dorian 
aristocracy  on  a  young  Megarian  noble  named  Cymus,  and 
puts  in  many  quaint  bits  of  worldly  wisdom  by  the  way. 
His  tone,  and  the  respectability  of  his  views,  made  him 
a  standard  author  in  Attic  schools,  and  his  text  has  been 
much  confused  by  additions.  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  54. 

TheOgOUy  (the-og'o-ni),  The.  [Gr.  eeoyovia, 
the  origin  of  the  gods.]  An  ancient  Greek  poem 
of  1,022  lines,  attributed  to  Hesiod,  treating  of 
the  origin  of  the  order  of  nature  from  chaos  and 
the  origin  of  the  gods.  It  was  a  standard  work 
on  theology  among  the  Greeks. 

Theon  (the'on).  [Gr.  eeiw.]  Lived  in  the  lat- 
ter half  of  the  4th  century  A.  d.  An  Alexan- 
drian mathematician  and  astronomer,  father  of 
Hypatia.  He  wrote  a  commentary  on  the  "  Al- 
magest." 

TheophilUS  (the-of 'i-lus).  [L.,  from  Gr.  eeifi/U)^, 
one  who  loves 'God;  P.  TMophile,  It.  Sp.  Teo- 
filo,  Pg.  Theophilo,  G.  Iheophihis  {Gottlieb).'] 
In  legend,  the  administrator  of  a  bishopric  in 


991 

Adana,  Asia  Minor,  said  to  have  made  a  com- 
pact with  the  devil. 

Theophrastus  (the-6-fras'tus).  [L.,from  Gr. 
Qed(fpaaToq.^  Bom  at  Eresus,  Lesbos,  about  372 
B.  0. :  died  288  or  287  b.  c.  A  Greek  philoso- 
pher, a  disciple  of  Aristotle  whom  he  succeeded 
as  head  of  the  Peripatetic  school.  He  wrote  on 
the  "History  of  Plants,"  etc. 

Theophrastus  of  Eresus  in  Lesbos  (374-287  B.  o.)  suc- 
ceeded Aristotle  at  the  head  of  the  Lyceum,  and  followed 
his  master  in  handling  physical  as  well  as  moral  science. 
We  have  from  him  two  botanicalworks.^'ilesearchesabout 
Plants,"  in  nine  books,  and  "Principles  of  Vegetable  Life," 
in  six  books,  which  show  hira  to  have  been  a  thorough  and 
acute  inquirer ;  also  30  short,  lively  sketches  of  character- 
such  as  "TheFlatterer,"  "The Grumbler,"  "The Boastful 
Man,"  "The  Man  of  Petty  Ambition."  These  characters 
were  the  original  models  of  those  sketches  which  English 
literature  produced  in  the  17th  century,  such  as  Hall's 
"  Characterismesof  VertueB  and  Vices,"  Overbury's  "Char- 
acters or  Witty  Descriptions  of  the  Properties  of  Sundry 
Persons,"  and  Earle's  "Microcosmographie." 

Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  135. 

Theophrastus  Such  (the-o-fras'tus  such),  The 
Impressions  of.  A  series  of  essays  by  George 
Eliot,  published  in  1879. 

Theopompus  (the-o-pom'pus).  [Gr.  Qediro/iTrog, 
sent  of  God.]  Born  in  (jhios  about  878  B.  c. : 
died  about  the  end  of  the  4th  century  B.  c.  A 
Greek  historian  and  rhetorician,  the  aristocratic 
and  pro-Macedonian  leader  in  (IJhlos.  His  chief 
works  are  "  Hellenics  "  and ' '  Philippics  "  (frag- 
ments edited  by  Miiller). 

Theotocos  (the-ot'o-kos).  [Prom  LGr.  6eot6koc, 
bearing  God,  mother  of  God.]  The  mother  of 
God:  a  title  of  the  Virgin  Mary.  Also  Theot- 
olcos. 

Theramenes  (the-ram'e-nez).  [Gr.  Qvpafi^vr/g.'] 
Executed  404  b.  c.  An  Athenian  politician  and 
commander.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  oligarchic  rule  of  the  400,  which  he  later 
opposed ;  served  atCyzicus,  Arginusee,  and  elsewhere ;  was 
instrumental  in  procuring  the  condemnation  of  the  Athe- 
nian generals  after  ArginusEe ;  was  one  of  the  negotiators 
for  peace  with  Sparta ;  became  one  of  the  thirty  tyrants ; 
and  was  put  to  death  through  the  influence  of  Critias. 

Theresa,  or  Teresa  (te-re'sa  or  ta-ra'sa).  Saint. 
[It.  Sp.  Teresa,  Pg.  Theresa,  G.  Therese,  P.  Th6- 
r&e.]  Born  at  Avila,  Spain,  March  28,  1515: 
died  at  Alba  de  Liste,  Spain,  1582.  A  Spanish 
saint  and  author,  she  entered  the  Carmelite  order  in 
1534 ;  established  a  reformed  order  of  Carmelites  in  1562 ; 
and  became  famous  for  her  mystic  visions.  Her  works, 
including  "El  camino  de  la  perfeccion"  ("Way  of  Per- 
fection ")  and  "El  Castillo  interior"  ("  Castle  of  the  Soul "), 
were  published  in  1587. 

Theresa  Christina  Maria.  Born  at  Naples, 
March  14, 1822:  died  at  Oporto,  Portugal,  Dee. 
28,  1889.    Empress  of  BrazU.    See  Pedro  II. 

Theresienstadt  (ter-a'ze-en-stat),  or  Theresi- 
opel  (ter-a'ze-6-pel),  or  Maria-Theresiopel 
(ma-re'a-ter-a'ze-6-pel),  Hung.  Szabadka(so'- 
bod-ko).  A  royal  free  city  in  the  county  of  Bdcs, 
Hungary,  situated  24  miles  west-southwest  of 
Szegedin.  It  is  an  agricultural  center.  Popula- 
tion (1890),  72,683. 

Theresienstadt,  Slav.  Terezin  (ta-ra-zen')-  A 
town  in  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Eger,  near  its 
junction  with  the  Elbe,  32  miles  north-northwest 
of  Prague.  It  is  the  principal  fortified  place  in 
Bohemia.    Population  (1890),  7,215. 

Thermaic  Gulf  (ther-ma'ik  gulf).  [L.  Ther- 
maicus  Sin.us.']  The  ancient  name  of  the  Gulf 
of  Saloniki. 

Therinidor(ther-mi-d6r';  P.  pron.  ter-me-d6r'). 
[P.,  from  Gr.  Oipf-V,  heat,  anddupov,  a  gift.]  The 
name  adopted  in  1793  by  the  National  Conven- 
tion of  the  first  French  republic  for  the  eleventh 
month  of  the  year,  it  consisted  of  30  days,  beginning 
in  the  years  1  to  7  with  July  19,  and  in  8  to  13  with  July  20. 

Thermidorians  (ther-mi-do'ri-anz).  The  more 
moderate  party  in  the  Prench  devolution,  who 
took  part  in  or  sympathized  with  the  overthrow 
of  Robespierre  and  his  adherents  on  the  9th 
Thermidor,  year  2  (July  27,  1794). 

Thermopylse  (th6r-mop'i-le).  [Gr.  Qep/ioirvhic, 
gate  of  the  hot  springs.]  In  ancient  geography, 
a  narrow  pass  from  Thessaly  to  Locris,  between 
Mount  CEta  and  a  marsh  bordering  the  Maliae 
Gulf.  The  configuration  of  the  land  hasbeen  somewhat 
changed  in  recent  times.  Through  it  passed  the  only  road 
from  northern  to  southern  Greece.  Here,  in  480  B.  c,  oc- 
curred one  of  the  most  famous  conflicts  of  the  Persian  wars. 
A  small  army  of  Greeks  under  Leonidas  defended  the  pass 
against  a  vast  army  under  Xerxes.  Their  position  was  be- 
trayed, and  Leonidas  sent  away  his  troops,  except  300  Spar- 
tans and  700  Thespians,  who  remained  and  were  slain. 
Here,  too,  in  279  or  278  B.  0.,  the  allied  Greeks  attempted 
unsuccessfully  to  prevent  the  passage  of  the  Gauls  under 
Brennus ;  and  here,  in  191 B.  C,  the  Romans  under  Glabrio 
defeated  Antiochus  the  Great  of  Syria. 

The  springs  at  Thermopylae  are  hot  (about  100°  Fahr.) 
and  salt.  There  are  two  of  them,  which  seem  anciently 
to  have  been  devoted  respectively  to  male  and  female 


Thespis 

bathers  (Pausan.).  They  are  enclosed  within  receptaclea 
of  masonry,  about  two  feet  in  depth,  from  which  in  cool 
weather  a  strong  vapour  rises.  The  name  "  Cauldron  **  is 
thus  very  expressive.  Eawlinao'n,  Herod.,  IV.  145. 

Th^roigne  de  M6ricourt  (ta-rwany'  d6  ma-re- 
kor'),  Anne  Joseph  Terwagne,  called.  Bom 
at  Marcourt,  Luxemburg,  Aug.  13, 1762 :  died  at 
Paris,  June  9, 1817.  Aheroine  of  the  PrenchRevo- 
lution,anadherentof  theGirondist  party:  called 
the  "Amazon  of  the  Revolution,"  the  "Belle 
Li6geoise,"  the  "Purj-  of  the  Gironde,"  etc.  she 
played  a  prominent  part  In  the  taking  of  the  BastiUe,  the 
expeditidn  of  the  women  to  Versailles  in  Oct.,  17S9,  the 
events  of  Aug.  10, 1792,  etc.  She  was  insane  in  her  later 
yeai's. 

Theron  (the'rgn).  IGt.  Qr/pav.']  Tyrant  of  Agri- 
geutum  in  Sicily  488-472  B.  c.  He  ruled  also 
over  Himera. 

Thersites(ther-sl'tez).  [Gr.eepahijg.']  InGreek 
legend,  the  most  hateful  and  impudent  of  the 
Greeks  assembled  before  Troy.  Shakspere  in- 
troduces him  in  "Troilus  and  Oessida." 

ThervingS  (thfer'vingz).     See  the  extract. 

About  the  year  200,  when  they  were  living  on  the  north 
shore  of  the  Black  Sea,  the  Gutans  or  Goths  divided  them- 
selves into  two  great  branches,  the  Thervings  and  the  Greu- 
tungs.  These  two  peoples  had  also  other  names  which  are 
much  better  known  in  history.  The  Thervings  were  called 
Visigoths  (i.  e..  West  Goths),  and  the  Greutungs  Ostro- 
goths (Bast  Goths).  These  latter  names  referred  at  first  to 
the  situation  which  the  two  divisions  then  occupied,  one 
east,  the  other  west  of  the  river  Dniester;  butbya  curious 
coincidence  they  continued  to  be  appropriate  down  to  the 
latest  days  of  Gothic  history,  for  when  the  Goths  con- 
quered the  south  of  Europe,  the  Visigoths  went  westwards 
to  Gaul  and  Spain,  while  the  Ostrogoths  settled  in  Italy. 
Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  pp.  6-7. 

Theseum  (thf-se'um).  [Gr.  Qvaelov.']  A  temple 
at  Athens,  probably  a  temple  of  Hephsestus 
(Vulcan) .  It  is  one  of  the  three  most  perfect  surviving 
Greektemplea.  ItisaDorio peripteros of Pentelic marble, 
of  6  by  13  columns,  on  a  stylobate  of  3  steps,  measuring  45^ 
by  104  feet.  The  columns  are  19  feet  high  and  3  feet  B 
inches  in  base  diameter.  The  cella  has  2  columns  in  antis 
in  both  pronaos  and  opisthodomos.  The  metopes  of  the 
eastern  frieze  and  those  nearest  on  the  flanks  ai-e  sculptured 
from  the  myths  of  Hercules  and  Theseus  ;  the  pediments 
were  filled  with  sculptures,  now  lost.  Over  the  anta;  and 
columns  of  both  ends  of  the  cella  there  is  a  sculptured 
frieze:  thaton  the  eastrepresents  a  combat  between  Athe- 
niansandTliracians ;  thaton  the  west,  a  fight  with  centau.s. 

Theseus  (the'sus  or  the'se-us).  [Gr.  e?iaevg.^ 
In  Greek  legend,  the  chief  hero  of  Attica :  son 
of  J5geus,  king  of  Athens,  and^^thra,  daughter 
of  Pittheus,  king  of  Troezen.  He  was  brought  up 
at  Troezen,  and  when  hereached  maturity  setout  for  Athens, 
which  he  reached  after  wonderful  adventures,  and  where 
he  was  recognized  and  acknowledged  by  ^geus.  He  cap- 
tured the  Marathonian  bull,  and  when  the  Athenians  sent 
their  tribute  of  youths  and  maidens  to  Minos,  he  went 
with  them  and  slew  the  Minotaur  with  the  help  of  Ariadne, 
daughter  of  Minos,  who  fell  in  love  with  him.  She  gave 
him  a  sword  and  a  clue  of  thread  by  means  of  which  he 
found  his  way  through  the  labyrinth.  He  sailed  away 
with  Ai-iadne,  but  abandoned  her  on  the  island  of  Naxos. 
He  alsofought  with  the  Amazons,  who  in  turn  invaded  At- 
tica ;  was  one  of  .the  Argonauts ;  took  part  in  the  Calydo- 
nian  hunt ;  and  performed  other  marvelous  exploits.  He 
was  slain  in  Scyros  by  Lycomedes. 

Theseus.  The  Duke  of  Athens,  a  character  in 
Shakspere's  "  Midsummer  Night's  Dream." 

The  days  of  the  Frank  duchy  of  Athens  have  almost 
passed  away  from  memory.  But  from  the  memory  of  Eng- 
lish-speaking men  at  least  they  should  not  pass  away.  It 
was  from  the  French  and  Italian  holders  of  that  duchy 
that  Shakespere  borrowed  that  title  which,  to  purely  clas- 
sical ears,  seems  so  strange,  when  Theseus  himself,  the 
legendary  statesman  who  wrought  the  union  of  the  At- 
tic towns,  was  brought  on  the  stage,  like  a  De  la  Eoche 
or  an  Acciaiuoli,  as  ThSseus,  Duke  of  Athens.  And  doubt- 
less many  readers  of  English  and  French  history  have  been 
puzzled  when,  in  the  story  of  the  fight  of  Crecy,  a  Duke  of 
Athens  appears  as  if  he  were  as  naturally  to  be  looked  for 
at  such  a  moment  as  the  Count  of  AlenQon  or  the  Earl  of 
Warwick.  Freemari,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  295. 

Thesiger  (thes'i-jer),  Frederic  Augustus, 

Baron  Chelmsford.  Bom  May  81,  1827.  An 
English  general.  He  served  as  aide-de-camp  to  Major- 
General  Markham  in  the  Crimean  campaign,  and  as  adju- 
tant-general in  the  Abyssinian  campaign  of  1868 ;  was  ad- 
jutant-general of  the  forces  in  India  1869-74 ;  became 
major-general  in  1877;  and  had  chief  command  of  the  Brit- 
ish troops  in  the  Zulu  war  of  1879  until  relieved  by  Sir 
Garnet  Wolseley.  He  gained  a  decisive  victory  over  the 
Zulus  under  Cettiwayo  at  Ulundi  July  4,  1879. 

Thespise  (thes'pi-e).  [Gr.  decirai,  Btatzeia,  Qea- 
ma.]  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  in  Boeotia, 
Greece,  8  miles  west  by  south  of  Thebes.  The 
city  is  mentioned  by  Homer  (Catalogue).  With  Flataea  it 
refused  to  give  earth  and  water  to  the  heralds  of  Xerxes ; 
and  it  sent  to  Thermopylse  700  men  who  remained  and 
perished  with  the  Spartans.  The  Thespians  fought  at 
Platsea  in  479,  and  against  Athens  at  Dclium  in  424.  The 
walls  of  the  city  were  later  destroyed  by  Thebes.  Thespise 
was  noted  for  the  worship  of  Eros  and  the  Muses.  ; 

Thespian  Maids.    The  Muses.    See  Tliespise. 

Thespis  (thes'pis).  [Gr.  Beamg.']  Lived  in  the 
middle  of  the  6th  centuryB.  c.  An  Attic  poet, 
the  reputed  founder  of  tragedy.  He  is  said  to 
have  introduced  monologues  and  perhaps  dia- 
logues into  the  dithyrambic  choruses. 


Thesprotia 

Thesprotia    (thes-pro'ti-a),   or  Thesprotis 

(thes-pro'tis).     In  ancient  geography,  a  region 
in  southwestern  Epirus,  lying  near  the  sea. 

Thessalonians  (thes-a-lo'ni-anz),  Epistle  to 
the.  The  title  of  two  of  the  Pauline  epistles 
in  the  New  Testament.  The  main  theme  of 
both  epistles  is  the  second  coming  of  Christ. 

Thessalonica  (thes"a-lo-ni'ka).  [Gv.  QeaaaXo- 
v'lK.ri.']     The  ancient  nanie  of  Saloniki. 

Thessaly  (thes'a-li).  [L.  Thessalia,  from  Gr. 
QeaaaXia.l  A  district  which  in  ancient  times 
formed  the  northeastern  division  of  Greece. 
It  was  bounded  by  Macedonia  on  the  north  (separated  by 
the  Cambunian  Mountains  and  Mount  Olympus),  the 
Thracian  Sea  and  Magnesia  (or  including  Magnesia)  on 
the  east,  Doris  and  jEtolia  on  the  south,  and  Epirus  on 
the  west  (separated  by  Mount  Pindus).  Thessaly  contains 
the  mountains  Ossa,  Pelion,  and  Othrys,  and  is  traversed 
by  the  Peneius.  Its  chief  divisions  were  Perrhsebia,  Pe- 
lasgiotis,  Tbessaliotis,  Hestieeotis,  Magnesia,  and  Phthio- 
tis.  Many  of  its  cities,  mountains,  and  valleys  were  cele- 
brated in  Greek  legend.  It  was  aristocratic  and  pro-Persian 
in  its  tendencies.  The  greater  part  of  it  was  ceded  by 
Turkey  to  Greece  in  1881.  The  present  inhabitants  are 
Greeks,  with  some  Turks  and  Kumaniana. 

Thetford  (thet'ford).  A  town  in  Norfolk  and 
Suffolk,  England,  situated  on  the  Little  Ouse 
31  miles  northeast  of  Cambridge.  It  was  the 
capital  of  East  Anglia.  Thomas  Paine  was  born 
there.  Population  (1891),  4,247. 
Thetis  (the'tis).  [Gr.  e^rff.]  1.  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  chief  of  the  Nereids :  mother  by 
Peleus  of  Achilles. —  2.  An  asteroid  (No.  17) 
discovered  by  Luther  at  Bilk,  April  17,  1852. 
Theuerdank  (toi'er-dangk).  [G.,  'dearthanks.'] 
1 .  A  name  given  to  the  emperor  Maximilian  I. 
—  2.  A  German  poetical  romance,  founded  on 
the  life  of  the  emperor  Maximilian  I.,  and  in 
part  designed  by  him.  It  was  published  in  1517. 
Theuriet  (te-re-a'),  Andre.  Bom  at  Marly- 
le-Roi,  Oct.  8, 1833.  A  French  litterateur.  He 
has  published  a  number  of  volumes  of  poems,  but  is  prin- 
cipally noted  for  his  novels  and  tales.  Elected  to  the 
French  Academy  1896. 

Th6venot  (tav-no' ),  Jean  de.  Born  1633 :  died 
1667.  A  French  traveler,  nephew  of  Melehis6- 
deeh  Th6venot.  He  made  journeys  in  the  East  1666- 
1659,  and  traveled  again  in  the  East,  particularly  in  Per- 
sia and  India,  1664-67.  His  collected  "Voyages  "  were  pub- 
lished in  1689. 

Th^venot,  Melchis§dech.  Born  about  1620: 
died  1692.  A  French  scholar.  He  published 
"Relations  de  divers  voyages"  (1663-72),  etc. 

Thiaki  (the-a'ke).    A  modern  name  of  Ithaca. 

Thibaudeau  (te-bo-do'),  Comte  Antoine 
Claire  de.  Born  at  Poitiers,  France,  March  23, 
1765 :  died  at  Paris,  March  1,  1854.     A  French 

golitieian  and  historian.  He  became  deputy  to  the 
onvention  in  1792,  and  a  member  of  the  Mountain ;  be- 
came president  of  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  in  Feb., 
1796 ;  was  ennobled  by  Napoleon  I. ;  lived  in  exile  under 
the  Bourbons ;  and  was  made  senator  by  Napoleon  III. 
Among  his  works  are  "  MiSmoires  sur  la  Convention  et  le 
Directoire  "  (1824),  "  M^moires  sur  le  Consulat "  (1826), 
'•  Histoire  gtoSrale  de  Napoleon  Bonaparte  "  (1827-28),  etc. 
Thibaut  (te-bo')  IV.,  Count  of  Champagne  and 
King  of  Navarre.  Born  1201 :  died  1253.  A 
French  ruler,  noted  as  a  poet. 

Thibaut  de  Champagne,  King  of  Navarre, ...  is  indeed 
the  most  important  single  figure  of  early  French  lyrical 
poetry.  .  .  .  Thibaut's  poems  have  been  more  than  once  re- 
printed, the  last  edition  being  that  of  M.  TarbS ;  this  con- 
tains eighty-one  pieces,  not  a  few  of  which,  however,  are 
probably  the  work  of  others.  The  majority  of  them  are 
Chansons  d' Amour.  SaintsJmry,  French  Lit.,  p.  68. 

Thibet.     See  Tibet. 

Thierry,  or  Thierri  (ti-er'i;  F.  pron.  tya-re'),  I., 
or  Theodoric  (the-od'o-rik).  Died  534.  King 
of  Austrasia:  son  of  Clbvis,  and  one  of  his  suc- 
cessors in  511. 

Thierry  II.  Died  613.  King  of  Burgundy  and 
later  of  Austrasia,  second  son  of  Childebert  11. 

Thierry  III.  Died  691  (692?).  King  of  the 
Franks,  a  younger  son  of  Clovis  II. 

Thierry  IV.  Died  737.  King  of  the  Franks,  one 
of  the  "rois  faineants."  The  government  was 
administered  by  Charles  Martel.    See  Charles. 

Thierry  (tya-re'),  Am6d6e  Simon  Dominique. 
Born  at  Blois,  France,  Aug.  2, 1797:  died  at  Pa- 
ris, March  26,  1873.  A  French  historian  and 
politician,  brother  of  J.  N.  A.  Thierry.  He  was  for 
a  time  professor  at  Besangon ;  after  the  revolution  of  1830 
was  prefect  of  the  upper  Sa6ne ;  and  later  held  other  politi- 
cal offices.  He  was  made  a  senator  in  1860.  He  wrote 
"Histoire  des  Gaulois"  (1828),  "Histoire  de  la  Gaule  sous 
I'administration  romaine"  (1840-47),  "Histoire  d'Attila" 
(1856),  "Tableau  de  I'empire  remain"  (1862),  "RScits  de 
I'histoire  romaine  "  (1860, 1864), " Saint-J^r6me"  (1867),  etc. 

Thierry,  Jacques  Nicolas  Augustin.  Born  at 
Blois,  May  10, 1795:  died  at  Paris,  May  22, 1856. 
An  eminent  French  historian.  He  obtained  a  free 
scholarship  at  the  college  of  his  native  town,  andgraduated 
withthehigljesthonors.  Then  he  took  a  two  years' course  of 
study  at  the  Ecole  Normale  in  Paris  (1811-18),  and  fitted  him- 
self for  a  teacher.    After  a  brief  stay  in  a  provincial  college. 


992 

he  returned  to  Paris  to  follow  up  literature  as  a  means  of 
livelihood.  For  a  while  he  worked  in  collaboration  with 
the  philosopher  Saint-Simon,  and  published  with  him  3 
books  (1814-17).  Then  he  contributed  several  original 
papers  to  various  periodical  publications.  These  papers 
he  subsequently  fused  together,  and  composed  in  this  way 
his  "Histoire  de  la  conquSte  de  I'Angleterre  par  les  Nor- 
mands"  (1826)  and  his  "Lettres  sur  I'histoire  de  France" 
(1827).  In  1826  he  became  completely  broken  down  in 
health,  and  was  left  blind  and  paralyzed.  The  remainder 
of  his  literary  work  was  done  through  the  medium  of 
secretaries.  With  their  help  he  published  his  "Dix  ans 
d'^tudes  historiques"  (1834),  his  "RSclts  des  temps  m^ro- 
vlngiens"(1840),  and  an"Essai  sur  I'histoire  de  la  formation 
et  des  progr^s  du  tiers-6tat"  (1863). 

Thierry  and  Theodoret.  A  play  by  Fletcher, 
Massinger,  and  another,  published  in  1621 
(written  a  few  years  earlier). 

Thiers  (tyar).  A  town  in  tlie  department  of 
Puy-de-Ddme,  France,  situated  on  the  Durolle 
24  miles  east-northeast  of  Clermont-Ferrand. 
Cutlery  is  made  here  and  in  the  vicinity.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  eoipmune,  16,814. 

Thiers,  Louis  Adolphe,  Bom  at  Marseilles, 
April  15,  1797:  died  at  St.-Germain-en-Laye, 
near  Paris,  Sept.  3, 1877.  A  distinguished  French 
statesman  and  historian.  He  studied  law  at  Aix,  and 
in  1821  went  to  Paris,  where  he  became  a  journalist.  His 
"Histoire  de  la  revolution  frangaise"  appeared  1823-27. 
In  1830  he  established  with  Mignet  and  Armand  Carrel 
the  "National,"  which  contributed  greatly  to  the  down- 
fall of  the  Bourbons.  He  was  a  prominent  supporter  of 
Louis  Philippe,  and  held  various  cabinet  positions  1832-36 
(premier  Feb. -Aug.,  1836).  In  March,  1840,  he  again  be- 
came premier :  resigned  in  Oct.  His  principal  work,  "His- 
toire du  consulat  et  de  I'empire,"  was  published  1846-62. 
He  was  a  conspicuous  member  of  the  Constituent  and 
Legislative  assemblies  1848-61,  and  was  arrested  by  Napo- 
leon III.  at  the  time  of  the  coup  d'etat  in  1861.  In  1863 
he  was  elected  to  the  Corps  L^gislatif,  where  he  led  the 
opposition  to  the  imperial  regime.  He  protested  against 
the  declaration  of  war  in  1870,  on  the  ground  that  France 
was  not  ready.  He  conducted  the  negotiations  for  an 
armistice  with  Germany,  was  elected  to  the  National  As- 
sembly, and  was  chosen  chief  of  the  executive  power  Feb. 
17, 1871.  He  negotiated  the  peace  with  Germany,  sup- 
pressed the  insurrection  of  the  Commune,  and  by  Iiis  ex- 
traordinary energy  and  admirable  financiering  freed  his 
country  of  foreign  occupation  before  the  stipulated  time. 
On  Aug.  31, 1871,  he  was  declared  by  the  Assembly  presi- 
dent of  the  republic  for  a  term  of  three  years,  and  resigned 
May  24, 1873.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Academy  from 
1834. 

Thing  (ting).  [Not  from  AS,  thing,  a  council, 
but  repr.  Icel.  thing,  an  assembly,  conference, 
=  Sw.  Dan.  ting,  a  court,  a  place  of  assembly, 
a  legal  trial.]  In  Scandinavian  countries  and 
in  regions  largely  settled  by  Scandinavians  (as 
the  east  and  north  of  England),  an  assembly, 
public  meeting,  parliament,  or  court  of  law. 
Also  Ting. 

Thionville  (tydn-vel').  The  French  name  of 
Diedenhofen. 

Thira.    See  Santorin. 

Thirlwall  (therl'wal),  Connop.  Bom  at  step- 
ney, London,  Jan.  11, 1797 :  died  at  Bath,  Eng- 
land, July  27, 1875.  AnEnglishhistorian,  critic, 
andprelate.  Hewasbishopof  St. David's  1840-74.  His 
chief  work  is  a  "History  of  Greece"  (1885-47). 

Thirteen  Communes.    See  Tredict  Comimi. 

Thirty,  Battle  of  the.  A  fight  between  thirty 
Bretons  and  thirty  Englishmen,  pitted  by  Jean 
de  Beaumanoir  and  Bemborough,  an  English- 
man, against  each  other,  to  decide  a  contest. 
The  fight  is  said  to  have  taken  place  between  the  castles 
of  Josselin  and  Ploermel  in  France  in  1361.  The  English 
were  beaten. 

Thirty  Tyrants,  The.  1.  An  aristocratic  body 
which  usurped  the  government  of  Athens  404r- 
403  B.  C.  The  most  notable  was  Critias.  They 
were  expelled  by  the  democratic  party  under 
the  lead  of  Thrasybulus. — 2.  A  popular  name 
given  collectively  to  the  body  of  pretenders 
to  the  Eoman  Empire  under  the  reigns  of  Vale- 
rian, Gallienus,  etc.  Among  them  were  Tet- 
ricus  and  Odenathus. 

Thirty  Years'  War,  The.  A  religious  and  po- 
litical war  in  central  Euroye  which  involved 
Germany  and  various  countries.  It  was  caused  by 
the  friction  between  the  Protestants  and  Catholics  in  the 
Empire ;  and  the  immediate  occasion  was  the  infringe- 
ment by  the  court  of  Austria  of  the  rights  of  the  Bohemian 
Protestants,  who  in  May,  1618,  rose  in  revolt  under  the 
lead  of  Count  Thum.  The  following  were  the  main  events : 
In  1619  the  emperor  Matthias  died,  and  was  succeeded  in 
the  Hapsburg  dominions  and  as  emperor  by  Ferdinand 
II. ,  but  Frederick  V,,  elector  of  the  Palatinate,  was  chosen 
as  a  rival  king  by  the  Bohemians ;  in  Nov. ,  1620,  the  Cath- 
olic League  defeated  Ji'rederick  at  the  White  Mountain ; 
In  1622  Tilly  and  the  Catholic  League  were  victorious  at 
Wimpf en  and  Hochst ;  in  1626  Christian  IV.  of  Denmark 
became  the  leader  of  the  Protestants ;  in  1626  Tilly  defeated 
Christian  IV.  at  Lutter,  and  Wallenstein,  the  Imperialist 
general,  defeated  Mansfeld  at  Dessau ;  in  1629  the  Edict  of 
Restitution  was  issued  by  Ferdinand  II.  (see  ReilUuHon) ; 
in  1630  Wallenstein  was  dismissed,  while  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus  of  Sweden  became  the  Protestant  leader.  The  events 
of  1631  were  the  storming  of  Magdeburg  by  Tilly  and  the 
victory  of  Gustavus  atBreitenf  eld ;  of  1632,  the  successes  of 
Gustavus,  the  reentry  of  Wallenstein  to  the  Imperialist  ser- 


Thomas  the  Rhymer 

vice  and  the  victory  and  death  of  Gustavus  at  Liitzen  (Nov, 
16)  'of  1634  the  murder  of  Wallenstein,  and  the  Imperial- 
ist victory  at  Nordlingen;  of  1636,  the  treaty  of  Prague 
between  Saxony  and  Ferdinand  II.,  and  the  interference  of 
France  on  the  Protestant  side  under  the  lead  of  Richelieu ; 
of  1636,  the  victory  of  the  Swedes  at  Wittstook ;  of  1637, 
the  accession  of  the  emperor  Ferdinand  IIL;  of  1642,  the 
victory  of  the  Swedes  at  Breitenf  eld ;  and  of  1648, 1644,  and 
1645  generally  French  and  Swedish  victories  under  CondS, 
Turenne  and  Torstenson.  In  1648  the  war  was  terminated 
by  the  treaty  of  Westphalia  (which  see).  In  general  the 
Protestants  were  strong  in  northern  Germany,  the  Catho- 
lics in  southern  Germany.  Spain  was  the  chief  ally  of  the 
emperor ;  France,  Sweden,  and  Denmark  were  the  princi- 
pal allies  of  the  Protestants.  The  main  profits  of  the  war 
fell  to  France  and  Sweden.  Germany  snfifered  severely  in 
loss  of  life,  property,  and  morale. 

This  (this).  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  in 
Upper  Egypt,  near  Abydus  or  perhaps  identi- 
cal with  it. 

Thisbe(thiz'be).  [Gr.ej<7/3)/.]  In  classical  legend, 
a  maiden  of  Babylon,beloved  by  Pyramus.  Living 
in  adjoining  houses,  they  were  able  to  converse  through  a 
hole  in  the  wall  without  the  knowledge  of  their  parents, 
who  opposed  their  marriage.  A  rendezvous  was  appointed 
at  the  tomb  of  Ninus.  Thisbe,who  appeared  flrst.was  fright- 
ened by  a  lion,  and,  running  away,  dropped  her  mantle 
which  the  beast  soiled  with  blood.  Pyramus,  seeing  the 
blood,  and  believing  that  Thisbe  had  been  slain,  killed  him- 
self under  a  mulberry-tree,  the  fruit  of  which  was  ever 
after  blood-red.  Shakspere  introduced  the  story  in  the 
farcical  interlude  in  the  "Midsummer  Night's  Dream." 

Thistle  (this'l).  A  steel  yacht  (cutter),  designed 
by  George  L.  Watson,  and  launched  at  Glasgow 
April  21, 1887.  Her  principal  dimensions  were :  length 
over  all,  108.06  feet;  length  at  water-line,  86.46;  beam, 
20.03;  draught, l,'i.80 ;  displacement,  about  138 tons.  She 
was  designed  expressly  to  capture  the  America's  cup,  but 
lost  the  cup  races  to  Volunteer.  She  was  afterward  sold 
to  the  Emperor  of  Germany  and  rechristened  Meteor. 

Thlinkit,  or  Thlinkeet.     See  Koluschan. 

Tholen(to'len).  1.  An  island  in  Zealand,  Neth- 
erlands, situated  northeast  of  the  East  Schelde 
and  22  miles  northwest  of  Antwerp.  Length, 
9  miles. —  2.  A  small  town  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  island  of  Tholen. 

Tholuck  (to'isk),  Friedrich  August  Gotttreu. 
Born  at  Breslau,  Prussia,  March  30, 1799 :  died 
at  Halle,  Prussia,  June  10,  1877.  A  German 
Protestant  theologian  and  preacher,  professor 
of  theology  at  Hafie  from  1826.  He  was  educated 
at  Breslau  and  at  Berlin,  where  he  was  appointed  professor 
(extraordinary)  in  1823.  His  works  include  "Die  Lehie 
vom  Siinder  und  Versohner  "  ("The  Doctrine  of  the  Sinner 
and  Redemption  "),"StundenderAndacht"("Hoursof  De- 
votion," 1840),  commentaries  on  Romans,  John,  the  Sermon 
on  the  Mount,  Hebrews,  and  Psalms,  an  answer  toStrauss's 
"Leben  Jesu"  ("Glaubwiirdigkeit  der  evangelischen  6e- 
schichte, "  1837), "  Vorgeschichte  des  Rationalismus  "(1853- 
1862), "  Geschichte  des  Rationalismus  "  (1866),  etc. 

Thomas  (tom'as).  Saint,  or  Didymus,  [Heb., 
'  a  twin' ;  Gr.  &o>/j.d( ;  L.  Didymus,  from  Gr.  6  SiSv- 
lioq,  a  twin;  It.  Tominaso,  Sp.  Tomas,  Pg.  Tho- 
mas or  Thomag.'i  One  of  the  twelve  apostles : 
according  to  tradition,  an  evangelist  in  Parthia 
and  India,  where  he  suffered  martyrdom. 

Thomas  of  Erceldoune.  See  TliomastheBhymer. 

Thomas  of  London.  Born  at  London,  1118; 
murdered  in  Canterbury  cathedral,  Dec.  29, 
1170.  An  English  prelate,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury. He  was  the  son  of  a  rich  merchant,  and  his 
career  was  advanced  by  Theobald,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, in  whose  household  he  was  about  1142.  He  became 
archdeacon  of  Canterbury  in  1154,  and  chancellor  of  Henry 
II.  in  1156,  an  office  he  filled  with  great  magnificence;  and. 
though  only  in  deacon's  orders,  was  suddenly  appointed 
•  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1162.  He  became  a  strong 
advocate  of  the  church's  rights,  defending  her  against  the 
king  whose  partizan  he  had  previously  been.  He  refused 
to  consent  to  the  constitutions  of  the  Council  of  Clarendon 
curtailing  clerical  privileges,  but  was  prevailed  upon  to 
do  so  by  the  Pope.  He  was  tried  by  Henry  for  breach  of 
allegiance  in  endeavoring  to  leave  the  country  alter  this, 
and  his  property  was  confiscated  and  his  ecclesiastical 
revenue  sequestered.  He  finally  escaped  to  France,  and 
thence  to  Rome,  where  the  Pope  reinstalled  him  in  his 
see.  After  much  correspondence  and  many  threats  of  ex- 
communication against  the  English  bishops,  he  was  recon- 
ciled with  Henry  in  1170,  and  returned  to  England ;  but 
his  temper  was  as  haughty  as  ever,  and  Henry  prayed  "to 
be  rid  of  this  turbulent  priest."  Four  knights,  overhearing 
this  hasty  exclamation,  slew  Becket  before  the  altar  of  St. 
Benedict  in  the  north  transept  of  Canterbury  cathedral, 
Dec.  29, 1170.  In  1172  he  was  canonized,  and  in  1220  his 
bones  were  removed  to  Trinity  Chapel,  where  they  were 
for  several  centuries  the  object  of  pilgrimages.  Chaucer's 
"Canterbury  Tales"  were  told  on  a  pilgrimage  to  his 
shrine.  Henry  VIII.  destroyed  it,  and  burned  and  scat- 
tered his  bones.    Also  Thomas  Becket  or  a  Becket. 

Thomas  of  Woodstock,  Duke  of  Gloucester. 
Bom  at  Woodstock,  England,  Jan.  7, 1355 :  mur- 
dered at  Calais,  France,  Sept.  8,  1397.  The 
youngest  son  of  Edward  III.,  a  leading  politi- 
cian in  the  reign  of  Richard  II. 
Thomas  the  Rhymer,  or  Thomas  of  Ercel- 
doune  (nowEarlston).  Lived  about  1225-1300. 
A  Scottish  poet,  noted  in  folk-lore  and  Arthu- 
rian legend  as  a  prophet  and  a  guide  to  the 
mysterious  halls  beneath  the  Eildon  Hills.  Ac- 
cording to  the  popular  story,  the  Queen  of  Faery  came  to 
him  as  he  sat  under  the  Eildon  tree,  and  carried  him  to 


Thomas  the  Bhymer 

Talryland,  where  they  lived  in  happiness  for  three  years, 
at  the  end  of  which  time  she  brought  him  hack  to  the  Eildon 
tree  and  told  him  of  many  things  that  were  to  happen  in 
the  wars  between  England  and  Scotland.  He  was  called 
"True  Thomas"  from  the  truth  of  these  prophecies.  He 
finally  disappeared  in  a  forest,  following  a  hart  and  hind, 
•and  was  seen  no  more.  (Compare  TannftaiMer.)  "The Ro- 
mance and  Prophecies  of  Thomas  of  Erceldoune  "  has  been 
edited  by  Dr.  Murray  for  the  Early  English  Text  Society 
(1876).  Sir  Walter  Scott  attributed  to  him  the  poem  "Sir 
Tristrem,"  a  13th-century  romance,  which  he  edited  from 
the  Auchinleck  MS.  in  1804 ;  but  it  is  not  now  thought  to 
be  his.  "  Sir  Tristrem  "  was  edited  by  McNeill  in  1886 
for  the  Scottish  Text  Society. 

The  charter  [dated  1299,  in  which  his  son  describes  him- 
self as  the  heir  of  Thomas  Rymour  de  Erceldon]  quoted 
in  the  "  Minstrelsy  "  contains  written  evidence  that  the 
epithet  of  Eymour  was  peculiar  to  our  Thomas,  and  was 
dropped  by  his  son,  who  designates  himself  simply  Thomas 
of  Erceldoune,  son  of  Thomas  the  Rymour  of  Erceldoune ; 
which  I  think  is  conclusive  upon  the  subject.  In  all  this 
discussion,  I  have  scorned  to  avail  myself  of  the  tradition 
of  the  country,  as  well  as  the  suspicious  testimony  of  Eoece, 
Dempster,  &o.,  grounded  probably  upon  that  tradition, 
which  uniformly  afBrms  the  name  of  Thomas  to  have  been 
Learmont  or  Leirmont,  and  that  of  the  Rhymer  a  personal 
epithet.  .  .  .  Certain  it  is  that  his  castle  is  called  Leir- 
mont's  Tower,  and  that  he  is  as  well  known  to  the  counti^ 
people  by  that  name  as  by  the  appellation  of  the  Rhymer. 
Letter  from  Scott  to  Oeorge  Ellw,  in  Lockhart,  I.  217. 

Thomas,  Annie,    See  Cudlip,  Mrs. 

Thomas  (td-ma'),  Charles  Ambroise.  Born  at 
Metz,  Aug.  5, 1811:  died  Feb.  12, 1896.  AFrench 
composer,  director  of  the  Conservatory  in  Paris. 
Among  his  works  are  the  operas  "Mignon" 

■  (1866),  "Hamlet"  (1868). 

'Thomas  (tom'as),  Edith  Matilda.  Bom  at 
Chatham,  Ohio,  in  1854.  An  American  poet. 
Among  her  works  are  "A  New  Year's  Masque"  (1885), 
"The  Round  Year"  (1886),  "Lyrics  and  Sonnets"  (1887). 

Thomas  (tom'as),  Gteorge  Henry.    Bom  in 

Southampton  County,  Va.,  July  31, 1816 :  died  at 
San  Francisco,  March  28, 1870.  A  distinguished 
American  general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in 
1840 ;  served  in  the  Seminole  war ;  was  distinguished  in  the 
Mexican  war  at  Monterey  in  1846  and  Buena  Vista  in  1847 ; 
was  instructor  at  West  Point  1851-64 ;  and  served  in  Texas 
until  the  Civil  War.  He  was  appointed  colonel  in  May, 
1861,  and  served  under  Patterson ;  was  appointed  briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers  and  transferred  to  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Cumberland  in  Aug. ,  1861 ;  gained  the  victory 
of  Mill  Springs  Jan.  19, 1862 ;  was  distinguished  at  Perry- 
ville  Oct.  8,  and  as  commander  of  the  center  at  Murfrees- 
boro ;  and  became  famous  for  his  defense  of  the  Union 
position  in  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  Sept.  19-20, 1863 
(hence  called  "the  Bock  of  Chickamauga").  On  Oct.  19, 
1863,  he  was  made  commander  of  the  Army  of  the  Cum- 
berland, with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general ;  and  fought  at 
the  battle  of  Chattanooga,  and  with  Sherman  in  the  in- 
vasion of  Georgia  in  1864.  He  was  sent  to  Tennessee  to 
repel  Hood's  invasion  in  Sept.,  1864,  and  defeated  Hood  at 
Nashville  Dec.  15-16, 1864.  He  was  promoted  major-gen- 
eral in  the  regular  army  and  organized  cavalry  operations 
(capture  of  Davis,  etc.)  in  1865.  He  was  commander  of 
military  divisions  and  departments  in  Tennessee,  etc.,  and 
lastly  of  the  military  division  of  the  Pacific  1869-70. 
'.Thomas,  Joseph.  Bom  in  Cayuga  County,  N.  Y. , 
Sept.  23, 1811 :  died  Dec.  24, 1891.  An  American 
author.  He  was  educated  as  a  physician,  and  was  for  a 
time  professor  of  Latin  and  Greek  in  Haverford  College. 
He  was  associated  with  Baldwin  in  compiling  the  "Pro- 
nouncing Gazetteer"  (1845) ;  edited  the  biographical  and 
geographical  vocabularies  to  Webster's  dictionaries ;  col- 
laborated with  Baldwin  in  the  compilation  of  "A  New 
and  Complete  Gazetteer  of  the  United  States"  and  of 
"  Lippinoott's  Pronouncing  Gazetteer  of  the  World  "  (1865); 
and  edited  "  A  Comprehensive  Medical  Dictionai7  "  (1864 : 
revised  1886)  and  Lippinoott's  "Pronouncing  Dictionary 
of  Biography  and  Mythology"  (1870-71).  He  wrote  also 
"Travels  in  Egypt  and  Palestine  "  (1853),  etc. 

'Thomas,  Lorenzo.  Born  at  Newcastle,  Del., 
Oct.  26, 1804 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  March 
2, 1875.  An  American  general.  He  served  in  the 
Seminole  war ;  was  chief  of  staff  to  Butler  in  the  Mexican 
war,  and  later  chief  of  staff  to  Scott;  was  adjutant-general 
in  the  Civil  War ;  and  was  appointed  by  Johnson  secretary 
of  war  ad  interim  1868  (but  did  not  serve). 

Thomas,  Philemon.  Bom  in  North  Carolina, 
1764:  died  at  Baton  Rouge,  La.,  1847.  .An 
American  ofScer  and  politician .  He  was  leader  of 
the  West  Ilorida  insurrection  against  Spain  1810-11,  and 
was  member  of  Congress  from  Louisiana  1831-35. 

Thomas,  Theodore.  Born  at  Esens,  Hannover, 
Oct.  11, 1835.  An  American  musical  conductor. 
He  made  his  first  appearance  in  public  about  1841  as  a  vio- 
linist. He  was  brought  to  the  United  States  in  1846,  and 
was  first  and  solo  violin  in  concerts  and  opera  till  1861. 
From  1856  to  1869  he  gave  a  series  of  concerts  of  chamber- 
music  ;  and  his  symphony  concerts  in  New  York,  begun 
in  1864,  were  given  every  season  (except  from  1869  to  1872) 
untU  1878,when  he  became  director  of  the  College  of  Music 
at  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  He  returned  to  New  York  in  1880, 
and  made  it  the  headquarters  of  his  orchestra  till  1891, 
when  he  removed  to  Chicago.  He  has  been  mainly  instru- 
mental in  developing  the  musical  taste  of  the  country  by 
his  series  of  orchestral  concerts,  as  well  as  by  his  work  as 
conductor  of  the  New  York  and  Brooklyn  Philharmonic 
Societies,  of  the  New  York  Chorus  Society,  the  Cincinnati 
festivals,  etc.  Hewasmademusicaldirectorof  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago,  and  resigned  in  1893. 

Thomas  a  Kempis(kem'pis):  properly  Thomas 
Hammerken  or  Hamerken.  Bom  at  Kempen, 
Bhenish  Prussia,  about  1380 :  died  near  ZwoUe, 
Netherlands,  July  25,  1471.    A  German  mystic 

0.-63 


993 


Thoreau 


and  ascetic  writer,  generally  regarded  as  the  Thompson.Waddy.  BomatPickensville,  S.C.. 
author  of  "De  imitatione  Christ!"  ("Imitation  Sept.  8,  1798 :  died  at  Tallahassee,  Pla.,  Nov. 
of  Christ,"  1486)  (which  see).  '  


.He  entered  the 
Augustinian  convent  Agnetenberg,  near  ZwoUe,  in  1407, 
and  became  subprior  in  1423,  and  again  in  1447. 

Thomas  Aquinas,  or  of  Aoiuino.  See  Aquinas, 
Thomas. 

Thomas  Becket  or  a  Socket.  See  Thomas  of 
London. 

Thomists  (to'mists).  The  followers  of  Thomas 
Aquinas.  He  held  two  sources  of  knowledge — faith  and 
reason — the  doctrines  of  unconditional  predestination  and 
efficacious  grace,  and  a  physical  as  well  as  a  moral  efficacy ; 
and  denied  the  doctrine  of  the  immaculate  conception. 
His  theology,  embodied  in  his  great  work  "Summa  theo- 
logisB,"  was  baaed  on  a  philosophical  system  rather  than 
on  either  the  Bible  or  the  traditional  teaching  of  the 
church.  It  was  an  attempt  to  reconcile  Aristotelian  phi- 
losophy with  the  Cliristian  faith.  It  is  of  very  high  author- 
ity in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  its  influence  is 
great  even  outside  of  that  church. 

Thompson  (tomp'son),  Benjamin,  Count  Rum- 
ford.  Bom  at  Wobum,  Mass.,  March  26, 1753 : 
died  at  Autetdl,  near  Paris,  Aug.  21, 1814.  An 
American  scientist  and  Bavarian  administrator. 
Having  heen  refused  a  commission  in  the  Continental 
army,  he  off  ered  his  services  to  the  British,  and  in  1776  was 
sent  to  England  with  despatches  from  General  William 
Howe.  Here  he  was  given  a  place  in  the  administrative 
service  by  Lord  George  Germaine,  secretary  of  state  for 
the  colonies,  and  rose  to  the  post  of  under-secretary  of 
state  (1780).  He  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Soci- 
ety in  1779.  On  the  retirement  of  his  patron,  he  returned 
in  1781  to  America,  and  raised  in  New  York  the  "King's 


23,  1868.  An  American  politician.  He  was  Whig 
member  of  Congress  from  South  Carolina  1835-41,  and 
United  States  minister  taMexico  1842-44.  He  wrote  "Rec- 
ollections of  Mexico  "  (1846). 

Thomson(tom'son),SirOharles'WyTille.  Bom 

at Bonsyde,Linlithgo wshire, March  5, 1830 :  died 
at  Edinburgh,  March  10, 1882.  A  noted  Scottish 
biologist.  He  lectured  on  botany  at  Aberdeen  in  1860- 
1853,  and  was  successively  professor  of  natural  history  at 
Cork,  Belfast,  and  Edinburgh.  With  Dr.  W.  B.  Carpenter, 
he  conducted  the  deep-sea  dredging  expeditions  in  the 
war-ships  Lightning  and  Porcupine  (1868-69).  He  is  best 
known  as  the  director  of  the  scientific  staff  of  the  im- 
portant Challenger  expedition  for  deep-sea  exploration 
(1872-76).  In  1877  he  published  "The  Voyage  of  the 
Challenger,"  descriptive  of  its  general  results. .  He  was 
knighted  in  IS'TG,  and  is  generaUy  designated  Sir  Wyville 
Thomson. 

Thomson,  James.  Bom  at  Ednam,  Roxburgh- 
shire, Scotland,  Sept.  11, 1700:  died  near  Rich- 
mond, England,  Aug.  27, 1748.  A  British  poet. 
He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh,  and  studied  for  the  church ; 
was  private  tutor  for  a  short  time  ;  and  held  several  sine- 
cure ofSces.  He  wrote  "The  Seasons "  ("  Winter,"  1726 ; 
"Summer,"  1727;  " Spring,"  1728 ;  "Autumn,"  1730),  "The 
Castle  of  Indolence"  (174^,  an  "Ode  to  the  Memory  of  Sir 
Isaac  Newton  "  (1727),  "  Liberty  "  (1734-36),  and  the  plays 
"  Sophonisba  "  (1730 :  containing  the  famous  line  (which 
killed  the  piece)  "0  Sophonisba,  Sophonisba  0,"  parodied 
by  every  one  as  "  0  JemmyThomson,  Jemmy  Thomson  0  "0 
and  "Agamemnon"(1738),themasque"AUred,"in  conjunc- 
tion with  Mallet  (1740),  and  "Tancred  and  Sigismunda" 
(1745). 


American  Dragoons,"  of  which  he  was  commissioned  lieu-  ThomSOn,  JamOS.    Bom  at  Port  Glasgow,  Scot- 


tenant-colonel.  He  returned  to  England  before  the  close 
of  the  war,  and  in  1784  accepted  a  confidential  appoint- 
ment with  the  rank  of  aide-de-camp  and  chamberlain  at 
the  court  of  the  Elector  of  Bavaria.  He  reorganized  the 
military  establishment  of  Bavaria,  and  introduced  impor- 
tant economic  and  other  reforms,  with  the  result  that  he 
was  rapidly  promoted  to  the  highest  offices  in  the  state, 
including  those  of  commander-in-chief  of  the  general  staff, 
minister  of  war,  and  superintendent  of  the  police.  He 
was  created  a  count  in  &e  Holy  Roman  Empire  in  1791. 


land,  Nov.  23,  1834:  died  at  London,  June  3, 
1882.  A  Scottish  poet,  known  as  "the  poet  of 
despair."  He  became  a  lawyer's  clerk  in  1862 ;  later 
came  to  America  as  a  mining  agent ;  was  war  correspon- 
dent in  Spain ;  and  during  the  last  years  of  his  life  labored 
as  a  journalist.  He  is  best  known  as  the  author  of  "  The 
City  of  Dreadful  Night "  (1880).  He  also  wrote  "  Vane's 
Story,"  "A  Voice  from  the  Nile"  (1884X  and  "Shelley,  a 
Poem  "  (1885). 


OwingtoillhealthhequittedBaTariaaboutl798,andwas  Thomson,  William.  Born  Feb.  11,  1819:  died 
for  a  time  a  private  agent  of  Bavaria  in  England.  Here-  -rj  oc  -ipon  Ati  ■RTurlisVi  nrnln+p  jmrl  nntlinr 
moved  to  Paris  in  1802,  and  in  1804  married  as  his  second  -^^9:,  .  {,  "^^  ^  i  ilco  P'^'*'^®  ^^'^  autnor, 
wife  the  widow  of  the  French  chemist  Lavoisier.  The  rest  archbisHop  ot  yiork  l»b-i.  He  wrote  "Outline  of 
of  his  life  was  spent  at  his  wife's  villa  in  Auteuil.  He  gave  the  Necessary  Laws  of  Thought "  (1842),  and  theological 
$5,000  to  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  and    works. 

a  like  amount  to  the  Royal  Society  of  London  to  found  ThomSOn-WilUam,  first  Lord  Kelvin.  Bom  at 
prizes  bearing  his  name  for  the  most  important  discov-  Belfast,  Ireland,  June,  1824.  A  celebrated  Brit- 
eries  in  heat  and  light.  He  left  to  Harvard  the  funds  .  ,  mnlliATnn+ipiaTi  nrifl  -nlivsinist  nrrifpoKOT  nf 
with  which  the  Rumf  ord  professorship  of  the  physical  and  ^sn  matnematician  ana  pnysioisi,  protessor  01 
mathematical  sciences  as  applied  to  the  useful  arts  has    ""  """   '^   '  "=«"  -"^^   _  „=™^™.     «,..r«™=,  -.r 

Thompson,  Elizabeth.    See  Butler,  Lady. 
Thompson,  Jacob.    Bom  in  Caswell  County, 

N.  C,  May  15, 1810:  died  at  Memphis,  Tenn., 

March  24,  1885.    An  American  politician.    He 

was  Democratic  membep  of  Congress  from  Mississippi 

1839-51 ;  secretary  of  the  interior  1857-61 ;  governor  of 

Mississippi  1862-64 ;  and  Confederate  agent  in  Canada. 

Thompson,  Joseph  Farrish.  Bom  at  Phila- 
delphia, Aug.  7, 1819:  died  at  Berlin,  Sept.  20, 
1879.  All  American  Congregational  clergyman, 
theological  writer,  and  Egyptologist.  He  was 
pastor  of  the  Broadway  Tabernacle,  New  York,  1845-71, 
and  one  of  the  founders  of  the  "  New  Englander  "  and  of  the 
"     ■  "  He  lived  in  his  later  years  at  Berlin.  His 


Independent. 
workslnclude"Egypt,PastandPresent"(1856),"Theology  Thomson  William  McClnre 
of  Christ"  (1870),  "Church  and  State  in  the  United  States"    „i  °™!r  Tlo«    qi    IRflfi      '•    '    ■' 
(1874),  and  «  LMe  of  Christj;  (1876).  cmnaw,  ueo.  SI,  IBUO 


natural  philosophy  in  Glasgow  University  1846- 
1899.  He  has  made  important  investigations  in  the  do- 
mains of  heat,  electricity,  and  magnetism ;  invented  the 
mirror-galvanometer  and  siphon-recorder,  various  forms 
of  apparatus  used  in  navigation  and  deep-sea  exploration, 
and  has  otherwise  done  much  for  the  advancement  of  prac- 
tical electricity ;  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  laying 
of  the  first  submarine  cables  in  the  Atlantic.  He  is  joint 
author  with  Protessor  P.  G.  Tait  of  "An  Elementary 
Treatise  on  Natural  Philosophy,"  and  has  besides  written 
extensively  on  theoretical  subjects  connected  with  geology, 
terrestrial  physics,  tidal  phenomena,  etc.  He  was  the  first 
boldly  to  enunciate  the  doctrine,  now  largely  received  by 
geologists  and  mathematical  physicists,  that  the  earth  haa 
the  rigidity  of  steel  or  glass,  and  is  practically  solid  to  the 
center.  He  was  president  of  the  British  Association  in 
1871 ;  was  knighted  in  1866 ;  and  was  created  Baron  Kel- 
vin in  1892. 

Born  near  Cin- 
cinnati, Deo.  31,  1806 :  died  April  8,  1894.    An 


Thompson,  Launt.  Bom  in  Queen's  County,  American  Presbyterian  missionarj;  in  Syria  and 
T-„i„„^  laQQ.  ,Ho^  ot  M;/ifliotr>wT,  w  V  Sont  Palestine,  and  biblical  archseologist.  He  wrote 
Ireland,  1833 .  died  at  Middietown,  JN .  y.,bept.  ..The  Land  and  the  Book  "(1859),  "The  Land  of  Promise" 
26,  1894.     An  American  sculptor.  (1865),  etc. 

Thompson,  Kichard  Wigginton.  Born  in  Cul-  Thopas,  Sir.    See  Bime  of  Sir  Thopas. 
peper  County,  Va.,  June  9, 1809 :  died  at  Terre  jj^^j.  ((.h6r  or  tor).    [Icel.  Thorr  =  AS.  Thunor, 
Haute,Ind.,  Feb.9, 1900.   An  American politi-    thunder.]    Thesecondprincipalgodof  thean- 
cian.   He  was  a  Whig  member  of  Congress  from  Indiana     cient  Scandinavians':  the  god  of  thunder.    He 
1841-43  and  1847-49 ;  and  secretaryot  the  navy  1877-81.        ^^g  jjjg  joq  of  odin,  or  the  supreme  being,  and  Jordh, 

Thompson,  Robert  Bills.  Bom  near  Lurgan,  the  earth.  He  was  the  champion  of  the  gods,  and  was 
Ireland  1844  AnAmerieanieduoator,editor,and  called  to  their  assistance  whenever  they  were  in  straits. 
„„„.,„rv,'^=i-.-  PT,  artvonatfi  of  Tn-otfiction.    He  was    He  was  also  the  friend  of  mankind,  and  the  slayer  oftroUs 

and  evil  spirits.  He  always  carried  a  heavy  hammer  (M]oll- 


economist :  an  advocate  of  protection.  He  was 
editor  of  the  "Penn  Monthly"  and  the  "American,"  and 
was  the  first  editor  of  the  "  American  Supplement "  to  the 
"Encyclopaedia  Britannica";  was  formerly  professor  in  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania ;  and  in  1894  became  principal 
of  the  Central  High  School,  Philadelphia. 


nir,  'the  crusher '),  which,  as  often  as  he  discharged  it, 
returned  to  his  hand  of  itself,  and  he  possessed  a  girdle 
which  had  the  virtue  of  renewing  his  strength.  "Thor  is 
represented  as  a  powerful  man,  in  the  prime  of  life,  with 
a  long  red  beard. 


Thompson,  Smith.  Bom  at  Stanfor(^N.  T.,  jhorah.  See  Torah. 
Jan.,  1768 :  died  at  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  Deo.  Thorbecke  (tor'bek-e),  Jan  Eudolph.  Bom 
18,  1843.  An  American  jurist  and  politician.  ^^  ZwoUe,  Jan.  15,  1798:  died  at  The  Hague, 
linin^J^Ti^^^^l^l^T^nil^o^Jiit  J-e4,  1|J2.  A  Dutch  statesman  He  was 
tice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  1823-43.  premier  1849-53,  1862-66,  and  1871-72. 

Thompson,  Thomas  Perronet  or  Peronnet.  Thoreau  (tho'ro),  Henry  David.  Born  at  Con- 
Bom  at  HuU,  England,  March  15,  1783:  died  cord,  Mass.,  July  12,  1817:  died  at  Concord, 
Oct  6, 1869.  An  English  politician  and  mathe-  May  6,  1862.  An  American  writer.  He  gradu- 
matician.  He  studied  at  Queen's  College,  Cambridge;  ated  at  Harvard  in  1837,  taught  school,  and  afterward  be- 
ttered the  navy  in  1803-  and  in  1806  weni  over  to  the  came  a  land-surveyor.  He  lived  alone  on  the  shore  of 
frmvlnimshp  was  made  governor  of  Sierra  Leone  Walden  Pond,  Concord,  1845-47.  He  was  a  transcenden- 
l^^Jti^fnauLJe^iWmelZ^  InlSW  hewentto  talist  and  a  friend  of  Emerson,  Alcott,  etc. ;  stood  out 
the  pfrsian  Gulf  as  Arabic  interpreter  in  the  Wahhabee  for  the  nshts  of  the  individual :  and  was  at  one  time  im- 
expedition,  and  in  1820  negotiated  a  treaty  with  the  Wah- 
habees  which  characterized  the  slave-trade  as  V^^<^-  J^ 
1835  he  was  elected  member  of  Parliament  for  Hull.  He 
published  "A  Catechism  of  the  Com  Laws  (1827),  a  telling 
pamplilet.  His  "Theory  of  Just  Intonation  (1850)  was  an 
early  contribution  to  the  principles  of  musical  acoustics 
that  have  been  developed  as  the  tonic  sol-fa  system.  He 
was  for  a  time  joint  editor  of  the  "  Westminster  Review. 


for  the  rights  of  the  individual ;  and  was  at  one  time  im- 
prisoned for  his  refusal  to  pay  taxes.  Among  his  works 
are  "A  Week  on  the  Concord  and  Merrimac  Rivers" 
(1849),  "Walden,  or  Life  in  the  Woods " (1B54),  "Excur- 
sions in  Field  and  Forest"  (1863  :  with  a  memoir  by  Em- 
erson), "The  Maine  Woods"  (1864),  "Cape  Cod" (1866), 
' '  Letters  to  Various  Persons  "  (1865 :  with  a  notice  by  Em- 
erson), "A  Yankee  in  Canada,  etc. "  (1866).  He  wrote  for  the 
leading  periodicals,  and  was  the  author  of  several  poems. 


Thorenburg 

ThorenburgCto'ren-boro),  orTorda,  orThorda 

(tor'do).  The  capital  of  the  county  of  Torda- 
Aranyos,  Hungary,  situated  on  the  Aranyos 
16  miles  south-southeast  of  Klausenburg.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  11,079. 

Thorfinn  (thor'fin).  Lived  at  the  beginning  of 
the  11th  century.  A  Scandinavian  navigator, 
said  to  have  explored  the  coast  of  New  England 
about  1107-10,  and  to  have  attempted  a  settle- 
ment in  southeastern  Massachusetts. 

Thorn  (torn),  Pol.  Torun  (to'rSn).  A  town 
and  fortress  in  the  province  of  West  Prussia, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Vistula  in  lat.  53°  2'  N., 
long.  18°  34'  E.  it  has  considerable  trade,  partly  by 
the  Vistula,  and  contains  several  medieval  churches.  It 
was  founded  by  the  Teutonic  Order  in  1231,  but  the  people 
destroyed  the  castle  ot  the  order  and  attached  themselves 
to  Poland  in  1464.  The  first  peace  of  Thorn  between  Po- 
land and  the  Teutonic  Order  was  concluded  in  1411 ;  by 
the  second  (1466)  the  order  made  important  cessions  to 
Poland.  Thorn  was  an  ancient  Hanseatic  town.  Several 
Protestants  were  put  to  death  in  1724.  It  passed  to  Prus- 
sia at  the  second  partition  of  Poland  (1793),  to  the  grand 
duchy  of  Warsaw  in  1807,  and  to  Prussia  in  1815.  As  an 
important  border  strategic  point  it  has  been  strongly  for- 
tified since  1878.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Copernicus. 
Population  (1890),  39,649. 

Thorn,  Conference  of.  A  fruitless  congress 
held  at  Thorn  in  1645  between  representatives 
of  the  Roman  Catholic,  Lutheran,  and  Re- 
formed churches  in  Poland. 

Thombury  (th6rn'bu-ri),  George  Walter. 
Born  at  London,  1828:  died  there,  June  11, 
1876.  An  English  miscellaneous  writer,  com- 
monly known  as  Walter  Thornbu^.  Among  his 
works  are  "  Lays  and  legends  "  (1851),  "The  Buccaneers, 
or  Monarchs  of  the  Main  "  (1855),  "  Shakspere's  England  " 
(1866),  "Art  and  Nature  at  Home  and  Abroad"  (1856), 
'■  Songs  of  the  Cavaliers  and  Roundheads  "  (1867),  "Every 
Man  his  own  Trumpeter  "  (1858),  "Life  in  Spain "(1869^ 
"British  Artists  from  Hogarth  to  Tumer"(1860),  "Life  of 
Turner"  (1861),  etc. 

Thornhill  (th6m'hil).  A  town  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  situated  near  the  Calder 
10  miles  southwest  of  Leeds.  Population  (1891), 
9,606. 

Thornhill,  Sir  James.  Born  at  Melcombe  Re- 
gis, 1676:  died  at  Thornhill,  near  Weymouth, 
May  13, 1734.  An  English  painter.  His  first  teacher 
was  Thomas  Highmore.  He  visited  Holland,  Flanders, 
Germany,  and  France.  When  George  I.  became  king  he 
appointed  Thornhill  court  painter  as  successor  to  High- 
more.  He  executed  the  decorations  of  part  of  the  cupola 
of  St.  Paul's,  theceiliogand  walls  of  the  hall  of  Greenwich 
Hospital,  the  great  hall  at  Blenheim,  parts  of  Hampton 
Court,  and  many  chapels  in  Oxford,  etc.  He  was  knighted 
by  George  I.  in  1715.  Hogarth  was  his  most  distinguished 
pupil  and  his  son-in-law. 

Thornhill,  Sir  William.  A  character  in  Gold- 
smith's "Vicar  of  Wakefield."  He  assumes  the 
name  of  Mr.  Burchell,  and  is  the  good  genius  of  the  story. 
His  nephew.  Squire  Thornhill,  is  the  betrayer  of  Olivia 
Primrose. 

Thornton  (thdm'tgn),  Sir  Edward.  Bom  1817. 

An  English  diplomatist.  He  was  minister  to  Brazil 
1866-67,  and  to  the  United  States  1867-81 ;  member  ot  the 
joint  high  commission  1871 ;  and  ambassador  to  Russia 
1881-84,  and  to  Turkey  1884-87. 

Thornycroft  (th6r'ni-kr6ft),  Mrs.  (Mary  Fran- 
cis). Born  in  England,  1814 :  died  Feb.  1, 1895. 
An  English  sculptor. 

Thornycroft,  Walter  Hamo.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, March  9,  1850.  An  English  sculptor,  son 
of  the  sculptor  Mary  Thornycroft.  He  won  the 
gold  medal  of  the  Academy  in  1875,  and  first  exhibited  at 
the  Royal  Academy  in  1876.  His  most  important  works 
are  "Artemis"  (1880),  at  Eaton  Hall,  the  seat  of  the  Duke 
of  ■Westminster;  "Teuoer"(1881),  in  the  South  Kensing- 
ton Museum;  "Hypatia"  (1884),  in  the  Grosvenor  Gal- 
lery; a  statue  of  Gfeneral  Gordon  (1886);  an  equestrian 
statue  of  Edward  I.  (1885) ;"  Science  (1891),  a  high  relief ; 
and  a  statue  ot  John  Bright  (1892),  at  Rochdale. 

Thorough  (thur'6).  The  name  given  by  Straf- 
ford to  his  policy.    See  .Strafford. 

Thorough  Doctor,  The.    William  Varro. 

Thorpe  (th6rp),  Benjamin.  Bom  about  1782: 
died  at  Chiswick,  England,  July  19,  1870.  An 
English  philologist,  noted  as  an  Anglo-Saxon 
scholar.  He  edited  various  Anglo-Saxon  works,  including 
Csedmon's'' Paraphrase  "(1832),  "AnalectaAnglo-Saxonica" 
(1884),  "  Ancient  Laws  and  Institutes  of  England  "  (1840), 
gospels,  homilies,  Beowulf  (1855),  "Anglo-Saxon  Chron- 
icle' (1861),  "  Diplomatarium  Anglicum  Mn  Saxonici" 
(1866) ;  and  translated  Lappenberg's  history  ot  England. 

Thorvald  (tor'vald).  A  Scandinavian  naviga- 
tor, said  to  have  explored  the  coast  of  New 
England  about  1003-04. 

Thorvaldsen  (tor'vald-zen),  often  Thorwald- 
sen  (t6r'wald-sen),  Albert  Bertel.  Bom  at  sea, 
Nov.  19, 1770  (or  at  Copenhagen,  Nov.  15, 1770): 
died  at  Copenhagen,  March  24,  1844.  A  noted 
Danish  sculptor.  He  gained  the  first  gold  medal  at 
the  Academy  at  Copenhagen  in  1793,  carrying  with  it 
three  years'  residence  abroad.  He  lived  mostly  in  Rome 
from  1797,  except  from  1838  to  1841,  when  he  was  at 
Copenhagen.  He  died  suddenly  on  a  visit  to  his  home. 
Among  his  works  are  the  colossal  lion  at  Lucerne  (de- 
signed by  him,  executed  by  his  pupils) ;  the  bas-reliefs 


994 

"  Triumphal  Entry  of  Alexander  into  Babylon"and  "Night 
and  Morning"  (his  bestknown  work);  statues  of  Jason, 
Ganymede,  Venus,  Psyche,  the  Graces,  and  other  classi- 
cal subj  ects ;  "  Christ  and  the  Twelve  Apostles  "  (Copenha- 
gen), probably  his  best  work ;  and  "  Preaching  of  John  the 
Baptist"  (Copenhagen). 

Thorvaldsen  Museum.  A  museum  at  Copen- 
hagen, at  once  the  mausoleum  of  the  great 
sculptor  and  a  repository  of  his  works.  It  was 
completed  in  1848.  The  building,  inspired  by  Greek 
and  Etruscan  prototypes,  is  solemn  and  impressive.  It  is 
a  long  rectangle,  preceded  by  a  vestibule,  and  inclosing  a 
court  in  the  middle  of  which,  on  an  ivy-covered  mound, 
is  the  tomb  of  Thorwaldsen.  The  museum  contains,  ar- 
rayed in  a  series  of  rooms,  80  statues  from  the  master's 
hand  or  in  casts,  three  long  friezes,  220  smaller  reliefsj 
and  130  busts. 

Thorwaldsen.    See  Thorvaldsen. 

Thospitis  (thos-pi'tis).  The  ancient  name  of 
Tjo  irfi  A7"j)  fi 

Thoth  (thoth  or  tot),  Eg.  Tehuti  (te-ho'te).  An 
Egyptian  divinity  whom  the  Greeks  assimilated 
to  their  Hermes  (Mercury).  He  was  the  god  ot 
speech  and  hieroglyphics  or  letters,  and  of  the  reckoning 
d  time,  and  the  source  of  wisdom.  The  cynocephalous 
ape  and  the  ibis  were  sacred  to  him.  He  is  represented 
as  a  human  figure,  usually  with  the  head  of  an  ibis,  and 
frequently  with  the  moon-disk  and  crescent.    Also  Tat. 

Thot  (Tehuti)  is  generally  drawn  with  an  ibis  head,  or 
as  a  dog-ape.  We  recognize  in  him  the  moon-god,  but  he 
generally  appears  as  the  god  of  civilization  (of  intelligence 
and  writing),  or  as  the  god  who  protects  and  revives  dead 
bodies.  He  is  worshipped  more  especially  at  Sesennu 
(Hermopolis)  and  in  the  peninsula  of  SinaL 

La  Savstaye,  Science  ot  Religion,  p.  410. 

Thothmes  (thoth'mez  or  tot'mes)  I.,  Egypt.  Te- 
huti-mes,  pren.  Aa-kheper-ka-Ba.  ['Tehuti's 
child.']  Lived  about  1633  b.  c.  (Bragsch).  An 
Egyptian  king  of  the  18th  dynasty.  He  was  a  suc- 
cessful warrior,  and  conducted  a  campaign  as  tar  as  the 
Euphrates.  An  important  record  of  his  deeds  is  preserved 
in  an  inscription  on  the  rocks  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
third  cataract. 

Thothmes  II.,  Eg.  Tehuti-mes,  pren.  Aa-khe- 
per-en-Ba.  Lived  about  1600  b.  c.  (Brugsoh). 
An  Egyptian  king  of  the  18th  dynasty,  son  of 
Thothmes  I.  He  married  his  sister  Hatshepsu, 
who  obtained  control  of  the  government. 

Thothmes  III.,  Eg.  Tehuti-mes,  pren.  Men- 
Eheper-Ba.  Lived  about  1600  B.  c.  (Brugsch). 
A  famous  Egyptian  king  of  the  18th  djTiasty .  He 
reigned  for  64  years,  and  under  him  "Egypt,  to  use  the 
poetic  expression  ot  the  time,  'placed  her  Irontiers  where 
she  would.'  Her  empire  consisted  of  the  whole  of  Abys- 
sinia, the  SMan,  Nubia,  Egypt  proper,  SjTia,  Mesopota- 
mia, Irak- Arabia,  Kurdistan,  and  Armenia"  (Jfarie(ie). 
He  married  his  sister  Hatshepsu,  widow  of  Thothmes  II. 
The  records  of  his  reign  are  extensive. 

Now,  Thothmes  III.  was  the  Alexander  of  ancient  Egyp- 
tian history.  He  conquered  the  known  world  of  his  day ; 
he  carved  the  names  ot  six  hundred  and  twenty-eight 
vanquished  nations  and  captured  cities  on  the  walls  of 
Karnak ;  and  he  set  up  a  tablet  of  Victory  in  the  Great 
Temple.  It  is  in  this  famous  tablet,  engraved  with  the 
oldest  heroic  poem  known  to  science,  that  we  find  the 
Greeks  mentioned  for  the  second  time  in  Egyptian  history. 
Edwardg,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  160. 

Thou  (to),  Jacques  Auguste  de  (Latinized 
Thuanus).  Bom  at  Pans,  Oct.  8,1553:  died 
May  7,  1617.  A  French  historian  and  states- 
man. He  was  educated  for  the  church ;  held  the  offices 
ot  master  of  requests,  of  president  k  mortier,  etc. ;  and 
was  employed  on  diplomatic  missions.  He  is  celebrated 
for  his  contemporary  history  "Historise  sui  temporis" 
(in  Latin,  1604-20;  standard  edition,  edited  by  Buckley  and 
Carte,  1733 ;  French  translation  by  Desf  ontaines  and  others 
1734).    He  also  wrote  Latin  poems. 

Thenars  (to-ar').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Deux-Slvres,  France,  situated  on  the  Thouet 
40  miles  northwest  of  Poitiers.  The  castle  and 
chapel  are  notable.  It  was  formerly  a  seat  of  viscounts 
who  took  a  prominent  part  in  medieval  wars.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  5,169. 

Thouars.    See  DupetU-Thouars. 

Thousand  and  One  Days.  A  series  of  Persian 
tales,  resembling  the  "Thousand  and  One 
Nights."  They  were  translated  into  French  by  PStis  de 
la  Croix  and  Le  Sage,  and  were  published  in  the  beginning 
of  the  eighteenth  century.  DurUop,  Hist.  ofTrose  Fiction, 
IL  510. 

Thousand  and  One  Nights.  See  Arabian 
Nights'  Entertainments. 

Thousand  Islands,  Lake  of  the.  The  expan- 
sion of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  which  contains 
the  Thousand  Islands  (see  below). 

Thousand  Islands,  The.  A  collection  of  isl- 
ands in  the  expansion  of  the  St.  Lawrence  from 
the  northeastern  end  of  Lake  Ontario  for  about 
40  miles.  They  are  partly  in  New  fork  and  partly  in 
Canada.  Their  number  is  estimated  attroml,600tol,800. 
They  contain  summer  resorts,  and  are  noted  for  their 
beauty.     See  Kurile  lAanif. 

Thouvenel  (t8v-nel'),  Edouard  Antoine.  Bom 

at  Verdun,  France,  Nov.  11, 1818 :  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  19, 1866.  A  French  politician  and  diploma- 
tist. He  had  charge  of  political  matters  in  the  ministry  of 
foreign  affairs  1862-65  ;  became  ambassador  at  Constanti- 
nople in  1865 ;  and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1860-62. 
Thrace  (thras)     A  region  in  southeastern  Eu- 


Three  Bivers 

rope,  with  varying  boundaries :  the  ancient 
Thracia  ( Gr.  9p(r  Kri).  In  early  times  it  was  regarded  a» 
the  entire  region  north  of  Greece.  As  a  Roman  province 
it  was  bounded  by  the  Hsemus  or  Balkan  (separating  it 
from  Moesia)  on  the  north ;  the  Euxine  and  Bosporus  on  the 
east ;  the  Propontis,  Hellespont,  and  JBgean  Sea  on  the 
south,  and  the  Nestus  (separating  it  from  Macedonia)  on 
the  west :  corresponding,  therefore,  to EasternRumeliaand 
part  of  Turkey.  The  principal  mountain-range  is  the 
Rhodope  ;  the  principal  river,  the  Hebrus.  Greek  colo- 
nies were  planted  at  Byzantium,  on  the  Thracian  Cherso- 
nesus,  and  at'Abdera,  Perinthus,  etc.  The  climate  was  nota^ 
ble  for  its  severity,  and  the  inhabitants  for  their  ferocity 
and  barbarity.  The  affinities  of  the  ancient  inhabitants 
are  unknown :  they  may  have  been  ancestors  of  the  Wal- 
lachs.  In  the  5th  century  B.  0.  Thrace  was  largely  under 
the  rule  of  Teres,  king  ot  the  Odrysse.  It  was  successively 
under  Macedonian,  Roman,  Byzantine,  and  Turkish  rule. 

The  wide  stretch  of  country  between  the  lower  course 
ot  the  Danube  and  the  shores  of  the  -Sgean  and  the  Pro- 
pontis was  occupied  in  antiquity  by  the  tribe  of  the  Thra- 
cians,  which  Herodotus  (v.  3)  regards  as  the  greatest  of 
all  peoples  next  to  the  Indi.  The  scanty  remains  of  the 
Thracian  language  are  enough  to  establish  traces  of  its 
Indo-Germanic  character,  but  not  enough  to  define  its 
position  in  the  Indo-European  family  more  closely.  Cer- 
tain it  is,  however,  that  from  hence  a  large  part  of  Asia 
Minor  received  its  Indo-Germanic  population.  In  the 
first  place,  it  is  known  that  the  Thracians  themselves 
spread  eastwards  over  the  strait  a  considerable  distance 
towards  Asia.  According  to  the  unanimous  opinion  ot 
antiquity,  agiun,  the  Phi7gians  emigrated  from  Europe, 
and  were  originally  connected  with  the  Thracians. 

Schrader,  Aryan  Peoples  (tr.  by  Jevons),  p.  430. 

Thrace.  A  diocese  of  the  later  Roman  prefec- 
ture of  the  East.  It  extended  from  the  JEgeaa  and  the 
Propontis  to  the  lower  Danube,  comprising  the  eastern 
parts  of  Bulgaria  and  Rumella. 

Thracian  Bosporus.    See  Bosporus. 

Thracian  Ohersonesus.    See  Chersonesus. 

Thraetaona  (thra-a-ta-6'na).  [See  JMta,  Fari- 
dun.'i  In  the  Avesta,  a  son  of  Athwya  (see 
jy-ita),  originally  a  deity  like  Indra,  but  later 
a  hero  who  fetters  the  serpent  Dahaka.  He 
divided  his  realm  among  his  three  sons,  giving  Salm  the 
Sairimian,  Tur  the  Turanian,  and  Iraj  the  Iranian  lands. 
Iraj  is  killed  by  his  brothers.  Compare  the  modern  Per- 
sian legends  under  Faridun  and  Salm. 

Thrale,  Mrs.    See  Piozzi,  Mrs. 

Thrasytoulus  (thras-i-bii'lus).  [Gr.  Qpaaipoo- 
^f.]  Killed  about  389  b.  o.  A  celebrated 
Athenian  commander  and  statesman.  He  opposed 
the  oligarchists  at  Samos  in  411  B.  C. ;  was  the  leading 
commander  at  the  battle  ot  Cynossema  in  411 ;  was  ban- 
ished by  the  Thirty  Tyrants  in  404 ;  overthrew  the  thirty 
by  seizing  Phyle  and  Pirseus  and  restored  the  democracy 
in  403;  aided  Thebes  against  Sparta  in  395;  and  com- 
manded In  the  .S)gean  Sea  in  390. 

Thrasyllus  (thra-sU'ns).  [Gr.  epa.avl7uog.1  Put 
to  death  406  b.  c.  An  Athenian  commander  in 
the  Peloponnesian  war.  He  opposed  the  oligarchists 
in  411 ;  was  one  ot  the  commanders  at  Cynossema  in  411 ; 
and  was  a  general  at  Arginusse  in  406,  and  one  ot  those 
who  were  executed. 

Thrasymenus  (thras-i-me'nus),  Lacus.  See 
Trasimeno,  Lago. 

Threadneedle  (thred'ne''''dl)  street.  A  prom- 
inent commercial  street,  in  the  city  of  London, 
which  leads  out  from  the  Bank  of  England. 

Three  Bishoprics,  The.  In  French  and  Ger- 
man history,  the  three  bishoprics  of  Metz,  Toul, 
and  Verdun.  They  were  taken  by  France  in 
1552. 

Three  Chapters,  The.  1.  An  edict  issued  by 
Justinian,  about  A.  D.  545,  condemning  the  writ- 
ings of  Theodore  of  Mopsuestia,  those  of  Theo- 
doret  in  defense  of  Nestorius  and  against  Cy- 
ril, and  the  letter  of  Ibas  to  Maris. — 2.  The 
writings  so  condemned.  The  edict  was  intended  to 
reconcile  the  Monophysites  to  the  church  by  seeming  to 
imply  a  partial  disapproval  of  the  Council  ot  Cbalcedon, 
which  had  admitted  Tlieodoret  and  Ibas,  after  giving  ex- 
planations, to  communion. 

Three  Hours  After  Marriage.  AplaybyPope, 
Arbuthnot,  and  Gay,  produced  in  1717.  It  was 
Gibber's  ridicule  ot  this  play  In  his  part  of  Bayes  in  "  The 
Reliearsal"  which  was  the  occasion  of  the  quarrel  between 
him  and  Pope. 

Three  Kings,  Alliance  of  the.  An  alliance, 
between  the  kings  of  Prussia,  Saxony,  and  Han- 
nover, in  1849,  for  the  furtherance  of  law  and 
order  in  Germany. 

Three  Kings  of  Cologne,  The.  The  three  wise 
men  of  the  East,  known  in  legend  as  Kaspar, 
Melchior,  and  Balthasar.    See  Magi,  2. 

Three  Musketeers,  The.    See  Trois  Mousgue- 


Three  Points  (thre  points),  Cape.  A  cape  on 
the  southern  coast  of  Guinea,  Africa,  situated 
in  lat.  4°  45'  N.,  long.  2°  6'  W.  It  marks  the 
western  limit  of  the  Bight  of  Benin. 

Three  Bivers  (thre  riv'6rz).  The  capital  of  St. 
Maurice  County,  Quebec,  Canada,  situated  at 
the  jimction  of  the  St.  Maurice  and  St.  Law- 
rence, 68  miles  southwest  of  Quebec.  It  has 
manufactures,  and  a  large  export  trade  in  lum- 
ber.   Population  (1901),  9,981. 


Three  Sisters,  The 

Three  Sisters,  The.    The  Pates  or  Parose. 

Three  Tailors  of  Tooley  Street.  See  Tailors. 

Three  Tetons  (te-t6n'  or  te'tgnz),  The.  A  group 
of  high  mountains  in  the  Teton  Range,  western 
Wyoming,  culminating  in  three  peaks,  the  high- 
est of  which  is  Mount  Hayden. 

Three  Wise  Men.    See  Three  Kings  of  Cologne. 

Thresher  (tBresh'er),  Captain.  The  assumed 
name  of  the  leader  of  a  number  of  Irish  law- 
breakers, about  1806. 

Throcmorton  (throk'm6r-ton),  or  Throgmor- 
ton  (throg'mdr-ton),  Sir  Nicholas.  Bom  about 
1513 :  died  1571.  An  English  politician.  He  took 
part  In  Wyatfa  rebellion  in  1554 ;  was  ambassador  to 
France  under  Elizabeth ;  and  Intrigued  for  the  marriage 
of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  with  Mary  Queen  of  Soots. 

Throndhjem.    See  Trondhjem. 

Throop  (trSp),  Enos  Thompson.  Bom  at 
Johnstown,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  21,1784:  died  near 
Auburn,  N.  Y. ,  1874.  An  American  Democratic 
politician.  He  was  member  of  Congress  from  New  York 
1816-16 ;  was  elected  lieutenant-governor  of  New  York  in 
1828 ;  succeeded  Van  Buren  as  governor  March,  1829 ;  was 
reelected  as  governor  in  1830  and  served  until  1833  ;  and 
was  charge  d  affaires  at  Naples  1838^2. 

Thrym  (trim).  [ON.  Thrymr.  ]  In  Old  Norse 
mythology,  the  giant  who  stole  from  Thor  his 
hammer  MjoUnir. 

Thuanus.    See  Thou. 

Thuban  (thS-ban').  [Ar.  al-thu'tdn,  the  dragon.] 
The  star  a  Draoonis,  now  of  the  fourth  magni- 
tude only,  though  three  hundred  years  ago  it 
was  estimated  as  of  the  second.  About  b.  o.  2760 
It  was  the  pole-star,  and  at  one  time  was  within  10*  of  the 
true  pole  itselt 

Thucydides  (thu-sid'i-dez).  [Ur.  eou/cu(5%f.] 
Born  probably  471  B.  o. :  died  probably  about 
401b.  0.  A  celebrated  Greek  historian.  He  was 
a  native  of  Athens ;  belonged  to  a  family  which  claimed 
blood-relationship  with  Miltiades  and  Cimon ;  is  said  to 
have  been  a  pupil  of  Antiphon  of  Khamnus  and  of  Anaxag- 
oras ;  and  possessed  an  ample  fortune,  part  of  which  was 
invested  in  gold-mines  in  Thrace,  opposite  Thasos.  In 
424  he  commanded  an  expedition  sent  to  the  assistance  of 
Amphipolis  against  Brasidas,  but  failed  to  prevent  the 
capture  of  the  city,  and  in  consequence  went  into  exile 
(whether  enforced  or  voluntary  is  unknown),  from  which 
ne  returned  twenty  years  later,  in  403.  He  was  commonly 
supposed  by  the  ancients  to  have  died  a  violent  death  soon 
after,  probably  at  Athens.  He  began  a  "History  of  the 
Peloponnesian  War,"  which  he  did  not  live  to  finish,  the 
narrative  ending  in  411,  seven  years  before  the  end  of 
the  war.  The  Greek  text  was  first  printed  by  Aldus  at  Ven- 
ice In  1602. 

Thugut  (t5'g8t).  Baron  Franz  Maria  von. 
Born  at  Linz,  Austria,  March  8,  1739 :  died  at 
Vienna,  May  29, 1818.  An  Austrian  diplomatist 
and  politician.  He  was  ambassador  at  Constantinople 
1771-76 ;  was  employed  later  in  various  diplomatic  mis- 
sions ;  and  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  for  nearly  all  of 
the  period  1794-1800.  Among  the  events  of  his  ministry 
were  the  wars  with  jE^ance,  the  loss  of  Belgium  and  Lom- 
bardy,  and  the  acquisition  of  Western  Galicia  and  Venice. 

Thule  (thii'le).  [Gr.  GoiAs?.]  The  name  given 
by  Pytheas  of  Marseilles  to  a  region  or  island 
north  of  Great  Britain,  the  position  of  which 
has  been  for  more  than  two  thousand  years  the 
subject  of  investigation  and  a  matter  of  con- 
troversy. Of  the  voyage  of  Pytheas,  who  was  probably 
nearly  contemporaneous  with  Alexander  the  G-reat,  no- 
thing is  known  with  certainty,  since  none  of  his  writings 
has  been  preserved.  It  is,  on  the  whole,  most  probable 
that  he  followed  the  east  coast  of  Great  Britain  (of  whose 
size  he  got  a  very  much  exaggerated  idea),  aud  that  he 
obtained  information  in  regard  to  the  groups  of  islands 
lying  still  further  north — namely,  the  Orkney  and  Shetland* 
Islands — which  he  embraced  under  the  general  name  of 
Thule.  From  what  he  is  believed  to  have  said  in  regard 
to  the  length  of  the  day  in  Thule  at  the  summer  solstice, 
it  is  evident  that,  as  he  is  known  to  have  been  a  skilled 
astronomer,  he  thought  that  this  land  was  situated  on  or 
near  the  Arctic  Circle.  The  Romans  frequently  added  to 
Thule  the  designation  of  "  Ultima"  (the  Farthest  Thule), 
and,  from  classic  times  down  to  the  present  day,  Thule, 
besides  remaining  a  subject  for  voluminous  controversy 
among  geographical  critics,  has  been  in  constant  use  by 
poets  and  others  as  designating  someunknown,  far-distant, 
northern,  or  purely  mythical  region,  or  even  some  goal, 
not  necessarily  geographical,  sought  to  be  attained.  This 
use  of  Thule  and  Ultima  Thule  runs  throughout  the  litera- 
ture of  all  the  cultivated  languages  of  Europe. 

"Ultima  Thule,"  the  furthest  of  the  "Britannic  Isles," 
has  been  identified  with  all  sorts  of  localities  since  the 
time  when  ;^theas  sailed  with  his  Cimbric  guides  to  the 
country  of  the  midnight  sun.  The  controversy  is  bound- 
less, and  its  details  are  too  tedious  to  be  examined  at 
length.  But  we  may  select  sufficient  evidence  to  show 
why  the  story  of  the  journey  should  be  believed,  and  to 
justify  the  selection  of  Lapland  as  the  northern  limit  of 
the  expedition.  Ettan,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  64. 

Thun  (tSn).  A  town  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 
Switzerland,  situated  at  the  exit  of  the  Aare 
from  the  Lake  of  Thun,  16  miles  southeast  of 
Bern,  it  Is  a  frequented  tourist  center,  and  has  consid- 
erable trade.    Population  (1888),  5,605. 

Thun,  Lake  of,  G.  Thunersee  (ton'er-za).  A 
lake  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  south- 
east of  Bern  and  west  of  the  Lake  of  Brienz. 


995 

It  is  traversed  by  the  Aare.    Length,  11  miles. 
Width,  nearly  2  miles. 

Thunberg  (ton'bero),  Karl  Peter.  Bom  at 
Jonkoping,  Sweden,  Nov.  11,  1743 :  died  near 
Upsala,  Aug.  8,  1828.  A  Swedish  botanist  and 
traveler,  a  pupil  of  Linnseus.  He  wrote,  besides 
his  travels  (1788),  "Flora  Japonioa,"  "Flora  Capensis," 
*Icones  plantarum  Japonicarum,"  etc. 

Thunder  Bay  (thun'dSr  ba).  A  bay  of  Lake 
Huron,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Michigan,  inter- 
sected by  lat.  45°  N. 

Thunderbolt  of  Italy,  The.    Gaston  de  Foix. 

Thunderer  (thnn'd6r-6r).  The.  A  name  given 
to  the  London  "Times." 

Thundering  Legion,  The.  In  Christian  tradi- 
tion, a  legion  of  dhristians  in  the  army  of 
Marcus  Aurelius,  in  battle  with  the  Quadi, 
whose  prayers  for  rain  were  answered  by  a 
thunder-shower  which  refreshed  the  thirsty  Ro- 
mans while  it  destroyed  numbers  of  the  enemy 
by  lightning. 

Thur  (tor).  A  river  in  the  cantons  of  St.  Gall, 
Thurgau,  and  Zurich,  Switzerland,  which  joins 
the  Rhine  7  miles  south  by  west  of  Sohaffhau- 
sen.    Length,  about  75  miles. 

Thuralpen  (tor'al-pen).  A  group  of  the  Alps 
in  the  ctotons  of  St.  Gall  and  Appenzell,  Swit- 
zerland, north  of  the  Lake  of  Wallenstadt  and 
west  of  the  Rhine.  They  culminate  in  the 
Sentis  (which  see). 

Thurgau  (tsr'gou),  P.  Thurgovie  (tur-go-ve'). 
A  canton  of  Switzerland,  bounded  by  Schaff- 
hausen,  Baden  (from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  Rhine  and  the  Unter  See),  the  Lake  of  Con- 
stance, St.  Gall,  and  Zurich.  Capital,  Prauen- 
feld..  It  sends  5  members  to  the  National  Council. 
The  language  is  German,  and  about  two  thirds  of  the  in- 
habitants are  Protestant.  In  the  early  middle  ages  Thur- 
gau included  northeastern  Switzerland.  It  tell  to  the 
Hapsburgs  in  the  13th  century;  was  conquered  by  the 
Swiss  Confederation  in  1460,  and  ruled  by  them  as  a  sub- 
ject district  untQ  1798 ;  and  became  an  independent  can- 
ton in  1803.  The  present  constitution  was  adopted  in 
1889.    Area,  381  square  miles.     Population  (1888),  104,678. 

Thurii  (thii'ri-i),  or  Thurium  (thu'ri-um).  In 
ancient  geography,  a  city  of  Magna  Grsecia, 
Italy,  situated  near  the  ancient  Sybaris  and 
near  the  modem  Terranova.  it  was  founded  by 
fugitives  from  Sybaris  in  462  B.  0.,  who  were  soon  ex- 
pelled by  Croton  ;  and  was  refounded  by  colonists  from 
Athens  and  other  cities  about  443.  It  was  defeated  by  the 
Lucanians  in  390  B.  0 ;  called  Rome  to  its  aid  against  Ta- 
rentum  in  282 ;  and  later  was  subject  to  Rome.  It  was 
plundered  by  Hannibal  in  204  B.  0.,  and  had  a  Roman  colony 
planted  in  it  in  194  B.  c. 

Thiiringerwald  (tii'ring-er-valt).  [G.,  'Thu- 
ringian  Forest.']  A  mountain-range  in  central 
Germany,  connected  by  the  Prankeuwald  with 
the  Fiehtelgebirge  on  the  southeast,  and  with 
the  Rhongebirge  on  the  southwest :  famed  for 
picturesque  scenery  and  for  the  legends  con- 
nected with  it.  Length,  95  miles.  Highest 
point.  Grosser  Beerberg  (3,226  feet). 

Thuringia  (thu-rin'ji-a),  G.  Thiiringen  (tu'- 
ring-en),  P.  Thuringe  (tii-ranzh').  Aregionin 
central  Germany,  included  between  the  Harz, 
the  Werra,  the  Saale,  and  Franconia.  it  com- 
prises in  large  part  the  hilly  and  mountainous  district  of 
the  Thiiringerwald.  The  Tliuringians  were  probably  de- 
scended from  the  ancient  Hermundurl,  with  admixture 
of  other  tribes.  They  appeared  in  history  in  the  6th  cen- 
tury, and  extended  their  power  from  the  Elbe  to  the  Dan- 
ube ;  but  were  overthrown  by  the  Austrasian  Franks  in  the 
first  part  of  the  6th  century.  Thuringia  soon  became  prac- 
tically independent.  Later  it  was  an  importantlandgravi- 
ate  ;  the  line  of  landgraves  became  extinct  in  1247.  In 
1263  Meissen  secured  most  of  the  Thuringian  territory, 
which  eventually  passed  to  the  Saxon  states.  See  Thu- 
Hrigmn  States  and  Besse  (landgraviate). 

Thuringian  (thu-rin'ji-an)  Gates.  Two  heights 
in  the  basin  of  the  IJnstrut  in  Thuringia,  situ- 
ated near  Sachsenburg. 

Thuringian  Saale.    See  Saale. 

Thuringian  States.  Those  German  states  which 
correspond  nearly  to  ancient  Thuringia.  They 
are  Saxe-Altenburg,  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  Saxe-Meiningen, 
Saxe-Weimar-Elsenach,Schwarzburg-Eudolstadt,Schwarz- 
burg-Sondershausen,  Reuss  (elder  line),  Reuss  (younger 
line),  and  parts  of  Prussia,  and  a  few  other  exclaves. 

Thurkell  (thfer'kel),  or  Thurkill  (ther'kil),  or 
Thurcytel.  Lived  in  the  first  part  of  the  11th 
century.  A  Danish  piratical  leader,  allied  with 
Sweyn  and  afterward  with  ^iEthelred.  He  was 
earl  of  Bast  AngUa  under  Canute. 

Thurles  (therlz).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Tip- 
perary,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Suir  34  miles 
east  of  Limerick,  it  is  the  seat  of  a  Roman  Catholic 
archbishop,  and  was  the  scene  of  abattle  between  the  Danes 
and  the  Irish  in  the  10th  century.    Population  (1891),  4,611. 

Thurloe  (thfer'lo),  John,  Bom  1616:  died  1668. 
An  English  politician,  secretary  of  state  1653- 
1660.  His  "  State  Papers  "  were  edited  by  Birch 
in  1742. 


Tiahuanacu 

Thurlow  (ther'16),  Edward,  Baron  Thurlow. 
Bom  at  Bracon-Ash,  Norfolk,  1732 :  died  at 
Brighton,  Sept.  12,  1806.  An  English  jurist 
and  statesman.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge  (Caius 
College) ;  became  king's  counsel  in  1761;  entered  Parlia- 
ment in  1768  ;  was  made  solicitor-general  in  1770  and  at- 
torney-general in  1771 ;  and  was  lor'd  chancellor  1778-83 
and  1783-92.  He  was  a  Tory  leader  in  the  House  of  Lords, 
and  a  bitter  opponent  of  the  American  colonists. 

Thurman  (thfer'man),  Allen  Granbery.  Bom 

at  Lynchburg,  Va.,  Nov.  13, 1813 :  died  Dec.  12, 
1895.  An  American  statesman  and  jurist.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1836 ;  was  Democratic  member 
of  Congress  from  Ohio  1846-47 ;  became  judge  of  the  Ohio 
Supreme  Court  in  1861;  was  chief  justice  1864-66 ;  was  the 
(unsuccessful)  Democratic  candidate  for  governor  of  Ohio 
in  1867;  and  was  United  States  senator  1869-81.  He  served 
as  chairman  of  the  judiciary  committee ;  promoted  the 
passage  of  the  "Thurman  Act,"  compelling  the  Pacific 
railroads  to  fulfil  their  obligations  to  the  government;  was 
United  States  commissioner  at  the  international  monetary 
conference  in  Paris  in  1881;  was  a  prominent  candidate  for 
the  Democratic  nomination  for  President  in  1876, 1880,  and 
1884';  and  was  the  (unsuccessful)  Democratic  candidate  for 
Vice-President  in  1888. 

Thurmayr.    See  Aventinus. 

Thurn  (tbm),  Count  Heinrich  Matthias  von. 
Bom  1580:  died  Jan.  28,  1640.  The  leader  of 
the  Bohemian  Protestant  insurrection  at  the 
commencement  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War  (1618). 
He  invaded  Austria  in  1619 ;  served  in  the  Swedish  army; 
and  surrendered  to  Wallenstein  in  1633. 

Thursby  (th^rs'bi),  Emma.  Bom  at  Brooklyn, 
N.Y.,Nov.l7,1857.  AnAmerican  soprano  singer. 

Thursday (thferz'da).  [Orig. two  words,  'Thun- 
der's day,'  'Thor's  day'  translating  L.  Dies 
Jovis.  ]    The  fifth  day  of  the  week. 

Thurso  (ther'so).  A  seaport  in  Caithness,  Scot- 
land, situated  on  Thurso  Bay  in  lat.  58°  36'  N., 
long.  3°  32'  W. :  an  ancient  Northman  strong- 
hold. It  exports  flagstones.  Population  (1891), 
3,930. 

Tnurstan  (th6rs'tan).  Died  1140.  An  English 
archbishop  of  York,  one  of  the  leaders  in  the 
Battle  of  the  Standard. 

Thurston  (thsrs'ton),  Robert  Henry.  Bom  at 
Providence,  R.  1.,  Oct.  25,  1839 :  aiea  at  lihaca, 
N.  Y.,  Oct.  25,  1903.  An  American  engineer. 
He  served  as  a  naval  engineer  in  the  Civil  War;  was  de- 
tailed as  assistant  professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  the 
naval  academy  in  1865 ;  resigned  from  the  navy  in  1872  ; 
was  professor  of  mechanical  engineering  in  the  Stevens 
Institute,  Hoboken,  1871-85 ;  and  after  1885  was  director 
of  Sibley  College,  Cornell  University.  He  was  United 
States  commissioner  at  the  Vienna  Exposition  in  1873 ; 
and  was  a  member  of  various  United  States  scientific 
boards.  Among  his  works  are  "  Report  on  Machinery  and 
Manufactures"  (Vienna  Exposition),  "History  of  the 
Growth  of  the  Steam-Engine"  (1878),  "Materials  of  En- 
gineering" (1884-86),  "Materials  of  Construction"  (1885), 
"  A  Manual  of  Steam  Boilers,  etc."  (1888),  etc. 

Thyatira  (thi-a-a'ra).  [Gr.  Ovdreipa."]  In  an- 
cient geographyj  a  city  of  Lydia,  on  the  site  of 
the  modern  Akhissar:  also  called,  in  antiquity, 
Pelopeia,  Euhippa,  and  Semiramis.  It  was  one 
of  the  seven  cities  of  Asia  Minor  mentioned  in 
the  Book  of  Revelation. 

Thyestes(thi-es'tez).  [Gr.  e^jlffr^f.]  In  Greek 
legend,  son  of  Pelops,  brother  of  Atreus,  and 
father  of  .^gisthus.  Thyestes  seduced  the  wife  of 
Atreus  and  attempted  his  life :  in  revenge  Atreus  slew  the 
sons  of  Thyestes  and  served  them  up  to  their  father  to  eat. 

Thymbrius  (thlm'bri-us).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a  small  river  near  Ilium. 

Thyrsis(th6r'sis).  A  herdsman  in  the  "Idylls'' 
of  Theocritus ;  a  shepherd  in  the  ' '  Eclogues  "  of 
Vergil;  in  later  literature,  a  rustic  or  shepherd. 

Thyrsus  (thfer'sus).  The  ancient  name  of  the 
Tirso. 

Ti  (te).    See  the  extract. 

In  marked  contrast  to  the  plebeian  type  of  Ra-em-ka  is 
the  limestone  statue  of  one  Ti,  a  courtly  gentleman  of  the 
Fifth  JDynasty.  No  less  than  nineteen  statues  of  Ti  were 
found  immured  in  the  substance  of  the  walls  of  his  tomb, 
which  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  Egypt.  The  figure 
stands  about  seven  feet  high,  the  flesh-tints  being  of  a 
pale  brick-dust  color,  and  the  wig  yellow.  The  pose  of 
the  head  is  spirited,  and  the  expression  of  the  face  is  open 
and  lifelike.  Ti's  shoulders  are  very  square,  his  arms 
long,  his  body  slender ;  this  being  the  characteristic  type 
of  the  well-grown  fellali  of  the  present  day. 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellaihs,  etc.,  p.  140. 

Tiahuanacu  (te-a-wa-na'ko).  [So  called  from 
a  neighboring  village.]  A  remarkable  group 
of  very  ancient  ruins  in  western  Bolivia,  12 
miles  from  the  southern  end  of  Lake  Titioaca, 
near  the  Peruvian  frontier,  and  about  12,900 
feet  above  the  sea.  They  include  remains  of  several 
very  large  quadrilateral  buildings,  monolithic  doorways, 
broken  statues,  etc.  The  material  is  generally  hard  sand- 
stone or  trachyte,  often  in  immense  blocks,  and  it  must 
have  been  transported  25  miles  by  water  and  15  by  land. 
The  blocks  were  out  and  fitted  together  with  great  skill, 
the  joining  being  by  mortises  and  bolts.  Many  of  them 
are  elaborately  sculptured.  The  largest  and  most  remark- 
able of  the  monolithic  doorways  is  13  feet  wide,  over  7 
feet  high  (now  above  the  ground)  and  2}  feet  thick  ;  above 
the  level  of  the  door  it  is  covered  with  sculptures  in  low 


Tiahuanacu 

relief,  consisting  of  a  central  human  figure  and  fourrows 
of  smaller  figures,  some  with  condors'  heads  and  all  with 
crowns  and  scepters.  The  structure  called  the  ' '  fortress  " 
is  an  artificial  mound  or  truncated  pyramid,  620  feet  long 
by  460  wide  and  60  high,  originally  formed  with  terraces 
which  were  faced  with  blocks  of  cut  stone.  The  style  of 
architecture  and  sculpture  in  the  Tiahuanacu  buildings  is 
absolutely  unique,  and  the  exactness  of  the  squaring  and 
joining  is  unsurpassed  even  by  the  most  noted  ancient 
and  modern  works  of  the  Old  World,  Many  of  the  walls 
have  been  destroyed  by  treasure-hunters,  or  to  obtain  ma- 
terials for  buildings  in  the  vicinity  and  even  in  La  Paz : 
portions  have  been  blown  up  with  gunpowder.  The  Tia- 
huanacu ruins  had  been  abandoned  long  before  the  Span- 
ish conquest,  and  the  Indians  knew  nothing  of  their  origin. 
The  best  authorities  now  connect  them  with  the  tradi- 
tional race  called  Piruas  (which  see).  As  ihe  cold  and 
sterile  region  about  Lake  Titicaca  is  unfitted  to  support  a 
large  population,  it  is  conjectured  that  the  buildings  had 
a  religious  or  ceremonial  object.  Some  traditions  con- 
nectthem  with  the  first  Incas.  Also  written  Tiahuaimeu,. 
Tiamat  (te-a'mat).  In  Assyro-Babylonian  oos- 
mogony,  tlie  personifieation  of  the  primeval 
chaos,  the  beginning  of  all.  it  is  hostile  to  the  gods, 
to  law  and  order,  and  is  depicted  in  the  form  of  a  dragon. 
Bel-Merodach  conquers  the  monster  in  a  struggle,  driving 
a  wind  into  its  opened  jaw  and  splitting  it  in  twain. 

Tian-Shan,  or  Thian-Shan  (te-an' shan),  or 
Celestial  Mountains.  A  mountain  system  in 
central  Asia,  extending  from  about  long.  75°  to 
95°  E.  Between  about  long,  Ih"  and  80°  E.  it  forms.the 
boundary  between  East  Turkestan  and  Russian  Central 
A^ia.  By  some  geographers  the  Trans-Alai  and  Hissar 
Mountains,  lying  southwest  of  the  main  chain,  are  con- 
sidered to  be  a  part  of  the  Tian-Shan.  The  Khan  Tengri, 
assumed  to  be  the  culminating  point  of  the  range,  is  said 
to  have  an  elevation  of  24,000  feet. 
Tiber  (ti'bSr).  [It.  Tenere,  L.  Tiberis,  Tibris, 
Tybris,  Tiberirms,  Grr.  Ti^cpig,  Tt^ipiog;  said  to 
have  been  called  earlier  Alba  or  Albas  ovAlbula, 
white  river.]  The  second  largest  river  in  Italy. 
It  rises  in  the  Apennines  about  20  miles  north-northeast 
of  Arezzo,  flows  generally  south,  and  empties  into  the 
Mediterranean  16  miles  southwest  of  Home,  which  is  on  its 
banks.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Chiana,  Nera,  and 
Teverone.  Length,  about  260  miles. 
Tiber.  A  colossal  recumbent  statue,  of  the  pe- 
riod of  the  early  Komau  Empire,  in  the  Louvre, 
Paris.  Romulus  and  Eemus,  with  the  wolf,  are 
at  the  river-god's  side. 
Tiberias  (ti-be'ri-as).  [Gr.  TiiSepjiif:  named  by 
its  founder  from  tfie  emperor  Tiberius.]  A  town 
in  Palestine,  situated  on  the  western  shore  of 
the  Sea  of  Galilee,  17  miles  east-northeast  of 
Nazareth :  the  modern  Tabarlya.  It  was  founded 
by  Herod  Antipas  in  the  first  half  of  the  1st  century  A.  D. ; 
was  long  a  seat  of  Hebrew  learning ;  was  a  bulwark  of  the 
Crusaders ;  and  was  taken  by  Saladin  in  1187.  Population, 

3,ooa 
Tiberias,  Battle  of.    A  victory  of  Saladin  over 
the  Crusaders  under  Guy  of  Lusignan  in  1187. 
It  was  followed  by  the  capture  of  Jerusalem. 

Tiberias,  Lake  or  Sea  of.    See  Galilee,  Sea  of. 

Tiberius  (ti-be'ri-us)  (Tiberius  Claudius  Nero 
Caesar).  Born  Nov.  16, 42  B.  c. :  died  March  16, 
37  A.  D.  Eoman  emperor,  son  of  Tiberius 
Claudius  Nero  and  Livia  Drusilla,  and  stepson 
of  Augustus :  infamous  for  his  vices  and  cru- 
elty. He  was  divorced  by  command  of  Augustus  from 
his  wife  Vipsania  Agrippina  (daughter  of  Agrippa),  and  11 
B.  c.  married  Julia,  daughter  of  Augustus  and  widow  of 
Agrippa ;  served  in  Spain,  in  Armenia,  against  the  Bhse- 
tians  and  Vindelicians,  and  on  the  Danube ;  became  consul 
in  13  B.  0.,  and  tribune  in  6  B.  0. ;  spent  several  years  prac- 
tically in  exile  in  Hhodes  ;  returned  to  Kome  in  2  A.  D. ; 
was  adopted  by  Augustus  in  4  A.  D. ;  conducted  several  cam- 
paigns in  Germany,  Pannonia,  and  Dalmatia;  and  suc- 
ceeded Augustus  as  emperor  in  14  A.  D.  His  administra- 
tion of  the  affairs  of  the  empire  was  generally  successful, 
but  his  private  life,  especially  in  his  later  years  (which  were 
passed  in  large  part  on  the  island  of  Cai>ri),  was  marked  by 
gross  vices  and  cruelty  toward  his  enemies.  His  chief  min- 
ister was  Sejanus. 

Tiberius.    Byzantine  emperor  578-582. 

Tibesti(te-bes-te'),  orTu(tS).  A  district  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  Sahara,  In  the  region  in- 
habited by  the  Tibbus. 

Tibet,  or  Thibet  (tib'et  or  ti-bet')-  A  land  in 
central  Asia:  a  dependency  of  China,  it  is 
bounded  by  the  Kwenlun  Mountains  on  the  north  (sepa- 
rating it  from  Eastern  Turkestan),  by  China  proper  on  the 
east,  by  the  Himalaya  on  the  south  (separating  it  from 
British  India,  Bhutan,  Nepal,  etc.),  and  by  Kashmir  on  the 
west.  Chief  city,  Lhasa.  The  surface  is  an  elevated  table- 
land; the  interior  is  little  known.  It  contains  the  sources 
of  the  Indus,  Brahmaputra,  Yangtse-Kiang,  ajid  other 
large  rivers.  The  foreign  and  military  affairs  of  Tibet  are  di- 
rected by  imperial  delegates ;  the  supreme  civil  authority 
is  vested  in  wie  dalai-lama.  The  inhabitants  are  of  Mon- 
goloid race ;  the  religion  Lamaism  and  the  Bon  religion. 
Tibet  became  subject  to  China  in  the  17th  century.  Area, 
about  760,000  square  miles.    Population,  about  1,600,000. 

Tibet,  Little.    See  Baltistan. 

Tibet,  Middle,    See  Ladah. 

Tibullus  (ti-bul'us),  Albius.  Bom  about  54 
B.  c:  died  18  b.  c.  A  Roman  elegiac  poet.  He 
was  patronized  by  Messala  whom  he  accompanied  in  a 
campaign  to  Aquitania.  He  wrote  the  first  two  of  the 
books  extant  under  his  name. 

Tibur  (ti'ber).     The  ancient  name  of  Tivoli. 

Tiburon  (te-sB-ron').  ['Shark' island.]  An 
island  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  about  lat.  29° 


996 

N.,  belonging  to  the  state  of  Sonora,  Mexico. 
Length,  about  34  miles.  The  only  inhabitants 
are  a  few  Seri  Indians. 

Tichborne  (tioh'bom),  Eoger  Obarles.  Bom 
Jan.  5, 1829:  died  at  sea,  1854.  The  presump- 
tive heir  to  the  Tiohborne  estates  in  England. 
He  sailed  from  Bio  de  Janeiro  for  New  York,  April  20, 1854, 
on  the  Bella,  which  was  lost.  A  famous  trial  for  the  re- 
covery of  the  estates  by  Arthur  Orton,  the  Tichbome  claim- 
ant (see  Ortcm),  was  decided  against  the  claimant  in  1872. 
Orton  was  tried  for  perjury  1873-74,  and  imprisoned  1874- 
1884. 

Ticino  (te-che'no).  [L.  Tieinus,  P.  Tessin,  G. 
Tessin.^  A  river  in  Switzerland  and  Italy, 
formed  by  the  junction  of  two  head  streams 
near  Airolo.  it  traverses  the  Val  Leventina  and  the 
Kiviera  in  the  canton  of  Ticino,  Lago  Maggiore,  and  the 
Lombard  plain,  and  joins  the  Po  near  Pavia.  Its  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Brenno  and  Moesa.  Length,  about  180 
miles. 

Ticino.  [F.  Tessin,  G.  Tessm.']  A  canton  of 
Switzerland,  bounded  by  Valais,  Uri,  Grisons, 
and  Italy,  (japital,  Bellinzona.  it  sends  6  mem- 
bers to  the  National  Council.  The  inhabitants  are  Ital- 
ian in  race  and  language,  and  Boman  Catholic  in  religion. 
It  was  subjugated  by  Rome  with  the  rest  of  Gallia  Cisal- 
pina ;  and  fell  under  the  power  of  the  Ostrogoths  in  the  5th 
century,  of  the  Longobards  in  the  6th,  and  of  the  Franks 
in  the  8th.  In  the  middle  ages  it  was  held  in  large  part 
by  Milan.  The  Val  Leventina  was  conquered  by  tJri  in 
1403,  and  finally  in  1440 ;  and  the  remainder  of  Ticino  was 
taken  by  the  confederates  and  the  Forest  Cantons  about 
1600.  It  was  divided  into  the  cantons  of  Bellinzona  and 
Lugano  in  1798,  and  these  were  consolidated  in  1803. 
A  constitution  was  adopted  in  1830.  The  canton  has 
been  disturbed  by  contests  between  the  Ultramontanes  and 
the  radicals,  and  the  intervention  of  federal  troops  was 
necessary  in  1876  and  1890.  Area,  1,088  square  miles. 
Population  (1888),  126,761. 

Ticinum  (ti-si'num) .  The  Romanname  of  Pavia. 

Tieinus  (ti-si'nus).  The  Roman  name  of  the 
river  Ticino. 

Tieinus,  Battle  of  the.  A  victory  gained  near 
the  Tieinus  and  probably  near  Pavia,  218  b.  c, 
by  Hannibal  over  the  Romans  under  Publius 
Seipio :  chiefly  a  cavalry  engagement. 

Tickell  (tik'el),  Thoinas.  Bom  at  Bridekirk, 
Cumberland,  1686 :  died  at  Bath,  April  23, 1740. 
An  English  poet.  In  1708  hegraduated  at  Queen's  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  was  a  friend  of  Addison,  and  through 
him  in  1717  was  appointed  under-secretary  of  state.  His 
poem  on  "  The  Prospect  of  Peace"  appeared  in  1713,  and 
a  poem,  "  Kensington  Gardens,"  in  1722.  He  contributed 
to  the  "Spectator  "  and  "Guardian,"  and  wrote  the  elegy 
on  Addison  prefixed  to  his  edition  of  Addison's  works  in 
1721 ;  his  finest  work.  He  translated  the  first  book  of  the 
"Iliad,"  which  Pope  suspected  was  done  by  Addison,  and 
wrote  the  popular  ballad  "Colin  and  Lucy." 

Ticket-of-Leave  Man,  The.  A  play  by  Tom 
Taylor,  produced  in  1863.  It  is  from  the  French 
play  ' '  Leonard,"  by  fidouard  Brisbarre  and  Eu- 
g&ne  Nus. 

Ticknor  (tik'nor),  George.  Born  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  Aug.  1,  1791 :  died  there,  Jan.  26,  1871. 
An  American  author.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
in  1807 ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1813 ;  resided  at  Got- 
tingen  and  elsewhere  in  Europe  1815-19 ;  and  was  profes- 
sor of  French,  Spanish,  and  belles-lettres  at  Harvard  1819- 
1835.  He  spent  the  years  1835-38  in  Europe.  He  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Boston  public  library.  His  chief  work 
is  a  "  History  of  Spanish  Literature  "  (1849).  He  also  wrote 
various  essays,  and  a  life  of  Prescott  (1864).  His  life  and 
letters  were  published  in  1876. 

Ticonderoga  (ti-kon-de-ro'ga).  A  town  inEssex 
County,  New  York,  situated'  on  the  outlet  from 
Lake  George  to  Lake  Champlain,  88  miles  north 
by  east  of  Albany,  it  was  fortified  by  the  French  in 
1765,  and  was  called  at  first  Carillon ;  was  the  rendezvous 
of  Montcalm's  army  in  1767 ;  was  unsuccessfully  attacked 
by  the  British  under  Abercronibie  July  8, 1758 ;  was  in- 
vested and  taken  by  the  British  under  Amherst  in  1759 ; 
was  surprised  and  captured  by  the  Americans  under  Ethan 
Allen,  May  10, 1776 ;  was  taken  by  the  British  under  Bur- 
fioyne  in  3  uly,  1777 ;  and  was  taken  by  the  British  under 
Haldeman  in  1780.  Population  (1900),  6,048;  village,  1,911. 

Tidewater  (tid'wa'''ter).  A  section  of  Virginia 
extending  from  the  sea-coast  westward  as  far 
as  the  rivers  are  affected  by  the  tides. 

Tieck  (tek),  Ludwig.  Born  at  Berlin,  May  31, 
1773 :  died  there,  April  28,  1853.  A  German 
poet  and  critic.  He  studied  at  Halle,  GBttingen,  and 
Erlangen,  Subsequently  he  lived  alternately  in  Berlin, 
Jena,  and  Dresden.  In  1806  he  undertook  a  journey  to 
It^y,  and  in  1817  to  England.  In  1820  he  was  made  a  mem- 
ber of  the  direction  of  the  royal  theater  at  Dresden.  In 
1841  he  was  called  to  Berlin  by  Frederick  William  IV.,  by 
whom  he  was  granted  a  pension.  Among  his  many  works 
in  almost  all  departments  of  literature  are  particularly  to 
be  mentioned  two  collections  of  popular  tales,  partly  from 
old  German  sources,  partly  original,  "  Volksmarchen " 
("Folk  Tales,"  1797)  and  "Phantasus"  (1812-17),  the  ro- 
mantic novel  "Franz  Stembalds  Wanderungen  ("Franz 
Sternbald's  Wanderings,"  1798),  the  classical  translation 
of  "Don  Quixote"  (1799-1801),  a  modem  German  version 
of  Middle  High  German  "Minnelieder"  ("Minnesongs," 
1803).  After  1825  he  was  engaged  upon  a  translation  of 
Shakspere  to  complete  the  work  begun  by  A.  W.  von 
Schlegel.  In  1823  and  1827,  during  his  connection  with 
the  Dresden  theater,  he  published  a  series  of  dramatic 
criticisms  under  the  title  of  " Dramaturgische  Blatter" 
("Dramaturgic Leaves").  Other  works  are  the  two  nov- 
els with  which  he  began  his  literary  career,  "Abdallah  " 


Tiers  £ltat 

and  "William  Lovell";  the  comedies  "Blaubart"  ("Blue, 
beard"),  "Der  gestiefelte  Kater"  ("Puss  in  Boots"), 
"PrinzZerbino" ("Prince  Zerbino");  the  dramas  "Le- 
ben  und  Tod  der  heiligen  Genoveva"  (''The  Life  and 
Death  of  St.  Genoveve"),  "Kaiser  Oktavianus"  ("Em- 
peror Ootavlan  "), "  Fortunat "("  Fortunatus").  Among  his 
many  shorter  stories,  written  between  1821  and  1840,  are 
especially  to  be  named  " Das Diohterleben  "  ("The  Poet's 
Life"),  which  describes  the  youth  of  Shakspere,  and 
"Der  Tod  des  Dichters"  ("The  Deatfc  of  the  Poet"), 
whose  motive  is  the  death  of  the  poet  Camoens.  He 
vpTote,  besides,  many  lyrics,  the  best  of  which  are  in  his 
Itidian  journey  in  1806-06.  He  was  the  most  prolific  of 
the  poets  of  the  Eomantic  school  in  Germany.  A  collec- 
tion of  his  writings,  made  by  himself,  was  published  in 
Berlin,  1828-46,  in  20  vols.;  his  critical  writings,  in  the 
same  way,  appeared  in  Berlin  1862-54 ;  and  his  short  stories 
("Gesammelte  Novellen")  were  published  in  Berlin, 
1862-63,  in  12  vols.  His  posthumous  works  ("Nachge- 
lassene  Schrrften  ")  appeared  at  Leipsio,  1865,  in  2  vols. 

Tiedemann  (te'de-man),  Dietrich.  Bom  at 
Bremervorde,  near  Bremen,  April  3, 1748 :  died 
at  Marburg,  Sept.  24,  1803.  A  German  philoso- 
pher, professor  of  philosophy  at  Marburg  from 
1776.  His  chief  work  is  "  Geist  der  speknlativen 
Philosophic"  (1791-96). 

Tiedge  (ted'ge),  Christoph  August.  Bom  at 
Gardelegen,  Prussia,  Dec.  14,  1752:  died  at 
Dresden,  March  8,  1841.  A  German  poet.  His 
chief  work  is  the  lyrico-didactie  poem  "  Ura- 
nia "(1800). 

Tientsin  (te-en'tsen').  A  city  in  the  province 
of  Chihli,  China,  situated  on  the  Peiho  in  lat. 
39°  9'  N.,  long.  117°  12'  B.  it  is  an  important  cen- 
ter of  transit  trade,  and  the  terminus  of  the  imperial 
canal  and  of  a  railroad  to  Tongshan  opened  in  1888.  A 
treaty  was  concluded  here  in  1868  between  China  on  one 
side  and  Great  Britain,  the  United  States,  France,  and 
Russia  on  the  other.  Tientsin  was  occupied  by  the  Eng. 
lish  and  French  in  1860,  and  was  made  an  open  port  A 
massacre  of  Christians  occurred  there  in  1870.  Capturedby 
the  allies  July  14, 1900.    Population,  estimated,  950,000. 

Tiepolo  (te-a'p6-l6),  Giovanni  Battista.  Born 
at  V  enice,  March  5,  1693 :  died  at  Madrid, 
March  25, 1769  (?).  A  Venetian  painter,  a  pu- 
pil of  Gregorio  Lazzarini:  the  last  great  deco- 
rative painter  of  the  Venetian  school.  He  was 
infiuenced  by  Giovanni  Battista  Piazzetta,  and  still  more 
by  the  works  of  Paolo  Veronese.  After  painting  frescos 
at  Milan  and  other  Italian  cities,  he  decorated  the  episco- 
pal palace  at  Wiirzbnrg,  Bavaria,  in  1750 ;  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  Venice  in  1763  he  was  appointed  first  director  of 
the  Academy  of  Painting.  In  1761  he  was  called  to  Spain 
by  Charles  III.,  and  executed  frescos  in  the  royal  palace, 
with  the  assistance  of  Giovanni  Domenico  Tiepolo,  his 
son  (1726-77).  There  are  many  of  his  easel-pictures  in  the 
galleries  of  Europe. 

Tierney  (ter'ni),  George.  Bom  at  Gibraltar, 
March  20,  1761:  died  at  London,  Jan.  25, 1830. 
An  English  "Whig  politician.  He  was  educated  at 
St.  Peter's  College,  Cambridge,  and  was  called  to  the  bar, 
but  devoted  himself  to  politics.  He  entered  Parliament 
as  member  for  Colchester  in  1788,  and  sat  in  the  House  of 
Commons  for  different  constituencies  from  1796  to  his 
death.  He  was  a  prominent  opponent  of  William  Pitt.  In 
1798  Pitt  accused  him  of  want  of  patriotism,  and  fought  a 
bloodless  duel  with  him  (May  27).  In  1803  he  joined  the 
Addington  ministry  as  treasurer  of  the  navy,  and  in  1806 
the  Grenville  ministry  as  president  of  the  board  of  con- 
trol. From  1817  he  was  the  leader  of  the  opposition  in 
the  House  of  Commons.  He  was  master  of  the  mint  in 
Canning's  ministry  (1827),  and  also,  with  a  seat  in  the  cabi- 
net, in  Goderich's  ministry  (1827-28). 

Tierra  Bomba  (te-er'ra  bom'ba).  A  small  isl- 
and near  the  coast  of  Colombia,  west  of  Car- 
tagena. 

Tierra  de  Canelo.    See  Cinnamon,  Zand  of. 

Tierra  del  Fuego  (te-er'ra  del  fwa'go),  or  Ter- 
ra del  Fuego.  ['  Land  of  Fire.']  1.  An  archi- 
pelago south  of  the  southern  end  of  South  Amer- 
ica, from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Strait  of 
Magellan,  it  comprises  the  large  island  of  King  Charles 
South  Land  (or  Tierra  del  Fuego  proper,  or  Fuegia)  and  the 
smaller  Desolation  Island,  Clarence  Island,  Dawson  Island, 
Navarin,  Hoste,  Horn,  WoUaston,  Stewart,  Londonderry, 
etc. :  these  are  separated  from  each  other  by  narrow  and 
tortuous  channels,  and  the  islands  themselves  are  cut  by 
deep  fiords.  The  central  and  western  parts  of  King  Charles 
South  Land,  and  most  of  the  smaller  islands,  are  moun- 
tainous and  partly  covered  with  forest  Politically  it  is 
divided  nominally  between  the  Argentine  Republic  and 
Chile.  It  was  discovered  by  Magellan  in  1620 ;  and  has 
been  explored  by  Darwin,  King,  Wilkes,  Bove,  etc.  Length 
of  group,  about  400  miles.  Area,  over  21,000  square  miles. 
Population,  estimated,  about  8,000  (nearly  all  Indians). 
See  FuegittTis. 

2.  A  territory  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  com- 
prising the  Argentine  portion  of  the  archipelago 
(the  eastern  part  of  King  Charles  South  Land 
and  the  Isla  de  los  Estados).  There  are  two  small 
settlements  established  by  Englishmen,  one  as  a  mission 
station.  Gold  is  obtained  in  considerable  quantities.  Area, 
8,217  square  miles.    Population,  about  3,000. 

Tierra  Firme,  or  Costa  Firme.  See  Spanish 
Main. 

Tiers  Etat  (tyar-za-ta').  [F.,  '  third  estate.'] 
In  France,  that  portion  of  the  nation  which  be- 
longed neither  to  the  nobility,  nor  the  clergy 
(the  two  privileged  classes),  nor  the  peasantry. 
It  consisted  chiefiy  of  the  burghers  who  sent  representa- 
tives to  the  States-General.  The  name  was  made  famous 
by  the  struggles  of  the  representatives  of  this  order 


Tiers  £tat 

in  the  last  French  States-General  for  power  eqnal  to  that 
of  both  the  other  orders,  and  their  final  assumption  of 
supreme  authority,  consummating  the  Revolution. 

Tiet6  (te-a-ta').  A  river  in  the  state  of  Sao 
Paulo,  Brazil,  a  tributary  of  the  Parand,. 
Length,  about  700  miles. 

Tietjens,  or  Titiens  (tet'yens),  Therese  Jo- 
hanna Alexandra.  Born  at  Hamburg,  July 
17,  1831 :  died  at  London,  Oct.  3,  1877.  A  so- 
prano singer,  of  Hungarian  descent:  settled  in 
England  from  1858.  She  was  noted  in  opera 
and  oratorio. 

Tifata  (te-fa'ta).  A  low  mountain-range  near 
Capua,  Italy,  17  miles  northeast  of  Naples :  now 
called  Monte  di  Maddaloni.  Near  it,  in  88  b.  c, 
Sulla  defeated  the  Marian  general  Norbanus. 

Tifernum  Tiberinum  (ti-fer'numtib-e-ri'num). 
In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of  Italy,  on  or  near 
the  site  of  the  modern  Citta  di  Castello,  about 
20  miles  from  Arezzo. 

Tifernus  (ti-f6r'nus).  The  ancient  name  of  the 
Biferno. 

Tiffin  (tif'in).  A  city  and  capital  of  Seneca 
County,  Ohio,  situated  on  Sandusky  River  43 
miles  south-southeast  of  Toledo.  It  is  the 
seat  of  Heidelberg  College.  Population  (1900), 
10,989. 

Tiflis  (tif-les').  1.  A  government  in  Transcau- 
casia, Russia,  intersected  by  lat.  41°  30'  N.,  long. 
45°  E.  Area,  17,300  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  800,875.-2.  The  capital  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Tiflis,  and  of  the  general  government  of 
Caucasia,  situated  on  the  Kur  in  lat.  41°  42'  N., 
long.  44°  48'  E.  it  is  the  chief  commercial  city  in  Cau- 
casia, and  is  on  the  main  route  between  Russia  and  Persia. 
It  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  silks,  leather  goods,  silver- 
ware, swords,  guns,  etc.  Formerly  it  was  the  capital  of 
Georgia.  It  has  often  been  plundered  (last  by  the  Fersians 
In  1795).    Population  (1891),  106,024. 

Tiger  of  Central  Aiueri^a,  The.  An  epithet  of 
General  Santos  Guardiola. 

Tiger  of  Tacubaya,  The.  An  epithet  applied 
to  the  Mexican  general  Leonardo  Marquez  for 
his  massacre  of  prisoners  at  Tacubaya. 

Tiglath-Pileser  (tig'lath-pi-le'z6r).  [Assyr. 
TukuUi-pal-eshara,  my  support  is  the  son  of 
Eshara  (i.  e.  'Adar  the  god  of  war  and  the 
chase').]  The  name  of  three  Assyrian  Hugs. 
(a)  King  1120-1100  B.  0.,  one  of  the  most  warlike  and  en- 
ergetic of  Assyrian  rulers.  According  to  inscriptions  on 
prisms  found  in  theruins  of  Kileh  Sherghat  (on  the  site  of 
theancientcity  of  Ashur),  he  undertook  campaigns  against 
forty.two  countries  and  their  kings,  among  them  the  Mo- 
schoi,  Eummuch  (Commagene^,  Hittites,  the  "Aramean 
river -land,"  the  country  of  Nain,  and  Babylonia,  He  also 
indulged  in  the  adventures  of  the  chase,  and  relates  that 
he  killed  with  his  own  hand  10  elephants  and  920  lions.  (J) 
King  about  960-930  B.  0.  (c)  King  746-727  E.  0.  In  the  Old 
Testament  he  bears  the  nameof  Phut.  In  741  he  conquered, 
after  a  three  years'  siege,  the  city  of  Arpad  (modern  Tel- 
Erf&d,  north  of  Aleppo).  In  738  he  brought  nineteen  dis- 
tricts of  Hamath  under  Assyrian  supremacy.  In  the  same 
year  he  received  tribute  from  Kezin  of  Damascus,  Mena- 
hem  of  Samaria  (2  Ki.  xv.  19),  Hiram  of  Tyre,  and  many 
other  kings  of  Syria.  Several  years  later  Rezin  of  Damas- 
cus and  Pekah  of  Israel  entered  into  a  coalition  against 
Assyria,  and  waged  war  against  Ahaz  of  Judah  because  he 
would  not  join  this  alliance  (Isa.  vii.).  At  the  behest  of 
Ahaz,  Tiglath-Fileser  again  marched  against  the  west  734- 
732.  Eezin  was  killed  and  the  kingdom  of  Damascus  de- 
stroyed, and  many  cities  were  taken  from  Israel  (2  Ki, 
XV.  29),  Pekah  being  left  as  a  vassal  king.  While  in  Damas- 
cus the  Assyrian  king  received  tribute  from  Ahaz  of  Ju- 
dah,  and  the  kings  of  Moab,  Ascalon,  Edom,  Gaza,  etc.  For 
a  third  time  Tiglath-Pileser  took  a'  hand  in  the  policy  of 
Israel  when  Pekah  was  assassinated  by  Hosea.  The  As- 
syrian king,  according  to  his  account,  placed  Hosea  on  the 
throne  and  received  10  talents  of  gold  and  1,000  talents 
of  silver  as  tribute.  He  also  made  several  erpeditions  to 
Babylonia,  against  Urartu  (743-735)  and  Elam  (744-737). 

Tigranes  (tig-ra'nez)  I.  [Gr.  TiypavTjQ.']  Died 
after  56  B.  c.  King  of  Armenia,  son-in-law  of 
Mithridates  the  Great.  He  conquered  Syria  and  part 
of  Asia  Minor,  and  founded  Tigranocerta.  He  was  de- 
feated by  Lucuilus  near  Tigranocerta  69  B.  0. ;  surrendered 
at  Artaxata  to  Pompey ;  and  was  deprived  of  his  conquests. 

Tigre  (te'gra).  A  river  in  Ecuador  which  joins 
the  Amazon  about  40  miles  west  of  the  mouth 
of  the  Ucayale.    Length,  about  400  miles. 

Tigr4  (te-gra').  The  northernmost  division  of 
Abyssinia.  Ciief  city,  Adowa.  It  was  f  ortnerly 
an  independent  kingdom. 

Tigris  (ti'gris).  A  river  in  Asiatic  Turkey  which 
is  formed  by  head  streams  that  rise  in  the 
mountains  of  Armenia  and  Kurdistan,  and  flows 
south  and  southeast,  joining  the  Euphrates 
about  40  miles  northwest  of  Basra,  its  chief 
tributaries  are  the  Great  Zab,  Little  Zab,  and  Diyala;  the 
chief  places  on  its  banks  are  Diarbekir,  Mosul,  and  Bagdad. 
Length,  about  1,100  miles ;  navigable  for  small  vessels  to 
Bagdad,  and  for  rafts  to  Diarbekir.  It  is  the  biblical 
Hiddekel. 

Tigua,  or  Teewah,  or  Tihua  (te'wa).  [PL,  also 
Tiguas.']  A  division  of  the  Tanoan  linguistic 
stock  of  North  American  Indians,  occupying  the 
pueblos  of  Senecii  del  Sur  in  Chihuahua,  Isleta 


997 

del  Sur  in  Texas,  and  Isleta,  Picuris,  Sandia, 
and  Taos  in  northern  central  New  Mexico.  The 
population  of  the  southern  Tigua  pueblos  is  small,  while 
those  in  New  Mexico  have  a  population  of  1,708.  See 
TaRoan. 

Tigurini  (tig-u-ri'ni).  In  ancient  history,  one 
of  the  branches  of  the  Helvetii,  which  took  an 
active  part  in  the  defeat  of  the  Romans  107  B.C., 
and  were  cut  to  pieces  by  Csesar  58  b.  c. 

Tihua.    See  Tigua. 

Tilburg  (til'bSrG).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
North  Brabant,  Netherlands,  36  miles  southeast 
of  Rotterdam.  It  has  important  woolen  manu- 
factures.   Population  (1891),  34,955. 

Tilburina  (til-bu-ri'na).  The  daughter  of  the 
governor  of  Tilbury  Fort,  a  character  in  the 
tragedy  rehearsed  in  Sheridan's  "Critic":  a 
type  in  which  the  sorrows  of  the  tragedy  hero- 
ine are  burlesqued. 

Tilbury  Fort  (til'bu-ri  fort).  A  fortification 
in  Essex,  England,  situated  near  the  Thames 
20  miles  east  of  London. 

Tilden  (til'den),  Samuel  Jones.  Born  at  New 
Lebanon,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  9, 1814:  died  at  Greystone, 
near  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  4,  1886.  A  noted 
American  statesman  and  lawyer.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Yale  and  at  the  University  of  New  York ;  early 
took  an  active  part  in  politics ;  was  admitted  to  the  barin 
1841 ;  was  elected  as  a  Democrat  to  the  New  York  A  ssembly 
in  1845,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion in  1846 ;  became  a  Free-soiler  in  1848 ;  was  the  unsuc- 
cessful Democratic  candidate  for  attorney -general  in  1855 ; 
and  became  chairman  of  the  Democratic  State  Committee 
in  1866.  He  was  prominent  in  the  successful  contest  against 
the  "Tweed  Ring  " ;  and  was  elected  Democratic  governor 
of  New  York  in  1874,  and  served  1875-76.  He  promoted  the 
reform  of  the  management  of  the  canals.  In  1876  he  was 
Democratic  candidate  for  President,  and  received  about 
250,000  more  votes  than  Hayes,  the  Republican  candidate, 
and  184  uncontested  electoral  votes  (see  Electoral  Com- 
misgion).  The  decision  of  the  contest  was  in  favor  of  Hayes. 
Tilden  declined  to  be  a  candidate  for  the  Democratic  nomi- 
nation for  President  in  1880  and  1884.  His  works  were 
edited  by  John  Bigelow  (1885). 

Tillemont  (tey-m6n'),  S^bastien  le  Nain  de. 
Born  at  Paris,  Nov.  30, 1637 :  died  Jan.  10, 1698. 
A  distinguished  French  historian.  He  was  edu- 
cated among  the  Jansenists  at  Port-Royal;  resided  tor 
many  years  at  Beauvais,  occupied  with  his  studies;  re- 
turned to  Paris  in  1670 ;  and  in  1679  retired  to  TUlemont, 
near  Montreuil.  HewTote  "M^moirespour  servir&l'his- 
toire  eccl^siastigue  des  six  premiers  slides  "  (1693-1712) 
and  "  Histoire  des  empereurs  et  des  autres  princes  qui 
ont  ligni  pendant  les  six  premiers  si^cles  de  Wglise"  (1690- 
1738),  and  collaborated  in  the  writings  of  the  Port-Roy- 


For  a  perfect  digest  of  all  the  authorities  bearing  on 
every  fact  in  Roman  imperial  histoiy  we  naturally  turn 
to  Tillemont,  who  devdted  the  patient  industry  of  a  life 
to  his  two  great  works,  "M^moirea  Eccl^siastiqnes"  and 
"  Histoire  des  Empereurs. " 

Hodgkin,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  1. 91. 

Tillotson  (til'ot-son),  John.  Bom  at  Sowerby, 
Yorkshire,  England,  Oct.,  1630 :  died  Nov.  22, 
1694.  An  English  prelate  and  theological  writer. 
He  was  dean  of  Canterbury  and  of  St.  Paul's,  and  became 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1691.  His  collected  works 
were  published  1707-12. 

Tilly  (til'i ;  P.  pron.  te-ye').  Count  of  ( Johann 
Tserclaes).  Born  at  the  castle  of  Tilly,  near 
Gembloux,  Belgium,  Feb.,  1559:  diedatlngol- 
stadt,  Bavaria,  April  30,  1632.  A  famous  gen- 
eral in  the  Spanish,  Bavarian,  and  Imperial  ser- 
vice. He  served  under  Famese  in  the  Netherlands,  and 
as  lieutenant-colonel  under  Duke  Philip  Emanuel  of 
Lorraine  in  Hungary  against  the  Turks  1600-02 ;  became 
field-marshal  general  and  commander  of  the  Bavarian 
army  in  1610 ;  was  commander  of  the  Catholic  League  at 
the  beginning  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War ;  gained  the  vic- 
tory of  the  White  Mountain,  near  Prague,  Nov.  8,  1620 ; 
subdued  Bohemia  in  1621 ;  conquered  the  Palatinate  in 
1622 ;  defeated  Christian  of  Brunswick  at  Stadtlohn  Aug. 
6, 1623,  and  Christian  IV.  of  Denmark  at  Lutter  Aug.  27, 
1626;  became  imperial  generalissimo  in  1630;  stormed 
Magdeburg  May  20, 1631 ;  was  defeated  by  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus  atBreitenteld,  near  Leipsic,  Sept.  17,  1631 ;  and  was 
mortally  wounded  in  a  contest  with  Gustavus  Adolphns 
near  the  Lech,  April  15, 1632.  He  was  victorious  in  36 
battles. 

Tilsit  (til'sit).  A  town  in  the  province  of  East 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  Memel  61  miles  north- 
east of  Konigsberg.  it  has  varied  manufactures, 
and  trade  in  lumber,  fish,  grain,  hemp,  flax,  etc.  It  Is  fa- 
mous from  the  peace  between  France  on  one  side  and  Rus- 
sia and  Prussia  on  the  other,  agreed  upon  there  in  July, 
1807.  The  meeting  between  Napoleon  and  Alexander 
tookplaceonaraftintheriver,  June26, 1807.  Thetreaty 
between  France  and  Russia  was  signed  July  7,  and  that 
between  France  and  Prussia  July  9.  According  to  the  terms 
of  the  peace,  the  grand  duchy  of  Warsaw  was  formed  out 
of  parts  of  Prussia;  part  of  Prussia  was  ceded  to  Russia, 
and  a  small  portion  to  Saxony ;  Dantzic  was  made  free ; 
the  region  west  of  the  Elbe  was  ceded  to  Napoleon ;  the 
Confederation  of  the  Rhine  and  Joseph,  Louis,  and  JSrdme 
Bonaparte  were  recognized ;  Prussian  harbors  were  closed 
to  British  trade ;  the  Prussian  army  was  reduced  to  42,000 ; 
a  secret  conditional  alliance  was  arranged  between  France 
and  Russia;  and  large  indemnities  were  to  be  paid  by 
Prussia,  which  was  reduced  to  a  second-rate  state.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  24,645^  ^-KT       ^     1 

Tilton  (til  'ton),  Theodore.    Bom  at  New  York, 


Timotes 

Oct.  2,  1835.  An  American  editor,  poet,  and 
lecturer.  He  was  editor  of  the  "Independent"  and 
founder  of  the  "Golden  Age."  He  is  known  chiefly  from 
his  suit  against  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  begun  in  1874,  which 
resulted  in  the  disagreement  of  the  jury. 

Timsus  (ti-me'us).  [Gr.  Ti/iaiog.']  Lived  about 
400  B.  c.  A  Greek  Pythagorean  philosopher 
of  Loeri  in  Italy :  the  reputed  author  of  a  phil- 
osophical work,  "On  the  Soul  of  the  World," 
probably  of  a  later  period.  He  appears  in 
Plato's  dialogue  named  from  him. 

Timseus.  Lived  about  352-256  b.  c.  A  Greek 
historian  of  Tauromenium  in  Sicily.  He  lived  in 
exile  in  Athens.  He  wrote  a  history  of  Italy  and  Sicily 
from  the  earliest  times  to  264  B.  o.,  fragments  of  which  have 
been  preserved. 

Tinian  (te-man').  A  plateau  or  OToup  of  low 
mountains  in  the  governments  of  Vologda  and 

.  Archangel,  northeastern  Russia. 

Timanthes  (ti-man'thez).  [Gr.  TifiAvBvQ.']  Bom 
in  the  island  of  Cythnos  (?) :  lived  about  400  b.  c. 
A  Greek  painter  of  Sicyon.  He  is  known  mainly  as 
the  painter  of  one  of  the  great  pictures  of  antiquity,  the 
"Sacrifice  of  Iphigenia,"  in  which  Agamemnon  conceals 
his  uncontrollable  grief  by  covering  his  head  with  his 
mantle.  This  picture  was  a  favorite  of  Cicero.  Pliny's  re- 
mark that  there  is  "always  something  more  implied  than 
expressed  in  his  work  "  is  suggestive  of  bold  and  general- 
ized execution. 

Timbuktu,  or  Timbuctoo  (tim-buk'to).  A  city 
of  Africa,  situated  near  the  southern  border  of 
the  Sahara  and  about  10  miles  north  of  the  Niger, 
about  lat.  16°  47'  N.  it  has  considerable  trade  in 
gold,  gum,  salt,  ivory,  etc. ,  being  a  center  of  various  cara- 
van routes  from  Morocco,  the  Guinea  coast,  and  elsewhere. 
It  was  occupied  by  the  Tuaregs  in  the  nth  century,  and 
later  by  Fellatahs,  Arabs,  and  various  other  peoples.  It 
has  been  visited  by  Laing,  Caillii,  Earth  (1853),  and  Lenz 
(1880).    Popnlation,  estimated,  20,000. 

Times  (timz),  The  London.  The  leading  Con- 
servative British  newspaper,  founded  in  1785 
underthe  title  of  "  The  London  Daily  Universal 
Register."  The  present  name  was  adopted  in 
1788.  The  paper  was  developed  under  John 
"Walter  1803-47. 

Timocrate  (te-mo-kraf ) .  A  tragedy  by  Thomas 
Corneille,  produced  in  1656. 

Timoga.    See  Timuquanan. 

Timoleon  (ti-mo'le-on).  [Gr.  TtiioUatv.']  Bom 
at  Corinth :  died  3'37  or  336  B.  c.  A  celebrated 
Greek  general  and  statesman.  He  favored  the 
death  of  nis  brother  Timophanes  (tyrant  of  Corinth),  and 
withdrew  from  public  life ;  was  sent  from  Corinth  to  aid 
Syracuse  against  Dionysius  the  Younger  and  Hicetas  in 
344;  delivered  Syracuse  from  Dionysius  the  Younger  in 
343 ;  reorganized  the  city  and  the  Greek  power  in  Sicily ; 
and  defeated  the  Carthaginians  at  the  Crimisus  in  339  (7). 

Timomachus  (ti-mom'a-kus).  [Gr.  Ti/i6fiaxoc.^ 
Lived  in  the  1st  century  (?)  b.  c.  A  Byzantine 
painter.  According  to  Pliny,  Csesar  paid  a  large  sum  for 
two  of  his  pictures,  an  Ajax  and  a  Medea.  The  Medea  of 
Timomachus  was  not  less  praised  in  song  and  epigram  than 
the  Aphrodite  of  Apelles.  An  echo  of  the  original  per- 
haps remains  in  some  of  the  Pompeiian  wall-paintings. 
An  Iphigenia  in  Tauris  and  a  Gorgon  were  also  celebrated. 
He  seems  to  have  shown  tact  in  choosing  the  right  moment 
just  after  or  just  before  the  catastroplie. 

Timon  (ti'mgn).  [Gr.  Ti/iuv.]  Lived  in  the  last 
part  of  the  5th  century  B.  C.  An  Athenian 
misanthrope.  He  is  the  subject  of  a  tragedy 
by  Shakspere.    See  Timon  of  Athens. 

Timone  (te-mo'ne).  A  comedy  by  Boiardo, 
produced  before  1494:  the  first  original  Italian 
comedy. 

Timon  of  Athens.  A  tragedy  by  Shakspere, 
which  unquestionably  contains  much  by  an- 
other hand.  It  was  produced  1607-08  and 
printed  in  1623,  and  was  adapted  by  Shadwell. 

Timon  of  Phlius  (:K'us).  Lived  about  280  b.  c. 
A  Greek  skeptical  philosopher  and  author.  He 
wrote  satiric  poems  called  "  Silloi "  Whence  he  was  called 
the  "  sillographer "),  in  hexameter  verse,  ridiculing  all  the 
dogmatic  schools  of  philosophy.  Fragments  of  them  sur- 
vive. 

Timor  (te-mor' ) .  An  island  of  the  Malay  Arehi- 
pelago,lat.8°  30'-10°  20'  S. ,  long.  124°-127°  30'  E. 
The  suriace  is  mountainous ;  the  southwestern  part  is 
claimed  by  the  Netherlands,  the  northeastern  by  Portugal ; 
the  capital  of  the  Dutch  part  is  Kupang ;  that  of  the  Portu- 
guese, Dell.  Length,  about  300  miles.  Area,  about  12,000 
square  miles.  Population  (Papuas  mixed  with  Malays, 
etc.),  estimated,  600,000  to  600,000. 

Timor  laut  (te-mor'lout),  or  Tenimber  (te-nim'- 
ber).  A  group  of  islands  in  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, east  by  north  of  Timor  and  southwest 
of  the  Aru  Islands  and  of  New  Guinea :  claimed 
by  the  Dutch,  it  comprises  three  large  and  several 
small  islands  (formerly  supposed  to  form  a  whole).  The 
formation  is  generally  that  of  coral  reefs  and  low.  The  in- 
habitants are  largely  Papuas.  Area,  about  2,000  square 
miles. 

Timotes  (te-mo'tas).  Indians  of  Venezuela,  in 
the  mountain  region  south  and  southeast  of 
Lake  Maracaibo,  and  the  adjacent  plains  (state 
of  Los  Andes).  The  early  explorers  described  them 
as  agriculturists,  divided  into  many  small  tribes  or  hordes 
(Tatuyes,  Mocochies,  etc.),  and  having  few  arts.  Those  in 


Timotes 


998 


Tirnova 


the  lowlands  went  naked  and  painted  their  bodies  red ;  Tindale,  William.     See  Tyndole.  Tippecanoe  River.     A  river  in  northern  Indi- 

tSeirTalt  cave?r?n\om?tribeTfM»^^^^^^  Ting-liai(ting-hi'),or  Tingliae  (ting-M').    The     ana  which  joins  the  Wabash  10  miles  north- 

in  artifloial  vaults.    T^eir  descendants  are  civilized,  and     capital  of  the  island,  of  Chusan,  China.  east  of  Lafayette.     Liength,  about  lib  miles, 

occupy  Tillages  which  take  their  names  from  the  tribes.   TingiS,     See  Tangier.  Tipperah  (tip'e-1'a).     A  distnot  m  the  Chltta- 

Their  language,  now  nearly  extinct,  is  said  to  have  had  re-  Tingitana  (tia-ii-ta'na).     An  ancient  Roman    gong  <iivision,Bengal,BritishIndia,intersected 
„*,„„•  ™u„  t>,„  n>,n,.>,»  >,,.*  th,» ,.  ^.„h«„i  province,  included  in  the  northern  part  of  the    by  lat.  23°  45' _N.,  long.  91°  E.    Area,  2,491 

modem  Morocco.  "' 

Tinn6  (tin'n'e),  Alexandrine  or  Alexine.  Born 

at  The  Hague,  Oct.  17,  1839:  murdered  in  the 

vicinity  of  Murzuk,  Pezzan,  Aug.  11,  1869.    A 

Dutch  traveler,  of  English  descent,    she  traveled 


lations  with  the  Chibcha,  but  this  is  doubtful. 
Tiniotlieus(ti-m6'the-us).  [Gr.  Tj/i(i0Eof.]  Died 
about  354  B.C.  An  Athenian  naval  commander, 
sou  of  Conon.  He  conquered  Corcyra  in  376  B.  o.,  and 
secured  the  favor  of  Acarnania,  Gephalonia,  and  Epirus ; 
took  Samos  from  the  Persians  in  365  ;  and  was  unjustly 
condemned  during  the  Social  War. 

Timotheus.  Born  at  Miletus :  died  about  357 
B.  c.  A  celebrated  Athenian  musician  and 
dithyrambic  poet.  He  improved  the  cithara  by 
adding  to  it  a  string  (the  eleventh  ?). 

Timotny  (tim'o-thi),  or  Timotheus.  A  Lyca- 
onian  Christian  missionary,  a  disciple  and  com- 
panion of  the  apostle  Paul. 

Timour.    Same  as  Timur  or  Tamerlane. 

Timrod  (tim'rod),  Henry.  Bom  at  Charleston, 
S.  C,  Deo.  8,  1829 :  died  at  Columbia,  S.  C, 
Oct.  6,  1867.  An  American  poet,  author  of 
Confederate  war  lyrics.  His  poems,  with  mem- 
oir by  P.  H.  Hayne,  were  edited  1878. 

Timsah  (tim'sa).  Lake.  A  small  lake  traversed 
by  the  Suez  Canal,  near  Ismailia. 

TimucLUanan  (tim-o-kwan'an).  ['Ruler' or 
'  master.']  A  linguistic  stock  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.     The  name  was  first  used  for  a  village  or 


square  miles.  Population  (1891),  1,782,935. 
Tipperary  (tip-e-ra'ri).  A  county  in  Munster, 
Ireland,  bounded  by  Galway,  King's  County, 
Queen's  Coimty,  Kilkenny,  Waterford,  Cork, 
Limerick,  and  Clare.     It  is  a  rich  agricultural 


extensively  in  Europe  and  the  East;  with  her  mother,  aunt  county,  containing  the  "Golden  Vale."    Area, 

and  others  explored  the  White  Nile  to  Gondokoro,  and  j  659  snuare  miles.    Population  (1891),  173,188. 

the  regions  of  the  Sobat  and  Bahr-el-Ghazal,  1862-64 ;  trav-  „.'           ^           .  ,           .     ,f              .       -  m. 

eled  in  1865  and  following  years  in  southern  Europe  and  Tipperary.    A  town  m  the  county  Ot  lipperary, 

northern  Africa ;  and  started  for  the  interior  of  Africa  in  Ireland,   23  miles  southeast  of  Limerick.     It 

1869,  but  was  murdered  by  her  escort.  -^^^  ^  trade  in  agricultural  products.    Popula- 

Tinneh,    See  Athapascan.  tion  (1891),  6,391. 

Tinnerelli  (tin-e-vel'i),  or  Tinavelly  (tin-a-  Tippermuir  (tip'6r-miir).    A  place  near  Perth, 

vel'i).     1.  A  district  in  Madras,  British  India,  Scotland,  where,  Sept.  1,  1644,  the  RoyaUsts 

intersected  by  lat.  9°  N.,  long.  78°  E.    Area,  under  the  Marquis  of  Montrose  defeated  the 

5,387  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  1,916,-  Covenanters. 

095.— 2.  The  capital  of  the  district  of  Tinne-  Tippoo  Sahib  (ti-p6'  sa'hib),  or  Tipu  Saib  (ti- 

veUi,  in  lat.  8°  44'  N.  Population  (1891),  24,768.  pQ^sa'ib).    Born  1749 :  killed  at  the  storming 

~ ""  of  Seringapatam,  May  4,  1799, 


Tintagel  (tin-ta'jel),  or  Trevena  (tre-ve'na) 
A  village  in  Cornwall,  near  the  sea,  18  miles 
west  of  Launeeston.  Near  it  is  the  ruined  Tintagel 
Castle,  celebrated  in  Arthurian  legend.  It  was  the  re- 
puted birthplace  of  Arthur.  In  the  romance  of  Sir  Tris- 
tram it  is  the  castle  of  King  Mark.  Tintagel  Head  is  a 
high  cliif  on  the  coast. 


tribe  upon  St.  John's  River,  Florida,  but  afterward  to  in-  Tlntem  (tin'tfern)  Abbey.    A  ruined  medieval 
.,_  j„  ..V i™*  *.!v,„.  / «„»«  !„  n,„*  „»„•_».,,„      a^Tjey  in  Monmouthshire,  England,  situated  on 

the  Wye  17  miles  north  by  west  of  Bristol.  The 
Ivy-clad  church,  of  the  middle  of  the  13th  century,  is  one 
of  the  most  picturesque  of  English  ruins.  The  vaulting 
is  gone,  but  otherwise  it  is  well  preserved.  It  retains  most 
of  its  window-tracery,  and  has  a  fine  west  portal  of  two 
cusped  arches,  and  a  single  very  large  window,  a  typical 
English  feature,  in  each  of  the  main  and  transept  facades. 
The  monastic  buildings  survive  in  part. 


elude  the  ancient  tribes  (now  extinct)  in  that  peninsula. 
"When  their  towns  were  destroyed  in  1706,  the  fugitives 
settled  on  the  eastern  coast,  upon  Tomoco  Kiver  and  the 
Mosquito  Lagoon.  There  were  60  tribes  or  villages  attrib- 
uted to  the  stock,  the  names  of  which  have  been  pub- 
lished.   Also  AtimwM,  Timoga. 

Timur,  or  Timour  (te-mor'),  or  Timur  Bey 
(te-mBr'  ba),  also  Timur-Leng  (te-mor'leng) 
('Timur  the  Lame'):  corrupted  to  Tamerlane 


(tam-er-lan').    Born  in  central  Asia,  1333:  died  Tinto  (tin'to),  Dick.     The  light-hearted  artist 
1405.     A  Tatar  conqueror,  said  to  have  been    who  is  supposed  to  relate  Seott's^tale  of  "  The 
descended  from  a  follower  of  Jenghiz  Khan.     Bride  of  Lammermoor"  '    "' 
He  became  ruler  about  1370  of  a  realm  whose  capital  was    is  also  the  pseudonym  of  FrankBooth  Goodrich, 
Samarkand ;  conquered  Persia,  central  Asia,  and  in  1398  a  TintO  HlUs  (tin'to  hilz).     A  group  of  hills  in 

^^'''P^'^.,°'.-'°*''if'?'^^*'^'^*^'1!n,*^^l''f!,^t^,f&*i;'.  Lanarkshire,  Scotland,  southeast  of  Lanark. 

whom  he  defeated  at  Ancyram  1402  and  took  prisoner;  tx  .   t,j.      v      4.  o  onn  *„„V 

and  died  while  preparing  to  invade  China.    He  is  the  tleignt,  aDOUt  /J,iJUU  leet. 

Tamerlaine  ot  the  plays.  TintorettO  (ten-to-ret'to),  or  Tintoret  (tin'to 


Just  at  the  moment  when  the  Sultan  [Bajazet]  seemed 
to  have  attained  the  pinnacle  of  his  ambition,  when  his 
authority  was  unquestioningly  obeyed  over  the  greater 
part  of  the  Byzantine  Empire  in  Europe  and  Asia,  when 
the  Christian  states  were  regarding  him  with  terror  as  the 
scourge  of  the  world,  another  and  a  greater  scourge  came  to 
quell  him,  and  at  one  stroke  all  the  vast  fabric  of  empire 
which  Bayead  had  so  triumphantly  erected  was  shattered 
to  the  ground.  This  terrible  conqueror  was  Timur  the 
Tartar,  or  as  we  call  him  "Tamerlane."  Timurwas  of  Turk- 
ish race,  and  was  born  near  Samarkand  in  1333.  He  was 
consequently  an  old  man  of  nearly  seventy  when  he  came 
to  encounter  Bayezid  in  1403.  It  had  taken  him  many 
years  to  establish  his  authority  over  a  portion  of  the  numer- 
ous divisions  into  which  the  immense  empire  of  Chingiz 
Khan  had  fallen  after  the  death  of  that  stupendous  con- 
queror. Timur  was  but  a  petty  chief  among  many  others ; 
but  at  last  he  won  his  way,  and  became  ruler  of  Samar- 
kand and  the  whole  province  of  Transoxiana,  or  'Beyond 
the  River'(Ma-wara-n-nahr),  as  the  Arabs  called  the  coun- 
try north  of  the  Oxus.  Once  fairly  established  in  this 
province,  Timur  began  to  overrun  the  surrounding  lands, 
and  during  thirty  years  his  ruthless  armies  spread  over  the 
provinces  of  Asia,  from  Dehli  to  Damascus,  and  from  the  . 

Sea  of  Aral  to  the  Persian  Gulf.    The  subdivision  of  the  Tiny  lim  (tl  ni  tim) 


storming 
Sultan  of  My- 
sore, son  of  Hyder  Ali.  He  was  distinguished  in  the 
Mahratta  war  1776-79 ;  defeated  Braithwaite  on  the  Cole- 
run  in  1782 ;  succeeded  his  father  in  1782  ;  gained  several 
successes  in  the  war  with  the  British,  and  concluded  peace 
in  1784 ;  attacked  Travancore  1789-90,  and  provoked  the 
second  Mysore  war ;  was  defeated  by  Comwallls  at  Ari- 
kera  in  1791 ;  and  concluded  peace  and  ceded  about  half 
of  his  dominions  to  the  British  in  1792.  He  intrigued 
against  the  British  and  renewed  the  war  in  1799. 

Tippoo  Tib  (ti-po'  tib),  or  Tippoo  Tip  (tip),  Ha- 
midi  bin  Muhammad,  nicknamed.  A  trader 
and  slaver  in  equatorial  Africa,  of  Arabian  and 
African  descent,  influential  in  the  Upper  Kon- 
go region.  He  aided  Cameron  in  1874  and  Stanley  in 
1876,  and  in  the  Emin  relief  expedition  in  1887 ;  and  was 
appointed  governor  of  the- Stanley  Falls  district  for  the 
Kongo  State, 
are  ocowB  raie  01  -  xne  Tipton  (tip'ton).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
to  Peter  Mattieson.  It  stafEordshire,"England,  8  miles  west-northwest 
of  Birmingham.     Population  (1891),  29j314. 

Tiraboschi  (te-ra-bos'ke),  Girolamo.  Born  at 
Bergamo,  Italy,  Dec.  28,  1731 :  died  near  Mo- 
dena,  Italy,  June  3, 1794.  A  distinguished  Ital- 
ian historian  of  literature :  professor  at  Milan, 
and  later  librarian  to  the  Duke  of  Modena. 
His  chief  work  is  "Storiadellaletteraturaitaliana*  ("His- 
tory of  Italian  Literature,"  1771-82, 13  vols.).  It  descends 
to  the  close  of  the  17th  century. 


ret)  ( Jacopo  Bobusti :  called  Tintoretto  from 
the  trade  of  his  father,  a  dyer).  Bom  at  Venice, 
Sept.  16, 1518 :  died  there.  May  31, 1594.  A  cele- 
brated Venetian  painter.    He  entered  the  atelier  of 


Titian,  with  whom  it  does  not  appear  that  he  stayed  very  Tirard  (te-rar'),  Pierre  Emmanuel.     Bom  at 


long.  Prom  Titian  he  went  to  Andrea  Schiavone.  In  1546 
he  received  his  first  important  order  for  the  decoration  of 
the  choir  of  Sta,  Maria  dell'  Orto.  The  compositions  were 
over  50  feet  high.  They  brought  him  great  reputation  and 
a  commission  'to  paint  the  "  Miracle  of  St.  Mark,"  now  in 
the  Accademia  delle  Arti  in  Venice,  his  most  perfect  and 
important  work.  The  "Last  Supper,  "in  the  Sacristy  of  San  Tiraspol  (te-ras-poly') 


Giorgio,  is  more  powerful  and  vaster  in  technical  range, 
but  is  less  successful  in  its  attainment  of  the  finer  qu^i- 
ties  of  art.  In  1560  Tintoretto  began  to  paint  the  Scuola 
di  San  Rocco  and  the  doge's  palace.  The  famous  "Cruci- 
fixion "  of  the  Scuola  di  San  Eocco  dates  from  this  time.  In 
1576  he  painted  the  ceiling  of  the  ^eat  hall.  In  1560  he 
seems  to  have  taken  the  place  of  Titian  as  court  painter 
to  the  doges.  The  great  conflagrations  of  1574  and  1577 
threw  much  of  the  work  of  restoration  into  the  hands  of 
Tintoretto.  The  work  accomplished  by  him  on  these  com- 
missions includes  the  great  "  Paradise  "  (1589-90). 

The  little  crippled  son  of 


Geneva,  Sept.  27,  1827:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  4, 
1893.  A  French  politician,  a  jeweler  by  trade. 
He  was  minister  of  trade  and  agriculture  1879-82 ;  minister 
of  finance  1882-85 ;  premier  Dec,  1887,-March,  1888,  and 
Feb.,  1889,-March,  1890;  and  minister  of  finance  1892-93. 
A  fortified  tovm  in  the 


government  of  KhersQu,  Russia,  situated  on  the 
Dniester  59  miles  northwest  of  Odessa.  Popu- 
lation (1887),  24,898. 

Tiresias  (ti-re'gi-as).  [Gr.  laptiaioi.']  In 
Greek  legend,  a  blind  Theban  seer.  He  was  said 
to  have  been  blinded  by  Athene,  whom  he  saw  bathing. 
The  goddess  relented,  but  was  unable  to  restore  his  sight, 
and  BO  gave  him  instead  the  vision  of  the  seer  and  under- 
standing of  the  voices  of  birds  and  beasts  (other  accounts 
are  given  in  the  legends).  At  the  request  of  Circe,  Odys- 
seus descended  into  Hades  to  consult  him. 

SS^iwXmCeZrAi^'t'^^^^^^^^ 

S  and  princes  of  Persia  and  Syria  succumbed,  an&Ti-    sylvama  and  Steuben  County,  New  York,  which    he  was  on  his  expedition  against  Judah  (Isa. 

mur  carried  his  banners  triumphantly  as  far  as  the  frontier    unites  near  Cormng  with  the  Conhocton  to  form .  xxxvii.  9;  2Ki.  xix.  9).    He  was  defeated  by  Sen 

of  Egypt,  where  the  brave  Mamliik  Sultans  still  dared  to     the  Chemung.  —  '   •    —         

defyhim.    He  had  so  far  left  Bayezid  unmolested ;  partly  Tjonontati  (te'''on-on-ta'te).    [Their  own  name, 
because  he  was^too.pow^^^^to^be^^^^^^^^^^  meaning   'there  the  mou'ntain  stands.']      A 

tribe  of  North  American  Indians  who  formerly 

lived  in  the  mountains  south  of  Nottawasaga 

Bay,  Ontario.     They  were  first  met  in  1616  by  the 

French,  who  called  them  Nation  du  Petun,  or  Tobacco 

Nation,  from  their  large  fields  of  tobacco.    On  the  defeat 

of  the  Hurons  in  1648,  many  of  the  fugitives  took  refuge 

with  the  Tionontati,  and  the  Iroquois  attacked  that  tribe 

and  drove  them  with  the  Hurons  to  the  liead  of  Lake  Su- 
perior.   In  1670  the  united  remnants  lived  at  Mackinaw 

under  the  name  of  Wyandots.    See  Iroquman. 
Tipitapa  (te-pe-ta'pa).    A  river  of  Nicaragua, 

joining LakesManagua  and  Nicaragua.  Length, 

about  20  miles. 
Aug.  16,  1733.    An  English  deist.    He  studied  at  Tiptin  (tip'kin),  Biddy.    A  romantic  charac- 
Lincoln  College,  Oxford.     In  1685  he  Joined  the  Roman     tKiin  Steele's  "  Tender  H 

Catholic  Church,  but  returned  in  1688  to  the  Church  of     j^ ,  ^        ordinary  to  go  out  at  a  door  to  be  married. 
England.    He  published  "An  Essay  of  Obedience  to  the     g^^  j^  j^^  original  of  Lydia  Languish.  

K^is^s^s\^StteRomish'fnd':SiSL°r^^^^^^^^^^  Anioknameof wii-  BrussersrTtwVt;;k;rby^h7D;k;;f M;;i;o;o"u"ghta 

who  claim  an  independent  power  over  it  "(1706-09).    His     liam  Henry  Hamson,  trom  nis  victory  near     1706 ;  and  near  it  the  French  under  Dumouriez  defeated 
'  ■  '   '     the  Tippecanoe  River.  the  Auatrians  March  I6, 1793.    Population,  16,167. 

Tippecanoe,  Battle  of  the.    A  victory  gained  Tirnova  (ter'no-va),  or  Tamovo  (tSr'no-vo).  A 
at  Battle  Ground,  Tippecanoe  County,  Indiana,     city  in  Bulgaria,  situated  on  the  Jantra  in  lat. 
near  Tippecanoe  River,  Nov.  7,  1811,  by  the 
Americans  under  General  William  Henry  Har- 
rison over  the  Indians  under  the  "Prophet," 
brother  of  Tecumseh. 


Mohammedan  Empire  into  numerous  petty  kingdoms  ren-     Bob  Cratehit  in  Dickens's  ' '  Christm  as  Carol ." 


partly  because  Timur  respected 

against  the  Christians:  for  Timur,  though  a  wholesale 
butcher  was  very  conscientious  in  matters  of  religion,  and 
held  that  Bayezid's  fighting  for  the  Faith  rightly  covered 
a  multitude  of  sins.  Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  63. 

Tinchebray,  or  Tinchebrai  (tansh-bra'),  or 
Tenchebray,  or  Tenchebrai.  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Ome,  Normandy,  44  miles  north- 
west of  AleuQOn.  Here,  Sept,  28,  IIO6,  Henry  I.  of  Eng- 
land defeated  and  captured  his  brother  Robert,  duke  of 
Normandy.    Population  (1891),  commune,  4,533. 

Tindal  (tin'dal),  Matthew.  Born  at  Beer-Fer- 
rers, Devonshire,  about  1656:  died  at  Oxford, 


nacherib  in  the  battle  of  Eltekeh  (701  B.  0.),  and  by  his 
son  and  successor  Esarhaddon  (680-668  B.  0.) :  the  entire 
country  was  conquered  by  the  Assyrian  Idng,  the  names 
of  the  cities  changed,  and  over  the  twenty  principalities 
into  which  the  country  was  divided  were  placed  vassals 
loyal  to  Assyria.  This  took  place  after  678  B.O.  But  soon  Tir- 
hakah  put  to  flight  the  Assyrian  vassals  and  got  posses- 
sion of  Memphis.  Asurbanipal  (668-626),  in  whose  annals 
he  is  first  mentioned  by  name  (Tarku),  defeated  him  in  the 
battle  of  Karbanit  (about  668).  The  twenty  kings  were 
restored,  and  Necho  was  put  at  their  head.  Soon  afterward 
these  twenty  vassals  entered  into  a  plot  with  Tirhakah 
against  Assyria.  But  the  plot  was  discovered  by  the  As- 
syrian garrison  of  Egypt,  and  frustrated.  Tirliakah  fled, 
and  died  in  the  place  of  his  refuge.  According  to  Manetho, 
Tirhakah  (Tarkos,  Tarakos)  was  the  last  of  the  Ethiopian 
kings  in  Egypt.  The  Egyptian  monuments  call  this  third 
and  last  king  of  the  25th  "Ethiopian  "dynasty  Tahark  or 
Taharka.  He  enlarged  the  temple  of  Amun  in  Thebes. 


ter in  Steele's  "Tender  Husband."  Shefeels-'that  Tirlemont  (ter-16-m6n'),  Flem.  Thienen  (te'- 

nen).    A  town  in  the  province  of  Brabant,  Bel- 
gium, situated  on  the  Geete  26  miles  east  of 


defense  of  the  theory  of  state  control  of  the  church  led 
to  the  proscription  of  the  work,  Dec.  12,  1707.  He  con- 
tinued to  defend  his  deistio  position,  and  in  1730 published 
"  Christianity  as  old  as  the  Creation,  or  the  Gospel  a  Repub- 
lication of  the  Religion  of  Nature,"  a  work  recognized  as 
the  "  Bible  "  of  deism.  The  work  was  translated  into  Ger- 
man by  J.  Lorenz  Schmidt  in  1741,  and  had  great  influence 
on  German  theology.  Tindal  called  himself  a  "Cliristian 
deist." 


43°  6'  N. ,  long.  25°  36'  E.  it  is  an  important  strategic 
point  on  the  route  between  the  Danube  and  the  Balkans  5 
and  was  formerly  the  place  of  coronation  of  the  Bulgarian 
kings.  Alexander  I.  was  chosen  prince  here  and  took  the 
oath  to  the  constitution  in  1879.   Population  (1888),  11,314. 


999 

2.  The  sun  personified,  the  name  Titan  being 
at  times  substituted  by  the  Latin  poets  for  He- 
lios as  god  of  the  sun. — 3.  The  sixth  in  order 
of  the  eight  satellites  of  the  planet  Saturn,  and 
the  largest,  appearing  as  a  star  of  the  ninth 
magnitude :  discovered  by  Huygens  March  25, 
1655.     See  Saturn. 


Tiro 

Tiro  (ti'ro),  Marcus  TuUius.  Lived  in  the  1st 
century  B.  c.  A  freedman  and  amanuensis  of 
Cicero,  supposed  to  have  greatly  developed  ste- 
nography.    See  Notie  Tironianse. 

Tirodnium  (ti-ro-sin'i-um) .  A  poem  by  Cowper. 

Tirol.     See  Tyrol. 

Tironian  Notes.  See  Notse  Urordanse. 

Tirso  (ter'so).   The  principal  river  of  the  island  Titan.    One  of  the  principal  romances  of  Jean 
of  Sardinia:  the  ancient  Thyrsus.  It  flows  into    Paul  Eichter,  published  in  1803. 
the  Gulf  of  Oristano  near  Oristano.    Length,  Titania  (ti-ta'ni-a).    A  fairy  queen  in  Shak- 
about  80  miles.  spere's  "  Midsummer  Night's  Dream."     Shak- 

Tirso  de  Molina.   The  pseudonym  of  Tellez.        spere  is  said  to  be  the  first  to  give  this  name  to 

Tiruvalluvar  (ti-rS-val-lo-var').   [Properly  Ti-    the  queen  of  the  fairies. 
ru-valluva^ayanar,  the  sacred  devotee,  priest,  Titania.    The  third  satellite  of  Uranus,  discov- 
er soothsayer  of  the  Pariahs.]    The  name  given    ered  by  Lassell  in  1847. 

to  the  greatest  of  Tamil  poets,  the  author  of  Titans  (ti'tanz).      [Gr.  Tirdwf,  from  TiravlSei, 
theKural.   His  date  is  uncertain.  Pope  puts  it  between    children  of  Titan.]   In  Greek  mythology,  a  race 


SOO  and  1000  A.  D.  All  that  seems  certain  about  the  details 
of  his  life  is  that  he  lived  at  S.  Thom^,  orMayilapur,  now 
a  suburb  ol  Madras ;  was  a  wearer  and  a  Pariah ;  and  had 
an  intimate  friend,  probably  a  patron,  called  Elelacifikan, 
'  Lion  of  the  Surf,'  who  was  the  captain  of  a  small  vessel. 
Sural,  the  name  of  his  work,  means  'anything  short,' 
then  the  couplet,  and  thence  this  collection  of  couplets. 
It  is  divided  into  three  books,  treating  of  Virtue,  Wealth, 
and  Pleasure,  and  consists  of  133  chapters,  each  containing 
10  couplets,  and  so  numbers  2,660 lines.  The  Venpa  meter, 
in  which  it  is  composed,  is  very  curious,  and  in  fact  unique. 
■*'  A  kurral,"  says  Pope,  "  is  a  couplet  containing  a  complete 
and  striking  idea  expressed  in  a  refined  and  intricate  meter, 
!No  translation  can  convey  an  idea  of  its  charming  effect. 
It  is  truly  'an  apple  of  gold  in  a  network  of  silver.'" 
Every  Hindu  sect  claims  the  poet,  and  interprets  his 
verses  so  as  to  favor  its  own  dogmas,  the  Jains  especially. 
He  was  influenced  by  Shaukara's  reforms,  the  later  devel- 
opments of  Jainism,  and  the  Bhagavadgita,  his  philosophy 
seeming  to  be  of  the  eclectic  school  represented  by  the  last 


of  primordial  deities,  children  of  Uranus  and 
Gtea  (Heaven  and  Earth),  in  the  oldest  accounts 
there  were  six  male  Titans  (Oceanus,  Coeus,  Crius,  Hype- 
rion, Japetus,  and  Cronus),  and  six  female  (Theia,  Bhea, 
Themis,  Mnemosyne,  Phoebe,  and  Tethys).  They  were  im- 
prisoned by  their  father  Uranus  from  their  birth,  but,  after 
unmanning  and  dethroning  him,  were  delivered  by  Cronus. 
Zeus,  son  of  Cronus,  compelled  him  to  disgorge  his  elder 
brothers  and  sisters, whom  he  had  swallowed  at  their  birth, 
and  after  a  terrible  war  thrust  the  Titans  (except  Oceanus) 
into  Tartarus,  under  guard  of  the  hundred-armed  giants. 
In  the  later  legends.  Titan,  the  father  of  the  Titans,  yielded 
the  supreme  power  to  his  younger  brother  Cronus,  but 
regained  it,  and  was  finally  overcome  by  the  thunderbolts 
of  Zeus  (Jupiter),  son  of  Cronus  (Saturn),  who  then  became 
the  supreme  god.  The  Titans  in  their  wars  are  said  to 
have  piled  mountains  upon  mountains  to  scale  heaven, 
and  they  were  taken  as  the  types  of  lawlessness,  gigantic 
size,  and  enormous  strength. 


Tiryns  (ti'rinz).  '  [Gr.  T/pwf.]  In  ancient  geog-  Titcomb  (tit'kom),  Timothy.    Thepseudonym 
raphy,  a  city  of  Argolis,  Greece,  situated  near  _?.i.^'"'--°-°i'?f?;       ,     r/^    m  a    .  n    t   ,-, 
the  coast  southeast  of  Aigos  andS  miles  north  ""i?'^?^  (ti-tho'nus).  _[6r.  TcBavSc.l   In  Greek 

01  JNauplia.  It  was  built  on  a  rock,  and  is  celebrated 
for  its  antiOLUities,  including  the  Cyclopean  walls,  gates, 
and  a  palace  (excavated  by  Schliemann  and  D5rpfeld 
1884-85)  of  the  10th  or  11th  century  B.  0.  The  citadel  is 
a  famous  memorial  of  the  earliest  known  Greek  civiliaa- 


mythology,  a  son  (or  brother)  of  Laomedon, 
beloved  by  Eos.  He  received  from  the  gods  the  gift 
of  immortaKty,  but  not  of  eternal  youth,  and  in  his  ex- 
treme old  age  withered  away  and  waa  metamorphosed  into 
a  grasshopper. 


tion..  The  massive  walls,  built  of  great  blocks  with  the  Titian(tish'an),It.TizianoVecelli(tet-se-a'n6 
interstices  filled  with  small  stones,  surround  the  summit  va-chel'le)  6rVecellio(va-chel'le-6):  sumamed 
of™dl°s°fe^LifnVSoiTted'^^chl^^^^^^^  Da  Cadore.  and  II  Divdno  ('The  Divine'). 

zlnes  for  munitions  and  supplies.  Within  the  walls  there  ^orn  at  Pieve  di  Cadore,  Friuli,  1477  (?):  died  at 
is  an  extensive  prehistoric  palace,  with  outer  and  inner  Venice,  Aug.27, 1576.  Afamous  Venetian  paint- 
courts,  men's  apartments,  bath-room,and  secluded  women's    er.  He  first  studied  painting  at  his  native  place,  and  at  9  or 


quarters,  the  whole  corresponding  with  the  spirit  of  the 
Homeric  picture.  Wall-paintings  and  other  details  of 
high  interest  were  found  by  Schliemann.  According  to  the 
legend,  Hercules  lived  for  many  years  at  Tiryns.  It  was 
destroyed  by  Argos  about  468  B.  0. 


10  years  of  age  went  to  Venice  and  was  put  to  study  with 
Giovanni  Bellini.  He  does  not  seem  to  have  been  influ- 
enced by  any  of  the  foreign  schools.  From  1507-08  he 
worked  as  collaborator  with  Giorgione  in  the  decoration 
of  the  exterior  of  the  Fondaco  de'  Tedeschl  at  Venice : 


TiSChendorf  (tish'en-dorf),  LobegOtt   Fried-    these  frescos  are  destroyed,    in  ISll  Titian  was  at  work 

rich  Konstantin  von.  Bom  at  Lengenfeld,  ''' '''^  ""''  ''  "-^--"-  -">- 
-  Saxony,  Jan.  18,  1815 :  died  at  Leipsic,  Dec.  7, 
1874.  A  noted  German  Protestant  biblical 
critic,  professor  at  Leipsiofrom  1845.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Leipsic ;  made  investigations  in  Paris,  Holland, 
England,  Italy,  Egypt,  Sinai,  Palestine,  and  other  parts  of 
the  East ;  and  brought  many  manuscripts  from  the  East, 
including  the  famous  Sinaitic  Codex  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment. He  published  a  critical  edition  of  the  'New  Testa- 
Hient  (1872),  various  codices  of  the  Old  Testament  and 
Hew  Testament,  "Anecdota  sacra  et  profana,"  "Wann 
wurden  unsere  Evangelien  verfasst?  "  (1865),  etc. 

Tishri  (tish'ri) 
mean  'beginning'(i.  e.  of  the  second  half-year).] 
The  seventh  month  of  the  Hebrew  year,  corre- 
sponding to  September-October.  In  Tishri  fall 
the  holy  days  New  Year's  day,  Atonement  day, 
and  Tabernacles. 


at  the  school  of  Padua  with  Campagnola,  who  was  his 
assistant.  He  returned  to  Venice  in  1512,  and  in  1513 
sought  to  obtain  an  order  for  a  battle-piece  for  the  council- 
hall,  and  applied  for  the  first  vacancy  as  broker  at  the 
Fondaco,  a  privilege  already  accorded  to  Bellini  and  Car- 
paccio.  About  this  time  he  declined  an  invitation  to  work 
at  Kome  for  the  Pope.  On  the  death  of  Bellinihebecame 
his  successor  as  broker  at  the  Fondaco  and  as  portrait- 
painter  to  the  doges.  In  1516  he  went  to  Ferrara  at  the 
invitation  of  Alphonso  d'Este,  and  painted  several  pictures, 
some  of  which  are  now  in  various  public  and  private  col- 
lections. From  this  time  he  was  occupied  with  commis- 
.,«„..  .„..„—.    ,.>™„/  «™.  sions  from  various  royal  and  private  clients  until  1523, 

FArsvt    fnQhrtfii   BTrnlninpH  in'  when  he  returned  to  Venice  to  paint  the  portrait  of  the 
LASsyr.  tasnrUU,  explamea  to    ^^^  ^^^^^  Andrea  Gritti,  and  the  fresco  over  the  landmg 

of  the  doge's  palace,  "St.  Christopher  Carrying  the  Christ 
Child,"  which"  still  remains.  About  this  time  he  married, 
and  in  1530  was  left  a  widower  with  three  children.  In 
1532  Titian  was  called  to  Bologna  by  Charles  V.,  who  had 
come  to  meet  the  Pope.  He  became  painter  to  the  em- 
peror, and  enjoyed  his  friendship.    This  relation  led  him 


Tisiphone  (ti-sif 'o-ne).   [Gr.  Turupdvr/.'}  In  Greek    in  1546  to  Home,  where  he  met  Michelangelo  and  became 
mythology,  one  of  the  Eumenides  (which  see).  '^°  ""       —""-""'t    !.„„,„„ jtv„/:i.„„i„    tt„ 

Tissaphernes  (tis-a-fer'nez).  [Gr.  Tiaaa<pipv7i(:.'\ 
Executed  about  395  b.  c.  A  Persian  satrap. 
He  became  satrap  in  Asia  Minor  414  B.  0. ;  carried  on  war 
against  the  Athenians ;  was  hostile  to  Cyrus  the  Young- 
er, and  discovered  and  disclosed  the  latter's  plans  to  Ai- 
taxerxesll.;  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Cunaxa  401 B.  c; 
pursued  the  Ten  Thousand  on  part  of  their  return  jour- 
ney and  molested  them ;  was  appointed  chief  ruler  in  west- 
ern Asia  by  Ai'taxerxes ;  was  defeated  by  Agesilaus  in  395 ; 
and  was  put  to  death  through  the  influence  of  Parysatis. 

Tissot  (te-s6'),  James  Joseph  Jacques.  Bom  at 
Nantes,  'Oct.  15,  1836:  died  at  the  Abbey  of 
Bullion,  Doubs,  Prance,  Aug.  9,  1902.  A  noted 
French  genre-painter.  He  at  first  painted  after  the 
Dutch  school,  but  became  the  pupil  of  Flandrin  and  La- 
mothe.  He  painted  (1893-96)  a  series  of  water-colors  illus- 
trating the  life  of  Christ. 


acquainted  with  the  works  of  Haphael  and  the  Greeks.  He. 
was  at  this  time  69  years  old.  In  1547  he  was  summoned 
to  Augsburg  by  the  emperor,  and  there  he  painted  many 
portraits.  His  court  life  was  brilliant  and  profitable.  In 
1549  he  was  ^ain  at  Venice,  and  in  1550  returned  to  Augs- 
burg. His  life  from  this  time  forward  is  a  succession  of 
honors  and  triumphs.  Hesucceededtothe  favor  of  Philip 
onthedeathofCharlesV.  He  died  of  the  plague.  Among 
his  chief  paintings  are  many  representations  of  the  Mag- 
dalen, Venus,  Danae,  the  Madonna,  the  Holy  Family,  etc.; 
"Sacred  and  Profane  Love"(Kome),  "BacchusandAriadne" 
(London),  "Ecce  Homo"  (Vienna),  "Entombment  of 
Christ "  (Louvre),  "  Tribute  Money  "  CDresden) ;  "  Martyr- 
dom of  St.  Laurence,"  "St.  Peter  Martyr,"  "Last  Supper," 
"Christ  Crowned  with  Thorns"  (Louvre);  "Bella  dlTiz- 
lano"  ("Titian's  Mistress":  Palazzo  Pitti,  Florence,  and 
another  at  The  Hermitage,  St.  Petersburg), "Venus  of  the 
Tribune  "  (UflSzi,  Florence), "  L'Homme  an  Gant "  (Louvre), 
"Knight  of  Malta  "(Madrid),  "Titian  and  his  Mistress" 
(Louvre),  etc. 


Tissot  (te-s6'),  Simon  (or  Samuel)  Auguste  Titicaca  (te-te-kS'ka).   An  island  in  Lake  Titi- 
Andr^David.    Bomat  Grancy,  Vaud,  Switzer-    caea,  near  the  Peninsula  of  Copacabana.  it  was 


a  sacred  place  of  the  Incas,  the  birthplace  of  the  Sun  ac- 
cording to  one  of  their  legends,  and  by  some  said  to  be  the 
place  whence  Manco  Capac  and  his  wife  issued  to  found 
the  empire  at  Cuzco.  Kuins  of  a  temple  of  the  Sun,  a  pal- 
ace, convent,  etc.,  still  exist  on  it.  The  lake  itself  prob- 
ably took  its  name  from  this  island. 


land,  March  20, 1728:  died  at  Lausanne,  Switzer- 
land, June  15, 1797.  A  physician  of  Lausanne. 
His  best-known  works  are  "L'Onanisme" 
(1760),  "Avis  au  peuple  sur  la  sa.nt6"  (1761). 

Tisza  (tis'o),  Kilmsln.    Bom  at  Geszt,  Hun-    -.--■' ,^.  ,-,..„...  t   i        mi.    ,         j.     j 

gary^  Dec.  ig,  1830:  died  at  Budapest,  March  23,  Tlticaca  (te-te-ka'ka)  Lake.    The  largest  and 

1902.    A  noted  Hungarian  statesman.     He  en-  ™ost  imi)orta,nt  mland  lake  of  South  America, 

tered  the  Diet  in  1861,  and  became  leader  of  the  Left  Cen-  Situated  in  a  high  basm  between  two  ranges  of 

ter.    He  was  one  of  the  founders  in  1875  of  the  liberal  the  Andes,  on  the  confines  of  Peru  and  Bolivia, 

party,  which  succeeded  the  D^ak  party,  and  was  premier  12,645  feet  above  the  sea.    It  is  irregular  in  form, 

of  Hungary  1875-90.                  ,    -,      ,      ci       n.-  and  almost  out  in  two  by  the  Peninsula  of  Copacabana. 

Titan  (ti'tan).      [Gr.  Ttrav.]     1.   bee  Titans. —  Near  the  eastern  side  it  attains  a  depth  of  over  700  feet, 


Tlacopan 

but  along  the  western  and  southern  sides  there  are  exten- 
sive shallows  and  marshes.  The  outlet  is  the  Desaguadero, 
at  the  southern  end.  There  are  many  small  islands ;  some 
of  these,  as  well  as  the  Peninsula  of  Copacabana  and  many 
parts  of  the  shore,  have  interesting  ruins  of  the  Incarial 
andpre-Incarial  periods  :  the  most  celebrated  of  the  latter 
are  at  Tlahuanacu  (which  see).  The  lake  is  connected  with 
many  legends  of  the  Incas.  The  Indians  still  navigate  Tl- 
ticaca on  rafts  made  of  rushes ;  latterly  small  steamers 
have  been  placed  on  it.  Ice  sometimes  forms  along  the 
shore.  Extreme  length,  101  miles.  Average  width,  about  37 
miles.  Area,  3,200  square  miles.  See  Titicaca  Basin,  below. 

Titicaca  Basin.  An  elevated  inclosed  plateau 
of  the  Andes  of  Bolivia,  extending  into  Peru. 
It  is  about  600  miles  long  from  north  to  south,  150  miles 
wide,  and  averages  13,000  feet  above  the  sea  Much  of  the 
surface  is  unfit  for  agriculture,  and  the  climate  is  so  cold 
that  corn  will  not  grow.  Lake  Titicaca,  near  the  northern 
end,  discharges  through  the  deep  and  rapid  Desaguadero 
River,  180  miles  long,  into  Lake  AuUagas  or  Poop6.  Beyond 
that  the  water  is  lost  in  sands  and  marshes.  The  northern 
part  of  the  basin,  and  sometimes  the  whole  of  it,  is  called 
the  CoUao. 

Titlis  (tet'Hs).  A  mountain  on  the  borders  of 
Unterwalden,  Bern,  and  Uri,  Switzerland,  20 
miles  south  by  east  of  Lucerne.  Height,  10,627 
feet. 

Titmarsh  (tit'marsh),  M.  A.  (or  Michael  Au- 
^elo).  The  nameunder  which  Thackeray  wrote, 
in  "Praser's  Magazine,"  his  "Paris  Sketch 
Book,"  "  Yellowplush  Memoirs,"  etc. 

Titmouse  (tit'mous).  Tittlebat  (tit'1-bat).  One 
of  the  principal  characters  in  Warren's  novel 
' '  Ten  Thousand  a  Year  " :  a  vulgar  shopman  in 
Oxford  street,  London. 

Titurel  (tit'u-rel).  A  hero  of  the  legend  of  the 
Holy  Grail,  the  subject  of  a  series  of  poems  by 
Wolfram  von  Eschenbach  (generally  called 
"  Titurel "  because  the  first  begins  with  Titurel, 
the  grandfather  of  Parzival),  and  of  a  "  later 
Titurel"  pubUshed  in  1477. 

Titus  (ti'tus).  A  convert  and  companion  of  the 
apostle  Paul. 

Titus  (Titus  Flavius  Sahinus  Vespasianus). 
Born  40  or  41  A.  D. :  died  Sept.,  81.  A  Roman 
emperor,  son  of  Vespasian :  called  "  the  delight 
of  mankind."  He  was  educated  with  Britannicus; 
served  in  the  army ;  conducted  the  Jewish  war  after  the 
departure  of  his  father ;  and  captured  Jerusalem  in  70. 
He  was  associated  with  Vespasian  in  the  government^  and 
succeeded  to  the  throne  June,  79.  He  finished  the  Colos- 
seum, and  built  the  "baths  of  Titus."  An  eruption  of 
Vesuvius  and  a  fire  at  Rome  occurred  in  his  reign. 

Titus,  Arch  of.    See  Arch  of  Titus. 

Titus  Aadronicus  (ti'tus  an-dron'i-kus  or  -ni'- 
kus).  A  tragedy,  produced  in  1594,  variously 
attributed  to  Marlowe,  Kyd,  and  Shakspere.  It 
is  published  with  Shakspere's  plays.  Ravens- 
croft  adapted  it  in  1678. 

Titusville  (ti'tus-vil).  A  city  in  Crawford 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  Oil  Creek  81 
miles  north  by  east  of  Pittsburg :  noted  for  the 
production  and  refining  of  petroleum,  and  the 
manufacture  of  oil-machinery.  Petroleum  was 
discovered  there  in  1859.  Population  (1900). 
8,244.  ' 

Tityus  (tit'i-us).  [Gr.  Ttrvdg.^  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  son  of  Zeus  or  of  Gsea :  a  giant  of 
Euboea,  father  of  Europa.  He  assaulted  Artemis  or 
teto  at  the  instigation  of  Hera  (Juno),  and  was  killed  by 
her  arrows  or  those  of  Apollo,  or  by  the  lightning  of  Zeus. 
In  Tartarus  he  was  extended  on  the  ground  (covering  nine 
acres)  while  vultures  gnawed  his  liver. 

Tiumen.    See  Tyumen. 

Tiverton  (tiv'er-tgn).  A  borough  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Lowman  and  Bxe,  14  miles  north  of  Exeter. 
It  has  manufactures  of  lace,  and  wasformerly  noted  forita 
woolen  manufactures.  It  was  taken  by  Fsdrfax  in  1645 
Population  (1891),  10,892. 

Tivoli  (teW6-le).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Rome,  Italy,  situated  at  the  falls  of  the  Teve- 
rone  (the  ancient  Anio),  15  miles  east-northeast 
of  Rome :  the  ancient  Tibur.  The  castle,  erected  by 
Pope  Pius  II.  in  the  15th  century,  is  a  highly  picturesque 
fortress  with  five  great  cylindrical  battlemented  towers  of 
different  heights,  connected  by  lofty  machicolated  cur- 
tain-walls. According  to  tradition,  the  town  was  founded 
by  the  Siculi.  It  was  conquered  by  Rome  about  335  B.  c, 
and  was  the  favorite  place  of  residence  of  many  Romans 
(Maecenas,  Augustus,  Hadrian,  etc.).  Among  the  antiqui- 
tnes  on  the  site  are  Hadrian's  Villa  (which  see),  and  the 
so-called  temple  of  Vesta  (perhaps  the  temple  of  the 
Tiburtine  Sibyl).  It  is  circiUar,  with  a  cella  surrounded 
by  a  peristyle  of  dender  graceful  Corinthian  columns, 
rising  from  a  simple  basement.  Ten  columns,  with  their 
entablature,  of  the  original  eighteen  are  still  standing. 
The  diameter  is  24  feet,  the  total  height  34^.  The  date  is 
anterior  to  Augustus.  Population  (1881),  10,297. 
Tizona  (Sp.  pron.  te-tho'na).   The  sword  of  the 

Cid. 

Tlaasaht  (tla'as-at),  or  Klaizaht  (kla'iz-at), 
or  Makah  (ma-ka').  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians.  Their  habitat  was  once  on  Vancouver 
Island,  but  they  have  occupied  the  region  about  Cape  Flat- 
tery, Washington,  since  they  have  been  known  to  history. 
Number  (1884),  510.    See  AM. 

Tlacopan.    See  lepanecs. 


Tlaloc 

Tlaloc  Ctia-lok').  In  Aztec  mythology,  the  god 
of  rain.     His  cult  was  said  to  be  older  than  any  other, 

having  come  down  from  the  Toltecs.  According  to  Duran, 
his  statue  at  Mexico  "was  ol  stone,  formed  in  the  shape 
of  a  terrible  monster  with  an  ugly  face  like  that  of  a  lizard. " 
In  seasons  of  drought  it  is  said  that  children  were  sacri- 
ficed to  Tlaloc.    Also  written  Tlaloch. 

Tlamath.    See  Klamath. 

Tlamatl.    See  Klamath. 

Tlaokwiaht  (tla-6'kwf-at),  or  Clahociuaht 
(kla'ho-kwat).  A  tribe'  of  North  American  In- 
dians living  on  Clayoqnaht  Sound,  Vancouver 
Island,  British  Columbia.  Number,  304.  See 
Aht. 

Tlascala.    See  Tlaxcala. 

Tlaxcala  (ancient).    See  Tlaxoalans. 

Tlaxcala  (tias-ka'ia).  1.  A  state  of  Mexico, 
surrounded  by  the  states  of  Hidalgo,  Puebla, 
and  Mexico.  Area,  1,506  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1895),  166,803.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
state  of  Tlaxcala,  situated  on  the  Atoyac  64 
miles  east  of  Mexico.   Population  (1895),  2,874. 

Tlaxcalans  (tlas'ka-lanz),  or  Tlaxcaltecs 
(tlas-kal-teks').  A  tribe  of  Mexican  Indians, 
of  the  Nahuatleoan  stock,  who  occupied  the 
territory  now  included  in  the  state  of  Tlaxcala, 
east  of  the  valley  of  Mexico.  They  were  less  ad- 
vanced in  arts  than  the  Aztecs ;  but  they  were  brave  war- 
riors and  had  repeatedly  defeated  the  Aztec  armies, 
retaining  their  independence.  They  had  elective  chiefs, 
but  the  true  governing  power  was  the  tribal  council, 
called  a  senate  by  Spanish  historians.  Their  principal 
pueblo  was  on  or  near  the  site  now  occupied  by  the  city 
of  Tlaxcala.  Cortes,  in  his  first  march  to  Mexico,  took 
the  route  through  Tlaxcalan  territory,  and  they  resisted 
him  in  several  fierce  battles  (.Sept.,  1519).  Having  been 
defeated,  they  made  terms  with  the  Spaniards,  joined 
Cort6s  with  a  large  force  of  warriors,  and  took  a  prominent 

Sart  in  the  siege  and  capture  of  Mexico.    The  modern  In- 
ian  population  of  Tlaxcala  is  mainly  descended  from  this 
tribe.    Also  written  Tlascalans,  Tlaxcaltecos, 

Tlinkit.    See  Koluschan. 

TmolllS  (mo'lus).  [Gr.  T/iaXocI  A  mountain- 
range  in  Asia  Minor,  extending  eastward  from 
near  Smyrna,  south  of  the  Hermus  and  north  of 
the  Cayster. 

Tobacco  Nation,    See  TionontaU. 

Tobago  (to-ba'go),  or  Tabago  (ta-ba'go).  An 
island  of  the  British  West  Indies,  northeast  of 
Trinidad.  Capital,  Scarborough.  Its  northern  point 
is  in  lat.  11°  21'  N.,  long.  60°  31'  W.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. It  was  seen  by  Columbus  in  1498,  and  was  settled 
by  the  Dutch  in  1654,  but  passed  into  the  hands  of  the 
French  and  eventually  (1763)  of  the  English.  In  1889  it 
was  annexed  to  the  colony  of  Trinidad.  Length,  26  miles. 
Area,  114  square  miles.    Population  (1892),  19,S94. 

Tobias  (td-bi'as).  [Heb.,  ^God  is  good.'] 
The  son  of  Tobft,  and  a  character  in  the  Book 
of  Tobit. 

Tobias,  Family  of,  and  the  Angel.  A  fine  paint- 
ing by  Eembrandt,  in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

Tobikhar  (to-bik-har').  A  division  of  North 
American  Indians,  comprising  a  number  of 
tribes  which  formerly  lived  about  the  missions 
of  San  (Jabriel,  San  Luis  Key,  San  Juan  Capis- 
trano,  San  Fernando,  Los  Angeles,  and  San 
Bernardino,  in  southern  California.  The  name, 
signifying 'residents, settlerSj'belongsstrictlytotheformer 
Inhabitants  of  San  Gabriel  and  Los  Angeles,  but  Is  now 
used  to  designate  also  the  entire  group  of  tribes  which 
form  the  southwestern  or  coast  division  of  the  Shoshonean 
stock.  They  have  been  gradually  dispossessed  of  their 
lands,  and  are  now  mostly  under  the  Mission  agency, 
California,  being  classed,  with  natives  of  other  tribes  of 
totally  distinct  stocks,  as  "Mission  Indians."  Number, 
about  2,200.    See  ShoBhonean. 

Tobit  (to'bit).  Book  of.  A  romance,  one  of  the 
apocryphal  books  of  the  Old  Testament:  so 
called  from  the  name  of  its  leading  character. 

Tobitschau  (to'bit-shou).  A  town  in  Mora- 
via, Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  March 
12  miles  south  of  Olmiitz.  Here,  July  15,  1866,  a 
Frassian  brigade  defeated  an  Austrian  force.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  2,632. 

Tobol  (to-bol').  A  river  in  western  Siberia,  it 
rises  on  the  slopes  of  the  Urals,  and  joins  the  Irtish  near 
Tobolsk.  Length,  about  600  miles.  It  is  navigable  for  a 
large  part  of  its  course. 

Tobolsk  (to-bolsk').  1.  A  government  of  West- 
em  Siberia.  Capital,  Tobolsk,  it  is  bounded  by  the 
Arctic  Ocean  on  the  north,  the  governments  of  Yeniseisk 
and  Tomsk  on  the  east,  Semipalatinsk  and  Akraoliusk  on 
the  south,  and  European  Eussia  on  the  west.  The  surface 
is  generally  level.  It  is  fertile  in  the  Tobol  and  Ishtm 
steppes.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Kussians.  Area, 
639,659  square  miles.  Population  (1889),  1,313,400. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Tobolsk, 
situated  on  the  Irtish,  near  its  junction  with 
the  Tobol,  about  lat.  58°  20'  N.  it  has  considera- 
ble trade,  and.'oontalns  a  picturesque  kreml.  Founded 
In  the  last  part  of  the  16th  century,  itwas  formerly  the  capi- 
tal  of  western  Siberia,  and  was  long  an  administrative  cen- 
ter for  exiles.    Population  (1890),  21,336. 

Toboso  (to-bo'so).  A  small  town  60  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Toledo,  Spain.  It  is  notable  as 
the  home  of  Dulcinea  in  "Don  Quixote." 

Toby  (t6'bi),XJncle,  or  Captain  Shandy  (shan'- 


1000 

di).  The  uncle  of  Tristram  Shandy,  in  Sterne's 
novel  of  that  name :  one  of  its  chief  characters. 
See  Le  Fevre. 

He  represents,  it  has  been  said,  the  wisdom  of  love,  as  Mr. 
Shandy  exemplifies  the  love  of  wisdom ;  more  precisely,  he 
is  the  incarnation  of  the  sentimentalism  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  Leslie  Stephen,  Hours  in  a  Library,  III.  350. 

Tocantins  (to-kan-tenz').  [So  called  from  an 
Indian  tribe.]  An  important  river  of  central  and 
northern  Brazil,  it  rises  in  the  state  of  Goyaz,  flows 
northward,  and  reaches  the  Atlantic  through  the  ParA 
Kiver.  The  latter  may  be  regarded  as  its  estuary,  though 
it  also  receives  a  large  amount  of  water  from  the  Amazon. 
The  most  important  afiluent  of  the  Tocantins  is  the  Ara- 
guaya. Navigation  is  interrupted  by  a  series  of  rapids  be- 
ginning about  200  miles  above  Pari :  beyond  these  both  the 
Tocantins  and  the  Araguaya  are  navigable  for  many  hun- 
dred miles.  Length  (from  ParA),  about  1,700  miles ;  with 
the  Araguaya,  nearly  1,900  miles. 

Tocqueville  (tok'vil;  F.pron.tok-vel'),  Alexis 
Charles  Henri  Clerel  de.  Bom  at  Paris, 
July  29,  1805 :  died  at  Cannes,  April  16,  1859. 
A  celebrated  French  statesman  and  writer.  His 
studies,  begun  at  Metz,were  completed  by  a  course  in  law 
at  Paris.  He  took  his  final  degree  in  1826,  and  spent  then 
a  year  or  more  traveling  in  Italy  and  Sicily.  On  his  re- 
turn to  France  he  occupied  a  post  in  the  law-court  of  Ver- 
sailles. But  jurisprudence  was  notaltogether  suited  to  his 
tastes,  and  April  2, 1831,  he  left  France  for  the  United  Statos, 
whither  he  was  sent  by  his  government  for  the  purpose 
of  studying  the  penitentiary  system.  He  did  not  limit 
himse^,  however,  to  this  special  field,  but  extended  his 
observations  also  to  the  social  and  political  institutions 
and  customs  of  the  new  country.  The  following  year  he 
published  in  France,  together  with  his  friend  and  travel- 
ing companion,  M.  de  Beaumont,  the  result  of  their  of- 
ficial investigations,  under  the  title  "Du  syst^me  p^ni- 
tentiaire  aux  Etats-Unis  et  de  son  application  en  France." 
This  important  work  attracted  much  attention,  and  was 
crowned  by  the  French  Academy.  From  the  notes  that 
he  had  taken  in  a  private  capacity  while  on  his  visit  to 
the  United  States,  he  wrote  his  masterpiece,  "D^mocratie 
en  Am^rique  "  (1835-40).  Its  success  secured  his  admis- 
sion to  the  French  Academy  (Dec.  23, 1841).  After  several 
years  of  public  lite  (1839-51),  he  retired  in  order  to  de- 
vote his  entire  time  to  travel  and  writing.  Besides  the 
works  alreadymentioned,hewrotea  number  of  pamphlets 
on  various  subjects,  also  an  "  Histoire  philosophique  du 
rfegne  de  Louis  XV."  (1846),  and  the  first  volume  of  the 
work  left  unfinished  at  his  death,  "L'Ancien  regime  ct 
la  revolution"  (1856).  A  paper  entitled  "Etat  social  et 
politique  de  la  France  "  was  translated  into  English  by 
John  Stuart  Mill,  and  published  in  the  April  number  of 
the  "  Westminster  Beview,"  1834.  De  Tocqueville's  com- 
plete works  were  edited  by  his  friend  M.  de  Beaumont 
1860-65. 

Todd  (tod),  John.  Born  at  Rutland,  Vt.,  Oct.  9, 
1800 :  died  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  Aug.  24,  1873. 
An  American  Congregational  clergyman  and 
author,  long  pastor  in  Pittsfield.  Among  his 
works  are  "Lectures  to  Children  "  (1834),  "Student's Man- 
ual" (1835),  "Index  Rerum"  (1835),  "Truth  Made  Sim- 
ple" (1839),  "  The  Young  Man  "  (1843),  "Mountain  Gems  " 
(1864),  "Sunset  Land"  (1869),  " Old-Fashioned  Lives" 
(187(0,  and  other  woiks. 

Todd'S  Tavern  (todz  tav'6rn).  A  place  in  Vir- 
ginia, 11  miles  west  by  south  of  Fredericksburg. 
Here,  May  7  and  8, 1864,  the  Federal  cavalry  under  Torbert 
and  Gregg  defeated  tho  Confederate  cavalry  under  Hamp- 
ton and  Fitzhugh  Lee. 

Todhunter  (tod'him-tfer),  Isaac.  Bom  at  Rye, 
England,  1820 :  died  there,  March  1, 1884.  An 
English  mathematician,  author  of  an  extensive 
series  of  mathematical  text-books.  He  graduated 
as  senior  wrangler  atCambridge(St.  John's  College)in  1848. 
He  also  wrote  "History  of  the  Progress  of  the  Calculus  of 
Vaiiations  during  the  19th  Century  "  (1861),  and  "  History 
of  the  Mathematical  Theories  of  Attraction  and  the  Fig- 
ure of  the  Earth  "  (1873), "  A  History  of  the  Theory  of  Elas- 
ticity and  the  Strength  of  Materials,  eto."  (1886),  eto. 

Todi  (te'de).  The  highest  summit  of  the  Glar- 
ner  Alps,  situated  on  the  borders  of  the  cantons 
of  Glarus,  Grisons,  and  Uri,  31  miles  southeast 
of  Lucerne.    Height,  11,887  feet. 

Todi  (to'de).  A  small  town  in  the  province  of 
Perugia,  Italy,  situated  near  the  Tiber  23  miles 
south  of  Perugia :  the  ancient  Tuder.  it  has  a 
noted  Renaissance  church  (Sta.  Maria  della  Consolazione), 
and  contains  Etruscan  and  Itoman  antiquities,  including 
walls,  temple,  theater,  etc. 

Todleben,  or  Totleben  (tot 'la -ben).  Count 
Franz  JBduard,  Born  at  Mitau,  Courland, 
Russia,  May  20, 1818 :  died  at  Soden,  near  Frank- 
fort, Jiilyl,  1884.  A  noted  Russian  military  engi- 
neer and  general.  He  was  educated  in  the  St.  Peters- 
burg school  of  engineers ;  served  as  captain  in  the  Caucasus 
1848-60,  and  at  the  siege  of  Silistria  1854 ;  became  famous  as 
the  chief  engineer  in  the  defense  of  Sebastopol  1854-55 ;  was 
made  major-general  in  1855 ;  was  wounded  in  ,Tune,  1855 ; 
was  employed  in  fortifying  Nikolaiefl  and  Kronstadt ;  be- 
came assistant  to  the  inspector-general  of  engineers,  and 
In  1869  general  of  engineers ;  took  charge  of  the  siege  of 
Plevna  in  the  Turkish  war  Sept-Dec,  1877 ;  was  employed 
in  the  reduction  of  the  Bulgarian  fortresses  in  1878 ;  became 
commander  of  the  Russian  army  in  Turkey  in  1878  ;  and 
later  served  as  governor  of  Odessa  and  in  other  stations. 
He  wrote  "  D«ense  de  Sevastopol "  (1864-72),  etc. 

Todinorden(tod-m6r'den).  Atownin Yorkshire 
and  Lancashire,England,situated  on  the  Calder 
17  mUes  north-northeast  of  Manchester.  It  has 
cotton  manufactures.  Population(1891),  24,725. 

Toggenburg  (tog'en-bSra).    A  region  in  the 


Toledo 

canton  of  St.  Gall,  Switzerland,  traversed  by  the^ 
Thur.  It  was  a  medieval  countship.  The  most  notable 
of  the  so-called  Toggenburg  wars  was  that  of  1712,  caused 
by  the  oppressive  action  of  the  Abbot  of  St.  Gall :  Bern  and 
Zurich  supported  Toggenburg  successfully  against  the 
Catholic  forces  of  Lucerne,  the  Forest  Cantons,  etc 

Togoland  (to'go-land).  A  German  protector- 
ate on  the  Slave  Coast  of  western  Africa,  east 
of  the  Gold  Coast,  about  long.  1°  20'  E.  Capi- 
tal, Little  Popo.  The  protectorate  was  pro- 
claimed in  1884.  Area,  estimated,  34,000  square 
miles.    Population,  about  2,000,000(?). 

Togrul  (to'grSl),  or  Togril  (to'gril).  Beg.  Died 
about  1063.  The  founder  of  the  first  dynasty 
of  the  Seljuk  Turks  (which  see).  He  made 
many  conquests  in  Persia. 

Toilers  of  the  Sea,  The.  See  Travailleurs  de  la- 
Mer,  Les. 

Toinette  (twa-nef).  The  capable  but  exasper- 
ating servant  of  Argan  in  Molifere's  "Le  ma- 
lade  imaginaire." 

Toisond'Or(twa-s6n'd6r),La.  [F.,' The  Fleece 
of  Gold.']  A  play  by  Corneille.  "it  includes  a 
great  deal  of  spectacle,  and  is  rather  an  elaborate  masque 
Interspersed  with  regular  dramatic  scenes  than  a  tragedy," 
Saint&mry. 

Toiyabe  Range  (toi-ya'be  ranj).  A  range  of 
mountains  in  the  central  part  of  Nevada,  about 
long.  117°  20'  W. 

Tokaido  (to-ld'do).  [From  to,  eastern,  Jcai,  sea, 
do,  road.]  The  main  road  along  the  eastern 
coast  of  Japan,  extending  from  Tokio  to  Kioto, 

Tokaj.    See  Tokay. 

Tokar  (to-kar').  A  town  in  Nubia,  near  the 
coast  of  the  Red  Sea,  40  miles  south  of  Suakim. 
The  town  was  surrendered  to  the  Mahdists.  Near,  it  a 
battle  (called  also  the  battle  of  Trinkitat)  was  fought  Feb. 
4,  1884,  when  the  Mahdists  under  Osman  Digua  totally 
defeated  the  Egyptian  forces  under  Baker  Pasha. 

Tokat  (to-kaf ).  A  town  in  the  vilayet  of  Sivas, 
Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  near  the  Yeshil-Irmak 
56  miles  north-northwest  of  Sivas.  It  was  for- 
merly a  seat  of  important  trade  and  manufactures,  and 
still  has  copper  manufactures.    Population,  about  10,000. 

Tokay,  or  Tokaj  (to-ka';  Hung.  pron.  to'koi). 
A  town  in  the  county  of  Zemplin,  Hungary, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Bodrog  with  the 
Theiss,  42  miles  north  by  west  of  Debreezin. 
The  celebrated  Tokay  wines  are  produced  in  its 
vicinity.    Population,  about  4,500. 

Tokio  (to'ke-o),  formerly  Yedo  or  Yeddo 
(yed'6).  The  capital  of  Japan,  situated  on  the 
Bay  of  Tokio,  on  the  main  island,  in  lat.  35°  41' 
N.,  long.  139°  46'  E.  It  is  situated  on  low  and  flat 
ground,  traversed  by  several  streams.  It  is  the  seat  of  ini- 
portant  commerce  and  manufactures,  and  a  center  of  cul- 
ture, containing  the  imperial  university.  Yokohama  is  the 
seaport.  The  Shiba  temple  is  remarkable  for  its  succession 
of  inclosures,  each  with  an  elaborately  decorated  covered 
gateway.  The  tombs  of  the  shoguns  are  admirable  monu- 
ments of  the  national  style,  chiefly  in  wood,  with  a  succes- 
sion of  inclosures,  gates,  corridors,  and  halls,  ornamented 
with  sculpture  and  color,  and  with  delicate  work  in  metal. 
Yedo  was  the  seat  of  the  shogunate  until  its  abolition  in 
1868,  and  succeeded  Kioto  as  the  capital'in  1869,  when  the 
name  was  changed  to  Tokio  ('Eastern  Capital-')^  Popula- 
tion (1893),  1,180,669.    Also  Tokyo. 

Tokio,  Bay  of.  An  arm  of  the  ocean,  on  the 
coast  of  Japan,  near  Tokio. 

Toland  (to'land),  John  (baptized  Janus  Ju- 
nius). Born  near  Londonderry,  Nov.  30, 1669 
(1670?):  died  at  Putney,  March  11,  1722.  An 
English  deist.  He  was  brought  up  a  Catholic,  but  at 
fifteen  became  a  Protestant,  and  was  educated  at  Glas- 
gow and  Edinburgh,  graduating  from  the  latter  university 
in  1690.  He  then  studied  at  Leyden,  and  in  1694  began  to 
reside  at  Oxford.  In  1696  he  published  "  Christianity  not 
Mysterious."  The  work  aroused  considerable  controversy, 
which  was  increased  by  its  similarity  to  "The  Reasonable- 
ness of  Christianity  "  by  John  Locke.  In  1698  he  published 
the  "Life  of  Milton,"  in  1704  the  "  Letters  to  Serena  "  (the 
Queen  of  Prussia),  followed  in  1706  by  his  "Account  of 
Prussia  and  Hanover."  In  1710  he  returned  to  England, 
and  published  "Nazarenus  "  in  1718,  and  "Tetradymus 
and  "  Pantheisticon  "  in  1720.  In  his  last  years  his  life 
was  that  of  an  adventurer. 

Tolbiacum  (tol-bi'a-kdm).  The  ancient  name 
of  Zulpieh. 

Toledo  (to-le'do;  Sp.  pron.  to-la'THo).  1.  A 
province  of  New  Castile,  Spain,  it  is  bounded  by 
Avila  and  Madrid  on  the  north,  Cuenca  on  the  east,  Ciu- 
dad  Real  and  Badajoz  on  the  south,  and  Caceres  on  the 
west.  The  surface  is  elevated  and  mountainous.  Area, 
6,886  square  miles.  Population  ^1887),  359,562. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Toledo,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tagus  in  lat.  39°  51'  N.,  long.  4°  1' 
W. :  the  ancient  Toletum.  It  is  picturesquely  situ- 
ated on  hills ;  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishop,  primate  of 
Spain  ;  was  long  noted  for  manufactures,  and  is  still  fa- 
mous for  its  swords ;  and  has  a  trade  in  coal,  iron,  lumber, 
and  grain.  It  formerly  contained  a  university.  The 
cathedral,  the  metropolitan  church  of  Spain,  was  com- 
menced in  1227,  and  is  essentially  of  the  13th  century, 
though  it  was  not  finished  until  1492.  Like  most  Spanish 
churches,  it  is  not  effective  without.  The  five-aisled  in- 
terior, though  not  lofty,  is  very  impressive  and  pictur- 
esque ;  it  has  much  good  glass,  and  is  a  museum  of  sculp- 
ture and  rich  old  church  furniture.   The  choir-stalls  are 


Toledo 

carved  with  the  long  aeries  of  victories  of  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella  over  the  Moors.  The  cloisters  are  large,  with  fine 
simple  tracery  and  vaulting.  The  city  contains  many  other 
churches  and  religious  houses,  and  many  specimens  of 
Moorish  architecture.  The  Alcazar  is  a  combined  palace 
and  citadel  rebuilt  and  decorated  by  Charles  V.,  but  greatly 
damaged  by  fire  in  1886.  The  patio,  or  inner  court,  is  a  fine 
example  of  Benaissance  arcading.  The  bridges  of  Alcan- 
tara and  San  Martin,  over  the  Tagus,  are  both  essentially 
of  the  18th  century,  narrow,  very  lofty,  and  with  an  enor- 
mous central  arch.  The  first  has  only  one  side  arch,  and  a 
battlemented  tower  at  the  inner  end  and  a  simple  gate  at 
the  outer ;  the  second  has  four  side  arches,  and  a  fortified 
tower  at  each  end.  The  city  was  the  ancient  capital  of 
the  Carpetani,  and  was  conquered  by  the  Romans  about 
193  B.  0.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  West-Gothic  realm ; 
has  been  the  seat  of  many  councils ;  was  the  second  city  in 
the  country  under  the  Moorish  rale ;  was  taken  by  Alfonso 
VI,  of  Castile  and  Leon  in  1085  ;  was  defended  against 
Moorish  attacks  in  the  12th  century ;  and  was  the  capital 
of  Castile  until  superseded  by  Madrid  in  the  16th  century. 
Population  (1887),  20,837. 
Toledo  (to-le'do).  A  city  and  lake  port,  capital 
of  Lucas  County,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Maumee 
Eiver,  near  Lake  Erie,  al)out  lat.  41°  38'  N. 
It  is  a  leading  railroad  center ;  has  important'  commerce 
In  grain,  flour,  live  stock,  lumber,  etc. ;  and  has  manufac- 
tures of  wood,  iron,  etc.  It  was  formed  by  the  union  of 
two  Tillages  in  1836.  (See  Toledo  War.)  Population 
(1900),  131,822. 

Toledo  (to-la'do).  The  main  street  of  Naples : 
called  officially  the  Via  di  Roma. 

Toledo  (to-la'THo),  Francisco  de.  Born  about 
1515 :  died  at  Seville,  Sept.,  1584.  A  Spanish 
administrator.  He wasayoungersonotthethird Count 
of  Oropesa.  From  Nov.  26,  1669,  to  Sept.  23, 1681,  he  was 
viceroy  of  Peru.  During  this  period  the  young  Inoa  Tui>ac 
Amaru  was  seized  and  executed ;  the  Inquisition  was  in- 
troduced (1669) ;  and  the  code  of  laws  called  Libra  de  Ta- 
sas  (which  see)  was  promulgated.  OnhisretumtoSpain, 
Toledo  was  imprisoned  for  malversation  of  public  funds, 
and  was  severely  rebuked  by  theking  for  having  caused  the 
death  of  the  Inca. 

Toledo  Molina  y  Salazar  (to-la'THo  mo-le'na  e 
sa-ia-thar'),  Antonio  Sebastian  de,  Marquis 
of  Mancera.  Bom  about  1620 :  died  after  1675. 
A  Spanish  nobleman,  viceroy  of  Mexico  from 
Oct.  15,  1664,  to  Nov.  9,  1673.  He  was  one  of 
the  best  and  ablest  of  the  viceroys. 

Toledo  War.  A  bloodless  dispute  between  Ohio 
and  Michigan,  in  1835^  relating  to  the  city  of 
Toledo,  wMch  was  claimed  by  both.  It  termi- 
nated in  favor  of  Ohio. 

Tolentino  (to-len-te'no).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Maoerata,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Chienti 
30  miles  south-southwest  of  Anoona:  the  an- 
cient Tolentinum.  it  has  several  noted  churches  and 
works  of  art.  A  victory  gained  here  by  the  Austrians  un- 
der Bianchi  over  the  Neapolitans  under  Murat,  May  2  and 
3, 1816,  led  to  Murat's  loss  of  his  throne.  Population  (1881), 
4,1U. 

Tolentino,  Peace  of.  A  treaty  concluded  at 
Tolentino,  Feb.,  1797,  between  Pope  Pius  VT. 
and  Napoleon  Bonaparte.  The  Pope  ceded 
Avignon,  the  Comtat-Venaissin,  Bologna,  Fer- 
rara,  the  Eomagna,  and  Aneona  to  the  French. 

Toleration,  Act  of.    In  English  law,  the  name 

fiven  to  lie  statute  1  Will,  and  Mary,  cap. 
8  (1689).  By  this  the  Protestant  dissenters  from  the 
Church  of  England,  except  such  as  denied  the  Trinity, 
were  relieved  from  the  restrictions  under  which  they  had 
formerly  lain  with  regard  to  the  exercise  of  religious  wor- 
ship according  to  their  own  forms,  on  condition  of  their 
taking  the  oaths  of  supremacy  and  allegiance,  and  repu- 
diating the  doctrine  of  transubstantiation,  and,  in  the 
case  of  dissenting  ministers,  subscribing  also  to  the  Thirty- 
nine  Articles  with  certain  exceptions  relating  to  ceremo- 
nies, ordination,  infant  baptism,  etc. 

Tolfma  (to-le'ma).  An  interior  department  of 
Colombia,  about  the  head  waters  of  the  river 
Magdalena.  Capital,  Ibagu6.  Area,  18,434 
square  miles.    Population,  306,000. 

ToUma.  The  highest  mountain  of  Colombia,  in 
the  Central  Coroillera  of  the  Andes,  near  lat. 
4°  40'  N.,  northwest  of  the  town  of  Ibagu6,  To- 
lima.  It  is  a  quiescent  volcano.  Height,18,325 
feet. 

Toll  (tol),  Count  Karl  Friedrich.  Bom  April 
19,  1777:  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  May  5,  1842. 
A  Bussian  general.  He  was  distinguished  in  Swit- 
zerland and  Italy,  and  in  the  Turkish  and  Napoleonic 
wars ;  was  chief  of  stafl  in  the  Turkish  war  in  1829,  and 
in  the  Polish  revolution  in  1831 ;  and  succeeded  Diebitsch 
as  commander  in  Poland  in  1831. 

Tollan.  See  Tula  and  Toltecs. 
ToUens  (tol'lens),  Hendrik.  Bom  at  Rotter- 
dam, Sept.  24,  1780 :  died  at  Ryswick,  Oct.  21, 
1856.  A  Dutch  poet.  His  father  was  a  merchant  in 
Botterdam,  and  his  early  education  was  in  the  direction  of 
the  mercantile  career,|which  he  followed  until  1846,  when 
he  retired  to  private  life.  His  earliest  works  were  the 
comedies  "De  Bruiloft"  ("The  Wedding,"  1799)  and 
"Gierigheid  en  haatzucht"("  Avarice  and  Covetousness," 
1801).  From  1801  to  1806  appeared  the  poems  "Idyllen 
en  Mlnnezangen"  ("Idyls  and  Love  Songs"),  "Gedich- 
ten  "  {"  Poems,"  1808-16),  " Tafereel  van  de  overwintering 
der  Nederlanders  op  Nova  Zemhla"  ("A  Picture  of  the 
Wintering  of  the  Netherlanders  on  Nova  Zembla,"  1816), 
■''itomancen,  balladen  en  legenden  "  ("  Eomances,  Ballads, 


1001 

and  Legends,"  1818-19),  "Nieuwe  gedichten"  ("New 
Poems,"  1821, 1829),  and,  finally,  in  1848  and  1863,  "  Laatste 
gedichten  "  ("  Last  Poems  "). 

Tolosa  (to-lo'sa).  The  ancient  name  of  Tou- 
louse. 

Tolosa  (to-16'sa).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Guipuzcoa,  Spain,  at  the  junction  of  the  Arages 
with  the  Oria,  25  miles  northwest  of  Pamplona. 
It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  the  province. 
Population  (1887),  7,223. 

Tolosa.    A  suburb  of  La  Plata  (which  see). 

Tolosa,  Battle  of.    See  Navas  de  Tolosa. 

Tolpwa  (t61'6-wa).  A  tribe  of  the  Pacific  di- 
vision of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  living  on  the  northern  coast  of 
California.    See  Athapascan. 

Tolstoi  (tol'stoi),  Count  Alexei  Konstantino- 
vich.  Born  at  St.  Petersburg,  Sept.  5,  1818 : 
died  near  Pochep,  Oct.  10,  1875.  A  Russian 
poet.  He  served  in  the  Crimean  war.  His  chief  works 
are  "  Prince  Ser6brany  "  (1861 :  a  historical  romance)  and 
the  dramatic  trilogy  "Death  of  Ivan  the  Terrible  "(1867), 
"Czar  Feodor"  (1868),  and  "Czar  Boris"  (1870).'  He  was 
remotely  connected  with  Count  Lyefl  Tolstoi. 

Tolstoi,  Count  Dmitri.  Bom  1823 :  died  at  St. 
Petersburg,  May  7, 1889.  A  Russian  politician. 
He  was  minister  of  public  instruction  1866-80, 
and  minister  of  the  interior  1883-89. 

Tolstoi,  Count  Lyeff  or  Lyoff  (i.  e.  Leo) 
Nikolaievicll.  Bom  in  the  government  of 
Tula,  Russia,  Aug.  28,  1828  (O.  S.).  A  Rus- 
sian novelist,  social  reformer,  and  religious 
mystic.  He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Kazan, 
and  served  in  the  armj^  in  the  Caucasus  and  in  the  Cri- 
mean war,  being  appointed  commander  of  a  battery  in 
1866.  He  took  part  in  the  battle  of  the  Tchernaya,  was  in  the 
storming  of  Sebastopol,  and  after  it  was  sent  as  a  special 
courier  to  St.  Petersburg.  He  retired  at  the  end  of  the 
campaign.  After  the  liberation  of  the  serfs  he  lived  on 
his  estates,  working  with  and  relieving  the  peasants,  and 
also  devoting  himself  to  study.  The  stories  regarding  his 
life  have  almost  assumed  the  proportions  of  a  myth.  His 
chief  novels  are  "  War  and  Peace  "  (1865-68 :  a  picture  of 
Bussian  society  1805-16)  and  "Anna  Karenina"  (1876-78). 
Among  his  other  works  are  "  Sevastopol "  (1863-56), "The 
Cossacks"  (composed  while  in  the  army),  "Ivan  Ilyitch" 
(1886),"Two Pilgrims,"  "Childhood, Boyhood,  andYouth," 
"My  Beligion  "  (1885),"My  Confession,"  "A  Commentary 
on  the  Gospel,"  "Life,"  "The  Kreutzer  Sonata"  (1890), 
and  "War"  (1892). 

Toltecs  (tol'teks  ortol-taks').  Atraditional  or 
perhaps  mythical  race  of  Indians,  said  to  have 
occupied  the  Mexican  plateaii  during  several 
centuries  previous  to  the  advent  of  the  Aztecs. 
According  to  the  story,  they  came  from  Huehuetlapallan, 
somewhere  in  the  north,  and  after  various  migrations  and 
temporary  settlements  arrived  at  Tollan  (supposed  to  be 
Tula  in  Hidalgo).  Here  they  settled  in  661  (or  674  ?),  and 
a  list  is  given  of  9  or  11  "kings  "  who  ruled  them.  The 
legends  also  connect  them  with  the  ruins  at  Teotihuacan, 
the  pyramid  at  Cholula,  etc. ;  and  the  prophet  orhero  Quet- 
zalcohuatl  is  said  to  have  appeared  in  their  cities,  making 
his  final  departure  from  TIapallan,  an  unknown  locality, 
but  supposed  to  be  near  the  sea^coast.  About  1013  the 
Toltec  power  was  overthrown,  and  the  nation  journeyed 
southward  and  disappeared ;  but  many  have  supposed  that 
the  Maya  empire,  which  came  into  prominence  about  that 
time,  originated  with  them.  The  vagueness  and  confusion 
which  characterfee  all  accounts  of  the  Toltecs  have  given 
rise  to  many  and  widely  diverse  theories  about  them. 
Some  ethnologists — notably  Dr.  Brinton — deny  that  they 
ever  had  any  real  existence  except,  perhaps,  as  an  early 
and  small  gens  of  the  Aztecs ;  others  believe  that  they 
formed  a  powerful  kingdom  which  left  profound  traces 
on  the  later  civilizations. 

All  that  we  can  gather  about  them  with  safety  is  that 
they  were  a  sedentary  Indian  stock  which  at  some  remote 
time  settled  in  portions  of  central  Mexico,  as  for  instance 
at  Tula,  Tullantzinco,  Teotihuacan,  and  perhaps  Cholula. 
Nothing  certain  is  known  of  their  language,  and  it  must 
not  be  overlooked  that  the  so-called  Toltec  names  men- 
tioned in  the  chronicles  are  in  the  Nahuatl  idiom. 

Bandelier,  An  Archaeological  Tour  in  Mexico,  p.  191. 

Toluca  (to-lo'ka).  The  capital  of  the  state  of 
Mexico,  Mexico,  32  mUes  west-southwest  of  the 
city  of  Mexico,  it  is  one  of  the  places  said  to  have 
been  settled  by  the  Toltecs,  and  was  an  important  Aztec 
pueblo  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  conquest.  Population 
(1896),  23,648. 

Tom  (tom).  A  river  in  the  government  of 
Tomsk,  Siberia,  which  joins  the  Obi  near 
Tomsk.    Length,  about  450  miles. 

Tom,  Mount,  AmountaininHampshire  County, 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Connecticut,  opposite 
Mount  Holyoke,  near  Northampton.  Height, 
1,214  feet. 

Tomales  Bay  (to-ma'les  ba).  An  inlet  of  the 
Pacific,  on  the  coast  of  California,  35  miles 
northwest  of  San  Francisco. 

Tom  and  Jerry,  or  Life  in  London.  A  novel 
by  Pierce  Egan,  published  1821-22,  which  con- 
tains the  adventures  of  Jerry  Hawthorn,  Corin- 
thian Tom,  and  Bob  Logic.  It  was  illustrated 
by  Cruikshank,  and  was  very  popular. 

Tombigbee,  or  Tombigby  (tom -big 'bi).  A 
river  in  eastern  Mississippi  and  western  Ala- 
bama, which  unites  with  the  Alabama  to  form 


Tonale  Pass 

the  Mobile.  Length,  estimated,  about  450 
miles;  navigable  to  Aberdeen,  Mississippi. 

Tom  Brown  at  Oxford.  A  story  by  Thomas 
Hughes,  published  in  1861:  a  continuation  of 
"Tom  Brown's  School  Days." 

TomBrown's  School  Days.  A  story  by  Thomas 
Hughes,  published  in  1856.  It  describes  Ufe  at 
Rugby  School  under  the  rule  of  Dr.  Arnold. 

Tombs  (tSmz),  The.  A  prison  in  New  York 
city,  built  in  1838  and  partly  rebuilt  1897-. 
It  fronts  on  Centre  street^  on  the  block  bounded  by 
Leonard,  Elm,  and  Franklin  streets.  It  was  in  the  Egyp- 
tian style  of  architecture.  The  new  criminal  law  courts, 
on  the  opposite  side  of  Franklin  street,  are  connected 
with  the  Tombs  by  a  bridge  from  the  second  story,  known 
as  "the  Bridge  of  Sighs"  (which  see). 

Tombs  of  the  Scipios.  See  Sdjpios,  Tombs  of  the. 

Tomelloso  (to-mel-yo'so).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Ciudad  Real,  Spain.  It  exports  wine 
and  brandy. 

Tom  Gate.  A  gate  of  (Christ  Church  College, 
Oxford,  begun  by  Wolsey,  and  completed  by 
Wren  in  1682. 

Tomi  (to'mx),  or  Tomis  (to'mis).  [Gr.  Td^if.] 
In  ancient  geography,  a  town  on  the  coast  of 
the  Black  Sea,  near  the  modem  Kustendje, 
Rumania.  It  was  the  place  of  Ovid's  banish- 
ment. 

Tomini  (to-me'ne),  Ghllf  of.  An  arm  of  the  sea 
which  separates  the  northern  from  the  eastern 
peninsula  of  Celebes. 

Tom  Jones.  The  title  of  a  novel  by  Fielding, 
published  in  1749,  and  the  name  of  its  hero. 
He  is  represented  as  a  foundling  who  is  brought  up  by 
Squire  AUworthy,  and  in  the  end  is  discovered  to  be  the 
squire's  (illegitimate)  nephew,  and  is  made  his  heir. 
Jones  is  a  young  man  of  a  naturally  attractive  and  gener- 
ous character,  but  many  of  his  adventures  are  unsavory. 

Tomki[n]s  (tom'kinz  or  -Ms),  John.  A  scholar 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  (B.  A.  1598),  au- 
thor of ' '  Albumazar  "  and,  according  to  Fumival 
and  Pleay,  of  "Lingua,  or  the  Combat  of  the 
Tongue  and  the  Five  Senses  for  Superiority." 
The  latter  has  also  been  attributed  to  An^ny  Brewer. 
[He  is  always  spoken  of  as  Tomkis,  though  his  father's  name 
was  Tomkins.] 

Tommaseo  (tom-mS^-sa'o),  Niccold.  Bom  at 
Sebenico,  Dalmatia,  1802 :  died  at  Florence, 
May  1, 1874.  An  Italian  author.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  revolutionary  government  of  Venice  in  1848,  and 
was  exiled  from  Venice  in  1849.  His  works  include  "  Dizi- 
onario  del  sinonimi  della  lingua  italiana "  (1832),  a  com- 
mentary on  Dante  (1837),  "Lettere  di  Pasquale  de'  Paoli " 
(1846),  "  Canti  popolari,"  etc.  He  was  collaborator  with 
Bellini  on  an  Italian  dictionary. 

Tommy  Atkins  (tom'i  at'Mnz).  A  generic 
name  for  a  private  in  the  British  army ;  also,  the 
rank  and  file  collectively.  The  name  is  said  to  be 
derived  from  the  usage  of  making  out  blanks  for  military 
accounts,  etc.,  with  the  name  "I,  Tommy  Atkins,"  etc. 

Tom  o'  Bedlam  (tom  o  bed'lam).  An  incura- 
ble lunatic :  so  called  from  Bethlehem  Hospital, 
London.    See  Bedlam. 

Tompkins  (tomp'kinz%  Daniel  D.  Bom  at 
(what  is  now)  Scarsdale,  Westchester  County, 
N.  Y.,  June  21, 1774 :  died  on  Staten  Island,  June 
11,1825.  An  American  statesman.  Hewaseducated 
at  Columbia  College,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1797. 
He  was  associate  justice  of  the  New  York  Supreme  Court 
1804-07, andgovemorof NewYorkl807-17.  Inl812he pro- 
rogued the  legislature  for  10  months  to  prevent  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Bank  of  North  America  in  'New  York  city. 
He  was  elected  Vice-President  in  1816  and  was  reelected 
in  1820,  serving  1817-26.  He  recommended,  in  1817,  the 
abolition  of  slavery  in  New  York. 

Tom  Quad  (kwod).  The  great  quadrangle  of 
Christ  Church  College,  Oxford. 

Tom's  (tomz).  A  famous  coffee-house,  named 
from  its  proprietor,  Thomas  West,  formerly  sit- 
uated on  Russell  street,  London :  removed  in 
1865.  In  1764  a  club  of  nearly  700  members  waa  formed 
here,  consisting  of  the  most  noted  men  of  the  age,  and 
called  Tom's  Club. 

Tomsk  (tomsk).  1.  A  government  of  Western 
Siberia,  bounded  by  Tobolsk,  Yeniseisk,  the 
Chinese  empire,  and  Semipalatinsk.  it  is  moun- 
tainous (Altai,  etc.)  in  the  southeast,  and  has  great  min- 
eral wealth.  Area,  331,169  square  miles.  Population  (1889), 
1,299,729. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Tomsk,. 
Siberia,  situated  on  the  Tom,  near  the  Obi, 
about  lat.  56°  40'  N.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  Siberiau 
cities,  and  is  situated  on  the  great  Siberian  road  from 
Tyumen  to  Irkutsk.    Population,  41,856. 

Tom's  River  (tomz  riv'er).  The  capital  of 
Ocean  County,  New  Jersey,  situated  on  Tom's 
River  34  miles  southeast  of  Trenton. 

Tom  Thumb.    See  Stratum,  Charles  S. 

Tom  Thumb  the  Great.  A  burlesque  by  Field- 
ing, produced  in  1730.  Carey's  "  Chrononhotohthol- 
ogos "  was  imitated  from  it  in  part.  O'Hara  turned  it  into 
an  opera. 

Tonale  Pass  (to-na'le  pas).  An  Alpine  pass, 
30  miles  west-northwest  of  Trent,  which  con- 
nects the  valley  of  the  Noce  in  Tyrol  with  that 


Tonale  Pass 

of  the  Oglio  in  tlie  province  of  Breseia,  Italy. 
It  was  the  scene  of  various  contests  in  ttie  Napoleonic  wars 
and  In  tlie  Austrian  wars  of  1848  and  1866.  Elevation, 
8,160  feet. 

Tonantzin.    See  Cilmacohuatl. 

Tonatiuh  (to-na-te ' o ) .  [Mex. , '  sun.']  A  name 
given  by  the  Indians  of  Mexico  to  Pedro  de  Al- 
varado,  in  allusion  to  his  ruddy  complexion  and 
hlond  hair  and  beard. 

Tonawanda  (ton-a-won'da).  A  town  in  Erie 
County,  New  Yorf,  at  the"  junction  of  Tona- 
wanda Creek  with  Niagara  River.  Itisanimportant 
center  of  the  lumber  trade.    Pop.  (1900),  village,  7,421.  .; 

Tonawanda  Creek.  A  river  in  western  New 
York  which  joins  the  Niagara  10  miles  north  of 
Buffalo.    Length,  about  75  miles. 

Tonbridge.    See  Tunbridge. 

Tone  (ton),  Theobald  "Wolfe.  Bom  at  Dublin, 
June  20,  1763 :  committed  suicide  in  prison  at 
Dublin,  Nov.  19,  1798.  An  Irish  revolutionist, 
one  of  the  chief  founders  of  the  United  Irish- 
men .  He  promoted  and  served  in  the  expedition  of  Hoche 
to  Ireland  in  1796 ;  and  was  captured  on  a  French  squadron 
on  its  way  to  Ireland  in  1798,  and  sentenced  to  death.  His 
autobiography  was  edited  by  his  sou  in  1826. 

Toue-gawa.  The  longest  river  in  Japan,  on  the 
main  island,  flowing  into  the  Pacific  east  of 
Tokio.    Length,  about  170  miles. 

Tonga  Bay  (tong'ga  ba).  An  inlet  on  the  east- 
ern coast  of  South  Africa,  near  Cape  Delgado. 

Tonga  Islands,  or  Friendly  Islands.  A  group 
of  islands  in  the  South  Pacific,  south  of  the  Sa- 
moan  Islands.     They  belong  to  Great  Britain. 

Tongaland  (tong'ga-land).  A  native  state,  un- 
der British  rule,  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa 
north  of  Zululaud.  in  1897  it  was  incorporated  with 
the  colony  of  Natal.  Area,  about  1,200  square  miles. 
Population,  about  100,000.    Also  Amatongaland. 

Tongas  (tong'gaz).  A  tribe  of  North  American 
Indians  who  live  on  an  island  at  the  mouth  of 
Portland  Canal,  and  on  Prince  of  Wales  Island, 
Alaska.     Number,  273.     See  Koluschan. 

Tongatabu,  or  Tongataboo  (tong-ga-ta'bS). 
The  largest  island  of  the  Friendly  Islands.  It 
contains  the  capital  of  the  group.  Length,  21 
miles. 

Tongking  (tong-king'),  sometimes  Tungking 
(tong-Mng'),  also  Tonkin  (ton-ken')  and  (P.) 
Tonq[Uin(t6n-kan').  APrench  colonial  posses- 
sion in  Farther  India,boundedby  China,  the  Gulf 
of  Tongking,  Annam,  and  the  Shan  States.  Capi- 
tal, Hanoi .  The  surface  is  generally  low,  and  is  traversed 
by  the  river  Song-koi.  The  chief  exports  are  rice,  silk,  silk 
£oods,  and  tin.  It  was  long  a  kingdom,  nominally  tributary 
to  China,  and  latterly  under  Annamese  suzerainty.  In 
1873  an  unsuccessful  French  expedition  under  Garnier 
was  sent  against  Tongking ;  and  a  treaty  between  France 
and  Annam  was  ratified  in  1874,  The  contest  for  Tongking 
was  renewed  in  1882,  and  campaigns  were  undertaken  by 
the  French  under  Eivi^re,  N^grier,  BriJre  de  lisle,  and 
others  against  the  Black  Flags  and  the  Chinese  1888-85. 
Tongking  was  ceded  to  France  by  treaty  with  China  in 
1886.    Area,  34,740  square  miles.    Population,  9,000,000. 

Tongking,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  China  Sea, 
partly  inclosed  by  Chiaa,  Tongking,  and  the 
island  of  Hainan. 

TongkingRiver.  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
the  Ked  River  in  Tongking. 

Tongoland.     See  Tongaland. 

Tongue  (tung)  River.  A  river  in  northern 
Wyoming  and  southeastern  Montana  which 
unites  with  the  Yellowstone  near  Miles  City. 
Length,  about  200  miles. 

Tonikan  (tou'e-kan),  or  Otonnica,  or  Tanico. 
[Prom  a  word  in  their  language  meaning  'man' 

JOT '  people.']  A  linguistic  stock  of  North  Amer- 
ican Indians  which  lived,  when  first  met  with 
(about  1700),  in  Mississippi  on  the  lower  Yazoo 
Jfiver.  They  were  faithful  allies  of  the  French.  In  1708 
they  were  driven  from  their  villages  by  the  Chikasa  and 
Alabama ;  afterward  occupied  the  lands  of  the  Huma ;  and 
In  1730  were  driven  thence  down  the  Mississippi  by  the 
Nachi.  In  1817  some  of  them  were  in  Avoyelles  parish, 
Louisiana,  where  a  few  still  live. 

Tonkawan  (tong'ka-wan).  A  linguistic  family 
of  North  American  Indians  which,  when  first 
known  (about  1719),  lived  in  several  parts  of 
Texas,  and  later  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
that  State.  But  three  tribes  are  known — the  Tonkawe, 
Mayes,  and  Yakwal:  the  last  two  are  extinct  or  are  merged 
in  the  fli'st.  Thirteen  subdivisions  or  bands  are  known 
by  name. 

Tonkaways.    See  Tonlcawe. 

Tonkawe  (tong'ka-wa),  or  Tancahuas,  or 
Tanks.  [Pi.,  also  lonlcaways ;  from  a  Caddo 
term  meaning  'they  all  stay  together.']  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians  which  for- 
merly roamed  in  the  west  and  south  of  Texas. 
Those  still  living  together  are  in  the  Indian  Territory. 
See  Tonkawan. 

"Tonkin.     See  Tongking. 

Tonna  (ton'a),  Mrs.  (Charlotte  Elizabeth 


1002 

Browne;  Mrs.  Phelan):  pseudonym  Char- 
lotte Elizabeth.  Born  at  Norwich,  England, 
Oct.  1,  1790:  died  at  Ramsgate,  July  12,  1846. 
An  English  religious  writer,  she  married  Captain 
Phelan,  who  died  in  1837 ;  and  in  1841  she  married  Mr. 
Tonna.  Among  her  works  are  "  Judah's  Lion,"  "  The  Siege 
of  Derry,"  "Floral  Biography,"  "The  Eockite,"  etc.,  and 
many  religious' tracts.  She  edited  the  "Christian  Lady's 
Magazine  "  1834-46. 

Tonnante  (ton-nonf).  The  first  ironclad,  one 
of  five  floating  batteries  built  by  Napoleon  III. 
during  the  Crimean  war.  it  was  launched  at  Brest 
in  March,  1866.  Its  length  was  172  feet ;  breadth,  44  feet ; 
draught,  9  feet.  The  armored  casemate  carried  4^-inch 
armor  and  17-inch  wooden  baclang,  and  mounted  16  guns. 

Tonnay-Charente  (ton-na'sha-ronf).  A  town 
in  the  department  of  Charente-Inf^rieure, 
France,  situated  on  the  Charente  4  miles  east 
of  Rochefort.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
4,249. 

Tonneins  (ton-nan' ) .  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Lot-et-Garonne,  France,  situated  on  the  Ga- 
ronne 20  miles  northwest  of  Agen.  It  was  de- 
stroyed by  Louis  XIII.  in  1622.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  7,090. 

Tonnerre  (ton-nar').  Atown  in  the  department 
of  Yonne,  France,  situated  on  the  Arman9on 
32  miles  south  by  west  of  Troyes.  It  produces 
wines.    Population  (1891),  commune,  4,784. 

Tonning  (ten'ning).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Sohleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Eider,  30  miles  west-southwest  of 
Schleswig.  It  has  several  times  been  besieged.  The 
Swedish  general  Stenbock  surrendered  here  to  the  Rus- 
sians and  Danes  May  16, 1713.    Population  (1890),  3,228. 

Tonquin.    See  TongTcing. 

Tonson  (ton'son),  Jacob.  Bom  about  1656 :  died 
1736.  A  noted  English  bookseller.  He  published 
some  of  Otway's  and  Tate's  plays  before  1670;  was  Dry- 
den's  publisher  in  1681 ;  and  published  !Rowe's  Shakspere  in 
1709.    See  Eit-Cat  Club. 

Tonstall,  Cuthbert.    See  Tunstall. 

Tonti  (ton 'te),  Lorenzo.  Lived  about  1650.  An 
Italian  banker,  inventor  of  the  tontine  system 
of  life-insurance. 

Tonto  Apache.     See  Pmal  Coyotero. 

Tonty  (ton'te),  or  Tonti,  Henry  de.  Bomabout 
1650 :  died  at  Mobile,  1704.  An  Italian  explorer 
in  the  Mississippi  valley,  son  of  Lorenzo  Tonti : 
a  companion  of  La  Salle. 

Tooke  (tok).  Home :  the  assumed  name  of  John 
Horne.  Born  at  Westminster,  England,  June 
25, 1736 :  died  at  Wimbledon,  England,  March 
18, 1812.  An  English  politician  and  philologist. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge ;  was  vicar  at 
New  Brentford  until  1773 ;  began  his  political  career  about 
1765  as  a  Liberal ;  engaged  in  controversies  with  Wilkes 
and  Junius;  was  the  chief  founder  of  the  "Society  for 
Supporting  the  Bill  of  Rights  "  in  1769 ;  opposed  the  Ameri- 
can wax ;  and  was  imprisoned  for  libel  1767-68.  He  as- 
sumed the  name  of  Tooke  in  1782.  In  1794  he  was  tried 
for  high  treason  and  acquitted.  He  was  member  of  Par- 
liament 1801-02,  but  was  excluded  later,  as  a  clergyman. 
His  chief  work  is  the  philological  treatise  "Epea  Pte- 
roenta,  or  Diversions  ol  Purley  "  (1786, 1806).  He  also  wrote 
various  political  pamphlets,  including  "Petition  of  an 
Englishman "  (1766),  "Two  Pair  of  Portraits "  (1788),  etc. 

Toombs  (tomz),  Robert.  Born  in  Wilkes  Coun- 
ty, Ga.,  July  2,  1810 :  died  at  Washington,  Ga., 
Dec.  15, 1885.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
Whig  member  of  Congress  from  Georgia  1846-63 ;  United 
States  senator  from  Georgia  1853-61 ;  a  leading  disunion- 
ist ;  member  of  the  Confederate  Congress  1861 ;  and  Con- 
federate secretary  of  state  1861.  He  served  as  brigadier- 
general  at  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run  and  at  Antietam 
in  1862 ;  and  commanded  the  Georgia  militia  in  1864.  He 
lived  abroad  1865-67  when  he  returned,  but  refused  to  take 
the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  United  States  government. 

Toorkistan.     See  Turkestan. 

Topeka  (to-pe'ka).  The  capital  of  Kansas,  and 
of  Shawnee  County,  situated  on  the  Kansas 
T^ver  in  lat.  39°  3'  N.,  long.  95°  40'  W.  It  is 
a  railroad  center;  has  manufactures  of  flour,  machinery, 
etc. ;  and  is  the  seat  of  Washburn  College  (Congregational), 
and  of  Bethany  College  for  young  ladies  (Episcopal),  and 
other  educational  institutions.  It  was  settled  in  1854, 
and  was  incorporated  in  18S7.    Population  (1900),  33,608. 

Topeka  Constitution.  A  constitution  for  the 
projected  State  of  Kansas,  adopted  in  conven- 
tion at  Topeka  1855.    It  prohibited  slavery. 

Topelius  (to-pa'le-os),  Zachris.  Bom  at  Ny- 
karleby,  Finland,  Jan.  14,  1818:  died  March  12, 
1898.  A  Swedish  poet  and  novelist.  His  father 
was  a  physician.  After  1883  he  studied  at  Helsingfors. 
Here  he  subsequently  settled,  and  1842-61  was  editor  of  the 
"  Helsingfors  'Tidningar,"  in  which  his  earliest  poems  and 
stories  originally  appeared.  Afterward  he  was  made  pro- 
fessor extraordinarius  of  the  history  of  Finland  and  the 
North  at  the  University  of  Helsingfors,  and  in  1863  pro- 
fessor ordinarius.  In  1876  he  became  professor  of  univer- 
sal history.  From  1875  to  1878  he  was  the  rector  of  the 
university.  In  the  latter  year  he  finally  withdrew  from  his 
academic  labors.  His  first  collection  of  lyrics  appeared  in 
1845  with  the  title  "Ljungblommor"("  Heath  Blossoms"), 
liree  other  collections  were  published  in  1850, 1864,  and 
1860  respectively,  and  still  another,  "Nya  Wad  "("New 
Leaves  "),  in  1870.    Among  his  dramatic  works  are  partic- 


Tordesilhas,  Convention  of 

ularly  to  be  mentioned  "  Titians  f  Brsta  karlek  "  ("  Titian's 
First  Love"),  "Efter60  5i"  ("After  Fifty  Years"),  and 
"  Prinsessan  of  Cypern  "  ("  The  Princess  of  Cyprus":  Willi 
which  the  Helsingfors  theater  was  opened  in  1860).  His 
most  celebrated  work  is  the  series  of  novels  in  six  vol. 
umes,  depicting  life  in  Sweden  and  Finland  in  the  17th 
and  18th  centuries,  with  the  title  "FaltskamsberSttelser" 
("The  Surgeon's  Stories,"  1872-74).  His  "Lasning  fBr 
Barn  "("  Reading  for  Children  ")  has  been  translated  into 
English  and  German.  He  is  the  author,  besides,  of  several 
historical  and  descriptive  works  on  Finland. 
Tophet  (to'fet).  [From.  Heb.  topheth,  lit.  'a 
place  to  be  spit  on.']  A  place  situated  at  the 
southeastern  extremity  of  Gehenna  or  the  Val- 
ley of  Hinnom,  to  the  south  of  Jerusalem.  It  was 
there  that  the  idolatrous  Jews  worshiped  the  fire-gods  and 
sacrificed  their  children.  In  consequence  of  these  abomi- 
nations the  whole  valley  became  the  common  laystall  of  the 
city,  and  symbolical  of  the  place  of  torment  in  a  future 
life. 

Toplady  (top'la-di),  Augustus  Montague. 
Born  at  Famham,  Surrey,  Nov  4, 1740 :  died  at 
London,  Aug.  11, 1778.  AnEnglish  clergyman, 
controversialist,  and  sacred  poet.  He  was  educated 
at  Westminster  and  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  In  1768 
he  was  appointed  vicar  of  Broadh  Hembury,  Devonshire. 
He  was  an  earnest  Calvinist.  He  published  "The  Doc- 
trine of  Absolute  Predestination  Stated  and  Asserted " 
(1769),  "Historic  Proof  of  the  Doctrinal  Calvinism  of  the 
Church  of  England  "  (1774),  "  The  Church  of  England  Vin- 
dicated from  the  Charge  of  Arminianism"(1774),  "Poems 
on  Sacred  Subjects  "  (1775),  and  "Psalms  and  Hymns" 
(1776).  He  wrote  several  other  volumes  of  hymns  and 
sacred  poems.  He  is  best  known  as  the  author  of  the 
noble  hymn  "Kock  of  Ages." 

Toplitz.    See  Teplitz. 

Topsham  (tops'am).  A  to  wn  in  Devonshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  at  the  beginning  of  the  estuary 
of  the  Exe,  4  miles  southeast  of  Exeter.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  about  4,000. 

Topsy  (top'si).  A  negro  girl,  an  amusing  char- 
acter in  "Uncle  Tom's  (Jabin." 

TocLUima  Range  (to-ke'ma  ranj).  A  range  of 
mountains  in  the  central  part  of  Nevada,  about 
long.  117°  W. 

Torah  (to'ra).  [Heb., 'instruction,'  'teaching.'] 
The  name  given  to  the  first  five  books  of  the  Old 
Testament,  or  Pentateuch,  by  the  Jews,  itis  con- 
sidered by  them  the  most  important  part  of  the  Bible. 
Weekly  lessons  are  read  from  it  in  the  synagogue,  and  only 
manuscript  copies  are  used  for  this  purpose.  See  Pen^ 
tateuch. 

Tor  Bay  (t6r  ba).  A  small  bay  of  the  English 
Channel,  situated  near  Torquay.  William  of 
Orange  landed  there  in  1688.  It  has  important 
fisheries. 

Torbert  (tdr'bert),  Alfred  Thomas  Archime- 
des. Born  at  Georgetown,  Del.,  July  1,  1833: 
died  at  sea,  Sept.  30,  1880.  An  American  gen- 
eral in  the  Civil  War.  He  served  in  the  infantry  m 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac ;  became  distinguished  in  1864 
as  a  cavalry  commander  under  Sheridan  ;  and  commanded 
the  Army  of  the  Shenandoah  in  1866.  Later  he  was  in  the 
diplomatic  and  consular  service.  He  was  brevetted  major- 
general  in  the  United  States  army,  March  13, 1866,  and  re- 
signed in  Oct.,  1866. 

Torcello  (tor-chel'lo).  A  small  island  6  miles 
northeast  of  Venice,  of  importance  in  the  10th 
and  11th  centuries.  It  contains  an  ancient  Byzan- 
tine cathedral  of  Santa  Maria,  and  a  church  of  Santa 
Fosca.  The  former  was  rebuilt  in  the  11th  century,  but 
preserves  the  early  basilican  plan.  The  south  windows  of 
the  choir  have  stone  shutters  turning  on  pivots.  The  nave 
and  aisles  end  in  apses :  that  of  the  nave  has  a  primitive 
presbyterium  of  three  steps  at  the  back,  forming  seats  for 
the  clergy,  with  the  raised  episcopal  throne  in  the  middle. 
The  chief  apse  and  other  portions  of  the  interior  are  cov- 
ered with  curious  and  beautiful  mosaics ;  and  the  pavement 
and  many  details  of  furniture  and  decoration  are  of  the 
highest  interest.  Santa  Fosca  is  a  remarkable  church, 
probably  of  the  12th  century,  in  plan  a  Greek  cross  46  by 
62  feet,  originally  the  baptistery  of  the  cathedral.  It  has 
porches  of  stilted  arches  on  three  sides,  three  apses  on  the 
east,  and  was  originally  domed  at  the  crossing.  The  grace- 
ful interior  is  surrounded  by  12  handsome  columns  from 
earlier  churches. 

Torch  Lake  (t6rch  lak).  A  lake  chiefly  in  An- 
trim County,  Michigan,  about  lat.  45°  N.  It 
communicates  with  Lake  Michigan.  Length, 
about  14  miles. 

Torda.    See  Tliorenburg. 

Tordesilhas  (tor-da-sel'yas),  Sp.  Tordesillas 
(tor-da-sel'yas).  Convention  of.  A  treaty  be- 
tween Spain  and  Portugal,  signed  at  Tordesil- 
has June  7, 1494,  regulating  their  rights  of  dis- 
covery and  conquest.  The  Pope,  by  his  celebrated 
bull  of  Mays,  1493,  had  drawname^idian  "100  leagues  west 
of  the  Azores  and  Cape  Verd  Islands,"  giving  to  Spain 
the  right  of  conquest  to  the  west  of  it,  and  to  Portugal  the 
same  right  on  the  east.  The  convention  of  Tordesilhas  re- 
moved this  line  to  a  meridian  370  leagues  west  ol  the  Cape 
Verd  Islands.  At  that  time  the  continental  character 
of  America  was  unknown,  and  the  powers  supposed  that 
they  were  dividing  "  the  Indies,"  or  Asia,;  but  apparently 
it  never  occurred  to  them  that,  in  pushing  their  conquests, 
they  would  eventually  meet  on  the  same  meridian,  but  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  world.  Unfortunately  themerldian 
was  not  definitely  fixed— first,  because  it  was  reckoned 
from  an  archipelago,  and  not  from  one  island  or  point ;  and 
second,  because  the  term  "league  "  admitted  of  several  dif- 
ferent meanings.    The  Brazilian  coast^  discovered  soou 


Tordesilhas,  Convention  of 

after,  was  clearly  to  the  east  of  the  Tordesilhas  line,  and 
It  was  accordingly  settled  by  the  Portuguese ;  but  the  line 
passed  near  the  mouths  of  the  two  great  rivers  Plata  and 
Amazon,  and  in  the  uncertainty  as  to  its  position  disputes 
arose  in  those  regions  which  have  come  down  to  the  pres- 
ent day.  Eventually,  and  partly  because  of  the  uncertainty, 
the  Portuguese  pushed  their  conquests  far  westward.  In 
the  course  of  time  the  two  powers  met  in  the  East  Indies, 
and  here  the  field  of  dispute  was  broader,  owing  to  the 
defective  methods  of  determining  longitude  which  were 
then  in  vogue.  The  Philippine  Islands,  discovered  by  Ma^ 
gellan,  were  claimed  and  held  by  Spain  as  lying  within  her 
hemisphere ;  but  in  fact  they  were  in  the  hemisphere 
which  had  been  assigned  to  Portugal. 

Toreno  (to-ra'no),  Jos€  Maria,  Count  of  To- 
reno.  Born  at  Oviedo,  Spain,  1786:  died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  16,  1843.  A  Spanish  historian  and 
politician,  minister  in  the  regency  of  Maria 
Christina.  He  wrote  "Historiadellevantamiento,guerra 
y  revoluoion  deEspaila"("  History  of  the  Eising.War,  and 
Kevolution  of  Spain,"  1836-38),  a  standard  history  of  the 
Peninsular  war. 

Torfaeus  (tor-fe'us),  or  Torfason  (tor'fa-son), 
Thormodr.  Bom  in  Iceland,  1639:  died  1719. 
An  Icelandic  antiquary.  His  chief  work  is  a  "  His- 
tory of  Norway  "  (1711).  He  also  wrote  works  on  Green- 
land, Vinland,  etc.,  and  translated  Icelandic  works  into 
Danish. 

Torgau  (tor'gou).  A  fortified  town  in  the  otov- 
ince  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Elbe 
31  miles  east-northeast  of  Leipsio.  its  chief  build- 
ing Is  the  castle  Hartenfels.  It  suffered  in  the  Thirty 
Years"  War ;  was  fortified  by  Kapoleon  in  1810 ;  was  be- 
sieged by  the  Allies  in  1813 ;  and  surrendered  Jan.  14, 1814. 
Population  (1890),  commune,  10,860. 

Torgau,  Alliance  of.  A  league  formed  at  Tor- 
gau, 1526,  by  Saxony  and  Hesse  and  other 
Protestant  powers  against  the  Boman  CathoUo 
states. 

Torgau,  Battle  of.  A  battle  fought  at  Suptitz, 
near  Torgau,  Nov.  3, 1760,  in  which  the  Prussians 
under  Frederick  the  Great  defeated  the  Aus- 
trians  under  Daun. 

Torgau  Articles.  A  document,  drawn  up  at 
Torgau  in  1530,  which  formed  the  basis  of  the 
Augsburg  Confession. 

Torgau  E^ok.  A  document,  drawn  up  at  Torgau 
in  1576,  which  formed  the  basis  of  the  Formula 
of  Concord. 

Toribio,  Saint.    See  Mogrov^o,  ToriUo. 

Toribio  de  Benavente.    See  MotoUnia. 

Tories  (to'riz).  [From  Ir.  toiridhe,  a  pursuer,  a 
plunderer.]  1.  In  English  history,  one  of  the 
two  great  political  parties  which  arose  at  the  end 
of  the  17th  century.  It  may  be  regarded  as  the  suc- 
cessor of  the  Cavaliers,  Court  Party,  and  Abhorrers.  It  f  a^ 
vored  conservative  principles  in  church  and  state.  One 
wing  after  the  revolution  of  1688  became  known  as  Jaco- 
Wte«;itwasthepeacepartyiathereign  of  Queen  Anne;  and 
from  the  Hanoverian  succession  (1714)  it  was  in  opposition 
for  about  half  a  century.  It  took  stronger  ground  than 
the  Whig  party  against  the  American  colonies  and  against 
the  French  Kevolution.  Among  its  leaders  were  Pitt, 
Canning,  and  Wellington.  From  about  the  time  of  the  Ke- 
f  orm  Bill  (1832),  which  the  Tories  opposed,  the  name  began 
to  be  replaced  by  Conservative.  The  word  Tory,  however, 
is  still  in  common  use. 

2.  The  loyalist  or  British  party  during  the 
American  Revolutionary  period. 

Torino.    The  Italian  name  of  Turin. 

Tormentine  (t6r-men'tin).  Cape.  A  headland 
at  the  eastern  extremity  of  New  Brunswick, 
projecting  into  Northumberland  Strait. 

Tdrmes  (tor'mes).  [L.  Termesj  ML.  Turmus.'i 
A  left-hand  tributary  of  the  Duero,  which  it  joins 
46  miles  west-northwest  of  Salamanca,  Spain. 
Length,  about  150  miles. 

Torned.  (tor'ne-S.) .  A  small  town  in  the  laen  of 
TJle3,borg,  Finland,  situated  at  the  head  of  the 
GuH  of  Bothriia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  TomeS,  Elf, 
in  lat.  65°  48'  N.,  long.  24°  12'  B.  It  is  a  resort 
for  summer  tourists,  who  visit  it  to  see  the '  'mid- 
night sun." 

Tomeii,  Lake,  A  lake  in  northern  Sweden,  the 
source  of  the  Tomei,  Elf.  Length,  about  35 
miles. 

Tornei.  Elf.  A  river  in  northern  Sweden,  and 
on  the  boundary  between  Sweden  and  Finland, 
which  flows  into  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia. 
Length,  about  275  miles. 

Toro  (to'ro).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Zamo- 
ra,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Duero  38  miles  north 
by  east  of  Salamanca,  it  was  an  important  medieval 
city  If  ear  it,  in  March,  1476,  the  Castilians  defeated  the 
Portuguese.    Population  (1887),  8,721. 

Toro,  Manuel  Murillo-.    See  Murillo-Toro. 

Toronaic  Gulf  (tor-a-na'ik  gulf).  In  ancient 
geography,  an  arm  of  the  jSIgean  Sea  between 
the  peninsulas  of  Pallene  and  Sithonia,  Chalci- 
dice,  Macedonia:  now  called  Chilf  of  Cassandra. 

Toronto  (to-ron'to).  [From  an  Indian  (Huron) 
word,  'place  of  meeting.']  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  Lake 
&ntario  in  lat  43°  40'  N.^  long.  79°  24'  W.  it 
is  the  second  city  in  population  m  the  dominion ;  is  an  im- 


1003 

portant  railway  and  commercial  center ;  has  varied  manu- 
factures ;  and  is  the  seat  of  a  university  (burned  in  1890) 
with  affiliated  colleges,  and  numerous  other  educational 
Institutions.  The  early  name  of  Toronto  was  York.  It 
was  settled  and  made  the  capital  of  Upper  Canada  by  Gov- 
ernor Simcoe  is  1794 ;  was  taken  and  burned  by  the  Ameri- 
cans in  1813 ;  and  was  incorporated  as  a  city  and  had  its 
name  changed  to  Toronto  in  1834.  It  was  at  one  time,  alter- 
nately with  Quebec,  the  seat  of  government  of  Canada.  It 
has  been  the  capital  of  Ontario  since  1867.  Population 
(1901),  208,040. 

Torq.uato  Tasso.  A  drama  by  Goethe,  printed 
in  1790. 

ToroLuatus.    See  Manlius. 

TorCLUay,  (t6r-ke').  A  seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  Devonshire,  England,  situated  on  Tor 
Bay  18  mUes  south  of  Exeter,  it  is  remarkable  for 
its  mild  climate,  and  is  a  favorite  winter  health-resort. 
Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  Tor  Abbey  (12th-14th  century). 
It  has  manufactures  of  terra-cotta  articles.  Population 
(1891),  26,534. 

Torauemada(t6r-ka-ma'sHa),Juande.  Bomat 
Valladolid,  Spain,  about  1545 :  died  in  Mexico 
after  1617.  A  Spanish  historian.  He  jvent  to  Mex- 
Ico  in  his  youth ;  joined  the  Franciscan  order  there ;  and 
was  a  professor  in  the  College  of  Tlatelolco,  and  provincial 
1614-17.  His  principal  work  is  the  "  Monarquia  Indiana  " 
(3  vols.,  folio,  1615 ;  2d  ed.  1723).  It  is  the  most  voluminous 
and  one  of  the  best  of  the  early  histories  of  Mexico. 

Torquemada  (tor-ka-ma'sHa),  Tomasde.  Bom 
about  1420:  died  1498.  A  Dominican  prior,  made 
by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  first  inquisitor-gen- 
eral for  Castile  in  1483.  He  organized  the  Inquisition 
in  Spain,  and  became  infamous  for  the  barbarous  severity 
with  which  he  administered  his  office.  The  number  of  his 
victims  who  suffered  death  is  placed  at  nearly  9,000.  He 
favored  the  expulsion  of  the  Jews  in  1492. 

Its  earliest  victims  were  Jews.  Six  were  burned  within 
four  days  from  the  time  when  the  tribunal  first  sat,  and 
Mariana  states  the  whole  number  of  those  who  suffered 
during  the  eighteen  terrible  years  of  Torquemada's  Inquis- 
itorship  at  two  thousand,  besides  seventeen  thousand  who 
underwent  some  form  of  punishment  less  severe  than  that 
of  the  stake.  Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  I.  408. 

Torre  del  Greco  (tor're  del  gra'ko) .  [It., '  tower 
of  the  Greek.']  A  town  in  the  province  of  Na- 
ples, Italy,  situatedontheBay  of  Naples,  7miles 
southeast  of  Naples,  at  the  base  of  Vesuvius,  it 
has  coral-fisheries.  It  has  often  been  ravaged  by  eruptions 
and  earthquakes.    Population  (1881),  21,688. 

Torre  dell'  Annunziata  (tor're  del  lan-non-ze- 
a'ta).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Naples,  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Bay  of  Naples,  12  miles  south- 
east of  Naples,  at  the  base  of  Vesuvius.  It  has 
considerable  trade,  and  manufactures  of  maca- 
roni, etc.    Population  (1881),  20,060. 

Torregiano(tor-re-ja'n6).  Boml472:  diedl522. 
A  Florentine  sculptor,  popularly  known  as  the 
sculptor  who  broke  Michelangelo's  nose  in  a 
quarrel  about  1491.  For  many  years  he  served  in  the 
papal  army  under  Cesare  Borgia.  About  1503  he  went  to 
England,  where  he  won  great  reputation  and  made  the 
tomb  of  Henry  VII.  in  Westminster  Abbey  which  Lord 
Bacon  called  "  one  of  the  stateliest  and  daintiest  monu- 
ments in  Europe."  He  afterward  wandered  to  Spain,  and 
is  said  to  have  been  starved  to  death  in  a  prison  at  Seville. 

Torrens  (tor'enz),  Lake.  A  salt  lake  in  South 
Australia,  about  lat.  30°-32°  8.  Estimated 
length,  about  125  miles.  It  is  at  times  a  salt 
marsh. 

Torrente  (tor-ran'ta),  Mariano.  Bom  at  Bar- 
bastro,  Aragon,  1792 :  died  in  Cuba  (?)  after  1853. 
A  Spanish  author.  His  most  important  work  is  "  His- 
toriade  la  revolucionHispano- Americana  "(3  vols., Madrid, 
1829).  It  is  the  best  history  of  the  Spanish- American  rev- 
olution from  the  Spanish  side,  but  has  been  severely  criti- 
cized by  the  republicans.  After  1832  Torrente  lived  in 
Havana,  where  he  published  vaxious  works. 

Torre  Pellice  (tor're  pel-le'ohe) .  A  small  town 
in  Piedmont,  Italy,  among  the  Alps,  near  the 
French  frontier,  southwest  of  Pinerolo.  It  has 
been  for  centuries  a  center  of  the  Waldenses. 

Torres  (tor'res)  Strait.  A  sea  passage  which 
separates  Australia  on  the  south  from  Papua  on 
the  north,  and  connects  the  Pacific  with  Ara- 
f  ura  Sea.  It  was  discovered  by  Torres  in  1606. 
Width,  about  90  miles.  Its  navigation  is  dan- 
gerous. 

Torres  Vedras  (tor'res  va'dras).  [Pg., 'old 
towers.']  A  town  in  the  province  of  Bstre- 
madura,  Portugal,  situated  on  the  Zizandra  26 
miles  north  by  west  of  Lisbon.  Population 
(1878),  4,926. 

Torres  vedras.  Lines  of.  Lines  of  fortifica- 
tions extending  from  near  Torres  Vedras  to  the 
Tagus.  They  were  defended  by  the  Anglo-Portuguese 
under  Wellington  against  the  French  under  Masstoa  Oct., 
1810, -March,  1811.    Length  of  longest  line,  29  miles. 

Torrey  (tor'i),  John.  Bom  at  NewYork,  Aug.  15, 
1796 :  died  there,  March  10, 1873.  An  American 
botanist  and  chemist.  He  was  professor  at  Princeton 
and  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  (New  York 
city)  ■  State  geologist  of  New  York ;  United  States  assayer ; 
and  botanical  editor  of  the  reports  of  various  exploring 
expeditions.  He  published  "  Catalogue  of  Plants  Growing 
Spontaneously  within  Thirty  Miles  of  the  City  of  New 


Tostig 

York  "  (1819),  "Flora  of  the  State  of  New  York  "  (1843-44), 
"Flora  of  the  Northern  and  Middle  States"  (begun  1824), 
and  began  with  Gray  "  Flora  of  North  America  "  (1838-43). 

Torrey's  Peak  (tor'iz  pek).  A  mountain  in  the 
Eocky  Mountains,  Colorado,  48  miles  west  by 
south  of  Denver.    Height,  14,335  feet. 

Torricelli  (tor-re-chel'le),  Evangelista.  Bom 
at  Piancaldoli,  Italy,  ()et.  15,  1608:  died  at 
Florence,  Oct.  25,  1647.  A  celebrated  Italian 
physicist  and  mathematician.  He  was  the  friend 
and  amanuensis  of  Galileo,  and  his  successor  as  professor 
at  Florence.  He  discovered  the  principle  of  the  barome- 
ter in  1643  ;  made  other  mathematical  and  physical  dis- 
coveries; and  improved  the  microecope.  His  "Opera 
geometrica"  were  published  in  1644. 

Torridon  (tor'i-don).  Loch,  An  inlet  of  the 
ocean,  on  the  western  coast  of  Eoss-shire,  Scot- 
land, in  lat.  57°  35'  N.  Length,  including  up- 
per Loch  Torridon,  14  miles. 

Torrington  (tor'ing-ton).  A  town  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Torridge  5 
miles  south-southeast  of  Bidef  ord.  It  contains 
a  bluecoat  school  and  several  churches.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  3,436. 

Torrington,  First  Viscount  (George  Byng). 
Born  at  "Wrotham,  Kent,  England,  1663:  died 
Jan.  17,  1733.  An  English  admiral,  father  of 
Admiral  John  Byng.  He  was  distinguished  in  the 
battle  of  Malaga  1704 ;  defended  the  coast  against  the 
Pretender  in  1716 ;  and  destroyed  the  Spanish  fleet  in  the 
Tiotory  off  Cape  Passaro  in  1718.  He  became  first  lord  of 
the  admiralty  in  1727. 

Torso  Belvedere  (of  Hercules).  A  celebrated 
ancient  work,  signed  by  the  Athenian  Apollo- 
nius,  in  the  Vatican,  Eome.  It  is  ascribed  to  the 
middle  of  the  1st  century  B.  C,  and  is  remarkable  as  a 
skilful  portrayal  of  muscular  development,  and  for  the 
anatomical  knowledge  shown  in  the  sitting  position  of  the 
figure. 

Torstenson  (tor'sten-son),  Lennart,  Coimt  of 
Ortala.  Born  at  Torstena,  West  Gothland, 
Sweden,  Aug.  17,  1603:  died  at  Stockholm, 
April  7, 1651.  A  Swedish  general  in  the  Thirty 
Tears'  War.  He  served  in  Germany  after  1630  under 
Gustavus  Adolphus,  and  later  under  Ban^r ;  became  com- 
mander-in-chief in  1641 ;  gained  the  victory  of  Schweid- 
nitz  in  1642  ;  overran  Silesia  ;  gained  the  victory  of  Brei- 
tenfeld  Nov.  2,  1642 ;  overran  Schleswig,  Holstein,  and 
Jutland  1643-44 ;  defeated  the  Imperialists  under  Gallas 
at  Jiiterbog  in  1644  ■  gained  the  victory  of  Jankau  March 
6, 1645 ;  united  with  Kdk6czy,  conquered  Moravia,  and  in- 
vaded Austria  in  1646 ;  and  resigned  his  command  in  1646. 

Tortola  (t6r-t6'la).  1.  The  chief  island  of  the 
Virgin  Islands,  British  West  Indies. — 2.  A 
town  on  the  island  of  Tortola,  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment of  the  British  Virgin  Islands. 

Tortona  (tor-td'na).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Alessandria,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Scrivia  12 
miles  east  of  Alessandria :  the  Eoman  Dertona. 
It  contains  a  cathedral.  Tortona  was  destroyed  by  Fred- 
erick Barbarossa  in  1155,  and  again  by  the  Ghibellines  in 
1163  ;  and  was  several  times  captured  in  later  years  (War 
of  the  Spanish  Succession,  etc.).  Population  (1881),  9,230 ; 
commune,  14,441. 

Tortosa  (tor-to'sa).  A  city  in  the  province 
of  Tarragona,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Ebro  43 
miles  southwest  of  Tarragona :  the  EomanDer- 
tosa.  Itisafortifledtown,andhaSBOn]emanufacturesand 
trade.  It  was  an  important  Moorish  stronghold ;  was 
taken  by  the  Crusaders,  Pisans,  and  Genoese  in  1148  ;  and 
was  captured  by  the  French  in  1708,  and  again  under  Su- 
chet  in  1811.    Population  (1887),  25,192. 

Tortuga  (tor-to'ga).  [F.  lie  de  la  Tortue.1  An 
island  north  of  Haiti,  to  which  it  belongs.  It  was 
a  noted  resort  of  the  bucaneers,  where  most  of  their  ex- 
peditions were  organized,  and  whence  they  passed  over  to 
Haiti  under  French  commanders.    Length,  about  20  miles. 

Tortuga,  A  small  island  in  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
belonging  to  Venezuela,  125  miles  east-north- 
east of  Caracas. 

Tortugas.    See  Dry  Tortugas. 

Tory  Party.    See  Tories. 

Torzburg  Pass  (tSrts'boro  pas).  A  pass  in  the 
Transylvanian  Alps,  near  Torzburg,  between 
Transylvania  and  Rumania. 

Tosa  (to'sa)  Palls.  The  falls  of  the  Tosa  or 
Toce,  in  the  Alps  of  northern  Italy,  near  the 
source.    Height,  470  feet. 

Toscanelli  (tos-ka-nel'le),  Paolo  del  Fozzo. 
Bom  at  Florence,  1397:  died  there,  May  15, 1482. 
An  Italian  astronomer.  He  was  the  author  of  the 
map  used  by  Columbus  on  the  voyage  which  resulted  in 
the  discoveiy  of  America. 

Tosti  (tos'te),  Francesco  Paolo.  Bom  at 
Ortona,  Italy,  April  9,  1846.  An  Italian  com- 
poser. In  1880  he  became  teacher  of  singing  to  the  royal 
family  of  England.  He  is  noted  for  his  songs,  especially 
English  ballads. 

Tostig  (tos'tig).  Killed  at  the  battle  of  Stam- 
ford Bridge,  Sept.  25, 1066.  An  EngHsh  earl, 
son  of  Earl  Godwine.  He  was  banished  with  his  fa- 
ther in  1051 ;  became  earl  of  Northumbria  in  1065 ;  as- 
sisted Harold  in  the  Welsh  campaign  in  1063 ;  was  de- 
posed by  the  Northumbrians  in  1066,  and  went  to  Flanders ; 
ravaged  the  southern  coast  of  England ;  and  joined  with 
Harold  Hardrada  in  the  invasion  of  England  in  1066. 


Totilas 

Totilas  (tot'i-las),  or  Totila  (tot'i-la).  Died  552. 
An  East-Gothilo  king  in  Italy,  ie  overran  the 
peninsula;  Opposed Belisarias and !N'arses;  took !Rome 546 
and  649 ;  and  was  defeated  and  mortally  wounded  at  the 
battle  of  Taginae  in  July,  552. 

Totleben.    See  Todleben. 

Totnes,  or  Totness  (tot'nes).  A  town  in  Devon- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Dart  21  miles 
east  by  north  of  Plymouth,  It  has  a  ruined 
castle.    Population  (1891),  4,016. 

Totnes,  or  Totness,  First  Earl  of.  See  Carew, 
George. 

Totonicapam  (to-to-ne-ka-pam'),  or  Totonica- 
pan  (to-to-ne-ka-pan').  A  town  of  Guatemala, 
60  miles  west-northwest  of  Guatemala  City,  it 
was  an  ancient  Indian  stronghold  and  village,  and  is  now 
the  capital  of  the  smallest  but  most  densiely  populated  de- 
partment of  the  republic.  Population,  about  20,000 ;  of  the 
department  Q.890),  160,942. 

Tottel's  Miscellany.  The  first  regular  ooUeo- 
tion  of  poetical  miscellany,  it  was  issued  in  1557  by 
Hichard  Tottel,  and  was  probably  edited  by  Nicholas  Grira- 
ald.  It  contained  the  songs  and  sonnets  of  Sir  Thomas 
"Wyatt  and  the  Earl  of  Surrey,  Grimald,  and  others.  A 
second  edition,  omitting  Grimald,  appeared  in  the  same 
yeai',  and  eight  editions  had  been  issued  by  1687. 

Totten  (tot'en),  Joseph  Gilbert.  Bom  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  Aug.  23, 1788 :  died  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  April  22,  1864.  An  American  mili- 
tary engineer,  general,  and  scientist.  He  gradu- 
ated at  west  Point  in  1805 ;  was  chief  engineer  under  Van 
Rensselaer,  Dearborn,  and  Macomb  in  the  War  of  1812 ; 
was  engaged  in  developing  the  coast  defenses  of  the  United 
States ;  became  chief  engineer  of  the  army  in  1838 ;  di- 
rected the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz  in  1847 ;  and  later  was  in- 
spector at  the  Military  Academy.  He  wrote  "Hydraulic 
and  Common  Mortars,"  etc. 

Tottenham  (tot'en-am).  A  suburb  of  London, 
situated  in  Middlesex  6  miles  north  by  east  of 
St.  Paul's.    Population  (1901),  102,519. 

Toucey  (tou'si),  Isaac,  Born  at  Newtown, 
Conn.,  Nov.  5,  1796:  died  at  Hartford,  Conn., 
July  30,  1869,  An  American  Democratic  poli- 
tician. He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Connecticut 
1836-39;  governor  of  Connecticut  1846-47;  United  States 
attorney-general  1848-49 ;  United  States  senator  1852-67 ; 
and  secretary  of  the  navy  1857-81. 

Touchstone (tueh'ston).  1.  An  "allowed  fool" 
in  Shaks^ere's  "As  you  Like  it."  He  is  wise 
and  facetious,  a  fool  by  profession,  not  an  un- 
conscious clown. — 3.  A  shrewd  honest  gold- 
smith in  "  Eastward  Ho !  "by  Jonson,  Chapman, 
and  Marston, 

Touchwood  (tuch'wud).  Lady.     1.  A  brilliant 

•  and  shameless  woman  in  Congreve's  "Double 
Dealer,"  in  love  with  her  husband's  nephew 
Mellefont. —  2.  A  simple  countrywoman,  in 
Mrs.  Cowley's  "  Belle's  Stratagem,"  whose  hus- 
band tries  to  keep  her  away  from  the  world. 

Toul  (tSl).  Atowninthe  department  of  Meurthe- 
et-Moselle,  Prance,  situated  on  the  Moselle  14 
miles  west  of  Nancy,  it  is  an  important  fortress, 
and  one  of  the  chief  strategic  points  on  the  eastern  fron- 
tier. The  Church  of  St.  i^tienne,  formerly  a  cathedral,  is  a 
lofty  13th-century  building  with  an  elaborate  florid  west 
front  flanked  by  twin  towers.  It  has  flne  Kenaissance 
glass,  and  a  beautiful  cloister,  appropriately  though  so- 
berly ornamented,  and  remaining  quite  perfect.  Toul 
was  long  the  seat  of  a  bishopric ;  was  an  imperial  city  in 
the  middle  ages ;  was  taken  by  Heniy  II.  of  France  in  1562 ; 
was  formally  annexed  to  France  in  1648 ;  and  was  be- 
sieged by  the  Germans  and  capitulated  Sept.  23,  1870. 
Population  (1891),  12,138. 

Toulmin,  Camilla.    See  Cropland. 

Toulon  (to-l&n').  A  seaport  in  the  department 
of  Var,  Prance,  on  the  Mediterranean  m  lat.  43° 
7'  N.,  long.  5°  56'  E.:  the  Eoman  Telo  Martins. 
It  is  the  second  naval  station  in  France,  and  the  chief  sta- 
tion of  the  Medierranean  fleet.  It  has  large  roadsteads,  and 
a  harbor  with  five  basins.  The  naval  arsenal  was  developed 
by  Vauban.  Toulon  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  the 
'  Phenlcians.  It  was  taken  by  Charles  V.  in  1524  and  1536 ; 
resisted  the  Allies  in  1707;  received  the  British  and  Span- 
ish in  1793 ;  and  was  taken  by  the  Convention  in  the  same 
year.    Population  (1901),  101,172. 

Toulon,  Sieges  of.  1.  An  unsuccessful  siege 
by  the  allied  army  and  navy  (Piedmontese, 
British,  Dutch,  etc.), in  1707,  imder  Prince  Eu- 
gene.—  2.  In  1793  Toulon,  which  had  received 
an  Anglo-Spanish  fleet,  was  besieged  by  the 
French  republicans,  and  was  taken  in  Dec, 
largely  through  the  skill  of  NapoleonBonaparte. 

Toulouse  (t6-l(5z').  The  capital'of  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-(5aronne,  France,  situated  on 
the  Garonne  in  lat.  43°  35'  N.,  long.  1°  25'  E.,  at 
the  junction  of  the  Canal  du  Midi  and  the  Canal 
Lateral :  the  ancient  Tolosa.  It  is  the  seat  of  an 
archbishopric ;  contains  a  university,  a  school  of  medicine, 
the  Academy  of  the  Floral  Games,  and  the  Academy  of 
Sciences,  Inscriptions,  and  Belles-Lettres;  and  has  a  trade 
in  grain,  wine,  manufactured  articles,  etc.  The  cathedral 
is  notable  for  the  great  width  (62  feet)  of  the  13th-century 
nave,  without  aisles.  It  has  a  very  beautiful  rose-window 
in  the  facade.  The  choir  is  later,  in  part  Flamboyant, 
light  and  graceful,  and  with  fine  glass.  Toulouse  was  the 
capital  of  the  Tectosages ;  was  allied  with  the  Cimbri  in  106 
B.  c;  was  taken  by  Csepio,  and  afterward  reduced  by  Ma- 
rius ;  was  the  capital  of  the  West-Gothic  kingdom  from  419 ; 


1004 


Tower  of  London 


was  taken  by  the  Franks  in  B07  (see  Toidome,  County  of,  be-  lantern,  and  an  extensive  crypt.  It  is  the  Eoman  Tlnup. 
low);  was  captured  by  Monttort  in  the  Albigensian  crusade  tium,  ML.  Trinorcium  or  Tornusium.  Population  (1891), 
in  1216;  and  later  often  revolted  and  was  besieged.  It  suf-     commune,  6,028. 

fered  in  the  Huguenot  wars,  and  was  the  scene  of  mas-  ToUT  Of  Dr,  Syntax.     See  Coinbe,  William, 
sacres  of  Huguenots  in  1662  and  1572,^nd  of  the  torture  <£fyy)XQ  (tor).     [ML.  Turones,  in  L.  the  name  of 


of  Calas  in  1762.  The  last  battle  of  the  Peninsular  war  was 
fought  there,  April  10, 1814,  in  which  the  Allies  under  the 
Duke  of  Wellington  defeated  the  French  under  Soult. 
Population  (1901),  147,696. 

Toulouse,  Comte  de  (Louis  Alexandre  de 
Bourbon).  Born  June  6,1678:  died  at  Eam- 
bouillet,  Deo.  1, 1737.  A  son  of  Louis  XIV.  and 
Madame  de  Montespan :  noted  as  a  naval  com- 
mander. He  fought  a  bloody  but  indecisive  battle  with 
the  English  under  Admiral  Kooke,  Aug.  24,  1704,.  near 
Malaga- 
Toulouse,  County  of.  An  ancient  county  in 
southern  France,  whose  center  was  the  city  of 
Toulouse,  It  was  established  in  778,  and  its  counts  ac- 
quired various  other  possessions.  Its  flefs — Narbonne, 
B^ziers,  etc. — were  annexed  to  the  French  crown  about 


the  inhabitants,  the  city  being  TJrbs  Turonum.'j 
The  capital  of  the  department  of  Indre-et-Loi^e, 
France,  on  the  Loire,  near  its  junction  with  the 
Cher,  in  lat.  47°  24'  N.,  long.  0°  42'  E. :  the  Eo- 
man CffiS^rodunum.  it  has  manufactures  of  silk, 
cloth,  carpets,  etc.  Its  cathedral  is  a  building  of  the  12th 
to  the  16th  century,  with  rich  florid  facade,  canopied 
portals,  and  two  high  towers,  and  lofty  graceful  interior, 
which  retains  much  splendid  early  glass.  In  the  south 
transept  is  the  beautiful  monument  of  the  children  of 
Charles  VIII.,  whose  effigies  are  guarded  by  angels. 
Tours  was  anciently  the  capital  of  the  Turones  in  Gallia 
liUgdunensis,  and  in  later  times  was  the  capital  of  Tou- 
raine  and  the  residence  of  French  kings.  Several  church 
councils  have  sat  there.  It  was  notedfor  silk  manufacture 
until  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  in  1686.  In  1870 
it  was  the  seat  of  the  government  of  the  national  defense. 
Population  (1901)_,  64,448. 


1229.    It  was  united  to  France  in  1271,  and  formed  part 

TouSe^^Family  of .    A  medieval  family  who  ToursVor'PoiW^^^^  One  of  the  "de. 

reigned  as  counts  of  Toulouse  and  its  territory    "''"''"  i^of+lA«  nfthn world,  'fona-ht  hetwefin  Pm. 

from  the  time  of  Eaymond  I.  (9th  century)  to 

1271 :  long  the  leading  line  of  rulers  in  southern 

France. 
Toulouse,  War  of.     A  war  in  1159,  caused  by 


oisive  battles  of  the  world,"foi:^ht  between  Poi- 
tiers and  Tours,  France,  732,  in  which  Charles 
Martel  defeated  the  Saracen  invaders  under 
Abd-er-Eahman.  France  and  northern  Europe 
were  rescued  from  Mohammedan  conquest. 


the  claim  of  Henry  U.  of  England  to  the  count-  Tourville_(t6r-vel'),  Comte  de  (Anne  ffila- 


ship  of  Toulouse. '  He  reduced  a  large  part  of 
the  tenitory. 

Tour,  La,    See  Latour. 

Touraiue  (to-ran').  An  ancient  government  of 
France.  Chief  city,  Tours,  it  was  bounded  by  An- 
jou,  Maine,  OrlSanais,  Berry,  and  Poitou.  It  was  called 
"the  garden  of  France  "  on  account  of  its  fertility.  It 
corresponded  nearly  to  the  department  of  Indre-et- Loire. 
Touraiue'  '    '*         '    "       ^  " 

with. 


rion  de  Cotentin).  Bom  at  Tourville,  Nor- 
mandy, Nov,  24,  1642:  died  May  28,  1701.  A 
French  admiral.  He  defeated  the  Anglo-Dutch  fleet 
ofiE  Palermo  1677 ;  served  in  the  wars  with  the  Barbary  pi- 
rates; defeated  the  Anglo-Dutch  fleet  near  the  Isle  of 
Wight  July  10, 1690 ;  was  defeated  at  la  Hogue  May  29, 
1692,  by  an  English-Dutch  fleet  under  UuBsell ;  and  de- 
feated an  Anglo-Dutch  fleet  oflf  Cape  St.  Vincent  May 
26-27, 1693. 


aine  was  ruled  in  early  times  by  counts ;  was  united  TmiBaaint.  AriTia  TiiiiVp  (IpfiT+iniidp    See  Bos- 

_  Anjou  in  1044,  and  with  it  formed  part  of  the  Plan-  "k"  „^*^"'''  ■^^"^  IjUlze  weercruiae,  oee  jjos 

tagenetpossessions;  was  conquered  by  Philip  Augustus  of  _?'"''"•  .    ,  _  .  _  ,_         _.  .,,. 

France  about  1204 ;  and  was  made  a  duchy  in  1366,  and  ToUSSaiUt  LoUVertUre   or  L_puvertUre_(tO- 

continued  an  appanage  of  the  king's  son  until  its  incor-  '"  --  -    -  .        .., 

poration  with  France  in  1584. 
Tourcoing  (tor-kwan').    A  town  in  the  depart- 


ment of  N'ord,  France,  8  miles  northeast  of 
Lille.  It  has  important  manufactures  of  cotton,  woolen, 
linen,  silk,  carpets,  etc.  It  is  really  a  part  of  Itoubaix. 
Population  (1901),  78,468. 

Tourgee  (tSr-zha'),  Albion  Winegar.  Bom  at 
Williamsfield,  Ohio,  May  2,  1838.  An  Ameri- 
can lawyer  and  novelist.  He  served  in  the  Federal 
army  in  the  Civil  War ;  and  settled  later  at  Greensboro, 
North  Carolina,  and  became  judge  of  the  Superior  Court. 
He  has  published  works  relative  to  political  affairs  in 
the  South,  including  "Figs  and  Thistles"  (1879),  "A 
Fool's  Errand "(1879),  "Bricks  without  Straw  (1880),  "Hot 
Ploughshares  "  (1883),  "An  Appeal  to  Csesar  "  (1884) ;  also 
16&3.1.  "Works 

Tourgu^nief  or  Tourgueneff.    See  Turgenieff. 

Tournai,  or  Tournay  (t6r-na' ),  Flem,  Doornick 
(dor'nik).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Hainaut, 
Belgium,  situated  on  the  Schelde  34  miles 
south-southwest  of  Ghent :  the  Roman  Torna- 
cum  or  Turris  Nerviorum,  it  has  important  manu- 
factures of  carpets,  stockings,  etc.  Its  cathedral  is  one  of 
ttie  most  notable  of  Flemish  churches,  with  a  picturesque 
group  of  5  towers.  The  nave  is  Romanesque,  and  was  not 
vaulted  until  the  last  century.  The  transept  is  French,  of 
the  13th  century,  and  the  admirable  choir  is  still  later. 
The  Romanesque  f  agade  has  a  Pointed  porch  with  abundant 
and  excellent  sculptures.  There  are  some  good  pictures, 
and  fine  15th-century  glass  made  in  Haarlem.  The  ornate 
Renaissance  rood-loft  dates  from  1566.  The  dimensions  are 
408  by  78  feet ;  length  of  transepts,  220 ;  height  of  nave  78, 
of  choir  107  feet.  .  Tournai  was  a  town  of  the  Nervii,  and 


san'  16-ver-tttp'),  Dominique  Francois.  Born 
near  Cap  Fran^ais,  Haiti,  1743;  died  at  the 
Castle  of  Joux,  near  Pontarlier,  France,  April 
27, 1803.  A  Haitian  revolutionist.  He  was  a  negro 
slave,  but  received  a  rudimentary  education.  In  1791,  after 
protecting  the  flight  of  his  master,  he  joined  Jean  Francois, 
with  whom  he  subsequently  f  ouglit  for  the  royalist  faction, 
at  that  time  united  with  the  Spanish  Dominicans.  In  1794, 
with  a  large  force  of  blacks,  he  deserted  to  the  French 
republicans,  thus  turning  the  scale  in  their  favor  and  ac- 
quiring unbounded  influence  for  himself.  He  was  made 
deputy  governor  and  commander-in-chief ;  and  eventu- 
ally the  French  commissioners,  who  were  supposed  to  rule 
the  island,  were  left  with  only  nominal  power.  When  the 
British  under  General  Maitland  evacuated  the  island  in 
1798,  they  refused  to  treat  with  Commissioner  H^douville, 
but  surrendered  the  posts  which  they  had  held  to  Tous- 
saint  as  the  real  ruler.  Soon  after  an  insurrection,  incited 
by  TouBsaint,  drove  H^douville  from  the  island :  he  del- 
egated his  powers  to  the  mulatto  general  Rigaud,  but 
in  1799  Rigaud  was  defeated  by  Toussaint,  who  thus  be- 
came undisputed  master  of  the  western  part  of  the  island. 
He  issued  a  general  amnesty,  protected  the  whites,  and 
put  the  blacks  at  work  on  their  old  plantations  under  a 
compulsory  system  which,  however,  secured  them  a  part 
of  the  profits.  In  1801  he  occupied  the  eastern  part  of 
the  island,  which  had  been  ceded  to  France,  Finally  he 
threw  off  all  semblance  of  subjection  to  France,  promul- 
gating a  constitution  which  made  him  president  for  life, 
with  power  of  nominating  his  successor  (July,  1801). 
Bonaparte  thereupon  sent  General  Leclerc  with  a  formida- 
ble force  to  subdue  the  island  (see  Leclerc).  After  a  series  of 
bloody  conflicts  Toussaint  capitulated,  and  was  pardoned 
(Hay  1,  1802).  The  next  month  he  was  arrested  on  a 
charge  of  conspiracy  and  sent  to  France,  where  he  re- 
mained a  prisoner  until  his  death. 


a  Merovingian  capital  in  the  5th  century.  Itwasdefended  Towakarehu  (to-wa-ka'ra-ho).     A  tribe  of  the 
unsjiccessfullybythePrmcessed$pmoy_a|:amstthepuke     ^.^j^.^^  Confederacy  of 'Noiih  American  Ib- 

dians.  This  name  they  give  to  themselves,  translating 
it  'three  canes.'  They  are  also  called  Towacimi,  Towoo 
eonie,  and  TawaTcani.  See  Wichita. 
Towanda  (to-wan'da).  The  capital  of  Bradford 
County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  Susque- 
hanna 50  miles  west-northwest  of  Scranton. 
Population  (1900),  4,663. 


of  Parma  in  1681;  was  taken  hy  Louis  XIV.  in  1667  and 
fortified  by  Vauban ;  was  captured  by  the  Allies  in  1709 
and  assigned  to  Austria  in  1713;  and  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1745,  and  restored  in  1748.  It  was  the  birthplace 
of  Perkin  Warbeck.    Population  (1896),  35,761. 

Tournefort  (tom-for'),  Joseph  Pitton  de. 

Bom  at  Aix,  France,  June  5,  1656  :  died  Nov, 
28, 1708.    A  distinguished  French  botanist,  ap- 


pointed professor  of  botany  at  the  royal  gar-  Tower  Hamlets.    A  parliamentary  boroueh  in 


den  of  plants  at.  Paris  in  1683.  He  traveled  ex- 
tensively in  Europe  and  the  East.  His  chief  work  is 
"Institutiones  rei  herbarioe  "  (1700). 

Tournette  (tor-net').  A  mountain  near  the 
Lake  of  Anneoy,  in  tbe  Alps  of  Savoy.  Height, 
7,730  feet. 

Tourneur  (tor-n6r'  or  t6r'n6r),  Cyril.  Flour- 
ished about  1600-26.  An  English  tragic  poet. 
His  name  was  originally  Turner :  he  adopted  the  spelling 
Toumenr  in  1611.  He  published  in  1600  an  allegorical 
poem,  and  in  1613  an  elegy  on  the  death  of  Prince  Henry, 
son  of  James  I.  His  fame  rests  on  two  tragedies,  pub- 
lished 1607-11,  "The  Atheist's  Tragedy"  and  "The  Be- 
venger's  Tragedy  " :  the  latter  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the 
language. 

Tournus  (tor-nus').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Sa6ne-et-Lolre,  France,  on  the  Sa&ne 
56  miles  north  of  Lyons.  It  is  a  commercial  and  man- 
ufacturing town.  It  contains  a  noted  abbey  church  of 
St.  Phflibert,  of  the  11th  century.  The  fa?ade  is  maohic- 
olated  and  loopholed  :  it  precedes  a  large  narthex.  The 
nave  has  cylindrical  piers,  and  is  vaulted  at  right  angles 
to  its  axis.  The  choir  is  later,  with  rich  ornament  and 
columns  of  great  elegance.    There  is  a  central  tower  and 


London,  situated  east  of  the  City  and  north  of 
the  Thames.  It  returns  six  members  to  Parlia- 
ment. 

Tower  Hill.  A  hill  in  London,  near  the  Tower, 
formerly  the  scene  of  execution  of  political  of- 
fenders. 

Tower  of  London.  The  ancient  palace-citadel 
of  London,  it  is  situated  on  the  Thames  at  the  south- 
east angle  of  the  old  walled  city  of  London.  The  Eoman 
wall  ran  through  the  site.  It  consists  of  a  large  and  ir- 
regular agglomeration  of  buildings  of  different  periods, 
Inclosed  within  battlemented  and  moated  walls.  While 
a  stronghold  of  some  kind  existed  earlier  on  the  site,  the 
history  of  the  Tower  begins  with  William  the  Conqueror. 
The  chief  buildings  are  the  work  of  Norman  kings  and 
Henry  III.  No  important  additions  were  made  after  Ed- 
ward I.  When  it  ceased  to  be  a  royal  residence  it  became 
famous  as  a  state  prison,  and  is  now  a  national  arsenal. 
The  royal  mint  was  located  there  in  the  middle  ages.  The 
Towerhasfourgates— the  Iron,  Water,  and  Traitors' Gates 
on  the  side  toward  the  Thames,  and  the  Lions'  Gate  at  the 
southwest  angle.  In  the  middle  of  the  inclosure  rises  the 
square  and  lofty  White  Tower,  the  keep  of  the  medieval 
fortress.    It  is  characterized  by  its  four  tall  angle-turret« 


Tower  of  London 

with  modern  crowning.  In  the  White  Tower  la  the  vener- 
able Chapel  of  St.  John,  with  heavy  cylindrical  pillars, 
round  arches,  and  rude  capitals ;  it  is  unaui'passed  as  an 
example  of  the  earliest  type  of  I^orman  architectnre.  In 
the  halU  above  is  shown  an  admirable  collection  of 
medieval  arms  and  armor.  The  buildings  of  the  Inner 
IncloBure  include  12  towers,  with  many  of  which  are  as- 
sociated memories  of  historic  captives,  executions,  and 
crimes.  In  the  Kecord  or  Wakefield  Tower  are  kept  the 
crown  Jewels  of  England.  In  the  Chapel  of  St.  Peter  ad 
Tincula,  in  the  northwest  angle,  and  the  little  cemetery 
adjoining,  are  buried  most  of  the  celebratedpersons  who 
suffered  death  within  the  Tower  precincts  or  on  Tower 
Hill.  The  buildings  are  for  the  most  part  severely  plain. 
In  rough  masonry  of  small  stones,  their  great  interest  lying 
almost  wholly  in  their  manifold  associations. 

Tower  of  the  Winds.  The  horologium  or 
water-clock  erected  by  the  Syrian  Andronicus 
Cyrrhestes,  at  Athens,  in  the  1st  century  b.  c. 
It  Is  octagonal  in  plan,  26  feet  in  diameter,  and  42  high. 
Toward  the  top  of  each  face  is  sculptured  the  figure  of  a 
Wind  with  appropriate  attributes.  The  structure  was 
surmounted  by  a  bronze  Triton  which  served  as  a  weather- 
vane. 

Towle  (tol),  George  Makepeace.  Born  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  Aug.  27, 1841 :  died  at  Brook- 
line,  Mass.,  Aug.  8, 1893.  An  American  journal- 
ist, politician,  and  historical  writer.  Hegraduated 
at  Yale  in  1861 ;  studied  law  at  Harvard ;  was  United  States 
consul  at  Nantes  1866-68  and  at  Bradford,  England,  1868-70; 
and  was  managing  editor  of  the  Boston  "  Commercial  Bulle- 
tin "  and  foreign  editor  of  the  Boston  "  Post.  "His  works  in- 
clude "American  Society"  "  The  Eastern  Question,"  "  Prin- 
cipalities of  the  Danulie,'' "  Beaconsfield,"  "  Heroes  of  His- 
tory," "Modern  France,"  "Certain  Men  of  Mark,"  "Young 
People's  History  of  England,"  "  The  Literature  of  the  Eng- 
lish Language,"  etc. 

Towneley  Mysteries.    See  Wakefield. 

Townley  (toun'li),  Lord.  The  "provoked  hus- 
band" in  Vanbrugh  and  Gibber's  play  of  that 
name.  Lady  Townley,  a  frivolous  but  not  heartless 
woman,  was  a  favorite  character  with  Peg  Wofflngton, 
Ellen  Tree,  and  others. 

Townsend  (toun'zend),  George  Alfred:  pseu- 
donym Gath.  Bom  at  Georgetown,  Del.,  Jan. 
30, 1841.  An  American  journalist  and  author, 
noted  as  a  war  correspondent  and  lecturer. 

Townsend,  Virginia  Trances.  Bom  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  1836.  An  American  novelist 
and  biographical  writer.  Among  her  works  are 
"Life  of  Washington"  (1887)  and  "  Our  Presi- 
dents "  (1888).  Many  of  her  stories  have  been 
collected  in  "  The  Breakwater  Series." 

Townshend  (toun'zend),  Charles,  second  Vis- 
count Townshend.  Born  1674 :  died  June  21, 
1738.  An  English  statesman,  originally  a  Tory 
and  later  a  Wlig.  He  was  plenipotentiary  with  Marl- 
borough in  the  negotiations  of  Gertruydenberg  1709 ;  am- 
bassador at  The  Hague  1709-11 ;  and  secretary  of  state 
1714-16.  He  became  president  of  the  council  in  1720,  and 
secretary  of  state  in  1721.  He  quarreled  with  Walpole  and 
resigned  in  1730. 

Townshend,  Charles.  Bom  Aug.  29, 1725:  died 
Sept.  4,  1767.  An  English  politician,  younger 
son  of  the  third  Viscount  Townshend.  Heentered 
the  House  of  Commons  in  1747 ;  became  noted  as  an  ora- 
tor ;  was  secretary  of  war  1761-62 ;  became  later  presi- 
dent of  the  board  of  trade  and  paymaster-general ;  and  be- 
came chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in  1766.  He  championed 
resolutions  for  taxing  various  articles  imported  into  the 
American  colonies  1767.  From  his  political  instability  he 
was  called  "the  Weathercock." 

Townshend,  George,  first  Marquis  Townshend. 
Born  1724:  died  1807.  Eldest  son  of  the  third 
Viscount  Townshend  and  brother  of  Charles 
Townshend.  He  succeeded  Wolfe  as  commander  in 
Canada,  and  received  the  surrender  of  Quebec ;  later  he 
was  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland. 

Towton  (tou'ton).  A  village  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, 12  miles"  east-northeast  of  Leeds.  Here, 
March  29, 1461,  the  Yorkists  under  Edward  IV.  totally  de- 
feated the  Lancastrians  under  Henry  VI.  and  Margaret. 
The  Lancastrian  loss  is  stated  at  28,000  killed  (?).  The  vic- 
tory secured  the  throne  to  Edward  IV. 

Toxophilus  (tok-sof'i-lus):  The  Schools  and 
Partitions  of  Shooting.  [L.,  from  Gr.  rdfoK, 
bow,  and  fiMv,  love.]  A  treatise  relating  to 
archery,  written  by  Roger  Asoham  (1545). 

Toxteth  Park  (toks'teth  park).  A  southeast- 
em  suburb  of  Liverpool,  England. 

ToyamaBay(t6-ya-ma'  ba).  An  indentation  on 
the  western  shore  of  the  main  island  of  Japan. 

Toynbee  Hall  (toin'be  hai).  An  institution 
in  Whitechapel,  London,  founded  in  1885  as 
the  outcome  of  plans  set  on  foot  by  the  mem- 
bers of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  universities  "to 
provide  education  and  the  means  of  recreation 
and  enjoyment  for  the  people  of  the  poor  dis- 
tricts of  London,"  etc.  Some  of  the  members  reside 
at  the  hall,  which  is  something  between  a  college  and 
a  club.  In  connection  with  it  are  Balliol  House  and 
Wadham  House.  It  was  organized  and  named  in  memory 
ol  Arnold  Toynbee  (1852-83),  a  graduate  of  Oxford,  who  de- 
voted himself  to  work  among  the  poor  in  Whitechapel  and 
died  of  overstrain,  and  from  whose  example  sprang  the 
Idea  of  such  a  residence  house. 

Trachenherg  (tra'chen-bero).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  an 


1005 

arm  of  the  Bartsch  26  miles  north  by  west  of 
Breslau.  Here,  July,  1813,  plans  for  the  cam- 
paign were  signed  by  the  czar  Alexander  L  and 
Frederick  William  ni. 

Trachinise  (tra-kin'i-e).  [Gr.  Tpaxivuu,  Women 
of  Trachis,]  A  play  by  Sophocles,  founded  on 
the  death  of  Hercules  at  Trachis. 

The  play  called  the  "Traohiniie,"  or  "Women  of  Tra- 
chi^"  because  these  form  the  chorus,  tells  how  Deianeira, 
living  at  Trachis  in  Thessaly,  learns  tliat  Heracles  has 
fallen  in  love  with  lole,  and  sends  him  a  robe  anointed 
with  the  blood  of  the  Centaur  Nessus,  knowing  not  that  it 
is  aught  but  a  harmless  love-charm ;  and  how  Heracles, 
in  mortal  torment  from  the  poison,  bids  his  son  Hyllus 
take  him  to  the  top  of  Mount  (Eta,  and  lay  him  on  a  fu- 
neral pyre ;  and  thence,  "wrapped  in  heavenly  flame,  is 
gathered  to  the  host  of  the  gods."  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  86. 

Trachis  (tra'kis).  [Gr.  Tpaxic.'\  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  of  Greece,  situated  at  the  foot 
of  Mount  (Eta  near  Thermopylse.    it  was  an  im- 

Sortant  strategic  point,  and  the  legendary  scene  of  the 
eath  of  Hercules.  The  Spartan  colony  of  Heraclea  was 
established  there  in  426  B.  0. 

Trachonitis  (trak-o-ni'tis).  [Gr.  Tpaxavhic.'] 
In  ancient  geography,  a  region  in  Syria,  east 
or  northeast  of  the  Sea  of  Galilee. 

Tractarians.    See  Oxford  School. 

Tractatus  Theologico-politicus.  See 

Tract  No.  90.    See  Tracts  for  the  Times. 

Tracts  for  the  Times,  or  Oxford  Tracts.  A 
series  of  90  pamphlets,  published  at  Oxford 
from  1833  to  1841,  the  doctrines  of  which  formed 
the  basis  of  the  Tractarian  movement.  The  move- 
ment began  as  a  counter-movement  to  the  liberalizing 
tendency  in  ecclesiasticism  and  the  rationalizing  tendency 
in  theology,  and  was  in  its  first  inception  an  endeavor  to 
bring  the  church  back  to  the  principles  of  primitive  and 
patristic  Christianity.  Its  fundamental  principles  were 
that  the  Christian  religion  involves  certain  well-defined 
theological  dogmas,  and  a  visible  church  with  sacraments 
and  rites  and  definite  religious  teaching  on  the  foundation 
of  dogma,  and  that  this  visible  church  is  based  upon  and 
involves  an  unbroken  line  of  episcopal  succession  from  the 
apostles,  and  includes  the  Anglican  Church.  The  tracts 
consisted  of  extracts  from  the  High-church  divines  of  the 
17th  century  and  the  church  fathers,  with  contributions 
by  Newman,  Froude,  Pusey,  and  Isaac  Williams.  In  the 
last  of  the  series,  Tract  No.  90,  Dr.  fefterward  Cardinal) 
Newman  took  the  ground  that  the  Thirty-nine  Articles 
of  the  Church  of  England  are  in  large  part  susceptible 
of  an  interpretation  not  inconsistent  with  the  doctrines 
of  the  Council  of  Trent.  This  tract  was  condemned  by  a 
number  of  bishops  and  heads  of  colleges,  and  a  part  of  the 
Tractarians  (among  them  Newman  in  1846)  entered  the 
Church  of  Rome,  others  remaining  with  Dr.  Pusey  and 
John  Keble  in  the  Church  of  England,  and  maintaining 
the  principles  of  sacramental  efficacy  and  apostolic  au- 
thority within  that  communion. 

Tracy.    See  Destutt  de  jyacy. 

Tracy  (tra'si),  Benjamin  Franklin.  Bom  at 
Owego,N.Y.,  April  26,  1830.  An  American  law- 
yer and  Republican  politician.  He  served  as  a  vol- 
unteer in  the  Civil  War,  and  wasbrevetted  brigadier-gen- 
eral; was  United  States  district  attorney  in  New  York 
1866-68 ;  and  was  secretary  of  the  navy  1889-93. 

Tracy,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Hartford,  Vt.,  Nov.  3, 
1794:  died  at  Beverley,  Mass.,  March  24, 1874. 
An  American  Congregational  clergyman.  New 
England  secretary  of  the  American  Coloniza- 
tion Society.  He  published  "  The  Great  Awak- 
ening" (1842),  "A  History  of  the  American 
Board,  etc."  (1842),  etc. 

Traetto  (tra-et'to),  or  Trajetto  (tra-yet'to).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Caserta,  Italy,  39  miles 
northwest  of  Naples.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  the 
ancient  Mintumss.  Population  (1881),  4,482; 
commune,  7,985. 

Trafalgar  (traf-al-gar').  Battle  of.  The  great- 
est British  naval  victory  in  the  Napoleonic 
wars,  gained  off  Cape  Trafalgar  Oct.  21,  1805. 
The  British  fleet  numbered  27  ships  of  the  line  and  4  frig- 
ates under  Nelson  (Collingwood  second  in  command) ;  the 
French-Spanish  fleet  numbered  33  ships  of  the  line  and  5 
frigates  under  Villeneuveand  the  Spanish  admirals  Gravina 
and  Alava.  The  Allies  lost  19  ships.  Gravina  was  killed 
and  Villeneuve  taken  prisoner :  Nelson  was  killed. 

Trafalgar,  Cape.  A  promontory  on  the  southern 
coast  of  Spain,  projecting  into  the  Atlantic  be- 
tween Cadiz  and  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  in  lat. 
(of  lighthouse)  36°  11'  N.,  long.  6°  2'  W. 

Trafalgar  Sauare  (tra-fal'gar  skwar).  One  of 
the  principal  squares  in  London,  about  li  miles 
west  by  south  of  St.  Paul's.  It  contains  the 
Nelson  monument  and  the  site  of  Charing  Cross, 
and  the  National  Gallery  faces  on  it. 

Traitors'  Gate  (tra'torz  gat).  The  Southwark 
end  of  London  Bridge,  where  after  1577  the 
heads  of  persons  executed  for  treason  were  ex- 
hibited.   See  London  Bridge. 

Trajan  (tra'jan)  (Marcus  Ulpius  Trajanus), 
surnamed  DaciCUS  and  Fartnlcus.  Bom  in 
Italica,  Spain,  about  53  a.  d.:  died  at  Selinus, 
Cilicia,  July  or  Aug.,  117.  A  famous  Roman 
emperor  98-117,  He  early  entered  the  army ;  served 
as  military  tribune  in  various  provinces ;  marched  from 
Spain  to  Germany  about  89 ;  was  made  consul  91,  and  by 
Nerva  consular  legate  in  Germany;  and  was  adopted  by 


Transleithania 

Nerva,  and  succeeded  him  in  Jan.,  98.  He  developed  the 
defenses  of  the  empire  on  the  northeastern  frontier ;  built 
many  roads,  etc. ;  founded  the  institution  of  alimenta  (for 
rearing  poor  children  in  Italy) ;  and  encouraged  various 
reforms.  He  conducted  about  101-106  a  successful  war 
against  the  Dacians  under  Decebalus ;  annexed  Dacia  to 
the  empire ;  incorporated  Damascus,  etc. ,  and  part  of  Ara- 
bia ;  and  carried  on  an  unsuccessful  war  with  the  Parthians 
114-116.  There  were  revolts  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
empire  and  among  the  Jews  in  the  last  part  of  his  reign. 

Trajan,  Arch  of.    See  Arch  of  Trajan. 

Trajan,  Bridge  of.    See  Alcantara  (Spain). 

Trajan,  Forum  of.  A  forum  in  Rome,  con- 
structed under  Trajan,  situated  north  of  the 
Roman  Forum.    See  Forum. 

Trajanopolis  (traj-a-nop'o-lis).  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  o£  Tm-aoe,  often  identified 
with  Orikhova. 

Trajan's  Column.    See  Column  of  Trajan. 

Trajan's  Gate.  1.  A  name  given  to  the  Roth- 
erthurm  Pass. — 3.  A  pass  in  the  Balkans  which 
connects  Adrianople  with  Sofia. 

Trajan's  Wall.  1.  Remnants  of  a  Roman  for- 
tification in  Bessarabia,  Russia,  between  the 
Pruth  and  the  Black  Sea. —  2.  Remnants  of  a 
Roman  fortification  in  the  Dobrudja,  Rumania, 
between  the  Danube  and  the  Black  Sea. 

Trajectum  ad  Ehenum  (tra-jek'tum  ad  re'- 
num).    The  Roman  name  of  Utrecht. 

Trajetto.    See  Traetto. 

Tralee  (tra-le').  A  seaport,  chief  town  of  the 
coimty  of  Kerry,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Lee 
(Leigh),  near  Tralee  Bay,  in  lat.  52°  17'  N., 
long.  9°  43'  W.    Population  (1891),  9,318. 

Tralee  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Atlantic  on  the 
western  coast  of  Ireland,  near  Tralee. 

Tralles  (tral'ez).  [Gr.  Tpd^;U(f,  IpdTi.TLC^.I  In 
ancient  geography,  a  city  of  Caria,  Asia  Minor, 
situated  near  the  Meander  28  miles  east-south- 
east of  Ephesus. 

Trani  (tra'ne).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Bari,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Adriatic  27  miles 
northwest  of  Bari.  it  has  considerable  trade  in  fruits, 
wine,  and  grain.  Its  cathedral  is  a  basilica  of  the  12th 
century,  with  three  apses  and  a  large  crypt.  The  Norman 
tower,  of  five  tiers,  is  imposing ;  the  round-arched  re- 
cessed portal  is  delicately  sculptured;  the  doors  are  of 
bronze,  with  42  relief -panels  ranking  with  the  finest  Ro- 
manesque metal-work  in  southern  Italy.  The  crypt  is  re- 
markable for  its  choir  and  its  beautiful  columns.  Trani, 
the  ancient  Turenum,  was  a  fiourishing  commercial  city  in 
the  middle  ages  under  the  Normans  and  their  successors. 
Population  (1881),  26,173 ;  commune,  25,647. 

Tranio  (tra'ni-o).  The  servant  of  Lucentio, 
a  character  in  Shakspere's  "Taming  of  the 
Shrew."  He  is  clever  enough  to  change  parts 
with  his  master. 

Trans-Alai  (trans-a'li).  A  mountain-range  in 
Ferghana  (Russian  Turkestan),  south  of  the 
Alai  Mountains. 

Transbaikalia (trans-bl-ka'li-a).  Aprovinee  of 
eastern  Siberia,  bounded  by  Irkutsk,  Yakutsk, 
the  Amur  Province,  Manchuria,  Mongolia,  and 
Lake  Baikal.  Capital,  Tchita.  it  is  traversed  by 
the  Yablonoi  Mountains.  There  are  gold-mines  at  Kara 
and  elsewhere.  Area,  236,868  square  miles.  Population, 
546,338. 

Transcaspian  (trans-kas'pi-an)  Railway.  A 
Russian  strategic  railway,  built  under  the  su- 
perintendence of  General  Annenkoff,  and  open- 
ed in  1888.  It  extends  from  Ouzoun  Ada  on  the  Cas- 
pian (connected  by  steamer  with  Baku  and  the  Bussian 
railroad  system)  to  Samarkand,  largely  through  the  desert 

Transcaspian  Beglon  or  Province.  A  terri- 
tory belonging  to  Russia,  under  the  administra- 
tion of  the  government  of  Turkestan,  situated 
east  of  the  Caspian,  north  of  Persia  and  Af- 

f;hanistan,  and  west  of  Khiva  and  Bokhara. 
t  is  largely  a  desert,  containing  the  oases  of  Atok,  Merv, 
etc.  The  inhabitants  are  Turkomans.  Geok-Tepe  was 
taken  by  the  Kussians  in  1881,  Merv  in  1884,  and  Fendjdeh 
in  1885.  Area,  214,237  square  miles.  Population,  301,476. 
Transcaucasia  (trans-k8,-ka'giar).  The  south- 
ern division  of  the  general  government  of  the 
Caucasus,  Russia,  it  comprises  the  governments  of 
Tifiis,  Kutais,  Yelisavetpol,  Baku,  and  Erivan,  the  prov- 
inces of  Daghestan  and  Ears,  and  the  district  of  the  Black 
Sea. 

Transfiguration,  The.  A  famous  painting  by 
Raphael,  in  the  Vatican,  Rome.  Christ  floats  in 
glory,  attended  by  Moses  and  Ellas,  above  a  group  of  apos- 
tles ;  below,  people  are  leading  a  boy  possessed  of  an  evil 
spirit  to  the  remaining  apostles  for  relief  This  picture 
was  just  completed  when  Baphael  died  (1520). 

Transformation.    See  Marble  Faun,  Tlie. 

Transkei  (trans-ke').  A  territory  in  the  east- 
em  part  of  the  British  colony  of  the  Cape. 
Area,  2,552  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
153,563. 

Translator  General.  A  title  given  to  Phile- 
mon Holland. 

Transleithania  (trans-li-ta'ni-a),  or  Translel- 
thanian  (trans-li-tha'ni-an)  Division.  Aname 
given  to  the  lands  of  Austria-Hungary  which 


Transleithania 

are  under  Hungarian  rule,  comprising  Hun- 

fary  with  Transylvania,  Croatia-Slavonia,  and 
'iume.    See  Leitha. 

Transpadane  (trims-pa'dan)  Republic.  [From 
L.  transpadanus,  beyond  the  Po.]  A  republic 
established  by  Bonaparte  inl796,con-esponding 
generally  to  Lombardy :  united  in  1797  with  the 
Cispadane  EepubUo  to  form  the  Cisalpine  Ee- 
public. 

Trans-Siberian  Railway.  See  Siberian  Sail- 
way. 

Transvaal.    See  South  African  BepuUie. 

Transvaal  War.  A  war  between  the  South 
African  Republic  and  Great  Britain  in  1880-81. 
The  most  notable  event  was  the  Boer  victory  at  Majuba 
Hill,  Feb.  27, 1881.  The  battle  was  soon  followed  bypeace. 
See  South  African  Republic. 

Transylvania  (tran-sil-va'ni-a),  G.  Sieben- 
biirgen  (ze'ben-biirg-en),  F.  Transylvanie 

(tron-sel-va-ne').  A  titular  grand  principality 
of  the  Austrian  empire,  now  incorporated  with 
the  kingdom  of  Hungary.  It  is  bounded  by  Hungary 
proper,  Bukowina,  Moldavia,  and  Wallachia,  and  is  sur- 
rounded and  traversed  by  the  Carpathians,  It  has  15 
counties,  and  among  the  chief  towns  are  Hermannstadt, 
Elausenburg,  and  £ronstadt.  The  chief  races  are  the  Bu- 
mans  or  "Wallachs  (over  half),  Hungarians  (including 
Szeklers),  and  Germans  (see  SaxovZand),  with  Gipsies, 
Jews,  Armenians,  etc.  Transylvania  was  formerly  a  part 
of  Dacia.  It  was  conquered  by  Stephen  I.  of  Hungary  in 
1004,  and  made  a  province  ruled  by  a  volvode ;  received 
colonists  from  Lower  Germany  about  1143 ;  was  recognized 
as  a  sovereign  principality  in  1538  ;  was  aided  by  the  Turks 
against  Austria ;  took  a  prominent  part  on  the  side  of  tlie 
Protestants  in  the  Thirty  Years*  War ;  and  was  taken  pos- 
session of  by  Leopold  I.  of  Austria  in  1697.  The  sover- 
eignty of  Austria  was  recognized  by  Turkey  in  1699,  and 
Transylvania  was  incorporated  with  Hungary  in  1713  and 
was  made  a  grand  principality  in  1765.  It  was  the  scene 
of  a  bloody  insurrection  of  the  Kumans  against  the  Hun- 
garians in  1848,  and  of  contests  between  the  Hungarians 
and  the  Bussians  in  1849 ;  received  autonomy  and  a  Land- 
tag in  1860 ;  and  was  Anally  incorporated  with  Hungary 
in  1868.    Area,  21,512  square  miles.    Population,  2,247,049. 

Transylvanian  Alps  (tran-sil-va'nl-an  alps). 
Arange  of  the  Carpathians,  on  the  southern  bor- 
der of  Transylvania,  on  the  Eumanian  frontier. 

Transylvanian  Erzgebirge  (erts'ge-ber-ge). 
['  Transylvanian  ore  mountains.']  A  range  of 
mountains  in  the  Carpathian  system,  situated 
in  western  Transylvania,  and  Hungary. 

Trapani  (trS'pa-ne).  1 .  A  province  in  western 
Sicily.  Area,  948  square  miles.  Population 
(1892),  350,726.-2.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Trapani,  Sicily,  situated  on  the 
western  coast  in  lat.  38°  1'  N.,long.  12°  29'  E. : 
the  ancient  Drepanum,  or  Drepana,  near  Eryx. 
It  figures  in  the  .^neid.  It  was  one  of  the  last  remaining 
strongholds  of  the  Carthaginians  in  Sicily,  in  the  first  Punic 
war,  and  was  fortified  by  Hamilcar  Barca.  The  Cartha- 
ginians won  a  naval  victory  near  it  in  249  B.  0.  Popular 
tion  (1881),  32,020. 

Trapezus  (tra-pe'zus).  The  ancient  name  of 
Trebizond. 

Trapezus  Mons.    See  Tehadyr-Dagh. 

Trappe,  La.    See  La  Trappe. 

Trappists  (trap'ists).  [Prom  P.  Trappiste :  so 
called  from  the  abbey  of  La  Trappe  in  Prance.] 
A  monastic  body,  a  branch  of  the  Cistercian  or- 
der. It  is  named  from  the  village  of  Soligny-la- Trappe, 
in  the  department  of  Orne,  France,  where  the  abbey  of  La 
Trappe  was  founded  in  1140  by  Kotrou,  count  of  Perche. 
The  abbey  soon  fell  into  decay,  and  was  governed  for  many 
years  by  titular  or  commendatory  abbots.  De  Eanc^  (1626- 
1700),  who  had  been  commendatory  abbot  of  La  Trappe 
from  his  boyhood,  became  its  actual  abbot  in  1664,  and 
thoroughly  reformed  and  reorganized  the  order.  The  rules 
of  the  order  are  noted  for  their  extreme  austerity,  and  in- 
culcate extended  fasts,  severe  manual  labor,  almost  per- 
petual silence,  abstinence  from  flesh,  fish,  etc.,  and  rigor- 
ous asceticism  in  general.  The  order  was  repressed  in 
France  during  the  Kevolutionary  and  Napoleonic  periods. 
'  There  are  branch  monasteries  in  Franee,  Belgium,  Great 
Britain,  Italy,  etc. ,  and  two  in  the  United  States — abbeys 
of  Oethsemane  (Kentucky)  and  of  New  Melleray  (Iowa). 
There  is  also  an  establishment  at  Tracadie,  N.  S. 

Trasimene,  Lake,  Battle  of.  See  Irasimenus. 
Trasimeno  (tra-se-ma'no),  Lago,  or  Lago  di 

Perugia  (lSi'g6depa-ro'ja)(' Lake  of  Perugia'). 
A  lake  in  the  province  of  Perugia,  Italy,  10 
miles  west  of  Perugia:  the  ancient  Trasimenus 
(erroneously  Thrasymenus)  Lacus.  Length,  10 
miles ;  depth,  20  feet.     It  has  no  natural  outlet. 

Trasimenus  (tras-i-me'nus).  Battle  of  Lake. 
A  victory  .gained  by  Hannibal  over  the  Romans 
under  the  consul  Plaminius,  on  the  northern 
shore  of  Lake  Trasimenus,  in  the  summer  of  217 
B.  c.  The  Eoman  army  was  nearly  annihilated, 
and  the  consul  was  slain. 

Tras-os-Montes  (tras'os-mon'tes),  or  Traz-os- 
Montes  (traz'os-mon'tes).  The  northeastern 
province  of  Portugal,  bounded  by  Spain,  Beira, 
andEntre  Minho  e  Douro.  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous or  table-land.  It  comprises  the  districts  Villa  Heal 
andBragan^a.  Capital, Braganpa.  Area, 2,293 squaremiles. 
Population  (1880),  418,917.  _ 

Trastevere  (tras-ta'va-re).     [It.,  'beyond  the 


1006 


Trench 


Tiber.']     A  working-men's  quarter  of  Eome,  Treaty  of  Washington.    See  Waslwngton. 

situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tiber.    "Witli-  Trebbia  (treb'be-S).    A  river  in  northern  Italy 

in  it  is  the  Janiculum.  which  joins  the  Po  near  Piacenza :  the  ancient 

Trau(trou).  Atown  in  Dalmatia,  situated  on  an  Trebia.    Length,  about  60  miles, 

island  adjacent  to  the  coast,  10  miles  west  of  Trebbia,  Battle  of  the.    A  victory  gained  near 

Spalatro.  It  contains  a  noted  cathedral  of  the  13th  cen-  the  Trebbia,  June  17-19, 1799,  by  the  allied  Eus- 

tury:  a  later  Pointed  campanile  rises  over  the  northwest-  gian-Austrian  army  under  Suvaroff  over  the 

ernangle.    The  magnificent  recessed  sculptured  portal  is  j^rgnch  under  Macdonald.     Sometimes  caUed 

Komanesque ;  the  impressive  interior  has  round  arches  on  7,     il^i,       ^  t>         „                                              "">-« 

massive  square  piers,  a  fine  altar,  choir-stalls,  and  a  sculp-  the  battle  ot  Irarma.                                 — .,, 

tured  pulpit  supported  on  eight  columns.    Population  Trebclli  (tra-bel  le),  Madame  (Zelia  Gilbert). 

(1890),  commune,  15,809.  Born  at  Paris,  1838 :  died  at  Btretat,  Seine-In- 

Traun  (troun)._A  river  which  risej  in  Styria,  f ^rieure,  Aug.  18, 1892.  APreneh  soprano  opera- 


traverses  the  Hallstattersee  and  Traunsee  in 
Upper  Austria,  and  joins  the  Danube  near  Linz. 
It  forms  a  noted  waterfidl  near  the  village  of  Eoitham. 
Length,  110  miles. 


Singer.  She  became  Madame  Bettini  in  1863, 
but  soon  separated  from  her  husband.  Trebelli 
was  her  stage-name. 


Traunsee(troun'za),orGmundenersee(gm6n'- Trebia  (tre'bi-a).  See  JVeSMa. 
den-er-za  .  A  piotUresque  lake  in  Upper  Aus-  Trebia,  Battle  of  the.  A  victory  gained  by  Han- 
tria,  in  the  Salzkammergut,  near  Gmimden,  nibal  over  the  Romans  under  Sempronius,  near 
traversed  by  the  Traun.  Length,  8  miles.  *^T'"^^^V^w?°''    l^     •a°"-i       ^-    ^i. 

Trautenau(trou'te-nou),  Bohem.  Trutnov.    A  Trebizrad  (treb  i-zond).  A  vilayet  m  the  north- 
town  in  northeastern  Bohemia,,  =it."»t.Brl  at,  *!,»    em  part  of  Asia  Minor,  Turkey.    Area,  12,082 
Aupa  72  miles  east-northeast 
the  center  of  linen-weaving  in  the 


mia.  Here,  on  June  27,  1866,  the  Austrians  defeated  the 
Prussians ;  and  on  the  following  day  the  Prussians  defeated 
the  Austrians.  Population  (1890),  commune,  13,290. 
Trautmann  (trout'man),  Franz.  Bom  at  Mu- 
nich, March  28,  1813 :  died  there,  Nov.  2,  1887. 
A  German  novelist,  poet,  dramatist,  and  writer 
on  art.  His  .works  include  "Die  Abenteuer  des  Her- 
zogs  Christoph  von  Bayern  "  (1853),  "Traum  und  Sage" 

g864),  "Leben,  Abenteuer  und  Tod  des  Dr.  Th.  ThadSus 
onner  im  Jenseits  "  (1864),  etc.;  the  comedies  "Schloss 
Latour,  ^  "Blemers  Leiden    ,  the  drama  ''Cagliostro  " ;  and 
the  tragedy  "  Jugurtha." 
Trauttmansdorff    J^trout'mans  -  dorf ■),    Count 
Maximilian  von.    Bom  1584 :  died  1650.    An 


seaport,  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Trebizond,  on 
the  Black  Sea  in  lat.  41°  1'  N.,  long.  39°  46'  E. : 
the  ancient  Trapezus.  it  is  picturesquely  situated' 
on  a  table-land  between  two  deep  ravines,  and  is  defended 
by  a  citadel  and  forts.  Next  to  Smyrna  it  is  the  chief  com- 
mercial city  in  Asia  Minor ;  and  it  is  a  center  of  transit 
trade  between  Europe  and  Armenia,  Persia,  and  centrali 
Asia.  It  is  the  terminus  of  steamship  lin6s  (Austro-Hun- 
garian,  Lloyd's,  Messageries  Maritimes,  etc.).  It  was  the 
Greek  colony  of  Sinope ;  was  a  resting-place  in  the  retreat, 
of  the  Ten  Thousand';  was  an  important  city  about  the- 
time  of  Hadrian ;  and  became  the  center  of  the  empire  ot 
Trebizond.  It  was  captured  by  the  sultan  Mohammed  II. 
in  1461.    Population,  about  40,000. 


Austrian  diplomatist  and  politician.  Henegoti-  Trebizond,  Empire  of.  A  Byzantine  realm  on 
ated  the  alliance  between  the  emperor  and  the  Elector  tlie  southern  coast  ot  the  Black  bea,  whose  oapi- 
of  Bavaria  in  1619 ;  informed  the  emperor  of  Wallenstein's  tal  was  Trebizond.  It  was  founded  by  Alexius  Corn- 
designs  ;  negotiated  the  peace  of  Prague  in  1636  ;  and  was  nenus  after  the  establishment  of  the  Latin  Empire  of  Con- 
the  chief  negotiator  of  the  peace  of  Westphalia  in  1648.  siantinople  in  1204 ;  and  maintained  its  independence 
Travailleurs  de  la  Mer  (tra-vi-yer'  de  la  mar),    against  the  Seljuks,  Constantinople,  Niorea,  etc.,  until  its 


Les.  [F.,'The  Toilers  of  the  Sea.']  Anovelby 
Victor  Hugo,  published  in  1866.  The  scene  is 
laid  in  the  Channel  Islands. 
Travanoore  (trav-an-kor').  A  tributary  native 
state  of  India,  xmder  British  control,  situated 
at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  peninsula, 
along  the  western  coast,  about  lat.  8°-10°  N, 


overthrow  by  the  Ottoman  Turks  in  1461. 
TrebUT  (tra'bor),  or  Tribur  (tre'bor).  A  vil- 
lage in  the  province  of  Starkenburg,  Hesse, 
situated  near  the  Ehine  5  miles  southeast  of 
Mainz.  It  contained  a  palace  of  Charles  the 
Great,  and  was  the  seat  of  several  diets  in  the 
middle  ages. 


It  is  'ftaversed  by  the  Western  Ghats.    Its  products  are  Tredegar  (tred'e-gar).     A  town  in  Monmouth- 
cocoanuts,  areoa-nuts,  pepper,  coffee,  etc.    Capital,  Tri-    shire,  England,  situated  on  the  Sirhowy  6  miles 
vandrum.    It  is  ruled  by  a  maharaja,  and  is  one  of  the    east-northeast  of  Merthyr  Tydfil.     It  has  im- 
most  prosperous  of  the  vassal  states  m  India.   Area,  6,730       „..w.„„ij„„„  _„„i„      T>„i„i„+;„„  ,'iodi\  it  aba 
squaremiles.    Population (1891),  2,557,786.  portant iron-works.     Population  (1891),  1^,484. 

Trave  (tra've).  A  river  in  the  principality  and  Xredgold  (tred'gold),  Thomas.  Born  at  Bran- 
territory  of  Lubeek,  andin  Holstein,  which  flows  don,  near  Durham,  England,  Aug.  22, 1788 :  died 
into  the  Baltic  at  Travemiinde  below  Liibeck.  at  London,  Jan.  28, 1829.  An  English  engineer. 
Length,  70  miles ;  navigable  for  large  vessels  to  He  wrote  "  Elementary  Principles  of  Carpentry '* 
Lubeek.  (1820),  "The  Steam  Engine"  (1827),  etc. 

Traveller,  The.  Apoem  by  Oliver  Goldsmith,  Tredici  Oomuni(tra-de'ohek6-m6'ne).  ['Thir- 
published  in  1765,  teen  Communes.']     A  locality  in  the  province 

Traveller's  Club.  A  London  club  originated  of  Verona,  Italy,  in  the  vicioity  of  Badia.  It 
shortly  after  the  peace  of  1814  by  the  Marquis    '        '         ■  .    -  .       .- 


of  Londonderry  (then  Lord  Castlereagh).    The 
present  house  in  Pall  Mall  was  built  in  1832. 


has  long  been  noted  for  the  preservation  of 
a  Germanic  dialect  (Cimbro),  now  nearly  sup- 
planted by  Italian.    Its  chief  town  is  Giazza. 


Travelling  Bachelor,  The.  A  work  by  Cooper,    ft  formerly  had  extensive  privileges.  Compare 
published  in  1828.  •  Sette  Comunl. 

Travendal  (tra'ven-dal),  or  Traventhal  (tra'-  Tree,  Ellen.    See  Kean,  Mrs. 
ven-tal).  A  viUage  in  Holstein,  on  the  Trave  15  Tregelles  (tre-gel'es),  Samuel  Frideaux.  Bom 
miles  west  of  Liibeck.  Here,inl700,CharlesXII.    near  Falmouth,  England,  Jan.  30,  1813:  died 


of  Sweden  extorted  a  treaty  from  Denmark 
Travers  (tra-var'),  Val  de.  A  short  valley  be- 
tween two  ranges  of  the  Jura,  in  the  canton  of 
Neuch&tel,  Switzerland,  southwest  of  Neuch^- 
tel,  renowned  for  its  beauty, 


there,  April  24,  1875.  An  English  New  Testa- 
ment scholar,  noted  for  his  critical  edition  of 
the  New  Testament  (1857-72).  He  translated 
Gesenius's  Hebrew  grammar,  and  wrote  various 
critical  works. 


Traverse  (trav'ers),  Lake.   Alakeontheboun-  Treguier  (tra-gya').    A  town  in  the  department 
dary  between  Minnesota  and  South  Dakota. .  Its       »»■■       ,    ,»     ,  „  ...,..,. 

outlet  is  by  the  river  Bois  des  Sioux  to  the  Eed 
River  of  the  North.     Length,  17  miles. 

Traviata  (tra-ve-a'ta),  La.     [It.,  'the  wander- 

iug  or  lost  one.']    An  opera  by  Verdi,  first  pro- 

duced  atVenice  in  1853.  The  words  are  by  Piave.  T^eitschke~'(tritsh '  ke),  Heinrich  Gotthard 

Traz-OS-Montes.     Be&  Tras-os-Montes.  von.  BornatDresden,Sept.l5,1884:  diedApril 

Treasure  Island.    A  tale  by  R.  L.  Stevenson,    28,  1896.    A  noted  German  historian  and  pub- 
published  m  1883.  lieist  professor  in  Berlin  from  1874,  and  a  Na- 

Treasury  of  Atreus.    See  the  extract.  tional  Liberal  member  of  the  Reichstag  1871-84. 


of  C6tes-du-Nord,  Prance,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Guindy  and  Jaudy,  29  miles  north- 
west of  St.-Brieue.  It  has  a  cathedral,  and  was 
the  birthplace  of  Renan.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  2,763. 


The  most  ancient  remains  of  buUdings  in  Greece  are  of  ■*r'°"gJ"^„T?.''i'  are  "Zehn  Jahre  deutscher  Kampfe   (2d 

Cyclopean,  or,  as  some  have  ili  of  Pelasgic  origin;  and  the  «"■  1879)  '■  Historisohe  und  politische  Aufsatze"^  (essays 

most  famous  of  these  Cyclopean  works  are  two  subter-  onrecenthistory,Bthed.  1886),"  DerSozialismusundseme 

raneous  structures  known  as  the  Treasury  of  Atreus  and  J"""?' ,  Q^^)>  and  "  Deutsche  Geschichte  im  19.  Jalu-hun- 

the  Treasury  of  Minyaa— the  former  at  Mycenffi  in  Ar-  ^ert    ("German  History  in  the  19th  Century,"  1879-89). 

goUs,  the  latter  at  Orchomenos  in  Boeotia.    Both  are  built  Trelawney  (tre-l§;'ni),  Edward  John.     Born 

after  the  one  plan,  being  huge  dome-shaped  constructions  1792;  died  Aug.  13,  1881.      An  English  adven- 


formed  of  horizontal  layers  of  dressed  stones,  each  layer 
projecting  over  the  one  next  below,  till  the  top  was  closed 
by  a  single  block.  The  whole  was  then  covered  in  with 
earth,  and  so  buried. 

Edwards,  Pharaohs,  Fellahs,  etc.,  p.  167. 


turer,  a  friend  of  Shelley.  He  accompanied  Byron  to 
Greece,  and  served  in  the  war  of  independence.  He  wrote 
"  Recollections  of  the  Last  Days  of  Shelley  and  Byron  " 
(1858),  rewritten  .as  "Kecords  of  Shelley,  Byron,  and  the 
Author." 

Treaty  Elm,  The.    A  tree,  formerly  standing  Tremont  (tre-monf).     See  Trimountain. 
near  Philadelphia,  beneath  which  Penn  nego-  Trench  (trench),  Richard  Chenevix.    Born  at 
tiated'a  treaty  with  the  Indians  in  1682.  Dublin,  Sept.  9,  1807:  died  at  London,  March 


Trench 

28,  1886.  A  British  prelate,  philologist,  theo- 
logian, and  poet.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (Trinity 
College);  became  dean  of  Westminster  in  1866;  and  was 
archbishop  of  Dublin  1864-84.  Among  his  works  are 
the  "Story  ot  Justin  Martyr"  (1836),  "Sabbation"  (1838), 
"  Poems  from  Eastern  Sources  "  (1842),  "  Study  of  Words  " 
(18B1),  "English  Fast  and  Present"  (1866),  "Select  Glos- 
sary ot  English  Words "  (1859),  "Notes  on  the  Parables" 
(1841),  "Notes  on  the  Miracles"  (1846),  "Lectures  on  Me- 
dieval Church  History  "  (1878). 

Irenctaard  (tren'chard),  Asa.  The  title  r61e  of 
Tom  Taylors  "Our  American  Cousin."  Though 
intended  for  the  principal  part,  it  was  soon  overshadowed 
by  that  of  Lord  Dundreary. 

Trenck  (trengk)',  Baron  Franz  von  der.  Born 
at  Beggio,  Calabria,  Italy,  Jan.  1, 1711 :  died  at 
Briinn,  Moravia,  Oct.  14,  1749.  An  Austrian 
offioei  and  adventurer,  later  in  the  Eussian  ser- 
vice He  raised  a  corps  of  pandoors  for  Maria  Theresa 
In  1740,  and  became  notorious  for  his  cruelty  in  the  war  in 
Bavaria  and  elsewhere.  He  was  finally  imprisoned  by 
the  Austrian  government.  His  autobiography  ("Merk- 
wUrdiges  Leben  und  Thaten  des  Freiherrn  Franz  von  der 
Trenck  ")  was  published  in  1770. 

Trenck,  Baron  Friedrich  von  der.    Bom  at 

K-onigsberg,  Prussia,  Feb.  16, 1726:  guillotined 
at  Paris,  July  25, 1794.  A  German  adventurer, 
cousin  of  Franz  von  der  Trenck.  He  entered  the 
,  Prussian  service  in  1742 ;  was  imprisoned  by  Frederick  the 
Great  at  Glatz  on  account  ot  intrigues ;  escaped  in  1747, 
and  entered  the  Austrian  service  in  1749;  was  again  im- 
prisoned by  Frederick  the  Great  in  Magdeburg  until  176S ; 
went  to  Paris  during  the  French  Bevolution ;  and  was  ar- 
rested by  Bobespierre  and  put  to  death  as  a  secret  agent 
of  foreign  powers.  He  published  an  autobiography  in 
1786. 

Trendelenburg  (tren'de-len-bora),  Friedrich 
Adolf.  Bom  at  Eutin,  Germany,  Nov.  30, 1802 : 
died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  24, 1872.  A  noted  German 
philosopher,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Berlin 
from  1833.  He  was  especially  noted  for  his  researches 
on  Plato  and  Aristotle,  and  as  an  opponent  of  Hegelian- 
Ism.  He  wrote  "Blementa  logices  Aristotelicse "  (1837), 
"  Erliluterungen  zu  den  Elementen  der  Aristotelischen 
IiOgik"  (1842),  "logischeUntersuchungen"  ("Logical Re- 
searches," 1840),  "Historische  Beitrage  zur  Philosophie" 
(1846-87),  "Naturrecht"  (1860),  etc. 

Trent  (trent).  A  river  of  England  which  rises 
in  northern  Staffordshire,  flows  through  Staf- 
ford, Derby,  Nottingham,  and  Lincoln,  and 
imites  with  the  Ouse  to  form  the  Humber. 
length,  about  170  miles ;  navigable  for  larger  vessels  to 
Gainsborough,  and  for  barges  to  Burton-on-Trent. 

Trent,  A  river  in  Ontario,  Canada,  which  flows 
Into  the  Bay  of  Quinte,  Lake  Ontario. 

Trent,  it.  Trento  (tren'to),  G.  Trient  (tre-enf). 
[L,  Tridentum,  from  the  Tridentini,  an  Alpine 
tribe.]  The  chief  city  of  "Welsch"  (non-Ger- 
man) Tyrol,  situated  on  the  Adige  and  on  the 
Brenner  Railway  in  lat.  46°  5'  N.,  long.  11°  6'  E. 
The  cathedral,  founded  1048,  was  rebuilt  in  the  13th  and 
completed  in  the  16th  century.  It  is  in  type  a  Bomanesque 
basiUca  with  two  domes.  The  west  portal  has  two  lions. 
The  Interior  possesses  curious  monuments  and  wall-paint- 
ings, and  peculiar  flights  ot  steps  in  the  aisles.  Santa  Ma- 
ria Maggiore  is  the  church  in  which  the  Council  of  Trent 
met  1545-63.  In  the  choir  there  is  a  picture  with  portraits 
of  the  3  patriarchs,  7  cardinals,  33  archbishops,  and  235 
bishops  who  sat  in  the  council.  Trent  was  anciently  the 
capital  of  the  Tridentini,  and  became  successively  a  Bo- 
man,  Gothic,  Lombard,  and  Frankish  city.  It  passed  un- 
der the  rule  of  the  bishops  of  Trent  in  1027,  and  became 
connected  with  Tyrol.    Population  (1890),  2^,486. 

Trent,  Council  of.  A  famous  council  (usually 
reckoned  as  the  18th  ecumenical)  held  (with  sev- 
eral prorogations  and  suspensions)  at  Trent,  in 
Tyrol,  Dec.  13,  1545, -Dec.  4,  1563.  it  condemned 
the  leading  doctrines  of  the  Beformation  concerning  the 
Bible,  original  sin,  and  justification.  Its  decrees  were  con- 
firmed by  Pius  IV.,  Jan.  26, 1564.  He  also  published  In  that 
year  the  Tridentine  Profession  of  Faith. 

Trent,  The.  A  British  steamer  on  which  were 
seized,  in  the  Bahama  Channel,  Nov.  8, 1861,  the 
Confederate  commissioners  to  Europe,  Mason 
and  Slidell,  by  the  American  captain  Wilkes. 
The  disavowal  of  WilkesJs  act  by  the  United  States  gov- 
ernment prevented  serious  complications  from  arisiug 
between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain. 

Trent  Affair,  The.    See  Trent,  The. 

Trentine  Alps  (tren'tin  alps).  A  group  of  the 
Alps  near  Trent,  Tyrol,  south  of  the  Ortler 
group. 

Trento.    The  Italian  name  of  Trent. 

Trenton  (tren'ton).  The  capital  of  New  Jer- 
sey and  of  Mercer  County,  situated  on  the  Dela- 
ware River  in  lat.  40°  13'  N. ,  long.  74°  46'  W.  it 
has  manufactures  of  pottery,  iron,  tools,  rubber  goods,  etc. 
It  was  settled  in  1680,  and  was  named  Trenton  in  1720 ;  be- 
came the  capital  in  1790 ;  and  was  made  a  city  in  1792.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  73,307. 

Trenton,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained  by  the 
Americans  under  "Washington  over  the  British, 
Deo,  26, 1776.  Washington  crossed  the  Delaware  with 
2,400  men  on  the  night  of  Dec.  26,  and  attacked  the  Hes- 
sian mercenaries  (about  1,600)  under  Bahl.  The  Hessians 
were  defeated,  and  about  1,000  were  captured. 

Trenton  Falls.  A  series  of  picturesque  cascades 


1007 

la  West  Canada  Creek,  Oneida  County,  New 
York,  13  miles  north-northeast  of  Utica.  Total 
descent,  312  feet. 

Treport  (tra-p6r'),  Le.  A  seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  the  department  of  Seine-Inf6rieure, 
France,  situated  on  the  English  Channel,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Bresle,  16  miles  east-northeast  of 
Dieppe.    Population  (1891),  commune,  4,569. 

Trescot  (tres'kot),  William  Henry.  Bom  at 
Charleston,  S.  C,  1822 :  died  at  Pendleton,  S.C, 
May  4, 1898.  An  American  diplomatist,  sent  as 
special  envoyto  Chile,  Pern,  and  Bolivia  in  1881. 
He  wrote  "Diplomatic  History  of  the  Administrations  of 
Washington  and  Adams  "  (1867),  and  other  works  on  diplo- 
macy. 

Tressel  (tres'el).  A  character  in  Shakspere's 
"  Richard  m." 

Treubund  (troi'bSnd).  1 .  A  reactionary  politi- 
cal union  in  Prussia,  1848-49. — 2.  A  reaction- 
ary political  union  in  Electoral  Hesse,  1850-53. 

Trevelyan  (tre-vel'yan).  Sir  Charles  Edward. 
Bom  April  2, 1807:  died  June  19, 1886.  An  Eng- 
lish official  in  India,  and  publicist,  brother-in- 
law  of  Lord  Macaulay.  He  was  governor  of  Madras 
1869-60,  and  Indian  financial  minister  1862-68.  He  was 
created  a  baronet  in  1874. 

Trevelyan,  Sir  George  Otto.  Bom  at  Bothley 
Temple,  Leicestershire,  July  20, 1838.  An  Eng- 
lish baronet  and  Liberal  politician,  son  of  Sir 
Charles  E.  Trevelyan.  He  entered  Parliament  as 
member  for  Tynemouth  in  1865.  He  suQceeded  Lord  Fred- 
erick Cavendish  as  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  1882-84 ;  was 
chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  1884-85 ;  and  was  sec- 
retary of  state  for  Scotland  in  1886,  and  again  1892-1895. 
He  joined  the  Liberal-Unionist  party  on  its  formation,  but 
returned  to  the  Gladstonian  ranks  in  1887.  He  has  pub- 
lished "  Letters  of  a  Competition  Wallah  "  (1864), "  Lite  and 
Letters  of  Lord  Macaulay"  (1876),  "The  Early  History  of 
Charles  James  Fox  "  (1886),  etc. 

Treveri  (trev'e-ri),  or  Trevlri.  In  ancient  his- 
tory, a  Celtic  (or  Germanic  ?)  people  in  eastern 
Gaul,  who  dwelt  near  the  Moselle.  Their  chief 
town  was  Treves  (which  was  named  from  them). 
But,  if  we  admit  the  witness  of  Jerome  as  to  the  Celtic 
speech  of  the  Treveri,  it  follows  that  we  must  admit  their 
Celtic  descent.  During  the  times  between  Csesar's  day 
and  Jerome's,  the  Treveri  might  have  exchanged  either 
German  or  Gaulish  tor  Latin ;  they  were  not  at  all  likely  to 
exchange  German  for  Gaulish.  In  the  face  of  such  wit- 
ness as  this.  It  is  hardly  sate  for  German  writers  to  as- 
sume, as  they  sometimes  do,  without  doubt  or  qualifica- 
tion, that  the  Treveri  were  a  German  people. 

Freeman,  Hist.  Essays,  III.  74. 

Treves  (trevz),  F.  Treves  (trav),  G.  Trier  (trer). 
[L.  Augusta  Tremrorum,  imperial  city  of  the 
Treviri;  ML.  Treviris.']  A  city  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Moselle  in 
lat.  49°  45'  N.,  long.  6°  38'  E.  It  contains  more  Bo- 
man  antiquities  than  any  other  city  In  northern  Europe 
(see  below).  Its  cathedral  is  one  of  the  oldest  of  German 
churches,  occupying  the  site  of  a  4th-century  basilica  built 
by  Valentinian  I.,  some  portions  of  which  are  incorporated 
in  the  existing  structure.  In  the  11th  century  an  addition 
was  made  at  the  west  end  with  an  apse,  and  the  eastern 
apse  was  built  a  century  later.  The  vaulting  is  of  the  13th 
century.  The  different  styles  of  masonry  and  ornament 
are  plainly  distinguishable  on  the  exterior.  The  interior 
possesses  a  fine  Benaissance  pulpit,  choir-screen,  and  high 
altar,  and  beautiful  monuments.  It  contains  the  famous 
seamless  or  "Holy  Coat"  said  to  have  been  worn  by  Jesus 
Christ.  According  to  the  legend,  the  empress  Helena 
brought  it  to  Treves  in  1106.  About  1512  it  became  a 
fruitful  source  of  revenue.  Its  last  exhibitions  were  in 
1844  and  1891.  It  attracted  over  a  million  and  a  halt  pil- 
grims. Treves  contains  a  Boman  basilica,  assigned  to  the 
reign  of  Constantino :  one  of  the  special  class  of  Boman 
monuments  intended  for  the  administration  of  justice  and 
the  convenience  of  trade.  The  monument  has  been  put 
to  various  uses  since  the  Boman  day,  and  is  now  a  Prot- 
estant Church.  It  is  built  entirely  of  brick,  in  the  form 
of  a  rectangular  hall  with  a  large  semicircular  apse  at  the 
north  end.  The  Porta  Nigra  is  another  memorial  of  the 
old  Boman  city,  consisting  of  a  fortified  gate  flanked  by 
two  towers.  It  is  assigned  to  the  4th  century,  and  has  its 
name  from  the  black  hue  acquired  by  its  masonry  from 
age.  It  has  two  gateways,  23  feet  high,  and  consists  of 
three  stories.  It  measures  115  by  29  feeti  and  the  towers 
are  93  feet  high.  There  is  a  Boman  amphitheater,  assigned 
to  the  time  ot  Trajan  or  Hadrian,  and  in  excellent  preser- 
vation. On  one  side  the  structure  is  supported  against  a 
side  hill ;  on  the  other  it  is  built  up  architecturally.  At 
the  north  and  south  ends  there  are  triple  gateways,  the 
central  passage  leading  to  the  arena,  and  those  at  the  sides 
giving  access  to  the  auditorium.  There  are  two  other  en- 
trances for  spectators  on  the  west  side.  The  axes  ot  the 
elliptical  plan  are  228  and  169  feet,  and  the  auditorium 
could  receive  about  30,000  people.  There  are  also  Boman 
baths  after  those  of  Badenweiler  the  best-preserved  struc- 
ture ot  this  class  north  ot  Italy,  dating  from  the  4th  cen- 
tury A.  D.,  and  lately  excavated.  The  length  ot  the  chief 
facade  is  660  feet ;  the  disposition  of  the  cold  bath  (frigi- 
darium),  warm  bath  (tepidarium),  hot-air  bath  (calda^ 
rium),  heating  devices  (hypocaustum),  etc.,  is  stUl  clear. 
Treves,  founded  perhaps  by  the  emperor  Claudius,  was 
one  of  the  most  important  provincial  cities  under  the  Bo- 
man Empire,  of  which  it  was  the  western  capital.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Franks  about  464 ;  had  great  importance  to 
the  middle  ages  as  the  capital  of  the  archbishopric  of 
Treves ;  passed  to  France  in  1794,  and  became  the  capital 
of  the  department  of  Sarre ;  and  passed  to  Prussia  in  1816. 
Population  (1890),  86,168. 

Treves,  F.  Treves,  G.  Trier,  Electorate  of.  An 


Triboci 

electorate  and  archbishopric  of  the  old  German 
Empire.  It  lay  chiefly  west  of  the  Bhine,  but  a  part  lay 
east,  opposite  Coblenz.  The  bishopric  of  Treves,  the  old- 
est in  Germany,  was  erected  into  an  archbishopric  in  the 
9th  century.  The  archbishop  was  recognized  as  one  of  the 
seven  electors  in  1366.  The  part  on  the  left  of  the  Bhine 
was  annexed  by  France  in  1797.  Treves  was  secularized 
in  1801,  and  the  part  east  of  the  Bhine  was  given  to  Nassau. 
Nearly  all  of  the  electorate  was  assigned  to  Prussia  1816. 

Trevi  (tra've).  Fountain  of.  A  celebrated  foun- 
tain at  Rome,  situated  east  of  and  near  the 
Corso. 

Treviglio  (tra-vel'yo).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Bergamo,  Italy,  20  miles  east  by  north  of 
Milan.    Population  (1881),  14,083. 

Treviranus  (tra-ve-ra'nos),  Gottfried  Rein- 
hold.  BomatBremen,Feb.  4, 1776:  died  there, 
Feb.  16,  1837.  A  German  naturalist.  His  chief 
work  is  "  Biologie,  Oder  Philosophie  der  lebenden  Natur  '* 
(1802-22). 

Treviranus,  Ludolf  Christian.  Bom  at  Bre- 
men, Sept.  10, 1779:  died  at  Bonn,  May  6, 1864, 
A  German  botanist,  brother  of  G.  R.  Trevira- 
nus :  professor  at  Bonn. 

Treviri.    See  Tr&veri. 

Trevisa  (tre-ve'sa),  John,  or  John  of.  Died 
about  1412.  An  English  translator.  He  com- 
pleted in  1387  the  translation  of  Higden's  "  Polychroni- 
con  "  into  English. 

Tr^vise  (tra-ves')  (Treviso),  Due  de.  A  title  of 
the  French  general  Mortier. 

Treviso  (tra-ve'so).  1.  A  province  in  the  com- 
partimento  of  Venetia,  Italy.  Area,  960  square 
miles.  Population(1892),  403,519.— 2.  Thecapi- 
tal  of  the  province  of  Treviso,  situated  on  the 
Sile  18  miles  north  by  west  of  Venice :  the  an- 
cient Tarvisium.  it  came  under  Venetian  rule  in  the 
14th  century ;  was  taken  by  thq  French  under  Mortier  In 
1797;  was  the  scene  of  a  revolutionary  outbreak  in  March, 
1848 ;  and  was  bombarded  and  taken  by  the  Austrlans  in 
June,  1848.    Population  (1881),  31,249. 

Trevor  (tre'vor),  Sir  John.  Bom  1635 :  died 
May  20^717."  An  English  politician,  speaker 
of  the  House  of  Commons  which  met  May  19, 
1685  (reelected  in  1690).  in  1696  he  was  accused  of 
receiving  £1,000  for  advancing  a  local  London  bill.  On 
the  motion  that  he  was  guilty  of  a  high  crime  and  misde- 
meanor, he  had,  as  speaker,  to  put  the  question,  and  to 
declare  it  carried.  He  was  deprived  of  the  speakership, 
but  remained  master  of  the  rolls. 

Tr6v0UX  (tra-vo').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Ain,  France,  situated  on  the  Sa6ne  13  miles 
north  of  Lyons.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
2,687. 

Triangle,  the  Lesser,     See  Triangulum  Mimis. 

Triangle,  the  Northern.  See  Triangulum  Bo- 
reale. 

Triangle,  the  Southern.  See  Triangulum  Aus- 
trale. 

Triangulum  (tri-ang'gu-lum).  [L.,  'a  tri- 
angle.'] An  ancient  northern  constellation,  in 
the  form  of  the  letter  delta  (A).  It  has  one 
star  of  the  third  magnitude. 

Triangulum  Australe  (4s-tra'le).  [L.,  'the 
Southern  Triangle.']  A  southern  constella- 
tion, added  by  Petrus  Theodori  in  the  15th 
century,  south  of  Ara.  It  contains  one  star  of 
the  second  and  two  of  the  third  magnitude. 

Triangulum  Boreale.    Same  as  Triangulum. 

Triangulum  Minus  (mi'nus).  Pj.,  'the  Les- 
ser Triangle.']  A  constellation  introduced  by 
Hevelius  in  1690,  immediately  south  of  Trian- 
gulum.   It  is  no  longer  in  use. 

Trianon  (trya-n6n'), Decree  of  the.  An  edict 
issued  by  Napoleon  I.  at  the  Grand  Trianon, 
1810,  placing  an  import  duty  of  50  per  cent,  on 
colonial  products. 

Trianon, Grand.  [F.,' Large  Trianon.']  AsmaU. 
palace  at  Versailles,  of  only  one  story  but  con- 
siderable length,  built  by  Louis  XIV.  forMme. 
de  Maintenon,  and  since  used  by  successive 
French  sovereigns  as  a  private  residence.  Many- 
of  the  apartments  are  interesting  as  retamlng  the  furni- 
ture of  their  former  occupants,  and  there  are  a  number  of 
good  modem  works  of  art. 

Trianon,  Petit.  [F.,' Little  Trianon.']  A  grace- 
ful neo-classical  villa  in  the  park  at  Versailles, 
built  by  Louis  XV.,  and  closely  associated  with 
the  memory  of  Marie  Antoinette,  whose  favo- 
rite abode  it  was.  Ithastwostoriesoverabasement, 
and  tetrasfyle  Corinthian  porticos.  Its  furniture  and  fit- 
tings are  in  large  part  memorials  of  the  queen.  Her 
Swiss  village  and  dairy  and  "temple  ot  Love"  still  stand. 

Triballi  (tri-bal'i).  In  ancient  geography,  a 
Thxaeian  people  who  dwelt  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Danube. 

Triboci  (trib'o-si).  [L.  (Caesar)  Tribooi,  Gr. 
(Strabo)  Tpi^oKxot.  The  name  is  of  Gallic  ori- 
gin.] A  German  tribe,  first  mentioned  by  Cse- 
sar  as  in  the  army  of  Ariovistus.  They  were  situ- 
ated on  the  middle  Bhme,  east  of  the  Vosges,  in  the  region 


TribocI 

to  the  southwest  of  Strasburg,  where  they  still  remained 
after  the  defeat  of  Ariovistus  (B.  c.  58).  They  were  prob- 
ably merged  ultimately  in  the  Alamanni, 

Iribonian  (tri-bo'ni-an),  L.  Tribonianus  (tri- 
bo-ni-a'nus).  Born  in  Pamphylia  about  the  end 
of  the  5th  century:  died  545.  A  Byzantine 
jurist  and  oflBoial,  head  of  the  commission  for 
the  codification  of  the  laws  under  the  direction 
of  Justinian. 

Tribuna  (tre-b5'na),  La.  [It.,  'the  tribune.'] 
A  celebrated  room  in  the  Uffizi  Gallery,  Flor- 
ence, containing  many  noted  paintings  and 
statues,  among  them  the  Medioean  Venus. 

Tribunal,  Revolutionary.  See  MevoluUonary 
Tribunal, 

Tribur.    See  Trebur. 

Tribute-Money,  The.  1.  A  noted  fresco  by 
Masaceio,  in  the  Brancaoci  Chapel  of  the  Car- 
mine, Florence.  The  picture  consists  of  three  scenes, 
in  the  chief  of  which  Christ,  surrounded  by  the  Apostles, 
points  to  St.  Peter,  who  draws  a  flsh  from  the  stream. 
2.  A  painting  by  Titian  (about  1514),  in  the 
museum  at  Dresden.  There  are  only  two  flgures,  seen 
at  half  length — Christ  in  full  face,  and  the  Pharisee,  hold* 
ing  the  coin,  in  profile.  Also  called  Crista  delta  Mamta, 
(Christ  of  the  coin). 

Trichinoiioli  (trieh-in-op'o-li).  The  capital  of 
the  district  of  Trichinopbli,  situated  on  the 
Kaveri  in  lat.  10°  48'  N.  Population  (1891), 
90,609. 

Trichinopoli.  A  district  in  Madras,  British  In- 
dia, intersected  by  lat.  11°  N.,  long.  79°  E. 
Area,  3,631  square  mUes.  Population  (1891), 
l,o7.i,717. 

Trick  to  Catch  the  Old  One,  A.  A  comedy 
by  Middleton,  printed  in  1608. 

Tricoteuses  (tre-k6-t6z'),  Les.  [F./ the  knit- 
ters.'] A  class  of  women  who  frequented  the 
tribunals  and  places  of  execution  during  the 
French  Revolution,  and  sat  knitting  while  they 
expressed  their  approval  or  disapproval  of  the 
turn  of  events.  From  their  violence  they  have  received 
the  name  of  "  Furies  of  the  Guillotine."  They  were  not 
seen  after  1794. 

Tricoupis.    See  Trikoupis. 

Tridentine  Council.    See  Trent,  Council  of. 

Tridentum  (tn-den'tum).  The  Boman  name  of 
Trent. 

Triennial  Act  (tri-en'i-al  akt).  In  English  his- 
tory, an  act  of  Parliament,  passed  in  1694, 
which  limited  the  duration  of  Parliaments  to 
three  years,  and  forbade  a  period  of  three 
years  to  pass  without  the  summoning  of  a  Par- 
liament. It  was  superseded  by  the  Septennial 
Act  of  1716. 

Trient  (tre-enf).  The  German  name  of  Trent. 

Trient,  Col  de.  A  pass  over  the  Alps,  between 
Martigny  and  Chamonix. 

Trient,  Gorges  du,  A  deep  gorge  in  Valais, 
Switzerland,  formed  by  the  stream  Trient, 
which  unites  with  the  Khone  north-northwest 
of  Martigny.    Length,  7i  miles. 

Trier  (trer).     The  German  name  of  Treves. 

Triest  (tre-est'),or  Trieste  (It.pron.  tre-es'te). 
A  orownland  belonging  to  the  Cisleithan  di- 
vision of  Austria-Hungary,  comprising  the  city 
of  Triest  and  adjoining  territory.  Area,  36 
square  miles.    Population  (1890),  157,466. 

Triest,  or  Trieste.  [L.  Tergeste.']  The  principal 
seaport  of  Austria-Hungary,  picturesquely  sit- 
uated on  the  Gulf  of  Triest  in  lat.  45°  39'  N., 
long.  13°  46'  E.  It  comprises  an  Altstadt,  I^Teustadt, 
and  suburbs.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Austrian  tkjyd's  Com- 
pany :  has  extensive  commerce  with  Italy,  Russia,  Greece, 
Fgypt,  Turkey,  the  Danube  lands,  the  East,  England, 
America,  etc. ;  and  has  varied  manufactures.  It  contains 
a  castle,  a  cathedral,  an  exchange,  and  Homau  anti- 
quities. Triest  was  a  Homan  colony  established  under 
Vespasian ;  was  under  Venetian  supremacy  in  the  13th 
and  14th  centuries ;  submitted  to  Austrian  suzerainty  in 
1382;  was  made  a  free  port  in  1719;  was  held  by  the 
French  1797-1805 ;  was  a  part  of  the  Illyrian  Provinces 
1809-13 ;  was  blockaded  by  the  Italians  in  1848 ;  and 
was  made  an  imperial  city  in  1849.  Population  (1900), 
134,143. 

Triest,  Gulf  of.  An  arm  of  the  Adriatic  Sea, 
near  Triest,  north  of  Istria. 

Trifanum  (tri-fa'num).  Battle  of.  A  decisive 
victory  in  the  Great  Latin  "War,  gained  by  the 
Romans  at  Trifanum  (between  Mintumse  and 
Suessa,  Italy),  over  the  Latins  and  Campanians, 
about  338  b.  o. 

Trifels  (tre'fels).  A  ruined  imperial  fortress 
near  Annweiler,  in  the  Rhine  Palatinate,  it  was 
a  resort  of  the  medieval  emperors.  Richard  the  Lion- 
Hearted  was  imprisoned  there  in  1193. 

Triglaw  (tre'glav).  A  Slavic  deity,  chief  divin- 
ity of  the  Pomeranian  Slavs. 

Trikala  (tre'ka-la),  or  Trikkala.  1.  Anom- 
archy  of  northern  Greece,  on  the  Turkishborder. 
Area,  1,181  square  mUes.  Population  (1896), 
96,0P7. — 3.    The  capital  of  the  nomarehy  of 


1008 

Trikala,  33  miles  west  of  Larissa.    Population 
(1889),  14,820. 

Trikoupis,  or  Tricoupis  (tre-kS'pis),  Chari- 
laos.  Born  1832 :  died  at  Cannes,  April  11, 1896. 
A  Greek  statesman,  son  of  Spyridon  Trikoupis. 
He  became  minister  of  foreign  awaits  in  1866,  and  was 
premier  1878-79, 1882-86,  1886-90,  1892-93,  and  189S-96. 

Trikoupis,  or  Tricoupis  (tre-k6'pis),  Spyridon. 
Bom  April  20, 1788 :  died  1873.  A  Greek  politi- 
cian, diplomatist,  historian,  andpoet.  He  wrote 
a  history  of  the  Greek  Revolution  (1853-57). 

Trilby  (tril'bi).  A  novel  by  George  Du  Mau- 
rier,  published  in  1894.  it  deals  with  artist  life  in 
the  Quartier  I.atin  in  Paris.  It  has  been  dramatized. 
Trilby  O'Ferrall,  the  heroine,  is  by  occupation  a  jaundress 
and  sjso  a  model  "for  the  altogether  "  in  the  artists'  quar- 
ter. She  is  gay,  generous,  and  friendly, — has,  in  short,  all 
the  virtues  save  one,—  and  is  famous  for  the  possession  of 
the  most  beautiful  foot  in  Paris.  Her  comradeship  with 
the  three  artists,— Tally,  the  Laird  (a  Scotchman),  and  Lit- 
tle Billee,— who  all  love  her  more  or  less,  forms  the  theme 
of  the  story.  Svengali,  a  Polish  Jew  and  a  musical  genius, 
gains  control  of  her  hypnotically,  and  by  means  of  this 
power  develops  her  voice,  and  transforms  her  into  a  cele- 
brated prima  donna. 

Trim  (trim),  Corporal.  The  military  servant 
of  Uncle  Toby  in  Sterne's  "Tristram  Shandy." 

Trimalchio  (tri-mal'ki-6).  In  the  satirical  novel 
of  Petronius  Arbiter,  a  rich  and  ignorant  par- 
venu who  gives  a  feast,  an  account  of  which 
forms  one  of  the  largest  of  the  fragments  of 
which  the  work  now  consists. 

Trimble  (trim'bl),  Robert.  Born  in  Berkeley 
County,  Va.,  1777:  died  Aug.  25, 1828.  An  Ameri- 
can politician,  associate  justice  of  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court  1826-28. 

Trimmers  (trim'6rz).  In  English  politics,  a 
party  which  followed  the  Marquis  of  Halifax 
about  1680-90  in  trimming  between  the  Whigs 
and  the  Tories. 

Trimountain  (tri'moun'''tan),  or  Tremont  (tre- 
mont').    An  early  name  of  Boston.   BeeBoston. 

Trimurti  (tri-miSr'ti).  [In  Skt.,' having  three 
forms,'  and  then  at  the  beginning  of  a  compound 
a  collective  designation  of  Brahma,  Vishnu,  and 
Shiva.]  The  Hindu  triad,  consisting  of  these 
gods,  associated  in  a  threefold  impersonation 
of  the  Supreme  Spirit.  Braima  is  the  creator,  Vishnu 
the  preserver,  and  Shiva  the  destroyer.  Brahma  should 
strictly  be  the  first  of  three  equal  persons,  but  ordinarily 
either  Shiva  or  Vishnu  is  identified  with  theSupreme  Being, 
and  the  other  two,  especially  Brahma,  are  reduced  to  a  sub- 
ordinate part.  Although  there  are  tracesof  a  triadic  princi- 
?le  in  the  earlier  literature,  as  in  the  triad  of  Agni,  Vayu  or 
ndra,  and  Surya,  the  doctrine  of  the  Trimurti  is  a  develop- 
ment of  the  later  Puranic  theology,  and  rather  a  philosophi- 
cal conception  than  an  important  article  of  popular  belief. 
Its  'significance  has  been  much  exaggerated.  These  gods 
are  creations  of  the  Supreme  Spirit,  rather  than  the  Su- 
preme Spirit  himself.  They  are  composed  of  material 
particles,  and  are  subject  to  destruction  and  reabsorption. 
The  points  of  difference  froin  are  quite  as  noticeable  as 
the  points  of  resemblance  to  the  Christian  doctrine  of  the 
Trinity. 

Trinacria  (tri-na'kri-a).  [Gr.  Tpivaxpia.']  An 
old  name  of  Sicily,  from  the  three  promontories 
Pachynum,  Pelorum,  and  Lilybssum. 

Trincalo  (trin'ka-16),  or  Trinculo  (trin'ku-16). 
The  principal  character  in  TomMs's  "  Albuma- 
zar":  a  farmer. 

Trincomali  (tring"ko-ma-le').  A  seaport  in 
Ceylon,  situated  on  the  "northeastern  coast  in 
lat.  8°  33'  N. ,  long.  81°  14'  E.  It  has  a  fine  harbor, 
and  is  one  of  the  chief  British  naval  stations  in  Asia.  It 
was  finally  taken  by  the  British  from  the  Dutch  in  1795. 
Population  (1891),  11,411. 

Trinculo  (trin'ku-16).  A  jester,  a  character  in 
the  "Tempest"  by  Shakspere. 

Trinidad  (trin-i-dad';  Sp.pron.  tre-ne-WHaTH'). 
[Sp.,  'Trinity.'  Columbus  is  said  to  have 
given  the  name  to  the  island  on  account  of  three 
prominent  peaks  near  the  shore  where  he  first 
saw  it.]  An  island  of  the  British  West  Indies, 
forming  with  Tobago  a  crown  colony,  situated 
northeast  of  Venezuela,  near  the  coast,  and 
opposite  the  northern  mouths  of  the  Orinoco. 
Capital,  Port  of  Spain.  The  surface  is  varied,  portions 
being  mountainous.  The  chief  exports  are  sugar,  cocoa, 
molasses,  coffee,  and  asphalt  (from  the  celebrated  pitch 
lake  of  La  Brea).  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1498 ; 
and  was  taken  by  the  British  from  the  Spanish  in  1797. 
Length,  about  80  miles.  Area,  1,764  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1892),  210,64L 

Trinidad.    A  small  island  belonging  to  Brazil, 

situated  in  the  South  Atlantic  in  lat.  20°  32' 

8.,  long.  29°  20'  W. 
Trinidad,    The  capital  of  Las  Animas  Coimty, 

Colorado,  situated  on  Las  Animas  River,  in  lat. 

37°  10'  N.     Population  (1900),  5,345. 
Trinidad.    A  seaport  on  the  southern  coast  of 

Cuba,  about  long.  80°  W.    Population  (1899), 

11,120. 
Trinidad.    A  town  of  Bolivia,  capital  of  the 

department  of  Beni,  near  the  river  Mamor6. 

It  was  the  most  celebrated  of  the  Jesuit  mission  towns  of 


Tripitaka 

the  Madeira  valley,  but  is  now  a  mere  village.  Popula- 
tion, about  2,000. 

Trinity  (trin'i-ti).  A  small  seaport  on  the  east- 
em  coast  of'Newfoimdland,  57  miles  north- 
northwest  of  St.  John's. 

Trinity  Bay.  A  large  bay  on  the  eastern  side 
of  Newfoundland,  deeply  indenting  the  coast, 
and  nearly  cutting  off  the  peninsula  of  Avalon. 

Trinity  Church.  1.  A  notable  church  (Episco- 
palian) at  Boston,  Massachusetts,  designed  by 
H.  H.  Richardson,  founded  in  1873,  and  conse- 
crated in  1877.  The  building  is  cruciform,  160  by  120 
feet,  in  the  Romanesque  style  of  Auvergne,  the  masonry 
exhibiting  inlaid  patterns  in  stone  oT  diiferent  colors. 
The  transepts  have  triple  window^  and  the  front,  with  its 
graceful  aroaded  loggia,  is  flanked  by  towers.  The  chief 
feature  of  the  church  is  the  imposing  central  tower,  which 
has  square  openings  below  and  arcades  above,  with  cylin- 
drical turrets  at  the  angles,  and  a  pyramidal  tiled  roof  211 
feet  high,  broken  by  picturesque  dormers.  The  interior 
is  ornamented  with  mural  paintings  by  John  La  Fai'ge 
and  other  artists. 

2.  One  of  the  oldest  religious  foundations 
(Episcopalian)  in  New  York  city,  though  the 
present  building  dates  only  from  1846.  it  is  an 
example  in  brown  stone  of  the  English  Perpendicular 
style,  with  square  chevet,  without  transepts,  and  with  an 
effective  tower  and  spire,  284  feet  high,  at  the  east  end, 
which  is  the  front.  The  richly  sculptured  reredos  and  the 
bronze  doors  are  artistically  notable. 

Trinity  College.  The  largest  college  of  Cam- 
bridge University,  England,  founded  by  Henry 
Vni.  in  1546  by  the  union  of  several  older  foun- 
dations. The  beautiful  gateway  on  the  street  is  mainly 
of  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.  The  great  court,  340  by  280 
f  eet^  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  chapel  and  on  the 
west  by  the  hall.  The  chapel  is  of  the  Tudor  period,  with 
fine  wood-carving  and  portrait-sculptures.  The  cloister 
court  is  arcaded  on  three  sides,  and  on  the  fourth  is 
bounded  by  the  handsome  classical  library  built  by  Wren. 
There  are  several  other  comparatively  modern  courts. 

Trinity  College.  A  college  of  Oxford  Univer- 
sity, founded  by  Sir  Thomas  Pope  in  1554  upon 
the  site  of  an  old  college  of  the  priors  of  Dur- 
ham which  had  been  founded  in  1286.  The  Renais- 
sance chapel,  built  in  1694,  has  a  plain  exterior  with  large 
round-arched  windows,  and  possesses  a  fine  altarpiece  and 
a  beautiful  carved  screen. 

Trinity  College,  or  The  University  of  Dub- 
lin. The  leading  educational  institution  in 
Ireland,  founded  by  Queen  Elizabeth  in  1591. 
The  chief  front,  toward  College  Green,  is  ornamented  with 
Corinthian  columns  and  pilasters  and  a  pediment.  Ilie 
extensive  buildings  inclose  several  quadrangles  or 
"squares."  The  chapel  has  a  Corinthian  portico;  the 
decorations  of  the  fine  library  are  also  Corinthian.  The 
campanile,  which  stands  alone,  is  a  circular  domed  Corin- 
thian belvedere,  surmounted  by  a  lantern,  and  resting  on 
a  rusticated  basement  pierced  by  arches. 

Trinity  College.  An  institution  of  learning  at 
Hartford,  Connecticut.  It  was  opened  in  1824,  and 
was  known  as  Washington  College  until  1846.  It  is  under 
Episcopal  control.  It  has  about  150  students  and  a  li- 
brary of  40,000  volumes. 

Trinity  Hall.  A  college  of  Cambridge  Univer- 
sity, England,  founded  in  1350,  and  occupied 
chiefly  by  students  of  law. 

Trinity  House,  Corporation  of.  An  English 
corporation,  first  chartered  in  1514,  charged 
with  various  naval  matters,  especially  with 
erectinglighthouses,  etc. 

Trinity  River.  1.  A  tributary  of  the  Klamath 
River  in  northwestern  CaUfomia.  Length,  over 
100  miles. —  3.  Ariver  in  Texas,  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  West  Fork  and  Elm  Fork,  and 
flowing  into  Galveston  Bay.  Length,  oVer  500 
miles ;  navigable  about  half  its  length. 

Trinkitat  (tring-ki-tat').  A  port  on  the  Bed 
Sea,  about  38  miles  southeast  of  Tokar :  an  im- 
portant strategic  point  in  the  Sudanese  cam- 
paign of  1884. 

Trinkitat,  Battle  of.  See  Tolcar. 

Trinobantes  (trin-o-ban'tez).   See  the  extract. 

The  Trmobantes,  another  Belgian  tribe,  had  settled  in 
such  parts  of  the  modern  Middlesex  and  Essex  as  were  not 
covered  by  the  oak  forests  or  overflowed  by  the  sea.  Their 
western  boundary  may  be  fixed  in  the  Valley  of  the  Lea 
and  along  the  edge  of  the  "  Forest  of  Middlesex,"  which 
once  spread  northwards  from  the  swamp  at  Finsburysnd 
covered  the  Weald  of  Essex.  Their  northern  limit  was 
fixed  at  the  Valley  of  the  Stour,  a  flat  and  marshy  tract 
which  is  thought  to  have  been  covered  at  that  time  by  the 
sea  for  a  distance  of  many  miles  above  the  termination  of 
the  modern  estuary.    Mton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  105. 

Trinummus  (tri-num'us).  A  comedy  by 
Plautus. 

Triomphe,  Arc  de.    See  Arc  de  Triomphe. 

Tripartite  Chronicle.  A  Latin  historical  poem 
by  Gower. 

Tripitaka  (tri-pi'ta-ka).  [In  Pali  TipitaM,  the 
Three  Baskets.]  A  coUeetive  name  for  the 
three  classes  into  which  the  sacred  writings  of 
the  Southern  Buddhists  are  divided,  viz.  the 
Sutrapitaka  (Pali  Suttapitaka),  'Aphorisms,' 
'Discourses  for  the  Laity';  Vinayapitaka,  'Dis- 
cipline for  the  Order';  and  Abhidharmapitaka 


Tripitaka 

(Pali  AbhidhammapitaJca),  '  Metaphysics.'  The 
term  "basket"  was  applied  to  these  divisions  because  the 
palm-leaves  on  which  they  were  written  were  kept  In 
oa£kets.  A  list  in  detail  o(  the  several  treatises  included 
In  each  ol  these  divisions  may  be  found  in  Rhys  Davlds's 
"  Buddhism  "(London,1886),  pp.  18-21.  Discussing  the  ques- 
tion ot  their  enormous  mass,  Davids  finds  that,  exclu- 
sive of  the  very  frequent  repetitions,  they  contain  rather 
less  than  twice  as  many  words  as  the  Bible,  and  that  a 
translation  of  them  into  English  would  be  about  four 
times  as  long. 

Triple  Alliance.  1.  A  league  Ijetween  Eng- 
land, Sweden,  and  the  Netherlands,  formed  in 
1668,  and  designed  to  check  the  French  aggres- 
sions.—  2.  A  league  between  France,  Great 
Britain,  and  the  Netherlands,  formed  in  1717, 
and  directed  chiefly  against  Spain.  After  the 
accession  to  it  of  Austria  in  1718,  it  was  known 
as  the  Quadruple  AlUanee. —  3.  An  alliance  be- 
tween Germany,  Austria-Hungary,  and  Italy, 
formed  in  1882,  and  designed  to  check  Rus- 
sia and  also  France,  it  is  chiefly  the  creation  of 
Prince  Bismarck.  By  its  provisions  the  three  powers  are 
bound  to  support  one  another  in  certain  contingencies. 
Its  Influence  has  succeeded  to  that  of  the  League  of  the 
Three  Emperors  (the  German,  Austrian,  and  Russian), 
which  was  also  largely  the  creation  of  Bismarck.  It  was 
renewed  in  June,  1902. 

Triple  Alliance,  War  of  the,  or  Paraguayan 
War.  .The  war  waged,  1865-^70,  between  Pa- 
raguay on  one  side  and  Brazil,  the  Argentine 
Republic,  and  Uruguay  on  the  other,  in  1864-65 
Brazil  had  a  short  war  with  Uruguay  which  ended  in  the 
downfall  of  the  government  of  the  latter  country,  Flores 
assuming  the  presidency,  Lopez,  president  of  Paraguay, 
protested  against  the  interference  of  Brazil  in  the  affairs 
of  Uruguay,  and  commenced  the  war  by  seizing  a  Brazil- 
ian passenger  steamer  at  Asuncion  (Nov.,  1864)  and  in- 
vading Matto  Grosso  (Dec. -Jan.,  1864-66).  Early  In  1866  he 
sent  a  force  across  Argentine  territory  against  the  Brar 
zilian  province  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul ;  subsequently  he 
seized  Argentine  merchantmen,  and  on  April  14, 1866,  oc- 
cupied Corrientes,  taking  two  Argentine  war  vessels.  On 
June  11  the  Paraguayan  flotilla  was  nearly  annihilated  in 
a  combat  with  the  Brazilian  squadron  at  Riachuelo,  below 
Corrientes.  The  Argentine  Republic  declared  war  on 
Paraguay  April  6 ;  and  on  May  1  the  triple  oft'ensive  and 
defensive  alliance  between  Brazil,  the  Argentine,  and 
Uruguay  was  signed  at  Buenos  Ayres.  The  Emperor  of 
Brazil  and  Presidents  Mitre  and  Flores  took  personal  part 
in  the  campaign  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul ;  the  Paraguayans 
who  had  invaded  that  province  were  besieged  in  Uruguay- 
ana,  and  surrendered  (6,000  men)  Sept.  18, 1865.  On  Oct.  26 
Corrientes  was  occupied  by  the  allies,  who,  after  some 
fighting,  crossed  the  ParanA  into  Paraguay,  April,  1866. 
The  most  important  of  the  subsequent  operations  were 
near  the  river  Paraguay,  and  especially  at  Humait^  and 
Curupaity,  where  Lopez  had  strong  fortifications.  The 
principal  events  were :  Paraguayans  defeated  at  Estero 
Bellaco  (May  2,  1886)  and  Tuyuty  (May  24)  ;  Boquerou 
taken,  July  16 ;  allies  repulsed  at  Sauce,  July  18 ;  Curuzd 
bombarded  Sept,  1,  taken  by  assault  Sept.  3  (the  Brazil- 
ian ironclad  Rio  de  Janeiro  was  sunk  by  a  torpedo  Sept. 
2);  allies  repulsed  at  Curupaity,  Sept.  22;  second  battle 
of  Tuyuty,  Nov.  3, 1867 ;  passage  of  HumaitA  by  the  allied 
fleet,  Eeb.  19, 1868 ;  Brazilians  repulsed  at  Humaitd,  July 
16  ;  Paraguayans  abandoned  Humaitd,  July  25 ;  repulsed 
at  Pikisiry,  Sept.  23 ;  battles  near  Villeta,  Deo.  6  and  11 ; 
Villeta  occupied  bj;  the  allies,  Deo.  11 ;  battles  on  Dec.  21, 
22,  and  27,  ending  in  the  surrender  of  Angostura  Dec.  30 ; 
allies  entered  Asuncion,  Jan.  1, 1869.  Subsequently  there 
were  numerous  combats,  generally  adverse  to  the  Para- 
guayans. Lopez  was  forced  into  the  northern  part  of  Para- 
guay, and  was  defeated  and  killed  at  the  Aquldaban.  A 
small  Brazilian  army  had  operated  In  Matto  Grosso,  but 
its  movements,  from  a  military  point  of  view,  were  unim- 
portant. The  allies  were  commanded  successively  by 
Mitre,  Lima  e  Silva,  and  the  Count  d*Eu. 
Tripoli  (trip'o-li).  A  vilayet  of  the  Turkish 
empire,  situated  along  the  coast  of  northern 
Africa,  about  long.  9°-25°  E.,  bounded  by 
Tunis  on  the  northwest  and  by  the  desert  on  the 
west  and  south,  it  contains  the  oasis  of  Eezzan  and 
other  oases,  and  has  a  narrow  fertile  belt  near  the  coast. 
The  capital  is  Tripoli.  The  inhabitants  are  Moors,  Kahyles, 
Arabs,  Turks,  etc.  It  was  anciently  a  possession  of  Car- 
thage, and  later  of  Rome ;  was  conquered  by  the  Arabs  in 
the  7th  century,  and  by  the  Turks  in  the  middle  of  the  16th 
century ;  became  a  seat  of  Barbary  pirates ;  secured  Its  in- 
dependence in  1714 ;  and  was  reconquered  by  Turkey  in 
1836.  Population,  800,000. 
Tripoli.  [Grr.  TpiwoTiig,  name  of  several  places 
regarded  as  including  'thrae  cities.']  A  sea- 
port, the  capital  of  Tripoli,  in  lat.  32°  54'  N., 
long.  13°  11'  E.  It  has  some  foreign  trade,  and  is  the 
starting-point  of  caravans  for  the  interior.  It  was  formerly 
a  piratical  stronghold,  and  several  times  has  been  bom- 
barded.   Population  (estimated),  20,000-30,000. 

Tripoli,  or  Tripolis  (trip'o-lis),  or  Tarabulus 
(ta-ra'bo-18s).  A  town  in  Syria,  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, situated  on  the  river  Abu-Ali  (Kadisha), 
near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  34°  27'  N.,  long.  35°  49'  B. 
It  has  considerable  trade,  fisheries,  and  manufactures  of 
silk ;  its  neighboring  seaport  is  Al-Mina.  Tripoli  was 
an  ancient  Phenician  city;  was  taken  by  the  Saracens 
about  639 ;  was  besieged  by  the  Crusaders  in  1104,  and 
taken  in  1109 ;  and  was  destroyed  in  1289,  but  rebuilt.  Its 
castle  is  a  large  structure  with  crenellated  walls  and  nia- 
chicolated  towel's.  Its  halls,  courts,  arcades,  and  rock-cut 
passages  and  casemates  are  of  great  interest.  Pop. ,  17,000. 
Tripolitan  War.  A  war  between  the  United 
States  and  Tripoli,  1801-05.  War  was  declared  by 
Tripoli  June  10, 1801,  because  the  United  States  refused  to 
increase  its  payment  for  immunity  from  the  depredations 
0.— 64 


1009 

of  the  Tripolitan  corsairs.  In  anticipation  of  this  events 
however,  the  United  States  had  already  sent  a  squadron 
to  the  Mediterranean.  In  Oct.,  1803,  the  frigate  Phila- 
delphia, Captain  Bainbridge,  while  chasing  a  corsair  into 
the  harbor  ot  Tripoli,  struck  a  sunken  rock  and  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Tripolitans :  she  was  burned  by  Decatur  Feb. 
16, 1804.  In  July,  1804,  Commodore  Edward  Preble  began 
a  series  of  only  partially  successful  attacks  on  the  harbor 
fortifications,  the  fifth  and  last  of  which  was  made  in  the 
following  September.  In  the  meantime  a  land  expedition 
under  William  Eaton  induced  Tripoli  to  conclude  peace 
June  4, 1806  (see  Eaton,  William). 

Tripplitza  (tre-po-lit'sa),  or  Tripolis.     The 

capital  of  the  nomaiohy  of  Arcadia,  Greece,  in 
lat.  37°  30'  N.,  near  the  ancient  Mautinea  and 
legea.  it  became  the  capital  of  the  pashalic  of  Morea 
In  1718 ;  was  stormed  by  the  Greeks  Oct.  17, 1821 ;  and  was 
retaken  by  Ibrahim  Pasha  June  22, 1826,  and  ruined.  Pop- 
ulation (1889),  10,057. 

Trip  to  Calais,  A.  A  play  by  Foote,  in  which, 
under  the  name  of  Lady  Kitty  Crocodile,  he  un- 
dertook to  ridicule  the  notorious  Duchess  of 
Kingston,  she  secured  the  prohibition  ol  the  play,  and 
he  altered  it  and  produced  it  as  "  The  Capuchin  "  ;  but  his 
health  broke  down  under  an  indictment  for  criminal  as- 
sault, procured  by  a  creature  of  the  duchess,  and  he  died 
not  long  after. 

TriptolemUS(trip-tol'e-inus).  [Gr.  TptnTdh;- 
/iof.]  In  Greek  mythology,  a  favorite  of  De- 
meter:  the  inventor  of  the  plow  and  patron 
of  agriculture.  He  was  honored  in  the  Eleu- 
sinian  mysteries. 

Trip  to  Scarborough,  A.  An  alteration  by 
Sheridan  of  Vanbrugh's  "Relapse,"  produced 
in  1777. 

Trismegistus.    See  Hermes. 

Trissino  (tres-se'no),  Giovanni  (Horgio.  Bom 
at  Vieenza,  Italy,  July  8,  1478 :  died  in  Dec, 
1550.  An  Italian  lyric,  epic,  and  dramatic  poet 
and  scholar.    See  the  extract. 

Gian-Giorgio  Trissino  had,  in  fact,  sufficient  merit  to  jus- 
tify that  celebrity  which,  during  a  whole  century,  placed  his 
name  in  the  first  rank  in  Italy.  Born  at  Vieenza  in  1478, 
of  an  Illustrious  family,  he  was  equally  qualified  by  his 
education  for  letters  and  for  public  business.  He  came  to 
Rome  when  he  was  twenty-four  years  of  age,  and  had  re- 
sided there  a  considerable  time  when  Pope  Leo  X.,  struck 
by  his  talents,  sent  him  as  his  ambassador  to  the  Emperor 
Maximilian.  Under  the  pontificate  of  Clement  VII.  he 
was  also  charged  with  embassies  to  Charles  V.  and  to  the 
Republic  of  Venice,  and  was  decorated  by  the  former  with 
the  order  of  the  Golden  Fleece.  In  the  midst  of  public 
affairs  he  cultivated,  with  ardor,  poetry  and  the  languages. 
He  was  rich ;  and,  possessing  aflne  taste  in  architecture,  he 
employed  Palladio  to  erect  a  country  house,  in  the  best 
style,  at  Criccoli.  Domestic  vexations,  and  more  particu- 
larly a  lawsuit  with  his  own  son,  embittered  his  latter 
days.  He  died  in  1560,  aged  seventy-two.  The  most  just 
title  to  fame  possessed  by  Trissino  is  founded  on  his  "So- 
f  onisba, "  which  may  be  considered  as  the  fii'st  regular  tra- 
gedy since  the  revival  of  letters. 

Sismondi,  Lit.  of  the  South  of  Europe,  I.  408. 

Trissotin  (tre-so-tan').  A  "pedant"  in  Mo- 
lifere's  "Les  femmes  savantes,"  intended  to 
ridicule  the  Abb6  Cotiu. 

Tristan  (tris'tan).  Aprose  Breton  or  Comish 
romance.  Theflrstpartwaswrlttenortranslated  about 
1170  by  a  Norman  knight.  Luces  de  Gast,  who  lived  near 
Salisbury  In  the  time  of  Henry  II.  The  second  part  was 
written  by  Haie  de  Borron,  who  connected  Tristan  ("Tris- 
tram "  in  the  Old  English  form)  with  the  Round  Table  ro- 
mances. The  name  appears  in  many  forms,  as  Tristan, 
Tristans,  Tristam,  Tristant,  Tristran,  Tristravz,  Tristrant, 
Trystren,  Tristram,  Tristrem,  Trystrem,  Trustram.,  Tritan, 
IHtans,  Tritam,  and  was  associated  with  the  Latin  tristis, 
sorrowful. 

The  story  of  Tristan  seems  to  have  been  current  from  the 
earliest  times.  It  was  the  subject  of  anumber  of  metrical 
tales  in  the  Romance  language,  which  were  versified  by  the 
French  minstrels  from  ancient  British  authorities.  From 
these  original  documents,  or  from  the  French  metrical 
tales,  was  compiled  the  Sir  Tristrem  attributed  to  Thomas 
of  Erceldoune,  and  which  has  been  edited  by  Mr.  [Sir  Wal- 
ter] Scott.  There  are  also  extant  two  fragments  of  metri- 
cal versions,  which  are  supposed  to  be  parts  of  one  whole 
work,  written  byRaoul  de  Beauvais,  who  lived  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  thirteenth  century. 

Dunlop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  1. 193. 

Tristan  da  Cunha  (tris-tan'  da  kon'ya).  A 
group  of  three  islands  and  two  islets  in  the 
South  Atlantic,  in  lat.  37°  3'  S.,  long.  12°  18' 
W.  They  are  of  volcanic  formation.  The  group  includes 
Tristan,  Inaccessible,  and  Nightingale.  They  were  dis- 
covered by  the  Portuguese  in  1506,  and  were  taken  pos- 
session of  by  Great  Britain  in  1816.  Highest  peak,  about 
8,600  feet.    Population  (1898),  62. 

Tristan  TErmite  (tres-ton'  ler-met').  The  pro- 
vost of  Louis  XI.  of  Prance,  infamous  for  his 
cruelty. 

Tristan  und  Isolde  (tris'tan  ont  e-z61'de).  1. 
An  epic  poem  by  Eilhard  von  Oberge,  written 
in  the  last  half  of  the  12th  century.  He  intro- 
duced this  romance  to  German  literature. —  2. 
A  famous  epic  poem  by  Gottfried  von  Strass- 
burg,  written  in  the  12th  century,  but  later  than 
Eilhard's  poem.  This  is  the  classical  form  of  the  story. 
It  was  left  unfinished,  and  sequels  were  written  by  two 
later  poets,  the  last  in  1300.  It  was  closely  connected  with 
the  English  "  Sir  Tristrem  "  and  with  a  Northern  saga. 


Troad,  The 

3.  An  opera,  both  words  and  music  by  Wag- 
ner, first  produced  at  Munich  in  1865. 

Tristram,  or  Tristrem,    See  Tristan. 

Tristram  (tris'tram),  Sir,  of  Lyonesse.  [From 
L.  tristis,  sorrowful.]  ()ne  of  the  most  cele- 
brated knights  of  the  Round  Table.  His  love 
for  Isolde,  or  Iseult,  the  wife  of  King  Mark,  forms  the  sub- 
ject of  many  romances.  He  was  born  in  the  open  country, 
where  his  mother,  who  died  shortly  after,  was  in  great  sor- 
row :  hence  she  gave  him  this  name.    See  Tristxm. 

Tristram  Shandy  (tris'tram  shan'di).  A  fa- 
mous novel  by  Sterne  (&  vols.  1760-67):  so 
called  from  its  nominal  hero.  The  flrstvolume  in- 
troduces Walter  Shandy  and  his  brother  the  Captain 
(Uncle  Toby),  Slop,  and  Yorick.  Corporal  Trim  is  promi- 
nent in  the  second  volume ;  the  third  and  fourth  contain  a 
good  deal  on  the  subject  of  noses  and  Slawkenbergius ; 
the  sixth  contains  the  episode  of  Le  Fevre ;  and  the  Widow 
Wadman  is  introduced  in  the  eighth.  The  character  of 
Walter  Shandy,  Tristram's  father,  an  opinionated,  captious 
old  gentleman,  is  taken  from  that  of  Arbuthnot's  Martin 
Scriblerus  the  elder. 

Trita  (tri-ta').  A  Vedie  god  appearing  in  con- 
nection with  the  Maruts,  Vata  or  Vayu,  and 
Indra,  and  to  whom,  as  to  them,  combats  with 
demons,  such  as  Tvashtra,  Vritra,  and  the  dra- 
gon, are  ascribed.  He  is  called  Aptya,  a  word  perhaps 
related  to  ap,  'water,'  and  thought  of  as  living  concealed 
and  very  far  away  when  ills  are  wished  to  Trita.  Related 
to  Trita  is  Traitana,  the  name  ol  a  superhuman  being  or 
designation  of  a  god.  With  Aptya  is  compared  the  Aves- 
tan  Athvjya,  inhabitant  of  the  waters,  the  name  of  a  fam- 
ily whence  descended  Yiraa  and  in  modern  Persian  At- 
bin  or  Abtin,  the  name  of  the  father  ol  Faridun ;  with 
Traitana,,  Avestan  Thraeta<ma (which  see),  modern  Persian 
Faridun  (which  see). 

Tritpn  (tri'ton).  [Gr.  T/mVmv.]  In  Greek  and 
Latin  mythology,  a  sou  of  Poseidon  and  Amphi- 
trite  (or  Celseno),  who  dwelt  with  his  father 
and  mother  in  a  golden  palace  at  the  bottom  of 
the  sea,  and  was  a  gigantic  and  redoubtable 
divinity.  In  the  later  mythology  Tritons  appear  as  a 
race  of  subordinate  sea-deities,  fond  of  pleasure  and  fig- 
uring with  the  Nereids  In  the  train  ol  the  greater  sea- 
gods  :  they  were  conceived  as  combining  the  human  figure 
with  that  of  lower  animals  or  monsters.  A  common  at- 
tribute of  Tritons  is  a  shell-trumpet,  which  they  blow  to 
quiet  the  restless  waves. 

Tritons.    See  Triton. 

Triumph  of  Caesar,  The.  A  series  of  nine 
paintings  in  tempera  on  linen,  each  nine  feet 
square,  by  Mantegna,  in  Hampton  Court  Pal- 
ace, England.  Csesar  advances  in  a  chariot, 
attended  by  a  train  of  soldiers,  captives,  and 
trophies. 

Triumph  of  Death,  The.  Afresoo  in  the  Campo 
Santo,  Pisa,  formerly  ascribed  to  Orcagna,  but 
now  to  the  Lorenzetti  (1350).  It  is  an  allegory  con- 
trasting worldly  pomp  and  delight  with  their  annihilation 
in  death  and  with  the  outcome  in  a  future  existence. 

Triumph  of  Galatea.    See  Galatea. 

Triumph  of  Silenus.  A  painting  by  Rubens,  in 
the  Old  Museum  at  Berlin  (until  1885  at  Blen- 
heim Palace).  Silenus  totters  forward,  supported  by  a 
negro  and  a  satyr  and  preceded  by  a  laun  with  a  flute. 
In  Iront  are  boys  and  a  tiger,  and  behind  nymphs  and 
satyrs  with  a  landscape  background.  Vandyke  Is  said  to 
have  collaborated  in  this  painting. 

Triumvirate  (tri-um'vi-rat).  First.  In  Ro- 
man history,  an  agreement  or  alliance  formed 
in  B.  c.  60  between  Csesar,  Pompey,  and  Cras- 
sus,  for  the  purpose  of  dividing  the  power 
among  them.  C»sar  obtained  the  consulship  lor  the 
next  year  (59)  and  a  command  in  Cisalpine  Gaul  (extended 
to  Transalpine  Gaul)  and  lUyricum  for  6  years  (extended 
for  5  years  more).  Pompey  received  for  his  veterans  as- 
signments of  lands,  and  for  himself  later  the  commission- 
ership  of  com  supplies.  By  a  renewal  ol  the  league  at 
Lucca  in  65,  Pompey  received  the  consulship  and  com- 
mand in  Spain,  and  Crassus  the  consulship  and  command 
in  the'East  (where  he  was  killed  in  63).  The  union  be- 
tween Csesar  and  Pompey  was  formally  broken  by  the  civil 
war  in  49. 

Triumvirate,  Second.  An  alliance  formed  in 
43  B.  c.  between  Octavian  (Augustus),  Mark 
Antony,  and  Lepidus,  on  an  island  in  the  river 
Reno,  near  Bologna.  The  triumvirs  were  to  have  con- 
sular powers  for  3  years:  they  appointed  magistrates, 
and  their  decrees  were  valid  as  laws.  Octavian  received 
Africa  and  the  islands ;  Antony,  Gaul ;  Lepidus,  Spain  and 
Narbonensis.    The  alliance  was  followed  by  a  wholesale 

Proscription,  and  by  the  overthrow  of  the  republicans  un- 
er  Brutus  and  Cassius  in  42.  Lepidus  was  soon  reduced 
to  a  minor  position,  and  eventually  banished.  By  a  treaty 
at  Brundisium  Octavian  received  the  West  and  Antony  the 
East.  The  union  was  broken  in  31,  and  Antony  was  over- 
thrown in  the  battle  of  Actium. 

Trivia  (triv'i-a),  or  the  Art  of  Walking  the 
Streets  of  London.  A  burlesque  poem  by  Gay, 
published  in  1716.  It  is  a  mine  of  information 
on  outdoor  Ufe  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne. 

Troad  (tro'ad).  The.  The  region  at  the  north- 
western extremity  of  Asia  Minor,  included  be- 
tween the  JEgean,  the  Hellespont,  the  Sea  of 
Marmora,  Mount  Ida,  and  the  Gulf  of  Adramyt- 
tium:  the  ancient  Troas.  It  contained  the  Ho- 
meric Troy  (which  see) 


Trobriand 

Trobriand  (tro-bryon'),  Philippe  Regis  de. 

Born  at  Tours,  France,  June  4,  1816 :  died  at 
Bayport,  L.  I.,  N.  Y.,  July  15, 1897.  A  Freneh- 
Ameriean  officer,  journalist,  and  author.  He 
emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1841 ;  was  editor  and 
proprietor  ol  the  "Revue  de  Nouveau  Monde,"  New  York, 
1849-50;  and  was  joint  editor  of  the  "Courrier  des  Hats- 
ITnis"  1854-61.  He  joined  the  United  States  volunteer 
service  as  colonel  in  1861,  and  became  brigadier-general 
of  volunteers  in  1864.  He  commanded  a  brigade  of  the  2d 
army  corps  in  the  engagements  at  Deep  Bottom,  Peters- 
burg, Hatcher's  Kun,  and  Five  Forks,  and  was  at  the  head 
of  a  division  in  the  final  operations  against  Richmond. 
He  was  brevetted  major-general  of  volunteers  in  1865 ;  en- 
tered the  regular  army  as  colonel  of  the  31st  infantry  in 
1866 ;  and  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  in  1879.  Author  of 
"Quatre  ans  de  campagnes  ii  I'armSe  du  Potomac"  (1867). 

Trobriand  (tro-bre-and')  Islands.  A  group  of 
small  islands,  east  of  New  Guinea  and  south 
of  New  Britain. 

Trocadero  (tro-ka-da'ro).  A  fort  near  Cadiz, 
Spain,  taken  by  the  French  Aug.  31,  1823. 

Trocadero.  A  square  in  Paris,  situated  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Seine,  opposite  the  Champ-de- 
Mars.  It  contained  the  Exposition  building  in 
1878. 

Trocadero,  Palais  du.  See  Palais  du  TrocadSro. 

Trochu  (tro-shii' ),  Louis  Jules.  Bom  at  Palais, 
Morbihau,  France,  May  12, 1815 :  died  at  Tours, 
France,  Oct.  7,  1896.  A  French  general.  He 
served  in  Algeria,  in  the  Crimean  war,  and  in  the  Italian 
war  of  1859 ;  was  appointed  governor  of  Paris  in  Aug. ,  1870 ; 
became  member  of  the  government  of  national  defense 
and  was  charged  with  the  defense  of  Paris  in  Sept.;  re- 
signed in  Jan.,  1871 ;  was  a  deputy  1871-72 ;  and  resigned 
from  the  army  in  1873.  He  wrote  "  JL'Armee  fran^aise  en 
1867,"  and  several  works  in  his  own  defense. 

Troezen  (tre'zen).  [Gr.  Tpo<:^.]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  of  Peloponnesus,  Greece,  sit- 
uated near  the  coast  39  miles  southwest  of 
Athens.  It  was  originally  an  Ionian  settlement,  but 
later  became  Doric.  It  took  an  active  part  in  the  Persian 
wars,  and  sided  later  with  Sparta. 

TrcEzen,  anciently  Fosidonia  (Strab.  viii.  p.  642 ;  Steph. 
Byz.  ad  voc),  was  situated  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the  Pe- 
loponnese,  not  quite  two  miles  (15  stades)  from  the  shore, 
between  the  peninsula  of  Methana  and  Hermione.  The 
remains  of  the  ancient  city  may  be  traced  near  the  mod- 
em village  of  DhAmala.    SawliTisonf  Herod.,  IV.  84,  note. 

Troglodytse  (trog-lo-di'te).  [L.,  from  Gr.  rpo- 
yloovTiiQ,  one  who  creeps  into  holes.]  Cave- 
dwellers;  troglodytes:  a  name  given  in  an- 
tiquity to  various  raoesof  men,  especially  to  cer- 
tain inhabitants  of  the  shores  of  the  Red  Sea. 

Trogus  Poinpeius(tr6'guspom-pe'yus).  Lived 
about  10  A.  D.  A  Koman  historian,  author  of 
a  general  history,  partly  preserved  in  an  epit- 
ome by  Justin.     See  the  extract. 

About  the  same  time  as  Livy,  and  as  it  were  to  supple- 
ment his  history,  Pompeius  l^ogus  wrote  his  Universal 
History,  Historiae  Philippicse,  in  44  books,  beginning  with 
Ninus  and  extending  to  the  writer's  own  time,  from  a 
Greek  source  (probably  Timagenes);  it  was  composed  in 
alively  style  and  classical  diction,  and  was  also  more  rich 
in  material  and  less  rhetorical  than  Livy.  We  know  the 
work  chiefly  through  the  abridgment  of  Justinus.  Be- 
sides his  historical  work.  Trogus  wrote  also  on  zoology 
and  botany,  after  the  best  authorities,  Aristotle  and  Theo- 
phrastos. 
Teuffel  and  Schwaie,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr),  1. 531. 

Troil  (troil),  Magnus.  The  udaler  or  magnate 
of  Zetland  in  Scott's  novel  "  The  Pirate."  His 
daughters  Minna  and  Brenda  are  the  principal 
female  characters. 

Troilus  (tro'i-lus).  In  Greek  legend,  according 
to  a  common  account,  a  son  of  Priam.  See 
Troilus  and  Cressida. 

Troilus  and  Cressida  (tro'i-lus  and  kres'i-da). 

1.  A  poem  by  Chaucer,  written  about  1369.  it 
is  a  version  of  Boccaccio's  "Filostrato."  There  are  addi- 
tions, however,  which  show  his  reading  of  the  "Geste  de 
Troie"  of  Benoit  de  Sainte-Maure  (in  which  the  story  first 
appeared  as  an  addition  of  Sainte-Maure's  to  the  legen- 
dary history  of  Troy  ascribed  to  Dares  Phrygius  and  Dictys 
Cretensis),  or  of  the  Latin  version  of  Sainte-Maure  by  Guido 
Colonna.  The  LoUius  to  whom  Chaucer  attributes  the 
story  is  now  thought  to  be  mythical. 

2.  A  play  by  Dekker  and  Chettle,  acted  in 
1599. —  3.  A  tragedy  by  Shakspere,  thought  to 
be  altered  from  an  older  one.  It  was  played  at  the 
Globe  about  1600,  licensed  to  be  printed  in  1603  and  1609, 
and  printed  in  the  folio  edition  of  1623. 

Troilus  and  Cressida,  or  Truth  Found  too 
Late.  A  play  by  Dryden,  printed  in  1678,  in 
which  be  undertook  to  "correct"  what  he 
"opined  was  in  all  probability"  one  of  "Shak- 
spere's  first  Endeavours  on  the  Stage." 

Trois  Oouleurs  (trwa  ko-ler'),  Les.  [F.,  'The 
Tricolor.']  A  popular  French  political  song, 
written  after  1830  by  Adolphe  Vogel,  celebrat- 
ing the  fall  of  the  white  flag  and  the  return  of 
the  tricolor. 

Trois  fichelleS  (trwa  za^shel').  [F.,  'three  lad- 
ders.'] The  executioner  of  Louis  XI.  of  France. 
Scott  introduces  him  in  "Quentin  Durward." 

Trois  Mousquetaires  (trwa  mos-ke-tar'),  Les. 
[F., '  The  Three  Musketeers.']  A  novel  by  Alex- 


1010 

andre  Dumas  pire,  published  in  1844.  The  scene 
is  laid  in  the  time  of  Richelieu.  The  three  musketeers  are 
Athos,  Porthos,  and  Aramis,  but  D'Artagnan  is  the  princi- 
pal character.    See  these  names. 

Troizen.    See  Trceeen. 

Trojan  (tro' jan)  Cycle,  The.  A  grgup  of  legends 
or  poems  relating  to  the  Trojan  war.  See  Cyclic 
Poets. 

Trojan  War.  In  Greek  legend,  a  war  waged  for 
ten  years  by  the  confederated  Greeks  under  the 
lead  of  Agamemnon,  king  of  Mycenee  and  Ar- 
golis,  against  the  Trojans  and  their  allies,  for 
the  recovery  of  Helen,  wife  of  Menelaus,  king 
of  Sparta  or  Lacedsemon,  who  had  been  carried 
off  by  Paris,  son  of  the  Trojan  king  Priam.  See 
Iliad. 

The  dates  for  the  Trojan  war  vary  almost  two  cen- 
turies. Duris  placed  it  as  early  as  B.  c.  1335  (Clem.  Alex. 
Stromat.  i.  p.  337,  A.).  Clemens  in  B.  C.  1149.  Isocrates, 
Ephorus,  Democritus,  and  Phanias  seemed  to  have  in- 
clined to  the  later,  Herodotus,  Thucydides,  the  author  of 
the  Life  of  Homer,  and  the  compiler  of  the  Parian  Marble, 
to  the  earlier  period.  The  date  now  usually  received,  B.  0. 
1183,  is  that  of  Eratosthenes,  whose  chronology  was  purely 
artificial  and  rested  on  no  solid  basis.  The  following  is  a 
list  of  the  principal  views  on  this  subject :  Duris  placed 
the  fall  of  Troy  in  1335  B.  0. ;  author  of  the  Life  of  Homer, 
1270 ;  Herodotus,  1260 ;  Thucydides,  1260 ;  Parian  Marble, 
1209 ;  Eratosthenes,  1183 ;  Sosibius,  1171 ;  Ephorus,  1169  ; 
Clemens,  1149.  Rawlinstm,  Herod.,  II.  223,  note. 

TroUope  (trol'up),  Anthony.  Bom  at  London, 
April  24, 1815 :  died  Dec.  6,  1882.  An  English 
novelist,  son  of  Frances  Trollope.  He  studied  at 
Harrow  and  Winchester,  and  spent  the  greater  part  of  his 
life  in  the  postal  service,  as  inspector  in  Ireland,  England, 
and  abroad.  He  assisted  in  establishing  the  "Fortnightly 
Review  "  in  1865.  In  1867  he  retired  from  the  post-offlce 
and  undertook  the  management  of  "  St.  Paul's,"  a  maga- 
zine which  existed  only  for  about  3J  years.  He  came  to 
the  United  States  in  1868  on  post-office  affairs  and  with  a 
view  to  establishing  an  international  copyright.  Among 
his  novels,  in  many  of  which  the  same  characters 
(notably  Mrs.  Proudie  and  Lady  Glenoora)  and  the  same 
localities  reappear,  retaining  their  identity,  are  "  The 
Macdermots  of  Ballycloran"  (1847),  "The  KeUys  and 
the  O'Kellys"  (1848),  "La  Vendue ''  (1860),  "The  War- 
den" (1855),  "Barchester  Towers"  (1857),  "The  Three 
Clerks^' (1867),  "Doctor  Thorne"  (1868),  "  The  Bertrams  " 
(1859),  "CastleRichmond"(1860),  "Orley  Farm  "(1861-62), 
"Framley  Parsonage"  (1861),  "Tales  of  All  Countries" 
(1861-63),  "The  Struggles  of  Brown,  Jones,  and  Robinson" 
(1862),  "Rachel  Ray"  (1863),  "  The  Small  House  at  Ailing- 
ton"  (1864),  "Can  You  Forgive  Her?"  (1864),  "Miss  Mac- 
kenzie" (1865),  "The  Claverings"  (1867),  "Nina  Balatka" 
(1867), "  The  Last  Chronicle  of  Barset "  (1867), "  Linda  Tres- 
sel"  (1868),  "He  Knew  He  was  Right"  (1869),  "Phineas 
Knn''  (1869),  "The  Vicar  of  BuUhampton"  (1870),  "Sir 
Harry  Hotspur  of  Humblethwaite "  (1870),  "Phineas 
Redux"  (1873),  "Lady  Anna" (1874),  "Hairy  Heathcote, 
etc."(1874),  "The  Way  we  Live  Now "(1875),  "The  Prime 
Minister "(1876),  "The  American  Senator"  (1877),  "Is He 
Popenjoy?'^  (1878),  "John  Caldigate"  (1879),  "An  Eye  for 
an  Eye"  (1879),  "Cousin  Henry"  (1879),  "The  Duke's 
Children"  (1880),  "Ayala's  Angel"  (1881),  "Dr.  Wortle's 
School"  (1881),  "The  Fixed  Period"  (1882),  "Kept  in  the 
Dark"  (1882),  "Marion  Fay "  (1882),  "Mr.  Scarborough's 
Family"  (1882),  "The  Land  Leaguers  "  runflnished,  1882), 
"An  Old  Man's  Love "  (1884).  His  "Autobiography "was 
published  in  1883 :  it  was  written  in  1875-76,  with  additions 
in  1879.  Among  his  books  of  travel  are  "  The  West  Indies 
and  the  Spanish  Main"  (1859),  "North  America"  (1862), 
and  travels  in  South  Africa,  Australia,  etc.  He  also  wrote 
lives  of  Cicero  (1880),  and  of  Thackeray  (in  "English  Men 
of  Letters,"  1879),  etc. 

TroUope,  Mrs.  (Frances  Milton).  Born  at  Sta- 
pleton,  near  Bristol, 1780:  died  at  Florence,  Oct. 
6, 1863.  An  English  novelist  and  writer  of  trav- 
els, the  mother  of  Anthony  and  T.  Adolphus 
Trollope.  She  lived  in  the  United  States  1829-32.  She 
wrote  "Domestic  Manners  of  the  Americans  "(1832 :  which 
created  much  comment)  and  various  travels  on  the  Conti- 
nent. Among  her  numerous  novels  are  "The  Vicar  of 
Wrexhill,"  "The  Widow  Barnaby,"  and  "Petticoat  Gov- 
ernment." 

TroUope,  Thomas  Adolphus.  Bom  April  29, 
1810 :  died  at  Clifton,  Nov.  11,  1892.  An  Eng- 
lish writer,  brother  of  Anthony  Trollope.  He  was 
educated  at  Winchester  and  Oxford.  He  went  to  Italy  in 
1841,  and  resided  in  Florence  till  1873,  when  he  went  to 
Rome.  In  1888  he  returned  to  England.  He  wrote  "  A 
Summer  in  Brittany"  (1840),  "A  Summer  In  Western 
France  "(1841),  "  Impressions  of  a  Wanderer,  etc."(1850), 
"The  Girlhood  of  Catherine  de'  Medici "  (1856), "  A  Decade 
of  Italian  Women  "  (1869 :  Vittoria  Colonna  was  included 
in  this),  "Tuscany  in  1849  and  in  1869"  (1869),  "Filippo 
Strozzi"  (1860),  "Paul  v.  the  Pope  and  Paul  the  Friar" 
(1860),  "A  Lenten  Journey  in  Umbria,  etc."  (1862),  "  A  His- 
tory of  the  Commonwealth  of  Florence"  (1865),  "The  Pa- 
pal Conclaves  as  they  Were  and  as  they  Are  "  (1876),  "  Life 
of  Pope  Pius  the  Ninth  "  (1877),  "  A  Peep  Behind  the  Scenes 
at  Rome  "  (1877),  "  Sketches  from  French  History  "  (1878), 
"  What  I  Remember  "  (1887),  etc.  He  wrote  also  a  num- 
ber of  novels,  among  them  "  La  Beata,"  "  Lindisf  am  Chase," 
"  Diamond  Cut  Diamond,"  and  "The  Garstangs  of  Garstang 
Grange."  His  second  wife,  Frances  Eleanor  Ternan,  has 
writtenanumberof  novels,  among  them  "Aunt  Margaret's 
Trouble,"  "The  Sacristan's  Household,"  and  "That  Unfor- 
tunate Marriage."  With  her  husband  she  wrote  "Homes 
and  Haunts  of  the  Italian  Poets  "  (1881). 

Tromp  (tromp),  Cornells  or  Cornelius.  Bom 
Sept.  9, 1629 :  died  at  Amsterdam,  May  29, 1691. 
A  Dutch  admiral,  son  of  M.  H.  Tromp.  He  ob- 
tained a  command  against  the  Algerine  pirates  at  the  age 
of  nineteen,  and  was  promoted  rear-admiral  about  1663. 
He  was  defeated  by  the  English  at  Solebay  in  1665 ;  served 


Trowbridge,  John 

under  De  Ruyter  in  1 666 ;  and  gained  several  victories  over 
the  Allies  in  1673.  He  afterward  assisted  the  Danes  against 
the  Swedes,  and  became  lieutenant-admiral-general  of  the 
United  Provinces  on  the  death  of  De  Ruyter  in  1676. 

Tromp,  Martin  Harpertzoon.  Born  at  Briel, 
Netheriands,1597 :  killed  July  31,1653.  A  Dutch, 
admiral.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1624 ;  was  made  lieuten- 
ant-admiral in  1637  ;  gained  two  decisive  victories  over 
the  Spaniards  in  1639 ;  was  worsted  by  Blake  in  the  Downs 
May  19  1652 ;  defeated  Blake  off  Dungeness  Nov.  29, 1652 ; 
fought 'a  drawn  battle  with  Blake,  Monk,  and  Deane  in  the 
Channel  Feb.  18-20,  1653;  fought  an  indecisive  engage- 
ment  with  Deane  and  Monk  in  the  Channel  in  June ;  and 
was  defeated  by  Monk  oft  the  Texel,  and  killed,  July  31, 1653. 

Trompeter  von  Sackingen,  Der.  [G.,  'The 
Trumpeterof  Sackingen.']  Apopularepiopoem 
by  Joseph  Victor  von  Scheffel  (published  in 
1853),  which  has  reached  its  200th  edition  in  Ger- 
m  any.  It  has  been  translated  into  English  under  the  title 
of  "The  Trumpeter :  a  Romance  of  the  Rhine,"  and  is  the 
subject  of  several  operas :  pne  by  Victor  Nessler  was  pro- 
duced in  1884. 

Tromso  (trom'sfe).  The  capital  of  the  stif  t  and 
amt  of  Tromso,  Norway,  situated  on  the  small 
island  TromsS,  in  Tromso  Sound,  in  lat.  69°  39' 
N.,  long.  18°  57'  E.  It  has  seal-  and  walrus-fish- 
eries, and  a  trade  in  furs  and  fish.  Population, 
6,079. 

Trondhjem  (trond'yem).  A  stift  in  central  Nor- 
way. 

Trondhjem,  or  Throndhjem  (trond'yem),  or 
Drontheim  (dront'him).  A  seaport  and  the 
third  city  in  Norway,  capital  of  Trondhjem 
stift,  situated  on  the  Trondhjem  Fjord  in  lat. 
63°  27'  N.,  long.  10°  23'  E.  It  has  important  foreign 
and  domestic  commerce ;  exports  fish,  lumber,  copper,  etc. ; 
and  has  ship-building  and  manufactures.  Its  cathedral,  the 
most  notable  church  in  Scandinavia,  was  founded  in  the 
nth  century,  but  rebuilt  in  the  12th  and  13th.  The  Roman- 
esque transept,  with  its  tower,  and  the  beautiful  chapter- 
house are  of  the  12th  century ;  and  the  choir,  with  its 
chapels  and  the  octangular  chevet,  and  the  impressive 
nave  are  of  the  13th.  The  eastern  end  of  the  church  is 
architecturally  distinct  from  the  remainder  of  the  build- 
ing, and  forms  a  feature  of  the  nature  of  Becket's  Crown 
at  Canterbury.  The  western  facade  exhibits  a  rose- window 
and  a  profusion  of  sculpture.  The  cathedral  was  an  early 
burial-place  for  the  kings  of  Norway,  and  is  now  the  place 
of  their  coronation.  It  has  for  many  years  been  under- 
going a  careful  restoration.  Population  (1891),  with  sub- 
urbs, 29,162. 

Trondhjem  Fjord.  A  fiord  on  the  western  coast 
of  Norway,  extending  inland  about  70  miles. 

Trophonius  (tro-fo'ni-us).  [Grr.  Tpo^(5wof.]  A 
Greek  architect,  reputed  to  have  been  the  son 
of  Erginus,  king  of  Orchomenus,  or  of  Apollo. 
He  is  said  to  have  built,  with  his  brother  Agamedes,  the 
temple  of  Apollo  at  Delphi  He  was  celebrated  as  a  hero 
after  his  death,  and  had  an  oracle  in  a  cave  near  Lebadeia 
in  Boeotia. 

Troppau  (trop'pou).  A  former  principality, 
now  in  large  part  belonging  to  Aussia. 

Troppau,  Slav.  Opava.  The  capital  of  Austrian 
Silesia,  situated  on  the  Oppa,  on  the  Prussian 
frontier,  in  lat.  49°  56'  N.,  long.  17°  54'  E.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  22,867. 

Troppau,  Congress  of.  A  congress  of  the  mon- 
arohs  of  Russia,  Austria,  and  Prussia,  held  at 
Troppau  Oct.-Dec,  1820,  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
liberating on  the  Neapolitan  revolution  and 
other  popular  movements,  and  preserving  the 
Holy  Alliance. 

Trossachs,  or  Trosachs  (tros'aks).  A  romantic 
valley  in  the  Highlands  of  western  Perthshire, 
between  Lochs  Katrine  and  Achray :  made  cel- 
ebrated by  Scott  in  the  "Lady  of  the  Lake." 

Trotwood  (trot'wud),  Betsey.  The  eccentric 
but  kind-hearted  greataunt  of  David  Copper- 
field,  in  Dickens's  novel  "David  Copperfield." 

Troup  (tr5p),  George  Mcintosh.  Born  at  Mc- 
intosh Bluff,  Ga.,  Sept.  8, 1780 :  died  in  Laurens 
County,  Ga.,  May  3,  1856.  An  American  poli- 
tician. He  was  member  of  Congress  from  Georgia  1807- 
1815 ;  United  States  senator  1816-18 ;  governor  of  Georgia 
1823-27 ;  and  United  States  senator  1829-33.  He  was  a 
prominent  advocate  of  State  rights. 

Trousseau  (tro-so' ),  Armand.  Bom  at  Tours, 
France,  1801:  died  at  Paris,  Nov.  22, 1866.  A 
noted  French  physician,  professor  in  the  medi- 
cal faculty  and  physician  at  the  H6tel  Dieu  at 
Paris.  Bfe  wrote  "  Traits  de  th^rapeutique  et 
de  matifere  m^dicale  "  (1836-39),  etc. 

Trouville  (trS-vel').  A  seaport  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Calvados,  France,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Touques  in  the  Bay  of  the  Seine, 
9  miles  south  of  Le  Havre,  it  is  a  frequented  sea- 
side resort.  Population  (1891),  commune,  6,243.  On  the 
other  side  of  the  Touques  is  the  town  Deauville. 

Trovatore  (tro-va-to're),  II.  [It.,  '  The  Trou- 
badour.'] An  opera  by  Verdi,  produced  at 
Rome  in  1853.  An  English  version  ' '  The  Gip- 
sy's Vengeance,"  was  produced  at  Drury  Lane- 
in  1856. 

Tro'wbridge  (tro'brij),  John.  Bom  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  Aug.  5,  1843.    An  American  physicist. 


Trowbridge,  John 

Kumford professor  of  the  application  of  science 
to  the  useful  arts  at  Harvard  (since  1888).  He 
is  (he  author  of  "The  New  Physics :  a  Manual  of  Experi- 
mental Study  "  (1884). 

Trowbridge,  John  Townsend.  Bom  at  Ogden, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  18,  1827.  An  American  novelist, 
poet,  and  editor.  Among  his  works  are  the  novels 
"Neighbor  Jackwood"  (1867).  "Cud jo's  Cave"  (1868), 
"Coupon  Bonds,  etc."  (1871);  books  for  the  young,  "His 
Own  Master"  (1877),  "The  Tlnkham  Brothers'  Tide-Mill" 
(1884),  the  "  Jack  Hazard  "  stories,  etc. ;  and  several  vols, 
of  poems,  notably  "The  Vagabonds,  and  Other  Poems" 
(1869),  "The  Book  of  Gold"  (1877),  "The  Lost  Earl  "(1888). 

Trowbridge,  William  Petit.  Bom  in  Oakland 
County,  Mich.,  May  25, 1828:  diedatNewHaven, 
Conn..  Aug.  12,  1892.  An  American  engineer. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1848 ;  was  for  many  years 
connected  with  the  United  States  Coast  Survey;  and  be- 
came professor  of  engineering  in  the  School  of  Mines  at 
Columbia  College  in  1876.  He  published  "Heat  as  a 
Source  of  Power"  (1874X  etc. 

Troy  (troi).  pL.  Troja,  (Jr.  Tpoia,  Tpoli;,  Tpata, 
Tpat?/.']  An  ancient  city  of  the  Troad,  famous 
in  Greek  legend  as  the  capital  of  Priam  and  the 
object  of  the  siege  hy  the  allied  Greeks  under 
Agamemnon.  See  Iliacl  and  Trojan  War.  The 
site  of  this  Homeric  city  was  generally  believed  in  an- 
tiquity to  be  identical  with  that  of  the  Greek  Ilium  (which 
see),  the  modern  Hissarlik ;  and  this  view  has  been  sup- 
ported in  recent  times  most  notably  by  Schliemann,  whose 
explorations  at  Hissarlik  laid  bare  remains  of  a  series  (6 
or  p  of  ancient  towns,  one  above  the  others  at  least  one  of 
which  is  universally  admitted  to  be  prehistoric.  The  third 
and  later  the  second  from  the  bottom  he  identified  with 
the  Homeric  town.  On  the  other  hand,  some  scholars  re- 
gard the  situation  of  Hium  as  irreconcilable  with  Homer's 
description  of  Troy,  and  prefer  a  site  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  modern  Bunarbashi,  holding  Schllemann's  results  to 
be  inconclusive. 

Troy  (troi).  The  capital  of  Bensselaer  County, 
New  York,  situated  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the 
Hudson,  6  miles  north  of  Albany,  at  the  head  of 
steam  navigation  of  the  Hudson,  it  is  practically 
the  terminus  of  the  Erie  and  Champlaln  canals,  and  has 
extensive  manufactures  of  iron,  steel,  stoves,  shirts,  col- 
lars, etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  In- 
stitute. Troy  was  settled  by  the  Dutch  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  18th  century,  and  was  incorporated  in  1816.  The 
name  Troy  was  adopted  in  1789.  Pop.  (1900),  60,651. 
Troy,  West.  See  West  Troy. 
Troya  (tro'ya),  Carlo.  Bom  at  Naples,  June 
7,  1784:  died  there,  July  27,  1858.  An  Italian 
historian,  a  writer  on  Dante  and  on  early  Ital- 
ian history.  His  chief  work  is  "  Storia  d'ltalia 
del  medio  evo"  (1839-51). 
Troyes  (trwa). '  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Aube,  France,  situated  on  several  arms  of 
the  Seine  in  lat.  48°  18'  N.,  long.  4°  4'  E, :  the 
Roman  Augustobona  and  the  ML.  Trec£e  and 
Trecas.  it  has  large  manufactures  of  stockings,  etc., 
and  flourishing  trade.  Its  cathedral  is  in  great  part  of  the 
13th  century,  with  a  fine  Flamboyant  west  front.  It  has 
double  aisles  and  numerous  chapels ;  the  nave  is  unusu- 
ally wide,  and  the  effect  is  of  notable  lightness  and  space. 
There  is  much  old  glass,  splendid  in  color.  The  length  is 
874  feet,  the  height  96.  Troyes  was  the  capital  of  the  Tri- 
casses  (or  Tricassi) ;  was  sacked  by  the  Normans ;  and  be- 
came the  capital  of  Champagne  and  a  great  commercial 
center.  It  is  said  to  have  given  name  to  troy  weight.  It 
took  a  leading  part  in  the  Hundred  Years'  War ;  sided  with 
the  Burgundians ;  and  was  taken  from  the  English  by  Joan 
of  Arc  in  1429.  It  accepted  the  Eeformation,  and  was  in- 
jured by  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantee  in  1685. 
Population  (1901),  63,159. 

Troyes,  Chrestien  de.    See  Chrestien  de  Troyes. 
Troyes,  Treaty  of.   A  treaty  between  Henry  V. 
of  England  and  France,  1420,  by  which  Henry 
v.  was  to  marry  Catharine,  daughter  of  Charles 
VI. ,  to  become  regent  of  France^  and  to  succeed 
to  the  throne  on  the  death  of  (jharles. 
Troynovant.    The  name  given  to  London  in  the 
early  chronicles,  as  the  city  of  the  Trinobantes. 
In  Layamon's  "Brut "it  is  given  as  Trinovant. 
Troyon  (trwa-y6n').  Constant.  Bom  at  S&vres, 
France,  Aug.  25,  1810 :  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  21, 
1865.    A  noted  French  landscape-  and  animal- 
painter.   Among  his  numerous  works  are  "Val- 
ley of  La  Touque,"  "Oxen  Going  to  Work,"  "Ee- 
tum  to  the  Farm,"  etc. 

Triibner  (triib'ner),  Nikolaus.  Bom  at  Heidel- 
berg, June  12, 1817:  died  at  London,  March  30, 
1884.  A  German-English  publisher  and  book- 
seller in  London.  He  made  specialties  of 
American  and  Oriental  subjects. 
Truce  of  God.  A  suspension  of  private  feuds 
which  was  observed,  chiefly  in  the  1 1th  and  12th 
centuries,  in  France,  Italy,  England,  and  else- 
where. The  terras  of  such  a  truce  usually  provided  that 
such  feuds  should  cease  on  all  the  more  important  church 
festivals  and  fasts,  or  from  Thursday  evening  to  Monday 
morning,  or  during  the  period  of  Lent,  or  the  like.  This 
practice,  introduced  by  the  church  during  the  middle  ages 
to  mitigate  the  evils  of  private  war,  fell  gradually  into 
disuse  as  the  rulers  of  the  various  countries  became  more 
powerful. 
Truckee  (tmk-e').  A  tovm  in  Nevada  County, 
California,  situated  on  Truckee  Eiver  and  on 


1011 

the  Central  Pacific  Railroad '91  miles  northeast 
of  Sacramento.    Population  (1890),  1,350. 

Truckee  fiiver.  A  river  in  eastern  (Jalifomia 
and  western  Nevada  which  flows  from  Lake 
Tahoe  into  Pyramid  Lake.  Length,  about  125 
miles. 

Truculentus  (truk-u-len'tus).  [L., 'fierce,' 
'  stem.']    A  comedy  by  Plautus. 

Truewit  (trS'wit).  A  scholar  and  gentleman, 
the  expositor  of  the  other  characters  m  Jonson's 
J  Epieosne."  Dryden  says  in  the  preface  to  his  "  Even- 
ing's Love  "  that  he  is  the  best  character  of  a  gentleman 
that  Ben  Jonson  ever  made. 

Trujillo,  or  Truxillo  (trS-hel'yo).  A  seaport 
on  the  northern  coast  of  Honduras,  near  lone. 
85°  58'  W.  It  was  founded  in  1525.  Popula- 
tion^  about  3,000. 

TrujlUo,  or  Truxillo.  A  town  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Libertad,  Peru,  about  3  miles  from  the 
coast,  in  lat.  8°  8'  S.  it  was  founded  by  Francisco 
Pizarro,  in  1535,  near  an  Indian  town  of  the  Chimus  (see 
Chimu).    Population  (1889),  about  11,000. 

Trujillo,  Intendency  of.    See  Lihertad. 
Truli  (tro'K).   [MGr.  TpovT^u']  See  the  extract. 

Some  Gothic  soldiers  bought  from  some  Vandals  a  trula 
of  wheat  for  an  aureus.  As  the  trula  was  only  the  third 
part  of  a  pint,  and  the  aureus  was  worth  about  twelve 
shillings,  the  bargain  did  not  redound  greatly  to  the  profit 
of  the  Visigoths,  who  received  from  the  other  nation  the 
contemptuous  nickname  of  Truli.  Many  a  time,  as  we 
can  well  imagine,  were  the  streets  of  Spanish  towns  made 
red  with  Teuton  blood,  and  the  yellow  locks  of  slain  bar- 
barians lay  thick  across  the  pathway,  after  the  taunting 
shout  "Truli,  Truli"andsome  unknown  word  of  answering 
defiance  had  greeted  the  ears  of  the  trembling  provincials. 
HodgJdn,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  1. 416. 

TruUan  (trul'an)  Council.  1.  The  sixth  ecu- 
menical council,  held  in  the  imperial  palace  in 
Constantinople,  Nov.  7,  680,-Sept.  16,  681:  so 
named  from  the  domed  hall  (triUlus)  in  which 
it  was  held,  it  deposed  Macarius,  patriarch  of  Alexan- 
dria, as  a  Monothelite,  and  condemned  Pope  Honorius  I. 
for  holding  similar  views. 

3.  The  name  of  the  Quinisext  Council,  held  at 
Constantinople  in  692,  considered  as  ecumeni- 
cal in  the  Eastern  Church,  but  not  so  acknow- 
ledged in  the  Western :  called  the  second  Trul- 
lau  Council  or  Synod,  it  allowed  the  continuance  in 
marriage  of  the  priests,  and  passed  a  number  of  canons  in- 
consistent with  Koman  authority  and  Western  legislation 
and  usages. 

TruUiber  (trul'i-bfer).  Parson.  In  Fielding's 
novel  "Joseph  Andrews,"  a  coarse  and  brutal 
curate  represented  as  lacking  all  the  virtues 
which  Parson  Adams  (see  Adams)  possessed. 
He  is  exhibited  in  an  interview  with  Adams  in  which  the 
latter's  request  for  a  small  sum  of  money  brings  out  all  the 
uncharitableness  and  brutality  of  Trulliber's  nature. 

Trumbull  (trum'bul),  Benjamin.  Born  at  He- 
bron, Conn.,  Dec.  19, 1735:  died  at  North  Haven, 
Conn.,  Feb.  2, 1820.  An  American  clergyman 
and  historian.  His  chief  works  are  a  "  Complete  His- 
tory of  Connecticut  from  1630  till  1713  "  (1797)  and  a  "Gen- 
eral History  of  the  United  States  of  America"  (1765, 1810). 

Trumbull,  James  Hammond. .  Bom  at  Ston- 
ington.  Conn.,  Dec.  20, 1821 :  died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  Aug.  5,  1897.  An  American  philolo- 
gist and  historical  writer :  an  authority  on  the 
languages  of  the  North  American  Indians.  His 
works  include  "  Composition  of  Indian  Geographical 
Names "  (1870),  "  Best  Method  of  Studying  the  Indian 
Languages  "  (1871X  several  works  on  Algonkin,  "Defense 
of  Stonington  "  (1864),  "The  True  Blue  Laws  of  Connec- 
ticut and  New  Haven,  etc."(1877),"  Indian  Names  of  Places 
in  .  . .  Connecticut  "(1881),  etc. 

Trumbull,  John.  Bom  at  Westbury  (the  pres- 
ent Watertown),  Conn.,  April  24, 175():  died  at 
Detroit,  Mich.,  May  10, 1831.  An  American  law- 
yer and  poet.  He  wrote  the  burlesque  epic  "  McFin- 
gal"  (1775)  in  imitation  of  "Hudibras,"  "Elegy  on  the 
Times"  (1774),  etc.,  and  collaborated  with  Barlow  and 
others  on  the  "Anarchiad." 
Trumbull,  John.  Bom  at  Lebanon,  Conn. ,  Jun  e 
6,  1756:  died  at  New  York  city,  Nov.  10, 1843. 
An  American  painter,  son  of  Jonathan  Trum- 
bull. He  served  in  the  Eevolutionary  War,  attaining  the 
rank  of  colonel  and  deputy  adjutant-general ;  studied  in 
London  under  West,  and  on  the  Continent ;  and  settled  as 
a  portrait-painter  in  New  York  in  1804.  He  gave  a  large 
collection  of  his  paintings  to  Yale  College.  Among  his 
works  are  portraits  of  Washington,  Adams,  Jefferson,  and 
others,  "Battle  of  Bunker  Hill,"  "Death  of  Montgomery," 
four  pictures  in  the  rotunda  of  the  Capitol  at  Washington 
("The  Declaration  of  Independence,"  "The  Surrender  of 
Burgoyne,"  "The  Surrender  of  Cornwallis,"  "The  Resig- 
nation of  Washington  "),  etc. 
Trumbull,  Jonathan.  Bom  at  Lebanon,  Conn., 
Oct.  12,  1710:  died  there,  Aug.  17,  1785.  An 
American  magistrate  and  patriot.  He  was  aWhig 
leader  in  Kew  England  during  ttie  Revolutionary  period, 
and  was  governor  of  Connecticut  1769-83.  He  was  a  friend 
and  adviser  of  Washington,  and  is  said  to  have  been  the 
original  "  Brother  Jonathan,"  that  being  Washington's 
familiar  name  for  him. 
Trumbull,  Jonathan.  Born  at  Lebanon,  Conn. , 
March  26,  1740 :  died  there,  Aug.  7,  1809.    An 


Tschudi,  .Sgidius 

Americanstatesman,son  of  Jonathan  TrumbuD. 
He  served  on  Washington's  staff  in  the  Revolutionary  War ; 
was  Federalist  member  of  Congress  from  Connecticut  1789- 
1795 ;  was  speaker  of  the  House  1791-93  ;  was  United  States 
senator  1795-96 ;  and  was  governor  of  Connecticut  1798- 
1809. 

Trjimmelbach  (triim'mel-bach)  Fall.  A  noted 
cascade  in  the  Bernese  Oberland,  Switzerland, 
near  Lauterbrunnen. 

Trumpeter  of  Sackingen.    See  Trompeter. 

Trunnion  (tran'yon).  Commodore  Hawser. 
The  kind-hearted  uncle  of  Peregrine  Pickle,  in 
SmoUett's  novel  of  that  name.  He  gives  every- 
thing a  nautical  turn,  and  utters  volleys  of 
oaths. 

Truro  (tro'ro).  A  seaport  and  the  chief  town 
of  Cornwall,  England,  situated  near  Truro 
Creek  8  miles  north  of  Falmouth.  There  are 
tin-mines  in  its  neighborhood.  It  is  the  seat  of 
a  bishopric.    Population  (1891),  11,131. 

Truro.  The  chief  town  of  Colchester  County, 
Nova  Scotia,  situated  at  the  head  of  Cobequid 
Bay,  54  miles  north-northeast  of  Halifax.  Pop- 
ulation (1901),  5,993. 

Truth.  A  poem  by  Chaucer,  usually  known 
as  "Flee  from  the  Press"  ("Fie  fro  the 
Pres"). 

Truth  (troth),  Sojourner.  Bom  in  Ulster 
County,  N.  Y.,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  18th 
century:  died  at  Battle  Creek,  Mich.,  Nov.  26, 
1883.  A  negro  lecturer  and  reformer,  origi- 
nally a  slave,  she  obtained  her  freedom  probably  in 
1817,  at  which  time  New  York  liberated  all  her  slaves  who 
were  over  40  years  of  age. 

Truxillo.    See  Trvjillo. 

Truxtun  (truks'tun),  or  Truxton  (tmks'ton), 
Thomas.  Bom  on  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  Feb., 
1755:  died  at  Philadelphia,  May  5,  1822.  An 
American  naval  ofB.cer,  distinguished  as  a  com- 
mander of  privateers  in  the  Revolutionary  War. 
In  the  French  war  he  defeated  the  frigate  L'Insurgente 
Feb.  9, 1799,  and  La  Vengeance  in  Jan.,  1800,  but  the  latter 
escaped  owing  to  a  storm. 

Tryon  (tri'qn),  Dwight  William.  Bom  at 
Hartford,  Conn.,  in  1849.  An  American  land- 
scape-painter. 

Tryon  (tri'on),  William.  Bomin  Ireland  about 
1725:  diedatLondon,Feb.  27, 1788.  ABritish 
colonial  governor  in  America.  He  was  governor  of 
North  Carolina  1766-71 ;  suppressed  the  "Regulators' "  re- 
volt ;  was  governor  of  New  York  1771-78 ;  and  conducted 
various  expeditions  against Connecticutin  the  Revolution- 
ary War. 

Tsaribrod,  or  Zaribrod  (tsar'i-brod).  A  place 
in  Bulgaria,  34  miles  north-northwest  of  Sofia. 
There,  Nov.  23,  1885,  the  Bulgarians  defeated 
the  Servians. 

Tsaritzin  (tsar-it'zin).  A  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Saratoff,  Russia,  situated  on  the  Volga 
230  miles  northwest  of  Astrakhan.  It  has  im- 
portant transit  trade  by  railway  and  river.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  40,130. 

Tsarskoi  Selo  (tsar-sko'i  sa'16).  A  town  in 
the  government  of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  about 
15  miles  south  of  St.  Petersburg,  it  contains  a 
famous  imperial  palace,  a  favorite  summer  residence  of 
the  court.  The  Old  Palace,  begun  in  1744,  is  780  feet  long. 
The  interior  is  richly  decorated :  the  walls  of  one  room 
are  incrusted  with  amber,  those  of  another  with  lapis  la^ 
zuli.  The  magnificent  marble  gallery,  270  feet  long,  con- 
nects the  palace  with  a  detached  building.  The  park  is 
full  of  caprices,  such  as  a  Chinese  tower  and  village,  an 
Egyptian  pyramid,  a  Turkish' kiosk,  and  the  so-called  doU- 
houses  of  the  princesses. 

Tschaikovsky  (chi-kof'ski),  Peter  Hitch. 

Bom  at  Votkinsk,  province  of  Vyatka,  April 
25,  1840 ;  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  Nov.  6,  1893. 
Anoted  Russian  composer,  in  1862,  when  the  Con- 
servatory  of  Music  was  founded  at  St.  Petersburg,  he  gave 
up  an  official  position  to  devote  himself  to  music.  He 
studied  composition  with  Anton  Rubinstein,  and  harmony 
and  counterpoint  with  Zaremba ;  and  from  1866  to  1878 
was  professor  of  harmony,  composition,  and  the  history 
of  music  in  the  conservatory.  IVom  1878  he  gave  himself 
entirely  to  composition.  He  visited  England  in  1881  and 
1889.  In  1891  he  came  to  New  York  at  the  invitation  of 
the  New  York  Symphony  Society,  and  conducted  a  num- 
ber of  his  own  compositions.  He  wrote  several  operas  and 
other  music,  but  is  best  knownfrom  his  "Fifth  Symphony 
in  E  minor,"  "  Fourth  Syniphoiiy  in  F  minor,"  "Third 
Suite,"  "Francesca  da  Rimini"  (a  symphonic  poem),  and 
his  two  overtures  to  "Hamlet"  and  "Romeo  and  Juliet" 
respectively.  His  "  Sixth  Symphony  "  was  not  performed 
till  after  his  death. 

Tschermak  (cher'mak),  Gustav.  BomatLit- 
tau,  Moravia,  April  19, 1836.  A  noted  Austrian 
mineralogist,  professor  at  Vienna  from  1868.  He 
is  a  specialist  in  petrography,  crystallography,  and  the 
study  of  meteorites,  and  has  published  "  Lehrbnch  der 
Mineralogie"(2d  ed.  1885),  etc.,  and  numerous  scientific 
papers. 

Tschesme.    See  Tchesme. 

Tschudi  (cho'de),  .ffigidius  or  Gilg.    Bom  at 

Glams,  Switzerland,  1505 :  died  Feb.  28,  1572. 
A  Swiss  historian  and  Roman  Catholic  theolo- 
gian, called  "the  father  of  Swiss  history."   His 


Tschudi,  ^gidius 

most  noted  work  is  his  '*Chronicon  helveticum,"  a  Swiss 
histoiy  of  the  period  1000-1470,  published  after  his  death 
(1734-36). 

Tschudi,  Johann  Jakob  von.  Born  at  Glarus, 
SwitzerlaDd,  July  25,  1818:  died  in  Jakobs- 
thal,  Oct.  8,  1889.  A  Swiss  naturalist,  philol- 
ogist, traveler,  and  diplomatist.  He  traveled  in 
Peru  1838-43,  and  later  again  in  South  America ;  and  was 
ambassador  to  Brazil  1860,  and  to  Austria  1866-83.  He 
wrote  "Fauna  Peruana"  (1844-47),  "Peruanische  Keise- 
skizzen  "("Peruvian  Travels,"1846),"DieKechua-Sprache" 


1012 


early  church  than  as  authoritative  revelations  or  even  as 
authentic  records.    The  name  is  also  sometimes,  though 
more  rarely,  given  to  an  earlier  school  in  the  same  univer-     „„„t.i»oTi 
sitywhichtaughtalmostexactlythereverse— namely,  the  Jf_  j        n. 
credibility,  integrity,  and  authority  of  the  New  Testament.      '" 
Tubliai  (to-b6-i')  Islands.    A  group  of  Islands 
iuPolynesia,  south  of  the  Society  Islands.belong- 
ingto  France  since  1881.  Also  called  .4iM«r(rf7si!a7»ds. 
Population  (1888),  1,881. 

Tubular  Bridge,  Britannia, 

Tubular  Bridge. 


Tula 

1495.    Son  of  Owen  Tudor  and  Catharine  of 
Prance,  and  uncle  of  Henry  VII.:  a  Lancastrian 


(1853),  "Reisen  durch  Sudamerika"  ("Travels  through  m,,!,,,-  rt-x  v,k3\'      A  tribfi  nf  tlifi  FSnIiiirti 
South    America."  1886-68).   "Oraanismus   der   Keohua-    iUUUS  (tO-DOZ  ).     A  CTIDC  01  xne  oanara. 


ifudor,  Owen.  Executed  1461.'  A  Welsh  knight 
who  married  Catharine,  widow  of  Henry  V., 
and  was  grandfather  of  Henry  VH.  He  Joined 
the  Lancastrians. 

Tuesday  (tHz'da).  The  third  day  of  the  week. 
See  Britannia  Tufts  (tufts)  College.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing founded  by  Charles  Tufts,  situated  at  Med- 


ford.  Massachusetts:   opened  in   1855.      It  is 


ip?a^he'^'a^j;';tcT^ia:°p?rrkS\of""A^^^^^^     Tucca  (tuk'|),'6aptJir  A  brag^g  b^y  in  jTon-'se-SarTan   and  bas  about  fO  students 


dades  Feruanas"  (1861). 

Tseng  (tseng),  Marquis.  Born  1839 :  died  April 
12,  1890.  A  Chinese  diplomatist,  ambassador 
at  St.  Petersburg,  Paris,  and  London. 

Tsimshian  (tsim-she-an').  The  principal  divi- 
sion of  the  Chimmesyan  stock  of  North  Amer 


'Satiromastix,"  but  without  the  success  which  attended 
Jonsou's  character. 

Tucca  Is  the  creation  of  Jonson.  He  is  described  as  a 
general  railer,  a  man  whose  whole  conversation  is  made 
up  of  scurrilous  exaggerations  and  impossible  falsehoods. 
Oifford,  Memoirs  of  Ben  Jonson,  p.  xii.,  note. 


ican  Indians,  living  mainly  on  Skeena  River,  Tuck  (tuk),  Friar.  A  vagabond  monk,  a  eharac; 


western  British  Columbia.  It  embraces  the  Ts'em- 
sian,  Gyits'umralon,  Gyits'alaser,  Gyitqatla,  Gyitgaata,  and 
Gyidesdzo  tribes,  most  of  which  comprise  numerous  sub- 
tribes,  each  inhabiting  a  single  village.  Also  Chem»ian, 
Chimsian,  Simpsian,  Tshimsian,  Tsvmdan.    See  Chimme- 


Tsimsian.    See  Tsimshian. 

Tsi-nan(tse-nan').  The  capital  of  theprovinee 
of  Shan-tung,  situated  about  lat.  36°  40'  N., 
near  the  Hwang-ho.  Population,  estimated, 
200,000. 

Tsing  (tseng).  The  name  of  the  present  Man- 
chu  dynasty  of  China. 

Tsugaru  Strait.    See  Sangar  Strait. 

Tsushima  (ts6-she'ma)  Islands.  Two  islands 
belonging  to  Japan,  situated  in  the  Channel  of 
Corea  south  of  Corea  and  northwest  of  Kiusiu. 

Tu.    See  TibesU. 

Tualatim.    See  Atfalati. 

Tuam  (ttl'am).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Galway, 
Ireland,  1&  miles  northeast  of  Galway :  the  seat 
of  an  Anglican  bishopric  and  a  Boman  Catholic 
archbishopric.     Population  (1891),  3,012. 

Tuamotu  Islands.    See  Low  Archipelago. 

Tubal  (tu'bal).  One  of  the  sons  of  Japheth,  ac- 
cording to  the  account  in  Genesis. 

Tubal  and  Meshech,  whose  names  follow  that  of  Javan, 
are  almost  always  coupled  together  in  the  Old  Testament, 
and  were  famous  tor  their  skill  in  archery.  In  the  Assyrian 


ter  in  the  Robin  Hood  ballads  and  legends  and 
in  the  monis-dance.     Sir  Walter  Scott  iutro- 


ward  Search "(4  vols.  1768  ;  3  vols,  edited  after  his  death; 
edited  again  by  Mildmay  180B). 

Tucker,  Charlotte  Maria.  Bom  in  England 
in  1821 :  died  ia  India,  Dec.  2,  1893.    An  Eng-  ,4...  i,/  -n 

lishwriter,  mostly  of  juvenile  or  religious  works  Tughra  (togh  ra) 
under  the  signature  "A.  L.  O.  E."  (A  Lady  of       '         """  '■— "- 
England).    When  she  was  flfty-four  years  old  she  went 
as  a  missionary  to  India,  and  worked  there  for  eighteen 
years.    She  wrote  more  than  fifty  volumes,  the  proceeds 
of  which  were  used  for  the  benefit  of  the  missions. 

Tucker,  Nathaniel  Beverley.  Bom  at  Wil- 
liamsburg, Va.,  Sept.  6, 1784:  died  at  Winches- 
ter, Va.,  Aug.  26,  1851.  An  American  jurist, 
novelist,  and  political  writer.  His  best-known 
work  is  the  novel  "The  Partisan  Leader:  a 
Tale  of  the  Future"  (1836). 

Tuckerman  (tuk'6r-man),  Edward.  Bom  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  Dec,  1817:  died  at  Amherst, 
Mass.,  March  15,  1886.  An  American  botanist, 
noted  as  a  lichenologist:  professor  at  Amherst 
College  from  1858. 


inscriptions  the  names  appear  as  Tubli  and  Musk&,  and  Tuckerman,  Henry  Theodore.     Bom  at  Bos- 
'  '  "'  ""  -.--.-.  -^         m=>-       =    ^^^^  Mass.,  April  20,  1813 :  died  at  New  York, 

Dec.  17,  1871.  An  American  critic,  essayist, 
and  poet.  His  works  include  "Italian  Sketch-Book" 
(1836),  "Isabel,  or  SicUy"  (1839),  "Rambles  and  Reve- 
~i~.''  '■«">-i^    "Thoughts  on  the  Poets"  (1846), 


they  were  known  to  the  classical  geographers  as  Tibareni 
and  Moskhi.  In  classical  days,  however,  their  seats  were 
further  to  the  north  than  they  had  been  in  the  age  of  the 
Assyrian  monuments.  In  the  time  of  Sargon  and  Sen- 
nacherib theii'  territories  still  extended  as  far  south  as  Ci- 
licia  and  the  northern  half  of  Komagtofi.  Later  they  were 
forced  to  retreat  northward  towards  the  Black  Sea,  and  it 
was  in  this  region  of  Asia  Minor  that  Xenophon  and  his 
Greek  troops  found  their  scanty  remains. 

Sayce,  Races  of  the  0.  T.,  p.  48. 

Tubal.  A  Jew,  the  friend  of  Shyloek,  in  Shak- 
spere's  "  Merchant  of  Venice." 

Tubal-Cain  (tH'bal-kan  or  -ka'in).  Son  of  La- 
meeh  the  Cainite'  and  Zillah :  the  pioneer  of 
workers  in  brass  and  iron,  according  to  the  ac- 
count in  Genesis. 

Tubantes  (tu-ban'tez).  [L.  (Tacitus)  Tubantes, 
Gr.  (Ptolemy)  ToijSavroi.]  A  German  tribe  lo- 
cated by  Tacitus  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine, 
north  of  the  Lippe,  in  territory  afterward  occu- 
pied by  the  ITsipites.  Ptolemy  subsequently  places 
them  further  to  the  south,  back  from  the  Rhine,  near  the 
Chatti.  They  were  probably  merged  ultimately  in  the 
Alamanni. 

Tubar  (to-bar')-    See  Tarahumar. 

Tiibingen  (tii'bing-eu).  A  town  in  the  Black 
Forest  Circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the 
Neckar,  at  the  junction  of  the  Ammer  and  Stein- 


The  castle  Hohentiibingen,  built  in  the  first  half  of  the 
16th  century,  occupies  a  commanding  position ;  it  now 
contains  the  university  library.  The  university,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  in  Germany,  was  founded  by  Count  Bber- 
hard-im-Bart  in  1477.  It  adhered  to  the  Reformation,  and 
has  long  been  noted  for  its  theological  teaching,  which, 
especially  under  r.  C.  Baur,  founder  ot  the  so-called  "Tii- 
bingen School "  (which  see),  has  latterly  been  distinctively 
of  a  liberal  and  advanced  type.  The  imiversity  has  about 
100  instructors  and  about  1,400  students.  Tiibingen  fell 
to  Wiirtemberg  in  1342.  It  was  taken  by  the  Swabian 
League  in  1619,  and  by  the  n-ench  in  1647  and  1688.  Popu- 
lation (1890),  13,273. 

Tiibingen,  Treaty  of. 


July  10,  1514,  by  which  Duke  Ulrieh's  subjects  Navarre,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Ebro  47  miles 
secured  certain  privileges  from  him  in  return  northwest  of  Saragossa.  A  victory  wasgainednear 
for  their  payment  of  his  debts.  Tudela,  Nov.,  I8O8,  by  the  French  under  Lannes  over  the 

Tiibingen  School.    A  name  given  to  a  certain    Spanish.    Population  (1887),  9,213. 
phase  of  modem  rationalistic  philosophy  which  Tudor  (tU'dor).     [W.  Tewdyr,  L.  Theodorus,  Gr. 
took  its  rise  (1825-60)  at  the  University  of  Tii-    Gciirfu/jof :  see  I7jeodorMS.]   An  English  d^asty. 


bingen,  in  Germany,  un  der  Ferdinand  Christi  an 
Baur.  The  fundamental  principle  of  this  school  is  that 
the  books  of  the  New  Testament  were  written  for  the  pur- 
pose of  establishing  certain  opinions  and  parties  in  the 
early  church ;  that  many  of  them  were  written  at  a  later 
date  than  the  one  usually  assigned  to  them ;  and  that  they 


Jonson's"I>o'etaster."   Dekkerintroduceshiminhis  Tugendbund  (t6'gent-b8nt).    A  German  asso- 

■  .......     giatiou  formed  at  Konigsberg,  1808,  with  the 

acknowledged  purpose  of  cultivating  patriot- 
ism, reorganizing  the  army,  and  encouraging 
education,  and  with  the  secret  aim  of  aiding  in 
throwing  off  the  French  yoke.  Frederick  William 
III.  was  forced  to  dissolve  it  in  1809 ;  but  it  cpntinued  in 
secret  for  several  years,  and  exerted  a  very  considerable 
influence,  especially  in  1812.  It  was  vehemently  attacked 
in  1816  by  reactionary  politicians.  _  _ 
duces  him  in  "Ivanhoe"  as  the  "holy  clerk  of  Tuggurt  (tOg-gort').  A  town  in  an  oasis  m  the 
Copmanhurst."  province  of  Constantine,  Algeria,  about  lat.  33° 
Tucker  (tuk'6r),  Abraham.  Bom  at  London,  14'  N.  Population,  about  5,000. 
Sept.  2, 1705:  died  Nov.  20,  1774.  An  English  Tugh  (tBgh).  See  the  extract, 
metaphysician  and  moralist.  He  wrote  "  The  The  Tugh,  or  ensign  of  the  Turkish  tribes,  was  origi- 
Light  of  Nature  Pursued"  under  the  pseudonym  "Ed-  nally  the  tail  of  a  yak;  but  when  the  Ottomans  left  Central 
~  Asia,  that  of  a  horse  was  substituted.  Governors  of  prov- 
inces received  one,  two,  or  three  tughs,  according  to  their 
rank ;  the  Sultan  alone  displayed  seven. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  278,  note. 

See  the  extract. 
Among  the  functionaries  who  formed  the  first  depart- 
ment were  the  Defterdar,  or  Minister  of  Finance,  and  the 
Nishanji  Bashi,  whose  duty  was  to  trace  the  Tughra  or 
cypher  of  the  Sultan  at  the  head  of  all  the  documents  pre- 
sented to  him  for  that  purpose.  This  Tughra,  with  the 
appearance  ot  which  most  of  us  are  familiar  from  seeing 
it  on  Turkish  coins  and  postage-stamps  or  on  pieces  ot  em- 
broidery or  inlaid  mother-of-pearl  work,  contains,  orna- 
mentally written  as  a  sort  of  monogram,  the  names  of  the 
reigning  Sultan  and  his  father,  together  with  the  title 
Khan  and  the  epithet  el-muzaflar-daima,  or  '  victor  ever." 
The  Tughra  is  said  to  have  originated  in  this  way :  Sultan 
Murad  I.  entered  into  a  treaty  with  the  Ragusans,  but 
when  the  document  was  brought  for  his  signature,  he,  be- 
ing unable  to  write,  wetted  his  open  hand  with  ink  and 
pressed  it  on  the  paper.  The  first,  second,  and  third  fin- 
gers were  together,  but  the  thumb  and  fourth  finger  were 
apart.  Within  the  mark  thus  formed  the  scribes  wrote 
the  names  of  Murad  and  his  father,  the  title  Khan,  and  the 
"victor  ever."  The  Tughra,  as  we  now  have  it,  is  the 
result  of  this :  the  three  long  upright  lines  represent  Mu- 
rad's  three  middle  fingers,  the  rounded  lines  at  the  left  side 
are  his  bent  thumb,  and  the  straight  ones  at  the  right  his 
little  finger.  Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  328. 

Tuhwalati.  See  Atfalati. 
Artist  Tuileries  (twe'le-riz ;  F.  pron.  twel-re').  Pal- 
ace of  the.  [l''.  tuileries,  tile-kiLns.]  A  royal 
residence  formerly  existing  in  Paris,  connect- 
ed with  the  Louvre  by  wings.  In  1618  Francis  I. 
bought  a  house  here  for  the  Duchesse  d'AngoulSme. 
It  was  demolished  in  1564  by  Catharine  de'  Medici,  ' 
who  began  the  erection  of  the  Tuileries,  which  was 
enlarged  by  Henry  IV.  and  Louis  XIV.  The  palace,  the 
scene  of  many  of  the  most  memorable  disasters  attending 
the  subversion  of  the  ancient  French  monarchy,  waft  in- 
vaded by  the  mob  June  20,  and  stormed  by  the  mob  Aug. 
10,  1792,  and  was  the  seat  of  the  Oonvention.  It  was 
taken  by  the  people  July  29,  1830,  and  Feb.  24,  1848, 
and  was  burned  by  the  Commune  in  1871,  the  ruins  not 
being  removed  till  1883.  Nothing  remains  except  the 
pavilions  at  the  two  extremities,  which  have  been  restored 
and  now  form  a  rich  architectural  termination  to  the  two 
extended  arms  of  the  Louvre.  Its  history  as  a  royal  resi- 
dence came  to  an  end  with  the  battle  of  Sedan  and  the 
departure  of  the  empress  Eugenie.  The  Jai'din  des  Tuile- 
ries, a  popular  promenade,  was  enlarged  in  1889,  and  now 
covers  the  site  of  the  palace.  The  Quai  des  Tuileries  ex- 
isted at  a  very  early  period  as  the  road  to  St.-Cloud.  The 
wall  of  Charles  V.  terminated  at  the  Tour  du  Bois,  between 
the  Louvre  and  the  Tuileries.  Outside  of  this  wall  were 
the  tile-yards  or  tuileries,  mentioned  as  early  as  1274.  In 
1865  excavations  disclosed  the  furnaces  of  Palissy  here. 
Tuke  (tiik),  William.  Bom  at  York,  1732 :  died 
1822.  An  English  philanthropist.  He  was  especially 
devoted  to  the  amelioration  of  the  condition  of  the  insane. 
In  1792  he  projected  the  "Retreat"  at  York  under  the  man- 
agement ot  the  Society  of  Friends,  in  which  it  was  at- 
tempted to  manage  the  insane  without  the  excessive  re- 
straint then  common.  His  improvements  led  to  important 
legislation  on  the  treatment  of  the  insane  after  his  death. 
His  grandson,  Samuel  Tuke  (1784-1857)  wrote  an  account 
of  the  Retreat  (1818),  and  published  works  on  the  construc- 
tion of  hospitals  for  the  insane. 

Tukuarika  (to"kwa-re'ka),  or  Tucarica,  or 
Sheep-eaters.  ['Sheep-eaters.']  A  tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  formerly  in  Yellow- 
stone Park,  subsequently  on  Lemhi  and  Malad 
rivers  in  western  central  Idaho,  and  now  on 
Lemhi  reservation.  Number  (1893),  108.  See 
Shoshoni. 

Tula  (to'la).  1.  A  government  of  Russia, 
bounded  by  Moscow,  Ryazan,  Tamboff,  Orel, 
and  Kaluga.  Aiea,  11,954  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation, 1,515,881. — 2.  The  capital  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Tula,  situated  on  the  TJpa  in  lat. 
54°  12'  N.  It  is  one  of  the  chief  manufacturing  centers 
of  Russia :  especially  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  small 
arms.    Population,  (1897).  111.048. 


ries"  (1841), 

Life"  (1847),   "Characteristics  of  Literatiu-e"  (1849-51), 

"Essays"  (1857),  and  "Book  of  the  Artists"  (1867). 

Tuckerman's  Bavine.  [Named  from  Prof.  Ed- 
ward Tuckerman.]  A  deep  ravine  on  the  side 
of  Mount  Washington,  New  Hampshire. 

Tucson  (tii-son'  or  tuk'son).  The  capital  of 
Pima  County,  Arizona,  situated  on  the  Santa 
Cruz  River  in  lat.  32°  14'  N.  It  is  one  of  the  chief 
towns  of  the  Territory,  and  was  formerly  its  capital.  It 
was  founded  by  Spanish  Jesuits  in  the  middle  of  the  16th 
century.    Population  (1900),  7,631. 

Tucuman  (to-ko-man').  A  colonial  division 
(gobernaeion)  ot  Spanish  South  America.  It  cor- 
responded nearly  to  the  modern  provinces  of  Cdrdoba, 
Rioja,  Catamarca,  Santiago  del  Estero,  Tucuman,  Salta 
and  Jujuy,  now  in  the  Argentine  Republic.  The  capital 
was  Tucuman.  It  was  a  part  of  the  vioeroyalty  of  Peru, 
subordinate  to  Charcas,  until  1776,  when  it  was  attached 
to  the  vioeroyalty  of  La  Plata. 

Tucuman.  An  interior  province  of  the  Argen- 
tine Republic,  surrounded  by  Salta,  Santiago 
del  Estero,  and  Catamarca.  The  surface  is  hilly. 
Principal  products,  sugar,  rum,  and  wheat.  Area,  about 
9,400  square  mil^.    Population  (1895),  215,693. 


lach,  18  miles  south-southwest  of  Stuttgart.  Tucuman,  or  San  Miguel  de  Tucuman.    The 

capital  of  the  province  of  Tucuman,  situated 
on  the  Tala  about  lat.  26°  50'  S.  Independence 
was  proclaimed  here  July  9, 1816.  Population 
(1895),  84,297. 

Tucunas  (tS-ks'nSs),  or  Ticunas  (te-ko'nas). 
Indians  of  the  upper  Amazon  and  its  branches 
in  northeastern  Peru  and  the  adjacent  parts  of 
Brazil.  They  are  divided  into  many  small  hordes,  and 
are  savages, of  a  rather  low  grade,  though  harmless  and 
friendly  to  the  whites.  The  Jesuits  labored  among  them 
.  ,       ^  1     ,    ,  from  1683  to  1727. 

A  treaty,  concluded  on  Tudela  (to-SHa'la).    A  town  in  the  province  of 


descended  on  the  male  side  from  Owen  Tudor, 
on  the  female  side  from  John  of  Gaunt  through 
the  Beauforts.  It  comprised  the  sovereigns 
Henry  VII.,  Henry  VIIL,  Edward  VI.,  Mary, 
and  Elizabeth, 


rather  valuable  as   indications  ot  the  spirit  of  the  Tudor,  Jasper,  Earl  of  Pembroke.    Died  about 


Tula 

Tula  (tS'ia).  A  small  town  in  the  state  of  Hi- 
dalgo, Mexico,  50  miles  (by  railroad)  north  of 
Mexico  City,  it  is  a  very  ancient  place,  and  la  sup- 
posed to  be  the  same  as  ToUan,  the  Tolteo  capital  (see 
Tolteeg').  Some  ruins  near  it  indicate  communal  struc- 
tures similar  to  those  of  Arizona. 

Tnldre  (to-lSr' ;  or,  as  Sp.,  tS-ia'ra)  Lake.  A 
lake  in  California,  chiefly  in  Tulare  County,  in- 
tersected by  lat.  36°  N.  It  receives  Kern  Eiver 
andothertributaries,  buthasno outlet.  Length, 
32  miles. 

Tuldja.   See  Tultdha. 

TuUdnghorn  (tul'king-h6m),  Mr.  An  attor- 
ney, a  character  in  Dickens's  "Bleak  House." 

Tullamore  (tul-la-mor').  The  chief  town  of 
King's  County,  Ireland,  51  miles  west  of  Dublin. 
Population  (1891),  4,522. 

Tulle  (tfll).  [L.  Tutela  Lemovicum,  ward  of 
the  Lemovioes  (Limoges).]  The  capital  of  the 
department  of  Corrfeze,  France,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Solane  with  the  Corr&ze,  in  lat. 
45°  16'  N.,  long.  1°  45'  E.  it  has  varied  manufactures, 
and  contains  a  national  factory  of  Srearms.  It  was  taken 
hy  the  English  in  1S46  and  in  1369,  and  by  the  Huguenots 
in  1686.    Population  (1891),  commune,  18,964. 

TuUia  (tul'i-a).  [L.,  fern,  of  Tullius.']  In  Roman 
legend,  a  daughter  of  Servius  Tullius.  she  was 
the  wife  of  Arans,  hrother  of  Tarquin  (Lucius  Tarquiuius). 
She  murdered  her  husband,  and  Tarquin,  having  killed 
his  wife,  married  her,  slew  Servius  Tullius,  and  proclaimed 
himself  king.  Tullia  rode  to  the  senate-house  to  greet  her 
husband  as  king,  and  on  her  return  drove  over  the  dead 
bodyof herfather,  whlchlayintheway.  The  streetthrough 
which  she  passed  thereafter  bore  the  name  Yicus  Scelera^ 
tus  ('Abominable  Street'). 

TulUa.    Bom  about  79  B.  c:  died  45  b.  c.    The 
daughter  of  Cieero  and  Terentia,  and  wife  of 
Calpumius  Piso  and  later  of  DolabeUa. ' 
Tullius,  Servius.    See  Servius  Tullius.. 
Tulliver  (tul'i-vfer),  Maggie.    The  principal 
eharaoter  in  George  Eliot's ' '  Mill  on  the  Floss." 
Tulln,  or  Tuln  (tSln).    A  town  in  Lower  Aus- 
tria, Austria-Hungary,  situated  on  the  Danube 
18  miles  northwest  of  Vienna:  the  Roman  Com- 
agense.    Population  (1890),  commune,  2,782. 
Tulloch  (tul'ok),  Jolin.    Born  in  Perthshire, 
Scotland,  182'3 :  died  at  Torquay,  England,  Feb. 
13,  1886.    A  Scottish  Presbyterian  theologian, 
educator,  and  author.    He  became  principal  of  St. 
Hary's  CoUege,  St.  Andrews,  in  1864.    His  works  include 
"Theism "(1865),  "Leaders  of  the  Eeformation "  (1859), 
"English  iTotestants  and  their  Leaders"  (1861),  "Begin- 
ning life  "  Q.862),  "The  Christ  of  the  Gospels  and  the  Christ 
of  Modern  Criticism  "  (1864), "  Eational  Theology  and  Chris- 
tian Philosophy  "(1872),  "The  Christian  Doctrine  of  Sin" 
(1877),  "Modern  Theories  in  Philosophy  and  Beligion" 
^884),  "Movements  of  Ileligious  Thought  in  the  l^th 
Century  "  (1886),  etc. 
TuUus  Hostilins  (tul'us  hos-til'i-us).  Accord- 
ing to  tradition,  the  third  king  of  Rome.  He  was 
said  to  have  reigned  672^-640  b.  C,  and  to  have 
carried  on  maiiy  wars,  especially  with  Alba. 
TuUy  (tul'i).    See  Cicero. 
TuUy-Veolan  (tul'i-ve-o'lan).    The  house  of 
Baron  Bradwardine  in'Scotl's  "  Waverley." 
Tulomo  (to'lo-mo),  or  Tulumono,  or  Tuolomo. 
A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians,  formerly  on 
San  Francisco  Bay,  California.  See  Costanoan. 
Tultcha  (tSl'oha),  or  Tuldja  (tol'ja).   A  town  in 
the  Dobrudja,  Rumania,  situated  on  an  arm  of 
the  Danube  45  miles  east-southeast  of  Galatz. 
Population,  estimated,  18,000. 
lummel  (tum'el).    A  river  and  loch  in  Perth- 
shire, Scotland,  tributary  to  the  Tay. 
Tunbridge,  or  Tonbridge  (tun'brij).    A  town 
in  Kent,  England,  situated  on  the  Medway  27 
mUes  southeast  of  London.    Population  (1891), 
10,123. 
TunbridgeWells  (tun'brij  welz).    A  town  and 
watering-place  in  Kent  and  Sussex,  England,  81 
miles  southeast  of  London:  long  celebrated  as 
a  fashionable  resort,     it  has  a  chalybeate  spring 
(discovered  about  1606)  and  a  trade  in  "  Tunbridge  'Ware  " 
(woodenware).    It  was  very  fashionable  in  the  18th  cen- 
tury.   The  favorite  prom  enade  is  the  Parade  or  Pantiles  (so 
named  from  its  first  pavement).  Population  (1891),  27,896. 
TuncMa  (tSn'ja).    A  river  in  Eastern  Rumelia 
and  Turkey  which  joins  the  Maritza  near  Adri- 
anople :  the  ancient  Tonzus  or  Tonsus.  Length, 
over  150  miles. 
Tung-cliau  (tong'ohou').  A  oityin  the  province 
of  CM-li,  China,  situated  on  the  Pei-ho,  at  the 
head  of  navigation,  12  miles  east  of  Peking. 
Population,  estimated,  50,000. 
Tunguragua  (ton-gS-ra'gwa).  A nameformerly 
given  to  the  Marafion  or  Amazon  in  its  upper 
course. 

Tunguragua.    A  province  in  the  interior  of 

Ecuador.    Population,  103,033. 

Tunguragua.  AvoloanoinEcuador,  south  of  Co- 

topaxi.    Height,  16,690  feet  (Reiss  and  Stiibel). 

Tunguses  (t5n-g8'sez).    A  Mongolian  people, 


1013 

chiefly  nomads,  dwelling  in  eastern  and  central 
Siberia,  east  of  the  Yenisei,  and  in  the  basin 
of  the  Amur.  Their  numbers  are  estimated  at 
70,000-80,000. 

Tunis (tu'nis),F.Tunisie  (tii-ne-ze').  AFrench 
protectorate  in  northern  Africa.  Capital,  Tunis. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  Mediterranean  on  the  north  and 
east,  Tripoli  on  the  southeast,  the  desert  on  the  south,  and 
Algeria  on  the  west.  The  north,  east,  and  center  are  oc- 
cupied by  comparatively  low  mountains,  and  there  are 
considerable  lakes  ("  shotts  ")  in  the  south.  The  principal 
river  is  the  Medjerda.  The  island  of  Jerba  and  the  Ker- 
kenna  group  belong  to  Tunis.  It  produces  grain  and  fruits 
(particularly  dates,  olives,  etc.),  and  has  important  fisher- 
ies. Government  is  administered  nominally  by  a  native 
bey,  actually  by  Prance  through  a  minister  resident,  sup- 
ported by  a  corps  of  occupation.  The  inhabitants  are 
Berbers,  Arabs,  and  Jews,  and  in  less  numbers  Italians, 
Turks,  Maltese,  and  French.  The  prevailing  religion  is  the 
Mohammedan.  The  region  in  ancient  times  formed  part 
of  the  domains  of  Carthage  and  of  Rome,  and  as  part  of 
Roman  Africa  it  flourished  greatly  under  the  empire,  and 
was  the  leading  seat  of  Latin  Christianity.  It  was  con- 
quered by  the  Vandals  in  the  6th  century,  by  the  Greeks 
in  the  eth,  and  by  the  Arabs  in  the  7th ;  was  invaded  by 
St.  Louis  in  1270,  and  by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  in  1636 ; 
was  reduced  to  a  Turkish  province  about  1676 ;  was  ruled 
by  deys  and  beys,  and  was  long  noted  as  a  piratical  state : 
and  was  occupied  by  a  French  army  in  1881,  and.  (May  12) 
made  a  French  protectorate.  Area,  about  61,000  square 
miles.    Population,  estimated,  1,600,000. 

Tunis.  A  seaport,  capital  of  Tunis,  situated  on 
a  lagoon  connected  with  the  Gulf  of  Tunis,  in 
lat.  36°  50'  N.,  long.  10°  12'  E.:  the  Roman 
Tunes.  The  port  Goletta  is  situated  at  the  entrance  to 
the  lagoon.  Tunis  is  the  center  of  a  caravan  trade ;  is  con- 
nected by  steamer  lines  with  France  and  Italy,  and  by  a 
railroad  with  Constantino,  Oran,  and  Algiers ;  and  has  tex- 
tile and  other  manufactures.  The  seat  of  government  is 
at  the  neighboring  castle  of  Bardo.  The  chief  objects  of 
interest  are  the  bazaars,  the  mosque  of  the  Olive  Tree,  the 
town  palace  of  the  bey,  and  the  Moslem  college  and  other 
institutions.  The  ruins  of  Carthage  are  situated  to  the 
northeast.    The  city  was  founded  in  Carthaginian  times. 

,  It  was  conquered  by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  in  1535.  Popu- 
lation, estimated,  136,000. 

Tunis,  Gulf  of.  An  inlet  of  the  Mediterranean, 
northeast  of  Tunis. 

Tunja  (ton 'ha).  The  capital  of  the  department 
of  Boyacd,  Colombia,  75  miles  north-northeast 
of  Bogotd,.  Near  it  is  the  battle-field  of  Boyac4 
(which  see).    Population,  estimated,  8,000. 

Tunstall  (tun'stal).  A  town  in  Staffordshire, 
England,  29  mile's  south  of  Manchester.  It  has 
manufactures  of  pottery,  ironware,  etc.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  15,730. 

Tunstall  (tun'stal),  or  Tonstall  (ton'stal). 
Cutllbert.  Borii  at  Hatchford,  Torkshi're, 
England,  about  1475 :  died  atLambeth  Palace, 
1559.  An  English  prelate.  Hewasmade  bishop  of 
London  in  1522,  was  sent  to  the  Tower  in  1561,  and  de- 
prived of  his  see  in  1652 ;  was  restored  by  Mary ;  and  was 
again  deprived  by  Elizabeth  in  1559.  He  was  lord  privy 
seal  under  Henry  VIII. 

Tuolumne  (twol'um-ne)  Eiver.  A  river  in  Cali- 
fornia which  joins  the  San  Joaquin  River  25 
miles  south  of  Stockton.  Length,  150-175 
miles. 

Tupac  (to'pSk),  called  Toparca  (to-par'ka)  by 
Spanish  historians.  Bom  about  1514 :  died  at 
Jauja,  Oct.,  1538.  A  younger  brother  of  the 
Inca  Atahualpa  of  Peru.  After  the  execution  of 
Atahualpa  (Aug.,  1533),  he  was  made  nominal  ruler  of 
Peru  by  Pizarro,  and  forced  to  swear  allegiance  to  the 
Spanish  monarchs.    He  died  during  the  march  to  Cuzco. 

Tupac  Amaru  (to'pak  a'ma-ro).  Bom  about 
1514:  died  at  Cuzco,  Deo.  (?),  1571.  Youngest 
son  of  Mauco  Inca:  a  legitimate  sovereign  of 
Peru  by  the  death  of  his  elder  brothers.  He  as- 
sumed the  Incarial  insignia  in  the  mountains  of  Vilca- 
bamba,  but  made  no  attempt  to  oppose  the  Spaniards. 
By  order  of  the  viceroy  Toledo  he  was  seized  in  Oct.,  1671, 
taken  to  Cuzco,  and  beheaded.  With  him  the  male  line  of 
the  Inoas  became  extinct. 

Tupac  Amaru  (Jos6  G-abriel  Oondorcanqui). 

Born  at  Tinta,  south  of  CuzoO;  1742:  died  at 
Cuzco,  May  18,  1781.  A  Peruvian  revolution- 
ist, called  "the  Last  of  the  Incas."  He  was  a 
direct  descendant  of  the  early  Incas,  and,  under  Spanish 
rule,  was  chief  of  several  villages.  In  1771  he  assumed 
the  name  Tupac  Amaru.  After  vain  eflforts  to  ameliorate 
the  condition  of  the  Indians,  he  headed  arebelUon  in  Nov., 
1780.  Over  60,000  Indians  joined  him,  and  he  was  univer- 
sally regarded  by  them  as  the  Inca,  though  he  did  not  as- 
sume that  title  nor  promise  anything  more  than  a  redress 
of  wrongs.  For  a  time  he  held  all  the  region  between 
Cuzco  and  Lake  Titicaca,  but  was  defeated  and  captured 
in  March,  1781 :  in  pursuance  of  a  sentence  by  the  Span- 
ish judge  Areche,  he  and  most  of  his  family  were  exe- 
cuted in  a  horrible  manner.  In  the  war  of  extermination 
which  followed  it  is  said  that  80,000  Indians  were  kUled. 
His  cousin,  Diego,  after  holding  out  for  some  time,  was 
pardoned ;  but  subsequently  was  arrested  on  a  frivolous 
charge  and,  with  others  of  the  family,  was  tortured  and 
killed.  Women  and  children  were  included  in  these  exe- 
cutions, the  evident  object  being  to  extirpate  the  Inca 
race.  Tupac  Amaru's  son  Fernando,  a  child  of  10  years, 
was  condemned  to  penal  servitude  for  life.  He  was  sent 
to  Spain  and  his  ultimate  fate  is  unknown ;  but  in  1828  a 
person  calling  himself  Fernando  Tupac  Amaru  was  given 
a  pension  at  Buenos  Ayres :  he  became  a  monk  in  Lima, 
where  he  died.    The  rebellion  of  Tupac  Amaru  was  the 


Turanian 

most  formidable  in  the  colonial  history  of  South  America. 
The  cruelties  with  which  it  was  suppressed,  by  exciting 
hatred  of  the  Spaniards,  had  a  strong  influence  on  the  war 
for  independence.  Tlie  reforms  which  Tupac  Amaru  de- 
manded were  instituted  in  part  not  long  after  his  death. 

Tupac  Yupanqui  (ts'pak  y8-pan'ke),  or  Tupac 
Inca  Yupanqui.  Died  at  Cuzco  about  1478. 
The  tenth  Inca  sovereign  of  Peru,  and  the  great- 
est conqueror  of  the  line.  He  succeeded  his  father, 
Pachacutec  Yupanqui,  about  1440;  conquered  the  coast 
region  from  Ancon  to  the  Gulf  of  Guayaquil  (see  Chimu); 
annexed  northern  Chile  to  the  river  Maule,  Tucuman,  and 
large  districts  in  the  Amazon  valley ;  and  even,  it  is  said, 
sent  an  exploring  expedition  of  rafts  which  discovered 
the  Chincha  Islands.  Many  remains  of  fortresses,  towns, 
temples,  etc.,  are  ascribed  to  his  time.  Also  Topa  Inca 
Yupanqui. 

Tupi-Guarany  stock.    Same  as  Twpi  stock. 

Tupis  (to-pez').  A  general  name  for  Brazilian 
Indians  of  the  Tupi  stock  in  Brazil,  especially 
near  the  coast  and  on  the  lower  Amazon. 
Their  language  in  those  regions  was  essentially  the  same, 
though  the  Indians  were  divided  into  many  tribes  :  it  was 
closely  allied  to  the  Guarany  of  Paraguay,  and  is  the  basis 
of  the  modern  Lingoa  Geral.  See  Tupi  stock.  Also  written 
Tupys,  TupiM. 

Tupi  stock  (t8-pe'  stok).  One  of  the  most  im- 
portant of  the  South  American  Indian  linguis- 
tic stocks,  extending  over  a  great  part  of  Bra- 
zil, Paraguay,  and  Uruguay,  and  portions  of 
the  Argentine  Republic,  Bolivia,  Peru,  Colom- 
bia, Venezuela,  and  Guiana.  Their  villages  were 
generally  near  the  coast  or  scattered  along  the  great  riv- 
ers, and  often  interspersed  with  those  of  Indians  of  other 
stocks.  AH  of  them,  except  a  few  tribes  of  the  interior, 
spoke  dialects  so  closely  allied  that  they  could  readily  un- 
derstand each  other.  Their  physical  characteristics  and 
customs  were  much  the  same  ;  but  they  had  no  national 
organization :  neighboring  towns  were  often  at  war  with 
each  other,  and  distant  ones  had  no  knowledge  of  each 
other.  The  power  of  their  chiefs  was  very,  limited,  and 
was  generally  confined  to  a  single  village.  The  Tupis 
were  agriculturists,  and  lived  in  fixed  villages  of  consid- 
erable size,  the  houses  framed  with  poles  and  thatched 
with  palm-leaves  or  grass.  They  made  large  and  service- 
able wooden  canoes,  showed  some  taste  in  ornamenting 
pottery,  making  feather-work,  etc.,  and  were  naturally  in- 
telligent. Most  of  them  went  nearly  naked,  painting  or 
tattooing  the  face  and  body.  In  war  they  used  bows  and 
arrows  and  a  heavy  club  caUed  tmwand.  They  believed  in 
certain  malignant  or  mischievous  spirits,  and  their  medi- 
cine-men had  great  influence.  Generally  they  werefriendly 
to  strangers,  but  when  provoked  were  fierce  warriors.  Some 
of  the  tribes  killed  and  ate  theirprisoners  of  war.  The  first 
European  colonists  found  these  Indians  the  dominant  race 
all  along  the  Brazilian  coast,  on  the  lower  Amazon,  Uru- 
guay, ParanA,  and  Paraguay ;  those  abOut  the  Platine  river- 
system  were  called  collectively  Guaranys,  as  those  on  the 
Brazilian  coast  were  called  Tupis ;  but  neither  of  these 
names  was  properly  a  tribal  appellation.  Most  of  these 
Indians  submitted  readily  to  missionary  influence,  and 
their  descendants,  mixed  with  European  and  African  blood, 
form  a  large  part  of  the  countiy  population  of  Brazil,  north- 
em  Uruguay,  northeastern  Argentina,  and  Paraguay.  A 
few,  in  the  interior,  retain  a  semi-independence.  Among 
the  extinct  or  existing  tribes  and  groups  of  this  stock 
are  the  Tupinambas,  Tupiniquins,  Potignaras,  Papanazes, 
Caites,  Tupinaes,  and  Tamoyos  of  the  Brazilian  coast ;  the 
Tupinambas,  Omaguas,  Mundurucus,  Maues,  Apiacas,  etc., 
in  the  Amazon  valley ;  the  Guarayos  and  Chiriguanos  in 
Bolivia,  Tapes  in  the  Argentine,  Guaranys,  etc. 

Tupman  (tup'man),  TracjT.  A  member  of  the 
famous  Pickwioii:  Club,  in  Dickens's  "Pickwick 
Papers." 

Tupper  (tup'er).  Sir  Charles.  Born  at  Am- 
herst, Nova  Scotia,  July  2,  1821.  A  Canadian 
Conservative  statesman.  He  studied  medicine  in 
Edinburgh  University ;  settled  as  a  physician  in  his  na- 
tive town  of  Amherst,  Nova  Scotia;  and  was  president 
of  the  Canadian  Medical  Association  1867-70.  He  entered 
the  provincial  legislature  in  1866,  and  was  prime  minister 
of  Nova  Scotia  1864-67.  He  advocated  the  formation  of 
the  Dominion  of  Canada,  which  took  place  in  1867;  and  in 
1870  entered  Macdonald's  cabinet,  going  out  of  office  with 
his  chief  in  1873.  He  took  office  as  minister  of  public 
works  on  Macdonald's  return  to  power  in  1878;  and  from 
1879  to  1884  was  minister  of  railways  and  canals,  in  which 
capacity  he  promoted  the  construction  of  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railway.  In  1884  he  was  appointed  high  commis- 
sioner for  Canada  at  London,  and  was  prime  minister  of 
Canada  in  1896.  He  was  one  of  the  negotiators  of  the 
fisheries  treaty  with  the  United  States  1887-88,  and  was 
created  a  baronet  in  the  latter  year. 

Tupper,  Martin  Farquhar.  Born  at  London, 
July  17,  1810 :  died  ISfov.  29, 1889.  An  English 
poet.  He  graduated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  in  1831, 
and  was  called  to  the  bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1836,  but  soon 
abandoned  law  in  ordei  to  devote  himself  to  literature. 
His  chief  work  is  "Proverbial  Philosophy  "  (three  series 
1838-67). 

Tur  (tor).  In  the  Shahnamah,  the  second  of  the 
three  sons — Salm,  Tur,  and  Iraj  —  of  Paridun. 
His  mother  was  Shahrinaz,  daughter  of  Jamshid.  In  the 
division  by  Faridun  of  his  realms  Tur  obtained  Turan. 
Roused  to  jealousy  of  Iraj  by  Salm,  he  joins  Salm  against 
him,  and  murders  Iraj  when  the  latter  comes  with  over- 
tures of  peace.  Iraj  is  avenged  by  Minuchihr,  who  slays 
Tur  in  battle.    See  Salm. 

Tura  (to'ra).  A  river  in  eastern  Russia  and 
western  Siberia  which  joins  the  Tobol  below 
Tyumen.    Length,  about  500  miles. 

Turanian  (tii-ra'ni-an).  [Pers.  Turan,  from  Tur, 
a  legendary  ancestor  of  the  Turks,  etc.]  A 
word  loosely  and  indefinitely  used  to  designate 


Turanian 

a  family  of  languages  and  also  an  ethnological 
group.  It  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  Asiatic  languages 
in  general  outside  of  the  Indo-European  and  Semitic  fam- 
ilies, and  so  includes  various  discordant  and  independent 
families ;  but  is  sometimes  used  especially  or  res^ictedly 
of  the  Ural-Altaic  or  Scythian  family. 

Tnrbervile,  or  Turberville  (tfer'ber-vil), 
George.  Bom  about  1530 :  died  about  1595.  An 
English  poet,  translator,  and  writer  on  hunting. 

[George]  TurberviUe,  of  whom  not  much  is  known,  was  a 
Dorsetshire  man  of  good  family,  and  was  educated  at  Win- 
chester and  Oxford.  He  was  probably  bom  before  1530, 
and  died  after  1594.  Besides  a  book  on  Falconry  and  nu- 
merous translations  (to  which,  like  all  the  men  of  his 
school  and  day,  he  was  much  addicted),  he  wrote  a  good 
many  occasional  poems,  though  none  of  great  length. 

SaiTiiabwy,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit,,  p.  IS. 

Turbia  (tor'be-a).  [F.  TurUe.']  A  small  place 
near  Monaco.  It  contains  a  Eoman  tower  of 
the  time  of  Augustus. 

Turcaret  (tiir-ka-ra').  A  comedy  by  Le  Sage, 
produced  in  1709 :  so  called  from  its  chief  char- 
acter. 

Despite  his  theatrical  successes  he  [Le  Sage]  was  never 
on  very  good  terms  with  the  players  of  the  regular  theatre, 
and  a  small  piece  —  "  Les  Etrennes  "—  was  refused  by  them 
at  the  beginning  of  1708.  The  author  took  it  back,  set  to 
work  on  it,  and  refashioned  it  into  "Turcaret,"  the  best 
French  comedy,  beyond  all  doubt,  of  the  18th  century, 
and  probably  the  best  of  its  kind  to  be  found  outside  the 
covers  of  Molifere's  works. 

Sainisbury,  French  Novelists,  p.  71. 

Turcomans.    See  Turkomans. 

TurdusSolitarius(t6r'dussol-i-ta'ri-us).  [NL., 
'  Solitary  Thrush.']  A  constellation  introduced 
by  Le  Monnier  in  1776,  on  the  tail  of  Hydra,  and 
encroaching  on  the  southern  scale  of  Libra.  It 
is  no  longer  recognized. 

Tureune  (tU-ren').  A  place  in  the  department 
of  Corr&ze,  Prance,  18  miles  southwest  of  Tulle. 
It  has  a  ruined  chateau. 

Turenne,  Vicomte  de  (Henri  de  La  Tour 
d'Auvergne).  Bom  at  Sedan,  France,  Sept. 
11,  1611:  killed  at  Sasbach,  near  Offenburg, 
Baden,  July  27, 1675.  A  celebrated  French  mar- 
shal, grandson  of  "William  the  Silent.  He  was 
brought  up  in  the  Reformed  Church ;  learned  the  art  of  war 
under  his  uncle  Maurice  of  Nassau ;  and  was  given  a  regi- 
ment in  the  French  army  byEichelieu  in  1630.  He  served 
with  distinction  under  De  la  Force,  Cardinal  La  V^alette, 
Bernhard  of  Saxe-Weimar,  andD'Harcourt,  and  In  1689  was 
appointed  to  a  command  in  Italy,  He  was  in  1643  trans- 
ferred to  Germany  by  Mazarin,  by  whom  he  was  created  a 
marshal  of  France  in  1644.  His  four  brilliant  campaigns 
in  Germany  (1644-47)  prepared  the  way  materially  for  the 
peace  of  Westphalia  in  1648.  During  the  disturbances  of  the 
Fronde  (1648-53)  he  at  first  supported  the  parliament,  but 
afterward  sided  with  the  court,  and  in  1662  defeated  Cond6 
at  Gien  and  at  the  Faubourg  Saint- Antoine.  After  the  re- 
turn of  peace  at  home,  he  took  command  against  the  Span- 
iards under  Cond^  (who  had  in  the  meantime  fled  from 
France  and  accepted  the  post  of  general-in-chief  of  the 
Spanish  armies).  His  victory  of  the  Dunes  in  1658  decided 
the  war,  and  was  followed  by  the  peace  of  the  Pyrenees  in 
1659.  He  was  created  marshal-general  of  the  armies  of 
France  in  1660 ;  conquered  French  Flanders  in  1667 ;  ab- 
jured Protestantism  and  joined  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
in  1668 ;  commanded  in  the  Netherlands  in  1672 ;  and  devas- 
tated thePalatinate  in  1674.  He  was  opposed  during  the  next 
campaign  by  the  Imperial  general  Montecuculi,  and  was 
killed  by  a  cannon-ball  while  reconnoitering  at  Sasbach. 

Turfan  (tor-fan' ).  An  occasional  name  of  a  part 
of  Eastern  Turkestan. 

Turgai  (tor-^'),  or  Turgansk  (tor-gansk').  A 
province  in  the  Kirghiz  Steppe,  Russian  Cen- 
tral Asia,  situated  east  of  Uralsk  and  north  of 
the  Sea  of  Aral  and  Sir-Daria.  Area,  176,219 
square  miles.    Population  (1889),  364,660. 

Turgenieff  (tor-gan'yef),  Alexander.  Bom 
1784j  died  at  Moscow,  Dec.  17,  1845.  A  Eus- 
sian  historian,  author  of  "Historiea  Eussise 
monumenta"  (1841-42),  etc. 

Turgenieff,  Ivan  Sergeyevich.  Bom  at  Orel, 
Russia,  Nov.  9,  1818:  died  at  Bougival,  near 
Paris,  Sept.  3,  1883.  A  celebrated  Russian 
novelist.  He  was  educated  at  Moscow  and  St.  Peters- 
burg, and  in  1838  went  to  Berlin  to  study  philosophy  and 
the  classics.  About  1840  he  received  an  appointment  in 
the  ministry  of  the  interior.  He  began  to  publish  poems 
in  1841;  and  his  first  novel,  "Andrei  Kolossofl,"  appeared 
in  1844.  He  contributed  to  the  emancipation  of  the  serfs 
through  his  "  Annals  of  a  Sportsman,"  sometimes  translat- 
ed as  "  Sketches  from  the  Diaiy  of  a  Sportsman  "  (1845-57) : 
the  first  of  these  appeared  in  English  in  the  "Contempo- 
rary Review  "  in  1847 ;  they  were  also  published  in  French 
and  German,  and  raised  him  to  a  high  rank  as  an  author. 
In  1852  some  remarks  on  Russian  officialism,  made  in  an 
obituary  letter  on  Gogol,  led  to  his  being  deprived  of 
his  position,  imprisoned,  and  afterward  banished  several 
years  in  Orel,  in  the  interior  of  Russia.  In  1854  he  was 
allowed  to  return,  and  in  later  life  lived  in  Baden-Ba^ 
den  and  Paris,  with  short  visits  to  Russia  and  elsewhere. 
He  created  much  personal  antagonism  by  his  analysis  of 
political  parties,  and  was  misunderstood  by  those  with 
whom  he  was  most  in  sympatliy.  The  epithet "  Nihilist," 
which  he  applied  to  revolutionary,  was  applied  by  the 
government  to  all  socialistic  and  democratic,  tendencies. 
Later,  however,  popular  opinion  was  in  his  favor.  Among 
his  chief  novels  are  "  Rudin  "  (1855),  "  A  Nest  of  Nobles  " 
(1858),  "Helene"(transIatedas"On  the  Eve,"  1860),  "Fa- 
tliers  and  Sons  "  (1862  :  in  this  the  epithet  Nihilist  is  in- 


1014 

troduoed  and  defined),  "Smoke"  (1867),  "Virgin  Soil" 
(ISrti),  "'Punin  and  Baburin,"  "A  Lear  of  the  Steppe," 
'  ■  Clara  Militch."  He  also  wrote  "  Senilia  "  (1883 ;  a  poem), 
etc.    The  name  is  also  written  Twrgenef,  Tmurguenieff,  etc. 

Turgenieff,  Nikolai.  Bom  1790 :  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.,  1871.  A  Eussian  historian,  brother  of 
Alexander  Turgenieff.  He  wrote  "  La  Eussie 
et  les  Eusses  "  (1847),  etc. 

Turgot  (tiir-go'),  Anne  Robert  Jacques,  Baron 
de  I/Aulne.  Bom  at  Paris,  May  10, 1727:  died 
there,  March  20, 1781.  A  noted  French  states- 
man, political  economist,  and  financier.  He  at 
first  studied  theology  and  then  law,  and  became  an  advo- 
cate in  1752,  and  master  of  "requStes"  in  1753.  He  was 
intendant  of  Limoges  1761-74 ;  and  was  appointed  minister 
of  marine  in  1774,  and  immediately  afterward  controller- 
general  of  finance.  In  this  office  heplanned  many  reforms, 
including  the  abolition  of  corvfes  and  of  various  feudal 
privileges,  the  securing  of  liberty  of  trade,  the  establish- 
ment of  a  comprehensivesystem  of  publioinstruction,  etc., 
which  outlived  many  of  the  results  afterward  attained  by 
the  Revolution.  He  was  bitterly  opposed  by  various  classes, 
and  was  dismissed'  by  the  king  in  May,  1776.  His  complete 
works  were  edited  by  Dupont  de  Nemours  1808-11. 

Turia  (tU'ri-a).  The  ancient  name  of  the  Gua- 
dalaviar. 

Turin  (tii'rin).  A  province  in  the  comparti- 
mento  of  Piedmont,  Italy.  Area,  3,955  square 
miles.     Population  (1892),  1,097,479. 

Turin,  It.  Torino  (to-re'no).  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Turin,  Italy,  situated  on  the 
Po,  near  its  junction  with  the  Dora  Riparia,  in 
lat.  45°  4' N.,  long.  7°  42'  E.:  the  ancient  Tau- 
rasia,  Eoman  Augusta  Tauriuorum  (whence  the 
modern  name).  It  is  regularly  built,  with  many 
squares  and  broad  streets ;  is  the  seat  of  important  trade 
for  northern  Italy ;  has  varied  manufactures ;  and  is  rap- 
idly growing.  It  contains'  a  university,  cathedral,  cas- 
tle (Palazzo  Madama),  royal  palace  (with  the  royal  armory 
and  library),  Palazzo  Carignano  (former  seat  of  Parliament, 
now  containing  collections  in  natural  history),  palace  of 
the  Academy  of  Sciences  (with  a  museum  of  antiquities 
and  picture-gallery),  monument  of  Cavour,  etc.  Victor 
Emmanuel  and  Cavour  were  born  there.  Turin  was  the 
ancient  capital  of  the  Taurini  (whence  the  name) ;  was  cap- 
tured by  Hannibal  in  218  B.  c. ;  became  the  chief  town  of 
Piedmont,  and  was  acquired  by  the  dukes  of  Savoy  in  1032 ; 
was  occupied  by  the  French  in  the  first  part  of  the  16th 
century,  but  was  recovered  by  Savoy  in  1562 ;  was  again 
taken  by  the  French  in  1640 ;  was  taken  by  th  e  Imperialists 
under  Prince  Eugene  in  1706 ;  was  captured  by  the  Firench 
in  1798,  and  by  Suvaroflf  in  1799 ;  and  was  retaken  by  the 
French  in  1800,  and  restored  to  Sardinia  in  1814.  Turin 
played  an  important  part  in  the  national  movements  of 
the  19th  century,  and  was  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Italy  1861-65.    Population  (1901) ,  commune,  336,666. 

Turin,  Treaties  of.  1.  A  peace  between  France 
and  Savoy  in  1696. —  2.  An.  armistice  negoti- 
ated by  Bonaparte  with  Sardinia  in  1796. 

Turkestan  (tor-kes-tan'),  or  Turkistan  (tsr- 
kis-tan').  ['Land  of  the  Turks.']  A  region 
with  indefinite  limits  in  Asia,  east  of  the  Cas- 
pian, south  of  Siberia,  and  north  of  Persia, 
Afghanistan,  and  Tibet.  The  name  Is  sometimes 
used  as  synonymous  with  central  Asia,  but  is  generally 
limited  to  -the  western  portion  of  this  region,  included 
chiefly  in  Russia  and  its  dependencies,  or  to  the  highlands 
and  plains  east  of  the  Transcaspian  lowlands  and  west  of 
Eastern  Turkestan. 

Turkestan,  or  Turkistan.  A  general  govern- 
ment of  Eussian  Central  Asia,  comprising  the 
provinces  Samarkand,  Sir-Daria,  and  Fergha- 
na. Area,  about  258,000  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1885),  2,458,509. 

Turkestan,  Afghan.    See  Afghan  Turkestan. 

Turkestan,  East.    See  East  Turkestan. 

Turkestan,  Russian.    See  Turkestan. 

Turkestan,  West.  That  part  of  central  Asia 
which  is  west  of  Eastern  Turkestan.  See  Tur- 
kestan. 

Turkey  (tfer'ki),  or  the  Ottoman  Empire.  [F. 
Turguie,  G.  Die  Tiirkei,  It.  TurcMa,  Sp.  Turguia : 
Turk,  name  of  the  empire  Osmanli  Vilaieti :  NL. 
Turcia,  from  Turcus,  Turk :  see  Turks."]  An  em- 
pire in  the  southeast  of  Europe,  southwest  of 
Asia,  and  northern  Africa.  Capital,  Constanti- 
nople. It  comprises  as  immediate  possessions :  in  Eu- 
rope, the  vilayets  or  divisions  of  Constantinople,  Adriano- 
ple,  Saloniki,  Monastir,  Servia,  Skutari,  Janina,  Kosovo, 
and  Crete;  in  Africa,  the  vilayets  of  Tripoli  and  Ben- 
gazi ;  and  in  Asia,  Asia  Minor  (12  vilayets),  Armenia  and 
Kurdistan  (5),  Mesopotamia  (3),  and  Syria  and  Arabia  (8). 
It  has  also  the  following  nominal  possessions :  the  tribu- 
tary principality  of  Samos ;  Cyprus  (administered  by  Great 
Britain);  Bosnia,  Herzegovina,  and  Novibazar  (adminis- 
tered by  Austriar Hungary);  Bulgaria  with  Eastern  Rume- 
lia  (practically  independent) ;  and  Egypt  (which  pays  trib- 
ute). The  surface  is  largely  mountainous  in  European 
Turkey,  in  Asia  Minor,  Turkish  Armenia,  and  Kurdistan, 
and  in  western  Syria.  The  principal  occupations  are  agri- 
culture and  pastoral  pursuits.  The  leading  exports  are 
raisins,  silk,  mohair,  opium,  wheat,  cotton,  wool,  coffee, 
fruits,  skins,  oil,  and  valonia.  The  goveminent  is  an  ab- 
solute monarchy  under  the  sultan  as  sovereign.  Govern- 
ment is  administered  by  the  grandvizir,theSheik-ul-Islam, 
and  the  cabinet.  The  leading  religion  is  Mohammedanism ; 
but  the  Greek,  Roman  Catholic.  Armenian,  Syrian,  Jew- 
ish, Protestant,  and  Maronite  creeds  ar*  also  recognized 
by  the  government.  The  inhabitants  comprise  Turks, 
Greeks,  Armenians,  Bulgarians,  Albanians,  Jews,  Syri- 
ans, Arabs,  etc.    The  nucleus  of  the  Ottoman  empire  was 


Turner,  Joseph  Mallord  William 

formed  in  Asia  Minor  in  the  13th  century  under  Et-fogh- 
rul.  Under  his  son  Osman  or  Othman  (1288-1326),  who  ia 
regarded  as  the  founder  of  the  empire,  and  Osman's  son 
Orkhan  (1326-69),  a  powerful  realm  was  reared  on  the 
ruins  of  the  Seljukian  and  Byzantine  power  in  Asia  Minor. 
Amurath  I.  took  Adrianople  (1361),  which  he  made  the 
capital,  and  broke  the  power  of  Servia  in  1389.  The.Turk- 
ish  power  was  extended  under  Bajazet  I.,  who  subjugated 
Bulgaria  and  made  Wallachia  tributary,  and  under  Amii- 
rath  II.  Mohammed  II.  took  Constantinople  and  over- 
threw the  Byzantine  empire  in  1463,  and  conquered  Trebl- 
zond,  etc.  The  empire  reached  its  height  in  the  16th 
century,  through  the  conquest  of  Syria,  Egypt,  Rhodes,  a 
great  part  of  Hungary,  and  the  extension  of  suzerainty  over 
Algeria,  etc.  The  Turks  were  repulsed  before  Vienna  in 
1683 ;  suffered  great  losses  at  the  hands  of  Austria  in  the 
end  of  the  17th  century  and  the  beginning  of  the  18th,  and 
at  the  hands  of  Russia  in  the  last  part  of  the  18th  century 
and  the  beginning  of  the  19th  ;  lost  Greece  1821-29 ;  had 
an  unsuccessful  war  with  Russia  1828-29 ;  and  took  part 
in  the  Crimean  war  1853-66.  Egypt  meanwhile  had  be. 
come  practically  independent.  Insurrections  in  Crete, 
Bosnia,  and  Herzegovina,  and  wars  with  Servia  and  Mon- 
tenegro, were  followed  by  the  unsuccessful  war  with  Rus- 
sia 1877-78;  the  independence  of  Rumania,  Servia,  and 
Montenegro  was  recognized  in  1878 ;  and  Bulgaria,  Bosnia, 
Herzegovina,  and  Cyprus  were  practically  lost.  Turkey 
was  compelled  to  make  a  large  cession  to  Greece  in  1881, 
but  was  victorious  in  a  conflict  with  that  country  in  1897. 
Eastern  Rumelia  was  united  with  Bulgaria  in  1886.  The 
area  of  Turkey's  immediate  possessions  is  estimated  at 
over  1,000,000  square  miles ;  the  population  at  27,694,600. 

Turkey  River.  A  river  in  northeastern  Iowa 
which  joins  the  Mississippi  25  miles  northwest 
of  Dubuque.     Length,  over  100  miles. 

Tiirkheim  (tiirk'hlm) .  A  town  in  Upper  Alsace, 
Alsace-Lorraine,  40  miles  southwest  of  Stras- 
burg.  There,  Jan.  5,  1675,  the  French  under 
Turenne  defeated  the  Imperialists. 

Turkistan.    See  Turkestan. 

Turkmantchai.    A  place  in  Persia,  70  miles 

southeast  of  Tabriz.  Here,  in  1828,  peace  was  con- 
cluded between  Russia  .and  Persia.  Russia  acquired  Per- 
sian Armenia,  and  great  influence  oyer  Persia. 

Turkomania  (ter-ko-ma'ni-a).  The  country 
of  the  Turkomans,  in  central  Asia,  north  of  Per- 
sia and  Afghanistan :  annexed  by  Eussia. 

Turkomans  (ter'ko-manz).  A  branch  of  the 
Turkish  race,  founii  cfiiefly  in  central  Asia  (in 
Eussian  territory),  Persia,  and  Afghanistan. 
Nearly  all  are  nomads.  Among  the  tribes  are  the  Tekkes 
of  Merv  and  Akhal,  the  Sariks,  etc.  Also  Turcffmans  or 
Turkmans. 

Turko-Russian  Wars.  See  Sussian  Wars  with 
Turkey. 

Turks  (tferks).  1.  The  race  now  dominant  in 
Turkey:  the  Ottomans.  See  Ottomans. — 2.  In 
an  extended  sense,  the  members  of  a  race  re- 
garded as  related  to  the  Mongols :  a  branch  of 
the  Ural-Altaic  family,  in  this  sense  the  Turkish 
race  includes  the  Petchenegs,  Uzbegs,  Turkomans,  Otto- 
man Turks,  etc. 

A  revolt  took  place  against  the  Jouan-Jouan  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  sixth  century,  when  the  Turks  eo  nomine 
are  for  the  first  time  heard  of  in  history.  They  founded 
an  empire  which  stretched  from  the  borders  of  Manchuria 
to  the  Carpathians,  and  commanded  also  Transoxiana  and 
the  country  as  far  as  the  Indus.  Th  eir  power  south  of  the 
Sihun  or  Jaxartes  was  sapped  and  eventually  destroyed  by 
the  Arabs, who  founded  the  Samani  dynasty ;  but  theTurks 
remained  masters  of  the  steppes,  and  supplied  die  Sama- 
nis,  and  even  the  Khalifs,  with  mercenary  troops  whose 
leaders  presently  supplanted  their  masters  and  founded  a 
famous  Turkish  dynasty  at  Ghazni,  while  somewhat  later 
fresh  hordes  under  their  own  leaders  planted  themselves 
In  Khorasan  and  created  the  splendid  empire  of  the  Sel- 
juks,  who  from  the  eleventh  to  the  thirteenth  century  gov- 
erned the  greater  part  of  the  Khalifs'  dominions  in  Asia, 
and  advanced  the  Mohammedan  rule  into  the  mountain 
ranges  of  Anatolia,  and  thus  prepared  the  way  for  the  Otto- 
mans, their  successors.  Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  4. 

Turnacum.  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of 
northern  (3-aul,  on  the  site  of  the  modern  Tour- 
nai.    See  Tournay. 

Turner  (ter'nfer),  Charles  Tennyson.  Born  at 
Sowerby,  July  4, 1808 :  died  April  25, 1879.  An 
English  poet,  brother  of  Alfred  Tennyson. 

Turner,  Charles  Y.    Bom  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  . 
Nov.  25,  1850.     An  American  figure-painter. 
He  studied  at  New  York,  and  with  Laurens,  Munkacsy, 
and  Bonnat  at  Paris. 

Turner,  Joseph  Mallord  William.     Bom  at 

London,  April  23, 1775:  died  there,  Deo.  19, 1851. 
A  famous  English  landscape-painter,  the  son  of 
a  barber  in  London.  His  education  was  meager,  but 
he  devoted  himself  to  drawing  at  a  very  early  age.  In 
1789  he  entered  the  school  of  the  Royal  Academy,  and  for 
a  short  time  worked  with  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  In  1790 
he  exhibited  a  "View  of  the  Ai-chbishop"s  Palace,  Lam- 
beth," at  the  Royal  Academy.  He  was  made  associate 
of  the  Royal  Academy  in  1799,  and  royal  academician  in 
1802.  Before  the  latter  date  he  was  more  noted  for  his 
water-color  painting,  the  advance  in  which  is  largely 
due  to  him.  Between  1795  and  1799  he  sent  thirty-nine 
works  to  the  academy  exhibitions.  In  1808  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  perspective  at  the  academy.  He  visited  Scot- 
land in  1800,  and  the  Continent  about  1802  and  in  1804.  In 
1803  he  exhibited  six  foreign  subjects,  among  them  the 
famous  "Calais  Pier."  From  1806  to  1816  he  produced 
his  "Liber  Studiorum  "  (which  see),  a  rival  of  the  "Liber 
Veritatis"  of  Claude.  After  1797  his  work  becomes  more 
and  more  imaginative.     In  1813  he  commenced  the  illus- 


Turner,  Joseph  Mallord  Williain 

trations  for  Cooke's  "  Southern  Coast."  In  1818  he  went  to 
Scotland  to  make  the  illustrations  for  Scott's  "  Provincial 
Antiquities."  In  1819  he  visited  Italy  lor  the  first  time. 
The  visit  was  followed  by  increased  brilliancy  of  color,  as 
in  "  The  Golden  Bough  "  and  "  The  Fighting  T^m^raire." 
Inl819-21hemuBtratedWhitaker'8"HistoryofRichmond- 
Bhire,"  in  1824  "  The  Rivers  of  England,"  in  1830  Rogers's 
"Italy,"  and  in  183S-SS  "The  Rivers  of  France."  He  de- 
veloped a  new  school  of  engravers.  In  1828  he  again 
visited  Italy.  His  first  Venetian  picture  appeared  at  the 
academy  In  1833.  In  1839  he  exhibited  "  The  Fighting 
T^m^ralre,"  in  1840  " The  Slave  Ship,"  and  in  1842  "The 
Burial  of  Wilkie  at  Sea."  He  continued  to  exhibit  till 
1850b  His  popular  fame  is  due  largely  to  the  enthusiastic 
praise  of  him  in  the  writings  of  Ruskin. 

Tomer,  Sharon.  Bom  at  London,  Sept.  24, 
1768 :  died  there,  Feb.  13,  1847.  An  English 
historian.  His  chi^f  works  are  a  "History  of 
the  Anglo-Saxons"  (4  vols.  1799-1805),  and  a 
"History  of  England"  (1814-29). 

Turner's  Falls  (tfir'nferz  faiz).  A  manufac- 
turing village  in  Franklin  County,  Massachu- 
setts, situated  on  the  Connecticut  35  miles 
north  of  Springfield.  Population  (1895),  4,202. 
■  Turner's  Gap  (tfer'nerz  gap).  A  pass  in  the 
South  Mountain,  Maryland :  the  scene  of  part 
of  the  hattle  of  South  Mountain,  Sept.  14, 1862. 

Turnhout  (tom'hout).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Antwerp,  Belgium,  25  miles  east  by  north  of 
Antwerp.  Here,  Jan.  22, 1697,  the  Dutch  under  Mau- 
rice of  Nassau  defeated  the  Spaniards ;  and  here,  Oct.  27s 
1789,  the  Belgians  defeated  the  Austrians.  Population, 
18,747. 

Turnus  (ter'nus).  In  Roman  legend,  the  king 
of  the  Butulians,  in  Italy,  at  the  period  of  the 
arrival  of  the  Trojans  under  ^neas. 

Turpin  (tfer'pin ;  F.  pron.tiir-pah').  Died  about 
794.  An  archbishop  of  Eheims,  famous  as  the 
erroneously  reputed  author  of  a  history  of 
Charlemagne  which  was  really  composed  in  the 
11th  or  12th  century. 

The  chronicle  of  the  pseudo-Tmi)in  is  of  little  real  im- 
portance in  the  history  of  French  literature,  because  it  is 
•admitted  to  have  been  written  in  Latin.  The  busy  idle- 
ness of  critics  has,  however,  prompted  them  to  discuss  at 
great  length  the  question  whether  the  "Chanson  de  Roland  " 
may  not  possibly  have  been  composed  from  this  chronicle. 
The  facts  are  these.  Tilpin  or  Turpin  was  actually  arch- 
bishop of  Eheims  from  753-794,  but  nbbody  pretends  that 
the  chronicle  going  under  his  name  is  authentic.  All  that 
is  certain  is  that  it  is  not  later  than  1165,  and  that  it  is 
probably  not  earlier  than  the  middle,  or  at  most  the  be- 
ginning, of  the  eleventh  century,  while  the  part  of  it  which 
is  more  particularly  in  question  is  of  the  end  of  that  cen- 
tury. ' '  Roland  "is  almost  certainly  of  the  middle  at  latest. 
Saintshury,  French  Lit.,  p.  127,  note. 

Turpin  (tfer'pin),  Dick.  A  notorious  English 
highwayman  who  was  executed  in  1739.  The 
popular  account  of  his  famous  ride  to  York  on  his  mare 
"Black  Bess"  is  not  mentioned  in  the  "Newgate  Calen- 
dar," and  in  its  original  form  is  said  to  have  been  written 
by  Maginn. 

Turretin  (P-  pron.  tur-tan'),  or  Turretini  (tor- 
ra-te'ne),  B6n6dict.  Born  1588:  died  1631.  A 
Swiss  Protestant  theologian. 

Turveydrop  (ter'vi-drop),  Mr.  A  fatuous  char- 
acter, a  "model  of  deportment,"  in  Dickens's 
"  Bleak  House." 

Tus.    See  Tuz. 

Tusayan,  or  Tugayan  (te-sa-yan'),  or  Tuzan. 
A  confederacy  of  North  American  Indian  tribes 
inhabiting  the  pueblos  of  Mashon^avi,  Oraibi, 
Shumepovi,  Shupaulovi,  Siehumovi,  Walpi,  and 
Hano,  on  the  summits  of  four  mesas  about  50 
miles  east  of  the  Colorado  Chiquito,  northeast- 
ern Arizona.  All  the  pueblos  except  Hano  are  inhab- 
ited by  a  kindred  people.  This  distinct  village  was  built 
In  the  latter  part  of  the  17th  century  by  fugitive  Tewa  Indi- 
ans (which  see)  from  the  Rio  Grande  valley.  New  Mexico. 
The  name  Is  derived  from  Usaya,  the  Zuni  name  of  the 
two  principal  pueblos  once  inhabited  by  the  Tusayan  Con- 
federacy. Uopi  or  Hopituh  is  the  name  by  which  the  tribe 
calls  itself.  Also  called  Cinyumuh,  Bapitn,  Hopee,  Magui, 
Maqui,  Mohoce,  Mohotze,  MoH,  Monlcey  Indians,  Opii,  She- 
n<mm,Shinumo,a,nA7'otonteac.  (_SeeShoshonean.)  Number 
(1893),  about  2,000. 

Tuscaloosa  (tus-ka-lo'sS).  The  capital  of  Tus- 
caloosa County,  Alabama,  situated  on  the  Black 
"Warrior  River  89  miles  northwest  of  Montgom- 
ery. It  is  the  seat  of  Alabama  University,  and 
was  formerly  the  capital  of  Alabama.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  5,094. 

Tuscan  (tus'kan)  Archipelago.  A  group  of 
islands  west  of  Tuscany,  including  Elba  and 
some  smaller  islands. 

Tuscan  Sea.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
part  of  the  Mediterranean  west  of  Tuscany. 

Tuscany  (tus'ka-nl).  [a.  Toscana,  F.  Toscane, 
from  It.  Toscana,  the  Tuscan  state,  fromL.  Etrvs- 
eus,  Etruscan.]  Acompartimento  of  the  kingdom 
of  Italy,  and  former  grand  duchy,  bounded  by 
Liguria,  Emilia,  the  Marches,  Umbria,  Latium, 
and  the  Mediterranean .  It  comprises  the  provinces  of 
Florence,  Lucca,  Massa  e  Carrara,  Pisa,  Leghorn,  Grosseto, 
Arezzo,  and  Siena.  It  corresponds  nearly  to  the  ancient 
Etruria  (see  Etruria').  It  was  ruled  by  the  Romans,  Goths, 
Byzantine  Greeks,  Lombards,  and  Pranks,  and  after  the 


1015 


Twiggs 


Frankish  conquest  constituted  a  margravate.    The  oele-    mythology,  one  of  the  Adityas,  but  in  the  Rig- 
brated  countess  MatUda,  who  reigned  from  1076  to  1116,    yeda  the  Hephsestus  or  Vulcan  of  the  Indian 

beaueathed  her  dnmininnH  to  the  nnnpfl.    ThAirnnafipflnfnn.  .-  .-  ^   .-        -  ^.     . 


bequeathed  her  dominions  to  the  popes.  Their  possession! 
however,  was  contested  by  the  emperors  of  Germany,  and 
in  the  meanwhile  Tuscany  became  completely  disinte- 
grated, various  independent  republics  in  addition  to  Pisa 
(Florence,  Lucca,  Siena,  etc.)  rising  to  prominence.  Flor- 
ence ultimately  absorbed  the  other  republics,  and  in  1669 
her  dominions  were  erected  into  the  grand  duchy  of 
Tuscany,  under  the  house  of  Medici.  Tuscany  passed 
from  the  house  of  Medici  to  that  of  Lorraine  in  1737,  and 
became  an  Austrian  "  secundogeniture  "  ;  was  occupied 
by  the  French  in  1799;  was  given  as  the  kingdom  of 
Etruria  to  the  house  of  Parma  in  1801;  was  taken  again  Tver  (tvar) 
by  the  French  in  1807,  and  incorporated  with  France  in  rounded  bv 
1808 ;  and  was  restored  to  the  Hapsburg-Lorraine  line  in  —  -  -- 
1814.  There  were  revolutionary  troubles  in  1848-49.  The 
grand  duke  Leopold  II.  was  obliged  to  quit  the  country 
in  1859,  and  in  1860  Tuscany  was  annexed  by  Victor 
EmmanueL  Area  of  compartimento,  9,304  square  miles. 
Population  (1892),  2,288,747. 


Tuscarawas  (tus-ka-ra'was)  River.  A  river  in 
northeastern  Ohio  which  unites  with  the  Mohi- 
can River  at  Coshocton  to  form  the  Muskingum. 
Length,  about  125  miles. 


pantheon,  the  ideal  artist,  the  divine  artisan. 
He  sharpens  the  iron  ax  of  Brahmanaspati  and  forges  the 
thunderbolts  of  Indra,  which  are  golden,  or  of  iron  with 
a  thousand  points  and  a  hundred  edges.  He  bestows  off- 
spring and  forms  husband  and  wife  for  each  other,  even 
from  the  womb.  All  worlds  or  beings  are  his.  He  is  in 
several  passages  connected  with  the  Ribhus,  who,  like  him, 
are  skilful  workmen.  His  daughter  is  Saranyu,  whom  he 
gives  in  marriage  to  Vivasvant,  and  to  whom  she  bears  the 
Ashvins,  and  Yama  and  Yami,  the  primeval  pair. 

1.  A  government  of  Russia,  sur- 
the  governments  of  Novgorod, 
Yaroslav,  Vladimir,  Moscow,  Smolensk,  and 
Pskoff.  Area,  25,225  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion, 1,791,000.-3.  The  capital  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Tver,  situated  on  both  banks  of  the 
Volga,  at  its  junction  with  the  Tvertsa,  about 
lat.  56°  50'  N.,  long.  36°  E.  it  has  manufactures 
of  cotton  goods,  etc.,  and  considerable  trade.  Formerly 
it  was  the  capital  of  an  independent  principality.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  40,962. 


Tuscarora(tus-ka-r6'ra).  [PI.,  also  Tuscaroras.l  Tver,  Principality  of.  A  medieval  PM-Cipal- 
A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians  who  lived,  ity™  northern  central  Russia  m  the  13th-15th 
whenfirstknown,upontheN6useEiverinNorth    centuries.    Itwas  annexed  by  Ivan  IH.  of  Mos- 

Carolina.    In  1711  they  rose  against  the  colonists,  and  -f®^.™  ll^^',        „        ^, 

after  several  years  of  warfare  were  nearly  destroyed  ;  the  Iwain,  Mark.     See  Clemens. 

remainder  subsequently  joined  the  Iroquois,  forming  the  Tweed  (twed).    A  river  in  Scotland  and  on  the 

sixth  tribe  of  that  confederacy^  and  settling  in  the  ter-    boundary  between  Scotland  and  England.    It 


ritory  of  the  Oneidas  in  New  York.  Their  name  means 
'  unwiUing  to  be  with  others,'  probably  referring  to  their 
early  separation  from  the  other  Iroquois.  They  number 
now  about  700,  about  equally  divided  between  New  York 
and  Ontario.     See  IroqiwU. 

Tusculan  Disputatious.  A  work  in  five  books 
by  Cicero,  dedicated  to  M.  Brutus,  consisting 


rises  in  Peeblesshire ;  traverses  Peebles,  Selkirk,  and 
Roxburgh ;  forms  the  boundary  between  Berwick  and 
Northumberland ;  and  enters  the  North  Sea  at  Berwick. 
Among  its  tributaries  are  the  Ettrick,  Teviot,  Till,  Gala, 
Leader,  Eden,  Leet,  and  Whiteadder.  On  it  are  Peebles, 
Abbotsford,  Melrose,  Dryburgh  Abbey,  Kelso,  Norham 
Castle,  etc.    Length,  97  miles. 


of  conversations  represented  as  taking  place  at  Tweed,  William  Marcy.    Bom  at  New  York, 
Cicero's  estate  at  Tusculum. 

Tusculuiu  (tus'ku-lum).  In  ancient  geography, 
a  city  of  Latium,  Italy,  situated  in  the  Alban 
Mountains,  33  miles  southeast  of  Rome,  near 
the  modern  Frascati.  Accordingtotradition  its  chief, 
Mamilius,  joined  Tarquinlus  Superbus  against  theEomans. 
Later  it  was  allied  with  Rome.  Under  the  republic  and 
empire  it  contained  villas  of  many  Romans  (Lucullus,  Pom- 
pey,  Brutus,  and  Cicero).  It  was  destroyed  near  the  end  of 
the  12th  century.  Its  ruins  contain  aRoman  amphitheater 
and  a  theater.  The  interior  of  the  former  is  reticulated 
masonry ;  the  seats  are  supported  on  vaulting  of  brickwork. 
The  axes  of  the  outer  ellipse  are  230  and  171  feet;  of  the 
arena,  167  and95feet.  The  latter  is  in  excellent  preserva- 
tion. There  are  16  tiers  of  seats,  divided  by  radial  stair- 
ways into  4  cunei ;  there  are  three  main  entrances.  The 
orchestra  remains  perfect,  and  there  is  much  of  the  stage 
structure. 

Tuscumbia  (tus-kum'bi-a).  The  capital  of  Col- 
bert County,  Alabama,  situated  near  the  Ten- 
nessee 5  miles  south  of  Florence.  Population 
(1900),  2,348, 


April  3,  1823:  died  there,  April  12,  1878.  A 
Democratic  politician  and  notorious  criminal. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  chair-maker,  and  learned  his  father's 
trade.  In  1852  he  became  an  alderman :  served  in  Con- 
gress 1853-55  ;  was  chairman  of  the  board  of  supervisors 
of  New  York  city  1856,  and  school  commissioner  1856-57; 
was  State  senator  186'?-71  (reelected  in  the  latter  year) ; 
and  was  appointed  commissioner  of  public  works  for  the 
city  in  1870.  He  became  chairman  of  the  general  com- 
mittee of  Tammany  Hall  and  grand  sachem  in  1863.  As 
the  head  of  a  group  of  influential  politicians  (Connolly, 
Sweeny,  HalL  and  others),  known  as  the  "Tweed  Ring," 
he  succeeded  in  getting  control  of  the  financial  affairs  of 
the  city,  and  in  robbing  it  of  many  millions  of  dollars.  He 
was  arrested  in  a  civil  suit  Oct.  28, 1871,  and  in  a  criminal 
action  in  December;  was  tried  in  Jan.,  1873,  and,  the 
jury  disagreeing,  was  again  tried  in  November  and  sen- 
tenced to  12  years'  imprisonment ;  was  released  on  legal 
technicalities  in  1875,  but  was  committed  to  Ludlow  street 
jail  in  default  of  bail  in  civil  suits;  escaped  and  fled  to 
Spain ;  was  arrested  by  the  Spanish  authorities  and  re- 
turned to  the  United  States;  and  was  recommitted  to 
Ludlow  street  jail,  where  he  died. 
Tweed  Ring.    SeeJZfeeed,  WilUam  Marcy. 


Tussaud's  (tii-soz'),  Madame,  Waxworks.  A  Tweedledum  and  Tweedledee.  A  phrase  in  a 
collection  of  waxworks  representing  notable  satirical  squib  by  Byrom  (1692-1763)  alluding 
persons,  and  various  curiosities,  on  the  Maryle-  to  the  differences  between  the  adherents  of 
bone  Road,  London,  near  Baker  street  station.  Handel  and  of  Buononcini.  See  Mandel. 
It  was  established  by  Madame  Marie  Grosholtz  Tussaud,  a  Twelfth  Night  Or  What  YoU  Will.  A  com- 
Swiss,  in  1802 :  she  died  in  1850.   She  learned  to  model  in    edy  by  Shakspere,  first  acted  in  1602  and  printed 


Paris,  and  after  an  imprisonment  during  the  Revolution 
brought  her  collection  to  London.  Many  of  the  flgures  now 
on  ejchibition  were  modeled  byher.  There  is  also  a  "Cham- 
ber of  HoiTOra,"  with  casts,  relics,  etc.,  of  executed  crimi- 
nals. 
Tusser  (tus'^r),  Thomas.  Born  at  Rivenhall, 
Essex,  about  1527:  died  at  London  about  April, 
1580.  An  English  poet.  He  was  a  chorister  of  St. 
Paul's ;  studied  at  Eton  and  at  King's  College,  Cambridge ; 
spent  ten  years  at  court ;  and  then  settled  on  a  farm  in 
Suffolk.  He  wrote  "A  Hundred  Good  Points  of  Good  Hus- 
bandry "  (1567),  "Five  Hundred  Points  of  Good  Husbandry 
United  to  as  Many  of  Good  Wiferie"  (1573),  etc. 

Tutivillus  (tu-ti-vU'us).    A  demon  who  was  Twelve  Tables. 


in  1623. 

The  critics  all  agree  that  some  outlines  of  the  serious 
portion  of  "  Twelfth  Night "  were  drawn,  directly  or  in- 
directly, from  theltalian  of  Bandello.  Several  intermedi- 
ate sources  have  been  pointed  out,  to  which  the  poet  may 
have  gone ;  and  among  them  the  English  of  Barnabe  Rich 
and  the  French  of  Belleforesti  either  of  which  might  well 
enough  have  been  the  true  one.  Besides  these,  two  Ital- 
ian plays  have  lately  been  discovered,  severally  entitled 
"  Gl'  Inganni  "  and  "  Gl'  Ingannati,"  both  also  founded 
upon  Bandello,  though  diifering  considerably  from  each 
other.  Hudson,  Int.  to  Twelfth  Night. 

The  tables  on  which  were  en- 
graved and  promTilgated  in  Rome  (451  and  450 
B.  C.)  short  statements  of  those  rules  of  Roman 
law  which  were  most  important  in  the  affairs  of 
daily  life.  They  were  drawn  up,  in  large  part,  it  seems, 
from  the  existing  law,  and  in  part  as  new  legislation,  by 
the  decemvirs,  and  hence  were  at  first  called  "the  laws 
of  the  decemvirs."  Ten  were  first  promulgated,  and  two 
were  soon  added.  They  formed  thereafter  the  principal 
, ,    -  „  .  basis  or  source  of  the  Roman  jurisprudence. 

^pn;.h%onuiS  mgS'  t-L^o^*™™"'  ^^^'^^^  *^'  Twenty-four  Parganas  (par-ga'naz).    A  dis- 
French.    Population  (1890),  9,780.  ^^j^^  j  *  Bengal,  British  India,  in  the  immediate 

vicinity  of  Calcutta.  Area,  2,124  square  miles. 
Population  (1881),  1,869,859,  excluding  Cal- 
cutta. 

Twenty  Years  After.    See  Vingt  Ans  Apris. 

Twice-Told  Tales.  A  collection  of  stories  by 
Hawthorne,  published  in  1837.  A  second  series 
under  the  same  title  was  published  in  1842 


said  to  collect  all  the  fragments  of  words  which 
the  priests  had  skipped  over  or  mutilated  in  the 
performance  of  the  service,  and  to  carry  them 
to  hell.  Salliwell. 

Tuttlingen  (tut 'ling-en).  A  town  in  the  Black 
Forest  circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the  Dan- 
ube 29  miles  northwest  of  Constance.  It  has 
manufactures  of  shoes,  knives,  surgical  instruments,  eto. 


Tutuila.    The  third  in  importance  of  the  Sa- 

moan  Islands.  It  contains  the  harbor  of  Pango- 

Paugo.      It    belongs  to    the    United    Statta. 

Length,  17  miles.    Area,  55  square  miles. 
Tuxedo  (tuk-se'do)  Club.    A  fashionable  club, 

having  its  house  at  Tuxedo  Park,  New  York, 

and  a  membership  of  400  non-residents. 
TuxedoPark  (tuk-se'do  park).    A  fashionable  Twickenham  (twik'n-am).    A  town  in  Middle- 


settlement  in  Orange  County,  New  York,  35 
miles  north-northwest  of  New  York  city. 

Tuz  or  Tus,  or  Toos  (toz).  The  medieval  capi- 
tal of  Khorasan,  Persia.  It  was  the  birthplace 
of  Firdausi. 

Tvashtri  (twash'tri).  [Skt.,  'the  Shaper,'  from 
■/  too&«A,work,  hew,  fashion.]  In  the  later  Hindu 


sex,  England,  situated  on  the  Thames  11  miles 
west-southwest  of  London,  its  manor  belongs  to 
the  crown.  It  contains  many  villas,  and  was  once  the  resi- 
dence of  Alexander  Pope.    Population  (1891),  16,026. 

Twiggs  (twigz),  David  Emanuel.  Born  in  Rich- 
mond County,  Ga.,  1790:  died  at  Augusta,  Ga., 
Sept.  15, 1862.   An  American  general.   He  served 


Twiggs 

In  tbe  War  of  1812  and  in  the  Mexican  war,  becoming 
brigade  and  division  commander  under  Scott  in  1847.  As 
commander  of  the  department  of  Texas,  he  surrendered 
his  army,  stores,  etc.,  to  the  Confederate  general  McCul- 
loch,  Feb.,  1861.  He  was  thereupon  dismissed  from  the 
United  States  service,  and  was  appointed  a  Confederate 
major-general.    He  commanded  for  a  time  in  Loaisiana. 

Twightwees.    See  Miami. 

Twin  Rivals,  The.  A  play  by  Farqiihar,  pro- 
duced in  1702. 

Twist,  Oliver.    See  Oliver  Twist 

Twitcner  (twioli'er),  Jemmy.  A  treaoherous 
highwayman  in  Gay's  "Beggar's  Opera."  The 
nickname  was  given  to  Lord  Sandwich  by  the  newspapers 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  18th  century  on  account  of  certain 
irregularities  of  conduct. 

Two  Admirals,  The.  A  novel  hy  Cooper,  pub- 
lished in  1842. 

Two  Drovers,  The.  AnovelbySirWalterScott, 
one  of  the  "  Chronioles  of  the  Canongate,"  pub- 
lished in  1827. 

Two  Foscari  (fos'ka-re),  The.  A  tragedy  by 
Lord  Byron. 

Two  Grentlemen  of  Verona,  The.  A  comedy 
by  Shakspere  (the  date  of  production  is  uncer- 
tain: variously  stated  to  be  1591  and  1595), 
printed  in  1623.  Fleay  thinl<s  the  play  was  produced  in 
1591  with  work  by  a  different  hand  in  it,  which  was  cut 
out  and  replaced  by  Shakspere's  own  in  1695.  Parts  of 
the  story  are  Identical  with  that  of  the  shepherdess  Pilis- 
mena  in  Montemayor's  "Diana,"  translated  in  manuscript 
by  young  about  1683,  and  with  Bandello's  "ApoUonius 
and  Sylla." 

Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  The.  A  play  produced 
in  1625  and  published  m  1634  as  by  Fletcher  and 
Shakspere.  it  is  not  .now  supposed  that  Shakspere 
had  any  hand  in  it,  but  Massinger  and  Rowley  are  thought 
to  have  worked  with  Fletcher.  Fleay  suggests  Beaumont 
with  Fletcher.    The  story  is  that  of  Palamon  and  Arcitc. 

Two  Sicilies  (sis'i-liz),  Kingdom  of  the.    The 

united  kingdom  of  SioUy  and  southern  Italy.  The 
latter,  when  separate,  is  called  Sicily  on  this  side  the 
Faro  (or  Capo  del  Faro,  the  northeastern  promontory  of 
Sicily),  or  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  The  kingdom  com- 
prised (besides  the  island  of  Sicily),  Abruzzi  and  Molise, 
Apulia,  Campania,  Basilicata,  and  Calabria.  The  princi- 
pal periods  of  union  have  been  the  12th  and  13th  centuries 
(under  the  Normans,  Hohenstaufens,  and  Charles  of  An- 
jou),  1603-1713, 1713-1806,  and  1815-60.  Naples  was  under 
Joseph  Bonaparte  1806-08,  and  under  Murat  1808-16.  See 
further  under  Sicily. 

Two  Years  Ago.  A  novel  by  Kingsley,  pub- 
Ushed  in  1857. 

Two  Years  Before  the  Mast,  A  narrative  of 
sea  adventure,  by  Kiohard  Henry  Dana,  Jr., 
published  in  1840. 

Tyana  (ti'a-na).  [Gr.  Ttiava.]  In  ancient  geog- 
raphy, a  city  of  Cappadocia,  Asia  Minor.  Its 
ruins  arenearthemodem  Kill  ssa-Hissar,75miles  northwest 
of  Adana.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Apollonius  (of  Tyana). 

Tybalt  (tib'alt).  The  nephew  of  Lady  Capulet 
in  Shakspere's  "Eomeo  and  Juliet." 

Tybee  (ti-be')-  An  island  at  the  entrance  to 
the  Savannah  River,  Georgia.  On  it  were  placed 
Gilmore's  batteries  which  reduced  the  Confederate  fort 
Pulaski,  April,  1862.    Length,  6  miles. 

Tybee  Roads.  An  inlet  of  the  Atlantic,  near 
Savannah. 

Tyburn  (ti'bfem).  In  old  London,  a  tributary 
of  the  Thames  which  rose  in  the  olay-beds  at  the 
foot  of  the  Hampstead  Hills,  it  went  through 
Regent's  Park,  orossmg  Oxford  street  at  Sussex  Court, 
then  to  Green  Park,  through  Buckingham  Palace  gardens, 
and  through  St.  James's  Park,  to  Thorney,  Westminster. 
The  manor  at  Tybourne,  which  took  its  name  from  this, 
adjoined  that  of  Marylebone.  There  was  a  place  of  execu- 
tion on  the  Tyburn  near  what  is  now  the  Marble  Arch, 
Hyde  Park.  "  Tyburn  Tree  "  was  the  public  gallows  till 
the  executions  were  transferred  to  Newgate  in  1783. 

Tyburnia  (ti-ber'ni-a).  A  fashionable  quarter 
of  London,  north  of  Hyde  Park:  named  from 
the  former  Tyburn. 

Tyche  (ti'ke).  [Gr.  l-vxv,  a  personification  of 
good  fortune.]  In  Greek  mythology,  the  god- 
dess of  fortune,  a  divinity  whose  protection  was 
believed  to  assure  prosperity,  wealth,  and  good 
luck:  often  in  the  form  Agathe  Tyclie  (Good 
Fortune). 

Tycho  Brahe.    See  Brake. 

Tydides  (ti-di'dez) .  A  patronymic  of  Diomedes, 
the  son  of  Tydeus. 

Tyldesley  (tildz'li)  (with  Shakerley).  A  town  in 
Lancashire,  England,  10  miles  west-northwest 
of  Manchester.  Population  (1891),  12,891. 

Tyler  (ti'Wr).  The  capital  of  Smith  County, 
Texas,  115  miles  east  by  south  of  Fort  Worth. 
Population  (1900),  8,069. 

Tyler,  John.  Born  at  Greenway,  Charles  City 
County,  Va.,  March  29, 1790 :  died  at  Kichmond, 
Va.,  Jan.  18,  1862.  The  tenth  President  of  the 
United  States.  He  was  educated  at  William  and  Mary 
College ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1809 ;  was  member  of 
the  Virginia  legislature  1811-16 ;  volunteered  for  the  de- 
fense of  Kichmond  in  1813 ;  was  member  of  Congress  from 
Virginia  1816-21 ;  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  1823-23 ; 
was  governor  of  Virginia  1825-27 ;  and  was  United  States 
senator  from  Virginia  1827-36.    He  opposed  the  tariff,  the 


1016 


Tyrol 


bank,  and  the  Force  Bill;  and  resigned  in  Feb.,  1836,  from  Tvne  (tin).     A  river  in  northern  England.    It 


unwillingness  to  obey  instructions  of  the  Virginia  legisla- 
ture to  vote  for  the  "expunging  resolution  "  (which  see). 
He  received  47  electoral  votes  in  1836  as  candidate  of  the 
"State-rights  Whigs  "  for  Vice-President ;  was  reelected  to 
the  Virginia  legislatiure  in  1888;  and  was  nominated  by 
the  Whigs  as  candidate  for  Vice-President  in  Dec,  1839, 
and  elected  in  1840.  By  the  death  of  President  Harrison, 
he  became  President  April  4, 1841.  Among  the  leading 
events  of  his  administration  were  the  quarrel  with  the 
Whig  leaders ;  the  veto  of  the  fiscal  bank  bills  in  1841, 
notwithstanding  the  resignation  of  nearly  all  the  cabinet 
in  Sept.,  1841;  veto  of  the  protective  bill  in  1842;  the 
Ashborton  treaty;  and  the  annexation  of  Texas.  He  was 
nominated  for  President  by  a  Democratic  convention  in 
1844,  but  soon  withdrew.  He  was  made  peace  commis- 
sioner by  PresidentBuohanan  in  1861 ;  was  president  of  the 


.»  formed  by  the  union  of  the  North  Tyne  and  South 
Tyne,  which  unite  near  Hexham  after  traversing  North- 
umberland ;  flows  eastward  past  Newcastle ;  forms  part  of 
the  boundary  between  Northumberland  and  Durham ;  and 
empties  into  the  North  Sea  at  I'yneraouth.  Length,  about 
80  miles ;  navigable  for  large  vessels  to  Newcastle,  and  for 
small  vessels  to  Blaydon. 
Tynemouth (tin'muth ortin'muth).  Aborough 
in  Northumberland,  England,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Tyne  in  lat.  55°  1'  N.,  long.  1°  25' 
W.  It  comprises  the  wards  of  Tynemouth,  North  Shields, 
and  Percy.  It  is  a  watering-place  and  seaport,  and  has 
ship-building,  fisheries,  manufactures  of  ropes  and  sails, 
etc.  Its  priory  was  founded  in  the  7th  century,  and  has 
several  times  been  rebuilt.    Population  (1901),  61,514. 


peace  convention  in  Feb.,  1861 ;  favored  secession  in  Vir-  _  ,,.,    .    ,    t-™«„  T«r«i,i«      Ti/^^i,  o+ ■Rt.n/^1, 

ginia;andbeoameamemberoftheConfederateprovisional  Tyner  (ti  ner),  James  JSODle.     IJorn  at  iSrook. 
congress.  ville,  Ind.,  Jan.  17,  1826.     An  American  poh- 

Tyler,  Moses  Coit.  Born  Aug.  1,  1835 :  died  tioian.  He  was  Republican  United  States  senator  from 
Dec.  28, 1900.  An  American  scholar,  professor  Indiana  1869-75;  postmaster-general  1876^-77;  first  assist- 
of  English  at  the  University  of  Michigan  1867-  «"'  P^fS'^J-^ilT,'"^  ^'""®"  *""  ''"'*™*  **'°""'" 
1881,  and  of  American  history  at  Cornell  from  fyngwald,  or  Tinewald  (tin'wold).  The  par- 
1881.    Among  his  works  are  ^History  of  American  Lit-     ijament  orlegislature  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  eonsist- 


erature  "  (1878),  "  A  Manual  of  English  Literature  "  (1879), 
"  Life  of  Patrick  Henry  "  (1887). 
Tyler,  Wat  (Walter  the  Tyler).  Killed  at  Smith- 
field,  June  15,  1381.    The  leader  of  a  revolt  of 
peasants  of  England  in  1381.    He  is  said  to  have 


ingof  the  governor  and  council,  constituting  the 
upper  house,  and  the  House  of  Keys,  or  lower 
house.    It  is  independent  of  the  British  Parliament,  its 
^g     acts  requiring  only  the  assent  of  the  sovereign  in  council. 
kUled  a  tax-gatherS  who  insulted  his  daughter,  and  with  Tyng  (ting),  Stephen  HlggmSOn.   Born  at  New- 
Jack  Straw  to  have  led  the  men  of  Kent  and  Essex  to  Lon-     buryport,  Mass.,  March  1,1800:  died  at  Irving. 


don.    While  treating  with  Richard  II.  at  Smithfield,  he 
was  killed  by  Lord  Mayor  Walworth. 

Tylor  (ti'lor),  Edward  Burnett.  Bom  at  Cam- 
berwell,  6at.  2,  1832.  A  noted  English  anthro- 
pologist. He  was  educated  at  the  Friends'  School, 
Grove  House,  Tottenham ;  undertook  with  Henry  Christy 
a  scientific  journey  through  Mexico  in  1866 ;  was  appointed 


ton,  N.  Y. ,  Sept.  4, 1885.  A  Protestant  Episcopal 
clergyman  and  author:  rector  of  St.  George's 
Church,  New  York  city,  1844-78,  when  he  re- 
tired as  pastor  emeritus.  He  published  several  vol- 
umes of  sermons,  "Recollections  of  England"  (1847), 
"  Forty  Years'  Experience  in  Sunday-Schools  "  (1860), "  The 
Prayer-Book  Illustrated  by  Scripture  "  (1863-67),  etc. 


KceperoftneOxtordUniversityMuseumml883,andreader  m      ■.  /tj'fnn)       Tftr    TiiiiatMl     1     In  ftrpplr 

(1883)andprotessor(1896)inanthropology;wasnominated   lypnOU  (tl  ton).      L^Jl^.   LVfaav.j     i     in  (jreeK 
Gifford  lecturer  at  Aberdeen  in  1888 ;  and  was  president  of    mythology,  a  son  of  Typhoeus,  and  the  tatherof 


the  winds :  later  confused  with  Typhos  or  ^- 
■phoeus. —  2.  In  Egyptian  mythology :  see  iSet 
Tyr  (tir).  [ON.  Tyr."]  In  Northern  mythology, 
the  god  of  war  and  victory,  son  of  Odin.  He  is 
the  same  as  the  Anglo-Saxon  Tiw.  He  is  represented  with 
one  hand,  the  other  having  been  bitten  off  by  the  wolf 
Fenris,  in  whose  mouth  he  had  placed  it  as  a  pledge. 

:;?-=!.-:;-.- vA^v'  r^    v-A  /     .,    ■  *  Tyrannic  Love,  or  the  Royal  Martyr.    A 

He  studied  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge ;  was  ordained  priest     tragedy  bv  Dryden,  produced  in  1668  or  1669, 
aboutl521;  andwasforatimechaplainanddomestictutor         .=,    i.  -  lorrn 
inthefamilyofSirJohnWalsh,LittleSodbury,Gloucester-     Prmteam  Ib/li.  _  .... 

shire.    Having  exposed  himseE  to  persecution  on  account  Tyras  (ti  ras).     The  ancient  name  ot  the  river 

of  his  professions  of  sympathy  with  the  new  learning,  he     Dniester. 

left  England  for  the  Continent  in  1524,  and  after  a  visit  to  ij._e  (tir) .  [L.  Tvrus,  Gr.  Tipof ,  from  Phen.  (Heb.) 

Luther  atWittenberg  settled  at  Cologne,  whence,  however,   J-or^cv. ';''•.'•  L-"--'.^' "^j"  .•      ^'  ii  _    ,,      .   .  'v,..     / 

he  was  presently  expelled.     He  took  refuge  in  Worms, 

where  he  publislied  his  octavo  edition  of  the  New  Testa- 


the  Anthropological  Institute  1891-92.  His  works  include 
"  Anahuac,  or  Mexico  and  the  Mexicans"  (1861),  "Re- 
searches into  the  History  of  Mankind  "  (18661,  "  Primitive 
Culture"  (1871),  and  "Anthropology"  (1881). 

Tyndale,  or  Tindale  (tin'dal),  William.  Bom 

in  (Gloucestershire,  England,  about  1484:  exe- 
outedatVilvorde,near Brussels,Oct.6,1536.  An 
English  reformer,  and  translator  of  the  Bible 


ment  in  1526.  His  translation  of  the  Pentateuch  appeared 
at  Marburg  in  1630.  His  movements  between  1526  and  1630 
are  uncertain ;  after  1530  he  lived  chiefly  at  Antwerp.  He 
was  arrested  at  the  instance  of  Henry  VIII.,  May  24, 1535 ; 
was  imprisoned  in  the  castle  of  Vilvorde,  near  Brussels ; 
and  after  a  protracted  trial  for  heresy  was  strangled,  Oct. 
6, 1636,  his  body  being  burned  at  the  stake.  Among  his 
other  works  are  "Parable  of  the  Wicked  Mammon  "  (1527), 
"Obedience  of  a  Christian  Man"  (1528),  and  "Practice  of 
Prelates  "  (1630). 
l^dall  (tin'dal),  John.  Bom  at  Leighlin 
Bridge,  Ireland,'  Aug.  21,  1820:  died  at  Hasle- 
mere,  Surrey,  England,  Dee.  4, 1893.  A  distin- 
guished British  physicist.  Having  been  educated 
partly  at  home,  partly  at  a  school  near  his  native  town  of 
Leighlin  Bridge,  he  entered  the  employment  of  a  firm 
of  engineers  in  1844.  He  was  teacher  at  Queenwood  Col- 
lege, Hants,  1847-48 ;  studied  at  the  University  of  Marburg 
1848-61 ;  was  elected  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1862 ; 
became  professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  the  Royal  In- 
stitution of  London  in  1853;  explored  with  Huxley  the 
glaciers  of  Switzerland  iu  1856,  thus  beginning  a  study  to 
which  he  afterward  devoted  much  attention  ;  climbed  the 
Weisshorn  in  1861 ;  scaled  the  Matterhorn  in  1868 ;  visited 
Algeria  in  1870 ;  and  lectured  in  the  United  States  in  1872. 
He  was  especially  noted  for  his  investigations  in  electricity 
and  magnetism,  radiant  heat,  light,  acoustics,  and  glaciers. 
He  was  a  zealous  advocate  of  the  doctrine  of  materialism, 
which  he  upheld  in  an  address  delivered  while  presiding 
over  a  meeting  of  the  British  Association  at  Belfast  in 
1874.  His  works  are  "Faraday  as  a  Discoverer" (1868), 
"Researches  on  Diamagnetism  and  Magne-Crystallic  Ac- 
tion "  (1870),  "  Notes  of  a  Course  of  Nine  Lectures  on  Light 
delivered  at  the  Royal  Institution,  1869  "  (1870),  "  Notes  of 
a  Course  of  Seven  Lectures  on  Electrical  Phenomena  de- 
livered at  the  Royal  Institution,  1870"  (1870),  "Essays  on 
the  Imagination  in  Science  "  (1870),  "Hours  of  Exercise  in 
the  Alps"  (1871),"  Fragments  of  Science  for  Unscientific 


Tsor  (gor,  modern  <;ur),  rock.]    Next  to  Sidon, 
the  oldest  and  most  important  city  of  Phenioia. 


It  consisted  of  a  town  on  the  mainland,  which  was  the 
oldest  part  (Palsetyrns),  and  two  rocky  islands  du-ectly  op- 
posite Palsetyrus.  These  islands  originally  contained  only 
the  temple  of  Melkarth  and  warehouses.  In  the  13th  cen- 
tury B.  c.  they  were  more  settled,  and  they  were  united 
by  Hiram,  the  contemporary  of  Solomon,  by  an  embank- 
ment. In  the  11th  century  B.  c.  Tyre  began,  under  its  first 
king,  Abibaal,  father  of  Hu-am, to  rival  its  mothercity, Sidon, 
and  soon  supplanted  it  as  queen  of  the  Phenician  cities. 
Of  its  magnificence  and  luxuiy  the  prophet  Ezekiel  gives 
a  detailed  and  graphic  description.  It  established  colo- 
nies in  Sicily,  Sardinia,  Spain,  Africa  (Carthage),  and  sent 
out  mercantile  fieets  to  India  and  Brittany.  Under  Hiram 
Tyre  reached  the  height  of  its  prosperity  and  splendor.  It 
then  came  in  to  close  friendly  relations  with  Israel.  Later, 
Ahab,  king  of  Israel,  married  Jezebel,  daughter  of  Eth- 
baal,  whose  great-granddaughter  Elissa  (Dido)  is  said  to 
have  founded  Carthage.  Tyre  was  often  the  aim  of  at- 
tacks by  Eastern  rulers.  It  became  tributary  to  Assyria 
under  Tiglath-Pileser  HI.  (745-727  B.  c).  Shalmaneser 
IV.  (727-722)  besieged  it  for  five  years,  apparently  without 
success.  Under  Nebuchadnezzar  it  stood  a  siege  of  13 
years  (586-672).  Later  it  came  under  Persian  supremacy. 
Alexander  the  Great  reduced  the  city  after  a  siege  of  nine 
months,  though  he  did  not  completely  destroy  It.  From 
this  blow  Tyre  never  fully  recovered,  but  continued  to 
flourish  in  a  quiet  manner  through  its  manufactures  of 
metal-work,  fine  textiles,  and  purple  dye.  In  the  Roman 
period  Tyre  was  still  a  prosperous  city,  and  it  retained 
some  importance  down  to  the  middle  ages.  During  the 
Crusades  it  often  changed  hands  between  the  Christians 
and  the  Mohammedans,  and  was  repeatedly  destroyed. 
The  modern  ^ur  is  an  unimportant  town  under  the  gov- 
ernment of  Beirut,  with  about  6,000  inhabitants. 

T3?Tian  Cynosure.  The  constellation  Ursa 
Minor,  anciently  called  the  Cynosure,  which 
served  as  a  guide  to  the  Tyrians  in  their  long 
voyages. 


People  "(1871),  "Contributions  to  Molecular  Physios  in  the  Tyxol  (tir'ol;  G.  pron.  te-rol'),  or  Tirol,  some- 
Domainof  Radiant  Heat :_a  Series, of  Memoirs"  (1872),     ^j^gg   ^jjg  Tyrol,  It.  Tirolo   (te-ro'lo).      A 


"  The  Forms  of  Water  in  Clouds  and  Rivers,  Ice  and  Gla- 
ciers "  (1872),  "  Six  Lectures  on  Light,  delivered  in  America, 
1872-73  "(1873),  "Address  delivered  before  the  British  As- 
sociation assembled  at  Belfast:  with  Additions" (1874), 
"On  the  Transmission  of  Sound  by  the  Atmosphere  "  (1874), 
"  Lessons  in  Electricity  at  the  Royal  Institution,  1876-76" 

S376),  "Fermentation"  (1877),  "Essays  on  the  Floating 
atter  of  the  Air  in  Relation  to  Putrefaction  and  Infec- 
tion" (1881),  "Free  Molecules  and  Radiant  Heat "  ("Philo- 
sophical Transactions  ":  1882), " Fragments  of  Science  "  and 
"  New  Fragments  "  (1892),  etc. 

Tyndall,  Mount.  A  mountain  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  California,  about  lat.  36°39'N.  Height, 
about  14,386  feet. 

Tyndarides  (tin-dar'i-dez).  Patronymic  of 
(Jastor,  Polydeuces,  and  Helena,  children  of 
Tyndareus . 


county  in  Austria-Hungary  which  forms  with 
Vorarlberg  a  crowuland  in  the  Cisleithan  di- 
vision of  the  Austrian  empire.  Capital,  Inns- 
bruck. Tyrol  itself  is  bounded  by  Vorarlberg,  Bavaria, 
Salzburg,  Carinthia,  Italy,  and  Switzerland.  It  is  traversed 
by  the  Alps,  and  contains  the  upper  valleys  of  the  Lech, 
Adige,  and  Drave,  and  the  middle  valley  of  the  Inn.  Among 
its  chief  products  are  dairy  products,  fruits,  and  wine  (in 
South  Tyrol).  It  has  mines  of  coal,  iron,  lead,  zinc,  cop- 
per, etc.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catholic ;  most 
of  the  inhabi&nts  are  Germans,  but  there  are  sdso  about 
15,000  ladius,  and  in  South  Tyrol  over  one  third  of  the 
population  is  Italian.  It  has  21  representatives  in  the 
Austrian  Reichsrat,  and  68  members  in  its  Landtag.  Tyrol 
was  part  of  the  ancient  Rhsetia  and  Noricnm  under  the 
Roman  Empire,  and  later  in  great  part  a  portion  of  Ba- 
varia. It  belonged  to  the  empire  of  (jharles  the  Great,  and 


Tyrol 

later  to  the  duchy  of  Bavaria.  The  counts  of  Tyrol  ex- 
tended their  power  from  the  neighborhood  of  Meran  in 
the  middle  agea,  and  became  paramount  in  the  country. 
Tyrol  passed  to  the  house  of  Hapsburg  in  1368,  and  was 
granted  by  Napol eon  to  B^ivaiia  in  1806.  In  1809 occurred 
an  insurrection  against  the  French  and  Bavarian  rule. 
Parts  of  Tyrol  were  ceded  to  France  in  180&-10.  It  was 
recovered  by  Austria  in  1814.  Area,  with  Vorarlberg, 
11,324  square  miles.    Population  (1890),  928,769. 

Tyrol,  Welsch.  That  part  of  Tyrol  not  inhalD- 
ited  principally  by  German-speaking  people; 
specinoally,  South  Tyrol,  inhabited  principally 
by  Italians. 

Tyrone  (ti-ron').  A  county  in  Ulster,  Ireland, 
bounded  by  Donegal,  Londonderry,  Lough 
Neagh,  Armagh,  Monaghan,  and  Fermanagh. 
Capital,  Omagh.  The  surface  is  generally 
hilly.  Area,  1,260  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  171,278. 

Tyrone,  Earl  of.    See  O'Neil,  Sugh. 

Tyropoeon  (tir-6-pe'on).  [Gr.  tuv  Tvpoirotav,  of 
the  cheese-maliers.]  A  valley  at  Jerusalem. 
See  the  extract. 

The  Pool  of  Siloam  lies  on  the  opposite  side  of  this  ridge, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  valley  called  that  of  the  Cheesemak- 
era  (Tyropoadn)  in  the  time  of  Josephus,  but  which  is  now 
filled  up  with  rubbish,  and  in  large  part  built  over. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Monuments,  p.  98. 

Tyrrhenians  (ti-re'ni-anz).  A  name  given  by 
the  Greeks  to  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  Etruria. 

Tyrrhenian  Sea,  or  Inferum  Mare  (in'fe-rum 
ma're).  In  ancient  geography,  that  part  of  the 
Mediterranean  which  lies  west  of  Italy. 

TyrtseUS  (t6r-te'us).    [Gr.  TupraJof.]   Lived  in 


1017 

the  middle  of  the  7th  century  B.C.  A  famous 
elegiac  poet  of  Sparta,  said  to  have  been  a 
native  of  Attica.  According  to  a  (doubtless  un- 
founded) tradition,  the  Spartans  who  were  at  war  with 
the  Messenians  were  commanded  by  the  oracle  to  take  a 
leader  from  among  the  Athenians.  The  latter,  not  wish- 
ing to  aid  the  Spartans,  sent  Tyrtseus,  a  lame  schoolmaster 
of  no  reputation  ;  but  by  his  songs  he  so  inspired  his  fol- 
lowers that  they  obtained  the  victory.  Fragments  of  his 
poems  are  extant. 

Tyrus  (ti'rus).     The  Latin  name  of  Tyre. 

Tyrwhltt  (ter'it),  Thomas.  Born  at  London, 
March  29, 1730:  died  at  London,  Aug.  15, 1786. 
An  English  critic.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  and' was 
elected  a  fellow  of  Merton  in  1755,  but  in  1762  abandoned 
his  academic  career  in  order  to  become  clerk  of  the  House 
of  Commons.  He  resigned  his  clerkship  in  1768,  and  de- 
voted himself  to  literature.  He  wrote  "Observations  on 
Some  Passages  of  Shakespeare "  (1766),  and  prepared  ex- 
cellent editions  of  Chaucer's  "  Canterbury  Tales  "  (1776-78) 
and  Aristotle's  "Poetics "  (1794).  He  is  chiefly  known  as 
the  original  editor  of  "  Itowley's  Poems,"  which  he  demon- 
strated were  written  by  Chatterton. 

Tytler  (tit'ler),  Alexander  Fraser,  Lord 
Woodhouselee.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  ()ct.  15, 
1747:  died  there,  Jan.  5, 1813.  A  Scottish  his 
torical  and  general  writer,  sou  of  William  Tytler 
(judge-advocate  of  Scotland).  Among  his  works  are 
"Elements  of  General  History"  (1801:  first  published  as 
"  Outlines  "  1782),  lives  of  Lord  Kames  (1807)  and  of  Petrarch 
(1810),  "  Essay  on  the  Principles  of  Translation  "  (1791). 

iVtler,  0.  C.  Fraser.  The  pseudonym  of  Mrs. 
Christina  Catherine  Fraser  Tytler  Liddell. 

Tytler,  Patrick  Fraser.  Born  at  Edinburgh, 
Aug.  30, 1791 :  died  at  (Jreat  Malvern,  England, 
Dec.  24,  1849.    A  Scottish  historian,  son  of  A. 


TzumS 

F.  Tytler.  His  chief  work  is  a  "History  of.  Scotland" 
(9  vols.  1828-43).  Among  his  other  works  are  lives  of 
Admirable  Crichton,  Wyclif,  Raleigh,  and  Henry  VIII., 
"Lives  of  Scottish  Worthies  (1831-33),  and  "Progress  of 
Discovery  on  the  Northern  Coasts  of  America  "  (1832). 

Tytler,  Sarah.  The  pseudonym  of  Henrietta 
Keddie. 

Tytler,  William.  Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Oct.  12, 
1711:  died  at  Edinburgh,  Sept.  12,  1792.  A 
Scottish  historical  and  antiquarian  writer.  His 
chief  work  is  "  An  Inquiry,  Historical  and  Critical,  into 
the  Evidence  asrninst  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  "  (1760). 

Tjnimen,  or  Tinmen  (ty5-meny').  A  town  in 
the  government  of  Tobolsk,  West  Siberia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Tura  about  140  miles  southwest 
of  Tobolsk.  It  has  important  commerce  through  the 
Obi  river-system;  is  the  terminus  of  a  railway  from 
Yekaterinburg ;  and  is  on  the  great  Siberian  highway.  It 
is  the  chief  manufacturing  center  in  Siberia :  among  its 
manufactures  are  leather  and  carpets. 

Tz.    For  Russian  words  in  Tz,  see  Ts. 

Tzana,  or  Tsana  (tsa'oa),  or  Dembea  (dem'ba- 
a).  Lake.  A  lake  in  tiie  interior  of  Abyssinia, 
intersected  by  lat.  12°  N.  Its  outlet  is  the 
Blue  Nile.  Elevation  above  sea-level,  about 
5,700  feet.    Length,  55  miles. 

Tzigane  (tse-gan'),  La.  An  opera  by  Strauss, 
produced  at  Paris  in  1877. 

Tznme  (tz6-ma'),  or  Tsom€  (tz6-ma').  A  tra- 
ditional or  perhaps  mythical  hero  of  the  Tupi 
Indians  of  Brazil.  Some  of  the  missionary  au- 
thors of  the  17th  century  identified  him  with  St, 
Thomas. 


For  an  explanation  of  Afri- 
can names  of  countries  and 
languages  Ijeginuing  with 
U,  see  African  names,  un- 
der Africa. 

Ualan.  See  Strong  Island. 
Uarda  (o-ar'da).  A  novel 
by  Ebers,  published  in  1877. 
The  scene  is  laid  chiefly  in 
Egypt  at  the  time  of  the  reign  of  Eameses  II. 
Uaiip^S  (wa-o-pas')'  A  river  of  southern  Colom- 
bia and  Brazil,  the  largest  afluent  of  the.Eio 
Negro.  Length  unknown  (probably  over  700 
miles).  Also  written  XJaupez. 
Ubangi  (o-bang'ge),  or,  better,  Mobangi  (mo- 
bang' ge),  in  its  upper  course  Makua  (mar-ko'- 
a)  and  Welle  (wel'e).  The  chief  right-hand 
tributary  of  the  Kongo,  in  the  Kongo  Free  State. 
It  joins  the  Kongo  a  little  south  of  the  equator.  Its  length 
is  probably  about  1,500  miles. 

XJbara-tutu.    See  Otiartes. 

tJberweg(ii'ber-veG),  orUeberweg,  Friedrich. 
Born  at  Leichlingen,  Prussia,  Jan.  22, 1826 :  died 
at  Konigsberg,  June  9, 1871.  A  Grerman  philos- 
opher, professor  at  Konigsberg  from  1867.  His 
chief  works  are  "GrundrisB  der  Geschichte  der  Philoso- 
phie  "  (  "  Outline  of  the  History  of  Philosophy  ":  in  many 
editions,  the  first  1863-66),  and  "System  der  Logik  und 
Geschichte  der  logischen  Lehren"  (1857). 

Ubicini  (u-be-se-ne'),  Jean  Henri  Abdolo- 
nyme.  Born  at  Issoudun,  France,  Oct.  20, 
1818 :  died  at  Boehe-Corbon,  Oct.  8,  1884.  A 
French  publicist.  He  traveled  in  Italy,  Greece,  and 
the  Orient,  and  took  part  in  the  insurrection  of  Bukharest 
in  1848.  He  wrote  various  works  on  southeastern  Europe, 
including  "Lettressur  la  Turquie"  (1847-61),  "Laquestion 
d'Orient'  (1854),  etc. 

XJbii  (ii'bi-i).  [L.  (Csesar)  Ubii,  Gr.  (Strabo) 
Ow/Stot.]  A  German  people  first  mentioned  by 
Cffisar,  in  whose  time  they  were  situated  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Khine,  north  of  the  Taunus 
region  to  the  Sieg.  Made  tributary  to  the  Suevi,  they 
sought  Soman  protection,  under  Augustus,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Rhine,  somewhat  further  to  the  north.  Their  prin- 
cipal place,named  Colonia  Agrippinensis  (modern  Cologne) 
from  Agrippina,  daughter  of  Germanicus  and  wife  of  Clau- 
dius, became  the  chief  seat  of  Soman  power  on  the  lower 
Ehlne.  The  Ubii  themselves  are  also  frequently  called 
.4^j)pireeiises.  They  weremerged  ultimately  in  theFranks. 

TJcayale  (o-ki-a'la),  or  Ucayali  (o-ki-a'le). 
One  of  the  principal  head  streams  of  the  Ama- 
zon, in  Peru.  It  rises  near  lat.  14°  30'  S.,  receives  the 
Aporimac,  and  joins  the  Marailon  at  Kauta.  length,  over 
1,400  miles;  navigableforl,OOOmiles.  Called  in  its  upper 
course  Vilcamayu  and  TJrubamba. 

TJcbard  (ii-shar'),  Mario.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dec. 
28, 1824 :  died  there,  Aug.  1,  1893.  A  French 
dramatist,  husband  of  the  actress  Madeleine 
Brohan.  He  wrote  the  dramas  "I,ariammina"(1857)and 
"La  Charmeuse "  (1864) ;  the  comedies  "La  seconde  jeu- 
nesse  "  (1869),  "La  postirit^  d'un  bourgmestre  "  (1864) ;  the 
romance  "  Eaymond  "  (1861) ;  etc. 

TJchatius  (o-cha'ti-6s).  Baron  Franz  von.  Bom 
at  Theresienf eld,  in  Lower  Austria,  Oct.  20, 
1811 :  committed  suicide  at  Vienna,  June  4, 1881. 
An  Austrian  artillery  general  (lieutenant  field- 
marshal)  and  authority  on  artillery  tactics.  He 
invented  a  steel  bronze  for  cannon  (named  from  him 
Uchatius  steel),  ballistic  apparatus,  etc. 

TJcliean  (u'che-an),  or  Yuchi,  or  Euchees.    A 

linguistic  stock'of  North  American  Indians,  of 
which-  but  one  tribe,  the  Yuchi,  is  definitely 
known.  Its  earliest  known  habitat  was  the  coast  tract 
of  South  Carolina  southwest  of  Charleston,  and  in  the  early 
part  of  the  18th  oentuiy  they  lived  also  upon  the  lower 
Savannah  River.  They  became  allies  of  the  Creek  Confed- 
eracy without  joining  it,  and  were  removed  at  the  same 
time  with  the  Creeks  (1836-40)  to  the  Indian  territory, 
where  a  few  now  live,  upon  the  Arkansas  River. 

tJchtritz  (iich'trits),  Friedrich  von.  Bom  at 
Gbrlitz,  Prussia,  Sept.  12,  1800:  died  there, 
Feb.  15,  1875.  A  German  dramatist  and  nov- 
elist. His  best-known  drama  is  "Alexander 
und  Darius"  (1827). 

TJckermark.    See  Ukermark. 

Uckenniinde  (6k-er-miin'de),  or  Ukermiinde 
(6k-er-miin'de).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  ticker, 


near  the  Lesser  HafE,  30  miles  northwest  of 
Stettin.  Population  (1890),  6,112. 
Ucl6s  (o-klas').  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Cuenca,  Spain,  56  miles  southeast  of  Madrid. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a  battle  between  the  Moors  and  Cas- 
tilians  in  1108 ;  and  here,  Jan.  13, 1809,  the  French  under 
Victor  defeated  the  Spaniards. 

Udaiptir  (o-di-por'),  or  Oodeypore  (o-di-p6r'). 
1 .  A  tributary  native  state  in  Eajputana,  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  25°  N.,  long.  74°  E. :  the 
ancient  Meywar.  It  is  under  British  protec- 
tion. Area,  12,861  square  miles.  Population 
(1891),  1,844,360.-3.  The  capital  of  the  state 
of  Udaipur,  about  lat.  24°  35'  N.  Population 
(1891),  46,693. 

Udall  (li'dal),  John,  Died  in  the  Marshalsea 
Prison,  1592.  An  English  nonconformist,  one 
of  the  writers  for  the  Marprelate  press.  He  pub- 
lished "Diotrephes"  in  1588,  the  first  answer  to  Eridges's 
"Defense  of  the  Government  Established  in  the  Church 
of  England  for  Ecclesiastical  Matters,"  and  was  sum- 
moned before  the  Court  of  High  Commission  and  finally 
deprived  of  his  living  and  imprisoned  at  Southwark.  He 
then  printed  a  work  called  "A  Demonstration  of  the 
Truth  of  that  Discipline  which  Christ  hath  Prescribed, 
etc."  This  book  was  declared  seditious,  and  he  was  sen- 
tenced to  death  in  Eeb.,  1691.  Efforts  were  made  by  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh  for  his  release,  and,  though  they  were  not 
successful,  he  was  left  in  prison,  where  he  died.  He  also 
wrote  "  The  Key  to  the  Holy  Tongue,"  the  first  Hebrew 
grammar  in  English,  printed  at  Leyden  in  1593. 

ITdall,  Nicholas.  Bom  in  Hampshire  about 
1505:  died  1556.  An  English  dramatist  and 
Latin  scholar.  He  was  head-master  at  Eton  in  1634, 
and  of  Westminster  School  1665-66.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  first  English  comedy,  "Ralph  Roister  Doister" 
(which  see).  In  1542  he  published  his  translation  of  the 
"Apothegms"  of  Erasmus;  he  also  (1542-45)  translated 
Erasmus's  paraphrase  on  Luke. 

Udine  (6'de-ne).  1.  A  province  in  Venetia, 
Italy.  Area,  2,541  square  miles.  Population 
(1892),  525,802.-3.  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Udine,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Eoja  in  lat. 
46°  4'  N.,  long.  13°  14'  E. :  the  ancient  Vedi- 
num  or  Uijinum.  it  has  fiourishing  silk  manufactures. 
It  became  the  capital  of  Eriull  in  1238 ;  and  passed  to  Yen- 
ice  in  1420.    Population  (1892),  36,000. 

Udolpho,  The  Mysteries  of.  See  Mysteries  of 
TJdolpho,  The. 

Ueberweg.     See  tJberweg. 

XTechtland  (iieht'lant),  or  Helvetian  (hel-ve'- 
shan)  Desert.  A  medieval  name  for  a  region 
in' the  modem  cantons  of  Pribourg  and  Bern, 
Switzerland,  between  the  Aar  and  the  Saane : 
so  called  because  often,  devastated  by  war  in 
the  early  middle  ages. 

TJfa(6'fa).  1.  A  government  of  eastern  Eussia, 
surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Perm,  Oren- 
burg, Samara,  Kazan ,  and  Vyatka.  It  is  traversed 
by  ranges  of  the  Urals.  The  chief  river  is  the  Byelaya.  Ufa 
has  iron-  and  copper-mines.  Area,  47,112  square  miles. 
Population,  estimated  for  1891,  2,087,807. 
3.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Ufa,  situ- 
ated at  the  junction  of  the  Ufa  with  the  Byelaya, 
about  lat.  54°  45'  N.     Population,  31,628. 

Uffizi  (6f-f  et'se).  One  of  the  chief  art  galleries 
in  the  world,  situated  in  Florence  near  the 
Amo,  and  connected  with  the  galleries  in  the 
Palazzo  Pitti  by  a  covered  gallery  over  the 
Ponte  Vecehio:  fountied  in  the  15th  century. 

Uganda  (o-gan'da).  A  protectorate  in  Brit- 
ish East  Africa,  at  the  northwest  end  of  Lake 
Victoria,  bordering  on  German  Bast  Africa  on 
the  south  and  the  Kongo  State  on  the  west. 
It  was  definitely  placed  in  the  British  sphere  of  influence 
in  1890.  In  March,  1893,  the  British  East  Africa  Company 
retired  from  Uganda,  Area,  about  46,000  square  miles. 
Population,  estimated,  2,000,000-3,000,000.  Altitude  of 
plateau,  about  4,000  feet.    See  Ganda. 

Uggione.    See  Oggione. 

Ugogo  (o-g6'g5).    See  Gogo. 

Ugolino.    See  Gherardesca. 

Uhehe  (o-ha'he).    See  Hehe. 

Uhland  (6'lant),  Ludwig.  Bom  at  Tiibingen, 
April  26, 1787:  died  there,  Nov.  13, 1862.  A  Ger- 
man lyric  poet.  He  studied  jurisprudence  at  Tiibing- 
en, and  afterward  became  an  advocate  at  Stuttgart.  He 
subsequently  devoted  himself  to  linguistic  studies.  In 
1810  he  was  in  Paris  engaged  in  study,  particularly  of  man- 
uscripts of  the  middle  ages.  In  1829  he  was  made  pro- 
1018 


fessor  of  the  German  language  and  literature  at  Tiibingen, 
a  post  which  he  resigned  in  1833  on  the  refusal  of  the  gov- 
ernment to  grant  him  a  leave  of  absence  to  attend  the  Diet 
of  'Wurtemberg  as  delegate.  In  1848  and  1849  he  was  a 
member  of  the  German  National  Assembly.  His  first  po- 
ems ("  Gedichte  ")  appeared  in  1806 :  a  complete  collection 
was  published  in  1815.  ' '  Vaterlandische  Gedichte  "("  Fa- 
therland Poems"),  a  volume  of  patriotic  lyrics  evoked  by 
the  Wiirtemberg  constitutional  troubles  of  1815,  was  pub- 
lished in  1816,  and  in  an  augmented  edition  in  1817.  In  1818 
appeared  the  first  of  his  two  dramas,  the  tragedy  "Ernst 
Herzog  von  Schwaben" ("Ernst,  Duke  of  Swabia"),  which 
was  followed  in  1819  by  "Ludwig  der  Baler"  ("Louis  the 
Bavarian  ").  His  fame  as  a  poet  is  based  chiefly  upon  his 
songs  and  ballads,  some  of  which  are  among  the  most 
famous  in  German  literature.  Several  of  his  lyrics,  like 
"loh  hatt'  einen  Kameraden,"  "Droben  stehet  die  Ka- 
pelle, "  and  "  Es  zogen  drei  Burschen  wohl  iiber  den  Rhein," 
and  the  religious  poem  "Das  ist  der  Tag  des  Herrn,"  have 
become  genuine  folk-songs.  As  a  poet  he  belonged  to  the 
so-called  Swabian  SchooL  His  poems  and  dramas  ("Ge- 
dichte und  Dramen  ")  were  published  at  Stuttgart  in  1876, 
in  3  vols.  His  "Schriften  zur  Geschichte  der  Dichtung 
und  Sage"  ("Writings  on  the  History  of  Poetiy  and  Le- 
gend") appeared  at  Stuttgart,  1865-73,  in  8  vols. 

Uhrich(o'ri6horii-rek'),  Jean  Jacdues  Alexis. 

Born  at  Pfalzburg,  Alsace,  Feb.  15, 1802:  died 
at  Passy,  Oct.  9,  1886.  A  French  general.  He 
served  in  Spain,  Algeria,  the  Crimea,  and  Italy ;  and  was 
commandant  of  Strasburg  at  the  time  of  its  siege  and  ca- 
pitulation in  1870. 
Uigurs  (we'gorz).  A  Turkish  people  dwelling 
in  central  Asia,  especially  in  the  Tian-Shan 
region.    Also  Uighurs. 

The Uighurs eventually,  .  .  .  underthenamesof Yueh- 
chi  and  White  Huns,  broke  in  pieces  the  Greek  kingdom 
of  Bactria,  and  founded  a  famous  empire,  with  its  capital 
at  Balkh,  which  became  the  scourge  of  the  Sassanians  on 
the  one  hand,  and  filled  a  more  remarkable  place  in  Indian 
history  than  is  generally  suspected  on  the  other. 

Poole,  Story  of  Turkey,  p.  3. 

Uintah,  or  Uinta  (u-in'ta).  Mountains.    A 

range  of  mountains  chiefly  in  northern  Utah, 
on  the  borders  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming.  It 
extends  nearly  east  and  west. 
Uiracocha  (we-ra-ko'cha).  [Quichua :  perhaps 
from  Uayra,  air,  spirit,  and  ccoeha,  sea,  space.] 
The  Supreme  Deity  of  the  ancient  Peruvians. 
He  was  described  as  the  creator  of  all  living  things.  His 
worship  had  come  down  from  very  ancient  times,  and  was 
attributed  to  the  people  who  had  ruled  about  Lake  Titi- 
caca  (see  Piruas).  He  was  adored,  at  least  by  the  amau- 
tas,  or  wise  men,  and  temples  were  dedicated  to  him  (see 
Cwricancha).  The  festival  of  Ccapac  Raymi,  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  year,  was  held  in  his  honor.  The  early  Spanish 
writers  corrupted  the  name  to  Viracocha  and  mistrans- 
lated it  *foam  of  the  sea.*  Uiracocha  was  sometimes  rep- 
resented as  white  and  bearded,  whence  the  Indians  are 
said  to  have  applied  the  name  to  the  Spaniards.  For  the 
same  reason  the  missionaries  supposed  him  to  be  identical 
with  the  Mexican  Quetzalcohuatl  (which  see),  and  ima- 
gined that  the  traditions  of  him  referred  to  St.  Thomas. 
Also  called  Itla-ticH  (*etemal  light'X  PaeTiayachachie 
('  teacher  ■),  and  Pctchacamac  ('  ruler  of  the  world "). 

Uist,  North.    See  North  Vist. 

Uist,  South.    See  South  Uist. 

Ujfalvy,  Charles  Eugene.  Bom  at  Vienna, 
May  16,  1842.  A  philologist,  ethnologist,  and 
traveler,  of  Hungarian  descent.  He  became  pro- 
fessor at  the  Oriental  Academy  at  Paris  in  1873,  and  made 
journeys  to  Asia  (1876-82)  under  French  auspices.  He  has 
written  various  works  on  Magyar,  the  Finnic  and  other 
Ural- Altaic  languages,  "Mission  scientiflqne  trangaise  en 
Russie  "  (1878-82),  etc. 

Ujiji  (o-je'je).  1.  The  country  of  the  Jiji  tribe 
( Wajlji) ,  of  Bantu  stock,  in  central  Africa.  The 
natives  are  well  built  and  strong,  able  fishermen  and  boat- 
men, agriculturists,  iron-workers,  and  traders  in  ivory, 
palm-oil,  and  cattle.  They  are  settled  on  the  northeastern 
shore  of  Lake  Tanganyika  in  German  East  Africa. 
2.  The  chief  town  of  the  Wajiji,  situated  in 
lat.  5°  S.,  long.  30°  E.,  with  about  8,000  popula- 
tion and  a  strong  settlement  of  Arabs.  It  was 
here  that  Burton  discovered  the  lake,  and  here 
Stanley  found  Livingstone  on  Nov.  10,  1871. 

UkacLpa.    See  Kwapa. 

Ukerewe  (o-ke-re'we).  Anislandinthe  south- 
ern pari;  of  Lake  Victoria  Nyanza. 

Ukermark,  or  Uckermark  (6'ker-mark).  The 
northernmost  division  of  the  province  of  Bran- 
denburg, Prussia,  surrounded  by  Mecklenburg- 
Strelitz,  Pomerania,  the  Neumark,  and  the  Mit- 
telmark.  It  Is  divided  now  into  the  circles  Prendau, 
Templin,  and  Angermiinde.  The  early  inhabitants  were 
Polabian  Slavs.  It  was  acquired  by  Brandenburg  chiefly  in 
the  reign  of  Frederick  L  (1416-40). 


Ukermlinde 

TTkermlinde.    See  TJckermMnOe. 

Ukert  (o'kert),  Friedricli  August.  Born  at 
Eutin,  Germany,  Oct.  28,  1780:  died  at  Gotha, 
May  18,  1851.  A  German  historian  and  geog- 
rapher, chief  librarian  of  the  ducal  Ubrary  at 
Gotha  from  1808.  He  published  "Geographie  der 
Grieohen  and  EBmer"  (1816-46),  etc.,  and  was  a  collabo- 
rator of  Heeren. 

Ukko,    See  Jumala. 

Ukraine  (ii'kran  or  o-kran').  [Euss.  Ukrdma, 
border  land.]  A  region  in  Russia,  of  vague 
boundaries,  lying  chiefly  in  the  valley  of  the 
middle  Dnieper :  nearly  the  same  as  Little  Rus- 
sia, and  corresponding  nearly  to  the  govern- 
ments Kieff,  Tohernigoff,  Pnltowa,  and  Khar- 
koff.  It  was  long  an  object  of  contention  between  Po- 
land and  Russia.  Tlie  part  east  of  the  Dnieper  was  ceded 
to  Eussia  by  Poland  in  1667  and  1686 ;  the  part  west  of  the 
Dnieper  fell  to  Russia  in  1793. 

Ule&borg  (8'le-li-borg).  1.  A  laen  of  Finland, 
occupying  the  northern  part  of  that  country. 
Area,  63,971  square  miles.  Population,  246,993. 
—  2.  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  laen  of  tJlei,- 
borg,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  trieS-Elf  in 
the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  in  lat.  65°  N.,  long.  25° 
30'  B.  It  has  considerable  foreign  commerce. 
Population,  10,589. 

TTle^  Lake  (o'le-a  lak).  A  lake  in  Finland, 
southeast  of  XJle&borg.   Length,  about  40  miles. 

Ulfllas  (ul'fi-las),Goth.Wulflla  ('little  wolf). 
Bom  311:  died  at  Constantinople  in  381.  A 
Gothic  bishop  and  translator  of  the  Bible.    His 


1019 

California.  He  left  Acapulco  with  three  vessels,  one  ol 
which  was  lost  in  a  storm  :  with  the  others  he  ascended 
to  the  head  of  the  guU,  subsequently  exploring  the  west- 
ern coast  of  the  peninsula,  and  attaining  about  lat.  28°,  or, 
as  some. assert,  lat.  30°  SO'  TS.  One  account  says  that  he 
was  lost  at  sea ;  another  that  he  was  assassinated  shortly 
after  his  return  to  Acapulco.  TJlloa  was  the  first  to  prove 
that  Lower  California  was  a  peninsula. 

UUswater,  or  UUeswater  (ulz'-sva'/ter).  A  lake 
on  the  border  between  Cumberland  and  West- 
moreland, England,  20  miles  south  of  Carlisle : 
the  second  in  size  of  the  English  lakes.  Its  outlet 
is  the  Eamont  into  the  Eden.  Length,  9  miles. 

Ulm  (61m).  The  chief  town  of  the  Danube  cir- 
cle of  Wiirtemberg,  and  an  imperial  fortress, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  lUer  and  Blau 
with  the  Danube,  in  lat.  48°  24'  N.,  long.  9°  59' 
E.  ^  It  is  an  important  strategic  and  railway  center ;  has 
active  trade  in  leather,  wood,  cloth,  etc. ;  has  manufac- 
tures of  beer,  pipe-bowls,  metal-work,  hats,  etc.;  and  is 
noted  for  its  vegetables.  Its  cathedral,  the  largest  church 
in  Germany  except  the  cathedral  of  Cologne,  was  begun 
in  1377,  and  iinislied  early  in  the  16th  century.  The  west 
front  has  a  splendid  triple  portal  surmounted  by  a  rich 
tower  terminating  in  an  octagon  and  a  spire  629  feet  high, 
completed  in  1890,  and  formmg  the  loftiest  structure  of 
its  kind.  The  interior  has  double  aisles,  and  much  fine 
church  furniture.  The  16th-century  choir-stalls  of  oak 
are  covered  with  remarkable  figure-sculpture,  illustrating 
paganism,  Judaism,  and  Christianity.  There  is  some 
beautiful  glass.  The  cathedral  measures  420  by  166  feet ; 
height  of  nave  vault,  141.  Ulm  was  a  free  imperial  city  ; 
was  one  of  the  chief  places-in  Swabia,  and  a  leading  mem- 
ber of  the  Swabian  leagues ;  joined  the  Reformation  in 
1530 ;  and  passed  to  Bavaria  in  1803,  and  to  'Wiirtemberg 
in  1810.    Population  (1890),  86,191. 


parents  were  Christians  of  Cappadocian  origin.    At  thi  ^A™L.9*P^*^^^**°",  °^-     '^^®  surrender  of  an 


Synod  of  Antioch,  341,  he  was  consecrated  bishop  of  the 
Arian  Visigoths,  who  lived  to  the  north  of  the  lower  Dan- 


Austrian    army    (about   25,000-30,000)    under 
Mack  to  Napoleon,  Oct.  17,  1805 


ube.   In  348,  persecuted  and  driven  out  of  this  region  by  XJlm,  Truce  of.     A  truce  concluded  in  1647  be- 

rtS.^^tSln^?^s':SfeTi'^S's1a^^  tween  the  Franco-Swedish  forces  and  the  Ba- 

borhood  of  Nicopolis.  From  their  new  home  they  are  con-     varians. 

aeciuently  frequently  called  Moesogoths  and  their  language  XJlmeCS.     See  Olmeos. 

Moosogothio.  Ulfllas  died  at  Constantinople,  where  he  had  XJlphilaS      See  UlUlas 

gone  to  defend  the  doctrines  of  Arianism.    He  preached  ttiC,,-ovi   c,',t.k>;  „„\    t      TTi«i««...«  /„i  „4  ;;'„.,„\ 

in  Greek,  Latin,  and  Gothic.    He  translated  the  Bible  into  UlPl^ll  _(ul  pi-au),  L.   UlpianuS  (ul-pi-a  nus), 

Gothic  from  a  Greek  original,  but  is  said  to  have  omitted     Doniltms.     Murdered  about  228  A.  D.     A  cele- 


the  Books  of  Kings.  For  his  translation  he  invented  a 
written  alphabet  by  supplementing  the  Greek  alphabet  in 
necessary  instances  from  the  Gothic  runes.  His  transla- 
tion, which  from  internal  evidence  shows  the  work  of 
several  hands,  and  was,  doubtless,  in  part  done  by  others 
under  his  supervision,  has  been  preserved  only  in  a  frag- 
mentary form :  in  all  there  are  the  greater  part  of  the  Gos- 
pels, a  large  portion  of  the  Epistles,  and  scraps  of  the  Old 
Testament,  The  principal  manuscript  is  the  so-called 
Codex  Argenteus  of  the  University  Library  at  Upsala, 
Sweden,  which  is  written  in  silver  characters  on  a  purple 
ground.  Fragments  of  other  manuscripts  are  preserved 
at  Wolfenbiittel,  Germany,  and  at  Milan  and  Turin.  The 
Gothic  translation  of  the  Bible  is  the  oldest  extant  literary 
monument  in  the  Germanic  languages.  It  has  been  many 
times  published.  A  recent  edition  is  by  B.  Bernhardt 
("  Vulflla  Oder  die  Gotische  Bibel,"  Halle,  1875). 

The  grammar  of  the  Gothic  tongue,  as  exhibited  in  the 
translation  of  Ulfilas,  is,  it  need  hardly  be  said,  of  priceless 
value  in  the  history  of  human  speech.  We  here  see,  not 
indeed  the  original  of  all  the  Teutonic  languages,  but  a 


brated  Roman  Jurist,  of  Phenieian  descent.  He 
held  office  from  the  time  of  Septimius  Severus ;  was  ban- 
islied  by  Elagabalus ;  and  was  pretorian  prefect  under  Alex- 
ander Severus.  He  wrote  many  commentaries  and  other 
legal  works  ("Ad  Edictum,"  "  AdSabinum,"  etc.),  largely 
used  in  the  "Digest."  Fragments  of  his  "Institutiones" 
were  published  by  Endlicher  in  1835. 

Although  Ulpian's  chief  merit  lies  rather  in  the  colla- 
tion of  very  voluminous  materials  than  in  the  well-bal- 
anced arrangement  of  the  same,  his  works  enjoyed  for  a 
long  time  high  authority  on  account  of  their  rich  con- 
tents, and  likewise  in  virtue  of  their  pertinent  criticism 
and  clear  style.  In  Justinian's  Digest  the  extracts  from 
his  works  form  a  full  third  of  the  whole  work. 
Teuffel  and  Sohwabe,  Hist,  of  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr),  II.  267. 
Ulrich  (ol'rieh).  Born  1487 :  died  1550.  Duke 
of  Wurtemberg,  son  of  Heinrich  IV.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  duchy  in  1498 ;  was  expelled  by  the  Swabian 
League  in  1619;  was  restored  with  the  aid  of  Philip  of  Hesse 
in  1634 ;  and  joined  the  Smalkaldic  League. 


specimen  of  one  of  them  three  centuries  earlier  than  any   v  iriCll  VOU  IlUtteU.     bee  Mutten, 

other  that  has  been  preserved,  with  many  inflections  which  Ulrich  VOU  Lichtenstein  (ol'rich  fonlich'ten- 

■      ■       -    ■ gtjjj)     Born  about  1200:  died  1276.    A  Middle 

High  German  lyric  poet.  He  was  descended  from 
a  noble  family  in  Styria.  His  principal  poem  is  his  auto- 
biography called  " Frauendienst "  ("Service  of  Ladies"), 
containing  his  loves  and  adventures  from  1222  to  1255,  in 
which  year  it  was  written.  His  other  work,  "Frauen- 
buch"  ("Book  of  Ladies"),  from  1257,  is  descriptive  of  the 
morals  of  his  time.  His  works  were  published  by  Karl 
Lachmann  (Berlin,  1841). 
Ulrici  (ol-ret'se),  Hermann,  Bom  at  Pf  orten, 
Prussia,  March  23, 1806 :  died  at  Halle,  Prus- 
sia, Jan.  11, 1884.  A  German  theistio  philoso- 
pher and  critic,  professor  at  Halle.  His  works 
include  "Tiber  Shakspere'sdramatischeKunst "("On Shak- 
spere's  Dramatic  Art,"  1830),  "  Geschichte  der  hellen- 
ischen  Dichtkunst "  (1836), "  ttber  Prinzip  und  M  ethode  der 
Hegelschen  Philosophie  "  (1841),  "  Grundprinzip  der  Phi- 
losophie"(1846),  "System  der  Logik"  (1852),  "Glauben 
und  Wissen  "  (1868),  "Gott  und  die  Natur"  (1862),  "Gott 
und  der  Mensch  (1866),  etc. 
Ulrike  Eleonore  (ol-re'ke  el-e-6-no're).  Born 
at  Stockholm,  Jan.  23, 1688 :  died  Nov.  24, 1741. 
Queen  of  Sweden,  younger  sister  of  Charles 
XII.  She  married  the  hereditary  prince  Frederick  of 
Hesse-Cassel,  and  was  proclaimed  queen  in  1718.  Her  hus- 
band was  crowned  as  reigning  king  in  1720. 
Ulster  (ul'ster) .  [ME.  UlUster,  Ulcister,  Ulsister, 
Ir.  XJladh,  with  termination  as  in  Leinster,  Mun- 
ster.]  The  northernmost  of  the  four  great 
divisions  of  Ireland,  bounded  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  North  Chsiainel,  Irish  Sea,  Leinster,  and 
Connaught.  It  contains  the  counties  Donegal,  London- 
derry, Tyrone,  Antrim,  Down,  Armagh,  Monaghan,  Cavan, 
and  Fermanagh.  It  was  early  colonized  by  Scots ;  was  long 
ruled  by  kings ;  and  in  recent  times  has  been  a  Protestant 
and  loyalist  stronghold.    Population  (1891),  1,619,814. 


have  since  been  lost,  with  words  which  give  us  the  clue 
to  relationships  otherwise  untraceable,  with  phrases  which 
cast  a  strong  light  on  the  fresh  and  joyous  youth  of  the 
Teutonic  peoples.  In  short)  it  is  not  too  much  to  say 
that  the  same  place  which  the  study  of  Sanscrit  holds  in 
the  histoiy  of  the  development  of  the  great  Indo-European 
family  of  nations  is  occupied  by  the  Gothic  of  Ulfilas 
(Moeso-Gothic,  as  it  is  sometimes  not  very  happily  named) 
in  reference  to  the  unwritten  history  of  the  Germanic  races. 
Bodgldn,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  I.  69. 

Ulleswater.  See  Ullswater. 
Ullmann  (ol'man),  Karl.  Bom  at  Epfen- 
baoh,  near  Heidelberg,  March  15,  1796:  died 
at  Karlsruhe,  Baden,  Jan.  12, 1865.  A  German 
Protestant  evangelical  theologian.  His  works  in- 
clude "  Eeformatoren  vor  der  Reformation  "  ("  Reformers 
before  the  Reformation,"  1841),  "Ijber  die  SUndlosigkeit 
Chriati "  ("On  the  Sinlessness  of  Christ,"  1841),"  Das  Wesen 
des  Christentums  '"(1845),  and  a  reply  to  Strauss's  "Life  of 
Jesus,"  entitled  "Historisch  oder  mythisch?" 
UUoa  (ol-yo'a),  Antonio  de.  Born  at  Seville, 
Jan.  12, 1716 :  died  near  Cadiz,  July  3, 1795.  A 
Spanish  naval  officer,  in  1736  he  was  chosen,  with 
Jorge  Juan,  another  young  naval  oflloer,  to  accompany  to 
Peru  the  French  commission  for  the  measurement  of  an 
arc  of  the  meridian.  (See  Condamine.)  "While  there  they 
studied  the  natural  features  and  politioial  condition  of  the 
colony,  and  were  also  employed  in  defending  it  against 
Lord  Anson.  During  his  return  voyage  in  1744-45,  UUoa 
was  captured  by  the  English,  but  soon  released.  Charles 
III.  gave  him  high  naval  and  civil  oiGces,  including  the 
governorship  of  Louisiana  (1766-68),  but  he  showed  little 
aptitude  for  command,  and  after  1780  was  not  in  active 
service.  He  founded  the  observatory  at  Cadiz  and  the 
first  Spanish  metallurgical  laboratory,  and  was  prominent 
in  other  scientific  enterprises.  He  published  "Relacion 
histdrioa  del  viage  a  la  AmMca  meridional "  (with  Juan :  2 
vols.,  1748,  translated  into  various  languages),  "Noticias 


Americanas"  (1772),  etc.  Tlie  secret  report  of  Juan  and  Ulster,  Settlement  or  Plantation  of.  The 
UUoa  on  the  American  colonies  was  published  in  English  colonization  of  a  large  part  of  Ulster  with 
in  1826 ;  it  is  important  as  showing  the  causes  which  led  j;  „i5gii  ^nd  Scottish  settlers,  about  1609-11. 
Ullor^ancisrde!Diedinl540(?).  ASpanish  Ulster  Rebellion  An  outbreak  of  the  Irish 
eaffi  He  was  w«h  Cortes  in  the  conquest  of  Mexico,  in  Ulster  against  the  English  colomsts  m  164L 
and  in  Julyri539,  was  sent  by  him  to  explore  the  Gulf  of  Ultramontane  (ul-tra-mon  tan)  Party.   [From 


Unaka  Mountains 

L.  ultra,  beyond,  and  montanus,  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  mountain.]  In  German  polities,  the 
Center  party,  which  opposes  legislation  sup- 
posed to  be  inimical  to  the  Church  of  Rome. 

Ulugh  Beg  (o'lSgh  beg)  or  Beigh.  Lived  in  the 
middle  of  the  15th  century.  A  prince  of  Samar- 
kand, grandson  of  Timur :  noted  as  an  astrono- 
mer. HistableSjWhIchwerepublished  byHydeinl666,are 
referred  to  as  important  authority  by  modem  astronomers. 

Ulundi  (6-lon'de).  A  place  in  Zululand,  South 
Africa,  about  lat.  28°  10'  S.,  where,  in  1879,  the 
British  under  Lord  Chelmsford  defeated  the 
Zulus  under  Cettiwayo. 

Ulva  (ul'vS).  An  island  of  the  Inner  Hebrides, 
Scotland,  west  of  Mull.   Length,  about  5  miles. 

Ulverston  (urv6r-stan).  A  town  in  Lanca- 
shire, England,  situated  near  Morecambe  Bay 
16  miles  northwest  of  Lancaster:  once  the  chief 
town  in  Pumess.  It  has  various  manufactures 
andmines  of  hematite.  Population  (1891),  9,948. 

Ulwar.    See  Alwar. 

Ulysses  (a-lis'ez),  or  Ulixes  (ii-Uk'sez).  See 
Odysseus. 

Ulysses.    A  poem  by  Tennyson. 

Uma  (6'ma).    A  name  of  the  goddess  Devi. 

Umah.    See  Cuchan. 

Umatilla  (u-ma-til'a).  A  tribe  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indians,  originally  dwelling  on  Umatilla 
River,  Oregon.  There  are  now  179  of  them  on  the 
Umatilla  reservation,  hear  their  former  habitat  See  Sha- 
haptian. 

Umatilla  Biver.  [From  the  Indian  tribal 
name.]  A  river  in  northern  Oregon  which 
.ioins  the  Columbia  about  long.  119°  18'  W. 

Umbagog  Lake  (um-ba'gog  lak).  A  lake  on 
the  boundary  between  Maine  and  New  Hamp- 
shire, intersected  by  lat.  44°  45'  N.  Its  out- 
let is  by  the  Androscoggin.     Length,  9  miles. 

Umballa.    See  Anibala. 

Umbertide.    See  Fratta. 

Umberto.    See  Sumbert. 

Umbria  (um'bri-a).  [L.  Umina,  Gr.  ^y^or 
X<!)pv  'O/ippiKom  or  'Ofi^piKfi,  from  Umiri,  Gr. 
"0/i^poi,  Ov/j-Ppot,  or  'OfiPpiKoi,  the  inhabitants.] 
In  ancient  geography,  a  region  in  Italy,  situ- 
ated east  of  Etruria  and  west  of  Picenum.  The 
Umbrians  took  part  in  the  second  Samnite  war,  but  were 
defeated  by  Rome  in  308  B.  0.  After  the  third  Samnite  war 
they  were  gradually  Romanized.  Modern  Umbria  is  a  com- 
partimento  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy.  It  contains  the  prov- 
ince Perugia. 

The  Umbria  of  Herodotus,  as  Niebuhr  observes  (Hist, 
of  Rome,  vol.  i.,  p.  142  B.  T.),  "  is  of  large  and  indefinite  ex- 
tent," It  appears  to  include  almost  the  whole  of  Northern 
Italy.  It  is  from  the  region  above  the  Umbrians  that  the 
Alpis  and  the  Carpis  fiow  into  the  Danube  (iv.  49).  This 
would  seem  to  assign  to  them  the  modern  Lombardo-Ve- 
netian  kingdom,  and  to  place  them  on  the  Adriatic.  The 
arrival  of  the  Tyrrhenians  on  their  shores  extends  them  to 
the  opposite  coast,  and  makes  Tuscany  also  a  part  of  their 
country.  Herodotus  knows  of  no  Italian  nations  except  the 
Tyrrhenians,  the  Umbrians,  the  Venetians  (Veneti),  the 
(Enotrians,  and  the  Messapians. 

Eawlinson,  Herod.,  I.  223,  note. 

Umbriel  (um'bri-el).  [Formed  from  L.  umbra, 
shade,  and  -iel  as  in  Uriel,  Gabriel.']  A  dusky 
sprite  in  Pope's  "Rape  of  the  Lock." 

Umbriel.  The  second  satellite  of  Uranus,  dis- 
covered by  Herschel  in  1787. 

Umbundu  (6m-b6n'do).  The  language  of  the 
Ovimbundu(sing.Ochimbnndu),who  are  settled 
between  Benguella  (Bangela),West  Africa,  and 
the  Kuangu  River,  due  east.  The  two  principal 
tribes  are  those  of  BaUundo  (Ombalundu)  and  Bihe  (Oviye). 
As  these  people  are  traveling  traders  who  have  opened 
the  Zambesi  valley,  Katanga,  Urua,  and  Lubuku  to  the 
commerce  of  BengueUa,  the  language  is  understood  far 
beyond  its  tribal  territory.  In  structure  it  belongs  to  the 
same  cluster  as  Ndonga  and  Herero.  It  should  not  be  con- 
founded with  Kimbundu  (which  see).  American  mission- 
aries are  developing  a  native  Clmstian  literature. 

Umea-Elf  (o'me-a  elf).  A  river  in  Sweden 
which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  near 
UmeS. :  the  outlet  of  various  lakes,  including 
Stor  Uman.  Length,  261  miles. 

Ummerapoora.    See  Amarapura. 

Umon  (6-m6n').  An  African  town,  bidlt  on  an 
island  in  the  Oyono  or  Old  Kalabar  River,  West 
Africa,  about  70  miles  from  its  mouth,  it  is  an 
important  market  where  the  tribes  of  the  upper  river  come 
to  barter  their  produce  for  European  goods  brought  up  by 
the  Efik  traders  of  the  coast.    Population,  about  8,000. 

UmpoLUa  (ump'kwft).  A  river  in  Oregon  which 
flows  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  about  lat.  43°  40'  N. 
Length,  about  180  miles. 

Umritsir.    See  Amritsar. 

Una(ii'na).  [L.,fem.  of  M««g,one.]  "A  lovely 
ladie,"  the  personification  of  truth,  in  Spenser's 
"  Faerie  Queene."  she  is  ultimately  united  to  St. 
George,  the  Red  Cross  Knight,  who  has  slain  the  dragon 
in  her  behalf.  In  her  wanderings  she  is  followed  by  a  lion 
who  has  been  tamed  by  her  gentleness  and  purity. 

Unaka  (u'na-ka)  Mountains.  A  range  of  moun- 
tains on  the  border  between  North  Carolina  and 


TTnaka  Mountains 

Tennessee :  a  continuation  of  the  Great  Smoky 
Mountains,  or  identical  with  them. 

TJnakhotana  (un'''a-ch6-ta'na),  or  Yukonikho- 
tana  (y6-kon*e-d"h6-ta'na). "  [The  first  name 
means  'distant  people';  tte  second,  'people  of 
the  Yukon.']  A  tribe  of-  the  northern  group 
of  the  Athapascan  stock  of  North  American  In- 
dians, living  in  several  villages  along  the  Yu- 
kon River,  between  the  Sunkakat  River  and  the 
Tananah  River,  Alaska.    See  Athapascan. 

XJnao  (6'na-6).  A  district  in  Oudh,  British 
India,  situated  east  of  Cawnpore.  Area,  1,778 
square  miles.    Population.  (1891),  953,636. 

Unas.    See  Mastaoat-el-Faraun. 

Uncas  (nng'kas).  Bied  about  1682.  An  Indian 
chief,  a  Peqiiot  by  birth.  He  revolted  from  the 
PequotB  and  became  chief  of  the  Mohegans  ;  joined  the 
English  in  the  Pequot  war  ;  and  defeated  the  Narragan- 
seta  under  Miantonomoh  in  1643.  Cooper  introduces  a 
character  Uncas  in  his  "  Last  of  the  Mohicans." 

Uncle  Esek  (ung'kl  e'zek).  The  pseudonym  of 
Henry  W.  Shaw. 

Uncle  Kemus.    See  Remus,  Uncle. 

Uncle  Sam  (sam).  The  government  of  the  peo- 
ple of  the  United  States :  a  jocular  extension  of 
the  initials  U.  S. 

Uncle  Tom's  Cabin.  A  novel  by  Mrs.  Harriet 
Beecher  Stowe,  published  in  book  form  in  1852. 
It  was  directed  against  negro  slavery  in  the  Southern 
States.  The  scene  is  laid  chiefly  in  Kentucky  and  Loui- 
siana. It  has  appeared  in  numerous  editions  and  trans- 
lations. 

It  came  out  as  a  sort  of  f euilleton  in  the  "  ITational 
Era,"  a  Washington  paper.  The  death  of  Uncle  Tom  was 
the  flrst  portion  published,  indeed  the  first  that  was  writ- 
ten. It  appeared  in  the  summer  of  1851,  and  excited  so 
much  attention  that  Mrs.  Stowe  added  a  beginning  and 
middle  to  her  end,  by  composing  and  printing  from  week 
to  week  the  story  as  we  now  have  it,  until  it  was  doncluded 
in  March,  1852.  Before  the  end  of  1852  it  had  been  trans- 
lated into  Italian,  Spanish,  Danish,  Swedish,  Dutch,  Flem- 
ish, German,  Polish,  and  Magyar.  There  are  two  Dutch 
translations  and  twelve  German  ones;  and  the  Italian 
translation  enjoys  the  honour  of  the  pope's  prohibition. 
It  hasbeen  dramatised  in  twenty  forms,  andacted  in  every 
capital  in  Europe,  and  in  the  free  States  of  America. 

Senior,  Essays  on  Motion,  p.  397. 

Uncommercial  Traveller,  The.  A  volume  of 
sketches  by  Dickens,  first  published  serially  in 
"All  the  Year  Round"  ia  1860. 

Uncompahgre  (un-komja'gre)  River.  A  trib- 
utary of  the  Gunnison  River,  in  Colorado. 

Undine  (un-den'or  un'den;  G.  pron.  on-de'ne). 
A  tale  by  Fouqu6,  Baron  de  la  Motte,  published 
in  German  in  1811.  Undine  is  a  water-spirit  who  is 
endowed  with  a  soul  by  her  marriage  with  a  mortal. 

Unfortunate  Peace,  The.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  treaty  of  C§,teau-Cambr6sis  (which 
see). 

Ungama  Bay.    See  Formosa  Bay. 

Ungarisch-Erod.  A  town  in  Moravia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  situated  near  the  Olsawa  45  miles 
south-southeast  of  Olmiitz.  Population  (1890), 
commune,  4,036. 

Ungarn.     The  German  name  of  Hungary. 

Ungava  Bay  (ung-^a'va  ba).  An  arm  of  Hud- 
son Strait,  projecting  into  Labrador. 

Unger  (Sng'er),  Franz.  Bom  in  Styria,  1800 : 
died  at  Gratz,  Feb.  13,  1870.  A  distinguished 
Austrianbotanist  and  paleontologist,  professor 
of  botany  at  Vienna  from  1850.  He  was  particu- 
larly noted  for  his  researches  in  the  anatomy  and  physiol- 
ogy of  plants  and  in  fossil  botany. 

Ungern-Sternberg(6ng'em-stern'berG), Baron 
Alexander  von.  Born  near  Reval,  Esthonia, 
1806 :  died  at  Dannenwalde,  Meeklenburg-Stre- 
litz,  Aug.  24, 1868.  A  German  novelist.  Among 
his  best-known  novels  are  "  Der  Missionar,"  "  Diane,"  and 
"  Die  liioyalisten." 

Unicom,  The.    See  Monoceros. 

Unieh  (a'ni-e  or  H-ne'e).  A  small  seaport  on 
the  coast  of  the  Black  Sea,  Asiatic  Turkey,  120 
miles  west  of  Trebizond. 

Uniformity  Act.  In  English  history:  (a)  An 
act  of  Parliament,  passed  in  1549,  which  pro- 
vided for  uniformity  of  religions  service.  (6) 
An  act  of  Parliament  passed  May  19,  1662.  it 
obliged  holders  of  church  livings  to  be  ordained  by  a  bish- 
op ;  to  assent  to  the  Prayer-book ;  to  renounce  tlie  Cove- 
nant ;  to  declare  the  unlawfulness  of  bearing  arms  against 
the  sovereign ;  and  to  make  oath  of  .canonical  obedience. 
Many  clergymen  resigned  their  benefices. 

UnigenitUS  Dei  Filius  (u-ni-jen'i-tus  de'i  fil'i- 
us).  [L.,'Only-begottenSon  of  God.']  AbuU 
promulgated  by  Pope  Clement  XL  in  1713,  in 
which  the  Jansenists  were  condemned. 

Union  (ii'nyon).  The.  l.  The  United  States  of 
America. — 3.  Same  as  Union,  Act  of,  3. 

Union,  Act  of.  1.  A  statute  of  1535-36,  which 
enactedthe  political  union  of  Wales  to  England. 
—  2.  A  statute  of  1706,  which  united  the  king- 
doms of  England  and  Scotland  on  and  after  May 


1020 

1, 1707.—  3.  A  statute  of  1800,  which  united  the 
kingdoms  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  on  and 
after  Jan.  1,  1801. 

Unionists  (ti'nyon-ists).  In  British  polities, 
those  who  are  opposed  to  the  dissolution  or 
rupture  of  the  legislative  union  existing  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  especially 
to  the  separatist  principles  and  tendencies  of 
those  who  desire  to  establish  home  rule  in  Ire- 
land :  a  name  applied  to  the  Conservatives  and 
Liberal-Unionists. 

Union  Jack.  The  national  ensign  of  the  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  used  in 
a  small  form  as  a  jack — that  is,  displayed  at  the 
end  of  the  bowsprit.  The  name  "  union  jack  "  has  come 
wrongly  to  be  applied  to  the  larger  union  flag  itself.  It  is 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  cross  of  St.  George  (red  on  a 
white  field),  the  diagonal  cross  or  saltier  of  St.  Andrew 
(white  on  a  blue  field),  and  the  diagonal  cross  or  saltier  of 
St  Patrick  (red  on  a  white  field).  The  jack  is  not  fiown 
on  shore. 

Union  League  Club.  A  social  and  political  (Re- 
publican) olub,  organized  in  New  York  city  in 
1863,  and  incorporated  in  1865.  its  stated  objects 
at  the  time  of  its  organization  during  the  War  of  the  Re- 
bellion were  "to  promote,  encourage,  and  sustain,  by  all 
propermeans,  absolute  and  unqualified  loyaltyto  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States  ;  to  discountenance  and  re- 
buke, by  moral  and  social  influences,  all  disloyalty  to  said 
government,  and  every  attempt  against  the  integrity  of 
the  Nation  " ;  and  also  to  establish  a  library  and  art  gallery 
for  the  collection  of  literature,  works  of  art,  and  military 
trophies  relating  to  the  war.  House,  Fifth  Avenue  and 
39th  street.    Similar  clubs  were  formed  in  other  cities. 

Union  Square.  A  public  park  in  New  York 
city,  between  Broadway,  Fourth  Avenue,  14th 
street,  and  17th  street. 

Uniontown  (u'nygn-toun).  The  capital  of 
Fayette  Coimty,  Pennsylvania,  42  miles  south 
by  east  of  Pittsburg.    Population  (1900),  7,344. 

United  African  Company.  A  British  mercan- 
tile company  formed  in  recent  years  for  the 
purpose  of  operating  on  the  Niger,  it  became  the 
National  African  Company  in  1882,  and  the  Koyal  Kiger 
Company  in  1886. 

United  Brethren.    See  Moravians. 

United  Irishmen.  An  Irish  society  formed  in 
1791  by  Wolfe  Tone,  for  the  purpose  of  procur- 
ing parliamentary  reform  and  the  repeal  of  the 
penal  laws,  it  afterward  became  a  secret  society  with 
revolutionary  aims,  and  was  influential  in  causing  the 
Irish  rebellion  of  1798. 

United  Kingdom,  The.    See  Great  Britain. 

United  Netherlands,  The.  See  Netherlands. 

United  Provinces,  The.  The  seven  provinces 
of  the  Low  Countries — Holland,  Zealand, 
Utrecht,  Priesland,  Gelderland,Groningen,  and 
Overyssel — which  in  1579  formed  the  IJnion  of 
Utrecht  and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  republic 
of  the  Netherlands. 

United  Provinces  of  La  Plata.    See  Za  Plata. 

United  States  (li-ni'ted  stats),  or  United 
States  of  America.  [F.  £tats-tjms,  G.  Verein- 
igte  Stouten,  It.  Stati  Uniti,  Sp.  Estados  Unidos, 
D.  Vereenigde  Staten.']  A  federal  republic  which 
occupies  the  central  part  of  North  America. 
Capital,  Washington.  Excluding  the  detached  dis- 
trict of  Alaska,  it  is  bounded  by  British  Americfl  on  the 
north,  the  Atlantic  on  the  east,  Florida  Strait,  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  and  Mexico  on  the  south,  and  the  Paoific  on 'the 
west.  The  great  physiographical  divisions  are  the  At- 
lantic slope,  Appalachian  system.  Gulf  coastal  plain,  cen- 
tral plain  (including  the  Mississippi  valley  and  the  Great 
Lakes  basin),  Rocky  Mountain  system,  Columbian  plateau, 
great  interior  basin.  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascade  systems, 
and  Pacific  slope.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Mississippi 
(with  the  Missouri,  Ohio,  etc.),  St.  Lawrence  (forming  a 
part  of  the  boundary  with  Canada),  Yukon,  Rio  Grande, 
Colorado,  and  Columbia ;  the  principal  lakes,  the  group 
known  as  ' '  the  Great  Lakes  "  (partly  in  Canada),  Great  Salt 
Lake,  and  Lake  Champlain.  The  most  elevated  point  of 
land  east  of  the  Mississippi  River  is  Mount  Mitchell  (Black 
Dome)  in  North  Carolina ;  west  of  the  Mississippi,  appar- 
ently Mount  Whitney,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California. 
There  are  seemingly  no  fully  active  volcanoes  within  the 
United  States  at  the  present  day,  but  volcanic  outbursts 
have  been  reported  within  a  comparatively  recent  period, 
and  many  of  the  western  peaks  (Shasta,  Tacoma,  etc.)  are 
volcanic  in  origin.  The  leading  agricultural  products  are 
corn,  wheat,  oats,  sugar,  cotton,  tobacco,  rye,  rice,  daii7 

Sroducts,  live  stock,  hay,  and  potatoes.  The  metallic  pro- 
ucts  are  iron,  silver,  gold,  copper,  lead,  zinc,  quicksilver, 
nickel,  aluminium,  antimony,  platinum  ;  other  products 
are  coal,  petroleum,  natural  gas,  mineral  waters,  etc. 
The  principal  exports  are  hreadstuffs,  cotton,  provisions, 
petroleum,  Indian  corn,  tobacco,  sugar,  lumber,  oil-cake, 
feather,  machinery,  cattle,  furs.  The  country  is  the  flrst 
in  the  world  in  the  production  of  steel,  pig-iron,  cotton, 
wheat,  and  Indian  com,  and  ranks  among  the  first  in  to- 
bacco and  sugar.  There  is  no  universally  recognized  sys- 
tem of  grouping  the  States  of  the  Union ;  they  are  often 
classified  as  New  England  States,  Middle  States,  Southern 
States  (including  the  subdivision  Gulf  States),  Western 
States  (including  Lake  States  and  "  the  Northwest"),  and 
Pacific  States.  The  following  is  an  accepted  arrange- 
ment—^ortft  Atlantic  division:  Maine,  New  Hampshire, 
Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New 
York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania.  South  A  Uanlic  division  : 
Delaware,  Maryland,  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  North  Caro- 
lina, South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida  (and  the  District  of 


University  College 

Columbia).  North  Centrai division:  Ohio, Indiana, Illinois 
Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Iowa,  Missouri,  North 
Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Nebraska,  Kansas.  Sovth  Central 
division:  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Louisiana,  Texas,  Arkansas  (with  the  Territory  of  Okla- 
homa and  Indian  Territory).  Western  division :  Montana. 
Wyoming,  Colorado,  Washington,  Oregon,  Califoruia,  Ne- 
vada, Idaho,  and  Utah  (with  the  Territories  of  Arizona 
and  New  Mexico). — In  all  46  States  and  3  Territories, 
besides  the  District  of  Columbia  (which  contains  Wash- 
ington, the  capitalj  and  is  administered  by  the  Federal 
government),  the  unorganized  Indian  Territory,  the  civil 
and  judicial  district  of  Alaska,  and  Hawaii.  The  largest 
cities  are  New  York,  Chicago,  Philadelphia,  and  St. 
Lonis.  The  Federal  executive  power  is  vested  in  a  Presi- 
dent, elected  for  i  years  by  an  electoral  college  elected 
by  the  votes  of  the  people  of  the  different  States.  He 
is  assisted  by  a  cabinet  of  8  members  of  his  own  appoint- 
ment. The  legislative  authority  is  vested  in  Congress, 
which  consists  of  a  Senate,  2  members  of  which  are  re- 
turned by  each  State,  and  a  House  of  Representatives,  at 
present  (1901)  of  867  members,  returned  bv  the  States  in 
the  proportion  of  one  for  about  every  174,000  inhabitants. 
The  separate  States  have  extensive  independent  powers 
reserved  to  them  under  the  Constitution  of  the  republic. 
The  State  governments  are  administered  each  by  a  gover- 
nor and  a  legislature  of  two  houses.  There  are  distinct 
Federal  and  State  judicial  systems,  the  highest  court  in 
the  land  being  the  United  States  Supreme  Court.  The 
inhabitants  are  mainly  of  British  descent  ;  about  8,000,- 
000  are  colored.  There  are  many  immigrants  and  de- 
scendants of  recent  immigrants  from  Germany,  Nor- 
way, Sweden,  Italy,  Bohemia,  Russia  proper,  Poland, 
Hungary,  etc.;  also  Indians  and  Chinese.  All  reli- 
gions are  tolerated,  and  in  a  population  of  such  diversi- 
fied origin  all  may  be  said  to  have  adherents.  The 
largest  of  the  Protestant  denominations  are  the  Method- 
ists and  Baptists.  The  region  is  said  to  have  been  visited 
and  temporarily  colonized  by  Northmen  about  1000.  It  was 
seen  by  the  Cabots  in  1497-98,  and  explored  by  Ponce  de  Leon 
in  1613-14,  Verrazano  in  1624,  De  Soto  in  1689-42, and  others. 
The  first  permanent  settlement  was  made  at  St.  Augustine 
in  1666.  Thirteen  colonies  were  planted,  which  by  their 
union  in  1776  formed  the  thirteen  original  States :  Virginia 
(1607),  Massachusetts  (1620),  New  Hampshire  (1623),  Mary- 
land (1634),  Connecticut  (1636),  Rhode  Island  (1638),  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Pennsylvania (1682),  and  Georgia 
(1733),  allbytheEnglish;  NewYorkandKewJerseyby  the 
Dutch ;  and  Delaware  (1638)  by  Swedes.  Among  the  wars 
carried  on  with  the  Indians  were  the  Pequot  war  and 
King  Philip's  war ;  with  the  French  and  Indians,  King 
William's  war.  Queen  Anne's  war.  King  George's  war, 
and  the  French  and  Indian  war.  The  following  are  among 
the  leading  events  of  United  States  history  :  Revolution 
hastened  by  the  Stamp  Act  of  1766,  taxes  in  1767,  and  the 
Boston  Port  Bill  of  1774  ;  commencement  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, 1775  (see  Revolutionary  War) ;  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, 1776 ;  Articles  of  Confederation  adopted,  1777- 
1781 ;  surrender  of  Cornwallis  at  Yorktown,  1781 ;  recog- 
nition of  independence,  1783  ;  Ordinance  of  1787  relating 
to  the  Northwest  Territory ;  Constitution  framed,  1787; 
new  form  of  government  inaugurated,  1789,  with  the  capi- 
tal at  New  York ;  capital  removed  to  Philadelphia,  1790 ; 
Indian  wars,  1790-94;  French  war,  1798-1800;  capital 
transferred  to  Washington,  1800 ;  Tripolitan  war,  1801-OS ; 
Louisiana  Purchase,  1803  ;  embargo,  1807 ;  war  with  Great 
Britain,  1812-15 ;  cession  of  Florida  by  Spain,  1819 ;  Mis- 
souri Compromise,  1820;  Nullification  movement,  1832-33 ; 
financial  crisis,  1837 ;  annexation  of  Texas,  1845 ;  Mexican 
war,  1846-48 ;  acquisition  of  territory  from  Mexico,  1848,  , 
and  by  the  Gadsden  Purchase,  1863 ;  Omnibus  Bill,  1860 ; 
Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  1864  ;  financial  crisis,  1867  ;  seces- 
sion of  eleven  States,  1860-61 ;  Civil  War,  1861-66  (see  Civit 
War) ;  Lincoln's  emancipation  proclamations,  1862  and 
1863 ;  constitutional  prohibition  of  slavery,  1865  ;  recon- 
struction in  the  South,  1865-70 ;  purchase  of  Alaska  from 
Russia,  1867 ;  financial  crisis,  1873 ;  disputed  presiden- 
tial election,  1876-77;  resumption  of  specie  payments, 
1879;  Spanish-American  war,  1898,  resulting  in  the 
acquisition  of  Porto  Rico,  Guahan,  and  the  Philippines. 
Area,  3,026,640  square  miles;  including  Alaska  and 
Hawaii,  3,622,983  square  miles.  Population  (1900), 
including  Alaska,  Indian  Territory,  and  Hawaii,  76,- 
299,766. 

[Tnited  States.  An  American  frigate,  built  at 
Philadelphia  in  1797,  which,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Decatur,  captured  the  British  frigate 
Macedonian,  Oct.  25,  1812. 

United  States  Military  Academy.  See  West 
Point  Military  Academy. 

United  States  Naval  Academy.  See  Naval 
Academy,  United  States. 

United  States  of  Brazil.    See  Brazil. 

United  States  of  Colombia.  [Sp.  Estados  Uni- 
dos de  Colombia.'}  The  ofaoial  name  of  Colom- 
bia from  1861  to  1886,  when  a  federal  constitu- 
tion was  in  force. 

United  States  of  Mexico.    See  Mexico. 

United  States  of  Venezuela.    See  Venezuela. 

Universal  Doctor.The,  L.  Doctor  Universalis 
(dok'tor  U''''ni-v6r-sa'lis).  A  name  given  to 
Thomas  Aquinas,  and  also  to  Alain  de  LUle. 

University  Nationale  de  France.  An  insti- 
tution which  virtually  includes  the  entire  edu- 
cational system  of  France.  The  organization  of  the 
old  University  of  Paris  having  been  destroyed  by  the  Rev- 
olution, certain  "6coles  centrales"  appeared  at  various 
points  in  the  country.  These  were  abolished  by  Napoleon, 
and  the  whole  system  was  reconstructed. 

University  College.  A  non-sectarian  London 
college,  founded  in  1828.  it  is  situated  on  Gower 
street.  Opposite  is  the  University  College  Hospital,  the 
patients  of  which  are  treated  by  the  professors  of  medi- 
cine of  the  college.  In  1881  additions  were  made  to  the 
main  building.  It  is  now  incorporated  in  the  University 
of  London. 


University  OoUege 
University  College.  The  oldest  college  of  Ox- 

i7xH'^^^®''®^''y'  According  to  an  apparently baBelesa 
tradition,  it  was  founded  by  King  Alfred  In  872.  It  doubt- 
less originated  in  a  fund  bequeathed  by  William,  arch- 
deacon of  Dui-ham,  in  1249 ;  and  the  college  was  practically 
established  in  1280.  The  foundation  consists  (according  to 
the  new  statutes  made  in  1881)  of  a  master,  18  fellows, 
16  scholars,  and  (ultimately)  17  exhibitors. 

Unkiar-Skelessi  (on'ke-ar-ska-les'se),  or  Hun- 
kiar-Skelessi.  A  small  place  in  Asia  Minor, 
near  Constantinople,  where,  in  1833,  Eussia  and 
Turkey  concluded  a  treaty  favoraWe  to  the 
former. 

Unlearned  Parliament,  The.  See  Parliament 
of  Bnnees. 

Unnatural  Combat,  The.  A  play  by  Philip 
Massinger,  acted  about  1619,  printed  in  1639. 

Unready,  The.  An  epithet  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
king  .^thelred.    See  Mfkelred. 

Unst  (unst).  The  northernmost  of  the  Shetland 
Islands,  Scotland.    Length,  12  ndles. 

Unstrut(Bn'str5t).  A  river  in  central  Germany 
which  joins  the  Saale  near  Naumburg.  Length, 
108  miles. 

Unter  den  Linden  (Sn'ter  den  lin'den).  ret., 
'under  the  lindens.']  A  famous  street  in  Ber- 
lin which  extends  from  the  Brandenburger  Thor 
eastward  about  three  fifths  of  a  mile.  On  It  are  the 
imperial  and  princely  palaces,  the  university,  the  acadeiUy, 
the  statue  of  Frederick  the  Great,  etc.    Width,  160  feet. 

Unterpfalz.    See  Palatinate. 

Untersberg  (on'ters-bero).  A  mountain  in  the 
Salzburger  Alps,  situated  near  the  border  be- 
tween Salzburg  and  Bavaria,  8  miles  southwest 
of  Salzburg:  celebrated  in  folk-lore  (legends  of 
Charles  the  Great).    Height,  6,480  feet. 

Untersee  (6n'ter-za).  [G.,' lower  lake.']  The 
name  given  to  the  western  arm  of  the  Lake  of 
Constance.    Length,  about  13  mUes. 

Unterseen  (on'ter-za-en).  A  village  in  the  can- 
ton of  Bern,  Switzerland,  situated  between  the 
Lakes  of  Thun  and  Brienz,  near  Interlaken. 

Unterwalden  (on'ter-val-den).  [G.,' lower  for- 
est.'] One  of  the  Forest  Cantons  of  Switzerland, 
bounded  by  Lucerne,  the  Lake  of  Lucerne,  Uri, 
and  Bern.  It  comprises  the  two  half-cantons  Kidwald 
and  ObwaJd.  The  surface  is  mountainous ;  highest  point, 
the  Titlis.  The  chief  towns  are  Stanz  and  Sarnen ;  the  lan- 
guage is  German ;  the  religion  Roman  Catholic.  It  has 
two  representatives  in  the  National  Council.  Unterwalden 
united  with  the  other  Forest  Cantons  in  the  leagues  of  the 
12th-14th  centuries.  It  was  assigned  to  the  canton  of  Wald- 
statten  in  1798 ;  the  resistance  of  Nidwald  was  suppressed 
by  the  French.  It  became  again  a  canton  in  1803,  a  po- 
sition secured  in  1815  (resistance  of  Nidwald  suppressed 
by  Confederate  troops  in  1816),  and  joined  the  Sonderbund. 
Jlxea,  295  square  miles.    Population  (1888),  27,585. 

Untrussing  of  the  Humorous  Poet,  The.   See 

Satvromastix. 
Unukalhai  (u"nuk-al-ha'i).  l^AxSunuq-at-haiya, 
the  neck  of  the  serpent.]  The  third-magnitude 
star  a  Serpentis. 
Unungun  (ii-nung'Tin),  or  Aleut.  ['People.'] 
A  division  of  the  EsMmauan  stock  of  North 
American  Indians,  inhabiting  the  Aleutian  Ar- 
chipelago. Number  (1894),  about  2,200.  See 
Eshimauan. 

Unyamwezi  (o-nya-mwa'zi).  See  Nyamwezi 
and  Mirambo. 

Unyanyembe  (5-nya-nyem'be).   See  Nyamwezi. 
Unyoro  (o-nyo'ro).    A  kingdom  of  British  East 
Africa,   just   north  of  the   equator,  between 
Uganda  and  Lake  Albert,    it  is  still  entirely  inde- 
pendent of  European  control.    The  ruling  native  tribe,  the 
Wanyoro,  are  kinsmen  of  the  Ganda  tribe,  but  less  power- 
ful and  less  progressive.    See  Nyoro. 
Upanishads  (o-pa-ni-shadz').    [Skt.,  from  %i,pa, 
unto,  ni,  down,  and  ■s/ sad,  to  sit;  and  so,  liter- 
ally, 'a  sitting  down  by,'  'setting  oneself  at 
the  feet  of  another,'  'confidential  communica- 
tion,'  '  esoteric  doctrine.']    With  the  Aranyakas, 
the  oldest  speculative  treatises  of  the  Hindus:  they 
lie  at  the  root  of  the  philosophical  side  of  Hinduism. 
Not    only   are    they  viewed    as    shruti,  or   revelation, 
equally  with'  the  Mantras  and  Brahmanas,  but  they  are 
practically  the  only  Veda  of  all  educated  Hindus  at  the 
present  day.    Properly  each  Brahman  a  had  its  Aranyakas, 
or  'forest  treatises,'  intended  for  the  Vanaprasthas,  or 
•dwellers  in  the  forest'  (that  is,  Brahmans  who,  having 
passed  the  two  earlier  stages  of  the  brahmaoharin,  or  stu- 
dent and  the  grihastha,  or  householder,  retire  into  the 
forest  to  devote  themselves  to  self-mortiflcation  anil  reli- 
gious meditation)  ;  but  the  mystical  doctrines  of  the  latter 
were  so  mingled  with  extraneous  matter  that  the  chapters 
called  Upanishads  appear  to  have  been  added  to  investi- 
gate more  exclusively  and  definitely  such  problems  as  the 
origin  of  the  universe,  the  nature  of  deity,  the  nature  of 
the  soul,  and  the  connection  of  spirit  and  matter.    Some 
of  the  most  important  are  the  Aitareya  Upanishad  and 
the  Kanshitakibrahmana  Upanishad  of  the  Rigveda;  the 
Taittiriya  belonging  to  the  Taittiriyasanhita  of  the  Yajur- 
veda ;  the  Brihadaranyaka  attached  to  the  Shatapathabrah- 
mana  of  the  Vajasaneylsanhita  of  that  Veda,  and  the  Isha 
or  Ishavasya,  forming  the  40th  chapter  of  the  latter  San- 
hita:  the  Chbandogya  and  Kena  belonging  to  the  Sama- 
veda-  and  the  Praahna,  Mundaka,  Mandukya,  and  Katha 
belonging  to  the  Atharvaveda.    Following  the  stratiflca- 


1021 

tory  principle,,  in  general  the  only  guide  in  determining 
the  age  of  Sanskrit  works,  the  ancient  Upanishads  —  that 
is,  those  which  occupy  a  place  in  the  Sanhitas,  Brahmanas, 
and  Aranyakas  —  are  believed  to  be  older  than  600  B.  c,  or 
anterior  to  Buddhism,  though  the  germs  of  the  doctrines 
contained  in  them  are  to  be  found  in  some  of  the  latest 
hymns.  The  others  range  through  a  long  period,  and  are 
very  numerous.  The  ancient  Vedio  literature  first  became 
known  outside  of  India  through  these  Upanishads.  They 
were  translated  from  Sanskrit  into  Persian  by  or  for  Dara 
Shukoh,  the  eldest  son  of  the  Mogul  emperor  Shah  Jehan. 
who  held  the  liberal  religious  views  of  Akbar.  He  had 
heard  of  the  Upanishads  in  Kashmir  in  1640,  invited  several 
pandits  to  Delhi  to  assist  in  their  translation,  and  finished 
the  work  in  1657.  Translated  into  Persian,  then  the  most 
widely  read  language  of  the  East,  they  became  generally 
accessible.  In  1776  a  manuscript  of  this  Persian  transla- 
tion was  sent  by  the  French  resident  at  the  court  of  Shuja 
ud  Daula  to  Anquetil  Duperron,  the  discoverer  of  the 
Avesta ;  and  later  another  manuscript.  Anquetil  Duperron 
collated  the  two,  and  translated  the  work  into  French 
and  into  Latin,  publishing  the  latter  version  in  1801  and 
1802  under  the  title  of  Oupnekhat,  a  corruption  of  Upani- 
shad. This  Latin  translation  *as  studied  by  Schopen- 
hauer. Twelve  of  them  are  translated  by  MaxMUller,  with 
introductions  and  notes,  in  the  "  Sacred  Books  of  the  East, " 
I.  and  XV. 

Upernivik  (o-per'ni-vik).  The  northernmost 
Danish  district  in  Greenland,  situated  on  the 
western  coast.  Position  of  the  chief  settlement, 
lat.  72°  48'  N.,  long.  55°  54'  "W. 

Upham  (up'am),  Charles  Wentworth,  Bom 
at  St.  John,  K.  B.,  May  4, 1802 :  died  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  June  14, 1875.  An  American  Unitarian 
clergyman,  author,  and  politician.  He  was  a 
Whig  member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1853-56. 

XJpham,  Thomas  Cogswell.  Bom  at  Deer- 
field,  N.  H.,  Jan.  30,  1799:  died  at  New  York, 
April  2,  1872.  An  American  philosophical  and 
religious  writer  and  poet. 

l^olu  (o-p6-lo').  The  second  in  size  of  the 
Samoan  Islands,  southeast  of  Savaii.  it  is  moun- 
tainous and  fertile,  and  contains  Apia,  the  cMef  town  of  the 
group.    Area,  350  square  miles.    Population,  about  16,000. 

Upper  Austria.    See  Austria. 

Upper  Avon.    See  Avon. 

Upper  Bavaria,  G.  Oberbayem.  A  govern- 
ment district  in  the  southeast  of  Bavaria,  ex- 
tending from  the  Alps  to  the  Danube.  Area,  16,- 
725  square  miles.   Population  (1890),  1,103,160. 

Upper  BrfilSs.    See  Sitcanxu. 

Upper  Canada.    See  Ontario. 

Upper  Chinook  (up'Sr  chi-nuk').  One  of  the 
two  divisions  of  the  Chinookau  stock  of  North 
American  Indians.  The  principal  tribes  are 
Cathlamet,  Claokama,  Eeheloot,  Multnoma, 
Wasco,  andWatlala.    See  CMnooTcan. 

Upper  Germany  (j6r'ma-ni),  G.  Oberdeutsch- 
land  (6'ber-doich'lant).  1.  A  geographical 
term  nearly  coextensive  with  South  Germany, 
or  Germany  south  of  the  Main. — 3.  A  geo- 
graphical term  for  the  German-speaking  lands 
of  the  German  Empire  and  Austria-Hungary 
which  are  situated  in  the  Alps  or  about  their 
northern  slopes,  it  comprises  Baden,  HohenzoUern, 
Wiirtemberg,  southern  Bavaria,  Upper  and  Lower  Austria, 
Salzburp,  Tyrol,  and  parts  of  Styria,Carintbia,  and  Carniola. 

Upper  Hesse,  G.  Oberhessen.  A  province  in 
the  grand  duchy  of  Hesse.  AJea,  8,287  square 
miles.     Population  (1890),  265,912. 

Upper  Peru.    See  Charcas  and  Bolivia. 

Upper  Rhine  (nn)  Circle,  G.  Oberrheinkreis 
(6'ber-rin'''kris).  One  of  the  ten  circles  of  the 
ancient  German  Empire,  comprising  an  aggre- 
gation of  ecclesiastical  and  temporal  lordships, 
mainly  west  of  the  Rhine. 

Upper  Saxon  Circle,  G.  Obersachsischer- 
kreis  (d'her-zek'sish-er-km).  One  of  the 
ten  circles  of  the  ancient  German  Empire,  com- 
prising electoral  Saxony,  Brandenburg,  the 
Saxon  duchies,  Anhalt,  Pomerania,  Schwarz- 
burg,  Eeuss,  etc. 

Uppingham  (up'ing-am).  A  town  in  Rutland- 
shire, England,  situated  17  miles  east  by  south 
of  Leicester. 

Upsala  (op-sa'la).  1.  Alaen  in  eastern  Swe- 
den. Area.  2,053  square  miles.  Population 
(1893),  122,008.— 2.  The  capital  of  the  laen  of 
Upsala,  situated  on  the  river  Pyris  in  lat.  59°  51' 
N.,long.  17°38'E.  it  is  the  seat  of  a  noted  university 
and  of  an  archbishopric.  The  university  was  founded  by 
Sten  Sture  in  1477.  It  has  a  library  of  260,000  volumes,  col- 
lections of  coins  and  minerals,  botanicgarden  and  museum, 
observatory,  etc.  The  cathedral  was  founded  In  1260,  but 
has  since  been  altered.  Among  the  radiating  choir-chapels 
is  that  of  Gustavus  Vasa,  adorned  with  historical  frescos, 
and  containing  the  king's  tomb  with  sculptured  figures 
of  himself  and  his  first  two  wives.  The  dimensions  are  359 
by  lOS  feet ;  length  of  transepts,  136 ;  height  of  vaulting, 
90.  The  two  west  towers  have  reached  only  about  half  of 
their  projected  height  of  388  feet.  The  side  portals  and 
the  exterior  of  the  choir  are  exceedingly  fine.  Near  Upsala 
was  the  medieval  city  Old  Upsala,  one  of  the  oldest  in  the 
country.    Population  (1892),  21,109. 

Upshur  (up'sher),  Abel  Parker.    Bom  in 

Northampton  County,  Va.,  June  17, 1790 :  killed 


Urban  VII. 

on  the  Potomac,  Feb.  28,  1844.  An  American 
politician,  secretary  of  the  navy  1841-43,  and 
secretary  of  state  1848-44. 

Upton  (up'ton),  Emory.  Bom  at  Batavia, 
Genesee  Coiinty,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  27,  1839:  died 
at  San  Francisco,  March  14,  1881.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1861; 
served  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  and  in  Georgia  and 
Alabama  during  the  Civil  War,  attaining  the  rank  of  brig- 
adier-general in  1864 ;  and  was  commandant  of  cadets  at 
West  Point  1870-76.  He  wrote  "New  System  of  Infantry 
Tactics"  (1867),  "Armies  of  Asia  and  Europe"  (1878),  etc. 

Ur  (6r).  The  place  (in  Gen.  TJrKasdim,  Ur  of  the 
Chaldeans)  from  which  Abraham  set  out  on  his 
journey  to  Canaan,  it  has  been  identified  with  Uru 
which  figures  in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  as  the  oldest 
capital  of  Babylonia  and  at  the  same  time  as  an  important 
maritime  and  commercial  city.  It  is  now  represented  by 
the  ruins  of  Mu^heir  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Euphrates. 
It  was  the  principal  seat  of  worship  of  the  moon-god  Sin, 
and  is  therefore  sometimes  qualified  in  the  inscriptions  as 
the  "  moon  city." 

Uraba  (6-ra-ba' ) ,  Gulf  of.  -Aji  old  name  for  the 
Gulf  of  Darlen:  generally  restricted  to  the 
southern  arm  which  receives  the  river  Atrato. 

Ural  (o'ral  or  H'ral).  A  river  which  rises  in  the 
Ural  Mountains,  flows  southwest  and  south,  and 
empties  by  a  delta  into  the  northern  end  of  the 
Caspian  Sea.  it  forms  for  a  large  part  of  its  course 
part  of  the  conventional  boundary  between  Europe  and 
Asia.  Length,  about  1,000  miles ;  navigable  for  large  ves- 
sels from  Orenburg. 

Ural  Mountains.  A  collection  of  mountain- 
ranges  situated  mainly  on  the  border  between 
Europe  and  Asia,  and  in  Russian  territory. 
They  extend  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  southward  to  near  lat. 
51°  N.  The  chief  divisions  are  the  Arctic  Urals  (in  Nova 
Zembla),  Northern  Uials  (with  the  Pai-hoi,  Vogul,  and 
Obdorsk  Mountains),  Midffle  Urals,  and  Southern  Urals. 
They  are  famous  tor  their  mineral  wealth  (gold,  iron, 
copper,  platinum,  and  precious  stones).  Highest  peak 
(Tel-pos),  5,540  feet. 

Uralsk  (6-ralsk').  1.  A  province  of  Russia,  in 
Central  Asia,  lying  between  Astrakhan  and 
Turgai.  Area,  189,168  square  miles.  Population 
(1889),  559,552.-2.  The  capital  of  Uralsk,  sit- 
uated at  the  junction  of  the  Tehagan  with  the 
Ural,  about  lat.  51°  10'  N.    Population,  26,054. 

Urania  (u-ra'ni-a).  [NL.,  from  L.  Urania,  from 
Gr.  Ovpavia,  one  of  the  Muses,  lit. '  the  Heavenly 
One.']  1.  In  Greek  mythology,  the  Muse  of 
astronomy  and  celestial  forces,  and  the  arbi- 
tress  of  fate,  second  only  to  Calliope  in  the 

,  company  of  the  Muses.     Her  usual  attributes  are  a 
globe,  which  she  often  holds  in  her  hand,  and  alittle  staff 
or  compass  for  indicating  the  course  of  the  stars. 
2.  An  asteroid  (No.  30)  discovered  by  Hind  at 
London,  July  22,  1854. 

Uranienborg  (o-ra'ne-en-borg).  A  castle  on  the 
island  of  Hven,  Sweden,  the  seat  of  the  obser- 
vatory of  Tyeho  Brahe. 

Uranus  (ii'ra-nus).  [L.,  from  Gr.  Ovpavdg,  a 
personification  of  heaven,  equivalent  to  Skt. 
Varuna,  a  deity  of  the  highest  rank  in  the  Veda, 
later  a  god  of  the  waters.]  1.  In  classical  my- 
thology, the  son  of  Gsea  or  Ge  (the  Earth),  and 
by  her  the  father  of  the  Titans,  Cyclopes,  etc. 
He  hated  his  children,  and  confined  them  in  Tartarus ;  but, 
on  the  instigation  of  Gsea,  Cronus,  the  youngest  of  the 
Titans,  overthrew  and  dethroned  him. 
2.  In  astronomy,  the  outermost  but  one  of  the 
planets,  appearing  to  the  naked  eye  as  a  faint 
star.  It  was  discovered  as  a  moving  body  with  a  disk, 
March  13,  1781,  by  Sir  W.  Herschel ;  but  had  previously 
been  observed  twenty  times  as  a  star  by  different  obser- 
vers. These  are  called  the  ancient  observations  of  Uranus. 
Theplanet,  seen  with  atelescopeof  the  first  class,  appears 
as  a  small  bluish  disk  with  two  bands.  It  is  a  little  smaller 
than  Neptune,  its  diameter  being  31,000  miles ;  its  mass  is 
^r^xi^oi  that  of  the  sun,  or  14.7  times  that  of  the  earth ;  its 
density  thereforcis  about  1.4,  being  a  little  more  than  that 
of  Jupiter.  It  is  about  19. 2  times  as  far  from  the  sun  as  the 
earth  is ;  and  its  period  of  revolution  is  about  84  years  and 
a  week.  It  has  four  satellites  —  Ariel,  Umbriel,  Titania, 
and  Oberon — of  which  the  first  two  are  extremely  diffi- 
cult telescopic  objects.  They  revolve  in  one  plane,  nearly 
perpendicular  to  that  of  the  planet. 

Urartu.    See  Ararat. 

Urban  (fer'ban)  I.  [L.  Vrbamis,  of  the  city ;  It. 
XJrhano,  F.  Urhain.']   Bishop  of  Rome  222-230. 

Urban  II.  (Udo  or  Eudes).  Born  at  Chatillon- 
sur-Marne,  Prance  :  died  1099.  Pope  1088-99. 
He  continued  the  policy  of  Gregory  VII.  against  lay  in- 
vestiture and  in  opposition  to  Henry  IV. ;  excommunicated 
Philip  I.  of  France ;  and  furthered  the  first  Crusade. 

Urban  III.  (Uberto  Crivelli).    Pope  1185-87. 

He  opposed  the  emperor  Frederick  I. 
Urban  IV.  (Jacques  Pantaleon).  Pope  1261- 

1264.    He  opposed  Manfred  of  Sicily. 
Urban  V.  (Giiillaume  de  Grimoard).  Bom  in 

southern  France :  died  1370.    Pope  1862-70. 
Urban  iVI.  (Bartolommeo  Prignani).    Pope 

1378-89.   The  papal  schism  began  in  his  reign : 

the  cardinals  elected  Clement  VII.  antipope. 
Urban  VII.  (Giovanni  Battista  Castagna). 

Pope  in  1590,  for  13  days. 


Urban  VUI. 

Urban  VIII.  (Maffeo  Barberini).    Bom  at 

Florence,  1568:  died  1644.  Pope  1623-44.  He 
annexed  the  duchy  of  Urbino,  and  supported  the 
policy  of  France  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War. 

Urban,  Sylranns.  The  pseudonym  of  the  edi- 
tor of  the  "  Gentleman's  Magazine." 

Urbino  (or-be'no).  [L.  Urvinum  Metaurense, 
ML  Urbinum.'i  A  city  in  the  province  of  Pe- 
saro  e  Urbino,  Italy,  situated  on  a  hill  in  lat. 
43='  44'  N.,  long.  12°  38'  E. :  the  capital  of  the 
former  duchy  of  Urbino,  and  a  celebrated  center 
of  art  and  literature  in  the  15th  and  16th  cen- 
turies. ItwBSthebirthplaceotEaphael.  It  contains  a  ca- 
thedral and  a  ducal  palace,  and  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishop, 
and  formerly  of  a  university.  The  ducal  palace  is  one  of 
the  finest  examples  of  the  cinque-cento  or  early  Kenais- 
aance  style,  light  in  proportions  and  richly  ornamented. 
The  south  front  has  three  superimposed  loggie,  and  two 
xnachicolated  cylindrical  flanking  towers.  The  court, 
with  two  stories  and  an  attic,  the  lower  story  arcaded,  is 
celebrated.  The  saloons  are  well  proportioned,  and  dec- 
orated with  sculptured  arabesques,  foliage,  etc.  Popula- 
tion (1881X  6,087 ;  commune,  16,812. 

Urbino,  Duchy  of.  A  former  duchy  compris- 
ing Urbino,  Pesaro,  and  other  places  in  their 
vicinity.  It  was  ruled  by  princes  of  the  Montefeltro 
family,  and  later  was  under  the  house  of  Delia  Eovere. 
It  was  annexed  by  the  Papal  States  in  1631,  and  by  Victor 
Emmanuel  in  1860, 

Ure  (ill'),  Andrew.  Bom  at  Glasgow,  1778: 
died  at  London,  June  2, 1857.  A  Scottish  chem- 
ist, professor  of  chemistry  and  natural  history 
at  the  Andersonian  institution  in  Glasgow.  He 
published  a  "Dictionary  of  Chemistry  "(1821),  "ANewSys- 
tem  of  Geology  "  (1829),  "  Philosophy  of  Manufactures  " 
(1835),  "Dictionary  of  Acts,  Manufactures,  and  Mines" 
(1837-39 :  revised  by  Hunt),  etc. 

Ures  (6'res).  A  former  capital  of  the  state  of  So- 
nora,  Mexico,  situated  on  the  Eio  Sonora  about 
lat  29°  20'  N.    Population,  about  9,000. 

Urfe  (lir-fa'),  Honor6  D'.  Bom  at  Marseilles, 
1567 :  died  in  1625.  A  French  writer.  He  was 
of  a  noble  family,  and  seems  to  have  been  intended  for 
the  church.  A  marriage  unfortunate  in  all  its  circum- 
stances drove  him  into  retirement,  where  he  composed  his 
"Astr6e"  (which  see),  as  the  author  of  which  he  is  usually 
known.  He  was  a  voluminous  pastoral  and  amatory  writer, 

Urganda  (or-gan'da).  A  fairy  and  enchantress 
in  the  legend  of  Amadis  de  Gaul. 

Urgel  (6r-Hel').  ,  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Lerida,  Spain,  on  the  Segre  74  miles  north-north- 
west of  Barcelona,  it  is  the  seat  of  a  bishop  who,  con- 
jointly with  France,  supervises  the  republic  of  Andoira. 

Uri  (6'ri).  One  of  the  Forest  Cantons  of 
Switzerland,  bounded  by  the  Lake  of  Lucerne, 
Schwyz,  Glarus,  Grisons,  Ticino,  Valais,  Bern, 
and  Unterwalden.  Capital,  Altorf.  it  is  traversed 
by  the  Keuss  and  by  the  St.  Gotthard  Railway.  The  lan- 
guage is  chiefly  German  (but  Italian  also  is  spoken);  reli- 
gion, Roman  Catholic.  Uri  sends  one  representative  to  the 
National  Council.  It  united  in  leagues  with  other  Forest 
Cantons.in  the  12th  and  14th  centuries ;  conquered  the  Val 
Xeventina  in  the  15th  century ;  was  assigned  to  the  canton 
Waldstatten  in  1798 ;  was  the  scene  of  conflicts  between 
the  French  and  the  Russians  and  Anstrians  in  1799 ;  be- 
came a  canton  in  1803,  without  the  Val  Leventina ;  and 
joined  the  Sonderbund.  Area,  416  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1888),  17,249. 

Uri,  Bay  of  or  Lake  of  ,  or  Urner  See  (or'nerza). 

The  southeastern  arm  of  the  Lake  of  Lucerne, 
Switzerland.  Length,  7  miles.  It  is  bordered 
by  high  mountains. 

Uriah  (u-ri'a).  [Heb.,'Yahvehismylight.']  A 
Hittite  officer  in  the  army  of  David,  husband  of 
Bathsheba:  killed  by  order  of  David. 

Urian  (ti'ri-an ;  G.  pron.  8're-an),  Sir.  A  name 
formerly  used  to  designate  an  unknown  person, 
or  one  whose  name,  even  if  known,  it  was  not 
thought  proper  to  mention,  in  this  sense  it  was 
sometimes  applied  to  the  deviL  In  the  "  Parzival "  of  Wolf- 
ram von  Eschenbach,  the  unprincipled  Prince  of  Puntur- 
tois  is  called  Urian.   Bayard  Taylor,  Notes  to  Faust,  sc.  xxi. 

Uriconium  (ti-ri-ko'ni-um),  orViroconium  (vir- 
o-ko'ni-um) .  An  ancient  town  in  Britain,  on  the 
site  of  the  modem  Wroxeter,  near  Shrewsbury. 

Uriel  (ii'ri-el).  [Heb.,' light  of  God.']  One  of 
the  seven  archangels.  He  is  spoken  of  in  2  Esdras  as 
the  good  angel.  He  has  been  conceived  to  be  an  angel  of 
li^h^  and  his  station  to  be  in  the  sun.  He  is  introduced  by 
Milton  in  "ParadiseLost,"and  by  Longfellow  in  the  "Golden 
Legend." 

Uri-Botbstock  (o'ri-rot'stok).  A  summit  of 
the  Urner  Alps,  in  the  canton  of  Uri,  Switzer- 
land, west  of  Altorf.    Height,  9,620  feet. 

Urmia.    See  Urumiah. 

Um-burial.    See  Sydriotaphia. 

Urner  (or'ner)  Alps.  A  group  of  the  Alps  in 
Switzerland,  comprised  between  the  Lake  of 
Lucerne,  tlie  Reuss,  the  Furca  Pass,  Aare,  and 
the  Samer  Aa. 

Urner  Loch.  A  tunnel  in  the  St.  Gotthard  Pass, 
Switzerland,  between  the  Devil's  Bridge  and 
Andermatt. 

Urner  See  (Or'ner  za).    Same  as  TJri,  Bay  of. 

Urquhart  (erch'art),  David.  Bom  in  the  county 


1022 

of  Cromarty,  Scotland,  1805 :  died  1877.  ABrit- 
ish  publicist  and  politician.  He  was  a  Conservative 
member  of  Parliament.  He  published  "  Observations  on 
European  Turkey "  (1831),  "  Turkey  and  its  Resources  " 
(1833),  "Spirit  of  the  East"  (1838),  "Pillars  of  Hercules" 
(1848),  "  The  Lebanon  "  (1860),  and  various  works  against 
Russia,  the  United  States,  on  French  affairs,  etc. 

Urquhart,  or  Urchard  (ereh'ard),  Sir  Thomas. 
Bom  about  1605 :  died  1660.  A  Scottish  Roy- 
alist and  author.  He  possessed  estates  in  Cromarty ; 
was  educated  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen ;  and  traveled, 
having  a  good  knowledge  of  foreign  tongues.  He  was  de- 
clared a  rebel  by  Parliament ;  took  arms  on  the  king's  side ; 
fought  in  the  battle  of  Worcester ;  and,  though  sent  a  pris- 
oner to  London,  had  some  liberty.  He  escaped,  and  died 
abroad.  He  published  several  works;  but  is  best  known 
from  his  translation  of  Rabelais  (1653). 

Urquiza  (6r-ke'tha),  Justo  Jos6.  Born  near 
Coneepcion  del  Uruguay,  Entre  Rios,  March  19, 
1800 :  assassinated  on  his  estate  of  San  Jos6, 
near  the  same  place,  April  11,  1871.  An  Ar- 
gentine general  and  politician.  As  a  country 
shopkeeper  he  acquired  great  influence  over  the  Gau- 
chos,  and  in  1844-45,  with  an  army  of  4,000  of  them,  as- 
sisted Oribe  against  the  government  of  Montevideo,  de- 
feating Rivera  at  India  Muerta,  March  28, 1846.  In  1846 
he  was  elected  governor  of  Entre  Rios.  The  loose  feder- 
ative system  then  in  vogue  in  the  Argentine  gave  prac- 
tically unlimited  powers  to  the  governors  or  dictators. 
Urquiza  ruled  Entre  Rios  as  an  independent  state  and  for 
his  own  advantage,  acquiring  a  very  large  fortune.  As  a 
leader  of  the  federalist  party  he  made  war  on  the  unita- 
rians of  Corrientes.  In  1851  he  joined  forces  with  Brazil 
and  Montevideo ;  compelled  Oribe  to  capitulate  Oct.  8, 
ending  the  "nine  years'  siege  "  of  Montevideo ;  and  on 
Feb.  3, 1852,  defeated  and  overthrew  Rosas  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Monte-Caseros.  He  was  at  once  proclaimed  provi- 
sional dictator  of  the  Argentine  Confederation,  and  in 
May,  1863,  was  elected  president  for  6  years.  Buenos 
Ayres  refused  to  join  the  confederation  until  forced  to  do 
so  by  Urquiza's  victory  at  Cepeda,  Oct.  23, 1869.  Urquiza 
retained  the  presidency  until  May,  1860,  when  he  took 
command  of  the  army.  Buenos  Ayres  revolted  soon  after, 
and  the  federalist  army  of  Urquiza  was  defeated  by  Mitre 
at  Pavon,  Sept.  17,  1861.  With  this  battle  the  federalist 
system  came  to  an  end.  Urquiza  retired  to  Entre  Rios, 
where  he  continued  to  rule  in  a  kind  of  feudal  state,  though 
with  somewhat  diminished  power,  until  his  death.  He 
evaded  taking  an  active  part  in  the  Paraguayan  war. 

Urraca(6r-ra'ka).  Died  1126.  Queen  of  Castile, 
daughter  of  Alfonso  VI.  of  Castile,  she  married 
Alfonso  of  Aragon ;  was  divorced  from  him  in  1111 ;  and 
carried  on  civil  war  in  Spain  against  her  husband  and  son. 

Ursa  Major  (er'sa  ma' jor) .  [L.,  '  the  Greater 
Bear.']  The  most  prominent  constellation  of 
the  northern  heavens,  representing  a  bear  vrith 
an  enormous  tail.  There  is  a  rival  figure  for  the  same 
constellation — a  wagon.  (See  Wain,)  Both  figures  are 
mentioned  by  Homer.  The  name  of  the  bear  is  translated 
from  some  original  Aryan  language,  since  the  constella- 
tion in  Sanskrit  is  called  riksha  —  a  word  which  means  in 
different  genders  a  'bear*  and  a  'star.'  As  the  seven 
stars  of  the  Great  Bear  are  in  many  languages  called  the 
Septentrions,  it  is  probable  the  figure  of  the  bear,  which 
by  its  tail  would  seem  to  have  originated  among  some  peo- 
ple not  familiar  with  bears,  may  have  been  the  result  of 
a  confusion  of  sound.  Draco  appears  to  have  had  formerly 
a  longer  tail,  twisting  down  in  front  of  Ursa  Major.  The 
principal  stars  of  the  Great  Bear  compose  the  figure  of 
Charles's  Wain,  or  the  Dipper. 

Ursa  Minor  (er'sa  mi'ngr).  [L.,'the  Smaller 
Bear.']  A  constellation  near  the  north  pole, 
the  figure  of  which  imitates  that  of  Ursa  Ma- 
jor, vniieh  its  configuration  resembles,  it  also 
has  a  rival  figure  of  a  wagon,  and  is  sometimes  called  the 
Cynosure,  which  seems  to  mean  '  dog's  tail. '  At  the  time 
of  the  formation  of  these  constellations  the  pole  must  have 
been  near  a  Draconis ;  and  during  the  greater  part  of  his- 
tory sailors  have  steered  by  Ursa  Minor  as  a  whole.  In 
the  tail  of  the  Little  Bear  is  the  pole-star. 

Ursern  (Sr'zem),  or  Urseren  (6r'zer-en).  The 
same  as  Andermatt. 

Ursinus  (er-si'nus),  or  Urcicinus  (6r-si-si'nus). 
Antipope  866-384. 

Ursua  (or-s6'a),  Pedro  de.  Bom  at  Ursua, 
near  Pamplona,  Navarre,  about  1510:  died  at 
Machiparo,  on  the  Upper  Amazon,  Jan.  1, 1561. 
A  Spanish  soldier.  He  was  governor  of  New  Gra- 
nada 1545-46 ;  led  expeditions  from  Bogota  in  search  of  El 
Dorado  1547  and  1549-52,  founding  Pamplona  and  other 
places ;  and  subdued  the  rebellious  Cimarrones  of  Pana- 
ma 1556-57.  In  1559  the  Marquis  of  Cafiete,  viceroy  of 
Peru,  commissioned  him  to  lead  an  expedition  to  the 
region  of  the  upper  Amazon  in  search  of  El  Dorado  and 
the  "  kingdom"  of  the  Omaguas  (which  see).  The  ulterior 
object  of  the  viceroy  was  to  get  rid  of  the  wild  adven- 
turers who  had  been  attracted  to  Peru  by  the  civil  wars. 
Some  hundreds  of  these  joined  Ursua,  who  took  the  title 
of  "  Governor  of  Omagua and  El  Dorado, "  and  embarked  in 
boats  at  Lamas  on  the  Moyobamba  in  Sept.,  1660.  He  de- 
scended the  Moyobamba  and  Kuallaga  to  the  Amazon, 
where  he  was  killed  by  Lope  de  Aguirre  and  other  con- 
spirators.   (See  Aguirre.)    Also  written  Orsua. 

Ursula (6r'sii-la),  Saint.  [ML., 'a she-bear';  It. 
Orsola,  Sp.  tfrsola,  F.  JJraule.']  In  Christian  le- 
gend, a  British  saint  and  martyr  who,  with 
11,000  virgins,  was  said  to  have  been  put  to 
death  by  an  army  of  Huns  near  Cologne,  In  the 
first  part  of  the  12th  century,  in  digging  foundations  for 
new  walla,  the  citizens  of  Cologne  found  a  large  number 
of  bones  in  the  cemetery  of  the  old  Roman  town  Colonia 
Agrippina.  These  were  announced  by  Elizabeth  of  ShSnau, 
a  visionary  nun,  as  the  relics  of  the  11,000  virgins,  and  for 
many  years  were  so  venerated.  Bones  of  men  and  children. 


Usedom 

however,  were  found  among  them,  and  this  was  variously 
explained  by  inspired  persons.  The  Church  of  St.  Ursula 
of  Cologne  is  still  visited  by  thousands  of  credulous  be- 
lievers in  the  miraculous  properties  of  the  boues  of  Roman 
colonists.  One  matter-of-fact  explanation  of  the  11,000  re- 
duces them  to  one  in  the  person  of  a  St.  "  Undecemilla." 
St.  Ursula  has  been  identified  by  Dr.  Oscar  Schade  with 
the  Swabian  goddess  HCrsel,  or  Ursel,  who  is  the  Holda 
(or  Venus)  of  Teutonic  mythology  turned  into  a  saint  of 
the  Christian  calendar. 

tTrubamba  (o-ro-bam'ba).  A  name  given  to  the 
Ucayale  in  the  upper  part  of  its  course. 

Urugal  (o-ro-gal').  The  Babylonian  Hades.  The 
word  is  of  Sumerian  origin,  and  means  '  the 
great  city.' 

Uruguay  (o-ro-gwi' ;  or,  as  Eng.,  ii'r8-gwa,).  A 
river  which  rises  in  southeastern  Brazil  (Santa 
Catharina),  near  the  coast,  flows  west,  south- 
west, and  south,  forms  the  boundary  between 
Rio  Grande  do  Sul  in  Brazil  and  Uruguay  on 
the  east,  and  the  Argentine  Republic  on  the 
west,  and  empties  into  the  estuary  of  the  Rio 
de  la  Plata  in  lat.  34°  S.  its  chief  tributaries  are  the 
Ibicuy  and  Negro.  Length,  ^bout  1,000  miles.  It  is  navi- 
gable to  Salto  (about  20O  miles),  and  above  that,  for  small 
vessels,  300  miles  farther. 

Uruguay,  orBepiiblica  Oriental  del  Uruguay 

(ra-p6'ble-ka  6-re-en-tal'  del  6-r8-gwi'),  often 
Banda  Oriental  (ban'da  6-re-en-tal').  A  re- 
public in  South  America,  bounded  by  Brazil, 
the  Atlantic,  the  estuary  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata, 
and  the  river  Uruguay  (which  separates  it  from 
the  Argentine  Republic).  Capital,  Montevideo. 
The  surface  consists  generally  of  grassy  lands  traversed 
by  low  ridges ;  the  chief  occupation  is  the  rearing  of  cattle 
and  sheep ;  the  leading  exports,  live  stock,  wool,  beef, 
hides,  tallow,  etc.  It  has  19  departments.  The  govern- 
ment is  vested  in  a  president  and  a  parliament  consisting 
of  a  senate  and  a  chamber  of  representatives.  The  pre- 
vailing religion  is  Roman  Catholic.  Of  the  inhabitants 
the  majority  are  native  Uruguayans,  many  of  the  country 
people  being  of  the  mixed  race  called  Gauchos  (which 
see) ;  but  there  are  also  many  Italians,  Spaniards,  French, 
Brazilians,  etc.  The  prevailing  language  is  Spanish.  Uru- 
guay was  settled  by  Spanish  Jesuits  in  the  17th  century, 
and  by  Portuguese  and  Spanish  colonists  later ;  became  a 
Spanish  province,  annexed  to  the  viceroyalty  of  La  Plata, 
in  1776;  was  joined  to  Brazil  in  1821;  revolted  against 
Brazil  in  1825;  and  was  recognized  as  an  independent  state 
in  1828.  Montevideo  was  besieged  by  the  combined  forces 
of  Oribe  and  Rosas  1842-51.  Area,  72,172  square  miles. 
Population  (1893),  748,130. 

Uruguayana  (o-ro-gwi-a'na).  A  town  of  the 
state  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  Brazil,  on  the  river 
Uruguay  near  lat.  29°  35'  S.  it  is  the  principal 
Brazilian  port  on  the  Uruguay,  and  has  an  important  trade 
in  cattle.  The  Paraguayan  army  which  invaded  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul  in  1865  was  besieged  in  this  place  by  the  combined 
forces  of  Brazil,  Uruguay,  and  the  Argentine  Republic, 
and  surrendered  (nearly  6,000  men)  Sept.  18.  The  Emperor 
of  Brazil  and  Presidents  Mitre  and  Flores  took  part  in  the 
siege.    Population,  about  6,000. 

Urumiah,  or  Oroomiah  (6-ro-me'a),  or  Urmia 
(or-me '  a) .  A  city  in  the  province  of  Azerbaijan, 
Persia,  70  miles  west-southwest  of  Tabriz :  the 
traditional  birthplace  of  Zoroaster.  It  is  the 
seat  of  an  American  mission.  Population,  es- 
timated, 25,000. 

Urumiah,  Lake.  A  salt  lake  in  Persia,  west 
of  Tabriz,  intersected  by  lat.  38°  N.  it  contains 
many  small  islands.  The  water  is  intensely  salt  and  is 
shallow.  It  has  no  outlet  Elevation  above  sea-level,  over 
4,000  feet.    Length,  about  85  miles. 

Urundi  (6-r6n'de).  A  land  in  Africa,  north  of 
Lake  Tanganyika. 

UrungU  (o-rong'gS),  or  UlungU  (o-lbng'g6). 
A  district  in  central  Africa,  souQi  and  southeast 
of  Lake  Tanganyika. 

Urus,  or  Uros.    See  Puquinas. 

Urvashi  (or'va-she;  Vedic  or-va'she).  [Ac- 
cording to  Bohtlingk  and  Roth,  from  uru,  wide, 
and  then  great,  &jiavaei=vaca,  desire.]  In  the 
Bigyeda,  '  longing,'  'desire,'  and  in  X.  95  per- 
sonified as  a  woman  beloved  by  Pururavas. 
The  obscure  hymn  consists  of  a  dialogue  between  Purura- 
vas and  Urvashi.  They  are  interpreted  by  Max  Miiller 
("  Oxford  Essays"  (1866)  and  "  Chips  from  a  German  Work- 
shop ")  as  the  Sun  and  the  Dawn,  Urvashi  is  especially 
important  as  the  heroine  of  Kalidasa's  "  Vikramorvashi." 

Usbegs  (us '  begz),  or  Uzbegs  (uz '  begz).  A 
Turkish  people,  socially  and  politically  rather 
than  ethnically  distinct,  dwelling  in  various 
parts  of  central  Asia,  chiefly  in  the  cities.  They 
form  the  influential  class.  Number,  estimated,  2,000,000. 
They  rose  to  power  in  the  13th  century. 

Usboi  (6s-boi').  A  depression  in  central  Asia, 
east  of  the  Caspian  Sea  and  west  of  the  Amu- 
Daria:  formerly  supposed  to  be  the  ancient 
course  of  the  latter. 

Usedom  (6'ze-dom).  An  island,  belonging  to 
Pomerania,  Prussia,  which,  with  the  island  of 
WoUin,  separates  the  Pomeranian  HafE  from  the 
Baltic.  Chief  town,  Swinemiinde.  Length, 
about  30  miles. 

Usedom,  Count  Karl  Georg  Ludwig  Guido 
von.    Bom    on  the  island    of   Riigen,  July 


Usedom 

17, 1805:  died  at  San  Eemo,  Jan.  22, 1884.  A 
Prussian  diplomatist,  distinguished  as  ambas- 
sador to  Italy  1863-69. 

Ushak  (b-shak').  A  town  in  the  western  part 
of  Asia  Minor,  about  120  miles  east  of  Smyrna. 
Population,  15,000. 

■Ushant  (ush'ant),  F.  Ouessant  (wes-son').  An 
island  off  the  coast  of  France,  belonging  to  the 
department  of  FinistSre,  in  lat.  48°  28'  N.,  long. 
5°  3'  W.  It  contains  the  village  St. -Michel. 
Length,  4^  miles.    Population  (1891),  2,490. 

TTshant,  Battle  of.  A  naval  battle  fought  near 
Ushant,  in  1778,  between  the  French  under  d'Or- 
viUiers  and  the  British  under  Keppel.  The  ad- 
vantage was  with  the  former. 

XTshas  (o'shas;  Vedio  o-shas').  [From  V^as, 
light  up,  dawn;  cognate  with Gr.'H(if,L.jiMrora 
for  Ausosa,  and  B.  eas-t.  With  the  kindred 
Skt.  usra',  dawn,  is  also  to  be  compared  the  Old 
Grermanio  Aus-t-ro,  a  goddess  of  the  year-dawn 
or  spring-light,  and"  AS. ^os-*-»-a,  the  name  of 
whose  festival,  Easter,  ooeurring  in  April,  was 
transferred  to  the  Christian  festival  which  re- 
placed it.]  _  The  Vedic  Dawn,  a  favorite  object 
of  celebration  with  the  poets  of  the  Eigveda. 
She  is  the  daughter  of  the  Sky  (Dyaua),  sister  of  Bhaga, 
and  kinswoman  of  Varuna,  and  also  sister  of  Night,  and  in 
one  passage  the  elder  sister.  The  Sun  is  her  lover,  and 
follows  her  track.  She  brings  the  eye  of  the  gods.  Agni 
is  also  her  lover,  Are  being  kindled  for  sacrifice  at  dawn. 
She  is  the  friend  of  the  Ashvins,  whom  she  awakens  with 
her  song.  She  is  borne  onward  in  a  shining  chariot  from 
the  disl^nt  east,  and  in  one  passage  arrives  in  a  hundred 
chariots.  She  is  drawn  by  ruddy  horses,  or  by  cows  or 
bulls  of  the  same  hue.  She  is  compared  to  a  beautiful 
maiden  dressed  by  her  mother,  to  a  richly  decked  dancing- 
girl,  a  gaily  attired  wife  appearing  before  her  husband,  or 
a  female  rising  resplendent  from  her  bath.  She  is  the  life 
and  breath  of  aU  things,  causing  the  birds  to  fly  from  their 
nests,  and,  like  an  active  wife  arousing  her  household, 
awakening  the  five  races  of  men.  She  is  young,  being  born 
anew  every  day,  and  yet  old — nay,  immortal.  See  Muir's 
"Original  Sanskrit  Texts,"  V.  181-198,  for  translations  of 
Ushas  hymns  and  details. 

TTsher,  or  Usslier  (ush'fer),  James,  Latinized 
Usserius  (us-se'ri-us).  Born  at  Dublin,  Jan.  4, 
1580 :  died  at  Reigate,  Surrey,  England,  March 
20,  1656.  A  British  prelate,  theologian,  and 
scholar.  He  took  the  degree  of  M.  A.  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  in  1600;  was  regius  professor  of  divinity  there  1607- 
1620 ;  and  chancellor  of  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  Dublin,  in 
1603 ;  was  appointed  bishop  of  Meath  in  1620 ;  and  became 
archbishop  of  Armagh  and  primate  of  Ireland  in  1624  or 
1626.  He  was  on  a  visit  to  England  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
civil  war,  and  took  sides  with  Charles  I.,  With  the  result 
that  he  lost  nearly  all  his  property  in  Ireland,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  his  library.  He  was  preacher  to  the  Society  of 
Lincoln's  Inn,  Dondon,  from  1647  until  shortly  before  his 
death.  His  most  notable  work  Is  "Annales  Teteris  et 
Kovi  Testamenti "  (1650-54),  in  whichhe  proposed  ascheme 
of  biblical  chronology  that  was  universally  accepted  until 
disproved  by  recent  investigations. 
Fsipites  (ii-sip'i-tez),  or  Usipii  (li-sip'i-i),  or 
Usipes  (ii-si'pez).  [L.  (Osesar)  Usipites,  CTaci- 
tOs)  tfsipU,  Gr.  (Strabo)  Qvamoi.']  A  German 
tribe  first  mentioned  by  Csesar,  who  describes 
them  as  having  been  driven  by  the  Suevi  (59 
B.  c),  together  with  the  Tencteri,  from  their 
original  homes.  With  the  Tencteri  they  were  defeated 
by  Ctesar  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ehine,  near  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Maas,  whence  they  withdrew  to  the  opposite 
side,  to  the  north  qf  the  Sugambri.  Ptolemy,  who  names 
them  for  the  last  time,  places  them  further  to  the  south, 
in  the  Main  region.  They  were  probably  merged  ulti- 
mate^ in  the  Alamanni. 
Usk  (usk).  [Celtic, '  water.']  A  river  in  South 
Wales  and  Monmouthshire,  England,  which 
joins  the  estuary  of  the  Severn  18  miles  west- 
northwest  of  Bristol.  Length,  about  60  miles. 
Uskoken  (os'ko-ken).  [Serb,  'fugitives.'] 
Fugitives  from  Servia  and  Bosnia  who  went 
to  Venetian  and  Hungarian  lands  about  the  be- 
ginning of  the  16th  century  to  escape  Turkish 
tyranny. 
Uskup  (Ss'kup),  orUskub  (os'kub),  or  Uskiub 
(6s'ke-ub),  or  Skoplie.  The  capital  of  the 
vilayet  of  Kosovo,  European  Turkey,  situated 
on  the  Vardar  in  lat.  42°  1'  N.,  long.  21°  82'  B. : 
the  ancient  Scupi  or  Scopi.  It  is  a  strategic  point. 
It  has  manufactures  of  leather,  etc.  Population,  about 
28,000. 

Dspallata  (5s-pal-ya'ta)  Pass.  [Sp.  Boquete  or 
PortiUo  de  Uspallata.']  A  pass  over  the  Andes, 
between  the  Argentine  Eepublio  and  Chile, 
near  lat.  32°  49'  S.  The  highest  point  is  about  12,800 
feet  above  the  sea.  During  the  colonial  period  this  pass 
was  the  principal  means  of  communication  between  San- 
tiago and  the  Chilean  cities  east  of  the  Andes.  It  was 
the  route  taken  by  San  Martin  in  his  famous  Invasion  of 
Chile,  Jan.,  1817.  The  Transandine  Eailroad  passes 
through  it.    Also  Cumbra  (Cmnbre)  Pass. 

ITsslier,  James.    See  Usher. 
"Ustica  (6s'te-ka).   A  mountainous  island  m  the 
Mediterranean,  belonging  to  Italy,  43  miles 


1023 

north  by  west  of  Palermo.  It  contains  a  penal 
establishment.  Length,  4  miles.  Population 
(1881),  1,793. 

Ust-Kamenogorsk  (6st'ka-men-6-gorsk').  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Semipalatiusk,  Eussian 
Asia,  situated  on  the  Irtish  150  miles  southeast 
of  Semipalatiusk.    Population  (1888),  6,819. 

Ust-Urt  (6st'6rt').  A  plateau  in  central  Asia, 
between  the  Sea  of  Aral  and  the  Caspian  Sea. 
It  is  mainly  a  desert. 

XTsuramo  (6-so-ra'm6).  A  region  in  East  Africa, 
situated  southwest  of  Zanzibar,  near  the  coast. 
Since  1885  it  has  been  a  possession  of  the  Ger- 
man East  Africa  Company.    Also  Uzaramo. 

TJta  (ii'ta),  or  Utah,  or  Ute  (u'te),  or  Touta. 
[PI. ,  also  Utas  or  tftahs.']  A  division  of  the  Sho- 
shonean  stock  of  North  American  Indians,  em- 
bracing 15  tribes,  which  formerly  occupied  the 
entire  central  and  western  portions  of  Colorado 
and  the  northeastern  portion  of  Utah,  including 
the  eastern  part  of  Salt  Lake  valley  and  Utah 
valley.  On  the  south  they  extended  into  New  Mexico, 
occupying  much  of  the  country  drained  by  the  Eio  San 
Juan.  In  the  northeastern  part  of  their  ran^e  they  inter- 
married extensively  with  other  Shoshonean  branches,  as  the 
Shoshoni,  Bannocl:,  Paiute,andwitb.theJicarilla  Apache. 
The  Uta  are  now  confined  to  reservations,  and  they  num- 
ber in  Southern  Dte  agency,  Colorado,  986 ;  in  Ouray  re- 
serve, Utah,  1,021 ;  and  in  Uintah  reserve,  Utah,  833.  Total, 
2,839.    See  Shoshonean. 

Utah  (ii'ta  or  H'ta).  [Prom  the  Indian  tribal 
name.]  Oneof  the  United  States  (the 45th).  Cap- 
ital, Salt  Lake  City,  it  is  bounded  by  Idaho  and  Wyo- 
ming on  the  north,  Wyoming  and  Colorado  on  the  east,  Ari- 
zona on  the  south,  and  Nevada  on  the  west.  The  surface 
is  mountainous  and  plateau,  including  the  Wahsatoh  and 
Uintah  Mountains  and  part  of  the  Great  Basin.  The 
Great  Salt  Lake  is  in  the  north.  The  silver-  and  lead-mines 
are  important.  Utah  contains  27  counties,  and  sends  2  sen- 
ators and  1  representative  to  Congress.  The  inhabitants 
are  largely  Mormons.  This  region  formed  part  of  the  lands 
ceded  by  Mexico  in  1848.  The  Mormons  settled  here  in 
1847-48.  Utah  was  organized  as  a  Territory  in  1850.  The 
Mountain  Meadow  massacre  of  Gentile  settlers  by  Indians 

■  and  Mormons  occurred  in  1857.  Disturbances  in  1856  led 
to  the  sending  of  an  expedition  of  United  States  troops  to 
Utah  in  1857 ;  the  Mormons  submitted  in  1868.  The  Ed- 
munds Act  of  1882,  followed  by  supplementary  legislation, 
punished  and  discouraged  polygamy  in  the  Mormon 
Church.  A  large  Gentile  immigration  has  taken  place  in 
recent  years.  On  July  17, 1894,  the  President  signed  a  bill 
for  the  admission  of  Utah  to  the  Union  as  a  State  ("en- 
abling act"),  and  it  was  admitted  in  1896.  Area,  84,970 
square  miles.    Population  (1900),  276,749. 

Utah  Lake.  A  fresh-water  lake  in  Utah,  28 
miles  south  of  Salt  Lake  City.  Its  outlet  is  by 
the  Jordan  into  Great  Salt  Lake.  Height  above 
sea-level,  about  4,400  feet.    Length,  23  miles. 

Utatlan  (o-tat-lan'),  or  Gumarcaah  (go-mar- 
ka-a').  The  ancient  capital  of  the  Quiche  In- 
dians of  Guatemala,  near  the  site  of  the  modem 
city  of  Santa  Cruz  del  Quiche.  It  is  said  to  have 
vied  with  Mexico  in  splendor,  and  was  fortified  with  great 
skill.  Twenty  generations  of  chiefs  or  "  kings  "  reigned  in 
it.    (See  QuicMs.)    It  was  destroyed  by  Alvarado  in  1624. 

Ute.    See  Uta. 

Ute  (lit)  Peak.  A  peak  in  Williams  Eange, 
Colorado,  west  of  Central  City. 

Utgard  (ut'gard).  In  ^orse  mythology,  the 
dwelling-place  of  the  giant  Utgard-Loki. 

Utgard-IiOki  (ut'gard-lo'kf).  In  Norse  my- 
thology, the  chief  of  the  giants. 

Uther  (H'ther).  In  the  Arthurian  cycle  of 
romance,  a  king  pt  Britain  and  father  of.  Ar- 
thur, known  from  his  rank  as  Uther  Pendragon. 

Utica  (H'ti-ka).  [L.  Utica,  Gr.  Ovtck^,  OiiTkri, 
'lTi)Kri.']  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  in  Africa, 
situated  near  the  Bagradas  25  miles  north- 
northwest  of  Carthage.  It  was  founded  by  the  Phe- 
nicians ;  sided  in  the  third  Punic  war  with  Rome ;  and  suc- 
ceeded Carthage  as  the  leading  city  of  Africa.  It  was  held 
by  Cato  for  the  Pompeians  in  46  B.  0. 

Utica.  The  capital  of  Oneida  County,  New 
York,  situated  on  the  Mohawk  River  83  miles 
west-northwest  of  Albany,  it  is  a  railroad  center, 
and  is  on  the  Erie  Canal.  It  is  the  leading  market  in  the 
United  States  for  cheese,  and  has  manufactures  of  cloth- 
ing, boots  and  shoes,  etc.  Fort  Schuyler  was  built  in  1768, 
and  the  town  was  settled  after  the  Kevolution.  It  was  in- 
corporated as  a  city  in  1832.    Population  (1900),  56,383. 

Uticensis  (ii-ti-sen'sis).  [L.,' of  Utica.']  A  sur- 
name of  Cato  the  Younger. 

Utila  (o-te'la).  One  of  the  Bay  Islands  in  the 
Gulf  of  Honduras. 

tJtliberg  (iit'le-berG).  A  peak  of  Mount  Albis, 
Switzefland,  4  miles  west  of  Zurich:  noted  for 
its  view.    Height,  2,864  feet. 

Utopia  (u-to'pi-a).  [NL.,  'no  where,'  from  Gr. 
oil,  no,  not,  and  Tditog,  place,  spot.]  A  ;^olitical 
romance  by  Sir  Thomas  More,  published  in  Latin 
in  1516 :  so  called  from  an  imaginary  island,  the 
seat  of  an  ideal  commonwealth.    The  original  title 


Uzziah 

was  "De  Optimo  Reipublicae  Statu,  deque  Nova  Insula 
Utopia."  It  was  translated  in  1651  by  Kalph  Bobinson, 
and  by  Bishop  Burnet  in  1683.  The  name  "Utopia"  has 
given  rise  to  the  adjective  ittopian  with  the  meaning  of 
'impracticable '  or '  ideal,'  especially  as  applied  to  schemes 
for  the  advancement  of  social  conditions. 

Utrecht  (ii'trekt;  D.  pron.  ii'treeht).  1.  A 
province  of  the  Netherlands,  bounded  by  North 
Holland,  Zuyder  Zee,  Gelderland,  and  South 
Holland.  Area,  534  square  mUes.  Population 
(1892),  229,054.-3.  The  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Utrecht,  situated  on  the  Kromme  Rijn, 
at  its  division  into  the  Vecht  and  the  Oude 
Eijn,  in  lat.  52°  5'  N.,  long.  5°  7'  E.:  the  Eo- 
man  Trajectus  (ferry),  it  is  a  railway  center,  and 
has  manufactures  of  cigars,  chemicals,  etc.  The  noted 
Cathedral  of  St.  Martin  consists  of  a  spacious  choir  and 
transepts  of  the  13th  century.  The  nave  fell  in  1674,  and 
was  not  rebuilt :  thus  the  fine  west  tower,  338  feet  high, 
stands  at  a  distance  from  the  existing  church.  The  vault- 
ing is  115  feet  high,  and  the  proportions  and  details  are  ex- 
cellent. Utrecht  is  also  the  seat  of  a  university.  Its  medi- 
eval bishops  possessed  great  power.  It  was  often  a  resi- 
dence of  the  German  emperors,  and  was  an  early  seat  of 
the  States-General.    Population  (1900),  104,194. 

Utrecht,  Peace  of.  The  peace  concluded  in 
1713,  through  several  separate  treaties,  between 
France  on  one  side  and  Great  Britain,  Holland, 
Prussia,  Savoy,  and  Portugal  on  the  other,  and 
acceded  to  by  Spain.  With  the  subsequent  treaties 
of  Rastatt  and  Baden,  it  put  an  end  to  the  War  of  the 
Spanish  Succession.  Philip  V.  (of  Bourbon)  was  confirmed 
as  king  of  Spain,  the  crowns  of  France  and  Spain  never  to 
be  united ;  and  France  recognized  the  Protestant  succes- 
sion in  England.  Prussia  was  recognized  as  a  kingdom. 
Great  Britain  received  Newfoundland,  Nova  Scotia,  etc., 
in  North  America,  and  Gibraltar  and  Minorca,  with  the 
right  to  send  African  slaves  to  America.  Holland  was  se- 
cured by  the  Barrier  Treaty,  The  Spanish  Netherlands, 
Sardinia,  the  Milanese,  and  Naples  were  ceded  to  Austria. 
Savoy  received  Sicily  from  Spain.  Prussia  received  Neu- 
ch^el  and  part  of  Gelderland,  and  renounced  its  claims 
to  Orange.    Portugal  received  additions  in  South  America. 

Utrecht,  Union  of.  The  union,  concluded  in 
1579,  of  the  seven  united  provinces,  Holland, 
Zealand,  Utrecht,  Gelderland,  Overyssel,  Gron- 
ingen,  and  Priesland,  which  became  the  Dutch 
republic. 

Uttoxeter  (uks'e-ter  or  u-tok'se-ter).  A  town 
in  Staffordshire,  England,  situated  near  the 
Dove  28  miles  north  of  Birmingham.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  4,981. 

Uvaroff  (o-va'rof).  Count  Sergei.  Bom  at 
Moscow,  Aug.  25,  1785:  died  there,  Sept.  16, 
1855.  A  Eussian  statesman  and  scholar.  He  was 
president  of  the  St.  Petersburg  Academy  of  Sciences  from 
1818,  and  minister  of  public  instruction  1832-48.  He  did 
much  to  promote  higher  instruction  in  Russia.  He  wrote 
"Etudes  de  philologie  et  de  critique"  (1848),  "Esquisses 
politiques  et  litt^raires  "  (1848),  etc. 

Uvira  (o-ve'ra).    See  Vira. 

Uxhridge  (uks'brij).  A  town  in  Middlesex, 
England,  situated  on  the  Colne  18  miles  west 
by  north  of  London,  it  was  the  scene  of  unsuccess- 
ful negotiations  between  Parliamentary  and  Royalist  com- 
missioners at  the  beginning  of  1645.  Population  (lS91), 
8,206. 

Uzmal  (oz-mal').  A  rained  city  of  Yucatan, 
Mexico,  about  70  miles  south  of  Merida.  The 
remains  are  scattered  over  several  square  miles,  but  only 
a  few  of  the  buildings  have  the  walls  still  standing.  Tliese 
are  generally  raised  on  terraced  foundations  (truncated 
pyramids),  and  are  of  Cyclopean  masonryfaced  with  dressed 
stone,  in  many  cases  elaborately  sculptured.  Some  of 
them  are  very  large.  The  one  called  "Casa  del  Goberna- 
dor  "is  320  feet  long,  but  narrow.  The  so-called  "  Casa  de 
las  Monjas  "  is  built  around  a  courtyard  which  measures 
258  by  214  feet.  There  are  no  idols  as  at  Copan,  and  no- 
thing resembling  the  stucco-work  of  Palenque.  One  of  the 
most  curious  features  is  the  great  number  of  protuberant 
ornaments  called  "elephants'  trunks"  by  Waldeck.  The 
origin  of  Uxmal  is  unknown,  but  there  can  be  little  doubt 
that  it  was  built  by  a  Maya  people.  Stephens  believed 
that  some  of  the  temples  were  used  by  the  ludians  as  late 
as  1673. 

Uz  (uz).  In  biblical  geography,  a  land  east  of 
Palestine :  the  home  of  Job.  It  is  sometimes 
placed  in  Hauran. 

Uzhegs.    See  TJshegs. 

Uz^S  (ii-zas').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Gard,  France,  situated  on  the  Auzon  12  miles 
north  by  east  of  Nimes.  It  contains  a  castle 
and  the  campanile  of  the  ancient  cathedral. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  4,989. 

Uzziah  (u-zi'a).  A  name  of  Azariah,  king  of 
Judah,  sonof  Amaziah.  He  reigned  792-740  B.C. 
(Dunoker.) 

Amaziah  was  succeeded  by  Uzziah,  whose  long  and  pros- 
perous reign  appears  to  have  corresponded  pretty  exactly 
with  that  of  Jeroboam  II.  The  current  chronology,  which 
obscures  this  correspondence,  is  certainly  corrupt ;  and  we 
shall  not  be  far  wrong  if  we  view  Uzziah  and  Jotham  as 
the  contemporaries  of  Jeroboam  II.  and  Meuaheni,  while 
Ahaz  of  Judah  came  to  the  throne  soon  after  Menahem's 
death,  and  saw  the  greater  part  of  the  wars  whicli  began 
with  the  invasion  of  Tiglath-Pileser  and  closed  with  the 
fall  of  Samaria.      W.  R.  Smith,  Prophets  of  Israel,  p.  194. 


aal  (val).  The  chief  head 
stream  and  tributary  of  the 
Orange  Eiver,  South  Afri- 
ca. It  forms  the  cMe(  part  ol 
the  boundary  between  the  Trans- 
vaal Colony  and  the  Orange  River 
Colony,  and  joins  the  Orange  River 
about  lat.  29°  Iff  S.,  long.  24°  16'  E. 
Length,  600-600  miles. 

Vaca,  Cabeza  de.  SeeCa- 
heza  de  Vaca. 
Vaca  de  Castro  (va'ka  da  kas'tro),  Cristfival. 

Bom  in  1492 :  died  in  1562.  A  Spanish  lawyer 
and  administrator.  He  was  a  member  of  the  audi- 
ence of  Valladolid,  and  in  1640  was  sent  to  Peru  to  in- 
quire into  certain  alleged  abuses,  with  orders  to  act  as 
governor  in  case  of  Pizarro's  death.  He  landed  on  the 
coast  of  New  Granada  (spring  of  1541),  and  crossed  to 
Popayan,  where  he  heard  of  the  assassination  of  Pizarro 
and  the  rebellion  of  the  younger  Almagro.  Aided  by 
loyal  Spaniards,  he  advanced  into  Peru.  Almagro  was  de- 
feated at  Ghupas  (Sept.  16, 1542),  and  executed,  and  Cas- 
tro held  the  government  until  the  arrival  of  Viceroy  Vela, 
May  15, 1544.  The  latter  imprisoned  him  on  suspicion  of 
conspiring  with  the  rebels  against  the  new  laws,  but  he 
escaped  and  reached  Spain  in  1546.  There  he  was  arrested 
on  charges  of  peculation,  etc.,  but  was  exonerated  in  1556, 
after  11  years'  imprisonment. 
Vach  (vach).  [Skt.,  cognate  with  Latin  vox=z 
voc-s,  and  with  Greek  6^  for  6^,  originally  futt-c, 
voice.]  In  the  Eigveda,  a  feminine  personifi- 
cation of  speech ;  the  Word ;  Logos.  In  the 
later  literature  she  is  identified  with  Sarasvati. 

Vacherot  (vash-ro'),  ^tieime.  Bom  at  Lan- 
gres,  Prance,  July  29, 1809 :  died  at  Paris,  July 
30,  1897.  A  French  philosophical  writer,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  the  Sorbonne  1839-52. 
He  was  attacked  by  the  clerical  party  on  account  of  his 
philosophical  doctrines ;  was  deprived  of  his  office  in  1852 
for  political  reasons ;  and  in  1859  was  condemned  to  three 
months'  imprisonment  for  his  book  "  La  democratic."  In 
1871  he  was  elected  to  the  National  Assembly  from  the 
department  of  Seine.  His  other  works  include  "  His- 
toire  critique  de  I'^cole  d'Alexnndrie  "  (1846),  "  La  m^ta- 
physique  et la  science "  (1858),  "La religion"  (1868),  "La 
science  et  la  conscience  "  (1870),  etc. 

Vacquerie  (vak-re'),  Auguste,  Bom  Nov.  19, 
1819  :  died  Feb.  19,  1895.  A  French  journal- 
ist and  dramatist,  founder  in  1869,  with  Paul 
Meurice  and  others,  of  the  radical  "Le  Rap- 
pel."  His  dramatic  works  include  *'  Tragaldabas,"  a 
melodrama  (1848),  "Jean  Baudry,"  a  comedy  (1863), 
"Jalousie,"  a  comedy  (1888),  etc.  He  also  published 
poems,  etc. 

Vacuna  (va-ku'na).  A  Sabine  goddess  of  agri- 
culture. 

VSiCZ.    See  Waitsen. 

Vadimonian  Lake  (vad-i-mo'ni-an  lak).  [L. 
Vadimonis  Lacus.']  In  ancient  geography,  a 
small  lake  in  Italy,  near  the  Tiber  and  near  the 
modern  Orte :  the  modem  Laghetto  di  Bassano. 
Here,  in  810  or  309  B.  0.,  the  Romans  under  Fabius  Mad- 
mus  defeated  the  Etruscans ;  and  in  283  B.  c.  the  Romans 
defeated  the  combined  northern  Italians  and  Gauls. 

Vadred  (va'dret),  or  Vadret,  Piz.  A  peak  of 
the  Ehsetian  Alps,  canton  of  (Jrisons,  Switzer- 
land, 24  miles  east-southeast  of  Coire.  Height, 
10,609  feet. 

Vaga  (va'ga),  Perino  del:  properly  Piero,  or 
Pieriiio,  or  Perino  Buonaccorsi  (bo-o-nak- 
kor'se).  Bom  at  Florence,  1500  or  1501:  died  at 
Bome,  1547.  An  Italian  painter,  a  pupil  and 
assistant  of  Raphael.  He  worked  in  Rome  and 
Genoa,  and  painted  chiefly  historical  and  mythological 
subjects. 

Vagiennl  (vaj-i-en'i).  In  ancient  history,  a 
Ligurian  tribe  which  dwelt  in  northwestern 
Italy,  near  the  Maritime  Alps. 

Vahlen  (va'len),  Johann.  Bom  at  Bonn, 
Prussia,  Sept.  27,  1830.  A  German  classical 
philologist,  professor  at  Berlin  from  1874. 

Vaigatch  (vi-gach').  An  island  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  southeast  of  Nova  Zembla,  intersected 
by  lat.  70°  N. ,  long.  60°  E.  it  belongs  to  the  govern- 
ment of  Archangel,  Russia.  It  is  visited  in  the  summer  by 
hunters.  Length, 70 miles.  AlmVaigats,Vaigatz,Waigatch. 

Vaikuntha  (vi-ken'tha).  In  later  Hindu  my- 
thology, Vishnu's  heaven,  described  as  situated 
in  the  northern  ocean,  or  on  the  eastern  peak 
of  the  mythical  Mount  Meru.    Each  of  the  modem 


systems  has  Its  own  heaven,  that  of  Shiva  being  Eailasa, 
and  that  of  Krishna  (^oloka. 

Vaillant,  Frangois  Le.    See  Levaillant. 

Vaillant  (va-yon'),  Comte  Jean  Baptiste  PM- 
libert.  Bom  at  Dijon,  France,  Dec.  6,  1790 : 
died  at  Paris,  June  4,  1872.  A  marshal  of 
France.  He  served  as  lieutenant  and  adjutant  in  the 
Napoleonic  wars,  as  chief  of  battalion  in  Algeria,  and  as 
lieutenant-colonel  at  the  siege  of  Antwerp(1832) ;  directed, 
as  engineer^  the  siege  and  capture  of  Rome  in  1849,  and 
was  made  a  marshal ;  was  minister  of  war  1854-59 ;  fought 
at  the  battle,  of  Solferino  in  1859;  commanded  the  army 
of  occupation  in  Italy  1869-60 ;  and  was  minister  of  the 
emperor's  household  1860-70,  and  for  part  of  the  time 
minister  also  of  the  fine  arts.  He  was  banished  in  1870, 
but  returned  to  Paris  In  1871. 

Vainlove  (van'luv).  A  character  in  Congreve's 
comedy  "The  OldBachelor."  He  is  capricious  in  his 
love,  and  cares  for  nothing  that  he  finds  difficulty  in  pro- 
curing. 

Vaishya  (vish'ya).  ['Belonging  to  the  vi9,  or 
"folk."']  In  the'Sanskrit  designation  of  castes, 
a  member  of  the  third  caste,  the  folk,  as  dis- 
tinguished fromthe  Brahmans,  or  priests,  and 
the  Kshatriyas,  or  warriors. 

Vaisseau  Fant6me  (va-s6'  f on-tom');  Le.  [F., 
'  The  Phantom  Ship.']  An  opera  by  Dietsch,  the 
words  translated  fromWagner's  "DerFliegende 
Hollander."    It  was  produced  in  Paris  in  1842. 

Vakh  (vS,k).  A  river  in  western  Siberia  which 
joins  the  Obi  about  lat.  60°  30'  N.  Length, 
about  300  miles. 

Valais  (va-la'),  G.  Wallis  (val'lis).  [From 
L.  vaUes,  a  valley.]  A  canton  of  Switzerland. 
Capital,  Sion.  it  is  bounded  by  the  Lake  of  Geneva, 
Vaud,  and  Bern  on  the  north  (separated  from  Bern  by  the 
Bernese  Alps),Uri,  Tioino,  and  Italy  on  the  east,  Italy  on  the 
south(8eparated  by  the  main  chain  of  the  Alps),  and  iYance 
on  the  west.  It  comprises  the  upper  valley  of  the  Rhone 
and  the  surrounding  mountains.  It  has  5  representatives 
in  the  National  Council.  The  inhabitants  are  about  two 
thirds  French  and  about  one  third  German.  The  prevail- 
ing religion  is  Roman  Catholic.  Valais  was  incorporated 
in  the  Roman  Empire  in  thetimeof  Augustus.  Inthemid- 
dle  ages  it  was  a  part  of  Burgundy,  and  later  was  divided 
among  various  rulers  (Savoy,  bishop  of  Sion,  etc.).  Upper 
Valais  formed  a  league  with  the  Swiss  cantons  in  1416, 
and  about  1475  reduced  most  of  Lower  Valais.  Valais  was 
made  a  canton  of  the  Helvetic  Republic  in  1798;  became 
a  separate  republic  in  1802 ;  was  incorporated  with  I'rance 
in  1810;  and  was  made  a  canton  in  1816.  It  was  disturbed 
by  civil  dissensions,  and  joined  the  Sonderbund  in  1846. 
Area,  2,027  square  miles.    Population  (1888),  101,985. 

Valais,  Alps  of.    The  Pennine  Alps. 

Valbert  (val-bar'),  Q.  A  pseudonym  of  Victor 
Cherbuliez. 

Valbonne  (val-bon').  A  district  in  the  south- 
western part  of  the  department  of  Ain,  France, 
east  of  Lyons  :  the  seat  of  a  French  military 
encampment. 

Valcour  (val-kor')  Island.  A  small  island  in 
Lake  Champlain,  4  miles  south-southeast  of 
Plattsburg,  in  New  York. 

Valdai  Hills  (val'di  hilz).  A  group  of  hills  and 
plateaus,  chiefly  in  the  governments  of  Novgo- 
rod andPskof^  Russia:  the  most  elevated  region 
in  the  interior  of  Russia.  They  fonn  m  general  the 
waterahed  between  the  rivers  which  flow  into  the  Baltic  and 
the  head  waters  of  the  Volga.    Height,  about  1,100  feet. 

Val  d'Anniviers  (val  da-ne-vya'),  G.  Einfisch- 
thal  (in'fish-tai)  or  Eifischtlial  (i'fish-tal). 
An  Alpine  valley  in  the  canton  of  Valais,  Swit- 
zerland, south  of  Sierre. 

Val  d'Anzasca  (val  dan-z5s'ka).  An  Alpine 
valley  in  northern  Italy,  east  of  the  Monte  Rosa 
group. 

val  a'Amo.    See  Arno,  Val  d'. 

Valdepenas  (val-da-pan'yas).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Ciudad  Real,  Spain,  30  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Ciudad  Real:  noted  for  its  mines. 
Population  (1887),  15,404. 

Vald6s  (val-das' ),  Juan.  Bom  at  Cuenea,  Spain, 
about  1500 :  died  about  1541.  A  Spanish  theo- 
logian. He  held  many  views  which  were  at  va- 
riance with  Roman  Catholic  doctrines. 

Juan  ValdSs  .  .  .  enjoys  the  distinction  of  being  one  of 
the  first  Spaniards  that  embraced  the  opinions  of  the  Ref- 
ormation, and  the  very  first  who  made  an  effort  to  spread 
them.  Tidmor,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  19. 

1024 


Val  de  Travers.   See  Travers. 

Valdez,  Melendez.    See  Melendez  Valdes. 

Valdez  (Sp.  pron.  val-deth')  Island.  An  island 
belonging  to  British  Columbia,  situated  in  the 
Gulf  of  Georgia  about  lat.  50°-50°  20'  N.  Length, 
24  miles. 

Val  d'H^rens  (val  da-ron').  An  Alpine  valley 
in  the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  south  of 
Sion. 

Val  di  Demone  (val  de  da-mo'ne).  The  ancient 
northeastern  division  of  Sicily. 

Valdieri  (val-de-a're),F.VaT10ier  (v6-dya').  A 
town  and  watering-place  in  the  province  of  Cu- 
neo,  Italy,  12  miles  southwest  of  Cuneo:  noted 
for  its  sulphur-springs.  Population  (1881),  com- 
mune, 3,120. 

Val  di  Geneva  (val  de  jen'6-va).  A  valley  in 
southern  Tyrol,  in  the  Adamello  Alps. 

Val  d'lUiez.  An  Alpine  valley  in  the  canton 
of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  west  of  St.-Maurice. 
Length,  about  15  miles. 

Val  di  Mazzara  (val  de  mat-sa'ra).  The  an- 
cient western  division  of  Sicily.  ■ 

Val  di  Non  (val  de  non).  The  lower  part  of  the 
valley  of  the  Noee,  ia  southern  Tyrol,  north  of 
Trent. 

Val  di  Note  (val  de  no'to).  The  ancient  south- 
eastern division  of  Sicily. 

Val  di  Sole  (val  de  so'le).  The  upper  part  of 
the  valley  of  the  Noee,  in  southwestern  Tyrol, 
southeast  of  the  Ortler. 

Valdivia  (val-de've-a).  1.  Aprovince  in  Chile, 
intersected  by  lat,  40°  S.  Area,  8,315  square 
mUes.  Population  (1892),  62,020.-3.  A  town, 
capital  of  the  province  of  Valdivia,  Chile,  on 
the  Calle-calle  River  near  the  sea:  its  port, 
called  the  Corral,  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  river. 
It  was  founded  as  a  fort  by  Pedro  de  Valdivia  in  Feb.,  1552 ; 
was  a  point  of  great  importance  during  the  wars  with  the 
Araucanians ;  and  was  destroyed  by  them  in  the  great  up- 
rising of  1599.  Rebuilt  in  1644,  it  was  strongly  fortified ; 
pronounced  for  independence  in  1810,  but  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  Spaniards ;  and  was  finally  taken  by  the  pa- 
triots under  Cochrane,  after  a  three  days'  fight  from  fort 
to  fort  'Eeb.  2-4, 1820.    Population  (1835),  5,680. 

Valdivia,  Luis  de.  Born  in  Granada,  1561:  died 
at  Valladolid,  Nov.  5,  1642.  A  Spanish  Jesuit, 
missionary  in  Chile  from  about  1590  to  1621. 
He  published  several  works  on  the  Araucanian  and  other 
Indian  languages,  and  histories  of  the  Indian  wars. 

Valdivia,  Pedro  de.  Bom  near  La  Serena, 
Estremadura,  1498  or  1500 :  died  near  the  fort  of 
Tucapel,  southern  Chile,  Jan.  1  (T),  1554.  A 
Spanish  soldier,  conqueror  of  Chile.  He  served  in 
the  Italian  wai's ;  went  to  Venezuela  about  1534;  and  in  1635 
passed  to  Peru,  where  he  served  with  Pizarro's  forces  at 
the  battle  of  Las  Salinas,  April  26, 1538.  After  Almagro's 
death,  Pedro  Sanchez  de  Hoz,  an  incompetent  man,  was 
sent  from  Spain  to  complete  the  conquest  of  Chile ;  Pizaira 
associated  Valdivia  with  him,  and  Hoz  soon  became  a  ci- 
pher in  the  expedition.  Leaving  Cuzco  In  March,  1540, 
with  160  Spanish  soldiers  and  a  large  body  of  Indians,  Val- 
divia marched  by  the  coast  desert^  defeated  a  large  body 
of  natives  in  the  valley  of  Chile,  and  on  Feb.  12,  1641, 
founded  Santiago.  The  Indians  soon  rose  against  him,  and 
he  was  closely  besieged  until  the  arrival  of  reinforcements 
from  Peru  hi  Dec,  1543.  Valparaiso  was  founded  in  Sept., 
1644,  and  in  1646  Valdivia  pushed  into  the  Araucaman 
country  to  the  river  Biobio.  In  1547-49  he  was  in  Peru, 
serving  with  Gasca  to  suppress  the  rebellion  of  Gonzalo 
Pizarro :  dnilng  his  absence  the  country  was  ruled  by  Vil- 
lagra.  In  1660-51  the  Spaniards  continued  their  conquest 
of  the  Araucanian  country,  passing  the  Biobio  and  found- 
ing Conoepcion,  Imperial,  Valdivia,  etc.  Late  in  1563  there 
was  a  great  uprising  of  the  Indians.  Valdivia,  with  fifty 
horsemen,  started  from  Concepcion  to  relieve  Tucapel, 
which  was  closely  besieged ;  was  attacked  and  defeated  by 
the  Indians ;  and  was  captured  and  put  to  death  shortly 
after.  Authorities  do  not  agree  as  tc  the  precise  date  of 
the  battle  and  of  Valdivia's  death. 

Valdo.    See  Waldo. 

Val6e  (va-la'), Comte  Sylvain  Charles.  Bom 

at  Brienne-le-Ch&teau,  Aube,  France,  Dec.  17, 
1773 :  died  at  Paris,  Aug,  16,  1846.  A  marshal 
of  France.  HeservedintheNapoleonicwars, especially 
in  the  Peninsula,  commanding  the  artillery  of  the  3d  army 
corps  in  Spain  in  1809,  and  attaining  the  rank  of  general 
of  division  in  1811 ;  was  inspector-general  of  artillery  under 
the  first  restoration  (1814);  supported  Napoleon  during 
the  Hundred  Days ;  retained  his  position  under  the  second 
restoration ;  was  created  a  peer  of  France  in  1835 ;  went  to 


Valde  1025 

Algeria  in  1837  in  command  of  the  artillery;  captured  Valentia 

Constantme  Oct.  IS,  and  was  made  a  marshal ;  and  was     T^ii„„^    i,  i      „;       *    n        4-     tt- ^'  i  Z  cio 

Bovernorgeneral  of  Algeria  1837-40  Ireland,  belonging  to  County  Kerry,  in  lat.  51° 

ValeggiO  (va-led'jo).    A  town'in  the  province  of     ^^'  ^•>  ^°^S- 10°  19'  W.   Valentia  harbor,  on  the  east 
Verona,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mincio  14  miles    Sordlt'd^'^ngth^fmuT"''''"'""''"^ 

west-southwest  of  Verona,    it  has  a  notable  forti-  " s  _,.!!_   . 

fled  bridge,  crossing  the  Mincio  to  Borghetto,  built  in  1393 
on  Koman  foundations  by  Gian  Galeazzo  Visconti  with 
much  architectural  lavishness.  There  is  a  battlemented 
causeway  about  1,800  feet  long,  with  a  high  gate-tower  at 
each  end,  and  a  bridge,  now  broken,  in  the  middle.  Here, 
May  30, 1796,  the  French  under  Kilmalne  defeated  the  Aus 


ValladoUd 


An  island  off  the  southwest  coast  of  Valerian  (va-le'ri-an),  L.  Publius  Aurelins 

LiciniusValerianiis  (va-le-ri-a'nus).  Bomaa 

emperor  254-260.  He  became  prinoeps  senatus  in  23^ 
ana  was  censor  in  261.  He  appointed  his  son  Gallienus  as 
his  colleague  in  264.  The  empire  was  in  great  disorder 
during  his  reign,  and  was  attacked  by  the  Ooths,  Alamanni, 
Persians,  and  others.  He  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Per- 
sians in  260,  and  was  put  to  death  about  269. 

sovat  Tto™  fnr^rv,  isQfi    ^    '   '  r.-      ",    '  *  .<T  i,     Valerleii,  Moiit.    &ee  Mont  VaUrien. 

aor  dl  xsem  irom  looD.  Among  his  works  are"  Lehr-  tt-i— .■ /        i- /    •         \     ■»«•  i 

buchder  PhysiolosiedeBMensohln"a846y  "Grundriss  ValenUS    (va-le'ri-us),  MarCUS,    surnamed 

OorVTls  (kdr'vus).  Born  about  371 B.  c. :  died 
about  270  b.  c.  A  Roman  general,  distinguished 
in  the  first  Samnite  war  343  b.  c. 


Newfoundland. „._.,  -^ 

EilS.rS'?„*??o^  Valentin  (va'len-ten),  Gabriel  Gustav.  Bom 
at  Breslau,  Prussia,  July  8, 1810 :  died  at  Bern, 
May  24,  1883.    A  German  physiologist,  profes 


der  Physiologie  des  Menschen  "  (1846), 

.,-•._,      ,.       .„       ,  ,.    --- — —      der  Physiologie  des  Menschen  "(1846),  etc. 

■ffiir,,'J.at^^'a'^'r- J??"'*'n  (i^y-.-'TrT'  ^'*5-  Valentine  (val'en-tiu),  Saint.  A  Christian  mar- 
^i^?^?^Ti^d™  T™..^;  «i,^»n  ™  *.^v,^  ^^^^'^-  >y^of  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Claudius  (about 
Smiles  eLt-sou4east  of  Tours  Ini?s^ast°le  Hf*^^-  His  festival  was  observed  on  the  14th  of  Feb.  before  Valerius,  PubliUS,  sumamed  Publicola  (pub- 
^D  miies  east-SOUtneast  ot  lours.  In  its  castle  the  time  of  Gregory  the  Great.  The  custom  of  sending  lik'o-la)  Aeeordiie- to  tradition  the  pnllfia<nin 
Ferdinand  VII.  of  Spain  was  confined  1808-14.  valentines  had  its  origin  in  a  heathen  practice  connected  rfiiL,!^-  if +l»  w^^"  "f  +J.-  1?  colleague 
Population  (1891),  commune,  3,621.  with  the  worship  of  Juno  on  or  about  this  day:  its  asso-     °?^  iirutus  inthe  first  year  of  the  Roman  repub- 

VaTpTipp  fva-lonsM     Thfi  cflnitnl  nf  t>in  floT>oT.f      oiation  with  the  saint  is  wholly  accidental.  lie.     He  introduced  various  liberal  measures, 

valence  (va  lonsj.    The^capitaUnhe  &^^         Valentine.     1.  One  of  the  "two  gentlemen  of    and  was  three  times  elected  consul. 

Verona  "  in  Shatspere's  play  of  that  name. —  2.  Valerius  Antias  (an'ti-as).  Lived  m  the  first 
A  gentleman  attending  on  the  duke  in  Shak-  partof  thelstcentuiyB.c.  A  Roman  annalist, 
spere's  "Twelfth  Night."— 3.  The  principal  Valerius Flaccus.  See  Flaccus. 
character  in  Congreve's  "  Love  for  Love."  Bet-  Valerius  Maximus(mak'si-mus).  Livedinthe 
tertonwasfamousinthispart,  with  Mrs.  Brace-  first  part  of  the  1st  century  a.  d.  A  Roman 
girdle  as  Angelica. —  4.  A  light-hearted  spend-  rhetorician  and  historian.  Of  his  life  nothing 
thrift  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  "Wit  with-  is  known  except  that  he  accompanied  Sextus 
out  Money. " — 5.  The  brother  of  Gretchen  in  Pompeius  to  Asia  in  27  A.  D.  He  dedicated  to  Ti- 
Goethe's.  "Faust."  He  is  killed  by  Faust  in  berius  a  collection  of  anecdotes  for  rhetorical  purposes, 
a  street  affray.  Val-es-Dunes  (val-a-diin').    A  plain  near  Caen, 

Valentine.  Anovel  by  George  Sand,  published  Normandy,  where,  in  1047,  William,  duke  of 
in  1832:  so  called  from  the  name  of  the  heroine.  Normandy  (William  the  Conqueror),  defeated 
The  scene  is  laid  in  Berry.  the  Norman  rebels. 


ment  of  Dr6me,  France,  situated  on  the  Rhone 
in  lat.  44°  56'  N.,  long.  4°  53'  E.  It  has  an  impor- 
tant trade  and  manufactures  (silks,  metal-work,  etc.); 
and  is  the  seat  of  a  suffragan  bishop  of  the  archbishopric 
of  Avignon.  The  Komanesque  cathedral  was  consecrated 
in  1096.  Valence  originated  in  the  Koman  colony  of  Va- 
lentia (whence  the  name)  of  the  Segalauni  in  Gallia  Nar- 
bonensis.  Population  (1891),  19,970;  commune,  26,283. 
Valencia  (va-len'shia ;  Sp.  pron.  va-leu'the-a). 

1.  A  Moorish  kingdom  in  Spain,  it  was  conquered 
by  Aragon  1233-53,  and  was  permanently  united  with 
Aragon  in  1319.  It  comprised  the  provinces  of  Castellon, 
Valencia,  and  Alicante. 

2.  A  province  of  Spain,  bounded  by  Teruel  and 
Castellon  on  the  north,  the  Mediterranean  on 


the  east,  Alicante  on  the  south,  and  Albacete  Valentine  and  Orson  (6r'son).    A  romance  of  Valespir  (va-les-per').  A  small  ancient  district 


and  Cuenca  on  the  west.  ,It  is  well  cultivated 
and  fertile.  Area,  4,352  square  miles.  Popula- 
tion (1887),  733,978.—  3.  The  chief  town  of  the 
province  of  Valencia,  situated  on  the  river  Gua- 
dalaviar,  near  its  mouth,  in  lat.  39°  27'  N. ,  long. 
0°  19'  W.  (of  port) :  the  Roman  Valentia  Edi- 
tanorum.  It  is  the  third  city  in  Spain  ;  has  manufac- 
tures of  silks,  tiles,  cigars,  paper,  etc. ;  and  exports  wine, 
fruits,  corn,  rice,  etc.  It  has  a  university,  an  academy,  a 
museum,  a  botanic  garden,  and  has  been  the  seat  of  an 
archbishopric  since  1492.  The  cathedral,  founded  in  1262, 
originally  a  Pointed  building,  has  been  much  modernized. 
The  original  lantern  remains,  also  the  north  transept> 
with  a  fine  rose  and  recessed  door.  The  interior  has  good 
light-effects,  beautiful  jaspers  and  marbles,  and  some  ex- 
cellent Florentine  painting.  Valencia  was  founded  as  a 
Soman  colony  by  D.  Brutus  about  138  E.  0.;  was  taken 
by  the  Moors  from  the  Goths  about  711 ;  was  conquered 
by  the  Cid  about  1095,  but  soon  lost;  was  reconquered  by 
Jayme  I.  of  Aragon  in  1238 ;  was  unsuccessfully  attacked 
by  the  French  in  1808 ;  and  was  taken  by  the  French  under 
Suchet  Jan.  9, 1812.  Its  school  of  painting  in  the  leth  and 
17th  centuries  is  noted.  Population  (1897),  204.768. 
Valencia  (va-lan'the-a).  The  capital  of  the 
state  of  Carabobo,  Venezuela,  situated  near 


the  Charlemagne  cycle,  which  was  written  dur-    in  Prance,  now  included  in  the  department  of 
ing  the  reign  of  Charles  VIII.,  and  first  printed    Pyr6n6es-Orientales. 

in  1495  at  Lyons.  Several  plays,  etc.,  have  been  Valetta,  or  Valletta  (val-let'ta).  [Namedfrom 
founded  on  it.  Hathaway  and  Munday  produced  one  in  J.  P.  de  la  Valette.l  A  seaport,  capital  of  the 
1698.  Aninterludeof  thesamenamewasproducedml595.  Mnltooa  n.r.r„TTv  tm^rtAaA  ir,  T^ikR  ti-  i  ,  ^  i- 
Valentine  and  Orson  were  twins,  born  in  a  forest.  Orson  St?' 3®  ^1^'  *°™'i^?  ™  l?™-  "  '^  strongly  for  ti- 
was  carried  off  by  a  bear,  and  became  rough  and  uncouth.  S?! K^  J°^!?f  ^  ^^""X  'i^'"' rtl■,^''®  occupation  of  the 
Valentine  was  carried  off  by  his  uncle.  King  Pepin,  and  Knights  of  Malta.  Population  (1891),  with  suburbs,  37,350. 
grew  up  a  courtier.  Hence  the  allusions  in  literature.  Valette  (va-lef),  Jean  Farisot  de  la.  Bom 
Valentinian  I.  (val-en-tin'i-an),  L.  Flavius  1494:  died  1568.  Grand  Master  of  the  Knights 
Valentinianus  (val-eu-tin-i-a'nus).  Born  at  of  Malta  1557-68,  famous  from  his  conduct  of 
Cibalse,  Pannonia,  about  321 :  died  at  Bregetio  the  successful  defense  of  Malta  against  the 
(near  Komorn),  Nov.  17,  375.  A  Roman  officer,  Turks  in  1565.  He  built  Valetta. 
proclaimed  emperor  by  the  army  in  364.  He  as- Valhalla  (val-hal'a).  [NL.,  repr.  Icel.  VaXholl 
sociated  with  himself  his  younger  brotherValens  as  em-     (gen.  Valliallar),   hiall  of  the   slain.]       In  Old 


perorof  the  East,  and  retained  the  West.  He  was  actively 
engaged  in  strengthening  the  northern  frontiers  against 
the  barbarians. 
Valentinian  II.  Bom  about  371 :  murdered  in 
392.  Son  of  Valentinian  I.,  made  associate 
emperor  of  the  West  with  his  half-brother  Gra- 
tian  in  375.  He  was  delivered  from  the  rivalry  of  the 
usurper  Maximus  by  Theodosius  387-388,  and  was  assas- 
sinated by  his  general  Arbogast. 


the  Lake  of  Valencia,  86  miles  west  by  south  Valentinian  III.,  L.  Flavius  Placidus  Val- 
of  Caracas.    Population  (1888),  38,654.  "   '  "        '""  .     .    ,  ...    ^ 

Valencia,  Duke  of.  A  title  of  the  Spanish  poli- 
tician Narvaez. 

Valencia,  Lake  of.  A  lake  in  northern  Vene- 
zuela, west  of  Caracas,  near  the  Caribbean  Sea. 
Length,  30  miles 


Norse  mythology,  the  abode  of  Odin  in  Asgard. 
Originally  the  realm  of  the  dead,  it  became  in  the  viking 
age  a  warriors'  paradise  to  which  only  those  go  who  are 
slain  in  battle.  It  was  situated  in  Gladsheim  (Old  Norse 
Gladhsheimr),  the  region  of  joy.  Its  roof  was  of  gold.  On 
it  lived  the  goat  Heidrun  (Old  Norse  Beidhirtm),  from 
whose  udders  flowed  mead ;  the  tree  Laerad  (Old  Norse 
Laeradhr)  rose  above  the  hall  and  furnished  her  with  food. 
Within,  it  contained  many  halls  whose  walls  were  hung 
with  spears  and  shields.  Troops  of  heroes  issued  daily  from 
the  many  hundred  doors  to  delight  themselves  in  battle, 
and  returned  to  drink  and  feast  at  evening,  when  Odin  was 
the  host  and  the  Valkyrs  bore  about  the  mead-horns.  Also 
Walhalla. 

A  surname  of  Al- 


Valenciana  (va-lau-theTa'na).  A  celebrated  sil- 
ver-mine near  Guanajuato,  Mexico.   It  yielded 

$14,000,000,  in  less  than  five  years,  toward  the 

end  of  the  18th  century. 
Valenciennes(va-lon-syen').  [L.  Valendanie  or 

Valenhana.']   A  fortified  city  in  the  department 

of  Nord,  France,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Valentinois,  Duchess  of. 

Rhondelle  with  the  Schelde,  in  lat.  50°  22'  N.,     Poitiers. 

long.  3°  31'  E.     It  Is  in  the  center  of  a  coal-mining  ValcntinUS  (val-en-ti'nus). 

and  agricultural  region ;  has  foundries,  forges,  and  man-     Egypt :  died  about  160  A.  D. 

Tlfactures  of   iron-ware,  sugar,  woolens,  cotton   goods,      ~        ■  ■ 

linens,  etc. ;  and  has  long  been  famous  for  its  lace.    In  the 

middle  ages  Valenciennes  formed  part  of  the  county  of 

Hainaut ;  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1667 ;  "was  defended 

■by  Cond^  against  the  French  under  Turenne  in  1666 ;  was 

taken  by  Louis  XIV.  and  annexed  to  France  in  1677;  was 

captured  by  the  Allies  (Austrians  and  English  under  Fer- 
raris and  the  Duke  of  York)  in  July,  1793 ;  was  recovered  by 

the  French  under  Schfirer  Aug.  27, 1794 ;  and  surrendered 

to  the  Prussians  Aug.  18,  1816.    It  was  the  birthplace  of 

Froiasart,  Watteau,  and  Pujol.    Population  (1891),  28,700. 
Valens  (va'lenz).    One  of  the  principal  gener- 
als of  Vitellius,  69  A.  D.    He  defeated  Otho  at 

Bedriacum. 
Valens.    Bom  at  Cibalse,  in  Pannonia,  about 

328:  killed  in  the  battle  of  Adrianople,  Aug. 

9,  378.     Roman  emperor,  younger  brother  of 


entinianus.   Born  419  :  assassinated  455.   Son 

of  Constantius  and  Placidia,  made  emperor  of 

the  West  in  425.    HisfamousgeneralAetiusgainedthe  «"t'."""'r  ,     ,,         ,.     ,_, 

victory  of  Chftlons-sur-Marne  over  Attila  in  461,  but  was  Valiant  (val  yant),   lie. 

murdered  by  Valentinian,  from  jealousy,  in  454.    Among    f  onso  VI.  of  Spain. 

thelosses  of  hisreignwere  Africa(to  the  Vandals),  Britain,  Valiant-for-Truth.     A  character  in  the  second 

and  large  parts  of  Gaul  and  Spain.  ^    f  •RiiTivmi's  "  PilDTiTn'a  Prrn/raaa  " 

Valentinian.      A  tragedy  by  Fletcher,  pro- ,5^, j"!,-^^?/^?®.,,^!^^  i   t, 

duced  before  1618,  printed  in  1647.    It  con-  Y^}j®^"&^??  ^'iffi^T   ^l^eprmeipal char- 
tains  some  beautiful  songs.  -vt^^I  ^L^^lfC      '  ""^^'^^l^^.'' 

Valentinois  (vMon-te-nwa').    A  former  small  V^i^S^ie.    See  JaW 

county  of  France,  in  Dauphin^,  in  the  vicinity  V^l^^i^^l'^tsM /-It  J,' 
of  Valence,  '  "'"'"■" '" 


A  title  of  Diana  of 

Born  probably  in 
One  of  the  chief . 


Glasgow  m  1893  for  Lord  Dunraven.  She  went  to 
America  in  October,  1893,  to  race  forthe  America's  cup,  and 
was  defeated  in  three  races  by  the  Vigilant.  She  was  sunk 
by  collision  with  the  Satanita,  July  5,  1894,  at  the  Mud 
Hook  Begatta  on  the  Firth  of  Clyde.  Length  over  all,  126 
feet;  draught,  16.6;  beam,  20.06;  load  water-line,  86.50. 


Gno'stic  teachers.   He  was  educated  probably  in  Alex-  Valkyrie  III.    A  cutter  built  in  1895  for  Lord 
andria ;  went  to  Rome  about  138 ;  and  was  an  instructor    Dunraven  to  compete  for  the  America's  cup 


of  Origen  and  Clement.  Fragments  of  his  works  have  sur- 
vived. 

Valentinus  appears  to  have  been  considered  the  most 
formidable  and  dangerous  of  this  school  of  Gnostics.  He 
was  twice  excommunicated,  and  twice  received  again  into 
the  bosom  of  the  Church.  He  did  not  confine  his  danger- 
ous opinions  to  the  school  of  Alexandria :  he  introduced  ^  ■,„  .  ^  r^xr  t^  „  .  a  ^  -r.^  , 
the  wild  Oriental  speculations  into  the  more  peaceful  ValkyrS(val'kirz).  [(M.Valkyrja,AS.Wmlcyrte, 
West ;  taught  at  Home ;  and,  a  third  time  being  expelled    G.  Walleiire,  lit. '  chooser  of  the  slain.']  In  Norse 


The  cup  was  defended  by  the  Defender.  In  the  first  race, 
Sept.  7,  the  Defender  won ;  in  the  second,  Sept.  10,  the 
yachts  fouled  and  the  race  was  awarded  to  the  Defender, 
which  was  injured,  though  the  Valkyrie's  time  was  47 
seconds  less ;  in  the  third  race  the  Valkyrie  withdrew  im- 
mediately after  crossing  the  line,  while  the  Defender  sailed 
over  the  course.    The  cup  was  awarded  to  the  latter. 


from  the  Christian  society,  retired  to  Cyprus— an  island 
where  the  Jews  were  formerly  numerous  till  the  fatal 
insurrection  in  the  time  of  Hadrian,  and  where  probably 
the  Oriental  philosophy  might  not  find  an  unwelcome 
reception,  on  the  border,  as  it  were,  of  Europe  and  Asia. 
MUman,  Hist,  of  Christianity,  II.  72. 


Valentinian  I.  by  whom  he' was  made  emperor  Valentinus.    Pope  in  827. 
of  the  East  in  364.    He  defeated  and  put  to  death  his  Valere  (va-lar  ).   1 .  A  character  m  a  number 
rival  Procopius  in  366;  terminated  the  troubles  with  Persia    of  MoliSre's  plays,  usually  a  lover:  tound  m 
by  a  truce  in  377;  and  permitted  the  Gottis  to  settlejouth     "L'Avare,"  "Le  d^pit  amoureux,"  "  IVEcole 


mythology,  the  company  of  handmaidens  of 
Odin,  usually  said  to  number  nine,  though  the 
number  varies.  They  serve  at  the  banquets  at  Val- 
halla, but  are  best  known  as  "the  choosers  of  the  slain," 
being  sent  forth  by  Odin  to  every  battle.  They  ride  through 
the  air,  and  with  their  spears  designate  the  heroes  who 
shall  f  sJl,  whom  they  afterward  conduct  to  Valhalla.  In 
the  Norse  versions  of  the  "Nlbelungenlied,"  Brunhild,  the 
daughter  of  Odin,  appears  as  a  Valkyr,  as  also  in  Wagner's 
music-drama  "Die  Walkure." 


of  the  Danube  in  376.  The  Goths  revolted  under  Frlthi 
gem  in  377 ;  overcame  the  generals  of  the  emperor,  who 
was  then  in  Syria ;  and  totally  defeated  and  slew  Valens 
himself  at  Adrianople  Aug.  9,  378. 

Valens.    A  pseudonym  of  Richard  Burke. 

Valens,  Aqueduct  of.  See  Aqueduct  of  Valens. 

Valentia  (va-len'shia).  A  province  in  Britain, 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  Koman  period,  gener- 
ally thought  to  have  been  between  the  waUs  of 
Antonine  and  Severus. 


desmaris,"  "Lem6decinvolant,"etc.— 2.  The  Valla  (val'la),  Lorenzo  or  Laurentius.    Bom 


principal  character  in  Mrs.  Centlivre's  play 
"The  Gamester." 

Valeria  (va-le'ri-a).  1.  A  character  in  Shak- 
spere's  "Coriolaniis."— 3.  A  girl  with  a  mania 
for  biological  research  in  Mrs.  Centlivre's ' '  Bas- 
set-Table." 

Valeria, wholsanF.E.S.iupetticoats,buthasfeelingsto  ValladoM  (val-ya-THO-leTH').     A  province  of 
spare  for  a  lover  as  well  as  for  a  iamJncTO  ;««■!«.  Ward.     Old  Castile,  bpam,  bounded  by  Leon  on  the 


about  1407 :  died  Aug.  1,  1457.  An  Italian  hu- 
manist and  critic.  He  lived  at  Milan  and  Naples, 
and  was  papal  secretary  and  canon  of  the  Church  of  St. 
John  Lateran  at  Rome.  He  wrote  on  the  "Elegances  of 
the  Latin  Language  "  (1471 :  "  Elegantise  Latini  sermonis  "), 
"De  Voluptate,  against  the  forged " Donation  of  Con- 
stantine,"  etc. 


Valladolid 

northwest,  Palencia  on  the  north,  Bursos  on 
the  east,  Segovia  on  the  southeast,  Avila  and 
Salamanca  on  the  south,  and  Zamora  on  the 
west.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Duero.  It  is  a  leading  agri- 
cnltural  province.  Area,  3,043  square  miles.  Population 
(1887),  267,148. 

Valladolid.  [ML.  Vallisoletum.'l  The  capital 
of  the  province  of  Valladolid,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Esgueva  with  the  Pisuerga,  in 
lat.  41°  38'  N.,  long.  4°  46'  W.  it  has  a  noted 
university  (founded  in  1346),  a  royal  palace,  and  an  un- 
finished cathedral.  Before  the  16th  century  it  was  often 
a  royal  residence.  In  it  occurred  the  marriage  of  Ferdi- 
nand and  Isabella,  the  death  of  Columbus,  and  the  birth 
of  Philip  II.,  and  it  was  the  residence  of  Cervantes. 
PopiUation  (1887),  62,018. 

Valladolid,    See  Morelia. 

Vallandigham  (va-lau'di-gam),  Clement 
Laird,  Bom  at  New  Lisbon,"  Ohio,  July  29, 
1820 :  died  at  Lebanon,  Ohio,  June  17,  1871. 
An  American  Democratic  politician.  He  was 
member  of  Congress  from  Ohio  1858-63,  and  a  leader  of 
the  Copperheads  during  the  Civil  War.  He  was  arrested 
by  United  States  troops  in  May,  1863;  was  court-mar- 
tialed ;  and  was  banished  to  the  Confederate  lines :  not 
being  well  received  there,  he  went  to  Canada.  He  was  the 
unsuccessful  Democratic  candidate  for  governor  of  Ohio 
in  1863,  and  was  a  prominent  member  of  the  Democratic 
National  Convention  in  1864  at  which  McClellan  was 
nominated. 

Valle  (val'le),  Pietro  della.  Bom  at  Rome, 
April  2,  1586 :  died  there,  April  20,  1652.  An 
Italian  traveler.  He  made  a  journejr,  1614-26,  to  Tur- 
key, Egypt,  Palestine,  Persia,  and  India. '  His  account  of 
his  travels  was  published  in  1650-63  (Eng.  trans.  1665). 

Vallejo  (val-ya'Ho).  A  city  and  seaport  in 
Solano  Countj^,  California,  situated  on  San 
Pablo  Bay  28  mUes  northeast  of  San  Francisco. 
Population  (1900),  7,965. 

Valle  y  Caviedes  (val'ya  e  ka-ve-a'THas),  Juan 
del.  BomatLima,  1652:  died  there,  1692.  A 
Peruvian  satirical  poet,  author  of  the  "Diente 
de  Pamaso,"  one  of  the  best  productions  of  its 
kind.  It  was  first  published  in  1874.  Caviedes 
led  a  very  dissipated  Ufe. 

Valley  Forge  (val'i  forj').  A  village  in  Ches- 
ter County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the 
Schuylkill  20  miles  west-northwest  of  Phila- 
delpMa :  famous  as  the  place  near  which  Wash- 
ington and  the  American  army  passed  the  win- 
ter of  1777-78  amid  ^eat  privations. 

Valley  of  Humiliation,  The  scene  of  the  con- 
test between  Christian  and  ApoUyon,  in  Bun- 
yan's  "  Pilgrim's  Progress." 

Valley  of  the  Shadow  of  Death.  A  valley 
traversed  by  Christian  in  Bunyan's  "Pilgrim's 
Progress." 

Vallifere,  La,   See  Za  ValUSre. 

Vallombrosa  (val-lom-bro'sa).  [It.,  from  L. 
valles  umbrosa,  shady  valley.]  A  famous  abbey 
in  a  valley  of  the  same  name,  east  of  Florence. 
It  was  founded  about  1038  by  Gualbert,  and  the  present 
buildings  were  erected  in  1637. 

Vails  (vSlys).  A  manufacturing  town  in  the 
province  of  Tarragona,  Catalonia,  Spain,  situ- 
ated on  the  Francoli  10  miles  north  of  'Tarra- 
gona. Here,  Feb.  25, 1809,  the  French  under  St.  Cyr  de- 
feated the  Spaniards  under  Beding  (who  was  mortally 
wounded)  in  a  bloody  conflict.    Population  (1887),  13,274. 

Valmiki  (val-me'ki).  The  name  of  the  reputed 
author  of  the  Bamayana.  He  is  represented  as  taking 
part  in  some  of  the  scenes,  as,  for  example,  receiving  the 
banished  Sita  in  his  hermitage  at  Chitrakuta,  and  rearing 
her  twin  sons  Kusha  and  Lava. 

Valmore,  Madame.    See  Besbordes-Yalmore. 

Valmy  (val-me').  A  village  in  the  department 
of  Marne,  France,  36  miles  east  by  south  of 
Rheims.  Here  an  important  battle  was  fought  Sept.  20, 
1792,  in  which  the  French  under  Kellermann  repulsed  the 
Prussians  underthe  Duke  of  Brunswick:  sometimes  classed 
among  the  decisive  battles  of  the  world. 

Valmy,  Due  de,  A  title  conferred  on  F.  C, 
Kellermann  (see  above). 

Valognes  (va-16ny'),  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Manche,  France,  11  miles  southeast  of 
Cherbourg.  Population  (1891),  commune,  5,791. 

Valois  ( val- wa' ).  An  ancient  territory  of  France 
which  formed  part  of  the  government  of  lle- 
de-Franoe.  It  lay  northeast  of  Paris,  and  is  comprised  in 
the  departments  of  Disc  and  Aisne.  The  chief  town  was 
Crespy.  It  was  a  countship  in  the  middle  ages ;  was  united 
to  the  crown  by  Philip  II.  in  1215 ;  was  given  by  Philip 
m.  to  his  younger  son  Charles  (ancestor  of  the  Valois 
house  of  French  kings)  in  1285  ;  and  was  reunited  to  the 
crown  in  1515. 

Valois,  Charles  de.    See  AngouUme,  Due  d'. 

Valois  House  of.  AFrench  dynasty,  a  branch 
of  the  Capetian  family:  reigned  1328-1589. 
See  Valois. 

Valona,    See  Avlona. 

Valparaiso  (val-pa-ri's6;  Sp.  pron.  val-pa-ra- 
e'so).  [Sp, 'Vale'of  Paradjse.']  1.  A  prov- 
ince in  Chile.  Area,  1,637  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1892),  224,866.-3.  A  seaport,  capital 


1026 

of  the  province  of  Valparaiso,  situated  on  a  bay 
on  the  Pacific  coast,  in  lat.  33°  1'  S.,  long.  71° 
88'  W.  It  is  the  principal  commercial  and  manufactur- 
ing center  of  Chile,  andtlie  most  important  seaport  on  the 
Pacific  coastof  South  America  It  consists  of  the  old  town, 
Puerto,  and  the  new  town,  Almendral.  It  was  founded 
in  Sept.,  1544 ;  was  taken  by  Drake  1678,  by  Sir  Richard 
Hawkins  1694,  and  by  Dutch  pirates  1600;  has  several 
times  been  devastated  by  earthquakes  and  fires ;  and  was 
bombarded  by  a  Spanish  fleet  under  Nufiez  March  31, 
1866.    Population  (1885),  104,962. 

Valparaiso,  Battle  of.  The  decisive  battle  of 
the  Chilean  civil  war  of  1891,  fought  on  Aug.  28. 
The  congressional  army  (about  12,000)  attacked  valpa. 
raiso,  which  was  defended  by  about  9,000  Balmacedists 
under  Generals  Barbosa  and  Alzerreca,  taking  the  citjr  after 
a  bloody  engagement  of  three  hours.  The  congressional- 
ists  met  with  no  further  opposition.  Also  called  the  bat- 
tle of  Placillas,  from  the  place  where  the  heaviest  fighting 
began. 

Valr6as  (val-ra-a').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Vaueluse,  France,  32  miles  north  by  east  of 
Avignon.    Population  (1891),  commune.  5,032, 

Vals  (val),  sometimes  Vals-Ies-Bains  (val'la- 
ban').  A  town  in  the  department  of  Ardfeehe, 
France,  situated  on  the  Volane  20  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Privas:  noted  for  its  alkaline 
springs.  Population  (1891),  2,050;  commune, 
3,684. 

Valsalva  (val-sal'va),  Antonio  Maria.  Bom 
atlrmola,  Italy,  Feb.  15, 1666:  died  at  Bologna, 
Feb.  2,  1723.  An  Italian  anatomist,  professor 
at  Bologna :  noted  for  researches  on  the  ear. 

Valtellina  (val-tel-le'na),  or  Valtelline  (val- 
tel-len'),  or  Val  Tellina  (val  tel-le'na).  [Q. 
VeltUn.']  A  region  in  the  province  of  Sondrio, 
Italy,  It  comprises,  in  a  narrow  sense,  the  valley  of  the 
upper  Adda,  from  the  Lake  of  Como  to  the  Serra  di  Mori- 
enone  (separating  it  from  the  district  of  Bormio) ;  in  an  ex- 
tended sense,  also  the  district  of  Bormio  (sometimes  also 
Poschiavo).  It  belonged  in  the  middle  ages  to  Lombardy 
and  to  Milan,  and  came  in  1512  under  the  rule  of  Orisons, 
There  were  many  strug^es  for  its  possession  at  the  epoch 
of  the  Thirty  Tears'  War.  It  passed  to  the  Cisalpine  Re- 
public in  1797,  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy  in  1805,  to  Austria 
1814-15,  and  to  the  kingdom  of*  Sardinia  in  1859. 

Val  Tournanche,  or  Valtournanche  (vSl-tor- 
nonsh').  An  Alpine  valley  in  northern  Italy, 
southwest  of  the  Monte  Rosa  group. 

Vamamargis  (va-ma-mar-gez').  [Skt.  vama- 
margin,  nom.  vamdmargi,  he  who  holds  the 
left-hand  (vama)  path  {marga).']  In  Hinduism, 
those  who  worship  exclusively  the  left  or  female 
side  of  the  dual  nature  of  Shiva  or  Vishnu. 
See  Sliaktas  and  Shakti. 

Vamana  (va'ma-na).  [' The  Dwarf.']  The  fifth 
of  the  incarnations  of  Vishnu.  In  the  second  age  of 
the  world  Vishnu  infused  a  part  of  his  essence  into  the 
body  of  a  dwarf  in  order  to  wrest  from  the  tyrant-demon 
Bali  the  dominion  of  the  three  worlds.  The  dwarf  pre- 
sented himself  before  the  demon  and  asked  as  much  land 
as  he  could  step  oyer  in  three  paces.  His  form  expanding, 
he  strode  in  two  steps  over  heaven  and  earth,  but  in  com- 
passion left  the  lower  world  to  Bali. 

Vamanapurana  (va-ma-na-p6-ra'na).  ['The 
Dwarf  Puiana,']  APurana(see ParaJia)  extend- 
ing to  about  7,000  stanzas,  and  containing, 
among  other  things,  an  account  of  the  dwarf  in- 
carnation of  Vishnu.  It  is  of  very  recent  origin, 
having  been  compiled,  apparently,  only  three  or  four  cen- 
turies ajso. 

V5,mbery  (vam'ba-re),  Arminius,  or  Armin, 
or  Hermann,  Bom  at  Szerdahely,  Hungary, 
March  19,  1832.  A  noted  Hungarian  traveler. 
Orientalist,  and  historian :  professor  at  Buda- 
pest. He  lived  many  years  in  Constantinople,  and  1863- 
1864  visited  Persia,  Khiva,  Bokhara,  Samarkand, Herat,  and 
other  parts  of  central  Asia.  Among  his  works  are  "  Trav- 
els in  Central  Asia  "  (1865),  "  Wanderings  and  Adventures 
in  Persia"  (1867),  "Sketches  of  Central  Asia"  (1868), 
"History  of  Bokhara  "(1873),  "  Central  Asia  and  the  Anglo- 
Russian  Boundary  Question,"  " Islam  in  the  19th  Century  " 
(1876),  "Manners  in  Oriental  Countries"  (1876),  "Primi- 
tive Civilization  of  the  Turko-Tatar  People  "  (1879), "  Origin 
of  the  Magyars"  (1882),  "The  Turkish  People"  (1885), 
"The  Future  Contest  for  India"  (1886),  and  various  lin- 
guistic works,  including  a  "German-Turkish  Dictionary," 
an  '^Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  Turko-Tatar  Lan- 
guages "  (1878),  etc. 

Van.    See  Armenia. 

Van  (van).  1.  A  vilayet  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situated  on  the  border  of  Persia,  south  of  Erze- 
rum.  Area,  15,440  square  miles.  Population, 
376,297.—  3.  The  capital  of  the  vilayet  of  Van, 
situated  near  Lake  Van,  about  lat.  38°  30'  N., 
long.  43°  10'  E.  It  is  in  the  center  of  a  fertile  plain ; 
has  some  manufactures  and  trade ;  and  Is  an  important 
strategic  point.  It  is  especially  noted  for  ancient  cunei- 
form inscriptions  in  its  neighborhood.  Population,  about 
lE^OOO.    See  Biainia. 

Van,  Lake,  A  salt  lake  in  eastern  Turkey, 
Length,  about  75  miles.  It  has  no  outlet. 
Height  above  sea-level,  5,400  feet. 

Vana  (va'na),  pl.Vanas  (va'nas).  [ON,  Vanr, 
pi,  Vanir.']  In  Old  Norse  mythology,  a  race 
of  gods  originally  at  war  with  the  Asas,  but 
later  received  by  them  into  Asgard,   Heimdall, 


Vancouver  Island 

NlBrd,  Frey,  and  Freyja  were  Vanas.  They  are  all  gods  of 
llghtT  The  myth  of  a  war  between  the  two  races  of  gods 
most  probably  had  its  origin  in  the  subordination  of  an 
older  local  cult  of  the  light-gods  to  the  newer  cult  of  Odin. 

Vanaprastha  (va-na-pras'tha).  See  Upant- 
shads. 

Van  Artevelde.    See  Artevelde. 

Vanbrugh  (van-bro'),  Sir  John,  Bom  about 
1666:  died  at  London,  March  26,  1726.  An 
English  dramatist  and  architect.  He  was  educated 
in  France,  and  in  1695  was  a  commissioner  for  finishing 
Greenwich  Hospital.  About  1697  he  joined  Congreve  in 
the  management  of  a  theater  which  was  not  successful. 
In  1714  he  was  made  comptroller  of  the  royal  works,  and 
was  knighted  in  the  same  year.  He  was  Clarencieux  king 
at  arms  for  about  twenty  years  before  his  death.  He  built 
Castle  Howard  in  Yorkshire,  Blenheim  House,  and  other 
country  houses.  Collier's  allegation  that  all  his  heroes 
were  professed  libertines  gave  rise  to  a  controversy  in 
which  Vanbrugh  did  not  hold  his  own.  Among  his  plays 
are  "The Relapse  "(1697),  "iE6op"(1697),  "The  Provoked 
Wife-"  (1697),  "  The  False  Friend  "  (1702),  "  The  Confeder- 
acy "(1705),  and  "A  Journey  to  London,"  which  he  left 
unfinished  (Gibber  finished  it,  and  produced  it  in  1728  as 
"The  Provoked  Husband  "). 

Van  Buren  (van  bu'ren),  John.  Bom  at  Hud- 
son, N.  Y.,  Feb.  18,  1810 :  died  at  sea,  Oct.  13, 
1866.  An  American  lawyer,  son  of  Martin  Van 
Buren:  known  as  "Prince  John," from  his  fig- 
ure and  manners.  He  was  attorney-general  of 
New  York  1845-46. 

Van  Buren,  Martin.  Bom  at  Kinderhook, 
N.Y.,Dec.5,1782:  diedthere,  July  24,1862.  The 
eighth  President  of  the  United  States  (1837-41). 
He  waa  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1803  ;  became  surrogate  of 
Columbia  County  in  1808 ;  entered  the  New  York  State 
Senate  in  1812,  and  was  reelected  in  1816 ;  was  attorney- 
general  of  New  York  State  1815-19 ;  was  United  States 
senator  from  New  York  1821-28;  was  a  member  of  the 
New  York  State  constitutional  convention  in  1821-;  was 
governor  of  New  York  1828-29 ;  was  secretary  of  state  un- 
der President  Jackson  1829-31 ;  was  sent  as  IJnited  States 
minister  to  Great  Britain  in  1831,  but  presently  returned, 
his  nomination  having  been  rejected  by  the  Senate ;  was 
elected  as  Democratic  candidate  for  Vice-President  in  1832, 
and  served  1833-37 ;  was  elected  as  Democratic  candidate- 
for  President  in  1836,  and  served  1837-41;  procured  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  independent  treasury  system  in  1840 ; 
was  defeated  as  Democratic  candidate  for  President  in 
1840 ;  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the  Democratic 
nomination  for  President  in  1844 ;  was  unsuccessful  Free- 
soil  candidate  for  President  in  1848 ;  and  traveled  in  Eu- 
rope 1853-55.  He  wrote  "Inquiry  into  the  Origin  and 
Course  of  Political  Parties  in  the  United  States  "  (1867). 

Vance  (vans),  Zebulon  Baird.  Born  in.  Ban- 
combe  County,  N.  C,  May  13, 1830:  died  April 
14, 1894.  An  .American  politician.  He  was  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  North  Carolina  1868-61 ;  was  a  Con- 
federate colonel  in  the  Civil  War ;  was  governor  of  North. 
Carolina  1862-65;  was  elected  United  States  senator  in 
1870,  but  was  not  seated ;  and  was  United  States  senator 
from  North  Carolina  1879-94. 

Van  Cortlandt  (van  kort'lant),  Oloff  (Oliver) 
Stevense.  Bom  near  Utrecht,  1600:  died  at 
New  York,  April  4, 1684.  A  Dutch  colonist  and 
magistrate  in  New  York. 

Van  Cortlandt,  Pierre,  Bom  at  Cortlandt 
Manor,  Jan.  10,  1721 :  died  at  New  York,  May 
1,  1814.  An  American  magistrate,  first  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  New  York :  great-grandson 
of  Oloff  Van  Cortlandt. 

Van  Cortlandt,  Stephanus,  Bom  at  New  Am- 
sterdam (afterward  New  York),  May  4,  1643: 
died  at  New  York,  Nov.  25,  1700.  A  colonial 
magistrate  in  New  York,  son  of  Oloff  Van  Cort- 
landt. He  is  said  to  have  filled  at  one  time  or  another 
every  office  of  prominence  in  the  province  of  New  York, 
except  the  governorship ;  and  in  1697  his  estate  was  erected 
into  the  lordship  and  manor  of  Cortlandt  by  patent  of 
William  III.  Aj^tons'  Cyclopeedia  of  American  Biogra- 
phy. 

Vancouver  (Jvan-k6'v6r).  A  seaport  in  British 
Columbia,  situated  on  Burrard  Inlet  about  lat. 
49°  20'  N,  It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Canadian  Pacific 
Railway  and  of  several  lines  of  steamers.  Population 
(1901),  26,133. 

Vancouver,  George.  Bom  about  1758:  died 
near  London,  May  10,1798.  A  British  navigator. 
He  served  under  Cook  in  his  second  and  third  voyages ;  and 
commanded  an  expedition  to  the  Pacific  1791-96,  on  which 
he  explored  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuoa,  the  Gulf  of  Geor. 
gia,  and  the  shares  of  Vancouver  Island.  He  left  a  narra- 
tive of  his  voyage  which  was  published  by  his  brother 
under  the  title  "  Voyage  of  Discovery  to  the  North  Pacific 
Ocean  and  Round  the  World  "  (1798). 

Vancouver  Island,  or  Vancouver's  vvan-ko'- 
verz)  Island.  An  island  belonging  to  British 
Columbia,  situated  west  of  the  mainland  of  that 
province  and  northwest  of  the  State  of  Wash- 
ington, and  separated  from  them  by  Queen 
Charlotte  Sound,  Johnstone  Strait,  the  Gulf  of 
Georgia,  and  the  Strait  of  Juande  Fuca.  Capital. 
Victoria.  It  was  discovered  in  1774  by  the  Spaniards 
Juan  Perez  and  Martinez,  and  explored  by  Juan  Aancisco 
de  la  Bodega  y  Cuadra  in  1775and  1779,  by  Cook  in  1778,  and 
by  Vancouver  in  1792.  It  was  settled  by  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company  in  1848,  and  was  united  with  British  Columbia 
in  1866.  Length,  about  290  miles.  Area,  15,937  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  36,767. 


Vandalia 


1027 


Vandalia  (yan-da'li-a).   The  capital  of  Fayette  Vane  (van),  Sir  Henry:  commonly  caUed  Sir 


County,  Illinois,  situated  on  the  Kaskaskia  65 
miles  southeast  of  Springfield:  formerly  the 
State  capital.    Population  (1900),  2,665. 
Vandals  (van'dalz).    A  Germanic  race  which 
first  appeared  in  middle  and  southern  Germany, 


Harry  Vane.  Bom  at'Hadlow,  Kent,  England, 
1612 :  beheaded  at  London,  June  14, 1662.  An 
English  Puritan  statesman  and  patriot,  son  of 
Sir  Henry  Vane,  comptroller  of  the  household 
of  Charles  I.    He  was  educated  atW estminster  and  Ox- 


and  in  the  first  half  of  the  5th  century  ravaged     ford ;  visited  Vienna  with  the  English  ambassador  in  1631 
Gaul,  Spain,  northern  Africa,  etc.,  and  in  455    '""^"■•"*^-'*"'" i... ..ii.i_,ao= 1,-,, — 

Rome  itself,  with  great  damage  to  the  accumu- 
lated treasures  of  art  and  literature  ( whence  the 
term  Vandalism).  They  founded  a  kingdom  in  Africa, 
with  Carthage  as  its  capital,  which  toolc  in  also  the  great 
islands  of  the  western  Mediterranean,  including  Sicily. 

The  Romans  often  confounded  the  two  peoples  [Goths 
and  Vandals!  together,  and  not  unfrequently  they  applied 
the  name  of  Goths  in  a  loose  sense  to  all  those  Teutonic 
nations  who  invaded  the  southern  lands. 

Bradley,  Story  of  the  Goths,  p.  8. 

Vandalusia.    See  Andalusia. 

Vandamme  (von-dam'),  Dominique  Josephe.  jL^^  Erpe.    See  Erpmius. 
Born  at  Cassel,  Nord,  France,  Nov.  5,  1770:  Vanessa  (va-nes'a).    Swift's  poetical  name  for 
died  there,  July  15, 1830.     A  French  general.    ^^^  friend  Esther  Vanhomrigh :    composed  of 
He  served  in  the  Army  of  the  North  in  1793,  gaining  the     Van-  and  Essa  for  Esther.    See  Vanhomrigh. 

'GTr^maly^W'STf^ilsW  ^tewart- 

tained  command  of  the  16th  military  division  in  1803 ;  ^^?!^  Marquis  of  Londonderry.  Bom  1852.  A 
fought  at  Austerlitz  in  1806 ;  was  defeated  and  taken  pris- 
oner at  the  battle  of  Kulm  Aug.  30, 1813 ;  was  made  a  peer 
during  the  Hundred  Days  and  placed  in  command  of  the 
3d  army  corps ;  and  was  distinguished  at  Wavre  June  18, 
1816 

Van  den  Eeckhout.    See  Eedkhout. 
Van  der  Aa.    See  Aa, 


emigrated  to  Massachusetts  in  1635;  was  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  Colony  from  16S6  to  1687,  when  he  failed  of 
reelection  on  account  of  siding  with  Anne  Hutchinson ; 
returned  to  England  in  Aug.,  1637;  entered  Parliament 
m  1640,  and  in  the  same  year  was  knighted  and  made  joint 
treasurer  of  the  navy ;  was  one  of  the  commissioners  who 
negotiated  the  Solemn  League  and  Covenant  with  Scotland 
in  1643;  furthered  the  Selt-Denying  Ordinance  and  the 
New  Model ;  condemned  Pride's  Purge ;  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  council  of  state  in  1649 ;  was  imprisoned  for 
four  months  in  1666  for  his  attack  on  the  protectorate  of 
Cromwell  in  a  publication  of  that  year ;  was  arrested  at  the 
Eestoration  (1660) ;  and,  excepted  from  the  Act  of  Pardon 
and  Oblivion,  was  executed  on  the  charge  of  treason. 


British  politician.  As  Viscount  Castlereagh  he  en. 
tered  Parliament  as  member  for  South  Kensington  in  1874, 
and  subsequently  sat  for  Montgomery  District  and  County 
Down  until  his  accession  to  the  peerage  on  the  death  of  his 
father  in  1884.  He  was  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  from 
1886  to  188S),  and  postmaster-general  1900-02. 

Van  Eyck.    See  Eydk. 


Vanderbilt  (van'dfer-Mt),  Cornelius :  called  Vangiones  (van-ji'6-nez).  [L.  (Csesar)  Van- 
"  Commodore."  Born  near  Stapleton,  Staten  giones^Q-c.  (Ptolemy)  Ovayywvoi.']  A  German 
Island,  N.  Y.,  May  27, 1794 :  died^at  New  York,  tribe  first  mentioned  by  Ceesar  as  in  the  army 
Jan.  4,  1877.  An  American  financier.  He  began  of  Ariovlstus.  They  were  situated  on  the  left  side  of 
life  as  a  boatman,  conveying  passengers  and  goods  between  ^^^  middle  Ehine,  in  the  region  about  Worms.  They 
Staten  Island  and  N  ew  York ;  became  a  steamboat  captain,  ™^re  probably  merged  ultunately  in  the  AlamannL 
manager,  and  owner;  established  steam-lines  between  Vanguard  (van'eard).  1.  A  British  line-of- 
New  York  and  New  England  ports  Hudson  Eiver  ports,  i^attle  ship  of  74  gims  and  1, 603  tons.  She  served 
Nicaragua,  Havre,  and  other  places;  became  chief  owner  ■  ..  -"  r  y^  •^e'*"°  ?t" -ti:::^"  ""."=• 
of  the  Harlem  Railroad  in  1863 :  became  soon  the  principal 
owner  of  the  Hudson  River  Railroad  and  New  York  Central 
Railroad,  which  he  consolidated ;  and  extended  his  control 
to  the  Lake  Shore,  Canada  Southern,  and  Michigan  Central 
railroads.  He  gave  $1,000,000  to  Vanderbilt  University. 
His  fortune  was  estimated  at  about  $100,000,000. 

Vanderbilt,  William  Henry.    Bom  at  New  Van  Helmont.    See  Selmont. 
Brunswick,  New  Jersey,  May  8,  1821:  died  at  Vanhomrigll  (van-um'ri),  or  Vanhomerigh 
New  York,  Dec.  8,  1885.    An  American  finan-    (van-um'er-i),  Esther.     Bom  Feb.  14,  1692: 


in  the  Channel  squadron  of  Lord  Howe  In  1793,  and  was 
flag-ship  of  Vice- Admiral  Sir  Horatio  Nelson  in  the  battle 
of  the  Nile,  Aug.  1-2, 1798. 

2.  An  armored  battle-ship  of  the  Iron  Duke 
class.  She  came  in  collision  with  the  Iron  Duke  oil  the 
coast  of  Ireland  in  1876,  and  was  sunk. 


cler,  son  of  Cornelius  Vanderbilt.  He  extended 
the  Vanderbilt  system  of  railroads,  and  made  large  gifts 
to  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  (New  York),  the 
Metropolitan  Museum,  etc.  He  was  reputed  to  be  the 
richest  man  in  the  world.  __      .,  ...      _,_,_, 

Vanderbilt  University.     An  institution  of  yanikoro  (;^^a-ne-ko  ro) 


died  1723.  The  Vanessa  of  Swift's  "Cadenus 
and  Vanessa."  He  made  her  acquaintance  in  1708.  She 
became  his  pupil,  fell  in  love  with  him,  and  followed  him 
to  Ireland  in  1714.    See  Siir(ft. 

One  of  the  largest  of 


learning  situated  at  Nashville,  Tennessee,    it    *^e  ?^P^^^  <^'"'^^,  Islands,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

was  founded  in  1872  as  the  CentralUniversity  of  the  Meth-  Vanini  (va-ne  ne),  LUClllO,  self -styled  JullUS 

odist  Episcopal  Church  (South) ;  but  received  its  present    CffiSar.    Born  at  Taurisano,  Kingdom  of  Naples, 


name  in  1873  in  recoKnition  of  a  gift  of  $1,000,000  by  Cor 
nelius  Vanderbilt.  It  is  under  Methodist  control.  It  has 
about  90  instructors  and  800  students. 
Vanderdecken  (van'der-dek*en).  The  captain 
of  the  Plying  Dutchman  in.  the  English  form  of 
the  legend.  He  was  condemned,  as  a  penalty  for  his 
sins,  to  sail  around  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  forever.  His 
ship  has  nothing  unreal  in  her  appearance. 

Van  der  Goes.    See  Goes. 
Van  der  Heist.    See  Heist. 
Van  der  Heyden.    See  Heyden. 
Van  der  Hoeven.    See  Soeven. 
Van  der  Meer.    See  Meer. 
Van  der  Meulen.    See  Meulen. 


about  1585:  burred  at  the  stake  at  Toulouse, 
France,  Feb.  19, 1619.  An  Italian  free-thinker, 
condemned  to  death  as  an  atheist  and  magician. 
He  studied  at  Rome  £ind  Padua;  became  a  priest ;  traveled 
in  Germany  and  the  Netherlands ;  and  began  teaching  at 
Lyons,  but  was  obliged  to  flee  to  England,  where  he  was 
arrested.  After  his  release  he  returned  to  Lyons,  and 
about  1617  settled  at  Toulouse.  Here  he  was  arrested  for 
his  opinions,  condemned,  and  on  the  same  day  executed. 
His  chief  works  are  "Amphitheatrum  seternse  Providen- 
tise  '  (1615),  "  De  admirandis  naturte  reginae  deseque  mor- 
talium  areanis  "  (1616). 

Vanity  Fair.  A  fair  described  in  Bunyan's 
"Pilgrim's  Progress."  it  was  held  in  the  town  of 
Vanity,  and  the  phrase  is  often  used  as  a  synonym  for  the 
present  world  and  its  worldliness. 


Van  der  Poorten-Schwarz  ;(van  der  por'ten 

shvarts'),  J.  M.   H.    Bom  1857.    A  contem- Vanity  Fair.     [From  the  preceding.]    A  novel 
porary Dutch  novelist  His  works  are  published  under    by  Thackeray,  the  publication  of  which  was  be- 
the  pseudonym  of  MaartenMaartens.  They  include  "Joost     gun  in  1847  in  monthly  parts. 
Avelingh"  (1890).    'A  Question  of  Taste"  (1891),  "God's  t?__  T.pnnpti      See  TMnnen 
Fool -^W  an/.. The  Greater  Glory"  (1894).  ^^SlOO    (vo^--16')',   OraXs  Audrl.     Bom   at 

Van  Diemen's  (van  de'menz)  Gulf.    An  inlet   Vi"'    1705:  died  at  Paris.  1765.     A  French 


on  the  northern  coast  of  Australia,  west  of  the 
Gulf  of  Carpentaria. 

Van  Diemen's  Land.  A  former  name  of  Tas- 
mania. ,»     ,   T,     T     T>  Ti    i    portraits  and  religious  subjects. 

Van  Dorn_.(van_dom),_Earl._   Bom  near  Port  -^a^nes  (van),  Breton  Gwened.  The  capital  of 


Nice,  1705:  died  at  Paris,  1765. 
painter,  brother  of  J.  B.  Vanloo. 
Vanloo,  Jean  Baptiste.    Bom  at  Aix,  France, 
1684:  died  at  Aix,  1745.    A  French  painter  of 


Gibson,  Miss.,  Sept.  17,  1820 :  assassinated  in 
Tennessee,  May  8,  1863.  An  American  gen- 
eral. He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1842 ;  served  in 
the  Mexican  war  and  in  the  Indian  wars ;  entered  the 
Ctonfederate  service  in  1861 ;  was  commander  (as  major- 
general)  of  the  Trans-Mississippi  district  in  1862 ;  was  de- 
feated at  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge  March  7-S,  1862 ;  and 
was  defeated  with  Price  at  Corinth  Oct.  3-4, 1862. 


the  department  of  Morbihan,  France,  situated 
near  the  Gulf  of  Morbihan  in  lat.  47°  39'  N., 
long.  2°  46'  W.  It  contains  a  museum  of  Celtic  and 
Gallo-Roman  antiquities  and  a  cathedral.  It  was  the  an- 
cient Dariorigum  or  Civitas  Venetorum  (whence  the  mod- 
ern name),  capital  of  the  Veneti ;  and  was  a  favorite  resi- 
dence of  the  dukes  of  Brittany,  and  the  seat  of  a  parlement. 
Population  (1891),  21,604. 


Vandyke  (van-dik'),  or  Van  Dyck,  Sir  An-  vannucchi.    See  s'arto,  Andrea  del. 
thony.   Bom  at  Antwerp,  March  22, 1599:  died  tt„"",,„„,-  pj~trn     Spr  Pervnino 
at  Lo^ndon.  Dec.  9,  164f.'    A  famous  Flemish  ?Se   Vf-nwlz'').  Ara^XrheTarentaise 
painter,  best  known  as  a  portrait-pamter :  a   "/ips,   southeastern    France.    Highest   point, 
pupil  of  Eubens  whom  he  assisted  m  some  of    ^^lio  feet, 
his  great  compositions.    He  was  in  England  1620-21;  -rr'    nnat   '  Spp  Dnit 
in  Italy  about  1623-27;  later  in  Antwerp ;  and  after  1632   Van  UOST.     oee  """• 
chiefly  in  England.    li  1632  he  was  knighted  and  made  VaUOra.     Same  as  Gummere. 
court  painter  to  Charles  I.  Among  his  best-known  works  Van  Ostade.     See  Ostoae. 

are  "Cruciflxions"  (especially  one  at  Mechlin),  "Elevation  'VanOZZa  (va-not'sa),  Bosa.  The  mistress  of 
^eS^'/r;ffits"S  cl'arte"sTanS'"mS%  o^^Si^  Pope  Alexander  VI.,  and  the  mother  of  Cesare 
famfly,  and  of  prominent  men  of  the  time.  and  Luerezia  Borgia. 


Varallo 

Van  Rensselaer  (van  ren'  se-ler) ,  Killian.  Born 
at  Amsterdam,  Holland,  1595 :  died  there,  1644. 
A  Dutch  merchant,  the  first  patroon  of  Eensse- 
laerswick.  He  was  a  wealthy  dealer  in  pearls  and  dia- 
monds at  Amsterdam,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
West  India  Company.  Through  an  agent  he  purchased  of 
the  Indians  the  territory  comprised  in  the  present  coun- 
ties of  Albany,  Columbia,  and  Rensselaer,  New  Ifork, 
which  received  the  name  of  Rensselaerswick,  and  which 
he  colonized. 

Van  Rensselaer,  Solomon,  Born  in  Kensselaer 
County.  N.  Y.,  Aug.  6,  1774:  died  at  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  April  23, 1852.  An  American  officer  and 
politician,  cousin  of  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer. 
He  served  with  distinction  under  General  Anthony  Wayne 
at  the  battle  of  Maumee  Rapids,  Aug..  1794;  commanded 
the  assault  at  the  battle  of  Queenston  Heights,  Oct.,  1812 , 
and  was  a  member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1819-22. 

Van  Rensselaer,  Stephen,  called  "The  Pa- 
troon." Bom  at  New  York,  Nov.  1, 1765:  died 
at  Albany,  Jan.  26, 1839.  An  American  general. 
He  was  a  descendant  of  Killian  Van  Rensselaer,  and  was  the 
eighth  patroon  of  Rensselaerswick  (see  Killian  Van  Rensse- 
Zaer),althoughhismanorialrightsweremateriallycurtailed 
on  the  dissolution  of  the  colonial  government.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  in  1782,  became  a  major  of  militia  in  1786 
and  a  major-general  in  1801,  and  was  lieutenant-governor 
of  New  York  1796-1801.  He  was  made  commander  of  the 
United  States  forces  on  the  northwestern  frontier  in  1812, 
and  lost  the  battle  of  Queenston  Heights  Oct  13  of  that 
year.  He  coBperated  with  De  Witt  Clinton  in  promoting 
the  Erie  Canal  (completed  in  1825),  being  president  of  the 
board  of  commissioners  for  fourteen  years.  He  was  a 
member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1823-29,  and  founded 
the  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  which 
was  begun  in  1824  and  incorporated  in  1826. 

Van  Schaick  (vanskoik'),  Gozen.  Born  at 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  1737:  died  there,  July  4,  1787. 
An  American  general.  He  served  in  the  French 
and  Indian  war;  in  the  Cherry  Valley  against  the  Indian 
Joseph  Brant;  and  at  Monmouth,  where  he  acted  as 
brigadier-general.  He  destroyed  the  Onondaga  settle- 
ments in  1779. 

Vansen  (van'zen).  A  dissipated  clerk  and  pub- 
lic agitator  in  Goethe's  "Egmont." 

Vansittart  (van-sit'art),  Nicholas,  Baron  Bex- 
ley.  Bom  1766 :  died  1851.  An  English  poli- 
tician. He  was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  in 
the  Liverpool  ministry,  and  later  chancellor  of 
the  duchy  of  Lancaster. 

Vansittart  Island.  [Named  from  Nicholas 
Vansittart,  Baron  Bexley.]  An  island  in  the 
arctic  regions  of  North  America,  south  of  Mel- 
ville Peninsula. 

Van  Tassel  (van  tas'el),  Caterina.  A  village 
beauty  in  Irving's  "  Legend  of  Sleepy  Hollow." 

Van  Tromp.    See  Tromp. 

Van  Twlller  (van  twil'fer),  Wouter  (Walter). 
Bom  atNieukirk,  Holland,  about  1580:  died  at 
Amsterdam  after  1646.  A  Dutch  governor  of 
New  Netherlands  1633-37.  He  had  disputes 
with  the  Massachusetts  colony  relating  to  Con- 
necticut. 

Vanua  Levu  (va-nS'a  la'vo).  One  of  the  two 
chief  islands  of  the  Fiji  group.  Length,  about 
100  miles. 

Vapereau  (vap-ro'),  Louis  Gustavo.  Bom  at 
Orleans,  April  4,  1819.  A  French  author,  best 
known  as  editor  of  the  ' '  Diotionnaire  univer- 
sel  des  eontemporains"  (1858  and  successive 
editions). 

Var  (var).  [L.  Varus,  It.  Varo.']  A  river  in 
southeastern  France,  chiefly  in  the  department 
of  Alpes-Maritimes,  which  flows  into  the  Medi- 
terranean 4  miles  west-southwest  of  Nice,  it 
was  long  the  boundary  between  France  and  Italy,  and 
in  ancient  times  between  CisUpine  and  Transalpine  GauL 
Length,  about  80  miles. 

Var.  A  department  of  France,  bounded  by 
Basses-Alpes  on  the  north,  Alpes-Maritimes  on 
the  northeast,  the  Mediterranean  on  the  south- 
east and  south,  and  Bouches-du-Rh6ne  on  the 
west.  Capital,  Draguignan;  chief  place,  Tou- 
lon. The  surface  is  hilly  or  mountainous.  Var  was 
formed  from  part  of  the  ancient  Piovence.  A  part  of  it 
was  given  to  the  department  of  Alpes-Maritimes  in  1860. 
Area,  2,349  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  288,336. 

Varaha  (va-ra'ha).  ['The  Boar.']  The  third 
incarnation  of  Yishnu,  who  infused  a  part  of 
his  essence  into  a  boar  to  deliver  the  world 
from  the  demon  Hiranyaksha  who  had  seized 
the  earth  and  carried  it  down  into  the  ocean. 
After  a  thousand  years  the  divine  boar  slew  the  monster 
and  brought  back  the  earth.  According  to  the  Vanapar- 
van  ('forest-section'  of  the  Mahabharata),  th  e  earth,  pressed 
down  by  superabundant  population,  was  submerged  by  a 
deluge,  when  the  boar  descended  and  upheaved  it  on  one 
of  his  tusks. 

Varallo  (va-ral'lo).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Novara,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Sesia  32  miles 
north-northwest  of  Novara.  Near  it  is  Sacro  Monte, 
a  place  of  pilgrimage  founded  in  1486,  where  46  chapels 
are  ranged  along  a  winding  path  on  the  beautiful  ascent, 
each  one  containing  a  group  of  colored  and  clothed  life- 
sized  terra-cotta  figures  representing  in  order  a  scenefrom 
the  story  of  Christ    The  series  is  extremely  curious,  and 


Varallo 

some  of  the  figures  are  highly  artistic.  The  architectare 
of  the  chapels  is  ornate,  and  their  walls  are  covered  with 
frescos,  some  of  them  admirable.    Population  (1881),  2,299. 

Varanger  Fjord,  or  Waranger  Fjord  (va- 
rang'ger  fyord).  An  arm  of  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
at  the  northeastern  extremity  of  Norway  and 
the  northwestern  extremity  of  Russia.  Length, 
about  60-70  miles. 
'  Varangian  Guard  (va-ran'ji-angard).  A  body- 
guard of  the  Byzantine  emperors  about  the 
11th  century,  formed  around  a  nucleus  of  Va- 
rangians. 

Varangians  (ya-ran'ji-anz).  [ML.  *Varangi, 
MGr.  Bapayyot,  Icel.  Vxringjar,  confederates.] 
Norse  warriors  who  ravaged  the  coast  of  the 
Baltic  about  the  9th  century,  and  who  (accord- 
ing^o  common  account)  founded  the  Eussian 
monarchy  in  862,  and  formed  an  important  ele- 
ment in  the  early  Russian  people. 

Varas  (va'ras),  Antonio.  Bom  at  Cauquenes, 
1817 :  died  at  Santiago,  1886.  A  Chilean  jurist 
and  politician.  He  was  minister  of  justice  under 
Bulnes  1846-60,  and  the  principal  minister  of  President 
Montt  1851-66,  and  for  a  short  time  in  1861.  Varas  is  re- 
garded as  the  greatest  of  the  conservative  politicians. 
He  was  the  founder  of  the  party  called  Montt- Varistas. 

Varaville  (va-ra-vel').  A  place  near  Falaise, 
Normandy, where,  in  1058,  William  of  Normandy 
defeated  the  forces  of  France  and  Anjou. 

Varazze  (va-rat'se).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Genoa,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa 
18  miles  west  by  south  of  Genoa. 

Vardar  (var-dar').  A  river  in  European  Tur- 
key which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Saloniki  15 
miles  southwest  of  Saloniki :  the  ancient  Axius. 
Length,  about  200  miles. 

Varden  (var' den),  Dolly.  A  notable  charac- 
ter in  Dickens's  "Barnaby  Rudge,"  daughter 
of  Gabriel  Varden,  a  prosperous  locksmith. 

The  good-hearted  plump  little  Dolly,  coquettish  minx 
of  a  daughter,  with  all  she  suffers  and  inflicts  by  her  fickle 
winning  ways  and  her  small,  self -admiring  vanities. 

Forster,  life  of  Dickens,  ix. 

Vardo,  or  Wardo  (var'dfe).  An  island  and  town 
in  Finmark,  Norway.  Near  it  is  the  northern- 
most fortress  of  Europe,  Vardohuus,  in  lat.  70° 
22'  N.,  long.  31°  T  E. 

Varela(va-ra'la),  Cape.  Aheadlandon  theeast- 
ern  coast  of  Annam,  projecting  into  the  China 
Sea. 

Varela  (va-ra'la).  Hector  Florencio.  Bom 
1833 :  died  1891.  An  Argentine  journalist  and 
author.  He  founded  and  edited  the  "  Tribuna  "  at  Bue- 
nos Ayres,  and  "El  Americano,"  a  literary  journal  pub- 
lished at  Paris.  He  was  a  noted  orator,  and  held  important 
diplomatic  positions.  His  works  include  several  novels, 
historical  and  critical  studies,  etc. 

Varela  y  Morales  (e  mo-ra'las),  Felix.  Bom 
at  Havana,  Nov.  20,  1788 :  died  at  St.  Augus- 
tine, Florida,  Feb.  18, 1858.  A  Spanish-Ameri- 
can author.  He  took  orders  in  the  E,oman  Catholic 
Church;  was  deputy  to  the  Spanish  Cortes  1822-23;  and 
was  one  of  the  66  deputies  condemned  to  death  in  1823. 
He  escaped,  and  passed  most  of  the  remainder  of  his  life 
iu  New  York,  where  he  was  vicar-general  from  1846.  His 
writings,  mainly  on  philosophical  subjects,  have  had  a  wide 
circulation  in  Spain  and  Spanish  America. 

Varennes  (va-ren'),  Flight  to.  An  attempt  of 
Louis  XVI.  and  the  royal  family  to  escape  from 
France  in  1791.  They  left  Paris  June  20-21,  and  were 
arrested  at  Yarennes-en-Argonne  June  22  and  taken  back 
to  Paris  by  order  of  the  National  Assembly. 

Varennes-en-Argonne  (va-ren'on-ar-gon').  A 
small  town  in  the  department  of  Meuse,  Prance, 
situated  on  the  Aire  18  miles  west  of  Verdun. 
See  above. 

Varese  (va-ra'se),  LagO  di.  A  lake  in  northern 
Italy,  east  of  Lago  Maggiore.  Length,  6  miles. 

Vargas  (var'gas),  JosS  Maria.  Bom  at  La 
Guaira,  March  2, 1786 :  died  at  New  York,  July 
13,  1854.  A  Venezuelan  politician.  He  was  an 
eminent  physician ;  was  several  times  deputy  to  Congress ; 
and  was  elected  president  of  Venezuela  in  Feb.,  18S6.  Ke- 
volts  broke  out,  and  he  resigned  in  April,  1836.  Subse- 
quently he  held  various  public  ofSces.  He  was  greatly  re- 
spected. 

Vargas,  Luis  de.  Bom  at  Seville,  1502 :  died 
there,  about  1568.  A  Spanish  painter  of  religious 
subjects.    Many  of  his  works  are  at  Seville. 

Varicourt  (va-re-kor'),  Beine  Philiberte  de. 
A  poor  but  noble  young  girl  adopted  in  1776  by 
Voltaire.  She  married  the  Marquis  deVfflette.  Vol- 
taire called  her  "Belle  et  Bonne,"  and  to  her  was  due 
much  of  the  happiness  of  his  last  years. 

Varina  (va-ri'na).  The  name  given  by  Swift 
to  Miss  Waring,  the  sister  of  an  old  college 
friend.     See  Swift. 

Varini(va-ri'ni).  In  ancient  history,  a  Germanic 
people  who  dwelt  near  the  Baltic  Sea. 

Varius  Kufus  (va'ri-us  rS'fus),  Lucius.  Lived 
in  the  last  part  of  the  1st  century  b.  c.    A  Eo- 


1028 

man  epic  and  tragic  poet,  author  of  a  tragic 
poem  "  Thyestes."  Only  short  fragments  of  his 
works  are  extant. 

Varley  (var'U),  Cornelius.  Born  1781:  died 
1873.  An  English  painter  in  water-colors,  bro- 
ther of  John  Varley. 

Varley,  John.  Bom  about  1778 :  died  1842.  An 
English  water-color  painter,  noted  for  his  land- 
scapes. 

Varna,  or  Warna  (var'na).  A  fortified  sea- 
port in  Bulgaria,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Varna 
in  lat.  43°  12'  N.,  long.  27°  57'  B. :  one  of  the 
posts  of  the  Bulgarian  Quadrilateral,  it  is  the 
chief  seaport  of  Bulgaria,  and  has  an  important  export 
trade  in  grain.  A  hattle  was  fought  near  Varna,  Nov. 
10, 1444,  in  which  the  Turks  under  Amurath  11.  defeated 
the  Hung^ans  and  allies  under  Ladislaus  (who  was 
killed)  and  Hunyady.  It  was  taken  by  the  Russians  in 
1828 ;  was  occupied  by  the  Allies  in  1854 ;  and  was  the 
starting-point  of  the  expedition  to  the  Crimea.  Popula- 
tion (1888),  26,256. 

Vamey  (var'ni),  Kichard,  Master  of  the 
horse  to  the  Earl  of  Leicester,  in  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  "Kenilworth."  For  his  own  advancement  he 
persuades  his  patron  to  disown  his  wife  Amy  Bobsart, 
and  to  consent  to  her  murder,  which  Varney  contrives  at 
Cumnor  Place. 

Varnhagen  (varn-a'gen),  Francisco  Adolpho 

de,  Viscount  of  Porto  Seguro  (from  1874).  Born 
at  Sao  Joao  de  Ypanema,  Sao  Paulo,  Feb.  17, 
1816:  died  at  Vienna,  Austria,  June  29,  1878. 
An  eminent  Brazilian  historian.  His  youth  was 
passed  in  Portugal,  where  he  fought  against  Dom  Miguel 
in  1833-34.  In  1841  he  became  a  subject  of  Brazil,  his  na- 
tive country  ;  and  thereafter  he  held  diplomatic  positions 
under  the  empire  in  Europe  and  America.  Of  his  numer- 
ous and  important  historical  works  (nearly  all  relating  to 
Brazil),  the  best-known  are  "  Historia  geral  do  Brazil "  (2 
vols.  1854-67;  revised  edition  1876),  "Historia  das  lutas 
com  OS  Hollandezes  no  Brazil "  (2d  ed.  1874),  and  several 
monographs  on  Amerigo  Vespucci. 
Varnhagen  von  Ense  (varn'ha-gen  f on  en'se), 
Karl  August.  Bom  at  Dusseldorf,  Prussia, 
Feb.  21,  1785 :  died  at  Berlin,  Oct.  10,  1858. 
A  noted  German  prose-writer.  He  served  in 
the  Austrian  and  later  in  the  Kussian  army,  and  after 
the  War  of  Liberation  was  in  the  Prussian  diplomatic 
and  political  service.  Among  his  works  are  "Deutsche 
Erzahlungen"  (1816),  poems  (1816),  "Goethe  in  den 
Zeugnissen  der  Mitlebenden"  ("Goethe  in  the  Testi- 
monies of  Contemporaries,"  1824),  "Biographische  Benk- 
male"  ("Biographical  Monuments,"  1824-30),  lives  of 
Seydlitz,  Queen  Sophia  Charlotte  of  Prussia,  the  Count 
of  Schwerin,  Marshal  Keith,  Billow,  etc.,  '■  Denkwiirdig- 
keiten"  (1837-46),  "  Tagebiicher,"  correspondence  with 
his  wife  Kaiiel,  "Blotter  aus  der  preussischen  Ge- 
schichte,*'  etc.  ' 

Varnhagen  von  Ense,  Madame  (Eahel  An- 
tonio Friederike  Levin).  Bom  at  Berlin, 
May  19,  1771:  died  there,  March  7,  1833.  A 
German  writer,  wife  of  Karl  August  Varnhagen 
von  Ense. 

Varoli  (va-ro'le),  Costanzo.  Born  about  1543 : 
died  1575.    .An  Italian  anatomist. 

Varro  (var'd),  Caius  Terentius.    Died  after 

200  B.  0.  A  Roman  politician.  He  was  consul 
with  PauluB  216  B.  c,  and  was  defeated  with  blm  at  the 
battle  of  Cannce. 

Varro,  Marcus  Terentius.  Bom  at  Reate, 
Italy,  116  B.  c:  died  about  27  b.  c.  A  famous 
Roman  scholar  and  author :  the  most  learned 
of  the  Romans.  He  held  various  offices,  and  rose  to 
the  pretorship ;  joined  the  pai'ty  of  Pompey ;  was  made 
by  Caesar  director  of  the  public  library;  and  was  proscribed 
by  the  second  Triumvirate,  but  was  saved  by  his  friends. 
The  total  number  of  his  works  is  about  74,  comprising  620 
books.  Of  these  only  two,  "De  lingua  latina"  and  "De 
re  rustica, ".survive  (the  former  only  in  part). 

Varro's  prose  writings  embraced  almost  all  branches  of 
knowledge  and  literature,  oratory,  history  both  general 
and  literary,  jurisprudence,  grammar,  philosophy,  geog- 
raphy, husbandry,  etc.  But  in  all  this  universal  study, 
VaiTO  always  kept  his  own  country  and  its  past  steadily 
in  view,  and  through  that  portion  of  his  writings  exer- 
cised an  immense  influence,  both  directly  and  indirectly. 
The  Christian  Fathers  especially,  and  among  them  pre- 
eminently S.  Augustine,  studied  and  used  him  diligently. 
The  most  important  prose  works  of  Varro  were  his  "  An- 
tiquitates  rerum  humanarum  et  divinarum,"  which  long 
survived  in  literature,  the  books  "  De  lingua  latina,"  '*  Re- 
rum  rusticarum,"the  EncyclopBedia  of  the  artes  liberales 
("  Discipllnarum  libri"),  and  his  "Imagines." 

Tettfeland  Schwabe,  Hist.  Rom.  Lit.  (tr.  by  Warr),  1. 256. 

Varro,  Publius  Terentius,  sumamed  Ata- 
cinus.  Born  at  Atax,  Narbonensis,  82  b.  c: 
died  about  37  b.  c.  A  Roman  poet,  author  of 
the  epic  "  Aj-gonautica."  Only  fragments  of 
his  works  survive. 

Varuna  (va'ro-na).  [From  ■\^vr  or  var,  cover, 
encompass ;  oo^ate  with  Greek  olipavd;,  E. 
Heaven  and  heaven.]  '  The  Bncompasser'  of 
the  universe :  in  the  Eigveda,  the  name  of  an 
Aditya,  the  supreme  god  among  those  of  the 
Veda,  and  therefore  called  king.  To  him  belong 
especially  the  waters,  the  nighij  and  the  West.  He  is  the 
judge  who  punishes  sin  and  who  is  appealed  to  for  for- 
giveness. From  him  come  avenging  diseases,  especially 
dropsy.  He  is  often  associated  with  Mitra,  he  being  the 
ruler  of  the  night,  as  Mitra  of  the  day.    He  is  the  noblest 


Vatican  Council 

character  of  the  Vedic  pantheon,  the  few  Varuna  hymna 
having  a  loftier  ethical  character  than  is  found  in  any 
others.  Roth  identifies  the  Adityas  with  the  Amshaapands 
of  the  Avesta,  and  Varuna  with  Ahura  Mazda  or  Ormazd, 
regarding  Varuna  as  belonging  to  an  older  dynasty  of  gods 
common  to  the  Indo- Aryans,  of  whom  he  believes  the  Rig. 
veda  to  show  the  supersession  of  Varuna  by  Indra.  (On 
this  question,  see  Muir's  "  Original  Sanskrit  Texts,"  V. 
116-125.)  In  the  later  literature  Varuna  becomes  a  mere 
god  of  the  waters. 

Varus  (va'rus).    The  ancient  name  of  the  Var. 

Varus,  Publius  QuintiUus.    Died  9  a.  d.    a 

Roman  general.  He  was  consul  13  b.  c.  ;  governor  in 
Syria  6-4  B.  0. ;  and  commander  in  Germany  6-9  A.  D.  Hia 
rigorous  measures  led  to  a  German  alliance  against  him, 
and  he  was  totally  defeated  by  Arminius  in  the  famous 
battle  in  the  Teutoburgerwald  9  A.  D.  When  he  saw  that 
the  battle  was  lost,  he  fell  upon  his  sword.  This  defeat 
profoundly  affected  the  Romans,  and  the  loss  of  his  legions 
was  bitterly  lamented  by  Augustus. 

Varzin  (var'tsin).  A  viUage  in  Pomerania, 
Pmssia,  southeast  of  K6slin.  It  is  the  resi- 
dence of  Bismarck. 

Vasa(va'sa).  A  laen  of  Finland.  Area,  16,084 
square  miles.     Population  (1890),  417,192. 

Vasa,  Grustavus.    See  Gustavus  I. 

Vd/Sdrhely.  See  Mdd-Mezd-Vdsdrhely  and 
Maros-  Vdsdrhely. 

Vasari  (va-sa're),  Giorgio.  Bom  at  Arezzo, 
Italy,  July  30, 1511 :  died  at  Florence,  June  27, 
1574.  An  Italian  architect,  painter,  and  writer 
on  art.  He  painted  many  pictures  in  Florence,  Rome, 
and  elsewhere,  and  constructed  part  of  the  Ufflzi  Palace, 
He  is  best  known  from  his  biographies  of  artiste  ("  Vite 
de'  piii  eccelenti  architetti,  pittorl,  e  scultori  itallani,  1660 ; 
enlarged  1568). 

Vasco  da  Gama.    See  Gama. 

Vascones  (vas'ko-nez).  A  people  which  dwelt 
in  the  northern  part  of  ancient  Spain  :  the  pre- 
decessors of  the  present  Basques.  See  Basques. 

Vascongadas  (vas-kon-ga'snas).  The  Spanish 
name  of  the  Basque  Provinces. 

Vasconia  (vas-ko'ni-a).  The  Latin  name  of 
Gascony. 

Vashka  (vash'ka).  A  river  in  northern  Rus- 
sia, a  tributary  of  the  Mezen.  Length,  about 
200  miles. 

Vashti  (vash'ti).  The  queen  of  Ahasuerus, 
mentioned  in  the  Book  of  Esther. 

Vasili  (va'se-le)  I,  (II.),  Grand  prince  of  Mos- 
cow 1389-1425. 

Vasili  II.  (III.),  sumamed  "  The  Blind."  Grand 
prince  of  Moscow  1425-62,  son  of  Vasili  I.  (II.). 

Vasili  III.  (IV. ).  GrandPrince  Of  Moscow  1505- 
1533,  sou  of  Ivan  III. 

Vasili  IV.  (V.)  (Shuiski).  Czar  of  Russia 
1606-10. 

Vasili  ( va-se-le ' ) ,  Comte  Paul.  The  pseudonym 
of  Madame  Edmond  Adam  in  "  La  Soci6t6  de 
Londres"  (1885),  etc. 

Vasquez  de  Coronado,  Francisco.  See  Coro- 
nado. 

Vassar  (vas'ar),  Matthew.  Bom  in  Norfolk, 
England,  April  29, 1792:  died  at  Poughkeepsie, 
N.  Y.,  June  23,  1868.  An  American  philan- 
thropist, founder  of  Vassar  College. 

Vassar  College.  An  institution  for  the  higher 
education  of  women,  at  Poughkeepsie,  New 
York.  It  was  founded  by  Matthew  Vassar  in 
1861,  and  opened  in  1865.    It  is  non-sectarian. 

Vassy  (va-se').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Haute-Mame,  France,  situated  on  the  Blaise  20 
miles  south-southwest  of  Bar-le-Duo.  It  was 
the  scene  of  a  massacre  of  Protestants  by  the 
Due  de  Guise,  March  1, 1562.  Population,  3,341. 

Vasto  (vas'to).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Chieti,  Italy,  situated  near  the  Adriatic  in  lat. 
42°  7'  N. :  the  ancient  Histonium.  Population, 
9,761. 

Vat6  (va'ta),  or  Vati  (va'te),  or  Sandwich 
(sand'wich)  Island.  One  of  the  southern 
islands  of  the  New  Hebrides,  Pacific  Ocean. 
Length,  30  miles. 

Vathek  (vath'ek).  An  Eastern  romance  by 
Beckford,  published  in  1787:  so  called  from 
the  name  of  the  hero,  it  was  written  in  French ; 
and  the  English  translation  was  not  by  the  author,  but  by 
a  person  (thought  to  have  been  the  Rev.  S.  Henley)  whom 
he  declared  to  be  a  stranger.  This  translation  was  pub- 
lished anonymously  in  1784,  and  has  superseded  the  ori- 
ginal. 

Vatican  (vat'i-kan).  [L.  Mons  Vaticanus.']  A 
hill  of  Eome,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tiber, 
opposite  the  Pincian.  On  it  stand  St.  Peter's 
and  the  Vatican  Palace. 

Vatican  Council.  The  twentieth  ecumenical 
council,  according  to  the  reckoning  of  the 
Church  of  Rome,  which  met  in  the  Vatican 
Dec.  8,  1869,  and  declared  belief  in  the  infalli^ 
bility  of  the  Pope,  when  speaking  ex  cathedra, 
to  be  a  dogma  of  the  church,  it  was  closed  Oct 
20,  1870,  owmg  to  the  occupation  of  Rome  by  Victor 
EmmanueL 


Vatican  Fragments 

Vatican  Fragments.  Parts  of  a  summary  of 
rules  of  law  as  extracted  from  the  writings  of 
jurisconsults  and  from  several  imperial  consti- 
tutions from  A.  D.  163  to  A.  D.  372,  discovered 
l)y  the  librarian  of  the  Vatican,  and  first  pub- 
lished at  Borne  in  1823. 

Vatican  Palace,  A  palace  at  Rome,  probably 
attached  to  the  Basilica  of  St.  Peter  under 
Constantine,  remodeled  and  enlarged  at  inter- 
vals, and  the  chief  residence  of  the  Pope  since 
the  return  from  Avignon  in*1377.  It  is  a  vast  con- 
geries of  constructions,  chiefly  later  than  1500,  and  includ- 
ing, besides  the  papal  apartments  and  ecclesiastical 
ofBces,  the  famous  museums  (founded  by  Julius  II.),  li- 
braiy,  and  archives.  The  space  occupied  is  1,161  by  787 
feet ;  there  are  over  200  staircases,  20  courts,  and  11,000  (!) 
rooms,  halls,  chapels,  etc.  It  contains  the  celebrated  Sis- 
tine  Chapel,  the  stanze,  or  chambers,  painted  by  Raphael, 
and  the  famous  loggie,  or  galleries,  with  Raphael's  grace- 
ful arabesques  and  paintings  by  him  and  other  artists. 
The  palace  gardens  are  extensive,  varied,  and  beautiful. 

Vaticano  (va-te-ka'n6),  Cape.  A  headland  on 
the  western  coast  of  Calabria,  Italy,  in  lat.  38° 
38' N. 

Vatke  (vat'ke),  JohannKarlWilhelm.  Bom 
at  Behndorf ,  near  Magdeburg,  March  14, 1806 : 
died  at  Berlin,  April  19, 1882.  A  German  Prot- 
estant theolo^an  and  philosopher,  professor 
of  theology  at  Berlin  from  1837.  He  wrote '  'Die 
Religion  des  Alten  Testaments"  (1835),  etc. 

Vattel  (vat-tel'  or  vat'tel),  Emerich  de.  Bom 
at  Couvet,  Neuchatel,  Switzerland,  Aug.  25, 
1714 :  died  there,  Dec.  20, 1767.  A  distinguished 
Swiss  publicist,  in  the  diplomatic  and  political 
service  of  Saxony.  He  was  Saxon  ambassador  at  Bern. 
His  **Law  of  Nations  "  (translated  by  Chitty)  is  famous 
(in  full,  "Droit  des  gens,  ou  principes  de  la  loi  natnrelle 
appliques  k  la  conduite  et  aux  aSaires  des  nations  "t  des 
Bouverains,"  1768). 

Vauban  (v6-bon'),  S^bastien  Le  Prestre  de. 

Bom  near  Saulieu,  Burgundy,  May  15,  1633: 
died  at  Paris,  March  30,  1707.  A  celebrated 
French  militarv  engineer  and  marshal.  He  served 
a  short  time  with  the  Spaniards  under  Cond6  in  the 
Fronde,  and  afterward  entered  the  French  service.  He 
distingulslied  himself  as  an  engineer  at  the  capture  of 
Sainte-Menehould  in  1653 ;  and  was  commissioned  a  royal 
engineer  in  1655,  between  which  date  and  the  peace  of 
the  Pyrenees  in  1659  he  conducted  the  sieges  of  Gravelines, 
Tpres,  and  Oudenarde.  He  besieged  Lille,  Maestricht, 
Valenciennes,  Cambrai,  Luxemburg,  Mons,  and  Namur  in 
succeeding  wars;  and  was  made  commissary-general  of 
fortifications  in  1677,  and  marshal  of  France  in  1703.  He 
constructed  and  improved  many  fortresses  on  the  frontiers 
and  elsewhere  in  France,  and  wrote  on  political  economy 
and  on  engineering. 

Vaucelles  (vo-sel').  A  hamlet  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  France,  near  Cambrai.  a  truce 
between  Henry  II.  of  France  and  the  emperor  Charles  Y. 
was  signed  here  in  1556, 

Vauchamps  (v6-shon').  A  village  in  the  de- 
partment of  Mame,  France,  32  miles  southwest 
of  Rheims.  it  was  the  scene  of  successes  of  the  French 
under  Marmont  against  the  Prussians  under  Blucber,  Feb. 
14, 1814. 
Vaucluse  (vo-kliiz').  [Named  from  the  vil- 
lage of  Vaucluse.]  A  department  of  France, 
bounded  by  Dr6me  on  the  north,  Basses- Alpes 
on  the  east,  Bouches-du-Rh6ne  (separated  by 
the  Durance)  on  the  south,  and  G-ard  (separated 
by  the  Rhone)  on  the  west.  Capital,  Avignon. 
The  plains  of  the  Rhone  are  in  the  west,  and  the  moun- 
tain-chains of  Ventoux,  Lub&on,  etc.,  in  the  east.  Vau- 
cluse was  formed  from  Orange,  Venaissin,  and  parts  of 
Provence.  Area,  1,370  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
235,411. 
Vaucluse.  [From  L.  vaUes  clausa,  closed  val- 
ley.] A  village  in  the  department  of  Vaucluse, 
•bout  18  miles  east  of  Avignon :  celebrated  for 
the  fountain  of  Vaucluse  (the  source  of  the 
stream  Sorgue)  and  as  the  dwelling-place  of 
Petrarch. 

Vaucouleurs  (v6-ko-16r').  A  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meuse,  Prance,  situated  on  the 
Mouse  26  miles  west  by  south  of  Nancy,  it  was 
the  starting-point  of  Joan  of  Arc  on  her  military  career. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  2,843. 
Vaud  (vo),  G.  Waadt  (vat).  A  canton  of 
Switzerland,  bounded  by  Prance  on  the  west 
and  northwest,  Neuch&tel,  the  Lake  of  Neu- 
chfttel,  and  Fribourg  on  the  north,  Fribourg 
and  Bern  on  the  east,  Valais,  the  Lake  of  Ge- 
neva, and  Geneva  on  the  south.  Capital,  Lau- 
sanne- It  is  traversed  by  the  Jura  and  by  the  Alps  in 
the  southeast.  It  has  12  members  in  the  National  Coun- 
cil. The  prevailing  language  is  French,  and  the  prevail- 
ing religion  Protestant.  Vaud  came  under  Roman  rule  in 
58  E.  0.  through  the  victory  of  Csesar  at  Bibracte  (chief 
Roman  place,  Aventicum) ;  and  passed  to  the  Burgundians 
in  the  5th  century,  and  to  the  Franks,  with  the  kingdom 
nf  Burgundy,  in  534.  The  larger  part  of  it  was  acquired 
Dy  Savoy  in  1265,  and  was  conquered  by  Bern  1476-76, 
1636  and  1555,  and  ruled  as  a  subject  land.  An  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  to  revolt  was  made  in  1723.  By  French 
Intervention  &  was  constituted  the  Lemamo  Republic  m 
1798,  and  in  the  same  year  made  the  canton  Leman  of  the 


1029 

Helvetic  Republic.  On  the  restoration  of  the  confedera- 
tion in  1808,  it  became  a  canton.  Area,  1, 244  square  miles. 
Population  (1888X  247,666. 

Vaudois  des  Alpes,    Same  as  Waldenses. 

Vaudoncourt  (v6-d6n-ker'),  Guillaume  de. 
Bom  at  Vienna,  Sept.  24,  1772:  died  at  Passy, 
near  Paris,  May  2, 1845.  A  French  general  and 
military  writer.  He  served  through  the  revolutionary 
and  Napoleonic  wars,  and  commanded  the  Sardinian 
revolutionists  in  1821.  He  wrote  "Histoire  des  cam- 
pagnes  d'Annibal  en  Italic "  (1812),  and  histories  of  the 
Russian  campaign  of  1812,  the  German  campaign  of  1813, 
the  Italian  campaigns  of  1813-14,  the  French  campaigns  of 
1814-16,  etc. 

Vaudreuil  (v6-dr6y'  or  v6-drely'),  Marquis  de 
(Louis  Philippe  de  Rigaud).  Bom  at  Roche- 
fort,  Oct.  28, 1724:  died  at  Paris,  Deo.  14, 1802. 
A  French  naval  commander,  grandson  of  Phi- 
lippe de  Rigaud,  He  served  in  various  actions  in 
the  war  with  Great  Britain  1778-83,  commanding  a  di- 
vision of  Comte  de  Grasse's  fleet  at  Yorktown  in  1781.  He 
protected  the  royal  family  against  the  mob  at  Versailles 
during  the  night  of  Oct.  6-6, 1789.  He  emigrated  to  Eng- 
land in  1791,  but  returned  to  Paris  in  1800,  and  was  granted 
a  pension  on  the  retired  list  by  Bonaparte. 

Vaudreuil,  Marquis  de  (Philippe  de  Rigaud), 

Bom  near  Castelnaudary,  France,  1640:  died 
at  Quebec,  Oct.  11, 1725.  A  French  commander 
and  official  in  Canada.  He  was  for  many  years  com- 
mander of  the  French  forces  in  Canada,  and  in  1703  be- 
came governor  of  that  province. 

Vaudreuil-Cavagnal  (-ka-van-yal'),  Marctuis 
de  (Pierre  FranQois  de  Rigaud).    Bom  at 

Quebec,  1698 :  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  20,  1765.  A 
French  colonial  governor,  son  of  Philippe  de 
Rigaud.  He  became  governor  of  Canada  in  1766,  and 
capitulated  to  the  English  in  1760,  after  the  defeat  of 
Montcalm,  commander  of  the  French  troops  in  Canada,  by 
Wolfe  in  the  preceding  year. 
Vaughan  (van  or  va'an),  Henry,  snrnamed 
"The  Silurist"  (from  ftie  Silures,  the  ancient 
inhabitants  of  South  Wales).  Bom  at  Skethi- 
og-on-TJsk,  Brecknockshire;  Wales,  1621:  died 
there,  April  23,  1693.  A  Welsh  poet  and  mys- 
tic. He  studied  at  Oxford,  became  a  physician,  and  ulti- 
mately settled  at  Skethiog.  He  wrote  "Poems"  (1646), 
"  Olor  Iscanus  "  (1651),  "  Silex  SointiUans  "  (1650-55),  etc. 

Vaughan,  Robert.  Bom  1795:  died  at  Tor- 
quay, June  15, 1868.  An  English  Independent 
clergyman  and  historian.  He  was  president  of  the 
Lancashire  Independent  College,  Manchester,  1843-67, 
and  in  1845  founded  the  "British  Quarterly  Review,"  of 
which  he  remained  editor  for  twenty  years.  He  wrote 
a  "Lite  of 'Wycliite"  (1863),  "Protectorate  of  Oliver  Crom- 
well" (1838),  "History  of  England  under  the  House  of 
Stuart"  (1840),  "Revolutions  in  England"  (1869-63),  etc. 

Vaulion,  Dent  de.    See  Bent  de  Vaulion. 

Vauvenargues  (vov-narg'),  Marquis  de  (Luc 
de  Clapier).  Bom  at  Aix, France,  Aug.  8, 1715 : 
died  March  9, 1747.  A  French  moralist.  He  is 
best  known  from  his  "Introduction  h.  la  connaissance  de 
I'eaprit  humain"  ("Introduction  to  the  Knowledge  of 
the  Human  Mind,"  1746),  followed  by  "Reflexions  et 
Maximes." 

Vaux  (vUks),  Calvert.  Bom  at  London,  Deo. 
20,1824:diedat  Bensonhurst,  N.  Y. ,  Nov.  19, 1895. 
Ati  Anglo-Ajmerican  landscape  architect,  in 
connection  with  Frederick  L.  Olmsted  he  designed  the 
plans  of  Central  Park,  New  York  city ;  the  State  reserva- 
tion at  ]N  iagara  Falls ;  and  numerous  other  parks.  His  de- 
sign for  Prospect  Parle,  Brooklyn,  was  accepted  in  1865. 

Vauxhall  (vUks-h&l').  A  quarter  of  London,  in 
Lambeth. 

Vauxhall  Gardens,  A  popular  and  fashion- 
able London  resort,  formerly  situated  on  the 
Thames  above  Lambeth, 

The  name  dates  from  the  marriage  of  Isabella  de  Forti- 
bus.  Countess  of  Albemarle,  sister  of  Archbishop  Baldwin, 
with  Foukes  de  Brent,  after  which  the  place  was  called 
Foukes-hall.  .  .  .  Vauxhall  Gardens  were  laid  out  in  1661, 
and  were  at  flrst  known  as  the  New  Spring  Gardens  at  Fox 
Hall  to  distinguish  them  from  the  Old  Spring  Gardens  at 
Whitehall.  They  were  flnaUy  closed  in  1869,  and  the  site 
is  now  built  over ;  but  they  will  always  be  remembered 
from  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley's  visit  to  them  in  the  "Spec- 
tator" [and  the  descriptions  in  "Humphrey  Clinker"  and 
"  Vanity  Fair"].  Hare,  London,  II.  422. 

Vavau  (va-vou').  One  of  the  principal  islands 
of  the  Friendly  group.  Pacific  Ocean :  42  miles 
in  circximferenoe. 

Vavitau,    See  Vivitao. 

Vecelli,  or  Vecellio,    See  ntian. 

Vecht  (veoht).  An  arm  of  the  Rhine  which 
leaves  it  at  Utrecht  and  flows  into  the  Zuyder 
Zee  east  of  Amsterdam. 

Vectis  (vek'tis),  or  Vecta  (vek'ta).  The  Ro- 
man name  of  the  Isle  of  Wight. 

Veda (va'da).  [Skt., from -/wrf, know.]  'Know- 
ledge,' '  science,'  and  then  the  whole  Hindu  sa- 
cred literature  as  the  science.  This  includes  the 
Sanhitas,  'collections '  of  mantras, '  hymns ' ;  the  Brahma- 
nas,  canonized  'priestly  dicta,"  with  their  developments, 
the  Aranyakas  and  the  TJpanishads ;  and  the  Sutras,  *  rules, 
brief  memorial  lines  to  aid  the  teacher  in  the  oral  tradi- 
tion of  the  sacred  literature —the  Sanhitas  and  Brahmanas 
together  f oi-ming  Shruti,  'hearing, " revelation  '  while  the 
Sutras  constitute  Smriti,  'memory,' '  tradition.  There  are 
four  Sanhitas,  the  Vedas,  in  distinction  from  the  Veda  as 


Vega  Carpio 

including  the  whole  body  of  sacred  literature,  or  as  applied 
to  the  Rigveda  par  excellence — viz.,  the  Rigveda,  the  Sama 
veda,  the  Yajurveda,  and  the  Athai'vaveda.  Of  these  the 
Rigveda  and  the  Atharvaveda  are  historical  collections  — 
that  is,  collections  formed  with  a  view  to  the  perpetuation 
of  the  contents  as  literature ;  while  the  Samaveda  and  the 
Yajurveda  are  liturgical — material  already  existing  in  the 
Rigveda  and  elsewhere  being  in  them  put  to  special 
liturgical  uses.  The  first  in  antiquity,  extent,  and  impor- 
tance is  the  Rigveda,  containing  1,017  suktas,  'hymns,'  in 
10,680  rcas,  *  verses. '  (The  stem  re,  in  which  c  is  pronounced 
as  ch  in  church,  when.it  stands  alone  becomes  rk,  but 
when  it  comes  before  a  sonant  letter,  rg:  so  Mgveda, 
usually  printed  Sigveda,  means  'the  Veda  of  rcas'  (pro- 
nounced r'chas), '  verses,' '  songs.')  The  hymns,  in  a  very 
simple  metrical  form,  and  a  language  varying  considera- 
bly from  the  later  classical  Sanskrit,  are  almost  all  reli- 
gious, and  glorlAcations  of  the  divinity  addressed.  The 
Atharvaveda  (which  see)  is  the  latest  of  the  four  collec- 
tions. The  Samaveda  is  the  Veda  of  samans,  'chants.' 
Material  almost  all  of  which  is  found  in  the  Rigveda  here 
appears  in  tlie  form  of  chants  to  be  sung  in  the  Soma  rit- 
ual. Certain  words  to  be  uttered  at  a  special  stage  of  a 
sacrifice  were  known  technically  as  a  yajus,  'sacrificial 
formula.'  The  Yajurveda  (with  thesot  yajus  changed  into 
r  owing  to  the  effect  of  the  following  letter)  is  the  Yajus- 
veda,  or  'Veda  of  sacrificial  formulas.'  The  question  of 
the  date  of  the  Rigveda,  as  the  oldest  of  the  collections  of 
hymns,  has  been  much  discussed,  but  without  definite  re- 
sults. The  majority  of  Vedic  scholars  place  the  Vedic 
period  proper  between  2000  and  1600  B.  0. 
Vedanta  (va-dan'ta).  [Veda  and  anta,  end.] 
The  most  common  desi^ation  of  the  TJttara- 
mimansa  school  of  Hindu  philosophy,  given  to 
it  either  as  teaching  the  ultimate  aim  of  the 
Veda,  or  as  founded  on  the  TJpanishads,  which 
come  at  the  end  of  the  Veda  as  the  last  stage 
in  its  historic  evolution,  it  is  ascribed  to  a  Vyasa 
or  Badarayana.  The  first  of  these  names  (*  arranger ')  is 
given  also  to  the  legendary  person  who  is  supposed  to  have 
arranged  the  Vedas  and  written  the  Hahabharata,  Pura- 
nas_,  and  a  Dharmashastra,  and  was  doubtless  applied  to 
various  great  writers  or  compilers  as  a  kind  of  title.  In 
this  sense  it  seems  to  have  been  given  to  the  founder  of 
the  Vedanta.  Its  principles  are  propounded  in  sutras, 
but  Badarayana's  sutras  are  generally  called  Brahmasutra, 
or  sometimes  Sharirakasutra.  The  text  and  that  of  the 
celebrated  commentary  of  Shankaracarya  have  been  ed- 
ited in  the  "Bibliotheca  Indica,"  and  a  portion  trans- 
lated by  Banerjea.  Ballantyne  also  edited  and  translated 
a  portion,  as  also  the  commentary  known  as  the  Vedan- 
tasara.  The  most  authoritative  recent  works  on  the  Ve- 
danta are,  however,  FaulDeussen's  "Die  Sutra  des  Vedanta 
iibersetzt  aus  dem  Sanskrit"  and  his  "Das  System  des 
Vedanta"  (Leipsic,  1883). 

Vedantasara  (va-dan-ta-sa'ra).  [Skt., 'es- 
sence of  the  Vedanta.']  "A  treatise  on  the  Ve- 
danta philosophy  by  Sadananda.  The  text  is  printed 
in  Bohtlingk's  "Sanskrit  Chrestomathie."  It  has  been 
translated  with  full  notes  in  Triibner's  "  Oriental  Series  " 
by  Jacob.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a  commentary  by 
Ramanuja  on  the  Vedantasutras,  which  is  also  called  Ve- 
dantapradipa, '  The  Light  or  Lamp  of  the  Vedanta.' 

Vedas,    See  Veda. 

Veddahs  (ved'az),  or  Weddahs,  An  ancient 
and  probably  aboriginal  people  of  Ceylon,  in 
a  very  low  state  of  civilization. 

Vedder  (ved'er),  Elihu.  Bom  at  New  York, 
Feb.  26, 1836.  An  American  genre-  and  figure- 
painter.  He  studied  in  Paris  and  Italy,  where  he  has 
lived  for  a  number  of  years.  He  illustrated  a  translation 
of  the  "Rubaiyat,"  by  Omar  Khayyam,  1883-84.  Among 
his  other  works  are  "The  Lair  of  the  Sea-Serpent,"  "The 
Roc's  Egg,"  "The  Lost  Mind,"  "The  Crucifixion,"  "The 
Cumsean  Sibyl,"  "Young  Marsyas,'"  "The  Monk  upon  the 
Gloomy  Path,"  "The  Questioner  of  the  Sphinx,"  etc. 

Vega  ( ve'ga).  [From  Ar.  waqi',  falling,  i.  e.  '  the 
falling  bird,'  with  reference  to  Altair,  the  '  fly- 
ing eagle,'  situated  not  far  from  Vega.]  A  star 
of  the  first  magnitude  in  the  constellation  Lyra ; 
a  Lyrae. 

Vega.  The  vessel  in  which  Nordenskjold  made 
his  expedition  of  1878-79. 

Vega  (va'ga),  Garcilasso  de  la.  Bom  at  Cuzeo, 
Peru,  April  12,  1539:  died  at  Cordova,  Spain, 
1616.  A  Peruvian  historian.  His  father  was  a 
distinguished  Spanish  officer  of  the  same  name,  and  his 
mother  was  a  niece  of  the  Inca  Huaina  Capac  (whence 
he  called  himself  Garcilasso  Inca  de  la  Vega).  He  went 
to  Spain  in  1660 ;  served  for  many  years  as  a  captain  in 
the  Spanish  army ;  and  finally  settled  in  Cordova,  where 
he  devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits.  He  published 
"  El  Florida  del  Inca,"  a  description  of  De  Soto's  expedition 
to  Florida  (1606),  "Comentarios  reales  de  las  Incas  "  (1608), 
and  "Historia  general  del  Peril"  (1616).  There  are  many- 
later  editions  and  translations. 

Vega  Carpio  (va'ga  kar'pe-6).  Lope  Felix  de. 

Born  at  Madrid,  Nov.  25, 1562 :  died  there,  Aug. 
27,  1635.  A  celebrated  Spanish  dramatist  and 
poet.  He  was  educated  at  the  Jesuit  college  of  Madrid 
and  at  the  University  of  AlcaU ;  was  in  the  service  of  tlie 
Bishop  of  Avila,  and  secretary  to  the  Duke  of  Alva ;  and 
was  twice  married.  He  was  obliged  to  live  :way  from 
Madrid  for  several  years  on  account  of  a  duel.  He  joined 
the  Spanish  Armada  in  1688,  and  returned  to  Madrid  in 
1590,  and  was  soon  known  as  a  dramatic  writer :  he  had 
previously,  during  his  exile,  written  for  the  theater  in  Va- 
lencia. He  was  the  inventor  of  a  witty  character  known 
as  the  "  gracioso,"  a  parody  of  the  heroic  character  of  the 
play,  which  passed  first  to  the  French  and  from  that  to 
all  other  modern  theaters.  He  entered  the  church  about 
1612,  after  the  death  of  his  second  wife,  and  about  1614 
took  priest's  orders.  His  plays  fall  into  three  classes : 
the  flrst,called  "  Comedias  de  Capa  y  Espada  "  (dramas  with 


Vega  Carpio 

cloak  and  sword),  "  took  their  name  from  the  circum- 
Btance  that  their  principal  personages  belong  to  the  gen- 
teel portion  of  society,  accustomed,  in  Lope's  time,  to  the 
picturesque  national  dress  of  cloaks  and  swords  —  exclud- 
ing, on  the  one  hand,  those  dramas  in  which  royal  per- 
sonages appear,  and,  on  the  other,  those  which  are  devoted 
to  common  life  and  the  humbler  classes.  Their  main  and 
moving  principle  is  gallantry—  such  gallantry  as  existed  in 
the  time  of  their  author.  The  story  is  almost  always  in- 
volved and  intriguing,  and  almost  always  accompanied 
with  an  underplot  and  parody  on  the  characters  and  ad- 
ventures of  the  principal  parties,  formed  out  of  those  of 
the  servants  and  other  inferior  personages"  [Ticknor). 
The  second  class  consisted  of  "Comedias  Heroicas"or 
"Historiales,"  and  the  third  of  dramas  founded  on  domes- 
tic life.  He  also  wrote  epics  ("La  Jerusalem  conquistada"), 
romances,  lyrics,  pastorals,  prose  novels,  etc. 

Their  [Lope's  plays']  very  number,  however,  may  have 
been  one  obstacle  to  their  publication ;  for  the  most  mod- 
erate and  certain  accounts  on  this  point  have  almost  a  fab- 
ulous air  about  them,  so  extravagant  do  they  seem.  In 
1603,  he  gives  us  the  titles  of  two  hundred  and  nineteen 
pieces  that  he  had  already  written ;  in  1609,  he  says  their 
number  had  risen  to  four  hundred  and  eighty-three ;  in 
1618  he  says  it  was  eight  hundred ;  in  1619,  again,  in  round 
numbers,  he  states  it  at  nine  hundred ;  and  in  1624,  at  one 
thousand  and  seventy.  After  his  death,  in  1635,  Perez  de 
Montalvan,  his  intimate  friend  and  eulogist,  who  three 
years  before  had  declared  the  number  to  beflf  teen  hundred, 
without  reckoning  the  shorter  pieces,  puts  it  at  eighteen 
hundred  plays  and  four  hundred  autos :  numbers  which 
are  confidently  repeated  by  Antonio  in  his  notice  of  Lope, 
and  by  Franchi,  anitalian,  who  had  been  much  withLope 
flt  Madrid,  and  who  wrote  one  of  the  multitudinous  eulo- 
gies on  him  after  his  death.  The  prodigious  facility  im- 
plied by  this  is  further  confirmed  by  the  fact,  stated  by 
himself  in  one  of  his  plays,  that  It  was  written  and  acted 
In  five  days,  and  by  the  anecdotes  of  Montalvan  that  he 
wrote  five  full-length  dramas  at  Toledo  in  fifteen  days, 
and  one  act  of  another  in  a  few  hours  of  the  early  morn- 
ing, without  seeming  to  make  any  effort  in  either  case. 

Ticknor,  Span.  Lit.,  II.  203. 

Vega  Real  (ra-al'),  Battle  of  the.  A  battle 
fought  on  the  Vega  Real  (a  plain  in  the  north- 

.  em  part  of  Haiti),  April  25,  149.5,  between  a 
small  force  of  Spaniards  under  Christopher  and 
Bartholomew  Columbus  and  the  Indians  of 
Caonabo  and  other  chiefs.  Las  Casas  says  that  the 
latter  numbered  100,000  —  an  evident  exaggeration.  The 
Indians  were  completely  defeated. 

Veglia  (val'ya),  Slav.  K6rk.  1.  An  island  be- 
longing to  Istria,  Austria-Hungary,  situated  in 
the  Gulf  of  Quarnero  in  lat.  45°  N.  It  is  sepa- 
rated from  the  mainland  by  the  channel  of  Mor- 
laeea.  Length,  24  miles.  Population,  19,871. 
— 2.  A  small  seaport  on  the  island  of  Veglia. 
It  has  a  cathedral. 

Vehmgericllte  (fam'ge-ri6h'''te).  [G.,  from 
felim,  a  criminal  tribunal  so  named,  and  gericht, 
judgment.  ]  Medieval  tribunals  which  flourished 
in  Germany,  chiefly  in  Westphalia,  in  the  14th 
and  15th  centuries.  Theywereapparentlydescended 
from  the  cantonal  courts,  and  at  first  afforded  some  pro- 
tection, as  the  regular  m  achinery  of  justice  had  become  de- 
moralized. Later  they  misused  their  power,  and  practically 
disappeared  with  the  increasing  strength  of  the  regular 
governments.  The  president  of  the  court  was  called  /rei- 
graf,  the  justices  freischoffen,  and  the  place  of  meeting 
/reistuhl.  The  sessions  were  open  for  the  adjudication  of 
civil  matters,  but  secret  when  persons  accused  of  murder, 
robbery,  heresy,  witchcraft,  elic.,  were  summoned.  Those 
convicted  of  serious  crimes,  or  those  who  refused  to  ap- 
pear before  the  tribunal,  were  put  to  death.  Almfreige- 
richte,  Westphalian  gerichiej  etc. 

Vehse  (va'ze),  Karl  Eduard.  Born  at  Freiberg, 
Saxony,  Dec.  18,  1802:  died  at  Striesen,  near 
Dresden,  June  18,  1870.  A  German  historian. 
He  came  to  America  with  the  separatist  Stephan  in  1838, 
but  returned  in  1839 ;  went  to  Berlin  in  18B3,  but  was  ar- 
rested for  political  reasons,  imprisoned  for  six  months, 
and  banished  from  Prussia;  and  lived  thereafter  near 
Basel  and  in  Italy  and  at  Freiberg.  His  chief  work  is 
"(i^eschichte  der  deutschen  Hbfe  seit  der  Eeformation" 
("  History  of  the  German  Courts  since  the  Reformation," 
1861-68). 

Vei,  or  Vai  (vi).  A  negro  tribe  of  Liberia, West 
Africa,  north  of  Monrovia.  It  belongs  to  the  Mande 
cluster,  and  has  made  its  way  from  the  elevated  Interior 
to  the  coast.  About  1834  a  Vei-man,  Doaln  Bukere,  who 
had  learned  the  Soman  character,  invented  and  intro- 
duced a  new  graphic  system,  of  the  syllabic  type,  with 
upward  of  two  hundred  signs,  which  has  been  used  by  the 
Mohammedans  for  their  manuscript  books. 

Veil  (ve'yi).  In  ancient  geography,  a  city  of 
Italy,  the  most  important  of  the  Etruscan 
League :  identified  with  Isola  Farnese,  11  miles 
north  by  west  of  Rome,  it  was  frequently  at  war 
with  Home,  especially  in  behalf  of  the  restoration  of  Tar- 
quinius  Superbus,  at  the  time  of  the  massacre  of  the  Fabii 
(about  476  B.  c),  about  438-434,  and  about  426.  It  was  be- 
sieged by  the  Komans  and  taken  under  the  leadership  of 
CamUluB  in  396  E.  0. 

Veile  (vi'le).  1 .  An  amt  in  Jutland,  Denmark. 
Population,  111,904. —  2.  The  capital  of  the  amt 
of  Veile,  Denmark,  situated  on  the  Veile  Fjord 
in  lat.  55°  44'  N.  it  was  taken  by  the  Schleswig- 
Holsteiners  May  6, 1848,  Near  it,  at  GudsB,  May  7, 1849,  the 
Prussians  defeated  the  Danes.  Veile  was  stormed  by  the 
Austrians  March  8, 1864.    Population,  9,015. 

Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorassan,  The.  The  first 
part  of  the  poem  "Lalla  Eookh,"  by  Moore :  so 


1030  Vendue,  La,  War  of 

called  from  the  chief  character,  Mokaima.    See     tional  Gallery,  London) ;  OUvares,  Prince  Baltaaar  Carlos, 
Mokanna.  aseriesof  portraits  of  Jesters  and  dwarfs;  etc.  His  genius 

Veile  Fjord  (yi'le  fydrd).  An  arm  of  the  Great 
Belt  which  penetrates  the  eastern  coast  of  Jut- 
land, Denmark. 

Veintemilla  (va-en-ta-mel'ya),  Ignacio.  Bom 

in  Cuenca,  1830.    An  Ecuadorian  general  and  Velazquez.    See  Velasquez. 
politician.    He  led  the  liberal  revolt  which  overthrew  Velay  (ve-la')-  An  ancient  territory  and  county 
PresidentBorreroinDec,  1876;  was  proclaimed  president     of  France,  which  formed  part  of  Languedoc. 


a  series  of  portraits  c 
was  not  fully  known  till  about  the  beginning  of  the  19th 
century,  when  the  royal  pictures  were  collected  in  the 
Museo  del  Prado.  About  27S  pictures  are  attributed  to 
him,  of  which  121  are  in  Great  Britain,  7  in  the  XTnited 
States,  and  others  in  different  European  galleries. 


with  extraordinary  powers ;  and  in  1882  beoamepractieally 
dictator  with  the  title  of  supreme  chief.  He  was  deposed 
and  driven  from  the  country,  alter  several  months  of  civil 
war,  July,  1883. 

Veit  (fit),  Philipp.  Bom  at  Berlin,  Feb.  13, 
1793 :  died  at  Mamz,  Dee.  18, 1877.  A  noted  Ger- 
man painter,  a  grandson  of  Moses  Mendelssohn. 
He  was  associated  with  Cornelius,  Overbeck,  and  Schadow. 
Among  his  works  are  *'  Seven  Years  of  Plenty  "  (Eome), 
"  Christianity  bringing  Civilization  to  Germany  "  (Frank- 
fort), "Assumption  of  Mary"  (Frankfort  cathedral), 
"Egyptian  Darkness,"  etc. 

Vela,  Blasco  Nunez.    See  Nuilez  Vela. 

Velabrum  (ve-la'brum).  An  area  in  ancient 
Eome,  between  the  Capitoline,  the  Palatine, 
and  the  Tiber,  extending  northeastward  to  the 
Forum  Eomanum.  It  was  a  marsh  before  the  con- 
struction of  the  Cloaca  Maxima.  The  marble  arch  built 
in  honor  of  Severus  by  the  merchants  of  the  Velabrum 
formed  a  portal  between  it  and  the  Forum  Boarium  on  the 

Velasco,  Jose  Autonio  Manso  de.  See  Mavso  ^!S«^''A°  ^:^2^:%^!-°'^- 
de  Velasco.  province  of  Aim eria,  Spain,  i 

Velasco  (va-ias'ko),  Jose  Miguel  de.  Born  at 
Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra  about  1795 :  died  there, 
1859.  A  Bolivian  general  and  politician.  As  vice- 
president  he  was  twice  acting  president  during  the  dis- 
orders of  1828-29 ;  led  a  revolt  in  the  South  in  1838 ;  was 
elected  president  after  the  fall  of  Santa  Cruz  in  1839,  but 
was  deposed  in  1841;  and  was  again  president  1847-48 
during  a  period  of  great  disorder  which  culminated  in 
his  deposition. 

Velasco,  Juan  de.  .  Bom  at  Eiobamba  (now  in  Velino  (va-le'no).  A  river  in  central  Italy 
Ecuador)  aboutl727:diedatVerona,Italy,1819.  which  joins  the  Nera  above  Terni.  Length, 
A  Jesuit  historian.    He  was  for  many  years  a  profes-     about  45  mUes. 

sov  in  the  University  of  San  Marcos  at  Lima.    After  the  VelinO,  Monte.     See  Monte  Velino. 
expulsion  of  his  order  inl767,  he  lived  atFaenza  and  Ve-  Volitri  ("vp  li'trSI       Thn  nnniBTit  -nama  nf  Vol 
rona.  His  principal  work  is  "  Historia  del  reino  de  Quito  "   Vemrse  (ve-U  tre).      ine  ancient  name  Ot  Vel- 
(first  published  in  French  1840;  Spanish  edition,  Quito,     letri. 

1841-44).    It  includes  an  account  of  the  Scyri  kingdom  of  Velius  LongUS    (ve'li-us  long'gus).     A  Latin 
Quito.        _.._        1.    J!  c     J.-  X,  i    grammarian  of  unknown  date.    He  is  the  author 

Velasco,  Luis  de,  Count  ot  bantiago.  Bom  at  of  a  work  entitled  "De  orthographia,"  which  was  pub- 
Toledo  about  1500:  died  at  Mexico  City,  July  lished  by  Fulvius  Ursinus  in  his  "  Notae  ad  M.  Varronem 
31,1564.  A  Spanish  administrator,  second  vice-     <iererustica"(l687). 

roy  of  Mexico  from  Dec,  1550,  until  his  death.  Velleius  Paterculus.    See  Paterculus. 
He  enforced  the  "New  Laws,"  emancipating,  it  is  said,  Volletri  (vel-la'tre).     A  town  in  the  province 
160,000  Indians;  putdown  revolts  of  the  Chichimecs;  and     of  Eome,  Italy,  situated  ona  spur  of  the  Alban 

Mountains  21  miles  southeast  of  Eome.  It  was 
the  ancient  Velitrse,  an  important  Latin  town.  Near  it, 
May  19,  1849,  Garibaldi  defeated  the  Neapolitans.  Popu- 
lation, 13,532. 

-A  village 
in  the  province  of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  near 
the  Lippe  and  near  Soest.  Here,  July  15-16, 1761, 
Duke  Ferdinand  of  Brunswick  defeated  the  French  under 
Broglie  and  Soubise. 

A  town  in  North  Arcot 


Capital,  Le  Puy.    It  is  comprised  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Loire. 

Veldeke  (vel'de-ke),  Heinrich  von.  Bom  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Maestrieht,  Holland:  flour- 
ished at  the  end  of  the  12th  century.  A  Middle 
High  (jerman  poet,  the  founder  of  the  German 
court  epic  poetry.  Hewasofnoblefamilyandinthe 
service  of  the  Counts  of  Looz  and  Kineck,  burgraves  of 
Mayence.  At  the  court  of  Cleves  he  began  to  write,  be- 
tween 1175  and  1184,  his  poem  "  Eneit "  (".fflneid  ")  after 
a  French  original.  The  manuscript  was  stolen  from  a 
Countess  of  Cleves,  to  whom  it  had  been  loaned,  by  a 
Count  of  Schwarzburg,  who  took  it  to  Thuringia.  In 
1184,  in  Thuringia,  Veldeke  finally  got  back  his  work, 
and  completed  it  at  the  court  of  the  Count  Palatine  of 
Saxony,  afterward  the  landgrave  Hermann  of  Thuringia. 
An  earlier  work,  supposed  by  some  to  have  been  written 
by  another -poet  of  the  same  name,  is  the  "Legende 
van  S.  Servaes."  He  was,  besides,  the  author  of  a  num- 
ber of  lyrics.  The  "jEneid  "  was  published  by  Eehagel 
in  1882. 

A  town  in  the 
situated  on  the 
Velez  54  miles  west-southiwest  of  Murcia. 
Population  (1887),  10,437. 
Velia  (ve'li-a).  A  locality  in  ancient  Eome, 
identified  as" the  ridge  which  extends  from  the 
Palatine  to  the  Esquiline,  and  on  which  stand 
the  temple  of  Venus  and  Roma  and  the  Arch 
of  Titus.  As  it  now  exists,  it  has  been  much 
cut  down  from  its  original  height. 


fitted  out  Legazpe's  expedition  to  the  Philippine  Islands. 
Velasco,  Luis  de.  Count  of  Santiago  and  Mar- 
quis of  Salinas  (from  1595).  Bom  at  Madrid, 
1539 :  died  at  Seville,  1617  (?).  A  Spanish  ad- 
ministrator, son  of  the  preceding.  He  was  viceroy  Vellinghausen  (vel'ling-hou-zen) 
of  Mexico  Jan.  26,  IsgOi-Nov,,  1595  ;  viceroy  of  Peru  July     "'~   ■'^'  "  -^  TrT__j.__i__T!_     t 

24,  1696,-Nov.  28, 1604 ;  and  again  viceroy  of  Mexico  July 
2, 1607,-June  12, 1611.  Subsequently  he  was  president  of 
the  Council  of  the  Indies.  He  was  one  of  the  best  of  the 
Spanish  colonial  rulers.  TT«n«-»    /„„i    i«    i\ 

Velasquez  (va-las'keth),  Diego.   Born  at  Cu61- vellqre   (vel- lor  )  .,    ,  ,       „ 

lar,  Segovia,  1465  (or  1458  ? )  T  died  at  Havana,  ^'^*"ot'  Madras,  British  India,  situated  on  the 
Cuba,  1523  or  1524.  A  Spanish  soldier  and  ad-  ^^^'"'^  ""'^^  o®®*  ^^  ^°^^^  °*  ^^^^^^'J-^  ^^^ 
ministrator.  HewenttoEspaiSolawithColumbusini493,  *?6  scene  of  a  Sepoy  mutiny  m  1806.  Popula- 
and  wasprominent  in  the  aflaus  of  that  island  until  1611,  tion,  with  cantonment  (1891),  44,925. 
when  he  was  sent  by  Diego  Columbus  to  conquer  Cuba.  He  Venaissin  (ve-na-san'),  Comtat  orOountVOf 
had  many  conflicts  with  the  Indians,  whose  prmcipal  chief,  a„  s,,ipipT,t,  pmintv  in  iho  aniit>.Li.=+o,-n  r,oif  «f 
Hatuey,  was  captured  and  burned  in  Feb.,  1512 ;  founded    ^„^„f  „T™;°™;X i?j„+?„  °?_.?fl^^^ 


Havana,  and  other  towns;  and  continued  to 
rule  the  island,  which  was  only  nominally  subject  to  the 
audience  of  Santo  Domingo.  He  furnished  avessel  forthe 
expedition  of  Cordova,  which  discovered  Yucatan  in  1517; 


France,  now  included  in  the  department  of  Vau- 
cluse.  Capital,  Carpeptras.  By  Philip  HI.  it 
was  ceded  to  the  popes  in  1278 ;  it  was  annexed 
to  France  in  1791. 


fitted  out  Grijalva's  expedition  in  1618 (see  Grijalva);  and  „       i>»ui^c  ui  xia±, 
in  1519  sent  Cortes  to  conquer  Mexico.  The  latter,  as  soon  VenantlUS.     aee  l<ortunatns. 
as  he  had  left  the  island,  refused  obedience  to  Velasquez,  VoudeanS  (ven-de'anz).  The  natives  Or  inhabl- 
_!..  .--^i     V  -icoA  ..„*ux„<ii„ /i„T(r      ..).       „.f  tants  of  Vendue;  specifically,  the  partizansof 

the  royalist  insurrection  against  the  Eevolution 
and  the  republic  which  was  begun  in  western 
France  in  1793,  and  the  chief  seat  of  which  was 
in  Vendue. 


who,  in  March,  1520,  sent  Pdnfllo  de  Narvaez  to  arrest  him. 
Narvaez  was  defeated  by  Cortes,  and  all  subsequent  efforts 
of  Velasquez  to  secure  the  rich  conquests  of  Mexico  for 
himself  ended  in  failure.  His  death,  it  is  said,  was  caused 
by  vexation  at  his  loss. 

Velasquez  (ya-las'keth),  or  Velazquez  (va- 


lath'keth),  Diego  Rodriguez  deSilya.    Bom  vendue  (von- da').    A  department  of  Prance, 


at  Seville  (baptized  June  6,  1599) :  died  at  Ma- 
drid, Aug.  7, 1660.  A  celebrated  Spanish  paint- 
er. He  was  the  son  of  Juan  Eodriguez  de  Silva,  but 
took  his  mother's  name  Velasquez.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Herrera  el  Viejo  and  of  Pacheco  whose  daughter  he  mar- 
ried. He  was  patronized  by  Philip  IV. ;  became  court 
painter  about  1623 ;  visited  Italy  1629-31 ;  and  for  eigh- 
teen years  painted  portraits,  landscapes,  and  historical 
and  genre  subjects  in  Madrid.  From  1652  to  1660  he  was 
quartermaster-general  of  the  king's  household,  and  died 
from  over-fatigue  in  the  preparations  for  the  marriage  of 
Louis  XIV.  and  the  infanta  Maria  Theresa.  Among  his 
principal  works  in  his  earlier  manner  are  "The  Water- 
Carrier  of  Seville "  (Apsley  House)  and  "The  Adoration  of 
the  Shepherds  "(National  Gallery,  London).  Among  his 
other  works  are  "Los  Borrachos,"  "Las  Meninas,"  "Las 
Hilanderas,"  " The  Expulsion  of  the  Moriscos,"  "  Forge  ot 
Vulcan  "  (Madrid  Museum)  ;  "Joseph's  Coat "  (Escorial) ; 
"St.  John  the  Evangeli8t"CLondon);  "Boar  Hunt,"  "Lot 
and  his  Daughters,"  "The  Surrender  of  Breda,"  andaCruci- 
flxion  (in  the  Prado) ;  etc.  His  famous  portraits  are  those 
of  Philip  IV.,  of  which  he  painted  about  forty  ;  Innocent 
X.,  Quevedo  (Apsley  House)  ;  Admiral  PulidoPareja  (Na- 


bounded  by  Loire-Inf^rieure  and  Maine-et- 
Loire  on  the  north,  Deux-S6vres  on  the  east, 
Charente-Inf6rieure  and  the  Bay  of  Biscay  on 
the  south,  and  the  Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  west. 
Capital,  La  Eoche-sur-Yon.  it  is  divided  into  the 
"  marsh '  in  the  west,  the  "  woodland  "  ("  bocage  " )  in  the 
north,  and  the  "  plain  "  in  the  south.  Vendue  corresponds 
nearly  to  the  former  Bas-Poitou.  It  was  the  center  of  the 
royalist  outbreak  in  the  Revolution,  and  the  scene  of  Bour- 
bon disturbances  in  1815  and  18S2.  Area,  2,583  square  mUea. 
Population  (1891),  442,365. 

Vendue,  La,  War  of.  The  royalist  war  against 
the  French  republic  which  was  carried  on 
chiefly  in  Vendue  and  in  Brittany.  It  broke  out 
in  Vendue  in  March,  1793,  and  reached  its  height  In  the 
Vendean  victory  at  Saumur  in  June,  1793.  The  Vende- 
ans  under  La  Sochejacquelein  suffered  a  decisive  defeat 
by  the  republicans  under  'Westermann  and  Marceau  at 
Le  Mans,  Dec.  12, 1793.  The  war  was  continued  In  Brittany 
(war  of  the  Chouans),  and  was  suppressed  in  Vendue  b^ 
Hoche  in  1796.    The  chief  Vendean  leaders  were  Catbeli- 


Vendue,  La,  War  of 

neau,  LaRochejacquelein,  Stofllet,  and  Charette.  The  com- 
plete BubmlsBion  of  the  Chouans  was  effected  by  Bona- 
parte in  1800. 

Venddmiaire  (von-da-myar').  [F.,  foom  L. 
vindemia,  grape-gathering.]  The  name  adopted 
in  1793  by  the  National  Convention  of  the  first 
French  republic  for  the  first  month  of  the  year. 
It  consisted  ol  30  days,  beginning  in  the  years  1,  2,  3,  6, 6, 
7  with  Sept.  22  ;  in  4,  8,  9, 10, 11,  13, 14  with  Sept.  23 ;  and 
in  12  with  Sept.  24.  The  republican  calendar  came  into 
nse  on  14th  Vend^miaire,  year  2  (Oct.  6, 1793). 

Vendidad  (ven-de-dad').     See  Avesta. 

Venddme  (von-dom').  A  former  countship  of 
France,  made  by  Francis  I.  a  duchy.  It  after- 
•  ward  gave  name  to  a  Bourbon  line. 

Venddme.  A  town  in  the  department  of  Loir- 
et-Cher,  France,  on  the  Loir  19  miles  north- 
west of  Blois!  the  Eoman  Vindocinium.  itcon- 
tains  the  abbey  church  of  the  Trinity,  the  Lyc^e  (former- 
ly a  college),  a  ruined  castle,  and  a  hdtel  de  ville.  It  was 
formerly  the  capital  of  a  barony,  later  a  duchy.  Several 
contests  between  the  French  and  Germans  occurred  in  its 
vicinity  in  Dec,  1870.    Population  (1891),  commune,  9,B38. 

Venddme,  Cisar,  Due  de.  Bom  1594 :  died  1665. 
An  illegitimate  son  of  Henry  IV.  of  France 
and  Gabrielle  d'Estr^es.  He  took  part  in  the 
intrigues  against  Louis  XHI.  and  Mazarin. 

Venddme,  Column.  A  column  in  the  Place 
Vend6me,  Paris,  erected  by  Napoleon  in  honor 
of  the  Grand  Armjr  in  1806-10.  It  was  destroyed 
by  the  Commune  in  1871,  and  was  replaced  in 
1875. 

Venddme,  Francois  de,  Buc  de  Beaufort.  Bom 
at  Paris,  1616 :  killed  at  Candia,  June  25, 1669. 
A  French  politician  and  admiral,  grandson  of 
Henry  IV.:  surnamed  "roi  des  halles"  ('king 
of  the  markets')  on  account  of  his  audacity 
and  the  grossness  of  his  language.  He  was  a 
leader  of  the  Fronde  1648-49. 

Venddme,  Louis  Joseph,  Duo  de:  also  called, 
until  the  death  of  his  father,  Duo  de  Pen- 
thifevre.  Bom  at  Paris,  July  1,  1654 :  died  at 
Vinaroz,  in  Catalonia,  June  15, 1712.  A  famous 
French  general,  son  of  Louis,  due  de  Ven- 
ddme (1612-69).  He  served  in  the  campaigns  in  the 
Low  Countries,  and  at  the  victory  of  Marsaglia  in  1693 ; 
commanded  in  Catalonia,  and  took  Barcelona  Aug.  10, 
1697 ;  commanded  against  Prince  Eugene  at  Luzzara,  Aug. 
15,  1702;  commanded  in  Tyrol,  Piedmont,  and  Lombardy; 
was  defeated  at  Oudenarde  July  11, 1708 ;  and  defeated 
the  Austrians  in  Spain  at  Villaviciosa,  Dec.  10,  1710. 

Venddme,  Philippe  de.  Bom  1655:  died  1727. 
A  French  general,  brother  of  Louis  Joseph  de 
Venddme.  He  was  grand  prior  of  the  Maltese  Order, 
and  fought  against  the  Dutch,  Imperialists,  etc. 

Venddme,  Place.  One  of  the  principal  squares 
of  Paris,  situated  north  of  the  Seine,  and  con- 
nected with  the  Place  de  I'Op^raby  the  Bue  de 
la  Paix,  and  with  the  Rue  de  Bivoli  by  the  Eue 
Castiglione. 

Venedey  (ve'ne-di),  Jakob.  Born  at  Cologne, 
May  24,1805:  diednearBadenweiler,Feb.  8, 1871. 
A  German  publicist  and  historian.  He  lived  long 
in  exile  in  France  after  his  participation  in  the  celebration 
at  Hambach  in  1832,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Frankfort 
Parliament  of  1848.  His  works  include  "Romertum,  Chris- 
tentum,  Germanentum"  (1840),  "Irland"  (1844),  "Eng- 
land" (1845),  "Geschlohte  des  deutschen  Volks"  (1854-62), 
and  biographies  of  Washington,  Franklin,  and  others. 

Venedig  (ve-ua'dia).  The  German  name  of 
Venice. 

Venediger  (ve-na'dig-er).  Gross-.  A  peak  of  the 
Hohe  Tauern,  on  the  frontier  of  Tyrol  and  Salz- 
burg, west  of  the  Grossglockner:  one  of  the 
highest  summits  of  the  Eastem  Alps,  famous 
for  its  view.    Height,  12,005  feet. 

Venerable  Doctor,  L.  Doctor  Venerabilis 
(dok'tor  ven-e-rab'i-lis).    Champeaux. 

Venern,  Lake.    See  Wenem. 

Veneti  (ven'e-ti).  1 .  In  ancient  history,  a  peo- 
ple dwelling  near  the  head  of  the  Adriatic,  be- 
yond the  Po  and  Adige. —  2.  An  ancient  Celtic 
people  dwelling  in  Brittany  near  the  coast  of 
the  Bay  of  Biscay.  They  were  subdued  by 
CsBsar,  after  a  severe  maritime  war,  in  56  b.  C. 

Venetia  (ve-ne'shia).  An  ancient  province  of 
Italy,  included,  in  general,  by  the  Po,  the  Alps, 
and  the  Adriatic,  it  was  afterward  ruled  by  Venice; 
passed  to  Austria  in  1797;  and  became  finally  united  to 
Italy  in  1866.  As  a  modern  compartimento  it  comprises 
the  provinces  of  Venice,  Padua,  Kovigo,  Verona,  Vicenza, 
Treviso,  Belluno,  Udine.    Population  (1892),  3,022,884. 

Venetia.    The  Latin  name  of  Venice. 

Venetian  (ve-ne'shan)  Alps.  A  group  of  the 
Alps  in  northeastern  Italy,  south  of  the  Carnic 
Alps,  and  between  the  valleys  of  the  Taglia- 
mento  and  Piave. 

Venezuela  (ven-e-zwe'la) :  Sp.,  in  full,  Estados 
Unidos  de  Venezuela  (es-ta'dos  8-ne'dos  da 
va-nath-wa'laj.  [Fororiginofname,seeO«o«es.] 
A  federal  republic  in  the  northern  part  of  South 
America,  bounded  by  the  Caribbean  Sea,  British 
Guiana,  Brazil,  and  Colombia.  Capital, Caracas. 


1031 

Branches  ol  the  Colombian  Andes  traverse  the  northwest- 
em  portion,  and  are  continuous  with  a  range  along  the 
northern  coast  called  the  Maritime  Andes  or  Venezuelan 
Coast  Kange :  south  of  these  are  the  plains  bordering  the 
Orinoco  audits  tributaries,  and  including  the  vast  stretches 
of  grass-land  called  the  llanos  (which  see) ;  southeast  of 
the  Orinoco  (Venezuelan  Guiana)  there  are  broken  or 
mountainouslands.  Thesouthern  and  eastern  boundaries 
are  unsettled.  The  chief  iudustries  are  agriculture  (coffee, 
cacao,  tobacco,  etc.)  in  the  mountain  regions,  and  grazing 
on  the  llanos ;  gold,  copper,  etc.,  are  mined  inconsiderable 
quantities.  The  limits  and  names  of  the  states  and  terri- 
tories have  been  frequently  changed.  In  1899  the  division 
into  20  states,  which  existed  in  1864,  was  reestablished. 
The  executive  is  vested  in  a  presiden  t  chosen  for  two  years, 
and  7  responsible  ministers.  Congress  consists  of  a  senate 
and  chamber  of  deputies.  The  prevailing  language  is  Span- 
ish, and  the  prevailing  religion  Roman  Catholic :  religious 
liberty  is  guaranteed  by  the  constitution.  Venezuela  was 
discovered  by  Columbus  in  1498,and  was  conquered  andset- 
tled  principally  by  agents  of  the  commercial  house  of  the 
Welsers,  who  held  a  grant  of  the  countiy  from  Charles  V. 
during  part  of  the  16th  century,  later  the  greater  part 
of  it  was  included  in  the  Spanish  captain-generaloy  of 
Caracas.  Insurrections  broke  out  in  1810 ;  were  partially 
suppressed  1812-13  and  1815-16 ;  and  were  finally  success- 
ful in  1821.  Until  1829  the  country  was  included  in  the 
(original)  republic  of  Colombia.  The  conflicting  principles 
of  the  federalist  and  centralist  parties  have  led  to  many 
civil  wars  and  several  changes  of  the  constitution.  Area 
(claimed),  697,960  square  miles ;  actually  held,  probably 
less  than  400,000  square  miles.  Population  (census  of  1891), 
2,323,527.    See  Schomburgk  Lime. 

Venezuela,  Ghilf  of.    See  Maracaibo,  Gulf  of. 

Venf.    See  Beni. 

Venice  (ven'is).  A  province  of  the  kingdom  of 
Italy.  Area,  820 square  miles.  Population(1892), 
379,254. 

Venice  (ven'is).  [F.  Vemse,  It.  Venezia,  G.  Ve- 
nedig, li.  Fereefe  (from  the  Veneti).]  A  seaport, 
capital  of  the  province  of  Venice,  Italy,  situ- 
ated in  the  Lagune  (lagoons)  in  a  bay  of  the 
Adriatic,  on  117  small  islands,  in  lat.  45°  26' 
N.,  long  12°  20'  E.  The  islands  are  separated  by  160 
canals  and  connected  by  378  bridges.  The  city  is  cele- 
brated for  its  situation,  its  palaces,  and  its  works  of  art. 
Its  trade  is  important,  and  it  has  manufactures  of  glass, 
gold- and  silver-work,  mosaic,  silk,  velvet,  cotton,  etc. 
The  communication  is  mostly  by  water,  the  Grand  Canal 
(which  see)  being  the  principal  thoroughfare.  Tlie  most 
famous  church  (see  jtfarft,  St.,  Ba8i7w5ao/)atandsonthe  Piaz- 
za of  St.  Mark,  where  also  are  the  Procuratie  (or  procu- 
rators* palaces),  campanile  (until  its  collapse  in  1902), 
and  clock-tower;  while  the  adjoining  Piazzetta  is  bor- 
dered by  the  palace  of  the  doges  (see'Doffe's  Palace)  and 
the  former  library  (now  the  great  hall  of  the  Palazzo 
Reale  or  Procuratie  Nuove).  San  Giovanni  e  Paolo,  or 
San  Zanipolo,  is  a  fine  large  Pointed  church  with  a  light 
and  lofty  interior  and  a  dome  at  the  crossing.  It  was  the 
usual  burial-place  of  the  doges.  Among  the  finest  tombs 
are  those  of  Pietro  Mocenigo,  Michele  Morosini,  and 
Andrea  Vendramin— the  last  a  masterpiece  of  the  early 
Renaissance.  Santa  Maria  del  Frari,  designed  by  Niccolb 
Pisano,  and  begun  in  1250,  is  a  large  church  of  brick 
with  a  fine  arcaded  apse  and  a  good  campanile.  The  spa- 
cious and  well-proportioned  interior  contains  good  paint- 
ings and  interesting  tombs.  The  Church  of  San  Giorgio 
degli  Sohiavoni,  built  in  1651  for  the  lay  brotherhood  of 
the  Dalmatians,  is  famous  for  the  series  of  highly  realistic 
paintings  by  Carpaccio  which  adorns  its  interior.  The 
Church  of  San  Salvatore,  outside  a  grotesque  Renaissance 
production,  but  well  proportioned  and  classical  in  the  in- 
terior, conikins  some  of  the  finest  Renaissance  tombs  in 
Venice.  There  are  many  other  notable  churches.  The 
Palazzo  Contarini  Fasan,  on  the  Grand  Canal,  a  small 
house,  defaced  though  it  is  by  restoration,  presents  the 
richest  example  of  Venetian  16th-century  Pointed  work. 
The  Palazzo  Foscari  is  the  finest  example  of  Venetian 
Pointed  architecture  of  the  15th  century.  The  Palazzo  Ven- 
dramin-Calergi,  built  in  1481,  is  the  finest  example  of  a 
private  building  of  the  early  Renaissance  in  Venice. 
Among  other  objects  of  interest  are  the  Bridge  of  Sighs 
(whlch'see),  the  Quay  Riva  degli  Sohiavoni,  the  Rialto 
(which  see),  and  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts.  The  Vene- 
tian islands  are  said  to  have  become  refuges  from  the 
Teutonic  conquerors  as  early  as  the  6th  and  6th  centuries. 
The  dogate  was  instituted  in  or  about  697.  The  first 
permanent  settlement  was  made  on  the  site  of  Venice 
in  the  9th  century.  It  occupied  an  intermediate  position 
between  the  Byzantine  empire  and  that  of  the  West.  The 
title  of  Duke  of  Dalmatia  was  assumed  by  the  doge  about 
997.  The  republic  of  Venice  became  one  of  the  greatest 
commercial  powers  of  the  world,  especially  after  the  par- 
tition of  the  Byzantine  empire  in  1204,  in  which  it  played 
a  leading  part,  sharing  the  spoils.    It  had  a  long  and 

■  bitter  rivalry  with  Genoa.  It  was  governed  by  a  doge, 
great  council,  senate,  and  after  1310  by  the  Council  of 
Ten.  In  the  14th  and  15th  centuries  it  acquired  Treviso, 
Vicenza,  Padua,  Verona,  Udine,  Brescia,  Bergamo,  and 
other  places  in  northeastern  Italy.  It  was  at  its  height 
in  the  15th  century,  and  held  various  possessions  in  Dalma- 
tia, Greece,  and  the  Levant ;  became  celebrated  in  art,  es- 
pecially in  the  16th  century  (Titian,  Tintoretto,  Paolo  Ver- 
onese, Giorgione,  Bellini,  Sansovino,  Palladio,  DaPonte); 
and  lost  to  the  Turks  in  the  15th  and  16th  centuries  its 
possessions  in  the  Morea,  with  Euboea,  Cyprus,  Corfu,  etc. 
The  League  of  Cambray  was  formed  against  Venice  in 
1508.  Venice  took  a  leading  part  in  the  victory  of  Le- 
panto  in  1671;  lost  Crete  to  the  Turks  in  1669;  and  con- 
quered the  Morea  under  Morosini  1686-87.  *  apoleon  put 
an  end  to  the  republic  in  1797.  Its  territories  were  ceded 
to  Austria  by  the  treaty  of  Campo-Formio  m  1797 ;  were 
ceded  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy  in  1805,  and  ceded  back  to 
Austria  in  1814 ;  and  Venetia  became  part  of  the  Lom- 
bardo-Venetian  kingdom  in  1816.  The  republic  of  Venice, 
under  the  leadership  of  Manln,  was  prdolaimed  in  1848. 
The  city  was  besieged  and  taken  by  Austria  1848-49. 
Venetia  (with  Venice)  was  ceded  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy 
in  1866.     Population  (1901),  commune,  1d1,s40. 


Venus 

Venice,  Ghllf  of.  The  northwestern  arm  of  the 
Adriatic  Sea. 

Venice  as  Queen  of  the  Sea.  An  effective 
and  skilfully  painted  allegorical  picture  by 
Tintoretto,  on  the  ceiling  of  the  Sala  del  Col 
legio  in  the  ducal  palace  at  Venice. 

Venice  of  the  East.  A  name  occasionally 
given  to  Bangkok. 

Venice  of  the  North.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  Stockholm  and  to  Amsterdam. 

Venice  of  the  West.  An  occasional  name  of 
Glasgow. 

Venice  Preserved,  or  a  Plot  Discovered.  A 
tragedy  by  Otway/priuted  in  1682.  The  plot  is 
from  St.  E6al's  "  Historic  de  la  Conjuration  du 
Marquis  de  Bedamar." 

Venlo,  or  Venloo  (ven-16').  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Limburg,  Netherlands,  situated  on 
the  Mouse  in  lat.  51°  23'  N.,  long.  6°  9'  E.  it 
has  varied  manufactures  and  an  extensive  trade  in  swine. 
It  was  formerly  strongly  fortified.  In  1473  it  was  taken 
by  Charles  the  Bold,  and  in  1481  by  Maximilian  I.  It 
was  besieged  by  Charles  V.  in  1643,  and  capitulated 
under  favorable  conditions  (the  "Accord  of  Venloo  ") ; 
was  taken  by  the  Dutch  in  1668,  by  the  Duke  of  Parma  in 
1586,  and  by  Prince  Henry  of  Orange  in  1632 ;  was  taken 
from  the  French  by  the  Allies  under  Marlborough  in 
1702 ;  fell  to  Austria  by  the  peace  of  Baden  in  1714 ;  was 
restored  to  the  Netherlands  in  1715;  was  taken  by  the 
French  Oct.  26, 1794,  and  incorporated  in  France  in  1801 ; 
was  restored  to  the  Netherlands  by  the  peace  of  Paris  in 
1814 ;  was  taken  by  the  Belgians  Nov.,  1880 ;  and  was  again 
restored  in  1839.    Population  (1894),  est.,  13,021. 

Venn  (ven),  orthe  Hig[h  Venn.  A  desolate  pla- 
teau chiefly  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  on 
the  frontier  of  Belgium,  near  the  towns  Mont- 
joie  and  Malmedy.  Elevation,  about  2,000  feet. 

Venn,  John.  Bom  1834:  died  1883.  An  English 
writer  and  lecturer  on  moral  science.  He  grad- 
uated at  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  in  1857,  and  was  or- 
dained in  1858.  Among  his  works  are  "The  Logic  of 
Chance,  etc."  (1866),  "  On  Some  of  the  Characteristics  of 
Belief,  Scientific  and  Religious  "  (1870),  "  Symbolic  Logic  " 
(1881),  "  Principles  of  Empirical  or  Inductive  Logic  "(1889). 

Vennachar  (ven'a-char),  Loch.  An  expansion 
of  the  river  Teith  in  Perthshire,  Scotland,  east 
of  Loch  Katrine.    Length,  3i  miles. 

Venosa  (va-no'sa).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Potenza,  Italy,  23  miles  north  of  Potenza :  the 
Eoman  Venusia.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Hor- 
ace.   Population,  about  8,000. 

Venta,  or  Venta  Belgarum  (ve/i'ta  bel-ga'- 
rum).     The  Koman  name  of  Winchester. 

Ventimiglia  (veu-te-mel'ya).  A  seaport  in 
the  province  of  Porto-Maurizio,  Italy,  situated 
on  the  Mediterranean,  close  to  the  French  fron- 
tier, 17  miles  east-northeast  of  Nice.  Popu- 
lation (1881),  4,195. 

Ventnor  (vent'ngr).  A  watering-place  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  England,  situated  on  the  south- 
ern coast  9  miles  south-southeast  of  Newport : 
noted  for  its  mild  climate.  Population  (1891), 
5,817. 

Ventose(von-t6z').  [F.,'thewindy.']  The  name 
adopted  in  1793  by  the  National  Convention  of 
the  first  French  republic  for  the  sixth  month 
of  the  year,  it  consisted  of  30  days,  beginning  in  the 
years  1,  2,  3,  6,  6,  7  with  Feb.  19 ;  in  4,  8,  9, 10, 11, 13  with 
Feb.  20 ;  and  in  12  with  Feb.  21. 

VentOUX  (vou-to'),  Mont.  An  outlying  sum- 
mit of  the  Alps,  in  southeastern  France,  north- 
east of  Avignon.    Height,  6,270  feet. 

Venus  (ve'nus).  1.  In  Eoman  mythology,  the 
goddess  of  beauty  and  love,  more  especially 
sensual  love.  Venus  was  of  little  importance  as  a 
Roman  goddess  until,  at  a  comparatively  late  period,  she 
was  identified  with  the  Greek  Aphrodite.  She  is  repre- 
sented as  the  highest  ideal  of  female  beauty,  and  was 
naturally  a  favorite  subject  with  poets  and  artists,  some 
pf  her  statues  (see  below)  being  among  the  noblest  remains 
of  classical  sculpture. 

3.  The  most  brilliant  of  the  planets,  being  fre- 
quently visible  to  the  naked  eye  by  daylight. 
It  is  the  second  from  the  sun  and  next  within  the  earth's 
orbit,  performing  its  sidereal  revolution  in  224.7008  days ; 
its  distance  from  the  sun  is  0.723332  that  of  the  earth. 
The  synodical  revolution  is  made  in  684  days.  Its  orbit 
is  the  most  nearly  circular  of  those  of  the  major  planets, 
the  greatest  equation  of  the  center  being  only  47'  3".  'The 
inclination  of  the  orbit  to  the  ecliptic  is  3"  2B'.6;  and 
the  earth  passes  through  the  ascending  node  on  Dec.  7: 
The  mass  of  Venus  (which  is  not  very  closely  ascertained) 
is  about  iwVini  'hat  of  the  sun,  or  H  that  of  the  earth. 
Its  diameter  is  a  little  smaller  than  that  of  our  planet, 
which  subtends  an  angle  of  2  x  8"  .827  at  the  sun's  center, 
while  Venus  at  the  same  distance  has  a  semidiameter  of 
8"  .68  by  the  mean  of  the  best  night  measures,  or  8".40  ac- 
cording to  the  observations  at  its  transit  over  the  sun. 
Taking  the  mean  of  these  (which  are  affected  in  opposite 
ways  by  irradiation),  or  8".64,  we  find  the  diameter  of 
Venus  about  f?  that  of  the  earth.  Its  volume  is  about  A, 
its  density  about  |,  and  gravity  at  its  surface  about  g  the 
same  quantities  for  the  earth.  It  receives  1.9  as  much 
light  and  heat  from  the  sun  as  we,  and  the  tidal  action  of 
the  latter  is  about  6.3  times  as  great  as  upon  the  earth. 
The  period  of  rotation  of  Venus  is  set  down  in  many  books 
as  23  hours  and  60  minutes ;  but  recent  observations  have 


Venus 

led  some  astronomers  to  the  confident  conclusion  that  the 
true  period  falls  short  but  a  little  of  226  days,  so  that  day 
and  night  last  for  many  years.  No  satellite  of  Venus  has 
ever  been  seen.  Numerous  observations  of  one  were  re- 
ported in  the  18th  centmy ;  but  all  these  have  been  fairly 
shown  to  be  fixed  stars,  except  one,  which  was  probably 
an  asteroid.  The  symbol  for  Venus  is  O ,  supposed  to 
represent  the  goddess's  mirror. 

Venus,  Mountain  oj  or  Venusberg.     The 

Horselberg,  between  Eisenach  and  Gotna,  with- 
in whose  caverns  (the  Horselloeh),  according  to 
medieval  legend,  Venus  held  her  court  with 
heathen  splendor  and  revelry,  ot  those  who, 
charmed  by  music  and  sensuous  allurements,  entered  her 
abode,  none  ever  returned  except  Tannhauser.    See  Tann- 

Venus  and  Adonis.  A  ^oem  by  Shakspere, 
published  in  1593. 

Venus  and  Adonis.  1.  A  painting  by  Guer- 
eino  (1647),  in  the  Museum  at  Dresden.  Venus 
comes  suddenly  on  the  body  of  Adonis,  who  lies  with  torn 
flank,  and  makes  lively  manifestation  of  grief.  Cupid 
drags  up  the  boar  from  one  side,  by  the  ear. 

2.  A  painting  by  Rubens,  in  the  Hermitage 
Museum,  St.  Petersburg.  In  the  center  ot  a  glade, 
Adonis,  bearing  his  huuting-spear,  struggles  with  Venus 
and  Cupid,  who  strive  to  hold  him  back.  In  the  back- 
ground are  seen  Venus's  chariot  drawn  by  swans,  and 
several  hunting-dogs. 

3.  A  painting  by  Paolo  Veronese,  in  the  Royal 
Museum  at  Madrid.  Venus  reclines,  holding 
in  her  lap  the  head  of  the  sleeping  Adonis. 

Venusberg  (va'nos-bero).  See  Venus,  Moun- 
tain of. 

Venus  Oallipyge  (ka-lip'i-je).  [Gr.  mlAlirvyri, 
with  beautiful  buttocks.]  A  late  Greek  statue, 
in  the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The  title  is  a  mis- 
nomer, as  there  is  nothing  of  Venus  about  the  figure,  which 
stands  with  the  weight  on  the  left  leg,  and  with  the  uplifted 
left  hand  raises  the  drapery  from  behind,  at  the  same  time 
looking  over  her  right  shoulder. 

Venus  Genetrix  (jen'e-triks).  [L.,  'she  who 
has  borne  or  produced.']  1.  A  Roman  copy  of  a 
Greek  original  held  to  represent  a  celebrated 
type  by  Alcamenes,  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  The 
goddess  is  clad  in  a  very  light  Ionian  tunic,  and  with  the 
raised  right  arm  lifts  her  himation  from  behind  toward  her 
head,  forming  the  Greek  gesture  symbolic  of  marriage. 
The  left  hand  extends  the  apple. 
2.  An  antique  marble  statue,  in  the  Vatican 
Museum,  held  to  be  an  excellent  copy  of  the 
bronze  cult-statue  by  Arcesilaus  which  stood 
in  the  temple  of  Venus  on  the  Porum  Julium. 
The  figure  is  fully  draped  in  very  thin,  clinging  drapery : 
she  extends  an  apple  with  her  left  hand,  and  with  the 
right  raises  her  mantle  over  the  shoulder  toward  the  head 
— the  symbolical  marriage-gesture. 

Venusia  (ve-nii'gi-S,).  The  ancient  name  of 
Venosa. 

Venus  of  Aries.  A  Greek  statue  found  at  Aries 
in  1651,  now  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  The  goddess 
is  represented  standing,  undraped  to  the  hips,  with  the 
head  slightly  inclined  toward  the  left. 

Venus  of  Oapua.  A  beautiful  antique  statue, 
of  the  type  of  the  famous  Venus  of  Melos,  in 
the  Museo  Nazionale,  Naples.  The  goddess  wears 
a  stephane,  and  is  undraped  to  her  hips.  It  is  a  Eoman 
copy  of  a  Greek  original. 

Venus  of  Cnidus.  The  best  antique  reproduc- 
tion of  the  type  of  the  famous  statue  by  Praxit- 
eles, in  the  Vatican,  Rome.  The  figure  is  nude ; 
the  drapery  is  held  in  the  left  hand,  and  falls  over  a  beau- 
tiful vase.  The  existing  drapery  about  the  legs  is  ol  tin 
painted  white.    The  arms  are  restored. 

Venus  of  Medici.  An  antique  Greek  original 
statue  of  marble,  probably  of  the  time  of  Augus- 
tus, in  the  Tribuna  of  the  TJffizi,  Florence.  It  is 
a  very  graceful,  highly  finished  figure  of  the  goddess,  un- 
draped, as  Anadyomene,  with  her  arms  held  before  her 
body,  and  a  dolphin  to  her  left.  While  without  the  dig- 
nity of  earlier  Greek  work,  it  has  long  ranked  as  a  canon 
of  female  beauty. 

Venus  of  Melos.  A  famous  Greek  statue  in  the 
Louvre,  Paris,  perhaps  the  most  admired  single 
existing  work  of  antiquity.  It  was  found  in  1820  in 
the  island  of  Melos,  and  in  date  appears  to  fall  between 
the  time  of  Phidias  and  that  of  Praxiteles,  or  about  400  B.  0. 
The  statue  represents  a  majestic  woman,  undraped  to  the 
hips,  standing  with  the  weight  on  the  right  foot  and  with 
the  head  turned  slightly  toward  the  left.  The  arms  are 
broken  off,  and  there  is  a  dispute  as  to  their  original 
position.    Also  called  the  Venus  of  MHo. 

Venus  of  Syracuse.  A  Greek  statue  of  Venus 
Anadyomene,  of  the  3d  century  B.  c,  in  the  Mu- 
seo Nazionale  at  Syracuse,  Sicily.  The  statue  is 
headless ;  the  only  drapery  is  a  piece  of  light  tissue  blown 
back  by  the  wind  and  retained  by  the  right  hand. 

Venus  of  the  Capitol.  A  notable  Greek  origi- 
nal statue,  in  the  Capitoline  Museum,  Rome. 
The  goddess  is  undraped,  with  her  arras  in  the  position  of 
those  of  the  Venus  of  Medici,  and  her  drapery  thrown 
over  a  vase  beside  her.  The  motive  is  a  variation  of  the 
type  of  the  Venus  of  Cnidus. 

Venus  of  the  Hermitage.  A  noted  antique 
statue  of  Parian  marble,  found  in  Rome  in  1859, 
and  now  in  the  Hermitage,  St.  Petersburg,  it 
is  a  very  close  replica,  but  slightly  restored,  of  the  Venus 
of  Medici,  but  is  somewhat  less  aflfected  in  pose,  though 
harder  in  type. 


1032 

Venus  of  the  Shell.  A  painting  by  Titian 
(1520),  in  Bridgewater  House,  London.  The  god- 
dess wrings  her  hair  as  she  rises  from  the  sea,  in  which  she 
is  still  immersed  to  her  thighs.  The  modeling  is  remark- 
able, despite  the  strong  light  on  all  sides,  and  the  color  is 
admirable.  The  picture  has  its  name  from  the  small  shell 
fioating  beside  the  figure. 

Venus  of  TTrbino.  A  masterpiece  by  Titian,  in 
the  Tribuna  of  the  Uffizi,  Florence:  a  very  grace- 
ful figure  reclining  on  a  white-draped  couch, 
with  beautifully  warm  and  transparent  flesh- 
tints.  It  is  the  portrait  of  Eleonora  Gonzaga, 
duchess  of  Urbino. 

VSpres  Siciliennes  (vapr  se-se-lyen' ), Les.  [F. , 
'Sicilian  Vespers' (which  see).]  1.  An  opera 
by  Verdi,  produced  at  Paris  in  1855,  and  in  Eng- 
land as  "I  VespriSiciliani"  in  1859. — 2.  Aplay 
by  Casimir  Delavigne. 

Vera  (va'ra),  AugUSto.  Bom  at  Amelia,  Um- 
bria,  Italy,  May  4,  1818  :  died  at  Naples,  July 
13,  1885.  An  Italian  Hegelian  philosopher,  pro- 
fessor at  Naples.  He  translated  various  works  of  Hegel 
into  French,  and  wrote  "  ProbWme  de  la  certitude  "(1846), 
"  An  Inquiry  into  Speculative  and  Experimental  Science  " 
(1866),  "Essais  de  philosophic  h^gSlienne"  (1864),  etc. 

Vera  Cruz  (ve'ra  kroz ;  Sp.  pron.  va'ra  krSth). 
['True  cross.']  A  maritime  state  of  Mexico, 
bounded  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  states 
of  Tamaulipas,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Hidalgo,  Pue- 
bla,  Oajaca,  Chiapas,  and  Tabasco.  Capital, 
Jalapa.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  except  the  coas1> 
belt.  Area,  27,454  square  miles.  Population  (1896),  856,976. 

Vera  Cruz.  A  seaport  in  the  state  of  Vera 
Cruz,  Mexico,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
in  lat.  19°  12'  N.,  long.  96°  9'W. :  defended  by 
the  castle  of  San  Juan  de  UWa.  it  is  the  principal 
seaport  of  Mexico,  and  the  port  of  export  for  over  half  of  all 
Mexican  products.  It  was  founded  by  Cortes  near  the 
present  site  (see  Villa  Rica) ;  was  made  a  city  in  1615 ;  was 
bombarded  and  taken  by  the  French  in  1838,  and  by  the 
Americans  under  Scott  in  1847 ;  and  was  taken  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1861.    Population  (1894),  19,166. 

Veragua  (va-rS'gwa),  or  Veraguas  (va-ra'- 
gwas).  [From  the  name  of  a  river,  or  perhaps  of 
an  Indian  town.]  A  region  in  the  western  part 
of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  near  the  Gulf  of  Chi- 
riqui.  It  was  named  by  Columbus,  who  discovered  it  in 
1602  and  attempted  to  found  a  settlement  there,  but  was 
driven  off  by  the  Indians.  It  was  included  in  Castilla  del 
Oro,  granted  to  Diego  de  Nicuesa  in  1509,  and  he  endured 
great  sufferings  while  attempting  to  colonize  it.  Maria  de 
Toledo,  acting  for  her  son,  Luis  Columbus,  sent  an  expe- 
dition to  conquer  Veragua  in  1535,  but  the  country  was 
abandoned  aiter  nearly  all  the  colonists  had  died.  It  was 
partly  settled  during  the  colonial  period,  and  for  a  time 
formed  a  province  of  New  Granada.  It  is  now  included  in 
the  department  of  Panama. 

Veragua,  Dukes  of.  The  successors  to  the  hon- 
ors of  Christopher  Columbus.  In  1636  Luis  Colum- 
bus abandoned  his  claims  to  the  viceroyalty  of  the  Indies, 
receiving  in  return  the  title  of  duke  of  Veragua,  with  a 
grant  of  twenty-five  leagues  square  in  Veragua,  and  the 
island  of  Jamaica,  in  fief.  In  1556  hewas  deprived  of  the  fiefs, 
but  retained  the  title,  with  the  honorary  title  of  admiral 
of  the  Indies,  and  a  pension.  Diego  Columbus,  the  great- 
grandson  of  the  discoverer,  died  childless  in  1578,  and  with 
him  the  male  line  of  Columbus  came  to  an  end.  A  lawsuit 
for  the  succession  to  the  titles  followed :  it  lasted  thirty 
years,  and  was  settled  in  favor  of  the  descendants  of  Isabel, 
sister  of  Luis  Columbus.  This  line  ceased  in  1733,  and  the 
title,  af  ternewlitigations,was  settled  on  the  descendants  of 
Erancesca,  sister  of  the  Diego  Columbus  who  had  died  in 
1578.  The  present  Duke  of  Veragua  (bom  1S37)  visited  the 
United  States  in  1892,  and  was  received  with  high  honors 
as  the  representative  of  the  family. 

Verazzano.     See  Verrazano.  , 

Verboeckhoven  (ver-bsk'ho-ven),  Eugene 
Joseph.  Born  at  Warneton,  Belgium,  July  8, 
1798 :  died  at  Brussels,  Jan.  20,  1881.  A  Bel- 
gian painter  of  animals. 
Verbruggen  (ver-brug'en),  John.  Died  1708. 
An  English  actor.  He  was  the  original  Oronooko,  and 
so  famous  as  Alexander  that  he  was  sometimes  called  by 
that  name. 

Verbruggen,  Mrs.  (Susanna  Perceval  Mount- 
fort).  Born  1669:  died  1701.  An  English  actress. 
She  married  William  Mountfort,  an  actor,  about  1686,and 
after  his  death  married  Verbruggen.  She  was  a  brilliant 
actress  of  light  comedy.  Cibber  has  celebrated  her  in  his 
"Apology." 

Vercellse  (ver-sel'e).  The  ancient  name  of  Ver- 
oelli. 

Vercelli  (ver-chel'le).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Novara,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Sesia  38  miles 
west  by  south  of  Milan:  the  ancient  Vercells3, 
capital  of  the  Libici.  Near  it  are  the  Eaudian  Fields. 
It  had  a  university  in  the  middle  ages.  The  Church  of 
Sanf  Andrea,  of  the  early  13th  century,  is  a  notable  build- 
ing combining  Romanesque  and  Pointed  arches.  The 
walls  are  of  brick ;  the  pillars,  angle-quoins,  and  other 
important  details,  and  the  entire  faijade,  of  stone.  The 
facade  has  three  sculptured  doorways  and  two  galleries 
of  columns,  with  slender  rectangular  towers.  At  the  cross- 
ing thereis  an  octagonal  lantern  surrounded  by  six  turrets. 
Population  (1881),  20,166. 

Vercelli,  Battle  of.    See  Baudian  Melds. 
Vercelli  Book.  A  manuscript  collection  of  early 
English  poetry  and  Anglo-Saxon  legends  and 


Vergennes 

homilies,  it  contains  Cynewulf's"Elene."  It  was  dis- 
covered by  Dr.  Friedrich  Blume  at  Vercelli,  Italy,  in  1822. 
Vercingetorix (ver-sin-jet'o-riks).  Puttodeath 
about  45  B.  c.  A  heroic  cliief  of  the  Arverni  in 
Gaul,  the  leader  of  the  great  rebellion  against 
the  Romans  in  52  B.  C.  He  gained  various  successes 
against  Csesar,  but  was  besieged  by  him  in  Alesia  and  sur- 
rendered  in  62.  He  was  exhibited  in  Ceesar's  triumph  In 
Rome  in  4^  and  then  by  Csesar's  order  beheaded. 

Verd,  Cape.    See  Cape  Ferd. 

Verdant  Green  (vSr'dant  gren),  Mr.,  Adven- 
tures of.  A  novel  by'Sdward  Bradley  (under 
the  pseudonym  of  Cuthbert  Bede),  published 
in  1853. 

Verden  (ver'den).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Aller21miles 
southeast  of  Bremen.  It  has  a  cathedral,  and  was  for- 
merly the  seat  of  a  bishopric.  It  became  a  Swedish  duchy 
in  1648,  and  passed  to  Hannover  in  1719.  Population  (1890), 
8,719. 

Verdi  (ver'de),  Giuseppe.  Born  at  Roneole, 
duchy  of  Parma,  Italy,  Oct.  10,  1813 :  died  at 
Milan,  Jan.  27, 1901.  A  celebrated  Italian  oper- 
atic composer.  He  received  his  musical  education  at 
Busseto  and  Milan ;  was  appointed  organist  at  Roneole 
when  only  10  years  old ;  settled  in  Milan  i  n  1838 ;  and  lived 
in  later  llfein  Genoa  and  at  his  villa  Sta.  Agata(near  Busse- 
to). He  was  a  member  of  the  Italian  Parliament  for  a  short 
time  in  1860,  and  was  chosen  senator  in  1875,  but  never 
attended  a  sitting.  His  chief  operas  are  "  Nabucodonosor" 
(1842),  "ILombardi"(1843),  " Ernani " (1844),  "IdueFos- 
cari ■' (1844),  "Attila"(1846),  "Macbeth"  (1847:  revised 
1866),  "LuisaMiller"(1849),"Rigoletto"(1861),  "IlTrova- 
tore"(1853),  "LaTraviata"(1853),  "LesVepresSiciliennes" 
(1866),  "Simon  Boccanegra "  (1857 :  revisedl881), " Un  hallo 
in  maschera "  (1869),  "  La  forza  del  destine"  (1862),  "Don 
Carlos"  (1867),  "  Aida"  (1871),  "Otello"  (1887),  "FalstafI" 
(1893).  His  other  works  include  "Requiem  Mass  "(1874) 
and  other  sacred  compositions,  etc. 

Verdigris  (v6r'di-gres)  River.  A  river  in  Kan- 
sas and  the  Indian  Territory  which  joins  the 
Arkansas  25  miles  west  of  Tahlequah.  Length, 
over  250  miles. 

Verdon  (ver-d6n').  A  river  in  southeastern 
Prance  which  forms  in  large  part  the  boundary 
between  Basses-Alpes  and  Var.  it  joins  the  Du- 
rance 21  miles  northeast  ot  Aix.    Length,  about  100  miles. 

Verdun  (ver-dun').  A  fortified  town  in  the  de- 
partment of  Meuse,  France,  situated  on  the 
Meuse  in  lat.  49°  9'  N. :  the  ancient  Verodu- 
num  in  Gaul,  it  manufactures  confectionery,  liquors, 
etc. ;  has  a  cathedral  of  the  12th  century ;  and  is  strongly 
fortified.  In  the  10th  century  it  passed  to  the  German 
Empire ;  was  made  a  free  imperial  city ;  was  occupied  by 
Henry  II.  of  France  in  1562,  and  with  its  territory  was  for- 
mally annexed  to  France  in  1648 ;  was  held  a  short  time  by 
the  Prussians  in  1792 ;  and  capitulated  to  the  Prussians  in 
Nov.,  1870.    Population  (1891),  commune,  18,852. 

Verdun,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  made  at  Verdun  in 
843  by  the  sons  of  Louis  le  D^bonnaire.  Lothaire 
was  confirmed  as  emperor,  and  receivedltalyandtheregiou 
lying  in  general  west  of  the  Rhine  and  Alps  and  east  of  the 
Rhone,  Sadne,  Meuse, and  Schelde.  Ludwig  the  German  re- 
ceived the  region  between  the  Rhine  and  the  Elbe  (the  nu- 
cleus of  Germany) ;  and  Charles  the  Bald  obtained  the  re- 
gion west  of  Lotnaire's  dominions  (the  nucleus  of  France). 
On  his  [Louis  the  Pious's]  death  the  sons  fiew  to  arms, 
and  the  first  of  the  dynastic  quarrels  of  modem  Europe 
was  fought  out  on  the  field  of  Fontenay.  In  the  partition 
treaty  of  Verdun  which  followed,  the  Teutonic  principle 
of  equal  division  among  heirs  triumphed  over  the  Roman 
one  of  the  transmission  of  an  indivisible  empire. 

Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire,  p.  77. 

Verdunois  (ver-dU-nwa').  An  ancient  terri- 
tory of  eastern  Prance,  whose  capital  was  Ver- 
dun. With  the  Pays  Messin  it  formed  one  of  the  small 
governments  of  France  prior  to  1790.  The  name  Verdu- 
nois was  also  given  to  a  small  district  in  Gascony,  south- 
ern France,  near  Verdun-sur-Garonne. 

Verdy  du  Vernois  ( ver-de '  du  ver-n  wa ' ) ,  Julius 
von.  Bom  at  Freistadt,  in  Silesia,  July  19, 
1832.  A  Prussian  general,  military  writer,  and 
politician.  He  became  lieutenant-general  in  1881,  and 
commander  of  the  first  division  (at  Konigsberg)  in  1683, 
and  was  minister  of  war  1889-90.  He  is  especially  noted 
for  his  works  on  military  affairs. 

Vere,  Sir  Aubrey  de.    See  De  Vere. 

Vere,  Aubrey  Thomas  de.    See  De  Vere. 

Vere,  Maximilian  Scheie  de.    See  De  Vere. 

Vereshchagin  (ve-resh-cha'gin),  Vasili.  Bom 
in  the  province  of  Novgorod,  Russia,  Oct.,  1842 : 
died  ofe  Port  Arthur,  April  13, 1904.  A  Russian 
genre-  and  battle-painter.  He  studied  at  the  St. 
Petersburg  Academy,  at  the  £cole  des  Beaux  Arts  in  Paris, 
and  with  G^rdme.  He  traveled  through  Turkestan,  China, 
and  India ;  served  in  the  Caucasus  and  in  the  Russo-Turk- 
ish  war ;  was  present  at  the  storming  of  Plevna ;  acted  as 
secretary  in  the  negotiations  for  peace ;  and  went  to  India 
again  in  1882  and  1884.  Many  of  his  paintings  are  at 
Moscow  in  the  Tretjakoff  collection.  Among  his  other  pic- 
tures is  a  cycle  of  20  from  the  history  ot  India,  a  cycle  of 
20  from  the  campaign  in  Turkestan,  20  from  the  Russo- 
Turkish  war,  a  number  of  sacred  subjects,  etc.  He  was 
killed  in  the  destruction  ol  the  Russian  battle-ship  Petro- 
pavlovsk. 

Vergara.    See  Bergara. 

Vergennes  (v6r-jenz').  A  city  in, Addison 
Countv,  Vermont,  35  miles  west  by*  south  of 
Montpelier.    Population  (1900),  1,753. 


Vergennes 

7ergennes  (ver-zhen'),  Comte  de  (Charles 
Oravier).  Bom  at  Dijon,  France,  Dee.  28, 
1717 :  died  Feb.  13,  1787.  A  French  politician 
and  diplomatist.  He  waa  appointed  minister  to  Treves 
In  1760 ;  was  ambassador  to  Turkey  1766-68 ;  was  made 
ambassador  to  Sweden  in  1771 ;  and  became  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  in  1774.  He  promoted  the  alliance  with  the 
United  States,  and  negotiated  the  treaty  of  Paris  in  1783. 

Verges  (vfer'gfz).  In  Shakspere's  "Much  Ado 
about  Nothing,"  a  "  headborough,"  assistant 
to  Dogberry. 

Vergier  de  Hauranne.  See  Duvergier  de  Hau- 
ranne. 

Vergil,  or  Virgil  (vfer'jil)  (L.  Publius  Vergi- 
lius  Maro).  Bom  in  Andes,  near  Mantua,  Cisal- 
pine Gaul,  Oct.  15, 70  B.  o. :  died  at  Brundisium, 
Italy,  Sept.  21,19b. o.  AfamousEoman epic, di- 
dactic, and  idyllic  poet.  He  studied  at  Cremona,  Me- 
diolannm,  Heapolis,  and  Rome,  where  he  devoted  himself 
to  rhetoric,  philosophy,  and  poetry.  In  41  his  paternal 
estate  near  Mantua  was  conflscated  for  the  benefit  of  the 
soldiery  which  had  assisted  Octavian  in  the  civil  war 
against  Brutus  and  Cassius :  but  he  was  later  indemnified 
through  the  intercession  of  Msecenas.  He  enjoyed  the 
friendship  and  patronage  of  Asinius  PoUio,  Msecenas  (to 
whom  he  was  introduced  about  40),  and  Octavian  (Augus- 
tus). He  was  an  Intimate  friend  of  Horace,  whom  he  in- 
troduced to  Maecenas.  About  37  he  settled  at  Home :  his 
later  years  were  spent  chiefly  in  Campania.  His  worlcs  in- 
clude "Eclogues  or  "Bucolics"  (written  42-57),  "Geor- 
gics"  (written  about  37-30),  and  the  "^neid."  The  first 
printed  edition  of  Vergil  appeared  at  Rome  about  1469. 

Vergil,  or  Virgil  (vfer'jil),  Polydore.  Bom  at 
Urbino,  Italy,  about  1470 :  died  there,  1555.  An. 
Italian-English  ecclesiastic  and  historian.  He 
was  sent  to  England  as  deputy  collector  of  Peter's  pence 
by  the  Pope  in  1601 ;  was  presented  to  an  English  living  in 
1603 ;  and  in  1504  was  appointed  the  Bishop  of  Hereford's 
proxy  on  his  translation  to  the  see  of  Bath  and  Wells.  He 
was  collated  to  the  prebend  of  Scamblesby  in  Lincoln  in 
1507 ;  was  naturalized  in  1610 ;  and  was  collated  to  the 
prebend  of  Oxgate  in  St.  Paul's  in  1613.  He  was  impris- 
oned for  a  short  time  about  1616  on  the  charge  of  slander- 
ing Wolsey.  He  returned  to  Italy  about  1560.  His  chief 
work  is  "Historise  Anglicse  libri  xxvi"_(1634):  a  twenty- 
seventh  book  was  added  in  the  third  edition,  1655. 

Vergil  the  Magician.  The  legendary  form 
which  the  historical  Vergil  assumed  in  the  mid- 
dle a^es. 

Vergilius  (v6r-jiri-us).    See  Vergil. 

Vergniaud  (vem-yo'),  Pierre  Victurnien. 
Born  at  Limoges,  France,  May  31, 1753 :  guillo- 
tined at  Paris,  Oct.  81,  1793.  A  French  orator 
and  Eevolutionary  statesman.  He  practised  law 
at  Bordeaux :  became,  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution, 
a  member  of  the  government  of  the  department  of  Gi- 
ronde ;  was  elected  deputy  to  the  Legislative  Assembly  in 
1791,  and  became  its  president ;  and  was  one  of  the  chief 
Revolutionary  orators,  and  the  leader  of  the  Girondists. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Convention ;  was  opposed  by  Robes- 
pierre ;  and  was  proscribed  in  June,  ,1793,  imprisoned  in 
July,  and  condemned  to  death  in  October. 

Veria,  or  Verria  (ve-re'a).  A  town  in  Turkey, 
44  miles  west  by  south  of  Saloniki :  the  ancient 
Berea.    Population.about  10,000. 

Verlaine  (ver-lan' ),  Paul.  Born  March  30, 1844 : 
died  Jan.  8, 1896.  A  French  poet.  He  at  first  be- 
longed to  the  "Parnassians,"  but  afterward  became  one  of 
the  most  noted  of  the  "Symbolists"  and  the  "Decadents." 
Following  tlie  example  of  Villon,  he  used  his  misfortunes 
in  hospital  and  prison  as  a  theme  for  his  poems  and  prose 
works.  He  lectured  on  poetry  in  England  in  1893.  Among 
hiswork8are"Po^messatumien8"(1865),"Sagesse"(1881), 
"  Jadis  et  nagufere"  (1885),  "Romances  sans  paroles  "  (1887), 
"Bonheur"  (1891),  "Mas  h6pitaux"  (1891). 

Verlorene  Handschrift  (fer-lo'ren-e  hand'- 
8hrift),Die.  [G.,'The  Lost  Manuscript.']  One 
of  the  chief  novels  of  Gustav  Freytag,  pub- 
lished in  1864. 

Verlorenes  Loch  (fer-16'ren-es  loch).  A  deep 
and  narrow  gorge  of  the  Hinter  Rhein,  in  the 
canton  of  G-risons,  Switzerland,  through  which 
the  Via  Mala  passes. 

Vermandois  (ver-mon-dwa').  An  ancient 
territory  of  France,  in  Picardy.  Capital,  St.- 
Quentin.  it  lay  northeast  of  Paris,  and  is  comprised  in 
the  departments  of  Aisne  and  Somme.  In  the  middle  ages 
it  was  a  countship ;  was  united  to  France  by  Philip  II.  in 
1183 ;  was  ceded  to  Burgundy  by  the  treaty  of  Arras  in 
1436 ;  and  on  the  death  of  Charles  the  Bold  (1477)  was  taken 

,  by  Louis  XI.  of  France. 

Vermejo  (ver-ma'Ho),  Rio.  [Sp.,  'red  river.'] 
A  western  branch  of  the  Paraguay,  rising  in 
Bolivia,  flowing  southeast  through  the  Gran 
Chaco  plains  (Argentine  Republic),  and  joining 
the  Paraguay  shortly  above  the  junction  of  the 
latter  with  the  ParanA.  The  middle  and  lower  por- 
tions spread  out  in  swamps  in  which  the  channel  is  nearly 
lost,    length,  over  800  miles. 

Vermilion  (ver-mil'yon).  A  city  in  Clay  County, 
South  Dakota,  on  the  Missouri  near  Yankton. 

Vermilion  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico, on  the  southern  coast  of  Lotiisiana.  Length, 
about  20  miles. 

Vermont(ver-mont').  ['Greenmountain.']  One 
of  the  New  England  States  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  extending  from  lat.  42044'to45°l' 


1033 

N. ,  and  from  long.  71°  38'  to  73°  25'  "W.  Capital, 
Montpelier.  Itis bounded byQuebec  on thenorth.New 
Hampshire  (separated  by  the  Connecticut)  on  the  east, 
Massachusetts  on  the  south,  and  New  York  (largely  sepa- 
rated by  Lake  Champlain)  on  the  west.  It  is  traversed  from 
north  to  south  by  the  Green  Mountains.  It  is  an  agricul- 
tural State,  and  is  also  noted  for  its  quarries  of  granite  and 
marble.  It  has  14  counties,  sends  2  senators  and  2  repre- 
sentatives to  Congress,  and  has  4  electoral  votes.  The  first 
to  explore  it  was  Champlain  (1609) ;  the  first  settlement  was 
made  at  Brattleboro  in  1724.  It  was  claimed  by  N  ew  Hamp- 
shire, and  called  at  first  the  "  New  HampshireGrants,"  and 
was  afterward  claimed  by  New  York.  Its  "Green  Mountain 
Boys,"  under  the  lead  of  Ethan  Allen,  took  an  active 
part  in  the  Revolutionary  War ;  and  it  was  the  scene  of 
the  battle  of  Bennington.  It  formed  a,  constitution  and 
proclaimed  its  independence  in  1777,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  Union  in  1791.  It  was  the  starting-point  of  Canadian 
raids  in  1837,  and  later  of  Fenian  raids.  Length,  168  miles. 
Area,  9,665  square  miles.  Population  (1900),  343,641. 
Verne  (vem),  Jules.  Bom  at  Nantes,  Prance, 
Feb.  8,  1828.  A  French  novelist.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Nantes,  and  afterward  studied  law  at  Paris,  but 
ultimately  devoted  himself  to  literature.  After  turning 
out  a  number  of  moderately  successful  plays,  he  struck 
a  new  vein  in  his  scientific  romances,  which  have  gained 
a  world-wide  popularity.  They  include  "  Cinq  semaines 
en  ballon "(" Five  Weeks  in  a  Balloon,"  1863),  "Voyage 
au  centre  de  la  terre"  ("Journey  to  the  Center  of  the 
Earth,"  1864),  "De  la  terre  k  la  lune"("A  Trip  to  the 
Moon,"  1865),  "  Vingt mille lieues  sous les mers '' (" Twenty 
Thousand  ILeagues  under  the  Sea,"  1870),  "I'lle  mystS- 
rieu8e"("The  Mysterious  Island,"  1870),  "Voyage  autour 
du  monde  en  quatre-vingts  jours"  ("Round  the  World 
in  Eighty  Days,"  1872),"Michel  Strogofl"(1876),  "Le  rayon 
vert  "(1882),  etc. 

Vernet  (ver-na'),  Antoine  Charles  Horace, 
called  Carle.  Bom  at  Bordeaux,  Aug.  14, 1758 : 
died  at  Paris,  Nov.  17, 1835.  A  French  histori- 
cal and  animal  painter,  son  and  pupil  of  C.  J. 
Vernet.  He  took  a  first  prize  in  1782,  studied  in  Italy 
till  1789,  and  went  with  Napoleon  to  Italy. 

Vernet,  Claude  Joseph,  called  Joseph.  Bom 
at  Avignon,  France,  Aug.  14, 1712 :  died  at  Pa- 
ris, Dec.  23,  1789.  A  French  marine-  and  land- 
scape-painter, son  and  pupil  of  Antoine  Vernet 
(1689-1753).  He  studied  atRomein  1732,  and  settled  in 
Paris  in  1763,  after  painting  at  many  European  courts.  He 
painted  by  royal  order  a  series  of  French  seaports. 

Vernet,  fimile  Jean  Horace,  called  Horace. 
Born  at  Paris,  June  30,  1789 :  died  there,  Jan. 
17, 1863.  A  distinguished  French  genre-  and 
battle-painter,  son  and  pupil  of  A.  C.  H.  Vernet, 
and  pupil  of  Moreau  and  Vincent.  He  was  deco- 
rated for  bravery  at  tlie  defense  of  the  Barrifere  de  Clichy  in 
1820 ;  was  director  of  the  French  school  at  Rome  1827-39 ; 
and  was  employed  1836-42  in  painting  for  the  gallery  of 
Versailles.  Most  of  his  pictures  after  1836  were  of  Arab 
life.  They  include  "Dog  of  the  Regiment,"  "  Horse  with 
the  Trumpet,"  "Grenadier  of  Waterloo,"  battles  of  Je- 
mappes,  vSmy,  Hanau,  Bouvines,  Montmirail,  Jena,  Fried- 
land,  Wagram,  Isly, "  Campaign  of  Constantino,"  "  Capture 
of  the  Smala  of  Abd-el-Kader,"  "Barrier  of  Clichy," 
"  Bridge  of  Areola, "  "  SmalsL  " ' '  Siege  of  Antwerp,"  various 
Moorish  scenes,  "Judith,"'^  "Rachel,"  scenes  from  Mo- 
li^re's  plays,  etc. 

Verneuii  (ver-n6y ').  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Eure,  France,  situated  on  the  Avre  49  miles 
south  by  west  of  Rouen.  Here,  Aug.  17, 1424,  the 
English  under  the  Duke  of  Bedford  defeated  the  French. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  4,270. 

Verneuii,  Catherine  Henriette  de  Balzac 
d'Entragues,  Marquise  de.  Bom  at  Orleans 
in  1579:  died  at  Paris  in  1633.  A  mistress 
of  Henry  IV.  She  was  false  to  him,  but  he  was  infat- 
uated with  her,  though  he  finally  liroke  with  her.  Later 
she  was  accused  of  having  been  a  moral  accomplice  in  his 
assassination,  but  nothing  was  proved  against  her. 
Vernlville  (ver-na-vel').  A  village  west-north- 
west of  Metz.  The  heights  east  of  the  village  were  the 
scene  of  hard  fighting  in  the  battle  of  Gravelotte,  Aug.  18, 
1870.  The  French  center  was  here  attacked  by  the  German 
9th  army  corps. 
Vernier  (ver-nya'),  Pierre.  Bom  at  Ornans, 
France,  about  1580 :  died  there,  Sept.  14, 1637.  A 
French  mathematician,  noted  as  the  inventor 
of  the  vernier  (named  for  him).  He  wrote  "  Con- 
struction, usage,  et  propri^t^s  du  quadrant  nouveau  de 
math^matiques  "  (1631),  etc. 
Vernon  (ver-n6n').  [ML.  Verno.']  A  town  in 
the  department  of  Exire,  France,  situated  on  the 
Seine  30  miles  southeast  of  Rouen.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  8,288. 
Vernon(v6r'non),DianaorDi.  A  high-spirited 
girl  with  a  love  for  manly  sports,  the  heroine 
of  Scott's  "  Rob  Roy." 

Vernon  (v6r'non),  Edward.  Bom  at  Westmin- 
ster, Nov.  12,'  1684:  died  at  Nacton,  Suffolk, 
England,  Oct.  29  or  30,  1757.  An  English  ad- 
miral. He  entered  the  navy  in  1701 ;  served  in  the  War  of 
the  Spanish  Succession  1701-lS  ;  and  entered  Parliament  in 
1722.  He  bombarded  and  took  Porto  Bello  in  1739 ;  was  re- 
pulsed before  Cartagena  in  1741 ;  and  was  struck  from  the 
list  of  admirals  in  1746  for  publishing  a  couple  of  pamphlets 
against  the  admiralty. 

Vernon,  Jane  Marchant  Fisher.  Bom  m  Eng- 
land about  1796 :  died  at  New  York,  June  4, 1869. 
An  English- American  actress,  she  came  to  Amer- 
ica in  1827,  and  shortly  after  married  George  Vernon,  an 
actor,  who  died  in  about  tliree  years.  Her  best  parts  in  her 


Veronese 

later  years  were  Mrs.  Hardcastle,  Mrs.  Malaprop,  Tabittia 
Stork,  and  similar  characters. 

Verocchio,orVerrocchio(va-rok'ke-6),Andrea 
(Andrea  Cioni  di  Michele).  Bom  at  Florence, 
1435 :  died  at  Venice,  1488.  An  Italian  sculptor, 
the  most  noted  pupil  of  Donatello.  He  was  early 
apprenticed  to  Giuliano  Verocchio,  a  goldsmith,  from 
whom  he  took  his  nam e(yerocchio,  the  true  eye).  He  was  a 
painter  as  well  as  a  sculptor,  but  only  one  picture  remain  s, 
the  "Baptism  of  our  Lord,"  in  the  Accademia  in  Florence. 
In  1467  he  did  compartments  of  the  door  of  the  sacristy  of 
the  Duomo  in  Florence  for  Luca  della  Robbia.  From  1473 
to  1476  (pontificate  of  Sixtus  IV.)  he  was  in  Rome.  Imme- 
diately after  his  return  to  Florence  in  1476,  Veroccliio 
modeled  and  cast  his  famous  little  statue  of  David.  From 
1471  to  1472he  worked  upon  the  mausoleum  of  Giovanni  and 
Piero  de  Medici  for  the  sacristy  of  San  Lorenzo.  The  last 
work  upon  which  he  was  employed  was  the  equestrian 
statue  of  Bartolommeo  CoUeoni  (or  Coleone),  captain-gen- 
eral of  the  Venetian  forces,  who  died  at  Bergamo,  leaving 
his  silver,  furniture,  arms,  horses,  and  the  sum  of  216,000 
florins  to  the  republic  of  Venice,  on  condition  that  his 
statue  should  be  set  up  in  the  Piazza  di  San  Marco  (it 
was  really  placed  in  the  Piazza  of  the  Scuola  di  San  Marco). 
Verocchio  had  nearly  finished  the  horse  when  he  died. 
The  Colleoni  was  later  finished  by  Leopardi.  Lorenzo  dl 
Credi,  Perugino,  and  Leonardo  da  Vinci  were  his  pupils. 

Veroli  (va'ro-le).  [L.  VerulcB.']  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Rome,  Italy,  situated  49  miles 
east-southeast  of  Rome.  Population  (1881), 
3,835. 

Veromandui  (ver-o-man'du-i).  An  ancient 
people  of  Belgic  Gaul,  who  lived  in  the  vicinity 
of  St.-Quentin. 

Verona  (va-ro'na).  A  province  in  the  comparti- 
mento  of  Venetia,  Italy.  Area,  1,188  square 
miles.    Population  (1892),  425,697. 

Verona.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Vero- 
na, Italy,  situated  on  the  Adige  in  lat.  45°  26' 
N.,  long.  11°  E.  It  is  strongly  fortified.  It  contains 
a  Roman  amphitheater,  deprived  almost  completely  of  its 
ornamental  exterior  facing,  but  remaining  practically  per- 
fect in  its  vaults  and  cavea,  and  still  in  current  use.  It 
is  3  stories  (98  feet)  high,  built  of  white  and  red  marble 
with  brick  substructions,  has  45  tiers  of  seats,  and  can  seat 
22,000  people.  The  greater  axis  is  606  feet,  the  less  403  ; 
the  arena  is  248  by  146  feet.  The  arena  could  be  flooded 
forthenaumachy.  It  was  built  about  290  A.  D.  The  Church 
of  Sant'  Anastasia  is  one  of  the  finest  Italian  brick  churches 
of  the  13th  century,  with  a  beautiful  recessed  double- 
arched  sculptured  portal.  The  characteristically  Italian 
interior  has  very  high  wide  nave-arches ;  the  triforium  is 
represented  merely  by  an  open  circle  in  every  bay,  and  the 
clearstory  by  an  ornamented  sexfoil.  The  Castel  Vecchio  is 
a  large  battlemented  citadel  built  by  Can  Grande  II.  della 
Scala  in  1365,  now  used  as  a  barracks.  It  is  connected 
with  the  arsenal  by  a  picturesque  contemporaneous  bat- 
tlemented and  turreted  bridge  of  brick,  with  unequal 
arches,  the  largest  with  a  span  of  over  160  feet.  The  cathe- 
dral is,  as  it  now  stands,  of  the  12th  century.  The  chief 
entrance-porch  has  four  columns,  two  of  them  resting  on 
grifiins,  and  superposed  arches ;  the  portal  is  guarded  by 
the  Paladins  of  Charlemagne.  The  interior  has  clustered 
columns  and  pointed  arches,  with  some  excellent  frescos ; 
the  Chapel  of  Sant'  Agata  contains  a  beautiful  medieval 
sculptured  shrine ;  the  fine  Renaissance  choir,  with  curved 
colonnade,  is  by  Sammichele.  The  Lombard  baptistery 
has  a  great  octagonal  marble  font,  curiously  sculptured 
with  reliefs  and  arcades.  The  cloister,  with  coupled  col- 
umns, retains  a  fine  Roman  mosaic  and  a  column  of  the 
temple  of  Minerva.  The  palace  of  the  Scaligers  is  now 
used  for  the  law-courts  and  jail.  It  has  a  picturesque 
court  and  staircase,  and  a  fine  brick  campanile  of  the  13th 
century  (272  feet  high).  Below,  it  is  plain  and  square  ; 
above,  it  has  in  each  face  a  fine  triple  arch  beneath  a  bold 
corbeled  cornice.  The  crown  is  a  recessed  octagonal  ar- 
caded  lantern  of  two  stories.  The  tombs  of  tlie  Scaligers. 
form  a  unique  assemblage  of  family  tombs  of  the  13th  and 
14th  centuries.  The  two  chief  of  these  monuments  are 
those  of  Mastino  II.  and  of  Can  Signorio  della  Scala.  Ve- 
rona was  a  Roman  colony  and  important  city,  and  was  the 
residence  of  Theodoric  (Dietrich  of  Bern,  i.  e.  Verona),  at 
times  the  residence  of  Lombard  kings.  It  was  ruled  by 
the  Scala  family  in  -the  13th  and  14th  centuries ;  was  con- 
quered by  Venice  in  1405;  and  played  an  important 
part  in  the  history  of  art  in  the  15th  and  16th  centuries. 
The  city  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1796 ;  was  ceded  to 
Austria  in  1797 ;  and  was  ceded  to  Italy  in  1866.  It  was 
one  of  the  four  famous  fortresses  of  the  Quadrilateral.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  Catullus,  Cornelius  Nepos,  Vitruvius, 
and  the  elder  Pliny.    Population  (1892),  69,600. 

Verona,  Congress  of.  A  congress  of  repre- 
sentatives from  the  principal  European  govern- 
ments, held  at  Verona  Oet.-Dec,  1822 :  occa- 
sioned by  the  disturbances  in  Spain  and  south- 
eastern Europe,  it  was  attended  by  the  monarchs  of 
Prussia,  Austria,  Russia,  and  the  Two  Sicilies  and  Sardinia, 
the  Duke  of  Wellington,  the  Duke  of  Montmorency,  and 
others.  Metternich  presided.  The  chief  result  was  the 
armed  intervention  of  France  in  Spain  in  1823. 

Veronese  (va-r6-na'ze),PauI  (Paolo  Cagliari). 

Bom  at  Verona,  1528:  died  at  Venice,  April  19, 
1588.  A  celebrated  Italian  painter  of  the  Vene- 
tian school.  His  first  considerable  commissions  were 
executed  at  Mantua.  In  1555  he  went  to  Venice,  where 
he  remained.  His  first  commission  here  was  the  "Coronar 
tion  of  the  Virgin,"  and  four  other  subjects,  for  the  Con- 
vent of  St.  Sebastian.  In  1563  Titian  supported  his  claims 
to  the  award  o^  the  decoration  of  the  Library  of  St.  Mark. 
In  1565  Veronese  went  to  Rome.  In  1573  he  was  called 
before  the  Inquisition  to  answer  a  charge  of  blasphemy  for 
introducing  in  a  "Last  Supper,"  painted  for  the  friars  of 
St.  John  and  St.  Paul,  irrelevant  and  decorative  figures. 
He  was  obliged  to  paint  out  his  dwarfs,  German  soldiers, 
etc.,  and  to  paint  the  picture  as  it  hangs  in  the  Academy. 
After  the  fire  of  1577  he  was  commissioned  to  paint  the 


Veronese 

ceiling  of  the  council-chamber  in  the  doge's  palace.  His 
works  include  "Marriage  at  Cana"  (Louvre),  "Feast  in 
the  House  ot  Simon"  ftouTre),  "Europa  and  the  Bull" 
(London),  "Leda  and  the  Swan"  (London),  "Death  of 
Adonis"  (London),  "Supper  at  Emmaus,"  "Venice  En- 
throned," "Calling  of  St.  Andrew,"  "Presentation  of  the 
Family  of  Darius  to  Alexander,"  "St.  Helena's  Vision" 
(both  the  last  named  in  the  National  Gallery,  Loudon), 
and  many  others. 
Veronica  (ve-ron'i-ka),  Saint.  [A  eomipted 
form  of  Berenice,  Gr.  'SepEviia/,  a  'woman's  name. 
The  name  suggested  the  words  verum  icon,  'true 
picture,'  and  gave  rise  to  the  fable.]  In  Christian 
legend,  a  woman  of  Jerusalem,  said  to  have  died 
at  Rome,  who  gave  to  Jesus  on  his  way  to  Cal- 
vary a  handkerchief  to  wipe  his  brow.  He  took 
it,  and  upon  it  was  miraculously  left  an  impression  of  his 
face  (the  so-called  VeronicoH).  The  legend  probably  arose 
in  the  13th  century.    She  is  commemorated  on  Feb.  i. 

Verplanck  (ver-plangk'),  Gulian  Orommelin. 
Born  at  New  York,  Aug.  6,  1786 :  died  there, 
March  18,  1870.  An  American  author,  poli- 
tician, and  lawyer.  He  graduated  at  Columbia  in 
1801 ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar ;  and  settled  as  a  lawyer  at 
New  York.  He  was  in  1821  appointed  professor  of  the  evi- 
dences of  revealed  religion  and  moral  science  in  the  Prot- 
estant Episcopal  General  Theological  Seminary  at  New 
York,  a  position  which  he  occupied  four  years.  He  was 
a  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1825- 
1833.  He  published,  with  William  C.  Bryant  and  Robert  C. 
fSands,  an  annual  entitled  the  "  Talisman  "(1827-29).  Among 
his  works  are  "  Bucktail  Bards  "  (181P),  "Evidences  of  Re- 
vealed Religion"(1824),  "Doctrine  of  Contracts  "(1826),  "Dis- 
courses and  Addresses"  (1833), and  "Shakespeare's  Plays, 
with  his  Life,  with  Critical  Introduction  and  Notes  "  (1847). 

Verrazano  (ver-rat-sa'no),  or  Verrazani  (ver- 
rat-sa'ne),   or  Verazzano   (va-rat-sa'no),   or 

Verrazzano  (ver-rat-sa'no),  Griovanni  da  (or 
de).  Born  in  Italy  about  1480 :  died  probably 
in  1527.  An  Italian  navigator.  He  was  a  corsair  in 
the  French  service  ;  left  France  in  command  of  a  French 
exploring  expedition  in  1523 ;  and  explored  the  coast  of 
North  America  from  North  Carolina  to  Newfoundland  in 
1524,  discovering  New  York  and  Narragansett  bays. 

Verres  (ver'ez),  Caius.  Put  to  death  by  An- 
tony 43  B.  c.  A  Roman  official,  pretor  in  73, 
who,  as  governor  of  Sicily  73-71,  plundered  the 
island  of  property,  art  treasures,  etc.  He  was 
brought  to  trial  in  70  B.  c,  and  was  defended  by  Hortensius 
and  prosecuted  by  Cicero.  The  trial  resulted  in  his  volun- 
tary exile  in  Marseilles.  Of  the  six  orations  against  Verres 
composed  by  Cicero,  only  the  first  was  actually  delivered. 

Verria.    See  Veria. 

Verrill  (ver'il),  Addison  Emory.  Born  at 
Greenwood,  Maine,  Feb.  9,  1839.  An  Ameri- 
can zoologist,  professor  at  Yale  since  1864.  He 
has  published  many  scientific  papers,  chiefly  in 
the  "American  Journal  of  Science." 

Versailles  (ver-salz';  P.  pron.  ver-say').  The 
capital  of  the  department  of  Seine-et-Oise, 
France,  situated  11  miles  west-southwest  of 
Paris.  It  contains  a  famous  royal  palace,  consisting  of 
a  comparatively  inconsiderable  central  portion  built  by 
Louis  XIII.,  and  of  wide-reaching  wings  and  connected 
structures,  added  chiefly  by  Louis  XIV.  The  garden  front 
is  a  quarter  of  a  mile  long,  with  only  two  stories  and  an 
attic ;  so  that,  although  broken  by  a  large  projection  in 
the  middle,  the  general  effect  is  monotonous.  The  court 
front  is  more  diversified,  though  injured  by  the  insertion 
of  two  neo-classical  pavilions  by  Louis  Philippe.  A  great 
part  of  the  palace  is  now  occupied  by  the  Museum  of 
French  History,  consisting  chiefly  of  paintings ;  but  some 
of  the  apartments  are  still  preserved  with  the  fittings  of 
a  royal  residence.  The  chapel  is  well  proportioned  and 
sumptuous.  Ttie  great  gallery,  called  the  Galerie  des 
Glaces,  is  one  of  the  finest  rooms  existing  :  it  is  240  by  35 
feet,  and  42  high,  adorned  with  mirrors  and  gilding,  and 
with  ceiling-paintings  by  Lebrun  representing  the  tri- 
umphs of  Louis  XIV.  Here  King  William  of  Prussia  was 
proclaimed  German  emperor  in  1871.  The  council-cham- 
ber, the  hedroom  of  Louis  XIV,,  the  antechamber  of  the 
(Eil  de  Bceuf,  the  Petits  Appartements  of  the  queen,  and 
the  theater  are  all  historic  and  highly  interesting.  The 
gardens  are  the  finest  of  their  formal  kind :  they  abound 
with  monumental  fountainsprofusely  adorned  with  groups 
of  sculpture,  and  supplied  the  model  for  those  of  half  the 
palaces  of  Europe.  (See  Trianon.)  Versailles  was  the 
meeting-place  of  the  States-General  in  1789.  A  popular 
tumult,  Oct.  5-6, 1789,  resulted  in  the  removal  of  the  royal 
family  to  Paris.  Versailles  was  the  seat  of  the  French 
government  1871-79.  It  is  the  place  of  election  of  French 
presidents.    Population  (1901),  64,081. 

Versailles  (ver-salz').  The  capital  of  Wood- 
ford County,  Kentucky,  12  miles  southeast  of 
Frankfort.     Population  (1900),  2,337. 

Versailles,  Preliminaries  of.  The  prelimina- 
ries of  peace  between  France  and  Germany 
signed  at  Versailles  Feb.  26,  1871,  and  ratified 
by  the  treaty  of  Frankfort.    See  Frankfort. 

Versailles,  Treaty  of.  SeePam,  Treaties  of  (b). 

Vertentes  (var-tan'tas),  Serra  dos.  A  low 
mountain-chain  in  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil,  con- 
necting the  Goyaz  Mountains  with  the  coast 
system,  and  separating  the  head  streams  of  the 
Parand  from  those  of  the  Sao  Francisco  and 
Tocantins. 

Vertot  d'AuTxEuf  (ver-to'  do-bfef '),  Abb6  Ren6 
Aubert  de.  Born  at  ChWeau  Benetot,  Nor- 
mandy, Nov.  25,  1655 :  died  at  Paris,  June  15, 
1735.     A  French  historian.    He  was  in  a  cloister 


1034 

1677-1701,  and  became  secretary  of  the  Duchess  ot  Orleans 
in  1703,  and  historiographer  ot  the  Order  ot  Malta  in  1716. 
He  wrote  "  Histoh^e  des  revolutions  de  Portugal "  (1689), 
"Histoire  des  revolutions  de  Sufede"(1696),  "Histoire  des 
revolutions  de  la  r^publique  romaine"  (1719),  "Histoire 
des  chevaliers  de  Malte  "  (1726). 

Vertunmus  (vfer-tnm'nus) .  [L. , '  the  god  of  the 
changing  year,'  'he  who  turns  or  changes  him- 
self.'] An  ancient  Roman  deity  who  presided 
over  gardens  and  orchards,  and  was  worshiped 
as  the  god  of  spring  or  of  the  seasons  in  general. 

Vertus  (ver-tii').  {ML.  Virtus.']  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Mame,  France,  18  miles  west- 
southwest  of  ChS,lons-sur-Marne :  noted  for  its 
wines.     Population  (1891),  2,781. 

Verulse  (ver'u-le).  An  ancient  town  of  the 
Hernioi :  the  modern  Veroli. 

Verulam,  Baron.    See  Bacon,  Francis. 

Verulamium  (ver-o-la'mi-um).  An  ancient 
British  and. Roman  town,  situated  near  the  site 
of  the  present  St.  Albans,  England. 

Verus  (ve'rus),  Lucius.  Died  169  A.  d.  The 
adopted  son  of  the  emperor  Antoninus  Pius: 
colleague  of  the  emperor  Marcus  Aurelius  161- 
169. 

Verus,  Marcus  Annius.  The  original  name 
of  the  emperor  Marcus  Aurelius. 

Vert-vert  (var-var').  1.  A  burlesque  poem  by 
Gresset,  giving  the  history  of  a  parrot,  the  pet  of 
a  convent. — 2.  An  opera  by  Offenbach,  words  by 
Meilhae  and  Nuitter,  produced  at  Paris  in  1869. 

Verviers  (ver-vya').  A  city  in  the  province 
of  Lifege,  Belgium,  situated  on  the  Vesdre  13 
miles  east  by  south  of  Lifege.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  cloth,  etc.  Population  (1898),  com- 
mune, 50,423. 

Vervins  (ver-van').  [Mil.  Vervinum."]  A  town 
in  the  department  of  Aisne,  France,  situated 
on  the  Vilpion  24  miles  northeast  of  Laon.  a 
treaty  between  France  and  Spain  was  concluded  here 
May  2, 1598 :  conquests  were  mutually  restored.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  commune,  3,233. 

Very  (ver'i),  Jones.  Bom  at  Salem,  Mass., 
Aug.  28,  1813:  died  there.  May  8,  1880.  An 
American  poet  and  essayist,  a  graduate  of  Har- 
vard in  1836.  He  became  a  Unitarian  minister,  but 
preached  only  occasionally.  His  works  were  edited  by 
J.  F.  Clarke  in  1886. 

Very  Hard  Cash.    A  novel  by  Charles  Reade, 
published  serially  in'1863  as  "Hard  Cash." 
Very  Woman,  A,  or  the  Prince  of  Tarent. 

A  comedy  printed  in  1655  as  the  work  of  Mas- 
singer.  It  was  probably  written  by  Fletcher  and  revised 
by  Massinger.  It  is  to  be  identified  with  a  comedy  called 
"The  Woman's  Plot,"  which  was  acted  at  court  in  1621. 

Vesalius  (ve-sa'li-us),  Andreas.  Bom  at  Brus- 
sels, Dec.  31,  1514:  died  in  a  shipwreck  on  the 
island  of  Zante,  Oct.  15,  1564.  A  noted  Belgian 
anatomist,  physician  to  the  emperor  Charles  V. 
and,  after  his  abdication,  to  Philip  II.  He  lived 
chiefly  at  Madrid,  and  was  condemned  to  death  by  the  In- 
quisition. His  sentence  was  commuted  by  the  king  to  a 
pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Sepulcher.  On  his  return  he  was 
shipwrecked.  His  chief  and  epoch-making  work  is  "  De 
corporis  humani  fabrica  libri  septem.' 

Vesontio  (ve-son'shi-6).  The  Roman  name  of 
Besan§on. 

Vesoul  (ve-zol').  The  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Sa6ne,  France,  situated  on  the 
Durgeon  in  lat.  47°  37'  N.,  long.  6°  8'  E.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  9,770. 

Vespasian  (ves-pa'zhian)  (Titus  Flavins  Sa- 
binus  Vespasianus).  Bom  near  Reate,  Italy, 
Nov.  17,  9  A.  D. :  died  June  24,  79  A.  d.  Roman 
emperor  70-79.  He  was  of  humble  origin,  but  rose  to 
distinction  in  the  army,  and  becam  e  consul  in  61.  He  was 
afterward  governor  of  Africa;  and  in  67  was  appointed 
commander-in-chief  against  the  insurgent  Jews.  He  was 
proclaimed  emperor  in  69.  His  general  Antonius  Primus 
overthrew  Vitellius  in  the  same  year,  and  Vespasian  arrived 
at  Rome  in  70,  leaving  his  son  Titus  to  continue  the  Jewish 
war.  The  chief  events  ot  his  reign  were  the  destruction 
of  Jerusalem  by  Titus  (70),  the  victories  of  Agricola  in 
Britain,  and  the  suppression  ot  the  revolted  Batavians 
under  Civilis  by  Petilius  Cerealis  (70).  He  restored  disci- 
pline in  the  army  and  order  in  the  finances,  and  expended 
large  sums  on  public  works,  including  the  Colosseum, 
which,  however,  he  did  not  live  to  finish. 

Vespers,  Sicilian.    See  Sicilian  Vespers. 

Vespucci  (ves-po'che),  Amerigo,  Latinized 
Americus  Vespucius.  Born  at  Florence, 
March  18, 1452:  died  at  Seville,  Feb.  22, 1512. 
An  Italian  navigator.  He  was  the  son  of  Nastugio 
Vespucci,  a  notary  of  Florence ;  received  his  education 
from  his  uncle,  a  Dominican  friar ;  and  became  a  clerk  in' 
the  commercial  liouse  ot  the  Medici.  He  was  sent  to  Spain 
by  his  employers  about  1490 ;  and  some  years  after  appears 
to  have  entered  the  service  of  the  commercial  house  of 
Juonato  Berardi  at  Seville,  of  which  he  became  a  member 
in  1495.  This  house  fitted  out  Columbus's  second  expedi- 
tion  (1493),  and  it  has  been  suggested  that  Vespucci  may 
have  accompanied  Columbus's  flrst  or  second  expedition, 
although  the  supposition  is  unsupported  by  any  proof. 
Vespucci  himself  claims  to  have  accompanied  four  expedi- 
tions to  the  New  World,  ot  each  of  which  he  wrote  a  nar- 
rative.   Two  of  these  sailed  from  Spain  by  order  ot  Fer- 


Vesuvlus,  Battle  of 

dinand  In  May,  1497,  and  May,  1499,  respectively ;  the  other 
two  were  despatched  from  Portugal  by  Emanuel  In  May, 
1501,  and  June,  160S.  The  flrst  expedition.  In  which  he 
would  appear  to  have  held  the  post  of  astronomer,  left 
Cadiz  May  10  or  20, 1497,  and  after  touching  at  the  Cana- 
ries came  "  at  the  end  of  twenty-seven  days  upon  a  coast 
which  we  thought  to  be  that  of  a  continent."  It  this  ex- 
pedition is  authentic,  Vespucci  reached  the  continent  ot 
America  a  week  or  two  earlier  than  the  Cabots  and  about 
fourteen  months  earlier  than  Columbus.  His  account  of 
these  expeditions  was  contained  in  a  diary  said  to  have  been 
written  after  his  fourth  voyage,  and  entitled  "Le  Quattre 
(Jiornale,"  no  portion  ot  which  is  extant.  He  also  wrote 
several  letters  to  his  former  schoolfellow  Soderini,  gonfa- 
lonier of  Florence,  one  of  which  remains  in  a  Latin  trans- 
lation printed  at  St.  Dii  in  1607.  Waldseemiiller  (Hyla- 
comylus),  whomade  use  of  this  letter  in  his  "CosmographisB 
Introductio, "  published  at  St.  Die  in  the  same  year,  was  the 
flrst  to  suggest  the  name  America  for  the  new  continent, 
in  honor  of  its  supposed  discoverer,  Amerigo  Vespucci. 

It  should  flrst  ot  all  be  noted  that  the  sole  authority  for  a 
voyage  made  by  Vespucci  in  1497  is  Vespucci  himself.  All 
contemporary  history,  other  than  his  own  letters,  is  abso- 
lutely silent  in  regard  to  such  a  voyage,  whetheritbe  history 
in  printed  books,  or  in  the  archives  of  those  kingdoms  of 
Europe  where  the  precious  documents  touching  the  earlier 
expeditions  to  the  New  World  weredeposited.  .  .  .  Ihefact 
is  unquestioned  that  Vespucci,  who  had  been  a  resident  of 
Spain  for  some  time,  became  in  1495  a  member  of  the  com- 
mercial house  ot  Juonato  Berardi  at  Seville,  and  that  in 
January  of  the  next  year,  as  the  public  'accounts  show,  he 
was  paid  a  sum  of  money  relative  to  a  contract  with  Gov- 
ernment which  Berardi  did  not  live  to  complete.  The  pre- 
sumption is  that  he  would  not  soon  absent  himself  from 
his  post  ot  duty,  where  new  and  onerous  responsibilities 
had  been  imposed  upon  him  by  the  recent  death  of  the 
senior  partner  of  the  house  with  which  he  was  connected. 
But  at  any  rate  he  is  found  there  in  the  spring  of  1497, 
Mufioz  having  ascertained  that  fact  from  the  ofilcial  records 
of  expenses  incurred  in  fltting  out  the  ships  tor  western 
expeditions,  still  preserved  at  Seville.  Those  records  show 
that  from  the  middle  ot  April,  1497,  to  the  end  ot  May, 
1498,  Vespucci  was  busily  engaged  at  Seville  and  San  Lucar 
in  the  equipment  of  the  fleet  with  which  Columbus  sailed 
on  his  third  voyage.  The  cUibi,  therefore,  is  complete. 
Vespucci  could  not  have  been  absent  from  Spain  from 
May,  1497,  to  Oct.,  1498,  the  period  of  his  alleged  voyage. 

S.  H.  Gay,  in  Winsor's  Narrative  and  Critical  History 
[of  America,  IL  137, 142. 
Vesta  (ves'ta).  [L.,  =  Gr.  'Earia,  the  goddess  of 
the  hearth.]'  One  of  the  chief  divinities  of  the 
ancient  Romans,  equivalent  to  the  GreekHesti  a. 
She  was  one  of  the  12  great  Olympians,  thevirgin  goddess 
of  the  hearth,  presiding  over  both  the  private  family  altar 
and  the  central  altar  of  the  city,  the  tribe,  or  the  race. 
She  was  worshiped  along  with  the  Penates  at  every  meal, 
when  the  family  assembled  round  the  altar  or  hearth,  which 
was  in  the  center  of  the  house,  .^neas  was  said  to  have 
carried  the  sacred  fire  (which  was  her  symbol)  from  Troy, 
and  to  have  brought  it  to  Italy,  and  it  was  preserved  at 
Rome  by  the  state  in  the  sanctuary  of  the  goddess  which 
stood  in  the  Forum.  The  fire  was  watched  by  six  stainless 
virgins,  called  vestals,  who  prevented  it  from  becoming  ex- 
tinguished. The  Roman  temples  of  Vesta  were  circular, 
preserving  the  form  ot  the  primitive  huts  of  the  Latin  race, 
because  it  was  in  such  a  hut  that  the  sacred  fire  was  first 
tended  by  the  young  girls  while  their  parents  and  brothers 
were  absent  in  the  chase  or  pasture-ground. 

The  very  fact  that  the  Vesta  worship  is  the  most  indu- 
bitable of  the  correspondences  between  the  Greek  and 
Roman  mythologies  is  itself  a  proof  of  the  rudimentary 
nature  of  their  common  civilisation.  Only  among  the 
rudest  of  existing  savage  tribes,  such  as  the  Australians, 
is  it  held  a  duty  to  keep  alight  the  Are  ot  the  tribe,  which 
if  extinguished  has  to  be  obtained  from  some  neighbour- 
ing tribe,  as  they  are  ignorant  of  the  means  ot  rekindling 
it.  The  Chippeways  and  Natchez  Indians  had  an  institu- 
tion for  keeping  alight  the  tribal  fire,  certain  persons  be- 
ing set  aside  and  devoted  to  this  occupation  ;  and  the  in- 
corporation and  endowment  of  the  Vestal  Virgins  at  Rome 
seems  to  be  a  survival  of  a  similar  practice,  the  social 
duty,  originally  devolving  on  the  daughters  of  the  house, 
obtaining  a  religious  sanction  as  the  service  of  the  per- 
petual flame.  Taylor,  Aryans,  p.  313. 

Vesta.  An  asteroid  (No.  4)  discovered  by  Gi- 
bers at  Bremen,  March  29, 1807. 

Vesta,  Temple  of.    See  l^voU. 

Vestini  (ves-ti'ni).  In  ancient  history,  a  peo- 
ple of  central  Italy,  living  east  of  the  Sabines : 
probably  of  Sabine  affinities.  They  became  allied 
with  the  Romans  about  30O  B.  c,  and  joined  the  Marsi  in 
the  Social  War. 

Vestris,  Madame.  See  Mathews,  Lucia  Elisabeth. 

Vesulus  (ves'u-lus).  The  ancient  name  of 
Monte  Viso. 

Vesunna  (ve-sun'a).  The  ancient  name  of  P6- 
rigueux. 

Vesuvius  (ve-sii'vi-us).  Mount.  [L.  Vesuvius, 
It.  Vesuvio,  F.  V4suve,  G.  Vesuv.]  The  only  ac- 
tive volcano  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  and  the 
most  noted  one  in  the  world,  situated  on  theBay 
of  Naples,  Italy,  9  miles  east-southeast  of  Na- 
ples. It  has  two  summits — the  volcano  proper  (about 
4,200  feet  high),  and  Monte  Somma  to  the  north (3, 730  feet). 
It  is  now  reached  by  a  wire-rope  railway.  It  was  regarded 
in  ancient  times  as  extinct.  Severe  earthquake  shocks  oc> 
curred  in  63  A.  D.,  and  the  flrst  recorded  eruption  in  79, 
destroying  Pompeii,  Herculaneum,  and  Stabile.  The  most 
destructive  eruption  since  that  time  happened  Dec.  16, 
'1631.  others,  more  or  less  notable,  took  place  in  203, 472, 
612,  685,  1139,  1631,  1707,  1779,  1794,  1822,  1866,  and  1872. 

Vesuvius,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained  near 
Mount  Vesuvius,  about  340  b.  c,  by  the  Romans 
under  Manlius  Torquatus  and  Decius  Mus  over 
the  Latin  League. 


Veszpr^m 

Veazprdm  (ves'pram).  or  Veszprim  (ves'prim), 
G.  Welssbmnn  (vis'brSn).  The  capital  of  the 
eoiinty  of  Veszprim,  Hungary,  63  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Biidapest:  the  seat  of  a  Koman 
Catholic  bishopric,  it  has  a  trade  in  wine  and  grain. 
Itwas  captoied  by  Maximilian  in  1490 ;  by  tlie  Hungarians 
in  1491 ;  by  the  Germans  in  1527 ;  by  the  Turks  in  1652 ; 
by  the  Germans  in  1566 ;  by  the  grand  vizir  Sinan  in  1694 ; 
by  the  Imperialists  in  1598 ;  and  by  the  Turks  again  in 
1606,  who  finally  lost  it  in  1683.  Population  (1890),  12,655. 

"Veta  Madre  (va'ta  ma'dra).  [Sp.,  'mother 
lode,'  J.  e.  chief  lode.]  A  celebrated  silver  lode, 
or  system  of  lodes,  near  Guanajuato,  Mexico. 
It  is  about  8  miles  long.  It  was  discovered  in  1568,  and 
Humboldt  calculated  that,  up  to  1800,  it  had  yielded  one 
fifth  of  the  silver  then  current  in  the  world.  It  has  been 
worked  to  a  great  depth,  and  most  of  the  shafts  are  now 
abandoned  owing  to  the  lack  of  drainage-machinery  of 
sufficient  power. 

■Vetancurt(va-tan-k6rt'),  Agustin  de.    Bom 

at  Mexico  City,  1620 :  died  there,  1700.  A  Mexi- 
can Franciscan  author.  His  most  important  work 
is  "Teatro  Mexicano"  (4  parts  in  2  vols.,  1697-98),  an  eth- 
nographical and  historical  account  of  New  Spain.  He 
published  many  other  books,  including  biographies,  theo- 
logical treatises,  and  a  grammar  of  the  Nahuatl  language. 
Also  written  Vetanaur,  Vetancour,  etc. 

Veteran!  Cave  (ve-te-ra'ne  kav).  A  large  cav- 
ern on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube,  in  southern 
Hungary,  about  12  miles  from  Old  Orsova.  It 
was  defended  lor  45  days  against  an  overwhelming  Turk- 
ish force  in  1691  by  Baron  von  Amau,  at  the  command  of 
Count  "Veterani  (whence  its  name). 

Veto  (ve'to),  Madame.  A  sobriquet  given  to 
Marie  Antoinette  during  the  French  Eevolu- 
tion.  She  is  mentioned  by  this  name  in  "La 
Carmagnole." 

Vetterli  (vet'ter-le),  Friedricli.    Bom  in  the 
canton  of  Thurgau,  Aug.  15,  1822:  died  May 
21,  1882.     A  Swiss  inventor,  director  of  the 
manufacture  of  firearms  in  NeuchS,tel.     His 
magazine-gun  was  adopted  by  Switzerland  in 
1868,  and  by  Italy  in  1870. 
Vettern,  Lake.    See  JVettem. 
Veuillot  (ve-yo'),  Louis.    Born  at  Boynes, 
Loiret,  France,  Oct.  11,  1813:    died  at  Paris, 
April  7,  1883.     A  French  journalist,  publicist, 
and  author:  leader  of  the  French  ITltramon- 
tanes.    He  was  editor  of  the  Paris  "TJnivers," 
and  wrote  various  polemical  and  other  works. 
Veules  (v61).    A  watering-place  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine-Inf^rieure,  France,  on  the  Eng- 
lish Channel  15  miles  west  of  Dieppe. 
Veulettes  (ve-lef).    A  watering-place  in  the 
department  of  Seine-Inf  6rieure,  France,  on  the 
English  Channel  24  miles  west  of  Dieppe. 
Vevey,  orVevay  (ve-va').     [Q.Vivis,  li.ViMs- 
cum.l   A  town  in  the  canton  of  Vaud,  Switzer- 
land, situated  on  Lake  Geneva,  at  the  mouth 
of  tie  Veveyse,  12  miles  east-southeast  of  Lau- 
sanne. It  is  a  favorite  resort  of  tourists,  and  is 
noted  for  its  festival  of  vine-dressers.  Popula- 
tion f  1888),  9,571. 
Vexin  (ve-sai')-  -An  ancient  territory  in  north- 
em  France,  northwest  of  Paris,    it  was  included 
partly  in  Normandy  (the  KormanVexin)  and  partly  in  lie- 
de-France  (the  French  Vexin).    Norman  Vexin  now  forms 
part  of  the  departments  of  Eure  and  Seiue-lnf^rieure :  its 
capital  was  Gisors.     French  Vexin  forms  part  of  the  de- 
partments ot  Oise  and  Seine-et-Oise :  its  capital  was  Pon- 
toise.    'Vexin  was  a  county  in  the  early  middle  ages.    Part 
ot  it  was  granted  to  the  Normans  in  912,  and  part  was  at- 
tached tc  the  crown.  The  latter  was  definitely  acquired  in 
the  reign  of  Philip  I. 
Vfeelay(vaz-la')-  [ML.  Vizeliacus,  Veseliaeus.'] 
A  small  town  in  the  department  of  Yonne, 
France,  25  miles  south-southeast  of  Auxerre : 
noted  for  its  abbey,  founded  in  the  9th  century. 
St  Bernard  preached  the  second  Crusade  here  in  1146,  and 
it  was  the  rendezvous  of  Bichard  the  Lion-Hearted  and 
Philip  Augustus  before  starting  for  the  third  Crusade. 
V6zfere  (va-zar').    Ariverin  France  which  joins 
the  Dordogne  23  miles  south-southeast  of  P6- 
rigueux.    Length,  about  120  miles. 
Via  .ffimilia(vi'a  e-mil'i-a).  [L.,  '^milianWay.' 
See  the  def .]      Xn  important  ancient  Koman 
highway,  the  earliest  in  northern  Italy,  con- 
necting Placentia  (Piaeenza)  and  Ariminum 
(Rimini),  where  it  met  the  Plaminian  Way. 
Later  branches  extended  from  Eimini  to  Bologna,  and 
thence  to  Aquileia,  and  from  Piaeenza  to  Pavia,  and  the 
main  road  was  extended  from  Piaeenza  to  Milan  and  Aosta. 
The  original  highway  was  built  by  M.  iEmilius  lepidusin 
187  B.  0.,  and  is  still  in  use. 
Via  Appia.    See  Appian  Way. 
Via  Aurelia  (a-re'li-a).     [L.,  'Aurehan  Way '] 
One  of  the  chief  ancient  Roman  highways,     it 
was  built  toward  the  close  of  the  republic,  exactly  when  is 
unknown,  and  extended  from  Home,  for  the  most  part  along 
the  coast,  to  Pisa,  whence  it  was  continued  along  the  Ligu- 
rian  shore  to  the  Maritime  Alps,  and  by  Augustus  was 
carried  into  Gaul.     There  are  considerable  remains  of  the 
road,  notably  along  the  Italian  and  French  Eiviera. 
Via  Cassia  (kash'i-a).  [L.,'CassianWay.']  An 


1035 

ancient  Roman  highway  which  extended  from 
Rome  through  Etruria  to  Arretium  (Arezzo), 
and  thence  to  Florence  and  Lucca,  it  was  in  ex- 
istence before  the  end  of  the  republic,  but  the  time  of  its 
construction  is  unknown. 
ViaClodia(kl6'di-a).  [L.,'ClodianWay.']  An 
ancient  Roman  highway  of  the  time  of  the  re- 
public, extending  though  Etruria  on  a  line 
about  parallel  with  the  Via  Cassia,  it  was  a 
branch  of  the  Via  Cassia,  which  it  left  about  10  miles  from 
Kome,  where  its  pavement  still  exists,  and  appears  to  have 
ended  at  Saturnia,  passing  through  Bracciano  and  Bieda. 

Via  Dolorosa  (vi'a  dol-o-ro'sa).  [L., 'Dolorous 
Way.']  A  name  given  ty  Christians  to  the  road 
from  the  Moant  of  Olives  to  Golgotha. 

Via  Egnatia  (eg-na'shi-a).  An  important  an- 
cient Roman  military  road,  running  from  the 
coast  of  the  Adriatic  at  Dyrrachium  (Durazzo) 
through  Illyria  and  Macedonia  to  Thessalonica, 
and  thence  by  Philippi  through  Thrace  to  Cyp- 
sela  (modern  Ipsala) .  The  date  of  its  construction  is 
unknown.  Its  length  was  634  Roman  miles.  There  are 
abundant  remains  of  the  road,  especially  near  Salonica. 

Via  Flaminia.    See  Flamiwian  Way. 

ViaLatina(la-ti'na).  [L.,' Latin  Way.']  One 
of  the  great  highways  leaving  ancient  Rome. 
It  ran  to  Casilinum  (near  Capua),  where  it  united  with  the 
Appian  Way.  A  branch  was  later  carried  from  Teanum 
to  Beneventum.  Both  the  Via  Latlna  and  the  Appian 
Way  left  Rome  by  the  Porta  Capena.  The  Via  Latina  un- 
doubtedly existed  as  a  road  for  a  long  period  before  it  was 
regularly  constructed  and  paved.  The  invading  forces  of 
both  Pyrrhus  and  Hannibal  followed  its  course.  There 
are  extensive  remains,  not  only  of  the  paved  way,  but  of 
the  bordering  tombs  and  monuments. 

Via  Mala  (ve'a  ma'la).  A  picturesque  portion 
of  the  road  leading  up  the  valley  of  the  Hinter 
Rhein,  immediately  south  of  Tusi,  canton  of 
Grisons,  Switzerland.  It  traverses  a  deep  and 
narrow  chasm. 

Viana  (ve-a'na) .  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Navarre,  Spain,  situated  near  the  Ebro  op- 
posite Logrono.  Near  here  Cesare  Borgia  was 
defeated  and  slain  in  1507. 

Via  Ostiensis  (vi'a  os-ti-en'sis).  [L.,'Ostian 
Way.']  The  ancient  highway  from  Rome  to 
Ostia.  It  followed  the  left  bank  of  the  Tiber, 
cutting  across  the  larger  bends  of  the  river. 

Via  Portuensis  (p6r-tTi-en'sis).  The  ancient 
highway  from  Rome  to  the  new  imperial  seaport 
Portus  Trajani.  its  course,  which  can  still  be  followed, 
is  along  the  right  bank  of  the  Tiber. 

ViaPrsenestina(pren-es-ti'na).  [L.,'Pr£enes- 
tine  Way.']  A  very  ancient  highway  from  Rome 
through  Gabii  to  Prseneste  (Palestrina), whence 
it  was  continued  to  join  the  Via  Latina  at 
Anagnia.     There  are  interesting  remains. 

Viardot(vyar-do'),  Louis.  Bom  at  Dijon,  July 
31, 1800:  died  at  Paris,  May  5, 1883.  A  French 
author.  He  studied  law  at  Paris,  became  a  journalist, 
and  was  manager  of  the  Th&tre  Italien  1838-41.  With 
George  Sand  and  Pierre  Leroux  he  founded  in  1841  the 
"Revue  Ind^pendante."  He  wrote  "  Histoire  des  Arabes 
et  des  Maures  d'Espagne"  (1851),  etc. 

Viardot-G-arcia  (vyar-do'gar-the'a),  Michele 
Ferdinande  Pauline.  Born  at  Paris,  July  18, 
1821.  A  noted  French  opera-singer  and  actress, 
daughter  of  Manuel  Garcia,  sister  of  MaUbran, 
andwifeof  L.Viardot.  Her  voice  is  amezzo-soprano. 
She  was  a  pupil  of  her  mother  and  of  Liszt  (for  the  piano), 
and  made  her  first  appearance  as  a  singer  at  Brussels  in 
1837.  In  1849  she  created  the  part  of  Fid6s  in  Meyerbeer's 
"  ProphSte,"  which  she  sang  more  than  two  hundred  times 
in  all  the  great  cities  of  Europe.  Among  her  other  rfiles 
are  Rahel  ("  La  Juive  "),  OrphSe  in  Gluck's  opera  of  that 
name  (the  part  was  restored  to  the  contralto  register,  for 
which  it  was  written,  by  Berlioz),  Alceste,  Desdemona, 
Norma,  Cenerentola,  Romeo,  Lucia,  Azucena,  Zerlina,  and 
many  others.  She  retired  from  the  operatic  stage  in  1863, 
and  has  since  sung  only  in  concerts.  Since  1871  she  has 
lived  in  Paris,  and  has  given  her  time  to  teaching.  She 
has  published  songs,  etc.  Her  three  daughters  and  a  son 
are  all  musicians. 

Viareggio  (ve-a-red'j6).  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Lucca,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean 14  miles  north-northwest  of  Pisa.  It  is  a 
frequented  watering-place.  Population  (1881), 
10,190:  commune,  12,735. 

Via  Salaria  (vi'a  sa-la'ri-a).  One  of  the  most 
celebrated  of  ancient  Roman  highways,  it  ran 
from  Rome  up  the  Tiber  valley  to  Reate  (Rleti),then  crossed 
the  Apennines  and  descend  ed  the  valley  of  the  Tronto,  past 
Ascoli,  to  Castrum  Truentinum  on  the  Adriatic.  Here  it 
branched,  one  road  running  north  to  Ancona  and  the  other 
south  to  Adria.  The  date  of  this  highway  is  unknown :  it 
is  undoubtedly  very  old,  and  existed  as  a  route  long  before 
it  was  built  as  a  public  work. 

Viatka.    See  Vyatka. 

Viau  (vyo),  Th^pMle  de.  Bom  near  Agen, 
France,  1590 :  died  at  Paris,  1626.  A  French 
poet.  He  wrote  the  tragedy  "  Pyrame  et  Thish§  "  (1617), 
and  for  his  part  in  the  authorship  of  "Pamasse  Satirique  " 
(1622)  was  condemned  to  death.  His  sentence  was  com- 
muted to  banishment.  His  complete  works  were  published 
in  1856.  .     ,   ,. 

Viaud  (vyo),  Louis  Mane  Julien:  pseudonym 


Vichy 

Pierre  Loti.  Born  at  Rochefort,  Charento- 
Inf^rieure,  Jan.  14,  1850.  A  French  novelist 
He  was  admitted  to  the  French  training-ship  Borda  in 
1867,  traveled  extensively,  and  took  part  in  several  cam- 
paigns. His  comrades  nicknamed  him  Loti  after  an  Indian 
flower.  His  novels  are  largely  exotic  in  their  subject-mat- 
ter, and  reveal  forcibly  the  author's  keen  poetic  instinct 
and  ideality.  Loti's  works  include  "Aziyad^"  (1879), 
"Rarahu:  idylle  polyn^sienne,"  the  reprint  of  which  was 
entitled  "Le  mariage  de  Loti"  (1880),  "Le  roman  d'un 
Spahi"  (1881),  "Fleurs  d'ennui,"  "Pasquala  Ivnovitch," 
"Suleima"  (1882),  "Mon  Irfere  Yves"  (1883),  "Les  trois 
dames  de  la  Kasbah"(1884),  "PScheur  dlslande"  (1886), 
"Madame  Chrysanthfeme,"  "Propos  d'exil"  (1887),  "Ja- 
poneries  d'antomne"  (1889).  Of  late  years  he  has  also 
written  "Au  Maroc,"  "Le  roman  d'un  enfant,"  and  "Le 
livre  de  la  piti^  et  de  la  mort " ;  and  bis  most  recent  pub- 
lications are  "Fantflme  d'Orient"  (1892)  and  "Matelot" 
(1893).  In  1891  he  was  elected  by  the  French  Academy  " 
to  fill  the  seat  left  vacant  by  the  death  of  Octave  Feuillet. 
Via  Valeria  (vi'a  va-le'ri-a).  [L.,' Valerian 
Way.']  One  of  the  principal  highways  of  ancient 
Rome.  It  continued  the  Via  Tiburtina,  which  led  from 
Rome  to  Tibur  (Tivoli),  to  Lake  Fucinns  and  the  Marsic 
territory,  and  was  afterward  extended  to  the  Adriatic  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Aternus.  The  time  of  its  construction 
as  far  as  Cerfennia,  near  modem  Coll'  Armeno,  on  Lake 
Fucinns,  is  unknown ;  its  continuation  through  the  Apen- 
nines at  Mens  Imeus,  and  in  the  Aternus  valley,  was  built 
by  Claudius.  Many  portions  of  the  roadway  survive,  with 
the  ancient  mile-stones  and  other  remains. 

Vibert  (ve-bar'),  Jehan  Georges.  Born  at 
Paris,Sept.30,1840:  diedthere,  July  27, 1902.  A 
French  genre-painter  and  writer,  a  pupil  of  Bar- 
rias  and  Picot.  Among  his  works  are  "Entiy  of  Bull- 
Fighters"  (with  Zamacois,  1867),  "Coquelin  as  Masca- 
rille''  (1874),  "Grasshopper  and  Ant"  (1876),  "Monsei- 
gaeur'sAntechamber"  (1876) ,  "'The  Despair  of  Polichinelle" 
(1892),  "The  Arrival"  (1886),  "The  Apotheosis  of  M. 
Thiers"  (1878),  "Committee  on  Moral  Books"  (NewYorlt), 
"Theological  Discussion"  (New  York):  many  others  are 
in  the  United  States.  In  1879-80  he  exhibited  only  in  the 
exhibitions  of  the  French  Water-color  Society,  of  which 
he  was  one  of  the  founders.  He  wrote  a  number  of  short 
plays,  monologues,  etc.,  and  also  published  "La  science 
de  la  peinture  "  (1891). 

Viborg,  or  Wiborg  (ve'borg).  A  laen  in  south- 
eastern Finland.  Area,  16,627  square  miles. 
Population  (1890),  351,600. 

Viborg,  or  Wiborg  (ve'borg).  A  seaport,  capi- 
tal of  the  laen  of  Viborg,  situated  on  the  Bay  of 
Viborg  85  miles  northwest  of  St.  Petersburg. 
It  exports  timber.  The  town  was  taken  by  the  Russians 
in  1709.  It  contains  a  castle  built  in  1293.  Population 
(1890),  20,348. 

Viborg  (ve'borG).  An  amt  in  the  central  part 
of  Jutland,  Denmark.    Population,  100,783. 

Viborg  (ve'borG).  A  town  in  Jutland,  Denmark, 
in  lat  56°  27'  N. :  probably  the  oldest  town  in 
Jutland.  It  has  a  cathedral,  a  spacious  Romanesque 
basilica  of  the  r2tb  century,  thoroughly  restored  since 
1863.  It  is  built  entirely  of  granite,  with  good  architec- 
tural details,  notably  a  beautiful  chevet.  The  very  inter- 
esting crypt  is  entirely  of  the  original  construction.  Popu- 
lation, 8,362. 

Vicar  of  Bray,  The.  A  well-known  song  writ- 
ten by  an  officer  in  the  British  army  in  the  reign 
of  George  I.     See  B7-ay. 

Vicar  of  Wakefield,  The.  A  novel  by  Gold- 
smith, published  in  1766:  so  called  from  its 
chief  character,  Dr.  Primrose,  in  1886  ninety-six 
editions  had  been  published.  It  has  been  several  times 
dramatized  (by  W.  G.  Wills  (1878)  as  "  Olivia"). 

Vicente  (ve-sen'ta),  Gil.  Bom  about  1470:  died 
1537(?).   A  Portuguese  author.  He  wrote  pastorals 
and  plays  for  the  Portuguese  court  after  1502.    His  works 
in  Portuguese  and  Spanish  include  comedies,  farces,  autos, 
and  tragicomedies. 
Vicenza  (ve-chent'za).    [L.  ViceUa,  ML.  Vicen- 
tia.']    The  capital  of  the  province  of  Vicenza, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  Bacchiglione,  at  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Retrone,  in  lat.  45°  33'  N.,  long. 
11°  32'  E.    It  has  considerable  trade,  and  important  silk 
manufactures ;  and  is  noted  for  its  buildings  by  PaUadio 
and  others.    The  cathedral  is  a  structure  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury, with  later  alterations.    The  nave  is  of  60  ieet  span, 
and  there  are  no  aisles ;  the  raised  choir  is  approached  by 
a  fine  flight  of  steps.    The  Renaissance  door  on  the  north 
side  is  by  Falladio,  the  lofty  dome  by  Giulio  Romano.  The 
campanile  is  of  the  13th  century,  on  a  Roman  foundation. 
Vicenza  was  ruled  by  the  Delia  Scala  family  and  others 
from  the  time  of  the  emperor  Henry  VII.;  passed  to  Ven- 
ice about  1404;  revolted  against  Austria  in  1848;  and  ca- 
pitulated to  Radetzky  June  11, 1848.    Pop.  (1892),  40,000. 
Vicenza,    A  province  in  the  compartimento  of 
Venetia,  Italy.  Area,  1,052  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation (1892),  436,538. 
Vicenza,  Duke  of.    See  Caulaincourt. 
Vich,  or  Viq,ue  (vek).    A  town  in  the  province 
of  Barcelona,  Spain,  38  miles  north  of  Barce- 
lona :  the  ancient  Ansa,  later  Ausona.  it  has  a 
cathedral  and  flourishing  manufactures.    In  713  it  was 
destroyed  by  the  Arabs,  and  was  rebuilt  by  the  Franks  ol 
the  Spanish  March  in  798.    On  Feb.  19, 1810,  it  was  unsuc- 
cessfully assaulted  by  the  Spaniards  under  O'Donnell. 
Population  (1887),  11,640. 
Vichy  (ve-she').    [L.  Vicus  Calidtis;  also  Aqux 
Calidm,  hot  springs.]    A  town  and  watering- 
place  in  the  department  of  Allier,  France,  sit- 
uated on  the  Allier  32  miles  south  by  east  ol 


Vichy 

Moulms.  It  has  been  celebrated  since  Roman  times 
for  its  mineral  springs  (Grande  Grille,  Fuits-Carr^,  L'HO- 
pital,  etcA  and  is  the  most  frequented  watering-place  in 
France.    Population  (1S91),  commune,  10,870. 

Vicinal  way  (vis'i-nal  wa).  [L.  Via  Vioinalis, 
a  field  road  used  in  common.]  An  old  Boman 
road  by  which  produce  was  brought  from  the 
farms  of  Essex  to  London.  At  first  it  left  the  city 
with  Ermyn  Street  at  Biahopsgate,  later  at  Aldgate  when 
Bow  Bridge  was  built.  From  Bishopsgate  It  ran  eastward 
to  Durolitum  (now  Romford)  in  Essex ;  next  to  Csesaxo- 
magus  (now  Chelmsford) ;  thence  to  Canonium  (now  Kelve- 
don)  on  the  river  Paut ;  and  thence  to  Camulodunum,  the 
first  Roman  colonia  (now  Colchester),  The  road  crossed 
t^Me  Stour  at  Ad  Ansem  (now  Stratford),  and  thence  ran 
through  Combretonium,  near  Woodbridge,  to  Sitomagus 
(now  Dunwich)  on  the  coast,  and  terminated  at  Venta  of 

.  the  Iceni  (now  Caistor),  near  Norwich.  From  Norwich  a 
direct  road  ran  to  Cambridge. 

Vicksburg  (viks'berg).  The  capital  of  Warren 
County,  Mississippi,  situated  on  the  Missis- 
sippi in  lat.  32°  23'  N.  It  is  the  largest  city  in  the 
State,  and  is  the  chief  place  on  the  river  between  Mem- 
phis and  New  Orleans.  It  has  important  manufactures 
and  a  large  export  of  cotton.  It  was  of  great  strategic 
importance  in  the  first  part  of  the  Civil  War,  and  an  uu; 
successful  attempt  to  capture  it  was  made  byvSherman  at 
the  close  of  1862.  Grant's  advance  on  "V  icksburg  from  the 
south  and  east  began  in  April,  1863.  Federal  victories 
were  gained  at  Port  Gibson  May  1,  Raymond  May  12, 
Jackson  May  14,  Champion's  Hill  May  16,  and  Big  Black 
May  17,  over  the  Confederates  under  Johnston  and  Pem- 
berton.  Vicksburg  was  invested  May  18 ;  unsuccessful 
assaults  were  made  May  19  and  22 ;  and  the  Confederates 
(30,000,  under  Pemberton)  surrendered  July  4, 1863.  Pop- 
ulation (1900),  14,834. 

Vico  (ve'ko),  Francesco  de.  Bom  at  Maoe- 
rata,  Italy,  1805 :  died  1848,  An  Italian  astron- 
omer. He  made  observations  of  Venus  and  of 
Saturn's  rings,  and  discovered  several  comets. 

Vico,  Giovanni  Battista.  Born  at  Naples, 
1668:  died  Jan.  21,  1744.  An  Italian  philoso- 
pher and  jurist,  professor  of  rhetoric  at  Na- 
ples and  historiographer  royal.  His  chief  works 
are  "Principii d'una  scienza  nnova,  etc." (1725),  "De au- 
tiquissima  Italorum  sapientia  "  (1710),  "De  universi  juris 
uno  principio  et  fine  uno  "  (1720). 

Vica  d'Azyr  (vek'da-zer'),  F^lix.  Bom  1748  : 
died  1794.  A  French  comparative  anatomist 
and  physiologist. 

Victor  (vik' tor)  I.  [L.,' conqueror,']  Bishop  of 
Rome  about  187-200  A,  D,  He  excommunicated 
the  Monarchian  Theodotus, 

Victor  II.  (Gebhard).  Pope  1057-59.  He  en- 
deavored to  suppress  simony  and  the  marriage 
of  priests. 

Victor  III.  (Desiderius).  Pope  1086-87.  He 
was  earlier  abbot  of  Monte  Cassino. 

Victor  IV.  (Gregorio  Oonti).  Antipope, 
chosen  in  1138  in  opposition  to  Innocent  II. 

Victor  IV.  (Octavianus  or  Octavius).  Anti- 
pope,  chosen  in  1159  in  opposition  to  Alexan- 
der HI, 

Victor  Amadous  (vik'tor  am-a-de'us  )  I,  Duke 
of  Savoy  1630-37, 

Victor  Amadous  II.  (as  King  of  Sardinia,  Vic- 
tor Amadous  I.).  Born  1666 :  died  1732.  Duke 
of  Savoy  and  King  of  Sardinia.  He  succeeded  to 
the  duchy  in  167B ;  sided  with  the  Allies  in  the  wars 
against  France ;  received  Sicily  in  1713 ;  ceded  Sicily  to 
Austria  in  1720,  and  received  Sardinia  in  exchange ;  as- 
sumed the  title  of  king  of  Sardinia ;  and  abdicated  in  1730. 

Victor  Amadous  III.  (as  King  of  Sardinia, 
Victor  Amadeus  II.).  Born  1726:  died  1796. 
Duke  of  Savoy  and  King  of  Sardinia,  son  of 
Charles  Emmanuel  III.  He  reigned  1773-96, 
and  lost  Nice,  Savoy,  and  places  in  Piedmont 
to  Prance. 

Victor  Emmanuel  (or  Emanuel)  (e-man'u-el) 
I,  Bom  1759:  died  1824.  King  of  Sardinia 
1802-21,  son  of  Victor  Amadeus  III.  He  ruled  at 
first  in  Sardinia,  but  received  Nice,  Savoy,  Piedmont,  and 
Genoa  18M-16,    He  abdicated  in  1821. 

Victor  Emmanuel  (or  Emanuel)  II.,  King  of 
Sardinia  (as  King  of  Italy,  Victor  Emmanuel  I. ). 
[It.  Vittorio  Emanuele.']  Born  at  Turin,  March 
14,  1820:  died  at  Rome,  Jan.  9,  1878.  He  was 
the  son  of  Charles  Albert,  king  of  Sardinia ; 
served  with  distinction  at  the  battle  of  Goito 
in  1848,  and  in  the  campaigns  of  1848-49  ;  and 
was  present  at  the  battle  of  Novara  March  23, 
1849,  on  the  evening  of  which  day  he  succeeded 
■to  the  throne  of  Sardinia  by  the  abdication  of 
his  father,  in  1862  he  made  Cayourhis  chief  political 
adviser,  in  accordance  with  whose  policy  he  supported 
France  and  Great  Britain  in  the  Crimean  war,  and  allied 
himself  with  France  against  Austria  in  1869  (see  Italian 
War  of  1859).  He  received  Lombardy  from  Austria  in  1859, 
and  in  1860  annexed  Tuscany,  Parma,  Modena,  the  Roma- 
gna,  the  Two  Sicilies,  the  Marches,  and  Umbria.  He  ceded 
Savoy  and  Nice  to  France  in  1860 ;  assumed  the  title  "king 
of  Italy  "  in  1861;  and  allied  himself  with  Prussia  against 
Austria  in  1866,  as  a  result  of  which  he  received  the  cession 
of  Venetia  from  the  latter  country.  The  complete  union 
of  Italy  was  effected  by  the  occupation  of  Rome  in  1870. 

Victor  Emmanuel  (or  Emanuel)  III.  Born  at 
Naples,  Nov.  11,  1869.    King  of  Italy.    He  as- 


1036 

cended  the  throne  on  the  death  of  his  father, 
Humbert,  July  29,  1900. 

Victoria  (yik-to'ri-a).  In  Boman  mythology, 
the  personification  of  victory. 

Victoria:  full  name  Alexandrina  Victoria 
( al-eg-zan-dri'  na  vik-to  'ri-a) .  Born  at  London, 
May  24,  1819:  died  at  OslJbrne  House,  Isle  of 
Wight,  Jan.  22,  1901.  Queen  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  and  Empress  of  India,   she  was  the 

onlychildof  the  Duke  of  Kent,  fourth  son  of  George  III ,      -  - 

and  was  educated  under  the  direction  of  her  mother  and    ^^  Speke  in  18S8,  and  was  visited  by  Grant,  Stanley,  and 
of  the  Duchess  of  Northumberland.    On  the  death  of -2"'®'^-  ......  .     x, 

William  IV.,  the  third  son  of  George  HI.,  she  succeeded  Victoria  Strait.  A  sea  passage  in  the  arctie 
to  the  throne,  June  20, 1837;  was  crowned  June  28, 1838;  regions,  between  King  William  Island  on  the 
d?ed  Defu  wm''k?"?n^sin^Hp;*Vl3?w''^  <"''"   eait  and  Victoria  Land  on  the  west. 

tr'eSaLo;Stle'(?nlhe'Kndso™^^^^^^^ 

Scotland),  Osborne  (Isle  of  "Wight),  and  Windsor.  She  Parliament,  London.  See  Parhament,  Houses  of . 
assumed  the  title  of  Empress  of  India  in  1877.  I'he  jubl-  Victor-Perrin  (vek-tor'pe-ran'),  ClaudC,  Duke 
J??S'  herreign  was  celebrated  in  1887,  .and  her  diamond    ^t  Belluno.   Born  atLamarche,  Vosges,  France, 


Vidal 

Land  and  east  of  WoUaston  Land, — 2.  A  land 
in  the  antarctic  regions,  about  lat.  71°-79°  S.  r 
discovered  by  Ross  in  1841. 
Victoria  Nyanza  (ni-au'zS).  A  great  lake  of 
equatorial  Africa,  the  source  of  the  Nile,  which, 
between  Victoria  Nyanza  and  Albert  Nyanza, 
has  been  named  the  Somerset  Nile,  it  is  crossed 
in  its  northern  part  by  the  equator.  The  Nile  stream 
Issues  about  centrally  from  the  north.  Area,  about  30,000 
square  miles.    Elevation,  3,880  feet.    It  was  discovered 


jubilee  (60  years)  in  1897.  (For  the  leading  events  in  her 
reign,  see  England.)  She  was  author  in  part  of  "  Leaves 
from  the  Journal  of  Our  Life  in  the  Highlands "  (1868), 
and  "More  Leaves  from  the  Journal  of  a  Life  in  the 
Highlands"  (1884).  She  supervised  the  preparation  of 
lives  of  the  Prince  Consort  by  C.  Grey  and  Theodore 
Martin. 

Victoria.  A  state  of  the  Commonwealth  of 
Australia.  Capital,  Melbourne.  It  is  bounded  by 
New  South  Wales  (largely  separated  by  Munay  River)  on 
the  north,  the  ocean  on  the  south,  and  South  Australia  on 
the  west.  It  is  very  rich  in  gold,  and  has  many  sheep; 
the  chief  exports  are  wool,  gold,  live  stock,  wheat,  and  flour. 
Victoriahas37 counties.  Itsgovemoris appointed bythe 
crown,  and  is  aided  by  a  cabinet.    There  is  a  parliament 


Dee.  7,  1764:  died  at  Paris,  March  1,  1841.  A 
French  marshal.  He  served  as  chief  of  battalion  at 
Toulon  in  1793;  became  brigadier-general  and  was  as- 
signed to  the  army  of  the  East  Pyrenees  near  the  end  of  the 
year ;  took  part  in  the  early  Italian  campaigns,  becoming  a 
general  of  division  in  1797 ;  commanded  in  Vendfe ;  fought 
at  Marengo  in  1800 ;  was  ambassador  to  Denmark  in  18U5 ; 
became  a  marsh^  for  his  part  in  the  victory  of  Friedland 
in  1807 ;  was  made  duke  of  Belluno  after  the  peace  of  Tilsit, 
and  was  for  a  time  govemorof  Berlin ;  received  command 
of  the  1st  army  corps  in  Spain  in  1808 ;  gained  various  suc- 
cesses, but  was  defeated  by  Wellington  at  Talavera ;  guard- 
ed the  French  retreat  at  the  Beresina  in  1812 ;  served  in 
the  campaigns  of  1813-14 ;  and  was  minister  of  war  1821- 


of  two  chambers— theLegislalive  Council  and  liCgislative  Victory  (vii'to-ri).  A  British  line-of -battle 
Assembly  (both  elected)  It  was  first  settled  in  1835;  ship  of  100  guns'.  She  was  the  flag-ship  of  Vice-Admiral 
formed  at  first  a  part  of  New  South  Wales  (and  was  called  lqj J  Howe  before  Toulon  and  Corsica  1793-94 ;  the  flag- 
•  ,  S"/'  ?,'",'1'P  District) ;  and  was  made  a  separate  colony  g^jp  „(  g;,  joi,n  jervis  in  action  with  the  Spanish  fleet  off 
in  1861,  Gold  was  discovered  in  1851.  Area,  87,884  square  c^pe  st.  Vincent,  Feb.  14, 1797 ;  and  the  flag-ship  of  Vice- 
miles.  Population  (1894)  estimated,  1,17^144.  _  Admiral  Lord  Nelson  at  Trafalgar,  Oct.  21, 1805. 
Victoria.  The  capital  ot  Bntish  Columbia,  sit-  'Victory.  A  fine  Greco-Roman  statue  in  bronze, 
uated  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Vancouver  larger  than  life,  in  the  MuseoAntieo  at  Brescia, 
Island,  on  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  m  lat.  The  figure  is  winged,  clad  in  light  and  rich  drapery,  and 
48°  25'  N, ,  long.  123°  23'  W.  It  was  formerly  a  is  in  the  act  of  writing  on  a  shield  held  in  the  left  hand 
post  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company.  Population  ™d  supported  on  the  raised  left  knee.  It  is  assigned  to 
(1901)    20  816  the  1st  century  A.  n. 

Victoria  (ve-to're-a).   A  seaport,  capital  of  Victory,  Wingless,  Temple  of.    See  Nike  Ap- 
the  state  of  Espirito  Santo,  Brazil,  situated  on    **''<'*■ 


Victory  Loosing  her  Sandal.  A  famous  relief 
from  the  balustrade  of  the  Temple  of  Wing- 
less Victory,  now  in  the  Acropolis  Museum. 
Athens.     It  dates  from  the  early  part  of  the  fourth 

^f^TamaSfms^'MSoo^^'oT^^^^  VicKf  Lepanto. The.   Amemorial  picture 

ot    lamplipas,   mexlCO,  aOOUt   lat.  Jd     4D    JN.      v,„p„„-'l„Vfirn?^fiSA.iTit,hfiS!i.1fl.rl«ir'nllADHnf>ff,hft 


the  Bay  of  Espirito  Santo  in  lat.  20°  19'  S., 
long.  40°  20'  W,    Population,  about  6,000, 
Victoria  (vik-to 'ri-a).    The  capital  of  Hong- 
kong, situated  on  the  northwestern  coast. 


Population  (1889),  about  8,000. 
Victoria (vik-to'ri-a).  ABritisharmored battle- 
ship (tonnage,  10,400;  indicated  horse-power, 
12, 000)  sunk  by  collision  off  Tripoli,  Syria,  June 
22, 1893.    Itwastheflag-shipof  Vice-AdmiralSirCJeorge 


by  Paolo  Veronese,  in  the  SaladelCoUegio  of  the 
ducal  palace  at  Venice.  The  future  doge,  Sebastian 
Venier,  kneels  before  the  descending  Saviour,  to  whom  he 
is  recommended  by  St.  Mark  and  St.  Justina.  To  the  left 
is  a  figure  of  Faith,  and  behind  is  Barbarigo  with  the  vic- 
torious banners. 


Tiyon,  and  was  lost  in  manoeuvering  through  orders  issued  Victory  Of  Samothrace.    One  of  the  greatest 

by  him  which  led  to  its  being  rammed  by  a  companion  ^rt  monuments  of  antiquity,  found  in  Samo- 

mdmen  we?eTro™er"    ™*  "^"^'"^         ^         "  ^^^^^  ^^  1863,  andnowin  the  Louvre  Paris.  The 

ViVtnrin       An  astfirnid  CNo    121  discovered  bv  colossal  winged  figure  (of  which  the  head  has  been  lost) 

Victoria.     An  asieroiQ  V~^'^->f)  lusi-overeu  uy  ^^^^^^  ^^.^^  ^^  drapery  blown  by  the  wind,  on  the  prow 

Hmtt  at  London,  bept.  id,  i»OU.  of  a  trireme.  The  work  is  of  HeUeniatic  date. 

Victoria  (vek-to're-a),  Guadalupe  (Juan  Felix  Vicuna  Mackenna  (ve-kon'ya  mak-ka'na), 

Fernandez).    BomiuDurango,  1789:  diedat  Benjamin.    Born  at  Santiago,  Aug.  25,  1831: 

Perote,  March  21,  1843.    A  Mexican  general  died  on  his  estate  of  Santa  Rosa  de  Colmo,  Jan. 


and  politician.  He  was  prominent  on  the  patriot  side 
during  the  war  for  independence,  and  adopted  the  name 
Guadalupe  Victoria  to  commemorate  a  victory  over  the 
Spaniards.  After  assisting  in  the  overthrow  of  iturbide, 
he  was  a  member  of  the  provisional  government,  March, 
lS23,-Oot.,  1824 ;  was  the  candidate  of  the  federalists  in 
the  ensuing  election ;  ,and  was  first  president  of  Mexico, 
Oct.  10, 1824,  to  April  1, 1829.  There  were  revolts  in  1828- 
1829. 

Victoria,  La.  One  of  the  vessels  composing 
the  squadron  of  Magalhaes,  1519-21.  She  was  the 
only  one  to  return  to  Europe  around  the  Gape  of  Good  Hope, 
and  was  thus  the  first  vessel  to  circumnavigate  the  globe. 
(See  Cano,  Sebastian  dd.)    Subsequently  she  was  used  in 


25,  1886,  A  Chilean  historian.  He  was  engaged 
in  the  revolts  of  1851,  and  was  obliged  to  leave  the  country, 
traveling  in  the  United  States  and  Europe  until  1856,  when 
he  was  allowed  to  return.  He  engaged  in  journalism,  but 
was  again  banished  1858-63;  was  elected  to  Congress 
1864 ;  and  was  special  envoy  to  Peru  and  the  United  States 
1865-67,  In  1875  he  was  the  candidate  of  the  liberal  party 
for  the  presidency.  His  works,  which  are  numerous,  relate 
mainly  to  the  history  of  Chile :  they  are  written  in  pop- 
ular style,  but  are  generally  very  accurate.  Among  the 
best-known  are  "El  Ostracismo  de  los  Carreras"  (1857), 
"Historia  de  larevolucion  del  Peril "  (1860),  "El  Ostracismo 
del  general  O'Higgins  "  (1860),  "  Historia  de  la  adniinistra- 
cion  Montt "  (1862),  "  Historia  de  Chile  "  (1868),  and  "  Cam- 

^ , ,         .  ...       1  pafiasde  Aricay  Tacna"(1880). 

two  voyages  to  the  West  Indies,  and  was  lost  while  return-  ttij-  CvS'rla'i    IVTarcn  fHrnlnmn      ■Rnm  nt.  Crp- 
,T,o- fmm  t.hB  Rocnnd  one.    The  Victoria  was  of  about  90  vioa  (ve  aa),  marco  viiTOiamo.    JiOrnat^re 

mona,  Italy,  about  1480:  died  Sept,  27,  1566. 
An  Italian  Latin  poet.  He  was  made  by  Leo  X. 
prior  in  Frascati,  and  by  Clement  VII.  in  1532  bishop  of 


Alba.  His  Latin  poems  Include  the  religious  epic  "Chris- 
tias"  (in  6  books,  1635),  "Dearte  poetica"  (1537),  "De 
bombyce"  (1527 :  on  silk-culture),  "De  ludo  scacchorum" 


tons  burden,  and  carried  45  men. 

Victoria  (vik-to'ri-a),  or  Alexandrina  (al-eg- 

zan-dri'na).  Lake."  An  expansion  of  the  Mur- 
ray Riveri  Australia,  at  its  mouth. 
Victoria  Bridge.    A  tubular  iron  bridge  built  ^     ,    ^ 

across  the  St.  Lawrence  Eiver  a.t  Montreal  by-  4^^!^;°?  °^'J?^\f^p=„,„ 

Robert  Stephenson  in  1854-59,    In  1898  it  was  Y-ldal  (ve-dal  ),  Pierre. 

replaced  by  the  Victoria  Jubilee  Bridge, 
Victoria  Cave.    A  cave  near  Settle,  in  York- 

shire,  England. 
Victoria  Embankment.    See  Thames Embanh- 

ment. 
Victoria  Falls.    A  cataract  of  the  Zambesi 

River,  about  lat,  17°  55'  S.,  long.  26°  32'  E.     it 

is  one  of  the  grandest  waterfalls  in  the  world.    Height, 

about  360  feet.  Width,  about  1,000  yards.  It  was  first  seen 

by  Livingstone  in  1855. 
Victoria  Lake.    A  large  lake  in  the  Pamir, 

central  Asia,  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Amu- 

Daria.    Elevation,  about  14,000  feet. 
Victoria  Land.   1 .  A  land  in  the  arctic  regions, 

about  lat.  70°  N.,  southeast  of  Prince  Albert 


Born  at  Toulouse: 
flourished  about  1175-1215.  A  Provencal  trou- 
badour. He  accompanied  Richard  the  Lion- 
Hearted  to  Cyprus  in  1190. 

Pierre  Vidal  of  Toulouse,  a  troubadour  who  followed 
King  Richard  to  the  third  Crusade,  was  no  less  celebrated 
for  his  extravagant  actions  than  for  his  poetical  talents. 
Love  and  vanity,  amongst  the  poets,  seem  by  turns  to  as- 
sume such  an  empire  over  the  feelings  as  almost  to  shake 
the  reason.  None,  however,  have  been  known  to  display 
more  perfect  madness  than  Pierre  Vidal.  Persuaded 
that  he  was  beloved  by  every  lady,  and  that  he  was  the 
bravest  of  all  knights,  he  was  the  Quixote  of  poetry.  His 
ridiculous  amours,  and  his  extravagant  rhodomontades, 
heightened  by  the  treacherous  pleasantries  of  i)re- 
tended  friends,  led  him  into  the  strangest  errors.  During 
the  Crusade  he  was  persuaded  at  Cyprus  to  many  a 
<^reek  lady  who  asserted  that  she  was  allied  to  one  of  the 
families  which  had  filled  the  throne  of  Constantinople ; 


.     Vidal 

and  this  oiroumatanoe  farnlBhed  him  with  sntadent 
grounds  for  believing  that  he  was  himself  entitled  to  the 
purple.  Siemondi,  lit.  of  South  of  Europe,  1. 136. 

Vidar  (ve'dSr).  In  Norse  mythology,  a  power- 
ful god,  son  of  Odin  and  the  giantess  Grid. 

Vidaurri  (ve-sHour're),  Santiago.  Bom  in 
Mexico  about  1803:  executed  in  the  city  of 
Mexico,  July  8,  1867.  A  Mexican  general  and 
politician.  He  was  a  member  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Maximilian,  and  was  condemned  as  a 
traitor. 

Vidocq  (ve-dok'),  Francois  Eugfene.  Bom  at 
Arras,  France,  July  23,  1775:  died  at  Paris, 
May,  1857.  A  French  detective  and  adven- 
turer. In  early  life  he  was  a  soldier  and  thief ;  was  sev- 
eral times  imprisoned ;  became  connected  with  the  Paris 
police  as  a  detective  In  1809 ;  and  resigned  as  chief  of  the 
detective  force  in  1826.  In  1832  he  started  a  private  de- 
tective establishment,  soon  closed  by  the  government.  He 
was  the  reputed  author  of  "M^moires"  and  other  works. 

Viehoff  (ve'hof ),  Heinrich.  Bom  at  BUttgen, 
near  Neuss,  April  28,  1804:  died  at  Treves, 
April  28,  1886.  A  German  historian  of  litera- 
ture and  translator. 

Vieira  (ve-a'rS),  Antonio.  Bom  at  Lisbon, 
Feb.  6,  1608:  died  at  Bahia,  Brazil,  July  18, 
1697,  A  celebrated  Portuguese  missionary, 
pulpit  orator,  author,  and  ptiblioist.  He  was  taken 
to  Bahia  when  a  child ;  entered  the  Jesuit  order  there  in 
1625 ;  became  celebrated  as  a  pulpit  orator,  and  in  1641 
returned  to  Portugal  with  the  ex-governor  of  Brazil,  Mas- 
carenhas.  There  he  attracted  crowds  to  his  sermons ;  was 
nominated  royal  preacher  in  1641 ;  was  an  influential  coun- 
cilor of  the  king ;  and  was  sent  on  important  diplomatic 
missions  to  Paris,  The  Hague,  and  Borne.  In  1652  he  was 
ordered  to  the  missions  of  Maranhao;  returned  to  Lis- 
bon for  a  short  time  to  secure  protection  for  the  Indians  in 
1664 ;  was  again  in  Maranhao  165B  to  1661,  when  there  was 
an  uprising  against  the  missionaries ;  and  was  sent  a  pris- 
oner to  Portugal.  There  his  eloquence  prevailed  with  the 
court,  and  a  new  governor  was  sent  to  Maranhao  with 
orders  to  protect  the  Jesuits.  Vieira  remained  in  Portu- 
gal, but  fell  into  ill  favor  with  the  court ;  and  for  a  book 
which  he  published,  "Esperan^as  de  Portugal,"  was  tried 
before  the  Inquisition,  imprisoned  1665-67,  and  forbidden 
to  preach,  but  was  soon  reinstated.  In  1670-75  he  was 
in  Rome,  where  his  brilliant  oratory  brought  hira  renewed 
fame.  He  returned  to  Brazil  in  1681,  and  was  provincial 
of  his  order  there  from  1688.  Vieira's  published  works 
consist  mainly  of  sermons  and  letters,  the  latter  often  of 
much  historical  value.  He  is  one  of  the  first,  if  not  the 
greatest,  of  the  Portuguese  prose  authors. 
Vieira,  Joao  Fernandes.  See  Femandes  Vieira. 
Vienna  (yi-en'a).  The  Boman  name  of  the 
city  of  Vienne'in  France. 
Vienna.  [G.  Wien,  F.  Vienne,  L.  Vimddbona.'] 
The  capital  of  the  Austro-Hungarian  monarchy, 
of  the  Cisleithan  division  of  the  empire,  and  of 
Lower  Austria,  and  the  residence  of  the  em- 
peror. It  is  situated  on  the  Danube  Canal  (southern  arm 
of  the  Danube)  and  the  Wien,  in  lat.  48°  13^  N.,  long.  16° 
28'  £.,  and  comprises  the  Inner  City  (surrounded  by  the 
magnificent  Blngstrasse)and  the  municipal  districts  Leo- 
poldstadt,  Landstrasse,  Wieden,  Margarethen,  Mariahilf, 
Neubau,  Josefstadt,  Alsergrund,  Favoriten,  Simmering, 
Meidling,  Hietzing,  Budolfsheim,  Piinthaus,  Ottakring, 
Hernals,  Wahring,  and  Dobling.  St.  Stephau's  cathedral 
(12th-16th  century)  is  on  e  of  the  finest  specimens  of  Gothic 
architecture  in  Europe.  Among  other  churches  the  Earls- 
.  kirche  and  the  modern  Votivkirche  are  the  most  remark- 
able. Other  imposing  edifices  are  the  new  Rathaus,  the 
Parliament  and  XTniversity  buildings,  and  the  imperial  mu- 
seums. T^e  principal  pleasure  resort  is  the  Prater  (which 
see).  Vienna  is  the  chief  commercial  and  industrial  center 
of  the  country ;  has  extensive  commerce  by  railway  and  the 
Danube  in  grain,  manufactured  goods,  etc. ;  and  has  manu- 
factures of  leather,  silk,  cotton,  iron  and  wooden  wares, 
beer,  fancy  goods,  etc.  It  was  an  ancient  Celtic  settle- 
ment ;  was  fortified  by  the  Romans ;  was  probably  the 
place  of  the  death  of  Marcus  Aurelius ;  was  taken  by  the 
Huns,  and  later  by  the  Avars;  and  was  conquered  by 
Charles  the  Great.  The  Babenbergers  were  established 
there  from  the  10th  century.  Vienna  has  been  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Hapsburg  dominions  from  1282 ;  was  occupied 
by  the  French  in  1806  and  in  1809 ;  and  was  a  scene  of  revo- 
lutionary outbreaks  in  1848.  A  world's  exposition  was 
held  there  in  1873.    Population  (1900),  1,662,269. 

Vienna,  Congress  of.  A  congress  of  the  prin- 
cipal European  powers  for  settling  the  affairs 
of  Europe,  held  at  Vienna  Sept.,  1814, -June, 
1815.  Among  the  persons  present  were  the  monarchsof 
Russia,  Prussia,  Austria,  Denmark,  Bavaria,  and  various 
smaller  German  states,  Wellington,  Castlereagh,  Talley- 
rand, Nesselrode,  Hardenberg,  Metternich,  and  Stein. 
The  chief  stipulations  were:  the  retention  by  France  of 
the  limits  existing  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution ; 
the  restoration  of  the  Austrian  monarchy  without  Bel- 
•  gium,  Breisgau,  and  West  Galicia,  but  with  the  addition 
of  Venetia,  Dalmatia,  etc. ;  the  restoration  of  the  Prussian 
monarchy  without  most  of  the  territory  taken  in  1807  to 
form  the  duchy  of  Warsaw,  and  minus  Ansbaoh  and  Bay- 
reuth  (ceded  to  Bavaria),  etc.,  but  with  the  addition  of 
halt  of  Saxony,  extensive  territories  in  the  region  of  the 
Rhine,  and  Swedish  Pomerania ;  the  formation  of  the  Ger- 
man Confederation  under  the  hegemony  of  Austria ;  the 
creation  of  a  new  kingdom  of  Poland  under  the  Russian 
dynasty ;  the  establishment  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, including  Holland  and  Belgium ;  the  retention  of 
Norway  by  Sweden ;  the  retention  of  Finland  by  Russia ; 
the  restoration  of  the  Sardinian  monarchy  with  the  annexa- 
tion of  Genoa ;  the  restoration  of  the  States  of  the  Church, 
Avignon  and  Venaissm  being  left  to  France ;  the  recon- 
stitution  of  the  Swiss  Confederacy  with  enlarged  limits ; 
the  retention  by  Great  Britaiu  of  Cape  Colony,  Ceylon,  part 


1037 

of  Dutch  Guiana,  Mauritius,  Tobago,  Malta,  Helgoland, 
etc._;  the  establishment  of  a  British  protectorate  over  the 
Ionian  Islands ;  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons  and  other 
former  dynasties  in  Spain,  Naples,  Tuscany,  and  Modena. 

Vienna,  Sieges  of .  1.  Antmsuceessful  siege  by 
the  Turks  under  Sultan  Solyman  in  1529 :  the 
city  defended  by  Von  Salm. — 2.  A  siege  by  the 
Turks  under  Kara  Mustapha  in  1683.  Vienna  was 
defended  by  Riidiger  von  Starhemberg.  It  was  relieved 
by  a  German-Polish  army  under  Sobieski  and  Charles,  duke 
of  Lorraine,  who  defeated  the  Turks  before  the  city  Sept. 
12, 1683. 

Vienna,  Treaties  of.  1.  A  treaty  signed  Nov. 
18, 1738,  ratifying  the  preliminaries  signed  Oct. 
3,  1735.  It  ended  the  War  of  the  Polish  Succession. 
Austria  ceded  the  kingdom  of  the  Two  Sicilies  as  a  secun- 
dogeniture  to  Don  Carlos  of  Spain,  and  received  the  duchies 
of  Parma  and  Piacenza;  Stanislaus  renounced  Poland  and 
received  Lorraine  (to  devolve  after  his  death  on  France) ; 
the  Duke  of  Lorraine  (Francis  Stephen)  received  Tuscany. 
3.  See  Schonbrunn,  Treaty  of, — 3.  A  treaty 
signed  Oct.  30  (preliminaries  Aug.  1),  1864, 
which  ended  the  Sehleswig-Holstein  war.  The 
King  of  Denmark  renounced  all  rights  over 
Schleswig,  Holstein,  and  Lauenburg. — 4.  A 
treaty  between  Austria  and  Italy,  signed  Oct. 
3, 1866.  Austria  recognized  the  cession  of  Ve- 
netia to  Italy. 

Vienna,  University  of.    A  university  founded 

at  Vienna  in  1365.  It  is  especially  famous  for  its 
medical  faculty.  The  teachers  number  about  350,  and  the 
students  about  7,000. 

Vienne  (vyen).  [ML.  Vingenna,  Veneenna,  Vi- 
genna.']  A  river  in  western  France,  which 
rises  in  the  department  of  Corr&ze  and  joins 
the  Loire  8  miles  above  Saumur.  Length,  231 
miles ;  navigable  to  ChS.tellerault. 

Vienne.  [Eoman  Vienna  Allobrogum  ('of  the 
Allobroges').]  A  city  in  the  department  of 
Isfere,  Prance,  at  the  junction  of  the  Gfere  with 
the  Ehone,  16  miles  south  of  Lyons,  it  has  im- 
portant and  varied  manufactures,  and  trade  in  wine  and 
grain.  It  contains  a  Gothic  cathedral  and  the  Roman 
temple  of  Augustus  and  Livia  (which  see).  The  cathedral 
is  a  fine  building  exhibiting  all  styles,  from  the  Roman- 
esque to  the  florid  Pointed.  The  west  front  is  Flamboy- 
ant, with  3  doorways,  a  large  window,  and  2  towers.  The 
interior  exhibits  admirable  details  in  the  sculpture  of 
its  capitals,  and  in  decorations  imitated  from  the  local 
Roman  remains.  Vienne  was  a  city  of  the  Allobroges,  and 
later  a  Roman  colony  and  the  capital  of  a  province  (Pro- 
vincia  Viennensis).  It  was  the  earliest  center  of  Chris- 
tianity in  Gaul.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Burgundy  413-534  and  879-933.  It  was  governed  later 
by  counts  and  archbishops.  The  Archbishop  of  Vienne 
was  the  Primate  of  Gaul  until  the  French  Revolution. 
Several  ecclesiastical  councils  have  been  held  there,  of 
which  the  most  important  is  that  of  1311-12,  in  which 
Clement  V.  suspended  the  order  of  the  Templars  (bull  of 
May  2,  1312).    Population  (1891),  24,817. 

Vienne.  A  department  of  France,  bounded  by 
Maine-et-Loire,  Indre-et-Loire,  Indre,  Haute- 
Vienne,  Charente,  and  Deux-Sevres.  Capital, 
Poitiers.  The  surface  is  generally  level.  Vienne  was 
formed  chiefly  from  Poitou,  and  also  from  parts  of  Tou- 
raine  and  Berry.  Area,  2,130  square  miles.  Population 
?1891),  344,355. 

Vienne.    The  French  name  of  Vienna. 

Vienne,  Haute-.    See  Haute-Vienne. 

ViennOlS  (vyen-nwa').  An  ancient  district  in 
the  neighborhood  of  the  city  of  Vienne,  France : 
now  in  the  departments  of  Is6re  and  Drdme. 

Viersen  (fer'sen).  A  town  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  34  miles  northwest  of  Cologne : 
noted  for  manufactures  of  velvet,  plush,  silk, 
etc.    Population  (1890),  22,198. 

Vierwaldstattersee  (f er-valt'  stet-ter-za) .  [G. , 
'Lake  of  the  Four  Forest  Cantons.']  See  Lu- 
cerne, Lake  of. 

Vierzehnheiligen  (fer-tsan-hi'lig-en).  [G., 
'fourteen  saints.']  1.  A  place  of  pilgrimage 
in  Upper  Franeonia,  Bavaria,  19  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Bamberg. —  2.  A  village  near 
Jena,  Germany,  the  central  point  in  the  battle 
of  Jena  in  1806. 

Viesch,  or  Fiesch  (fesh).  A  small  village  and 
tourist  center  in  the  canton  of  Valais,  Swit- 
zerland, situated  in  the  upper  Rhone  valley 
9  miles  northeast  of  Brieg. 

Vieuxtemps  (vye-ton')>  Henri.  Bom  at  Ver- 
viers,  Belgium,  Feb.,  1820:  died  in  Algeria,  June 
6, 1881.  A  celebratedBelgian  violinist  and  com- 
poser for  the  violin.  He  was  a  pupil  of  De  B&iot,  and 
his  style  was  distinctively  French.  He  made  many  long 
and  successful  tours  through  Europe  and  America ;  and 
was  teacher  of  the  violin  1871-73  at  the  Brussels  Conserva- 
tory and  director  of  popular  concerts  there.  After  1873, 
when  he  was  disabled  by  a  shock  of  paralysis,  he  still  gave 
lessons,  but  was  unable  to  play.  Among  his  compositions 
are  six  grand  concertos  and  many  fantasias,  etc. 

Vigevano  (ve-ja-va'no).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Pavia,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Ticino  19  miles 
southwest  of  Milan.  It  has  important  silk 
manufactures,  and  contains  a  cathedral.  Popu- 
lation, 13,684. 

Vigfusson(vig'f6s-son),  Gudbrandur.  Bomm 


Vilaine 

Iceland,  March  13, 1827 :  died  at  Oxford,  Jan.  31, 
1889.  A  noted  Danish  philologist,  a  student  of 
the  Icelandic  language  and  literature:  lector 
in  Icelandic  at  Oxford  from  1884.  He  com- 
pleted Cleasby's  "Icelandic-English  Diction- 
ary" (1869-74). 
Vigil,  Francisco  de  Paula  Gronzalez.    See 


Vigilant  (vij'i-lant).  A  center-board  sloop  se- 
lected to  def end'the  America's  cup  against  the 
Valkyrie,  she  won  three  race^  Oct.  5, 9,  and  13, 1893.  In 
July,  1894,  she  went  to  Great  Britain  for  the  racing  season, 
in  which  she  was  unsuccessful.  Her  racing  length  for  the 
America's  cup  was  03.31  feet;  height  of  topmast,  66.88; 
load  water-line,  86.34 ;  boom,  74.62.  She  was  designed  by 
the  Herreshofls,  and  was  owned  by  a  syndicate  of  twelve, 
C.  O.  Iselin  being  the  principal.  She  has  been  somewhat 
altered,  and  is  owned  by  George  J.  Gould. 

Vigiles  (vij'i-lez).  A  corps  of  police  and  fire- 
men, organized  under  military  discipline,  in  an- 
cientRome.  trnderAuguBtuBtheynumbered7,000;  were 
under  the  command  of  a  prefect ;  and  were  divided  into  7 
regiments,  each  of  which  had  the  guard  of  two  of  the  14 
regiones  of  the  city,  and  was  subdivided  into  7  companies. 
The  Vigiles  were  quartered  in  7  main  barracks,  or  stationei^ 
and  14  subordinate  posts,  or  excubitoria.  The  remains  of 
several  of  these  barracks  and  posts  have  been  discovered, 
and  are  remarkable  for  the  magnificence  of  their  decora- 
tion with  marble  incrustation  and  columns,  mosaic  pave- 
ments, statues,  and  mural  paintings. 

Vigilius  (vi-jiri-us).  Died  555.  Pope :  ordained 
by  order  of  Belisarius  537.  His  pontificate 
was  largely  occupied  with  intrigues  relating  to 
the  decisions  of  the  Council  of  Chaleedon. 

Vignemale  (ven-ye-mal')-  One  of  the  highest 
peaks  of  the  Pyrenees,  situated  southwest  of 
Luz.    Height,  10,820  feet. 

Vignola  (ve-nyo'la),  Giacomo  Barocchio  or 
Barozzi,  called.  Bom  at  Vignola  (Modena)  in 
1507:  died  at  Rome  in  1573.  A  noted  Italian 
architect.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  five  orders  of 
architecture,  and  one  on  perspective,  which  are  well 
known.  After  the  death  of  Michelangelo  he  succeeded 
him  as  the  architect  of  St.  Peter's,  Rome,  and  also  de- 
signed the  Escorial  in  Spain.  He  lived  for  several  "years 
in  France,  where  he  executed  a  number  of  bronzes. 

Vigny  ( ven-ye ' ) ,  Alfred  Victor,  Comte  de.  Bom 
at  Loches,  Touraine,  March  27,  1799:  died  at 
Paris,  Sept.  17, 1863.  A  French  poet  and  novel- 
ist. At  the  age  of  16  be  entered  the  army,  and  was  pro- 
moted captain  in  1823.  During  the  moments  of  enforced 
inactivity  in  his  military  career  he  pursued  his  studies : 
as  early  as  1815  he  composed  a  couple  of  essays,  "La 
Dryade"  and  "Sym6ta."  His  first  collection  of  poems 
appeared  in  1822  as  "Poemes  antiques  et  modern es."  That 
same  year  he  published  "Le  Trappiste,"  and  "Eloa,  ou  la 
sceur  des  anges"  in  1824.  Then  came  his  last  work  of  a 
biblical  character,  "Le  D61uge,"  and  his  first  work  in  the 
new  romantic  ordering,  "Dolorida."  He  published  his 
great  historical  novel  "  Cinq-Mars  "  in  1826,  and  resigned 
from  the  army  in  1828  by  reason  of  ill  health.  As  a  drama- 
tist he  translated  Shakspere's  "Othello"  and  "Merchant 
of  Venice  "into  French  verse,  wrote  an  original  historical 
drama,  "La  mar^chale  d'Ancre,"  and  flnally  produced  his 
best  piece  of  work  in  this  line, "  Chatterton  "  (1835).  This 
drama  is  related  in  its  subject  to  "Stello,  ou  les  diables 
bleus"  (1832),  in  which  De  Vigny  defined  the  position  of 
a  poet  in  modern  society.  Another  work,  in  which  a  war- 
rior's position  is  similarly  defined,  appeared  as  "Servi- 
tude et  grandeur  militaires  "  (1835).  Among  the  last  publi- 
cations during  the  author's  lifetime  was  a  series  of  "  Poemes 
philosophiques  "  (1843).  He  spent  the  last  twenty  years  of 
his  life  in  retirement,  and  left  several  posthumous  works. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  French  Academy  May  8, 1845. 

Vigo  (ve'go).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Poutevedra,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Ria  de  Vigo 
in  lat.  42°  12' N.,  long.  8°  43'  W.  it  has  sardine 
and  other  fisheries,  and  important  commerce ;  and  is  a 
port  of  call  of  several  steamship  lines.  It  was  attacked 
by  Drake  toward  the  end  of  the  16th  century.  The  allied 
Anglo-Dutch  fleet  destroyed  the  Spanish  plate  fleet  in 
Vigo  Bay  Oct.  23, 1702.  The  town  was  captured  by  the 
British  in  1719.    Population  (1887),  16,044. 

Vihiers  (ve-ya').  A  small  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Maine-et-Loire,  France,  24  miles  south 
of  Angers.  Here,  July  18,  1793,  the  Vendeans 
defeated  the  republicans. 

Vikings  (vi'kingz).  [ON.  vikingr,  a  pirate,  a 
freebooter.]  The  bands  of  Northmen  who,  as 
pirates,  infested  the  British  Isles  and  the  north 
coast  of  Prance  in  the  8th,  9th,  and  10th  cen- 
turies. 

VikramorvasM  (vi-kra-mor'va-she).  [Skt., 
'Urvashi  won  by  valor  (vikrama).']  A  cele- 
brated drama  by  Kalidasa,  after  the  Shakun- 
tala  the  most  remarkable  of  Sanskrit  dramas. 
It  is  in  five  acts,  and  belongs  to  the  trotaka  class,  in  which 
the  events  take  place  some  on  earth  and  some  in  heaven. 

VilagOS  (vil'a-gosh)o  A  small  town  in  the 
county  of  Arad,  Hungary,  16  miles  east-north- 
east of  Arad.  Here  the  Hungarian  army  under  Gorgey 
(about  25,000)  surrendered  to  the  Russians  under  Riidiger 
Aug.  13, 1849.  This  practically  ended  the  Hungarian  in- 
surrection. 

Vilaine  (ve-lan').  [ML.  Vincinonia  or  Vice- 
nonia.l  A  river  in  France,  principally  in  Brit- 
tany,  which  flows  intothe  Atlantic  17  miles  south- 
east of  Vannes:  the  Roman  Herius.  Length, 140 
miles ;  navigable  88  miles. 


Vilas 

Vilas(vi'las),WilliamFreeman.  BomatChel- 
seaj  yt.,  Jiily  9, 1840.  An  American  Bemoeratio 
politician.  He  served  In  the  CivU  War ;  and  was  chair- 
man of  the  Democratic  National  Convention  in  1884 ;  post- 
master-general 1886-88 ;  and  secretary  of  the  interior  1888- 
1889.    He  was  senator  from  Wisconsin  1891-97. 

Vilcabamba  (vel-ka-bam'ba).  A  mountainous 
region  of  Peru,  north  of  Cuzoo,  between  the 
rivers  Apurimao  and  Vileamayu.  Here  the  Inca 
Man  CO  and  his  sons  kept  up  the  remnant  of  an  independent 
government  1637-71. 

Vile  (ve'le).  In  Norse  mythology,  the  brother 
of  Odin. 

Vili  (ve'le),  or  Bavili  (ba-ve'le).  ABantu  tribe 
of  the  French  Kongo,  on  the  coast  between  Ma- 
yumba  and  Nkobi. 

vilkomir  (vil-ko-mer'),  or  Wilkomierz  (vil- 
kom'e-arzh).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Kovno,  western  Russia,  situated  on  the  Sventa 
43  miles  northeast  of  Kovno.  Population,  16, 370 

Villa  Adriana.    See  Hadrian's  Villa. 

Villa  Albani  (vel'la  al-ba'ne).  A  Eoman  villa 
on  the  Via  Salariaj  founded  in  1760  by  Cardinal 
Alessandro  Albani.  it  was  filled  with  works  of  art. 
H'apoleon  sent  nearly  300  of  the  statues  to  Paris.  They 
were  restored  to  Cardinal  Giuseppe  Albani  in  1815 :  he  sold 
them,  and  many  of  them  are  now  in  the  Glyptothek  at 
Munich.  Prince  Torlonia  bought  the  villa  in  1866.  It  still 
contains  many  works  of  art. 

Villa Aldobrandini  (al-do-bran-de'ne).  Avilla 
at  Prasoati,  near  Eome.  it  was  built  for  Cardinal 
Aldobrandini  near  the  close  of  the  16th  century,  and  now 
belongs  to  the  Borghese  family.  The  grounds  are  finely 
laid  out,  and  are  famous  for  their  waterworks  and  extensive 
views. 

Villa  Borghese  (bor-ga'se).  A  villa  just  out- 
side the  Porta  del  Popolo,  Eome.  it  was  founded 
by  Cardinal  Soipio  Borghese,  the  nephew  of  Pius  T.  Its 
grounds  are  very  extensive,  having  been  enlarged  by  the 
addition  of  the  Giustiniani  Gardens.  The  villa  contains 
many  fine  sculptures.  Prince  Borghese  having  founded  a 
new  museum  here,  the  older  one  having  been  purchased 
by  Napoleon  I.  and  sent  to  the  Louvre. 

Villa  do  Conde  (vel'la  do  kon'da).  A  seaport 
in  the  province  of  Entre  Douro  e  Minho,  Portu- 
galy  situated  on  the  Atlantic  18  miles  north  of 
Oporto.    Population  (1878),  4,664. 

Villaflor.    See  Terceira,  Duke  of. 

Villafranca  (vel-la-frang'ka).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Verona,  Italy,  11  miles  southwest  of 
Verona.  A  treaty  was  signed  here,  July  11, 1869,  between 
the  emperors  Francis  Joseph  of  Austria  and  Napoleon  III., 
ending  the  war  of  1859.  It  was  preliminary  to  the  treaty 
of  Zurich  (which  see),  Nov.,  1859.  Population  (1881),  8,729. 

Villa  Franca  (vel'la  frang'ka).  A  town  on  the 
southern  coast  of  the  iSand  of  St.  Michael, 
Azores.    Population^  about  8,135. 

Village  Coauette,  The.  A  short  comedy,  with 
songs,  by  Charles  Dickens,  published  in  1836. 

Villagra  (vel-ya-grS'),  or  ViUagran  (vel-ya- 
gran'),  Francisco  de.  Bom  at  Astorga,  Leon, 
1507:  died  at  Coneepoion,  Chile,  July  15,  1563. 
A  Spanish  soldier.  Hewasprominentintheconquest 
of  Chile  1540-46 ;  was  acting  governor  (1547-49)  during  Val- 
divia's  absence ;  and,  after  the  latter  was  killed  by  the 
Araucanians  (Jan.,  1554),  succeeded  him  as  governor  ad 
interim.  He  immediately  marched  against  the  Indians, 
but  was  disastrously  defeated  at  Hariguenu  (Feb.,  1654), 
and  forced  to  abandon  Concepcion,  which  was  burned 
by  the  Indians.  In  1555  he  was  more  successful,  relieving 
Imperial  and  Valdivia,  which  had  been  closely  besieged, 
and  carrying  on  a  war  of  extermination  in  the  south.  In 
1657  he  surprised,  defeated,  and  killed  the  celebrated  chief 
Lantaro  at  Mataquito.  His  right  to  rule  was  contested, 
and  on  the  arrival  of  the  new  governor,  Hurtado  de  Men- 
doza,  he  was  sent  a  prisoner  to  Peru :  but  was  quickly 
released,  went  to  Spain,  and  in  1561  returned  to  Chile  as 
governor,  ruling  until  his  death.  In  1562-63  he  had  to  deal 
with  a  fresh  uprising  of  the  Araucanians,  in  which  his  son 
was  killed. 

Villalobos,  Rui  Lopez  de.  See  Zope0  de  Villa- 
lobos. 

Villa  Lndovisi  (vel'la  lo-do-ve'se).  Avilla  on 
the  Via  di  S.  Basilio,  within  the  walls  of  Eome, 
erected  in  the  early  part  of  the  17th  century  by 
Cardinal  Ludo  visi.  It  has  a  fine  collection  of  antique 
sculptures,  including  the  Ludovisi  Juno,  which  are  to 
be  transferred  to  a  new  building  erected  near  by.  Its 
grounds,  formerly  extensive,  have  been  partly  built  over. 

VillamanricLue,  Marquis  of.  Viceroy  of  Mexico. 
See  Zufliga,  Alonso  Manrique  de. 

Villa  Medici  (ma'de-che).  A  Eoman  villa  built 
in  1540,  south  of  the  Pinoio,  for  Cardinal  Eicci 
da  Montepulciano  About  1600  it  came  into  the  pos- 
session of  the  Medici  family,  and  afterward  into  that  of 
the  grand  dukes  of  Tuscany.  Galileo  was  confined  there 
16S0-33.  The  French  Academy  of  Art,  founded  by  louis 
XIV.,  was  trans  erred  to  it  in  1801,  and  it  has  a  fine  collec- 
tion of  casts. 

Villa Nazionale  (nat-ze-6-na'le).  The  principal 
public  park  and  promenade  in  Naples,  formerly 
the  Villa  Eeale  (royal  villa),  it  is  an  extension  of 
the  Chiaja  from  the  Largo  della  Vittoria  to  the-Piazza  Um- 
berto,  about  200  feet  wide  and  a  mile  long,  laid  out  in  1780 
(since  enlarged)  on  the  edge  of  the  sea.  The  new  aqua- 
rium, belonging  to  the  zoQlogical  station,  is  about  in  the 
middle  of  the  grounds,  and  was  opened  in  1874. 

Villani  (vel-la'ne),  Giovanni.    Bom  at  Plor- 


1038 

enee:  died  there  of  the  plague,  1348.  An 
Italian  historian.  He  traveled  in  Italy,  France,  and 
Flanders,  and  held  public  offices  in  Florence.  He  wrote 
a  "Chronicle  of  Florence,"  etc. 

Villani,  Matteo.  Died  about  1363.  An  Italian 
chronicler,  brother  of  G.  Villani  whose  "  Chron- 
icle" he  continued. 

Villanova  de  Portimao  (vel-la-no'va  de  por- 
te-moim').  Aseaportintheprovince of  Algarve, 
Portugal,  situated  on  the  southern  coast  112 
miles  south-southeast  of  Lisbon.  Population 
(1878),  6,286. 

Villanovanus,  Amaldus.  See  Arnold  of  Villa- 
nova. 

Villanueva(vel-ya-nwa'va),JoaqiiinLorenzo. 
Born  at  Jativa,  Spain,  Aug.  10, 1757 :  died  at  Dub- 
lin, March  26,  1837.  A  noted  Spanish  patriot, 
scholar,  and  poet.  On  the  restoration  of  1823, 
he  fled  to  Great  Britain. 

Villa  Fallavicini  (vel'la  pal-la-ve-che'ne). 
The  residence  of  the  Marchese  Durazzo,  at 
Pegli,  Italy,  it  is  famous  for  its  elaborate  decoration 
and  its  extensive  gardens,  which,  with  the  luxuriance  and 
variety  of  their  subtropical  vegetation,  and  their  charm- 
ing views  over  the  Mediterranean,  combine  numerous 
statues,  fountains,  bridges,  grottoes,  a  Pointed  chapel,  a 
triumphal  arch  with  sculptures,  a  mosque,  an  obelisk, 
a  Boman  temple,  and  many  other  attractions.  In  ita  arti- 
ficial type  of  beauty,  the  Villa  Fallavicini  is  unsurpassed. 

Villa  Real  (vel'la  ra-al' ) .     [Pg.,  '  royal  villa.'] 

,A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Algarve,  south- 
eastern extremity  of  Portugal,  on  the  Spanish 
frontier,  at  the  mouth  of  the  (juadiana.  Popu- 
lation (1878),  4,188. 

Villa  Real.  A  town  in  the  province  of  Traz- 
os-Montes,  Portugal,  situated  on  the  Corgo  50 
miles  east-northeast  of  Oporto,  it  was  the  scene 
of  an  outbreak  of  the  Miguelists  in  1823 ;  and  of  the  victory 
of  Cazal  over  the  insurgents  in  1846.  Population  (1878). 
6,956. 

Villareal  (vel-ya-ra-al').  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Castellon,  Spain,  south  of  CasteUon. 
Population  (1887),  13,750. 

Villaret  de  Joyeuse  (vel-la-ra'  d6  zhwa-y^z'), 
called  Villaret-Joyeuse,  Louis  Thomas, 
Count.  Born  in  1750:  died  at  Venice,  July  24, 
1812.  A  French  naval  of&cer.  He  commanded  a 
fleet  which,  while  convoying  grain-ships,  engaged  the  Eng- 
lish under  Lord  Howe,  near  Brest,  May  28-June  1, 1794. 
In  1801-02  he  commanded  the  naval  forces  in  the  Santo 
Domingo  expedition  (see  Leclerc).  From  1802  to  1809  he 
was  governor  of  the  islands  of  Martinique  and  St.  Lucia, 
finally  capitulating  to  the  English.  From  1811  he  was 
governor  of  Venice. 

Villari  (vel'la-re),  PaSquale.  Bom  at  Naples, 
1827.  An  Italian  author,  professor  at  Florence 
from  1866.  He  has  written  a  history  of  Savonarola  and 
his  times  ("  Storia  di  Savonarola  e  de  suoi  tempi,"  1859-61), 
one  of  Machiavelli  and  his  times  (1877-82),  essays,  and 
works  on  education,  art,  philosophy,  Italian  literature,  etc. 

VillaRica(veryare'ka).  The  first  town  found- 
ed in  Mexico  by  Cortes,  May,  1519.  it  was  nomi- 
nally founded  on  the  present  site  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  was  then 
known  as  Villa  Kica  de  la  Vera  Crnz.  A  short  time  after 
the  actual  settlement  was  commenced  farther  north,  on 
the  harbor  of  Bemal.  In  1526  the  site  was  changed  to  a 
place  on  the  Eio  de  la  Antigua,  and  thenceforth  the  town 
was  generally  known  as  Vera  Cruz.  The  final  removal  to 
the  present  site  took  place  in  1509. 

Villa  Rica  (vel'yare'ka).  A  town  in  Paraguayj 
95  miles  (by  railroad)  east-southeast  of  Asun- 
cion.   Population,  about  12,000. 

Villars  (ve-lar').  Due  de  (Claude  Louis  Hec- 
tor). Bom  at  Moulins,  Prance,  May  8,  1653: 
died  at  Turin,  June  17,  1734.  A  French  mar- 
shal. He  served  under  Turenne,  Cond^,  and  Luxembourg ; 
filled  various  diplomatic  missions ;  commanded  in  Ger- 
many in  1702 ;  defeated  Louis  of  Baden  at  Friedlingen  Oct. 
14, 1702 ;  gained  the  victory  of  HSchstadt  Sept.  20, 1703 ; 
subdued  the  Camisards  in  1704 ;  commanded  in  Germany 
and  Italy  1705-08 ;  was  defeated  at  Malplaguet  Sept  11, 
1709 ;  defeated  the  Imperialists  at  Denain  July  24, 1712 ; 
and  gained  various  successes  in  1713.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  council  of  regency  under  Louis  XV.,  and  commanded 
successfully  in  Lombardy  in  1733-34. 

Villaviciosa  (vel-ya-ve-the-6'sa).  A  village  in 
the  province  of  Guadalajara,  Spain,  25  miles 
east-northeast  of  Guadalajara.  Here,  Dec.  lo,  i7io, 
the  French  under  VendOme  defeated  the  Austrians  under 
Starhemberg. 

Villa- Vigosa  (vel'lar-ve-so'sa).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Alemtejo,  Portugal,  24  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Badajoz.  Population  (1878),  3,538. 

Villedieu  (vel-dy6'),  Madame  de:  the  pseu- 
donym of  Marie  Catherine  Hortense  Des- 
jardins.  Bom  near  Fougferes  in  1631:  died 
there,  Nov.,  1683.  A  French  writer,  she  had  an 
adventurous  lUe,  and  was  the  author  of  numerous  works, 
among  which  are  "Les  d^sordres  de  I'amour,"  "  Amours  des 
grands  hommes,"  "  Mfimoires  du  serail,"  "Le  r^cit  en 
prose  et  en  vers-  des  pr&ieuses,"  etc. 

Villefranche    (vel-fronsh'),  jrt.  Villafranca 

(vel-ia-frang'ka).  A  seaport  in  the  department 
of  Alpes-Maritimes,  France,  situated  on  the 
Gulf  of  Nice  3  miles  northeast  of  Nice.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  commune,  4,407. 


Villeneuve 

Villefranche  de  Lauragais  (vel-fronsh'  d6 16- 
ra-ga').  A  town  in  the  department  of  Haute- 
Garonne,  France,  20  miles  southeast  of  Tou- 
louse.  Population  (1891),  commune,  2,556. 

Villefirancne  de  Rouergue  (rs-arg').  A  town 
in  the  department  of  Aveyion,  France,  situated 
on  the  Aveyron  27  miles  west  of  Eodez.  it  wae 
a  flourishing  medieval  town,  and  later  a  Huguenot  center. 
It  has  a  church  of  Notre  Dame  and  a  Carthusian  convent. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  9,734. 

ViUefranche-sur-SaSne  (-siir-son').  A  town  in 
the  department  of  Eh6ne,  France,  situated  near 
the  Sa6ne  17  miles  north  by  west  of  Lyons. 
It  was  the  capital  of  Beaujolais.  Population 
(1891),  commune,  12,928. 

Villegaignon  (vel-ga-ny&n').  Chevalier  de 
(Nicolas  Durand).  Bom  in  1510:  died  near 
Nemours,  Jan.  9, 1571.  A  French  soldier.  He 
served  against  the  Turks  and  Algerians ;  was  vice-admiral 
of  Brittany;  and  in  1556  was  given  command  of  the  expe- 
dition sent  by  Coligny  to  found  a  colony  in  Brazil.  He 
sailed  from  Havre,  July  12,  with  two  ships,  and  in  Nov. 
entered  the  Bay  of  Kio  de  Janeiro  and  occupied  the  island 
which  is  still  known  by  his  name,  establishing  friendly  re- 
lations with  the  Indians.  Coligny  had  intended  the  colony 
as  a  refuge  for  Protestants,  but  it  was  made  up  of  differ- 
ent sects,  including  Catholics :  quarrels  arose,  and  Ville- 
gaignon, whose  affiliationswere  doubtful,  expelled  the  Cal- 
vinists.  In  1659  he  went  to  France,  ostensibly  for  reinf  orce- 
ments,  but  never  returned,  and  the  colony  was  destroyed 
by  the  Portuguese  in  1667  (see  Sd,  Memde).  Villegaignon 
published  (in  Latin)  works  on  the  wars  in  which  he  had 
been  engaged,  etc.    Also  vmtteii  ViUegagnon. 

Villegaignon  (ve-le-gan-yon'),  Ilha  de.  A 
small  island  in  the  harbor  of  Eio  de  Janeiro, 
fronting  the  city.  It  was  occupied  by  the  French  who 
formed  the  first  settlement  on  the  bay.  (See  Chevalier  de 
Villegaignon,  above.)  During  the  empire  it  was  fortified, 
and  it  was  a  strongly  contested  point  during  the  nava) 
rebellion  of  1898-94. 

Villehardouin  (vel-ar-do-an'),  Geoflroi  d6. 

Bom  presumably  on  his  ancestral  estates  near 
Troyes,  Champagne,  between  1150  and  1166: 
died  probably  in  1212.  A  French  chronicler. 
The  only  thing  fenown  concerning  him  before  the  time  of 
the  fourth  Crusade  (1202)  is  that  he  bore  the  title  of  mar- 
shal of  Champagne  in  1191.  When  his  liege  lord  Thibaut 
III.  joined  theCrusade  preached  inll99, Villehardouin  took 
service  under  him,  and  gained  special  reputation  in  nego- 
tiating with  the  Venetians  for  the  transfer  of  the  Crusa- 
ders by  sea  to  the  Holy  Land.  He  followed  the  Crusade 
through  all  its  disasters,  and  chronicled  all  the  events  of 
importance  that  extended  over  a  period  of  10  years  (1198- 
1207).  His  "  Chronique  "  is  considered  trustworthy  from 
a  historical  point  of  view,  but  is  more  deserving  still  for 
its  literary  excellence,  while  being  one  of  the  oldest  monu- 
ments in  original  French  prose.  The  best  edition  of  this 
"Chronique  was  made  byM.  Natalia  deWailly  under  the 
title  "La  conquSte  de  Constantinople,  par  Geoflroi  de 
Villehardouin,  texte  original  accompagne  d'nne  traduc- 
tion "  (Paris,  1872). 

Villela  Barboza  (ve-la<la  bar-bo'za),  Francis- 
co, Marquis  of  Paranagud  from  1825.  Born 
at  Eio  de  Janeiro,  Nov.  20,  1769:  died 'there, 
Sept.  11,  1846.  A  Brazilian  politician  of  the 
conservative  party.  He  was  deputy  to  the  Portuguese 
Cortes  1821-22,  and  during  the  reign  of  Pedro  I.  was  re- 
peatedly a  member  of  the  cabinet.  The  unpopular  acts 
of  the  emperor,  which  led  to  his  enforced  abdication  in 
1831,  were  due  to  Barboza's  advice.  He  was  a  poet  of  some 
repute. 

Vill&le  (ve-lal'),  Comte  Jean  Baptiste  S6ra- 
phin  Joseph  de.  Bom  at  Toulouse,  France, 
Aug.  14,  1773:  died  there,  March  13,"  1854.  A 
French  statesman  and  financier.  He  served  in 
early  life  in  the  navy;  after  the  restoration  was  a  leader 
of  the  ultra-royalists ;  entered  the  cabinet  in  1820 ;  be- 
came minister  of  finance  in  1821 ;  and  was  premier  1822-28. 

Villemain  (vel-man'),  Abel  Frangois.  Bom  at 
Paris,  June  11, 1790 :  died  there.  May  8, 1870.  A 
French  writer.  On  graduating  from  the  Lyc^e  Louis- 
le-Grand,  he  studied  law.  In  1810  he  was  called  to  the 
chair  of  rhetoric  at  the  Lyc^e  Charlemagne,  and  from  1816 
to  1826  filled  the  chair  in  French  eloquence  at  the  Sor- 
bonne.  His  success  as  a  teacher  was  such  that  his  name 
was  associated  with  those  of  Cousin  and  Guizot,  thus  form- 
ing the  famous  trio  known  as  "les  trois  professeurs."  He 
won  his  first  laurels  as  a  writer  in  successful  competition 
before  the  French  Academy  for  the  prize  offered  for  the 
best  essay  entitled  "feloge  de  Montaigne  "  (1812).  He  again 
took  the  prize  in  1814  with  his  "Avantages  et  inconv^nients 
de  la  critique,"  and  in  1816  with  his  "  £loge  de  Montes- 
quieu." The  French  Academy  elected  him  a  mem- 
ber in  1821.  The  success  of  his  ^  Histoire  de  Cromwell " 
(1819)  led  him  gradually  into  a  political  life,  so  that  after 
1836  he  gave  up  teaching  altogether.  From  1839  to  1844 
he  was  almost  continuously  minister  of  public  instruction. 
Besides  a  couple  of  essays  on  Grecian  themes,  entitled 
"  Lascaris,  on  les  Grecs  du  XVe  si^cle  "  and  "Essai  sur  I'itat 
des  Grecs  depuis  la  conqufete  musulmane  "  (1826),  Ville- 
main wrote  several  shorter  papers  and  articles  that  were 
ultimately  published  in  book  form :  prominent  among 
these  writings  stand  his  "  Souvenirs  contemporains  d'his- 
toire  et  de  littfirature"  (1866).  His  reputation,  however, 
rests  more  particularly  on  the  following  three  great  works : 
"  Oours  de  litt^rature  f  ranpaise,  tableau  du  XVIIIe  sitcle," 
"Tableau del'floquenoe  chr^tienne  au  IVe  sieole,"and,in 
a  somewhat  lesser  degree,  "  Histoire  de  Gr^goire  VII.  '— 
this  last>named  being  a  posthumous  publication  (1878). 

Villeneuve  (vel-nev').  [P.,  'new  town.]  A 
town  in  the  canton  of  Vaud,  Switzerland,  situ- 
ated at  the  head  of  Lake  Geneva,  17  miles  south- 
east of  Lausanne.    Population  (1888),  1,149. 


Villeneuve 

Villeneuve,  Pierre  Charles  Jean  Baptiste 
Silvestre  de.  Bom  1763:  committed  suicide 
1806.  A  French  admiral.  He  was  made  commander 
of  the  fleet  destined  to  Invade  England  in  1805,  and  was 
defeated  by  Nelson  at  Trafalgar,  Oct.  21,  1805. 

Villeneuve-lez- Avignon  ( vel  -  nfev'  la  -  za  -  ven- 
yfin').  A  town  in  the  department  of  Gard, 
France,  situated  on  the  Ehone  opposite  Avi- 
gnon.   Population  (1891),  commune,  2,622. 

Villeneuve-SUr-Lot  (-siir-lo').  A  town  in  the 
department  of  Lot-et-Graronne,  France,  situ- 
ated on  the  Lot  16  miles  north  by  east  of  Agen. 
It  has  remains  of  medieval  ramparts,  etc.  Pop- 
ulation a891),  eommime,  13,798. 

Villeneuve-sur-Yonne  (-sur-yon'),  formerly 
Villeneuve-le-Roi.  A  town  in  the  department 
of  Yonne,  France,  situated  on  the  Yonne  67 
miles  southeast  of  Paris.  Population  (1891), 
commune,  5,117. 

Villeroi  (vel-rwa').  Due  de  (Francois  deNeuf- 
Ville).  Born  April  7,  16i4:  died  July  18,  1730. 
A  French  marshal,  favorite  of  Louis  XIV.  with 
whom  he  was  educated.  He  was  commander-in- 
chief  in  the  low  Countries  in  1695 ;  was  defeated  by  Prince 
Eugene  at  Chiari  Sept.  1, 1701 ;  was  surprised  and  taken 
prisoner  by  Eugene  at  Cremona  Feb.  1, 1702 ;  and  was  de- 
feated at  £amillies  May  23,  1706.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  council  of  regency  under  Louis  XV. 

Villeroi,  Seigneur  de  (Nicolas  deNeufville). 

Born  1542 :  died  1617.  A  French  minister  of 
state,  author  of  "M6moires  d'etat"  (1622). 

Villers-Ootterets  (ve-lar'  kot-ra').  A  town 
in  the  department  of  Aisne,  France,  14  miles 
southwest  of  Soissons.  it  was  the  scene  of  a  con- 
test between  the  Allies  and  the  French,  June  28, 1816,  in 
which  the  French  were  defeated.  It  was  the  birthplace 
of  HvxauB  pire.    Population  (1891),  commune,  4,582. 

VillersexeL  A  small  town  in  the  department 
of  Haute-Safine,  France,  situated  on  the  Ognon 
14  miles  east-southeast  of  Vesoul.  it  was  the  scene 
of  a  battle  (claimed  as  a  French  victory)  between  the 
French  under  Bourbaki  and  the  Germans  under  Von 
Werder,  Jan.  9,  1871. 

Villers-Sur-Mer  (ve-lar'sur-mar').  A  watering- 
place  in  the  department  of  Calvados,  France, 
on  the  English  Channel  12  miles  southwest  of 
Le  Havre. 

Villette  (vi-lef).  A  novel  by  Charlotte  Bronte, 
published  in  1853.  In  this  she  made  use  of  an 
older  story,  "  The  Professor." 

Villette  (vel-lef),  La.  A  northeastern  suburb 
of  Paris. 

Villiers  (vil'y^rz),  Barbara,  Lady  Castlemaine 
and  Duchess  of  Cleveland.  Born  1640:  died 
1709.  A  mistress  of  Charles  II.  of  England,  by 
whom  she  became  the  mother  Of  the  dukes  of 
Cleveland,  Grafton,  and  Northumberland. 

Villiers,  George,  first  Duke  of  Buckingham. 
Born  at  Brookesby,  Leicestershire,  England, 
Aug.  20,  1592:  died  at  Portsmouth,  Aug.  23, 
1628.  An.  English  courtier  and  politician  un- 
der James  I.  and  Charles  I.:  created  succes- 
sively Viscount  Villiers  (1616),  and  earl  (1617), 
marquis  (1618),  and  duke  of  Buckingham  (1623). 
He  became  privy  councilor  in  1617 ;  accompanied  Charles 
to  Spain  in  1623 ;  was  chief  minister  at  court  1624-28 ; 
and  was  defeated  by  the  French  at  the  Isle  of  EhS  in  1627. 
He  was  assassinated  by  John  Felton. 

Villiers,  George,  second  Duke  of  Buckingham. 
Bom  at  London,  Jan.  30,  1627 :  died  at  Kirkby 
Moorside,  Yorkshire,  April  17,  1688.  An  Eng- 
lish politician,  courtier,  and  writer :  son  of  the 
first  Duke  of  Buckingham.  He  became  a  privy 
councilor  in  1660;  and  organized  the  "Cabal"  in  1670 
(see  Cabal).     His  collected  works  were  published  in  1704. 

Villiers,  George  William  Frederick,  fourth 

Earl  of  Clarendon.  Born  at  London,  Jan.  12, 
1800 :  died  at  London,  June  27, 1870.  An  Eng- 
lish statesman  and  diplomatist.  He  was  minister 
to  Spain  1833-39 ;  lord  privy  seal  in  1840 ;  chancellor  of  the 
duchy  of  Lancaster  1840-41 ;  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland 
1847-52 ;  foreign  secretary  1853-58 ;  plenipotentiary  at 
Paris  in  1866 ;  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  1864- 
1865 ;  and  foreign  secretary  1866-66  and  1868-70. 

Villiers  de  L'Isle-Adam  (ve-ya'  de  lel-a-don'), 
Philippe  de.  Bom  at  Beauvais,  France,  in 
1464:  died  in  Malta  in  1534.  Grand  master  of 
the  order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  He  was 
elected  grand  master  in  1621.  In  1522,  after  a  six  months- 
siege  he  was  compelled  to  surrender  the  island  of  Ehodes, 
the  seat  of  the  order,  to  Solyman.  In  1630  he  secured  from 
Charles  V.  the  cession  of  the  islands  of  Malta  and  Gozo, 
which  became  the  new  seat  of  the  order. 

Villon  (vel-16n').  Frangois.  Bom  at  Paris, 
1431:  died  about  1484.  One  of  the  earliest 
French  poets.  little  is  known  of  his  life  except  what 
may  be  gathered  from  his  own  writings.  Although  of 
veiy  humble  extraction,  he  found  means  to  acquire  a  good 
education.  Beginning  with  his  student  days,  he  led 
throuehout  his  whole  life  a  wild  Bohemian  existence. 
Three  times  he  appeared  before  the  courts  to  answer  seri- 
ous charges  (see  the  extract).  The  first  time  he  was  sen- 
tenped  to  be  flozged.  Between  his  first  and  second  ar- 
Sshei^ote''Lfpetittestament"(1466).  For  his  second 


1039 

offense  he  was  condemned  to  death ;  he  owed  his  life.  It  is 
said,  to  one  of  the  princesses  of  the  royal  household,  to 
whom  he  had  inscribed  a  poem,  "Le  dit  de  la  naissance 
Marie."  She  was  presumably  the  daughter  of  the  duke 
Charles  d'Orl^ans,  himself  a  poet,  who  raised  Villon  to  an 
honorable  position.  In  1461  he  again  was  imprisoned.  On 
regaining  his  liberty  he  composed  his  masterpiece,  "Le 
grand  testament,"  in  which  he  incorporated  a  large  num- 
ber of  his  older  ballads.  Besides  the  works  already  named, 
Villon  wrote  several  separate  poems  and  a  series  of  obscure 
slang  rimes,  "Le  jargon." 

FrauQois  Villon,  or  Corbueil,  or  Corbler,  or  de  Montcor- 
bier,  or  des  Loges,  was  certainly  bom  at  Paris  in  the  year 
1431.  Of  the  date  of  his  death  nothing  certain  is  known, 
some  authorities  extending  his  life  towards  the  close  of  the 
century  in  order  to  adjust  Rabelais'  anecdotes  of  him, 
others  supposing  him  to  have  died  before  the  publication 
of  the  first  edition  of  his  works  in  1489.  That  Villon  was 
not  his  patronymic,  whichsoever  of  his  numerous  aliases 
may  really  deserve  that  distinction,  is  certain.  He  was  a 
citizen  of  Paris  and  a  member  of  the  university,  having 
the  status  of  clere.  But  his  youth  was  occupied  in  other 
matters  than  study.  In  1455  he  killed,  apparently  in  self- 
defence,  a  priest  named  Philip  Sermaise,  fled  from  Paris, 
was  condemned  to  banishment  in  default  of  appearance, 
and  six  months  afterwards  received  letters  of  pardon.  •  In 
1456  a  faithless  mistress,  Catherine  de  Vausselles,  drew 
him  into  a  second  affray,  in  which  he  had  the  worst,  and 
again  he  fled  from  Paris.  During  his  absence  a  burglary 
committed  in  the  capital  put  the  police  on  the  track  of  a 
gang  of  young  good-for-nothings  among  whom  VUlon's 
name  figured,  and  he  was  arrested,  tried,  tortured,  and 
condemned  to  death.  On  appeal,  however,  the  sentence 
was  commuted  to  banishment.  Four  years  after  he  was  in 
prison  at  Meung,  consigned  thither  by  the  Bishop  of  Or- 
leans; but  the  king,  Louis  the  Eleventh,  set  him  free. 
Thenceforward  nothing  certain  is  known  of  hira. 

Saivtsbury,  French  Lit.,  p.  156. 

Vilna,  or  Wilna  (vil'na).  A  government  of 
"West  Russia,  surrounded  by  the  governments 
of  Kovno,  Vitebsk,  Minsk,  Grodno,  and  Su- 
walki.  It  exports  timber,  flax,  etc.  Area,  16,- 
421  square  miles.     Population,' 1,367,100. 

Vilna,  or  Wilna,  or  Wilno  (vil'no).  The  capi- 
tal of  the  government  of  Vilna,  situated  in  the 
Vilia  about  lat.  54°  40'  N. :  the  ancient  capital 
of  Lithuania.  It  has  a  trade  in  timber  and  grain,  and 
contains  a  Greek  and  a  Roman  Catholic  cathedral  and  a 
ruined  castle  of  the  Jagellons.  Formerly  It  had  a  univer- 
sity.   Population  (1897),  169,668. 

Vilyui.  Arangeof  mountainsin  Siberia,  between 
the  Lena  and  the  Vilyui. 

Vimeiro  (ve-ma'ro).  A  place  in  the  province 
of  Estremadura,  Portugal,  33  miles  north  by 
west  of  Lisbon.  Here,  Aug.  21, 1808,  the  British 
under  Wellington  defeated  the  French  under 
Junot. 

Vimeure  (ve-m6r'),  Donatien  Marie  Joseph 
de,  Vieomte  de  Eoehambeau.  Bom  near  Ven- 
d6me,  April  7, 1750 :  killed  at  the  battle  of  Leip- 
sie,  in  Saxony,  Get.  18,  1813.  A  French  gen- 
eral, son  of  the  Comte  de  Eoehambeau.  He  served 
with  his  father  in  Korth  America,  and  in  1792  was  made 
lieutenant-general  and  governor  of  the  Leeward  Islands, 
where  he  capitulated  to  the  English  March  22, 1794.  In 
1802  he  was  second  in  command  in  the  French  expedition 
against  Santo  Domingo,  and  after  Leclerc's  death  (Dec.  2, 
1802)  succeeded  him  in  the  leadership.  Closely  besieged  in 
Cape  FranQois,  he  abandoned  it  Nov.  30,  1803,  and  sur- 
rendered to  the  British  admiral  whose  fleet  was  blockad- 
ing the  bay.  He  remained  in  captivity  until  1811,  and  sub- 
sequently served  under  Napoleon. 

Vimeure,  Jean  Baptiste  Donatien  de,  Comte 
de  Eoehambeau.  Born  1725:  died  1807.  AFrench 
marshal.  He  served  in  the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succes- 
sion and  the  Seven  Years'  War ;  became  commander  of 
the  French  forces  in  America  in  1780 ;  cooperated  with 
Washington  in  the  siege  and  capture  of  Yorktown  in  1781 ; 
became  a  marshal  in  1791 ;  and  was  imprisoned  in  the 
Reign  of  Terror. 

Viminal  (vim'i-nal).  [L.  Mons  Viminalis.']  The 
northeastemmost  of  the  group  of  the  seven 
hills  of  ancient  Eome,  east  of  the  Quirinal  and 
north  of  the  Esquiline.  The  baths  of  Diocletian 
lie  below  it  to  the  north. 

Vinaroz  (ve-na-roth').  A  seaport  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Castellon,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Medi- 
terranean 45  miles  northeast  of  Castellon  de  la 
Plana.  Here,  Nov.,  1810,  the  French  under 
Musniers  defeated  the  Spaniards.  Population 
(1887),  9,851.  _  .MA 

Vincennes  (vm-senz' ;  F.  pron.  van-sen  ).  A 
town  in  the  department  of  Seine,  France,  about 
two  miles  east  of  the  fortifications  of  Paris: 
noted  for  its  castle.  The  castle  is  of  medieval  foun- 
dation, and  was  at  once  a  royal  residence  and  a  fortress  until 
the  reign  of  Louis  XV.  It  is  now  an  armory  and  artillery 
station  The  donjon  is  an  imposing  square  tower,  170  feet 
high  with  turrets  at  the  angles.  The  beautiful  chapel, 
begun  in  1379,  was  finished  by  Henry  II. :  it  possesses  a 
picturesque  f  agade,  lofty  vaulting,  and  beautiful  glass.  In 
the  dungeons  of  the  castle  were  confined  Mirabeau  and  the 
Due  d'Enghien.    Population  (1891),  commune,  24,626. 

Vincennes  (vin-senz').  The  capital  of  Knox 
County,  Indiana,  situated  on  the  Wabash  103 
miles  southwest  of  Indianapolis :  an  important 
railroad  center.  It  was  settled  by  the  French  in  1702, 
and  was  the  capital  of  Indiana  Territory.  Population 
(1900),  10,249.  ,,„.,'       rn      .  ^     c 

Vincennes  (van-sen'),  Bois  de.    [F.,  wood  of 


Vinet 

Vincennes.']  A  pleasure  park  near  Paris,  di- 
rectly south  of  Vincennes. 

Vincent  (vin'sent),  or  Vincentius  (vin-sen'- 
shi-us).  Saint.  'fSp-  Vincente,  Pg.  Vicente,  It.  Fin- 
cenzio,  from  LL.  VincenUus,  from  vincens,  con- 
quering.] Martyred  304  A.  d,  A  Spanish  mar- 
tyr, deacon  of  Saragossa. 

Vincent  de  Paul  (van-son'  d6  pol'  or  vin'sent 
de  pW)  or  de  Paulo,  Saint.  Bom  at  Poiiy, 
Gascony,  France,  April  24,  1576:  died  at  St. 
Lazare,  Paris,  Sept.  27,  1660.  The  founder  of 
the  Lazarists,  of  the  order  of  "FiUes  de  la 
Charity,"  and  of  the  Foundling  Hospital,  Paris. 
He  was  canonized  in  1737. 

Vincentio  (vin-sen'shio).  1.  The  reigning 
duke,  a  character  in  Shakspere's  "  Measure  for 
Measure ." —  2.  An  old  gentleman  of  Pisa,  a  char- 
acter in  Shakspere's  "  Taming  of  the  Shrew." 

Vinci  (vin'che),  Leonardo  (or  Lionardo)  da. 
Bom  at  Vinci,  near  Empoli,  Italy,  1452 :  died 
at  Cloux,  near  Amboise,  Prance,  May  2,  1519. 
A  famous  Italian  painter,  architect,  sculptor, 
scientist,  engineer,  mechanician,  and  musician. 
He  was  taken  by  his  father  to  Verocchio  about  1470,  with 
whom  he  remained  until  he  was  past  twenty,  drawing, 
modeling,  designing  for  architecture,  and  planning  en- 
gineering schemes.  His  studio  companions  were  Lorenzo 
di  Credi  and  Perugino.  He  was  in  the  Company  of  Paint- 
ers in  1472,  and  received  his  first  recorded  commission 
in  1478.  Be  seems  to  have  gone  to  Milan  about  1487,  hav- 
ing prospered  little  at  Florence.  He  returned  to  Florence  in 
1603 ;  went  to  Milan  again  in  1506 ;  and  lived  in  Rome  1614- 
1516.  He  painted  his  famous  Cenacolo,  or  Last  Supper,  on 
the  wall  of  the  refectory  in  the  Convent  of  Santa  Maria  delle 
Grazie :  it  was  finished  in  1498.  Owing  to  the  dampness  of 
the  wall,  it  has  been  frequently  repainted :  the  original 
sketches,  however,  still  exist,  and  from  a  copy  of  it  by  Marco 
d'Oggione  Raphael  Morghen  produced  his  celebrated  en- 
graving published  in  1800,  While  living  in  Milan  under 
the  protection  of  Ludovico  il  More,  he  occupied  himself 
with  the  colossal  equestrian  statue  of  Duke  Francesco  I., 
the  model  of  which  was  exhibited  in  1493  and  demolished 
by  the  French  in  1499.  On  his  return  to  Florence  he  drew 
the  cartoon  from  which  Filippino  painted  the  altarpiece 
of  the  monks  of  Servi.  His  principal  work  subsequently 
seems  to  have  been  in  portraiture,  and  he  did  many  por- 
traits of  women :  the  best-known  is  the  "Mona  Lisa  "  in 
the  Louvre,  Paris,  completed  about  1604.  He  was  also  . 
commissioned  to  paint  a  wall  of  the  council-hall  at  Flor- 
ence, for  which  he  made  a  cartoon  corresponding  to  the 
great  cartoon  of  Michelangelo.  Both  are  now  lost  He 
went  to  France  in  1616,  at  the  invitation  of  Francis  I.j  and 
died  there  at  the  Ch&teau  de  Cloux.  Among  his  works 
are  "Labelle  Ferronnifere,"  "The  Virgin  of  the  Rocks  "  (Na- 
tional Gallery,  London,  and  another  version  at  the  Louvre), 
"St.  John  the  Baptist"  (Louvre),"  St.  Anne  "  (Louvre),  and 
a  cartoon  of  St.  Anne  in  the  Eoyal  Academy,  London.  He 
wrote  a  celebrated  treatise  on  painting, "Trattura  della 
pittura,"  published  in  1661.  A  portrait  of  him,  by  himself, 
is  in  the  Royal  Library,  Turin. 

Vincy  (vin'si),  Rosamond.  One  of  the  princi- 
pal female  characters  in  George  Eliot's  novel 
''  Middlemarch."  ShemarriesLydgate,  aphysician,  and 
checkmates  his  endeavors  after  a  higher  career  by  her  stub- 
born and  selfish  nature  and  narrow  intellect.  Her  brother 
Frederick  has  been  spoiled  by  the  expectation  of  a  fortune. 

Vindelicia  (vin-de-lish'i-a).  In  ancient  geogra- 
phy, a  Eomau  province :  also  called  Ehsetia  Se- 
cunda,  and  sometimes  united  with  Ehsetia.  It 
was  bounded  by  the  Danube,  the  Inn  (separating  it  from 
Noricum),  and  Rhsetia.  Its  chief  town  was  Augusta  Vin- 
delicorura.  The  early  inhabitants  were  probably  of  Cel- 
tic origin.  Vindelicia  occupied  in  general  the  southern 
part  of  Baden,  Wiirtemberg,  and  Bavaria,  and  the  north- 
ern part  of  Tyrol. 

Vindhya  (vind'ya)  Mountains.  A  group  of 
ranges  of  mountains  and  hills  in  central  India, 
connecting  at  the  extremities  with  the  Eastern 
and  Western  Ghats,  and  forming  the  northern 
boundary  of  the  Deecan. 

Vineam  Domini  (vin'f-am dom'i-nl).  [L., 'the 
vineyard  of  the  Lord':  words  occurring  in  the 
bull.]  A  bull  issued  by  Pope  Clement  XI. 
against  the  Jansenists  in  1705. 

Vinegar  Bible,  The.  -An  edition  printed  at  the 
Clarendon  Press,  Oxford,  in  1717,  with  the  head- 
ing to  Luke  XX.  as  the  "Parable  of  the  Vine- 
gar" instead  of  the  "Parable  of  the  Vineyard." 

Vinegar  Hill.  A  place  in  Ireland,  14  miles 
north  of  Wexford:  a  stronghold  of  the  Irish  in- 
surgents in  1798.  They  were  attacked  by  Brit- 
ish troops  and  dispersed  in  June. 

Vineland  (vrn'land).  A  borough  in  Cumber- 
land County,  New  Jersey,  33  miles  south  by  east 
of  Philadelphia.  Fruit-raising  is  its  principal 
industry.    Population  (1900),  4,370. 

Vinet  (ve-na'),  Alexandre  Rodolphe.  Born 
near  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  June  17,  1797: 
died  at  Clarens,  Switzerland,  May  4, 1847.  A 
Swiss  Protestant  theologian  and  literary  critic, 
professor  in  Basel  (1819),  and  later  (1837)  in 
Lausanne .  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Free-church 
movement  in  Vaud.  His  works  include  "  Chrestomathie 
fran^aise'' (1829),  " Discours sur quelques sujets religieux  " 
(1831),  "  Etudes  sur  Pascal "  (1848),  "  Etudes  sur  la  litt^ra- 
ture  franpaise  aux  XIXe  siicle  "  (1849-61), ' '  Th^ologie  pas- 
torale "  (1850),  "  Histoire  de  la  littSrature  franpaise  an 
XVIIIe  sifecle  "(1861), "  Homil^tique  "  (1853), "  Histoire  de  la 


Vinet 

predication  parmi  les  E61orm68  de  France  au  XVHe  si^cle  " 
0860),  "Moralistes  des  XVI»  et  XVIIo  sifecles"  (1859), 
"Poetes  du  si^cle  Louia  XIV.,"  etc. 
Vineta  (vi-ne'ta).    A  medieval  city  on  the  site 
of  the  present  WoUin,  island  of  WoUin,  Ger- 
many :  an  important  Wendish  commercial  cen- 
ter about  the  10th  and  11th  centuries. 
Vineyard  Sound  (vin'ySrd  sound).    A  sea  pas- 
sage, southeast  of  Massachusetts,  ■which  sepa- 
rates Martha's  Vineyard  from  the  Elizabeth 
Islands.    Width,  4-7  miles. 
Vingt  Ans  Apr^s  (van  ton  za-pra').      [P., 
'  Twenty  Years  After.']  A  novel  'by'Duma.sp^e, 
published  in  1845 :  a  sequel  to  "Les  trois  mous- 
quetaires."    It  was  followed  by  "Dix  ans  plus 
tard,  ou  le  vicomte  de  Bragelonne"  (1848-50). 
Vinland(vin'land).    [Icel.  Vinland,  wme-laind, 
from  the  grapes  found  by  the  discoverers.  ]   The 
region  in  which  a  Norse  settlement  was  prob- 
ably made  in  North  America  about  1006.    it  has 
been  identifled  with  various  regions  on  the  coast  from 
Labrador  to  New  .Jersey. 
Vintschgau  (vintsh'gou).    See  Adige. 
Viola  (vi'6-la).    [L., 'a  violet.']   1.  The  princi- 
pal female  character  in  Shakspere's  "Twelfth 
Night."    She  is  the  sister  of  Sebastian,  is  shipwreclted 
on  the  coast  of  Illyria,  and,  disguised  as  Cesario,  wins  the 
heart  of  the  duke. 

3.  The  principal  character  in  Fletcher's  "Cox- 
comb." 

Violet,  Corporal  or  Papa.  See  Corporal  Violet 
Violet-Crowned  City.  Aname  sometimes  given 
to  Athens. 

VioUet-le-Duc  (vy6-la'l6-diik'),  Eugfene  Em- 
manuel. Bom  at  Paris,  Jan.  27,  1814:  died  at 
Lausanne,  Sept.  17,  1879.  A  French  architect, 
archseologist,  and  writer  on  art.  He  was  employed 
in  the  restoration  of  many  medieval  buildings  in  France, 
including  JTotre  Dame  in  Paris  and  the  cathedrals  of 
Amiens  and  Laon.  His  works  include  "Diotionnaire  de 
I'architecture  fran^aise  du  Xle  au  XVIe  aiecle"  (10  vols. 
1854-69),  "Basal  sur  I'architectnre  militaire  au  moyen 
Age"  (1854),  "Diotionnaire  du  mobilier  fran^ais"  (1856), 
"  Description  de  Notre  Dame  de  Paris"  (1856),  "Entretiens 
sur  I'architecture"  (1858),  "  Histou'e  d'une  maison,""His- 
toire  d'une  forterease,  "Histoire  de  I'habitation  hu- 
maine,"  "Histoire  d'hOtel  de  viUe  et  d'une  cath^drale" 
(all  1873-76).  _ 

Vionville  (vy6n-vel'),  or  MarS-la-Tour  (mars- 
la-tor'), Battle  of,  Abattle  between  the  French 
and  (jermans,  fought  near  the  villages  of  Vion- 
ville and  Mars-la-Tour,  about  12  miles  west  of 
Metz,  Aug.  16, 1870.  The  Germans  (about  67,000)  were 
commanded  by  Prince  Frederick  Charles ;  the  French  (120,- 
000-138,000)  by  Marshal  Bazaine.  The  result  of  the  battle, 
which  waa  one  of  the  most  fiercely  contested  and  bloodiest 
of  the  century,  was  the  preventing  of  the  retreat  of  the 
French  from  Metz  to  Verdun.  (See  Metz.)  The  German  loss 
in  killed  and  wounded  was  about  16,000 ;  the  French  loss 
in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners  was  about  17,000.  The 
third  Westphalian  infantry  regiment  lost  49  officers  and 
1,736  men— the  heaviest  regimental  loss  of  the  war. 
Viper  (vi'p6r),  Doctor,  a  character  in  Foote's 
play  "The  Capuchin":  under  this  name  he 
severely  lashed  an  Irish  clergyman  named  Jack- 
son, in  the  pay  of  the  Duchess  of  Kingston,  as  a 
revenge  for  the  suppression  of  his  play  "  The 
Trip  to  Calais  "  (which  see). 
Vique.    See  Vich. 

Vira  (ve'ra),  or  Wavlra  (wa-ve'ra).  A  Bantu 
tribe  of  the  Kongo  State,  at  the  north  end  of  Lake 
Tanganyika.  They  produce  iron,  wooden  articles,  and 
baskets,  which  are  sold  to  the  people  on  the  shore  of  the 
lake.    The  land  is  called  tJvira. 

Viracocha.    See  Uiracocka. 

Viracocha,  Temple  of.  A  name  often  given  to 
the  temple  of  Cacha  (which  see). 

Virchow  (ver'eho),  Eudolf.  Born  at  Schivel- 
bein,  Pomerania,  Prussia,  Oct.  13, 1821:  died  at 
Berlin,  Sept.  5,  1902.  A  celebrated  German 
anatomist,  physiologist,  andanthropologist,the 
founder  of  cellular  pathology:  professor  at 
Wiirzbarg  1849-56,  and  at  Berlin  1 856-1902.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Prussian  Landtag  1862-1902,  and  of 
tlie  German  Beichstag  1880-93,  and  one  of  the  leaders  of 
the  Progressist  and  later  of  the  German  Liberal  party.  He 
published  numerous  technical  works.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  '■  Archivfur  pathologische  Anatomic  und 
Physiologle." 

Vire  (ver).  [ML.  Vira.']  A  river  in  Normandy, 
France,  which  flows  into  the  English  Channel 
30  miles  southeast  of  Cherbourg.  Length,  80 
miles, 

Vire.  A  town  in  the  department  of  Calvados, 
France,  situated  on  the  Vire  35  miles  southwest 
of  Caen.  It  has  manufactures  of  woolen  goods. 
Population  (1891),  commune,  6,635. 

Virgil.    See  Vergil. 

Virgil,  Polydore.    See  -Vergil. 

Virgilia  (ver-jil'i-a).  The  wife  of  Coriolanus, 
in  Shakspere's  play  "  Coriolanus." 

Virgin.    See  Virgo. 

Virgin,  The.    See  Madonna. 

Virginia  (v6r-jin'i-a).     [L.,  fern,  of  Virginius.'] 


1040 


Visbnu 


In  Boman  legend,  the  daughter  of  Virginius,  a  Virginius.    An  American  vessel  captured  by 

Elebeian,  who  was  slain  by  her  father  to  keep  the  Spaniards  in  1873  while  engaged  in  fllibus- 
er  from  the  power  of  the  decemvir  Appius  tering.  The  captain  and  others  were  executed  at  San- 
Claudius  (449  B.  c).  This  act  led  to  the  over-  tiagodeCuba.  The  affair  caused  extreme  tension  between 
throw  of  the  decemvirate.  ">»  American  aiid  Spanish  governments.    Itendedin  the 

Virginia      An  aqteroid  (No   50)  dispovpred  bv    and  Dekker,  licensed  in  1620,  printed  in  1622. 

Fer^soi  af^^shtngtof  Oct.'i,  185r  '''  ""^    I*  ^-«  ^^^^^f  'l  ''''  "^L'''''  * 
Virginia.     [Named  from  Queen  EUzabeth,  the  Virgin  of  the  Rosary,  The.    A  pamtmg  by 
""Virgin  Queen."]    One  of  the  South  Atlantic    Murillo,  in  the  Eoyal  Museum  at  Madrid,    it  is 
States  of^the  United  States  of  America,  ex-    ^"^^^l^nVchMshJwIroic^And^^ 

Sfng':°7?o  If'tfsys;' V'c4'4eSL'!  ^^^oftend.^  °^"'  ^'''^  *°  ^"^'"  "^^^^ 
mond.    It  is  bounded  by  West  Virginia  on  the  north  m-^^^  /„a«'«.;i\      rr      <+t,^  ^^»i^  r\     A«  «««:««+ 

and  northwest,  Maryland  and  the  District  of  Columbia   Virgo  (yer  go),    J-^:»    the  Virgm.^    An  ancient 

(separated  by  the  Potomac)  on  the  north  and  northeast,     constellation  ana  Sign  or  the  zodiac.    The  figure 

Chesapeake  Bay  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east,  Korth 

Carolina  and  Tennessee  on  the  south,  and  Kentucky  on 

the  west,  and  contains  a  small  detached  portion  east  of 

Chesapeake  Bay.    It  is  called  the  "Old  Dominion  "  and  the 

"Mother  of  Presidents."    It  is  level  in  the  southeast  and 

mountainous  in  the  northwest  and  west,  and  is  traversed 

from  northeast  to  southwest  by  the  Blue  Ridge  and  other 

ranges  of  .the  Appalachians  (highest  point,  about  5,700 

feet).    It  is  sometimes  divided  into  the  physical  regions 

Tidewater,  Midland,  Piedmont,  Blue  Eidge  valley,  and 

Appalachia.    The  principal  river-systems  are  those  of  the 

Potomac  (with  the  Shenandoah),  iRappahannock,  York, 

James,  Boanoke,  and  Tennessee.     Virginia  is  rich  in 

agricultural  and  mineral  resources ;  is  the  second  State 

in  the  Union  in  the  production  of  tobacco,  and  has  also  a 

large  production  of  wheat,  com,  vegetables,  fruit,  timber, 


represents  a  winged  woman  in  a  robe  holding  a  spike  of 
grain  in  her  left  hand.  One  of  the  stars  was  ca^ed  Vin- 
demiatrix,  or  by  the  Greeks  Protrygeter — that  is,  precursor 
of  the  vintage.  At  the  time  when  the  zodiac  seems  to 
have  been  formed  (2100  B.  c.)  this  star  would  first  be  seen 
at  Babylon  before  sunrise  about  Aug.  20,  or,  since  there 
is  some  evidence  that  it  was  then  brighter  than  it  is  now, 
perhaps  a  week  earlier.  This  would  seem  too  late  for  the 
vintage,  so  that  perhaps  this  tradition  is  older  than  the 
zodiac.  Virgo  appears  in  the  Egyptian  zodiacs  without 
wings,  yet  there  seems  no  room  to  doubt  that  the  figure 
was  first  meant  for  the  winged  Assyrian  Astarte,  especially 
as  the  sixth  month  in  Akkadian  is  called  the  "Errand  of 
Ishtar."  The  symbol  of  the  zodiacal  sign  is  M,  where  a 
resemblance  to  a  wing  may  be  seen.  The  constellation 
contains  the  white  first-magnitude  star  Spica. 


coal,  iron,  salt,  and  building-stone;  has  iron,  cofee,  to-  ViriathUS  (vi-ri'a-thns),  or  ViliatUS  (vl-ri'a- 
bacco,  leather,  and  other  manufactures;  and  has  various  tus).  Assassinated  about  139  B.  c.  A  Lusita- 
mmeral  springs  and  natural  curiosities  (as  the  Natural  "."'"  ^'-^^j^^^^^^-^^y^^  «.wwixu  j.«^  x..  v^.  ^  .ljuoii<« 
Bridge,  Luray  Caverns,  etc.).  It  has  100  counties,  sends  ^^^"^  shepherd  who  conducted  a  long  and  gener- 
2  senators  and  10  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  12  ally  successful  war  against  the  Romans  in  the 
electoral  votes.  It  was  the  first  of  the  original  colonies,  western  part  of  the  Spanish  peninsula  149-139, 
and  one  of  the  13  original  States  and  was  settled  by  the  VirOCOnium.  See  Urlconium, 
English  at  Jamestown  m  1607.    Among  the  early  leaders  TT;l"^„,rr**'^^^,.^''^^^  j«       -d  a 

were  John  Smith,  Newport,  Somers,  Gates,  and  Delawarr.  Vmies  (ve-ro-es  ),  OriStOVal  aC.  Bom  at 
It  was  governed  at  first  by  the  London  Company.  Ne-  Valencia,  Spam,  about  1550:  died  about  1610. 
gro  slavery  was  introduced  in  1619.    It  became  a  royal    A  Spanish  epic  and  dramatic  poet,  a  friend  of 

nolnnvin  1fi9-l.  wns  the  snene  of  Bacon  srehellion  \r.  1fi7«.      ^ope  de  Vega,      Five  of  his  playS  are  extant. 


colony  in  1624 ;  was  the  scene  of  Bacon's  rebellion  in  1676 , 
took  part  in  the  French  and  Indian  war ;  took  a  promi- 
nent part  in  the  events  leading  to  the  Revolution ;  ceded 
its  territory  beyond  the  Ohio  in  1784 ;  ratified  the  Consti- 
tution in  1788;  was  the  leading  State  in  influence  in  the 
early  history  of  the  country,  furnishing  four  of  the  first 
five  Presidents ;  seceded  from  the  Union  April  17, 1861 ;  be- 
came the  center  of  the  Confederate  States,  and  contained 

their  capital ;  and  was  one  of  the  chief  seats  of  the  war.  __.        ,         «  i.      j. ,  o       tt-       * 

Among  the  events  of  which  it  was  the  scene  were  the  VlSCamo,  beoastian.     bee  Ft^caino. 
battle  of  Bull  Run,  Peninsular  and  Valley  campaigns,  Vischer  (fish'er),  Friedrlch  Tlieodor. 


second  Bull  Run  campaign,  Fredericksburg  and  Chancel- 
lorsville  campaigns,  Wilderness  campaign,  siege  and  cap- 
ture of  Richmond,  and  surrender  of  Lee's  army.     The 


State  was  readmitted  to  the  Union  in  1870.    Area,  42,450 
square  miles.     Population  (1900),  1,854,184. 

Virginia,  Army  of.  A  Federal  army  in  the 
Civil  War,  formed  in  Aug.,  1862,  out  of  the 
commands  of  Fremont,  Banks,  and  McDowell.  Visconti  (vis-kon'te),  Ennio  Quirino.     [From 


He  claims  to  have  first  divided  Spanish  dramas  into 
three  jomadas  or  acts,  and  Lope  de  Yega  assents  to  the 
claim  ;  but  they  were  both  mistaken,  for  we  now  know 
that  such  a  division  was  made  by  Francisco  de  Avendado 
not  later  than  1553,  when  Virues  was  but  three  years 
old.  TuHmor,  Span,  lit.,  II.  64. 

Born 
at  LudTvigsburg,  Wiirtemberg,  June  80,  1807: 
died  at  Gmimden,  Sept.  14,  1887.  A  Grerman 
critic,  professor  at  Tiibingen.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Frankfort  Parliament  of  1848.  His  chief  work  is 
"Asthetik"  (1847-68).  His  other  works  include  "tjber 
das  Erhabene  und  Komische"  (1837),  "Eritische  G^nge" 
(1844),  etc. 


It  was  commanded  by  General  Pope,  and  took  part  in  the 
second  Bull  Kun  campaign,  after  which  it  was  discon- 
tinued. 

Virginia,  University  of.  An  institution  of 
learning  situated  near  Charlottesville,  Virginia : 
chartered  1819.  Its  chief  founder  was  Thomas 
Jefferson. 

Virginia  City  (v6r-jin'i-a  sit'i).  The  capital 
of  Madison  County,  Montana,  situated  on  Alder 
Creek  60  miles  southeast  of  Butte.  It  is  a  gold- 
mining  center.     Population  (1900),  2,695. 

Virginia  City,  or  Virginia.  The  capital  of 
Storey  County,  Nevada,  situated  on  the  slope 
of  Mount  Davidson,  about  6,200  feet  above  sea- 
level,  in  lat.  39°  17'  N.  It  is  the  second  largest  in- 
corporated place  in  the  State,  and  one  of  the  richest  min- 
ing centers  in  the  world.  It  was  built  in  1869  over  the 
Comstock  Lode.    Population  (1900),  2,696. 

Virginians  (vSr-jin'i-anz),  The.  A  novel  by 
Thackeray,  published  in  1857-59.  The  scene 
is  laid  in  Virginia  in  the  18th  century.    It  is 


L.  Vicecomites,  viscount.]  Born  at  Borne,  Nov. 
1, 1751 :  died  Feb.  7, 1818.  A  celebrated  Italian 
archaeologist.  He  was  conservator  of  the  Capitoline  Mu- 
seum at  Rome,  and  member  of  the  provisional  government 
at  Rome.  In  1799  he  went  to  Paris,  where  in  1799  he  was 
made  custodian  of  the  collections  in  the  Louvre  and  pro- 
fessor of  archseology.  His  chief  work  is  *'  Iconographie 
grecque"  (1808).  Hisotherworksincludetheflrstvolume 
of  the  "  Iconographie  romaine  "  (1817 :  completed  by  Hon- 
gez),  "Museo  Pio-Clementino"  (1782-87),  "Description  dee 
antiques  du  mus^e  royal,"  etc. 

Visconti,  Filippo  Maria.  Biedl447.  The  last 
Duke  of  Milan  of  the  Visconti  house,  son  of 
G.  G.  Visconti. 

Visconti,  Gian  Galeazzo.  Died  1402.  Grand- 
nephew  of  Giovanni  Visconti,  and  sou  of  Gale- 
azzo Visconti.  He  became  duke  of  Milan  in  1396 ; 
subdued  a  large  part  of  northern  and  central  Italy ;  and 
was  a  patron  of  literature  and  art. 

Visconti,  Giovanni.  Died  1354.  Lord  of  Milan. 
He  annexed  Genoa.  His  dominions  were  di- 
vided among  his  three  nephews. 


VirS  Plan'jThl^ln  o^ilne  plan  of  a  con-  Visconti^Venosta  (vis^kon'te-va-nos^  Mar- 
stitution  for  the  United  States,  presented  to  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1787  by  Edmund 
Randolph  of  Virginia.  It  projected  a  national 
union  difEering  radically  foom  the  old  confed- 
eracy. 

Virginia  Kesolutions,  The.    Resolutions  pre- 
pared by  James  Madison,  and  passed  by  the 


quis  Emilio.  Bom  at  Milan,  Jan.  22,1829.  An 
Italian  diplomatist  and  politician,  minister  of 
foreign  affairs  1863-64,  1866-67,  and  1869-76. 
Vishnu  (vish'no).  [Skt.,'The  Worker';  from 
•/  vish,  work,  be  active,  accomplish.]  In  later 
Hindu  mythology,  the  second  member  of  the 
trimurti  or  triad  (Brahma,Vishnu,  and  Shiva) : 
regarded  as  the  preserver,  while  Brahma  and 


OTfeit^dXSfo^n-  "-I^  ^Sa' le  ^M    Bhl-  are  respectively  the  creator  and  the  de- 


alarming  infractions  of  the  Constitution." 
Virgin  (vfer'jin)  Islands.    A  group  of  islands 
in  the  West  Indies,  east  of  Porto  Rico.    It  com- 
prises the  British  islands  Tortola,  Anegada,  Virgin  Gorda, 
etc.  (forming  part  of  the  Leeward  Islands  Colony);  the 
islands  Culebra,  Vieques,  etc.   (dependencies  of  Porto 
Bico) ;  and  the  islands  St.  Croix,  St.  Thomas,  and  St.  John. 
They  were  discovered  by  Colnmbus  in  Nov.,  1493.    Total 
area,  about  275  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  about 
65,000. 
Virginius  (ver-jin'i-us).    In  Roman  legendary 
history,  the  father  of  Virginia.    See  Virginia. 
Virginius.    A  tragedy  by  J.  Sheridan  Knowles, 
produced  in  1820. 


Stroyer.  Vishnu  appears  sdready  in  the  Eigveda  as  a  solar 
divinity.  There  his  chief  achievement  is  striding  over 
the  heavens  in  three  steps,  explained  as  designating  the 
three  daily  stations  of  the  sun  in  his  rising,  culmination, 
and  setting,  the  conception  out  of  which  grew  the  legend 
of  the  Vamana,  or  dwarf  incarnation  of  Vishnu.  (See  Va- 
mana.)  He  is  the  companion  of  ludra  in  drinking  the 
soma  and  in  battling  with  Vritra,  At  times  he  appears 
as  sent  by  Indra,  and  strengthened  by  him,  while  at  others 
he  gives  Indra  strength,  especially  by  preparing  the  soma 
for  him.  Not  at  first  included  among  the  Adityas,  or  sons 
of  Aditi  (whose  number  in  the  Vedic  period  varies  from 
six  to  eight),  when  their  number  is  raised  to  twelve,  rep- 
resenting the  sun  in  the  twelve  months  of  the  year,  Vish- 
nu receives  the  first  place  among  them.  It  is  in  the  Ma- 
habharata  and  the  Bamayana  that  be  appears  without  this 


Vishnu 

solar  character,  and  as  gradually  rising  to  his  present  su- 
premacy as  ihe  most  popular  god  of  modem  Hindu  wor- 
ship, while  the  Pnranas  represent  the  fully  developed 
rivalry  between  Shiva  and  Vishnu  and  their  worshipers, 
called  respectively  Shaivas  and  Vaishnavas.  The  most 
marked  feature  of  the  modern  Vishnu  is  his  Incarnation 
In  a  portion  of  his  essence  on  ten  different  occasions  to 
deliver  mankind  from  special  dangers.  These  ten  princi- 
pal avatars  ('  descents,'  'incarnations')  are  (1)  the  Matsya, 
or  'fish'  J  (2) the Kurma,  'tortoise';  (3)  the  Varaha,'boar'; 
(4)  the  Narasinha,  'man-lion';  (6)  the  Vamana,  'dwarf; 
<fl)  Parashurama,  or '  Rama  with  the  ax' ;  (7)  Bamachandra ; 
<8)  Krishna ;  (9)  Buddha,  by  adopting  whom  the  Brahmans 
apparently  wished  to  effect  a  compromise  between  their 
own  creed  and  Buddhism  ;  and  (10)Kalki,  an  incarnation, 
yet  to  come,  in  which  Vishnu  at  the  end  of  the  four  yugas 
or  ages  will  destroy  the  wicked,  and  free  the  world  from 
its  enemies.  (See  the  names.)  These  avatars  some  of  the 
Puranas  Increase  to  22  or  24.  As  in  thefc  treatment  of  the 
triad  the  modem  Hindus  elevate  either  Shiva  or  Vishnu 
to  the  supreme  place,  subordinating  the  other  two,  Vish- 
nu is  often  identified  with  Narayana,  the  personified  Pu- 
rusha,  or  primeval  living  spirit,  and  is  described  as  mov- 
ing on  the  waters,  and  resting  on  Shesha,  the  serpent  of 
infinity,  while  Brahma  emerges  from  a  lotus  growing  from 
his  naveL  His  wife  is  lakshmi  or  Shri,  and  his  paradise 
Vaikuntha.  He  has  a  peculiar  mark  on  his  breast  called 
Shrivatsa,  and  has  a  conch-shell,  a  discus,  a  club,  a  lotus,  a 
bow,  and  a  sword.  Upon  his  wrist  is  the  jewel  Syaman- 
taka,  and  on  his  breast  the  jewel  Kaustubha.  His  vehicle 
is  Garuda,  who  is  half  man,  half  bird  (with  the  head,  wings, 
talons,  and  beak  of  an  eagle,  and  the  body  and  limbs 
of  a  man),  and  whose  face  is  white,  wings  red,  and  body 
golden.  The  Ganges  issues  from  Vishnu's  foot.  He  has 
slain  countless  demons,  a  number  of  whom  are  specified 
in  various  legends.  He  has  a  thousand  names,  all  given 
in  the  Anushasana-parvan  ('  instruction-section ')  of  the 
Mahabharata,  with  those  of  Shiva,  which  number  1,008. 
On  Vishnu,  see  Muir's  "  Original  Sanskrit  Texts,"  IV.  68^ 
298,  and Monier- Williams's  "BrahmanismandHinduism," 
iii.,  v.,  and  vi. 

Vishnupurana  (vish-nB-po-ra'na).  In  Sanskrit 
literature,  an  important  and  typical  Parana  (see 
that  word),  it  has  been  translated,  with  preface  and 
many  notes,  by  Wilson.  A  second  edition  of  this  transla- 
tion has  been  greatly  enriched  by  the  further  notes  of 
Fitzedward  Hall.  It  appears  in  Wilson's  works.  Vol.  VI 
(London,  1864).  Wilson's  analysis  of  the  Puranas  in  Vol. 
Ill,  and  his  preface  to  the  Vishnupurana,  are  the  chief 
sources  of  information  on  the  Puranas. 

Visigoths  (viz'i-goths).  [From  LL.  *  Visigothi, 
VisegothsBjWest  Groths.]  The  individuals  of  the 
more  westerly  of  the  two  great  historical  di- 
visions of  the  Goths,  See  Goths.  The  Visigoths 
founded  a  monarchy  which  continued  in  southern  France 
until  B07,  and  in  Spain  until  711.    Also  called  WestOotha. 

Vision  of  Don  Boderick.  A  narrative  poem 
by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1811. 

Vision  of  Judgment.  1.  A  poem  by  Southey, 
published  in  1821. — 2.  Aburlesque  of  this  poem 
by  Lord  Byron. 

Vision  of  lEzekiel  (e-ze'M-el),  The.  God  the 
Father,  with  the  symbols  oi'  the  four  Evange- 
lists :  a  small  but  impressive  painting  by  Ra- 
phael, in  the  Galleria  Pitti,  Florence.  The  God- 
head is  treated  perhaps  too  much  like  a  Jupiter, 
but  the  grouping  is  admirable. 

Vision  of  Mirza  (mfer'za).  The.  An  allegory  by 
Addison,  published  in  the  "  Spectator,"  No.  159. 
It  is  a  vision  of  human  life. 

Vision  of  Piers  Plowman  (pers  ^u'man).  An 
allegorical  and  satirical  poem  by  William  Lang- 
land,  begun  about  1362,  revised  in  1377,  and  re- 
vised and  enlarged  until  about  1393.  it  was  very 
popular,  as  attested  by  its  numerous  MSS.,  and  was  printed 
in  1560, 1553,  and  1561,  in  several  editions.  Therehavebeen 
several  modem  reprints,  the  most  recent  of  which  is  that 
edited  by  Professor  W.  W.  Skeat  in  1887.  This  incorporates 
the  collations  of  three  MS.  versions,  of  different  dates, with 
notes.  TOebook  isreallythe  "Vision  of  William  concern- 
ing Piers  Plowman,"  who  is  the  subject,  not  the  author. 
There  are  other  visions  Incorporated,  but  this  was  the  fa- 
vorite character  of  Langland. 

In  the  earlier  part  of  the  poem  he  is  a  blameless  plough- 
man and  a  guide  to  men  who  are  seeking  the  shrine  of 
Trath,  whilst  in  the  latter  part  of  it  he  is  the  blameless 
carpenter's  son  who  alone  can  show  us  the  Father.  The 
ambiguity  is  surely  not  very  great,  and  the  reader  who 
once  apprehends  this  explanation  will  easily  remember 
that  the  true  Piers  Plowman  was  certainly  not  a  Middle- 
English  author. 

Skeat,  Preface  to  Piers  the  Plowman,  p.  xxvu. 

Vision  of  Sir  Launfal  (lan'fal).  A  poem  by 
James  Russell  Lowell,  published  in  1845. 

Viso,  Monte.    See  Monte  Viso. 

Vistula  (vis'tii-ia).  [F.  Vistule,  L.  Vistula,  G. 
Weielisel,  Pol.  Wisla.l  A  large  river  of  north- 
ern Europe .  it  rises  in  Austrian  Silesia  in  the  Jablunka 
Mountains,  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Austrian 
Silesia  and  Galicia  on  the  one  side  and  Prussian  Silesia 
on  the  other ;  passes  through  Galicia,  and  forms  part  of  the 
boundary  between  Galicia  and  Poland  ;  traverses  Poland ; 
enters  Prussia ;  separates  near  its  mouth  into  the  Vis- 
tula and  Nogat;  and  then  divides  into  the  Danziger 
Vistula  and  the  Elbinger  Vistula,  of  which  the  former 
flows  directly  into  the  Gulf  of  Dantzic  and  the  latter  mto 
the  I'risches  Hafl.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  San,  Pilica, 
Bug  and  Brahe ;  the  chief  towns  on  its  banks,  Cracow, 
Warsaw,  Plock,  Thorn,  and  Dantzic.  Length,  about  650 
miles ;  navigable  for  small  vessels  from  Cracow,  for  large 
vessels  from  the  mouth  of  the  San. 

The  origin  of  the  name  of  this  river  [Vistul^  (Germ. 
Weichsel,  Vixel,  Slav.  Visla,  Lat.  Vistula)  unfortunately 
C— 66 


1041 

can  hardly  be  ascertained  with  certainty.  It  is  sometimes 
regarded  as  originally  and  thoroughly  Teutonic,  sometimes 
as  Slavonic,  sometimes  also  as  Slavo-Teutonic  (Miillen- 
hoff,  ii,  207;  J.  v.  Merlinger,  K,  Z.,  xxvii.  479).  The  last 
seems  to  be  the  most  probable. 

Schroder,  Aryan  Peoples  (tr.  by  Jevons),  p.  429. 

Vistula  Governments.    The  official  name  of 
Russian  Poland. 
Visurgis  (vi-s6r'jis).    The  Latin  name  of  the 


Vitalians  (vi-ta'U-anz).  A  band  of  pirates  who 
infested  the  Baltic'  and  North  seas  at  the  end 
of  the  14th  and  the  beginning  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury. 

Vitalis  (ve-ta'les).  Pseudonym  of  the  Swedish 
poet  Sjbberg. 

Vitalis  (vi-ta'lis).    See  Orderims. 

Vita  Nuova  (ve'ta  n6-6'va).  [It.,  'The  New 
Life.']  A  work  by  Dante,  probably  finished  in 
1807. 

Dante  wrote  in  his  early  manhood  the  "  Vita  Nuova  " — 
the  New  or  the  Early  life  —  connecting,  with  a  narrative 
of  aspiration  towards  Beatrice  as  the  occasion  of  them, 
sonnets  and  canzoni,  representing  artificially,  according 
to  the  manner  of  that  time,  various  moods  of  love. 

Marley,  English  Writers,  III.  402. 

Vitebsk  (ve-tebsk').  1-  A  government  of  west- 
em  Russia,  surrounded  by  the  governments  of 
Livonia,  Pskoff,  Smolensk,  MoghilefiE,  Minsk, 
VUna,  and  Clourland.  Area,  17,440  square  miles. 
Population,  1,341,100.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  Vitebsk,  situated  on  the  Diina 
in  lat.  55°  15'  N.  It  has  considerable  trade. 
Population  (1888),  58,495. 

Vitellius  (vi-tel'i-Tis),  Aulus.  Bom  15  a.  d.: 
killed  at  Rome,  Dec,  69  a.  d.  Roman  emperor, 
a  favorite  of  Tiberius,  Caligula,  Claudius,  and 
Nero.  He  was  appointed  governor  in  LowerGermany  by 
Galba  in  68,  and  was  proclaimed  emperor  by  the  army  at 
the  beginning  of  69.  His  generals  Ceecina  and  Valens  de- 
feated Otho  ;  and  he  entered  Home  in  the  middle  of  69. 
His  forces  were  defeated  by  those  of  Vespasian  under 
Antonius  Primus. 

Viterbo  (ve-ter'bo).  [ML.  Viterbium,  Biter- 
vum.']  A  city  of  the  province  of  Rome,  Italy, 
41  miles  north-northwest  of  Rome,  ithasanoted 
cathedral,  and  was  formerly  a  papal  residence.  In  the 
neighborhood  are  mineral  springs  and  Etruscan  antiqui- 
ties.   Population  (1881),  19,654. 

Viti  (ve'te),  or  Maviti  (ma-ve'te),  also  called 
Mazitu  (ma-ze'ts).  A  tribe  of  marauders  in 
East  Africa,  originally  Zulus  from  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Sofala  and  Inhambane,  who,  about 
1850,  crossed  the  Zambesi  and  ravaged  the 
region  between  the  Rovuma  and  Rufiji  rivers. 
Many  settled  finally  southwest  of  lake  Kyassa,  where  they 
are  called  Mangoni  (livingstone,  1863).  Others  mixed 
with  different  tribes,  especially  with  the  Mahenge.  Taking 

.advantage  of  the  fear  inspired  by  the  Maviti,  other  ma- 
rauders, as  the  Waninde  and  the  Wangindo,  took  their 
name,  costume,  and  manners  in  order  to  facilitate  their 
depredations. 

Viti  Archipelago.    See  Fiji  Islands. 

Vitiges  (vit'i-jez).  An  East-Gothic  king  who 
reigned  from  536  to  about  540.  He  was  taken 
captive  to  Constantinople  by  Belisarius. 

Viti  Levu  (ve'te  lev's).  The  largest  island 
of  the  Fi.ii  group,  and  the  most  important  in 
respect  to  population  and  fertility.  Area, 
about  4,000  square  miles.    Pop.  (1896),  50,000. 

Vitim  (ve-tem ' ) .  A  river  in  Siberia  which  rises 
in  Transbaikalia  and  joins  the  Lena  about  lat. 
59°  50'  N.    Length,  about  1,400  miles. 

Vitoria,  or  Vittoria  ( ve  -  to '  re  -  a) .  [ML .  Vic- 
toriaeum,  Victoria.']  The  capital  of  the  Basque 
province  of  Alava,  Spain,  situated  on  the  Za- 
dorra  in  lat.  42°  50'  N.,1ong.  2°  43'  "W.  it  is  an 
important  commercial  and  manufacturing  town.  A  vic- 
tory was  gained  there  by  the  Allies  under  Wellington  over 
the  French  under  Joseph  Bonaparte  and  Jourdan,  June  21, 
1813.    Population  (1887),  27,660. 

Vitoria,  Duke  of.    A  title  of  Bspartero. 

Vitri  (ve-tra').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Ule-et-Vilaine,  France,  situated  on  the  Vilaine 
24  miles  east  of  Rennes.  it  contains  a  castle,  and  a 
church  of  Notre  Dame,  and  is  noted  for  its  old  Breton  as- 
pect.   Population  (1891),  10,607. 

Vitruvius  Pollio(vi-tro'vi-us  pol'i-6),  Marcus : 
called  Vitruvius.  Bom  at  Verona.  A  famous 
Roman  architect  and  engineer,  military  engi- 
neer under  Caesar  and  Augustus.  His  treatise  on 
architecture,  in  ten  books  ("De  architectura"),  dedicated 
to  Augustus,  is  the  only  surviving  Roman  treatise  on  the 
subject.  He  seems  to  have  been  an  unsuccessful  archi- 
tect :  his  book,  however,  was  well  known  to  Pliny,  and  on 
it  was  based  almost  all  the  earlier  theory  and  practice  of 
Renaissance  and  pseudo-classical  architecture. 

Vitry-le-Frangois  (ve-tre'16-fron-swa').  [See 
def .]  A  town  in  the  department  of  Mame, 
France,  situated  on  the  Mame  20  miles  south- 
east of  Chaions-sur-Mame.  It  was  founded  by 
Francis  I.    Population  (1891),  commune,  8,022. 

Vittoria  (Spain).     See  Vitoria. 


Vizcaino 

Vittoria  Colonna.  See  Colonna. 

Vittoria  Corombona.    See  White  Devil. 

Vittorio  (vit-t6're-6).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Treviso,  Italy,  situated  on  the  Meschio  38 
miles  north  of  Venice,  it  is  composed  of  the  two 
former  towns  Ceneda  and  Serravalle.  Ceneda  was  an  im- 
portant place  in  the  middle  ages.  It  has  various  works  of 
art.   Population  of  Vittorio  (1881),  16,681. 

Vitus  (vi'tus),  Saint.  A  saint  of  the  Roman 
church,  a  martyr  under  Diocletian.  His  festival 
is  celebrated  June  15.  At  Ulm  and  Eavensburg  and 
other  places  in  Germany  it  was  believed  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury that  good  health  could  be  secured  for  a  year  by  dan- 
cing before  his  image  at  his  festival,  and  bringing  gifts ; 
hence  it  is  said  that  St.  Vitus's  dance  came  to  be  con- 
founded with  chorea,  a  nervous  disorder,  and  he  was  in- 
voked against  it. 

Vitznau  (vits'nou).  A  small  village  in  the  can- 
ton of  Lucerne,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the 
Lake  of  Lucerne  9  miles  east-southeast  of  Lu- 
cerne.   It  is  a  tourist  center. 

Vivarais  (ve-va-ra').     [Li.pa^us  Vi/variensis.']  ■ 
An  ancient  district  in  Languedoc,  France,  cor- 
responding nearly  to  the  modem  department 
ofArdSehe.    Capital,  Viviers. 

Vivian  (yiv'i-an),  or  Viviane,  or  Vivien.  In 
the  Arthiirian  cycle  of  romance,  an  enchantress, 
the  mistress  of  Merlin,  she  brought  up  lancelot  in 
her  palace,  which  was  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  magical 
lake :  hence  her  name  "the  lady  of  the  Lake,"  Tennyson 
has  used  the  subject  of  her  subjugation  of  Merlin  in  his 
"Merlin  and  Vivien  "  in  the  "Idylls  of  the  King." 

At  length  this  renowned  magician  [Merlin]  disappeared 
entirely  from  England.  His  voice  alone  was  heard  in  a 
forest,  wliere  he  was  enclosed  in  a  bush  of  hawthorn :  he 
had  been  entrapped  in  this  awkward  residence  by  m'eanS' 
of  a  charm  he  had  communicated  to  his  mistress  Vivian 
or  Viviane,  who,  not  believing  in  the  spell,  had  tried  It  on 
her  lover.  The  lady  was  sorry  for  the  accident,  but  there 
was  no  extracting  her  admirer  from  his  thorny  coverture. 
DunZop,  Hist,  of  Prose  Fiction,  I.  154. 

It  .  .  .  seems  evident  that  it  is  to  the  Hwimleiaa,  or 
Chwifleian  of  Merlinus  Silvestris  [the  historical  Merlin  of 
Scotland],  that  we  are  to  attribute  the  origin  of  Viviane  of 
the  romances  of  Chivalry,  and  who  acts  so  conspicuous 
a  part  in  those  compositions,  although  it  is  true  that  there 
is  not  much  resemblance  betwixt  the  two  names.  But  if  we 
look  into  tlie  poems  of  Merlin  Sylvestris,  we  shall  find  that 
the  female  personage  of  this  name,  which  by  the  French 
romances  might  easily  be  modified  into  Viviane,  is  repeat- 
edly referred  to  by  the  bard  in  his  vaticinations.  It  also 
seems  probable,  as  Chwifleian  signifies  a  female  who  ap- 
pears and  disappears,  and  also  as  the  word  bears  some  re- 
semblance in  sound  to  Sibylla,  that  the  bard,  by  a  confusion 
of  terms  and  ideas  not  uncommon  in  early  writers,  coined 
this  name  as  an  appellation  for  some  imaginary  character, 
and  thus  furnished  the  original  of  Viviane. 

T.  Price,  Literary  Eemains,  I.  144. 

Vivian  Grey.  A  novel  by  Disraeli,  published 
in  1826-27. 

Viviani  (ve-ve-a'ne),  Vincenzo.  Bom  at  Flor- 
ence, April  5,  1622 :  died  Sept.  22,  1703.  An 
Italian  mathematician,  a  pupil  of  Galileo,  and 
his  companion  during  the  last  years  of  the 
great  astronomer's  life.  His  theoretical  restoration 
of  the  lost  books  of  Aristseus  and  of  Apollonius  of  Perga 
on  conic  sections  was  verified  by  the  discoveiy  of  the  text. 

Vivien  de  Saint-Martin  (ve-vyan'  d6  san-mar- 
tan'),  Louis.  Bom  at  Saint  Martin-de-Fonte- 
nay.  May  17,  1802 :  died  Jan.  3, 1897.  A  noted 
French  geographer,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Geographical  Society  of  Paris.  He  founded  in  1862 
the  "Athenaeum  frangais,"  and  edited  "I'Ann^e  g^ogra- 
pbique  "  1863-7«.  He  also  wrote  "  Etude  sur  la  g^ographie 
grecque  et  latino  de  I'lnde  "  (1868-60),  "  le  nord  d'Afrique 
dans  I'antiquit^ grecque  etromaine"(1863),etc.,  and  edited 
(1877-90)  "Nouveau  dictionnaire  de  geographic  univer- 
selle." 

Viviers  (ve-vya').  [ML.  Viuarias,  Vivarium.']  A 
small  towninthedepartmentofArd6che,France, 
situated  on  the  Rhone  southeast  of  Privas. 

Vivitao  (ve-ve-ta'6),  or  Vavitau,  One  of  the 
principal  islands  of  the  Austral  group.  Pacific 
Ocean. 

Vivonne  (ve-von'),  Catherine  de,  Marquise  de 
Rambouillet.  Bom  at  Rome,  1588:  died  at 
Paris,  1665.  A  French  social  leader,  celebrated 
for  her  influence  on  French  literature  and  so- 
ciety through  the  reunions  in  her  salon.  See 
Hdtel  de  Bambouillet  and  Arth^niee. 

Vizagapatam  (ve-za''''ga-pa-tam').  1.  A  dis- 
trict in  Madias,  British"  Eidia,  intersected  by 
lat.  18°  N.,  long.  83°  E.  Area,  4,619  square 
miles.  Population  (1891),  1,943,211.-2.  A  sea- 
port, capital  of  the  district  of  Vizagapatam,  sit- 
uated on  the  Bay  of  Bengal  in  lat.  17°  42'  N., 
long.  83°  18'  E.     Population  (1891),  34,487. 

Vizcaino  (veth-ka-e'no),  Sebastian.  Bom  at 
Huelva,  Spain:  diedat  Aoapulco,  Mexico,  about 
1615.  A  Spanish  navigator.  He  commanded  ex- 
ploring expeditions  from  Acapulco  to  lower  California 
(1596-97),  the  Californian  coast  to  lat.  43°  (1602-03),  and 
Manila  and  Japan  (1611-14).  In  the  last  he  carried  Fran- 
ciscan missionaries  to  Japan,  and  made  the  first  attempt 
to  establish'  commercial  relations  between  that  country 
and  Spain.  His  reports  have  been  repeatedly  published. 
Also  written  Viscaino. 


Vizcaya 


1042 


Vizcaya  (veth-ka'ya).     A  Spanish   armored  Vogtland  Switzerland.    A  picturesque  region 


cruiser  of  7,000  tons  and  a  nominal  speed  of 
20  knots.  She  was  a  sister  ship  of  the  Almirante 
Oqueudo  and  the  lufanta  Maria  Teresa,  Under  Captain 
Eulate  she  surrendered  to  the  Iowa  off  Aserraderos,  San- 
tiago de  Caba,  July  3, 1898. 

Vizcaya.    See  Biscay. 

Vlachs  (vlaks).     Same  as  Wallaohians. 

Vladikavkaz  (vla-de-kav-kaz').  The  capital 
of  the  province  of  Terek,  Caucasia,  Russia, 
situated  on  the  Terek,  at  the  base  of  the  Cau- 
casus Mountains,  about  lat.  43°  N.  It  is  the  ter- 
minus of  the  railway,  a  fortress,  and  an  important  center 
of  transit  trade.    Population,  44207. 

Vladimir  (vla'dl-mir  or  vla-de'mir).  1.  A 
government  of  Eussia,  surrounded  by  the  gov- 
ernments of  Tver,  Yaroslav,  Kostroma,  Nijni- 
Novgorod,  Tamboff,  Ryazan,  and  Moscow.  It 
comprises  the  greater  part  of  the  ancient  principality  of 
Vladimir.  Area,  18,864  square  miles.  Population,  1,456,600, 
2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  "Vladimir, 
situated  on  the  Klyasma  110  miles  east  by 
north  of  Moscow,  it  contains  two  ancient  cathedrals. 
That  of  the  Assumption  was  rebuilt  in  the  13th  century 
after  destruction  by  the  Tatars,  and,  though  twice  since 
restored,  retains  much  of  its  old  character  and  interest. 
It  was  until  the  middle  of  the  15th  century  the  metropol- 
itan church  of  Russia.     It  possesses  rich  silver  shrines, 


in  the  Vogtland,  extending  along  the  'WTiite 
Elster  from  Plauen  northward  to  Greiz  (or  to 
Berga). 
Vogiid (v6-gii-a' ),  Charles  Jean  Melchior, Mar- 

C[uisde.  Born  at  Paris,  1829.  A  French  archssol- , ^^     ^^,    ,. 

ogist  and  diplomatist,  ambassador  at  Constan-  Volney  "(voi'mf  F,  pron.  vol-na'),  Comte  Con 


Voltaire 

France,  April  20,  1833 :  died  at  Paris,  Aug,  27, 
1900.  AdistinguishedFrenchlandsoape-,genre-, 
and  flower-painter :  a  pupil  of  Eibot.  Among  his 
worlts  are  "Art  and  Gluttony  "  (1 864),  "  £itchen  Interior  " 
(1864,  and  another  in  1865),  "  Curiosities,"  "  Sea  Fish,"  and 
"Old  Fisherman"  (Luxembourg),  "The  Kettle"  (Lyons 
Museum),  "  Woman  of  Pollet  at  Dieppe  "  (1876). 


tinople  and  later  at  Vienna,  He  has  published 
"Les  6glises  de  la  Ten-e  Sainte "  (1860),  "Inscriptions 
h^braiques  de  Jerusalem  "  (1864),  "  Le  temple  de  Jtousa- 
lem, "  "  Essai  sur  la  topographic  de  la  Ville  Sainte  "  (1865), 
'•L' Architecture  dans  la  Syrie  centrale  "  (1865),  "Melanges 
d'arcMologie  orientale  "  (1869), ' '  Inscriptions  s^mitiques  " 
(1869-77),  and  edited  "  Memoires  du  Mar^chal  de  Villars  " 
(1884)  and  "  Villars  d'aprfes  sa  correspondance  et  ses  docu- 
ments "  (1888). 

Vogii^,  Engine  Marie  MelcMor,  Vicomte  de. 
Born  at  Nice,  Feb.  25,  1848.  A  French  writer 
and  diplomatist.    He  served  during  the  Franco-Prus- 


stantin  Frangois  de  Chasseboeuf  de.  Bom 

at  Craon,  France,  Feb.  3,  1757 :  died  at  Paris, 
AprU  25,  1820.  A  French  scholar  and  author. 
He  traveled  in  Syria  and  Egypt  1788-87,  and  in  the  United 
States ;  was  a  member  of  the  Constituent  Assembly  ;  and 
was  made  a  count  by  Napoleon  and  a  peer  by  Louis  XVIII. 
His  works  include  "Voyage  en  Egypte  et  en  Syrie  "  (1787), 
"  Considerations  sur  la  guerre  des  Turcs  avec  lea  Kusses ' 
(1788),  "Ruines,  ou  mMitations  sur  les  r^volutionp  des 
empires"  (1791),  "  Tableau  da  climat  et  du  sol  des  Etats- 
Unis"  (1803),  "Reoherches  nouvelles  sur  I'histoire  an- 
cienne,"  etc. 


sianwar*  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  in  1871,  and  was  Vologda(vo-log-da').  1.  A  government  of  Rus- 
successively  attached  to  the  embassies  and  missions  at  sia,  bordering  on  Siberia  on  the  east,  and  sur- 
Constantinople,  in  Egypt,  and  at  St.  Petersburg  He  has  rounded  on  other  sides  by  the  governments 
wnttenanumberofworlss  of  travel,  etc.,  and''Leroman    „f  t>„..„,    -sr^o+to     T?-^=<-,.«r^o     Vo5n=lo„    -MnT. 


Russe"  (1886),  "Le  manteau  de  Joseph  Oienine"(lS90J, 

"  Hemes  dliistoire"  (1893),  etc. 
Voigtland.    See  Vogtland. 
Voirons  (vwa-r6n'),  Les.   A  mountain-range  in 

the  department  of  Haute-Savoie,  Prance,  10 

miles  east  of  Geneva.  Highest  point,  4,875  feet 


tombs  of  princes  and  metropolitans,  and  many  other  his-  t*  .^       ^      ..^„  /\  tt*  j.     fe        '  a' a     ,  ^^"^ 

torical  relics.    That  of  Dimitri  of  Solun  is  remarliable  for    VOltUrC  (vwa-tur  J,  Vincent.    Uorn  at  Amiens, 


the  abundant  sculpture,  representing  animals,  birds,  foli- 
age, and  the  like,  which  adorns  its  walls  of  white  sand- 
stone. The  great  portal  is  one  of  the  finest  of  its  type. 
Population  (1885-89),  20,709. 

Vladimir,  Saint,  "The    Great." 


France,  1598:  died  May  26,  1648.    A  French 


of  Perm,  Vyatka,  Kostroma,  Yaroslav,  Nov- 
gorod, Olonetz,  and  Archangel.  Area,  155,498 
square  miles.  Population,  1,272,100.— 2.  The 
capital  of  the  government  of  Vologda,  situated 
on  the  river  Vologda  about  lat.  59°  20'  N.; 
long,  40°  E.  It  early  became  an  important  center  of 
commerce ;  this  it  was  especially  from  the  founding  of 
Archangel  to  the  founding  of  St,  Petersburg,  Population 
(1885-89),  17,795. 


goet  and^man  of  letters^  patj-onized  at  court.  Volpone  (vol-po'ne),  or  the  FoX.    A  comedy 

.v,„.w^  /         ^^  g^^  Jonson,  played  in  1605,  printed  in  1607. 


Died  1015. 
Grand  Prince  of  Eussia  980-1015,  He  extended 
the  Russian  dominions  and  promoted  Chris- 
tianity. 

Vladimir,  Principality  of.  A  medieval  prin- 
cipality, and  at  times  a  grand  principality,  in 
Eussia.    See  Suzdal. 

Vladimir  Bay.  An  arm  of  the  Sea  of  Japan,  on  Vokes  (voks),  Sosina. 


He  is  noted  for  his  letters  and  for  his  short  poems  (son- 
nets, chansons,  etc.). 


the  coast  of  the  Maritime  Province  in  Siberia. 
Vladivostok  (vla-de-vos-tok').  A  seaport  in 
the  Maritime  Province,  Siberia,  situated  on  the 
Golden  Horn  of  the  Gulf  of  Peter  the  Great 
(Sea  of  Japan),  in  lat,  43°  7'  N.,  long.  131°  53'  E. 
It  has  a  fine  harbor,  and  is  the  chief  Russian  naval  station 
on  the  Pacific.  It  was  founded  in  1861.  PoBulation,  13,050. 

Vlaenderen,  or  Vlaanderen.     The  Flemish 
name  of  Flanders, 
Vlie  (vie).     A  sea  passage  or  current  between 


There  was,  in  the  first  place,  the  school  of  the  cdterie 
poets,  who  devoted  themselves  to  producing  vers  de  so- 
ciety, either  for  the  ladies  or  for  the  great  men  of  the 
period.  The  chief  of  this  school  was  beyond  all  question 
Voiture.  This  admirable  writer  of  prose  and  verse  pub- 
lished absolutely  nothing  during  his  lifetime,  though  his 
work  was  in  private  the  delight  of  the  salons. 

Saintsburyi  French  Lit.,  p.  275. 

Born  at  London,  1858: 

diedatBabbacombe,nearTorquay,  Jan, 29,1894. 


The  central  character  [Volpone]  long  continued  to  ex- 
press to  the  popular  mind  the  Incarnation  of  the  most 
loathsome  kind  of  hypocrite.  In  Queen  Anne's  reign  Dr. 
Sacheverell  could  in  his  notorious  sermon  point  an  attack 
upon  the  principles  of  the  Revolution  by  alluding  to  the 
Lord  Treasurer  Godolphin  under  his  nickname  of  the  Old 
Fox  or  Volpone.  Ward,  Hist.  Dram.  Lit. 

Volscian  (vol'gian)  Mountains.    A  group  of 

mountains  in  Italy,  southeast  of  Rome.  They  are 
west  of  the  main  chain  of  the  Apennines,  and  south  of  the 
Alban  Mountains.    Height,  about  5,000  feet. 


AnEnglish  actress^.^  l^?,"?feV^?=r'Cd'=S'&^  Volscians  (vol'.sianz).-  An  ancient  Italian  peo- 


provmces  m  . 

sisters  Victoria  and  Jessie,  In  1870,  with  Fawdon  Vokes, 
who  assumed  the  name,  they  made  a  success  in  London 
as  "  the  Vokes  family. "  They  were  also  very  successful  in 
America,  where  they  appeared  annually  for  many  years. 
Bosina  married  Cecil  Clay  in  1877,  She  was  remarkable 
for  her  fun,  originality,  and  graceful  dancing. 
Volano  (v6-la'n6).  A  village  in  Tyrol,  situated 
on  the  Adige  near  Eoveredo.   Here,  AprU  24, 1809, 


pie  who  dwelt  in  the  southern  part  of  Latium: 
noted  for  their  long  wars  against  Eome,  They 
were  subdued  by  Rome  in  the  last  part  of  the 
4th  century  B,  o. 
Volsk  (volsk).  A  town  in  the  government  of 
Saratoff,  Eussia,  situated  on  the  Volga  65  miles 
•northeast  of  Saratoff.  Population,  37,832. 


the  North  Sea  and  the  Zuyder  Zee,  northeast    the  A"sM™s  "5?,??  Chasteler  defeated  the  French  un-  Volsunga  Saga  (vol's6ng-ga  sa'ga).    [ON.  FoT- 
of  Vlieland  and  southwest  of  TerschelUng.  _       t!nlf,7^ol.  "'"^  sungasaga.-]  In  Old  Norse  litera,ture,  the  mythi- 


Vlieland(vle'lant).  OneoftheFriesianlslands,  Volcse  (vol'se).  In  ancient  history,  a  people  of 
belonging  to  the  Netherlands,  situated  in  the  (jaul,  dwelling  in  Languedoc. 
North  Sea  northeast  of  Texel.  Length,  12  Volcan  de  Agua.  See  Agua. 
m;les.  ,  ..   ,   .  ,  „,.       .  Volcan  de  FuegO  (vol-kiin' da  fS-a'go).     TSn.. 

Vlissmgen    (vlis'smg-en),    or   Vliessingen 

(vles'sing-en).     The  Dutch  name  of  Flushing, 

Vogel  (fo'gel),  Ediiard.  Bom  at  Krefeld,  Ger- 
many, March  7, 1829 :  killed  in  Wadai,  1856, 
An  African  explorer.  While  in  London  as  astrono- 
mer he  was  commissioned  by  the  British  government  to 
supplement  the  explorations  of  Richardson  and  Earth  in 


eal  history  of  the  Volsungs  and  the  Nibelungs, 
Its  central  hero  is  Sigurd  the  Volsung,  the  Siegfried  of  the 
"Mbelungenlied."  Unlike  the  German  version,  the  story 
has  throughout  a  heathen  character,  and  the  gods  inperson 
enter  into  its  action.  It  was  probably  written  in  Norway 
not  long  after  the  middle  of  the  13th  century.  Its  mate- 
rial was  taken  in  part  from  ancient  popular  legends,  partly 
from  old  heroic  poems,  some  of  which  are  preserved  in  the 
Elder  Edda.  It,  and  not  the  "  Nibelungenlied,"  is  the  prin- 
cipal source  of  Wagner's  "  Ring  of  the  Mbelungs." 


fire  volcano.']     An  active  volcano  of  Guate- 
mala, 10  miles  southwest  of  the  city  of  Guate- 
mala la  Antigua.    Height,  about  12,500  feet. 
Volcano  (vol-ka'no)  Islands.  A  group  of  small  _.j.^,-  -,,,..  ^   -,         _,  ,-        •    t^  i     io     -i 
islands  in  the  Pacific,  about  lat  25°"^.,  long.  Volta  (vol'ta).  A  small  town  in  Italy,  13  miles 
141°  20'  E  '       °      north-northwest  of  Mantua.    Here,  July  26-27, 

suppiemeni,  me  expioranons  oi  iiicuaruson  anu  nanu  in  __  ,       /„„i/„«\    rp  xi7>>7/,«  1    ti,q  nii^of  tHttoi.  of    1848,  the  Austrians  drove  back  the  Sardinians, 
the  Sudan  (1853).    Alter  three  years  of  successful  explora-  Volga  (vol  ga).   H^.tVolga.]     ine  cniet  nver  Ot  •    p„„„<.  Aioooa_j_„    Tinrr,  at  fnTnn  Ttnlv 

tion  in  the  Sudan  states  around  Lake  Chad,  where  he    Eussia,  and  the  longest  river  of  Europe :  the  an-  Vplta,  Count  Alessandro^  liorn  atComo,  Italy, 

cient  Eha  or  Rhos,Hunnish  Var.  It  rises  in  marshes 
of  the  Valdai  plateau,  government  of  Tver ;  traverses  the 
governmentsof  Tver,  Yaroslav,  Kostroma,  Nijni-Novgorod, 
and  Kazan ;  separates  Simbirsk  and  Saratoff  from  Samara ; 
and  traverses  Astrakhan.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the 
Mologa,  Unsha,  Vetluga,  Kama,  and  Samara  on  the  left, 
and  the  Oka  and  Sura  on  the  right.    The  chief  places  on  its 


tion  in  the  Sudan  states  around  Lake  Chad,  where  he 
met  Barth,  he  fell  a  victim  to  the  fanaticism  of  the  Wadai 
people  as  he  was  attempting  to  reach  the  Nile  basin. 
Only  in  1873  was  his  fate  ascertained  by  Nachtigal. 

Vogelweide.    See  Walther  von  der  Vogelweide. 

Vogler  (fo'gler),  Georg  Joseph,  called  Abb^. 
Born  at  "Vyiirzburg,  Germany,  June  15,  1749: 
died  at  Darmstadt,  May  6,  1814.  A  (jerman 
organist,  composer,  and  writer  on  music :  ka- 
pellmeister successively  in  Mannheim,  Stock- 
holm, and  Darmstadt,  and  conductor  of  schools 
of  music  in  those  cities, 

Vogt  (fokt),  Karl.    Born  at  Giessen,  Germany, 


Feb.  18, 1745 :  died  there,  March  5, 1827.  A  cele- 
brated Italian  physicist,  famous  for  his  re- 
searches and  inventions  in  electricity :  profes- 
sor in  Como  and  Pavia.  He  was  made  hy  Napoleon 
senator  of  Lombardy.  He  invented  the  eleotrophore,  elec- 
troscope, condenser,  and  the  voltaic  pile  (described  1800, 
and  named  &om  him). 


delta.  It  is  of  great  importance  as  a  medium  of  commerce. 
It  is  connected  by  a  system  of  canals  with  the  Baltic, 
Length,  about  2,400  miles;  navigable  for  the  greater  part 
of  the  dis^nce. 


Nov.  21,  1694:  died  at  Paris,  May  30,  1778, 
A  famous  French  writer.  He  took  the  name 
of  Voltaire,  the  origin  of  which  is  still  in  dispute,  in  1718,  a 
short  time  after  the  performance  of  his  tragedy  "  CEdipe." 
His  father,  anotary  connected  with  the  tribunalof  the  Ch4- 
telet,  was  a  man  of  some  wealth.  Young  Arouet  was  one 
of  the  most  brilliant  pupils  of  the  CoUfege  Louis-le-Grand 
(then  in  the  hands  of  the  Jesuits),  Before  he  was  out  of 
college  he  began  writing  poetry.  His  wit,  as  well  as  the 
influence  of  his  godfather,  the  Abb^  de  Chateauneuf,  se- 
cured for  him  an  introduction  into  the  most  aristocratic 

. „ , ,_ .  _  circles  of  Parisian  society.    But  the  freedom  of  his  utter- 

cipality  of  western  Russia,  acquired  by  Lithua-     ances  soon  brought  him  into  trouble.    Between  1716  and 

Tiia  iinilfir  Gfidimin  ('1315-40')  1726  he  was  twice  exiled  from  Paris,  and  twice  thrown  a 

in  1861,  and  in  1878  entered  the  Swiss  National  Assembfy.   •\?n?kmfl  rni  (f  ak^man)  Alfred  Wilhclm.  Bom     P»soner  into  the  Bastille,  both  for  things  that  had  been 

He  was  an  extreme  Darwinist  and  a  zealous  advocate  of    *?V^^^??  Viifi   i^m'.lJii^  »+  w„!l^  TnVll  9^       ™itt™byhim  andonmere  suspicion,  and  always  without 


July  5, 1817:  died  at  Geneva,  Switzerland,  May  Volhynia(vol-hin'i-a).  A  government  of  Russia, 
5,  1895,  A  distinguished  German  naturalist,  bordering  on  Galicia  (in  Austria-Hungary )  and 
He  studied  at  Giessen  (under  Liebig^  and  Bern,  and  later  on  the  governments  of  Lublin,  Siedlee,  Grodno, 
associated  himself  with  Agassiz,  taking  an  important  part  Mingk  Kieff,  and  Podolia.  Capital,  Zhitomir, 
in  the  elaboration  of  the  latter's  great  work  on  fishes.  ^^  surface  is  hilly  in  the  south,  elsewhere  flat.  Area, 
He  was  appointed  professor  of  zoology  at  Giessen  in  1847,  ^l  743  sauare  miles.  Popuhition,  2,407,800. 
but  soon  lost  his  chair  for  political  reasons.  In  1852  he  tt'tl-J:.--  'D^ivimnaii+ir  nf  A  mprlinvnl -nrin- 
became  professor  of  geology  at  Geneva,  and  subsequently  " Olhyniaj^  PrinCipallty.Ot^  A  medievai  pnn 
obtained  the  additional  chair  of  zoology  at  the  same  in-  —  --  - 
stitute.    He  conducted  an  expedition  to  the  North  Cape 


the  doctrine  of  materialism.    Among  his  works  are  "Im  at  Leipsic,  July  1, 1801 :  died  at  Halle,  April  21, 

Gebirg  und  anf  den  Gletschem"  (1843),  "Lehrbuch  der  1877.  A  German  physiologist,  professor  at  Malie. 

Geologic  und  Petrefaktenkunde  "  (1846),  "  Physiologische  His  works  include  "  Anatomiaanimalium  "  (1831-J3\    Die 

Brief e"  (1846-46),  "Ocean  und  Mittelmeer"  (1848),  "Tier-  LehrevomleiblichenLeben"(1837),"PhysiologisoheUnter- 

staaten"(1851),  " Kohlerglaube  und  Wissensohaf t "  (1853-  suchungen  im  Gebiete  der  Optik"  (1863-64), 

1885),  "Saugetiere  in  Wort  und  Bild"  (1883),  "  Praktische  Volkmann   Friedrich  Robert.    Born  at  Lom- 

vergleichende  Anatomic  "with  Bmile  Yung  (1885-).    His  matzsch,  Saxony,  April  6,  1815:  died  at  Pest, 

latpr  wnrks  have  been  nrinemallv  znnlncricnl.  __.'_„_       .■'a.      ^  J^  ._  .    


later  works  have  been  principally  zoologicaL 

Vogtland  (fokt'lant),  or  Voigtland  (foikf- 
lant).  A  region  in  Germany,  immediately  sub- 
ject in  the  middle  ages  to  the  empire,  and  ad- 
ministered by  officials  called  vogte,  or  bailiffs. 
It  comprised  parts  of  western  Saxony,  Reuss,  Saxe-Alten- 
burg,  Saxe-Weiraar,  Upper  Franconia,  Bohemia,  etc. — in 
general,  the  lands  near  the  upper  Elster  and  Saale, 


Oct.  30, 1883.  A  German-Hungarian  composer. 


atrial.  His  last  imprisonment  was  due  to  his  resenting  an 
insult  oflfered  him  by  a  dissolute  young  nobleman,  the  Che- 
valier de  Rohan.  He  was  soon  liberated,  however,  and  at 
once  went  to  England,  where  he  remained  over  two  years 
(1726-29).  Already  a  celebrated  dramatic  writer,  owing  to 
the  success  of  "  (Edipe,"  he  increased  his  fame  by  the  pub- 
lication of  his  epic  poem  on  Henry  the  Fourth,  "  La  Henri- 
ade,"  the  first  complete  edition  of  which  was  dedicated  to 
the  Queen  of  England.    He  returned  to  France  In  1729,  and 


He  "wen^  to  Leipsic  to  study  in  1886,  and  to  Prague  as     won^repeated  successes  both  as  a  poet  and  a  historian, 
teacherandoomposerinl839;  livedinViennal864-68;and     in  1734  he  took  up  his  residence  with  the  Marquise  du 


teacher  and  composer 

removed  to  Pest  in  1888,    Among  his  compositions  are  t;wo 
symphonies  in  D  minor  and  B  flat,  serenades  for  strmg 
orchestra,  concertos  for  violoncello,  a  "Sichlummerlied, 
etc.,  and  much  vocal  and  pianoforte  music. 
VoUon  (vo-16n'),  Antoine.     Born  at  Lyons, 


Chatelet  in  the  Ch&teau  of  Cirey  in  Lorraine,  where  he 
resided  most  of  the  time  until  that  lady's  death  in  1749, 
It  was  during  this  period  of  his  life  that  he  became  his- 
toriographer of  France  and  "  a  gentleman  of  the  king's 
bedchamber,"     He  also  had  some  intercourse  with  Pope 


Voltaire 

Benedict  XIV.,  to  whom  he  dedicated  his  tragedy  "Ma- 
homet." After  Madame  da  Chfttelet's  death  he  returned 
to  Paris,  but  soon  left  France  for  Prussia,  where  Frederiolc 
the  Great,  who  had  always  admired  him,  had  often  re- 
quested him  to  take  up  his  residence.  There  he  remained 
from  July,  1760,  to  March,  1753.  Voltaire  and  Frederick, 
who  had  met  almost  as  lovers,  parted  hitter  enemies,  and 
the  great  writer  was  arrested  on  his  way  through  Frank- 
fort, at  the  request  of  the  king's  representative,  although 
not  guilty,  nor  even  accused,  of  oSense,  and  was  treated 
with  harshness.  During  his  stay  in  Berlin  and  Potsdam  he 
had  completed  and  published  one  of  his  most  hnportant 
works,  "Le  sidcle  de  Louis  XIV."  His  return  to  France 
was  followed  by  a  period  of  wandering  caused  by  the  refusal 
of  the  arbitrary  government  of  Louis  XV,  to  allow  him  to 
come  to  Paris.  He  finally  settled  in  Geneva  (1766),  whence 
two  years  later  he  moved  to  Femey,  a  large  estate  only 
a  tew  miles  distant^  which  he  purchased,  and  where  he 
spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  (1768-78).  Much  of  his  time 
was  given  to  the  defense  and  protection  of  the  victims  of 
religious  intolerance  and  fanaticism.  He  thus  spent  about 
two  years  getting  justice  done  to  the  family  and  memory  of 
a  Protestant,  Jean  Galas,  who  had  been  put  to  death  upon  a 
false  accusation  of  killing  one  of  his  sons  to  prevent  his  turn- 
ing Catholic.  He  was  constantly  at  work,  also,  revising  his 
formerly  published  writings,  issuing  numerous  pamphlets, 
both  in  prose  and  verse,  in  favor  of  freedom  of  thought,  and 
carrying  on  an  extensive  correspondence.  Early  in  1778, 
daring  the  reign  of  Louis  XVI. ,  at  the  request  of  his  friends 
he  determined  to  visit  Paris,  where  he  was  received  with 
great  enthusiasm.  The  fatigue  of  the  journey  and  the  ex- 
citement of  his  reception  proved  too  much  for  his  weak- 
ened frame,  and  he  died  at  Paris,  May  30, 1778.  His  most 
important  works  are:  tragedies,  *'(Edipe,"  "Brutus," 
"Zaire"  (considered  the  best),  "M^rope,"  "Mahomet," 
"Alzire,"  "TancrMe"  ;  poems,  "La  Henriade,"  "Epltre 
h  Uranie,"  "  La  mort  d'Adrienne  Leoouvreur,"  "Discours 
surl'homme,"  "La  lol  naturelle,"  "Le  d^sastre  de  Lis- 
bonne,"  "Lemondain,"  and  the  one  which  his  admirers 
would  prefer  he  had  never  written,  "La  Pucelle" ;  his- 
tory, "Hlstoire  de  Charles  XII.,""Essai  surles  moeurset 
I'esprlt  des nations,"  "Le  si^cle  deLouisXIV.,"  "Histoire 
de  Kussie  sous  Pierre  le  Grand";  philosophy,  "Diction- 
naire  philosophique  " ;  literary  criticism,  "  Commentaire 
sur  Corneille";  fiction,  "Candide,"  "La  princesse  de 
Babylone,"  "L'Ingfeu,"  "fHomme  aux  quarante  ^cus," 
"  Zadig  " ;  miscellanies  (  which  fill  a  very  large  number  of 
volumes),  "Lettres  philosophiques,"  "Traits  de  la  tole- 
rance," His  correspondence  is  considered  as  fine  as  that 
of  Madame  de  S6vign^.  The  best  editions  of  his  works 
are  the  Edition  de  Kehl  (Kehl,  1784  et  seq.,  72  vols.), 
Beuohofs  edition  (Paris,  1829  et  Beg.,  72  vols.),  and  Mo- 
land's  edition  (Paris,  Gamier,  1875  et  eeq.,  62  vols.).  A  se- 
lection of  his  works  (8  volumes)  was  edited  by  Georges 
Bengesco,  who  is  also  the  author  of  a  bibliography  of  Vol- 
taire's works,  in  4  volumes. 
Volterra  (vol-ter'ra).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Pisa,  Italy,  35  miles  southwest  of  Florence : 
the  ancient  volaterrss.  it  contains  a  cathedral,  a 
stately  Romanesque  structure,  in  the  Pisan  arcaded  style, 
consecrated  in  1120,  and  enlarged  about  a  century  later. 
The  marble  pulpit  bears  12th-century  scriptural  reliefs, 
and  rests  on  four  granite  columns,  two  of  them  with  lions. 
There  are  some  fine  tombs,  and  paintings  by  several  of  the 
great  masters,  particularly  a  superb  "Annunciation"  by 
Signorelli.  The  Porta  all'  Aroo  is  one  of  the  original  gates 
of  the  old  Etruscan  city.  It  is  round-arched,  20  feet  high 
and  12  wide,  the  outer  arch  formed  of  19  enormous  blocks 
of  travertine  assembled  without  cement,  and  bearing  three 
carious  heads  in  relief  on  the  keystone  and  imposts.  The 
gate-paasage,  30  feet  long,  with  grooves  for  portcullis,  is 
Koman. 

Volterra,  Daniele  da  (Daniele  Eicciarelli), 

Bom  at  Volterra,  Italy,  1509:  died  at  Eome, 
April  4, 1566.  An  Italian  painter  and  sculptor. 
His  chief  work  is  a  "Descent  from  the  Cross" 
(Rome). 

Voltri  (vol'tre).  [L.  Veturium,  ML.  VuUunim, 
Vulturi.2  A  seaport  in  the  province  of  Grenoa, 
Italy,  situated  on  the  Grult  of  Genoa  9  miles 
west  of  Genoa.  Here,  in  1800,  the  Austrians 
defeated  the  French  under  Massfea.  Popula- 
tion (1881),  13,749.  ^    ^    . 

Volturno  (Vol-tor'no).  [L.  Vultumus.^  A  nver 
in  Italy  which  traverses  Campania  and  flows 
into  the  Mediterranean  21  miles  northwest  of 
Naples.  Length,  about  95  mUes.  Near  it  Gari- 
baldi defeated  the  Neapolitan  troops  Sept.  19 
and  21,  and  Oct.  1,  1860.  ,,,       ^^    . 

Volimmia  (v6-lum'ni-a).  The  mother  of  Cono- 
lanus,  a  character  in  Shakspere's  play  "Corio- 

Volunteer  (vol-un-ter')-  A  steel  center-hoard 
sloop,  built  to  defend  the  America's  cup,  chal- 
lenged by  the  Thistle  (Scotch  cutter),  she  won 
the  foial  race  with  the  Mayflower  (Sept.  17, 1887),  and  both 
the  cup  races  against  the  Thistle  (Sept.  27  and  30).  She 
was  afterward  remodeled  into  a  schooner  and  called  the 
Phoenix.  Shewasoriginally  designed  by  Edward  Burgess 
for  General  J.  C.  Paine  of  Boston,  and  launched  June  30, 
1887  Her  principal  dimensions  were:  length  over  all, 
106  23  feet ;  length,  load  water-line,  85.88  feet ;  beam,  23.2 
feet :  draught,  10  feet ;  displacement,  130  tons. 

Voluspa.  The  principal  poem  of  the  Elder 
Edda.    See  Sdda. 

Von  Arnim.    See  Arnim.  .        .^        ^ 

Vondel  (von'del),  Joost  van  den.  Bom  at 
Cologne,  Nov.  17,  1587:  died  at  Amsterdam  m 
1679.  A  Dutch  dramatist  and  poet:  the  great- 
est name  in  Dutch  literature.  His  parents,  who  had 
fled  to  Cologne  from  Antwerp,  removed  to  Amsterdam 
in  1597.  After  his  father's  death  in  1608  he  married, 
and  kept  the  stocking-shop  in  which  he  had  succeeded  his 
father     This  business  was  successfully  continued  long 


1043 


Vulcan 


after  he  had  acquired  a  literary  reputation,  but  in  1667  middle  of  the  5th  century,  who  is  said  to  have 
the  mismanagement  of  it  by  his  eldest  son  led  to  bank-  invited  the  Jutes  to  Britain  to  aid  the  Britons 
ruptcy.    His  own  small  fortune  was  sacrificed,  and  he     „_„;„-f  ii,„  -pjnto 

was  forced  to  accept  a  clerkship  where  from  his  seven-     against  me  j^icxb.  .... 

tieth  to  his  eightieth  year  he  labored  for  a  pittance.  In  Vortlgern  and  Bowena,  A  play  written  m 
1668,  after  he  had  been  obliged  to  resign  his  position  1796  by  William  Henry  Ireland,  and  assigned  by 
on  account  of  the  weakness  of  old  age,  he  finaUy  received     jj  j^h  his  other  forgeries,  to  Shakspere. 

a  small  state  pension.    His  literary  career  was  begun  w       '/    -   \   Ti/r._4.j_  J„      X3„™  „+  A„i.„„.^.  j,-„,j 
with  the  drama  "Het  Pascha"  ("  The  Pascha"),  produced  Vos  (vos),  Martm  de.     Bom  at-Autwerp :  died 
in  1612  before  the  "  Rhetorical  Chamber,"  of  which  he  was     about  1604.     A  Flemish  painter, 
a  member  (the  so-called  Flemish  Chamber  of  the  Laven-  'VoSgCS  (vozh),  G.  VogOSen  (v6-ga'zen).      [L. 
derFlower).    Inl619,aftertheperiormanceofthefirstof     yggggj^  or   Vogesus.']     A  range  of  mountains 


his  biblical  dramas,  the  tragedy  "Hierasalem  verwoest" 
("Jerusalem  Destroyed  "),  he  went  over  to  the  Chamber 
of  the  Eglantine.  His  subsequent  works  are  the  tragedy 
"Palamedes,"  and  "Amsterdaemsche  Hecuba"  ("The 
Amsterdam  Hecuba  " :  a  free  version  of  Seneca),  both  1626 ; 
the  tragedy  (the  greatest  of  his  dramas)  "Gysbrecht  van 
Aemstel,"  1637;  "Maeghden"  ("St.  Ursula  )  and  "Ge- 
broeders"  ("Brothers,"  i.  e.,  the  sons  of  Saul),  both  1639 ; 
"Joseph in Dothan"  and"Joseph  in  Egypten," both  1640; 
"Peter  en  Pauwels "(" Peter  and  Paul  ),  1641;  "Maria 
Stuart,"  1646 ;  "  De  Leeuwendalers  "  (a  pastoral  play  in 
celebration  of  the  peace  of  Westphalia)  and  "  Salomon  " 
("Solomon"),  both  1648;  the  choral  drama  "Lucifer," 
1664;  "Salmonens,"  1657;  "Jephtha,"  1659;  "Koning 
David  in  ballingschap  "  ("King  David  in  Exile  "),  "  Koning 
David  herstelt"("King  David  Restored"),  and  "Sam- 
son," all  1660;  "Adonias"  ("Adonis"),  1661;  "Batavian 
Brothers,"  1662;  "Faeton"  ("Phaethon"),  1663;  "Adam 
In  ballingschap*"  ("Adam  in  Exile"),  1664  ;  "Zungchin," 
1868 ;  and  "Noah,"  1687.  He  was  also  the  author  of 
translations  from  the  classics  (among  them  Vergil's 
"Mneii,"  1660,  and  Ovid's  "Metamorphoses,"  1661),  and  of 
versionsof  classical  originals  (from  Seneca,  "Hippolytus," 
1628 ;  from  Sophocles,  the  "Blectra,"  1638,  "Koning  CEdi- 
pus''("CEdipusTyrannus"),  1660,  and  "  Hercules,"  1663 ; 
from  Euripides,  "Iflgenie  in  Taurien"  ("Iphigenia  in 
Tauris"),  1666,  and  "Feniciaensche  Iflgenie"  ("  The  Phe- 
nician  Iphigenia"),  1668).  His  literary  works  reflect 
clearly  his  own  political  and  religious  views.  He  was  at 
the  outset  a  supporter  of  the  house  of  Orange,  as  is  plain- 
ly visible  in  the  "  Pascha,"  from  1612.  The  action  of  the 
Synod  of  Dort,  and  the  progress  of  Calvinism,  brought 
about  a  revulsion,  and  the  "  Palamedes,"  with  the  subtitle 
of  "  Murdered  Innocence,"  from  1626,  represents  under  a 
thin  disguise  the  trial  of  Olden-Barneveldt,  and  cost  the 
poet  a  summons  before  the  court  at  Amsterdam,  and  a 
fine  of  300  gulden.  In  1626  he  wrote  in  pojjular  verse 
against  the  Calvinistio  zealots.  In  1641  he  joined  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  subsequently  wrote  in  praise 
of  it.  In  this  category  of  writings  belong,  among  others, 
the  didactic  poems  "Altaergeheimenissen"("  Mysteries 
of  the  Altar"),  1646;  "Johannes  de  boetgezant"("  John 
the  Evangelist "),  1662  ;  "  De  heerlijkheid  der  kerke " 
("  The  Glory  of  the  Church "),  1683 ;  and  the  tragedy  of 
"Maria  Stuart,"  already  mentioned.  The  dramatic  poem 
"Lucifer,"  the  greatest  of  his  works,  is  considered  by 
many  Dutch  critics  to  be  an  allegorical  account  of  the 
rise  of  the  Netherlands  against  Philip  of  Spain.  He  has 
been  called  "the  Dutch  Shakspere."  His  collected  works, 
together  with  a  life  of  the  poet,  were  published  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1850-69,  in  12  vols. 

Von  Martius.    See  Martius. 


in  eastern  France  and  western  Germany,  which 
forms  in  part  the  boundary  between  them.  It 
extends  from  Belfort  northward,  parallel  with  the  Rhine, 
and,  including  its  continuation  the  Hardt,  through  Rhe- 
nish Bavaria,  and  is  connected  westward  by  the  Monts 
Faucilles  with  the  plateau  of  Langres.  Highest  point,  the 
Ballon  de  GuebwiUer  (about  4,680  feet). 
Vosges.  A  department  of  France,  bounded  by 
Meuse,  Meurttie-et-Moselle,  Alsace-Lorraine, 
Haute-Saone,  and  Haute-Mame.  Capital,  Epi- 
nal.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Vosges  Mountains  in  the 
east  and  by  the  Monts  Faucilles  in  the  south.  It  has  im- 
portant forests,  and  manufactures  of  iron,  cotton,  etc.  It 
was  formed  chiefly  from  part  of  Lorraine.  Area,  2,286 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  410,196. 

Voss  (fos),  Johann  Heinricli.  Bom  at  Som- 
mersdorf,  Mecklenburg,  Feb.  20,  1751:  died  at 
Heidelberg,  March  29,  1826.  A  German  poet. 
He  studied  first  theology  and  then  philology  at  QSttmgen, 
where  he  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  poetic  brother- 
hood, the  so-called  "  Gottingen  Hainbnnd. "  In  1778  he  was 
appointed  rector  of  the  school  at  Otterndorf,  which  posi- 
tion he  exchanged  in  1782  for  one  at  Eutin.  On  account 
of  ill  health  he  afterward  gave  this  up,  and  in  1802  went 
to  Jena,  and  in  1805  to  Heidelberg,  where  he  lived  until 
his  death.  His  principal  original  work  is  the  idyl  "  Luise," 
published  first  in  1784  (in  its  complete  form  in  1796).  His 
fame  is  based  principally  upon  his  translations  of  the 
classical  writers,  particularly  of  Homer:  the  Odyssey 
appeared  in  1781 ;  the  Iliad,  together  with  a  revised  ver- 
sion of  the  Odyssey,  in  1793.  He  also  translated  Vergil 
in  1799,  Horace  and  Hesiod  in  1806,  Theocritus  and  Bion 
and  Moscbus  in  1808,  TibuUus  in  1810,  and  Aristophanes 
in  1821.  He  also  translated,  together  with  his  sons  Hein- 
rich  and  Abraham,  Shakspere's  plays  (1819-29).  His  com- 
plete poetical  works  were  published  at  Leipsic  in  1835. 

Vossius  (vosh'i-us),  Gerardus  Johannes,  Lat- 
inized from  Vos  (vos),  or  Voss  (vos).  Born 
near  Heidelberg,  1577 :  died  at  Amsterdam, 
March  17,  1649.  A  Dutch  classical  scholar, 
grammarian,  and  Protestant  theologian:  pro- 
fessor successively  at  Dort,  Leyden,  and  Am- 
sterdam. His  works  include  "  Grammatica  Latina" 
(1807),  "Etymologicum  linguae  Latin se  "  (1662),  "Commen- 
tariorum  rhetoricorum  libri  vi."  (1606),  "  De  historicis 
Grseois  "  (1824),  "  De  historicis  Latinis  "  (1627),  "  De  theo- 
logia  gentili"  (1642),  "Historic  Pelagianse  "  (1618). 


Voorhees  (vor'ez),  Daniel  Wolsey.  Born  Sept.  'Votan  (v6-tau')-    A  hero-god  of  Indians  of  the 


26,  1827 :  died  April  10,  1897.  An  American 
Democratic  politician.  He  commenced  the  practice 
of  law  at  Covington,  Fountain  County,  Indiana,  in  1851 ; 
was  member  of  Congress  from  Indiana  1861-66  and  1869- 
1873 ;  and  was  a  United  States  senator  from  Indiana  1877- 
1897. 

Voorne  (vor'ne).  An  island  belonging  to  the 
province  of  South  Holland,  Netherlands,  situ- 
ated between  the  mouth  of  the  Meuse  and  the 
Haring  Vliet, 


Maya  stock  in  southern  Mexico  and  Guatemala. 
He  is  described  in  the  "Book  of  Votan,"  an  ancient  work 
in  the  Tzendal  language  of  Chiapas :  tliis  has  come  down 
to  us  in  a  transcript  in  Roman  text.  Votan  was  descended 
from  Chan,  the  serpent.  He  came  from  over  the  sea,  in- 
troduced civilization  into  southern  Mexico,  and  founded 
the  "empire"  of  Xibalba,  supposed  by  some  to  be  Palen- 
que.  Then  he  disappeared,  and  was  worshiped  as  a  god. 
Votan  was  perhaps  a  generic  name  for  several  chiefs. 
Some  authors  suppose  that  the  original  Votan  came  from 
Cuba  about  600  (T)  or  955  (!)  B.  0. 


VopiscUS  (v6-pis'kus).  Flavins.  Lived  about  Voulon(v6-16n').  A  village  in  the  department 
the  beginning  of  the  4th  century  A.  d.  A  Ro-  of  Vienne,  France,  south  of  Poitiers.  Here 
man  historian,  one  of  the  writers  of  the  "Au-  (not  at  VouiUfi),  in  507,  the  Franks  under  Clo- 
gustan  History."  vis  defeated  the  West  Goths  under  Alaric  II. 

Vorarlberg(f6r'arl-berG).  A  land  belonging  to  Vox  Olamantis  (voks  kla-man'tis).  [L.,  'the 
Austria-Hungary,  and  forming  with  Tyrol  the  voice  of  one  crying.']  An  allegorical  poem  in 
administrative  division  of  Tyrol  and  Vorarl-    Latin,  by  Gower.  «,       , 

berg.  Capital,  Bregenz.  It  is  bounded  by  Lake  Con-  Voyage  autour  de  ma  OhamDre.  ['Jour- 
stance,  Bavaria,  Tyrol,  Switzerland,  and  Liechtenstein,  ney  around  my  Koom.']  A  novel  by  Xavier  de 
The  surface  is  mountainous.    It  sends  4  members  to  the     -  -  •   -  -  - .  .     -  .     - .     - 

Reichsrat.  The  inhabitants  are  German;  the  prevailing 
religion,  Roman  Catholic.  Vorarlberg  was  transferred 
from  Hither  Austria  to  Tyrol  in  1782.  Area,  1,004  square 
miles.    Population  (1891),  116,073. 

Vorderr]iein(f6r'der-rin).  [G.,  'Hither Rhine.'] 
The  northernmost  of  the  two  head  streams  of 
the  Rhine,  in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  Switzer- 
land. 

Voringsfos  or  -foss  (v6' rings -fos).  A  cele- 
brated waterfall  la  Norway,  formed  by  the 
Bjoreia  64  miles  east  of  Bergen.  Height,  475 
feet. 

Voronezh  (vo-ro'nezh),  sometimes  voronetz 
(v6-r6'nets).  1.  A  government  of  Russia,  sur- 
rounded by  the  governments  of  Orel,  TambofE, 


Maistre,  published  in  1794. 

The  "  Voyage  autour  de  ma  Chambre  "  [of  De  Maistre} 
(readers  may  be  informed  or  reminded)  is  a  whimsical  de- 
scription of  the  author's  meditations  and  experiences  when 
confined  to  barracks  for  some  military  peccadillo.  After 
a  fashion,  which  has  found  endless  imitators  since,  the 
prisoner  contemplates  the  various  objects  in  his  room, 
spins  little  romances  to  himself  about  them  and  about  his 
beloved  Madame  de  Hautcastel,  moralises  on  the  faithful- 
ness of  his  servant  Joannetti,  and  so  forth.  The  "  Expedi- 
tion Nocturne,"  a  less  popular  sequel,  is  not  very  differ- 
ent in  plan.  Saint&bury,  French  Novelists,  p.  144. 

Voyages  de  Cyrus,  Les.  A  work  by  the  Cheva- 
lier Bamsay,  the  friend  of  FSnelon  and  tutor 
to  the  sons  of  the  Pretender,  first  published 
in  1727.     It  was  translated  into  English  in 

^^^^ „^ ^_    _  1730 

and  Saratoff,  the  Province  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  -yfoyei  d'Argenson.  See  Argenson. 
and  Kharkoff  and  Kursk  Area,  25,443  square  yryburg  (vS'berg).  The  capital  of  British 
miles.  Population,  2,755  400.-2.  The  capital  Bechuanaland,  South  Africa, 
of  the  government  of  Voronezh,  situated  on  y^i^an  (vul'kan).  1.  In  Roman  mythology, 
the  river  Voronezh  about  lat.  51  40  JM  •  it  is  ^^^  ^^  ^^  ^^  -^^^  ^^^  working  of  metals,  and 
an  important  commercial  center.  Population,  ^j^^  patron  of  all  handicraftsmen.  Originally  an 
56,770.  .  .  independent  deity,  he  became,  with  the  advance  of  time, 

VorDarlainent(for'par-la-ment'').Aprovisional  completely  identified  with  the  Greek  Hephsestus.  He  was 
assemblv  which  met  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Juno,  or  of  Juno  alone,  and  was 
assemoiy  wui^y  nrBTiarfi  the  wav  for     born  with  deformed  feet,  though  according  to  late  myths 

March  31-April  3,  1848,  to  prepare  tne  way  lor     ^j^  lameness  came  from  his  having  been  hurled  down 
a  German  parliament.  _  from  heaven  by  Jupiter  in  a  fit  of  anger.    He  was  the  di- 

Vortisern  (v6r'ti-g6rn).    A  British  king,  of  the     vine  artist,  the  creator  of  all  that  was  beautiful  a^well  as 


Vulcan 

of  all  that  was  mechanically  wonderful  in  the  abodes  of 
the  gods.  On  earth  various  volcanoes,  as  Lemnos  and 
Etna,  were  held  to  be  his  workshops,  and  the  Cyclopes 
were  his  joui'neymen.  He  had  the  power  of  conferring 
life  upon  his  creations,  and  was  thus  the  author  of  Pan- 
dora, and  of  the  golden  dogs  of  Alcinous.  In  art  he  was 
represented  as  a  bearded  man,  usually  with  the  short 
sleeveless  or  one-aleeved  tunic  of  the  workman,  with  a 
conical  cap,  holding  hammer  and  tongs  or  other  attributes 
of  the  smith,  and  sometimes  with  indication  of  his  lame- 
ness. When  Jupiter  conceived  Minerva  in  his  head,  the 
goddess  was  delivered  full-armed  upon  the  stroke  of  an 
ax  in  the  hands  of  Vulcan. 

2.  A  hypothetical  planet  between  the  snn  and 
the  planet  Mercury.  An  object  supposed  to  be  a 
planet  was  seen  crossing  the  sun's  disk  on  March  26, 
1859.  The  period  of  revolution  assigned  to  it  was  some- 
tliing  over  19  days,  and  its  distance  from  the  sun  was 
estimated  at  about  13,000,000  miles.  The  existence  of  Vul- 
can, however,  has  not  been  confirmed  (may,  indeed,  be 
said  to  have  been  practically  disproved)  by  subsequent 
careful  observations. 

Vulcanalia  (vul-ka-na'li-a).  An  ancient  Ro- 
man festival  in  honor  of  ViUean,  celebrated  on 
Aug.  23  with  games  in  the  Flaminian  circus, 
near  the  temple  of  the  god,  and  with  sacrifices 
of  fishes.  As  part  of  the  observance  on  this  day, 


1044 

work  was  begun  by  lamp-light  in  honor  of  the 
fire-god. 

Vulcan  Pass,  A  pass  in  the  Carpathians,  be- 
tween Transylvania  and  Rumania,  about  lat. 
45°  25'  N.,  long.  23°  17'  E. 

Vulgar  Errors.    See  Pseudodoxia  Epidemica. 

Vulgate (vul'gat).  [Mli.Vulgata,sa.ediUoovver- 
sio, '  the  published'  (i.e.  'commonly  circulated ') 
'edition'  or  'version.']  The  Latin  version  of  the 
Scriptures  accepted  as  the  authorized  version  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  It  was  prepared  by 
Jerome  about  the  close  of  the  4th  century,  partly  by  trans- 
lation from  the  original,  partly  by  revision  of  prior  Latin 
versions.  It  gradually  came  into  general  use  between  the 
6th  and  the  9th  century.  The  Anglo-Saxon  translations  were 
made  from  it,  and  also  Wyclif's  English  version,  while  other 
English  versions  from  Tyndale's  onward  have  been  much 
influenced  by  it.  Tlie  Vulgate  was  the  first  book  printed 
(about  1465).  The  Council  of  Trent  ordered  that  the  "  old 
and  Vulgate  edition,"  approved  by  the  "  usage  of  so  many 
ages,"  should  be  the  only  Latin  version  used  in  "public 
lectures,  disputations,  sermons,  and  expositions.*'  Au- 
thorized editions  were  afterward  published  under  Sixtus 
V.  in  1590  and  Clement  VIII.  in  1692-93.  The  latter,  or 
Clementine  edition,  is  at  present  the  accepted  standard 
of  the  Eoman  Catholic  Church,  and  is  the  basis  of  the 


Vyatka,  Principality  of 

Douay  Bible.  The  religious  terminology  of  the  languages 
of  western  Europe  has  been  in  great  part  derived  from  or 
influenced  by  the  Vulgate. 

This  Vulgate  or  received  version  (the  word  mlgate  means 
■  currently  received '),  as  it  actually  existed  in  the  Middle 
Ages  and  at  the  time  of  theKeformation,  was  not  the  pure 
text  of  Jerome,  but  was  Jerome's  version  considerably 
modified  by  things  which  had  been  carried  over  from  the 
older  Latin  translations  taken  from  the  Greek. 

W.  JR.  SmitTi,  Old  Testament  in  the  Jewish  Ch.,  p.  36. 

Vulture,  Monte.  See  Monte  Vulture. 

Vulturnus  (vul-t6r'nus).  The  Roman  name  of 
the  Voltumo. 

Vyatka,  or  Viatka  (ve-at'ka).  1.  A  govern- 
ment of  Russia,  surrounded  by  the  governments 
of  Vologda,  Perm,  Ufa,  Kazan,  Nijni-Novgorod, 
and  Kostroma.  Area,  59,117  square  miles.  Pop- 
ulation, 3,020,700.-2.  The  capital  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Vyatka,  situated  on  the  river  Vy- 
atka near  long.  50°  E.  Population  (1885-89), 
25,795. 

Vyatka,  Principality  of.  A  republican  prin- 
cipality in  northern  Russia,  colonized  .from 
Novgorod  at  the  end  of  the  12th  century.  It 
existed  till  1489. 


-7FV? 

fit 

f^S 

m 

OT 

7^^ 

ftW,^ 

^ 

(^^ 

m 

^S 

aadt.    The  German  name  of 
Vaud. 

Waal  (wal).  The  southern 
arm  of  the  Ithine,  in  Gel- 
derlandand  SonthHoUand, 
Netherlands.  ItBeparatesfrom 
the  other  branch  about  10  miles 
southeast  of  Arnheim,  taking 
about  two  thirds  of  the  entire 
stream;  and  unites  with  the 
Meuae  and  flows  on  as  the  Mervede  and  Old  Meuse. 
Wabash  (wi'bash).  The  capital  of  Wabash 
County,  Indiana,  situated  on  the  Wabash  75 
miles  north-northeast  of  Indianapolis.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  8,618. 

Wabasll.  A  river  which  rises  in  Mercer  County, 
Ohio,  flows  west  and  southwest  through  Indiana, 
forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Indiana  and 
Illinois,  and  joins  the  Ohio  at  the  union  of  In- 
diana, Illinois,  and  Kentucky,  its  chief  tribu- 
tary is  the  White  Eiver.  On  Its  banks  are  Logansport, 
Lafayette,  lerre  Haute,  and  Yincennes.  Length,  about 
5fiO  miles, 
Wace  (was),  or  Eustace,  erroneously  called 
Robert.  Bom  in  the  island  of  Jersey  about 
1124 :  died  about  1174.  An  Anglo-Norman  poet. 
He  received  a  prebend  at  Bayeux  under  Henry  it.,  and 
was  attached  to  the  Anglo-Norman  court.  He  wrote  two 
poetical  romances:  "Koman  de  Brut,"  and  "Koman  de 
Eou,"  or  '*  Romance  of  Kollo,"  which  was  a  poetical  ver- 
sion of  the  story  of  the  Norman  conquest  by  William  of 
Poitiers,  chaplain  to  William  the  Conqueror.  Wace  made 
some  additions,  including  a  third  part.  See  Brwt  and  Ro- 
man de  Brut. 

Wacht  am  Bhein  (vaoht  am  rin),  Die.  ['The 
Watch  on  the  Rhine.']  A  German  popular 
song,  words  by  Sehneetenburger  (1840),  music 
by  Karl  Wilhelm  (1854).  it  enjoyed  great  vogue  in 
the  war  of  1870-71,  becoming  a  national  song.  Other  com- 
posers also  wrote  music  for  it. 

Wachtel(va6h'tel),Theodor.BomatHamburg, 
March  10,  1823:  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  14,  1893. 
A  German  tenor  singer.  He  was  a  groom  and  driver 
for  his  father,  who  kept  a  livery-stable.  He  first  sang  in 
England  in  1862,  came  to  the  tJuited  States  in  1871  and 
1876.  He  was  noted  for  his  high  C,  which  he  sang  a^  a 
chest  note,  and  not  in  falsetto. 

Wachter  (vach'ter),  Georg  Philip  Ludwig 
Leonhardt.  Bom  at  tjlzen,  Nov.  25,  1762: 
died  Feb.  11,  1837.  A  German  writer.  His 
pseudonym  was  Veit  Weber.  He  published  "  Sagen 
aerVorzeit" (1787-99),  'Historien "(1794), "Wilhelm  Tell," 
a  tragedy,  etc. 

Wachusett  (wft-chii'set).  Mount.  An  isolated 
mountain  in  Princeton,  Massachusetts,  16"miles 
north  by  west  of  Worcester.  Height,  2,108  feet. 

Wackles  (wak'lz),  Mrs.  and  the  Misses.  Char- 
acters in  Dickens's  novel  "  The  Old  Curiosity 
Shop." 

Waco(wa'k6).  The  capital  of  McLennan  County, 
Texas,  situated  on  the  Brazos  93  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Austin.  It  has  varied  manufac- 
tures.    Population  (1900),  20,686. 

Wadai  (wa-di').  A  Mohammedan  kingdom  of 
the  eastern  Sudan,  Africa,  between  lat.  8°  20' 
and  18°  20'  N.,  bordering  on  Kanem  and  Ba- 
ghirmi  in  the  west,  on  Tibbuland  in  the  north, 
on  Darfur  in  the  east,  and  on  Dar  Eunga  (its 
tributary)inthe  south,  it  Is  within  the  French  sphere 
o£  influence.  The  country  is  generally  an  arid  sandy  plain, 
where  the  camel  and  the  ostrich  thrive :  only  in  the  south- 
em  and  eastern  parts  can  it  be  called  tolerably  fertile.  The 
population,  numbering  2,000,000-4,000,000,  is  mixed.  The 
Arabs  and  Fulahs,  though  numerous,  are  not  dominant. 
The  kingdom  belongs  to  the  negro  tribe  of  Maba,  which, 
under  Abd-el-Kerim,  introduced  Islam  about  1635.  Life 
and  property  were  unsafe  until  Sultan  Ali  established 
some  order(since  1859).  The  chief  exports  are  ivory,  feath- 
ers, and  slaves  which  go  to  Bengazi  or  Egypt.    See  Maha. 

Wadan  (wa-dan').  The  chief  town  of  Adrar,  in 
the  western  part  of  the  Sahara. 

Waddington  (wod'ing-ton:  F.  pron.  va-dan- 
t6n'),  William  Henry.  Born  at  St.-Eemi, 
Eure-et-Loire,  France,  Deo.  11, 1826:  died  Jan. 
13, 1894.  A  French  statesman  and  ai'chseologist. 
He  entered  the  National  Assembly  in  1871,  and  the  Senate 
in  1876;  was  minister  of  public  instruction  in  1873  and 
1876-77;  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  1877-79;  and  was 
French  plenipotentiary  at  the  Congress  of  Berlin  1878, 
premier  Feb.-Dec,  1879,  and  ambassador  to  Great  Britain 
1883-98     He  wrote  memoirs  of  an  archseologioal  journey 


to  Asia  Minor,  "Melanges  de  numismatiqne  et  de  philo- 
logle  "  (1861)^  "Voyage  arohfiologique  en  Gr6ce  et  en  Asie 
Mineure  "  (1868-7!). 

Wade  (wad),  Benjamin  Franklin.  Bom  near 
Springfield,  Mass.,  Oct.  27, 1800:  died  at  Jeffer- 
son, Ohio,  March  2, 1878.  An  American  lawyer 
and  statesman.  He  was  Whig  and  later  Eepublioan 
TTnited  States  senator  from  Ohio  1861-^ ;  was  an  anti- 
slavery  leader ;  opposed  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  etc.; 
and  favored  the  Homestead  Bill,  confiscation  in  the 
war,  and  emancipation.  He  was  acting  Vice-President 
under  Johnson,  and  commissioner  to  Santo  Domingo  in 
1871. 

Wadelai  (wS-de-li').  A  town  in  equatorial 
Africa,  on  the  Nile  north  of  Albert  Nyanza. 
It  was  a  main  station  of  Bmin  Pasha. 

Wadham  (wod'am)  College.  A  college  of  Ox- 
ford TJniversityJ'  founded  in  1612  by  Nicholas 
Wadham.  The  chapel,  despite  its  date,  is  built  in  the 
Perpendicular  style ;  it  possesses  good  glass.  The  gate- 
tower  and  the  framed  wooden  ceiling  of  the  hall  are  also 
noteworthy. 

Wadidikimo  (wa-de-de-ke'mo).    See  Pygmies. 

Wadm^n  (wod'man).  Widow.  A  character  in 
Sterne's ' '  Tristram  Shandy."  she  has  a  tender  feel- 
ing for  Uncle  Toby,  and  the  scene  where  among  other  en- 
couragements she  approaches  her  face  nearer  and  nearer 
to  his,  that  he  may  extract  a  supposititious  something 
from  her  eye,  is  often  referred  to. 

Wadsworth  (wodz'werth),  James  Samuel. 

Born  at  Geneseo,  N.Y.,  Oct.  30, 1807:  died  near 
Chancellorsville,  Va.,  May  8, 1864.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  was  a  member  of  the  peace  confer- 
ence In  1861 ;  served  in  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Hun  in  1861 ; 
was  made  brigadier-general  in  1S61 ;  became  military 
governor  of  Washington  in  1862 ;  was  distinguished  as  a 
division  commander  at  Fredericksburg  and  Gettysburg ; 
was  sent  on  a  tour  of  special  service  in  the  South  and 
West  in  1864 ;  and  was  mortally  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
the  Wilderness,  May  6, 1864. 

Wadsworth,  Peleg.  Bom  at  Duxbury,  Mass., 
1748 :  died  at  Hiram,  Maine,  Nov.  18, 1829.  An 
American  general  in|the  Revolutionary  War.  He 
served  in  the  Penobscot  expedition  ia  1779,  and  was  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  the  Maine  district  of  Massachusetts 
1793-1807. 

Wady-Halfa  (wa'de-hal'fa).  A  locality  at  the 
second  cataract  of  the  Nile,  often  regarded  as 
the  southern  limit  of  Egypt.  It  contains  im- 
portant inscriptions. 

Waesland  (was'lant).  A  well-cultivated  dis- 
trict in  the  province  of  Bast  Flanders,  Belgium, 
lying  north  and  west  of  the  Sohelde  and  north- 
east of  Ghent. 

Wafer  (wa'fer),  Lionel.  Bom  in  Wales  (?) 
about  1640 :  died  at  London  after  1700.  A  Brit- 
ish surgeon  and  traveler.  After  making  several  voy- 
ages to  the  Bast  Indies,  he  settled  in  Jamaica,  and  in  1679 
joined  the  bucaneers.  He  was  with  Dampier  on  the  Isth- 
mus of  Panama  in  1680,  and  on  account  of  a  quarrel  was 
left  among  the  Indians,  living  with  them  until  1684.  In 
1688-90  he  was  in  North  America.  He  published  "A  New 
Voyage  and  Description  of  the  Isthmus  of  America  "  (1699 : 
French,  German,  and  Swedish  translations).  It  is  the  ilrst 
good  English  description  of  the  Isthmus,  and  is  important 
in  connection  with  the  history  of  the  bucaneers. 

Waghausei  (vSg'hoi-zel).  A  village  in  Baden, 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Karlsruhe.  Here,  June 
21,  1849,  the  Prussians  defeated  the  Baden  in- 
surgents. 

Wagner.  Faust's  famulus,  a  pedant,  in  Goethe's 
"Faust."  He  is  also  introduced  in  Marlowe's  "Dr. 
Faustus,"  with  some  of  the  same  characteristics. 

According  to  Hinrichs,  Faust  represents  Philosophy, 
and  Wagner  Empiricism.  Duntzer  calls  the  latter  "  the 
representative  of  dead  pedantry,  of  knowledge  mechani- 
cally acquired";  while  other  critics  consider  that  he  sym- 
bolizes the  Philistine  element  in  German  life,— the  hope- 
lessly material,  prosaic,  and  commonplace. 

Taylor,  Notes  to  Faust. 

Wagner  (vag'ner),  Adolf  Heinrich  Gotthilf. 

Born  at  Erlangen,  Bavaria,  March  25, 1835.  A 
German  political  economist,  son  of  EudoH  Wag- 
ner :  professor  at  Berlin  from  1870.  He  is  noted 
for  his  works  on  finance,  and  as  an  advocate  of 
the  "  socialism  of  the  chair." 
Wagner,  MoritZ.  Born  at  Bayreuth,  Bavaria, 
Oct.  3, 1813 :  died  at  Munich,  1887.  A  German 
traveler,  naturalist,  and  geographer :  brother  of 
Rudolf  Wagner.  He  traveled  in  Algeria  1836-38 ;  in  the 
Black  Sea  regions,  the  Caucasus,  Kurdistan,  Armenia,  and 
Persia  1842-45;  in  North  America  1852-55 ;  andin Panama 
1046 


and  Ecuador  1867-69.  His  works  include  "Keisen  in  AI- 
gier"  (1841),  "Der  Kaukasus"  (1847),  "Keise  nach  Kol- 
chis"  (I860),  "Eeise  nach  dem  Ararat,  eto."(1860),  "I!«ise 
nach  Persien,  etc. "  (1862), ' '  Naturwissenschaf  tlione  Beisen 
imtropischenAmerika"(1870),and"Die  darwinischeTheo- 
rie"  (1868)  and  other  works  on  evolution.  He  wrote,  with 
Scherzer, "  Eeisen  in  Nordameiika  "  (1854)  and  "  Die  Bepub- 
lik  Costa-Rica"  (1866). 

Wagner,  Bichard.  See  Wagner,  Wilhelm  Rich- 
ard. 

Wagner,  Budolf.  Bom  at  Bayreuth,  Bavaria, 
June  30, 1805:  died  at  Gottingen,  May  13, 1864. 
A  noted  German  physiologist,  comparative 
anatomist,  and  anthropologist :  professor  at  Er- 
langen 1832-40,  and  at  Gottingen  from  1840. 
Among  his  works  are  "  Lehrbuch  der  vergleichenden  Ana/- 
tomie"  (1834-35),  "Iconesphysiologicse"  (1839-40),  "Lehr- 
buch der  Physiologie  "  (1839),  "  Haudatlas.der  vergleichen- 
den Anatomic  "  (1841),  "Handworterbuohiier  Physiologie" 
g 842-53),  "Neurologische  TJntersuchungen "  (1854),  "Der 
ampt  um  die  Seele"  (1857),  "Vorstudien"  on  the  brain 
(1860-62). 

Wagner,  Rudolf  Johannes  von.  Born  at  Leip- 
sic,  Feb.  13,  1822:  died  at  Wiirzburg,  Oct.  4, 
1880.  A  German  chemist  and  technologist.  He 
wrote  "Lehrbuch  der  Chemie," '  'Handbnch  der  chemischen 
Teohnologie,"  "Theorie  und  Praxis  der  Gewerbe,"  "Die 
chemische  Fabrikindustrie,"  etc. 

Wagner,  Wilhelm  Kichard.  Born  at  Leipsie, 
May  22,  1813:  died  at  Venice,  Feb.  13,  1883. 
A  celebrated  German  operatic  composer  and 
poet.  His  father,  who  was  a  clerk  to  the  police-courts 
of  Leipslc,  died  a  few  months  after  his  birth,  and  his 
mother  married  Ludwig  Geyer  and  removed  to  Dresden. 
He  was  educated  at  Dresden  and  Leipsie  ;  matriculated  at 
the  University  of  Leipsie  in  1830 ;  and  studied  music  at 
Leipsie.  At  this  time  he  had  a  great  enthusiasm  for  Beet- 
hoven. He  was  chorus-master  at  Wurzburg  in  1833,  in  the 
theater  where  his  elder  brother  Albert  was  actor  and  stage 
manager ;  music  directorat  Magdeburg  1834-36 ;  conductor 
at  Konigsberg  in  1836,  when  he  married  Fraulein  Planer ; 
music  director  at  Riga  1837-39 ;  and  lived  in  Paris  1839-42, 
where  he  struggled  in  vain  to  obtain  a  footing  in  some 
theater,  and  even  offered  himself  as  chorus-singer  ("  cho- 
riste  ").  He,  however,  studied  and  wrote  constantly,  and 
finished  his  "Faust "  overture  in  1840,  though  it  was  not 
published  till  1866 :  this  is  his  first  markedly  original  per- 
formance. In  1841  he  composed  his  "  Fliegende  Hollan- 
der," and  endeavored  unsuccessfully  to  get  his  "Rienzi" 
produced  at  Paris.  About  this  time  the  "  Volksbuch  "  of 
the  Tan  nhauser  legend  came  in  to  his  possession,  and  he'was 
struck  with  its  possibilities.  From  this  he  was  led  to  study 
the  poems  of  Wolfram  von  Eschenbach  and  the  "  Loheran- 
grin,"  He  wrote  the  first  sketches  for  his  "Tannhauser" 
in  1842.  "Rienzi"  was  produced  at  Dresden  in  1842,  and 
was  asuccess.  Thenextyear  "Der  Fliegende  Hollander" 
waa  produced  there,  with  Madame  Schroder-Devrient  as 
Senta.  He  was  appointed  court  kapellmeister  at  Dres- 
den in  1843,  where  he  remained  for  seven  years.  "Tann- 
h&user  "  was  produced  there  in  1845,  and  was  a  compara- 
tive failure.  He  got  into  pecuniary  diflaculties,  and  his 
arrest  was  ordered  for  alleged  participation  in  the  revo- 
lutionary movements  of  1849 ;  but,  with  the  assistance  of 
Liszt,  he  escaped  to  Paris.  He  lived  chiefly  at  Zurich  until 
1859 ;  and  was  in  London  in  1866  and  in  Pails  1859-61.  Lud- 
wig 11. ,  king  of  Bavaria,  sent  for  him  to  return  to  Germany 
in  1861,  and  from  this  time  his  life  was  comparatively  free 
from  struggle.  He  settled  at  Munich  in  1864,  and  lived 
near  Lucerne  from  1866  till  1872.  In  1869  he  married 
Cosima,  the  daughter  of  Liszt ;  and  settled  at  Bayreuth  in 
1872.  His  theater  was  founded  there  in  1872,  and  com- 
pleted in  1876.  The  first  performance  in  it  was  the  "  Nibe- 
lungen " tetralogy,  andin  1882  "Parsifal"  was  produced 
there.  He  went  to  London  in  1877,  but,  his  health  begin- 
ning to  give  way,  he  went  to  Venice,  where  he  died.  He 
was  buried  in  the  grounds  of  "  Wahnfried,"  his  own  house 
at  Bayreuth.  Among  the  many  characteristics  of  his  art 
theory  are  these ;  the  choice  of  a  general  subject  in  which 
the  mythical  and  heroic  elements  are  prominent:  the 
amalgamation  of  poetry,  music,  action,  and  scenic  effect 
into  the  most  intimate  union  as  equally  important  coop- 
erating elements ;  the  desertion  of  the  conventionalities 
of  the  common  Italian  opera,  especially  of  its  sharply  de- 
fined and  contrasted  movements  and  its  tendency  to  dis- 
play of  mere  virtuosity ;  the  abundant  use  of  leading  mo- 
tives as  a  means  to  continuous  and  reiterated  emotional 
effect ;  the  elaboration  of  the  orchestral  parts,  so  that  in 
them  is  furnished  an  unbroken  presentation  of  or  com- 
mentary on  the  entire  plot ;  and  the  free  use  of  new  and 
remarkable  means  of  effect,  both  scenic  and  instrumentaL 
The  Wagnerian  ideal  is  often  called  (sometimes  derisively) 
"  the  music  of  the  future,"  from  the  title  of  one  of  Wag- 
ner's essays.  'While  Wagnerism  is  best  exemplified  in  the 
great  dramas  of  Warner  himself,  its  qualities  may  be  seen 
more  or  less  in  almost  all  the  dramatic  music  of  the  last 
half  of  this  century.  His  works  include  the  operas 
"  Rienzi ':  (1842),  "  Der  Fliegende  HoUander"  ("  The  Flying 
Dutchman,"  1843),  "Tannhauser  "(first  performed  in  1845X 
" Lohengrin "  (1850),  "Der  Rmg  des  Nibelungen" (includ- 
ing "DasEheingold,""Die  Walkiire,"  "Siegfried,"  "Gbt- 
terdammerung " :   first  performed  as  a  whole  in  the 


Wagner,  Wilhelm  Bic^ard 

autumn  of  1876),  "Tristan  und  Isolde "  (1866),  "DieMeis- 
tersicger  von  Nurnberg"  (1868),  "Parsifal "  (1882)  ;  over-, 
tores,  sonatas,  songs,  orchestral  and  choral  works,  piano-* 
forte  pieces,  etc.  His  literary  works  are  contained  in  ten 
volumes  (1871-85),  including  -th*  poems  for  his  operas, 
much  critical  work, ' '  Das  Eunstwerk  der  Zukunf  t "  (*'  The 
Art- Work  of  the  Future,"  1860),  "Oper  und  Drama," 
"Beethoven,"  "Keligion  und  Knnst,"  "Bayreuther  Blat- 
ter," etc. 

Wagram    (va'gram),   or    Deutsch-Wagram 

(doioh'va'gram).  A  village  9  miles  northeast 
of  Vienna.  Here,  July  6-8, 1809,  the  French  under  Na. 
poleon  (about  150,000)  defeated  the  Austrians  (about  120,- 
000)  under  Archduke  Charles.  Loss  on  each  side,  about 
25,000. 

Wagram,  Prince  of.  A  title  of  the  French 
general  Berthier. 

Wagstaff  (wag'staf ),  Simon.  The  pseudonym 
of  Swift  in  "Polite  Conversation." 

Wahhabees,  or  Wahabis  (wa-ha'bez).  The 
followers  of  Abd-el-Wahhab  (1691-1787),  a  Mo- 
hammedan reformer,  who  opposed  all  prao- 
tioes  not  sanctioned  by  the  Koran.  His  successors 
formed  a  powerful  dominion  whose  chief  seat  was  in  Nejd 
in  central  Arabia.  They  were  overthrown  by  Ibrahim 
Pasha  in  1818,  but  afterward  regained  much  of  their  former 
power  in  central  Arabia.    Also  Wahhabites. 

Wahlstatt  (val'stat).  Battle  of,  or  Battle  of 
Liegnitz.  A  battle  between  the  Mongols  and 
the  Germans  under  Duke  Henry  II.  of  Silesia, 
fought  April  9,  1241,  at  Wahlstatt,  a  village  6 
miles  southeast  of  Liegnitz,  in  Silesia.  The 
Mongols  were  victorious,  but  retired  from  Ger- 
many. 

Wahlstatt,  Prince  of.  A  title  of  Bliioher,  who 
defeated  the  French  at  the  battle  of  the  Katz- 
bach,  near  Wahlstatt,  Aug.  26, 1813. 

Wahlver wandschaf ten  ( val '  f er  - vant  -  shaf  '- 
ten).  Die.  [G.,  'Elective  AfBnities.']  A  ro- 
mance by  Goethe,  published  in  1809. 

Wahnfried  (van'fret).  [G.,  literally  'peace  to 
illusion.']  Thevilla  where  Wagner  lived  during 
the  later  years  of  his  life  at  Bayreuth.  He  was 
buried  in  the  grounds.  An  inscription  on  the  house  means 
in  English  'Here,  where  I  found  the  fulfilment  of  my  Ideal 
— Wahnfried  —  So  shall  this  house  be  named.' 

Wahrheit  und  Dichtung  (var'hit  ont  dich'- 
tong).  [G., 'Truth  and  Poetry.']  An  autobio- 
graphical work  by  Goethe.  Three  volumes  were 
published  in  1811, 1812, 1814,  and  the  fourth  was  published 
after  his  death,  from  disconnected  materials. 

Wahsatch  (wa-sach')  Mountains.  Arange of 
mountains  which  extends  from  north  to  south 
through  Utah,  and  forms  the  eastern  wall  of 
the  Great  Basin.  Highest  point,  Mount  Nebo 
(11,680  feet). 

'Waiblingen(vi'bling-en).  AtownintheNeckar 
circle,  Wiirtemberg,  situated  on  the  Kems  7 
miles  northeast  of  Stuttgart.  (Compare  Wai- 
Uinger.)    Population  (1890),  4,786. 

Waiblinger  (vi'bling-er).  A  surname  of  the 
Hohenstaufen,  who  held  Waiblingen  in  the 
12th  century.  From  it  came  by  corruption 
the  Italian  "Ghibelline." 

Waiilatpuan  (wi^'e-lafpo-an).  [From  wayi- 
letpu,  the  plural  of  wailet,  a  Cayuse  man.]  A 
linguistic  stock  of  North  American  Indians, 
formerly  living  in  Oregon  and  Washington. 
The  Cayuse  and  Molale  are  the  two  tribes  of 
this  stock.    Number  (1893),  about  446. 

Wain  (wan) ,  Charles's.  In  astronomy,  the  seven 
brightest  stars  in  the  constellation  Ursa  Major, 
or  the  Great  Bear,  which  has  been  called  a 
wagon  since  the  time  of  Homer.  Two  of  the  stars 
are  known  as  "  the  pointers,"  because,  being  nearly  in  a 
straight  line  with  the  pole-star,  they  direct  an  observer  to 
it.  Also  called  the  Plow,  the  Great  IKpper,  the  Northern' 
Car,  and  sometimes  the  ButcJier's  Cleaver.  [The  name 
Charles's  Wain,  or  Charles'  Wain,  is  a  modem_alteration  of 
the  earlier  carl's  wain,  from  late  AS.  carles  wsen,  the  carl's 
or  churl's  wain,  or  fanner's  wagon.  The  word  wain  came 
to  be  associated  with  the  name  Charles  with  reference  to 
Charlemagne,  the  group  being  also  called  in  ME.  Charle- 
raaynes  way-ne.  In  the  17th  century  it  was  associated  with 
the  names  of  Charles  I.  and  Charles  II.] 

Wain,  The  Lesser.    Ursa  Minor. 
Wainamoinen.    See  the  extract. 

The  Kalevala  begins  with  a  cosmogony,  which'certainly 
offers  interesting  features  for  comparison,  but  in  which 
there  is  much  that  may  be  foreign  to  the  original  heathen 
conceptions.  Then  the  epic  deals  with  the  adventures  of 
the  three  heroes  Wainamoinen,  Hmarinen,  and  Lemmin- 
kainen.  These  heroes  of  Kaleva  go  into  the  hostile  north- 
country  of  Pohjola  as  suitors,  to  fetch  a  bride,  who  is 
a  nally  won  by  Bmarinen :  they  return  later  to  rob  the  Sam- 
po  treasure.  Amongst  the  labours  which  Louhi,  the  host- 
ess of  Pohjola,  lays  upon  them  is  a  journey  to  Tuonela, 
with  which  a  description  of  the  lower  regions  is  connected. 
La  Samsaye,  Science  of  Religion,  p.  804. 

Waite  (wat),  Morrison  Remick.  Born  .at  Lyme, 
Conn.,  Nov.  29, 1816:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
March  23, 1888.  An  American  jurist.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Yalein  1837;  was  admittedtothebarin  1839;  became 
a  leader  of  the  bar  in  Ohio ;  was  counsel  for  the  United 


1046 


Waldseemiiller 


states  before  the  Geneva  tribunal  of  arbitration  1871-72;  WalCOt  (wol'kot),  OharleS  Molton.     Born  at 
and  was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  United  States  Su-   "^^Xn,  1816 :"  died  at  Philadelphia,  Ma-y  13, 

1868.     An  English  actor.    He  came  to  America  in 


preme  Court  in  1874. 

Waitz  (vits),  Georg.  Bom  at  Flensburg,  Schles- 

wig,  Oct.  9, 1813 :  died  at  Berlin,  May  24, 1886.  A 

German  historian.     He  aided  Pertz  in  editing  the 

Monumenta  Germanise  historica';  became  professor  at 


1843,  and  in  1862  joined  the  company  of  Wallack's  The- 
ater, where  he  made  a  great  success  as  Touchstone,  and 
also  in  Planch^'s  "  Lavater. "  He  was  the  original  Major  de 
Boots  in  America, 


fit^^}^l\Z'%,'^^°l''^^J^°:^:^°^±^^!r'^t^l  W:aldeck(wol'dek;  G,  pron.  vai-dek).    A  prin- 


of  Sohleswig  and  Holstein  in  1848 ;  was  a  member  of  the 
Frankfort  Parliament  in  1848 ;  became  professor  at  Gotting- 
en  in  1849 ;  and  removed  to  Berlin  as  editor  of  the  "Monu- 
menta Germanise  "  in  1876.  Among  his  works  are  "  Deutsche 
Verfassungsgesohichte "  ("German  Constitutional  His- 
tory," 1843-78),  "Sohleswig-Holsteins  Geschichte  "  (1861- 
1864),  "Liibeck  unter  Jiirgen  WuUenweber  und  die  euro- 
paische  Politik"  (1856-56),  "Grundziige  der  Politik" 
("Principles  of  Politics,"  1862),  life  of  Ulflla,  "Deutsche 
Kaiser." 

Waitz,  Theodor.  Born  at  Gotha,  Germany, 
March  17, 1821:  died  at  Marburg,  May  21, 1864. 
A  German  philosopher  and  anthropologist,  pro- 


cipality,  one  of  the  states  of  the  German  Em- 
pire. Capital,  Arolsen.  it  comprises  the  county  of 
Waldeck,  surrounded  by  the  Prussian  provinces  of  West- 
phalia and  Hesse- Nassau,  and  theprincipalit}[  of  Pyrmont, 
surrounded  by  Lippe,  Hannover,  and  Brunswick.  Its  sur- 
face is  hilly  and  mountainous.  It  has  one  member  in  the 
Bundesrat  and  one  deputy  in  the  Reichstag.  The  gov- 
ernment is  administered  by  Prussia.  The  inhabitants  are 
Protestant.  Waldeck  was  raised  from  a  countship  to 
a  principality  in  the  last  part  of  the  17th  century  ;  was  a 
member  of  the  Confederation  of  the  Khine  and  of  the  Ger- 
manic Confederation;  and  sided  with  Prussia  in  1866. 
Area,  433  square  miles.    Population  (1900),  57,918. 


fessor  at  Marburg.  He  wrote  "Grundlegung  der  Waldeck,  Count  and  later  Prince  of  (Georg 
Psychologic,"  "Lehrbuch  der  Psychologic,"  "AUgemeine  PrisrlrioVi)  Bom  1620  •  died  1692  A(ifirman 
Padagogik,"  "Anthropologic  der  Natnrvblker"  (1869-71),  T^A^^^i^,^  J3omXD<iU.  oiea  J.oaA  A  trerman 
"  Die  IndianerNordamerikas,"  and  edited  Aristotle's  "Or-  neW-marsnal.  He  was  a  general  In  the  service  of 
ganon."  Brandenburg  and  Sweden ;  imperial  field-marshal  at  St. 

iTr«;j..L.._  /-..ii/  »    \   IT,™™  Trj!™- /„K4-„\      a  j.  Gotthard  in  1864;  served  at  the  relief  of  Vienna  in  1683;  and 

Waitzen  (vit  sen),  Hung.Vacz  (vats).    A  town     was  defeated  as  captain-general  of  the  Duteh  at  Tleurus 
m  the  county  of  Pest-Pilis-Solt,  Hungary,  situ-    in  1690. 

ated  on  the  Danube  20milesnorthofBudapest.  Waldemar  (wol '  de -mar  or  val'de-mar)  I., 
It  has  a  cathedral,  and  IS  the  seat  of  a  Roman  Cathoho     <'Th«  Gi-Aat  "     TTfrii/ nf'nonTnnrV  ni^7  89 
bishopric.     The  Turks  were  defeated  here  In  1697,  and  irr   ij   '^^^^^-     ,fy?g  °?  L»enmarK  IISH-SZ. 
again  in  1684,  when  the  city  was  captured  by  Duke  Charles    "  aldOmar  II. ,     1  he  Victorious. "  King  of  Den- 
of  Lorraine.  Here,  April  10, 1849,  the  Hungarian  insurgents     mark  1202-41,  son  of  Waldemar  I.     He  conquered 
defeated  the  Austrians ;  and  here,- July  16-17, 1849,  there     Esthonia  and  many  of  the  lands  near  the  Baltic,  but  sub- 
was  fighting  between  the  Russians  and  the  Hungarian  in-     sequently  lost  the  greater  part  of  them, 
surgents  under  GBrgey.    Population  (1890),  14,460.  Waldemar  IV.     King  of  Denmark  1340-75. 

Wakashan  (wa'kash-an).     [-From  wakash.a.  Waldemar,  "The  Great."    Margrave  of  Bran- 
Nootka  word  meaning  'good.']      A  linguistic     denburg  1308-19.    He  waged  war  successfully  against 
stock  of  North  American  Indians.  This  stock  is  in     a  league  of  German  princes,  Denmark,  etc. 
two  divisions— the  Aht  and  the  Haeltzuk(l).  Habitat,  Van-  Walden  (wai'den),  or  Life  in  the  WOOdS.     A 
couverIsland,theoppositemaralandof  BritishColumbia,    „„_i,  hv-  TlinrAnn    niihlialiBil  in  18<i4. 
and  the  region  of  Cape  Flattery,  Clallam  County,  Washing- JJ°J5  % -'-'lOJ^eau,  puDlisnea  m  1804. 
ton.    Number(1894),  over  6,600.  WaldonDUrg  (val'den-borG).      A  town  in  the 

Wakefield  (wak'feld).  A  city  and  parliamen-  province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
tary  borough  in  the  West  Kiding  of  Yorkshire,  Polsnitz  41  miles  southwest  of  Breslau.  It  is 
Enp-la-nd  sit.iinted  oti  t.hfi  Cnldfir  Smilfis  snntVi  b-v-  ">«  center  of  a  large  coal-mining  region,  and  has  manu- 
HiUgiano,  siraatea  on  tne  oamer  s  miies  soutn  oy  f^ctures  of  porcelain,  stoneware,  fli'e-clay,  etc.  Popula- 
east  01  Lieeas.  it  is  a  manufacturing  town,  formerly  tion  (1890),  with  Ober-Waldenburg,  17,640. 
notedforitsproductionof  clothandyarn,  andhasanim- •»Tr,ij-„  Pnnd  C-orai'rloTi  -nnTlr^^  A  smnll  IaIta 
portant  trade  in  grain  and  wool.  .The  new  bishopric  of  Waldon  J^ond  (wal  den  pona).  A  small  laKe 
Wakefield  was  sanctioned  in  1878.  Here,  Dec.  31, 1460,  the  in  Concord,  Massachusetts.  Onits  shores  Iho- 
Lancastrians  under  Queen  Margaret  defeated  the  York-    reau  lived  for  years. 

Ists  under  Eichard,  duke  of  York,  who  was  killed  in  the  'Waldenses  (wol-den'sez).     The  Waldensians. 

Waldensians    (wol-den    gianz).      [From  the 


battle.    Population  (1891),  33,146. 

Wakefield.  A  town  in  Middlesex  County,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 10  miles  north  of  Boston.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  9,290. 

Wakefield,  The  Vicar  of.    See  Vicar. 

Wakefield  Mystery  Plays.  A  cycle  of  thirty- 
two  plays,  of  uncertain  date,  perhaps  earlier 
than  the  i4th  century.  Twenty-four  of  the  plays 
are  from  the  New  Testament  and  eight  are  from  the  Old. 
They  were  played  at  the  fairs  of  Woodkirk  (Widkirk),  near 
Wakefield,  and  are  called  by  all  these  names.  They  were 
first  printed  by  the  Surtees  Society,  in  1886,  as  "The 
Towneley  Mysteries,"  from  the  fact  that  the  MS.  (16th  cen- 
tury) in  which  they  are  preserved  belonged  to  the  library 
of  tile  Towneley  family,  Towneley  Hall,  Lancashire,  Eng- 
land. 

Wakem  (wa'kem),  Philip.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal characters  in  George  Eliot's  novel  "The 


founder,  Waldo  or  Valdo.]  "The  members  of  a 
reforming  body  of  Christians,  followers  of  Peter 
Waldo  (Valdo)  of  Lyons,  formed  about  1170. 
Their  chief  seats  were  in  the  Alpine  valleys  of  Piedmont, 
Dauphin^,  and  Provence :  hence  the  French  Aame  Vaudois 
des  Alpes,  or  Vaudois,  -The  Waldenses  joined  the  Refor- 
mation movement,  and  were  often  severely  persecuted. 

Waldersee  (val'der-za),  Count  Alfred  von. 
Born  at  Potsdam,  April  8,  1832 :  died  at  Hano- 
ver, March  5, 1904.  A  German  general.  He  was 
chief  of  the  general  staff  of  the  10th  army  corps  in  the 
Franco-German  war,  became  quartermaster-general  and 
deputy  of  the  chief  of  staff  in  1881 ;  succeeded  Von  Moltke 
as  chief  of  staff  in  1888 ;  became  commander  of  the  9th 
army  corps  in  1891,  inspector-general  of  the  3d  army  corps 
in  1898,  field-marshal  in  1899,  and  commander-in-chief  of 
the  European  forces  in  China  in  1900. 


Mill  on  the  Floss,"  a  deformed  youth  in  love  Waldis  (vai'dis),  Burkard.  Bom  at  Allendorf 


with  Maggie  Tulliver 

Walachia.    See  Wdllachia. 

Walapai  (wal'a-pi),  or  Hualaijai.  A  tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  living  in  Arizona 
from  the  great  bend  of  the  Colorado  River  east- 
ward and  southward  to  the  Cerbat  and  Aquarius 
Mountains.  The  name  means  'Pinery  people,' refer- 
ring to  the  pine  forests.  Number (1900), 635.  ^e^Yuman. 

Walch  (valdh).  Christian  Wilhelm  Franz. 

Born  at  Jena,  Germany,  1726:   died  at  G8t- 


on  the  Werra  about  1495:  died  at  Abterode 
probably  in  1557.  A  German  poet.  The  greater 
part  of  his  early  lite  was  spent  in  Livonia.  In  1623  he  was 
sent  by  Archbishop  Jasper  van  Linden  to  the  Pope  to  so- 
licit aid  against  the  inroads  of  Protestantism.  On  his  re- 
turn from  Rome  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Protestants 
at  Riga,  where  he  himself  went  over  to  Protestantism  and 
lived  for  a  time  as  a  pewterer.  Subsequently  he  was  a 
clergyman  at  Abterode,  in  Hesse,  where  he  died.  He  wrote 
fables  in  verse.  His  "  Verlorener  Sohn  "  ("  Prodigal  Son  ") 
is  from  1627;  "Bsop"  (".aisop"),  1648.  The  former  was 
published  at  Halle  in  1881 ;  the  latter  at  Leipsic  in  1882. 


tingen,  1784.  A  German  Protestant  church  his-  Waldo,  or  Valdo  (P.  pron.  val-do'),  or  Valdez, 
torian,  professor  at  Gottingen.  His  chief  work  Peter.  Lived  in  the  last  part  of  the  12th  een- 
is  "Entwurf  einer  voUstandigen  Historic  der  tury.  Amerchantof  Lyons  who  about  1170  be- 
Ketzereien"  (1762-85).  came  a  preacher  and  leader  of  the  Waldenses, 

Walcheren  (val'cher-en).    The  westernmost    who  were  named  from  him. 
islandoftheprovinceof  Zealand,  Netherlands.  Waldseemiiller,  or  Waltzeemiiller  (valt'za- 
It  is  situated  between  the  North_Sea,  the  West  Schelde,     miil-ler),  Martin  (called  by  himself  Hylacomy- 


and  North  and  South  Beveland.  The  surface  is  low.  The 
chief  places  are  Middelburg  and  Flushing.  Length,  12 
miles. 

Walcheren  Expedition.  Anuusuccessful Brit- 
ish expedition  against  the  French.  The  troops 
landed  on  Walcheren  in  the  end  of  July,  1809  — the  land 
force  (40,000)  under  Lord  Chatham,  and  the  naval  force 
under  Strachan.  They  bombarded  and  took  Flushing  in 
Aug. ;  failed  to  take  Antwerp ;  and  retiredfrom  Walcheren, 
after  sustaining  great  losses,  in  Dec. 

Walckenaer  (val-ke-nar').  Baron  Charles  Ath- 
anase.  Bom  at  Paris,  Dec.  25,  1771 :  died  at 
Paris,  April  27,  1852.  A  French  entomologist, 
geographer,  and  biographer.  He  held  various  posi- 
tions in  the  administrative  service.  Among  his  works  are 
"Faune  parisienne  "  (1802),  "Histoire  naturelle  des  ara- 
nSldes"  (1805-08),  "Histoire  de  La  Fontaine"  (1820), 
"Gfographie  ancienne  des  Gaules"  (1889),  "Histoire 
d'Horace."  (1840),"M6moires  sur  Mme.  de  S6vign6  "(1844- 
1862),  "Histoire  g§n6rale  des  voyages  "(1826-81). 


lus,  a  Greek  form  of  the  n  ame ) .  Bom  at  Freiburg 
about  1470 :  died  after  1513.  A  German  geogra- 
pher. In  1604  he  became  professor  of  geography  in  the  col- 
lege founded  by  the  Duke  of  Lorraine  at  St.  Dl^.  In  1607  he 
published  alittle  treatise  in  Latin,  the  "  Cosmographise  in- 
troductio,"  printed  on  the  college  press  in  several  editions, 
all  of  which  are  now  very  rare.  Latin  translations  of  the  let- 
ters of  Vespucci  (see  that  name)  are  given  as  an  appendix.  In 
this  book  he  says :  "  And  the  fourth  part  of  the  world  hav- 
ing been  discovered  by  Americus,  it  may  be  called  Ameri. 
ge ;  that  is,  the  land  of  Americus  or  America."  This  sug- 
gestion, in  an  obscure  book,  was  eventually  adopted,  and 
America  thus  became  the  name  of  the  New  World.  It 
should  be  noted  that  Waldseemiiller  proposed  the  name 
only  for  the  region  now  known  aB  South  America,  to  which 
It  was  restricted  forsome  time.  Waldseemtiller.withRing-. 
mann  ("  Philesins  "),  Walter  Lud  ("  Ludovicus  "),  and  other 
young  students  at  St.  Di^,  prepared  an  edition  of  Ptolemy 
which  was  eventually  published  by  Waldseemiiller  at 
Strasburg  (1613).  It  contains  curious  maps  of  the  New 
World,  but  the  name  America  does  not  appear  in  it. 


Waldshut 

Waldshut  (valts'hSt).  A  small  town  in  Baden, 
situated  on  the  Bhiue  30  miles  southeast  of 
Freiburg. 

Waldstatte  ( vait'stet-te) .  The  Forest  Cantons 
of  Switzerland:  Uri,  Unterwalden,  Sehwyz,  and 
Lucerne. 

Waldstein  (waid'sHn),  Charles.  Bom  at  New 
York,  1856.  An  American  archseologist.  He 
was  educated  at  Columbia  College,  New  York,  and  at  the 
UniverBlty  of  Heidelberg;  was  made  director  of  the  Fltz- 
wiUiam  Museum  in  Cambridge,  England,  in  188S  ;  and  in 
1888  he  was  appointed  director  of  the  School  of  Archseology 
at  Athens,  and  in  1895  professor  at  Cambridge.  He  has 
written  "  The  Balance  of  the  Emotion  and  the  Intellect" 
(1878),  "  Essays  on  the  Art  of  Pheidias  "  (1886),  etc. 

waldus.    See  Waldo. 

Walensee.    See  Wallenstadt,  Lake  of. 

Wales  (walz).  [MB.  Wales,  AS.  Walas,  Wealas, 
foreigners,  i.  e.  Britons  or  Celts;  hence  the 
adjective  Welsh.'\  A  titular  principality  of  Great 
Britain,  now  an  integral  part  of  the  United 
Kingdom.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  north ; 
the  English  counties  of  Cheshire,  Shropshire,  Hereford, 
and  Monmouth  on  the  east ;  the  Bristol  Channel  on  the 
south ;  and  St.  George's  Channel  on  the  west.  Its  sur- 
face is  mountainous.  It  is  noted  for  mineral  wealth,  pro- 
ducing iron,  coal,  copper,  lead,  zinc,  slate,  limestone, 
etc.  It  is  divided  into  North  Wales,  containing  the  coun- 
ties  Anglesea,  Carnarvon,  Denbigh,  flint,  Merioneth, 
and  Montgomery ;  and  South  W^es,  containing  the 
counties  Brecknock,  Cardigan,  Carmarthen,  Glamorgan, 
Pembroke,  and  Kadnor.  The  Inhabitants  are  largely  of 
Welsh  stock,  and  the  language  Is  largely  Welsh.  The 
ancient  inhabitants  were  the  Celtic  tribes  Ordovices,  De- 
metse,  and  Silores.  Wales  was  not  subdued  by  the  Bo- 
mans  ;  maintained  prolonged  struggles  with  the  Anglo- 
'Saxons ;  was  made  tributary  by  Athelstan,  Harold  II.,  and 
William  the  Conqueror ;  and  after  repeated  efforts  was  sub- 
dued by  Edward  I.,  1276-S4,  and  united  to  England.  An 
unsuccessful  rebellion,  under  Owen  Glendower,  broke  out 
in  1400.  The  principality  was  incorporated  with  England  in 
1536.  Area,  7,442  square  miles.  Population(1891),  1,519,036. 

Wales.  Prince  of.  The  title  usually  conferred 
on  the  heir  apparent  to  the  throne  of  England. 
The  kings  who  nave  held  it  at  the  time  of  their  acces- 
sion are  Edward  II.  (the  first  holder  of  it),  Henry  V.,  Ed- 
ward v.,  Henry  VIII.,  Charles  I.,  Charles  II.,  George  II., 
George  IV.,  and  Edward  VII.,  sons  of  the  sovereigns 
preceding  them,  and  Richard  II.  and  George  III.,  grand- 
sons of  their  predecessors.  Edward  HI.,  Henry  VI., 
and  Edward  VI.,  though  heirs  apparent,  did  not  hold 
the  title. 

Walewski  (va-lev'ske),  Comte  (Alexandre 
Florian  Joseph  Colonna).  Born  at  Wale- 
wioe,  Poland,  May  4, 1810:  died  at  Strasburg, 
Sept.  27,  1868.  A  French  politician,  diploma- 
tist, and  author:  reputed  illegitimate  son  of 
Napoleon  I.  He  served  in  the  Polish  revolutionary 
army  and  in  the  I'rench  army,  and  filled  various  foreign 
missions.  He  was  minister  of  foreign  affairs  and  later 
president  of  the  Corps  LSgislatif  under  Napoleon  III.  He 
signed  the  treaty  of  Paris,  and  was  president  of  the  Con- 
gress of  Paris  In  1856. 

Walflsh,  or  Walfisch,  Bay  (wol'flsh  ba).  An 
inlet  of  the  Atlantic  (Jcean,  situated  about  lat. 
22°  54'  S.,  long.  14°  27'  B.  it  has  a  good  harbor. 
It  was  claimed  by  Great  Britain  In  1878,  and,  with  some 
adjoining  territoi?,  was  made  a  British  possession  in  1884. 

Walhalla.    See  Valhalla. 

Walhalla  (val-hal'ia),  or  Temple  of  Fame.  A 
building  founded  at  Ratisbon,  Bavaria,  by  Lud- 
wig  I. ,  in  1830.  The  exterior  reproduces  a  Greek  Doric 
temple,  116  by  246  feet  in  plan,  built  of  gray  marble.  The 
pediments  contain  sculptured  reliefs  of  "  Germania  Set 
Free  by  the  Battle  of  Leipsic  "  and  of  the  Hermannschlacht. 
The  interior  is  Ionic,  and  forms  a  hall  60  by  180  feet,  and 
66  high  :  it  is  surrounded  by  a  frieze  representing  the  early 
hisiiory  of  the  Teutonic  race.  The  hall  contains  101  busts 
of  celebrated  Germans,  and  six  Victories  by  Kauch. 

Waike  (wak),  Henry.  Bom  Dec.  24, 1808:  died 
March  8, 1896.  An  American  admiral.  He  served 
in  the  Mexican  war,  and  in  the  Civil  War  rendered  im- 
portant servlcea  on  the  Mississippi  Eiver.  He  was  pro- 
moted captain  in  1862,  commodore  In  1866,  and  rear-ad- 
miral in  1870,  going  on  the  retired  list  in  1871.  He  published 
"Naval  Scenes  in  the  CivU  War"  (1877). 

Walker  (wl.'t6r),  Amasa.  Born  at  Wood- 
stock, Conn.,  May  4, 1799:  died  at  Brookfleld, 
Mass.,  Oct  29,  1875.  An  American  political 
economist.  He  lectured  on  political  economy  at  Oberlin 
and  at  Amherst ;  held  various  political  oflces  in  the  State 
of  Massachusetts ;  and  was  Eepublican  member  of  Con- 
gress from  Massachusetts  1862-63.  He  wrote  "Nature 
and  Uses  of  Money  and  Mixed  Cun-ency"  (1857),  and 
"  Science  of  Wealth  "  (1866). 

Walker,  Francis  Amasa.  Bom  at  Boston,  July 
2, 1840 :  died  there,  Jan.  5, 1897.  An  American 
statistician  and  political  economist,  son  of 
Amasa  Walker.  He  graduated  at  Amherst  in  1860,  and 
served  in  the  Civil  War,  being  brevetted  brigadier-general 
of  volunteers  in  1865.  He  was  commissioner  of  Indian  affairs 
1871-72,  and  professor  of  political  economy  and  history  in 
the  Sheffield  Scientific  School  at  Yale  1873-81.  He  was  sub- 
sequentlypresident  of  theMassachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology. He  was  superintendent  of  the  ninth  and  tenth 
United  States  cenBuses(1870andl880),andwasTJnlted States 
commissioner  to  the  International  Monetary  Conference 
at  Paris  in  1878.  Among  his  works  are  a  "Statistical  Atlas 
of  the  United  States "  (1874),  "The  Wages  Question "  (1876), 
"Money,  Trade,  and  Industry"  (1879),  "Land  audits  Rent" 
(1883),  "Political  Economy"  (1883),  and  "History  of  the 
Second  Army  Corps  "  (1886). 


1047 

Walker,  Hookey.  A  slang  name  used  as  an 
expression  of  incredulity,  as  if  one  said  "Tell 
that  to  the  marines."  Various  explanations  of 
it  are  given. 

Walker,  John.  Bom  at  Coin  ey  Hatch,  Middle- 
sex, March  18,  1732 :  died  at  London,  Aug.  1, 
1807.  An  Bnglish  lexicographer.  His  best-known 
work  is  a  "  Critical  Pronouncing  Dictionary  and  Exposi- 
tor of  the  English  Language  "  (1791 :  this  was  the  first  dic- 
tionary after  Sheridan's  (1780)  m  which  pronunciation  was 
systematically  recorded).  He  also  published  a  "  Ehyming 
Dictionary  "(1776). 

Walker,  Robert  James.  Bom  at  Northum- 
berland, Pa.,  July  23, 1801 :  died  at  Washington, 
B.  C.,  Nov.  11, 1869.  An  American  statesman 
and  financier.  He  was  an  opponent  of  nullification ; 
was  United  States  senator  from  Mississippi  1836-45 ;  sup- 
ported the  Homestead  Bill,  and  the  independence  and  la- 
ter the  annexation  of  Texas ;  was  secretary  of  the  treasury 
1845-49;  carried  through  the  "Walker  Tariff  "of  1846; 
and  promoted  the  warehouse  system  and  the  department 
of  the  interior.  He  was  governor  of  Kansas  1867-58,  and 
a  financial  agent  of  the  United  States  in  Europe  1363-64. 
He  furthered  the  Alaska  treaty. 

Walker,  William.  Born  at  NashviUe,  Tenn., 
May  8, 1824:  died  at  Trujillo,  Honduras,  Sept. 
12,  1860.  An  American  filibuster.  He  was  a  Jour^ 
nalist  and  lawyer  in  California.  In  1853,  with  170  follow- 
ers, he  invaded  Lower  California  and  Sonora.  Driven  over 
the  border  by  Mexican  troops,  he  was  tried  at  San  Francisco 
(May,  1854)  for  violation  of  the  neutrality  laws,  but  was 
acquitted.  Taking  advantage  of  the  disturbed  state  of 
Nicaragua,  he  entered  that  country  with  58  men  (June, 
1855)  and  joined  the  democratic  faction.  At  first  unsuc- 
cessful, he  finally  defeated  Guardiola  (Sept.  3)  and  took  the 
capital,  Granada.  Corral  submitted  to  him.  Walker  ac- 
knowledged Bivas  as  president  and  Corral  as  minister 
of  war,  reserving  for  himself  the  title  of  commander-in- 
chief  (Oct.).  A  few  days  after  he  brought  charges  against 
Corral,  who  was  tried  and  shot.  In  July,  1856,  he  was 
elected  president  by  the  votes  of  depai'tments  which 
were  controlled  by  his  army.  Among  his  many  arbitrary 
acts  was  a  decree  restoring  slavery.  Costa  Ulca,  and 
eventually  all  the  Central  American  states,  joined  with  the 
Nicaraguan  legitimists  against  him.  After  July,  1866,  he 
was  repeatedly  defeated  by  the  allies ;  was  forced  to  aban- 
don Granada,  which  he  burned  (Dec.) ;  and  on  May  1,1867, 
he  took  refuge  on  a  United  States  vessel,  which  carried  him 
to  Panama.  He  made  two  attempts  to  recover  the  country, 
but  was  foiled  by  the  intervention  of  the  United  States.  In 
Aug.,  1860,  he  invaded  Honduras ;  but  was  captured  in 
September  by  a  British  vessel,  delivered  to  the  Honduras 
authorities,  and  by  them  tried  and  shot.  He  published 
"  The  War  in  Nicaragua  "  (1860). 

Walker  River.  A  river  which  rises  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  in  eastern  Califor- 
nia, and  flows  into  Walker  Lake  in  Nevada. 
Length,  about  150  miles. 

Walkers.     See  Shoshoko. 

Walkiire  (val'ku-re),  Die.  [G., '  The  Valkyrs.'] 
The  second  part  of  Wagner's  tetralogy  "Der 
Ring  des  Nibelungen."  It  was  completed  in 
1856,  and  first  performed  at  Munich  in  1870. 

Wall  (wai).  A  character  in  the  interlude  of 
Shakspere's  "Midsummer  Night's  Dream." 

Wallabout  Bay  (wol'a-bout  ba).  An  inlet  of 
the  Bast  River  in  Broo£lyn,New  York,  its  shores 
are  occupied  by  aUnited  States  navy-yard.  It  was  the  moor- 
ing-place  of  British  prison-ships  in  the  Revolutionary  War. 

Wallace  (wol'as).  A  historioo-legendary  poem 
on  Sir  William  Wallace,  written  by  Blind  Harry. 

Wallace  (wol'as),  Alfred  Russel.  Bom  at 
Usk,  Monmouthshire,  Bngland,  Jan.  8,  1822.  A 
noted  English  naturalist  and  traveler.  He  was 
educated  as  a  land-surveyor  and  architect,  but  after  1845 
gave  his  attention  entirely  to  naturid  history.  He  ex- 
plored the  valleys  of  the  Amazon  and  Eio  Negro  1848-62, 
and  traveled  in  the  Malay  Archipelago  and  Papua  1854-62, 
making  rich  collections.  Simultaneously  with  Darwin  he 
announced  the  theory  of  natural  selection  (his  paper  "On 
the  Tendency  of  Varieties  to  Depart  Indefinitely  from  the 
Original  Type  "  was  read  July  1,  1858,  the  same  day  as 
Darwin's  paper).  His  works  include  "Travels  on  the 
Amazon  and  Bio  Negro  "  (1863),  "Palm  Trees  of  the  Am- 
azon," "The  Malay  Archipelago  "(1869),  "Contributions  to 
the  Theory  of  Natural  Selection"  (1870),  "Miracles  and 
Modem  Spiritualism"  (1876),  "Geographical  Distribution 
of  Animals"  (1876),  "Tropical  Nature"  (1878),  "Island 
Life  "  (1880),  "  Land  Nationalization  "  (1882),  etc. 

Wallace,  Sir  Donald  Mackenzie.  Born  1841. 
A  British  writer  and  traveler  in  Russia.  He 
wrote  "Russia"  (1877),  etc. 

Wallace,  Lewis.  Bom  at  Brookville,  Indiana, 
April  10,  1827.  An  American  general,  diplo- 
matist, lawyer,  and  author.  He  served  as  first 
lieutenant  in  the  Mexican  war ;  was  engaged  in  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  Indiana  from  1848 ;  became  a  brigadier-gen- 
eral in  Sept.,  1861 ;  commanded  a  division  at  the  battle  of 
Fort  Donelson  in  1862  ;becamemajor-general  of  volunteers 
in  March,  1862 ;  served  on  the  second  day  of  the  battle  of 
Shiloh  in  1862 ;  saved  Cincinnati  from  capture  by  Kirby 
Smith  in  1863  ;  was  appointed  commander  of  the  Middle 
Department  and  the  8tli  army  corps ;  and  was  defeated  by 
Early  at  the  Monocacy  July  9, 1864.  From  1881  to  1885  he 
was  United  States  minister  to  Turkey.  He  has  written 
"  Ben-Hur :  a  Tale  of  the  Christ "  (1880),  "  The  Fair  God  " 
(1873)  "The  Boyhood  of  Christ"  (1888),  life  of  Benjamin 
Harrison  (1888),  "The  Prince  of  India"  (1893). 

Wallace,  Sir  William.  Bom  about  1274:  ex- 
ecuted at  London,  Aug.  23,  1305.  A  Scottish 
patriot  and  national  hero.      He  was  outlawed  in 


Wallenstein 

early  hfe ;  became  a  leader  of  a  party  of  insurgents  in 
1297 ;  protested  against  the  treaty  of  Irvine ;  totally  de- 
feated the  English  at  the  battle  of  Stirling  Bridge  Sept. 
11, 1297 ;  devastated  northern  England ;  was  made  guar- 
dian of  Scotland ;  and  was  defeated  by  Edward  I.  at  Fal- 
kirk July  22,  1298.  He  carried  on  a  guerrilla  warfare  for 
several  years;  was  betrayed  to  the  English  near  Glasgow 
Aug.  3, 1306 ;  was  taken  to  London ;  and  was  tried  and  con- 
demned for  treason. 

Wallace,  William  Harvey  Lamb.    Bom  at 

TJrbana,  Ohio,  July  8, 1821 :  died  at  Savannah, 
Tenn.,  April  10,  1862.  An  American  general. 
He  served  in  the  Mexican  war ;  commanded  a  Federal  bri- 
gade at  Fort  Donelson  in  1862 ;  was  made  brigadier-general 
in  March,  1862 ;  and  served  as  division  commander  at  Shiloh 
(April  6),  where  he  was  mortally  wounded. 

Wallachia.  or  Walachia  (wo-la'ki-a).  [F. 
Valaohie,  Q.  Walachei.^  A  division  of  Rumania : 
part  of  the  ancient  Dacia.  it  is  bounded  by  Hun- 
gary and  Transylvania  on  the  northwest  and  north ;  by 
Moldavia  on  the  north ;  and  by  the  Danube  on  the  east, 
south,  and  southwest  and  west,  separating  it  from  the 
Dobrudja,  Bulgaria,  and  Servia.  The  principality  of 
Wallachia  arose  in  the  13th  century.  From  about  the  close 
of  the  14th  century  it  was  tributary  to  Turkey  under  its 
national  princes,  and  from  1716  to  1821  under  the  Fanariot 
hospodars  appointed  by  the  sultan.  An  era  of  greater 
autonomy  began  in  1829,  inaugurated  by  the  intervention 
of  Russia.  Wallachia  was  united  under  the  same  prince 
with  Moldavia  in  1859,  and  in  1861  the  two  principalities 
were  united  into  the  principality  of  Rumania.  See 
RwmaivUi, 

Wallack  (wol'ak),  James  William.  Bom  at 
London,  Aug.  24, 1795 :  died  at  New  York  city, 
Dec.  25,  1864.  An  Anglo-American  actor  and 
dramatic  manager.  He  played  in  Great  Britain  and 
the  United  States  in  romantic  drama,  refined  comedy,  etc. 
His  range  of  parts  was  wide.  He  came  to  America  in 
1818,  and  played  here  and  in  England  alternately  until  1861, 
when  he  settled  in  New  York.  In  1837  he  managed  the 
New  York  National  Theater,  and  conducted  Wallack's 
Theater  on  the  comer  of  Broadway  and  Broome  street,  New 
York,  1862-61,  and  after  that  on  the  comer  of  Broadway 
and  13th  street.  New  York. 

Wallack,  James  William.  Born  at  London, 
Feb.  24,  1818:  died  in  America,  May  24,  1873. 
An  Anglo-American  actor,  the  son  of  Henry 
John  Wallack  (an  actor,  died  1870).  He  played 
with  varying  success  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  and  in 
1861  began  to  appear  as  a  star  in  America  in  what  was 
known  as  the  Wallack-Davenport  Combination.  He  made 
a  great  hit  as  Fagin,  as  Leon  de  Bourbon  in  "  The  Man 
with  the  Iron  Mask,"  and  as  Henry  Dunbar.  His  range 
was  large,  but  he  was  most  successful  in  tragedy  or  ro- 
mantic and  somber  drama. 

Wallack,  Lester  (real  name  John  Johnstone 
Wallack).  Bom  at  New  York  city,  Jan,  1, 1820 : 
died  at  Stamford,  Conn.,  Sept.  6,  1888.  An 
American  actor,  son  of  J.  W.  Wallack  tho 
elder.  His  middle  name  was  that  of  his  mother's  fam- 
ily. He  served  two  years  as  lieutenant  in  the  English 
army,  and  first  acted  with  his  father  in  the  English  prov- 
inces under  the  name  of  Allan  Field  about  1840.  He  played 
in  America  in  1847  as  John  W.  Lester,  afterward  as  John 
Lester  Wallack.  In  1852  he  joined  his  father's  company 
at  Wallack's  Theater,  and  managed  it,  after  the  latter's 
death,  until  1887.  In  1882  a  new  Wallack's  Theater  was 
opened  on  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  30th  street,  for 
some  years  known  as  Palmer's  Theater.  He  was  a  brilliant 
comedian,  and  was  noted  as  Don  Felix  ("  The  Wonder  "), 
Charles  Surface,  Young  Marlowe,  Alfred  Evelyn 
("Money"),  St.  Pierre  ("The  .Wife"),  Harry  Dornton 
("The  Road  to  Ruin"),  Claude  Melnotte,  Don  Csesar  de 
Bazan,  Sir  Charles  Coldstream,  etc.  He  wrote  "  The  Vete- 
ran "and  "Rosedale, "in  which  heplayedtheprincipalparts, 
and  his  "Autobiography,"  which  was  published  in  1889. 

Wallasey  (wol'a-si) .  A  town  in  Cheshire,  Bng- 
land, 4  miles  west  of  Liverpool.  Population 
(1901),  53,580. 

Walla  Walla  (wa'la  wa'la).  A  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  which  occupied  both  sides  of 
the  Columbia  River  from  the  mouth  of  Lewis 
(or  Snake)  River  to  the  Muscleshell  Rapid, 
wintering  on  the  Tapteel  (or  Yakima)  River, 
Washington.  Under  this  general  name  may  have  been 
included  one  or  more  other  divisions,  e.  g.  the  Umatilla. 
Later  on  the  Walla  Walla  were  confined  more  closely  to 
the  region  of  the  Walla  Walla  River,  Oregon.  They  now 
number  405,  on  the  Umatilla  reservation,  Oregon.  See 
Shahaptian. 

Walla  Walla  (wol'awol'a).  The  capital  of 
Walla  Walla  County,  State  of  Washington,  sit- 
uated on  MiU  Creek  in  lat.  46°  3'  N.  It  is  the 
center  of  a  wheat  region.  Population  (1900), 
10,049. 

Wallenstadt  (val'len-stat),  Lake  of^r  Wa- 
lensee, or  Wallensee  (val'len-za),  or  Wallen- 
Stadter  See  (val'len-stet-er  za).  A  lake  situ- 
ated between  the  cantons  of  St.  (Jail  and  Gla- 
rus,  Switzerland,  it  receives  the  Seez  and  the  Linth, 
and  its  outlet  is  by  the  Linth  Canal  to  the  Lake  of  Zurich, 
Length,  9i  miles.    Width,  IJ  miles. 

Wallenstein  (val'len-stan).  A  trilogy  by  Schil- 
ler, comprising  '•'Wallensteins  Lager"  (acted 
at  Weimar,  1798),  "Die  Piceblomini"  (1799), 
and  "Wallensteins  Tod"  (1799).  Schiller  con- 
ceives his  hero  in  these  dramas  as  the  type  of  the  practical 
realist,  serious,  solitary,  and  reserved. 

Wallenstein  (wol'en-stin;  (x.  pron.  val'len- 
stin),  or  Waldstein  (valt '  stin),  or  Walden- 
stein  (val'den-stin),  Albrecht  Eusebius  von, 


Wallenstein 

Duke  of  Priedland,  Mecklenburg,  and  Sagan. 
Bom  at  Hermanie,  near  Naohod,  Bohemia, 
Sept.  24, 1583:  assassinated  at  Eger,  Bohemia, 
Feb.  25, 1634.  A  celebrated  Austrian  general. 
He  was  educated  at  first  as  a  Protestant^  but  later  as  a 
Koman  Catholic ;  and  studied  in  the  Jesuit  College  atOl- 
miitz,  and  at  the  universities  of  Altdorf,  Bologna,  and  Padua. 
He  served  in  Hungary  under  the  emperor  Rudolf  H. ;  be- 
came quartermaster-general  of  the  League  in  1620 ;  was 
made  duke  of  Friedland  in  1623 ;  raised  an  army  for  the 
Imperialist  service  in  1625 ;  defeated  Mansfeld  at  the 
bridge  of  Dessau,  April  26,  1626;  invaded  Hungary  and 
won  Silesia  for  the  Imperialists  in  1627 ;  besieged  Stral- 
sund  unsuccessfully  in  1628 ;  was  removed  from  his  com- 
mand in  1630,  and  retired  to  Gitschin ;  resumed  command 
by  invitation  of  the  emperor  in  the  spring  of  1632 ;  recov- 
ered Bohemia  from  the  Saxons  and  repulsed  Gustavus 
Adolpbus  before  Nuremberg,  but  was  defeated  by  him  at 
Liitzen,  Nov.  16,  1632.  The  emperor,  Ferdinand  II.,  con- 
vinced that  he  was  meditating  treachery,  removed  him 
from  his  command  Jan.,  1634,  and  outlawed  him.  Wallen- 
stein was  in  the  act  of  going  over  to  the  Swedes  (who 
were  on  the  borders  of  Bohemia)  when  he  was  murdered 
by  some  of  his  officers  ^utler,  Gordon,  and  others). 

Waller  (wol'6r),  Edmund.  Bom  at  ColesHU, 
Hertfordshire,  England,  March  3, 1605 :  died  at 
Beaoonsfield,  England,  Oct.  21, 1687.  An  Eng- 
lish poet.  He  studied  at  King's  College,  Cambridge ; 
entered  Parliament  in  1623  (?) ;  was  a  leader  in  the  Long 
Parliament ;  took  part  in  Koyalist  plots,  and  was  arrested 
in  1643  and  exiled ;  returned  to  England  under  Cromwell ; 
and  was  a  favorite  at  court  after  the  Kestoration.  Among 
his  poems  are  a  panegyric  on  Cromwell,  lament  for  Crom- 
well's death,  congratulation  on  Charles  II. 's  return,  etc. 
His  poems  were  published  1645, 1664,  etc. 

Waller,  Sir  William.  Born,  1597:  died  1668. 
An  English  general.  He  served  in  the  Thirty  Years' 
War  J  was  second  in  command  of  the  Parliamentajy  forces 
under  Essex  in  1642 ;  reduced  Portsmouth  in  1642  ;  was 
defeated  near  Bath  and  near  Devizes  in  1643  ;  gained  a 
victory  at  Cherrytown  in  1644 ;  was  defeated  at  Cropredy 
Bridge  in  1644 ;  served  at  Newbury ;  and  was  deprived  of 
his  command  in  1645.  He  was  a  Presbyterian  leader  in 
Parliament ;  was  expelled  for  treason  in  1647 ;  and  returned 
and  was  expelled  in  Pride's  Purge  in  1648.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  council  of  state  and  of  the  convention  par- 
liament in  1660. 

Wall-Face  (wftl'f  as)  Mountain.  A  peak  of  the 

I  Adirondack  Mountains,  New  York,  separated 
from  Mount  Mclntyre  by  the  Adirondack  Pass. 

Wallin  (val-len'),  Johan  Olof.  Born  in  Da- 
larna,  Sweden,  Oct.  15,  1779:  died  at  Upsala, 
June  30, 1839.  A  Swedish  poet  and  divine.  His 
parents  were  in  extremely  poor  circumstances,  and  he  was 
obliged  to  support  himself  even  while  obtaining  his  ele- 
mentary education  at  the  gymnasium  at  Vester&s.  Subse- 
quently he  studied  at  Upsala.  In  1806  he  began  his  clerical 
career  as  pastor  of  the  Soyal  Military  Academy.  After- 
ward he  was  clergyman  at  Solna,  Ulriksdal,  and  Vester&s, 
and  was  ultimately  made  ajchbishop  of  Sweden.  His 
poems  are  chiefly  religious  m  character.  As  a  member 
of  the  commission  for  the  revision  of  the  Swedish  hymn- 
book,  he  contributed  over  a  hundred  original  hymns,  and 
translated  and  adapted  many  more.  One  of  the  best- 
known  of  his  poems  is  the  hymn  "  DBdens  engel"  ("The 
Angel  of  Death").  Among  his  longer  secular  poems  is  par- 
ticularly to  be  mentioned  the  didactic  poem  in  Alexan- 
drines, "Uppfostraren"  ("The  Educator"),  which  won  a 
prize  at  the  Swedish  Academy.  Among  his  shorterpoems 
is  an  impassioned  song  on  George  Washington,  ffis  col- 
lected literary  works  ("Samlade  vltterhetsarbeten")  were 
published  at  Stockholm  in  1878,  In  2  vols. 

Wallingford  (wol'ing-ford).  A  town  in  Berk- 
shire, England,  situated  on  the  Thames  13  miles 
south-southeast  of  Oxford,  it  has  a  ruined  castle. 
A  treaty  was  concluded  here  in  1163  between  Stephen  and 
Prince  Henry  Qater  Henry  II.).    Population  (1891),  2,989. 

Wallingford.  A  town  in  New  Haven  County, 
Conneotieut,  11  miles  north-northeast  of  New 
Haven,  it  is  the  seat  of  the  Wallingford  Community, 
a  brancli  of  the  Oneida  Community.  Population  (1900), 
9.001. 

WalliS  (vai'Us).     The  German  name  of  Valais. 

Wallis  (wol'is),  John.  Bom  at  Ashford,  Kent, 
Nov.  23, 1616 :  died  at  Oxford,  Oct.  28, 1703.  An 
English  mathematician,  grammarian,  logician, 
and  theological  writer.  His  works  include  "Arith- 
metica  Inflniforum,"  "Grammatica  Linguee  Anglicanse," 
"InstitutioLogicfie,"  etc. 

Wall  of  Antoninus.  A  rampart  erected  in  the 
first  part  of  the  reign  of  Antoninus  Pius,  to  check 
the  northern  barbarians  of  Britain.  It  extended 
from  the  Pirth  of  Forth  to  the  Firth  of  Clyde. 

Wall  of  Aurelian.  A  fortified  inclosure  of  an- 
cient Borne,  of  irregular  outline,  extending  be- 
yond the  Servian  wall,  particularly  on  the  north 
(where  it  includes  the  Pinoian  Hill)  and  on  the 
east  and  south  (where  it  takes  in  the  Monte 
Testaoeio),  and  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tiber 
inclosing  the  Vatican  and  Janiculum  Hills. 
The  wall  was  begun  by  Aurelian  in  271  A.  J>.,  and  was  re- 
paired by  Honorlus,  Theodoric,  Belisarlus,  andlaterrulers : 
its  circuit  remains  almost  unaltered,  and  measures  about 
13  miles.  Many  stretches  of  the  wall  and  several  of  the 
gates,  particularly  the  Porta  Plnciana,  the  Chiusa,  Mag- 
giore,  Latina,  San  Sebastiano,  and  San  Paolo,  are  highly 
picturesque.  The  masonry  of  the  wall  is  for  the  most  part 
of  brick,  Interrupted  occasionally  by  stonework.  Some  older 
pieces  in  opus  reticiUatum  are  incorporated.  The  exterior 
height  is  about  55  feet,  and  there  are  nearly  300  towers. 

Wall  of  China,  Great.  A  wall  begun  by  the 
emperor  Tsin  Chi-hwangti  214  b.  c.  (finished 


1048 


Wamba 


204  B.  c.)  as  a  defense  against  northern  tribes.  Walsingham,  Thomas.  Lived  about  1440.  An 
It  extends  from  Shanhai-kwan,  lat  40"  N.,  long,  iw  60'  E.  English  historian  and  monk,  author  of  a  history 
along  the  northern  frontiers  of  Chihli,  Shansi,  Shensi,  and        -  ^      ^       -...-..        .     t^.   ,'....  „  -^  ,        < 

Kansu,  to  about  lat.  39°  60'  N.,  long.  99°  E.    Length,  about 
1,500  miles. 

Wallof  Hadiian.    See  Sadrian's  Wall. 
Wallon  (va-16n'),  Henri  Alexandre.    Bom  at 

Valenciennes,  Deo.  23,  1812.    A  French  histo- 


rian and  politician.  He  was  elected  to  the  Legisla- 
tive Assemblyin  1849,  and  to  the  National  Assemblyin  1871, 
and  was  one  of  the  chief  founders  of  the  constitution  of 
1876.  He  was  minister  of  public  instruction  1876-76. 
Among  his  works  are  "Histoire  de  I'esclavage  dans  I'an- 
tiqnit^ "  (1848),  "Jeanne  Dare "(1860),  "La  vie  de  J&us" 
(1864),  "La  Terreur"  (1873),  "Histoij-e  du  tribunal  rfivo- 
lutionnaire  de  Paris,  etc."  (1880-82),  etc. 

Walloon  Guard,  The.  A  Spanish  body-guard 
of  Walloon  troops,  formed  in  1703  and  dis- 
banded in  1822. 

Walloons  (wo-lonz').  [Prom  ML.  Wallus,  L. 
Gallus,  a  Gaul  or  Celt.]  1.  A  people  found 
chiefly  in  southern  and  southeastern  Belgium, 
also  in  the  neighboring  parts  of  France,  and  in 
a  few  places  in  Rhenish  Prussia  near  Malmedy, 


of  England  ("Brevis  Historia")  from  Edward 
L  to  Henry  V.,  and  a  history  of  Normandy. 

Walter  (wai't6r),  John.  Bom  1739:  died  at 
Teddington,  Middlesex,  Nov.  16,  1812.  The 
first  proprietor  of  the  London  "Times."  in  1780 
he  bought  Henry  Johnson's  two  patents  for  "logography," 
the  art  of  using  entire  words  In  printing.  To  introduce 
the  invention  be  established  "The  London  Dally  Uni- 
versalIlegister,"Jan.,1785.  Theinvention  failed,  but  the 
paper  became  the  London  "Times,"  Jan.  1, 1788.  His  son 
John  (1784-1847)  succeeded  him,  and  was  in  turn  succeeded 
by  his  eon  John  (1818-94). 

Walter,  Master.  The  Hunchback  in  Sheridan 
Knowles's  play  of  that  name.  He  is  the  guar- 
dian of  Julia,  and  is  discovered  to  be  her  father. 

Walter  of  Coventry.  One  of  the  most  re- 
nowned builders  of  the  middle  ages  in  Eng- 
land. In  1187  he  jjrobably  had  the  entire  direction  of  the 
construction  of  Chichester  cathedral  (consecrated  1199). 
The  palace  and  cloisters  are  attributed  to  him.  He  is 
highly  praised  by  Matthew  Paris.  He  built  many  edifices 
in  the  reigns  of  Henry  II.,  Kichard  I.,  and  John. 


They  are  descended  from  the  ancient  Beiges,  Walter  the  Penniless.      A  French  knight. 


mixed  with  Germanic  and  Boman  elements. — 
2.  In  America,  especially  colonial  New  York, 
the  Huguenot  settlers  from  Artois  in  northern 
France. 

Wallsend  (wMz-end').    A  town  in  Northum- 
berland, England,  situated  on  the  Tyne  4  miles 


leader  of  a  band  through  Europe  in  1096,  fore 
runners  of  the  early  Crusaders.  He  was  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Niosea,  1097. 
Walters  (wai'tferz),  Lucy.  Died  1683.  Amis- 
tress  of  Charles  II.  of  England,  and  mother  by 
. . ,    -  ,    .  „  , ,  -  him  of  the  Duke  of  Monmouth, 

east-northeast  of  Newcastle.  It  has  importot  coal-  'Waltham  (wol'tham).  A  city  in  Middlesex 
mines.  It  derives  its  name  from  its  situation  at  the  ex-  rn„T>+-D-  Moo=«nliiioo4a  Q -miloo  wAsf  Tvv  tiot+Ii 
tremity  of  Hadrian's  WalL    Population  (1891),  11,620.  bounty,  Massacnusetts,  «  miles  west  Dy  nortn 

Wall  street.    A  street  in  the  lower  part  of  New     9*  Boston.  The  American  Watch  Company  here  was  the 
York  citjr,  which  extends  from  Broadway,  oppo-    ^^'o)°2?48?  '  ^  machwery.    Population 

site  Trinity  Church,  to  the  East  Biver:  famous  Walthain  Abbey,  or  Waltham  Holy  Oross. 
as  a  financial  and  speculative  center.  ^  town  in  Essex,  England,  situated  on  the  Lea 


12  miles  north  of  London.  The  abbey  was  founded 
by  King  Harold,  who  was  buried  in  the  church.  The 
venerable  nave,  which  has  been  restored  and  now  serves, 
as  a  parish  church,  is  interesting  as  an  example  of  the 
early  Norman  style  prior  to  the  Conquest.  There  are 
gunpowder-mills  in  the  neighborhood.  Population  (1891), 


Walpole  (wol'pol),  Horace,  fourth  Earl  of  Or- 
ford.  Born  at  London,  Oct.  5, 1717 :  died  there, 
March  2, 1797.  An  English  author,  third  son  of 
Sir  Robert  Walpole.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
Cambridge,  and  traveled  with  Gray  in  Erance  and  Italy 
1739-41,  spending  a  year  at  Florence  with  Horace  Mann, 

then  British  envoy.    He  entered  Parliament,  as  a  Liberal,  tJ*""?!! 4._ /„„vj.i.„_  „4.;;\       n.  t^,..^  i-^  v„ 

in  1741.    In  1747  he  purchased  the  estate  of  Strawberry  WalthamstOW  (wol  tham-sto).     Atown  m  is- 

HiU  (on  the  Thames,  near  Twickenham).  He  held,  through     sex,  England,  5  miles  north  of  London.    Popu- 

tbe  influence  of  his  father,  three  sinecures,  with  the  emol-     lation  (1901),  95  125 

uments  of  which  he  enlarged  thfe  cottage  at  Strawberry  HUl  'WalthariUS.     A  Latin  poem  by  the  monk  Bcke- 

to  a  Gothic  villa  which  he  filled  with  a  valuable  collection    V      j    ?  Si:  ^i   ti  /TntC  ^     "    ■'  ""^  "^"^  ^^^.^ 

of  works  of  art.    He  became  fourth  eail  of  Ortord  in  1791.     hard  ot  bt.  Gall  (10th  century) .     It  belongs  to 

Among  his  works  are  "Catalogue  of  Eoyal  and  Noble    the  German  heroic  cycle  of  poetry. 

Authors  of  England"  (1758),  "Anecdotes  of  Painting  in  'Walther  VOn  dor  Vogelweido  (val'terfon  der 

~     "  ie  "The  Castle  of  Otranto"     f=/„„i_„=  JqI       r„-,,  Tr«^-h„i,i.„  j„   A„„i,j„  i-Jo+o 


England"  (1762-71),  the  romance  ' 

(1766),  "Historic  Doubts  on  the  Lite  and  Reign  of  Eichard 
III."  (1768),  "Memoirs  of  the  Last  Ten  Years  of  the  Eeign 
of  George  II."  (1822 :  edited  by  Lord  Holland),  "  Memoirs 
of  the  Keign  of  George  III."  (1845 :  edited  by  Sir  Denis  Le 
Marchant;  with  supplement  in  1859,  edited  by  Doran), 
and  other  memoirs,  and  "Letters  "  (edited  by  Cunningham 
1857-69). 

Walpole,  Sir  Robert,  Earl  of  Orford.  Bom  at 
Houghton,  Norfolk,  England,  Aug.  26, 1676 :  died 
there,  March  18, 1745.  A  noted  English  states- 
man. He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge ;  entered 
Parliament  in  1701 ;  became  a  member  of  the  council  to 
Prince  George  in  1706,  and  secretary  atwar  in  1708;  and  be- 
came one  of  the  Whig  leaders.  He  was  treasurer  of  the  navy 
and  manager  of  the  Sacheverell  impeachment  in  1710 ;  was 
accused  of  corruption,  expelled  from  Parliament,  and  sent 
to  the  Tower  in  1712 ;  was  returned  to  Parliament  in  1713 ; 
became  paymaster-general  in  1714 ;  was  prime  minister 
(first  lord  of  the  treasury  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer) 
1716-17 ;  became  paymaster -general  in  1720 ;  and  was  again 


fo'gel-vi-de).  Bom  probably  in  Austria  (date 
unknown):  died  at  Wurzburg  after  1227-.  A 
Middle  High  German  lyric  poet.  He  was  of  noble 
family,  as  his  title  "  Hcrr  "  indicates,  but  poor.  His  youth 
was  spent  in  Vienna,  at  the  court  of  Duke  Frederick  the 
Catholic.  After  the  death  of  his  patron  in  1198,  he  livedl 
the  life  of  a  wandering  singer,  and  traveled  through  a  great 
part  of  Germany  and  the  countries  adjoining.  He  was  not 
only  with  the  Babenberg  princes  in  Austria,  whither  he 
subsequently  returned,  but  also  at  the  courts  of  Thuringia, 
Meissen,  Bavaria,  and  Carinthia ;  and  in  turn  was  with  the 
emperors  Philip  of  Swabia,  Otto  IV.,  and  Frederick  IL 
By  the  last-named  he  was  given  a  fief,  it  is  supposed  ini 
WUrzburg.  His  career  as  a  poet  began  about  1187;  the 
last  poem  which  can  be  dated  is  a  song  in  encouragement 
of  the  Crusade  of  Frederick  II.  in  1227.  His  poems  are 
love-songs,  political  songs  or  "Spriiche,"  and  religious 
songs,  the  last  written  in  his  later  years.  He  is  the  prin- 
cipal minnesinger  and  the  greatest  lyric  poet  of  medieval} 
Germany.  His  poems  have  been  often  published :  a  late 
edition  is  that  of  Hermann  Paul  (Halle,  1882). 

Pr'i?^"'?.'^'^'"<?,i'»i°^»°y''^*''^*™Z/°*i°!!?n°S  Walton  (wftl'ton),  Izaak.    Bom  at  Stafford,, 
of  the  exchequer)  1721-42.   He  was  created  earl  of  Orford    England,  Aug."  9,  1593:   died   at  Winchester; 

England,  Dec.  15^  1683.    A  noted  English  au- 


thor, known  as  "the  Father  of  Angling."  He 
was  a  shopkeeper  in  London  until  the  civil  war,  and  is 
famous  from  his  work  "The  Complete  Angler  "(1663 :  6th 
ed.,  1678,  with  continuation  on  fly-fishing  by  Cotton)  (a 
bibliographical  record  of  its  numerous  editions,  phases, 
etc.,  was  published  by  Westwood  in  1864).  He  also  wrote 
lives  of  Donne,  Wotton  (with  "Beliquise  Wottonianse  "), 
Hooker,  Herbert,  and  Sanderson. 


exchequer) 
in  1742. 
Walpurgis  Night  (val-p6r'gis  nit).  [G.  Walpv/r- 
gis  Nacht :  so  called  with  reference  to  the  day  of 
St.  Walpurgis,  Walburgis,  or  Walpurga,  the  name 
of  an  abbess  who  emigrated  from  England  to 
Germany  in  the  8th  century.]   The  night  before 
the  first  of  May.   According  to  German  popular  super- 
stition, on  this  night  witches  are  said  to  ride  on  broom- 
sticks, he-goats,  etc.,  to  some  appointed  rendezvous,  espe- 
cially the  Brocken  In  the  Harz  Mountains,  where  they  hold  Walton-on-Thames  (wS,l'ton-on-temz').     A 
high  festival  with  their  master  the  devil.  small  town  in  Surrey,  England,  situated  On  the 

Walpurgis  Night.  Aehoral  symphony  by  Men-    Th^^gg  yj  ^^^^  southwest  of  London, 
delssohn,  words  by  Goethe  :  produced  m  1833,  Walton-on-the-Hill  (-hU').   A  town  in  Lanca- 
and  m  revised  form  in  1844.  ^y^^g,    England,  3  miles  north  of  LiverpooL 

Walsall  (wHl'sai).     A  parliamentary  borough    Population  (1891),  40,304. 
in  Staffordshire,  England,  8  miles  north-north-  ■Waltzeemiiller.    See  WaUseemWler. 
west  of  Birmingham.  There  are  coal  and  lime  works  'Walvisch  Bay.     See  Wolfish  Bay. 
m  the  neighborhood,  and  iron,  brass,  etc.,  manufactures  ™-a"va  ^wom'ba  or  wam'^ba)      1  Wtio>  of  the- 
in  the  town.    Population  (1901),  86,430.  Vr-  •  "?,.  '■^^      •  ''  ^ 

Walsh  (wolsh),  William.  Bornl663:  diedl709.  Vis^oths  in  Spain.  He  was  present  at  the  death-bed 
A  ^  ™l•„^,  „nn+  n  .p..;nn.^  r.t  T\f^jAcrt  onH  PriTip  0'  tho  reigning  king;  was  chosen  his  successor  unani- 
An  English  poet,  a  fnend  of  Dryden  and  i-ope.  ^^^^jy .  i^^xS^  m  the  plea  of  his  advanced  age ;  and 
Walsingham  (wol'smg-am),  Cape.  AheaOlautt  .^^s  toia  by  one  of  the  officers  of  the  household  that  he 
proiecting  into  Davis  Strait,  Cumberland,  Bnt-  should  never  leave  the  room  "save  as  a  dead  man  or  as  a 
■  -     ■         •        •     -   .    «™- ^T  king."    He  consented,  and  was  crowned  at  Toledo  on  the 

nineteenth  day  after.  Having  been  clothed  in  a  monastie 
dress  during  a  dangerous  illness,  according  to  a  common 
superstition,  he  was  afterward  considered  by  a  council  in- 
competent to  resume  the  crown,  a  judgment  to  which  he 

..aj.u>u.wui,  .u  ..»»»     ..». submitted.     Lived  in  the  7th  century. 

1670-73;  was  made  secretary  of  state  in  1673;  and  was  Wamba.  In  Soott's  novel  "  Ivanhoe,"  Cedric's 
sent  on  an  embassy  to  the  Netherlands  in  1578,  to  France  thrall  and  iester.  He  risks  his  own  life  to  save 
in  1681,  and  to  Scotland  in  1683.    He  was  a  flrmopi.onent     thatof  his  master  at  the  siege  of  Front  deBoeuf  a 

castle. 


ish  America,  in  lat.  66°  N, 
Walsingham,  Sir  Francis.  Bom  at  Chiselhurst, 
Kent,  England,  about  1536 :  died  at  London, 
April  6,  1590.  A  noted  English  statesman.  He 
entered  Parliament  in  1669 ;  was  ambassador  to  France 


He  was  a  firm  opponent 
of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
on  her  trial.    He  was  a  patron  of  learning. 


Wampanoag 

Wampanoag  (wam-pa-no'ag).  [PI.,  also  Wam- 
panoags.  The  name  means  '  eastern  land.']  A 
tribe  of  North  American  Indians  which  once 
occupied  the  eastern  shore  of  Narragansett  Bay, 
Rhode  Island,  but  also  ruled  the  country  east 
from  that  bay  to  the  Atlantic,  including  the  isl- 
and of  Martha's  Vineyard,  and  to  the  lands  of  the 
Massachusetts  on  the  north.  They  were  sometimes 
styled  Fokanokets,  (rom  their  main  village.  Their  chief 
Massasoit  and  his  son  "  King  Philip "  are  historic  char- 
acters ;  and  the  war  with  the  latter,  beginning  in  1675, 
was  destructive  to  the  colonists,  but  latel  to  the  tribes 
engaged.    See  Aluonquian. 

Wanamaker  (won'a-ma-k6r),  John.  Bom  at 
Philadelphia,  July  11, 1837.  An  American  mer- 
chant, in  Philadelphia,  postmaster-general  of 
the  United  States  1889-93. 

Wan-chow-fu  (wan-chou'f8'),  or  Wen-chau. , 
A  treaty  port  in  the  province  of  Che-kiang, 
China,  situated  on  the  Gow,  near  the  sea,  in  lat. 
28°  1'  N.    Population  (1896),  estimated,  80,000. 

Wanda  (won' da).  A  legendary  queen  of  Po- 
land, said  to  have  reigned  about  700  a.  d. 

Wandering  Jew.  A  legendary  character  who, 
accordingto  one  version  (that  of  Matthew  Paris, 
dating  from  the  13th  century),  was  a  servant  of 
PUate,  by  name  Cartaphilus(afterward  baptized 
Joseph),  and  gave  Cfhrist  a  blow  when  he  was 
led  out  of  the  palace  to  execution.  According  to 
a  later  version  he  was  a  cobbler,  named  Ahasuerus,  who 
refused  Christ  permission  to  sit  down  and  rest  when  he 
passed  his  house  on  the  way  to  Golgotha.  Both  legends 
agree  in  the  sentence  pronounced  by  Christ  on  the  of- 
fender, "Thou  Shalt  wander  on  the  earth  till  I  return." 
A  prey  to  remorse,  he  has  since  wandered  from  land  to  land 
without  being  able  to  find  a  grave.  There  are  many  later 
versions,  and  the  stoi-y  has  been  turned  to  account  by  nu- 
merous painters  and  novelists.  He  is  introduced  in  Ed- 
gar Quinet's  "Ahasuerus,"  and  by  Chamisso,  A.  W.Schlegel, 
Lenau,  H.  C.  Andersen,  George  Croly  (in  his  novel  "  Sala- 
thiel"),  Bugfene  Sue  (in  his  novel  "  Le  Juif  Errant "),  and 
others.  He  is  reported,  to  have  appeared  in  different  cities 
and  countries  at  Intervals :  the  last  noted  was  in  England 
in  1830.  Gustave  Dor§  illustrated  the  story  in  a  series 
of  woodcuts  of  great  originality.  There  is  also  an  older 
Italian  story  of  a  Jew,  named  Malchus,  who  struck  Christ 
with  an  iron  glove,  and  was  condemned  to  whirl  cease- 
lessly round  an  underground  pillar  until  the  last  day. 

Wandering  Jew,  The.  \;e .  Le  Juif  Errant.']  A 
novel  by  EugSne  Sue,  published  in  1844r-45. 

Wandering  Lovers,  The.  A  play  by  Fletcher 
and  Massinger  (?),  licensed  in  1623. 

Wandering  Willie.  A  blind  fiddler,  whose  real 
name  is  mllie  Steenson,  in  Scott's  "  Eedgaunt- 
let."  He  is  devoted  to  the  Eedgauntlet  family. 

Wandewash  (wan-de-wash').  A  town  in  south- 
em  India,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Aroot.  Near 
here,  Jan.,  1760,  the  British  under  Coote  de- 
feated the  French  under  LaUy. 

Wandot.    See  Wyandot. 

Wandsbeker  Bote.    See  Claudius,  Matthias. 

Wandsbek  (vands'bek).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Schleswig-Holstein,  Prussia,  3  miles 
northeast  of  Hamburg.  It  was  the  residence 
of  Claudius,  the  "Wandsbeker  Bote."  Popu- 
lation (1890),  20,571. 

Wandsworth  ( wa.ndz' werth).  Amunicipal  and 
parliamentary  borough  of  London,  situated  on 
the  Thames,  5i  miles  southwest  of  St.  Paul's. 
Population  of  Board  of  Works  district  (1891), 
156,931. 

Wantage  (won'taj).  A  town  in  Berkshire, 
England,  13  miles'southwest  of  Oxford.  It  was 
the  birthplace  of  Alfred  the  Great  and  of 
Bishop  Butler.    Population  (1891),  3,669. 

Wantley,  Dragon  of.    See  Dragon. 

Wanyassa.    SeeNganga. 

Wapping  (wop'ing).  A  quarter  of  London, 
situated  along  the  north  bank  of  the  Thames, 
below  the  Tower. 

Wappinger  (wop'in-j6r).  A  tribe,,  sometimes 
regarded  as  a  confederacy,  of  North  American 
Indians  which  occupied  the  east  bank  of  the 
Hudson  Eiver  from  near  Poughkeepsie  to  Man- 
hattan Island,  and  extended  to  or  beyond  the 
Connecticut  Eiver.  They  were  divided  into  nine  vil- 
lages or  chieftaincies.  The  western  bands  were  much  re- 
duced by  the  Dutch  in  1640,  and  the  remnants  afterward 
becam  e  merged  in  the  Delawares.  Derivations  of  the  name 
are  from  words  meaning  severally  'east  and  'opossum. 
See  Alganguian. 

Wappinger's  Falls  (wop'in-jerz  fAlz).  A  vil- 
lage in  Dutchess  County,  New  York,  situated 
on  Wappinger's  Creek,  near  the  Hudson,  59 
miles  north  of  New  York.     Population  (1900), 

War  and  Peace.  A  historical  novel  by  Tol- 
stoi published  1865-68.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the  time 
of  the  czar  Alexander  I.,  and  the  novel  Is  a  picture  of 
Kussian  society  during  the  Kussian-Frenoh  wars. 

Waranger  Fjord.    See  Varangerl^ord. 
Warbeck  (wllr'bek),  Perkin.    Executed  Nov. 
23,  1499.    A  pretender  to  the  Bnghsh  crown, 


1049 


Wargla 


a  Fleming  (?)  by  birth.  He  claimed  to  be  the  Duke  various  victories;  andwasmadeahigh-grademandarin  and 
of  York,  son  of  Edward  IV.  In  U92  he  landed  at  Cork,  admiral-general.  He  was  succeeded  by  "Chinese  Gordon, 
and  soon  went  to  France,  where  he  was  recognized  as  Ward,  Gcneviove '.  the  stage  name  of  Lucia 
Duke  of  York  by  the  court ;  made  an  unsuccessful  landing  rtonnvova  "Toraaa  'Waril  rinnritnasi  Gnprbnl 
inKentinU95;wasacknowledgedbyJame6lV.ofScotland  ^®5,°TfX-^J-^^®PJ™M°^7  ia"o,  ®®  a^a^ 
in  1496 ;  unsuooessf  uUy  invaded  England  with  the  Scotch  ^om  at  New  York,  March  27, 1833.  An  Amen- 
inl496  ;  wenttoIrelandandmadeadescentuponCornwall  can  singer  and  actress.  She  was  educated  in  France 
in  1497,  but  was  captured;  escaped  from  tile  Tower  in  1498,  -----  .    -    , 

but  was  retaken ;  and  was  condemned  and  executed  in 
1499.  He  was  made  the  subject  of  a  tragedy  by  Ford, 
called  "The  Chronicle  History  of  Perkin  Warbeck"  (1634), 
and  also  of  a  play  by  Charles  Macklin,  the  actor,  called 
"King  Hennr  VII. ,  or  the  Popish  Impostor  "  (1716).  An- 
other, called  "The  Pretender,"  was  written  by  Joseph 
Elderton,  an  attorney,  but  never  acted. 

Warburg  (var'boro).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Diemel 
21  miles  northwest  of  Cas&el.  It  was  an  ancient 
Hanseatic  town.  Here,  July  31, 1760,  Ferdinand  of  Bruns- 
wick defeated  the  French.    Population  (1890),  8,043. 


and  Italy,  her  musical  education  being  supervised  by  Eos- 
sini.  She  first  appeared  in  opera  at  Milan,  and  sang  with 
success  in  Italy  and  Paris.  She  had  married  a  Russian. 
Count  Guerbel,  before  appearing  on  the  stage,  and  sang 
under  the  name  of  Guerrabella.  She  came  to  America  in 
1862,  but  after  a  short  time  lost  her  voice  and  went 
upon  the  dramatic  stage.  She  appeared  in  1873  in  New 
York,  and  in  the  same  year  at  Manchester,  England,  where 
she  was  successful  as  Lady  Macbeth,  Constance,  etc.  She 
has  since  played  in  Paris  (in  French),  and  in  England  and 
America  in  "Forget  Me  Not,"-  "Jane  Shore,"  etc.  She 
leased  the  Lyceum  in  London  in  1879,  and  made  a  tour 
around  the  world  1882-85.  She  afterward  acted  with  Sir 
Henry  Irving  in  "  Becket,"  etc 


Warburton  (wa,r'b6r-ton),  Eliot  Bartholo-  Ward,  Mrs.  Humphry  (Mary  Augusta  Ar- 

mew  George.    Bom  near  Tullamore,  Ireland,         "■'      ~  ._r-        _  _  

1810 :  died  at  sea,  Jan.  4,  1852.  An  liish  trav- 
eler and  novelist.  He  traveled  in  the  East,  and  per- 
ished in  the  burning  of  the  Amazon  on  the  way  to  Darien. 
He  published  "  The  Crescent  and  the  Cross"  (1844),  "  Mem- 
oir of  Prince  Rupert "  (1849),  "  Reginald  Hastings  "  (1850 : 
a  novel),  "Darien "  (1861 :  a  novel). 

Warburton,  John.  Bom  Feb.,  1682 :  died  1759. 
An  English  antiquarian.  He  was  made  Somerset 
herald  in  1720.  He  published  a  number  of  maps,  and  "  Val- 
lum Romanum,  or  the  History  and  Antiquities  of  the  Ro- 
man Wall"  (1763),  etc.  He madealarge  collection  of  MSS., 
engravings,  books,  etc.,  but  is  principally  known  to  pos- 
terity as  the  master  of  a  careless  cook  who  burned  a  large 
number  of  valuable  plays  for  waste  paper :  hence  the  en- 
tries in  dramatic  catalogues,  "Burned  by  Mr.  Warburton's 
servant." 

Warburton,  William.  Bom  at  Newark,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  24,  1698:  died  at  Gloucester,  June  7, 
1779.    An  English  prelate,  theological  contro- 


nold).  Born  at  Hobart  Town,  Tasmania,  1851. 
An  English  novelist.  She  is  the  granddaughter  of 
Thomas  Arnold  (of  Rugby),  and  married  Thomas  Humphry 
Ward  in  1872.  Her  works  include  the  novels  "  Miss  Bre- 
therton  " (1884), "  Robert  Elsmere "  (1888),  "David  Grieve" 
(1892),  "Marceila"  (1894),  "Story  of  Bessie  Costrell"(1895), 
''Sir  George  Ti'essady"  (1896);  biographical  and  critical 
works ;  and  a  translation  of  "  -Amiel's  Journal "  (1886). 

Ward,  John  Quincy  Adams.  Bom  at  TTrbana, 
Ohio,  June  29,  1830.  An  American  sculptor. 
He  studied  with  Henry  K.  Browne,  working  with  him  for 
six  years ;  in  1861  opened  a  studio  in  New  York ;  and  was 
vice-president  of  the  National  Academy  of  Design  1870-71, 
and  president  in  1872,  Among  his  statues  are  "  The  In- 
dian Hunter,"  "  The  Pilgrim, '  "Shakspere,"  and  "Seventh 
Regiment  Soldier  "  (all  in  Central  Park,  New  York) ;  "  The 
Freedman,"  "  The  (3ood  Samaritan,"  etc. ;  statues  of  Com- 
modore Perry,  General  Israel  Putnam,  General  Thomas, 
George  Washington  (Wall  street),  Henry  Ward  Beecher  (in 
front  of  the  City  Hall,  Brooklyn) ;  and  numerous  portrait- 
busts. 


versialist,  and  critic.  He  was  made  bishop  of  Glouces-  Ward,  Lester  Frank.   Born  at  Joliet,  m.,  1841 
ter  in  1769.    His  works  include  "The  AUiance  between      ■       .'       .         -....         -.         -,..'        ' 


Chijrch  and  State  "  (1736),  "The  Divine  Legation  of  Moses 
Demonstrated,  etc."  (1738-41:  last  part  posthumous,  1788), 
"Julian"  (concerning  his  attempt  to  rebuild  the  temple 
at  Jerusalem,  1760),  "Principles  of  Natural  and  Revealed 
Religion"  (1753),  "View  of  Bolingbroke's  Posthumous 
Writings"  (1764),  "Doctrine  of  Grace"  (1762).  He  edited 
Shakspere's  plays  (1747). 

Ward  (ward),  Adolphus  William.  Bom  at 
Hampstead,  Dee.  2,  1837.  An  English  vmter. 
He  was  educated  in  Germany  and  at  Peterhouse,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  received  a  fellowship  in  1860.  He  was 
chosen  professor  of  history  and  English  literature  at  Owens 
College,  Manchester,  in  1866,  and  was  principal  1888-97. 
In  1900  he  became  master  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge.  He 
has  translatedCurtius's  "  History  of  Greece  "  (1868-69),  has 
written  "  The  House  of  Austria  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War  " 
(1869),  "A  History  of  EnglishDramatic  Literature"  (1875), 
and  has  contributed  the  lives  of  Chaucer  and  Dickens  to 
the  "  English  Men  of  Letters "  series. 

Ward,  Artemas.  Bom  at  Shrewsbury,  Mass., 
1727:  died  there,  Oct.  28,  1800.  An  American 
general  and  politician.  HewasanofttoerintheFrench 
and  Indian  war;  became  commander  of  the  Massachusetts 


An  American  botanist  and  geologist.  He  served 
in  the  Civil  War,  and  graduated  at  Columbian  University 
(1869);  was  assistant  geologist  of  the  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey  1881-88,  and  has  been  geologist  since  1888. 
Among  his  works  are  "  Haeckel's  Genesis  of  Man  "  (1879), 
"The  Flora  of  Washington,  etc-"  (1881),  "Dynamic  So- 
ciology "  (1883),  "Sketch  of  Paleo-Botany"(1886),  "Flora 
of  the  Laramie  Group"  (1886),  "Types  of  the  Laramie 
Flora"  (1887),  "Geographic  Distribution  of  Fossil  Plants" 
(1888),  etc. 

Ward,  Nathaniel.  Bom  at  Haverhill  (?),  Eng- 
land, about  1578 :  died  in  England  about  1653. 
An  English  preacher  and  author.  He  emigrated 
to  Massachusetts  in  1634 ;  lived  in  Ipswich  (Agawam) ; 
and  returned  to  England  in  1647.  He  was  the  author  of 
the  satirical  work  "The  Simple  Cobler  of  Agawam  "  (1647). 

Ward,  William  Hayes.  Bom  at  Abington, 
Mass.,  June  25, 1835.  An  American  Orientalist, 
arehKologist,  and  joumali  st.  He  graduated  at  Am- 
herst in  1856,  and  at  Andover  Theological  Seminary  in 
1859  ;andhaabeen  editor  of  the  New  York  "  Independent " 
since  1870.  He  was  director  of  the  Wolfe  archseological 
expedition  to  Babylonia  1884-86. 


troops  in  1775;   was  made  major-general  in  June,  1775;  'Warden  (war'den), Florence.  The  pseudonym 


commanded  the  army  before  Boston  in  1776  until  Wash- 
ington's arrival,  and  later  was  second  in  command;  and  re- 
signed in  1776.  He  held  various  local  offices,  and  was  Fed- 
eralist member  of  Congress  from  Massachusetts  1791-95. 

Ward,  Artemus :  the  pseudonym  of  Charles 
Farrar  Browne.  Bom  at  Waterford,  Maine, 
about  1834:  died  at  Southampton,  England, 
March  6,  1867.  An  American  humorist.  He  ac- 
quired reputation  in  England  and  America  both  as  lecturer 
and  writer.  He  contributed  to  "Punch"  (1866-67).  His 
works  include  "Artemus  Ward:  His  Book'' (1862),  "Arte- 


of  Mrs.  Florence  Alice  Price  James,  an  English 
novelist. 

Wardle  (war'dl),  Mr.  A  hospitable  kindly 
bustling  old  gentleman,  the  owner  of  Manor 
Farm,  Dingley  Dell,  and  the  host  and  friend  of 
the  Pickwick  Club :  a  character  in  Charles  Dick- 
ens's "Pickwick  Papers."  Miss  Rachel  Wardle, 
his  old  but  girlish  sister,  who  elopes  with  Alfred  Jingle ; 
his  very  deirf  old  mother;  and  his  daughters  Isabella  and 
Emily,  form  the  Wardle  family. 


mus  Ward:  His  Travels  among  the  Mormons  "and  "On  the  Wardo.     See  Vardo. 

Rampage "(1865),  "Artemus  Wa^dj-His  Book  rf  (Joaks'  'vyard's  Island.     An  island  in  the  East  Eiver, 

ffis  ^%ff^'Ztr:f^\i^D^T^\d^l\t  tie  New  York,  the  seat  of  several  municipal  instil 

Egyptian  Hall,  London,  with  pictures  from  his  panorama,  tutions  01  JNew  York  city. 

etc.,  was  edited  byT.  W.  Robertson  and  J.  C.  Hotten  in  ■\V'are  (war).  A  town  in  Hertfordshire,  Eng- 
1869.                      _,      ,            -r,          J.  X      J  land,'  situated  on  the  Lea  21  mUes  north  of 

Ward,  Edward  Matthew.    Bom  at  London,     London.     Population  (1891),  5,121. 

1816:  died  at  Windsor,  Jan.  15, 1879.  An  Eng-  -Ware.  A  town  in  Hampshire  County,  Massa- 
lish  historical  painter,  a  pupil  of  the  Koyal  chusetts,  situated  on  Ware  Eiver  21  nules  east- 
Academy.    He  studied  for  about  three  years  in  Rome,     northeast  of  Springfield.     Pop.  (1900),  8,263. 

and  was  elected  royal  academician  in  1856.     Heexecuted  -rrr.^-  'WilliatTi    Bom  flt,HiTiD'>ia,Tn  1Wn«a     Xncr 

eight  historical  works  for  the  corridor  of  the  House  of  ^^Jfri-r  }-^^^;^  T^-5  ■?/  ■£i'^  fn'^^i' 
Commons.    Among  his  works  are  "  Dr.  Johnson  in  Lord     3, 1797 :  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Feb.  19, 1852, 


Chesterfield's  Anteroom,"  "South  Sea  Bubble,"  "Disgrace 
of  Lord  Clarendon,"  "  James  II.  receiving  the  News  of  the 
Landing  of  the  Prince  of  Orange,"  "Charlotte  Corday," 
"Last  Sleep  of  Argyll,"  "Royal  Family  of  France  in  the 
Temple." 


An  American  novelist  and  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter, and  Unitarian  clergyman.  He  wrote  the  novels 
"  Letters  from  Palmyra"  (1837.:  afterward  published  as  "Ze- 
nobia  "),"  Probus  "  (1838  :  afterward  published  as"Aure- 
lian  "),  and  "Julian  "  (1841);  "Sketches  of  European  Capi- 


Ward,  Elizabeth  Stuart  Phelps  (Mrs.  Herbert     tals  "  (1851),  "  works  and  (3enius  of  Washington  Allston 

D.  Ward).    Bom  at  Andover,  Mass.,  Aug.  13,     "■"=■'''  -"-' '"-"'  w„*v„„j.t  t, «_  = — ,.... ... — .■„ 

1844.    An  American  writer,  the  daughter  of 

Austin  Phelps.     Her  works  include  "The  Gates  Ajar" 

n8681  "Men,  Women,  and  Ghosts  "  (1869),  "Hedged  In." 

"The  Silent  Partner,"  and  "The  Trotty  Book"  (1870), 

"Trotty's  Wedding  Tour"  and  "What  to  Wear  '  (1873), 

"The  Story  of  Avis"  (1877),  "An  Old  Maid's  Paradise"  .^      „   ,,    ,    .    ,.-!,..     ■,,        ,-,    ...       . 

(1879)  "BUTglarsinParadise|""BeyondtheGat«s"(1883),  Warfield    (wftr'feld),    Mrs.    (Catharine 

^'Dr.  Zay  "  (1884),  "The  Gates  Between  "  (1887),  etc.  Ware).    Born  at  Natchez,  Miss.,  June  6, 

Ward,  Frederick  Townsend.    BomatSalem,    '■-''-'■^--'--■'~- ^•■-"-  -'^'"'     >     « 

Mass    Nov.  29, 1831 :  killed  in  battle  near  Ning- 

po,  China,  Sept.  21, 1862.    An  American  adven- 

Imrer.    He  organized  for  the  Chinese  government  the 


(1862),  and  life  of  Nathaniel  Bacon  (in  Sparks's  "American 
Biography").  He  edited  "American  Unitarian  Biography." 
Wareham  (war'am).  A  town  in  Dorset,  Eng- 
land, situated  between  the  Prome  and  Trent, 
15  miles  east  of  Dorchester.  Population  (1891), 
2,141. 

Ann 
.1816: 
died  in  Kentucky,  May  21, 1877.  An  American 
novelist  and  poet,  she  wrote  "The  Household  ol 
Bouverie,"  and  other  novels,  and,  with  her  sister  (Mrs.  Lee), 
published  several  volumes  of  poems. 


'Ever' Victorious  Army"against  the Taiping  rebels;  won  Wargla  (war'gla).     See  Kabail. 


Warham 

Warham  ( w^r'am),  William.  Bom  in  Hamp- 
shire about  145() :  died  Aug.  22,  1532.  An  Eug- 
lish  prelate.  He  became  arclibishop  of  Canter- 
bury in  1504,  and  was  keeper  of  the  great  seal 
1502-15. 

Waridah  (war'i-da).  [Ar.  al-wdridah,  the  re- 
turning (camels),  in  antithesis  to  al-sddirah : 
see  Sadira.2  The  third-magnitude  star  y  Sa- 
gittarii. 

Warminster  (w&r'minst^r).  A  town  in  Wilt- 
shire, England,  15  miles  southeast  of  Bath,  on 
the  Wily.    Population  (1891),  5,562. 

Warner,  Anna  Bartlett,    See  Warner,  Susan. 

Warner  (w§,r'ner),  Charles  Dudley.  Bom  at 
Plainfield,  Mass.,  Sept.  12,  1829  :  died  at  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  Oct.  20,  1900.  An  American 
author.  He  graduated  at  HamUton  College  in  1861; 
practised  law  in  Chicago  1866-60 :  and  became  managing 
editor  of  the  Hartford  "Press  "  in  1861,  and  on  its  consoli- 
dation with  the  Hartford  "Courant,"  in  1867,  co-editor.  He 
became  associate  editor  of  "  Harper's  Magazine  "  in  1884. 
His  works  include  "My  Summer  in  a  Garden"  (1870), 
"Saunterings"  (1872),  "Back-Log  Studies "  (1872),  "Bad- 
deck  and  That  Sort  of  Thing"  (1874),  "My  Winter  on  the 
Nile,  etc."  (1876 :  flrst  issued  as  "Mammies  andMoslems  "), 
"  Being  a  Boy  "  (1877),  "  In  the  Levant " (1877),  " In  the  Wil- 
derness  "  (1878),  " Captain  John  Smith  "  (1880),  "  Washing- 
ton Irving"  (1881),  "A  Roundabout  Journey"  (1883), 
"Their  Pilgrimage " (1886),  "On  Horseback,  etc." (a book 
of  travels,  1888),  "The  Golden  House"  (1894),  etc.  He 
also  wrote  papers,  including  "  Studies  in  the  South  "  and 
"  Studies  in  "the  Great  Wesf'  (in  "  Harper's  Magazine  "). 
He  wrote,  with  Mark  Twain,  "  The  Gilded  Age  "  (1878). 

Warner,  Olin  Levi.  Bom  at  Suffield,  Conn., 
April  9, 1844:  died  at  New  York,  Aug.  14, 1896. 
An  American  sculptor.  He  was  in  turn  an  artisan, 
a  telegraph  operator,  and  a  designer  of  silverwork,  and  at 
the  age  of  twenty-flve  went  to  Paris,  where  he  studied 
sculpture  for  three  years  and  a  half  at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux 
Arts  with  Jouffroy.  He  then  returned  to  New  York. 
Among  his  works  are  a  bust  of  Daniel  Cottier  (in  the  Met- 
ropolitan Museum);  statuettes  of  "Twilighf'and  "May"; 
statues  of  a ,"  Dancing  Nymph  "  and  "  Diana  " ;  a  fountain 
for  Portland,  Oregon  ;  statues  of  Governor  Buckingham, 
WlUiam  Lloyd  Garrison,  and  several  portrait-busts. 

Warner,  Seth..  Born  at  Boxbury,  Conn.,  1743 : 
died  1784.  An  American  Kevolutionary  officer, 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  "Green  Mountain 
Boys,"  outlawed  by  New  York  authorities. 
He  "was  second  in  command  under  Allen  at  the  taking 
of  Ticonderoga  in  1775 ;  captured  Crown  Point  in  1775 ; 
was  made  colonel ;  and  served  in  the  expedition  to  Canada, 
and  in  the  siege  of  St.  John's.  He  commanded  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Hubbardton  in  1777,  and  was  distinguished  at  the 
battle  of  Bennington  and  in  the  Saratoga  campaign. 

War ner.  Susan :  pseudonym  Elizabeth  Weth- 
erell.  Born  at  New  York,  July  11, 1819 :  died 
at  Highland  Palls,  N.  Y.,  March  17,  1885.     An 

.  American  novelist  and  religious  writer.  Among 
her  novels  are  "The  Wide,  Wide  World"  (1850:  next  to 
"Uncle  Tom's  Cabin"  the  most  popular  American  novel), 
"Queechy"  (1852),  "The  Hills  of  the  Shatemuc  "  (1856), 
"The  Old  Helmet"  (1863),  "Melbourne  House"  (lS64), 
"  Daisy  "  (1868),  "  What  She  Could  "  (1870),  "The  House  in 
Town  "  (1871),  "The  Little  Camp  "  (1873),  "Willow  Brook  " 
(1874),  "Wych  Hazel"  (1876),  "My  Desire"  (1879),  "No- 
body" (1883),  "Daisy  Plains  "  (188S),  etc.  With  her  sister, 
Anna  Bartlett  Warner  (bom  at  New  York,  1820),  she  wrote 
"Say  and  Seal  "(1860),  "  Ellen  Montgomery's  Book-shelf" 
(1863-69),  "Sybil  and  Chryssa,  etc. "(1869),  etc.  Anna  B. 
Warner,  who  wrote  underthe  pseudonym  of  AmyLothrop, 
is  the  author  of  "  Dollars  a:nd  Cents  "  (1852),  "My  Brother's 
Keeper  "  (1855),  and  other  stories.  Among  Susan  Warner's 
other  works  are  "The  Law  and  the  Testimony "  (1853), 
"The  Golden  Ladder"  (1862),  "  Lessons  on  Standard-Bear- 
ers  of  the  Old  Testament "  (1872). 

Warner,  William,  Born  in  Oxfordshire,  Eng- 
land, about  1558 :  died  March,  1609.  An  Eng- 
lish poet.  He  wrote  a  rimed  history  of  England,  "Al- 
bion's England  "  (1686),  and  "  Menaechmi"  (a  comedy  from 
Plautus,  1596}:  Shakspere's  "Comedy  of  Errors"was  de- 
rived from  this. 

Warnsdorf  (vams '  dorf ).  A  manufacturing 
town  in  northern  Bohemia,  59  miles  north  of 
Prague.     Population  (1890),  commune,  18,268. 

War  of  1812.  The  war  between  Grreat  Britain 
and  the  United  States  1812-15.  War  wan  declared 
by  the  TTnited  States,  June  18.  Chief  events  — 1812  :  em- 
bargo tor  90  days  declared  (April  4) ;  unsuccessful  invasion 
of  Canada  and  surrender  of  Detroit  (Aug.  16) ;  British  ship 
Alert  captured  by  the  Essex  (Aug.  13);  the  Guerritire 
(British)  by  the  Constitution  (Aug.  19) ;  the  Frolic  (British) 
by  the  Wasp  (Oct.  18) ;  and  the  Macedonian  (British)  by 
the  United  States  (Oct.  2,1).  1813:  American  defeat  at 
Frenchtown  (Jan.  22),  and  victories  of  Perry  on  Lake  Erie 
(Sept.  10),  and  of  Harrison  at  the  Thames  (Oct  6) ;  the 
Chesapeake  (American)  captured  by  the  Shannon  (June  1) ; 
the  Hornet  (American)  captured  the  Resolution  (Feb.  14) 
and  Peacock  (Feb.  24) ;  and  the  Enterprise  (American)  cap- 
tured the  Boxer  (Sept.  6).  1814 :  the  Americans  won  the 
battles  of  Chippewa  (.Tuly  5),  Lundy's  Lane  (July  26),  and 
Lake  Champlain  (Sept.  11) ;  the  British  defeated  the  Amer- 
icans at  Bladensburg  (Aug.  24),  entered  Washington  and 
burned  the  public  buildings,  and  were  defeated  at  Balti- 
more (Sept.  12-18) ;  the  Essex  (American)  was  captured  by 
the  Cherub  and  the  Phoebe  (March  28);  and  the  .Wasp 
(American)  took  the  Reindeer  (June  28)  and  sank  the  Avon 
(Sept.  1) ;  the  Hartford  Convention  assembled  Dec.  15, 
and  adjourned  in  about  three  weeks  without  result. 
Peace  was  signed  at  Ghent  Dec.  24, 1814,  and  ratified  at 
Washington  Feb.  18, 1815,  but  the  news  did  not  reach  the 
ocean  cruisers  till  later.  1816 :  the  British  were  defeated  by 
Jackson  at  New  Orleans  (Jan.  8) ;  the  President  (American) 


1050 

surrendered  to  a  British  squadron  (Jan.  15) ;  the  Constitu- 
tion (American)  captured  the  Levant  and  the  Cyane  (Feb. 
20);  and  the  Hornet  (American)  captured  the  Penguin 
(March  23). 

War  of  Liberation.  The  war  undertaken  by 
Germany  in  1813,  with  the  aid  of  Eussia,  Great 
Britain,  and  other  allies,  to  free  Germany  and 
other  parts  of  Europe  from  the  rule  or  influence 
of  Napoleon  and  the  Frencli. 

War  of  Secession.    See  Civil  War. 

War  of  the  American  Revolution.  See  JBev- 
olutionJtry  War. 

War  of  the  Eebellion.    See  GiAiil  War. 

War  of  the  Spanish  Succession,  etc.  See 
Spanish  Succession,  War  of  the,  etc. 

Warren,  Gouverneur  Kemble.  Bom  at  Cold 
Spring,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  8,  1830:  died  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  Aug.  8,  1882.  A  noted  American  gen- 
eral and  military  engineer.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1860 ;  served  in  surveys  in  the  West ;  and  was  as- 
sistant professor  of  mathematics  at  West  Point  1859-61. 
In  Sept.,  1861,  he  became  captain  of  engineers,  and  served 
at  Big  Bethel,  through  the  Peninsular  and  Manassas  cam- 
paigns, and  at  Antietam,  Fredericksburg,  and  Chancel- 
lorsville.  He  was  promoted  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers in  Sept.,  1862,  and  major-general  of  volunteers  in 
May,  1863.  In  June  of  the  latter  year  he  was  appointed 
chief  engineer  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  He  held 
Little  Round  Top  at  the  battle  of  Gettysburg ;  as  com- 
mander of  the  2d  army  corps  defended  Bristow  Station  Oct., 
1863 ;  and  as  commander  of  the  6th  corps  served  through 
the  Richmond  campaign  of  1864-66.  He  was  removed 
from  his  command  by  General  Sheridan  after  the  battle 
of  Five  Forks,  April  1, 1866.  Later  he  commanded  the  De- 
partment of  the  Mississippi.  He  was  brevetted  major- 
general  in  the  regular  army  in  1865. 

Warren,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Eoxbury,  Mass., 
June  11,  1741 :  killed  at  the  battle  of  Bunker 
Hill,  June  17,  1775.  An  American  physician 
and  soldier.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1759 ;  prac- 
tised medicine  in  Boston ;  became  one  of  thepatriot lead- 
ers in  Massachusetts  previous  to  the  Revolution  ;  deliv- 
ered orations  on  the  anniversary  of  the  Boston  massacre 
in  1772  and  1775  ;  was  chairman  of  the  committee  of  pub- 
lic safety  in  1774,  and  president  of  the  Provincial  Con- 
gress of  Massachusetts  ;  served  at  the  battle  of  Lexington ; 
was  made  major-general  of  the  Massachusetts  forces  in 
June,  1776 ;  and  served  as  a  volunteer  aide  at  Bunker  HilL 

Warren, Samuel.  BominDenbighshire, Wales, 
May  23,  1807 :  died  at  London,  July  29, 1877.  A 
British  novelist  and  legal  and  general  writer. 
His  chief  work  is  the  novel  '"Ten  Thousand  a  Year  "  (pub- 
lished in  "Blackwood's  Magazine"  1839-41).  Among  his 
other  works  are  "Passages  from  the  Diary  of  a  Late  Phy- 
sician "  ("  Blackwood's  Magazine,"  1830-31),  "  Popular  and 
Practical  Introduction  to  Law  Studies"  (1835),  "Extracts 
from  Blackstone's  Commentaries  "  (1837),  etc. 

Warren,  William,  Bom  at  Philadelphia,  Nov. 
17,  1812:  died  at  Boston,  Sept.  21,  1888.  A 
popular  American  comedian,  the  son  of  Wil- 
liam Warren,  an  actor  (1767-1832).  He  made  his 
Srst  appearance  in  1332  at  Philadelphia.  In  1846  he  played 
in  London,  and  1846-82  was  connected  with  the  Howard 
Athenaeum  and  Boston  Museum  in  Boston.  He  was  suc- 
cessful as  Sir  Peter  Teazle,  Dr.  Pangloss,  Touchstone,  etc. 

Warrensburg  (wor'enz-berg).  The  capital  of 
Johnson  County,  Missouri,  52  miles  east-south- 
east of  Kansas  (Jity.    Pop.  (1900),  4,724. 

Warrington  (wor'ing-tgn).  A  town  in  Lan- 
cashire and  Cheshire,  England,  situated  on  the 
Mersey  16  miles  east  of  Liverpool.  Ithaa  exten- 
sive trade,  and  manufactures  of  cotton,  iron,  etc.  It  was, 
perhaps,  an  ancient  Roman  station.  Several  contests  oc- 
curred near  it  in  the  period  of  the  civil  war.  Popula- 
tion (1901),  64,241. 

Warrington,  George.  The  friend  of  Penden- 
nis  in  Thackeray's  novel  of  that  name.  He  is  a 
rough  melancholy  man  with  a  gentle  heart.  His  family 
appears  in  "  The  Tirginians." 

Warrior  (wor'i-or).  The  first  English  iron-clad 
ship  oonstrueted'  entirely  of  iron,  launched  in 
1860.  The  dimensions  are:  length,  380  feet;  breadth, 
58.4  ;  draught,26.9;  displacement,  9,210  tons.  The  central 
part  was  protected  for  218  feet  by  4J-inch  armor  on  18-inch 
wooden  backing.  Her  sides  could  not  be  penetrated  by 
any  guns  then  afloat. 

Warsaw  (war'sa).  [Pol.  Warszawa,  G.  War- 
sohau,  P.  Varsovie.']  The  capital  of  Russian 
Poland  and  of  the  government  of  Warsaw,  situ- 
ated on  the  left  bank  of  the  Vistula,  in  lat.  52° 
14'  N.,  long.  21°  4'  E.  it  is  connected  by  two  bridges 
over  the  Vistula  with  its  suburb  Praga.  It  is  the  third 
city  of  the  Russian  empire ;  has  a  very  extensive  commerce 
through  its  situation  on  the  Vistula  and  as  a  railway  cen- 
ter ;andha8varied  and  important  manufactures.  Warsaw 
is  flrst  mentioned  in  1224  ;  was  the  residence  of  the 
dukes  of  Mazovia  until  1626  ;  was  made  a  royal  residence 
about  1660 ;  and  became  formally  the  capital  of  Poland  in 
1609.  It  was  captured  by  the  Swedes  in  1665  and  1666 ; 
was  taken  and  retaken  in  the  Northern  War ;  was  occupied 
by  the  Russians  in  1764  and  1798  ;  resisted  a  Prussian  siege 
in  1794,  but  surrendered  to  Suvaroff  ;  was  ceded  to  Prus- 
sia in  1796 ;  was  occupied  by  the  French  in  1806 ;  and  was 
made  the  capital  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Warsaw  in  1807. 
It  was  flnally  occupied  by  the  Russians  in  1813.  An  insur- 
rection was  commenced  there  Nov.  29, 1830,  and  the  town 
capitulated  to  Paskevitoh,  Sept.  8,  1831.  It  was  the  cen- 
ter of  the  insurrection  of  1863.    Population  (1897) ,  614,752. 

Warsaw.  A  government  of  Russian  Poland, 
surrounded  by  Plock,  Lomza,  Siedlce,  Eadota, 


Warwick 

Piotrkow,  Kalisz,  and  Prussia.  Area,  5,623 
square  miles.  Population  (1890),  1,465,131. 
Warsaw.  A  duchy  created  by  Napoleon  at  the 
treaty  of  Tilsit  in  1807,  and  given  to  the  king 
of  Saxony,  it  was  formed  from  the  Polish  possessions 
acquired  by  Prussia  in  1793  and  1796,  and  was  dissolved 
in  1813. 

Warsaw,  Battle  of.  A  victory  gained  by  the 
Swedes  and  the  Great  Elector  of  Brandenburg 
over  the  Poles,  July  28-30,  1656. 

Warschau  (var'shou).  The  German  name  of 
Warsaw. 

Wars  of  the  Boses.  In  English  history,  the 
prolonged  armed  struggle  between  the  rival 
houses  of  Lancaster  and  York  (see  York,  Eonse 
of) :  so  called  from  the  red  rose  and  white  rose, 
badges  respectively  of  the  adherents  of  thetwo 
families.  The  wars  began  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI. 
(third  of  the  Lancaster  line).  The  following  are  the  lead- 
ing events  and  incidents-:  Yorkist  victory  at  St.  Albans 
under  Richard,  duke  of  York,  May  22, 1465 ;  renewal  of  the 
war  in  1469,  and  Yorkist  victory  at  Blore  Heath,  Sept.  28; 
Yorkist  victory  at  Northampton,  July  10, 1460 ;  Lancastrian 
victory  at  Wakefield,  and  death  of  the  Duke  of  York,  Dec. 
31, 1460 ;  Yorkist  victory  at  Mortimer's  Cross,  Feb.  2, 1461 ; 
Lancastrian  victory  at  St.  Albans,  Feb.  17, 1461 ;  accession 
of  the  Earl  of  March  (son  of  the  Duke  of  York)  as  Edward 
IV.,  March,  1461 ;  Yorkist  victory  at  Towton,  March  29, 
1461 ;  Yorkist  victories  at  Hedgeley  Moor,  April  26,  and 
Hexham,  May  8, 1464 ;  revolt  of  the  Earl  of  Warwick  (the 
"King-Maker  "),  1469;  restoration  of  Henry  VI.,1470;  land- 
ing of  Edward  IV.,  March  14,  1471,  and  his  victory  over 
Warwick  at  Bamet,  April  14, 1471,  and  over  Margaret  of 
Anjou  at  Tewkesbury,  May  4, 1471 ;  accession  of  Edward 
v.,  1483 ;  accession  of  Richard  III. ,  1483.  The  contest  was 
ended  with  the  defeat  and  death  of  Richard  III.  at  Bos- 
worth,  Aug.  22, 1486,  and  the  succession  of  Henry  VII.,  rep- 
resentative of  a  Lancastrian  offshoot,  who,  by  his  marriage 
with  a  Yorkist  princess,  united  the  conflicting  interests. 

Warta  (var'ta).  The  Polish  name  of  the 
Warthe. 

Wartburg  (vart'bbro).  An  ancient  princely 
residence  at  Eisenach,  Germany,  still  occasion- 
ally occupied  by  the  Grand  Duke  of  Weimar. 
It  is  one  of  the  finest  existing  Romanesque  secular  monu- 
ments, and  has  been  well  restored  and  adorned  with  his- 
torical frescos.  ,  It  includes  the  Vorburg,  or  outer  ward, 
and  the  Hofburg,  in  which  are  the  finest  buildings.  Espe- 
cially interesting  are  the  Minstrels'  Hall  in  the  Landgraf- 
enhaus,  the  chapel,  and  the  armory.  In  the  Ritterhaus  of 
the  Vorburg  Luther  had  asylum  given  him  by  the  elector 
Frederick  the  Wise  in  1621-22 :  bis  room  and  its  furniture 
are  preserved. 

Wartburg,  Contest  of.  A  historioo-legendary 
contest  of  minnesingers  at  the  Wartburg,  about 
1206.  It  gave  rise  to  an  epic  poem  composed 
about  1300  ("Krieg  von  Wartburg"). 

Wartburg,  Festival  of.  A  commemoration  fes- 
tival, under  the  auspices  of  the  German  stu- 
dents, held  at  the  Wartburg,  Oct.  18, 1817,  the 
fourth  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Leipsic,  to 
celebrate  the  tercentenary  of  the  Reformation. 
Its  main  practical  object  was  the  foundation  of  the  union 
of  German  students  in  the  interest  of  political  liberty  and 
national  unity.  The  event  caused  reactionary  measures 
to  be  taken  in  Germany, 

Warthe,  or  Warte  (var'te),  Pol.  Warta  (vSr'- 
ta).  The  largest  tributary  of  the  Oder,  itrises 
in  the  southwestern  partof  Russian  Poland,  traverses  Po- 
land and  the  province  of  Posen  in  Prussia,  and  joins  the 
Oder  at  Eiistrin  in  Brandenburg.  Length,  over  400  miles ; 
navigable  from  Konin  in  Poland. 

Warton  (wfir'ton),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Basing- 
stoke, England,  1728:  died  May  21,  1790.  An 
English  critic  audpoet,prof  essor  of  poetry  at  Ox- 
ford. He  became  poet  laureate  in  1786.  His  chief  works 
are  a  "History  of  English  Poetry  '  (3  vols.  1774-81),  "  Plea- 
sures of  Melancholy  "  (1747),  "  Observations  on  the  Poetry 
of  Spenser  "  (1764),  and  editions  of  Theocritus,  the  Greek 
Anthology,  and  the  minor  poems  of  Milton. 

Warville,  de.    See  Brissot,  Jean  Pierre. 

Warwick  (wor'ik),  or  Warwickshire  (wor'ik- 
shir).  A  county  of  England,  bounded  by  Staf- 
ford, Leicester,  Northampton,  Oxford,  Glouces- 
ter, and  Worcester,  it  contains  the  forest  of  Arden 
and  the  towns  of  Birmingham,  Stratf  ord-on-Avon,  and  Cov- 
entry. It  formed  a  part  of  the  ancient  Mercia.  Area,  876 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),  806,072. 

Warwick.  The  capital  of  Warwickshire,  situ- 
ated on  the  Avon  in  lat.  52°  16'  N.,  long.  1°  35' 
W.  It  contains  a  famous  castle,  with  machicolated  towers 
and  battlemented  walls,  the  effect  of  which  is  much  en- 
hanced by  their  framing  of  splendid  trees.  The  great 
Giesar's  Tower  dates  back  almost  to  the  Conquest  The 
spacious  residential  buildings  are  of  the  16th  century  and 
later,  extensively  restored  :  they  contain  many  historical 
relics,  paintings,  and  other  works  of  art,  among  them  the 
large  sculptured  Warwick  vase,  found  in  Hadrian's  villa 
at  Tivoli.  St.  Mary's  is  a  large  Perpendicular  church,  in 
great  part  rebuilt  m  1694.  The  interior  is  impressive,  and 
contains  interesting  brasses  and  other  medieval  monu- 
ments. The  church  is  chiefly  notable  for  the  superb  Benu- 
champ  Chapel,  dating  from  1464.  The  architecture  of  the 
chapel  is  florid  Perpendicular,  and  it  contains  the  beauti- 
fully sculptured  tombs  of  the  earls  of  Warwick  and  of 
Robert  Dudley,  earl  of  Leicester.  Warwick  was  a  British 
settlement,  and  became  a  Roman  fortress  about  60  A.  s.  It 
was  rebuilt  by  Ethelfleda  about  916.  Fopulation  (1891)^ 
11,906. 


Warwick,  Earl  of 

Warwick,  Earl  of  (Richard  Nevil  or  Nev- 
ille). Born  about  1428:  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Barnet,  April  14,  1471.  An  English  politician 
and  commander:  called  "the  King-Maker." 
He  was  related  to  both  the  Yorkist  and  the  Lancas- 
trian families.  He  Inherited  the  title  of  earl  of  Salis- 
bury and  became  earl  ot  Warwick  through  his  marriage 
with  the  daughter  of  Richard  Beauchamp  (earl  of  War- 
wick). At  first  he  sided  with  the  Yorkists,  and  served  at 
the  first  battle  of  St.  Albans  in  1456 ;  was  made  governor 
of  Calais;  again  joined  the  Yorkists  in  1469;  defeated 
the  Lancastrians  at  Il^orthampton  in  July,  1460,  and  took 
Heni-y  VI.  prisoner ;  was  defeated  at  St.  Albans  in  1461  by 
Margaret ;  joined  with  Kdward  IV,  and  reentered  London 
in  1461;  won  with  Edward  the  victory  of  Towton  in 
1461 ;  was  made  warden  ot  the  Scottish  marches,  consta- 
ble ot  Dover,  lord  high  chamberlain,  etc. ;  and  repressed 
the  Lancastrian  rising  in  1463-64.  He  opposed  the  mar- 
riage ot  Edward  IV.  with  Elizabeth  WoodviUe,  and  the  al- 
liance with  Burgundy ;  and  was  driven  into  revolt  by  the 
king,  whom  he  took  prisoner  in  1469,  but  soon  released. 
He  conspired  with  his  son-in-law  Clarence  against  Edward 
IV.  in  1470 ;  fled  to  France ;  adopted  the  cause  of  the 
Lancastrians;  landed  in  England,  drove  Edward  IV.  to 
Flanders,  and  restored  Henry  VI.  in  1470;  but  was  over- 
thrown by  Edward  IV.  at  Barnet  in  1471, 

Warwick,  Earls  of.  See  Beauchamp,  Biehard, 
and  Dudiey,  John. 

Warwick,  Ghjy  of.    See  Guy  of  Warwick. 

Wasa.    See  Vasa. 

Wasania  (wa-sa'nyS).    See  Pygmies. 

Wasat  (wa'sat).  [At.  al-ioasal,  the  middle: 
though  the  appropriateness  of  the  name  is  not 
clear.]  The  third-magnitude  double  star  S 
Geminorum. 

Wasatch  Mountains.    See  Wahsatch. 

Wasco (was'ko).  ^l.,3\so  WascoSjWasGoes.']  A 
collective  name  for  the  tribes  of  the  Upper 
Chinook  division  of  North  American  Indians 
nearest  the  Dalles,  it  may  have  been  equivalent  to, 
or  inclusive  of,  the  Watlala.  There  are  288  on  the  Warm 
Springs  reservation,  Oregon,  and  ISO  on  the  Yakima  res- 
ervation, Washington,    See  Chinookan. 

Wash  (wosh),  The.  An  arm  of  the  North  Sea, 
on  the  coast  of  England  between  Norfolk  and 
Lincolnshire.  Length,  22  miles.  Width,  about 
15  miles.  It  receives  the  Witham,  Welland, 
Nen,  and  Ouse. 

Washa  (wosh'a),  Lake.  A  lake  in  Louisiana, 
southwest  of  Sfew  Orleans.  Length,  about  14 
miles. 

Washaki  (wash'a-ke),  [From  the  name  of  a 
former  chief.]  The  easternmost  of  the  Sho- 
shoni  tribes  of  North  American  Indians,  for- 
merly in  the  Wind  Eiver  country,  western 
Wyoming,  and  in  eastern  Idaho :  now  on  the 
Shoshoni  reservation  in  western  Wyoming. 
Th6y  numbered  870  in  1885.  Also  Washano, 
Waslnkeeh,  Pohah,  Polcah.    See  Shoshoni. 

Washburn  (wosh'bfem),  Oadwallader  Golden, 
Born  at  Livermore,  Maine,  April  22, 1818 :  died 
at  Eureka  Springs,  .Ark,,  May  14,  1882,  An 
American  politician  and  general,  brother  of  E, 
B.  Washburne,  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1842 ; 
was  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Wisconsin  1855- 
1861 ;  was  delegate  to  the  peace  convention  in  1861 ;  en- 
tered the  Union  army  as  colonel  in  1861 ;  became  major- 
general  of  volunteers  In  1862 ;  took  part  in  the  siege  of 
Vicksburg  in  1863  ;  captured  Fort  Esperanza  in  Texas  in 
1863 ;  commanded  the  district  of  West  Tennessee  1864-66 ; 
was  Republican  member  of  Congressfrom  Wisconsin  1867- 
1871 ;  and  was  governor  of  Wisconsin  1872-74,  He  after- 
ward engaged  in  the  flour  business  at  Minneapolis,  and 
founded  the  Washburn  Observatory  in  connection  with 
the  Wisconsin  State  University. 

Washburne  (wosh'bem),  Elihu  Benjamin. 

Bom  at  Livermore,  Maine,  Sept.  23, 1816:  died 
at  Chicago,  Oct,  22, 1887,  An  American  states- 
man and  diplomatist.  He  studied  law  at  Harvard ; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1840 ;  was  a  Whig  and  later 
a  Republican  member  of  Congress  from  Illinois  1853-69 ; 
and  was  chairman  of  the  committee  on  commerce.  He 
was  secretary  of  state  March  5-17, 1869,  and  United  States 
minister  to  France  1869-77,  He  was  the  only  foreign 
representative  who  remained  in  Paris  through  both  the 
siege  and  the  Commune  period.  He  wrote  "  Recollections 
of  a  Minister  to  France  "  (1887). 

Washburne  Mountains.  A  group  of  moun- 
tains in  the  Yellowstone  National  Park.  High- 
est point,  10,345  feet.  ,    ,     .„ 

Washington  (wosh'ing-ton).  One  of  the  Pa- 
cific States  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
extending  from  lat.  45°  40'  to  49°  N,,  and  from 
Iong,117°tol24°44'W.  Capital, Olympia;  chief 
cities,  Seattle  and  Tacoma.  It  is  bounded  by  the 
Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  and  British  Columbia  on  the  north, 
Idaho  on  the  east,  Oregon  (partly  separated  by  the  Colum- 
bia River)"on  the  south,  and  the  Paciflc  on  the  west.  The 
Cascade  Mountains  traverse  the  State  from  south  to  north. 
It  has  rich  forests,  particularly  in  the  west,  and  extensive 
deposits  of  coal  and  iron  ;  and  gold  and  silver  are  found. 
There  is  an  extensive  wheat  region  in  the  east.  The  sal- 
mon-flsheries  are  Important,  and  ship-building  is  a  flour- 
ishing industry,  Washington  has  36  countie^  sends  2 
senai^rs  and  3  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has  5  elec- 
toral votes.  The  Strait  of  .Tuan  de  Fuca  was  discovered  in 
1592,  and  explored  in  1789  :  the  mouth  ot  the  Columbia 
was  explored  by  the  American  captain  Gray  in  1792;  and 
further  explorations  were  conducted  by  Lewis  and  Clark 


1051 

in  I80S.  A  settlement  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  was 
founded  by  John  Jacob  Astor  in  1811.  The  boundary  was 
settled  with  Great  Britain  in  1846.  Washington  formed 
part  of  the  Territory  of  Oregon  ;  was  organized  as  a  Terri- 
tory in  1863;  and  was  admitted  to  tlie  Union  in  1889. 
Area,  69,180  square  miles.    Population  (19001,  618,103. 

Washington.  The  capital  of  the  United  States, 
forming  part  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  situ- 
ated on  the  Potomac,  at  the  head  of  navigation, 
in  lat.  38°  53'  N.,  long,  77°  1'  W.  it  has  become  a 
favorite  city  of  residence  in  late  years,  and  is  noted  for  its 
public  buildings,  the  most  important  being  the  Capitol 
(which  see).  The  White  House,  the  official  residence  ot 
the  President,  is  a  handsome  mansion  in  the  English  Re- 
naissance style,  with  a  projecting  columned  and  pediment- 
ed  porch  on  the  entrance  front,  and  a  large  semicircular 
projecting  bay  on  the  garden  front,  opposite.  Its  classical 
details  are  sober  and  well  designed,  both  outside  and  in- 
side, but  it  has  become  too  smsdl  for  the  ofQcialand  social 
needs  ot  the  chief  of  the  government.  The  comer-stone 
of  the  White  House  was  laid  by  General  Washington,  and 
it  was  first  occupied  in  1800  by  John  Adams.  Besides  the 
buildings  for  the  various  government  departments,  the 
National  Museum,  Smithsonian  Institution,  etc.,  are  nota- 
ble. The  Washington  monument  is  an  obelisk-shaped 
tower  of  white  marble,  erected  in  honor  of  George  Wash- 
ington. It  is  565  feet  high  to  its  acutely  pointed  apex, 
and  55  feet  square  at  the  base.  The  comer-stone  was  laid 
on  July  4, 1848,  but  after  a  short  time  the  work  languished 
and  then  stopped  entirely,  until  in  1876  Congress  voted 
the  completion  of  the  monument,  which  was  accomplished 
in  1884.  The  site  tor  the  capital  was  chosen  in  1790,  and 
the  government  removed  from  Philadelphia  in  1800.  The 
public  buildings  were  burned  by  the  British  in  1814,  The 
city  was  the  Federal  military  headquarters  in  the  Civil 
War,  and  was  threatened  by  the  Confederates  under  Early 
in  1864.  Its  municipal  government  was  abolished  in  1871, 
and  a  territorial  government  established  in  that  year.  This 
was  abolished  in  1874,  and  the  present  form  instituted  (see 
DiMrict  of  Columbia).    Population  (1900),  278,718. 

Washington.  The  capital  of  Daviess  County, 
Indiana,  92  miles  southwest  of  Indianapolis, 
Population  (1900),  8,551. 


Wasp 

was  the  most  invariably  judicious,  and  there  is  scarcely  a 
rash  word  or  action  or  judgment  recorded  ot  him.  Those 
who  knew  him  well,  noticed  that  he  had  keen  sensibilities 
and  strong  passions  ;  but  his  power  of  self-command  never 
failed  him,  and  no  act  ot  his  public  lite  can  be  traced  to 
personal  caprice,  ambition,  or  resentment.  In  the  de- 
spondency of  long-continued  failure,  in  the  elation  ol  sud- 
den success,  at  times  when  his  soldiers  were  deserting 
by  hundreds,  and  when  malignant  plots  were  formed 
against  his  reputation,  amid  the  constant  quarrels,  rival- 
ries,  and  jealousies  ot  his  subordinates,  in  the  dark  hour 
of  national  ingratitude,  and  in  the  midst  of  the  most  uni- 
versal and  intoxicating  flattery,  he  was  always  the  same 
calm,  wise,  just,  and  single-minded  man,  pursuing  the 
course  which  he  believed  to  be  right,  without  fear  or 
favour  or  fanaticism,  equally  free  from  the  passions  that 
spring  from  Interest,  and  from  the  passions  that  spring 
from  imagination.  He  never  acted  on  the  impulse  of  an 
absorbing  or  uncalculating  enthusiasm,  and  he  valued  very 
highly  fortune,  position,  and  reputation ;  but  at  the  com- 
mand of  duty  he  wasreadytoriskandsacriflcethem  all.  He 
was  in  the  highest  sense  ot  the  words  a  gentleman  and  a 
man  of  honour,  and  he  carried  into  public  life  the  severest 
standard  of  private  morals.  It  was  at  first  the  constant 
dread  ot  large  sections  ot  the  American  people  that  if  the 
old  Government  were  overthrown,  they  would  fall  into 
the  hands  of  military  adventurers,  and  undergo  the  yoke 
ot  military  despotism.  It  was  mainly  the  transparent  in- 
tegrity of  the  character  of  Washington  that  dispelled  the 
fear.  Lecky,  England  in  the  XVIIIth  Century,  in.  470-471, 

Washington,  Martha.  Bom  in  New  Kent 
County,  Va.,  May,  1732:  died  at  Mount  Vernon, 
Va,,  May  22, 1802.  The  wife  of  George  Washing- 
ton, She  was  the  daughter  of  Colonel  John  Dandridge,  a 
planter,  and  in  June,  1749.  married  Daniel  Parke  Custis, 

'  a  planter,  who  died  in  1767,  leaving  his  widow  one  of  the 
wealthiest  women  in  Virginia.  She  married  Washington 
in  Jan.,  1759.  She  had  by  her  first  husband  four  children, 
two  ot  whom  died  in  infancy ;  the  third,  Martha  Parke  Cus- 
tis, died  at  th  e  age  of  sixteen ;  the  fourth,  John  Parke  Custis, 
diedin  1781,  leavingf  our  children,  the  two  youngerotwhom, 
Eleanor  Parke  Custis  and  George  Washington  Parke  Custis, 
were  adopted  by  Washington.    She  had  no  children  by 


Washington  A  seaport,  capital  of  Beaufort  Washington,  Mount.  The  highest  summit  of 
Oounty  North  Carolina,  situated  on  Pamlico  the  White  Mountains  New  Hampshire,  and  the 
River  100  miles  east  by  south  of  Ealeigh.   Pop-    ^^^^^^^  meuntain  in  New  England,  situated  in 

lat.  44°  16'  N.    It  is  ascended  by  railroad  and  by  a  car- 


ulation  (1900),  4,842. 

Washington.  The  capital  of  Payette  County, 
Ohio,  35  miles  southwest  of  Columbus.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  5,751, 

Washington,  The  capital  of  Washington  Coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  situated  on  Chartiers  Creek 
24  miles  southwest  of  Pittsburg.  Population 
(1900),  7,670. 

Washington,  Bushrod.    Bom  in  Westmore 


riage-road  from  the  Glen  House.    On  the  summit  is  a 
United  States  signal-station.    Height,  6,290  feet. 

Washington,  Treaty  of.  A  treaty  between 
(Sreat  Britain  and  the  United  States,  signed  May 
8, 1871,  which  provided  for  the  settlement  of  the 
Alabama  claims  by  the  Geneva  tribunal,  and 
for  the  settlement  of  the  San  Juan  boundary 
and  fisheries  disputes. 


land  County,  Va.,  1762:  died  at  Philadelphia,  Washington  and  Jefferson  College.    An  in- 


1829,  An  American  jurist,  nephew  of  George 
Washington ,  He  was  a  member  of  the  Virginia  House 
of  Delegates,  and  ot  the  Virginia  ratifying  convention  of 
1788 ;  and  was  associate  justice  of  the  United  States  Su- 
preme Court  1798-1829. 


stitution  of  learning  at  Washington,  Pennsyl- 
vania. It  was  formed  in  1865  through  the  consolidation 
ot  Washington  College  at  Washington,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Jefferson  College  at  Canonsburg,  Pennsylvania.  It  is  non- 
sectarian,  and  is  attended  by  about  350  students. 


Washington,  George.  Born  in  Westmoreland  Washington  and  Lee  University.    An  insti- 


County,  Va.,  Feb,  22  (O.  S.  Feb,  11),  1732:  died 
at  Mount  Vemon,Dee, 14,1799.  Afamous  Ameri- 
can soldier  and  statesman,  the  first  President  of 
the  United  States.  He  was  the  son  of  Augustine  Wash- 
ington, a  Virginia  planter.  He  was  at  school  until  he  was 
about  16  years  ot  age ;  was  engaged  in  surveying  1748-51 ; 
was  appointed  adjutant  ot  Virginia  troops  in  1751 ;  inherited 
Mount  Vernon  on  the  death  of  his  brother  in  1752  ;  was 
made  by  Dinwiddle  commander  of  a  military  district  of 
Virginia  in  1763 ;  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  the  French 


tution  ol  learning  at  Lexington,  Virginia.  Its 
foundation  was  a  school  near  Greenville,  Va,, 
called  the  Augusta  Academy,  In  1776  its  name  was 
changed  to  Liberty  Hall ;  in  1782  it  was  chartered ;  in  1786 
it  was  moved  to  the  neighborhood  of  Lexington ;  and  in 
1796  it  received  a  gift  from  George  Washington  and  its 
name  was  changed  to  Washington  College.  In  1803  it  was 
placed  on  its  present  site.  It  received  its  present  name 
in  1870.  Robert  E.  Lee  was  its  president  1866-70.  It  is 
non-sectarian,  and  has  about  .250  students. 


authorities  beyond  the  Allegheny  River  1753-64 ;  wasap-  TXTncs'hiTifftonCentennialArch    Anarchfound- 
Timntfid    lientenant-colouel   in  1754:   had  a   successful  WaSningTOnyenteumeil«J.l-u.  -tiuai".-" JAm 


pointed  lieutenant-colonel  in  1754;  had  a  successful 
skirmish  with  the  French,  and  defended  Fort  Necessity, 
but  was  obliged  to  surrender  on  July  3 ;  was  a  volunteer 
aide-de-camp  to  Braddock  in  the  battle  of  the  Mononga- 
hela  in  1765,  and  brought  off  the  Virginians;  commanded 
on  the  frontier  1766-57 ;  and  led  the  advance-guard  in 
Forbes's  expedition  for  the  reduction  of  Fort  Duquesne  in 
1758.  On  Jan.  9, 1759,  he  married  Martha  Custis  (widow  of 


ediu  1890  at  the  Fifth  Avenue  entrance  of  Wash- 
ington Square,  New  York.  It  has  a  single  archway 
with  coffered  vault,  SO  feet  in  span  and  47  high,  sur- 
mounted by  an  entablature  with  a  rich  frieze  carved  with 
foliage.  Above  the  somewhat  heavy  comioe  is  a  low 
attic,  which  bears  the  inscription  ot  dedication.  The 
piers  and  spandrels  are  to  be  adorned  with  sculpture. 


Daniel  Parke  Custis),  and  settled  as  aplanter  at  Mount  Ver-  Washington  Elm,   An  elm  in  Cambridge,  Mas- 
non.HewasadelegatetotheVirginiaHouseof  Burgesses,     gaohusetts,  under  which  Washington  took  com- 

and  to  the  Continental  Congresses  of  1774  and  1776;  was     '=<»^""='=^''?) „.„„„  ,•„  fV^c 

appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the  Contmental  forces    mand  of  the  American  army  in  1775,  _ 

June  15, 1776 ;  arrived  at  Cambridge  July  2,  and  took  com-  Washington  GrOUp.     A  cluster  of  islands  m 

mand;  andcompelledtheevaouationofBostononMarchl7,     the  Marquesas  group.  Pacific  Ocean, 

1776.   His  army  was  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Long  Island  Tjo'aa'hiTio+.nTi  TintKi    A  region  in  the  northwest- 

Aug.27,1776,andatWhitePlainsOct 28,1776; heretreated    "'^^"'°P??J^„„t;V, ,1    o>>mTlTt    S^^ 

through  New  Jersey;  surprised  the  Hessians  at  Trenton     ern  part  of  Greenland,  about  l^t,  80°  N, 

Dec.  26;  won  the  victory  of  Prmceton  Jan.,  1777;  was  de-  WashingtOuMonument.  SeeWaslltngton{eitj). 

featedatBrandywineandGermantownlnl777;  wasat  Val-  Wasp  (wosp),     1.  An  American  ship  of  war,  18 

ley  Forge  during  the  winter  of  1777-78 ;  fought  the  drawn  ^  ■^^^l^  ^t  Washington  in  1806.    Oct.  13, 1812, 

battle  of  Monmouth  m  1778;  compelled  the  surrender  of     §;i°°'„^^  f,„„  t,,,,  nrf^ware.  under  command  of  Captain 

Cornwallis  at  Yorktown  m  1781 ;  resigned  his  commission 


as  commander-in-chief  at  Annapolisin  1783 ;  and  retired  to 
Mount  Vernon.  In  1787  he  was  president  of  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention ;  was  unanimously  elected  President  of 
the  United  States  in  Feb.,  1789,  and  inaugurated  at  New 
York  April  30, 1789«  and  was  unanimously  reelected  in  1793, 
serving  until  1797.  Among  the  chief  events  in  his  adminis- 
trations were  the  establishment  ot  the  machinery  ot  gov- 
ernment, the  crystallization  of  parties,  theregulation  of  com- 
merce and  finance,  the  admission  of  Vermont,  Kentucky, 
and  Tennessee,  the  Indian  wars,  the  "  whisliy  insurrection , " 
and  the  Jay  treaty.  He  issued  his  farewell  address  to  the 
people  in  Sept. ,  1796.  He  was  appointed  lieutenant-general 
and  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  in  anticipation  of  a 
war  with  France  in  1798. 

In  civil  as  in  military  life,  he  [Washington]  was  pre- 
eminent among  his  contemporaries  for  the  clearness  and 
soundness  of  his  judgment,  for  his  perfectmoderation  and 
self-control,  for  the  quiet  dignity  and  the  indomitable 
firmness  with  which  he  pursued  every  path  which  he  had 
deliberate^  chosen.    Of  all  the  great  men  in  history  he 


she  sailed  from  the  Delaware,  under  command  of  Captain 
Jacob  Jones,  with  137  men.  On  Oct.  18,  in  lat.  ST  N.,  long 
65°  W  she  feU  in  with  6  merchantmen  under  convoy  of 
the  British  brig  Frolic,  18  guns  and  110  men.  The  action 
began  at  11:32  A.  M.,  and  the  Frolic  struck  at  12 :16  P.  M. 
It  was  fought  in  a  very  heavy  sea.  Both  ships  were  cap- 
tured the  same  day  by  the  Poictiers  (British,  74). 
3,  An  American  ship-rigged  sloop  of  war,  22 
guns  and  160  men,  built  at  Newburyport  in  1814. 
She  left  Portsmouth,  May  1, 1814,  under  Captain  Johnston 
Blakeley,  andran  into  theEngllsh  Channel.  On  June  28  she 
tell  in  with  theBritish  sloop  Reindeer,  18  guns  andllS  men. 
The  battle  began  at  3 :  17  P.  M. ,  and  the  Reindeer  struck  at 
3-44  On  Sept.  1,  in  lat.  47°  30' N.,  she  met  theBritish  bng 
Avon  18  guns.  The  battle  began  at  8 :  38  P.  M.,  and  the 
Avon  struck  at  10 :12.  On  Oct.  9,  in  lat.  18°  35'  N.,  long, 
30°  10'  W ,  she  spoke  and  boarded  the  Swedish  brig  Adam  s, 
and  took  out  of  her  Lieutenant  McKnight  and  a  master's 
mate,  late  of  the  United  States  ship  Essex,  on  their  way 
from  Brazil  to  England.  The  Wasp  was  never  heard  from 
again. 


Wasps,  The 

Wasps  (wosps),  The.  A  comedy  by  Aristopha- 
nes, exhibited  in  422  B.  c. 

Wast  Water  (wast  w^'tfer).  A  lake  in  Cum- 
berland, England,  13  miles  west  of  Ambleside. 
Length,  3  miles. 

Wasulu  (wa-so'lo).  An  African  kingdom  in 
the  upper  Niger  basin,  since  1887  under  French 
protection,  it  is  separated  from  French  S6n6gal  by  the 
Tankiseo  aud  Dyuliba-Niger  rivers  as  far  as  Segu ;  the  east^ 
ern  boundary  is  ill  defined.  The  population  (about  1,500,- 
000)  is  composed  of  Mandingos,  withasprinlclingof  mixed 
Fulahs  and  Soninl^es.  Bissandugu,  the  capital,  has  about 
3,000  population.  Wasulu  was  only  a  federation  of  petty 
tribes  until  1840,  when  Mahmadu  founded  the  kingdom. 
This  was  greatly  enlarged  by  Samory,  who,  though  of  hum- 
ble origin,  succeeded  in  dispossessing  Mfdimadu's  son  and 
conquering  his  neighbors,  until  a  conflict  with  the  French 
compelled  him  to  accept  their  protection. 

Watch  Hill  Point  (woeh  Ml  point).  A  head- 
land near  the  southwestern  extremity  of  Rhode 
Island. 

Wateh  (wa'te).  An  Arab  chieftain,  whose  ter- 
ritory bordered  on  Edom,  Moab,  and  Ammon. 
He  toolt  part  in  a  rebellion  against  Asorbanipal,  king  of 
Assyria  (668-626  B.  c. ),  and  was  captured  by  him  and  yoked 
to  his  triumphal  chariot. 

Water-bearer.    See  Aquarius. 

Waterbury(wa't6r-ber-i).  A  city  in  New  Haven 
Coujity,  Connecticut,  situated  on  Naugatuok 
Eiver  19  miles  north-northwest  of  New  Haven. 
It  has  important  manufactures  of  brass,  and  produces 
watches,  pins,  lamps,  wire,  clocks,  etc.  It  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1853.    Population  (1900),  45,869. 

Wateree  (wft-te-re')-  A  river  in  South  Caro- 
lina which  unites  with  the  Congaree  to  form 
the  Santee :  called  Catawba  in  its  upper  course. 
See  Catawba. 

Waterford(wa't6r-ford).  1.  A  maritime  county 
of  Munster,  Ireland.  It  is  bounded  by  Tipperary 
and  Kilkenny  on  the  north,  Wateriord  Harbor  (separate 
ing  it  from  Wexford)  on  the  east,  St.  George's  Channel  on 
the  south,  and  Cork  on  the  west.  The  surface  is  largely 
mountainous.  The  county  contains  many  antiquities. 
Area,  721  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  98,251. 
2.  A  county  of  a  city,  capital  of  Waterf  ord, 
situated  on  the  Suir,  at  the  head  of  Waterford 
Harbor,  in  lat.  52°  16'  N.,  long.  7°  6'  W.  It  has 
a  considerable  export  trade ;  was  an  ancient  Danish  strong- 
hold ;  was  taken  by  Strongbow  in  1171 ;  received  a  charter 
from  King  John ;  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  Crom- 
well in  1649 ;  and  was  taken  by  Ireton  in  1650.  Population 
(1891),  20,862. 

Waterloo  (w4-t6r-16';  D.  pron.  va-ter-lo'). 
A  village  in  the  province  of  Brabant,  Belgium, 
9i  miles  south  of  Brussels:  the  headquarters 
of  the  Duke  of  Wellington  in  the  battle  of 
Waterloo. 

Waterloo,  Battle  of.  A  decisive  victory  gained 
near  Waterloo  (a  village  south  of  Brussels), 
June  18,  1815,  by  the  Allies  over  Napoleon. 
The  Prussians  often  call  the  battle  Belle  AUiance,  and 
the  French  Mc/at  St.-Jeaihy  after  localities  near  Water- 
loo. The  French  numbered  about  72,000 ;  the  allied 
British,  Dutch,  and  Germans,  under  the  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton, numbered  about  67,000 :  the  Prussians  (about  50,000 
additional),  under  Bliicher,  marched  to  the  battle-field 
and  took  part  in  the  close  and  in  the  pursuit.  The  battle 
commenced  about  11 ;  30  A.  'M.  The  features  were  the  un- 
availing charges  of  the  French  and  the  stubborn  resistance 
of  the  British  contingent,  and  the  last  charge  of  the  French 
Old  Guard  in  the  evening,  which  failed  and  was  followed 
by  an  advance  of  the  combined  armies.  The  Allies  lost 
about  22,000 ;  the  French  about  35,000,  besides  many  pris- 
oners. (See  GrowcAy.)  Therout  was  so  complete  and  the 
disaster  to  Napoleon  so  decisive  that  "Waterloo  "  is  pro- 
verbial for  a  final  and  deciding  blow.  The  preliminary 
battles  were  at  Ligny  and  Quatre-Bras  (which  see), 

Waterloo  Bridge.  A  bridge  over  the  Thames 
at  London,  called  by  Canova  the  finest  bridge 
in  Europe  :  designed  and  built  by  John  Eennie. 
The  first  stone  was  laid  Oct.  H,  1811,  and  the  bridge  was 
opened  June  18, 1817,  the  second  anniversary  of  the  battle 
of  Waterloo,  It  is  1,826  feet  long,  42  feet  wide,  36  feet 
high,  and  the  central  span  is  120  feet  wide. 

Waterloo  Place.  An  open  square  in  London, 
between  Carlton  House  Terrace  and  Regent 
street.  Pall  Mall  crosses  it,  and  in  its  center  is  the 
Crimean  monument.  It  also  contains  statues  of  Lord 
Napier,  Colin  Campbell  (Lord  Clyde),  Lord  Lawrence,  and 
otheiB. 

Waterloo-With-Seaforth  (-se'forth).  A  water- 
ing-place ill  Lancashire,  England,  situated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Mersey,  5  miles  north-north- 
west of  Liverpool.    Population  (1891),  17,328. 

Water  Music,  The.  A  series  of  21  movements 
by  Handel,  which  he  had  played  by  an  orches- 
tra on  a  boat  in  which  he  followed  the  barge 
of  the  king  (George  I.)  as  he  proceeded  to 
Whitehall  in  1715.  They  have  been  arranged 
for  the  piano. 

Water-Poet,  The.  A  name  given  to  the  poet 
John  Taylor  (1580-1654). 

Watertown  (w&'t6r-toun).  A  town  in  Middle- 
sex County,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the 
Charles  Eiver  7  miles  north  of  Boston.  It  con- 
tains a  United  States  arsenal.  Population 
(1900),  9,706. 


1052 

Watertown.  Acity,  capital  of  Jefferson  County, 
New  York.    Population  (1900),  21,696. 

Watertown.  A  city  in  Jefferson  and  Dodge 
counties,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  Eock  Eiver 
44  miles  west  by  north  of  Milwaukee,  it  is  arail- 
road  and  manufacturing  center,  and  the  seat  of  North- 
western University  (Lutheran).  Population  (1900),  8,437. 

Waterville  (wa'ter-vil).  A  city  in  Kennebec 
County,  Maine,  situated  on  the  Kennebec 
Eiver  18  miles  north-northeast  of  Augusta: 
the  seat  of  Colby  University.  Population 
(1900),  9,477. 

Watervliet  (wa'ter-vlet).  A  city  in  Albany 
County,  New  York.  It  is  situated  on  the  Hud- 
son north  of  Albany.    Pop.  (1900),  14,321. 

Watkins  Glen  (wot'kinz  glen).  A  deep  ravine 
near  Watkins,  Schuyler  County,  New  York, 
celebrated  for  its  picturesque  scenery. 

Watling's  (wot'lingz)  Island.  A  small  island 
of  the  Bahama  group.  West  Indies,  in  lat.  24° 
N. :  generally  supposed  to  be  the  San  Salvador 
of  Columbus.     See  Guanahani. 

Watling(wot'Iing)  Street.  [ME.  Watlmgstrete, 
AS.  WsetUnga  striet.']  One  of  the  principal 
Eoman  roads  in  Britain,  it  commenced  at  Dover, 
passed  through  Canterbury  to  London,  and  thence  went 
by  St.  Albans,  Dunstable,  Stony  Stratford,  etc,  passing 
along  the  boundary  line  of  the  present  counties  of  Lei- 
cester and  Warwick  to  Wroxeter  on  the  Severn,  and  then 
north  to  Chester.  It  had  a  number  of  branch  roads  di- 
verging from  it. 

Watson  (wot'son),  James  Craig.  Born  in  On- 
tario, Canada,  Jan.  28,  1838 :  died  at  Madison, 
Wis.,  Nov.  23, 1880.  An  American  astronomer, 
professor  of  astronomy  and  director  of  the  ob- 
servatory at  the  University  of  Michigan,  and 
after  1879  at  the  University  of  Wisconsin.  He 
discovered  23  asteroids  and  several  comets;  conducted 
several  United  States  astronomical  expeditions,  including 
that  to  China  in  1874  for  the  transit  of  Venus ;  and  wrote 
"Popular  Treatise  on  Comets"  (1860),  "Theoretical  As- 
tronomy "  (1869), "  Tables  for  the  Calculation  of  Shnple  and 
Compound  Interest,"  etc. 

Watson,  John:  pseudonym  Ian  Maclaren. 

Born  at  Manningtree,  Essex,  Nov.  3, 1850.  A 
Scottish  clergjTnan  and  author.  He  has  been  as- 
sistant at  churches  in  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow ;  pastor  of 
the  Free  Church,  Logiealmond,  Perthshire;  and  since 
1880  pastor  of  the  English  Presbyterian  Church,  Sefton 
Park,  Liverpool.  He  has  written  "  Beside  the  Bonnie  Brier 
Bush"  (1894),  "The  Days  of  Auld  Lang  Syne"  (1896),  "The 
Upper  Eoom"  (1896),  "The  Mind  of  the  Master"  (1896), 
"Kate  Carnegie"  (1896),  etc.  The  University  of  St,  An- 
drews conferred  upon  him  ttie  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity 
in  April,  1896. 

Watson,  Eichard.  Bom  at  Heversham,  West- 
moreland, 1737:  died  1816.  An  English  prel- 
ate, theological  writer,  and  chemist:  bishop  of 
Llandaff  (1782).  He  wrote  an  "Apology  for  Chris- 
tianity" (1776 :  in  answer  to  Gibbon),  "Apology  for  the 
Bible"  (1796:  in  answer  to  Paine),  tracts,  an  autobiog- 
raphy, etc. 

Watson,  William,  Bom  at  Wharfedale,  York- 
shire. A  contemporary  English  poet.  His  poem 
"  Wordsworth's  Grave  "  drew  attention  to  him  in  1892,  and 
in  tliat  year  he  received  a  civil  pension  of  £200  rendered 
vacant  by  the  death  of  Tennyson.  His  "  LaohrymsB  Musa- 
rum  "  waB  the  finest  ode  written  on  the  death  of  the  latter. 
He  had  previously  published  "Love  Lyrics, "  "The  Prince's 
Quest,"  "Epigrams  of  Art,  Life,  and  Nature  ";  and  in  1893 
he  published  "The  Eloping  Angels  "and  a  volumeof  essays, 
"  Excursions  in  Criticism,"  "Odes  and  Other  Poems  "(1894). 

Watt  (wot),  James.  Bom  at  Greenock,  Scot- 
land, Jan.  19,  1736:  died  at  Heathfield,  near 
Birmingham,  Aug.  19,  1819.  A  famous  British 
mechanician,  inventor,  and  civil  engineer.  He 
was  apprenticed  to  an  instrument-maker  in  London  in 
1765 ;  became  mathematical-instrument  maker  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glaagowin  1757 ;  began  experiments  in  improving 

.  the  steam-engine  about  1760 ;  and  invented  the  condensing 
steam-engine  in  1765  and  obtained  a  patent  1  n  1769,  Many 
other  improvements  were  devised  later  and  patented.  He 
formed  a  partnership  with  Boulton  in  Birmingham  and 
began  the  manufacture  of  steam-engines  in  1776. 

Watt,  Eobert.  Bom  at  Stewarton,  Ayrshire, 
May,  1774:  died  March  12,  1819.  A  Scottish 
physician  and  bibliographer.  His  "Bibliotheca 
Britannica  "  (4  volumes,  published  posthumously  in  1824) 
is  acompilationshowinggreat  industry  and  wide  research, 
and  is  of  great  value  as  an  index  to  literature. 

Watteau  (va-to'),  Jean  Antoine.  Bom  at  Va- 
lenciennes, Prance,  Oct.  10,  1684:  died  at  No- 
gent-sur-Mame,  Prance,  July  18, 1721.  A  French 
genre-painter.  He  studied  with  Gillot  in  Paris  in  1702, 
and  later  with  Audran.  He  was  unusually  successful  with 
subjects  representing  conventional  shepherds  and  shep- 
herdesses, f  Stes  champ^tres,  rustic  dances,  etc.  The  style 
of  female  dress  represented  in  many  of  them,  consisting  of 
what  was  known  as  a  "  sacque"  with  loose  plaits  hang- 
ing from  the  shoulders,  is  still  known  as  the  Watteau, 
Ten  of  his  pictures  are  in  the  Louvre,  and  specimens  are 
in  all  the  principal  galleries  of  Europe. 

Watterson(wot'er-son),  Henry.  Born  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  1840.  "An  American  journalist, 
Democratic  politician,  and  orator.  He  served  on 
the  Confederate  side  in  the  Civil  War,  and  became  noted 
as  the  editor  of  the  Louisville  "  Courier-Journal,'  and  as 
a  prominent  advocate  of  free  trade.  He  was  member  ol 
CiongresB  from  Kentucky  1876-77. 


Wawre 

Wattignies  (vS-ten-ye').    A  village  in  the  de- 

Sartment  of  Nord,  Prance,  near  Lille.  Here, 
et.  15-16, 1793,  the  French  under  Jourdan  de- 
feated the  Austrians  under  Clairfayt. 

Wattrelos  (vatr-16').  A  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  France,  9  miles  northeast  of 
Lille.    Population  (1891),  commune,  19,770. 

Watts  (wots),  Alaric  Alexander.  Bom  at 
London,  March  16,  1799:  died  there,  April  5, 
1864.  An  English  poet  and  journalist.  He-  was 
editor  of  the  Leeds  "Intelligencer"  1822-24,  and  of  the 
Manchester  "Courier"  1S24-25;  and  was  an  assistant 
on  the  London  "Standard"  in  1827  and  1841-47,  He 
founded  the  "  United  Service  Gazette  "  in  1833,  and  editdl 
'  it  until  1843.  He  established  more  than  twenty  journals  be- 
tween 1842  and  1847,  when  he  severed  his  connection  with 
the  press.  His  works  include  "  Poetical  Sketches  "  (1823), 
"Lyrics  of  the  Heart"  (1860),  etc.  He  edited  "The  Liter- 
ary Souvenir  "  (1824-37X  "  Poetical  Album  "  (1828-29), ' '  Cab- 
inet of  Modern  Art,  etc."  (1835-37),  and  other  similar 
works.  These  were  illustrated  by  line-engravings  after 
Etty,  Stothard,Westall,  and  others,  and  were  very  popular. 

Watts,  George  Frederick.  Bom  at  London, 
Feb.  23,  1817.  An  English  historical,  subject, 
and  portrait  painter,  and  sculptor.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  the  Royal  Academy,  and  was  elected  royal  academician 
in  1868,  His  works  include:  cartoon,  "Caractacus"(1843); 
colossal  oil-paintings,  "Echo"  and  "Alfred  the  Great" 
(1847) ;  frescos,  "  St.  George  and  the  Dragon  "(Parliament 
House),  "  The  School  of  Legislation  "  (dining-hall  of  Lin- 
coln's Inn).  Besides  his  portraits  of  Tennyson,  Browning, 
William  Morris,  Stuart  Mill,  Dean  Stanley,  Swinburne, 
Matthew  Arnold,  Holman  Hunt,  Lord  Lytton,  Gladstone, 
and  others,  he  has  painted  "Paolo  and  Francesca"  (1848), 
"Fata  Morgana"  (1848),  "Life's  Illusions"  (1849),  "Sir 
Galahad"  (1862),  "Love  and  Death  "  (1877),  "Orpheus  and 
Eurydice"  (1879),  "Love  and  Life"(1884),  "Hope"  (1886), 
"She  Shall  be  Called  Woman  "  (1892),  "Sic  Transit"  (1893), 
etc. 

Watts,  Isaac.  Bom  at  Southampton,  July  17, 
1674:  died  at  Theobalds,  Herts,  Nov.  25,  1748, 
An  English  nonconformist  theologian,  hymn- 
writer,  and  author :  pastor  of  an  Independent 
church  in  London.  He  is  best  known  from  his  sacred 
poems,  "Horse Lyricse  " (1706),  "Hymns "  (1707),  " Psalms 
of  David " (1719),  "Psalms,  Hymns,  and  Spiritual  Songs" 
(in  many  editions),  and  "  Divine  and  Moral  Songs  for  Chil- 
dren "(1720).  He  also  wrote  "Logic "(1726),  "Improve- 
ment of  the  Mind  "  (1741),  catechisms,  and  philosophical 
and  theological  works. 

Watts,  Thomas.  Bom  at  London,  1811 :  died 
there,  Sept.  9,  1869.  An  English  author,  as- 
sistant librarian  of  the  British  Museum  from 
1837.  He  published  a  "Sketch  of  the  His- 
tory of  the  Welsh  Language  and  Literature " 
(1861). 

Watt's  Dyke.    See  Offa's  Dyke. 

Wat  Tyler's  (wot  ti'16rz)  Rebellion.  Seedier, 
Wat. 

Wailkegan  (wa-ke'gan).  The  capital  of  Lake 
County,  Illinois,  situated  on  Lake  Michigan 
35  miles  north  by  west  of  Chicago.  Population 
(1900),  9,426. 

Waukesha  (w^'ke-sha).  The  capital  of  Wau- 
kesha County,  Wisconsin,  18  miles  west  of 
Milwaukee.  It  is  a  watering-place.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  7,419. 

Wausau  (w^'s^).  The  capital  of  Marathon 
County,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  the  Wisconsin 
Eiver  130  miles  north  of  Madison.  Population 
(1900),  12,354. 

Waveney  (wa've-ni).  A  river  on  the  boundary 
between  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  England,  which 
joins  the  Yare  near  Yarmouth. 

Waverley  (wa'ver-li),  or  'Tis  Sixty  Years 
Since.  A  novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  the  first 
of  the  "Waverley  Novels,"  published  in  1814. 
The  scene  is  laid  principally  m  Scotland  during 
the  Jacobite  rebellion  of  1745. 

Waverley  Dramas.  A  series  of  eight  dramas 
founded  on  the  "  Waverley  No vels."  They  were 
produced  at  Edinburgh  1818-24 :  seven  of  them  were  pub- 
lished there  in  1823. 

Waverley  Novels.  The  novels  written  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott:  so  named  from  "  Waverley,"  the 
first  of  the  series.  They  were  published  anonymous- 
ly "by  the  author  of  Waverley  "  till  1827,  when  the  author 
disclosed  the  identity  of  the  "Great  Unknown"  at  a  din- 
ner for  the  benefit  of  the  Edinburgh  theatrical  fund.  See 
Scott. 

Wavertree  (wa'v6r-tre).  A  township  in  Lan- 
cashire, England,  3  miles  east  of  Liverpool. 
Population  (1891),  13,764. 

Wavre  (vavr).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Bra- 
bant, Belgium,  situated  on  the  Dyle  15  miles 
southeast  of  Brussels,  it  was  the  scene  of  a  battle, 
June  18,  181S,  between  the  French  under  Grouchy  and 
the  Prussians  under  Thielmann.  Grouchy  was  checked 
and  prevented  from  hindering  Blticher's  march  to  Water- 
loo, and  from  reaching  the  battle-field  in  time  with  his 
own  force. 

Wa'wre  (va'vre).  A  village  north  of  Warsaw, 
situated  on  the  Vistula:  the  scene  of  Polish 
successes  over  the  Eussians  Feb.  19  and  March 
31.  1831. 


Wayland,  Francis 


1053 


^o?kt?ty  U^2rii'-i^^^%  ^^  ^^  ^""^  Webb  (W6b),  Alexander  Stewart.    Bom  at 
R    T     R«;r  Qft    Ih}^:  ^f^  at  Proiodenoe,     New  York  city,  Feb.  15,  1835, 
K    1.,  Kept.  60,  1865.    An  Amenoan  Baptist  ' 

olergjrman,  educator,  and  author.    He  graduated 


An  American 


for  a  Cuckold  "and 
in  1661). 


Weigl 

'A  Thracian  Wonder ' 


(both  printed 


general.    He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1856 ;  served  ^^\^^J'  ^oah.  Born  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  Oct, 


itZ^h^i  ^R^h^  W^  »"*  "^^  president  of  Brown 
University  1827-55.  His  worlts  include  "ElementB  of 
}iiS^  Science"  (1836),  "Elements  of  PoUtical  Economy  " 
>,  SS?''  '  J^ni'tatioiiB  of  Human  ResponsibUlty  "  (1838), 
TT^.^°?%^*!  °^J^^.  Present  CoUegiate  System  in  the 
United  States    '^°''**^  *^^ i.-- «. «■'    ., 


in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  ;  was  distinguished  atGettys- 
nurg,  Bristow  Station,  Spottsylvania,  and  elsewhere  ;  was 
professor  at  West  Point  1866-68  ;  and  has  been  president 
of  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York  from  1869.  He 
f^  wntten  "The  Peninsula:  MoCleUan's  Campaign  of 


mf^^mZ^i"^f;!^l^l^ot''^S^?s.^,Z^  "^J!?!^ ^^I'^^'^.' All>?:echt Friedricb.  Bom  at 

son  'Vbs),  "Elements  of  InteUectual  PMoso7hv*7l864)      ?/^^^*^'  Prussia,  Feb.  17,  1825  :  died  at  Berlin, 


w  *■  1.-L.      „j     . -, I'hllosophy"(1864), 

Notes   on    the  Principles   and  Practices  of  Baptist 
Churches   (1857),  etc. 

Wayland  Smith.  [AS.  Weland,  ON.  Vohmdr, 
G.  Wieland.']  In  English  folk-lore,  an  invisible 
smith  who  once  dwelt  at  an  old  stone  monu- 
ment near  Ashdown  in  Berkshire,  if  a  horse  had 
cast  a  shoe,  it  was  only  necessary  to  lead  him  thither 
place  a  piece  of  money  on  the  stone,  and  retire  for  a  while' 
Upon  returning,  the  money  was  gone  and  the  horse  shod. 
The  legend  of  Wayland,  the  most  skilful  of  smiths  is 
common  Germanic  property.    In  the  Anglo-Saxon  poem 


Nov.  30,  1901.  A  noted  German  Orientalist; 
professor  at  Berlin  1856-1901.  His  chief  works  are 
i,.^"i?'iS.°^  Studien  "  (17  vols.  1849-S6),  and  an  edition  of 
the  "White  Yajurveda"  (1849-69). 

Weber,  Ernst  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Wittenberg, 
Prussia,  June  24,  1795 :  died  at  Leipsio,  Jan. 
26,  1878.  A  noted  German  physiologist  and 
anatomist,  professor  at  Leipsie  from  1818.  His 
works  include  "Anatomia  comparata  nervi  sympathici" 
(J817),  "  De  aure  et  auditu  hominis  et  animalium  (1820'> 
Annotationes  anatomicse  et  physiologicse  "  (1851),  etc. 


^wZ^-l^'-v^ilS'S^fX^"' w'?°5''.{'*"^'*Il^^'l°.'^^'  Weber,  Georg.    Born  Feb.  10, 1808:  died  Aug. 
f^'^^'^^^LW^^-ds  work>_  His.deeds  are  the  subject     10,  1888.     Al^e^mau  historian.     His  chief  wofk 

is  "Allgemeine  Weltgeschichte"  ("  Universal  History,"16 


geweoro:c  weiands  work").  His  deeds  are  the  subject 
of  the  "  Vblundar  Kvidha  "  ('  lay  of  Volund ' )  in  the  Elder 
Bdda.  According  to  the  Old  Norse  "Tilkina  Saga,"  he 
was  taught  first  by  the  smith  Mime,  and  then  by  two 
dwarfs.    Swedish  legend  locates  his  grave  near  Siseback 


vols.  1857-80).    He  also  wrote  "Geschichte  der  deutsohen 
litteratur"  (many  editions),  etq. 


16,  1758 :  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  May  28, 
1843.  An  American  lexicographer  and  author. 
He  entered  Yale  in  1774 ;  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War 
in  1777 ;  graduated  at  Yale  in  1778 ;  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1781.  He  taught  in  various  places,  and  in  1788 
settled  in  New  York  as  a  Journalist.  In  1798  he  removed 
to  New  Haven,  and  in  1812  to  Amherst,  Massachusetts, 
where  he  took  part  in  the  founding  of  the  college  and  was 
the  first  president  of  its  board  of  trustees.  He  returned  to 
New  Haven  in  1822.  He  published  "  A  Grammatical  In- 
stitute of  the  English  language  "  (1783-85 :  comprising 
spelhng-book,  gi'ammar,  and  reader), "  Dissertations  on  the 
English  Language  "  (1789), "  A  Compendious  Dictionary  of 
the  English  Language"  (1806),  and  "A Grammar  of  the 
English  Language  "  (1807).  He  is  best  known  from  his  large 
American  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language  "  (1828  ■  2d 

Sed.  1841).  Among  his  other  works  are  "Eights  of  Neutrals  " 
302)  "Collection  of  Papers  on  Political,  Literary,  and 
oral  Subjects  "  (1843  ),  and  a  brief  history  of  the  United 
States  (1823). 

Weckberlin(vek'er-len),  Georg  Rudolf.  Bom 

at  Stuttgart,  1584:  died  about  1653.    A  German 
poet.   He  introduced  the  ode,  sonnet,  and  other 
forms  of  verse  into  German  literature. 
Weddahs.    See  Veddahs. 


Wayland  Wood.  A  wood  near  Watton,  Eng- 
land, the  legendary  scene  of  the  murder  of  the 
"  Children  in  the  Wood." 

Wayne  (wan),  Anthony.  Bom  in  Chester 
County,  Pa.,  Jan.  1,  1745 :  died  at  Presque  Isle 
(Erie),  Pa.,  Deo.  15,  1796.  An  American  gen- 
eral: called  "  Mad  Anthony  Wayne."  in  early 
life  he  wag  a  surveyor ;  was  a  member  of  the  Pennsylva- 
nia legislature  in  1774,  and  of  the  committee  of  safety  in 
1775  ;  was  colonel  of  Pennsylvania  troops  in  Canada,  and 
served  at  Three  Rivers  in  1776  ;  commanded  at  Ticonderoga 
in  1776  ;  becamebrigadier-generalinFeb.,  1777,  and  joined 
Washington's  army;  served  at  Brandywine,  where  he 
commanded  a  division  ~ 


German  composer:  famous  as  the  creator  of 
romantic  opera.  He  received  his  musical  education 
from  Heuschkel,  Michael  Haydn,  Kalcher,  and  Vogler  • 


A  British  politician  and  jurist.  He  became  solici- 
tor-general in  1771,  and  attorney-general  in  177S ;  and  was 
chief  justice  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  1780-93,  and 
lord  chancellor  1793-1801.    He  was  created  Baron  lough- 


was  appointed  kapellmeister  at  Breslan  1804-06 ;  was     borough  in  1780,  and  earl  of  Rosslyn  in  180L 

I»7!fo?^e^  i^^M^S^L^X^^^il'^^a'^!^.  ^«'*^°9d  (wej'.wud),  Jqsiah,    B_om  at  Burs- 

where'    ^VSta     an-nnin+arl     Irn-naTlr^atnt-nn    {«      T>....~...^     J_     -<  n.  n 


,  was  appointed  kapellmeister  in  Prague  in  1813, 
*""  in  Dresden  in  1816 ;  and  visited  London  in  1826,  where 
he  died.  He  had  a  lively  interest  in  mechanical  processes, 
especially  wood-engraving  and  lithography.  His  works 
include  the  operas  "Der  Freischiitz  "  (1821),  " Euryanthe  " 
(1823), "Oberon" (1826),  " Silvana " (1810),  "AbuHassan" 
(IBlD.fi-agmentsof  "DasWaldmSdchen"  (1800),  "Rube- 
zahl,"  etc.;  music  to  "  Preciosa,"  etc. 


commanded  a  division ;  was  surprised  by  the  British  at  ™t-v tiT-ii.   i       tu         \      t.  .   ™..,, 

Paoli  Sept.  20, 1777;  commanded  the  right  wing  at  Ger-   W®''®^  "llhelm  Eduard.     Born  at  Witten- 
mantown  in  Oct.,  1777;  conducted  a  suooeastul  raid  within  .      -^   .    ~  .  -.    . 

the  British  lines  in  1778 ;  served  at  Monmouth  in  1778 ; 
stormed  Stony  Point  July  15, 1779 ;  suppressed  a  mutiny 
in  Jan.,  1781 ;  commanded  at  Green  Spring  in  1781 ;  and 
served  at  the  siege  of  Yorktown.  He  defeated  the  British 
and  Indians  in  the  south  in  1782.  In  1783  he  was  bre- 
vetted  majoiNgeneral ;  became  a  member  of  the  Pennsylva- 
nia ratifying  convention ;  and  was  member  of  Congress 
from  Georgia  1791-92.  In  1792  he  was  appointed  major- 
general  and  commander-in-chief  of  the  army.  He  took 
command  of  the  army  in  the  West ;  defeated  the  Indians 
at  Fallen  Timbers,  Maumee  Rapids,  in  1794  ;  built  Fort 
Wayne ;  and  negotiated  a  peace  with  the  Indians  in  1795. 
Waynesboro  (wanz'bu-ro).  A  small  place  in 
the  Shenandoah  valley,  in'Augusta  County,  Vir- 
ginia. There,  March  2,  1865,  the  Federals  un- 
der Sheridan  defeated  the  Confederates  under 
Early. 

Waynflete  (wan'flet),  William.  Died  1486. 
An  English  prelate,  bishop  of  Winchester: 
founder  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford.  He  was 
lord  high  chancellor  under  Henry  VI. 
Way  of  the  World,  The.  A  comedy  by  Con- 
greve,  produced  in  1700. 
Ways  of  the  Hour,  The.  A  novel  by  Cooper, 
published  in  1850. 

Wazan  (wa-zan').  A  sacred  city  of  Morocco, 
southeast  of  Tangiers. 

Weakest  Goeth  to  the  Wall,  The.  A  play  at- 
tributed to  Webster  and  Dekker  (1600).  It  was 
probably  byMunday. 

Weald  (weld).  The  name  given  in  England  to  an 
oval-shaped  area,  bounded  by  a  line  topograph- 
ically well  marked  by  an  escarpment  of  the 
Chalk,  which  begins  at  Folkestone  Hill,  near 
the  Strait  of  Dover,  and  passes  through  the 
counties  of  Kent,  Surrey,  Hants,  and  Sussex, 
meeting  the  sea  again  at  Beaohy  Head,  it  em- 
braces the  southwestern  part  of  Kent,  the  southern  part 
of  Surrey,  the  north  and  northeastern  half  of  Sussex,  and 
a  small  part  of  the  eastern  side  of  Hampshire. 

Wealth  of  Nations,  The.  The  chief  work  of 
Adam  Smith,  published  in  1776:  the  founda- 
tion of  the  science  of  political  economy. 

Wear  (wer).    A  river  in  Durham,   England,  Webster,  Fletcher.    Bom  1813:  kiUed  at  the 
which  flows  into  the  North  Sea  at  Sunderland,     second  battle  of  Bull  Run,  Aug.  30, 1862, 
Length,  about  60  miles.  son  of  Daniel  Webster.    He  was  a  colonel  in 

Weathercock  (weTH'6r-kok),  The.    A  name    the  Civil  War. 

given  to  Charles  Townshend,  on  account  of  the  Webster,  John.    Flourished  in  the  first  part  of 
instability  of  his  political  opinions.  the  17th  century  (1602-24).    An  English  dram- 

Weaver  (we'v6r).  A  small  river  in  Cheshire,    atist,  noted  for  his  tragedies.    Little  is  known  of 


lem,  England,  July  12,1730:  diedatEtraria,near 
Newcastle-under-Lyme,  Jan.  3,  1795.    A  cele- 
brated English  potter,  noted  especially  for  h^s 
copies  of  classical  vases  and  other  antiquities. 
Wedmore  (wed'mor).     A  place  in  Somerset, 
England,  8  miles  west  of  Wells.     Here,  in  878  a 
peace  was  concluded  between  Guthrum,  king  of  the  Danes, 
and  Alfred  the  Great.    The  latter  secured  Wessex  and  the 
..  »-Moi,   ..11UCJ.111  jjuuaiu.     J3U111  au    vvinen-     southern  part  of  Mercia ;  the  region  Ivine  in  ffeneral  north 
berg,  Prussia,  Oct.  24, 1804 :  died  at  G6ttingeu,     of  Watling  street  and  the  Thames  vaUey  f  ell  to  the  Danes! 
June  23,  1891.   A  distinguished  German  physi-  Wednesbury  (wenz'bu-ri).   Atownin  Stafford- 
cist,brother  of  EmstHeinrich Weber:  professor    shire,  England,  7  miles  northwest  of  Birming- 
at  Gottmgen  from  1831  (with  the  exception  of    ham.     it  is  an  iron-  and  coal-mining  center,  and  has 
ttie  years  1837-49) :  especially  noted  for  his  re-     manufactures  of  iron  and  steel.    Population  (1891),  26,342. 
searches  in  magnetism  and  electricity.    He  was  Wednesday  (wenz'da).     [Lit.  'Woden's  day.'] 
one  of  the  seven  liberal  professors  excluded  from  Got-     The  fourth  day  of  the  week, 
tingen  in  1837.  .  He  was  a^sodated  wMi  Msbrotter  in        Weed  (wed)  ThurloW.     Bom  at  Cairo,  Greene 

County,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  15, 1797:  died  at  New  York 
city,  Nov.  22,  1882.  A  noted  American  jour- 
nalist and  politician.  He  was  educated  as  a  printer ; 
served  in  the  War  of  1812 ;  was  editor  of  various  papers  In 
New  York,  including  the  "Agriculturist "  (Norwich,  N.  Y.V 
"  Onondaga  County  Republican,"  "Rochester  Telegraph," 
and  "Anti-Mason  Enquirer" ;  became  famous  as  editor  of 
the  Albany  "  Evening  Journal "  1830-62,  and  as  one  of  the 
leaders  of  the  Whig  and  Republican  parties ;  and  was  very 
Influential  in  State  and  national  politics  1824-76.  He  was 
instrumental  in  nominating  Harrison  in  1836  and  1840, 
Clay  in  1844,  Taylor  in  1848,  and  Scott  in  1862 ;  formed  with 
Seward  and  Greeley  a  triumvirate  in  New  York ;  supported 
Lincoln  and  the  war ;  and  was  sent  by  lincoln  on  a  mission 
to  Europe  1861-62.  After  the  war  he  was  for  a  short  time 
editor  of  the  New  York  "Commercial  Advertiser."  He 
published  "letters  from  Europe  and  the  West  Indies" 
(1866),  "Reminiscences"  ("Atlantic  Monthly,"  1870),  and 


work  on  wave-theory,  "  Wellenlehre  "  (1825),  with  Gauss 
in  "Resultate  aus  den  Beobachtungen  des  magnetischen 
Vereins  1836-41 "  and  "  Atlas  des  Erdmagnetismus  "  (1840). 

Weber  (we'bfer)  Canon.  A  deep  cafion  of  the 
Weber  Eiver,  noted  for  its  scenery.  It  is  trav- 
ersed by  the  Union  Pacific  Eailroad. 

Weber  Biver.  A  small  river  in  northem  Utah, 
a  tributary  to  Great  Salt  Lake. 

Webster  (web'ster),  Daniel.  Bom  at  Salis- 
bury (Franklin),  N.  H.,  Jan.  18,  1782:  died 
at  Marshfield,  Mass.,  Oct.  24,  1852.  A  famous 
American  statesman,  orator,  and  lawyer.  He 
studied  atBxeter  Academy  and  Boscawen,  New  Hampshire ; 
graduated  atDartmouth  College  in  1801;  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  at  Boston  in  1805 ;  practised  law  at  Boscawen  and  Ports- 
mouth; was  Federalist  member  of  Congress  from  New 

Hampshire  1813-17 ;  and  removed  to  Boston  in  1816.    He  „,    ..  .         ,,    „ 

acquired  a  national  reputation  as  a  lawyer  in  the  Dart-  ^  'Autobiography,'  completed  by  T.  W.  Barnes  (1884). 
mouth  College  case  in  1818 ;  was  member  of  Congress  from  WeehawkeU  (we-ha'ken).     A  village  in  Hud- 
Massachusetts  1823-27;  was  Whig  United  States  senator     son  Countv    New  .TersBv    TinW-Vi  nf   TTn>>/»to», 
from  Massachusetts  1827-41;  became  famous  for  his  con-     :°„±.°  .   &_ -^Y-,,  5S!7'  ??"^^  °*,  Hoboken,_ 


stitutional  speeches  in  reply  to  Hayne  in  1830,  and  in  op- 
position to  Calhoun  in  1833;  opposed  Jackson  on  the 
United  States  Bank  question ;  received  several  electoral 
votes  for  President  in  1836 ;  and  was  an  unsuccessful  can- 
didate for  the  Whig  nomination  in  later  years.    In  1839 
he  visited  Europe.    He  was  secretary  of  state  1841-43 ;  ne-  .,„ 
gotiated  the  Ashburton  treaty  with  Great  Britain  1842;    Wega, 
was  United  States  senator  from  Massachusetts  1845-60    "*""" 
opposed  the  Mexican  war  and  the  annexation  of  Texas 
supported  Clay's  compromise  measures  in  his  "7th  of 
March  speech  "  in  1850 ;  was  secretary  of  state  1850-52  ;  and 
was  again  candidate  for  the  Whig  nomination  for  President 
in  1862.  His  chief  public  speeches  (aside  from  those  made 
in  Congress  and  at  the  bar)  are  addresses  delivered  on  the 
anniversary  at  Plymouth  in  1820,  on  the  laying  of  the  comer- 


opposite  New  York  city.    It  was  the  scene  of 
the  duel  between  Burr  and  Hamilton  in  1804. 
Population  (1900),  township,  5,325. 
Weeping  Philosopher,  The.    A  name  given 
to  Heraclitus. 

See  Vega. 


Hill  monument  in  1843,  and  on  the  laying  of  the  corner- 
stone of  the  addition  to  the  Capitol  in  1851. 


England,  which  joins  the  estuary  of  the  Mer- 
sey 12  miles  southeast  of  Liverpool. 
Weaver,  James  B.  Bom  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  June 
12,  1833.  An  American  politician.  He  served  in 
the  Union  army  in  the  Civil  War,  attaining  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general  ■  was  member  of  Congress  from  Iowa 
1879-81 ;  was  the  candidate  of  the  Greenback-labor  party 
for  President  in  1880,  and  of  the  People's  party  in  1892 ;  and 
was  Greenback-labor  and  Democratic  member  of  Congress 
from  Iowa  1885-89. 


was  United  States  senator  from  Massachusetts  1846-60;  Wogg    (weg),  SilaS      A  wooden-legged  seller 

,A  fi,»  ivf«.,>»n  w,.  ..H  fi,»  ...„„«„.  „,  T„„..    gf  fj.^^^  and  printed  ballads  in  Dicklns's  "  Our 

Mutual  Friend,"  employed  by  Mr.  BofSn,  whose 

education  had  been  neglected,  to  read  to  him 

out  of  "old  familiar  Decline-and-Pall-off-the- 

ui  luB  coiuer     Kooshau-Empire,"  with  an  occasional  drop  into 

stone  of  BunkerHill  monument  in  1826,'  on  Sle"death^"'of  -E"^*'"?''     ^BS  t"rns  out  to  be  a  rascal. 

Jefferson  and  Adams  in  1826,  on  the  dedication  of  Bunker  WogglS,  Or  WaggiS  (veg'gis) .    A  village  in  the 

TT=„  i.-_.,o.„  ._j  ._  ..V.  ,...=       «iv  canton  of  Lucerne,  Switzerland,  situated  on 

the  Lake  of  Lucerne  7  miles  east  by  south  of 
_,       Lucerne :  a  health  and  tourist  resort. 
>i  ?^  Wehlau  (va'lou).    A  town  in  the  province  of 
East  Prussia,  Prussia,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  AUe  with  the  Pregel,  29  miles  east  of  Konigs- 
berg.    Here  a  peace  was  concluded  between  Poland  and 
Brandenburg  Sept.  19, 1667,  by  which  Poland  renounced 
.  X  .-„  , ,       -■>      i       ,,-.,..,  X  ?™  suzerainty  over  the  duchy  of  Prussia,  and  Branden- 

his  biography.  He  assisted  Dekker,  Drayton,  Middleton,  burg  restored  its  recent  conquests  to  Poland.  Population 
andothersin  "ladyJane"(1602)  and"TheTwoHarpie8"     (1895),  5,229. 

{^^-  .4XSfHo^"KS"Tt'iZ^o'l°s'i;  Wehrathal  Cva'ra-tal).  One  of  the  most  pic- 
Thomas  Wyatt"  (played  in  1607).  "The  Weakest  Goeth  to  turesque  vaUeys  m  the  southem  part  of  the 
the  Wall "  (1600)  is  attributed,  without  authority,  to  him.  Black  Forest,  Germany,  near  the  Swiss  frontier. 
His-flnest  plays  are  "The  White  Devil"  (printed  1612)  and  Weichsel  (vik'sel).  The  German  name  of  the 
"The  Duchess  of  Malfl    (printed  1623).    He  also  wrote    Viotulfl 

"  The  Devil's  Law  Case"(1623),  "A  City  Pageant  "(1624),  and  „.  J,  '7,.      ,„„„„,         ^  ,    „.  ,    ,^ 

"Appius  and  Virginia  "(not  printed  till  1654).  Twoother  Weigl  (vigl),  Joseph.  Born  at  Eisenstadt, 
plays  are  attributed  to  Webster  and  Rowley:  "A  Cure    March  28,  1766 .  died  at  Vienna,  Feb.  3.  1846. 


Weigl 


1054 


An  Austrian  composer  of  opera.    He  was  made  Weisse  (vis'se),  Christian  Hermann,  Bom 

at  Leipsic,  Aug.  10, 1801 :  died  at  Leipsie,  Sept. 
19,  1866.  A  German  philosopher,  professor  at 
Leipsie.  He  wrote  "System  der  Asthetik" 
(1830),  and  many  other  philosophical  works. 
Weissenburg  (vis 'sen -bore),  or  Kronweis- 
senburg  (kron-vis'sen-boro).  [F.  Wisseni- 
bourg.']  A  town  in  Lower  Alsace,  Alsace-Lor- 
raine, situated  on  the  Lauter,  near  the  fron- 
tier of  the  Palatinate,  32  miles  north  by  east 
of  Strasburg.  it  was  a  free  imperial  city,  and  was  for- 
merly fortified.  It  passed  to  France  in  1697,  and  to  Ger- 
many in  1871.  A  victory  was  gained  there,  Aug.  4, 1870,  by 
the  Germans  under  the  Crown  Prince  of  Prussia  oyer  tlie 
French  under  Douay  (who  fell  in  the  battle).  This  was  the 
first  important  engagement  in  the  Franco-German  war. 


second  court  kapellmeister  in  1827.  He  composed  about 
30  operas,  both  German  and  Italian.  Among  them  are  the 
"Schweizer  Familie  "(1809),  "Das  Waisenhaus,"  "L'Uni- 
forme,"  "Cleopatra"  (1807),  "II  rivale  di  s6  stesso"  (1807), 
"^'Imboscata"(1816),  etc.  He  also  composed  a  number 
of  cantatas,  two  oratorios,  etc. 

Wei-hai-wei  (wa'i-hi-wa'i).  A  seaport  on  the 
north  shore  of  the  Shan-tung  peninsula,  China, 
leased  to  Great  Britain  in  1898. 

Wei-ho  (wa'e-ho).  A  river  in  northwestern 
China  which  joins  the  Yellow  River  at  the  in- 
tersection of  the  provinces  of  Shensi,  Shansi, 
and  Honan.    Length,  about  500  miles. 

Weil  (vil),  Gustav.  Bom  April  24, 1808 :  died 
Aug.  80,  1889.  A  (Jerman  historian  and  Orien- 
talist, professor  at  Heidelberg.  He  wrote  "  Mo- 
hammed" (1843),  "Geschichte  der  Kalifen"  ( 
of  the  Califs,"  1846-62),  a  translation  of  the  "Arabian 
Nights,"  works  on  the  Koran  and  Arabian  literature,  "Ge 
schichte  der  islamitischen  Velker  "  (1866),  etc. 


Population  (1890),  6,376. 

History  Weissenburg,  or  Lauterburg  (lou'ter-bora), 
Lines.  Fortifications  formerly  extending  from 
Weissenburg  in  Alsace  to  Lauterburg.  They  were 

■WpiThiirff  rvirhoTO"!  A  towii  in  thn  nTovinpe  taken  by  the  Austrians  under  Wurmser  in  1793 ;  were  re- 
W  eUDUrg  ( vil  DorG) .  A  town  in  ine  province  ^^^^^  j,  ^■^^^  French  under  Pichegru  in  1793 ;  and  were  de- 
of  Hesse-Nassau,  lonissia,  situated  on  the  Lahn    stroyed  in  1873. 

33  miles  northwest  of  Frankfort.    It  has  a  castle,  Weissenfels  (vis'sen-fels).  A  town  in  the  pro  v- 
the  ancient  residence  of  the  dukes  of  Nassau- WeUburg.     jhcq  ^f  Saxony,  Prassia,  situated  on  the  Saale  20 

■mIi^^^°tlin^\^;^Jka■^i^  r^u  Tnao^'hTr^r,  tj,,™  miles  southwest  of  Leipsic.  it  has  flourishing  mau- 

Weilen  ( Vl  len),  or  Weil  ( yil),  Joseph  von.  Bom  „,actures  and  trade.    From  1667  to  1746  it  was  a  residence 

at 'ietin,  JBohemia,  Dec.  18,  ISdO.    An  Austrian  ofthe  dukes  of  Saxe-Weissenfels.  Population (1890),  23,779. 

dramatist  and  poet.     He  wrote  the  poems  "Phanta-  Weissenstein   (vis'sen-stin).     A  mountain   of 

Bien  und  Lieder"  (1863),  "Manner  TomS^^^          etc. ;  ^■^^  j^^g^  j^  the  canton  of  Solothurn,  Switzer- 

the  dramas  " Tristan    (1860),  "  Edda    (1866),  etc.  , ,    „„„..  a„i„+i,„„„  .  T.^+a,^  f^,.  ;+=  ™„„ „i 

Weimar  (vi'mar).    The  capital  of  the  grand  IS^.'^'.^^^'^Jplpt^"™:  '^°^^  ^°'^  '*s  prospect. 


duchy  of  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,  Germany,  sit- 
uated on  the  nm  in  lat.  50°  58'  N.,  long.  11° 
19'  E.  It  became  famous  as  the  "  German  Athens,"  the 
center  of  German  literature,  in  the  last  quarter  of  the  18th 
and  the  first  quarter  of  the  19th  century,  from  the  resi- 
dence there  of  Goethe,  Schiller,  Herder,  and  Wieland  un- 
der the  patronage  of  the  grand  duke  Charles  Augustus. 
It  was  also  the  place  of  residence  of  Cranach,  Liszt,  etc. 
Goethe's  house,  given  to  the  poet  by  the  grand  duke,  and 


Height,  4,220  feet. 
Weissliorn  (vis'hom).  [G.,' white  town.']  1. 
A  mountain  in  the  Bernese  Alps,  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  cantons  of  Bern  and  Valais,  Swit- 
zerland, north  of  Sierre.  Height,  9,882  feet. — 
3.  A  peak  of  the  Pennine  Alps,  in  the  canton 
of  Valais,  Switzerland,  north  of  the  Matter- 
hom.    Height,  14,803  feet. 


occupied  by  him  for  40  years,  is  now  arranged  as  a  Goethe  WeisSnichtwO  (vis'nieht-vo).     [G.,  '(I)  know 

Museum,  and  restored  to  its  condition  at  the  time  of  not  where.']      An  imaginary  city  in  Carlvle's 

Goethe's  occupancy.    It  contains  gifts  and  other  personal  "  cJoT.f-nr  ■Resflrtiis  " 

souvenirs  of  the  poet,  portraits  in  painting  and  sculpture,  oaii-ui  "<=»<»ii'"=-                                     •  a.,      i     , 

and  much  else  of  artistic  and  historical  interest.    Other  Weitspefean  (wit  spek-an).     A  linguistic  stock 

objectsof  interest  are  the  palace  (built  under  Goethe's  su-  of  North  American  Indians:  also  of  ten  called 


perintendence),  museum,  library,  theater,  Schiller'shouse, 
group  of  statuary  (Schiller  and  Goethe),  statues  of  Wieland, 
Herder,  and  Charles  Augustus,  tombs,  etc.,  and  the  neigh- 
boring ch&teaus  of  Belvedere,  Tiefurt,  and  Ettersburg. 
Weimar  became  the  capital  in  the  middle  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury. Population  (1890),  24,646. 
Weimar,  Duke  of  (Bemhard).    See  Bernhard. 


YwoTc,  from  its  leading  division.  Its  territory  was 
chiefly  within  the  limits  of  Humboldt  County,  California ; 
and  it  was  in  two  divisions — the  Yurok,  inhabiting  the 
Klamath  River  and  the  coast  from  near  its  mouth  south- 
ward to  Gold  Bluff ;  and  the  Chilula,  extending  from  the 
latter  point  southward.  The  principal  tribes  or  villages 
are  Mita,  Pekwan,  Uikwa,  Sugon,  and  Weitspek. 


Weinsberg  (vins'berG).  A  town  in  the  Neckar  Weitzel  (vit'sel),  Godfrey.     Born  at  Cinein- 


circle,  Wiirtemberg,  27  miles  north  by  east  of 
Stuttgart :  formerly  a  free  imperial  city.  A  vic- 
tory was  gained  there  by  the  emperor  Conrad  over  Count 
Welf  in  1140.  In  this  battle,  according  to  tradition,  were 
for  the  first  time  used  the  war-cries  "Hie  Waiblingen  1" 
"  Hie  Welf  1"  SeeG««J/«andeAi6eiKnes.  Population,  2,313. 

Weir(wer), Harrison  William.  Born  atLewes, 
England,  May  5,  1824.  .An  English  engraver, 
illustrator,  and  sketcher  of  animals 


nati,  Nov.  1, 1835 :  died  at  Philadelphia,  March 
19, 1884.  An  American  general  and  military  en- 
gineer. He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1855 ;  was  chief 
engineer  in  Butler's  expedition  to  New  Orleans  in  1862, 
and  assistant  military  commander  and  acting  mayor  there ; 
gained  the  victory  of  Labadieville,  Louisiana,Oct.  27, 1862 ; 
served  before  Port  Hudson  and  in  the  Sabine  Pass  expe- 
dition ;  was  chief  engineer  of  the  Army  of  the  James  in 
1864,  and  corps  commander ;  took  part  in  the  capture  of 
Fort  Harrison  and  in  the  first  expedition  against  Fort 


Weir,  John  Ferguson.  Bom  at  West  Point,  Fisher ;  and  was  in  command  of  the  troops  which  occu- 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  28, 1841.  An  American  subiect- and  pied  Eiohmond  April  3, 1865.  He  became  major-general 
nnrtT-ait  nninter  «oti  and  nimil  of  T?  W  Wpir  <>'  volunteers  m  Nov.,  1864,  and  brevet  major-general  m 
portrait-pamterj  son  ana  pupn  ox  «.  \y.  W  eir.    jj^^  regular  army  in  March,  1866. 

He  was  made  a  national  academician  in  1866,  and  became  ■«t7.-i„v„_  /,,„l'Von.^  X'l-lail'rin'h  Pn+flio^  Rat-t) 
director  of  theYale  School  of  Fine  Arts  in  1869.  Among  his  Welcker  (vel  ker),  FnedriCh  Gottlieb,  liorn 
works  are  "Christmas  Bells,"  "Gun  Foundry"  (1867),  at Grunberg,Hesse, Nov.  4,  1784:  died atBonn, 
"  Forging  the  Shaft "  (1868).  Dec.  17, 1868.  A  German  classical  arehseologist 

Weir,  Julian  Alden.  Born  at  West  Point,  Aug.  and  philologist,  professor  at  Bonn  from  1819. 
30,  1852.  An  .American  genre-  and  portrait-  Among  his  works  are  "Die  aschylisohe  Trilogie" (1824), 
painter,  son  and  pupil  of  K.  W.  Weir.  He  studied  '.' ™«  griechischen  Tragodien  mit  Riicksicht  ai^  den  ep- 
with  G^rOme  in  Paris  1872-76.  and  was  elected  national    'X!'^f^^^'^:'^f^°^^^^XJ^B?7BCf'>       ^  ^ 

academician  in  1886.   He  is  one  of  the  founders  of  the  So-  £?^^i^^\'     "^i?  Denkmaler    (1849-64).  ■,  „^„  ,. 

cietyofAmericanArtists.Amonghisworksare"TheMuseWelde (weld),  Thomas.  Bornm JLnglandaOout 
of  Music"  (Metropolitan  Museum),  "Breton  Interior,"  1590 :  died  1662.  An  English  clergyman.  He  emi- 
"  The  Mother,"  a  number  of  fiower-pieces,  and  water-color  grated  to  New  England  and  became  minister  in  Koxbury. 
paintings.  He  wrote  against  the  Antinomians,  Familists,  etc.,  and 

Weir,  Kobert  Walter.   Bom  at  New  Eochelle,    was  one  of  the  authors  of  the  "  Bay  Psalm-Book  "  (1640). 
N.Y.,  June  18,  1803:  died  at  New  York,  May   H«''jt?™?lt°  ^°8i*5?-  ,, 
1,1889.    An  American  historical  and  landscape  Welf  (velf).     beehuelp 

painter.  He  studied  at  Florence  and  Bome ;  was  elected  Welfesholze  (vel'f  es-holt-se)  A  place  near 
National  academician  in  1829 ;  and  was  professor  of  draw-  Eisleben,  Germany,  where  m  1115  a  battle  oc- 
ing  at  West  Point  1837-79.  Among  his  paintings  are  "Em-  curred  between  the  Saxons  and  the  Imperialists, 
barkationof  the  PUgrims" (Capitol,  Washington),  "land- ■\y elf S  A  famous  German  princely  house, 
ing  of  Hendrik  Hudson,"  "Columbus  before  the  Council  p  j^.  ^re  descended  the  Bmnswick  and  Ha- 
of  oalamanca.  , .  c       ^     i^ 

nover  lines,     bee  bueljs. 

Welhaven   (vel'ha-ven),  Johan    Sebastian 
Oammermeyer.   Born  at  Bergen,  Dec.  20, 1807 


Weird  Sisters,  The.  The  three  witches  in 
Shakspere's  "  Macbeth." 

Weishaupt  (vis'houpt),  Adam.  Bom  at  Ingol- 
stadt,  Bavaria,  Feb.  6,  1748 :  died  at  Gotha, 
Nov.  18,  1830.  A  German  author,  founder  of 
the  niuminati.  He  wrote  "  Apologie  der  lUuminaten  " 
(1788),  "Das  verbesserte  System  der  Illuminaten"(1787), 
"Pjrthagora8"(1790),  etc. 

Weismann  (vis'man),  August.  Bom  at  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Main,  Jan.  17,1834.  A  noted  German 
zoologist.  He  studied  medicine  at  Gottingen,  Vienna, 
and  Paris,  and  also  paid  special  attention  to  the  natural 
sciences.  He  began  to  devote  himself  to  zoblogy  with 
Leuckart  at  Giessen  in  1863.  He'has  been  specially  inter- 
ested in  biology.  In  1873  he  became  professor  at  Freiburg. 
Among  his  principal  works  are  '*Die  Entwickelung  der 
Dipteren  "  (1864),  "StudienzurDesceiidenzTheorie"  (1876- 
1876),  "Naturgeachichte  der  Daphniden "  (1876-79),  "Die 
Entstehung  der  Sexualzellen  bei  den  Hydromedusen " 
(1883),  and  a  number  of  philosophical  treatises. 


diedatChristiania,  Oct.  21,  1873.  A  Norwegian 
lyric  poet.  He  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman.  In  1826 
he  went  to  Christiania  to  study  theology  at  the  university ; 
but  on  the  death  of  his  father,  in  1828,  he  gave  this  up  for 
a  literary  career.  His  first  important  work  was  a  long 
polemical  poem,  really  a  series  of  sonnets,  entitled ' '  Norges 
Domrtng"  ("Norway's  Twilight"),  published  In  1834.  In 
1840  he  was  made  professor  of  philosophy  at  the  Christi- 
ania University,  a  position  which  he  held  until  1867,  when 
he  was  compelled  to  relinquish  it  on  account  of  ill  health. 
Between  1889  and  1869  appeared  numerous  lyrical  poems. 
His  pamphlet "  Dm  Henrik  Wergelands  Digtekunst  og  Poe- 
sie"("On  Henrik  Wergeland's  Poetic  Art  and  Poetry  '), 
published  in  1832,  was  a  merciless  attack  upon  the  poet 
Wergeland.  His  collected  writings  were  published  at 
Copenhagen  1867-68. 
Welland  (wel'and).  1.  A  river  in  England 
which  separates  in  part  Northampton  from  Lei- 


Wellesley,  Marquis  of 

cester,  Rutland,  and  Lincoln,  and  flows  into  the 
Wash.  Length,  about  70  miles. — 2.  A  small 
river  in  Ontario  which  joins  the  Niagara  above 
the  falls. 

Welland  Canal.  A  ship-canal  in  Ontario,  ex- 
tending from  Port  Colborne  on  Lake  Erie  to 
Port  Dalhousie  on  Lake  Ontario.  Length,  27 
miles.    It  was  opened  in  1833. 

Well-Beloved,  The.  [_F.  Bien-Jimi.']  A  name 
given  to  (3harles  VI.  of  France,  and  also  to 
Louis  XV. 

Welle  (wel'le),  or  Welle-Makua  (-ma-ko'a). 
A  large  river  in  equatorial  Africa  which  flows 
westward  from  the  vicinity  of  Wadelai.  It  is  the 
upper  course  of  the  Mobangi  or  Ubangi,  and  was  discov- 
ered by  Schweinfurth  in  1870.  Its  connection  with  the 
XJbangi  was  shown  by  Van  G61e. 

Weller  (wel'er),  Sam.  The  servant  of  Mr. 
Pickwick  in  Dickens's  "Pickwick  Papers,"  an 
impudent  witty  fellow  with  an  immense  fund 
of  humor,  a  merry  heart,  and  an  inexhaustible 
devotion  to  his  master.  His  father,  Tony  Weller,  is 
an  apoplectic  pimple-nosed  coachman,  full  of  good  nature 
and  kindliness,  with  a  dread  of  "  widders "  and  a  great 
admiration  for  his  son  Sam  and  Mr.  Pickwick.  His  "sec- 
ond wentur'"  is  a  scolding  slovenly  woman,  devoted  to 
religious  matters. 

Sam  Weller,  one  of  those  people  that  take  their  place 
among  the  supreme  successes  of  fiction,  as  one  that  no- 
body ever  saw  but  everybody  recognizes,  at  once  perfectly 
natural  and  intensely  original.  .  .  .  Who  is  so  amazed  by 
his  inexhaustible  resources,  or  so  amused  by  his  inextin- 
guishable laughter,  as  to  doubt  of  his  being  as  ordinary 
and  perfect  a  reality,  nevertheless,  as  anything  in  the  Iion- 
don  streets?  Forstery  Life  of  Dickens,  ii.  1. 

Welles  (welz),  Gideon.  Bom  at  Glastonbury, 
Conn.,  July  1,  1802 :  died  at  Hartford,  Conn., 
Feb.  11, 1878.  An  American  politician.  He  was 
editor  of  the  "Hartford  Times"  1826-36,  and  a  Democratic 
leader.  From  1846  to  1849  he  was  chief  of  the  bureau  of  pro- 
visions and  clothing  in  the  navy  department.  He  joined 
the  Kepublican  party  in  1865,  and  became  one  of  its  lead- 
ers.   From  1861  to  1869  he  was  secretary  of  the  navy. 

Wellesley  (welz'li),  or  Wesley  (wez'li),  Ar- 
thur, Viscount  Wellington,  Earl  and  later  Mar- 
quis and  Duke  of  Wellington.  Born  at  Dublin 
(or  in  Meath  ?),  Ireland,  April  30  (May  1  ?),  1769 : 
died  at  Walmer  Castle,  England,  Sept.  14, 1852. 
A  famous  British  general  and  statesman,  son 
of  the  first  Earl  of  Mornington,  and  younger 
brother  of  the  Marquis  of  Wellesley.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  at  the  military  college  of  Angers ; 
entered  the  army  as  ensign  in  1787 ;  was  elected  to 
the  Irish  Parliament  in  1790 ;  served  in  the  Netherlands 
1794-96 ;  was  made  a  colonel  in  1796  and  sent  to  India ; 
took  part  in  the  victory  of  Malaveli  and  the  attack  on 
Seringapatam  in  1799 ;  was  appointed  governor  of  Mysore ; 
defeated  the  chieftain  Doondiah  in  1800 ;  became  major- 
general  in  1802 ;  was  commander  of  the  expedition  to 
restore  the  Peshwa  in  1803;  defeated  the  Mahrattas  at 
Assaye  (Sept.  23)  and  Argaum  (Nov.)  in  1803  ;  negotiated 
peace  in  1803 ;  and  was  knighted,  and  returned  from 
India  in  1806.  He  took  part  in  the  expedition  to  Han- 
nover in  1805 ;  entered  the  Bi-itish  House  of  Commons  in 
1806 ;  was  secretary  for  Ireland  in  1807 ;  served  in  the  ex- 
pedition against  Copenhagen  in  1807  ;  was  made  lieuten- 
ant-general and  commander  of  the  forces  in  the  Penin- 
sula in  1808 ;  gained  the  victory  of  Vimiero  Aug.  21, 1808 ; 
returned  to  England  after  the  Convention  of  Cintra ;  and 
was  again  Irish  secretary  in  1809,  and  again  commander- 
in-chief  in  the  Peninsula  April,  1809.  He  gained  the  vic- 
tory of  Talavera  in  1809,  and  was  made  Viscount  Welling- 
ton in  the  same  year ;  fortiiied  the  lines  of  Torres  Vedras ; 
repulsed  the  French  at  Busacoin  1810 ;  gained  the  victory 
of  Fuentes  d'Onoro  in  1811 ;  stormed  Ciudad  lUidrigo  and 
Badajoz  in  1812 ;  gained  the  victory  of  Salamanca  in  1812, 
and  was  made  earl  and  marquis  of  Wellington  in  that  year; 
occupied  Madrid ;  besieged  Burgos  unsuccessfully  in  1812 ; 
gained  the  victory  of  Vitoria  in  1813 ;  won  various  bat- 
fles  in  the  Pyrenees;  captured  San  Sebastian  and  Pam- 
plona in  1813 ;  and  invaded  France  and  won  the  victories  of 
Orthez  and  Toulouse  in  1814.  In  1814  he  was  made  duke 
of  Wellington.  He  was  ambassador  at  Paris  1814-15,  and 
plenipotentiary  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna  1815 ;  gained  the 
victory  of  Quatre-Bras  June  16,  1815 ;  commanded  with 
Bliicher  at  Waterloo  June  18,  1815 ;  negotiated  in  the 
restoration  of  the  Bourbons  and  in  the  peace  of  Paris  in 
1815 ;  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  of  occupa- 
tion in  France  1815-18 ;  attended  the  congresses  of  Aix- 
la-Chapelle  in  1818  and  Verona  in  1822 ;  became  master- 
general  of  the  ordnance  in  1819,  and  member  of  the 
cabinet;  was  made  ambassador  to  Russia  in  1826 ;  became 
commander-in-chief  of  the  army  in  1827 ;  and  was  prime 
minister  1828-30.  Catholic  emancipation  was  carried  in 
his  administration,  but  he  opposed  parliamentary  reform. 
He  was  foreign  secretary  1834-85,  and  a  member  of  the 
cabinet  1841-46. 

Wellesley,  Marquis  of  (Richard  Cowley  or 
Wesley  or  Wellesley,  second  Earl  of  Morn- 
ington). Born  at  Dublin,  June  20,  1760:  died 
at  London,  Sept.  26, 1842.  A  British  statesman, 
elder  brother  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington.  He 
succeeded  to  the  earldom  in  1781,  and  became  a  member 
of  the  Irish  House  of  Peers  ;  entered  the  English  House 
of  Commons  in  1784 ;  became  a  lord  of  the  treasury,  mem- 
ber of  the  privy  council,  and  member  of  the  board  of  control 
on  Indian  affairs ;  and  was  appointed  governor-general  of 
India  in  1797.  He  arrived  in  India  in  1798 ;  overthrew 
the  power  of  Mysore  in  1799 ;  defeated  the  Mahratta  con- 
federacy 1803-05  ;  extinguished  ftench  influence  in  the 
Deccan  ;  greatly  developed  British  power  in  India ;  and 
returned  in  1805.    In  1797  he  was  made  Baron  Wellesley, 


Wellesley,  Marctuis  of 

and  in  1799  marquis.  He  was  ambassador  to  Spain  1808- 
1809 ;  f  oreiffn  secretary  1809-12 ;  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland 
1821-28  and  1833-34 ;  and  lord  chamberlain  in  1835. 

Wellesley  College.  An  institution  for  the 
higher  education  of  women,  situated  at  Welles- 
ley, Massachusetts,  15  miles  west  by  south  of 
Boston.  It  was  founded  by  H.  F.  Durant,  and  opened 
in  1875 ;  is  non-sectarian ;  has  a  library  of  about  60,000  vol- 
umes ;  and  has  about  80  instructors  and  700  students. 

Wellesley  Islands.  A  group  of  islands  in  the 
Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  Australia,  belon^ng  to 
Queensland.    The  largest  is  Morningtou  Island. 

Wellesley  Province.  An  administrative  divi- 
sion of  the  British  colony  of  Straits  Settlements, 
situated  on  the  western  side  of  the  Malay  Pe- 
ninsula, about  lat.  5°  20'  N. 

Well-Founded  Doctor,  The.  [L.  Doctor  Fun- 
datissimus.']  A  name  given  to  .Slgidius  Eo- 
manus  of  Colonna. 

Wellhausen  (vel'hou-zen),  Julius.  Bom  at 
Hameln,  May  17,  1844.  A  distinguished  Ger- 
man theologian  and  bibUeal  critic,  professor 
successively  at  Greifswald  (1872),  Halle  (1882), 
Marburg  (1885),  and  Gbttingen  (1892).  His  works 
include  "Text  der  Biicher  Samuelis"  (1871),  "Die  Pharl- 
saerund  Sadduoaer"(1874),  "Prolegomena zurGeschichte 
Israels"  (1878-86),  etc. 

Welling  (wel'ing),  James  Clarke.    Bom  at 

Trenton,  N.  J.,  July  14, 1825 :  liied  Sept.  5, 1894. 
An  American  editor  and  educator.  He  was  editor 
of  the  Washington  "  National  Intelligencer  "  in  the  Civil 
War  period,  and  president  of  St.  John's  College,  Annapo- 
lis, 1867-70.  From  1871  he  was  president  of  Columbian 
University,  Washington. 

Wellingborough  (wel'ing-bur-o).  A  town  in 
the  county  of  Northampton,  England,  situated 
near  the  union  of  the  Ise  and  Nen,  10  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Northampton.  Population  (1891), 
15,068. 

Wellington  (wel'ing-ton).  An  island  near  the 
western  coast  of  Patagonia,  about  lat.  48°-50° 
S. ,  belonging  to  Chile.  Length,  about  100  miles. 

Wellington.  The  capital  of  New  Zealand  and 
of  Hutt  County  in  the  North  Island,  situated 
on  Port  Nicholson  in  lat.  41°  17'  S.,  long.  174° 
47'  E.  It  has  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  the  colony, 
and  important  trade.  Population  (1891),  with  suburbs, 
32,224. 

Wellington.  A  town  in  the  county  of  Som- 
erset, England,  23  miles  northeast  of  Exeter. 
From  it  the  Duke  of  Wellington  took  his  title. 
Population  (1891),  6,808. 

Wellington,  Duke  of.    See  Wellesley,  Arthur. 

Wellington,  Mount.  A  mountain  in  Tasmania, 
near  Hobart  Town.    Height,  4,170  feet. 

Wells  (welz).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Somer- 
set, England,  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Meudip 
Hills,  17  miles  southwest  of  Bath,  it  is  the  seat  of 
a  bishopric,  now  conjoined  with  that  of  Bath.  The  cathe- 
dral is  in  the  main  of  the  first  halt  of  the  13th  century, 
with  square  central  tower  and  Lady  chapel  of  the  14th.  The 
plan  shows  square  chevet  and  single  transepts.  The  wide 
west  front,  flanked  by  two  towers,  is  somewhat  of  the  char- 
acter of  that  of  Salisbury  in  its  superposed  and  monotonous 
tiers  of  arcading :  it  is  more  like  cabinet-work  than  archi- 
tecture, but  the  details  are  beautiful.  The  interior  is  im- 
pressive in  general  effect,  but  is  architecturally  inorganic, 
having  no  vaulting-shafts  in  the  nave.  The  western  tran- 
sept-piers, showing  weakness,  were  buttressed  in  1338  by 
the  insertion  between  them  of  a  pair  of  massive  arches, 
apex  to  apex — a  curious  device.  The  beautiful  choir  is 
separated  from  the  nave  by  a  Perpendicular  screen,  and 
its  wall-spaces  are  arcaded.  The  Lady  chapel  is  famous 
for  lightness  and  beauty.  The  dimensions  of  the  cathedral 
are  383  by  82f  eet ;  the  height  of  the  vaulting,  from  67  to  73. 
There  is  a  beautiful  octagonal  chapter-house  with  central 
pillar,  Perpendicular  cloisters,  and  a  picturesque  13th- 
century  bishop's  palace.     Population  (1891),  4,822. 

Wells,  Da'Tid  Ames.  Bom  at  SpringfleldjMass., 
June  17,  1828:  died  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  Nov. 
5,  1898.  A  noted  American  economist.  He 
graduated  at  Williams  College  in  1847,  and  at  the  Law- 
rence Scientific  School,  Harvard,  in  18B1.  In  1865-66  he 
was  United  States  commissioner  of  revenue ;  served  on 
other  important  commissions;  and  took  a  leading  part 
in  financial  and  economic  discussions.  He  was  an  able 
advocate  of  freedom  of  trade.  He  wrote  "Science  of 
Common  Things"  (1866),  text-books  on  natural  philos- 
ophy, geology,  and  chemistry,  government  reports,  "Our 
Merchant  Marine  "  (1882),  "Primer  of  Tariff  Reform  "(1884), 
'■Practical  Economics"  (1885),  "Study  of  Mexico"  (1886), 
"Belation  of  the  Tariff  to  'Wages  "  (1888),  and  various  other 
economic  works. 

Wels  (vels).  A  town  in  Upper  Austria,  situ- 
ated on  the  Traun  15  miles  southwest  of  Linz. 
Population  (1890),  10,118. 

Welsch  Tyrol.    See  Tyrol,  Welsdh. 

Welser  (vel'ser),  Bartholomeus.  Died  at  Augs- 
burg, 1559.  A  German  banker.  He  was  the  head 
of  one  of  the  richest  banking  and  commercial  firms  of  his 
time ;  lent  large  sums  to  Charles  V. ;  was  created  a  prince 
of  the  Empire  ;  and  in  1527  was  granted  the  right  to  con- 
quer and  colonize  Venezuela.  Dalflnger,  Speier,  and  others 
were  engaged  by  the  Welsers  in  this  enterprise,  which 
was  carried  on  simply  as  a  commercial  venture.  Great 
numbers  of  the  Indians  were  enslaved,  and  far  more  were 


1055 

killed.    The  charter  was  revoked  in  1546,  after  the  Wel- 
sers had  lost,  it  is  said,  3,000,000  florins. 

Welsh  (welsh).  The  people  of  Wales,  or  the 
members  of  the  Cymric  race  indigenous  to 
Wales.  They  were  ruled  by  petty  princes  and 
maintained  their  independence  of  the  English 
till  1282-83. 

Welshpool  (welsh'pfil).  A  town  in  the  county 
of  Montgomery,  Wales,  situated  on  the  Severn 
17  miles  west  of  Shrewsbury.  Near  it  is  Powys 
Castle.    Population  (1891),  6,306. 

Welsh  Shakspere,  The.   See  Williams,  Edward. 

Welwitsch  (wel'wioh),  Friedrich.  Bom  at 
Mariasaal,  Austria,  1807 :  died  at  Loudon,  Oct. 
20,  1872.  An  African  botanist  and  explorer. 
He  spent  seven  years  in  Angola,  West  Africa  (1853-61) ; 
collected  above  40,000  botanic  specimens ;  and  discovered, 
in  1863,  near  Mossamedes,  the  singular  plant  named,  after 
him,  WelwiUcMa  mirabuis. 

Wemmick  (wem'ik),  John.  A  kind-hearted 
but  apparently  flinty  little  clerk  in  Biekens's 
"  Great  Expectations."  He  has  a  little  home  at  Wal- 
worth, which  looks  like  a  battery  with  mounted  guns, 
where  he  devotes  himself  to  his  deaf  old  father,  whom 
he  calls  "Aged  P  " 

Wenceslaus  (wen'ses-l&s),orWenceslas  (wen'- 
ses-las),  G.  Wenzel  (vent'sel),  Saint.  Duke 
of  Bohemia  about  928-936,  a  patron  saint  of 
Bohemia. 

Wenceslaus  I.  King  of  Bohemia  1230-53,  sou 
of  Ottokar  I.  He  was  a  patron  of  the  poetic 
art,  and  himself  a  minnesinger. 

Wenceslaus  II.  King  of  Bohemia  1278-1805, 
son  of  Ottokar  II.  He  extended  the  Bohemian 
power,  and  was  crowned  king  of  Poland  in 
1300. 

Wenceslaus.  Bom  1361 :  died  Aug.  16,  1419. 
German  king,  son  of  the  emperor  Charles  IV. 
He  was  elected  king  of  the  Komans  in  1376,  and  succeeded 
to  the  German  and  Bohemian  thrones  in  1378.  He  put  to 
death  John  of  Nepomuk.  He  was  imprisoned  by  Bohe- 
mian nobles  1393-94 ;  was  deposedfrom  the  German  throne 
in  1400 ;  and  renounced  his  right  to  that  crown  in  1410, 
but  continued  to  reign  as  king  of  Bohemia. 

Wendland  (vent'lant).  The  northeastern  part 
of  the  former  principality  of  Liineburg  in  Prus- 
sia. 

Wends  (wendz).  1.  A  name  given  in  early- 
times  by  the  Germans  to  their  Slavic  neighbors. 
— 2.  The  members  of  a  branch  of  the  Slavic 
race  living  in  Lusatia.    Also  called  Sorls. 

Wenern  (va'nem),  or  Venern  (va'nern).  Lake. 
The  largest  lake  of  Sweden,  and  after  Lakes 
Ladoga  and  Onega  the  largest  lake  in  Europe, 
situated  in  the  southern  part  of  Sweden,  west- 
northwest  of  Lake  Wettem,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  a  canal  (and  thence  with  the 
Baltic).  It  receives  the  Klar  Elf,  and  its  outlet  is  by 
the  Gota  Elf  into  the  Cattegat.  Length,  100  miles.  Width, 
50  miles.  Height  above  sea-level,  140  feet.  Area,  about 
2,290  square  miles. 

Wengern  Alp  (ven'gern  alp).  A  height  in  the 
pass  of  the  Little  Scheideok,  Bernese  Oberland, 
Switzerland :  famous  for  its  magnificent  view. 

Wenlock  (wen'lok),  or  Much  Wenlock  (much 
wen'lok).  A  town  in  Shropshire,  England,  30 
miles  west-northwest  of  Birmingham.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  15,703. 

Wenrorono  (weu-ro-ro'no).  A  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  which,  when  first  known, 
lived  in  association  with  the  Neuters,  and,  upon 
the  attacks  of  the  Iroquois  in  1638,  fled  to  the 
Hurous  with  whom  they  became  mixed.  See 
Iroquoian. 

Wentworth  (went'wferth),  Benning.  Bom  at 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  1696:  died  1770.  A  royal 
governor  of  New  Hampshire  1741-67.  He  made 
grants  of  land  (the  New  Hampshire  grants)  in  southern 
Vermont. 

Wentworth,  Charles  Watson,  second  Mar- 
quis of  Eockingham.  Bom  1730 :  died  July  1, 
1782.  An  English  statesman,  prime  minister 
1765-66  and  March-July,  1782. 

Wentworth,  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  Aug.  9,  1737:  died  at  Halifax,  N.  S., 
April  8,  1820.  Eoyal  governor  of  New  Hamp- 
shire 1767-75.  He  was  a  loyalist  in  the  Eevo- 
lution,  and  was  lieutenant-governor  of  Nova 
Scotia  1792-1808. 

Wentworth,  Thomas,  Earl  of  Strafford.  Bom 
at  London,  April  13,1593:  executed  at  London, 
May  12, 1641.  A  famous  English  statesman.  He 
entered  Parliament  in  1614 ;  and  was  an  opponent  of  the 
policy  of  James  I.,  and  until  1628-29  of  that  of  Charles  I. 
In  1628  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage  ;  became  president 
of  the  Council  of  the  North  in  1628 ;  was  made  a  privy 
councilor  In  1629 ;  was  appointed  lord  deputy  of  Ireland 
1632,  and  arrived  there  1633  ;  and  became  the  chief  adviser 
of  Charles  I.  In  1640  he  was  made  earl  of  Strafford  and 
lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland ;  commanded  the  army  against 
the  Scots  in  that  year ;  was  impeached  by  the  Long  Par- 
liament ;  and  was  condemned  by  a  bill  of  attainder. 


Werner,  Franz  von 

He  was  accused  on  twenty-eight  counts  which  con- 
cerned his  conduct  towards  England,  Ireland,  and  Scot- 
land. The  chief  was  that  he  had  incensed  his  majesty 
against  the  members  of  the  late  Parliament  telling  him 
"  they  had  denied  to  supply  him,  and  that  his  majesty 
having  tried  the  affections  of  his  people,  and  been  refused, 
he  was  absolved  from  all  rules  of  government,  and  that 
he  had  an  army  in  Ireland  which  he  might  employ  to  re- 
duce this  kingdom  "  (State  Trials).  The  Lords  refused  to 
admit  as  evidence  a  paper  found  by  Sir  Harry  Vane  which 
supported  his  father's  evidence  on  this  charge.  For  which 
cause  the  Commons  brought  in  a  bill  of  attainder. 

Adand  and  Mansome. 

Wenzel.    See  Wenceslaus. 

Wept  of  Wish-ton-wish,  The.  A  novel  by 
Cooper,  published  in  1829. 

Werbach  (ver'bach).  A  village  in  Baden,  near 
the  Tauber  16  miles  southwest  of  Wiirzburg. 
It  was  the  scene  of  a  contest  between  the  troops  of  Baden 
and  those  of  North  Germany,  July  24,  1866. 

Werden  (ver'den).  A  town  in  the  Ehine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Euhr  30  miles 
north  of  Cologne.  It  contains  an  ancient  church  of  a 
Benedictine  abbey  (founded  799).   Population  (1890),  8,838. 

Werder  (ver'der),  Count  August  Karl  Fried- 
rich  Wilhelm  Leopold  von.  Born  at  Schloss- 
berg,  near  Norkitten,  East  Prussia,  Sept.  12, 
1808:  died  at  Griissow,Pomerania,  Sept.  12, 1887. 
A  Prussian  general.  He  entered  the  army  in  1826 ; 
served  with  the  Russians  in  the  Caucasus ;  distinguished 
himself  in  the  war  of  1866  at  Gitschin  and  Kbniggratz; 
commanded  an  army  corps  at  the  battle  of  Worth  in  1870 ; 
was  commander  of  the  army  which  besieged  and  took 
Strasburg  in  1870,  and  was  made  general  of  infantry ;  com- 
manded in  the  autumn  of  1870  in  the  Vosges,  at  Oignon, 
Dijon,  etc.,  and  at  Villersexel  Jan.  9,  1871 ;  and  gained 
the  victory  of  TOricourt  over  Bourbaki  Jan.  16-17, 1871. 

WerelS,,  Peace  of.  A  treaty  concluded  in  1790, 
between  Sweden  and  Eussia,  at  Werela,  a  vil- 
lage in  the  government  of  Nyland,  Finland. 

Wergeland  (ver'ge-land),  Henrik  Arnold 
Thaulow.  Bom  at  Christiansand,  June  17, 
1808 :  died  at  Christiania,  July  12, 1845.  A  Nor- 
wegian poet.  His  father  was  a  clergyman,  and  one  of 
the  members  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  at  Eidsvold, 
and  pastor  there  after  1817.  He  studied  at  the  Christiania 
University  after  1825,  and  began  to  write  in  1827.  His  first 
productions  were  a  series  of  satirical  farces  (among  them 
"Ah ! ;  Cm  Smag  og  Behag  kan  man  ikke  disputere " 
("There  is  no  disputing  about  taste")  and  "Papegojen" 
("The  Parrot ")),  all  published  under  the  pseudonym  Siful 
Sifadda.  In  1828  appeared  the  tragedy  "  Sinclairs  DSd  " 
("  Sinclair's  Death  ").  In  1829  was  published  a  volume  of 
lyrics,  many  of  them  enthusiastically  patriotic  in  char- 
acter, which  were  taken  up  as  songs  by  the  people ;  and  at 
this  time  his  fame  as  a  poet  really  begins.  In  1830  ap- 
peared the  long  dramatic  poem  "Skabelsen,  Mennesket 
og  Messias  "  ("  The  Creation,  Man  and  Messiah  ").  Subse- 
qu  ent  works  were  the  drama  "  Opium  "  (1831)  and  the  poem 
"Spaniolen"  (1833).  In  the  meantime  the  poetWelhaven 
had  made  in  a  pamphlet,  in  1832,  a  personal  attack  upon 
him  for  his  sins  of  poetical  commission  ;  and  in  1834,  in  the 
poem  "  Norway's  Twilight,"  had  censured  the  misplaced 
zeal  of  the  ultra-national  faction  which  Wergeland  repre- 
sented. At  the  production  of  his  drama  "Campbelleme'* 
("  The  Campbells  ")  the  feud  came  to  an  open  outbreak  in 
the  theater.  Subsequently  his  fortunes  steadily  declined. 
He  was  deprived  by  the  king  of  an  ofiicial  position,  and 
then  became  involved  in  a  lawsuit  which  took  the  greater 
part  of  his  property.  Some  of  his  best  work,  however,  was 
done  after  this  time.  Particularly  to  be  mentioned  are 
"  Jan  van  Huysums  Blomsterstykke  "  ("  Jan  van  Huysum's 
Flower-piece  "),  a  series  of  lyrics ;  the  poem  "  Svalen  " 
("The  Swallow  ") ;  the  idyls  "  Joden "  ("  The  Jew  ")  and 
"Jodinden"  ("The  Jewess");  and,  finally,  his  last  and 
greatest  poem, "  Den  engelske  Lods  "  ( "The  English  Pilot "). 
His  collected  works  were  published  at  Christiania,  1862- 
1859,  in  9  vols. 

Werner  (ver'ner).  A  tragedy  by  Lord  Byron : 
so  called  from  the  name  of  its  hero,  a  mysteri- 
ous and  morbid  character.  Macready  produced  this 
play  in  1830,  and  Werner  was  considered  one  of  his  most 
powerful  parts. 

Of  the  "German's  Tale"  (by  Harriet  Lee)  he  [Byron) 
confessed  :  "It  made  a  deep  impression  on  me,  and  may 
be  said  to  contain  the  germ  of  much  that  I  have  since 
written."  It  not  only  contained  the  germ  of  "Werner," 
but  supplied  the  whole  material  for  that  tragedy.  All 
the  characters  of  the  novel  are  reproduced  by  Byron  ex- 
cept "Ida,"  whom  he  added.  The  plan  of  Miss  Lee's  work 
is  exactly  followed,  as  the  poet  admitted,  and  even  the 
language  is  frequently  adopted  without  essential  change. 
Tuckerman,  Hist,  of  English  Prose  Fiction,  p.  256. 

Werner  (ver'ner),  Abraham  Gottlob.    Bom 

at  Wehrau,  Upper  Lusatia,  Sept.  25, 1750 :  died 
at  Dresden,  June  30,  1817.  A  celebrated  Ger- 
man mineralogist  and  geologist,  the  founder  of 
scientific  geology:  instructor  in  the  Mining 
Academy  in  Freiberg  from  1775.  He  was  the  pro- 
pounder  of  the  "  Neptunian  theory,"  which  regarded  as  of 
aqueous  origin  various  formations  now  considered  to  be 
volcanic,  and  which  aroused  much  discussion.  His  works 
include  "  tjber  die  Sussern  Kennzeichen  der  Fossilien  " 
(1774),  "  Kurze  Klassifikation  und  Beschreibung  der  Ge- 
birgsarten  "  (1787),  "  Neue  Theorie  iiber  die  Entstehung 
der  Gange  "  (1791),  etc. 

Werner,  Franz  von:  pseudonym  Murad  Ef- 
fendi.  Bora  at  Vienna,  May  30, 1836 :  died  at 
The  Hague,  Sept.  12, 1881.  A  German  poet.  He 
was  in  the  Turkish  military  and  diplomatic  ser- 
vice. 


Werner,  Friedrich  Ludwig  Zacharias 

Werner,  Friedrich  Ludwig  Zacharias.   Bom 

at  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  Nov.  18,  1768 :  died  at 
Vienna,  Jan.  17,  1823.  A  German  dramatist 
and  poet,  founder  of  the  "  fate-tragedies."  He 
was  a  Eoman  Catholic  preacher  in  later  life.  Among 
his  dramas  are  "  Die  Sohne  des  Thais  "  ("  The  Sons  of  the 
Valley,"  1803),  "Der  Vierundzwanzigste  Februar"  (1816: 
"The  24th  of  February "X  "Das  Kreuz  an  der  Ostiee" 
("The  Cross  on  the  Baltic,"  1806),  "Martin  Luther,"  or 
''Die  Weihe  der  Kraft "  (1807),  etc 

Wernigerode  (ver'ne-ge-ro-de).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  at  the 
foot  of  the  Harz,  on  the  Holzemme,  40  miles 
southwest  of  Magdeburg,  it  Is  the  capital  of  the 
county  of  Stolberg-wemigerode  (formerly  an  imperial 
fief).  It  contains  a  noted  Bathaos  and  castle  with  a  large 
library.    Population  (1890),  9,966. 

Werra  (ver'ra).  (Dne  of  the  two  head  streams  of 
the  Weser.  it  rises  in  Saxe-Meiningen,  flows  through 
Thuringia,  separating  the  Thiiringerwald  from  the  !Rhbn- 
gebirge,  and  unites  with  the  Fulda  at  Hunden  to  form 
the  Weser.    Length,  about  170  miles. 

Werth.  or  Werdt  (vart),  Johann  von  (Jean  de 
Weert).  Bom  at  the  end  of  the  16th  century: 
died  1652.  A  general  in  the  Imperialist  and 
Bavarian  service  in  the  Thirty  Tears'  War.  He 
was  distinguished  at  Nordlingen  in  1634 ;  captured Ehren- 
breitstein  in  1637;  was  defeated  and  taken  prisoner  at 
Rheinfelden  March  3,  1638;  commanded  at  Tuttlingen 
Nov.  24, 1643;  and  was  distinguished  at  Mergentheim  and 
Allersheim  in  164B. 

Werther  (var'ter).  An  o;pera  by  Massenet, 
words  by  B.  Blau,  Paul  Milliet,  and  Georges 
Hartmann,  from  (Joethe's  novel:  produced  at 
London  June,  1894.    See  Sorrows  of  Werther. 

Wertingen  (ver 'ting-en).  A  small  town  in 
Swabia,  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Zusam  16  miles 
northwest  of  Augsburg.  Here,  Oct.  8, 1805,  the 
Prench  under  Lannes  and  Murat  defeated  the 
Austrians. 

Wesel  (va'zel).  A  city  in  the  Ehiae  Province, 
Prussia,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Lippe 
and  Ehine,  in  lat.  51°  40'  N.,  long.  6°  37'  E.  It 
is  strongly  fortified.  In  the  middle  ages  it  was  a  Hanse- 
atic  town  and  a  free  imperial  city.  Population  (1890), 
20,724. 

Weser  (va'zer).  pj.  Visurgis,  OG.  Visuracha.'] 
One  of  the  principal  rivers  of  Germany,  it  is 
formed,  at  Mtinden,  by  the  union  of  the  rivers  Werra  and 
Fulda ;  flows  generally  north  and  north-northwest,  and 
principally  through  Prussia ;  and  empties  into  the  North 
Sea  near  Bremerhaven.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the 
Aller,  Wiimme,  and  Geeste  (on  the  right),  Diemel,  Werre, 
Aue,  and  Hunte.  t)n  it  are  situated  Bremen  and  Minden. 
Length,  about  270  miles,  or,  including  the  head  stream 
Werra,  about  435  miles ;  navigable  for  sea  vessels  to  Els- 
fleth,  and  for  large  boats  to  Mtinden. 

Weser  Mountains,  or  Weser  Terrace.    A 

mountainous  and  plateau  region,  extending  on 
both. sides  of  the  Weser  from  Mtinden  to  Min- 
den. Among  the  groups  of  mountains  or  hills  are  the 
Bramwald,  Soiling,  Osterwald,  Suntel,  Deister,  Bilckeberg, 
the  Weser  proper,  and  the  Teutoburgerwald.  Highest 
point,  about  1,650  feet. 

Wesley  (wes'li  or  wez'li),  Charles.  Born  at 
Epworth,  Lincolnshire,  England,  Deo.  28, 1708 : 
died  at  London,  March  29,  1788.  An  English 
Methodist  clergyman  and  hymn-writer,  brother 
of  John  Wesley  :  famous  as  a  hymn-writer.  He 
was  educated  at  Westminster  School  and  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford.  He  accompanied  his  brother  John  to  Georgia 
1786-36. 

Wesley,  John.  Bom  at  Epworth,  England,  June 
28  (N.  S. ),  1703 :  died  at  London,  March  2, 1791. 
An  English  clergyman,  son  of  Samuel  "Wesley : 
famous  as  the  founder  of  Methodism.  He  was 
educated  at  Charterhouse  School  and  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford ;  became  a  fellow  of  Lincoln  College  in  1726 ;  and 
was  curate  to  his  father  1727-29.  In  the  latter  year  he  set- 
tled at  Oxford,  where  he  became  the  leader  of  a  band  of 
young  men  conspicuous  for  their  religious  earnestness ; 
they  were  somewhat  derisively  called  "methodists  "  from 
the  regularity  and  strict  method  of  their  lives  and  studies. 
He  went  to  Georgia  as  a"  missionary  in  1735,  returning  to 
England  in  1738,  At  flrst  he  was  allied  with  the  Moravi. 
ans,  but  soon  abandoned  all  ecclesiastical  traditions  and 
established  the  Methodist  Church.  In  1739  he  began 
open-air  preaching.  The  flrst  Methodist  conference  was 
held  in  1744.    His  literary  work,  also,  was  extensive. 

Wesleyan  (wes'U-an  or  wez'li-an)  University. 

An  institution  of  learning  at  Middletown,  Con- 
necticut, chartered  in  1831.  It  is  under  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  control.  It  has  about  35  in- 
structors and  350  students. 
Wessel  (ves'sel),  Jofian  Herman.  Bom  in  the 
parish  of  Vestby,  Norway,  1742 :  died  at  Copen- 
hagen, 1785.  A  Danish  dramatist  and  poet. 
His  father  was  a  clergyman.  After  elementary  instruc- 
tion In  Cliristiania.  he  went  in  1761  to  the  Copenhagen 
liniyersity,  where  he  studied  the  succeeding  year.  Sub- 
sequently he  supported  himself  by  teaching  modem  lan- 
guages. Inl778  he  was  made translatortotheRoyal The- 
ater. His  one  important  literary  work,  written  when  he 
was  30  years  old,  is  the  tragedy  "  Kjaelighed  uden  Strom- 
per  "  ("  Love  without  Stockings  "),  a  parody  on  the  French 
tragedies  then  in  vogue  on  the  Danish  stage,  from  which 
it  effectually  banished  them.  Two  other  dramas  are  of 
but  little  value.    He  wrote,  besides,  a  few  lyrics  and  hu- 


10B6 

morons  narratives  in  verse.  His  poems  were  published 
in  a  second  edition  at  Copenhagen  in  1878. 
Wessex  (wes'eks).  [ME.  Wessex,  Wessexe,  AS. 
JTeaiseaae,  West  Saxons.  Ct.  Essex,  Sussex.']  One 
of  the  Saxon  kingdoms  in  England,  which  be- 
came the  nucleus  of  the  kingdom  of  England. 
The  settlement  of  the  West  Saxons  under  Oerdic  and  Cyn- 
ric  on  the  coast  of  Hampshire  took  place  in  495,  and  the 
kingdom  spread  north  and  west  to  Berkshire,  Wiltshire, 
Dorset^etc.  Wessex  obtained  the  overlordship  in  Britain 
under  Egbert  in  the  first  part  of  the  9th  century ;  was  re- 
duced in  power  by  the  Danes ;  and  under  Alfred's  succes- 
sors developed  into  the  kingdom  of  England.  It  was  an 
earldom  in  the  10th  and  11th  centuries,  comprising  the 
territory  south  of  the  Thames. 

WessobrunnerGebet.  ['WessobrunnPrayer.'] 
An  important  relic  of  Old  High  German  litera- 
ture, dating  from  the  end  of  the  8th  century. 
It  was  preserved  in  the  Benedictine  monastery 
of  Wessobrunn,  in  Bavaria  near  the  Lech. 

West  (west),  Benjamin.  Bom  at  Springfield, 
Chester  County,  Pa.,  Oct.  10,  1738:  died  at 
London,  March  11, 1820.  An  American-English 
historical  and  portrait  painter.  He  worked  as  a  por- 
trait-painter in  Hiiladelphia  and  New  York,  and  studied 
in  ItEdy  1760-63.  He  settled  in  London  in  1763 ;  became 
court  historical  painter  in  1772 ;  was  one  of  the  early  mem- 
bers of  the  Boyal  Academy ;  and  was  the  successor  of  Rey- 
nolds as  president  of  the  Royal  Academy.  Among  his 
noted  paintings  are  "The  Death  of  Wolfe  (at  Grosvenor 
House),  " Battle  of  La  Hogue,"  "Christ  Healmg  the  Sick" 
(National  Gallery,  London),  "  Death  on  the  Pale  Horse  " 
(Pennsylvania  Academy),  "Alexander  the  Great  and  his 
Physicians,"  and "PennsTreaty  with thelndians."  Many 
of  his  'pictures  are  at  Hampton  Court. 

West,  Empire  of  the.    See  Western  Umpire. 

West,  Lionel  Sackville.    See  Sackmlle-West. 

West,  Bebecca.  An  adventuress,  in  Ibsen's 
play  "  Rosmersholm,"  who  induces  the  wife  of 
Eosmer  to  commit  suicide,  leaving  him  with 
the  conviction  that  she  (the  wife)  was  insane. 

West,  The.  1.  The  western  part  of  the  world, 
or  Occident.  Tliis,  as  distinguished  from  the  East,  or 
Orient,  is  sometimes  restricted  to  the  greater  part  of  Eu- 
rope, and  sometimes  indicates,  or  at  least  includes,  the 
western  hemisphere. 

2.  In  the  United  States,  the  western  part  of  that 
country.  Formerly  this  was  the  region  lying  west  of  the 
thirteen  original  States  along  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  and 
pariiicularly  the  northern  part  of  that  region ;  now  it  is, 
indefinitely,  the  region  beyond  the  older  seaboard  and  cen- 
tral States,  or  more  specifically  that  included  mainly  be- 
tween the  Mississippi  River  and  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
especially  the  northern  part  of  that  region. 

West,  Thomas,  Baron  Delawarr  or  Delaware. 
Died  1618.  (lovemor  and  captain-general  of 
Virginia.  He  was  appointed  m  1609,  arrived 
at  Jamestown  in  1610,  and  returned  in  1611. 

West  African  Colonies.  A  collective  name  for 
the  British  colonies  in  western  Africa.  They 
comprise  Sierra  Leone,  Lagos,  the  Gold  Coast, 
and  Gambia. 

West  Australia.    See  Western  Australia. 

West  Bay  City.  A  city  in  Bay  County,  Michi- 
gan, situated  near  the  mouth  of  Saginaw  Eiver, 
opposite  Bay  City.  It  has  an  extensive  trade  in 
lumber.    Population  (1900),  13,119. 

West  Bromwich  (brum'ich).  A  town  in  Staf- 
fordshire, England,  situated  near  the  Tame  6 
miles  northwest  of  Birmingham.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  hardware,  etc.  Population  (1901), 
65,175. 

Westbury,  Baron.    See  BetheU,  MicMrd. 

West  Chester  (ohes'tfer) .  A  borough,  capital  of 
Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  25  miles  west 
of  Philadelphia.    Population  (1900),  9,524. 

Westcott  (west'kot),  Brooke  Foss.  Bom  near 
Birmingham,  Jan.,  1825:  died  .Tuly  27,  1901. 
An  English  prelate  and  biblical  scholar.  He 
was  regius  professor  of  divinity  at  Cambridge  1870-90 ; 
became  canon  of  Westminster  in  1883 ;  and  was  bishop  of 
Durham  1890-1901.  He  was  one  of  the  New  Testament 
revisers.  His  works  include  a  "History  of  the  Canon  of 
the  New  Testament"  (1855),  "Introduction  to  the  Study 
of  the  Gospels  "  (1860) ,  "  The  Bible  in  the  Church  "  (1864), 
"The  Gospel  of  the  Resurrection"  (1866),  "History  of 
the  English  Bible"  (1868),  etc. 

West  Oowes  (kouz).  A  town  on  the  northern 
shore  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  Hampshire,  England, 
on  the  Medina  11  miles  south-southeast  of 
Southampton,  it  is  a  summer  resort  and  the  headquar. 
ters  of  the  Royal  Yacht  Squadron.  Population  (1891),  7,768. 

West  Derby  (dfer'bi  or  dar'bi).  AtowninLan- 
eashire,England,4milesnortheast  of  Liverpool. 
Population  (1891),  38,291. 

West  End.  The  aristocratic  western  part  of 
London. 

Westeraalen  (ves'ter-&-len)  Islands.  A  group 
of  islands  on  the  northwestern  coast  of  Norway, 
east  and  north  of  the  Lofoten  Islands,  from 
which  they  are  separated  by  the  Eaftsvmd. 

Wester&s  (ves'ter-as).  The  capital  of  the  laen 
of  Westmanland,  Sweden,  situated  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Svarta  into  Lake^Malar,  57  miles 
west-northwest  of  Stockholm.  There,  April  29, 1621, 


West  Indian,  The 

Gastavus  Vasa  defeated  the  Danes ;  and  at  the  Diet  held 
there  in  1627  he  secured  the  success  of  the  Reformation. 
Population,  8,122. 

Westergotland  (ves'ter-y6t-iand).  A  former 
province  of  Sweden,  now  divided  into  the  laens 
of  Goteborg,  Elf  sborg,  and  Skaraborg. 

Westerly  (wes't6r-li).  A  town  iu  Washington 
County,  Ehode  Island,  37  miles  southwest  of 
Providence.    Population  (1900),  7,541. 

Westermann  ( ves-ter-mSn' ) ,  Francois  Joseph. 
Guillotined  1794.  A  French  Eevolutionist  and 
general,  distinguished  in  the  Vendean  war. 

Western  (wes'tfem),  Sophia.  The  heroine  of 
Fielding's  novel  "  Tom  Jones,"  a  very  bright 
and  attractive  character.  After  various  adven- 
tures caused  by  her  father's  brutal  temper,  she 
is  reconciled  to  him  and  marries  Jones. 

Western,  Sciuire.  In  Fielding's  novel  "Tom 
Jones,"  a  hunting  squire  of  gross  speech  and 
ungo  vemed  and  brutal  temper,  the  father  of  the 
fair  Sophia,  His  redeeming  trait  is  his  affection  for 
his  daughter,  whom,  however,  ne  treats  in  a  most  tyran- 
nical fashion. 

But,  above  all,  what  shall  we  say  of  Squire  Western, 
next  to  Falstaff  the  most  universally  popular  of  comic  cre- 
ations? .  .  .  His  shrewdness,  his  avarice,  his  coarse  kind- 
ness, his  sense-defying  Jacobitism,  his  irresistible  un- 
reasonableness ;  his  brutal  anger,  making  the  page  which 
chronicles  it  shake  with  oaths,  inteijections,  and  scream- 
ing interrogations ; —loving  his  daughter  as  he  loves  his 
dogs  and  horses,  and  willing  to  use  the  whip  and  the  spur 
the  moment  she  does  not  obey  him  with  due  alacrity,  as 
in  the  case  of  his  other  brutes ;  and  loving  himself  with  a 
depth  of  affection,  with  a  disregard  of  everything  else  on 
and  oyer  the  earth,  which  touches  the  pathetic  in  selfish- 
ness. Whipple,  Essays  and  Reviews. 

Western  Australia  (wes'tfem  as-tra'lia).  A 
state  of  Australia,  bounded  by  the  ocean  on 
the  north,  west,  and  south,  and  by  South  Aus- 
tralia (with  the  Northern  Territory  and  Alex- 
ander Land)  on  the  east.  Capital,  Perth.  The 
interior  is  largely  a  desert,  and  is  to  a  great  extent  unex- 
plored. The  largest  export  is  wool.  The  government  is 
vested  in  a  governor,  legislative  council  (elected  since 
1893),  and  legislative  assembly.  The  coasts  were  visited 
in  the  16th  century ;  a  convict  settlement  was  established 
at  King  George's  Sound  in  1825 ;  and  free  settlements  were 
founded  on  Swan  River  about  1829.  Area,  976,920  square 
miles.    Population  (1899),  estimated,  168,480. 

Western  Empire,  The.  The  distinctive  desig- 
nation of  the  western  portion  of  the  Eoman 
world  after  its  division  into  two  independent 
empires  in  A.  D.  395.  See  Eastern  Empire^  its 
power  very  rapidly  declined  under  the  inroads  of  barbae 
rians  and  other  adverse  infiuences,  and  it  was  final^  ex- 
tinguished in  476.    See  Holy  Raman  Empire. 

Western  Ghats.    See  Ghats. 

Western  Islands.    See  Azores,  Hebrides. 

Westernorrland  (ves'ter-nor-land),  or  Herno- 
sand  (her'n^-saud).  A  laen  in  northern  Swe- 
den. Area,  9,530  square  miles.  Population 
(1890),  212,028. 

Western  Beserve.  The  popular  name  for  that 
part  of  Ohio,  on  Lake  Brie,  reserved  by  Con- 
necticut.    (See  Ohio.)    It  contains  Cleveland. 

Western  States.  Formerly,  the  States  of  the 
American  Union  lying  west  of  the  AUeghanies. 
As  the  country  developed,  the  phrase  came  to  include 
all  the  States  westward  to  the  Pacific  and  north  of  the 
slave  States,  although  certain  States  have  been  classed 
both  as  Southern  and  as  Western  States.  The  name  is  very 
indefinite :  sometimes  it  is  restricted  to  the  States  west 
of  the  Mississippi  (excluding  the  so-called  Southwest) ; 
sometimes  it  includes  the  northern  part  of  the  entire 
region  from  Ohio  to  California. 

Westerwald  (ves'ter-valt).  A  region  of  pla- 
teaus and  low  mountains  in  Prussia,  between 
the  Ehine,  the  Sieg,  and  the  Lahn.  At  the 
northwest  end  is  the  Siebengebirge.  Highest 
point,  about  2,;i00  feet. 

Westfield  (west'feld).  A  town  in  Hampden 
County,  Massachusetts,  10  miles  west  of  Spring- 
field. It  has  manufactures  of  whips,  cigars,  etc. 
Population  (1900),  12,310. 

West  Flanders.    See  Flanders,  West. 

West  Francia,    See  Francia. 

West  Friesland(frez'land).  Aname  sometimes 
given  to  theprovince  of  Friesland,  Netherlands. 

west  Gothland.    See  Westergotland. 

West  Goths.    See  Visigoths. 

West  Ham  (ham).  A  suburb  of  London,  in  Es- 
sex, 5  miles  east-northeast  of  St.  Paul's.  Popu- 
lation (1901),  267,308.  It  returns  2  members  to 
Parliament. 

West  Hartlepool  (har'tl-p81).  A  seaport  in 
Durham,  England,  opposite  East  Hartlepool. 
Population  (1901),  62,627. 

West  Houghton  (ho'ton).  A  township  in  Lan- 
cashire, England,  14  miles  west-northwest  of 
Manchester.    Population  (1891),  11,077. 

West  India  Company,  Dutch.  See  Dutch  West 
India  Compatm. 

West  Indian,  The.  A  comedy  by  Richard  Cum- 
berland (1770).  It  is  considered  his  best  play. 
Garrick  brought  it  out  in  1771. 


West  Indies 

West  Indies  (in'diz).  [Formerly  West  Indias  ; 
G.  West  Indien,  F.  AnUlles,  Sp.  Antillas  or  Indias 
Occidentales.1  An  archipelago  between  North 
and  South  America,  extending  in  a  curve  from 
Florida  to  the  peninsula  of  Paria,  andseparating 
the  Caribbean  Sea  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Theprinoipalgroupadistinguished 
are  the  Greater  AntUles  (Cuba,  Haiti,  Porto  Eioo,  and  Ja- 
maica) ;  the  Bahamas,  north  of  Cuba ;  and  the  Lesser  An- 
tilles, or  Caribbee  Islands,  forming  a  line  at  the  southeast^ 
ern  extremity  of  the  group.  Most  of  the  Bahamas  are  low. 
Nearly  aU  the  other  islands  are  mountainous,  and  in  the 
Lesser  Antilles  there  are  many  active  and  extinct  volca- 
noes. With  the  exception  of  some  of  the  Bahamas,  the 
entire  group  lies  within  the  tropics,  and  the  climate  and 
productions  of  all  are  essentially  tropical.  The  principal 
products  are  sugar,  tobacco,  and  coffee.  Nearly  all  the 
islands  are  occasionally  visited  by  hurricanes,  which  are 
sometimes  very  destructive :  the  hurricane  months  are 
from  June  to  October  inclusive.  Columbus  discovered  the 
Bahamas,  Cuba,  and  Haiti  in  1492,  and  nearly  all  the  islands 
were  known  before  the  continent  of  America  was  discov- 
ered. They  were  supposed  to  be  outlying  islands  of  India 
or  Asia,  and,  as  they  had  been  found  by  sailing  westward, 
they  were  called  the  West  Indies.  Later  the  name  included 
for  a  time  the  known  portions  of  the  continent.  The 
Greater  Antilles  werecolonized  by  the  Spanish,  who  claimed 
the  whole  group ;  but  later  many  of  the  smaller  islands 
were  seized  by  French,  English,  and  Dutch  adventurers, 
and  their  wars  with  one  another  and  with  the  Spaniards 
were  continued  intermittently  until  1815,  the  smaller 
colonies  frequently  changing  masters.  Many  African 
slaves  were  brought  in,  and  their  descendants  form  a  large 
proportion  of  the  population.  In  1898  Cuba  was  freed  from 
the  domination  of  Spain, and  FortoRicopassed  to  theUnited 
States ;  Haiti  is  divided  between  two  independent  states ; 
Jamaica,  the  Bahamas,  and  some  of  the  Lesser  Antilles 
belong  to  England ;  and  the  rest  axe  divided  between 
Fiance,  Denmark,  and  the  Netherlands. 

WestmacottCwest'ma-kot),  Sir  Richard.  Bom 
at  London,  1775:  died"Sept.  1, 1856.  An  English 
sculptor.  In  1793  he  was  a  pupil  of  Ganova  at  Kome.  In 
1827  he  succeeded  Flaxman  as  professor  of  sculpture  at  the 
Soyal  Academy.  He  executed  monuments  in  St.  Paul's  and 
Westminster  Abbey.  His  statues  inchide  those  of  Fox,  the 
dukes  of  York  and  Bedford,  George  III.,  Achilles,  etc. 

Westmacott,  Bichard.  Bom  at  London,  1799: 
died  April  19,  1872.  An  English  sculptor,  sou 
of  Sir  Richard  Westmacott. 

Westmeath  (west'meTH).  A  county  in  Lejn- 
ster,  Ireland,  bounded  by  Cavan,  Meath,  King's 
County,  Eoscommon,  and  Longford.  Area,  708 
square  miles.    Population  (1891),.  65,109. 

Westminster  (west'min-stSr).  A  former  city, 
now  a  borough  (municipal)  of  London,  it  is 
bounded  by  Marylebone  on  the  north.  Temple  Bar  on  the 
east,  the  Thames  on  the  east  and  south,  and  Kensington 
and  Chelsea  on  the  west.  It  is  noted  for  the  abbey,  around 
which  it  grew  up,  and  for  the  houses  of  Parliament  and 
government  buildings. 

Westminster,  Provisions  of.  Ordinances 
passed  through  the  influence  of  the  barons  in 
Parliament  at  "Westminster,  1259.  "They  em- 
bodied the  grievances  of  the  barons  stated  at  Oxford,  and 
mainly  concerned  the  administration  of  justice  and  local 
government  by  the  sherift's." 

Westminster  Abbey.  A  famous  church  in 
Westminster,  London,  founded  on  the  site  of 
an  earlier  church  by  Edward  the  Confessor, 
and  rebuilt  in  the  13th  century  by  Henry  IIL 
and  Edward  I.  The  highly  ornate  chapel  of  Henry 
VII.,  at  the  east  end,  was  added  by  that  king  in  the  early 
16th  century.  The  dimensions,  including  the  chapel,  are 
813  by  75  feet ;  length  of  transepts,  200 ;  height  of  vaulting, 
102.  The  incongruous  square  west  towers  were  designed 
by  Sir  Christopher  Wren.  The  north  transept  facade  is 
very  fine ;  it  has  3  handsome  portals,  a  graceful  arcade, 
and  a  large  wheel.  The  interior  is  extremely  impressive, 
the  proportions  and  the  details  being  good :  the  triforium 
is  of  especial  beauty.  The  handsome  reredos,  of  red  and 
white  alabaster,  is  modern,  as  are  the  choir-stalls.  Henry 
VII.'s  chapel  has  nave  and  aisles,  and  6  radiating  chapels 
In  the  ohevet :  it  is  a  notable  example  of  florid  Perpen- 
dicular, especially  remarkable  for  the  fan-tracery  and 
pendants  of  its  ceiling.  Its  rich  stalls  are  appropriated 
to  the  knights  and  squu'es  of  the  Bath :  over  each  are 
suspended  a  sword  and  a  banner.  The  abbey  is  world- 
famous  as  the  chief  burial-place  of  Great  Britain's  dis- 
tinguished men  :  'comparatively  few  of  the  monuments 
are  artistically  interesting.  The  south  transept  consti- 
tutes the  famous  Poets'  Corner  :  it  contains  memorials  to 
a  large  number  of  the  names  honored  in  English  litera- 
ture The  choir-chapels  contain  medieval  and  Henais- 
sance  monuments  of  higher  intrinsic  interest,  especially 
Henry  VII.'s  chapel :  the  superb  monument  of  that  king, 
in  metal,  by  Torregiano,  is  inclosed  in  a  rich  Perpen- 
dicular chantry  of  brass.  Several  other  kings  and  princes 
are  buried  in  this  chapel,  and  in  that  of  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor, which  occupies  the  extremity  of  the  choir.  The 
Early  English  chapter-house  is  octagonal,  with  central 
column.    The  fine  cloisters  also  contain  tombs. 

Westminster  Assembly,  or  Assembly  of  Di- 
vines at  Westminster..  A  convocation  sum- 
moned by  the  Long  Parliament  to  advise  "for 
the  settling  of  the  liturgy  and  the  government 
of  the  Church  of  England."  Most  of  its  members 
were  Presbyterians,  and  nearly  all  were  Caavinists.  It 
met  July  1, 1643,  and  continued  its  sessions  until  Feb.  22 
1349  "The  chief  fruits  of  its  labors  were  the  Directoiy  of 
Public  Worship,  the  Confession  of  Faith,  and  the  Larger 
and  Shorter  Catechisms,  which  were  rejected  in  England 
but  established  in  Scotland. 

Westminster  Bridge.    The  oldest  bridge  but 

C— 67 


1057 

one  over  the  Thames  at  London.  The  first  bridge 
was  designed  by  Labelye,  a  Swiss  architect.  The  original 
plan  contemplated  a  wooden  structure,  but  it  was  changed 
to  stone  after  the  "great  frost"  of  1739.  The  piers  were 
built  of  solid  blocks  of  Portland  stone,  on  caissons  which 
were  the  largest  that  had  been  constructed  up  to  that 
time.  It  was  begun  in  1739  and  completed  in  1750.  It 
was  1,220  feet  long,  40  feet  wide,  68  feet  high  and  the  cen- 
tral span  was  76  feet  wide :  there  were  15  arches.  In  1866- 
1862  it  was  replaced  by  the  present  stone  and  iron  struc- 
ture, consisting  of  7  iron  arches  on  granite  piers,  built  by 
Page :  it  is  1,160  feet  long  and  86  feet  wide. 
Westminster  Hall.  A  structure  adjoining  the 
houses  of  Parliament  on  the  west,  forming 
part  of  the  ancient  palace  of  Westminster,  it 
was  begun  by  William  Kuf  us,  burned  at  the  end  of  the 
13th  century,  and  restored  by  Edward  II.  and  Eichard 
II.  It  has  a  magnificent  framed  hammer-beam  roof,  in 
a  single  span  68  feet  wide:  the  length  is  290  and  the 
height  92.  Here  sat  some  of  the  first  English  Parlia- 
ments ;  here,  until  George  IV.,  the  coronation  festivities 
were  held ;  and  here  Charles  I.  was  condemned,  and 
Cromwell  saluted  as  Lord  Protector.  The  hall  now  serves 
as  a  vestibule  to  the  houses  of  Parliament.  Below  it  on 
the  east  is  the  crypt  of  St.  Stephen,  or  Church  of  St.  Mary 
Undercroft,  a  vaulted  Pfcinted  chapel,  in  architecture  and 
decoration  somewhat  resembling  the  lower  chapel  of  Sainte 
Chapelle,  Paris:  the  rich  cloisters  were  built  by  Henry 

vin. 

Westminster  Palace.  1.  The  houses  of  Par- 
liament.—  2.  A  former  royal  residence  in  West- 
minster. A  palace  is  supposed  to  have  existed  at  West- 
minster in  the  reign  of  Canute  (1017-35).  Its  importance, 
however,  begins  with  Edward  the  Confessor  (1042-66). 
Various  additions  were  made  by  his  successors  until 
Henry  III.  (1216-72),  in  whose  reign  work  was  constantly 
in  progress.  His  palace  was  richly  decorated  with  pic- 
tures in  oil-color  —  according  to  Horace  Walpole  the  first 
recorded  use  of  that  medium.  It  was  repeatedly  visited 
by  fire,  and  in  1512  (reign  of  Henry  VIII.)  all  the  living- 
apartments  were  destroyed.  It  was  then  abandoned  by 
royalty,  and  not  used  again  until  July  18,  1821,  when 
George  IV.  spent  the  night  before  his  coronation  there. 
The  entire  palace,  except  Westminster  Hall,  was  burned 
in  1834. 

Westminster  School.    A  noted  preparatory 

school  at  Westminster.     It  was  established  in  the 
abbey  by  Henry  VIII. ,  and  was  reestablished  by  Elizabeth. 

Westmoreland  (west'mor-land),  or  Westmor- 
land (west'mor-land).  [MB.  Westmoreland, 
AS.  Westmoringa  land,  land  of  the  men  of  the 
western  moors.]  A  county  of  northwestern 
England.  It  is  bounded  by  Cumberland  on  the  westand 
north,  Durham  on  the  northeast,  Yorkshire  on  the  east  and 
south,  and  Lancashire  on  the  south  and  west,  and  touches 
Morecambe  Bay  on  the  southwest.  The  surface  is  largely 
mountainous  in  the  northwest  and  northeast.  The  county 
includes  part  of  the  Lake  District,  with  Windermere,  Ulls- 
water,  Grasmere,  and  Hawes  Water  in  it  or  on  its  borders. 
The  principal  town  is  Kendal.  Area,  783  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  66,098. 

Weston  (wes'ton),  Thomas.  Born  about  1575 : 
died  after  1624.'  An  English  adventurer,  one  of 
the  merchants  who  supported  the  colonists  at 
Plymouth.  He  also  sent  an  unsuccessful  colony 
to  Wessagussett  (Weymouth,  Massachusetts). 

Weston-super-Mare  (wes'ton  -  sii'pfer  -ma're) . 
A  watering-place  in  Somerset,' England,  situated 
on  Bristol  Channel  18  miles  southwest  of  Bris- 
tol.    Population  (1891),  15,873. 

'West-ostlicher  Divan.  A  collection  of  poems 
on  Oriental  subjects,  by  Goethe. 

Westphalia  (west-fa'lia),  Duchy  of.  [P.  Wesu 
phalie,  ML.  Westphalia,  G-.  Westfalen,  prop.  dat. 
pi.  of  Westfale,  MHG.  Westvale,  OHG.  Westfalo, 
an  inhabitant  of  this  region.]  A  duchy  which 
had  its  origin  in  the  western  part  of  the  great 
duchy  of  Saxony  in  the  Carolingian  times .  On  the 
deposition  of  Henry  the  Lion  in  1180  and  the  breaking  up  of 
the  Saxon  duchy,  the  Elector  of  Cologne  assumed  the  title 
of  Duke  of  Engern  and  Westphalia.  The  capital  of  the 
duchy  of  Westphalia  was  Arnsberg.  In  1803  it  was  ceded 
to  Hesse-Darmstadt.    It  was  granted  in  1815  to  Prussia. 

Westphalia,  Kingdom  of.  A  kingdom  formed 
by  Napoleon  in  1807,  and  given  to  Jerome  Bona- 
parte, under  French  supervision,  it  comprised 
nearly  all  Hesse-Cassel,  all  Brunswick,  large  parts  of  Prus- 
sia and  Hannover,  parts  of  Saxony,  etc.  The  capital  was 
Cassel.    It  was  overthrown  in  1813,  after  the  battle  of  Leip- 

'  sic,  and  the  old  governments  were  restored. 

Westphalia,  Peace  of.  The  treaties  signed  at 
Miinster  and  Osnabriiokin  1648  (general  peace 
signed  at  Miinster,  Oct.  24,  1648),  which  ended 
the  Thirty  Years'  War.  chief  provisions:  Switzer- 
land and  Holland  were  declared  independent  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire ;  Sweden  received  Hither  Pomerania,  Wismar, 
the  bishoprics  of  Bremen,  Verden,  etc.,  with  three  votes 
in  the  Diet,  and  an  indemnification  in  money;  France  re- 
ceived most  of  Alsace,  and  was  confirmed  in  the  posses- 
sion of  Metz,  Toul,  and  Verdun ;  Brandenburg  received 
Further  Pomerania,  the  bishoprics  of  Halberstadt  and 
Minden  and  prospectively  that  of  Magdeburg ;  Lusatia 
was  confirmed  to  Saxony,  and  the  Upper  Palatinate  to 
Bavaria;  the  electoral  house  of  the  Palatinate  recovered 
the  Rhine  Palatinate,  and  a  new  electorate  was  created 
for  it ;  the  peace  of  Augsburg  was  confirmed,  and  its  pro- 
visions extended  to  Calvinists  ;  possession  of  ecclesiastical 
property  was  to  revert  to  the  condition  of  affairs  in  1624 ; 
and  autonomy  was  secured  to  the  states  of  the  German 
Empire.  .  .      ,  ,  ..,.^ 

Westphalia,  Province  of.  A  provmce  of  Prus- 
sia, surrounded  by  the  Prussian  provinces  of 


Wette,  De 

Hannover,  Hesse-Nassau,  and  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, and  by  Brunswick,  Schaumburg-Lippe, 
Lippe,  Waldeck,  and  the  Netherlands.  Capital, 
Miinster.  it  is  level  in  the  northwest,  elsewhere  hilly 
or  mountainous  (Weser  Mountains,  Sauerland,  Haar- 
Strang,  Roth-Haar  Mountains,  Westerwald),  and  is  one  of 
the  chief  mining  and  manufacturing  provinces  of  Prussia. 
It  has  three  governmental  districts — Miinster,  Arnsberg, 
and  Minden.  Its  present  form  was  given  to  it  in  1815.  Area, 
7,798  square  miles.    Population  (1890),  2,428,661. 

Westphalian  (west-fa'lian)  Circle.  [G.  West- 
fdlischer  Kreis.']  One  of'the  former  ten  circles 
of  the  Gei'man  Empire.  It  comprised  the  bishoprics 
Miinster,  Paderbom ,  and  Osnabriick ;  the  duchies  of  Cleves, 
Gelderland,  Julich,  Berg,  and  Oldenburg ;  the  free  cities 
Cologne,  Aix-la-Chapelle,  and  Dortmund ;  and  many  princi- 
palities, countships,  etc. 

Westphalian  G-ate.  [L.  Porta  Westphalica.'i 
The  gap,  near  Minden  in  Westphalia,  by  which 
the  Weser  breaks  through  the  Weser  Moun- 
tains to  the  lowlands. 

West  Point  (west  point).  The  capital  of  Clay 
County,  Mississippi.     Population  (1900),  3,193. 

West  Point.  A  village  in  Orange  County,  New 
York,  situated  in  the  Highlands,  on  the  western 
bank  of  the  Hudson,  45  miles  north  of  New 
York :  the  seat  of  the  United  States  Military 
Academy. 

West  Point.  A  town  in  King  William  County, 
Virginia,  situated  on  York  Kiver  35  miles  east 
of  Richmond.    Population  (1900),  l,bO/. 

West  Point  Military  Academ;^.  A  national 
institution,  situated  at  West  Point,  New  Yori;, 
for  the  training  of  young  men'for  commissions 
in  the  United  States  army.  Itwas  opened  originally 
under  an  act  of  Congress  in  1794,  which  organized  four  bat- 
talions of  artillery  and  engineers,  to  each  of  which  four 
cadets  were  attached.  The  number  of  cadets  was  increased 
in  1798, 1802,  and  1900.  In  1802  the  academy  was  located 
at  West  Point.  In  1812  an  act  was  passed  putting  the 
institution  nearly  on  its  present  footing.  The  ground 
is  owned  by  the  United  States,  and  consists  of  about  2,200 
acres.  The  corps  of  cadets  consists  of  one  from  each 
congressional  district  and  territory,  one  from  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  two  from  each  State,  and  thirty  from 
the  United  States  at  large.  The  instructors  are  officers 
of  the  army.  , 

West  Prussia.    See  Prussia. 

West  Biding.    See  Yorkshire. 

West  Russia  (rush'a).  A  collective  name  for 
several  governments  in  Russia,  comprising  Kov- 
no,  Minsk, Vitebsk,  MohilefE, Vilna,  and  Grodno. 
The  name  sometimes  also  includes  Kieff  and 
Smolensk,  or  Volhyuia  and  Podolia. 

'West  Sea.  A  name  given  by  the  Danes  to  the 
North  Sea. 

West  Superior  (sii-pe'ri-or).  A  former  town  in 
Wisconsin,  on  Lake  Superior  near  Duluth,  now 
a  part  of  the  city  of  Superior. 

West  Troy  (troi).  A  former  village  in  Albany 
County,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Hudson  op- 
posite Troy  :  now  Watervliet  city,  it  is  the  ter- 
minus of  the  Erie  and  Champlain  canals,  and  the  seat  of 
the  Watervliet  United  States  arsenal.    See  Watervliet. 

West  Turkestan,    See  Twhestan. 

West  'Virginia  (ver-jin'i-a).  One  of  the  South 
Atlantic  States  of  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica, extending  from  lat.  37°  12'  to  40°  38'  N., 
and  from  long.  77°  40'  to  82°  35'  W.  Capital, 
Charleston,  it  is  bounded  by  Ohio  (separated  by  the 
Ohio  Eiver)  on  the  northwest,  Pennsylvania  and  Mary- 
land (separated  from  Maryland  in  great  part  by  the  Poto- 
mac) on  the  north,  Virginia  on  the  east  and  south,  and 
Kentucky  (separated  by  the  Big  Sandy  River)  on  the  west. 
It  has  an  irregular  outline:  the  "Panhandle"  stretches 
along  the  Ohio  between  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  in  the 
north.  Its  surface  is  mountainous  or  hilly.  It  has  great 
abundance  of  timber  and  very  important  deposits  of  coal, 
being  one  of  the  chief  coal-producing  States  in  the  country, 
and  has  iron,  salt,  and  mineral  springs.  It  has  65  counties, 
sends  2  senators  and  5  representatives  to  Congress,  and  has 
7  electoral  votes.  It  was  formerly  a  part  of  Virginia. 
A  convention  adopted  an  ordinance  providing  for  a  new 
State  of  "  Kanawha"  in  1861.  The  constitution  was  adopted 
in  1862,  and  the  State  was  admitted  to  the  Union  as  West 
Virginia  in  1868.  Area,  24,780  square  miles.  Population 
(1900),  958,800. 

Westward  for  Smelts.  A  collection  of  stories 
on  the  plan  of  Boccaccio's  "  Decamerone,"  ex- 
cept that  the  story-tellers  are  fish  wives  going  up 
the  Thames  in  a  boat.  Itwas  written  by  "Kinde  Kit  of 
Kingstone  "  about  1603,  and  reprinted  by  the  Percy  Society. 

Westward  Ho!  A  comedy  by  Webster  and 
Dekker  conjointly,  printed  in  1607. 

Westward  Ho !  or  the  "Voyages  and  Adven- 
tures of  Sir  Amyas  Leigh,  A  novel  by  Charles 
Kingsley,  published  in  1855. 

Westwodd  (west'wud),  John  Obadiah.  Born 
at  Shefield,  England,  1805 :  died  at  Oxford,  Jan. 
2, 1893.  An  English  entomologist,  professor  of 
zoology  at  Oxford.  He  published  "An  Introduction 
to  the  Modern  Classification  of  Insects  "  (2  vols.  1889),  nu- 
merous entomological  papers,  etc. 

'Wetherell  (weTH'er-el),  Elizabeth.  The  pseu- 
donym of  Susan  Warner. 

'Wette,  De.    See  Be  Wette. 


Wetterau 

Wetterau  (vet'ter-ou).  A  fertile  district  in  Up- 
per Hesse  and  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau  in 
Prussia,  extending  from  the  neighborhood  of 
Hanau  northward  to  near  Giessen. 

Wetterhorn  (vet'ter-hom).  A  mountain  of  the 
Bernese  Alps,  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  situ- 
ated near  Grindelwald  14  miles  east-southeast 
of  Interlaken.    Highest  point,  12,150  feet. 

Wettern  (vet ' tern),  or  Vettern  (vet 'tern). 
Lake.  Next  to  Lake  Wenern  the  largest  lake 
in  Sweden,  situated  east-southeast  of  Lake  We- 
nern. Its  outlet  is  by  the  Motala  Elf  to  the  Baltic.  It 
communicates  with  Lake  Wenern  by  the  Gdta  Canal.  Ele- 
vation above  sea-level,  290  feet.  Length,  80  miles.  Area, 
733  square  miles. 

Wettersteingebirge  (vet'ter-stin-ge-l3er''ge).  A 
group  of  the  Bavarian  Alps,  situated  on  the 
border  of  Bavaria  and  Tyrol,  about  55  miles 
southwest  of  Munich.  It  contains  the  Zugspitze, 
the  highest  mountain  in  the  German  Empire. 

Wettin  (vet-ten').  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Saxony,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Saale  32  miles 
northwest  of  Leipsio.  It  contains  the  ancestral  castle 
of  the  Saxon  house  of  Wettin.    Population,  3,0K. 

Wetzlar  (vets'lar).  A  town  in  the  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Prussia,  situated  on  the  Lahn  33  miles 
north-northwest  of  Frankfort-on-the-Main.  It 
was  a  free  imperial  city,  and  was  the  seat  of  the  Imperial 
Chamber  in  the  later  history  of  the  Empire.  The  archduke 
Charles  here  defeated  the  French  under  Jourdan  June  16, 
1796.  The  cathedral  is  a  lofty  and  very  picturesque  struc- 
ture founded  in  the  11th  century,  and  variously  modified 
from  then  until  the  leth.  There  is  a  massive  western 
tower  in  which  opens  a  fine  sculptured  doorway,  and  sev- 
eral other  portals  exhibit  excellent  details.  There  is  no 
clearstory,  and  the  lofty  traceried  windows  of  the  aisles 
are  covered  each  with  a  separate  gable.   Population,  8,144. 

Wevelinghofen  (va've-ling-ho-fen).  A  manu- 
facturing town  in  the  Bhine  Province,  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Erft  18  miles  northwest  of  Co- 
logne. Near  it,  June  14,  1648,  the  Imperialists  under 
Lamboy  were  defeated  by  the  troops  of  Hesse  and  Weimar 
under  Oeisa. 

Wexford  (weks'ford).  1.  A  county  in  Leinster, 
Ireland,  bounded  by  Wicklow,  St.  George's 
Channel,  Waterford,  Elilkenny,  and  Carlow. 
Area,  901  square  miles.  Population  (1891), 
111,778. —  2.  A  seaport,  capital  of  County  Wex- 
ford, situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Slaney,  in  lat. 
52°  20' N.,  long.  6°28' W.  It  was  the  landing-place 
of  the  English  invaders  in  1169 ;  was  taken  by  the  rebels  in 
1641 ;  was  stormed  by  Cromwell  in  1649 ;  and  was  the  head- 
quarters of  the  rebels  in  1798.    Population  (1891),  11,641. 

Wexford  Haven.  .An  inlet  of  St.  George's 
Channel,  situated  on  the  coast  of  Wexford, 
Ireland. 

Wexio  (vek'she-6).  1 .  A  laen  in  Sweden :  same 
as  Eronoberg. —  2.  The  capital  of  the  laen  of 
Kronoberg,  Sweden,  58  miles  west  of  Kalmar. 
It  has  a  cathedral.    Population,  6,606. 

Weyer's  Cave  (wi'erz  kav).  A  large  stalactite 
cave  in  Augusta  County,  Virginia,  northeast  of 
Staunton,  in  a  spur  of  the  Blue  Eidge. 

Weyland  Smith.    See  Wayland. 

Weyler  (wi'ler),  Valeriano.  Bom  about  1836. 

A  Spanish  general.  He  served  in  the  Carlist  war 
and  the  war  against  the  Moors,  and  for  two  years  fought 
for  Spain  in  the  Cuban  insuneotion  of  1868-78.  He  was 
recalled  from  Cuba  on  account  of  the  charges  of  extreme 
cruelty  made  against  him,  but  was  sent  there  again  to 
succeed  Campos  as  captain-general  of  the  Spanish  forces 
in  Jan.,  1896.    He  was  succeeded  by  Blanco  in  Oct.,  1897. 

Weyman  (wi'man),  Stanley  J.  Bom  at  Lud- 
low, Salop,  1855.'  An  English  novelist.  He  was 
educated  at  Shrewsbury  and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 
He  was  classical  instructor  in  the  King's  School,  Chester, 
1878 ;  read  for  the  bar,  and  was  called  in  1881;  and  practised 
until  1890.  He  first  began  to  write  for  "  The  Cornhill "  in 
1883.  Among  his  novels  are  "  The  House  of  the  Wolf  "  (pub- 
lished serially  in  1887,  and  in  book  form  in  1890), "Francis 
Cludde "  (1891),  " The  New  Rector  "  (1891),  "A  Gentleman 
of  France  " (1893), "Under  the  Bed  Robe "  (1894), and  "  My 
Lady  Rotha"  (1894). 

Weymouth  (wa'muth).  A  town  in  Norfolk 
County,  Massachusetts,  12  miles  south-south- 
east of  Boston.  It  has  manufactures  of  boots 
and  shoes,  etc.     Population  (1900),  11,324. 

Weymouth  and  Melcombe  Kegis  (wa'muth 
and  mel'kum  re'jis).  A  seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  Dorset,  England,  situated  on  the  Eng- 
lish Channel,  7  miles  south  of  Dorchester,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Wey.  It  was  the  scene  of  several 
engagements  in   the  civil  war.     Population 

_a891),  13,769. 

Weyprecht  (vi'predht),  Karl.  Bom  near 
Michelstadt  (Hesse),  Sept.  8,  1838 :  died  there, 
March  29,  1881.  A  German  Arctic  explorer. 
In  1871  hewent  with  Payer  to  Spitzbergen  and  Nova  Zem- 
bla,  and  also  1872-74  with  the  expedition  which  discovered 
Franz  .iosef  Land.  He  was  the  originator  of  the  system 
of  international  polar  stations. 

Whale,  The.    See  Cetus. 

Whalley  (hwol'i),  Edward.  Died  at  Hadley, 
Mass.,  about  1678.  An  English  commander  in 
the  civil  war,  and  regicide  :  one  of  Cromwell's 


1058 

major-generals.  He  fled  to  America  at  the  Res- 
toration. 

Whanghai  (hwang-hi').  The  Chinese  name  of 
the  Yellow  Sea. 

Wharfe  (hw^rf).  A  river  in  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, which  joins  the  Ouse  8  miles  south  of 
York.    Length,  about  65  miles. 

Wharton  (hwar'tgn),  Francis.  Bom  at  Phila- 
delphia, 1820 :  died  1889.    An  American  lawyer 


Whistler 

County,  West  Virginia,  situated  in  the  "Pan- 
handle," on  the  Ohio  River,  in  lat.  40°  6'  N.  It  is. 
called  "  the  Nail  City,"  from  its  nail-factories :  It  has  also 
other  manufactures,  and  an  important  trade  by  railroad 
and  by  the  Ohio.  It  was  the  capital  ol  the  State  1863-70 
and  1875-86.    Population  (1900),  38,878. 

Wheelock  (hwe'lok),  Eleazar.  Bom  at  Wind- 
ham, Conn.,  1711:  died  at  Hanover,  N.  H.,  1779. 
An  American  clergyman  and  educator,  first 
president  of  Dartmouth  College  (1770-70). 


and  legal  writer.    He  practised  law;  became  pro.  TfTVr.^l'iXnv"'\tCi!!-''"'^J!tL'^^i''^T°v^' '"   '"A' 
fessor  in  Kenyon  College;  was  ordained  in  the  Protestant   '™5®®J-°.''^>  i9S^-     -^""S  ?J    Lebanon,   Conn., 
i?„j. 1/-.I,, — ,,.  1 „ — *„„„.. i„ n„™>,.!.i„„ T.....!_     1754:  died  at  Hanover,  N.  H.,  1817.    An  Amer- 
ican educator,  son  of  Eleazar  Wheelock.     He 


Episcopal  Church ;  became  professor  in  Cambridge  Divin- 
ity School;  and  was  solicitor  for  the  state  department, 
Washington,  1886-89.  He  wrote  "  Treatise  on  the  Criminal 
Law  of  the  United  States  "  (1846), "  State  Trials  of  the  United 
States  during  the  AdnQinistrations  of  Washington  and 
Adams"  (1849),  "Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Homicide  in  the  __ 
United  States"  (1866),  "Treatise  on  Theism  and  Mod-  Whewell  (hU'el),  William, 


em  Skeptical  Theories  "  (1869),  "  The  Silence  of  Scripture  " 
(1867),  "Treatise  on  the  Conflict  of  Laws"  (1872),  "Law  of 
Agency  and  Agents"  (1876),  and  "Digest  of  International 
Law."  He  was  joint  author  with  Stills  of  a  "Treatise  on 
Medical  Jurisprudence." 

Wharton,  Thomas.  Borp  about  1610:  died 
1673,  An  English  physician,  discoverer  of 
"  Wharton's  duet." 

Wharton,  Thomas,  Marquis  of  Wharton.   Bom    ,„,,    ,      ..  >,ooo^  ..tt- ..        ..  ^v    t  j    ..■      ...        ,i 

l,-hT,7^XaAr\.  At7A%iR     i„  -p^^iici,  ■m\,t „v       -Theology"  (1833),  "History  of  the  Inductive  Sciences" 

about  1640:  died  1715.    An  English  Whig  poll-    (1837),  "philosophy  of  the  Inductive  Sciences"  (1840), 
—  •       '  ■ Elementsof  Morality  "(1846),  "On  the  History  of  Moral 


served  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  succeeded  his  father 
as  president  of  Dartmouth  College  in  1779.  He  was  re- 
moved by  the  trustees  in  1816,  and  restored  in  1817. 

Born  at  Lancas- 
ter, England,  May  24, 1794 :  died  at  Cambridge, 
England,  March  6, 1866.  A  celebrated  English 
scientist  and  philosopher.  He  entered  Cambridge 
(Trinity  College)  in  1812.  In  1817  he  was  elected  fellow, 
and  in  1818  mathematical  lecturer.  From  1828-32  he  was 
professor  of  mineralogy,  and  from  1838-65  of  moral  theol- 
ogy and  casuistical  divinity.  In  1841  he  became  master 
of  Trinity  College.  His  works  include  "Astronomy  and 
General  Physics  Considered  with  Reference  to  Natural 

'" "  '"  '     '"        "  "ences" 

(1840), 


tician.    He  was  a  prominent  member  of  Parliament  and 

memberof  the  Junto;  comptroller  of  the  household;  lord  Philosophy  in  England'  (1852),  "Plurality  of'  Worlds," 
lieutenantof  Ireland  1708-10  ;  and  lord  privy  seal  1714.  "PlatonioDialoguesforEnglishEeaders"(1859-61X  "Lee- 
He  was  the  reputed  author  of  "LillibuUero."  tures  on  Political  Economy"  (1861). 

Whately  (hwat'li),  Richard.  Bom  at  London,  Whidby  (hwid'bi).  A  large  island  in  Puget 
Feb.  1, 1787 :  died  at  Dublin,  Oct.  8, 1863.  An  Sound,  belonging  to  the  State  of  Washington. 
English  prelate  and  theologian,  in  I8O6  he  entered  Whigs  (hwlgz),  The.  [Originally  a  contemptu- 
Oxford  (Oriel  College),  graduating  in  1808.    In  1814  he    qus  epithet  in  Scotland,  the  primary  application. 

wrote  the  famous  "Historic  Doubts  relative  to  Napoleon     „t  „tf„i,  i„  „„<. „  ^l K.  -1      1     t_  T'__i;-ir 

Bonaparte."    He  became  Bampton  lecturer  in  1822 ;  prin- 


of  which  is  not  now  known.]  1.  In"  English 
history,  one  of  the  two  great  political  parties 
which  arose  at  the  end  of  the  17th  century.  It 
may  be  regarded  as  succeeding  the  Roundheads,  Country 
party,  and  Exclusionists  (Petitioners).  It  professed  more 
liberal  principles  than  the  Tory  party,  and  favored  and  de- 
fended the  revolution  of  1688,  Parliamentary  control,  and 
the  Hanoverian  succession.  The  great  Whig  families  con- 
trolled the  government  for  many  years  from  the  beginning 
of  the  reign  of  George  I.  Among  the  later  leaders  were 
Fox  and  Burke.  About  the  time  of  the  Reform  Bill  of  1832 
(which  the  Whigs  favored)  the  name  began  to  be  replaced 
by  Liberal.  (See  liberal.)  Sometimes  the  more  conser- 
vativemembers  of  the  Liberal  party  are  still  called  Whigs. 
2.  The  patriotic  or  American  party  during  the 
Revolutionary  period. — 3.  An  American  po- 
litical party  formed  under  the  leadership  of 
Henry  Clay,  and  known  until  about  1834  as  the 
National  Republican,  it  favored  a  loose  construction 
of  the  Constitution,  and  supported  a  high  protective  tariff 
and  internal  improvements.  Its  presidents  were  Harri- 
son and  Tyler  (;i841-46)  and  Taylor  and  Fillmore  (1849-53). 
It  became  divided  on  the  slavery  question,  lost  the  elec- 
tion of  1862,  and  soon  after  disappeared. 
Mass.,  March  11,  1848.     A  noted  American  di-  Whipple  (hwip'l),  Edwin  Percy.      Born  at 


cipalof  St.  Albans  Hall  in  1826 ;  professor  of  political  econ- 
omy at  Oxford  in  1829  ;  and  archbishop  of  Dublin  in  1831. 
About  1815  his  treatise  on  "Logic"  and  that  on  "Rhet^ 
oric  "  were  contributed  to  the  "Encyclopsedia  Metropoli- 
tanx"  In  1837  he  wrote  * '  Christian  Evidences,"and  edited 
Bacon's ' '  Essays  "in  1856  and  Paley  in  1869.  He  advocated 
Catholic  emancipation  and  unsectarian  education,  and 
helped  to  relieve  the  Irish  famine.  Among  his  numerous 
other  works  are  "The  Use  and  Abuse  of  Party  Feeling  in 
Matters  of  Religion  "  (1822),  "Essays  on  Some  of  the  Pecu- 
liarities of  the  Christian  Religion  "  (1825),  "Elements  of 
Logic  "  (1826),  "  Elements  of  Rhetoric  "  <1828),  "  Essays  on 
Some  or  the  DitBculties  in  the  Writings  of  the  Apostle 
Paul,  etc."  (1828),  etc. 

What  Will  He  Do  With  It  ?   A  novel  by  Bul- 

wer  Lytton,  published  in  1858. 
What  You  Will.  A  comedy  by  Marston,written 

about  1601, publishedin  1607.  Shakspere's "Twelfth 

Night,  or  What  You  Will "  is  thought  to  be  a  rejoinder 

to  this  play  and  "The  Malcontent." 

Wheaton  (hwe'ton),  Henry.    Bom  at  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  Nov"  27, 1785:  died  at  Dorchester, 


plomatist,  lawyer,  and  publicist.  He  graduated 
at  Brown  University  in  1802 ;  practised  law  at  Providence, 
and  later  (1812)  at  New  York;  and  edited  the  "National 
Advocate  1812-15.  He  was  justice  of  the  Marine  Court, 
New  York  city,  1815-19;  reporter  of  the  United  States  Su- 
preme Court  1816-27;  charge  d'affaires  to  Denmark  1827- 
1836 ;  and  minister  to  Prussia  1835-46.  He  negotiated  a 
treaty  (not  ratified)  with  Prussia  in  1844.  His  chief  work 
is  "Elementsof  International  Law"  (1836:  later  edited 
by  W.  B.  Lawrence  and  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.).    He  also  wrote 


Gloucester,  Mass.,  March  8, 1819  :"died  at  Bos- 
ton, June  16, 1886.  An  American  critic  and  es- 
sayist. He  was  employed  in  abank  and  in  abroker's  offlc& 
at  Boston ;  and  1837-60  was  superintendent  of  the  read- 
ing-room of  the  Merchants'  Exchange.  He  became  noted 
as  a  lecturer.  His  works  include  "  Essays  and  Reviews  " 
(2  vols.  1848-49),  "literature  and  Life  "(1849),  "Character 
and  Characteristic  Men "(1866),  "Literature  of  the  Age 
of  Elizabeth"  <1869),  »t" 


reports  and  digests  of  United  States  Supreme  Court  de-  WhiskerandOS(hwis-ker-an'd6z),DonFerolO. 

Ji^'°5^'Jl.'^''^  °''.,^.^'}'^??r-^i°?'"':f''"  ^'*^?'  ^'°H^!?7.i2:  -A-  character  in  the  tragedy  rehearsed  in  Sheri- 

the  Northmen"  (1831),  "Histoiredu  progrt^ du droit  dea  ji„„,„  'Tm+in".  o  ■h-.-.Sac^-.-.^  +,„„„.?,,  *™ 

gens  en  Europe"  C'Historyof  the  Law  of  Nations,"  1841),  J^.  %     Sf"'«    •  a  burlesque  tragedy  type. 

"Validity  of  the  British  Claim  to  a  Right  of  Visitation  WmSky  InSUrrectlOU  or  Rebellion.     An  out- 

and  Search  of  American  Vessels  Suspected  to  be  Engaged  break  in  the  four  western  counties  of  Pennsyl- 

in  the  Slave-Trade"  (1842).             „,      ,       t>         x  ^ania,  in  1794,  against  the  enforcement  of  an  act 

Wheatstone  (hwet'ston).  Sir  Charles.  Bornat  of  Congress  of  1791  imposing  an  excise  duty  on 
Gloucester,  England,  Feb.,  1802:  died  at  Pans,  all  spirits  distilled  within  the  United  States,  and 
Oct.  19, 1875.  An  English  physicist  and  inven-  on  stills.  A  large  body  of  miUtia,  under  Governor  Lee 
tor,  one  of  the  inventors  of  the  electric  tele-  of  Virginia,  was  sent  by  Washington  to  the  disturbed  dis- 
graph :  professor  in  King's  College,London.  He  trict,  but  the  insurrection  was  suppressed  without  blood- 
patented,  with  Cooke,  his  telegraph  in  1837 ;  made  many  slwd.  _  „  ,.  . 
researches  in  electricity,  sound,  and  light;  and  invented  WJllS£y  King.  A  Conspiracy  of  distillers  and 
the  stereoscope,  concertina,  etc.  United  States  government  of&cials,  formed  to 

Wheeler  (hwe'lfer),  Joseph.    Bom  at  Augusta,  defraud  the  government  of  the  excise  taxes.  It 

Ga.,  Sept.  10,  1836.    An  American  soldier  and  existed  about  1872-75. 

politician.     He  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  Whistlecraft(hwis'l-kraf t), William  and  Rob- 

Military  Academy  In  1869,  and  entered  the  Confederate  ert.     A  pseudonym  of  John  Hookham  Frere. 

army  in  1861.  rising  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general  lU  jje  wrote  a  "Prospectus  and  Specimen  of  an  intended  Na- 

Feb.  ,1865.  From  1881  to  1900  he  was  a  member  of  Congress  ji^n^j  y^^^^  ^  William  and  Robert  Whistlecraft,  of  Stow- 

from  Alabama.    He  was  appointed  "4or;gf°«f«l  °' ™;  market,  in  Suffolk,  Harness  and  Collar  Makers,  intended 

unteers  in  May,  1898,  and  commanded  the  dismounted  ^^  comprise  the  most  interesting  Particulars  relating  to 

cavalry  in  the  Santi^o  campaign.    Appointed  brigadiei-  ^^^g  ^^^^^  ^^^  ^.^  j^^^^^^  ^^^^^„    ^^  ^^^^  ^^^^  ^^  .^_ 

general  U.  S.  A.  in  190O.    Retired  in  1900.  troduced  the  bemesque  style  into  the  English  language. 

Wheeler   William  Almon.     Bom  at  Malone,  Byron,when8ending"Beppo"tohispublisher, writes:  "I 

^nlViiiit,'  P^-tr^ttr    tJ    V      fiiTio  qn    1819-  died  ''"®  written  a  poem  humorous,  in  or  after  the  exoellent 

Franklin  County,  N.   Y.,  June  dO,  l»i»- J"ea  j^^„^^^  „j  jj^  Whistlecraft,  and  founded  on  a  Venetian 

there,   June   4,    1887.      An   American   stales-  anecdote  which  amused  me.  .  .  .  Whistlecraft  is  my  im- 

man.    He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  VennonI;,  but  mediate  model,  but  Berni  is  the  father  of  that  kind  of 

did  not  graduate ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1845 ;  was  writing ;  which,  I  think,  suits  our  language,  too,  very 

United  States  district  attorney  of  Franklin  County,  New  well." 


sembly , 

lican  member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1861-63  and 
1869-77.  Headjusted  Louisiana  difficulties  by  the  "Wheeler 
Compromise  "  in  1874.  He  was  nominated  as  Republican 
candidate  for  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  in  1876; 
was  declared  elected  in  1877;  and  served  1877-81. 

Wheeling  (hwe'ling).    A  city,  capital  of  Ohio 


Bom  at  Lowell,  Mass.,  1834 :  died  at  London, 
July  17,  1903.  A  distinguished  American 
painter  and  etcher.  He  attended  the  West  Point 
Academy  1851-54,  and  later  studied  art  in  Paris  under 
Gleyre.  He  removed  to  London  in  1863,  and  in  1866  was 
elected  president  of  the  Society  of  Bi'ltish  Artists,    He 


Whistler 

is  especially  noted  for  his  etchings.  His  paintings  in- 
clude various  portraits,  and  "The  White  Girl"  (1862), 
"Portrait  of  my  Motlier"  (1872),  "Nocturne  in  Blue  and 
Gold  and  "  Nocturne  in  Blue  and  Green  "  (1878),  "  Har- 
mony in  Gray  and  Green"  (1881),  etc.  He  wrote  "The 
Gentle  Art  of  Making  Enemies  "  (1890),  etc. 

Wluston  (hwis'tpn),  William.  Bom  at  Norton, 
Leicestershire,  England,  Dee.  9,  1667:  died  at 
London,  Aug.  22,  1752.  .An  English  theologian 
and  mathematician,  successor  of  Newton  as  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  Cambridge,  but  ex- 
pelled for  Arianism.  He  wrote  "  New  Theory  of  the 
Earth"  (1696),  "Primitive  Christianity  Revived"  (1711), 
"  St.  Clement  s  and  St,  Ireneeus's  Vindication  of  the  Apos- 
tolical Constitutions  "  (1716),  ' '  Sir  Isaac  Newton's  Mathe- 
matical Philosophjr  Demonstrated"  (1716),  works  on 
mathematics,  Arianism,  prophecy,  the  Scriptures,  a  life  of 
Samuel  Clarke,  autobiography  (1749-60),  and  a  translation 
of  Josephus  (1737). 

Whitby  (hwit'bi).  A  seaport  and  watering- 
place  in  Yorkshire,  England,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Esk  in  the  North  Sea,  in  lat.  54° 
29'  N.,  long.  0°  37'  W. :  the  Saxon  Streonshalh. 
It  has  manufactures  of  jet  ornaments  and  important  fish- 
eries and  trade  ;  and  wa£  formerly  noted  for  ship-building. 
It  is  a  fashionable  seaside  resort.  The  famous  abbey  was 
founded  in  the  7th  century,  though  the  existing  remains 
date  frbm  between  the  12th  and  the  14th.  The  ruins  of  the 
church  are  picturesque  and  architecturally  interesting. 
The  clearstory  windows  are  small,  but  the  other  openings 
are  of  good  size.  The  town  grew  up  around  the  monas- 
tery.   Population  (1891),  13,274. 

Whithy.  The  capital  of  Ontario  County,  Ontario, 
Canada,  situated  on  Lake  Ontario  30  miles  east- 
northeast  of  Toronto.   Population(1901),  2,110. 

Whitby,  Daniel.  Bom  at  Eushden,  Northamp- 
tonshire, 1638:  died  at  Salisbury,  March  24, 
1726.  An  English  theologian.  He  graduated  at 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  in  1667.  In  1672  he  was  rector 
at  St.  Edmunds,  Salisbury.  His  attempt  to  reconcile  the 
Anglican  Church  and  the  Dissenters  excited  the  wrath 
of  the  clergy:  his  book  "The Protestant Ueoonoiler" (1683) 
was  burned  at  Oxford,  and  he  was  forced  to  recant.  He 
wrote  controversial  works  against  Eoman  Catholicism,  and 
others  relating  to  Arianism,  Arminianism,  etc. 

Whitby,  S5;nod.  or  Council  of.  An  ecclesias- 
tical council  held  at  Whitby  in  664,  under  the 
leadership  of  Oswy,  king  of  Northumbria,  to 
decide  the  Easter  and  tonsure  questions.  It 
resulted  in  the  triumph  of  the  Koman  party  as 
against  the  Celtic. 

White  (hwit),  Andrew  Dickson.  Bom  at  Ho- 
mer, N.  Y.,  Nov.  7,  1832.  An  American  edu- 
cator, historian,  and  politician.  He  graduated  at 
Vale  in  1B5S  ;  studied  in  Europe,  and  was  attach^  of  lega- 
tion in  Russia ;  was  professor  of  history  and  English  liter- 
ature in  the  University  of  Michigan  1857-62 ;  was  State 
senator  in  New  York  1863-66 ;  and  was  one  of  the  organ- 
izers of  Cornell  University  and  its  first  president  (1867-85). 
I'rom  1879  to  1881  he  was  United  States  minister,  and  1897- 
1902  ambassador,  to  Germany.  In  1871  he  was  commis- 
sioner to  Santo  Domingo,  and  minister  to  Russia  1892-94. 
Among  his  works  are  "Lectures  on"  Medieval  and  Modern 
History"  (1861),  "  Warfare  of  Science "  (1876),  "The New 
Germany    (1882),  "Studies  in  General  History"  (1885). 

White,  Babington.  A  pseudonym  of  Miss 
Braddon  (Mrs.  Maxwell). 

White,  Gilbert.  Bom  at  Selbome,  Hampshire, 
England,  July  18, 1720:  diedthere, June20, 1793. 
An  English  naturalist.  He  was  educated  at  Oriel  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  became  a  fellow  there ;  and  was  curate 
at  Selborne  and  elsewhere.  He  is  famous  for  his  "Natural 
History  and  Antiquities  of  Selbome"  (1789).  His  "Natu- 
ralists' Calendar  "  was  edited  by  Aikin  in  1795. 

White,  Henry  Kirke.  Bom  at  Nottingham, 
England,  March  21,  1785:  died  at  Cambridge, 
England,  Oct.  19,  1806.  An  English  poet.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  butcher,  and  was  apprenticed  to  an  attor- 
ney at  the  age  of  16.  He  published  a  volume  of  poems  in 
1803,  and  in  1804  secured  a  sizarship  at  St,  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  died  from  overstudy.  His  "Remains" 
and  biography  were  published  by  Southey  in  1807. 

White,  Hugh  Lawson.  Bom  in  Iredell  County, 
N.  C,  1773:  died  at  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  April  10, 
ld40.  An  American  statesman.  He  was  state 
senator  in  Tennessee ;  judge  of  the  Tennessee  Supreme 
Court ;  and  United  States  senator  from  Tennessee  1825-40. 
He  received  26  electoral  votes  as  Whig  candidate  for  Presi- 
dent in  1836.  _ 

White,  John.  Bom  1590:  died  1645.  An  Eng- 
lish lawyer  and  doctor  of  medicine:  called 
"Century  White"  from  his  "First  Century  of 
Scandalous,  Malignant  Priests  "  (1643) .  He  drew 
lip  the  first  charter  of  the  Massachusetts  colony. 

Wiite,  Joseph  Blanco.  Bom  at  Seville,  July 
11, 1775:  died  at  Liverpool,  May  20, 1841.  An 
Englisli  author  and  clergyman,  in  1799  he  was  or- 
dained a  Roman  Catholic  priest.  In  1810  he  went  to  Eng- 
land and  took  orders  in  the  English  Church,  but  afterward 
became  a  Unitarian.  He  edited  "El  Espafiol "  in  Irfindon 
(1810-14)  and  wrote  "Letters  from  Spain"  (1822),  "Evi- 
dence against  Catholicism  "  (1826),  "  Poor  Man's  Preserva- 
tive against  Popery  "  (1825),  "Second  Travels  of  an  Irish 
Gentleman  in  Search  of  a  Religion  "(1833),  and  the  famous 
sonnet  "  Night."  His  autobiography  was  edited  by  J.  H. 
Thom(1846).  „  ,,„_<,. 

White  Peregrine.  Bom  on  the  Mayflower,  m 
Cape  bod  Harbor,  Mass.,  Nov.  20,  1620:  died 
1704   The  first  white  child  bom  in  New  England. 

WMte,  Richard  Grant.  Bom  at  New  York,  May 


1059 

22, 1822 :  died  there,  April  8,  1885.  An  Ameri- 
can essayist,  critic,  and  Shaksperian  scholar. 
He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York ; 
studied  law  ;  became  noted  as  a  musical  and  art  critic ; 
was  editor  of  the  New  York  "Courier  and  Enquirer" ;  and 
later  was  connected  with  the  United  States  revenue  bu- 
reau in  New  York.  He  wrote  "Appeal  from  the  Sentence 
of  the  Bishop  [Onderdonk]  of  New  York  "  (1846),  ■'  Hand- 
book of  Christian  Art "  (1863),  "  Shakspere's  Scholar "  (1864), 
"Authorship  of  the  3  Parts  of  Henry  VL"  (1869),  "Na- 
tional Hymns  "(1861),  a  satire  "  The  New  Gospel  of  Peace  " 
(1863),  "Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  William  Shakspere"(1865), 
"Poetry  of  the  Civil  War  " (1866),  "  Words  and  Their  Uses " 
(1870),  "Every-day  English^' (1880),  "England  Without  and 
Within  "  (1881),  a  novel  "  The  Fate  of  Mansfield  Hum- 
phreys "  (1884),  "  Studies  in  Shakspere  "  (1886).  He  edited 
Shakspere's  plays  1857-66,  and  in  1883. 

White,  Stanford.  Born  at  New  York,  Nov.  9, 
1853.  An  American  architect  and  decorator, 
son  of  K.  Gr.  White.  He  has  designed  the  Washmgton 
Arch  (New  York  city),  the  Madison  Square  Garden,  the 
base  of  St.  Gaudens's  statue  of  Farragut  in  Madison  Square, 
and  many  buildings. 

White,  William.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  April 
4, 1748 :  died  there,  July  17, 1836.  A  bishop  of 
tlie  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  He  was  one  of 
the  organizers  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United 
States,  and  was  elected  first  bishop  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1786,  and  consecrated  in  London  in  1787.  He  wrote  "The 
Case  of  the  Episcopal  Churches  Considered  "  (1782),  "  Lec- 
tures on  the  Catechism "  (1813),  "Comparative  View  of  the 
Controversy  between  the  Calvinists  and  the  Arminians " 
(1817),  "Memoirs  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in 
the  United  States"  (1820),  etc. 

Whiteboys  (hwit'boiz).  The  members  of  an 
illegal  agrarian  association,  formed  in  Ireland 
about  the  year  1761,  whose  object  was  "to  do 
justice  to  the  poor  by  restoring  the  ancient  com- 
mons and  redressing  other  grievances"  {Lecky). 
The  members  of  the  association  assembled  at  night  with 
white  frocks  over  their  other  clothes  (whence  the  name), 
threw  down  fences  and  leveled  inclosures  (being  hence 
also  called  Levelers),  and  destroyed  the  property  of  harsh 
landlords  or  their  agents,  the  Protestant  clergy,  the  tithe- 
collectors,  and  any  others  who  had  made  themselves  ob- 
noxious to  the  association. 

Whitecaps  (hwit'kaps).  In  the  United  States, 
a  self-constituted  body  or  committee  of  per- 
sons who,  in  Indiana  and  other  States,  generally 
under  the  guise  of  rendering  service  or  protec- 
tion to  the  community  in  which  they  dwell, 
commit  various  outrages  and  lawless  acts. 

Whitechapel  (hwit'chap"'el).  A  quarter  in  the 
eastern  part  of  London,  inhabited  by  the  poorer 
classes  and  by  criminals :  so  called  from  White- 
chapel Eoad. 

Whitechapel  Murders.  A  series  of  extraor- 
dinary and  atrocious  murders,  committed  in 
London,  especially  in  Whitechapel,  by  an  un- 
known person,  popularly  called  "  Jack  the  Rip- 
per," about  1889.  The  victims  were  in  all  oases 
fallen  women. 

White  Company,  The.  [F.  La  Compagnie 
Blanche.'\  A  band  of  assassins  organized  in 
Toulouse  in  the  13th  century  by  "the  ferocious 
Folquet,"  bishop  of  Toulouse.  He  marched  at  their 
head,  massacring  all  who  were  suspected  of  favoring  heret- 
ical opinions.  This  company  joined  the  army  of  Simon 
de  Montfort  when  he  besieged  Toulouse.  The  name  was 
also  assumed  by  a  band  of  freebooters  (the  "  Grand  Com- 
panies ")  led  by  Bertrand  du  Guesclin  in  1366,  from  the 
white  cross  which  each  wore  on  his  shoulder.  He  was 
ransomed  from  English  captivity  for  the  purpose  of  rid- 
ding France  of  these  adventurers.  He  placed  himself  at 
their  head  and  led  them  out  of  the  country  into  Spain. 
The  name  was  also  given,  probably  on  account  of  their 
equipment,  to  another  band  of  adventurers  led  by  Sir 
John  Hawkwood,  who  ravaged  the  northern  part  of  Italy 
with  them  in  the  14th  century. 

White  Czar,  or  White  King,  The.  An  epithet 
of  the  Czar  of  Russia. 
White  Devil,  The,  or  Vittoria  Corombona. 

A  tragedy  by  Webster,  first  acted  in  1607  or 
1608.  It  was  printed  in  1612.  See  Corombona. 
But  when  these  criticisms  and  others  are  made,  "The 
White  Devil"  remains  one  of  the  most  glorious  works  of 
the  period.  Vittoria  is  perfect  throughout ;  and  in  the 
justly  lauded  trial  scene  she  has  no  superior  on  any  stage. 
Bracchiano  is  a  thoroughly  lifelike  portrait  of  the  man 
who  is  completely  besotted  with  an  evil  woman.  Flamineo 
I  have  spoken  of,  and  not  favourably :  yet  in  literature,  if 
not  in  life,  he  is  a  triumph ;  and,  above  all,  the  absorbing 
tragic  interest  of  the  play,  which  it  is  impossible  to  take 
up  without  finishing,  has  to  be  counted  in.  But  the  real 
charm  of  "  The  White  Devil "  is  the  wholly  miraculous 
poetry  in  phrases  and  short  passages  which  it  contains. 
Saintsbury,  Hist,  of  Elizabethan  Lit.,  p.  276. 

White  Devil  of  Wallachia,  The.  A  Turkish 
nickname  of  Scanderbeg. 

White  Elephant,  Land  of  the.    Siam. 

Whiteface  (hwit'fas)  Mountain.  A  peak  of 
the  Adirondacks,  in  Essex  County,  New  York, 
near  Lake  Placid.    Height,  about  4,870  feet. 

Whitefleld  (hwit'feld),  George.  Bom  at  Glou- 
cester, England,  Dec.  27,  1714:  died  at  New- 
buryport,  Mass.,  Sept.  30,  1770.  An  English 
clergyman,  one  of  the  founders  of  Methodism : 
celebrated  as  a  pulpit  orator.  He  was  educated 
at  Gloucester  and  Oxford ;  became  associated  at  Oxford 


White  League,  The 

with  the  Methodists ;  was  ordained  deacon  in  1736 ;  visited 
Georgia  in  1738,  returning  to  England  in  the  same  year  to 
be  ordained  a  priest ;  began  open-air  preaching  at  Bristol 
with  great  effect ;  again  visited  America  1739-41,  preach- 
ing in  New  England,  New  York,  Georgia,  and  elsewhere; 
separated  from  Wesley  on  doctrinal  points  in  1741  (White- 
field  retaining  his  rigid  Calvinism  and  Wesley  leaning 
toward  Arminianism);  preached  throughout  Great  Brit- 
ain ;  was  in  America  for  the  third  time  1744-48  (and  sev- 
eral times  later) ;  and  became  chaplain  to  the  Countess  of 
Huntingdon.  He  returned  to  America  for  the  last  time 
in  1769,  and  died  there. 

Whitefriars  (hwit'fri"arz).  A  district  in  Lon- 
don, named  from  an  order  of  Carmelites  estab- 
lished there  in  1241.  The  first  monastery  of  the  order 
in  England  was  founded  by  Ralph  Freshburne  near  Ater- 
wich,  Northumberland,  in  1224.  (See  Alsaiia.)  In  1680  the 
Whitefriars'  Monastery  was  given  up  to  a  company  of 
players,  and  known  as  Whitefriars'  Theatre.  It  was  not 
used  after  1616. 

Whitehall  (hwlt'hal).  In  modern  London,  the 
main  thoroughfare  between  Trafalgar  Square 
and  the  houses  of  Parliament,  it  is  160  feet  wide, 
and  passes  through  the  great  courtyard  of  the  old  White- 
hall Palace.  It  contains  on  either  side  the  administrative 
offices  of  the  imperial  government. 

Whitehall  (hwit'hai).  A  village  in  Washing- 
ton County,  New  York,  situated  at  the  southern 
end  of  Lake  Champlain,  65  miles  north  by  east 
of  Albaiw,  at  the  terminus  of  the  Champlain 
Canal.  It  has  an  important  trade  in  lumber. 
Population  (1900),  4,377. 

Whitehall  Palace.  A  palace  in  London,  Eng- 
land, originally  built  by  Hubert  de  Burgh  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  III.  it  became  the  residence  of 
the  archbishops  of  York  in  1248,  and  was  called  York  Place 
for  three  centuries.  It  should  not  be  confounded  with  York 
House.  It  escheated  to  the  crown  under  Henry  VIII.  In 
1616  it  was  nearly  destroyed  by  fire,  and  James  I.  undertook 
to  rebuild  the  palace,  butonly  the  existing  banqueting-hall, 
designed  by  Inigo  Jones,  was  finished  at  the  opening  of  the 
civil  war.  The  remainder  of  the  old  palace  has  since  disap- 
peared. The  banqueting-hall  is  one  of  the  best  examples  of 
the  Palladian  style.  111  by  66J  feel,  and  66J  high.  The  ceil- 
ing is  covered  with  paintings  by  Rubens  representing  the 
Apotheosis  of  James  I.,  incidents  in  the  life  of  Charles 
I.,  and  allegories  of  Peace,  Plenty,  and  similar  subjects. 
Through  an  opening  broken  in  the  wall  between  the  upper 
and  the  lower  central  windows  Charles  I.  walked  to  the 
scaffold.  The  banqueting-hall  was  turned  into  a  chapel  by 
George  I. ,  but  has  never  been  consecrated.  Itiscalled"the 
Chapel  Ro^-al  of  Whitehall,"  and  was  dismantled  in  1890. 

White  Hart,  The,  A  noted  tavern  in  South- 
ward, London. 

Whitehaven  (hwit'ha'''vn).  A  seaport  in  Cum- 
berland, England,  situated  near  the  entrance  to 
Solway  Firth,  in  lat.  54°  33'  N.,  long.  3°  35'  W. 
It  has  coal-mines  andvariedmanufactures,  and 
exports  coal,  iron,  etc.  Population  (1891),  18, 044. 

Whitehead  (hwit'hed),  Charles.  Born  at  Lon- 
don, 1804:  died  at  Melbourne,  1862.  An  Eng- 
lish poet  and  writer.  He  published  "The  Solitary" 
(1831),  and  "Autobiography  of  Jack  Ketch "(1834).  The 
"  Pickwick  Papers  "  were  written  by  Dickens  at  his  sug- 
gestion.    In  1857  he  went  to  Melbourne. 

Whitehead,  William.  Bom  at  Cambridge, 
1715 :  died  April  14, 1785.  .An  English  poet,  the 
successor  of  Colley  Gibber  as  poet  laureate.  He 
was  educated  at  Winchester  and  Cambridge  (Clare  Hall). 
In  1742  he  became  a  fellow  of  Cilare,  and  in  1751  poet  lau- 
reate. He  wrote  the  tragedies  "A  Roman  Father"  and 
"Creusa,"  and  the  comedy  "A  School  for  lovers,"  etc. 

White  Horse,  Vale  of  the.  A  valley  in  Berk- 
shire, England,  west  of  Abingdon.  See  White 
Horse  of  Berkshire. 

White  Horse  of  Berkshire,  The.  A  rude  fig- 
ure of  a  horse  made  by  cutting  away  the  turf 
on  an  escarpment  of  the  Chalk  Downs  near 
Wantage,  Berkshire,  England:  traditionally  as- 
cribed to  Alfred  the  Great.  There  are  others. 
The  White  Horse  of  Ufflngton,  in  Berkshire,  occupies 
about  an  acre  of  ground,  and  may  be  seen  from  some 
points  of  view  at  a  distance  of  twelve  miles. 
Woodward,  Geology  of  England  and  Wales,  2d  ed.,  p.  421. 

White  House  (h-mt  hous).  A  locality  on  the 
Pamunkey  River,  Virginia,  east  of  Richmond : 
a  prominent  point  in  the  movements  against 
Richmond  in  the  Civil  War. 

White  House,  The.    See  Washington  (city). 

White  Huns  (hunz).  An  ancient  people,  prob- 
ably of  the  Turkish  race,  who  lived  in  central 
Asia.  They  were  probably  ancestors  of  the 
Turkomans. 

White  Lady.  1 .  In  Germanf  olk-lore,  the  ancient 
Teutonic  goddess  Holda  or  Berchta,  who  was 
the  receiver  of  the  souls  of  maidens  and  chil- 
dren, and  who  still  exists  as  the  White  Lady, 
not  unfrequently,  in  German  legends,  trans- 
forming herself ,  or  those  whom  she  decoys  into 
her  home,  into  a  white  mouse.  Baring-Gould, 
Curious  Myths  of  the  Middle  Ages,  p.  463. —  2. 
See  Agnes  of  Meran. 

White  League,  The.  1.  A  military  organiza- 
tion in  Louisiana,  in  the  period  succeeding  the 
Civil  War,  formed  for  the  purpose  of  securing 
white  supremacy. —  2.  The  Ku-Klux  Klan. 


Whitelocke 

Whitelocke  (hwit'lok),  Bulstrode.  Bom  at 
LiOndoB,  Aug.  2,  1605 :  died  at  Clifton,  Wilt- 
shire, 1676.  An  English  statesman,  son  of  Sir 
James  Whitelocke  (justice  of  the  King'sBenoh). 
In  1620  he  entered  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ;  In  1626  was 
member  of  Parliament  for  Stafford;  and  sat  in  the  Long 
Parliament  for  Great  Marlow.  He  succeeded  in  maintain- 
ing a  moderate  or  neutral  position  through  the  civil  war, 
Commonwealth,  and  Eestoration.  In  1645  he  was  appointed 
a  commissioner  to  treat  with  the  king  at  TJxbridge.  He 
committed  himself  neither  to  the  Independents  nor  to  the 
Presbyterians,  and  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  king's  trial 
and  execution.  In  166S  he  was  ambassador  to  Sweden, 
and  in  1659  was  commissioner  of  the  great  seal.  He  was 
pardoned  at  the  Restoration.  He  wrote  "  Memorials  of 
English  AflauB"  (1682). 

White  Mountain.  [G-.  Weisser  Berg.']  A  hill 
near  Prague,  about  1,200  feet  in  height.  Here, 
Nov.  8, 1620,  the  Imperialists  under  Tilly  and  Maximilian 
of  Bavaria  defeated  the  elector  Frederick  Y.  of  the  Palati- 
nate. 

White  Mountain  Apache.    See  Coyotero. 

White  Mountains.  A  group  of  mouutaina  in 
New  Hampshire,  belonging  to  the  Appalachian 
system,  it  comprises  the  Presidential  range,  or  White 
Mountains  proper  (Mounts  Washington,  Adams,  Jeffer- 
son, Madison,  Monroe,  Clay,  and  others),  the  Franconia 
range  (Mount  Lafayette  and  others),  and  other  lesser 
heights.  Highest  point.  Mount  Washington  (6,290  feet). 
They  are  a  popular  summer  resort. 

White  Mountains.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  Little  Carpathians  between  Moravia  and 
Hungary. 

White  Oak  Swamp.  A  locality  east  of  Rich- 
mond, the  scene  of  part  of  the  battle  of  June 
30, 1862,  and  of  the  Seven  Days'  Battles. 

White  Plains.  A  village  in  Westchester  Coun- 
ty, New  York,  22  miles  north-northeast  of  New 
York,  A  victory  was  gained  there  by  the  British  under 
Howe  over  the  Americans  under  Washington,  Oct  28, 1776. 
Population  (1900),  7,899. 

White  River.  1.  A  river  in  Arkansas  and  the 
southern  part  of  Missouri,  which  joins  the  Ar- 
kansas and  Mississippi  near  the  junction  of 
those  rivers.  Length,  about  800  miles ;  navi- 
gable to  Batesville  or  Jaoksonport. — 3.  A  river 
in  Indiana,  formed  by  the  East  and  West  Porks. 
It  Joins  the  Wabash  25  mUes  southwest  of  Yincennes. 
Indianapolis  is  on  the  West  Fork.  Length,  about  350 
miles,  including  the  West  Fork. 

White  River  Junction.  A  railroad  junction 
in  Vermont,  at  the  entrance  of  the  White 
Biver  into  the  Connecticut,  32  miles  east  of 
Eutland. 

White  Rose  of  Raby.  An  epithet  of  the  mother 
of  Edward  IV.  of  England.  In  1794  a  novel  with 
this  title  was  published. 

White  Russia  (rush'a).  A  popular  but  not 
official  name  for  a  part  of  western  Russia 
largely  inhabited  by  White  Russians,  itincludes, 
in  whole  or  in  great  part,  the  governments  of  Yilna,  Grod- 
no, Mohilefl,  Minsk,  Smolensk,  and  Vitebsk.  Formerly  it 
belonged  to  Poland. 

White's  (hwits).  A  noted  club  in  St.  James's 
street,  London,  established  in  1698  as  a  choco- 
late-house, and  called  after  the  name  of  its 
keeper.  It  was  from  the  beginning  principally 
a  gambling  club.  ' 

Whites,  The.    See  BiancM. 

White  Sea.  An  arm  of  the  Arctic  Ocean  which 
penetrates  about  400  miles  into  northern  Rus- 
sia. Its  chief  branches  are  the  Gulfs  of  Mezen,  Archangel 
(or  Dwina),  Onega,  and  Kandalak,  and  it  receives  the  Me- 
zen, Dwina,  Onega,  and  Wyg.  It  is  frozen  more  than  half 
the  year. 

White  Sheep,  The.  The  Turkoman  conquerors 
of  Persia  about  1468. 

White  Sulphur  Springs.  A  village  and  wa- 
tering-place in  Greenbrier  County,  West  Vir- 
ginia, 60  miles  northwest  of  Lynchburg :  one  of 
the  most  noted  summer  resorts  in  the  South. 

White  Surrey.  The  favorite  horse  of  Rich- 
ard HI. 

White  Tower.  The  oldest  portion  of  the  Tower 
of  London  (which  see). 

Whitfield,  George.    See  WhitefieU. 

Whitfield  (hwit'feld),  or  Whitefield,  John 
Clarke.  Bom  at  Gloucester,  Dec.  13,  1770 : 
died  at  Hereford,  Feb.  22,  1836.  An  English 
musician,  in  1793  he  received  the  degree  of  Mus.  B. 
at  Cambridge.  Inl795  he  became  organist  of  St.  Patrick's 
Cathedral  in  Dublin ;  in  1798  organist  of  Trinity  and  St. 
John's  colleges,  Cambridge ;  and  in  1820  organist  of  Here- 
ford cathedral.  Later  he  was  professor  of  music  in  Cam- 
bridge.   He  edited  Handel's  oratorios. 

Wllitgift  (hwit'gift),  John.  Bom  at  Great 
Grimsby,  Lincolnshire,  England,  1530  (1533 !) : 
died  at  London,  Feb.  29,  1604.  An  English 
prelate.  In  1563  he  became  Lady  Margaret  professor 
of  divinity  at  Cambridge;  in  1567  regius  professor  and 
master  of  Trinity;  and  in  1570  vice-chancellor  of  the  uni. 
versity.  He  was  appointed  bishop  of  Worcester  In  1677, 
and  archbishop  of  Canterbury  In  1683.  He  was  a  persecu- 
tor of  the  Puritans ;  was  one  of  the  axithors  of  the  "Lam- 
beth Articles  ";  and  took  part  in  the  Hampton  Court  Con- 


1060 

ference  in  1604.  His  works  were  edited  for  the  Parker 
Society  1851-53. 

Whitlock  (hwit'lok),  Mrs.  (Eliza  Kemble). 
Born  1761:  died  1836.  An  English  actress, 
sister  of  Mrs.  Siddons. 

Whitman  (hwit'man) ,  Marcus.  Born  at  Rush- 
ville,N.  Y.,  Sept.  4V1802 :  diednear  Walla  Walla, 
Oregon,  Nov,  29, 1847.  An  American  pioneer. 
In  1836  he  went  to  Oregon  for  the  American  Board  as  mis- 
sionary physician.  Convinced  of  the  value  of  the  country, 
he  returned  (1842-43)  to  Washington,  and  by  his  represen- 
tations practically  succeeded  in  securing  Oregon  for  the 
ITnited  States.  To  prove  its  accessibility  to  settlers,  he  led 
back  in  the  same  year  a  large  train  of  wagons  to  the  valley 
of  the  Columbia.    He  was  murdered  by  Indians. 

Whitman  (hwit'man),  Mrs.  (Sarah  Helen 
Power).  Bom  at  ftovidenee,  R.  I.,  1803 :  died 
there,  June  27,  1878.  An  American  poet  and 
critic.  About  1848  she  became  engaged  to  Edgar  Allan 
Poe,  and,  though  the  engagement  was  broken  oS,  defended 
him  in  her  "  Edgar  A.  Poe  and  his  Critics  "  (1860).  She 
also  wrote  "  Hours  of  Life,  and  other  Poems  "  (1863),  and 
various  poems  with  her  sister  Anna  M.  Power. 

Whitman,  Walt  or  Walter.  Bom  at  West 
Hills,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  May  31, 1819:  died  at 
Camden,  N.  J.,  March  26, 1892.  An  American 
poet.  In  early  life  he  was  engaged  as  a  printer,  carpen- 
ter, and  journalist.  During  the  Civil  War  he  volunteered 
as  army  nurse,  and  in  1864  was  seized  with  hospital  mala- 
ria, from  which  he  never  fully  recovered.  After  the  war  he 
was  a  government  clerk  in  Washington ;  and  was  dis- 
missed in  1865,  on  account  of  the  character  of  his  volume 
of  poems  "Leaves  of  Grass,"  which  had  been  published  in 

1865.  The  volume  has  many  times  been  revised,  a  final 
edition  appearing  in  1892.  Shortly  after  his  dismissal  he 
received  another  appointmentwhich  he  held  until  disabled 
by  paralysis  in  1873,  whenheremovedto  Camden.  William 
Douglas  O'Connor  published  a  pamphlet  in  his  defense  in 

1866,  entitled  "The  Good  Gray  Poet :  A  Yindioation,"  and 
W.  M.  Sossetti  published  an  edition  of  his  poems  in' Eng- 
land in  1868.  His  other  works  include  "  Drum-Taps  "  (1866), 
"  Memoranda  During  the  War  "  (1876),  "  Democratic  Vis- 
tas" (1871),  "Two  Rivulets"  (1876)^  "Specimen  Days  and 
Collect "  (1883),  "  Jfovember  Boughs  "  (1888), "  Goodbye,  my 
Fancy" (1891),  and  "Selected  Poems."  A  complete  collec- 
tion of  his  prose  works  and  "Autoblographia"  was  pub- 
lished in  1892. 

Whitney  (hwit'ni),  Mrs.  (Adeline  Button 
Train),  Bom  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Sept.  15, 1824. 
An  American  novelist,  poet,  and  writer  of  ju- 
veniles. Hernovelsinclude"BoyaatChequa8Set"(1862), 
"Faith  Gartney's  Girlhood"  (1863),  "The  Gayworthys" 
(1865),  "A  Summer  in  Leslie  Goldthwaite's  Life  "(1866), 
"Patience  Strong's  Outings"  (1868),  "Hitherto"  (1869), 
"B.ealFolks"(1871),  "Sights  and  Insights  "(1876),  "Odder 
Even"(1880),  ''Bonnyborough"(1886),  "Ascutney Street" 
(1891),  "  A  Golden  Gossip  "  (1892).  She  has  published  also 
several  volumes  of  poems. 

Whitney  (hwit'ni),  Eli.  Bom  at  Westborough, 
Mass^  Deo.  8, 1765 :  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Jan.  8,  1825.  An  American  inventor  and  man- 
ufacturer. He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1792,  and  in  the 
same  year  went  to  Georgia  as  a  teach  er,  and  there  invented 
the  cotton-gin.  His  workshop  was  broken  into  and  his 
machine  stolen  and  others  made  before  he  could  secure  a 
patent.  He  subsequently  made  a  fortune  in  the  manu- 
facture of  firearms  at  Whitneyville,  near  New  Haven. 

Whitney,  Josiah  D wight.  Bom  at  Northamp- 
ton, Mass.,  Nov.  23, 1819:  diedAug.  19, 1896.  A 
distingiushed  American  geologist.  He  graduated 
at  Yale  in  1839 ;  was  connected  as  geologist  with  the  New 

I  Hampshire  survey  1840-42 ;  studied  and  traveled  in  Europe 
1842-47 ;  was  assistant  geologist  of  the  United  States  sui'- 
vey  of  the  Lake  Superior  region  1847-49 ;  became  State 
chemist  of  losva  and  professor  in  Iowa  State  nuiversity  in 
1856;  was  connectedwiththe  State  surveysof  Wisconsinand 
Illinois  1868-60 ;  was  State  geologist  of  California  1860-74 ; 
and  became  professor  of  geology  at  Harvard  in  1865.  With 
J.  W.  Foster  he  published  reports  on  the  Lake  Superior 
survey  (1849  and  1860-51) ;  with  James  Hall  reports  on  the 
Geological  Survey  of  Iowa  (1868-59)  and  on  that  of  Wis- 
consin (1862).  He  also  wrote  "  The  Metallic  Wealth  of 
the  United  States,  etc."  (1854),  "Geological  Survey  of 
California  "  (1864-70), ' '  The  Yosemite  Guide-Book  "  (1869), 
"  Barometric  Hypsometry  "  (1874),  a  volume  on  the  botany 
of  California  (1877),  "  Names  and  Places  "  (1888),  etc. 

Whitney,  Mount.  [Named  from  Prof.  J.  D. 
Whitney.]  A  peak  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Moun- 
tains, on  the  border  of  Inyo  and  Tulare  conn- 
ties,  California,  about  lat.  36°  35'  N. :  thought 
to  be  the  highest  mountain  in  the  United  States. 
Height,  14,897  feet. 

Whitney,  William  Collins.  Bom  at  Conway, 
Mass.,  July  15, 1841.  An  American  lawyer  and 
politician.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1863,  and  at  the 
Harvard  Law  School  in  1866,  and  has  several  times  been 
corporation  counsel  of  New  York  city.  He  was  secretary 
of  the  navy  1886-89. 

Whitney,  William  Dwight.  Bom  at  North- 
ampton, Mass.,  Feb. 9,1827:  diedatNew Haven, 
Conn.,  June  7, 1894.  A  distinguished  American 
philologist,  brother  of  J.  D.Whitney.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Williams  College  in  1845 ;  was  employed  in  a  bank 
at  Northampton  for  several  years ;  studied  Sanskrit  at  New 
Haven  1849-50,  and  at  Berlin  1850-63 ;  and  became  pro- 
fessor of  Sanskrit  at  Yale  in  1863,  and  also  of  comparative 
philology  in  1870.  He  was  secretary  of  the  American  Ori- 
ental Society  1867-84,  and  its  president  from  1884 ;  and  was 
the  first  president  of  the  American  Philological  Associ- 
ation. He  was  also  member  of  many  learned  societies, 
and  was  a  foreign  knight  of  the  Prussian  order  Pour  le 
M6rite,  filling  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of  Thomas 


Wichert 

Carlyle.  His  works  include  numerous  contributions  to  the 
"Journal  of  the  American  Oriental  Society  "  and  other  pa^ 
pers,  a  translation  of  the  "SOrya  Siddh^nta"  (I860),  an 
edition  of  the  "Pratioakhya  "  of  the  "Atharva  Veda  "  (18e2X 
"Language  and  the  Study  of  Language"  (1867),  "German 
Grammar"  (1869)^  "German  Header,  an  edition  of  the 
"Taittirlya  Piati^akhya "  (1871),  "Oriental  and  Linguistic 
Studies  '  (1872-74), "  Life  aud  Growth  of  Language  "  0-SJ&), 
"Essentials  of  English  Grammar  "(1877), 'Sanskrit  Gram- 
mar "  (1879),  "  French  Grammar  "  (1886),  etc.  He  also  was 
editor-in-chief  of  "The  Century  Dictionary"  (1889-91),  and 
aided  in  the  revision  of  Webster's  Dictionary  (1864). 

Whittier  (hwit'i-6r),  John  Greenleaf.    Bom 

at  HaverhiU,  Mass. ,  Dec.  17, 1807 :  died  at  Hamp- 
ton Falls,  N.  H.,  Sept.  7, 1892.  A  distinguished 
American  poet,  reformer,  and  author :  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Society  of  Friends.  He  attended  the 
Haverhill  Academy;  worked  on  a  farm;  taught  school 
in  order  to  afford  further  education  •  and  at  the  age  ot 
twenty-two  edited  the  "American  Manufacturer"  at  Bos- 
ton. In  1830  he  edited  the  "Haverhill  Gazette,"  and  a 
few  months  later  the  "New  England  Weekly  Review" 
(Hartford).  He  was  a  leading  opponent  of  slaveiy ;  be- 
came secretary  of  the  American  Anti-Slavery  Society  in 
1836 ;  and  went  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  edited  the  '  Penn- 
sylvania Freeman. "  He  was  several  times  attacked  by  moba 
on  account  of  his  opinions.  He  was  sent  to  the  Massa- 
chusetts legislature  in  1836-36,  and  settled  at  Amesbury, 
Massachusetts,  in  1840.  He  was  leading  writer  for  the 
Washington  "National  Era"  1847-59.  Among  his  works 
are  "Legends  of  New  England"  (1831),  "Moll  Pitcher" 
(1832),  "Mogg  Megone"  (1836),  "Ballads"  (1838),  "Lays 
of  My  Home,  and  other  Poems  (1843),  "The  Stranger  in 
Lowell "  (1845), "  Supcrnaturalism  in  New  England  "  (1847)k 
"Leaves  from  Margaret  Smith's  Journal "  (1849X  "  The 
Voices  of  Freedom  (1849),  "Old  Portraits  and  Modern 
Sketches"  (I860),  "Songs  of  Labor  "  (1850),  "The  Chapel  of 
the  Hermits"  (1863),  "Literary  Recreations  and  Miscella* 
nies  "  (1854),  "  The  Panorama  "  (1866),  "  Home  Ballads  and 
Poems"  (1860),  "In  War  Time'^  (1863),  "National  Lyrics" 
(1865), "  Snow-Bound  "  (1866),"  Maud  MuUer  "  (1866), "  The 
Tent  on  the  Beach  "fl867), "Among  the  Hills "(1868),  "Bal- 
lads of  New  England^'  (1869), ' '  Miriam  "  (1871), "  The  Penn- 
sylvania  Pilgrim  "  (1872),  "Hazel  Blossoms"  (1874),  "  Ma- 
bel  Martin"  (1876),  "The  Vision  of  Echard"  (1878),  "The 
King's  Missive  "  (1881),  "  The  Bay  of  the  Seven  Islands  " 
(1883),  "Poems  of  Nature "(1886),  "St.  Gregory's  Guest " 
(1886).  Complete  works,  prose  and  verse,  in  7  vols.  (1888- 
1889),  revised  by  the  author. 

Whlttington  (hwit'ing-ton).  A  town  in  Derby- 
shire, England,  9  miles  south  by  east  of  Shef- 
field.   Population  (1891),  8,798. 

Whittington,  Sir  Richard.  Bom  about  1358 : 
died  March,  1423.  Lord  Mayor  of  London.  He 
was  a  son  of  Sir  Richard  Whittington  of  Pauntley,  Glou- 
cestershire, who  died  an  outlaw  in  1360.  In  1392  he  was 
an  alderman  and  sherilf  of  London,  and  was  chosen  mayor 
in  1397, 1406,  and  1419.  In  1416  he  was  elected  member  of 
Parliament  for  London.  The  old  legend  which  depicts 
him  as  going  up  to  London  to  seek  his  fortune,  which  he 
finally  achieves  by  means  of  his  cat^  has  no  foundation  in 
fact;  but  the  phrase  "Whittington  and  his  cat"  is  sup- 
posed to  be  a  corruption  of  the  word  acat  or  achat,  used 
in  the  14th  century,  meaning  'trading 'or  'barter,'  round 
which  the  nursery  tale  grew.  There  is  an  Eastern  legend 
of  the  same  nature,  which  probably  affected  the  form  of 
the  story. 

Whittredge  (hwit'rej),Worthington.  Bom  at 
Springfield,  Ohio,  May  22,  1820.  An  American 
landscape-painter,  a  pupil  of  Andreas  Aehen- 
bach  in  Dttsseldorf.  He  was  elected  national 
academician  in  1861,  and  president  in  1874. 

Whitworth  (hwit'werth).  A  village  in  Lan- 
cashire, England,  situated  on  the  Spodden  12 
miles  north  of  Manchester.    Pop.  (1891),  9,766. 

Whitworth,  Sir  Joseph.  Bom  at  Stockport, 
England,  1803 :  died  1887.  An  En^Ush  inventor 
and  manufacturer,  noted  especially  for  his 
breech-loading  cannon  and  riflTes. 

Whydah  (hwid '  a),  or  Widah  (wid '  a).  The 
chief  seaport  of  Dahomey,  Africa,  situated  on 
a  lagoon  near  the  coast,  about  long.  2°  5'  E. 
Population,  estimated,  12,000-25,000. 

Whymper  (hwim'pfer),  Edward.  Bom  at  Lon- 
don, April  27, 1840.  An  English  wood-engraver, 
traveler,  and  author:  noted  as  a  mountain- 
climber.  He  ascended  Mont  Pelvoux  in  1861,  and  Pointe 
des  Ecrinsinl364 ;  made  the  first  ascent  of  the  Matterhorn 
in  1865  (see  Matterhorn) ;  traveled  extensively  in  Greenland 
in  1867  and  1872 ;  and  ascended  Chimborazo,  Gotopaxi,  An- 
tisana,  Pichincha,  and  other  mountains  in  Uie  Ecuadorian 
Andes  in  1880.  He  has  written  "Scrambles  among  the 
Alps"  (1871),  "Travels  amongst  the  Great  Andes  of  the 
Equator  "(1892). 

Whyte-Melville  (hwit'mel'vil),  Qeorge  John. 

Bom  near  St.  Andrews,  Scotland,  1821:  died 
Dec,  1878.  An  English  soldier  and  novelist.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton ;  entered  the  army  in  1839 ;  retired 
from  the  army  with  the  rank  of  cap&in  in  1849;  and 
served  in  the  Turkish  cavalry  in  the  Crimean  war.  Among 
his  novels  are  "Digby  Grand "  (1858),  "Kate  Coveh try' 
(1856),  "  The  Interpreter"  (1868),  "Holmby House  "  (1860), 
''Good  for  Nothing"  (1861),  "The  Queen's  Marys " (1862), 

"The  Gladiators '" "  " 

chedon  "  (1871),  " 
"Katerfelto"  (1875), 
Comely  "(1879). 

Wichert  (ve'chert),  Ernst  Alexander  August 
Georg.  Bom  at  ]bisterburg,  East  Prussia, 
March  11,  1831 :  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  21,  1902. 
A  German  dramatist  and  novelist.  His  works  in- 
clude the  novels  "  Das  griine  Thor,"  "  Ein  starkes  Herz,' 


Wichert 

"  Heinrich  von  Plauen, "  "  Der  grosse  Eurturst  in  Preus- 
sen,"  and  the  dramas  "  L>er  Narr  des  Gliioks,"  "  Ein  Sohritt 
vom  Wege,"  "Die  Realisten,"  etc. 

Wichita  (we'che-ta).  Aconfederaoy  of  the  Cad- 
doan  family  of  North  Ataerican  Indians.  They  for- 
merly lived  on  and  near  the  Washita  Eiver,  Arkansas,  and 
theWashita(I'al8e'Wa8hita)Eiver,OMalioma;  their  present 
habitat  is  on  the  Wichita  reservation,  Oklahoma.  The  con- 
fed  eracy  consists  of  seven  tribes,  of  which  the  principal 
are  the  Wichita,  Towakarehu,  and  Weeko.   See  Caddoan. 

Wichita  (wioh'i-ta).  [From  the  Indian  name.] 
The  capital  of  Sedgwick  County,  Kansas,  situ- 
ated on  the  Arkansas  Kiver  130  miles  southwest 
of  Topeka,  It  is  an  important  railway  center. 
Population  (1900),  24,671. 

Wick  (wik).  A  seaport,  capital  of  the  county 
of  Caithness,  Scotland,  situated  on  the  North 
Sea  in  lat.  58°  27'  N.  It  is  an  important  fish- 
ing port  (especially  for  herrings).  Population 
(1891),  8,512. 

Wickfield  (wik'feld),  Agnes.  The  daughter  of 
Mr.  Wickfield  the  solicitor,  and  second  wife  of 
David  Copperfield,  in  Dickens's  novel  of  that 
name. 

Wickliffe,  John.    See  Wyclif. 

Wickliffites.    See  WycUfites. 

W"icklow  (wik'16).  1.  A  county  in  Leinster, 
Ireland,  bounded  hyDuljlin,  St.  George's  Chan- 
nel, Wexford,  Carlow,  and  Kildare.  It  is  trav- 
ersed by  a  range  of  hills.  Area,  781  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  62,136.-2.  The  capital  of 
County  Wicklow,  situated  on  St.  George's  Chan- 
nel 28  miles  south-southeast  of  Dublin.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  3,273. 

Wiclif.    See  Wyclif. 

Widdin,  or  Widin  ( vld'in) .  A  town  in  Bulgaria, 
situated  on  the  Danube  in  lat.  43°  59'  N.,  long. 
22°  52'  E.,  on  the  site  of  the  Boman  Bononia. 
It  was  formerly  an  important  fortress,  and  has  a  flourish- 
ing river  trade.  The  Turks  were  defeated  there  by  the 
Imperialists  in  1689.  It  was  a  strategic  point  in  the  Cri- 
mean war,  the  Servian  rebellion  (1876),  and  the  Kusso- 
TurUsh  war  (1877-78) ;  and  was  succesMully  attacked  by 
the  Servians  in  1886.    Population  (1888),  14,772. 

Wide,  Wide  World,  The.  A  novel  by  Susan 
Warner,  published  in  1850. 

Widnes  (wid'nes).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
Lancashire,  England,  situated  on  the  Mersey 
11  miles  east-southeast  of  liiverpool.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  30,011. 

Widow,  The.  A  comedy  by  Middleton,  com- 
posed about  1616,  printed  in  1652,  and  attrib- 
uted to  Jonson,  Fletcher,  and  Middleton. 

Widow  Barnaby  (bar'na-bi).  A  novel  by 
Mrs.  TroUope,  published  in  1839.  The  Widow 
Barnaby  is  a  vulgar,  unprincipled  woman,  fre- 
quently qnoted. 

Widow  Bedott  (be-dof)  Papers.  A  series  of 
humorous  papers,  pubUshed  by  Mrs.  Frances 
M.  Whitoher  (imder  the  name  of  Widow  Bedott 
or  Priseilla  P.  Bedott)  about  1847. 

Widow's  Tears,  The.  A  comedy  by  Chapman, 
published  in  1612.    It  is  vigorous  but  broad. 

Widukind,    See  WitteMnd. 

Wied  (ved).  A  small  river  in  Germany  which 
joins  the  Khine  at  Neuwied. 

Wied.  A  former  oountship  of  the  German  Em- 
pire, in  the  ancient  Westphalian  circle,  lying 
along  the  Lahn  and  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Neuwied.    It  gave  name  to  a  German  dynasty. 

Wied,  or  Neuwied,  Maximilian  Alexander 
Fhilipp,  Prince  of.     See  Neuwied. 

Wieland.    See  Wayland  Smith. 

Wieland(ve'lant),  Christopher  Martin.  Bom 
at  Oberholzheim,  near  Biberach.  Sept.  5, 1733 : 
died  at  Weimar,  Jan.  20, 1813.  A  German  poet 
and  author.  His  father  was  a  clergyman  in  the  Swa. 
Man  village  where  the  poet  was  born.  In  1760  he  went  to 
Tiibingen  to  study  Jurisprudence  at  the  university.  The 
following  year  (1751)  appeared  his  first  work,  the  philo- 
sophical-didactic poem  "Die  Natur  der  Dinge"  ("The 
Nature  of  Things  ").  This  was  followed  by  other  moral 
writings,  among  them  an  "  Anti-Ovid."  In  1752,  at  the 
Invitation  of  the  poet  and  historian  Bodmer,  he  went  to 
Zurich,  where  the  next  year  he  published  the  poem  "  Der 
gepriifte  Abraham"  ("The  Trial  of  Abraham").  Other 
poems  of  this  period  are  "Sympathien"  ("Sympathies"), 
and  the  "Empflndungen  des  Christen  "("  The  Feelmgs  of 
the  Christian,"  1756),  directed  against  the  Anacreontic 
poets.  In  1759  he  left  Zurich  to  take  the  position  of 
lutor  at  Bern.  The  succeeding  year,  however,  he  re- 
turned to  Biberach,  where  he  was  given  a  minor  legal  po- 
sition. His  writings  subsequently  exhibit  an  entirely 
different  tendency  from  the  religious  ones  of  the  Zurich 
period.  They  are  the  prose  romance  "  Araspes  und  Pan- 
thea  "  (1761) ;  a  translation  in  whole  or  in  part  of  twenty- 
two  of  the  plays  of  Shakspere,  between  1762  and  1766 ;  the 
romancefin  themanner  of  "Don  Quixote")"  DonSylyiovon 
Bosalva"  (1764) ;  "Komisohe  Erzahlungen"  ("Humorous 
Tales  "  1766);  the  most  celebrated  of  his  novels.  Agar 
thon ''  (1766-67) :  the  narratives  in  verse  "  Musarion  "  and 
"Idris"'  (both  1768).  In  1769  he  was  made  professor  of 
philosophy  and  literature  at  the  University  of  Erfurt, 
where  he  remained  until  1772,  when  he  went  to  Weimar 

as  tutor  to  the  young  prince  Charles  Augustus.    He  sub- 

sequentlr  lived  in  or  near  Weimar  untU  his  death.   After 


1061 


his  removal  to  Erfurt  had  appeared,  further,  in  the  same  Wigtown  Bay, 

1?}^^.'^J?^^  ^°^  immedhitely  preceding,  "  Die  Grazien  "    tween  the  cour 

("The  Graces^,  prose  and  verse  (1770),  and  the  narrative 

poem  "Der  neue  Amadi8"("The  New  Amadis,"  1771). 

With  his  establishment  at  Erfurt  begins  a  third  and  more 

serious  period  in  his  literary  work.    The  first  production 

in  the  new  direction  was  the  prose  romance  "  Der  goldene 

Spiegel"  ("The  Golden  Mirror,"  1772).     The  loUowlng 

year,  in  Weimar,  he  started  a  quarterly  literary  magazine, 

'' Der  teutsche  Mercur  "  ("The German  Mercury "),  which 


Wildermutt 

.  _^ .    An  arm  of  the  Irish  Sea,  be 

tween  the  counties  of  Kirkcudbright  and  Wig- 
town. 

Wilberforce  (wil'b6r-f6rs),  Robert  Isaac. 
Bom  1802 :  died  1857.  An  English  clergyman 
and  author,  son  of  William  Wilberforce.  He 
wrote  "The  Five  Empires"  (1840),  "History  of  Erastian- 
ism  "  (1851),  and  works  on  the  incarnation,  baptism,  the 


eucharist,  etc. 


was  successfully  continued  until  1810.    In  it  appeared  the  _S?.,?^'°S  ""'•    c_ir>  i/iii, 

satirical  romance  "Die  Abderiten"  ("The  Abderites,"  Wllbeiforce,  Samuel.     Born  at  Clapham,  near 


1774JI,  and  the  best-known  of  his  poems,  the  epic  "Obe- 


London,  Sept.  7, 1805:  killed  by  a  fall  from  his 
ron,''whichwaspublishedinl780.  Among hisotterworks  horse  near  Dorking,  England,  July  19,  1873. 
^JLsP*^"™'^'/  '•^  mentioned  the  poems  "Gaudalin"  ATiTr.Ti£rlia}i  Tirfilatn  hiHhoTiofWiiiphfiatBr' third 
(1776X  "Geron  der  Adeliche"  ("Geron  the  Noble,"  1777),  -^"^^^li^fVP  ?J3',^  ri  ^  wmcnester.  tmra 
aM  "Clelia  und  Sinibald";  the  operas  "Aloeste"  and     son  of  William  Wilberforce.    In  1826  he  graduated 


Hercules  "  ;  and  the  sequel  to  "The  Golden  Mirror,"  the 
novel  "DerDanischmend,"publi8hedin  1775.  His  collected 
works  were  published  under  his  own  supervision,  1794- 
1802,  in  39  vols. with  6  supplements.  Subsequently  his  com- 
plete works  were  published  at  Leipsic,  1818-28,  in  63  vols. 

Wien  (ven).    The  German  name  (ft  Vienna. 

Wiener-Neustadt  (ve'ner-noi'stat).  A  town 
in  Lower  Austria,  situated  on  the  Pisoha  27 
miles  south  by  west  of  Vienna,  it  has  manufac- 
tures of  locomotives,  etc.  Formerly  it  was  a  favorite 
Austrian  princely  residence.  It  was  conquered  by  Mat- 
thias Corvinus  in  1486,  and  was  unsuccessfully  besieged 
by  the  Turks  in  1529  and  1683.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Maximilian  I.,  and  contains  the  ducal  castle  of  theBaben- 
bergs.    Population  (1890),  25,040. 


at  Oxford  (Oriel  College) ;  in  1830  became  rector  of  Bright- 
stone,  Isle  of  Wight ;  in  1841  was  appointed  chaplain  to 
the  Prince  Consort ;  and  in  1844  became  bishop  of  Oxford. 
In  1868  he  was  appointed  bishop  of  Winchester.  Though 
a  High-churchman,  he  did  not  join  the  Oxford  movement : 
but  several  members  of  his  family  went  over  to  the  Church 
of  Bome.  His  cleverness  and  persuasiveness  of  speech 
and  manner  gained  him  the  nickname  of  "Soapy  Sam," 
which  he  explained  as  due  to  the  fact  that  he  was  "often 
in  hot  water,  and  always  came  out  with  clean  hands."  He 
published,  with  his  brother,  a  life  of  his  father  (1888),  and 
his  correspondence  (1840).  He  wrote  "Note-Book  of  a 
Country  Clergyman  "  (1832),  "  Agathos  "  a839), ' '  History  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  (Jhurch  of  America"  Q844)i  etc. 

Wilberforce,  William.  Bom  at  HuU,  England, 
Aug.  24,  1759:  died  at  London,  July  29,  1833. 


Wieniawski  (ve-ne-of 'ske),  Henri.      Bom  at    An  English  philanthropist,  statesman,  and  ora- 
Lublin,  July  10,  1835 :  died  at  Moscow,  April   tor :  famous  as  an  opponent  of  the  slave-trade 


A  Polish  composer  and 


2  (March  31),  1880. 
noted  violinist. 
Wiertz  (verts),  Antoine  Joseph.   Bom  at  Di- 
nant,  Belgium,  Feb.  22, 1806:  died  at  Brussels, 
June  18,  1865.    A  Belgian  historical  painter. 
He  studied  at  Antwerp,  Paris,  and  Home,  and  in  1848  set-     «>  tne  aosec 
tied  at  Brussels,  where  the  government  built  for  him  a'  J'ariiament. 
large  studio,  now  the  Mus^e  Wiertz,  containing  his  paint- 
ings which  he  would  not  sell.    Among  his  works  are 
"Contest  for  the  Body  of  Patroclus,"  "Kevolt  of  the 
Angels,"  "  The  Orphans,"  "  Carnival  atUome,"  "Triumph 
of  Christ,"  and  "Napoleon  in  Hell. "  He  wrote  a  "Eulogy  on 
Rubens  "  (1840),  and  a  "  Memoir  on  Flemish  Painting." 


His  family  held  the  manor  of  Wilberioss  in  the  East  Bid- 
ing, Torlcshire.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  (St.  John's 
College),  and  in  1780  became  member  of  Parliament  for 
Hull.  He  was  intimately  associated  with  William  Pitt. 
About  1787  he  met  Thomas  Clarkson,  and  began  to  agitate 
the  slavery  question  with  the  support  of  Pitt,  who,  in  1788, 
in  the  absence  of  Wilberforce,  introduced  the  question  in 
'In  1792  Wilberforce  carried  in  the  House 


of  Commons  a  measure  for  gradual  abolition,  which  was 
thrown  out  by  the  lords.  Immediate  abolition  was  se- 
cured in  1807.  The  Emancipation  Bill  was  passed  in  1833, 
a  month  after  the  death  of  Wilberforce.  He  wrote  "A 
Practical  View  of  the  Prevailing  Beligions  System  of  Pro- 
u  jiieuiioii  jc»iin,ius  fessed  Christians"  (1797),  etc. 

Wiesbaden  (ves'ba-den).    The  capital  of  the  ^yfai'^r'^iL'!!"^- .  ^l  ^"f^^^  ""T'?^ 
governmental   district  k  Wiesbafen,  in  the    |r?,rndon'°  rpS^sre^^Sf/^srslLM^^ 
province   of  Hesse-Nassau,    Prussia,  situated    Madrigals,  for  three,  four,  five,  and  six  voices,"  and  in  1609 
on  the  slope  of  the  Taunns  Wald,  3  miles  from  »a  second  book  of  the  same. 

the  Rhine  and  6  miles  north  by  west  of  Mainz.  WilcoX  (wil'koks),  Oadmus  Marcellus.  Bom 
It  is  famous  for  its  hot  springs,  and  is  frequented  annu-  inNorthCarolina,May29,1826:diedatWashing- 
aUy  by  about  90,000  visitors.  It  was  known  in  Boman  ^^^  D_  Q  Dec.  2, 1890.  A  Confederate  general, 
times,  and  was  the  capital  of  Nassau.  It  has  been  noto-  g^  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1846 ;  served  in  the  Mexi- 
nous  as  a  gamblmg  resort.    Population  (1890),  64,670.  ^^^  ^^j. .  ^^^  entered  the  Confederate  service  and  served 

Wife,  The.   Aplay  by  James  Sheridan  Knowles,    in  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia  throughout  the  Civil 
brought  out  in  1833.     Charles  Lamb  wrote  the    War.    He  wrote  "Rifles  and  Bifle-Practice "  (1869). 
prologue  and  epilogue.  Wild  (wild)^  Jonathan.     Bom  about   1682 


W'ife  for  a  Month,  A.  A  play  by  Fletcher, 
acted  some  time  before  1624,  printed  in  1647. 

Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  The.  One  of  Chaucer's 
' '  Canterbury  Tales."  It  is  that  of  a  hag  who  returns 
to  her  original  form  of  a  lovely  lady  when  a  knight  is 


hanged  at  Tybnm,  May  24, 1725.  An  English 
robber,  andreceiver  of  stolen  goods:  the  subject 
of  Fielding's  "History  of  the  Life  of  the  Late 
Mr.  Jonathan  Wild  the  Great"  (1743)  and  of  a 
novel  by  Defoe. 


found  courageous  enough  to  marry  her.    The  prologue  Wildair  (wild'ar).  Sir  Haixy.     A  gay,  spir 


owes  numerous  passages  to  Jerome's  treatise  against 
Jovinian  who  argued  against  celibacy,  and  was  modem- 
ized.by  Pope.  Dryden  modernized  the  tale  and  changed 
it  unwarrantably.  Variants  and  analogues  of  this  tale  are 
known  in  Sanskrit,  Turkish,  KatHr,  Gaelic,  and  Icelandic, 
in  the  Gawaine  division  of  the  Arthurian  cycle,  and  in 


ited  man  of  fashion  in  Farquhar's  "Constant 
Couple  "  and  in  its  sequel "  Sir  Harry  Wildair." 
The  part  was  created  by  Wilks  and  afterward  played  by 
Garrlck,  but  Peg  Wofflngton  played  it  so  brilliantly  that 
the  latter  resigned  it  to  her. 


GowCT's""lBloKnHus"7"c'on^^  Wildbad  (vilt'bad).    A  small  town  and  water- 

no  doubt  from  a  French  original.  ing-place  in  the  Black  Forest  circle,  Wiirtem- 

Wigan  (wig' an).  A  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng-  berg,  situated  in  the  valley  of  the  Enz  29  miles 
land,  situated  on  the  Douglas  18  miles  north-  west  of  Stuttgart:  noted  for  its  warm  alkali 
east  of  Liverpool,    it  has  coal-mines,  cotton  manu-    springs. 

factures,  foundries,  furnaces,  manufactures  of  nails,  etc.  Wild  Boar  Of  ArdonnCS.     See  Ardennes,  Wild 
It  was  the  scene  of  Parliamentary  victories  in  1643  and    ^^^j.  gf 

1651.  Population  (1901),  60,770.       „.  .^  ,    t!„,„  Wilde(wad),  JamesPlaisted,BaronPenzance. 
Wl&^lesworth  (wig'lz-werft),  m^^         Bom  V^        V^  London,  July  12,  1816:  died  at  Godal- 

m  England,  1631:  died  at  Maiden,  Mass.,  June    ^,„„  ti«p.  p  -ISflP.   At,  T^n^lish  lawvAr.    it.,„.. 

10,  1705.    An  American  clergyman  and  poet, 

pastor  at  Maiden  from  1656 :  best  known  for 

his  poem  "The  Day  of  Doom"  (1662).     He 

wrote  also  "God's  Controversy  with  New  Eng- 
land" (?),  "Meat  out  of  the  Eater." 
Wight  (wit),  Isle  of.    [L.Fecfe.]   An  island  in 


ming,  Dec.  9, 1899.  An  English  lawyer.  He  was 
educated  at  Winchester  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge; 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1839 ;  and  was  made  a  baron  of  the 
exchequer  in  1860,  and  knighted.  From  1863  to  1872  he  was 
judge  of  the  Coiuii  of  Probate  and  judge  ordinary  of  the 
Divorce  Court.  In  1864  he  was  made  privy  councilor,  and 
in  1869  created  a  peer  of  the  United  Kingdom.  He  later 
held  many  public  offices. 


the  English  Channel,  belonging  to  Hampshire,  'Wilde,  Oscar  FingaU,  O'Flahertie  Wills. 
England,  separated  from  the  mainland  by  the  ■  Bom  at  Dublin,  Ireland,  1856 :  died  at  Paris, 
channels  of  Solent  and  Spithead.    it  is  traversed    Nov.  30, 1900.    A  British  writer,  a  leader  in  the 


by  a  range  of  chalk  downs,  and  is  noted  for  picturesque 
scenery.  The  capital  is  Newport.  The  Island  contains 
Cowes,  Eyde,  Ventnor,  ShanUin,  and  other  watering- 
places,  Carisbrooke  Castle  (place  of  confinement  of  Charles 
I ),  Osborne  (villa  of  Queen  Victoria),  and  Farringford 
(residence  of  Tennyson).  Length,  23  miles.  Area,  145 
square  mUes.    Population  (1891),  78,718. 

Wigton  (wig'ton).  A  town  in  Cumberland, 
England,  11  miles  west-southwest  of  Carlisle. 
Population  (1891),  3,836. 

Wigtown  (wig'ton),  or  Wigton.  1 .  A  maritime 
county  in  Scotland,  in  the  southwestern  ex-  Wildenbruch  (vil'den-brSch),  Ernst  VOn. 
tremity,  bounded  by  Ayr,  Kirkcudbright,  Wig-  Bom  at  Beirut,  Syria,  Feb.  3,  1845.  A  Ger- 
town  Bay,  the  Irish  Sea,  arid  the  North  Chan-  man  poet  and  dramatist  of  the  school  of  Ibsen. 
Tifil  Ttiaanimnortantdairycounty,partof  tbeancientGal-  Among  his  plays  are  "Christopher  Marlow  "  (1884),  "Der 
lowlv^Sea  486  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  36,062.  Mennonit"  (1886),  "Opfer  um  Opfer"  (1883),  "Die  Hau- 
2  A  royal  'burgh,  capital  of  the  county  of  Wig-  benlercbe  »  (1890),  and  "Das  heilige  Lachen  "  (1892) 
towsituatedonWi§townBayinlat.54°52'N.  Wildermuth(vil'der-mot),Mme.(OttllieRon- 
Siation  (1891),  1,509.  schtitz).    -"™   -  ■>'"«'>->^"-  w„^a™i.„,. 


' '  esthetic  "  movement.  He  was  a  son  of  Sir  William 
Wilde  the  oculist,  and  was  educated  at  Oxford,  where  he 
•won  the  Newdigate  prize  in  1878  with  a  poem  entitled 
"Bavenna."  He  has  been  satirized  in  "Punch"  and  in 
Gilbert  and  Sullivan's  opera  *  *  Patience. "  His  poems  were 
published  in  1881,  and  "The  Happy  Prince,  and  other 
Tales  "  in  1888.  He  lectured  in  the  United  States  in  1882. 
He  also  wrote  "  The  Picture  of  Dorian  Gray  "  (1890),  and 
a  number  of  plays,  amongwhich  are  "Vera"  (1882),  "The 
Duchess  of  Padua"  (1891),  "Lady  Windermere's  Fan" 
(1892),  "Salome"  (1893:  in  French,  written  for  Sarah 
Bernhardt),  and  "A  Wotnan  of  No  Importance"  (1893). 

Ernst 


Bom  at  Kottenburg,  Wiirtemberg, 


Wildermutli 

Feb.  22,  1817 :  died  at  Tubingen,  July  12, 1877. 
A  German  novelist.  Among  her  works  are 
"Bilder  und  Gesoliieliten  aus  dem  sohwa- 
bischen  Leben"  (1852),  "  Auguste  "  (1865),  etc. 
Wilderness  (wil'd6r-nes).  Battle  of  the.  A 
battle  between  the  Federals  and  Confederates, 
May  5-6, 1864,  in  the  Wilderness  region  in  Vir- 
ginia, south  of  the  Eapidan.  The  Federals  (over 
100,000)  were  commanded  by  Grant  (immediately  by 
Meade),  and  the  Confederates  (64,000-68,000)  by  Lee.  The 
Confederate  position  was  partly  intrenched.  The  Fed- 
eral loss  was  about  18,000  ;  the  Confederate,  about  11,000. 
The  battle  was  followed  by  that  of  Spottsylvania. 

Wildfire  (wild'fir),  Madge.  In  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  novel  "  The  Heart  of  Midlothian,"  a 
gipsy's  daughter  who  becomes  insane  after 
having  been  seduced  and  deserted  by  George 
Robertson. 

Wildgoose  Chase,  The.  A  comedy  by  Fletcher, 
produced  first  at  court  in  1621,  printed  in  1652. 
The  play  was  very  popular :  part  of  Parquhar's 
"Inconstant"  is  taken  from  it. 

WiltUlorn  (vilt'hom).  A  peak  of  the  Ber- 
nese Alps,  on  the  border  between  the  cantons 
of  Bern  and  Valais,  Switzerland,  10  miles  north 
of  Sion.    Height,  10,706  feet. 

Wild  Huntsman,  The.  [G.  Der  wilde  Jager.'] 
A  spectral  hunter  in  folk-lore,  especially  in 
German  folk-lore :  the  subject  of  a  ballad  by 
Biireer. 

Wilding  (wil'ding).  1.  The  principal  charac- 
ter in  Shirley's  "  Gamester,"  played  by  Gar- 
rick  in  his  version  "  The  Gamesters." — 2.  "The 
liar"  in  Foote's  play  of  that  name. 

Wild  Oats.  A  comedy  or  farce  by  CKeefe, 
brought  out  in  1791. 

Wildstruhel  (vilt'stro-bel).  A  summit  of  the 
Bernese  Alps,  in  Switzerland,  north  of  Sierre 
and  west  of  the  Gemmi  Pass.  Height,  10,679 
feet. 

Wilfrid  (wil'frid).  Saint.  Born  about  634: 
died  709.  An  English  prelate.  He  took  a  leading 
part  on  the  Roman  side  at  the  Synod  of  Whitby  in  664, 
and  was  made  archbishop  of  York  in  66B.  He  was  several 
times  driven  from  his  see  and  restored,  and  finally  retained 
Ripon  and  Hexham. 

Wilhelm  (vil'helm).    See  William. 

Wilhelmina  (vil-hel-me'nii)  I.  (Wilhelmina 
Helena  Paulina  Maria). '  Born  Aug.  31 ,  1880. 

Queen  of  the  Netherlands.  She  is  the  daughter  of 
William  III.  and  his  second  wife,  Emma,  daughter  of 
Prince  George  Victor  of  Waldeck  and  Pyrmont.  She 
succeeded  to  the  throne  upon  the  death  of  her  father, 
Nov.  23, 1890,  but  her  mother  acted  as  queen  regent  until 
she  became  of  age,  Aug.  31, 1898.  On  Feb.  7, 1901,  she 
married  Duke  Henry  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin. 

Wilhelmine  (vil-hel-me'ne),  Friederike  So- 
phie, Princess,  Margravine  of  Bayreuth.  Born 
1709  :  died  1758.  The  favorite  sister  of  Freder- 
ick the  Great,  she  married  the  Margrave  of  Bayreuth  in 
1731,  and  wrote  "  Denkwiii-digkeiten  "  (published  in  1810). 

Wilhelmj  (vil-hel'mi),  August.  Bom  at  CJsin- 
gen,  Nassau,  Sept.  21,  1845.  A  German  com- 
poser and  noted  violinist. 

Wilhelm  Meister's  Lehrjahre  (vil'helm  mis'- 
terz  lar'yar-e).  [G.,  'William  Meister's  Ap- 
prenticeship' (lit.  'years  of  learning').]  A 
novel  by  Goethe,  published  1795-96.  its  sequel, 
"Wilhelm  Meisters  Wanderjahre "  (travels,  literally 
•years  of  wandering'),  was  not  published  till  1821-29. 
The  *' Lehrjahre"  was  begun  in  1777. 

Wilhelmshaven,  or  Wilhelmshafen  (vil'- 
helms-ha-fen).  A  seaport  in  the  province  of 
Hannover,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Jade  Bay  of 
the  North  Sea,  and  surrounded  on  other  sides 
by  Oldenburg,  it  is  the  chief  German  naval  station  on 
the  North  Sea.  It  has  a  large  dockyard,  a  harbor  built 
18i5-69,  and  a  new  harbor  for  ships  In  commission.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  commune,  15,471. 

Wilhelmshohe  (vil' helms -hS-e).  [G.,' Wil- 
liam's height.']  A  place  three  miles  from  Cassel, 
Germany,  its  castle,  the  former  residence  of  the  land- 
graves, was  the  place  of  imprisonment  of  Napoleon  III. 
after  Sedan. 

Wilhelm  Tell  (vil'helm  tel).  A  drama  by 
Schiller,  first  acted  at  Weimar  in  1804.  See 
Tell,  William. 

Wilibald,  Alexis.  A  pseudonym  of  Wilhelm 
Haring. 

Wilken  (vil'ken),  Friedrich.  Bom  1777:  died 
1840.  A  German  historian.  His  chief  work  is 
"  Geschichte  der  Kreuzziige  "  ("History  of  the 
Crusades,"  1807-32). 

Wilkes  (wilks),  Charles.  Born  in  New  York 
city,  1801:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Feb.  8, 
1877.  An  American  admiral,  explorer,  and 
scientist.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1818 ;  became  lieuten- 
ant in  1826  :  commanded  an  ejtploring  expedition,  1888-42, 
which  visited  South  America,  the  Samoan,  Fiji,  Hawaiian, 
and  other  islands  in  the  Pacific,  the  antarctic  regions,  the 
western  coast  of  North  America,  etc. ;  became  commander 
in  1843,  and  captain  in  1855 ;  in  command  of  the  San  Ja^ 


1062 

cinto  intercepted  the  British  steamer  Trent,  Nov.  8, 
1861,  and  took  prisoner  the  Confederate  commissioners 
Mason  and  Slidell  (an  act  disavowed  later  by  the  United 
States  government :  see  Trent  Affair)  ;  and  became  com- 
modore in  1862,  and  admiral  in  1886.  He  wrote  a  "  Nai> 
rative  "  of  his  expedition  (6  vols.  1845X  volumes  on  the  me- 
teorology and  hydrography  of  the  expedition,  "Western 
America,  etc."  (1849),  "Theory  of  the  Winds"  (1856). 
Wilkes,  John.  Bom  at  London,  Oct.  17, 1727: 
died  there,  Dec,  1797.  An  English  politician, 
publicist,  and  political  agitator.  He  was  educated 
at  the  University  of  Leyden;  entered  Pailiament  in  1767; 
and  established  the  "  North  Briton  "  in  1762,  in  which  he 
attacked  the  Bute  ministry.  For  his  No.  45,  criticizing 
George  III.  (1763),  he  was  imprisoned,  but  was  soon  re- 
leased, and  became  a  popular  hero.  A  scandalous  "  Es- 
say on  Woman, "  printed  for  private  circulation,  was  seized, 
and  Wilkes  was  expelled  from  Parliament  (1764).  He  went 
to  lYance ;  was  tried  in  his  absence ;  and  was  outlawed  for 
non-appearance.  In  1768  he  returned,  and  was  elected 
for  Middlesex ;  was  imprisoned ;  and  was  expelled  from 
Parliament  (17K)).  He  was  several  times  reelected,  but 
each  time  declared  ineligible.  In  1770  he  was  released 
and  elected  alderman  of  London.  In  1771  he  became 
sheriti,  and  in  1774  lord  mayor.  In  the  same  year  he  was 
again  elected  to  Parliament  and  allowed  to  tEdce  his  seat, 
remaining  a  member  until  1790.  The  resolutions  invali- 
dating his  former  elections  were  expunged  in  1782. 

Wilkes-Barre  (wilks'bar-e)._  The  capital  of 
Luzerne  County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  in  the 
valley  of  Wyoming,  on  the  North  Branch  of  the 
Susquehanna,  97  miles  north-northwest  of  Phil- 
adelphia. It  is  the  center  of  a  region  of  mines  of  an- 
thracite coal,  and  has  manufactures  of  machinery,  etc.  It 
was  settled  about  1770.    Population  (1900);  61,721. 

Wilkie  (wil'ki),  Sir  David.  Bom  at  Cults, 
Fifeshire,  Scotland,  Nov.  18, 1785:  died  at  sea 
off  Gibraltar,  June  1,  1841.    A  noted  Scottish 

genre-painter.  He  studied  painting  at  Edinburgh;  set- 
ed  in  London  in  1805  ;  became  a  royal  academician  in 
1811;  traveled  on  the  Continent,  especially  1825-28 ;  became 
royal  painter  in  ordinary  in  1830 ;  was  knighted  in  1836. 

Wilkinasaga.  A  collection  of  medieval  Nor- 
wegian legends  relating  to  Dietrich  of  Bern  and 
others. 

Wilkins  (wil'kinz),  John.  Bom  in  Northamp- 
tonshire, 1614 :  died  Nov.  19, 1672.  An  English 
divine  and  scientist,  bishop  of  Chester.  He  grad- 
uated at  Oxford  (Magdalen  Hall)  in  1631,  and  in  1669  be- 
came master  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  assisted 
in  founding  the  Royal  Society.  He  published  "  Discovery 
of  a  New  World  "  (1638),  "  Discourse  Concerning  a  New 
Planet "  (1640),  "  Mercury,  or  the  Secret  Messenger  "  (1641), 
"Mathematical  Magic"  (1648),  "Essay  toward  a  Real 
Character  and  a  Philosophical  Language  "  (1668)^ "  Princi- 
ples and  Duties  of  Natural  Religion"  (1676) 

Perhaps  the  works  of  the  celebrated  Bishop  Wilkins 
tended  more  than  any  others  to  the  diHusion  of  the  Coper- 
nican  system  in  England,  since  even  their  extravagan- 
cies drew  a  stronger  attention  to  them.  In  1638,  when  he 
was  only  twenty-four  years  old,  he  published  a  book  en- 
titled "The  Discovery  of  a  New  World ;  or,  a  Discourse 
tending  to  prove  that  it  is  probable  there  may  be  another 
habitable  World  in  the  Moon ;  with  a  Discourse  concern- 
ing the  possibility  qf  a  passage  thither. "  The  latter  part  of 
his  subject  was,  of  course,  an  obvious  mark  for  the  sneers 
and  witticisms  of  critics.  Two  years  afterwards,  in  1640, 
appeared  his  "  Discourse  concerning  a  new  Planet ;  tend- 
ing to  prove  it  is  probable  our  Earth  is  one  of  the  Planets  " : 
in  which  he  urged  the  reasons  in  favour  of  the  heliocen- 
tric system,  and  explained' away  the  opposite  arguments. 
Whewell,  lud.  Sciences,  I.  390. 

Wilkins,  Mary  Eleanor  (Mrs.  Charles  Man- 
ning Freeman).  A  contemporary  American 
writer.  She  is  principally  noted  as  an  exponent  of  New 
England  life  and  character.  Among  her  works  are  *'  The 
Pot  of  Gold  and  Other  Stories  "  (1892),  "  Young  lucretia 
and  Otlier  Stories"  (1892),  "Jane  Field,"  a  novel  (1892), 
"Giles  Corey,  Yeoman,"  a  play  (1893),  "Pembroke,"  a 
novel  (1894),  etc. 

Wilkins,  William.  Bom  at  Carlisle,  Pa. ,  Dee. 
20, 1779 :  died  at  Homewood,  Allegheny  Countj, 
Pa.,  June  23,  1865.  An  American  politician.  He 
was  Democratic  United  States  senator  from  Pennsylvania 
1831-34 ;  received  the  electoral  votes  of  Pennsylvania  for 
Vice-President  in  1832 ;  was  United  States  minister  to  Rus- 
sia lgB4-35 ;  was  member  of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania 
1843-44  ;  and  was  secretary  of  war  1844-45. 

Wilkinson (wil'kin-sgn),  James.  BomatBene- 
diet,  Maryland,  1757:'<3iednear  the  city  of  Mexi- 
co, Dee.  28, 1825.  An  American  general  and  poli- 
tician. He  served  in  the  Revolutionary  War  in  Canada 
and  at  Saratoga,  attaining  the  rank  of  brevet  brigadier- 
genei-al ;  became  secretary  of  the  board  of  war  _;  was  in  the 
Conway  Cabal ;  engaged  in  trade  in  the  Mississippi  valley ; 
attempted  treason  ably  to  detach  Kentucky  from  the  Union 
and  ally  it  with  Spain ;  served  in  the  Indian  wars,  and 
commanded  the  right  wing  in  Wayne's  victory  of  Mau- 
mee  in  1794 ;  became  a  brigadier-general  in  1792 ;  suc- 
ceeded Wayne  as  commander-in-chief  of  the  army ;  was 
appointed  commissioner  to  receive  Louisiana  from  the 
French ;  and  was  governor  of  Louisiana  1805-06.  He  was 
implicated  in  Burr's  conspiracy,  and  was  court-martialed 
in  1811,  but  acquitted.  In  1813  he  became  major-gen- 
eral. He  failed  as  commander  in  the  operations  against 
Canada;  was  acquitted  by  a  court  of  inquiry  in  1815 ;  but 
was  discharged  from  the  service.  He  wrote  "Memoirs" 
(1816). 

Wilkinson,  Jemima,  Bom  in  Ehode  Island 
about  1753:  died  1819.  An  American  religious 
impostor.  She  asserted  that  she  had  been  raised 
from  the  dead,  and  founded  a  short-lived  sect. 


William  I. 

Wilkinson,  Sir  John  Gardner.  Born  at  Har- 
dendale,  Westmoreland,  Oct.  5, 1797:  died  Oct. 
29, 1875.  An  English  Egyptologist.  He  was  edu- 
cated  at  Oxford  (Exeter  College),  andfrom]821  spent  many 
years  in  Egypt  in  archseological  explorations.  His  works  in- 
clude "Manners  and  Customs  of  the  Ancient  Egyptians'' 
(1837-41),  «  Materia  Hieroglyphica"  (1828),  "Topography 
of  Thebes  and  General  View  of  Egypt"  (1836),  "Modern 
Egypt  and  Thebes  "  (1843 :  later  reissued  as  "Hand-Book 
for  Travellers  in  Modem  Egypt"),  "Dalmatia  and  Mon- 
tenegro "  (1848),  "Architecture  of  Ancient  Egypt "  (1850X 
"Popular  Account  of  the  Ancient  Egyptians  "  (1853),  "The 
Egyptians  in  the  Time  of  the  Pharaohs"  (1867),  etc. 

Wilkinson  (wil'kin-son),  Tate.  Bom  in  1789: 
died  in  1808.  An  English  actor.  He  was  a  pupil 
and  associate  of  Foote,  and  a  noted  mimic.  He  played 
with  success  in  London  and  Dublin,  but  preferred  the 

f)rovinces.  After  a  time  he  grew  weary  of  his  wandering 
if  e,  and  bought  the  lesseeship  of  the  York  circuit,  which 
he  conducted  for  more  than  thirty  years.  Many  actors 
and  actresses  who  were  afterward  successful  on  the  Lon- 
don stage  owed  their  first  encouragement  to  him :  among 
others  Kemble,  Fawcett,  the  elder  Mathews,  Mrs.  Jor- 
dan, and  Mrs.  Siddons. 

Willamette (wil-a'met)  Biver.  Ariverln west- 
em  Oregon,  formed  by  the  Middle  Fork  and  Mc- 
Kenzie  Fork,  it  joins  the  Columbia  north  of  Portland. 
On  it  are  Salem  and  Portland.  Length,  about  250  miles ; 
navigable  to  the  falls  at  Oregon  City,  and  above  them  to 
Eugene  City. 

Willard,  Edward  S.  Bom  in  Wales,  1850.  An 
English  actor.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  1890v 
and  has  been  successful  in  "Judah,"  "The  Middleman," 
"  The  Professor's  Love-Story,"  etc. 

Willard,  Frances  Elizabeth.  Bom  near  Booh' 
ester,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  28, 1839:  died  at  New  York, 
Feb.  18,  1898.  An  American  temperance  re- 
former, editor,  andauthor.  she  was  secretary  in  1874 
and  president  in  1879  of  the  Woman's  Christian  Tempeiv 
ance  Union,  and  editor  In  1879  of  the  Chicago  "  Evening 
Post "  In  1883  she  made  a  journey  through  the  Southern 
States,  founding  branches  of  the  Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union. '  In  1884  she  was  one  of  the  organiz. 
ers  of  the  Prohibition  Party.  In  1887  she  was  president  of 
the  Women's  Council  of  the  United  States.  She  wrote 
"Women  and  Temperance  "  (1883X  "How  to  Win  "  (1886), 
"Glimpses  of  Fifty  Years"  (1889),  etc. 

Willcox  (vril'koks),  Orlando  Bolivar.  Bom 
at  Detroit,  Mich.,  April  16,  1823.  An  Ameri- 
can general.  He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1847; 
became  colonel  in  May,  1861;  commanded  a  brigade  at 
Bull  Run,  and  was  wounded  and  captured ;  was  a  division 
commander  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  (9th  corps) ;  and 
received  the  surrender  of  Petersburg  in  1866.  In  1864 
he  was  brevetted  major-general  of  volunteers,  and  in  1866 
was  mustered  out  and  was  recommissioned  in  the  same 
year  in  the  regular  army ;  was  brevetted  brigadier-general 
and  major-general  in  1867;  was  commander  of  various 
posts  and  departments ;  and  became  brigadier-general  in 
1886.    He  retired  in  1887. 

Willems  (vil'lemz),  Florent.  Bom  at  Lifege, 
Jan.  8,  1823.  A  Belgian  genre-painter.  He 
studied  at  the  Mechlin  Academy,  and  settled  in  Paris  in 
1844,  Among  his  pictures  are  "  Visit  to  a  Young  Mother  " 
(1844),  "Woman  and  Spinning-Wheel "  (Kunsthalle,  Ham- 
burg), "Adorning  the  Bride"  (Brussels Museum),  "Silk- 
mercer's  Shop,"  "Sealing  the  Love-letter,"  "Departing 
for  the  Promenade,"  "  The  Music-lesson."  The  last  three 
and  a  number  of  others  are  owned  in  the  United  States. 

Willenhall  (wil'en-h£i,l).  A  town  in  Staffordr 
shire,  England,  12  miles  northwest  of  Birming- 
ham.   Population  (1891),  16,852. 

Willesden  (wil'ez-den).  A  suburb  of  London, 
in  Middlesex,  7  miles  west-northwest  of  St. 
Paul's.    Population  (1901),  114,815. 

Willett  (wil'et),  Marinus.  Bom  at  Jamaica, 
L.  I.,  July  31,  1740:  died  at  New  York,  Aug. 
22,  1830.  An  American  Revolutionary  of&cer. 
He  served  in  Canada  at  Fort  Stanwix,  against  the  Indians, 
etc.;  and  later  was  mayor  of  New  York.  His  "Narrative" 
was  published  in  1831. 

Willey  (wil'i).  Mount.  A  mountain  on  one 
side  of  the  Crawford  Notch,  White  Mountains, 
New  Hampshire,  4,261  feet  high.  A  landslide 
in  1826  overwhelmed  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Willey  House  at  its  foot. 

William  (wil'yam).  A  country  fellow  in  love 
with  Audrey :  a  character  in  Shakspere's  "As 
you  Like  it." 

William  (wil'yam)  I.,  surnamed  "The  Con- 
queror," "The  'Norman,"  and  "The  Bastard." 
[ME.  William,  OF.  Willalme,  Villalme,  Guillaume, 
P.  Guillaume,  Sp.  Guillermo,  Pg.  Guilherme,  It. 
Cruglielmo,  ML.  Guilielmus,  Guillelmus,  Guiller- 
mus,  GMlielmus,  D.  Willem,  from  OHG.  Willa- 
helm,  WilUhelm,  MHG.  Willehelm,  Wilhelm ,  G .  Wil- 
7(eZTO,helm  of  resolution, an  epithet  of  a  warrior.] 
Bom  at  Palaise,  Normandy,  in  1027  or  1028: 
died  at  St.-Gervais,  near  Eouen,  Sept.  9,  1087. 
King  of  England  1066-87.  He  was  the  natural  son 
of  Robert,  duke  of  Normandy,  and  Herleva,  daughter  ot 
Fulbert,  a  tanner  of  Falaise.  He  succeeded  to  the  duchy 
on  the  death  of  his  father  without  legitimate  issue  in  1035. 
With  the  assistance  of  his  suzerain,  Henry,  king  of  Francei 
he  put  down  a  formidable  rising  of  his  vassals  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Val-es-Dunes,  near  Caen,  in  1047.  In  a  war  which 
broke  out  between  Henry  and  Geoffrey,  count  of  Anjou, 
the  nextyear,  he  sided  with  the  former,  and  took  possession 
of  the  important  border  fortresses  of  Alen(;on  and  Dom- 
front.    He  visited,  in  1051,  his  childless  idnsman  Edward 


William  I. 

the  Confessor,  from  whom  he  afterward  claimed  to  have 
received  a  promise  of  the  succession  to  the  English  throne. 
In  1062  he  married  Matilda  of  Flanders,  a  descendant  of 
Alfred.  He  repelled  an  invasion  by  the  allied  armies  of 
Henry,  Geoffrey  of  Anjou,  and  Theobald  of  Blois  at  Morte- 
mer  in  1064.  Soon  after  he  exacted  the  homage  of  Geof- 
frey of  AnJou,  and  in  1058,  by  the  victory  of  Varaville, 
repelled  a  second  invasion  headed  by  the  French  Ifing. 
In  1063  he  acquired  Maine,  which  extended  his  southern 
frontier  almost  to  the  Loire.  Probably  in  1064,  Harold, 
earl  of  Wessex,  was  shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  Normandy 
and  fell  into  the  hands  of  William,  who  compelled  him  to 
take  an  oath  whereby  he  bound  himseU  to  assist  the  duke 
in  obtaining  the  succession  in  England  (see  Harold  II., 
king  of  the  English).  Edward  died  Jan.  6, 1066,  and  Har- 
old, in  defiance  of  the  oath,  procured  his  own  election  by 
the  witan.  William,  on  the  other  hand,  obtained  a  bull 
from  Pope  Alexander  II.,  which  declared  him  to  be  the 
rightful  heir  to  the  throne ;  landed  at  Pevensey  Sept.  28 ; 
overthrew  Harold  (who  fell  in  the  battle)  at  Senlac  or 
Hastings,  Oct.  14 ;  and  was  crowned  at  Westminster  Dec. 
26, 1066.  But  the  conquest  of  England  was  only  partial :  it 
was  completed  four  years  later  (in  1070)  by  the  suppression 
«f  the  last  of  a  succession  of  English  risings  in  the  north 
And  southwest.  William  exacted  the  homage  of  Malcolm 
of  Scotland  in  1072.  In  1075-76  he  put  down  a  rebellion 
of  the  Norman  barons  in  England,  which  thenceforth  re- 
mained quiet.  The  rest  of  his  reign  was  occupied  with 
almost  continuous  wars  on  the  Continent  against  the  King 
of  France  and  rebellious  vassals,  and  with  quarrels  with 
~members  of  his  own  family,  especially  with  his  son  Robert^ 
who  headed  a  revolt  in  Normandy  1077-^0,  and  with  his 
lialf-brother  Odo,  bishop  of  Bayeux,  who  was  impris- 
oned on  account  of  his  intrigues.  William  died  of  internal 
injuries  received  from  the  plunging  of  his  horse  in  the 
1)urning  cinders  in  the  town  of  Mantes,  which  he  had  cap- 
tured while  engaged  with  Philip  of  France  in  a  war  con- 
Kjerning  Yexin.  William  made  few  changes  in  the  English 
law :  indeed,  he  renewed,  with  some  additions,  the  "law  of 
Edward  the  Confessor. "  However,  his  introduction  of  con- 
tinental feudalism  was  destined  to  exercise  an  enduring 
.social  and  political  influence.  He  took  care  to  prevent 
the  Norman  barons  whom  he  planted  on  English  soil  from 
becoming  formidable  rivals  of  the  crown,  by  scattering 
their  estates,  by  maintaining  popular  courts  by  the  side  of 
the  manorial  courts,  and  by  requiring  an  oath  of  fealty 
from  all  landowners,  thereby  eliminating  an  essential  and 
dangerous  feature  of  continental  feudalism,  the  exclusive 
•dependence  of  a  vassal  on  his  lord  {Oefmot  of  Salisbury, 
1086).  He  abolished  the  four  great  earldoms,  which  had 
threatened  the  integrity  of  the  kingdom  in  preceding 
Teigns,  and  restricted  the  jurisdiction  of  the  earl  to  a  sin- 
.-gle  shire,  which  became  the  largest  political  division,  and 
the  government  of  which  was  practically  exercised  by  the 
sheriff,  who  was  appointed  by  the  Idng.  In  1086  he  com- 
pleted the  "Doomsday  Book"  (which  see).  He  also  reor- 
ganized the  English  Church  with  the  assistance  of  Lanf  ranc 
whom  he  appointed  archbishop  of  Canterbury.  He  sepa- 
rated the  spiritual  from  the  temporal  courts,  and  secured 
the  authority  of  the  crown  against  papal  encroachments. 

Norman  writers,  Norman  records,  the  general  con- 
sent of  the  age,  confirmed  rather  than  confuted  by  the 
significant  silence  of  the  English  writers,  all  lead  us  to 
believe  that,  at  some  time  or  other,  some  kind  of  promise 
of  the  succession  was  made  by  Eadward  to  William.  The 
case  of  Ead ward's  promise  is  like  the  case  of  Harold's  oath. 
No  English  writer  mentions  either ;  but  the  silence  of  the 
English  writers  confirms  rather  than  disproves  the  fact  of 
both.  .  .  .  The  law  of  England  gave  the  king  no  power  to 
dispose  of  a  crown  which  he  held  solely  by  the  free  choice 
of  the  Witan  of  the  land.  All  that  Eadward  could  consti- 
tutionally do  was  to  pledge  himself  to  make  in  William's 
■favour  that  recommendation  to  the  Witan  which  the  Witan 
were  bound  to  consider,  though  not  necessarily  to  consent 
to.  That,  when  the  time  came,  Eadward  did  make  such  a 
recommendation,  and  did  not  make  it  in  favour  of  William, 
we  know  for  certain.  The  last  will  of  Eadward,  so  far  as 
such  an  expression  can  be  allowed,  was  undoubtedly  in 
favour  of  Harold. 
Freeman,  History  of  the  Norman  Conquest  in  England, 

[pp.  299-301. 

William II., sumamedRufusCtheEed').  Born 
1056 :  died  Aug.  2, 1100.  King  of  England  1087- 
1100,  third  (second  suiviving)  son  of  William  I. 
and  Matilda  of  Flanders.  He  was  the  favorite  son 
of  his  father,  to  whom  he  remained  loyal  when  his  elder 
brother  Robert  raised  the  standard  of  rebellion  in  Nor- 
mandy. In  accordance  with  the  dying  request  of  his 
father,  he  was  elected  to  the  English  throne  by  the  witan, 
through  the  infiuence  of  Lanfranc,  Sept.  26,  1087,  while 
Robert  succeeded  in  Normandy.  A  revolt  of  the  Norman 
barons  in  England  broke  out  in  favor  of  Robert  in  1088. 
William  gained  the  support  of  the  fyrd,  or  national  militia, 
by  promising  the  repeal  of  the  forest  laws,  the  reduction 
of  taxes,  and  good  government  generally  to  his  English 
subjects,  and  the  rebellion  was  suppressed  in  1090.  He 
carried  on  a  war  in  Normandy  1090-91  against  his  brother 
Robert,  who  was  compelled  to  accept  a  disadvantageous 
peace.  He  invaded  Scotland  in  1091,  when  he  exacted  the 
homage  of  Malcolm  III.  In  1093  he  appointed  Anselm, 
abbot  of  Bee,  archbishop  of  Canterbury;  but  presently 
became  involved  in  a  dispute  concerning  Investitures 
with  the  new  primate,  who  abandoned  the  kingdom  in 
1097.  In  1094,  during  a  second  invasion  of  Normandy,  he 
found  his  brother  supported  by  Philip  of  France,  and  se- 
cured the  safe  retreat  of  his  army  only  by  a  bribe  to  the 
latter.  In  1096  he  took  possession  of  Normandy  as  a  pledge 
for  funds  advanced  to  Robert,  who  in  that  year  joined  in 
the  Crusade.  The  duchy  remained  in  William's  hands 
until  his  death.  He  conquered  Maine  1098-99.  He  was 
kUled,  possibly  accidentally,  by  an  arrow  shot  by  Walter 
Tyrrel,  whUe  hunting  in  the  New  Forest. 
William  III.  Born  at  The  Hague,  Nov.  14, 1650 : 
died  at  Kensington,  March  8, 1702.  King  of  Eng- 
land 1689-1702,  and  stadholder  of  the  United 
Netherlands.  He  was  the- son  of  William  II.,  stad- 
holder of  thetJnited  Netherlands,  and  Mary,  daughter  of 
Charles  I.  of  England,  and  was  styled  Prince  of  Orange 
before  his  accession  to  the  English  throne.    His  father 


1063 

died  before  his  birth.  As  the  head  of  the  house  of  Orange 
he  became  the  leader  of  the  democratic  monarchical  party 
in  opposition  to  the  aristocratic  republican  party  headed 
by  Jan  de  Witt.  The  invasion  of  Holland  by  the  armies  of 
louisXIV.  in  1672  caused  the  overthrow  of  the  aristocratic 
republican  party,  and  in  the  same  year  the  office  of  stad- 
holder, which  had  been  abolished  on  the  death  of  his  fa- 
ther, was  restored  in  his  favor.  He  saved  Amsterdam  by 
opening  the  dikes,  and  succeeded  in  forming  a  coalition 
against  Louis  XIV.  which  compelled  that  monarch  to  con- 
clude the  peace  of  Nimwegen  (1678).  He  married  in  1677 
Mary,  elder  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  York  who  ascended 
the  English  throne  as  James  II.  in  1685.  About  1686  he 
placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  constitutional  opposition 
in  England  against  the  absolute  and  Romanizing  policy  of 
James;  and,  in  answer  to  an  invitation  signed  by  the  "seven 
patriots  "(the  Earl  of  Devonshire,  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury, 
the  Earl  of  Danby,  the  Bishop  of  London,  Henry  Sidney, 
Lord  Lumley,  and  Admiral  Russell),  landed  at  Torbay, 
Nov.  5, 1688.  James  fled  to  France  Dec.  22,  and  William 
summoned  a  convention  which  met  Jan.  22, 1689,  and  set- 
tled the  crown  on  William  and  Mary,  who  accepted  the 
Declaration  of  Right,  and  were  proclaimed  Feb.  13, 1689. 
The  revolution  was  effected  in  England  without  serious  op- 
position, but  James  had  many  adherents  in  Scotland  and 
Ireland.  With  the  assistance  of  Louis  XIV.  he  landed  at 
Kinsale,  Ireland,  March  14, 1689.  War  was  declared  against 
France  May  7, 1689 ;  the  Jacobite  rising  in  Scotland  ended 
with  the  battle  of  Killiecrankie  July  27  (N.  S.V  1689 ;  and 
James  was  defeated  in  person  by  William  at  the  battle 
of  the  Boyne  in  Ireland,  July  1, 1690.  In  1692  occurred  the 
massacre  of  Glencoe  (which  see).  On  his  accession  to  the 
English  throne,  William  began  the  organization  of  the 
Grand  Alliance  of  the  United  Netherlands,  the  emperor, 
England,  Spain,  Brandenburg,  and  Savoy,  against  France, 
which  was  completed  in  1690.  A  victory  of  the  allied  Eng- 
lish and  Dutch  fleets  over  the  French  at  La  Hogue  May  19, 
1692,  frustrated  a  projected  invasion  of  England.  William, 
who  commanded  the  Allies  in  Flanders,  was  defeated  by 
Marshal  Luxembourg  at  Steenkerke  July  24  (N.  S.  Aug.  3), 
1692.  Queen  Mary  died  Dec.  28, 1694 :  thenceforth  Wil- 
liam reigned  alone.  The  peace  of  Ryswick  put  an  end  to  the 
war  with  France  in  1697.  During  the  rest  of  his  reign  his 
foreign  policy  was  chiefly  directed  to  preserving  the  bal- 
ance of  power  in  Europe  by  preventing  the  Spanish  mon- 
archy from  being  united  either  to  France  or  to  Austria. 
With  this  end  in  view,  he  negotiated  the  Partition  Treaties 
(which  see).  When  Louis  XlV.,  in  violation  of  treaty  ob- 
ligations, recognized  the  bequest  of  Charles  IL  to  Philip 
of  Anjou,  William  formed  the  Grand  Alliance  of  1701,  and 
took  the  initiative  in  the  events  leading  to  the  War  of  the 
Spanish  Succession  (see  this  title).  He  died,  in  consequence 
of  a  fall  from  his  horse,  before  the  commencement  of  hostil- 
ities, leaving  no  heirs.  His  reign,  although  disturbed  by 
Jacobite  intrigues  and  the  treachery  of  ofiicials  high  in 
station  (such  as  Marlborough),  witnessed  the  rise  of  Eng- 
land to  a  position  of  prominence  in  European  politics,  and 
marks  the  beginning  of  government  by  party. 

William  IV.  Bom  at  Windsor,  Aug.  21,  1765 : 
died  June  20,  1837.  King  of  England  1830-37, 
third  son  of  George  in.  He  entered  the  navy  as  a 
midshipman  about  1779 ;  was  created  duke  of  Clarence  in 
1789 ;  married  Adelaide  of  Saxe-Meiningen  in  1818 ;  became 
heir  presumptive  to  the  throne  on  the  death  of  the  Duke 
of  York  in  1827 ;  and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed  lord 
high  admiral,  an  office  which  he  was  shortly  compelled  to 
resign  on  account  of  his  arbitrary  conduct.  He  acceded 
to  the  throne  on  the  death  of  his  brother,  George  IV.,  June 
26, 1830.  The  chief  events  of  his  reign  were  the  passage 
of  the  Reform  Bill  and  of  the  Emancipation  Bill. 

Williaml. (G. Wilhelm).  Bom atBerlin, March 
22, 1797 :  died  there,  March  9, 1888.  (Jerman  em- 
peror (1871-88)  and  kingof  Pmssia  (1861-88), 
second  son  of  Erederiok  William  III.  of  Prussia 
and  Louisa,  daughter  of  Duke  Charles  of  Meok- 
lenhurg-Strelitz.  He  served  with  distinction  in  the 
campaigns  of  1814  and  1815  against  Napoleon ;  married 
Augusta  of  Saxe-Weimar  in  1829 ;  became  heir  presumptive 
and  received  the  title  of  Prince  of  Prussia  on  the  death  of 
his  father  and  the  accession  of  his  brother  Frederick  Wil- 
liam rv.  in  1840 ;  made  himself  extremely  unpopular  on 
account  of  his  conservative  attitude  during  the  revolu- 
tionary movement  of  1848 ;  took  his  seat  in  the  Prussian 
National  Assembly  in  the  same  year ;  commanded  the  Prus- 
sian army  which  suppressed  the  Insurrections  in  Baden 
and  the  Palatinate  in  1849 ;  was  appointed  military  gov- 
ernor of  the  Rhineland  and  Westphalia  in  the  same  year ; 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  field-marshal  and  made  gov- 
ernor of  the  federal  fortress  of  Mainz  in  1854 ;  assumed 
the  regency  for  his  brother  Frederick  William  in  1868; 
ascended  the  throne  of  Prussia  on  the  death  of  the  lat- 
ter, Jan.  2, 1861 ;  appointed  Bismarck  minister  of  foreign 
affairs  in  1862 ;  united  with  Austria  in  a  war  against  Den- 
mark in  1864  ^ee  Schleawig-Solstein  Wars,  2) ;  commanded 
in  person  at  KOniggratz  in  the  Austro-Prussian  war  (see 
Seven  Weeki  War)  in  1866 ;  and  became  president  of  the 
North  German  Confederation  on  the  adoption  of  its  con- 
stitution in  1867.  He  commanded  the  German  armies  in  the 
Franco-German  war  1870-71,  being  present  at  Gravelotte 
and  Sedan,  and  maintaining  his  headquarters  at  Versailles 
Oct,  1870,-Maroh,  1871,  during  and  after  the  siege  of  Paris. 
He  was  proclaimed  German  emperor  at  Versailles  Jan.  18, 
1871,  and  returned  to  Berlin  March  17, 1871.  He  displayed 
great  sagacity  in  selecting  his  ministers  and  generals,  as 
well  as  iirmness  in  supporting  them  against  opposition  ; 
and  shares  with  Bismarck,  Von  Eoon,  and  Von  Moltke  the 
honor  of  accomplishing  the  unification  of  Germany,  un- 
der the  hegemony  of  Prussia. 

William  II.  (Friedrich  Wilhelm  Victor  Al- 
bert). BomatBerlin,  Jan.  27, 1859.  Emperor  of 
Germany  and  king  of  Prussia,-son  of  Frederick 
ni.andPrincessVietoriaof  England,  and  grand- 
son of  William  I.  He  was  educated  at  the  gymnasium  of 
Cassel  and  the  University  of  Bonn ;  married  Augusta  Vic- 
toria of  Schleswig-Holstein  in  1881;  and  succeeded  his 
father  as  king  and  emperor  June  16,  1888.  He  immedi- 
ately displayed  his  intention  to  exercise  personal  control 
of  the  government,  and  in  March,  1890,  dismissed  Bis- 
marck who  disapproved  of  his  policy. 


William  I. 

William,  King  of  Germany.  See  William  of 
Holland. 

William  I.  Born  at  The  Hague,  Aug.  24, 1772: 
died  at  Berlin,  Dec.  12, 1843.  King  of  the  Neth- 
erlands 1815-40,  sou  of  William  V.  the  last 
stadholder.  He  commanded  the  Dutch  troops  against 
the  French  from  1793  to  1795,  when  the  Netherlands  were 
conquered  by  the  latter  and  the  house  of  Orange  expelled. 
In  1806  he  served  as  a  general  in  the  Prussian  army,  and 
was  captured  by  the  French  at  the  battle  of  Jena.  His 
hereditary  territories  in  Germany  (the  Nassau  lands)  were 
in  the  same  year  confiscated  by  Napoleon.  He  served  in 
the  Austrian  army  at  Wagram  in  1809,  and  afterward  lived 
in  retirement  at  Berlin.  He  recovered  his  German  terri- 
tories in  1813.  On  the  overthrow  of  Napoleon,  the  Nether- 
lands and  Belgium  were  erected  into  the  Kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna;  and,  in  accordance 
with  its  decision,  William  was  proclaimed  the  first  king 
of  the'new  monarchy,  March  16,  1816.  At  the  same  time 
he  exchanged  his  German  possessions  for  the  grand  duchy 
of  Luxemburg.  He  was  unable  to  prevent  the  secession 
of  Belgium  in  1830-32.  He  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son 
William  n.  Oct.  7,  1840. 

William  II.  Bom  Dee.  6,  1792:  died  March 
17, 1849.  King  of  the  Netherlands  1840-49,  son 
of  William  I.  He  served  with  distinction  under  Wel- 
lington in  Spain,  and  commanded  the  Dutch  contingent 
in  the  campaign  of  1815  against  Napoleon.  He  married  the 
Russian  grand  duchess  Anne,  sister  of  Alexander  I.,  in  1816. 
He  was  sent  to  Belgium  to  efiect  a  peaceful  settlement  on 
the  outbreak  of  the  revolution  in  that  country  in  1830 ;  and 
on  Oct.  16  recognized  the  independence  of  the  Belgians, 
an  act  which  was  repudiated  by  his  father.  He  subse- 
quently commanded  the  Dutch  army  against  the  Belgians, 
but  was  forced  to  give  way  before  the  French  in  Aug., 
1832.  He  ascended  the  throne  on  the  abdication  of  his 
father  Oct.  7, 1840.  He  granted  extensive  reforms  during 
the  revolutionary  movement  of  1848. 

William  III.  Bom  Feb.  19,  1817:  died  Nov. 
23,  1890.  King  of  the  Netherlands  1849-90,  son 
of  William  II.  He  carried  out  the  reforms  begun  by 
his  father  in  1848,  and  decreed  the  abolition  of  slavery  in 
the  West  Indies  in  1862.  In  1866  the  Dutch  province  of 
Limburg,  which  since  1816  had  constituted  part  of  the 
Germanic  Confederation,  was  incorporated  with  the  Neth- 
erlands, and  in  the  following  year  Luxemburg  was  recog- 
nized as  neutral  territory  under  the  sole  sovereignty  of  his 
house. 

William  I.,  sumamed  "The  Lion."    Died  at 

,  Stirling,  1214.  King  of  Scotland  1165-1214.  He 
succeeded  his  brother  Malcolm  IV.  In  1174  he  invaded 
England,  with  the  result  that  he  was  taken  prisoner  and 
compelled  to  do  homage  to  Henry  n. 

William  I.,  sumamed  "  The  Bad."  King  of 
Sicily  1154^66. 

William  II.,  sumamed  "  The  Good."  King  of 
Sicily  1166-89. 

William  I.  Bom  at  Lauban,  Silesia,  Sept.  27, 
1781 :  died  June  25,  1864.  King  of  Wiirtem- 
berg  1816-64,  son  of  Frederick  I.  (the  first  king 
of  Wilrtemberg).  He  commanded  the  Wtirtemberg 
contingent  in  Napoleon's  Russian  campaign,  and  com- 
manded a  corps  of  the  Allies  1813-15. 

William,  Margrave  of  Baden  (originally  Count 
of  Hochberg) .  Bom  at  Karlsruhe,  April  8, 1792 : 
died  Oct.  11, 1859.  A  German  general.  He  com- 
manded the  Baden  contingent  in  Napoleon's  Russian  cam- 
paign, and  fought  with  the  Allies  1814-15.  He  represented 
the  house  of  Baden  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna,  and  was 
commander  of  the  Baden  troops  1825-48. ' 

William.  Bom  April  25,  1806:  died  Oct.  18, 
1884.  Duke  of  Brunswick  1830-84,  second  son 
of  Duke  Frederick  William.  He  succeeded  his 
brother  Charles,  and  was  the  last  of  the 
Brunswick-Wolfenbiittel  line. 

William,  Prince,  of  England.  Only  son  of 
Henry  I.  of  England,  drowned  in  the  White 
Ship  in  the  English  Channel  in  1120. 

William IV.  Boml532:  died  Aug.  25, 1592.  Land- 
grave of  Hesse-Cassel  1567-92,  son  of  Philip  the' 
Magnanimous.  He  administered  the  government  dur-  ' 
ing  the  imprisonment  of  his  father  by  Charles  V.  1647-P2. 
He  distinguished  himself  as  an  astronomer  and  as  a  patron 
of  aslronoinj'. 

William  I.  Bom  at  Cassel,  June  3, 1743 :  died 
Feb.  27,  1821.  Elector  of  Hesse  (Landgrave 
William  IX.  of  Hesse-Cassel),  son  of  Landgrave 
Frederick  II.  He  furnished  Hessian  troops  to  Great 
Britain  in  the  American  Revolution ;  succeeded  as  land- 
grave in  1785 ;  joined  the  coalition  against  France  in  1792 ; 
was  made  elector  in  1803  ;  and  was  expelled  by  the  French 
in  1806,  his  lands  becoming  part  of  the  kingdom  of  West- 
phalia in  1807.  He  reentered  Cassel  in  1813,  and  was  re- 
stored by  the  Congress  of  Vienna  1814--16. 

William  II.  Bom  July  28, 1777 :  died  Nov.  20, 
1847.  Elector  of  Hesse  1821-47,  son  of  the  elec- 
tor William  I.  He  served  in  the  Prussian  army  against 
Napoleon.  He  was  forced  to  grant  a  new  constitulion  in 
1831. 

William  I.,  sumamed  "The  Silent."  Bom  at 
the  castle  of  Dillenburg,  in  Nassau,  April  16, 
1533:  died  at  Delft,  Netherlands,  July  10, 1584. 
Prince  of  Orange  and  Count  of  Nassau:  the 
founder  of  the  Republic  of  th  e  United  Provine  es. 
He  was  the  son  of  William,  count  of  Nassau,  and  Juliana 
of  Stolberg ;  was  educated  in  the  Roman  Catholic  faith  as 
a  page  at  the  court  of  Charles  V. ;  and  inherited  the  prin- 
cipality of  Orange,  along  with  large  estates  in  the  Nether- 
lands, from  his  cousin  Ren6  or  Renatus  in  1544.  He  was  ap- 
pointed commander  of  the  army  in  the  Netherlands  and 


William  I. 

governor  of  Holland,  Zealand,  and  TTtrecht  by  Charles  V.  in 
1555.  He  served  in  the  war  of  Philip  II.  against  Henry  II. 
of  France,  and  negotiated  the  preliminaries  of  the  peace 
of  Cateau-Canihr^sis  (1559).  He  succeeded  his  father  as 
count  of  Nassau  in  1559.  Together  with  the  counts  of  Eg- 
mont  and  of  Hoom,  he  addressed  a  petition  in  1563  to 
Philip  11.  for  the  recall  of  Granvella,'the  adviser  of  the 
regent  Margaret  of  Parma,  who  was  carrying  on  a  bloody 
persecution  of  the  Protestants.  OranveUa  was  recalled 
In  1661,  but  Philip  II. 's  determination  to  suppress  Protes- 
tantism and  destroy  the  political  liberties  of  the  Dutch  re- 
mained unaltered,  and  provoked  the  organization  of  the 
League  of  the  Oueux  in  1666.  In  1567  Margaret  of  Parma 
was  succeededl)y  the  Duke  of  Alva,  who  came  with  an 
army  of  2D,00Q  Spaniards  and  instituted  a  reign  of  terror 
(see  CoutwU  of  Blood,  The).  William,  who  had  in  the 
meantime  resigned  his  offices  and  retired  to  Dillenburg, 
declined  to  appear  before  the  Council  of  Blood  and  pro- 
claimed his  adhesion  to  the  Protestant  faith.  In  1668  he 
collected  two  armies,  one  of  which  was  destroyed  by  Alva 
in  East  Friesland :  the  other  disbanded  for  want  of  funds. 
He  began  in  1570  to  issue  letters  of  marque  to  seamen  who, 
under  the  nickname  of  '*SeaGueujE,"  played  a  conspicuous 

Sart  in  the  war  for  independeuce.    He  himself  continued 
le  war  on  land,  and  in  1576  brought  about  the  pacification 
of  Ghent,  whereby  Holland,  Zealand,  and  the  southern 

Srovinces  of  the  Lowlands  united  for  the  purpose  of  expel- 
ng  the  Spanish  soldiery.  This  was  followed  in  1579  by  the 
Union  of  Utrecht  between  the  seven  northern  provinces 
(Holland,  Zealand,  Utrecht,  Gelderland,  Qroningen,  Fries- 
land,  and  Overyasel),  which  formally  declared  their  inde- 
gendence  of  the  King  of  Spain  in  1581,  and  settled  the 
ereditary  stadholdership  on  William.  He  was  assassi- 
nated at  Delft  by  Balthazar  Gerard. 

William,  Prince  of  Prussia.  Bom  1783:  died 
1851.  Third  son  of  Frederick  William  II. ,  and 
brother  of  Frederick  William  III.:  a  commander 
in  the  wars  against  Napoleon. 

William  of  Cbampeaux.  Bom  about  1070 :  died 
1121.  A  French  scholastic  philosopher  and  ad- 
vocate of  realism. 

William  of  Cloudesley  or  Cloudeslie.  An 
archer,  the  subject  of  an  old  English  baUad. 

William  of  Holland.  Bom  about  1227:  killed 
in  battle,  1256.  Titular  King  of  Germany.  He 
succeeded  as  count  of  Eollajid  about  1234 ;  was  chosen 
king  of  Germany  in  opposition  to  Frederick  IT.  1247 ;  was 
crowned  1248;  and  was  acknowledged  generally  in  Ger- 
many 1254-66. 

William  of  Jnmidges.  Lived  about  the  close 
of  the  11th  century.    A  Norman  chronicler. 

William  of  Lorris.    See  I^rris,  GuUlaume  de. 

William  of  Malmesbury.  Bom  about  1095: 
died  at  Malmesbury  about  1142.  An  English 
historian  and  monk,  librarian  of  the  monastery 
at  Malmesbury,  of  which  he  refused  to  become 
abbot.  His  chief  worksare  "DeGestis  regum  Anglorum" 
( 'History  of  the  English  Kings") and  "Historia  novella" 
('■Modern  History"),  acontinuationof  "DeGestis,"bring- 
lag  the  history  down  to  1142  (these  books  have  been  the 
foundation  of  all  the  more  recent  histories  of  England); 
"  De  Gestis  pontiflcum  Anglorum  "  ("History  of  the  Prel- 
ates of  England");  "De  Antiquitate  Glastoniensis  Eccle- 
siie  "  ("  History  of  the  Church  at  Glastonbury  ") ;  lives  of  St. 
Patrick,  St.  Dunstan,  St.  Wulfstan  (from  the  Anglo-Saxon); 
several  books  of  miracles;  and  the  "Itinerary  of  John  Ab- 
bot of  Malmesbury  to  !Rome"(Leland  mentions  this  work, 
but  It  is  lost). 

William  of  Nassau.  Same  as  William  the  Silent. 

William  of  Occam.    See  Occam. 

William  of  Orange.  See  William  L,  Prince  of 
Orange,  and  William  III.  (of  England). 

William  of  Poitiers.  Lived  in  the  2d  half  of  the 
11th  century.  Chaplain  and  chronicler  of  Wil- 
liam the  Conqueror,  author  of  "G-estaWillelmi." 

William  of  Shoreliam.  Bom  at  Shoreham, 
Kent,  in  the  last  part  of  the  13th  century.  An 
English  monk  of  Leeds  priory,  vicar  of  Charl- 
Sutton  in  1320.  He  translated  the  Psalms  of  David  into 
English  prose  about  1327,  and  wrote  a  number  of  poems, 

William  of  Wykeham.  Bom  at  Wykeham  in 
Hampshire,  1324:  died  1404.  An  English  states- 
man and  prelate,  bishop  of  Winchester  from 
1367.  He  was  chancellor  of  England  1367-71  and  1389- 
1891 ;  and  founded  Winchester  School  and  New  College  in 
Oxford.  In  1404  he  finished  rebuilding  the  nave  of  Win- 
chester cathedral,  died,  and  was  buried  in  the  chantry. 

William  and  Mary,  War  of.  In  American  his- 
tory, that  part  of  the  war  between  England 
and  France  (1689-97)  which  took  place  in  Amer- 
ica, chiefly  in  the  north.  Among  its  events  were 
the  unsuccessful  expedition  against  Canada  in  1690,  and 
the  burning  of  Schenectady  by  the  French  and  Indians  in 
the  same  year.     Also  King  WUliam's  War. 

William  and  Mary  College.  The  second  old- 
est college  in  the  United  States,  situated  at 
Williamsburg,  Virginia :  chartered  in  1693.  It 
suffered  in  the  Uevolutionary  and  Civil  wars.  Among 
its  graduates  were  Peyton  Kandolph,  Edmund  Randolpl^ 
John  Marshall,  Thomas  Jefferson,  James  Monroe,  John 
Eandolph,  John  Tyler,  and  Winfield  Scott.  It  has  11  In- 
structors and  about  176  students. 

William  LongSWOrd  (ISng'sord).  Duke  of 
Normandy,  son  and  successor  of  Eolf.  He 
ruled  about  927-943. 

Williams  (wil'yamz),  Alpheus  Starkey.  Bom 
at  Saybrook,  Conn.,  Sept.  10,  1810:  died  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  Dec.  21,  1878.  An  Ameri- 
can general  and  politician.    He  served  in  the  Mex- 


1064 

ican  war ;  was  a  division  commander  in  the  Shenandoah 
campaign  in  1862 ;  and  commanded  a  corps  at  South  Moun- 
tain, Antietam,  Gettysburg,  and  Lookout  Mountain,  in  the 
Atlanta  campaign,  and  in  the  march  to  the  sea.  In  1865 
he  was  brevetted  major-general  of  volunteers.  He  was 
United  States  minister  to  Salvador  1866-69,  and  Demo- 
cratic member  of  Congress  from  Michigan  1876-78. 

Williams,  Edward.  Born  at  Llancarvam,  Gla- 
morganshire, 1745 :  died  at  Flemingstone^Dec. 
17, 1826.  A  Welsh  poet,  known  as  "the  Welsh 
Shakspere." 

Williams,  Eleazar,  Bom  at  Caughnawaga, 
N.  Y.,  about  1787 :  died  at  Hoganstown,  N.  Y., 
Aug.  28, 1858.  An  American  missionary  among 
the  Indians.  He  was  the  reputed  son  of  Thomas  Wil- 
liams, a  half-breed  Indian.  He  believed  himself,  after  an 
alleged  interview  in  1841  with  the  Prince  de  Joinville  (who 
denied  itX  to  be  th&  dauphin  (Louis  XVIL),  son  of  Louis 
XVI.,  but  took  no  pains  to  make  his  claims  known.  He 
and  his  friends  asserted  that  he  had  been  secretly  taken 
from  prison  and  brought  to  this  country  when  very  young. 
He  wrote  several  works  on  Indian  subjects. 

Williams,  Elisha.  Bom  1694:  died  1755.  An 
American  clergyman,  president  of  Yale  Col- 
lege 1726-39. 

Williams,  Ephraim.  Bom  at  Newton,  Mass., 
Feb.  24,  1715:  killed  in  battle  near  Lake 
George,  Sept.  8,  1755.  An  American  officer. 
He  served  in  King  George's  war ;  built  Fort  Massachusetts 
(near  Williamstown,  Massachusetts) ;  commanded  a  regi- 
ment of  Massachusetts  troops  in  the  French  and  Indian 
war ;  and  fell  in  an  ambuscade.  He  founded  a  free  school 
at  Williamstown  which  afterward  became  Williams  Col- 
lege. 

Williams,  George  Henry.  Bom  in  Columbia 
County,  N.  Y.,  March  23,  1823.  An  American 
jurist  and  politician .  He  was  chief  justice  of  Oregon 
Territory  1853-67 ;  Republican  United  States  senator  from 
Oregon  1865-71 ;  a  member  of  the  joint  high  commis- 
sion which  negotiated  the  treaty  of  Washington  in  1871 ; 
attorney-general  1872-75;  and  was  nominated  by  Grant 
chief  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in  Dec, 
1873,  but  was  not  confirmed. 

Williams,  John.  Bom  at  Aberconway,  1582 : 
died  March  25, 1650.  An  English  prelate  and 
politician.  He  was  lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal  1621,  and 
bishop  of  Lincoln  (deprived  of  the  former  in  1626) ;  was  im- 
prisoned for  several  years  in  the  Tower  at  the  instigation 
of  Laud ;  and  was  made  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1641. 
He  supported  Charles  I.  in  the  civil  war. 

Williams,  John.  Bom  near  London,  June  29, 
1796:  killed  in  the  New  Hebrides,  Nov.  20, 
1839.  An  English  missionary  in  the  Pacific 
islands.  He  worked  in  the  Society  Islands,  Hervey  Isl- 
ands, and  E,aratonga.  He  wrote  "A  Narrative  of  Mission- 
ary Enterprises  "  (iSST). 

Williams,  John,  Bom  at  Deerfield,  MasSy  Aug. 
30,  1817 :  died  at  Middletown,  Conn.,  Feb.  7, 
1899.  An  American  Protestant  Episcopal  bish- 
op and  theologian.  He  was  president  of  Trhilty  Col- 
lege 1(48-63;  assistant  bishop  of  Connecticut  in  1851; 
and  bishop  in  1865.  In  1854  he  became  dean  and  instructor 
of  doctrinal  theology  and  other  studies  at  the  Berkeley 
Divinity  School,  Middletown,  Connecticut.  He  wrote 
"Ancient  Hymns"  (18461,  "  Thoughts  on  the  Gospel  Mira- 
cles "  (1848),  "  Paddock  Lectures  on  the  English  Beforma- 
tion  "  (1881),  eto. 

Williams,  Jonathan.  Bom  at  Boston,  1750: 
died  at  Philadelphia,  1815.  An  American  mili- 
tary engineer,  secretary  to  Franklin  in  Europe, 
and  United  States  agent  in  Europe  in  the  Eev- 
olutionary  period.  He  became  major  in  the  artillery 
service  in  1801,  and  commander  of  West  Point  in  the  same 
year;  was  superintendent  of  West  Point  1802-03;  and  was 
chief  engineer  of  the  army  1806-12.  He  built  fortifica- 
tions around  New  York,  including  Castle  William  (Qov- 
emor's  Island),  Fort  Clinton  (Castle  Garden),  eto. 

Williams,  Sir  Monier  Monier-.  Bom  at  Bom- 
bay, India,  Nov.  12,  1819:  died  April  11,  1899, 
A  noted  British  Orientalist,  professor  of  San- 
skrit in  Oxford.  His  works  include  a  Sanskrit  gram- 
mar (1846),  an  English-Sanskrit  dictionary  (1851),  a  San- 
skrit-English dictionary  (1872),  grammars  of  Hindustani, 
translations  of  the  "Sakuntala  "  and  other  Sanskrit  works, 
"Indian  Epic  Poetry"  (1863),  "Indian  Wisdom"  (1876), 
"Hinduism"  (1877),  "Modem  India  and  the  Indians" 
(1878),  "Buddhism,  etc."  (1889)^  etc. 

Williams,  Koger,  Bom  in  Wales  about  1600 : 
died  in  Rhode  Island,  probably,  in  March  or 
April,  1684.  An  English  colonist  in  New  Eng- 
land :  the  founder  of  Rhode  Island.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Charterhouse  School  and  at  Cambridge ;  took  or- 
ders in  the  Church  of  England,  but  became  a  Puritan ;  ar- 
rived in  Massachusetts  in  1631 ;  became  pastor  in  Salem 
in  the  same  year,  but  was  driven  away  for  denying' the 
right  of  the  magistrates  to  punish  Sabbath-breaWng  and 
for  supposed  heretical  opinions ;  was  assistant  pastor  at 
Plymouth  1631-33 ;  and  returned  to  Salem  in  1633,  and  be- 
came pastor  there  in  1634.  He  again  became  objectionable 
to  the  authorities  on  account  of  his  political  and  religious 
opinions ;  and  was  summoned  before  the  General  Court  in 
1635,  and  ordered  to  leave  the  colony.  In  Jan.,  1636,  he 
left  Salem  and  went  first  to  Seekonk,  and  about  June,  1636, 
founded  Providence.  He  had  great  influence  with  the 
Narraganset  Indians,  and  used  it  to  the  advantage  of  the 
colonists  in  the  Pequot  war.  In  1639  he  founded  the  first 
Baptist  church  in  America,  but  soon  withdrew  from  all 
church  connections.  He  went  to  England  in  1^3 ;  ob- 
tained a  charter  for  Rhode  Island  colony  in  1644 ;  was 
again  in  England  1661-54 ;  and  was  afterward  president  of 
the  colony.  He  was  an  apostle  of  religions  toleration.  His 
works  include  "  Key  into  the  Language  of  America  "  (1643), 


Wills,  William  Gorman 

"Mr.  Cotton's  Letter  Examined"  (1644),  "The  Bloody 
Tenent  of  Persecution  "  (1644),  "  Bloody  Tenent  Made  yet 
more  Bloody"  (1652),  "The  Hireling  Ministry  none  of 
Christ's  "(1852), "  Experiments  of  Spiritual  Life  andHealth  " 
(1652),  "  George  Fox  Digged  out  of  his  Burrowes"  0672). 

Williams,  Samuel  Wells.  Born  atUtioa,  N.Y., 
Sept.  22,  1812:  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Feb. 
17,  1884.  A  noted  American  Sinologist.  He 
went  to  China  in  1833  as  a  printer  in  the  service  of  the 
American  Board ;  was  in  the  United  States  1844-48  and 
1860-61 ;  was  Japanese  interpreter  to  the  United  States 
expedition  to  Japan  1853-64  ;  became  secretary  and  inter- 
preter to  the  United  States  legation  in  China  in  1855  ;  and 
was  employed  in  other  diplomatic  services.  He  resigned 
his  commission  and  returned  to  the  United  States  in  1876, 
and  was  later  professor  of  Chinese  at  Yale.  He  wrote 
"Easy  Lessons  in  Chinese"  (1842),  "English  and  Chinese 
Vocabulary"  (1844),  "Chinese  Commercial  Guide"  (1844), 
"  The  Middle  Kingdom  "  (2  vols.  1848 :  revised  ed.  188SX 
"Syllabic  Dictionary  of  the  Chinese  Language  "  (1874). 

Williamsburg,  or  Williamsburgh  (wir  yamz- 
b6rg),  A  former  town  on  Long  Island,  "now 
forming  a  part  of  the  city  of  Brooklyn. 

Williamsburg,  The  capital  of  James  City 
County,  Virginia,  situated  between  James  and 
York  rivers,  46  miles  east-southeast  of  Kich- 
mond.  It  is  the  seat  of  William  and  Mary  College ;  and 
succeeded  Jamestown  as  the  capital  of  Virginia,  remaining 
such  down  to  Revolutionary  ttoies.  A  battle  was  fought 
there.  May  6,  1862,  between  a  part  of  McCIellan's  army 
(Hooker,  Kearny,  Smith)  and  the  Confederates  under 
Johnston.    Population  (1900),  2,014. 

Williams  College.  An  institution  of  learn- 
ing situated  at  Williamstown,  Massachusetts : 
founded  by  Colonel  Ephraim  Williams,  and 
chartered  in  1793.  It  is  non-sectarian.  It  has 
30  instructors  and  about  400  students. 

Williamsport  (wil'yamz-port).  The  capital  of 
Lycoming  County,  Pennsylvania,  situated  on 
the  west  branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  68  miles 
north  by  west  of  Harrisburg.  its  most  important 
Industry  is  the  manufacture  of  lumber.  The  Susquehanna 
boom  is  located  there.    Population  (1900),  28,767. 

Williamstown  (wil'yamz-toun).  A  town  in 
Berkshire  County,  at  the  northwestern  extrem- 
ity of  Massachusetts,  55  miles  northwest  of 
Springfield.  It  is  a  summer  resort,  and  the 
seat  of  Williams  College.  Population  (190i. 
5,013. 

William's  War,  King.  See  King  William's 
War. 

William  Tell,  A  drama  by  J.  Sheridan  Knowles. 
Macready  produced  it  in  1825.  Rossini  composed  an 
opera  on  the  subject,  produced  as  "Gnillaume  Tell,"  in 
1829.   Several  other  composers  have  used  the  same  legend. 

Willibald  (wil'i-b41d).  Bom  in  England  about 
700 :  died  probably  about  786.  A  missionary 
in  Germany,  associate  of  Boniface  :  bishop  of 
Eichstadt. 

Willibrord,  or  Wilibrord(wil'i-br6rd),  or  Wil- 
brord  {wil'br6rd),  or  Wilbrod  (wil'brod). 
Saint.  Born  in  Northumbria  about  657 :  died 
about  738 .  An  English  missionary,  called ' '  the 
Apostle  of  the  Friesians."  He  settled  among  the 
Fnesians  about  690,  and  was  consecrated  bishop  about  696. 
He  also  visited  Denmark. 

Willimantic  (wil-i-man'tik).  A  city  in  Wind- 
ham County,  Connecticut,  situated  on  Willi- 
mantic River  25  miles  east  of  Hartford,  it  is 
a  railroad  center,  and  has  important  manufactures  of 
thread,  cotton,  silk,  ete.    Population  (1900),  8,937. 

Willis  (wil'is),  Nathaniel  Parker.  Born  at 
Portland,  Maine,  Jan.  20,  1806:  died  at  Idle- 
wUd,  near  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  20,  1867.  An 
American  poet  and  author.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1827 ;  conducted  the  "American  Monthly  Magazine  " 
1829-31 ;  went  to  Europe  as  correspondent  for  the  "New 
York  Mrrror  "  1831 ;  was  associate  editor,  with  Morris,  of 
the  "Mirror" and  "Home  Journal";  traveled  in  Europe 
and  Asia  Minor;  returned  1837 ;  settled  at  Glenmary,  near 
the  Susquehanna ;  was  in  Europe  1844-46 ;  and  settled 
at  his  country-seat,  Idlewild  on  the  Hudson.  He  wrote 
"Poetical  Scripture  Sketehes"  (1827),  "Fugitive Poetry" 
(1829),  "Pencillings  by  the  Way"  (1836),  "Inklings  of 
Adventure"  (1836),  "Loiterings  of  Travel''  and  "Letters 
from  Under  a  Bridge "  (1840),  "  Dashes  at  Life  with  a 
Free  PencU"  (1846),  "Rural  Letters"  (1849),  "Life  Here 
and  There"  and  "People  I  Have  Met"  (1850),  "Hurry- 
Graphs'  (1851),  "A  Summer  Cruise  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean" and  "A  Health  Trip  to  the  Tropics"  (1853),  "Out- 
doors at  Idlewild,"  "Famous  Persons  and  Places " (1864X 
"  Paul  Fane  "  (1866),  "  The  Convalescent "  (1859),  ete. 

Willis's  (wil'is-ez)  Booms.  A  later  name  of 
Almack's  assembly-rooms  in  London. 

Willoughby  (wil'o-bi).  Sir  Hugh,  Bom  prob- 
ably at  Risley,  Derbyshire :  died  in  1554.  An 
English  navigator.  He  commanded  an  expedition  to 
the  arctic  regions  1553-64  (in  the  ships  Bona  Esperanza, 
Edward  Bonaventure,  and  Bona  Confldentia).  Willoughby 
and  sixty-two  companions  perished  on  the  coast  of  Lap- 
land, in  winter  quarters,  probably  of  scurvy.  Richard 
Chancellor,  in  the  Bonaventure,  had  parted  company  with 
the  others  in  a  storm,  and  so  escaped. 

Wills  (wilz),  William  German.  Bom  in  Kil- 
kenny, Ireland,  1830:  died  at  London,  Dee.  l4, 
1891.  A  British  dramatist.  His  works  include  "Tne 
Man  o'  Airlie"(1866),  "Hinko"(1871),  "Charles  L"  (18721 
"Eugene  Aram"  (1873),  "Mary  Queen  of  Scots"  (1874X 
"  Buckingham  "(1875),  "Jane  Shore  "  (1876),  "Nlnon'ClSJ?), 


"Wills,  William  Gorman 

"Vanderdecken"  (1878),  "Olivia,"  "Nell  Gwynn,"  "Wil- 
liam and  Susan'"  (1880),  "Melchior,"  " Sedgemoor," 
"FauBt"(1886),"Claudian"(1886),"A  Royal  Divorce."  He 
also  wrote  several  novels,  among  them  "  Notice  to  Quit " 
and  "The  Wife's  Evidence." 

Wills,  William  John.  Bom  at  Totnes,  Dev- 
onshire, Jan.  5,  1834 :  died  of  starvation  near 
Cooper's  Creek,  Australia,  about  July,  1861. 
An  Australian  explorer.  He  went  to  Australia  in 
1852,  and  in  1858  was  made  assistant  in  the  magnetic  ob- 
servatory at  Melbourne.  On  Aug.  20, 1860,  he  set  out  on 
the  ejipedition  led  by  R.  O'Hara  Burke  to  explore  the  in- 
terior.  They  crossed  the,  continent,  but  on  their  return 
both  Burke  and  Wills  perished. 

Will's  (wilz)  Coffee-House.  A  famous  coffee- 
house in  Eussell  street,  London,  named  from 
its  pro^etor,  whose  first  name  was  William. 
It  was  the  resort  of  gamblers,  and  of  poets  and  wits,  in 
the  time  of  Diyden.  when  it  was  also  known  as  "The  Wits' 
Coflee-House.     It  was  on  the  comer  of  Bow  street 

Willughby  (wil'g-Tji),  Francis.  Bom  in  1635 : 
died  July  3, 1672.  An  English  naturalist,  pupil 
and  co-worker  of  John  Ray.  He  waa  educated  at 
Cambridge.  His  "  Ornithologia  "  (1676-78)  was  edited  and 
translated  by  Ray,  who  also  published  his  "Historia 
Plscium." 

Wilmington  (wil '  ming  -  ton).  The  capital  of 
New  Castle  County,  Delaware,  situated  at  the 
junction  of  Brandywine  and  Christiana  creeks 
with  the  Delaware  River,inlat.39°44'N.,  long. 
75°  33'  W.  It  is  a  railroad  and  manufacturing  center 
(car-wheels,  oars,  iron  ships,  gunpowder,  paper,  leather 
and  cotton  goods,  iron,  wagons,  machinery,  etc.).  It  Is  the 
largest  city  in  the  State :  incorporated  1832.  Population 
(1900),  76,508. 

Wilmington.  A  seaport,  capital  of  New  Han- 
over County,  North  Carolina,  situated  on  Cape 
Fear  River  in  lat.  34°  15'  N. :  the  chief  seaport 
and  largest  place  in  the  State,  it  exports  naval 
stores,  lumber,  and  cotton.  DuringtheCivilWaritwasthe 
chief  port  for  blockade-runners.  It  was  defended  by  Fort 
Fisher,  which  was  captured  in  Jan.,  1865.  Wilmington  was 
taken  by  the  Federals  in  Feb.     Population  (1900),  20,976. 

Wilmot  (wil'mot),  David.  Bom  at  Bethany, 
Pa.,  Jan.  20, 1814 :  died  at  Towanda,Pa.,Maroh 
16, 1868.  An  American  jurist  and  politician. 
He  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from  Pennsyl- 
vania 1845-51 ;  introduced  the  "Wilmot  Proviso"  (which 
see)  in  1846 ;  was  the  unsuccessful  Republican  candidate 
for  governor  of  Pennsylvania  in  1867 ;  was  Republican 
XTnited  States  senator  from  Pennsylvania  1861-63 ;  and 
was  judge  of  the  United  States  Court  of  Cilaims. 

Wiliaot,  John,  Earl  of  Rochester.  Bom  at 
Ditchley,  Oxfordshire,  April  10,1647:  died  July 
26,  1680.  An  English  poet  and  courtier  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  fl. 

Wihnot  Proviso.  A  proviso  attached  in  1846 
to  an  appropriation  bill  in  the  United  States 
Congress,  and  named  from  its  promoter,  David 
Wilmot,  representative  from  Pennsylvania. 
The  bill  was  for  the  purchase  of  Mexican  terTitory,and  the 
proviso  was  for  the  prohibition  of  slavery  in  this  territory. 
The  bill  with  the  proviso  passed  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives, but  failed  to  reach  a  vote  in  the  Senate. 

Wilna.    See  Vilna. 

Wilson  (wil'son),  Alexander.  Bom  at  Paisley, 
Scotland,  July  6^  1766:  died  at  Philadelphia, 
Aug.  23, 1813.  A  Scotch- American  ornithologist. 
In  early  life  he  waa  a  weaver ;  was  prosecuted  and  im- 
prisoned for  writing  lampoons  (in  a  dispute  between  the 
weavers  and  manufacturers  at  Paisley) ;  emigrated  to  the 
United  States  in  1794 ;  labored  as  a  peddler,  schoolmaster, 
and  editor  of  an  edition  of  "  Rees's  Cyclopsedia  ";  and  made 
many  pedestrian  and  other  expeditions  through  the  coun- 
try. He  published  "American  Ornithology  "  (7  vols.  1808- 
1813  •  vols.  8  and  9  edited  after  his  death ;  supplement  by  C. 
L.  Bonaparte,  1825),  poems  (1791), "  The  Foresters  "  (1805X 
etc.    His  collected  works  were  edited  by  Grosart  (M76). 

Wilson,  Mrs.  (Augusta  J.  Evans).  Bom  at 
Columbus,  Gta...  1838.  An  American  novelist. 
She  has  written  "Beulah"  (1869),  "Macaria"(186S),  "St. 
Elmo"(1866X  "  Vashtl "  (1867),  ''lnfelioe"(1876),  "Atthe 
Mercy  of  Tiberius"  (1887). 

Wilson,  Sir  Daniel.  Born  at  Edinburgh,  1816 : 
died  at  Toronto,  Aug.  7, 1892.  A  Scottish-Cana- 
dian educator  and  archsBologist,  president  of 
Toronto  University  from  1881.  Among  his  works 
are  "Memorials  of  Edinburgh  in  the  Olden  Time"  (1846- 
1848),  "Oliver  Cromwell  and  the  Protectorate"  (1848), 
"  Arohteology  and  Prehistoric  Annals  of  Scotland  "  (1851 : 
revised  1863),  "Prehistoric  Man"  (1862),  "Chatterton" 
(1869),  "Caliban,  the  Missing  Link"  (1873),  "Reminis- 
cences of  Old  Edinburgh "(1878X  "The  lost  Atlantis" 
(1892),  andpoems.    He  was  knighted  in  1888. 

Wilson  i&rasmus.    See  Wilson,  Sir  James  Mras- 


Wilson  Henry  (original name  Jeremiah  Jones 
Colbaith).  Bom  at  Farmington,  N.  H.,  Feb. 
16,  1812:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Nov.  22, 
1875.  An  American  statesman.  He  was  the  son 
of  a  farm  laborer ;  was  apprenticed  to  a  farmer  and  later 
worked  as  shoemaker  in  Hatick,  Massachusetts ;  became 
a  prominent  antislavery  advocate ;  was  several  times  rep- 
resentative and  State  senator;  withdrew  from  the  Whig 
National  Convention  of  1848,  and  became  a  leader  of  the 
Free-soil  party ;  was  an  unsuccessful  Free-soU  candidate 
for  Congress  in  1862 ;  was  defeated  as  Free-soil  candidate 
for  governor  of  Massachusetts  in  1863;  became  United 
States  senator  from  Massachusetts  in  1866,  and  was  three 
times  reelected,  serving  1855-78;  and  was  one  of  the  or- 


1065 

ganizers  of  the  Republican  party.  He  was  chairman  of 
the  committee  on  military  stairs  in  the  Civil  War ;  and 
was  elected  as  Republican  candidate  to  the  vice-presi- 
dency of  the  United  States  in  1872,  serving  1873-75.  His 
chief  work  is  a  "History  of  the  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Slave 
Powerin  America"  (3  vols.  1872-76).  He  also  wrote  a  "His- 
tory of  the  Anti-Slavery  Measures  of  the  37th  and  38th 
Congresses  "  (1864),  a  "  History  of  the  Reconstruction  Mea- 
sures of  the  39th  and  40th  Congresses  "  (1868),  etc. 

Wilson,  Horace  Hayman.  Bom  at  London, 
Sept.  26,  1786:  died  there,  May  8,  1860.  An 
English  Orientalist.  He  went  to  India  in  1808  as  as- 
sistant surgeon  to  the  East  India  Company  in  Bengal ; 
later  held  an  oihce  in  the  mint  at  Calcutta ;  was  secretary 
to  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal ;  became  professor  of  San- 
skrit at  Oxford  in  1832 ;  and  was  librarian  to  the  East  India 
House,  and  director  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society.  His 
works  include  a  "Sanskrit-English  Dictionary"  (1819), 
"  Select  Specimens  of  the  Theatre  of  the  Hindus  "  (1827), 
"  Religious  Sects  of  the  Hindus  "  (1828-32),  descriptive 
catalogue  of  the  "Mackenzie  Collection  "(1828),  "History 
of  British  India  "  (1844-48),  a  Sanskrit  grammar  (1841),  and 
essays  on  Sanskrit  literature,  the  religion  of  the  Hindus, 
etc.  He  translated  the  "  Meghadnta  "  (1813),  the  "  Vishnu 
Purana"(1840),  apart  of  the  "Eig-Teda"  (1860),  etc. 

Wilson,  James.  Bom  near  St.  Andrews,  Scot- 
land, Sept.  14,  1742 :  died  at  Edenton,  N.  C, 
Aug.  28, 1798.  An  .Ajmerican  patriot  and  jurist. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  Congress  from  Pennsylvania,  and  a 
signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  in  1776 ;  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Constitutional  Convention  in  1787 ;  and  an  asso- 
ciate justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  1789-98. 

Wilson,  Sir  James  Erasmus.  Bom  at  Aber- 
deen, Scotland,  April  28,  1809:  died  at  West- 
gate-on-the-Sea,  Aiig.  8, 1884.  A  British  physi- 
cian, a  specialist  in  dermatology:  first  professor 
of  that  specialty  in  the  College  of  Surgeons 
(the  chair  was  founded  by  him).  He  transported 
at  his  own  cost  the  Egyptian  obelisk  to  London.  His 
works  include  "  Diseases  of  the  Skin,"  etc. 

Wilson,  James  Grant.  Bom  at  Edinburgh, 
1832.  -Au  American  historical  writer,  son  of 
William  Wilson  (1801-60).  He  was  major,  colonel, 
and  general  in  the  (^ivil  War ;  was  one  of  the  editors  of 
"Appletons'  Gyclopeedia  of  American  Biography";  and 
since  1886  has  been  president  of  the  New  York  Genea- 
logical and  Biographical  Society.  His  works  include  a  life 
of  General  Grant  (1868-86),  "Life  and  Letters  of  Fitz-Greene 
Halleck"(1869),  "Sketches  of  Illustrious  Soldiers "  (1870 
and  1874),  "Poets  and  Poetry  of  Scotland  "  (1876),  "Bryant 
and  his  Friends"  (1886),  etc.  He  has  edited  "Memorial 
Histoiy  of  the  City  of  New  York"  (1892). 

Wilson,  John :  pseudonym  Christopher  North. 

Born  at  Paisley,  Scotland,  May  18, 1785 :  died  at 
Edinburgh,  April  3, 1854.  A  Scottish  essayist, 
poet,  and  novelist :  professor  of  moral  philoso- 
phy in  the  University  of  Edinburgh  from  1820. 
He  was  educated  at  Glasgow  and  at  Oxford  (Magdalen 
College)  where  he  graduated  in  1807.  He  settled  at  El- 
leray,  on  Lake  Windermere,  but  removed  to  Edinbmgh  in 
1815,  and  was  called  to  the  Scottish  bar.  From  1817  he  was 
one  of  the  principal  contributors  to  "Blackwood's  Maga- 
zine." He  wrote  the  poems  "Isleof  Palms"(1812)and"City 
of  the  Plague  "  (1816),  and  the  tales  "Lights  and  Shadows 
of  Scottish  Life "(1822),  "Trials  of  Margaret  Lindsay" 
(1823X  and  "The  Foresters"  (1824).  The  "Noctes  Am- 
brosianse  "(which  see)appeai'edoriginallyin  "Blackwood," 
and  the  "  Recreations  of  Christopher  North  "  were  reprints 
of  magazine  articles. 

Wilson,  Biichard.  Bom  at  Penegoes,  Mont- 
gomeryshire, Aug.  1,  1714:  died  at  Llanferras, 
Denbighshire,  May,  1782.  A  noted  English 
landscape-painter,  a  pupil  of  Thomas  Wright 
in  London  1729-35.  in  1749  he  visited  Italy  and  de- 
voted himself  to  landscape-painting.  He  studied  both 
Claude  and  Poussin.  In  1766  he  returned  to  England,  and 
in  1768  was  an  original  member  of  the  Royal  Academjr. 
He  became  its  librarian  in  1776. 

Wilson,  Robert.  Died  in  1600.  An  English 
actor  of  Shakspere's  time.  He  was  one  of  the  Earl 
of  Leicester's  players  in  1674,  and  belonged  to  the  Queen's 
Company  in  1583.  He  wrote  a  play,  "The  Cobbler's  Pro- 
phecy "  (1594). 

Wilson,  Robert.  Bom  in  1579 :  died  in  1610. 
An  English  dramatic  writer.  He  is  frequently 
confounded  with  the  actor. 

Wilson,  Sir  Robert  Thomas.  Born  at  London, 
1777:  died  there,  May  9,  1849.     An  English 

feneral  and  author.  He  commanded  the  Lusitanian 
egion  and  a  Spanish  brigade  in  the  Peninsular  war ;  was 
British  military  commissioner  at  the  Russian  and  allied 
headquarter8l812-14 ;  and  was  later  member  of  Parliament 
and  governor  of  Gibraltar  (1842-49).  He  wrote  a ' '  History 
of  the  British  Expedition  to  Egypt" (1802),  an  "Inquiry 
into  the  Present  State  of  the  Military  Force  of  the  British 
Empire"  (1804),  a  "Sketch  of  the  Campaigns  in  Poland" 
(1810),  "Military  and  Political  Power  of  Russia"  (1817), 
"Narrative  of  Events  during  the  Invasion  of  Russia, 
1812 "(I860),  "Diary "(1861),  etc. 
Wilson,  Sir  Thomas.  Died  1581.  An  English 
statesman  and  writer.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
at  King's  College,  Cambridge ;  was  tutor  to  the  sons  of  the 
Duke  of  Suffolk ;  lived  on  the  Continent  during  the  reign 
of  Mary ;  and  was  imprisoned  and  tortured  at  Rome  on 
account  of  alleged  heresy  in  his  works  on  "Logic"  and 
"Rhetoric,"  but  escaped.  He  was  in  favor  during  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth,  and  held  various  offices ;  was  envoy  to 
the  Low  Countries  in  1676 ;  and  became  secretary  of  state 
in  1577,  and  dean  of  Durham  in  1579.  Among  his  works 
are  "The  Rule  of  Reason,  containing  the  Art  of  Logic" 
(1661),  "The  Art  of  Rhetoric"  (1653),  "A  Discourse  upon 
Usury"  (1572),  etc. 

Wilson,  William  Lyne.     Born  May  3, 1843 : 


Winchester 

died  Oct.  17,  1900.  An  American  statesman. 
He  was  educated  at  Columbian  College,  District  of  Colum- 
bia, and  at  the  University  of  Virginia ;  served  in  the  Con- 
federate army  in  the  Civil  War ;  taught  for  a  time  in 
Columbian  College,  and  then  practised  law  inCharlestowu, 
West  Virginia ;  was  president  of  West  Virginia  University 
1882-83;  and  was  Democr.atic  member  of  Cong:ress  from 
West  Virginia  1883-96.  As  chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
Ways  and  Means  he  introduced  in  1893  the  taiiff  bill 
which  bears  his  name.  Postmaster-general  1896-97. 
Wilson,  Woodrow.  Bom  at  Staunton,  Va., 
Dec.  28, 1856.  An  American  historian.  He  grad- 
uated at  Princeton  in  1879 ;  studied  law  and  practised  at 
Atlanta,  Georgia,  for  a  year  or  two ;  studied  history  and 
politics  at  Johns  Hopkins  University  1883-86 ;  taught  his- 
tory at  Bryn  Mawr  College,  Pennsylvania,  1885-86,and  was 
associate  professor  of  history  and  political  science  there 
1886-88;  was  elected  professor  of  history  and  political  econ- 
omyatWesleyan0niveraityinl888;wasprotes6orof  finance 
and  political  economy  at  Princeton  University  1890-1902, 
andinthelatteryearwaselected itspresident.  Hehaspub- 
lished  "Congressional  Government :  a  Study  in  American 
Politi08"(1886),"The  State "(1889),  "Division  and  Reunion, 
1829-89"  (one  of  the  "Epochs  of  American  History"  series, 
1893),"An01dMa5ter,andotherPoliticalE8says"(1893),etc. 

Wilson  Promontory.  The  southernmost  head- 
land of  Australia,  m  Victoria,  projecting  into 
Bass  Strait. 

Wilson's  Creek  (wil'sgnz  krek).  A  small  river 
near  Springfield,  Missouri.  Here,  Aug.  10, 1861,  the 
Confederates  under  McCulloch  and  Price  defeated  the  Fed- 
erals under  Lyon  who  was  killed  in  the  battle. 

Wilton  (wii'ton).  A  town  in  Wiltshire,  Eng- 
land, 3  miles  west-northwest  of  Salisbury: 
noted  for  the  manufacture  of  carpets.  Near  it 
is  Wilton  House.    Population  (1891),  2,120. 

Wiltshire  (wilt'shir),  or  Wilts  (wilts).  A 
county  of  England,bounded  by  Gloucestershire, 
Berkshire,  Hampshire,  Dorset,  and  Somerset. 
It  is  an  agricultural  county,  and  also  has  important 
manufactures.  It  is  very  rich  in  archseological  material. 
The  chief  place  is  Salisbury.  Wiltshire  was  part  of  the 
ancient  kingdom  of  Wessex.  Area,  1.376  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  264,997. 

Wimble  (wim'bl),Will.  One  of  the  characters 
drawn  by  Addison  in  the  "Spectator":  a  coun- 
try gentleman  "extremely  well  versed  in  all 
the  little  handicrafts  of  an  idle  man." 

Wimbledon  (wim'bl-don).  A  town  in  Surrey, 
England,  8  miles  southwest  of  London,  its  com- 
mon was  'the  meeting-place  of  the  British  Rifle  Associa- 
tion (which  now  meets  in  Bisley  Common).  Wimbledon 
was  probably  the  scene  of  a  victory  of  Ceawlin  of  Wessex 
over  Ethelbert  of  Kent  in  668.  Population  (1891),  26,758. 

Wimborne  Minster  (wim'bem  min'stSr).  A 
town  in  Dorset,  England,  situated  near  the 
junction  of  the  Allen  and  Stour,  28  miles  west- 
southwest  of  Southampton :  noted  for  its  min- 
ster. It  was  probably  the  scene  of  a  defeat  of  the  Danes 
in  851.    Population  (1891),  3,690. 

Wimpfen  (vimp'JEen).  A  town  situated  on  the 
Neckar,  25  miles  southeast  of  Heidelberg,  in 
an  exclave  belonging  to  Hesse,  between  Baden 
and  Wtirtemberg.  Here,  May  6, 1622,  Tilly  de- 
feated the  Margrave  of  Baden. 

Wimpflfen  (vanp-fon';  Gr.  pron.  vimp'fen),  Em- 
manuel rSiiX  de.  Born  at  Laon,  Sept.  13, 
1811:  died  at  Paris,  Feb.  26,  1884.    A  French 

f;eneral.  He  was  distinguished  in  the  Crimean  and 
talian  wars  and  in  Algeria ;  suppressed  an  insurrecilon  on 
the  border  of  Morocco  in  1870 ;  was  corps  commander  in 
the  Franco-German  war  ;  succeeded  MacMahon  as  com- 
mander at  Sedan  Sept.  1,  1870 ;  and  signed  the  capitula- 
tion of  Sedan  Sept.  2, 1870. 

Winchell  (win'ehel),  Alexander.  Bom  at 
North  Bast,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  31, 
1824 :  died  at  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  Feb.  19, 1891. 
An  American  geologist.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Wes- 
leyan  University  in  1847 ;  taught  in  various  institutions  till 
1864,  when  he  became  professor  of  physics  and  civil  en- 
gineering at  the  University  of  Michigan  ;  and  was  profes- 
sor there  of  geology,  zoology,  and  botany  1855-73.  He 
held  the  same  position  in  the  University  of  Kentucky  and 
Syracuse  University  1873-78,  and  a  lectureship  at  Vander- 
bilt  University  1875-78.  In  1879  he  was  made  professor  of 
geology  and  paleontology  at  the  University  of  Michigan. 
He  was  director  of  the  geological  surveys  of  Michigan  and 
Minnesota  in  1859.  He  wrote  reports  of  geological  surveys, 
"Sketches  of  Creation "  (1870),  "Doctrine  of  Evolution" 
(1874),  "The  Geology  of  the  Stars  "  (1874),  "Reconciliation 
of  Science  and  Religion  "  (1877), ' '  Preadamites,  etc. "  (1880X 
"Sparks from  aGeologist  s  Hammer"  (1881),"World  Life: 
a  Comparative  Geology  "(1883),  "  Geological  Excursions" 
fl884),  "Geological  Studies" (1886X  etc. 

Winchelsea  (win'chel-se).  One  of  the  Cinque 
Ports  of  England,  situated  in  Sussex,  on  the 
English  Channel,  7  miles  east-northeast  of 
Hastings.  Formerlyitwas  an  important  walled 
town. 

Winchelsea,  Countess  of.   See  Finch,  Anne. 

Winchester  (win'ches-tfer).  [Welsh  Caer  Gwent, 
white  castle;  ML.  Venta  Belgarum,  AS.  Winte- 
ceaster.l  A  citjr  in  Hampshire,  England,  on 
the  Itchen  11  miles  north-northeast  of  South- 
ampton. Its  cathedral  is  a  large  church  exemplifying 
much  of  the  development  of  English  architecture.  The 
choir,  with  square  chevet  and  projecting  Lady  chapel, 
shows  some  excellent  13th-century  arcading  and  good  Per- 
pendicular work  in  the  clearstory  and  chapel ;  but  most  ol 


Winchester 

the  exterior  is  uninteresting.  -The  round-arched  tower  at 
the  crossing  is  low  and  heavy.  The  Perpendicular  west 
front,  with  three  portals  and  a  great  window,  resembles  a 
mechanical  copy  in  stone  of  a  framing  of  upright  beams. 
The  interior  presents  much  that  is  of  interest.  The  long 
nave  is  light  and  well  proporiioned,  with  elaborate  English 
groining.  The  aisled  transepts  are  of  the  most  impressive 
early- Norman  work.  The  fine  carved  stalls  are  of  the  13th 
century.  Among  the  many  interesting  tombs  is  that  of 
Izaak  Walton  (1683).  Winchester  was  successively  a  Brit- 
ish, a  Koman,  and  a  Saxon  town.  It  was  the  capital  of 
Wessex,  and  the  place  of  residence  and  coronation  of  early 
English  kings,  and  the  seat  of  early^  English  parliaments. 
In  the  middle  ages  it  was  noted  for  its  commerce,  and  was 
especially  famous  for  woolen  manufactures.  Population 
(1891),  19,073. 

Winchester.  The  capital  of  Frederick  County, 
Virginia,  situated  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  66 
miles  west-northwest  of  Washington.  Winchester 
and  its  neighborhood  was  the  scene  of  ipany  events  in  the 
Civil  War.    Population  (1900),  5,161. 

Winchester,  Battle  of.  1.  A  victory  gained 
by  the  Federals  under  Shields  over  the  Confed- 
erates under  Jackson  at  Kemstown,  near  Win- 
chester, Virginia,  March  23, 1862.  Also  called 
battle  of  Kemstown. — 2.  A  victory  gained  by 
the  Confederates  under  Early  over  the  Federals 
under  Crook,  July  24, 1864. — 3.  Avictory gained 
by  the  Federals  under  Sheridan  over  the  Con- 
federates under  Early,  Sept.  19, 1864.  The  Pederal 
loss  was  4,990 ;  the  Confederate  loss,  6,600.  Also  called 
battle  of  Opeciuan. 

Winchester  School,  or  St.  Mary's  College.  A 

boys'  school,  founded  in  Winchester  by  William 
of  Wykeham  in  1393.  It  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant public  schools  in  England. 
Winckelmann  (vink'el-man),  Johann  Joa- 
chim. Bom  at  Stendal,  Dec.  9,  1717:  died 
at  Triest,  June  8,  1768.  A  German  critic  and 
author,  the  founder  of  scientific  archssology 
and  of  the  history  of  classic  art.  He  was  the  son  of 
a  poor  shoemaker.  With  the  assistance  of  the  rector  of  his 
school  he  was  enabled  to  go  to  the  gymnasium  at  Berlin ; 
and  subsequently  (1738)  studied  theology  at  Halle,  where 
he  supported  himself  by  giving  private  instruction.  In 
1743  he  received  a  position  in  the  school  at  Seehausen ;  in 
1748  be  was  made  librarian  to  the  Count  von  Biinau  in 
Dresden,  where  he  had  an  opportunity  to  continue  the 
study  of  art  and  archaeology,  begun  at  the  University  of 
Halle.  In  1764  he  became  a  convert  to  the  Koman  Catholic 
Church,  and  in  1755  was  sent  by  the  papal  nuncio  to 
Italy.  He  devoted  himself  thenceforth  entirely  to  the  study 
of  art.  In  1764  appeared  his  principal  work,  "Geschichte 
der  Kunst  des  Altertums"  ("History  of  the  Art  of  Anti- 
quity"). A  previous  work  was  ''Oedanken  tiber  die 
Nachahmung  der  griechischen  Werke  in  der  Malerei  und 
Eildhauerkunst "  ("  Thoughts  on  the  Imitation  of  Greek 
Works  in  Painting  and  Sculpture,"  1755).  For  a  number 
of  years  he  was  papal  antiquary  in  !Rome.  In  1768  he  set 
out  on  a  journey  to  Germany,  but  in  Vienna  again  turned 
back  for  Italy.    In  Triest  he  was  murdered  by  an  Italian. 

Windermere  (win'd6r-mer),  or  Winander- 
mere,  Lake.  The  largest  lake  in  England, 
partly  in  Lancashire  and  partly  on  the  boundary 
between  Lancashire  and  Westmoreland:  re- 
nowned for  its  beauty.  Its  outlet  is  into  More- 
cambeBay.  Length,  lOJ  miles.  Greatest  width, 
1  mile. 

Windisch  (vin'dish).  [L.  Vindonissa.']  A  vil- 
lage in  the  canton  of  Aargau,  Switzerland,  at 
the  junction  of  the  Reuss  and  Aare,  17  miles 
northwest  of  Zurich:  an  ancient  Helvetic- 
Roman  city. 

WindischCTatz  (vin'dish-grats), Prince  zu  (Al- 
fred Candidus  Ferdinand).  Bom  at  Brussels, 
May  11,  1787:  died  at  Vienna,  March  21,  1862. 
An  Austrian  field-marshal.  He  was  distinguished 
in  the  campaigns  of  1813-14 ;  quelled  the  insurrection  in 
Prague,  June,  1848 ;  was  appointed  field-marshal  in  Oct. ; 
defeated  the  Hungarians  at  Scbwechat  Oct.  30,  and  took 
Vienna  Oct.  31 ;  occupied  Presburg  and  Haab  in  Dec, 
and  Budapest  in  Jan.,  1849 ;  defeated  the  Hungarians  at 
E&polna  i'eb.  27 ;  and  was  defeated  at  Oodollt)  April  6, 
and  removed  from  his  command. 

Windom  (win'dom),  William.  Bom  in  Belmont 
County,  Ohio,  iSaylO,  1827:  died  at  New  York 
city,  Jan.  29, 1891.  An  American  politician  and 
fin  ancier.  He  was  Kepublican  member  of  Congress  from 
Minnesota  1859-69 ;  United  States  senator  from  Minnesota 
1870-81 ;  secretary  of  the  treasury  in  1881 ;  United  States 
senator  1881-83 ;  and  again  secretary  of  the  treasury  1889-91. 

Wind  River  Mountains.  A  range  of  the  Rooky 
Mountains  in  western  Wyoming.  Highest  point, 
Fremont's  Peak,  13,790  feet. 

Winds,  Tower  of  the.    See  Tower  of  the  Winds. 

Windsor  (win'zor).  A  town  in  Berkshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Thames  23  miles  west 
of  London.  It  contains  a  famous  royal  residence, 
Windsor  Castle,  founded  by  William  the  Conqueror,  ex- 
tended by  his  successors,  especially  by  Edward  III.,  and 
recently  restored  by  Queen  Victoria.  The  castle  con- 
sists of  two  inclosed  courts  separated  by  the  huge  round 
tower  or  keep.  On  the  lower  court  or  ward  face  the 
famous  Chapel  of  St.  George  and  the  Albert  Chapel  (see 
below).  The  upper  ward  is  entered  by  the  so-called 
Norman  gateway,  which  is  a  pointed  arch  flanked  by 
cylindricU  towers.  The  east  side  of  the  quadrangle  is 
occupied  by  the  king's  private  apartments,  and  the 
north  side  by  tne  state  apartments.  The  latter  contain 
njiiny  fine  works  of  art  and  historic  relics.    St.  George's 


1066 

Hall,  200  by  34  feet,  is  adorned  with  portraits  of  British 
sovereigns  by  the  best  contemporary  masters.  The  Water- 
loo chamber  or  grand  dining-room,  the  council-chamber, 
and  the  state  drawing-room  contain  paintings  of  equal 
interest.  All  the  paintings  in  the  old  ball-room  are  por- 
traits by  Vandyke,  among  them  Charles  I.  and  his  family 
and  four  portraits  of  Queen  Henrietta  Maria.  'The  pri- 
vate apartments  are  of  high  interest,  and  contain  one  of 
the  most  splendid  collections  of  porcelain  existing,  espe- 
cially rich  in  old  Sfevres  secured  during  the  French  Kevo- 
lution.  The  gardens  and  terraces  are  very  beautiful,  and 
the  views  of  the  exterior  of  the  castle,  embodying  long 
stretches  of  battlemented  walls  broken  by  numerous  tow- 
ers and  dominated  by  the  enormous  donjon,  are  unique. 
St.  George's  Chapel,  founded  by  Edward  IV.  in  1474  and 
finished  by  Henry  VIII.,is  in  a  rich  Perpendicular  style, 
with  double  transepts.  The  interior  is  very  wide  and  has 
elaborate  fan-vaulting.  The  choir  is  bordered  by  the  or- 
nate carved  stalls  of  the  Knights  of  the  Garter,  adorned 
with  their  arms.  Over  every  stall  hangs  the  banner  of  its 
holder.  At  the  east  end,  over  the  fine  reredos,  is  a  great 
Perpendicular  window  filled  with  painted  glass  in  mem- 
ory of  Prince  Albert.  The  Albert  Chapel,  immediately  to 
the  east  of  St.  George's  Chapel,  was  built  by  Henry  VII., 
and  George  m.  formed  the  royal  tomb-house  under 
it.  It  was  restored  by  Queen  Victoria  as  a  memorial  of 
her  husband,  and  the  interior  is  decorated  in  so  lavish  a 
manner  that  it  forms  one  of  the  most  remarkable  existing 
examples  of  such  work :  it  is  incrusted  with  colored  mar- 
bles, and  covered  throughout  with  sculpture,  mosaics, 
gilding,  and  precious  stones.  The  windows  are  filled  with 
glass  painted  with  scriptural  scenes  and  subjects  from 
the  family  history  of  the  Prince  Consort,  and  the  fan- 
vaulting  of  the  ceiling  is  covered  with  Venetian  mosaics. 
Toward  the  east  end  is  a  cenotaph  of  the  prince  in  the 
form  of  an  altar-tomb.  The  sculptured  and  inlaid  reredos 
is  by  Sir  G.  G.  Scott.  The  royal  mausoleum  at  Frogmore, 
near  the  castle,  built  by  Queen  Victoria  to  receive  the 
body  of  her  husband,  is  in  a  modified  Byzantine  style  of 
architecture,  octagonal  in  plan,  surmounted  by  a  lantern, 
and  ornamented  with  series  of  arcades.  Windsor  Forest) 
is  near  the  town.    Population  (1901),  12,153. 

Windsor.  A  seaport,  capital  of  Hants  County, 
Nova  Scotia,  situated  on  an  arm  of  Minas 
Basin,  35  miles  northwest  of  Halifax.  Popu- 
lation (1901),  3,398. 

Windsor,  A  town  in  Hartford  County,  Connecti- 
cut, situated  on  the  Connecticut  6  miles  north 
of  Hartford.    Population  (1900),  3,614. 

Windsor  Beauties.  A  series  of  II  portraits  of 
the  most  noted  beauties  of  the  court  of  Charles 
II.,  by  Sir  Peter  Lely.  Ten  of  these  paintings  are 
now  in  Hampton  Court  Palace,  England :  the  eleventh,  the 
portrait  of  Madame  d'Orl^ans,  is  lost.  All  are  painted  in 
the  same  style,  in  three-quarter  length,  with  lightly  draped 
busts,  bare-headed  with  hair  in  ringlets,  and  with  land- 
scape backgrounds. 

Windsor  Forest.    A  poem  by  Alexander  Pope. 

Windsor  Knights,  A  body  of  military  pen- 
sioners having  their  residence  within  the  pre- 
cincts of  Windsor  Castle.  They  are  now  called 
the  Military  Knights  of  Windsor,  andsometimes 
the  Poor  Knights  of  Windsor. 

Windthorst  (vint'horst),  Ludwig.  Bom  at 
Kaldenhof ,  Prussia,  Jan.  17,  1812 :  died  at 
Berlin,  March  14,  1891.  A  German  states- 
man and  lawyer.  He  was  president  of  the  Hanoverian 
Second  Chamber  in  1851 ;  member  of  the  Hanoverian 
ministry  1851-53  and  1862-65  ;  and  a  prominent  member 
of  the  Reichstag  and  the  Prussian  Landtag  from  1867.  He 
was  the  head  of  the  Catholic  Center  party  and  a  leading 
opponent  of  Bismarck; 

Windward  (wind' ward)  Islands.  1.  The  chain 
of  West  India  islands  which  extends  from  Porto 
Rico  to  Trinidad.  Also  called  the  Caribbee  Isl- 
ands or  Lesser  Antilles. —  3.  A  colony  of  Great 
Britain,  in  the  West  Indies,  including  the  isl- 
.ands  of  Grenada,  St.  Lucia,  St.  Vincent,  and 
the  (Srenadines. 

Windward  Passage.  A  channel  between  Cuba 
on  the  west  and  Haiti  on  the  east.  Width,  about 
60  miles. 

Winebrenner  (■win'bren-6r),  John.  Bom  in 
Frederick  County,  Md.,  March,  1797:  died  at 
Harrisburg,  Pa.,  Sept.  12,  1860.  An  American 
clergyman,  pastor  of  a  German  Reformed  church 
in  Harrisburg.  He  separated  from  that  church  and 
organized,  in  1830,  the  new  denomination  of  the  Church  of 
God,  or  Winebrennerians. 

Winfrid,  or  Winfrith.    See  Boniface. 

Wing  and  Wing,  A  novel  by  Cooper,  published 
in  1842. 

Winged  Lion,  or  Lion  of  St,  Mark,  A  sym- 
bolical lion,  represented  as  winged  and  hold- 
ing an  open  book  on  which  is  written  Pax  Ubi, 
Marce,  Evangelista  mens,  or  a  part  of  this,  it 
is  the  characteristic  device  of  Venice.  The  full  heraldic 
description  requires  a  sword,  with  the  point  uppermost, 
above  the  book  on  the  dexter  side,  and  a  glory  surrounding 
the  whole.  The  lion  also  is  sejant ;  but  in  artistic  repre- 
sentations this  is  continually  departed  from. 

Wingfleld  (wing'feld),  Edwin  Maria,  Bom  in 
England  about  1570 :  died  after  1608.  An  Eng- 
lish merchant :  one  of  the  first  colonists  in  Vir- 
ginia (1607),  and  first  president  of  the  colony. 
He  quarreled  with  his  associates ;  was  deposed ; 
and  returned  to  England. 

Wingless  Victory.  See  Nihe  Apteros,  Temple 
of,  and  Victory. 


Winslow,  Josiah 

Winkelried  (vink'el-red),  Arnold  von.  ASwisa 
patriot  from  Stans  in  Unter walden,  said  to  have 
decided  the  Swiss  victory  at  Sempach  in  1386 
by  grasping  all  the  Austrian  pikes  he  could 
reach  and  burying  them  in  his  own  breast,  thus 
making  an  opening  in  the  ranks  into  which  the 
Swiss  rushed  over  his  dead  body.  The  truth 
of  the  tradition  is  disputed  in  modern  times. 

Winkin  de  Worde.    See  Worde. 

Winkle  (wing'kl),  Nathaniel.  A  member  of 
the  famous  Pickwick  (31ub,  afterward  married 
to  Miss  Arabella  Allen :  a  character  in  Charles 
Dickens's  "Pickwick  Papers." 

Winkle,  Rip  Van.    See  Rip  Van  Winkje. 

Winlock  (win'lok),  Joseph.  Born  in  Shelby 
County,  Ky.,  Feb.  6,  1826:  died  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  June  11, 1875.  An  American  astronomer. 
He  was  superintendent  of  the  "  Nautical  Almanac,"  and 
was  professor  of  astronomy  at  Harvard  and  director  of  the 
observatory  there  from  1866.  He  conducted  a  govern- 
ment expedition  to  Kentucky  in  Aug.,  1869,  to  observe  the 
solar  eclipse,  and  one  to  Spain  in  Dec,  1870,  for  the  same 
purpose. 

Winmore,    See  Winwaed. 

Winnebago  (win-e-ba'go).  [PI.,  also  Winneba- 
gos,  Winnebagoes.  Winnebago  is  a  corruption  of 
a  nickname  meaning  '  dirty  water.']  A  tribe  of 
North  American  Indians,  closely  related  in  lan- 
guage to  the  Tciwere  tribes  on  the  one  hand 
and  to  the  Mandan  on  the  other.  They  are  the 
Fuans  of  the  Jesuit  "Relation  "  of  1636.  Their  name  for 
themselves  is  Hotcayi^ara,  meaning  'first'  or  'parent 
speech.'  They  reside  in  Nebraska  and  Wisconsin,  and 
number  over  2,000.    SeeSimum. 

Winnebago  Lake.  The  largest  lake  in  Wiscon- 
sin, situated  60  miles  north-northwest  of  Mil- 
waukee. Its  outlet  is  by  Pox  River  into  Green 
Bay.    Length,  27  miles. 

Winnepesaukee,  Lake,    See  Winnipiseogee. 

Winnipeg  (win'i-peg).  A  river  in  Manitoba 
which  is  the  outlet  of  the  Lake  of  the  Woods, 
and  empties  into  Lake  Winnipeg.  Length, 
about  200  miles. 

Winnipeg.  The  capital  of  Manitoba,  Canada, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Assiniboine  and 
the  Red  River  of  the  North,  in  lat.  49°  56'  N., 
long.  97°  7'  W. :  the  principal  city  of  the  Cana- 
dian Northwest,  formerly  called  Fort  Garry. 
It  is  situated  on  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway.  In  1873 
it  was  made  a  city.    Population  (1901),  42,340. 

Winnipeg,  Lake.  A  lake  in  the  Dominion  of 
Canada,  about  lat.  51°-54°  N.  it  receives  the  Sas- 
katchewan, Red  River  of  the  North,  and  Winnipeg,  and  its 
outlet  to  Hudson  Bay  is  the  Nelson  River.  IJength,  about 
250  miles. 

Winnipegoos  (win'i-pe-gos),  or  Winnipegoosis 
(win''''i-pe-gb'Bis)j  or  winnepegoose  (win'e-pe- 
gos),  or  WinnipigOOS  (win'i-pi-g6s).  Lake,  or 
Little  Winnipeg  Lake.  A  lake  in  the  Do- 
minion of  Canada,  west  of  Lake  Winnipeg,  into 
which  it  empties.     Length,  130-150  miles. 

Winnipiseogee,  or  Winnepesaukee  (win'^e-pe- 
sS;'ke),  Lake.  A  lake  in  New  Hampshire,  25 
miles  north-northeast  of  Concord:  noted  for 
its  beautiful  scenery.  Its  outlet  is  the  Winni- 
piseogee River,  which  empties  into  the  Merri- 
mac.    Length,  24  miles. 

Winona  (wi-no'na).  The  capital  of  Winona 
(Ilounty,  Minnesota,  situated  on  the  Mississippi 
97  miles  southeast  of  St.  Paul.  Population 
(1900),  19,714. 

Winooski  (wi-nos'ki),  or  Onion  (un'ypn).  Riv- 
er. A  river  in  Vermont  which  joins  La!ke  Cham- 
plain  5  miles  northwest  of  Burlington.  Mont- 
pelier  is  situated  on  it.  Length,  about  90  miles. 

Winslow  (winz'16),  Edward.  Bom  at  Droit- 
wich,  Worcestershire,  England,  Oct.  19,  1595 : 
died  at  sea.  May  8, 1655.  A  colonial  governor, 
one  of  the  founders  of  Plymouth  Colony  in  1620. 
He  negotiated  a  treaty  with  Massasoit  in  1621 ;  was  gover- 
nor of  Plymouth  Colony  in  1633, 1636,  and  1644 ;  was  a  com- 
mercial agent  of  the  colony,  and  went  several  times  to 
England  in  its  behalf ;  and  was  appointed  by  Cromwell 
commissioner  on  an  expedition  against  the  Spanish  West 
Indies  in  1655.  He  wrote  "  Winslow's  Relatiou  "  or  "  Good 
News  from  New  England  "  (1624X  "  Hypocrisy  Unmasked  " 
(1646),  "New  England's  Salamander"  (1647),  "Glorious 
Progress  of  the  Gospel  amongst  the  Indians  in  New  Eng- 
land "  (1649),  "  Platform  of  Church  Discipline  "  (1663),  etc 

Winslow,  James.  Bom  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  1814 : 
died  at  New  York,  July  18, 1874.  An  American 
banker. 

Winslow,  John  Ancrum,  Bom  at  Wilming- 
ton, N.  C.,  Nov.  19, 1811 :  died  at  Boston,  Mass., 
Sept.  29, 1873.  An  American  admiral.  He  en- 
tered the  navy  in  1827,  and  served  in  the  Mexican  war. 
As  commander  of  the  Kearsarge,  he  defeated  and  sank 
the  Confederate  cruiser  Alabama,  under  Semmes,  off 
Cherbourg  harbor,  June  19, 1864.  He  was  made  com- 
modore in  1864,  and  later  rear-admiral. 

Winslow  (winz'16),  Josiah.  Bom  at  Plymouth, 
Mass.,  1629:  died  at  Marshfield,  Mass.,  1680. 
An  American  colonial  governor,  son  of  Edward 


'Winslow,  Josiah 

Wmslow.  He  was  for  many  years  assistant  governor  of 
Flymouth  Colony,  and  a  commissioner  ot  the  united  col- 
onies ;  was  governor  of  Plymouth  Colony  1673-80 ;  and  was 
general-in-chief  ot  the  united  colonies  in  King  Philip's  war. 

Winslow,  William  Copley.  Bom  at  Boston, 
Mass. ,  Jan.  13,  1840.  An  American  Episcopal 
clergyman  and  arehesologlst,  vice-president 
and  treasurer  of  the  Egypt  Exploration  Fund. 

Winsor  (win'zor),  Justin.  Bom  at  Boston, 
Jan.  2, 1831:  died  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Oct.  22, 
1897.  A  distinguished  American  historian  and 
librarian.  He  was  superintendent  of  the  Boston  Public 
LIbiary  1868-77,  and  subsequently  librarian  of  Harvard. 
His  works  include  "  Bibliography  of  Original  Quartos  and 
Folios,  of  Shakspere "  (1875),  "Reader's  Hand-Book  oi  the 
American  Revolution"  (1880),  "Was  Shakspere  Shap. 
]p.~i-')"  '-r,„-,  ,.^„^  rv.inii-thipt,s  on  American  history, 

bibliographies,  "Ohristophef  Columbus,  etc."  (1891),  "Car- 
tier  to  Frontenac"  (1894),  etc.  He  edited  the  "Memorial 
History  of  Boston  "  (1880-82),  "Harvard  University  Bulle- 
tin," and  a  "  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America" 
(8  vols.  1884-S9). 

"Winter  (win'ter),  John  Strange.  The  pseu- 
donym of  Mrs.  H.  E.  v.  Stannard. 

Winter (win'ter),William.  Bom  atGloucester, 
Mass.,  July  15, 1836.  An  American  journalist 
and  poet.  He  was  a  graduate  of  the  Harvard  law  school, 
and  became  dramatic  critic  of  the  Kew  York  "Tribune  " 
In  1865.  Among  his  works.are  poems,  including  "  The  Con- 
vent "  (1854), "  The  Queen's  Domain  "  (1858),  "My  Witness  " 
(1871),  "Thistledown"  (1878),  "The  Wanderers"  (1888), 
"Poems  "(complete,  1880);  prose,  "Edwin^poth  in  Twelve 
Characters  "  (1871),  "The  Trip  to  England,  with  illustra- 
tions by  Joseph  Jefferson  (1879),  "The  Jeflersons"  (1881), 
"English  Rambles  "(1883),  "Henry  Irving "(1885),  "Shake- 
speare's England  "  (1888), "  The  Press  and  the  Stage  "  (1889), 
"  Gray  Days  and  Gold "  (1891),  "Old  Shrines  and  Ivy  "  (1892), 
"Shadows  of  the  Stage  "  (in  three  series,  1892, 1893, 1896), 
"The  Lif  J!  and  Art  of  Edwin  Booth  "  (1894).  He  has  edited 
"  Life,  Stories,  and  Poems  of  John  Brougham  "  (1881). 

Winter,  De.    See  De  Winter. 

Winter  King,  The.  A  name  given  to  Freder- 
ick v.,  elector  of  the  Palatinate,  and  king  of 
Bohemia  through  the  winter  of  1619-20. 

Winter  Palace.  An.  imperial  palace  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, Kussia.  The  exterior,  in  Renaissance  style, 
has  3  stories  and  an  attic  above  the  basement,  and  mea- 
sures 455  by  350  feet.  The  interior  is  remarkable  for  its 
series  of  Russian  historical  paintings  and  portraits,  and 
for  the  splendid  state  apartments.  The  crown  Jewels  are 
kept  In  this  palace. 

Winter  Queen,  The.  A  name  given  to  Eliza- 
beth, wife  of  the  elector  Frederick  V.  ("the 
Winter  King"). 

Winter's  Tale,  The.    A  play  by  Shakspere, 

Srobably  produced  in  1611.     it  was  founded  on 
reene's  "  Pandosto."     This  and  "  The  Tempest "  were 
probably  his  last  finished  plays. 

Winterthur  (vin'ter-tSr).  A  town  in  the  can- 
ton of  Zurich,  Switzerland,  13  miles  northeast 
of  Zurich:  one  of  the  chief  commercial  and 
manufacturing  towns  in  Switzerland.  Burkhardt, 
duke  of  Swabia,  defeated  Rudolf  II.  of  High  Burgundy 
there  in  919.  Winterthur  passed  to  Hapaburg  in  1261 ;  was 
a  free  imperial  city  for  a  short  time  in  the  15th  century ; 
and  was  acquired  by  Zurich  in  1467.  Population  (1888), 
15,956. 

Winther  (vin'ter),  Rasmus  Willads  Ohris- 
■tian  Ferdinand.  Born  at  Fensmark,  Den- 
mark, July  29, 1796 :  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  80, 1876. 
A  Danish  lyric  poet.  His  father  was  a  clergyman. 
He  studied  theology  at  the  Copenhagen  University  after 
1815.  In  1830-31  he  traveled  in  Italy.  After  1841  he  lived 
in  Neustrelitz,  and  subsequently  in  Copenhagen.  The  last 
years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  Paris.  His  first  collection 
of  poems  was  published  in  1828.  It  contains,  among 
others,  a  number  of  jioems  desoriptivS  of  popular  life  in 
Denmark,  afterward  published  apart  in  several  editions 
as  "  Trasnitte  "  ("  Woodcuts  ").    "  Nogle  Digte  "  ("  Some 


Poems,"  1851) ;  "Nye  Digtninger"("New  Poems,"  1853). 
His  greatest  work  is  the  epic  cycle  called  "  Hjortens  Flugt ' 
("The  Flight  of  the  Stag"),  which  appeared  in  1855.  In 
prose  he  wrote  "Haandtegninger"  ("Sketches"),  "Fir 
Novellew"  ("Four  .Stories '0,  and  "Tre  FortaUinger" 
(' '  Three  Tales  ").  His  collected  poetical  writings  ("  Sam- 
lede  Digtninger  ")  were  published  at  Copenhagen,  1860- 
1872,  in  11  vols.  ,  .„   „        ^         .x, 

Winthrop  (win'throp),  Dolly.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal female  characters  in  George  Shot's  novel 
"Silas  Mamer,  the  Weaver  of  Kaveloe." 

Winthrop,  Fitz-John.  Bom  at  Ipswich,  Mass., 
March  19,  1639:  died  at  Boston,  Nov.  27,  1707. 
An  American  colonial  governor  and  officer,  son 
of  John  Winthrop  (1606-76).  He  served  in  King 
Philip's  war ;  was  major-general  in  the  expedition  to  Can- 
ada in  1690;  and  was  governor  oi  Connecticut  1698-1707. 

Winthrop,  John.  Bom  at  (Jroton,  England, 
Jan.  12,  1587:  died  at  Boston,  March  26,  1649. 
A  colonial  governor.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity 
(tolleee  Cambridge,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Innei  Temple 
in  ies& '  In  1629  he  was  chosen  by  the  company  in  Lon- 
don governor  of  the  Massaohusetts'Bay  Colony;  arrived 
in  Si^etn  June  12, 1630  ;  and  soon  after  settled  in  Boston. 
He  wargovernor  until  1634,  and  again  1637-40,  1642-44, 
and  1646-49,  and  was  several  times  deputy  governor.  He 
oDDOsed  Vane,  Anne  Hutchinson,  and  the  Antinomians. 
His  journal  was  published  by  James  Savage  as  "History 
S  New  England  1630-1649  "(2  vols.  1826-26).    He  wrote 


1067 

also  "Model  of  Christian  Charity  "and  "  Arbitrary  Gov- 
ernment Described."  His  "lite  and  Letters"  were  pub- 
lished by  R.  C.  Winthrop  (2  vols.  1864-67). 
Winthrop,  John.  Bom  at  Groton,  England, 
Feb.  12,  1606:  died  at  Boston,  Mass.,  April  5, 
1676.  An  American  colonial  governor,  son  of 
John  Winthrop.  He  was  educated  at  Dublin ;  served 
against  France ;  traveled  on  the  Continent ;  emigrated  to 
Massachusetts  in  1631  and  became  governor's  assistant ; 
was  a  leading  settler  of  Ipswich,  Massachusetts ;  founded 
Saybrook,  Connecticut,  in  1635,  and  was  its  first  governor ; 
founded  New  London,  Connecticut ;  and  was  governor  of 
Connecticut  during  nearly  the  whole  period  1667-76.  He 
obtained  a  charter  uniting  the  colonies  ot  Connecticut  and 
New  Haven.    He  was  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 

Winthrop,  Robert  Charles.  Born  at  Boston, 
May  12,  1809:  died  there,  Nov.  16,  1894.  An 
American  statesman  and  orator.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1828 ;  studied  law  with  Daniel  Webster ;  was  a 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  House  of  Representatives, 
and  its  speaker  1838-40 ;  was  Whig  member  of  Congress 
from  Massachusetts  1841-42  and  1843-60 ;  was  speaker  of 
the  House  1847-49 ;  and  was  United  States  senator  (ap- 
pointed by  the  governor  as  successor  to  Webster)  1860-51. 
In  the  latter  year  he  was  a  candidate  for  senator,  but  was 
defeated,  and  was  also  unsuccessful  as  candidate  for  gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts.  He  was  especially  noted  as  an 
orator.  He  delivered  addresses  at  the  laying  of  the  corner- 
stone of  the  Washington  monument  in  1848,  and  at  the 
dedication  ol  the  monument  in  1885. 

Winthrop,  Theodore.  Bom  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  Sept.  22, 1828:  killed  at  the  battle  of  Big 
Bethel,  June  10, 1861.  An  American  author,  and 
officer(of  Newyorkvolunteers)inthe  CivilWar. 
He  was  military  secretary  to  General  Butler,  with  the 
rank  of  major.  He  wrote  "Cecil  Dreeme"  (1861),  "John 
Brent"  (1862),  "Edwin  Brothertoft  "  (1862),  "The  Canoe 
and  the  Saddle  "  (1862),  "  Life  in  the  Open  Air  "  (1863). 

Winton,  Andrew  of.    See  Wyntoun, 

Wintoon.    See  Wintu. 

Wintu  (win-to'),  or  Wintoon,  or  Wintun  (win- 
ton').  ['Man.']  The  northern  division  of  the 
Copehan  stock  of  North  American  Indians,  em- 
bracing a  number  of  small  tribes  inhabiting 
mainly  the  valleys  of  the  Sacramento  and  its 
eastern  tributaries  in  northern  California,  from 
Moimt  Shasta  to  Stony  Creek.  Their  number 
is  small.    See  Copehan. 

Wintun.    See  Wintu. 

Winwaed.  A  river  near  Leeds,  England :  now 
Winmore.  Here,  in  655,  Penda,  king  of  Mereia, 
was  defeated  by()swyofNorthTiinbria,  and  slain. 

Winyaw  Bay  (win'yS,  ba).  An  arm  of  the  At- 
lantic, on  the  coast  of  South  Carolina,  on  which 
Georgetown,  is  situated.  It  receives  the  Great 
Pedee  and  Black  rivers.  Length,  about  17 
miles. 

Wipbach  (vip'baoh).  The  modern  name  of  the 
Frigidus  (which  see). 

This  river,  the  Wipbach  of  our  own  day,  the  Frigidus 
Fluvius  of  the  age  of  Theodosius,  has  not  only  historic 
fame,  but  is  a  phenomenon  full  of  interest  to  the  physical 
geographer.  Close  to  the  little  town  of  Wipbach  it  bursts 
forth  from  the  foot  of  the  cliffs  ot  the  Bimbaumer  Wald : 
no  little  rivulet  such  as  one  spring  might  nourish,  but  "  a 
full-fed  river, "  as  deep  and  strong  as  the  Aar  at  Thun  or  the 
Reuss  at  Lucerne,  like  also  to  both  those  streams  in  the 
colour  of  its  pale-blue  waters,  and,  even  in  the  hottest  days 
of  summer,  unconquerably  cool. 

HodgUn,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  1. 160. 

Wipper  (vip'per).  1.  A  river  in  Pomerania, 
Prussia,  which  flows  into  the  Baltic  18  miles 
northeast  of  KSslin.  Length,  about  90  miles. 
— 2.  A  small  river  in  Thuringia,  a  tributary 
of  the  Unstrut. — 3.  A  small  river  in  northern 
Germany  which  comes  from  the  Harz  and  joins 
the  Saale  near  Bernburg. 

Wirral  (w6r'al).  A  district  in  the  western  part 
of  Cheshire,  England,  between  the  estuaries  of 
the  Mersey  and  Dee. 

Wirt  (wert),  William.  Bom  at  Bladensbure, 
Md.,  Nov.  8,  1772 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  0., 
Feb.  18, 1884.  An  American  lawyer,  orator,  and 
author.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1792 ;  became  a 
prominent  lawyer  in  Virginia,  clerk  of  the  House  of  Dele- 
gates, chancellor  to  the  eastern  shore  of  Virginia,  and  mem- 
ber of  the  House  of  Delegates ;  assisted  in  the  prosecution 
of  Aaron  Burr  in  1807 ;  was  appointed  United  States  dis- 
trict attorney  in  1816;  and  was  United  States  attorney- 
general  1817-29.  In  1832  he  was  Antimasonic  candidate 
for  President,  and  received  the  electoral  vote  of  Vermont. 
He  wrote  "Letters  of  the  British  Spy"  (1803),  "The Rain- 
bow" and  other  essays,  "Sketches  of  the  Life  and  Char- 
acter of  Patrick  Henry"  (1817),  and  various  addresses. 

Wirtemberg.    An  unusual  spelling  of  Wiirtem- 


Wisbeach,  or  Wisbech  (wiz'bech).  A  town  in 
Cambridgeshire,  England,  situated  in  the  Isle 
of  Ely,  on  the  Nen  and  :the  Wisbech  Canal,  19 
miles  north  of  Ely.  It  has  trade  by  the  river 
Nen.    Population  (1891),  9,395. 

Wisby,  or  Visby  (vis'bU).  A  town  on  the  west 
coast  of  the  island  of  Gotland,  Sweden,  it  con- 
tains a  cathedral  and  ruined  churches,  towers,  and  walls. 
It  was  an  ancient  Hanseatic  port,  and  important  commer- 
cially until  its  sack  by  Waldemar  IV.  of  Denmark  in  136L 
Population,  7,102. 


Wishoskan 

Wisby,  Laws  of,  A  code  or  compilation  of 
maritime  customs  and  adjudications  adopted  by 
the  town  of  Wisby,  in  the  island  of  Gotland,  in 
the  Baltic  Sea.  By  the  law-writers  of  the  northern 
European  nations  it  has  been  claimed  that  these  laws 
are  older  than  the  Laws  of  Oleron ;  but  the  better  opinion 
seems  to  be  that  they  are  later,  and  in  some  respects  an 
improvement  upon  them.  The  code  was  not  established 
by  legislative  authority,  but  its  provisions  have  obtained 
the  sanction  of  general  use  and  observance  from  their  in- 
tilnsic  equity  and  convenience.  Sometimes  called  the  Got- 
land, Sea  Laws. 

Wisconsin  (wis-kon'sin).  ANorthwestem  State 
of  the  United  States,  it  is  bounded  by  Lake  Supe- 
rior, Michigan  (partly  separated  by  the  Menominee  River), 
Lake  Michigan,  Illinois,  Iowa  (separated  by  the  Missis- 
sippi), and  Minnesota  (nearly  separated  by  the  Mississippi 
and  St.  Croix  rivers).  Capital,  Madison  ;  chief  city,  Mil- 
waukee. It  is  hilly  in  the  north  and  southwest,  and  else- 
where generally  level.  It  is  an  important  agricultural, 
lumbering,  and  mining  State ;  produces  wheat,  com,  oats, 
rye,  barley,  timber,  etc. ;  manufactures  lumber,  flour,  beer, 
etc. ;  and  has  important  iron-mines  in  the  north.  Wis- 
consin has  70  counties,  11  representatives  in  Congress,  2 
senators,  and  13  electoral  votes.  It  was  early  explored 
by  French  fur-traders  and  missionaries  (Nicolet  in  1634 ; 
Radisson,  Allouez).  In  1787  it  was  included  in  the  North- 
west Territory,  and  afterward  in  Indiana  Territory;  in 
1809  in  Illinois  Territory ;  and  in  1818  in  Michigan  Ter- 
ritory. Wisconsin  Territory  was  organized  in  1836,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  Union  in  1848.  Area,  66,040  square  miles. 
Population  (1900),  2,069,042  (in  large  part  of  German,  Scan- 
dinavian, and.  other  foreign  parentage). 

Wisconsin,  University  of.  .An  institution  of 
learning  at  Madison,  Wisconsin,  it  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1838  and  opened  in  1850,  and  comprises  colleges  of 
letters  and  arts,  a  law  school,  and  a  postgraduate  course. 
It  is  coeducational. 

Wisconsin  River.    A  river  in  Wisconsin,   it 

rises  in  Lake  Vieux  Desert  on  the  border  ot  Wisconsin 
and  Michigan,  fiows  south  and  west,  and  joins  the  Mis- 
sissippi near  Prairie  du  Chien.  In  its  course  are  several 
cataracts,  including  the  Dalles  of  the  Wisconsin  (which 
see).  Length,  about  600  miles ;  navigable  from  Portage 
City. 

Wisdom  of  Solomon,  Book  of  the.   One  of  the 

deuteroeanonical  books  of  the  Old  Testament. 
Tradition  ascribes  its  authorship  to  Solomon  ;  but  by  most 
modem  Protestant  theologians  it  is  attributed  to  an  Alex- 
andrian Jew  of  the  1st  or  2d  centuiy  B.  0.  The  shorter  title 
"  Wisdom,"  or  "  Book  of  Wisdom, "  is  commonly  applied  to 
this  book,  but  not  to  Ecclesiastlcus.    See  Apocrypha. 

Wise  (wiz),  Henry  Alexander.  Born  at  Drum- 
mondtowu,  Va.,  Dec.  3, 1806 :  died  at  Bichmond, 
Sept.  12, 1876.  An  American  statesman  and  ora- 
tor. He  graduated  at  Washington  College,  Pennsylvania ; 
practised  law ;  was  Democratic  member  of  Congress  from 
Virginia  1833-44 ;  was  United  States  minister  to  Brazil 
1844-47 ;  and  was  elected  on  the  Anti-Know-Nothing  plat- 
form as  governor  of  Virginia,  and  served  1856-60.  He  op- 
posed secession,  but  followed  his  State  and  became  a 
Confederate  brigadier-generaL  He  was  defeated  in  the 
Kanawha  valley  in  1861,  and  at  Roanoke  Island  in  1862. 

Wise,  Henry  Augustus.  Bom  1819:  died  1869. 
An  American  naval  officer  and  author,  cousin 
of  H.  A.  Wise.  He  wrote  the  books  of  travels  "  Los 
Gringos  "  (1849),  "  Scampavias  "  (1857), ' '  Tales  for  the  Ma- 
rines "  (1855),  etc. 

Wiseman  (wiz'man),  Nicholas  Patrick  Ste- 
phen. Born  at  Seville,  Spain.  Aug.  2,  1802: 
died  at  London,  Feb.  15, 1865.  An  English  car- 
dinal and  theologian.  He  was  professor  at  Rome; 
was  made  bishop  in  partibus  in  1840,  and  vicar  apostolic 
in  1846 ;  and  became  archbishop  of  Westminster  and  car- 
dinal in  1850.  Among  his  works  are  "Horse  Syriaose" 
(1828),  "The  Connection  between  Science  and  Revealed 
Religion"  (1836),  "Lectures  on  the  Catholic  Church" 
(1836),  "The  Real  Presence"  (1836),  etc. 

Wise  Men  of  Gotham,  The  Merry  Tales  of 
the.  A  book  of  jests,  etc.,  said  to  have  been 
collected  by  Andrew  Borde  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VHt. 

Wise  Men  of  the  East.  See  Three  Kings  of 
Cologne. 

Wishart  (wish'art),  George.  Bom  early  in  the 
16th  century:  tJurned  at  the  stake  at  St.  An- 
drews, March  12,  1546.  A  Scottish  Eeformer 
and  martyr.  He  was  schoolmaster  at  Montrose,  and 
was  charged  with  heresy  there  about  1638  for  teaching 
the  New  Testament  in  Greek.  In  1543  he  was  a  tutor  at 
Cambridge.  In  1544  he  went  to  Scotland  with  the  com- 
mission sent  by  Henry  VIII.  to  arrange  a  treaty  for  the 
marriage  of  his  son  Edward  (aged  7)  and  the  infant  queen 
Mary.  He  began  and  diligently  continued  to  preach  the 
doctrines  of  the  Reformation,  and  at  the  instigation  of 
Cardinal  Beaton  was  burned  at  St.  Andrews. 

Wishart,  or  Wiseheart  (wiz '  hart),  George. 
Bom  1609:  died  1671.  A  Scottish  bishop.  He 
was  deprived  of  his  living  for  refusal  to  subscribe  the  Cove- 
nant ;  was  chaplain  to  the  Marquis  of  Montrose ;  and  was 
made  bishop  of  Edinburgh  in  1662.  He  wrote,  in  Latin,  a 
history  of  the  wars  of  Montrose. 

Wishaw  (wish'a).  A  burgh  in  Lanarkshire, 
Scotland,  13  miles  east-southeast  of  Glasgow. 
It  has  important  coal-mines  and  iron-works. 
Population  (1891),  town,  15,252. 

Wishfort  (wish'f6rt),  Lady.  A  character  in 
Congreve's  "The  Way  of  the  World":  "a  mix- 
ture of  wit  and  ridiculous  vanity"  (HaUam). 

Wishoskan (wesh'os-kan).  Alinguistic  stockof 
North  American  Indians  which  formerly  occu- 


Wishoskan 

pied  the  shores  of  Humboldt  Bay  (where  some 
still  remain)  and  the  lower  Mad,  Eel,  and  Elk 
rivers,  California.  They  are  one  ol  the  peoples  called 
Diggers  (so  named  from  living  largely  upon  roots  and 
from  their  indolence).  Their  principal  tribes  are  the  Fata- 
wat,  Wishosk,  and  wiyot. 

WisingsS  (ve'sing-s6).  A  small  island  in  the 
southern  part  of  LakeWettem,  Sweden:  a  me- 
dieval royal  residence. 

Wismar  (vis'mar).  A  seaport  of  Mecklenburg- 
Sehwerin,  Germany,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Wis- 
mar in  lat.  53°  54'  N.,  long.  11°  28'  E.  it  has  one 
of  the  best  harbors  on  the  Baltic  ;  contains  several  Gothic 
churches  and  the  Renaissance  Fiirstenhof ;  exports  grain, 
butter,  cattle,  andoil-seeds;  and  has  varied  manufactures. 
Formerly  it  was  an  important  Hanseatic  city ;  passed  with 
its  territory  to  Sweden  lu  1648 ;  and  was  pledged  by  Sweden 
to  Mecklenburg-Schwerin  in  1803,  with  possible  reversion 
to  Sweden  in  1903.    Population  (1890),  16,787. 

Wismar,  Bay  of.  An  arm  of  the  Baltic,  on  the 
coast  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin. 

Wissman  (vis'man),  Herrmann  von.  Bom  at 
Frankfort-on-the-Oder,  1853.  An  African  ex- 
plorer and  commander,  in  1880,  as  lieutenant,  he 
accompanied  Dr.  Pogge  to  Angola,  to  Lubuku  near  the 
confluence  of  the  Eaasai  and  Luliia  rivers,  and  to  Nyang- 
we,  whence  he  completed  alone  the  crossing  of  the  con- 
tinent to  Zanzibar  (Nov.  15, 1882).  In  1884,  as  chief  of  a 
large  expedition  sent  out  by  Leopold  II.,  he  revisited  Lu- 
buku, established  the  stations  Luluaburg  and  Luebo,  and 
descended  the  Eassai  River  by  boat,  thus  establishing  its 
navigability  (1886).  Starting  again  from  Lubuku  (1886), 
he  failed  in  an  attempt  to  discover  the  sources  of  the 
Tshuapa,  Lulongo,  and  Lomami,  but  reached  Nyangwe, 
followed  the  Lualaba  up  to  the  Lukuga,  and  made  for  the 
east  coast  by  way  of  Tanganyika  and  Nyassa  (1887).  As 
imperial  German  commissioner  he  suppressed  the  Arab 
uprising  under  Bushiri.  In  1892  he  failed  to  carry  out  his 
plan  of  taking  two  steamers  to  Lake  Victoria  via  I^yassa 
and  Tanganyika.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Im  Innem  Afrikas  " 
(1888),  "  Unter  deutscher  Flagge  quer  durch  Af rika  "  (1889). 

Wit  at  Several  Weapons.  A  comedy  produced 
about  1614,  and  published  as  by  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher  in  1647.  It  shows  traces  of  Middleton 
and  Rowley. 

Witch,  The.  A  play  by  Middleton,  produced 
probably  about  1621.  it  was  printed  in  1778  from 
a  MS.  Snakspere's  "  Macbeth  "  was  altered  by  Middleton 
not  long  after  "  The  Witch  "  was  acted.  A  fierce  literary 
war  lias  raged  as  to  the  question  whether  the  machinei? 
of  the  witches  was  borrowed  by  Middleton  from  Shak- 
spere,  or  vice  versa.    A,  W.  Ward. 

Witches'  Sabbath.  A  midnight  meeting  sup- 
posed in  the  middie  ages  to  be  held  annually  by 
demons,  sorcerers,  and  witches,  under  the  lead- 
ership of  Satan,  for  the  purpose  of  celebrating 
their  orgies. 

Witchflnder  (wich'fin'd^r).  The.  A  name 
given  to  the  Englishman  Matthew  Hopkins,  a 
pretended  discoverer  of  witches  about  1645. 

Witch  of  Atlas,  The.    A  poem  by  Shelley. 

Witch  of  Edmonton,  The.  A  tragicomedy  by 
Rowley,  Dekker,  and  Ford,  it  waa  probably  writ- 
ten about  1621,  produced  in  1623,  and  was  printed  in  1658. 
It  was  founded  on  a  true  story,  the  execution  of  the  re- 
puted witcli  Mother  Sawyer.  "  The  Merry  Devil  of  Ed- 
monton," written  about  twenty  years  before  and  alluded 
to  in  the  prologue,  has  no  reference  to  this  play. 

Witenagemot  (wit'e-na-ge-mof).  [AS.  toitena 
gemot,  counselors'  moot.]  In  Anglo-Saxon  his- 
tory, the  great  Saxon  council  or  parliament, 
consisting  of  the  king  with  his  dependents  and 
friends  and  sometimes  the  members  of  his  fam- 
ily, the  ealdormen,  and  the  bishops  and  other 
ecclesiastics.  This  council,  which  met  frequently,  con- 
stituted the  highest  court  of  judicature  in  the  Idngdom. 
It  was  summoned  by  the  king  in  any  political  emergency, 
and  its  concurrence  was  necessary  in  many  important  mea- 
sures, such  as  the  deciding  of  war,  the  levying  of  extraor- 
dinary taxes,  grants  of  land  in  certain  cases,  and  the  elec- 
tion (and  in  many  instances  the  deposition)  of  Idngs. 

Witham  (with'am).  A  river  in  England,  chiefly 
in  Lincoln,  which  flows  into  the  Wash  5  miles 
southeast  of  Boston.  Length,  about  80  miles ; 
navigable  to  Lincoln. 

Witham.  A  town  in  Essex,  England,  35  miles 
northeast  of  London.  Population  (1891),  3,444. 

Wither,  or  Wyther  (wiTH'er),  or  Withers 
(wiTH  6rz),  Gfeorge,  Bom  at  Brentworth, 
Hampshire,  June  11,  1588:  died  at  London, 
May  2, 1667.  A  noted  English  poet.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford.  In  1639  he  was  a  Roy- 
alist captain  of  horse  in  an  expedition  against  the  Scotch 
Covenanters ;  in  1642  he  had  become  a  Puritan  and  a  ma- 
jor in  the  Parliamentary  army ;  and  was  afterward  made 
by  Cromwell  master  of  the  statute-office  and  "  maior-gen- 
eral  of  the  horse  and  foot  of  the  County  of  Surrey.  After 
the  Restoration  he  was  obliged  to  give  up  the  fortune  ac- 
cumulated in  these  offices,  and  was  imprisoned  by  Parlia- 
ment, but  released  in  1663.  Among  his  poems  are  "  The 
Shepherd's  Hunting  "  (1614), " Fidelia  "  (1616), «  The  Motto  " 
(1618),  "  Fair  Virtue,  or  the  Mistress  of  Philarete  "  (1622), 
"Hymns  and  Songs  of  the  Church"  (1623X  "Emblems 
(1634),  "Hallelujah"  (1641),  a  satire  "Abuses  Stript  and 
Wliipt "  (1613 :  for  which  he  was  imprisoned),  and  a  trans- 
lation of  the  Psalms  of  David. 

Witherspoon  (wiTH'er-spon),  John.  Bom  in 
Haddingtonshire,  Scotland,  Feb.  5,  1722:  died 
near  Princeton,  N.  J.,  Sept.  15, 1794.  A  Scotoh- 


1068 

American  clergyman  and  educator.  He  graduated 
at  the  University  of  Edinburgh ;  was  pastor  at  Beith  and 
Paisley ;  became  president  of  Princeton  College  in  1768 ; 
and  gave  instruction  in  divinity,  philosophy,  Hebrew,  and 
rhetoric,  etc. ;  was  a  member  of  the  New  Jersey  constitu- 
tional convention  and  provincial  congress  in  1776 ;  and 
was  a  delegate  from  New  Jersey  to  the  Continental  Con- 
gress, and  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
Among  his  works  are  "Ecclesiastical  Characteristics" 
(1753),  "  Essay  on  Justification  "  (1766),  "  Serious  Inquu:y 
into  the  Nature  and  Effects  of  the  Stage  "  (1767),  "Essays 
on  Important  Subjects "  (1764),  "  Considerations  on  the 
Nature  and  Extent  of  the  Legislative  Authority  of  the 
British  Parliament "  (1774),  etc. 

Wits,  The.  A  comedy  by  Sir  William  Dave- 
nant,  produced  in  1633,  printed  in  1636.  It  was 
revived  after  the  Restoration,  and  is  frequently 
mentioned  by  Pepys. 

Witt,  De.    See  De  Witt. 

Wittekind  (wife-kind),  or  Widukind  (vrtd'- 
8-kind).  The  leader  of  the  Saxons  against 
Charles  the  Great.  He  made  a  raid  into  the  Rhine- 
land  in  778 ;  gained  successes  in  782  ;  and  conducted  the 
war  until  785,  when  he  submitted  and  was  baptized.  He 
is  said  to  have  been  appointed  duke  of  the  Saxons,  and  to 
have  died  in  battle  in  807. 

Wittelsbach  (vit'tels-bach).  The  family  name 
of  the  former  electors  of  the  Palatinate  and 
Bavaria,  and  of  the  present  royal  house  of  Ba- 
varia. 

Witten  (vit'ten).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ruhr  37 
miles  north-northeast  of  Cologne.  It  has  im- 
portant manufactures  of  iron,  steel,  machin- 
ery, glass,  etc.    Population  (1890),  26,310. 

Wittenberg  (wit'en-bfer^;  G.  pron.  vit'ten- 
bera).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Saxony,  Prus- 
sia, situated  on  the  Elbe  55  miles  southwest  of 
Berlin :  famous  for  its  connection  with  Luther 
and  the  early  Reformation.  Q&e  Luther.  Among 
its  noted  objects  are  the  Sclilossklrche(with  the  graves  of 
Luther,  Melanchthon,  Frederick  the  Wise,  and  John  the 
Constant),  the  Stadtldrche (with Cranach's ' ' Last  Supper"), 
the  Augustinian  monastery,  Luther's  house,  Melanch- 
thon's  house,  statues  of  Luther  and  Melanchthon,  and  the 
Rathaus.  It  was  the  capital  of  Saxe- Wittenberg,  and  was 
long  the  chief  town  of  Saxony.  Its  university  was  founded 
in  1602,  and  was  united  with  that  of  Halle  in  1816.  Luther 
nailed  his  96  theses  to  the  door  of  the  Schlosskirche  in 
1617,  and  burned  the  Pope's  bull  in  1620.  The  town  was 
bombarded  by  the  Imperialists  in  1760 ;  was  fortified  i>y 
Napoleon  in  1813 ;  and  was  besieged  by  the  Prussians  and 
stormed  Jan.  12-13, 1814.    Population  (1890),  14,458. 

Wittenberg,  Concord  of.  An  agreement  be- 
tween Saxon  and  Swiss  Reformers  in  1536. 

Wittenberge  (vit'ten-ber-ge).  A  town  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on 
the  Elbe  75  miles  west-northwest  of  Berlin.  The 
Elbe  is  crossed  here  by  a  bridge.  Population 
(1890),  12,587. 

Wittenweier(vit'ten-vi-er).  Avillage  in  Baden, 
situated  on  the  Rhine  near  Strasburg.  it  was 
the  scene  of  several  contests  between  Bemhard  of  Saxe- 
Weimar  and  the  Imperialists  in  1637,  and  of  a  victory  of  the 
former  over  the  latter  Aug.  9, 1688. 

Wittgenstein  (vit'gen-stin),  Ludwig  Adolf 
Peter,Prince  of  Sayn-Wittgenstein-Ludwigs- 
burg.  Bominthe  Russian  government  of  Perm, 
Jan.  6, 1769 :  died  at  Lemberg,  June  11, 1843.  A 
Russian  field-marshal.  He  served  in  the  campaign 
of  1807 ;  commanded  against  Oudinot,  St.  Cyr,  and  Victor  in 
1812 ;  was  an  unsuccessful  commander  of  the  Allies  in  1813, 
and  was  removed  after  the  defeat  of  Bautzen ;  com- 
manded a  Russian  contingent  of  the  Allies  1813-14 ;  com- 
manded the  army  on  the  Pruth  in  1828,  and  occupied  the 
Danubian  Principalities  and  Varna ;  and  besieged  Shumla 
unsuccessfully  in  the  same  year. 

Wittstock  (vit'stok).  A  town  in  the  province 
of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Dosse 
60  miles  northwest  of  Berlin.  A  victory  was  gained 
there  (Sept.  24, 1636)  by  the  Swedes  under  Ban^r  over  the 
Austrians  under  Hatzfeld  and  the  Saxons  under  Elector 
Johann  Georg  I.    Population  (1890),  6,895. 

Witu  (ve'to),  or  Wituland  ( ve'to-lant).  A  f or- 
merGerman  protectorate  (English  since  1890)  on 
the  coast  of  eastern  Africa,  about  lat.  3°  S.,  near 
themouthoftheTana.  Itwasestablishedinl885. 

Witwatersrand  (vit-va'ters-rand).  Ahilly  re- 
gion of  the  Transvaal,  west  of  Johannesburg, 
containing  extensive  gold-fields. 

Wit  Without  Money.  A  play  by  Fletcher, 
played  not  earlier  than  1614  and  prmted  m  Ibda. 

Witwou'd  (wit'wud).  A  character  in  Con- 
greve's  "  The  Way  of  the  World."  "  witwou'd  is 
as  divertmg  as  he  is  original— a  man  afflicted  by  aperfect 
cacoethes  of  feeble  repartee."    Ward. 

Wixom  rwik'som),  Emma:  stage  name  Emma 
Nevada.  Bom  at  Austen,  Nevada,  1862.  An 
American  operatic  singer.  Her  voice  is  a  soprano. 
She  took  her  stage  name,  Emma  Nevada,  from  her  birth- 
place. She  made  her  first  appearance  at  I^aon  in  18S0, 
and  has  sung  in  Italy,  Pans,  and  in  the  United  States 
(1884).    In  1885  she  married  Dr.  Raymond  Palmer. 

Wizard  of  the  North.    A  name  given  to  Sir 
Walter  Scott. 
Wladimir.    See  Vladimir. 


Wolcott,  Oliver 

Wladislaw  (vla'dis-lav)  I.,  or  Ladislaus,  Lok- 
jetek.  Bom  1260:  died  at  Cracow,  March  2, 
1333.    King  of  Poland  1319-33. 

Wladislaw  II.  Jagello.  King  of  Poland.  See 
Jagello. 

Wladislaw  III.  Bom  1424:  killed  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Varna,  Nov.  10,  1444.  King  of  Poland 
1434-44,  son  of  Wladislaw  H.  He  became  king 
of  Hungary  in  1440. 

Wladislaw  IV.  Bom  1595 :  died  May  20, 1648. 
King  of  Poland  1632-48,  son  of  Sigismund  IH. 

Wobum  (wo'bfim).  A  village  in  Bedfordshire, 
England,  42  miles  northwest  of  London.  Near  It 
is  Wobum  Abbey,  the  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford. 

Woburn.  A  city  in  Middlesex  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, 10  miles  north-northwest  of  Boston. 
It  has  manufactures  of  leather  and  of  boots  and  shoes. 
Population  (1900),  14,254. 

Woccon  (wok'on).  [PI.,  also  Woccons.']  The 
chief  of  the  Noifth  Carolina  tribes  of  the  Kataba 
division  of  North  American  Indians  :  now  ex- 
tinct.   See  Kataba. 

Wodan.  The  Old  High  German  form  of  the 
name  of  the  deity  called  by  the  Norse  Odin. 

Wodehouse  (wod'hous),  John,  first  Earl  of 
Kimberley.  Born  at  Loudon,  Jan.  7, 1826 :  died 
there,  April  8, 1902.  An  English  Liberal  states- 
man. He  was  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  1864-66 ;  lord 
privy  seal  1868-70;  colonial  secretary  1870-74  and  1880-82, 
and  secretary  for  India  1882-85  and  1886;  lord  president 
of  the  council  and  secretary  of  state  for  India  1892-94 ; 
secretary  of  state  for  foreign  affaiis  under  Roseljeiy  1894- 
1896 ;  and  leader  of  the  Liberal  party  in  the  House  of  Lords 
1897-1902.    He  was  created  earl  of  Kimberley  in  1866. 

Woden  (wo 'den) .  [Lit.  the ' furious,'  the ' mighty 
warrior.']  The  Anglo-Saxon  name  of  the  deity- 
called  by  the  Norse  Odin. 

Woerden  (wor'den).  A  town  in  the  Nether- 
lands, on  the  Old  Rhine  20  miles  south  of  Am- 
sterdam. It  was  formerly  a  fortress,  and  was 
sacked  by  the  French  in  1672  and  1813. 

Woffington  (wof 'ing-tqn),  Margaret  or  Peg. 
Born  at  Dublin,  Oct.  18, 1720 :  died  at  Tedding- 
ton,  March  28, 1760.  A  celebrated  Irish  actress, 
the  daughter  of  a  bricklayer.  She  appeared  as 
Polly  Peacham,  with  a  company  of  children,  in  "  Tlie  Beg- 
gar's Opera "  when  only  twelve  years  old,  and  made  her 
first  appearance  as  a  mature  actress  at  Dublin  in  1737  as 
Ophelia.  Until  1740  she  played  a  wide  range  of  parts 
there.  In  that  year  she  made  her  first  appearance  at  Cov- 
ent  Garden  as  Sylvia  in  "The  Recruiting  Officer."  Her 
success  was  great,  and  her  singing  and  the  "finish  "of  the 
male  characters  she  assumed  made  the  fortunes  of  the 
theaters  where  she  played.  She  lived  for  some  time  with 
Garrick  and  Macklin  at  No.  6  Bow  street,  London,  and 
Garrick  was  reported  to  have  married  her,  but  without 
foundation.  She  attempted  to  atone  for  her  lack  of  moral 
character  by  her  charities,  though  the  almshouses  at  Ted- 
dington  said  to  have  been  founded  by  her  are  of  much 
earlier  date.  She  was  seized  with  paralysis  while  playing 
Rosalind,  May  3, 1757,  and  never  appeared  again.  See 
Masks  and  Faces. 

Mrs.  Wofflngton  was  the  only,  player  who  acted  Sir 
Harry  Wildair  with  the  spirit  and  elegance  of  the  original  — 
Wilks — to  whom  Garrick  and  Woodward  were,  in  this  part, 
inferior.  She  was  excellent  in  Lady  Plyant.  and  admirable 
in  the  representation  of  females  in  high  rank  and  of  dig- 
nifled  elegance.  Millamant,  Lady  Townley,  Lady  Betty 
Modish,  and  Maria  in  the  "Nonjuror,"  were  exhibited 
by  her  with  that  happy  ease  and  gaiety,  and  with  such 
powerful  attraction,  that  the  excesses  of  these  characters 
appeared  not  only  pardonable,  but  agreeable. 

Doran,  Eng.  Stage,  II.  9. 

Wohler  (vfi'leiO,  Friedrich.  Born  at  Eschers- 
heim,  near  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  July  31, 
1800 :  died  at  Gottingen,  Sept.  23,  1882.  A  cel- 
ebrated German  chemist.  He  was  educated  at  Mar- 
burg, Heidelberg,  and  under  Berzelius  at  Stockholm ;  be- 
came professor  at  Gbttingen  in  1836,  and  pharmaceutical 
Inspector;  and  was  associated  with  Liebig  in  many  re- 
searches. He  discovered  aluminium,  beryllium,  and  yttri- 
um, and  made  many  other  brilliant  discoveries  and  inves- 
tigations. Besides  numerous  special  papers  he  wrote 
"  Grundriss  der  Chemie  "  ("Outlines  of  Chemistry,"  1831), 
etc.;  adapted  Berzelius's  "Lehrbuch  der  Chemie";  and 
edited  the  "  Annalen." 

Wolcott,  or  Wolcot  (wul'kot),  John :  pseu- 
donym Peter  Pindar,  Bom  iiear  Kingsbridge, 
Devonshire,  England,  May,  1738:  died  at  Lon- 
don, Jan.  14, 1819.  An  English  satirist,  in  early 
life  he  was  a  physician,  and  was  made  physician-general 
of  the  island  of  Jamaica.  He  returned  to  England  and 
was  ordained  in  1769,  but  resumed  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine in  a  few  years  at  Truro  and  other  places.  He  re- 
moved to  London  with  John  Opie  about  1780,  and  became 
noted  for  his  coarse  but  witty  satires  on  George  III., 
Boswell,  the  Royal  Academy,  etc.  He  was  blind  for  some 
years  before  his  death.  Among  his  worlis  are  "Lyiical 
Odes  tothcRoyal  Academicians"(published  first  inl782  and 
afterward  every  year  till  about  1814),  "  Bozzy  an  d  Piozzi " 
(1786),  "  The  Lousiad  "  (1786),  "  The  Apple  Dumplings  and 
a  King,"  etc.  He  painted  landscapes  also,  and  a  series  of 
his  pictures  was  engraved  by  Aiken  in  1797. 

Wolcott,  Oliver.  Bom  at  Windsor,  Conn.,  Nov. 
26, 1726 :  died  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  Deo.  1, 1797. 
An  American  politician  and  general,  son  of 
Roger  Wolcott.    He  held  various  judicial  offices  in 


Wolcott,  Oliver 

ConnecHout ;  was  a  delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress 
from  Connecticut,  and  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence ;  served  on  important  commissions ;  com- 
manded the  Connecticut  troops  in  1776 ;  served  against 
Burgoyne  in  1777  ;  waa  lieutenant-governor  of  Connecti- 
cut 1786-96 ;  and  was  governor  of  Connecticut  1796-97. 

Wolcott,  Oliver.  Bom  at  Litchfield,  Conn., 
Jan.  11,  1760:  died  at  New  York,  June  1,  1833. 
An  American  politician  and  financier,  son  of 
Oliver  Wolcott  (1726-97).  He  served  in  the  Eevo- 
lutionary  War ;  was  auditor  of  the  treasury  1789-91 ;  was 
comptroller  of  the  treasury  1791-96 ;  was  secretary  of  the 
treasury  1796-1800 ;  and  was  governor  of  Connecticut  1817- 
1827. 

Wolcott,  Boger.  Bom  at  Windsor,  Conn.,  Jan. 
4,  1679:  died  at  East  Windsor,  May  17,  1767. 
An  American  colonial  magistrate.  He  commanded 
the  Connecticut  contingent  at  the  siege  of  Loulsburg  in 
1746 ;  and  was  governor  of  Connecticut  1761-54.  He  wrote 
"  Poetical  Meditations  "  (1726),  etc. 

Wolf,  or  Wolff  (volf),  Ohxistian  von.  Born 
at  Breslau,  Jan.  24,  1679:  died  April  9,  1754. 
A  celebrated  German  philosopher  and  mathe- 
matician. He  was  educated  at  Jena ;  lectured  at  Leip- 
Bic ;  became  professor  at  Halle  in  1707  ;  waa  deposed  from 
his  office  ana  exiled  from  Prussia  in  1723  on  the  charge 
of  heresy ;  was  afterward  at  Marburg ;  was  reinstated 
at  Halle  by  Fredericic  the  Great  in  1740 ;  and  became 
vice-chancellor  of  the  university.  He  developed  the  phi- 
losophy of  Leibnitz,  and  exerted  considerable  influence 
upon  subsequent  metaphysical  speculation  In  Germany. 
His  numerous  works,  in  German  and  Latin,  include  "Phi- 
losophia  rationalis,"  '*  Psychologia  empirica,"  "Psycholo- 
gia  rationalis,"  "Cosmologia,"  "Jus  naturee,"  etc. 

Wolf  (volf),  Friedrich  August.  Bom  at  Hayn- 
rode,nearNordhausen,  Germany,  Feb.  15, 1759: 
died  at  Marseilles,  Aug.  8, 1824.  A  German  clas- 
sical scholar,  regarded  as  the  founder  of  scien- 
tific classical  philology.  He  studied  at  GBttingen ; 
was  professor  at  Halle  1788-1807 ;  and  later  was  in  the  gov- 
ernment service  in  Berlin.  His  chief  work  is  the  "  Prolego- 
mena in  Homerum  "  (1796),  in  which  he  propounded  the 
famous  theory  that  the  Hiad  and  Odyssey  are  not  the  work 
of  one  author  (Homer),  but  of  various  rhapsodists.  See 
Bomer. 

Wolf  (wUf),  Henry.  Bom  at  Eckwersheim, 
Alsace,  Aug.  3,  1852.  An  American  wood- 
engraver.  He  came  to  New  York  in  1871,  and  at  first 
made  a  specialty  of  drawings  on  the  block  for  other  en- 
gravers and  artists.  He  has  engraved  numerous  pictures 
for  the  American  Artists  Series  in  "The  Century  Maga- 
zine," and  also  after  foreign  painters. 
Wolfe  (wulf),  Charles.  Bom  at  Dublin,  Deo. 
14,1791:  diedatCork,Peb.  21, 1823.  A  British 
clergyman  and  poet.  He  wrote  the  "Burial  of  Sir 
John  Moore."  His  "Poetical  Remains,"  with  a  memoir 
by  Kussell,  were  published  in  1825. 

Wolfe,  General,  Death  of.  See  Death  of  Gen- 
eral WoVfe. 

Wolfe,  James.  Bom  at  Westerham, Kent,  Eng- 
land, Jan.  2,  1727 :  killed  at  the  battle  of  Que- 
bec, Sept.  13,  1759.  An  English  general.  He 
served  at  Dettingen  in  174^  against  the  Scottish  insurgents 
1746-46,  and  at  Lawfeld  in  1747;  was  made  brigadier- 
general  in  1768 ;  commanded  a  division  under  Amherst  at 
the  siege  and  capture  of  Louisburg  in  1758 ;  and  was  made 
major-general  and  commander  of  the  expedition  against 
Quebec.  After  making  unsuccessful  attempts  on  Mont- 
calm's works,  he  led  his  force  up  the  Heights  of  Abraham 
on  the  night  of  Sept.  12,  and  died  in  the  hour  of  victory 
there,  Sept.  13,  1769. 

Wolfenbiittel  (volf' en-biit-tel).  A  town  in  the 
duchy  of  Brunswick,  situated  on  the  Oker  seven 
miles  south  of  Brunswick,  it  has  a  noted  library  of 
300,000  volumes  and  8,000  MSS.  and  incunabula,  and  a 
ducal  castle.  Until  1764  it  was  the  ducal  residence.  Near 
here,  in  1641,  the  Swedes  defeated  the  Imperialists.  Les- 
sing  was  librarian  at  WoUenbiittel.    Population,  14,484. 

Wolfenbiittel  Fragments.  1.  Portions  of  a 
New  Testament  codex,  supposed  to  be  of  the 
5th  or  6th  century,  recovered  about  1750  at 
Wolfenbiittel  in  (lermany  from  a  palimpsest 
of  Isidore  of  Seville.— 3.  A  rationalistic  work 
on  the  Bible,  by  Eeimarus,  a  German  critic  of 
the  18th  century.    See  Beimarus. 

Wolfert's  Roost,  Chronicles  of.  A  series  of 
sketches  by  Washington  Irving,  published  ori- 
ginally in  the  "Knickerbocker  Magazine." 

Wolff  (volf),  Albert.  Bom  at  Neustrelitz,  Ger- 
many, Nov.  14,  1814 :  died  at  Berlin,  June  20, 
1892.  A  famous  German  seidptor,  an  associate 
of  Eauch :  professor  at  the  Academy  of  Arts  in 
Berlin  from  1858.  He  designed  statues  of  the  Great 
Elector,  Frederick  the  Great,  William  I.,  and  others,  and 
colossal  statues  of  Ernst  August  (Hannover),  Frederick 
William  III.  (Berlin),  Galileo  (Pest),  and  Frederick  William 
IV.  (Konigsberg). 

Wolff,  Emil.  Bom  at  Berlin,  March  2,  1802 : 
died  at  Eome,  Sept.  29, 1879.  A  German  sculp- 
tor, a  pupil  of  Schadow.  Among  his  statues 
are  the  "Fisher,"  "  Thetis,"'  an  Amazon  group, 
"  Jephthah  and  his  Daughter,"  etc. 

Wolff  (wulf;  G.  pron. volf).  Sir  Henry  Drum- 
mond.  Bom  1830.  An  English  diplomatist 
and  politician.  He  was  secretary  for  the  Ionian  Isl- 
ands ;  commissioner  for  settling  the  affairs  of  Eastern 
aumelia;  member  of  Parliament,  and  a  member  of  Lord 


Wood,  Mrs.  Henry 

manded  in  the  Ashanti  war  1878-74,  and  was  made  major- 
general  in  1875.  He  was  administrator  of  Natal  in  1875 ;  a 
member  of  the  Council  of  India  in  1876 ;  commissioner  and 
commander  in  Cyprus  in  1878;  and  governor  of  Natal  and 
the  Transvaal  1879-80.  In  1880  he  was  made  quartermaster- 
general,  and  adjutant-general  in  1882.  He  defeated  the 
Egyptian  insurgents  under  Arabi  and  gained  tlie  victory  of 
Tel-el-Kebir  iul882;  was  raised  to  the  peerage  and  madegen- 
eral  in  1882 ;  and  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  unsuccess- 
ful expedition  for  the  relief  of  Gordon  1884-86.  He  was  made 
viscountinl885,commander-in-chlef  of  the  forces  in  Ireland 
in  1890,  and  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  British  army 
1895-1900.  Hehaswritten  "NaiTative  of  the Warwith China 
inl860"  (1860),  "Soldier's  Pocket-Book"  (1869),  ■■System 
and  the   beginning  of  the  IStTi  century:  the     of  Keld  Manosuvres'' 0872),  "MarleyCastle'(1877)._etc. 

greatest  epic  poet  of  medieval  Germany.    He  ^O^^^.^^"^ -^'^i!,  ^°?.¥v    .^°™  at  Ipswich, 
~-     •    ■■  ^  ■ --^     -       •    »-■  -       •••'  •■■"°    England,  probably  in  1471:  ^--''  -^  ^ ■^— 


1069 

Randolph  Churchill's  "  Fourth  Party  " ;  special  envoy  and 
commissioner  to  Turkey  and  Egypt  for  aixanging  the  af- 
fairs of  Egypt  1885-87 ;  and  ambassador  to  Persia  1888. 

Wolff  (volf),  Kaspar  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Ber- 
lin, 1733:  died  at  St.  Petersburg,  1794.  A  Ger- 
man anatomist  and  physiologist,  foimder  of  the 
science  of  embryology.  He  was  professor  at 
St.  Petersburgfrom  1766. 

Wolfram  von  £schenbach  (volf 'ram  f on  esh'- 
en-baeh).  Place  and  date  of  birth  unknown: 
he  died  about  1220  (place  unknown).  A  Middle 
High  German  poet  of  the  latter  part  of  the  12th 


waa  of  noble  origin,  and  received  his  name  from  the  little 
town  of  Escbenbach,  near  Ansbach,  Bavaria,  which  was 
the  ancestral  seat  of  his  family.  His  own  home  was  at 
Wildenberg,  near  Ansbach,  where  he  lived  with  his  wife 
and  child ;  but  he  was  frequently  at  the  court  of  that  pa^ 
tron  of  poets,  the  landgrave  Hermann  of  Thuringia,  at 
Eisenach.  He  could  not  read  or  write,  but  knew  French. 
He  made  frequent  references  to  his  poverty.  He  waa 
buried  in  the  Frauenkirche  at  Eschenbach.  He  composed 
lyrics,  among  them  four  "Tagelieder"  ("Day  Songs"); 
but  his  principal  works  are  the  three  epic  poems  "  Parzi- 
val,"  "  Titurel"  (left  uncompleted),  and  "  WiUehalm  "  (also 
incomplete).  "  Parzival,"  the  greatest  court  epic  of  Ger- 
many, was  written  between  1206  and  1215  :  it  is  based 
upon  French  sources  of  ultimate  Celtic  origin,  particu- 
larly upon  a  poem  by  Chrestien  de  Troyes.  "Titurel," 
written  possibly  about  1210,  goes  back  to  similar  sources. 
The  subject-matter  of  both  poems  is  the  legend  of  the 


died  at  Leicester, 
Nov.  29, 1530.  A  celebrated  English  statesman 
and  cardinal.  He  was  educated  at  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford ;  studied  divinity ;  became  rector  of  Lymington  in 
1600 ;  was  successively  chaplain  to  the  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, to  Sir  Richard  Nauf an,  and  to  Henry  VII. ;  was 
sent  by  Henry  VII.  on  a  diplomatic  mission  to  the  emperor 
Maximilian ;  was  made  dean  of  Lincoln  in  1509;  became  al- 
moner in  1609,  and  privy  councilor  in  1611 ;  served  against 
France  in  1513 ;  was  made  bishop  of  Lincoln  in  1514,  and 
archbishop  of  York  In  1514 ;  and  became  lord  chancellor 
and  cardinal  in  1515,  and  prime  minister  of  Henry  VIII. 
He  was  made  legate  in  1519.  He  gained  the  ill  will  of 
Henry  VIII.  by  his  conduct  in  the  matter  of  the  king's 
divorce ;  was  deprived  of  his  offices  in  1529 ;  was  restored 
to  the  archbishopric  of  York  in  1530 ;  and  was  arrested  for 
high  treason  in  Nov.,  1530,  He  founded  Christ  Church 
College,  Oxford. 


Holy  Grail:  the  former  is  named  from  its  hero  Parzival,  tit„i„J_ i,„_,_4.,._  /_,m  „a- t,„™«'+««\  a  \.^-« 
the  latter  from  Titurel,  the  first  Knight  of  tliC  Grail.  WolverhamptOn  (,WUl-y6r-hamp  ton).  A  bOT- 
— -      — "   ■         ough  m  Staffordshire,  England,  13  miles  nortjh. 

west  of  Birmingham.    It  is  situated  near  a  large  coal. 

and  iron-mining  district,  and  is  one  of  the  principal  cen 


Willehalm  "  (Count  William  of  Aquitaine),  begun  before 
1216,  is  from  French  national  poetry.  "Titurel"  waa 
subsequently  rewritten  and  completed  by  a  certain  Al- 
brecht  between  1260  and  1270.  "Willehalm"  was  later 
on  continued  by  Ulrich  von  Tiirkheim  and  TJlrich  von  dem 
Tiirlin.  Wolfram's  works  were  published  by  Karl  Lach- 
mann  in  1833  (5th  ed.  in  1880). 

Wolgast  (vol'gast).  A  seaport  in  the  province 
of  Pomerania,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Peene, 
near  its  mouth  in  the  Baltic,  53  miles  north- 
west of  Stettin.  Gustavus  Adolphus  landed  near 
there  in  1630.  The  town  was  several  times  taken  in  the 
17th  and  18th  centuries.    Population  (1890),  7,880. 

WoUaston  (wul'as-ton),  William  Hyde.  Bom 


tersrfor  the  manufacture  of  hardware  in  Great  Britain; 
Population  (1901),  94,187. 

Wolzogen  (volt-so'gen),  Mme.  von  (Karoline 
von  Lengefeld).  Bom  at  Eudolstadt,  Germany, 
1763:  died  at  Jena,  1847.  A  German  author, 
sister-in-law  of  Schiller,  she  wrote  "  Schmers  Le- 
ben"  ("Life  of  Schiller,"  1830),  the  novels  "Agnes  von 
Lilien"  (1798)  and  "Cordelia"  (1840X  etc. 

Woman  Hater,  The.  1.  A  play  by  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  published  anonymouslyinl607. — 


at' ESt  Dereham;  Norfolk,' AuiTeT'me:  died  ^-  A  novel  ^arlesEeade.  published  in  1877. 
»f  T„^„^«„   -no^  '9.9   is9b'    A^r,nLfi  Tr.„„nci,  Woman  in  White,  The.    A  novel  by  Wilkie 


at  London,  Dec.  22,  1828.    A  noted  English 


Collins,  published  in  1860. 


chemist  and  physicist.  He  discovered  palladium  and  Tii"'^!,' e^?|"^"!^i?  ^V"^^  .      A,,l»v-h^ 

rhodium;  made  important  investigations  in  optics  and  Woman  Killed  'Wltn  KinaneSS,  A.    A  play  by 
electricity;  discovered  the  dark  lines  in  the  solar  spec-     Thomas  Heywood,  acted  in  March,  1603,  printed 

in  1607.  It  is  considered  Heywood's  best  play. 
Wombwell  (wiSm'wel).  A  to^wn  in  the  West 
Biding  of  Yorkshire,  England,  10  miles  north- 
northeast  of  Shefaeld.  Population  (1891),  10,- 
942. 

Wonder,  The:  A  Woman  Keeps  a  Secret. 
A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Centli'yre,  produced  and 
printed  in  1714.  It  still  keeps  ■the  stage. 
Wonder-Book,  The.  A  collection  of  stories 
for  boys  andgirls,  from  classical  mythological 
sources,  by  Hawthorne,  published  in  1851. 


trum  and  the  ultra-violet  rays ;  and  invented  the  camera 
lucida  and  goniometer. 

WoUaston  Lake.  A  lake  in  the  Northwest 
Territory,  British  America,  about  lat.  58°  N., 
long.  104°  W.  Its  outlet  is  to  the  Mackenzie 
Eiver.    Length,  about  50  miles. 

WoUaston  Land.  A  region  in  the  arctic  lands 
of  North  America,  about  lat.  69°-70°  N.,  long. 
110°-115°  W. 

Wollin(v61-len').  1.  An  island  in  the  Baltic,  be- 
longing to  the  province  of  Pomerania,  Prussia, 
30  miles  north  of  Stettin.    With  Usedom  it  separates 


?hesie?t1nTHaflLriheiair^rirS^^^^^^ 


Parliament.    Same  as  Merciless  Parliament. 
Wonder  of  the  World.    A  name  given  to  the 
emperors  Otto  HI.  and  Frederick  n.  of  Ger- 
many. _ 

See  Dinias  and  Der- 


IJsedom  by  the  Swine,  and  from  the  mainland  on  the  east 

by  the  Divenow.    Length,  22  miles. 

3.  The  chief  place  in  the  island  of  Wollin, 

situated  on  the  Divenow  near  the  site  of  the 

Wendish  Vineta  or  Wolin.    Population  (1890),  Wonders  beyond  Thule. 

4,965.  cylUs. 

WoUstonecraft.    See  Godwin.  Wondrous  Tale  of  Alroy,  The.    A  novel  bv 

Wolof  (wo-lof ').   An  important  Nigritic  nation    Disraeli,  published  in  1833. 

of  the  French  S6n6gal,  West  Africa,  between  Wood    (wud),  Anthony,   called  Anthony  k 

the  S6n6gal,Ful6m6,  and  Gambia  rivers,  itises-    'Wood.    Born  at  Oxford,  England,  Deo.  17, 1632: 


pecially  strong  on  the  coast  (St.  Louis  and  Dakar),  in  Walo, 
Cayor,  Baol,  and  Jolof.  The  men  are  tall,  with  fine  busts, 
almost  orthognathic  heads,  and  jet-black  skin.  They  wear 
wide  trousers  and  long  shirts.  Most  of  them  profess  Islam- 
ism  ;  a  portion  in  the  coast  towns  profess  Catholicism ;  but 
heathen  -practices  prevail  everywhere.  They  have  three 
hereditary  castes :  the  nobility,  the  tradesmen  and  mu- 
sicians (who  are  despised),  and  the  slaves.  Domestic  slaves 
are  well  treated  and  cannot  be  sold.  The  Wolof  language 
is  regular  and  rich  in  grammatical  forms,  but  occupies  a 
rather  isolated  position. 

Wolowski(vo-lov'ske),LouisFrangoisMichel 
Ilaymond.  Bom  in  Warsaw,  Aug.  31, 1810 :  died 
at  Gisors,  Aug.  15,  1876.  A  French  political 
economist,  financier,  and  politician.  He  fled  to 
France  after  the  repression  of  the  Polish  uprising  in  1831 ; 
was  a  member  of  the  Constituent  Assembly  in  1848,  and  of 
the  Legislative  Assembly  in  1849 ;  and  in  the  third  republic 
was  a  member  of  the  National  Assembly  and  senator.  He 
wrote  "  La  question  des  banques  "  (1864), "  L'Or  et  I'argent " 
(1872),  etc. 

Wolseley  (wvdz'li).  Garnet  Joseph,  first  Vis- 
count Wolseley.  Born  at  Golden  Bridge 
House,  County  Dublin,  Ireland,  June  4,  1833. 
A  distinguished  British  general.     He  entered  the 


died  there,  Nov..28, 1695.  An  English  antiquary. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford.  He  wrote  "Historia  et  Anti- 
quitates  TJniversitatis  Oxoniensis  "  (written  in  English  and 
translated  into  Latin  for  the  University  Press  in  1674).  He 
waa  dissatisfied  with  the  translation,  and  afterward  re- 
wrote bis  English  MS.,  and  it  was  published  after  his  death 
in  two  volumes — the  first  as  *'  The  History  and  Antiquities 
of  the  Colleges  and  Halls  of  the  University  of  Oxford,  with 
a  Continuation  to  the  Present  Time  by  John  Gutch,  with 
"Fasti  (Annals)  Oxoniensis  "  (1786-90) ;  the  second  as  "  The 
History  and  Antiquities  of  the  University  of  Oxford  "  (1792- 
1796).  He  also  wrote  "  Athense  Oxoniensis :  an  Exact  History 
of  all  the  Writers  and  Bishops  who  have  had  their  Edu- 
cation in  the  University  of  Oxford  from  150O  to  1690,"  with 
"Fasti."  Two  volumes  of  this  were  printed  (1691-92)  be- 
fore his  death ;  the  third  he  prepared,  and  it  appeared 
in  the  second  edition  1721;  third  enlarged  edition  by  Bliss 
1813-20.  He  also  wrote  "Modus  Salium  :  a  Collection  of 
Pieces  of  Humour"  (1761),  and  "  The  Ancient  and  Present 
State  of  the  City  of  Oxford  "  (1773). 

Wood,  Fernando.  Born  at  Philadelphia,  June 
14,  1812 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Feb.  14, 
1881.  An  American  politician.  He  was  Demo- 
cratic member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1841-43 ;  mayor 
of  New  York  city  1864-61 ;  and  member  of  Congress  from 
New  York  1863-66  and  1867-81. 


army  as  ensign  in  1852;  served  in  the  second  Burmese  war  'Wood,  Mrs.  Henry  (Ellen  Price).     Born  at 


in  1883  (when  he  waa  wounded),  and  in  the  Crimean  war 
(when  he  was  again  wounded) ;  became  captain  in  1856 ; 
served  in  India  during  the  Indian  mutiny  (at  the  relief  of 
lucknow  in  1867,  and  elsewhere) ;  and  fought  in  the  war 
with  China  in  1860.  In  1862  he  visited  the  Confederate 
army  in  "Virginia.  In  1865  he  was  promoted  coloneL  He 
commanded  the  Red  River  expedition  which  suppressed 
Kiel's  insurrection  in  1870,  and  was  knighted;  and  oom- 


Worcester,  Jan.  17,  1814:  died  Feb.  10,  1887. 
An  English  novelist.  Among  her  novels  are  "East 
Lynne"(1861:  several  times  dramatized), "The  Channings  " 
(1862), "  Mrs.  Halliburton's  Troubles  "  (1862),  "The  Shadow 
of  Ashlydyat "  (1863),  etc.  She  also  published  anonymously 
"The  Johnny  Ludlow  Tales  "  (1874-SO).  In  1867  she  became 
editor  of  "The  Argosy." 


Wood,  Sir  Henry  Evelyn 

"Wood,  Sir  Henry  Evelyn.  Born  in  Essex,  Feb.  9, 
1838.  ABritisheeneral.  He  served  in  the  Crimean  war, 
Indian  mutiny,  Ashanti  war,  and  Zulu  war ;  commanded 
against  tlie  Boers  in  1881 ;  served  against  the  Egyptian  reb- 
els in  1882,  and  in  the  Sudan  ;  and  commanded  the  Egyptian 
army  1 882-85.  He  was  quartermaster-general  1893-97,  and 
adjutant-general  1897-1901. 

Wood,  Thomas  Waterman,  Bom  at  Mont- 
pelier,  Vt.,  Nov.  12,  1823:  died  at  New  York, 
April  14,  1903.  An  American  portrait-  and 
genre-painter.  He  settled  in  New  York  in  1867.  He 
was  elected  national  academician  in  1871,  and  became 
vice-president  of  the  National  Academy  in  1879,  and  presi- 
dent in  1891.  He  was  also  for  nine  or  ten  years  president 
of  the  American  Water-Color  Society. 

Woodbury  (wM'bu-ri),  Levi.  Born  at  Trances- 
town,  N.  H.,  Dee.  22, 1789 :  died  at  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  Sept.,  1851.  An  American  jurist  and 
statesman.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1809.  He 
was  governor  of  New  Hampshire  1823-24 ;  Democratic 
United  States  senator  from  New  Hampshire  1825-31 ;  sec- 
retary of  the  navy  1831-34;  secretary  of  the  treasury  1834- 
1841 ;  United  States  senator  1841-45 ;  and  associate  justice 
of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  1846-51. 

Woodcourt  ( wud'kort),  Allan.  The  lover  of  Es- 
ther Summerson  in  Dickens's  "Bleak  House." 

Woodman,  Spare  that  Tree.  A  lyric  poem  by 
George  P.  Morris. 

Woods  (wiidz),  Leonard.  Born  at  Princeton, 
Mass.,  June  19,  1774:  died  at  Andover,  Mass., 
Aug.  24,  1854.  An.  American  Congregational 
clergyman  and  theologian,  professor  of  theology 
at  Andover  Theological  Seminary.  Among  his 
works  are  "  Letters  to  Unitarians  '*(1820),  "Lectures  on  the 
Inspiration  of  the  Scriptures  "(1829),  "Memoirs  of  Ameri- 
can Missionaries  "  (1833),  *'  Examination  of  the  Doctrine  of 
Perfection"  (1841),  "Lectures  on  Church  Government" 
(1843),  "Lectures  on  Swedenborgianism "  (1846),  etc. 

Woods,  Leonard.  Bom  at  Newbury,  Mass., 
Nov.  24,  1807:  died  at  Boston,  Dec.  24,  1878. 
An  American  educator,  son  of  Leonard  Woods 
(1774-1854).  He  was  professor  in  Bangor  Theological 
Seminary,  and  was  president  of  Bowdoin  College  1839-66. 

Woods,  William  Burnham.  Bom  at  Newark, 
Ohio,  1824:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  1887. 
An  American  jweist  and  general.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Ohio  legislature ;  served  in  the  West  in  the 
Civil  War,  atShiloh,  Arkansas  Post,  and  Vicksburg,  and  in 
Georgia ;  and  commanded  a  division  in  Sherman's  march 
to  the  sea.  He  was  appointed  United  States  circuit  judge 
in  1869 ;  and  was  associate  justice  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court  1880-87. 

Woodstock  (wud'stok).  Atown  in  Oxfordshire, 
England,  situated  on  the  Glyme  8  miles  north- 
west of  Oxford.  It  was  formerly  a  royal  residence, 
and  is  particularly  associated  with  the  history  of  Henry  II. 
and  "Fair  B.osamond."  Elizabeth  was  imprisoned  here 
by  Mary.  Woodstock  was  besieged  and  taken  in  1646. 
Near  it  Is  Blenheim  Park.    Population  (1891),  1,628. 

Woodstock,  The  capital  of  Oxford  County, 
Ontario,  Canada,  situated  on  the  Thames  80 
miles  west-southwest  of  Toronto.  Population 
(1901.),  8,833. 

Woodstock,  The  capital  of  Windsor  County, 
Vermont,  situated  on  the  Ottaaueeohee  23  miles 
east  of  Rutland.    Pop.  (1900),  town,  2,557. 

Woodstock.  A  novelby  Sir  Walter  Scott,  pub- 
lished in  1826.  The  scene  is  laid  at  Woodstock, 
England,  and  the  vicinity,  about  1651. 

Woodstock,  Assize  of.  A  code  for  the  regulation 
of  the  forests,  proclaimed  by  Henry  II.  in  1184. 

Woodville  (wud'vil),  Anthony,  second  Earl 
Rivers.  Beheaded  at  Pontefract,  England,  1483. 
An  English  politician,  influential  in  the  reign 
of  his  brother-in-law  Edward  IV.  He  was  put 
to  death  by  Richard  III. 

Woodville,  Elizabeth.  See  Elizabeth  Woodville. 

Woodward  (wud'ward),  Henry.  Bom  1717: 
died  1777.  A  noted  English  comedian.  He  made 
his  first  appearance  at  Covent  Garden  in  1736,  and  his  last 
In  1777.  He  was  excellent  as  Petruchio,  Mercutio,  Bobadil, 
Touchstone,  Captain  Absolute,  etc.,  and  was  noted  for  his 
power  of  mimicry. 

Woodworth  (wud'wferth),  Samuel.    Bom  at 

Soituate,  Mass.,  Jan.  13, 1785 :  died  atNew  York 
city.  Dee.  9,  1842.  An  American  poet.  He  is 
best  known  from  his  lyric  "The  Old  Oaken  Bucket."  His 
poems  were  published  in  1861. 

Wool  (wul),  John  Ellis.  Bom  at  Newburg, 
N.  Y.,  Feb.  20, 1784:  died  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  10, 
1869.  An  American  general.  He  entered  the  army 
in  1812;  served  at  Queenston  Heights  in  1812,  and  at' 
Plattsburg  in  1814 ;  was  appointed  inspector-general  of  the 
army  and  colonel  in  1816 ;  became  brigadier-general  in 
1841;  organized  volunteers  for  the  Mexican  war ;  was  second 
in  command  at  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista ;  and  was  after- 
ward division  and  department  commander.  He  saved 
Tortress  Monroe  in  1861.  In  1862  he  was  made  major- 
general,  and  retired  in  1863. 

Woolman  (wul'man),  John.  Bom  at  North- 
ampton, N.  J.,  VtiO:  died  at  York,  England, 
Oct.  5,  1772.  An  American  preacher  of  the 
Society  of  Friends.  Among  his  works  are  "Some 
Considerations  on  the  Keeping  of  Negroes  "  (1764), "  Con- 
siderations on  Pure  Wisdom  and  Human  Policy, "  etc.  (1768), 
"  Considerations  on  the  True  Harmony  of  Mankind  "  (1770). 
He  is,  however,  best  known  by  his  "  Journal,"  first  pub- 


1070 

lished  in  1774,  after  his  death.  It  has  been  many  times 
reprinted,  and  was  edited  in  1871  by  Whittier. 
Woolner  (wul'ner),  Thomas.  Bom  at  Hadleigh, 
Suffolk,  Dec.  17,  1825:  died  at  London,  Oot.  7, 
1892.  An  English  sculptor  and  poet.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Preraphaelite  Brotherhood,  and  many  of 
his  poems  first  appeared  in  "The  Germ."  He  was  prof  essor 
of  sculpture  at  the  Royal  Academy  1877-79.  Among  his 
statues  are  "Puck,"  "Titania,"  and  "Eros"  (1848).  "Con- 
stance and  Arthur,"  "Elaine,"  "Ophelia,"  "Achilles  and 
Pallas" ;  statues  of  Macaulay,  Lord  Frederick  Cavendish, 
Lord  Palmerston,  and  others ;  and  busts  of  Tennyson,  Car- 
lyle,  Darwin,  Gladstone,  and  others.  His  poems  include 
' '  My  Beautiful  Lady  "  (1863), ' '  Pygmalion  "  (1881),  "Silenus  " 
(1884),  "Tiresias"  (1886),  etc. 

Woolsey  (wul'si),  Sarah  Chauncey:  pseudo- 
nym Susan  Coolidge.  Bom  at  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
about  1845.  .Aa  American  writer  of  juveniles, 
niece  of  T.  D.  Woolsey.  Among  herworksforyoung 
people  are  "What  Katy  did,"  "  WhatKaty  did  at  School," 
"What  Katy  did  Next,"  "  Cross  Patch,  etc.,  from  Mother 
Goose,"  "A  Bound  Dozen,"  "A  Little  Country  Girl,"  etc. 
She  has  also  written  "A  Short  History  of  the  City  of  Phila- 
delphia" (1887),  "Ballads  of  Romance  and  History,"  with 
others  (1887) ;  edited  and  abridged  "  The  Autobiography 
and  Correspondence  of  Mrs.  Delany"  (1879)  and  "The 
Diary  and  Letters  of  Frances  Burney"  (1880);  and  trans- 
lated Gautier's  "My  Household  of  Pets"  (1882)  and  Ar- 
naud's  "One  Day  in  a  Baby's  life  "  (1886). 

Woolsey,  Theodore  D-wight.  Bom  at  New 
York  city,  Oct.  31,  1801:  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  July  1,  1889.  An  American  educator 
and  eminent  political  and  legal  writer.  He  grad- 
uated at  Yale  in  1820 ;  studied  law  and,  later,  theology ; 
was  tutor  in  Yale  1823-26 ;  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1826 ; 
studied  in  Europe  1827-30 ;  was  professor  of  Greek  at  Yale 
1831-46 ;  and  was  president  of  Yale  1846-71.  He  edited 
the  "  New  Englander  "  for  a  few  years  after  1843 ;  and  was 
chairman  of  the  American  company  of  New  Testament 
revisers  1871-81.  His  works  include  editions  of  the  "  Al- 
oestis"(1834),  "Antigone" (1836),  "Electra"(1837),  "Pro- 
metheus "  (1837),  and  "  Gorgias  "  (1843) ;  an  "Introduction 
to  the  Study  of  International  Law  "  (1860 :  6th  ed.  1879) ; 
"Divorce  and  Divorce  Legislation  "  (1869) ;  "Religion  of 
the  Past  and  of  the  Future  '  (1871);  "Political  Science, 
etc." (2  vols.  1871);  "Communism  and  Socialism " (1880). 
He  also  edited  Lieber's  "Civil  Liberty  and  Self-Govern- 
ment "  (1871),  and  a  "  Manual  of  Political  Ethics  "  (1S71). 

Woolson(wul'son),  Mrs.  (Abba  LouisaGoold). 

Bom  at  Windham,  Maine,  1838.  An  American 
essayist.  She  has  lectured  on  literary  subjects ;  haspub- 
lished  "Woman  in  American  Society  (1873),  "Browsing 
among  Books,  and  other  Essays  "  (iSSl),  "George  Eliot  and 
her  Heroines"  (1886);  and  has  edited  "Dress Reform:  a 
Series  of  Lectures  "  (1874). 

Woolson,  Constance  Fenimore.  Bom  at  Clare- 
mont,  N.  H.,  1848 :  died  at  Venice,  Italy,  Jan. 
23,  1894.  An  American  novelist,  a  grandnieoe 
of  James  Fenimore  Cooper.  Among  her  works  are 
"  The  Old  Stone  House  "  (1873), "  Castle  Nowhere  "  (1876), 
"Two  Women"  (1877),  "Rodman  the  Keeper"  (1880i 
"Anne"  (1882),  "For  the  Major"  (1883),  "East  Angels" 
(1886),  "Jupiter  Lights"  (1889),  etc. 

Woolston  (wul'ston),  Thomas.  Bom  at  North-' 
ampton,  England^'  1669 :  died  Jan.  27, 1733.  An 
English  deist.  He  was  a  fellow  of  Sidney  Sussex  College, 
Cambridge ;  was  deprived  of  his  fellowship  in  1721,  and 
fined  and  imprisoned  in  1729 ;  and  died  within  the  rules  of 
the  King's  Bench  prison.  He  wrote  "The  Old  Apology  lor 
the  Truth  of  the  Christian  Religion  . .  .  Revived  "  (1706y 
"The  Moderator  between  an  Difidel  and  an  Apostate 
(1725),  "  Discourses  "  (1727-29). 

Woolwich  (wul'lch).  A  borough  (municipal), 
of  Loudon,  situated  south  of  the  Thames: 
noted  for  its  arsenal.  It  contains  factories  of  guns, 
gun-carriages,  and  ammunition,  barracks,  and  a  royal 
military  academy  for  engineering  and  artillery.  Wool- 
wich became  an  important  naval  station  and  dockyard  in 
the  16th  century  :  the  dockyard  was  closed  in  1869.  Pop- 
ulation (1891),  40,848. 

Woonsocket  (won-sok'et).  A  city  in  Provi- 
dence County,  Rhode  Island,  situated  on  Black- 
stone  River  13  miles  north-northwest  of  Provi- 
dence. It  has  extensive  manufactures  of  cotton 
and  woolen  goods.    Population  (1900),  28,204. 

Wooster  (wus'ter),  Da'Vld.  Born  at  Stratford, 
Conn.,  March  2,  1710:  died  at  Danbury,  Conn., 
May  2, 1777.  An  American  Revolutionary  gen- 
eral. He  served  in  the  Louisburg  expedition  in  1745,  and 
in  the  French  and  Indian  war ;  was  one  of  the  planners 
of  the  Ticonderoga  expedition  of  1776 ;  became  brigadier- 
general  in  1775 ;  succeeded  Montgomery  as  commander  in 
Canada ;  and  became  major-general  of  Connecticutmilitia. 
He  was  mortally  wounded  in  the  defense  of  Danbury 
against  Tryon. 

Worcester  (wus't6r),or  Worcestershire  (wus'- 
t6r-shir).  [AS.  Wigeraceastersdr.']  A  midland 
county  of  England,  bounded  by  Shropshire,  Staf- 
ford, Warwick,  Gloucester,  and  Hereford,  it 
contains  several  exclaves.  The  surface  is  hilly  (the  Mal- 
vern and  the  Bredon  hills  are  on  the  borders),  and  it  is 
traversed  by  the  Severn.  Worcester  is  an  agricultural 
county,  and  is  noted  for  its  vegetables,  fruit,  and  hops.  It 
was  a  part  of  the  ancient  Mercia.  Area,  751  square  miles. 
Population  (1891),  413,760. 

Worcester.  [ME .  Worcester,  Worceter,  Wirceter, 
Wycetir,  etc.,  AS.  Wigorceaster,  Wigeraceaster, 
Wigraceaster,  Wih.raceaster.']  The  capital  of 
Worcestershire,  England,  situated  on  the  Sev- 
ern in  lat.  52°  12'  N.,  long.  2°  14'  W.  It  has  man- 
ufactures of  gloves,  porcelain,  Worcestershire  sauce,  vine- 


Wordsworth,  William 

gar,  etc.,  and  a  large  trade  in  hops.  The  cathedral  is  In  Ita 
present  form  chiefly  of  the  13th  century.  The  west  front 
has  alarge  andhandsomeDecorated  window,  andthe  square 
central  tower  is  effective.  The  exterior  is  in  general  plain, 
with  ratlier  small  windows,  many  of  which  are  grouped  in 
threes.  The  interior,  with  its  long  ranges  of  pointed  ar- 
cades, is  simple  and  majestic.  The  rich  sculptured  pul- 
pit and  the  decorations  of  the  choir  are  modern,  but  the  fine 
carved  stalls  are  old.  It  has  a  beautiful  crypt,  handsome 
Perpendicular  cloisters,  and  a  decagonal  chapter-house 
with  central  column.  The  cathedral  measures  450  by  78 
feet ;  length  of  west  transepts,  78  each ;  height  of  vaulting, 
67.  Worcester  was  an  ancient  British  settlement  and  a 
Roman  military  station.  It  suffered  from  Welsh  invasions, 
and  has  often  been  besieged.  The  final  victory  of  the 
civil  war  was  gained  here  by  Cromwell  over  the  Scotch 
Royalists  under  Charles  II.,  Sept.  3,  1661.  The  Royalist 
army  dispersed.    Population  (1891),  42,906. 

Worcester.  The  capital  of  Worcester  County 
Massachusetts,  it  has  extensive  manufactures  of  iron 
and  stee],machinery,  cars,  boots  and  shoes,  woolen  goods, 
etc. ;  and  is  the  seat  of  the  Roman  Catholic  College  of  the 
Holy  Cross,  of  the  State  normal  school,  of  Clark  University, 
and  of  other  institutions.  It  was  permanently  settled  in 
1713,  and  became  a  city  in  1848.  Pop.  (1900),  118,421. 

Worcester,  Florence  of.  See  iPlorence  of  Wor- 
cester. 

Worcester,  Joseph  Emerson.  Bom  at  Bed- 
ford, N.  H.,  Aug.  24,  1784 :  died  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Oct.  27,  1865.  An  American  lexicogra- 
pher. He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1811,  and  settled  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1819.  He  published  a  "Geographical  Diction- 
ary, or  Universal  Gazetteer,  Ancient  and  Modern  "  (1817 : 
revised  edition  1823),  a  "Gazetteer  of  the  United  States" 
(1818),  "  Elements  of  Geography  "  (1819),  "  Sketches  of  the 
Earth "(1823), "Elements of  History,  etc."(1826),  an  abridg- 
ment of  Webster's  dictionary  (1829),  "A  Comprehensive 
Pronouncing  and  Explanatory  Dictionary  "  (1830),  and  "A 
Universal  and  Critical  Dictionary  "(1846).  Thelast,  passing 
throughseveral  editions  withlittle  alteration, was  at  length 
revised  and  enlarged,  and  was  published  in  quarto  form  as 
"  A  Dictionaryof  the  English  Language  "  (1st  ed.  1860). 

Worcester  Beacon.  The  highest  point  of  the 
Malvern  Hills,  England,  southwest  of  Worces- 
ter.   Height,  1,444  feet. 

Worcester  College.  A  college  of  Oxford  Uni- 
versity, incorporated  (1714)  on  the  foundation 
of  the  Benedictine  Gloucester  Hall  (1283). 

Worde  (w6rd),  Winkin  or  Wynkin  de.  Bom 
probably  in  Lorraine:  died  about  1535.  An 
English  printer.  He  went  to  England  as  an  assistant 
of  Caxton,  and  about  1491  became  his  successor.  He  lived 
in  Fleet  street,  London,  from  about  1602. 

Worden  (wdr'dn),  John  Lorimer.    Bom  at 

Mount  Pleasant,  Westchester  County,  N.  Y., 
March  12, 1818 :  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Oct. 
18, 1897.  An  American  admiral.  He  entered  the 
navy  in  1835 ;  was  appointed  commander  in  1862 ;  and  be- 
came famous  as  commander  of  the  Monitor  in  her  battle 
with  the  Merrimac  in  that  year.  In  1863  he  became  cap- 
tain, and  commanded  the  Muntauli  in  the  blockading 
squadron;  was  promoted  commodore  iu  1868,  and  rear-ad- 
miral in  1872 ;  and  was  superintendent  of  the  Naval  Acad- 
emy at  Annapolis  1870-74.    He  retired  in  1886. 

Wordsworth  Cwferdz'werth),  Charles.  Bom 
at  London,  Aug.  22, 1806:  died  at  St.  Andrews, 
Scotland,  Dec.  5, 1892.  A  British  prelate,  theo- 
logian, and  scholar,  son  of  Christopher  Words- 
worth (1774-1846):  bishop  of  St.  Andrews,  Dun- 
keld,  and  Dumblane.  He  was  one  of  the  New 
Testament  revisers. 

Wordsworth,  Christopher.  Bom  at  Cocker- 
mouth,  England,  June  9, 1774 :  died  at  Buxted, 
England,  Feb.  2, 1846.  An  English  clergyman, 
brother  of  William  Wordsworth :  master  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  wrote  "Ecclesi- 
astical Biography'  (ISIO),  etc.,  and  advocated  the  claim 
of  Charles  I.  to  the  authorship  of  "Eikon  Basilike." 

Wordsworth,  Christopher.  Bom  at  Booking, 
Oct.30,1807:  diedatLincoln,March20,1885.  An 
English  prelate  and  author,  son  of  Christopher 
Wordsworth  (1774-1846).  He  was  head-master  of 
Harrow  and  canon  of  Westminster,  and  became  bishop  of 
Lincoln  iu  1868.  He  wrote  "Athens  and  Attica"  (1836), 
"  Ancient  Writings  Copied  from  the  Walls  of  Pompeii  "■ 
(1837),  "Greece,  Pictorial,  Descriptive,  and  Historical" 
(1839),"  Theophilus  Angllcanus  "  (1843), "On  the  Canon  of 
the  Scriptures  "  (1848), "  Memoirs  of  William  Wordsworth  " 
(1851),  notes  on  the  New  Testament  and  the  Bible,  con- 
troversial works,  and  various  theological  and  other  works, 

Wordsworth,  William,  Bom  at  Coekermouth , 
Cumberland,  England,  April  7,  1770:  died  at 
Rydal  Mount,  April  23,  1850.  A  celebrated. 
English  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Hawkshead  and  at 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  in  17411 ; 
traveled  on  the  Continent  in  1790 ;  and  traveled  and  lived 
in  France  1791-92,  where  he  sympathized  at  first  with  the 
French  republicans.  He  received  a  legacy  in  1796,  and 
settled  with  his  sister  Dorothy  at  Racedown,  Dorset.  A 
visit  from  Coleridge  in  1797  determined  his  career,  and  in 
thenext  year  he  removed  to  Alfoxden  in  Somerset  to  beneer 
him.  He  went  to  the  Continent  in  1798,  and  lived  at  Goslar ; 
and  returned  to  England  in  1799,  and  settled  at  Grasmere, 
in  the  Lake  District.  In  1802  he  married  Mary  Hutchinson ; 
settled  at  Allan  Bank  in  1808 ;  and  removed  to  Grasmere 
In  1811.  He  was  appointed  distributer  of  stamps  in  1813, 
and  settled  at  Rydal  Mount ;  and  traveled  in  Scotland  in 
1814  and  1832,  and  on  the  Continent  in  1820  and  1837.  He 
became  poet  laureate  in  1843.  His  works  include  "An 
Evening  Walk  "  (1793), "  Descriptive  Sketches  "(1793), "  Lyr- 
ical Ballads  "(this  contains  Coleridge's  "Ancient  Mariner  ") 
(1798),  two  volumes  of  poems  (1807), "  An  Essay  on  the  R& 


■Wordsworth,  William 

!?S'..'^''??*  Britain,  Spain,  and  Portugal  to  each  other  » 
^<rS2r'',„J?,°  Excursion ''  (1S14),  new  edition  of  poems  (1816), 
,,?,i  ^yjij'*  ^°^  "'  Rylstone ''  (1816),  "Thanksgiving  Ode  '" 
gsie),  ''Peter  Bell"  and  "The  Waggoner"  (1819),  "The 
Blver  Duddon :  a  Series  of  Sonnets,  etc."  (1820),  "Memo- 
rials of  a  Tour  on  the  Continent "  (18221  "Ecclesiastical 
Sketches  (1822),  "Yarrow  Revisited,  and  other  Poems" 
(1836),  Sonnets,"  collected  (1838),  "  The  Borderer? :  a  Tra- 
gedy (1842:  written  about  1796).  "The  Prelude"  (1860  : 
finished  1806),  etc.  ^ 

Work  (w6rk),  Henry  Clay.    Bom  at  Middle- 


1071 

Luttier  was  cited  to  appear  before  the  diet,  and  he  arrived 
m  Worms  on  April  18.  On  April  17  and  18  he  appeared 
before  the  diet,  and  on  the  latter  day  refused  to  recant  and 
aerended  his  position.  His  determination  was  expressed 
in  the  famous  words :  "Here  I  stand.  I  cannot  do  other- 
wise.!   God  help  me.    Amen." 

Worringen  (vor'ring-en).  A  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  situated  on  the  Ehine  nine 
miles  north-northwest  of  Cologne.  A  victory  was 
gained  here,  June  12,  1288,  by  the  Duke  of  Brabant  and 


town,  Conn.,' Oct.  T,  1832Vdied"at  Hartford,  ■^"11^"'^"^^  °°?°J  "^''^i'^''^^*"^      ^    . 

Conn.,  June  8,1884.    An  American  song-writer!  >S?^*5®.^^;?^  ®t®i'  Jens^  Jacob  Asmussen, 


An  American  song-writer. 

hing  Through  Georgia,"  "Nico- 

My   Grandfather's   Clock,"  "lily 


His  songs  include  "Marching  Through  Georgia,"  "Nico- 
demus  the  Slave,"  "Mv  Grandfather'n  Clnnk  "  "T.ili: 
Dale,"  etc. 

Workington  (w6r'king-ton) .  A  seaport  in  Cum- 
berland, England,  situated  at  the  entrance  of 
the  Derwent  into  Solway  Pirth,  8  miles  north  of 
Whitehaven,  it  has  iron  and  steel  manufactures  and 
considerable  trade.    Population  (1891),  23,622. 

Works  and  Days.  [Gr.'EpyoKai'H/i^paj.]  The 
chief  poem  of  Hesiod:  so  named  because  it 


Bom  at  Veile,  Jutland,  March  14,  1821:  died 
near  Holbak,  Aug.  15,  1885.  A  Danish  histo- 
rian and  antiquary.  He  was  director  of  the  Museum 
of  Northern  Antiquities,  etc.,  atJ3openhagen,  from  1866 
and  minister  of  public  worship  1874-75.  Among  his 
works  are  "  Denmarks  Oldtid  "  (1843 :  trans,  in  English  as 
"Primeval  Antiquities  of  Denmark"),  "Minder  om  de 
Danske  og  Nordmandene  i  England,  Skotland,  og  Irland" 
("Account  of  the  Danes  in  England,  Scotland,  and  Ire- 
land," 1861),  "  De  Danskes  Erobering  af  England  og  Nor- 
mandiet"("The  Danish  Conquest  of  England  and  Nor- 

treats'of  the  labors  of  the  farmer,  and  the  -mTjlli' }^?\^^-  ^ 

lucky  and  unlucky  days  for  doing  them.  Worth  (v^rt).    A  small  town  m  Lower  Alsace, 

•^  ■'       ■'  ^  situated  on  the  Sauer  25  miles  north  of  Stras- 

In  the  "Works  and  Days  '  there  are  really  three  parts,     burg 

^Sre7to"°L^sTrother'perTeV-^^^^^^^^^^^^  Worth,  Battle  Of,  or  Battle  of  Froschweiler 

proper— and  then  the  "Days,"  or  Calendar.    Hesiod  and     or  JJeichShOien.  A  victory  gained  near  Worth, 


his  younger  brother  Perses  had  divided  the  property  left 
by  their  father,  but  Perses  had  got  the  larger  share,  Hesiod 
says  by  bribing  certain  judges.  Perses  now  lived  in  lux- 
urious idleness,  and  presently  threatened  Hesiod  with  an- 
other lawsuit.  Hesiod  reminds  Perses  and  the  corrupt 
judges  that  Justice,  when  wronged  on  earth,  takes  refuge     prisouerSi 

with  her  father  Zeus.  Here  we  meet  with  the  earliest  fable  Wny.t.'h  l-wi^vth^  TVillinTn  TnnVi-no 
inGreek]iterature,the"HawkandtheNightmgale.»  The  •*L."\''"  ^"L'l^Si!'  Wliuam  jenKins, 
hawk  has  the  nightingale  in  his  clutches,  and  in  answer  to 
the  captive's  complaint  reminds  her  that "  might  is  right." 
Here,  too,  the  poet  describes  the ' '  Five  Ages  "  of  the  world 
—  the  age  of  gold,  of  silver,  of  bronze,  of  heroes  or  demigods 
(put  in,  apparently,  to  make  a  place  forthe  Homeric  heroes), 
and  of  iron,  in  which  the  poet  himself  has  the  misfor- 
tune to  live.  From  justice  the  theme  changes  to  work. 
"  Work,  foolish  Perses ;  work  the  work  that  the  gods  have 
Bet  for  men."  A  man  who  means  to  work  should  provide 
himself  with  a  house,  an  ox,  and  household  stuff,  and  that 
speedily,  for  delay  fills  no  granaries.  The  cry  of  the  crane 
is  the  signal  for  ploughing  :  the  master  must  guide  the 
plough,  with  many  a  prayer  to  Zeus  and  Demeter,  while 
a  slave  follows  and  covers  up  the  seed,  "  to  give  trouble  to 
the  birds."  Jebb,  Greek  Lit.,  p.  42. 

Worksop  (w6rk'sop).    A  town  in  Nottingham, 

England,  16  miles  east  by  south  of  Sheffield. 

Population  (1891),  12,734. 
Worldly  Wiseman  ( werld'li  wiz'man),  Mr.  A 

character  in  Bunyan's  "Pilgrim's  Progress." 
World's  Fairs.    A  series  of  international  ex- 


Alsace,  Aug.  6,  1870,  by 'the  Germans  under 
the  Crown  Prince  of  Prussia  over  the  French 
under  MacMahon.  The  German  loss  was  about 
10,000;  the  French  loss,  about  8,000,  and  9,000 

Born  at 

Hudson,  N.  Y.,  March  1,  1794:  died  at  San 
Antonio,  Texas,  May  17,  1849.  An  American 
general.  He  entered  the  army  in  1813  ;  fought  at  the 
battle  of  JViagara  in  1814,  and  was  promoted  major ;  was 
superintendent  at  West.  Point  after  the  war;  became 
commander  in  the  Seminole-war  in  1841,  which  he  ended ; 
and  was  second  in  command  under  Taylor  at  the  opening 
of  the  Mexican  war.  He  gained  distinction  by  his  storming 
of  the  bishop's  palace  at  the  battle  of  Monterey  in  1846 ; 
was  sent  to  join  General  Scott's  army;  was  brevetted 
major-general;  fought  in  the  battles  of  Cerro  Gordo, 
Perote,  San  Antonio,  Churubusco,  Molino  del  Eey,  and 
Chapultepec,  and  took  part  in  the  occupation  of  the  city 
of  Mexico.    Later  he  commanded  in  Texas. 

Worthies  of  England,  History  of  the.    A 

biographical  work  by  Thomas  Fuller,  published 
after  his  death,  in  1662.  It  is  his  masterpiece. 
Worthing  (w6r'THing).  A  seaside  resort  in 
Sussex,  England,  situated  on  the  Bnrfish  Chan- 
nel 11  miles  west  of  Brighton.  Population 
(1891),  16,606, 


positions,  the  most  important  of  which  were  Wotton  (wot'on),  Sir  Henry.     Bom  at  Bocton 


those  held  in  London  (1851  and  1862),  Paris 
(1855, 1867, 1878, 1889,  and  1900),  Vienna  (1873), 
Philadelphia  (1876),  and  Chicago  (1898).  The 
first  universal  exhibition  was  held  in  the  Crystal  Palace, 
Hyde  Park,  London,  at  the  instigation  of  the  Prince  Con- 
•  sort  (May  1  to  Oct.  11,  1861).  The  total  number  of  visi- 
tors to  it  was  6,039,196.  The  total  attendance  at  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago  (May!  to  Oct.  30,  1893) 
was  27,629,400 ;  at  the  Paris  Exposition  (April  15  to  Nov.  12, 
1900)  it  was  about  60,000,000. 

Worlitz  (v6r'lits). 


(Boughton)  Malherbe,  Kent,  England,  1568 
diedatEton,  Dec,  1639.  An  English  diplomatist 
and  author.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester  and  Ox- 
ford ;  and  went  on  the  Continent  in  1690,  where  he  remained 
for  nearly  nine  years.  In  1598  he  became  secretary  to  the 
Earl  of  Essex ;  and  was  special  envoy  from  Tuscany  to  James 
VI.  of  Scotland ;  English  ambassador  to  Venice,  Germany, 
etc. ;  andin  1624provostof  Eton  College.  Hewrotepoems, 
variousLatinpamphlets,"TheElemeuts  of  Architecture," 
and  "  State  of  Christendom. "  The  "  Eeliquiee  Wottoniante," 
published  in  1661,  contains  most  of  his  works. 


^orlitz  (v^r'lits).    A  small  town  in  Anhalt,  ^-i^^-^^^l^^r  Bo- a  WenSm,  Suffolk, 
f:^^^k'L'^Z  Z^r  .  °;.^.l^.^^5=    S-gl-d,  Aug,13, 1666:  died  at  Buxtek,  Essex 


famous  for  its  ducal  gardens  and  park,  palace, 
Gothic  house  (with  works  of  art),  etc. 
Worms  (vorms).  [G.  Worms,  MHG.  Worms, 
Wormeee,  Wormize,  etc.,  OHG.  Wormasza,  Wor- 
miga,  from  L.  Borhetomagus,  Borhitomagus,  Gr. 
'BopPip-d/myoQ,  of  Celtic  origin.]  A  city  in  the 
province  of  Rhine-Hesse,  grand  duehy  of  Hesse, 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ehine,  in  lat. 
49°  38'  N.,  long.  8°  22'  E.  it  is  the  center  of  a  rich 
wine-producing  region.  Its  cathedral  was  begun  in  the 
llth  and  finished  in  the  12th  century.  It  is  a  fine  example 
of  Khenish  Romanesque.    The  dimensions  are  423  by  87 


Feb.  13,  1726.  An  English  clergyman  and 
scholar.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he  was 
admitted  in  his  tenth  year.  He  was  a  remarkable  instance 
of  precocity.  When  only  twelve  years  old  he  was  noted 
for  his  skill  in  Hebrew,  Greek,  Latin,  three  or  four  of  the 
Eastern  tongues,  philosophy,  mathematics,  etc. ;  took  his 
degree  of  B.  A.  in  Jan.,  1679,  then  knowing  12  languages ; 
and  became  a  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  in 
1685.  He  became  chaplain  to  the  Earl  of  Nottingham  and 
rector  of  Middleton  Keynes,  Buckinghamshire,  in  1693, 
and  prebendary  of  Salisbury  in  1706.  He  is  best  known 
from  his  "Eeflections  upon  Ancient  and  Modem  Learn- 
ing" (1694). 


feet;  length  of  transepts,  120;  height  of  nave  106.  "^The  WouId-be  (wud'be).  Sir  Politick  and  Lady. 
baptistery,  on  the  south  side  of  the  cathedral,  is  of  the  An  amusingly  important  politician  and  his 
14th  century.    Worms  was  originally  the  Celtic  town  Bor-    pedantic  wife,  in  Jonson's  "  Volpone." 

betomagus;  was  a  Roman  town  until  the  6th  century;  t4t __»«  /„„„'„„- ~"-.,\    »«'tn'<.«..>..-».o«n 

becamrthe  capital  of  the  Burgundian  kingdom,  and  fa^  Wouverman  (wou  ver-maji),  or  Wouvermans 
mous  from  its  connection  with  the  German  heroic  cycle  (-manz),Phllip.  Born  at  Haarlem,  JNetnerlands 
(Siegfried,  Kriemhild,  Brunhild,  the  Nibelungs);  wasone  (baptized May 24, 1619):  diedthere^May  19,1668. 
of  the  chief  Gernian  cities  in  the  middle  ages ;  and  from  A  Dutch  nainter.  famous  for  his  battle-nieces, 
the  time  of  Charles  the  Great  was  a  frequent  royal  resi- 
dence and  the  seat  of  diets.    It  was  one  of  the  chief  places 


in  the  league  of  Rhenish  cities ;  suffered  severely  in  the 
Thirty  Years'  War;  was  burned  by  the  French  in  1689; 
remained  a  free  imperial  city  until  it  was  annexed  by 
France  in  1801  through  the  peace  of  Lun^ville ;  and  was 
ceded  to  Hesse-Darmstadt  in  1816.  (See  Concordat  of 
Worms.)    Population  (1890),  26,474. 

The    German    na 


Worms. 

Italy. 
Worms  (vorms),  Gustave.  Bom  at  Paris,  March 
21,  1837.  A  noted  French  actor.  His  first  success 
was  in  Russia,  where  he  played  for  ten  years.  He  returned 
to  Paris  in  1875,  and  in  1877  appeared  at  the  ComMie  Fran, 
f  aise,  and  has  since  remained  one  of  the  chief  exponents 
of  the  modem  drama. 

Worms,  Diet  of.  A  diet,  famous  in  the  history 
of  the  Reformation,  opened  by  the  emperor 
Charles  V.  at  Worms,  Jan.  28, 1521.    on  March  6 


A  Dutch  painter,  famous  for  his  battle-pieces, 
hunting-scenes,  cavalry  skirmishes,  horses,  etc. 
His  works  are  in  Dresden,  Paris,  Tlie  Hague,  Munich, 
Vienna,  etc.  Among  them  are  the  "Coup  de  Pistolet" 
(Buckingham  Palace)  and  "The  Watering-Place"  (Old 
Pinakothek,  Munich).  Some  of  his  works  have  been  con- 
founded with  those  of  his  brothers  Pieter  (1623-82 1)  and 
Jan  (1629-66). 

of  Bown^n  Wrangel,  or  Wrangell  (vrang'el).  Baron  Per- 
ot uormio,  jiijiand  von.  Born  at  Pskoff,  Russia,  Dec.  29, 
1796:  died  at  Dorpat,  June  6, 1870.  A  Russian 
vice-admiral  and  explorer.  He  accompanied  an  ex- 
pedition round  the  world  1817-19 ;  conducted  an  exploring 
expedition  in  the  arctic  regions  1820-24 ;  and  was  chief  of 
an  expedition  round  the  world  1826-27.  Later  he  was  gov- 
ernor of  Russian  America,  and  director  of  the  Russian- 
American  Trading  Company.  He  wrote  an  account  of  his 
expedition  in  Russian  (1841).  Extracts  from  his  journal 
were  published  in  German  in  1889. 


1  This  sentence  is,  perhaps,  not  authentic 


Wright,  Carroll  Davidson 

Wrangel,  Count  Friedrich  Heinrich  Ernst. 

Bom  at  Stettin,  April  13,  1784:  died  at  Ber- 
lin, Nov.  1, 1877.  A  Prussian  field-marshal.  He 
served  in  the  Napoleonic  wars ;  commanded  in  Schleswig- 
Holstein  and  in  Berlin  in  1848 ;  and  commanded  the  army 
against  Denmark  in  1864. 

Wrangel,  Count  Karl  Gustav.  Bom  Dee.  13, 
1613 :  died  in  Riigen,  June  24, 1676.  A  Swedish 
field-marshal.  He  served  in  the  army  and  navy  in  the 
Thirty  Years'  War ;  succeeded  Torstenson  as  commander- 
in-chief  ;  with  Turenne  defeated  the  Imperialists  and  Ba^ 
varians  at  Zusmarshausen  May  17, 1648 ;  commanded  in 
the  wars  against  Poland  and  Denmark;  commanded  against 
Brandenburg  in  1674 ;  and  was  defeated  at  Fehrbellin  in 
1875. 

Wrangell  (rang'gel),  Mount.  A  mouhtain  in 
Alaska,  northwest  of  Mount  St.  Elias.  Height, 
not  more  than  17,500  feet  (greater  heights  have 
been  given). 

Wrangel  Land,  or  Wrangell  Land,  or  New 
Columbia  (ko-lum'bi-a).  [Named  for  P.  von 
Wrangel.]  An  island  in  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
north  of  Siberia,  about  lat.  71°-72°  N.,  long. 
179°-180°  W. :  discovered  by  Kellet  in  1849. 

Wrath  (rath).  Cape.  The  northwestern  head- 
land of  Scotland,  in  lat.  58°  38'  N.,  long.  5°  W. 

Wraxall  (rak'sal).  Sir  Nathaniel  William. 
Bom  at  Bristol,  April  8,  1751:  died  at  Dover, 
Nov.  7, 1831.  All  English  historical  writer.  He 
went  to  Bombay,  in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Company, 
in  1769 ;  remained  in  India  till  1772  ;  spent  a  number  of 
years  in  travel;  and  entered  Parliament  in  1780.  He  was- 
the  author  of  "Memoirs  of  the  Kings  of  France  of  the- 
House  of  Valois,  etc."  (1777),  "History  of  Prance"  (1796), 
and  several  volumes  of  contemporary  memoirs  (among: 
them  "  Historical  Memoirs  of  My  Own  Time,  1772-1784," 
published  in  1816).  His  own  "  Memoirs  "  were  published: 
in  1836. 

Wray,  John.    See  Bay. 

Wrayburn  (ra'bSm),  Eugene.  Alight-hearted^ 
sarcastic,  flippant,  clever  young  attorney,  the- 
rival  of  Bradley  Headstone,  and  nearly  mur- 
dered by  him:  a  character  in  Charles  Dickens's. 
"Our  Mutual  Friend."  He  is  afterward  mar- 
ried to  Lizzie  Hexam. 

Wrede  (vra'de).  Prince  Karl  Philipp.  Bom 
at  Heidelberg,  April  29, 1767:  died  at  Ellingen, 

'  Dec.  12,  1838.  A  Bavarian  field -marshal.  He 
served  as  major-general  with  the  Austrians  at  Hohenlinden 
in  1800 ;  commanded  the  Bavarian  forces  in  alliance  with 
the  French  in  the  campaigns  of  1805, 1807,  and  1809 ;  took 
part  in  the  conquest  of  Tyrol  in  1809 ;  served  with  distinc- 
tion at  Wagram  in  1809 ;  commanded  the  Bavarian  con- 
tingent in  the  invasion  of  Russia  in  1812 ;  went  over  to  th& 
Allies  in  1813 ;  was  defeated  by  the  French  at  Hanan  in 
1813;  took  part  in  the  battle  qf  La  Bothi^re  in  1814;  was 
distinguished  at  Rosny,  Bar-sur-Aube,  and  Arcis-sur-Aube 
in  1814 ;  took  part  in  the  Congress  of  Vienna  1814-15 ;  and 
was  generalissimo  of  the  Bavarian  army  in  1822. 

Wren  (ren).  Sir  Christopher.  Born  at  East, 
Knoyle,  Wiltshire,  England,  Oct.  20, 1632:  died 
at  Hampton  Court,  Feb.  25, 1723.  A  celebrated 
English  architect.  He  was  educated  at  Westminster 
School  and  at  Wadham  College,  Oxford ;  and  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy  at  Greshara  College  in  1657 ;  Savilian 
professor  of  astronomy  at  Oxford  in  1660 ;  and  deputy  sur- 
veyor-general of  public  works  in  1661.  He  designed  the 
fortiScations  of  Tangier  In  1663 ;  was  created  president  of" 
the  Royal  Society  in  1680 ;  and  designed  St.  Paul's  Cathedral 
(which  see).  Among  his  other  designs  were  the  cloister  and 
chapel  of  Brasenose  College,  Oxford  (1856),  and  the  central 
spire  of  Lichfield  Cathedral  (1662-69).  He  was  appointed 
on  a  committee  for  the  survey  of  Old  St.  Paul's  (1663) ;  and 
designed  Pembroke  College  Chapel,  Cambridge  (1663-65). 
He  was  surveyor  at  Greenwich  (1663-67),  and  designed  the  - 
Sheldonian  Theatre,  Oxford  (1664-69).  On  Oct.  4, 1666,  he- 
was  appointed  on  a  committee  with  May,  Pratt,  and  others, 
to  survey  the  ruins  of  London  after  the  fire,  and  to  make 
plans  for  the  reconstruction  of  the  burned  district ;  was  - 
appointed  surveyor-general  of  all  the  royal  works  in  1669 ; 
and  built  Mary-le-Bow,  Cheapside  (1667-71),  Temple  Bar, 
Fleet  street  (which  see),  the  "Monument,"  202  feet  high 
(1671-81),  St.  Bride,  Fleet  street  (1671-80),  St.  Stephen's, 
Walbrook  (1677-79),  Drury  Lane  Theatre  (which  see).  Royal 
Observatory,  Greenwich  (1676),  and  Hampton  Court  Palace  ■- 
for  King  William  III.  (1690).  He  built  the  Royal  Naval 
Hospital  (1692-1716),  giving  his  services  without  compen- 
sation. In  1706  he  remodeled  St.  Stephen's  Chapel  for  the 
enlarged  membership  (Scottish)  of  Parliament  (see  West- 
minster Palace,  St.  Stephen's  Chapel) ;  in  1709-10  Marlbor- 
ough House,  Pall  Mall ;  and  in  1713  designed  the  towers 
of  Westminster  Abbey— largely,  however,  built  under  the 
supervision  of  his  assistant. 

Wren,  Jenny.    See  Cleaver,  Fanny. 

Wrestlers  (res'16rz).  The.  A  Greek  original 
group,  of  marble,  in  the  Tribuna  of  the  TJffizi, 
Florence,  it  represents  two  youths  struggling  to  the 
utmost  stretchof  every  muscle,  though  one  is  already  van- 
quished. The  composition  is  skilful,  and  the  technical 
knowledge  and  execution  are  remarkable. 

Wrexham  (reks'am).    A  town  in  Denbighshire, 
Wales,  25  miles  south  of  Liverpool.    It  has  a  . 
noted  church.    Population  (1891),  12,552. 

Wright  (rit),  Carroll  Davidson.  Bom  at  Dun- 
barton,N.  H.,  July  25, 1840.  An  American  stat- 
istician. He  served  in  the  Union  army  in  the  Civil  War, 
attaining  the  rank  of  colonel ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1865 ;  was  chief  of  the  Massachusetts  bureau  of  labor  sta- 
tistics 1873-88 ;  and  was  appointed  first  commissioner  of ' 
labor  in  the  Interior  Department,  Washington,  in  1884.  He* 
has  published  various  reports  of  Massachusetts  censuses. 


Wright,  Carroll  Davidson 

statistics  of  labor,  "The  Factory  System  of  the  United 
States  "  (1882),  "  Convict  Labor  "  (1886),  "  Strikes  and  Locls- 
outs  "  (1887),  etc. 

Wriglit,  Greorge  Frederick.  Bom  at  Whitehall, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  22,  1838.  An  American  Congrega^ 
tional  clergyman  and  geologist,  professor  of  New 
Testament  language  and  literature  at  Oberlin 
Theological  Seminary  1881-92,  professor  of  the 
Harmony  of  Science  and  Revelation  1892,  and 
connected  with  the  IT.  S.  Survey  1884-92.  Hehas 
written  "Logic  of  (Christian  Evidences"  (1880),  "Studies  in 
Science  and  Religion"  (1882),  "Glacial  Boundary  in  Ohio, 
Indiana,  and  Kentucky  "  (188i),  "Ice  Age  in  North  Amer- 
ica" (1889),  "Man  and  the  Glacial  Period  "  (1892),  etc. 

Wright,  Horatio  Governeur.  Bom  at  Clinton, 
Conn., March 6, 1820:  diedat'Washington,D.C., 
July2, 1899.  AnAmerioan  general  andengineer. 
He  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1841 ;  served  as  engineer 
at  Bull  Kun  and  in  the  Port  £oyal  expedition  in  1861 ; 
served  in  Florida  in  1862  as  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers ;  became  major-general  of  volunteers  in  July,  1862; 
commanded  the  Department  of  the  Ohio  1862-63 ;  was  di- 
vision commander  in  the  army  of  the  Potomac  1863-64 ; 
and  succeeded  to  thecommand  of  the  6th  corps  in  May,  1864. 
He  took  part  in  the  defense  of  Washington  in  1864,  and  in 
the  Shenandoah  campaign  (especially  at  Cedar  Greek),  and 
pierced  the  lines  at  Petersburg  April  2,  1865.  He  was 
brevetted  major-general  in  the  United  States  army  in  1865, 
and  later  was  chief  o{  engineers.    He  retired  in  1884. 

Wright,  Joseph.  Bom  at  Derby,  England,  Sept. 
3, 1734:  died  there,  Aug.  29, 1797.  An  English 
portrait-,  landscape-,  andgenre-painter:  known 
as  "Wright  of  Derby."  He  was  a  pupil  of  Hudson, 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds's  master,  and  originally  painted  por- 
traits only,  in  which  he  was  a  rival  of  Gainsborough. 

Wright,  Joseph.  Born  at  Bordentown,  N.  J., 
July  16,  1756:  died  at  Philadelphia,  1793.  An 
American  portrait-painter.  He  studied  in  London 
and  Paris ;  settled  in  New  York  in  1787 ;  removed  to  Phila- 
delphia in  1790;  and  became  die-sinker  to  the  mint  in  1792. 
He  painted  (general  and  Mrs.  Washington,  Madison,  John 
Jay,  and  other  distinguished  persons. 

Wright,  Silas.  Bom  at  Amherst,  Mass.,  May 
24,  1795:  died  at  Canton,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  27,  1847. 
An  American  statesman.  He  graduated  at  Middle- 
bury  College  in  1816 ;  studied  law ;  settled  at  Canton,  St. 
Lawrence  County,  New  York,  and  became  surrogate  of  St. 
Lawrence  County  and  later  State  senator;  was  Democratic 
member  of  Congress  from  New  York  1827-29 ;  was  comp- 
troller of  the  State  of  New  York  1829-88 ;  was  United 
States  senator  1833-44 ;  and  was  governor  of  New  York 
1845-47.  He  opposed  the  anti-rent  rioters,  and  declined 
several  cabinet  offices  and  foreign  missions. 

Wright,  Thomas.  Born  near  Ludlow,  England, 
April  21,1810:diedatLondon,Dec.23,1877.  An 
English  antiquary  and  historian.  He  was  oneof  the 
founders  of  the  Percy,  Camden,  and  Shakspere  societies, 
and  the  British  Archaeological  Association.  He  directed 
the  excavation  of  Uriconium.  His  numerous  works  in- 
clude "Early  English  Poetry,"  in  black  letter  (1836),  an 
edition  of  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth's  "  Life  of  Merlin  "  (with 
Michel,  1838),  "  Queen  Elizabeth  and  her  Times,"  a  series 
of  original  letters  (1838).  He  edited  "  Political  Songs  of 
England"  (1839),  "Beliquiffl  Antiquse"  (with  H^iwell, 
1839), "  Political  Ballads  "  (1841),  Map's  Latin  poems  (1841), 
"The  Vision  and  Creed  of  Piers  Plowman"  (1842),  "Bio- 
graphia  Literaria"  (1842),  "The  Chester  Plays"  (1843-47), 
' '  Anecdota Literaria "  (1844),  "The  ArchEcological  Album  " 
(1845).  He  also  wrote  "Essays  on  Subjects  Connected  with 
the  Literature,  Popular  Superstitions,  and  History  of  Eng- 
land in  the  Middle  Ages  "(1846);  edited  "The  Canterbury 
Tales"  (1847-51X  "Early  Travels  in  Palestine "(1848),  and 
various  editions  of  Early  English  works ;  wrote  "England 
under  the  House  of  Hanover,  illustrated  from  the  Cari- 
catures and  Satires  of  the  Day  "  (1848 :  a  new  edition  in  1868, 
entitled  "Caricature  History  of  the  Georges,  etc."),  "His- 
tory of  Ireland"  (1848-52),  "Narratives  of  Sorcery  and 
Magic  "(1851), "  The  Celt,  the  Roman,  and  the  Saxon  "  (1862), 
"  Universal  Pronouncing  Dictionary  and  Expositor  of  the 
English  Language  "  (1862-66), "  History  of  Scotland  "(1852- 
1857),  "  Wanderings  of  an  Antiquary  " (1864),  "Dictionary 
of  Obsolete  and  Provincial  English  "  (1867),  "  A  Volume 
of  Vocabularies  "  (1857), ' '  History  of  King  Arthur  and  the 
Knights  of  the  Round  Table,  "compiled  from  Malory  (1868X 
"History  of  France"  (1868-62),  "Les  cent  nouvelles  nou- 
velles"  (medieval  tales,  1868),  descriptions  of  Uriconium, 
"  Political  Poems  and  Songs  relating  to  English  History  " 
(1869-61),  "Essays  on  Archseological  Subjects"  (1861), 
"  Domestic  Manners  and  Sentiments  in  England  during 
the  Middle  Ages"  (1862);  edited  Giraldus  Cambrensis 
(1863);  wrote  a  "Histoiy  of  Caricature  and  Grotesque" 
(1865);  translated,  at  the  author's  request.  Napoleon's 
"  Vie  de  Jules  Cfear  "  (1866-66) ;  and  wrote  "  Womankind  in 
Western  Europe  "  (1869),  "  Uriconium  "  (1872),  and  "  Anglo- 
Latin  Satincal  Poets  of  the  Twelfth  Century"  (1877). 

Wright,  William  Aldis.    Bom  about  1836. 

An  English  writer  and  editor.  He  was  a  graduate 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge ;  and  became  its  librarian, 
and  in  1888  its  vice-master.  He  edited  "Baeon's  Essays,  etc." 
(1862),  "The  Cambridge  Shakspere  "  (with  William  George 
Clark,  1863-66),  the  "Globe  Edition^'  of  Shakspere  (with 
W.  G.  Clark,  1864),  "The  Bible  Word-book  "  (with  J.  East- 
wood, 1866),  Bacon's  "Advancement  of  Learning  "  (1869), 
and  a  number  of  Early  English  texts. 

Wriothesley  (rots'li  or  rot'es-li),  Henry,  third 
Earl  of  Southampton.  Bom  Oct.  6,  1573:  died 
in  the  Netherlands,  Nov.  10, 1624.  An  English 
politician  and  soldier:  a  friend  of  Shakspere 
who  dedicated  to  him  ' '  Venus  and  Adonis  "  and 
"The Eape  of  Lucrece."  He  was  accused  of  taking 
part  in  the  treason  of  Essex.  He  was  a  leading  colonizer 
of  North  America,  and  governor  of  the  Virginia  Company. 

Wroxeter  (rok'se-tfer).  A  village  in  Shropshire, 


1072 

England,  situated  on  the  Severn  5  miles  south- 
east of  Shrewsbury.  It  is  on  the  site  of  the 
Roman  city  of  Uriconium. 

Wulfila.    See  Ulfllas. 

Wulker  (vUlk'er),  Richard  Paul.  Bom  at 
Frankf  ort-on-the-Main,  July  29,  1845.  A  Ger- 
man student  of  Old  English  philology,  profes- 
sor at  Leipsie  from  1875.  Since  1876  he  has 
been  the  editor  of  "Anglia." 

Wun  (w8n).  A  district  in  Berar,  British  India, 
intersected  by  lat.  20°  N.,  long.  78°  30'  E.  Area, 
3,911  square  miles.    Population  (1891),  471,613. 

Wunderlich(v6n'der-li6h), Karl  August.  Born 
at  Sulz  on  the  Neokar,  Aug.  4,  1815:  died  at/ 
Leipsio,  Sept.  25,1.877.  A  German  physician 
and  medical  writer,  professor  at  Leipsio  from 
1850.  His  chief  work  is  "Haudbuch  der  Pa-, 
thologie  und  Therapie"  (1846-54).  ' 

Wundt  (vont),  Wilhelm  Max.  Bom  at  Neck- 
arau,  Baden,  Aug.  16,  1832.  A  distinguished 
German  physiologist  and  psychologist,  profes- 
sor of  philosophy  at  Leipsie  from  1875.  Among 
his  works  are  "Die  Lehre  von  derMuskelbewegung"(1868), 
"  Vorlesungen  iiber  die  Mensohen-  und  Tierseele  ",(1883), 
"Lehrbuch  der  Physiologic  desMensohen"(1865),"Grund- 
ziige  der  physiologischen  Psychologie  "  (1874 :  2d  ed.  1880), 
"Logik"  (1880-83),  "Ethik"(1886),  etc.  He  has  edited  the 
series  of  "  Philosophische  Studien  "  beginning  with  1883. 

Wupper  (vop'per),  or  Wipper  (vip'per).    A 


Wycherley 

Wiirzhurg.  The  capital  of  Lower  Franoonia, 
Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Main  in  lat.  49°  47' 
N.,  long.  9°  54'  E.  It  is  a  commercial  center,  and  has 
manufactares  of  tobacco,  beer,  railway-carriages,  etc.  It 
contains  the  former  episcopal  (now  royal)  palace,  begun 
in  1720  in  the  rococo  style,  and  one  of  the  most  effective 
examples  of  its  type.  It  measures  650  by  290  feet.  The 
grand  staircase  is  unusually  fine,  and  like  the  chapel  is 
frescoed  by  Tiepolo.  The  University  of  Wiirzburg  was 
founded  in  1403,  but  was  soon  discontinued,  and  was  re- 
founded  in  1682.  It  became  noted  especially  for  its  medical 
department  Wiirzburg  was  the  capital  of  the  old  princi- 
pality of  Wiirzburg,  and  the  capital  of  a  grand  duchy  la 
Napoleonic  times.  Its  citadel  was  bombarded  by  the  AniB- 
sians  July  27,  1866,  and  the  town  was  entered  by  the 
Prussians  Aug.  2.    Population  (1890),  61,039. 

Wuthering  Heights  (wuTH'6r-ing  Utz).  A 
novel  by  Emily  Bronte,  publishedunder  the  nom 
de  plume  of  Ellis  Bell  iu  1846. 

Wu  Ting  Fang  (w6  ting  fang).  Bom  in  the 
province  of  Kwangtung,  China.  A  contempo- 
rary Chinese  scholar  and  diplomat.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Canton,  Hong-Kong,  and  Lincsln's  Inn,  London, 
and  was  called  to  the  English  bar.  He  was  appointed 
viceroy  of  Chi-11  in  1882,  and  was  minister  of  China  to  the 
United  States,  Spain,  and  Peru,  1897-1902. 

Wuttke  (vot'ke),  Heinrich.  Bom  at  Brieg, 
Silesia,  Feb.  12, 1818 :  died  at  Leipsie,  June  14, 
1876.  A  German  historian  and  politician :  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  "Great  (jierman"  party. 


river  in  the  Rhine  Province,  Prussia,  which  Wuttke,   Karl  Friedrlch  Adolf.      Bom  at 

-     —  ■      -      -  ..'.-.'  Breslau,  Nov.  18, 1819 :  died  at  Halle,  April  12, 

1870.  A  German  Protestant  theologian  and  his- 
torian, professor  at  Halle  from  1861. 

Wyandot,  or  Wyandotte  (wi'an-dot)",  or  Wan- 
dot  (won'dot).  [The  name  means  'calf  of  the 
leg,'  referring  to  a  peculiar  style  of  cutting 
meat.  The  French  name  was  Huron,  from  the 
French  Jiure,  the  arrangement  of  the  hair  by 
the  tribe  suggesting  the  bristles  of  a  wild 
boar.]  A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians. 
When  first  known  (about  1616)  they  occupied  a  narrow 
territory  between  Georgian  Bay  and  Lake  Simcoe  in  On- 
tario. They  were  then  at  war  with  the  Iroquois,  and  the 
contest  was  continued  until  their  defeat  by  the  latter 
in  1648-49,  when  many  fled  to  the  Tionontati,  and  with 
them  were  driven  from  place  to  place.  The  present  name 
came  into  use  after  the  removal  of  part  of  the  tribe  to- 
gether with  the  Tionontati,  then  incorporated  in  it,  from 
Detroit  to  Sandusky  in  1761.  Subsequently  they  spread 
along  the  whole  south  and  west  shores  of  Lake  Erie,  and 
acquired  a  permanent  influence  among  the  tribes  of  the 
region.  They  sided  with  the  French  until  the  close  of  Pon- 
tiac's  war,  and  afterward  supported  the  British  in  the  War 
of  1812.  They  now  number  about  700,  chiefly  atQuapaw 
ageucy  (Indian  Territory)  and  in  Canada.    See  Iroqu(na7i, 

Wyandotte  (wi'an-dot).  A  city  in  Wayne 
County,  Michigan,'  situated  on  the  DetroitBiver 
10  miles  south-southwest  of  Detroit.  Popula- 
tion (1900),  5,183. 


joins  the  Rhine  7  miles  north  of  Cologne.  Its 
valley  contains  the  manufacturing  towns  Elberfeld,  Bar- 
men, Solingen,  etc.    Length,  66  miles. 

Wurmser  (vorm'zer).  Count  Dagohert  Sig- 
mund  ■von.  Bom  in  Alsace,  May  7, 1724 :  died  at 
Vienna,  Aug.  27, 1797.  An  Austrian  field-mar- 
shal. He  entered  the  French  army  in  1741 ;  served  in  the 
Seven  Years'  War ;  entered  the  Austrian  service  as  colonel 
in  1762 ;  became  a  lieutenant  field-marshal ;  and  served 
in  the  War  of  the  Bavarian  Succession  (capturing  Habel- 
schwerdt  Jan.  18, 1779).  On  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with 
France  in  1793  he  crossed  the  Rhine  at  the  head  of  an 
army  corps ;  conquered  at  Rohrbach  June  29,  at  Germers- 
heim  July  5,  and  at  Esslingen  July  27,  and  aided  in  the 
capture  of  the  Weissenburg  lines ;  but  was  obliged  to 
reoross  the  Rhine  in  December.  He  defeated  the  French 
near  Mannheim  Oct.  23  and  29, 1795,  and  captured  Mann- 
heim. In  1796  he  was  appointed  commander  in  Italy 
against  Napoleon,  but  was  defeated  by  him  at  Castiglione, 
Roveredo,  and  Bassano,  and  was  besieged  in  Mantua  and 
forced  to  surrender  Feb.  2, 1797. 

Wurschen  ( vorsh'en) .  A  village  near  Bautzen, 
Saxony :  the  headquarters  of  the  sovereigns  of 
Russia  and  Prussia  at  the  battle  of  Bautzen 
in  May,  1813,  whence  the  battle  is  sometimes 
called  the  battle  of  Wurschen. 

Wiirtemberg,  G.  Wiirttemberg  (viirt'tem- 
bero),  formerly  Wirtemherg.  A  kingdom  of 
southern  Germany,  and  a  state  of  the  German 


Empire,  the  third  in  area  and  the  fourth  in  Wyandotte.    A  novel  by  Cooper,  published  in 
population.    Capital,  Stuttgart.    It  is  bounded  by    1843 

fence"on\hrs?nt1?,1nny'B^'eror^^^^^^^ 

west,  and  northwest.     It  nearly  incloses  HohenzoUern,  southern  Indiana,  Situated,  near  Leavenworth : 

and  has  exclaves  in  HohenzoUern  and  Baden.    The  Black  noted  for  its  extensive  chambers  and  its  sta- 

Forest  is  in  the  southwest,  and  the  Swabian  Jura  traverses  lactites  and  stalagmites.     Length,  22  miles. 

S:Se"°NS^rTn^d"SSrnre"°ItTs?n%1ic^5^^^^^^^^^  •  J^A  •'^^^^T^^'"'^ 

producing  wheat,  oats,  hemp,  barley,  potatoes,  hops,  wine,  under  whicb. Kansas  was  admitted  to  the  Union, 

timber,  etc. ;  it  has  also  manufactures  of  cotton  and  woolen  adopted  at  Wyandotte  (now  a  part  of  Kansas 

goods,  paper,  machinery,   musical  instruments,  linen.  City,  Kan  )  in  1859. 

t^^^lhTd.T:-^'!^^'.  ?fe°ckaI*S|f  K^lllt  ^yant  (wi'ant)  Alexander  H     Born  at  Port 

and  Danube.    The  government  is  a  hereditary  constitu-     Washington,  Uhio,  Jan.  11,  18db :  died  at  JNew 

'"'  York,  Nov.  29, 1892.     An  American  landscape- 

painter.    He  studied  in  Germany,  and  settled  in  New 
■York  in  1864.    He  suffered  a  stroke  of  paralysis  about 
1877,  and  afterward  painted  with  his  left  hand. 
See  Wyatt. 


tional  monarchy.  The  estates  of  the  realm  consist  of  an 
upper  chamber  and  a  second  chamber.  It  sends  4  repre- 
sentatives to  the  Eundesrat  and  17  to  the  Reichstag. 
Over  two  thirds  of  the  population  are  Protestant,  and  less 
than  one  third  Roman  Catholic.    The  early  inhabitants  of  __  „.    ,p, 

this  region  were  the  Suevi.    It  was  partly  under  Roman    Wyat,  Sir  inomaS  _ 

rule  from  the  1st  to  the  3d  century ;  was  overrun  by  the  Wyatt  (wi  at),  or  Wyat  ( Wi'at),  Sir  ThomaS. 

Alamanni,  who  were  conquered  by  Clovis;  and  formed     ""         .-.-.-••.- ,.    ,     .  «v      ,  -^ 

part  of  the  duchy  of  Swabia.  The  real  history  of  Wiir- 
temberg begins  ip  the  13th  century  with  its  counts.  Count 
Eberhard  im  Bart  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  duke  in  1495. 
Wiirtemberg  suffered  in  the  Thirty  Years'  War;  ceded 
Montb^liard  to  France  (which  had  seized  it  in  1798)  in 
1796  ;  received  considerable  territory  in  1803,  and  the 
electorate ;  became  a"" 
Confederation  of  the  __  —  ,    ._ 

1813;  entered  the  Germanic  Confederation;  received  a 
constitution  in  1819 ;  was  the  scene  of  liberal  movements 
in  1848-50 :  and  sided  with  Austria  in  1866,  and  was  forced 
to  pay  an  indemnity.  It  entered  the  German  Empire  in 
1871.  Area,  7, 628  square  miles.  Population(1900),  2,169,480. 

Wurtz  (vurts),  Charles  Adolphe.     Bom  at 

Strasburg,  Nov.  26,  1817:  died  at  Paris,  May 
12,  1884.  A  noted  French  chemist,  successor 
of  Dumas  (1853)  as  professor  of  organic  chem- 


Bom  in  Kent,  1503 :  died  at  Sherborne,  Dorset- 
shire, Oct.  10, 1542.  An  English  diplomatist  and 
poet,  sent  by  Henry  VIII.  on  various  diplomatic 
missions.  He  wrote  the  first  English  sonnets,  and  his 
poems  were  printed  with  Surrey's  in  1567. 

M^gdom  i™8^"anriiined  S^  Wyatt,SirThomas  "The Younger."  Bornabout 
Shine;  sided  with  the  Allies  in  1520:  executed  at  London,  April  11,  1554.  Son 
of  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt.  He  commanded  at  Boulogne ; 
joined  with  the  Duke  of  Suffolk  in  favor  of  Lady  Jane 
Grey  and  against  Queen  Mary  1653-64 ;  and  led  the  men 
of  Kent  against  London  in  Feb.,  1564,  but  was  captured. 
Webster  and  Dekker  wrote  a  play  on  the  subject  called 
"The  Famous  History  of  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt."  It  was 
printed  in  1607. 

Wyatt's  Rebellion.    The  unsuccessful  insur- 
__     _  _      reotion  against  (^ueen  Mary  and  in  favor  of 
i^trTat  the  Sorbonne'  and  oTo'rfira  as  professor    Lady  Jane  Grey,  led  by  the  Duke  of  Suffolk  and 
of  toxicology  at  the  ficole  de  M^decine,  and    Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  1553-54. 
dean  of  the  medical  faculty  1866-76.  Wyborg.    See  Vihorg. 

An  ancient  bishopric  Wycherley  (wich'6r-U),  William.     Born  at 


Wiirzburg  (viirts'borG). 
and  principality  of  the  German  Empire,  founded 
in  741  (  ?  ) .  The  greater  part  of  it  was  granted  to  Bavaria 
in  1803 ;  it  was  given  to  the  former  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany 
in  1805,  and  made  an  electorate ;  entered  the  Confederation 
of  the  Rhine  in  1806,  and  became  a  grand  duchy ;  and  was 
ceded  to  Bavaria  in  1815. 


Clive,  near  Shrewsbury,  England,  about  1640 : 
died  at  London  (?),  Dec,  1715.  An  English 
dramatist.  He  went  to  France  when  quite  young,  and 
mingled  in  the  society  of  the  pr^cieuses  at  the  H6tel  de 
Uambouillet.  On  returning  he  went  to  Oxford,  and  later  to 
the  Middle  Temple,  and  studied  law ;  became  a  courtier  at 


"Wycherley 

the  court  o£  GharldB  II.;  and  was  imprisoned  several  years 
for  debt  after  the  death  of  his  first  wife,  the  Countess  of 
Drogheda, whose  fortune  involved  him  in  litigation.  James 
n  set  him  free,  gave  him  a  pension,  and  paid  his  debts 
out  of  admiration  for  his  play  "  The  Plain  Dealer."  In 
1715  he  married  again,  but  died  shortly  after.  He  wrote 
the  plays  "Love  in  a  Wood"  (1672),  "The  Gentleman  Dan- 
cing Master"  (1672),  "The Country  Wife"  (1673), and  "The 
Plain  Dealer"  (1677). 
"Wych  (wieh)  Street.  A  London  street  which 
opens  behind  Holywell  street,  close  to  the  en- 
trance of  Clement's  Inn.  it  contains  some  curious 
old  houses,  and  is  very  narrow.  This  street  is  famous 
in  the  annals  of  London  thieving  tor  the  exploits  of  Jack 
Sheppard,  who  gave  rendezvous  to  his  boon  companions 
at  the  White  Lion  (now  pulled  down)  in  White  Lion  Pas- 
sage. It  was  from  the  Angel  Inn  in  Wych  street  that 
Bishop  Hooper,  In  1554,  was  taken  to  die  tor  his  faith  at 
Gloucester.    Hare,  London,  I.  45. 

Wyclif,  or  Wycliffe,  or  Wiclif,  or  Wickllffe 
(wik'lif),  John.  Born  at  Spreswel  (thought 
to  be  either  Hipswell  or  Barford),  near  Rich- 
mond, Yorkshire,  about  1324:  died  at  Lutter- 
worth, Leicestershire,  Dec.  31,  1384.  A  cele- 
brated English  religious  reformer,  called  "the 
Morning  Star  of  the  Beformation."  He  was  a 
tellow,  and  later  (1360)  master,  of  Balliol  College,  Oxford ; 
and  became  rector  of  Fillingham,  Lincolnshire,  in  the  same 
year,  and  in  1368  of  Ludgershall,  Buckinghamshire,  and 
In  1374  of  Lutterworth.  (The  warden  of  Canterbury  Hall 
1365-67  was  probably  another  John  Wyclif,  of  Merton, 
Oxford,  vicar  of  Mayfleld :  there  is  much  confusion  be- 
tween the  early  lite  of  these  two.)  He  went  with  John  of 
Gaunt  as  royal  ambassador  to  confer  with  papal  nuncios  at 
Bruges  In  1374 ;  was  a  popular  preacher  in  London ;  and  was 
summoned  before  Convocation  inl377asan  enemy  to  Borne 
on  account  of  his  attacks  on  the  inordinate  arrogance  and 
wealth  and  power  of  the  higher  clergy  (this  blow  was 
reaUy/'aimed  at  John  of  Gaunt).  The  Pope  signed  five 
bulls  against  him,  authorizing  his  imprisonment.  The 
schism  in  the  papacy,  due  to  the  election  of  Clement  VII. 
in  place  of  Urban  VI.,  induced  him  to  throw  off  his  alle- 
giance to  the  papacy.  He  opposed  the  doctrine  of  transub- 
stantiatlon  at  Oxford  in  1380 ;  was  condemned  by  the  uni- 
versity; and  his  party  was  opposed  and  persecuted  by 
Courtenay  (archbishop  of  Canterbury)  and  others  in  1382. 
He  went  back  to  Lutterworth,  where  he  wrote  ceaselessly 
and  fearlessly  against  papal  claims,  and  in  opposition  to 
mere  formalism.  On  Dec.  28,  1384,  he  was  seized  with 
paralysis  while  hearing  mass,  and  died  in  a  few  days.  In 
147.8  his  bones  were  exhumed,  burned,  and  their  ashes 
cast  into  the  Swift,  by  order  of  the  Synod  of  Constance. 
He  mude  the  first  complete  translation  of  the  Bible  into 
English  (about  1382)  from  the  Vulgate,  assisted  by  Nicholas 


1073 

of  Hereford.  The  latter  translated  the  Old  Testament 
and  the  apocryphal  books  to  about  the  third  chapter  ot 
the  Book  of  Baruch.  Wyclif  certainly  translated  the  Gos- 
pels (probably  about  1360),  and  presumably  all  the  rest. 
He  wrote  many  tracts  and  sermons :  "De  Juramento  Ar- 
naldi  "  "Trialogus,"  "De  officio  pastoraIi,""De  ecclesla," 
"Debenedictaincarnatione,""De  Dominio  divino,"etc. 
His  works  were  edited  by  the  Wyclif  Society  1882-92. 

Wyclifltes,  or  Wycliffites  (wik'lif-its).  The 
followers  of  Wyclii :  commonly  called  Lollards. 
Wyclifs  doctrines,  propagated  in  his  lifetime,  and  later 
by  open-air  preacliers  called  "  poor  priests,"  largely  coin- 
cided with  the  later  teachings  ot  Luther. 

Wycombe  (wi'kom),  or  High  Wycombe,  or 
Chipping  Wycombe(chip'ingwi'kom).Atown 
in  Buckinghamshire,  England,  31  miles  west- 
northwest  of  London.  It  has  manufactures  of 
chairs  and  lace.    Population  (1891),  13,435. 

Wye  (wi).  A  river  in  Wales  and  England,  it 
forms  in  its  lower  course  the  boundary  between  Mon- 
mouthshire and  Gloucestershire,  and  Joins  the  estuary  ot 
the  Severn  near  ChepstoWjllmiles  north  by  westof  Bristol. 
It  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery.  Length,  about 
130  miles;  navigable  for  barges  to  Hereford. 

Wygo,  or  Vigo  (ve'go).  Lake.  A  lake  in  the 
government  of  Olonetz,  Russia,  30  miles  north 
of  Lake  Onega.  Its  outlet  is  by  the  Wyg  to  the 
Bay  of  Onega.    Length,  45  miles. 

Wykeham,  William  of.  See  William  of  WyTce- 
ham. 

Wyman  (wi'man),  Jeffries.  Bom  at  Chelms- 
ford, Mass.,  Aiig.  11,  1814:  died  at  Bethlehem, 
N.  H.,  Sept.  4,  1874.  An  American  compara- 
tive anatomist.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1883; 
was  professor  at  Hampden-Sidney  College,  Virginia,  1843- 
1847;  and  became  professor  of  anatomy  at  Harvard  in 
1847.  He  founded  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Anato- 
my ;  was  curator  of  the  Peabody  Museum ;  and  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Boston  Society  ot  I7atnral  History.  He  lec- 
tured on  comparative  anatomy  and  physiology  before  the 
Lowell  Institute  in  1849.  He  published  various  technical 
works.  I 

Wyndham  (win'dam),  Sir  Charles.  Born  in 
1841.  An  English  actor.  He  studied  medicine,  but 
preferred  the  stage.  He  went  to  the  United  States  in  1862, 
and  made  his  first  appearance  at  Washington.  He  then 
served  for  some  time  as  surgeon  in  the  19th  army  corps. 
He  made  his  first  appearance  In  London  in  1868,  returned 
to  America  the  next  year,  and  has  since  been  successful 
on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  Since  1876  he  has  managed 
the  Criterion,  London.    He  was  knighted  in  1902. 


Wythe 

Wynkin  de  Worde.    See  Worde. 

Wyntoun,  or  Winton  (win'ton),  Andrew  of. 
Lived  in  the  beginning  of  the  15th  century.  A 
Scottish  chronicler,  canon  of  St.  Andrews.  He 
wrote  a  chronicle  of  Scotland  (ed.  by  D.  Laing 
1872-79). 

Wyoming  (wi-6'ming);  A  State  of  the  United 
States,  bounded  by  Montana,  South  Dakota, 
Nebraska,  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Idaho.  Capital, 
Cheyenne.  The  surface  is  mountainous  (the  Bocky 
Mountains),  the  chief  ranges  being  the  Medicine  Bow, 
Laramie,  Sweet  Water,  Big  Horn,  Wind  River,  Absaroka, 
Teton,  and  Shoshone.  The  leading  industry  is  stock-rais- 
ing. Hiere  are  also  valuable  coal-mines  and  silver-mines. 
It  contains  13  counties,  has  2  senators,  and  sends  1  repre- 
sentative to  Congress.  Wyoming  was  included  in  large 
part  in  the  Louisiana  purchase ;  belonged  formerly  to  Da- 
kota Territonr :  was  organized  as  a  Territory  in  1808 ;  and 
was  admitted  to  the  Union  in  1890.  Area,  97,890  square 
miles.    Population  (1900),  92,631. 

Wyoming  Valley.  A  valley  in  Luzeme  County, 
Pennsylvania,  traversed  by  the  North  Branch 
of  the  Susquehanna.  It  is  very  fertile,  and  contains 
beds  of  anthracite  coal.  It  was  settled  in  1762  and  later 
years  by  colonists  from  Connecticut  and  Pennsylvania ; 
and  was  invaded  by  Tories  and  Indians  under  Butler.  The 
defeat  of  the  Americans,  July  3, 1778,  and  the  subsequent 
surrender  of  the  fort,  were  attended  by  massacres  on  the 
part  of  the  Indians  (much  exaggerated  in  Campbell's  de- 
scription in  his  "Gertrude  of  Wyoming").  The  settlers 
were  finally  confirmed  In  the  possession  of  the  valley 
about  1787. 

Wyre  (wir)  Forest.  A  forest  inWorcestershire, 
England. 

Wyss  (vis),  Johann  Rudolf.  Bom  at  Bem, 
March  13, 1781:  died  there,  March  81, 1830.  A 
Swiss  author,  professor  of  philosophy  and  chief 
librarian  at  Bem.  His  best-known  work  is 
"Der  sehweizerisohe  Robinson"  ("The  Swiss 
Family  Robinson,"  1813). 

Wythe  (wiTH),  George.  Bom  in  Virginia,  1726 : 
died  at  Richmond,  June  8, 1806.  An  American 
statesman  and  jurist.  As  a  member  of  the  Virginia 
House  of  Burgesses  he  drew  up  a  remonstrance  to  the 
House  of  Commons  against  the  Stamp  Act ;  was  delegate 
to  the  Continental  Congress  and  a  signer  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence  ;  was  speaker  of  the  Virginia  House 
of  Delegates ;  was  chancellor  of  the  Virginia  coiu^ ;  and 
was  professor  ot  law  at  William  and  Mary  College.  He 
was  poisoned  In  his  eighty-first  year. 


X.  Pseudonym  of  Eustace 
Budgell  in  the  "Spectator." 
Xalapa.  See  Jalapa. 
Xalisco.  See  Jalisco. 
Xanthippe  (zan-thip'e). 
[Gr.  SavOiTTTn!.']  The  wife 
of  the  Greek  philosopher 
Socrates,  provert>ial  for  her 
tad  temper. 
Xanthippus  (zan-thip'us).  [Gr.  S&v6miroc.'i 
The  father  of  Pericles.  He  commanded  the 
Athenian  fleet  at  the  victory  of  Mycale  479  B.  c. 
XantMppUS.  A  Spartan  commander.  He  organ- 
ized the  Cartliaginian  army  in  the  first  Funic  war,  and 
won  a  victory  over  Kegulus  in  265  B.  0. 
Xanthus  (zan'thus).  [Gr.  Savdoc."]  In  ancient 
geography,  a  city  of  Lyeia,  Asia  Minor,  situated 
on  the  river  Xanthus  near  its  mouth,  it  was  be- 
sieged and  destroyedbythePersiangeneralHarpagus  about 
546  B.  a,  and  again  by  the  Komans  under  Brutus  43  or  42 
B.  0.  Important  antiquities  were  discovered  there  by  Fel- 
lows about  1838.  Among  them  is  the  Hereid  monument, 
BO  called,  a  cella  with  a  beautiful  Ionic  peristyle,  dating 
from  the  middle  of  the  4th  century  B.  0.  The  chief  frieze, 
on  the  basement,  represents  a  battle  of  cavalry  and  foot- 
soldiers ;  the  second  frieze  illustrates  a  siege ;  the  third 
frieze,  on  the  cella,  is  sculptured  with  sacrificial  and  feast- 
ing scenes ;  the  fourth  frieze,  on  the  entablature,  shows 
hunting  episodes  and  homage  to  an  official  personage. 
The  principal  parts  of  the  monument  have  been  trans- 
ported to  the  British  Museum. 

Xanthus.     See  Scamander. 

Xaraes,  or  Xarayes.    See  Charaes. 

Xaraglia  (na-rag'wa).  Aregion  or  " province" 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  island  of  Haiti 
at  the  time  of  the  conquest.  Its  principal  chief 
was  Behechio,  whose  sister,  AnacAona,  is  celebrated  in  the 
early  history  of  the  island.    See  these  names. 

Xauxa.    See  Jauja. 

Xaver  (ksa'ver),  Prince  (Franz  August  Xa- 
ver).  Bom  Aug.  25,  1730:  died  at  Dresden, 
June  20, 1806.  Younger  son  of  Augustus  in.  of 
Saxony  and  Poland.  He  served  on  the  I^ench  side 
in  the  Seven  YeaiB*  War,  and  was  administrator  of  Saxony 
1763-88. 

Xavier  (zav'i-6r;  Sp.  pron.  Ha-ve-ar'),  Fran- 
cisco (Francis),  Saint.  Bom  at  the  castle  of 
Xaviero,  Navarre,  April  7,  1506 :  died  on  the 
island  of  Sancian,  Dee.  2,  1552.  A  famous 
Spanish  Jesuit  missionary,  called  "the  Apostle 
of  the  Indies."  He  was  educated  at  the  University  of 
Paris,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Society  of  Jesus. 
He  went  to  Italy  in  1636,  and  labored  there  for  several 
years ;  went  to  Lisbon  in  1540,  and  sailed  from  there  in  1541 
on  a  Portuguese  mission  to  the  East  Indies ;  arrived  in  Goa 
in  1542 ;  labored  in  western  and  southern  India,  Malacca, 
the  Moluccas,  and  Japan ;  and  died  on  his  way  to  under- 
take a  mission  to  China.  His  letters  were  edited  in  1795. 
He  was  canonized  in  1622. 

Xenia  (ze'ni-a).  The  capital  of  Greene  County, 
Ohio,  53  miles  northeast  of  Cincinnati :  the  seat 
of  several  educational  institutions.  Population 
(1900),  8,696. 

Xenien  (ksa'ni-en).  A  series  of  epigrams  by 
Goethe  and  Schiller.  Most  of  them  were  di- 
rected against  writers  of  the  time. 

Xenocrates  (ze-nok'ra-tez).  [Gr.  SevoKpirr/c.'] 
A  Platonic  philosopher  (396-314),  the  successor 
of  Speusippus  as  head  of  the  Academy,  over 
which  he  presided  for  25  years. 

Xenophanes(ze-nof 'a-nez).  [Gr.  Sevofivr/Q.'l 
Born  at  Colophon,  Asia  Minor,  about  570  b.  c.  : 
died  about  480  b.  C.  A  Greek  philosopher,  the 
founder  of  the  Eleatic  school.  He  settled  at  Elea 
in  Italy  about  686  B.  o.  Fragments  of  his  elegies  and  his 
didactic  poem  "  On  Nature"  have  been  preserved. 

Xenophon  (zen'o-fon).  [Gr.  Sevo^av.1  Bom  at 
Athens  about  430"b.  c.  :  died  aifter  357  b.  o. 
A  celebrated  Greek  historian  and  essayist,  a 


disciple  of  Socrates.  He  joined  the  expedition  of 
Cyrus  the  Younger  in  401,  and  after  the  battle  of  Cunaxa 
and  the  murder  of  the  Greek  generals  became  the  chief 
leader  of  the  10,000  Greeks  in  their  march  to  the  Black 
Sea.  (See  Aiuibasis.)  He  later  entered  the  Lacedsemo- 
nian  service ;  fought  on  the  Spartan  side  at  the  battle  of 
Coronea  in  894  ;  was  banished  from  Athens  ;  settled  at 
Scillus  in  Eleia ;  and  spent  his  last  years  in  Corinth  (?).  He 
wrote  the  "Anabasis,  "Hellenica"  (in  7  books),  the  ro- 
mance " CyropsBdia,"  "Memorabilia  of  Socrates"  (a  de- 
fense of  his  master's  memory),  "  (Economics,"  essays  on 
hunting  and  horsemanship,  "Symposium,"  "Kevenues  of 
Athens,"  "Hiero,"  "  Agesilaus,"  etc. 

Xeres.    See  Jerez  de  la  Frbntera. 

Xeres,  or  Jeres  (na'ras),  Francisco  de.  Bom 
about  1504:  died  after  1547.  A  Spanish  historian. 
From  1630  to  1634  he  was  secretary  of  Francisco  Pizarro, 
taking  part  in  the  conquest  of  Peru  and  returning  to  Spain 
with  the  first  instalment  of  gold  obtained  from  Atahualpa. 
By  order  of  Pizarro  he  wrote  a  history  of  the  conquest 
down  to  Atahualpa's  death :  this  was  published  at  Seville 
1634  and  1547.  There  are  several  tran^ations  and  modem 
editions. 

Xerxes  (zferk'sez)  I.  [Gr.  S^pfw,  OPers.  Khsa- 
ydrshd.'i  Bom  about  519  B.C.:  assassinated  465 
or  464  B.  0.  King  of  Persia,  son  of  Darius  Hys- 
taspes :  identical  with  the  biblical  Ahasuerus. 
He  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  486  or  485,  assembled  alarge 
army  for  the  conquest  of  Greece;  bridged  the  Helles- 
pont ;  traversed  Thrace,  Macedonia,  and  Thessaly ;  was  re- 
sisted at  Thermopylae  (which  see)  in  480 ;  burned  Athens ; 
and  was  defeated  at  Salamis  (which  see)  in  480,  and  re- 
turned to  Asia  Minor.  His  generals  were  defeated  at 
Plateea  and  Mycale  in  479,  but  continued  the  war  with 
Greece. 

The  site  of  this  [Xerxes's]  bridge  is  supposed  to  have  been 
from  Nag^a  Point  to  the  low  spot  eastward  of  Sestos, 
where  the  level  shore  on  either  side  is  convenient  for  the 
march  of  troops.  The  channel  is  more  than  7  stadia 
broad,  being  about  1^  miles  English. 

JRawlinson,  Herod.,  IV.  33,  note. 

Xerxes  II.  King  of  Persia,  son  of  Artaxerxes  I. 
He  reigned  for  a  few  weeks  in  425  or  424  B.  c. 

Xerxes.  A  tragedy  by  Cibber,  produced  in  1699. 

Xibalba.    See  Votan. 

Xibitos.    See  Mibitos. 

Ximanas.'    See  Jumanas. 

Ximena  (Ee-ma'na).  In  Spanish  history,  the 
wife  of  the  Cid. 

Ximena,  or  the  Heroic  Daughter.  An  adap- 
tation of  Comeille's  "Cid"  by  CoUey  Cibber, 
produced  in  1712,  printed  in  1718. 

Ximenes  (zi-me'nez ;  Sp.  pron.  He-ma'nas),  or 
Jimenes  (ne-ma'nas),  Francisco.  Bom  at  Tor- 
relaguna,  Spain,  1436:  died  Nov.  8,  1517.  A 
Spanish  cardinal  and  statesman.  He  studied  at  Al- 
caic de  Henares  and  Salamanca ;  went  to  Rome ;  took  pos- 
session of  a  benefice  in  Spain  by  virtue  of  a  papal  letter ; 
but  was  dispossessed  by  the  Archbishop  of  Toledo  and  im- 
prisoned. He  was  afterward  restored  and  made  vicar-gen- 
eral ;  became  a  Franciscan  monk  and  confessor  to  Queen 
Isabella  (1492),  and  later  a  Franciscan  provincial ;  and  was 
made  archbi^op  of  Toledo  and  primate  of  Spain  in  1495. 
In  1506-07  he  was  provisional  regent  of  Castile  ;  became  a 
cardinal  in  1507,  and  inquisitor-general ;  led  an  expedition 
against  Gran  in  1609 ;  and  was  regent  of  Spain  1516-17. 
He  printed  the  Complutensian  polyglot  Bible  and  founded 
the  University  of  Alcald  de  Henares. 

Ximenes  de  Quesada  (ne-ma'nas  da  ka-sa'- 
SHa),  Gonsalo.  Bom  in  Granada,  Spain,  about 
1498 :  died  after  1576.  Conqueror  of  New  Gra- 
nada. Hewasalawyer;  was  lieutenant  of  Lugo  at  Santa 
Marta ;  left  that  place  to  explore  the  interior,  with  SOOmen, 
April  5, 1536 ;  and,  after  enduring  great  hardships,  reached 
and  conquered  the  rich  plateau  of  Cundinamarca,  and 
founded  Bogota  Aug.  6, 1538.  Charles  V.  refused  to  make 
him  governor  of  the  country,  and  he  was  persecuted  and 
imprisoned.  Later  he  was  given  military  commands,  and 
in  1569  led  an  expedition  into  the  Orinoco  valley  in  search 
of  El  Dorado.  Some  accounts  say  that  he  died  a  cente- 
narian in  1697. 

Xincas  (nen'kas).  An  extinct  tribe  of  Indians 
of  southern  Guatemala,  near  the  Pacific  coast, 
and  close  to  the  borders  of  Salvador,  when  found 


byAlvarado  in  1624,  they  were  savages  of  a  low  grade,  liy. 
ing  in  villages  built  of  wood  and  thatch.  A  small  vocab. 
ulary  of  their  language  which  has  been  preserved  appears 
to  indicate  a  distinct  stock.  It  has  been  supposed  that 
the  Xincas  occupied  the  highlands  of  Guatemala  previous 
to  the  advent  of  the  Quiches  and  Cakchiquels. 

Xingli  (shen-go').  A  southern  tributary  of  the 
Amazon  in  the  states  of  Matto  Grosso  and 
Pard,  Brazil,  it  was  explored  by  Von  den  Steinen  in 
1885.  Length,  about  1,100  miles: navigable  for  steamers  110 
miles.    Sometimes  written  CmngH. 

Xiphias  (zif'i-as).  [L.,  'the  Sword-fish.']  1. 
A  constellation  made  by  Petrus  Theodori  in 
the  15th  century,  in  the  south  pole  of  the  eclip- 
tic, and  now  named  Dorado. —  2.  In  older  au- 
thors, a  sword-shaped  comet. 

XiQUitos.    Same  as  Chiquitos. 

Xisuthrus  (zi-so'thms).  According  to  Bero- 
sus  the  historiographer  of  Chaldea,  the  name 
of  the  last  of  the  first  decad  of  mythical  kings 
of  Babylonia,  who  was  advised  by  the  gods  to 
save  himself  and  his  family  from  the  deluge  by 
building  a  ship.  He  corresponds  to  the  Noah 
of  Genesis  and  the  Hasisatra  of  the  cuneiform 
account  of  the  deluge. 

With  the  Deluge  the  mythical  history  of  Babylonia  takes 
a  new  departure.  From  this  event  to  the  Persian  con- 
quest waB  a  period  of  36,000  years,  or  an  astronomical  cy- 
cle called  saros.  Xisuthros,  with  his  family  and  friends, 
alone  survived  the  waters  which  drowned  the  rest  of  man- 
kind on  account  of  their  sins.  He  had  been  ordered  by 
the  gods  to  build  a  ship,  to  pitch  it  within  and  without 
and  to  stock  it  with  animals  of  every  species.  Xisuthros 
'  sent  out  first  a  dove,  then  a  swallow,  and  lastly  a  raven,  to 
discover  whether  the  earth  was  dry.  The  dove  and  the 
swallow  returned  to  the  ship,  and  it  was  only  when  the 
raven  flew  away  that  the  rescued  hero  ventured  to  leave 
his  ark.  He  found  that  he  had  been  stranded  on  the  peak 
of  the  mountain  of  Nizir,  "the  mountain  of  the  world, " 
whereon  the  Accadians  believed  the  heaven  to  rest, — 
where,  too,  they  placed  the  habitation  of  their  gods  and 
the  cradle  of  their  own  race.  Since  Nizir  lay  among  the 
mountains  of  Pir  Mam,  a  little  south  of  Bowandiz,  its 
mountain  must  be  identified  with  Howandiz  itself.  On 
its  peak  Xisuthros  offered  sacrifices,  piling  up  cups  of 
wine  by  sevens  ;  and  the  rainbow,  "  the  glory  of  Ann,* 
appeared  in  heaven,  in  covenant  that  the  world  should 
never  again  be  destroyed  by  a  fiood. 

Sayce,  Anc.  Empires,  p.  106. 

Xivaros.    See  Jivaros. 

Xochicalco  (Ho-che-kal'ko).  A  locality  in 
Mexico,  75  miles  southwest  of  Mexico  City, 
noted  for  its  ruins.  The  principal  structure  is  a  trun- 
cated pyramid  or  mound  with  5  terraces  supported  by 
mason-work,  and  a  walled  area  on  the  summit.  Originally 
there  waa  a  smaller  stone  pyramid  on  top,  but  most  of 
this  has  been  carried  away  for  building-material. 

Xochimilco  (Ho-che-mel'ko).  [Nahuatl,  'field 
of  flowers.']  One  of  the  lakes  of  the  Mexican 
valley,  about  7  miles  south-southeast  of  Mex- 
ico City.  It  is  separated  from  Lake  Chaico  by  only  a  nar- 
row causeway.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  it  was  nearly 
or  quite  confluent  with  Lake  Tezcuco,  which  surrounded 
Mexico. 

Xosa  (kso'sa),  or  Amaxosa  (9,-ma-kso'sa).  A 
Bantu  tribe  of  British  South  Africa.  Their  land 
borders  in  the  north  on  theEei  River,  in  the  southeast  on 
the  ocean,  and  in  the  south  on  Cape  Colony.  They  are 
closely  related  to  the  Zulus.  Their  language  is  one  of  the 
oldest  forms  of  Bantu  speech.  Owing  to  the  custom  of 
"uku-hlonipa,"  which  forbids  a  female  to  pronounce  the 
name  of  any  male  relative,  or  even  its  emphatic  syllable, 
the  women  use  a  dWerent  vocabulary  from  that  of  the 
men.  The  letter  Xin  their  name  is  the  lateral  click,  simi- 
lar to  that  used  for  urging  forward  a  horse. 

Xury  (zu'ri).  A  servant  of  Eobinson  Ousoe: 
a  character  in  Defoe's  romance  of  that  name. 

X.  Y.  Z,  Mission.  -An  American  embassy  to 
Prance  in  1797,  consisting  of  C.  C.  Pinckney, 
Marshall,  and  (3-erry .  An  attempt  was  made  by  three 
French  agents  (disguised  as  X.,  Y.,  and  Z.)  to  bribe  them. 
The  correspondence  was  disclosed  in  1798. 


or  Ij  (i) .   An  arm  of  the  Zuy- 
der  Zee,  near  Amsterdam, 
connected  with  the   North 
Sea  by  the  North  Sea  Canal. 
Yablonoi     (ya  -  Wo  -  n.oi ' ) 
Mountains.     The  name  of 
the  Stanovoi  mountain  sys- 
tem^  in  its  southwestern  part. 
Yacundas.     See  Jacwndas. 
Yadkin  (yad'kin).    The  name  of  the  Great  Pe- 
dee  in  North  Carolina.  " 
Yaguas  (ya-gwas'),  or  Yahuas  (ya-was')-   In- 
dians of  northern  Peru,  on  the  upper  Amazon 
between  Nauta  and  Pebas.    Ihey  were  gathered 
into  mission  Tillages  1683-1727,  but  now  live  nearly  in  a 
wild  state.    They  go  naked,  or  wear  only  a  strip  of  bark 
cloth  about  the  loins,  with  feather  ornaments  on  the 
head  and  wrists.    Their  arms  are  lances,  hows  and  arrows, 
and  blow-guns.    Physically  they  are  described  as  a  hand- 
some race,  and  rather  light-colored ;  they  are  docile  and 
friendly  to  the  whites.    Two  or  three  thousand  remain. 
The  Yagua  language  appears  to  be  of  mixed  origin :  it  is 
related  to  that  of  the  Febas. 
Yahgans.    See  Fuegians. 
Yahoos  (yfi.-hoz').     [A  made  name,  i>robably 
meant  to  suggest  disgust ;  cf .  yah,  an  interjec- 
tion of  disgust.]     A  name  given  by  Swift,  in 
"  Gulliver's  Travels,"  to  af  eignedrace  of  brutes 
having  the  form  of  man  and  all  his  degrading 
passions.     They  are  placed  in  contrast  with  the  Hou- 
yhnhums,  or  horses  endowed  with  reason,  the  whole  be- 
ing designed  as  a  satire  on  the  human  race. 
Yahuas.    See  Yaguas. 

Yahveh  (ya-va')-  [Heb.  Yahveh  or  Yahweh.'] 
The  Hebrew  name  of  God.    See  the  extract. 

There  are  two  opinions  as  to  what  was  the  actual  pro- 
nunciation of  the  sacred  name  while  Hebrew  was  still  a 
spoken  language.  On  the  one  hand,  we  may  gather  from 
the  contemporary  Assyrian  monuments  that  it  was  pro- 
nounced Yidiu.  Wherever  an  Israelltish  name  is  met 
with  in  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  which,  like  Jehu  or 
Hezekiah  is  compounded  with  the  divine  title,  the  latter 
appears  as  Yahn,  Jehu  being  Yahua,  and  Hezekiah  Kha- 
mki-yahu.  Even  according  to  the  Masoretes  it  must  be 
read  Yeho  (that  is,  YShu)  when  it  forms  part  of  a  proper 
name.  The  early  Gnostics,  moreover,  when  they  tran- 
scribed it  in  Greek  characters,  wrote  lad  (that  is,  Yah6). 
On  the  other  hand,  the  four  consonants,  Y  H  V  H,  can 
hardly  have  been  pronounced  otherwise  than  as  Yahveh, 
and  this  pronunciation  is  supported  by  the  two  Greek 
writers  Theodoret  and  Epiphanios,  who  say  that  the  word 
was  sounded  Yav^.  The  form  Yahveh,  however,  is  incom- 
patible.with  the  form  Yahu  (Yeho),  which  appears  in 
proper  names  ;  and  it  has  been  maintained  that  it  is  due 
to  one  of  those  plays  on  words  of  which  there  are  so  many 
examples  in  the  Old  Testament.  The  spelling  with  a  final 
h.  was  adopted,  it  has  been  supposed,  in  order  to  remind 
the  reader  of  the  Hebrew  verb  which  signifies  "tobCj" 
and  to  which  there  seems  to  be  a  distinct  allusion  m 
Exod.  iii.  U.  Sayee,  Anc.  Konuments,  p.  76. 

Yajurveda  (ya-jor-va'da).     See  Veda. 

Yaka  (ya'ka),  or  BayaKa  (ba-ya'ka).  A  Bantu 
tribe  of  the  French  Kongo,  back  of  the  coast- 
station  Mayumba.  They  are  also  called  Barir- 
jaka. 

Yakala  (ya-ka'la),  or  Mayakala  (ma-ya-ka'- 
la),  also  called  Mayaka.  A  Bantu  tribe  of  the 
lower  Kuangu  (Quango)  valley,  mostly  in  the 
Kongo  State  (lat.  6°-7°  S.),  but  partly  in  An- 
gola. Their  king  is  called  Muene  Putu  Kassongo,  or  Muata 
Yamvo  Kassongo,  and  was  nominally  a  vassal  of  the  Muata 
Yamvo  of  Lunda.    The  tribe  forms,  ethnically  and  lin- 

•  guistically,  the  southern  wing  of  the  great  Teke  nation. 
The  Portuguese  call  them  Malaccas,  and  m  history  they 
appear  as  Jagas.  ,     ,  ,_      ..» 

Yakima  (yak'i-ma),  or  Yakama  (yak  a-ma). 
A  tribe  of  North  American  Indians  f  oimd  in 
1805  on  the  head  waters  of  Cataract  (or  KUki- 
tat)  and  Tapteal  (or  Yakima)  rivers,  Washing- 
ton. Of  late  the  name  Yakima  includesa  considerable  pro- 
portion of  the  tribes  speaking  the  Shahaptian  language 
and  probably  originally  having  little  connection  with  the 
Yakima  proper.  There  are  now  943  Yakima  on  the  reser- 
vation bearing  their  name,  in  the  State  of  Washington. 
See  Shahaptian. 

Yakima  Pass.  A  pass  over  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains in  the  State  of  Washington,  about  lat. 
47°  20'  N.  Height,  about  3,600  feet.  It  is 
crossed  by  the  Northern  Pacific  Kaib-oad. 

Yakima  River.  A  river  in  the  State  of  Wash- 
ington which  joins  the  Columbia  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Snake.    Length,  over  200  miles. 


Yakonan  (ya'ka -nan).  A  linguistic  stock  of 
North  American  Indians:  named  from  a  cor- 
ruption of  the  name  of  the  principal  tribe,  the 
Taquina  or  Yakwina.  it  is  composed  of  four  tribes, 
the  Yaquina,  Alsea,  Siuslaw,  and  Euitic  or  Lower  TTmpqua. 
They  formerly  lived  on  the  Yaquina,  Alsea,  Siuslaw,  and 
TJmpqua  rivers,  in  western  Oregon :  the  survivors  are  now 
on  the  Siletz  reservation,  Tillamook  County,  Oregon. 

Yakone.    See  Yaquina. 

Yakub  Khan  (ya-kob'  khan).  Bom  1849.  Son 
of  Shore  Ali,  and  his  successor  as  ameer  of 
Afg;hanistan  in  1879.  He  signed  a  treaty  with  the 
British  in  1879.  He  was  suspected  of  complicity  in  the 
murder  of  the  British  envoy  and  others  at  Kabul  on  Sept. 
3  in  that  year ;  was  sent  as  prisoner  to  India ;  and  was  de- 
posed in  1880. 

Yakuts  (ya-kots') .  Apeople  of  Turkish  or  mixed 
Turkish  origin,  dwelling  in  Siberia  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  Lena. 

Yakutsk  (ya-kStsk').  1 .  A  province  of  Siberia, 
bounded  by  the  Arctic  Ocean,  the  Maritime 
Province,  Amur,  Transbaikalia,  Irkutsk,  and 
Yeniseisk.  The  surface  is  largely  table-land,  crossed 
by  many  mountain-ranges,  and  with  tundras  in  the  north. 
It  has  important  gold-mines.  The  inhabitants  are  princi- 
pally Yakuts.  Area,  1,633,397  square  miles.  Population 
(1892),  280,200. 

3.  The  capital  of  the  province  of  Yakutsk,  sit- 
uated near  the  Lena  about  lat.  62°  N.,  long. 
130°  E.    Population  (1892),  5,800. 

Yale (yal), ISlihu.  Bomat or  nearBoston,Mass., 
April  5,  1648  (1649  ?):  died  in  England,  July  8, 
1721  (buried  at  Wrexham,  Wales).  An  Eng- 
lish colonial  oflaeial  in  India,  governor  of  Port 
St.  George,  Madras.  He  gave  a  donation  of  books 
and  money  (to  the  value  of  about  £800)  to  the  collegiate 
school  in  New  Haven,  which  was  named  for  him  Yale 
College. 

Yale  University.  A  famous  institution  of  learn- 
ing at  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  it  was  chartered 
in  1701  as  a  collegiate  school,  and  opened  at  Saybrook, 
Connecticut  (though  the  classes  were  first  held  at  Killing- 
worth  and  Miltord).  A  new  building  was  erected  at  New 
Haven,  and  in  1718  the  college  was  transferred  there  and 
called  Yale  College  on  account  of  gifts  received  from  Elihu 
Yale.  It  received  a  new  charter  in  1746,  and  in  1887  took 
the  name  Yale  University.  Besides  the  academical  de- 
partment it  includes  schools  of  philosophy ;  of  medicine, 
founded  in  1812 ;  of  theology  (Congregational),  founded  in 
1822 ;  of  law,  founded  in  1824 ;  the  Peabody  Museum  of 
Natural  History ;  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School,  begun  in 
1847 ;  and  the  School  of  Fine  Arts,  founded  in  1864.  The 
library  contains  over  260,000  volumes.  It  has  over  260 
instructors  and  2,500  students. 

Yalu,  Battle  of  the.  A  naval  engagement 
between  the  Japanese  under  Vice-Admiral  Ito 
and  the  Chinese  under  Admiral  Ting  Ju  Chang, 
off  the  Yalu  Kiver,  Korea,  Sept.  17,  1894,  in 
which  the  Japanese  were  victorious. 

Yama  (ya-ma').  [Skt., 'the Twin.']  IntheEig- 
veda,  the  name  of  the  god  who  rules  in  heaven 
over  the  blessed — the  Manes,  Fathers,  or  Pitris 
— and  is  therefore  called  king.  He  is  a  son  of  Vivas- 
vant,  the  god  of  the  dawning  daylight  or  morning  sun,  who 
is  also  the  father  of  the  Ashvins.  Post-Vedic  tunes  see  in 
him  the  ruler  of  the  dead  in  the  under-world,  and  under- 
stand the  name  as  meaning '  Eestrainer ' :  the  real  mean- 
ing is  'Twin.'  Yama  and  his  sister  Yami  are  the  first 
human  pair,  who  have  preceded  all  to  the  realm  beyond. 

Yamacraw  (ya'ma-kra).  A  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians  who  lived  on  the  lower  Savan- 
nah Eiver,  Georgia.  They  are  best  known  through 
their  chief  Tomochichi,  who  was  so  friendly  to  the  Eng- 
lish colony  at  Savannah  that  he  was  called  their  protector, 
and  was  presented  at  the  British  court  in  1733  by  Ogle- 
thorpe.   See  Muskhogean. 

Yamasi  (yam'a-se),  or  Jamasee,  or  Eamuses. 

A  tribe  of  Nort'h  American  Indians  who  Uved,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  18th  centurj;,  on  the  north 
side  of  the  lower  Savannah  Kiver  in  South 
Carolina.  The  name  is  from  the  Creek  language,  and 
means  '  gentle '  or  '  peaceable.'  In  1716  they  entered 
into  a  conspiracy  against  the  English  colonists  which  m- 
cluded  all  the  coast  tribes  as  far  north  as  Cape  Fear :  the 
outbreak  began  with  a  massacre.  After  defeat  they  fled  to 
the  Spanish  territory  of  Florida,  where  they  were  attacked 
by  the  Creeks  about  1733  and  destroyed  as  a  tribe,  many 
being  absorbed.    See  Creek  and  MuskTwgean, 

Yampah  (yam'pa)  Kiver,  or  Bear  (bar)  River. 
A  river  in  northwestern  Colorado  which  ]oins 
Green  Eiver  near  the  Utah  frontier. 

Yana.  A  river  in  Siberia  which  flows  into  the 
1076 


Arctic  Ocean  east  of  the  Lena.  Length,  about 
1,000  miles. 
Yanan  (ya'nan),  or  Noje  (no'zha),  or  Nozi 
(no'ze).  A  liiigiiistic  stock  of  North  American 
Indians.  They  formerly  lived  from  Bound  Mountain 
near  Pit  Blver,  Shasta  County,  to  Deer  Creek,  Tehama 
County,  California;  and  are  now  in  two  groups,  one  at 
Bedding,  the  other  at  Bound  Mountain,  California.  They 
numbered  35  in  1884.  The  stock  consists  of  a  single 
tribe,  the  Yana. 

Yancey  (yan'si),  William  Lowndes.    Bom  at 

Ogeeehee  Shoals,  Ga.,  Aug.  10, 1814 :  died  near 
Montgomery,  Ala.,  July  28,  1863.  An  Ameri- 
can politician  and  lawyer.  He  was  Democratic  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Alabama  1844-46 ;  became  a  leader 
of  the  Southern  advocates  of  secession  ;  was  presidential 
elector  in  1856  ;  withdrew  from  the  Democratic  National 
Convention  at  Charleston  in  1860  ;  and  reported  the  ordi- 
nance of  secession  in  the  Alabama  convention  in  1861.  He 
was  a  Confederate  agent  in  Europe  and  Confederate  sen- 
ator. 

Yang-chau  (yang'chou').  A  city  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Kiang-su,  China,  situated  on  the  Grand 
Canal  35  miLes  northeast  of  Nanking.  Popu- 
lation, estimated,  about  360,000. 

Yang-tse-Kiang  (yang'tse-ke-ang'),  or  Yang- 
tse,  or  Yang^tze  (yang'tse).  [Chin.,  '  son  of 
the  sea.']  The  largest  river  of  the  Chinese 
empire,  called  in  its  upper  course  the  Kau-sha- 
Kiang,  and  lower  down  the  Ta-Ejang  ('  great 
river ') .  it  rises  in  the  mountains,  northern  Tibet,  about 
lat.  36°  N.,  long.  91°  E.;  flows  through  Tibet,  Koko-Nor, 
and  China ;  and  empties  into  the  Yellow  Sea  about  lat  31" 
80'  N.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Ya-lung,  Min,  Kia^ 
ling,  Han,  Wu,  and  lake  Toongting.  It  is  connected  by 
the  Grand  Canal  with  the  Yellow  Biver.  On  it  are  Siuchu, 
Kweichow,  Ichang,  Hankow,  Kiu-kiang,  Ganking,  and 
Nanking.   Length,  about  3, 200  miles ;  navigable  to  Ichang. 

Yanina.    See  Janma. 

Yankee  Doodle  (yang'ke  do'dl).  An  Ameri- 
can national  air,  probably  of  English  origin  in 
the  middle  of  the  18th  century,  its  traditional 
author  is  Dr.  Schuckburgh,  a  surgeon  in  the  I^ench  and 
Indian  war,  about  1756.  The  original  name  of  the  song, 
not  the  air,  was  "  The  Yankee's  Betum  from  Camp." 

Yankees  (yang'kfz).  [Origin  uncertain.  Ac- 
cording to  a  common  statement,  Yankees  is  a 
var.  of  Yenlcees  or  Yengees  or  Yaungliees,  a  name 
said  to  have  been  given  by  the  Massachuset 
Indians  to  the  English  colonists,  being,  it  is 
supposed,  an  Indian  corruption  of  the  E.  word 
English,  or,  as  some  think,  of  the  F.  Anglais.'] 
1.  Citizens  of  New  England. —  3.  By  exten- 
sion, natives  of  the  United  States  :  chiefly  a 
European  use. —  3.  Soldiers  of  the  Federal  ar- 
mies :  so  called  by  the  Confederates  during  the 
Civil  War. 

Yankton  (yangk'ton).  A  city  in  Yankton 
County,  South  Dakota,  situated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Dakota  and  Missouri  rivers,  in  lat.  42° 
51'  N. :  formerly  a  capital  of  the  Territory  of 
Dakota.  Population  (1900),  4,125. 

Yankton  Indians.    A  tribe  of  the  Sioux. 

Yao  (you),  or  Wayao  (wa-you').  A  numerous 
Bantu  tribe  of  Portuguese  East  Africa,  be- 
tween the  upper  Eovuma  Eiver,  the  Lujende, 
and  a  mountain-range  east  of  Lake  Nyassa. 
They  are  well  built  and  strong,  and  have  round  faces, 
only  slightly  prognathic,  hut  with  a  flat  nose.  The  women 
wear  a  small  pelele  in  the  pierced  lip.  Circumcision  is 
practised  at  the  age  of  puberty,  when  the  boys  take  a 
new  name.  Four  dialects  of  the  language,  called  Kiyao, 
are  distinguished,  and  a  Christian  literature  is  coming 
into  existence. 

Yap  (yap),  or  Guap  (gwap).  An  island  in  the 
Caroline  group.  North  Pacific  Ocean.  Length, 
about  10  miles.  The  German  flag  was  raised  over  Yap 
in  1885 ;  and  the  resulting  dispute  between  Germany  and 
Spain  was  settled  by  Pope  Leo  XIII.  in  1885  by  the  award 
of  the  Carolines  to  Spain.  In  1899  the  group  was  pur- 
chased by  Germany. 

Yapoos.    See  Fuegians. 

Yapurd,    See  Japwrd. 

Yaqui  (ya'ke).    See  Cahita. 

Yaotui  (ya'ke).  A  river  in  northwestern  Mex- 
ico which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  California 
about  lat.  27°  30'  N.    Length,  200-300  miles. 

Yaquina  (ya-kwin'a),  or  Southern  Killamuk. 
The  leading  tribe  of,  the  Yakonan  stock  of 
North  American  Indians.     The  name  means  'tor- 


Yaqiiina 

tuouB'  or  '  winding,'  whicli  is  the  characteristic  of  the 
stream  bearing  this  name.  They  formerly  lived  in  66  vil- 
lages on  both  sides  of  Yaquina  Kiver,  Oregon,  and  are 
now  on  Siletz  reservation,  Oregon.  They  are  so  mixed 
with  other  tribes  that  tlieir  number  cannot  be  ascer- 
tained. Also  Yukwina,  Yomckone,  Ymikone,  lakon,  Ya- 
Icone.    See  YakonaTL 

Yare  (yar).  A  river  in  Norfolk,  England,  whicli 
unites  ■with  the  Waveney  to  form  the  Breydon 
near  Yarmouth. 

Yariba.    See  Yoruba. 

Yarkand  (yar-kand')-  The  name  given  in  part 
of  its  course  to  the  Tarin. 

Yarkand,  or  Yarkend  (yar-kend').  A  city  in 
Eastern  Turkestan,  Chinese  empire,  situated  on 
the  river  Yarkand,  about  lat.  38°  25'  N.,  in  the 
center  of  a  rich  oasis,  it  has  important  trade  and 
manufactures  of  leather,  etc.  It  haa  been  visited  in  re- 
cent times  by  Shaw,  Forsyth,  and  Carey.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 60,000. 

Yarmouth  (yar'muth),  or  Great  Yarmouth. 

[ '  Mouth  of  the  Yar  or  Yare.']  A  seapori;  in  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  North  Sea,  at  the  mouths 
of  the  Bure  and  Breydon,  in  lat.  52°  36'  N.,  long. 
1°  43'  E.  It  has  important  herring,  mackerel,  cod,  and 
other  fisheries,  and  Active  trade,  and  is  noted  for  its  cured 
fish  ("Yarmouth  bloaters").  The  Chmch  of  St.  Nicho- 
las is  the  largest  parish  church  in  England,  measuring  230 
by  112  feet.  The  oldest  part  of  the  existing  building  is  the 
nave  (dating  from  1190),  in  a  style  intermediate  between 
the  Norman  and  the  Early  English.  There  is  a  lofty  tower. 
It  is  a  frequented  watering-place.  Population  (19011,  61,260. 

Yarmouth.  A  seaport,  capital  of  Yarmouth 
County,  at  the  western  extremity  of  Nova  Sco- 
tia.   Population  (1901),  6,430. 

Yaroslaff  (ya-ro-slav').  Died  in  1054.  Grand 
prince  of  Kieff,  son  of  Vladimir.  He  inherited 
Novgorod  in  1016 ;  soon  after  made  himself  master  of  EieS ; 
and  later  became  ruler  of  the  greater  part  of  Russia. 

Yaroslaff  (ya-ro-slav'),  or  Yaroslavl  (ya-ro- 
slavl').  1.  A  government  of  European  Russia, 
surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Vologda, 
Kostroma,  Vladimir,  Tver,  and  Novgorod,  and 
traversed  by  the  Volga.  It  has  important  man- 
ufactures. Area,  13,751  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  1,126,891.-3.  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  Yaroslav,  situated  on  the  Volga, 
at  its  junction  with  the  Kotorost,  165  mues 
northeast  of  Moscow,  it  has  considerable  trade,  and 
important  manufactures  of  cotton,  linen,  etc.  Population, 
81,604. 

Yarra-Yarra  (ya'ra-ya'ra),  or  Yarra.  A  river 
in  Victoria,  Australia,  which  flows  into  Port 
Phillip  Bay.    On  it  Melbourne  is  situated. 

Yarrell  (yar'el),  William.  Bom  at  London, 
June,  1784 :  died  Sept.  6,  1856.  An  English 
naturalist  and  sportsman,  author  of  a  "History 
of  British  Fishes"  (1835-86)  and  a  "History  of 
British  Birds"  (1839-43). 

Yarriba.    See  Yoruba. 

Yarrow  (yar'6).  A  river  in  Selkirkshire,  Scot- 
land, which  traverses  the  Loch  of  the  Lowes 
and  St.  Mary's  Loch,  and  joins  the  Ettrick  near 
Selkirk.  Length,  about  25  miles.  Wordsworth 
has  written  three  poems  on  the  subject. 

Yasna  (yas'na).    See  Avesta. 

Yassy.    See  Jassy. 

Yates  (yats),  Edmund  Hodgson.  Bom  July, 
1831 :  died  May  20,  1894.  An  English  joumal- 
ist  and  novelist.  He  retired  from  a  position  in  the 
London  general  post-oifice  in  1872 ;  lectured  in  the  United 
States  1872-73  ;  and  went  as  special  correspondent  of  the 
*'  New  York  Herald"  to  Vienna,  St.  Petersburg,  etc.,  1873- 
1876.  He  was  connected  with  various  periodicals  ("Our 
Miscellany,"  London  "Daily  News," etc.);  was  editor  of 
"Temple  Bar"  till  1867,  when  he  became  editor  of  "Tins- 
ley's  Magazine  " ;  founded  and  edited  the  London  ""World  " 
with  GrenviUe  Murray  in  1874 ;  and  was  London  corre- 
spondent of  the  New  York  "Tribune"  for  a  number  of 
years  before  his  death.  Among  his  novels  are  "For  Bet- 
ter, for  Worse  "  (1863),  "Broken  to  Harness  "  (1864),  "Run- 
ning the  Gauntlet  "(1865),  "Kissing  the  Rod  "(1866),  "The 
Black  Sheep"  (1887),  "Wrecked  in  Port"  (1869),  "Casta- 
way" (1872),  "A  Waiting  Race  "(1872),  "The  Yellow  Flag" 
(1872),  etc.  In  1885  he  published  "Edmund  Yates:  his 
Recollections  and  his  Experiences." 

Yates  (yats),  Richard.  Bom  at  Warsaw,  Ky., 
Jan.  18,  1818:  died  at  St.  Louis,  Nov.  27, 1873. 
An  American  politician.  He  was  Whig  member  of 
Congress  from  Illinois  1851-56;  Republican  governor  of 
Illinois  1861-66  (one  of  the  "war  governors");  andUnited 
States  senator  from  Hlinois  1865-71. 

Yavary.    See  Javary. 

Yazd  (yazd),  or  Yezd  (yezd).  A  city  in  central 
Persia,  capital  of  the  district  of  Yazd,  situated 
about  lat.  32°  N.,  at  the  intersection  of  several 
important  routes.  It  is  the  center  of  the  Persian 
trade  with  India,  and  has  manufactures  of  silk,  cotton, 
confectionery,  etc.    Population,  estimated,  40,000-60,000. 

Yazoo  (ya'zo).  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians who  once  lived  on  the  river  of  the  same 
name  in  Mississippi.  D'Iberville  met  them  in  1699. 
In  1730  they  rose  against  the  French,  and  were  driven  away, 
losing  their  tribal  identity.    See  Muskhogean. 

Yazoo  River.  A  river  in  Mississippi  which  is 
formed  by  the  Tallahatchie  and  Yalabusha  riv- 


1076 

ers,  and  joins  the  Mississippi  above  Vioksburg. 
Length,  about  280  miles. 

Ybbs.    See  Ips. 

Yberville.    See  Iberville. 

Yeadon  (ye'don).  A  manufacturing  town  in 
the  West  Eidiiig  of  Yorkshire,  England,  8  miles 
northwest  of  Leeds.    Population  (1891),  7,396. 

Yeamans  (ye'manz),  Sir  John.  Bom  at  Bris- 
tol, England,  about  1605:  died  in  Barbados, 
W.  I. ,  about  1676.  An  English  colonial  governor. 
He  settled  In  Carolina  in  1665,  and  attempted  to  found  a 
colony  from  Barbados,  but  was  removed  from  the  office 
of  governor  in  1674. 

Yeardley  (yerd'li).  Sir  George.  Bom  in  Eng- 
land about  1580:  died  there,  1627.  An  English 
colonial  governor,  governor  of  Virginia  1616, 
1619-21,  and  1626-27.  He  introduced  repre- 
sentative government. 

Yeast:  a  Problem.  A  novel  by  Charles  Kings- 
ley,  published  in  1851:  originally  a  serial  in 
"Eraser's  Magazine"  in  1848. 

Yed,  or  Jed  (yed).  [Ar.  yed,  the  hand.]  The 
two  stars  6  and  e  in  the  right  hand  of  Ophiuehus: 
6  is  Yed  prior,  and  e  Yed  posterior. 

Yedo,  or  Yeddo.    See  Tokio. 

Yeisk,  or  Jeisk  (ya'isk),  or  Eisk  (a'isk).  A 
town  in  the  province  of  Kuban,  Russia,  situ- 
ated on  an  arm  of  the  Sea  of  Azoff,  78  miles 
west-southwest  of  EostofE.  It  exports  grain, 
flax,  and  wool.    Population  (1889),  29,714. 

Yekaterinburg  (ye-ka-te-ren-borg^),  or  Ekate- 
rinburg (e-ka-te-ren-borg'),  or  Katharinen- 
burg  (ka-ta-ren-en-b6rg' ).  [ '  Catharine's  bor- 
ough.'] A  town  in  the  government  of  Perm, 
Bussia,  situated  on  the  Isset,  at  the  eastern  base 
of  the  Urals,  180  miles  east-southeast  of  Perm. 
It  is  on  the  Great  Siberian  road ;  is  the  headquarters  of  a 
large  mining  region ;  has  extensive  trade  and  large  manu- 
factures of  metals,  etc. ;  and  contains  agovernment  factory 
for  polishing  ornamental  stones.  It  was  founded  by  Peter 
the  Great  in  1723.    Population  (1887),  37,309. 

Yekaterinodar  (ye-ka-te-re-no-dar'),  or  Eka- 
terinoda,r  (e-ka-te-re-no-dar').  The  capital  of 
the  province  of  Kuban,  Caucasia,  Russia,  sit- 
uated on  the  Kuban,  near  the  junction  of  the 
Karasuk,  about  lat.  45°  N.  It  is  the  residence 
of  the  hetman  of  the  Kuban  Cossacks.  Popu- 
lation, 66,308. 

Yekater inograd  (ye-ka-te-re-no-grad').  A 
town  and  fortress  of  Russia,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Terek,  20  miles  west  of  Mosdok. 

Yekaterinoslaff  (ye-kar-te-re-no-slSv'),  or  Eka- 
terinoslaff(e-ka-te-re-n6-slav').  1.  Agovern- 
ment of  southern  Russia,  surrounded  by  the 
governments  of  Taurida,  E^herson,  Pultowa, 
Kharkoff,  the  Province  of  the  Don  Cossacks, 
and  the  Sea  of  Azoff.  Area,  24,500  square  miles. 
Population,  1,653,549.-2.  The  capital  of  the 
government  of  Yekaterinoslaff,  situated  on  the 
Dnieper,  about  lat.  48°  25'  N.,  above  the  rapids. 
It  was  founded  by  Potemkin  in  1786.  Popula- 
tion, (189'^  121,216. 

Yelets,  or  YeletZ,  or  JeletZ  (ye-lets'}.  A  town 
in  the  government  of  Orel,  Russia,  situated  on 
the  Sosna  108  miles  east  of  Orel.  It  has  a  large 
trade  in  grain,  flour,  and  cattle.  Population 
(1893),  35,870. 

Yelisavetgrad,  or  Yelizavetgrad  (ye-le-za- 
vet-grad'),  or  Elizabethgrad  (e-le-za-bet- 
grad').  A  city  in  the  government  of  Kherson, 
Russia,  situated  on  the  lugul  120  miles  north 
of  Kherson.  It  has  important  markets.  Popu- 
lation, (1897),  61,841. 

Yelisavetppl,  or  Yelizavetpol  (ye-le-za-vet- 
poly'),orElizabethpol(e-le-za-bet-poly').  1. 
A  government  in  Transcaucasia,  Russia.  Area, 
16,721  square  miles.  Population  (1891),  850,623. 
—  2.  The  capital  of  the  government  of  Yelisa- 
vetpol,  situated  on  a  tributary  of  the  Kur,  and 
on  the  railway,  110  miles  southeast  of  Tiflis. 
It  was  formerly  named  Ganja,  and  wa6  an  important 
town.  It  was  stormed  by  the  Russians  in  1804 :  and  was 
the  scene  of  a  victory  by  Paskevitch  over  the  Persians  in 
1826.    Population,  20,284. 

Yell  (yel).  The  second  largest  island  of  the 
Shetland  group,  Scotland,  situated  north  of 
Mainland.     Length,  17  miles. 

Yellala  Falls  (yel-ia'la  f  aiz).  A  series  of  cas- 
cades in  the  lower  Kongo. 

Yellowplush  Papers.  A  collection  of  sketches 
by  Thackeray,  published  in  1841.  They  origi- 
nally appeared  in  "Eraser's  Magazine  "  as  "The 
Yellowplush  Memoirs  "  in  1837. 

Yellow  Kiver .  1 .  An  epithet  of  the  Tiber.—  2. 
The  Hwangho  or  Hoangho. 

Yellow  Sea,  or  Hwang-hai  (hwang-hi').  An 
arm  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  lying  between  China 
and  Corea.  Its  chief  branches  are  Corea  Bay  and  the 
Gulfs  of  Peohili  and  Liautung.  Extreme  width,  over  400 
miles. 


Yggdrasil 

Yellowstone  Lake  (yel'o-ston  lak).  Alake  in 
the  southern  half  of  the  Yellowstone  National 
Park,  traversed  by  the  Yellowstone  River. 
Elevation  above  sea-level,  7,740  feet  length,  20  miles. 
Greatest  width,  IS  miles. 

Yellowstone  National  Park.  A  region  set 
apart  as  a  public  pleasure-ground  by  act  of  Con- 
gress in  1872 :  famous  for  its  scenery,  it  lies  mainly 
in  Wyoming  and  partly  in  Montana  and  Idaho,  and  con- 
tains now  about  3,600  square  miles.  It  is  a  plateau  and 
mountain  region,  7,000-11,000  feet  above  sea-level,  and  la 
notedforits  extraordinary  geysers,  caflons,  boiling  springs, 
etc.  It  is  also  a  game-preserve.  It  was  explored  by  an  ex- 
pedition under  Washburne  in  1870,  and  more  fully  by  one 
under  Hayden  in  1871. 

Yellowstone  River.  A  river  which  rises  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  Wyoming,  traverses  Yel- 
lowstone Lake  and  the  Yellowstone  National 
Park,  flows  through  Montana,  and  joins  the 
Missouri  in  North  Dakota  near  the  frontier  of 
Montana.  Below.YeUowstone  Lake  are  the  Upper  Fall 
(112  feet)  and  Lower  Fall  (310  feet).  Below  the  fads  is  the 
famous  Grand  Caflon  of  the  Yellowstone,  about  24-30  miles 
long  and  600-1,200  feet  deep.  Its  tributaries  Tower  Creek 
and  Gardiner  River  also  have  noted  falls.  Length,  1,100 
(1,300  7)  miles ;  navigable  to  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Horn. 

Yemassee  (yem-a-se'),  The.  A  novel  by  W.  Gt. 
Simms,  published  in  1835. 

Yemen  (yem'en).  A  region  in  southwestern 
Arabia,  between  Hedjaz,  Hadramaut,  and  the 
Red  Sea.  in  Its  most  extended  sense  the  name  included 
nearly  all  of  Arabia  (all  south  of  Syria).  It  was  anciently 
the  seat  of  the  Sabseans  and  Himyariteg.  It  is  now  a  vila- 
yet of  Asiatic  Turkey. 

Yendys.  The  pseudonym  of  Sydney  Dobell :  an 
anagram  of  Sydney. 

Yenikale  (yen-e-ka'la).  Strait  of.  A  strait 
which  separates  the  Crimea  from  Circassia,  and 
connects  the  Sea  of  Azoflf  with  the  Black  Sea: 
the  ancient  Bosporus  Cimmerius. 

Yenisei  (yen-e-sa'e).  A  river  which  rises  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  Mongolia,  traverses  Si- 
beria from  south  to  north,  and  flows  by  the  Gulf 
of  Yenisei  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  east  of  the 
G-ulf  of  Obi.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Ean,  Angara 
(from  Lake  Baikal),  Podkamennaya  Tunguska,  and  Lower 
Tuuguska.  Length,  over  3,000  miles ;  navigable  in  its  mid- 
dle and  lower  course. 

Yenisei,  Bay  or  Gulf  of.  The  estuary  formed 
by  the  mouth  of  the  Yenisei. 

Yeniseisk  (yen-e-sa'isk).  1.  A  government  of 
Siberia,  bounded  by  the  Arctic  Ocean,  Yakutsk, 
Irkutsk,  the  Chinese  empire,  Tomsk,  and  To- 
bolsk. The  surface  is  mountainous  in  the  south  and  level 
in  the  north.  It  is  rich  in  mineral  wealth.  Capital,  Kras- 
noyarsk. Area,  987,186  square  miles.  Population,  468,572. 
2.  A  town  in  the  government  of  Yeniseisk, 
situated  on  the  Yenisei  about  lat.  58°  N.  Pop- 
ulation. 7,382. 

Yeo  (yo),  or  Ivel  (i'vel).  A  small  river  in  Som- 
ersetshire, England :  a  tributary  of  the  Parret. 

Yeoman's  Tale.    See  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale. 

Yeomen  of  the  Guard,  The,  or  the  Merryman 
and  his  Maid.  An  opera  by  Sir  Arthur  SulU- 
van,  words  by  W.  S.  Gilbert,  produced  in  1888. 

Yeovil  (yo'vil).  A  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng- 
land, situated  on  the  Yeo  33  miles  southwest  of 
Bath.  It  has  manufactures  of  gloves.  Popula- 
tion (1891),  9,648. 

Yesso.    See  Yezo. 

Yeye  (ya'ye),  or  Bayeye  (ba-ya'ye).  A  Bantu 
tribe  of  British  South  Africa,  dwelling  north  of 
Lake  Ngami,  and  still  untouched  by  civilizing 
influences.  Their  language,  related  to  Herero,  has 
adopted  three  clicks  from  the  Khoikhoin.  They  are  also 
called  Bakhoba  by  their  neighbors. 

Yezd.    See  Yazd. 

Yezdigerd,  or  Yesdigerd  (yez'di-j6rd),  or  Yaz- 
digerd  (yaz'di-jSrd),  or  Isdigerd  (iz'di-jerd). 
The  name  of  several  kings  of  Persia.  The  first 
reigned  about  399-420 ;  the  second  about  438-457 :  and  the 
third,  about  632-651:  his  armleswere  defeated  at  Kadisiya 
(about  636) and  Nehavend  (about  641)bythe  Saracens,  and 
he  was  murdered  about  661. 

Yezidis,  or  Yezidees  (yez'i-dez).  [Prom  Yezid, 
their  reputed  founder.]  A  sect  or  people  dwell- 
ing in  Mesopotamia,  in  Asiatic  Turkey:  allied 
to  the  Kurds.  They  hold  beliefs  derived  from  Moham- 
medan and  various  other  sources,  and  are  commonly  called 
"  devil- worshipers. " 

Yezo  (yez'6),  or  Yesso  (yes'so),  officially  Hok- 
kaido. The  northernmost  of  the  four  principal 
islands  of  Japan,  separated  from  the  main  island 
by  the  Strait  of  Tsugaru.  it  contains  many  moun- 
tains and  volcanoes.  Length,  about  330  miles.  Area, 
36,299  square  miles.    Population  (1894),  est.,  428,228. 

Ygeme,  In  Arthurian  romance,  the  mother  of 
Arthur. 

Yggdrasil  (ig'dra-sil).  [Also  Ygdrasil,  Jg- 
drasil,  Iggrdrasill;  Icel.  Yggdra  Syll;  cf.  Yggr, 
Uggr,  a  name  of  Odin ;  syll,  sill.]  In  Scandina- 
vian mythology,  the  asib-tree  which  binds  to- 
gether heaven,  earth,  and  hell .  its  branches  spread 


Yggdrasil 


1077 


over  the  whole  earth  and  reach  above  the  heavens.  Its  Loirfit,  rianit.al  Aiittcito  Tf  v...,  o».i».,ui..oi  »= 
roots  run  in  three  directions :  one  to  the  Asa  gods  in  heaven,  ti°5;!,  onrt  mlnprJi  ^?th  ;„  J  ^^^.^fi^l^^ur^LZ 
one  to  the  Frost-giants,  and  the  third  to  the  under-world!  !?i™  T^p?  fir^rt  frfi^ \,,?=  J  tT,»  SS.v  f  ^SS™^ 
Under  each  root  is  a  fountain  of  wonderful  virtues.  In  ™^!;  T>},rJ^,„rtl  »^H  pltT.i?  i.  f  ?=«! »°  fa  »  -tS' 
the  tree,  which  drops  honey,  sit  an  eagle,  a  squirrel,  and     ffi.?' ^"'^.'JS^^V  Sf  «^l  '    ^^'''  ^'^^  ^"^"^  ""'^''• 

four  stags.    At  the  root  lies  the  serpent  Nithhbggr  gnaw-' T^^PVir'""  (™1)'»«.^- _,,       ,.      ,      .     ,  , 

ing  it,  while  the  squirrel  EatatOskr  runs  up  and  down  to  ^O^ICK  (yor  ik).  1.  ihe  king's  jester  whose 
sow  strife  between  the  eagle  at  the  top  and  the  serpent  at    skullis  apostrophized  by  Hamlet  in  Shakspere's 


the  root.    Also  called  Tree  of  the  Universe. 
7mir  (e'mir).    [ON.]    In  Old  Norse  mythology, 
a  mighty  sea-giant,  the  first  created  being,  who 
arose  through  the  interworking  of  heat  and  cold 

in  Ginnungagap,  the  primeval  abyss.    He  was     

dain  by  Odin  and  his  brotWs  Vili  and'Ve,  and  hurled  VnnVTr'a  T.ntra 
into  the  midst  of  GInnungagapw    His  flesh  became  the  '■"'■'■^'^  °  iiove. 


"Hamlet,"  V.  1.— 2.  The  pseudonym  of" Lau- 
rence Sterne  in  "  A  Sentimental  Journey." — 
3.  A  humorous  parson,  in  Sterne's  "Tristram 
Shandy,"  who  claims  descent  from  Shakspere's 
Yorick. 

_    _.    A  tragedy  by  W.  D.  Howells, 

land,  his  bones  the  mountains.^hfs  blood  lakes  and  streams,    ?n  the  basis  of  a  Spanish  original,  produced 

his  hair  the  forests,  his  skull  the  heavens,  and  his  brains    by  Lawrence  Barrett  in  1885. 

theclouds.    Midgard  was  formed  from  his  eyebrows.    He  york(y6rk).   VL.Eboracum.'i  A  city  and  county, 

was  a^o  called  Aurgelmir.  capital  of  Yorkshire,  situated  at  the  junction  of 

Yncas.    bee/«cas      _  ,     .  .  .    ^  ^^      thePosswiththe  Ouse,inlat.  53°  57' N.,long. 

Yoga(yo'ga).  [Skt. 2^ffa, from  V.W.Join.]  The    jo  5,  ^. .  ^^^  ,,^t  of'an  archbishopric.    The 

fourthofthesixsystemsof  Hindu philosophy,or    cathedral  (York  Minster)  is  one  of  the  chief  English  oa- 

the  second  of  the  two  divisions  of  the  Sankhya    thedrals,  of  Norman  foundation,_but  entirely  rebuilt  in 

system,   its  alleged  author  is  Patau  Jali,  ofwhomnothing 

is  known.    It  is  set  forth  In  the  Yogasutra,  a  little  work  in 

four  chapters,  translated  in  part  by  Ballantyne  and  entire 

by  Rajendra  Lala  Mitra.    The  Yoga  is  commonly  regarded 

as  a  theistic  development  of  the  Sankhya,  directly  acknow- 
ledging Ishvara,  or  a  supreme  being.    The  aim  of  it  is  to 

teach  the  means  by  which  the  human  soul  may  attain  com- 
plete union  with  the  Supreme  Soul.    This  fusion  may  be 

Effected  even  in  the  body.    According  to  Fatanjali  the  very 

word  Yoga  means  '  fixing  or  concentrating  the  mind  in 

abstract  meditation.'    This  is  secured  by  preventing  the 

modifications  of  chitta,  or  the  thinking  principle,  which 

arise  through  the  three  pramanas,  perception,  inference, 

and  verbal  testimony,  as  well  as  incorrect  ascertainment, 

fancy,  sleep,  and  recollection.     Tliese  modifications  of 

chitta  are  prevented  by  the  constant  habit  of  keeping  the 

mind  in  an  unmodified  state,  and  by  complete  suppression 

of  the  passions.    This  last,  vairagya,  is  obtained, by  con- 
templation of  the  Supreme  Being,who  is  a  spirit  unaffected 

by  works  and  affections,  and  is  called  Om,  the  repetition 

of  wliich  monosyllable  has  astonishing  results,  and  the 

muttering  of  which,  with  reflection  on  its  meaning,  con- 
duces to  a  knowledge  of  the  Supreme,  and  tends  to  prevent 

all  the  obstacles  to  Yoga.    Themeansof  mentalconcentra- 

tion  are  eight:  (1)  Forbearance  or  restraint ;  (2)  religious 

observances ;  (3)  postures ;  (4)  suppression  of  the  breath,  or 

breathing  in  a  peculiar  way ;  (5)  restraint  of  the  senses ; 

(6)  steadying  of  the  mind ;  (7)  contemplation ;  (8)  profound 

meditation  or  religious  trance,  this  last  being  best  attained, 

according  to  the  Bhagavadgita  (VI.  13),  by  fixing  the  eyes 

on  the  tip  ot  the  nose,  and  similar  devices.    The  system, 

a  contrivance  for  getting  rid  of  all  thought;  is  a  compound 

ot  ascetic  bodily  and  mental  exercises. 

Yogin  (yo-gin'  or  yo'gin),  or  Yogi  (yo-ge'  or    tar'hins'in  1644.    Populafion  (1901),  77,793. 
yo'ge).     [Skt.,  from  yoga  (which  see),  ^og'ire  York  (County).    See  Yorkshire. 
being  the  stem  of  the  substantively  used  pos-  York.    The  former  name  of  Toronto, 
sessive  adjective,  and  yogi  its  nominative  sin-  York.    The  capital  of  York  County,  Pennsyl- 
gular  masculine.]    A  follower  of  the  Yoga  sys-  vania,  situated  on  Codorus  Creek   22  miles 
tem  ;  a  Hindu  devotee  or  ascetic.  southeast  of  Harrisburg.     it  has  manufactures  of 

Yokohama   (yo-ko-ha'ma).     A  seaport  on  the    cars,  agricultural  implements,  etc.    In  1777-78  it  was  the 
main  island  o£  Japan,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  .^«^'°"i«<'°""°™'*i<'°"8?;f=«-  Pop.  asoo),  33,708. 
Yedo,  16  miles  southwest  of  Tokio,  In  lat.  35°  York  Cape.    The  northern  point  of  York  Pe- 
26' N.,  long.  139°  36' E.    It  is  the  most  important  of   mnsula,  Australia,  in  lat.  10°  41   S.,  long.  142° 
the  Japanese  treaty  ports,  and  has  a  large  foreign  trade.  ^"'  ,     _  t»      .        ,      ^ 

It  is  coimected  by  rail  with  Tokio,  a.id  is  a  port  of  call  or  York,  Cape.  A  cape  m  Hayes  Peninsula,  Green- 
terminus  of  the  Pacific  Mail,  Canadian  Pacific,  and  other  land,  near  the  northern  part  of  Baffin  Bay. 
lines  of  steamers.  Atthetimeof  the  opening  of  the  neigh- Vnrlr  Tlnlronf  Tlie  titlehnvnfihvHfiTiTV  VITT 
boring  Kanagawa  as  a  treaty  port  (about  1859)  it  was  a  *  °¥■^f"^®  °J-  ^  .  "^"'t  "°^^  ^^  ^u  i  «:  • ' 
Ashing  village  :  the  settlement  was  soon  transferred  from  and  Charles  I.  previous  to  the  death  ot  their 
Kanagawa  to  it.    Population  (1892),  142,965.  elder  brothers,  and  by  James  H.  before  his  ac- 

Yokut,  or  YoCUt  (yo'kut).     [PI.,  also  Tolcvts.']    cession  to  the  throne,    it  is  at  present  borne  by  the 
The  southern  division  of  the  Mariposan  stock   second  son  of  Edward  VII.,  by  the  death  ot  his  elder 
of  North  American  Indians,  formerly  embracing  brother  heir  to  the  crown  of  England 
a  number  of  tribes  whose  remnants  are  no#York,Dukeof.    SeeXa««^^^^^^ 

Yongl(yung),OharlesDuke.B^^^^^ 

Dec.  1,  1891.     An  English  historical  writer  and  marshalandoommanderof  the  forces  in  1796;  commanded 

classical  scholar.     He  published  an  "English-Greek  the  unsuccessful  expedition  to  the  Netherlands  in  1799; 

Lexicon '    (1849),  u  new  Latin  "  Gradus  ad  Parnassum  '  capitulated  at  Alkmaar  Oct.  18, 1799 ;  and  was  obliged  on 

(IS.iO),  witli  an  appendix  of  Latin  epithets  (1856),  "  A  New  account  of  scandal  to  resign  in  1809,  but  was  reinstated  in 

Phraseological  English-Latin  and  Latin-English  Diction-  1811.    He  opposed  Catholic  emancipation.    From  1763  to 

ary  '  (1855),  histories  of  England  (1856),  the  British  navy  ISOa  he  was  prince-bishop  of  Osnabriick. 
(1863),  France  under  the  Bourbons  (1866-67),  and  the  Eng-  York,  DukO  Of  (Richard).    Killed  at  the  battle 

lish  Revolution  (1874),  aijd  livens  of   Liverpool^  (186§  of  "Wakefield,  1460.    An  English" statesman^  son 


subsequent  medieval  periods.  The  transepts  are  fine, 
particularly  the  south  transept,  built  in  the  first  half  of 
the  13th  century;  it  displays  three  tiers  of  arcades,  in- 
creasing in  size  upward,  and  the  rich  gable  is  almost  en- 
tirely occupied  by  a  beautiful  rose.  The  square  towers  of 
the  much-paneled  west  front  are  of  the  15th  century,  as  is 
the  massive  central  tower ;  the  Perpendicular  choir  and 
Lady  chapel  are  of  the  14th.  The  interior  is  highly  im- 
pressive from  its  size  and  height.  The  elaborate  vaulting 
is  of  wood.  A  massive  sculptured  rood-screen  separates 
the  nave  from  the  choir.  The  Perpendicular  window 
which  fills  almost  the  whole  east  end  measures  78  by  33 
feet,  being  surpassed  only  by  that  at  Gloucester.  The 
north  transept  possesses  the  celebrated  group  of  lancets 
known  as  the  Five  Sisters.  The  cathedral  possesses  more 
old  glass  (14th  and  16th  centuries)  than  any  other  in  Eng- 
land. Among  its  tombs  that  of  Archbishop  Grey  (1256)  is 
the  most  remarkable.  The  dimensions  are  625  by  110  feet ; 
length oftransepts, 222;  heightof  vaulting,  100;  ofwestem 
towers,  201  feet.  The  octagonal  Decorated  chapter-house, 
without  central  pillar,  is  of  exceptional  beauty.  Mickle- 
gate  Bar  is  one  of  the  six  medieval  city  gates.  It  is  a  high 
square  battleraented  tower,  with  bartizans  on  the  angles, 
whose  arch  spans  the  roadway.  Besides  the  cathedral 
there  are  several  interesting  churches,  St.  Mary's  Abbey, 
and  a  castle.  York  was  the  capital  of  Britain  during  the 
Roman  occupation ;  was  visited  by  Hadrian ;  and  was  the 
place  of  death  of  Severus  and  Constantius  Chlorus.  In 
York  Constantino  was  proclaimed  emperor.  Later  it  was 
the  capital  of  Northumbria  and  Deira,  and  an  important 
Danishcity.  Itwasanearlyseatof learning.  Itwastaken 
by  William  the  Conqueror  in  1068 ;  revolted  and  was  re- 
taken by  him  in  1069 ;  was  the  meeting-place  of  several  par- 
liaments ;  and  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Parliameu- 


Marie  Antoinette  (1876),  "Life  of  Sir  Walter  Scott"(1888), 

^onge,  Charlotte  Mary.  Bom  at  Otterbouma 

England,  1823 :  died  there,  March  24, 1901.  An 
English  novelist  and  historical  and  miscellane- 
ous writer.  Her  works  include  "Heir  of  Redclyfle" 
(1853),  "  Daisy  Chain  "  (1866),  'Kings  ot  England  "  (1848), 
'•Landmarl<s  of  History"  (1852-67),  "  History  of  Christian 
Names"  (1863) ,  a  nuniberol  volumes  of  stories  from  tlie  his- 
tories of  diflereut  countries,  and  numerous  novels,  etc. 


of  Eiehard  (earl  of  Cambridge)  and  Anne  Mor- 
timer. He  was  constable  of  England  and  regent  of 
France  under  Henry  VI. ;  later  was  lieutenant  of  Ireland ; 
was  protector  during  the  imbecility  of  Henry  _TI. ;  and 
was  dismissed  from  office  in  1455.  He  laid  claim  to  the 
heirsliip  to  the  throne,  and  precipitated  the  Wars  of  the 
Roses  in  that  year.  In  1460  he  was  again  for  a  short  time 
protector,  and  by  a  compromise  was  recognized  as  heir  to 
the  throne ;  but  this  compromise  was  rejected  by  Queen 
Margaret^  and  York  was  defeated  and  slain  at  Wakefield. 


Yonkers  (yongk'^rz  or  yungk'erz).    A  city  in  York,  Duke  of  (Richard).    Born  about  14T4 
WestchesterCounty,  New  York,  situated  on  the    murdered  in  the  Tower,  1488.    Second  son  of 
Hudson  about  15  miles  by  rail  north  of  New    Edward  IV. 

York  city.     It  has  varied  manufactures.    Pop- York,  House  of.   A  branch  of  the  English  royal 
ulation  (1900),  47,931.  dvnastyofPlantagenet,  descended  from  Lionel, 

Yonne  (yon).    A  river  in  France  which  rises     --•'---  --  ■  -  »  ^-^        ^  — 


near  the  eastern  border  of  Ni6vre,  flows  north- 
west, and  joins  the  Seine  at  Montereau:  the 
ancient  Icavma.  It  is  connected  by  canals  with 
the  8a6ne  and  Loire.  Length,  171  miles ;  navi- 
gable to  Auxerre. 

Yonne     A  department  of  France,  bounded  by 
Seine-'et-Mame,  Aube,  C6te-d'0r,  NiSvre,  and 


duke  of  Clarence,  third  son  of  Edward  III., 
and  Edmund,  duke  of  York,  fifth  son  of  Edward 
JQI.  The  head  of  the  house  was  Richard,  duke  of  York 
(killed  1460).  His  sons  Edward  IV.  and  Richard  III.,  and 
grandson  Edward  V.,  were  kings  of  England  1461-85.  The 
descendants  of  Edward  IV. 's  brother  (Duke  ot  Clarence) 
and  sister  (Elizabeth)  became  claimants  after  1485.  The 
last  serious  claimant  was  Richard  de  la  Pole  (died  1525). 
See  Wars  of  the  Eases. 


Yosemite  Falls 

York,  Vale  of.  The  central  valley  of  Yorkshire, 
England,  noted  for  its  fertility. 

York  and  Lancaster,  Wars  of.  See  Wars  of 
tlie  Bases. 

Yorke  (ySrk),  Oliver.  The  pseudonym  (origi- 
nally that  of  Mahony)  under  wliich  "Eraser's 
Magazine"  is  edited. 

York  House.  A  former  palace  in  London,  situ- 
ated on  the  Strand  west  of  Salisbury  House  and 
the  Savoy:  a  town  residence  of  the  archbishops 
of  York  after  Wolsey.  It  should  not  be  confounded 
with  York  Place.  The  only  archbishop  who  actually  re- 
sided here  was  Heath,  Queen  Mary's  chancellor.  It  be- 
came the  ofiicial  residence  of  chancellors  and  keepers  of 
the  great  seal;  hence  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon  went  to  reside 
there  and  Francis  Bacon  was  liorn  there.  The  first  Duke 
of  Buckingham  obtained  the  property  from  James  I.,  and 
proposed  to  build  a  palace  from  the  designs  of  Inigo  Jones : 
only  the  water-gate  was  built.    See  Whitehall  Palace. 

York  Peninsula.  A  peninsula  in  South  Aus- 
tralia, between  Spencer  Gulf  and  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Vincent.    Length,  about  120  miles. 

York  Place.  A  name  formerly  given  to  White- 
hall Palace,  London. 

York  Plays  or  Mysteries.  A  cycle  of  48  plays 
performed  by  the  Crafts  or  Mysteries  of  York 
on  Corpus  Christi  Day,  in  the  14th,  15th,  and 
16th  centuries.  The  earUest  mention  of  them  is  in  1376, 
when  they  had  already  been  established  some  years.  They 
were  printed  in  1885  by  Lucy  Toulmin  Smith  from  the 
unique  MSS.  in  the  librarj'  of  Lord  Ashburnham. 

York  River.  A  river  or  estuary  in  Virginia, 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  Mattapony  and  Pa^ 
munkey  rivers  at  West  Point.  Length,  35-40 
miles. 

Yorkshire  (ydrk'shir).  The  largest  county  in 
England,  It  is  bounded  by  Durham  (from  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  TeesX  the  North  Sea,  Lincolnshire  (sepa- 
rated by  theHumber),  Nottingham,  Derby,  Cheshire,  Lan- 
cashire, and  Westmoreland;  and  comprises  the  admin- 
istrative divisions  of  North  Riding,  East  Riding,  West 
Riding,  and  the  City  of  York.  It  is  traversed  in  the  west 
by  the  Pennine  chain,  and  its  surface  is  greatly  diversified. 
It  has  important  mines  of  coal,  iron,  and  other  minerals ; 
flourishing  agriculture,  especially  in  the  Vale  of  York, 
Cleveland,  and  Holderness ;  and  manufactures  of  woolens, 
worsted,  iron,  steel,  etc.  It  contains  the  large  towns 
Leeds,  Sheffield,  Hull,  Bradford,  York,  Huddersfield,  and 
Halifax.  It  belonged  to  the  Brigantes ;  after  the  Roman 
occupation  formed  the  Idngdom  of  Deira  and  part  of 
Northumbria ;  and  was  the  scene  of  numerous  Scottish 
raids,  of  battles  in  the  Wars  of  the  Roses,  of  the  "  Pilgrim- 
age of  Grace  "  in  1636,  of  an  insurrection  in  1569,  and  of  the 
battle  of  Marston  Moor  in  1644,  Area,  6,067  square  mUes. 
Population  (1891),  3,208,813. 

Yorkshire  Tragedy,  A.  A  play  produced  and 
printed  in  1608,  founded  on  an  event  which  oc- 
curred in  1604.  It  has  been  attributed  to  Shakspere,  as 
his  name  appeared  in  full  on  the  title-page  in  the  1608 
edition ;  but  it  is  thought  to  have  been  added  for  the  bene- 
fit of  the  bopkseller. 

Yorktown  (y6i'k'toun).  The  capital  of  York 
County,  Virginia,  situated  on  York  River  51 
miles  east-southeast  of  Richmond.  Here,  in  1781, 
the  British  under  Cornwallis  were  besieged  by  the  allied 
Americans  and  French  under  Washington  and  Rochambeau, 
aided  by  the  French  fleet  under  De  Grasse.  Yorktown 
was  invested  by  the  end  of  Sept. ;  the  flrst  parallel  was 
established  Oct.  0 ;  an  unsuccessful  sortie  was  made  Oct. 
16 ;  and  the  British  (about  8,000)  surrendered  Oct.  19.  This 
event  virtually  closed  the  Revolutionary  War.  Here  also 
occurred,  during  the  Civil  War,  the  siege  of  the  Confeder- 
ates under  Magruder,  and  later  under  .Tohnston,  by  the 
Federals  under  McClellan.  It  was  begun  April  5,  1£62, 
and  Yorktown  was  evacuated  by  the  Confederates  on 
May  4.    Population  (1900),  town,  15L 

York  von  Wartenburg  (york  f  on  var '  ten-boro ) , 
Count  Hans  David  Ludwig.  Bom  at  Pots- 
dam, Prussia,  Sept.  26,  1759:  died  at  Klein- 
01s,  Silesia,  Oct.  4, 1830.  A  Prussian  field-mar- 
shal. He  served  in  the  Polish  campaign  erf  1794  ;  com- 
manded the  rear-guard  after  Jena  in  1806 ;  was  imprison  ed 
at  Ltibeck ;  commanded  the  Prussian  contingent  in  the 
expedition  to  Russia  in  1812 ;  concluded  the  convention 
of  Tauroggen  with  the  Russians,  Dec.  30, 1812  ;  was  dis- 
tinguished as  a  corps  commander  1813-14;  served  at 
Bautzen,  and  contributed  to  the  victory  of  Katzbach ; 
crossed  the  Elbe  at  Wartenburg,  Oct.  3,  1813 ;  was  dis- 
tinguished at  Mockem  in  1813,  and  at  Montmirail,  Laon, 
and  Paris  in  1814 ;  and  became  a  field-marshal  In  1821. 

Yoruha  (yo'ro-ba),  or  Yariba  (ya're-ba).  A 
once  powerful  negro  kingdom,  now  much  re- 
duced and  included  in  the  British  sphere  of  in- 
fluence. It  occupies  the  eastern  half  of  the  Slave  Coast, 
between  Dahomey  and  Benin,  and  extends  northeastward 
as  far  as  the  Niger.  In  the  beginning  of  the  19th  cen- 
tury the  northern  portion  was  annexed  by  the  conquer- 
ing Fulahs  of  Gando :  several  defections  have  followed. 
The  Yoniba  people  call  themselves  Eyo ;  in  Sierra  Leone 
they  go  by  the  name  of  Akil.  They  are  an  intelligent  and 
enterprising  tribe,  living  in  large  and  semi-civilized  com- 
munities. The  ancient  capital,  Oyo,  is  said  to  have  70,000 
and  Ibadan  60,000  inhabitants.  Tliere  Is  a  colony  of  Yo- 
ruba-men  at  Kano  in  Hausaland.  A  majority  of  the  Sierra 
Leonians  are  of  Yoruba  desceni^  and  a  large  proportion  of 
the  North  American  negroes  are  of  Yoruba  extraction,  or 
at  least  come  from  the  Slave  Coast. 

Yosemite  (yo-sem'i-te)  Falls.  The  three  falls 
of  Yosemite  Creek.  The  first  is  1,500  feet  high ; 
the  second,  626,  in  a  series  of  cascades ;  and  the 
third,  400  feet. 


Tosemite  Valley 

Yosemite  Valley.  [Amer.  Ind. , '  valley  of  the 
grizzly  bear.']  A  valley  in  the  west  slope  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada  Movmtains,  about  150  miles 
east  of  San  Francisco,  in  Mariposa  Covmty,  Cali- 
fornia: famous  for  its  sublime  scenery.  Its  length 
ia  about  7  miles ;  width,  i  mile-2  miles.  It  is  nearly  inclosed 
by  walls  of  rock  3,000  to  6,000  feet  high,  and  is  traversed 
by  the  Merced  E-iver.  The  chief  heights  are  El  Capitan, 
Cathedral  Rock,  the  Spires,  the  Three  Brothers,  Sentinel 
Kock,  the  North  Dome,  the  Hall  Dome,  and  the  Cap  of  Lib- 
erty ;  the  noted  falls  are  Yosemite  FaUs,  the  Bridal  Veil 
Fall,  Vernal  Fall,  and  Nevada  FalL  The  valley  was  dis- 
covered in  185L  In  1864  Congress  granted  it,  with  adja- 
cent territory  for  two  miles  about  i^  to  the  State  of  Csdi- 
fomia,  on  condition  that  it  should  be  held  as  a  State  park 
for  "public  use,  resort,  and  recreation  "  for  all  time.  (See 
Mariposa.)  Yosemite  National  Park  includes  the  water- 
sheds and  basins  of  the  rivers  of  the  Yosemite  Valley  and 
the  State  park. 

Youghal  (y&'hal  or  y^l).  A  seaport  in  the 
county  of  Cork,  Ireland,  situated  on  the  Black- 
water  22  miles  east  of  Cork.  Population 
(1891),  4,317. 

Toumans  (yo'manz),  Edward  Livingstone. 
Born  at  Coeymans,  N.  Y.,  June  3,  1821:  died 
at  New  York  city,  Jan.  18, 1887.  An  American 
scientist.  He  founded  the  "Popular  Science  Monthly" 
In  1872;  planned  the  "International  Scientific  Series"; 
and  published  a  "Chemical  Chart  "(1861),  "Class-book  of 
Chemistry  "  (1852), "  Atlaa  of  Chemistry  "(1864X  and  "Hand- 
book of  Household  Science  "  (1867).  In  1864  he  published 
"The  Correlation  and  Conservation  of  Forces,"  a  series  of 
articles  by  prominent  scientists  on  the  new  theory  offerees, 
with  an  introduction.  He  also  edited  "The  Culture  De- 
manded by  Modern  Life  "  in  1867,  and  was  Instrumental 
in  the  publication  of  Herbert  Spencer's  works  in  America, 
especially  in  popularizing  his  theory  of  evolution.  His 
sister  acted  as  his  amanuensis  from  1846  on  account  of 
the  failure  of  his  eyesight. 

Youmans,  Eliza  A.  Bom  at  Saratoga,  1826. 
An  American  botanist,  sister  of  E.  L.  Youmans. 

Young  (yung),  Arthur.  Born  in  Suffolk,  Eng- 
land, Sept.  11,  1741:  died  at  London,  April  20, 
1820.  An  English  traveler  and  noted  agricul- 
tural and  economic  writer.  He  was  engaged  (un- 
successfully) in  farming,  and  was  appointed  secretary 
of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  in  1793.  He  is  best  known 
from  his  accounts  of  travels  in  England,  Wales,  and  Ire- 
land, and  especially  in  France  (1787-90),  during  which  he 
observed  closely  and  scientifically  the  condition  of  agri- 
culture. His  works  include  "  A  Six  Weeks'  Tour  through 
the  Southern  Counties  of  England  and  Wales  "  (1768),  "A 
Six  Months'  Tour  through  the  North  of  England"  (1771), 
' '  A  Farmer's  Tour  through  the  East  of  England  "  (1770-71), 
"  A  Course  of  Experimental  Agriculture  "  (1770),  "The 
Farmer's  Calendar"  (1771),  "Political  Arithmetic"  (1774), 
"  A  Tour  in  Ireland  "  (1780),  "  Travels  in  France, "  his  chief 
work  (1792-94).    He  edited  "Annals  of  Agriculture." 

Young,  Brigham.  Bom  at  Whitingham,  Vt., 
June  1, 1801 :  died  at  Salt  Lake  City,  Aug.  29, 
1877.  A  Mormon  leader,  president  of  the  Mor- 
mon Church.  In  early  life  he  was  by-trade  a  carpenter, 
painter,  and  glazier  in  Mendon,  New  York.  He  was  con- 
verted to  Mormonism  in  1831 ;  began  to  preach  in  1832,  and 
in  that  year  joined  the  Mormons  at  Eirtland,  Ohio ;  was 
made  an  elder  in  1832,  and  an  apostle  in  1835  ;  and  was 
chosen  president  of  the  church  as  successor  to  Smith  in 
1844.  He  conducted  the  emigration  from  Nauvoo  to  Utah 
1846-48  ;  was  elected  governor  of  "Deseret"  in  1849 ;  and 
was  appointed  governor  of  Utah  Territory  by  President 
Fillmore.  In  1852  he  proclaimed  the  doctrine  of  polyg- 
amy. He  defied  the  United  States  government,  and  was 
removed  from  the  governorship  by  President  Buchanan. 
In  1871  he  was  indicted  for  polygamy,  but  was  not  con- 
victed. At  his  death  he  had  17  wives.  He  was  head  of 
the  secret  order  of  Danites  (which  see). 

Young,  Charles  Augustus.  Born  at  Hanover, 
N.  H.,  I)ec.  15,  1834.  A  noted  American  as- 
tronomer. He  graduated  at  Dartmouth  in  1863 ;  and  be- 
came professor  at  Western  Reserve  CoUege  in  1866,  at 
Dartmouth  in  1866,  and  (of  astronomy)  at  Princeton  in 
1877.  He  is  especially  noted  for  his  researches  on  the  sun. 
He  has  written  "  The  Sun  "  (1882),  "A  Text-book  of  Gen- 
eral Astronomy  "  (1888). 

Young,  Charles  m&yae.  Bom  at  London,  Jan. 
10,  1777 :  died  near  Brighton,  June  28,  1856. 
An  English  actor.  He  made  his  regular  d^but  at 
Liverpool  in  1798,  as  Young  Norval,  with  great  success. 
A  year  later  he  was  leading  man  at  Manchester,  and  be- 
came afterward  an  intimate  friend  of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  His 
repertoire  was  large,  including  Don  Felix  in  "  The  Won- 
der," Rolla  in  "Pizarro,"  Penruddock  in  "The  Wheel  of 
Fortune,"  Petruchio,  Sir  Edward  Mortimer  in  "The  Iron 
Chest,"  etc.  His  greatest  success  was  in  £emble's  cele- 
brated revival  of  "Julius  Csesar"  in  1812.  His  farewell 
benefit  occurred  at  Covent  Garden,  May  31, 1832,  when  he 
appeared  as  Hamlet,  and,  in  his  honor,  Mathews  appeared 
as  Folonius  and  Macready  aa  the  Ghost. 

Young,  Edward.  Born  at  Upham,  near  Win- 
chester, England,  June,  1681:  died  April  12, 
1765.  An  English  poet.  He  was  educated  at  Ox- 
ford, and  in  1730  oecame  rector  of  Welwyn  in  Hertford- 
shire. His  chief  poetical  work  is  "Night  Thoughts" 
(1742-46).  He  also  wrote  satires  under  the  title  "love  of 
Fame,  the  Universal  Passion  "  (1765-68),  the  dramas  "Bu- 
siris"  (1719)  and  "The  Revenge  "  (1721),  etc. 

Young,  Edward  Daniel.  Born  1831.  An  Eng- 
lish traveler  in  Africa.  He  explored  the  Lake 
Nyassa  region  in  1875,  and  wrote  "Nyassa" 
(1877). 

Young,  John,  Baron  Lisgar.  Bom  in  Bombay, 
Aug.  31, 1807 :  died  in  Ireland,  Oct.  6,  1876.    A 


1078 


Yunnan 


British  politician.     He  was  secretary  of  the  treasury 
1844-46 ;  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  1852-56 ;  later  lord  high 
commissioner  of  the  Ionian  Islands  and  governor  of  New 
South  Wales  ;  and  governor-general  of  Canada  1868-72. 
Young,  John  Russell.    Bom  at  Downingtown,  Yssel  (i'sel).    The  name  of  several  streams  in 
Pa.,  Nov.  20,  1841:  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,    the  Netherlands, 


translation  of  the  Greek.  Marie's  graceful  style  and  her 
easy  versification  are  very  noticeable  here,  while  her  mor- 
als are  often  well  deduced  and  sharply  put. 

Saintsbury,  French  Lit,  p.  60. 


Among  them  are :  (o)  The  Nieuwe 
Yssel,  an  arm  of  the  Rhine,  from  which  it  separates  east 
of  Amhem.  It  joins  the  Oude  Yssel  at  Doesburg,  and 
fiows  as  the  Yssel  into  the  Zuyder  Zee  43  miles  east  by 
north  of  Amsterdam.  It  receives  the  Berkel  and  Schip- 
Eeek.  Length,  about  70  miles ;  navigable,  (b)  The  Neder 
Yssel  (Little  or  Dutch  YsselX  an  arm  of  the  Leek,  from 
which  it  separates  at  Vianen.  It  flows  into  the  Meuse 
above  Rotterdam. 


Jan.  17, 1899.  An  American  journalist.  He  was 
connected  successively  with  the  Philadelphia  "Press," 
New  York  "Tribune,"  and  "New  York  Herald" ;  accom- 
panied Grant  in  his  tour  around  the  world ;  was  United 
States  minister  to  China  1882-85 ;  and  librarian  of  Con- 
gress 1897-99.  He  published  "Around  the  World  with 
General  Grant "  (1879). 

Young,  Robert.    Bom  at  Edinburgh,  Sept.  10,  _  ^    ,,.  ,^..^       ..,....., x      .  _. .    .^    , 

1822 :  died  there,  Oct.  14, 1889.  A  Scottish  bib-  Ystad  (is'tad  or  us'tad).  A  seaport  m  the  laen 
lical  scholar,  best  known  from  his  "Analytical  °^  Malmohus,  Sweden,  situated  on  the  Baltic 
Concordance  to  the  Bible."  ^  miles  east-southeast  of  Copenhagen.  Popu- 

Young,  Thomas.  Bom  at  Milvertou,  Somerset,  .^**i°^;  S'^^^;  „.  .         „    .       .    „  ,.. 

England,  June  13, 1773 :  died  at  London,  May  10  Yuba  (yB'ba)  River.  A  small  river  m  Calif  or. 
1829.  A  celebrated  English  physicist,  mathema-  "^^j  tributary  of  Feather  Kiver  and  subtribu- 
tician,  and  general  scholar.   He  studied  medicine  at    ^^^  °^  Sacramento  Eiver. 

London,  Edinburgh,  GBttingen,  and  Cambridge,  butdidnot  Yucatan  (yo-ka-tan').  A  peninsula  of  Mexico, 
^!^':fiflii?PJ°l%f}°±.Et}!^^^L^I°!^^^^u^^l??I^'^    comprising  the  states  of  Yucatan  and  Cam- 


Institution  in  1802 ;  was  foreign  secretary  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety for  many  years ;  and  was  secretary  of  the  Board  of 
Longitude  (which  conducted  the  "Nautical  Almanac"). 
He  discovered  the  law  of  the  interference  of  light,  which 
contributed  largely  to  the  establishment  of  the  undula- 
tory  theory  of  light;  suggested  the  theory  of  color-sensa- 
tion afterward  developed  by  Helmholtz ;  and  made  some 
progress  in  the  deciphering  of  the  Egyptian  hieroglyphics. 
Among  his  works  are  "Syllabus  of  a  Course  of  Lectures" 

S302),"  Course  of  Lectures  on  Natural  Philosophy  and  the 
echanical  Arts  "  (1807),  articles  on  Egyptology,  etc. 

Young  Adventurer,  The.     A  title  given  to 


peche.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  Chan- 
nel of  Yucatan,  the  Caribbean  Sea,  British  Honduras, 
Guatemala,  and  Tabasco.  The  surf  ace  is  low.  A  large  pro- 
portion of  the  inhabitants  are  Mayas,  and  the  region  is  fa- 
mous for  its  ruins,  including  Uxmal,  Eabah,  Chichen-Itza, 
and  Ak£  (see  these  names  and  Mayae).  The  coast  of  Yu- 
catan was  discovered  by  Francisco  Hernandez  de  Cordoba, 
May  4, 1617,  in  the  course  of  a  voyage  of  adventure  from 
Cuba ;  it  was  conquered  by  Spaniards  1627-47 ;  became 
independent  in  1821;  was  annexed  to  Mexico  in  1822  ;  and 
was  independent  1840-43.  In  1847-53  there  was  a  formi- 
dable Indian  revolt. 


Prince  Charles  Edward  Stuart  on_  account  of  Yucatan.    A  state  in  Mexico,  forming  the  east- 
his  leading  the  desperate  insurrection  of  1745.    em  and  northern  part  of  the  peninsula  of  Yu- 
Young  Chevalier,  The.     Charles  Edward  Stu-    eatan.    Capital,  Merida.     Area,  33,108  square 
art,  son  of  the  Pretender.  mUes.     Population  (1895),  297,507. 

YoungEngland.    A  group  of  Tory  politicians   Yucatan,   Channel  of.     A  channel  between 
chiefly  recniited  from  the  younger  members  of    Yucatan  and  Cuba,  which  connects  the  Gulf 
the  aristocracy,  who,  about  1844,  opposed  free 
trade  and  radicalism,  and  advocated  the  resto- 


of  Mexico  with  the  Caribbean  Sea.    Width,  125 

ration  of  the  former  order  of  things.     Among  "X^catecs  (yo-ka-taks'),  or YucatecoB  (-ta'kos). 

Natives  of  Yucatan :  a  name  often  given  to  the 


their  leaders  were   Disraeli  and  Lord  John 
Manners  ^^.^  ^ 

YomigGennany.  A  literary  and  p'olitioal  school  yiicay(yo-ki').    A  fertile  valley  about  20mile8 
inGermany,  of  innovating  tendencies.  Its  chief  ,•' ^i  ~      '    _  •' 

representative  was  Heine. 

Young  Ireland.  A  group  of  Irish  politicians 
and  agitators,  active  about  1840-50,  who  were 
at  first  adherents  of  O'Connell,  but  were  sepa- 
rated from  him  by  their  advocacy  of  physical 
force,  and  took  part  in  the  rising  of  1848. 

Young  Italy.  An  association  of  Italian  repub- 
lican agitators,  active  about  1834  under  the  lead 
of  Mazzini.      Analogous  republican  groups  in  other  Yuen  (yo-en').  A  river  in  China :  outlet  by  Lake 


north  of  Cuzco,  Peru.  It  was  a  favorite  resort  of  the 
Incas,  and  was  highly  cultivated,  the  hillsides  being  util- 
ized by  artificial  terraces  (andenes\  supported  by  mason- 
work  and  irrigated  by  an  elaborate  system  of  waterworks. 
These  terraces  still  remain:  they  extend  up  the  moun- 
tains to  a  height  of  1,600  feet,  and  are  the  most  striking 
example  of  the  Inca  system  of  agricultural  improvement. 
The  summer  palace  of  the  Incas  is  now  indicated  only  by 
a  few  fragments.  OUantay-tambo  (which  see)  is  in  this 
valley,  and  there  are  numerous  other  interesting  antiqui- 
ties. 


countries  were  called  Young  Germany,  Young  Poland, 
Young  France,  etc.,  and  these  republican  associations  col- 
lectively were  known  as  Young  Emrope. 

Young  Pretender,  The.    Charles  Edward  Stu- 
art, son  of  the  Pretender  (or  Old  Pretender). 
Youngstown  (yungz'toun).     A  city  in  Maho- 


Tung-Ting  into  the  Yangtse. 
Yuki  (ii'ki).  A  tribe  of  North  American  In- 
dians which  dwelt  in  Bound  Valley,  Mendocino 
County,  California.  The  name  means  '  stran- 
ger' or  'enemy,'  secondarily  'bad'  or  'thiev- 

ningt)ounty,C)hio,"situated  on  Mahoning  Kiver  ■^&{-Jvrf'i5^„.!?"'  a  n-r,.^,4=+i»  c,4-««v  «* -v^-fi. 
62  liiles  e'ast-southeast  of  Cleveland.'  It  has  ^^^an  (u  ^^)^^  ^I'^^'Criytved'in  and 


fiounshing  iron  manufactures,  and  is  the  center  of  a  coal- 
mining  region.  Population  (1900),  44,885. 
Ypres  (e'pr).  [Flem.  Yperen  or  leperen,  Or. 
Tpern.']  A  town  in  the  province  of  West  Flan- 
ders, Belgium,  on  the  Yperl^e  29  miles  south- 
west of  Bruges,  it  has  manufactures  of  linen,  laces, 
etc.    The  cathedral  of  Ypres  is  of  the  first  half  of  the  13th 


near  Round  Valley,  Mendocino  County,  Cali- 
fornia. Its  principal  tribes,  remnants  of  which  are 
mingled  with  others  on  the  Round  Valley  reservation,  are 
the  Yuki,  Chumaia,  latu  or  Huchnom,  Ashochimi  or 
Wappo,  and  Napa. 
Yukon.  A  territory  of  British  North  America, 
situated  in  the  extreme  northwest.     It  was  or- 


century.  _  The  south  transept  has  a  fine  rose-window  rad      ^g^^j^ed  in  1898.     Population  (1901},  27,219, 

Tukon  (yo'kon),  i:  ■"_ 

(kwik-pak').    A  river  which  rises  in  British 


a  richly  decorated  gable :  its  doors  are  good  examples  c 


a  ncniy  oecorateu  game :  Its  uoors  are  gooa  examples  ui  __p-r- .    r.Ti — ^  .    t,  ■*,  ^        .fr :li di- 

late medieval  carving.    The  Cloth  HaU,  the  chief  edifice  YukOU  (yo'kon),  in  itS  lower  course  K-Wichpak 
ofitsclassmBelgium,  was  built  in  the  course  of  the  13th    (kwik-pak').     A  river  which  rises  in  British 

America,  flows  northwest,  west,  and  southwest, 
and  empties  into  Bering  Sea  about  lat.  62°  30'  N. 
Length,about2,000miles;  navigable  about  1,200 

-,    -  .  miles. 

Flanders.    It  was  famous,  especially  about  the  14th  cen-  Viile  (v61).  Sir  Henrv.     Bom  near  Edinburgh, 


century.  The  facade  is  460  feet  long,  and  has  two  ranges 
of  pointed  windows.  At  each  end  rises  a  turret,  and  in  the 
middle  stands  the  massive  square  turreted  belfry.  The 
fagade  is  adorned  with  statues  of  the  counts  of  Flanders 
and  their  wives.  Ypres  was  once  the  capital  of  West 
Flanders.  It  was  famous,  especially  about  the  14th  cen- 
tury, for  its  linens-and  woolens,  and  was  one  of  the  largest 
towns  in  the  Low  Countries.    Population  (1890),  16,606. 

Ypsilanti  (ip-si-lan'ti).  A  city  in  Washtenaw 
County,  Michigan,  situated  on  Huron  River  29 
miles  west  by  south  of  Detroit.  It  is  the  seat 
o£  the  State  normal  school.  Population  (1900), 
7,378. 

Yriarte.    See  Iriarte. 

Yrun.    See  Irim. 

Ysaye  (e-si'ye),  Eugtoe.  Bom  at  Liftge,  1858. 
A  Belgian  composer  and  noted  violinist.  He 
came  to  America  in  1894. 

Ysengrimus.    See  Beynard  fhe  Fox. 

Ysolde,  Ysonde.    See  Iseult. 

Ysopet.    See  the  extract. 

.  .  .  The  Ysopet  of  Marie  de  France  .  .  .  may  be  said  to 
be  a  link  of  juncture  between  the  Fabliau  and  the  Roman 
du  Renart.  F8()pe«(dimmutiveof  .iEsop) became  a  common 
term  in  the  middle  ages  for  a  collection  of  fables.  That 
of  Marie  is  by  far  the  most  important    It  consists  of  103 


May,  1820:  died  at  London,  Dec.  30,  1889.  A 
British  military  engineer  in  India,  and  Orien- 
talist. He  retired  in  1862  with  the  rank  of  coloneL 
Among  his  works  are  "A  Narrative  of  the  Mission  sent 
to  the  Court  of  Ava  "  (1858 :  he  was  secretary  of  this  mis- 
sion), "Cathay  and  the  Way  Thither"  (1866),  a  translation 
of  Marco  Polo  (2  vols.  1871 ;  revised  ed.  1876),  articles  on 
Central  Asia  and  the  Chinese  empire,  with  Bumell  '*Hob- 
son-Jobson :  being  a  Glossary  of  Anglo-Indian  CoUo- 
quial  Words  and  Phrases,  etc."  (1886),  and  notes  to  the 
Hakluyt  Society's  reprint  of  the  diary  of  William  Hedges 
(1888-89). 

Yuma.    See  Cuchan. 

Yuman  (yo'man).  A  linguistic  stock  of  North 
Americanlndians.  It  formerly  occupied  the  extreme 
southwest  part  of  the  United  States,  including  much  of 
the  valleys  of  the  Colorado  and  Gila  rivers,  the  whole  of 
Lower  California,  and  a  small  area  in  Mexico  on  the  Gulf 
of  California  about  the  27th  degree  of  north  latitude.  Its 
name  is  from  a  Cuchan  word  meaning  'sons  of  the  river.' 
Its  number  in  the  United  States  in  specified  localities  is 

„.  ^ ^ , _  nearly  5,000;  that  in  Mexico  is  not  Imown. 

pieces,  written  in  octosyllabic  couplets,  with  moralities,  Yuncas.      See  CMmu. 
and  a  conclusion  which  informs  us  that  the  author  wiote  Ynmian  (vun-nSn' ).     A  province  in  the  south- 
it  "for  the  love  of  Count  William"  (supposed  to  be  Long-   lunnan  (yun  uau  ;•     ^,  |"„  i","  \"  JTl  p.  .    , 
Sword),  translating  it  from  an  English  version  of  a  Latin    western  extremity  of  China,  bounded  by  China 


Yunnan 

•  proper,  Tibet,  Burma,  and  Tongking.  Area, 
about  150,000  square  miles.  Population,  esti- 
mated, 12,000,000. 

Yunnan-fu  (yun-nan'fo').  The  capital  of  the 
province  of  Yunnan,  China,  about  lat.  25°  6' N., 
on  Lake  Tien-hai :  noted  for  its  manufactures. 
Population  (1896),  'estimated,  50,000. 

Ynpanqui  Pachacuti  (yS-pan'ke  pa-cha-ko'te), 
or  Pachacutec  YupancLui  (pa-oha-ko'tak  y6- 
pan'ke).  Died  about  IflO.  The  ninth  sover- 
eign and  one  of  the  most  renowned  conquerors 
of  the  Inoa  line  of  Peru.  About  1400  he  deposed  or 
superseded  his  imbecile  brother  XTrco,  and  soon  after  de- 
feated the  Chanca  invaders  in  a  great  battle.  Beginning 
with  this  victory,  he  spread  his  conquests  over  most  of  the 
territory  occupied  by  modern  Peru.  With  him  began  the 
real  grandeur  of  the  Inca  empire.  The  system  of  mitimaes 
or  colonies  to  relieve  crowded  lauds  was  first  developed 
during  his  reign. 

Yurac-huasi.    See  Paytiti. 

Yurok  (yo'rok).  A  division  of  North  American 
Indians,  living  in  California.  The  name  is  from  a 
Earok  word  meaning  'down'  or  'below.'  In  1870  their 
number  was  2,700,  which  has  since  greatly  decreased.  See 
WeUspekcm. 

Yurucares (yo-ro-ka-ras').  [Probably  corrupted 
from  the  Quichua  yurdk,  white,  and  kari,  men.] 
Indians  of  Bolivia,  northeast  of  La  Paz,  at  the 


1079 

foot  of  the  mountains  and  in  the  forest-covered 
plains  between  the  rivers  Mamor6  and  Beni. 
They  are  tall  and  well  formed,  and  nearly  as  white  as  Eu- 
ropeans (perhaps  from  the  effects  of  a  skin-disease).  Their 
dress  is  a  robe  of  bark  cloth  stamped  with  figures  from  en- 
graved blocks.  They  are  excessively  vain,  and  are  given 
to  prolonged  drinking-bouts  (of  chicha,  prepared  from 
maize).  On  his  marriage,  each  man  prepares  a  house  and 
plantation  widely  separated  from  all  others.  They  plant 
maize  and  manioc,  but  subsist  largely  by  hunting.  Children 
are  often  killed  to  get  rid  of  them :  but,  by  a  strange  cus- 
tom, they  are  never  punished,  and  are  allowed  complete 
liberty.  The  men  often  engage  in  duels  with  bows  and  ar- 
rows. They  have  a  very  complicated  mythology.  Several 
hordes  are  distinguished  by  different  names,  but  all  to- 
gether do  not  now  number  more  than  2,000. 

Yurunas.    See  Jurunas. 

Yuste  (yos'ta).     A  convent  in  Spain,  east  of 

Plasenoia.    it  is  noted  as  the  place  of  retirement  of 

the  emperor  Charles  V.  after  his  abdication. 
Yusuf,  orYussuf(yes'gf).  KiUed759.  The  last 

emir  of  Spain  for  the  Ommiad  califs. 
Yusuf,  or  Yussirf.    Died  1106.    An  Almoravide 

prince.    He  founded  Morocco,  and  made  many 

conquests  in  Spain. 
Yuthia.    See  AyutMa. 
Yverdon  (e-ver-d6n'),  Gr.  Iferten  (e'fer-ten). 

A  town  in  the  canton  of  Vaud,  Switzerland, 

situated  at  the  southwestern  extremity  of  the 


Yvon 

Lake  of  Neuch&tel,  at  the  outlet  of  the  Orbe,  17 
miles  north  of  Lausanne :  the  Eoman  Eburodu- 
num.  It  has  a  castle.  The  town  was  formerly  the  resi- 
dence of  Bernese  magistrates,  and  from  1806  to  1825  the 
seat  of  Pestalozzi's  educational  Institute.  Near  it  is  the 
watering-^ace  Yverdon.    Population  (1888),  6,835. 

Yves  d'Evreux  (ev  dav-r6').  Born  at  EvreTix, 
Normandy,  about  1577:  died  after  1620.  _^A 
French  Capuchin  missionary  at  Maranhao, 
Brazil  (1612-14).  He  published  "Suite  de  Thistoire 
des  choses  plosmemorables  advenues  en  Maragnan  es  an- 
n^es  1613  et  1614"  (Paris,  1615;  2ded.  1864).  It  is  a  contin- 
uation of  the  history  of  Claude  d'Abbeville,  and  is  of  great 
historical  value. 

Yvetot  (ev-to').  A  town  in  the  department  of 
Seine-Inf6rieure,  France,  21  miles  northwest  of 
Eouen.  with  its  territory,  it  became  in  the  later  middle 
ages  a  principally  or  kingdom,  dependent  directly  on  the 
French  crown.  Its  privileges  were  only  nominal  by  the 
close  of  the  17th  century.  Population  (1891),  commune, 
7,617. 

Yvetot,  Le  Boi  d'.    See  Boi  d'Tvetot,  Ze. 

Yvon  (e-v6n').  Adolphe.  Bom  at  Eschwiller, 
Moselle,  1817:  died  at  Passy,  Sept.,  1893.  A 
French  historical  painter,  professor  of  draw- 
ing at  the  ficole  Polytechnique  1881-87.  Among 
his  works  are  "  The  First  Consul  Descending  Mount  St 
Bernard,"  "The  Taking  of  the  Malakoff,"  "The  Battle  of 
Solferiuo,"  etc. 


aandamCzan-dam').  Atown 
intheprovineeof  North  Hol- 
land, Netherlands,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Zaan  and  T, 
5  miles  northwest  of  Am- 
sterdam. It  is  noted  for  the 
number  of  windmills  in  its  neigh- 
borhood (400).  Peter  the  Great 
worked  here  as  a  ship's  carpenter 
inl697.  Pop.  (1894), est.,  17,002.  Also Saardam, Zaardam. 

Zab  (zab),  or  Greater  Zab.  A  river  in  Asiatic 
Turkey  which  joins  the  Tigris  25  miles  south  of 
Mosul.  In  the  cuneiform  inscriptions  two  rivers  of  this 
name  are  mentioned :  the  upper  Zab  (Zabuelii),  whichf  alls 
into  the  Tigris  near  Himrud  (the  ancient  Calah) ;  and  the 
lower  Zab  (Zahusaplu),  which  joins  the  Tigris  south  of 
Kileh  Sherghat  (the  ancient  city  of  Ashur).  In  the  classi- 
cal writers  the  river  is  .mentioned  under  the  names  Za^ 
battts,  Zabas,  Zerbis,  or  Lycos  (wolf).  Its  modern  name  is 
Zarb.    Length,  about  250  miles. 

Zab,  Lesser,  or  Zab  Asfal  (zab  as-fal').  A 
small  eastern  tributary  of  the  Tigris,  south  of 
the  Greater  Zab.    See  Zab,  above. 

Zabrze  (tsabr'tse).  A  coal-mining  town  in  the 
province  of  Silesia,  Prussia,  47  miles  southeast 
of  Oppeln.    Population  (1890),  10,646. 

Zabulon(zab'ii-lon).  TheGreekformofZe6«toji. 

Zacapa  (tha-ka'pa),  or  Sacapa  (sa-ka'pa).  A 
small  town  in  Guatemala,  situated  on  the  (jiande 
70  miles  no;rtheast  of  Guatemala. 

Zacatecas  (tza-ka-ta'kas  or  sa-ka-ta'kas).  1.  A 
state  in  Mexico,  surrounded  by  the  states  of 
Coahuila,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Jalisco,  Aguas  Cali- 
entes,  and  Durango.  The  surface  is  elevated.  It  is 
rich  in  mines,  especially  of  silver.  Area,  25,229  square 
miles.  Population  (1896),  452,720. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  state  of  Zacatecas, 
about  lat.  22°  40'  N.  In  its  neighborhood  are 
very  rich  silver-mines.  Population  (1895), 
40,026. 

Zaccbeus,  or  Zacchseus  (za-ke'us).  [Gr.  Zok- 
xaiog.]  A  tax-collector  near  Jericho,  who,  being 
a  short  man,  climbed  into  a  sycamore-tree  in 
order  to  see  Jesus  who  was  passing  by.  Luke 
xix.  1-10. 

Zachariah  (zak-a-ri'a,).  [Heb.,  'remembered 
by  Jehovah';  Gr.  Zd'xaptac.']  King  of  Israel, 
son  of  Jeroboam  II.  See  the  extract  and  Jero- 
boam.    See  Zechariah. 

According  to  the  chronology  which  has  passed  into  gen- 
eral currency  from  the  "Ann^s  "  of  Archbishop  Ussher,  and 
is  represented  on  the  margins  of  most  English  Bibles,  the 
death  of  Jeroboam  was  followed  by  an  interregnum  of 
eleven  years,  after  which  liis  son  Zacbariah  reigned  for  six 
months,  when  he  was  slain  by  Shallum.  The  Bible  knows 
nothing  of  this  interregnum,  but  on  the  contrary  informs 
us  in  the  usual  way  that  Zachariah  reigned  in  his  father's 
stead  (2  Kings  xiv.  29).  The  coronation  of  Zachariah  must 
in  fact  have  followed  as  a  matter  of  course,  since  his  father 
died  in  peaceable  possession  of  the  throne. 

W.  S.  Smith,  Prophets  of  Israel,  p.  146. 

Zacharias  (zak-a-ri'as).  The  Greek  form  of 
Zachariah,  mentioned  as  the  name  of  several 
different  persons  in  the  Bible. 

Zacharias.  Pope  741-752.  He  had  great  Influenca 
abroad,  and  aided  m  the  setting  aside  of  the  Merovingian 
Chllderio  III.  and  the  elevation  of  Pepin  the  Short  to  the 
throne.  He  was  canonized,  and  is  commemorated  on 
March  15. 

Zacliaria  von  Lingenthal  (tsa-cha-re'a  fon 
ling'en-tal).  Earl  Salomo.  Born  at  Meissen, 
Saxony,  Sept.  14, 1769 :  died  March  27, 1843.  A 
German  jurist,  professor  at  Wittenberg  1797- 
1807,  and  at  Heidelberg  1807-43.  His  works  in- 
clude "Die  Einheit  des  Staates  und  der  Kirche,"  "Hand- 
buch  d  es  f  ranzbsischen  Civilreohts," ' '  Vierzig  Blicher  vom 
Staate "  ("Forty  Books  on  the  State "). 

Zacyntiius.    See  Zante. 

Zadkiel  (zad'ki-el).  1.  In  Jewish  rabbinical 
lore,  the  angel  of  the  planet  Jupiter. —  2.  The 
pseudonym  of  William  LUly :  also  assumed  by 
Lieutenant  Richard  James  Morrison  (1794?- 
1874),  in  his  astrological  almanac  begun  in  1830. 

Zadok  (za'dok).  1.  A  chief  priest  of  Israel,  a 
contemporary  of  David. — 2.  A  character  in 
Dryden's  "Absalom  and  Achitophel,"  repre- 
senting Bancroft. 

Zafarana  (dza-fS.-ra'na),  Gape.  A  headland  on 
the  northern  coast  of  Sicily,  east  of  Palermo. 


Zafra  (tha'fra).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Badajoz,  Spain,  40  miles  southeast  of  Badajoz : 
the  Eoman  Julia  Eestituta.  Population  (1887), 
6,120. 

Zagazig  (za-ga-zeg'),  or  Zakazik  (za-ka-zek'). 
A  town  in  the  Delta,  Egypt,  situated  on  the 
Tanitio  arm  of  the  Nile,  39  miles  north  by 
east  of  Cairo :  nearly  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Bubastus.  It  is  an  important  center  of  the 
cotton  and  grain  trade.  Population  (1882), 
19,815. 

Zagora  (za-go'ra).  The  modern  name  of  Mount 
Helicon,  Greece. 

Zagoskin  (za-gos'kin),  or  Sagoskln  (za-gos'- 
kin),  Mikhail.  Bom  in  the  government  of 
Penza,  Eussia,  1789:  died  at  Moscow,  July  5, 
1852.  A  Eussian  novelist  and  dramatist.  His 
chief  work  is  "Yuri  Miloslavski,  or  the  Russians  in  1812" 
(1829).  From  his  historical  novels  he  has  been  called  "the 
Russian  Walter  Scott." 

Zagreb  (za-greb').  The  Croatian  name  of 
Agram. 

Zagros  (za'gros).  [Gr.  Zdypof.]  In  ancient  ge- 
ography, a  range  of  mountains  lying  between 
Media  and  Assyria.    Also  Zagrus. 

Zahleh  (za'le).  A  Maronite  town  in  Syria,  sit- 
uated on  the  slope  of  Mount  Lebanon  23  miles 
east  of  Beirut.    Population,  15,000  (?). 

Zahn  (tsan),  Johann  Karl  Wilhelm.  Bom  at 
Eodenberg,  Schaumbui'g,  Aug.  21, 1800 :  died  at 
Berlin,  Aug.  22, 1871.  A  German  painter,  archi- 
tect, and  writer  on  art.  His  works  include  "Die 
Bchonsten  Omamente  und  merkwurdigsten  Gemalde  aus 
Pompeii,  Herculaneum,  und  Stabia"  (1828-30),  "Omap 
mente  aller  klassischen  Kunstepochen  "  (1832-39),  etc. 

Zahna  (tsa'na).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Saxony,  Prussia,  48  miles  southwest  of  Berlin. 
It  was  the  scene  of  an  engagement  between  the  French 
and  the  Allies,  Sept.  6, 1813.    Population  (1890),  2,515. 

ZSihringen  (tsa'ring-en).  A  village  in  Baden, 
near  Freiburg :  the  ancient  seat  of  the  dukes 
of  Zahringen,  ancestors  of  the  house  of  Baden. 

Zaide  (za-e'de).  An  opera  by  Mozart,  written 
in  1779  or  1780,  published  in  1838. 

Zaire  (za-e'ra).    The  Kongo. 

Zaire  (za-er').  A  tragedy  by  Voltaire,  produced 
in  1733.  It  is  borrowed  to  some  extent  from 
"Othello." 

Zaire.    An  opera  by  Bellini,  produced  in  1829. 

Zaisan  (zi-zan'),  or  Nor  (nor)  Zaisan,  Lake. 
A  lake  in  Eussian  Central  Asia,  near  the  Chi- 
nese frontier,  between  the  Altai  and  Tarba- 
gatai  mountains,  about  lat.  48°  20'  N.  It  re- 
ceives the  Black  Irtish,  and  is  the  source  of 
the  White  Irtish.    Length,  70  miles, 

Zakazik.    See  Zagazig. 

Zakynthos.    See  Zante. 

Zaleucus  (za-lu'kus).  The  traditional  lawgiver 
of  the  Epizephyrian  Locrians  in  Italy,  about 
the  7th  century  B.  c. 

Zalinski  (za-lin'ski),  Edmund  Louis  Gray. 
Bom  at  Kumiok,  Prussian  Poland,  Deo.  13, 
1849.  An  American  military  officer,  noted  for 
various  inventions,  especially  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  dynamite-gun.  He  came  to  the  United 
States  in  1853 ;  served  in  the  volunteer  service  during  a 
part  of  the  Civil  War ;  received  a  commission  in  the  reg- 
ular army  in  1366 ;  and  was  made  first  lieutenant  in  1867, 
and  captain  in  1887. 

Zama  (za'ma).  In  ancient  geography,  a  town 
in  northern  Africa,  about  85  miles  southwest  of 
Carthage.  A  decisive  victory  was  gained  near  it  in  202 
B.  0.  by  the  Romans  under  Scipio  Af  ricanus  over  Hanni- 
baL    It  ended  the  second  Punic  war. 

Zamacois  (tha-ma-ko'is),  Eduardo.  Bom  at 
BUbao.  1842 :  died  at  Madrid,  Jan.  14, 1871.  A 
Spanish  figure-painter.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Federico  de 
Madrazo  and,  at  Paris,  of  Meissonier.  Among  his  works 
are  "  The  Rival  Confessors  "  (1868),  and  "  The  Return  to  the 
Convent "  (1S69).    He  painted  many  17th-century  subjects. 

Zambesi  (zam-be'ze).  The  principal  river  of 
Africa  which  flows  into  the  Indian  Ocean,  it 
flows  generally  southeast  and  east,  and  empties  by  several 
mouths  into  Mozambique  Channel  about  lat.  J8°  S.  (For 
the  great  falls  of  the  Zambesi,  see  VictariM  Fallt. )  The  Zam- 
besi receives  the  waters  of  Lake  Nyassa  through  the  Shir^ 
on  the  north.  Its  upper  course  was  first  explored  by  Liv- 
ingstone. Length,  about  1,500  miles. 
1080 


Zambezia(zam-be'zhia),  British.  See  the  ex- 
tract. 

Under  the  unofficial  title  of  British  Zambezia  is  often 
included  the  whole  of  the  region  lying  between  the  north 
and  west  of  the  South  African  Republic  and  the  22nd  de- 
gree of  south  latitude  and  the  southern  boundaries  of  the 
Congo  Free  State,  and  having  as  its  eastern  and  western 
boundaries  the  Portuguese  and  German  spheres.  The 
River  Zambezi  divides  it  into  two  portions,  which  may  be 
described  as  Southern  Zambezia  and  Northern  Zambezia 
respectively.  Statesman's  Year-Booh,  1894,  p.  193. 

Zamora  (tha-mo'ra).  1.  A  province  of  Spain, 
bounded  by  Leon,  Valladolid,  Salamanca,  Por- 
tugal, and  Orense.  The  surface  is  generally 
level.  Area,  4,135  square  miles.  Population 
(1887),  270,072.-2.  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Zamorai  situated  on  the  Douro  in  lat.  41°  30' 
N.,  long.  5°  46'  W.  it  was  formerly  a  frequent  resi- 
dence of  the  kings  of  Leon  and  Castile.  Population  (1887), 
15,292. 

Zamora.  An  interior  state  of  Venezuela,  west 
of  Miranda.  Area,  25,212  square  miles.  Popu- 
lation (1891),  246,676. 

Zamora  (tha-mo'ra),  Antonio  de.  Bom  atBo- 
gotd,  1660:  died  there,  after  1701.  A  New 
Granadan  historian,  of  the  Dominican  order. 
His  principal  work  is  "  Historia  de  la  provincia  de  San 
Antonio  del  Nuevo  Reyno  de  Granada  "  (Barcelona,  1701). 

Zamora,  Antonio  de.  Born  at  Madrid  about 
1660 :  died  probably  in  1722.  A  Spanish  dram- 
atist. His  best  works  are  "  Mazariegos  y  Mon- 
salves"  and  "  El  hechizado  por  Puerza." 

Zamora  y  Coronado  (tha-mo'ra  e  ko-ro-na'- 
THo),  Jos^  Maria.  Bom  at  Cartage,  Costa 
Eica,  1785:  died  in  Cuba  after  1846.  A  Span- 
ish-American jurist  and  author.  He  studied  in 
Spain,  and  subsequently  held  civil  and  judicial  offices  in 
Porto  Rico  and  Cuba.  His  principal  work  is  "Registro 
dela  legislacion  ultramarina"  (6  vols.  1844-46),  a  collec- 
tion of  the  laws  and  regulations  bearing  on  the  Spanish 
colonies,  of  great  historical  value. 

Zamore  (za-mor').  One  of  the  principal  char- 
acters in  Voltaire's  tragedy  "Alzire":  a  noble 
and  impetuous  Peruvian. 

Zampa,  ou  La  FiancSe  de  Marbre.  -An  op6ra> 
comique  by  Harold,  first  produced  in  1831. 

Zampieri.    See  DomenicMno. 

Zancara  (than-ka'ra).  A  river  in  central  Spain, 
regarded  as  the  principal  head  stream  of  the 
Guadiana,  which  it  joins  northeast  of  Ciudad 
Eeal.    Length,  over  125  miles. 

Zancle  (zan'kle).  The  original  name  of  Mes- 
sana  (Messina). 

Zandeh  (zan'da).    See  Nyam-Nyam. 

Zandt  (zant),  Marie  Van.  Born  at  New  York, 
Oct.  8, 1861.  An  American  opera-singer.  She 
made  her  first  appearance  at  Turin  in  1876  as 
Zerlina.    Her  voice  is  a  soprano. 

Zanesville  (zanz'vU).  The  capital  of  Muskin- 
gum County,  Ohio,  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Licking  and  Muskingum  rivers,  55  miles 
east  of  Columbus.  It  has  varied  manufactures. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  State  1810-12.  Popu- 
lation (1900),  23,538. 

Zanga  (zang'ga).  The  principal  character  in 
Young's  "Eevenge."  It  was  acted  by  Macready 
during  his  first  season,  and  was  a  favorite  with 
John  Kemble. 

Zankoff  (zan'kof ),  Dragan.  Bom  at  Sistova, 
1827.  A  Bulgarian  politician.  He  wa?  premier  in 
1880,  and  minister  of  foreign  affairs ;  was  imprisoned  in 
1882 ;  and  was  again  premier  1888-84.  He  became  leader 
of  the  Russian  party,  and  took  a  leading  part  in  the  con- 
spiracy against  Prince  Alexander  in  1886. 

Zanoni  (za-u6'ni).  A  romance  by  Bulwer  Lyt- 
ton,  published  in  1842. 

Zante  (zSn'te).  l.  An  island  of  the  Ionian 
group,  Greece,  south  of  Cephalonia,  intersected 
by  lat.  37°  45'  N.,  long.  20°  45'  E. :  the  ancient 
Zacynthus.  The  surface  is  a  plain,  bordered  by  hills  in 
the  west.  The  island  has  often  been  visited  by  earthquakes. 
It  produces  large  quantities  of  currants,  and  also  olivet 
oranges,  etc.  Zante  was  colonized  by  Achaeans;  belonged 
to  the  Athenian  confederacy ;  was  long  held  by  Ven- 
ice ;  and  formed  part  of  the  Ionian  Republic.  Length 
24  miles.  Area,  168  square  miles.  Copulation  (1SSS\. 
44,000.  ^        * 


Zante 

'2.  A  seaport  and  the  capital  of  Zante,  situated 
on  the  eastern  coast,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
city  Zacynthus.    Population  (1891),  17,000. 

Zanzalians  (zan-za'li-anz).  The  Jacohites  of 
the  East :  so  called  occasionally  from  Zanza- 
lus,  a  surname  of  Jacobus  Baradsus.  See  Jaoo- 
bites,  2. 

Zanzibar  (zan-zi-har'),  1.  An  island  off  the 
eastern  coast  of  Africa,  about  lat.  5°  40'-6°  30' 
S.:  the  most  important  part  of  the  sultanate  of 
Zanzibar.  The  soil  is  «ertile  and  highly  cultivated. 
The  island  is  especially  noted  for  its  cloves.  Area,  625 
square  miles.  Population,  estimated,  150,000  (largely  ne- 
groes). The  Arabs  are  the  dominant  race.  There  are  sev- 
eral thousand  Hindus. 

2.  The  capital  of  the  sultanate  of  Zanzibar, 
situated  on  the  western  coast  of  the  island  of 
Zanzibar,  in  lat.  6°  10'  S. :  the  largest  city  on 
the  eastern  seaboard  of  Africa,  it  is  a  port  of  call 
of  several  steamship  lines,  and  exports  ivory,  caoutchouc, 
hides,  copal,  sesame  seeds,  etc.  Population,  estimated, 
30,000. 

Zanzibar.  A  sultanate  in  eastern  Africa,  com- 
prising the  islands  of  ZanzibarandPemba,and, 
until  1890,  the  neighboring  coast-lands  on  the 
continent.  It  was  placed  under  the  protection 
of  Great  Britain  in  1890.  It  is  the  remnant  of 
a  once  strong  Mohammedan  power. 

Zftpolya  (za  pol-yo).  A  powerful  Hungarian 
family.  John  Zipolya  was  king  of  Hungary  1526-40; 
hia  dominion  was  restricted  to  Transylvania  and  parts  of 
Hungary.  His  son  John  Sigismund  Z&polya  (styled  king 
of  Hungary)  ruled  Transylvania  1540-71. 

Zapotec-Mixtec  stock  (tza-po-tek'mes-tek' 
stok).  A  linguistic  stock  of  Mexican  Indians, 
principally  in  Oajaca,  extending  into  Guerrero 
and  Puebla.  it  includes  the  Zapotecs,  Mixtecs,  and 
several  smaller  branches  (Chatinos,  Mazatecos,  Soltecos, 
etc.).  All  are  Catholics  and  submissive  to  Kexican  rule. 
Estimated  number,  nearly  700,000. 

Zapotecs  (tza-p6-teks').  Indians  of  southern 
Mexico,  occupying  the  ^eater  part  of  the  state 
of  Oajaea,  and  extending  into  Guerrero.  Be- 
fore the  Spanish  conquest  they  formed  a  powerful  na- 
tion, and  in  culture  and  warlike  prowess  were  not  inferior 
to  the  Aztecs,  whom  they  successfully  resisted  in  several 
invasions.  Their  political  system  seems  to  have  been  a 
Mbal  federation.  They  constructed  buildings  of  stone 
and  mortar ;  subsisted  mainly  by  agriculture ;  had  a  com- 
plicated mythology ;  and  offered  human  sacrifices  to  their 
idols.  Their  system  of  numeration,  calendar,  and  many 
of  their  rites  and  customs  resembled  those  of  the  Kahuatl 
tribes ;  but  their  language  was  entirely  distinct.  In  war 
they  used  cotton  armor,  Mitla  and  other  similar  ruins 
in  their  territory  were  regarded  by  them  as  the  tombs  of 
their  ancestors.  The  Zapotecs  were  conquered  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1622-26.  After  transient  revolts  in  1531  and 
1550,  they  submitted  to  missionary  influence,  and  they  are 
now  a  peaceful  and  laborious  part  of  the  Mexican  popu- 
lation. They  are  intelligent,  and  frequently  attain  po- 
sitions of  trust:  the  celebrated  president  Juarez  was  a 
pure-blooded  Zapbtec.  Estimated  number,  260,000,  of 
whom  about  50,000  speak  only  their  own  language.  Also 
written  Tzapotees  or  Tzapotecos, 

Zaques.    See  Zipas. 

Zara  (za'ra;  It.  pron.  dza'rS).  [Slav.  Zadar, 
li.  Jadera."]  A  seaport,  capital  of  Dalmatia, 
situated  on  the  Adriatic  in  lat.-  44°  7'  N.,  long. 
15°  14'  E.  It  has  considerable  coasting  trade ;  and  is 
noted  for  the  manufacture  of  maraschino.  Its  cathedral 
is  an  interesting  13th-century  structure.  The  Porta  Ma- 
rina or  di  Sah  Chrysogono  Is  a  Eoman  triumphal  arch  of 
one  graceful  opening,^  flanked  by  Corinthian  pilasters  sup- 
porting an  entablature  with  Inscription.  Statues,  now 
gone,  formerly  stood  on  the  top.  Zara wasaEoman  town ; 
was  held  in  turn  by  Hungary  and  Venice ;  was  taken  by 
the  Venetians  aided  by  French  Crusaders  in  1202;  was 
acquired  by  Venice  in  1409 ;  passed  to  Austria  in  1797 ; 
and  was  held  by  France  1805-lS.    Population  (1890),  11, 496. 

Zara  (za'ra).    A  character  in  Congreve's  play 
"  The  Mourning  Bride,"    It  is  she  who  says : 
Heaven  has  no  rage  like  love  to  hatred  turned, 
Nor  hell  a  fury  like  a  woman  scorned. 

Cangreve,  Mourning  Bride  (ed.  1710),  ill.  8. 

Zarafshan  (zar-af-shan'),  or  Zerafshan.  The 
Yarkand,  one  of  the  head  streams  of  the  Tarim, 
in  Eastern  Turkestan. 

Zaragoza.    See  Saragossa. 

Zaramo  (za-ra'mo),  or  Wazaramo  (wa-za-ra'- 
mo).  A  Bantu  tribe  of  German  East  Africa, 
between  the  Kingani  and  Euflji  rivers  (lat. 
6°  20'-8°  5'  S.).  They  are  tall  and  vigorous.  Their 
color  is  varied,  owing  to  the  great  admixture  of  slaves 
from  other  districts;  but  the  black  complexion  is  pre- 
ferred. They  wear  European  cloth,  dyed  In  native  fashion, 
and  a  peculiar  necklace  of  beadwork.  In  every  village 
there  are  a  few  large  houses,  consisting  of  a  stout  frame- 
work, thatch  roof,  and  walls  made  of  large  plates  of  bark. 
Formerly  troublesome,  they  have  become  peaceful.  The 
country  is  called  Uzaramo,  the  language  Kizaramo.  Most 
of  the  people  speak  also  Swahlli.        .        ^i  v     j. 

Z&rate  (thar'a-ta),  Agustin  de.  Born  about 
1492:  died  at  Madrid  (?)  about  1560.  A  Span- 
ish historian.  He  was  comptroller  of  Castile,  and  in 
1643  went  to  Peru  with  the  viceroy  Nunez  Vela  to  examme 
into  the  financial  affairs  of  the  counti7.  After  his  return 
he  was  treasurer  of  the  Spanish  Netherlands.  He  wrote 
"Historla  del  deacubrlmiento  y  conquista  de  la  provmoia 
del  Perii "  (1565 :  later  edltiqns  and  translations). 


1081 

Zarathushtra  (za-ra-thosh'tra).  [In  mod.  Pers. 
Zardusht,  Gr.  TiapodoTptiQ,  1^.'  Zoroaster,']  The 
founder  of  the  Perso-Iranian  national  reHgion, 
which  prevailed  from  the  time  of  the  Achsemen- 
idse  (559-330  b.  c.)  to  the  close  of  the  Sassanian 
dynasty  ( 226-641 A .  D . ) .  It  is  to-day  represented  in 
Persia  and  Kussian  Transcaucasia  by  a  population  of  about 
8,000  In  Yazd  and  neighboring  villages,  Teheran,  Ispahan, 
Shiraz,  and  Baku,  and  by  more  than  50,000  in  Bombay  and 
the  vicinity  (the  Parsls).  The  many  attempts  to  etymolo- 
gize the  name  cannot  be  considered  as  more  than  guesses. 
The  extensive  literature  regarding  Zarathushtra  consists 
on  the  one  hand  of  notices  in  Creek  and  Latin  writers,  on 
the  other  of  what  can  be  got  from  the  Avesta  and  from  the 
later  Persian  and  Pars!  literature.  The  one  inference  of 
value  from  the  former  source  Is  that  Zarathushtra  was  a 
historical  person.  The  first  inference  from  the  Gathas  of 
the  Avesta  (see  these  names)  is  that  they  relate  to  a  time 
and  place  of  transition  from  a  nomadic  to  an  agricultural 
life.  This  place  must  have  been  in  or  near  the  region 
from  which  the  Vedic  Hindus  went  southward  into  the 
valley  of  the  Indus,  and  the  Iranians  westward :  for  the 
language  of  the  Gathas,  and  even  the  primitive  types 
of  meter  employed  in  the  Avesta,  stand  very  near  to 
the  Vedlc,  and  in  the  absence  of  special  proof  to  the 
contrary  closely  resembling  dialects  prove  a  close  geo- 
graphical vicinity.  Such  proof  is  not  found  in  the  le- 
gends that  place  the  birth  of  Zarathushtra  In  Khagse  or 
Shiz,  both  in  Media.  Mazdayasnianism,  reaching  its  com- 
plete development  in  West  Iran,  could  not  in  the  view  of 
its  West  Iranian  supporters  have  originated  except  there 
In  the  ch  ief  seat  of  its  culture.  Supposing  the  religion  to 
have  originated  in  Bactria  and  reached  its  culmination  in 
Media  the  distance  and  the  development  of  doctrine  and 
practice  in  the  Avesta,  regarded  as  a  whole,  would  imply 
a  considerable  age  for  the  first  beginnings.  Hoth  puts 
them  at  about  1000  B.  o.  Primitive  Zarathushtrianism  had 
abrief  creed,  very  different  from  the  complicated  prescrip- 
tions of  the  Vendidad  and  the  extravagances  of  the 
Yashts.  Varuna,  the  highest  of  the  Adityas,  the  sons  of 
Aditi,  the  infinite,  as  the  chief  god  of  light,  and  espe- 
cially of  the  illuminated  night  heaven,  was  common  to 
both  branches  of  the  Aryan  race  before  its  separation  into 
Indian  and  Iranian,  With  Varuna  were  associated  the 
highest  spiritual  conceptions.  These  the  Hindus  soon 
lost  In  an  ever-increasing  tendency  to  personify  and  wor- 
ship the  various  powers  of  nature,  while  the  Iranians  had 
a  longei  and  firmer  grasp  of  them.  The  development  of 
the  spiritual  side  of  Varuna  Into  the  conception  of  Ahura- 
mazda,  the  Spiritual  Wise  One,  or  the  Wise  Spirit,  or  at 
least  the  clear  expression  of  this  view,  was  the  essential 
fact  in  the  work  of  Zarathushtra.  As  Varuna  becomes 
Ahuramazda,  the  other  Adityas  become  the  Amesha  Spen- 
tas  or  Amshaspands,  the  Immortal  Holy  Ones,  the  expres- 
sion of  his  qualities  and  his  ministering  spirits.  From 
the  dominance  of  the  supreme  god  of  light  grew  a  recog- 
nition of  an  opposing  principle  of  darkness  ;  and  as  light 
symbolizes  truth,  this  principle  found  a  natural  designa- 
tion in  Druj  or  deceit,  the  same  as  Angro  Mainyush  or 
Ahriman.  The  dethroned  devas  (gods)  of  the  popular 
religion,  who  were  no  longer  to  be  worshiped  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  supreme  Ahuramazda,  were  regarded  as  the 
servants  of  Druj,  and  were  degraded  to  the  rank  of  de- 
mons or  devs.  Good  thoughts,  good  words,  and  good  ac- 
tions are  the  object  of  moral  striving.  Holiness  Is  reward- 
ed by  immortality  and  heaven.  The  tillage  of  the  soil  is 
the  best  of  actions.  The  elements—  earth,  air,  fire,  and 
water,  but  especially  fire  — receive  homage  as  creations  of 
Ahuramazda,  Zarathushtra  lived  under  a  king,  Vishtaspa, 
who  in  the  epic  is  king  of  Bactria.  There  is  absolutely 
no  reason  for  identifying  him  with  Hystaspes,  father  of 
Darius  Zarathushtra  had  several  sons  and  daughters. 
According  to  the  Shahnamah,  he  was  murdered  at  the  altar 
by  Turanians  who  stormed  Balkh.  All  attempts  to  con- 
nect him  with  Hebrew  influences  are  groundless. 

Zarephath,  See  Sarepta. 
Zaribrod.  See  Tsaribrod. 
Zarlino  (dzar-le'no),  Giuseppe  or  Gioseffe. 

Bom  at  Chioggia,  near  Venice,  1519 :  died  at 
Venice,  Feb.  14,  1590.  An  Italian  musician, 
choir-master  at  Venice.  He  is  best  known  from  his 
theoretical  works  on  music:  "Istituzionl  armonlche" 
(1568),  "  Dimostrazicni  armonlche"  (1671),  and  "Suppll- 
menti  musicall"  (1688). 

Zarncke  (tsam  'ke),  Friedrich.  Bomat  Zahrens- 
torf ,  Meeklenburg-Schwerin,  July  7, 1825 :  died 
at  Leipsic,  Oct.  15, 1891.  A  German  critic  and 
author,  professor  at  Leipsic.  He  founded  the  "  Llt- 
terarisches  Centralblatt  fUr  Deutschland"(1860);  edited 
the  "Narrensohlfl,"  " Nibelungenlied,"  etc.;  and  wrote 
on  the  "Nibelungenlied,"  on  the  history  of  the  legends 
of  the  grail,  on  the  University  of  Leipsic,  etc. 

Zarpanit  (zar'pa-nit).  [Babylonian  Zer-lanit, 
she  who  creates  posterity.]  In  Assyro-Baby- 
lonian  mythology,  the  wife  of  Merodach  (Mar- 
duk),  the  tutelar  god  of  the  city  of  Babylon. 

Zauberflote  (tsou'ber-fle"te),  Die.  [G.,  'The 
Magic  Flute.']  An  opera  by  Mozart,  produced 
at  Vienna  in  1791.  It  has  been  played  in  French 
as  "Les  Mystferes  d'Isis." 

Zaurak  (za'rak).  [Ar.  myyir-al-zaiirdk,  the 
bright  star  of  the  boat,]  The  third-magnitude 
star  Y  Eridani. 

Zavijava  (zav-i- ja '  va).  [Ar.,  corrupted  from 
zdwiyat-al-'auwa,  the  retreat  or  kennel  of  the 
barking  dog,  alluding  to  some  old  Oriental  con- 
stellation. ]  The  fourth-magnitude  star  /3  Vir- 
ginis. 

Zaylah.    See  Zeila. 

Zbarasz  (zba'rash) .  A  town  in  Galioia,  Austria- 
Hungary,  11  miles  northeast  of  Tamopol.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  commune,  8,785. 


Zeila 

Zea.    See  Ceos. 

Zea  (tha'a),  Francisco  Antonio.  Bom  at  Me- 
dellin,  Oct.  21,  1770 :  died  at  Bath,  England, 
Nov.  28,  1822.  A  New  Granadan  statesman. 
He  was  associated  with  Mutis  In  scientific  explorations, 
and  succeeded  him  as  chief  of  the  academy  known  as  the 
"Bxpedicion  botanica"in  1789;  was  imprisoned  1795-97 
on  the  charge  of  circulating  seditious  pamphlets ;  resided 
in  Europe  after  his  release  until  1815,  when  he  joined  Boll- 
var  at  Jamaica ;  was  president  of  theCongress  of  Angostura 
in  1819 ;  and  the  same  year  was  elected  vice-president  of 
Colombia.  In  1820  he  went  to  Europe  as  envoy  to  France 
and  England.  He  published  a  "Historla  de  Colombia" 
(1821)  and  many  scientific  papers.  Zea  has  been  called  "the 
Franklin  of  Colombia." 

Zeal  (zel),  Arabella  and  Dorcas.  Characters 
in  Charles  Shadwell's  play  "The  Fair  Quaker 
of  Deal." 

Zealand  (ze'land).  [Dan.  /^dllcmd,  G.  SeelandJ 
The  largest  island  of  Denmark,  it  lies  between 
the  Cattegat  and  the  Baltic,  and  Is  separated  by  the  Sound 
from  Sweden,  and  by  the  Great  Belt  from  FUnen.  The  sur- 
face is  level  or  undulating.  Zealand  contains  the  capital, 
Copenhagen.    Length,  80  miles. 

Zealand.  A  stift  or  bishopric  of  Denmark,  in- 
cluding the  islands  of  Zealand,  Moen,  SamsS, 
and  Bomholm. 

Zealand  (ze'land).     \T>.  Zeeland,  G.  Zeeland, 

F.  Z^lande."}  A  province  of  the  Netherlands, 
boundedbythe  North  Sea,  South  Holland,  North 
Brabant,  and  Belgium.  Capital,  Middelburg.  it 
comprises  the  islands  Walcheren,  North  and  South  Beve- 
land,  Tholen,  Duiveland,  Schouwen,  and  others,  and  parts 
of  the  mainland.  The  surface  Is  low  (In  large  part  below 
sea-level)  and  the  soil  fertile.  Zealand  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  war  of  independence.  Area,  690  square  miles. 
Population  (1892),  202,709. 

Zealand,  Bernese,  A  name  given  to  a  district 
in  the  canton  of  Bern,  Switzerland,  situated 
between  the  Lake  of  NeuchMel  and  the  canton 
of  Solothum. 

Zealots  (zel'ots).  A  religio-politieal  party  in 
Judea.  They  assumed  this  name  from  their  zeal  for  the 
law  of  God,  denying  any  other  authority.  They  de- 
manded that  the  Judean  state  should  be  a  republic,  and 
especially  hated  Kome  and  the  Roman  supremacy  over 
Judea.  During  the  struggle  of  Judea  wife  Rome,  the 
Zealots  were  the  promoters  and  supporters  of  the  revolu- 
tion ;  but  they  often  sullied  their  lofty  precepts  with  fanati- 
cal deeds  of  violence  and  crime.  A  portion  of  them  who  es- 
caped the  sword  of  the  Romans  established  a  community 
In  North  Arabia,  in  the  vicinity  of  Medina,  which  lasted 
until  the  7th  century. 

Zeballos.    See  Ceballos. 

Zebedee  (zeb'e-de).    The  father  of  the  apostlea 

James  and  John. 
Zebehr  Pasha  (ze-bar'  pash'S,).    An  Egyptian 

governor  in  Sudan,  imprisoned  by  the  British 

about  1885-87. 
Zeboim  (ze-bo'im  or  ze'bo-im).    In  scriptural 

geography,  one  of  the  cities  of  the  plain. 
Zebu.    See  CeM. 
Zebulon  (zeb'u-lon),  or  Zebulun  (-lim).    1. 

One  of  the  patriarchs,  the  tenth  son  of  Jacob. 

—  2.  One  of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Israel.    It 

occupied  the  later  Galilee. 
Zechariah  (zek-a-ri'a).     [Same  as  Zaehariah.1 

The  title  of  one  of  tie  prophetic  books  of  the 

Old  Testament.   It  derives  its  name  from  the  supposed 

author,  who  prophesied  about  520  b.  c,  and  relates  to  the 

judgments  of  God  on  the  oppressors  of  Israel,  and  Israel's. 

redemption  and  final  restoration. 

Zedekiah  (zed-e-ki'a).  The  last  king  of  Judah 
and  Jerusalem,  597  (598  ?)-586  (587?).  He  was. 
carried  captive  to  Babylon. 

Zedlitz  (tsed'lits),  Baron  Joseph  Christian 
von.  Bom  at  Johannisberg,  in  Austrian  Sile- 
sia, Feb.  28,  1790:  died  at  Vienna,  March  16, 
1862.  An  Austrian  poet  and  dramatic  writer. 
Among  his  works  are  "Todtenkranze,"  "  Waldfraulein," 
the  dramas  "  Stern  von  Sevilla  "  and  "  Kerker  nnd  Krone," 
etc. 

Zeehan  (ze'han).  A  silver-  and  lead-mining; 
town  in  western  Tasmania,  of  recent  develop- 
ment. 

Zeeland  (za'lant).     See  Zealand. 

Zeguha(ze-go'ha),orWazeguha(wa-ze-g6'ha), 

G.  Wasegua.  A  Bantu  tribe  of  German  East. 
Africa,  between  tJzaramo  and  the  Pangani 
Biver.  Uzeguha  Is  the  name  of  the  country  and  Elze- 
guha  that  of  the  language,  which  is  akin  to  the  Kinguru, 
spoken  by  the  Wanguru,  their  western  neighbors. 

Zehngerichtenbund  (tsan  -  ge  -  rich '  ten  -  bont) . 
A  league  in  the  northern  part  pf  the  canton  of 
Grisons,  Switzerland,  which  formed  one  of  the 
original  parts  of  that  canton :  founded  in  1^6. 

Zeid  (zad).  The  secretary  of  Mohammed,  the 
founder  of  Islam.  After  Mohammed's  death  he  col- 
lected the  scattered  revelations  and  sermons  of  the  pro- 
phet, and  united  them  into  the  Koran. 

Zeila,  or  Zaylah  (za'la).  A  town  in  eastern. 
Africa,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Aden  in  lat.  11° 
22'  N.  It  was  occupied  by  the  British  in  1884.. 
Population,  estimated,  6,000. 


Zeitz 

Zeitz  (tats).  A  town  in  the  province  of  Saxony, 
Prussia,  situated  on  the  White  Elster  23  miles 
south-southwest  of  Leipsic .  It  has  various  man- 
ufactures.   Population  (1890),  21,680. 

Zela  (ze'la).  li  ancient  geography,  a  town  in 
Pontus,  Asia  Minor,  about  lat.  40°  11'  N.,  long. 
36°  E.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  victory  of  Uithridates  over 
the  Bomans  about  67  B.  o.,  and  was  famous  for  the  victory 
by  Ccesa^  over  Fharnaces  in  47  B.  0.  It  was  with  reference 
to  this  battle  that  Csesar  uttered  the  famous  "  Venl,  vidi, 
vici"  ('I  came,  I  saw,  I  conquered*). 

Zelle.    See  CeOe. 

Zeller(tserier),  Eduard.  Bom  at  Heinbott- 
war,  Wurtemberg,  Jan.  22,  1814.  A  noted  Ger- 
man historian  of  philosophy  and  Protestant  the- 
ologian :  professor  of  philosophy  at  Berlin  from 
1872.  He  has  published  "  Platonische  Studien  "  (1839); 
"Die  Philosophic  der  Griechen"  (1844^-52  and  later  edi- 
tions), his  greatest  work;  "Geschichte  der  christlichen 
Kirche"  (1847);  "Die  Apostelgeschichte"  ("Acts  of  the 
Apostles,'  1864) ;  "  Geschichte  der  deutsehen  FhUosophie 
seit  Leibniz  "  (1873) ;  "  Grundries  der  Geachichte  der  griech- 
Isohen  Philosophie  "  (1883). 

Zeller  (zel-lar'),  Jules  Sylvain.  Bom  at  Paris, 
April  23,  1820:  died  there,  July  25,  1900.  A 
French  historian,  author  of  histories  of  Italy, 
Germany,  the  Koman  emperors,  Ulrich  von 
Hutten,  etc. 

Zelmira  (zel-mer'a) .  An  opera  by  Bossini,  pro- 
duced at  Naples  in  1822. 

Zelter  (tsel'ter),  Karl  Friedrich.  Bom  at  Ber- 
Un,  Dee .  11, 1758 :  died  May  15, 1832.  A  German 
composer,  director  at  the  Berlin  Singakademie 
from  1800.  He  was  best  known  through  his 
correspondence  with  Goethe. 

Z^mireet  Azor  (za-mer'  a  a-z6r').  An  opera  by 
Grfitry,  words  by  Marmontel,  from  the  story  of 
"  Beauty  and  the  Beast ."  It  was  first  produced 
at  Fontainebleau  in  1771. 

Zempelburg  (tsem'pel-bora).  A  small  town  in 
the  province  of  West  Prussia,  Prussia,  78  miles 
southwest  of  Dantzic. 

2enaga  (ze-na'ga).  A  dialect  of  Berber,  spoken 
ia  southern  Morocco  and  on  the  banks  of  the 
Senegal  River,  largely  by  the  negro  population. 
See  Berbers. 

Zend  (zend).  The  name  commonly  given  to  the 
language  of  the  Avesta:  an  ancient  form  of 
Iranian  or  Persian,  it  was  deciphered  in  the  19th 
century,  largely  by  means  of  its  resemblance  to  Sanskrit. 
See  Avesta. 

Zend-Avesta  (zen-da-ves'ta).    See  Avesta. 

Zeno  (ze'no).  [Gr.  Ti'lpxM.']  IJived  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury B.  c.  A  Greek  philosopher  of  the  Eleatio 
school,  the  favorite  pupil  of  Parmenides.  He 
went  to  Athens  in  his  fortieth  year,  during  the  early  youth 
of  Socrates,  and  resided  there  many  years.  He  is  espe- 
cially celebrated  for  his  arguments  designed  to  prove  the 
inconceivability  of  motion.  His  doctrines  are  referred  to 
in  the  "  Parmenides  "  of  Plato. 

Zeno.  Bom  at  Citium,  Cyprus:  died  about  264 
B.  0.  A  Greek  philosopher,  founder  of  the 
Stoic  school.  (See  Stoics?)  He  studied  philoso- 
phy at  Athens,  and  founded  his  school  there. 

2eno.  Byzantine  emperor  474-491.  He  was  an 
Isaurian  by  birth,  and  was  son-in-law  of  the  emperor  Leo 
I.  He  suppressed  various  revolts ;  instigated  Theodoric 
to  attempt  the  conquest  of  Italy ;  and  promulgated  the 
"  Henoticon." 

Zeno  of  Sidon.  Lived  about  150-80  b.  o.  An 
Epicurean  philosopher,  instructor  of  Cicero. 

Zeno,  Antonio.  Lived  about  the  end  of  the 
14th  century.  A  Venetian  navigator,  brother 
of  Nioolo  Zeno. 

Zeno,  Nicolo.  Bom  about  1340:  died  about 
1395.  A  Venetian  explorer.  He  is  said  to  have  vis- 
ited Greenland,  Newfoundland,  and  the  coast  of  North 
America.  A  narrative  of  his  discoveries,  with  map,  was 
published  by  Carlo  Zeno  in  1658  (edited  by  the  Hakluyt 
Society  in  1873). 

2enobia  (ze-no'bi-a).  Died  after  274.  Quien 
of  Palmyra,  wife  of  Odenathus,  ruler  of  Pal- 
myra. She  was  joint  ruler  in  her  husband's  lifetime, 
and  succeeded  him  in  271  as  regent  for  her  son  and  as 
queen.  Her  armies  were  defeated  by  Aurelian  in  271 ;  Pal- 
myra was  besieged  and  taken  in  272 ;  and  she  was  captured 
and  brought  toKome. 

.'Zenobia.  In  Hawthorne's  "BUthedale  Eo- 
mance,"  an  impulsive,  passionate  woman  who 
drowns  herself. 

At  length  the  body  is  found,  and  poor  Zenobia  is  brought 
to  the  shore  with  her  knees  still  bent  in  the  attitude  of 
prayer,  and  her  hands  clenched  in  immitigable  dehance. 
Foster  tries  in  vain  to  straighten  the  dead  limbs.  As  the 
teller  of  the  story  gazes  at  her,  the  ^mly  ludicrous  re- 
flection occurs  to  him  that  if  Zenobia  had  foreseen  all 
"the  ugly  circumstances  of  death — how  ill  it  would  become 
her,  the  altogether  unseemly  aspect  which  she  must  put 
on,  and  especially  old  SUas  Foster's  efforts  to  improve  the 
matter — she  would  no  more  have  committed  the  dreadful 
act  than  have  exhibited  herself  to  a  public  assembly  in  a 
badly  fitting  garment." 

Leslie  Stephen,  Hours  in  a  Library,  p.  236. 

'Zenobia,  or  the  Fall  of  Palmyra.  A  historical 
novel  by  William  Ware,  founded  on  the  life  of 


1082 

Queen  Zenobia,  published  in  1837  as  "  Letters 
from  Palmyra"  and  shortly  after  under  its 
present  title. 

ZenodotUS  (ze-nod'o-tus).  [Gr.  2aiv6SoroQ.'i 
Bom  at  Ephesus :  lived  in  the  3d  century  b.  o. 
An  Alexandrian  Homeric  scholar,  the  first  su- 
perintendent of  the  library  at  Alexandria. 

Zenta  (zen'to).  A  town  in  the  county  of  Bdos, 
Hungary,  situated  on  the  Theiss  24  miles  south 
of  Szegediu.  a  victory  was  gained  there  by  the  Im- 
perialists under  Prince  Eugene  over  the  Turks,  Sept  11, 
1697.    Population  (1890),  25,791. 

Zephaniah  (zef-a-ni'a).  [Etym.  unknown,] 
The  title  of  one  of  the  prophetic  books  of  the 
Old  Testament.  It  derives  its  name  from  that  of  its 
supposed  author,  who  prophesied  about  64*2-611  B.  c.  The 
predictions  contained  in  the  book  are  chiefly  of  judgments 
against  the  Jews  on  account  of  national  sins ;  but  toward 
the  close  their  restoration  and  future  prosperity  are  indi- 
cated. 

2!epIlon  (ze'f  on).  A  cherub  in  Milton's  "  Para- 
dise Lost."  He  is  made  the  "guardian  angel 
of  Paradise." 

Zephjrr  (zef'6r).    See  Zepkyrus. 

Zephyrinus  (zef-i-ri'nus).  Bishop  of  Borne  from 
about  200  to  217. 

Zephyrus  (zef'i-rus).  [L.,  from  Gr.  Zi<l>vpo(, 
a  personification  of  the  west  wind.]  In  clas- 
sical mythology,  a  personification  of  the  west 
wind,  poeticaUy  regarded  as  the  mildest  and 
gentlest  of  all  the  sylvan  deities.    See  Favoniiis. 

Zerafshan  (zer-af-shan').  A  river  in  central 
Asia  which  flows  westward  past  Samarkand, 
and  becomes  lost  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
Amu-Daria,  west  of  Bokhara.  Length,  400-500 
miles. 

Zeram.    See  Ceram. 

Zerbinette  (zer-be-nef).  In  Moli^re's  "Les 
Pourberies  de  Seapin,"  the  daughter  of  Argante, 
stolen  by  gipsies.  Seapin  intrigues  for  the 
money  to  ransom  her. 

Zerbino  (dzer-be'no).  The  Prince  of  Scotland 
in  the  "Orlando  Furioso"  of  Ariosto. 

Zerbst  (tserpst).  A  town  in  Anhalt,  Germany, 
situated  on  the  Nuthe  22  miles  southeast  of 
Magdeburg.  It  has  varied  manufactures,  a  noted  cas- 
tle, a  Eathaus,  and  a  church  of  St.  Nicholas.  It  was  for- 
merly the  residence  of  the  princes  of  Anhalt-Zerbst.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  16,181. 

Zerlina  (dzer-le'na).  1.  One  of  the  principal 
characters  in  Mozart's  opera  "Don  Giovanni," 
affianced  to  Masetto. — 2.  A  character  in  Au- 
ber's  "Fra  Diavolo." 

Zermatt  (tser-maf  or  zer-mat').  A  village  in 
the  canton  of  Valais,  Switzerland,  situated  in 
the  Matter  Thai  in  lat.  46°  1'  N.,  long.  7°  44' 
E. :  a  famous  tourist  center.  It  is  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  Matterhom,  Monte  Kosa,  Goi'uer  Grat^  Eiif el- 
berg,  and  Th^odule  Pass.    Elevation,  6,315  feet. 

Zerubbabel  (ze-rub'a-bel).  [Heb.,  'begotten 
in  Babylon.']  Son  of  Shealtiel,  and  grandson 
of  King  Jehoiachin.  His  Babylonian  name  was  Shesh- 
bazzar.  He  and  Joshua,  grandson  of  the  high  priest  Seraiah, 
led  the  first  colony  of  exiles  (about  42,000)  who  returned 
from  the  captivity  to  Judea.  He  was  invested  by  Cyrus 
with  the  office  of  governor  {pechah)  of  the  province  which 
the  exiles  were  to  occupy.  He  began  and  promoted  the 
rebuilding  of  the  temple.  Later  be  resigned  the  leader- 
ship, and  probably  returned  to  Babylon. 

Zetes  (ze'tez).  [Gr.  Z^r/g.^  In  classical  my- 
thology, a  son  of  Boreas. 

Zethos  (ze'thos).  [Gr.  Z^fof.]  In  Greek  my- 
thology, the  brother  of  Amphion. 

Zetland  Islands.    See  Shetland  Islands. 

Zettinje,  or  Zetinje.    See  CetUnje. 

Zeugitana  (zu-ji-ta'na) .  In  ancient  geo^aphy, 
the  northern  part  of  the  Eoman  province  of 
Africa:  equivalent  to  northern  Tunis. 

Zeugma  (zug'ma).  [Gr.  Sevy/ia.']  In  ancient 
geography,  a  town  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Eu'^rates,  opposite  the  modern  Biredjik,  about 
lat.  37°  N. :  noted  as  a  place  of  passage  across 
the  Euphrates. 

Zeus  (ziis).  [Gr.  Zrff,  L.  Jovis  (gen.),  Jvrpiter.'] 
In  Greek  mythology,  the  chief  and  master  of 
the  gods,  the  supreme  deity,  omnipresent  and 
all-powerful,  generally  looked  upon  as  the  son 
of  Cronus  and  Ehea,  and  held  to  have  de- 
throned and  succeeded  his  father,  in  a  narrower 
sense,  he  was  the  god  of  the  heavens,  and  controlled  aU 
celestial  phenomena,  as  rains,  snows,  and  tempests,  heat 
and  cold,  and  the  lightning.  His  consort  was  Hera.  Zeus 
was  worshiped  universally;  but  the  most  renowned  of 
his  sanctuaries  were  those  of  Olympia  in  Elis  and  Dodona 
in  Eplrus,  In  art  Zeus  was  represented  as  a  majestic  and 
powerful  figure,  with  full  beard  and  flowing  hair,  in  early 
works  sometimes  fully  draped,  but  in  later  art,  in  generEd, 
only  lightly  draped  in  the  himation.  The  type  fixed  by 
Phidias  in  the  second  half  of  the  5th  century  B.  0.,  in  his 
great  chryselephantine  statue  for  the  temple  at  Olympia, 
influenced  all  artists  who  came  after  him.  .The  usual  at- 
tiibutes  of  the  god  are  a  long  staff  or  scepter,  the  thunder- 
bolt, the  eagle,  and  sometimes  a  figure  of  Victory  borne 
on  one  hand.    The  head  is  generally  encircled  by  a  fillet 


Zimmermann 

or  a  wreath;  in  later  sculptures  the  hair  rises  from  the 
brow  in  luxuriant  locks  like  a  crown,  and  falls  in  masses 
on  either  side  of  the  face.    Compare  ./■«i»«er. 

Zeus  Olympian.  A  colossal  chryselephantine 
statue  of  Zeus  by  Phidias,  placed  in  the  temple 
at  Olympia,  Greece.  (See  Olympia  and  Olym- 
pieum.)  It  was  removed  to  Constantinople  in 
the  5th  century  A.  D.,  and  bumed  in  476. 

Zeus,  Olympian,  Temple  of.    See  Olympieum. 

Zeus  Nicepnorus  (zus  ni-sef'o-rus).  ['Bearer 
of  Victory.']  An  antiaue  statue  found  at  the 
Villa  Barberini,  and  now  in  the  Hermitage  Mu- 
seum, St.  Petersburg.  It  is  remarkable  for  its 
colossal  size,  but  has  been  much  restored. 

Zeuss  (tsois),  Johann  Kaspar,  Bom  at  Vog- 
tendorf.  Upper  Franconia,  July  22,  1806:  died 
at  Vorstendorf ,  Upper  Franconia,  Nov.  10, 1856. 
A  German  historian  and  philologist,  noted  for 
his  researches  in  German  history  and  Celtic 
philology.  He  became  professor  of  history  at  the  ly. 
oeum  in  Ipeyer  In  1839,  and  at  the  lyceum  in  Bamberg  in 
1847.  ' 

Zeuxis  (ziik'sis).  [Gr.  ZeSftf.]  Bora  at  Hera- 
clea  (in  Lucania  (?)  or  in  Macedonia  (?)); 
flourished  at  the  close  of  the  5th  century  b.  o. 
A  famous  Greek  painter.  He  formed  his  style 
in  Athens  under  the  influence  of  ApoUodorus ;  worked 
in  various  other  cities ;  and  finally  settled  in  Ephesus. 
Among  his  princip^  works  were  "Zeus  on  his  Throne 
Surrounded  by  Gods, "  "  Eros  Crowned  with  Hoses  "  (in  the 
temple  of  Aphrodite  at  Athens),  the  "  Marsyas  "  (in  the  tem- 
ple of  Concord  at  Kome),  the  "Centaur Family"  (described 
by  Lucian),  the  "  Alcmene  of  the  Argentines,"  "Hercules 
as  a  Child,''  the  "Helena"  (in  the  temple  of  LuoanianHeraX 
and  the  "Boy  with  Grapes." 

Zhitomir,  or  Jitomir  (zhit-om'er).  The  cap- 
ital of  the  government  of  Volhyiiia,  Eussia, 
situated  on  the  Tetereff  in  lat.  50°  15'  N.  It  has 
considerable  trade,  and  a  large  Hebrew  popula- 
tion.  It  is  an  ancient  Lithuanian  city.  Popu- 
lation  (1897),  65,452. 

Zhob  (zhob)  Valley.  A  large  valley  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  Afghanistan.  It  was  the 
scene  of  a  British  expedition  in  1884. 

Zia  (ze'a).    A  modem  Greek  name  of  Ceos. 

Zidon.  "See  Sidon. 

Ziem  (zem),  F61ix.  Bom  at  Beaune,  C6te-d'0r, 
Feb.  25, 1821.  A  French  painter  of  landscapes, 
marines,  and  architecture.  He  resides  in  Paris. 
Many  of  bis  subjects  are  taken  from  Venice  and  the  Bos- 
porus. 

Zieten  (tse'ten),  Count  Hans  Ernst  Karl  von. 
Bom  March  5, 1770:  died  at  Warmbrunn,  May 
3, 1848.  A  Prussian  general,  corps  commander 
at  Ligny  and  Waterloo. 

Zieten,  or  Ziethen  (tse'ten),  Hans  Joachim 
von.  Bom  at  Wustrau,  near  Euppin,  Prussia, 
May  14,  1699 :  died  at  Berlin,  Jan.  26, 1786.  A 
Prussian  general.  He  became  a  cavalry  commander ; 
served  in  the  first  and  second  Silesian  wars ;  gained  dis- 
tinction from  a  march  with  his  hussar  regiment  in  1745, 
and  at  the  battle  of  Hohenfriedberg  June  4, 1745 ,  served 
at  the  battles  of  Prague  and  Kolin  in  1757 ;  and  decided 
the  victories  of  Leuthen  and  Torgau. 

Ziklag(zik'lag).  In  scriptural  geography,  atown 
in  southern  Palestine :  site  undetermined,  prob- 
ably near  the  border  of  Philistia  and  Judah. 

Zillerthal  (tsil'ler-tal).  An  Alpine  valley  in  Ty- 
rol, about  25  miles  east  of  Innsbruck,  traversed 
by  the  Zillerbaoh,  a  tributary  of  the  Inn:  noted 
for  its  beauty,  in  1837  about  .400  of  its  inhabitants 
(Protestants)  emigrated  to  Silesia  in  Prussia  on  account 
of  religious  persecution. 

Zillerthaler  Alps.    A  group  of  Alps  in  Tyrol, 

extending  from  the  Brenner  eastward  to  the 

Hohe  Tauem. 
Zimb^ibwe  (zem-bab'wa).    A  ruined  city  in  Ma- 

shonaland,  southeastern  Africa,  discovered  by 

Mauoh  in  1871.     See  the  extract. 

The  ruins  of  the  Great  Zimbabwe  are  in  south  latitude 
20°  18'  30"  and  east  longitude  31°  vy  10",  at  an  elevation  of 
3,300  feet  above  the  sea-level.  They  form  the  principal  of 
along  series  of  such  ruins  stretching  up  the  whole  length 
of  the  west  side  of  the  Sabi  river,  the  southernmost,  which 
we  visited,  being  that  on  the  Lundi,  and  the  northernmost 
in  the  Mazoe  valley.  There  are  also  many  other  ruins  on 
the  Limpopo,  in  the  Transvaal,  in  Matabeleland,  at  Tatl, 
the  Impakwe,  and  elsewhere,  all  of  the  same  type  and 
construction ;  but  time  would  not  permit  our  visiting 
them.  Some  are  equal  to  the  ruins  of  the  Great  Zimbabwe 
in  workmanship,  others  again  are  very  interior,  and  point 
to  the  occupation  of  this  countay  having  continued  over  a 
long  perio((  probably  centuries.  These  all  would  seem  to 
have  been  abandoned  at  one  tame  in  the  face  of  some 
overwhelming  calamity,  for  all  the  gateways  at  the  Great 
Zimbabwe  and  at  Matindela,  the  second  ruin  in  impor- 
tance, 80  miles  northeast  of  it  as  the  crow  flies,  have  been 
carefully  walled  np  as  for  a  siege. 

Theodore  Bent,  quoted  in  Appletons'  Annual  Cyclopesdia, 

[1892,  p.  302. 

Zimmermann  (tsim'mer-m§.n),  Johann  Georg, 
Eitter  von.  Bom  at  Brugg,  Aargau,  Switzer- 
land, Dec.  8,  1728 :  died  at  Hannover,  Oct.  7, 
1795.  A  Swiss  physician  and  philosophical 
writer,  court  physician  at  Hannover.    His  ohiet 


ZImmermann 

works  are  "Uber  die  Elnsamkeit "  ("  On  Solitude,"  1756 : 
revised  1784-85),  "Vom  Natlonalstolz"  ("National  Pride," 
1758),  "  Von  der  Brtahrung  in  der  ArzneiwissenBchaft " 
(_  Experience  in  Medical  Science,"  1764),  etc. 

Zimmermann,  Beinhard  Sebastian.   Bom  at 

Hagnau,  Switzerland,  Jan.  9,1815:  died  Nov. 
16,  1893.  A  Swiss  genre-painter.  He  studied  at 
Munich,  and  later  at  Paris.  In  1850  he  exhibited  at  Mu- 
nich "The  Three  Magi."  A  number  of  his  pictures  are  in 
the  United  States.  His  son  Ernst  (born  at  Munich,  April 
24, 1852),  a  historical  and  genre  painter,  has  reputation  as 
a  colorist.  His  most  noted  picture,  "  Christ  Among  the 
Doctors,"  was  exhibited  in  1879. 

Zimmerthal  (tsim'mer-tal).  The  lowest  part  of 
the  valley  of  the  Avisio,  in  Tyrol,  near  Trent. 

Zimri  (zim'ri).  l.  A  king  of  Israel,  overthrown 
by  Omri. —  2.  A  character  in  Dryden's  "  Absa- 
lom and  Achitophel"who  represents  the  Duke 
of  Buckingham. 

Zin  (zin),  Desert  of.  In  scriptural  geography, 
a  wilderness  region  south  of  the  Dead  Sea. 

Zingara  (dzen-ga'ra),  La.  The  Italian  version 
of  Balfe's  "Bohemian  Girl,"  produced  at  Lon- 
don in  1858. 

Zingarella  (dzen-ga-rel'la).  [It.,  'The  Gipsy.'] 
A  noted  painting  by  Correggio,  in  the  Museo 
Nazionale,  Naples,  it  represents  the  Madonna  with 
her  hair  concealed  by  a  whit«  turban  in  gipsy  fashion, 
and  with  a  white  robe  and  blue  upper  garment.  It  is 
a  calm,  idyllic  conception,  destitute  of  any  superhuman 
element. 

Zingarelli  (dzen-ga-rel'le),  Niccold  Antonio. 

Born  at  Naples,  April  4,  1752:  died  at  Torre 
del  Greco,  May  5,  1837.  An  Italian  composer, 
choir-master  at  Milan,  Loreto,  Rome,  and  Na- 
ples. He  wrote  many  serious  and  comic  operas,  oratorios, 
cantatas,  and  masses.  His  beat  work  is  the  opera  "  EiOmeo 
eGiulietta"(1796). 

Zingis  Khan.    Same  as  Jenghiz  Khan. 

ZinzendorfundPottendorf  (tsin'tsen-dorf  ent 
pot'ten-dorf),  Nikolaus  Ludwig,  Count  von. 
Bom  at  Dresden,  May  26, 1700 :  died  at  Herrn- 
hut.  Saxony,  May  9, 1760.  A  German  religious 
reformer,  famous  as  the  reviver  and  organizer 
of  the  Moravian  Church.  He  was  educated  at  Halle 
and  Wittenberg ;  was  in  the  Saxon  civil  service  1721-27 ; 
settled  on  his  estate  atBerthelsdorf ;  established  a  colony 
of  the  Moravian  Brethren  at  Hermhut,  and  organized  the 
church ;  was  expelled  from  Saxony  in  1736,  but  was  al- 
lowed to  return  in  1748 ;  was  made  a  bishop  of  the  Mora- 
vian Church ;  and  traveled  extensively  in  Europe  and 
North  America.    He  wrote  sermons,  hymns,  polemics,  etc. 

Zion  (zi'gn),  or  Sion  (si'on),  Mount.  A  hill 
on  whioh'was  situated  the  old  city  of  Jerusalem : 
the  "city  of  David!"  The  name  was  probably  given 
originally  to  the  Iiower  City  or  Acra,  and  then  transferred 
to  Mount  Moriah,  the  Temple  Hill.  It  has  also  been  ap- 
plied to  the  Upper  City,  and  to  Jerusalem  as  a  whole,  and 
symbolically  to  the  Christian  church  and  heaven. 

Zipango,  or  Zipangu.    See  Cipango. 

Zipas  (tze'pas).  [Zipa,  powerful  chief.]  The 
chiefs  or  kings  of  the  ancient  Chibeha  Indians 
of  Colombia.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest  they  ruled 
the  plateau  of  Bogota  and  all  the  territory  corresponding 
to  the  western  part  of  the  modern  department  of  Cundina- 
marca:  this  is  often  called  the  kingdom  of  the  Zipas. 
Another  branch  of  the  Cbibchas,  about  Tun  ja  (BoyacA),  was 
ruled  by  chiefs  called  Zaques.  At  the  time  of  the  conquest 
the  Zaques  were  at  war  with  the  Zipas,  who,  however, 
were  much  more  powerful.  The  Zipas  were  absolute  mon- 
archs,  and  were  treated  with  great  ceremony.  Each  Zipa 
was  the  son  of  the  sister  of  his  predecessor,  and  was  kept 
under  special  guardianship  from  his  childhood^  subject  to 
singular  rules :  for  example,  he  was  not  permitted  to  see 
the'  sun,  and  he  could  not  eat  salt.  Subsequently  he  took 
the  dignity  of  chief  vassal  until  he  attained  the  throne. 
He  was  allowed  but  one  wife,  but  had  hundreds  of  concu- 
bines. He  left  his  house  only  in  solemn  procession,  and 
his  subjects  were  forbidden  to  look  at  him.  At  his  death 
the  whole  kingdom  went  into  mourning.  Also  written 
dpoi. 

Zipporah  (zip'o-ra).  [Heb./littlebird.']  Wife 
of  Moses:  daugfiter  of  the  Midianite  priest 
Jethro. 

Zirknitzer  See,  or  Czirknitzer  See  (tsirk'nits- 
er  za).  A  lake  in  Camiola,  Austria-Hungary, 
south  of  Laibach :  the  ancient  Lacus  Lugeus. 
It  is  noted  for  its  extraordinary  variations  in  depth, 
length,  6  miles.        v  -  ,-,  .^  -r  -^       t. 

Ziska  (zis'ka),  or  Zizka  (zhizh'ka), John.  Bom 
at  Troznow,  near  Budweis,  Bohemia,  about 
1360 :  died  at  the  siege  of  Przibislaw,  Oct.  11, 
1424.  A  noted  Hussite  leader.  He  was  a  page  at 
the  court  of  King  Wenzel;  volunteered  in  i;he  service  of 
the  Teutonic  Knights,  Hungarians,  and  English ;  and  be- 
came the  chief  leader  of  the  Hussites.  He  built  the  strong- 
hold of  Tabor;  repelled  the  Imperialists  from  Witkow 
(Ziskabere)  in  1420;  gained  many  Tlctones  over  the  Im- 
perialists, especiaUy  at  Deutsohbrod,  Jan.  8, 1422;  and  in- 
vaded Moravia  and  Austria.  He  is  the  subject  of  an  epic 
by  A.  Meissner. 

Ziska.  John,  Oath  of.    See  Oath  of  John  Ziska. 

Zittau  (tsit'tou) .  A  city  in  the  district  of  Baut- 
zen Saxony,  situated  on  the  Mandau,  near  the 
Bohemian  frontier,  49  miles  east  by  south  of 
Dresden.  It  has  important  manufactures  of  linen  and 
damask  and  is  the  center  of  an  extensive  manufacturing 
region  '  There  are  large  coal-mines  in  the  vicinity.    The 


1083 

chief  buildings  are  the  Bathaus  and  the  churches  of  St 
John  and  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul.  It  was  bombarded 
and  nearly  destroyed  by  the  Austrians  in  1757.  It  was  the 
birthplace  of  Marschner.    Population  (1890),  25,394. 

Zitu  (ze'tb),  or  Mazitu  (ma-ze'to).    See  Viti. 

Zizka.    See  Zisla. 

Zloczow  (zlo'chov).  A  town  in  Galicia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, 40  miles  east  of  Lemberg.  Pop- 
ulation (1890),  commune,  10,113. 

Z.  Marcas  (mar-ka').  A  novel  by  Balzac,  writ- 
ten in  1840. 

Znaim,  formerly  ZnayiU  (tsnim),  Bohem.  Znoj- 
mo.  A  town  in  Moravia,  situated  on  the  Thaja 
48  mUes  north-northwest  of  Vienna :  formerly 
one  of  the  principal  cities  of  Moravia,  it  was 
founded  on  its  present  site  in  1226.  It  has  a  Uathaus  and 
the  ruins  of  a  castle.   Population  (1890),  14,516. 

Znaim,  Armistice  of.  A  truce  between  the 
French  and  Austrians,  July  12,  1809,  following 
the  battle  of  Wagram,  and  preparatory  to  the 
peace  of  Vienna. 

Zoan  (zo'an).   See  the  extract. 

Sin,  or  TaniB,  the  T'an,  or  Zoan  of  the  Bible,  is  situated 
about  twenty  miles  north  of  Tell-el-Kebir.  It  is  of  ex- 
tremely ancient  date,  the  cartouche  of  Pepi  I,,  a  king  of 
the  Sixth  Dynasty,  having  been  discovered  there.  It  is 
mentioned  in  the  Old  Testament  as  having  been  founded 
seven  years  later  than  Hebron.  It  was  used  by  the  Hyksos 
as  their  capital,  and  was  probably  the  residence  of  Joseph. 
In  the  reign  of  Bamses  II.  it  was  celebrated  for  its  beauty, 
for  the  fertility  of  its  fields,  and  lor  the  abundance  of  both 
wild  birds  and  flsh.  "  He  rejoices  who  has  settled  there." 
Later  on  the  priests  of  Zoan-Tanls  sided  with  HirHor,the 
priestly  usurper  of  the  throne  of  Bamses.  Under  the  Twen- 
ty-third Dynasty  it  was  again  the  seat  of  government.  In 
the  stela  of  Plankhi  on  Gebel  Barkal  we  And  an  unnamed 
satrap  ruling  in  Tanis.  Finally  Assurbanipal  subdued  the 
city  and  took  the  governor  prisoner. 

Mari£tU,  Outlines,  p.  26,  note. 

Zoar  (zo'ar).  In  scriptural  geography,  a  city 
near  the  Dead  Sea :  exact  site  unknown. 

Zoar.  A  village  in  Tuscarawas  County,  Ohio, 
situated  on  Tuscarawas  River  62  miles  south 
by  east  of  Cleveland:  the  seat  of  a  communistic 
German  settlement. 

Zoba,  or  Zobah  (zo'ba).  In  scriptural  geogra- 
phy, a  small  independent  kingdom  in  Syria, 
probably  near  Damascus. 

Zobeide  (z6-bi'de).  A  character  in  the  "Ara- 
bian Nights'  Entertainments,"  wife  of  the  calif 
Hanm-al-Eashid. 

Zoe  (zo'e).  [Gr.  Z6»^.]  Died  1050.  Byzantine 
empress,  wife  of  Eomanus  III.  Argyrus  (1028- 
1034),  whom  she  put  to  death.  She  raised  to  the 
throne  Michael  the  Paphlagonian,  whom  she 
married  in  1034. 

Zofingen  (tsof 'ing-en).  A  town  in  the  canton  of 
Aargau,  Switzerland,  situated  on  the  Wigger 
25  miles  southeast  of  Basel.  Near  it  are  an- 
tiquities of  the  Roman  town  Tobinium.  Pop- 
ulation (1888),  3,466. 

Zohar  (zo'har),  or  Sohar  (so'har),  or  Sepher- 
haz-Zohar.  ['Book  of  Splendor  or  of  Light.'] 
A  cabalistic  work,  in  the  form  of  a  commen- 
tary on  the  Pentateuch,  it  is  ascribed  traditionally 
to  the  2d  century  A.  B.,  but  by  many  is  thought  to  have 
been  written  much  later  (13th  centuiy,  by  Moses  de  Leon). 

Zoilus  (zo'i-lus).  [Gr.  ZatKoq.']  Lived  in  the 
4th  century  b.  c.  A  Greek  rhetorician :  called 
"  Homeromastis"  ("  Scourge  of  Homer  ")  from 
his  severe  criticisms  of  Homer. 

Zola(z6'la;F.pron.zd-la'),^mile.  BomatParis, 
April  2,  l840:  died  there,  Sept.  29, 1902.  A  noted 
Frenchnovelist.  His  father  was  Italian  and  his  mother 
French.  He  studied  at  the  LycSe  Saint-Louis,  but  did  not 
take  a  degree.  From  1860  to  1862  he  lived  in  great  poverty, 
and  finallyentered  Hachette'sbookstore  as  a  packing  clerk. 
He  studied  the  details  of  publishing  until  the  close  of  the 
year  1865,  but  devoted  to  writing  all  the  time  that  was 
his  own.  In  1864  he  published  his  flrstwork,  "Oontes 
h  Ninon,"  followed  in  1874  by  the  "Nouveaux  contes  h. 
Ninon."  In  1866  appeared  "La  confession  de  Claude," 
and  then  other  separate  novels  as  "Le  voeu  d'une  morte  " 
(1866),  "Les  mystferes  de  Marseille"  (1867),  "Th^rfese 
Eaauin"  (1867),  and  "Madeleine  F^rat"  (1868);  also  a 
number  of  short  stories  (1882-84).  From  1871  to  1893 
Zola  published,  under  the  collective  title  "Les  Kougon- 
MaoQuart,"  twenty  novels:  "La  fortune  des  Rougons" 
(1871),  "La  cur^e"  (1872),  "Le  ventre  de  Paris"  (1873), 
"La  conquete  de  Plassans"  (1874),  "La  faute  de  l'abb6 
Mouret"  (1875),  "Son  excellence  Eugfene  Bougon"(1876), 
"L'Assommoir"  (1877),  "TJne  page  d'amour"  (1878), 
"Nana"  (1880),  "Pot-Bonille"  (1882),  "Au  bonheur  des 
dames"  (1883),  "La  joiedevivre"(1884)."Germinal"(1885), 
"L'(Euvre"(1886),  "La  terre"  (1887),  "Le  r6ve"(1888), 
"La  bete  humaine"  (1890)i  "L'Argent"  (1891),  "La  i&ai.- 
cle"(1892),  and  "Le  docteur  Pascal "  (1898).  His  "  Trilogy 
of  the  Three  Cities  "  includes  "Lourdes"  (1894),  "Rome" 
(1896),  and  "Paris"  (1898).  His  writings  in  critujism  include 
"Mes  haines"  (1866),  "Mon  salon"  (1866),  "Bdouard  Ma- 
net" (1867),  "La  B^publique  Franfaise  et  la  litt^ratm-e" 
(1879)  "Le  roman  experimental "(1880X  "Le  natnralisme 
an  theatre"  (1881),  "Nos  auteurs  dramatiqnes"  (1881), 
"Les  romanciers  natnralistes "  (1881),  "Une  campagne" 
(1881)  and  "Documents  littfiraires,  etudes  et  portraits" 
(1881)  Some  of  his  novels  have  been  dramatized,  as 
"L'Assommou-"  (1879),  "Le  ventre  de  Paris"  (1887), 
"  Ken^e  "  (1887 :  adapted  from  "La  cur^e  "),  and  "  Germi- 


Zosimus 

nal "  (1888).  Zola  is  the  leader  of  the  school  of  natural- 
ism in  France.  On  Feb.  23,  1893,  he  was  sentenced  to  a 
year's  imprisonment  and  the  payment  of  a  fine  of  3,000 
francs  for  libeling  the  court  martial  which  tried  and  ac- 
quitted Major  Esterhazy.  The  sentence  was  annulled  by 
the  Court  of  Cassation.  He  was  again  tried  and  sentencea 
to  twelve  months'  imprisonment  and  the  payment  of  a 
fine.  He  left  France  oefore  notification  of  judgment  in 
order  to  secure  a  retrial  later,  but  soon  returned. 

Zoller  (tsfel'ler),  Hugo.  Born  at  Oberhausen, 
Prussia,  Jan.  12, 1852.  A  German  traveler  and 
journalist.  He  was  traveling  correspondent  of  the 
"Ktilnische  Zeitung,"'and  explored  and  annexed  for  Ger- 
many various  regions  in  West  Africa  in  1884-85.  He  wrote 
accounts  of  travels  round  the  world  and  in  Africa. 

ZoUern.    Same  as  Hohenzollern. 

Zollicoffer  (zol'i-kof-6r),  Felix  Eirk.  Bom  in 
Tennessee,  May  19, 1812:  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Mill  Springs,  Ky.,  Jan.  19, 1862.  An  American 
journalist,  politician,  and  soldier.  He  was  Whig 
member  of  Congress  from  Tennessee  1853-59 ;  a  delegate 
to  the  peace  convention  in  1861 ;  and  a  Confederate  briga- 
dier-general. He  was  one  of  the  Confederate  command- 
ers at  Mill  Spring. 

ZSUner  (tsM'ner),  Johann  Earl  Friedrich. 

Born  at  Berlin,  Nov.  8,  1834:  died  April  25, 
1882.     A  German  physicist  and  astronomer, 

Srofessor  of  astronomy  at  Leipsio  from  1866. 
>  is  especiallynoted  for  his  contributions  to  astronomical 
(especially  solar)  physics.  He  sought  to  explain  spiri- 
tualistic phenomena  by  means  of  the  conception  of  a 
fourth  dimension  of  space,  and  became  involved  in  con- 
troversies on  this  and  other  matters.  His  chief  works  are 
"Photometrie  des  Himmels"  (1861),  "Photometrische 
Untersuchungen"  (1865),  "Cber  die  Natur  der  Kometen" 
(1872) :  the  last  contains  much  philosophical  speculation. 
ZoUverein (tsol'fer-in''').  [G.,  from zoll,  custom, 
and  verein,  union.]  A  union  of  German  states 
for  the  maintenance  of  a  common  tariff  or  uni- 
form rates  of  duty  on  imports  from  other  coun- 
tries, and  of  free  trade  among  themselves.  It 
began  with  an  agreement  in  1828  between  Prussia  and  the 
grand  duchy  of  Hesse ;  received  a  great  development  in 
1834  and  succeeding  years,  ultimately  including  all  the 
German  pow  ers  except  Austria  and  a  few  small  states ;  and 
is  now  coextensive  with  the  German  Empire. 

Zombor  (zom'bor),  or  Sombor  (som'bor).  A 
royal  free  city,  capital  of  the  county  of  B£.cs, 
Hungary,  64  miles  southwest  of  Szegedin.  Pop. 
ulation  (1890),  26,889. 

Zona  Libre  (tho'na  le'bra).  ['Free  zone.']  A 
narrow  strip  of  territory  along  the  northern 
border  of  Mexico,  adjoining  the  United  States: 
by  law  it  extends  to  a  distance  of  20  kilometers 
inland,  but  in  actual  usage  this  varies.  The 
zone  was  first  established  in  Tamaulipas  alone  (1868X 
and  it  was  so  called  because  certain  articles  imported  for 
consumption  in  this  territory  were  exempted  from  cus- 
toms duties.  At  present  imports  to  the  zone  pay  10  per 
cent,  of  the  ordinary  duties,  the  only  exceptions  being  cat- 
tle, which  pay  the  full  duty.  It  has  been  urged  that  the 
Zona  Libre  is  much  used  for  smuggling ;  but  the  Mexican 
authorities  claim  that  it  is  a  commercial  pecessity  owing 
to  the  retail  trade  across  the  border. 

Zone,  Free.    See  Zona  Mire. 

Zongora  (zong-go'ra),  orWazongora  (wa-zong~ 
go'ra).  The  principal  tribe  of  the  kingdom  of 
Karagwe,  in  Genaan  East  Africa,  on  the  south- 
west shore  of  Lake  Victoria.  The  language  is 
called  Klzongora,  and  Kinyambo  is  said  to  be  but  a  dia- 
lect of  it. 

Zophiel  (z6'fi-el).     1.  A  cherub  in  Milton's  . 
'  'Paradise  Lost." —  2.  A  poem  by  Maria  Brooks. 

Zorah  (zo'ra).  In  scriptural  geography,  a  town 
in  Palestine,  14  mUes  west  of  Jerusalem:  the 
modem  Surah. 

Zorbig  (ts^r'biG).  A  small  town  in  the  province 
of  Saxony,  Prussia,  24  miles  north-northwest  of 
Leipsic. 

Zorilla,  or  Zorrilla  (thor-rel'ya),  Manuel 
Ruiz,     Born,  1834 :   died  June  13,  1895.     A 

,  Spanish  politician.  He  was  »  Progressist  member  of 
the  Cortes  in  the  reign  of  Isabella^;  minister  under  the  re- 
public; minister  and  premier  in  the  reign  of  Amadous; 
and  later  an  exile  and  republican  propagandist. 

Zorndorf  (tsom'dorf ).  A  village  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  53  miles  east  by 
north  of  Berlin.  Here  a  victory  was  gained,  Aug.  25, 
1758,  by  the  Prussians  under  Frederick  the  Great  over 
the  Russians  under  Fermor.  Loss  of  the  Russians,  about 
20,000 ;  of  the  Prussians,  about  10,000. 

Zoroaster  (z6-ro-aster).    See  Zarathushtra. 

Zoroastrians  ( z6-ro-as'tri-anz).  The  followers 
of  Zoroaster,  now  represented  by  the  Guebers 
and  Parsis  of  Persia  and  India.  See  Zarathush- 
tra. 

Zorrilla.    See  Zorilla. 

Zorrilla  y  Moral  (thor-rel'ya  e  mo-ral'),  Jos& 
Born  at  VaUadolid,  Spain,  Feb.  21,  1818:  died 
there,  Jan.  23,  1893.  A  noted  Spanish  poet. 
Among  his  works  are  "Cantos  del  trovador,"  "Floras  per- 
didas,"  "Granada,"  and  the  comedy  "El  zapatero  y  elrey  "* 
("The  Shoemaker  and  the  King  "). 

Zosimus  (zos'i-mus).  [Gr.  Ziim/wf.]  Lived 
probably  in  the  first  half  of  the  5th  century  A.  D. 
A  Greek  historian,  author  of  a  history  of  the 
Roman  Empire  from  Augustus  to  410. 


Zosimus 

Zoslmus.    Bishop  of  Rome  417-418. 

Zosm'a  (zos'ma).  [Gr.  ^aa/ia,  a  girdle:  but  the 
appropriateness  of  the  name  is  not  obvioiiB.] 
The  third-magnitude  star  S  Leonis,  at  the  root 
of  the  animal's  tail.  The  star  is  also  called 
Duhr,  and  sometimes  Zubra. 

Zouave  (z6-av').     See  Kabail,  Berbers. 

Zouaves  (zo-avz').  [F.,  from  the  name  of  a 
tribe  inhabiting  Africa.]  1 .  The  soldiers  belong- 
ing to  a  corps  of  light  infantry  in  the  French 
army,  distinguished  for  their  dash,  intrepidity, 
and  hardihood,  and  for  their  peculiar  driE  and 
showy  Oriental  uniform.  The  Zouaves  were  organ- 
ized in  Algeria  in  1831,  and  consisted  at  first  of  two  bat- 
talions chiefly  of  Kabyles  and  other  natives,  but  ulti- 
mately became  almost  entirely  French,  with  increased 
numbers.  They  served  exclusively  in  Algeria  till  1864, 
and  afterward  fought  in  European  wars, 
2.  The  members  of  those  volunteer  regiments 
of  the  Union  army  in  the  American  Civil 
War  (1861-65)  which  adopted  the  name  and  to 
some  extent  imitated  the  dress  of  the  French 
Zouaves. 

Zouaves,  Papal  or  Pontifical.  A  corps  of 
French  soldiers  organized  at  Kome,  in  1860,  for 
the  defense  of  the  temporal  sovereignty  of  the 
Pope,  under  General  Lamoricifere,  one  of  the 
first  commanders  of  the  Algerian  Zouaves. 
After  unsuccessfully  resisting  the'Cntrance  of  the  Italian 
government  into  Kome  in  1870,  they  served  in  France 
against  the  Germans  and  the  Commune,  and  in  1871  were 
disbanded. 

Zrinyi  (zren'ye),  or  Zrini,  or  Zriny  (zre'ne), 
Count  Niklas.  Killed  at  the  siege  of  Sziget, 
Sept.  7,  1566.  A  Hungarian  commander,  fa- 
mous for  his  defense  of  Sziget,  with  a  garrison 
of  3,000,  against  Sultan  Solyman's  army,  Aug.- 
Sept.,  1566. 

The  Turks  were  pressing  forward  along  a  narrow  bridge 
which  led  to  the  castle,  when  the  gates  were  flung  open, 
a  mortar  filled  with  broken  iron  was  fired  into  their 
midst,  and  through  the  smoke  and  carnage  Zrinyi  led  his 
men  to  their  death.  Like  the  famous  Light  Brigade,  the 
number  of  these  devoted  horsemen  was  sixhundred;  their 
leader  tied  the  keys  of  the  castle  to  his  belt,  and  the  ban- 
ner of  the  Empire  was  borne  above  his  head.  Zrinyi  fell 
pierced  by  two  musket-shots  and  an  arrow,  and  the  Turks 
entered  the  castle  of  Szigetvdr,  only  to  find  that  a  slow 
match  had  been  applied  to  a  mine  containing  3,000  pounds 
of  gunpowder,  which  speedily  sent  as  many  Turks  to  para- 
dise. The  castle  still  remains  a  ruin :  a  monument  of  the 
death  of  a  Leonidas  and  an  Alexander. 

Poole,  Stray  of  Turkey,  p.  192. 

Zschokke  (tshok'ke),  Jobann  Eeiuricli  Dan- 
iel. Bom  at  Magdeburg,  March  22, 1771:  died 
near  Aarau,  June  27,  1848.  A  German-Swiss 
historian, novelist,  andreligiouswriter.  Heheld 
various  administrative  positions  in  Switzerland.  Among 
his  historical  works  are  "  Geschichte  des  Freistaats  der 
drei  Bunde  in-Rhatien"  (1798),  "Geschichte  vom  Karapfe 
und  Untergange  der  schweizerischen  Berg-  und  Waldkan- 
tone"(1801),  "Bayriacheaeschiehten"(1813),  "DesSchwei- 
zerlandes  Oescbichten  "  (1822).  He  also  wrote  tales  and 
sketclies,  "Der  Fliichtling  im  Jura,"  "Der  Freihof  von 
Aarau, "  "  Der  Creole,"  "  Afimontade,"  etc. ;  and  a  religious 
work,  "Stunden  der  Andacht"  ("Hours  of  Meditation," 
1847). 

Zschopau  (tsho'pou).  A  river  in  the  kingdom 
of  Saxony  which  joins  the  Freiberger  Mulde 
near  Leisnig.    Length,  68  miles. 

Zschopau.  A  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony, 
situated  on  the  Zschopau  36  miles  southwest 
of  Dresden.     Population  (1890),  7,869. 

Zubenakravi,  or  Zubenhakrabi  (zo-ben-ak'- 
ra-vi  or  -bi).  [Ar.  zuhdn-al-akrab,  the  claw  of 
the  Scorpion.]  The  third-magnitude  star  20 
Librse,  lettered  by  Bayer  as  y  Seorpii. 

Zubenalgenubi  (zo-ben-al-jen-u'bi).  [Ar.  xu- 
ben-al-jenubi,  the  southern  claw  (of  Scorpio).] 
The  third-magnitude  star  a  Librse,  which  con- 
stellation was  formerly  reckoned  as  part  of 
Scorpio.  The  star  is  also  known  as  Kiffa  Aus- 
tralis. 

Zubenalshemali  (z6-ben-al-she-ma'li).  [Ar. 
zuben-al-shemdli,  the  northern  claw.]  The 
tliird-magnitude  star/3Libr8B,  or  Kiffa  Borealis. 

Zubra  (zo'bra).  [Ar.  al-zubra,  the  mane  or 
ridge  of  hair  (on  a  lion's  back).]  A  rarely  used 
name  for  d  Leonis.    See  Duhr  and  Zosma. 

Zug  (z8g  or  tsSg).  1.  Acanton  of  Switzerland, 
bounded  by  Zurich,  Sehwyz,  Lucerne,  and 
Aargau.  Capital,  Zug.  it  has  l  representative  in  the 
National  Council.  The  prevailing  language  is  German,  and 
the  religion  Boman  Catholic.  Zug  joined  the  confedera- 
tion in  1352,  and  sided  with  the  Sonderbund.  Area,  92 
square  miles.  Population  (1888),  23,029. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Zug,  situated 
on  the  Lake  of  Zug  13  miles  northeast  of  Lu- 
cerne. Notable  landslips  into  thelake  occurred  herein 
1435  and  1887,  and  the  town  was  partly  undermined  by 
the  lake  in  1887.    Population  (18S8),  2,739. 

Zug,  Lake  of.  A  lake  in  Switzerland,  inclosed 
by  the  cantons  of  Zug,  Sehwyz,  and  Lucerne. 


1084 

Its  outlet  is  the  Lorze  into  the  Reuss, 

8i  miles.    Width,  2J  miles. 
Zuider  Zee,    See  Zuyder  Zee. 
Zuinglius.    See  Zwingli. 
Zukertort  (tso'ker-tort),  Johannes  Hermann. 

Born  at  Lublin,  Russian  Poland,  1842 :  died  at 

London,  June  20,  1888.    A  noted  chess-player, 

editor  of  the  "CJhess  Monthly."     He  won  the 

first  prize  at  the  international  tournament  at  Paris  in 

1878;   and,  at    the  congress   of  1883   gained  the   first 

place,  Steinitz  being  second.    He  was  noted  as  a  blind- 
fold player. 

Zuleika  (zu-le'ka).    A  favorite  name  in  Persian 

poetry. 
ZuUa  (zol'la),  or  Zula  (zo'la),  or  Sula  (sS'la), 

or  Dola  (do'la).    A  village  on  Annesley  Bay, 

eastern  coast  of  Africa,  lat.         --•  -- 

are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Adnlis. 

an  Italian  protectorate. 

Zulla  Bay.    Same  as  Annesley  Bay. 

Ziillichan  (tsul'le-ohou).  A  town  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  51  miles  east- 
southeast  of  Frankfort-on-the-Oder.  Near  it, 
July  23, 1759,  the  Russians  under  Soltikofl  defeated  the 
Prussians  under  Wedel.    Population  (1890),  7,700. 

Ziilpich  (tsul'pich).  A  small  town  in  the  Rhine 
Province,  Prussia,  22  miles  southwest  of  Co-  Zufii  (zo'nye)  Mountains.  A  range  of  moun- 
logne :  the  ancient  Roman  city  Tolbiacum.  it  tains  in  the  western  part  of  New  Mexico,  about 
is  incorrectly  said  to  have  been  the  scene  of  the  victory     lat.  35°  N. 

Zupitza  (tso'pit-sa),  Julius.     Bom  Jan.  4, 
1844 :  died  July  5,  1895.    A  (3-erman  philologist, 
professor  at  Berlin.     He  edited  Beowulf,  Cynewulf's 
.,-.-,..,-,        J  „     .       ....       V      JT  -    „         "Elene,"  Guy  of  Warwick,  etc. 

by  the  Tugela  and  Umzmyati  rivers)  and  Lourenijo  Mar-  7„rhara-n  (thHr-ha-rHTi'"!    Vra-npinpn      finm  at 
ques.    The  Amazulu  proper  border  on  Natal,  the  Amahute  ^UTDaran  (tnor-Da-ran  ;,  iranClSCO.     -BOm  ai 


Zusmarshausen 

Length,  American  Indians,  comprising  only  the  Zufii 
tribe  (which  see). 

Zliniga.    See  Ercilla  y  Zuiliga. 

ZtiSiga  (thon'ye-ga),  Alonzo  Manrique  de, 
Marquis  of  Villamanrique.  Born  at  Seville 
about  1535:  died  about  1600.  A  Spanish  ad- 
ministrator, viceroy  of  Mexico  Oct.  18, 1585,  to 
Jan. ,  1590.  He  was  deposed  on  account  of  a  quarrel 
with  the  audience  of  Guadalajara.  His  estate  was  confis- 
cated, but  was  subsequently  restored  to  his  family. 

Zliniga,  Baltazar  de,  Marquis  of  Valero  and 
Duke  of  Arion.  Bom  about  1670 :  died  after 
1729.  A  Spanish  administrator,  viceroy  of 
Mexico  Aug.  16, 1716,  to  Oct.  15,  1722. 

Zliniga,  Diego  Lopez  de.  See  Lopez  de  ZMiga. 
15°  15'  N.  Near'it  Zliniga  y  Azevedo  (e  a-tha-va'sHo),  Gaspar 
The  district  is  under  dc.  Count  of  Monterey.  Born  about  1540 :  died 
at  Lima,  Peru,  Feb.  10,  1606.  A  Spanish  ad- 
ministrator. He  was  viceroy  of  Mexico  Oct.  5,  1695,- 
1603.  During  this  period  be  organized  many  expeditions 
for  colonization  and  exploration  in  New  Mexico,  Califor- 
nia, etc. :  the  city  of  Monterey,  founded  in  1596,  and  the 
Bay  of  Monterey,  in  California,  were  named  in  his  honor. 
He  was  a  zealous  protector  of  the  Indians.  Transferred  to 
Peru,  he  was  viceroy  of  that  country  from  Nov.  28,  1604, 
until  his  death.   " 


of  Clovis  over  the  Alamanni  in  496  A.  D. 
Zulu  (zo'lo),  or  Amazulu  (a-ma-zo'lo).    A 
Bantu  nation  of  British  South  Africa.    They  oc- 
cupy the  region  between  Natal  (from  which  it  is  separated 


and  Amaswazi  (or  Amazwazi)  on  Louren^o  Marques.  The 
Zulus  are  tine  specimens  of  physical  manhood.  They  go 
almost  naked,  and  are  great  orators  and  warriors,  using  the 
lance  and  the  shield.    Their'huts  are  of  the  beehive  pat- 


Fuente  de  Cantos,  Estremadura,  Spain,  1598: 
died  1662.  A  Spanish  painter.  His  chief  work 
is  "Apotheosis  of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas." 
tern,  but  large.  Their  language  and  folk-lore  have  been  Zuri  (dzo're).  A  small  island  in  the  Adriatic, 
more  fully  illustrated  than  those  of  most  other  Bantu  na-  belonging  to  Dalmatia,  38  miles  south-south- 
tions.    Their  military  superiority  over  neighboring  tribes     east  of  Zara. 

is  due  to  the  strict  military  system  introduced  by  Chaka,  n;,,„-_T,    (^a'tWS     fj.    7iiHr>b    (■tRii'ri^ll^       1      A 
who,  it  is  said,  got  his  ideas  from  the  European  troops  in  ^unpn    '.2°  S_ll_rl^;_r  j     ?"..rl^    ,  _''^  A"  ^ 


,  got  his  ideas  from  the  European  troops 
Cape  Colony ;  'and  the  phenomenal  success  and  enlarge- 
ment of  Zulu  conquest  may  be  attributed  to  the  custom  of 
incorporating  the  conquered  into  their  own  army.  The 
kingdom  of  Lobengula  (Matabeleland)  and  that  of  IJmzila 
(Gazaland)  are  of  Zulu  origiu ;  and  so  are  the  Landins  of 
the  Zambesi.    See  Cettiwayo,  Kafir,  Lobengula. 

Zululand  (zo'lo-land).  A  British  protectorate 
in  southern  Africa,  north  of  Natal.  It  comprises 
the  former  Zulu  Reserve,  etc.,  and  was  made  a  British  pos- 
session in  1887.  In  Dec,  1897,  it  was  incorporated  with  Na- 
tal. Area,  about  12,500  square  miles.  Pop.  (1893),  164,300. 

Zulu  Reserve.    Southern  Zululand. 

Zulu  War.    See  Cettiwayo. 

Zum&rraga  (tho-mar'ra-ga),  Juan  de.  Bom 
near  Durango,  Biscay,  1486:  died  at  Mexico 
City,  June  3, 1548.  First  bishop  of  Mexico.  He 
was  a  Franciscan,  guardian  of  the  convent  of  Abrojo,  and 
was  appointed  bishop  Dec.  12, 1527,  receiving  at  the  same 
time  the  title  and  oflice  of  Protector  of  the  Indians.  Soon 
after  his  arrival  in  Mexico  he  caused  careful  search  to  be 
made  for  Aztec  manuscripts,  and  had  them  burned  in  a 
great  pile  as  heretical  books ;  by  his  orders  similar  autos 
de  f  e  took  place  in  many  other  cities.  Aside  from  this  act 
he  is  greatly  praised  for  his  zeal  and  his  championship  of 
the  rights  of  the  Indians :  under  him  the  mission  work 
was  extended  to  all  parts  of  the  Spanish  conquests  in 
Mexico  and  Central  America.  He  died  eight  days  after 
receiving  the  bull  which  raised  his  see  to  an  archbishopric. 

Zumpt  (tsompt),  August  Wilhelm.    Bom  at 


canton  of  Switzerland,  bounded  by  Baden, 
Schaffhausen,  Thurgau,  St.  Gall,  Sehwyz,  Zug, 
and  Aargau.  Capital,  Zurich.  It  contains  a  large 
part  of  the  Lake  of  Zurich  and  several  other  lakes.  The 
Rhine  is  on  or  near  its  northern  border.  It  is  traversed 
by  hills  and  low  mountains.  It  has  manufactures  of  cot- 
ton, silk,  machinery,  etc.,  and  a  large  trade.  Zurich  has  17 
representatives  in  the  National  Council.  The  prevailing 
language  is  German,  and  the  religion  Protestant.  Zurich 
was  early  occupied  by  the  Alamanni ;  was  under  the  rule 
of  the  Carolingians ;  was  subject  to  the  counts  of  Lenzburg 
and  dukes  of  Zahringen ;  became  a  free  imperial  city  in 
1218 ;  was  allied  with  Uri  and  ScHwyz  in  1292 ;  entered  the 
confederation  in  1351 ;  expanded  its  territory,  especially  in 
the  15th  centuiy ;  was  at  variance  with  the  confederation 
1436-50;  and  was  the  center  of  the  Swiss  Reformation. 
Area,  665  square  miles.  Population  (1888),  337,183. 
2.  The  capital  of  the  canton  of  Zurich,  situated 
at  the  outflow  of  the  Lake  of  Zurich  into  the 
Limmat,  in  lat.  47°  22'  N.,  long.  8°  33'  B. :  the 
Roman  Turicum  (whence  the  modem  name). 
It  consists  of  the  city  proper  and  9  suburbs.  It  is  the  most 
flourishing  city  in  Switzerland,  the  manufacturing  center 
of  the  country,  and  a  famous  ecclesiastical  and  hterary 
center.  The  cathedral  was  founded  in  the  11th  century, 
and  built  for  the  most  part  in  a  plain  but  exceUent  Roman- 
esque style.  The  upper  portion  of  the  west  towers  is  of 
the  13th  century,  but  their  helmet-shaped  roofs  date  from 
1799.  The  fine  cloister  is  in  the  early-Pointed  style.  Zurieh 
is  the  seat  of  a  university  founded  in  1832.  Population 
(1900),  160,288. 


KonTgsberg,bec.4, 1815:  died  at  Berlin,  April  Ji^'^V^^™-         ^   ^^      ,7     ■  v  t        -.-rnrn-i, 

22,  1877.    A  German  classical  scholar,  nephew  Zurich,  Battles  of.  Near  Zurich,  June,  1799,  the 

of  K.  G.  Zumpt:  professor  at  the  Frederick 

William  gymnasium  at  Berlin.    Among  his  works 

are  "Commentationes  epigraphicae "  (1850-54^,  "Studia 

Romana"  (1859),  "Das  Kriminalrecht  der  rOmisohen  Re- 

publik"  (1865-69),  etc. 

Zumpt,  Karl  Q-ottlob.  Bom  at  Berlin,  March 
20,  1792 :  died  at  Karlsbad,  June  25,  1849.  A 
German  classical  philologist,  professor  of  Ro- 
man literature  at  Berlin  from  1827.  He  pub- 
lished a  Latin  grammar  (1818) ;  edited  Quinlilian,  Curtius, 
and  several  orations  of  Cicero ;  and  wrote.  "Annales  vete- 
rum  regnorum  et  populorum  "  (1819),  "  Uber  den  Stand 
der  Bevolkerung  und  die  Volksverraenrung  im  Altertum 
(1841),  and  various  works  on  Roman  antiquities. 

Zungaria.    Same  as  Sungaria. 

Zuni  (zo'nye).  [From  a  Cochiti  word  meaning 
'the  people  of  the  long  finger-nails,'  in  allusion 
to  the  native  surgeons.  Cibola,  though  strictly 
the  Mexican  name  for  "  buffalo,"  as  applied  to 

the  sevenancient  citieshadits  origininS/wwiwa,  _     ....        ,.        4.  ,Knn 

the  native  name  of  the  tribe.]    A  tribe  of  North  Zil"ta  (tho-re  ta)  Alonso     Born  about  1500 : 
American  Indians  which  inhabits  the  largest  of    died  after  1564.    A  Spanish  lawyer  and  author. 


Austrians  under  Archduke  Charles  defeated  the 
French  under .Mass6na ;  and  Sept.  25-26,  1799, 
the  French  under  Mass^nadefeated  the  Russians 
under  Korsakoff,  Suvaroff  arriving  too  late. 
Zurich,  Lake  of,  G.  Ziirlchsee  (tsu'rich-za)  or 
Ziirchersee  (tstlr'6her-za).  A  lake  in  Switzer- 
land, nearly  inclosed  by  the  canton  of  Zurich, 
and'  bordering  also  on  St.  Gall  and  Sehwyz. 
It  is  separated  by  a  promontory  and  dam  into  the  lake 
proper  and  the  upper  lake.  It  is  surrounded  by  hills  and 
(in  the  upper  part)  by  mountains.  Length,  25  miles.  Ex- 
treme width,  2i  miles.  Depth,  470  feet.  Elevation  above 
sea-level,  1,342  feet 

Zurich,  Peace  of.  The  treaty  which  terminated 
hostilities  between  France  and  Sardinia  on  one 
side  and  Austria  on  the  other,  Nov.  10,  1859. 
It  was  based  on  the  preliminaries  of  Villafranca.  Austria 
ceded  Lombardy  (except  Mantua  and  Peschiera)  to  France, 
which  ceded  them  to  Sardinia.  Sardinia  assumed  three 
fifths  of  the  debt. 


aU  the  Indian  pueblos,  as  well  as  three  small 
summer  villages,  in  the  main  and  tributary  val- 
leys of  the  Rio  Zuiii,  an  affluent  of  the  Colorado 
Chiquito,  in  western  New  Mexico.  It  formerly 
comprised  seven  villages,  known  to  the  early  Spanish  ex- 
plorers as  the  Seven  Cities  of  Cibola,  on  the  site  of  one  of  ,j.  ..  ,  ,.  ,  v  .  .„ 
which  stands  the  present  communal  pueblo  of  Zufli.  Num-  ^USmarSliaUSen  (tSOS  mars-liou-zen) .  A  village 
ber  (1890),  1,613.  Also  guni,  Soone,  Sune,  Cebola,  Cibola,  in  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Zusam  15  miles 
Sibola,  Zibola.  _  westof  Augsburg.  It  wasthescene  of  avictoryof  the 
Zunian  (zo'nyi-an).   A  linguistic  stock  01  North     Swedes  and  l<'rench  over  the  Imperialists  May  17, 1648. 


From  1544  to  about  1560  he  was  successively  a  member  of 
the  audiences  of  Santo  Domingo,  Los  Confines,  and  Mex- 
ico, traveling  besides  in  New  Granada  (Santa  Marts)  to 
organize  courts  of  justice.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  In- 
dians of  New  Spain,  which  has  been  published  in  modern 
times.  It  relates  principally  to  their  customs  and  laws,  and 
is  a  standard  authority. 


Zlitphen 

Zlitphen  (zlit'fen).  A  town  in  the  province  of 
Gelderland,  Netherlands,  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Berkel  with  the  Yssel,  57  miles  east 
by  south  of  Amsterdam,  it  was  a  Hanseatio  town. 
It  has  several  times  been  besieged  and  talten  (sacked  by 
Alva  in  1572).  Sir  Philip  Sidney  was  mortally  wounded 
before  it  in  1588.  Population  (1889),  commune,  17,044. 

Zuyder  Zee,  or  Zuider  Zee  (zi'dsr  ze ;  D.  pron. 
zoi'der  za).  An  arm  of  the  North  Sea  which 
penetrates  deeply  into  the  Netherlands,  and 
is  partly  separated  from  the  North  Sea  by 
the  islands  Texel,  Vlieland,  Tersohelling,  and 
Ameland.  it  was  formerly  a  lake  (Roman  Mevo),  and 
acquired  its  present  size  tlirough  inundations  in  the  13th 
century.  The  draining  of  the  southern  portion  has  been 
projected.  Length,  about  80  miles.  Greatest  width,  about 
40  miles.    It  is  generally  shallow. 

Zwarte  (zwar'te)  Water.  A  stream  in  the 
Netherlands  on  which  ZwoUe  is  situated.  It 
receives  the  Vecht,  and  as  the  Zwollsche  Diep 
flows  into  the  Zuyder  Zee. 

Zweibriicken  (tsvi'bTiik-en).  A  former  sov- 
ereign countship  in  Germany,  later  a  duchy. 
It  buonged  to  Sweden  1654-1718,  and  to  iYance  1796- 
1814 ;  and  passed  in  great  part  to  Bavaria. 

Zweibracken,  F.  Deux-Fonts  (d6-p6n').  A 
town  in  the  Khine  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  situ- 
ated on  ths  Erbach  48  miles  west  of  Speyer.  it 
was  formerly  the  capital  of  the  countship  of  Zweibriicken. 
The  Bipontine  editions  of  classics  were  published  here  at 


1085 

the  end  of  the  18th  century.  Population  (1890),  commune, 
11,204. 

Zweisimmen  (tavi'zim-men).  The  chief  place 
in  the  Simmenthal,  Switzerland. 

Zwickau  (tsvik'ou).  1.  A  district  of  the  king- 
dom of  Saxony. — 2.  A  city  in  the  kingdom  of 
Saxony,  situated  on  the  Zwickauer  Mulde  in 
lat.  50°  44'  N.,  long.  12°  29'  E.  it  has  the  largest 
railway-station  in  Germany ;  has  important  commerce ; 
and  is  (he  center  of  a  large  coal-field.  It  manufactures 
chemicals,  machinery,  porcelain,  glass,  paper,  gloves, 
stockings,  etc.  Zwickau  was  a  free  city  1290-1348,  and 
passed  in  1348  under  the  rule  of  Meissen.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  Schumann.    Population  (1890),  44,198., 

Zwickauer  Mulde,    See  Mulde. 

Zwieselalp(tsve'zel-alp).Apaasandnotedpoint 
of  view  in  the  Austrian  Alps  of  the  Salzkam- 
mergut,  13  miles  southwest  of  Isehl.  Height, 
5,197  feet. 

Zwillingsbriider  (tsril'ingz-brii-der).  Die.  [G., 
'  The  Twin  Brothers.']  A  musical  farce,  words 
by  Hofmann,  music  by  Schubert,  produced  in 
1820. 

Zwinger  (tsving'er).  [G.,  'prison,'  'fort.']  A 
famous  museum  in  Dresden,  its  picture-gallery 
contains  about  2,500  paintings,  including  Baphael's  Sistine 
Madonna  and  works  by  Correggio,  Titian,  Paul  Veronese, 
Rembrandt,  Kubens,  Holbein,  and  others.  There  are  also 
collections  of  drawings,  casts,  etc. 

Zwingli  (zwing'le;  G.  pron.  tsving'le),  L. 
Zuinglius  /(zwmg'gli-us),  Huldreich  or  Ul- 


ZwoUe 

,  rich.  Bom  at  Wildhaus,  St.  Gall,  Switzerland, 
Jan.  1, 1484 :  killed  at  the  battle  of  Kappel,  Oct. 
11, 1531.  A  famous  Swiss  Reformer,  with  Cal- 
vin the  founder  of  the  Eeformed  Church.  He 
was  educated  at  Bern,  Vienna,  and  Basel ;  became  pastor 
in  Glarus  in  1506 ;  accompanied  the  Glarus  contingent  in 
campaigns  as  chaplain ;  became  preacher  at  Einsiedeln  in 
1616,  and  at  Zurich  in  1518  ;  inaugurated,  by  his  preaching, 
the  Reformation  at  Zurich  in  1519  (the  Reformation  was  le- 
galized by  the  Council  of  Zurich  in  1523) ;  held  disputations 
at  Zurich  in  1623 ;  was  a  leader  in  the  political  and  reli- 
gious disputes  in  Switzerland  ;  met  the  Saxon  Reformers  in 
conference  in  1529 ;  and  accompanied  the  Zurichers  against 
the  forces  of  the  Forest  Cantons  in  1631.  Among  his  works 
are  "  De  vera  et  falsa  religione  "  ("  Of  True  and  False  Re- 
ligion"), "Pidei  ratio,"  "Christianse  fldei  brevis  et  clara 
expositio." 

Zwirner  (tsvir'ner),  Ernst  Friedrich.    Bom 

at  Jakobswalde,  Silesia,  Feb.  28,  1802:  died 
Sept.  22,  1861.  A  German  architect.  He  became 
architect  of  the  restoration  of  the  Cologne  cathedral  in 
1933 ;  and  also  built  the  ApolUnaris  church  at  Remagen,  etc. 

Zwittau  (tsvit'tou).  A  town  in  Moravia,  Aus- 
tria-Hungary, situated  near  the  Bohemian  fron- 
tier 39  miles  north  of  Briinn.  Population 
(1890),  commune,  7,787. 

ZwoUe  (zwol'le).  The  capital  of  the  province 
of  Overyssel,  Netherlands,  situated  on  the 
Zwarte  Water,  near  the  Yssel,  in  lat.  52°  31'  N., 
long.  6°  6'  E.  It  was  a  Hanseatic  city,  and  joined  the 
United  Provinces  in  1580.  NearitistheAgnetenberg,  long 
the  home  of  Thomas  a  Kempis,   Population  (1893),  28,310. 


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